{"id": "PMID:892436", "title": "[Mutants of the plaque microbe defective in the dark repair system].", "content": "The mutants of plague bacteria deficient in dark repair are described. They are sensitive to UV, mitomycin C, polymixin. Mutants have lost the ability to host cell reactivation in phage T7. The data obtained have shown that the addition of caffeine to the plating medium used to assay post-irradiation viability of UV-sensitive mutants did not influence the survival. Data are also given concerning virulence determinants, biochemical and other properties. The mutants formed P- colonies on hemine medium and Ca+ cells on Higuchi-Smith medium. They are avirulent for albino mice.", "contents": "[Mutants of the plaque microbe defective in the dark repair system]. The mutants of plague bacteria deficient in dark repair are described. They are sensitive to UV, mitomycin C, polymixin. Mutants have lost the ability to host cell reactivation in phage T7. The data obtained have shown that the addition of caffeine to the plating medium used to assay post-irradiation viability of UV-sensitive mutants did not influence the survival. Data are also given concerning virulence determinants, biochemical and other properties. The mutants formed P- colonies on hemine medium and Ca+ cells on Higuchi-Smith medium. They are avirulent for albino mice."}
{"id": "PMID:892437", "title": "[Effect of gamma-irradiation on human chromosomes. VIII. Cytogenetic effect of low doses during in vitro irradiation].", "content": "Cultures of human lymphocytes obtained from blood of healthy adult donors were irradiated at different doses of gamma-rays (60Co), and irradiated cells were analysed at metaphase in 50 hours after the irradiation. The effect (total yield of aberrations of chromosome type, or total yield of exchange type aberrations) produced by the lowest dose (5 r) appears to be statistically significant in a sample of 1500 cells. Within usual dose-range (25--400 r) both parabolic and linear-quadratic equations give a satisfactory fit of experimental data (dicentrics, fragments, or all aberration of the chromosome type). Low doses of gamma-rays produce, however, more aberrations than expected, if one extrapolates dose-effect curves from higher doses. Both equations should be considered therefore just as empirical equations. Dicentrics show a plateau at low doses (10--30 r) which appear to be statistically significant. Some indications are obtained that the total number of chromosome-type aberrations is a more reliable criterion of cytogenetic damage than usually accepted yield of dicentrics and rings.", "contents": "[Effect of gamma-irradiation on human chromosomes. VIII. Cytogenetic effect of low doses during in vitro irradiation]. Cultures of human lymphocytes obtained from blood of healthy adult donors were irradiated at different doses of gamma-rays (60Co), and irradiated cells were analysed at metaphase in 50 hours after the irradiation. The effect (total yield of aberrations of chromosome type, or total yield of exchange type aberrations) produced by the lowest dose (5 r) appears to be statistically significant in a sample of 1500 cells. Within usual dose-range (25--400 r) both parabolic and linear-quadratic equations give a satisfactory fit of experimental data (dicentrics, fragments, or all aberration of the chromosome type). Low doses of gamma-rays produce, however, more aberrations than expected, if one extrapolates dose-effect curves from higher doses. Both equations should be considered therefore just as empirical equations. Dicentrics show a plateau at low doses (10--30 r) which appear to be statistically significant. Some indications are obtained that the total number of chromosome-type aberrations is a more reliable criterion of cytogenetic damage than usually accepted yield of dicentrics and rings."}
{"id": "PMID:892439", "title": "[Method of computer processing of genealogic material].", "content": "The essential moments of the computer algorithms - a construction of pedigree patterns and determination of inbreeding coefficients - are described. The main attention is given to the field material prossesing for the computer system. The common program is composed to three subprograms: pedigree construction, F estimation and evaluation of information quantity concerning the ancestors. The principal algorithms of the pedigree subprogram is based on computations of a parents computer adress from the proband's code. Such a run is repeated from generation to generation, until the information of ancestors comees to zero. Common ancestors for Wright's inbreeding estimation have been found by sorting out and comparison of husband's and wife's ancestors. The inbreeding coefficient has been formed as the kinship coefficient of parents.", "contents": "[Method of computer processing of genealogic material]. The essential moments of the computer algorithms - a construction of pedigree patterns and determination of inbreeding coefficients - are described. The main attention is given to the field material prossesing for the computer system. The common program is composed to three subprograms: pedigree construction, F estimation and evaluation of information quantity concerning the ancestors. The principal algorithms of the pedigree subprogram is based on computations of a parents computer adress from the proband's code. Such a run is repeated from generation to generation, until the information of ancestors comees to zero. Common ancestors for Wright's inbreeding estimation have been found by sorting out and comparison of husband's and wife's ancestors. The inbreeding coefficient has been formed as the kinship coefficient of parents."}
{"id": "PMID:892440", "title": "[Wooly hair].", "content": "Two cases of wooly hair are described. Genealogical studies of the first proband has revealed that the trait is directly transmitted in six generations. The ratio of persons with wooly hair to those with normal hair in this pedigree was 18:14, rohile sex ratio was 1:1. This is in concordance with the autosome dominant type of inheritance. Another proband's parents and other relatives had normal hair. His psychic and physical development was normal. The case is treated as a new mutation of the trait.", "contents": "[Wooly hair]. Two cases of wooly hair are described. Genealogical studies of the first proband has revealed that the trait is directly transmitted in six generations. The ratio of persons with wooly hair to those with normal hair in this pedigree was 18:14, rohile sex ratio was 1:1. This is in concordance with the autosome dominant type of inheritance. Another proband's parents and other relatives had normal hair. His psychic and physical development was normal. The case is treated as a new mutation of the trait."}
{"id": "PMID:892447", "title": "Body weight change over the life span and longevity for C57BL/6J mice and mutations which differ in maximal body weight.", "content": "Body weights were obtained monthly for mutant groups with the C57BL/6J genetic background which differ in body weight (bg, c,J Ay, ob), and for a control group (C57BL/6J) (n = 16, N = 80). The mean longevity was significantly lower for all mutant groups compared with the mean longevity of the control group. Although obese mice (ob) had a shorter life span than other mutant groups, mice which also attained a very high body weight (yellow, Ay) did not differ significantly in longevity from thin mutant mice. Moreover, peak body weight was positively correlated with longevity for all mouse groups. All mouse groups showed a terminal decline in body weight except the albino group which gained weight throughout life. In general, long-lived mice obtained a greater terminal weight loss than short-lived mice within groups. The major finding of this study was that within each group there was a negative relationship obtained between growth rate and longevity.", "contents": "Body weight change over the life span and longevity for C57BL/6J mice and mutations which differ in maximal body weight. Body weights were obtained monthly for mutant groups with the C57BL/6J genetic background which differ in body weight (bg, c,J Ay, ob), and for a control group (C57BL/6J) (n = 16, N = 80). The mean longevity was significantly lower for all mutant groups compared with the mean longevity of the control group. Although obese mice (ob) had a shorter life span than other mutant groups, mice which also attained a very high body weight (yellow, Ay) did not differ significantly in longevity from thin mutant mice. Moreover, peak body weight was positively correlated with longevity for all mouse groups. All mouse groups showed a terminal decline in body weight except the albino group which gained weight throughout life. In general, long-lived mice obtained a greater terminal weight loss than short-lived mice within groups. The major finding of this study was that within each group there was a negative relationship obtained between growth rate and longevity."}
{"id": "PMID:892448", "title": "Ageing in Drosophila and Orgel's hypothesis.", "content": "Some experimental results of Drosophila studies concerning ageing and the Orgel hypothesis are reviewed. In the light of existing data, it is concluded that the mechanism proposed by Orgel's hypothesis cannot be an important cause of ageing in Drosophila.", "contents": "Ageing in Drosophila and Orgel's hypothesis. Some experimental results of Drosophila studies concerning ageing and the Orgel hypothesis are reviewed. In the light of existing data, it is concluded that the mechanism proposed by Orgel's hypothesis cannot be an important cause of ageing in Drosophila."}
{"id": "PMID:892449", "title": "Considerations on the role of aspartic acid racemization in the aging process.", "content": "Racemization of aspartyl residues in human dentine and enamel proteins has been shown to occur at a rate which corresponds to an enrichment in the D-aspartic acid content of 0.1% per year. This rate can be used to calculate the ages of living people or the in vivo lifetimes of slowly turned over proteins. We present stereochemical arguments for conformational changes in proteins as a consequence of racemized amino acid residues. In metabolically stable proteins, this phenomenon may play some part in the aging process. In renewed proteins, where certain factors may accelerate racemization, conformational changes induced by racemization could regulate protein degradation.", "contents": "Considerations on the role of aspartic acid racemization in the aging process. Racemization of aspartyl residues in human dentine and enamel proteins has been shown to occur at a rate which corresponds to an enrichment in the D-aspartic acid content of 0.1% per year. This rate can be used to calculate the ages of living people or the in vivo lifetimes of slowly turned over proteins. We present stereochemical arguments for conformational changes in proteins as a consequence of racemized amino acid residues. In metabolically stable proteins, this phenomenon may play some part in the aging process. In renewed proteins, where certain factors may accelerate racemization, conformational changes induced by racemization could regulate protein degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:892450", "title": "L-tryptophan administration in L-dopa-induced hallucinations in elderly Parkinsonian patients.", "content": "L-tryptophan (L-T) was added at a dose of 150-450 mg daily to eight Parkinsonian patients who developed visual hallucinations with paranoidal features under L-dopa (L-D) treatment (112.5-75 mg daily) in combination with alpha-methyldopa hydrazine (12.5-75 mg daily). In six patients L-T ameliorated the symptomatology by arresting the visual paranoidal hallucinations or diminishing their frequency and relieving the psychomotor agitation. As a 'side effect', L-T produced new 'pleasurable', 'LSD-like' visual images in three patients. In two patients, in whom L-T did not affect the mental disturbances, amelioration was obtained only by phenothiazines. Theoretical considerations on the role of dopamine in the genesis of visual hallucinations and mental disturbances emphasizes the benefit of L-T administration in this 'organomental' syndrome.", "contents": "L-tryptophan administration in L-dopa-induced hallucinations in elderly Parkinsonian patients. L-tryptophan (L-T) was added at a dose of 150-450 mg daily to eight Parkinsonian patients who developed visual hallucinations with paranoidal features under L-dopa (L-D) treatment (112.5-75 mg daily) in combination with alpha-methyldopa hydrazine (12.5-75 mg daily). In six patients L-T ameliorated the symptomatology by arresting the visual paranoidal hallucinations or diminishing their frequency and relieving the psychomotor agitation. As a 'side effect', L-T produced new 'pleasurable', 'LSD-like' visual images in three patients. In two patients, in whom L-T did not affect the mental disturbances, amelioration was obtained only by phenothiazines. Theoretical considerations on the role of dopamine in the genesis of visual hallucinations and mental disturbances emphasizes the benefit of L-T administration in this 'organomental' syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:892451", "title": "Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT). The misdiagnosed atrial arrhythmia of old age.", "content": "The clinical and electrocardiographic features of multifocal atrial tachycardia are described and illustrated by nine examples. It is almost entirely seen in later life and is often misdiagnosed as atrial fibrillation. It is associated with a high mortality and the majority of the cases described here reverted to sinus rhythm. Little attention has been so far paid to this important arrhythmia in the elderly in standard textbooks of cardiology. The literature is reviewed and management discussed. It is not a rare supreventricular tachycardia in the aged and many examples may be not diagnosed. It merits further study in relation to unanswered questions.", "contents": "Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT). The misdiagnosed atrial arrhythmia of old age. The clinical and electrocardiographic features of multifocal atrial tachycardia are described and illustrated by nine examples. It is almost entirely seen in later life and is often misdiagnosed as atrial fibrillation. It is associated with a high mortality and the majority of the cases described here reverted to sinus rhythm. Little attention has been so far paid to this important arrhythmia in the elderly in standard textbooks of cardiology. The literature is reviewed and management discussed. It is not a rare supreventricular tachycardia in the aged and many examples may be not diagnosed. It merits further study in relation to unanswered questions."}
{"id": "PMID:892452", "title": "Changes in cell membranes during aging.", "content": "Age-related changes in the morphology and composition of mammalian membranes are reviewed. Certain age-related changes in the functional character of mammalian membranes are highlighted. The need for integrated studies of membrane changes during aging is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in cell membranes during aging. Age-related changes in the morphology and composition of mammalian membranes are reviewed. Certain age-related changes in the functional character of mammalian membranes are highlighted. The need for integrated studies of membrane changes during aging is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892577", "title": "The growth velocity prediction using the sampled-transfer-function.", "content": "The feasibility of using the sampled-transfer-function to predict the magnitude of peak velocity of human body height was investigated. A sampled-transfer-function for longitudinal growth data was established utilizing the input-output concept in system theory and the z-transform. A computer program was written to generate the predicted circumpubertal height velocities of an individual using his prepubertal height velocities as an input. The predicted results were compared with the actual results of 25 males selected from the Denver growth sample. The predicted magnitude of peak velocity for each individual using the transfer function was significantly better than the one using the mean valu", "contents": "The growth velocity prediction using the sampled-transfer-function. The feasibility of using the sampled-transfer-function to predict the magnitude of peak velocity of human body height was investigated. A sampled-transfer-function for longitudinal growth data was established utilizing the input-output concept in system theory and the z-transform. A computer program was written to generate the predicted circumpubertal height velocities of an individual using his prepubertal height velocities as an input. The predicted results were compared with the actual results of 25 males selected from the Denver growth sample. The predicted magnitude of peak velocity for each individual using the transfer function was significantly better than the one using the mean valu"}
{"id": "PMID:892578", "title": "Influence of chronic undernutrition on oxygen consumption of rats during exercise.", "content": "Endurance swimming times and oxygen comsumption during strenuous exercise were measured in age-paired undernourished rats. The animals received restricted or unrestricted amounts of 27, 15 or 8% casein diets for 10 weeks. Endurance times of energy-restricted animals were similar to that of controls, despite a two-fold weight difference. Endurance time of the protein-restricted group (8% casein) was longer than that of any other group, including energy-restricted groups identical in weight. Oxygen consumption of the protein-restricted group during a non-endurance swim was significantly greater than any of the other groups, but was the same as that of the other undernourished groups during the endurance swin. Oxygen consumption by all undernourished groups was higher than that of controls during the endurance swim. Results of the endurance swimming tests show that restriction of protein or energy intake may influence exercise performance differently and that differences in work performance cannot be explained by differences in body weight. Measurements of oxygen consumption during swimming suggests that the differences in performance are related to altered metabolic requirements resulting from the dietary restrictions.", "contents": "Influence of chronic undernutrition on oxygen consumption of rats during exercise. Endurance swimming times and oxygen comsumption during strenuous exercise were measured in age-paired undernourished rats. The animals received restricted or unrestricted amounts of 27, 15 or 8% casein diets for 10 weeks. Endurance times of energy-restricted animals were similar to that of controls, despite a two-fold weight difference. Endurance time of the protein-restricted group (8% casein) was longer than that of any other group, including energy-restricted groups identical in weight. Oxygen consumption of the protein-restricted group during a non-endurance swim was significantly greater than any of the other groups, but was the same as that of the other undernourished groups during the endurance swin. Oxygen consumption by all undernourished groups was higher than that of controls during the endurance swim. Results of the endurance swimming tests show that restriction of protein or energy intake may influence exercise performance differently and that differences in work performance cannot be explained by differences in body weight. Measurements of oxygen consumption during swimming suggests that the differences in performance are related to altered metabolic requirements resulting from the dietary restrictions."}
{"id": "PMID:892581", "title": "Concanavalin A induced inhibition of cell migration in African green monkey kidney cell cultures.", "content": "The effect of concanavalin A (con A) on the mobility of Vero cells into cell free gaps is examined. The movement of cells into these wounds is inhibited by a 30 minute exposure of con A at a concentration of 12.5 ug/ml. The effects of con A on the mobility are dependent on the concentration of the lectin used for treatment as well as the total amount of time the cells are exposed to a given concentration. The con A inhibition is abrogated by alpha-methyl-mannose. The competitive effects of con A inhibition and serum migration stimulation factors are examined. Treatment of the monolayer prior to wounding inhibits as effectively as treatment after wounding, indicating that residual con A on the bed of the wound which the cells cross is not responsible for the demonstrated inhibition.", "contents": "Concanavalin A induced inhibition of cell migration in African green monkey kidney cell cultures. The effect of concanavalin A (con A) on the mobility of Vero cells into cell free gaps is examined. The movement of cells into these wounds is inhibited by a 30 minute exposure of con A at a concentration of 12.5 ug/ml. The effects of con A on the mobility are dependent on the concentration of the lectin used for treatment as well as the total amount of time the cells are exposed to a given concentration. The con A inhibition is abrogated by alpha-methyl-mannose. The competitive effects of con A inhibition and serum migration stimulation factors are examined. Treatment of the monolayer prior to wounding inhibits as effectively as treatment after wounding, indicating that residual con A on the bed of the wound which the cells cross is not responsible for the demonstrated inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:892582", "title": "Regional variations in cell proliferation and matrix formation in the cartilaginous nasal septum of the rat. [3H]-Thymidine and [35S]-sulfate incorporation studies.", "content": "The anterior, middle and posterior regions of the cartilaginous nasal septum were studied using [3H]-thymidine and [35S]-sulfate incorporation. Varying intensity in both cell proliferation and matrix formation were found at different developmental stages. Taking the whole experimental period under consideration (from 0-21 days) the greatest proliferative activities were found in the anterior and posterior regions respectively, whereas the greatest activities in matrix formation were found in the middle and posterior regions (cpm [3H]-thymidine/DNA and cpm [35S]-sulfate/DNA). An increase in proliferation was followed shortly after by an increase in matrix formation.", "contents": "Regional variations in cell proliferation and matrix formation in the cartilaginous nasal septum of the rat. [3H]-Thymidine and [35S]-sulfate incorporation studies. The anterior, middle and posterior regions of the cartilaginous nasal septum were studied using [3H]-thymidine and [35S]-sulfate incorporation. Varying intensity in both cell proliferation and matrix formation were found at different developmental stages. Taking the whole experimental period under consideration (from 0-21 days) the greatest proliferative activities were found in the anterior and posterior regions respectively, whereas the greatest activities in matrix formation were found in the middle and posterior regions (cpm [3H]-thymidine/DNA and cpm [35S]-sulfate/DNA). An increase in proliferation was followed shortly after by an increase in matrix formation."}
{"id": "PMID:892583", "title": "The protective action of zinc against the deleterious effects of cadmium in the regenerating forelimb of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "Forelimbs of adult male newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) were amputated and immediately dipped in cadmium nitrate for 2 minutes; in addition, some of the newts were injected with zinc chloride 24 hours prior to, or 24 hours after amputation. Dipping the amputated forelimb of a newt in a solution of 0.4 M cadmium nitrate completely inhibited or retarded regeneration throughout the 65 days of observation. Other effects of cadmium administration included erythema of the limb, an extensive protrusion of the humerus, and in some cases atypical differentiation of regenerates. When zinc chloride was injected (0.04 mg/g of body weight) intraperitoneally into the newt 24 hours prior to limb amputation and cadmium dipping, the deleterious effects of cadmium treatment were prevented and normal regeneration occurred. When zinc chloride was administered 24 hours after amputation and cadmium dipping, it gave no protection against the cadmium. It is suggested that cadmium might inhibit regeneration through the inactivation of zinc metalloenzymes as a result of an exchange of cadmium for zinc. Zinc chloride administered to newts prior to cadmium treatment may prevent the replacement of zinc by cadmium.", "contents": "The protective action of zinc against the deleterious effects of cadmium in the regenerating forelimb of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Forelimbs of adult male newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) were amputated and immediately dipped in cadmium nitrate for 2 minutes; in addition, some of the newts were injected with zinc chloride 24 hours prior to, or 24 hours after amputation. Dipping the amputated forelimb of a newt in a solution of 0.4 M cadmium nitrate completely inhibited or retarded regeneration throughout the 65 days of observation. Other effects of cadmium administration included erythema of the limb, an extensive protrusion of the humerus, and in some cases atypical differentiation of regenerates. When zinc chloride was injected (0.04 mg/g of body weight) intraperitoneally into the newt 24 hours prior to limb amputation and cadmium dipping, the deleterious effects of cadmium treatment were prevented and normal regeneration occurred. When zinc chloride was administered 24 hours after amputation and cadmium dipping, it gave no protection against the cadmium. It is suggested that cadmium might inhibit regeneration through the inactivation of zinc metalloenzymes as a result of an exchange of cadmium for zinc. Zinc chloride administered to newts prior to cadmium treatment may prevent the replacement of zinc by cadmium."}
{"id": "PMID:892604", "title": "Postprandial serum bile acids in healthy man. Evidence for differences in absorptive pattern between individual bile acids.", "content": "The serum concentrations of cholic acid (C), chenodeoxycholic acid (CD), and deoxycholic acid (D) before and after a standardised meal were determined in five healthy female subjects using a highly specific and accurate gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique. The C level rose significantly 60 minutes after the meal, reached a peak after 90 minutes, and had returned to the original level after 150 minutes. In contrast, the serum concentrations of CD and D displayed a significant rise by 30 minutes, reached a peak after 90 minutes, but had not returned to fasting levels after 150 minutes. The serum bile acid responses after a meal suggest that there is considerable absorption of dihydroxy bile acids in the proximal small intestine in man.", "contents": "Postprandial serum bile acids in healthy man. Evidence for differences in absorptive pattern between individual bile acids. The serum concentrations of cholic acid (C), chenodeoxycholic acid (CD), and deoxycholic acid (D) before and after a standardised meal were determined in five healthy female subjects using a highly specific and accurate gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique. The C level rose significantly 60 minutes after the meal, reached a peak after 90 minutes, and had returned to the original level after 150 minutes. In contrast, the serum concentrations of CD and D displayed a significant rise by 30 minutes, reached a peak after 90 minutes, but had not returned to fasting levels after 150 minutes. The serum bile acid responses after a meal suggest that there is considerable absorption of dihydroxy bile acids in the proximal small intestine in man."}
{"id": "PMID:892605", "title": "Percutaneous cholangiography with the Okuda needle.", "content": "Percutaneous cholangiography with the Okuda needle was performed in 42 consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. Six had intrahepatic cholestasis. The technique demonstrated the biliary anatomy in 41 patients and the radiological diagnosis was confirmed by laparotomy, necropsy, or liver biopsy. There were no significant complications. Laparotomy, when indicated, was performed earlier in the course of the jaundice and it was avoided in seven patients. Precise knowledge of the site of the obstruction was of great help to the surgeon. We believe that this technique represents an important advance in the management of the jaundiced patient.", "contents": "Percutaneous cholangiography with the Okuda needle. Percutaneous cholangiography with the Okuda needle was performed in 42 consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. Six had intrahepatic cholestasis. The technique demonstrated the biliary anatomy in 41 patients and the radiological diagnosis was confirmed by laparotomy, necropsy, or liver biopsy. There were no significant complications. Laparotomy, when indicated, was performed earlier in the course of the jaundice and it was avoided in seven patients. Precise knowledge of the site of the obstruction was of great help to the surgeon. We believe that this technique represents an important advance in the management of the jaundiced patient."}
{"id": "PMID:892606", "title": "Calcitonin and exocrine pancreatic secretion in man: inhibition of enzymes stimulated by CCK-pancreozymin, caerulein, or calcium--no response to vagal stimulation.", "content": "The effect of calcitonin on human pancreatic secretion was studied under various conditions of stimulation. During administration of both secretin plus cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) or secretin plus caerulein, enzyme secretion was promptly reduced by an infusion of calcitonin of more than 50%. In contrast, vagally stimulated enzyme secretion induced by insulin-hypoglycaemia or carbamyl-choline was not altered against a background infusion of calcitonin in comparison with control experiments. Calcium-induced enzyme secretion was abolished by additional calcitonin infusion which also prevented an increase in serum calcium. On the other hand, additional high grade calcium infusion did not modify the inhibitory action of calcitonin on enzyme output stimulated by secretin and CCK-PZ. Secretion of fluids and bicarbonate remained unaffected by calcitonin in all experimental conditions, whereas the outputs of calcium and magnesium paralleled generally the changes in enzymes. It is suggested that calcitonin interferes with hormonemediated stimulation of the acinar cells without influencing cholinergic mechanisms. The inhibitory action of calcitonin on enzyme secretion does not appear to be mediated by a depletion of extracellular calcium in the pancreatic tissue by calcitonin.", "contents": "Calcitonin and exocrine pancreatic secretion in man: inhibition of enzymes stimulated by CCK-pancreozymin, caerulein, or calcium--no response to vagal stimulation. The effect of calcitonin on human pancreatic secretion was studied under various conditions of stimulation. During administration of both secretin plus cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) or secretin plus caerulein, enzyme secretion was promptly reduced by an infusion of calcitonin of more than 50%. In contrast, vagally stimulated enzyme secretion induced by insulin-hypoglycaemia or carbamyl-choline was not altered against a background infusion of calcitonin in comparison with control experiments. Calcium-induced enzyme secretion was abolished by additional calcitonin infusion which also prevented an increase in serum calcium. On the other hand, additional high grade calcium infusion did not modify the inhibitory action of calcitonin on enzyme output stimulated by secretin and CCK-PZ. Secretion of fluids and bicarbonate remained unaffected by calcitonin in all experimental conditions, whereas the outputs of calcium and magnesium paralleled generally the changes in enzymes. It is suggested that calcitonin interferes with hormonemediated stimulation of the acinar cells without influencing cholinergic mechanisms. The inhibitory action of calcitonin on enzyme secretion does not appear to be mediated by a depletion of extracellular calcium in the pancreatic tissue by calcitonin."}
{"id": "PMID:892607", "title": "Exocrine pancreatic response to the venom of the scorpion, Tityus trinitatis.", "content": "This paper records for the first time the exocrine pancreatic response to scorpion venom, in this case that of Tityus trinitatis, a scorpion endemic in Trinidad. The crude venom injected intravenously into fasting anaesthetised dogs induced a secretion of the exocrine pancreas. The secretion evoked was rich in enzymes.", "contents": "Exocrine pancreatic response to the venom of the scorpion, Tityus trinitatis. This paper records for the first time the exocrine pancreatic response to scorpion venom, in this case that of Tityus trinitatis, a scorpion endemic in Trinidad. The crude venom injected intravenously into fasting anaesthetised dogs induced a secretion of the exocrine pancreas. The secretion evoked was rich in enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:892608", "title": "Outcome of gastric carcinoma detected by gastric mass survey in Japan.", "content": "The outcome was studied of gastric carcinoma found in six selected mass survey groups. One-hundred-and-thirty-seven cases of gastric carcinoma were detected and followed-up postoperatively for 16 years at the longest. They consisted of 55 cases of early and 74 of advanced carcinoma with eight cases of unknown depth of involvement. Early carcinoma amounted to 42-6% of the cases with known depth of involvement. The relative five-year and 10-year survival rates calculated by the method of Ederer et al. (1961) in the 137 cases were 0-628 and 0-642, respectively, and those for early carcinoma were 0-959 and 1-016. These survival rates are remarkably high. The five-year survival rate in those who were followed-up after operation for more than five years (83 cases) was 0-554, which is much higher than that of the outpatient cases, who presented themselves for medical advice with some symptoms. The good prognosis is largely explained by a high incidence of early gastric carcinoma in the cases detected in the mass survey. Where methods of screening were concerned, the use of the gastrocamera markedly improved the detection rate of gastric carcinoma.", "contents": "Outcome of gastric carcinoma detected by gastric mass survey in Japan. The outcome was studied of gastric carcinoma found in six selected mass survey groups. One-hundred-and-thirty-seven cases of gastric carcinoma were detected and followed-up postoperatively for 16 years at the longest. They consisted of 55 cases of early and 74 of advanced carcinoma with eight cases of unknown depth of involvement. Early carcinoma amounted to 42-6% of the cases with known depth of involvement. The relative five-year and 10-year survival rates calculated by the method of Ederer et al. (1961) in the 137 cases were 0-628 and 0-642, respectively, and those for early carcinoma were 0-959 and 1-016. These survival rates are remarkably high. The five-year survival rate in those who were followed-up after operation for more than five years (83 cases) was 0-554, which is much higher than that of the outpatient cases, who presented themselves for medical advice with some symptoms. The good prognosis is largely explained by a high incidence of early gastric carcinoma in the cases detected in the mass survey. Where methods of screening were concerned, the use of the gastrocamera markedly improved the detection rate of gastric carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:892609", "title": "Electrical assessment of functional lactase activity in conscious man.", "content": "Using an electrical technique for measuring transjejunal potential differences (PDs) in conscious man, we have estimated the electrogenic absorption of the hexoses liberated by hydrolysis of lactose which was infused into the jejunum of one normal control and 21 patients with diarrhoea. The results were compared with jejunal lactase levels determined from biopsy specimens taken from the recording site immediately after infusion. The PD evoked by 100 mM lactose was very significantly lower in patients with lactase levels below 4 units (lactase deficient) compared with subjects with normal lactase levels. There was also a significant correlation (r = 0.87, P less than 0.005) between the magnitude of the lactose potential (expressed as the ratio of the maximum glucose transfer potential) and the mucosal lactase level in the hypolactasic subjects but not in patients with normal lactase levels. Thus, in the subjects with lactase deficiency, the electrogenic transfer of hexose is clearly limited by the rate of lactose hydrolysis. Unlike other assessments of functional lactase activity, the electrical test provides a specific index of jejunal function and, moreover, can be adapted to investigate the possible disorders of small intestinal motility and secretion associated with hypolactasia.", "contents": "Electrical assessment of functional lactase activity in conscious man. Using an electrical technique for measuring transjejunal potential differences (PDs) in conscious man, we have estimated the electrogenic absorption of the hexoses liberated by hydrolysis of lactose which was infused into the jejunum of one normal control and 21 patients with diarrhoea. The results were compared with jejunal lactase levels determined from biopsy specimens taken from the recording site immediately after infusion. The PD evoked by 100 mM lactose was very significantly lower in patients with lactase levels below 4 units (lactase deficient) compared with subjects with normal lactase levels. There was also a significant correlation (r = 0.87, P less than 0.005) between the magnitude of the lactose potential (expressed as the ratio of the maximum glucose transfer potential) and the mucosal lactase level in the hypolactasic subjects but not in patients with normal lactase levels. Thus, in the subjects with lactase deficiency, the electrogenic transfer of hexose is clearly limited by the rate of lactose hydrolysis. Unlike other assessments of functional lactase activity, the electrical test provides a specific index of jejunal function and, moreover, can be adapted to investigate the possible disorders of small intestinal motility and secretion associated with hypolactasia."}
{"id": "PMID:892610", "title": "Selective IgA deficiency and Crohn's disease: report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients are described with Crohn's disease and selective IgA deficiency. Serum IgA was undetectable in each case, and immunoperoxidase studies of the lamina propria showed a gross diminution of IgA-bearing plasma cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, however, showed normal numbers of IgA-bearing lymphocytes. The typical clinical course and histology in these two patients suggest that IgA-mediated responses in the mucosa are not involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Selective IgA deficiency and Crohn's disease: report of two cases. Two patients are described with Crohn's disease and selective IgA deficiency. Serum IgA was undetectable in each case, and immunoperoxidase studies of the lamina propria showed a gross diminution of IgA-bearing plasma cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, however, showed normal numbers of IgA-bearing lymphocytes. The typical clinical course and histology in these two patients suggest that IgA-mediated responses in the mucosa are not involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:892611", "title": "IgA class reticulin antibodies in relatives of patients with coeliac disease.", "content": "IgA class reticulin antibodies were not found in patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and hiatus hernia despite a significant incidence of IgG class reticulin antibodies. None of 56 normal healthy subjects was positive. In contrast, 13 (76%) of the sera from 17 patients with coeliac disease on normal diet were positive for IgA class antibodies as were 19 (20%) of 93 first degree relatives. Seventy-three relatives underwent jejunal biopsy. Grade III (flat) histology was found in 13 and, of these patients, 10 (77%) showed IgA class reticulin antibody in their serum. It is suggested that determination of IgA class reticulin antibodies was a useful test to determine which relative must be biopsied.", "contents": "IgA class reticulin antibodies in relatives of patients with coeliac disease. IgA class reticulin antibodies were not found in patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and hiatus hernia despite a significant incidence of IgG class reticulin antibodies. None of 56 normal healthy subjects was positive. In contrast, 13 (76%) of the sera from 17 patients with coeliac disease on normal diet were positive for IgA class antibodies as were 19 (20%) of 93 first degree relatives. Seventy-three relatives underwent jejunal biopsy. Grade III (flat) histology was found in 13 and, of these patients, 10 (77%) showed IgA class reticulin antibody in their serum. It is suggested that determination of IgA class reticulin antibodies was a useful test to determine which relative must be biopsied."}
{"id": "PMID:892612", "title": "Internal sphincter and the nature of haemorrhoids.", "content": "Internal anal sphincter activity has been studied in 84 patients with haemorrhoids and 40 asymptomatic subjects. Activity was estimated by measuring maximum resting anal pressure with a water filled anal balloon probe 7 mm in diameter connected to a strain gauge pressure transducer. There was greater activity of the internal sphincter in patients with haemorrhoids than in controls, but there was no significant relationship between sphincter activity and duration of symptoms, predominant symptom (bleeding or prolapse), severity of symptoms, history of pain, history of straining at stool, or size of haemorrhoids. Straining at stool occurred significantly more often in patients whose main complaint was prolapse than in those whose main complaint was bleeding. Anal dilatation reduced sphincter activity and the best clinical results were obtained in those with the most active sphincter. An internal sphincter abnormality may be an aetiological factor in some patients but there must be other factors as well. Straining at stool may determine whether bleeding or prolapse is the predominant symptom.", "contents": "Internal sphincter and the nature of haemorrhoids. Internal anal sphincter activity has been studied in 84 patients with haemorrhoids and 40 asymptomatic subjects. Activity was estimated by measuring maximum resting anal pressure with a water filled anal balloon probe 7 mm in diameter connected to a strain gauge pressure transducer. There was greater activity of the internal sphincter in patients with haemorrhoids than in controls, but there was no significant relationship between sphincter activity and duration of symptoms, predominant symptom (bleeding or prolapse), severity of symptoms, history of pain, history of straining at stool, or size of haemorrhoids. Straining at stool occurred significantly more often in patients whose main complaint was prolapse than in those whose main complaint was bleeding. Anal dilatation reduced sphincter activity and the best clinical results were obtained in those with the most active sphincter. An internal sphincter abnormality may be an aetiological factor in some patients but there must be other factors as well. Straining at stool may determine whether bleeding or prolapse is the predominant symptom."}
{"id": "PMID:892613", "title": "Sphincter denervation in anorectal incontinence and rectal prolapse.", "content": "Biopsies of the external anal sphincter, puborectalis, and levator ani muscles have been examined in 24 women and one man with long-standing anorectal incontinence, 18 of whom also had rectal prolapse, and in two men with rectal prolapse alone. In 16 of the women anorectal incontinence was of unknown cause, but in eight there was a history of difficult labour. Similar biopsies were examined in six control subjects. In all the incontinent patients there was histological evidence of denervation, which was most prominent in the external anal sphincter muscle biopsies, and least prominent in the levator ani muscles. Myopathic features, which were thought to be secondary, were present in the more abnormal biopsies. There were severe histological abnormalities in small nerves supplying the external anal sphincter muscle in the three cases in which material was available for study. We suggest that idiopathic anorectal incontinence may be the result of denervation of the muscles of the anorectal sling, and of the anal sphincter mechanism. This could result from entrapment or stretch injury of the pudendal or perineal nerves occurring as a consequence of rectal descent induced during repeated defaecation straining, or from injuries to these nerves associated with childbirth.", "contents": "Sphincter denervation in anorectal incontinence and rectal prolapse. Biopsies of the external anal sphincter, puborectalis, and levator ani muscles have been examined in 24 women and one man with long-standing anorectal incontinence, 18 of whom also had rectal prolapse, and in two men with rectal prolapse alone. In 16 of the women anorectal incontinence was of unknown cause, but in eight there was a history of difficult labour. Similar biopsies were examined in six control subjects. In all the incontinent patients there was histological evidence of denervation, which was most prominent in the external anal sphincter muscle biopsies, and least prominent in the levator ani muscles. Myopathic features, which were thought to be secondary, were present in the more abnormal biopsies. There were severe histological abnormalities in small nerves supplying the external anal sphincter muscle in the three cases in which material was available for study. We suggest that idiopathic anorectal incontinence may be the result of denervation of the muscles of the anorectal sling, and of the anal sphincter mechanism. This could result from entrapment or stretch injury of the pudendal or perineal nerves occurring as a consequence of rectal descent induced during repeated defaecation straining, or from injuries to these nerves associated with childbirth."}
{"id": "PMID:892614", "title": "Effect of capsaicin on electrical slow waves in the isolated cat colon.", "content": "Because of the laxative effect of capsaicin, we examined the effect of that agent on the electromyogram of the isolated cat colon. At a concentration of 10(-4)M, it caused a significant reduction in the frequency of the electrical slow waves in the proximal half of the colon. Frequency fell to its lowest value, 45% of control (P less than 0-001), in the most proximal 10% of the organ below the ileocecal junction, and the effect progressively diminished along the colon. In the distal half of the colon, the change in frequency was not significant. Sectioning of the colon into segments reduced the frequency of the slow waves in the proximal half of the colon, and capsaicin, in a concentration of 10(-4)M, further reduced the frequency in the segments representing the proximal 30% of the colon. This effect of capsaicin is like that reported previously with other laxative agents.", "contents": "Effect of capsaicin on electrical slow waves in the isolated cat colon. Because of the laxative effect of capsaicin, we examined the effect of that agent on the electromyogram of the isolated cat colon. At a concentration of 10(-4)M, it caused a significant reduction in the frequency of the electrical slow waves in the proximal half of the colon. Frequency fell to its lowest value, 45% of control (P less than 0-001), in the most proximal 10% of the organ below the ileocecal junction, and the effect progressively diminished along the colon. In the distal half of the colon, the change in frequency was not significant. Sectioning of the colon into segments reduced the frequency of the slow waves in the proximal half of the colon, and capsaicin, in a concentration of 10(-4)M, further reduced the frequency in the segments representing the proximal 30% of the colon. This effect of capsaicin is like that reported previously with other laxative agents."}
{"id": "PMID:892615", "title": "Carbohydrate content of endoscopic gastric biopsies in carcinoma of the stomach.", "content": "An investigation of the glycoproteins of gastric mucus from biopsies of patients with gastric cancer has shown a change in certain carbohydrate components. There is a significant increase (P less than 0-001) in mannose and a significant decrease in N-acetylgalactosamine in both secretors and non-secretors from cancer-free and cancer-bearing regions of the stomach as compared with normal stomachs. The possible reasons for this change and its relation to two possible glycoprotein fractions are discussed.", "contents": "Carbohydrate content of endoscopic gastric biopsies in carcinoma of the stomach. An investigation of the glycoproteins of gastric mucus from biopsies of patients with gastric cancer has shown a change in certain carbohydrate components. There is a significant increase (P less than 0-001) in mannose and a significant decrease in N-acetylgalactosamine in both secretors and non-secretors from cancer-free and cancer-bearing regions of the stomach as compared with normal stomachs. The possible reasons for this change and its relation to two possible glycoprotein fractions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892616", "title": "Sexual problems among married ileostomists. Survey conducted by The Ileostomy Association of Great Britain and Ireland.", "content": "The Ileostomy Association of Great Britain and Ireland has conducted a survey to assess the incidence and nature of sexual problems among a one in 10 sample of its membership. The analysis was restricted to married ileostomists; of those aged up to 45 years at the time of operation 16% had married and 23% had had children after the operation. The majority had adapted well to the ileostomy, and this appeared true also for the spouse. However, 12% of those who replied ascribed marital tension, unhappiness, or even separation, to the presence of the stoma. There was no evidence of sexual dysfunction from the construction of an ileostomy without rectal excision. After rectal excision nearly one-third of men reported sexual dysfunction, the frequency and severity of which was related to the age at operation. Up to the age of 45, one of 88 men developed complete erectile impotence and 17 partial dysfunction; over this age five of 30 men developed complete and 11 partial erectile impotence. One-third of women reported some dyspareunia after rectal excision.", "contents": "Sexual problems among married ileostomists. Survey conducted by The Ileostomy Association of Great Britain and Ireland. The Ileostomy Association of Great Britain and Ireland has conducted a survey to assess the incidence and nature of sexual problems among a one in 10 sample of its membership. The analysis was restricted to married ileostomists; of those aged up to 45 years at the time of operation 16% had married and 23% had had children after the operation. The majority had adapted well to the ileostomy, and this appeared true also for the spouse. However, 12% of those who replied ascribed marital tension, unhappiness, or even separation, to the presence of the stoma. There was no evidence of sexual dysfunction from the construction of an ileostomy without rectal excision. After rectal excision nearly one-third of men reported sexual dysfunction, the frequency and severity of which was related to the age at operation. Up to the age of 45, one of 88 men developed complete erectile impotence and 17 partial dysfunction; over this age five of 30 men developed complete and 11 partial erectile impotence. One-third of women reported some dyspareunia after rectal excision."}
{"id": "PMID:892617", "title": "Colonoscopy and bacteraemia.", "content": "A prospective study was performed on 35 patients undergoing colonoscopy. Aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures before, during and after the investigation failed to demonstrate bacteraemia in any instance.", "contents": "Colonoscopy and bacteraemia. A prospective study was performed on 35 patients undergoing colonoscopy. Aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures before, during and after the investigation failed to demonstrate bacteraemia in any instance."}
{"id": "PMID:892618", "title": "Fractures of the phalanges of the hand.", "content": "A retrospective study has been made of 100 unselected adult finger fractures and a smaller group of similar injuries in children. The principles of treatment are reviewed, a simple practical classification of finger fractures suggested, and the treatment of each type described.", "contents": "Fractures of the phalanges of the hand. A retrospective study has been made of 100 unselected adult finger fractures and a smaller group of similar injuries in children. The principles of treatment are reviewed, a simple practical classification of finger fractures suggested, and the treatment of each type described."}
{"id": "PMID:892619", "title": "Dupuytren's disease--initial symptoms, age of onset and spontaneous course.", "content": "647 men and 254 women with Dupuytren's disease of the hands were questioned about how, where and when the disease had started. Usually the disease started in the right hand, and nodules in the ulnar part of the palm were the first symptom in 90%. In 10% of the cases with bilateral disease, it started simultaneously in both hands. One woman and two men noticed the first symptom before 10 years of age. In about 50% of the men, the disease started between 40-59 years of age (women 40-69 years). In men the contracture increased rather constantly during the first twenty years, followed by a stationary phase from about 20 to thirty-five years of duration, whereafter it definitely decreased. In women the disease increased gradually with the duration of the disease.", "contents": "Dupuytren's disease--initial symptoms, age of onset and spontaneous course. 647 men and 254 women with Dupuytren's disease of the hands were questioned about how, where and when the disease had started. Usually the disease started in the right hand, and nodules in the ulnar part of the palm were the first symptom in 90%. In 10% of the cases with bilateral disease, it started simultaneously in both hands. One woman and two men noticed the first symptom before 10 years of age. In about 50% of the men, the disease started between 40-59 years of age (women 40-69 years). In men the contracture increased rather constantly during the first twenty years, followed by a stationary phase from about 20 to thirty-five years of duration, whereafter it definitely decreased. In women the disease increased gradually with the duration of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:892620", "title": "Scintiangiographic demonstration of bleeding into a wrist ganglion.", "content": "Scintiangiography with delayed static scintiphotos may be used to demonstrate bleeding. Bleeding into a traumatic ganglion of the wrist was demonstrated by this technique following failure of conventional contrast arteriography. Scintiangiography with delayed scintiphotography is now performed in any case in which bleeding is suspected.", "contents": "Scintiangiographic demonstration of bleeding into a wrist ganglion. Scintiangiography with delayed static scintiphotos may be used to demonstrate bleeding. Bleeding into a traumatic ganglion of the wrist was demonstrated by this technique following failure of conventional contrast arteriography. Scintiangiography with delayed scintiphotography is now performed in any case in which bleeding is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:892623", "title": "Sub-ungual malignant melanoma presenting as sub-acute paronychia following trauma.", "content": "A woman presenting with a history of trauma to her thumb, apparently followed by sub-acute paronychia, is subsequently shown to have primary malignant melanoma at the site. The case serves as a reminder that wolves can appear in sheep's clothing.", "contents": "Sub-ungual malignant melanoma presenting as sub-acute paronychia following trauma. A woman presenting with a history of trauma to her thumb, apparently followed by sub-acute paronychia, is subsequently shown to have primary malignant melanoma at the site. The case serves as a reminder that wolves can appear in sheep's clothing."}
{"id": "PMID:892629", "title": "Vacuum splintage of the hand.", "content": "As a result of a previous trial in which factors influencing swelling of the hand after fasciectomy were studied it was found that unacceptable oedema occurred in hands elevated in a roller towel by night and a high sling by day. An alternative system of elevation in a vacuum splint was investigated and found to reduce post-operative oedema. The advantages and disadvantages of the vacuum splint in the management of the hand after surgery or injury are discussed.", "contents": "Vacuum splintage of the hand. As a result of a previous trial in which factors influencing swelling of the hand after fasciectomy were studied it was found that unacceptable oedema occurred in hands elevated in a roller towel by night and a high sling by day. An alternative system of elevation in a vacuum splint was investigated and found to reduce post-operative oedema. The advantages and disadvantages of the vacuum splint in the management of the hand after surgery or injury are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892630", "title": "An unusual cause of ulnar nerve palsy associated with Colles's fracture.", "content": "An unusual case of traumatic neuritis of ulnar nerve associated with Colles's fracture is described. The ulnar nerve had the abnormal course in the lower forearm and wrist. The fracture of the styloid process of the ulna was responsible for the traumatic neuritis of the ulnar nerve.", "contents": "An unusual cause of ulnar nerve palsy associated with Colles's fracture. An unusual case of traumatic neuritis of ulnar nerve associated with Colles's fracture is described. The ulnar nerve had the abnormal course in the lower forearm and wrist. The fracture of the styloid process of the ulna was responsible for the traumatic neuritis of the ulnar nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:892632", "title": "The abductor digiti minimi muscle flap.", "content": "The problems of extensive scarring involving the median and ulnar nerves at the wrist are discussed. Possible methods of separating the dermal cicatrix from the nerves are skin flaps or muscle flaps. A case is presented in which an abductor digiti minimi muscle flap was used. The reasons for this choice are discussed and the technique described.", "contents": "The abductor digiti minimi muscle flap. The problems of extensive scarring involving the median and ulnar nerves at the wrist are discussed. Possible methods of separating the dermal cicatrix from the nerves are skin flaps or muscle flaps. A case is presented in which an abductor digiti minimi muscle flap was used. The reasons for this choice are discussed and the technique described."}
{"id": "PMID:892633", "title": "Cut palmaris longus tendon--to repair or not to repair?", "content": "It is suggested in certain circumstances, that a divided palmaris longus tendon should be repaired, as it is an ideal choice for a tendon graft, or could be of use as a tendon transfer. The musculotendinous unit may be of use as an autogenous free graft.", "contents": "Cut palmaris longus tendon--to repair or not to repair? It is suggested in certain circumstances, that a divided palmaris longus tendon should be repaired, as it is an ideal choice for a tendon graft, or could be of use as a tendon transfer. The musculotendinous unit may be of use as an autogenous free graft."}
{"id": "PMID:892634", "title": "Angiomatosis of the metacarpal skeleton.", "content": "We present a case of a tumour of the right hand. After carrying out a biopsy it was diagnosed as skeletal angiomatosis which, considering the marked osteolysis present, falls within the description of Gorham's disease. The three bones concerned in the tumour were excised and replaced with a bone graft, and the metacarpophalangeal joints preserved with Swanson prostheses.", "contents": "Angiomatosis of the metacarpal skeleton. We present a case of a tumour of the right hand. After carrying out a biopsy it was diagnosed as skeletal angiomatosis which, considering the marked osteolysis present, falls within the description of Gorham's disease. The three bones concerned in the tumour were excised and replaced with a bone graft, and the metacarpophalangeal joints preserved with Swanson prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:892635", "title": "An unusual branch of the ulnar nerve in the hand.", "content": "A branch passing from the deep terminal branch of the ulnar nerve distal to the piso-hamate hiatus, between the flexor digiti minimi brevis and the opponens digiti minimi to the digital branch of the superficial terminal branch of the ulnar nerve to the little finger is described, and its possible clinical relevance suggested.", "contents": "An unusual branch of the ulnar nerve in the hand. A branch passing from the deep terminal branch of the ulnar nerve distal to the piso-hamate hiatus, between the flexor digiti minimi brevis and the opponens digiti minimi to the digital branch of the superficial terminal branch of the ulnar nerve to the little finger is described, and its possible clinical relevance suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:892655", "title": "Hospitalization of the family in the treatment of mental patients.", "content": "Many mental patients who return to their families after discharge from the hospital are soon rehospitalized. An intensive treatment program in which members of a dysfunctional family are hospitalized along with the patient is presented here as an effective way to shorten hospital stays and reduce rehospitalization rates.", "contents": "Hospitalization of the family in the treatment of mental patients. Many mental patients who return to their families after discharge from the hospital are soon rehospitalized. An intensive treatment program in which members of a dysfunctional family are hospitalized along with the patient is presented here as an effective way to shorten hospital stays and reduce rehospitalization rates."}
{"id": "PMID:892656", "title": "The effects of a cultural awareness program on the delivery of health care.", "content": "Provision of health care is frequently ineffective because providers of service do not understand the culture of the ethnic groups they are treating. The aim of the program described in this article was to break down cultural and communication barriers by teaching health care personnel about the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of various ethnic groups.", "contents": "The effects of a cultural awareness program on the delivery of health care. Provision of health care is frequently ineffective because providers of service do not understand the culture of the ethnic groups they are treating. The aim of the program described in this article was to break down cultural and communication barriers by teaching health care personnel about the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of various ethnic groups."}
{"id": "PMID:892657", "title": "Family planning with Third-World males.", "content": "Young people contribute disproportionately to the spread of veneral disease and to the rising rate of out-of-wedlock births in the United States. These factors, along with a growing conviction that males should assume greater sexual and parental responsibility, motivated the development of a pilot program in family planning for young males.", "contents": "Family planning with Third-World males. Young people contribute disproportionately to the spread of veneral disease and to the rising rate of out-of-wedlock births in the United States. These factors, along with a growing conviction that males should assume greater sexual and parental responsibility, motivated the development of a pilot program in family planning for young males."}
{"id": "PMID:892658", "title": "Counseling heart patients and their families.", "content": "Because heart disease causes psychological as well as physical trauma and affects not only the victims but also their families, counseling and psychotherapy for both are frequently necessary. To be effective, therapists must have clearly positive values about life and death.", "contents": "Counseling heart patients and their families. Because heart disease causes psychological as well as physical trauma and affects not only the victims but also their families, counseling and psychotherapy for both are frequently necessary. To be effective, therapists must have clearly positive values about life and death."}
{"id": "PMID:892662", "title": "Delinquency and health status.", "content": "A physical examination of 223 juvenile delinquents in a comprehensive probation program found the majority in poor health. Although poor health is not a direct cause of crime, it can affect a youth's social and intellectual functioning and hence his ability to use a service program. Thus probation workers must be aware of their clients' health status and available health services if they are to treat these youths effectively.", "contents": "Delinquency and health status. A physical examination of 223 juvenile delinquents in a comprehensive probation program found the majority in poor health. Although poor health is not a direct cause of crime, it can affect a youth's social and intellectual functioning and hence his ability to use a service program. Thus probation workers must be aware of their clients' health status and available health services if they are to treat these youths effectively."}
{"id": "PMID:892664", "title": "Medical aspects of cerebral palsy.", "content": "If social workers are to be effective in their practice with cerebral palsied patients and their families, it is essential that they be familiar with the causes and manifestations of the condition. The author illustrates this contention through a series of suggestions for social workers.", "contents": "Medical aspects of cerebral palsy. If social workers are to be effective in their practice with cerebral palsied patients and their families, it is essential that they be familiar with the causes and manifestations of the condition. The author illustrates this contention through a series of suggestions for social workers."}
{"id": "PMID:892665", "title": "Perceptions about social work and mental retardation.", "content": "This article discusses a research project undertaken to develop a quantitative instrument for assessing the level of societal concern for mentally retarded persons. The responses from parents and professional workers disclosed several value judgments of interest to social workers relating to counseling and other social services, the provision of financial assistance, and the role of social workers in providing habilitative and supportive services.", "contents": "Perceptions about social work and mental retardation. This article discusses a research project undertaken to develop a quantitative instrument for assessing the level of societal concern for mentally retarded persons. The responses from parents and professional workers disclosed several value judgments of interest to social workers relating to counseling and other social services, the provision of financial assistance, and the role of social workers in providing habilitative and supportive services."}
{"id": "PMID:892666", "title": "A new program for hyperactive children.", "content": "The magnitude of the problem of hyperactivity among school-age children has attained nationwide attention. The author report on a unique interdisciplinary clinic-based program that was developed to treat this problem. Their article demonstrates that the social work model is an effective tool in treating hyperactivity.", "contents": "A new program for hyperactive children. The magnitude of the problem of hyperactivity among school-age children has attained nationwide attention. The author report on a unique interdisciplinary clinic-based program that was developed to treat this problem. Their article demonstrates that the social work model is an effective tool in treating hyperactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:892667", "title": "Talking with children about mental illness in the family.", "content": "Children may experience extreme stress when a family member becomes mentally ill. Talking with them about mental illness and eliciting their feelings can help them adapt to stress and may in some cases prevent permanent emotional disturbance.", "contents": "Talking with children about mental illness in the family. Children may experience extreme stress when a family member becomes mentally ill. Talking with them about mental illness and eliciting their feelings can help them adapt to stress and may in some cases prevent permanent emotional disturbance."}
{"id": "PMID:892668", "title": "Macromolecular synthesis accompanying the transition from spores to vegetative forms of Streptomyces granaticolor.", "content": "The rates of RNA, protein and DNA synthesis were estimated in synchronously germinating spores of Streptomyces granaticolor. Rapid uptake of labelled precursors of RNA and proteins was observed after 20 s. The germination process took place through a sequence of time-ordered events. RNA synthesis started after 3 min of germination, protein synthesis began at 4 min and net DNA synthesis at 60-70 min of germination. A characteristic feature of germination was the biphasic pattern in the rate of RNA and protein synthesis. Spores of Streptomyces granaticolor were sensitive to actinomycin D, rifampicin and chloramphenicol even at the start of germination. Protein synthesis during germination was dependent on new mRNA synthesis and was independent during the first 60-70 min on replication of the spore genome.", "contents": "Macromolecular synthesis accompanying the transition from spores to vegetative forms of Streptomyces granaticolor. The rates of RNA, protein and DNA synthesis were estimated in synchronously germinating spores of Streptomyces granaticolor. Rapid uptake of labelled precursors of RNA and proteins was observed after 20 s. The germination process took place through a sequence of time-ordered events. RNA synthesis started after 3 min of germination, protein synthesis began at 4 min and net DNA synthesis at 60-70 min of germination. A characteristic feature of germination was the biphasic pattern in the rate of RNA and protein synthesis. Spores of Streptomyces granaticolor were sensitive to actinomycin D, rifampicin and chloramphenicol even at the start of germination. Protein synthesis during germination was dependent on new mRNA synthesis and was independent during the first 60-70 min on replication of the spore genome."}
{"id": "PMID:892669", "title": "Studies on the production of daunomycinone-derived glycosides and related metabolites in Streptomyces coeruleorubidus and Streptomyces peucetius.", "content": "Strains of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus ISP 5145, JA 10092 and 39-146, differing mutually in antibiotic activity, were found to produce identical spectrum of metabolites (at least nine antibiotically active glycosides, 13-dihydrodaunomycinone, epsilon-rhodomycinone and a larger number of unidentified compounds); only trace quantities of daunomycin and daunomycinone could be detected. A fraction of glycosides with a higher RF (0.4-0.7), isolated from strain 39-146, could be transformed to daunomycin by mild hydrolysis and to daunomycinone by total hydrolysis. Streptomyces peucetius IMI 101 335 differed from Streptomyces coeruleorubidus in an increased production of epsilon-rhodomycinone and a lower content of glycosides; the zone of daunomycin was most pronounced among the glycoside spots. Streptomyces coeruleorubidus 39-146 exhibited the highest activity in a medium containing 3.5% soluble starch, 3.0% soybean meal, 0.3% NaCl and 0.3% CaCo3; glucose was a more useful carbon source for the remaining strains. The activity of Streptomyces coeruleoribidus was inhibited by 1-propanol, Na-propionate, 5,5-diethylbarbiturate and bacitracin. Ferrous sulphate stimulated the production of glycosides only in strain JA 10092, decreasing simultaneously the production of aglycones.", "contents": "Studies on the production of daunomycinone-derived glycosides and related metabolites in Streptomyces coeruleorubidus and Streptomyces peucetius. Strains of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus ISP 5145, JA 10092 and 39-146, differing mutually in antibiotic activity, were found to produce identical spectrum of metabolites (at least nine antibiotically active glycosides, 13-dihydrodaunomycinone, epsilon-rhodomycinone and a larger number of unidentified compounds); only trace quantities of daunomycin and daunomycinone could be detected. A fraction of glycosides with a higher RF (0.4-0.7), isolated from strain 39-146, could be transformed to daunomycin by mild hydrolysis and to daunomycinone by total hydrolysis. Streptomyces peucetius IMI 101 335 differed from Streptomyces coeruleorubidus in an increased production of epsilon-rhodomycinone and a lower content of glycosides; the zone of daunomycin was most pronounced among the glycoside spots. Streptomyces coeruleorubidus 39-146 exhibited the highest activity in a medium containing 3.5% soluble starch, 3.0% soybean meal, 0.3% NaCl and 0.3% CaCo3; glucose was a more useful carbon source for the remaining strains. The activity of Streptomyces coeruleoribidus was inhibited by 1-propanol, Na-propionate, 5,5-diethylbarbiturate and bacitracin. Ferrous sulphate stimulated the production of glycosides only in strain JA 10092, decreasing simultaneously the production of aglycones."}
{"id": "PMID:892670", "title": "5-Deoxy-5-fluoro-L-sorbose originating from 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucitol by fermentation with Acetomonas oxydans.", "content": "Using fermentation with a selected strain of Acetomonas oxydans it was possible to convert 2-deoxy-2-fluro-D-glucitol to 5-deoxy-5-fluoro-L-sorbose, in agreement with Bertrand's and Hudson's rule. The last-named compound was isolated in a yield of 88%. Both compounds were little toxic against Acetomonas oxydans.", "contents": "5-Deoxy-5-fluoro-L-sorbose originating from 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucitol by fermentation with Acetomonas oxydans. Using fermentation with a selected strain of Acetomonas oxydans it was possible to convert 2-deoxy-2-fluro-D-glucitol to 5-deoxy-5-fluoro-L-sorbose, in agreement with Bertrand's and Hudson's rule. The last-named compound was isolated in a yield of 88%. Both compounds were little toxic against Acetomonas oxydans."}
{"id": "PMID:892684", "title": "[Malignant tumors of the nails].", "content": "The clinical symptoms of malignant neoplasms (M. Bowen, Carcinoma spinocellular, malignant melanoma) in the area of the finger- and toe-nals are described. Because of the poor prognosis of these neoplasms in this area early detection and treatment is of utmost importance", "contents": "[Malignant tumors of the nails]. The clinical symptoms of malignant neoplasms (M. Bowen, Carcinoma spinocellular, malignant melanoma) in the area of the finger- and toe-nals are described. Because of the poor prognosis of these neoplasms in this area early detection and treatment is of utmost importance"}
{"id": "PMID:892685", "title": "[The therapy of edematous diseases].", "content": "In the first part the pathogenetic factors of the various edematous diseases are discussed, especially the pathogenesis of cardiac, hepatic, renal and idiopathic edemas. In the second part the therapy of edematous diseases is discussed, especially the effects, side effects, indications and contraindications of diuretics and mineralocorticoid antagonists.", "contents": "[The therapy of edematous diseases]. In the first part the pathogenetic factors of the various edematous diseases are discussed, especially the pathogenesis of cardiac, hepatic, renal and idiopathic edemas. In the second part the therapy of edematous diseases is discussed, especially the effects, side effects, indications and contraindications of diuretics and mineralocorticoid antagonists."}
{"id": "PMID:892688", "title": "The effect of short term physiological elevations of plasma glucagon concentration on plasma triglyceride concentration in normal and diabetic man.", "content": "To explore the effect of physiological elevations of glucagon on plasma triglyceride concentration, glucagon was infused for thirty minutes at 3.0 ng/kg/min into both normal and insulin dependent diabetic subjects. The effects of this hormonal infusion on plasma triglyceride, free fatty acids, glucose, and insulin were compared to a control saline infusion study. A differential effect of glucagon on plasma triglyceride concentration between normal and diabetic subjects was observed. In normal subjects, glucagon infusion was accompanied by a concomitant increase in endogenous insulin secretion and free fatty acid levels, and no observable effect on circulating plasma triglyceride concentration. In contrast, in diabetic subjects, no change in insulin or free fatty acid concentration occurred during glucagon infusion and circulating plasma triglyceride concentration declined after twenty minutes of hormone infusion. These results suggest that plasma triglyceride concentration may be modulated, at least in part, by alterations in circulating plasma glucagon in concert with insulin secretion and free fatty acid availability in man.", "contents": "The effect of short term physiological elevations of plasma glucagon concentration on plasma triglyceride concentration in normal and diabetic man. To explore the effect of physiological elevations of glucagon on plasma triglyceride concentration, glucagon was infused for thirty minutes at 3.0 ng/kg/min into both normal and insulin dependent diabetic subjects. The effects of this hormonal infusion on plasma triglyceride, free fatty acids, glucose, and insulin were compared to a control saline infusion study. A differential effect of glucagon on plasma triglyceride concentration between normal and diabetic subjects was observed. In normal subjects, glucagon infusion was accompanied by a concomitant increase in endogenous insulin secretion and free fatty acid levels, and no observable effect on circulating plasma triglyceride concentration. In contrast, in diabetic subjects, no change in insulin or free fatty acid concentration occurred during glucagon infusion and circulating plasma triglyceride concentration declined after twenty minutes of hormone infusion. These results suggest that plasma triglyceride concentration may be modulated, at least in part, by alterations in circulating plasma glucagon in concert with insulin secretion and free fatty acid availability in man."}
{"id": "PMID:892689", "title": "Effect on pancreatic blood flow and insulin output of infusions of aminophylline, galactose and galactose plus aminophylline into an isolated in situ portion of pancreas.", "content": "Effects on pancreatic blood flow and insulin output of infusions of aminophylline, galactose and galactose plus aminophylline were studied on an isolated portion of dog pancreas with only one afferent and one efferent blood vessel remaining. Infusion of aminophylline at 8 mg per minute gave significant increases in pancreatic blood flow and insulin output. Infusion of galactose at 7.2 mg per minute significantly increased insulin output. Galactose (7.2 mg per minute) plus aminophylline (8 mg per minute) also increased both pancreatic blood flow and insulin output. Pancreatic venous plasma glucose levels rose slightly during these infusions. Since the perfusing plasma contained a fasting level of glucose both aminophylling and galactose when infused alone or together were infused in the presence of approximately 1 mg/ml glucose. Pancreatic blood flow and insulin output increased to a lesser extent when aminophylline was infused along with galactose, the when aminophylline was infused alone.", "contents": "Effect on pancreatic blood flow and insulin output of infusions of aminophylline, galactose and galactose plus aminophylline into an isolated in situ portion of pancreas. Effects on pancreatic blood flow and insulin output of infusions of aminophylline, galactose and galactose plus aminophylline were studied on an isolated portion of dog pancreas with only one afferent and one efferent blood vessel remaining. Infusion of aminophylline at 8 mg per minute gave significant increases in pancreatic blood flow and insulin output. Infusion of galactose at 7.2 mg per minute significantly increased insulin output. Galactose (7.2 mg per minute) plus aminophylline (8 mg per minute) also increased both pancreatic blood flow and insulin output. Pancreatic venous plasma glucose levels rose slightly during these infusions. Since the perfusing plasma contained a fasting level of glucose both aminophylling and galactose when infused alone or together were infused in the presence of approximately 1 mg/ml glucose. Pancreatic blood flow and insulin output increased to a lesser extent when aminophylline was infused along with galactose, the when aminophylline was infused alone."}
{"id": "PMID:892690", "title": "Effect of alpha adrenoreceptor stimulants infused intrapancreatically on glucagon and insulin secretion.", "content": "To see the effect of alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation upon in vivo basal secretion of glucagon and insulin, phenylephrine and methoxamine were infused at a dose of 236 pmol/kg/min and 2.36 nmol/kg/min, respectively, for 10 min into the cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery in anesthetized dogs. During the infusion of either drug pancreatic venous blood flow was markedly diminished, resulting in a significant decrease of basal output of both glucagon and insulin. Intrapancreatic administration of the stimulants exerted neglible effects on the plasma levels of both hormones in the systemic circulation. Pretreatment with phentolamine abolished the alpha stimulant-induced inhibition of bihormonal output. Under alpha blockade which per se results effectively in a stimulation of insulin release, basal output of glucagon was not significantly augmented. These results suggest that the alpha receptors on the A cell of the islets may be involved in the similar inhibitor mechanism, but less potently than those on the B cell under basal physiological adrenergic control in the canine.", "contents": "Effect of alpha adrenoreceptor stimulants infused intrapancreatically on glucagon and insulin secretion. To see the effect of alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation upon in vivo basal secretion of glucagon and insulin, phenylephrine and methoxamine were infused at a dose of 236 pmol/kg/min and 2.36 nmol/kg/min, respectively, for 10 min into the cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery in anesthetized dogs. During the infusion of either drug pancreatic venous blood flow was markedly diminished, resulting in a significant decrease of basal output of both glucagon and insulin. Intrapancreatic administration of the stimulants exerted neglible effects on the plasma levels of both hormones in the systemic circulation. Pretreatment with phentolamine abolished the alpha stimulant-induced inhibition of bihormonal output. Under alpha blockade which per se results effectively in a stimulation of insulin release, basal output of glucagon was not significantly augmented. These results suggest that the alpha receptors on the A cell of the islets may be involved in the similar inhibitor mechanism, but less potently than those on the B cell under basal physiological adrenergic control in the canine."}
{"id": "PMID:892691", "title": "Stimulation of antiglucagon antibodies in rabbits.", "content": "Glucagon antibodies were generated in rabbits using two antigenic conjugates. All of the rabbits produced significant titers of sensitive antisera and many of the sera were quite specific for pancreatic glucagon.", "contents": "Stimulation of antiglucagon antibodies in rabbits. Glucagon antibodies were generated in rabbits using two antigenic conjugates. All of the rabbits produced significant titers of sensitive antisera and many of the sera were quite specific for pancreatic glucagon."}
{"id": "PMID:892693", "title": "The distribution of arylamidases in the hypothalamus of rat and the effect of exogenous testosterone.", "content": "Arylamidase activities towards specific substrates, the 4-nitroanilides of L-alanine, L-leucine, L-phenylanine, L-tyrosinb L-cystine, L-glutamic acid, and L-glycine, have been investigated in different regions of the hypothalamus of adult, male rat. It was found that the activities with respect to these substrates decreased in the order listed above, in all tissues examined. The arylamidase activity towards L-alamine-4-nitroanilide and L-cystine-bis(4-mitroanilide) was elevated in hypothalamic tissues as compared to the cerebral cortex, but the relatives distribution of the activity towards these two substrates varied in different regions of the hypothalamus. Testosterone caused a decrease in the level of arylamidase activity towards the cystine substrate in all hypothalamic regions, an effect which was found to be dose dependent. The role of hypothalamic arylamidases is discussed.", "contents": "The distribution of arylamidases in the hypothalamus of rat and the effect of exogenous testosterone. Arylamidase activities towards specific substrates, the 4-nitroanilides of L-alanine, L-leucine, L-phenylanine, L-tyrosinb L-cystine, L-glutamic acid, and L-glycine, have been investigated in different regions of the hypothalamus of adult, male rat. It was found that the activities with respect to these substrates decreased in the order listed above, in all tissues examined. The arylamidase activity towards L-alamine-4-nitroanilide and L-cystine-bis(4-mitroanilide) was elevated in hypothalamic tissues as compared to the cerebral cortex, but the relatives distribution of the activity towards these two substrates varied in different regions of the hypothalamus. Testosterone caused a decrease in the level of arylamidase activity towards the cystine substrate in all hypothalamic regions, an effect which was found to be dose dependent. The role of hypothalamic arylamidases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892694", "title": "The purification and characterization of a lipolytic factor from bovine pituitaries.", "content": "During the purification of a bovine growth hormone preparation (S408A) a yet unknown lipolytic peptide as obtained. This substance was subjected to CM cellulose chromatography followed by differential precipitation with trichloracetic acid. The resulting purified peptide was homogenous on disk electrophoresis and consisted of 36 amino acids with a molecular weight of 4.000. The lipolytic activity was found to be very high and 20-fold that of the starting material, Protein recovery was 1.8%. This peptide, called bovine pituitary lipolytic factor (BLF) was active in rat adipose tissue, exhibiting a minimal effective dose (MED) of 0.05 x 10(-9) mMol/ml. An immunological cross reaction was found between BLF and anti luteinizing hormone beta chain. This can denote that BLF and LH beta chain share similar or identical immunological determinants. The possibility is raised that LH beta chain is precursor of BLF.", "contents": "The purification and characterization of a lipolytic factor from bovine pituitaries. During the purification of a bovine growth hormone preparation (S408A) a yet unknown lipolytic peptide as obtained. This substance was subjected to CM cellulose chromatography followed by differential precipitation with trichloracetic acid. The resulting purified peptide was homogenous on disk electrophoresis and consisted of 36 amino acids with a molecular weight of 4.000. The lipolytic activity was found to be very high and 20-fold that of the starting material, Protein recovery was 1.8%. This peptide, called bovine pituitary lipolytic factor (BLF) was active in rat adipose tissue, exhibiting a minimal effective dose (MED) of 0.05 x 10(-9) mMol/ml. An immunological cross reaction was found between BLF and anti luteinizing hormone beta chain. This can denote that BLF and LH beta chain share similar or identical immunological determinants. The possibility is raised that LH beta chain is precursor of BLF."}
{"id": "PMID:892695", "title": "Lipogenesis in hepatocytes of genetically obese rats.", "content": "A simple method for the preparation of hepatocytes in good yield from obese rats is described. Lipogenesis from [U-14C]-lactate, [U-14C]-glucose and tritiated water has been investigated in hepatocytes prepared from both genetically obese 'fatty' rats and their lean littermates. Hepatocytes from obese rats demonstrate elevated rates of fatty acid and sterol synthesis in contrast to hepatocytes from lean animals. The rate of fatty acid synthesis is sensitive to the dietary status of the animal prior to preparation. The enhanced lipogenesis in hepatocytes from obese rate depends on lactate as a source of carbon rather than glucose. The role of the liver in genetic obesity is discussed with particular reference to the major precursor for hepatic lipogenesis.", "contents": "Lipogenesis in hepatocytes of genetically obese rats. A simple method for the preparation of hepatocytes in good yield from obese rats is described. Lipogenesis from [U-14C]-lactate, [U-14C]-glucose and tritiated water has been investigated in hepatocytes prepared from both genetically obese 'fatty' rats and their lean littermates. Hepatocytes from obese rats demonstrate elevated rates of fatty acid and sterol synthesis in contrast to hepatocytes from lean animals. The rate of fatty acid synthesis is sensitive to the dietary status of the animal prior to preparation. The enhanced lipogenesis in hepatocytes from obese rate depends on lactate as a source of carbon rather than glucose. The role of the liver in genetic obesity is discussed with particular reference to the major precursor for hepatic lipogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:892696", "title": "Hypomagnesemia resulting from adrenaline infusion in ewes: its relation to lipolysis.", "content": "Intravenous infusion of adrenaline (40 microgram Kg-1 h-1 for 5 hrs) causes hypomagnesemia in ewes. Hypomagnesemia is increased by phentolamine and inhibited by propranolol. Thyroidectomy, with thyroxine supplementation, does not inhibit the hypomagnesemia caused by adrenaline and phentolamine. Sodium nicotinate (15 mg Kg-1 h-1 for 5 hrs) inhibits the increase in non-esterified fatty acids and hypomagnesemia resulting from infusion of adrenaline and phentolamine. Sodium nicotinate inhibits the increase in non-esterified fatty acids and hypomagnesemia resulting from theophylline infusion (20 mg Kg-1 h-1 for 90 min). It is concluded that an increase in the level of intra-cellular cyclic AMP due to beta adrenergic stimulation by adrenaline or to inhibition of phosphodiesterases by theophylline, results in hypomagnesemia which seems to be correlated with stimulation of lipolysis.", "contents": "Hypomagnesemia resulting from adrenaline infusion in ewes: its relation to lipolysis. Intravenous infusion of adrenaline (40 microgram Kg-1 h-1 for 5 hrs) causes hypomagnesemia in ewes. Hypomagnesemia is increased by phentolamine and inhibited by propranolol. Thyroidectomy, with thyroxine supplementation, does not inhibit the hypomagnesemia caused by adrenaline and phentolamine. Sodium nicotinate (15 mg Kg-1 h-1 for 5 hrs) inhibits the increase in non-esterified fatty acids and hypomagnesemia resulting from infusion of adrenaline and phentolamine. Sodium nicotinate inhibits the increase in non-esterified fatty acids and hypomagnesemia resulting from theophylline infusion (20 mg Kg-1 h-1 for 90 min). It is concluded that an increase in the level of intra-cellular cyclic AMP due to beta adrenergic stimulation by adrenaline or to inhibition of phosphodiesterases by theophylline, results in hypomagnesemia which seems to be correlated with stimulation of lipolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:892704", "title": "Effect of a spirolactone on plasma and urinary aldosterone in primary aldosteronism.", "content": "In primary aldosteronism due to an adrenal adenoma (n=2), treatment with a spirolactone (160 mg Canrenone/day for 7 days) decreased plasma aldosterone and urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide. However, in the presence of a normalization in urinary aldosterone 18-glucuronide plasma aldosterone remained elevated above normal. Continued therapy with higher doses (320 mg/day for 7 days and 480 mg/day for 28 days) did not significantly alter plasma aldosterone, while urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide returned to values comparable to those obtained before therapy. Cessation of the drug resulted in a marked increase in plasma aldosterone and urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide. The results indicate that in primary aldosteronism due to an adrenal adenoma, the spirolactone (Canrenone) inhibits aldosterone biosynthesis and seems to influence aldosterone degradation.", "contents": "Effect of a spirolactone on plasma and urinary aldosterone in primary aldosteronism. In primary aldosteronism due to an adrenal adenoma (n=2), treatment with a spirolactone (160 mg Canrenone/day for 7 days) decreased plasma aldosterone and urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide. However, in the presence of a normalization in urinary aldosterone 18-glucuronide plasma aldosterone remained elevated above normal. Continued therapy with higher doses (320 mg/day for 7 days and 480 mg/day for 28 days) did not significantly alter plasma aldosterone, while urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide returned to values comparable to those obtained before therapy. Cessation of the drug resulted in a marked increase in plasma aldosterone and urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide. The results indicate that in primary aldosteronism due to an adrenal adenoma, the spirolactone (Canrenone) inhibits aldosterone biosynthesis and seems to influence aldosterone degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:892705", "title": "Conversion of monomeric human growth hormone and big growth hormone into different molecular weight forms in vitro and after injection into humans.", "content": "Monomeric human growth hormore (hGH) and big hGH obtained by a new purification procedure from human pituitary glands were examined for a possible conversion into different molecular weight forms under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Sephadex G-150 gel filtration was used for separation. Big or monomeric hGH was incubated in hormone-free serum or injected into normal individuals in order to induce a peak of immunoreactive hGH. Specimens from early and late stages of the surge were subjected to gel filtration. It could be shown that not only the big hGH is converted to the smaller form but that monomeric hGH is also recovered in two higher molecular weight regions by gel filtration in vitro and in vivo experiments. A significantly higher conversion of monomeric to big hGH was found in vitro. This suggests an inhibition of big hGH formation from monomeric hGH in normal individuals. There was no apparent time relation of big hGH formation from monomeric hGH in vivo. Regarding the conversion of big hGH, more of this material remained in its original form in vitro. The immunoreactivity recovered in the region of the very large form was found to be higher in vivo. The formation of the monomer from big hGH was similar under in vitro and in vivo conditions.", "contents": "Conversion of monomeric human growth hormone and big growth hormone into different molecular weight forms in vitro and after injection into humans. Monomeric human growth hormore (hGH) and big hGH obtained by a new purification procedure from human pituitary glands were examined for a possible conversion into different molecular weight forms under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Sephadex G-150 gel filtration was used for separation. Big or monomeric hGH was incubated in hormone-free serum or injected into normal individuals in order to induce a peak of immunoreactive hGH. Specimens from early and late stages of the surge were subjected to gel filtration. It could be shown that not only the big hGH is converted to the smaller form but that monomeric hGH is also recovered in two higher molecular weight regions by gel filtration in vitro and in vivo experiments. A significantly higher conversion of monomeric to big hGH was found in vitro. This suggests an inhibition of big hGH formation from monomeric hGH in normal individuals. There was no apparent time relation of big hGH formation from monomeric hGH in vivo. Regarding the conversion of big hGH, more of this material remained in its original form in vitro. The immunoreactivity recovered in the region of the very large form was found to be higher in vivo. The formation of the monomer from big hGH was similar under in vitro and in vivo conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:892706", "title": "Plasma testosterone of rats subjected to immobilization stress and/or HCG administration.", "content": "The effect of immobilization stress (IMO) on the plasma testosterone level in rats has been investigated. Plasma testosterone was not changed after 10 or 20 min IMO for 3 consecutive days as compared to nonstressed animals and the 10-min trial was without effect even if it was applied daily for 42 days. Thre days IMO for 60 min caused a significant hormone decrease, which was even more pronounced after 3 or 42 days IMO for 120 min. The administration of HCG to rrats immobilized 3 days for 120 min resulted in the increase of testosterone, however, the final level was significantly lower in comparison to nonstressed controls.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone of rats subjected to immobilization stress and/or HCG administration. The effect of immobilization stress (IMO) on the plasma testosterone level in rats has been investigated. Plasma testosterone was not changed after 10 or 20 min IMO for 3 consecutive days as compared to nonstressed animals and the 10-min trial was without effect even if it was applied daily for 42 days. Thre days IMO for 60 min caused a significant hormone decrease, which was even more pronounced after 3 or 42 days IMO for 120 min. The administration of HCG to rrats immobilized 3 days for 120 min resulted in the increase of testosterone, however, the final level was significantly lower in comparison to nonstressed controls."}
{"id": "PMID:892707", "title": "Lipids in human testis.", "content": "The lipid composition of human testis intesticular and post-testicular causes of infertility was studied. The testicular causes of infertility was represented by patients with adult seminiferous tubule failure and Klinefelter's syndrome. The post-testicular causes of infertility were represented by patients with obstruction of efferent ducts of testes. A significant accumulation of total testicular lipids was observed in both causes of infertility. A marked increase in free and esterified cholesterol, monoglycerides and triglycerides caused the accumulation of total testicular lipids in testicular causes of infertility. The accumulation of these lipids was more pronounced in Klinefelter's syndrome compared to adult seminiferous tubule failure. In post-testicular causes of infertility, a vary marked increase in phospholipids along with cholesterol fractions and glycerides led to the accumulation of total testicular lipids. The significant increase in total phospholipids caused by the increases in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine differentiates post-testicular causes of infertility from testicular causes in which phospholipid classes remained unaffected. Thus, changes in hormonal mileu due to pathological conditions also lead to marked alterations in testicular lipids.", "contents": "Lipids in human testis. The lipid composition of human testis intesticular and post-testicular causes of infertility was studied. The testicular causes of infertility was represented by patients with adult seminiferous tubule failure and Klinefelter's syndrome. The post-testicular causes of infertility were represented by patients with obstruction of efferent ducts of testes. A significant accumulation of total testicular lipids was observed in both causes of infertility. A marked increase in free and esterified cholesterol, monoglycerides and triglycerides caused the accumulation of total testicular lipids in testicular causes of infertility. The accumulation of these lipids was more pronounced in Klinefelter's syndrome compared to adult seminiferous tubule failure. In post-testicular causes of infertility, a vary marked increase in phospholipids along with cholesterol fractions and glycerides led to the accumulation of total testicular lipids. The significant increase in total phospholipids caused by the increases in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine differentiates post-testicular causes of infertility from testicular causes in which phospholipid classes remained unaffected. Thus, changes in hormonal mileu due to pathological conditions also lead to marked alterations in testicular lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:892708", "title": "Free-flow electrophoresis. III. An analytical version for a rapid, quantitative determination of electrophoretic parameters.", "content": "An analytical device based on the principle of free-flow electrophoresis is described. Electrophoretic mobility distributions of proteins or cells can be obtained quickly with field-strengths of about 140 V/cm. Up to 100 samples can be tested per hour. The accuracy and reproducibility of the device is illustrated by the example of the serum protein separation. Quantities in the picomole range can be quantitatively evaluated. In the course of mobility measurements of cells and cell mixtures, a reproducibility of +/- 1.4% was obtained. Therefore this device meets both the needs of electrokinetic research and the requirement of routine measurements in clinical diagnosis. Finally, the application of a pH gradient is described and the limitation due to methodical aspects is shown.", "contents": "Free-flow electrophoresis. III. An analytical version for a rapid, quantitative determination of electrophoretic parameters. An analytical device based on the principle of free-flow electrophoresis is described. Electrophoretic mobility distributions of proteins or cells can be obtained quickly with field-strengths of about 140 V/cm. Up to 100 samples can be tested per hour. The accuracy and reproducibility of the device is illustrated by the example of the serum protein separation. Quantities in the picomole range can be quantitatively evaluated. In the course of mobility measurements of cells and cell mixtures, a reproducibility of +/- 1.4% was obtained. Therefore this device meets both the needs of electrokinetic research and the requirement of routine measurements in clinical diagnosis. Finally, the application of a pH gradient is described and the limitation due to methodical aspects is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:892711", "title": "The biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans in normal rat liver and in response to experimental hepatic injury.", "content": "The synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in slices from normal and acutely injured rat liver was studied. The rates of incorporation of [14C]-glucosamine into specific types of glycosaminoglycans varied markedly; nearly 90% was incorporated into a fraction containing predominantly heparan sulfate and far less if any heparin; about 9.5% was incorporated into chondroitin 4-and 6-sulfate, and only 0.2% of the radioactivity was found in hyaluronic acid. The rate of synthesis of a fraction having several of the characteristics of keratan sulfate comprised only 0.3% of the synthesis of total glycosaminoglycans. No [14C]hexosamine was incorporated into dermatan sulfate. Following acute hepatic injury, the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans was stimulated by 80 to 100%, and the proportions of various types changed. If calculated on the basis of the specific activity of the precursors of glycosaminoglycans, which was found to be strongly reduced in injured liver, the maximum enhancement of total glycosaminoglycan synthesis was 6.6-fold 5 days after onset of liver injury.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans in normal rat liver and in response to experimental hepatic injury. The synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in slices from normal and acutely injured rat liver was studied. The rates of incorporation of [14C]-glucosamine into specific types of glycosaminoglycans varied markedly; nearly 90% was incorporated into a fraction containing predominantly heparan sulfate and far less if any heparin; about 9.5% was incorporated into chondroitin 4-and 6-sulfate, and only 0.2% of the radioactivity was found in hyaluronic acid. The rate of synthesis of a fraction having several of the characteristics of keratan sulfate comprised only 0.3% of the synthesis of total glycosaminoglycans. No [14C]hexosamine was incorporated into dermatan sulfate. Following acute hepatic injury, the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans was stimulated by 80 to 100%, and the proportions of various types changed. If calculated on the basis of the specific activity of the precursors of glycosaminoglycans, which was found to be strongly reduced in injured liver, the maximum enhancement of total glycosaminoglycan synthesis was 6.6-fold 5 days after onset of liver injury."}
{"id": "PMID:892713", "title": "Purification and properties of choriogonadotropin from human term placenta.", "content": "Affinity chromatography has been applied successfully to the isolation of human choriogonadotropin from human term placenta. In a single step, a 57-fold purification was achieved. Evidence is presented which indicates that the product contains intact hormone as well as its free alpha-subunit. Preliminary data suggest that a variant form of alpha-subunit is also present which has serine as its N-terminal and contains relatively little arginine and proline as compared to the authentic alpha-subunit.", "contents": "Purification and properties of choriogonadotropin from human term placenta. Affinity chromatography has been applied successfully to the isolation of human choriogonadotropin from human term placenta. In a single step, a 57-fold purification was achieved. Evidence is presented which indicates that the product contains intact hormone as well as its free alpha-subunit. Preliminary data suggest that a variant form of alpha-subunit is also present which has serine as its N-terminal and contains relatively little arginine and proline as compared to the authentic alpha-subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:892714", "title": "[Binding of colchiceine to isolated gangliosides and ganglioside-containing membranes (author's transl)].", "content": "The binding of the alkaloid colchicine and its metabolite colchiceine to different membranes and gangliosides has been investigated. In contrast to colchicine, colchiceine binds to erythrocyte ghosts, plasma membranes of rat liver and heart muscle, and synaptosomes of rat brain. The binding properties of isolated gangliosides are analogous to those of the membranes investigated. On a molar basis the binding capacities of the gangliosides GT1, GD1a and GM1 for colchiceine are 7:4:1, respectively. The binding of alkaloid to ganglioside structures is diminished in the presence of EDTA and after pretreatment with neuraminidase, suggesting a specific, Ca2 -dependent interaction of colchiceine with gangliosides. The results are discussed with respect to the different biological activities of colchicine and its metabolite colchiceine.", "contents": "[Binding of colchiceine to isolated gangliosides and ganglioside-containing membranes (author's transl)]. The binding of the alkaloid colchicine and its metabolite colchiceine to different membranes and gangliosides has been investigated. In contrast to colchicine, colchiceine binds to erythrocyte ghosts, plasma membranes of rat liver and heart muscle, and synaptosomes of rat brain. The binding properties of isolated gangliosides are analogous to those of the membranes investigated. On a molar basis the binding capacities of the gangliosides GT1, GD1a and GM1 for colchiceine are 7:4:1, respectively. The binding of alkaloid to ganglioside structures is diminished in the presence of EDTA and after pretreatment with neuraminidase, suggesting a specific, Ca2 -dependent interaction of colchiceine with gangliosides. The results are discussed with respect to the different biological activities of colchicine and its metabolite colchiceine."}
{"id": "PMID:892715", "title": "[Regulation of respiration at high altitudes and its molecular interpretation: the sequence of beta-chains of hemoglobins from pig and llama (author's transl)].", "content": "The primary structures of the beta-chains from pig (Suidae) and llama (Lama glama, Camelidae) hemoglobins are given. They differ from human beta-chains in the exchange of 22 and 23 amino acid residues, respectively. Some aspects of the sequences are discussed and the molecular interpretation of respiration at high altitudes is given. This interpretation is based on the exchange of the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate contact beta2His leads to Asn from man to llama: the interaction between the heterotropic allosteric effector 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and protein is diminished, which results in higher oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin of llama. Thus the placental respiration and the high-altitudes respiration have the same molecular mechanism.", "contents": "[Regulation of respiration at high altitudes and its molecular interpretation: the sequence of beta-chains of hemoglobins from pig and llama (author's transl)]. The primary structures of the beta-chains from pig (Suidae) and llama (Lama glama, Camelidae) hemoglobins are given. They differ from human beta-chains in the exchange of 22 and 23 amino acid residues, respectively. Some aspects of the sequences are discussed and the molecular interpretation of respiration at high altitudes is given. This interpretation is based on the exchange of the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate contact beta2His leads to Asn from man to llama: the interaction between the heterotropic allosteric effector 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and protein is diminished, which results in higher oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin of llama. Thus the placental respiration and the high-altitudes respiration have the same molecular mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:892726", "title": "Deinstitutionalization of mental health services in rural areas.", "content": "While the deinstitutionalization movement in both urban and rural areas has been plagued by problems, the author feels that they are exaggerated in rural communities and are complicated by such factors as the essentially urban nature of the deinstitutionalization model, the unique demographic conditions of rural America, and the lack of anonymity in rural communities. However, rurality also has several advantages for the deinstitutionalization movement, including the existence of a strong sense of community, and the increased opportunity for the therapist to know personally the patient, his family, and his friends and thus to make more humane decisions concerning his treatment.", "contents": "Deinstitutionalization of mental health services in rural areas. While the deinstitutionalization movement in both urban and rural areas has been plagued by problems, the author feels that they are exaggerated in rural communities and are complicated by such factors as the essentially urban nature of the deinstitutionalization model, the unique demographic conditions of rural America, and the lack of anonymity in rural communities. However, rurality also has several advantages for the deinstitutionalization movement, including the existence of a strong sense of community, and the increased opportunity for the therapist to know personally the patient, his family, and his friends and thus to make more humane decisions concerning his treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:892727", "title": "An Indian-controlled mental health program.", "content": "The control of health care programs for American Indians is shifting slowly from the federal government to the tribes. In 1971 the Apaches began operating a community mental health center on a reservation in northeastern Arizona. The tribal council appointed a 14-member board to administer the center; a majority of the members were Apaches. The board then hired an executive director who was not an Indian. There were 15 professional and paraprofessional staff members; 12 were Apaches or other Indians. In January 1976 the tribal council fired the director and disbanded the board of directors, although the clinic continued operation. The authors discuss sociocultural factors that influenced the center's development and give several reasons for the center's problems, including the general expectation that agencies run by Indians will not be successful.", "contents": "An Indian-controlled mental health program. The control of health care programs for American Indians is shifting slowly from the federal government to the tribes. In 1971 the Apaches began operating a community mental health center on a reservation in northeastern Arizona. The tribal council appointed a 14-member board to administer the center; a majority of the members were Apaches. The board then hired an executive director who was not an Indian. There were 15 professional and paraprofessional staff members; 12 were Apaches or other Indians. In January 1976 the tribal council fired the director and disbanded the board of directors, although the clinic continued operation. The authors discuss sociocultural factors that influenced the center's development and give several reasons for the center's problems, including the general expectation that agencies run by Indians will not be successful."}
{"id": "PMID:892728", "title": "Witchcraft and soul loss: implications for community psychiatry.", "content": "The author uses the case study of a Chicana patient who believes in witchcraft and soul loss to illustrate the importance of understanding alternate theories of disease causation. He describes the patient's unsuccessful attempts to find treatment appropriate for her culturally determined beliefs and feels her efforts were hampered because she was a member of a culture in transition. She was finally treated through home visits and medication. The author discusses factors related to the underuse of mental health  services by Chicanos and the role of the indigenous therapist. He also suggests how mental health centers can be made more relavant to Chicanos by providing such services as home visits and family therapy.", "contents": "Witchcraft and soul loss: implications for community psychiatry. The author uses the case study of a Chicana patient who believes in witchcraft and soul loss to illustrate the importance of understanding alternate theories of disease causation. He describes the patient's unsuccessful attempts to find treatment appropriate for her culturally determined beliefs and feels her efforts were hampered because she was a member of a culture in transition. She was finally treated through home visits and medication. The author discusses factors related to the underuse of mental health  services by Chicanos and the role of the indigenous therapist. He also suggests how mental health centers can be made more relavant to Chicanos by providing such services as home visits and family therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:892729", "title": "A model training program for child mental health specialists.", "content": "The Child Mental Health Specialist Training Program was established in 1970 at Camarillo State Hospital to train personnel specifically for work with mentally disturbed and delinquent children in a variety of settings. In collaboration with local colleges, the two-year program offers training at the master's-, bachelor's-, and associate-degree levels. Its focus is on clinical experience, supplemented by academic courses taught by staff of the Camarillo Children's Treatment Center. The authors describe the growing need for qualified child-care workers, the concepts underlying the program's structure, and the operation of the program. They emphasize the importance of designing training programs to produce versatile and flexible workers with skills that are adaptable to changing treatment approaches.", "contents": "A model training program for child mental health specialists. The Child Mental Health Specialist Training Program was established in 1970 at Camarillo State Hospital to train personnel specifically for work with mentally disturbed and delinquent children in a variety of settings. In collaboration with local colleges, the two-year program offers training at the master's-, bachelor's-, and associate-degree levels. Its focus is on clinical experience, supplemented by academic courses taught by staff of the Camarillo Children's Treatment Center. The authors describe the growing need for qualified child-care workers, the concepts underlying the program's structure, and the operation of the program. They emphasize the importance of designing training programs to produce versatile and flexible workers with skills that are adaptable to changing treatment approaches."}
{"id": "PMID:892730", "title": "A follow-up study of disturbed children treated in a Re-ED program.", "content": "In 1974 the authors undertook an evaluation of the children's program at Marshall I. Pickens Hospital in Greenville, South Carolina. The program, based on the Re-ED model, accepts only boys of normal intelligence between the ages of six and 12; most are referred because of disruptive behavior in the classroom and at home and low academic achievement. To evaluate the program, questionnaires were mailed to the families of all children who had been discharged from the program six months or longer a total of 123. Sixty-three of the 101 parents responding said the program had provided very much help for their child. At follow-up 89 children were enrolled in some kind of school program, and one had graduated from high school. However, 66 parents reported their child continued to have academic problems. The authors compare the findings with follow-up studies of three other Re-ED programs and discuss possible modifications that might make such programs more effective for children who fail to adjust.", "contents": "A follow-up study of disturbed children treated in a Re-ED program. In 1974 the authors undertook an evaluation of the children's program at Marshall I. Pickens Hospital in Greenville, South Carolina. The program, based on the Re-ED model, accepts only boys of normal intelligence between the ages of six and 12; most are referred because of disruptive behavior in the classroom and at home and low academic achievement. To evaluate the program, questionnaires were mailed to the families of all children who had been discharged from the program six months or longer a total of 123. Sixty-three of the 101 parents responding said the program had provided very much help for their child. At follow-up 89 children were enrolled in some kind of school program, and one had graduated from high school. However, 66 parents reported their child continued to have academic problems. The authors compare the findings with follow-up studies of three other Re-ED programs and discuss possible modifications that might make such programs more effective for children who fail to adjust."}
{"id": "PMID:892731", "title": "The volunteer program in the psychiatric division of a children's hospital.", "content": "Volunteers in the division of child psychiatry of Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago are interviewed and given a general orientation by the volunteer department, which is headed by a paid employee, and are given specific, task-oriented, on-the-job training by staff members in the division. Volunteers ranging in age from the teens to the mid-sixties are active in outpatient services, in the day hospital program, which accomodates 48 children, and in the 18-bed inpatient unit. In a typical month an average of 90  volunteers give approximately 1900 hours of service. The authors list several reasons for the successs of the volunteer program, including the one they feel is most important--administrative and staff acceptance of volunteers as an integral part of the program, not as do-gooders to be tolerated.", "contents": "The volunteer program in the psychiatric division of a children's hospital. Volunteers in the division of child psychiatry of Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago are interviewed and given a general orientation by the volunteer department, which is headed by a paid employee, and are given specific, task-oriented, on-the-job training by staff members in the division. Volunteers ranging in age from the teens to the mid-sixties are active in outpatient services, in the day hospital program, which accomodates 48 children, and in the 18-bed inpatient unit. In a typical month an average of 90  volunteers give approximately 1900 hours of service. The authors list several reasons for the successs of the volunteer program, including the one they feel is most important--administrative and staff acceptance of volunteers as an integral part of the program, not as do-gooders to be tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:892732", "title": "Three utilization styles at an urban mental health center.", "content": "The authors report a study of utilization of services based on data obtained on two patient groups at an urban mental health center: a one-year applicant population, consisting of an unduplicated count of all adults applying for psychiatric care during a one-year period; and a one-day prevalence population, consisting of all persons on a psychiatric roster on a single selected day. Juxtaposing diagnosis, applicant-to-prevalence ratios, and treatment or services used, they found three styles of utilization of services--the intensive user, as exemplified by the neurotic in psychotherapy, the casual user (the schizophrenic attending medication clinic), and the pseudo user (the alcoholic using detoxification services). The intensive user represents a minority utilization style, while the last two styles are predominat at the center. Taken together they characterize the typical patient as a therapeutically passive user of services.", "contents": "Three utilization styles at an urban mental health center. The authors report a study of utilization of services based on data obtained on two patient groups at an urban mental health center: a one-year applicant population, consisting of an unduplicated count of all adults applying for psychiatric care during a one-year period; and a one-day prevalence population, consisting of all persons on a psychiatric roster on a single selected day. Juxtaposing diagnosis, applicant-to-prevalence ratios, and treatment or services used, they found three styles of utilization of services--the intensive user, as exemplified by the neurotic in psychotherapy, the casual user (the schizophrenic attending medication clinic), and the pseudo user (the alcoholic using detoxification services). The intensive user represents a minority utilization style, while the last two styles are predominat at the center. Taken together they characterize the typical patient as a therapeutically passive user of services."}
{"id": "PMID:892791", "title": "Pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis. The relationship between histological features, organ involvement, and response to treatment.", "content": "The histologic findings, natural history, and response to treatment were investigated in 62 patients with pulmonary angiitis andgranulomatosis seen over a 23 year period. Three histologic types were recognized: lymphocyte depleted angiitis and granulomatosis, 24 cases (39 per cent); benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis, 14 cases (22 per cent); and malignant lymphoproiferative angiitis and granulomatosis, 24 cases (39 per cent). Lymphocyte depleted angiitis and granulomatosis corresponds to Wegener's granulomatosis of either the \"limited\" or \"classic\" variant. The lesions frequently show extensive liquefactive necrosis. Eosinophils may be abundant, but lymphocytes and plasma cells are relatively scarce. Histiocytic proliferation with the occasional presence of sarcoid-like granulomas was observed only in cases with no evidence of glomerular involvement. Cyclophosphamide is highly effective regardless of whether extrapulmonary manifestations are present. Benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis is characterized by dense benign infiltrates of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes. Necrosis may be absent or minimal; the angiitis is usually mild to moderate. Only one of 14 patients (7 per cent) had extrapulmonary involvement (skin). Chlorambucil is highly effective, sometimes resulting in dramatic cures. Malignant lymphoproliferative angiitis and granulomatosis corresponds to lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Its lesions show extensive coagulative necrosis, a highly atypical lymphoreticular infiltrate with frequent mitoses, and angioinvasion. Extrapulmonary involvement is frequent (83 per cent), particularly in the skin (46 per cent) and central nervous system (33 per cent). The mortality is high: 65 per cent of the patients were dead within the first year of disease. Although cytotoxic drugs were of no value, corticosteroids were associated with prolonged remissions in three young patients.", "contents": "Pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis. The relationship between histological features, organ involvement, and response to treatment. The histologic findings, natural history, and response to treatment were investigated in 62 patients with pulmonary angiitis andgranulomatosis seen over a 23 year period. Three histologic types were recognized: lymphocyte depleted angiitis and granulomatosis, 24 cases (39 per cent); benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis, 14 cases (22 per cent); and malignant lymphoproiferative angiitis and granulomatosis, 24 cases (39 per cent). Lymphocyte depleted angiitis and granulomatosis corresponds to Wegener's granulomatosis of either the \"limited\" or \"classic\" variant. The lesions frequently show extensive liquefactive necrosis. Eosinophils may be abundant, but lymphocytes and plasma cells are relatively scarce. Histiocytic proliferation with the occasional presence of sarcoid-like granulomas was observed only in cases with no evidence of glomerular involvement. Cyclophosphamide is highly effective regardless of whether extrapulmonary manifestations are present. Benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis is characterized by dense benign infiltrates of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes. Necrosis may be absent or minimal; the angiitis is usually mild to moderate. Only one of 14 patients (7 per cent) had extrapulmonary involvement (skin). Chlorambucil is highly effective, sometimes resulting in dramatic cures. Malignant lymphoproliferative angiitis and granulomatosis corresponds to lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Its lesions show extensive coagulative necrosis, a highly atypical lymphoreticular infiltrate with frequent mitoses, and angioinvasion. Extrapulmonary involvement is frequent (83 per cent), particularly in the skin (46 per cent) and central nervous system (33 per cent). The mortality is high: 65 per cent of the patients were dead within the first year of disease. Although cytotoxic drugs were of no value, corticosteroids were associated with prolonged remissions in three young patients."}
{"id": "PMID:892792", "title": "Malignant and benign papillary lesions of the breast.", "content": "This presentation describes criteria that we found most helpful in classifying the various proliferative changes of the breast and in separating papillary carcinoma from other benign papillary lesions. The criteria we used are easily understood and extremely reproducible. The true incidence of benign proliferative changes in fibrocystic disease and the significance of these lesions in later development of cancer were determined by studying 200 randomly selected cases of fibrocystic disease seen at least 10 years earlier. Of the 200 cases of fibrocystic disease, 40 showed intraductal papillomatosis or terminal duct hyperplasia. None of the patients with benign proliferative lesions for whom we have complete follow-up data (up to 14 years) developed cancer. In order to determine the type of proliferating cells in papillary carcinoma and benign proliferative lesions, some of the recently encountered cases were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and histochemistry. Our ultrastructural and histochemical study suggests that both epithelial and myoepithelial cells participate in papillary lesions of the breast.", "contents": "Malignant and benign papillary lesions of the breast. This presentation describes criteria that we found most helpful in classifying the various proliferative changes of the breast and in separating papillary carcinoma from other benign papillary lesions. The criteria we used are easily understood and extremely reproducible. The true incidence of benign proliferative changes in fibrocystic disease and the significance of these lesions in later development of cancer were determined by studying 200 randomly selected cases of fibrocystic disease seen at least 10 years earlier. Of the 200 cases of fibrocystic disease, 40 showed intraductal papillomatosis or terminal duct hyperplasia. None of the patients with benign proliferative lesions for whom we have complete follow-up data (up to 14 years) developed cancer. In order to determine the type of proliferating cells in papillary carcinoma and benign proliferative lesions, some of the recently encountered cases were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and histochemistry. Our ultrastructural and histochemical study suggests that both epithelial and myoepithelial cells participate in papillary lesions of the breast."}
{"id": "PMID:892793", "title": "Morphology of the epithelial component of human lung hamartomas.", "content": "Unusual ultrastructural bodies were found in about one-fifth of the epithelial cell nculei in three cases of pulmonary hamartoma. Those bodies often appear to be twisted tubules with recognizable branching. Morphologically different structures are also seen in occasional nuclei. Although the nature and significance of the bodies are obscure, they may represent different stages of development of the same structure. Similar bodies have not been encountered to date in any of our other examinations of epithelial cells.", "contents": "Morphology of the epithelial component of human lung hamartomas. Unusual ultrastructural bodies were found in about one-fifth of the epithelial cell nculei in three cases of pulmonary hamartoma. Those bodies often appear to be twisted tubules with recognizable branching. Morphologically different structures are also seen in occasional nuclei. Although the nature and significance of the bodies are obscure, they may represent different stages of development of the same structure. Similar bodies have not been encountered to date in any of our other examinations of epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:892794", "title": "Ultrastructural abnormalities of liver cells in Reye's syndrome.", "content": "Electon microscopic observations were made on liver biopsy specimens from nine infants and children diagnosed as having Reye's syndrome by clinical, laboratory, and light microscopic criteria. In addition to excessive fat content, mitochondrial abnormalities were the most frequent abnormal finding in the liver. However, no correlation could be established between the severity of mitochondrial changes and clinical or biochemical data, and two patients with low levels of the first two urea cycle enzymes showed only mild mitochondrial abnormalities. Nonspecific or artifactual factors have been suggested to explain the mitochondrial changes. However, the data of this study suggest that most of the reported mitochondrial abnormalities are not artifacts, and that they can be helpful in the ultrastructural diagnosis of Reye's syndrome.", "contents": "Ultrastructural abnormalities of liver cells in Reye's syndrome. Electon microscopic observations were made on liver biopsy specimens from nine infants and children diagnosed as having Reye's syndrome by clinical, laboratory, and light microscopic criteria. In addition to excessive fat content, mitochondrial abnormalities were the most frequent abnormal finding in the liver. However, no correlation could be established between the severity of mitochondrial changes and clinical or biochemical data, and two patients with low levels of the first two urea cycle enzymes showed only mild mitochondrial abnormalities. Nonspecific or artifactual factors have been suggested to explain the mitochondrial changes. However, the data of this study suggest that most of the reported mitochondrial abnormalities are not artifacts, and that they can be helpful in the ultrastructural diagnosis of Reye's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:892795", "title": "Malignant gastric neuroendogrinomas. Ultrastructural and biochemical characterization of their secretory activity.", "content": "In two cases of malignant gastric tumors originally diagnosed as undifferentiated carcinomas electron microscopy revealed a neurosecretory type of granule. Subsequently tumor extracts were tested by biochemical methods and shown to have vanillylmandelic acid and 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid activity. Neither patient had signs or symptoms referable to the presence of these or related substances. These observations parallel those made in a variety of neuroendocrine tumors in which demonstration of neurosecretory granules or isolation of amine or peptide materials or their metabolites has not necessarily been reflected in clinical hormonal syndromes. Our findings indicate that regardless of clinically apparent hormonal activity or lack thereof, some undifferentiated gastric carcinomas may in fact derive from neuroendocrine APUD elements.", "contents": "Malignant gastric neuroendogrinomas. Ultrastructural and biochemical characterization of their secretory activity. In two cases of malignant gastric tumors originally diagnosed as undifferentiated carcinomas electron microscopy revealed a neurosecretory type of granule. Subsequently tumor extracts were tested by biochemical methods and shown to have vanillylmandelic acid and 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid activity. Neither patient had signs or symptoms referable to the presence of these or related substances. These observations parallel those made in a variety of neuroendocrine tumors in which demonstration of neurosecretory granules or isolation of amine or peptide materials or their metabolites has not necessarily been reflected in clinical hormonal syndromes. Our findings indicate that regardless of clinically apparent hormonal activity or lack thereof, some undifferentiated gastric carcinomas may in fact derive from neuroendocrine APUD elements."}
{"id": "PMID:892796", "title": "Benign (nonpolypoid) mucosal changes adjacent to carcinomas of the colon. A light microscopic study of 20 cases.", "content": "Numerous reports deal with the presence or absence of remnants of benign polyps adjacent to colonic carcinomas. Little attention has been paid to light microscopic mucosal alterations of a nonpolypoid nature found adjacent to these neoplasms. The general assumption has been that this mucosa is normal or not significantly altered. In this presentation we describe nonpolypoid mucosal changes found adjacent to 20 randomly selected carcinomas of the colon. We found these changes to be variably but consistently present. Their possible significance is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Benign (nonpolypoid) mucosal changes adjacent to carcinomas of the colon. A light microscopic study of 20 cases. Numerous reports deal with the presence or absence of remnants of benign polyps adjacent to colonic carcinomas. Little attention has been paid to light microscopic mucosal alterations of a nonpolypoid nature found adjacent to these neoplasms. The general assumption has been that this mucosa is normal or not significantly altered. In this presentation we describe nonpolypoid mucosal changes found adjacent to 20 randomly selected carcinomas of the colon. We found these changes to be variably but consistently present. Their possible significance is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892797", "title": "A proposal for the reporting of cancer by hospital pathologists.", "content": "A proposal is presented that pathologists submit diagnostic information in each newly diagnosed case of cancer. An existing regional cancer incidence reporting system would be the recipient of these confidential data. The information could be used for monitoring the total cancer population within a geopolitical region. Problems that can be anticipated in planning for implementation of this proposal are addressed in general terms.", "contents": "A proposal for the reporting of cancer by hospital pathologists. A proposal is presented that pathologists submit diagnostic information in each newly diagnosed case of cancer. An existing regional cancer incidence reporting system would be the recipient of these confidential data. The information could be used for monitoring the total cancer population within a geopolitical region. Problems that can be anticipated in planning for implementation of this proposal are addressed in general terms."}
{"id": "PMID:892798", "title": "Meibomian gland carcinoma seeding intracranial soft tissues.", "content": "Meibomian gland carcinoma is a rare sebaceous gland malignant tumor of the eyelid. Local recurrence and regional lymph node metastases are common among this group of eyelid neoplasms. Distant liver metastases have been mentioned in one case report, but this represents and unusual finding. In addition to local recurrence and regional lymph node metastases, this autopsy case report demonstrates meibomian gland carcinoma with extension to the trigeminal ganglia and metastases to the cerebellum.", "contents": "Meibomian gland carcinoma seeding intracranial soft tissues. Meibomian gland carcinoma is a rare sebaceous gland malignant tumor of the eyelid. Local recurrence and regional lymph node metastases are common among this group of eyelid neoplasms. Distant liver metastases have been mentioned in one case report, but this represents and unusual finding. In addition to local recurrence and regional lymph node metastases, this autopsy case report demonstrates meibomian gland carcinoma with extension to the trigeminal ganglia and metastases to the cerebellum."}
{"id": "PMID:892802", "title": "A population genetic study of the Kota in the Nilgiri Hills, South India.", "content": "A population genetic study among the Kota of the Nilgiri Hills, South India, involved tests for abnormal haemoglobins, 5 red cell antigen systems, 4 serum protein and 13 red cell enzymes systems. Twelve systems are invariant in the Kota. The most distinctive characteristics are extremely low frequency of the A1 gene and complete absence of A2 in the ABO system, r(cde) in the Rh system, LDH cal-1 among the enzyme systems as well as absence of abnormal haemoglobins. A comparison of gene frequencies in those systems, which show variation, suggests that the Kota are more similar to the Toda than to any other tribal or caste population of the area. Genetic distance as well principal component analysis also reveals that the Toda and Kota are close to each other, in agreement with tradition.", "contents": "A population genetic study of the Kota in the Nilgiri Hills, South India. A population genetic study among the Kota of the Nilgiri Hills, South India, involved tests for abnormal haemoglobins, 5 red cell antigen systems, 4 serum protein and 13 red cell enzymes systems. Twelve systems are invariant in the Kota. The most distinctive characteristics are extremely low frequency of the A1 gene and complete absence of A2 in the ABO system, r(cde) in the Rh system, LDH cal-1 among the enzyme systems as well as absence of abnormal haemoglobins. A comparison of gene frequencies in those systems, which show variation, suggests that the Kota are more similar to the Toda than to any other tribal or caste population of the area. Genetic distance as well principal component analysis also reveals that the Toda and Kota are close to each other, in agreement with tradition."}
{"id": "PMID:892804", "title": "Nosologic groups. An overview.", "content": "A general analysis is made of the concept of nosologic groups. It is concluded that, even when 'artificial',they may prove to be useful research, didactic and differential diagnosis purposes. Nosologic groupings must, however, progress toward the finding of 'phenotypic communities' whose component syndromes share multiple foci of dysmorphogenetically intimate phenotypic overlap. The concepts of syndrome, anomalad, association, combination, dysplasia, phenotypic community and family of diseases are briefly analysed.", "contents": "Nosologic groups. An overview. A general analysis is made of the concept of nosologic groups. It is concluded that, even when 'artificial',they may prove to be useful research, didactic and differential diagnosis purposes. Nosologic groupings must, however, progress toward the finding of 'phenotypic communities' whose component syndromes share multiple foci of dysmorphogenetically intimate phenotypic overlap. The concepts of syndrome, anomalad, association, combination, dysplasia, phenotypic community and family of diseases are briefly analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:892805", "title": "Genetic patterns in thalassemia intermedia (constitutional microcytic anemia). Familial, hematologic and biosynthetic studies.", "content": "Globin chain synthesis has been studied in 17 patients with thalassemia intermedia, and their relatives, also investigated by routine hematologic and hemoglobinic tests. The mean a/non a ratio was always around 2.20-2.30. In patients with severe thalassemia major, used as a control, the mean a/non a ratio was significantly higher, that is 3.11-3.07. Therefore, the hypothesis that the cause of the lesser severity of the thalassemia intermedia is a lesser imbalance of globin chain synthesis, is suggested. One or both the parents of patients with thalassemia intermedia have mild beta-thalassemia and normal alpha/beta ratio, whereas the parents of patients with severe thalassemia major show a marked beta-thalassemia and a mean alpha/beta ration of 1.76. These data suggest that genes for beta +-thalassemia are responsible for thalassemia intermedia, and genes for beta o-thalassemia are responsible for thalassemia major. In two patients with thalassemia intermedia, the association of an alpha-thalassemia gene with homozygous beta-thalassemia that it is well known to reduce the globin chain imbalance typical of the beta-thalassemia, has also been observed.", "contents": "Genetic patterns in thalassemia intermedia (constitutional microcytic anemia). Familial, hematologic and biosynthetic studies. Globin chain synthesis has been studied in 17 patients with thalassemia intermedia, and their relatives, also investigated by routine hematologic and hemoglobinic tests. The mean a/non a ratio was always around 2.20-2.30. In patients with severe thalassemia major, used as a control, the mean a/non a ratio was significantly higher, that is 3.11-3.07. Therefore, the hypothesis that the cause of the lesser severity of the thalassemia intermedia is a lesser imbalance of globin chain synthesis, is suggested. One or both the parents of patients with thalassemia intermedia have mild beta-thalassemia and normal alpha/beta ratio, whereas the parents of patients with severe thalassemia major show a marked beta-thalassemia and a mean alpha/beta ration of 1.76. These data suggest that genes for beta +-thalassemia are responsible for thalassemia intermedia, and genes for beta o-thalassemia are responsible for thalassemia major. In two patients with thalassemia intermedia, the association of an alpha-thalassemia gene with homozygous beta-thalassemia that it is well known to reduce the globin chain imbalance typical of the beta-thalassemia, has also been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:892806", "title": "Genetics of asymmetry in dermatologlyphic traits.", "content": "Differences between the right and left hand in ridge counts and pattern type counts were analyzed using data obtained from 711 families consisting of all parents and 2,466 children. Heritability estimates for each trait were derived from regressions of offspring on either parent or average value of the two parents, and from full-sib correlations. These estimates varied from 0.09 for bimanual difference in the number of arches to 0.24 in the number of ulnar triradii. The low expected value of heritability for bimanual difference in dermatoglyphic traits was demonstrated.", "contents": "Genetics of asymmetry in dermatologlyphic traits. Differences between the right and left hand in ridge counts and pattern type counts were analyzed using data obtained from 711 families consisting of all parents and 2,466 children. Heritability estimates for each trait were derived from regressions of offspring on either parent or average value of the two parents, and from full-sib correlations. These estimates varied from 0.09 for bimanual difference in the number of arches to 0.24 in the number of ulnar triradii. The low expected value of heritability for bimanual difference in dermatoglyphic traits was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:892807", "title": "Placental enzyme polymorphisms in Canadian populations. II. Phosphoglucomutase.", "content": "Phenotype distributions and allele frequencies of phosphoglucomatase loci PGM1, PGM2, and PGM3 were determined for four Canadian populations: SWO-Random,  a randomly chosen group from southwestern Ontario; SWO-Caucasian, selected from SWO; Indian and Eskimo from the James and Hudson area. In the two population samples from southwestern Ontario, allele frequencies were similar to those of European populations but there was a marked excess of homozygotes at the PGM1 locus. In Indians the PGM1 1 allele had a frequency of 0.922, that of the PGM1 3 allele was 0.765.The allele frequencies for the Eskimo population were 0.848 for PGM1 1 AND 0.884 FOR PGM1 3. One rare phenotype was found at each of the PGM1 AND PGM2 loci.", "contents": "Placental enzyme polymorphisms in Canadian populations. II. Phosphoglucomutase. Phenotype distributions and allele frequencies of phosphoglucomatase loci PGM1, PGM2, and PGM3 were determined for four Canadian populations: SWO-Random,  a randomly chosen group from southwestern Ontario; SWO-Caucasian, selected from SWO; Indian and Eskimo from the James and Hudson area. In the two population samples from southwestern Ontario, allele frequencies were similar to those of European populations but there was a marked excess of homozygotes at the PGM1 locus. In Indians the PGM1 1 allele had a frequency of 0.922, that of the PGM1 3 allele was 0.765.The allele frequencies for the Eskimo population were 0.848 for PGM1 1 AND 0.884 FOR PGM1 3. One rare phenotype was found at each of the PGM1 AND PGM2 loci."}
{"id": "PMID:892808", "title": "New data on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Saudi Arabia. G6PD variants, and the association between enzyme deficiency and hemoglobins S.", "content": "67/369 male Saudi subjects (18%) were found to be G6PD deficient on screening, and electrophoresis of blood samples stored on filter paper strips revealed B-like variants with intermediate enzyme activityin 11%, presumed Mediterranean variant in 13%, Gd + (A+) in 2%, Gd--(A--7) in 0.8%, and indeterminate enzyme status in 6% of the subjects tested. A significant association between G6PD deficiency and hemoglobin S correlated with previous studies on similar samples from the general population.", "contents": "New data on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Saudi Arabia. G6PD variants, and the association between enzyme deficiency and hemoglobins S. 67/369 male Saudi subjects (18%) were found to be G6PD deficient on screening, and electrophoresis of blood samples stored on filter paper strips revealed B-like variants with intermediate enzyme activityin 11%, presumed Mediterranean variant in 13%, Gd + (A+) in 2%, Gd--(A--7) in 0.8%, and indeterminate enzyme status in 6% of the subjects tested. A significant association between G6PD deficiency and hemoglobin S correlated with previous studies on similar samples from the general population."}
{"id": "PMID:892809", "title": "Pi (antitrypsin) typing methods. A comparison of acid starch-gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing.", "content": "The Pi typing methods acid starch-gel electrophoresis (ASGE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF) have been compared by three reference laboratories: 564 samples of phenotypes Pi M, MS and MZ were tested in each of the three laboratories with a 96% agreement on initial typing. The discrepancies are recorded and reasons for disagreement discussed. IEF is a reliable method for Pi typing and gives results comparable to those obtained by ASGE.", "contents": "Pi (antitrypsin) typing methods. A comparison of acid starch-gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The Pi typing methods acid starch-gel electrophoresis (ASGE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF) have been compared by three reference laboratories: 564 samples of phenotypes Pi M, MS and MZ were tested in each of the three laboratories with a 96% agreement on initial typing. The discrepancies are recorded and reasons for disagreement discussed. IEF is a reliable method for Pi typing and gives results comparable to those obtained by ASGE."}
{"id": "PMID:892810", "title": "Esterase D polymorphism in several population groups in Israel.", "content": "The genetic polymorphism of red blood cells esterase D (EsD) has been investigated in 9 population groups in Israel: Ashkenazi Jews, non-Ashkenazi Jews from North Africa, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Balkan, Iraq, Yemen as well as Arabs living in Israel. The distribution of EsD1 and EsD2 genes among the 9 communities was not homogenous chi2 = 42.3; d.f. = 8; p less than 0.0005). The Ashkenazi and North African Jews had significantly lower frequencies of EsD2 (0.100 and 0.102 respectively) than did Yemenite Jews and Arabs (0.212 and 0.206 respectively). The other communities investigated showed intermediate values. A Jewish family from Greece carrying the rare allele EsD2 has been detected.", "contents": "Esterase D polymorphism in several population groups in Israel. The genetic polymorphism of red blood cells esterase D (EsD) has been investigated in 9 population groups in Israel: Ashkenazi Jews, non-Ashkenazi Jews from North Africa, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Balkan, Iraq, Yemen as well as Arabs living in Israel. The distribution of EsD1 and EsD2 genes among the 9 communities was not homogenous chi2 = 42.3; d.f. = 8; p less than 0.0005). The Ashkenazi and North African Jews had significantly lower frequencies of EsD2 (0.100 and 0.102 respectively) than did Yemenite Jews and Arabs (0.212 and 0.206 respectively). The other communities investigated showed intermediate values. A Jewish family from Greece carrying the rare allele EsD2 has been detected."}
{"id": "PMID:892896", "title": "Detection of anti-exfoliatin antibodies in healthy adults and children by the passive hemagglutination test.", "content": "Sera collected from healthy adults and children were examined by the passive hemagglutination test for the presence of antibodies to exfoliatin A and B.", "contents": "Detection of anti-exfoliatin antibodies in healthy adults and children by the passive hemagglutination test. Sera collected from healthy adults and children were examined by the passive hemagglutination test for the presence of antibodies to exfoliatin A and B."}
{"id": "PMID:892897", "title": "Specific method for the purification of Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase.", "content": "A convenient and rapid method for the purification of Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase is described. Affinity chromatography, on a column containing insoluble dextran purified from a culture of S. mutans 6715-49, gave an almost 300-fold purification, with 76% recovery of enzyme. Subsequent hydrophobic chromatography on butyl-agarose increased the overall enzyme purification to more than 1,000-fold, with a 65% recovery of activity. Two components of the dextransucrase activity were separated during hydrophobic chromatography. Both synthesized insoluble glucan as their major product and were capable of synthesizing soluble glucan in the presence of exogenous soluble dextran. However, the major enzyme component, which coeluted with a catalytically inert, dextran-binding protein, was greatly stimulated by exogenous soluble dextran, whereas the second enzyme component was not.", "contents": "Specific method for the purification of Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase. A convenient and rapid method for the purification of Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase is described. Affinity chromatography, on a column containing insoluble dextran purified from a culture of S. mutans 6715-49, gave an almost 300-fold purification, with 76% recovery of enzyme. Subsequent hydrophobic chromatography on butyl-agarose increased the overall enzyme purification to more than 1,000-fold, with a 65% recovery of activity. Two components of the dextransucrase activity were separated during hydrophobic chromatography. Both synthesized insoluble glucan as their major product and were capable of synthesizing soluble glucan in the presence of exogenous soluble dextran. However, the major enzyme component, which coeluted with a catalytically inert, dextran-binding protein, was greatly stimulated by exogenous soluble dextran, whereas the second enzyme component was not."}
{"id": "PMID:892898", "title": "Bacteriocins as factors in the in vitro interaction between oral streptococci in plaque.", "content": "The effect of bacteriocins on the composition of dental plaque flora was studied in vitro with bacterial plaque formed by oral streptococci on glass rods suspended in broth medium. Cell-free preparations containing mutacin SW31, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus mutans, killed sensitive cells present in the plaque selectively, but did not affect resistant cells. Similar preparations from a non-bacteriocinogenic mutant exerted only a slight effect. Mixed growth of bacteriocin-producing S. mutans SW31 with the sensitive S. sanguis Ny101 resulted in a nearly single-strain plaque of the former. Mutacin could be detected in the plaque substance as well as in the surrounding medium. A non-bacteriocinogenic mutant, which was shown not to be altered in functions affecting growth in plaque, allowed substantial growth of S. sanguis Ny101. Sequential inoculation of the bacteriocinogenic plaque former S. sanguis P3A3 and the sensitive S. mutans OMZ61 showed that the cells of the latter are killed rapidly in established plaques when inoculated with the bacteriocinogenic strain. A trypsin-sensitive antagonistic substance could be detected in the plaque, but not in the surrounding medium. The results indicate that bacteriocins can be active in plaque in vitro and suggest that bacteriocins could play a role in determining the composition of plaque in vivo.", "contents": "Bacteriocins as factors in the in vitro interaction between oral streptococci in plaque. The effect of bacteriocins on the composition of dental plaque flora was studied in vitro with bacterial plaque formed by oral streptococci on glass rods suspended in broth medium. Cell-free preparations containing mutacin SW31, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus mutans, killed sensitive cells present in the plaque selectively, but did not affect resistant cells. Similar preparations from a non-bacteriocinogenic mutant exerted only a slight effect. Mixed growth of bacteriocin-producing S. mutans SW31 with the sensitive S. sanguis Ny101 resulted in a nearly single-strain plaque of the former. Mutacin could be detected in the plaque substance as well as in the surrounding medium. A non-bacteriocinogenic mutant, which was shown not to be altered in functions affecting growth in plaque, allowed substantial growth of S. sanguis Ny101. Sequential inoculation of the bacteriocinogenic plaque former S. sanguis P3A3 and the sensitive S. mutans OMZ61 showed that the cells of the latter are killed rapidly in established plaques when inoculated with the bacteriocinogenic strain. A trypsin-sensitive antagonistic substance could be detected in the plaque, but not in the surrounding medium. The results indicate that bacteriocins can be active in plaque in vitro and suggest that bacteriocins could play a role in determining the composition of plaque in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:892899", "title": "Simple method for purifying choleragenoid, the natural toxoid of Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Choleragenoid, a nontoxic aggregate of the B subunit of cholera toxin, has been purified from concentrated culture filtrates in a single step by ion-exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose or other cation-exchange resins. This procedure is far simpler than others currently used to isolate choleragenoid and yields a preparation essentially free from nucleic acid, lipopolysaccharide, toxin, and other proteins present in the crude culture filtrates. The purified choleragenoid retained the specific receptor-binding capacity of the toxin but exhibited no enterotoxic activity by either the ileal loop assay or the skin permeability assay. This purification methods may therefore be superior to others currently used for obtaining choleragenoid for immunization or other purposes.", "contents": "Simple method for purifying choleragenoid, the natural toxoid of Vibrio cholerae. Choleragenoid, a nontoxic aggregate of the B subunit of cholera toxin, has been purified from concentrated culture filtrates in a single step by ion-exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose or other cation-exchange resins. This procedure is far simpler than others currently used to isolate choleragenoid and yields a preparation essentially free from nucleic acid, lipopolysaccharide, toxin, and other proteins present in the crude culture filtrates. The purified choleragenoid retained the specific receptor-binding capacity of the toxin but exhibited no enterotoxic activity by either the ileal loop assay or the skin permeability assay. This purification methods may therefore be superior to others currently used for obtaining choleragenoid for immunization or other purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:892900", "title": "Immunization of mice against Naegleria fowleri infection.", "content": "Naegleria fowleri produces fatal meningoencephalitis in humans and in experimentally infected laboratory animals. The course of the disease in mice is dependent upon the infecting dose of amoebae, route of inoculation, and prior exposure to Naegleria antigens. DUB/ICR mice were immunized by various routes and antigen preparations, held for 21 days, and, together with noninfected control mice, challenged intravenously (i.v.) or intranasally (i.n.) with 10(7) or 10(6) N. fowleri per mouse, respectively. Mice immunized with liver or formalinized N. fowleri or live N. gruberi subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, i.v., or i.n. were significantly protected against a subsequent lethal challenge with N. fowleri i.v. or i.n. In general, i.v. inoculation afforded greated protection than other routes of immunization, intact cells immunized mice better than did cell fragments, and N. gruberi appeared to be a better immunogen than N. fowleri.", "contents": "Immunization of mice against Naegleria fowleri infection. Naegleria fowleri produces fatal meningoencephalitis in humans and in experimentally infected laboratory animals. The course of the disease in mice is dependent upon the infecting dose of amoebae, route of inoculation, and prior exposure to Naegleria antigens. DUB/ICR mice were immunized by various routes and antigen preparations, held for 21 days, and, together with noninfected control mice, challenged intravenously (i.v.) or intranasally (i.n.) with 10(7) or 10(6) N. fowleri per mouse, respectively. Mice immunized with liver or formalinized N. fowleri or live N. gruberi subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, i.v., or i.n. were significantly protected against a subsequent lethal challenge with N. fowleri i.v. or i.n. In general, i.v. inoculation afforded greated protection than other routes of immunization, intact cells immunized mice better than did cell fragments, and N. gruberi appeared to be a better immunogen than N. fowleri."}
{"id": "PMID:892901", "title": "Transmission of hepatitis B to chimpanzees by hepatitis B surface antigen-positive saliva and semen.", "content": "To assess the infectivity of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-containing body fluids other than blood, chimpanzees were inoculated intravenously with saliva and semen obtained from HBsAg-positive individuals implicated in non-percutaneous transmission of hepatitis B. Saliva and semen samples were negative for occult blood. The titer of HBsAg in saliva was on the average only 1/3,000 that of the corresponding serum. One chimpanzee, inoculated sequentially with saliva from three individuals, developed HBsAg at 9 weeks and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase elevation at 13 weeks after injection. HBsAg persisted for 15 weeks. This animal also developed e antigen, anti-core antibody, and anti-surface antibody. Liver biopsies showed acute hepatitis that subsequently resolved. A second chimpanzee, inoculated with HBsAg-positive semen, developed HBsAg and elevated serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase 4 weeks after inoculation and then died suddenly without explanation. HBsAg was positive in two consecutive samples and was confirmed by specific neutralization. Autopsy did not reveal evidence of hepatitis. This study demonstrates that HBsAg-positive saliva and, probably, semen contain infectious virus and suggests that saliva and/or semen may serve as important mechanisms in the transmission of type B hepatitis.", "contents": "Transmission of hepatitis B to chimpanzees by hepatitis B surface antigen-positive saliva and semen. To assess the infectivity of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-containing body fluids other than blood, chimpanzees were inoculated intravenously with saliva and semen obtained from HBsAg-positive individuals implicated in non-percutaneous transmission of hepatitis B. Saliva and semen samples were negative for occult blood. The titer of HBsAg in saliva was on the average only 1/3,000 that of the corresponding serum. One chimpanzee, inoculated sequentially with saliva from three individuals, developed HBsAg at 9 weeks and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase elevation at 13 weeks after injection. HBsAg persisted for 15 weeks. This animal also developed e antigen, anti-core antibody, and anti-surface antibody. Liver biopsies showed acute hepatitis that subsequently resolved. A second chimpanzee, inoculated with HBsAg-positive semen, developed HBsAg and elevated serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase 4 weeks after inoculation and then died suddenly without explanation. HBsAg was positive in two consecutive samples and was confirmed by specific neutralization. Autopsy did not reveal evidence of hepatitis. This study demonstrates that HBsAg-positive saliva and, probably, semen contain infectious virus and suggests that saliva and/or semen may serve as important mechanisms in the transmission of type B hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:892902", "title": "Factors regulating cell wall thickening and intracellular iodophilic polysaccharide storage in Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "The effects of a series of different antibiotics on the synthesis and accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, cell wall peptidoglycan (PG), and intracellular iodophilic polysaccharide (IPS) in Streptococcus mutans FA-1 were examined. d-Cycloserine, penicillin G, or vancomycin treatment resulted in rapid inhibitions of PG synthesis and a consequent decrease in the relative amount of lysine found in PG fractions. Decreases in culture turbidity, an indicator of gross cellular lysis, were not observed. Secondary inhibitions of the rates and extent of syntheses of DNA, RNA, and protein were observed. With all three inhibitors of PG synthesis, IPS synthesis continued for varying time intervals but, at most, resulted in only relatively small and transient increases in cellular IPS content. Chloramphenicol inhibited protein synthesis but permitted continued synthesis of RNA and PG. After 6 h, the cells contained 42% of their [(3)H] lysine in the PG fraction compared with 25% in exponential-phase cells, a good indication of thickened cell walls. In the presence of chloramphenicol, cellular IPS content increased about 2.5-fold during the first 45 min and then decreased to a level (13%) at 6 h very similar to that of exponential-phase cells (about 10%). Rifampin inhibition of RNA (and, consequently, also protein) synthesis resulted in accumulation of cellular PG and IPS. After 6 h, IPS accounted for 38% of the cellular dry weight, and the cells contained 43% of their lysine in PG. Thus, rifampin-inhibited cells appear to have both thickened walls and a high IPS content. The correlation between inhibition of RNA synthesis and IPS accumulation was confirmed by exposing cultures to rifampin for 60 min and then removing the drug, thus permitting the cells to regrow. Upon removal of rifampin and resumption of RNA synthesis, cellular IPS content rapidly decreased to the level expected for exponentialphase cells.", "contents": "Factors regulating cell wall thickening and intracellular iodophilic polysaccharide storage in Streptococcus mutans. The effects of a series of different antibiotics on the synthesis and accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, cell wall peptidoglycan (PG), and intracellular iodophilic polysaccharide (IPS) in Streptococcus mutans FA-1 were examined. d-Cycloserine, penicillin G, or vancomycin treatment resulted in rapid inhibitions of PG synthesis and a consequent decrease in the relative amount of lysine found in PG fractions. Decreases in culture turbidity, an indicator of gross cellular lysis, were not observed. Secondary inhibitions of the rates and extent of syntheses of DNA, RNA, and protein were observed. With all three inhibitors of PG synthesis, IPS synthesis continued for varying time intervals but, at most, resulted in only relatively small and transient increases in cellular IPS content. Chloramphenicol inhibited protein synthesis but permitted continued synthesis of RNA and PG. After 6 h, the cells contained 42% of their [(3)H] lysine in the PG fraction compared with 25% in exponential-phase cells, a good indication of thickened cell walls. In the presence of chloramphenicol, cellular IPS content increased about 2.5-fold during the first 45 min and then decreased to a level (13%) at 6 h very similar to that of exponential-phase cells (about 10%). Rifampin inhibition of RNA (and, consequently, also protein) synthesis resulted in accumulation of cellular PG and IPS. After 6 h, IPS accounted for 38% of the cellular dry weight, and the cells contained 43% of their lysine in PG. Thus, rifampin-inhibited cells appear to have both thickened walls and a high IPS content. The correlation between inhibition of RNA synthesis and IPS accumulation was confirmed by exposing cultures to rifampin for 60 min and then removing the drug, thus permitting the cells to regrow. Upon removal of rifampin and resumption of RNA synthesis, cellular IPS content rapidly decreased to the level expected for exponentialphase cells."}
{"id": "PMID:892903", "title": "Biological and physicochemical properties of the lipopolysaccharide of Chromatium vinosum.", "content": "The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Chromatium vinosum has anticomplementary activity. This anticomplementary activity is destroyed by alkaline digestion of the LPS and is suppressed by both Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. Treatment of the LPS with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, sodium deoxycholate, or dimethyl sulfoxide did not affect its toxicity toward mice; however, alkaline-treated LPS was not toxic. Treatment of the LPS with sodium deoxycholate, dimethyl sulfoxide, or sodium dodecyl sulfate resulted in reversible dissociation into subunits. Aggregation of the subunits into the original form was achieved by removing the dispersing agent by dialysis against distilled water followed by freezing and thawing. Electron micrographs of phenol-extracted LPS showed long filaments. Electron micrographs of sodium deoxycholate- and sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated and dialyzed LPS showed a mixture of small subunits and short filaments, whereas dimethyl sulfoxide-treated and dialyzed LPS contained only small ovoid spheres. The LPS produced an ordered series of multiple bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A similar banding pattern was observed for Salmonella abortus-equi and Proteus mirabilis LPS. The C. vinosum LPS appears to be mitogenic for mouse spleen cells.", "contents": "Biological and physicochemical properties of the lipopolysaccharide of Chromatium vinosum. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Chromatium vinosum has anticomplementary activity. This anticomplementary activity is destroyed by alkaline digestion of the LPS and is suppressed by both Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. Treatment of the LPS with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, sodium deoxycholate, or dimethyl sulfoxide did not affect its toxicity toward mice; however, alkaline-treated LPS was not toxic. Treatment of the LPS with sodium deoxycholate, dimethyl sulfoxide, or sodium dodecyl sulfate resulted in reversible dissociation into subunits. Aggregation of the subunits into the original form was achieved by removing the dispersing agent by dialysis against distilled water followed by freezing and thawing. Electron micrographs of phenol-extracted LPS showed long filaments. Electron micrographs of sodium deoxycholate- and sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated and dialyzed LPS showed a mixture of small subunits and short filaments, whereas dimethyl sulfoxide-treated and dialyzed LPS contained only small ovoid spheres. The LPS produced an ordered series of multiple bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A similar banding pattern was observed for Salmonella abortus-equi and Proteus mirabilis LPS. The C. vinosum LPS appears to be mitogenic for mouse spleen cells."}
{"id": "PMID:892904", "title": "Effect of oil composition on both adjuvant-induced arthritis and delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative and peptidoglycans in various rat strains.", "content": "We confirmed that, when immunized with a conventional complete Freund adjuvant (water in oil), Lewis rats were highly susceptible to adjuvant arthritis, Fisher rats were less susceptible, and Buffalo rats were much less susceptible. However, mycobacterial delipidated cells in squalane (squalane-type adjuvant) produced severe arthritis with almost 100% incidence even in the less susceptible rat strains except for Buffalo rats. With regard to an immune response, Freund complete adjuvant induced strong delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) and peptidoglycan (PG) in all rat strains used, Whereas the squalane-type adjuvant induced these hypersensitivities only in Lewis and Buffalo rats, but not in Fisher and Brown Norway rats. No correlation was found between development of arthritis and delayed hypersensitivity to either PPD or PG, or both. It seems that PPD hypersensitivity may be inherited differently from PG hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Effect of oil composition on both adjuvant-induced arthritis and delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative and peptidoglycans in various rat strains. We confirmed that, when immunized with a conventional complete Freund adjuvant (water in oil), Lewis rats were highly susceptible to adjuvant arthritis, Fisher rats were less susceptible, and Buffalo rats were much less susceptible. However, mycobacterial delipidated cells in squalane (squalane-type adjuvant) produced severe arthritis with almost 100% incidence even in the less susceptible rat strains except for Buffalo rats. With regard to an immune response, Freund complete adjuvant induced strong delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) and peptidoglycan (PG) in all rat strains used, Whereas the squalane-type adjuvant induced these hypersensitivities only in Lewis and Buffalo rats, but not in Fisher and Brown Norway rats. No correlation was found between development of arthritis and delayed hypersensitivity to either PPD or PG, or both. It seems that PPD hypersensitivity may be inherited differently from PG hypersensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:892905", "title": "Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antibodies in ethnic groups of a Canadian hospital staff population.", "content": "Hospital staff members were analyzed with respect to ethnic origin and prevalence of anti-hepatitis B surface antibodies (Anti-HBs). The staff members were categorized into four \"risk groups\" according to frequency of exposure to blood, patients' speciments, and patient care. Of the total 526 staff members studied, one-half (51.5%) were of North American origin, one-quarter came from Europe (25.9%), and the rest came from Asia, the West Indies, Africa, and Australia. The prevalence of Anti-HBs was lowest among North American staff members (8.1%) and highest among Asians (42.3%) (P less than or equal to 0.05). Low-risk administrative staff had the significantly lowest number of Anti-HBs-positive members (6.1%), whereas low-risk dietary staff (29.6%) and hospital assistants (30.6%) had the significantly highest prevalence of Anti-HBs staff members. In contrast, the high-risk group of laboratory workers and special nurses had only 16.1% of staff members with Anti-HBs. Our results show that ethnic background and socioeconomic conditions have to be considered when various risk groups are compared for the presence of Anti-HBs. The frequency of exposure to blood and patients' specimens or patient care is not the only determining factor in the prevalence of Anti-HBs in health workers.", "contents": "Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antibodies in ethnic groups of a Canadian hospital staff population. Hospital staff members were analyzed with respect to ethnic origin and prevalence of anti-hepatitis B surface antibodies (Anti-HBs). The staff members were categorized into four \"risk groups\" according to frequency of exposure to blood, patients' speciments, and patient care. Of the total 526 staff members studied, one-half (51.5%) were of North American origin, one-quarter came from Europe (25.9%), and the rest came from Asia, the West Indies, Africa, and Australia. The prevalence of Anti-HBs was lowest among North American staff members (8.1%) and highest among Asians (42.3%) (P less than or equal to 0.05). Low-risk administrative staff had the significantly lowest number of Anti-HBs-positive members (6.1%), whereas low-risk dietary staff (29.6%) and hospital assistants (30.6%) had the significantly highest prevalence of Anti-HBs staff members. In contrast, the high-risk group of laboratory workers and special nurses had only 16.1% of staff members with Anti-HBs. Our results show that ethnic background and socioeconomic conditions have to be considered when various risk groups are compared for the presence of Anti-HBs. The frequency of exposure to blood and patients' specimens or patient care is not the only determining factor in the prevalence of Anti-HBs in health workers."}
{"id": "PMID:892906", "title": "Comparison of the patterns of increased in alpha-toxin and total extracellular protein by Staphylococcus aureus (Wood 46) grown in media supporting widely differing growth characteristics.", "content": "A comparison has been made of total exoprotein formation by Staphylococcus aureus (Wood 46) in a tryptone soya broth (TSB) medium and a casein hydrolysate-yeast extract-containing (CCY) medium in which exponential growth occurred with doubling times of 3.0 and 1.3 h, respectively. It was found that the differential rate of exoprotein formation was biphasic in each case, increasing after the cessation of exponential growth by a factor of 4 in TSB and 7 in CCY medium. Although this relative change was greater in CCY medium, the maximum value of the differential rate was less than 40% of that achieved in TSB medium. It was further shown that throughout the growth cycle, and in both cultures, alpha-toxin accounted for the same proportion of total extracellular protein.", "contents": "Comparison of the patterns of increased in alpha-toxin and total extracellular protein by Staphylococcus aureus (Wood 46) grown in media supporting widely differing growth characteristics. A comparison has been made of total exoprotein formation by Staphylococcus aureus (Wood 46) in a tryptone soya broth (TSB) medium and a casein hydrolysate-yeast extract-containing (CCY) medium in which exponential growth occurred with doubling times of 3.0 and 1.3 h, respectively. It was found that the differential rate of exoprotein formation was biphasic in each case, increasing after the cessation of exponential growth by a factor of 4 in TSB and 7 in CCY medium. Although this relative change was greater in CCY medium, the maximum value of the differential rate was less than 40% of that achieved in TSB medium. It was further shown that throughout the growth cycle, and in both cultures, alpha-toxin accounted for the same proportion of total extracellular protein."}
{"id": "PMID:892907", "title": "Mechanisms of resistance to Corynebacterium kutscheri in mice.", "content": "Involvement of the mononuclear phagocyte system in the mechanism of resistance to Corynebacterium kutscheri was studied in C57B1/6 and Swiss Lynch mice. A major difference between the two mouse strains was that the phagocytic cells of the livers of C57B1/6 mice destroyed the bacteria with much greater efficiency. There was no evidence of serum factors which might have led to this greater bacterial killing observed in the C57B1/6 mice, and in vivo phagocytosis of C. kutscheri was identical in both mouse strains. Resistance to C. kutscheri could be transferred with spleen and/or bone marrow cells from resistant (Swiss Lynch X C57B1/6) F1 mice to 650-rad irradiated susceptible Swiss Lynch mice. Nonspecific and acquired mechanisms of resistance to C. kutscheri are discussed.", "contents": "Mechanisms of resistance to Corynebacterium kutscheri in mice. Involvement of the mononuclear phagocyte system in the mechanism of resistance to Corynebacterium kutscheri was studied in C57B1/6 and Swiss Lynch mice. A major difference between the two mouse strains was that the phagocytic cells of the livers of C57B1/6 mice destroyed the bacteria with much greater efficiency. There was no evidence of serum factors which might have led to this greater bacterial killing observed in the C57B1/6 mice, and in vivo phagocytosis of C. kutscheri was identical in both mouse strains. Resistance to C. kutscheri could be transferred with spleen and/or bone marrow cells from resistant (Swiss Lynch X C57B1/6) F1 mice to 650-rad irradiated susceptible Swiss Lynch mice. Nonspecific and acquired mechanisms of resistance to C. kutscheri are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892908", "title": "Molecular basis for the different sucrose-dependent adherence properties of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis.", "content": "The enzymatic and adherence properties of Streptococcus mutans GS5 and S. sanguis ST3, both isolated from human carious lesions, have been compared. During growth in sucrose media, S. mutans GS5 adheres to smooth surfaces approximately three times more effectively than dose S. sanguis ST3. However, strain ST3 does not display sucrose-dependent adherence under nongrowth conditions, whereas strain GS5 displays significant adherence. Although both organisms synthesize both water-soluble and -insoluble glucans, the glucosyltransferases from S. mutans GS5 synthesize much more adherent glucan molecules than do the comparable enzymes from S. sanguis ST3. Both cell types bind exogenous glucosyltransferases synthesized by strain ST3 equally well, whereas cells of strain GS5 bind the comparable enzyme fraction that it synthesizes to a greater degree than do cell of S. sanguis ST3. However, in contrast to the results with cells of S. mutans GS5, the absorption of the glucosyltransferase activity synthesized by S. mutans GS5 to the surface of S. sanguis ST3 results in low levels of subsequent sucrose-dependent adherence. These results are discussed in terms of the molecular basis for the sucrose-dependent adherence of the oral streptococci to smooth surfaces.", "contents": "Molecular basis for the different sucrose-dependent adherence properties of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis. The enzymatic and adherence properties of Streptococcus mutans GS5 and S. sanguis ST3, both isolated from human carious lesions, have been compared. During growth in sucrose media, S. mutans GS5 adheres to smooth surfaces approximately three times more effectively than dose S. sanguis ST3. However, strain ST3 does not display sucrose-dependent adherence under nongrowth conditions, whereas strain GS5 displays significant adherence. Although both organisms synthesize both water-soluble and -insoluble glucans, the glucosyltransferases from S. mutans GS5 synthesize much more adherent glucan molecules than do the comparable enzymes from S. sanguis ST3. Both cell types bind exogenous glucosyltransferases synthesized by strain ST3 equally well, whereas cells of strain GS5 bind the comparable enzyme fraction that it synthesizes to a greater degree than do cell of S. sanguis ST3. However, in contrast to the results with cells of S. mutans GS5, the absorption of the glucosyltransferase activity synthesized by S. mutans GS5 to the surface of S. sanguis ST3 results in low levels of subsequent sucrose-dependent adherence. These results are discussed in terms of the molecular basis for the sucrose-dependent adherence of the oral streptococci to smooth surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:892909", "title": "Congenital abnormalities in newborn calves after inoculation of pregnant cows with Akabane virus.", "content": "A fresh isolate of Akabane virus was inoculated intravenously into 11 seronegative pregnant cows at 62 to 96 days of gestation. Two of the cows were slaughtered 18 days post-inoculation, and the fetuses were examined; the remaining cows were allowed to give birth. All the inoculated cows developed viremia and neutralizing antibody for the virus, indicating that the cows were actually infected with the virus, although fever or any other clinical abnormalities were not noted. The virus further infected the fetuses. This was proved by virus isolation in one of the two fetuses from the slaughtered cows, and polymyositis was noted in both fetuses. Six of seven calves born alive had anti-Akabane antibody in their precolostral sera, indicating that in utero infection with the virus took place in these calves. Some of the in utero-infected calves demonstrated congenital abnormalities such as cerebral defect, hydranencephaly, and arthrogryposis. These findings provide additional evidence that Akabane virus is the etiological agent of epizootic abortion and congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in cattle.", "contents": "Congenital abnormalities in newborn calves after inoculation of pregnant cows with Akabane virus. A fresh isolate of Akabane virus was inoculated intravenously into 11 seronegative pregnant cows at 62 to 96 days of gestation. Two of the cows were slaughtered 18 days post-inoculation, and the fetuses were examined; the remaining cows were allowed to give birth. All the inoculated cows developed viremia and neutralizing antibody for the virus, indicating that the cows were actually infected with the virus, although fever or any other clinical abnormalities were not noted. The virus further infected the fetuses. This was proved by virus isolation in one of the two fetuses from the slaughtered cows, and polymyositis was noted in both fetuses. Six of seven calves born alive had anti-Akabane antibody in their precolostral sera, indicating that in utero infection with the virus took place in these calves. Some of the in utero-infected calves demonstrated congenital abnormalities such as cerebral defect, hydranencephaly, and arthrogryposis. These findings provide additional evidence that Akabane virus is the etiological agent of epizootic abortion and congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:892910", "title": "Evaluation of vascular clearance as a marker for virulence of alphaviruses: disassociation of rapid clearance with low virulence of venezuelan encephalitis virus strains in guinea pigs.", "content": "The concept that relates low virulence of certain alphaviruses to low viremia and efficient vascular clearance of virus was tested in guinea pigs. Previously published studies with hamsters suggested that virulent strains maintain high viremias primarily because they are cleared inefficiently from the blood. In the present study, with guinea pigs, six of six virulent strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus were cleared inefficiently, whereas three of six nonlethal or benign virus strains were cleared rapidly. However, three other guinea pig-benign Venezuelan encephalitis virus strains cleared slowly, to produce a high viremia was correlated with inefficient growth in primary viral replication sites. Thus, the potential of some alphaviruses to produce destructive lesions may be restricted by efficient clearance of virus from the blood, whereas the growth of other benign alphavirus strains may be restricted after the virus is presented to target cells.", "contents": "Evaluation of vascular clearance as a marker for virulence of alphaviruses: disassociation of rapid clearance with low virulence of venezuelan encephalitis virus strains in guinea pigs. The concept that relates low virulence of certain alphaviruses to low viremia and efficient vascular clearance of virus was tested in guinea pigs. Previously published studies with hamsters suggested that virulent strains maintain high viremias primarily because they are cleared inefficiently from the blood. In the present study, with guinea pigs, six of six virulent strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus were cleared inefficiently, whereas three of six nonlethal or benign virus strains were cleared rapidly. However, three other guinea pig-benign Venezuelan encephalitis virus strains cleared slowly, to produce a high viremia was correlated with inefficient growth in primary viral replication sites. Thus, the potential of some alphaviruses to produce destructive lesions may be restricted by efficient clearance of virus from the blood, whereas the growth of other benign alphavirus strains may be restricted after the virus is presented to target cells."}
{"id": "PMID:892911", "title": "Effect of vitamin A on the systemic and local antibody responses to intragastrically administered bovine serum albumin.", "content": "The effects of vitamin A on the immune response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied in adult mice. Treatment with vitamin A by the intragastric or parenteral routes markedly increased the local as well as the systemic antibody response to different concentrations of the antigen (BSA). In contrast, in animals given BSA alone, antigen concentrations above a certain dose resulted in a decreased or even absent anti-BSA response. These studies suggest that vitamin A may be an appropriate adjuvant in oral immunization.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin A on the systemic and local antibody responses to intragastrically administered bovine serum albumin. The effects of vitamin A on the immune response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied in adult mice. Treatment with vitamin A by the intragastric or parenteral routes markedly increased the local as well as the systemic antibody response to different concentrations of the antigen (BSA). In contrast, in animals given BSA alone, antigen concentrations above a certain dose resulted in a decreased or even absent anti-BSA response. These studies suggest that vitamin A may be an appropriate adjuvant in oral immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:892912", "title": "Clostridium botulinum type D toxin: purification, molecular structure, and some immunological properties.", "content": "Clostridium botulinum type D progenitor toxin was purified. The addition of ribonucleic acid to the whole culture helped initial acid precipitation of the toxin. As with type B, both L (16S) and M toxins (12S) obtained from a hemagglutinin-positive strain, whereas M toxin only was produced by a hemagglutinin-negative strain. M toxin (molecular weight, 300,000) consisted of one molecule each of a toxic (molecular weight, 170,000) and a nontoxic component (molecular weight, 130,000); L toxin consisted of both components plus hemagglutinin. The specific toxicity of M toxin was 5 X 10(8) mean lethal doses per mg of N; that of L toxin was 2.4 X 10(8) mean lethal doses per mg of N. These toxins were fully or nearly fully active, but in un-nicked form. Trypsinization caused nicking in the toxic component, forming a molecule made up of two peptide chains with molecular weights of 110,000 and 60,000; there was little or no increase in toxicity. The toxic component of type D was not antigenically related to that of type C, whereas the nontoxic component was antigenically indistinguishable from that of type C. The toxicities of both L nad M toxins of the hemagglutinin-positive strain were increased twofold by trypsinization. Neither toxin contained the C2 toxic factor elaborated by C and D strain.", "contents": "Clostridium botulinum type D toxin: purification, molecular structure, and some immunological properties. Clostridium botulinum type D progenitor toxin was purified. The addition of ribonucleic acid to the whole culture helped initial acid precipitation of the toxin. As with type B, both L (16S) and M toxins (12S) obtained from a hemagglutinin-positive strain, whereas M toxin only was produced by a hemagglutinin-negative strain. M toxin (molecular weight, 300,000) consisted of one molecule each of a toxic (molecular weight, 170,000) and a nontoxic component (molecular weight, 130,000); L toxin consisted of both components plus hemagglutinin. The specific toxicity of M toxin was 5 X 10(8) mean lethal doses per mg of N; that of L toxin was 2.4 X 10(8) mean lethal doses per mg of N. These toxins were fully or nearly fully active, but in un-nicked form. Trypsinization caused nicking in the toxic component, forming a molecule made up of two peptide chains with molecular weights of 110,000 and 60,000; there was little or no increase in toxicity. The toxic component of type D was not antigenically related to that of type C, whereas the nontoxic component was antigenically indistinguishable from that of type C. The toxicities of both L nad M toxins of the hemagglutinin-positive strain were increased twofold by trypsinization. Neither toxin contained the C2 toxic factor elaborated by C and D strain."}
{"id": "PMID:892913", "title": "Awareness of death and self-engagement in later life: the engagement continuum.", "content": "This paper discusses three ideas: 1) The Engagement continuum--the range of activity patterns which succeed and supplement social disengagement in later life. 2) The relation between Awareness of Death and Self-Engagement, as the initial cause and final outcome of disengagement. 3) The practical implications in terms of effecting psycho-social transitions conducive to maximum self fulfillment in later life. The thoughts garnered in this paper are based on theoretical perspectives and empirical observations made in two cities in Canada and U.S.A., related to the theme.", "contents": "Awareness of death and self-engagement in later life: the engagement continuum. This paper discusses three ideas: 1) The Engagement continuum--the range of activity patterns which succeed and supplement social disengagement in later life. 2) The relation between Awareness of Death and Self-Engagement, as the initial cause and final outcome of disengagement. 3) The practical implications in terms of effecting psycho-social transitions conducive to maximum self fulfillment in later life. The thoughts garnered in this paper are based on theoretical perspectives and empirical observations made in two cities in Canada and U.S.A., related to the theme."}
{"id": "PMID:892914", "title": "Toward a stage theory of adult cognitive development.", "content": "Specifications are offered for a stage theory of adult cognitive development. It is argued that cognitive processes are differentially organized and expressed during periods labeled as acquisitive, achieving, responsible, executive and reintegrative. Current psychometric technologies may suffice for the description of cognitive behavior during the acquisitive and achieving periods. Such techniques are inadequate, however, to describe and understand cognitive function beyond young adulthood, and the development of novel technologies is suggested for the study of cognitive development in mid-life and old age.", "contents": "Toward a stage theory of adult cognitive development. Specifications are offered for a stage theory of adult cognitive development. It is argued that cognitive processes are differentially organized and expressed during periods labeled as acquisitive, achieving, responsible, executive and reintegrative. Current psychometric technologies may suffice for the description of cognitive behavior during the acquisitive and achieving periods. Such techniques are inadequate, however, to describe and understand cognitive function beyond young adulthood, and the development of novel technologies is suggested for the study of cognitive development in mid-life and old age."}
{"id": "PMID:892915", "title": "An examination of the vulnerability hypothesis.", "content": "Follow-up information from three groups of older persons (community residents, clinic clients, the institutionalized) confirms and extends data presented by Yolmans and Yarrow [1] indicating that increasing interdependence among different areas of functioning increases with age, possibly resulting in increased vulnerability in time of loss. Some implications of these findings were indicated.", "contents": "An examination of the vulnerability hypothesis. Follow-up information from three groups of older persons (community residents, clinic clients, the institutionalized) confirms and extends data presented by Yolmans and Yarrow [1] indicating that increasing interdependence among different areas of functioning increases with age, possibly resulting in increased vulnerability in time of loss. Some implications of these findings were indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:892916", "title": "Instrumental and expressive learning: some comparisons.", "content": "Preferences for and learning activity in instrumental (basic or skill mastery) and expressive (enjoyment or self-fulfillment) education are examined. Interviews with 256 Nebraskans, fifty-five or older, provided information to examine hypotheses of 1) greater preference for instrumental learning (supported), 2) no preference differences according to age, sex, and location groupings (partially supported), 3) predicted preference for expressive learning by white collar workers and college graduates (not supported), and 4) no preference differences according to race, marital status, and social class groupings (partially supported). Comparisons with earlier (1972) data are included; an increased overall preference for instrumental education was found.", "contents": "Instrumental and expressive learning: some comparisons. Preferences for and learning activity in instrumental (basic or skill mastery) and expressive (enjoyment or self-fulfillment) education are examined. Interviews with 256 Nebraskans, fifty-five or older, provided information to examine hypotheses of 1) greater preference for instrumental learning (supported), 2) no preference differences according to age, sex, and location groupings (partially supported), 3) predicted preference for expressive learning by white collar workers and college graduates (not supported), and 4) no preference differences according to race, marital status, and social class groupings (partially supported). Comparisons with earlier (1972) data are included; an increased overall preference for instrumental education was found."}
{"id": "PMID:892918", "title": "The meaning of cherished personal possessions for the elderly.", "content": "An interview survey was conducted with ninety-four elderly persons, sixty-two in community senior service centers and thirty-two in a nursing home, to find out whether aged persons do identify certain possessions as cherished above all others and to see what meaning these possessions had for their later years. It was found that 81 per cent of the sample could quite readily identify a most cherished object. Different kinds of possessions tended to have different meanings and referents in the lives of the subjects. The lack of a cherished possession was associated with lower life satisfaction scores, which suggests that such a lack might be an indicator of poor adjustment to old age.", "contents": "The meaning of cherished personal possessions for the elderly. An interview survey was conducted with ninety-four elderly persons, sixty-two in community senior service centers and thirty-two in a nursing home, to find out whether aged persons do identify certain possessions as cherished above all others and to see what meaning these possessions had for their later years. It was found that 81 per cent of the sample could quite readily identify a most cherished object. Different kinds of possessions tended to have different meanings and referents in the lives of the subjects. The lack of a cherished possession was associated with lower life satisfaction scores, which suggests that such a lack might be an indicator of poor adjustment to old age."}
{"id": "PMID:892920", "title": "Growing up and growing old: the politics of age exclusion.", "content": "The young and the old are inherently vulnerable to the workings of power in a society dominated by the middle-aged. This situation is an outcome of the gradual exclusion of the two ends of the life cycle from productive roles, despite their increasing biological capacities. Consequences of age-based exclusion include economic discrimination, age stereo-typing, and territorial segregation.", "contents": "Growing up and growing old: the politics of age exclusion. The young and the old are inherently vulnerable to the workings of power in a society dominated by the middle-aged. This situation is an outcome of the gradual exclusion of the two ends of the life cycle from productive roles, despite their increasing biological capacities. Consequences of age-based exclusion include economic discrimination, age stereo-typing, and territorial segregation."}
{"id": "PMID:892931", "title": "Establishment of a human medulloblastoma cell line.", "content": "A cell line consisting of polygonal and fusiform cells was derived from a cerebellar medulloblastoma. Cells grew to high population density in liquid medium and formed colonies in agar medium. No neural or glial elements could be demonstrated in the cultured cells by electron microscopy nor were virus particles detected. The cells formed tumors in nude mice and in antithymocytic serum (ATS)-treated hamsters. The tumors had a microscopic appearance similar to that of the medulloblastoma from which the cell line was derived. The cell line and lines derived from the transplant tumors in two hosts had four common \"marker\" chromosomes as well as non-specific cytogenetic changes.", "contents": "Establishment of a human medulloblastoma cell line. A cell line consisting of polygonal and fusiform cells was derived from a cerebellar medulloblastoma. Cells grew to high population density in liquid medium and formed colonies in agar medium. No neural or glial elements could be demonstrated in the cultured cells by electron microscopy nor were virus particles detected. The cells formed tumors in nude mice and in antithymocytic serum (ATS)-treated hamsters. The tumors had a microscopic appearance similar to that of the medulloblastoma from which the cell line was derived. The cell line and lines derived from the transplant tumors in two hosts had four common \"marker\" chromosomes as well as non-specific cytogenetic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:892932", "title": "The influence of the anaesthetic on survival rates of breast cancer patients after surgery.", "content": "The end results of therapy of 1,358 breast cancer patients were studied. Anaesthesia was performed by ether-nitrogen-oxygen (554 cases) or halothane-nitrogen-oxygen (804 cases) mixture with addition of oxygen. The method of Holstead was employed in all cases. A comparison of groups of patients on the basis of such parameters as the anaesthetic used, age and degree of tumour progression (according to the TNM classification and results of post-operative histological assays) showed them to be identical. The study showed that the type of anaesthesia influenced the end results of therapy of cancer patients: the survival rates of patients receiving halothane anaesthesia were much higher than those of the ether-anaesthetized patients. The differences were most pronounced among patients who received pre-operative radiation therapy and post-operative chemotherapy as well as in cases of metastasis spread into regional lymph nodes. The mechanism of the effect of the anaesthetic on the survival rates of cancer patients may be explained on the basis of the data available on the varying influences of anaesthetics on the pituitary-adrenal cortec system and carcinemia development during operation as well as the role of immunity in tumour cell implantation and growth of metastases.", "contents": "The influence of the anaesthetic on survival rates of breast cancer patients after surgery. The end results of therapy of 1,358 breast cancer patients were studied. Anaesthesia was performed by ether-nitrogen-oxygen (554 cases) or halothane-nitrogen-oxygen (804 cases) mixture with addition of oxygen. The method of Holstead was employed in all cases. A comparison of groups of patients on the basis of such parameters as the anaesthetic used, age and degree of tumour progression (according to the TNM classification and results of post-operative histological assays) showed them to be identical. The study showed that the type of anaesthesia influenced the end results of therapy of cancer patients: the survival rates of patients receiving halothane anaesthesia were much higher than those of the ether-anaesthetized patients. The differences were most pronounced among patients who received pre-operative radiation therapy and post-operative chemotherapy as well as in cases of metastasis spread into regional lymph nodes. The mechanism of the effect of the anaesthetic on the survival rates of cancer patients may be explained on the basis of the data available on the varying influences of anaesthetics on the pituitary-adrenal cortec system and carcinemia development during operation as well as the role of immunity in tumour cell implantation and growth of metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:892933", "title": "Transformation of tracheal epithelium exposed in vitro to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG).", "content": "Using an organ culture/cell culture system, we transformed rat tracheal epithelial cells in vitro by exposure to MNNG. Ten tracheal organ cultures per group were exposed twice (at days 3 and 6) to 0,0.001, 1.0 or 10.0 microgram MNNG/ml of medium. Following this exposure, the explants were placed on the bottom of culture dishes to initiate epithelial cell outgrowths and establish primary cultures. Each explant was replanted 8-10 times to produce multiple outgrowths. The number of primary cultures and the number of subsequently established cell lines obtained was carcinogen-dose-dependent. The average number of primary epithelial cell cultures per explant after exposure to 0, 0.001 1.0 and 10.0 microgram MNNG/ml was 1.3, 1.5, 3.3, and 4.6, respectively. The average yield of cell lines per explant in these groups was 0, 0.8, 1.3, and 2.0, respectively. It is apparent that cell lines could only be established from carcinogen-exposed epithelium. These cell lines are currently being tested for tumorigenicity in vivo. To date, of 35 cell lines tested between the 5th and 15th passages, 5 cell lines from the 10 microgram MNNG/ml group and 2 from the 1.0 microgram MNNG/ml group have produced palpable tumors upon injection into immunosuppressed recipients.", "contents": "Transformation of tracheal epithelium exposed in vitro to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Using an organ culture/cell culture system, we transformed rat tracheal epithelial cells in vitro by exposure to MNNG. Ten tracheal organ cultures per group were exposed twice (at days 3 and 6) to 0,0.001, 1.0 or 10.0 microgram MNNG/ml of medium. Following this exposure, the explants were placed on the bottom of culture dishes to initiate epithelial cell outgrowths and establish primary cultures. Each explant was replanted 8-10 times to produce multiple outgrowths. The number of primary cultures and the number of subsequently established cell lines obtained was carcinogen-dose-dependent. The average number of primary epithelial cell cultures per explant after exposure to 0, 0.001 1.0 and 10.0 microgram MNNG/ml was 1.3, 1.5, 3.3, and 4.6, respectively. The average yield of cell lines per explant in these groups was 0, 0.8, 1.3, and 2.0, respectively. It is apparent that cell lines could only be established from carcinogen-exposed epithelium. These cell lines are currently being tested for tumorigenicity in vivo. To date, of 35 cell lines tested between the 5th and 15th passages, 5 cell lines from the 10 microgram MNNG/ml group and 2 from the 1.0 microgram MNNG/ml group have produced palpable tumors upon injection into immunosuppressed recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:892934", "title": "Enhancing lymphocytes in spleens of tumor-bearing mice: affinity chromatography on insolubilized histamine.", "content": "Spleen cells from C57BL mice carrying the metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) developed a transient cytotoxic response towards the tumor shortly after tumor transplantation. Later on, the cytotoxic activity was lost and enhancing lymphocytes could be demonstrated in the spleens of the tumor-bearing mice (TBM). Spleen cells that were transferred together with tumor cells into syngeneic recipients enhanced tumor growth. The enhancing activity could be eliminated by the removal of a cell population that bound to histamine/rabbit serum albumin/Sepharose (HRS). The adherent population was enriched for enhancing lymphocytes, since it enhanced tumor growth more than the unfractionated population. The non-adherent cells, on the other hand, lost their enhancing activity in vivo and were sometimes protective against tumor growth. In addition, these cells manifested in vitro cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Hence the suppression of the cytotoxic expression in TBM is, at least in part, due to suppressor lymphocytes that bind to unsolubilized histamine. These cells seem to enhance tumor growth by suppressing host reactivity. Thus the enhancing lymphocyte populations can be separated into two subpopulations, of which one is enriched while the other is depleted of suppressor cells.", "contents": "Enhancing lymphocytes in spleens of tumor-bearing mice: affinity chromatography on insolubilized histamine. Spleen cells from C57BL mice carrying the metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) developed a transient cytotoxic response towards the tumor shortly after tumor transplantation. Later on, the cytotoxic activity was lost and enhancing lymphocytes could be demonstrated in the spleens of the tumor-bearing mice (TBM). Spleen cells that were transferred together with tumor cells into syngeneic recipients enhanced tumor growth. The enhancing activity could be eliminated by the removal of a cell population that bound to histamine/rabbit serum albumin/Sepharose (HRS). The adherent population was enriched for enhancing lymphocytes, since it enhanced tumor growth more than the unfractionated population. The non-adherent cells, on the other hand, lost their enhancing activity in vivo and were sometimes protective against tumor growth. In addition, these cells manifested in vitro cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Hence the suppression of the cytotoxic expression in TBM is, at least in part, due to suppressor lymphocytes that bind to unsolubilized histamine. These cells seem to enhance tumor growth by suppressing host reactivity. Thus the enhancing lymphocyte populations can be separated into two subpopulations, of which one is enriched while the other is depleted of suppressor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:892935", "title": "Ascorbic acid prevents liver tumour production by aminopyrine and nitrite in the rat.", "content": "Massive doses of vitamin C protected rats against liver tumour production by aminopyrine and sodium nitrite, but the protection against lung and kidney tumour production was not complete. The mechanism is in part due to blockage of in vivo nitrosation. Other unknown factors may operate to give the liver complete protection.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid prevents liver tumour production by aminopyrine and nitrite in the rat. Massive doses of vitamin C protected rats against liver tumour production by aminopyrine and sodium nitrite, but the protection against lung and kidney tumour production was not complete. The mechanism is in part due to blockage of in vivo nitrosation. Other unknown factors may operate to give the liver complete protection."}
{"id": "PMID:892936", "title": "A mouse leukemia cell mutant resistant to blasticidin S.", "content": "After nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis we isolated from mouse leukemia L5178Y cells a mutant cell (Bla-R) resistant to blasticidin S, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Neither growth nor leucine incorporation into hot-acid insoluble fraction of Bla-R cell was inhibited by 5 to 20 microgram/ml blasticidin S, which almost completely blocked protein synthesis as well as growth of the parental L5178Y cells. However, other inhibitors such as fusidic acid, cycloheximide, ricin D or L-asparaginase blocked protein synthesis in Bla-R cells to the same extent as in L5178Y cells. Protein synthesis in vitro using S-30 extracts from the parental cell line L5178Y was almost completely blocked in the presence of the antibiotic, while no inhibition by blasticidin S occurred when S-30 extracts -rom Bla-R mutant cells were used. Protein synthesis assays were made by using the S100 fraction from rat liver together with ribosomes from either L5178Y cells or Bla-R cells. Blasticidin S inhibited protein synthesis when ribosomes were derived from L5178Y cells, but not from Bla-R mutant.", "contents": "A mouse leukemia cell mutant resistant to blasticidin S. After nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis we isolated from mouse leukemia L5178Y cells a mutant cell (Bla-R) resistant to blasticidin S, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Neither growth nor leucine incorporation into hot-acid insoluble fraction of Bla-R cell was inhibited by 5 to 20 microgram/ml blasticidin S, which almost completely blocked protein synthesis as well as growth of the parental L5178Y cells. However, other inhibitors such as fusidic acid, cycloheximide, ricin D or L-asparaginase blocked protein synthesis in Bla-R cells to the same extent as in L5178Y cells. Protein synthesis in vitro using S-30 extracts from the parental cell line L5178Y was almost completely blocked in the presence of the antibiotic, while no inhibition by blasticidin S occurred when S-30 extracts -rom Bla-R mutant cells were used. Protein synthesis assays were made by using the S100 fraction from rat liver together with ribosomes from either L5178Y cells or Bla-R cells. Blasticidin S inhibited protein synthesis when ribosomes were derived from L5178Y cells, but not from Bla-R mutant."}
{"id": "PMID:892937", "title": "Solubilized TSTA and the major viral structural proteins, gp70 and p30, in the immune response to murine leukemias induced by Friend and Rauscher virus.", "content": "Antigens present in gp70 and p30 purified from Rauscher virus, were tested for immunogenicity in various assays measuring the anti-tumor immune response against lymphocytic leukemias of Friend (FBL-3) or Rauscher (RBL-5) virus origin. p30 had no effect on in vitro cytotoxicity against tumor cell targets mediated by either an anti RBL-5 serum or lymphocytes from animals immunized with FBL-3 cells. gp70 had had no effect on serum-mediated cytotoxicity but used at high concentrations it inhibited cell-mediated cytotoxicity. When used to immunize mice directly against subsequent challenge with the RBL-5 and FBL-3 leukemias, p30 had no discernible effect, while gp70 afforded partial protection against RBL-5 but only at high concentrations. Cell-free preparations of tumor membranes containing negligible amounts of gp70 were antigenically superior to gp70 in both the in vitro and in vivo assays. It is concluded that antigens on these purified proteins that are also expressed on tumor cells are not major targets of the anti-tumor immune response in this system.", "contents": "Solubilized TSTA and the major viral structural proteins, gp70 and p30, in the immune response to murine leukemias induced by Friend and Rauscher virus. Antigens present in gp70 and p30 purified from Rauscher virus, were tested for immunogenicity in various assays measuring the anti-tumor immune response against lymphocytic leukemias of Friend (FBL-3) or Rauscher (RBL-5) virus origin. p30 had no effect on in vitro cytotoxicity against tumor cell targets mediated by either an anti RBL-5 serum or lymphocytes from animals immunized with FBL-3 cells. gp70 had had no effect on serum-mediated cytotoxicity but used at high concentrations it inhibited cell-mediated cytotoxicity. When used to immunize mice directly against subsequent challenge with the RBL-5 and FBL-3 leukemias, p30 had no discernible effect, while gp70 afforded partial protection against RBL-5 but only at high concentrations. Cell-free preparations of tumor membranes containing negligible amounts of gp70 were antigenically superior to gp70 in both the in vitro and in vivo assays. It is concluded that antigens on these purified proteins that are also expressed on tumor cells are not major targets of the anti-tumor immune response in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:892946", "title": "Influence of Mobiletten on the effect of alcohol drinking in man. First communication: Influence on the pharmacokinetics of ethanol.", "content": "The interaction of the drug Mobiletten with the pharmacokinetics of ethanol was studied in 15 probands. In these experiments, the maximal ethanol concentrations in blood were found to be significantly decreased and delayed. The ethanol elimination remained unchanged. The uptake of Mobiletten resulted in a remarkable decrease of the urine volume. The quantitative determination of the ethanol content in the expired air by alcotest technique was not significantly affected.", "contents": "Influence of Mobiletten on the effect of alcohol drinking in man. First communication: Influence on the pharmacokinetics of ethanol. The interaction of the drug Mobiletten with the pharmacokinetics of ethanol was studied in 15 probands. In these experiments, the maximal ethanol concentrations in blood were found to be significantly decreased and delayed. The ethanol elimination remained unchanged. The uptake of Mobiletten resulted in a remarkable decrease of the urine volume. The quantitative determination of the ethanol content in the expired air by alcotest technique was not significantly affected."}
{"id": "PMID:892947", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Lidaprim in cases of impaired renal function.", "content": "Elimination half-life times, plasma concentrations, and minimal cumulation factors are being determined resp. calculated for trimethoprime and sulfametrole (free as well as total amounts)--both combination partners of Lidaprim--in healthy volunteers and in patients with impaired renal function. There is a strong influence of renal function on the cumulation of the metabolized part of the sulfonamide, a weaker one on trimethoprime, and almost none on the free sulfonamide. On account of the sulfonamide metabolite cumulation, a reduction by half of the standard dose of Lidaprim is recommended if the creatinine clearance is below 20-30 ml/min.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of Lidaprim in cases of impaired renal function. Elimination half-life times, plasma concentrations, and minimal cumulation factors are being determined resp. calculated for trimethoprime and sulfametrole (free as well as total amounts)--both combination partners of Lidaprim--in healthy volunteers and in patients with impaired renal function. There is a strong influence of renal function on the cumulation of the metabolized part of the sulfonamide, a weaker one on trimethoprime, and almost none on the free sulfonamide. On account of the sulfonamide metabolite cumulation, a reduction by half of the standard dose of Lidaprim is recommended if the creatinine clearance is below 20-30 ml/min."}
{"id": "PMID:892948", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of sulfaclomide and sulfamerazine in patients with impaired renal function after first and after repeated application.", "content": "At the beginning of the therapy with sulfaclomide resp. sulfamerazine elimination half-life of sulfaclomide was prolonged significantly in patients with impaired renal function (creatinine in serum greater than 2 mg/100 ml) on 119.6+/-6.9 h in comparison to control group (83.6+/-14.5 h). Half-life of sulfamerazine (23.6+/-4.1 h) did not differ from that of the control group (20.3+/-2.8 h). Renal excretion of both sulfonamides was sharply diminished. After treatment for 11 days with sulfaclomide resp. sulfamerazine in patients with impaired renal function, half-lives were prolonged to 117.3+/-6.1% resp. 119.3+/-3.9% of the initial value. In patients with impaired renal function elimination half-life of PAH as a measure of tubular function is three times that of control group. It is not statistically significantly influenced by repeated administration of the sulfonamides. In the control group there is a shortening of the PAH-half-life under the same conditions.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of sulfaclomide and sulfamerazine in patients with impaired renal function after first and after repeated application. At the beginning of the therapy with sulfaclomide resp. sulfamerazine elimination half-life of sulfaclomide was prolonged significantly in patients with impaired renal function (creatinine in serum greater than 2 mg/100 ml) on 119.6+/-6.9 h in comparison to control group (83.6+/-14.5 h). Half-life of sulfamerazine (23.6+/-4.1 h) did not differ from that of the control group (20.3+/-2.8 h). Renal excretion of both sulfonamides was sharply diminished. After treatment for 11 days with sulfaclomide resp. sulfamerazine in patients with impaired renal function, half-lives were prolonged to 117.3+/-6.1% resp. 119.3+/-3.9% of the initial value. In patients with impaired renal function elimination half-life of PAH as a measure of tubular function is three times that of control group. It is not statistically significantly influenced by repeated administration of the sulfonamides. In the control group there is a shortening of the PAH-half-life under the same conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:892949", "title": "Biliary excretion studies with digoxin in man.", "content": "In 4 patients with a T-tube the biliary excretion of digoxin was measured for 48 hours. One patient a single intravenous bolus of 0.6 mg digoxin, while the other 3 patients were on maintenance therapy with 0.4 mg digoxin/day. From the single dose a total of 8.8% and 9.2% were excreted with the bile within 24 and 36 hours respectively. During steady-state the daily excreted amount varied between 2 and 10% of the dose in the 3 patients tested. In 2 normal volunteers the effect of the intraluminal binding agent cholestyramine on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin was investigated. The cross-over experiment did not exhibit any differences in the plasma level time profiles. These results indicate that minor amounts of digoxin are excreted with the bile which could contribute only to an insignificant enterohepatic cycling.", "contents": "Biliary excretion studies with digoxin in man. In 4 patients with a T-tube the biliary excretion of digoxin was measured for 48 hours. One patient a single intravenous bolus of 0.6 mg digoxin, while the other 3 patients were on maintenance therapy with 0.4 mg digoxin/day. From the single dose a total of 8.8% and 9.2% were excreted with the bile within 24 and 36 hours respectively. During steady-state the daily excreted amount varied between 2 and 10% of the dose in the 3 patients tested. In 2 normal volunteers the effect of the intraluminal binding agent cholestyramine on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin was investigated. The cross-over experiment did not exhibit any differences in the plasma level time profiles. These results indicate that minor amounts of digoxin are excreted with the bile which could contribute only to an insignificant enterohepatic cycling."}
{"id": "PMID:892950", "title": "\"Intrinsic\" heart rate in diabetic neuropathy.", "content": "Changes of heart frequency have been studied in diabetic neuropathy by blocking autonomic innervation of the heart with atropine and propranolol (intrinsic rate). It was found that in diabetic neuropathy the initial heart rate was higher than in the controls and in non-neutropathic diabetics, but this higher frequency could not be increased any further by the administration of atropine and propranolol compared to the values registered in the other two groups.", "contents": "\"Intrinsic\" heart rate in diabetic neuropathy. Changes of heart frequency have been studied in diabetic neuropathy by blocking autonomic innervation of the heart with atropine and propranolol (intrinsic rate). It was found that in diabetic neuropathy the initial heart rate was higher than in the controls and in non-neutropathic diabetics, but this higher frequency could not be increased any further by the administration of atropine and propranolol compared to the values registered in the other two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:892951", "title": "The bio-availability of beta-acetyldigoxine alone and combined with aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide (Alucol).", "content": "The bio-availability of Novodigal (beta-acetyldigoxine) alone and applied together with Alucol (aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide) was studied in six healthy probands. Bio-availability parameters were calculated from the areas under the plasma concentration curves and from the comparison of the blood levels after absorption during steady state. There was no significant difference between the bio-availability of beta-acetyldigoxine alone and that of the combination with Alucol. Thus, beta-acetyldigoxine combined with antacids of the aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide type can be applied in the same dosage as usual since no decrease of effect has to be apprehended.", "contents": "The bio-availability of beta-acetyldigoxine alone and combined with aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide (Alucol). The bio-availability of Novodigal (beta-acetyldigoxine) alone and applied together with Alucol (aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide) was studied in six healthy probands. Bio-availability parameters were calculated from the areas under the plasma concentration curves and from the comparison of the blood levels after absorption during steady state. There was no significant difference between the bio-availability of beta-acetyldigoxine alone and that of the combination with Alucol. Thus, beta-acetyldigoxine combined with antacids of the aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide type can be applied in the same dosage as usual since no decrease of effect has to be apprehended."}
{"id": "PMID:892952", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of sulfaclomide in man under therapeutically relevant conditions].", "content": "Pharmacokinetic parameters of the long-term sulfanilamide Sulfaclomid (4-[4-aminobenzensulphonamido]2,6-dimethyl-5-chlorpyrimidine) were determined in 25 female subjects. Both the elimination half-life of Sulfaclomid in the serum and the maximum acetylation rate in the urine are genetically determined. They show a polymodal behavior. The half-life is unrelated to the protein binding, which shows considerable individual differences in the therapeutic relevant range of about 200 microgram/ml serum. This confirms the human pharmacological postulate according to pharmacokinetical dosage schedules including genetic factors. An individual therapy service is necessary in certain drugs and in highly endangered groups of patients.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of sulfaclomide in man under therapeutically relevant conditions]. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the long-term sulfanilamide Sulfaclomid (4-[4-aminobenzensulphonamido]2,6-dimethyl-5-chlorpyrimidine) were determined in 25 female subjects. Both the elimination half-life of Sulfaclomid in the serum and the maximum acetylation rate in the urine are genetically determined. They show a polymodal behavior. The half-life is unrelated to the protein binding, which shows considerable individual differences in the therapeutic relevant range of about 200 microgram/ml serum. This confirms the human pharmacological postulate according to pharmacokinetical dosage schedules including genetic factors. An individual therapy service is necessary in certain drugs and in highly endangered groups of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:892953", "title": "The influence of alcohol on the persistent effects on human performance of the hypnotics Mandrax and Nitrazepam.", "content": "Psychotropic drugs are prescribed to modify human behavior but they have persistent central sedative activity which may become a troublesome side-effect. Alcohol is known to interact with psychotropes, often to potentiate their central effects. We have previously shown that residues of some hypnotic drugs persist in the body for up to a week after a single therapeutic dose and have demonstrated that alcohol decreases the elimination rate of methaqualone even when taken 2 or 3 days after the drug. We have therefore looked at the influence of alcohol on the residual effects of Mandrax and nitrazepam on three measurements of human performance. The study was a double-blind, 3-way, cross-over study in which the following treatments were used: drug + alcohol, drug + alcohol placebo, and drug placebo + alcohol. In each case the alcohol or alcohol placebo was given 1, 2, and 3 days after the drug or placebo. The subject's kinetic visual acuity was measured 40 minutes after the alcohol had been taken. This was followed by  a Stroop test. Changes in mental state and arousal were measured by an 18-item visual analogue scale. An interaction between alcohol and Mandrax was apparent in the results obtained from the Stroop and visual analogue scale on the third day. However, no interaction with nitrazepam could be clearly demonstrated by any of the tests on any occasion. The application of these results to the \"real life\" situation is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of alcohol on the persistent effects on human performance of the hypnotics Mandrax and Nitrazepam. Psychotropic drugs are prescribed to modify human behavior but they have persistent central sedative activity which may become a troublesome side-effect. Alcohol is known to interact with psychotropes, often to potentiate their central effects. We have previously shown that residues of some hypnotic drugs persist in the body for up to a week after a single therapeutic dose and have demonstrated that alcohol decreases the elimination rate of methaqualone even when taken 2 or 3 days after the drug. We have therefore looked at the influence of alcohol on the residual effects of Mandrax and nitrazepam on three measurements of human performance. The study was a double-blind, 3-way, cross-over study in which the following treatments were used: drug + alcohol, drug + alcohol placebo, and drug placebo + alcohol. In each case the alcohol or alcohol placebo was given 1, 2, and 3 days after the drug or placebo. The subject's kinetic visual acuity was measured 40 minutes after the alcohol had been taken. This was followed by  a Stroop test. Changes in mental state and arousal were measured by an 18-item visual analogue scale. An interaction between alcohol and Mandrax was apparent in the results obtained from the Stroop and visual analogue scale on the third day. However, no interaction with nitrazepam could be clearly demonstrated by any of the tests on any occasion. The application of these results to the \"real life\" situation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892954", "title": "Notes on experiments with drugs in psychiatry.", "content": "In this paper I develop some observations on the methods used for therapeutic experiments with drugs in a psychiatric department. After a general introduction I deal with the following points. 1. The researcher confronted with the problem of intra- and inter-disciplinary collaboration. 2. The operators and the question of the choice of subjects. 3. Some aspects of the insurance and rewards in favor of the patient. 4. Remarks on the application phase. 5. Summarizing methodological proposals.", "contents": "Notes on experiments with drugs in psychiatry. In this paper I develop some observations on the methods used for therapeutic experiments with drugs in a psychiatric department. After a general introduction I deal with the following points. 1. The researcher confronted with the problem of intra- and inter-disciplinary collaboration. 2. The operators and the question of the choice of subjects. 3. Some aspects of the insurance and rewards in favor of the patient. 4. Remarks on the application phase. 5. Summarizing methodological proposals."}
{"id": "PMID:892956", "title": "Plasma digoxin concentrations in patients with atrial fibrillation and indications for the association with other antiarrhythmic agents.", "content": "The influence of practolol or verapamil on the activity of digoxin in atrial fibrillation has been studied in 16 hospitalized patients by determining plasma levels of the cardiac glycoside and its effects on the ventricular rate, before and during the association with each of the above drugs. Digoxin alone (0.25 mg/day p.o.) demonstrated a rather feeble activity, giving a satisfactory control of ventricular rate in only 3 patients. The association with low doses of practolol (50 or 100 mg twice a day p.o.) or with verapamil (80 mg three times a day p.o.) clearly improves the effects of digoxin. The action both of practolol and of verapamil is related to the pre-existing ventricular rate, the tachycardic patients being the most sensitive ones.", "contents": "Plasma digoxin concentrations in patients with atrial fibrillation and indications for the association with other antiarrhythmic agents. The influence of practolol or verapamil on the activity of digoxin in atrial fibrillation has been studied in 16 hospitalized patients by determining plasma levels of the cardiac glycoside and its effects on the ventricular rate, before and during the association with each of the above drugs. Digoxin alone (0.25 mg/day p.o.) demonstrated a rather feeble activity, giving a satisfactory control of ventricular rate in only 3 patients. The association with low doses of practolol (50 or 100 mg twice a day p.o.) or with verapamil (80 mg three times a day p.o.) clearly improves the effects of digoxin. The action both of practolol and of verapamil is related to the pre-existing ventricular rate, the tachycardic patients being the most sensitive ones."}
{"id": "PMID:892957", "title": "[The effect of pindolol on carbohydrate and fat metabolism in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Twenty-seven diabetic patients, nine treated with insulin, nine treated with tolbutamid, and nine placed on diet, were given either pindolol or placebo 5 mg, three times daily during a 6-week period. The following 6-week period those receiving pindolol in the first 6 weeks received placebo and vice versa. Pindolol had no influence on the concentration of blood glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, or total cholesterol. The effect of pindolol on carbohydrate and fat metabolism appears to be of no clinical relevance in diabetic patients receiving their usual therapy.", "contents": "[The effect of pindolol on carbohydrate and fat metabolism in diabetes mellitus]. Twenty-seven diabetic patients, nine treated with insulin, nine treated with tolbutamid, and nine placed on diet, were given either pindolol or placebo 5 mg, three times daily during a 6-week period. The following 6-week period those receiving pindolol in the first 6 weeks received placebo and vice versa. Pindolol had no influence on the concentration of blood glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, or total cholesterol. The effect of pindolol on carbohydrate and fat metabolism appears to be of no clinical relevance in diabetic patients receiving their usual therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:892962", "title": "Choice of detectors and columns for the analysis of pesticides by GLC.", "content": "After introductory remarks about the importance of accuracy in current gas chromatographic methods, this manuscript offers general comments on the choice and proper use of columns and detectors. These are interspersed with illustrative examples provided by the author's own research group.", "contents": "Choice of detectors and columns for the analysis of pesticides by GLC. After introductory remarks about the importance of accuracy in current gas chromatographic methods, this manuscript offers general comments on the choice and proper use of columns and detectors. These are interspersed with illustrative examples provided by the author's own research group."}
{"id": "PMID:892963", "title": "Statistical comparison of the results from six analytical chemistry laboratories of the mercury content of muscle tissue of two species of sharks.", "content": "Statistical tests were carried out on the results of chemical analysis for total mercury concentrations of replicate samples of muscle tissue of school shark Galeorhinus australis (Macleay) and gummy shark Mustelus antarcticus Guenther from six independent analytical laboratories. These tests showed that one laboratory produced results 9% below the overall average of all results, another 1% below average while the other four were all 5% above average. Moreover, one laboratory had significantly lower scatter of results than the others, and the percentage scatter (standard error expressed as a percentage of the mean) in two of the laboratories tended to diminish as the magnitude of the results increased. Correction for what were concluded to be wild points indicated that the scatter for all laboratories was below 14%.", "contents": "Statistical comparison of the results from six analytical chemistry laboratories of the mercury content of muscle tissue of two species of sharks. Statistical tests were carried out on the results of chemical analysis for total mercury concentrations of replicate samples of muscle tissue of school shark Galeorhinus australis (Macleay) and gummy shark Mustelus antarcticus Guenther from six independent analytical laboratories. These tests showed that one laboratory produced results 9% below the overall average of all results, another 1% below average while the other four were all 5% above average. Moreover, one laboratory had significantly lower scatter of results than the others, and the percentage scatter (standard error expressed as a percentage of the mean) in two of the laboratories tended to diminish as the magnitude of the results increased. Correction for what were concluded to be wild points indicated that the scatter for all laboratories was below 14%."}
{"id": "PMID:892964", "title": "'Workload' and risk of myocardial infarction--a prospective psychosocial analysis.", "content": "The study group consisted of 5187 building construction workers aged 41-61 in Greater Stockholm who had all responded to a psychosocial questionnaire and had been in full-time work without long-lasting illness episodes in the year before the study. A factor analysis of about 60 psychosocial variables was performed, and on this basis three indices were formed. The study group was followed for two years in official registers yielding information on morbidity and mortality. The 'workload' index was demonstrated to be significantly associated with subsequent risk of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "'Workload' and risk of myocardial infarction--a prospective psychosocial analysis. The study group consisted of 5187 building construction workers aged 41-61 in Greater Stockholm who had all responded to a psychosocial questionnaire and had been in full-time work without long-lasting illness episodes in the year before the study. A factor analysis of about 60 psychosocial variables was performed, and on this basis three indices were formed. The study group was followed for two years in official registers yielding information on morbidity and mortality. The 'workload' index was demonstrated to be significantly associated with subsequent risk of myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:892965", "title": "Cystic fibrosis in the Netherlands.", "content": "In the Netherlands a retrospective study of the prevalence of cystic fibrosis (CF) at birth has been performed by means of an inquiry set up among 815 medical specialists (paediatricians, lung specialists and pathologists) and by analysis of hospital admission data, death certificates and data of the national CF foundation. The study was confined to the years of birth 1961-1965. On a total of 1,239,566 live births 342 infants and children were found to have CF (1/3600). A list of all studies on the frequency of CF in Caucasian populations is presented as an appendix. A seasonal trend in the expression of the CF gene at birth (either with or without meconium ileus) was noted.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands a retrospective study of the prevalence of cystic fibrosis (CF) at birth has been performed by means of an inquiry set up among 815 medical specialists (paediatricians, lung specialists and pathologists) and by analysis of hospital admission data, death certificates and data of the national CF foundation. The study was confined to the years of birth 1961-1965. On a total of 1,239,566 live births 342 infants and children were found to have CF (1/3600). A list of all studies on the frequency of CF in Caucasian populations is presented as an appendix. A seasonal trend in the expression of the CF gene at birth (either with or without meconium ileus) was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:892967", "title": "Surveillance of malformations at birth: a comparison of two record systems run in parallel.", "content": "The efficiency of two national record systems for malformation monitoring has been compared. During 1973 and 1974, two such registers were run in parallel in Sweden. One is based on specific report cards which are sent in when a malformed infant is born, the other is a computerised analysis of routine birth record diagnoses. Both systems lose a similar, and significant, proportion of malformed infants. The quality of diagnosis is lower in the system of routine birth records than in the system based on specific notifications--especially in infants with multiple malformations or with reduction malformations of the limbs. The specific report system is the only one suitable for monitoring of malformations; it is also somewhat quicker than the other system.", "contents": "Surveillance of malformations at birth: a comparison of two record systems run in parallel. The efficiency of two national record systems for malformation monitoring has been compared. During 1973 and 1974, two such registers were run in parallel in Sweden. One is based on specific report cards which are sent in when a malformed infant is born, the other is a computerised analysis of routine birth record diagnoses. Both systems lose a similar, and significant, proportion of malformed infants. The quality of diagnosis is lower in the system of routine birth records than in the system based on specific notifications--especially in infants with multiple malformations or with reduction malformations of the limbs. The specific report system is the only one suitable for monitoring of malformations; it is also somewhat quicker than the other system."}
{"id": "PMID:892968", "title": "Hospitalizations in a southern rural community: an application of the 'ecology model'.", "content": "The purpose of this study is to re-examine the concepts of health services utilization presented by White and his colleagues in 'The Ecology of Medical Care'. We re-test their model in a rural population in the southern United States using longitudinal instead of cross-sectional data and find that the general principles of the 'Ecology' model do, indeed, apply to rural populations like Rougemont/Bahama. Use of this model has implications for modifying and improving the organization of the health care delivery system and for a fundamental change of emphasis in medical education.", "contents": "Hospitalizations in a southern rural community: an application of the 'ecology model'. The purpose of this study is to re-examine the concepts of health services utilization presented by White and his colleagues in 'The Ecology of Medical Care'. We re-test their model in a rural population in the southern United States using longitudinal instead of cross-sectional data and find that the general principles of the 'Ecology' model do, indeed, apply to rural populations like Rougemont/Bahama. Use of this model has implications for modifying and improving the organization of the health care delivery system and for a fundamental change of emphasis in medical education."}
{"id": "PMID:892969", "title": "A study of mail survey method.", "content": "A major disadvantage of the mail survey in medical research is non-response, which may introduce bias. This study measured the effect of two simple factors on the response rate to a questionnaire concerning headache and migraine in a survey of 2,508 electors. The two factors were the class of postage and the colour of envelopes used; neither was found to have a significant effect. It was concluded that cheaper mailing methods are not likely to jeopardise response.", "contents": "A study of mail survey method. A major disadvantage of the mail survey in medical research is non-response, which may introduce bias. This study measured the effect of two simple factors on the response rate to a questionnaire concerning headache and migraine in a survey of 2,508 electors. The two factors were the class of postage and the colour of envelopes used; neither was found to have a significant effect. It was concluded that cheaper mailing methods are not likely to jeopardise response."}
{"id": "PMID:892970", "title": "Epidemiology for Canadian medical students--desirable attitudes, knowledge and skills.", "content": "There is increasing recognition that the concepts traditionally taught by epidemiologists are essential for all medical graduates, most of whom will be clinicians, and not just for the minority who will specialize in population-based disciplines. This paper presents the recommendations of a Canadian conference which considered objectives for teaching epidemiology to medical undergraduates. These objectives are presented as the attitudes, knowledge and skills medical students should acquire. Recommendations concentrate on what should be learned, rather than what should be taught, or who should teach it. It was the concensus that epidemiologists are responsible for assuring that basic epidemiological attitudes, knowledge and skills be acquired, though the subjects need not be taught exclusively by epidemiologists themselves.", "contents": "Epidemiology for Canadian medical students--desirable attitudes, knowledge and skills. There is increasing recognition that the concepts traditionally taught by epidemiologists are essential for all medical graduates, most of whom will be clinicians, and not just for the minority who will specialize in population-based disciplines. This paper presents the recommendations of a Canadian conference which considered objectives for teaching epidemiology to medical undergraduates. These objectives are presented as the attitudes, knowledge and skills medical students should acquire. Recommendations concentrate on what should be learned, rather than what should be taught, or who should teach it. It was the concensus that epidemiologists are responsible for assuring that basic epidemiological attitudes, knowledge and skills be acquired, though the subjects need not be taught exclusively by epidemiologists themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:892971", "title": "Cardiovascular risk factors among Japanese and American telephone executives.", "content": "Cardiovascular risk factors were determined among two similar groups of telephone executives in Tokyo, Japan and New York City, USA. Both historical and electrocardiographic evidence pointed to a marked excess of coronary heart disease among American executives compared with their Japanese counterparts. In keeping with this finding, the Americans ate diets higher in animal fat, were fatter, and had higher serum cholesterol values but lower triglyceride levels. Mean blood pressures were slightly higher among the Japanese, and showed a greater increase with age. Urinary sodium/creatinine ratios were much higher among the Japanese, suggesting a higher salt intake. Cigarette smoking was more common among the Japanese. A review of other comparative studies between Japanese and Americans indicated that the only risk factors uniformly consistent with the frequency of coronary heart disease in the two countries were dietary fat, obesity, and serum cholesterol.", "contents": "Cardiovascular risk factors among Japanese and American telephone executives. Cardiovascular risk factors were determined among two similar groups of telephone executives in Tokyo, Japan and New York City, USA. Both historical and electrocardiographic evidence pointed to a marked excess of coronary heart disease among American executives compared with their Japanese counterparts. In keeping with this finding, the Americans ate diets higher in animal fat, were fatter, and had higher serum cholesterol values but lower triglyceride levels. Mean blood pressures were slightly higher among the Japanese, and showed a greater increase with age. Urinary sodium/creatinine ratios were much higher among the Japanese, suggesting a higher salt intake. Cigarette smoking was more common among the Japanese. A review of other comparative studies between Japanese and Americans indicated that the only risk factors uniformly consistent with the frequency of coronary heart disease in the two countries were dietary fat, obesity, and serum cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:892961", "title": "Pseudofolliculitis barbae. 2. Treatment.", "content": "Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a minor disease affecting essentially only and almost all Negroes who shave. It results from transepidermal or transfollicular penetration by sharp incurving beard hairs. Because of a continued requirement by the U.S. Army for clean-shaven faces, a significant racial furor and hostility has been aroused, and definitive medical care has been difficult to achieve. The disease can be cured only by complete cessation of shaving but it can be adequately controlled in most patients by carefully shaving the hairs neither too close nor too long and by meticulous lifting out of penetrating hairs.", "contents": "Pseudofolliculitis barbae. 2. Treatment. Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a minor disease affecting essentially only and almost all Negroes who shave. It results from transepidermal or transfollicular penetration by sharp incurving beard hairs. Because of a continued requirement by the U.S. Army for clean-shaven faces, a significant racial furor and hostility has been aroused, and definitive medical care has been difficult to achieve. The disease can be cured only by complete cessation of shaving but it can be adequately controlled in most patients by carefully shaving the hairs neither too close nor too long and by meticulous lifting out of penetrating hairs."}
{"id": "PMID:892972", "title": "Dental health status and dental satisfaction.", "content": "In order to study the relationship between a person's dental health status, as judged by a dentist, and the person's satisfaction with his total dental condition, the author examined and interviewed 398 persons in middle Sweden. A multiple logistic model was used to investigate the probability of a person being satisfied with a dental status given certain conditions. It was found that most of the persons (83 per cent) were satisfied. There were no great differences in satisfaction rates between groups with good dental conditions and groups with worse conditions. The analysis did not reveal any factor strongly associated with satisfaction. The meaning of dental well-being is discussed.", "contents": "Dental health status and dental satisfaction. In order to study the relationship between a person's dental health status, as judged by a dentist, and the person's satisfaction with his total dental condition, the author examined and interviewed 398 persons in middle Sweden. A multiple logistic model was used to investigate the probability of a person being satisfied with a dental status given certain conditions. It was found that most of the persons (83 per cent) were satisfied. There were no great differences in satisfaction rates between groups with good dental conditions and groups with worse conditions. The analysis did not reveal any factor strongly associated with satisfaction. The meaning of dental well-being is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892974", "title": "Space-time and family characteristics of meningococcal disease and haemophilus meningitis.", "content": "Significant space-time clustering was found for cases of meningococcal disease. This result was entirely accounted for by the occurrence of a small number of sibling pairs, and clustering was no longer found when these were omitted from the analysis. Meningococcal disease should still be regarded as potentially communicable between siblings. However, in this region of England the current level of infectivity of the disease outside the family is low. Space-time clustering was not convincingly demonstrated for haemophilus meningitis. This emphasizes that, even with diseases of known microbial aetiology, evidence for such clustering may be difficult to obtain. Only a small number of cases of haemophilus meningitis occurred in single-child families. Cases of single-child families tended to occur in older children than the remainder. Although children under three years of age are most susceptible to haemophilus meningitis, it is likely that the organism is usually introduced into the family by an older sibling.", "contents": "Space-time and family characteristics of meningococcal disease and haemophilus meningitis. Significant space-time clustering was found for cases of meningococcal disease. This result was entirely accounted for by the occurrence of a small number of sibling pairs, and clustering was no longer found when these were omitted from the analysis. Meningococcal disease should still be regarded as potentially communicable between siblings. However, in this region of England the current level of infectivity of the disease outside the family is low. Space-time clustering was not convincingly demonstrated for haemophilus meningitis. This emphasizes that, even with diseases of known microbial aetiology, evidence for such clustering may be difficult to obtain. Only a small number of cases of haemophilus meningitis occurred in single-child families. Cases of single-child families tended to occur in older children than the remainder. Although children under three years of age are most susceptible to haemophilus meningitis, it is likely that the organism is usually introduced into the family by an older sibling."}
{"id": "PMID:892975", "title": "Quantitative relationships between cigarette smoking and chronic productive cough.", "content": "A close relationship between chronic productive cough and cigarette smoking was confirmed in an epidemiological study of airways obstructive disease in Tucson. Pack-years of smoking was closely related to symptom frequency and no threshold effect was noted. This relationship was affected by age and a history of childhood respiratory disease, but not by atopy. Among present smokers males and females did not differ significantly in their smoking habit specific rates of chronic productive cough, but males appeared to lose their symptoms less regularly than females when they quit smoking after many pack-years of cigarette use. When the relationship of smoking to chronic productive cough was removed, smoking was not significantly related to other aspects of 'chronic nonspecific respiratory disease' in this analysis.", "contents": "Quantitative relationships between cigarette smoking and chronic productive cough. A close relationship between chronic productive cough and cigarette smoking was confirmed in an epidemiological study of airways obstructive disease in Tucson. Pack-years of smoking was closely related to symptom frequency and no threshold effect was noted. This relationship was affected by age and a history of childhood respiratory disease, but not by atopy. Among present smokers males and females did not differ significantly in their smoking habit specific rates of chronic productive cough, but males appeared to lose their symptoms less regularly than females when they quit smoking after many pack-years of cigarette use. When the relationship of smoking to chronic productive cough was removed, smoking was not significantly related to other aspects of 'chronic nonspecific respiratory disease' in this analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:892977", "title": "The Yugoslavia Cardiovascular Disease Study. 3. Death by cause and area.", "content": "In the seven years following initial examination (1964--65) 758 deaths were observed in 11,121 Yugoslav men aged 35--62. The mortality rate was similar to that found for men in the Framingham (Massachusetts) study. However, coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality was much lower in Yugoslavia but mortality from cancer, accidents and violence and respiratory disease was much higher. The excess cancer mortality was chiefly from stomach cancer. The excess respiratory mortality was from both tuberculosis and chronic obstructive respiratory disease. Within Yugoslavia there were area differences in mortality by cause but little difference in total mortality: in Tuzla (Bosnia) there was a higher respiratory disease mortality but a lower mortality from accidents and violence than in Remetinec (Croatia). In the rural areas of the study there was a higher mortality from respiratory diseases and accidents and violence than in urban areas but a counterbalancing lower mortality from cardiovascular diseases. The low coronary death rates and high cancer of the stomach death rates in this population present an important epidemiological challenge.", "contents": "The Yugoslavia Cardiovascular Disease Study. 3. Death by cause and area. In the seven years following initial examination (1964--65) 758 deaths were observed in 11,121 Yugoslav men aged 35--62. The mortality rate was similar to that found for men in the Framingham (Massachusetts) study. However, coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality was much lower in Yugoslavia but mortality from cancer, accidents and violence and respiratory disease was much higher. The excess cancer mortality was chiefly from stomach cancer. The excess respiratory mortality was from both tuberculosis and chronic obstructive respiratory disease. Within Yugoslavia there were area differences in mortality by cause but little difference in total mortality: in Tuzla (Bosnia) there was a higher respiratory disease mortality but a lower mortality from accidents and violence than in Remetinec (Croatia). In the rural areas of the study there was a higher mortality from respiratory diseases and accidents and violence than in urban areas but a counterbalancing lower mortality from cardiovascular diseases. The low coronary death rates and high cancer of the stomach death rates in this population present an important epidemiological challenge."}
{"id": "PMID:892978", "title": "Two shortened versions of the Cornell Medical Index--a new test of their validity.", "content": "Two shortened versions of the Cornell Medical Index (CMI) were tested for concurrent validity using two reference groups. Sensitivity, specificity and relative liability were computed and found to be of relatively low value. The usefulness of the questionnaires for screening the emotionally disturbed was found to be affected by respondents' sociodemographic characteristics such as age and sex and, in particular, educational level and ethnicity.", "contents": "Two shortened versions of the Cornell Medical Index--a new test of their validity. Two shortened versions of the Cornell Medical Index (CMI) were tested for concurrent validity using two reference groups. Sensitivity, specificity and relative liability were computed and found to be of relatively low value. The usefulness of the questionnaires for screening the emotionally disturbed was found to be affected by respondents' sociodemographic characteristics such as age and sex and, in particular, educational level and ethnicity."}
{"id": "PMID:892979", "title": "Potential years of life lost between ages 1 and 70: an indicator of premature mortality for health planning.", "content": "The indicator of Potential Years of Life Lost between ages 1 and 70 (PYLL) is proposed with the primary objective of ranking major causes of premature mortality. This proposal is based on a review of existing mortality indicators and indices and of the history of the concept of potential years of life lost. The method of calculation along with the corresponding rate and the age-adjusted rate are discussed and presented with applications to Canadian data and interpretation. Several methodological aspects are discussed, particularly the comparison with more sophisticated approaches based on life tables which do not appear to alter the ranking of major causes of premature death. This indicator fits well into the category of Social Indicators and can help health planners define priorities for the prevention of premature deaths. Epidemiological studies could also make use of this indicator of premature mortality. The simplicity of calculation and ease of comprehension should facilitate its use.", "contents": "Potential years of life lost between ages 1 and 70: an indicator of premature mortality for health planning. The indicator of Potential Years of Life Lost between ages 1 and 70 (PYLL) is proposed with the primary objective of ranking major causes of premature mortality. This proposal is based on a review of existing mortality indicators and indices and of the history of the concept of potential years of life lost. The method of calculation along with the corresponding rate and the age-adjusted rate are discussed and presented with applications to Canadian data and interpretation. Several methodological aspects are discussed, particularly the comparison with more sophisticated approaches based on life tables which do not appear to alter the ranking of major causes of premature death. This indicator fits well into the category of Social Indicators and can help health planners define priorities for the prevention of premature deaths. Epidemiological studies could also make use of this indicator of premature mortality. The simplicity of calculation and ease of comprehension should facilitate its use."}
{"id": "PMID:892980", "title": "A competing-risk model based on the life table procedure in epidemiological studies.", "content": "In this paper, a new non-parametric competing-risk model is proposed. This model takes relative susceptibility into account, and is thus free from the usual assumption of independence between competing causes of death. Another feature of the model is the adjustments of survivors and deaths as a results of the elimination of one of the causes of death in the previous time interval. The computational procedure of the model is simple and can be incorporated into the regular life table procedures.", "contents": "A competing-risk model based on the life table procedure in epidemiological studies. In this paper, a new non-parametric competing-risk model is proposed. This model takes relative susceptibility into account, and is thus free from the usual assumption of independence between competing causes of death. Another feature of the model is the adjustments of survivors and deaths as a results of the elimination of one of the causes of death in the previous time interval. The computational procedure of the model is simple and can be incorporated into the regular life table procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:892981", "title": "Prediction of schistosome cercarial shedding with a physiological - time model.", "content": "While making longitudinal observations on schistosome cercarial shedding, Pitchford and Visser found that there is an annual fluctuation in the minimum time for cercarial development, which is apparently related to temperature (1). Schistosome control strategy could be designed to take advantage of this fluctuation if it were predictable. Inspired by the successes of physiological time models ('heat-unit models') in predicting life-stage durations of various agricultural pests (2,3), we have developed a model of this type for the schistosomes. This model fits the data of Pitchford and Visser quite well. Coupled with recent temperature history and short term temperature forecast, it could be a useful tool for predicting the onset of cercarial shedding.", "contents": "Prediction of schistosome cercarial shedding with a physiological - time model. While making longitudinal observations on schistosome cercarial shedding, Pitchford and Visser found that there is an annual fluctuation in the minimum time for cercarial development, which is apparently related to temperature (1). Schistosome control strategy could be designed to take advantage of this fluctuation if it were predictable. Inspired by the successes of physiological time models ('heat-unit models') in predicting life-stage durations of various agricultural pests (2,3), we have developed a model of this type for the schistosomes. This model fits the data of Pitchford and Visser quite well. Coupled with recent temperature history and short term temperature forecast, it could be a useful tool for predicting the onset of cercarial shedding."}
{"id": "PMID:892982", "title": "Investigating an epidemic: a seven-part simulation used in teaching.", "content": "A seven-part exercise is described, based on published accounts of a school epidemic. Students have to complete each part before receiving the next: cumulative mistakes are therefore avoided. Analysis over four years shows consistent patterns of student responses. Details of statistical tests of the data are given.", "contents": "Investigating an epidemic: a seven-part simulation used in teaching. A seven-part exercise is described, based on published accounts of a school epidemic. Students have to complete each part before receiving the next: cumulative mistakes are therefore avoided. Analysis over four years shows consistent patterns of student responses. Details of statistical tests of the data are given."}
{"id": "PMID:892984", "title": "The effects of denaturant and temperature on the circular dichroic spectrum of ovine lutropin-alpha.", "content": "Circular dichroic (CD) spectra of the glycoprotein hormone subunit, lutropin-alpha, have been obtained under denaturing conditions (6 M guanidinium chloride, GdmCl) with the disulfides intact, reduced, and reduced and S-carboxymethylated. Above 260 nm, these spectra are similar (although not identical), showing that the disulfide chromophores do not contribute appreciably to the near ultraviolet CD spectrum under denaturing conditions. However, these spectra differ considerably from that of native lutropin-alpha over this spectral region demonstrating that the tertiary structure of lutropin-alpha has a major influence on the near ultraviolet CD spectrum. The magnitude of the 232.5 nm positive CD extremum of lutropin-alpha was found to increase with increasing GdmCl concentration and with decreasing temperature. Between 5 degrees C and 45 degrees C, the ellipticity [theta] at 232.5 nm changed in a linear fashion with temperature; at other wavelengths the thermal changes in [theta] were quite small. [theta] at 232.5 nm increased by about 80% over a 3 M GdmCl range; in contrast, [theta] at 216 nm (indicative of beta-structure) exhibited maximal changes over a 0.5 M GdmCl range. These results indicate some conformational flexibility in lutropin-alpha. The positive 232.5 nm CD extremum has been assigned to one or more tyrosyls which are influenced by an intact disulfide. The latter was demonstrated by showing that reduced and S-carboxymethylated lutropin-alpha failed to exhibit the positive extremum.", "contents": "The effects of denaturant and temperature on the circular dichroic spectrum of ovine lutropin-alpha. Circular dichroic (CD) spectra of the glycoprotein hormone subunit, lutropin-alpha, have been obtained under denaturing conditions (6 M guanidinium chloride, GdmCl) with the disulfides intact, reduced, and reduced and S-carboxymethylated. Above 260 nm, these spectra are similar (although not identical), showing that the disulfide chromophores do not contribute appreciably to the near ultraviolet CD spectrum under denaturing conditions. However, these spectra differ considerably from that of native lutropin-alpha over this spectral region demonstrating that the tertiary structure of lutropin-alpha has a major influence on the near ultraviolet CD spectrum. The magnitude of the 232.5 nm positive CD extremum of lutropin-alpha was found to increase with increasing GdmCl concentration and with decreasing temperature. Between 5 degrees C and 45 degrees C, the ellipticity [theta] at 232.5 nm changed in a linear fashion with temperature; at other wavelengths the thermal changes in [theta] were quite small. [theta] at 232.5 nm increased by about 80% over a 3 M GdmCl range; in contrast, [theta] at 216 nm (indicative of beta-structure) exhibited maximal changes over a 0.5 M GdmCl range. These results indicate some conformational flexibility in lutropin-alpha. The positive 232.5 nm CD extremum has been assigned to one or more tyrosyls which are influenced by an intact disulfide. The latter was demonstrated by showing that reduced and S-carboxymethylated lutropin-alpha failed to exhibit the positive extremum."}
{"id": "PMID:892985", "title": "Asymmetric hydrogenation of unsaturated peptides.", "content": "Eleven unsaturated peptides, containing one or two dehydro-phenylalanyl (dehydro-Phe) residues and a C-terminal L-amino acid have been hydrogenated in the presence of palladium-on-charcoal. Hydrolysis of the saturated peptides thus obtained gave optically active phenylalanine showing the occurrence of asymmetric induction during the hydrogenation. Both mono-unsaturated dipeptides and doubly unsaturated tripeptides with L-Glu, L-Leu and L-Val as chiral end-group afforded L-Phe in 40-50% optical yield. In the case of the tripeptide N-acetyl-(dehydro-Phe)-(dehydro-Tyr)-L-Glu the asymmetric induction was higher (70%) for the unsaturated residue which is farther from the chiral end-group along the peptide chain. The results are discussed on the bases of Prelog rule and the rigid dissymmetric conformation of the dehydropeptides in solution.", "contents": "Asymmetric hydrogenation of unsaturated peptides. Eleven unsaturated peptides, containing one or two dehydro-phenylalanyl (dehydro-Phe) residues and a C-terminal L-amino acid have been hydrogenated in the presence of palladium-on-charcoal. Hydrolysis of the saturated peptides thus obtained gave optically active phenylalanine showing the occurrence of asymmetric induction during the hydrogenation. Both mono-unsaturated dipeptides and doubly unsaturated tripeptides with L-Glu, L-Leu and L-Val as chiral end-group afforded L-Phe in 40-50% optical yield. In the case of the tripeptide N-acetyl-(dehydro-Phe)-(dehydro-Tyr)-L-Glu the asymmetric induction was higher (70%) for the unsaturated residue which is farther from the chiral end-group along the peptide chain. The results are discussed on the bases of Prelog rule and the rigid dissymmetric conformation of the dehydropeptides in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:892986", "title": "Conformation of polypeptide chains containing both L- and D-residues. II. Double-helical structures of poly-LD-peptides.", "content": "Polypeptides with alternating L- and D-amino acid residues can take up stereo-chemically satisfactory coaxial double-helical structures, both antiparallel and parallel, which are stabilized by systematic interchain NH...O hydrogen bonds. Semiempirical energy calculations over allowed regions of conformational space have yielded the characteristics of these double-helices. There are four possible types of antiparallel double-helices - A3, A4, A5 and A6, with n, the number of LD peptide units per turn, around 2.8, 3.6, 4.5 and 5.5 respectively, while for the parallel double-helices there are two types, P3 and P4, having similar helical parameters as in A3 and A4. The hydrogen-bonding scheme restricts the pitch in all the models to the narrow range of 10.0 to 11.5 A. All these helices have large central cores whose radii increase proportionately with n. In this respect, A3 and A4 are suitable models for the structure of gramicidin A. In terms of their relative energies, antiparallel double-helices are marginally more stable than those with parallel strands. Our results indicate that the energy differences amongst the members in the antiparallel family are not significant and thus provide an explanation for the polymorphism reported for poly (gamma-benzyl-LD-glutamate).", "contents": "Conformation of polypeptide chains containing both L- and D-residues. II. Double-helical structures of poly-LD-peptides. Polypeptides with alternating L- and D-amino acid residues can take up stereo-chemically satisfactory coaxial double-helical structures, both antiparallel and parallel, which are stabilized by systematic interchain NH...O hydrogen bonds. Semiempirical energy calculations over allowed regions of conformational space have yielded the characteristics of these double-helices. There are four possible types of antiparallel double-helices - A3, A4, A5 and A6, with n, the number of LD peptide units per turn, around 2.8, 3.6, 4.5 and 5.5 respectively, while for the parallel double-helices there are two types, P3 and P4, having similar helical parameters as in A3 and A4. The hydrogen-bonding scheme restricts the pitch in all the models to the narrow range of 10.0 to 11.5 A. All these helices have large central cores whose radii increase proportionately with n. In this respect, A3 and A4 are suitable models for the structure of gramicidin A. In terms of their relative energies, antiparallel double-helices are marginally more stable than those with parallel strands. Our results indicate that the energy differences amongst the members in the antiparallel family are not significant and thus provide an explanation for the polymorphism reported for poly (gamma-benzyl-LD-glutamate)."}
{"id": "PMID:892987", "title": "Preparation of carboxyl-terminal tryptic peptides from proteins by cleavage at arginine.", "content": "A method has been developed for selectively preparing the carboxyl-terminal tryptic peptide of proteins by cleavage at arginyl residues. The succinylated protein is digested with trypsin and the peptides produced are maleylated. Maleylated peptides are then submitted to cation-exchange chromatography in urea at low pH and ionic strength. Arginine-containing peptides are retained by the resin. The carboxyl-terminal peptide emerges unretarded and in pure form. This method has been applied to four proteins of known sequence. Yields as high as 88% have been obtained.", "contents": "Preparation of carboxyl-terminal tryptic peptides from proteins by cleavage at arginine. A method has been developed for selectively preparing the carboxyl-terminal tryptic peptide of proteins by cleavage at arginyl residues. The succinylated protein is digested with trypsin and the peptides produced are maleylated. Maleylated peptides are then submitted to cation-exchange chromatography in urea at low pH and ionic strength. Arginine-containing peptides are retained by the resin. The carboxyl-terminal peptide emerges unretarded and in pure form. This method has been applied to four proteins of known sequence. Yields as high as 88% have been obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:892988", "title": "Studies on polypeptides. XXIV. Synthesis of the 5-17 and 1-17 peptide sequences of rat pancreatic ribonuclease.", "content": "A description is given of the synthesis by fragment condensation of the peptides Glu-Ser-Ser-Ala-Asp-Lys-Phe-Lys-Arg-Gln-His-Met-Asp and Gly-Glu-Ser-Arg-Glu-Ser-Ser-Ala-Asp-Lys-Phe-Lys-Arg-Gln-His-Met-Asp respectively corresponding to the 5-17 and 1-17 amino acid sequences of rat pancreatic ribonuclease.", "contents": "Studies on polypeptides. XXIV. Synthesis of the 5-17 and 1-17 peptide sequences of rat pancreatic ribonuclease. A description is given of the synthesis by fragment condensation of the peptides Glu-Ser-Ser-Ala-Asp-Lys-Phe-Lys-Arg-Gln-His-Met-Asp and Gly-Glu-Ser-Arg-Glu-Ser-Ser-Ala-Asp-Lys-Phe-Lys-Arg-Gln-His-Met-Asp respectively corresponding to the 5-17 and 1-17 amino acid sequences of rat pancreatic ribonuclease."}
{"id": "PMID:892989", "title": "beta-endorphin: synthesis and morphine-like activity of analogs with D-amino acid residues in positions 1, 2, 4, and 5.", "content": "The solid-phase syntheses of [D-Tyr1]-, [D-Ala2]-, [D-Phe4]- and [D-Met5]-beta c-endorphins are described. A comparison of certain methods of purification and criteria of homogeneity is made with the use of these compounds. Bioassay of these synthetic analogs both in vitro and in vivo show that [D-Ala2]-beta c-endorphin possesses significant opiate activity whereas the other analogs have minimal activity.", "contents": "beta-endorphin: synthesis and morphine-like activity of analogs with D-amino acid residues in positions 1, 2, 4, and 5. The solid-phase syntheses of [D-Tyr1]-, [D-Ala2]-, [D-Phe4]- and [D-Met5]-beta c-endorphins are described. A comparison of certain methods of purification and criteria of homogeneity is made with the use of these compounds. Bioassay of these synthetic analogs both in vitro and in vivo show that [D-Ala2]-beta c-endorphin possesses significant opiate activity whereas the other analogs have minimal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:892992", "title": "Conformational studies on sequential polypeptides. Part VII. Structural investigations on (Pro-Phe-Gly)n and (Phe-Pro-Gly)n.", "content": "The conformational properties of (Pro-Phe-Gly)n and (Phe-Pro-Gly)n were investigated both in the solid state and in solution. In solid state X-ray diffraction patterns seem to indicate that (Pro-Phe-Gly)n assumes a single chain triple helical structure. In solution, by circular dichroism studies, it was possible to show the existence of beta-bends in the presence of ethylene glycol. Similar studies carried out on (Phe-Pro-Gly)n showed no collagen or polyproline II-like structure in the solid state. In solution the beta-bend formation was apparent in all the solvent systems studied.", "contents": "Conformational studies on sequential polypeptides. Part VII. Structural investigations on (Pro-Phe-Gly)n and (Phe-Pro-Gly)n. The conformational properties of (Pro-Phe-Gly)n and (Phe-Pro-Gly)n were investigated both in the solid state and in solution. In solid state X-ray diffraction patterns seem to indicate that (Pro-Phe-Gly)n assumes a single chain triple helical structure. In solution, by circular dichroism studies, it was possible to show the existence of beta-bends in the presence of ethylene glycol. Similar studies carried out on (Phe-Pro-Gly)n showed no collagen or polyproline II-like structure in the solid state. In solution the beta-bend formation was apparent in all the solvent systems studied."}
{"id": "PMID:892993", "title": "Studies on the partial synthesis of protein analogs by direct coupling to terminal homoserine lactone derivatives. Experiments with basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "Treatment of basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI, I) with cyanogen bromide smoothly yields the chain cleaved derivative II. The utility of the seco-lactone (II) in the partial synthesis of protein analogues has been investigated. It is shown that the homoserine lactone ring is sufficiently reactive to combine directly with the radiolabelled synthetic peptide glycylglycylanine t-butyl ester in both aqueous and non-aqueous solution, leading to a BPTI analogue which has been purified and characterized.", "contents": "Studies on the partial synthesis of protein analogs by direct coupling to terminal homoserine lactone derivatives. Experiments with basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Treatment of basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI, I) with cyanogen bromide smoothly yields the chain cleaved derivative II. The utility of the seco-lactone (II) in the partial synthesis of protein analogues has been investigated. It is shown that the homoserine lactone ring is sufficiently reactive to combine directly with the radiolabelled synthetic peptide glycylglycylanine t-butyl ester in both aqueous and non-aqueous solution, leading to a BPTI analogue which has been purified and characterized."}
{"id": "PMID:893003", "title": "Anxiety in self-confrontation: detection and measurement.", "content": "This paper summarizes an attempt to measure and detect \"anxiety\" or \"arousal\" in self-confrontation in a university teaching methods training programme. Self-confrontation arousal is caused by viewing CCTV recordings of short micro-lectures. Arousal detection is important as the use of video-recordings is an important element in the training provision made for new members of the teaching staff. Using ECG detection the heart rate of staff viewing themselves teach was found to increase on initial confrontation, but to decrease as the initial cosmetic effect became more acceptable. The paper suggests that ECG detection and measurement is a suitable tool for investigating confrontation in training programmes that use CCTV recordings.", "contents": "Anxiety in self-confrontation: detection and measurement. This paper summarizes an attempt to measure and detect \"anxiety\" or \"arousal\" in self-confrontation in a university teaching methods training programme. Self-confrontation arousal is caused by viewing CCTV recordings of short micro-lectures. Arousal detection is important as the use of video-recordings is an important element in the training provision made for new members of the teaching staff. Using ECG detection the heart rate of staff viewing themselves teach was found to increase on initial confrontation, but to decrease as the initial cosmetic effect became more acceptable. The paper suggests that ECG detection and measurement is a suitable tool for investigating confrontation in training programmes that use CCTV recordings."}
{"id": "PMID:893004", "title": "Visuoperceptual processes in brain damaged patients on the digit symbol substitution test.", "content": "Alcoholic Korsakoff patients, patients with right hemisphere damage, and chronic alcoholics are impaired on the digit symbol substitution task (DSST) of the WAIS. To determine whether these deficits were related to psychomotor or visuoperceptive factors, several tasks and modifications of the DSST were administered to these three patient populations. While it was evident that psychomotor retardation contributed to the patients' poor performance, impairments in visuoperceptive processing were also found to be involved in the DSST performance of the three patient groups. It was concluded that while a psychomotor factor is the crucial variable in the performance of intact normal subjects, any of a number of visual processing variables (e.g., visual scanning, contour formation and organization) must be considered in assessing the deficits of brain damaged patients.", "contents": "Visuoperceptual processes in brain damaged patients on the digit symbol substitution test. Alcoholic Korsakoff patients, patients with right hemisphere damage, and chronic alcoholics are impaired on the digit symbol substitution task (DSST) of the WAIS. To determine whether these deficits were related to psychomotor or visuoperceptive factors, several tasks and modifications of the DSST were administered to these three patient populations. While it was evident that psychomotor retardation contributed to the patients' poor performance, impairments in visuoperceptive processing were also found to be involved in the DSST performance of the three patient groups. It was concluded that while a psychomotor factor is the crucial variable in the performance of intact normal subjects, any of a number of visual processing variables (e.g., visual scanning, contour formation and organization) must be considered in assessing the deficits of brain damaged patients."}
{"id": "PMID:893005", "title": "Electrocutaneous input-output functions: magnitude estimation and reaction time.", "content": "An experiment was conducted on the effect of electrocutaneous stimuli on the generation of two types of input-output functions, and their relationship to each other. The data indicate that increasing electrocutaneous stimulus intensity results in a monotonic growth of magnitude estimation and a negatively decelerating decrease in reaction time. Reaction time approaches an asymptote at high intensities. The dynamic range of reaction time (RT), i.e., the RT which decreases as a function of increases in intensity was subtracted from the asymptotic reaction time (RTmin) for the subsequent analyses. The two-parameter power function provides a better fit for magnitude estimation as well as for RT--RTmin as a function of stimulus intensity than either a two-parameter linear or log-linear equation. When RT--RTmin is plotted as a function of magnitude estimation on a log-log scale, the data are within 4% of the predicted linear equation with a slope of --1, with no significant nonlinear components. If these data are plotted on a linear-linear scale, the linear coefficient is 31% steeper than --1, and a significant nonlinear component is present.", "contents": "Electrocutaneous input-output functions: magnitude estimation and reaction time. An experiment was conducted on the effect of electrocutaneous stimuli on the generation of two types of input-output functions, and their relationship to each other. The data indicate that increasing electrocutaneous stimulus intensity results in a monotonic growth of magnitude estimation and a negatively decelerating decrease in reaction time. Reaction time approaches an asymptote at high intensities. The dynamic range of reaction time (RT), i.e., the RT which decreases as a function of increases in intensity was subtracted from the asymptotic reaction time (RTmin) for the subsequent analyses. The two-parameter power function provides a better fit for magnitude estimation as well as for RT--RTmin as a function of stimulus intensity than either a two-parameter linear or log-linear equation. When RT--RTmin is plotted as a function of magnitude estimation on a log-log scale, the data are within 4% of the predicted linear equation with a slope of --1, with no significant nonlinear components. If these data are plotted on a linear-linear scale, the linear coefficient is 31% steeper than --1, and a significant nonlinear component is present."}
{"id": "PMID:893006", "title": "Surgical problems in primary sclerosing cholangitis.", "content": "The characteristics of primary sclerosing cholangitis are a diffuse inflammation with fibrous thickening and narrowing of the biliary ducts. All patients who have stones or have been operated on for biliary disease (risk of traumatic stenosis) must be excluded in discussions of this disease. Two observations illustrating the strict definition of its characteristics are related. From attacks of angiocholitis, the disease generally progresses to a permanent jaundice. Death occurs in a state of biliary cirrhosis. Liver histopathologic changes consist of fibrous rings constricting the segmentary interlobular ducts. Physiopathologic changes of the disease are difficult to define precisely except in cases with coexistent ulcerative colitis (1/3 of cases). The diagnosis is difficult. Illustrative examples are presented: A syndrome of stenosis in a patient in whom no stones were found during the operation but the lesions were typical of the passage of stones. The prognosis was good. One patient seemed rather typical but the rapid evolution and finally a finding of carcinomatous tissue led to the diagnosis of cancer of the biliary duct. One patient had cirrhosis with extrahepatic stenosis. Histologic studies, cholangiolitis and obstructive pericholangiolitis indicated the correct diagnosis. The disease is usually fatal within four years of onset despite administration of corticoids locally and systemically.", "contents": "Surgical problems in primary sclerosing cholangitis. The characteristics of primary sclerosing cholangitis are a diffuse inflammation with fibrous thickening and narrowing of the biliary ducts. All patients who have stones or have been operated on for biliary disease (risk of traumatic stenosis) must be excluded in discussions of this disease. Two observations illustrating the strict definition of its characteristics are related. From attacks of angiocholitis, the disease generally progresses to a permanent jaundice. Death occurs in a state of biliary cirrhosis. Liver histopathologic changes consist of fibrous rings constricting the segmentary interlobular ducts. Physiopathologic changes of the disease are difficult to define precisely except in cases with coexistent ulcerative colitis (1/3 of cases). The diagnosis is difficult. Illustrative examples are presented: A syndrome of stenosis in a patient in whom no stones were found during the operation but the lesions were typical of the passage of stones. The prognosis was good. One patient seemed rather typical but the rapid evolution and finally a finding of carcinomatous tissue led to the diagnosis of cancer of the biliary duct. One patient had cirrhosis with extrahepatic stenosis. Histologic studies, cholangiolitis and obstructive pericholangiolitis indicated the correct diagnosis. The disease is usually fatal within four years of onset despite administration of corticoids locally and systemically."}
{"id": "PMID:893009", "title": "Projection of the triangle of auscultation on the human pulmonary surface.", "content": "The projection of the triangle of auscultation on the posterior aspect of the pleuropulmonary surface was studied in 36 embalmed cadavers (19 males and 17 females). A total of 58 observations was made in 22 cadavers bilaterally and in 14 unilaterally, after introducing a long pin at each angle of the dissected triangle of auscultation deep into the pulmonary parenchyma. The projection of the triangle of auscultation, limited by the m. latissimus dorsi, m. trapezius and the medial margin of the scapula, was always found on the inferior lobe of the corresponding lung in one or more segments. It was found on the superior segment of the inferior lobe (43.1% isolatedly; 67.2% with other segments), the posterior basal segment (13.8% isolatedly; 43.1% with other segments) and on the lateral basal segment (10.3% isolatedly; 39.7% with other segments). Identical bilateral projections occurred in 50% of the cases.", "contents": "Projection of the triangle of auscultation on the human pulmonary surface. The projection of the triangle of auscultation on the posterior aspect of the pleuropulmonary surface was studied in 36 embalmed cadavers (19 males and 17 females). A total of 58 observations was made in 22 cadavers bilaterally and in 14 unilaterally, after introducing a long pin at each angle of the dissected triangle of auscultation deep into the pulmonary parenchyma. The projection of the triangle of auscultation, limited by the m. latissimus dorsi, m. trapezius and the medial margin of the scapula, was always found on the inferior lobe of the corresponding lung in one or more segments. It was found on the superior segment of the inferior lobe (43.1% isolatedly; 67.2% with other segments), the posterior basal segment (13.8% isolatedly; 43.1% with other segments) and on the lateral basal segment (10.3% isolatedly; 39.7% with other segments). Identical bilateral projections occurred in 50% of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:893010", "title": "Esophageal signs after resection of the gastroesophageal junction: endoscopic follow-up study.", "content": "A follow-up examination was performed on 15 patients who had undergone esophagogastric resection or total gastrectomy for cancer an average of ten years earlier. Endoscopy was done in each case. None of the patients who had the esophagogastrostomy high in the esophagus had esophagitis. The diameter of the esophagogastrostomy appeared to have no direct effect on the patient's dysphagia if he adhered to his customary eating habits. Patients with postgastrectomy Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy had no dysphagia or esophagitis and mastication was no problem during eating.", "contents": "Esophageal signs after resection of the gastroesophageal junction: endoscopic follow-up study. A follow-up examination was performed on 15 patients who had undergone esophagogastric resection or total gastrectomy for cancer an average of ten years earlier. Endoscopy was done in each case. None of the patients who had the esophagogastrostomy high in the esophagus had esophagitis. The diameter of the esophagogastrostomy appeared to have no direct effect on the patient's dysphagia if he adhered to his customary eating habits. Patients with postgastrectomy Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy had no dysphagia or esophagitis and mastication was no problem during eating."}
{"id": "PMID:893021", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis in a case of hydronephrosis.", "content": "A case of hydroneophrosis is reported in which the diagnosis has been confirmed on the ground of renal echography. The physical principles of the method are outlined. Its expediency, safety and efficiency are emphasized. It is considered the most reliable diagnostic procedure if hydronephrosis is suspected in case of renal occlusion.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis in a case of hydronephrosis. A case of hydroneophrosis is reported in which the diagnosis has been confirmed on the ground of renal echography. The physical principles of the method are outlined. Its expediency, safety and efficiency are emphasized. It is considered the most reliable diagnostic procedure if hydronephrosis is suspected in case of renal occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:893022", "title": "The prognosis in carcinoma of the prostate, judged on the basis of clinical classification into stages and histological grading.", "content": "On the basis of a retrospective study of 61 cases of carcinoma of the prostate, it is attempted to evaluate the prognosis, either by way of a clinical classification into stages or by histological grading. Both types showed a clear-cut correlation with the prognosis. Collation of the clinical classification into stages and the histological grading of the lesions in 33 patients showed that the two methods represented two unrelated types of classification.", "contents": "The prognosis in carcinoma of the prostate, judged on the basis of clinical classification into stages and histological grading. On the basis of a retrospective study of 61 cases of carcinoma of the prostate, it is attempted to evaluate the prognosis, either by way of a clinical classification into stages or by histological grading. Both types showed a clear-cut correlation with the prognosis. Collation of the clinical classification into stages and the histological grading of the lesions in 33 patients showed that the two methods represented two unrelated types of classification."}
{"id": "PMID:893014", "title": "Pericardioperitoneal shunt for massive recurrent pericardial effusion in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis.", "content": "Massive recurrent pericardial effusion in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis presents a therapeutic challenge. Repeated pericardiocentesis and creation of a pericardial window is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in these critically ill patients. A new pericardioperitoneal shunt using a Holter valve and Harris catheter has been devised to solve some of these problems.", "contents": "Pericardioperitoneal shunt for massive recurrent pericardial effusion in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. Massive recurrent pericardial effusion in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis presents a therapeutic challenge. Repeated pericardiocentesis and creation of a pericardial window is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in these critically ill patients. A new pericardioperitoneal shunt using a Holter valve and Harris catheter has been devised to solve some of these problems."}
{"id": "PMID:893023", "title": "How is renal carcinoma detected?", "content": "The primary symptoms and signs, indicating urography, in 369 patients with renal carcinoma have been reviewed. Gross haematuria was noted in 33%, signs of malignancy in 20% and in 13% metastases were first diagnosed. In 15% the renal tumor was an incidental finding at urography performed because of prostatism, cystopyelitis, hypertension and prostatic carcinoma. It is concluded that every urography must have such a high quality as to be able to evaluate the entire urinary system in all patients, as a renal carcinoma may be found at urography in any patient above the age of 30 years.", "contents": "How is renal carcinoma detected? The primary symptoms and signs, indicating urography, in 369 patients with renal carcinoma have been reviewed. Gross haematuria was noted in 33%, signs of malignancy in 20% and in 13% metastases were first diagnosed. In 15% the renal tumor was an incidental finding at urography performed because of prostatism, cystopyelitis, hypertension and prostatic carcinoma. It is concluded that every urography must have such a high quality as to be able to evaluate the entire urinary system in all patients, as a renal carcinoma may be found at urography in any patient above the age of 30 years."}
{"id": "PMID:893018", "title": "Pattern of tumors of the male genitalia in Zambia.", "content": "Tumors of the prostate, penis and testis respectively formed 3.5% and 0.5% of all male cancers. These findings are compared with those of various studies and some possible etiologic factors are discussed.", "contents": "Pattern of tumors of the male genitalia in Zambia. Tumors of the prostate, penis and testis respectively formed 3.5% and 0.5% of all male cancers. These findings are compared with those of various studies and some possible etiologic factors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893024", "title": "Unusual extraperitoneal lesion of the pelvis: cloacal cyst with transitional cell carcinoma.", "content": "An unusual cystic tumor of retrovesical space was reported. After puzzling speculation on its histogenesis this extremely rare tumor was concluded to be a cloacal cyst with transitional cell carcinoma. Review of the literature revealed no similar case.", "contents": "Unusual extraperitoneal lesion of the pelvis: cloacal cyst with transitional cell carcinoma. An unusual cystic tumor of retrovesical space was reported. After puzzling speculation on its histogenesis this extremely rare tumor was concluded to be a cloacal cyst with transitional cell carcinoma. Review of the literature revealed no similar case."}
{"id": "PMID:893020", "title": "Pathology of malignant tumors of the nose and throat and their relationship to lymphatic metastasis.", "content": "One hundred cases of malignant tumors of the larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, nose and paranasal sinuses were studied. The hypopharynx was the most frequent site and the most common type of tumor was squamous cell carcinoma. Lymph nodes were palpable in 59% of cases, of which 72.8% showed histological evidence of metastasis. The highest incidence of metastasis was found in nasopharyngeal growths and the lowest in the nose and the sinuses. In laryngeal tumors the site of the tumor was the most important factor influencing regional lymphatic metastasis. The grade of the tumor influenced the lymph node metastasis in the regions of the hypopharynx, tonsil and base of tongue. At other sites the differentiation of the tumor did not seem to have any correlation with the incidence of metastasis.", "contents": "Pathology of malignant tumors of the nose and throat and their relationship to lymphatic metastasis. One hundred cases of malignant tumors of the larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, nose and paranasal sinuses were studied. The hypopharynx was the most frequent site and the most common type of tumor was squamous cell carcinoma. Lymph nodes were palpable in 59% of cases, of which 72.8% showed histological evidence of metastasis. The highest incidence of metastasis was found in nasopharyngeal growths and the lowest in the nose and the sinuses. In laryngeal tumors the site of the tumor was the most important factor influencing regional lymphatic metastasis. The grade of the tumor influenced the lymph node metastasis in the regions of the hypopharynx, tonsil and base of tongue. At other sites the differentiation of the tumor did not seem to have any correlation with the incidence of metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:893025", "title": "Buschke-Loewenstein tumour of the penis.", "content": "Three cases of Buschke-Loewenstein tumour are reported. The clinical features of the process are described, its therapeutic aspects are outlined, the diagnostic problems involved by its microscopic structure are discussed. The features of the first case were typical of the process. The intermediate form between the Buschke-Loewenstein tumour and squamous cell carcinoma was exemplified by the second case. The small size of the tumour in the third case was compatible with an organ-saving surgical intervention.", "contents": "Buschke-Loewenstein tumour of the penis. Three cases of Buschke-Loewenstein tumour are reported. The clinical features of the process are described, its therapeutic aspects are outlined, the diagnostic problems involved by its microscopic structure are discussed. The features of the first case were typical of the process. The intermediate form between the Buschke-Loewenstein tumour and squamous cell carcinoma was exemplified by the second case. The small size of the tumour in the third case was compatible with an organ-saving surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:893026", "title": "The effect of electrophoretic lignocaine blockade in the region of the carotid sinuses on spontaneous and water diuresis.", "content": "The effect of electrophoretic lignocaine blockade in the region of the carotid sinuses on changes in the intensity of spontaneous and water diuresis was investigated on anaesthetized dogs. After the blockade a reduction in spontaneous diuresis was observed and a marked and statistically significant restriction of water diuresis was noted as compared with the control experiments. The reduction in diuresis after the blockade was of a brief duration and did not appear to be related to changes in the intensity of the filtration through the kidneys, which was only slightly lower, but to changes in reabsorption. In all probability, the carotid blockade is connected with a dominance of hormonal effects by elimination of the effect of the nervi vagi, osmoreceptors of the carotid arteries and in particular the chemoreceptors of the carotid body.", "contents": "The effect of electrophoretic lignocaine blockade in the region of the carotid sinuses on spontaneous and water diuresis. The effect of electrophoretic lignocaine blockade in the region of the carotid sinuses on changes in the intensity of spontaneous and water diuresis was investigated on anaesthetized dogs. After the blockade a reduction in spontaneous diuresis was observed and a marked and statistically significant restriction of water diuresis was noted as compared with the control experiments. The reduction in diuresis after the blockade was of a brief duration and did not appear to be related to changes in the intensity of the filtration through the kidneys, which was only slightly lower, but to changes in reabsorption. In all probability, the carotid blockade is connected with a dominance of hormonal effects by elimination of the effect of the nervi vagi, osmoreceptors of the carotid arteries and in particular the chemoreceptors of the carotid body."}
{"id": "PMID:893027", "title": "Hereditary nephritis and the heart.", "content": "Eleven cases of hereditary nephritis were studied for cardiac abnormalities by means of ECG and BCG. With the exception of two cases no significant abnormalities were demonstrable, which indicates that this genetically transmitted process generally leaves the heart unaffected. It is thus to be expected that intermittent haemodialysis, as far as the heart is concerned, will be well tolerated by these patients.", "contents": "Hereditary nephritis and the heart. Eleven cases of hereditary nephritis were studied for cardiac abnormalities by means of ECG and BCG. With the exception of two cases no significant abnormalities were demonstrable, which indicates that this genetically transmitted process generally leaves the heart unaffected. It is thus to be expected that intermittent haemodialysis, as far as the heart is concerned, will be well tolerated by these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:893028", "title": "Role of bilateral nephrectomy in the treatment of renal disease and hypertension.", "content": "The case summaries of 13 patients who were bilaterally nephrectomized for treatment of various renal diseases and hypertension are described. The present concept concerning the role of bilateral nephrectomy in the treatment of renal disease and hypertension is discussed.", "contents": "Role of bilateral nephrectomy in the treatment of renal disease and hypertension. The case summaries of 13 patients who were bilaterally nephrectomized for treatment of various renal diseases and hypertension are described. The present concept concerning the role of bilateral nephrectomy in the treatment of renal disease and hypertension is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893029", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on renal function in anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "The inhibitory action of indomethacin administered as a single-dose injection (4mg/kg) was examined under general anaesthesia in dogs, moderate volume expansion having been induced with physiological saline infusion. At 20 to 30 min after the administration of indomethacin, excretion of Na and water showed a fall of the same extent, GFR remaining stable and the effective plasma flow (CPAH) declining. RBF estimated by the 86Rb method decreased from 411 +/- 96 ml/min/100 g to 292 +/- 53 ml/min/100 g (p less than 0.01). This fall was coupled with an intrarenal redistribution of blood flow. While the cortical fraction of renal blood flow increased from 79% to 83.9% (p less than 0.001), its outer medullary fraction decreased from 17% to 13.2% (p less than 0.001) and its inner medullary fraction from 4.0% to 2.8% (p less than 0.05). The renal, primarily the medullary, vasculature is assumed on these grounds to be under the influence of a continuous secretion of prostaglandins which thus seem to be involved in the physiological control of intrarenal distribution of blood flow and of sodium and water excretion.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on renal function in anaesthetized dogs. The inhibitory action of indomethacin administered as a single-dose injection (4mg/kg) was examined under general anaesthesia in dogs, moderate volume expansion having been induced with physiological saline infusion. At 20 to 30 min after the administration of indomethacin, excretion of Na and water showed a fall of the same extent, GFR remaining stable and the effective plasma flow (CPAH) declining. RBF estimated by the 86Rb method decreased from 411 +/- 96 ml/min/100 g to 292 +/- 53 ml/min/100 g (p less than 0.01). This fall was coupled with an intrarenal redistribution of blood flow. While the cortical fraction of renal blood flow increased from 79% to 83.9% (p less than 0.001), its outer medullary fraction decreased from 17% to 13.2% (p less than 0.001) and its inner medullary fraction from 4.0% to 2.8% (p less than 0.05). The renal, primarily the medullary, vasculature is assumed on these grounds to be under the influence of a continuous secretion of prostaglandins which thus seem to be involved in the physiological control of intrarenal distribution of blood flow and of sodium and water excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:893030", "title": "Mianserin in the prophylactic treatment of bipolar affective illness.", "content": "Mianserin in a dosage of 20 mg 3 times daily, was given to 13 patients with bipolar affective illness, who were previously maintained on lithium. 3 patients left the trial at their own request within a few days due to drowsiness in 2 cases and insomnia in the third. Of the remaining 10 patients, 6 became manic within the 3-month trial period. This result indicates that mianserin may be capable of precipitating mania in susceptible subjects with bipolar affective illness. This may be a general property of antidepressants, since it has been previously described with other groups of antidepressants.", "contents": "Mianserin in the prophylactic treatment of bipolar affective illness. Mianserin in a dosage of 20 mg 3 times daily, was given to 13 patients with bipolar affective illness, who were previously maintained on lithium. 3 patients left the trial at their own request within a few days due to drowsiness in 2 cases and insomnia in the third. Of the remaining 10 patients, 6 became manic within the 3-month trial period. This result indicates that mianserin may be capable of precipitating mania in susceptible subjects with bipolar affective illness. This may be a general property of antidepressants, since it has been previously described with other groups of antidepressants."}
{"id": "PMID:893031", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of corneal wound healing in the rabbit.", "content": "Corneal lesions 7.5 mm. in diameter were made with an ocular trephine in rabbits. The time periods studied were 0, 30 min., and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hr. At the end of the time period, the cornea was flooded with 4% glutaraldehyde, buffered with cacodylate, pH 7.4, and kept moist until removed. It was then fixed for 24 hr. Half of the sample was dehydrated in graded alcohols, critical-point-dried, coated with gold palladium alloy, and viewed in an AMR-1000 scanning electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 20 kv. From 0 to 4 hr. cell trauma, debris, and retraction are seen at the margin of the lesion. From 8 to 24 hr. a significant number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes are present over the total surface but in especially large numbers at the wound margin. At 16 to 24 hr. evidence of cell movement is present. Cells show ruffling membranes a decreased number of microvilli, and a few filopodia along the advancing edge.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of corneal wound healing in the rabbit. Corneal lesions 7.5 mm. in diameter were made with an ocular trephine in rabbits. The time periods studied were 0, 30 min., and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hr. At the end of the time period, the cornea was flooded with 4% glutaraldehyde, buffered with cacodylate, pH 7.4, and kept moist until removed. It was then fixed for 24 hr. Half of the sample was dehydrated in graded alcohols, critical-point-dried, coated with gold palladium alloy, and viewed in an AMR-1000 scanning electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 20 kv. From 0 to 4 hr. cell trauma, debris, and retraction are seen at the margin of the lesion. From 8 to 24 hr. a significant number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes are present over the total surface but in especially large numbers at the wound margin. At 16 to 24 hr. evidence of cell movement is present. Cells show ruffling membranes a decreased number of microvilli, and a few filopodia along the advancing edge."}
{"id": "PMID:893032", "title": "The effects of hibernation on cone visual cells in the ground squirrel.", "content": "The cone visual cells of active, hibernating, and aroused 13-line ground squirrels have been studied by microscopy and autoradiography. Major changes occur throughout the cells during hibernation. The outer segments are shortened, and the diameters of the membranous discs may be reduced. Mitochondria are diminished in size and number, ribosomes are depleted, and the Golgi complex is fragmented into vesicles. Calycal processes are thickened, and synaptic ribbons become aggregated ectopically within the synaptic body. When hibernation is terminated, the cells recover rapidly. First, the basic synthetic machinery (mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi complex) is regenerated,, and then the outer segments are repaired. This process is completed within 1 week. Many of the structural changes observed during hibernation are interpreted as effects of a temporary metabolic imbalance in which degradative mechanisms, including autophagy, are emphasized. In contrast, recovery is achieved by a comparable imbalance in which there is a transient accentuation of formative mechanisms. The recovered cells thereafter maintain a steady state of continuous self-renewal, in which formation and degradation are in balance.", "contents": "The effects of hibernation on cone visual cells in the ground squirrel. The cone visual cells of active, hibernating, and aroused 13-line ground squirrels have been studied by microscopy and autoradiography. Major changes occur throughout the cells during hibernation. The outer segments are shortened, and the diameters of the membranous discs may be reduced. Mitochondria are diminished in size and number, ribosomes are depleted, and the Golgi complex is fragmented into vesicles. Calycal processes are thickened, and synaptic ribbons become aggregated ectopically within the synaptic body. When hibernation is terminated, the cells recover rapidly. First, the basic synthetic machinery (mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi complex) is regenerated,, and then the outer segments are repaired. This process is completed within 1 week. Many of the structural changes observed during hibernation are interpreted as effects of a temporary metabolic imbalance in which degradative mechanisms, including autophagy, are emphasized. In contrast, recovery is achieved by a comparable imbalance in which there is a transient accentuation of formative mechanisms. The recovered cells thereafter maintain a steady state of continuous self-renewal, in which formation and degradation are in balance."}
{"id": "PMID:893033", "title": "Evaluation of an electronic corneal pachometer.", "content": "Sixteen patients who had never worn contact lenses underwent measurement of their central corneal thicknesses with the standard corneal pachometer and a new electronic corneal pachometer. Both instruments were able to produce repeatable and accurate results, although the overall measurements obtained were thicker with the electronic pachometer. The advantage of the electronic pachometer over the standard pachometer is that one is able to easily measure areas other than the central cornea with repeatable accuracy. With the addition of a microcomputer and print-out system, large populations can be studied, and changes in corneal thickness can be recorded on a day-to-day or hour-to-hour basis.", "contents": "Evaluation of an electronic corneal pachometer. Sixteen patients who had never worn contact lenses underwent measurement of their central corneal thicknesses with the standard corneal pachometer and a new electronic corneal pachometer. Both instruments were able to produce repeatable and accurate results, although the overall measurements obtained were thicker with the electronic pachometer. The advantage of the electronic pachometer over the standard pachometer is that one is able to easily measure areas other than the central cornea with repeatable accuracy. With the addition of a microcomputer and print-out system, large populations can be studied, and changes in corneal thickness can be recorded on a day-to-day or hour-to-hour basis."}
{"id": "PMID:893034", "title": "Basophils in vernal conjunctivitis in humans: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "The histopathological changes of vernal conjunctivitis comprise stromal infiltration by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and basophilic leukocytes and epithelial invasion by mast cells and eosinophils. Blood vessels show swelling and death of endothelial cells and increased permeability with associated extravasation of erythrocytes and fibrin. The presence of basophils in ocular tissue has not been reported previously, and their occurrence in conjunction with the other pathological changes enables vernal conjunctivitis to be compared with, and classified as a manifestation of, delayed-type hypersensitivity of the cutaneous basophil type. Thus the mechanism is probably a mixture of both delayed and immediate immunological responses.", "contents": "Basophils in vernal conjunctivitis in humans: an electron microscopic study. The histopathological changes of vernal conjunctivitis comprise stromal infiltration by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and basophilic leukocytes and epithelial invasion by mast cells and eosinophils. Blood vessels show swelling and death of endothelial cells and increased permeability with associated extravasation of erythrocytes and fibrin. The presence of basophils in ocular tissue has not been reported previously, and their occurrence in conjunction with the other pathological changes enables vernal conjunctivitis to be compared with, and classified as a manifestation of, delayed-type hypersensitivity of the cutaneous basophil type. Thus the mechanism is probably a mixture of both delayed and immediate immunological responses."}
{"id": "PMID:893035", "title": "The ultrastructure of human limbal collagen.", "content": "In human limbal tissue from four glaucomatous and four nonglaucomatous eyes, the average collagen fibril diameter in the inner and outer layers was 100.86 and 115.33 nm., respectively. In both layers the fibrils occupied an average of two thirds of the total area The possible implications of this observation in the trabeculectomy procedure are discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of human limbal collagen. In human limbal tissue from four glaucomatous and four nonglaucomatous eyes, the average collagen fibril diameter in the inner and outer layers was 100.86 and 115.33 nm., respectively. In both layers the fibrils occupied an average of two thirds of the total area The possible implications of this observation in the trabeculectomy procedure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893036", "title": "The permeability of the outer layers of limbus and anterior sclera.", "content": "An in vitro study suggests that flow through the scleral flap of a trabeculectomy procedure can significantly increase outflow. It also suggests that this flow may be through vessels in the flap or through the ground substance of the flap.", "contents": "The permeability of the outer layers of limbus and anterior sclera. An in vitro study suggests that flow through the scleral flap of a trabeculectomy procedure can significantly increase outflow. It also suggests that this flow may be through vessels in the flap or through the ground substance of the flap."}
{"id": "PMID:893037", "title": "Histopathological study of canine optic nerve retina treated by organophosphate pesticide.", "content": "The fine structure of pathological changes was examined in the optic nerve and retina of beagle dogs after oral administration by capsule of the organophosphate pesticide ethylthiometon for 2 years. The optic nerve was invariably affected, and the number of myelinated axons markedly reduced. These were substituted for by delicate processes of astrocytes. Changes in the retina were mild and mainly seen in the peripapillary pigment epithelial cells and in the M\u00fcller cells of the peripheral retina. These histopathologic findings indicate that long-term administration of ethylthiometon involved both the optic nerce and selected portions of the retina.", "contents": "Histopathological study of canine optic nerve retina treated by organophosphate pesticide. The fine structure of pathological changes was examined in the optic nerve and retina of beagle dogs after oral administration by capsule of the organophosphate pesticide ethylthiometon for 2 years. The optic nerve was invariably affected, and the number of myelinated axons markedly reduced. These were substituted for by delicate processes of astrocytes. Changes in the retina were mild and mainly seen in the peripapillary pigment epithelial cells and in the M\u00fcller cells of the peripheral retina. These histopathologic findings indicate that long-term administration of ethylthiometon involved both the optic nerce and selected portions of the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:893038", "title": "Biochemical and biophysical properties of hepatitis B core particles derived from Dane particles and infected hepatocytes.", "content": "Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) was purified from Dane particles and from infected hepatocytes. An identical isoelectric pH of 4.0 was determined for labeled preparations of both Dane-derived and liver-derived HBcAg. Unlabeled liver-derived HBcAg demonstrated a lower isoelectric pH of 3.7. Molecular weight determinations by Sepharose 4B column chromatogrpahy revealed that liver-derived HBcAg had a molecular weight of 8.5-9.0 X 10(6) daltons. The sedimentation coeficient of both Dane- and liver-derived HBcAg was found to be 124S. PAGE revealed that iodinated HBcAg derived from Dane particles was very similar in polypeptide structure to HBcAg derived from infected liver tissue. Twelve polypeptides were resolved from Dane core particles, and seven to nine were resolved from liver core particles. Several of the polypeptides in both preparations co-migrated with iodinated hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). However, three polypeptides (mol. wt. 88,000, 79,000 and 59,000) were found in both Dane- and liver-derived HBcAg but not in HBsAg, which suggests that these polypeptides are HBcAg-specific. Endogenous DNA polymerase activity was observed in both Dane- and liver-derived core particles.", "contents": "Biochemical and biophysical properties of hepatitis B core particles derived from Dane particles and infected hepatocytes. Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) was purified from Dane particles and from infected hepatocytes. An identical isoelectric pH of 4.0 was determined for labeled preparations of both Dane-derived and liver-derived HBcAg. Unlabeled liver-derived HBcAg demonstrated a lower isoelectric pH of 3.7. Molecular weight determinations by Sepharose 4B column chromatogrpahy revealed that liver-derived HBcAg had a molecular weight of 8.5-9.0 X 10(6) daltons. The sedimentation coeficient of both Dane- and liver-derived HBcAg was found to be 124S. PAGE revealed that iodinated HBcAg derived from Dane particles was very similar in polypeptide structure to HBcAg derived from infected liver tissue. Twelve polypeptides were resolved from Dane core particles, and seven to nine were resolved from liver core particles. Several of the polypeptides in both preparations co-migrated with iodinated hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). However, three polypeptides (mol. wt. 88,000, 79,000 and 59,000) were found in both Dane- and liver-derived HBcAg but not in HBsAg, which suggests that these polypeptides are HBcAg-specific. Endogenous DNA polymerase activity was observed in both Dane- and liver-derived core particles."}
{"id": "PMID:893092", "title": "[Extracrural manifestation of necrobiosis lipoidica. Isolated involvement of the head].", "content": "Necrobiosis lipoidica confined to the face and scalp is very rare. The clinical diagnosis is complicated by the granuloma anulare like aspect and in particular by the lack of typical localization of the extremities. Histologically prominent granulomatous dermal proliferation and less marked vascular changes can often be found in the involved areas of the scalp and/or in the absence of diabetes mellitus. For the microscopic classification the large variability of necrobiosis lipoidica must be considered. In our case with an exclusive localization in the face and capillitium, diabetes mellitus was excluded. The necrobiotic type of the necrobiosis lipoidica was predominant. The identity between necrobiosis lipoidica with other chronic granulomatous diseases and the possible treatment of this benign but long-term process is briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Extracrural manifestation of necrobiosis lipoidica. Isolated involvement of the head]. Necrobiosis lipoidica confined to the face and scalp is very rare. The clinical diagnosis is complicated by the granuloma anulare like aspect and in particular by the lack of typical localization of the extremities. Histologically prominent granulomatous dermal proliferation and less marked vascular changes can often be found in the involved areas of the scalp and/or in the absence of diabetes mellitus. For the microscopic classification the large variability of necrobiosis lipoidica must be considered. In our case with an exclusive localization in the face and capillitium, diabetes mellitus was excluded. The necrobiotic type of the necrobiosis lipoidica was predominant. The identity between necrobiosis lipoidica with other chronic granulomatous diseases and the possible treatment of this benign but long-term process is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893093", "title": "[Pathomorphology and therapy of hemorrhoids].", "content": "The newest investigations about the morphology and pathomorphology of the corpus cavernosum recti are given. The importance of the m. canalis ani and of the hitherto unknown transsphincteric course of the blood reflux from the arterially supplied corpus cavernosum for the pathogenesis of the hemorrhoidal disease as the adequate therapy are delineated.", "contents": "[Pathomorphology and therapy of hemorrhoids]. The newest investigations about the morphology and pathomorphology of the corpus cavernosum recti are given. The importance of the m. canalis ani and of the hitherto unknown transsphincteric course of the blood reflux from the arterially supplied corpus cavernosum for the pathogenesis of the hemorrhoidal disease as the adequate therapy are delineated."}
{"id": "PMID:893094", "title": "[Granuloma multiforme].", "content": "A case of granuloma multiforme is reported. Granuloma multiforme has been seen so far only in blacks from Nigeria or East Africa. The disease does not affect children and adolescents. Common sites of infection are arms, chest, back, neck, and head. The differential diagnosis is tuberculoid leprosy and granuloma anulare. Granuloma multiforme also shows similarity to that of granuloma anulare or, if more of a tuberculoid nature, to that of sarcoidosis or that of granulomatosis disciformis chronica et progressiva Miescher. The etiology of granuloma multiforme is unknown. It may respond to intralesional corticosteroid therapy or show involution following a diagnostic biopsy. In the reported case response to intralesional corticosteroid suspension and topical application of dimethyldiphenylendisulfide was very satisfactory.", "contents": "[Granuloma multiforme]. A case of granuloma multiforme is reported. Granuloma multiforme has been seen so far only in blacks from Nigeria or East Africa. The disease does not affect children and adolescents. Common sites of infection are arms, chest, back, neck, and head. The differential diagnosis is tuberculoid leprosy and granuloma anulare. Granuloma multiforme also shows similarity to that of granuloma anulare or, if more of a tuberculoid nature, to that of sarcoidosis or that of granulomatosis disciformis chronica et progressiva Miescher. The etiology of granuloma multiforme is unknown. It may respond to intralesional corticosteroid therapy or show involution following a diagnostic biopsy. In the reported case response to intralesional corticosteroid suspension and topical application of dimethyldiphenylendisulfide was very satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:893113", "title": "Forces and issues in the revival of interest in self-care: impetus for redirection in health.", "content": "Most health and medical care is provided by families and individuals to themselves. Self-care has become a salient public issue because of the emergence of chronic diseases as leading causes of death and disability; a new awareness of the limitations of conventional medical care; and social changes which emphasize greater personal control. Challenges arise in definition of professional roles in relation to organized self-care efforts, economic implications, and development of appropriate social policies. A negative potential exists for exploitation by interests which would limit movements for more equitable and higher quality health services, but should not obscure the positive potential for a strengthened partnership in health between the lay and professional worlds.", "contents": "Forces and issues in the revival of interest in self-care: impetus for redirection in health. Most health and medical care is provided by families and individuals to themselves. Self-care has become a salient public issue because of the emergence of chronic diseases as leading causes of death and disability; a new awareness of the limitations of conventional medical care; and social changes which emphasize greater personal control. Challenges arise in definition of professional roles in relation to organized self-care efforts, economic implications, and development of appropriate social policies. A negative potential exists for exploitation by interests which would limit movements for more equitable and higher quality health services, but should not obscure the positive potential for a strengthened partnership in health between the lay and professional worlds."}
{"id": "PMID:893114", "title": "Self-care in urban settings.", "content": "A variety of indicators favors the development of self-care systems for inner-city populations. This cannot be conceived as an isolated individual or a family enterprise. To be effective, self-care must be a community concept. This type of system requires (1) an information base; (2)an organized method of dissemination in a community; (3) support structures; and (4) an evaluation sybsystem. A community-oriented system would be an alternative and a complement to formal health services; individuals and families would manage common health problems, but would have ready access to formal services through community organizations. Links must also be provided between personal self-care and other forms of community development.", "contents": "Self-care in urban settings. A variety of indicators favors the development of self-care systems for inner-city populations. This cannot be conceived as an isolated individual or a family enterprise. To be effective, self-care must be a community concept. This type of system requires (1) an information base; (2)an organized method of dissemination in a community; (3) support structures; and (4) an evaluation sybsystem. A community-oriented system would be an alternative and a complement to formal health services; individuals and families would manage common health problems, but would have ready access to formal services through community organizations. Links must also be provided between personal self-care and other forms of community development."}
{"id": "PMID:893115", "title": "Family and self-help education in isolated rural communities.", "content": "Family and self-help education courses were developed to promote better personal health through more appropriate utilization of health services in underserved rural areas. Instructional target areas were health problems of young children and the elderly and emergency situations. Objectives and evaluation criteria were formulated after consultation with representatives of participating communities and expert advisors. Community advisory committees were identified or created to supervise program development and implementation. Local instructors were utilized and developed specific course content. An evaluation of one course showed that knowledge and decision-making skills significantly improved for participants.", "contents": "Family and self-help education in isolated rural communities. Family and self-help education courses were developed to promote better personal health through more appropriate utilization of health services in underserved rural areas. Instructional target areas were health problems of young children and the elderly and emergency situations. Objectives and evaluation criteria were formulated after consultation with representatives of participating communities and expert advisors. Community advisory committees were identified or created to supervise program development and implementation. Local instructors were utilized and developed specific course content. An evaluation of one course showed that knowledge and decision-making skills significantly improved for participants."}
{"id": "PMID:893126", "title": "The cyanogen bromide and maleyl peptides of the alpha and beta chains of human hemoglobin.", "content": "Procedures are described for the preparation of cyanogen bromide and maleyl peptides of the alpha and beta chains of human hemoglobin. These relatively large peptides have facilitated application of automated sequencing techniques to determine mutations in the primary structure of abnormal hemoglobins.", "contents": "The cyanogen bromide and maleyl peptides of the alpha and beta chains of human hemoglobin. Procedures are described for the preparation of cyanogen bromide and maleyl peptides of the alpha and beta chains of human hemoglobin. These relatively large peptides have facilitated application of automated sequencing techniques to determine mutations in the primary structure of abnormal hemoglobins."}
{"id": "PMID:893127", "title": "Hemoglobin Pyrgos (beta83 Gly replaced by Asp) in a Japanese family.", "content": "A screening survey for abnormal hemoglobins at a hospital in Mizunami city, Gifu prefecture, Japan detected a fast-moving variant of hemoglobin in a family of Japanese origin. The abnormal hemoglobin constitutes about 45 percent of the total hemoglobin from the propositus and another carrier in the family, but neither of these persons had anemia, jaundice, cyanosis or splenomegaly. Structural analysis of this hemoglobin revealed that the amino acid substitution was at residue 83 in the beta chain, where a glycine was replaced by an aspartic acid. This hemoglobin variant has been previously reported in a Greek child (hemoglobin Pyrgos) (1). Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin Pyrgos was found to be normal.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Pyrgos (beta83 Gly replaced by Asp) in a Japanese family. A screening survey for abnormal hemoglobins at a hospital in Mizunami city, Gifu prefecture, Japan detected a fast-moving variant of hemoglobin in a family of Japanese origin. The abnormal hemoglobin constitutes about 45 percent of the total hemoglobin from the propositus and another carrier in the family, but neither of these persons had anemia, jaundice, cyanosis or splenomegaly. Structural analysis of this hemoglobin revealed that the amino acid substitution was at residue 83 in the beta chain, where a glycine was replaced by an aspartic acid. This hemoglobin variant has been previously reported in a Greek child (hemoglobin Pyrgos) (1). Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin Pyrgos was found to be normal."}
{"id": "PMID:893128", "title": "Hemoglobin F Koelliker (alpha2 minus 141 (HC 3) Arg gamma2); a modification of fetal hemoglobin.", "content": "An electrophoretically HbA-like hemoglobin component is produced in increasing amounts during storage in hemolysate preparations from macerated tissue (liver, kidney, spleen) of fetuses. Within twenty four hours after hemolysate preparation the \"fast moving\" fraction increases up to 40 per cent of total hemoglobin, while the concentration of HbA remains constant (5 - 7%) in hemolysates obtained from peripheral blood of the same donor individuals. By structural studies (fingerprint and aminoacid analysis) the HbA-like component was identified as an artefact of HbF, characterized by the absence of the C-terminal arginine of the alpha chains. From experimental data it is concluded, that the break down product results from a digestion of HbF by carboxypeptidase B, the enzyme being released from the macerated tissues. Analogous to a modification of HbA, i.e. Hb Koelliker (alpha2 minus 141 Arg beta2), the structure of the degradation product of HbF is alpha2 minus 141 Arg gamma2 (HbF Koelliker).", "contents": "Hemoglobin F Koelliker (alpha2 minus 141 (HC 3) Arg gamma2); a modification of fetal hemoglobin. An electrophoretically HbA-like hemoglobin component is produced in increasing amounts during storage in hemolysate preparations from macerated tissue (liver, kidney, spleen) of fetuses. Within twenty four hours after hemolysate preparation the \"fast moving\" fraction increases up to 40 per cent of total hemoglobin, while the concentration of HbA remains constant (5 - 7%) in hemolysates obtained from peripheral blood of the same donor individuals. By structural studies (fingerprint and aminoacid analysis) the HbA-like component was identified as an artefact of HbF, characterized by the absence of the C-terminal arginine of the alpha chains. From experimental data it is concluded, that the break down product results from a digestion of HbF by carboxypeptidase B, the enzyme being released from the macerated tissues. Analogous to a modification of HbA, i.e. Hb Koelliker (alpha2 minus 141 Arg beta2), the structure of the degradation product of HbF is alpha2 minus 141 Arg gamma2 (HbF Koelliker)."}
{"id": "PMID:893138", "title": "On the birth of an infant with sickle cell anemia.", "content": "This is the first report in the English literature of the birth of an obligate SS infant whose parents both had sickle cell anemia. The young adult SS parents of this infant and their families did not wish to prevent the birth of this child but had, in fact, many positive reasons to continue the pregnancy to term even in the face of the increased personal risk of pregnancy for this mother. This unusual circumstance initiated a re-appraisal of the realistic expectations with respect to reproduction in patients with homozygous recessive genetic disorders. No definitive studies could be found which attempted to evaluate the influence of genetic counseling on reproductive behavior in patients with sickle cell anemia. The questions raised about the 'right to reproduce' and the realistic aims of genetic counseling in adult homozygote patients have been discussed. However, no conclusions seem warranted because of the paucity of available information.", "contents": "On the birth of an infant with sickle cell anemia. This is the first report in the English literature of the birth of an obligate SS infant whose parents both had sickle cell anemia. The young adult SS parents of this infant and their families did not wish to prevent the birth of this child but had, in fact, many positive reasons to continue the pregnancy to term even in the face of the increased personal risk of pregnancy for this mother. This unusual circumstance initiated a re-appraisal of the realistic expectations with respect to reproduction in patients with homozygous recessive genetic disorders. No definitive studies could be found which attempted to evaluate the influence of genetic counseling on reproductive behavior in patients with sickle cell anemia. The questions raised about the 'right to reproduce' and the realistic aims of genetic counseling in adult homozygote patients have been discussed. However, no conclusions seem warranted because of the paucity of available information."}
{"id": "PMID:893139", "title": "Hemoglobin Arlington Park. A new hemoglobin variant with two amino acid substitutions in the beta chain.", "content": "Hemoglobin Arlington Park was detected accidentally as result of the use of a hemolysate which contained hemoglobin with normal electrophoretic mobility as a control for peptide mapping. Peptide maps of this hemolysate revealed 3 new peptides resulting from 2 amino acid substitutions to give to new variant with the composition (beta6 Glu replaced by Lys, 95 Lys replaced by Glu).", "contents": "Hemoglobin Arlington Park. A new hemoglobin variant with two amino acid substitutions in the beta chain. Hemoglobin Arlington Park was detected accidentally as result of the use of a hemolysate which contained hemoglobin with normal electrophoretic mobility as a control for peptide mapping. Peptide maps of this hemolysate revealed 3 new peptides resulting from 2 amino acid substitutions to give to new variant with the composition (beta6 Glu replaced by Lys, 95 Lys replaced by Glu)."}
{"id": "PMID:893140", "title": "Structure in relation to behavior of mutant hemoglobins in citrate agar electrophoresis.", "content": "The comparative mobilities, in citrate agar electrophoresis, of 91 mutant hemoglobins are presented in relation to their molecular structure and in some cases, to their mobilities in other types of electrophoresis. More than a third of the alpha chain mutants (11 of the 27 examined) and half of the beta chain mutants (29 of 55) differ to some extent from Hb A. The helical location of the substituted residue is an important determinant of hemoglobin mobility, which is also affected by a complex interplay of other factors. When the data are combined with those of several other types of electrophoresis, they often provide presumptive (or in some cases highly specific) identifications of mutant hemoglobins and hemoglobinopathies.", "contents": "Structure in relation to behavior of mutant hemoglobins in citrate agar electrophoresis. The comparative mobilities, in citrate agar electrophoresis, of 91 mutant hemoglobins are presented in relation to their molecular structure and in some cases, to their mobilities in other types of electrophoresis. More than a third of the alpha chain mutants (11 of the 27 examined) and half of the beta chain mutants (29 of 55) differ to some extent from Hb A. The helical location of the substituted residue is an important determinant of hemoglobin mobility, which is also affected by a complex interplay of other factors. When the data are combined with those of several other types of electrophoresis, they often provide presumptive (or in some cases highly specific) identifications of mutant hemoglobins and hemoglobinopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:893141", "title": "Hemoglobin Karatsu: beta 120 (GH 3) lysine leads to asparagine, an example of HB Riyadh in Japan.", "content": "Hemoglobin Karatsu was discovered in a Japanese male during a random survey of patients. Fingerprints of aminoethylated beta chain revealed an abnormal beta Tp12B-13 spot. Further chemical analyses and comparison with the corresponding tryptic peptide from Hb Hijiyama demonstrated an identical amino acid substitution with Hb Riyadh.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Karatsu: beta 120 (GH 3) lysine leads to asparagine, an example of HB Riyadh in Japan. Hemoglobin Karatsu was discovered in a Japanese male during a random survey of patients. Fingerprints of aminoethylated beta chain revealed an abnormal beta Tp12B-13 spot. Further chemical analyses and comparison with the corresponding tryptic peptide from Hb Hijiyama demonstrated an identical amino acid substitution with Hb Riyadh."}
{"id": "PMID:893142", "title": "Hemoglobin Mizuho or beta 68 (E 12) leucine leads to proline, a new unstable variant associated with severe hemolytic anemia.", "content": "A hitherto undescribed, unstable hemoglobin was discovered in a four-year-old Japanese girl with relatively severe hemolytic anemia requiring monthly blood transfusion. Although no abnormal hemoglobin was detectable by electrophoresis at pH 8.6 and 7.0, heat denaturation and isopropanol tests gave positive results. Chemical analyses of the heat labile hemoglobin have demonstrated an amino acid substitution of a prolyl for the leucyl residue at the beta 68th (E 12) position.  Remarkable clinical improvement was observed after splenectomy.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Mizuho or beta 68 (E 12) leucine leads to proline, a new unstable variant associated with severe hemolytic anemia. A hitherto undescribed, unstable hemoglobin was discovered in a four-year-old Japanese girl with relatively severe hemolytic anemia requiring monthly blood transfusion. Although no abnormal hemoglobin was detectable by electrophoresis at pH 8.6 and 7.0, heat denaturation and isopropanol tests gave positive results. Chemical analyses of the heat labile hemoglobin have demonstrated an amino acid substitution of a prolyl for the leucyl residue at the beta 68th (E 12) position.  Remarkable clinical improvement was observed after splenectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:893143", "title": "Properties of the double substituted hemoglobin C Ziguinchor alpha2A beta 2 6 Glu replaced by Val 58 Pro replaced by Arg.", "content": "We have previously described the structural identification of the sickle hemoglobin variant Hb C Ziguinchor (alpha2A beta2 6 Glu replaced by Val, 58 Pro replaced by Arg). This hemoglobin was found in two generations (three members) of an African family. In two family members, the clinical picture resembled that typical of a sickle cell trait, while the third member showed a more extreme clinical condition due to complication by an iron deficiency anemia. The functional properties of Hb C Zig. in red blood cells or in dilute solutions were identical to those of Hb S. The gelling behaviour of deoxy Hb C Zig. was also indistinguishable from that of Hb S. These findings suggest that, in contrast to the case of Hb C Harlem, the second substitution in position beta58 in Hb C Zig. does not interfere with the intermolecular interactions determined by the sickle substitution.", "contents": "Properties of the double substituted hemoglobin C Ziguinchor alpha2A beta 2 6 Glu replaced by Val 58 Pro replaced by Arg. We have previously described the structural identification of the sickle hemoglobin variant Hb C Ziguinchor (alpha2A beta2 6 Glu replaced by Val, 58 Pro replaced by Arg). This hemoglobin was found in two generations (three members) of an African family. In two family members, the clinical picture resembled that typical of a sickle cell trait, while the third member showed a more extreme clinical condition due to complication by an iron deficiency anemia. The functional properties of Hb C Zig. in red blood cells or in dilute solutions were identical to those of Hb S. The gelling behaviour of deoxy Hb C Zig. was also indistinguishable from that of Hb S. These findings suggest that, in contrast to the case of Hb C Harlem, the second substitution in position beta58 in Hb C Zig. does not interfere with the intermolecular interactions determined by the sickle substitution."}
{"id": "PMID:893144", "title": "The histochemistry of galactose residues of complex carbohydrates as studied by peroxidase-labeled Ricinus communis agglutinin.", "content": "A peroxidase-labeled Ricinus communis agglutinin diaminobenzidine (PO-RCA-DAB) procedure has been utilized to determine the light microscopic localization of galactose residues of complex carbohydrates in a variety of tissues from different vertebrate species. In the same tissues, the localization of mannose and glucose residues was studied by means of a concanavalin A peroxidase diaminobenzidine (Con A-PO-DAB) procedure for comparison. The distribution pattern of galactose residues was found to be in distinct contrast with that of mannose and glucose residues in connective and epithelial tissues such as those involved in the umbilical cord, cartilage, aorta, comb, thyroid gland, submaxillary gland, duodenum, jejunum, colon and gill of various vertebrates. The results of the present study indicate that the PO-RCA-DAB procedure is useful in providing a means of dividing periodic acid-Schiff reactive neutral complex carbohydrates into subgroups in comparison with the intensity of their Con A-PO-DAB reaction in the histochemistry of complex carbohydrates.", "contents": "The histochemistry of galactose residues of complex carbohydrates as studied by peroxidase-labeled Ricinus communis agglutinin. A peroxidase-labeled Ricinus communis agglutinin diaminobenzidine (PO-RCA-DAB) procedure has been utilized to determine the light microscopic localization of galactose residues of complex carbohydrates in a variety of tissues from different vertebrate species. In the same tissues, the localization of mannose and glucose residues was studied by means of a concanavalin A peroxidase diaminobenzidine (Con A-PO-DAB) procedure for comparison. The distribution pattern of galactose residues was found to be in distinct contrast with that of mannose and glucose residues in connective and epithelial tissues such as those involved in the umbilical cord, cartilage, aorta, comb, thyroid gland, submaxillary gland, duodenum, jejunum, colon and gill of various vertebrates. The results of the present study indicate that the PO-RCA-DAB procedure is useful in providing a means of dividing periodic acid-Schiff reactive neutral complex carbohydrates into subgroups in comparison with the intensity of their Con A-PO-DAB reaction in the histochemistry of complex carbohydrates."}
{"id": "PMID:893145", "title": "[Cytochemical study of intestinal endocrine cells in rabbit fetuses during in vitro induced degeneration and differentiation (author's transl)].", "content": "Ontogenic differentiation of intestinal serotonin cells of 22 days old rabbit fetuses were studied in vitro. After 3 days of organotypic cultivation in solid medium, a great part of epithelial cells became necrotic and were eliminated into the lumen while a first flattened, then cubo\u00efdal, then prismatic new growed epithelium in which FIF indicated some serotonin cells was present. Comparison of pictures obtained on the same slide by different methods was used in order to estimate correspondances between amine storage, argentaffin, argyrophilic and reductive properties. A new phase in serotonin cell differentiation was readily distinguished since young cells successively yeilded FIF, later argyrophilia, later argentaffinity. These datas, at variance with that occurs in vivo where FIF and argyrophilia appeared simultaneously, give a new criteria for differential mechanism studies, disprove the theory of an amine induced argyrophilia and enhance the hypothesis of a hyaloplasmic amine storage in very young cells.", "contents": "[Cytochemical study of intestinal endocrine cells in rabbit fetuses during in vitro induced degeneration and differentiation (author's transl)]. Ontogenic differentiation of intestinal serotonin cells of 22 days old rabbit fetuses were studied in vitro. After 3 days of organotypic cultivation in solid medium, a great part of epithelial cells became necrotic and were eliminated into the lumen while a first flattened, then cubo\u00efdal, then prismatic new growed epithelium in which FIF indicated some serotonin cells was present. Comparison of pictures obtained on the same slide by different methods was used in order to estimate correspondances between amine storage, argentaffin, argyrophilic and reductive properties. A new phase in serotonin cell differentiation was readily distinguished since young cells successively yeilded FIF, later argyrophilia, later argentaffinity. These datas, at variance with that occurs in vivo where FIF and argyrophilia appeared simultaneously, give a new criteria for differential mechanism studies, disprove the theory of an amine induced argyrophilia and enhance the hypothesis of a hyaloplasmic amine storage in very young cells."}
{"id": "PMID:893146", "title": "An ultrastructural study of osmiophilia in normal human oesophageal epithelium.", "content": "Oesophageal biopsies were obtained from patients with normal oesophagi during fibre-optic endoscopy for upper gastro-intestinal symptoms. They were studied with the prolonged osmication technique. The forming face of the Golgi apparatus was demonstrated in the basal and lower prickle cells. These cells also showed osmium deposition in their mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, perinuclear cisternae and lysosomes. The capillary endothelial cells also showed osmium deposition in their Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of osmiophilia in normal human oesophageal epithelium. Oesophageal biopsies were obtained from patients with normal oesophagi during fibre-optic endoscopy for upper gastro-intestinal symptoms. They were studied with the prolonged osmication technique. The forming face of the Golgi apparatus was demonstrated in the basal and lower prickle cells. These cells also showed osmium deposition in their mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, perinuclear cisternae and lysosomes. The capillary endothelial cells also showed osmium deposition in their Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:893148", "title": "[Direct laryngotracheobraonchoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The place of direct laryngotracheobronchoscopy since its introduction 80 years ago, and the necessary anaesthetic methods, lighting systems, magnification and recent use of flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopes are discussed and appraised. Its further development is dependent upon that of modern optical instruments, whilst the basic principles of its use diagnostically and therapeutically remain little changed.", "contents": "[Direct laryngotracheobraonchoscopy (author's transl)]. The place of direct laryngotracheobronchoscopy since its introduction 80 years ago, and the necessary anaesthetic methods, lighting systems, magnification and recent use of flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopes are discussed and appraised. Its further development is dependent upon that of modern optical instruments, whilst the basic principles of its use diagnostically and therapeutically remain little changed."}
{"id": "PMID:893149", "title": "[The painflu stiff shoulder following radical neck dissection (author's transl)].", "content": "72 patients following radical neck dissection were studied. The accessory nerve was sacrificed in 60 patients and preserved in the remaining patients (for a control group). The most important clinical findings in all patients are reported. Most patients with loss of the accessory nerve complained more of postoperative pain and limitation of shoulder movement than of other clinical difficulties or cosmetic defects.", "contents": "[The painflu stiff shoulder following radical neck dissection (author's transl)]. 72 patients following radical neck dissection were studied. The accessory nerve was sacrificed in 60 patients and preserved in the remaining patients (for a control group). The most important clinical findings in all patients are reported. Most patients with loss of the accessory nerve complained more of postoperative pain and limitation of shoulder movement than of other clinical difficulties or cosmetic defects."}
{"id": "PMID:893150", "title": "[A contribution on the manifestations of wegener's granulomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "To facilitate the clinical understanding of Wegener's granulomatosis, the morphological changes involved are discussed. Such changes may be found in the entire respiratory tract or may be limited to either the upper or the lower respiratory tract with varying severity. When confronted with the nasopharyngeal course of the disease, the ENT specialist should realize that nasal and pulmonary variants can coexist. Classifications such as Granuloma gangraenescens, lethal midline granuloma or midline granuloma stress localized processes and fail to associate possible pulmonary involvement or manifestation in other organs. Such descriptions are therefore unsuitable for an understanding of the disease.", "contents": "[A contribution on the manifestations of wegener's granulomatosis (author's transl)]. To facilitate the clinical understanding of Wegener's granulomatosis, the morphological changes involved are discussed. Such changes may be found in the entire respiratory tract or may be limited to either the upper or the lower respiratory tract with varying severity. When confronted with the nasopharyngeal course of the disease, the ENT specialist should realize that nasal and pulmonary variants can coexist. Classifications such as Granuloma gangraenescens, lethal midline granuloma or midline granuloma stress localized processes and fail to associate possible pulmonary involvement or manifestation in other organs. Such descriptions are therefore unsuitable for an understanding of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:893151", "title": "[An index for paresis and defective healing--an easily applied method for objectively determining therapeutic results in facial paresis (author's transl)].", "content": "Residuals of facial paralysis consist of a great variety of cosmetic and functional anomalies which differ in quality and/or quantity. An internationally standardized evaluation of such defects is mandatory for the assessment of the results of different therapeutic procedures. In the present study, a system has been developed to record the results of facial paralysis following therapy. Such a system does not require specialized training, instrumentation or require significant time for completion. A clearly-defined \"Yes-No\" evaluation criteria is established which creates a high interscorer reliability. The usefulness of this scoring system was tested by three examiners on 42 patients following facial nerve surgery, with an obtained interscorer reliability of 93%.", "contents": "[An index for paresis and defective healing--an easily applied method for objectively determining therapeutic results in facial paresis (author's transl)]. Residuals of facial paralysis consist of a great variety of cosmetic and functional anomalies which differ in quality and/or quantity. An internationally standardized evaluation of such defects is mandatory for the assessment of the results of different therapeutic procedures. In the present study, a system has been developed to record the results of facial paralysis following therapy. Such a system does not require specialized training, instrumentation or require significant time for completion. A clearly-defined \"Yes-No\" evaluation criteria is established which creates a high interscorer reliability. The usefulness of this scoring system was tested by three examiners on 42 patients following facial nerve surgery, with an obtained interscorer reliability of 93%."}
{"id": "PMID:893152", "title": "[The diagnostic value of the Stepping Test of Unterberger (author's transl)].", "content": "Of the vestibulo-spinal reactions, the \"stepping test\" is considered to be the most important, especially for unilateral peripheral vestibular disturbances. Electronystagmography was performed on seven patients after transtemporal neurectomy of the vestibular nerve, 17 patients with a nearly compensated vesitbular defect after vestibular neuronitis, and seven patients after suboccipital removal of acoustic neuromas. These results were then compared to the spontaneous stepping test. The test could not be performed on six of the seven patients with the operated acoustic neuroma, and on three other patients. The test was positive in only ten of the other 22 patients. It was incorrect in five patients and equivocal in seven. A reliable spontaneous vestibulo-spinal reaction with nearly compensated peripheral vestibular defects could not be determined during the present study.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of the Stepping Test of Unterberger (author's transl)]. Of the vestibulo-spinal reactions, the \"stepping test\" is considered to be the most important, especially for unilateral peripheral vestibular disturbances. Electronystagmography was performed on seven patients after transtemporal neurectomy of the vestibular nerve, 17 patients with a nearly compensated vesitbular defect after vestibular neuronitis, and seven patients after suboccipital removal of acoustic neuromas. These results were then compared to the spontaneous stepping test. The test could not be performed on six of the seven patients with the operated acoustic neuroma, and on three other patients. The test was positive in only ten of the other 22 patients. It was incorrect in five patients and equivocal in seven. A reliable spontaneous vestibulo-spinal reaction with nearly compensated peripheral vestibular defects could not be determined during the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:893153", "title": "[Laryngeal mucosal changes experimentally produced by endogenous and exogenous factors in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimentally an attempt was made to demonstrate the effects of exogenous factors on the hormonally altered laryngeal mucosa of mice. Albany mice were divided into 4 groups of 8. In the first group of males, testosterone was injected daily; in the second group of males, no testosterone was given; in the third group of females with previously removed ovaries, testosterone was given daily; and, in the fourth group of females, no testosterone was given. All 4 groups were exposed to cigarette smoke for one hour daily for six weeks. Histopathological examination of the mucosa showed that the larynx can be considered a \"target\" organ for male hormones and that exogenous factors produce changes that lead to malignancy.", "contents": "[Laryngeal mucosal changes experimentally produced by endogenous and exogenous factors in mice (author's transl)]. Experimentally an attempt was made to demonstrate the effects of exogenous factors on the hormonally altered laryngeal mucosa of mice. Albany mice were divided into 4 groups of 8. In the first group of males, testosterone was injected daily; in the second group of males, no testosterone was given; in the third group of females with previously removed ovaries, testosterone was given daily; and, in the fourth group of females, no testosterone was given. All 4 groups were exposed to cigarette smoke for one hour daily for six weeks. Histopathological examination of the mucosa showed that the larynx can be considered a \"target\" organ for male hormones and that exogenous factors produce changes that lead to malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:893154", "title": "[Facial palsy in benign tumours of the parotid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "Facial paralysis caused by benign parotid gland disease in 2 patients is reported. In one patient there was an acute parotid inflammation and a parotid cyst, to the medial wall of which the facial nerve was adherent. In the other patient the paralysis was assumed due to the toxic effects of a necrotizing lymph node, which was adherent to the nerve.", "contents": "[Facial palsy in benign tumours of the parotid gland (author's transl)]. Facial paralysis caused by benign parotid gland disease in 2 patients is reported. In one patient there was an acute parotid inflammation and a parotid cyst, to the medial wall of which the facial nerve was adherent. In the other patient the paralysis was assumed due to the toxic effects of a necrotizing lymph node, which was adherent to the nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:893158", "title": "[Chiropractic management of the cervical syndrome in oto-rhino-laryngology (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathogenesis of the cervical syndrome as seen in the speciality of Oto-rhino-laryngology is explained, and the possibility for its successful treatment through chiropractic medicine is described.", "contents": "[Chiropractic management of the cervical syndrome in oto-rhino-laryngology (author's transl)]. The pathogenesis of the cervical syndrome as seen in the speciality of Oto-rhino-laryngology is explained, and the possibility for its successful treatment through chiropractic medicine is described."}
{"id": "PMID:893159", "title": "[Transconioscopy of the larynx--10 years' experience (author's transl)].", "content": "Transconioscopy is an additional aid to the diagnosis, localization and functional consequences of laryngeal lesions. This endoscopic examination is especially relevant to management. The technique is described and the findings in a large number of cases are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Transconioscopy of the larynx--10 years' experience (author's transl)]. Transconioscopy is an additional aid to the diagnosis, localization and functional consequences of laryngeal lesions. This endoscopic examination is especially relevant to management. The technique is described and the findings in a large number of cases are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:893160", "title": "[Endoscopic surgery in bilateral vocal cord paralysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The surgical treatments of bilateral vocal cord paralysis are briefly described, and the various endoscopic excisions of the arytenoid are presented. For this latter surgery careful preoperative assessment is necessary. Problems related to the optimal time for surgery and to the surgical technique itself are discussed.", "contents": "[Endoscopic surgery in bilateral vocal cord paralysis (author's transl)]. The surgical treatments of bilateral vocal cord paralysis are briefly described, and the various endoscopic excisions of the arytenoid are presented. For this latter surgery careful preoperative assessment is necessary. Problems related to the optimal time for surgery and to the surgical technique itself are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893161", "title": "[A new surgical orientation to the internal auditory canal (author's transl)].", "content": "The transtemporal extradural approach to the internal auditory canal is made easier by use of certain definite landmarks. These, which are novel, can be demonstrated with the use of a newly developed instrument that is attached to the dura retractor.", "contents": "[A new surgical orientation to the internal auditory canal (author's transl)]. The transtemporal extradural approach to the internal auditory canal is made easier by use of certain definite landmarks. These, which are novel, can be demonstrated with the use of a newly developed instrument that is attached to the dura retractor."}
{"id": "PMID:893162", "title": "[Applied phoniatry. VI. The dysarthria and aphasia syndromes as a result of cranial nerve palsies (author's transl)].", "content": "Dysarthria and aphasia represent primary symptoms of cerebral nerve dysfunction, and may particularly involve the facial and the hypoglossal nerves. In order for management to be effective, careful examination of the muscular functions of the oral cavity is required, with particular emphasis placed on the movements of the tongue and velum. Such evaluation, which utilizes both neuropsychologic and linguistic determinations, permit an accurate differentiation of the possible causes of aphasia to be made. During the evaluation, both verbal and non-verbal responses by the patient are included for proper diagnosis and therapy. Of great value in obtaining an accurate differential diagnosis is the exclusion of disturbances of hearing or buccofacial apraxia.", "contents": "[Applied phoniatry. VI. The dysarthria and aphasia syndromes as a result of cranial nerve palsies (author's transl)]. Dysarthria and aphasia represent primary symptoms of cerebral nerve dysfunction, and may particularly involve the facial and the hypoglossal nerves. In order for management to be effective, careful examination of the muscular functions of the oral cavity is required, with particular emphasis placed on the movements of the tongue and velum. Such evaluation, which utilizes both neuropsychologic and linguistic determinations, permit an accurate differentiation of the possible causes of aphasia to be made. During the evaluation, both verbal and non-verbal responses by the patient are included for proper diagnosis and therapy. Of great value in obtaining an accurate differential diagnosis is the exclusion of disturbances of hearing or buccofacial apraxia."}
{"id": "PMID:893163", "title": "[Psychological tasks in phoniatry (author's transl)].", "content": "Multidiscipline roles in diagnostics and therapy of speech and voice disorders of childhood are practised by the otorhinolaryngologist, the psychologist and the logopedist. The psychologist in the phoniatric practise had additional tasks which include preparing the patient for the examination, consultation and prevention. As a contribution to the differential diagnosis, psychological examination of a patient's intelligence and the level of his learned vocabulary are necessary. The psychodiagnostics of cerebral dysfunctions are of great importance and are discussed in depth in studying language disorders of childhood.", "contents": "[Psychological tasks in phoniatry (author's transl)]. Multidiscipline roles in diagnostics and therapy of speech and voice disorders of childhood are practised by the otorhinolaryngologist, the psychologist and the logopedist. The psychologist in the phoniatric practise had additional tasks which include preparing the patient for the examination, consultation and prevention. As a contribution to the differential diagnosis, psychological examination of a patient's intelligence and the level of his learned vocabulary are necessary. The psychodiagnostics of cerebral dysfunctions are of great importance and are discussed in depth in studying language disorders of childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:893164", "title": "[Deafness after oral poliomyelitis vaccination--case report and review].", "content": "The occurrence of deafness following oral poliomyelitis vaccination is reported. Recognition of the harmful effects of vaccination and the assessment of these are discussed and reviewed. Reference is also made to the legal implications of such cases.", "contents": "[Deafness after oral poliomyelitis vaccination--case report and review]. The occurrence of deafness following oral poliomyelitis vaccination is reported. Recognition of the harmful effects of vaccination and the assessment of these are discussed and reviewed. Reference is also made to the legal implications of such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:893187", "title": "Acoustic reflex threshold and loudness discomfort level: relationships in children with profound hearing losses.", "content": "Acoustic reflex thresholds (ART) and loudness discomfort levels (LDL) were obtained from 51 ears of 34 deaf children using broad band noise and pure tones. Both thresholds and levels were recorded using the psychophysical method of tracking. Results indicate that the relationship between ART and LDL is at variance with similar data for normal hearing individuals. Specifically, in over 39% of these deaf children LDL was obtained at a lower intensity than ART. Implications for hearing aid fitting with deaf children are discussed.", "contents": "Acoustic reflex threshold and loudness discomfort level: relationships in children with profound hearing losses. Acoustic reflex thresholds (ART) and loudness discomfort levels (LDL) were obtained from 51 ears of 34 deaf children using broad band noise and pure tones. Both thresholds and levels were recorded using the psychophysical method of tracking. Results indicate that the relationship between ART and LDL is at variance with similar data for normal hearing individuals. Specifically, in over 39% of these deaf children LDL was obtained at a lower intensity than ART. Implications for hearing aid fitting with deaf children are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893188", "title": "Protocol for evaluation of the effect of hearing aid electroacoustic parameters on perception of amplified speech.", "content": "A protocol for the evaluation of the effects of changes in hearing aid electroacoustic parameters was developed and evaluated. The protocol called for the creation of a matrix with as many dimensions as there are parameters to be evaluated. The protocol also called for each dimension to have as many divisions as there are possible variations of a parameter. The cell entries in the matrix were the listener speech discrimination scores in noise. It was found that one cell within the matrix always uniquely contained the highest listener speech discrimination score. It was concluded that use of such a protocol would allow the establishment of the precise electroacoustic settings of a master hearing aid which would result in best speech understanding for the listener.", "contents": "Protocol for evaluation of the effect of hearing aid electroacoustic parameters on perception of amplified speech. A protocol for the evaluation of the effects of changes in hearing aid electroacoustic parameters was developed and evaluated. The protocol called for the creation of a matrix with as many dimensions as there are parameters to be evaluated. The protocol also called for each dimension to have as many divisions as there are possible variations of a parameter. The cell entries in the matrix were the listener speech discrimination scores in noise. It was found that one cell within the matrix always uniquely contained the highest listener speech discrimination score. It was concluded that use of such a protocol would allow the establishment of the precise electroacoustic settings of a master hearing aid which would result in best speech understanding for the listener."}
{"id": "PMID:893191", "title": "Training severely hearing-impaired children in the discrimination of the voiced-voiceless distinction.", "content": "Six severely hearing-impaired children who were initially unable to set voiced-voiceless boundaries at voice onset times between 20 and 40 msec in the discrimination of speech were trained to do so by means of a structured auditory training program. An additional tactile cue, gradually withdrawn over four training steps, was used to signal presence of voicing (voice onset times 20 msec or less) during the initial phases of training. Half of the subjects were trained only with the bilabial stops /b-p/ and the remainder with the bilabial, alveolar, and velar stops /b-p/, /d-t/, and /g-k/. Although only syllables containing the vowel /a/ were used in training, all subjects generalized to syllables containing the vowels /u/ and /i/ and some subjects generalized to stop-initiated words. Implications for structured auditory training procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Training severely hearing-impaired children in the discrimination of the voiced-voiceless distinction. Six severely hearing-impaired children who were initially unable to set voiced-voiceless boundaries at voice onset times between 20 and 40 msec in the discrimination of speech were trained to do so by means of a structured auditory training program. An additional tactile cue, gradually withdrawn over four training steps, was used to signal presence of voicing (voice onset times 20 msec or less) during the initial phases of training. Half of the subjects were trained only with the bilabial stops /b-p/ and the remainder with the bilabial, alveolar, and velar stops /b-p/, /d-t/, and /g-k/. Although only syllables containing the vowel /a/ were used in training, all subjects generalized to syllables containing the vowels /u/ and /i/ and some subjects generalized to stop-initiated words. Implications for structured auditory training procedures are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893193", "title": "Effect of age on clinical hearing aid evaluation results.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of clinical hearing aid evaluation data was done to examine the aided and unaided speech discrimination ability in quiet and in noise across five age categories. The subjects, ranging in age from 30 to 90 years, 20 in each decade, were matched for degree and slope of sensorineural hearing loss. There were no statistically significant differences in aided or unaided speech discrimination scores in quiet or in noise among the different age groups. Phonetically balanced word list scores in noise showed significantly greater improvement than those obtain in quiet.", "contents": "Effect of age on clinical hearing aid evaluation results. A retrospective analysis of clinical hearing aid evaluation data was done to examine the aided and unaided speech discrimination ability in quiet and in noise across five age categories. The subjects, ranging in age from 30 to 90 years, 20 in each decade, were matched for degree and slope of sensorineural hearing loss. There were no statistically significant differences in aided or unaided speech discrimination scores in quiet or in noise among the different age groups. Phonetically balanced word list scores in noise showed significantly greater improvement than those obtain in quiet."}
{"id": "PMID:893195", "title": "Performance of normal-hearing listeners on the time-compressed modified rhyme test.", "content": "This study sought to evaluate word discrimination performance of normal-hearing listeners on a time-compressed version of the modified rhyme test. Six lists (A-F) of the modified rhyme test were presented to 60 young normal-hearing adults at 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70% time-compression ratios. Results were consistent with earlier findings for the Northwestern University Auditory Test no. 6 and demonstrated that word discrimination decreased as a function of increasing percentage of time compression. Differences among the six lists were found to exist at high levels of time alteration.", "contents": "Performance of normal-hearing listeners on the time-compressed modified rhyme test. This study sought to evaluate word discrimination performance of normal-hearing listeners on a time-compressed version of the modified rhyme test. Six lists (A-F) of the modified rhyme test were presented to 60 young normal-hearing adults at 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70% time-compression ratios. Results were consistent with earlier findings for the Northwestern University Auditory Test no. 6 and demonstrated that word discrimination decreased as a function of increasing percentage of time compression. Differences among the six lists were found to exist at high levels of time alteration."}
{"id": "PMID:893189", "title": "Effects of intense continuous- and impact-type noise on pupil size and visual acuity.", "content": "The data obtained from these studies suggest that continuous noise at high levels will produce an increase in arousal, as indicated by pupil size, and that there is a tendency toward adaptation. At lower noise levels the effect is, at most, transitory. This papillary change does not appear to mediate a change in visual acuity. Impact noise such as that used here does not appear to produce reproducible changes in pupil size or visual acuity. For the noise conditions used here, concern for nonauditory sensory effects seems to be unwarranted.", "contents": "Effects of intense continuous- and impact-type noise on pupil size and visual acuity. The data obtained from these studies suggest that continuous noise at high levels will produce an increase in arousal, as indicated by pupil size, and that there is a tendency toward adaptation. At lower noise levels the effect is, at most, transitory. This papillary change does not appear to mediate a change in visual acuity. Impact noise such as that used here does not appear to produce reproducible changes in pupil size or visual acuity. For the noise conditions used here, concern for nonauditory sensory effects seems to be unwarranted."}
{"id": "PMID:893196", "title": "Comparison of tympanometry and otoscopy in establishing pass/fail referral criteria.", "content": "Impedance tests, pure tone screening, and pneumatic otoscopy were performed on two groups of children. For the second group, two physicians, one an otolaryngologist and the other a pediatrician, performed the otoscopic examination. Agreement between tympanometry and otoscopy was not influenced by the presence or absence of acoustic reflexes or passing or failing the pure tone screening, but did depend on the criteria used in classifying the tympanograms. Tympanograms classified as having significant negative pressure were those showing the poorest agreement between tympanometry and otoscopy. Between examiners, agreement in otoscopic findings was generally poor. Results are discussed as they apply to establishing pass/fail criteria for screening with impedance.", "contents": "Comparison of tympanometry and otoscopy in establishing pass/fail referral criteria. Impedance tests, pure tone screening, and pneumatic otoscopy were performed on two groups of children. For the second group, two physicians, one an otolaryngologist and the other a pediatrician, performed the otoscopic examination. Agreement between tympanometry and otoscopy was not influenced by the presence or absence of acoustic reflexes or passing or failing the pure tone screening, but did depend on the criteria used in classifying the tympanograms. Tympanograms classified as having significant negative pressure were those showing the poorest agreement between tympanometry and otoscopy. Between examiners, agreement in otoscopic findings was generally poor. Results are discussed as they apply to establishing pass/fail criteria for screening with impedance."}
{"id": "PMID:893192", "title": "The manual LOT test.", "content": "This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of a manual variation of the lengthened off-time (LOT)-B\u00e9k\u00e9sy test. The procedure requires that the audiologist vary the attenuator of an audiometer while the signal paradigms of the LOT test are delivered to the patient. Ten nonorganic hearing loss subjects were tested using the automatic LOT test and the manual LOT test. Results were equivalent to the automatic test lending support for the new procedure. The technique can be used with most wide-range audiometers without the additional expense of an automatic recording device.", "contents": "The manual LOT test. This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of a manual variation of the lengthened off-time (LOT)-B\u00e9k\u00e9sy test. The procedure requires that the audiologist vary the attenuator of an audiometer while the signal paradigms of the LOT test are delivered to the patient. Ten nonorganic hearing loss subjects were tested using the automatic LOT test and the manual LOT test. Results were equivalent to the automatic test lending support for the new procedure. The technique can be used with most wide-range audiometers without the additional expense of an automatic recording device."}
{"id": "PMID:893197", "title": "Spectral changes produced by earphone-cushion reproduction of hearing aid-processed signals.", "content": "This investigation was conducted to assess the extent to which hearing aid-processed signals present an acoustic signal to the subject which has a frequency response equivalent to that which the hearing aid itself would have provided. The frequency response of a hearing aid receiver which was coupled directly to the ear canal (\"aided\" condition) was compared with the frequency response of the same receiver when its output was recorded on magnetic tape and then presented to the subject via a TDH-49 earphone (\"pseudoaided\" condition). Results indicated that when the earphone was mounted in an MX-41/AR cushion or either of two circumaural cushions, the spectrum of the sound arriving at the subject's eardrum in the pseudoaided condition was substantially different from the spectrum delivered in the aided condition.", "contents": "Spectral changes produced by earphone-cushion reproduction of hearing aid-processed signals. This investigation was conducted to assess the extent to which hearing aid-processed signals present an acoustic signal to the subject which has a frequency response equivalent to that which the hearing aid itself would have provided. The frequency response of a hearing aid receiver which was coupled directly to the ear canal (\"aided\" condition) was compared with the frequency response of the same receiver when its output was recorded on magnetic tape and then presented to the subject via a TDH-49 earphone (\"pseudoaided\" condition). Results indicated that when the earphone was mounted in an MX-41/AR cushion or either of two circumaural cushions, the spectrum of the sound arriving at the subject's eardrum in the pseudoaided condition was substantially different from the spectrum delivered in the aided condition."}
{"id": "PMID:893199", "title": "Time-compressed speech discrimination in children and its relationship to articulation.", "content": "The Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification (WIPI) Test of Speech Discrimination was time compressed at 0, 30, and 60% and administered to 48 normal-hearing children. The children, all between the ages of 5 years, 6 months and six years, 7 months of age, were equally divided into three groups on the basis of articulation ability. Significant effects were found for test groups and levels of time compression, with differences increasing as time compression increased. The implication is that children with multiple articulation errors demonstrate a developmental lag in the ability to process time-compressed speech. Time-compressed speech may be a useful tool in the study of auditory perception in children.", "contents": "Time-compressed speech discrimination in children and its relationship to articulation. The Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification (WIPI) Test of Speech Discrimination was time compressed at 0, 30, and 60% and administered to 48 normal-hearing children. The children, all between the ages of 5 years, 6 months and six years, 7 months of age, were equally divided into three groups on the basis of articulation ability. Significant effects were found for test groups and levels of time compression, with differences increasing as time compression increased. The implication is that children with multiple articulation errors demonstrate a developmental lag in the ability to process time-compressed speech. Time-compressed speech may be a useful tool in the study of auditory perception in children."}
{"id": "PMID:893194", "title": "Effects of listener sophistication on respiration audiometry.", "content": "Thirty normal-hearing college-age adults were tested by standard and respiration audiometry (RA) at 1000 Hz to investigate the effects of subject knowledge of the RA procedure. Three levels of sophistication were employed: (1) no knowledge, (2) full knowledge, and (3) deception. No significant effects on RA thresholds were revealed as a function of subject knowledge. RA itself was found to be less satisfactory as a means of measuring auditory threshold because of the difficulty in obtaining responses from some subjects and the degree of subjectivity required to judge responses.", "contents": "Effects of listener sophistication on respiration audiometry. Thirty normal-hearing college-age adults were tested by standard and respiration audiometry (RA) at 1000 Hz to investigate the effects of subject knowledge of the RA procedure. Three levels of sophistication were employed: (1) no knowledge, (2) full knowledge, and (3) deception. No significant effects on RA thresholds were revealed as a function of subject knowledge. RA itself was found to be less satisfactory as a means of measuring auditory threshold because of the difficulty in obtaining responses from some subjects and the degree of subjectivity required to judge responses."}
{"id": "PMID:893198", "title": "Dutch audiology.", "content": "In the Netherlands audiological care is given at different stages. An attempt is made to screen the hearing of all Dutch babies between the ages of 8 and 12 months. At the age of 4 or over, general audiological care is given by the school medical service; referral is first to a family doctor, who may refer to an otolaryngologist. Curative medical care (examination and therapy) is the province of the family doctor and the otolaryngologist. Otolaryngologists and pediatricians can refer patients to one of 19 Audiological Centers distributed around the country, where a number of workers in different disciplines cooperate for habilitation and rehabilitation. These may include an otolaryngologist in charge, a psychologist, a speech and hearing therapist, an audiologist (usually a physicist or university-trained engineer), social worker, technician, ortho-pedagogue, audiology assistant, and teacher. There are at the moment 25 schools for the hard of hearing and 5 institutes for the deaf. These are often found in conjunction with Audiological Centers, the latter providing paramedical assistance to the pupils by agreement. Finally, the Dutch Organization for Preventive Medicine works to prevent hearing loss in noisy industries.", "contents": "Dutch audiology. In the Netherlands audiological care is given at different stages. An attempt is made to screen the hearing of all Dutch babies between the ages of 8 and 12 months. At the age of 4 or over, general audiological care is given by the school medical service; referral is first to a family doctor, who may refer to an otolaryngologist. Curative medical care (examination and therapy) is the province of the family doctor and the otolaryngologist. Otolaryngologists and pediatricians can refer patients to one of 19 Audiological Centers distributed around the country, where a number of workers in different disciplines cooperate for habilitation and rehabilitation. These may include an otolaryngologist in charge, a psychologist, a speech and hearing therapist, an audiologist (usually a physicist or university-trained engineer), social worker, technician, ortho-pedagogue, audiology assistant, and teacher. There are at the moment 25 schools for the hard of hearing and 5 institutes for the deaf. These are often found in conjunction with Audiological Centers, the latter providing paramedical assistance to the pupils by agreement. Finally, the Dutch Organization for Preventive Medicine works to prevent hearing loss in noisy industries."}
{"id": "PMID:893206", "title": "Conjunctivorhinostomy: a surgical method for the control of epiphora in the dog and cat.", "content": "Conjunctivorhinostomy, a surgical technique for the control of epiphora, was developed for use in the dog and cat. The method was performed 32 times in 21 animals, with varying degrees of success. It was concluded that the technique has potential as an effective procedure.", "contents": "Conjunctivorhinostomy: a surgical method for the control of epiphora in the dog and cat. Conjunctivorhinostomy, a surgical technique for the control of epiphora, was developed for use in the dog and cat. The method was performed 32 times in 21 animals, with varying degrees of success. It was concluded that the technique has potential as an effective procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:893201", "title": "Recall and repetition of time-compressed sentential approximations by normal-hearing young adults.", "content": "This study investigated the performance of a group of normal young adults on time-compressed five-word first-order sentential approximation. The results supported the contention that intelligibility decreased as a function of increasing time compression and decreasing presentation level. The findings are discussed with regard to the perceptual strategies employed for the recall of these stimuli, and the stimuli's potential clinical utility for assessing auditory processing abilities of both children and adults.", "contents": "Recall and repetition of time-compressed sentential approximations by normal-hearing young adults. This study investigated the performance of a group of normal young adults on time-compressed five-word first-order sentential approximation. The results supported the contention that intelligibility decreased as a function of increasing time compression and decreasing presentation level. The findings are discussed with regard to the perceptual strategies employed for the recall of these stimuli, and the stimuli's potential clinical utility for assessing auditory processing abilities of both children and adults."}
{"id": "PMID:893207", "title": "Effects of blood contamination on cerebrospinal fluid analysis.", "content": "Data were obtained from 190 cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from both clinically normal and diseased dogs, cats, cows, and horses. Red blood cells, indicating blood contamination, were identified in 115 samples. White blood cells were a rare finding in normal animals. Blood contamination appeared to have little effect on white blood cell numbers even though, in several samples, thousands of red blood cells were identified. An accepted formula to correct for blood contamination was found to be an unreliable method to determine \"uncontaminated\" values for white blood cells, total protein, or creatine phosphokinase.", "contents": "Effects of blood contamination on cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Data were obtained from 190 cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from both clinically normal and diseased dogs, cats, cows, and horses. Red blood cells, indicating blood contamination, were identified in 115 samples. White blood cells were a rare finding in normal animals. Blood contamination appeared to have little effect on white blood cell numbers even though, in several samples, thousands of red blood cells were identified. An accepted formula to correct for blood contamination was found to be an unreliable method to determine \"uncontaminated\" values for white blood cells, total protein, or creatine phosphokinase."}
{"id": "PMID:893200", "title": "Synthetic sentence identification as a function of the age of the listener.", "content": "Synthetic sentences with ipsilateral competing message (SSI-ICM) were presented to 40 normal-hearing listeners in four distinct age ranges at five message-to-competition ratios (MCR). Children, ages 10-12 years and adults ages 20-29, 40-49, and over 60 years were presented SSI-ICM at MCR's of 20, 0, -10, -20, and -30 dB. Discrimination scores decreased with increasing MCR for all groups. Discrimination scores demonstrated a curvilin-ear function with a maximum in the 20-29 age group. The age effect was most pronounced for the more difficult MCR's. The results are discussed relative to the clinical use of the SSI-ICM and the implications for clinical speech discrimination testing in general.", "contents": "Synthetic sentence identification as a function of the age of the listener. Synthetic sentences with ipsilateral competing message (SSI-ICM) were presented to 40 normal-hearing listeners in four distinct age ranges at five message-to-competition ratios (MCR). Children, ages 10-12 years and adults ages 20-29, 40-49, and over 60 years were presented SSI-ICM at MCR's of 20, 0, -10, -20, and -30 dB. Discrimination scores decreased with increasing MCR for all groups. Discrimination scores demonstrated a curvilin-ear function with a maximum in the 20-29 age group. The age effect was most pronounced for the more difficult MCR's. The results are discussed relative to the clinical use of the SSI-ICM and the implications for clinical speech discrimination testing in general."}
{"id": "PMID:893209", "title": "Prevalence of seropositive reactions to Brucella canis in a limited survey of domestic cats.", "content": "The prevalence of Brucella canis agglutinins was determined in 170 cats (114 from animal shelters in California and 56 from an animal hospital in Texas). Seropositive reactions in the cats from animal shelters were 5.3, 11.4, and 0%, respectively, the the rapid slide agglutination test, salt 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test, salt 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test, and brucellosis card test. For hospitalized cats, the respective percentages were 7.1, 8.9, and 0%. One (0.9%) of 114 cats from the animal shelters and 5 (8.9%) of 56 hospitalized cats were seropositive by the salt 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test at titers greater than or equal to 1:200. Isolation of bacteria was not attempted; thus, the findings of this study may need cautious interpretation.", "contents": "Prevalence of seropositive reactions to Brucella canis in a limited survey of domestic cats. The prevalence of Brucella canis agglutinins was determined in 170 cats (114 from animal shelters in California and 56 from an animal hospital in Texas). Seropositive reactions in the cats from animal shelters were 5.3, 11.4, and 0%, respectively, the the rapid slide agglutination test, salt 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test, salt 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test, and brucellosis card test. For hospitalized cats, the respective percentages were 7.1, 8.9, and 0%. One (0.9%) of 114 cats from the animal shelters and 5 (8.9%) of 56 hospitalized cats were seropositive by the salt 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test at titers greater than or equal to 1:200. Isolation of bacteria was not attempted; thus, the findings of this study may need cautious interpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:893203", "title": "Filter effect of earmold venting: comparison of electroacoustic and psychoacoustic methods of evaluation.", "content": "The filter effect of venting an earmold was evaluated by measuring the coupler-acoustic and threshold responses to open versus closed earmolds. In the coupler-acoustic technique the effect of venting was determined by measuring the output of the experimental earmolds seated on a modified 2-cc coupler with a specified signal impressed upon the earphone. The real ear threshold technique called for the determination of threshold by five listeners for the same earphone-earmold system. The data indicated that the difference between the coupler and threshold measures were of the same order of magnitude as the difference seen by other investigators reporting coupler and real ear-probe tube microphone measures. It was concluded that the threshold technique provides the same general description of the effects of venting an earmold as does the probe tube technique and should thus provide a useful method for determination of the filter effects produced by the venting of an earmold.", "contents": "Filter effect of earmold venting: comparison of electroacoustic and psychoacoustic methods of evaluation. The filter effect of venting an earmold was evaluated by measuring the coupler-acoustic and threshold responses to open versus closed earmolds. In the coupler-acoustic technique the effect of venting was determined by measuring the output of the experimental earmolds seated on a modified 2-cc coupler with a specified signal impressed upon the earphone. The real ear threshold technique called for the determination of threshold by five listeners for the same earphone-earmold system. The data indicated that the difference between the coupler and threshold measures were of the same order of magnitude as the difference seen by other investigators reporting coupler and real ear-probe tube microphone measures. It was concluded that the threshold technique provides the same general description of the effects of venting an earmold as does the probe tube technique and should thus provide a useful method for determination of the filter effects produced by the venting of an earmold."}
{"id": "PMID:893210", "title": "Evaluation of a carbamate-impregnated flea and tick collar for dogs.", "content": "To acquire information regarding the potential hazard of pesticide-impregnated collars to dogs, 13 male Beagles were allotted to 2 groups; 8 of the dogs were fitted wtih propoxur-impregnated tick and flea collars and the other 5 were fitted with placebo collars. All dogs wore their collars for 42 consecutive days. The dogs wearing test collars had significant (P less than 0.01) depression of erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase activities at day 1 after collar application; however, the enzyme activity values returned to the preexposure range within 3 days. Miosis, with decreased pupillary response, was noticed during the 1st week of exposure. Irritation of the skin of the neck was mild and transient in both the test and control groups from the 2nd week onward.", "contents": "Evaluation of a carbamate-impregnated flea and tick collar for dogs. To acquire information regarding the potential hazard of pesticide-impregnated collars to dogs, 13 male Beagles were allotted to 2 groups; 8 of the dogs were fitted wtih propoxur-impregnated tick and flea collars and the other 5 were fitted with placebo collars. All dogs wore their collars for 42 consecutive days. The dogs wearing test collars had significant (P less than 0.01) depression of erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase activities at day 1 after collar application; however, the enzyme activity values returned to the preexposure range within 3 days. Miosis, with decreased pupillary response, was noticed during the 1st week of exposure. Irritation of the skin of the neck was mild and transient in both the test and control groups from the 2nd week onward."}
{"id": "PMID:893202", "title": "Variability of the ear advantage in dichotic listening.", "content": "Thirteen listeners received eight dichotic-listening trials. Each trial consisted of 30 pairs of consonant-vowel nonsense syllables spoken by a male talker. The average percentage ear advantage varied by no more than 0.6% over four two-trial blocks, but the test-retest correlation coefficient between the first and second two-trial blocks was only +0.66. The same data, plotted in cumulative percentage form, were distributed approximately as a normal curve with a mean right ear advantage of 6.1%, but with a standard deviation of 17.0%. As a result, 33% of the 104 trials yielded a left ear advantage. The variability in percentage of ear advantage was relatively similar for all listeners, independent of the size or direction of the average ear advantage.", "contents": "Variability of the ear advantage in dichotic listening. Thirteen listeners received eight dichotic-listening trials. Each trial consisted of 30 pairs of consonant-vowel nonsense syllables spoken by a male talker. The average percentage ear advantage varied by no more than 0.6% over four two-trial blocks, but the test-retest correlation coefficient between the first and second two-trial blocks was only +0.66. The same data, plotted in cumulative percentage form, were distributed approximately as a normal curve with a mean right ear advantage of 6.1%, but with a standard deviation of 17.0%. As a result, 33% of the 104 trials yielded a left ear advantage. The variability in percentage of ear advantage was relatively similar for all listeners, independent of the size or direction of the average ear advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:893217", "title": "Adverse reactions to drugs in a veterinary hospital.", "content": "In a one-year period (July 1, 1975, through June 30, 1976), 130 cases of suspected adverse drug reactions were reviewed in the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, Ca. Sixty-six of these cases had sufficient evidence to link the reaction to the medication administered. Most of the reactions were attributed to anti-infective agents (antibiotics and parasiticides) and to anesthetics and related drugs. In 28 (42.4%) of the cases, uncomplicated recovery occurred without supportive medication. Four animals (6.1%) died as a direct result of adverse drug reactions. It was concluded that a higher degree of adverse drug reaction awareness is needed in the veterinary profession to enable the accumulation of meaningful data.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to drugs in a veterinary hospital. In a one-year period (July 1, 1975, through June 30, 1976), 130 cases of suspected adverse drug reactions were reviewed in the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, Ca. Sixty-six of these cases had sufficient evidence to link the reaction to the medication administered. Most of the reactions were attributed to anti-infective agents (antibiotics and parasiticides) and to anesthetics and related drugs. In 28 (42.4%) of the cases, uncomplicated recovery occurred without supportive medication. Four animals (6.1%) died as a direct result of adverse drug reactions. It was concluded that a higher degree of adverse drug reaction awareness is needed in the veterinary profession to enable the accumulation of meaningful data."}
{"id": "PMID:893218", "title": "Evaluation of two microhematocrit methods for quantitating plasma fibrinogen.", "content": "Blood samples from several animal species, including man, were used to compare 2 heat-precipitation assays (Millar et al and Schalm et al) with a reference assay (Ratnoff-Menzie) for quantitating plasma fibrinogen. Compared with the Ratnoff-Menzie assay, the heat-precipitation methods significantly underestimated plasma fibrinogen content. The reproducibility of the Millar et al assay was significantly better than that of the Schalm et al assay and approached that of the Ratnoff-Menzie method. The Millar et al assay, a practical test not requiring specialized equipment, is recommended for clinical use in animals.", "contents": "Evaluation of two microhematocrit methods for quantitating plasma fibrinogen. Blood samples from several animal species, including man, were used to compare 2 heat-precipitation assays (Millar et al and Schalm et al) with a reference assay (Ratnoff-Menzie) for quantitating plasma fibrinogen. Compared with the Ratnoff-Menzie assay, the heat-precipitation methods significantly underestimated plasma fibrinogen content. The reproducibility of the Millar et al assay was significantly better than that of the Schalm et al assay and approached that of the Ratnoff-Menzie method. The Millar et al assay, a practical test not requiring specialized equipment, is recommended for clinical use in animals."}
{"id": "PMID:893219", "title": "Dystrophic myodegeneration in adult horses.", "content": "Five horses with histories of colic developed signs of myocardial failure and skeletal muscle disease. Necropsy revealed pale areas in the cervical, pectoral, pelvic, and cardiac musculature; histologically, the lesions were indicative of dystrophic myodegeneration. Serum vitamin E concentrations were normal in 2 of the horses but serum selenium concentrations were normal in 2 of the horses, but serum selenium concentrations were low when compared with values obtained from clinically normal horses.", "contents": "Dystrophic myodegeneration in adult horses. Five horses with histories of colic developed signs of myocardial failure and skeletal muscle disease. Necropsy revealed pale areas in the cervical, pectoral, pelvic, and cardiac musculature; histologically, the lesions were indicative of dystrophic myodegeneration. Serum vitamin E concentrations were normal in 2 of the horses but serum selenium concentrations were normal in 2 of the horses, but serum selenium concentrations were low when compared with values obtained from clinically normal horses."}
{"id": "PMID:893222", "title": "Antibacterial sensitivity patterns of bacteria isolated from dogs with otitis externa.", "content": "From January, 1973, to December, 1975, the most prevalent microorganisms isolated from ear swab specimens taken from 323 dogs with otitis externa were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus spp. Comparison of the antibiograms of these isolants to those reported from England in 1961 and from the United States in 1970 suggested emergence of a greater proportion of bacterial strains with resistance to antibacterial agents commonly used to treat otitis externa of dogs.", "contents": "Antibacterial sensitivity patterns of bacteria isolated from dogs with otitis externa. From January, 1973, to December, 1975, the most prevalent microorganisms isolated from ear swab specimens taken from 323 dogs with otitis externa were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus spp. Comparison of the antibiograms of these isolants to those reported from England in 1961 and from the United States in 1970 suggested emergence of a greater proportion of bacterial strains with resistance to antibacterial agents commonly used to treat otitis externa of dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:893223", "title": "Blood pressure measurement in the dog.", "content": "An indirect method of blood pressure measurement was evaluated in 169 dogs, including 114 that were hospitalized because of a variety of diseases, 10 clinically normal dogs presented for neutering, and 45 privately owned, clinically normal dogs. Measurements correlated well with values obtained by simultaneous direct arterial puncture. Normotension was considered to be 130 to 180 mm of Hg, systolic, and 60 to 95 mm of Hg, diastolic. As a group, 20 dogs with advanced renal disease had significant (P less than 0.001) hypertension, compared with the groups of clinically normal dogs. Of 94 dogs with a variety of diseases exclusive of renal disease, 10 had hypertension and 2 had hypotension.", "contents": "Blood pressure measurement in the dog. An indirect method of blood pressure measurement was evaluated in 169 dogs, including 114 that were hospitalized because of a variety of diseases, 10 clinically normal dogs presented for neutering, and 45 privately owned, clinically normal dogs. Measurements correlated well with values obtained by simultaneous direct arterial puncture. Normotension was considered to be 130 to 180 mm of Hg, systolic, and 60 to 95 mm of Hg, diastolic. As a group, 20 dogs with advanced renal disease had significant (P less than 0.001) hypertension, compared with the groups of clinically normal dogs. Of 94 dogs with a variety of diseases exclusive of renal disease, 10 had hypertension and 2 had hypotension."}
{"id": "PMID:893224", "title": "Fortimicins A and B, new aminoglycoside antibiotics. I. Producing organism, fermentation and biological properties of fortimicins.", "content": "A culture of Micromonospora species MK-70 was found to produce two new antibiotics, fortimicins A and B. Antibacterial and paper chromatographic data on an eluate from IRC-50 treatment of fermentation beers indicated that fortimicins A and B are new antibiotics with broad-spectrum, basic and water-soluble properties. Fortimicin A exhibited potent, unique, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and negative bacteria both in vitro and in vivo, while fortimicin B was only weakly active.", "contents": "Fortimicins A and B, new aminoglycoside antibiotics. I. Producing organism, fermentation and biological properties of fortimicins. A culture of Micromonospora species MK-70 was found to produce two new antibiotics, fortimicins A and B. Antibacterial and paper chromatographic data on an eluate from IRC-50 treatment of fermentation beers indicated that fortimicins A and B are new antibiotics with broad-spectrum, basic and water-soluble properties. Fortimicin A exhibited potent, unique, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and negative bacteria both in vitro and in vivo, while fortimicin B was only weakly active."}
{"id": "PMID:893225", "title": "Fortimicins A and B, new aminoglycoside antibiotics. III. Structural identification.", "content": "The structures of fortimicins A and B have been determined by PMR, CMR, mass spectra and CD combined with chemical degradations. Both antibiotics are pseudodisaccharides and incorporate a novel aminocyclitol, fortamine. In contrast to the diaminocyclitol moieties of known aminoglycosides, fortamine is a 1,4-diamine, contains both N- and O-methyl groups and possesses chiro stereochemistry. Both antibiotics are glycosides of 6-epi-purpurosamine B, but fortimicin A differs from fortimicin B by being a glycyl amide.", "contents": "Fortimicins A and B, new aminoglycoside antibiotics. III. Structural identification. The structures of fortimicins A and B have been determined by PMR, CMR, mass spectra and CD combined with chemical degradations. Both antibiotics are pseudodisaccharides and incorporate a novel aminocyclitol, fortamine. In contrast to the diaminocyclitol moieties of known aminoglycosides, fortamine is a 1,4-diamine, contains both N- and O-methyl groups and possesses chiro stereochemistry. Both antibiotics are glycosides of 6-epi-purpurosamine B, but fortimicin A differs from fortimicin B by being a glycyl amide."}
{"id": "PMID:893226", "title": "BL-S786, a new parenteral cephalosporin. I. A collaborative in vitro susceptibility comparison to cephalothin against 5,762 clinical bacterial isolates.", "content": "The in vitro activity of Compound BL-S786 was compared with that of cephalothin against 5,762 clinical isolates by the microdilution broth method. BL-S786 demonstrated a broader spectrum and a significantly lower MIC against the Enterobacteriaceae. Although greater susceptibility to BL-S786 than to cephalothin was exhibited by Serratia marcescens, Proteus morganii and Proteus vulgaris, these three species were generally resistant to both drugs. By contrast, the staphylococci were significantly more susceptible to cephalothin than to BL-S786. Resistance to both drugs was demonstrated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonads, enterococci and Bacteroides fragilis.", "contents": "BL-S786, a new parenteral cephalosporin. I. A collaborative in vitro susceptibility comparison to cephalothin against 5,762 clinical bacterial isolates. The in vitro activity of Compound BL-S786 was compared with that of cephalothin against 5,762 clinical isolates by the microdilution broth method. BL-S786 demonstrated a broader spectrum and a significantly lower MIC against the Enterobacteriaceae. Although greater susceptibility to BL-S786 than to cephalothin was exhibited by Serratia marcescens, Proteus morganii and Proteus vulgaris, these three species were generally resistant to both drugs. By contrast, the staphylococci were significantly more susceptible to cephalothin than to BL-S786. Resistance to both drugs was demonstrated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonads, enterococci and Bacteroides fragilis."}
{"id": "PMID:893227", "title": "BL-S786, a new parenteral cephalosporin. II. In vitro antimicrobial activity comparison with six related cephalosporins.", "content": "BL-S786 was compared by in vitro studies with 6 other parenteral cephalosporins (cefamandole, cefazolin, cefoxitin, cephaloridine, cephalothin and cephradine). The following parameters were assessed: Comparative MICs against a wide variety of bacterial isolates, MIC/MBC comparisons and the effect of inoculum size on the MIC. BL-S786 showed the greatest antimicrobial activity against K. pneumoniae, C. diversus and Salmonella species; was equal to cefamandole against E. coli, E. agglomerans and P. mirabilis; and was second to cefamandole against Shigella, E. tarda, C. freundii, E. cloacae, E. aerogenes and the pathogenic Neisseriae. Essentially no activity against Serratia and Pseudomonas species was observed. Compared to the other cephalosporins tested BL-S786 showed poor activity against staphylococci and streptococci. For most species tested, the MBC of the various cephalosporins was the same or within one dilution of their respective MICs. However, for Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus species, the MBC of BL-S786 and cefamandole was usually larger than or equal to 8-fold higher than the MICs. Cefoxitin, on the other hand, showed little MIC/MBC variations against indole-positive Proteus species. Inoculum size had only a small effect on the MICs against most gram-negative species--in some instances greater than 64-fold increases in MIC resulted by increasing inoculum size from 10(5) to 10(7) organisms per ml.", "contents": "BL-S786, a new parenteral cephalosporin. II. In vitro antimicrobial activity comparison with six related cephalosporins. BL-S786 was compared by in vitro studies with 6 other parenteral cephalosporins (cefamandole, cefazolin, cefoxitin, cephaloridine, cephalothin and cephradine). The following parameters were assessed: Comparative MICs against a wide variety of bacterial isolates, MIC/MBC comparisons and the effect of inoculum size on the MIC. BL-S786 showed the greatest antimicrobial activity against K. pneumoniae, C. diversus and Salmonella species; was equal to cefamandole against E. coli, E. agglomerans and P. mirabilis; and was second to cefamandole against Shigella, E. tarda, C. freundii, E. cloacae, E. aerogenes and the pathogenic Neisseriae. Essentially no activity against Serratia and Pseudomonas species was observed. Compared to the other cephalosporins tested BL-S786 showed poor activity against staphylococci and streptococci. For most species tested, the MBC of the various cephalosporins was the same or within one dilution of their respective MICs. However, for Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus species, the MBC of BL-S786 and cefamandole was usually larger than or equal to 8-fold higher than the MICs. Cefoxitin, on the other hand, showed little MIC/MBC variations against indole-positive Proteus species. Inoculum size had only a small effect on the MICs against most gram-negative species--in some instances greater than 64-fold increases in MIC resulted by increasing inoculum size from 10(5) to 10(7) organisms per ml."}
{"id": "PMID:893246", "title": "A comparison of pivmecillinam and cotrimoxazole in the treatment of simple cystitis in general practice.", "content": "Pivmecillinam was compared with cotrimoxazole in the treatment of uncomplicated bacterial cystitis in general practice. Similar bacteriological cure rates were obtained with the two treatments. Although micrococci were judged resistant to pivmecillinam by the disc sensitivity method used, cystitis attributed to these organisms and to resistant strains of Proteus mirabilis responded as readily as those due to apparently sensitive Gram-negative bacteria. Pivmecillinam was well tolerated.", "contents": "A comparison of pivmecillinam and cotrimoxazole in the treatment of simple cystitis in general practice. Pivmecillinam was compared with cotrimoxazole in the treatment of uncomplicated bacterial cystitis in general practice. Similar bacteriological cure rates were obtained with the two treatments. Although micrococci were judged resistant to pivmecillinam by the disc sensitivity method used, cystitis attributed to these organisms and to resistant strains of Proteus mirabilis responded as readily as those due to apparently sensitive Gram-negative bacteria. Pivmecillinam was well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:893249", "title": "Mecillinam serum levels following intravenous injection: a comparison with pivmecillinam.", "content": "Serum mecillinam concentrations have been obtained in 6 volunteers after intravenous injection of 200 mg mecillinam and two 200 mg tablets containing pivmecillinam hydrochloride. Initial concentrations were between 6 and 9 mg/1 and peak concentrations of about 2-0 mg/1 occurred at 1 to 1-5 h after the tablets. Analysis of the intravenous data shows the concentration/time curve to be biphasic and similar to that previously reported for penicillin G. The biexponential curves describing the data have been calculated using nonlin. Comparison of the areas under the serum mecillinam concentration/time curves suggests a bioavailability of 65 to 70% for the tablets. However, the two preparations contain therapeutically equivalent amounts of antibiotic, as two 200 mg tablets of pivmecillinam contain 30% more mecillinam than the 200 mg injection.", "contents": "Mecillinam serum levels following intravenous injection: a comparison with pivmecillinam. Serum mecillinam concentrations have been obtained in 6 volunteers after intravenous injection of 200 mg mecillinam and two 200 mg tablets containing pivmecillinam hydrochloride. Initial concentrations were between 6 and 9 mg/1 and peak concentrations of about 2-0 mg/1 occurred at 1 to 1-5 h after the tablets. Analysis of the intravenous data shows the concentration/time curve to be biphasic and similar to that previously reported for penicillin G. The biexponential curves describing the data have been calculated using nonlin. Comparison of the areas under the serum mecillinam concentration/time curves suggests a bioavailability of 65 to 70% for the tablets. However, the two preparations contain therapeutically equivalent amounts of antibiotic, as two 200 mg tablets of pivmecillinam contain 30% more mecillinam than the 200 mg injection."}
{"id": "PMID:893251", "title": "Cardiopulmonary baroreflexes: effects of pulmonary congestion and edema.", "content": "Systemic vasodepressor reflexes were initiated in pump-oxygenator perfused dogs by separately pressurizing the pulmonary vessels and the left cardiac chambers. Pulmonary vascular pressurization caused transient systemic vasodilation of a magnitude proportional to stimulus pressure over the range 0-65 cmH2O. The sensitivity of this reflex was sigificantly less than that of the left heart baroreflex. Mild pulmonary edema produced by a period of sustained congestion, and moderate edema, caused by sustained congestion in the presence of alloxan, had no discernible effect on systemic vasomotor tone or on subsequent pulmonary vascular baroreflexes. By comparison of these results with earlier studies in similar preparations I concluded that pulmonary arterial baroreflexes could alone produce the response obtained by pressurizing the entire pulmonary vascular bed. Although it was anticipated that type-J, irritant, and stretch receptors would be affected by congestion, no systemic vascular effects attributable to them were seen.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary baroreflexes: effects of pulmonary congestion and edema. Systemic vasodepressor reflexes were initiated in pump-oxygenator perfused dogs by separately pressurizing the pulmonary vessels and the left cardiac chambers. Pulmonary vascular pressurization caused transient systemic vasodilation of a magnitude proportional to stimulus pressure over the range 0-65 cmH2O. The sensitivity of this reflex was sigificantly less than that of the left heart baroreflex. Mild pulmonary edema produced by a period of sustained congestion, and moderate edema, caused by sustained congestion in the presence of alloxan, had no discernible effect on systemic vasomotor tone or on subsequent pulmonary vascular baroreflexes. By comparison of these results with earlier studies in similar preparations I concluded that pulmonary arterial baroreflexes could alone produce the response obtained by pressurizing the entire pulmonary vascular bed. Although it was anticipated that type-J, irritant, and stretch receptors would be affected by congestion, no systemic vascular effects attributable to them were seen."}
{"id": "PMID:893253", "title": "Effects of exercise on fluid exchange and body composition in man during 14-day bed rest.", "content": "To determine the cause of the body weight loss during bed rest (BR), fluid balance and anthropometric measurements were taken from seven men (19-21 yr) during three 2-wk BR periods which were separated by 3-wk ambulatory recovery periods. Caloric intake was 3,073 +/- 155 (SD) kcal/day. During two of the three BR periods they performed supine isotonic exercise at 68% of VO2max on the ergometer for 1 h/day; or supine isometric exercise at 21% of maximal leg extension force for 1 min followed by a 1-min rest for 1 h/day. No prescribed exercise was given during the other BR period. During BR, body weight decreased slightly with no exercise (-0.43 kg, NS), but decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) by -0.91 kg with isometric and by -1.77 kg with isotonic exercise. About one-third of the weight reduction with isotonic exercise was due to fat loss (-0.69 kg) and, the remainder, to loss of lean body mass (-0.98 kg). It is concluded that the reduction in body weight during bed rest has two major components: First, a loss of lean body mass caused by assumption of the horizontal body position that is independent of the metabolic rate. Second, a loss of body fat content that is proportional to the metabolic rate.", "contents": "Effects of exercise on fluid exchange and body composition in man during 14-day bed rest. To determine the cause of the body weight loss during bed rest (BR), fluid balance and anthropometric measurements were taken from seven men (19-21 yr) during three 2-wk BR periods which were separated by 3-wk ambulatory recovery periods. Caloric intake was 3,073 +/- 155 (SD) kcal/day. During two of the three BR periods they performed supine isotonic exercise at 68% of VO2max on the ergometer for 1 h/day; or supine isometric exercise at 21% of maximal leg extension force for 1 min followed by a 1-min rest for 1 h/day. No prescribed exercise was given during the other BR period. During BR, body weight decreased slightly with no exercise (-0.43 kg, NS), but decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) by -0.91 kg with isometric and by -1.77 kg with isotonic exercise. About one-third of the weight reduction with isotonic exercise was due to fat loss (-0.69 kg) and, the remainder, to loss of lean body mass (-0.98 kg). It is concluded that the reduction in body weight during bed rest has two major components: First, a loss of lean body mass caused by assumption of the horizontal body position that is independent of the metabolic rate. Second, a loss of body fat content that is proportional to the metabolic rate."}
{"id": "PMID:893254", "title": "Skin blood flow and sweating changes following exercise training and heat acclimation.", "content": "Eight subjects underwent an exercise training program (10 days at 75% VO2max for 1 h/day at 25 degrees C db/13 degrees C wb) and a heat-acclimation program (10 days at 50% VO2max for 1 h/day at 35 degrees C db/32 degrees C wb). The relations of chest sweat rate and of forearm blood flow to internal temperature were determined for each subject at a 25 degrees C ambient temperature before training, between training and acclimation, and following acclimation. Training shifted the vasodilation and sweating thresholds toward lower internal temperatures, and acclimation further lowered these thresholds. All threshold shifts were statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Training and acclimation both appeared to increase the slope of the sweating relation, but these effects were not statistically significant. Changes in the slope of the blood flow relation were small and inconsistent. Since arm blood flow is higher at any given internal temperature after acclimation, the lower blood flow which is reported to accompany heat acclimation must result from the lower body temperatures.", "contents": "Skin blood flow and sweating changes following exercise training and heat acclimation. Eight subjects underwent an exercise training program (10 days at 75% VO2max for 1 h/day at 25 degrees C db/13 degrees C wb) and a heat-acclimation program (10 days at 50% VO2max for 1 h/day at 35 degrees C db/32 degrees C wb). The relations of chest sweat rate and of forearm blood flow to internal temperature were determined for each subject at a 25 degrees C ambient temperature before training, between training and acclimation, and following acclimation. Training shifted the vasodilation and sweating thresholds toward lower internal temperatures, and acclimation further lowered these thresholds. All threshold shifts were statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Training and acclimation both appeared to increase the slope of the sweating relation, but these effects were not statistically significant. Changes in the slope of the blood flow relation were small and inconsistent. Since arm blood flow is higher at any given internal temperature after acclimation, the lower blood flow which is reported to accompany heat acclimation must result from the lower body temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:893255", "title": "Lung recoil and gas trapping during oxygen breathing at low lung volumes.", "content": "If airways are closed at lung volumes less than the closing volume (CV), there should be correlations among 1) the volume of trapped N2 (VTN) during N2-washout performed below CV, 2) the increase in static lung recoil pressure (delta P) while breathing below CV after denitrogenation compared with breathing air (due to absorption atelectasis distal to closed airways), and 3) the CV. Static inspiratory pressure-volume (PV) curves and CV were measured in 18 seated normal volunteers (ages 24-48 yr). Subjects then breathed air for 30 s and O2 for 2.5 min at RV + 0.6 liter (LVB-air), and an inspiratory PV curve and VTN were determined. While still breathing O2, the subjects repeated the 3 min of low-volume breathing (LVB-O2). There was a significant (P less than 0.001) delta P with LVB but no difference between delta P (LVB-air) and delta P (LVB-O2). CV was not related to VTN or to either delta P. VTN was not related to delta P (LVB-O2)--delta P (LVB-air) nor to delta P (LVB-air), but was related to delta P (LVB-O2). Evidence of airway closure could not be demonstrated in all subjects by LVB and when present showed no correlation with CV.", "contents": "Lung recoil and gas trapping during oxygen breathing at low lung volumes. If airways are closed at lung volumes less than the closing volume (CV), there should be correlations among 1) the volume of trapped N2 (VTN) during N2-washout performed below CV, 2) the increase in static lung recoil pressure (delta P) while breathing below CV after denitrogenation compared with breathing air (due to absorption atelectasis distal to closed airways), and 3) the CV. Static inspiratory pressure-volume (PV) curves and CV were measured in 18 seated normal volunteers (ages 24-48 yr). Subjects then breathed air for 30 s and O2 for 2.5 min at RV + 0.6 liter (LVB-air), and an inspiratory PV curve and VTN were determined. While still breathing O2, the subjects repeated the 3 min of low-volume breathing (LVB-O2). There was a significant (P less than 0.001) delta P with LVB but no difference between delta P (LVB-air) and delta P (LVB-O2). CV was not related to VTN or to either delta P. VTN was not related to delta P (LVB-O2)--delta P (LVB-air) nor to delta P (LVB-air), but was related to delta P (LVB-O2). Evidence of airway closure could not be demonstrated in all subjects by LVB and when present showed no correlation with CV."}
{"id": "PMID:893256", "title": "Effect of transpulmonary and vascular pressures on rate of pulmonary edema formation.", "content": "The effect of transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) on rate of extravascular fluid accumulation in isolated canine left lower lobes perfused at constant vascular pressures was investigated. Changes in rate of extravascular fluid accumulation were estimated by changes in rate of slow weight gain. Mean inflow pressure (Ppa) was constant at 34 cmH2O. Mean outflow pressure (Ppv) was constant at either 27.2 cmH2O or 13.6 cmH2O. When increasing Ptp is associated with a derecruitment of vascular beds as the lung changes from predominantly zone III toward zone II, or zone I, there is a decrease in rate of weight gain. When increasing Ptp is not associated with a derecruitment of vascular beds, it is impossible on the basis of these experiments to predict the change in rate of weight gain.", "contents": "Effect of transpulmonary and vascular pressures on rate of pulmonary edema formation. The effect of transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) on rate of extravascular fluid accumulation in isolated canine left lower lobes perfused at constant vascular pressures was investigated. Changes in rate of extravascular fluid accumulation were estimated by changes in rate of slow weight gain. Mean inflow pressure (Ppa) was constant at 34 cmH2O. Mean outflow pressure (Ppv) was constant at either 27.2 cmH2O or 13.6 cmH2O. When increasing Ptp is associated with a derecruitment of vascular beds as the lung changes from predominantly zone III toward zone II, or zone I, there is a decrease in rate of weight gain. When increasing Ptp is not associated with a derecruitment of vascular beds, it is impossible on the basis of these experiments to predict the change in rate of weight gain."}
{"id": "PMID:893257", "title": "Specific airway conductance in relation to postconceptional age during infancy.", "content": "Thoracic gas volume (TGV) and airway conductance (Gaw) were measured in 69 healthy infants during the 1st yr of life, using an adaptation of the whole body plethysmographic technique in which a heated rebreathing system was used to eliminate temperature differences in respired gas. There was highly significant correlations between TGV and body wt (r=0.99), and between Gaw and TGV (r=0.97) in all the infants. However, the relationship between Gaw and TGV (i.e., specific conductance (SGaw)) was dependent on postconceptional age (PCA) in preterm infants, falling from 0.50 s-1-cmH2O-1 at 31 wk to 0.32 s-1-cmH2O-1 at 40 wk PCA. Gestational age and postnatal age per se did not affect this relationship, showing it to be a maturational event unaffected by the time of birth. After 40 wk, the decrease in SGaw was far more gradual throughout the 1st yr of life. Black and Chinese infants were found to have significantly higher values for SGaw than their White counterparts, which may be due to anatomical differences in nasal structure.", "contents": "Specific airway conductance in relation to postconceptional age during infancy. Thoracic gas volume (TGV) and airway conductance (Gaw) were measured in 69 healthy infants during the 1st yr of life, using an adaptation of the whole body plethysmographic technique in which a heated rebreathing system was used to eliminate temperature differences in respired gas. There was highly significant correlations between TGV and body wt (r=0.99), and between Gaw and TGV (r=0.97) in all the infants. However, the relationship between Gaw and TGV (i.e., specific conductance (SGaw)) was dependent on postconceptional age (PCA) in preterm infants, falling from 0.50 s-1-cmH2O-1 at 31 wk to 0.32 s-1-cmH2O-1 at 40 wk PCA. Gestational age and postnatal age per se did not affect this relationship, showing it to be a maturational event unaffected by the time of birth. After 40 wk, the decrease in SGaw was far more gradual throughout the 1st yr of life. Black and Chinese infants were found to have significantly higher values for SGaw than their White counterparts, which may be due to anatomical differences in nasal structure."}
{"id": "PMID:893258", "title": "A new apparatus for the accurate measurement of airway resistance in infancy.", "content": "A new heated rebreathing system has been developed for the measurement of thoracic gas volume (TGV) and airway resistance (Raw) in infants by the plethysmographic technique. The apparatus has a linear response to flow rates between 0-160 ml-s-1, a dead space of 12 ml and a resistance of 5 cmH2O-1-1-S-1 at a flow rate of 60 ml-s-1. The inclusion of pneumatically operated valves in the apparatus is a major improvement over previous methods of occlusion for TGV measurements. The infant is allowed to rebreathe saturated gas at body temperature through the heated system, thus overcoming a potential source of error when measuring Raw in infants. Using this apparatus, the average coefficient of variation was 3.7% for TGV and 5.9% for Raw.", "contents": "A new apparatus for the accurate measurement of airway resistance in infancy. A new heated rebreathing system has been developed for the measurement of thoracic gas volume (TGV) and airway resistance (Raw) in infants by the plethysmographic technique. The apparatus has a linear response to flow rates between 0-160 ml-s-1, a dead space of 12 ml and a resistance of 5 cmH2O-1-1-S-1 at a flow rate of 60 ml-s-1. The inclusion of pneumatically operated valves in the apparatus is a major improvement over previous methods of occlusion for TGV measurements. The infant is allowed to rebreathe saturated gas at body temperature through the heated system, thus overcoming a potential source of error when measuring Raw in infants. Using this apparatus, the average coefficient of variation was 3.7% for TGV and 5.9% for Raw."}
{"id": "PMID:893259", "title": "DC proportional heater-cooler temperature controlled for physiological research.", "content": "A DC proportional temperature control circuit for driving resistive heaters and Peltier thermoelectric devices in physiological research is described. The instrument, supplying +/- 12.5 V DC at 8 A is designed for temperature control of anesthetized animals, generation of hot or cold thermal stimuli, and control of thermal environments.", "contents": "DC proportional heater-cooler temperature controlled for physiological research. A DC proportional temperature control circuit for driving resistive heaters and Peltier thermoelectric devices in physiological research is described. The instrument, supplying +/- 12.5 V DC at 8 A is designed for temperature control of anesthetized animals, generation of hot or cold thermal stimuli, and control of thermal environments."}
{"id": "PMID:893260", "title": "Preparation of matched reagents for use with the Scholander gas analyzer.", "content": "Scholander's method of gas analysis requires that the solutions for CO2 absorber, O2 absorber, and acid-rinse be matched in terms of water vapor tension throughout the analysis. Any difference in vapor pressure between either or both of the absorbing solutions and the indicator drop (composed of acid-rinse) will produce a measurable volume change which cannot be attributed to the presence of absorbable gases. This paper describes a practical and quantitative method for preparing reagents whose vapor pressures are matched. A fixed acid-rinse formulation was used throughout. A CO2 absorber prepared from 1.35 N KOH and an O2 absorber prepared from 0.76 N KOH were both matched in terms of vapor pressure with Scholander's acid-rinse solution. Analysis of atmospheric air provided a check on the accuracy of the technique. The values obtained were O2 20.94%, CO2 0.03%, and N2 (balance) 79.04%.", "contents": "Preparation of matched reagents for use with the Scholander gas analyzer. Scholander's method of gas analysis requires that the solutions for CO2 absorber, O2 absorber, and acid-rinse be matched in terms of water vapor tension throughout the analysis. Any difference in vapor pressure between either or both of the absorbing solutions and the indicator drop (composed of acid-rinse) will produce a measurable volume change which cannot be attributed to the presence of absorbable gases. This paper describes a practical and quantitative method for preparing reagents whose vapor pressures are matched. A fixed acid-rinse formulation was used throughout. A CO2 absorber prepared from 1.35 N KOH and an O2 absorber prepared from 0.76 N KOH were both matched in terms of vapor pressure with Scholander's acid-rinse solution. Analysis of atmospheric air provided a check on the accuracy of the technique. The values obtained were O2 20.94%, CO2 0.03%, and N2 (balance) 79.04%."}
{"id": "PMID:893261", "title": "Effects of thoracic dorsal rhizotomies on the respiratory pattern in anesthetized cats.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine if thoracic wall proprioceptor afferents are involved in the modulation of respiratory activity during eupnea. The effects of elimination of thoracic wall afferents (thoracic dorsal rhizotomies (TDR) on tidal volume (VT), frequency (f), inspiratory time (ti) and expiratory time (te) were studied in vagotomized cats anesthetized with diallylbarbituric acid (Dial). Dorsal rhizotomies 1-12 resulted primarily in a decreased VT and ti, and an increased f. Further experiments were performed to determine if these changes in respiratory pattern could be correlated with known reflexes from the middle and lower intercostal muscles, or lungs, via thoracic dorsal roots. Afferents from these sources were eliminated by TDR 5-9, 10-13, and 1-4. TDR 1-4 had no significant effect on the respiratory pattern. TDR 5-9 and TDR 10-13 produced changes similar in direction to TDR 1-12. The results indicate that: a) afferents 1-4 from the upper intercostal muscles and lungs (sympathetic afferents) do not contribute significantly to the control of the spontaneous respiratory rhythm, and b) afferents via the middle thoracic roots, 5-9, and the lower thoracic roots, 10-13, contribute significantly to the rhythm. The results do not completely correlate with known intercostal reflexes, but it is suggested that elimination of intercostal muscle proprioceptor afferents is responsible for the observed effects of thoracic dorsal rhizotomies.", "contents": "Effects of thoracic dorsal rhizotomies on the respiratory pattern in anesthetized cats. Experiments were conducted to determine if thoracic wall proprioceptor afferents are involved in the modulation of respiratory activity during eupnea. The effects of elimination of thoracic wall afferents (thoracic dorsal rhizotomies (TDR) on tidal volume (VT), frequency (f), inspiratory time (ti) and expiratory time (te) were studied in vagotomized cats anesthetized with diallylbarbituric acid (Dial). Dorsal rhizotomies 1-12 resulted primarily in a decreased VT and ti, and an increased f. Further experiments were performed to determine if these changes in respiratory pattern could be correlated with known reflexes from the middle and lower intercostal muscles, or lungs, via thoracic dorsal roots. Afferents from these sources were eliminated by TDR 5-9, 10-13, and 1-4. TDR 1-4 had no significant effect on the respiratory pattern. TDR 5-9 and TDR 10-13 produced changes similar in direction to TDR 1-12. The results indicate that: a) afferents 1-4 from the upper intercostal muscles and lungs (sympathetic afferents) do not contribute significantly to the control of the spontaneous respiratory rhythm, and b) afferents via the middle thoracic roots, 5-9, and the lower thoracic roots, 10-13, contribute significantly to the rhythm. The results do not completely correlate with known intercostal reflexes, but it is suggested that elimination of intercostal muscle proprioceptor afferents is responsible for the observed effects of thoracic dorsal rhizotomies."}
{"id": "PMID:893262", "title": "Effect of lung collapse on compensatory lung growth.", "content": "The effect of unilateral lung collapse on compensatory lung growth was studied in 3-wk-old (young) and 10-wk-old (adult) male Long-Evans rats. Under light halothane anesthesia, left lung collapse was produced by injection of dental plastic through a thracheostomy cannula. The rats were killed either 5 days or 4 wk later. At 5 days postcollapse, the 3-wk-old rats had an increase in DNA over sham controls (21%) (P less than 0.05), with no significant change in the protein/DNA ratio. At 4 wk postcollapse, increases in DNA over shamoperated controls were observed in both the 3-wk-old (58%) and the 10-wk-old (28%) rats, whereas the protein/DNA ratio at both ages was significantly less than that of sham controls (P less than 0.05). Thus, unilateral lung collapse stimulates growth of the contralateral lung by cellular hyperplasia, not hypertrophy, both in the young and adult rat. The hyperplasia begins within 5 days after collapse and is greater by 4 wk. The extent of hyperplasia is greater in the young than in the adult rat.", "contents": "Effect of lung collapse on compensatory lung growth. The effect of unilateral lung collapse on compensatory lung growth was studied in 3-wk-old (young) and 10-wk-old (adult) male Long-Evans rats. Under light halothane anesthesia, left lung collapse was produced by injection of dental plastic through a thracheostomy cannula. The rats were killed either 5 days or 4 wk later. At 5 days postcollapse, the 3-wk-old rats had an increase in DNA over sham controls (21%) (P less than 0.05), with no significant change in the protein/DNA ratio. At 4 wk postcollapse, increases in DNA over shamoperated controls were observed in both the 3-wk-old (58%) and the 10-wk-old (28%) rats, whereas the protein/DNA ratio at both ages was significantly less than that of sham controls (P less than 0.05). Thus, unilateral lung collapse stimulates growth of the contralateral lung by cellular hyperplasia, not hypertrophy, both in the young and adult rat. The hyperplasia begins within 5 days after collapse and is greater by 4 wk. The extent of hyperplasia is greater in the young than in the adult rat."}
{"id": "PMID:893263", "title": "Stress-free equilibrium volume of the lung.", "content": "An experimental procedure was developed to measure the stress-free equilibrium volume of intact lobes from the lung of the dog. The procedure eliminates body, gravitational, interfacial, and externally applied forces to study the contribution of the tissue forces. The equilibrium gas volume was found to be 1.74 +/- 0.20 times the tissue volume and was independent of the volume history. This is smaller than the minimal air volume found by others and about one half the functional residual capacity (FRC) volume. The lung was found able to resist compressive loading implying a \"finite buckling load\" for the aveolar septa. A simple calculation shows the length-to-thickness ratio to be 7.1 at the stress-free equilibrium volume.", "contents": "Stress-free equilibrium volume of the lung. An experimental procedure was developed to measure the stress-free equilibrium volume of intact lobes from the lung of the dog. The procedure eliminates body, gravitational, interfacial, and externally applied forces to study the contribution of the tissue forces. The equilibrium gas volume was found to be 1.74 +/- 0.20 times the tissue volume and was independent of the volume history. This is smaller than the minimal air volume found by others and about one half the functional residual capacity (FRC) volume. The lung was found able to resist compressive loading implying a \"finite buckling load\" for the aveolar septa. A simple calculation shows the length-to-thickness ratio to be 7.1 at the stress-free equilibrium volume."}
{"id": "PMID:893264", "title": "Diaphragmatic contraction and the gradient of alveolar expansion in the lateral posture.", "content": "Using 133Xe we measured the vertical distribution of regional volume in four subjects in the lateral decubitus posture at 20, 40, 60, and 80% of vital capacity (VC). To study the influence of diaphragmatic tone, all measurements were performed either when transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) was low, i.e., diaphragm was \"relaxed\" (RD) or during voluntary diaphragmatic contraction (VDC). The latter was achieved by tensing the abdominal muscles while keeping the glottis open. Under both conditions the gradient of alveolar expansion tended to be curvilinear, with a discontinuity at the level of the mediastinum. At all lung volumes the difference in regional volume between dependent and nondependent lung regions was less during VDC than during RD. At 70% total lung capacity (TLC) this difference, expressed as percent of regional TLC (%TLCr), decreased from 19.7 +/- 1.7 (mean +/- 1 SE) %TLCr during RD to 3.9 +/- 1.5% TLCr during VDC. It is likely that diaphragmatic tension influences the pleural pressure gradient and regional volume distribution 1) by modifying the transmission of the abdominal hydrostatic pressure gradient to the thorax, and 2) by an upward displacement of the mediastinum.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic contraction and the gradient of alveolar expansion in the lateral posture. Using 133Xe we measured the vertical distribution of regional volume in four subjects in the lateral decubitus posture at 20, 40, 60, and 80% of vital capacity (VC). To study the influence of diaphragmatic tone, all measurements were performed either when transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) was low, i.e., diaphragm was \"relaxed\" (RD) or during voluntary diaphragmatic contraction (VDC). The latter was achieved by tensing the abdominal muscles while keeping the glottis open. Under both conditions the gradient of alveolar expansion tended to be curvilinear, with a discontinuity at the level of the mediastinum. At all lung volumes the difference in regional volume between dependent and nondependent lung regions was less during VDC than during RD. At 70% total lung capacity (TLC) this difference, expressed as percent of regional TLC (%TLCr), decreased from 19.7 +/- 1.7 (mean +/- 1 SE) %TLCr during RD to 3.9 +/- 1.5% TLCr during VDC. It is likely that diaphragmatic tension influences the pleural pressure gradient and regional volume distribution 1) by modifying the transmission of the abdominal hydrostatic pressure gradient to the thorax, and 2) by an upward displacement of the mediastinum."}
{"id": "PMID:893265", "title": "Effects of exercise and eucapnic hyperventilation on bronchial clearance in man.", "content": "The effects of exercise and eucapnic hyperventilation on bronchial clearance were assessed in 10 healthy nonsmoking adults. A 99mTc-albumin aerosol was inhaled as a bolus in late inspiration under controlled conditions to produce deposition primarily in large airways. Lung retention of radioactivity was quantified using a gamma camera and subsequent computer analysis. Compared with quiet breathing (control), exercise significantly speeded clearance (P less than 0.05). Resting eucapnic hyperventilation at levels similar to those achieved during exercise produced less speeding. Compared to control conditions these changes may be brought about by a) mechanical effect of increased lung movement, and b) effects on the autonomic nervous system, mediated via the parasympathetic pathway producing stimulation of airway mucus glands and/or sympathetic stimulation of cilia due to exercise-induced catecholamine release.", "contents": "Effects of exercise and eucapnic hyperventilation on bronchial clearance in man. The effects of exercise and eucapnic hyperventilation on bronchial clearance were assessed in 10 healthy nonsmoking adults. A 99mTc-albumin aerosol was inhaled as a bolus in late inspiration under controlled conditions to produce deposition primarily in large airways. Lung retention of radioactivity was quantified using a gamma camera and subsequent computer analysis. Compared with quiet breathing (control), exercise significantly speeded clearance (P less than 0.05). Resting eucapnic hyperventilation at levels similar to those achieved during exercise produced less speeding. Compared to control conditions these changes may be brought about by a) mechanical effect of increased lung movement, and b) effects on the autonomic nervous system, mediated via the parasympathetic pathway producing stimulation of airway mucus glands and/or sympathetic stimulation of cilia due to exercise-induced catecholamine release."}
{"id": "PMID:893268", "title": "Significance of sympathetic innervation of pulmonary vessels in response to acute hypoxia.", "content": "The role of the autonomic nervous system on the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia was studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Acute hypoxia elicited reversible decreases in the slope of the instantaneous diameter-pressure relationship of the main pulmonary artery. These decrements in vascular compliance during hypoxia were prevented by either bilateral thoracic sympathectomy or by section of the cervical vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves and were reproduced by bolus injections of lobeline (0.1 mg) at the root of the aorta. Using separation of the airways with a tracheal divider, the effects of systemic and of alveolar hypoxia on vascular resistance of the left caudal lobe were compared. Systemic hypoxia in the absence of alveolar hypoxia had no effect on pulmonary vascular resistance. Alveolar hypoxia elicited reversible increases in vascular resistance that were not prevented by sympathectomy. It is concluded that at least two vascular sites of action and two mechanisms are involved in the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia.", "contents": "Significance of sympathetic innervation of pulmonary vessels in response to acute hypoxia. The role of the autonomic nervous system on the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia was studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Acute hypoxia elicited reversible decreases in the slope of the instantaneous diameter-pressure relationship of the main pulmonary artery. These decrements in vascular compliance during hypoxia were prevented by either bilateral thoracic sympathectomy or by section of the cervical vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves and were reproduced by bolus injections of lobeline (0.1 mg) at the root of the aorta. Using separation of the airways with a tracheal divider, the effects of systemic and of alveolar hypoxia on vascular resistance of the left caudal lobe were compared. Systemic hypoxia in the absence of alveolar hypoxia had no effect on pulmonary vascular resistance. Alveolar hypoxia elicited reversible increases in vascular resistance that were not prevented by sympathectomy. It is concluded that at least two vascular sites of action and two mechanisms are involved in the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:893270", "title": "Adaptation to short-term respiratory effects of ozone in men exposed repeatedly.", "content": "To investigate whether adaptation which modifies some acute effects of ozone (O3) exposure can develop in humans, six male volunteers with respiratory hyperreactivity were exposed in a controlled environment chamber to 0.5 ppm O3 2h/day for 4 successive days under conditions stimulating ambient pollution exposures. One subject showed little measurable response, while five showed function decrement on exposure days 1-3 which was largely reversed by day 4. Symptom responses generally paralleled the physiological responses. These results suggest that at least some humans adapt to O3 exposure at concentrations occurring in severe community air pollution episodes, to the extent that obvious acute respiratory effects are prevented. Other adverse effects of O3 may not be prevented by this adaptation.", "contents": "Adaptation to short-term respiratory effects of ozone in men exposed repeatedly. To investigate whether adaptation which modifies some acute effects of ozone (O3) exposure can develop in humans, six male volunteers with respiratory hyperreactivity were exposed in a controlled environment chamber to 0.5 ppm O3 2h/day for 4 successive days under conditions stimulating ambient pollution exposures. One subject showed little measurable response, while five showed function decrement on exposure days 1-3 which was largely reversed by day 4. Symptom responses generally paralleled the physiological responses. These results suggest that at least some humans adapt to O3 exposure at concentrations occurring in severe community air pollution episodes, to the extent that obvious acute respiratory effects are prevented. Other adverse effects of O3 may not be prevented by this adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:893271", "title": "Morphometry of the distal air spaces in lungs of aging dogs.", "content": "Changes in pulmonary morphometric measurements with age were examined by manual and automated methods in 14 normal beagle dogs aged 289-3,694 days. The study was instituted as a statistical adjunct to previous morphological studies on these dogs that showed anthracosis and associated dilatations in the distal airways in aged dogs. With increasing age, the volumetric density of alveolar ducts increased concomitantly with decreases in the volumetric densities of alveoli and alveolar parenchymal tissue. The numerical and surface densities of alveoli also decreased with age. A comparison of an automated method with accepted manual methods showed no significant differences in stereological measurements of the distal air spaces with the exception of an overestimation of surface density by the automated method. The automated method was found to be a satisfactory method for evaluating the relative differences in alveolar surface densities and the volumetric densities of respiratory air space and parenchymal tissue.", "contents": "Morphometry of the distal air spaces in lungs of aging dogs. Changes in pulmonary morphometric measurements with age were examined by manual and automated methods in 14 normal beagle dogs aged 289-3,694 days. The study was instituted as a statistical adjunct to previous morphological studies on these dogs that showed anthracosis and associated dilatations in the distal airways in aged dogs. With increasing age, the volumetric density of alveolar ducts increased concomitantly with decreases in the volumetric densities of alveoli and alveolar parenchymal tissue. The numerical and surface densities of alveoli also decreased with age. A comparison of an automated method with accepted manual methods showed no significant differences in stereological measurements of the distal air spaces with the exception of an overestimation of surface density by the automated method. The automated method was found to be a satisfactory method for evaluating the relative differences in alveolar surface densities and the volumetric densities of respiratory air space and parenchymal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:893272", "title": "Time, rate, and temperature factors in the onset of high-pressure convulsions.", "content": "An interrupted compression profile technique was used to develop data to separate the effects of time and pressure factors governing increase of high-pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS) convulsion threshold pressures (the compression rate effect) during different compression profiles. A single differential equation fits all data available to date for compression rate effect on convulsion thresholds of CD-1 mice (three distinct types of compression profile; mean compression rates 12-1,000 atm/h). The process leading to increase in HPNS convulsion pressure is initiated at the very beginning of compression, proceeds at increasingly rapid rates as higher pressures are attained, and approaches a limiting upper convulsion pressure. The convulsion threshold pressure in any given experiment is independent of the compression rate prevailing during the time immediately preceding onset of the seizure. The magnitude of the compression rate effect in the CD-1 mouse is independent of chamber temperature over a range of 27-36 degrees C, and rectal temperatures of 29.2-37.5 degrees C. The bearing of these results on the design of optimal compression schedules and on the analysis of the neurological mechanisms underlying the HPNS is discussed.", "contents": "Time, rate, and temperature factors in the onset of high-pressure convulsions. An interrupted compression profile technique was used to develop data to separate the effects of time and pressure factors governing increase of high-pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS) convulsion threshold pressures (the compression rate effect) during different compression profiles. A single differential equation fits all data available to date for compression rate effect on convulsion thresholds of CD-1 mice (three distinct types of compression profile; mean compression rates 12-1,000 atm/h). The process leading to increase in HPNS convulsion pressure is initiated at the very beginning of compression, proceeds at increasingly rapid rates as higher pressures are attained, and approaches a limiting upper convulsion pressure. The convulsion threshold pressure in any given experiment is independent of the compression rate prevailing during the time immediately preceding onset of the seizure. The magnitude of the compression rate effect in the CD-1 mouse is independent of chamber temperature over a range of 27-36 degrees C, and rectal temperatures of 29.2-37.5 degrees C. The bearing of these results on the design of optimal compression schedules and on the analysis of the neurological mechanisms underlying the HPNS is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893273", "title": "High pressure and intravenous steroid anesthesia in rats.", "content": "Anesthesia produced by the intravenous steroid agent, Althesin, was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats with and without high pressure of helium gas up to 100 atmospheres absolute (ATA). There were no cumulative or adaptive changes in Althesin requirement at normal pressures over 6-h periods. However, the apparent potency of the agent was reduced by 43% by the addition of 68 ATA helium. Subanesthetic doses of Althesin protected against the onset of convulsions and coarse tremors associated with the high pressure neurological syndrome. It is concluded that the steroid anesthetics may have a place in human diving technology and that the mechanisms associated with the anesthetic-pressure interactions are consistent with the critical volume or lipid bilayer fluidity hypothesis.", "contents": "High pressure and intravenous steroid anesthesia in rats. Anesthesia produced by the intravenous steroid agent, Althesin, was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats with and without high pressure of helium gas up to 100 atmospheres absolute (ATA). There were no cumulative or adaptive changes in Althesin requirement at normal pressures over 6-h periods. However, the apparent potency of the agent was reduced by 43% by the addition of 68 ATA helium. Subanesthetic doses of Althesin protected against the onset of convulsions and coarse tremors associated with the high pressure neurological syndrome. It is concluded that the steroid anesthetics may have a place in human diving technology and that the mechanisms associated with the anesthetic-pressure interactions are consistent with the critical volume or lipid bilayer fluidity hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:893274", "title": "Diaphragmatic fatigue in man.", "content": "The time required (tlim) to produce fatigue of the diaphragm was determined in three normal seated subjects, breathing through a variety of high alinear, inspiratory resistances. During each breath in all experimental runs the subject generated a transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) which was a predetermined fraction of his maximum inspiratory Pdi (Pdimax) at functional residual capacity. The breathing test was performed until the subject was unable to generate this Pdi. The relationship between Pdi/Pdimax and tlim was curvilinear so that when Pdi/Pdimax was small tlim increased markedly for little changes in Pdi/Pdimax. The value of Pdi/Pdimax that could be generated indefinitely (Pdicrit) was around 0.4. Hypoxia appeared to have no influence on Pdicrit, but probably led to a reduction in tlim at Pdi greater than Pdicrit for equal rates of energy consumption. Insofar as the behavior of the diaphragm reflects that of other respiratory muscles it appears that quite high inspiratory loads can be tolerated indefinitely. However, when the energy consumption of the respiratory muscles exceeds a critical level, fatigue should develop. This may be a mechanism of respiratory failure in a variety in a variety of lung diseases.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic fatigue in man. The time required (tlim) to produce fatigue of the diaphragm was determined in three normal seated subjects, breathing through a variety of high alinear, inspiratory resistances. During each breath in all experimental runs the subject generated a transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) which was a predetermined fraction of his maximum inspiratory Pdi (Pdimax) at functional residual capacity. The breathing test was performed until the subject was unable to generate this Pdi. The relationship between Pdi/Pdimax and tlim was curvilinear so that when Pdi/Pdimax was small tlim increased markedly for little changes in Pdi/Pdimax. The value of Pdi/Pdimax that could be generated indefinitely (Pdicrit) was around 0.4. Hypoxia appeared to have no influence on Pdicrit, but probably led to a reduction in tlim at Pdi greater than Pdicrit for equal rates of energy consumption. Insofar as the behavior of the diaphragm reflects that of other respiratory muscles it appears that quite high inspiratory loads can be tolerated indefinitely. However, when the energy consumption of the respiratory muscles exceeds a critical level, fatigue should develop. This may be a mechanism of respiratory failure in a variety in a variety of lung diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:893275", "title": "Alcohol, respiration, skin and body temperature during cold water immersion.", "content": "Subjects who had not been exercising, were immersed for 20 min in water at 13 degrees C after ingestion of alcohol. During the immersion period, total ventilation, end-tidal PCO2, rectal temperature, aural temperature, and mean skin temperature were recorded. Control experiments were carried out at the same water temperature. Blood samples (3 ml), taken immediately before the immersion period, were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The mean blood alcohol level was 90+/-11.2 mg-(100 ml)-1. There was no significant difference in ventilatory responses, rectal temperatures, aural temperatures, or mean skin temperatures achieved during the two cold water immersions. It would appear that for a 20-min immersion at 13 degrees C, relatively high blood alcohol levels do not affect ventilatory responses or increase body heat losses.", "contents": "Alcohol, respiration, skin and body temperature during cold water immersion. Subjects who had not been exercising, were immersed for 20 min in water at 13 degrees C after ingestion of alcohol. During the immersion period, total ventilation, end-tidal PCO2, rectal temperature, aural temperature, and mean skin temperature were recorded. Control experiments were carried out at the same water temperature. Blood samples (3 ml), taken immediately before the immersion period, were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The mean blood alcohol level was 90+/-11.2 mg-(100 ml)-1. There was no significant difference in ventilatory responses, rectal temperatures, aural temperatures, or mean skin temperatures achieved during the two cold water immersions. It would appear that for a 20-min immersion at 13 degrees C, relatively high blood alcohol levels do not affect ventilatory responses or increase body heat losses."}
{"id": "PMID:893276", "title": "Interaction of central nervous system effects of high pressures with barbiturates.", "content": "The interactions of phenobarbital, barbital, and pentobarbital with high pressures of heliox were explored. Principal features of the complex results include: double peaks in the time course of convulsion thresholds (Pc); an early peak and a shoulder in the time course of pressures reversing anesthesia (Pa); far steeper dose-response curves for Pa than for Pc; selectively greater anticonvulsant effect for phenobarbital than for the other barbiturates; and enhancement of Pa with simultaneous depression of Pc by reserpine in phenobarbital-pretreated mice. The data indicate the existence of at least two discrete sites of interaction between barbiturates and high pressure, reflected by Pc and Pa. The implications of the data for the development of biophysical theories of pressure reversal of anesthesia and anti-high-pressure neurological syndrome action of anesthetics are discussed, together with implications for the experimental study of convulsant and anticonvulsant agents, and their applications to underwater physiology.", "contents": "Interaction of central nervous system effects of high pressures with barbiturates. The interactions of phenobarbital, barbital, and pentobarbital with high pressures of heliox were explored. Principal features of the complex results include: double peaks in the time course of convulsion thresholds (Pc); an early peak and a shoulder in the time course of pressures reversing anesthesia (Pa); far steeper dose-response curves for Pa than for Pc; selectively greater anticonvulsant effect for phenobarbital than for the other barbiturates; and enhancement of Pa with simultaneous depression of Pc by reserpine in phenobarbital-pretreated mice. The data indicate the existence of at least two discrete sites of interaction between barbiturates and high pressure, reflected by Pc and Pa. The implications of the data for the development of biophysical theories of pressure reversal of anesthesia and anti-high-pressure neurological syndrome action of anesthetics are discussed, together with implications for the experimental study of convulsant and anticonvulsant agents, and their applications to underwater physiology."}
{"id": "PMID:893278", "title": "Rebreathing pulmonary capillary and tissue volume in normals after saline infusion.", "content": "A rebreathing technique was utilized to assess changes in diffusing capacity (DCO), pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc), pulmonary parenchymal tissue volume (Vt), and cardiac output (Qc), after infusion of 2 liters of 0.9% saline intravenously in 13-25 min in five healthy subjects. Blood hemoglobin concentration decreased an average of 17%. Vc increased strikingly in all five subjects. No significant changes in Vt, or in Vt per unit lung volume were observed. Radiographic evidence of interstitial pulmonary edema was present in four of the five subjects. Radiographic total lung capacity was reduced significantly in four of the five subjects. Significant reductions in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1.0 and 3.0 s, and mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC occurred in three of the five subjects. No dyspnea, cough, or physical examination abnormalities of lungs or heart occurred. This noninvasive, ventilation-limited, rebreathing technique appears capable of detecting early changes in pulmonary congestion, at a time when definitive radiographic changes and changes in the physical examination are absent. It appears capable of detecting the increase in Vc associated with hypervolemia in man.", "contents": "Rebreathing pulmonary capillary and tissue volume in normals after saline infusion. A rebreathing technique was utilized to assess changes in diffusing capacity (DCO), pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc), pulmonary parenchymal tissue volume (Vt), and cardiac output (Qc), after infusion of 2 liters of 0.9% saline intravenously in 13-25 min in five healthy subjects. Blood hemoglobin concentration decreased an average of 17%. Vc increased strikingly in all five subjects. No significant changes in Vt, or in Vt per unit lung volume were observed. Radiographic evidence of interstitial pulmonary edema was present in four of the five subjects. Radiographic total lung capacity was reduced significantly in four of the five subjects. Significant reductions in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1.0 and 3.0 s, and mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC occurred in three of the five subjects. No dyspnea, cough, or physical examination abnormalities of lungs or heart occurred. This noninvasive, ventilation-limited, rebreathing technique appears capable of detecting early changes in pulmonary congestion, at a time when definitive radiographic changes and changes in the physical examination are absent. It appears capable of detecting the increase in Vc associated with hypervolemia in man."}
{"id": "PMID:893279", "title": "Effect of hyperbaric oxygen exposure on pulmonary clearance of 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "Clearance of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by the lungs of normal and vitamin E-deficient rats was evaluated following a 60-min exposure to 100% oxygen (O2) at 4 ATA (HBO). After exposure, lungs were isolated, ventilated, and perfused, with a recirculating system used for measurement of 5-HT clearance. Control lungs were obtained from rats exposed to air at 1 ATA. In control normal rats, fractional clearance of 5-HT was 0.78+/-0.03 (mean+/-SE). Following HBO 5-HT clearance was 0.55+/-0.04 (P less than 0.01). In control vitamin E-deficient rats. 5-HT clearance was 0.85+/-0.05 and was decreased to 0.46+/-0.03 (P less than 0.001) following HBO. To evaluate the effect of recovery time after HBO on 5-HT clearance, separate groups of rats were killed at varying intervals post-HBO. In normal rats, 5-HT clearance had returned to control levels by 3-4 after HBO; in vitamin E-deficient rats, clearance remained unchanged 4 h after HBO and was only 74% (P less than 0.001) of control values 24 h post-HBO. These results indicate that depression of pulmonary 5-HT clearance occurs in rats due to hyperoxia and is potentiated by vitamin E deficiency. This represents a reversible alteration of lung function which requires vitamin E for complete recovery.", "contents": "Effect of hyperbaric oxygen exposure on pulmonary clearance of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Clearance of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by the lungs of normal and vitamin E-deficient rats was evaluated following a 60-min exposure to 100% oxygen (O2) at 4 ATA (HBO). After exposure, lungs were isolated, ventilated, and perfused, with a recirculating system used for measurement of 5-HT clearance. Control lungs were obtained from rats exposed to air at 1 ATA. In control normal rats, fractional clearance of 5-HT was 0.78+/-0.03 (mean+/-SE). Following HBO 5-HT clearance was 0.55+/-0.04 (P less than 0.01). In control vitamin E-deficient rats. 5-HT clearance was 0.85+/-0.05 and was decreased to 0.46+/-0.03 (P less than 0.001) following HBO. To evaluate the effect of recovery time after HBO on 5-HT clearance, separate groups of rats were killed at varying intervals post-HBO. In normal rats, 5-HT clearance had returned to control levels by 3-4 after HBO; in vitamin E-deficient rats, clearance remained unchanged 4 h after HBO and was only 74% (P less than 0.001) of control values 24 h post-HBO. These results indicate that depression of pulmonary 5-HT clearance occurs in rats due to hyperoxia and is potentiated by vitamin E deficiency. This represents a reversible alteration of lung function which requires vitamin E for complete recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:893280", "title": "Quantification of diaphragmatic EMG response to CO2 rebreathing in humans.", "content": "To determine a reliable quantitative method of measuring diaphragmatic EMG (EMGdi), electrical activity of the diaphragm was obtained via an esophageal electrode during CO2 rebreathing in 6 normal males and processed three different ways: 1) integration (area), 2) as a moving time average, and 3) as a moving time variance. Integrated activity was quantified in terms of total activity and inspiratory activity. In addition, average total activity and average inspiratory activity were calculated. Moving average and moving variance were analyzed in terms of rate of rise (slope) and peak activities. All integration parameters, except average inspiratory activity, were poorly correlated to changes in PCO2, minute ventilation, and inspiratory muscle force, during rebreathing. Moving average and variance responses to rebreathing were linear with high correlation coefficients, with the slope measures showing the overall best correlations. There was no significant difference between average and variance EMGdi parameters in their responses to rebreathing. Time-related quantification of EMGdi, including average inspiratory activity, and particularly moving average and moving variance, appear to be reliable methods for quantitating neural drive to the respiratory muscles during CO2 rebreathing.", "contents": "Quantification of diaphragmatic EMG response to CO2 rebreathing in humans. To determine a reliable quantitative method of measuring diaphragmatic EMG (EMGdi), electrical activity of the diaphragm was obtained via an esophageal electrode during CO2 rebreathing in 6 normal males and processed three different ways: 1) integration (area), 2) as a moving time average, and 3) as a moving time variance. Integrated activity was quantified in terms of total activity and inspiratory activity. In addition, average total activity and average inspiratory activity were calculated. Moving average and moving variance were analyzed in terms of rate of rise (slope) and peak activities. All integration parameters, except average inspiratory activity, were poorly correlated to changes in PCO2, minute ventilation, and inspiratory muscle force, during rebreathing. Moving average and variance responses to rebreathing were linear with high correlation coefficients, with the slope measures showing the overall best correlations. There was no significant difference between average and variance EMGdi parameters in their responses to rebreathing. Time-related quantification of EMGdi, including average inspiratory activity, and particularly moving average and moving variance, appear to be reliable methods for quantitating neural drive to the respiratory muscles during CO2 rebreathing."}
{"id": "PMID:893281", "title": "Changes in airway mast cells and histamine caused by antigen aerosol in allergic dogs.", "content": "We studied the effect of inhaled specific antigen on airflow resistance, histamine concentration, and mast cell numbers in airway tissues in allergic dogs. In each of six allergic dogs with open chests, inhalation of specific antigen aerosol (Ascaris suum) increased airflow resistance from 0.30+/-0.40 (mean+/-SE) to 2.8+/-0.41 cmH2O/1 per s (P less than 0.05); decreased mast cell number from 38.6+/-3.2 to 24.3+/-4.5 mast cells/mm2 (P less than 0.05); decreased histamine (per mg airway tissue) from 5.3+/-0.4 to 3.5+/-0.2 ng (P less than 0.05) in lobar bronchi 5-7 mm in diam; and released histamine into the blood perfusing the lung, control arterial plasma histamine; 2.8+/-0.64 ng/ml; antigen: 154+/-1.7 ng/ml (P less than 0.005). Specific antigen caused no significant changes in mast cells or histamine in bronchi 1-2 mm in diam. Control aerosols of nonspecific antigen or methacholine did not change levels of mast cells or histamine in airway tissues. These results suggest that experimental canine asthma involves local airway reactions with degranulation of mast cells and histamine release, as well as vagally mediated reflex bronchoconstriction.", "contents": "Changes in airway mast cells and histamine caused by antigen aerosol in allergic dogs. We studied the effect of inhaled specific antigen on airflow resistance, histamine concentration, and mast cell numbers in airway tissues in allergic dogs. In each of six allergic dogs with open chests, inhalation of specific antigen aerosol (Ascaris suum) increased airflow resistance from 0.30+/-0.40 (mean+/-SE) to 2.8+/-0.41 cmH2O/1 per s (P less than 0.05); decreased mast cell number from 38.6+/-3.2 to 24.3+/-4.5 mast cells/mm2 (P less than 0.05); decreased histamine (per mg airway tissue) from 5.3+/-0.4 to 3.5+/-0.2 ng (P less than 0.05) in lobar bronchi 5-7 mm in diam; and released histamine into the blood perfusing the lung, control arterial plasma histamine; 2.8+/-0.64 ng/ml; antigen: 154+/-1.7 ng/ml (P less than 0.005). Specific antigen caused no significant changes in mast cells or histamine in bronchi 1-2 mm in diam. Control aerosols of nonspecific antigen or methacholine did not change levels of mast cells or histamine in airway tissues. These results suggest that experimental canine asthma involves local airway reactions with degranulation of mast cells and histamine release, as well as vagally mediated reflex bronchoconstriction."}
{"id": "PMID:893282", "title": "Effects of water immersion on lung volumes: implications for body composition analysis.", "content": "Lung volumes of 20 healthy young men were measured before and after water immersion to the neck level. Immersion resulted in significant decreases (P less than 0.01) in forced vital capacity (FVC) (8.9%), expiratory reserve volume (ERV) (61%), total lung capacity (TLC) (5.6%), and functional residual capacity (FRC) (2.9%). Significant increases were observed in inspiratory capacity (IC) (10%) and residual volume (RV) (6.7%). The increase in RV was attributed to a possible \"stiffness\" of the lung tissue caused by pulmonary vascular engorgement. Densitometric analysis was made on each subject using hydrostatic weighing techniques. Subsequent calculation of body density and per-cent body fat indicated significant (P less than 0.01) differences when using RV measured on land and in water. Body fat was 14.0% using the land RV in the computation of density and decreased to 13.4% using the RV measured in water. It was concluded that when obtaining body density values. RV should be measured concurrently while the subject is in the water.", "contents": "Effects of water immersion on lung volumes: implications for body composition analysis. Lung volumes of 20 healthy young men were measured before and after water immersion to the neck level. Immersion resulted in significant decreases (P less than 0.01) in forced vital capacity (FVC) (8.9%), expiratory reserve volume (ERV) (61%), total lung capacity (TLC) (5.6%), and functional residual capacity (FRC) (2.9%). Significant increases were observed in inspiratory capacity (IC) (10%) and residual volume (RV) (6.7%). The increase in RV was attributed to a possible \"stiffness\" of the lung tissue caused by pulmonary vascular engorgement. Densitometric analysis was made on each subject using hydrostatic weighing techniques. Subsequent calculation of body density and per-cent body fat indicated significant (P less than 0.01) differences when using RV measured on land and in water. Body fat was 14.0% using the land RV in the computation of density and decreased to 13.4% using the RV measured in water. It was concluded that when obtaining body density values. RV should be measured concurrently while the subject is in the water."}
{"id": "PMID:893284", "title": "Glycogen, lactate, and alanine changes in muscle fiber types during graded exercise.", "content": "The effect of different speeds of incline running (16-48 m/min) on changes in glycogen, lactate, and alanine concentrations in different skeletal muscle fiber types and in blood were investigated in nontrained adult female rats during 5-min bouts of exercise. Glycogen depletion occurred extensively (25-86%) in fast-oxidative-glycogenolytic (FOG) and in slow-oxidative (SO) fibers over the range of speeds studied, whereas it occurred primarily (76%) at 48 m/min in the fast-glycogenolytic (FG) fiber type. No marked increases in lactate over resting control levels occurred in the FOG fibers. However, compared to resting levels, lactate increased over fourfold in FG muscle during running at 48 m/min and blood lactate concentrations paralleled these changes. No changes occurred in alanine concentration in FOG muscle and in blood under these experimental conditions, whereas there were approximately 70% increases in FG and SO fibers during moderate-to-heavy exercise. These findings suggest that elevations in blood lactate of rodents primarily result from lactate production in the FG fiber type.", "contents": "Glycogen, lactate, and alanine changes in muscle fiber types during graded exercise. The effect of different speeds of incline running (16-48 m/min) on changes in glycogen, lactate, and alanine concentrations in different skeletal muscle fiber types and in blood were investigated in nontrained adult female rats during 5-min bouts of exercise. Glycogen depletion occurred extensively (25-86%) in fast-oxidative-glycogenolytic (FOG) and in slow-oxidative (SO) fibers over the range of speeds studied, whereas it occurred primarily (76%) at 48 m/min in the fast-glycogenolytic (FG) fiber type. No marked increases in lactate over resting control levels occurred in the FOG fibers. However, compared to resting levels, lactate increased over fourfold in FG muscle during running at 48 m/min and blood lactate concentrations paralleled these changes. No changes occurred in alanine concentration in FOG muscle and in blood under these experimental conditions, whereas there were approximately 70% increases in FG and SO fibers during moderate-to-heavy exercise. These findings suggest that elevations in blood lactate of rodents primarily result from lactate production in the FG fiber type."}
{"id": "PMID:893285", "title": "An anesthetized dog heatstroke model.", "content": "This study was undertaken to develop an anesthetized dog heatstroke model. Forty-six animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (25 mg/kg) intravenously, and maintained at an ambient temperature of (42-46 degrees C) with a water-heated blanket over 2.5-3.0 h until rectal temperatures rose to 43.0-44.5 degrees C. Animals then cooled passively until death occurred or until 18 h elapsed, and were prepared for autopsy. Liver, kidney, and brain temperature, mean weighted skin temperature, mean weighted surface heat loss, and metabolic rates were obtained. There were no significant differences between liver, kidney, brain, and rectal temperatures during the heating and cooling periods. Cardiac output rose to 127% of initial value, and dropped rapidly to zero at 43.4 degrees C rectal temperature. The rapid decline was accompanied by a doubling of heart rate and a rapid drop in blood pressure and respiratory rate. Cheyne-Stokes respiration and apnea preceded bradycardia followed by asystole or ventricular fibrillation. Certain serum constituents demonstrated modest elevations suggestive of widespread tissue damage. Autopsy did not reveal a clear pattern of heat injury, with the exception of consistent congestion of the major organs and karyorrhexis of lymphocytes. These data are in agreement with similar data from human heatstroke victims and other heatstroke modeling in dogs, and support the concept that the anesthetized dog can in many respects provide an adequate model for human heatstroke.", "contents": "An anesthetized dog heatstroke model. This study was undertaken to develop an anesthetized dog heatstroke model. Forty-six animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (25 mg/kg) intravenously, and maintained at an ambient temperature of (42-46 degrees C) with a water-heated blanket over 2.5-3.0 h until rectal temperatures rose to 43.0-44.5 degrees C. Animals then cooled passively until death occurred or until 18 h elapsed, and were prepared for autopsy. Liver, kidney, and brain temperature, mean weighted skin temperature, mean weighted surface heat loss, and metabolic rates were obtained. There were no significant differences between liver, kidney, brain, and rectal temperatures during the heating and cooling periods. Cardiac output rose to 127% of initial value, and dropped rapidly to zero at 43.4 degrees C rectal temperature. The rapid decline was accompanied by a doubling of heart rate and a rapid drop in blood pressure and respiratory rate. Cheyne-Stokes respiration and apnea preceded bradycardia followed by asystole or ventricular fibrillation. Certain serum constituents demonstrated modest elevations suggestive of widespread tissue damage. Autopsy did not reveal a clear pattern of heat injury, with the exception of consistent congestion of the major organs and karyorrhexis of lymphocytes. These data are in agreement with similar data from human heatstroke victims and other heatstroke modeling in dogs, and support the concept that the anesthetized dog can in many respects provide an adequate model for human heatstroke."}
{"id": "PMID:893286", "title": "Diaphragmatic function during immersion.", "content": "Diaphragmatic function during immersion to midneck level was studied in upright mongrel dogs, using constant electrophrenic stimulation. Effectiveness of diaphragmatic contraction was analyzed in terms of inspired volume (VT) (with airways open), and change in intrathoracic pressure (Pmus) (with the respiratory system occluded). Hydrostatic compression of the immersed body decreased functional residual capacity (FRC) to 55% base-line value (FRCO), resulting in a 2.8-fold increase in Pmus. In spite of this Pmus increase, VT often decreased during immersion, averaging only 83% VTO (base-line value in air). Hence, immersion was associated with a marked stiffening of the respiratory system. The Pmus increase during immersion persisted after restoration of FRC to FRCO, and was related to diaphragmatic length being greater in water than in air under condition of iso-lung volume. In all, there were three factors affecting diaphragmatic function during immersion: FRC reduction, change in thoracic configuration, and stiffening of the respiratory system.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic function during immersion. Diaphragmatic function during immersion to midneck level was studied in upright mongrel dogs, using constant electrophrenic stimulation. Effectiveness of diaphragmatic contraction was analyzed in terms of inspired volume (VT) (with airways open), and change in intrathoracic pressure (Pmus) (with the respiratory system occluded). Hydrostatic compression of the immersed body decreased functional residual capacity (FRC) to 55% base-line value (FRCO), resulting in a 2.8-fold increase in Pmus. In spite of this Pmus increase, VT often decreased during immersion, averaging only 83% VTO (base-line value in air). Hence, immersion was associated with a marked stiffening of the respiratory system. The Pmus increase during immersion persisted after restoration of FRC to FRCO, and was related to diaphragmatic length being greater in water than in air under condition of iso-lung volume. In all, there were three factors affecting diaphragmatic function during immersion: FRC reduction, change in thoracic configuration, and stiffening of the respiratory system."}
{"id": "PMID:893287", "title": "Effect of training on the response of plasma glucagon to exercise.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine whether the increase in plasma glucagon concentration that occurs in response to prolonged exercise is modified by endurance exercise training. Eight subjects participated in an exercise program, consisting of running and bicycling, 4 days/wk for 10 wk. The training program resulted in an average increase in VO2 max of 18%. The average increase in plasma glucagon during a 60-min long bicycle exercise test that required 60% of the subjects' VO2 max was 107+/-28 pg/ml, from 116+/-14 pg/ml at rest to 223+/-37 pg/ml after 60 min of exercise, prior to training. After training the same absolute work rate resulted in an increase in plasma glucagon of only 20+/-6 pg/ml, from 125+/-20 to 145+/-16 pg/ml (P less than 0.02). A similar blunting of the glucagon response to exercise was seen during work of the same relative intensity after training. Plasma insulin concentration decreased from 18.1+/-2.5 to 7.6+/-1.6 muunits/ml during the 60 min of exercise before training. A similar decrease in insulin concentration was seen at the same relative work rate after training. However, the decrease in plasma insulin at the same absolute work rate, from 18.5+/-3.0 to 12.5+/-1.8 muunits/ml, was significantly smaller after training (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Effect of training on the response of plasma glucagon to exercise. This study was undertaken to determine whether the increase in plasma glucagon concentration that occurs in response to prolonged exercise is modified by endurance exercise training. Eight subjects participated in an exercise program, consisting of running and bicycling, 4 days/wk for 10 wk. The training program resulted in an average increase in VO2 max of 18%. The average increase in plasma glucagon during a 60-min long bicycle exercise test that required 60% of the subjects' VO2 max was 107+/-28 pg/ml, from 116+/-14 pg/ml at rest to 223+/-37 pg/ml after 60 min of exercise, prior to training. After training the same absolute work rate resulted in an increase in plasma glucagon of only 20+/-6 pg/ml, from 125+/-20 to 145+/-16 pg/ml (P less than 0.02). A similar blunting of the glucagon response to exercise was seen during work of the same relative intensity after training. Plasma insulin concentration decreased from 18.1+/-2.5 to 7.6+/-1.6 muunits/ml during the 60 min of exercise before training. A similar decrease in insulin concentration was seen at the same relative work rate after training. However, the decrease in plasma insulin at the same absolute work rate, from 18.5+/-3.0 to 12.5+/-1.8 muunits/ml, was significantly smaller after training (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:893288", "title": "Capillary proliferative activity in myocardium and skeletal muscle of exercised rats.", "content": "The capillary proliferative activity in heart and skeletal muscle was studied by autoradiography after in vivo injections of [3H]thymidine in swimming exercised rats. Swimming exercise led to hypertrophy of the myocardium and the muscle fibers of the fore- and hindlimbs. When compared with normal controls a highly significant increase in nuclear incorporation of [3H]thymidine was found in the cells of the myocardial capillary walls. No increased incorporation of [3H]thymidine was found in capillary wall cells of fore- and hindlimb muscles. The findings confirm previous observations of a significant neoformation of myocardial capillary blood vessels in swimming-induced cardiac hypertrophy, whereas any capillary neoformation in the hypertrophying skeletal muscles of this experimental model is insignificant.", "contents": "Capillary proliferative activity in myocardium and skeletal muscle of exercised rats. The capillary proliferative activity in heart and skeletal muscle was studied by autoradiography after in vivo injections of [3H]thymidine in swimming exercised rats. Swimming exercise led to hypertrophy of the myocardium and the muscle fibers of the fore- and hindlimbs. When compared with normal controls a highly significant increase in nuclear incorporation of [3H]thymidine was found in the cells of the myocardial capillary walls. No increased incorporation of [3H]thymidine was found in capillary wall cells of fore- and hindlimb muscles. The findings confirm previous observations of a significant neoformation of myocardial capillary blood vessels in swimming-induced cardiac hypertrophy, whereas any capillary neoformation in the hypertrophying skeletal muscles of this experimental model is insignificant."}
{"id": "PMID:893289", "title": "Recurrent heat exposure: enzymatic responses in resting and exercising men.", "content": "Heat acclimatization was induced in a group of healthy male test subjects by repetitive treadmill walking (5.6 km-h-1, 49 degrees/27 degrees C dry/wet bulb, 90 min-day-1, 7 days). A second group of men, paired for maximal O2 consumption and body weight, remained sedentary under identical environmental conditions. Total plasma protein increased significantly after 45 (P less than 0.05) and 90 (P less than 0.025) min of exercise on the first day of heat exposure, yet after 7 days no increments occurred. Even after heat acclimatization was achieved (day 7), plasma levels of creatine phosphokinase increased during the 90-min walk in the heat (time O vs. 90, P less than 0.025), as was also the case on day 1 (P less than 0.05). Levels of lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase were not significantly affected by exercise in the heat either before or after heat acclimatization. No correlations could be drawn between base-line enzyme levels and state of physical conditioning.", "contents": "Recurrent heat exposure: enzymatic responses in resting and exercising men. Heat acclimatization was induced in a group of healthy male test subjects by repetitive treadmill walking (5.6 km-h-1, 49 degrees/27 degrees C dry/wet bulb, 90 min-day-1, 7 days). A second group of men, paired for maximal O2 consumption and body weight, remained sedentary under identical environmental conditions. Total plasma protein increased significantly after 45 (P less than 0.05) and 90 (P less than 0.025) min of exercise on the first day of heat exposure, yet after 7 days no increments occurred. Even after heat acclimatization was achieved (day 7), plasma levels of creatine phosphokinase increased during the 90-min walk in the heat (time O vs. 90, P less than 0.025), as was also the case on day 1 (P less than 0.05). Levels of lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase were not significantly affected by exercise in the heat either before or after heat acclimatization. No correlations could be drawn between base-line enzyme levels and state of physical conditioning."}
{"id": "PMID:893290", "title": "Relationship of thoracic volume and airway occlusion pressure: muscular effects.", "content": "The occluded airway pressure generated by contraction of inspiratory muscles was measured in spontaneously breathing, anesthetized, vagotomized cats at thoracic volumes below, at, and above true FRC (range, -8 to +28 ml/kg). A relatively constant neural drive at all volumes was shown by recordings of integrated phrenic nerve and external intercostal muscle activities. Peak occlusion pressure declined progressively with increasing thoracic volume and increased with occlusion volumes below FRC. Occlusion pressures measured early in inspiration (0.3 and 0.5 s) decreased similarly. Since occluded airway pressure was a satisfactory index of muscle force output of all inspiratory muscles, the study demonstrates that inspiratory muscle performance decreases with increasing thoracic volume throughout the range studied. Analysis of all occluded breaths shows that, quantitatively, the decline in muscle performance from that occurring at true FRC was -1.9% per ml/kg volume change from FRC. Zero effective muscle pressure generation occurred at 52 ml/kg above FRC, or 2.8 times FRC. These findings have important implications for the use of occlusion pressures and ventilatory responses in respiratory control system studies, since changes in FRC may affect muscle performance.", "contents": "Relationship of thoracic volume and airway occlusion pressure: muscular effects. The occluded airway pressure generated by contraction of inspiratory muscles was measured in spontaneously breathing, anesthetized, vagotomized cats at thoracic volumes below, at, and above true FRC (range, -8 to +28 ml/kg). A relatively constant neural drive at all volumes was shown by recordings of integrated phrenic nerve and external intercostal muscle activities. Peak occlusion pressure declined progressively with increasing thoracic volume and increased with occlusion volumes below FRC. Occlusion pressures measured early in inspiration (0.3 and 0.5 s) decreased similarly. Since occluded airway pressure was a satisfactory index of muscle force output of all inspiratory muscles, the study demonstrates that inspiratory muscle performance decreases with increasing thoracic volume throughout the range studied. Analysis of all occluded breaths shows that, quantitatively, the decline in muscle performance from that occurring at true FRC was -1.9% per ml/kg volume change from FRC. Zero effective muscle pressure generation occurred at 52 ml/kg above FRC, or 2.8 times FRC. These findings have important implications for the use of occlusion pressures and ventilatory responses in respiratory control system studies, since changes in FRC may affect muscle performance."}
{"id": "PMID:893291", "title": "Respiratory parameter estimation using forced oscillatory impedance data.", "content": "The frequency dependency of the magnitude and phase angle of total respiratory impedance was measured in apneic dogs at functional residual capacity during forced oscillation by a special electronics unit. Regression analysis of these data yielded estimates of total respiratory resistance (RFO), inertance (IFO), and compliance (CFO). After correcting for the effects of the endotracheal tube, mean control values (+/-SE) of RFO, IFO, and CFO for the clinically normal dogs were 1.30+/-0.10 cmH2O-1-1-s, 0.0114+/-0.0022 cmH2O-1-1-s2, and 0.0306+/-0.0009 1-cm H2O-1, respectively. Estimates obtained with added resistance, a less dense gas, and abdominal weighting were consistent with predicted effects. In four dogs with mild respiratory symptoms, mean RFO was significantly elevated with no change in IFO or CFO. Independent measurements of resistance and compliance during tidal ventilation correlated well with RFO (r=0.87) and CFO (r=0.80), but RFO and CFO were, on the average, 71% of the tidal breathing values. Thus, the method provides precise estimates of RFO, IFO, and CFO, and allows detection of small changes in these parameters.", "contents": "Respiratory parameter estimation using forced oscillatory impedance data. The frequency dependency of the magnitude and phase angle of total respiratory impedance was measured in apneic dogs at functional residual capacity during forced oscillation by a special electronics unit. Regression analysis of these data yielded estimates of total respiratory resistance (RFO), inertance (IFO), and compliance (CFO). After correcting for the effects of the endotracheal tube, mean control values (+/-SE) of RFO, IFO, and CFO for the clinically normal dogs were 1.30+/-0.10 cmH2O-1-1-s, 0.0114+/-0.0022 cmH2O-1-1-s2, and 0.0306+/-0.0009 1-cm H2O-1, respectively. Estimates obtained with added resistance, a less dense gas, and abdominal weighting were consistent with predicted effects. In four dogs with mild respiratory symptoms, mean RFO was significantly elevated with no change in IFO or CFO. Independent measurements of resistance and compliance during tidal ventilation correlated well with RFO (r=0.87) and CFO (r=0.80), but RFO and CFO were, on the average, 71% of the tidal breathing values. Thus, the method provides precise estimates of RFO, IFO, and CFO, and allows detection of small changes in these parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:893292", "title": "Estimation of composition of weight loss in man: a comparison of methods.", "content": "Five different procedures were used to estimate composition of weight loss by six obese individuals maintained on low-calorie regimens: 1) energy-nitrogen (E-N) balance; 2) total body water-nitrogen balance (TBW-N); 3) total body water (TBW); 4) total body potassium (TBK); and 5) an anthropometric method. Quantity of weight lost by obese subjects during comparison periods lasting 25-40 days ranged from 7.9 to 17.1 kg. Expressed as percent of aggregate weight loss, collective fat loss was 47.6 by E-N balance; 46.3 by TBW-N balance; 51.7 by TBK; 50.9 by anthrometry; and 33 by TBW. The E-N balance method yielded a tight cluster of individual means, whereas the other procedures gave a wide scatter of means. For short-term studies, the E-N balance procedure, although tedious and difficult, should yield results less variable than those generated by any of the other methods examined.", "contents": "Estimation of composition of weight loss in man: a comparison of methods. Five different procedures were used to estimate composition of weight loss by six obese individuals maintained on low-calorie regimens: 1) energy-nitrogen (E-N) balance; 2) total body water-nitrogen balance (TBW-N); 3) total body water (TBW); 4) total body potassium (TBK); and 5) an anthropometric method. Quantity of weight lost by obese subjects during comparison periods lasting 25-40 days ranged from 7.9 to 17.1 kg. Expressed as percent of aggregate weight loss, collective fat loss was 47.6 by E-N balance; 46.3 by TBW-N balance; 51.7 by TBK; 50.9 by anthrometry; and 33 by TBW. The E-N balance method yielded a tight cluster of individual means, whereas the other procedures gave a wide scatter of means. For short-term studies, the E-N balance procedure, although tedious and difficult, should yield results less variable than those generated by any of the other methods examined."}
{"id": "PMID:893293", "title": "Thoracic reflexes stabilizing loaded ventilation in normal and cord-injured man.", "content": "The ability to regulate tidal volume was quantified in 24 cervical cord-injured patients by comparing the \"effective\" elastance (E'rs) observed during single-breath elastic loads to the passive respiratory elastance (Ers) measured separately with relaxed muscles. Thirteen patients, the majority of whom had an abnormal subjective perception of loading, usually failed to demonstrate any tidal volume compensation under load conditions (i.e. E'rs less than or equal to Ers). This impaired tidal volume defense, which could not be attributed either to diaphragmatic paralysis or rib cage instability, was accompanied by a markedly shortened inspiratory duration and, hence, a prematurely terminated phrenic motoneuron output. Conversely, those patients who developed a larger then previously reported \"effective\" elastance (i.e., E'rs greater than or equal to 2Ers) described loading as an inspiratory obstruction, as did all our normal subjects, and usually prolonged loaded inspiratory duration, probably by a consciously mediated mechanism. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that, in spontaneously breathing intact man, thoracic sensory receptors normally maintain phrenic motoneuron output under load conditions and thereby promote tidal volume stability.", "contents": "Thoracic reflexes stabilizing loaded ventilation in normal and cord-injured man. The ability to regulate tidal volume was quantified in 24 cervical cord-injured patients by comparing the \"effective\" elastance (E'rs) observed during single-breath elastic loads to the passive respiratory elastance (Ers) measured separately with relaxed muscles. Thirteen patients, the majority of whom had an abnormal subjective perception of loading, usually failed to demonstrate any tidal volume compensation under load conditions (i.e. E'rs less than or equal to Ers). This impaired tidal volume defense, which could not be attributed either to diaphragmatic paralysis or rib cage instability, was accompanied by a markedly shortened inspiratory duration and, hence, a prematurely terminated phrenic motoneuron output. Conversely, those patients who developed a larger then previously reported \"effective\" elastance (i.e., E'rs greater than or equal to 2Ers) described loading as an inspiratory obstruction, as did all our normal subjects, and usually prolonged loaded inspiratory duration, probably by a consciously mediated mechanism. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that, in spontaneously breathing intact man, thoracic sensory receptors normally maintain phrenic motoneuron output under load conditions and thereby promote tidal volume stability."}
{"id": "PMID:893294", "title": "Determinants of the prescriptive zone of industrial workers.", "content": "The prescriptive zone is the range of climates in which man's body temperature is independent of climatic conditions. The environmental temperatures which define the upper limit of the prescriptive zone (ULPZ) at different work rates were determined in 46 clothed, healthy, male industrial workers; some of the men were job acclimated to heat and some were not. They performed a total of 653 work bouts of low, medium, or high intensity in environments ranging from 11 to 35 degrees C corrected effective temperature (CET) (8-37 degrees C wet bulb globe temperature). Heart rates (HR) and rectal temperatures (Tre) were measured after 1 h of work. The ULPZ was calculated from Tre data. HR's showed a similar pattern of response as Tre's except that the inflection point corresponding to the ULPZ occurred at different environmental temperatures at most of the experiment conditions. About one-third of the work bouts were performed in the summer months and the remainder in the winter. The ULPZ decreased with increasing work rates. At high, but not low, work rates, men who were exposed to heat in the performance of their jobs were more heat tolerant than men who were not heat acclimatized. Both groups were found to be more heat tolerant in the summer months than in the winter.", "contents": "Determinants of the prescriptive zone of industrial workers. The prescriptive zone is the range of climates in which man's body temperature is independent of climatic conditions. The environmental temperatures which define the upper limit of the prescriptive zone (ULPZ) at different work rates were determined in 46 clothed, healthy, male industrial workers; some of the men were job acclimated to heat and some were not. They performed a total of 653 work bouts of low, medium, or high intensity in environments ranging from 11 to 35 degrees C corrected effective temperature (CET) (8-37 degrees C wet bulb globe temperature). Heart rates (HR) and rectal temperatures (Tre) were measured after 1 h of work. The ULPZ was calculated from Tre data. HR's showed a similar pattern of response as Tre's except that the inflection point corresponding to the ULPZ occurred at different environmental temperatures at most of the experiment conditions. About one-third of the work bouts were performed in the summer months and the remainder in the winter. The ULPZ decreased with increasing work rates. At high, but not low, work rates, men who were exposed to heat in the performance of their jobs were more heat tolerant than men who were not heat acclimatized. Both groups were found to be more heat tolerant in the summer months than in the winter."}
{"id": "PMID:893295", "title": "Elevated alveolar PCO2 relative to predicted values during normal gas exchange.", "content": "A negative aADCO2 has been demonstrated during ventilation with hypercarbic gas mixtures and during rebreathing, but has never been demonstrated during normal gas exchange. This anomalous behavior of CO2 was studied by comparing it to the behavior of five infused inert gases during normal gas exchange in 10 anesthetized mongrel dogs. The distribution of VA/Q heterogeneity and the respiratory dead space in the animals was quantitated using excretion-solubility data from the five infused inert gases. The predicted excretion fraction (PACO2/PVCO2) for CO2 was obtained from the inert gas excretion-solubility curve, using a measured solubility for CO2. The measured excretion fraction for CO2 (PACO2/PVCO2), even after correction for Haldane effect, was significantly greater than the predicted fraction (P less than 0.001). This corresponded to an alveolar PCO2 that exceeded the predicted value by a mean of 5.0 Torr.", "contents": "Elevated alveolar PCO2 relative to predicted values during normal gas exchange. A negative aADCO2 has been demonstrated during ventilation with hypercarbic gas mixtures and during rebreathing, but has never been demonstrated during normal gas exchange. This anomalous behavior of CO2 was studied by comparing it to the behavior of five infused inert gases during normal gas exchange in 10 anesthetized mongrel dogs. The distribution of VA/Q heterogeneity and the respiratory dead space in the animals was quantitated using excretion-solubility data from the five infused inert gases. The predicted excretion fraction (PACO2/PVCO2) for CO2 was obtained from the inert gas excretion-solubility curve, using a measured solubility for CO2. The measured excretion fraction for CO2 (PACO2/PVCO2), even after correction for Haldane effect, was significantly greater than the predicted fraction (P less than 0.001). This corresponded to an alveolar PCO2 that exceeded the predicted value by a mean of 5.0 Torr."}
{"id": "PMID:893296", "title": "Hematologic responses to carbon monoxide and altitude: a comparative study.", "content": "Groups of 40- and 90-day-old rats were exposed to 500 ppm CO (HbCO=31-43%) and simulated altitude (15,000 ft). Resulting hematologic changes were monitored after 1 day, 1 wk, 3-4 wk, and 9-11 wk of exposure. The two treatments resulted in similar changes in hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit ratio (Hct) in the young rats, while in the older group there were several small, but significant differences in these parameters. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) fell 12.4-15.1% during the 1st wk of exposure in all groups except the young altitude rats, which remained at the control value. The former groups returned to control levels by the 3rd to 4th wk of exposure. Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) increased 21.6-26.1% above control during 3-4 wk of altitude exposure, but later (9-11 wk) returned toward control levels. CO exposure resulted  in a sharp decrease in 2,3-DPG after 1 day of exposure only in the young rats. 2,3-DPG level progressively decreased with age in control rats. The effects of CO and altitude although similar in several respects (i.e., Hb, Hct, MCHC) differ with regard to red cell 2,3-DPG.", "contents": "Hematologic responses to carbon monoxide and altitude: a comparative study. Groups of 40- and 90-day-old rats were exposed to 500 ppm CO (HbCO=31-43%) and simulated altitude (15,000 ft). Resulting hematologic changes were monitored after 1 day, 1 wk, 3-4 wk, and 9-11 wk of exposure. The two treatments resulted in similar changes in hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit ratio (Hct) in the young rats, while in the older group there were several small, but significant differences in these parameters. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) fell 12.4-15.1% during the 1st wk of exposure in all groups except the young altitude rats, which remained at the control value. The former groups returned to control levels by the 3rd to 4th wk of exposure. Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) increased 21.6-26.1% above control during 3-4 wk of altitude exposure, but later (9-11 wk) returned toward control levels. CO exposure resulted  in a sharp decrease in 2,3-DPG after 1 day of exposure only in the young rats. 2,3-DPG level progressively decreased with age in control rats. The effects of CO and altitude although similar in several respects (i.e., Hb, Hct, MCHC) differ with regard to red cell 2,3-DPG."}
{"id": "PMID:893297", "title": "High-sensitivity device for continuous measurements of tissue O2 uptake.", "content": "An analysis system for continuous measurements of O2 uptake by rat diaphragm during several hours is described. The tissue was set in a chamber where a medium was flowing at a known and constant flow rate, temperature, and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). The decrease in PO2 of the medium was measured with a Clark O2 cathode at the outlet of the chamber. To increase the sensitivity of the system and the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurements, a sweeping device was designed. It provided homogenization of the medium in the chamber. The main characteristics of this analysis system are a) a sensitivity of +/-0.2% of the mean PO2 value of the perfused medium, +/-0.8% of the mean O2 uptake of rat diaphragm, b) a linearity of +/-1.75% in the range of 0+/-200 Torr, c) a stability of +/-0.38% of the initial PO2 value, and d) a time constant of 8 min 30 s. This type of system can be used for high-sensitivity measurements of O2 uptake of any tissue after adaptation of the chamber and of the medium flow rate.", "contents": "High-sensitivity device for continuous measurements of tissue O2 uptake. An analysis system for continuous measurements of O2 uptake by rat diaphragm during several hours is described. The tissue was set in a chamber where a medium was flowing at a known and constant flow rate, temperature, and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). The decrease in PO2 of the medium was measured with a Clark O2 cathode at the outlet of the chamber. To increase the sensitivity of the system and the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurements, a sweeping device was designed. It provided homogenization of the medium in the chamber. The main characteristics of this analysis system are a) a sensitivity of +/-0.2% of the mean PO2 value of the perfused medium, +/-0.8% of the mean O2 uptake of rat diaphragm, b) a linearity of +/-1.75% in the range of 0+/-200 Torr, c) a stability of +/-0.38% of the initial PO2 value, and d) a time constant of 8 min 30 s. This type of system can be used for high-sensitivity measurements of O2 uptake of any tissue after adaptation of the chamber and of the medium flow rate."}
{"id": "PMID:893298", "title": "Aspects of on-line digital integration of pulmonary gas transfer.", "content": "Digital computers are often used in work physiology to find pulmonary gas transfer on a breath-by-breath basis. A measurement procedure was simulated to determine the effects of sample rate, signal noise levels, and numerical filters on the digital calculations. The results indicated that a trapezoidal rule integration at a sample rate of 30 Hz with no numerical filter can provide satisfactory data. The flow rate and concentration signals should not be out of phase by more than 25 ms. The simple computational procedures give accurate results while minimizing the memory requirements and computation time.", "contents": "Aspects of on-line digital integration of pulmonary gas transfer. Digital computers are often used in work physiology to find pulmonary gas transfer on a breath-by-breath basis. A measurement procedure was simulated to determine the effects of sample rate, signal noise levels, and numerical filters on the digital calculations. The results indicated that a trapezoidal rule integration at a sample rate of 30 Hz with no numerical filter can provide satisfactory data. The flow rate and concentration signals should not be out of phase by more than 25 ms. The simple computational procedures give accurate results while minimizing the memory requirements and computation time."}
{"id": "PMID:893299", "title": "Semiautomatic blood pressure monitor utilizing an electronic sphygmomanometer.", "content": "A semicontinuous but noninvasive blood pressure monitoring system is described. It consists of a commercial electronic sphygmomanometer which utilizes a microphone under an occluding arm cuff to detect the Korotkoff sounds, a pressure transducer, and a simple gating circuit. The gate passes the cuff pressure signal to a recorder only when a proper Korotkoff sound is detected. The cuff is rapidly inflated to just above the anticipated systolic pressure, then deflated at a steady rate of 2-6 Torr/heartbeat. When diastolic pressure is passed, the cuff is fully deflated momentarily before repeating the cycle. Systolic and diastolic pressures can be recorded up to 3 or 4 times/min. Spurious signals are rejected by the electronics which process the output of the microphone. This allows the use of the system in experiments on exercising man and in environments where unwanted signals exist. The system offers greater versatility than commercial semiautomatic pressure monitors, at less than half the cost.", "contents": "Semiautomatic blood pressure monitor utilizing an electronic sphygmomanometer. A semicontinuous but noninvasive blood pressure monitoring system is described. It consists of a commercial electronic sphygmomanometer which utilizes a microphone under an occluding arm cuff to detect the Korotkoff sounds, a pressure transducer, and a simple gating circuit. The gate passes the cuff pressure signal to a recorder only when a proper Korotkoff sound is detected. The cuff is rapidly inflated to just above the anticipated systolic pressure, then deflated at a steady rate of 2-6 Torr/heartbeat. When diastolic pressure is passed, the cuff is fully deflated momentarily before repeating the cycle. Systolic and diastolic pressures can be recorded up to 3 or 4 times/min. Spurious signals are rejected by the electronics which process the output of the microphone. This allows the use of the system in experiments on exercising man and in environments where unwanted signals exist. The system offers greater versatility than commercial semiautomatic pressure monitors, at less than half the cost."}
{"id": "PMID:893300", "title": "Measurement of evaporative water loss in small animals by dew-point hygrometry.", "content": "This paper presents the procedures and equations to be utilized for measurement of evaporative water loss (mw), by use of the dew-point hygrometer, in small animals exposed to air containing water vapor in an open-flow system. The system accounted accurately for the water evaporated from a bubble flask. In addition, hygrometric measurements of pulmocutaneous mw in pigeons (Columba livia, mean mass 0.31 kg) agreed closely with simultaneous gravimetric measurements, utilizing a desiccant in the sample stream, in a manner independently of air temperature (Ta, 20 or 40 degrees C), ambient water vapor pressure (PW, 4-16 10(2) Pa), or mw (5-66 mg-min-1). Evaporation in pigeons was independent of PW at 20 degrees C, but increased with decreasing PW at 40 degrees C, suggesting differences in ventilatory adjustments to changes in PW at the two temperatures.", "contents": "Measurement of evaporative water loss in small animals by dew-point hygrometry. This paper presents the procedures and equations to be utilized for measurement of evaporative water loss (mw), by use of the dew-point hygrometer, in small animals exposed to air containing water vapor in an open-flow system. The system accounted accurately for the water evaporated from a bubble flask. In addition, hygrometric measurements of pulmocutaneous mw in pigeons (Columba livia, mean mass 0.31 kg) agreed closely with simultaneous gravimetric measurements, utilizing a desiccant in the sample stream, in a manner independently of air temperature (Ta, 20 or 40 degrees C), ambient water vapor pressure (PW, 4-16 10(2) Pa), or mw (5-66 mg-min-1). Evaporation in pigeons was independent of PW at 20 degrees C, but increased with decreasing PW at 40 degrees C, suggesting differences in ventilatory adjustments to changes in PW at the two temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:893301", "title": "Effect of storage in flour and of particle size on the bioavailability of elemental iron powders for rats and humans.", "content": "Elemental iron powders produced by different processes were separated by nitrogen elutriation into fractions based on particle size. The fractions containing fine particles (7-10 micrometer) of electrolytic iron, hydrogen (H2)- and carbon monoxide (CO)-reduced iron, and the whole sample of carbonyl iron (92% less than 11 micrometer) were blended into freshly milled wheat flour and stored at about 21 degrees C. Storing the enriched flour up to 9 months had no effect on the relative biological value (RBV) of iron for rats from each type of iron supplement. Baking bread with flour containing electrolytic, H2-reduced, and carbonyl iron after storage for 10 months also had no effect on the RBV of the iron powders. There was no change in the RBV of iron for rats from flour enriched with electrolytic iron (200 mg/kg) and ascorbic acid (200 and 1665 mg/kg flour) after storage for 1 week and 3 months. The decreases in RBV due to increase in size of particles (7-10 vs. 20-26 micrometer) were significant for H2-reduced iron and CO-reduced iron but not for electrolytic iron and carbonyl iron. The RBVs of elemental iron powders for rats were similar to the values obtained with humans, based on iron absorption after an overnight fast.", "contents": "Effect of storage in flour and of particle size on the bioavailability of elemental iron powders for rats and humans. Elemental iron powders produced by different processes were separated by nitrogen elutriation into fractions based on particle size. The fractions containing fine particles (7-10 micrometer) of electrolytic iron, hydrogen (H2)- and carbon monoxide (CO)-reduced iron, and the whole sample of carbonyl iron (92% less than 11 micrometer) were blended into freshly milled wheat flour and stored at about 21 degrees C. Storing the enriched flour up to 9 months had no effect on the relative biological value (RBV) of iron for rats from each type of iron supplement. Baking bread with flour containing electrolytic, H2-reduced, and carbonyl iron after storage for 10 months also had no effect on the RBV of the iron powders. There was no change in the RBV of iron for rats from flour enriched with electrolytic iron (200 mg/kg) and ascorbic acid (200 and 1665 mg/kg flour) after storage for 1 week and 3 months. The decreases in RBV due to increase in size of particles (7-10 vs. 20-26 micrometer) were significant for H2-reduced iron and CO-reduced iron but not for electrolytic iron and carbonyl iron. The RBVs of elemental iron powders for rats were similar to the values obtained with humans, based on iron absorption after an overnight fast."}
{"id": "PMID:893302", "title": "Preparation and characterization of aflatox-n B1-1-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation and purification of aflatoxin B1-1(O-carboxymethyl) oxime from aflatoxin B1. The overall yield was about 73-83%. The new aflatoxin B1 derivative was characterized by mass, ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses, and was nontoxic to 8-day-old chicken embryos when tested at a concentration of 3.48 microgram/egg.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of aflatox-n B1-1-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime. A method is described for the preparation and purification of aflatoxin B1-1(O-carboxymethyl) oxime from aflatoxin B1. The overall yield was about 73-83%. The new aflatoxin B1 derivative was characterized by mass, ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses, and was nontoxic to 8-day-old chicken embryos when tested at a concentration of 3.48 microgram/egg."}
{"id": "PMID:893303", "title": "Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxin B1 in eggs.", "content": "A method for determining aflatoxin in dairy products was modified for eggs, initially by additional cleanup steps. The modified method proved practical for use in survey analyses and was sufficiently sensitive to detect aflatoxin B1 at levels less than 1 ng/g in eggs from hens on experimentally contaminated feed and in spiked eggs; interfering compounds in eggs received from many different producing areas were eliminated. Although recovery was greater than 75% when the aflatoxin was extracted immediately after spiking, recovery was usually less than 30% when the aflatoxin was extracted after more than 24 hr. Adding sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, or urea to the extracting solvent remedied this defect, which is thought to be related to the binding of aflatoxin to egg protein.", "contents": "Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxin B1 in eggs. A method for determining aflatoxin in dairy products was modified for eggs, initially by additional cleanup steps. The modified method proved practical for use in survey analyses and was sufficiently sensitive to detect aflatoxin B1 at levels less than 1 ng/g in eggs from hens on experimentally contaminated feed and in spiked eggs; interfering compounds in eggs received from many different producing areas were eliminated. Although recovery was greater than 75% when the aflatoxin was extracted immediately after spiking, recovery was usually less than 30% when the aflatoxin was extracted after more than 24 hr. Adding sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, or urea to the extracting solvent remedied this defect, which is thought to be related to the binding of aflatoxin to egg protein."}
{"id": "PMID:893304", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in wines and other liquid products.", "content": "A previously developed high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was evaluated by an extensive recovery study of aflatoxins from wines and other liquid products. The HPLC column and the preliminary cleanup procedures were both modified for this study. Four aflatoxins (B1, B2, and G2) were recovered at 80-116% from 28 samples of various liquid commodities spiked at the 1 microgram/L (1 ppb) level. The detection limit of the proposed method for wines and fruit juices was about 0.02 ppb. A total of 53 samples were analyzed for aflatoxins during this study.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in wines and other liquid products. A previously developed high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was evaluated by an extensive recovery study of aflatoxins from wines and other liquid products. The HPLC column and the preliminary cleanup procedures were both modified for this study. Four aflatoxins (B1, B2, and G2) were recovered at 80-116% from 28 samples of various liquid commodities spiked at the 1 microgram/L (1 ppb) level. The detection limit of the proposed method for wines and fruit juices was about 0.02 ppb. A total of 53 samples were analyzed for aflatoxins during this study."}
{"id": "PMID:893305", "title": "Analysis of foods for arsenic and selenium by acid digestion, hydride evolution atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "content": "A method based on acid digestion, hydride evolution atomic absorption spectrophotometry for estimating microgram and submicrogram quantities of As and Se in foods was developed and evaluated. Samples up to 3 g dry weight were digested with HNO3-HCIO4-H2SO4. As and Se in aliquots of the digests were reduced with NaBH4 to volatile hydrides, using laboratory-constructed and commercially available generators. As and Se were estimated by transient signal atomic absorbance measurements as the hydrides were decomposed in an Ar-H2-entrained air flame. Recoveries of inorganic As and Se added at levels of 0.1-1.0 microgram/g to a variety of foods ranged from 70 to 125%. Analyses of several standard reference samples indicated the method is capable of recovering native analytes. Detection limits for the determinative step and the method as a whole were as low as 5 and 25 ng, respectively, for both elements.", "contents": "Analysis of foods for arsenic and selenium by acid digestion, hydride evolution atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A method based on acid digestion, hydride evolution atomic absorption spectrophotometry for estimating microgram and submicrogram quantities of As and Se in foods was developed and evaluated. Samples up to 3 g dry weight were digested with HNO3-HCIO4-H2SO4. As and Se in aliquots of the digests were reduced with NaBH4 to volatile hydrides, using laboratory-constructed and commercially available generators. As and Se were estimated by transient signal atomic absorbance measurements as the hydrides were decomposed in an Ar-H2-entrained air flame. Recoveries of inorganic As and Se added at levels of 0.1-1.0 microgram/g to a variety of foods ranged from 70 to 125%. Analyses of several standard reference samples indicated the method is capable of recovering native analytes. Detection limits for the determinative step and the method as a whole were as low as 5 and 25 ng, respectively, for both elements."}
{"id": "PMID:893306", "title": "Dry ash-voltammetric determination of cadmium, cooper, lead, and zinc in foods.", "content": "An analytical method is presented for determining cadmium, copper, and lead by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and zinc by cathodic scan differential pulse voltammetry. Food samples are dry ashed using a sulfuric acid ashing aid, dissolved in dilute nitric acid, buffered at pH approximately 4.3 with an acetate buffer, and quantitatively analyzed using the technique of standard additions at a hanging mercury drop electrode. The quantitation limits (5 times the estimated detection limits) are approximately 5 ng/g for Cd, Cu, and Pb, and 50 ng/g for Zn. Accuracy of the method is established by (a) analysis of NBS Standard Reference Material No. 1577 Bovine Liver, (b) comparison of results obtained by the method described with those obtained by independent analytical methods, and (c) quantitative recovery of analyte metals from fortified, noncanned food samples. Results from an interlaboratory method trial indicate that the method is suitable for the analysis of a variety of food types.", "contents": "Dry ash-voltammetric determination of cadmium, cooper, lead, and zinc in foods. An analytical method is presented for determining cadmium, copper, and lead by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and zinc by cathodic scan differential pulse voltammetry. Food samples are dry ashed using a sulfuric acid ashing aid, dissolved in dilute nitric acid, buffered at pH approximately 4.3 with an acetate buffer, and quantitatively analyzed using the technique of standard additions at a hanging mercury drop electrode. The quantitation limits (5 times the estimated detection limits) are approximately 5 ng/g for Cd, Cu, and Pb, and 50 ng/g for Zn. Accuracy of the method is established by (a) analysis of NBS Standard Reference Material No. 1577 Bovine Liver, (b) comparison of results obtained by the method described with those obtained by independent analytical methods, and (c) quantitative recovery of analyte metals from fortified, noncanned food samples. Results from an interlaboratory method trial indicate that the method is suitable for the analysis of a variety of food types."}
{"id": "PMID:893307", "title": "Evaluation of rapid polarographic method for determining tocopherols in vegetable oils and oil-based products.", "content": "A polarographic procedure for the determination of the tocopherols in vegetable oils was compared to a conventional gas-liquid chromatographic procedure. The polarographic method is 2-3 times more precise and more rapid, which is an important advantage for monitoring the nutritional value of processing conditions of vegetable oil-based products. Attempts to establish the validity of apparently slightly higher values for alpha- and gamma-tocopherols obtained by polarography has implicated the gas chromatography or derivative formation rather than the extensive prior manipulation of the sample for chromatography as the source of error. Essentially the same results were obtained for alpha-tocopherol, regardless of the technique used. However, more variable results which were product dependent were obtained for gamma- and delta-tocopherols when gas-liquid chromatography was used.", "contents": "Evaluation of rapid polarographic method for determining tocopherols in vegetable oils and oil-based products. A polarographic procedure for the determination of the tocopherols in vegetable oils was compared to a conventional gas-liquid chromatographic procedure. The polarographic method is 2-3 times more precise and more rapid, which is an important advantage for monitoring the nutritional value of processing conditions of vegetable oil-based products. Attempts to establish the validity of apparently slightly higher values for alpha- and gamma-tocopherols obtained by polarography has implicated the gas chromatography or derivative formation rather than the extensive prior manipulation of the sample for chromatography as the source of error. Essentially the same results were obtained for alpha-tocopherol, regardless of the technique used. However, more variable results which were product dependent were obtained for gamma- and delta-tocopherols when gas-liquid chromatography was used."}
{"id": "PMID:893308", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alpha-isopropyl-4-chlorophenylacetate residues in cabbage.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for residues of a synthetic pyrethroid, Sumicidin (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alpha-isopropyl-4-chlorophenylacetate), on cabbage. The plant material is Soxhlet-extracted with hexaneacetone (1+1) and subsequently cleaned up on Florisil with benzene-ethyl acetate (9+1) eluting solvent. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis was performed on a 0.5 m x 2 mm stainless steel column containing 3% OV-101+3% Apiezon L on 80-100 mesh Gas-Chrom Q, with tritium electron capture detection. Sumicidin recovery was 97% when added at the 0.5 ppm level. Routine Sumicidin residue monitoring data are presented.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alpha-isopropyl-4-chlorophenylacetate residues in cabbage. A gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for residues of a synthetic pyrethroid, Sumicidin (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alpha-isopropyl-4-chlorophenylacetate), on cabbage. The plant material is Soxhlet-extracted with hexaneacetone (1+1) and subsequently cleaned up on Florisil with benzene-ethyl acetate (9+1) eluting solvent. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis was performed on a 0.5 m x 2 mm stainless steel column containing 3% OV-101+3% Apiezon L on 80-100 mesh Gas-Chrom Q, with tritium electron capture detection. Sumicidin recovery was 97% when added at the 0.5 ppm level. Routine Sumicidin residue monitoring data are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:893309", "title": "Liquid chromatographic determination of azinphos methyl oxon in foliar dislodgeable residues and in soil surface dusts from an azinphos methyl-treated orange grove.", "content": "Specific parts of the worker environment in an orange grove that had been sprayed with azinphos methyl formulation were tested for azinphos methyl oxon. Extracts of soil surface dusts and dislodgeable residues from orange leaf surfaces were prepared and analyzed by liquid chromatographic procedures incorporating an ultraviolet absorption detector primarily for quantitation and an on-stream chemical reaction detector primarily for confirmation. Azinphos methyl oxon residues were found in both types of samples collected 3-59 days after spraying. Foliar dislodgeable residues of the oxon ranged from a high of 0.057 microgram/sq cm of leaf surface on the 17th day to a low of 0.014 microgram/sq cm on the 59th day for trees treated with a low-volume spray. The corresponding range in soil dust samples was 5.2 microgram/g (ppm) of dust on the 10th day to 1.4 microgram/g on the 59th day. Values were 9.7 and 2.7 microgram/g, respectively, for samples from under trees similarly treated with a high-volume spray.", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic determination of azinphos methyl oxon in foliar dislodgeable residues and in soil surface dusts from an azinphos methyl-treated orange grove. Specific parts of the worker environment in an orange grove that had been sprayed with azinphos methyl formulation were tested for azinphos methyl oxon. Extracts of soil surface dusts and dislodgeable residues from orange leaf surfaces were prepared and analyzed by liquid chromatographic procedures incorporating an ultraviolet absorption detector primarily for quantitation and an on-stream chemical reaction detector primarily for confirmation. Azinphos methyl oxon residues were found in both types of samples collected 3-59 days after spraying. Foliar dislodgeable residues of the oxon ranged from a high of 0.057 microgram/sq cm of leaf surface on the 17th day to a low of 0.014 microgram/sq cm on the 59th day for trees treated with a low-volume spray. The corresponding range in soil dust samples was 5.2 microgram/g (ppm) of dust on the 10th day to 1.4 microgram/g on the 59th day. Values were 9.7 and 2.7 microgram/g, respectively, for samples from under trees similarly treated with a high-volume spray."}
{"id": "PMID:893310", "title": "Collaborative study of an assay for progestational steroids in individual contraceptive tablets.", "content": "A single tablet assay method has been developed for determining norethindrone, norethynodrel, and norgestrel in commercial contraceptive tablets. The steroid is separated from the tablet constituents on a diatomaceous earth column, the chloroform eluate is reacted with isonicotinic acid hydrazide, and the steroid is determined by colorimetry. Norethynodrel is isomerized to a conjugated ketosteroid before the colorimetric determination. Fourteen laboratories collaboratively tested the method. The average recoveries in 3 brands of tablets were as follows: 102.6% for the sample labeled as containing 0.35 mg norethindrone/tablet, 99.4% for the 2.5 mg norethynodrel/tablet, and 98.2% for the 0.5 mg norgestrel/tablet. The assay method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of an assay for progestational steroids in individual contraceptive tablets. A single tablet assay method has been developed for determining norethindrone, norethynodrel, and norgestrel in commercial contraceptive tablets. The steroid is separated from the tablet constituents on a diatomaceous earth column, the chloroform eluate is reacted with isonicotinic acid hydrazide, and the steroid is determined by colorimetry. Norethynodrel is isomerized to a conjugated ketosteroid before the colorimetric determination. Fourteen laboratories collaboratively tested the method. The average recoveries in 3 brands of tablets were as follows: 102.6% for the sample labeled as containing 0.35 mg norethindrone/tablet, 99.4% for the 2.5 mg norethynodrel/tablet, and 98.2% for the 0.5 mg norgestrel/tablet. The assay method has been adopted as official first action."}
{"id": "PMID:893311", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of diphenhydramine. HC1 in pharmaceutical preparations.", "content": "A new spectrophotometric method has been developed for determining diphenhydramine. HC1, based on solvent extraction into chloroform of the complex formed with bromocresol green. The complex solution in chloroform showed maximum absorption at 415 nm and obeyed Beer's law over the concentration range of 3.0-12.0 microgram/ml. The molar absorptivity of the complex was 2.02 x 10(4). Complex formation and extraction was complete and quantitative over the pH range from 2 to 5. The ratio of diphenhydramine to bromocresol green was 1:1. Excipients, coloring matter, flavoring agents, and other substances likely to be present in diphenhydramine preparations do not interfere in the determination. Direct determinations in tablet, capsule, sirup, and lotion preparations were carried out satisfactorily, and the average recovery was 100 +/- 1.0%.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of diphenhydramine. HC1 in pharmaceutical preparations. A new spectrophotometric method has been developed for determining diphenhydramine. HC1, based on solvent extraction into chloroform of the complex formed with bromocresol green. The complex solution in chloroform showed maximum absorption at 415 nm and obeyed Beer's law over the concentration range of 3.0-12.0 microgram/ml. The molar absorptivity of the complex was 2.02 x 10(4). Complex formation and extraction was complete and quantitative over the pH range from 2 to 5. The ratio of diphenhydramine to bromocresol green was 1:1. Excipients, coloring matter, flavoring agents, and other substances likely to be present in diphenhydramine preparations do not interfere in the determination. Direct determinations in tablet, capsule, sirup, and lotion preparations were carried out satisfactorily, and the average recovery was 100 +/- 1.0%."}
{"id": "PMID:893312", "title": "Flame photometric and atomic absorption determination of calcium, potassium, and sodium in Ringer's solution and injection and in lactated Ringer's solution.", "content": "Authentic and commerical counterparts of Ringer's solution and lactated Ringer's solution were analyzed by 14 collaborators. Calcium, potassium, and sodium were to be determined by any flame emission or atomic absorption instrument operated at prescribed performance levels, and basic procedures for comparing samples and standards were also given. Recoveries of the cations from authentic and commercial solutions were as follows: calcium 95.6-102.1 and 95.6-103.6%, respectively; potassium 97.9-101.7 and 98.7-102.4%; sodium 98.2-103.1 and 97.3-103.7%. The results indicate that the method yields acceptable precision for the determination of the 3 cations in fluid and electrolyte replenishers. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Flame photometric and atomic absorption determination of calcium, potassium, and sodium in Ringer's solution and injection and in lactated Ringer's solution. Authentic and commerical counterparts of Ringer's solution and lactated Ringer's solution were analyzed by 14 collaborators. Calcium, potassium, and sodium were to be determined by any flame emission or atomic absorption instrument operated at prescribed performance levels, and basic procedures for comparing samples and standards were also given. Recoveries of the cations from authentic and commercial solutions were as follows: calcium 95.6-102.1 and 95.6-103.6%, respectively; potassium 97.9-101.7 and 98.7-102.4%; sodium 98.2-103.1 and 97.3-103.7%. The results indicate that the method yields acceptable precision for the determination of the 3 cations in fluid and electrolyte replenishers. The method has been adopted as official first action."}
{"id": "PMID:893313", "title": "Glucosinolates and derived products in cruciferous vegetables: total glucosinolates by retention on anion exchange resin and enzymatic hydrolysis to measure released glucose.", "content": "Details are given for determining total glucosinolates in Cruciferae plants by a procedure measuring released glucose. The glucosinolates are separated from about 90% of other material in the plant extract by adsorption on an anion exchange resin. Then, by a selective thioglucosidase hydrolysis of the glucosinolates retained on the exchange resin, the glucose and aglucons are separated from other substances retained by the resin. Glucose is released into an aqueous medium and is equivalent to the total glucosinolates. The aglucons formed by the hydrolysis are extracted into methylene chloride and determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Based on 29 determinations of the glucose from sinigrin, analyzed under different conditions, accuracy of the total glucosinolate determination was 94.8 +/- 7.3%. The coefficient of variation, determined by duplicate analyses on extracts from 58 cabbage samples, was 4.6%.", "contents": "Glucosinolates and derived products in cruciferous vegetables: total glucosinolates by retention on anion exchange resin and enzymatic hydrolysis to measure released glucose. Details are given for determining total glucosinolates in Cruciferae plants by a procedure measuring released glucose. The glucosinolates are separated from about 90% of other material in the plant extract by adsorption on an anion exchange resin. Then, by a selective thioglucosidase hydrolysis of the glucosinolates retained on the exchange resin, the glucose and aglucons are separated from other substances retained by the resin. Glucose is released into an aqueous medium and is equivalent to the total glucosinolates. The aglucons formed by the hydrolysis are extracted into methylene chloride and determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Based on 29 determinations of the glucose from sinigrin, analyzed under different conditions, accuracy of the total glucosinolate determination was 94.8 +/- 7.3%. The coefficient of variation, determined by duplicate analyses on extracts from 58 cabbage samples, was 4.6%."}
{"id": "PMID:893314", "title": "Glucosinolates and derived products in cruciferous vegetables: gas-liquid chromatographic determination of the aglucon derivatives from cabbage.", "content": "A procedure is described for identifying and quantitatively determining the glucosinolates found in edible cabbage. The intact glucosinolates are extracted and their aglucons are released into solvent after a special enzymatic hydrolysis step. The resulting isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones are separated by a gas-liquid chromatographic procedure that allows the individual aglucons to be identified and their amounts to be estimated by comparison with an internal reference.", "contents": "Glucosinolates and derived products in cruciferous vegetables: gas-liquid chromatographic determination of the aglucon derivatives from cabbage. A procedure is described for identifying and quantitatively determining the glucosinolates found in edible cabbage. The intact glucosinolates are extracted and their aglucons are released into solvent after a special enzymatic hydrolysis step. The resulting isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones are separated by a gas-liquid chromatographic procedure that allows the individual aglucons to be identified and their amounts to be estimated by comparison with an internal reference."}
{"id": "PMID:893315", "title": "Colorimetric determination of cyanide liberated from apricot kernels.", "content": "A simple colorimetric method is described for determining the quantity of hydrogen cyanide produced by the spontaneous decomposition of amygdalin in apricot kernels. The evolved cyanide is collected in sodium hydroxide solution and assayed colorimetrically by reaction with picric acid. Results for duplicate assays, 3.02 and 3.06 mg CN-/g, compare well with those obtained by AOAC method 26.115 which specifies steam distillation and silver nitrate titration; results for triplicate assays were 3.02, 3.03, and 3.08 mg CN-/g by the latter. Recovery of cyanide from potassium cyanide at a level equivalent to 243 microgram CN-/g was 101.0%.", "contents": "Colorimetric determination of cyanide liberated from apricot kernels. A simple colorimetric method is described for determining the quantity of hydrogen cyanide produced by the spontaneous decomposition of amygdalin in apricot kernels. The evolved cyanide is collected in sodium hydroxide solution and assayed colorimetrically by reaction with picric acid. Results for duplicate assays, 3.02 and 3.06 mg CN-/g, compare well with those obtained by AOAC method 26.115 which specifies steam distillation and silver nitrate titration; results for triplicate assays were 3.02, 3.03, and 3.08 mg CN-/g by the latter. Recovery of cyanide from potassium cyanide at a level equivalent to 243 microgram CN-/g was 101.0%."}
{"id": "PMID:893316", "title": "Microbiological assay for saponin in alfalfa products.", "content": "A bioassay is described for determining medicagenin-type saponin in dried alfalfa, leaf protein concentrates, and alfalfa sprouts. Samples are extracted by refluxing 2 1/2 hr with 50% ethanol, ethanol is evaporated, and aliquots of an aqueous solution are added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and assayed for saponin by using the fungus Trichoderma viride. The growth of the fungus on PDA is compared with a standard saponin, and saponin levels are calculated by means of a slope ratio analysis.", "contents": "Microbiological assay for saponin in alfalfa products. A bioassay is described for determining medicagenin-type saponin in dried alfalfa, leaf protein concentrates, and alfalfa sprouts. Samples are extracted by refluxing 2 1/2 hr with 50% ethanol, ethanol is evaporated, and aliquots of an aqueous solution are added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and assayed for saponin by using the fungus Trichoderma viride. The growth of the fungus on PDA is compared with a standard saponin, and saponin levels are calculated by means of a slope ratio analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:893317", "title": "Evaluation of electrolytic conductivity detection for gas-liquid chromatographic screening of some organonitrogen herbicides and fungicides in foods.", "content": "Electrolytic conductivity detection for the gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) screening of 15 organonitrogen herbicides and fungicides was investigated. Spiked samples of crop material was extracted with acetone and the filtered sample extracts were partitioned with methylene chloride-petroleum ether (1+1) followed by second and third extractions with methylene chloride. The combined organic extracts were evaporated to dryness and the residues were dissolved in hexane for cleanup on a 2% deactivated Florisil column. The pesticide fractions were determined directly by GLC. All pesticides could be detected at 0.1 ppm in the foods studied.", "contents": "Evaluation of electrolytic conductivity detection for gas-liquid chromatographic screening of some organonitrogen herbicides and fungicides in foods. Electrolytic conductivity detection for the gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) screening of 15 organonitrogen herbicides and fungicides was investigated. Spiked samples of crop material was extracted with acetone and the filtered sample extracts were partitioned with methylene chloride-petroleum ether (1+1) followed by second and third extractions with methylene chloride. The combined organic extracts were evaporated to dryness and the residues were dissolved in hexane for cleanup on a 2% deactivated Florisil column. The pesticide fractions were determined directly by GLC. All pesticides could be detected at 0.1 ppm in the foods studied."}
{"id": "PMID:893318", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of some preservatives in milk.", "content": "Benzoic acid, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, and sorbic acid in milk have been determined by using the corresponding first derivative curves of absorption spectra of clarified milk samples. The delta A/delta lambda curves were computed and the concentration of each preservative was calculated using 1 point, 2 points, and/or 3 points. In all cases, the percentage error was within 2.4%.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of some preservatives in milk. Benzoic acid, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, and sorbic acid in milk have been determined by using the corresponding first derivative curves of absorption spectra of clarified milk samples. The delta A/delta lambda curves were computed and the concentration of each preservative was calculated using 1 point, 2 points, and/or 3 points. In all cases, the percentage error was within 2.4%."}
{"id": "PMID:893319", "title": "Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry of selenium in fish and food products.", "content": "A method is described for determining selenium in fish tissues, meat, cereals, milk powder, and other materials by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Samples are solubilized in HNO3 and atomized in a graphite furnace in the presence of nickel nitrate. Recoveries of 0.500 and 1.000 microgram selenium added to several fish samples averaged 99.0 and 98.3%, respectively, with standard deviations of 5.3 and 4.0. Results agreed with those obtained for samples previously analyzed by fluorometry, and with results for NBS Standard Reference Material. The detection limit was 3 ng/ml solution and 50 ng/g sample.", "contents": "Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry of selenium in fish and food products. A method is described for determining selenium in fish tissues, meat, cereals, milk powder, and other materials by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Samples are solubilized in HNO3 and atomized in a graphite furnace in the presence of nickel nitrate. Recoveries of 0.500 and 1.000 microgram selenium added to several fish samples averaged 99.0 and 98.3%, respectively, with standard deviations of 5.3 and 4.0. Results agreed with those obtained for samples previously analyzed by fluorometry, and with results for NBS Standard Reference Material. The detection limit was 3 ng/ml solution and 50 ng/g sample."}
{"id": "PMID:893321", "title": "Collaborative study of a spectrofluorometric assay for Rauwolfia serpentina tablets and powdered root, using a vanadium pentoxide-phosphoric acid determinative step.", "content": "Reserpine-rescinnamine group alkaloids are extracted from Rauwolfia serpentina preparations into dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-methanol and diluted with 0.5N H2SO4. The chloroform extract of this solution is passed through a 0.1N NaOH-Celite column and then through a silica gel column. The weakly basic alkaloids trapped on the latter column are eluted with chloroform-methanol; a portion of the eluate is treated with a vanadium pentoxide-phosphoric acid solution, and the reserpine-rescinnamine content is determined by measuring the intensity of the resulting fluorescence. The following means and standard deviations (11 collaborators) were obtained for the determination of reserpine-rescinnamine group alkaloids in 4 samples of Rauwolfia serpentina (NF reference powder, 100 and 50 mg commercial tablets, and 45 mg synthetic tablet formation): 0.173%, 0.0050; 0.128%, 0.0030; 0.150%, 0.0069; and 0.142%, 0.0032; respectively. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of a spectrofluorometric assay for Rauwolfia serpentina tablets and powdered root, using a vanadium pentoxide-phosphoric acid determinative step. Reserpine-rescinnamine group alkaloids are extracted from Rauwolfia serpentina preparations into dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-methanol and diluted with 0.5N H2SO4. The chloroform extract of this solution is passed through a 0.1N NaOH-Celite column and then through a silica gel column. The weakly basic alkaloids trapped on the latter column are eluted with chloroform-methanol; a portion of the eluate is treated with a vanadium pentoxide-phosphoric acid solution, and the reserpine-rescinnamine content is determined by measuring the intensity of the resulting fluorescence. The following means and standard deviations (11 collaborators) were obtained for the determination of reserpine-rescinnamine group alkaloids in 4 samples of Rauwolfia serpentina (NF reference powder, 100 and 50 mg commercial tablets, and 45 mg synthetic tablet formation): 0.173%, 0.0050; 0.128%, 0.0030; 0.150%, 0.0069; and 0.142%, 0.0032; respectively. The method has been adopted as official first action."}
{"id": "PMID:893322", "title": "Interference by acetylated aminoacetic acid in nonaqueous titration of nicotinic acid.", "content": "A nonaqueous titration procedure is described for determining aminoacetic acid and nicotinic acid in mixtures and elixirs. The effect of acetylated aminoacetic acid on the potentiometric titration of nicotinic acid is discussed. Above a 2:1 ration of aminoacetic acid to nicotinic acid, the former interferes with titration. The titration curve of nicotinic acid becomes progressively flatter with increasing amounts of the acetylated compound. Above this ratio, nicotinic acid had to be separated from the mixture by dissolving in ethanol for a successful titration.", "contents": "Interference by acetylated aminoacetic acid in nonaqueous titration of nicotinic acid. A nonaqueous titration procedure is described for determining aminoacetic acid and nicotinic acid in mixtures and elixirs. The effect of acetylated aminoacetic acid on the potentiometric titration of nicotinic acid is discussed. Above a 2:1 ration of aminoacetic acid to nicotinic acid, the former interferes with titration. The titration curve of nicotinic acid becomes progressively flatter with increasing amounts of the acetylated compound. Above this ratio, nicotinic acid had to be separated from the mixture by dissolving in ethanol for a successful titration."}
{"id": "PMID:893323", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of beta-asarone in wine: collaborative study.", "content": "The gas-liquid chromatographic determination of beta-asarone (cis-2,4,5-trimethyoxy-1-propenylbenzene) in wine was collaboratively studied by 9 analysts. The samples were first distilled and then extracted into hexane prior to chromatography. The mean recovery for 8 spiked samples, analyzed as blind duplicates, was 89.27%. The reproducibility coefficient of variation was 17.9%, and the repeatability coefficient of variation was 8.3%. No unfavorable remarks were noted. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of beta-asarone in wine: collaborative study. The gas-liquid chromatographic determination of beta-asarone (cis-2,4,5-trimethyoxy-1-propenylbenzene) in wine was collaboratively studied by 9 analysts. The samples were first distilled and then extracted into hexane prior to chromatography. The mean recovery for 8 spiked samples, analyzed as blind duplicates, was 89.27%. The reproducibility coefficient of variation was 17.9%, and the repeatability coefficient of variation was 8.3%. No unfavorable remarks were noted. The method has been adopted as official first action."}
{"id": "PMID:893324", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of ethopabate in feeds.", "content": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for determining ethopabate in poultry feeds. Feed samples containing ethopabate are finely ground, extracted 30 min by sonification with methanol-water (80 + 20), and filtered. The extract is cleaned up on an alumina column, and the first 4 ml eluate collected is analyzed. The drug is eluted through a muBondapak C18 column with acetonitrile-water (30 + 70) at a flow rate of 1.4 ml/min and detected by ultraviolet absorption at 280 nm. Chromatography is complete in 7 min, and detector response is linear. The drug is quantitated by peak height ratios. The procedure described is reproducible and shows good agreement with the official AOAC colorimetric method. The lower limit of detection is 2 ng by HPLC, making the method applicable to residue analyses.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of ethopabate in feeds. A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for determining ethopabate in poultry feeds. Feed samples containing ethopabate are finely ground, extracted 30 min by sonification with methanol-water (80 + 20), and filtered. The extract is cleaned up on an alumina column, and the first 4 ml eluate collected is analyzed. The drug is eluted through a muBondapak C18 column with acetonitrile-water (30 + 70) at a flow rate of 1.4 ml/min and detected by ultraviolet absorption at 280 nm. Chromatography is complete in 7 min, and detector response is linear. The drug is quantitated by peak height ratios. The procedure described is reproducible and shows good agreement with the official AOAC colorimetric method. The lower limit of detection is 2 ng by HPLC, making the method applicable to residue analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:893325", "title": "Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of dibutyltin dilaurate in finished feeds: collaborative study.", "content": "Dibutyltin dilaurate is administered in the feed as an active drug for the removal of large roundworms, cecal worms, and several species of tapeworms  from chickens and turkeys. The drug is extracted from finished feed with warm CHCl3, the CHCl3 extract is filtered, and a 25 ml aliquot is concentrated in the presence of methanol until all traces of CHCl3 are removed. The methanol solution is diluted and filtered to remove feed interferences, and then aspirated into an atomic absorption spectrophotometer with a triple-slot burner head, using an air/acetylene flame. The instrument response to tin at 286.3 nm is recorded. Recoveries of 100.5-101.9% tin were obtained for laboratory-prepared feeds. This method was collaboratively studied. The average recovery for dibutyltin dilaurate from 3 feed samples for 8 collaborators was 98.3% with an average coefficient of variation of 5.83%. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of dibutyltin dilaurate in finished feeds: collaborative study. Dibutyltin dilaurate is administered in the feed as an active drug for the removal of large roundworms, cecal worms, and several species of tapeworms  from chickens and turkeys. The drug is extracted from finished feed with warm CHCl3, the CHCl3 extract is filtered, and a 25 ml aliquot is concentrated in the presence of methanol until all traces of CHCl3 are removed. The methanol solution is diluted and filtered to remove feed interferences, and then aspirated into an atomic absorption spectrophotometer with a triple-slot burner head, using an air/acetylene flame. The instrument response to tin at 286.3 nm is recorded. Recoveries of 100.5-101.9% tin were obtained for laboratory-prepared feeds. This method was collaboratively studied. The average recovery for dibutyltin dilaurate from 3 feed samples for 8 collaborators was 98.3% with an average coefficient of variation of 5.83%. The method has been adopted as official first action."}
{"id": "PMID:893327", "title": "Analysis of pesticide residues by chemical derivatization. V. Multiresidue analysis of eight phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides in natural waters.", "content": "A multiresidue method is presented for the gas-liquid chromatographic determination of phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides in natural waters. Extraction efficiencies of different organic solvents are considered in developing a solvent extraction scheme for these herbicides from water. Reactions for derivatizing these compounds by using pentafluorobenzyl bromide, boron trichloride-2-chloroethanol, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-2-chloroethanol were studied in order to obtain extracts with low blanks to provide the lowest detection limits. Advantages and disadvantages of the 3 methods are discussed. Retention times are twice as long for the pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) esters as for the 2-chloroethyl (2-Cl) esters under the same conditions, although electron capture sensitivity to the former was greater. The PFB esters are easier to form, but the 2-Cl reaction is more specific for these herbicides. Solutions from the boron trichloride reaction gave the cleanest blanks.", "contents": "Analysis of pesticide residues by chemical derivatization. V. Multiresidue analysis of eight phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides in natural waters. A multiresidue method is presented for the gas-liquid chromatographic determination of phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides in natural waters. Extraction efficiencies of different organic solvents are considered in developing a solvent extraction scheme for these herbicides from water. Reactions for derivatizing these compounds by using pentafluorobenzyl bromide, boron trichloride-2-chloroethanol, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-2-chloroethanol were studied in order to obtain extracts with low blanks to provide the lowest detection limits. Advantages and disadvantages of the 3 methods are discussed. Retention times are twice as long for the pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) esters as for the 2-chloroethyl (2-Cl) esters under the same conditions, although electron capture sensitivity to the former was greater. The PFB esters are easier to form, but the 2-Cl reaction is more specific for these herbicides. Solutions from the boron trichloride reaction gave the cleanest blanks."}
{"id": "PMID:893328", "title": "Extraction and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of hexachlorophene from several plant tissues.", "content": "Conditions are described for extraction, cleanup, derivatization, detection, and quantitation of hexachlorophene (HCP) residues from several types of plant material. Wet plant tissue was homogenized and extracted with ethyl ether, dried, and methylated with excess diazomethane. Samples were precleaned by column chromatography on silica gel with benzene-petroleum ether (1 + 1), and then 1-10 microliter concentrated sample was chromatographed on a 6' column of 3% SE-30 on 80-100 mesh Gas-Chrom Q. The detection limit for the electron capture detector was less than 0.1 ng dimethoxyhexachlorophene and 1 ppb HCP in plant tissue. Recoveries (%) of 11-610 ppb HCP added to tissue averaged 94.3 for tomatoes, 86.4 for green peppers, 92.6 for cucumbers, 93.3 for green beans, 93.7 for peanut hay, and 91.6 for peanut shells.", "contents": "Extraction and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of hexachlorophene from several plant tissues. Conditions are described for extraction, cleanup, derivatization, detection, and quantitation of hexachlorophene (HCP) residues from several types of plant material. Wet plant tissue was homogenized and extracted with ethyl ether, dried, and methylated with excess diazomethane. Samples were precleaned by column chromatography on silica gel with benzene-petroleum ether (1 + 1), and then 1-10 microliter concentrated sample was chromatographed on a 6' column of 3% SE-30 on 80-100 mesh Gas-Chrom Q. The detection limit for the electron capture detector was less than 0.1 ng dimethoxyhexachlorophene and 1 ppb HCP in plant tissue. Recoveries (%) of 11-610 ppb HCP added to tissue averaged 94.3 for tomatoes, 86.4 for green peppers, 92.6 for cucumbers, 93.3 for green beans, 93.7 for peanut hay, and 91.6 for peanut shells."}
{"id": "PMID:893329", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of methomyl residues in selected vegetables, grains, and soil.", "content": "Methomyl (S-methyl-N-[(methylcarbamoyl) oxy] thioacetimidate) is converted to oxime and hydroxylamine by alkali and acid treatment, respectively. Hydroxylamine is oxidized with iodine in the presence of sulfanilic acid to yield p-diazoniumbenzenesulfonic acid which is coupled with alpha-naphthylamine to form a crimson p-benzenesulfonic acid-azo-alpha-naphthylamine with an absorption maximum at 520 nm. The relationship between absorbance and concentration of methomyl is linear in the range 0.5-10 microgram. The method is sensitive and specific; 0.625 ppm methomyl can be determined in a 40 g sample of selected vegetables, grains, and soil.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of methomyl residues in selected vegetables, grains, and soil. Methomyl (S-methyl-N-[(methylcarbamoyl) oxy] thioacetimidate) is converted to oxime and hydroxylamine by alkali and acid treatment, respectively. Hydroxylamine is oxidized with iodine in the presence of sulfanilic acid to yield p-diazoniumbenzenesulfonic acid which is coupled with alpha-naphthylamine to form a crimson p-benzenesulfonic acid-azo-alpha-naphthylamine with an absorption maximum at 520 nm. The relationship between absorbance and concentration of methomyl is linear in the range 0.5-10 microgram. The method is sensitive and specific; 0.625 ppm methomyl can be determined in a 40 g sample of selected vegetables, grains, and soil."}
{"id": "PMID:893330", "title": "Interlaboratory quality study of the analysis of water for pesticides.", "content": "An interlaboratory quality control study was conducted to provide information to 5 participating Canadian laboratories on their capability in analyzing natural waters for 10 pesticides. The study was designed to identify the quality of each laboratory's working standards for 15 organochlorine pesticides, and the accuracy and precision of each laboratory's analytical procedures. Fifteen samples were provided, of which 3 were standards prepared for direct injection into an electron capture gas chromatograph. Instructions were provided to use these 3 standards for quantitating the pesticide content (8-150 ng/L) in 5 pairs of 1 L water samples. These paired samples contained 10 organochlorine pesticides approaching natural levels. Results of the study indicated that participants were fairly precise and achieved the designed ratio 1.5 for concentrations in the paired samples.", "contents": "Interlaboratory quality study of the analysis of water for pesticides. An interlaboratory quality control study was conducted to provide information to 5 participating Canadian laboratories on their capability in analyzing natural waters for 10 pesticides. The study was designed to identify the quality of each laboratory's working standards for 15 organochlorine pesticides, and the accuracy and precision of each laboratory's analytical procedures. Fifteen samples were provided, of which 3 were standards prepared for direct injection into an electron capture gas chromatograph. Instructions were provided to use these 3 standards for quantitating the pesticide content (8-150 ng/L) in 5 pairs of 1 L water samples. These paired samples contained 10 organochlorine pesticides approaching natural levels. Results of the study indicated that participants were fairly precise and achieved the designed ratio 1.5 for concentrations in the paired samples."}
{"id": "PMID:893331", "title": "Detection of residual penicillins in milk by using a Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay.", "content": "A paper disk method based on a procedure described by the International Dairy Federation is presented for the detection of 4 beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin, cephapirin, and cloxacillin) in whole milk. Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis, prepared as a stable spore suspension, was used as the test organism. Levels of 0.005 unit penicillin G/ml, 0.005 microgram ampicillin or cephapirin/ml, and 0.05 microgram cloxacillin/ml were readily detected in whole milk. Results were produced in 3-4 hr. The method offers several advantages, including greater simplicity, sensitivity, and rapidity, over methods now commonly used to detect residual levels of these drugs in milk.", "contents": "Detection of residual penicillins in milk by using a Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay. A paper disk method based on a procedure described by the International Dairy Federation is presented for the detection of 4 beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin, cephapirin, and cloxacillin) in whole milk. Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis, prepared as a stable spore suspension, was used as the test organism. Levels of 0.005 unit penicillin G/ml, 0.005 microgram ampicillin or cephapirin/ml, and 0.05 microgram cloxacillin/ml were readily detected in whole milk. Results were produced in 3-4 hr. The method offers several advantages, including greater simplicity, sensitivity, and rapidity, over methods now commonly used to detect residual levels of these drugs in milk."}
{"id": "PMID:893332", "title": "Nitration of benzene as method for determining nitrites and nitrates in meat and meat products.", "content": "Nitrites and nitrates in meat and meat products are determined by nitration of benzene in the presence of sulfuric acid. Nitrites are converted to nitrates by permanganate oxidation prior to nitration. The heat of dilution originating from the sulfuric acid is sufficient to complete the reaction. The final product, nitrobenzene, is determined by gas-liquid chromatography and electron capture detection. Peak height quantitation is both accurate and reproducible. Interferences from impurities are rarely encountered, and may be differentiated easily. The method also has potential application to samples other than meat.", "contents": "Nitration of benzene as method for determining nitrites and nitrates in meat and meat products. Nitrites and nitrates in meat and meat products are determined by nitration of benzene in the presence of sulfuric acid. Nitrites are converted to nitrates by permanganate oxidation prior to nitration. The heat of dilution originating from the sulfuric acid is sufficient to complete the reaction. The final product, nitrobenzene, is determined by gas-liquid chromatography and electron capture detection. Peak height quantitation is both accurate and reproducible. Interferences from impurities are rarely encountered, and may be differentiated easily. The method also has potential application to samples other than meat."}
{"id": "PMID:893333", "title": "Determination of dimethylpolysiloxane in instant coffee.", "content": "A method is described for determining dimethylpolysiloxane in instant coffee. The siloxane is extracted with chloroform in a Soxhlet apparatus and then converted to silica which is estimated by a heteropoly blue method. The method is interference-free, and 5 microgram dimethylpolysiloxane can be easily detected.", "contents": "Determination of dimethylpolysiloxane in instant coffee. A method is described for determining dimethylpolysiloxane in instant coffee. The siloxane is extracted with chloroform in a Soxhlet apparatus and then converted to silica which is estimated by a heteropoly blue method. The method is interference-free, and 5 microgram dimethylpolysiloxane can be easily detected."}
{"id": "PMID:893334", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of adult stored product beetle mandibles.", "content": "Adult stored product beetle mandibles were used as a subject for this scanning electron microscopic study. A total of 34 species are represented. Discussion is organized taxonomically by family, and comparisons are made between species where possible. Established terminology for morphological processes has been applied to all characteristics of mandibles reported in earlier literature; however, several new terms have been added in an attempt to better describe specific attributes of a species.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of adult stored product beetle mandibles. Adult stored product beetle mandibles were used as a subject for this scanning electron microscopic study. A total of 34 species are represented. Discussion is organized taxonomically by family, and comparisons are made between species where possible. Established terminology for morphological processes has been applied to all characteristics of mandibles reported in earlier literature; however, several new terms have been added in an attempt to better describe specific attributes of a species."}
{"id": "PMID:893335", "title": "Determination of vinylidene chloride in Saran films by electron capture gas-solid chromatography and confirmation by mass spectrometry.", "content": "A method is presented for determining vinylidene chloride (VdC)  in Saran food packaging films by using electron capture gas-solid chromatography. The VdC present was confirmed by combined gas-solid chromatography-mass spectrometry, employing selected ion recording. The method is capable of detecting larger than or equal to 5 ppm VdC in films. Production lots of Saran film were analyzed and found to contain 6-30 ppm VdC.", "contents": "Determination of vinylidene chloride in Saran films by electron capture gas-solid chromatography and confirmation by mass spectrometry. A method is presented for determining vinylidene chloride (VdC)  in Saran food packaging films by using electron capture gas-solid chromatography. The VdC present was confirmed by combined gas-solid chromatography-mass spectrometry, employing selected ion recording. The method is capable of detecting larger than or equal to 5 ppm VdC in films. Production lots of Saran film were analyzed and found to contain 6-30 ppm VdC."}
{"id": "PMID:893336", "title": "Aflatoxin in corn: evaluation of filter fluorometer reading of minicolumns.", "content": "A minicolumn method using a filter fluorometer was compared with thin layer chromatography for determining aflatoxin in corn. The minicolumn-fluorometer method identified many more samples as aflatoxin-positive than the AOAC CB method. Some corn samples contain a blue-fluorescing substance that interferes with minicolumn chromatography of aflatoxins. Aflatoxin levels measured by the minicolumn-fluorometer method did not correspond to those obtained by the CB method.", "contents": "Aflatoxin in corn: evaluation of filter fluorometer reading of minicolumns. A minicolumn method using a filter fluorometer was compared with thin layer chromatography for determining aflatoxin in corn. The minicolumn-fluorometer method identified many more samples as aflatoxin-positive than the AOAC CB method. Some corn samples contain a blue-fluorescing substance that interferes with minicolumn chromatography of aflatoxins. Aflatoxin levels measured by the minicolumn-fluorometer method did not correspond to those obtained by the CB method."}
{"id": "PMID:893337", "title": "Analysis of fat-soluble vitamins. XV. Confirmation of isotachysterol in vitamin D concentrates.", "content": "The reaction with maleic anhydride yielding Diels-Alder adducts is used to distinguish vitamin D isomers. Treatment at 100 degrees C for 3 hr eliminates the fast-reacting (tachysterol and trans-vitamin D) and slow-reacting (cis-vitamin D and previtamin D) isomers. However, isotachysterol is not eliminated. The procedure has been incorporated as a confirmation test for isotachysterol in the official final action method for the determination of vitamin D in concentrates, 43.B14-43.B24.", "contents": "Analysis of fat-soluble vitamins. XV. Confirmation of isotachysterol in vitamin D concentrates. The reaction with maleic anhydride yielding Diels-Alder adducts is used to distinguish vitamin D isomers. Treatment at 100 degrees C for 3 hr eliminates the fast-reacting (tachysterol and trans-vitamin D) and slow-reacting (cis-vitamin D and previtamin D) isomers. However, isotachysterol is not eliminated. The procedure has been incorporated as a confirmation test for isotachysterol in the official final action method for the determination of vitamin D in concentrates, 43.B14-43.B24."}
{"id": "PMID:893338", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of vitamin D in fortified milk.", "content": "Vitamin D was determined in fortified milk by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) after preliminary purification involving saponification at room temperature and low pressure chromatography on hydroxyalkoxyprophyl Sephadex (HAPS). The saponified milk (50 ml) was extracted with ether, the extract was chromatographed in hexane on a 60 X 1 cm column of HAPS, and the absorption of the eluate at 254 nm was recorded. The fraction containing vitamin D was collected by using the position of characteristic peaks in the chromatogram as a guide. An aliquot of this fraction was chromatographed in an HPLC system on a 25 cm X 3.2 mm column of LiChorosorb Si 60 5 micrometer silicic acid, using 0.6% isopropanol in hexane (50% water-saturated) as the mobile phase. The absorption was set at 265 nm. Vitamin D was cleanly separated from other absorbing materials, and the amount could be calculated from the peak area. Recovery of a added vitamin D was greater than 97%.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of vitamin D in fortified milk. Vitamin D was determined in fortified milk by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) after preliminary purification involving saponification at room temperature and low pressure chromatography on hydroxyalkoxyprophyl Sephadex (HAPS). The saponified milk (50 ml) was extracted with ether, the extract was chromatographed in hexane on a 60 X 1 cm column of HAPS, and the absorption of the eluate at 254 nm was recorded. The fraction containing vitamin D was collected by using the position of characteristic peaks in the chromatogram as a guide. An aliquot of this fraction was chromatographed in an HPLC system on a 25 cm X 3.2 mm column of LiChorosorb Si 60 5 micrometer silicic acid, using 0.6% isopropanol in hexane (50% water-saturated) as the mobile phase. The absorption was set at 265 nm. Vitamin D was cleanly separated from other absorbing materials, and the amount could be calculated from the peak area. Recovery of a added vitamin D was greater than 97%."}
{"id": "PMID:893339", "title": "Variation in guanosine 5' ,3'-tetraphosphate levels in Chromatium.", "content": "Chromatium produces guanosine 5' ,3'-tetraphosphate, but there appears to be no correlation between guanosine 5' ,3'-tetraphosphate concentration and the inability of the organism to grow in certain light-dark regimes.", "contents": "Variation in guanosine 5' ,3'-tetraphosphate levels in Chromatium. Chromatium produces guanosine 5' ,3'-tetraphosphate, but there appears to be no correlation between guanosine 5' ,3'-tetraphosphate concentration and the inability of the organism to grow in certain light-dark regimes."}
{"id": "PMID:893340", "title": "Selective plasmid transduction in Bacillus pumilus.", "content": "The inducible temperate bacteriophage phi75 and a clear-plaque-forming variant, phi75C1, mediated transduction of a 4.4 X 10(6)-dalton multicopy Bacillus pumilus plasmid, pPL10, at frequencies of 10(-5) to 10(-6) transductants per plaque-forming unit. phi75- and phi75C1-mediated transduction of several chromosome markers tested did not occur at a detectable frequency. phi75-mediated plasmid transducing activity resides in particles that are similar to infectious particles in sedimentation velocity and buoyant density.", "contents": "Selective plasmid transduction in Bacillus pumilus. The inducible temperate bacteriophage phi75 and a clear-plaque-forming variant, phi75C1, mediated transduction of a 4.4 X 10(6)-dalton multicopy Bacillus pumilus plasmid, pPL10, at frequencies of 10(-5) to 10(-6) transductants per plaque-forming unit. phi75- and phi75C1-mediated transduction of several chromosome markers tested did not occur at a detectable frequency. phi75-mediated plasmid transducing activity resides in particles that are similar to infectious particles in sedimentation velocity and buoyant density."}
{"id": "PMID:893341", "title": "Zeatin ribonucleosides in the transfer ribonucleic acid of Rhizobium leguminosarum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Corynebacterium fascians, and Erwinia amylovora.", "content": "Until recently, the presence in transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) of the hydroxylated cytokinin ribosylzeatin [N6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl)adenosine]was thought to be unique to higher plants. This extension of work from several laboratories indicates the presence of 2-methylthioribosylzeatin in the tRNA of the plant-associated bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Corynebacterium fascians, but not in that of Erwinia amylovora. This cytokinin has the cis configuration, as is normally found in the tRNA's of plants. The tRNA thionucleotide patterns in these bacteria are different from those of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhimurium, which contain the unhydroxylated analogs of ribosylzeatin or 2-methylthioribosylzeatin.", "contents": "Zeatin ribonucleosides in the transfer ribonucleic acid of Rhizobium leguminosarum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Corynebacterium fascians, and Erwinia amylovora. Until recently, the presence in transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) of the hydroxylated cytokinin ribosylzeatin [N6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl)adenosine]was thought to be unique to higher plants. This extension of work from several laboratories indicates the presence of 2-methylthioribosylzeatin in the tRNA of the plant-associated bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Corynebacterium fascians, but not in that of Erwinia amylovora. This cytokinin has the cis configuration, as is normally found in the tRNA's of plants. The tRNA thionucleotide patterns in these bacteria are different from those of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhimurium, which contain the unhydroxylated analogs of ribosylzeatin or 2-methylthioribosylzeatin."}
{"id": "PMID:893342", "title": "Tetrapyrrole utilization by Bacteroids ruminocola.", "content": "Reduced versus oxidized difference spectra of whole cells and pyridine hemochromogens of heme-requiring isolates of Bacteroides ruminicola are altered when deuteroporphyrin or mesoporphyrin replaces protoheme as a growth factor. During growth in the presence of either deuteroporphyrin or mesoporphyrin, whole cells exhibit peaks at 545 t547, 515 to 518, and 412 to 413 nm. Pyridine hemochromogen spectra confirm the presence of meso -or deuteroheme in cells grown in the presence of meso- or deuteroporphyrin. No evidence was found for the conversion of either meso- or deuteroporphyrin to protoheme. Cells grown in the presence of the manganese of magnesium chelates of protoheme form iron-containing hemes. Neither spontaneous decomposition of noniron metalloporphyrin chelates nor spontaneous formation of hemes from Fe2+ and metal-free porphyrins was detected. Protoheme-synthesizing isolates of B. ruminicola fail to use preformed metal-free porphyrins, but form both protoheme- and deuteroheme-containing cytochromes when grown in the presence of manganese deuteroheme. Versatility in tetrapyrrole utilization by B. ruminicola appears to reflect the ability of the organism to mediate the removal of nonferrous ions and to insert Fe2+ into the tetrapyrrole nucleus. The orgamism also forms functional b-type cytochromes with prosthetic groups other than protoheme.", "contents": "Tetrapyrrole utilization by Bacteroids ruminocola. Reduced versus oxidized difference spectra of whole cells and pyridine hemochromogens of heme-requiring isolates of Bacteroides ruminicola are altered when deuteroporphyrin or mesoporphyrin replaces protoheme as a growth factor. During growth in the presence of either deuteroporphyrin or mesoporphyrin, whole cells exhibit peaks at 545 t547, 515 to 518, and 412 to 413 nm. Pyridine hemochromogen spectra confirm the presence of meso -or deuteroheme in cells grown in the presence of meso- or deuteroporphyrin. No evidence was found for the conversion of either meso- or deuteroporphyrin to protoheme. Cells grown in the presence of the manganese of magnesium chelates of protoheme form iron-containing hemes. Neither spontaneous decomposition of noniron metalloporphyrin chelates nor spontaneous formation of hemes from Fe2+ and metal-free porphyrins was detected. Protoheme-synthesizing isolates of B. ruminicola fail to use preformed metal-free porphyrins, but form both protoheme- and deuteroheme-containing cytochromes when grown in the presence of manganese deuteroheme. Versatility in tetrapyrrole utilization by B. ruminicola appears to reflect the ability of the organism to mediate the removal of nonferrous ions and to insert Fe2+ into the tetrapyrrole nucleus. The orgamism also forms functional b-type cytochromes with prosthetic groups other than protoheme."}
{"id": "PMID:893343", "title": "Myo-inositol transport system in Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "The kinetic features of the myo-inositol transport system in Pseudomonas putida are reported. The system is sensitive to osmotic shock, is not operative in membrane vesicles, and does not involved substrate phosphorylation. Line-weaver-Burk plots indicate the presence of two different systems, whose Kt are 5 micrometer and 0.43 mM and whose V max are 7.9 and 27 nml/mg per min, respectively. Transport activity of glucose-grown cells is very low. myo-Inositol-grown cells lose the high-affinity system upon osmotic shock; concentrated shock fluid possesses myo-inositol-binding activity. The system is very specific for the myo-configuration of the cyclitol.", "contents": "Myo-inositol transport system in Pseudomonas putida. The kinetic features of the myo-inositol transport system in Pseudomonas putida are reported. The system is sensitive to osmotic shock, is not operative in membrane vesicles, and does not involved substrate phosphorylation. Line-weaver-Burk plots indicate the presence of two different systems, whose Kt are 5 micrometer and 0.43 mM and whose V max are 7.9 and 27 nml/mg per min, respectively. Transport activity of glucose-grown cells is very low. myo-Inositol-grown cells lose the high-affinity system upon osmotic shock; concentrated shock fluid possesses myo-inositol-binding activity. The system is very specific for the myo-configuration of the cyclitol."}
{"id": "PMID:893344", "title": "Ribosomal suppressors and antisuppressors in Podospora anserina: resistance to cycloheximide.", "content": "Informational suppressors and antisuppressors have been previously isolated in Podospora anserina, and a range of exclusively genetic arguments have led to the assumption that they correspond to ribosomal mutations. An in vivo and in vitro comparison of the effect of the ribosomal inhibitor cycloheximide on wildtype and mutant strains described in this paper confirms the ribosomal hypothesis for at least some mutants. Indeed, the four mutants in the AS3 gene were cycloheximide resistant, and their ribosomes were found to be resistant when analyzed by polyuridyl-directed polyphenylalanine systhesis. On the other hand, ribosomes from two su 1 mutants were hypersensitive to the drug.", "contents": "Ribosomal suppressors and antisuppressors in Podospora anserina: resistance to cycloheximide. Informational suppressors and antisuppressors have been previously isolated in Podospora anserina, and a range of exclusively genetic arguments have led to the assumption that they correspond to ribosomal mutations. An in vivo and in vitro comparison of the effect of the ribosomal inhibitor cycloheximide on wildtype and mutant strains described in this paper confirms the ribosomal hypothesis for at least some mutants. Indeed, the four mutants in the AS3 gene were cycloheximide resistant, and their ribosomes were found to be resistant when analyzed by polyuridyl-directed polyphenylalanine systhesis. On the other hand, ribosomes from two su 1 mutants were hypersensitive to the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:893345", "title": "Purification of the extracellular protease of Bacillus licheniformis and its inhibition by bacitracin.", "content": "Sporulating cells of Bacillus licheniformis excrete three seryl proteases that are of similar size, 28,000 daltons, but of different charge at pH 6. The peptide antibiotic bactracin is released from the cells at the same time and exists, in part, as a bacitracin-protease complex that is stable throughout chromatographic procedures employed in enzyme purification. However, preextraction of crude protease with CHCl3 and subsequent gel filtration effect separation of the antibiotic and the enzyme. Three purified, bacitracin-free proteases, designated CMC I, CMC II, and CMC III and whose ratios of total activity are 1:3.7:10.3, respectively, are obtained by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose. The major component, CMC III, is inhibited by commercial bacitracin at near-physiological concentrations of the antibiotic.", "contents": "Purification of the extracellular protease of Bacillus licheniformis and its inhibition by bacitracin. Sporulating cells of Bacillus licheniformis excrete three seryl proteases that are of similar size, 28,000 daltons, but of different charge at pH 6. The peptide antibiotic bactracin is released from the cells at the same time and exists, in part, as a bacitracin-protease complex that is stable throughout chromatographic procedures employed in enzyme purification. However, preextraction of crude protease with CHCl3 and subsequent gel filtration effect separation of the antibiotic and the enzyme. Three purified, bacitracin-free proteases, designated CMC I, CMC II, and CMC III and whose ratios of total activity are 1:3.7:10.3, respectively, are obtained by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose. The major component, CMC III, is inhibited by commercial bacitracin at near-physiological concentrations of the antibiotic."}
{"id": "PMID:893347", "title": "Component from the cell surface of the hydrocarbon-utilizing yeast Candida tropicalis with possible relation to hydrocarbon transport.", "content": "A polysaccharide-fatty acid complex was isolated from the cell surface of Candida tropicalis growing on alkanes. This complex was solubilized by Pronase treatment of whole cells. A decrease in alkane-binding affinity was observed after Pronase treatment, resulting in 10 to 12% of the yeast dry cell weight being released as polysaccharide. The isolated polysaccharide contained 2.5% fatty acids. C. tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown with glucose contained only traces of fatty acids in the corresponding polysaccharide fraction. The fatty acids were not removed from the polysaccharide moiety by gel filtration. Extraction of the polysaccharide with chloroform-methanol showed that fatty acids were covalently bound to the polysaccharide. The amphipathic nature of the isolated polysaccharide and the hydrocarbon-induced formation suggest a possible role in alkane metabolism.", "contents": "Component from the cell surface of the hydrocarbon-utilizing yeast Candida tropicalis with possible relation to hydrocarbon transport. A polysaccharide-fatty acid complex was isolated from the cell surface of Candida tropicalis growing on alkanes. This complex was solubilized by Pronase treatment of whole cells. A decrease in alkane-binding affinity was observed after Pronase treatment, resulting in 10 to 12% of the yeast dry cell weight being released as polysaccharide. The isolated polysaccharide contained 2.5% fatty acids. C. tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown with glucose contained only traces of fatty acids in the corresponding polysaccharide fraction. The fatty acids were not removed from the polysaccharide moiety by gel filtration. Extraction of the polysaccharide with chloroform-methanol showed that fatty acids were covalently bound to the polysaccharide. The amphipathic nature of the isolated polysaccharide and the hydrocarbon-induced formation suggest a possible role in alkane metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:893346", "title": "In vitro production of bacitracin by proteolysis of vegetative Bacillus licheniformis cell protein.", "content": "The action of a sporulation-specific seryl protease on antibiotic-free extracts of Bacillus licheniformis cells yields a peptide that is identified as bacitracin by its biological activity, its spectral properties, and its comigration with genuine bacitracin in both paper and thin-layer chromatography. During proteolysis, a chemical structure is generated with the spectral properties of a delta-2 thiazoline ring. The yield in vitro, 4 microgram of bacitracin per mg of protein, is less than the maximal yield from sporulating cells, 75 microgram of bacitracin per mg of cell protein, but is a linear function of the amount of protein in the reaction system. Approximately 30% of the protein yielding the antibiotic is ribosomal associated, and only 25% of that amount can be removed by washing with 1 M NH4Cl. The substrate protein is a constant fraction of the cell protein throughout exponential growth and very early sporulation stages of culture development.", "contents": "In vitro production of bacitracin by proteolysis of vegetative Bacillus licheniformis cell protein. The action of a sporulation-specific seryl protease on antibiotic-free extracts of Bacillus licheniformis cells yields a peptide that is identified as bacitracin by its biological activity, its spectral properties, and its comigration with genuine bacitracin in both paper and thin-layer chromatography. During proteolysis, a chemical structure is generated with the spectral properties of a delta-2 thiazoline ring. The yield in vitro, 4 microgram of bacitracin per mg of protein, is less than the maximal yield from sporulating cells, 75 microgram of bacitracin per mg of cell protein, but is a linear function of the amount of protein in the reaction system. Approximately 30% of the protein yielding the antibiotic is ribosomal associated, and only 25% of that amount can be removed by washing with 1 M NH4Cl. The substrate protein is a constant fraction of the cell protein throughout exponential growth and very early sporulation stages of culture development."}
{"id": "PMID:893348", "title": "Hydrogenase activity and the H2-fumarate electron transport system in Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Hydrogenase activity and the H(2)-fumarate electron transport system in a carbohydrate-fermenting obligate anaerobe, Bacteroides fragilis, were investigated. In both whole cells and cell extracts, hydrogenase activity was demonstrated with methylene blue, benzyl viologen, flavin mononucleotide, or flavin adenine dinucleotide as the electron acceptor. A catalytic quantity of benzyl viologen or ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum was required to reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate with H(2). Much of the hydrogenase activity appeared to be associated with the soluble fraction of the cell. Fumarate reduction to succinate by H(2) was demonstrable in cell extracts only in the presence of a catalytic quantity of benzyl viologen, flavin mononucleotide, flavin adenine dinucleotide, or ferredoxin from C. pasteurianum. Sulfhydryl compounds were not required for fumarate reduction by H(2), but mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol appeared to stimulate this activity by 59 and 61%, respectively. Inhibition of fumarate reduction by acriflavin, rotenone, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, and antimycin A suggest the involvement of a flavoprotein, a quinone, and cytochrome b in the reduction of fumarate to succinate. The involvement of a quinone in fumarate reduction is also apparent from the inhibition of fumarate reduction by H(2) when cell extracts were irradiated with ultraviolet light. Based on the evidence obtained, a possible scheme for the flow of electrons from H(2) to fumarate in B. fragilis is proposed.", "contents": "Hydrogenase activity and the H2-fumarate electron transport system in Bacteroides fragilis. Hydrogenase activity and the H(2)-fumarate electron transport system in a carbohydrate-fermenting obligate anaerobe, Bacteroides fragilis, were investigated. In both whole cells and cell extracts, hydrogenase activity was demonstrated with methylene blue, benzyl viologen, flavin mononucleotide, or flavin adenine dinucleotide as the electron acceptor. A catalytic quantity of benzyl viologen or ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum was required to reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate with H(2). Much of the hydrogenase activity appeared to be associated with the soluble fraction of the cell. Fumarate reduction to succinate by H(2) was demonstrable in cell extracts only in the presence of a catalytic quantity of benzyl viologen, flavin mononucleotide, flavin adenine dinucleotide, or ferredoxin from C. pasteurianum. Sulfhydryl compounds were not required for fumarate reduction by H(2), but mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol appeared to stimulate this activity by 59 and 61%, respectively. Inhibition of fumarate reduction by acriflavin, rotenone, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, and antimycin A suggest the involvement of a flavoprotein, a quinone, and cytochrome b in the reduction of fumarate to succinate. The involvement of a quinone in fumarate reduction is also apparent from the inhibition of fumarate reduction by H(2) when cell extracts were irradiated with ultraviolet light. Based on the evidence obtained, a possible scheme for the flow of electrons from H(2) to fumarate in B. fragilis is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:893349", "title": "The structure of the branching point between acidic polysaccharide and peptidoglycan in Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell wall.", "content": "An acidic polysaccharide fraction composed of glucose and N-acetylmannosaminuronic acid with a small portion of peptidoglycan was isolated by enzymic digestion and subsequent ECTEOLA-cellulose chromatography from the cell walls of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. On mild acid treatment, the fraction became Morgan-Elson positive and formed the Morgan-Elson chromogen on heating with phosphate buffer (pH 7). The product of mild acid treatment released inorganic phosphate on treatment with phosphomonoesterase. After gel-chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and DE-32, the acidic polysaccharide fraction contained less glucosamine than muramic acid. By reduction of this fraction with borohydride, a part of the glucosamine was converted into glucosaminitol. Based on these results, it is suggested that the acidic polysaccharide is linked to glucosamine by a (1-3) linkage, which is linked to the 6 position of a muramic acid residue by a phosphodiester  linkage.", "contents": "The structure of the branching point between acidic polysaccharide and peptidoglycan in Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell wall. An acidic polysaccharide fraction composed of glucose and N-acetylmannosaminuronic acid with a small portion of peptidoglycan was isolated by enzymic digestion and subsequent ECTEOLA-cellulose chromatography from the cell walls of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. On mild acid treatment, the fraction became Morgan-Elson positive and formed the Morgan-Elson chromogen on heating with phosphate buffer (pH 7). The product of mild acid treatment released inorganic phosphate on treatment with phosphomonoesterase. After gel-chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and DE-32, the acidic polysaccharide fraction contained less glucosamine than muramic acid. By reduction of this fraction with borohydride, a part of the glucosamine was converted into glucosaminitol. Based on these results, it is suggested that the acidic polysaccharide is linked to glucosamine by a (1-3) linkage, which is linked to the 6 position of a muramic acid residue by a phosphodiester  linkage."}
{"id": "PMID:893350", "title": "Isolation of glycopeptides from the lectin-stimulated human peripheral lymphocyte cell surface.", "content": "Three radioactive glycopeptides were isolated from human peripheral lymphocytes stimulated with Wistaria floribunda mitogen in the presence of D-[14C]glucosamine hydrochloride by mild trypsin digestion followed by gel filtration and preparative high-voltage paper electrophoresis. The carbohydrate compositions of these glycopeptides suggest that one has a sugar chain of the type found in serum glycoproteins, consisting of sialic acid, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, and fucose in a molar ratio of 2:2:4:2:1, and the other two have sugar chains like those of mucins, consisting of sialic acid, galactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine in a molar ratio of 1 or 2:1:1. The results of enzymic degradation with purified glycosidases indicate that these sugar chains are similar in structure to their counterparts in human erythrocyte membranes.", "contents": "Isolation of glycopeptides from the lectin-stimulated human peripheral lymphocyte cell surface. Three radioactive glycopeptides were isolated from human peripheral lymphocytes stimulated with Wistaria floribunda mitogen in the presence of D-[14C]glucosamine hydrochloride by mild trypsin digestion followed by gel filtration and preparative high-voltage paper electrophoresis. The carbohydrate compositions of these glycopeptides suggest that one has a sugar chain of the type found in serum glycoproteins, consisting of sialic acid, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, and fucose in a molar ratio of 2:2:4:2:1, and the other two have sugar chains like those of mucins, consisting of sialic acid, galactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine in a molar ratio of 1 or 2:1:1. The results of enzymic degradation with purified glycosidases indicate that these sugar chains are similar in structure to their counterparts in human erythrocyte membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:893352", "title": "Purification and properties of deoxyribonucleic acid ligases from rat liver.", "content": "DNA ligases have been purified 1,500-fold cytoplasmic fraction and 114-fold from 0.15 M NaCl extract of rat-liver nuclei. These enzymes catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester linkage between the 3'-hydroxyl group and the 5'-phosphoryl group of an interrupted strand in a DNA duplex. The enzyme from each fraction requires ATP and Mg2+ (or Mn2+) for activity, and its inhibited reversibly by p-chloromercuribenzoate. The cytoplasmic and nuclear enzymes are distinguished from each other by the following criteria: apparent molecular weight; sedimentation coefficient; charge properties; Km for Mg2+ (or Mn2+); Km for ATP; effect of ionic strength on the molecular and kinetic properties.", "contents": "Purification and properties of deoxyribonucleic acid ligases from rat liver. DNA ligases have been purified 1,500-fold cytoplasmic fraction and 114-fold from 0.15 M NaCl extract of rat-liver nuclei. These enzymes catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester linkage between the 3'-hydroxyl group and the 5'-phosphoryl group of an interrupted strand in a DNA duplex. The enzyme from each fraction requires ATP and Mg2+ (or Mn2+) for activity, and its inhibited reversibly by p-chloromercuribenzoate. The cytoplasmic and nuclear enzymes are distinguished from each other by the following criteria: apparent molecular weight; sedimentation coefficient; charge properties; Km for Mg2+ (or Mn2+); Km for ATP; effect of ionic strength on the molecular and kinetic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:893353", "title": "Purification of carboxypeptidase A using Sepharose 4B-bound 3-phenylpropionate.", "content": "The activity of carboxypeptidase A [EC 3.4.12.2] was inhibited by 3-phenylpropionate derivatives (p-aminocinnamate, 3-p-aminophenylpropionate and 3-p-acetylaminophenylpropionate), and to investigate its use as a ligand for affinity chromatography 3-p-aminophenylpropionate was directely and indirectly coupled to Sepharose 4B. carboxypeptidase A was adsorbed only on 3-p-aminophenylpropionate bound to the gel through p-phenylenediamine as a spacer. Carboxypeptidase A from pancreas was purified by a combination of this affinity adsorbent and ion exchange chromatography. The purified carboxypeptidase A had a homogeneity similar to that of a commercial product, as judged by disc gel electrophoresis. The carboxypeptidase activity of Pronase was slightly retarded on the gel column, but could not be separated from its caseinolytic activity. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme [peptidyl dipeptidy hydrolase, EC 3.4.15.1] obtained from hog kidney cortex was not bound to the gel.", "contents": "Purification of carboxypeptidase A using Sepharose 4B-bound 3-phenylpropionate. The activity of carboxypeptidase A [EC 3.4.12.2] was inhibited by 3-phenylpropionate derivatives (p-aminocinnamate, 3-p-aminophenylpropionate and 3-p-acetylaminophenylpropionate), and to investigate its use as a ligand for affinity chromatography 3-p-aminophenylpropionate was directely and indirectly coupled to Sepharose 4B. carboxypeptidase A was adsorbed only on 3-p-aminophenylpropionate bound to the gel through p-phenylenediamine as a spacer. Carboxypeptidase A from pancreas was purified by a combination of this affinity adsorbent and ion exchange chromatography. The purified carboxypeptidase A had a homogeneity similar to that of a commercial product, as judged by disc gel electrophoresis. The carboxypeptidase activity of Pronase was slightly retarded on the gel column, but could not be separated from its caseinolytic activity. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme [peptidyl dipeptidy hydrolase, EC 3.4.15.1] obtained from hog kidney cortex was not bound to the gel."}
{"id": "PMID:893354", "title": "An improved method for the purification of rat serum albumin: removal of contaminants by concanavalin A-Sepharose.", "content": "Minor contaminants occasionally found in conventionally prepared rat serum albumin were easily and completely removed by concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography. The unadsorbed fraction from a concanavalin A-Sepharose column contained albumin which was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The recovery of albumin form rat serum was approximately 30%. Approximately 2% of the added protein obtained as an albumin peak in DEAE-cellulose chromatography was adsorbed on and eluted with alpha-methyl-D-glucoside from the concanavalin A-Sepharose column, and resolved into three components by gel electrophoresis. There was one major glycoprotein, possibly alpha 1-antitrypsin, and two minor proteins one of which was albumin.", "contents": "An improved method for the purification of rat serum albumin: removal of contaminants by concanavalin A-Sepharose. Minor contaminants occasionally found in conventionally prepared rat serum albumin were easily and completely removed by concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography. The unadsorbed fraction from a concanavalin A-Sepharose column contained albumin which was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The recovery of albumin form rat serum was approximately 30%. Approximately 2% of the added protein obtained as an albumin peak in DEAE-cellulose chromatography was adsorbed on and eluted with alpha-methyl-D-glucoside from the concanavalin A-Sepharose column, and resolved into three components by gel electrophoresis. There was one major glycoprotein, possibly alpha 1-antitrypsin, and two minor proteins one of which was albumin."}
{"id": "PMID:893355", "title": "Properties of opsin-lipid complex in aqueous 2-chloroethanol.", "content": "Cattle and squid opsins were found to be associated with phospholipids after extensive dialysis of the salt-free digitonin extract of rhodopsin against 30% aqueous 2-chloroethanol (v/v) at pH  2.5. The approximates sizes of opsin-lipid complexes were estimated by sedimentation studies to be around 110,000 and 150,000 daltons, respectively, for the cattle and the squid opsin. Phospholipids did not dissociate from opsin even in 80% 2-chloroethanol. The complexes were purified by passage through a Sephadex G-200 gel column equilibrated with 30% 2-chloroethanol. The optical properties of the complex suggested the presence of beta-conformation and a small amount of alpha-helix in solubilized cattle opsin.", "contents": "Properties of opsin-lipid complex in aqueous 2-chloroethanol. Cattle and squid opsins were found to be associated with phospholipids after extensive dialysis of the salt-free digitonin extract of rhodopsin against 30% aqueous 2-chloroethanol (v/v) at pH  2.5. The approximates sizes of opsin-lipid complexes were estimated by sedimentation studies to be around 110,000 and 150,000 daltons, respectively, for the cattle and the squid opsin. Phospholipids did not dissociate from opsin even in 80% 2-chloroethanol. The complexes were purified by passage through a Sephadex G-200 gel column equilibrated with 30% 2-chloroethanol. The optical properties of the complex suggested the presence of beta-conformation and a small amount of alpha-helix in solubilized cattle opsin."}
{"id": "PMID:893356", "title": "Circular dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism studies on methemoglobin and its derivatives.", "content": "CD and MCD spectra of human methemoglobin and its derivatives were studied with special reference to the relation of CD and MCD spectra to the magnetic moments. The intensities of MCD peaks of methemoglobin derivatives at 270 nm were inversely proportional to their magnetic susceptibility, and there was a linear relationship between magnetic ellipticity and magnetic susceptibility. The MCD peak intensity of methemoglobin peroxide compound was close to that of methemoglobin cyanide complex, suggesting that the methemoglobin peroxide compound is in a low-spin state.", "contents": "Circular dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism studies on methemoglobin and its derivatives. CD and MCD spectra of human methemoglobin and its derivatives were studied with special reference to the relation of CD and MCD spectra to the magnetic moments. The intensities of MCD peaks of methemoglobin derivatives at 270 nm were inversely proportional to their magnetic susceptibility, and there was a linear relationship between magnetic ellipticity and magnetic susceptibility. The MCD peak intensity of methemoglobin peroxide compound was close to that of methemoglobin cyanide complex, suggesting that the methemoglobin peroxide compound is in a low-spin state."}
{"id": "PMID:893358", "title": "Studies on rat liver catalase. IX. Role of methionine in polypeptide chain inhibition.", "content": "Initiation with methionine of the synthesis of rat liver catalase [EC 1.11.1.6] has been investigated. Analysis of the N-terminal residue of nascent catalase peptides labeled in vivo with injected radioactive amino acids, including [3H]methionine, indicated a remarkably high content of methionine. By fractionating [3H]methionine-labeled nascent catalase according to chain length, it was found that peptides of shorter chain length contained more N-terminal methionine relative to total methionine incorporated. In addition, only a small amount of [3H]methionine was detected as the N-terminal amino acid when newly completed catalase was examined by Edman degradation. These results indicate that the synthesis of liver catalase is initiated with methionine, and suggest the presence of a mechanism for its subsequent removal from the N-terminal position. Catalase was also synthesized in a cell-free system directed by the catalase mRNA, using [3H]Met-tRNAf or [3H]Met-tRNAm. The results obtained in such in vitro experiments were in good agreement with those from in vivo studies, and further showed that the N-terminal methionine was provided by a specific initiator tRNA, i.e. tRNA Met f.", "contents": "Studies on rat liver catalase. IX. Role of methionine in polypeptide chain inhibition. Initiation with methionine of the synthesis of rat liver catalase [EC 1.11.1.6] has been investigated. Analysis of the N-terminal residue of nascent catalase peptides labeled in vivo with injected radioactive amino acids, including [3H]methionine, indicated a remarkably high content of methionine. By fractionating [3H]methionine-labeled nascent catalase according to chain length, it was found that peptides of shorter chain length contained more N-terminal methionine relative to total methionine incorporated. In addition, only a small amount of [3H]methionine was detected as the N-terminal amino acid when newly completed catalase was examined by Edman degradation. These results indicate that the synthesis of liver catalase is initiated with methionine, and suggest the presence of a mechanism for its subsequent removal from the N-terminal position. Catalase was also synthesized in a cell-free system directed by the catalase mRNA, using [3H]Met-tRNAf or [3H]Met-tRNAm. The results obtained in such in vitro experiments were in good agreement with those from in vivo studies, and further showed that the N-terminal methionine was provided by a specific initiator tRNA, i.e. tRNA Met f."}
{"id": "PMID:893359", "title": "Synthesis of AMP analogs and their use for studies on the allosteric site of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b.", "content": "In order to obtain a better understanding of the allosteric site of rabbit muscle phosphorylase b, nine AMP analogs having a bulky hydrophobic benzene ring were synthesized and tested for activity as activators or inhibitors. N6-Benzyl-AMP derivatives activated phosphorylase b to the same extent as AMP but bound to the enzyme more tightly than AMP. N6-p-nitrobenzyl-AMP had the highest affinity (Ka = 7.7 X 10(-7) M) for the AMP site. In an attempt to irreversibly modify the allosteric site of phosphorylase b, N6-p-bromoacetaminobenzyl-AMP was synthesized. Phosphorylase b was maximally activated upon incorporation of 1.0 mol of N6-p-bromoacetaminobenzyl-AMP per enzyme subunit, and its activity was approximately 90% of that of native phosphorylase b measured in the presence of AMP. The modified enzyme showed characteristics (e.g., kinetic parameters, stability, solubility, inhibition by glucose-6-phosphate, and state of aggregation) quite similar to those observed for the native enzyme in the presence of AMP. These results indicate that the AMP site of phosphorylase was specifically labeled by N6-p-bromoacetaminobenzyl-AMP. The nature of the allosteric  site of phosphorylase b is discussed based on the results obtained.", "contents": "Synthesis of AMP analogs and their use for studies on the allosteric site of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b. In order to obtain a better understanding of the allosteric site of rabbit muscle phosphorylase b, nine AMP analogs having a bulky hydrophobic benzene ring were synthesized and tested for activity as activators or inhibitors. N6-Benzyl-AMP derivatives activated phosphorylase b to the same extent as AMP but bound to the enzyme more tightly than AMP. N6-p-nitrobenzyl-AMP had the highest affinity (Ka = 7.7 X 10(-7) M) for the AMP site. In an attempt to irreversibly modify the allosteric site of phosphorylase b, N6-p-bromoacetaminobenzyl-AMP was synthesized. Phosphorylase b was maximally activated upon incorporation of 1.0 mol of N6-p-bromoacetaminobenzyl-AMP per enzyme subunit, and its activity was approximately 90% of that of native phosphorylase b measured in the presence of AMP. The modified enzyme showed characteristics (e.g., kinetic parameters, stability, solubility, inhibition by glucose-6-phosphate, and state of aggregation) quite similar to those observed for the native enzyme in the presence of AMP. These results indicate that the AMP site of phosphorylase was specifically labeled by N6-p-bromoacetaminobenzyl-AMP. The nature of the allosteric  site of phosphorylase b is discussed based on the results obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:893361", "title": "Macromolecular components of the vitelline membrane of hen's egg. III. Physicochemical properties of glycoprotein II.", "content": "A glycoprotein fraction (GP-II) has been isolated from the vitelline membrane of hen's egg and its physicochemical properties clarified. GP-II is composed of polypeptide (92%), neutral sugar (4%), hexosamine (3.3%), and sialic acid (0.6%). The constituent neutral sugars of this glycoprotein are fucose, mannose, and galactose, in a molar ratio of 2:6:5. An interesting feature of the amino acid composition of GP-II is the high proportion of proline. GP-II exists in an aggregated form and is hydrophobic in nature. Upon velocity sedimentation in 0.5% SDS solution, it showed a hypersharp boundary with an apparent sedimentation coefficient of 5.6 S. Reduction of GP-II, however, gave a single component of 3.6 S which seems to be a subunit of GP-II.", "contents": "Macromolecular components of the vitelline membrane of hen's egg. III. Physicochemical properties of glycoprotein II. A glycoprotein fraction (GP-II) has been isolated from the vitelline membrane of hen's egg and its physicochemical properties clarified. GP-II is composed of polypeptide (92%), neutral sugar (4%), hexosamine (3.3%), and sialic acid (0.6%). The constituent neutral sugars of this glycoprotein are fucose, mannose, and galactose, in a molar ratio of 2:6:5. An interesting feature of the amino acid composition of GP-II is the high proportion of proline. GP-II exists in an aggregated form and is hydrophobic in nature. Upon velocity sedimentation in 0.5% SDS solution, it showed a hypersharp boundary with an apparent sedimentation coefficient of 5.6 S. Reduction of GP-II, however, gave a single component of 3.6 S which seems to be a subunit of GP-II."}
{"id": "PMID:893362", "title": "Changes of DNA ligase in developing rat brain.", "content": "DNA ligase was isolated from rat brain and characterized. In developing rat brain the DNA ligase activities of the cerebellum increased after birth, at least 5 fold more than those of non-cerebellar parts. The DNA ligase activity in the cerebellum reached a maximum about 6 days after birth and then decreased towards maturation. The DNA ligase from the cerebellum can be fractionated into three molecular forms. Aging of the extracts leads to the conversion of the high molecular weight form into smaller weight forms.", "contents": "Changes of DNA ligase in developing rat brain. DNA ligase was isolated from rat brain and characterized. In developing rat brain the DNA ligase activities of the cerebellum increased after birth, at least 5 fold more than those of non-cerebellar parts. The DNA ligase activity in the cerebellum reached a maximum about 6 days after birth and then decreased towards maturation. The DNA ligase from the cerebellum can be fractionated into three molecular forms. Aging of the extracts leads to the conversion of the high molecular weight form into smaller weight forms."}
{"id": "PMID:893363", "title": "In vitro effects of streptomyces protease inhibitors on human kidney renin activity.", "content": "The effects of several low molecular streptomyces protease inhibitors on human kidney renin activity have been observed. This study shows that, in addition to pepstatin A, leupeptin, antipain, and SP-I also inhibit human renin activity in vitro.", "contents": "In vitro effects of streptomyces protease inhibitors on human kidney renin activity. The effects of several low molecular streptomyces protease inhibitors on human kidney renin activity have been observed. This study shows that, in addition to pepstatin A, leupeptin, antipain, and SP-I also inhibit human renin activity in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:893364", "title": "Kinetic studies on the chemical modification of lysozyme by N-bromosuccinimide and its protection by substrates and analogs.", "content": "The chemical modification of tryptophan residues of hen egg-white lysozyme by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) was studied kinetically by the stopped-flow method, monitoring changes in absorbance and fluorescence. One most rapidly reacting tryptophan residue, probably Trp 62, was clearly distinguished from four other residues in terms of rate of modification. This residue was protected by ethylene glycol chitin, N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG), and tri-NAG, but not by gluconolactone. The dissociation constant Kd of the enzyme-ligand complex was obtained from the protection effects. These results are in good agreement with results previously obtained.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on the chemical modification of lysozyme by N-bromosuccinimide and its protection by substrates and analogs. The chemical modification of tryptophan residues of hen egg-white lysozyme by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) was studied kinetically by the stopped-flow method, monitoring changes in absorbance and fluorescence. One most rapidly reacting tryptophan residue, probably Trp 62, was clearly distinguished from four other residues in terms of rate of modification. This residue was protected by ethylene glycol chitin, N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG), and tri-NAG, but not by gluconolactone. The dissociation constant Kd of the enzyme-ligand complex was obtained from the protection effects. These results are in good agreement with results previously obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:893367", "title": "Structure of a carbohydrate moiety of a unit A glycopeptide of calf thyroglobulin.", "content": "The structure of the carbohydrate moiety of a unit A glycopeptide of calf thyroglobulin was studied by glycosidase digestion, acetolysis, and methylation analysis. Based on the results, the whole structure of a unit A glycopeptide with the largest carbohydrate moiety was determined as Man alpha 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Man alpha 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Man alpha 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc leads to Asn-peptide.", "contents": "Structure of a carbohydrate moiety of a unit A glycopeptide of calf thyroglobulin. The structure of the carbohydrate moiety of a unit A glycopeptide of calf thyroglobulin was studied by glycosidase digestion, acetolysis, and methylation analysis. Based on the results, the whole structure of a unit A glycopeptide with the largest carbohydrate moiety was determined as Man alpha 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Man alpha 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Man alpha 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc leads to Asn-peptide."}
{"id": "PMID:893368", "title": "Cytolipin R from rat spleen.", "content": "Normal rat spleen contained a large amount of cytolipin R, N-acetylgalactosaminyl(beta1 leads to 3)-galactosyl(alpha1 leads to 3)galactosyl(beta1 leads to 4)glucosyl ceramide, together with a lesser amount of cytolipin K, N-acetylgalactosaminyl(beta1 leads to 3)galactosyl(alpha1 leads to 4)galactosyl(beta1 leads to 4)glucosyl ceramide, as in the case of rat kidney. Cytolipin R was confirmed to be not a rat tumor-dependent, but a species-specific glycolipid.", "contents": "Cytolipin R from rat spleen. Normal rat spleen contained a large amount of cytolipin R, N-acetylgalactosaminyl(beta1 leads to 3)-galactosyl(alpha1 leads to 3)galactosyl(beta1 leads to 4)glucosyl ceramide, together with a lesser amount of cytolipin K, N-acetylgalactosaminyl(beta1 leads to 3)galactosyl(alpha1 leads to 4)galactosyl(beta1 leads to 4)glucosyl ceramide, as in the case of rat kidney. Cytolipin R was confirmed to be not a rat tumor-dependent, but a species-specific glycolipid."}
{"id": "PMID:893370", "title": "An improved estimation method for amino alkyl ligand immobilized on matrix beads.", "content": "A direct spectrophotometric suspension method for the estimation of immobilized ligands on a gel matrix was developed. The method uses 0.05% agarose solution to prepare a practically stable suspension of various agarose beads. The quantity of agarose beads in the suspension was estimated turbidometrically from the attenuance at 650 nm. The determination of immobilized ligands on agarose beads was performed colorimetrically at the wavelength of the absorption maximum against a control suspension of a similar amount of underivatized agarose beads. This method is more sensitive and simpler than previously known methods. The method is applicable to the estimation of absorption spectra and the measurement of the time course of reactions on agarose beads.", "contents": "An improved estimation method for amino alkyl ligand immobilized on matrix beads. A direct spectrophotometric suspension method for the estimation of immobilized ligands on a gel matrix was developed. The method uses 0.05% agarose solution to prepare a practically stable suspension of various agarose beads. The quantity of agarose beads in the suspension was estimated turbidometrically from the attenuance at 650 nm. The determination of immobilized ligands on agarose beads was performed colorimetrically at the wavelength of the absorption maximum against a control suspension of a similar amount of underivatized agarose beads. This method is more sensitive and simpler than previously known methods. The method is applicable to the estimation of absorption spectra and the measurement of the time course of reactions on agarose beads."}
{"id": "PMID:893371", "title": "Amino acid sequence of chromatium vinosum ferredoxin: revisions.", "content": "Reexamination of the amino acid sequence of chromatium vinosum ferredoxin revealed that the original sequence proposed in 1970 (I) should be revised. Two segments in the sequence, residues 50-52 and residues 53-57, should be mutually displaced and therefore, the correct sequence in this region is concluded to be -Val-Glu-Val-Cys-Pro-Val-Asp-Cys-(residues 50-57). Another correction was the addition of one isoleucine residue between residues 57 and 58 and therefore, the total number of residues should be 82 instead of 81 originally counted. Sequence studies of other portions confirmed the previous results.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of chromatium vinosum ferredoxin: revisions. Reexamination of the amino acid sequence of chromatium vinosum ferredoxin revealed that the original sequence proposed in 1970 (I) should be revised. Two segments in the sequence, residues 50-52 and residues 53-57, should be mutually displaced and therefore, the correct sequence in this region is concluded to be -Val-Glu-Val-Cys-Pro-Val-Asp-Cys-(residues 50-57). Another correction was the addition of one isoleucine residue between residues 57 and 58 and therefore, the total number of residues should be 82 instead of 81 originally counted. Sequence studies of other portions confirmed the previous results."}
{"id": "PMID:893372", "title": "The mode of binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b: circular dichroism and absorption studies.", "content": "Large bands absorbing at 251 and 335 nm were observed in the difference circular dichroism and difference absorption spectra of the holo- versus the apo-enzyme of rabbit muscle phosphorylase b. In addition to the previously known band at 335 nm, the band at 251 nm is here assigned to the bound pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). These observed difference spectra are simulated by the optical properties of the enol-imine form of the Schiff base rather than those of the substituted aldimine. Pyridoxal and salicylaldehyde also bound to apophosphorylase in the same manner as PLP. Since analogs having no hydroxyl group at the ortho position to the aldehyde group did not bind to the apoenzyme, the hydroxyl group is thought to be important in stabilizing the interaction between apophosphorylase and PLP. The PLP bound at Site I of bovine serum albumin, which is known to be one of the PLP-binding proteins absorbing at 330-340 nm, showed two prominent bands at 253 and 335 nm. The circular dichroism and absorption spectra induced by the binding of PLP fit those of the enol-imine of the Schiff base, as in the case of phosphorylase.", "contents": "The mode of binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b: circular dichroism and absorption studies. Large bands absorbing at 251 and 335 nm were observed in the difference circular dichroism and difference absorption spectra of the holo- versus the apo-enzyme of rabbit muscle phosphorylase b. In addition to the previously known band at 335 nm, the band at 251 nm is here assigned to the bound pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). These observed difference spectra are simulated by the optical properties of the enol-imine form of the Schiff base rather than those of the substituted aldimine. Pyridoxal and salicylaldehyde also bound to apophosphorylase in the same manner as PLP. Since analogs having no hydroxyl group at the ortho position to the aldehyde group did not bind to the apoenzyme, the hydroxyl group is thought to be important in stabilizing the interaction between apophosphorylase and PLP. The PLP bound at Site I of bovine serum albumin, which is known to be one of the PLP-binding proteins absorbing at 330-340 nm, showed two prominent bands at 253 and 335 nm. The circular dichroism and absorption spectra induced by the binding of PLP fit those of the enol-imine of the Schiff base, as in the case of phosphorylase."}
{"id": "PMID:893375", "title": "Studies on the structure of rat liver ornithine aminotransferase.", "content": "Two distinct types of apoenzyme from native ornithine aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.13], named forms I and II, have been found to be composed of a single type of subunit by means of Sephadex G-100 column chromatography in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate, DE 52 cellulose column chromatography in the presence of 8 M urea and urea-polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. The amino-terminal residues of both apoenzymes were blocked, but several amino acids in sequence from the carboxylterminals were identical and the following sequence was found in both: Phe-Ser-Leu-IIe-Ala-(Val)-. In the native enzyme, 4 SH groups out of a total 20 SH groups/tetramer could be titrated without loss of enzyme activity, while in the apo-form I, 4 SH groups out of a total 20 SH groups/tetramer could be titrated with 80% loss of activity. In the apo-form II, in contrast, 6 SH groups out of a total 10 SH groups/dimer could be titrated and titration of the first 2 SH groups caused 100% loss of activity.", "contents": "Studies on the structure of rat liver ornithine aminotransferase. Two distinct types of apoenzyme from native ornithine aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.13], named forms I and II, have been found to be composed of a single type of subunit by means of Sephadex G-100 column chromatography in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate, DE 52 cellulose column chromatography in the presence of 8 M urea and urea-polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. The amino-terminal residues of both apoenzymes were blocked, but several amino acids in sequence from the carboxylterminals were identical and the following sequence was found in both: Phe-Ser-Leu-IIe-Ala-(Val)-. In the native enzyme, 4 SH groups out of a total 20 SH groups/tetramer could be titrated without loss of enzyme activity, while in the apo-form I, 4 SH groups out of a total 20 SH groups/tetramer could be titrated with 80% loss of activity. In the apo-form II, in contrast, 6 SH groups out of a total 10 SH groups/dimer could be titrated and titration of the first 2 SH groups caused 100% loss of activity."}
{"id": "PMID:893376", "title": "Purification and properties of hexokinase from the starfish, Asterias amurensis.", "content": "Hexokinase from pyloric caeca of the starfish, Asterias amurensis, was purified to a specific activity of 148 units/mg protein. The purified enzyme appeared to be homogeneous on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Ultrogel AcA 34 gel filtration was about 50,000. The enzyme showed a broad pH optimum ranging from 7.4 to 9.5. The Km values for D-glucose, D-fructose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-mannose, D-glucosamine and ATP were 0.045, 4, 0.21, 0.05, 0.35 and 0.3 mM, respectively. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-xylose and D-galactose were not phosphorylated. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by the reaction products, glucose 6-phosphate and ADP, but not by high levels of D-glucose. The starfish hexokinase thus resembled mammalian isozyme A with respect to kinetic properties.", "contents": "Purification and properties of hexokinase from the starfish, Asterias amurensis. Hexokinase from pyloric caeca of the starfish, Asterias amurensis, was purified to a specific activity of 148 units/mg protein. The purified enzyme appeared to be homogeneous on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Ultrogel AcA 34 gel filtration was about 50,000. The enzyme showed a broad pH optimum ranging from 7.4 to 9.5. The Km values for D-glucose, D-fructose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-mannose, D-glucosamine and ATP were 0.045, 4, 0.21, 0.05, 0.35 and 0.3 mM, respectively. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-xylose and D-galactose were not phosphorylated. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by the reaction products, glucose 6-phosphate and ADP, but not by high levels of D-glucose. The starfish hexokinase thus resembled mammalian isozyme A with respect to kinetic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:893378", "title": "Troponin binding region of tropomyosin.", "content": "Four fragments of alpha-tropomyosin were prepared by specific cleavage at the Cys 190 by 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid and by tryptic digestion. These fragments were called the N-chain corresponding to residue 1 to 189 of the original chain, the C-chain from 190 to 284, the s-fragment from 13 to 149 and/or 128, and the p-fragment from 183 to 284, respectively. Fragments individually have little binding capacity to troponin as shown by gel electrophoresis. But a new band of the complex with troponin was detected using mixtures of the fragments, one from the N-terminal side and the other from the C-terminal side, i.e., the N- and C-chains, the s- and p-fragments, the N-chain and the p-fragment, and the s-fragment and the C-chain. Therefore, the troponin binding region of tropomyosin is thought to be located between residues 150 and 190.", "contents": "Troponin binding region of tropomyosin. Four fragments of alpha-tropomyosin were prepared by specific cleavage at the Cys 190 by 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid and by tryptic digestion. These fragments were called the N-chain corresponding to residue 1 to 189 of the original chain, the C-chain from 190 to 284, the s-fragment from 13 to 149 and/or 128, and the p-fragment from 183 to 284, respectively. Fragments individually have little binding capacity to troponin as shown by gel electrophoresis. But a new band of the complex with troponin was detected using mixtures of the fragments, one from the N-terminal side and the other from the C-terminal side, i.e., the N- and C-chains, the s- and p-fragments, the N-chain and the p-fragment, and the s-fragment and the C-chain. Therefore, the troponin binding region of tropomyosin is thought to be located between residues 150 and 190."}
{"id": "PMID:893380", "title": "gamma-Aminobutyric acid metabolism in subcellular particles of mouse brain and its relationship to convulsions.", "content": "The in vivo effects of convulsant drugs (hydrazine and penicillamine) on the metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in subcellular fractions of mouse brain were studied. Both substances inhibited the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.15] (GAD) in the synaptosomal fraction (nerve ending particles) and reduced the concentration of GABA in the same fraction at the onset of convulsions, though changes in the total GABA concentration in the brain did not correlate with the onset of convulsions. Therefore, it is suggested that the concomitant decrease of GAD activity and GABA concentration in the nerve endings, independently of the total GABA concentration, is probably an important factor in the onset of some kinds of convulsions.", "contents": "gamma-Aminobutyric acid metabolism in subcellular particles of mouse brain and its relationship to convulsions. The in vivo effects of convulsant drugs (hydrazine and penicillamine) on the metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in subcellular fractions of mouse brain were studied. Both substances inhibited the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.15] (GAD) in the synaptosomal fraction (nerve ending particles) and reduced the concentration of GABA in the same fraction at the onset of convulsions, though changes in the total GABA concentration in the brain did not correlate with the onset of convulsions. Therefore, it is suggested that the concomitant decrease of GAD activity and GABA concentration in the nerve endings, independently of the total GABA concentration, is probably an important factor in the onset of some kinds of convulsions."}
{"id": "PMID:893381", "title": "Identification of acylcholine acyl-hydrolase with carboxylic ester-hydrolase in human serum.", "content": "The relationship between pseudocholine esterase [acylcholine acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8] and non-specific esterase [carboxylic ester-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.1] in human serum was investigated. The purified preparation (purified 500-fold) which had both pseudocholine esterase and non-specific esterase activities, was found to give a single band with faint tailing on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The ratio of the specific activity of pseudocholine esterase to that of non-specific esterase remained essentially the same during the purification procedures. Furthermore, the pseudocholine esterase was demonstrated to be identical with the non-specific esterase by immunochemical studies. All these results suggest that activities of pseudocholine esterase and non-specific esterase in human serum derive from the same enzyme molecule. Observation of Yoshida-cho in Ehime after the application of organophosphorus insecticide supported our results: the activity of pseudocholine esterase was found to be reduced with a concomitant decrease in the activity of non-specific esterase. Based on these results, the physiological significance of the esterase is discussed.", "contents": "Identification of acylcholine acyl-hydrolase with carboxylic ester-hydrolase in human serum. The relationship between pseudocholine esterase [acylcholine acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8] and non-specific esterase [carboxylic ester-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.1] in human serum was investigated. The purified preparation (purified 500-fold) which had both pseudocholine esterase and non-specific esterase activities, was found to give a single band with faint tailing on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The ratio of the specific activity of pseudocholine esterase to that of non-specific esterase remained essentially the same during the purification procedures. Furthermore, the pseudocholine esterase was demonstrated to be identical with the non-specific esterase by immunochemical studies. All these results suggest that activities of pseudocholine esterase and non-specific esterase in human serum derive from the same enzyme molecule. Observation of Yoshida-cho in Ehime after the application of organophosphorus insecticide supported our results: the activity of pseudocholine esterase was found to be reduced with a concomitant decrease in the activity of non-specific esterase. Based on these results, the physiological significance of the esterase is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893382", "title": "Analysis of the reactivity of microsomal cytochrome P-450 toward drugs and exogenous ligands.", "content": "Three forms of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver microsomes (Comai, K. and Gaylor, J.L. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 284, 4947-4955) were characterized as two types of P-450 in the membrane-bound state. One was reactive not only toward cyanide but also aniline, aminopyrine, and hexobarbital, and the other was less reactive toward cyanide and rather unreactive toward the drugs. Cyanide titrations of microsomes in the presence and absence of the drugs were performed spectrophotometrically for analysis of the interactions. The affinity of cyanide for the less reactive P-450 was about twenty times less than that for the reactive P-450. About 40% of P-450 in the microsomal membrane was reactive and the rest was the less reactive form. The reactive P-450 involved two forms having different affinities for cyanide. The ratio of their amounts was 1:2. Triton WR-1339 interfered with cyanide binding to the reactive P-450 mainly. The relative amount of each form of P-450 as well as the dissociation constant of cyanide could be estimated by the present method, and the modes of interaction of the membrane-bound P-450 with the drugs and exogenous ligands were deduced.", "contents": "Analysis of the reactivity of microsomal cytochrome P-450 toward drugs and exogenous ligands. Three forms of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver microsomes (Comai, K. and Gaylor, J.L. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 284, 4947-4955) were characterized as two types of P-450 in the membrane-bound state. One was reactive not only toward cyanide but also aniline, aminopyrine, and hexobarbital, and the other was less reactive toward cyanide and rather unreactive toward the drugs. Cyanide titrations of microsomes in the presence and absence of the drugs were performed spectrophotometrically for analysis of the interactions. The affinity of cyanide for the less reactive P-450 was about twenty times less than that for the reactive P-450. About 40% of P-450 in the microsomal membrane was reactive and the rest was the less reactive form. The reactive P-450 involved two forms having different affinities for cyanide. The ratio of their amounts was 1:2. Triton WR-1339 interfered with cyanide binding to the reactive P-450 mainly. The relative amount of each form of P-450 as well as the dissociation constant of cyanide could be estimated by the present method, and the modes of interaction of the membrane-bound P-450 with the drugs and exogenous ligands were deduced."}
{"id": "PMID:893383", "title": "Horsetail (Equisetum telmateia) ferredoxins I and II. Amino acid sequences.", "content": "Two ferredoxins were isolated from horsetail (Equisetum telmateia) and their amino acid sequences were determined by use of a sequence analyzer in combination with carboxypeptidase digestion and manual Edman degradation of tryptic peptides of carboxymethyl-ferredoxins. Ferredoxins I and II each had only four cysteine residues in a total of 95 and 93 residues, respectively. The amino-terminal residues of both ferredoxins were heterogeneous, but alanine was concluded to be their genuine terminal residue. The comparison of these isozymelike molecules showed 29 differences in amino acid residues with three inverted replacements. One gap was inserted in ferredoxin II at position 32 to align the ferredoxins with greatest homology. Despite the many differences in amino acid residues there was no difference in net charges of the two ferredoxins.", "contents": "Horsetail (Equisetum telmateia) ferredoxins I and II. Amino acid sequences. Two ferredoxins were isolated from horsetail (Equisetum telmateia) and their amino acid sequences were determined by use of a sequence analyzer in combination with carboxypeptidase digestion and manual Edman degradation of tryptic peptides of carboxymethyl-ferredoxins. Ferredoxins I and II each had only four cysteine residues in a total of 95 and 93 residues, respectively. The amino-terminal residues of both ferredoxins were heterogeneous, but alanine was concluded to be their genuine terminal residue. The comparison of these isozymelike molecules showed 29 differences in amino acid residues with three inverted replacements. One gap was inserted in ferredoxin II at position 32 to align the ferredoxins with greatest homology. Despite the many differences in amino acid residues there was no difference in net charges of the two ferredoxins."}
{"id": "PMID:893384", "title": "Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) ferredoxins I and II Amino acid sequences and gene duplication.", "content": "Amino acid sequences of two ferredoxins isolated from Equisetum arvense were determined by conventional procedures. Ferredoxins I and II of E. arvense had 95 and 93 residues, respectively, and nearly identical sequences each with only one amino acid difference from ferredoxins. I and II of E. telmateia (1). The overall structural characteristics of these two ferredoxins were therefore very similar to those of E. telmateia ferredoxins. Ferredoxins I and II from E. arvense differ in 31 sites and those from E. telmateia in 29 sites from each other. These facts suggested that duplication of the ferredoxin gene in one organism occurred at an early evolutionary stage long before the divergence of the two horsetail species. The number of differences in amino acids between horsetail ferredoxins and other chloroplast-type ferredoxins indicated that the duplication occurred after divergence of horsetails from other plants. Comparing green plant ferredoxins, it was estimated that this gene duplication occurred about 250 million years ago. Some comments on the unique amino acid substitutions in horsetail ferredoxins are also presented.", "contents": "Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) ferredoxins I and II Amino acid sequences and gene duplication. Amino acid sequences of two ferredoxins isolated from Equisetum arvense were determined by conventional procedures. Ferredoxins I and II of E. arvense had 95 and 93 residues, respectively, and nearly identical sequences each with only one amino acid difference from ferredoxins. I and II of E. telmateia (1). The overall structural characteristics of these two ferredoxins were therefore very similar to those of E. telmateia ferredoxins. Ferredoxins I and II from E. arvense differ in 31 sites and those from E. telmateia in 29 sites from each other. These facts suggested that duplication of the ferredoxin gene in one organism occurred at an early evolutionary stage long before the divergence of the two horsetail species. The number of differences in amino acids between horsetail ferredoxins and other chloroplast-type ferredoxins indicated that the duplication occurred after divergence of horsetails from other plants. Comparing green plant ferredoxins, it was estimated that this gene duplication occurred about 250 million years ago. Some comments on the unique amino acid substitutions in horsetail ferredoxins are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:893385", "title": "Crystal structure of a protein proteinase inhibitor, Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor, at 2.3 angstrom resolution.", "content": "The crystal structure of a protein proteinase inhibitor, Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor which strongly inhibits bacterial alkaline proteinases, was determined at 2.3 angstrom resolution. The subunit (molecular weight, 11,485) of this dimeric molecule has a unique fold of polypeptide chain with a five-fold anti-parallel beta-sheet structure (about 21% of the 113 amino acid residues) and two small segments of alpha-helices (about 16%). The region around the apparent reactive site, Met(73)-Val(74), is held tight by a combination of various structural features. The conformation of this region seems to have close similarity to that found in substrate analogues of low molecular weight bound to subtilisin BPN'.", "contents": "Crystal structure of a protein proteinase inhibitor, Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor, at 2.3 angstrom resolution. The crystal structure of a protein proteinase inhibitor, Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor which strongly inhibits bacterial alkaline proteinases, was determined at 2.3 angstrom resolution. The subunit (molecular weight, 11,485) of this dimeric molecule has a unique fold of polypeptide chain with a five-fold anti-parallel beta-sheet structure (about 21% of the 113 amino acid residues) and two small segments of alpha-helices (about 16%). The region around the apparent reactive site, Met(73)-Val(74), is held tight by a combination of various structural features. The conformation of this region seems to have close similarity to that found in substrate analogues of low molecular weight bound to subtilisin BPN'."}
{"id": "PMID:893386", "title": "Soluble proteins from fowl feather keratin. III. Isolation and characteristics of some calamus proteins.", "content": "The main fraction, GF-3, separated from SCM-proteins of fowl feather calamus by gel filtration, was separated into seven peaks, C-1 to C-7, by ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column. Each fraction was found to contain two components by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In order to separate these two components, recycling gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column was carried out. Two peaks separated from each of four fractions, C-3 to C-6, were termed C-3a and -3b, C-4a and -4b, and so on. Electrophoretic results showed that all the fractions were single protein components. Components a and b of a particular fraction had almost identical electric charge and slightly different molecular size. All components in Group a (C-3a to C-6a) had similar amino acid compositions except for SCM-cysteine content, and similar results were obtained for Group b (C-3b to C-7b). Groups a and b had significantly different amino acid compositions.", "contents": "Soluble proteins from fowl feather keratin. III. Isolation and characteristics of some calamus proteins. The main fraction, GF-3, separated from SCM-proteins of fowl feather calamus by gel filtration, was separated into seven peaks, C-1 to C-7, by ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column. Each fraction was found to contain two components by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In order to separate these two components, recycling gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column was carried out. Two peaks separated from each of four fractions, C-3 to C-6, were termed C-3a and -3b, C-4a and -4b, and so on. Electrophoretic results showed that all the fractions were single protein components. Components a and b of a particular fraction had almost identical electric charge and slightly different molecular size. All components in Group a (C-3a to C-6a) had similar amino acid compositions except for SCM-cysteine content, and similar results were obtained for Group b (C-3b to C-7b). Groups a and b had significantly different amino acid compositions."}
{"id": "PMID:893387", "title": "Interaction between xanthurenic acid-insulin complex and zinc ions.", "content": "An equimolar mixture of a xanthurenic acid-insulin complex and ZnSO4 was separated into an insulin peak and a peak containing xanthurenic acid (XA) and Zn by Sephadex G-75 column chromatograpy. XA and di-[L-histidino]-zinc (II) readily combined to produce di-[L-histidino]-di-xanthurenato zinc (II) (His2-Zn2+-XA2). By increase in the concentration of Zn2+ ions, XA was removed from di-[L-histidino]-di-xanthurenato zinc (II) (His2-Zn2+-XA2) as XA-Zn2+. The XA-insulin complex showed dcreased relative intensity of fluorescence compared with the Zn-insulin when excited at a wavelength of 284 nm. The difference spectrum between native Zn-insulin and XA-insulin complexes showed a slight red shift. A diffference in the CD spectrum between native Zn-insulin and XA-insulin complexes was observed.", "contents": "Interaction between xanthurenic acid-insulin complex and zinc ions. An equimolar mixture of a xanthurenic acid-insulin complex and ZnSO4 was separated into an insulin peak and a peak containing xanthurenic acid (XA) and Zn by Sephadex G-75 column chromatograpy. XA and di-[L-histidino]-zinc (II) readily combined to produce di-[L-histidino]-di-xanthurenato zinc (II) (His2-Zn2+-XA2). By increase in the concentration of Zn2+ ions, XA was removed from di-[L-histidino]-di-xanthurenato zinc (II) (His2-Zn2+-XA2) as XA-Zn2+. The XA-insulin complex showed dcreased relative intensity of fluorescence compared with the Zn-insulin when excited at a wavelength of 284 nm. The difference spectrum between native Zn-insulin and XA-insulin complexes showed a slight red shift. A diffference in the CD spectrum between native Zn-insulin and XA-insulin complexes was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:893388", "title": "Purification of human fibroblast interferon by zinc chelate affinity chromatography.", "content": "Zinc chelated by iminodiacetic acid linked to an insoluble matrix binds human fibroblast interferon quite selectively at neutral pH in 0.15 M NaCL. On reduction of the pH and increase of the ionic strength, the interferon is eluted. Using a pH gradient at constant high ionic strength, good purification of the interferon can be obtained, up to a final specific activity of 108.5 units/mg of protein. Approximately 60% of the applied activity can be recovered.", "contents": "Purification of human fibroblast interferon by zinc chelate affinity chromatography. Zinc chelated by iminodiacetic acid linked to an insoluble matrix binds human fibroblast interferon quite selectively at neutral pH in 0.15 M NaCL. On reduction of the pH and increase of the ionic strength, the interferon is eluted. Using a pH gradient at constant high ionic strength, good purification of the interferon can be obtained, up to a final specific activity of 108.5 units/mg of protein. Approximately 60% of the applied activity can be recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:893390", "title": "Regulation by glucagon and divalent cations of inhibition of hepatic adenylate cyclase by adenosine.", "content": "Adenosine inhibits the rat liver adenylate cyclase system at a regulatory site that is distinct from the glucagon receptor, the guanine nucleotide regulatory site, and the active site involved in catalysis of ATP to cyclic AMP. The effects of the nucleoside are also independent of the concentration of uncomplexed ATP (ATP4-) in the assay medium. Glucagon, but not guanine nucleotides, sensitizes the system to inhibition by adenosine. Depending on assay conditions, the hormone can shift the concentration of adenosine required for 50% inhibition by as much as 10-fold. Under optimal conditions, the apparent Ki for adenosine is 25 micron. Both Mg2+ and Mn2+ increase adenylate cyclase activity and, in order of relative potency, increase the sensitivity of the enzyme to adenosine inhibition; Mn2+ is 50- to 100-fold more potent than Mg2+. The adenosine inhibitory site exhibits stringent structural requirements for nucleoside action. Most alterations of the purine ring result in loss of activity, whereas alterations in the ribose ring are tolerated, and some deoxyadenosine analogs are even more effective than adenosine. Naturally occurring nucleosides and nucleotides, such as inosine, guanosine, and 5'-AMP, are inactive. Analog studies reveal also that inhibition of the hepatic system occurs at a site which is clearly different from the sites through which adenosine activates other adenylate cyclase systems, and that the liver enzyme appears to have no site for activation by the nucleoside.", "contents": "Regulation by glucagon and divalent cations of inhibition of hepatic adenylate cyclase by adenosine. Adenosine inhibits the rat liver adenylate cyclase system at a regulatory site that is distinct from the glucagon receptor, the guanine nucleotide regulatory site, and the active site involved in catalysis of ATP to cyclic AMP. The effects of the nucleoside are also independent of the concentration of uncomplexed ATP (ATP4-) in the assay medium. Glucagon, but not guanine nucleotides, sensitizes the system to inhibition by adenosine. Depending on assay conditions, the hormone can shift the concentration of adenosine required for 50% inhibition by as much as 10-fold. Under optimal conditions, the apparent Ki for adenosine is 25 micron. Both Mg2+ and Mn2+ increase adenylate cyclase activity and, in order of relative potency, increase the sensitivity of the enzyme to adenosine inhibition; Mn2+ is 50- to 100-fold more potent than Mg2+. The adenosine inhibitory site exhibits stringent structural requirements for nucleoside action. Most alterations of the purine ring result in loss of activity, whereas alterations in the ribose ring are tolerated, and some deoxyadenosine analogs are even more effective than adenosine. Naturally occurring nucleosides and nucleotides, such as inosine, guanosine, and 5'-AMP, are inactive. Analog studies reveal also that inhibition of the hepatic system occurs at a site which is clearly different from the sites through which adenosine activates other adenylate cyclase systems, and that the liver enzyme appears to have no site for activation by the nucleoside."}
{"id": "PMID:893392", "title": "Chromatin subunits contain normal levels of major acetylated histone species.", "content": "Chromatin subunits or nucleosomes prepared by micrococcal nuclease digestion of nuclei from trout testis have been examined for the presence of in vivo modified histone species. Both monomers and multimers are labeled when testis cells are incubated in the presence of [14C]acetate, but the level of radioactivity in the monomer fraction is 10 to 20% higher than in the multimer fraction. This difference is attributed to the trimming of nucleotides from the monomer DNA, associated with the loss of H1. The specific activities of the [14C]acetate label in histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 in monomer particles are similar to their respective values in whole chromatin. Starch gel electrophoresis of histone fractions derived from monomeric nucleosomes revealed the presence of monoacetylated and phosphorylated species of H2A, monoacetylated species of H2B and H3, and mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraacetylated species of H4. No differences in the content of these species between monomeric nucleosomes and whole chromatin could be discerned.", "contents": "Chromatin subunits contain normal levels of major acetylated histone species. Chromatin subunits or nucleosomes prepared by micrococcal nuclease digestion of nuclei from trout testis have been examined for the presence of in vivo modified histone species. Both monomers and multimers are labeled when testis cells are incubated in the presence of [14C]acetate, but the level of radioactivity in the monomer fraction is 10 to 20% higher than in the multimer fraction. This difference is attributed to the trimming of nucleotides from the monomer DNA, associated with the loss of H1. The specific activities of the [14C]acetate label in histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 in monomer particles are similar to their respective values in whole chromatin. Starch gel electrophoresis of histone fractions derived from monomeric nucleosomes revealed the presence of monoacetylated and phosphorylated species of H2A, monoacetylated species of H2B and H3, and mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraacetylated species of H4. No differences in the content of these species between monomeric nucleosomes and whole chromatin could be discerned."}
{"id": "PMID:893393", "title": "Cleavage of tryptophanyl peptide bonds in cytochrome b5 by cyanogen bromide.", "content": "Quantitative cleavage of peptide bonds adjacent to tryptophanyl and methionyl residues in the polar moiety of cytochrome b5 was effected using cyanogen bromide in the presence of heptafluorobutyric and formic acids. Application of this method to native cytochrome b5 resulted in cleavage at tryptophanyl and methionyl residues in the polar and membranous segments in high yield. Amino acid analysis of peptides isolated from such digests indicated that tyrosine was modified and the derivative eluted in a position preceding lysine; however, the color constant with ninhydrin remained unchanged. Hydriodic acid hydrolysis of the phenylthiohydantoin derivative of the modified tyrosine regenerated the parent amino acid. Peptides containing the altered tyrosine remained susceptible to chymotryptic cleavage at this residue. Cleavage of methionyl bonds could be prevented by methylene blue-sensitized photooxidation prior to cyanogen bromide/anhydrous heptafluorobutyric acid treatment. The conditions employed for photooxidation were selective for methionyl residues, and the yield and specificity of tryptophanyl cleavage by the cyanogen bromide/anhydrous heptafluorobutyric acid method was unaffected.", "contents": "Cleavage of tryptophanyl peptide bonds in cytochrome b5 by cyanogen bromide. Quantitative cleavage of peptide bonds adjacent to tryptophanyl and methionyl residues in the polar moiety of cytochrome b5 was effected using cyanogen bromide in the presence of heptafluorobutyric and formic acids. Application of this method to native cytochrome b5 resulted in cleavage at tryptophanyl and methionyl residues in the polar and membranous segments in high yield. Amino acid analysis of peptides isolated from such digests indicated that tyrosine was modified and the derivative eluted in a position preceding lysine; however, the color constant with ninhydrin remained unchanged. Hydriodic acid hydrolysis of the phenylthiohydantoin derivative of the modified tyrosine regenerated the parent amino acid. Peptides containing the altered tyrosine remained susceptible to chymotryptic cleavage at this residue. Cleavage of methionyl bonds could be prevented by methylene blue-sensitized photooxidation prior to cyanogen bromide/anhydrous heptafluorobutyric acid treatment. The conditions employed for photooxidation were selective for methionyl residues, and the yield and specificity of tryptophanyl cleavage by the cyanogen bromide/anhydrous heptafluorobutyric acid method was unaffected."}
{"id": "PMID:893395", "title": "Conversion of oxy- into methemerythrin in the presence of anions.", "content": "The interaction of oxyhemerythrin (HrO2) with cyanate and azide ions (X-) is biphasic. The rapid loss of HrO2 is monitored at 500 nm using stopped flow. The dependence of the pseudo-first order rate constant on [HrO2], [X-], and [O2] can be interpreted by the scheme HrO2 in equilibrium Hr + O2 K1 Hr + X-in equilibrium HrX- k2, k-2, k2 At 25 degrees, pH = 6.3 and I = 0.15 M; for X- = CNO-, k2 = 59 M-1 S-1 and k-2 = 0.019 S-1; and for X- = N3-, k2 = 1.6 X 10(2) M-1 S-1 and k-2 = 0.10 S-1. The values of K1K2 from kinetics are in good agreement with those obtained from spectral and [O2] determinations of equilibrated mixtures of Hr, CNO-, and O2. The second step has been analyzed separately by flow observations of the small spectral changes accompanying addition of X- to deoxyhemerythrin. The slower, stoichiometric formation of methemerythrin cyanate or azide has also been studied and second order rate constants for reaction of HrO2 with X- determined (N3-, 0.34 M-1 S-1 and CNO-, 0.08 M-1 S-1 at 25 degrees and pH = 6.3). These are compared with those for accelerated formation of the methemerythrin ligand adduct in the same conditions in presence of NO2- (0.31 M-1 S-1), HCO2- (8.3 X 10(-3) M-1 S-1), F- (0.12 M-1 S-1), Cl- (1.4 X 10(-4) M-1 S-1), and imidazole (4 X 10(-3) M-1 S-1 at pH 8.0). No rapid pre-equilibria are observed in the case of the latter ligands. The effect of pH is examined.", "contents": "Conversion of oxy- into methemerythrin in the presence of anions. The interaction of oxyhemerythrin (HrO2) with cyanate and azide ions (X-) is biphasic. The rapid loss of HrO2 is monitored at 500 nm using stopped flow. The dependence of the pseudo-first order rate constant on [HrO2], [X-], and [O2] can be interpreted by the scheme HrO2 in equilibrium Hr + O2 K1 Hr + X-in equilibrium HrX- k2, k-2, k2 At 25 degrees, pH = 6.3 and I = 0.15 M; for X- = CNO-, k2 = 59 M-1 S-1 and k-2 = 0.019 S-1; and for X- = N3-, k2 = 1.6 X 10(2) M-1 S-1 and k-2 = 0.10 S-1. The values of K1K2 from kinetics are in good agreement with those obtained from spectral and [O2] determinations of equilibrated mixtures of Hr, CNO-, and O2. The second step has been analyzed separately by flow observations of the small spectral changes accompanying addition of X- to deoxyhemerythrin. The slower, stoichiometric formation of methemerythrin cyanate or azide has also been studied and second order rate constants for reaction of HrO2 with X- determined (N3-, 0.34 M-1 S-1 and CNO-, 0.08 M-1 S-1 at 25 degrees and pH = 6.3). These are compared with those for accelerated formation of the methemerythrin ligand adduct in the same conditions in presence of NO2- (0.31 M-1 S-1), HCO2- (8.3 X 10(-3) M-1 S-1), F- (0.12 M-1 S-1), Cl- (1.4 X 10(-4) M-1 S-1), and imidazole (4 X 10(-3) M-1 S-1 at pH 8.0). No rapid pre-equilibria are observed in the case of the latter ligands. The effect of pH is examined."}
{"id": "PMID:893396", "title": "Affinity labeling of human serum prealbumin with N-bromoacetyl-L-thyroxine.", "content": "Affinity labeling of human serum prealbumin with N-bromoacetyl-L-thyroxine (BrAcT4) was used to investigate the binding domain for L-thyroxine (T4) on prealbumin. Fluorescence titration with 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate revealed a strong and a weak binding site for BrAcT4 (K1 = 1 X 10(8) M-1; K2 = 1 X 10(6) M-1). The reaction of BrAcT4 with prealbumin to form a covalent bond was inhibited in the presence of T4 and binding of T4 to prealbumin was nearly abolished after affinity labeling with BrAcT4. Affinity labeling with 2 mol of BrAcT4/mol of prealbumin resulted in covalent binding of 1 mol of ligand. Acid hydrolysis of affinity-labeled prealbumin gave Nepsilon-carboxymethyllysine and iminodiacetic acid, the latter being derived from the NH2-terminal glycine. A combination of analytical procedures, including tryptic digestion after maleylation, cyanogen bromide cleavage, digestion with yeast protease C, and sequential Edman degradations, revealed that the Nepsilon-carboxymethyllysine was derived from lysine-9 and lysine-15 and that the affinity label had distributed itself among glycine-1, lysine-9, and lysine-15 in a ratio of 29:63:8.", "contents": "Affinity labeling of human serum prealbumin with N-bromoacetyl-L-thyroxine. Affinity labeling of human serum prealbumin with N-bromoacetyl-L-thyroxine (BrAcT4) was used to investigate the binding domain for L-thyroxine (T4) on prealbumin. Fluorescence titration with 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate revealed a strong and a weak binding site for BrAcT4 (K1 = 1 X 10(8) M-1; K2 = 1 X 10(6) M-1). The reaction of BrAcT4 with prealbumin to form a covalent bond was inhibited in the presence of T4 and binding of T4 to prealbumin was nearly abolished after affinity labeling with BrAcT4. Affinity labeling with 2 mol of BrAcT4/mol of prealbumin resulted in covalent binding of 1 mol of ligand. Acid hydrolysis of affinity-labeled prealbumin gave Nepsilon-carboxymethyllysine and iminodiacetic acid, the latter being derived from the NH2-terminal glycine. A combination of analytical procedures, including tryptic digestion after maleylation, cyanogen bromide cleavage, digestion with yeast protease C, and sequential Edman degradations, revealed that the Nepsilon-carboxymethyllysine was derived from lysine-9 and lysine-15 and that the affinity label had distributed itself among glycine-1, lysine-9, and lysine-15 in a ratio of 29:63:8."}
{"id": "PMID:893397", "title": "Opposite effect of organic phosphates on hemoglobin oxidation by hydroxylamine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.", "content": "The effect of organic phosphates such as inositol hexaphosphate (IHP), ATP, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) on hemoglobin oxidation by hydroxylamine was studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation rate of hemoglobin by hydroxylamine was accelerated as much as about 1.6 times, 1.4 times, and 1.4 times in the presence of IHP, ATP, and 2,3-DPG, respectively; however, under anaerobic conditions it was inhibited as much as 2.2 times, 2 times, and 2 times in the presence of these organic phosphates compared with the case for the absence of these organic phosphates. The effects of these organic phosphates on hemoglobin oxidation by hydroxylamine under aerobic conditions were elucidated by the two state models of hemoglobin including the R and the T state, however, the opposite effects under anaerobic conditions cannot be explained without the assumption of the existence of a third conformation of hemoglobin. The dissociation constant of IHP to deoxyhemoglobin was estimated from the rate of the hemoglobin oxidation by hydroxylamine in different concentrations of IHP under anaerobic conditions.", "contents": "Opposite effect of organic phosphates on hemoglobin oxidation by hydroxylamine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The effect of organic phosphates such as inositol hexaphosphate (IHP), ATP, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) on hemoglobin oxidation by hydroxylamine was studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation rate of hemoglobin by hydroxylamine was accelerated as much as about 1.6 times, 1.4 times, and 1.4 times in the presence of IHP, ATP, and 2,3-DPG, respectively; however, under anaerobic conditions it was inhibited as much as 2.2 times, 2 times, and 2 times in the presence of these organic phosphates compared with the case for the absence of these organic phosphates. The effects of these organic phosphates on hemoglobin oxidation by hydroxylamine under aerobic conditions were elucidated by the two state models of hemoglobin including the R and the T state, however, the opposite effects under anaerobic conditions cannot be explained without the assumption of the existence of a third conformation of hemoglobin. The dissociation constant of IHP to deoxyhemoglobin was estimated from the rate of the hemoglobin oxidation by hydroxylamine in different concentrations of IHP under anaerobic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:893398", "title": "Purification and characterization of pig kidney pyruvate kinase (type A).", "content": "Pyruvate kinase type A was purified from pig kidney with a yield of 9%. The final enzyme fraction had a specific activity of 500 units/mg of protein. The enzyme appeared to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in detergent and in ultracentrifugation experiments. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 210,000 with the use of ultracentrifugation and 249,000 at gel chromatography. The sedimentation coefficient (S degrees 20, w) was calculated to be 9.8 S. For the reduced and alkylated pyruvate kinase, a molecular weight of 60,000 was found with the use of several methods. The Stokes radius for the enzyme was calculated to be 56 A. No NH2-terminal amino acid was detected in the enzyme, and the only findings in carbohydrate analyses of the kidney pyruvate kinase were trace amounts of glucose. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was estimated to be pH 5.6. Pig kidney pyruvate kinase type A was not phosphorylated on incubation with ATP and cyclic 3':5'-AMP-dependent protein kinase. The amino acid compositions of pig kidney and pig muscle pyruvate kinases were very similar and differed clearly from that of pig liver pyruvate kinase.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of pig kidney pyruvate kinase (type A). Pyruvate kinase type A was purified from pig kidney with a yield of 9%. The final enzyme fraction had a specific activity of 500 units/mg of protein. The enzyme appeared to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in detergent and in ultracentrifugation experiments. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 210,000 with the use of ultracentrifugation and 249,000 at gel chromatography. The sedimentation coefficient (S degrees 20, w) was calculated to be 9.8 S. For the reduced and alkylated pyruvate kinase, a molecular weight of 60,000 was found with the use of several methods. The Stokes radius for the enzyme was calculated to be 56 A. No NH2-terminal amino acid was detected in the enzyme, and the only findings in carbohydrate analyses of the kidney pyruvate kinase were trace amounts of glucose. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was estimated to be pH 5.6. Pig kidney pyruvate kinase type A was not phosphorylated on incubation with ATP and cyclic 3':5'-AMP-dependent protein kinase. The amino acid compositions of pig kidney and pig muscle pyruvate kinases were very similar and differed clearly from that of pig liver pyruvate kinase."}
{"id": "PMID:893400", "title": "A novel chemical modification of delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase occurring during its 3-oxo-4-estren-17 beta-yl acetate-dependent photoinactivation.", "content": "The chemical change responsible for the 3-oxo-4-estren-17 beta-yl acetate-dependent photoinactivation of delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase has been identified by amino acid analysis and amino acid sequencing. Amino acid analysis of the enzyme and its photoinactivated derivative shows that photoinactivation is accompanied by loss of nearly 1 residue of aspartic acid/polypeptide chain and an increase in nearly 1 residue of alanine. Edman degradation of a peptide comprising residues 31 to 48 from native isomerase showed the presence of aspartic acid at residue 38. When the corresponding peptide from photoinactivated enzyme was sequenced, residue 38 was revealed to be alanine.", "contents": "A novel chemical modification of delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase occurring during its 3-oxo-4-estren-17 beta-yl acetate-dependent photoinactivation. The chemical change responsible for the 3-oxo-4-estren-17 beta-yl acetate-dependent photoinactivation of delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase has been identified by amino acid analysis and amino acid sequencing. Amino acid analysis of the enzyme and its photoinactivated derivative shows that photoinactivation is accompanied by loss of nearly 1 residue of aspartic acid/polypeptide chain and an increase in nearly 1 residue of alanine. Edman degradation of a peptide comprising residues 31 to 48 from native isomerase showed the presence of aspartic acid at residue 38. When the corresponding peptide from photoinactivated enzyme was sequenced, residue 38 was revealed to be alanine."}
{"id": "PMID:893402", "title": "A nicked form of kinetoplast DNA in Leishmania tarentolae.", "content": "The mitochondrial DNA of the protozoan Leishmania tarentolae, known as kinetoplast DNA, contains thousands of minicircles linked in a two-dimensional network. When kinetoplast DNA from exponentially growing cells is centrifuged to equilibrium in a CsCl/ethidium bromide gradient, it is resolved into two discrete components, Form I and Form II. Nearly all of the minicircles in Form I networks are covalently closed and all of those in Form II networks are open. These forms are indistinguishable from each other when examined by electron microscopy and they appear identical when analyzed by gel electrophoresis after digestion with the restriction enzymes Hae III or Hpa II. However, Form II networks sediment roughly 50% faster than Form I networks on a neutral sucrose gradient, indicating that Form II networks are larger in size or more compact in conformation, or both. Analysis of denatured Form II DNA by sedimentation or electron microscopy indicates that nearly all of its minicircles have one or more interruptions in both strands. Since the majority of the Form II minicircles can be closed by DNA ligase, most of these interruptions must be nicks. Experiments with S1 nuclease indicate that some small gaps may also exist in Form II minicircles. 5'-Terminal nucleotide analysis of Form II kinetoplast DNA does not suggest that the interruptions are at specific locations in the minicircles. The significance of the two forms of kinetoplast DNA has not yet been determined, but it is possible that Form II is an intermediate in replication of this DNA.", "contents": "A nicked form of kinetoplast DNA in Leishmania tarentolae. The mitochondrial DNA of the protozoan Leishmania tarentolae, known as kinetoplast DNA, contains thousands of minicircles linked in a two-dimensional network. When kinetoplast DNA from exponentially growing cells is centrifuged to equilibrium in a CsCl/ethidium bromide gradient, it is resolved into two discrete components, Form I and Form II. Nearly all of the minicircles in Form I networks are covalently closed and all of those in Form II networks are open. These forms are indistinguishable from each other when examined by electron microscopy and they appear identical when analyzed by gel electrophoresis after digestion with the restriction enzymes Hae III or Hpa II. However, Form II networks sediment roughly 50% faster than Form I networks on a neutral sucrose gradient, indicating that Form II networks are larger in size or more compact in conformation, or both. Analysis of denatured Form II DNA by sedimentation or electron microscopy indicates that nearly all of its minicircles have one or more interruptions in both strands. Since the majority of the Form II minicircles can be closed by DNA ligase, most of these interruptions must be nicks. Experiments with S1 nuclease indicate that some small gaps may also exist in Form II minicircles. 5'-Terminal nucleotide analysis of Form II kinetoplast DNA does not suggest that the interruptions are at specific locations in the minicircles. The significance of the two forms of kinetoplast DNA has not yet been determined, but it is possible that Form II is an intermediate in replication of this DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:893404", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a novel trisialoganglioside, GT1a, from human brain.", "content": "A novel trisialoganglioside has been isolated from normal adult human brain in a yield of 0.6% of the total gangkioside. By graded neuraminidase treatment, mild acid hydrolysis and periodate oxidation analysis, the ganglioside was identified as GT1a having the following structure: NeuAc(alpha, 2-8)NeuAc(alpha, 2-3)Gal(beta, 1-3)GalNAc(beta, 1-4) [NeuAc(alpha, 2-3)]Gal(beta, 1-4)Glc(1-1)ceramide.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a novel trisialoganglioside, GT1a, from human brain. A novel trisialoganglioside has been isolated from normal adult human brain in a yield of 0.6% of the total gangkioside. By graded neuraminidase treatment, mild acid hydrolysis and periodate oxidation analysis, the ganglioside was identified as GT1a having the following structure: NeuAc(alpha, 2-8)NeuAc(alpha, 2-3)Gal(beta, 1-3)GalNAc(beta, 1-4) [NeuAc(alpha, 2-3)]Gal(beta, 1-4)Glc(1-1)ceramide."}
{"id": "PMID:893405", "title": "Circular dichroism studies of fd coat protein in membrane vesicles.", "content": "Circular dichroism studies on filamentous virus coat protein in lipid vesicles show that distinctive spectra result depending on the history of the protein and the method of vesicle preparation.", "contents": "Circular dichroism studies of fd coat protein in membrane vesicles. Circular dichroism studies on filamentous virus coat protein in lipid vesicles show that distinctive spectra result depending on the history of the protein and the method of vesicle preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:893407", "title": "Isolation, crystallization, and primary amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4.", "content": "Human platelet factor 4 was purified by a method employing affinity chromatography on heparin/agarose. The amino acid sequence of the protein was determined by automatic Edman degradations and carboxypeptidase Y digestion. There are 70 amino acids in the protein with 5 of the 8 negatively charged residues clustered near the NH2 terminus and 10 of the 13 positively charged residues in clusters of 3 and 4 elsewhere in the protein. Small crystals have been obtained from ammonium sulfate solutions which give a promising preliminary x-ray diffraction pattern.", "contents": "Isolation, crystallization, and primary amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4. Human platelet factor 4 was purified by a method employing affinity chromatography on heparin/agarose. The amino acid sequence of the protein was determined by automatic Edman degradations and carboxypeptidase Y digestion. There are 70 amino acids in the protein with 5 of the 8 negatively charged residues clustered near the NH2 terminus and 10 of the 13 positively charged residues in clusters of 3 and 4 elsewhere in the protein. Small crystals have been obtained from ammonium sulfate solutions which give a promising preliminary x-ray diffraction pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:893408", "title": "Micrococcus luteus correndonucleases. I. resolution and purification of two endonucleases specific for DNA containing pyrimidine dimers.", "content": "Five peaks of endonuclease activity showing a preference for ultraviolet-damaged DNA have been chromatographically identified from extracts of Micrococcus luteus. They are numerically designated as I to V in order of their elution from phosphocellulose (Whatman P-11) columns. The first two of these peaks have been highly purified by a combination of gel filtration and affinity chromatography and are catalytically homogeneous judging from their effect on transforming DNAs. Peak I, which has an isoelectric point of 4.7, is heat-stable, requires high ionic strength for optimal activity, acts with equal facility on ultraviolet-irradiated native and denatured DNA, and has been designated as Py pyrimidine dimer Py correndonuclease I. Peak II which has a pI value of 8.7, is heat-labile, is inhibited by high ionic strength, acts on ultraviolet-irradiated native but not denatured DNA, and has been designated as Py pyrimidine dimer Py correndonuclease II. Both enzymes are inhibited by Ca2+ and Zn2+, do not show any cofactor or sulfhydryl requirement, act optimally between pH 7.0 and 7.4, and have molecular weights between 11,000 and 15,000. Py pyrimidine dimer Py correndonuclease I requires a dose about 1.6 times that for Py pyrimidine dimers Py correndonuclease II for incision saturation of irradiated phiX174 RFI DNA.", "contents": "Micrococcus luteus correndonucleases. I. resolution and purification of two endonucleases specific for DNA containing pyrimidine dimers. Five peaks of endonuclease activity showing a preference for ultraviolet-damaged DNA have been chromatographically identified from extracts of Micrococcus luteus. They are numerically designated as I to V in order of their elution from phosphocellulose (Whatman P-11) columns. The first two of these peaks have been highly purified by a combination of gel filtration and affinity chromatography and are catalytically homogeneous judging from their effect on transforming DNAs. Peak I, which has an isoelectric point of 4.7, is heat-stable, requires high ionic strength for optimal activity, acts with equal facility on ultraviolet-irradiated native and denatured DNA, and has been designated as Py pyrimidine dimer Py correndonuclease I. Peak II which has a pI value of 8.7, is heat-labile, is inhibited by high ionic strength, acts on ultraviolet-irradiated native but not denatured DNA, and has been designated as Py pyrimidine dimer Py correndonuclease II. Both enzymes are inhibited by Ca2+ and Zn2+, do not show any cofactor or sulfhydryl requirement, act optimally between pH 7.0 and 7.4, and have molecular weights between 11,000 and 15,000. Py pyrimidine dimer Py correndonuclease I requires a dose about 1.6 times that for Py pyrimidine dimers Py correndonuclease II for incision saturation of irradiated phiX174 RFI DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:893409", "title": "Micrococcus luteus correndonucleases. III. Evidence for involvement in repair in vivo of two endonucleases specific for DNA containing pyrimidine dimers.", "content": "Involvement of Py pyrimidine dimers Py correnconucleases I and II in repair of ultraviolet radiation damage in vivo by Micrococcus luteus has been demonstrated by their absence in the ultraviolet-sensitive mutant DB-7 derived by treatment of the wild type parent with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The necessity for their combined action in DNA repair in M. luteus is shown by: (a) reactivation of ultraviolet-damaged phiX174 RFI DNA in incision-defective hosts after in vivo treatment with both enzymes, (b) correlation between survival after ultraviolet irradiation and the level of the two enzymes, and (c) increased levels of repair synthesis after ultraviolet irradiation of toluenized cells DB-400 with wild type correndonuclease levels when compared with the transformant DB-200 and the mutant DB-7, which lack one or both enzymes.", "contents": "Micrococcus luteus correndonucleases. III. Evidence for involvement in repair in vivo of two endonucleases specific for DNA containing pyrimidine dimers. Involvement of Py pyrimidine dimers Py correnconucleases I and II in repair of ultraviolet radiation damage in vivo by Micrococcus luteus has been demonstrated by their absence in the ultraviolet-sensitive mutant DB-7 derived by treatment of the wild type parent with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The necessity for their combined action in DNA repair in M. luteus is shown by: (a) reactivation of ultraviolet-damaged phiX174 RFI DNA in incision-defective hosts after in vivo treatment with both enzymes, (b) correlation between survival after ultraviolet irradiation and the level of the two enzymes, and (c) increased levels of repair synthesis after ultraviolet irradiation of toluenized cells DB-400 with wild type correndonuclease levels when compared with the transformant DB-200 and the mutant DB-7, which lack one or both enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:893411", "title": "Properties of dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase in the harderian gland.", "content": "We have used a microsomal preparation from the pink portion of the rabbit harderian gland to study the properties of dihydroxyacetone-P acyltransferase. The enzymatic activity in the microsomes is latent and is stimulated approximately 20-fold by the addition of detergent to the assay system. Both deoxycholate and cholate stimulated the enzyme at concentrations considerably below the critical micellar concentration of these detergents. The acyltransferase was not solubilized by treatment with these detergent concentrations. In addition, we have shown that the acyltransferase is sensitive to proteolytic digestion in the presence of deoxycholate concentrations that render the microsomal vesicles permeable to the protease, but is insensitive to the protease treatment in the absence of detergent. Collectively, these data indicate that the active site of dihydroxyacetone-P acyltransferase is exposed to the lumenal surface of the microsomal vesicles. This enzyme is distinct from the glycerol-P acyltransferase in that the dihydroxyacetone-P acyltransferase is sensitive to protease digestion only  in the presence of deoxycholate, is not inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, and is not competitively inhibited by sn-glycerol-3-P.", "contents": "Properties of dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase in the harderian gland. We have used a microsomal preparation from the pink portion of the rabbit harderian gland to study the properties of dihydroxyacetone-P acyltransferase. The enzymatic activity in the microsomes is latent and is stimulated approximately 20-fold by the addition of detergent to the assay system. Both deoxycholate and cholate stimulated the enzyme at concentrations considerably below the critical micellar concentration of these detergents. The acyltransferase was not solubilized by treatment with these detergent concentrations. In addition, we have shown that the acyltransferase is sensitive to proteolytic digestion in the presence of deoxycholate concentrations that render the microsomal vesicles permeable to the protease, but is insensitive to the protease treatment in the absence of detergent. Collectively, these data indicate that the active site of dihydroxyacetone-P acyltransferase is exposed to the lumenal surface of the microsomal vesicles. This enzyme is distinct from the glycerol-P acyltransferase in that the dihydroxyacetone-P acyltransferase is sensitive to protease digestion only  in the presence of deoxycholate, is not inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, and is not competitively inhibited by sn-glycerol-3-P."}
{"id": "PMID:893412", "title": "Precursor of egg white lysozyme. Amino acid sequence of an NH2-terminal extension.", "content": "Lysozyme mRNA was translated in a reticulocyte lysate with mixtures of radioactive amino acids. The in vitro product isolated by immunoprecipitation was shown by gel electrophoresis, peptide mapping, and sequence analysis to be larger than lysozyme synthesized in vivo. An NH2-terminal extension was completely sequenced by automated Edman degradation; the phenylthiohydantoins from each cycle were separated by high pressure liquid chromatography and quantitated by scintillation spectroscopy. The NH2-terminal sequence of pre-lysozyme is: (formula: see text) where lysine is the NH2 terminus of lysozyme. Sixteen of the eighteen residues in this sequence are hydrophobic and in this regard it resembles the partial sequences recently elucidated for other secretory proteins. The NH2-terminal methionine is donated by initiator Met-tRNAfMet; thus, this sequence represents the primary translation product. This 18-amino acid sequence is cleaved from lysozyme in vivo before the lysozyme molecules are completely synthesized.", "contents": "Precursor of egg white lysozyme. Amino acid sequence of an NH2-terminal extension. Lysozyme mRNA was translated in a reticulocyte lysate with mixtures of radioactive amino acids. The in vitro product isolated by immunoprecipitation was shown by gel electrophoresis, peptide mapping, and sequence analysis to be larger than lysozyme synthesized in vivo. An NH2-terminal extension was completely sequenced by automated Edman degradation; the phenylthiohydantoins from each cycle were separated by high pressure liquid chromatography and quantitated by scintillation spectroscopy. The NH2-terminal sequence of pre-lysozyme is: (formula: see text) where lysine is the NH2 terminus of lysozyme. Sixteen of the eighteen residues in this sequence are hydrophobic and in this regard it resembles the partial sequences recently elucidated for other secretory proteins. The NH2-terminal methionine is donated by initiator Met-tRNAfMet; thus, this sequence represents the primary translation product. This 18-amino acid sequence is cleaved from lysozyme in vivo before the lysozyme molecules are completely synthesized."}
{"id": "PMID:893414", "title": "Purification and mode of action of exoribonuclease from bovine brain.", "content": "The exoribonuclease in bovine brain has been purified about 900-fold in 10% yield. The molecular weight is about 65,000. The enzyme is free from other ribonucleases of bovine brain. Studies of the mode of action of the enzyme show the following: (a) The enzyme cleaves both oligo- and polyribonucleotides exonucleolytically, initiating nucleolytic attack from the 5'-hydroxyl end to yield 3'-mononucleotides. The enzyme differs from spleen exonuclease in that it does not act on polydeoxyribonucleotides. (b) When the 5'-hydroxyl group is phosphorylated, the enzyme is inactive. (c) The enzymic action is processive in nature; the enzyme hydrolyzes one polynucleotide chain to completion before proceeding to the degradation of another chain.", "contents": "Purification and mode of action of exoribonuclease from bovine brain. The exoribonuclease in bovine brain has been purified about 900-fold in 10% yield. The molecular weight is about 65,000. The enzyme is free from other ribonucleases of bovine brain. Studies of the mode of action of the enzyme show the following: (a) The enzyme cleaves both oligo- and polyribonucleotides exonucleolytically, initiating nucleolytic attack from the 5'-hydroxyl end to yield 3'-mononucleotides. The enzyme differs from spleen exonuclease in that it does not act on polydeoxyribonucleotides. (b) When the 5'-hydroxyl group is phosphorylated, the enzyme is inactive. (c) The enzymic action is processive in nature; the enzyme hydrolyzes one polynucleotide chain to completion before proceeding to the degradation of another chain."}
{"id": "PMID:893415", "title": "Purification and properties of superoxide dismutase from a red alga, Porphyridium cruentum.", "content": "The major superoxide dismutase of the unicellular red alga, Porphyridium cruentum, has been purified to homogeneity. This enzyme has a molecular weight of 40,000 and is composed of two subunits of equal size, which are joined by noncovalent interactions. Manganese constituted 0.13% of this superoxide dismutase. T,is is equivalent to 1 manganese atom/molecule of enzyme. Cyanide at 5 mM and H2O2 at 3 mM had no effect on the activity of this superoxide dismutase but 20 mM azide caused 50% inhibition. The isoelectric point, assessed by isoelectric focusing, is 4.2. The optical spectrum of this enzyme exhibited a maximum at 280 nm (Em = 49,000 M-1 cm-1) and a broad band centered at 450 nm (Em = 170 M-1 cm-1). Exposure to a pH of 3.8 in the presence of 8.0 M urea labilized the manganese and allowed the preparation of a colorless and inactive apoenzyme which could be reconstituted by subsequent treatment with MnCl2. The reconstituted enzyme was found to have regained both manganese and activity. The amino acid composition was also determined. The P. cruentum superoxide dismutase did not cross-react with antibody to the Escherichia coli manganese-containing superoxide dismutase.", "contents": "Purification and properties of superoxide dismutase from a red alga, Porphyridium cruentum. The major superoxide dismutase of the unicellular red alga, Porphyridium cruentum, has been purified to homogeneity. This enzyme has a molecular weight of 40,000 and is composed of two subunits of equal size, which are joined by noncovalent interactions. Manganese constituted 0.13% of this superoxide dismutase. T,is is equivalent to 1 manganese atom/molecule of enzyme. Cyanide at 5 mM and H2O2 at 3 mM had no effect on the activity of this superoxide dismutase but 20 mM azide caused 50% inhibition. The isoelectric point, assessed by isoelectric focusing, is 4.2. The optical spectrum of this enzyme exhibited a maximum at 280 nm (Em = 49,000 M-1 cm-1) and a broad band centered at 450 nm (Em = 170 M-1 cm-1). Exposure to a pH of 3.8 in the presence of 8.0 M urea labilized the manganese and allowed the preparation of a colorless and inactive apoenzyme which could be reconstituted by subsequent treatment with MnCl2. The reconstituted enzyme was found to have regained both manganese and activity. The amino acid composition was also determined. The P. cruentum superoxide dismutase did not cross-react with antibody to the Escherichia coli manganese-containing superoxide dismutase."}
{"id": "PMID:893418", "title": "A simple generalized equation for the analysis of multiple inhibitions of Michaelis-Menten kinetic systems.", "content": "The summation of the effects of two or more reversible inhibitors of various types on the initial velocity of enzyme systems obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics is described by the the general relation: (formula: see text) wherein v1,2,3...n is the velocity of reaction in the simultaneous presence of n inhibitors, vi is the velocity observed in the presence of each individual inhibitor, and v0 is the velocity in the absence of inhibition. The derivation is based on the assumption that each enzyme species can combine with no more than one of the inhibitors (i.e. the inhibitors are mutually exclusive). The above relationship holds irrespective of the number of inhibitors, the type of inhibition (competitive, noncompetitive, or uncompetitive), or the kinetic mechanism (sequential or ping-pong) of the enzyme reaction under consideration. Deviations from this equality define synergism or antagonism of inhibitors depending on whether the value of the left side of the above equation is greater or smaller than the right, respectively. Knowledge of the kinetic constants for substrates and inhibitors is not required. If two or more inhibitors act independently (i.e. are not mutually exclusive), their combined effects are necessarily synergistic. Under certain circumstances, described in the text, mutually nonexclusive inhibitors obey the fractional velocity product relationship: v1,2,3...n/v0 = (v1/v0) x (v2/v0) x (v3/v0)...(vn/v0).", "contents": "A simple generalized equation for the analysis of multiple inhibitions of Michaelis-Menten kinetic systems. The summation of the effects of two or more reversible inhibitors of various types on the initial velocity of enzyme systems obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics is described by the the general relation: (formula: see text) wherein v1,2,3...n is the velocity of reaction in the simultaneous presence of n inhibitors, vi is the velocity observed in the presence of each individual inhibitor, and v0 is the velocity in the absence of inhibition. The derivation is based on the assumption that each enzyme species can combine with no more than one of the inhibitors (i.e. the inhibitors are mutually exclusive). The above relationship holds irrespective of the number of inhibitors, the type of inhibition (competitive, noncompetitive, or uncompetitive), or the kinetic mechanism (sequential or ping-pong) of the enzyme reaction under consideration. Deviations from this equality define synergism or antagonism of inhibitors depending on whether the value of the left side of the above equation is greater or smaller than the right, respectively. Knowledge of the kinetic constants for substrates and inhibitors is not required. If two or more inhibitors act independently (i.e. are not mutually exclusive), their combined effects are necessarily synergistic. Under certain circumstances, described in the text, mutually nonexclusive inhibitors obey the fractional velocity product relationship: v1,2,3...n/v0 = (v1/v0) x (v2/v0) x (v3/v0)...(vn/v0)."}
{"id": "PMID:893419", "title": "Determination of the amino acid sequence of troponon C from rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin C (TnC) was determined from studies on overlapping peptides isolated from cyanogen bromide and tryptic digests. TnC was found to be a single polypeptide chain of 159 amino acid residues, including 2 residues of tyrosine and 1 each of cysteine, histidine, and proline. The amino end is acetylated, the calculated net charge at pH 7.0 is -29, and the calculated molecular weight is 17,965. There was no evidence for heterogeneity in the sequence. The previously proposed four apparent Ca2+ binding sites are located at residues 27 to 38, 63 to 74, 103 to 114, and 139 to 150.", "contents": "Determination of the amino acid sequence of troponon C from rabbit skeletal muscle. The complete amino acid sequence of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin C (TnC) was determined from studies on overlapping peptides isolated from cyanogen bromide and tryptic digests. TnC was found to be a single polypeptide chain of 159 amino acid residues, including 2 residues of tyrosine and 1 each of cysteine, histidine, and proline. The amino end is acetylated, the calculated net charge at pH 7.0 is -29, and the calculated molecular weight is 17,965. There was no evidence for heterogeneity in the sequence. The previously proposed four apparent Ca2+ binding sites are located at residues 27 to 38, 63 to 74, 103 to 114, and 139 to 150."}
{"id": "PMID:893420", "title": "Human ornithine transcarbamylase. Purification and characterization of the enzyme from normal liver and the liver of a Reye's syndrome patient.", "content": "Ornithine transcarbamylase was purified and characterized from normal human liver. The properties of this enzyme were compared to those of ornithine transcarbamylase purified from the liver of a patient with Reye's syndrome. The enzyme isolated from both sources appeared virtually identical for a variety of biochemical characteristics. The native molecular weight of ornithine transcarbamylase is 110,000 as determined by gel filtration. Electrophoresis of the enzyme, dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate, indicated that the enzyme exists as a trimer of identical or similar subunits of 36,500 daltons. Ornithine transcarbamylase from normal liver has an isoelectric point of 7.95, and the value for the enzyme from the Reye's syndrome liver was 8.05. No evidence of multiple species was found during the purification or subsequent characterization of the enzyme. The enzyme exhibited normal Michaelia-Menten kinetics, and the apparent Michaelis constants for L-ornithine and carbamyl phosphate are 0.20 mM and 0.09 mM, respectively. Inhibitor studies established the structural requirements for L-ornithine antagonists. L-Norvaline is the best competitive inhibitor of the enzyme with respect to L-ornithine. This study indicated that the reduced level of ornithine transcarbamylase activity commonly observed in Reye's syndrome is not necessarily due to structural or functional alterations of the enzyme.", "contents": "Human ornithine transcarbamylase. Purification and characterization of the enzyme from normal liver and the liver of a Reye's syndrome patient. Ornithine transcarbamylase was purified and characterized from normal human liver. The properties of this enzyme were compared to those of ornithine transcarbamylase purified from the liver of a patient with Reye's syndrome. The enzyme isolated from both sources appeared virtually identical for a variety of biochemical characteristics. The native molecular weight of ornithine transcarbamylase is 110,000 as determined by gel filtration. Electrophoresis of the enzyme, dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate, indicated that the enzyme exists as a trimer of identical or similar subunits of 36,500 daltons. Ornithine transcarbamylase from normal liver has an isoelectric point of 7.95, and the value for the enzyme from the Reye's syndrome liver was 8.05. No evidence of multiple species was found during the purification or subsequent characterization of the enzyme. The enzyme exhibited normal Michaelia-Menten kinetics, and the apparent Michaelis constants for L-ornithine and carbamyl phosphate are 0.20 mM and 0.09 mM, respectively. Inhibitor studies established the structural requirements for L-ornithine antagonists. L-Norvaline is the best competitive inhibitor of the enzyme with respect to L-ornithine. This study indicated that the reduced level of ornithine transcarbamylase activity commonly observed in Reye's syndrome is not necessarily due to structural or functional alterations of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:893422", "title": "Radioiodination of proteins in single polyacrylamide gel slices. Tryptic peptide analysis of all the major members of complex multicomponent systems using microgram quantities of total protein.", "content": "A method is described for radioiodination to high specific activity of fixed and stained proteins within sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, without elution of the proteins from the gel. Following radioiodination, the proteins can be removed from the gel by trypsin treatment and the peptides analyzed. This procedure offers a means to structurally compare the proteins of multicomponent systems when purification of each component to homogeneity is unfeasible. Using this technique, we have compared the tryptic peptides of all the major protein components of Moloney and Rauscher leukemia viruses using only 50 to 100 microgram of total protein from each virus. Additionally, we have analyzed the membrane proteins of Dictyostelium discoideum at various stages in development. The validity of the technique and its value as a tool for comparative studies and identification of precursor-product relationships is discussed.", "contents": "Radioiodination of proteins in single polyacrylamide gel slices. Tryptic peptide analysis of all the major members of complex multicomponent systems using microgram quantities of total protein. A method is described for radioiodination to high specific activity of fixed and stained proteins within sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, without elution of the proteins from the gel. Following radioiodination, the proteins can be removed from the gel by trypsin treatment and the peptides analyzed. This procedure offers a means to structurally compare the proteins of multicomponent systems when purification of each component to homogeneity is unfeasible. Using this technique, we have compared the tryptic peptides of all the major protein components of Moloney and Rauscher leukemia viruses using only 50 to 100 microgram of total protein from each virus. Additionally, we have analyzed the membrane proteins of Dictyostelium discoideum at various stages in development. The validity of the technique and its value as a tool for comparative studies and identification of precursor-product relationships is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893423", "title": "Localization of the sites along nucleosome DNA which interact with NH2-terminal histone regions.", "content": "Trypsin digestion of HeLa nucleosomes produces the same series of discrete histone breakdown products observed previously by others during digestion of chromatin; thus, trypsin excises the NH2-terminal ends of the histones from the chromatin core particle. The resulting nucleoprotein complex sediments at 9 S, has an increased molecular ellipticity at 280 nm, and has DNase I-susceptible sites at 10 nucleotide intervals. Nucleosomes containing a 32P label at the 5'-DNA termini were digested sequentially with trypsin and DNase I. Following trypsin digestion, the segments of nucleosome DNA 20 to 35 and 60 to 80 nucleotides from the 5' end became more susceptible to DNase I, suggesting that these segments interact with the trypsin-sensitive regions of the histones.", "contents": "Localization of the sites along nucleosome DNA which interact with NH2-terminal histone regions. Trypsin digestion of HeLa nucleosomes produces the same series of discrete histone breakdown products observed previously by others during digestion of chromatin; thus, trypsin excises the NH2-terminal ends of the histones from the chromatin core particle. The resulting nucleoprotein complex sediments at 9 S, has an increased molecular ellipticity at 280 nm, and has DNase I-susceptible sites at 10 nucleotide intervals. Nucleosomes containing a 32P label at the 5'-DNA termini were digested sequentially with trypsin and DNase I. Following trypsin digestion, the segments of nucleosome DNA 20 to 35 and 60 to 80 nucleotides from the 5' end became more susceptible to DNase I, suggesting that these segments interact with the trypsin-sensitive regions of the histones."}
{"id": "PMID:893424", "title": "A novel RNA affecting embryonic gene functions in early chick glastoderm.", "content": "A low molecular weight RNA species (CEH-RNA Fraction 1a) of about 7 S size was isolated from the 16-day-old chick embryonic heart. The RNA was capable of inducing a specific mode of changes in the early embryonic cells of Stage 4 (definitive primative streak stage) chick blastoderm cultivated in vitro. These changes were similar to those of embryonic heart differentiation. RNAs from other sources isolated under identical conditions and synthetic polynucleotides were not effective. In the absence of inducer CEH-RNA, the embryonic cells remained undifferentiated. The dependence of heart-like differentiation on a specific RNA species thus offers an opportunity to test the gene-regulating role of the RNA in an experimentally analyzable biological system.", "contents": "A novel RNA affecting embryonic gene functions in early chick glastoderm. A low molecular weight RNA species (CEH-RNA Fraction 1a) of about 7 S size was isolated from the 16-day-old chick embryonic heart. The RNA was capable of inducing a specific mode of changes in the early embryonic cells of Stage 4 (definitive primative streak stage) chick blastoderm cultivated in vitro. These changes were similar to those of embryonic heart differentiation. RNAs from other sources isolated under identical conditions and synthetic polynucleotides were not effective. In the absence of inducer CEH-RNA, the embryonic cells remained undifferentiated. The dependence of heart-like differentiation on a specific RNA species thus offers an opportunity to test the gene-regulating role of the RNA in an experimentally analyzable biological system."}
{"id": "PMID:893425", "title": "DNA polymerase-alpha. Purification and structural characterization of the near homogeneous enzyme from human KB cells.", "content": "In this report we describe the purification and structural characterization of a near homogeneous preparation of DNA polymerase-alpha that we have obtained from cultured human KB cells. When analyzed by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis, velocity gradient centrifugation, and isoelectric focusing, the enzyme activity demonstrates a constancy of gel mobility, sedimentation coefficient, and isoelectric point during the final three chromatographic steps of the purification. Native gel electrophoresis of the penultimate polymerase fraction at seven concentrations of acrylamide reveals co-migration of the enzyme activity with a single discernible protein band, at constant specific activity, and indicates that the polymerase protein is electrophoretically homogeneous at this stage. The purified enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 7.1 to 7.2 S at high or low ionic strength, a molecular weight gel filtration of 149,000, and an isoelectric point of pH 5.0 to 5.2. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel analyses demonstrate that the polymerase-alpha molecule is a dimer comprised of two dissimilar subunits of 76,000 and 66,000 daltons that are present in equimolar ratio.", "contents": "DNA polymerase-alpha. Purification and structural characterization of the near homogeneous enzyme from human KB cells. In this report we describe the purification and structural characterization of a near homogeneous preparation of DNA polymerase-alpha that we have obtained from cultured human KB cells. When analyzed by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis, velocity gradient centrifugation, and isoelectric focusing, the enzyme activity demonstrates a constancy of gel mobility, sedimentation coefficient, and isoelectric point during the final three chromatographic steps of the purification. Native gel electrophoresis of the penultimate polymerase fraction at seven concentrations of acrylamide reveals co-migration of the enzyme activity with a single discernible protein band, at constant specific activity, and indicates that the polymerase protein is electrophoretically homogeneous at this stage. The purified enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 7.1 to 7.2 S at high or low ionic strength, a molecular weight gel filtration of 149,000, and an isoelectric point of pH 5.0 to 5.2. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel analyses demonstrate that the polymerase-alpha molecule is a dimer comprised of two dissimilar subunits of 76,000 and 66,000 daltons that are present in equimolar ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:893426", "title": "Isolation and characterization of an avian hepatic binding protein specific for N-acetylglucosamine-terminated glycoproteins.", "content": "An hepatic receptor which recognizes and binds specifically to serum glycoproteins bearing terminal, nonreducing N-acetylglucosamine residues has been purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography from chicken liver. The isolated binding protein has been characterized as a water-soluble glycoprotein in which sialic acid, galactose, mannose, and glucosamine comprise 8% of the total molecule. The binding reaction is a saturable process and is proportional to receptor concentration. Evidence has been adduced to indicate the presence of a single high affinity binding site with a dissociation constant of 1.4 x 10(-9) M. A single subunit has been identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate with an estimated molecular weight of 26,000. The chemical and physical properties of the avian protein have been evaluated with respect to the analogous hepatic protein, of mammalian origin, which exhibits a binding specificity for galactose-terminal serum glycoproteins.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of an avian hepatic binding protein specific for N-acetylglucosamine-terminated glycoproteins. An hepatic receptor which recognizes and binds specifically to serum glycoproteins bearing terminal, nonreducing N-acetylglucosamine residues has been purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography from chicken liver. The isolated binding protein has been characterized as a water-soluble glycoprotein in which sialic acid, galactose, mannose, and glucosamine comprise 8% of the total molecule. The binding reaction is a saturable process and is proportional to receptor concentration. Evidence has been adduced to indicate the presence of a single high affinity binding site with a dissociation constant of 1.4 x 10(-9) M. A single subunit has been identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate with an estimated molecular weight of 26,000. The chemical and physical properties of the avian protein have been evaluated with respect to the analogous hepatic protein, of mammalian origin, which exhibits a binding specificity for galactose-terminal serum glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:893427", "title": "Nuclease B. A possible precursor of nuclease A, an extracellular nuclease of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "During purification of nuclease (redisignated as nuclease A in the present studies) from the culture media of Staphylococcus aureus strain Foggi, three enzymacally active second species (nucleases B1, B2, and B3) were isolated as a mixture by ion exchange chromatography. Examination of the amino acid sequence of these second species indicates that nucleases B1, B2, and B3 apparently contain the same sequence as that of nuclease A with an extra sequence Ser-Gln-Thr-Asp-Asx-Gly-Val-Asx-Arg-Ser-Gly-Ser-Glu-Asp-Pro-Thr-Val-Tyr-Ser linked through a peptide bond to the NH2 terminus of the nuclease A portion. In nuclease B1 the 2 residues indicated by Asx are aspartic acid, in nuclease B2 the first and the second Asx from the NH2 terminus are aspartic acid and asparagine, respectively, and in nuclease B3 both Asx are asparagine. These second species do not contain a significant amount of carbohydrate. The extra amino acid sequence appears to be flexible and does not interfere with the ordered structure and function of the nuclease A portion. The nuclease A portion was recovered, in part, from a mixture of these nuclease B species after digestion with staphylococcal protease in the presence of ligands, deoxythymidine 3',5'-diphosphate, and calcium ion. Thus, these nuclease B species may be closely related to, if not identical with, a precursor of nuclease A. Similar second species of nuclease have been found in strain V8.", "contents": "Nuclease B. A possible precursor of nuclease A, an extracellular nuclease of Staphylococcus aureus. During purification of nuclease (redisignated as nuclease A in the present studies) from the culture media of Staphylococcus aureus strain Foggi, three enzymacally active second species (nucleases B1, B2, and B3) were isolated as a mixture by ion exchange chromatography. Examination of the amino acid sequence of these second species indicates that nucleases B1, B2, and B3 apparently contain the same sequence as that of nuclease A with an extra sequence Ser-Gln-Thr-Asp-Asx-Gly-Val-Asx-Arg-Ser-Gly-Ser-Glu-Asp-Pro-Thr-Val-Tyr-Ser linked through a peptide bond to the NH2 terminus of the nuclease A portion. In nuclease B1 the 2 residues indicated by Asx are aspartic acid, in nuclease B2 the first and the second Asx from the NH2 terminus are aspartic acid and asparagine, respectively, and in nuclease B3 both Asx are asparagine. These second species do not contain a significant amount of carbohydrate. The extra amino acid sequence appears to be flexible and does not interfere with the ordered structure and function of the nuclease A portion. The nuclease A portion was recovered, in part, from a mixture of these nuclease B species after digestion with staphylococcal protease in the presence of ligands, deoxythymidine 3',5'-diphosphate, and calcium ion. Thus, these nuclease B species may be closely related to, if not identical with, a precursor of nuclease A. Similar second species of nuclease have been found in strain V8."}
{"id": "PMID:893429", "title": "Detection of a variant of protein 3, the major transmembrane protein of the human erythrocyte.", "content": "A variant of the major transmembrane protein of the human erythrocyte has been detected following proteolytic digestion of intact erythrocytes. Pronase digestion of normal erythrocytes gives rise to a 60,000 molecular weight fragment of Protein 3, while digestion of erythrocytes with the variant protein produces two fragments of 60,000 and 63,000 molecular weight when peptides are separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis using the discontinuous buffer system of Laemmli (Laemmli, U. K. (1970) Nature 227, 680-685). The two fragments cannot be resolved if electrophoresis is conducted using the continuous phosphate or Tris/acetate buffer systems. This increased molecular weight of the variant fragment does not appear to be due to increased glycosylation, since neither sialic acid residues nor terminal galactose units can be detected. Furthermore, the transmembrane segment of Protein 3 can be detected after proteolytic digestion at both the external and cytoplasmic membrane surfaces. These transmembrane segments of both the normal and the variant peptide have identical molecular weights of 20,000 to 21,000. These results suggest that the increased molecular weight of the variant peptide is due to the incorporation of an additional segment into that region of the molecule which is exposed at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane.", "contents": "Detection of a variant of protein 3, the major transmembrane protein of the human erythrocyte. A variant of the major transmembrane protein of the human erythrocyte has been detected following proteolytic digestion of intact erythrocytes. Pronase digestion of normal erythrocytes gives rise to a 60,000 molecular weight fragment of Protein 3, while digestion of erythrocytes with the variant protein produces two fragments of 60,000 and 63,000 molecular weight when peptides are separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis using the discontinuous buffer system of Laemmli (Laemmli, U. K. (1970) Nature 227, 680-685). The two fragments cannot be resolved if electrophoresis is conducted using the continuous phosphate or Tris/acetate buffer systems. This increased molecular weight of the variant fragment does not appear to be due to increased glycosylation, since neither sialic acid residues nor terminal galactose units can be detected. Furthermore, the transmembrane segment of Protein 3 can be detected after proteolytic digestion at both the external and cytoplasmic membrane surfaces. These transmembrane segments of both the normal and the variant peptide have identical molecular weights of 20,000 to 21,000. These results suggest that the increased molecular weight of the variant peptide is due to the incorporation of an additional segment into that region of the molecule which is exposed at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:893430", "title": "Human lymphoblastoid interferon. Large scale production and partial purification.", "content": "Human lymphoblastoid interferon was produced on an 800-liter scale (2.6 X 10(9) units) by induction of Namalva cells with Newcastle disease virus, strain B1. The interferon was partially purified by anti-leukocyte interferon affinity chromatography, sulfopropyl Sephadex ion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Recovery of interferon after gel electrophoresis varied from 11 to 33% based on the original crude material, with about 35,000-fold purification. The gel electrophoresis resolved the antiviral activity into two components with apparent molecular weights of 18,000 and 22,000; treatment with glycosidases resulted in all the activity being associated with the lower molecular weight species. Interferon activity could be completely (85 to 113%) recovered from the gels by elution into a buffer containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate did not appear to affect the assay of interferon. The protein could also be completely (75 to 106%) eluted from gels stained with coomassie blue, again with no loss in activity.", "contents": "Human lymphoblastoid interferon. Large scale production and partial purification. Human lymphoblastoid interferon was produced on an 800-liter scale (2.6 X 10(9) units) by induction of Namalva cells with Newcastle disease virus, strain B1. The interferon was partially purified by anti-leukocyte interferon affinity chromatography, sulfopropyl Sephadex ion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Recovery of interferon after gel electrophoresis varied from 11 to 33% based on the original crude material, with about 35,000-fold purification. The gel electrophoresis resolved the antiviral activity into two components with apparent molecular weights of 18,000 and 22,000; treatment with glycosidases resulted in all the activity being associated with the lower molecular weight species. Interferon activity could be completely (85 to 113%) recovered from the gels by elution into a buffer containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate did not appear to affect the assay of interferon. The protein could also be completely (75 to 106%) eluted from gels stained with coomassie blue, again with no loss in activity."}
{"id": "PMID:893433", "title": "Purification of rat liver nuclear protein kinase NII.", "content": "Rat liver nuclear protein kinase activity (NII), which is eluted from DEAE-Sephadex columns, has been purified approximately 1500-fold from solubilized nuclear protein. The method of purification involved chromatography of protein eluted from DEAE-Sephadex successively on phosvitin-Sepharose, mixed histone-Sepharose, and histone H2b-Sepharose followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Resulting preparations are homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme consists of three polypeptides with molecular weights of 42,000 (alpha), 39,000 (alpha'), and 26,000 (beta) which are present in the ratio 1:1:2 indicating that the enzyme has a minimum tetrameric subunit composition of alphaalpha'beta2. The molecular weight and s20,w of the purified enzyme were 123,000 and 7.0, respectively, as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation in 0.4 M NaCl. The enzyme has maximal activity with phosvitin as substrate and is not stimulated by 10(-5) to 10(-4) M cAMP or cGMP using H2b as substrate.", "contents": "Purification of rat liver nuclear protein kinase NII. Rat liver nuclear protein kinase activity (NII), which is eluted from DEAE-Sephadex columns, has been purified approximately 1500-fold from solubilized nuclear protein. The method of purification involved chromatography of protein eluted from DEAE-Sephadex successively on phosvitin-Sepharose, mixed histone-Sepharose, and histone H2b-Sepharose followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Resulting preparations are homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme consists of three polypeptides with molecular weights of 42,000 (alpha), 39,000 (alpha'), and 26,000 (beta) which are present in the ratio 1:1:2 indicating that the enzyme has a minimum tetrameric subunit composition of alphaalpha'beta2. The molecular weight and s20,w of the purified enzyme were 123,000 and 7.0, respectively, as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation in 0.4 M NaCl. The enzyme has maximal activity with phosvitin as substrate and is not stimulated by 10(-5) to 10(-4) M cAMP or cGMP using H2b as substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:893436", "title": "Genetic differences inthe te of histidase synthesis in inbred mice.", "content": "Inbred strains of mice fall into two groups with respect to their liver histidase activity levels, high strains having approximately twice as much activity as low strains. Analysis of the F1, F2, and backcross progeny of the mating of a high activity strain (C57BL/6J) and a low activity strain (C3H/HeJ) indicates that the difference between the strains is determined by a single genetic locus with two alleles exhibiting additive inheritance. No differences with respect to various physical and kinetic parameters were found in studies of partially purified histidase from both strains. Quantitation of the amount of enzyme present by immunotitration showed that the amount of enzyme antigen is proportional to the level of enzyme activity in the two strains. Measurements of the relative rates of histidase synthesis by combined radiochemical and immunological techniques showed that the relative rate of synthesis was closely correlated with the amount of enzyme present. Rates of enzyme degradation in the two strains, measured by recovery of activity after irreversible inhibition with nitromethane, were the same.", "contents": "Genetic differences inthe te of histidase synthesis in inbred mice. Inbred strains of mice fall into two groups with respect to their liver histidase activity levels, high strains having approximately twice as much activity as low strains. Analysis of the F1, F2, and backcross progeny of the mating of a high activity strain (C57BL/6J) and a low activity strain (C3H/HeJ) indicates that the difference between the strains is determined by a single genetic locus with two alleles exhibiting additive inheritance. No differences with respect to various physical and kinetic parameters were found in studies of partially purified histidase from both strains. Quantitation of the amount of enzyme present by immunotitration showed that the amount of enzyme antigen is proportional to the level of enzyme activity in the two strains. Measurements of the relative rates of histidase synthesis by combined radiochemical and immunological techniques showed that the relative rate of synthesis was closely correlated with the amount of enzyme present. Rates of enzyme degradation in the two strains, measured by recovery of activity after irreversible inhibition with nitromethane, were the same."}
{"id": "PMID:893437", "title": "Reversible inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocation by long chain acyl-CoA esters in bovine heart mitochondria and inverted submitochondrial particles. Comparison with atractylate and bongkrekic acid.", "content": "Isolated beef heart mitochondria incubated with atractylate and oleoyl coenzyme A at concentrations below 5 micrometer produced an immediate and significant inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocation, whereas inhibition by bongkrekic acid, which required preincubation with the mitochondria, was less rapid and a concentration of 50 micrometer was required for maximum effect. In sonicated submitochondrial particles, which are inverted with the inner face of the membrane exposed, the adenine nucleotide translocase was much more sensitive to inhibition by bongkrekic acid but was now insensitive to atractylate. The characteristics of the inhibition of the adenine nucleotide translocase by oleoyl-CoA were similar qualitatively and quantitatively in isolated mitochondria and \"inside out\" submitochondrial particles. Thus, in contrast to both atractylate and bongkrekic acid which bind to the membrane asymmetrically, long chain acyl-CoA esters have the capacity to bind and inhibit the adenine nucleotide translocase from both sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocation by long chain acyl-CoA esters in bovine heart mitochondria and inverted submitochondrial particles. Comparison with atractylate and bongkrekic acid. Isolated beef heart mitochondria incubated with atractylate and oleoyl coenzyme A at concentrations below 5 micrometer produced an immediate and significant inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocation, whereas inhibition by bongkrekic acid, which required preincubation with the mitochondria, was less rapid and a concentration of 50 micrometer was required for maximum effect. In sonicated submitochondrial particles, which are inverted with the inner face of the membrane exposed, the adenine nucleotide translocase was much more sensitive to inhibition by bongkrekic acid but was now insensitive to atractylate. The characteristics of the inhibition of the adenine nucleotide translocase by oleoyl-CoA were similar qualitatively and quantitatively in isolated mitochondria and \"inside out\" submitochondrial particles. Thus, in contrast to both atractylate and bongkrekic acid which bind to the membrane asymmetrically, long chain acyl-CoA esters have the capacity to bind and inhibit the adenine nucleotide translocase from both sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:893438", "title": "Interaction of phosphoglycerate kinase with human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction of phosphoglycerate kinase with the human erythrocyte ghost membrane. Ghosts prepared in 0.1 mM EDTA and 17 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.5) have about 230 molecules of phosphoglycerate kinase/ghost. No additional binding is observed after incubating soluble enzyme with these leaky ghosts. This binding is tight but reversible with Kd = 7.1 X 10(-10) M. The enzyme can be eluted significantly from the membrane by incubation with 0.15 M NaCl and it rebinds to the membrane when the depleted ghosts are incubated with rabbit muscle phosphoglycerate kinase. Ligand binding studies show that NADH and NAD have opposite effects on the binding of the enzyme to the membrane; NAD (1.0 MM) favors binding while NADH (0.25 MM) does not. Similarly, ADP (0.2 mM) favors binding while ATP does not. ATP elutes the membrane-bound enzyme with Kd = 0.058 mM. MgSO4 also stimulates dissociation of the membrane-bound phosphoglycerate kinase (Kd = 0.36 mM), an effect which appears to be due to the magnesium ion. ADP (0.2 mM) can counteract the negative effect of MgSO4 (1.0 mM) on binding of phosphoglycerate kinase to the membrane. We have been unable so far to find tight coupling of the (Na+-K+)-ATPase with the membrane-bound phosphoglycerate kinase.", "contents": "Interaction of phosphoglycerate kinase with human erythrocyte membranes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction of phosphoglycerate kinase with the human erythrocyte ghost membrane. Ghosts prepared in 0.1 mM EDTA and 17 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.5) have about 230 molecules of phosphoglycerate kinase/ghost. No additional binding is observed after incubating soluble enzyme with these leaky ghosts. This binding is tight but reversible with Kd = 7.1 X 10(-10) M. The enzyme can be eluted significantly from the membrane by incubation with 0.15 M NaCl and it rebinds to the membrane when the depleted ghosts are incubated with rabbit muscle phosphoglycerate kinase. Ligand binding studies show that NADH and NAD have opposite effects on the binding of the enzyme to the membrane; NAD (1.0 MM) favors binding while NADH (0.25 MM) does not. Similarly, ADP (0.2 mM) favors binding while ATP does not. ATP elutes the membrane-bound enzyme with Kd = 0.058 mM. MgSO4 also stimulates dissociation of the membrane-bound phosphoglycerate kinase (Kd = 0.36 mM), an effect which appears to be due to the magnesium ion. ADP (0.2 mM) can counteract the negative effect of MgSO4 (1.0 mM) on binding of phosphoglycerate kinase to the membrane. We have been unable so far to find tight coupling of the (Na+-K+)-ATPase with the membrane-bound phosphoglycerate kinase."}
{"id": "PMID:893440", "title": "Selective extraction of membrane-bound proteins by phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "Extraction of membrane proteins from erythrocytes into sonicated phosphatidylcholine vesicles is described. In a process involving phospholipid and neutral lipid exchange, cell membrane proteins associate with the vesicles and can be separated from the cells by centrifugation. The protein transfer appears to be reversible; phospholipid vesicles mediate the delivery of small amounts of previously extracted protein into cell membranes. Prior to extraction, all but one of the proteins are accessible to lactoperoxidase iodination, and lipid analysis indicates that primarily the outer monolayer of the cell is involved in phospholipid exchange. Among the extracted proteins is acetylcholinesterase which is removed much more efficiently by this procedure than by concentrated salt solutions. The most abundant proteins of the erythrocyte membrane are not represented in the vesicle extract.", "contents": "Selective extraction of membrane-bound proteins by phospholipid vesicles. Extraction of membrane proteins from erythrocytes into sonicated phosphatidylcholine vesicles is described. In a process involving phospholipid and neutral lipid exchange, cell membrane proteins associate with the vesicles and can be separated from the cells by centrifugation. The protein transfer appears to be reversible; phospholipid vesicles mediate the delivery of small amounts of previously extracted protein into cell membranes. Prior to extraction, all but one of the proteins are accessible to lactoperoxidase iodination, and lipid analysis indicates that primarily the outer monolayer of the cell is involved in phospholipid exchange. Among the extracted proteins is acetylcholinesterase which is removed much more efficiently by this procedure than by concentrated salt solutions. The most abundant proteins of the erythrocyte membrane are not represented in the vesicle extract."}
{"id": "PMID:893441", "title": "Mechanism for oxygen exchange in the chloroplast photophosphorylation system.", "content": "The oxygen exchange that occurs between water and the gamma-PO3 of ATP in light-activated chloroplast lamellae was found to proceed with close to full equilibration of the oxygens before ATP returned to the medium. This is in contrast to the entry of approximately one water oxygen when ATP is synthesized from ADP and P1 in the same system. In the latter case, the limitation is kinetic, however, not steric, as shown by the presence of some molecules containing more than one water-derived oxygen in the gamma-PO3. The different extents of exchange can be explained by a relatively faster rate of dissociation of ATP from the chloroplast coupling factor during synthesis from ADP and P1 relative to its dissociation in the absence of net phosphorylation. To determine the mechanism of gamma-PO3:H2O exchange, its rate was compared with the rate of reversible cleavage of ATP as detected by betagamma bridge to beta nonbridge 18O scrambling in [Pbeta-18O-Pgamma]ATP (Midelfort, C. F., and Rose, I. A. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 5881-5887). The scrambling reaction, which depends on cleavage of the PbetaO--Pgamma bond, was found to occur in nearly the same fraction of ATP molecules that experienced gamma-PO3:H2O exchange in the same incubation, suggesting that the latter is due to multiple cycles of reversible ATP hydrolysis on the chloroplast coupling factor, i.e. [ATP-H2O in equilibrium ADP-Pi].", "contents": "Mechanism for oxygen exchange in the chloroplast photophosphorylation system. The oxygen exchange that occurs between water and the gamma-PO3 of ATP in light-activated chloroplast lamellae was found to proceed with close to full equilibration of the oxygens before ATP returned to the medium. This is in contrast to the entry of approximately one water oxygen when ATP is synthesized from ADP and P1 in the same system. In the latter case, the limitation is kinetic, however, not steric, as shown by the presence of some molecules containing more than one water-derived oxygen in the gamma-PO3. The different extents of exchange can be explained by a relatively faster rate of dissociation of ATP from the chloroplast coupling factor during synthesis from ADP and P1 relative to its dissociation in the absence of net phosphorylation. To determine the mechanism of gamma-PO3:H2O exchange, its rate was compared with the rate of reversible cleavage of ATP as detected by betagamma bridge to beta nonbridge 18O scrambling in [Pbeta-18O-Pgamma]ATP (Midelfort, C. F., and Rose, I. A. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 5881-5887). The scrambling reaction, which depends on cleavage of the PbetaO--Pgamma bond, was found to occur in nearly the same fraction of ATP molecules that experienced gamma-PO3:H2O exchange in the same incubation, suggesting that the latter is due to multiple cycles of reversible ATP hydrolysis on the chloroplast coupling factor, i.e. [ATP-H2O in equilibrium ADP-Pi]."}
{"id": "PMID:893445", "title": "Adhesion among neural cells of the chick embryo. I. An immunological assay for molecules involved in cell-cell binding.", "content": "An immunologically based method for the quantitative assay of molecules involved in cell adhesion is described. Three  observations served as a basis for this assay: (a) cells obtained by trypsinization of retinal tissue aggregated rapidly, provided they had been allowed to recover in culture from the dissociation process; (b) treatment of chick retinal cells with Fab' fragments from rabbit antibodies against these cells prevented their aggregation; and (c) incubation of these antibody fragments with antigens released by retinal cells in culture neutralized their ability to inhibit aggregation. The amount of neutralizing antigen was determined by measuring the rates of cell aggregation in the presence and absence of antibody and antigen using a particle counter. Although adhesion was inhibited by anti-retinal cell antibodies, it was not affected by lectins or anti-carbohydrate antibodies that also were bound to the cell surface. Together, the results suggest that the inhibition involved blockade or inactivation of particular cell surface molecules and that the retinal cell antigens capable of neutralizing the antibodies represented these molecules or their fragments. In the accompanying paper, we describe the use of this assay for the purification from culture supernatants of a cell surface molecule involved in cell to cell adhesion.", "contents": "Adhesion among neural cells of the chick embryo. I. An immunological assay for molecules involved in cell-cell binding. An immunologically based method for the quantitative assay of molecules involved in cell adhesion is described. Three  observations served as a basis for this assay: (a) cells obtained by trypsinization of retinal tissue aggregated rapidly, provided they had been allowed to recover in culture from the dissociation process; (b) treatment of chick retinal cells with Fab' fragments from rabbit antibodies against these cells prevented their aggregation; and (c) incubation of these antibody fragments with antigens released by retinal cells in culture neutralized their ability to inhibit aggregation. The amount of neutralizing antigen was determined by measuring the rates of cell aggregation in the presence and absence of antibody and antigen using a particle counter. Although adhesion was inhibited by anti-retinal cell antibodies, it was not affected by lectins or anti-carbohydrate antibodies that also were bound to the cell surface. Together, the results suggest that the inhibition involved blockade or inactivation of particular cell surface molecules and that the retinal cell antigens capable of neutralizing the antibodies represented these molecules or their fragments. In the accompanying paper, we describe the use of this assay for the purification from culture supernatants of a cell surface molecule involved in cell to cell adhesion."}
{"id": "PMID:893446", "title": "Adhesion among neural cells of the chick embryo. II. Purification and characterization of a cell adhesion molecule from neural retina.", "content": "The aggregation of cells from dissociated neural retinas of chick embryos can be inhibited by antibodies prepared against whole retinal cells. In order to identify the antigens involved, substances released by retinal tissues in culture were tested for their ability to neutralize specifically the inhibition by antibody of cell adhesion. Using this assay, three active polypeptides from the culture supernatant were purified 500-fold by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rabbit antibodies prepared against these purified supernatant activities inhibited cell adhesion and reacted only with the three polypeptides. Immunoprecipitation by the specific antibodies of 3H-labeled proteins from a detergent extract of embryonic retinal cell membranes yielded a polypeptide having a Mr of 140,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate. This precipitation was inhibited in the presence of the three culture supernatant polypeptides that had activity, suggesting that they contained antigenic determinants in common with the 140,000 Mr surface component. They therefore represent all or parts of this cell surface molecule that were released into solution during tissue culture. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the 140,000 Mr polypeptide is intimately involved in initial adhesion among neural cells.", "contents": "Adhesion among neural cells of the chick embryo. II. Purification and characterization of a cell adhesion molecule from neural retina. The aggregation of cells from dissociated neural retinas of chick embryos can be inhibited by antibodies prepared against whole retinal cells. In order to identify the antigens involved, substances released by retinal tissues in culture were tested for their ability to neutralize specifically the inhibition by antibody of cell adhesion. Using this assay, three active polypeptides from the culture supernatant were purified 500-fold by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rabbit antibodies prepared against these purified supernatant activities inhibited cell adhesion and reacted only with the three polypeptides. Immunoprecipitation by the specific antibodies of 3H-labeled proteins from a detergent extract of embryonic retinal cell membranes yielded a polypeptide having a Mr of 140,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate. This precipitation was inhibited in the presence of the three culture supernatant polypeptides that had activity, suggesting that they contained antigenic determinants in common with the 140,000 Mr surface component. They therefore represent all or parts of this cell surface molecule that were released into solution during tissue culture. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the 140,000 Mr polypeptide is intimately involved in initial adhesion among neural cells."}
{"id": "PMID:893451", "title": "Zinc ion-induced assembly of tubulin.", "content": "Zinc ion-induced assembly of tubulin was followed using electron microscopy and turbidimetric measurements. A scheme utilizing repeated cycles of assembly and disassembly was used to prepare tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) (Shelanski, M. L., Gaskin, F., and Cantor, C. R. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 70, 765-768). Tubulin was further purified by phosphocellulose chromatography to remove the MAPs (Weingarten, M., Lockwood, A. H., Hwo, S-Y, and Kirschner, M. W. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 72, 1858-1862). In tubulin preparations containing MAPs and added GTP, Zn2+-induced sheets of 15 to 60 protofilaments oriented in parallel. In the absence of MAPs and/or added GTP, Zn2+ induced the formation of sheets which wrapped quite specifically and serial sections were often consistent with a tubular structure of approximately 220 nm. The assembly of recycled tubulin + GTP and 0 to 1 mM Zn2+ was analyzed by A350 as a function of time at 30 degrees. The greater the concentration of Zn2+, the shorter the lag time, the faster the rate after the lag, and the greater the plateau value of A350. Although turbidimetric measurements can be used to quantitate microtubules, they are not quantitative for Zn2+-induced sheets.", "contents": "Zinc ion-induced assembly of tubulin. Zinc ion-induced assembly of tubulin was followed using electron microscopy and turbidimetric measurements. A scheme utilizing repeated cycles of assembly and disassembly was used to prepare tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) (Shelanski, M. L., Gaskin, F., and Cantor, C. R. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 70, 765-768). Tubulin was further purified by phosphocellulose chromatography to remove the MAPs (Weingarten, M., Lockwood, A. H., Hwo, S-Y, and Kirschner, M. W. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 72, 1858-1862). In tubulin preparations containing MAPs and added GTP, Zn2+-induced sheets of 15 to 60 protofilaments oriented in parallel. In the absence of MAPs and/or added GTP, Zn2+ induced the formation of sheets which wrapped quite specifically and serial sections were often consistent with a tubular structure of approximately 220 nm. The assembly of recycled tubulin + GTP and 0 to 1 mM Zn2+ was analyzed by A350 as a function of time at 30 degrees. The greater the concentration of Zn2+, the shorter the lag time, the faster the rate after the lag, and the greater the plateau value of A350. Although turbidimetric measurements can be used to quantitate microtubules, they are not quantitative for Zn2+-induced sheets."}
{"id": "PMID:893487", "title": "An in vitro and in vivo analysis of anodized tantalum capacitive electrodes: corrosion response, physiology, and histology.", "content": "Oxidation-reduction reactions which can destroy high current-density metal-stimulating electrodes are avoided when using capacitive electrodes. The results of in vitro and in vivo testing of anodized, high surface area, sintered tantalum electrodes are presented. The corrosion response of the electrodes is excellent; there is no evidence of dissolution of the electrode. A deposit forms on the surface of the electrodes, but has little effect on the voltage response to constant current stimulation. The physiological and histopathological results indicate the capacitive tantalum electrode to be the safest yet tested.", "contents": "An in vitro and in vivo analysis of anodized tantalum capacitive electrodes: corrosion response, physiology, and histology. Oxidation-reduction reactions which can destroy high current-density metal-stimulating electrodes are avoided when using capacitive electrodes. The results of in vitro and in vivo testing of anodized, high surface area, sintered tantalum electrodes are presented. The corrosion response of the electrodes is excellent; there is no evidence of dissolution of the electrode. A deposit forms on the surface of the electrodes, but has little effect on the voltage response to constant current stimulation. The physiological and histopathological results indicate the capacitive tantalum electrode to be the safest yet tested."}
{"id": "PMID:893488", "title": "Evaluation of hip arthroprostheses by means of body environment simulators.", "content": "Laboratory tests carried out by means of body environment simulators have proved to be very important for the evaluation of endoprostheses potentially useful for implantation. The present paper examines the problems connected with the design of such a simulator. The results obtained with an initial, very primitive simulator concerning the outlines of the phenomena of wear, corrosion, and friction and some wear properties of commercially available hip endoprostheses are presented. From these results, the motivation that led to the design of a more advanced simulator is presented. This latter simulator is also described.", "contents": "Evaluation of hip arthroprostheses by means of body environment simulators. Laboratory tests carried out by means of body environment simulators have proved to be very important for the evaluation of endoprostheses potentially useful for implantation. The present paper examines the problems connected with the design of such a simulator. The results obtained with an initial, very primitive simulator concerning the outlines of the phenomena of wear, corrosion, and friction and some wear properties of commercially available hip endoprostheses are presented. From these results, the motivation that led to the design of a more advanced simulator is presented. This latter simulator is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:893489", "title": "Temperature control of a bone cement by addition of a crystalline monomer.", "content": "The peak temperature reached during the polymerization of a bone cement was reduced by addition of solid N-vinylcarboazole to the powder component. It was also necessary to saturate the liquid component with N-vinylcarbazole to prevent dissolution from the modified powder component on mixing. It is believed that this technique is generally applicable and opens up the possibility of achieving temperature control of bone cements with choice from a range of crystalline monomers.", "contents": "Temperature control of a bone cement by addition of a crystalline monomer. The peak temperature reached during the polymerization of a bone cement was reduced by addition of solid N-vinylcarboazole to the powder component. It was also necessary to saturate the liquid component with N-vinylcarbazole to prevent dissolution from the modified powder component on mixing. It is believed that this technique is generally applicable and opens up the possibility of achieving temperature control of bone cements with choice from a range of crystalline monomers."}
{"id": "PMID:893490", "title": "Degradation rates of oral resorbable implants (polylactates and polyglycolates): rate modification with changes in PLA/PGA copolymer ratios.", "content": "This study determined the difference in rate of degradation between pure polymers of lactic acid (pla), glycolic acid (PGA), and various ratios of copolymers of these two substances. Fast-cured and slow-cured polyglycolide was compared with copolymers of glycolide/lactide intermixed in ratios of 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75, as well as pure polylactide. A total of 420 rats were implanted with carbon-14 and tritium-labeled polymers in bone and soft tissue. At intervals of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 months, groups of five animals with the implants in bone and five with the implants in the abdominal wall were sacrificed. The implant area as well as tissue from the liver, spleen, kidney, lung and some muscle tissue was analyzed for radioactivity along with the urine and feces collected throughout the experiment. Half-lives of the different polymers and copolymers were calculated from the radioactivity present in the implant area for each time interval. Half-life of the polymers and copolymers decreased from 5 months for 100% PGA to 1 week with 50:50 PGA:PLA copolymer and rapidly increased to 6.1 months for 100% PLA. Fast-cured PGA had a half-life in tissue of 0.85 months. No difference in rate of degradation was seen in soft tissue or bone. No significant radioactivity was detected in urine, feces, or tissue samples. From this study, it is concluded that control of degradation rate of the implant could best be attained by varying the composition of PLA and PGA between 75% and 100% PLA along with a corresponding 25% to 0% PGA. This would provide a half-life range of the implant of from 2 weeks to 6 months.", "contents": "Degradation rates of oral resorbable implants (polylactates and polyglycolates): rate modification with changes in PLA/PGA copolymer ratios. This study determined the difference in rate of degradation between pure polymers of lactic acid (pla), glycolic acid (PGA), and various ratios of copolymers of these two substances. Fast-cured and slow-cured polyglycolide was compared with copolymers of glycolide/lactide intermixed in ratios of 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75, as well as pure polylactide. A total of 420 rats were implanted with carbon-14 and tritium-labeled polymers in bone and soft tissue. At intervals of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 months, groups of five animals with the implants in bone and five with the implants in the abdominal wall were sacrificed. The implant area as well as tissue from the liver, spleen, kidney, lung and some muscle tissue was analyzed for radioactivity along with the urine and feces collected throughout the experiment. Half-lives of the different polymers and copolymers were calculated from the radioactivity present in the implant area for each time interval. Half-life of the polymers and copolymers decreased from 5 months for 100% PGA to 1 week with 50:50 PGA:PLA copolymer and rapidly increased to 6.1 months for 100% PLA. Fast-cured PGA had a half-life in tissue of 0.85 months. No difference in rate of degradation was seen in soft tissue or bone. No significant radioactivity was detected in urine, feces, or tissue samples. From this study, it is concluded that control of degradation rate of the implant could best be attained by varying the composition of PLA and PGA between 75% and 100% PLA along with a corresponding 25% to 0% PGA. This would provide a half-life range of the implant of from 2 weeks to 6 months."}
{"id": "PMID:893491", "title": "Collagen sponge: theory and practice of medical applications.", "content": "Theoretical as well as practical-clinical applications of one form of collagen (collagen sponge) as a biodegradable material is reviewed. The role of porosity of the sponge and surface characteristics of the meshwork in relation to cell ingrowth are considered essential features of collagen sponge. Rate of resorption and antigenicity could be controlled by graded crosslinking of collagenous framework. Four basic examples of clinical use of collagen sponge are presented: as wound (burn) dressing material, as a matrix, for bone and cartilage repair, as an intravaginal contraceptive diaphragm, and as surgical tampons.", "contents": "Collagen sponge: theory and practice of medical applications. Theoretical as well as practical-clinical applications of one form of collagen (collagen sponge) as a biodegradable material is reviewed. The role of porosity of the sponge and surface characteristics of the meshwork in relation to cell ingrowth are considered essential features of collagen sponge. Rate of resorption and antigenicity could be controlled by graded crosslinking of collagenous framework. Four basic examples of clinical use of collagen sponge are presented: as wound (burn) dressing material, as a matrix, for bone and cartilage repair, as an intravaginal contraceptive diaphragm, and as surgical tampons."}
{"id": "PMID:893492", "title": "Immobilization of urea cycle enzymes. II. Characterization of immobilized argininosuccinate synthetase.", "content": "Argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5) was immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Properties of the immobilized enzyme are described and compared with those of the native enzyme. The immobilized enzyme was much more stable than the native enzyme at 37 degrees C. It was further stabilized in the presence of the assay reagents. The optimum pH of the immobilized enzyme shifted towards alkalinity (approximately 0.5 unit). The apparent Michaelis constants measured for the immobilized enzyme were not greatly different from those measured for the native enzyme. Urea formation from citrulline was confirmed in a continuous column reactor by the coimmobilized argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1), and arginase (EC 3.5.3.1).", "contents": "Immobilization of urea cycle enzymes. II. Characterization of immobilized argininosuccinate synthetase. Argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5) was immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Properties of the immobilized enzyme are described and compared with those of the native enzyme. The immobilized enzyme was much more stable than the native enzyme at 37 degrees C. It was further stabilized in the presence of the assay reagents. The optimum pH of the immobilized enzyme shifted towards alkalinity (approximately 0.5 unit). The apparent Michaelis constants measured for the immobilized enzyme were not greatly different from those measured for the native enzyme. Urea formation from citrulline was confirmed in a continuous column reactor by the coimmobilized argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1), and arginase (EC 3.5.3.1)."}
{"id": "PMID:893493", "title": "Blood-compatible materials by fluid perfusion.", "content": "The feasibility of preventing platelet adhesion to porous foreign surfaces in contact with blood by passing (perfusing) a physiologic fluid through the pores into the blood was tested. Porous-walled tubes of Teflon (Gore-tex) and aluminosilicate ceramic were perfused with lactated Ringer's solution at rates between 3.13 and 0.3 cc/min per cm2 of perfused surfaced and exposed to heparinized and unheparinized flowing human whole blood for periods of 3-6 min. Under these conditions, with 0.159 cm I.D. tubes and a mean blood flow rate of 8.3 cm/sec, the adhesion of all blood cells was prevented, compared with the adhesion of 1 to 8 X 10(6) platelets/cm2 on the nonperfused controls. The adhesion of plasma proteins was also markedly reduced as determined by bromophenol blue staining. The critical perfusion rate to prevent platelet adhesion to Gore-tex (0.5 micron pore size, 60% pore volume) was found to be between 0.04 and 0.3 cc/(min-cm2). The boundary layer produced by a perfused segment of porous tubing prevented platelet adhesion for several centimeters downstream from the perfusing segment under experimental conditions used.", "contents": "Blood-compatible materials by fluid perfusion. The feasibility of preventing platelet adhesion to porous foreign surfaces in contact with blood by passing (perfusing) a physiologic fluid through the pores into the blood was tested. Porous-walled tubes of Teflon (Gore-tex) and aluminosilicate ceramic were perfused with lactated Ringer's solution at rates between 3.13 and 0.3 cc/min per cm2 of perfused surfaced and exposed to heparinized and unheparinized flowing human whole blood for periods of 3-6 min. Under these conditions, with 0.159 cm I.D. tubes and a mean blood flow rate of 8.3 cm/sec, the adhesion of all blood cells was prevented, compared with the adhesion of 1 to 8 X 10(6) platelets/cm2 on the nonperfused controls. The adhesion of plasma proteins was also markedly reduced as determined by bromophenol blue staining. The critical perfusion rate to prevent platelet adhesion to Gore-tex (0.5 micron pore size, 60% pore volume) was found to be between 0.04 and 0.3 cc/(min-cm2). The boundary layer produced by a perfused segment of porous tubing prevented platelet adhesion for several centimeters downstream from the perfusing segment under experimental conditions used."}
{"id": "PMID:893494", "title": "Thromboresistance of graft-type copolymers with hydrophilic-hydrophobic microphase-separated structure.", "content": "Graft-type copolymers composed of hydrophilic poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) as a backbone and a small amount of hydrophobic poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) as a long branch exhibit excellent thromboresistance. The interrelationship between the thromboresistance and microstructure of the graft-type copolymers as well as the water structure in the hydrated polymers has been investigated. It was concluded that both the structure of hydrophobic domain dispersed in the hydrophilic matrix and the water bound to the polymer may be responsible for the excellent thromboresistance of the graft-type copolymers.", "contents": "Thromboresistance of graft-type copolymers with hydrophilic-hydrophobic microphase-separated structure. Graft-type copolymers composed of hydrophilic poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) as a backbone and a small amount of hydrophobic poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) as a long branch exhibit excellent thromboresistance. The interrelationship between the thromboresistance and microstructure of the graft-type copolymers as well as the water structure in the hydrated polymers has been investigated. It was concluded that both the structure of hydrophobic domain dispersed in the hydrophilic matrix and the water bound to the polymer may be responsible for the excellent thromboresistance of the graft-type copolymers."}
{"id": "PMID:893503", "title": "The natural history and management of congenital short tibia with dysplasia or absence of the fibula.", "content": "Forty-three patients with unilateral congenital short tibia with partial or complete absence of the fibula are reviewed. The factors influencing the degree of leg shortening at maturity are considered. Serial radiographic measurements of leg length in fourteen patients covering an average observation period of 9-3 years support the hypothesis that the relative difference in growth between the two limbs remains remarkably constant. By estimating the percentage difference between the normal and abnormal leg lengths on the first measurable radiograph it is therefore possible to predict the likely shortening at maturity. This method of prediction allows the surgeon to make the decision to proceed to Syme's amputation or to the use of an extension prosthesis at about one year of age when the child starts to walk.", "contents": "The natural history and management of congenital short tibia with dysplasia or absence of the fibula. Forty-three patients with unilateral congenital short tibia with partial or complete absence of the fibula are reviewed. The factors influencing the degree of leg shortening at maturity are considered. Serial radiographic measurements of leg length in fourteen patients covering an average observation period of 9-3 years support the hypothesis that the relative difference in growth between the two limbs remains remarkably constant. By estimating the percentage difference between the normal and abnormal leg lengths on the first measurable radiograph it is therefore possible to predict the likely shortening at maturity. This method of prediction allows the surgeon to make the decision to proceed to Syme's amputation or to the use of an extension prosthesis at about one year of age when the child starts to walk."}
{"id": "PMID:893504", "title": "The vascularity and remodelling of subchondrial bone and calcified cartilage in adult human femoral and humeral heads. An age- and stress-related phenomenon.", "content": "A quantitative study of the vascularity and a qualitative study of the remodelling of the calcified cartilage and subchondral bone end-plate of adult human femoral and humeral heads were performed with respect to age. In the femoral head the number of vessels per unit area was found to fall 20% from adolescence until the seventh decade and in the humeral head 15% until the sixth decade. Thereafter an increase was noted in the femur but none in the humerus. More vessels were present at all ages in the more loaded areas of the articular surfaces: 25% more for the femur and 15% more for the humerus. The degree of active remodelling by endochondral ossification declined 50% from adolescence until the seventh decade in the femoral head, and 30% until the sixth decade in the humeral head, rising thereafter to levels comparable to those found at young ages. More remodeling was noted in the more loaded areas at all ages.", "contents": "The vascularity and remodelling of subchondrial bone and calcified cartilage in adult human femoral and humeral heads. An age- and stress-related phenomenon. A quantitative study of the vascularity and a qualitative study of the remodelling of the calcified cartilage and subchondral bone end-plate of adult human femoral and humeral heads were performed with respect to age. In the femoral head the number of vessels per unit area was found to fall 20% from adolescence until the seventh decade and in the humeral head 15% until the sixth decade. Thereafter an increase was noted in the femur but none in the humerus. More vessels were present at all ages in the more loaded areas of the articular surfaces: 25% more for the femur and 15% more for the humerus. The degree of active remodelling by endochondral ossification declined 50% from adolescence until the seventh decade in the femoral head, and 30% until the sixth decade in the humeral head, rising thereafter to levels comparable to those found at young ages. More remodeling was noted in the more loaded areas at all ages."}
{"id": "PMID:893505", "title": "Benign osteoblastoma as a cause of osteomalacia. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients, a Japanese man and woman both aged eighteen, developed symptoms and signs of osteomalacia over a period of five years. Each of them had a benign osteoblastoma, one in the right fourth metacarpal and the other in the uppermost third of the right humerus. Resection of the tumours without any treatment by vitamin D resulted in rapid cure of the osteomalacia. Attempts to prove a phosphaturic humoral substance or vitamin D antagonist in the osteoblastoma of the humerus were unsuccessful, probably due to prompt excretion from the tumour cells.", "contents": "Benign osteoblastoma as a cause of osteomalacia. A report of two cases. Two patients, a Japanese man and woman both aged eighteen, developed symptoms and signs of osteomalacia over a period of five years. Each of them had a benign osteoblastoma, one in the right fourth metacarpal and the other in the uppermost third of the right humerus. Resection of the tumours without any treatment by vitamin D resulted in rapid cure of the osteomalacia. Attempts to prove a phosphaturic humoral substance or vitamin D antagonist in the osteoblastoma of the humerus were unsuccessful, probably due to prompt excretion from the tumour cells."}
{"id": "PMID:893506", "title": "Fibrous interposition causing valgus deformity after fracture of the upper tibial metaphysis in children.", "content": "The development of genu valgum in a child after a fracture of the upper metaphysis of the tibia with a medial gap is due to the interposition of a flap of fibrous tissue consisting of pes anserinus and periosteum avulsed from the lower fragment. The ensuing biomechanical disturbance induces bowing of the shaft and asymmetrical growth at both ends of the bone. Four cases of established deformity are reported, together with two cases of fresh fracture successfully treated by surgical clearance of the fibrous tissue from the gap.", "contents": "Fibrous interposition causing valgus deformity after fracture of the upper tibial metaphysis in children. The development of genu valgum in a child after a fracture of the upper metaphysis of the tibia with a medial gap is due to the interposition of a flap of fibrous tissue consisting of pes anserinus and periosteum avulsed from the lower fragment. The ensuing biomechanical disturbance induces bowing of the shaft and asymmetrical growth at both ends of the bone. Four cases of established deformity are reported, together with two cases of fresh fracture successfully treated by surgical clearance of the fibrous tissue from the gap."}
{"id": "PMID:893507", "title": "The natural history of the patient with an infected total hip replacement.", "content": "Deep infection, the most serious local complication of total hip replacement, prompted a study of the records of 135 patients (137 hips) thus afflicted in a nationwide survey of Canada. Particular attention has been paid to the natural history of the infection, and the problems of diagnosis are described. Twenty-one patients died after the insertion, or removal, of the prosthesis, and of the survivors of the original 135 patients only eighteen have been able to retain the prosthesis without further problems with the wound. The remaining patients had the prosthesis removed, and most dry wounds. Certain suggestions are made on management. The advice that a second total hip prosthesis should be inserted after a deep infection of the first implant is not supported.", "contents": "The natural history of the patient with an infected total hip replacement. Deep infection, the most serious local complication of total hip replacement, prompted a study of the records of 135 patients (137 hips) thus afflicted in a nationwide survey of Canada. Particular attention has been paid to the natural history of the infection, and the problems of diagnosis are described. Twenty-one patients died after the insertion, or removal, of the prosthesis, and of the survivors of the original 135 patients only eighteen have been able to retain the prosthesis without further problems with the wound. The remaining patients had the prosthesis removed, and most dry wounds. Certain suggestions are made on management. The advice that a second total hip prosthesis should be inserted after a deep infection of the first implant is not supported."}
{"id": "PMID:893508", "title": "The results of the pseudarthrosis after removal of an infected total hip prosthesis.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with thirty pseudarthroses after removal of infected total hip prostheses have been reviewed one to six years later. Six hips still had a discharging sinus. Complete removal of all cement was found to be essential for healing, and various points in the technique of its clearance have been made. In this respect radio-opaque cement was a great advantage, and lateral guttering of the femur was most effective. Compared with the situation before replacement considerable relief of pain was obtained in most patients but there was much less improvement in function.", "contents": "The results of the pseudarthrosis after removal of an infected total hip prosthesis. Twenty-nine patients with thirty pseudarthroses after removal of infected total hip prostheses have been reviewed one to six years later. Six hips still had a discharging sinus. Complete removal of all cement was found to be essential for healing, and various points in the technique of its clearance have been made. In this respect radio-opaque cement was a great advantage, and lateral guttering of the femur was most effective. Compared with the situation before replacement considerable relief of pain was obtained in most patients but there was much less improvement in function."}
{"id": "PMID:893510", "title": "An assessment of the value of examination of the hip in the newborn.", "content": "The Norwich Health District (population 400,000) has been studied during a five-year period in an attempt to assess the value of examination of the hip in the newborn. It is confirmed that complicated deliveries produce higher rates of neonatal instability. But, in sixteen out of the seventeen cases with hip dislocations diagnosed late, delivery had been normal. It is estimated that after normal deliveries, hospital doctors detect only 50%, and family doctors only 28%, of cases of instability of the hip. It is concluded: 1) that the problem of congenital dislocation of the hip will not be eliminated by neonatal examination alone, even if skill in clinical examination could be improved and maintained; 2) that repeated examinations should be considered mandatory until the child is walking. In this regard, the value of the sign of limitation of abduction requires study; 3) that the public should be made aware by an appropriate health education programme that the problem of congenital dislocation of the hip has not yet been solved.", "contents": "An assessment of the value of examination of the hip in the newborn. The Norwich Health District (population 400,000) has been studied during a five-year period in an attempt to assess the value of examination of the hip in the newborn. It is confirmed that complicated deliveries produce higher rates of neonatal instability. But, in sixteen out of the seventeen cases with hip dislocations diagnosed late, delivery had been normal. It is estimated that after normal deliveries, hospital doctors detect only 50%, and family doctors only 28%, of cases of instability of the hip. It is concluded: 1) that the problem of congenital dislocation of the hip will not be eliminated by neonatal examination alone, even if skill in clinical examination could be improved and maintained; 2) that repeated examinations should be considered mandatory until the child is walking. In this regard, the value of the sign of limitation of abduction requires study; 3) that the public should be made aware by an appropriate health education programme that the problem of congenital dislocation of the hip has not yet been solved."}
{"id": "PMID:893511", "title": "Rotational displacement of the lower tibial epiphysis due to trauma.", "content": "A rare form of injury to the distal tibial growth plate is described. Only two patients with such an injury have been reported previously. The injury, rotational displacement of the distal tibial epiphysis with posterior displacement of the fibula but without fracture, can be reduced easily and appears to have no lasting ill-effects.", "contents": "Rotational displacement of the lower tibial epiphysis due to trauma. A rare form of injury to the distal tibial growth plate is described. Only two patients with such an injury have been reported previously. The injury, rotational displacement of the distal tibial epiphysis with posterior displacement of the fibula but without fracture, can be reduced easily and appears to have no lasting ill-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:893512", "title": "The results of early operation in talipes quino-varus. A preliminary report.", "content": "The results of operation performed within the first six months of life upon seventy-seven resistant club feet are presented. The indications for and the rationale of early operation are discussed. Particular attention has been paid to the relationship between the age at operation and the outcome more than four years later; the results were greatly superior when operation was undertaken early. Two surgical techniques are compared, the postero-medial release proving better than a simple posterior release. The relationship between clinical and radiological assessment is discussed, and also the influence of the results reported upon future practice.", "contents": "The results of early operation in talipes quino-varus. A preliminary report. The results of operation performed within the first six months of life upon seventy-seven resistant club feet are presented. The indications for and the rationale of early operation are discussed. Particular attention has been paid to the relationship between the age at operation and the outcome more than four years later; the results were greatly superior when operation was undertaken early. Two surgical techniques are compared, the postero-medial release proving better than a simple posterior release. The relationship between clinical and radiological assessment is discussed, and also the influence of the results reported upon future practice."}
{"id": "PMID:893513", "title": "Evaluation of a computerised image analyser for studying alterations in radiographic bone density in the rat.", "content": "A computerised image analyser has been used experimentally to determine its possible usefulness in quantifying bone density. Rats were prepared for this purpose and ash weight/volume readings were obtained on femora which had been radiographed and studied to estimate radiographic density by means of the image analyser. The findings indicated that rats can be prepared by administering oestradiol or by allowing an additional week's growth, both of which give a statistically significant increase of bone density. The computerised image analyser was able to detect these differences but the correlations, although real and linear, between ash weight/volume and radiographic density were not large. Further refinements in techniques will be needed before the system is applied clinically.", "contents": "Evaluation of a computerised image analyser for studying alterations in radiographic bone density in the rat. A computerised image analyser has been used experimentally to determine its possible usefulness in quantifying bone density. Rats were prepared for this purpose and ash weight/volume readings were obtained on femora which had been radiographed and studied to estimate radiographic density by means of the image analyser. The findings indicated that rats can be prepared by administering oestradiol or by allowing an additional week's growth, both of which give a statistically significant increase of bone density. The computerised image analyser was able to detect these differences but the correlations, although real and linear, between ash weight/volume and radiographic density were not large. Further refinements in techniques will be needed before the system is applied clinically."}
{"id": "PMID:893514", "title": "Fracture of the patella treated by total excision. A long-term follow-up.", "content": "Thirty-one patients have been reviewed four and a half to thirteen years after total excision of the patella for fracture. This operation did not give the uniformly excellent results previously reported by some authors. The type of incision used was unimportant in the long term. Immobilisation in plaster-of-Paris for any period between one and eight weeks after operation had no adverse effect on the long-term results. There was no correlation between the amount of calcification or ectopic bone formation found in the patellar tendon and the degree of function or discomfort in the joint. There was no evidence that osteoarthritis is an inevitable sequel to patellectomy in man. Maximal recovery of knee function may take up to three years after patellectomy. In this series 22% of patients had excellent results, 39% good results and 39% poor results, according to defined criteria. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Fracture of the patella treated by total excision. A long-term follow-up. Thirty-one patients have been reviewed four and a half to thirteen years after total excision of the patella for fracture. This operation did not give the uniformly excellent results previously reported by some authors. The type of incision used was unimportant in the long term. Immobilisation in plaster-of-Paris for any period between one and eight weeks after operation had no adverse effect on the long-term results. There was no correlation between the amount of calcification or ectopic bone formation found in the patellar tendon and the degree of function or discomfort in the joint. There was no evidence that osteoarthritis is an inevitable sequel to patellectomy in man. Maximal recovery of knee function may take up to three years after patellectomy. In this series 22% of patients had excellent results, 39% good results and 39% poor results, according to defined criteria. The implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893515", "title": "Macrodactyly in the foot.", "content": "Seven patients with macrodactyly in the foot are reported. None showed any stigmata of neurofibromatosis and all were found to have excessive accumulation of fibro-fatty tissue as the most striking pathological feature. It is suggested that this may represent the basic lesion in this condition. The literature is reviewed and attention is drawn to the differences between macrodactyly in the hand and in the foot.", "contents": "Macrodactyly in the foot. Seven patients with macrodactyly in the foot are reported. None showed any stigmata of neurofibromatosis and all were found to have excessive accumulation of fibro-fatty tissue as the most striking pathological feature. It is suggested that this may represent the basic lesion in this condition. The literature is reviewed and attention is drawn to the differences between macrodactyly in the hand and in the foot."}
{"id": "PMID:893516", "title": "Kienb\u00f6ck's disease in cerebral palsy.", "content": "Five cases of Kienb\u00f6ck's disease occurring in a group of fifty-three adults with cerebral palsy are described. The increased incidence of the disease is attributed to the flexed posture habitual in the affected wrist and to an effect on the pattern of blood supply to the lunate.", "contents": "Kienb\u00f6ck's disease in cerebral palsy. Five cases of Kienb\u00f6ck's disease occurring in a group of fifty-three adults with cerebral palsy are described. The increased incidence of the disease is attributed to the flexed posture habitual in the affected wrist and to an effect on the pattern of blood supply to the lunate."}
{"id": "PMID:893517", "title": "Aetiology of osteochondritis dissecans. Failure to establish a familial background.", "content": "In a family study in which thirty-four patients with osteochondritis dissecans and eighty-six of their first-degree relatives were examined clinically and radiologically, only one relative was found to have osteochondritis dissecans. No association with other forms of osteochondritis, endocrinological abnormalities or dwarfism was found.", "contents": "Aetiology of osteochondritis dissecans. Failure to establish a familial background. In a family study in which thirty-four patients with osteochondritis dissecans and eighty-six of their first-degree relatives were examined clinically and radiologically, only one relative was found to have osteochondritis dissecans. No association with other forms of osteochondritis, endocrinological abnormalities or dwarfism was found."}
{"id": "PMID:893519", "title": "Lead shot appendicitis in northern native people.", "content": "Acute perforated appendicitis due to large numbers of inspissated lead shot occurred in two inuit who hunted and ate game regularly. Both lived in remote villages distant from a hospital.", "contents": "Lead shot appendicitis in northern native people. Acute perforated appendicitis due to large numbers of inspissated lead shot occurred in two inuit who hunted and ate game regularly. Both lived in remote villages distant from a hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:893520", "title": "Radiologic features of miliary tuberculosis in children and adults.", "content": "We reviewed the radiologic features of 19 children and 26 adults with miliary tuberculosis. Children had a very high prevalence of associated lymph node enlargement compared to the adults (95% vs. 12%). Pulmonary consolidation was more common in children (42% vs. 12%). Pleural effusions were uncommon in both groups. The miliary pulmonary lesions cleared faster in children. Evidence of previous tuberculosis was seen in 31% of the adults but none of the children. Most of these differences in radiologic features between children and adults probably represent differences in pathogenesis for hematogenous spread in the two groups.", "contents": "Radiologic features of miliary tuberculosis in children and adults. We reviewed the radiologic features of 19 children and 26 adults with miliary tuberculosis. Children had a very high prevalence of associated lymph node enlargement compared to the adults (95% vs. 12%). Pulmonary consolidation was more common in children (42% vs. 12%). Pleural effusions were uncommon in both groups. The miliary pulmonary lesions cleared faster in children. Evidence of previous tuberculosis was seen in 31% of the adults but none of the children. Most of these differences in radiologic features between children and adults probably represent differences in pathogenesis for hematogenous spread in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:893521", "title": "Radiologic studies of larynx after radiotherapy for carcinoma.", "content": "Antero-posterior linear tomography was used in conjunction with a xeroradiographic lateral view of the neck to study 35 cases of carcinoma of larynx previously treated by irradiation. Although false negatives and false positives did occur, this method is reasonably reliable in the diagnosis or exclusion of recurrent malignancy.", "contents": "Radiologic studies of larynx after radiotherapy for carcinoma. Antero-posterior linear tomography was used in conjunction with a xeroradiographic lateral view of the neck to study 35 cases of carcinoma of larynx previously treated by irradiation. Although false negatives and false positives did occur, this method is reasonably reliable in the diagnosis or exclusion of recurrent malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:893522", "title": "Bony proliferation of terminal toe phalanges in psoriasis: the \"ivory\" phalanx.", "content": "Twenty-eight per cent of our patients with psoriatic arthritis involving the feet demonstrated osseous proliferation and increased radiodensity of the terminal phalanges. This sign, the \"ivory\" phalanx, is a poorly recognized radiographic manifestation of the disease, but is particularly important in the absence of articular abnormality or of resorption of the tufts. It is almost invariably associated with nail diseases of the same digit.", "contents": "Bony proliferation of terminal toe phalanges in psoriasis: the \"ivory\" phalanx. Twenty-eight per cent of our patients with psoriatic arthritis involving the feet demonstrated osseous proliferation and increased radiodensity of the terminal phalanges. This sign, the \"ivory\" phalanx, is a poorly recognized radiographic manifestation of the disease, but is particularly important in the absence of articular abnormality or of resorption of the tufts. It is almost invariably associated with nail diseases of the same digit."}
{"id": "PMID:893523", "title": "Osteopathia striata revisited.", "content": "Two cases of osteopathia striata are presented, including an unusual case of unilateral involvement with a normal bone scan. The association with focal dermal hypoplasia is discussed. Prominent normal bony trabeculations should not be mistaken for osteopathia striata.", "contents": "Osteopathia striata revisited. Two cases of osteopathia striata are presented, including an unusual case of unilateral involvement with a normal bone scan. The association with focal dermal hypoplasia is discussed. Prominent normal bony trabeculations should not be mistaken for osteopathia striata."}
{"id": "PMID:893524", "title": "[Angiographic findings in chondrosarcomas].", "content": "In chondrosarcomas, angiography may be helpful in confirming malignancy, delineating the anatomic extent and detecting recurrence. The angiographic findings in three chondrosarcomas are demonstrated including a vertebral one, abrupt narrowing of tumor vessels, neovascularlity and accumulation of contrast medium during the capillary phase. Changing calibre of arteries and neovascularity are better seen on selective angiograms and after subtraction technique.", "contents": "[Angiographic findings in chondrosarcomas]. In chondrosarcomas, angiography may be helpful in confirming malignancy, delineating the anatomic extent and detecting recurrence. The angiographic findings in three chondrosarcomas are demonstrated including a vertebral one, abrupt narrowing of tumor vessels, neovascularlity and accumulation of contrast medium during the capillary phase. Changing calibre of arteries and neovascularity are better seen on selective angiograms and after subtraction technique."}
{"id": "PMID:893525", "title": "Knee joint bursal abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with rheumatoid arthritis presented with knee joint bursal abnormalities. Nineteen patients presented with symptoms simulating thrombophlebitis. Sixteen had a rupture of the posterior joint capsule without a communicating semimembranosus-gastrocnemius bursa (S-G), with extension ventrally between the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles or between the skin and muscle. Nine had an enlarged S-G bursa with or without rupture. Two patients had additional cephalad ruptures: one from the posterior compartment and the other one from the suprapatellar bursa.", "contents": "Knee joint bursal abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty-five patients with rheumatoid arthritis presented with knee joint bursal abnormalities. Nineteen patients presented with symptoms simulating thrombophlebitis. Sixteen had a rupture of the posterior joint capsule without a communicating semimembranosus-gastrocnemius bursa (S-G), with extension ventrally between the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles or between the skin and muscle. Nine had an enlarged S-G bursa with or without rupture. Two patients had additional cephalad ruptures: one from the posterior compartment and the other one from the suprapatellar bursa."}
{"id": "PMID:893526", "title": "[Pelvic lipomatosis].", "content": "A case of pelvic lipomatosis is presented and the literature is reviewed. The radiologic signs enable the radiologist to make an accurate diagnosis. This should avoid unnecessary laparatomy.", "contents": "[Pelvic lipomatosis]. A case of pelvic lipomatosis is presented and the literature is reviewed. The radiologic signs enable the radiologist to make an accurate diagnosis. This should avoid unnecessary laparatomy."}
{"id": "PMID:893527", "title": "Polypoid carcinoid tumor of the stomach. A case report and a review of the literature.", "content": "A gastric carcinoid presented as a polyp with a stalk.", "contents": "Polypoid carcinoid tumor of the stomach. A case report and a review of the literature. A gastric carcinoid presented as a polyp with a stalk."}
{"id": "PMID:893528", "title": "Pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysms in gas abscess pancreatitis.", "content": "Aneurysms of the small pancreatic and peripancreatic arteries have been reported in chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic pseudocysts, atherosclerosis, trauma, and on a congenital basis. This paper presents for the first time an example of aneurysm formation in acute gas-abscess pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysms in gas abscess pancreatitis. Aneurysms of the small pancreatic and peripancreatic arteries have been reported in chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic pseudocysts, atherosclerosis, trauma, and on a congenital basis. This paper presents for the first time an example of aneurysm formation in acute gas-abscess pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:893529", "title": "A simplified technique for selective and superselective abdominal angiography.", "content": "A simplified technique for selective abdominal angiography utilizing the Simmons Femoral-Cerebral catheter is described. The technique affords a rapid simple approach to selective and superselective catheterization of the celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries.", "contents": "A simplified technique for selective and superselective abdominal angiography. A simplified technique for selective abdominal angiography utilizing the Simmons Femoral-Cerebral catheter is described. The technique affords a rapid simple approach to selective and superselective catheterization of the celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:893530", "title": "Serum stimulation of human fibroblasts: effect on non-histones of nuclear ribonucleoprotein and chromatin.", "content": "In quiescent human fibroblasts stimulated to proliferate by fresh medium plus 15% serum, no changes were seen in the incorporation of 3H tryptophan into the protein of nuclear ribonucleoprotein during the first three hours following re-feeding. This was in contrast to non-histone chromosomal proteins where the incorporation increased by 90% within ten minutes. The density of the formaldehyde fixed nuclear ribonucleoprotein in CsCl was 1.43-1.44 g/ml and this also did not change following stimulation. The electrophoretic profile of the proteins of nuclear ribonucleoprotein on SDS gels exhibited a predominant band corresponding to a molecular weight of 44,000 closely trailed by a band at 47,000 and other bands at higher molecular weight. This pattern was not altered by serum stimulation and the same was true for the more complex electrophoretic profile of the chromatin proteins. Following a 10-minute pulse of 3H-tryptophan at ten minutes after stimulation, there was a selective increase in the labeling of non-histone chromosomal protein of molecular weight 59,000; no change was seen in the labeling of any protein of nuclear ribonucleoprotein.", "contents": "Serum stimulation of human fibroblasts: effect on non-histones of nuclear ribonucleoprotein and chromatin. In quiescent human fibroblasts stimulated to proliferate by fresh medium plus 15% serum, no changes were seen in the incorporation of 3H tryptophan into the protein of nuclear ribonucleoprotein during the first three hours following re-feeding. This was in contrast to non-histone chromosomal proteins where the incorporation increased by 90% within ten minutes. The density of the formaldehyde fixed nuclear ribonucleoprotein in CsCl was 1.43-1.44 g/ml and this also did not change following stimulation. The electrophoretic profile of the proteins of nuclear ribonucleoprotein on SDS gels exhibited a predominant band corresponding to a molecular weight of 44,000 closely trailed by a band at 47,000 and other bands at higher molecular weight. This pattern was not altered by serum stimulation and the same was true for the more complex electrophoretic profile of the chromatin proteins. Following a 10-minute pulse of 3H-tryptophan at ten minutes after stimulation, there was a selective increase in the labeling of non-histone chromosomal protein of molecular weight 59,000; no change was seen in the labeling of any protein of nuclear ribonucleoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:893532", "title": "Adhesive selectivity is exhibited in vitro by cells from adjacent tissues of the embryonic chick retina.", "content": "Cells from anatomically remote organs of developing embryos do not normally encounter one another. If intercellular adhesive selectivity has a role in determining or maintaining the position of cells in organs, it should be exhibited between cells which are found in close proximity within a single organ. To test this hypothesis, a collecting cell-sheet assay for intercellular adhesive selectivity has been applied to cells from 3 layers of the retina of the embryonic chick. The finding of a modest degree of selectivity of adhesion between cells from the neural retina and choroid supports the hypothesis. The observed selective low adhesiveness for self of the upper surface of pigmented retina epithelium emphasizes the likely morphogenetic significance of the topographical distribution of intercellular adhesiveness.", "contents": "Adhesive selectivity is exhibited in vitro by cells from adjacent tissues of the embryonic chick retina. Cells from anatomically remote organs of developing embryos do not normally encounter one another. If intercellular adhesive selectivity has a role in determining or maintaining the position of cells in organs, it should be exhibited between cells which are found in close proximity within a single organ. To test this hypothesis, a collecting cell-sheet assay for intercellular adhesive selectivity has been applied to cells from 3 layers of the retina of the embryonic chick. The finding of a modest degree of selectivity of adhesion between cells from the neural retina and choroid supports the hypothesis. The observed selective low adhesiveness for self of the upper surface of pigmented retina epithelium emphasizes the likely morphogenetic significance of the topographical distribution of intercellular adhesiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:893533", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the relationship between the plasma membrane and the cell wall of the coenocytic alga hydrodictyon africanum.", "content": "A wall/plasma membrane unit was prepared from Hydrodictyon africanum by microdissection. A replica of the inner surface of the membrane was made and by freeze-fracture of the whole cell, 2 corresponding internal fracture faces were obtained. The large coenocytes of the alga were plasmolysed and the wall separated by cutting it away. Its inner surface was directly viewed in the electron microscope after shadowing with Pt/C. Particles were found on the outer half of the internal fracture face of the membrane which were oriented in the same 2 directions as the microfibrils laid down at the inner surface of the wall. No structures were found at the inner surface of the membrane. Some evidence was obtained for a structural connexion between the innermost layers of the wall and the plasma membrane.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the relationship between the plasma membrane and the cell wall of the coenocytic alga hydrodictyon africanum. A wall/plasma membrane unit was prepared from Hydrodictyon africanum by microdissection. A replica of the inner surface of the membrane was made and by freeze-fracture of the whole cell, 2 corresponding internal fracture faces were obtained. The large coenocytes of the alga were plasmolysed and the wall separated by cutting it away. Its inner surface was directly viewed in the electron microscope after shadowing with Pt/C. Particles were found on the outer half of the internal fracture face of the membrane which were oriented in the same 2 directions as the microfibrils laid down at the inner surface of the wall. No structures were found at the inner surface of the membrane. Some evidence was obtained for a structural connexion between the innermost layers of the wall and the plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:893534", "title": "Junctional structures in hydra.", "content": "The sealing and communicating junctions present in hydra have been examined using conventional staining, lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracturing techniques. The presence of distinct types of gap and septate junctions has been confirmed. Combined lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture results have provided a more detailed understanding of these junctional structures. A model has been constructed which demonstrates the various aspects of the junction seen at different sectioning angles. The probable lengths of septa within septate junctions and the junctional 'maze' formed by them is discussed because of its bearing on the 'sealing' nature of the junction and also, to some extent, on its permeability to tracers such as lanthanum.", "contents": "Junctional structures in hydra. The sealing and communicating junctions present in hydra have been examined using conventional staining, lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracturing techniques. The presence of distinct types of gap and septate junctions has been confirmed. Combined lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture results have provided a more detailed understanding of these junctional structures. A model has been constructed which demonstrates the various aspects of the junction seen at different sectioning angles. The probable lengths of septa within septate junctions and the junctional 'maze' formed by them is discussed because of its bearing on the 'sealing' nature of the junction and also, to some extent, on its permeability to tracers such as lanthanum."}
{"id": "PMID:893535", "title": "Observations on the number of nuclei within the fibres of some red and white muscles.", "content": "Nuclei have been enumerated in muscle fibres of different physiological properties within adult rats and rabbits. Almost invariably, and regardless of muscle type, there is a direct relationship between the cross-sectional area (or fibre breadth) of muscle fibres and the number of nuclei within them. The one exception occurred in muscles of older rats where increased nuclear numbers do not always appear to result in broader muscle fibres. The greater complement of nuclei in broader fibres is accompanied by larger amounts of cell substance per nucleus. Confirming early observations in the literature, red fibres of the slow-phasic type have more nuclei than have white, fast-phasic fibres of similar breadth. These conclusions are not vitiated by differences in the number of nuclei within capillaries or in satellite cells, by differences in nuclear length or by variation in the degree to which fibres are contracted. In respect of their complement of nuclei, and the average amount of cell substance formed per nucleus the small red fibres that occur within muscles of predominantly fast-phasic character appear to be fast-rather than slow-phasic in type. When the number of nuclei observed per fibre is plotted against fibre cross-sectional area, the shapes of the resulting distributions suggest that estimates of muscle nuclei may be valuable not only as an index of growth potential, but of the extent to which that potential is expressed. In one muscle, the above distribution was of a form which indicated that some fibres may have formed abnormally large amounts of protein per nucleus. However, this was not adequately confirmed. Various factors have been investigated that are relevant to the accuracy of enumerating nuclei and measuring fibre breadths.", "contents": "Observations on the number of nuclei within the fibres of some red and white muscles. Nuclei have been enumerated in muscle fibres of different physiological properties within adult rats and rabbits. Almost invariably, and regardless of muscle type, there is a direct relationship between the cross-sectional area (or fibre breadth) of muscle fibres and the number of nuclei within them. The one exception occurred in muscles of older rats where increased nuclear numbers do not always appear to result in broader muscle fibres. The greater complement of nuclei in broader fibres is accompanied by larger amounts of cell substance per nucleus. Confirming early observations in the literature, red fibres of the slow-phasic type have more nuclei than have white, fast-phasic fibres of similar breadth. These conclusions are not vitiated by differences in the number of nuclei within capillaries or in satellite cells, by differences in nuclear length or by variation in the degree to which fibres are contracted. In respect of their complement of nuclei, and the average amount of cell substance formed per nucleus the small red fibres that occur within muscles of predominantly fast-phasic character appear to be fast-rather than slow-phasic in type. When the number of nuclei observed per fibre is plotted against fibre cross-sectional area, the shapes of the resulting distributions suggest that estimates of muscle nuclei may be valuable not only as an index of growth potential, but of the extent to which that potential is expressed. In one muscle, the above distribution was of a form which indicated that some fibres may have formed abnormally large amounts of protein per nucleus. However, this was not adequately confirmed. Various factors have been investigated that are relevant to the accuracy of enumerating nuclei and measuring fibre breadths."}
{"id": "PMID:893536", "title": "Lanthanum penetration in crayfish nervous system: observations on intact and 'desheathed' preparations.", "content": "Central neural connectives and peripheral nerves from the crayfish Procambarus clarkii were incubated in 5 mM lanthanum solutions in physiological saline, for periods from 15 min to 2 h. The tracer only rarely reaches the axon surfaces in the perineurium-ensheathed connectives, penetrating the elaborate perineurial layer slowly. In peripheral nerves, on the other hand, where the perineurium is extermely attenuated and interrupted by open extracellular clefts, inward movement of lanthanum to the axon surfaces occurs readily. When the perineurial layer of the neural connectives is removed by 'desheathing', penetration of the tracer to the level of the axolemma occurs rapidly, implicating the perineurium as the major site of restriction of entry of large ions and exogenous molecules. This conclusion is discussed in relation to recent electrophysiological studies on K+ movements. In both peripheral nerves and desheathed connectives, the transcellular tubular lattice system present in crustacean glial cells appears to serve as a route for the entry of tracer to the axon surfaces, and is more direct than the long and complex extracellular pathway formed by the interdigitations of the extensive glial cell processes.", "contents": "Lanthanum penetration in crayfish nervous system: observations on intact and 'desheathed' preparations. Central neural connectives and peripheral nerves from the crayfish Procambarus clarkii were incubated in 5 mM lanthanum solutions in physiological saline, for periods from 15 min to 2 h. The tracer only rarely reaches the axon surfaces in the perineurium-ensheathed connectives, penetrating the elaborate perineurial layer slowly. In peripheral nerves, on the other hand, where the perineurium is extermely attenuated and interrupted by open extracellular clefts, inward movement of lanthanum to the axon surfaces occurs readily. When the perineurial layer of the neural connectives is removed by 'desheathing', penetration of the tracer to the level of the axolemma occurs rapidly, implicating the perineurium as the major site of restriction of entry of large ions and exogenous molecules. This conclusion is discussed in relation to recent electrophysiological studies on K+ movements. In both peripheral nerves and desheathed connectives, the transcellular tubular lattice system present in crustacean glial cells appears to serve as a route for the entry of tracer to the axon surfaces, and is more direct than the long and complex extracellular pathway formed by the interdigitations of the extensive glial cell processes."}
{"id": "PMID:893537", "title": "Freeze-fracture replication and surface sublimation of frozen collagen fibrils.", "content": "Collagen fibrils from various rapidly frozen mammalian tissues were examined by the technique of straightforward freeze-fracture, freeze-fracture followed by sublimation and surface sublimation technique. Fixed and non-fixed specimens cryoprotected either with glycerol or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), as well as non-cryoprotected ones, were examined. Fibrils were observed either with a banded pattern or as helically twisted strands, and in some cases as a combination of both arrangements. Minimally processed fibrils presented a clearcut banded appearance, while the helical pattern seemed to be associated with the presence of the cryoprotectant, glycerol and DMSO. It is concluded that the banded appearance is in all probability a normal feature of the collagen fibrils in vivo, and that the helical pattern is an abnormal feature resulting from various pretreatments of tissue.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture replication and surface sublimation of frozen collagen fibrils. Collagen fibrils from various rapidly frozen mammalian tissues were examined by the technique of straightforward freeze-fracture, freeze-fracture followed by sublimation and surface sublimation technique. Fixed and non-fixed specimens cryoprotected either with glycerol or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), as well as non-cryoprotected ones, were examined. Fibrils were observed either with a banded pattern or as helically twisted strands, and in some cases as a combination of both arrangements. Minimally processed fibrils presented a clearcut banded appearance, while the helical pattern seemed to be associated with the presence of the cryoprotectant, glycerol and DMSO. It is concluded that the banded appearance is in all probability a normal feature of the collagen fibrils in vivo, and that the helical pattern is an abnormal feature resulting from various pretreatments of tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:893538", "title": "Quantitative studies of rDNA in amphibians.", "content": "The proportion of the genome that is complementary to 18 and 28 s has been determined for 12 species of amphibians. The group of species chosen for the experiment includes 5 related species belonging to the same genus (Plethodon) as well as species belonging to distant taxonomic groups whose C-values range from 3 to 62 pg. Hybridization of rRNA (18 S + 28 S) to whole chromosomal DNA to saturation level indicates that the proportion of rDNA decreases with increasing DNA content. The results presented in this paper do not support the hypothesis of Nardelli, Amaldi & Lava-Sanchez that the number of ribosomal cistrons in various amphibians can always be expressed as a power of 2.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of rDNA in amphibians. The proportion of the genome that is complementary to 18 and 28 s has been determined for 12 species of amphibians. The group of species chosen for the experiment includes 5 related species belonging to the same genus (Plethodon) as well as species belonging to distant taxonomic groups whose C-values range from 3 to 62 pg. Hybridization of rRNA (18 S + 28 S) to whole chromosomal DNA to saturation level indicates that the proportion of rDNA decreases with increasing DNA content. The results presented in this paper do not support the hypothesis of Nardelli, Amaldi & Lava-Sanchez that the number of ribosomal cistrons in various amphibians can always be expressed as a power of 2."}
{"id": "PMID:893539", "title": "Studies on the template activity of 'isolated' Xenopus erythrocyte nuclei. II. The effects of cytoplasmic extracts.", "content": "The effects of exposing nuclei isolated from Xenopus erythrocytes to cytoplasmic extracts prepared from various sources on their template activity are described. The cytoplasm of rat liver cells and the immature blood cells of Xenopus contain factors which stimulate RNA synthesis in these essentially inactive nuclei, whereas the cytoplasm of many other cells does not yield such factors. The active factors in rat liver cytoplasmic extracts appear to be proteins of molecular weight about 40000 Daltons. The implications of these results for genetic control in eukaryotes are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the template activity of 'isolated' Xenopus erythrocyte nuclei. II. The effects of cytoplasmic extracts. The effects of exposing nuclei isolated from Xenopus erythrocytes to cytoplasmic extracts prepared from various sources on their template activity are described. The cytoplasm of rat liver cells and the immature blood cells of Xenopus contain factors which stimulate RNA synthesis in these essentially inactive nuclei, whereas the cytoplasm of many other cells does not yield such factors. The active factors in rat liver cytoplasmic extracts appear to be proteins of molecular weight about 40000 Daltons. The implications of these results for genetic control in eukaryotes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893540", "title": "Inversion heterozygosity in females of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens and its influence on chiasma distribution.", "content": "In a wild population of the American newt Notophthalmus viridescens 15 females out of a total of 94 were found to be heterozygous for a paracentric inversion which includes almost the whole of the longer arm of the smallest chromosome (XI). The inversion was recognized in preparations of lampbrush chromosomes because it transfers the sequential loops, which normally lie close to the telomere, to a position neighbouring the centromere. Because of inversion the transcriptional polarity of the sequential loops is reversed vis-\u00e0--vis the chromosome as a whole. In normal bivalents XI (both in male and female meiosis) each arm pair generally forms a single chiasma close to the telomeres (proterminal localization). In bivalents XI heterozygous for the inversion no chiasmata are formed between the mutually inverted longer arm pairs, presumably because they fail to synapse, but chiasma frequency in the non-inverted shorter arm pairs is increased, and the normal restraint on chiasma distribution in this arm pair is lifted. An explanation is offered in terms of the availability of recombination nodules, and the time of their association with the synaptonemal complex.", "contents": "Inversion heterozygosity in females of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens and its influence on chiasma distribution. In a wild population of the American newt Notophthalmus viridescens 15 females out of a total of 94 were found to be heterozygous for a paracentric inversion which includes almost the whole of the longer arm of the smallest chromosome (XI). The inversion was recognized in preparations of lampbrush chromosomes because it transfers the sequential loops, which normally lie close to the telomere, to a position neighbouring the centromere. Because of inversion the transcriptional polarity of the sequential loops is reversed vis-\u00e0--vis the chromosome as a whole. In normal bivalents XI (both in male and female meiosis) each arm pair generally forms a single chiasma close to the telomeres (proterminal localization). In bivalents XI heterozygous for the inversion no chiasmata are formed between the mutually inverted longer arm pairs, presumably because they fail to synapse, but chiasma frequency in the non-inverted shorter arm pairs is increased, and the normal restraint on chiasma distribution in this arm pair is lifted. An explanation is offered in terms of the availability of recombination nodules, and the time of their association with the synaptonemal complex."}
{"id": "PMID:893542", "title": "Occurrence of intercellular bridges between follicle epithelial cells in the ovary of Apis mellifica queens.", "content": "Hitherto unknown intercellular bridges or fusomes between the follicle epithelial cells investing the oocytes of Apis mellifica queens have been observed both with light and electron microscopy. Usually each follicle cell has 2-3 intercellular bridges. In surfacial paraffin sections, the intercellular bridges can be seen to connect a series of follicle cells which may be branching. The intercellular bridges lie close to the egg cortex and this position is relatively constant. The width of the fusomal ring canal varies in different developmental stages. In stages 3 and 4 of oogenesis, which are the main vitellogenic stages, the intercellular bridges measure 0-5 micron, while in stages 1 and 2 they have a diameter ranging from 1-5 to 3-5 micron. In these stages the intercellular bridges are provided with numerous transverse microfilaments which disappear later. The fusomal lips are thickened and consist of electron-dense material and an additional layer of less electron-dense material both inside and outside. Ribosomes flow across the bridge. The intercellular bridges may serve to synchronize the differentiation and functional activity of the follicle epithelium during the course of oogenesis.", "contents": "Occurrence of intercellular bridges between follicle epithelial cells in the ovary of Apis mellifica queens. Hitherto unknown intercellular bridges or fusomes between the follicle epithelial cells investing the oocytes of Apis mellifica queens have been observed both with light and electron microscopy. Usually each follicle cell has 2-3 intercellular bridges. In surfacial paraffin sections, the intercellular bridges can be seen to connect a series of follicle cells which may be branching. The intercellular bridges lie close to the egg cortex and this position is relatively constant. The width of the fusomal ring canal varies in different developmental stages. In stages 3 and 4 of oogenesis, which are the main vitellogenic stages, the intercellular bridges measure 0-5 micron, while in stages 1 and 2 they have a diameter ranging from 1-5 to 3-5 micron. In these stages the intercellular bridges are provided with numerous transverse microfilaments which disappear later. The fusomal lips are thickened and consist of electron-dense material and an additional layer of less electron-dense material both inside and outside. Ribosomes flow across the bridge. The intercellular bridges may serve to synchronize the differentiation and functional activity of the follicle epithelium during the course of oogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:893543", "title": "Studies on the de novo formation of centrioles: aster formation in the activated eggs of sea urchin.", "content": "Aster formation was studied in sea-urchin eggs artificially activated by Loeb's double method. The number of asters found in an activated egg ranged from 15-40. Observation by electron microscopy revealed the presence of a centriole in a high percentage of isolated asters, strongly suggesting that these centrioles are formed de novo in the activated eggs. Using negatively stained specimens, which were isolated with 5% hexylene glycol solution containing buffer and EGTA, the whole aster could be examined by electron microscopy. A microtubular framework in the aster, extending radially from the astral centre was observed. The effect of mitotic inhibitors on aster formation was found to be similar to that on cell division.", "contents": "Studies on the de novo formation of centrioles: aster formation in the activated eggs of sea urchin. Aster formation was studied in sea-urchin eggs artificially activated by Loeb's double method. The number of asters found in an activated egg ranged from 15-40. Observation by electron microscopy revealed the presence of a centriole in a high percentage of isolated asters, strongly suggesting that these centrioles are formed de novo in the activated eggs. Using negatively stained specimens, which were isolated with 5% hexylene glycol solution containing buffer and EGTA, the whole aster could be examined by electron microscopy. A microtubular framework in the aster, extending radially from the astral centre was observed. The effect of mitotic inhibitors on aster formation was found to be similar to that on cell division."}
{"id": "PMID:893545", "title": "The analysis of malignancy by cell fusion. VIII. Evidence for the intervention of an extra-chromosomal element.", "content": "Diploid human fibroblasts and lymphocytes were fused with the cells of a malignant mouse melanoma and a range of hybrid clones selected for study. The ability of these clones to produce progressive tumours was assayed in nude mice. Although human chromosomes were preferentially eliminated in all the hybrid clones, the human diploid cells were as effective as mouse diploid cells in suppressing the malignancy of the mouse melanoma cells. The suppression produced by fibroblasts was again more profound than that produced by lymphocytes. Malignancy was also found to be suppressed in a hybrid clone in which a single X was the only human chromosome present; and this clone continued to give a very low take incidence even after the human X had been eliminated by back selection. Hybrids were made between the melanoma cells and diploid human fibroblasts that had been given 100 J kg-1 of gamma radiation before cell fusion. These hybrids contained no recognizable human chromosomes, but their ability to produce progressive tumours was greatly reduced compared to that of the melanoma parent cells. The take incidences given by the crosses between the melanoma cells and the irradiated human fibroblasts were, however, substantially higher than those given by the crosses between the melanoma cells and unirradiated fibroblasts. These findings suggest that the suppression of malignancy involves the activity of some extra-chromosomal element and that this element is radio-sensitive.", "contents": "The analysis of malignancy by cell fusion. VIII. Evidence for the intervention of an extra-chromosomal element. Diploid human fibroblasts and lymphocytes were fused with the cells of a malignant mouse melanoma and a range of hybrid clones selected for study. The ability of these clones to produce progressive tumours was assayed in nude mice. Although human chromosomes were preferentially eliminated in all the hybrid clones, the human diploid cells were as effective as mouse diploid cells in suppressing the malignancy of the mouse melanoma cells. The suppression produced by fibroblasts was again more profound than that produced by lymphocytes. Malignancy was also found to be suppressed in a hybrid clone in which a single X was the only human chromosome present; and this clone continued to give a very low take incidence even after the human X had been eliminated by back selection. Hybrids were made between the melanoma cells and diploid human fibroblasts that had been given 100 J kg-1 of gamma radiation before cell fusion. These hybrids contained no recognizable human chromosomes, but their ability to produce progressive tumours was greatly reduced compared to that of the melanoma parent cells. The take incidences given by the crosses between the melanoma cells and the irradiated human fibroblasts were, however, substantially higher than those given by the crosses between the melanoma cells and unirradiated fibroblasts. These findings suggest that the suppression of malignancy involves the activity of some extra-chromosomal element and that this element is radio-sensitive."}
{"id": "PMID:893546", "title": "Substrate retention of fractured retraction fibres during detachment of trypsinized BHK21 fibroblasts.", "content": "When BHK21 fibroblasts adhering to glass were incubated in trypsin they became spherical within a few minutes. They did not, however, respond simultaneously; the most trypsin-resistant cells in an unsynchronized population were of greater length, had more processes projecting from the cell body, and were more spread out than the most trypsin sensitive cells. In no instance did trypsin detach cells from their substrate, even when the incubation period was prolonged to 5 h in trypsin concentrations almost sufficient to cause cell lysis. Scanning electron-microscope observations showed that initially flat cells rounded up in trypsin to reveal persistent adhesion sites joined to the cell body by retraction fibres. Such cell could be dislodged only by agitation; when this occurred parts of the cell remained attached to the substrate in the form of small spheres and fibres; these were remnants of the retraction fibres and adhesion sites. We propose that the adhesion sites are not susceptible to proteolytic degradation, presumably because of steric hindrance, and that this causes detachment to be dependent upon mechanical dislocation. We suggest that some of the descriptions of substrate-associated 'cell exudates' in the literature may refer to these cell remnants on the substrate which consist of membrane-bound fragments of cytoplasm rather than secreted products.", "contents": "Substrate retention of fractured retraction fibres during detachment of trypsinized BHK21 fibroblasts. When BHK21 fibroblasts adhering to glass were incubated in trypsin they became spherical within a few minutes. They did not, however, respond simultaneously; the most trypsin-resistant cells in an unsynchronized population were of greater length, had more processes projecting from the cell body, and were more spread out than the most trypsin sensitive cells. In no instance did trypsin detach cells from their substrate, even when the incubation period was prolonged to 5 h in trypsin concentrations almost sufficient to cause cell lysis. Scanning electron-microscope observations showed that initially flat cells rounded up in trypsin to reveal persistent adhesion sites joined to the cell body by retraction fibres. Such cell could be dislodged only by agitation; when this occurred parts of the cell remained attached to the substrate in the form of small spheres and fibres; these were remnants of the retraction fibres and adhesion sites. We propose that the adhesion sites are not susceptible to proteolytic degradation, presumably because of steric hindrance, and that this causes detachment to be dependent upon mechanical dislocation. We suggest that some of the descriptions of substrate-associated 'cell exudates' in the literature may refer to these cell remnants on the substrate which consist of membrane-bound fragments of cytoplasm rather than secreted products."}
{"id": "PMID:893547", "title": "Fine-structural studies of the gametes and embryo of Fucus vesiculosus L. (Phaeophyta). III. Cytokinesis and the multicellular embryo.", "content": "Condensation of the chromosomes during the first cell division following fertilization of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus L. is accompanied by the almost complete disappearance of the nuclear envelope. Golgi vesicles and other small vesicles appear within the spindle, which has paired centrioles at each end. A large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum is in the surrounding cytoplasm during mitosis, and many vesicles at the spindle margin are encircled by stacks of endoplasmic reticulum. Annulate lamellae are observed during mitosis. The envelope which initially reforms around the chromatin in telophase has unevenly spaced nuclear pores. Cytokinesis results primarily by vesicle addition to a centripetal furrow. Mitochondria and chloroplasts concentrate around the partition site, possibly in association with microfilaments. Fibrillar material is added rapidly to the space between the daughter cells from vesicle discharge of both cells and seems to spread into the older cell wall surrounding the embryo. The rhizoid daughter cell contains numerous mitochondria and hypertrophied Golgi bodies whose vesicles increasingly pack the cell. The thallus daughter cell is packed with a variety of vesicles, and the nucleus is surrounded by many dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. By the four-cell stage, chloroplasts of the rhizoid cells have weakly staining lamellae, while chloroplasts of the thallus cells are actively dividing with deeply staining lamellae.", "contents": "Fine-structural studies of the gametes and embryo of Fucus vesiculosus L. (Phaeophyta). III. Cytokinesis and the multicellular embryo. Condensation of the chromosomes during the first cell division following fertilization of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus L. is accompanied by the almost complete disappearance of the nuclear envelope. Golgi vesicles and other small vesicles appear within the spindle, which has paired centrioles at each end. A large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum is in the surrounding cytoplasm during mitosis, and many vesicles at the spindle margin are encircled by stacks of endoplasmic reticulum. Annulate lamellae are observed during mitosis. The envelope which initially reforms around the chromatin in telophase has unevenly spaced nuclear pores. Cytokinesis results primarily by vesicle addition to a centripetal furrow. Mitochondria and chloroplasts concentrate around the partition site, possibly in association with microfilaments. Fibrillar material is added rapidly to the space between the daughter cells from vesicle discharge of both cells and seems to spread into the older cell wall surrounding the embryo. The rhizoid daughter cell contains numerous mitochondria and hypertrophied Golgi bodies whose vesicles increasingly pack the cell. The thallus daughter cell is packed with a variety of vesicles, and the nucleus is surrounded by many dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. By the four-cell stage, chloroplasts of the rhizoid cells have weakly staining lamellae, while chloroplasts of the thallus cells are actively dividing with deeply staining lamellae."}
{"id": "PMID:893548", "title": "Constraints on the relative sizes of the cell populations in Hydra attenuata.", "content": "The steady-state relative population sizes of the several cell populations in Hydra  attenuata were examined. In contrast to the constant average population size ratios between groups of animals, these ratios vary within limits between individual animals within a group. By maintaining animals on different feeding regimes (number of shrimp larvae ingested per day), the steady-state population size ratios were altered. The kinds of changes that occurred in these ratios suggest where controls may be operating to maintain the steady-state population sizes.", "contents": "Constraints on the relative sizes of the cell populations in Hydra attenuata. The steady-state relative population sizes of the several cell populations in Hydra  attenuata were examined. In contrast to the constant average population size ratios between groups of animals, these ratios vary within limits between individual animals within a group. By maintaining animals on different feeding regimes (number of shrimp larvae ingested per day), the steady-state population size ratios were altered. The kinds of changes that occurred in these ratios suggest where controls may be operating to maintain the steady-state population sizes."}
{"id": "PMID:893549", "title": "Binding of the herbicide trifluralin to Chlamydomonas flagellar tubulin.", "content": "Colchicine-binding tubulin was isolated from the centre 2 axoneme microtubules from the flagella of the alga Chlamydomonas eugametos. Incubating this tubulin with 5-8 micron [14C]trifluralin resulted in significant and reproducible binding of trifluralin to tubulin. The specificity of binding was determined by demonstrating that limited or no binding occurred to flagellar membrane and matrix protein, higher plant proteins, or bovine serum albumin. It was concluded that trifluralin, at obtainable soluble concentrations, specifically inhibits microtubule-mediated processes in plants. To date no effect of trifluralin on animal microtubule systems has been reported; therefore, it is suggested that trifluralin has revealed a pharmacological difference between plant and animal tubulin.", "contents": "Binding of the herbicide trifluralin to Chlamydomonas flagellar tubulin. Colchicine-binding tubulin was isolated from the centre 2 axoneme microtubules from the flagella of the alga Chlamydomonas eugametos. Incubating this tubulin with 5-8 micron [14C]trifluralin resulted in significant and reproducible binding of trifluralin to tubulin. The specificity of binding was determined by demonstrating that limited or no binding occurred to flagellar membrane and matrix protein, higher plant proteins, or bovine serum albumin. It was concluded that trifluralin, at obtainable soluble concentrations, specifically inhibits microtubule-mediated processes in plants. To date no effect of trifluralin on animal microtubule systems has been reported; therefore, it is suggested that trifluralin has revealed a pharmacological difference between plant and animal tubulin."}
{"id": "PMID:893550", "title": "Infrared laser damage to ciliary motion in Phragmatopoma.", "content": "A glass neodymium laser was modified to make it possible to produce small lesions of 1-2 micron size with a quantitatively known amount of energy. The 1-06-micron radiation of this laser is sufficiently absorbed by water to work without the additions of dyes. Ciliary arrest in Phragmatopoma gills was produced by an amount of energy, sufficient to cause a rise in temperature of 150 degrees C in an area of 2 micron3. At these low doses the effect was fully reversible. With higher doses of laser energy the cilia stopped permanently, probably because of structural damage of the irradiated cells.", "contents": "Infrared laser damage to ciliary motion in Phragmatopoma. A glass neodymium laser was modified to make it possible to produce small lesions of 1-2 micron size with a quantitatively known amount of energy. The 1-06-micron radiation of this laser is sufficiently absorbed by water to work without the additions of dyes. Ciliary arrest in Phragmatopoma gills was produced by an amount of energy, sufficient to cause a rise in temperature of 150 degrees C in an area of 2 micron3. At these low doses the effect was fully reversible. With higher doses of laser energy the cilia stopped permanently, probably because of structural damage of the irradiated cells."}
{"id": "PMID:893551", "title": "Control of cell size and cycle time in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "Steady-state and perturbed cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe have been observed through several division cycles by time-lapse photomicrography. Perturbed cells were produced by the use of a conditional cell division cycle mutant in which nuclear division is reversibly blocked at high temperature. These experiments show that in both populations cell length at division and cell cycle duration are homeostatically controlled, probably by a primary size-control mechanism. Cycle time is indirectly controlled, as cells which have an extended cycle are on average larger at division, so that duaghters of such cells need to grow by a smaller amount and for a shorter period, before dividing again. In general, deviations from the mean are corrected within a single cycle, but in the case of very long cells the control breaks down because the cycle cannot be shortened by more than a quarter under the conditions used. These cells take more than one cycle to return to normal.", "contents": "Control of cell size and cycle time in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Steady-state and perturbed cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe have been observed through several division cycles by time-lapse photomicrography. Perturbed cells were produced by the use of a conditional cell division cycle mutant in which nuclear division is reversibly blocked at high temperature. These experiments show that in both populations cell length at division and cell cycle duration are homeostatically controlled, probably by a primary size-control mechanism. Cycle time is indirectly controlled, as cells which have an extended cycle are on average larger at division, so that duaghters of such cells need to grow by a smaller amount and for a shorter period, before dividing again. In general, deviations from the mean are corrected within a single cycle, but in the case of very long cells the control breaks down because the cycle cannot be shortened by more than a quarter under the conditions used. These cells take more than one cycle to return to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:893552", "title": "Linear increase in glycolytic activity through the cell cycle of schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "The glycolytic activity of 3 different synchronous system in S. pombe was studied. Synchronous cultures were produced by a selection procedure, by cyclic heat treatment, or by cloning cells from an exponentially multiplying culture. In all experiments a complex medium with 3% glucose was used. The glycolytic activity was recorded with a gasometric method, the gradient diver. A single cell in exponential growth or a small number of synchronized cells were placed in ampulla divers in which the cells progressed undistrubed through a number of cycles. An ampulla diver is in principle a narrow pipette by which a single or a few cells are removed from the mother culture. It serves next as an axenic growth chamber and at the same time as a gasometer. The divers were placed in linear saline density gradients and the gaseous exchanges taking place in the divers resulted in migration of the divers. The migration rate is a measure of the glycolytic activity of the cells. Our results show that the glycolytic activity increases in a linear fashion between sucessive divisions. The rate of increase doubles at each division. This true in all 3 synchronous systems, and we take this as an indication that the cell cycles of heat-synchronized cells do not deviate seriously from the normal.", "contents": "Linear increase in glycolytic activity through the cell cycle of schizosaccharomyces pombe. The glycolytic activity of 3 different synchronous system in S. pombe was studied. Synchronous cultures were produced by a selection procedure, by cyclic heat treatment, or by cloning cells from an exponentially multiplying culture. In all experiments a complex medium with 3% glucose was used. The glycolytic activity was recorded with a gasometric method, the gradient diver. A single cell in exponential growth or a small number of synchronized cells were placed in ampulla divers in which the cells progressed undistrubed through a number of cycles. An ampulla diver is in principle a narrow pipette by which a single or a few cells are removed from the mother culture. It serves next as an axenic growth chamber and at the same time as a gasometer. The divers were placed in linear saline density gradients and the gaseous exchanges taking place in the divers resulted in migration of the divers. The migration rate is a measure of the glycolytic activity of the cells. Our results show that the glycolytic activity increases in a linear fashion between sucessive divisions. The rate of increase doubles at each division. This true in all 3 synchronous systems, and we take this as an indication that the cell cycles of heat-synchronized cells do not deviate seriously from the normal."}
{"id": "PMID:893553", "title": "Extensive pairing of the XY bivalent in mouse spermatocytes as visualized by whole-mount electron microscopy.", "content": "Autosomes and sex chromosomes of mouse spermatocytes were examined during zygotene, pachytene, and diplotene by a whole-mount electron-microscope technique after cell dispersion in a detergent solution (Nonidet-P40). Zygotene, pachytene, and diplotene stages can be adequately identified in the preparations. Thus, asynchronous side-by-side pairing of homologous autosomes, some of them displaying attached nucleoli, defines zygotene. Pachytene is identified by complete pairing of homologues. Diplotene is characterized by disjunction of bivalents (autosomes and sex chromosomes), lack of autosomal-attached nucleoli, divergent expansions observed at lateral element endings of disassembled synaptonemal complexes, end-to-end association of the XY pair and well defined outward deformations ('bulges') along sex chromosomal axial cores. X and Y chromosomes display at pachytene an extensive side-by-side pairing segment which decreases in length as meiotic prophase advances. Each sex chromosomal axial core appears double and is formed by close apposition of 2 nearly parallel elements displayed separately along the entire length of the chromosomal core. This double structural feature suggests that each sex chromosomal axial core is presumably composed of 2 chromatid axial cores, each of which, in turn, constitutes the respective lateral elements of short synaptonemal complexes observed at the unpaired segment.", "contents": "Extensive pairing of the XY bivalent in mouse spermatocytes as visualized by whole-mount electron microscopy. Autosomes and sex chromosomes of mouse spermatocytes were examined during zygotene, pachytene, and diplotene by a whole-mount electron-microscope technique after cell dispersion in a detergent solution (Nonidet-P40). Zygotene, pachytene, and diplotene stages can be adequately identified in the preparations. Thus, asynchronous side-by-side pairing of homologous autosomes, some of them displaying attached nucleoli, defines zygotene. Pachytene is identified by complete pairing of homologues. Diplotene is characterized by disjunction of bivalents (autosomes and sex chromosomes), lack of autosomal-attached nucleoli, divergent expansions observed at lateral element endings of disassembled synaptonemal complexes, end-to-end association of the XY pair and well defined outward deformations ('bulges') along sex chromosomal axial cores. X and Y chromosomes display at pachytene an extensive side-by-side pairing segment which decreases in length as meiotic prophase advances. Each sex chromosomal axial core appears double and is formed by close apposition of 2 nearly parallel elements displayed separately along the entire length of the chromosomal core. This double structural feature suggests that each sex chromosomal axial core is presumably composed of 2 chromatid axial cores, each of which, in turn, constitutes the respective lateral elements of short synaptonemal complexes observed at the unpaired segment."}
{"id": "PMID:893554", "title": "The nucleolus and meiosis during microsporogenesis in Endymion non-scriptus (L.).", "content": "Stages of meiosis from the bluebell Endymion non-scriptus (L.) were studied by electron microscopy. The segregated components of the nucleolus at meiotic prophase underwent fragmentation and dissolution at pachytene-diplotene. Nucleoli were absent during both meiotic divisions and reformed on the nucleolus organizer into a fibrillar mass from scattered fibrillar components at the dyad and tetrad stages. Ti is argued that the fibrillar region shows continuity through nuclear division though undergoing structural transformations in the process. Nucleolar reformation occurs on condensed nucleolus organizers. Processing of the ribosomal precursors and the resumption of RNA synthesis is discussed in relation to the dispersal of the nucleolus organizer into the fibrillar region of the reformed nucleolus.", "contents": "The nucleolus and meiosis during microsporogenesis in Endymion non-scriptus (L.). Stages of meiosis from the bluebell Endymion non-scriptus (L.) were studied by electron microscopy. The segregated components of the nucleolus at meiotic prophase underwent fragmentation and dissolution at pachytene-diplotene. Nucleoli were absent during both meiotic divisions and reformed on the nucleolus organizer into a fibrillar mass from scattered fibrillar components at the dyad and tetrad stages. Ti is argued that the fibrillar region shows continuity through nuclear division though undergoing structural transformations in the process. Nucleolar reformation occurs on condensed nucleolus organizers. Processing of the ribosomal precursors and the resumption of RNA synthesis is discussed in relation to the dispersal of the nucleolus organizer into the fibrillar region of the reformed nucleolus."}
{"id": "PMID:893555", "title": "Differentiation of the tapetum in Avena. I. The cell surface.", "content": "The development of the tapetal cell surface and associated structures in Avena has been followed from cell formation to senescence. Plasmodesmata initially connect the tapetal cells to each other, the pollen mother cells, and the inner loculus wall cells. These connexions are subsequently severed, those to the sporogenous cells being broken first at the pollen mother cell surface during callose wall formation. Loss of cellulose from the tapetal walls was followed using the decline in the ability of the wall to bind the fluorescent brightener, Calcofluor White M2R New. Subplasma-membrane microtubules persist after loss of the cellulose wall. The tapetal plasma membrane facing the meiocytes then develops a series of depressions, or cups, over its surface, which are later the site of pro-orbicule formation. Sporopollenin is laid down over the pro-orbicules, to form orbicules, and over other tapetal cell surfaces. No morphological evidence was found for the intracytoplasmic formation of pro-orbicules or polymerized sporopollenin precursors. These observations on Avena are compared with those on other plants. The changes in the cell wall and associated structures, plasmodesmata and microtubules, are considered in detail, while the general significance of cell wall loss to the water relations of the tissue are assessed. Proposals that pro-orbicule formation results from non-specific accumulation of lipid at a free cell surface are rejected, instead this formation is considered to be related to the presence of a specially modified plasmamembrane surface.", "contents": "Differentiation of the tapetum in Avena. I. The cell surface. The development of the tapetal cell surface and associated structures in Avena has been followed from cell formation to senescence. Plasmodesmata initially connect the tapetal cells to each other, the pollen mother cells, and the inner loculus wall cells. These connexions are subsequently severed, those to the sporogenous cells being broken first at the pollen mother cell surface during callose wall formation. Loss of cellulose from the tapetal walls was followed using the decline in the ability of the wall to bind the fluorescent brightener, Calcofluor White M2R New. Subplasma-membrane microtubules persist after loss of the cellulose wall. The tapetal plasma membrane facing the meiocytes then develops a series of depressions, or cups, over its surface, which are later the site of pro-orbicule formation. Sporopollenin is laid down over the pro-orbicules, to form orbicules, and over other tapetal cell surfaces. No morphological evidence was found for the intracytoplasmic formation of pro-orbicules or polymerized sporopollenin precursors. These observations on Avena are compared with those on other plants. The changes in the cell wall and associated structures, plasmodesmata and microtubules, are considered in detail, while the general significance of cell wall loss to the water relations of the tissue are assessed. Proposals that pro-orbicule formation results from non-specific accumulation of lipid at a free cell surface are rejected, instead this formation is considered to be related to the presence of a specially modified plasmamembrane surface."}
{"id": "PMID:893556", "title": "Fusion and erosion of cell walls during confugation in the fussion yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe).", "content": "Conjugation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Mural and nuclear events were scored from induction, the initial event, to meiosis I, the start of sporulation. These morphogenic markers were separately identifiable as flocculation, copulation, conjugation-tube formation, cross-wall formation,  cross-wall erosion, conjugation-tube expansion, cytoplasmic fusion, de-differentiation of site of union, nuclear migration and karyogamy. The following were identified as new structural elements: sex hairs, which presumably mediate hydrogen bonding between cells during flocculation; crimp at the site of union; dark patch, which presumably serves as a leak-proof seal at the time of cross-wall erosion; suture, an electron-dense seam formed by the union of a copulant pair; and small electron-dense particles close to the site of wall erosion. No special structures on the cell wall could be identified as indicative of specific sites for potential copulatory activity. The discontinuity of the 2 cell walls at the site of union became so de-differentiated after fusion and erosion that it was no longer possible to pinpoint the site of union.", "contents": "Fusion and erosion of cell walls during confugation in the fussion yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Conjugation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Mural and nuclear events were scored from induction, the initial event, to meiosis I, the start of sporulation. These morphogenic markers were separately identifiable as flocculation, copulation, conjugation-tube formation, cross-wall formation,  cross-wall erosion, conjugation-tube expansion, cytoplasmic fusion, de-differentiation of site of union, nuclear migration and karyogamy. The following were identified as new structural elements: sex hairs, which presumably mediate hydrogen bonding between cells during flocculation; crimp at the site of union; dark patch, which presumably serves as a leak-proof seal at the time of cross-wall erosion; suture, an electron-dense seam formed by the union of a copulant pair; and small electron-dense particles close to the site of wall erosion. No special structures on the cell wall could be identified as indicative of specific sites for potential copulatory activity. The discontinuity of the 2 cell walls at the site of union became so de-differentiated after fusion and erosion that it was no longer possible to pinpoint the site of union."}
{"id": "PMID:893557", "title": "Pore-like structures in biological membranes.", "content": "In freeze-fracture replicas, biological membranes appear as smooth surfaces interrupted by random globular protrusion, the intramembrane particles. Smooth areas correspond to the membrane phospholipidic domain, while intramembrane particles are the morphological counterpart of membrane proteins. In the present work, examination of membranes in a variety of cell types reveals that a number of intramembrane particles contain an electron-dense spot. The spot is thought to correspond to a minute pit in the particle, filled by the platinum used in the freeze-fracture procedure. Similar images, described previously in intramembrane particles forming the specific array of the gap junction, were interpreted as hydrophilic channels bridging the interior and the exterior of the plasma membrane. Comparison between the gap junction particles and the non-junction particles containing a dense spot suggests that these latter may too contain hydrophilic channels. The channels in random intramembrane particles would represent the morphological counterparts of the water-filled pores described in models of membrane permeability.", "contents": "Pore-like structures in biological membranes. In freeze-fracture replicas, biological membranes appear as smooth surfaces interrupted by random globular protrusion, the intramembrane particles. Smooth areas correspond to the membrane phospholipidic domain, while intramembrane particles are the morphological counterpart of membrane proteins. In the present work, examination of membranes in a variety of cell types reveals that a number of intramembrane particles contain an electron-dense spot. The spot is thought to correspond to a minute pit in the particle, filled by the platinum used in the freeze-fracture procedure. Similar images, described previously in intramembrane particles forming the specific array of the gap junction, were interpreted as hydrophilic channels bridging the interior and the exterior of the plasma membrane. Comparison between the gap junction particles and the non-junction particles containing a dense spot suggests that these latter may too contain hydrophilic channels. The channels in random intramembrane particles would represent the morphological counterparts of the water-filled pores described in models of membrane permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:893558", "title": "Invertebrate gap junctions.", "content": "Both glycerol and glutaraldehyde, the two most commonly used chemical aids in freeze-fractue studies, have been shown individually to affect the structure of certain membranes as observed in freeze-fracture replicas. The present investigation studied the effect of glycerol on the gap junctions found in a number of tissues from several invertebrate phyla. Glycerol was shown, in some of these tissues, to affect both the spatial arrangement of the particles within the membrane and their fracturing properties if the tissue had not been prefixed with glutaraldehyde. It is suggested that the effect of glycerol on invertebrate gap junctions may be of diagnostic use in enabling them to be separated into a number, or spectrum, of types. Previously B-type gap junctions have been reported only in Arthropoda. This study has extended knowledge of their occurrence into the phyla Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes and Annelida. The B-type gap junctions appear consistently to have a 12-nm particle separation, which is larger than the 10-nm separation found in vertebrate and molluscan A-type gap junctions.", "contents": "Invertebrate gap junctions. Both glycerol and glutaraldehyde, the two most commonly used chemical aids in freeze-fractue studies, have been shown individually to affect the structure of certain membranes as observed in freeze-fracture replicas. The present investigation studied the effect of glycerol on the gap junctions found in a number of tissues from several invertebrate phyla. Glycerol was shown, in some of these tissues, to affect both the spatial arrangement of the particles within the membrane and their fracturing properties if the tissue had not been prefixed with glutaraldehyde. It is suggested that the effect of glycerol on invertebrate gap junctions may be of diagnostic use in enabling them to be separated into a number, or spectrum, of types. Previously B-type gap junctions have been reported only in Arthropoda. This study has extended knowledge of their occurrence into the phyla Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes and Annelida. The B-type gap junctions appear consistently to have a 12-nm particle separation, which is larger than the 10-nm separation found in vertebrate and molluscan A-type gap junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:893559", "title": "Comparative study of axopodial microtubule patterns and possible mechanisms of pattern control in the centrohelidian heliozoa Acanthocystis, Raphidiophrys and Heterophrys.", "content": "The axopodial microtubule pattern of 9 centrohelidians belonging to the genera Acanthocystis, Raphidiophrys and Heterophrys, as well as the fine structure of their microtubule organizing centre, the centroplast, was studied to determine the rules which govern their patterns. Microtubules capable of binding a xamimum of 4 linkers are arranged in regularly distorted hexagons and equilateral triangles. The number of microtubules present in each axoneme ranges from some 140 in Acanthocystis turfacea to as few as 6 in Heterophrys marina (Stock I). In the later species each axoneme contains a single hexagon of microtubules only. In other Heterophrys species, the central hexagon is surrounded by closely packed microtubules or by microtubules arranged in pentagons; only the central hexagon is anchored in the centroplast shell, whereas additional microtubules seem to originate from secondary nucleation sites somewhat distal to the centroplast. It is argued that the distortion of the basic unit hexagon (with alternate angles close to 134 degrees and 106 degrees) indicates that the microtubules are composed of 13 protofilaments. While in the larger Acanthocystis and Raphidiophrys species, the pattern may result from self-linkage, the arrays found in the Heterophrys species seem to favour a template-determined linkage. To explain the formation of the central hexagon in Heterophrys and balanced lateral growth in the larger microtubule arrays, a 'linker-nucleation hypothesis' is proposed. The assumption is made that graded conformational changes in the microtubule subunits not only specify the position where the next linker will bind, but that this linker, through linkage, becomes able to induce secondary microtubule nucleation, which will result in balanced lateral growth of the array. The application of this hypothesis to other microtubule systems, e.g. basal body formation, is discussed.", "contents": "Comparative study of axopodial microtubule patterns and possible mechanisms of pattern control in the centrohelidian heliozoa Acanthocystis, Raphidiophrys and Heterophrys. The axopodial microtubule pattern of 9 centrohelidians belonging to the genera Acanthocystis, Raphidiophrys and Heterophrys, as well as the fine structure of their microtubule organizing centre, the centroplast, was studied to determine the rules which govern their patterns. Microtubules capable of binding a xamimum of 4 linkers are arranged in regularly distorted hexagons and equilateral triangles. The number of microtubules present in each axoneme ranges from some 140 in Acanthocystis turfacea to as few as 6 in Heterophrys marina (Stock I). In the later species each axoneme contains a single hexagon of microtubules only. In other Heterophrys species, the central hexagon is surrounded by closely packed microtubules or by microtubules arranged in pentagons; only the central hexagon is anchored in the centroplast shell, whereas additional microtubules seem to originate from secondary nucleation sites somewhat distal to the centroplast. It is argued that the distortion of the basic unit hexagon (with alternate angles close to 134 degrees and 106 degrees) indicates that the microtubules are composed of 13 protofilaments. While in the larger Acanthocystis and Raphidiophrys species, the pattern may result from self-linkage, the arrays found in the Heterophrys species seem to favour a template-determined linkage. To explain the formation of the central hexagon in Heterophrys and balanced lateral growth in the larger microtubule arrays, a 'linker-nucleation hypothesis' is proposed. The assumption is made that graded conformational changes in the microtubule subunits not only specify the position where the next linker will bind, but that this linker, through linkage, becomes able to induce secondary microtubule nucleation, which will result in balanced lateral growth of the array. The application of this hypothesis to other microtubule systems, e.g. basal body formation, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893560", "title": "Response of preimplantation rat blastocysts in vitro to extracellular uterine luminal components, serum and hormones.", "content": "The influence of extracellular environmental factors on preimplantation rat blastocysts was tested by determining the number of embryos which escaped from their zonae pellucidae, followed by attachment and outgrowth of trophoblast giant cells, after 72 h in culture Uterine luminal ocmponents from individual females, or hormones, were included in Dulbecco's medium which contained 4 mg/ml bovine serum albumin. In about 20% of cases, uterine fluids were embryotonic. However, uterine fluids from day-5 pregnant females, the day of implantation in the rat, were more potent in these tests than uterine fluids obtained from ovariectomized females treated with progesterone alone. The potency of a mixture of the 2 fluids was also high. Uterine fluids obtained at 14 h after an injection of oestradiol and progesterone to the ovariectomized females, were also effective in these tests. Rat serum and foetal calf serum were effective too, but steroids or insulin alone in the medium had no detectable influence on embryos. Serum or uterine luminal proteins appear to be essential for maintaining the viability of the blastocysts and for inducing the responses observed here. In the uterine fluids, some proteins released into the lumen after treatment of females with oestradiol and progesterone appear to be the biologically active components. Differences in the responses of blastocysts in vitro are compared with those in vivo.", "contents": "Response of preimplantation rat blastocysts in vitro to extracellular uterine luminal components, serum and hormones. The influence of extracellular environmental factors on preimplantation rat blastocysts was tested by determining the number of embryos which escaped from their zonae pellucidae, followed by attachment and outgrowth of trophoblast giant cells, after 72 h in culture Uterine luminal ocmponents from individual females, or hormones, were included in Dulbecco's medium which contained 4 mg/ml bovine serum albumin. In about 20% of cases, uterine fluids were embryotonic. However, uterine fluids from day-5 pregnant females, the day of implantation in the rat, were more potent in these tests than uterine fluids obtained from ovariectomized females treated with progesterone alone. The potency of a mixture of the 2 fluids was also high. Uterine fluids obtained at 14 h after an injection of oestradiol and progesterone to the ovariectomized females, were also effective in these tests. Rat serum and foetal calf serum were effective too, but steroids or insulin alone in the medium had no detectable influence on embryos. Serum or uterine luminal proteins appear to be essential for maintaining the viability of the blastocysts and for inducing the responses observed here. In the uterine fluids, some proteins released into the lumen after treatment of females with oestradiol and progesterone appear to be the biologically active components. Differences in the responses of blastocysts in vitro are compared with those in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:893561", "title": "Differentiated regions of human placental cell surface associated with exchange of materials between maternal and foetal blood: a new organelle and the binding of iron.", "content": "To elucidate the method of uptake of a neutral iron compound into the placenta, isolated human chorionic villi were incubated in a medium containing the substance and were fixed at intervals and subsequently examined using transmission electron microscopy. None of the specimens examined showed evidence of vesicular transport in either micro- or macro-pinocytic vesicles which were either coated or smooth-surfaced. Iron uptake may involve attachment of particles to differentiated regions of the cell surface of the syncytiotrophoblast. These differentiated zones in the syncytial cell surface are composed of morphological distinct parts and therefore probably  merit classification as an organelle. Our interpretation of the organelle's structure is that it is flattened, with a maximum distance across of about 30 nm in the plane of the membrane. It is of otherwise uncertain shape but possesses a multilaminar structure. The external layer is apparently composed of the iron compound to be taken up. Beneath this is an electron-lucent layer possibly composed of glycoacalyx. The next innermost layer is continuous with the trilaminar unit membrane of the cell surface, however no trilaminar appearance is observed within the organelle. Beneath the membrane layer is an electron-dense plaque of amorphous material. Occasionally in favourable sections there is the suggestion of a thin electron-lucent strip interposed between the dense plaque and the membrane layer. The whole structure is composed therefore of 4 or 5 different regions. One possible function is that of initial binding in a process of active as opposed to passive transport of iron into the cell.", "contents": "Differentiated regions of human placental cell surface associated with exchange of materials between maternal and foetal blood: a new organelle and the binding of iron. To elucidate the method of uptake of a neutral iron compound into the placenta, isolated human chorionic villi were incubated in a medium containing the substance and were fixed at intervals and subsequently examined using transmission electron microscopy. None of the specimens examined showed evidence of vesicular transport in either micro- or macro-pinocytic vesicles which were either coated or smooth-surfaced. Iron uptake may involve attachment of particles to differentiated regions of the cell surface of the syncytiotrophoblast. These differentiated zones in the syncytial cell surface are composed of morphological distinct parts and therefore probably  merit classification as an organelle. Our interpretation of the organelle's structure is that it is flattened, with a maximum distance across of about 30 nm in the plane of the membrane. It is of otherwise uncertain shape but possesses a multilaminar structure. The external layer is apparently composed of the iron compound to be taken up. Beneath this is an electron-lucent layer possibly composed of glycoacalyx. The next innermost layer is continuous with the trilaminar unit membrane of the cell surface, however no trilaminar appearance is observed within the organelle. Beneath the membrane layer is an electron-dense plaque of amorphous material. Occasionally in favourable sections there is the suggestion of a thin electron-lucent strip interposed between the dense plaque and the membrane layer. The whole structure is composed therefore of 4 or 5 different regions. One possible function is that of initial binding in a process of active as opposed to passive transport of iron into the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:893562", "title": "Differeniated regions of human placental cell surface associated with exchange of materials between maternal and foetal blood: coated vesicles.", "content": "Coated vesicles may be an important component of the micropinocytic system of the human placenta. Regions of very dense reaction with glycocalyx stains are restricted to membranes within forming and fully formed coated vesicles. This is interpreted as evidence against permanently grouped specific binding sites having a role in the selective uptake of materials by micropinocytosis, and as support for theories of coated-vesicle formation which take into account the dynamic nature of membrane components. The pyroantimonate precipitation technique which was employed in an attempt to localize cations in placental tissue at term resulted in the deposition of electron-dense material in coated vesicles and basement membrane. Examination of the distribution of coated vesicles in placental tissue explants at 8--12 weeks of gestation revealed a restricted distribution of these organelles. Probably more than 89% of coated vesicles lie within the largest vesicles' diameter from the cell surface. Placental coated vesicles were isolated and examined using negative staining. A polygonally patterened structure was apparent on their surfaces. Analysis of the isolated fraction of coated vesicles using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows the presence of a major protein of molecular weight 180000. This is the same molecular weight that has been given for clathrin, the major protein of the raised polygonally patterned structure on the cytoplasmic surface of coated vesicles from other sources.", "contents": "Differeniated regions of human placental cell surface associated with exchange of materials between maternal and foetal blood: coated vesicles. Coated vesicles may be an important component of the micropinocytic system of the human placenta. Regions of very dense reaction with glycocalyx stains are restricted to membranes within forming and fully formed coated vesicles. This is interpreted as evidence against permanently grouped specific binding sites having a role in the selective uptake of materials by micropinocytosis, and as support for theories of coated-vesicle formation which take into account the dynamic nature of membrane components. The pyroantimonate precipitation technique which was employed in an attempt to localize cations in placental tissue at term resulted in the deposition of electron-dense material in coated vesicles and basement membrane. Examination of the distribution of coated vesicles in placental tissue explants at 8--12 weeks of gestation revealed a restricted distribution of these organelles. Probably more than 89% of coated vesicles lie within the largest vesicles' diameter from the cell surface. Placental coated vesicles were isolated and examined using negative staining. A polygonally patterened structure was apparent on their surfaces. Analysis of the isolated fraction of coated vesicles using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows the presence of a major protein of molecular weight 180000. This is the same molecular weight that has been given for clathrin, the major protein of the raised polygonally patterned structure on the cytoplasmic surface of coated vesicles from other sources."}
{"id": "PMID:893563", "title": "Extracellular matrix synthesis in blastula and gastrula stages of normal and hybrid frog embryos. II. Autoradiographic observations on the sites of synthesis and mode of transport of galactose- and glucosamine-labelled materials.", "content": "Pulse-chase labelling experiments and light- and electron-microscopic autoradiography were used to examine the sites of synthesis, mode of transport, and sites of deposition of galactose- and glucosamine-labelled materials in different developmental stages of normal developing Rana pipiens embryos and interspecific hybrid embryos formed by fertilizing the eggs of R. pipiens with the sperm of R. catesbeiana. In both normal and hybrid embryos, after 15-min pulse, grains are closely associated with juxtanuclear and cytoplasmic collections of membrane-bound vesicles which resemble the Golgi apparatus. In normal embryos following a 15-30 min pulse and a 60-min chase, grains are largely cleared from the cytoplasmic vesicles and deposited in the extracellular spaces or along cell surfaces where the extracellular spaces are relatively large. In contrast, arrested hybrid embryos given a 15-30-min pulse and a 60-min chase show a marked accumulation of grains over cytoplasmic structures such as the Golgi apparatus and vesicular elements in the cell cortex. Finally, early gastrula stage normal embryos are most active in the synthesis of galactose-labelled materials in cells above the dorsal lip of the blastopore, where cell migration is initiated.", "contents": "Extracellular matrix synthesis in blastula and gastrula stages of normal and hybrid frog embryos. II. Autoradiographic observations on the sites of synthesis and mode of transport of galactose- and glucosamine-labelled materials. Pulse-chase labelling experiments and light- and electron-microscopic autoradiography were used to examine the sites of synthesis, mode of transport, and sites of deposition of galactose- and glucosamine-labelled materials in different developmental stages of normal developing Rana pipiens embryos and interspecific hybrid embryos formed by fertilizing the eggs of R. pipiens with the sperm of R. catesbeiana. In both normal and hybrid embryos, after 15-min pulse, grains are closely associated with juxtanuclear and cytoplasmic collections of membrane-bound vesicles which resemble the Golgi apparatus. In normal embryos following a 15-30 min pulse and a 60-min chase, grains are largely cleared from the cytoplasmic vesicles and deposited in the extracellular spaces or along cell surfaces where the extracellular spaces are relatively large. In contrast, arrested hybrid embryos given a 15-30-min pulse and a 60-min chase show a marked accumulation of grains over cytoplasmic structures such as the Golgi apparatus and vesicular elements in the cell cortex. Finally, early gastrula stage normal embryos are most active in the synthesis of galactose-labelled materials in cells above the dorsal lip of the blastopore, where cell migration is initiated."}
{"id": "PMID:893564", "title": "Extracellular matrix synthesis in blastula and gastrula stages of normal and hybrid frog embryos. III. Characterization of galactose- and glucosamine-labelled materials.", "content": "Normal Rana pipiens gastrulae show more incorporation of isotopically-labelled galactose and glucosamine into TCA-insoluble materials than blastulae. Interspecific hybrid embryos which undergo developmental arrest at the onset of gastrulation often synthesize reduced amounts of galactose- and glucosamine-labelled materials. These materials are high-molecular weight, but not collagen. After pronase digestion, labelled materials elute in the void volume of Sephadex G-50. Labelled materials migrate slowly on cellulose acetate, bind to several kinds of anion exchangers and elute at low ionic strength, are precipitated by cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) when mixed with carrier compounds, and are not degraded by Clostridium neuraminidase or Streptomyces, leech, and bovine testicular hyaluronidases.", "contents": "Extracellular matrix synthesis in blastula and gastrula stages of normal and hybrid frog embryos. III. Characterization of galactose- and glucosamine-labelled materials. Normal Rana pipiens gastrulae show more incorporation of isotopically-labelled galactose and glucosamine into TCA-insoluble materials than blastulae. Interspecific hybrid embryos which undergo developmental arrest at the onset of gastrulation often synthesize reduced amounts of galactose- and glucosamine-labelled materials. These materials are high-molecular weight, but not collagen. After pronase digestion, labelled materials elute in the void volume of Sephadex G-50. Labelled materials migrate slowly on cellulose acetate, bind to several kinds of anion exchangers and elute at low ionic strength, are precipitated by cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) when mixed with carrier compounds, and are not degraded by Clostridium neuraminidase or Streptomyces, leech, and bovine testicular hyaluronidases."}
{"id": "PMID:893565", "title": "Glycosyltrasferase activity in developing sea-urchin embryos.", "content": "The developmental course of activity changes of 4 endogenous membrane glycosyltransferases: UDP-glucose : glycosyltrasferase, UDP-galactose : glycosyltransferase, GDP-mannose: glycosyltransferase, and UD-PN-acetylglucosamine : glycosyltransferase was determined in various stages of developing sea-urchin embryos from unfertilized eggs up to the 16-cell stage. The results show that there is a 2-fold increase in glycosyltransferase activity after fertilization. These results are discussed in relation to the postulated role of glycosyltransferases in mediating adhesion, recognition, and agglutination of cells and embryos.", "contents": "Glycosyltrasferase activity in developing sea-urchin embryos. The developmental course of activity changes of 4 endogenous membrane glycosyltransferases: UDP-glucose : glycosyltrasferase, UDP-galactose : glycosyltransferase, GDP-mannose: glycosyltransferase, and UD-PN-acetylglucosamine : glycosyltransferase was determined in various stages of developing sea-urchin embryos from unfertilized eggs up to the 16-cell stage. The results show that there is a 2-fold increase in glycosyltransferase activity after fertilization. These results are discussed in relation to the postulated role of glycosyltransferases in mediating adhesion, recognition, and agglutination of cells and embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:893566", "title": "Growth in vitro of tumour cell x fibroblast hybrids in which malignancy is suppressed.", "content": "We have studied the growth in vitro of a lymphoma x fibroblast hybrid and several melanoma x fibroblast hybrids in which malignancy is suppressed. The parental cells, the hybrids, and malignant segregants derived from the hybrids were analysed for serum requirement, cloning efficiency in soft agarose, density-dependent inhibition of growth, and secretion of plasminogen-activating enzyme. One malignant segregant from the lymphoma x fibroblast cross was found by a number of criteria to have a more highly 'transformed' phenotype than the hybrid from which it was derived. However, in the case of the melanoma x fibroblast crosses, none of the parameters examined could be correlated in a direct way with malignancy.", "contents": "Growth in vitro of tumour cell x fibroblast hybrids in which malignancy is suppressed. We have studied the growth in vitro of a lymphoma x fibroblast hybrid and several melanoma x fibroblast hybrids in which malignancy is suppressed. The parental cells, the hybrids, and malignant segregants derived from the hybrids were analysed for serum requirement, cloning efficiency in soft agarose, density-dependent inhibition of growth, and secretion of plasminogen-activating enzyme. One malignant segregant from the lymphoma x fibroblast cross was found by a number of criteria to have a more highly 'transformed' phenotype than the hybrid from which it was derived. However, in the case of the melanoma x fibroblast crosses, none of the parameters examined could be correlated in a direct way with malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:893567", "title": "Experimental results on mammalian cells growing in vitro in deuterated medium for neutron-scattering studies.", "content": "SV-40 virus-transfromed human diploid fibroblasts (2RA) were grown in a monolayer on plastic Petri dishes in an aqueous medium deuterated to different concentrations of deuterium oxide: 10, 20, 30, up to 60%. The cells must be acclimatized to concentrations higher than 20% D2O by stepping them from a lower initial concentration during their exponential growth. The increase of cell doubling time with increasing deuterium concentrations seems to correlate, at least at 20% D20, with an initial period of suspended cell growth (lag-phase), and is qualitatively similar to that previously reported for Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Experimental results on mammalian cells growing in vitro in deuterated medium for neutron-scattering studies. SV-40 virus-transfromed human diploid fibroblasts (2RA) were grown in a monolayer on plastic Petri dishes in an aqueous medium deuterated to different concentrations of deuterium oxide: 10, 20, 30, up to 60%. The cells must be acclimatized to concentrations higher than 20% D2O by stepping them from a lower initial concentration during their exponential growth. The increase of cell doubling time with increasing deuterium concentrations seems to correlate, at least at 20% D20, with an initial period of suspended cell growth (lag-phase), and is qualitatively similar to that previously reported for Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:893569", "title": "A substructural analysis method for structure-activity correlation of heterocyclic compounds using Wiswesser line notation.", "content": "A method of substructural analysis for structure-property correlation of data sets including heterocyclic structures is described. Structural features allowing representation of occurrence and position of heteroatoms, ring fusions, and substituents are derived automatically from Wiswesser Line Notation representations. Structural feature sets of varying degrees of complexity may be derived, suitable either for sets of derivatives of a single ring system or for mixed sets containing several ring systems. The method is evaluated by correlating pKa values of 169 nitrogen heterocycles, including multisubstituted derivatives of 11 different ring systems. The technique could be carried out automatically with large machine-readable structure-property files and applied to a wide variety of properties.", "contents": "A substructural analysis method for structure-activity correlation of heterocyclic compounds using Wiswesser line notation. A method of substructural analysis for structure-property correlation of data sets including heterocyclic structures is described. Structural features allowing representation of occurrence and position of heteroatoms, ring fusions, and substituents are derived automatically from Wiswesser Line Notation representations. Structural feature sets of varying degrees of complexity may be derived, suitable either for sets of derivatives of a single ring system or for mixed sets containing several ring systems. The method is evaluated by correlating pKa values of 169 nitrogen heterocycles, including multisubstituted derivatives of 11 different ring systems. The technique could be carried out automatically with large machine-readable structure-property files and applied to a wide variety of properties."}
{"id": "PMID:893576", "title": "Relative electron capture response of the 2-chloroethyl derivatives of some barbituric acids and anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "Data are given for the relative electron capture response of the 2-chloroethyl derivatives of ten barbituric acids and five common anticonvulsant drugs. Results indicate that these new derivatives significantly improve the detection limits of the barbituric acids but lead to no advantages for the anticonvulsant compounds. Structural features in the two classes of compounds are believed to explain the differences in the sensitivity of detection. Linear calibration plots exist for the concentration ranges 0.1-1.0 and 1.0-10.0 microgram/ml of amobarbital.", "contents": "Relative electron capture response of the 2-chloroethyl derivatives of some barbituric acids and anticonvulsant drugs. Data are given for the relative electron capture response of the 2-chloroethyl derivatives of ten barbituric acids and five common anticonvulsant drugs. Results indicate that these new derivatives significantly improve the detection limits of the barbituric acids but lead to no advantages for the anticonvulsant compounds. Structural features in the two classes of compounds are believed to explain the differences in the sensitivity of detection. Linear calibration plots exist for the concentration ranges 0.1-1.0 and 1.0-10.0 microgram/ml of amobarbital."}
{"id": "PMID:893577", "title": "Gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of ampicillin.", "content": "A method was developed for the quantitative gas chromatographic (GC) determination of ampicillin. The procedure requires silylation iwth hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylchlorosilane, trimethylsilylimidazole and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide in pyridine and subsequent GC on an OV-17 column, using 5 alpha-cholestane as an internal standard. The method was applied to the determination of ampicillin in some pharmaceutical products. The characteristics of the mass spectra and the derivatization GC of ampicillin are also discussed.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of ampicillin. A method was developed for the quantitative gas chromatographic (GC) determination of ampicillin. The procedure requires silylation iwth hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylchlorosilane, trimethylsilylimidazole and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide in pyridine and subsequent GC on an OV-17 column, using 5 alpha-cholestane as an internal standard. The method was applied to the determination of ampicillin in some pharmaceutical products. The characteristics of the mass spectra and the derivatization GC of ampicillin are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893578", "title": "Separation and detection of phencyclidine in urine by gas chromatography.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive and selective analytical procedure for phencyclidine and one of its metabolites in urine has bee developed. Three techniques have been studied for extraction of the drug from the biological matrix: (a) reversed-phase XAD resin, (b) charcoal absorption, and (c) solvent extraction using chloroform. Temperature-programmed gas chromatography was used to quantitate the illicit drug. Solvent extraction appears to offer the most efficient separation of the drug and its metabolite, as the recovery was 94% and the technique required only 7-8 min per sample. Reversedphase column extraction is also quite useful; although more time-consuming for an indivisual sample, it would be useful for screening purposes.", "contents": "Separation and detection of phencyclidine in urine by gas chromatography. A rapid, sensitive and selective analytical procedure for phencyclidine and one of its metabolites in urine has bee developed. Three techniques have been studied for extraction of the drug from the biological matrix: (a) reversed-phase XAD resin, (b) charcoal absorption, and (c) solvent extraction using chloroform. Temperature-programmed gas chromatography was used to quantitate the illicit drug. Solvent extraction appears to offer the most efficient separation of the drug and its metabolite, as the recovery was 94% and the technique required only 7-8 min per sample. Reversedphase column extraction is also quite useful; although more time-consuming for an indivisual sample, it would be useful for screening purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:893579", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological fluids. IV. Determination of clofibrinic acid.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive and specific high-pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for the quantitative analysis of clofibrinic acid in plasma, saliva and urine. In contrast to previously reported gas-liquid chromatographic methods, which require derivatization of clofibrinic acid before chromatography, the present method involves a simple two-step extraction procedure and chromatographic determination of the underivatized clofibrinic acid. Concentrations between 1.0 and 25.0 microgram per sample can be measured with a coefficient of variation from 1 to 6%.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological fluids. IV. Determination of clofibrinic acid. A rapid, sensitive and specific high-pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for the quantitative analysis of clofibrinic acid in plasma, saliva and urine. In contrast to previously reported gas-liquid chromatographic methods, which require derivatization of clofibrinic acid before chromatography, the present method involves a simple two-step extraction procedure and chromatographic determination of the underivatized clofibrinic acid. Concentrations between 1.0 and 25.0 microgram per sample can be measured with a coefficient of variation from 1 to 6%."}
{"id": "PMID:893588", "title": "The quantitative determination of metabolites of 6-mercaptopurine in biological materials. II. Advantages of a variable-wavelength HPLC spectrophotometric detector for the determination of 6-thiopurines.", "content": "The advantages of a variable-wavelength spectrophotometric detector for use in high-performance liquid chromatography are demonstrated with the detection of 6-mercaptopurine metabolites in cell extracts. 6-Methylthiopurines, unsubstituted 6-thiopurines and 6-thioguanines are most sensitively detected at 291, 322, and 342 NM, respectively. Compared with detection at 254 nm, the sensitivity at these wavelengths is about one to two orders of magnitude greater. Furthermore, in the 291-355-nm range, common purines, which are normally contained in cell extracts as free bases, nucleosides and nucleotides exhibit only minute absorbances and so do not interfere in quantitative determinations of 6-thiopurine compounds.", "contents": "The quantitative determination of metabolites of 6-mercaptopurine in biological materials. II. Advantages of a variable-wavelength HPLC spectrophotometric detector for the determination of 6-thiopurines. The advantages of a variable-wavelength spectrophotometric detector for use in high-performance liquid chromatography are demonstrated with the detection of 6-mercaptopurine metabolites in cell extracts. 6-Methylthiopurines, unsubstituted 6-thiopurines and 6-thioguanines are most sensitively detected at 291, 322, and 342 NM, respectively. Compared with detection at 254 nm, the sensitivity at these wavelengths is about one to two orders of magnitude greater. Furthermore, in the 291-355-nm range, common purines, which are normally contained in cell extracts as free bases, nucleosides and nucleotides exhibit only minute absorbances and so do not interfere in quantitative determinations of 6-thiopurine compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:893589", "title": "Identification of selected antihypertensive drugs by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A thin-layer chromatographic procedure is described for the qualitative identification of several antihypertensive drugs including certain thiazide diuretics spironolactone, triamterene, methyldopa and their metabolites. Utilization of new solvent developing systems and spray detecting reagents provides a method useful for the identification of these compounds in biologic fluids at low therapeutic concentrations. Sensitivity limits for these antihypertensive drugs are given, and alternate techniques to provide confirmatory analyses are also presented.", "contents": "Identification of selected antihypertensive drugs by thin-layer chromatography. A thin-layer chromatographic procedure is described for the qualitative identification of several antihypertensive drugs including certain thiazide diuretics spironolactone, triamterene, methyldopa and their metabolites. Utilization of new solvent developing systems and spray detecting reagents provides a method useful for the identification of these compounds in biologic fluids at low therapeutic concentrations. Sensitivity limits for these antihypertensive drugs are given, and alternate techniques to provide confirmatory analyses are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:893590", "title": "Determination of thiocyanate in tissues and body fluids of animals by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.", "content": "A method for the quantitative extraction of thiocyanate from biological material has been developed. Levels of 0.2-5 ppm of thiocyanate, in the presence of cyanide, were determined by gas-solid chromatography using 2-bromopropane as internal standard. Reliable results can be obtained only after careful deproteinization of the extracts with hot methanol. Cyanide can be eliminated by reaction with alkaline formaldehyde. The reproducibility of the determination of thiocyanate in biological extracts was +/-5%; the recoveries were over 90%. In vivo experiments with KS14CN-treated rats gave good agreement between the analytical results and the amount of thiocyanate determined by isotope dilution.", "contents": "Determination of thiocyanate in tissues and body fluids of animals by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. A method for the quantitative extraction of thiocyanate from biological material has been developed. Levels of 0.2-5 ppm of thiocyanate, in the presence of cyanide, were determined by gas-solid chromatography using 2-bromopropane as internal standard. Reliable results can be obtained only after careful deproteinization of the extracts with hot methanol. Cyanide can be eliminated by reaction with alkaline formaldehyde. The reproducibility of the determination of thiocyanate in biological extracts was +/-5%; the recoveries were over 90%. In vivo experiments with KS14CN-treated rats gave good agreement between the analytical results and the amount of thiocyanate determined by isotope dilution."}
{"id": "PMID:893591", "title": "Detection of carbofuran and metabolites directly or as their heptafluorobutyryl derivatives using gas-liquid or high-pressure liquid chromatography with different detectors.", "content": "The gas chromatography of the heptafluorobutyryl derivatives of carbofuran, 3-ketocarbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran is examined with electrolytic conductivity detection (halogen mode). The reaction consists of heating the compounds with heptafluorobutyric anhydride in the presence of trimethylamine catalyst. Although as little as 200 pg of carbofuran, 400 pg of 3-ketocarbofuran and 100 pg of 3-hydroxycarbofuran can be detected by electrolytic conductivity, the minimum detectable quantities by electron capture are about 20-fold less for each derivative. Application to the analysis of carbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran in corn, potato, turnip and wheat is carried out. This technique is compared to direct gas chromatography in the nitrogen mode and to direct high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection at 254 nm using extracts of field-treated turnips.", "contents": "Detection of carbofuran and metabolites directly or as their heptafluorobutyryl derivatives using gas-liquid or high-pressure liquid chromatography with different detectors. The gas chromatography of the heptafluorobutyryl derivatives of carbofuran, 3-ketocarbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran is examined with electrolytic conductivity detection (halogen mode). The reaction consists of heating the compounds with heptafluorobutyric anhydride in the presence of trimethylamine catalyst. Although as little as 200 pg of carbofuran, 400 pg of 3-ketocarbofuran and 100 pg of 3-hydroxycarbofuran can be detected by electrolytic conductivity, the minimum detectable quantities by electron capture are about 20-fold less for each derivative. Application to the analysis of carbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran in corn, potato, turnip and wheat is carried out. This technique is compared to direct gas chromatography in the nitrogen mode and to direct high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection at 254 nm using extracts of field-treated turnips."}
{"id": "PMID:893592", "title": "Determination of hydrazine metabolites of isoniazid in human urine by gas chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of isoniazid, acetylisoniazid, acetylhydrazine, diacetylhydrazine and hydrazine in urine. Isoniazid, acetylhydrazine and hydrazine are reacted in aqueous solution  with p-chlorobenzaldehyde to form hydrazones. Following the addition of appropriate internal standards, these hydrazones are then extracted into an organic solvent and determined by gas chromatography using a nitrogen-sensitive detector. Acetylisoniazid and diacetylhydrazine are determined similarly after hydrolysis to isoniazid and acetylhydrazine, respectively.", "contents": "Determination of hydrazine metabolites of isoniazid in human urine by gas chromatography. A method is described for the determination of isoniazid, acetylisoniazid, acetylhydrazine, diacetylhydrazine and hydrazine in urine. Isoniazid, acetylhydrazine and hydrazine are reacted in aqueous solution  with p-chlorobenzaldehyde to form hydrazones. Following the addition of appropriate internal standards, these hydrazones are then extracted into an organic solvent and determined by gas chromatography using a nitrogen-sensitive detector. Acetylisoniazid and diacetylhydrazine are determined similarly after hydrolysis to isoniazid and acetylhydrazine, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:893593", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological fluids. V. Analysis of acebutolol and its major metabolite.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis for acebutolol and its major metabolite in blood, plasma and urine is reported. The analysis, in which the above mentioned compounds are chromatographed as ion pairs with dodecyl sulfonic acid, uses a simple and rapid method of sample preparation. The technique is more sensitive and rapid than those previously reported and it has equivalent or better reproducibility. The method is applied to the measurement in blood of acebutolol and its acetyl metabolite after a single oral dose.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological fluids. V. Analysis of acebutolol and its major metabolite. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis for acebutolol and its major metabolite in blood, plasma and urine is reported. The analysis, in which the above mentioned compounds are chromatographed as ion pairs with dodecyl sulfonic acid, uses a simple and rapid method of sample preparation. The technique is more sensitive and rapid than those previously reported and it has equivalent or better reproducibility. The method is applied to the measurement in blood of acebutolol and its acetyl metabolite after a single oral dose."}
{"id": "PMID:893594", "title": "Simultaneous analysis of bases, nucleosides and nucleoside mono- and polyphosphates by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A single-column high-performance liquid chromatographic system for the simultaneous separation of bases, nucleosides and nucleoside mono- and polyphosphates has been developed, in which a strong porous anion-exchange resin (Aminex A-14) is used. The chromatographic run, carried out at 55 degrees and at alkaline pH by using a linear gradient both of ionic strength and pH, takes less than 225 min. The quantitative application of the described procedure to the analysis of cell nucleotide pools is reported.", "contents": "Simultaneous analysis of bases, nucleosides and nucleoside mono- and polyphosphates by high-performance liquid chromatography. A single-column high-performance liquid chromatographic system for the simultaneous separation of bases, nucleosides and nucleoside mono- and polyphosphates has been developed, in which a strong porous anion-exchange resin (Aminex A-14) is used. The chromatographic run, carried out at 55 degrees and at alkaline pH by using a linear gradient both of ionic strength and pH, takes less than 225 min. The quantitative application of the described procedure to the analysis of cell nucleotide pools is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:893598", "title": "Separation of alkyl derivatives of uracil by solvophobic adsorption chromatography on spheron.", "content": "Derivatives of such related substances as cytosine, uracil, thymine, 6-methyl-uracil, 5-ethyluracil, 5-propyluracil, 5-isopropyluracil, 5-cyclopropyluracil, 5-allyluracil, 5,6-trimethyleneuracil, 6-cyclopropyluracil, 5-cyclobutyluracil and 5-tert-butyluracil have been separated on a column of Spheron P-300. Retention on the column was found to depend on the size of the non-polar part of the molecule. The chromatographic behaviour is analyzed according to the theory of solvophobic chromatography.", "contents": "Separation of alkyl derivatives of uracil by solvophobic adsorption chromatography on spheron. Derivatives of such related substances as cytosine, uracil, thymine, 6-methyl-uracil, 5-ethyluracil, 5-propyluracil, 5-isopropyluracil, 5-cyclopropyluracil, 5-allyluracil, 5,6-trimethyleneuracil, 6-cyclopropyluracil, 5-cyclobutyluracil and 5-tert-butyluracil have been separated on a column of Spheron P-300. Retention on the column was found to depend on the size of the non-polar part of the molecule. The chromatographic behaviour is analyzed according to the theory of solvophobic chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:893599", "title": "System for the identification of novel prostaglandins.", "content": "A system for structural analysis based on thin-layer and gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric data is presented. It permits the rapid and unequivocal identification of structurally closely related prostaglandins and their products containing microbiologically introduced hydroxyl groups at positions C-16, -17, -18, -19, and -20. Novel criteria are described by which distinctions can be made between stereoisomers.", "contents": "System for the identification of novel prostaglandins. A system for structural analysis based on thin-layer and gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric data is presented. It permits the rapid and unequivocal identification of structurally closely related prostaglandins and their products containing microbiologically introduced hydroxyl groups at positions C-16, -17, -18, -19, and -20. Novel criteria are described by which distinctions can be made between stereoisomers."}
{"id": "PMID:893600", "title": "Mechanism of the reaction gas chromatography of phenylmercury(II) compounds.", "content": "By combining radio-gas chromatography with liquid scintillation counting and with thin-layer chromatography-autoradiography, the conversion of symmetrical phenylmercury(II) compounds into phenylmercury(II) chloride and mercury(II) chloride in gas chromatography in the nanogram range has been demonstrated. The chlorine atoms necessary for this reaction are supplied by the Si-Cl-groups of cholorosilanized materials. The composition of the eluates depends on the concentration of the Si-Cl-groups.", "contents": "Mechanism of the reaction gas chromatography of phenylmercury(II) compounds. By combining radio-gas chromatography with liquid scintillation counting and with thin-layer chromatography-autoradiography, the conversion of symmetrical phenylmercury(II) compounds into phenylmercury(II) chloride and mercury(II) chloride in gas chromatography in the nanogram range has been demonstrated. The chlorine atoms necessary for this reaction are supplied by the Si-Cl-groups of cholorosilanized materials. The composition of the eluates depends on the concentration of the Si-Cl-groups."}
{"id": "PMID:893601", "title": "Simple sensitive and specific gas chromatographic method for the quantification of diltiazem human body fluids.", "content": "A gas cromatographic method for the determination of the benzothiazepine diltiazem together with its major metabolite desacetydilitiazem, is described. Silylation of the desacetyl derivative separates the metabolite from the parent drug on a 1% OV-17 column and cyclopam is used as an internal reference standard. The compounds are analysed by means of a nitrogen detector which allows the determination of 10 ng/ml of both compounds in plasma. The method has been used to determine both diltiazem and its desacetyl derivative in plasma obtained from healthy volunteers after oral doses of 60-210 mg of diltiazem.", "contents": "Simple sensitive and specific gas chromatographic method for the quantification of diltiazem human body fluids. A gas cromatographic method for the determination of the benzothiazepine diltiazem together with its major metabolite desacetydilitiazem, is described. Silylation of the desacetyl derivative separates the metabolite from the parent drug on a 1% OV-17 column and cyclopam is used as an internal reference standard. The compounds are analysed by means of a nitrogen detector which allows the determination of 10 ng/ml of both compounds in plasma. The method has been used to determine both diltiazem and its desacetyl derivative in plasma obtained from healthy volunteers after oral doses of 60-210 mg of diltiazem."}
{"id": "PMID:893602", "title": "Solvent suppression of the decomposition of phenobarbital during on-column methylation with trimethylanilinium hydroxide.", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis of phenobarbital by on-column methylation with trimethylanilinium hydroxide gives rise to a major decomposition product, N-methyl-2-phenylbutyramide, in addition to the methylated barbiturate, N,N'-dimethylphenobarbital. This reaction occurs nearly exclusively in the solution phase in the injection port of the gas chromatography. A mechanism for the decomposition reaction consistent with the available information is presented. This decomposition is shown to be inhibited by certain solvents and this effect forms the basis of a new analytical technique for the simultaneous GLC analysis of phenobarbital, primidone, and diphenylhydantoin.", "contents": "Solvent suppression of the decomposition of phenobarbital during on-column methylation with trimethylanilinium hydroxide. Gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis of phenobarbital by on-column methylation with trimethylanilinium hydroxide gives rise to a major decomposition product, N-methyl-2-phenylbutyramide, in addition to the methylated barbiturate, N,N'-dimethylphenobarbital. This reaction occurs nearly exclusively in the solution phase in the injection port of the gas chromatography. A mechanism for the decomposition reaction consistent with the available information is presented. This decomposition is shown to be inhibited by certain solvents and this effect forms the basis of a new analytical technique for the simultaneous GLC analysis of phenobarbital, primidone, and diphenylhydantoin."}
{"id": "PMID:893603", "title": "Determination of paraoxon by combined bovine liver esterase inhibition and gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A combined gas-liquid chromatography and enzyme procedure is described for the determination of organophosphorus compounds that show anticarboxylesterase activity in vitro. The method is based on the enzyme hydrolysis of 1-naphthyl acetate and on the determination of both the release 1-naphthol and the unhydrolyzed 1-naphthyl acetate by gas-liquid chromatography. With bovine liver as the source of enzyme the detection limit for paraoxon was 13 ppb.", "contents": "Determination of paraoxon by combined bovine liver esterase inhibition and gas-liquid chromatography. A combined gas-liquid chromatography and enzyme procedure is described for the determination of organophosphorus compounds that show anticarboxylesterase activity in vitro. The method is based on the enzyme hydrolysis of 1-naphthyl acetate and on the determination of both the release 1-naphthol and the unhydrolyzed 1-naphthyl acetate by gas-liquid chromatography. With bovine liver as the source of enzyme the detection limit for paraoxon was 13 ppb."}
{"id": "PMID:893604", "title": "Column liquid chromatography of tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "A column liquid chromatographic system for the analysis of tricyclic antidepressants in serum is described. A high separation efficiency can be obtained with a mixture of ethyl acetate, n-hexane and methylamine as eluent on a silica gel column. The retention is easily regulated by varying the concentration of n-hexane, the modifier methylamine and the water content of the ethyl acetate. Examples are given of separation of test mixtures of tricyclic antidepressants and of some of these drugs in serum. UV detection permits determinations down to the 10-ng level in serum.", "contents": "Column liquid chromatography of tricyclic antidepressants. A column liquid chromatographic system for the analysis of tricyclic antidepressants in serum is described. A high separation efficiency can be obtained with a mixture of ethyl acetate, n-hexane and methylamine as eluent on a silica gel column. The retention is easily regulated by varying the concentration of n-hexane, the modifier methylamine and the water content of the ethyl acetate. Examples are given of separation of test mixtures of tricyclic antidepressants and of some of these drugs in serum. UV detection permits determinations down to the 10-ng level in serum."}
{"id": "PMID:893605", "title": "Rapid, sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method for determination of amitryptyline and nortriptyline in plasma using a nitrogen-sensitive detector.", "content": "A simple gas chromatographic method for determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in plasma using a nitrogen-sensitive detector is described. Concentrations of both drugs as low as 10 ng per ml plasma were measured. The precision and accuracy of the method are within acceptable limits.", "contents": "Rapid, sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method for determination of amitryptyline and nortriptyline in plasma using a nitrogen-sensitive detector. A simple gas chromatographic method for determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in plasma using a nitrogen-sensitive detector is described. Concentrations of both drugs as low as 10 ng per ml plasma were measured. The precision and accuracy of the method are within acceptable limits."}
{"id": "PMID:893608", "title": "Specific and sensitive method for the determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid using gas chromatography with electron-capture or mass fragmentographic detection.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method for the determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in brain tissue is described. After microwave fixation, the brains were dissected and homogenized in 0.1 N formic acid; delta-amino-n-valeric acid (AVA), a homologue of GABA, was then added as an internal standard. After centrifugation, aliquots of the supernatant were treated with cation-exchange paper to adsorb the amino acids. The eluates of this paper were dried and the residues subjected to reaction with trifluoroacetic anhydride and hexafluoroisopropanol. After removal of the derivatization reagents by evaporation, the residues were dissolved in ethyl acetate and an aliquot was analysed by gas chromatography with electron-capture or mass fragmentographic detection. Quantitation can be carried out by either peak-height or peak-area measurements. The specificity of this method has been demonstrated with brain tissue by simultaneous mass fragmentographic analysis. The sensitivity is comparable to that of mass fragmentographic methods and is in the femtomole range. The method is simple and readily automated.", "contents": "Specific and sensitive method for the determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid using gas chromatography with electron-capture or mass fragmentographic detection. A gas chromatographic method for the determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in brain tissue is described. After microwave fixation, the brains were dissected and homogenized in 0.1 N formic acid; delta-amino-n-valeric acid (AVA), a homologue of GABA, was then added as an internal standard. After centrifugation, aliquots of the supernatant were treated with cation-exchange paper to adsorb the amino acids. The eluates of this paper were dried and the residues subjected to reaction with trifluoroacetic anhydride and hexafluoroisopropanol. After removal of the derivatization reagents by evaporation, the residues were dissolved in ethyl acetate and an aliquot was analysed by gas chromatography with electron-capture or mass fragmentographic detection. Quantitation can be carried out by either peak-height or peak-area measurements. The specificity of this method has been demonstrated with brain tissue by simultaneous mass fragmentographic analysis. The sensitivity is comparable to that of mass fragmentographic methods and is in the femtomole range. The method is simple and readily automated."}
{"id": "PMID:893616", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of partial glycerides and other technical lipid mixtures.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique for the analysis of partial glyceride mixtures is described and some technical details are discussed. Gradient elution HPLC with a \"moving-wire\" detector linked to a computer is used for quantitative analysis. The method described has been applied to the analysis of mono-, di- and triglyceride mixtures, food emulsifiers, certain seed fats, and technical products such as polymer additives.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of partial glycerides and other technical lipid mixtures. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique for the analysis of partial glyceride mixtures is described and some technical details are discussed. Gradient elution HPLC with a \"moving-wire\" detector linked to a computer is used for quantitative analysis. The method described has been applied to the analysis of mono-, di- and triglyceride mixtures, food emulsifiers, certain seed fats, and technical products such as polymer additives."}
{"id": "PMID:893617", "title": "[Contribution to the standardization of results in paper and thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Chromatographic indexes that facilitate a better reproducibility of paper chromatographic results have been proposed, using the homologous series of coloured derivatives of secondary amines as standard substances. When using dimethylformamide as the stationary phase the value of the indexes proved to be independent of the concentration of the impregnating solution of the stationary phase, of the temperature changes during the chromatographic process, of the ways of impregnation and of the skills of workers. It depends only on the type of the stationary phase and on the composition of the mobile phase. The obtained indexes can contribute to a better reproducibility of RF values and to an easier and more objective identification of substances.", "contents": "[Contribution to the standardization of results in paper and thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)]. Chromatographic indexes that facilitate a better reproducibility of paper chromatographic results have been proposed, using the homologous series of coloured derivatives of secondary amines as standard substances. When using dimethylformamide as the stationary phase the value of the indexes proved to be independent of the concentration of the impregnating solution of the stationary phase, of the temperature changes during the chromatographic process, of the ways of impregnation and of the skills of workers. It depends only on the type of the stationary phase and on the composition of the mobile phase. The obtained indexes can contribute to a better reproducibility of RF values and to an easier and more objective identification of substances."}
{"id": "PMID:893618", "title": "Gas chromatographic method for the determination of free and total solanesol in tabacco.", "content": "Solanesol, a trisesquiterpenoid alcohol in tobacco leaf, has been shown to be an important precursor of the tumorigenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of smoke. Thus, a rapid, reproducible method for the determination of leaf solanesol levels is desirable. We developed procedures based on high-temperature gas chromatography for the analyses of free and total solanesol. The alcohol, as its trimethylsilyl derivative, was separated and quantified on a short Dexsil 300 GC column, with 1,3-dimyristin as an internal standard. The free alcohol was determined by direct derivatization of ground tobacco and its hexane extract with N,O-bis(trimethylsily)-acetamide-dimethylformamide reagents. For total solanesol, the ground tobacco or its hexane extract was saponified with ethanolic potassium hydroxide. Acidification and hexane extraction yielded samples suitable for silylation and gas chromatographic analysis. Evaluation of the various methods indicated that free solanesol was best determined in the hexane extract of tobacco, and total solanesol after saponification of ground tobacco. Total solanesol levels in commercially important tobacco types were determined.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic method for the determination of free and total solanesol in tabacco. Solanesol, a trisesquiterpenoid alcohol in tobacco leaf, has been shown to be an important precursor of the tumorigenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of smoke. Thus, a rapid, reproducible method for the determination of leaf solanesol levels is desirable. We developed procedures based on high-temperature gas chromatography for the analyses of free and total solanesol. The alcohol, as its trimethylsilyl derivative, was separated and quantified on a short Dexsil 300 GC column, with 1,3-dimyristin as an internal standard. The free alcohol was determined by direct derivatization of ground tobacco and its hexane extract with N,O-bis(trimethylsily)-acetamide-dimethylformamide reagents. For total solanesol, the ground tobacco or its hexane extract was saponified with ethanolic potassium hydroxide. Acidification and hexane extraction yielded samples suitable for silylation and gas chromatographic analysis. Evaluation of the various methods indicated that free solanesol was best determined in the hexane extract of tobacco, and total solanesol after saponification of ground tobacco. Total solanesol levels in commercially important tobacco types were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:893619", "title": "Quantitative determination of the herbicide paraquat in human plasma by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods.", "content": "The gas chromatographic (GC) determination of the herbicide paraquat, the 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridyl cation in human plasma is described. In poisoning cases, plasma concentrations provide a necessary index of the severity of intoxication and a means of monitoring subsequent therapy. The methods may be extended to the specific trace analysis of paraquat in body fluids of post-mortem tissue. Reduction of fully ionised paraquat salts with sodium borohydride yields a hexahydro derivative, a diene, amenable to solvent extraction and GC. Employing 1,1'-diethyl-4,4'-dipyridyl dichloride as the internal standard, plasma concentrations of 0.1 microgram/ml (+/- 6% S.D.) may be determined with flame ionisation detection and 0.025 microgram/ml with nitrogen-selective flame ionisation. Further enhancement of specificity is achieved using selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry and the value of this technique in forensic analysis is illustrated.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of the herbicide paraquat in human plasma by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. The gas chromatographic (GC) determination of the herbicide paraquat, the 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridyl cation in human plasma is described. In poisoning cases, plasma concentrations provide a necessary index of the severity of intoxication and a means of monitoring subsequent therapy. The methods may be extended to the specific trace analysis of paraquat in body fluids of post-mortem tissue. Reduction of fully ionised paraquat salts with sodium borohydride yields a hexahydro derivative, a diene, amenable to solvent extraction and GC. Employing 1,1'-diethyl-4,4'-dipyridyl dichloride as the internal standard, plasma concentrations of 0.1 microgram/ml (+/- 6% S.D.) may be determined with flame ionisation detection and 0.025 microgram/ml with nitrogen-selective flame ionisation. Further enhancement of specificity is achieved using selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry and the value of this technique in forensic analysis is illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:893620", "title": "Determination of the rodenticide difenacoum in biological materials by high-pressure liquid chromatography with confirmation of identity by mass spectrometry.", "content": "A method for determining difenacoum in liver, plasma, urine and feedingstuffs by high-pressure liquid chromatography is described. Samples are cleaned up by molecular exclusion chromatography on porous glass. In some cases this also serves for determination; if not, the separated difenacoum is determined on an adsorption column. Identity is confirmed by chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Recoveries at levels of 0.025-5 ppm from plasma were 101-113% by exclusion chromatography alone and 93-101% after adsorption chromatography. Recoveries from liver after both chromatographic steps were 62-86%. Reasons for the lower recoveries from liver are suggested.", "contents": "Determination of the rodenticide difenacoum in biological materials by high-pressure liquid chromatography with confirmation of identity by mass spectrometry. A method for determining difenacoum in liver, plasma, urine and feedingstuffs by high-pressure liquid chromatography is described. Samples are cleaned up by molecular exclusion chromatography on porous glass. In some cases this also serves for determination; if not, the separated difenacoum is determined on an adsorption column. Identity is confirmed by chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Recoveries at levels of 0.025-5 ppm from plasma were 101-113% by exclusion chromatography alone and 93-101% after adsorption chromatography. Recoveries from liver after both chromatographic steps were 62-86%. Reasons for the lower recoveries from liver are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:893621", "title": "Chromatographic behaviour of nucleic acid constituents and of phenols on chitosan thin layers.", "content": "The chromatographic characteristics of several nucleic acid constituents and of 36 phenols have been investigated on mixed layers of powdered chitosan and microcrystalline cellulose, with water, water-methanol mixtures and aqueous salt solutions at different pH values at mobile phases. The behaviour of the phenols was strongly correlated with the form in which these compounds were present in solution and therefore with the pH of the eluent. Chitosan was more effective than PEI- and DEAE-cellulose as adsorbent in separating phenols. Analytical applications of chitosan layers are reported.", "contents": "Chromatographic behaviour of nucleic acid constituents and of phenols on chitosan thin layers. The chromatographic characteristics of several nucleic acid constituents and of 36 phenols have been investigated on mixed layers of powdered chitosan and microcrystalline cellulose, with water, water-methanol mixtures and aqueous salt solutions at different pH values at mobile phases. The behaviour of the phenols was strongly correlated with the form in which these compounds were present in solution and therefore with the pH of the eluent. Chitosan was more effective than PEI- and DEAE-cellulose as adsorbent in separating phenols. Analytical applications of chitosan layers are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:893622", "title": "Dansyl hydrazine as a fluorimetric reagent for thin-layer chromatographic analysis of reducing sugars.", "content": "Reducing sugars, particularly aldoses, react readily with dansyl hydrazine. The fluorescent hydrazones produced can be separated by thin-layer chromatography and determined quantitatively by spectrofluorimetry after elution from the chromatograms.", "contents": "Dansyl hydrazine as a fluorimetric reagent for thin-layer chromatographic analysis of reducing sugars. Reducing sugars, particularly aldoses, react readily with dansyl hydrazine. The fluorescent hydrazones produced can be separated by thin-layer chromatography and determined quantitatively by spectrofluorimetry after elution from the chromatograms."}
{"id": "PMID:893630", "title": "[Gas chromatographic determination of the volatile fatty acids (C1-C5) including lactic acid after conversion into their benzyl esters by phenyldiazomethane. Determination of the acids in silages (author's transl)].", "content": "A gas chromatographic method for the determination of the volatile fatty acids (C1-C5) including lactic acid is described. The acids are converted into their benzyl esters by means of phenyldiazomethane without previous purification of the reagent by distillation. The benzyl esters are well separated from the solvent as well as from one another. Silicone SE-30 is used as the stationary phase. An application of the method on silage acids is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Gas chromatographic determination of the volatile fatty acids (C1-C5) including lactic acid after conversion into their benzyl esters by phenyldiazomethane. Determination of the acids in silages (author's transl)]. A gas chromatographic method for the determination of the volatile fatty acids (C1-C5) including lactic acid is described. The acids are converted into their benzyl esters by means of phenyldiazomethane without previous purification of the reagent by distillation. The benzyl esters are well separated from the solvent as well as from one another. Silicone SE-30 is used as the stationary phase. An application of the method on silage acids is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:893631", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of methylguanidine, guanidine and agmatine as their hexafluoroacetyletonates.", "content": "Seven derivatives of each of methylguanidine, guanidine and agmatine have been prepared, and the specificity and volatility of their gas chromatographic detection have been studied. The hexafluoroacetylacetonates have been found to be the most specific for the three guanidines, and are highly sensitive to alkali flame ionization and electron-capture detections. These derivatives are also fairly resistant to hydrolysis occurring in the derivatization process.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of methylguanidine, guanidine and agmatine as their hexafluoroacetyletonates. Seven derivatives of each of methylguanidine, guanidine and agmatine have been prepared, and the specificity and volatility of their gas chromatographic detection have been studied. The hexafluoroacetylacetonates have been found to be the most specific for the three guanidines, and are highly sensitive to alkali flame ionization and electron-capture detections. These derivatives are also fairly resistant to hydrolysis occurring in the derivatization process."}
{"id": "PMID:893632", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of apomorphine in plasma.", "content": "A method is described for the analysis of 1 to 10 microgram/ml concentrations of apomorphine in plasma. The procedure is based on ethyl acetate extraction, a back extraction cleanup-step, derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and gas chromatography on a 3% OV-17 column using flame ionization detection. N-n-Propylnorapomorphine is employed as an internal standard and quantitative relative recoveries of drug are realized with relative standard deviations of 4.6%. The method permits analysis of apomorphine in the presence of its two monomethyl ether metabolites, apocodeine and isoapocodeine. The latter compounds are also chromatographically resolved as their heptofluorobutyrate derivatives.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of apomorphine in plasma. A method is described for the analysis of 1 to 10 microgram/ml concentrations of apomorphine in plasma. The procedure is based on ethyl acetate extraction, a back extraction cleanup-step, derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and gas chromatography on a 3% OV-17 column using flame ionization detection. N-n-Propylnorapomorphine is employed as an internal standard and quantitative relative recoveries of drug are realized with relative standard deviations of 4.6%. The method permits analysis of apomorphine in the presence of its two monomethyl ether metabolites, apocodeine and isoapocodeine. The latter compounds are also chromatographically resolved as their heptofluorobutyrate derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:893633", "title": "Quantitative determination of thebaine in Papaver bracteatum by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitative analysis of thebaine from Papaver bracteatum, using a single high-pressure liquid chromatographic column. The procedure gives base-line separation of thebaine without the need for gradient elution equipment, and can be completed within 12 min. Thebaine isolated by this technique was shown to be pure, regardless of the age of plant or plant part from which it was obtained.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of thebaine in Papaver bracteatum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A method is described for the quantitative analysis of thebaine from Papaver bracteatum, using a single high-pressure liquid chromatographic column. The procedure gives base-line separation of thebaine without the need for gradient elution equipment, and can be completed within 12 min. Thebaine isolated by this technique was shown to be pure, regardless of the age of plant or plant part from which it was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:893634", "title": "Sensitive thin-layer chromatographic method for urine screening of barbiturates.", "content": "A simple and sensitive thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method is described for the detection of barbiturates and other sedatives at therapeutic levels in the urine. The method consists of an extraction followed by TLC on a single plate in a solvent system which separates the barbiturates from most of the other drugs. The upper portion of the plate is sprayed with a new visualization reagent, N,2,6-trichloro-p-benzoquinone imine, followed by heating. The barbiturates appear as blue spots. This procedure is capable of detecting barbiturates at levels of 0.1 mg/dl in urine.", "contents": "Sensitive thin-layer chromatographic method for urine screening of barbiturates. A simple and sensitive thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method is described for the detection of barbiturates and other sedatives at therapeutic levels in the urine. The method consists of an extraction followed by TLC on a single plate in a solvent system which separates the barbiturates from most of the other drugs. The upper portion of the plate is sprayed with a new visualization reagent, N,2,6-trichloro-p-benzoquinone imine, followed by heating. The barbiturates appear as blue spots. This procedure is capable of detecting barbiturates at levels of 0.1 mg/dl in urine."}
{"id": "PMID:893636", "title": "[Separation and fluorimetric determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Combination of a high-pressure liquid chromatograph with an automatic analysis system].", "content": "The possibilities for a high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis combined with automatic fluorimetric detection of the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline are described. The optimal conditions are given for a fast separation by ion exchange and reversed-phase chromatography, and for the sensitive fluorimetric determination of adrenaline by the trihydroxyindole technique when a high excess of noradrenaline is present.", "contents": "[Separation and fluorimetric determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Combination of a high-pressure liquid chromatograph with an automatic analysis system]. The possibilities for a high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis combined with automatic fluorimetric detection of the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline are described. The optimal conditions are given for a fast separation by ion exchange and reversed-phase chromatography, and for the sensitive fluorimetric determination of adrenaline by the trihydroxyindole technique when a high excess of noradrenaline is present."}
{"id": "PMID:893637", "title": "Methods for the rapid separation and estimation of the major lipids of arteries and other tissues by thin-layer chromatography on small plates followed by microchemical assays.", "content": "Methods are described for the rapid separation of the major individual phospholipids and neutral lipids of tissues by thin-layer chromatography on small glass plates (75 X 75 mm), and for the specific microchemical estimation of separated lipids and for determination of fatty acid composition and radioactivity. The overall method, involving tissues extraction, thin-layer chromatographic separation and assay has been evaluated using pure standards and biological samples and gives good reproducibility and almost complete recovery of lipids.", "contents": "Methods for the rapid separation and estimation of the major lipids of arteries and other tissues by thin-layer chromatography on small plates followed by microchemical assays. Methods are described for the rapid separation of the major individual phospholipids and neutral lipids of tissues by thin-layer chromatography on small glass plates (75 X 75 mm), and for the specific microchemical estimation of separated lipids and for determination of fatty acid composition and radioactivity. The overall method, involving tissues extraction, thin-layer chromatographic separation and assay has been evaluated using pure standards and biological samples and gives good reproducibility and almost complete recovery of lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:893638", "title": "Determination of amitriptyline and some of its metabolites in blood by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Conditions for the determination of amitriptyline and some of its metabolites in serum on a reversed-phase material (C-8) by high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection at 254 nm were systematically investigated. The separation of tricyclic antidepressants is best carried out on a phase system consisting of C-8 bonded-phase material as the stationary phase and water--methanol--dichloromethane--propylamine as the mobile phase. The precision and detection limit of the method and the extraction efficiency were established. A chromatogram of a serum extract from a patient treated with amitriptyline is shown. Serum levels of amitriptyline and its four main metabolites (nortriptyline, desmethylnortriptyline, trans-10-hydroxy-amitriptyline and trans-10-hydroxy-nortriptyline) in a patient receiving 150 mg of amitriptyline daily, are reported.", "contents": "Determination of amitriptyline and some of its metabolites in blood by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Conditions for the determination of amitriptyline and some of its metabolites in serum on a reversed-phase material (C-8) by high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection at 254 nm were systematically investigated. The separation of tricyclic antidepressants is best carried out on a phase system consisting of C-8 bonded-phase material as the stationary phase and water--methanol--dichloromethane--propylamine as the mobile phase. The precision and detection limit of the method and the extraction efficiency were established. A chromatogram of a serum extract from a patient treated with amitriptyline is shown. Serum levels of amitriptyline and its four main metabolites (nortriptyline, desmethylnortriptyline, trans-10-hydroxy-amitriptyline and trans-10-hydroxy-nortriptyline) in a patient receiving 150 mg of amitriptyline daily, are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:893644", "title": "Characterization of human expired air: a promising investigative and diagnostic technique.", "content": "Expired air samples have been collected from a carefully selected population of normal healthy human subjects under controlled experimental conditions. The samples were concentrated and analyzed by quantitative, reproducible and sensitive techniques which resulted in well-defined composite compositional and occurrence profiles of the organic constituents present in normal expired air. The composite profiles provide valuable baseline information upon which suitable correlation studies may be advanced toward the use of human expired air for diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "Characterization of human expired air: a promising investigative and diagnostic technique. Expired air samples have been collected from a carefully selected population of normal healthy human subjects under controlled experimental conditions. The samples were concentrated and analyzed by quantitative, reproducible and sensitive techniques which resulted in well-defined composite compositional and occurrence profiles of the organic constituents present in normal expired air. The composite profiles provide valuable baseline information upon which suitable correlation studies may be advanced toward the use of human expired air for diagnostic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:893645", "title": "A systematic approach to thermal conductivity detector design I. Use of computer-aided data acquisition for the evaluation of cell contributions to peak shape.", "content": "The design of thermal conductivity detectors for open tubular gas chromatography was systematically investigated with the aid of modern digital data acquisition techniques. Two important factors in such a design are sensitivity and peak broadening. The latter factor was the principle thrust of this work and contributions to peak shape from both cell design and volume were analyzed by the method of statistical moments. Peak variance (the mean square displacement along the x-axis of a chromatographic peak) was shown to correlate directly with cell volume in cells of the same design but both variance and asymmetry were found to be design dependent.", "contents": "A systematic approach to thermal conductivity detector design I. Use of computer-aided data acquisition for the evaluation of cell contributions to peak shape. The design of thermal conductivity detectors for open tubular gas chromatography was systematically investigated with the aid of modern digital data acquisition techniques. Two important factors in such a design are sensitivity and peak broadening. The latter factor was the principle thrust of this work and contributions to peak shape from both cell design and volume were analyzed by the method of statistical moments. Peak variance (the mean square displacement along the x-axis of a chromatographic peak) was shown to correlate directly with cell volume in cells of the same design but both variance and asymmetry were found to be design dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:893646", "title": "Erucic acid in edible fats and oils: a collaborative study on determination by open-tubular (capillary) gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "An open-tubular (capillary) column gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the specific isomer of docosenoic acid known as erucic acid (cis-docos-13-enoic) in the presence of other docosenoic acid isomers present in partially hydrogenated marine oils has been evaluated collaboratively. With wall-coated columns and the liquid phase SILAR-5CP, nine laboratories successfully analysed mixtures of partially hydrogenated marine oils, corn oil and rapeseed oil with a nominal content of 10% erucic acid, compatible with the regulations of the European Economic Community.", "contents": "Erucic acid in edible fats and oils: a collaborative study on determination by open-tubular (capillary) gas-liquid chromatography. An open-tubular (capillary) column gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the specific isomer of docosenoic acid known as erucic acid (cis-docos-13-enoic) in the presence of other docosenoic acid isomers present in partially hydrogenated marine oils has been evaluated collaboratively. With wall-coated columns and the liquid phase SILAR-5CP, nine laboratories successfully analysed mixtures of partially hydrogenated marine oils, corn oil and rapeseed oil with a nominal content of 10% erucic acid, compatible with the regulations of the European Economic Community."}
{"id": "PMID:893648", "title": "Sampling and extra-column effects in high-performance liquid chromatography; influence of peak skew on plate count calculations.", "content": "Chromatographic resolution and analysis accuracy can be seriously affected by broadening of very sharp bands associated with both high-performance size-exclusion chromatography and other liquid chromatography methods using less than 5 micron particles. The effect on column plate count by extra-column band broadening from injection systems, detectors, connectors and \"guard\" columns is discussed and exemplified with experimental data. The special cases of tailing and doublet peaks for a single species are investigated. These effects are eliminated by a special sample injection technique. Computer simulation studies demonstrated that serious errors can result from calculating column plate count with non-Gaussian peaks. The maximum allowable peak tailing is suggested and a new method for quantitating peak skew is proposed.", "contents": "Sampling and extra-column effects in high-performance liquid chromatography; influence of peak skew on plate count calculations. Chromatographic resolution and analysis accuracy can be seriously affected by broadening of very sharp bands associated with both high-performance size-exclusion chromatography and other liquid chromatography methods using less than 5 micron particles. The effect on column plate count by extra-column band broadening from injection systems, detectors, connectors and \"guard\" columns is discussed and exemplified with experimental data. The special cases of tailing and doublet peaks for a single species are investigated. These effects are eliminated by a special sample injection technique. Computer simulation studies demonstrated that serious errors can result from calculating column plate count with non-Gaussian peaks. The maximum allowable peak tailing is suggested and a new method for quantitating peak skew is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:893649", "title": "GC-MS measurement of deuterium in succinic anhydride and TMS-succinate. An isotope memory effect with succinic anhydride.", "content": "Direct GC-MS of succinic and glutaric anhydrides has been investigated, and shown to be feasible. In the GC-MS determination of deuterium in succinic anhydride, an isotope memory effect was observed, shown to be due to strong adsorption of solute onto the column. This phenomenon was investigated, together with possible methods for its suppression. Succinate TMS ester also was found to be a suitable derivative for direct GC-MS of deutero-succinic acid.", "contents": "GC-MS measurement of deuterium in succinic anhydride and TMS-succinate. An isotope memory effect with succinic anhydride. Direct GC-MS of succinic and glutaric anhydrides has been investigated, and shown to be feasible. In the GC-MS determination of deuterium in succinic anhydride, an isotope memory effect was observed, shown to be due to strong adsorption of solute onto the column. This phenomenon was investigated, together with possible methods for its suppression. Succinate TMS ester also was found to be a suitable derivative for direct GC-MS of deutero-succinic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:893650", "title": "Analysis of some drug substances by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic system using a silica gel column and methylene chloride:methanol:ammonium hydroxide as a solvent for the analysis of some drug substances is described. The procedure described is suitable for the analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms.", "contents": "Analysis of some drug substances by high-performance liquid chromatography. A high-performance liquid chromatographic system using a silica gel column and methylene chloride:methanol:ammonium hydroxide as a solvent for the analysis of some drug substances is described. The procedure described is suitable for the analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms."}
{"id": "PMID:893651", "title": "Electron capture gas chromatographic analysis of the amine metabolites of pesticides: derivatization of anilines.", "content": "A number of amines have been shown to result from metabolism of various pesticides. From an epidemiological standpoint, it may be possible to monitor human exposure to these pesticides through the excretion of their corresponding amines in urine. An investigation has been initiated to develop and apply methods of analysis of amines in human urine. The results of a survey of derivatization techniques involving several substituted anilines are presented. These include conditions for derivatization, utilizing a number of halo- and nitro- substituted reagents; electron capture and gas chromatographic properties of the derivatives; and stability of the derivatives to extraction and column chromatography for purposes of separation and cleanup. The recoveries of anilines from spiked water and urine samples at the 1.0 ppm and 0.1 ppm levels were between 85 and 90%. The advantages and disadvantages of the various derivatives and techniques are discussed and a rationale is presented for the preliminary selection of a particular derivative for application of the analysis of aniline metabolites in urine.", "contents": "Electron capture gas chromatographic analysis of the amine metabolites of pesticides: derivatization of anilines. A number of amines have been shown to result from metabolism of various pesticides. From an epidemiological standpoint, it may be possible to monitor human exposure to these pesticides through the excretion of their corresponding amines in urine. An investigation has been initiated to develop and apply methods of analysis of amines in human urine. The results of a survey of derivatization techniques involving several substituted anilines are presented. These include conditions for derivatization, utilizing a number of halo- and nitro- substituted reagents; electron capture and gas chromatographic properties of the derivatives; and stability of the derivatives to extraction and column chromatography for purposes of separation and cleanup. The recoveries of anilines from spiked water and urine samples at the 1.0 ppm and 0.1 ppm levels were between 85 and 90%. The advantages and disadvantages of the various derivatives and techniques are discussed and a rationale is presented for the preliminary selection of a particular derivative for application of the analysis of aniline metabolites in urine."}
{"id": "PMID:893657", "title": "Bactericidal effect of anaerobic broth exposed to atmospheric oxygen tested on Peptostreptococcus anaerobius.", "content": "Peptostreptococcus anaerobius strain VPI 4330-1 was used as the test organism in an evaluation of the bactericidal effect of anaerobic broth exposed to air. The test organism, grown under anaerobic conditions in Trypticase soy broth, was diluted in buffered salt solution, and about 2 x 10(4) cells were suspended in 10 ml of an aerated broth. Ninety percent of the cells were killed within 15 min in actinomyces broth and within 50 min in Trypticase soy broth. All cells survived for 2 h in fluid thioglycolate medium. Addition of DABCO [1,4-diazabicyclo (2.2.2) octane] or mannitol to Trypticase soy broth did not influence the death rate of the organism, whereas superoxide dismutase decreased the death rate. Addition of catalase or manganese dioxide to the broth kept all the cells viable for 2 h. Of the three broth media tested, actinomyces broth reduced oxygen at the highest rate and Trypticase soy broth reduced it at the slowest rate. Hydrogen peroxide could be demonstrated in actinomyces broth and in Trypticase soy broth but not in fluid thioglycolate medium. In addition to catalase, manganese dioxide also removed all hydrogen peroxide from Trypticase soy broth, and superoxide dismutase significantly decreased the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the broth. The results suggest that hydrogen peroxide mediated the toxic effect of atmospheric oxygen in these broth media.", "contents": "Bactericidal effect of anaerobic broth exposed to atmospheric oxygen tested on Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. Peptostreptococcus anaerobius strain VPI 4330-1 was used as the test organism in an evaluation of the bactericidal effect of anaerobic broth exposed to air. The test organism, grown under anaerobic conditions in Trypticase soy broth, was diluted in buffered salt solution, and about 2 x 10(4) cells were suspended in 10 ml of an aerated broth. Ninety percent of the cells were killed within 15 min in actinomyces broth and within 50 min in Trypticase soy broth. All cells survived for 2 h in fluid thioglycolate medium. Addition of DABCO [1,4-diazabicyclo (2.2.2) octane] or mannitol to Trypticase soy broth did not influence the death rate of the organism, whereas superoxide dismutase decreased the death rate. Addition of catalase or manganese dioxide to the broth kept all the cells viable for 2 h. Of the three broth media tested, actinomyces broth reduced oxygen at the highest rate and Trypticase soy broth reduced it at the slowest rate. Hydrogen peroxide could be demonstrated in actinomyces broth and in Trypticase soy broth but not in fluid thioglycolate medium. In addition to catalase, manganese dioxide also removed all hydrogen peroxide from Trypticase soy broth, and superoxide dismutase significantly decreased the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the broth. The results suggest that hydrogen peroxide mediated the toxic effect of atmospheric oxygen in these broth media."}
{"id": "PMID:893658", "title": "Cellular fatty acid composition of isolates from Legionnaires disease.", "content": "The cellular fatty acids of four isolates from Legionnaires disease and two antigenically related isolates were identified by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and associated techniques. The six isolates had essentially the same fatty acid composition, which was characterized by large amounts (greater than 80%) of branched-chain acids.", "contents": "Cellular fatty acid composition of isolates from Legionnaires disease. The cellular fatty acids of four isolates from Legionnaires disease and two antigenically related isolates were identified by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and associated techniques. The six isolates had essentially the same fatty acid composition, which was characterized by large amounts (greater than 80%) of branched-chain acids."}
{"id": "PMID:893659", "title": "Statistical determination of endotoxin content in influenza virus vaccine by the limulus amoebocyte lysate test.", "content": "To determine laboratory-to-laboratory variability of the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test for evaluating endotoxin content in influenza virus vaccine, a collaborative study was designed. Participants were six influenza virus vaccine manufacturers and the Bureau of Biologics (BoB). Lysate lot 116, Reference Influenza Virus Vaccine for Endotoxin Assay E-1, and four test vaccines having different ratios of LAL activity relative to reference E-1 were supplied by the BoB. Each laboratory used its normal test procedure. All vaccines were coded. One pair (reference and test) of vaccines per day was tested for 4 days a week over a 4-week period. All data were analyzed at the BoB. The degree of variability experienced by testing laboratories was estimated by the study. This estimate did not conflict with experience gained from previous routine testing in any of the participating laboratories. A statistical approach to the evaluation of LAL data from testing influenza virus vaccine for endotoxin content was developed based upon the overall variation obtained from the collaborative study.", "contents": "Statistical determination of endotoxin content in influenza virus vaccine by the limulus amoebocyte lysate test. To determine laboratory-to-laboratory variability of the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test for evaluating endotoxin content in influenza virus vaccine, a collaborative study was designed. Participants were six influenza virus vaccine manufacturers and the Bureau of Biologics (BoB). Lysate lot 116, Reference Influenza Virus Vaccine for Endotoxin Assay E-1, and four test vaccines having different ratios of LAL activity relative to reference E-1 were supplied by the BoB. Each laboratory used its normal test procedure. All vaccines were coded. One pair (reference and test) of vaccines per day was tested for 4 days a week over a 4-week period. All data were analyzed at the BoB. The degree of variability experienced by testing laboratories was estimated by the study. This estimate did not conflict with experience gained from previous routine testing in any of the participating laboratories. A statistical approach to the evaluation of LAL data from testing influenza virus vaccine for endotoxin content was developed based upon the overall variation obtained from the collaborative study."}
{"id": "PMID:893660", "title": "Aeromonas hydrophila in acute diarrheal disease: detection of enterotoxin and biotyping of strains.", "content": "Eleven isolates of Aeromonas species from human stool cultures were found to produce enterotoxin activity as determined by assay of culture filtrates in rabbit intestinal loops and rabbit skin and on adrenal Y1 cells. Hemolysin(s) and a cytotoxic protein were found to interfere in all three assay systems but could be inactivated upon heating at 56 degrees C or by specific antihemolysin. Biotyping of each isolate was performed with a conventional test system and with API 50E and APIZYM kit systems (Analytab, Inc.). No single test of the more than 70 biochemical reactions investigated was found to correlate with enterotoxigenicity in the strains of Aeromonas hydrophila examined. All strains were found to belong to ideal phenotypes of A. hydrophila, but each strain possessed its own biochemical profile.", "contents": "Aeromonas hydrophila in acute diarrheal disease: detection of enterotoxin and biotyping of strains. Eleven isolates of Aeromonas species from human stool cultures were found to produce enterotoxin activity as determined by assay of culture filtrates in rabbit intestinal loops and rabbit skin and on adrenal Y1 cells. Hemolysin(s) and a cytotoxic protein were found to interfere in all three assay systems but could be inactivated upon heating at 56 degrees C or by specific antihemolysin. Biotyping of each isolate was performed with a conventional test system and with API 50E and APIZYM kit systems (Analytab, Inc.). No single test of the more than 70 biochemical reactions investigated was found to correlate with enterotoxigenicity in the strains of Aeromonas hydrophila examined. All strains were found to belong to ideal phenotypes of A. hydrophila, but each strain possessed its own biochemical profile."}
{"id": "PMID:893661", "title": "Degradation of parathyroid hormone and fragment production by the isolated perfused dog kidney. The effect of glomerular filtration rate and perfusate CA++ concentrations.", "content": "The renal degradation of intact bovine parathyroid hormone (b-PTH 1-84) was studied with the isolated perfused dog kidney. Disappearance of b-PTH 1-84 from the perfusate occurred concomitantly with the appearance of smaller molecular weight forms of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH). These smaller molecular weight PTH fragments included both carboxyl and amino terminal regions of the PTH peptide. Perfusate from kidneys with lower glomerular filtration rates (GFR) contained b-PTH 1-84 for longer periods of time than kidneys with higher GFRs, and perfusate from kidneys with lower GFRs demonstrated greater accumulation of carboxyl terminal PTH fragments. Perfusate containing high Ca++ concentrations retarded, and perfusate with low Ca++ concentrations accelerated the rate of degradation of b-PTH 1-84 by the kidney. These studies, therefore document the production of PTH fragments during the course of intact hormone degradation by the kidney. They also demonstrate renal clearance of the PTH fragments produced and define the effects of glomerular filtration rate and calcium concentrations on degradation of intact hormone and the clearance of PTH fragments.", "contents": "Degradation of parathyroid hormone and fragment production by the isolated perfused dog kidney. The effect of glomerular filtration rate and perfusate CA++ concentrations. The renal degradation of intact bovine parathyroid hormone (b-PTH 1-84) was studied with the isolated perfused dog kidney. Disappearance of b-PTH 1-84 from the perfusate occurred concomitantly with the appearance of smaller molecular weight forms of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH). These smaller molecular weight PTH fragments included both carboxyl and amino terminal regions of the PTH peptide. Perfusate from kidneys with lower glomerular filtration rates (GFR) contained b-PTH 1-84 for longer periods of time than kidneys with higher GFRs, and perfusate from kidneys with lower GFRs demonstrated greater accumulation of carboxyl terminal PTH fragments. Perfusate containing high Ca++ concentrations retarded, and perfusate with low Ca++ concentrations accelerated the rate of degradation of b-PTH 1-84 by the kidney. These studies, therefore document the production of PTH fragments during the course of intact hormone degradation by the kidney. They also demonstrate renal clearance of the PTH fragments produced and define the effects of glomerular filtration rate and calcium concentrations on degradation of intact hormone and the clearance of PTH fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:893662", "title": "Pharmacologic and hemodynamic influences on the rate of isovolumic left ventricular relaxation in the normal conscious dog.", "content": "We studied the effects of acute pharmacologic and hemodynamic interventions on isovolumic left ventricular relaxation in 19 conscious dogs using micromanometer tip catheters. Isoproterenol (11 studies) augmented peak rate of rise of left ventricular pressure [(+) dP/dt] by 1,275+/-227 (SE) mm Hg/s (P < 0.001) and dP/dt at an isopressure point of 35 mm Hg during isovolumic relaxation [(-) dP/dt(35)] by 435+/-80 mm Hg/s (P < 0.001). Peak (-) dP/dt decreased by 467+/-89 mm Hg/s (P < 0.002). The time constant, T, derived from the logarithmic fall of pressure during isovolumic relaxation, shortened from 20+/-2.8 to 14.9+/-1.8 ms (P < 0.003). Calcium (11 studies) increased peak (+) dP/dt and (-) dP/dt(35) (both P < 0.0001); peak (-) dP/dt was unchanged. T shortened from 20.4+/-1.8 to 17.3+/-1.5 ms (P < 0.002). Volume (13 studies) did not affect either dP/dt or T. Phenylephrine (13 studies) augmented peak (-) dP/dt, but reduced (-) dP/dt(35) (both P < 0.01); T lengthened from 22.1+/-1.5 to 32.5+/-1.5 ms (P < 0.01). In 15 studies, rapid atrial pacing increased peak (+) dP/dt and (-) dP/dt(35) (both P < 0.01). In the first post-pacing beat, peak (-) dP/dt and (-) dP/dt(35) decreased (both P < 0.01), although peak (+) dP/dt increased further. T paralleled values of (-) dP/dt(35). In five dogs, beta adrenergic blockade had no significant effect on any variable after calcium, volume, or phenylephrine infusion or during or after atrial pacing when the pre-and post-propranolol states were compared. We conclude that positive inotropic interventions augment both left ventricular contraction and relaxation. The changes in isovolumic relaxation are independent of alterations in sympathetic tone produced by beta-adrenergic blockade. Peak (-) dP/dt may not be a valid measure of left ventricular relaxation rate during acute alterations in inotropic state or afterload.", "contents": "Pharmacologic and hemodynamic influences on the rate of isovolumic left ventricular relaxation in the normal conscious dog. We studied the effects of acute pharmacologic and hemodynamic interventions on isovolumic left ventricular relaxation in 19 conscious dogs using micromanometer tip catheters. Isoproterenol (11 studies) augmented peak rate of rise of left ventricular pressure [(+) dP/dt] by 1,275+/-227 (SE) mm Hg/s (P < 0.001) and dP/dt at an isopressure point of 35 mm Hg during isovolumic relaxation [(-) dP/dt(35)] by 435+/-80 mm Hg/s (P < 0.001). Peak (-) dP/dt decreased by 467+/-89 mm Hg/s (P < 0.002). The time constant, T, derived from the logarithmic fall of pressure during isovolumic relaxation, shortened from 20+/-2.8 to 14.9+/-1.8 ms (P < 0.003). Calcium (11 studies) increased peak (+) dP/dt and (-) dP/dt(35) (both P < 0.0001); peak (-) dP/dt was unchanged. T shortened from 20.4+/-1.8 to 17.3+/-1.5 ms (P < 0.002). Volume (13 studies) did not affect either dP/dt or T. Phenylephrine (13 studies) augmented peak (-) dP/dt, but reduced (-) dP/dt(35) (both P < 0.01); T lengthened from 22.1+/-1.5 to 32.5+/-1.5 ms (P < 0.01). In 15 studies, rapid atrial pacing increased peak (+) dP/dt and (-) dP/dt(35) (both P < 0.01). In the first post-pacing beat, peak (-) dP/dt and (-) dP/dt(35) decreased (both P < 0.01), although peak (+) dP/dt increased further. T paralleled values of (-) dP/dt(35). In five dogs, beta adrenergic blockade had no significant effect on any variable after calcium, volume, or phenylephrine infusion or during or after atrial pacing when the pre-and post-propranolol states were compared. We conclude that positive inotropic interventions augment both left ventricular contraction and relaxation. The changes in isovolumic relaxation are independent of alterations in sympathetic tone produced by beta-adrenergic blockade. Peak (-) dP/dt may not be a valid measure of left ventricular relaxation rate during acute alterations in inotropic state or afterload."}
{"id": "PMID:893663", "title": "Prekallikrein deficiency in a kindred with kininogen deficiency and Fitzgerald trait clotting defect. Evidence that high molecular weight kininogen and prekallikrein exist as a complex in normal human plasma.", "content": "Plasma from an individual with a hereditary deficiency of kininogens is deficient in kininogen antigens; heterozygous relatives are partially deficient in plasma kininogen antigens. In addition, plasma from the proband is partially deficient in functional and antigenic properties of a plasma prekallikrein, and the relatives heterozygous for kininogen deficiency are also partially deficient in the plasma prekallikrein. It is possible that the defects are both inherited and that the inheritance of a deficiency of prekallikrein is genetically linked to the inheritance of a deficiency of kininogen. Alternatively, it is possible that the deficiency of prekallikrein may be due to its hypercatabolism which could be a consequence of a deficiency of high molecular weight kininogen that may stabilize the prekallikrein in plasma. Evidence to support this possibility is presented by the fact that prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen apparently exist as a complex in normal plasma, because monospecific antiserum to kininogen removed both high molecular weight kininogen and prekallikrein from plasma, and vice versa. Moreover, prekallikrein was not adsorbed from kininogen-deficient plasma by antiserum to kininogen unless high molecular weight kininogen was first added to the plasma. Low molecular weight kininogen did not participate in these reactions.", "contents": "Prekallikrein deficiency in a kindred with kininogen deficiency and Fitzgerald trait clotting defect. Evidence that high molecular weight kininogen and prekallikrein exist as a complex in normal human plasma. Plasma from an individual with a hereditary deficiency of kininogens is deficient in kininogen antigens; heterozygous relatives are partially deficient in plasma kininogen antigens. In addition, plasma from the proband is partially deficient in functional and antigenic properties of a plasma prekallikrein, and the relatives heterozygous for kininogen deficiency are also partially deficient in the plasma prekallikrein. It is possible that the defects are both inherited and that the inheritance of a deficiency of prekallikrein is genetically linked to the inheritance of a deficiency of kininogen. Alternatively, it is possible that the deficiency of prekallikrein may be due to its hypercatabolism which could be a consequence of a deficiency of high molecular weight kininogen that may stabilize the prekallikrein in plasma. Evidence to support this possibility is presented by the fact that prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen apparently exist as a complex in normal plasma, because monospecific antiserum to kininogen removed both high molecular weight kininogen and prekallikrein from plasma, and vice versa. Moreover, prekallikrein was not adsorbed from kininogen-deficient plasma by antiserum to kininogen unless high molecular weight kininogen was first added to the plasma. Low molecular weight kininogen did not participate in these reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:893664", "title": "Purification of high molecular weight kininogen and the role of this agent in blood coagulation.", "content": "Recent studies of individuals with high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen deficiency established the importance of this plasma protein for in vitro initiation of blood coagulation. In the present study, HMW-kininogen was highly purified from human plasma by monitoring its clot-promoting activity, using Fitzgerald trait plasma as a substrate. This preparation of HMW-kininogen revealed a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (mol wt: 120,000) and released 1% of its weight as bradykinin upon incubation with plasma kallikrein. HMW-kininogen specifically repaired impaired surface-mediated plasma reactions of Fitzgerald trait plasma, but did not affect those of Hageman trait and Fletcher trait plasma. Kinin release from HMW-kininogen by trypsin, but not by plasma kallikrein, resulted in total loss of clot-promoting activity. No inhibitors of coagulation were found when all kinin activity was removed from HMW-kininogen by trypsin. The roles of HMW-kininogen, Hageman factor (HF, Factor XII), plasma prekallikrein (Fletcher factor), and plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA, Factor XI) in blood coagulation were studied in a purified system. HMW-kininogen was absolutely required for activation of PTA by HF and ellagic acid. The yield of activated PTA was proportional to the amount of HF, HMW-kininogen, and PTA in the mixtures, suggesting that, to activate PTA, these three proteins might form a complex in the presence of ellagic acid. No fragmentation of HF was found under these conditions. In contrast to HF, HF-fragments (mol wt: 30,000) activated PTA in the absence of HMW-kininogen and ellagic acid. Thus, it appears that in the present study PTA was activated in two distinct ways. Which pathway is the major one in whole plasma remains to be determined.", "contents": "Purification of high molecular weight kininogen and the role of this agent in blood coagulation. Recent studies of individuals with high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen deficiency established the importance of this plasma protein for in vitro initiation of blood coagulation. In the present study, HMW-kininogen was highly purified from human plasma by monitoring its clot-promoting activity, using Fitzgerald trait plasma as a substrate. This preparation of HMW-kininogen revealed a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (mol wt: 120,000) and released 1% of its weight as bradykinin upon incubation with plasma kallikrein. HMW-kininogen specifically repaired impaired surface-mediated plasma reactions of Fitzgerald trait plasma, but did not affect those of Hageman trait and Fletcher trait plasma. Kinin release from HMW-kininogen by trypsin, but not by plasma kallikrein, resulted in total loss of clot-promoting activity. No inhibitors of coagulation were found when all kinin activity was removed from HMW-kininogen by trypsin. The roles of HMW-kininogen, Hageman factor (HF, Factor XII), plasma prekallikrein (Fletcher factor), and plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA, Factor XI) in blood coagulation were studied in a purified system. HMW-kininogen was absolutely required for activation of PTA by HF and ellagic acid. The yield of activated PTA was proportional to the amount of HF, HMW-kininogen, and PTA in the mixtures, suggesting that, to activate PTA, these three proteins might form a complex in the presence of ellagic acid. No fragmentation of HF was found under these conditions. In contrast to HF, HF-fragments (mol wt: 30,000) activated PTA in the absence of HMW-kininogen and ellagic acid. Thus, it appears that in the present study PTA was activated in two distinct ways. Which pathway is the major one in whole plasma remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:893665", "title": "Small airways in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Comparison of morphologic and physiologic observations.", "content": "18 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were studied to determine if they had morphologic evidence of small airways disease and if physiologic testing could predict morphologic findings. In the presence of normal airway function by standard physiologic studies (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity and airway resistance by plethysmography), dynamic compliance, maximum expiratory flow-volume curves, and maximum flowstatic recoil curves were measured to detect physiologic alterations consistent with small airways abnormalities. These physiologic data were then compared with estimates of small airways diameter made in lung biopsy specimens.94% (17 of 18) of the patients had peribronchiolar fibrosis or peribronchiolar inflammation or bronchiolitis. 67% (12 of 18) had an overall estimate of small airways diameter of \"narrowed,\" whereas 33% (6 of 18) had airways that overall were \"not narrowed.\" 59% (10 of 17) had frequency-dependent dynamic compliance, 50% (9 of 18) had abnormal maximum expiratory flow-volume curves, and 39% (7 of 18) had abnormal maximum flow-static recoil curves. Comparisons between morphologic and physiologic data revealed a significant correlation between the results of dynamic compliance and the overall estimate of small airways diameter (P = 0.001), and the results of maximum flow-volume curves and the overall estimate of small airways diameter (P = 0.009); there was no significant correlation between the results of maximum flow-static recoil curves and the overall estimate of small airways diameter (P = 0.1). THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SUGGEST THAT: (a) idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a disease of small airways as well as alveoli; (b) dynamic compliance and the maximum expiratory flow-volume curve can predict the overall status of small airways diameter in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; and (c) whereas the maximum flowstatic recoil curve predicts the overall estimate of small airways diameter in most patients with this disease, it is the least sensitive of these three monitors of small airways.", "contents": "Small airways in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Comparison of morphologic and physiologic observations. 18 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were studied to determine if they had morphologic evidence of small airways disease and if physiologic testing could predict morphologic findings. In the presence of normal airway function by standard physiologic studies (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity and airway resistance by plethysmography), dynamic compliance, maximum expiratory flow-volume curves, and maximum flowstatic recoil curves were measured to detect physiologic alterations consistent with small airways abnormalities. These physiologic data were then compared with estimates of small airways diameter made in lung biopsy specimens.94% (17 of 18) of the patients had peribronchiolar fibrosis or peribronchiolar inflammation or bronchiolitis. 67% (12 of 18) had an overall estimate of small airways diameter of \"narrowed,\" whereas 33% (6 of 18) had airways that overall were \"not narrowed.\" 59% (10 of 17) had frequency-dependent dynamic compliance, 50% (9 of 18) had abnormal maximum expiratory flow-volume curves, and 39% (7 of 18) had abnormal maximum flow-static recoil curves. Comparisons between morphologic and physiologic data revealed a significant correlation between the results of dynamic compliance and the overall estimate of small airways diameter (P = 0.001), and the results of maximum flow-volume curves and the overall estimate of small airways diameter (P = 0.009); there was no significant correlation between the results of maximum flow-static recoil curves and the overall estimate of small airways diameter (P = 0.1). THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SUGGEST THAT: (a) idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a disease of small airways as well as alveoli; (b) dynamic compliance and the maximum expiratory flow-volume curve can predict the overall status of small airways diameter in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; and (c) whereas the maximum flowstatic recoil curve predicts the overall estimate of small airways diameter in most patients with this disease, it is the least sensitive of these three monitors of small airways."}
{"id": "PMID:893666", "title": "On the mechanism of polyuria in potassium depletion. The role of polydipsia.", "content": "The association of potassium (K) depletion with polyuria and a concentrating defect is established, but the extent to which these defects could be secondary to an effect of low K on water intake has not been systematically investigated. To determine whether hypokalemia has a primary effect to increase thirst and whether any resultant polyuria and polydipsia contribute to the concentrating defect, we studied three groups of rats kept in metabolic cages for 15 days. The groups were set up as follows: group 1, normal diets and ad lib. fluids (n = 12); group 2, K-deficient diet on ad lib. fluids (n = 12); and group 3, K-deficient diet and fluid intake matched to group 1 (n = 14). Daily urine flow and urinary osmolality of groups 1 and 3 were not significantly different throughout the study. In contrast, as of day 6, group 2 rats consistently had a higher fluid intake (P < 0.0025), higher urine flow (P < 0.001), and lower urinary osmolality (P < 0.001) than the other two groups. These alterations in fluid intake and urine flow preceded a defect in maximal concentrating ability. On day 7, maximal urinary osmolality was 2,599+/-138 msmol/kg in rats on K-deficient intake and 2,567+/-142 msmol/kg in controls. To determine whether this primary polydipsia is itself responsible for the development of the concentrating defect, the three groups of rats were dehydrated on day 15. Despite different levels of fluid intake, maximal urinary osmolality was impaired equally in groups 2 and 3 (1,703 and 1,511 msmol/kg, respectively), as compared to rats in group 1 (2,414 msmol/kg), P < 0.001. We therefore conclude that K depletion stimulates thirst, and the resultant increase in water intake is largely responsible for the observed polyuria. After 15 days of a K-deficient diet, the impaired maximal urinary concentration in hypokalemia, however, was not related to increased water intake, since fluid restriction did not abolish the renal concentrating defect.", "contents": "On the mechanism of polyuria in potassium depletion. The role of polydipsia. The association of potassium (K) depletion with polyuria and a concentrating defect is established, but the extent to which these defects could be secondary to an effect of low K on water intake has not been systematically investigated. To determine whether hypokalemia has a primary effect to increase thirst and whether any resultant polyuria and polydipsia contribute to the concentrating defect, we studied three groups of rats kept in metabolic cages for 15 days. The groups were set up as follows: group 1, normal diets and ad lib. fluids (n = 12); group 2, K-deficient diet on ad lib. fluids (n = 12); and group 3, K-deficient diet and fluid intake matched to group 1 (n = 14). Daily urine flow and urinary osmolality of groups 1 and 3 were not significantly different throughout the study. In contrast, as of day 6, group 2 rats consistently had a higher fluid intake (P < 0.0025), higher urine flow (P < 0.001), and lower urinary osmolality (P < 0.001) than the other two groups. These alterations in fluid intake and urine flow preceded a defect in maximal concentrating ability. On day 7, maximal urinary osmolality was 2,599+/-138 msmol/kg in rats on K-deficient intake and 2,567+/-142 msmol/kg in controls. To determine whether this primary polydipsia is itself responsible for the development of the concentrating defect, the three groups of rats were dehydrated on day 15. Despite different levels of fluid intake, maximal urinary osmolality was impaired equally in groups 2 and 3 (1,703 and 1,511 msmol/kg, respectively), as compared to rats in group 1 (2,414 msmol/kg), P < 0.001. We therefore conclude that K depletion stimulates thirst, and the resultant increase in water intake is largely responsible for the observed polyuria. After 15 days of a K-deficient diet, the impaired maximal urinary concentration in hypokalemia, however, was not related to increased water intake, since fluid restriction did not abolish the renal concentrating defect."}
{"id": "PMID:893667", "title": "Role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on intestinal phosphate absorption in rats with a normal vitamin D supply.", "content": "In vitamin D-deficient rats, impaired intestinal phosphorus (P) absorption can be corrected by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)[1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)]. In the present study, it was investigated whether changes in 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) production can influence intestinal P transport also in animals with a normal supply of vitamin D. The intestinal P absorption was evaluated in rats using both the in situ duodenal loop technique and the determination of the overall gastrointestinal absorption under three conditions known to influence the production of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3): (a) variation in dietary P, (b) thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) with or without administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH), and (c) treatment with disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP). In all circumstances changes in duodenal absorption paralleled the changes in the overall fractional absorption. (a) Lowering dietary P stimulated P absorption. (b) TPTX decreased P absorption. This effect was corrected either by the administration of PTH or by the administration of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). (c) EHDP, when given at a dose known to inhibit 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) formation, decreased the duodenal P absorption in both intact and TPTX animals. This effect was corrected by 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). In the TPTX-EHDP-treated animals, the administration of PTH did not rectify the low duodenal P absorption. These results support the thesis that, in rats with normal vitamin D supply, variations in the endogenous production of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) change the rate of P absorption. However, these changes are in such magnitude that they are of relatively small importance when compared to the effect of variation in the dietary intake of P. These results also strongly suggest that the action of PTH on duodenal P transport is mediated by its effect on 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) production, inasmuch as the effect of the hormone is abolished after blocking the renal 1-hydroxylation with EHDP.", "contents": "Role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on intestinal phosphate absorption in rats with a normal vitamin D supply. In vitamin D-deficient rats, impaired intestinal phosphorus (P) absorption can be corrected by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)[1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)]. In the present study, it was investigated whether changes in 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) production can influence intestinal P transport also in animals with a normal supply of vitamin D. The intestinal P absorption was evaluated in rats using both the in situ duodenal loop technique and the determination of the overall gastrointestinal absorption under three conditions known to influence the production of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3): (a) variation in dietary P, (b) thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) with or without administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH), and (c) treatment with disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP). In all circumstances changes in duodenal absorption paralleled the changes in the overall fractional absorption. (a) Lowering dietary P stimulated P absorption. (b) TPTX decreased P absorption. This effect was corrected either by the administration of PTH or by the administration of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). (c) EHDP, when given at a dose known to inhibit 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) formation, decreased the duodenal P absorption in both intact and TPTX animals. This effect was corrected by 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). In the TPTX-EHDP-treated animals, the administration of PTH did not rectify the low duodenal P absorption. These results support the thesis that, in rats with normal vitamin D supply, variations in the endogenous production of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) change the rate of P absorption. However, these changes are in such magnitude that they are of relatively small importance when compared to the effect of variation in the dietary intake of P. These results also strongly suggest that the action of PTH on duodenal P transport is mediated by its effect on 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) production, inasmuch as the effect of the hormone is abolished after blocking the renal 1-hydroxylation with EHDP."}
{"id": "PMID:893668", "title": "Estimation of somatomedin-C levels in normals and patients with pituitary disease by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The development of a radioimmunoassay for somatomedin-C has for the first time made it possible to discriminate between serum concentrations of a single peptide or closely related group of peptides and the net somatomedin activity measured by less specific bioassay and radioreceptor techniques. Antibodies to human somatomedin-C were raised in rabbits using a somatomedin-C ovalbumin complex as the antigen. A variety of peptide hormones at concentrations up to 1 muM are not recognized by the antibody. Insulin at concentrations >0.1 muM cross reacts in a non-parallel fashion; purified somatomedin-A is only 3% as active as somatomedin-C; and radiolabeled cloned rat liver multiplication stimulating activity does not bind to the antibody. Immunoreactive somatomedin-C can also be quantitated in the sera of a variety of subhuman species. Unusual assay kinetics, which are manifest when reactants are incubated under classic \"equilibrium\" assay conditions, appear to result from the failure of (125)I-somatomedin-C to readily equilibrate with the somatomedin-C serum binding protein complex. It is, therefore, necessary to use nonequilibrium assay conditions to quantitate somatomedin-C in serum. With this assay it is possible to detect somatomedin-C in normal subjects using as little as 0.25 mul of unextracted serum. Serum somatomedin-C concentrations in normal subjects were lowest in cord blood and rose rapidly during the first 4 yr of life to near adult levels. In 23 normal adult volunteers, the mean serum somatomedin-C concentration was 1.50+/-0.10 U/ml (SEM) when compared to a pooled adult serum standard. 19 children with hypopituitary dwarfism had concentrations below 0.20 U/ml. 17 of these were below 0.1 U/ml, the lower limit of sensitivity of the assay. The mean concentration in 14 adults with active acromegaly was 6.28+/-0.37 U/ml (SEM), five times greater than the normal volunteers. Significant increases in serum somatomedin-C concentrations were observed in 8 of 10 hypopituitary children within 72 h after the parenteral administration of human growth hormone. Three patients with Cushing's disease had elevated serum somatomedin-C concentrations (2.61+/-0.14 U/ml [SEM]). Three patients with hyperprolactinemia had normal concentrations (1.74+/-0.11 U/ml [SEM]).The important new discovery brought to light by quantitation of immunoassayable somatomedin in patient sera is that all previously used assays detect, in addition to somatomedin-C, serum substances that are not under as stringent growth hormone control.", "contents": "Estimation of somatomedin-C levels in normals and patients with pituitary disease by radioimmunoassay. The development of a radioimmunoassay for somatomedin-C has for the first time made it possible to discriminate between serum concentrations of a single peptide or closely related group of peptides and the net somatomedin activity measured by less specific bioassay and radioreceptor techniques. Antibodies to human somatomedin-C were raised in rabbits using a somatomedin-C ovalbumin complex as the antigen. A variety of peptide hormones at concentrations up to 1 muM are not recognized by the antibody. Insulin at concentrations >0.1 muM cross reacts in a non-parallel fashion; purified somatomedin-A is only 3% as active as somatomedin-C; and radiolabeled cloned rat liver multiplication stimulating activity does not bind to the antibody. Immunoreactive somatomedin-C can also be quantitated in the sera of a variety of subhuman species. Unusual assay kinetics, which are manifest when reactants are incubated under classic \"equilibrium\" assay conditions, appear to result from the failure of (125)I-somatomedin-C to readily equilibrate with the somatomedin-C serum binding protein complex. It is, therefore, necessary to use nonequilibrium assay conditions to quantitate somatomedin-C in serum. With this assay it is possible to detect somatomedin-C in normal subjects using as little as 0.25 mul of unextracted serum. Serum somatomedin-C concentrations in normal subjects were lowest in cord blood and rose rapidly during the first 4 yr of life to near adult levels. In 23 normal adult volunteers, the mean serum somatomedin-C concentration was 1.50+/-0.10 U/ml (SEM) when compared to a pooled adult serum standard. 19 children with hypopituitary dwarfism had concentrations below 0.20 U/ml. 17 of these were below 0.1 U/ml, the lower limit of sensitivity of the assay. The mean concentration in 14 adults with active acromegaly was 6.28+/-0.37 U/ml (SEM), five times greater than the normal volunteers. Significant increases in serum somatomedin-C concentrations were observed in 8 of 10 hypopituitary children within 72 h after the parenteral administration of human growth hormone. Three patients with Cushing's disease had elevated serum somatomedin-C concentrations (2.61+/-0.14 U/ml [SEM]). Three patients with hyperprolactinemia had normal concentrations (1.74+/-0.11 U/ml [SEM]).The important new discovery brought to light by quantitation of immunoassayable somatomedin in patient sera is that all previously used assays detect, in addition to somatomedin-C, serum substances that are not under as stringent growth hormone control."}
{"id": "PMID:893669", "title": "A critical assessment of the roles of circulating hydrogen ion and lactate in the production of exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "To evaluate the roles of circulating hydrogen ion and lactate in the production of exercise-induced asthma, two experiments were performed. In the first, we exercised six asthmatic subjects to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer while recording arterial pH at periodic intervals. Multiple aspects of pulmonary mechanics were measured before and after the work load. After recovery, the identical procedures were repeated, but sufficient quantities of sodium bicarbonate were infused to keep the pH at the pre-exercise level. In both experiments, statistically identical attacks of asthma were induced. To study the effect of lactate, five subjects were exercised on several occasions in order to determine the lowest level of work, and hence arterial lactate, that was reproducibly associated with an acute asthma attack. When this was known, sufficient quantities of sodium lactate were infused into the resting subjects so as to equal or exceed the amount produced with exercise. Pulmonary mechanics were not altered with this intervention. These findings demonstrate that lactic acidemia is not the cause of exercise-induced asthma.", "contents": "A critical assessment of the roles of circulating hydrogen ion and lactate in the production of exercise-induced asthma. To evaluate the roles of circulating hydrogen ion and lactate in the production of exercise-induced asthma, two experiments were performed. In the first, we exercised six asthmatic subjects to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer while recording arterial pH at periodic intervals. Multiple aspects of pulmonary mechanics were measured before and after the work load. After recovery, the identical procedures were repeated, but sufficient quantities of sodium bicarbonate were infused to keep the pH at the pre-exercise level. In both experiments, statistically identical attacks of asthma were induced. To study the effect of lactate, five subjects were exercised on several occasions in order to determine the lowest level of work, and hence arterial lactate, that was reproducibly associated with an acute asthma attack. When this was known, sufficient quantities of sodium lactate were infused into the resting subjects so as to equal or exceed the amount produced with exercise. Pulmonary mechanics were not altered with this intervention. These findings demonstrate that lactic acidemia is not the cause of exercise-induced asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:893670", "title": "Intestinal assimilation of a tetrapeptide in the rat. Obligate function of brush border aminopeptidase.", "content": "The small intestine is capable of taking up peptide nutrients of two or three amino acid residues, but the mechanism of intestinal assimilation of larger oligopeptides has not been established. The amino-oligopeptidase of the intestinal brush border possesses high specificity for oligopeptides having bulky side chains and is a candidate for a crucial role in the overall assimilation of dietary protein. Rat jejunum was used for in vitro gut sac and in vivo perfusion experiments with Gly-l-Leu-Gly-Gly (2 mM) as the test substrate with analysis of parent peptide and products by automatic ion-exchange chromatography. In these experiments, the tetrapeptide disappeared rapidly from the test solution (20 mumol/s per cm(2) in vitro; 17 mumol/s per cm(2) in vivo) by sequential removal of amino acid residues from the N-terminus to yield amino acids and the C-terminal dipeptide. In gut sac experiments, 61-100% of these products of hydrolysis appeared in the incubation medium and the remainder in the tissue. In contrast, only small amounts of hydrolytic products were found within intestinal lumen in vivo.Gly-l-Pro (10 mM), a peptide known to be transported intact but not to be hydrolyzed by the brush border aminopeptidase, failed to inhibit Gly-l-Leu-Gly-Gly disappearance suggesting that the tetrapeptide does not utilize the known intact transport mechanism. Hypoxic conditions (N(2) atmosphere) in vitro markedly inhibited transport of glucose, leucine, and Gly-Gly but failed to impair Gly-l-Leu-Gly-Gly disappearance suggesting that the first step in assimilation of the tetrapeptide does not involve a transport process. Disappearance of the tetrapeptide was completely blocked by l-leucyl-beta-naphthylamide (10 mM), a specific substrate for brush border aminopeptidase and by the phthalimido derivative of l-leucine bromomethyl ketone, a potent peptidase inhibitor. Hence, the amino-oligopeptidase at the intestinal surface appears to be essential for the initial stages of assimilation of this model tetrapeptide.", "contents": "Intestinal assimilation of a tetrapeptide in the rat. Obligate function of brush border aminopeptidase. The small intestine is capable of taking up peptide nutrients of two or three amino acid residues, but the mechanism of intestinal assimilation of larger oligopeptides has not been established. The amino-oligopeptidase of the intestinal brush border possesses high specificity for oligopeptides having bulky side chains and is a candidate for a crucial role in the overall assimilation of dietary protein. Rat jejunum was used for in vitro gut sac and in vivo perfusion experiments with Gly-l-Leu-Gly-Gly (2 mM) as the test substrate with analysis of parent peptide and products by automatic ion-exchange chromatography. In these experiments, the tetrapeptide disappeared rapidly from the test solution (20 mumol/s per cm(2) in vitro; 17 mumol/s per cm(2) in vivo) by sequential removal of amino acid residues from the N-terminus to yield amino acids and the C-terminal dipeptide. In gut sac experiments, 61-100% of these products of hydrolysis appeared in the incubation medium and the remainder in the tissue. In contrast, only small amounts of hydrolytic products were found within intestinal lumen in vivo.Gly-l-Pro (10 mM), a peptide known to be transported intact but not to be hydrolyzed by the brush border aminopeptidase, failed to inhibit Gly-l-Leu-Gly-Gly disappearance suggesting that the tetrapeptide does not utilize the known intact transport mechanism. Hypoxic conditions (N(2) atmosphere) in vitro markedly inhibited transport of glucose, leucine, and Gly-Gly but failed to impair Gly-l-Leu-Gly-Gly disappearance suggesting that the first step in assimilation of the tetrapeptide does not involve a transport process. Disappearance of the tetrapeptide was completely blocked by l-leucyl-beta-naphthylamide (10 mM), a specific substrate for brush border aminopeptidase and by the phthalimido derivative of l-leucine bromomethyl ketone, a potent peptidase inhibitor. Hence, the amino-oligopeptidase at the intestinal surface appears to be essential for the initial stages of assimilation of this model tetrapeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:893671", "title": "Eosinophilopoietin. A circulating low molecular weight peptide-like substance which stimulates the production of eosinophils in mice.", "content": "In earlier studies, methods were developed to raise specific antibodies in rabbits against purified suspensions of mouse or human eosinophils. On administration of antieosinophil serum (AES) to mice, the mature eosinophils in tissues, peripheral blood, and bone marrow were depleted, while the immature eosinophil pool in the bone marrow was observed to proliferate. The current investigations explore the generation of eosinophilopoietic factors during AES-induced eosinophilopenia. Mice received three injections of AES, one every other day. As the peripheral eosinophil counts started to recover after the last AES injection, the serum was collected and transferred to normal animals. Within 2 days the recipients showed an increase in peripheral blood as well as in bone marrow eosinophils. The rise in bone marrow eosinophils was due to newly formed cells as evidenced by increased uptake of [(3)H]thymidine. The generation of eosinophilopoietic activity was specifically related to depletion of eosinophils but not neutrophils. The eosinophilopoietic activity was: (a) dependent on the volume of serum transferred, (b) lost on dialysis, and (c) largely heat labile. The activity eluted as a low molecular weight substance on G-25 Sephadex and was digested by pronase but not by trypsin. Active fractions collected from G-25 columns were not chemotactic for the eosinophils in vitro. Thus, specific depletion of mature eosinophils generates a low molecular weight peptide which stimulates eosinophilopoiesis in vivo. It is suggested that this substance be named eosinophilopoietin.", "contents": "Eosinophilopoietin. A circulating low molecular weight peptide-like substance which stimulates the production of eosinophils in mice. In earlier studies, methods were developed to raise specific antibodies in rabbits against purified suspensions of mouse or human eosinophils. On administration of antieosinophil serum (AES) to mice, the mature eosinophils in tissues, peripheral blood, and bone marrow were depleted, while the immature eosinophil pool in the bone marrow was observed to proliferate. The current investigations explore the generation of eosinophilopoietic factors during AES-induced eosinophilopenia. Mice received three injections of AES, one every other day. As the peripheral eosinophil counts started to recover after the last AES injection, the serum was collected and transferred to normal animals. Within 2 days the recipients showed an increase in peripheral blood as well as in bone marrow eosinophils. The rise in bone marrow eosinophils was due to newly formed cells as evidenced by increased uptake of [(3)H]thymidine. The generation of eosinophilopoietic activity was specifically related to depletion of eosinophils but not neutrophils. The eosinophilopoietic activity was: (a) dependent on the volume of serum transferred, (b) lost on dialysis, and (c) largely heat labile. The activity eluted as a low molecular weight substance on G-25 Sephadex and was digested by pronase but not by trypsin. Active fractions collected from G-25 columns were not chemotactic for the eosinophils in vitro. Thus, specific depletion of mature eosinophils generates a low molecular weight peptide which stimulates eosinophilopoiesis in vivo. It is suggested that this substance be named eosinophilopoietin."}
{"id": "PMID:893672", "title": "Bile acid excretion: the alternate pathway in the hamster.", "content": "The quantitative significance of renal excretion of bile acid ester sulfates as an alternate excretory pathway was evaluated in hamsters. After bile duct ligation, total serum bile acid fell from a mean level of 454 microgram/ml at 24 h to 64 microgram/ml by 96 h. During this period the bulk of the bile acid pool could be accounted for as esterified bile acids in urine. Renal pedicle ligation of animals with bile duct obstruction led to retention of the bile acid ester sulfates in serum. Thioacetamide hepatotoxicity diminished ester sulfation of bile acids causing diminished renal secretion with relatively greater retention of nonesterified bile acids in serum. We conclude that secretion of esterified bile acids by the kidney is an efficient alternate pathway for maintaining bile acid excretion in obstructive biliary tract disease. Coexistent hepatocellular disease diminishes ester sulfation and the effectiveness of the alternate pathway in maintaining bile acid excretion.", "contents": "Bile acid excretion: the alternate pathway in the hamster. The quantitative significance of renal excretion of bile acid ester sulfates as an alternate excretory pathway was evaluated in hamsters. After bile duct ligation, total serum bile acid fell from a mean level of 454 microgram/ml at 24 h to 64 microgram/ml by 96 h. During this period the bulk of the bile acid pool could be accounted for as esterified bile acids in urine. Renal pedicle ligation of animals with bile duct obstruction led to retention of the bile acid ester sulfates in serum. Thioacetamide hepatotoxicity diminished ester sulfation of bile acids causing diminished renal secretion with relatively greater retention of nonesterified bile acids in serum. We conclude that secretion of esterified bile acids by the kidney is an efficient alternate pathway for maintaining bile acid excretion in obstructive biliary tract disease. Coexistent hepatocellular disease diminishes ester sulfation and the effectiveness of the alternate pathway in maintaining bile acid excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:893673", "title": "Regulation of mammary and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and blood triacylglycerol in rats during late pregnancy. Effect of prostaglandins.", "content": "The effects of several prostaglandins on lipoprotein lipase activity of mammary gland and adipose tissue and serum triacylglycerol were studied during late pregnancy in rats. Prostaglandins were injected twice daily for 2 days before and once on the day of analysis. In rats pregnant 20 days, prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) increased the activity of lipoprotein lipase in mammary gland fourfold, reduced the activity in adipose tissue about 60%, and decreased serum concentration of triacylglycerol 50%. PGF(2alpha) also reduced serum concentration of progesterone 90% and increased that of prolactin fivefold, but had no effect on serum concentrations of either immuno-reactive insulin or 17beta-estradiol. Injections of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF(2alpha), a metabolite of PGF(2alpha), had similar effects in rats pregnant 20 days, whereas prostaglandins E(1) and E(2) did not. In rats pregnant 16 days, PGF(2alpha) did not affect lipoprotein lipase activity in the tissues or the concentration of triacylglycerol and prolactin in serum, although it decreased serum progesterone 80%.2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine prevented the increase in serum prolactin in response to PGF(2alpha), but did not alter the effect of PGF(2alpha) on lipoprotein lipase activity or serum triacylglycerol. Progesterone completely blocked the effects of PGF(2alpha) on lipoprotein lipase activity and serum triacylglycerol and prolactin concentrations. These findings indicate that the changes in lipoprotein lipase activity and serum triacylglycerol in PGF(2alpha)-treated rats are probably related to the inhibitory action of PGF(2alpha) on progesterone secretion. They also suggest that endogenous F prostaglandins may play a role in the regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity in mammary gland and adipose tissue near parturition.", "contents": "Regulation of mammary and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and blood triacylglycerol in rats during late pregnancy. Effect of prostaglandins. The effects of several prostaglandins on lipoprotein lipase activity of mammary gland and adipose tissue and serum triacylglycerol were studied during late pregnancy in rats. Prostaglandins were injected twice daily for 2 days before and once on the day of analysis. In rats pregnant 20 days, prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) increased the activity of lipoprotein lipase in mammary gland fourfold, reduced the activity in adipose tissue about 60%, and decreased serum concentration of triacylglycerol 50%. PGF(2alpha) also reduced serum concentration of progesterone 90% and increased that of prolactin fivefold, but had no effect on serum concentrations of either immuno-reactive insulin or 17beta-estradiol. Injections of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF(2alpha), a metabolite of PGF(2alpha), had similar effects in rats pregnant 20 days, whereas prostaglandins E(1) and E(2) did not. In rats pregnant 16 days, PGF(2alpha) did not affect lipoprotein lipase activity in the tissues or the concentration of triacylglycerol and prolactin in serum, although it decreased serum progesterone 80%.2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine prevented the increase in serum prolactin in response to PGF(2alpha), but did not alter the effect of PGF(2alpha) on lipoprotein lipase activity or serum triacylglycerol. Progesterone completely blocked the effects of PGF(2alpha) on lipoprotein lipase activity and serum triacylglycerol and prolactin concentrations. These findings indicate that the changes in lipoprotein lipase activity and serum triacylglycerol in PGF(2alpha)-treated rats are probably related to the inhibitory action of PGF(2alpha) on progesterone secretion. They also suggest that endogenous F prostaglandins may play a role in the regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity in mammary gland and adipose tissue near parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:893674", "title": "Absence of the eighth component of complement in association with systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease.", "content": "A 56-yr-old black woman with absence of the eighth component of complement and a disease compatible with systemic lupus erythematosus is described. Her disease is characterized by the presence of photosensitive \"malar\" rash, alopecia, polyarthritis, and nephrotic syndrome. Hemolytic and immunochemical assays of the serum complement components were normal, except for C8 which was undetectable. Hemolytic activity could be restored to normal by the addition of functionally pure C8. In vitro tests to investigate the functional integrity of the classical and alternative pathways indicated that the functions mediated by activation of C3 and C5 were intact whereas heatlabile bactericidal activity was totally absent. Addition of C8 restored this function to normal levels. One of two brothers of the proband was shown to have serum C8 levels approaching 50% of normal indicating the hereditary nature of the defect. HLA typing studies showed that the normal brother had identical haplotypes to the proband while the proposed heterozygous brother only shared one haplotype with the patient, suggesting that the gene controlling the C8 defect was not closely linked to the major histocompatibility complex. If the association of a connective tissue disease and absence of a terminal component of complement is not coincidental, these results suggest that C8 deficiency may be associated with a subtle defect in the defense mechanisms to viral infection leading to viral persistance and perhaps to diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus where chronic viral infections have been implicated.", "contents": "Absence of the eighth component of complement in association with systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease. A 56-yr-old black woman with absence of the eighth component of complement and a disease compatible with systemic lupus erythematosus is described. Her disease is characterized by the presence of photosensitive \"malar\" rash, alopecia, polyarthritis, and nephrotic syndrome. Hemolytic and immunochemical assays of the serum complement components were normal, except for C8 which was undetectable. Hemolytic activity could be restored to normal by the addition of functionally pure C8. In vitro tests to investigate the functional integrity of the classical and alternative pathways indicated that the functions mediated by activation of C3 and C5 were intact whereas heatlabile bactericidal activity was totally absent. Addition of C8 restored this function to normal levels. One of two brothers of the proband was shown to have serum C8 levels approaching 50% of normal indicating the hereditary nature of the defect. HLA typing studies showed that the normal brother had identical haplotypes to the proband while the proposed heterozygous brother only shared one haplotype with the patient, suggesting that the gene controlling the C8 defect was not closely linked to the major histocompatibility complex. If the association of a connective tissue disease and absence of a terminal component of complement is not coincidental, these results suggest that C8 deficiency may be associated with a subtle defect in the defense mechanisms to viral infection leading to viral persistance and perhaps to diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus where chronic viral infections have been implicated."}
{"id": "PMID:893675", "title": "Deficiency of carnitine in cachectic cirrhotic patients.", "content": "Carnitine is synthesized from lysine and methionine. In the rat, inadequate intake of either of these essential amino acids causes carnitine depletion. Inasmuch as protein deficiency is common in the hospital population, we have investigated the possible occurrence of nosocomial carnitine deficiency. Fasting serum carnitine concentration was measured in 16 normal and 247 patients in 16 disease groups. Normal range of carnitine was 55-103 muM. Only the cirrhotic group showed significant (P < 0.05) hypocarnitinemia. 14 of 36 hospitalized cirrhotics had subnormal values for serum carnitine. The creatinine/height index, midarm muscle circumference, and triceps skin-fold thickness indicated protein-calorie starvation in the 14 hypocarnitinemic liver patients. In six of the hypocarnitinemic cirrhotics (average serum level 50% of normal), spontaneous dietary intakes of carnitine, lysine, and methionine were measured and found to be only 5-15% as great as in six normocarnitinemic, healthy controls. When these six cirrhotic and six normal subjects were given the same lysine-rich, methionine-rich, and carnitine-free nutritional intake, the normals maintained normal serum carnitine levels and excreted 100 mumol/day, whereas the cirrhotics' serum level fell to 25% of normal, and urinary excretion declined to 15 mumol/day. Seven hypocarnitinemic cirrhotics died. Postmortem concentrations of carnitine in liver, muscle, heart, kidney, and brain averaged only one-fourth to one-third those in corresponding tissues of eight normally nourished nonhepatic patients who died after an acute illness of a 1-3-day duration. THESE DATA SHOW THAT CARNITINE DEPLETION IS COMMON IN PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED FOR ADVANCED CIRRHOSIS, AND THAT IT RESULTS FROM THREE FACTORS: substandard intake of dietary carnitine; substandard intake of lysine and methionine, the precursors for endogenous carnitine synthesis; and loss of capacity to synthesize carnitine from lysine and methionine.", "contents": "Deficiency of carnitine in cachectic cirrhotic patients. Carnitine is synthesized from lysine and methionine. In the rat, inadequate intake of either of these essential amino acids causes carnitine depletion. Inasmuch as protein deficiency is common in the hospital population, we have investigated the possible occurrence of nosocomial carnitine deficiency. Fasting serum carnitine concentration was measured in 16 normal and 247 patients in 16 disease groups. Normal range of carnitine was 55-103 muM. Only the cirrhotic group showed significant (P < 0.05) hypocarnitinemia. 14 of 36 hospitalized cirrhotics had subnormal values for serum carnitine. The creatinine/height index, midarm muscle circumference, and triceps skin-fold thickness indicated protein-calorie starvation in the 14 hypocarnitinemic liver patients. In six of the hypocarnitinemic cirrhotics (average serum level 50% of normal), spontaneous dietary intakes of carnitine, lysine, and methionine were measured and found to be only 5-15% as great as in six normocarnitinemic, healthy controls. When these six cirrhotic and six normal subjects were given the same lysine-rich, methionine-rich, and carnitine-free nutritional intake, the normals maintained normal serum carnitine levels and excreted 100 mumol/day, whereas the cirrhotics' serum level fell to 25% of normal, and urinary excretion declined to 15 mumol/day. Seven hypocarnitinemic cirrhotics died. Postmortem concentrations of carnitine in liver, muscle, heart, kidney, and brain averaged only one-fourth to one-third those in corresponding tissues of eight normally nourished nonhepatic patients who died after an acute illness of a 1-3-day duration. THESE DATA SHOW THAT CARNITINE DEPLETION IS COMMON IN PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED FOR ADVANCED CIRRHOSIS, AND THAT IT RESULTS FROM THREE FACTORS: substandard intake of dietary carnitine; substandard intake of lysine and methionine, the precursors for endogenous carnitine synthesis; and loss of capacity to synthesize carnitine from lysine and methionine."}
{"id": "PMID:893676", "title": "Sites and mechanisms of localization of technetium-99m phosphorus radiopharmaceuticals in acute myocardial infarcts and other tissues.", "content": "This study was performed to elucidate the localization at the cellular level of technetium-99m phosphorus ((99m)Tc-P) radiopharmaceuticals in acute myocardial infarcts and the mechanisms responsible for (99m)Tc-P uptake in acute myocardial infarcts and other tissues. In 20 dogs with proximal left anterior descending coronary arterial ligation for 1-3 days, elevated calcium levels were measured at all sites of increased (99m)Tc-P uptake (acute myocardial infarcts, necrotic thoracotomy muscle, lactating breast, and normal bone); however, a consistent linear relationship between (99m)Tc-P and calcium levels was not observed. A strong correlation (r = 0.95 and 0.99, n = 2 dogs) was demonstrated between levels of (3)H-diphosphonate and (99m)Tc-P in infarcted myocardium. Autoradiographic studies with (3)H-diphosphonate revealed extensive labeling in the infarct periphery which contained necrotic muscle cells with features of severe calcium overloading, including widespread hypercontraction as well as more selective formation of mitochondrial calcific deposits. Autoradiography also demonstrated labeling of a small population of damaged border zone muscle cells which exhibited prominent accumulation of lipid droplets and focal, early mitochondrial calcification. Cell fractionation studies revealed major localization of both (99m)Tc-P and calcium in the soluble supernate and membrane-debris fractions of infarcted myocardium and less than 2% of total (99m)Tc-P and calcium in the mitochondrial fractions; however, electron microscopic examination showed that mitochondria with calcific deposits were not preserved in the mitochondrial fractions. In vitro studies evaluating the role of serum protein binding on tissue uptake of (99m)Tc-P agents demonstrated that, in spite of significant complexing with serum proteins, serum (99m)Tc-P activity retained the ability to adsorp to calcium hydroxyapatite and amorphous calcium phosphate. In vivo studies showed that concentration of human serum albumin (labeled with iodine-131) in infarcted myocardium reached a maximum of only 3.8 times normal after a circulation time of 96 h, whereas (99m)Tc-P uptake was at least 10 times normal after a circulation time as short as 1 h. It is concluded that: (a) (99m)Tc-P uptake in acutely infarcted myocardium, and possibly other types of soft tissue damage, is limited to necrotic and severely injured cells; (b) concentration of (99m)Tc-P results from selective adsorption of (99m)Tc-P with various forms of tissue calcium stores, including amorphous calcium phosphate, crystalline hydroxyapatite, and calcium complexed with myofibrils and other macromolecules, possibly supplemented by calcium-independent complexing with organic macromolecules; and (c) lack of a linear relationship between (99m)Tc-P and tissue calcium levels mainly results from local differences in composition and physicochemical properties of tissue calcium stores and from local variations in levels of blood flow for delivery of (99m)Tc-P agents.", "contents": "Sites and mechanisms of localization of technetium-99m phosphorus radiopharmaceuticals in acute myocardial infarcts and other tissues. This study was performed to elucidate the localization at the cellular level of technetium-99m phosphorus ((99m)Tc-P) radiopharmaceuticals in acute myocardial infarcts and the mechanisms responsible for (99m)Tc-P uptake in acute myocardial infarcts and other tissues. In 20 dogs with proximal left anterior descending coronary arterial ligation for 1-3 days, elevated calcium levels were measured at all sites of increased (99m)Tc-P uptake (acute myocardial infarcts, necrotic thoracotomy muscle, lactating breast, and normal bone); however, a consistent linear relationship between (99m)Tc-P and calcium levels was not observed. A strong correlation (r = 0.95 and 0.99, n = 2 dogs) was demonstrated between levels of (3)H-diphosphonate and (99m)Tc-P in infarcted myocardium. Autoradiographic studies with (3)H-diphosphonate revealed extensive labeling in the infarct periphery which contained necrotic muscle cells with features of severe calcium overloading, including widespread hypercontraction as well as more selective formation of mitochondrial calcific deposits. Autoradiography also demonstrated labeling of a small population of damaged border zone muscle cells which exhibited prominent accumulation of lipid droplets and focal, early mitochondrial calcification. Cell fractionation studies revealed major localization of both (99m)Tc-P and calcium in the soluble supernate and membrane-debris fractions of infarcted myocardium and less than 2% of total (99m)Tc-P and calcium in the mitochondrial fractions; however, electron microscopic examination showed that mitochondria with calcific deposits were not preserved in the mitochondrial fractions. In vitro studies evaluating the role of serum protein binding on tissue uptake of (99m)Tc-P agents demonstrated that, in spite of significant complexing with serum proteins, serum (99m)Tc-P activity retained the ability to adsorp to calcium hydroxyapatite and amorphous calcium phosphate. In vivo studies showed that concentration of human serum albumin (labeled with iodine-131) in infarcted myocardium reached a maximum of only 3.8 times normal after a circulation time of 96 h, whereas (99m)Tc-P uptake was at least 10 times normal after a circulation time as short as 1 h. It is concluded that: (a) (99m)Tc-P uptake in acutely infarcted myocardium, and possibly other types of soft tissue damage, is limited to necrotic and severely injured cells; (b) concentration of (99m)Tc-P results from selective adsorption of (99m)Tc-P with various forms of tissue calcium stores, including amorphous calcium phosphate, crystalline hydroxyapatite, and calcium complexed with myofibrils and other macromolecules, possibly supplemented by calcium-independent complexing with organic macromolecules; and (c) lack of a linear relationship between (99m)Tc-P and tissue calcium levels mainly results from local differences in composition and physicochemical properties of tissue calcium stores and from local variations in levels of blood flow for delivery of (99m)Tc-P agents."}
{"id": "PMID:893677", "title": "Autoantibodies to the insulin receptor. Effect on the insulin-receptor interaction in IM-9 lymphocytes.", "content": "The serum of some patients with insulin-resistant \"diabetes\" contains antibodies that bind to and block the cell membrane receptors for insulin. In this report, we have characterized the effects of the antireceptor antibodies on the interaction of (125)I-insulin with its receptor on the human lymphoblastoid cell line IM-9. Up to 95% of specific insulin binding can be inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with these immunoglobulins. The onset of the inhibitory effect is time- and temperature-dependent, and the effect is reversed extremely slowly if the cells are suspended in a large excess of antibody-free buffer. These features of antibody binding can be easily distinguished from those for insulin binding to its receptor. The inhibitory effect of the antibodies can be reversed by exposure of the cells to conditions known to elute surface immunoglobulins. The three antireceptor sera studied appear to alter the insulin-receptor interaction in different ways. Two antisera markedly reduce receptor affinity through combined effects on the insulin association and dissociation rates, and, additionally, have smaller effects on available receptor number. A third antiserum primarily affects available receptor number and has little effect on receptor affinity. All three antisera inhibit the capacity of insulin to promote negatively cooperative site-site interactions among insulin receptors. The data suggest that these autoantibodies to the insulin receptor bind to different determinants on the receptor and may therefore be useful as unique probes of insulin receptor structure and function.", "contents": "Autoantibodies to the insulin receptor. Effect on the insulin-receptor interaction in IM-9 lymphocytes. The serum of some patients with insulin-resistant \"diabetes\" contains antibodies that bind to and block the cell membrane receptors for insulin. In this report, we have characterized the effects of the antireceptor antibodies on the interaction of (125)I-insulin with its receptor on the human lymphoblastoid cell line IM-9. Up to 95% of specific insulin binding can be inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with these immunoglobulins. The onset of the inhibitory effect is time- and temperature-dependent, and the effect is reversed extremely slowly if the cells are suspended in a large excess of antibody-free buffer. These features of antibody binding can be easily distinguished from those for insulin binding to its receptor. The inhibitory effect of the antibodies can be reversed by exposure of the cells to conditions known to elute surface immunoglobulins. The three antireceptor sera studied appear to alter the insulin-receptor interaction in different ways. Two antisera markedly reduce receptor affinity through combined effects on the insulin association and dissociation rates, and, additionally, have smaller effects on available receptor number. A third antiserum primarily affects available receptor number and has little effect on receptor affinity. All three antisera inhibit the capacity of insulin to promote negatively cooperative site-site interactions among insulin receptors. The data suggest that these autoantibodies to the insulin receptor bind to different determinants on the receptor and may therefore be useful as unique probes of insulin receptor structure and function."}
{"id": "PMID:893678", "title": "The renal handling of parathyroid hormone. Role of peritubular uptake and glomerular filtration.", "content": "The mechanisms of uptake of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the kidney was studied in anesthetized dogs before and after ureteral ligation. During constant infusion of bovine PTH (b-PTH 1-84), the renal arteriovenous (A-V) difference for immunoreactive PTH (i-PTH) was 22+/-2%. After ureteral ligation and no change in renal plasma flow, A-V i-PTH fell to 15+/-1% (P < 0.01), indicating continued and significant uptake of i-PTH at peritubular sites and a lesser role of glomerular filtration (GF) in the renal uptake of i-PTH. Since, under normal conditions, minimal i-PTH appears in the final urine, the contribution of GF and subsequent tubular reabsorption was further examined in isolated perfused dog kidneys before and after inhibition of tubular reabsorption by potassium cyanide. Urinary i-PTH per 100 ml GF rose from 8+/-4 ng/min (control) to 170+/-45 ng/min after potassium cyanide. Thus, i-PTH is normally filtered and reabsorbed by the tubular cells. The physiological role of these two mechanisms of renal PTH uptake was examined by giving single injections of b-PTH 1-84 or synthetic b-PTH 1-34 in the presence of established ureteral ligation. After injection of b-PTH 1-84, renal A-V i-PTH was 20% only while biologically active intact PTH was present (15-20 min). No peritubular uptake of carboxyl terminal PTH fragments was demonstrable. In contrast, after injection of synthetic b-PTH 1-34, renal extraction of N-terminal i-PTH after ureteral ligation (which was 13.4+/-0.6% vs. 19.6+/-0.9% in controls) continued for as long as i-PTH persisted in the circulation. These studies indicate that both GF and peritubular uptake are important mechanisms for renal PTH uptake. Renal uptake of carboxyl terminal fragments of PTH is dependent exclusively upon GF and tubular reabsorption, whereas peritubular uptake can only be demonstrated for biologically active b-PTH 1-84 and synthetic b-PTH 1-34.", "contents": "The renal handling of parathyroid hormone. Role of peritubular uptake and glomerular filtration. The mechanisms of uptake of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the kidney was studied in anesthetized dogs before and after ureteral ligation. During constant infusion of bovine PTH (b-PTH 1-84), the renal arteriovenous (A-V) difference for immunoreactive PTH (i-PTH) was 22+/-2%. After ureteral ligation and no change in renal plasma flow, A-V i-PTH fell to 15+/-1% (P < 0.01), indicating continued and significant uptake of i-PTH at peritubular sites and a lesser role of glomerular filtration (GF) in the renal uptake of i-PTH. Since, under normal conditions, minimal i-PTH appears in the final urine, the contribution of GF and subsequent tubular reabsorption was further examined in isolated perfused dog kidneys before and after inhibition of tubular reabsorption by potassium cyanide. Urinary i-PTH per 100 ml GF rose from 8+/-4 ng/min (control) to 170+/-45 ng/min after potassium cyanide. Thus, i-PTH is normally filtered and reabsorbed by the tubular cells. The physiological role of these two mechanisms of renal PTH uptake was examined by giving single injections of b-PTH 1-84 or synthetic b-PTH 1-34 in the presence of established ureteral ligation. After injection of b-PTH 1-84, renal A-V i-PTH was 20% only while biologically active intact PTH was present (15-20 min). No peritubular uptake of carboxyl terminal PTH fragments was demonstrable. In contrast, after injection of synthetic b-PTH 1-34, renal extraction of N-terminal i-PTH after ureteral ligation (which was 13.4+/-0.6% vs. 19.6+/-0.9% in controls) continued for as long as i-PTH persisted in the circulation. These studies indicate that both GF and peritubular uptake are important mechanisms for renal PTH uptake. Renal uptake of carboxyl terminal fragments of PTH is dependent exclusively upon GF and tubular reabsorption, whereas peritubular uptake can only be demonstrated for biologically active b-PTH 1-84 and synthetic b-PTH 1-34."}
{"id": "PMID:893679", "title": "Evidence for cardiomyopathy in familial diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that cardiac disease in common in diabetics and may often have a noncoronary basis. To examine the status of the left ventricle, 17 adult-onset diabetics of familial type without hypertension or obesity underwent hemodynamic study and were compared to 9 controls of similar age. Of the 17, 12 subjects had no significant occlusive lesions by coronary angiography. From this group eight without heart failure had a modest, but significant, elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. End-diastolic and stroke volumes were reduced, but ejection fraction and mean rate of fiber shortening were within normal limits. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure/volume ratio was significantly higher than controls. Afterload increments effected a significant increase of filling pressure compared to normals without a stroke volume response, consistent with a preclinical cardiomyopathy. Four patients with prior heart failure had similar but more extensive abnormalities. None had local dyskinesia by angiography, and lactate production was not observed during pacing-induced tachycardia. Left ventricular biopsy in two patients without ventricular decompensation showed interstitial collagen deposition with relatively normal muscle cells. These findings suggest a myopathic process without ischemia. Postmortem studies were performed in 11 uncomplicated diabetics. Nine were without significant obstructive disease of the proximal coronary arteries, and the majority succumbed with cardiac failure. On left ventricular sections, none had evident luminal narrowing of the intramural vessels. All nine exhibited periodic acid-Schiff-positive material in the interstitium. Collagen accumulation was present in perivascular loci, between myofibers, or as replacement fibrosis. Multiple samples of left ventricle and septum revealed enhanced triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations, as compared to controls. Thus, a diffuse extravascular abnormality may be a basis for cardiomyopathic features in diabetes.", "contents": "Evidence for cardiomyopathy in familial diabetes mellitus. Recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that cardiac disease in common in diabetics and may often have a noncoronary basis. To examine the status of the left ventricle, 17 adult-onset diabetics of familial type without hypertension or obesity underwent hemodynamic study and were compared to 9 controls of similar age. Of the 17, 12 subjects had no significant occlusive lesions by coronary angiography. From this group eight without heart failure had a modest, but significant, elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. End-diastolic and stroke volumes were reduced, but ejection fraction and mean rate of fiber shortening were within normal limits. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure/volume ratio was significantly higher than controls. Afterload increments effected a significant increase of filling pressure compared to normals without a stroke volume response, consistent with a preclinical cardiomyopathy. Four patients with prior heart failure had similar but more extensive abnormalities. None had local dyskinesia by angiography, and lactate production was not observed during pacing-induced tachycardia. Left ventricular biopsy in two patients without ventricular decompensation showed interstitial collagen deposition with relatively normal muscle cells. These findings suggest a myopathic process without ischemia. Postmortem studies were performed in 11 uncomplicated diabetics. Nine were without significant obstructive disease of the proximal coronary arteries, and the majority succumbed with cardiac failure. On left ventricular sections, none had evident luminal narrowing of the intramural vessels. All nine exhibited periodic acid-Schiff-positive material in the interstitium. Collagen accumulation was present in perivascular loci, between myofibers, or as replacement fibrosis. Multiple samples of left ventricle and septum revealed enhanced triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations, as compared to controls. Thus, a diffuse extravascular abnormality may be a basis for cardiomyopathic features in diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:893680", "title": "The critical importance of urinary concentrating ability in the generation of urinary carbon dioxide tension.", "content": "Measurement of urine to blood (U-B) carbon dioxide tension (P(CO2)) gradient during alkalinization of the urine has been suggested to assess distal H(+) secretion. A fact that has not been considered in previous studies dealing with urinary P(CO2) is that dissolution of HCO(3) in water results in elevation of P(CO2) which is directly proportional to the HCO(3) concentration. To investigate the interrelationship of urinary HCO(3) and urinary acidification, we measured U-B P(CO2) in (a) the presence of enhanced H(+) secretion and decreased concentrating ability i.e., chronic renal failure (CRF), (b) animals with normal H(+) secretion and decreased concentrating ability, Brattleboro (BB) rats, and (c) the presence of both impaired H(+) secretion and concentrating ability (LiCl treatment and after release of unilateral ureteral obstruction). At moderately elevated plasma HCO(3) levels (30-40 meq/liter), normal rats achieved a highly alkaline urine (urine pH > 7.8) and raised urine HCO(3) concentration and U-B P(CO2). At similar plasma HCO(3) levels, BB rats had a much higher fractional water excretion and failed to raise urine pH, urine HCO(3) concentration, and U-B P(CO2) normally. At a very high plasma HCO(3) (>50 meq/liter), BB rats raised urine pH, urine HCO(3) concentration, and U-B P(CO2) to the same levels seen in normals. CRF rats failed to raise urine pH, urine HCO(3), and U-B P(CO2) normally at moderately elevated plasma HCO(3) levels; at very high plasma HCO(3) levels, CRF rats achieved a highly alkaline urine but failed to raise U-B P(CO2). Dogs and patients with CRF were also unable to raise urine pH, urine HCO(3) concentration, and U-B P(CO2) normally at moderately elevated plasma HCO(3) levels. In rats, dogs, and man, U-B P(CO2) was directly related to urine HCO(3) concentration and inversely related to fractional water excretion. At moderately elevated plasma HCO(3) levels, animals with a distal acidification defect failed to raise U-B P(CO2); increasing the plasma HCO(3) to very high levels resulted in a significant increase in urine HCO(3) concentration and U-B P(CO2). The observed urinary P(CO2) was very close to the P(CO2) which would be expected by simple dissolution of a comparable amount of HCO(3) in water. These data demonstrate that, in highly alkaline urine, urinary P(CO2) is largely determined by concentration of urinary HCO(3) and cannot be used as solely indicating distal H(+) secretion.", "contents": "The critical importance of urinary concentrating ability in the generation of urinary carbon dioxide tension. Measurement of urine to blood (U-B) carbon dioxide tension (P(CO2)) gradient during alkalinization of the urine has been suggested to assess distal H(+) secretion. A fact that has not been considered in previous studies dealing with urinary P(CO2) is that dissolution of HCO(3) in water results in elevation of P(CO2) which is directly proportional to the HCO(3) concentration. To investigate the interrelationship of urinary HCO(3) and urinary acidification, we measured U-B P(CO2) in (a) the presence of enhanced H(+) secretion and decreased concentrating ability i.e., chronic renal failure (CRF), (b) animals with normal H(+) secretion and decreased concentrating ability, Brattleboro (BB) rats, and (c) the presence of both impaired H(+) secretion and concentrating ability (LiCl treatment and after release of unilateral ureteral obstruction). At moderately elevated plasma HCO(3) levels (30-40 meq/liter), normal rats achieved a highly alkaline urine (urine pH > 7.8) and raised urine HCO(3) concentration and U-B P(CO2). At similar plasma HCO(3) levels, BB rats had a much higher fractional water excretion and failed to raise urine pH, urine HCO(3) concentration, and U-B P(CO2) normally. At a very high plasma HCO(3) (>50 meq/liter), BB rats raised urine pH, urine HCO(3) concentration, and U-B P(CO2) to the same levels seen in normals. CRF rats failed to raise urine pH, urine HCO(3), and U-B P(CO2) normally at moderately elevated plasma HCO(3) levels; at very high plasma HCO(3) levels, CRF rats achieved a highly alkaline urine but failed to raise U-B P(CO2). Dogs and patients with CRF were also unable to raise urine pH, urine HCO(3) concentration, and U-B P(CO2) normally at moderately elevated plasma HCO(3) levels. In rats, dogs, and man, U-B P(CO2) was directly related to urine HCO(3) concentration and inversely related to fractional water excretion. At moderately elevated plasma HCO(3) levels, animals with a distal acidification defect failed to raise U-B P(CO2); increasing the plasma HCO(3) to very high levels resulted in a significant increase in urine HCO(3) concentration and U-B P(CO2). The observed urinary P(CO2) was very close to the P(CO2) which would be expected by simple dissolution of a comparable amount of HCO(3) in water. These data demonstrate that, in highly alkaline urine, urinary P(CO2) is largely determined by concentration of urinary HCO(3) and cannot be used as solely indicating distal H(+) secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:893681", "title": "Binding of dipyridamole to human platelets and to alpha1 acid glycoprotein and its significance for the inhibition of adenosine uptake.", "content": "The interactions of dipyridamole with alpha(1) acid glycoprotein of plasma and with human platelets are related to inhibition of adenosine uptake by platelets. Binding studies by equilibrium gel filtration suggested that 1 mol of dipyridamole binds per mol of alpha(1) acid glycoprotein with a dissociation constant of 1.6 muM. Platelets contain two populations of binding sites, one with high and another with lower affinity for the drug. The binding of dipyridamole to the high-affinity sites follows a Michaelis-Menten binding pattern with a dissociation constant of 0.04 muM. Approximately 2 x 10(4) dipyridamole molecules are bound at the high-affinity sites of each platelet. The lower affinity sites bind the drug with a dissociation constant of 4 muM. In the presence of alpha(1) acid glycoprotein of plasma, the binding of dipyridamole to human platelets is inhibited. Correspondingly, the dipyridamole inhibition of adenosine uptake by platelets is reduced 1,000-fold by purified alpha(1) acid glycoprotein. The binding of dipyridamole to human platelets was found to be essential for its inhibition of adenosine uptake by platelets. Dipyridamole decreases the incorporation of [(14)C]adenosine radioactivity in platelet nucleotides and reduces the [(14)C]-ATP to [(14)C]ADP ratio. Purified alpha(1) acid glycoprotein reverses these effects of dipyridamole on adenosine metabolism of platelets in a concentration-dependent manner. An equilibrium of dipyridamole binding to alpha(1) acid glycoprotein and to platelets is proposed.", "contents": "Binding of dipyridamole to human platelets and to alpha1 acid glycoprotein and its significance for the inhibition of adenosine uptake. The interactions of dipyridamole with alpha(1) acid glycoprotein of plasma and with human platelets are related to inhibition of adenosine uptake by platelets. Binding studies by equilibrium gel filtration suggested that 1 mol of dipyridamole binds per mol of alpha(1) acid glycoprotein with a dissociation constant of 1.6 muM. Platelets contain two populations of binding sites, one with high and another with lower affinity for the drug. The binding of dipyridamole to the high-affinity sites follows a Michaelis-Menten binding pattern with a dissociation constant of 0.04 muM. Approximately 2 x 10(4) dipyridamole molecules are bound at the high-affinity sites of each platelet. The lower affinity sites bind the drug with a dissociation constant of 4 muM. In the presence of alpha(1) acid glycoprotein of plasma, the binding of dipyridamole to human platelets is inhibited. Correspondingly, the dipyridamole inhibition of adenosine uptake by platelets is reduced 1,000-fold by purified alpha(1) acid glycoprotein. The binding of dipyridamole to human platelets was found to be essential for its inhibition of adenosine uptake by platelets. Dipyridamole decreases the incorporation of [(14)C]adenosine radioactivity in platelet nucleotides and reduces the [(14)C]-ATP to [(14)C]ADP ratio. Purified alpha(1) acid glycoprotein reverses these effects of dipyridamole on adenosine metabolism of platelets in a concentration-dependent manner. An equilibrium of dipyridamole binding to alpha(1) acid glycoprotein and to platelets is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:893682", "title": "A factorial study of personal development of unmarried mothers, college, alcoholic, and schizophrenic populations.", "content": "Reported the results of a factor analytic study of the Personal Development Study (PDS). The PDS was administered for research purposes to four diagnostic groups, which included 89 institutionalized alcoholics, 336 unmarried mothers, 159 college students, and 388 chronic schizophrenics. A principal component factor analysis with Varimax rotation performed on the combined populations (N = 972) yielded five main factors labeled as projection, optimism-responsibility, reaction and symptom formation, repressive-compulsive, and intropunitiveness-guilt. Analysis of base rates of responding to the individual items revealed that the four populations ranged along a continuum, with the normals at one extreme and the institutionalized schizophrenics at the other extreme of greater pathological responding.", "contents": "A factorial study of personal development of unmarried mothers, college, alcoholic, and schizophrenic populations. Reported the results of a factor analytic study of the Personal Development Study (PDS). The PDS was administered for research purposes to four diagnostic groups, which included 89 institutionalized alcoholics, 336 unmarried mothers, 159 college students, and 388 chronic schizophrenics. A principal component factor analysis with Varimax rotation performed on the combined populations (N = 972) yielded five main factors labeled as projection, optimism-responsibility, reaction and symptom formation, repressive-compulsive, and intropunitiveness-guilt. Analysis of base rates of responding to the individual items revealed that the four populations ranged along a continuum, with the normals at one extreme and the institutionalized schizophrenics at the other extreme of greater pathological responding."}
{"id": "PMID:893683", "title": "The factorial structure of personal development mechanisms in unmarried mothers, college, alcoholic, and schizophrenic populations.", "content": "The Personal Development Study (PDS) was administered to four diagnostic groups, which included 89 hospitalized alcoholics, 336 unmarried mothers, 159 college students, and 387 chronic institutionalized schizophrenics. The PDS data from the four groups were factor analyzed separately by Varimax rotation of principal component factors. Cluster analysis methods were used to compare the separate diagnostic group factors with the overall factors previously reported by Pishkin and Thorne (1977). Only a few close fits of the diagnostic group factors showed large differences in item composition, order of emergence of factors and size of loadings between groups. Because many items and factors could be interpreted in terms of several alternative theoretical systems, interpretations were based on the clinical meanings of items and clusters in terms of integration theory (Thorne, 1976).", "contents": "The factorial structure of personal development mechanisms in unmarried mothers, college, alcoholic, and schizophrenic populations. The Personal Development Study (PDS) was administered to four diagnostic groups, which included 89 hospitalized alcoholics, 336 unmarried mothers, 159 college students, and 387 chronic institutionalized schizophrenics. The PDS data from the four groups were factor analyzed separately by Varimax rotation of principal component factors. Cluster analysis methods were used to compare the separate diagnostic group factors with the overall factors previously reported by Pishkin and Thorne (1977). Only a few close fits of the diagnostic group factors showed large differences in item composition, order of emergence of factors and size of loadings between groups. Because many items and factors could be interpreted in terms of several alternative theoretical systems, interpretations were based on the clinical meanings of items and clusters in terms of integration theory (Thorne, 1976)."}
{"id": "PMID:893684", "title": "Cognitive rigidity in information processing of chronic undifferentiated schizophrenics.", "content": "This study investigated Concept Identification (CI) performance and hypothesis behavior of 100 chronic undifferentiated schizophrenic and matched normal Ss as functions of motor-cognitive, personality-perceptual, and psychomotor speed parameters of rigidity. The CI task was designed to test the effects of five levels of information complexity and to examine 10 categories of hypothesis strategies utilized in conceptual problem solving. It was found that normals were superior to schizophrenics in CI and that schizophrenics performed more poorly than normals at higher complexity levels. Normals were markedly less rigid on the motor-cognitive dimension than were schizophrenics. Correlational analysis revealed a number of reliable relationships between the three rigidity measures and the 10 hypothesis categories. Some insight was gained about the role of rigidity in utilization of effective strategies in problem solving; the psychomotor speed factor emerged as the best predictor of schizophrenics' hypothesis behavior.", "contents": "Cognitive rigidity in information processing of chronic undifferentiated schizophrenics. This study investigated Concept Identification (CI) performance and hypothesis behavior of 100 chronic undifferentiated schizophrenic and matched normal Ss as functions of motor-cognitive, personality-perceptual, and psychomotor speed parameters of rigidity. The CI task was designed to test the effects of five levels of information complexity and to examine 10 categories of hypothesis strategies utilized in conceptual problem solving. It was found that normals were superior to schizophrenics in CI and that schizophrenics performed more poorly than normals at higher complexity levels. Normals were markedly less rigid on the motor-cognitive dimension than were schizophrenics. Correlational analysis revealed a number of reliable relationships between the three rigidity measures and the 10 hypothesis categories. Some insight was gained about the role of rigidity in utilization of effective strategies in problem solving; the psychomotor speed factor emerged as the best predictor of schizophrenics' hypothesis behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:893685", "title": "Schizophrenic subtypes and differential responsiveness to reward and punishment.", "content": "Variations in responsivity to primary, secondary asocial and interpersonal rewards and punishments between major schizophrenic subgroups were investigated in a probability learning study. The subgroups compared were process and reactive, paranoid and nonparanoid, long- and short-hospitalization, and long- and short-length of illness schizophrenics. No evidence of differential responsivity to these reward-punishment/modality combinations appeared between high and low scorers on any of the four schizophrenic subgrouping dimensions. The groups then were matched closely so that the effects of each individual difference measure could be evaluated independently of the other three. Again, no significant differences in responsiveness to the reinforcement/modality combinations appeared. The results do not support the view that any of the four dimensions relate to differential responsiveness to primary, secondary asocial or verbal reward or punishment--at least on relatively simple tasks.", "contents": "Schizophrenic subtypes and differential responsiveness to reward and punishment. Variations in responsivity to primary, secondary asocial and interpersonal rewards and punishments between major schizophrenic subgroups were investigated in a probability learning study. The subgroups compared were process and reactive, paranoid and nonparanoid, long- and short-hospitalization, and long- and short-length of illness schizophrenics. No evidence of differential responsivity to these reward-punishment/modality combinations appeared between high and low scorers on any of the four schizophrenic subgrouping dimensions. The groups then were matched closely so that the effects of each individual difference measure could be evaluated independently of the other three. Again, no significant differences in responsiveness to the reinforcement/modality combinations appeared. The results do not support the view that any of the four dimensions relate to differential responsiveness to primary, secondary asocial or verbal reward or punishment--at least on relatively simple tasks."}
{"id": "PMID:893686", "title": "Overinclusion, broad scanning, and picture recognition in schizophrenics.", "content": "Difficulty of picture and word recognition was manipulated to test the hypothesis that schizophrenics have adequate recognition memories and to determine whether overinclusion is related to a good visual recognition memory. Good and poor premorbid, acute and chronic schizophrenics were compared to nonpsychotic psychiatric patients and to hospital aides. Both Payne's Object Classification Test and Goldstein-Scheerer's Object Sorting Test were given to all the patients, but only the former differentiated among the diagnostic subgroups and was related to good picture memory. When the measures of overinclusion, chronicity, premorbidity and intelligence were used as independent variables in a multiple regression, only Payne NonA predicted success on the picture task. Good premorbid schizophrenics recognized pictures as well as normals and nonpsychotics, but poor premorbids' picture memory was significantly worse. No experimental variable predicted word performance in a multiple regression, and good premorbids did not differ from poor premorbids on their word recognition. The authors favored the interpretation that the pattern of performance of overinclusive schizophrenics reflects their tendency to scan broadly both important and unimportant features of stimuli.", "contents": "Overinclusion, broad scanning, and picture recognition in schizophrenics. Difficulty of picture and word recognition was manipulated to test the hypothesis that schizophrenics have adequate recognition memories and to determine whether overinclusion is related to a good visual recognition memory. Good and poor premorbid, acute and chronic schizophrenics were compared to nonpsychotic psychiatric patients and to hospital aides. Both Payne's Object Classification Test and Goldstein-Scheerer's Object Sorting Test were given to all the patients, but only the former differentiated among the diagnostic subgroups and was related to good picture memory. When the measures of overinclusion, chronicity, premorbidity and intelligence were used as independent variables in a multiple regression, only Payne NonA predicted success on the picture task. Good premorbid schizophrenics recognized pictures as well as normals and nonpsychotics, but poor premorbids' picture memory was significantly worse. No experimental variable predicted word performance in a multiple regression, and good premorbids did not differ from poor premorbids on their word recognition. The authors favored the interpretation that the pattern of performance of overinclusive schizophrenics reflects their tendency to scan broadly both important and unimportant features of stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:893687", "title": "Recognition in episodic long-term memory in schizophrenia.", "content": "Recognition memory is one of the few areas of cognition in schizophrenia in which deficit has not been found. Such a finding has important theoretical implications for the understanding of schizophrenia. However, past studies in this area have been experimentally deficient. This paper presents a study of recognition in long-term episodic memory in schizophrenia in which previous findings of no deficit were replicated. The nature of the cognitive deficit in schizophrenia is discussed.", "contents": "Recognition in episodic long-term memory in schizophrenia. Recognition memory is one of the few areas of cognition in schizophrenia in which deficit has not been found. Such a finding has important theoretical implications for the understanding of schizophrenia. However, past studies in this area have been experimentally deficient. This paper presents a study of recognition in long-term episodic memory in schizophrenia in which previous findings of no deficit were replicated. The nature of the cognitive deficit in schizophrenia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893688", "title": "The interrater reliability of the Psychotic Inpatient Profile.", "content": "The interrater reliabilities of the 12 scales of the Psychotic Inpatient Profile (PIP) were assessed in three independent samples. These reliabilities were found to be consistently low for the three samples. Several possible sources of low reliability were investigated, and evidence to support the hypothesis that consistent rater biases might have contributed to this low reliability was found. The authors make several suggestions of ways to improve PIP's reliability.", "contents": "The interrater reliability of the Psychotic Inpatient Profile. The interrater reliabilities of the 12 scales of the Psychotic Inpatient Profile (PIP) were assessed in three independent samples. These reliabilities were found to be consistently low for the three samples. Several possible sources of low reliability were investigated, and evidence to support the hypothesis that consistent rater biases might have contributed to this low reliability was found. The authors make several suggestions of ways to improve PIP's reliability."}
{"id": "PMID:893689", "title": "Feelings of hostility and personal control as related to depression.", "content": "The relationships among depression, hostility, and locus of control were investigated in 58 clinic outpatients. Depth of depression was correlated positively with both covert hostility and external control, while external control correlated with covert hostility. Analysis of subscales on the hostility inventory indicated that overt forms of hostility were unrelated to depression, while the subscales of guilt, resentment, irritability, and suspicion were related positively (r = .50, p less than .005). Partial correlations suggested that the relationship between depression and external control may depend on the presence of resentment and irritability and that a combination of these covert factors with external control commonly is found in depression.", "contents": "Feelings of hostility and personal control as related to depression. The relationships among depression, hostility, and locus of control were investigated in 58 clinic outpatients. Depth of depression was correlated positively with both covert hostility and external control, while external control correlated with covert hostility. Analysis of subscales on the hostility inventory indicated that overt forms of hostility were unrelated to depression, while the subscales of guilt, resentment, irritability, and suspicion were related positively (r = .50, p less than .005). Partial correlations suggested that the relationship between depression and external control may depend on the presence of resentment and irritability and that a combination of these covert factors with external control commonly is found in depression."}
{"id": "PMID:893690", "title": "A validational study of the WIST as a group-administered instrument for assessment of schizophrenic thinking.", "content": "The objective assessment of thought disorder in schizophrenia is problemmatic in clinical psychology. Recently an individually administered instrument (WIST) was introduced as a brief, objective, and quantitative measure of schizophrenic thought processes. Possible shortcomings of the WIST are noted; experimental findings that concern extension to group testing conditions, convergent validity with another self-report measure of schizophrenia, and discriminant validity from intellectual level are presented.", "contents": "A validational study of the WIST as a group-administered instrument for assessment of schizophrenic thinking. The objective assessment of thought disorder in schizophrenia is problemmatic in clinical psychology. Recently an individually administered instrument (WIST) was introduced as a brief, objective, and quantitative measure of schizophrenic thought processes. Possible shortcomings of the WIST are noted; experimental findings that concern extension to group testing conditions, convergent validity with another self-report measure of schizophrenia, and discriminant validity from intellectual level are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:893691", "title": "IQ deficit in schizophrenia: a test of competing theories.", "content": "This study tested competing interpretations of IQ deficit in schizophrenic patients. One interpretation (concomitancy hypothesis) holds that IQ loss is a product of schizophrenic symptoms and is remedied as the symptoms remit. The second (prodromal hypothesis) holds that IQ deficit preceeds and facilitates the development of schizophrenic disorder and is not remedied with symptom remission. The IQs of schizophrenic patients were obtained before and three times after hospital treatment. All mean IQs fell within average limits and did not increase significantly after treatment although test-retest correlations suggested slight disruption of IQ in the morbid state. Remitting cases did not differ significantly from nonremitting cases. Paradoxically, chronic patients earned slightly higher IQs than acute patients. The findings are interpreted as providing some support for both interpretations of schizophrenic IQ deficit. It is concluded that the specific IQ tests used and the nature of the patient samples tested will have a significant bearing on which hypothesis is supported in individual studies of schizophrenic IQ deficit.", "contents": "IQ deficit in schizophrenia: a test of competing theories. This study tested competing interpretations of IQ deficit in schizophrenic patients. One interpretation (concomitancy hypothesis) holds that IQ loss is a product of schizophrenic symptoms and is remedied as the symptoms remit. The second (prodromal hypothesis) holds that IQ deficit preceeds and facilitates the development of schizophrenic disorder and is not remedied with symptom remission. The IQs of schizophrenic patients were obtained before and three times after hospital treatment. All mean IQs fell within average limits and did not increase significantly after treatment although test-retest correlations suggested slight disruption of IQ in the morbid state. Remitting cases did not differ significantly from nonremitting cases. Paradoxically, chronic patients earned slightly higher IQs than acute patients. The findings are interpreted as providing some support for both interpretations of schizophrenic IQ deficit. It is concluded that the specific IQ tests used and the nature of the patient samples tested will have a significant bearing on which hypothesis is supported in individual studies of schizophrenic IQ deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:893692", "title": "The Purpose-in-Life test in an inmate population: an empirical investigation.", "content": "This study examined the relationship of the Purpose-in-Life test to a number of variables in a sample of 48 inmates. The PIL was shown to be a reliable and valid instrument and correlated significantly and positively with measures of the self-concept, self-esteem, internal locus of control, and two EPI scales: Plans and Organizes Things and Carefree. Also found were significant relationships between PIL scores and age, IQ, and family relations. When compared to normal samples, inmates scored significantly lower on meaning and purpose in life. These data support the continued use of the PIL in research and applied settings.", "contents": "The Purpose-in-Life test in an inmate population: an empirical investigation. This study examined the relationship of the Purpose-in-Life test to a number of variables in a sample of 48 inmates. The PIL was shown to be a reliable and valid instrument and correlated significantly and positively with measures of the self-concept, self-esteem, internal locus of control, and two EPI scales: Plans and Organizes Things and Carefree. Also found were significant relationships between PIL scores and age, IQ, and family relations. When compared to normal samples, inmates scored significantly lower on meaning and purpose in life. These data support the continued use of the PIL in research and applied settings."}
{"id": "PMID:893693", "title": "Dogmatism, hostility, aggression, and gender roles.", "content": "The relationships between dogmatism, hostility, and aggression for males and females were studied. Ss were 74 male and 109 female college students, who were administered the D Scale, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Megargee Overcontrolled Hostility Inventory, Gough-Sanford Rigidity Scale, and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Significant positive relationships were found between dogmatism and hostility for both males and females (p less than .001). This confirmed theoretical formulations that postulated the more dogmatic to be pervasively hostile, rather than limited to directed expressions of hostility such as prejudice. Only for males, however, was a significant negative relationship between dogmatism and the overcontrolling of hostility found (p less than .05). In this, and other relationships, males appeared to be more able to integrate aggressive behaviors into personality patterns. While dogmatism related to several personality patterns, it had no relationship to social desirability. Rigidity and dogmatism presented essentially different personality constellations. Feelings of guilt were related significantly to disaffected patterns such as dogmatism (p less than .001), hostility (p less than .001), and aggression (p less than .05), which suggests a turning inward of feelings of anger and disappointment in addition to their outward expression.", "contents": "Dogmatism, hostility, aggression, and gender roles. The relationships between dogmatism, hostility, and aggression for males and females were studied. Ss were 74 male and 109 female college students, who were administered the D Scale, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Megargee Overcontrolled Hostility Inventory, Gough-Sanford Rigidity Scale, and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Significant positive relationships were found between dogmatism and hostility for both males and females (p less than .001). This confirmed theoretical formulations that postulated the more dogmatic to be pervasively hostile, rather than limited to directed expressions of hostility such as prejudice. Only for males, however, was a significant negative relationship between dogmatism and the overcontrolling of hostility found (p less than .05). In this, and other relationships, males appeared to be more able to integrate aggressive behaviors into personality patterns. While dogmatism related to several personality patterns, it had no relationship to social desirability. Rigidity and dogmatism presented essentially different personality constellations. Feelings of guilt were related significantly to disaffected patterns such as dogmatism (p less than .001), hostility (p less than .001), and aggression (p less than .05), which suggests a turning inward of feelings of anger and disappointment in addition to their outward expression."}
{"id": "PMID:893694", "title": "Further relationships between IPAT anxiety scale performance and infantile feeding experiences.", "content": "First-year psychology students who either had been breast fed for up to 3 months or never breast fed scored significantly higher on the IPAT Anxiety Scale than those breast fed for longer periods of time. There were no breast feeding effects on the Eysenck Personality Inventory, although females obtained significantly higher neuroticism scores than men. By extending a previous finding these results indicated the need for more data in this area.", "contents": "Further relationships between IPAT anxiety scale performance and infantile feeding experiences. First-year psychology students who either had been breast fed for up to 3 months or never breast fed scored significantly higher on the IPAT Anxiety Scale than those breast fed for longer periods of time. There were no breast feeding effects on the Eysenck Personality Inventory, although females obtained significantly higher neuroticism scores than men. By extending a previous finding these results indicated the need for more data in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:893695", "title": "Two short versions of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List.", "content": "In an attempt to fulfill the original purpose of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL), two shorter versions were devised. One version was simply a subset of the original items. A second version provided one 6-point semantic differential scale for each of the subscales of the standard MAACL. Concurrent validity was assessed for three separate college student populations and one drug patient population. Also, construct validity was assessed for both versions by measuring changes in negative affect during a single Induced Anxiety session. Correlations between the standard and subset version for total negative affect ranged between .49 and .99. Correlations between the standard and semantic differential versions for total negative affect ranged between .53 and .81.", "contents": "Two short versions of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. In an attempt to fulfill the original purpose of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL), two shorter versions were devised. One version was simply a subset of the original items. A second version provided one 6-point semantic differential scale for each of the subscales of the standard MAACL. Concurrent validity was assessed for three separate college student populations and one drug patient population. Also, construct validity was assessed for both versions by measuring changes in negative affect during a single Induced Anxiety session. Correlations between the standard and subset version for total negative affect ranged between .49 and .99. Correlations between the standard and semantic differential versions for total negative affect ranged between .53 and .81."}
{"id": "PMID:893696", "title": "The prediction of psycho-social adjustment subsequent to cardiac insult.", "content": "Cardiovascular patients comprise a sizable proportion of the national population of the disabled. The relevant literature emphasized the importance of developing predictors of outcome in the recovery process. Evidence suggests that a matrix comprised of psychological, physiological, and sociodemographic factors is associated both with the development of and subsequent reaction to cardiac insult. In a cardiovascular patient sample, a series of predictive equations was derived that relates concurrent physiological, psychological and sociodemographic variables to a measure of later adjustment. The multiple regression equation was derived from data obtained from a sample (N = 20) of patients seen by the Cardiac Work Evaluation Unit of a large University medical center. Cross-validation indicated that the equation accounted for a large proportion of the predictable variation.", "contents": "The prediction of psycho-social adjustment subsequent to cardiac insult. Cardiovascular patients comprise a sizable proportion of the national population of the disabled. The relevant literature emphasized the importance of developing predictors of outcome in the recovery process. Evidence suggests that a matrix comprised of psychological, physiological, and sociodemographic factors is associated both with the development of and subsequent reaction to cardiac insult. In a cardiovascular patient sample, a series of predictive equations was derived that relates concurrent physiological, psychological and sociodemographic variables to a measure of later adjustment. The multiple regression equation was derived from data obtained from a sample (N = 20) of patients seen by the Cardiac Work Evaluation Unit of a large University medical center. Cross-validation indicated that the equation accounted for a large proportion of the predictable variation."}
{"id": "PMID:893697", "title": "Is there an association between astrological data and personality?", "content": "A test was made of the hypothesis that personality characteristics can be predicted on the basis of various features of the individual's astrological chart. Astrological charts were prepared for 196 college-age Ss who also were administered the MMPI and the Leary Interpersonal Check List. Ss were divided into those who had extreme scores on any of the 13 personality variables studied and those who did not. For each personality variable, comparisons were made on a large number of astrological dimensions between distributions of Ss with and without extreme test scores. Six hundred thirty-two such comparisons were made and evaluated with chi-square tests. In that the obtained number of statistically significnat chi-squares was less than what would be expected on a chance basis, the hypothesis was rejected.", "contents": "Is there an association between astrological data and personality? A test was made of the hypothesis that personality characteristics can be predicted on the basis of various features of the individual's astrological chart. Astrological charts were prepared for 196 college-age Ss who also were administered the MMPI and the Leary Interpersonal Check List. Ss were divided into those who had extreme scores on any of the 13 personality variables studied and those who did not. For each personality variable, comparisons were made on a large number of astrological dimensions between distributions of Ss with and without extreme test scores. Six hundred thirty-two such comparisons were made and evaluated with chi-square tests. In that the obtained number of statistically significnat chi-squares was less than what would be expected on a chance basis, the hypothesis was rejected."}
{"id": "PMID:893698", "title": "Self-ratings and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI).", "content": "An attempt was made to assess the relationships between self-ratings and psychometric (EPI) estimates on the dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism. Ninety-five individuals served as Ss. The correlations between self-ratings and EPI estimates achieved high significance on both dimensions. Contrary to earlier suggestions (Bem & Allen, 1974), ratings of behavioral variability on the respective dimensions failed to produce a significant moderating effect. However, a tentative trend was observed for cross-procedural comparability (between self-ratings and the EPI) to be higher near the midpoints of the respective distributions. A factor contributory to this was a central regressive tendency (noted at both poles on both dimensions and for both sources of estimation), whereby an extreme estimate from one source was associated with a less extreme estimate from the other.", "contents": "Self-ratings and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). An attempt was made to assess the relationships between self-ratings and psychometric (EPI) estimates on the dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism. Ninety-five individuals served as Ss. The correlations between self-ratings and EPI estimates achieved high significance on both dimensions. Contrary to earlier suggestions (Bem & Allen, 1974), ratings of behavioral variability on the respective dimensions failed to produce a significant moderating effect. However, a tentative trend was observed for cross-procedural comparability (between self-ratings and the EPI) to be higher near the midpoints of the respective distributions. A factor contributory to this was a central regressive tendency (noted at both poles on both dimensions and for both sources of estimation), whereby an extreme estimate from one source was associated with a less extreme estimate from the other."}
{"id": "PMID:893699", "title": "Behavioral correlates for spike-4, spike-9, and 4-9/9-4 MMPI profiles in students at a university mental health center.", "content": "Numerous investigators have noted that spike-4, spike-9, and 4-9/9-4 profiles occur with an unusually high frequency in college students. Five hundred and fifty files of college students who requested outpatient psychiatric services were reviewed, and the data from 47 files were extracted in which the student patient had a clinically elevated spike-4, spike-9, or 4-9/9-4 profile. Numerous significant psychopathological behavioral correlates were found for each profile type, which supports the contention that these profile types are reflective of significant psychopathology and are not examples of benign deviations of a particular sample from the original normative group.", "contents": "Behavioral correlates for spike-4, spike-9, and 4-9/9-4 MMPI profiles in students at a university mental health center. Numerous investigators have noted that spike-4, spike-9, and 4-9/9-4 profiles occur with an unusually high frequency in college students. Five hundred and fifty files of college students who requested outpatient psychiatric services were reviewed, and the data from 47 files were extracted in which the student patient had a clinically elevated spike-4, spike-9, or 4-9/9-4 profile. Numerous significant psychopathological behavioral correlates were found for each profile type, which supports the contention that these profile types are reflective of significant psychopathology and are not examples of benign deviations of a particular sample from the original normative group."}
{"id": "PMID:893700", "title": "Comparison of nonpsychiatric blacks and whites on the MMPI.", "content": "The literature indicates inconsistent results when MMPI differences between black Ss and white Ss were investigated. In general, most studies found that blacks responded in a more pathological direction. However, previous studies can be criticized because they have used students, prisoners, and hospital patients as Ss with variables that were controlled inconsistently and varied widely. In this study a comparison was made of MMPI scales for 56 black and 56 white males who were full-time employees of a large chemical company. Ss were matched for age, education, occupation, seniority, mental ability level, and socioeconomic level. The 10 standard clinical and 3 validity MMPI scales were recorded for each S as well as six experimental scales: Control (C), Dependency (DPD), Dominance (DOM), Ego Strength (ES), Anxiety Index (AI), and Internalization Ratio (IR). Using K corrected T-scores for the MMPI scales, a repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that subtests and group X subtests were significant. More specifically, blacks scored significantly higher than white Ss on the MA scale, and white Ss scored significantly higher than blacks on the PA, C, DOM, and Es scales. While the present study did find significant differences between black and white Ss on the MMPI, the scores were all well within the normal range (T less than 70), and all scales but two were less than 60.", "contents": "Comparison of nonpsychiatric blacks and whites on the MMPI. The literature indicates inconsistent results when MMPI differences between black Ss and white Ss were investigated. In general, most studies found that blacks responded in a more pathological direction. However, previous studies can be criticized because they have used students, prisoners, and hospital patients as Ss with variables that were controlled inconsistently and varied widely. In this study a comparison was made of MMPI scales for 56 black and 56 white males who were full-time employees of a large chemical company. Ss were matched for age, education, occupation, seniority, mental ability level, and socioeconomic level. The 10 standard clinical and 3 validity MMPI scales were recorded for each S as well as six experimental scales: Control (C), Dependency (DPD), Dominance (DOM), Ego Strength (ES), Anxiety Index (AI), and Internalization Ratio (IR). Using K corrected T-scores for the MMPI scales, a repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that subtests and group X subtests were significant. More specifically, blacks scored significantly higher than white Ss on the MA scale, and white Ss scored significantly higher than blacks on the PA, C, DOM, and Es scales. While the present study did find significant differences between black and white Ss on the MMPI, the scores were all well within the normal range (T less than 70), and all scales but two were less than 60."}
{"id": "PMID:893701", "title": "Efficacy of the Mini-Mult validity scales with prisoners.", "content": "The authors studied the ability of the Kincannon Mini-Mult validity scales to detect invalid standard MMPI protocols of adult male prisoners. The original MMPI records of 1407 Ss were rescored by use of Kincannon's items for the L, F, and K Scales. Analysis consisted of examining the frequency with which the Mini-Mult would detect an invalid protocol when at least one of the original MMPI validity scales also was elevated and invalid. Results indicate that the Mini-Mult failed to detect nearly 75% of the profiles that were invalid due to an elevated F scale on the parent MMPI. Similarly, over 50% of the profiles invalid due to elevated L and/or K scales were not detected by the Mini-Mult. Despite the appealing brevity of this 71-item short form of the MMPI, caution is advised with regard to its use in penal settings.", "contents": "Efficacy of the Mini-Mult validity scales with prisoners. The authors studied the ability of the Kincannon Mini-Mult validity scales to detect invalid standard MMPI protocols of adult male prisoners. The original MMPI records of 1407 Ss were rescored by use of Kincannon's items for the L, F, and K Scales. Analysis consisted of examining the frequency with which the Mini-Mult would detect an invalid protocol when at least one of the original MMPI validity scales also was elevated and invalid. Results indicate that the Mini-Mult failed to detect nearly 75% of the profiles that were invalid due to an elevated F scale on the parent MMPI. Similarly, over 50% of the profiles invalid due to elevated L and/or K scales were not detected by the Mini-Mult. Despite the appealing brevity of this 71-item short form of the MMPI, caution is advised with regard to its use in penal settings."}
{"id": "PMID:893702", "title": "The Watson and the Hovey MMPI scales: do they measure organicity or \"functional\" psychopathology?", "content": "Both the Hovey MMPI Scale of Organicity and the Watson MMPI Sc-O Scale, developed to differentiate schizophrenics from organics, demonstrated substantial association with psychopathology as measured by the MMPI regular clinical and validity scales. These findings occurred with both penitentiary inmates and psychiatric patients. For the Sc-O Scale the correlations with the regular MMPI Scales for the patients tended to be higher than for the prisoners, presumably because of the greater psychopathology present in the former. With the psychiatric patients there was actually a significant inverse relationship between the organicity direction of Sc-O and Hovey Scales, a finding that had been reported in a previous study. The inference from these findings was that MMPI-based organicity scales probably have seriously limited utility, especially in differentiation between organicity and \"functional\" psychopathology.", "contents": "The Watson and the Hovey MMPI scales: do they measure organicity or \"functional\" psychopathology? Both the Hovey MMPI Scale of Organicity and the Watson MMPI Sc-O Scale, developed to differentiate schizophrenics from organics, demonstrated substantial association with psychopathology as measured by the MMPI regular clinical and validity scales. These findings occurred with both penitentiary inmates and psychiatric patients. For the Sc-O Scale the correlations with the regular MMPI Scales for the patients tended to be higher than for the prisoners, presumably because of the greater psychopathology present in the former. With the psychiatric patients there was actually a significant inverse relationship between the organicity direction of Sc-O and Hovey Scales, a finding that had been reported in a previous study. The inference from these findings was that MMPI-based organicity scales probably have seriously limited utility, especially in differentiation between organicity and \"functional\" psychopathology."}
{"id": "PMID:893703", "title": "Predicting adjustment of heart patients with the Cardiac Adjustment Scale.", "content": "Cardiac Adjustment Scale (CAS) scores for 74 cardiac patients between 31 and 64 years of age who completed a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program were examined to determine whether they could predict return to work, judged adjustment to cardiac disability, and participation in the rehabilitation program. CAS scores proved to be unrelated to either vocational status or program involvement. Low CAS scores were associated with maladjustment, but higher scores were associated equally with good and poor adjustment. The results suggested that the CAS alone was of little value in increasing the accuracy of prediction of psychological or vocational adjustment with the population studied.", "contents": "Predicting adjustment of heart patients with the Cardiac Adjustment Scale. Cardiac Adjustment Scale (CAS) scores for 74 cardiac patients between 31 and 64 years of age who completed a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program were examined to determine whether they could predict return to work, judged adjustment to cardiac disability, and participation in the rehabilitation program. CAS scores proved to be unrelated to either vocational status or program involvement. Low CAS scores were associated with maladjustment, but higher scores were associated equally with good and poor adjustment. The results suggested that the CAS alone was of little value in increasing the accuracy of prediction of psychological or vocational adjustment with the population studied."}
{"id": "PMID:893704", "title": "Changes in psychiatric admission MMPI profiles over a period of 15 to 20 years.", "content": "An attempt was made to compare admission MMPI profiles of a matched sample of psychiatric inpatients over a 15- to 20-year period. For both males and females, significant decreases in MMPI indices of psychopathology occurred. Possible reasons for this decrease are presented.", "contents": "Changes in psychiatric admission MMPI profiles over a period of 15 to 20 years. An attempt was made to compare admission MMPI profiles of a matched sample of psychiatric inpatients over a 15- to 20-year period. For both males and females, significant decreases in MMPI indices of psychopathology occurred. Possible reasons for this decrease are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:893705", "title": "Role-played and hypnotically induced simulation of psychopathology on the MMPI.", "content": "The differential effects of role-played vs. hypnotically induced simulation of a paranoid syndrome on diagnostic and validity scales of the MMPI were tested with 30 female undergraduate Ss. Hypnotized Ss given the paranoid syndrome suggestion simulated the MMPI more accurately than did role-playing Ss. The F scale and Gough F-K index of dissimulation identified the role-playing group, but not the hypnosis with simulation suggestion group. It was concluded that further refinement of the validity scales of the MMPI is needed to improve their effectiveness in detecting deception on this test.", "contents": "Role-played and hypnotically induced simulation of psychopathology on the MMPI. The differential effects of role-played vs. hypnotically induced simulation of a paranoid syndrome on diagnostic and validity scales of the MMPI were tested with 30 female undergraduate Ss. Hypnotized Ss given the paranoid syndrome suggestion simulated the MMPI more accurately than did role-playing Ss. The F scale and Gough F-K index of dissimulation identified the role-playing group, but not the hypnosis with simulation suggestion group. It was concluded that further refinement of the validity scales of the MMPI is needed to improve their effectiveness in detecting deception on this test."}
{"id": "PMID:893706", "title": "Dogmatism and locus of control in young women who support, oppose, or voice no opinion on the Equal Rights Amendment.", "content": "This study sought to clarify personality characteristics of supporters of the Women's Liberation Movement (WLM) with specific emphasis on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Three matched groups of 50 female college students, which were comprised of supporters, opponents, or those who voiced no opinion on the ERA, were administered the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale and the Rotter I-E Scale. The three groups did not differ significantly on either measure. Participants of all groups were shown to be somewhat externally controlled and to demonstrate personality traits that were not characteristically dogmatic. The disparity of these results with those reported by other researchers was attributed to the matched demographic factors that determined S selection and assignment.", "contents": "Dogmatism and locus of control in young women who support, oppose, or voice no opinion on the Equal Rights Amendment. This study sought to clarify personality characteristics of supporters of the Women's Liberation Movement (WLM) with specific emphasis on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Three matched groups of 50 female college students, which were comprised of supporters, opponents, or those who voiced no opinion on the ERA, were administered the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale and the Rotter I-E Scale. The three groups did not differ significantly on either measure. Participants of all groups were shown to be somewhat externally controlled and to demonstrate personality traits that were not characteristically dogmatic. The disparity of these results with those reported by other researchers was attributed to the matched demographic factors that determined S selection and assignment."}
{"id": "PMID:893707", "title": "The development of a rating scale for the prediction of success in weight reduction.", "content": "A valid and reliable rating instrument was developed that has predictive value with regard to the ability to lose weight. The major constructs that the test was intended to measure were knowledge of the pragmatics of weight reduction and obesity and the role of fantasy in weight loss. Test items were drawn from research findings in the obesity literature and from subject matter experts in the fields of nutrition, internal medicine and clinical psychology. Test-retest reliability coefficients for the new instrument range from .64 to .95. Construct validity was ascertained through administration of the scale to groups of high school students (N=20), college nutrition students (N=30) and successful and unsuccessful dieters (Ns=28 and 20, respectively). It appears that the scale, The Dash-Brown Survey of Fact and Fiction in Weight Reduction (DBS), may be employed usefully to assess the remediability of obesity for potential dieters. The data further suggest that cognitive awareness of diet-related issues is significant in weight reduction.", "contents": "The development of a rating scale for the prediction of success in weight reduction. A valid and reliable rating instrument was developed that has predictive value with regard to the ability to lose weight. The major constructs that the test was intended to measure were knowledge of the pragmatics of weight reduction and obesity and the role of fantasy in weight loss. Test items were drawn from research findings in the obesity literature and from subject matter experts in the fields of nutrition, internal medicine and clinical psychology. Test-retest reliability coefficients for the new instrument range from .64 to .95. Construct validity was ascertained through administration of the scale to groups of high school students (N=20), college nutrition students (N=30) and successful and unsuccessful dieters (Ns=28 and 20, respectively). It appears that the scale, The Dash-Brown Survey of Fact and Fiction in Weight Reduction (DBS), may be employed usefully to assess the remediability of obesity for potential dieters. The data further suggest that cognitive awareness of diet-related issues is significant in weight reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:893708", "title": "Further evidence that concerns the validity of an MMPI key for separation of brain-damaged and schizophrenic patients.", "content": "This study attempted to cross-validate an MMPI Key for the separation of brain-damaged and schizophrenic inpatients. MMPI profiles generated by 20 males with a variety of documented brain dysfunctions were compared to those of 20 heterogenous male schizophrenics. The groups were matched on the variables of age and education. The procedure provided 82.5% correct classification, which included 85% correct schizophrenic identification and 80% correct brain-damage identification. The Key was recommended for use as a rough screening device or as a supplement to appropriate neuropsychological procedures.", "contents": "Further evidence that concerns the validity of an MMPI key for separation of brain-damaged and schizophrenic patients. This study attempted to cross-validate an MMPI Key for the separation of brain-damaged and schizophrenic inpatients. MMPI profiles generated by 20 males with a variety of documented brain dysfunctions were compared to those of 20 heterogenous male schizophrenics. The groups were matched on the variables of age and education. The procedure provided 82.5% correct classification, which included 85% correct schizophrenic identification and 80% correct brain-damage identification. The Key was recommended for use as a rough screening device or as a supplement to appropriate neuropsychological procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:893709", "title": "Personality and background predictors of a young wife's desired family size.", "content": "A questionnaire that included 19 personality, socioeconomic, and general background variables was administered to 160 childless Caucasian, Protestant wives of college students to discover variables that offered promise as predictors of desired family size. Of the samples, 66% wanted two children, and 14% wanted three children. Four variables--feelings of alienation, father's social class level, level of overt anxiety, and childhood family size--had a combined multiple correlation of .39 with desired family size in a stepwise regression analysis and accounted for almost 15% of the desired family size variance. Results suggest that although desired family size remains difficult to predict, personality factors may be as significant as socioeconomic factors in its prediction.", "contents": "Personality and background predictors of a young wife's desired family size. A questionnaire that included 19 personality, socioeconomic, and general background variables was administered to 160 childless Caucasian, Protestant wives of college students to discover variables that offered promise as predictors of desired family size. Of the samples, 66% wanted two children, and 14% wanted three children. Four variables--feelings of alienation, father's social class level, level of overt anxiety, and childhood family size--had a combined multiple correlation of .39 with desired family size in a stepwise regression analysis and accounted for almost 15% of the desired family size variance. Results suggest that although desired family size remains difficult to predict, personality factors may be as significant as socioeconomic factors in its prediction."}
{"id": "PMID:893710", "title": "An empirical test of the sociocybernetic model.", "content": "A theoretical\"sociocybernetic\" systems analysis model was tested empirically. Two independent groups completed a questionnaire that described their reactions to four hypothetical interpersonal situations. Half of the persons in each group described their reactions to a friend and used Likert scales to rate the unfavorable/favorableness of their (a) verbal responses and subsequent (b) emotional states. Additionally, they completed similar scale ratings that indicated the expected verbal responses and emotional states of their friend. Persons in the other half of each group completed the same interpersonal simulation exercise except that they were asked to describe an interaction with someone other than a friend. The data elements simulated by the computer were the verbal and emotional response ratings. In this simulation, one perons's output becomes the other person's input and vice versa. Strife scores were defined operationally in terms of the unfavorable (negative) conditions generated in the mathematical simulations. In both groups the mean strife scores for friends were significantly lower than mean strife scores for the other two-person interactions.", "contents": "An empirical test of the sociocybernetic model. A theoretical\"sociocybernetic\" systems analysis model was tested empirically. Two independent groups completed a questionnaire that described their reactions to four hypothetical interpersonal situations. Half of the persons in each group described their reactions to a friend and used Likert scales to rate the unfavorable/favorableness of their (a) verbal responses and subsequent (b) emotional states. Additionally, they completed similar scale ratings that indicated the expected verbal responses and emotional states of their friend. Persons in the other half of each group completed the same interpersonal simulation exercise except that they were asked to describe an interaction with someone other than a friend. The data elements simulated by the computer were the verbal and emotional response ratings. In this simulation, one perons's output becomes the other person's input and vice versa. Strife scores were defined operationally in terms of the unfavorable (negative) conditions generated in the mathematical simulations. In both groups the mean strife scores for friends were significantly lower than mean strife scores for the other two-person interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:893711", "title": "The Canter Background Interference Procedure (BIP): effects of demographic variables on diagnosis.", "content": "This paper reports a positive association between demographic variables and Canter BIP diagnostic classification. Ss are 209 middle-aged men and include psychiatric and medical patients and non-patients. To evaluate the joint effects of the demographic variables, a discriminate analysis was performed on the total sample. Race and educational level alone predicted BIP diagnosis in 67% of the cases. While none of the demographic variables was related significantly to BIP diagnosis when a discriminate analysis was performed on whites alone, age and educational level were related significantly to BIP diagnosis when a discriminate analysis was performed on blacks alone.", "contents": "The Canter Background Interference Procedure (BIP): effects of demographic variables on diagnosis. This paper reports a positive association between demographic variables and Canter BIP diagnostic classification. Ss are 209 middle-aged men and include psychiatric and medical patients and non-patients. To evaluate the joint effects of the demographic variables, a discriminate analysis was performed on the total sample. Race and educational level alone predicted BIP diagnosis in 67% of the cases. While none of the demographic variables was related significantly to BIP diagnosis when a discriminate analysis was performed on whites alone, age and educational level were related significantly to BIP diagnosis when a discriminate analysis was performed on blacks alone."}
{"id": "PMID:893712", "title": "Wechsler Memory Scale is a poor screening test for brain dysfunction.", "content": "The effectiveness of the Wechsler Memory Scale as a screening test for brain dysfunction when used with \"new\" scoring procedures was assessed in this cross-validation study. The scoring procedures studied were those reported by Bachrach and Mintz (1974) and Kljajic (1975). In general, these procedures were found to be unreliable methods to separate brain dysfunctional patients from psychiatric patients. While the Wechsler Memory Scale may be a good test of short-term verbal memory, it samples too narrow a band of behaviors to be a reliable screening instrument of brain dysfunction in a large range of patients.", "contents": "Wechsler Memory Scale is a poor screening test for brain dysfunction. The effectiveness of the Wechsler Memory Scale as a screening test for brain dysfunction when used with \"new\" scoring procedures was assessed in this cross-validation study. The scoring procedures studied were those reported by Bachrach and Mintz (1974) and Kljajic (1975). In general, these procedures were found to be unreliable methods to separate brain dysfunctional patients from psychiatric patients. While the Wechsler Memory Scale may be a good test of short-term verbal memory, it samples too narrow a band of behaviors to be a reliable screening instrument of brain dysfunction in a large range of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:893713", "title": "Demographic, etiological, and functional variables related to intelligence in the visually impaired.", "content": "Variables related to the intellectual functioning of 597 visually impaired persons were investigated. The total sample obtained a mean WAIS IQ score above that of the general population. Examination of dimensions with the visually impaired sample resulted in no significant differences on the basis of adventitious vs. congenital blindness, sex, residential vs. sighted school attendance, degree of vision, and diagnostic groups. Age and level of education were related to verbal intelligence scores.", "contents": "Demographic, etiological, and functional variables related to intelligence in the visually impaired. Variables related to the intellectual functioning of 597 visually impaired persons were investigated. The total sample obtained a mean WAIS IQ score above that of the general population. Examination of dimensions with the visually impaired sample resulted in no significant differences on the basis of adventitious vs. congenital blindness, sex, residential vs. sighted school attendance, degree of vision, and diagnostic groups. Age and level of education were related to verbal intelligence scores."}
{"id": "PMID:893714", "title": "Delinquents and the Tapping Test.", "content": "This study provided Tapping Test norms for young legal offenders by measuring 54 Anglo male probationers (35 juveniles, 19 adults) in Study I, and 127 probationers aged 12-17 within eight sex/age/ethnicity subgroups in Study II. The Tapping Test, a measure of fine-motor speed, forms part of the Halstead-Reitan battery for neuropsychodiagnosis. Study I results suggest that tapping speed related to age for juvenile male delinquents, p less than .01; for adults, speed relates to IQ, p less than .05. Study II results suggest that Anglo females--but not non-Anglo females-- tap slower than males, p less than .01. The results were only paritally consistent with those of prior studies. Future researchers may wish to: (a) refine norms by appropriate adjustments for age and IQ; (b) investigate why Anglo female delinquents were especially slow on the Tapping Test; and (c) evaluate to what extent false positives may be provoked on this test by depression rather than organicity.", "contents": "Delinquents and the Tapping Test. This study provided Tapping Test norms for young legal offenders by measuring 54 Anglo male probationers (35 juveniles, 19 adults) in Study I, and 127 probationers aged 12-17 within eight sex/age/ethnicity subgroups in Study II. The Tapping Test, a measure of fine-motor speed, forms part of the Halstead-Reitan battery for neuropsychodiagnosis. Study I results suggest that tapping speed related to age for juvenile male delinquents, p less than .01; for adults, speed relates to IQ, p less than .05. Study II results suggest that Anglo females--but not non-Anglo females-- tap slower than males, p less than .01. The results were only paritally consistent with those of prior studies. Future researchers may wish to: (a) refine norms by appropriate adjustments for age and IQ; (b) investigate why Anglo female delinquents were especially slow on the Tapping Test; and (c) evaluate to what extent false positives may be provoked on this test by depression rather than organicity."}
{"id": "PMID:893715", "title": "Neuropsychological effects of electroconvulsive therapy.", "content": "Although ECT as the treatment of choice for psychotic depression has been in use for many years, little is known about the neocortical residual of such treatments inferred from behavioral measures. The major portion of the literature has been concerned with inferred or observed changes in affective state. The present study compared pre- and posttreatment performances on the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery of 20 patients who were receiving ECT from two different machines. Most Ss gave indicators of cerebral impairment prior to treatment when performance of one side of the body was contrasted with performance of the other side. After treatment, there was an increased number of Ss who evidenced signs consistent with damage to the right cerebral hemisphere. Some concern was raised that a large number of patients who eventually are subject ot ECT because of depression behave in this way because of an undiagnosed neocortical dysfunction. There is some suggestion that the effect of the procedure is to either create or intensify a right hemisphere focus as inferred from behavioral measures.", "contents": "Neuropsychological effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Although ECT as the treatment of choice for psychotic depression has been in use for many years, little is known about the neocortical residual of such treatments inferred from behavioral measures. The major portion of the literature has been concerned with inferred or observed changes in affective state. The present study compared pre- and posttreatment performances on the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery of 20 patients who were receiving ECT from two different machines. Most Ss gave indicators of cerebral impairment prior to treatment when performance of one side of the body was contrasted with performance of the other side. After treatment, there was an increased number of Ss who evidenced signs consistent with damage to the right cerebral hemisphere. Some concern was raised that a large number of patients who eventually are subject ot ECT because of depression behave in this way because of an undiagnosed neocortical dysfunction. There is some suggestion that the effect of the procedure is to either create or intensify a right hemisphere focus as inferred from behavioral measures."}
{"id": "PMID:893716", "title": "Benton OCS and OES as actuarial indices of brain pathology.", "content": "The Benton Visual Retention Test was administered to two matched neurologically distinct middle-aged samples. The experimental sample that comprised brain-disordered Ss scored significantly higher obtained correct and error scores than did the controls. It also was found that a critical obtained correct score of 3 could discriminate the two samples at statistically significant levels, but with high false negative rates. A critical obtained error score of 4 failed to discriminate the two samples. Seventy-three percent of the total sample had identical predictions from both critical scores, and while the combined use of both scores did not improve the percentage hit rate over the single use of the obtained correct score, false negatives were reduced to acceptable levels.", "contents": "Benton OCS and OES as actuarial indices of brain pathology. The Benton Visual Retention Test was administered to two matched neurologically distinct middle-aged samples. The experimental sample that comprised brain-disordered Ss scored significantly higher obtained correct and error scores than did the controls. It also was found that a critical obtained correct score of 3 could discriminate the two samples at statistically significant levels, but with high false negative rates. A critical obtained error score of 4 failed to discriminate the two samples. Seventy-three percent of the total sample had identical predictions from both critical scores, and while the combined use of both scores did not improve the percentage hit rate over the single use of the obtained correct score, false negatives were reduced to acceptable levels."}
{"id": "PMID:893717", "title": "Sex differences in WAIS item performance.", "content": "Although the WAIS IQ scores of males and females differ only negligibly, significant sex differences do exist on many WAIS subtests. The purpose of the present investigation was to identify any WAIS items within these subtests that showed reliable sex differences. Within a cross-validation methodology that employed 521 adults (264 males; 257 females), 21 items were found to show reliable sex differences. A reanalysis by age groups provided similar results. The nature of the items was discussed, and an index of stereotyped sex-role experiences was proposed.", "contents": "Sex differences in WAIS item performance. Although the WAIS IQ scores of males and females differ only negligibly, significant sex differences do exist on many WAIS subtests. The purpose of the present investigation was to identify any WAIS items within these subtests that showed reliable sex differences. Within a cross-validation methodology that employed 521 adults (264 males; 257 females), 21 items were found to show reliable sex differences. A reanalysis by age groups provided similar results. The nature of the items was discussed, and an index of stereotyped sex-role experiences was proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:893718", "title": "Toward a new theory of dreaming.", "content": "A new Process Scoring System for dreams was developed and applied in an intensive single-S case study that spanned 5 1/2 years and 754 dreams. In it two hypotheses derived from a new transformative theory of dreams were tested. Both the transformation hypothesis, which holds that it is possible to shift from a symbolic to a directly expressive mode of dreaming, as well as the parallelism hypothesis, which holds that the expression of affect in dreams parallels the expression of affect in waking, were supported by the results. In contrast to Freud's analytic theory, which deals with content and interprets dreams as coded symbolic messages, our transformative theory focuses on dynamic dream processes and views dreams as pictures of feelings.", "contents": "Toward a new theory of dreaming. A new Process Scoring System for dreams was developed and applied in an intensive single-S case study that spanned 5 1/2 years and 754 dreams. In it two hypotheses derived from a new transformative theory of dreams were tested. Both the transformation hypothesis, which holds that it is possible to shift from a symbolic to a directly expressive mode of dreaming, as well as the parallelism hypothesis, which holds that the expression of affect in dreams parallels the expression of affect in waking, were supported by the results. In contrast to Freud's analytic theory, which deals with content and interprets dreams as coded symbolic messages, our transformative theory focuses on dynamic dream processes and views dreams as pictures of feelings."}
{"id": "PMID:893720", "title": "Enhancement of male juvenile delinquents' self-concepts through photographed social interactions.", "content": "This study was designed to identify juvenile delinquent boys who had low social self-concepts as measured by the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS) and to enhance their self-concepts through a program of photographic feedback of successful social interactions. A total of 30 Ss engaged in social interactions each week for 5 weeks, during which time the interactions were photographed. Compared with the control group, Ss who received the weekly photographic feedback increased in Total Self-concept, Social Self-concept, Personal Self-concept, Identity, andSelf-satisfaction as measured by the subscales of the TSCS. The experimental group Ss also showed decreased Maladjustment on the TSCS, as compared with the control group. Compared with the experimental group, the control group showed a decrease on the Behavior subscale of the TSCS.", "contents": "Enhancement of male juvenile delinquents' self-concepts through photographed social interactions. This study was designed to identify juvenile delinquent boys who had low social self-concepts as measured by the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS) and to enhance their self-concepts through a program of photographic feedback of successful social interactions. A total of 30 Ss engaged in social interactions each week for 5 weeks, during which time the interactions were photographed. Compared with the control group, Ss who received the weekly photographic feedback increased in Total Self-concept, Social Self-concept, Personal Self-concept, Identity, andSelf-satisfaction as measured by the subscales of the TSCS. The experimental group Ss also showed decreased Maladjustment on the TSCS, as compared with the control group. Compared with the experimental group, the control group showed a decrease on the Behavior subscale of the TSCS."}
{"id": "PMID:893719", "title": "Therapeutic effects of problem-solving training and play-reading groups.", "content": "Twenty-five adult patients of a private psychiatric hospital participated in small groups that convened for eight sessions in order to increase skills in interpersonal problem solving. The groups repeatedly went through the steps of (a) bringing up a problem; (b) clarifying it; (c) proposing solutions; and(d) weighing the solutions. A control grop of 29 patients did not receive problem-solving training. A \"placebo\" sample of 21 Ss also met in small groups, but their task was to read comedies together. The results obtained through a series of analyses of covariance showed that the experimental condition was more successful than the other two in improving people's impulse control, self-esteem and feeling of competence. The play-reading condition was found to be as helpful as the problem-solving groups in reducing depression and general psychopathology. Control patients showed significantly less improvement than did patients in the other conditions.", "contents": "Therapeutic effects of problem-solving training and play-reading groups. Twenty-five adult patients of a private psychiatric hospital participated in small groups that convened for eight sessions in order to increase skills in interpersonal problem solving. The groups repeatedly went through the steps of (a) bringing up a problem; (b) clarifying it; (c) proposing solutions; and(d) weighing the solutions. A control grop of 29 patients did not receive problem-solving training. A \"placebo\" sample of 21 Ss also met in small groups, but their task was to read comedies together. The results obtained through a series of analyses of covariance showed that the experimental condition was more successful than the other two in improving people's impulse control, self-esteem and feeling of competence. The play-reading condition was found to be as helpful as the problem-solving groups in reducing depression and general psychopathology. Control patients showed significantly less improvement than did patients in the other conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:893721", "title": "Conjugate lateral eye movement, repression-sensitization, and emotional style: sex interactions.", "content": "This study examined the relationships of conjugate lateral eye movement to scores on the Test of Emotional Styles and the Repression-Sensitization Scale. In males, but not in females, left-looking Ss obtained significantly higher scores on the Responsiveness and Expressiveness scales of the TES. A non-significant tendency for males who displayed left-looking tendencies to appear as more sensitizing than right-looking males on the RS scale also was found. The correlates of CLEM found for males on the TES lend qualified support to that instrument's overall validity. Further investigation of the possible ego defensive correlates of the CLEM effect is needed.", "contents": "Conjugate lateral eye movement, repression-sensitization, and emotional style: sex interactions. This study examined the relationships of conjugate lateral eye movement to scores on the Test of Emotional Styles and the Repression-Sensitization Scale. In males, but not in females, left-looking Ss obtained significantly higher scores on the Responsiveness and Expressiveness scales of the TES. A non-significant tendency for males who displayed left-looking tendencies to appear as more sensitizing than right-looking males on the RS scale also was found. The correlates of CLEM found for males on the TES lend qualified support to that instrument's overall validity. Further investigation of the possible ego defensive correlates of the CLEM effect is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:893722", "title": "A reapplication of the process scoring system for dreams.", "content": "The first application of the new Process Scoring System for dreams was made in an intensive longitudinal case study of 1 S over a 5 1/2 year period. In this second application, the dreams of a sample of 5 experienced Feeling Therapy patients were compared to those of 5 control Ss. As in the first study, considerable support was found for both the transformation hypothesis, which holds that it is possible to shift from a symbolic mode of dream behavior to a directly expressive one, and the parallelism hypothesis, which holds that the expression of affect in dreams parallels the expression of affect in waking and vice versa.", "contents": "A reapplication of the process scoring system for dreams. The first application of the new Process Scoring System for dreams was made in an intensive longitudinal case study of 1 S over a 5 1/2 year period. In this second application, the dreams of a sample of 5 experienced Feeling Therapy patients were compared to those of 5 control Ss. As in the first study, considerable support was found for both the transformation hypothesis, which holds that it is possible to shift from a symbolic mode of dream behavior to a directly expressive one, and the parallelism hypothesis, which holds that the expression of affect in dreams parallels the expression of affect in waking and vice versa."}
{"id": "PMID:893723", "title": "Parent Attitude Research Instrument (PARI): clinical vs. statistical inferences in understanding abusive mothers.", "content": "Attitudes toward child rearing and early experiences in childhood traditionally have been regarded as psychodynamic factors that influence adult behavior. The present study assessed the capacity of the Parent Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) to differentiate between court-identified abusive mothers and a control sample of nonabusive, well-baby clinic mothers of comparable socioeconomic status. While univariate t-tests showed statistical significance for 3 of the 23 PARI scales, more sophisticated and appropriate multivariate tests (Discriminant Function Analysis) demonstrated that the PARI correctly classified the experimental and control Ss only 65% of the time. It appears that the PARI alone should not be used to identify potentially abusive mothers. Even more important, the results caution and alert non-statistically informed clinicians and researchers to the pitfall of over-interpreting clinical data that are based on the more simple univariate tests of statistical significance.", "contents": "Parent Attitude Research Instrument (PARI): clinical vs. statistical inferences in understanding abusive mothers. Attitudes toward child rearing and early experiences in childhood traditionally have been regarded as psychodynamic factors that influence adult behavior. The present study assessed the capacity of the Parent Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) to differentiate between court-identified abusive mothers and a control sample of nonabusive, well-baby clinic mothers of comparable socioeconomic status. While univariate t-tests showed statistical significance for 3 of the 23 PARI scales, more sophisticated and appropriate multivariate tests (Discriminant Function Analysis) demonstrated that the PARI correctly classified the experimental and control Ss only 65% of the time. It appears that the PARI alone should not be used to identify potentially abusive mothers. Even more important, the results caution and alert non-statistically informed clinicians and researchers to the pitfall of over-interpreting clinical data that are based on the more simple univariate tests of statistical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:893724", "title": "Patients' attitudes and attributions to electroconvulsive shock therapy.", "content": "An attributional analysis of ECT as a placebo was investigated by comparing the attitudes of patients on two psychiatric wards. It was hypothesized that on the ward on which ECT was administered more frequently, general attitudes toward the treatment would be more favorable and more patients would express the opinion that ECT had worked well for them personally. The results, which supported the predictions, indicate that the operation of placebo effects in connection with ECT may account for differential treatment results more adequately than explanations based on physiological models. The findings also suggest that more research is needed to explore the relationship between patients' attitudes and treatment outcomes.", "contents": "Patients' attitudes and attributions to electroconvulsive shock therapy. An attributional analysis of ECT as a placebo was investigated by comparing the attitudes of patients on two psychiatric wards. It was hypothesized that on the ward on which ECT was administered more frequently, general attitudes toward the treatment would be more favorable and more patients would express the opinion that ECT had worked well for them personally. The results, which supported the predictions, indicate that the operation of placebo effects in connection with ECT may account for differential treatment results more adequately than explanations based on physiological models. The findings also suggest that more research is needed to explore the relationship between patients' attitudes and treatment outcomes."}
{"id": "PMID:893725", "title": "Reliability and validity enhancement: a treatment package for increasing fidelity of self-report.", "content": "This study investigated the effects of reliability and validity \"enhancers\" on fidelity of self-report data in an analogue therapy situation. Under the guise of a Concentration Skills Training Program, 57 Ss were assigned randomly to one of the following conditions: (a) Reliability Enhancement; (b) Truth Talk; (c) No Comment Control. Results indicated significant differences among groups (p less than .05). In addition, tests of multiple comparisons revealed that Reliability Enhancement was significantly different from Truth Talk in occurrences of unreliability (p less than .05). These findings are discussed in light of the increased reliance on self-report data in behavioral intervention, and recommendations are made for future research.", "contents": "Reliability and validity enhancement: a treatment package for increasing fidelity of self-report. This study investigated the effects of reliability and validity \"enhancers\" on fidelity of self-report data in an analogue therapy situation. Under the guise of a Concentration Skills Training Program, 57 Ss were assigned randomly to one of the following conditions: (a) Reliability Enhancement; (b) Truth Talk; (c) No Comment Control. Results indicated significant differences among groups (p less than .05). In addition, tests of multiple comparisons revealed that Reliability Enhancement was significantly different from Truth Talk in occurrences of unreliability (p less than .05). These findings are discussed in light of the increased reliance on self-report data in behavioral intervention, and recommendations are made for future research."}
{"id": "PMID:893726", "title": "The dropout and the terminator: a methodological note on definitions.", "content": "The numerical criteria of either mean or median number of sessions as a nethodological procedure for categorizing patients as dropouts were compared with the clinically based definition in a sample of 221 outpatients. Lack of agreement was noted in two primary areas. A large number of clinically defined terminators were classified incorrectly as dropouts, and a large number of clinically defined dropouts were not classified when the mean or median number of sessions was used as a criterion to classify the dropout. The results of the study supported the contention that definitions of dropping out based on number of sessions lead to categorizations that are not comparable to those based on knowledge of the clinical data.", "contents": "The dropout and the terminator: a methodological note on definitions. The numerical criteria of either mean or median number of sessions as a nethodological procedure for categorizing patients as dropouts were compared with the clinically based definition in a sample of 221 outpatients. Lack of agreement was noted in two primary areas. A large number of clinically defined terminators were classified incorrectly as dropouts, and a large number of clinically defined dropouts were not classified when the mean or median number of sessions was used as a criterion to classify the dropout. The results of the study supported the contention that definitions of dropping out based on number of sessions lead to categorizations that are not comparable to those based on knowledge of the clinical data."}
{"id": "PMID:893727", "title": "Assessing assertion in the elderly: an application of the behavioral-analytic model of competence.", "content": "This study developed a behavioral measure of assertiveness for older adults. The behavioral assessment device was developed by use of procedures outlined by Goldfried and D'Zurilla (1969) and Price and Bouffard (1974). Four assertion-appropriate situations for older adults were developed. The situations were administered to 33 Ss. Their responses were scored two ways, for overall assertion and content assertion. Generalizability of the device was examined. Reliability of judges' ratings (for assertion and content) was high, as was test-retest reliability. Assertion was shown to be situation-specific since estimated individual by situation uninerse variance was relatively hight. The assessment device showed significant concurrent validity, although the evidence for construct validity was minimal. Despite the rigorousness of the methods involved, the behavioral-analytic model of competence (Goldfried & D'Zurilla, 1969) has both theoretical and practical advantages in constructing other assessment devices for the elderly.", "contents": "Assessing assertion in the elderly: an application of the behavioral-analytic model of competence. This study developed a behavioral measure of assertiveness for older adults. The behavioral assessment device was developed by use of procedures outlined by Goldfried and D'Zurilla (1969) and Price and Bouffard (1974). Four assertion-appropriate situations for older adults were developed. The situations were administered to 33 Ss. Their responses were scored two ways, for overall assertion and content assertion. Generalizability of the device was examined. Reliability of judges' ratings (for assertion and content) was high, as was test-retest reliability. Assertion was shown to be situation-specific since estimated individual by situation uninerse variance was relatively hight. The assessment device showed significant concurrent validity, although the evidence for construct validity was minimal. Despite the rigorousness of the methods involved, the behavioral-analytic model of competence (Goldfried & D'Zurilla, 1969) has both theoretical and practical advantages in constructing other assessment devices for the elderly."}
{"id": "PMID:893728", "title": "Rorschach form level and the process-reactive dimension in schizophrenia.", "content": "The Rorschachs of 15 process and 15 reactive schizophrenics were scored for form level toexamine differences on the cards between these groups. Cards X and IX proved most difficult for both groups to integrate. Process schizophrenics performed less well than did reactives on Card II, and reactives performed less well than did process on Card VII. The first result was interpreted in relation to the saliency ofhuman figures in Card III. The results on Card VII were interpreted as contradicting that the card represented a parental theme. Further discussion centered upon the need for more analysis of Rorschach indices across individual cards.", "contents": "Rorschach form level and the process-reactive dimension in schizophrenia. The Rorschachs of 15 process and 15 reactive schizophrenics were scored for form level toexamine differences on the cards between these groups. Cards X and IX proved most difficult for both groups to integrate. Process schizophrenics performed less well than did reactives on Card II, and reactives performed less well than did process on Card VII. The first result was interpreted in relation to the saliency ofhuman figures in Card III. The results on Card VII were interpreted as contradicting that the card represented a parental theme. Further discussion centered upon the need for more analysis of Rorschach indices across individual cards."}
{"id": "PMID:893729", "title": "Assessment of alcoholics' moods at the beginning and end of a hospital treatment program.", "content": "The Profile of Mood States was administered weekly to 122 completers and 91 noncompleters of a hospital alcohol rehabilitation program. Ss' initial mood scores were not significant predictors of whether they would complete the program or of whether they would attain abstinence or show improvement in drinking practices at 3-month follow-up. When Ss left the program their final mood scores indicated significant improvement in mood states compared to their initial scores. Completers who later were found to be abstinent showed a trend toward affective improvement on all 6 Profile scales. It is suggested that assessment of an alcoholic's mood can contribute to formulation of treatment plans.", "contents": "Assessment of alcoholics' moods at the beginning and end of a hospital treatment program. The Profile of Mood States was administered weekly to 122 completers and 91 noncompleters of a hospital alcohol rehabilitation program. Ss' initial mood scores were not significant predictors of whether they would complete the program or of whether they would attain abstinence or show improvement in drinking practices at 3-month follow-up. When Ss left the program their final mood scores indicated significant improvement in mood states compared to their initial scores. Completers who later were found to be abstinent showed a trend toward affective improvement on all 6 Profile scales. It is suggested that assessment of an alcoholic's mood can contribute to formulation of treatment plans."}
{"id": "PMID:893730", "title": "Conformity in gamma and delta alcoholics.", "content": "Walton (1968) suggested that personality structure determines the pattern of addiction displayed by alcoholics. Personality measures have been shown to differentiate reliably between alcoholics and nonalcoholic populations. The present study investigated conforming behavior in response to group pressure in gamma and delta alcoholics and in nonalcoholic controls. Hospitalized alcholics conformed significantly more than normals when group pressure was acknowledged prior to responding. Gamma alcoholics tended to conform more than delta alcoholics, but this trend was not significant. These results are consistent with previous findings that gamma alcoholics are more extreme on some personality dimensions. This may be regarded as evidence that personality type determines pattern of addiction (Walton, 1968). Alternatively, societal reaction to different drinking patterns, or the progressive nature of the disease, may produce personality differences.", "contents": "Conformity in gamma and delta alcoholics. Walton (1968) suggested that personality structure determines the pattern of addiction displayed by alcoholics. Personality measures have been shown to differentiate reliably between alcoholics and nonalcoholic populations. The present study investigated conforming behavior in response to group pressure in gamma and delta alcoholics and in nonalcoholic controls. Hospitalized alcholics conformed significantly more than normals when group pressure was acknowledged prior to responding. Gamma alcoholics tended to conform more than delta alcoholics, but this trend was not significant. These results are consistent with previous findings that gamma alcoholics are more extreme on some personality dimensions. This may be regarded as evidence that personality type determines pattern of addiction (Walton, 1968). Alternatively, societal reaction to different drinking patterns, or the progressive nature of the disease, may produce personality differences."}
{"id": "PMID:893731", "title": "Personality patterns of drug abusers as shown by MMPI profiles.", "content": "MMPI and 16 PF patterns of a group of drug abusers who were participating in a voluntary VA Drug Abuse Program were investigated. The MMPI profiles of 91 male veterans who ranged in age from 18-45 years were classified according to two-point code types. A comparison was made of the most frequently occurring code types among drug abusers, medical patients, and psychiatric patients. The two modal profile types among drug abusers were the 4-9/9-4 and the 2-4/4-2, which accounted for 32% of the sample. An additional comparison between the two modal types and responses to the 16 PF was made. Results indicate a closer resemblance to psychiatric patients than to medical patients, and the variety of high point code types is discussed. The similarity between the present sample of modal code types with research on drug abusers undertaken 20 years previously also is discussed.", "contents": "Personality patterns of drug abusers as shown by MMPI profiles. MMPI and 16 PF patterns of a group of drug abusers who were participating in a voluntary VA Drug Abuse Program were investigated. The MMPI profiles of 91 male veterans who ranged in age from 18-45 years were classified according to two-point code types. A comparison was made of the most frequently occurring code types among drug abusers, medical patients, and psychiatric patients. The two modal profile types among drug abusers were the 4-9/9-4 and the 2-4/4-2, which accounted for 32% of the sample. An additional comparison between the two modal types and responses to the 16 PF was made. Results indicate a closer resemblance to psychiatric patients than to medical patients, and the variety of high point code types is discussed. The similarity between the present sample of modal code types with research on drug abusers undertaken 20 years previously also is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893732", "title": "The Seeking of Noetic Goals Test (SONG): a complementary scale to the Purpose in Life Test (PIL).", "content": "A new attitude scale to measure the strength of motivation to find meaning in life is herein developed to complement the Purpose in Life Test (PIL), which measures the degree to which meaning has been found. Both instruments were designed from the orientation of Frankl's logotherapy, which holds the \"will to meaning\" to be the strongest human motivation. Ss were: Group 1 \"abnormal,\" 128 logotherapy patients, 20 methadone patients, 262 alcoholics; Group 2 \"normal,\" 19 seminary students, 64 mixed college students, 123 female college freshmen. (Subgroup fractionations were studied independently.) Results support a predicted moderate negative correlation with the PIL and statistically significant construct validity in separating normal from abnormal populations. PIL-SONG combinations in the prediction of therapeutic outcome support the usefulness of the SONG as a supplementary instrument. The predicted differences are small, but in the expected direction.", "contents": "The Seeking of Noetic Goals Test (SONG): a complementary scale to the Purpose in Life Test (PIL). A new attitude scale to measure the strength of motivation to find meaning in life is herein developed to complement the Purpose in Life Test (PIL), which measures the degree to which meaning has been found. Both instruments were designed from the orientation of Frankl's logotherapy, which holds the \"will to meaning\" to be the strongest human motivation. Ss were: Group 1 \"abnormal,\" 128 logotherapy patients, 20 methadone patients, 262 alcoholics; Group 2 \"normal,\" 19 seminary students, 64 mixed college students, 123 female college freshmen. (Subgroup fractionations were studied independently.) Results support a predicted moderate negative correlation with the PIL and statistically significant construct validity in separating normal from abnormal populations. PIL-SONG combinations in the prediction of therapeutic outcome support the usefulness of the SONG as a supplementary instrument. The predicted differences are small, but in the expected direction."}
{"id": "PMID:893733", "title": "The discrimination of marijuana intoxication.", "content": "Forty Ss, 20 males and 20 females, observed a videotape that showed four males interacting in a social setting under four different drug conditions; coltsfoot, placebo, marijuana low dose, and marijuana high dose. The observers attempted to discriminate the level of intoxication of the four males in each condition. The observers accurately detected the level of intoxication in the high dose condition. While marijuana experienced users were more successful in detecting levels of intoxication, the sex of the observer was not significant. Behaviors used to discriminate intoxication and the implications of these results to defining intoxication are discussed.", "contents": "The discrimination of marijuana intoxication. Forty Ss, 20 males and 20 females, observed a videotape that showed four males interacting in a social setting under four different drug conditions; coltsfoot, placebo, marijuana low dose, and marijuana high dose. The observers attempted to discriminate the level of intoxication of the four males in each condition. The observers accurately detected the level of intoxication in the high dose condition. While marijuana experienced users were more successful in detecting levels of intoxication, the sex of the observer was not significant. Behaviors used to discriminate intoxication and the implications of these results to defining intoxication are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893734", "title": "The differential impact of self-monitoring on smoking behavior: an exploratory study.", "content": "This study investigated the impact of self-monitoring on smoking patterns of internal and external smokers. Eighty-nine Ss charted their smoking behavior (number of cigarettes per day) on a daily basis for 4 consecutive weeks, after which personality measures were administered. Self-monitoring produced wide changes in reported cigarette consumption, although this procedure did not change significantly smoking behavior for the entire sample. Ss were divided arbitrarily into three categories: Ss who increased 20 cigarettes or more, Ss who decreased 20 cigarettes or more, and Ss who increased or decreased up to 19 cigarettes. Negative affect traits, locus of control, and self-concept variables did not differentiate increasers, decreasers, or maintainers. Ss who increased consumption reported greater reinforcement value from solitary related as opposed to socially oriented functions than the decreasers and the maintainers. Future studies should explore the meaningfulness of an intervention designed to improve the smoker's social interactions.", "contents": "The differential impact of self-monitoring on smoking behavior: an exploratory study. This study investigated the impact of self-monitoring on smoking patterns of internal and external smokers. Eighty-nine Ss charted their smoking behavior (number of cigarettes per day) on a daily basis for 4 consecutive weeks, after which personality measures were administered. Self-monitoring produced wide changes in reported cigarette consumption, although this procedure did not change significantly smoking behavior for the entire sample. Ss were divided arbitrarily into three categories: Ss who increased 20 cigarettes or more, Ss who decreased 20 cigarettes or more, and Ss who increased or decreased up to 19 cigarettes. Negative affect traits, locus of control, and self-concept variables did not differentiate increasers, decreasers, or maintainers. Ss who increased consumption reported greater reinforcement value from solitary related as opposed to socially oriented functions than the decreasers and the maintainers. Future studies should explore the meaningfulness of an intervention designed to improve the smoker's social interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:893735", "title": "Public prestige and preferred gender of mental health providers.", "content": "One hundred ambulatory adults of each gender were interviewed on a downtown street in Washington, D.C. Each ranked for prestige an alphabetical listing of 10 mental health disciplines and further indicated whether they would prefer to consult for an emotional problem a \"male,\" \"female,\" or \"either\" professional in each of the fields. The top three prestigious professions were found to be Psychiatrist, Psychoanalyst, and Psychologist, respectively, while the bottom choices were Paraprofessional Worker, Psychiatric Social Worker, and Social Worker. Discussion considered several factors possibly contributory to these results, and suggestions for further research were offered.", "contents": "Public prestige and preferred gender of mental health providers. One hundred ambulatory adults of each gender were interviewed on a downtown street in Washington, D.C. Each ranked for prestige an alphabetical listing of 10 mental health disciplines and further indicated whether they would prefer to consult for an emotional problem a \"male,\" \"female,\" or \"either\" professional in each of the fields. The top three prestigious professions were found to be Psychiatrist, Psychoanalyst, and Psychologist, respectively, while the bottom choices were Paraprofessional Worker, Psychiatric Social Worker, and Social Worker. Discussion considered several factors possibly contributory to these results, and suggestions for further research were offered."}
{"id": "PMID:893738", "title": "Synaptic organization of the external cuneate nucleus in the rat.", "content": "The normal synaptic organization of the rat external cuneate nucleus (ECN) has been investigated. The characteristic feature of the ECN neuropil is complex synaptic arrangements termed synaptic glomeruli. These involve both axo-dendritic and axo-axonic synapses and usually are isolated from the surrounding neuropil by lamellar glial sheaths. Glial isolation of synaptic glomeruli is conspicuous near capillaries. Central glomerular bouton profiles vary in size (2-9 micron diam) and configuration. They form asymmetrical synapses onto dendritic shafts and spines and occasionally receive symmetrical synapses from en passant bouton profiles. Other forms of axo-dendritic synapses not associated with synaptic glomeruli are observed. The type frequently observed is formed by one or more boutons (0.5 4.0 micron diam) synapsing onto a dendrite or dendritic spine. \"Isolated\" axo-dendritic synapses are surrounded by glial lamellae. Elongated \"giant\" boutons make multiple synaptic contacts along a dendritic shaft. Serial axo-axonic synapses are found mainly in caudal regions of the nucleus. Axo-somatic synapses are formed by small boutons (0.3.2.0 micron diam) contacting medium (16-24 micron) and small (9-14 micron) neurons. The least frequently observed bouton type in the rat ECN contains numerous granular vesicles, 80-100 nm in diameter. These boutons may contact dendrites, neuronal somas or other boutons.", "contents": "Synaptic organization of the external cuneate nucleus in the rat. The normal synaptic organization of the rat external cuneate nucleus (ECN) has been investigated. The characteristic feature of the ECN neuropil is complex synaptic arrangements termed synaptic glomeruli. These involve both axo-dendritic and axo-axonic synapses and usually are isolated from the surrounding neuropil by lamellar glial sheaths. Glial isolation of synaptic glomeruli is conspicuous near capillaries. Central glomerular bouton profiles vary in size (2-9 micron diam) and configuration. They form asymmetrical synapses onto dendritic shafts and spines and occasionally receive symmetrical synapses from en passant bouton profiles. Other forms of axo-dendritic synapses not associated with synaptic glomeruli are observed. The type frequently observed is formed by one or more boutons (0.5 4.0 micron diam) synapsing onto a dendrite or dendritic spine. \"Isolated\" axo-dendritic synapses are surrounded by glial lamellae. Elongated \"giant\" boutons make multiple synaptic contacts along a dendritic shaft. Serial axo-axonic synapses are found mainly in caudal regions of the nucleus. Axo-somatic synapses are formed by small boutons (0.3.2.0 micron diam) contacting medium (16-24 micron) and small (9-14 micron) neurons. The least frequently observed bouton type in the rat ECN contains numerous granular vesicles, 80-100 nm in diameter. These boutons may contact dendrites, neuronal somas or other boutons."}
{"id": "PMID:893739", "title": "Patterns of degeneration in the external cuneate nucleus after multiple dorsal rhizotomies.", "content": "Unilateral, intradural dorsal rhizotomies (C3-Cs) were performed on adult rats to study the patterns of synaptic organization of ascending dorsal root fibers in the external cuneate nucleus (ECN). Animals were permitted to survive for periods of time ranging from 3 hours to 12 days. Sham-operated animals presented a morphology indistinguishable from that of normal, unoperated animals. In rhizotomized animals, degeneration was observed ipsilaterally at all survival periods. After postoperative survivals of 3 to 14 hours some terminal boutons displayed clumping and diminution in numbers of synaptic vesicles and, in addition, degeneration myelinated axons were observed at this time. There was considerable degeneration in the neuropil between 24 and 48 hours postoperative. Two forms of degeneration occurred in axons and terminal boutons with comparable frequency: electron lucent degeneration and electron opaque degeneration. Reactive phagocytic glial cells contained degenerated masses, lipoid droplets, lysosome-like structures and myelin fragments. After postoperative survivals of four to six days, lucent and opaque degenerating terminals were less numerous. Neurofilamentous degeneration was observed only occasionally. Unaltered synaptic membrane specializations were present and were usually abutted by glia. At 12 days postoperative, synaptic glomeruli and serial synapses were not seen. Invaginating dendritic spines were rarely seen. Bouton populations that remained unualtered were: small (0.3-3.0 micron) boutons that contact dendritic shafts and somata, nodal synaptic boutons and boutons containing granular vesicles (80-100 nm).", "contents": "Patterns of degeneration in the external cuneate nucleus after multiple dorsal rhizotomies. Unilateral, intradural dorsal rhizotomies (C3-Cs) were performed on adult rats to study the patterns of synaptic organization of ascending dorsal root fibers in the external cuneate nucleus (ECN). Animals were permitted to survive for periods of time ranging from 3 hours to 12 days. Sham-operated animals presented a morphology indistinguishable from that of normal, unoperated animals. In rhizotomized animals, degeneration was observed ipsilaterally at all survival periods. After postoperative survivals of 3 to 14 hours some terminal boutons displayed clumping and diminution in numbers of synaptic vesicles and, in addition, degeneration myelinated axons were observed at this time. There was considerable degeneration in the neuropil between 24 and 48 hours postoperative. Two forms of degeneration occurred in axons and terminal boutons with comparable frequency: electron lucent degeneration and electron opaque degeneration. Reactive phagocytic glial cells contained degenerated masses, lipoid droplets, lysosome-like structures and myelin fragments. After postoperative survivals of four to six days, lucent and opaque degenerating terminals were less numerous. Neurofilamentous degeneration was observed only occasionally. Unaltered synaptic membrane specializations were present and were usually abutted by glia. At 12 days postoperative, synaptic glomeruli and serial synapses were not seen. Invaginating dendritic spines were rarely seen. Bouton populations that remained unualtered were: small (0.3-3.0 micron) boutons that contact dendritic shafts and somata, nodal synaptic boutons and boutons containing granular vesicles (80-100 nm)."}
{"id": "PMID:893740", "title": "Growth of the corticospinal tract and the development of placing reactions in the postnatal rat.", "content": "The growth of corticospinal axons into the spinal cord has been demonstrated using the autoradiographic and the Fink-Heimer silver degeneration methods. In addition, the development of several types of placing reactions have been studied. After unilateral injections of radioactive proline or unilateral ablations of the somatosensory-motor cortex, corticospinal axons were found to extend into the contralateral dorsal funiculus of the lower cervical cord at one day postnatally, into mid-thoracic segments at three days, into upper lumbar cord by five days and into coccygeal segments by nine days. Corticospinal axons are first present in the contralateral spinal gray of lower cervical cord at day 5 and in the contralateral spinal gray of lower lumbar and sacral cord by day 9. Little change in the topographical distribution or in the density of the projection is found at all levels of the spinal gray after the fourteenth postnatal day. Comparable results were found with both experimental techniques. Forelimb placing is first seen between 4 to 7 days and hind limb placing between 9 to 13 days. The last placing response to appear in both the forelimbs and the hindlimbs is placing in response to tactile and light proprioceptive stimuli. After the initial onset of the placing reactions, there is a gradual increase in the frequency and speed of the responses until 14 to 17 days postnatally, at which time the reactions appear to be mature. While a causative relationship between the growth of corticospinal axons into the spinal cord and the development of placing has not been established, a close temporal relationship has been found between first: the appearance of fore-or hindlimb placing responses and the appearance of corticospinal axons within the spinal gray at the appropriate levels of the cord and second: between the completion of the primary growth of corticospinal axons at the light microscopic level and the maturation of the placing reactions.", "contents": "Growth of the corticospinal tract and the development of placing reactions in the postnatal rat. The growth of corticospinal axons into the spinal cord has been demonstrated using the autoradiographic and the Fink-Heimer silver degeneration methods. In addition, the development of several types of placing reactions have been studied. After unilateral injections of radioactive proline or unilateral ablations of the somatosensory-motor cortex, corticospinal axons were found to extend into the contralateral dorsal funiculus of the lower cervical cord at one day postnatally, into mid-thoracic segments at three days, into upper lumbar cord by five days and into coccygeal segments by nine days. Corticospinal axons are first present in the contralateral spinal gray of lower cervical cord at day 5 and in the contralateral spinal gray of lower lumbar and sacral cord by day 9. Little change in the topographical distribution or in the density of the projection is found at all levels of the spinal gray after the fourteenth postnatal day. Comparable results were found with both experimental techniques. Forelimb placing is first seen between 4 to 7 days and hind limb placing between 9 to 13 days. The last placing response to appear in both the forelimbs and the hindlimbs is placing in response to tactile and light proprioceptive stimuli. After the initial onset of the placing reactions, there is a gradual increase in the frequency and speed of the responses until 14 to 17 days postnatally, at which time the reactions appear to be mature. While a causative relationship between the growth of corticospinal axons into the spinal cord and the development of placing has not been established, a close temporal relationship has been found between first: the appearance of fore-or hindlimb placing responses and the appearance of corticospinal axons within the spinal gray at the appropriate levels of the cord and second: between the completion of the primary growth of corticospinal axons at the light microscopic level and the maturation of the placing reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:893741", "title": "Time dependence of terminal degeneration in spino-cerebellar mossy fiber rosettes in the chicken and the application of terminal degeneration in successive degeneration experiments.", "content": "Mossy fiber rosettes in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex were studied after sections of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord of the chicken and silver impregnation with the Fink-Heimer ('67) method I. After a survival time of two or three days two types of degenerated rosettes were found. The first type is characterized by digitiform protrusions, the second type of rosette is spherical. Both types are covered by small argyrophilic particles which disappear when the degeneration proceeds. With longer survival times the rosettes become swollen and finally disintegrate and lose their argyrophilia. After a survival time of 30 days only debris of rosettes can be found. These observations were used to determine the cerebellar cortical projection mossy fibers originating from segments of the spinal cord isolated in \"successive degeneration\" experiments consisting of a chronic cordotomy followed by an acute cordotomy rostral to the first one.", "contents": "Time dependence of terminal degeneration in spino-cerebellar mossy fiber rosettes in the chicken and the application of terminal degeneration in successive degeneration experiments. Mossy fiber rosettes in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex were studied after sections of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord of the chicken and silver impregnation with the Fink-Heimer ('67) method I. After a survival time of two or three days two types of degenerated rosettes were found. The first type is characterized by digitiform protrusions, the second type of rosette is spherical. Both types are covered by small argyrophilic particles which disappear when the degeneration proceeds. With longer survival times the rosettes become swollen and finally disintegrate and lose their argyrophilia. After a survival time of 30 days only debris of rosettes can be found. These observations were used to determine the cerebellar cortical projection mossy fibers originating from segments of the spinal cord isolated in \"successive degeneration\" experiments consisting of a chronic cordotomy followed by an acute cordotomy rostral to the first one."}
{"id": "PMID:893736", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and hepatic extraction ratio of pindolol in hypertensive patients with normal and impaired renal function.", "content": "The intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics and the hepatic extraction ratio of pindolol were determined in 24 hypertensive patients with normal or impaired renal function. In patients with normal renal function, the total clearance was the sum of equal parts of the renal and nonrenal clearances. The nonrenal clearance was found to be equal to the hepatic clearance directly measured from the hepatic extraction ratio. Compared to patients with normal renal function, patients with chronic renal failure exhibited (i) unchanged K12 and K21 and nonrenal clearances, and (ii) significantly decreased values in half-life of the beta phase, Kel, and total renal clearance. The renal clearance was positively correlated (P less than 0.01) to the creatinine clearance. Bioavailability was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) in the patients with renal failure. Assuming that the nonrenal clearance was equal to the hepatic clearance, the study provides evidence that, in patients with renal insufficiency, (i) no increased metabolism accompanies the decrease in renal function, and (ii) decreased availability is due to reduced absorption.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and hepatic extraction ratio of pindolol in hypertensive patients with normal and impaired renal function. The intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics and the hepatic extraction ratio of pindolol were determined in 24 hypertensive patients with normal or impaired renal function. In patients with normal renal function, the total clearance was the sum of equal parts of the renal and nonrenal clearances. The nonrenal clearance was found to be equal to the hepatic clearance directly measured from the hepatic extraction ratio. Compared to patients with normal renal function, patients with chronic renal failure exhibited (i) unchanged K12 and K21 and nonrenal clearances, and (ii) significantly decreased values in half-life of the beta phase, Kel, and total renal clearance. The renal clearance was positively correlated (P less than 0.01) to the creatinine clearance. Bioavailability was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) in the patients with renal failure. Assuming that the nonrenal clearance was equal to the hepatic clearance, the study provides evidence that, in patients with renal insufficiency, (i) no increased metabolism accompanies the decrease in renal function, and (ii) decreased availability is due to reduced absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:893742", "title": "Experimental evidence for climbing fibers in the avian cerebellum.", "content": "This study identifies climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex following brain stem lesions. Antegrade nerve fiber degeneration was studied after electrolytic destruction of rhombencephalic structures in 24 domestic fowl. Direct damage to the cerebellum was precluded by a retropharyngeal surgical approach. Only lesions that include the inferior olivary nucleus were compatible with Fink-Heimer staining of degeneratin nerve fibers in the Purkinje cell and molecular layer. Degenerating axons were identified as climbing fibers from their trajectory in association with Purkinje cell soma and dendrites. Terminal nerve endings were observed only in the basal one-third to one-half of the molecular layer. The presence of climbing fibers in only the contralateral molecular layer was observed in autoradiographic preparation subsequent to unilateral injection of tritiated leucine into the inferior olivary nucleus of three hens. The morphology of the labeled and impregnated degenerating nerve fibers closely coincides with information provided by previous investigators using Golgi stained histological preparations and electron microscopy.", "contents": "Experimental evidence for climbing fibers in the avian cerebellum. This study identifies climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex following brain stem lesions. Antegrade nerve fiber degeneration was studied after electrolytic destruction of rhombencephalic structures in 24 domestic fowl. Direct damage to the cerebellum was precluded by a retropharyngeal surgical approach. Only lesions that include the inferior olivary nucleus were compatible with Fink-Heimer staining of degeneratin nerve fibers in the Purkinje cell and molecular layer. Degenerating axons were identified as climbing fibers from their trajectory in association with Purkinje cell soma and dendrites. Terminal nerve endings were observed only in the basal one-third to one-half of the molecular layer. The presence of climbing fibers in only the contralateral molecular layer was observed in autoradiographic preparation subsequent to unilateral injection of tritiated leucine into the inferior olivary nucleus of three hens. The morphology of the labeled and impregnated degenerating nerve fibers closely coincides with information provided by previous investigators using Golgi stained histological preparations and electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:893743", "title": "Conditioning decreases in plasma corticosterone level in rats by paring stimuli with daily feedings.", "content": "This study examined the nature of a stimulus-induced decrease in the plasma corticosterone levels of rats. Rats maintained on a 23-hr food and water deprivation regimen were fed each morning immediately upon entrance of the experimenter into the otherwise isolated animal quarters. After only 14 feeding trials, the rats showed a marked decrease in corticosterone levels within 10 min of the experimenter's entrance whether fed and watered or not. The acquisition of this decrease was then examined over training trials and by comparing the conditioned animals (Group CD) with a group designed to control for pseudoconditioning, sensitization, and habituation (Group PC) during the use of the more distinctive conditioning stimulus of placing the rat's cage in a sound-attenuating chamber. During training. Group CD was fed .5-6 min after placement in the chamber, and Group PC was fed 1.5-2.5 hr before or after placement. After one training trial, the CD and PC groups showed an increase in corticosterone levels in response to chamber placement when not fed or watered. However, after 14 training trials the CD group exhibited a significant decline, whereas the PC group exhibited a rise in corticosterone levels. The results indicate that external stimuli can cause a decrease in corticosterone level by virtue of prior association with feeding and drinking. This strongly suggests an acquired inhibition of the pituitary-adrenal system.", "contents": "Conditioning decreases in plasma corticosterone level in rats by paring stimuli with daily feedings. This study examined the nature of a stimulus-induced decrease in the plasma corticosterone levels of rats. Rats maintained on a 23-hr food and water deprivation regimen were fed each morning immediately upon entrance of the experimenter into the otherwise isolated animal quarters. After only 14 feeding trials, the rats showed a marked decrease in corticosterone levels within 10 min of the experimenter's entrance whether fed and watered or not. The acquisition of this decrease was then examined over training trials and by comparing the conditioned animals (Group CD) with a group designed to control for pseudoconditioning, sensitization, and habituation (Group PC) during the use of the more distinctive conditioning stimulus of placing the rat's cage in a sound-attenuating chamber. During training. Group CD was fed .5-6 min after placement in the chamber, and Group PC was fed 1.5-2.5 hr before or after placement. After one training trial, the CD and PC groups showed an increase in corticosterone levels in response to chamber placement when not fed or watered. However, after 14 training trials the CD group exhibited a significant decline, whereas the PC group exhibited a rise in corticosterone levels. The results indicate that external stimuli can cause a decrease in corticosterone level by virtue of prior association with feeding and drinking. This strongly suggests an acquired inhibition of the pituitary-adrenal system."}
{"id": "PMID:893744", "title": "Facilitative and inhibitory influences of reproductive behavior on sperm transport in rats.", "content": "Six experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the rat's copulatory behavior on sperm transport in the female's reproductive tract. Data showed that (a) transcervical sperm transport in rats requires 6--10  min after ejaculation for completion; (b) transcervical transport of large numbers of sperm requires that the vaginal plug remain lodged tightly in the vaginal-cervical junction; (c) maintenance of an immobile posture by the male, and possibly by the female, at ejaculation facilitates the deposition of a tightly lodged vaginal plug and the transport of large numbers of sperm through the cervix; (d) a single intromission occurring within 2 min after ejaculation disrupts sperm transport, but more copulatory stimulation is required to disrupt sperm transport when delivered between 4 and 10 min after ejaculation; and (e) the average postejaculatory interval is long enough to prevent a male from disrupting the transport of most of his own sperm from the preceding ejaculation.", "contents": "Facilitative and inhibitory influences of reproductive behavior on sperm transport in rats. Six experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the rat's copulatory behavior on sperm transport in the female's reproductive tract. Data showed that (a) transcervical sperm transport in rats requires 6--10  min after ejaculation for completion; (b) transcervical transport of large numbers of sperm requires that the vaginal plug remain lodged tightly in the vaginal-cervical junction; (c) maintenance of an immobile posture by the male, and possibly by the female, at ejaculation facilitates the deposition of a tightly lodged vaginal plug and the transport of large numbers of sperm through the cervix; (d) a single intromission occurring within 2 min after ejaculation disrupts sperm transport, but more copulatory stimulation is required to disrupt sperm transport when delivered between 4 and 10 min after ejaculation; and (e) the average postejaculatory interval is long enough to prevent a male from disrupting the transport of most of his own sperm from the preceding ejaculation."}
{"id": "PMID:893745", "title": "Concurrent inhibition of sexual behavior, but not brain [3H]estradiol uptake, by progesterone in female rats.", "content": "Chronic injections of high doses of progesterone (5 mg) and low doses of estradiol benzoate (EB; 2 microgram) resulted in less sexual behavior than did low doses of progesterone (.5 mg) and low doses of EB. In a typical procedure for inducing sexual behavior, EB and progesterone were given sequentially, separated by 42 hr. High levels of progesterone (2.5 and 5 mg) administered concurrently with EB inhibited the induction of sexual receptivity. Increasing the dose of EB from 2 microgram to 6 microgram or 10 microgram offset this inhibition. High doses of progesterone (5 mg) administered simultaneously or 2-16 hr prior to EB inhibited the induction of sexual behavior, but the inhibition waned when progesterone was administered 48 hr prior to EB. A single injection of progesterone (1 mg) that did not inhibit the induction of sexual behavior when administered concurrently with EB did inhibit lordosis when distributed into five injections (.2 mg) every 4 hr. The results of two experiments in which progesterone did not inhibit the uptake or retention of [3H]estradiol by brain cell nuclei suggest that the antiestrogenic action of progesterone in the central nervous system is not to interfere with the binding of estradiol.", "contents": "Concurrent inhibition of sexual behavior, but not brain [3H]estradiol uptake, by progesterone in female rats. Chronic injections of high doses of progesterone (5 mg) and low doses of estradiol benzoate (EB; 2 microgram) resulted in less sexual behavior than did low doses of progesterone (.5 mg) and low doses of EB. In a typical procedure for inducing sexual behavior, EB and progesterone were given sequentially, separated by 42 hr. High levels of progesterone (2.5 and 5 mg) administered concurrently with EB inhibited the induction of sexual receptivity. Increasing the dose of EB from 2 microgram to 6 microgram or 10 microgram offset this inhibition. High doses of progesterone (5 mg) administered simultaneously or 2-16 hr prior to EB inhibited the induction of sexual behavior, but the inhibition waned when progesterone was administered 48 hr prior to EB. A single injection of progesterone (1 mg) that did not inhibit the induction of sexual behavior when administered concurrently with EB did inhibit lordosis when distributed into five injections (.2 mg) every 4 hr. The results of two experiments in which progesterone did not inhibit the uptake or retention of [3H]estradiol by brain cell nuclei suggest that the antiestrogenic action of progesterone in the central nervous system is not to interfere with the binding of estradiol."}
{"id": "PMID:893746", "title": "Sequential inhibition of sexual behavior by progesterone in female rats: comparison with a synthetic antiestrogen.", "content": "When a large dose of progesterone was administered to ovariectomized rats 24 hr after a 2-microgram injection of estradiol benzoate (EB), sexual receptivity was inhibited at 54 hr (sequential inhibition). Larger doses of progesterone (1 mg) were required to inhibit the induction of sexual receptivity when tested at 54 hr than were necessary to facilitate at 30 hr. This inhibition was not due to copulatory stimuli from the first test, because inhibition occurred even when the first test was omitted. The inhibition was dose dependent on estradiol; increasing the EB priming dose offset the inhibition caused by 1 mg of progesterone. The results of an experiment that dissociated behaviorally the antiestrogenic action of progesterone from that of a synthetic antiestrogen, CI-628, are consistent with the notion that progesterone and synthetic antiestrogens inhibit the neural effects of estradiol by separate mechanisms of action.", "contents": "Sequential inhibition of sexual behavior by progesterone in female rats: comparison with a synthetic antiestrogen. When a large dose of progesterone was administered to ovariectomized rats 24 hr after a 2-microgram injection of estradiol benzoate (EB), sexual receptivity was inhibited at 54 hr (sequential inhibition). Larger doses of progesterone (1 mg) were required to inhibit the induction of sexual receptivity when tested at 54 hr than were necessary to facilitate at 30 hr. This inhibition was not due to copulatory stimuli from the first test, because inhibition occurred even when the first test was omitted. The inhibition was dose dependent on estradiol; increasing the EB priming dose offset the inhibition caused by 1 mg of progesterone. The results of an experiment that dissociated behaviorally the antiestrogenic action of progesterone from that of a synthetic antiestrogen, CI-628, are consistent with the notion that progesterone and synthetic antiestrogens inhibit the neural effects of estradiol by separate mechanisms of action."}
{"id": "PMID:893747", "title": "Influence of experiential factors and gonadal hormones on pituitary-adrenal response of the mouse to novelty and electric shock.", "content": "Plasma corticosterone elevations have been shown to occur in response to exposure to a novel environment and to the delivery of painful stimulation, such as footshock. The present experiment investigated the effects of experience with these types of stimuli upon the responsivity of the pituitary-adrenal system. When mice were subjected to repeated footshock, the adrenocortical response was increased. When animals were repeatedly shocked in a specific environment, the adrenocortical-stimulating properties of the situational stimuli were also elevated. On the other hand, plasma corticosterone elevations in response to merely being placed in an experimental chamber were not affected by 10 exposures to the situation. Previous data showed that animals that had been shocked in one environment were generally more responsive to many types of stimulus changes. Such a pattern of results suggests that the pituitary-adrenal system is subject to sensitization processes and that the central nervous system substrate which controls its function is one that is normally involved with the production of states of arousal. This configuration of results was quite pronounced in the female mouse regardless of hormonal state, and it was absent in the intact male. The results of studies with gonadectomized males suggested that testosterone inhibits sensitization.", "contents": "Influence of experiential factors and gonadal hormones on pituitary-adrenal response of the mouse to novelty and electric shock. Plasma corticosterone elevations have been shown to occur in response to exposure to a novel environment and to the delivery of painful stimulation, such as footshock. The present experiment investigated the effects of experience with these types of stimuli upon the responsivity of the pituitary-adrenal system. When mice were subjected to repeated footshock, the adrenocortical response was increased. When animals were repeatedly shocked in a specific environment, the adrenocortical-stimulating properties of the situational stimuli were also elevated. On the other hand, plasma corticosterone elevations in response to merely being placed in an experimental chamber were not affected by 10 exposures to the situation. Previous data showed that animals that had been shocked in one environment were generally more responsive to many types of stimulus changes. Such a pattern of results suggests that the pituitary-adrenal system is subject to sensitization processes and that the central nervous system substrate which controls its function is one that is normally involved with the production of states of arousal. This configuration of results was quite pronounced in the female mouse regardless of hormonal state, and it was absent in the intact male. The results of studies with gonadectomized males suggested that testosterone inhibits sensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:893737", "title": "Synergistic effects of hydralazine and alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockers: the role of plasma renin activity.", "content": "Intravenous hydralazine, 0.15, 0.30 or 0.60 mg/kg, was administered to 11 supine hypertensives on two occasions: once after pretreatment with intravenous propranolol, 0.1 mg/kg, and once after pretreatment with intravenous placebo. The average fall in mean arterial pressure for each dosage of hydralazine was no different with or without propranolol, even though propranolol inhibited rises in plasma renin activity and pulse due to hydralazine. However, in each of four patients who had high supine baseline plasma renin activity, propranolol enhanced the fall in blood pressure caused by hydralazine. A second group of patients was given an infusion of 0.01 or 0.02 mg/kg per minute phentolamine, which did not change baseline blood pressure. Subsequent administration of intravenous hydralazine, 0.15 mg/kg, resulted in a fall in blood pressure which was larger than previously observed with intravenous hydralazine alone, regardless of supine baseline plasma renin activity. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that reflex catecholamine release interferes with the hypotensive effect of intravenous hydralazine. Pretreating with propranolol weakens homeostatic defenses against hydralazine such as rises in pulse rate and plasma renin activity. However, propranolol appears to enhance the alpha-adrenergic effect of released catecholamines, and the antihypertensive response to hydralazine is unaltered. In patients with high supine plasma renin activity, propranolol potentiates the fall in blood pressure induced by hydralazine, perhaps because the hypertension in such patients is renin dependent.", "contents": "Synergistic effects of hydralazine and alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockers: the role of plasma renin activity. Intravenous hydralazine, 0.15, 0.30 or 0.60 mg/kg, was administered to 11 supine hypertensives on two occasions: once after pretreatment with intravenous propranolol, 0.1 mg/kg, and once after pretreatment with intravenous placebo. The average fall in mean arterial pressure for each dosage of hydralazine was no different with or without propranolol, even though propranolol inhibited rises in plasma renin activity and pulse due to hydralazine. However, in each of four patients who had high supine baseline plasma renin activity, propranolol enhanced the fall in blood pressure caused by hydralazine. A second group of patients was given an infusion of 0.01 or 0.02 mg/kg per minute phentolamine, which did not change baseline blood pressure. Subsequent administration of intravenous hydralazine, 0.15 mg/kg, resulted in a fall in blood pressure which was larger than previously observed with intravenous hydralazine alone, regardless of supine baseline plasma renin activity. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that reflex catecholamine release interferes with the hypotensive effect of intravenous hydralazine. Pretreating with propranolol weakens homeostatic defenses against hydralazine such as rises in pulse rate and plasma renin activity. However, propranolol appears to enhance the alpha-adrenergic effect of released catecholamines, and the antihypertensive response to hydralazine is unaltered. In patients with high supine plasma renin activity, propranolol potentiates the fall in blood pressure induced by hydralazine, perhaps because the hypertension in such patients is renin dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:893748", "title": "Binomial assessment of behavioral-phenotypic variations: constancy of choices, trial effects, and social interaction effects in mass-screened color preferences of quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica).", "content": "Individual variations in repeated approach choices between colors by quail chicks were efficiently and reliably identified by methods of binary mass screening and binomial assessment. Choices between a pair of identical white stimuli showed only random variations, which indicated that position habit, systematic alternation, and extraneous stimulus factors did not influence performances. Choices between blue and red colors showed significant individual variations, which were free of influences from changes in the probabilities of choices on repeated trials, interdependence between trials, and interdependence between individual performances of mass-screened subjects. Genetic determination of individual variations were shown by strong responses to bidirectional genetic selection of choices between blue and red, which also introduced small social interaction effects in mass-screened performances. Results are discussed in relation to the use of binomial distribution for identifying phenotypic units and variations in choice behaviors.", "contents": "Binomial assessment of behavioral-phenotypic variations: constancy of choices, trial effects, and social interaction effects in mass-screened color preferences of quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Individual variations in repeated approach choices between colors by quail chicks were efficiently and reliably identified by methods of binary mass screening and binomial assessment. Choices between a pair of identical white stimuli showed only random variations, which indicated that position habit, systematic alternation, and extraneous stimulus factors did not influence performances. Choices between blue and red colors showed significant individual variations, which were free of influences from changes in the probabilities of choices on repeated trials, interdependence between trials, and interdependence between individual performances of mass-screened subjects. Genetic determination of individual variations were shown by strong responses to bidirectional genetic selection of choices between blue and red, which also introduced small social interaction effects in mass-screened performances. Results are discussed in relation to the use of binomial distribution for identifying phenotypic units and variations in choice behaviors."}
{"id": "PMID:893749", "title": "Specificity of avoidance deficits produced by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal system of the rat.", "content": "Microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system (NS) of the rat impaired acquisition of a two-way avoidance response. This effect was independent of nutritional deficiencies since it was observed even when a special postoperative treatment ensured a comparable state of nutrition in control and experimental rats. It was likewise independent of locomotor disturbances. A third question remains open: Doses of 6-OHDA that impaired acquisition of an active avoidance response produced lesions that were, to a great extent, nonspecific. Therefore, behavioral effects of these doses cannot be entirely ascribed to selective destruction of the NS.", "contents": "Specificity of avoidance deficits produced by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal system of the rat. Microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system (NS) of the rat impaired acquisition of a two-way avoidance response. This effect was independent of nutritional deficiencies since it was observed even when a special postoperative treatment ensured a comparable state of nutrition in control and experimental rats. It was likewise independent of locomotor disturbances. A third question remains open: Doses of 6-OHDA that impaired acquisition of an active avoidance response produced lesions that were, to a great extent, nonspecific. Therefore, behavioral effects of these doses cannot be entirely ascribed to selective destruction of the NS."}
{"id": "PMID:893750", "title": "Transections of stria medullaris or stria terminalis in the rat: effects on aversively controlled behavior.", "content": "Surgical transection of the stria medullaris (SM) reliably interfered with the acquisition of a one-way avoidance response but had no effect on two-way shuttle box avoidance, passive avoidance, intake of palatable fluids, or locomotor activity. Transection of the stria terminalis (ST) selectively interfered with the animals' reactions to punishment in a passive avoidance situation but had no effect on one-way or two-way active avoidance or on locomotor activity. This pattern of effects complements the results of earlier investigations from our laboratory that showed that two-way avoidance learning (but not one-way avoidance or passive aboidance behavior) was impaired after fornicotomy and after transection of the ventral connections of the septum with the lower brain stem. The latter cut, but not fornicotomy or transection of ST or SM, reproduced the effects of septal lesions on water intake, body weight, and preferential intake of palatable solutions. The results of this investigation provide support for the hypothesis that the septum exercises a number of separate functions that are mediated by different pathways.", "contents": "Transections of stria medullaris or stria terminalis in the rat: effects on aversively controlled behavior. Surgical transection of the stria medullaris (SM) reliably interfered with the acquisition of a one-way avoidance response but had no effect on two-way shuttle box avoidance, passive avoidance, intake of palatable fluids, or locomotor activity. Transection of the stria terminalis (ST) selectively interfered with the animals' reactions to punishment in a passive avoidance situation but had no effect on one-way or two-way active avoidance or on locomotor activity. This pattern of effects complements the results of earlier investigations from our laboratory that showed that two-way avoidance learning (but not one-way avoidance or passive aboidance behavior) was impaired after fornicotomy and after transection of the ventral connections of the septum with the lower brain stem. The latter cut, but not fornicotomy or transection of ST or SM, reproduced the effects of septal lesions on water intake, body weight, and preferential intake of palatable solutions. The results of this investigation provide support for the hypothesis that the septum exercises a number of separate functions that are mediated by different pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:893751", "title": "Conditioning of cortical neurons in cats with antidromic activation as the unconditioned stimulus.", "content": "Single-cell activity was recorded from the postcruciate cortex of acutely prepared cats during a differential classical conditioning procedure. The conditioned stimuli (CS) were hind paw stimuli, and the unconditioned stimulus (US) was pyramidal tract stimulation that produced an antidromic response in the recorded cortical neuron. A control group was also examined in which the pyramidal stimulus was set below the threshold to produce an antidromic response. Clear differential conditioning was found for the experimental group, with antidromic activation of the neuron as the US. There was no evidence of differential conditioning in the control group without antidromic activation. Any activation of orthodromic pathways should have been the same in the control and experimental groups. The absence of conditioning in the control group demonstrated that orthodromic pathways were not contributing to the differential conditioning observed in the experimental group. This indicates that it was activation of the neuron produced by antidromic firing which was important for conditioning. All the evidence suggests that the site of learning was in the cortex. It is concluded that the the role of the US in conditioning may be simply to activate the neuron at an appropriate interval following the CS.", "contents": "Conditioning of cortical neurons in cats with antidromic activation as the unconditioned stimulus. Single-cell activity was recorded from the postcruciate cortex of acutely prepared cats during a differential classical conditioning procedure. The conditioned stimuli (CS) were hind paw stimuli, and the unconditioned stimulus (US) was pyramidal tract stimulation that produced an antidromic response in the recorded cortical neuron. A control group was also examined in which the pyramidal stimulus was set below the threshold to produce an antidromic response. Clear differential conditioning was found for the experimental group, with antidromic activation of the neuron as the US. There was no evidence of differential conditioning in the control group without antidromic activation. Any activation of orthodromic pathways should have been the same in the control and experimental groups. The absence of conditioning in the control group demonstrated that orthodromic pathways were not contributing to the differential conditioning observed in the experimental group. This indicates that it was activation of the neuron produced by antidromic firing which was important for conditioning. All the evidence suggests that the site of learning was in the cortex. It is concluded that the the role of the US in conditioning may be simply to activate the neuron at an appropriate interval following the CS."}
{"id": "PMID:893752", "title": "Auditory sensitivity of the albino rat.", "content": "The auditory sensitivity of the (Sprague-Dawley strain) albino rat was determined by the conditioned suppression technique. The three animals tested were found to have a range of hearing from 250 Hz to 80 kHz at 70 dB (SPL). They were most sensitive to tones of 8 kHz but were almost as sensitive at 38 kHz. In contrast to previously published data, there was no evidence for a highly specialized tuning of the audiogram to tones in the 30-40 kHz region. In general, the audiogram of this strain of albino rat is quite typical of mammals of the same size and, furthermore, closely approximates the mammalian mean in most essential features.", "contents": "Auditory sensitivity of the albino rat. The auditory sensitivity of the (Sprague-Dawley strain) albino rat was determined by the conditioned suppression technique. The three animals tested were found to have a range of hearing from 250 Hz to 80 kHz at 70 dB (SPL). They were most sensitive to tones of 8 kHz but were almost as sensitive at 38 kHz. In contrast to previously published data, there was no evidence for a highly specialized tuning of the audiogram to tones in the 30-40 kHz region. In general, the audiogram of this strain of albino rat is quite typical of mammals of the same size and, furthermore, closely approximates the mammalian mean in most essential features."}
{"id": "PMID:893753", "title": "Audiogenic seizures in curarized mice.", "content": "Previous experiments have indicated that interference with somatosensory feedback from convulsive movements may lessen the severity of audiogenic seizures in susceptible rodents. For further investigation of this phenomenon, mice were partially immobilized with tubocurarine chloride to attenuate convulsive movements and somatosensory input associated with such movements. In Experiment 1, seizures of mice injected with .15 mg/kg were evaluated behaviorally and compared with seizures of saline-injected litter-mates. The likelihood of clonic-tonic seizures in curarized mice was as high as that of control mice, although convulsive movements were somewhat less violent and seizure fatalities were markedly reduced. In Experiment 2, seizures of mice given .25 mg/kg were evaluated with electroencephalography, and records were compared with those of controls. Despite the near absence of behavioral signs of convulsions, electroencephalograms of curarized mice showed that audiogenic seizures readily occurred. The findings suggest that audiogenic seizures are centrally \"programmed\" and do not require feedback from convulsive movements. However, it may be possible to disrupt the central \"program\" by introducing appropriate somatosensory input not normally encountered during audiogenic seizures.", "contents": "Audiogenic seizures in curarized mice. Previous experiments have indicated that interference with somatosensory feedback from convulsive movements may lessen the severity of audiogenic seizures in susceptible rodents. For further investigation of this phenomenon, mice were partially immobilized with tubocurarine chloride to attenuate convulsive movements and somatosensory input associated with such movements. In Experiment 1, seizures of mice injected with .15 mg/kg were evaluated behaviorally and compared with seizures of saline-injected litter-mates. The likelihood of clonic-tonic seizures in curarized mice was as high as that of control mice, although convulsive movements were somewhat less violent and seizure fatalities were markedly reduced. In Experiment 2, seizures of mice given .25 mg/kg were evaluated with electroencephalography, and records were compared with those of controls. Despite the near absence of behavioral signs of convulsions, electroencephalograms of curarized mice showed that audiogenic seizures readily occurred. The findings suggest that audiogenic seizures are centrally \"programmed\" and do not require feedback from convulsive movements. However, it may be possible to disrupt the central \"program\" by introducing appropriate somatosensory input not normally encountered during audiogenic seizures."}
{"id": "PMID:893754", "title": "Evaluation of intranasal zinc sulfate treatment on olfactory discrimination in rats.", "content": "The effects of intranasal syringing with 5% zinc sulfate were assessed in rats trained in a wind-tunnel olfactometer to detect the presence of an odor or to discriminate odors of graded intensities. The syringing produced a severe but brief interference in olfactory performance. Full recovery of detection performance occurred within 72 hr after treatment. Initial recovery of odor intensity discrimination occurred in 2-8 days and full recovery within 8-10 days. These results suggest that intranasal syringing with ZnSO4 is not an adequate control for the effects of anosmia produced by olfactory bulbectomy.", "contents": "Evaluation of intranasal zinc sulfate treatment on olfactory discrimination in rats. The effects of intranasal syringing with 5% zinc sulfate were assessed in rats trained in a wind-tunnel olfactometer to detect the presence of an odor or to discriminate odors of graded intensities. The syringing produced a severe but brief interference in olfactory performance. Full recovery of detection performance occurred within 72 hr after treatment. Initial recovery of odor intensity discrimination occurred in 2-8 days and full recovery within 8-10 days. These results suggest that intranasal syringing with ZnSO4 is not an adequate control for the effects of anosmia produced by olfactory bulbectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:893760", "title": "The cryobiological basis for cryosurgery.", "content": "This paper discusses two important biological factors contributing to the death of cells within any region that is frozen cryosurgically. The first factor is the relationship between cell death and the thermal history experienced by each cell. Freezing with a single probe as usually done cannot provide sufficiently uniform conditions of cooling and warming to ensure widespread cell death. This situation can be improved by cycling a single probe at subzero temperatures or by the use of a multiple probe. The second factor is that of possible immunological responses induced by cryosurgical freezing. Improvements in understanding of biological implications of low temperatures in cryosurgery will aid the practical usefulness of these techniques.", "contents": "The cryobiological basis for cryosurgery. This paper discusses two important biological factors contributing to the death of cells within any region that is frozen cryosurgically. The first factor is the relationship between cell death and the thermal history experienced by each cell. Freezing with a single probe as usually done cannot provide sufficiently uniform conditions of cooling and warming to ensure widespread cell death. This situation can be improved by cycling a single probe at subzero temperatures or by the use of a multiple probe. The second factor is that of possible immunological responses induced by cryosurgical freezing. Improvements in understanding of biological implications of low temperatures in cryosurgery will aid the practical usefulness of these techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:893761", "title": "\"Third generation\" cryotherapy.", "content": "The next generation of cryosurgical appliances must provide us with means for speedy, exact, and sure tissue destruction. For this we need redesigned, forklike probes, programmers to direct the cryosurgical appliances, and caloric \"dosimeters.\" Thermocouples, which direct feedback controls and which at the moment are built into the tip of the freezing probes, should instead be inserted into target tissue.", "contents": "\"Third generation\" cryotherapy. The next generation of cryosurgical appliances must provide us with means for speedy, exact, and sure tissue destruction. For this we need redesigned, forklike probes, programmers to direct the cryosurgical appliances, and caloric \"dosimeters.\" Thermocouples, which direct feedback controls and which at the moment are built into the tip of the freezing probes, should instead be inserted into target tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:893763", "title": "Cryosurgery for cancer of the ear.", "content": "Cryosurgery may be used in almost any type of ear cancer, easily curing early lesions and proving surprisingly effective in advanced disease, even after failures of excision or radiotherapy. In large, bulky cancers, cryosurgery may be combined with excision to improve change of cure by freezing because depth of freezing is always difficult to achieve in such cases. In cases with bone destruction, mastoidecotmy facilitates treatment by freezing. Cryosurgery deserves choice over other treatments in carefully selected patients with cancer of the ear.", "contents": "Cryosurgery for cancer of the ear. Cryosurgery may be used in almost any type of ear cancer, easily curing early lesions and proving surprisingly effective in advanced disease, even after failures of excision or radiotherapy. In large, bulky cancers, cryosurgery may be combined with excision to improve change of cure by freezing because depth of freezing is always difficult to achieve in such cases. In cases with bone destruction, mastoidecotmy facilitates treatment by freezing. Cryosurgery deserves choice over other treatments in carefully selected patients with cancer of the ear."}
{"id": "PMID:893764", "title": "Cryosurgery for ocular and periocular lesions.", "content": "This preliminary report suggests that cryosurgery has a definite place in the management of certain external periocular and ocular problems. Cryosurgery for basal- or squamous-cell carcinoma of the lid is easily performed, gives excellent cosmetic results, and has a low recurrence rate. It is not recommended for lesions involving the fornices, nor for sclerotic or morphea-type basal-cell carcinomas. Tumor recurrences following radiation, surgery, or cryosurgery can still be retreated with cryosurgery. To date, there is no evidence that cryosurgery at temperatures above --40 degrees C causes damage to the lacrimal outflow system. Cryosurgery is of value in the management of trichiasis, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, spider hemangioma, molluscum contagiosum, and conjunctival dysplasia. Cryotherapy for management of intraepithelial epithelioma and squamous-cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva and cornea is still under investigation. Cryosurgery will, in our opinion, become the treatment of choice for basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas of the eyelids. The 96% cure rate with one treatment for these lesions reported here is artificially high since the follow-up period is too short. However, retreatment with cryosurgery is a simple 10- min outpatient procedure which is certainly not the case with recurrences after other forms of therapy.", "contents": "Cryosurgery for ocular and periocular lesions. This preliminary report suggests that cryosurgery has a definite place in the management of certain external periocular and ocular problems. Cryosurgery for basal- or squamous-cell carcinoma of the lid is easily performed, gives excellent cosmetic results, and has a low recurrence rate. It is not recommended for lesions involving the fornices, nor for sclerotic or morphea-type basal-cell carcinomas. Tumor recurrences following radiation, surgery, or cryosurgery can still be retreated with cryosurgery. To date, there is no evidence that cryosurgery at temperatures above --40 degrees C causes damage to the lacrimal outflow system. Cryosurgery is of value in the management of trichiasis, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, spider hemangioma, molluscum contagiosum, and conjunctival dysplasia. Cryotherapy for management of intraepithelial epithelioma and squamous-cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva and cornea is still under investigation. Cryosurgery will, in our opinion, become the treatment of choice for basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas of the eyelids. The 96% cure rate with one treatment for these lesions reported here is artificially high since the follow-up period is too short. However, retreatment with cryosurgery is a simple 10- min outpatient procedure which is certainly not the case with recurrences after other forms of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:893766", "title": "Cryosurgical treatment of epitheliomas using the cone-spray technique.", "content": "By use of cone-shaped devices to confine liquid nitrogen spray to a restricted area on the skin surface, it is practical to treat selected epitheliomas without the aid of thermocouples. \"Depth dose\" is estimated by measuring the lateral spread of freezing on the surface beyond the restricted area, timing the duration of freeze, and from this information calculating the depth of freeze and the relationship of various isotherms (such as the --25 degrees C isotherm) with the frozen mass.", "contents": "Cryosurgical treatment of epitheliomas using the cone-spray technique. By use of cone-shaped devices to confine liquid nitrogen spray to a restricted area on the skin surface, it is practical to treat selected epitheliomas without the aid of thermocouples. \"Depth dose\" is estimated by measuring the lateral spread of freezing on the surface beyond the restricted area, timing the duration of freeze, and from this information calculating the depth of freeze and the relationship of various isotherms (such as the --25 degrees C isotherm) with the frozen mass."}
{"id": "PMID:893767", "title": "Cryosurgery for unusual cutaneous neoplasms.", "content": "Cryosurgery is used effectively to treat several unusual cutaneous tumors, namely, four cases of lentigo maligna (melanotic freckle of Hutchinson, or circumscribed precancerous melanosis of Dubreuilh), one case of pseudopyogenic granuloma of Wilson Jones, and one case of granuloma faciale.", "contents": "Cryosurgery for unusual cutaneous neoplasms. Cryosurgery is used effectively to treat several unusual cutaneous tumors, namely, four cases of lentigo maligna (melanotic freckle of Hutchinson, or circumscribed precancerous melanosis of Dubreuilh), one case of pseudopyogenic granuloma of Wilson Jones, and one case of granuloma faciale."}
{"id": "PMID:893773", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of dopamine in septic shock.", "content": "The Haemodynamic response to dopamine infusion has been assessed in 30 patients in septic shock with myocardial dysfunction. Dopamine infusion resulted in a haemodynamic improvement as indicated by significant increases in cardiac output of 38.4% (p less than .001), stroke volume 18.7% (p less than .001), and mean arterial pressure of 33% (p less than .001). Despite the inotropic effect, left ventricular filling pressure did not change in 20 cases and increased in 10 cases. Mean peripheral resistance remained unchanged with a scatter of individual responses depending upon factors such as dopamine dose and initial vascular resistance. Dopamine increased intrapulmonary shunting by 48% (p less than .001), insignificantly decreased PaO2, increased mixed venous oxygen saturation by 16% (p less than .02) and decreased pulmonary vascular resistance by 15% (p less than .02). Both isoprenaline and dopamine improve stroke volume by an inotropic action, with an increase in venous return in the case of the latter and a reduction in afterload in the former. It is concluded that the usefulness of dopamine in septic shock may be limited in patients with previous myocardial disease because of the risk of increasing preload and in hypoxaemic patients because of the risk of increasing intrapulmonary shunting.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of dopamine in septic shock. The Haemodynamic response to dopamine infusion has been assessed in 30 patients in septic shock with myocardial dysfunction. Dopamine infusion resulted in a haemodynamic improvement as indicated by significant increases in cardiac output of 38.4% (p less than .001), stroke volume 18.7% (p less than .001), and mean arterial pressure of 33% (p less than .001). Despite the inotropic effect, left ventricular filling pressure did not change in 20 cases and increased in 10 cases. Mean peripheral resistance remained unchanged with a scatter of individual responses depending upon factors such as dopamine dose and initial vascular resistance. Dopamine increased intrapulmonary shunting by 48% (p less than .001), insignificantly decreased PaO2, increased mixed venous oxygen saturation by 16% (p less than .02) and decreased pulmonary vascular resistance by 15% (p less than .02). Both isoprenaline and dopamine improve stroke volume by an inotropic action, with an increase in venous return in the case of the latter and a reduction in afterload in the former. It is concluded that the usefulness of dopamine in septic shock may be limited in patients with previous myocardial disease because of the risk of increasing preload and in hypoxaemic patients because of the risk of increasing intrapulmonary shunting."}
{"id": "PMID:893774", "title": "Comparative haemodynamic effects of dobutamine and isoproterenol in man.", "content": "Dobutamine was infused at a rate of 8 mcg/kg/min in 17 patients with or without congestive heart failure. Cardiac output increased from an average 2.92 to 4.45 1/min/m2(p less than 0.001) with no change in mean aortic pressure (93.4 to 97.8 mmHg) and only a slight increase in heart rate (78 to 87 beats/min). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased from an average 19 to 13.7 mmHg (p less than 0.01). Peak left ventricular dp/dt was doubled (1147 to 2370 mmHg/sec, p less than 0.001) and Vmax increased from 1.08 to 2.18 circ/sec (p less than 0.001). In 10 patients given equi-inotropic doses (100 per cent increase in peak dp/dt) Isoproterenol produced a greater increase in cardiac output (71 percent) than Dobutamine /51 percent). Isoproterenol caused mean aortic pressure to fall significantly (8 percent) while no change was noted with Dobutamine. Accordingly, peripheral vascular resistances were reduced to a greater extent with Isoproterenol than with Dobutamine (p less than 0.05). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure decreased significantly (25 +/- 5.9 to 22 +/- 5.7 mmHg, p less than 0.05) with Isoproterenol infusion and remained unchanged with Dobutamine infusion. Dobutamine increased both stroke work (57 percent) and minute work (83 percent). With Isoproterenol however, only minute work was significantly increased (90 percent). Dobutamine therefore is a potent inotropic drug, with mild chronotropic and peripheral vascular effect and may be valuable in the management of severe heart failure not associated with hypotension.", "contents": "Comparative haemodynamic effects of dobutamine and isoproterenol in man. Dobutamine was infused at a rate of 8 mcg/kg/min in 17 patients with or without congestive heart failure. Cardiac output increased from an average 2.92 to 4.45 1/min/m2(p less than 0.001) with no change in mean aortic pressure (93.4 to 97.8 mmHg) and only a slight increase in heart rate (78 to 87 beats/min). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased from an average 19 to 13.7 mmHg (p less than 0.01). Peak left ventricular dp/dt was doubled (1147 to 2370 mmHg/sec, p less than 0.001) and Vmax increased from 1.08 to 2.18 circ/sec (p less than 0.001). In 10 patients given equi-inotropic doses (100 per cent increase in peak dp/dt) Isoproterenol produced a greater increase in cardiac output (71 percent) than Dobutamine /51 percent). Isoproterenol caused mean aortic pressure to fall significantly (8 percent) while no change was noted with Dobutamine. Accordingly, peripheral vascular resistances were reduced to a greater extent with Isoproterenol than with Dobutamine (p less than 0.05). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure decreased significantly (25 +/- 5.9 to 22 +/- 5.7 mmHg, p less than 0.05) with Isoproterenol infusion and remained unchanged with Dobutamine infusion. Dobutamine increased both stroke work (57 percent) and minute work (83 percent). With Isoproterenol however, only minute work was significantly increased (90 percent). Dobutamine therefore is a potent inotropic drug, with mild chronotropic and peripheral vascular effect and may be valuable in the management of severe heart failure not associated with hypotension."}
{"id": "PMID:893775", "title": "Blood resistivity and its implications for the calculation of cardiac output by the thoracic electrical impedance technique.", "content": "A relationship has been established between the haematocrit and the resistivity of whole blood at 37 degrees C for neonates and adults not suffering from renal failure. Values of resistivity obtained in this way were substituted into Kubicek's equation for stroke volume by the electrical impedance technique, the signal pick-up electrodes being placed in standard positions. The calculated cardiac outputs were then compared with those obtained simultaneously from other techniques such as the dye dilution method for adults and the measurement of pulmonary effective capillary blood flow by rebreathing nitrous oxide in neonates. It was found that the impedance method overrestimates under these circumstances, and other workers have shown that this is likely to be due to a contribution from the right heart. A haemotocrit-dependent correction factor has been employed in the case of neonates to align the impedance and nitrous oxide results.", "contents": "Blood resistivity and its implications for the calculation of cardiac output by the thoracic electrical impedance technique. A relationship has been established between the haematocrit and the resistivity of whole blood at 37 degrees C for neonates and adults not suffering from renal failure. Values of resistivity obtained in this way were substituted into Kubicek's equation for stroke volume by the electrical impedance technique, the signal pick-up electrodes being placed in standard positions. The calculated cardiac outputs were then compared with those obtained simultaneously from other techniques such as the dye dilution method for adults and the measurement of pulmonary effective capillary blood flow by rebreathing nitrous oxide in neonates. It was found that the impedance method overrestimates under these circumstances, and other workers have shown that this is likely to be due to a contribution from the right heart. A haemotocrit-dependent correction factor has been employed in the case of neonates to align the impedance and nitrous oxide results."}
{"id": "PMID:893776", "title": "Massive doses of methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) in man: immediate haemodynamic effects in \"low output state\".", "content": "Methylprednisolone, 30 mg/kg body weight, was given as an intravenous bolus injection to a total of 31 cardiosurgical patients. Measurements of left ventricular parameters showed no significant increase in dp/dtmax and no significant decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. There were no important changes in blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac index, stroke index and total peripheral resistance. During 'steady state' extracorporeal circulation no relevant vasodilating effect could be found. In comparison to a control-group there were no important differences in haemodynamic parameters. In cardio-surgical patients, --mainly functional class III--we were unable to demonstrate any gross cardiovascular effects of large doses of methylprednisolone.", "contents": "Massive doses of methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) in man: immediate haemodynamic effects in \"low output state\". Methylprednisolone, 30 mg/kg body weight, was given as an intravenous bolus injection to a total of 31 cardiosurgical patients. Measurements of left ventricular parameters showed no significant increase in dp/dtmax and no significant decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. There were no important changes in blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac index, stroke index and total peripheral resistance. During 'steady state' extracorporeal circulation no relevant vasodilating effect could be found. In comparison to a control-group there were no important differences in haemodynamic parameters. In cardio-surgical patients, --mainly functional class III--we were unable to demonstrate any gross cardiovascular effects of large doses of methylprednisolone."}
{"id": "PMID:893777", "title": "Massive pulmonary embolism without arterial hypoxaemia: pathophysiology in two cases.", "content": "Two cases of massive pulmonary embolism, confirmed by angiographic or necropsy findings, were remarkable by the absence of arterial hypoxaemia. The various mechanisms responsible for arterial hypoxaemia in pulmonary embolism are discussed. It is suggested that in patients with massive pulmonary embolism a markedly decreased cardiac output might account for the absence of arterial hypoxaemia. In the light of these two cases the finding of a normal PaO2 does not rule out the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Massive pulmonary embolism without arterial hypoxaemia: pathophysiology in two cases. Two cases of massive pulmonary embolism, confirmed by angiographic or necropsy findings, were remarkable by the absence of arterial hypoxaemia. The various mechanisms responsible for arterial hypoxaemia in pulmonary embolism are discussed. It is suggested that in patients with massive pulmonary embolism a markedly decreased cardiac output might account for the absence of arterial hypoxaemia. In the light of these two cases the finding of a normal PaO2 does not rule out the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism."}
{"id": "PMID:893778", "title": "Plasma and intraerythrocyte amino-acid levels during and after haemodialysis in acute renal failure.", "content": "A study is carried out on the variations of plasma and blood red cells free amino acid concentrations secondary to haemodialysis in patients suffering from acute renal failure. A reduction in plasma free amino acid pool has been observed in patients undergoing to many periodic haemosialysis, but no significant differences occur in plasma aminogram between before and after a single dyalitic procedure. Significant alterations were also observed in blood red cells aminogram, and this may be interpreted as reflex of intracellular omeostatic mechanisms for the maintenance of normal plasma free aminoacid pattern.", "contents": "Plasma and intraerythrocyte amino-acid levels during and after haemodialysis in acute renal failure. A study is carried out on the variations of plasma and blood red cells free amino acid concentrations secondary to haemodialysis in patients suffering from acute renal failure. A reduction in plasma free amino acid pool has been observed in patients undergoing to many periodic haemosialysis, but no significant differences occur in plasma aminogram between before and after a single dyalitic procedure. Significant alterations were also observed in blood red cells aminogram, and this may be interpreted as reflex of intracellular omeostatic mechanisms for the maintenance of normal plasma free aminoacid pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:893779", "title": "Haemolytic streptococcal septicaemia.", "content": "Two cases of haemolytic streptococcal septicaemia are reported, in one of which DIC was identified. The clinical presentation and the appearance of the patients is described.", "contents": "Haemolytic streptococcal septicaemia. Two cases of haemolytic streptococcal septicaemia are reported, in one of which DIC was identified. The clinical presentation and the appearance of the patients is described."}
{"id": "PMID:893780", "title": "Respiratory failure in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Marked respiratory insufficiency was established in 20 of 91 patients with acute pancreatitis. 16 of them died, 12 from uncontrollable hypoxaemia. At postmortem the most prominent finding was microatelectasis, the occurrence of which correlated highly with the serum amylase activity.", "contents": "Respiratory failure in acute pancreatitis. Marked respiratory insufficiency was established in 20 of 91 patients with acute pancreatitis. 16 of them died, 12 from uncontrollable hypoxaemia. At postmortem the most prominent finding was microatelectasis, the occurrence of which correlated highly with the serum amylase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:893781", "title": "Intensive therapy nursing.", "content": "Intensive Therapy Units have been established over the last ten years. A new nursing management structure and a re-organisation of the National Health Service have also taken place. The need for specialised nurse training for this field of nursing has been recognised, and the demands made on staff more fully appreciated.", "contents": "Intensive therapy nursing. Intensive Therapy Units have been established over the last ten years. A new nursing management structure and a re-organisation of the National Health Service have also taken place. The need for specialised nurse training for this field of nursing has been recognised, and the demands made on staff more fully appreciated."}
{"id": "PMID:893782", "title": "Comparison of 1- and 2-hr delayed brain scans in patients undergoing chemotherapy for primary brain tumors.", "content": "Fifty-five patients receiving various forms of chemotherapy for primary brain tumors had brain scans performed at 1 hr and again at 2 hr following injection of the radionuclide. The images were compared for changes in lesion size, lesion intensity, and surgical flap intensity. Sixteen percent (9) of the patients showed a definite increase in size of the lesions and 29% (16) a definite increase in intensity from 1-hr to the 2-hr scan. Fifty-one percent (28) of the patients showed fading in surgical flap intensity. One case of primary neoplasm, one case of meningeal spread of tumor, and one case of subdural hematoma were detected only on the 2-hr view. In addition, changes in the so-called doughnut sign were observed. These findings demonstrate a need for strict adherence to a specified time between injection and imaging in studying brain lesions receiving chemotherapy, and emphasize the superiority of the 2-hr scan for evaluation of these patients.", "contents": "Comparison of 1- and 2-hr delayed brain scans in patients undergoing chemotherapy for primary brain tumors. Fifty-five patients receiving various forms of chemotherapy for primary brain tumors had brain scans performed at 1 hr and again at 2 hr following injection of the radionuclide. The images were compared for changes in lesion size, lesion intensity, and surgical flap intensity. Sixteen percent (9) of the patients showed a definite increase in size of the lesions and 29% (16) a definite increase in intensity from 1-hr to the 2-hr scan. Fifty-one percent (28) of the patients showed fading in surgical flap intensity. One case of primary neoplasm, one case of meningeal spread of tumor, and one case of subdural hematoma were detected only on the 2-hr view. In addition, changes in the so-called doughnut sign were observed. These findings demonstrate a need for strict adherence to a specified time between injection and imaging in studying brain lesions receiving chemotherapy, and emphasize the superiority of the 2-hr scan for evaluation of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:893784", "title": "The value of bowel preparation in Ga-67 citrate scanning: concise communication.", "content": "In order to assess the value of bowel preparation in Ga-67 citrate scanning, we retrospectively analyzed 156 randomly selected 72-hr Ga-67 scans and compared the extent of bowel activity in two groups of patients: those receiving a vigorous 3-day bowel preparation and those receiving no preparation. The populations were studied with regard to age, sex, and bowel preparation. A three-way analysis of variance (prep X sex X age) revealed no influence of these parameters on the degree of colonic gallium activity. We conclude that bowel preparation as used at our institution did not seem to reduce colonic gallium content significantly (p greater than 0.10).", "contents": "The value of bowel preparation in Ga-67 citrate scanning: concise communication. In order to assess the value of bowel preparation in Ga-67 citrate scanning, we retrospectively analyzed 156 randomly selected 72-hr Ga-67 scans and compared the extent of bowel activity in two groups of patients: those receiving a vigorous 3-day bowel preparation and those receiving no preparation. The populations were studied with regard to age, sex, and bowel preparation. A three-way analysis of variance (prep X sex X age) revealed no influence of these parameters on the degree of colonic gallium activity. We conclude that bowel preparation as used at our institution did not seem to reduce colonic gallium content significantly (p greater than 0.10)."}
{"id": "PMID:893785", "title": "Resolution of metastatic calcification revealed by bone scanning: case report.", "content": "We report here a case that shows the resolution of metastatic visceral calcification after correction of hypercalcemia. The resolution was visualized by serial whole body scans with the bone-scanning agent Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate.", "contents": "Resolution of metastatic calcification revealed by bone scanning: case report. We report here a case that shows the resolution of metastatic visceral calcification after correction of hypercalcemia. The resolution was visualized by serial whole body scans with the bone-scanning agent Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate."}
{"id": "PMID:893786", "title": "Gallium-67 spread to the anterior pararenal space in pancreatitis: case report.", "content": "Gallium imaging has been of value in revealing the spread of inflammatory pancreatic disease to the anterior pararenal space. Recognition of this retroperitonel space and the potential usefulness of its imaging in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases are discussed.", "contents": "Gallium-67 spread to the anterior pararenal space in pancreatitis: case report. Gallium imaging has been of value in revealing the spread of inflammatory pancreatic disease to the anterior pararenal space. Recognition of this retroperitonel space and the potential usefulness of its imaging in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:893787", "title": "Radionuclide demonstration of small-bowel anatomy in the afferent-loop syndrome: case report.", "content": "Radionuclide imaging with I-131 rose bengal and orally administered Tc-99m colloid was successfully used to show the presence of an afferent loop that was not visualized by radiographic, endoscopic, or ultrasonic procedures.", "contents": "Radionuclide demonstration of small-bowel anatomy in the afferent-loop syndrome: case report. Radionuclide imaging with I-131 rose bengal and orally administered Tc-99m colloid was successfully used to show the presence of an afferent loop that was not visualized by radiographic, endoscopic, or ultrasonic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:893788", "title": "Pertechnetate distribution in man after intravenous infusion: a compartmental model.", "content": "Using a primed infusion technique, distribution of pertechnetate was monitored in normal volunteer subjects over an 8-hr period. Two groups of subjects were studied, during hours 0-4 (n = 8) and hours 4-8 (n = 7), respectively, of the infusion. At 6.5 hr a large dose of NaI (1000 mg) was administered intravenously to the second group. Plasma, salivary, and urinary radioactivities were assayed, and external counts were made of radioactivities over the neck, thigh, and right upper abdomen. A kinetic model was developed for pertechnetate based upon the distribution data, the iodide perturbation, and known physiology for pertechnetate and iodide. The model has three major subsystems: (1) the thyroid trap; (2) a whole-body distribution, containing plasma and two extravascular compartments; and (3) the gastrointestinal tract, including the salivary, stomach (including upper small intestine), and two lower intestinal compartments. One of the latter, which turns over very slowly, is believed to represent bowel wall. The large NaI dose markedly reduced transport into compartments of the thyroid trap, the saliva, and the stomach and small intestine. This study shows that, in most respects, pertechnetate is distributed qualitatively but not quantitatively like iodide but that, unlike iodide, large bowel distribution plays an important role, especially in long-term studies.", "contents": "Pertechnetate distribution in man after intravenous infusion: a compartmental model. Using a primed infusion technique, distribution of pertechnetate was monitored in normal volunteer subjects over an 8-hr period. Two groups of subjects were studied, during hours 0-4 (n = 8) and hours 4-8 (n = 7), respectively, of the infusion. At 6.5 hr a large dose of NaI (1000 mg) was administered intravenously to the second group. Plasma, salivary, and urinary radioactivities were assayed, and external counts were made of radioactivities over the neck, thigh, and right upper abdomen. A kinetic model was developed for pertechnetate based upon the distribution data, the iodide perturbation, and known physiology for pertechnetate and iodide. The model has three major subsystems: (1) the thyroid trap; (2) a whole-body distribution, containing plasma and two extravascular compartments; and (3) the gastrointestinal tract, including the salivary, stomach (including upper small intestine), and two lower intestinal compartments. One of the latter, which turns over very slowly, is believed to represent bowel wall. The large NaI dose markedly reduced transport into compartments of the thyroid trap, the saliva, and the stomach and small intestine. This study shows that, in most respects, pertechnetate is distributed qualitatively but not quantitatively like iodide but that, unlike iodide, large bowel distribution plays an important role, especially in long-term studies."}
{"id": "PMID:893789", "title": "Scintigraphic diagnosis of experimental pulmonary embolism with In-111-labeled platelets.", "content": "Stasis thrombi, radiolabeled with Tc-99m sulfur colloid, were produced in six dogs by the injection of human thrombin into isolated jugular vein segments. After release of the thrombi, scintigraphic images demonstrated 16 pulmonary emboli containing Tc-99m. Autologous platelets labeled by the In-111 oxine method were injected. Sequential images demonstrated platelet accumulation in 14 of the 16 emboli within 1 hr. The emboli were recovered at autopsy and their activity assayed. The mean uptake of In-111-labeled platelets was 1.1% dose/g of embolus, and the mean embolus-to-blood ratio was 16. Our results demonstrate that fresh pulmonary emboli in dogs can be detected by imaging with In-111-labeled platelets, and suggest that radiolabeled platelets may provide a simple, noninvasive method for the direct visualization of pulmonary emboli in patients.", "contents": "Scintigraphic diagnosis of experimental pulmonary embolism with In-111-labeled platelets. Stasis thrombi, radiolabeled with Tc-99m sulfur colloid, were produced in six dogs by the injection of human thrombin into isolated jugular vein segments. After release of the thrombi, scintigraphic images demonstrated 16 pulmonary emboli containing Tc-99m. Autologous platelets labeled by the In-111 oxine method were injected. Sequential images demonstrated platelet accumulation in 14 of the 16 emboli within 1 hr. The emboli were recovered at autopsy and their activity assayed. The mean uptake of In-111-labeled platelets was 1.1% dose/g of embolus, and the mean embolus-to-blood ratio was 16. Our results demonstrate that fresh pulmonary emboli in dogs can be detected by imaging with In-111-labeled platelets, and suggest that radiolabeled platelets may provide a simple, noninvasive method for the direct visualization of pulmonary emboli in patients."}
{"id": "PMID:893790", "title": "Technetium-99m stannous citrate brain-tumor uptake in mice: concise communication.", "content": "The pharmacodynamics of technetium-99m stannous citrate were studies in Yale-Swiss mice bearing a sarcoma-like transplantable brain tumor, and the renal kinetics were determined in normal mice. Using a rating system based on tumor uptake and tumor-to-brain, tumor-to-blood, and tumor-to-skin ratios, the data obtained with this compound were compared with similar data obtained previously in the same model with Tc-99m Fe-(ascorbic acid), Tc-99m Fe-(ascorbic acid)-DTPA, Tc-99m Sn-DTPA, [99mTc] pertechnetate, and [99mTc] pertechnetate with perchlorate predose. Technetium-99m stannous citrate does not appear to achieve tumor localization by a mode different from these other Tc-99m-labeled compounds, nor does it show any potential advantage as a scanning agent in the tumor model.", "contents": "Technetium-99m stannous citrate brain-tumor uptake in mice: concise communication. The pharmacodynamics of technetium-99m stannous citrate were studies in Yale-Swiss mice bearing a sarcoma-like transplantable brain tumor, and the renal kinetics were determined in normal mice. Using a rating system based on tumor uptake and tumor-to-brain, tumor-to-blood, and tumor-to-skin ratios, the data obtained with this compound were compared with similar data obtained previously in the same model with Tc-99m Fe-(ascorbic acid), Tc-99m Fe-(ascorbic acid)-DTPA, Tc-99m Sn-DTPA, [99mTc] pertechnetate, and [99mTc] pertechnetate with perchlorate predose. Technetium-99m stannous citrate does not appear to achieve tumor localization by a mode different from these other Tc-99m-labeled compounds, nor does it show any potential advantage as a scanning agent in the tumor model."}
{"id": "PMID:893791", "title": "Estimation of thyroid depth and correction for I-123 uptake measurements.", "content": "A new technique has been developed to correct I-123 uptake measurements for the effect of gland depth. The method uses the effect of differential tissue absorption and/or scatter of photons of different energies, and measures the ratio of counts of the primary I-123 emission to the counts of the tellurium K shell x-ray to determine a depth-correction factor. A comparison of this new method against three previously reported methods indicates that the present method provides the most sensitive index of gland depth. The method is sensitive to depth changes, is not significantly dependent on detector distance (p greater than 0.05) for distances greater than 18 cm, and is not dependent on gland size (p greater than 0.25), within the range 20-40 ml. In a group of 40 patients, the ORINS phantom method was found to underestimate the mean gland depth by about 1 cm, thereby causing an average uptake error of 23%. The application of the depth-correction factor was found to change the interpretation of uptake estimates in approximately 10% of the cases in this limited series.", "contents": "Estimation of thyroid depth and correction for I-123 uptake measurements. A new technique has been developed to correct I-123 uptake measurements for the effect of gland depth. The method uses the effect of differential tissue absorption and/or scatter of photons of different energies, and measures the ratio of counts of the primary I-123 emission to the counts of the tellurium K shell x-ray to determine a depth-correction factor. A comparison of this new method against three previously reported methods indicates that the present method provides the most sensitive index of gland depth. The method is sensitive to depth changes, is not significantly dependent on detector distance (p greater than 0.05) for distances greater than 18 cm, and is not dependent on gland size (p greater than 0.25), within the range 20-40 ml. In a group of 40 patients, the ORINS phantom method was found to underestimate the mean gland depth by about 1 cm, thereby causing an average uptake error of 23%. The application of the depth-correction factor was found to change the interpretation of uptake estimates in approximately 10% of the cases in this limited series."}
{"id": "PMID:893792", "title": "An operator-independent method for background subtraction in adrenal-uptake measurements: concise communication.", "content": "A new computer program for adrenal-uptake measurements is presented in which the algorithm identifies the adrenal and background regions automatically after being given a starting point in the image. Adrenal uptakes and results of reproducibility tests are given for patients injected with [131I] 6beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol. The data to date indicate no overlap in the percent-of-dose uptakes for normal patients and patients with Cushing's disease and Cushing's syndrome.", "contents": "An operator-independent method for background subtraction in adrenal-uptake measurements: concise communication. A new computer program for adrenal-uptake measurements is presented in which the algorithm identifies the adrenal and background regions automatically after being given a starting point in the image. Adrenal uptakes and results of reproducibility tests are given for patients injected with [131I] 6beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol. The data to date indicate no overlap in the percent-of-dose uptakes for normal patients and patients with Cushing's disease and Cushing's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:893793", "title": "Absolute measurement of total-body calcium by the Ar-37 method-preliminary results: concise communication.", "content": "Measurements of exhaled Ar-37 produced by total-body neutron irradiation of Ca-40, were used to determine total-body calcium in ten human subjects. There was a good correlation between the Ar-37 yield and total-body calcium determined by measurement of Ca-49.", "contents": "Absolute measurement of total-body calcium by the Ar-37 method-preliminary results: concise communication. Measurements of exhaled Ar-37 produced by total-body neutron irradiation of Ca-40, were used to determine total-body calcium in ten human subjects. There was a good correlation between the Ar-37 yield and total-body calcium determined by measurement of Ca-49."}
{"id": "PMID:893794", "title": "Tissue distribution studies with radioactive manganese: a potential agent for myocardial imaging.", "content": "Manganese, a trace metal, is known to localize in mitochondria. Because mitochondria are abundant in heart muscle, the possible utility of radioactive manganese as a myocardial imaging agent was examined in 25 rats and six dogs. Myocardial uptake of Mn-54 in rats was found to exceed that of thallium-201; myocardium-to-blood ratios averaged 306:1 versus 48:1 for Tl-201. In the dog, uptake of Mn-54 by ischemic myocardium was reduced by 17-75% compared with normal myocardium. Thus, radioactive manganese appears promising as an intravenous myocardial imaging agent, and might be useful in studying the function of myocardial mitochondria by external imaging.", "contents": "Tissue distribution studies with radioactive manganese: a potential agent for myocardial imaging. Manganese, a trace metal, is known to localize in mitochondria. Because mitochondria are abundant in heart muscle, the possible utility of radioactive manganese as a myocardial imaging agent was examined in 25 rats and six dogs. Myocardial uptake of Mn-54 in rats was found to exceed that of thallium-201; myocardium-to-blood ratios averaged 306:1 versus 48:1 for Tl-201. In the dog, uptake of Mn-54 by ischemic myocardium was reduced by 17-75% compared with normal myocardium. Thus, radioactive manganese appears promising as an intravenous myocardial imaging agent, and might be useful in studying the function of myocardial mitochondria by external imaging."}
{"id": "PMID:893795", "title": "The incorporation of Ga-67 into the ferritin fraction of rabbit hepatocytes in vivo.", "content": "Twenty-four hours after the administration of Ga-67 citrate and Fe-59 citrate, rabbits were killed and their livers removed and homogenized. Labile proteins in the filtered liver homogenates were denatured; ferritin was then crystallized from the supernatants by cadmium sulfate. Sephadex G-200 gel filtration of the ferritin fractions was done to determine the distribution of molecular weights in the substances associated with Ga-67 and Fe-59. It was found that Ga-67 was incorporated into the crystallizable ferritin fraction of rabbit hepatocytes with approximately one-sixth the uptake of simultaneously administered Fe-59. Gel-filtration chromatography confirmed that both the Ga-67 and the Fe-59 of the crystallizable ferritin fraction were associated with substances of the appropriate molecular weight for ferritin.", "contents": "The incorporation of Ga-67 into the ferritin fraction of rabbit hepatocytes in vivo. Twenty-four hours after the administration of Ga-67 citrate and Fe-59 citrate, rabbits were killed and their livers removed and homogenized. Labile proteins in the filtered liver homogenates were denatured; ferritin was then crystallized from the supernatants by cadmium sulfate. Sephadex G-200 gel filtration of the ferritin fractions was done to determine the distribution of molecular weights in the substances associated with Ga-67 and Fe-59. It was found that Ga-67 was incorporated into the crystallizable ferritin fraction of rabbit hepatocytes with approximately one-sixth the uptake of simultaneously administered Fe-59. Gel-filtration chromatography confirmed that both the Ga-67 and the Fe-59 of the crystallizable ferritin fraction were associated with substances of the appropriate molecular weight for ferritin."}
{"id": "PMID:893875", "title": "Effects of dry and humid climates on exercise-induced asthma in children and preadolescents.", "content": "Among factors which possibly influence the responses of asthmatic children to exercise, climate has received little attention. This study was performed to determine whether the level of air humidity is a factor to be considered. Twenty asthmatic (extrinsic perennial) girls and boys, 6 to 14 yr of age, with unverified history of exercise-induced asthma (EIA) took part. They rested and exercised in a climatic chamber in dry (25% relative humidity) and humid (90%) sessions at 25 degrees to 26 degrees C. One to three weeks separated the sessions, the order of which was counterbalanced. No changes in pulmonary functions (FVC, FEV 1.0, MMEF, MBC) were found following a sitting period of 60 min in either climate. Five and ten minutes following the treadmill run, however, bronchoconstriction was distinctly more pronounced in the dry than in the humid climate. Exercise heart rate and the subjective rating of effort were not affected by climate. It was concluded that, under the above experimental conditions, EIA is more likely in dry air than in humid air, possibly due to heat loss at the airway mucosa caused by evaporation. High humidity of inspired air could be the reason why EIA is less prevalent in swimming, as compared with other modes of exercise.", "contents": "Effects of dry and humid climates on exercise-induced asthma in children and preadolescents. Among factors which possibly influence the responses of asthmatic children to exercise, climate has received little attention. This study was performed to determine whether the level of air humidity is a factor to be considered. Twenty asthmatic (extrinsic perennial) girls and boys, 6 to 14 yr of age, with unverified history of exercise-induced asthma (EIA) took part. They rested and exercised in a climatic chamber in dry (25% relative humidity) and humid (90%) sessions at 25 degrees to 26 degrees C. One to three weeks separated the sessions, the order of which was counterbalanced. No changes in pulmonary functions (FVC, FEV 1.0, MMEF, MBC) were found following a sitting period of 60 min in either climate. Five and ten minutes following the treadmill run, however, bronchoconstriction was distinctly more pronounced in the dry than in the humid climate. Exercise heart rate and the subjective rating of effort were not affected by climate. It was concluded that, under the above experimental conditions, EIA is more likely in dry air than in humid air, possibly due to heat loss at the airway mucosa caused by evaporation. High humidity of inspired air could be the reason why EIA is less prevalent in swimming, as compared with other modes of exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:893876", "title": "Prevention of homocytotropic antibody formation and anaphylactic sensitization by prefeeding antigen.", "content": "Studies were conducted in rats to determine whether pre-feeding antigen can prevent the development of Bordetella pertussis-induced homocytotropic antibody (HCA) formation and anaphylactic sensitization to the fed antigen. DA rats fed ragweed for a minimum of 2 wk and Sprague-Dawley rats fed horse serum for at least 4 wk demonstrated specific unresponsiveness to anaphylactic sensitization as measured by their inability to form HCA and their normotensive response to intravenous challenge with antigen. This state was more easily attained when feeding of antigen was started at the age of 30 days than at 90 or 150 days, and resistance to anaphylactic sensitization could be maintained by continued feeding of antigen. However, if anaphylactically sensitized to the fed antigen. The results suggest that induction of anaphylactic sensitization can be prevented by pre-feeding antigen.", "contents": "Prevention of homocytotropic antibody formation and anaphylactic sensitization by prefeeding antigen. Studies were conducted in rats to determine whether pre-feeding antigen can prevent the development of Bordetella pertussis-induced homocytotropic antibody (HCA) formation and anaphylactic sensitization to the fed antigen. DA rats fed ragweed for a minimum of 2 wk and Sprague-Dawley rats fed horse serum for at least 4 wk demonstrated specific unresponsiveness to anaphylactic sensitization as measured by their inability to form HCA and their normotensive response to intravenous challenge with antigen. This state was more easily attained when feeding of antigen was started at the age of 30 days than at 90 or 150 days, and resistance to anaphylactic sensitization could be maintained by continued feeding of antigen. However, if anaphylactically sensitized to the fed antigen. The results suggest that induction of anaphylactic sensitization can be prevented by pre-feeding antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:893909", "title": "Pathways to the decisive extension of the human specific lifespan.", "content": "Three approaches to reversal or removal of gerogenic aggregations of macromolecules have shown promise. Of these the enzyme approach is the most gentle, and can be made specific. Aside from this, the lower the molecular weight of an enzyme, the better chance it will have to be immunologically tolerated as well as replicated synthetically in whole or in part. The chelating approach provides a powerful means for removing a single class of unwanted, random crosslinkages, i.e., those due to extraneous polyvalent metals such as lead, cadmium and aluminum. The free hydroxyl radical approach is the most penetrant and most versatile means for removing otherwise insoluble aggregates, but its very lack of specificity will demand great foresight in control and use. Together, these three methods, when properly applied, might bring some principal objectives of gerontology within closer range.", "contents": "Pathways to the decisive extension of the human specific lifespan. Three approaches to reversal or removal of gerogenic aggregations of macromolecules have shown promise. Of these the enzyme approach is the most gentle, and can be made specific. Aside from this, the lower the molecular weight of an enzyme, the better chance it will have to be immunologically tolerated as well as replicated synthetically in whole or in part. The chelating approach provides a powerful means for removing a single class of unwanted, random crosslinkages, i.e., those due to extraneous polyvalent metals such as lead, cadmium and aluminum. The free hydroxyl radical approach is the most penetrant and most versatile means for removing otherwise insoluble aggregates, but its very lack of specificity will demand great foresight in control and use. Together, these three methods, when properly applied, might bring some principal objectives of gerontology within closer range."}
{"id": "PMID:893911", "title": "Stable chronic disease: a behavioral model.", "content": "A three-year study was undertaken in the general medical clinic of a private community hospital, to assess the health behavior, health status, and profile of function of stable chronic disease was developed and tested. It was shown that these patients used a disproportionate amount of health care services. Half of the group was treated by a nurse practitioner/physician team and half by a house officer/preceptor team. Patients in both groups behaved similarly. These patients: 1) made frequent demands for outpatient services but did not need more than average hospital care; 2) tended to have problems of socio-economic indigency; 3) were likely to have hypertension, obesity, arthritis, and functional disease; 4) were chiefly women; 5) required special visits 9 percent of the time, usually for exacerbations of illness or intercurrent health problems; 6) made greater demands if they had functional complaints as a primary or secondary health problem; and 7) viewed their health more positively and functioned at a higher level if they were over 65 years of age. It was also found that the nurse practitioner, working in consultation with a physician, was able to provide high-quality health care.", "contents": "Stable chronic disease: a behavioral model. A three-year study was undertaken in the general medical clinic of a private community hospital, to assess the health behavior, health status, and profile of function of stable chronic disease was developed and tested. It was shown that these patients used a disproportionate amount of health care services. Half of the group was treated by a nurse practitioner/physician team and half by a house officer/preceptor team. Patients in both groups behaved similarly. These patients: 1) made frequent demands for outpatient services but did not need more than average hospital care; 2) tended to have problems of socio-economic indigency; 3) were likely to have hypertension, obesity, arthritis, and functional disease; 4) were chiefly women; 5) required special visits 9 percent of the time, usually for exacerbations of illness or intercurrent health problems; 6) made greater demands if they had functional complaints as a primary or secondary health problem; and 7) viewed their health more positively and functioned at a higher level if they were over 65 years of age. It was also found that the nurse practitioner, working in consultation with a physician, was able to provide high-quality health care."}
{"id": "PMID:893913", "title": "Speech and hearing problems in the geriatric patient.", "content": "Regardless of the physical and mental health of any elderly person, verbal communications tend to deteriorate with advancing years. A significant loss of hearing occurs in 30-50 percent of persons over age 65, and voice changes are virtually inevitable after the age of 60. These alterations in the organs of communication increase markedly in incidence and degree after age 70. Deafness is a symptom and not a disease. Presbycusis is the result of degenerative changes affecting the organ of Corti and its central connections. The effects of aging on the expressive system of human communications may take different forms, including changes in the pitch, intensity, and quality of the voice. Therapy consists of rehabilitation, substitution, and amplification for the preservation and maintenance of communications. For patients with presbycusis, rehabilitation may include speech reading, auditory training, speech improvement, hearing-aid instruction, and guidance in social adjustment. Patients with speech and voice impairment need re-education by a skilled speech pathologist. With the aid of communication specialists, the geriatric patient can attain a high level of satisfaction from the give-and-take of personal communications.", "contents": "Speech and hearing problems in the geriatric patient. Regardless of the physical and mental health of any elderly person, verbal communications tend to deteriorate with advancing years. A significant loss of hearing occurs in 30-50 percent of persons over age 65, and voice changes are virtually inevitable after the age of 60. These alterations in the organs of communication increase markedly in incidence and degree after age 70. Deafness is a symptom and not a disease. Presbycusis is the result of degenerative changes affecting the organ of Corti and its central connections. The effects of aging on the expressive system of human communications may take different forms, including changes in the pitch, intensity, and quality of the voice. Therapy consists of rehabilitation, substitution, and amplification for the preservation and maintenance of communications. For patients with presbycusis, rehabilitation may include speech reading, auditory training, speech improvement, hearing-aid instruction, and guidance in social adjustment. Patients with speech and voice impairment need re-education by a skilled speech pathologist. With the aid of communication specialists, the geriatric patient can attain a high level of satisfaction from the give-and-take of personal communications."}
{"id": "PMID:893912", "title": "Pigmentation and musculoskeletal abnormalities in an aged state hospital population.", "content": "In a State hospital population, 686 patients (mean age, 65 years) were examined for patterned pigmentation on unexposed areas of the body. Of these patients, 285 (41.5 percent) met the criteria for pigmentation. There were no sex or age differences. Psychosis had been diagnosed in 96 percent of the pigmented group. All of the 239 patients examined orthopedically had vertebral malalignment greater than 15 degrees and often had other bony deformities. Nearly all of the pigmented group displayed dyskinetic activity. A possible mechanism for the production of the pigmentation-psychosis-skeletal deformity triad could be an alteration in the concentration of available melatonin. Continued research along these lines may lead to an effective means of pharmacologic treatment as well as better psychologic and physical care.", "contents": "Pigmentation and musculoskeletal abnormalities in an aged state hospital population. In a State hospital population, 686 patients (mean age, 65 years) were examined for patterned pigmentation on unexposed areas of the body. Of these patients, 285 (41.5 percent) met the criteria for pigmentation. There were no sex or age differences. Psychosis had been diagnosed in 96 percent of the pigmented group. All of the 239 patients examined orthopedically had vertebral malalignment greater than 15 degrees and often had other bony deformities. Nearly all of the pigmented group displayed dyskinetic activity. A possible mechanism for the production of the pigmentation-psychosis-skeletal deformity triad could be an alteration in the concentration of available melatonin. Continued research along these lines may lead to an effective means of pharmacologic treatment as well as better psychologic and physical care."}
{"id": "PMID:893914", "title": "The role of geriatrics in a family practice residency program.", "content": "In an attempt to clarify the role of geriatrics in family practice, the program at St. Joseph's Hospital and Nursing Home of Yonkers is outlined. The objective of this Family Practice Program are: 1) to assist in identifying needs in a target population and in developing and providing services to meet these needs; 2) to train and educate the Family Practice resident in the multiple medical, social and psychiatric problems of late life; 3) to indoctrinate this resident in the unique and numerous needs of the institutional elderly and of the institution in which they reside; and 4) to develop new and comprehensive systems of health care that will permit the marginally ill elderly to remain in the community as long as possible.", "contents": "The role of geriatrics in a family practice residency program. In an attempt to clarify the role of geriatrics in family practice, the program at St. Joseph's Hospital and Nursing Home of Yonkers is outlined. The objective of this Family Practice Program are: 1) to assist in identifying needs in a target population and in developing and providing services to meet these needs; 2) to train and educate the Family Practice resident in the multiple medical, social and psychiatric problems of late life; 3) to indoctrinate this resident in the unique and numerous needs of the institutional elderly and of the institution in which they reside; and 4) to develop new and comprehensive systems of health care that will permit the marginally ill elderly to remain in the community as long as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:893933", "title": "Applied genetics for the practicing optometrist. Part II.", "content": "Part I included a discussion of the four modes of single gene inheritance and examples of ocular anomalies which follow these modes. Part II will conclude the discussion by presenting other transmission forms in conjunction with examples of ocular anomalies characteristic of each. These two articles are designed to serve only as a guide for familiarizing the practicing O.D. with the various types of inheritance patterns, and not as a comprehensive text on the genetics of ophthalmic diseases. The reader is referred to the reference list for in-depth information regarding specific disorders.", "contents": "Applied genetics for the practicing optometrist. Part II. Part I included a discussion of the four modes of single gene inheritance and examples of ocular anomalies which follow these modes. Part II will conclude the discussion by presenting other transmission forms in conjunction with examples of ocular anomalies characteristic of each. These two articles are designed to serve only as a guide for familiarizing the practicing O.D. with the various types of inheritance patterns, and not as a comprehensive text on the genetics of ophthalmic diseases. The reader is referred to the reference list for in-depth information regarding specific disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:893934", "title": "Four clinical techniques in cup/disc ratio estimation.", "content": "Four clinical techniques for estimating cup/disc ratio were compared. Small differences in magnitude of the cup/disc ratio were found with each technique studied. In addition, a mean cup/disc ratio of between 0.22 and 0.30 was found for the subjects studied. The clinical utility of four funduscopic examination methods is reviewed.", "contents": "Four clinical techniques in cup/disc ratio estimation. Four clinical techniques for estimating cup/disc ratio were compared. Small differences in magnitude of the cup/disc ratio were found with each technique studied. In addition, a mean cup/disc ratio of between 0.22 and 0.30 was found for the subjects studied. The clinical utility of four funduscopic examination methods is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:893935", "title": "The mydriatic effect of tropicamide on light and dark irides.", "content": "Tropicamide 0.5% was topically applied to the eyes of thirteen subjects to study its effectiveness as a mydriatic. A comparison was made between the subjects with light colored irides and those with dark brown irides, and also between those who had worn contact lenses previous to dilation and those who had not. Results indicate that a minimum pupil size of 6 mm was achieved within 25 minutes after instillation and this dilation was independent of iris pigmentation. Typically, IOP was reduced during dilation with tropicamide.", "contents": "The mydriatic effect of tropicamide on light and dark irides. Tropicamide 0.5% was topically applied to the eyes of thirteen subjects to study its effectiveness as a mydriatic. A comparison was made between the subjects with light colored irides and those with dark brown irides, and also between those who had worn contact lenses previous to dilation and those who had not. Results indicate that a minimum pupil size of 6 mm was achieved within 25 minutes after instillation and this dilation was independent of iris pigmentation. Typically, IOP was reduced during dilation with tropicamide."}
{"id": "PMID:893936", "title": "Cataract: current concepts, signs, and symptomatology -- Part II.", "content": "This is the second portion of a two part series presented with the purpose of providing the optometrist with an overview of lens structure, cataract formation, classification, and ensuing clinical implications. Part II deals primarily with the clinical signs and symptomatology as encountered during the optometric examination. Each section of a general visual examination is presented in an attempt to demonstrate how cataracts of various types might influence test results. Some suggestions are presented for modification of optometric testing procedures along with some auxiliary procedures which may be utilized in evaluating the cataract patient.", "contents": "Cataract: current concepts, signs, and symptomatology -- Part II. This is the second portion of a two part series presented with the purpose of providing the optometrist with an overview of lens structure, cataract formation, classification, and ensuing clinical implications. Part II deals primarily with the clinical signs and symptomatology as encountered during the optometric examination. Each section of a general visual examination is presented in an attempt to demonstrate how cataracts of various types might influence test results. Some suggestions are presented for modification of optometric testing procedures along with some auxiliary procedures which may be utilized in evaluating the cataract patient."}
{"id": "PMID:893937", "title": "A visual guidance program: evaluation report.", "content": "A group of 80 fourth-grade pupils were administered visual tests to identify poor eye synchronization. The tests were given at Ruby Thomas Elementary School, Las Vegas, Nevada during February 1971 by Drs. Fred Erlich and Harvey Ohriner. Pupils with unsatisfactory eye synchronization were divided into two groups, a treatment and non-treatment or control group. A second control group was randomly selected from pupils with satisfactory eye synchronization. Visual guidance exercises were given to the treatment group. Post test reading tests showed significant gains in reading for the treatment group. Control groups showed non-significant gains.", "contents": "A visual guidance program: evaluation report. A group of 80 fourth-grade pupils were administered visual tests to identify poor eye synchronization. The tests were given at Ruby Thomas Elementary School, Las Vegas, Nevada during February 1971 by Drs. Fred Erlich and Harvey Ohriner. Pupils with unsatisfactory eye synchronization were divided into two groups, a treatment and non-treatment or control group. A second control group was randomly selected from pupils with satisfactory eye synchronization. Visual guidance exercises were given to the treatment group. Post test reading tests showed significant gains in reading for the treatment group. Control groups showed non-significant gains."}
{"id": "PMID:893938", "title": "Maddox rod to determine axis in laser refraction.", "content": "The procedure described offers a technique for determination of cylinder axis which requires no additional equipment beyond the basic apparatus used in a conventional laser refraction. An application of the Maddox Rod allows the patient to subjectively select the proper cylinder axis so that conventional laser refraction may proceed more smoothly and accurately", "contents": "Maddox rod to determine axis in laser refraction. The procedure described offers a technique for determination of cylinder axis which requires no additional equipment beyond the basic apparatus used in a conventional laser refraction. An application of the Maddox Rod allows the patient to subjectively select the proper cylinder axis so that conventional laser refraction may proceed more smoothly and accurately"}
{"id": "PMID:893939", "title": "Anaglyphic T.V. ping pong antisuppression trainer.", "content": "Orthoptic therapy often entails the repetitive usage of detailed and complicated training procedures. Amblyopia and antisuppression therapy in particular may require weeks or months of trainning. A multipurpose training device has been constructed from commercially available components and promises to maintain a high level of patient interest and cooperation throughout the training procedure.", "contents": "Anaglyphic T.V. ping pong antisuppression trainer. Orthoptic therapy often entails the repetitive usage of detailed and complicated training procedures. Amblyopia and antisuppression therapy in particular may require weeks or months of trainning. A multipurpose training device has been constructed from commercially available components and promises to maintain a high level of patient interest and cooperation throughout the training procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:893942", "title": "The optometrists' view of site selection.", "content": "Numerous studies have attemted to describe and to explain the maldistribution of physicians, yet few studies have attempted to explain the distribution of other health care personnel. Knowledge of the factors involved in the locational decision of relatively facility-free optometric practitioners offers excellent research opportunities for social scientists and holds forth promise for state and regional optometric associations concerned with attracting qualified optometrists. This study focuses on the impact of homestate and age on the decision to locate an optometric practice both in a state and in a community. In a survey of North Carolina optometrists the impact of homesite was found to be a significant factor in the locational decision. In addition, optometrists under 35 years of age were found to exhibit different locational preferences from their older counterparts.", "contents": "The optometrists' view of site selection. Numerous studies have attemted to describe and to explain the maldistribution of physicians, yet few studies have attempted to explain the distribution of other health care personnel. Knowledge of the factors involved in the locational decision of relatively facility-free optometric practitioners offers excellent research opportunities for social scientists and holds forth promise for state and regional optometric associations concerned with attracting qualified optometrists. This study focuses on the impact of homestate and age on the decision to locate an optometric practice both in a state and in a community. In a survey of North Carolina optometrists the impact of homesite was found to be a significant factor in the locational decision. In addition, optometrists under 35 years of age were found to exhibit different locational preferences from their older counterparts."}
{"id": "PMID:893943", "title": "Unilateral Morgagnian cataract.", "content": "Morgagnian cataract is a hypermature lens in which the cortex liquifies and the dense nucleus sinks inferiorly. Aside from the total reduction of vision, serious sequelae may result. This report is of a unilateral Morgagnian cataract of unknown etiology for which a dilated pupil facilitated the differential diagnosis between cataract types.", "contents": "Unilateral Morgagnian cataract. Morgagnian cataract is a hypermature lens in which the cortex liquifies and the dense nucleus sinks inferiorly. Aside from the total reduction of vision, serious sequelae may result. This report is of a unilateral Morgagnian cataract of unknown etiology for which a dilated pupil facilitated the differential diagnosis between cataract types."}
{"id": "PMID:893944", "title": "Optometry in Israel--a clinical externship.", "content": "In recent years, it has become the policy of optometric institutions to expand the scope of the clinical education experience beyond the geographical locale of the parent facility. This article is a presentation of the background and description of one such clinical program organized by the New England College of Optometry with the cooperation of the Department of Ophthalmology Hadassah Hebrew Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.", "contents": "Optometry in Israel--a clinical externship. In recent years, it has become the policy of optometric institutions to expand the scope of the clinical education experience beyond the geographical locale of the parent facility. This article is a presentation of the background and description of one such clinical program organized by the New England College of Optometry with the cooperation of the Department of Ophthalmology Hadassah Hebrew Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel."}
{"id": "PMID:893945", "title": "Drugs prescribed for the elderly.", "content": "The elderly constitute an increasing fraction of the population. Their lengthy exposure to the hazards of life makes them more likely to be suffering from chronic conditions as well as the inevitable effects of age itself. Many are receiving or have received prolonged courses of treatment by one or more drugs. This report summarizes the common medications and the typical doses which were being administered to 833 patients of whom all but 79 were age 65 or over.", "contents": "Drugs prescribed for the elderly. The elderly constitute an increasing fraction of the population. Their lengthy exposure to the hazards of life makes them more likely to be suffering from chronic conditions as well as the inevitable effects of age itself. Many are receiving or have received prolonged courses of treatment by one or more drugs. This report summarizes the common medications and the typical doses which were being administered to 833 patients of whom all but 79 were age 65 or over."}
{"id": "PMID:893946", "title": "The role of the trainer in visual training.", "content": "The role of the trainer in assisting the patient to internalize changes in his visual process is discussed. Emphasis is placed on two aspects: (1) making the patient aware of the nature of the change in process desired, and (2) making the patient aware that the phenomena which he observes during vision training techniques, such as blurring and clearing, diplopia, and suppression of training targets, which he may perceive as occurring esternally reflections of his visual process and as such, are subject to his control.", "contents": "The role of the trainer in visual training. The role of the trainer in assisting the patient to internalize changes in his visual process is discussed. Emphasis is placed on two aspects: (1) making the patient aware of the nature of the change in process desired, and (2) making the patient aware that the phenomena which he observes during vision training techniques, such as blurring and clearing, diplopia, and suppression of training targets, which he may perceive as occurring esternally reflections of his visual process and as such, are subject to his control."}
{"id": "PMID:893947", "title": "Case report: familial cone dysfunction.", "content": "Four generations of a family with hereditary retinal degeneration underwent extensive optometric evaluation, including electrodiagnostic testing. The compiled data indicate a partial cone dysfunction transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. The optometrist's role in the diagnosis of such conditions is discussed as well as his role in family counseling. The cone dysfunction under discussion is differentiated from other tapetoretinal degenerations.", "contents": "Case report: familial cone dysfunction. Four generations of a family with hereditary retinal degeneration underwent extensive optometric evaluation, including electrodiagnostic testing. The compiled data indicate a partial cone dysfunction transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. The optometrist's role in the diagnosis of such conditions is discussed as well as his role in family counseling. The cone dysfunction under discussion is differentiated from other tapetoretinal degenerations."}
{"id": "PMID:893948", "title": "Vision care in Nicaragua.", "content": "In recent years an increasing number of professionals have become interested in providing health care to the people in under-privileged countries. Today, optometrists are serving these people through various organizations. This article relates the experiences of three University of Houston College of Optometry fourth year students during their volunteer optometric service in Nicaragua in the summer of 1975. Most colleges and schools of optometry have similar programs; however, only Ohio State University and the University of Houston participate in the Amigos de las Americas program. Participation in these and other similar activities by the profession is necessary to maintain good public health and develop better public relations.", "contents": "Vision care in Nicaragua. In recent years an increasing number of professionals have become interested in providing health care to the people in under-privileged countries. Today, optometrists are serving these people through various organizations. This article relates the experiences of three University of Houston College of Optometry fourth year students during their volunteer optometric service in Nicaragua in the summer of 1975. Most colleges and schools of optometry have similar programs; however, only Ohio State University and the University of Houston participate in the Amigos de las Americas program. Participation in these and other similar activities by the profession is necessary to maintain good public health and develop better public relations."}
{"id": "PMID:893954", "title": "A multidiscipline approach in low vision rehabilitation.", "content": "The first low vision clinic was instituted at the Industrial Home for the Blind in 1953 in response to a growing demand that more effective use be made of the residual vision in blind persons. The technology was there. Eye practitioners certainly knew enough about vision problems to offer many of these people an opportunity to enter a new life. The problem was: how to put that knowledge to work through a sound service delivery system. By its twentieth anniversary in 1973 the clinic had seen almost 5,000 patients for low vision evaluation and had built a service which consistently provided substantial and useful improvement in vision through the use of optical aids to a majority of its patients. The low vision optometric staff works as an integral part of a rehabilitation team. That team consists of a number of professionals, including ophthalmologists, social workers, teachers, and a variety of rehabilitation instructors. All members work simultaneously to create a total program of rehabilitation for thepartially sighted. We feel this teamwork approach is of basic importance to effective rehabilitation.", "contents": "A multidiscipline approach in low vision rehabilitation. The first low vision clinic was instituted at the Industrial Home for the Blind in 1953 in response to a growing demand that more effective use be made of the residual vision in blind persons. The technology was there. Eye practitioners certainly knew enough about vision problems to offer many of these people an opportunity to enter a new life. The problem was: how to put that knowledge to work through a sound service delivery system. By its twentieth anniversary in 1973 the clinic had seen almost 5,000 patients for low vision evaluation and had built a service which consistently provided substantial and useful improvement in vision through the use of optical aids to a majority of its patients. The low vision optometric staff works as an integral part of a rehabilitation team. That team consists of a number of professionals, including ophthalmologists, social workers, teachers, and a variety of rehabilitation instructors. All members work simultaneously to create a total program of rehabilitation for thepartially sighted. We feel this teamwork approach is of basic importance to effective rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:893967", "title": "Criteria for fibular sesamoidectomy in hallux abducto valgus correction.", "content": "Fibular sesamoidectomy is necessary in certain instances to achieve permanent correction of hallux abducto valgus deformities. The decision to remove the fibular sesamoid is usually based on the position of the tibial sesamoid (which is determined by clinical and radiographic examination). If the fibular sesamoid is in positions 4 to 7, it is difficult, if not impossible, to maintain the correction of the hallux abducto valgus; if the position is 1 through 3, the sesamoids can be moved medially and maintained by the crista which is still intact.", "contents": "Criteria for fibular sesamoidectomy in hallux abducto valgus correction. Fibular sesamoidectomy is necessary in certain instances to achieve permanent correction of hallux abducto valgus deformities. The decision to remove the fibular sesamoid is usually based on the position of the tibial sesamoid (which is determined by clinical and radiographic examination). If the fibular sesamoid is in positions 4 to 7, it is difficult, if not impossible, to maintain the correction of the hallux abducto valgus; if the position is 1 through 3, the sesamoids can be moved medially and maintained by the crista which is still intact."}
{"id": "PMID:893968", "title": "A new method for measuring the amount of correction to be obtained by using a crescentic osteotomy of the first metatarsal.", "content": "In performing a crescentic osteotomy of the first metatarsal, it is difficult to determine how far to move the first metatarsal to place it in the ideal position. In this paper, the author presents a new method of measurement which makes it possible for the surgeon to calculate easily the amount of correction necessary and to measure this correction at the time of surgery. His technique eliminates the delay of an x-ray in the operating room before closure.", "contents": "A new method for measuring the amount of correction to be obtained by using a crescentic osteotomy of the first metatarsal. In performing a crescentic osteotomy of the first metatarsal, it is difficult to determine how far to move the first metatarsal to place it in the ideal position. In this paper, the author presents a new method of measurement which makes it possible for the surgeon to calculate easily the amount of correction necessary and to measure this correction at the time of surgery. His technique eliminates the delay of an x-ray in the operating room before closure."}
{"id": "PMID:893969", "title": "Neurodermatitis: a skin condition that affects surgical wound healing.", "content": "Neurodermatitis, or lichen simplex chronicus, generally found in females between the ages of 25 and 55 years, is highly inflammatory and may become generalized. The patients are hypersensitive and are not good candidates for surgery as a K\u00f6bner-like phenomenon may occur at the site of the incision with consequent breakdown of the incision, wound dehiscence, and infection. If these patients are to respond normally to treatment, it is sometimes necessary for the surgeon to treat their tensions.", "contents": "Neurodermatitis: a skin condition that affects surgical wound healing. Neurodermatitis, or lichen simplex chronicus, generally found in females between the ages of 25 and 55 years, is highly inflammatory and may become generalized. The patients are hypersensitive and are not good candidates for surgery as a K\u00f6bner-like phenomenon may occur at the site of the incision with consequent breakdown of the incision, wound dehiscence, and infection. If these patients are to respond normally to treatment, it is sometimes necessary for the surgeon to treat their tensions."}
{"id": "PMID:893970", "title": "Synopsis of managing soft tissue podiatric surgical infections.", "content": "Every effort should be made to prevent the occurrence of postoperative foot infections. However, since they are not always avoidable, every surgeon must be prepared to manage these infections. Early diagnosis is essential in preventing overwhelming sepsis and minimizing disability, and immediate therapy is necessary to resolve the complication and prevent it from recurring.", "contents": "Synopsis of managing soft tissue podiatric surgical infections. Every effort should be made to prevent the occurrence of postoperative foot infections. However, since they are not always avoidable, every surgeon must be prepared to manage these infections. Early diagnosis is essential in preventing overwhelming sepsis and minimizing disability, and immediate therapy is necessary to resolve the complication and prevent it from recurring."}
{"id": "PMID:893971", "title": "Proximal and distal Aiken procedures.", "content": "The Aiken osteotomy is the procedure of choice in the surgical treatment of the transverse plane structural deformity of hallux abductus caused by a high distal articular set angle and/or obliquity or asymmetry of the distal phalanx. The ease of performance and the reliability of both the proximal and distal types of Aiken osteotomy have resulted in functional and cosmetic success in the treatment of hallux abductus in the past 50 years.", "contents": "Proximal and distal Aiken procedures. The Aiken osteotomy is the procedure of choice in the surgical treatment of the transverse plane structural deformity of hallux abductus caused by a high distal articular set angle and/or obliquity or asymmetry of the distal phalanx. The ease of performance and the reliability of both the proximal and distal types of Aiken osteotomy have resulted in functional and cosmetic success in the treatment of hallux abductus in the past 50 years."}
{"id": "PMID:893972", "title": "Differential diagnosis of the thrombophlebitis.", "content": "Thrombophlebitis is a disease which is increasing in incidence because of increased longevity and because the effect on the clotting factor by modern drugs is difficult to diagnose, and the rate of accuracy in clinical diagnosis seldom exceeds 50%. In this paper, the authors present a clinical review of thrombophlebitis and discuss clinical findings of other diseases which may mimic thrombophlebitis. It is their hope that their findings may help practitioners to diagnose the disease with a greater degree of accuracy.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of the thrombophlebitis. Thrombophlebitis is a disease which is increasing in incidence because of increased longevity and because the effect on the clotting factor by modern drugs is difficult to diagnose, and the rate of accuracy in clinical diagnosis seldom exceeds 50%. In this paper, the authors present a clinical review of thrombophlebitis and discuss clinical findings of other diseases which may mimic thrombophlebitis. It is their hope that their findings may help practitioners to diagnose the disease with a greater degree of accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:893973", "title": "Polymethylmethacrylate--a review.", "content": "Methylmethacrylate, an acrylic plastic used in dentistry, has recently been adapted as a cement in bone surgery. It has proved to be useful in implant surgery and total joint replacement, in malignant neoplastic fractures, and in the fixation of pins and screws in bone. However, problems such as recurring infections, thermal necrosis of tissue, depression of myocardial and hepatic function, and leakage of monomer may occur with the use of methylmethacrylate.", "contents": "Polymethylmethacrylate--a review. Methylmethacrylate, an acrylic plastic used in dentistry, has recently been adapted as a cement in bone surgery. It has proved to be useful in implant surgery and total joint replacement, in malignant neoplastic fractures, and in the fixation of pins and screws in bone. However, problems such as recurring infections, thermal necrosis of tissue, depression of myocardial and hepatic function, and leakage of monomer may occur with the use of methylmethacrylate."}
{"id": "PMID:893974", "title": "Interphalangeal joint hallux ossicle.", "content": "The interphalangeal joint hallux ossicles that podiatrists are concerned with are those which produce pain as a result of keratoma and bursal sac formation. The patient with interphalangeal ossicles usually has a well delineated, circumscribed, painful excrescence with surrounding soft tissue inflammation, underlying bursal sac formation, and atrophy of the facial planes inferior to the interphalangeal joint. Although an interphalangeal ossicle may be clinically palpable, radiographic examination will not always confirm the condition as many interphalangeal ossicles are fibrocartilaginous and therefore are radiolucent. Dr. Sharon discusses diagnosis and surgical approaches which may be used to correct the problem.", "contents": "Interphalangeal joint hallux ossicle. The interphalangeal joint hallux ossicles that podiatrists are concerned with are those which produce pain as a result of keratoma and bursal sac formation. The patient with interphalangeal ossicles usually has a well delineated, circumscribed, painful excrescence with surrounding soft tissue inflammation, underlying bursal sac formation, and atrophy of the facial planes inferior to the interphalangeal joint. Although an interphalangeal ossicle may be clinically palpable, radiographic examination will not always confirm the condition as many interphalangeal ossicles are fibrocartilaginous and therefore are radiolucent. Dr. Sharon discusses diagnosis and surgical approaches which may be used to correct the problem."}
{"id": "PMID:893979", "title": "Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma.", "content": "Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma is an uncommon benign tumor which occurs mostly in the hands and wrists of young children. It has a tendency to recur, especially in younger individuals, and this, combined with a rather cellular microscopic appearance, has led to mistaken diagnoses of malignancy. No instances of metastasis have been reported. Conservative therapy, consisting of excisional biopsy without sacrifice of vital structures, is indicated.", "contents": "Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma. Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma is an uncommon benign tumor which occurs mostly in the hands and wrists of young children. It has a tendency to recur, especially in younger individuals, and this, combined with a rather cellular microscopic appearance, has led to mistaken diagnoses of malignancy. No instances of metastasis have been reported. Conservative therapy, consisting of excisional biopsy without sacrifice of vital structures, is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:893980", "title": "Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma: a case report.", "content": "Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma is a rare lesion of the palmar surface of the hands and, occasionally, of the feet of children. It is benign tumor which is self-limited in growth, but which has a strong propensity to recur. Grossly and histologically it exhibits a tendency to invade all surrounding structures, but does not metastasize. Rapidity of growth seems to slow down with increasing age. It should be recognized and treated conservatively by repeated surgical removal.", "contents": "Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma: a case report. Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma is a rare lesion of the palmar surface of the hands and, occasionally, of the feet of children. It is benign tumor which is self-limited in growth, but which has a strong propensity to recur. Grossly and histologically it exhibits a tendency to invade all surrounding structures, but does not metastasize. Rapidity of growth seems to slow down with increasing age. It should be recognized and treated conservatively by repeated surgical removal."}
{"id": "PMID:893984", "title": "Dermal angiomyoma of the upper extremity.", "content": "Twenty-four of a series of 85 dermal angiomyomata were located in the upper extremity distal to the elbow. Eleven occurred in the right arm and 13 appeared in the left. Women exceeded men by 13 to 1 in number. The greatest number occurred in the 40 to 70 year age group. One case recurred as a leiomyosarcoma. This report is intended to bring this lesion to the attention of the surgeon in the differential diagnosis of painless masses of the hand, wrist, or forearm.", "contents": "Dermal angiomyoma of the upper extremity. Twenty-four of a series of 85 dermal angiomyomata were located in the upper extremity distal to the elbow. Eleven occurred in the right arm and 13 appeared in the left. Women exceeded men by 13 to 1 in number. The greatest number occurred in the 40 to 70 year age group. One case recurred as a leiomyosarcoma. This report is intended to bring this lesion to the attention of the surgeon in the differential diagnosis of painless masses of the hand, wrist, or forearm."}
{"id": "PMID:893985", "title": "Multiple chondrosarcomas in a hand: a case report.", "content": "In a patient with multiple enchondromas limited to the ring finger and the fifth ray of the left hand, four of the enchondromas underwent simultaneous malignant degeneration during a 7 year observation period. Roentgenograms showed the initial cortical expansion changing to cortical destruction and soft tissue invasion. Ray resection of the involved digits was performed with a good functional result.", "contents": "Multiple chondrosarcomas in a hand: a case report. In a patient with multiple enchondromas limited to the ring finger and the fifth ray of the left hand, four of the enchondromas underwent simultaneous malignant degeneration during a 7 year observation period. Roentgenograms showed the initial cortical expansion changing to cortical destruction and soft tissue invasion. Ray resection of the involved digits was performed with a good functional result."}
{"id": "PMID:893986", "title": "Periosteal (juxtacortical) chondrosarcoma: report of a case occurring in the hand.", "content": "A rare case of periosteal (juxtacortical) chondrosarcoma of the hand is described. Inadequate excision was followed by recurrence which necessitated a transmetacarpal amputation to eradicate the malignant disease.", "contents": "Periosteal (juxtacortical) chondrosarcoma: report of a case occurring in the hand. A rare case of periosteal (juxtacortical) chondrosarcoma of the hand is described. Inadequate excision was followed by recurrence which necessitated a transmetacarpal amputation to eradicate the malignant disease."}
{"id": "PMID:893991", "title": "Bradypneic, a new mutation in mice causing slow breathing, runting, and early death.", "content": "A new recessive mutation, bradypneic (bd), causes variable weight retardation beginning as early as 3 to 5 days. Severely affected mice die within the first 2 weeks; less severely affected mice may survive to weaning or to adulthood and may be fertile. Bradypneic mice tested at 3 weeks or older breathed at half the normal rate, but breathing was deeper and O2 consumption per unit of body surface was normal. No obstruction was found in the nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, or bronchi. The lungs were somewhat emphysematous and, probably in consequence, the right atrium was enlarged. The only other pathological conditions found were dilation of some of the distal tubules of the kidney and large amounts of gas in the stomach and intestines. The investigation did not reveal the cause of the breathing defect, but it is possible that the breathing defect is responsible for the emphysema, intestinal gas, small size, and early death. Extensive linkage tests have not yet revealed the chromosomal location of bd.", "contents": "Bradypneic, a new mutation in mice causing slow breathing, runting, and early death. A new recessive mutation, bradypneic (bd), causes variable weight retardation beginning as early as 3 to 5 days. Severely affected mice die within the first 2 weeks; less severely affected mice may survive to weaning or to adulthood and may be fertile. Bradypneic mice tested at 3 weeks or older breathed at half the normal rate, but breathing was deeper and O2 consumption per unit of body surface was normal. No obstruction was found in the nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, or bronchi. The lungs were somewhat emphysematous and, probably in consequence, the right atrium was enlarged. The only other pathological conditions found were dilation of some of the distal tubules of the kidney and large amounts of gas in the stomach and intestines. The investigation did not reveal the cause of the breathing defect, but it is possible that the breathing defect is responsible for the emphysema, intestinal gas, small size, and early death. Extensive linkage tests have not yet revealed the chromosomal location of bd."}
{"id": "PMID:893998", "title": "A cytomorphologic approach to standardization of cell dispersal evaluation for gynecologic specimens.", "content": "Dispersal of cells in gynecologic specimens is a major concern in sample preparation for automated systems. A variety of dispersal techniques has been tested, with varying degrees of success reported by many laboratories. In order to have a more meaningful comparison of the results of different techniques and among investigators, a standardized evaluation procedure is desirable. The cytomorphologic element of evaluation of cell dispersal has been developed and tested in this laboratory and might be applied toward this purpose. This evaluation reveals the changes in relative numbers of single cells according to cell type and estimates cell loss as well as changes in cellular preservation. Groups of cells are tabulated according to whether they appear as definite tissue groups or as clumps of single cells. Because abnormal cells and cells from the transformation zone often occur in tissue groups, special emphasis is placed on dispersal analysis by cell type to reveal whether the diagnostically important cells and cells relating to specimen adequacy were optimally dispersed. Furthermore, the format of evaluation allows assessment of the applicability of dispersal procedures to preparation for both flow and slide-based systems of automated cytology.", "contents": "A cytomorphologic approach to standardization of cell dispersal evaluation for gynecologic specimens. Dispersal of cells in gynecologic specimens is a major concern in sample preparation for automated systems. A variety of dispersal techniques has been tested, with varying degrees of success reported by many laboratories. In order to have a more meaningful comparison of the results of different techniques and among investigators, a standardized evaluation procedure is desirable. The cytomorphologic element of evaluation of cell dispersal has been developed and tested in this laboratory and might be applied toward this purpose. This evaluation reveals the changes in relative numbers of single cells according to cell type and estimates cell loss as well as changes in cellular preservation. Groups of cells are tabulated according to whether they appear as definite tissue groups or as clumps of single cells. Because abnormal cells and cells from the transformation zone often occur in tissue groups, special emphasis is placed on dispersal analysis by cell type to reveal whether the diagnostically important cells and cells relating to specimen adequacy were optimally dispersed. Furthermore, the format of evaluation allows assessment of the applicability of dispersal procedures to preparation for both flow and slide-based systems of automated cytology."}
{"id": "PMID:893999", "title": "Enrichment of the gynecologic cytologic specimen.", "content": "The principal objective of our group has been and continues to be the improvement of the biologic signal-to-noise ratio of the gynecologic cytologic specimen through: the dispersal of clusters and clumps, enrichment of the abnormal component of the dispersed specimen by the method of rate-zonal sedimentation under unit gravity, and monitoring the effects of these manipulations with biophysical non-destructive methods. This report is concerned only with presenting the current status of the effectiveness of our enrichment techniques both qualitatively and quantitatively. Zonal sedimentation creates a broad spatial spectrum of cells by virtue of their different velocities which are directly related to their areas. Certain fractions of this spectrum are extracted, concentrated and deposited on slides for subsequent manual differential analysis, evaluation and documentation. Qualitatively, fractions M1 and M2 show impressive removal of erythrocytes, leukocytes and debris. Quantitatively, enrichment factors vary from 0.1 (depletion) to as high as 26 yielding an average enrichment of about 6, a most rewarding improvement.", "contents": "Enrichment of the gynecologic cytologic specimen. The principal objective of our group has been and continues to be the improvement of the biologic signal-to-noise ratio of the gynecologic cytologic specimen through: the dispersal of clusters and clumps, enrichment of the abnormal component of the dispersed specimen by the method of rate-zonal sedimentation under unit gravity, and monitoring the effects of these manipulations with biophysical non-destructive methods. This report is concerned only with presenting the current status of the effectiveness of our enrichment techniques both qualitatively and quantitatively. Zonal sedimentation creates a broad spatial spectrum of cells by virtue of their different velocities which are directly related to their areas. Certain fractions of this spectrum are extracted, concentrated and deposited on slides for subsequent manual differential analysis, evaluation and documentation. Qualitatively, fractions M1 and M2 show impressive removal of erythrocytes, leukocytes and debris. Quantitatively, enrichment factors vary from 0.1 (depletion) to as high as 26 yielding an average enrichment of about 6, a most rewarding improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:894000", "title": "Ultrasonic disaggregation of cell clusters.", "content": "A technique of cluster disaggregation has been developed and applied to cervical cells in suspension. Preliminary results indicate that ultrasound is capable of cluster disaggregation under controlled energy conditions. Cytologic quality of the resulting preparation is adequate for cell analysis in flow systems.", "contents": "Ultrasonic disaggregation of cell clusters. A technique of cluster disaggregation has been developed and applied to cervical cells in suspension. Preliminary results indicate that ultrasound is capable of cluster disaggregation under controlled energy conditions. Cytologic quality of the resulting preparation is adequate for cell analysis in flow systems."}
{"id": "PMID:893992", "title": "Effect of ascorbic acid on intraocular pressure of normal and buphthalmic rabbits.", "content": "Compared with serum the aqueous humor of the eye is high in ascorbic acid. The administation of ascorbic acid appears to have a transient hypotonic effect on intraocular pressure in normal eyes. Its effect on glaucomatous eyes is not as well defined particularly in the case of the rabbit. In this communication we shown the ocular hypotensive effal (+/+) or have hereditary glaucoma (bu/bu). We also show that the transport of ascorbate from the serum to the aqueous is much slower in buphthalamic rabbits than in normal controls. Osmolarity is suggested as a possible hypotensive mechanism and a differential fluid transport rate between the blood and the aqueous for the different genotypes is suggested as a possible mechanism for the difference in duration.", "contents": "Effect of ascorbic acid on intraocular pressure of normal and buphthalmic rabbits. Compared with serum the aqueous humor of the eye is high in ascorbic acid. The administation of ascorbic acid appears to have a transient hypotonic effect on intraocular pressure in normal eyes. Its effect on glaucomatous eyes is not as well defined particularly in the case of the rabbit. In this communication we shown the ocular hypotensive effal (+/+) or have hereditary glaucoma (bu/bu). We also show that the transport of ascorbate from the serum to the aqueous is much slower in buphthalamic rabbits than in normal controls. Osmolarity is suggested as a possible hypotensive mechanism and a differential fluid transport rate between the blood and the aqueous for the different genotypes is suggested as a possible mechanism for the difference in duration."}
{"id": "PMID:893995", "title": "Natural selection for an intermediate level of heterozygote activity in Japanese quail.", "content": "Latter's hypothesis of a molecular explanation of the advantage of heterozygotes is based on the intermediate character of such phenotypes. Under particular environmental conditions the efficiency of heterozygotes might clearly be superior to that of wild-type individuals. This hypothesis is illustrated by two examples of egg-white proteins in quail.", "contents": "Natural selection for an intermediate level of heterozygote activity in Japanese quail. Latter's hypothesis of a molecular explanation of the advantage of heterozygotes is based on the intermediate character of such phenotypes. Under particular environmental conditions the efficiency of heterozygotes might clearly be superior to that of wild-type individuals. This hypothesis is illustrated by two examples of egg-white proteins in quail."}
{"id": "PMID:894001", "title": "A procedure for dissociating Ayre scrape samples.", "content": "The dissociation of cervical cell suspensions after various chemical and enzymatic treatments was monitored by using the  Centrifugal Cytology rotor to produce glutaraldehyde-fixed dispersions on conventional microscope slides and subsequent Pap staining. A special program was written in RPG II to record and analyze the results of the dissociation experiments in terms of white blood cells and the true cervical cells (\"other cells\"), and the degree of dissociation and recovery of both classes of cells. Since accurate differential counts on the untreated Ayre scrapes were difficult, the samples were syringed gently to break up the large or adventitious clumps. Cumulated results from control preparations indicate that the white blood cells and \"other cells\" are composed respectively of 92 and 63% single cells. The cells were further dissociated by: dissolving the cervical mucin sequentially with dithiothreitol and iodoacetic acid; depolymerizing the nucleohistone gel with ribonuclease; solubilizing the desmosomes with EDTA; removing the remaining cellular agglutinins with Varidase; and finally mechanical dispersion by hypertonic shock. The optimum procedure for dissociation involves the use of ribonuclease, dithiothreitol, iodoacetic acid EDTA, Varidase and sucrose shock. The white blood cells are now monodisperse and 81% of the \"other cells\" are found as single cells. If nuclear separation by two diameters is considered sufficient 98% of the \"other cells\" are single. The slide preparations are now sufficiently good that a scanning system is feasible.", "contents": "A procedure for dissociating Ayre scrape samples. The dissociation of cervical cell suspensions after various chemical and enzymatic treatments was monitored by using the  Centrifugal Cytology rotor to produce glutaraldehyde-fixed dispersions on conventional microscope slides and subsequent Pap staining. A special program was written in RPG II to record and analyze the results of the dissociation experiments in terms of white blood cells and the true cervical cells (\"other cells\"), and the degree of dissociation and recovery of both classes of cells. Since accurate differential counts on the untreated Ayre scrapes were difficult, the samples were syringed gently to break up the large or adventitious clumps. Cumulated results from control preparations indicate that the white blood cells and \"other cells\" are composed respectively of 92 and 63% single cells. The cells were further dissociated by: dissolving the cervical mucin sequentially with dithiothreitol and iodoacetic acid; depolymerizing the nucleohistone gel with ribonuclease; solubilizing the desmosomes with EDTA; removing the remaining cellular agglutinins with Varidase; and finally mechanical dispersion by hypertonic shock. The optimum procedure for dissociation involves the use of ribonuclease, dithiothreitol, iodoacetic acid EDTA, Varidase and sucrose shock. The white blood cells are now monodisperse and 81% of the \"other cells\" are found as single cells. If nuclear separation by two diameters is considered sufficient 98% of the \"other cells\" are single. The slide preparations are now sufficiently good that a scanning system is feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:893994", "title": "Two sex-linked mutations in Culex tarsalis.", "content": "Two sex-linked mutations are described for the Culex tarsalis mosquito. Bleached ocelli (bloc) affects the pigment in the larval and pupal ocelli, and fringe (fr) puts in disarray the costal and vein scales on the adult wing. Their importance is discussed in relation to the basic genetics for this species and the accumulation of multiple-marker stocks needed for the analysis of genetic systems that show potential for control.", "contents": "Two sex-linked mutations in Culex tarsalis. Two sex-linked mutations are described for the Culex tarsalis mosquito. Bleached ocelli (bloc) affects the pigment in the larval and pupal ocelli, and fringe (fr) puts in disarray the costal and vein scales on the adult wing. Their importance is discussed in relation to the basic genetics for this species and the accumulation of multiple-marker stocks needed for the analysis of genetic systems that show potential for control."}
{"id": "PMID:894002", "title": "Optimization of the binding of dissociated exfoliated cervico-vaginal cells to glass microscope slides.", "content": "In order to monitor the development of a cell dissociation technique, it was essential to utilize the Centrifugal Cytology rotor to produce glutaraldehyde-fixed even cellular dispersions. The Cytology rotor has been improved to insure rapid alignment with the centrifugal field during both acceleration and deceleration, and the fixative is now delivered to the surface of the slide. The dissociation of the cells results in a loss of their adhesion to glass slides. Three bonding agents were tested: (a) Poly-L-Lysine; (b) Mayer's albumin fixative; (c) positively charging the slides with a silicone coating. The results with 65% albumin-coated slides were clearly superior to the other two. The addition of a postfixation step of 95% ethanol/4% polyethylene glycol did not significantly affect the recovery of the cells, but did eliminate some unevenness in the Centrifugal Cytology preparations, flattened the cells and expedited the procedure.", "contents": "Optimization of the binding of dissociated exfoliated cervico-vaginal cells to glass microscope slides. In order to monitor the development of a cell dissociation technique, it was essential to utilize the Centrifugal Cytology rotor to produce glutaraldehyde-fixed even cellular dispersions. The Cytology rotor has been improved to insure rapid alignment with the centrifugal field during both acceleration and deceleration, and the fixative is now delivered to the surface of the slide. The dissociation of the cells results in a loss of their adhesion to glass slides. Three bonding agents were tested: (a) Poly-L-Lysine; (b) Mayer's albumin fixative; (c) positively charging the slides with a silicone coating. The results with 65% albumin-coated slides were clearly superior to the other two. The addition of a postfixation step of 95% ethanol/4% polyethylene glycol did not significantly affect the recovery of the cells, but did eliminate some unevenness in the Centrifugal Cytology preparations, flattened the cells and expedited the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:894003", "title": "Crypt cell isolation in the small intestine of the mouse.", "content": "A successful method has been developed for isolating viable single cell suspensions of intestinal crypt cells from the small bowel of the mouse. The lumen of the intestine was perfused with a 0.2% trypsin solution that dissociated the lining epithelial cells. Crypt cell isolation, which proves to be extremely critical, occurred under optimal mechanical and chemical configurations about 75 min after the beginning of the procedure.", "contents": "Crypt cell isolation in the small intestine of the mouse. A successful method has been developed for isolating viable single cell suspensions of intestinal crypt cells from the small bowel of the mouse. The lumen of the intestine was perfused with a 0.2% trypsin solution that dissociated the lining epithelial cells. Crypt cell isolation, which proves to be extremely critical, occurred under optimal mechanical and chemical configurations about 75 min after the beginning of the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:894004", "title": "Flow-microfluorometric analysis of nuclei isolated from various normal and malignant human epithelial tissues. A preliminary report.", "content": "In order to obviate some of the technical problems associated with preparation of monocellular cell suspensions required for flow fluorometry, isolation of nuclei from several types of benign and malignant human tissues was undertaken. Satisfactory preparations of nuclei were obtained from epithelia of the uterine cervix and colon and from lung tissue using the citric acid method. The sucrose method was effective with colonic epithelium only. Distribution of deoxyribonucleic acid content in these nuclei was measured based on green fluorescence of acridine orange and red fluorescence of propidium iodide in a Bio-Physics Cytofluorograph. Essentially diploid patterns of deoxyribonucleic acid distribution were observed for all benign samples regardless of tissue origin whereas the malignant samples gave histograms suggestive of abnormal deoxyribonucleic acid distribution. Preliminary observations on distribution of single-stranded nucleic acids using acridine orange red fluorescence showed marked differences between populations of benign and malignant nuclei. Isolated nuclei appear to be suitable for flow-through microfluorometric analysis and offer some significant advantages over intact cells.", "contents": "Flow-microfluorometric analysis of nuclei isolated from various normal and malignant human epithelial tissues. A preliminary report. In order to obviate some of the technical problems associated with preparation of monocellular cell suspensions required for flow fluorometry, isolation of nuclei from several types of benign and malignant human tissues was undertaken. Satisfactory preparations of nuclei were obtained from epithelia of the uterine cervix and colon and from lung tissue using the citric acid method. The sucrose method was effective with colonic epithelium only. Distribution of deoxyribonucleic acid content in these nuclei was measured based on green fluorescence of acridine orange and red fluorescence of propidium iodide in a Bio-Physics Cytofluorograph. Essentially diploid patterns of deoxyribonucleic acid distribution were observed for all benign samples regardless of tissue origin whereas the malignant samples gave histograms suggestive of abnormal deoxyribonucleic acid distribution. Preliminary observations on distribution of single-stranded nucleic acids using acridine orange red fluorescence showed marked differences between populations of benign and malignant nuclei. Isolated nuclei appear to be suitable for flow-through microfluorometric analysis and offer some significant advantages over intact cells."}
{"id": "PMID:894005", "title": "Automated classification of blood cell neutrophils.", "content": "The classification of white blood cell neutrophils into band neutrophils (bands) and segmented neutrophils (segs) is a subproblem of the white blood cell differential count. This classification problem is not well defined for at least two reasons: (a) there are no unique quantitative definitions for bands and segs and (b) existing definitions use the shape of the nucleus as the only discriminating criterion. When cells are classified on a slide, decisions are made from the two-dimensional views of these three-dimensional cells. A problem arises because the exact shape of the nucleus becomes indeterminate when the nucleus overlaps so that the filament is hidden. To assess the importance of this problem, this paper quantitates the classification errors due to overlapped nuclei (ON). The results indicate that, using only neutrophils without ON, the classification accuracy is 89%. For neutrophils with ON, the classification accuracy is 65%. This suggests a classification strategy of first classifying neutrophils into three categories: (a) bands without ON, (b) segs without ON and (c) neutrophils with ON. Category III can then be further classified into segs and bands by other stretegies.", "contents": "Automated classification of blood cell neutrophils. The classification of white blood cell neutrophils into band neutrophils (bands) and segmented neutrophils (segs) is a subproblem of the white blood cell differential count. This classification problem is not well defined for at least two reasons: (a) there are no unique quantitative definitions for bands and segs and (b) existing definitions use the shape of the nucleus as the only discriminating criterion. When cells are classified on a slide, decisions are made from the two-dimensional views of these three-dimensional cells. A problem arises because the exact shape of the nucleus becomes indeterminate when the nucleus overlaps so that the filament is hidden. To assess the importance of this problem, this paper quantitates the classification errors due to overlapped nuclei (ON). The results indicate that, using only neutrophils without ON, the classification accuracy is 89%. For neutrophils with ON, the classification accuracy is 65%. This suggests a classification strategy of first classifying neutrophils into three categories: (a) bands without ON, (b) segs without ON and (c) neutrophils with ON. Category III can then be further classified into segs and bands by other stretegies."}
{"id": "PMID:894006", "title": "A volume-activated cell sorter.", "content": "A sorter that is activated by the resistance pulses of a Coulter orifice (volume detector) has been developed. The problem arising from the distortion of the volume signals produced by the electric droplet forming and charging voltages are avoided by special shielding and grounding of the volume detector. Experiments with beads and leukocytes are described. The maximal processing rate at this time is 2000 cells/sec, the purity of sorted fractions is better than 97%, and the viability of sorted cells is better than 80%.", "contents": "A volume-activated cell sorter. A sorter that is activated by the resistance pulses of a Coulter orifice (volume detector) has been developed. The problem arising from the distortion of the volume signals produced by the electric droplet forming and charging voltages are avoided by special shielding and grounding of the volume detector. Experiments with beads and leukocytes are described. The maximal processing rate at this time is 2000 cells/sec, the purity of sorted fractions is better than 97%, and the viability of sorted cells is better than 80%."}
{"id": "PMID:894007", "title": "The influence of particles on jet breakoff.", "content": "Experimental observations of the breakup of a liquid jet issuing from a vibrated nozzle support the view that particles passing through the orifice tend to create a surface disturbance which, depending on the phase relative to the nozzle vibration, may either add to or subtract from the disturbance created by the nozzle vibration. The result may be either a shortening or lengthening of the jet breakoff length, depending on phase. The implications for sorting large cells with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of particles on jet breakoff. Experimental observations of the breakup of a liquid jet issuing from a vibrated nozzle support the view that particles passing through the orifice tend to create a surface disturbance which, depending on the phase relative to the nozzle vibration, may either add to or subtract from the disturbance created by the nozzle vibration. The result may be either a shortening or lengthening of the jet breakoff length, depending on phase. The implications for sorting large cells with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894009", "title": "Proof without prejudice: use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for the analysis of histograms from flow systems and other sources.", "content": "In this paper the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test for the analysis of histograms is presented. The test is discussed for both the two-sample case (comparing fn1(X) to fn2 (X)) and the one-sample case (comparing fn1 (X) to f(X)). Presentation of the specific algorithmic steps involved is done through development of an example where the data are from an experiment discussed elsewhere in this issue. It is shown that the two histograms examined come from two different parent populations at the 99.9% confidence level.", "contents": "Proof without prejudice: use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for the analysis of histograms from flow systems and other sources. In this paper the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test for the analysis of histograms is presented. The test is discussed for both the two-sample case (comparing fn1(X) to fn2 (X)) and the one-sample case (comparing fn1 (X) to f(X)). Presentation of the specific algorithmic steps involved is done through development of an example where the data are from an experiment discussed elsewhere in this issue. It is shown that the two histograms examined come from two different parent populations at the 99.9% confidence level."}
{"id": "PMID:894011", "title": "An improved electronic pantograph.", "content": "A device was developed to permit simultaneous observations of a microscopic field, under any light optic conditions, and permanent recording of the relative X-Y coordinates of the center of the field. A modification is described that allows gray scale values to be assigned to the plots. The system can be readily adapted to digital computer data entry.", "contents": "An improved electronic pantograph. A device was developed to permit simultaneous observations of a microscopic field, under any light optic conditions, and permanent recording of the relative X-Y coordinates of the center of the field. A modification is described that allows gray scale values to be assigned to the plots. The system can be readily adapted to digital computer data entry."}
{"id": "PMID:894014", "title": "[Spine density of lamina V pyramidal cells in the visual cortex of laboratory rats after lengthy dark exposure].", "content": "1. The spine density was investigated at the apical dendrites of lamina-V-pyramidal cells in the visual cortex of rats following dark rearing for 250 days. 2. There are no significant differences in the average spine density between rats reared in darkness and normal conditions. 3. The results are discussed in view of the significant differences found after dark rearing for 50 days. It is assumed that these present results are caused by a delay in spine development in younger animals, which is compensated in the adult stage.", "contents": "[Spine density of lamina V pyramidal cells in the visual cortex of laboratory rats after lengthy dark exposure]. 1. The spine density was investigated at the apical dendrites of lamina-V-pyramidal cells in the visual cortex of rats following dark rearing for 250 days. 2. There are no significant differences in the average spine density between rats reared in darkness and normal conditions. 3. The results are discussed in view of the significant differences found after dark rearing for 50 days. It is assumed that these present results are caused by a delay in spine development in younger animals, which is compensated in the adult stage."}
{"id": "PMID:894015", "title": "[Comparative-quantitative investigations of brains of wild and laboratory rats].", "content": "By means of serial sections at equal intervals through the brains of 8 Norway rats and 8 laboratory rats the fresh volume sizes of the optic regions lateral geniculate nucleus (pars dorsalis), striate area, superior colliculus and tractus opticus were determined. Furthermore the sizes of neocortical white matter and grey matter were measured in the same way. On the basis of the intraspecific allometric relation between brain size and body size differences in size of the structures between wild and domestic animals could be established. Especially the subcortical terminal regions of visual input and the striate area showed size reductions of different intensity from Norway to laboratory rats, whereas the optic tract underwent increase. The volume of grey matter showed decrease too and for the white matter no size differences between both groups came out as a result. These changes in size of nervous tissue from Norway rats to laboratory rats were partly discussed as due to the special changes of environment through domestication but in this special case also as due to the effect caused by the albinism of the investigated laboratory rats.", "contents": "[Comparative-quantitative investigations of brains of wild and laboratory rats]. By means of serial sections at equal intervals through the brains of 8 Norway rats and 8 laboratory rats the fresh volume sizes of the optic regions lateral geniculate nucleus (pars dorsalis), striate area, superior colliculus and tractus opticus were determined. Furthermore the sizes of neocortical white matter and grey matter were measured in the same way. On the basis of the intraspecific allometric relation between brain size and body size differences in size of the structures between wild and domestic animals could be established. Especially the subcortical terminal regions of visual input and the striate area showed size reductions of different intensity from Norway to laboratory rats, whereas the optic tract underwent increase. The volume of grey matter showed decrease too and for the white matter no size differences between both groups came out as a result. These changes in size of nervous tissue from Norway rats to laboratory rats were partly discussed as due to the special changes of environment through domestication but in this special case also as due to the effect caused by the albinism of the investigated laboratory rats."}
{"id": "PMID:894016", "title": "[Brain organization of Amia, Lepisosteus and Polypterus: comparative morphology and quantitative analysys].", "content": "The quantitative study of the brain of Amia, Lepisosteus and Polypterus leads to results which are compared to those previously got on the Sturgeon and three species of Tleosts (the Rainbow Trout, the Carp and the Ballan wrasse). The volumetric analysis has been applied at first to the whole brain (encephalization indices) and later to the main subdivision of the brain: telencephalon, diencepahlon... (relation indices and relative volumes). Some result are discussed in regard to the various opinions expressed about the phylogenetic affinities of the studied species. According to the brain organisation, the Bichir (Polyterus) seems to be at a relatively high level of evolution, and no relationship can be expected with the Chondrosteans. Amia and Lepisosteus show a common general brain pattern, but some peculiarities allow to consider Amia as more primitive than Lepisosteus--although the osteological characteristics and the scale structure lead to put together the first one and the Teleosts.", "contents": "[Brain organization of Amia, Lepisosteus and Polypterus: comparative morphology and quantitative analysys]. The quantitative study of the brain of Amia, Lepisosteus and Polypterus leads to results which are compared to those previously got on the Sturgeon and three species of Tleosts (the Rainbow Trout, the Carp and the Ballan wrasse). The volumetric analysis has been applied at first to the whole brain (encephalization indices) and later to the main subdivision of the brain: telencephalon, diencepahlon... (relation indices and relative volumes). Some result are discussed in regard to the various opinions expressed about the phylogenetic affinities of the studied species. According to the brain organisation, the Bichir (Polyterus) seems to be at a relatively high level of evolution, and no relationship can be expected with the Chondrosteans. Amia and Lepisosteus show a common general brain pattern, but some peculiarities allow to consider Amia as more primitive than Lepisosteus--although the osteological characteristics and the scale structure lead to put together the first one and the Teleosts."}
{"id": "PMID:894018", "title": "[Enzyme histochemical investigations of the nucleus nervi oculomotorii of Salmo irideus (Gibbons 1855) during biomorphosis. I. Transmitter enzymes].", "content": "1. The activities of the transmitter enzymes acetylcholine esterase (AChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase (GABA-TR) were investigated in the nucleus nervi oculomotorii of Salmo irideus (Teleostei) during biomorphosis. 2. AChE as well as MAO-activity could be demonstrated already before the time of hatching, whereas GABA-TR occured from the 10th day post hatching. 3. In earliest stages the AChE activity was found in the neuronal pericarya of the nucleus n. III, but later on a strong increase occured in vestibular presynaptic terminals establishing synaptic contacts with the lateral surface of the large pericarya, especially in the medial part of the dorsal subnucleus and the ventral subnucleus. In adults the enzyme activity was localized in vestibular nerve fiber terminals exclusively due to the loss of enzyme activity in the pericarya. 4. The activity of MAO was found surrounding the neurons of the nucleus nervi oculomotorii with stronger deposits of reaction product at the medial surface that is not occupied by cholinergic terminals. 5. Besides non reacting neurons in all parts of the nucleus some cells in the transition zone between the medial and lateral area of the dorsal subnucleus, exhibited high cytoplasmatic GABA-TR activity. 6. The different ways of chemical transmission between nerve terminals and the neurons of the nucleus nervi oculomotorii are discussed.", "contents": "[Enzyme histochemical investigations of the nucleus nervi oculomotorii of Salmo irideus (Gibbons 1855) during biomorphosis. I. Transmitter enzymes]. 1. The activities of the transmitter enzymes acetylcholine esterase (AChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase (GABA-TR) were investigated in the nucleus nervi oculomotorii of Salmo irideus (Teleostei) during biomorphosis. 2. AChE as well as MAO-activity could be demonstrated already before the time of hatching, whereas GABA-TR occured from the 10th day post hatching. 3. In earliest stages the AChE activity was found in the neuronal pericarya of the nucleus n. III, but later on a strong increase occured in vestibular presynaptic terminals establishing synaptic contacts with the lateral surface of the large pericarya, especially in the medial part of the dorsal subnucleus and the ventral subnucleus. In adults the enzyme activity was localized in vestibular nerve fiber terminals exclusively due to the loss of enzyme activity in the pericarya. 4. The activity of MAO was found surrounding the neurons of the nucleus nervi oculomotorii with stronger deposits of reaction product at the medial surface that is not occupied by cholinergic terminals. 5. Besides non reacting neurons in all parts of the nucleus some cells in the transition zone between the medial and lateral area of the dorsal subnucleus, exhibited high cytoplasmatic GABA-TR activity. 6. The different ways of chemical transmission between nerve terminals and the neurons of the nucleus nervi oculomotorii are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894019", "title": "The telencephala of Division I of the teleost fishes.", "content": "A comparative neuroanatomical investigation of the telencephala of Division I of teleost fishes (Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman, and Myers, 1966) has demonstrated that homologies with other vertebrates can be made on the basis of the relationships of commonly recognized fiber bundles such as the olfactory tracts, forebrain bundles and commissures as well as those of cell types in the nuclear regions. A description and illustrations of the telecephalon of a typical representative brain (American eel, Anguilla rostrata) of Division I are presented with comparisons with the other elopomorphs and with the clupeomorphs. Although the brains may differ in gross appearance, all have certain unique microscopic configurations. They lack lateral ventricles and have a dorsal membrane as do all actinopterygeans. The brains of these fishes characteristically have (1) apposed sessile (or attenuated penduncluar) olfactory bulbs (2) which lack the typical vertebrate laminar pattern, (3) the preoptic region is unusually large although (4) the recess may not extend rostral to the anterior commissure, (5) the striatal and amygdalar areas are large and especially well differentiated, and (6) a nucleus glomerulosus is lacking. Other fishes differ from those in Division I in one or more of these anatomical features. These criteria may be used to differentiate teleosts of Division I from those of other Divisions.", "contents": "The telencephala of Division I of the teleost fishes. A comparative neuroanatomical investigation of the telencephala of Division I of teleost fishes (Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman, and Myers, 1966) has demonstrated that homologies with other vertebrates can be made on the basis of the relationships of commonly recognized fiber bundles such as the olfactory tracts, forebrain bundles and commissures as well as those of cell types in the nuclear regions. A description and illustrations of the telecephalon of a typical representative brain (American eel, Anguilla rostrata) of Division I are presented with comparisons with the other elopomorphs and with the clupeomorphs. Although the brains may differ in gross appearance, all have certain unique microscopic configurations. They lack lateral ventricles and have a dorsal membrane as do all actinopterygeans. The brains of these fishes characteristically have (1) apposed sessile (or attenuated penduncluar) olfactory bulbs (2) which lack the typical vertebrate laminar pattern, (3) the preoptic region is unusually large although (4) the recess may not extend rostral to the anterior commissure, (5) the striatal and amygdalar areas are large and especially well differentiated, and (6) a nucleus glomerulosus is lacking. Other fishes differ from those in Division I in one or more of these anatomical features. These criteria may be used to differentiate teleosts of Division I from those of other Divisions."}
{"id": "PMID:894020", "title": "The amino acid pattern of the british diet.", "content": "The amounts of the essential amino acids in the average British household food supply have been calculated and compared with those recommended by FAO/WHO. There were large excesses of all essential amino acids, with threonine being the most limiting. When similar calculations were made ten years ago, the sulphur-containing amino acids were the most limiting. The change results not so much from the greater amounts of animal protein which are now eaten as from changes in the reference pattern of amino acids.", "contents": "The amino acid pattern of the british diet. The amounts of the essential amino acids in the average British household food supply have been calculated and compared with those recommended by FAO/WHO. There were large excesses of all essential amino acids, with threonine being the most limiting. When similar calculations were made ten years ago, the sulphur-containing amino acids were the most limiting. The change results not so much from the greater amounts of animal protein which are now eaten as from changes in the reference pattern of amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:894022", "title": "Breast feeding practice of the hillside people of Thailand and its effect on the growth of their offspring.", "content": "Based on measurement of weight, height, head circumference, arm muscle and fat area, it seems that hilltribe infants in the first year of life can achieve a maximum growth potential similar to the general international standard of reference when they are on a total breast feeding regime. Theoretical calculations suggest that the undernourished hilltribe mothers may have a high capacity to lactate, especially in the first-year postpartum. Thus the practice of total breast feeding should be preserved and encouraged in every possible way. Also the infant should receive dietary supplements as he approaches the end of the first year.", "contents": "Breast feeding practice of the hillside people of Thailand and its effect on the growth of their offspring. Based on measurement of weight, height, head circumference, arm muscle and fat area, it seems that hilltribe infants in the first year of life can achieve a maximum growth potential similar to the general international standard of reference when they are on a total breast feeding regime. Theoretical calculations suggest that the undernourished hilltribe mothers may have a high capacity to lactate, especially in the first-year postpartum. Thus the practice of total breast feeding should be preserved and encouraged in every possible way. Also the infant should receive dietary supplements as he approaches the end of the first year."}
{"id": "PMID:894025", "title": "Studies on the cytotoxic activity of human lymphocytes. II. Interactions between IgG and Fc receptors leading to inhibition of K cell function.", "content": "The inhibition of human K cell-mediated cytolysis by a variety of immunoglobulin preparations was studied. It was found that inhibition was not a simple function of IgG concentration but was dependent on the mode of immunoglobulin presentation. The relative inhibitory capacity of IgG preparations on a weight basis was as follows: cell associated Ig larger than or equal to immobilized immune complexes greater than insoluble immune complexes greater than soluble immune complexes greater than heat-aggregated Ig greater than monomeric Ig. These results imply that the inhibitory capacity of immunoglobulin is determined by ligand (Fc) multivalency. It was found that although interactions between immunoglobulin and Fc receptors occur at low temperatures, these interactions lead neither to lysis nor to K cell inactivation. A temperature-sensitive post-binding event was required both for lysis to occur and for K cells to be inactivated. These findings lead us to propose that an IgG-induced redistribution (\"capping\") of Fc receptors on the K cell surface may be required for cytolysis and for effector -ell inactivation.", "contents": "Studies on the cytotoxic activity of human lymphocytes. II. Interactions between IgG and Fc receptors leading to inhibition of K cell function. The inhibition of human K cell-mediated cytolysis by a variety of immunoglobulin preparations was studied. It was found that inhibition was not a simple function of IgG concentration but was dependent on the mode of immunoglobulin presentation. The relative inhibitory capacity of IgG preparations on a weight basis was as follows: cell associated Ig larger than or equal to immobilized immune complexes greater than insoluble immune complexes greater than soluble immune complexes greater than heat-aggregated Ig greater than monomeric Ig. These results imply that the inhibitory capacity of immunoglobulin is determined by ligand (Fc) multivalency. It was found that although interactions between immunoglobulin and Fc receptors occur at low temperatures, these interactions lead neither to lysis nor to K cell inactivation. A temperature-sensitive post-binding event was required both for lysis to occur and for K cells to be inactivated. These findings lead us to propose that an IgG-induced redistribution (\"capping\") of Fc receptors on the K cell surface may be required for cytolysis and for effector -ell inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:894026", "title": "Metabolic requirements for hormone-induced resistance to antibody-complement mediated killing of tumor cells.", "content": "Line-1 guinea pig hepatoma cells are susceptible to killing by anti-Forssman IgM antibody plus guinea pig complement (GPC). When these tumor cells are incubated with insulin, epinephrine, hydrocortisone, or prednisolone, the cells show a marked reduction in their susceptibility to antibody-C-killing. If the ability of the cells to synthesize DNA, RNA, and protein is impaired by pretreatment with metabolic inhibitors, x-irradiation, or culture in nutrient-deficient media, the hormones are no longer effective in rendering the cells resistant to killing. If only DNA synthesis is impaired, but not RNA and protein synthesis, the hormones are effective. The inability of cells inhibited in their macromolecular synthesis to be rendered resistant to killing after hormone treatment is not due to an inability of the cells to bind hormone.", "contents": "Metabolic requirements for hormone-induced resistance to antibody-complement mediated killing of tumor cells. Line-1 guinea pig hepatoma cells are susceptible to killing by anti-Forssman IgM antibody plus guinea pig complement (GPC). When these tumor cells are incubated with insulin, epinephrine, hydrocortisone, or prednisolone, the cells show a marked reduction in their susceptibility to antibody-C-killing. If the ability of the cells to synthesize DNA, RNA, and protein is impaired by pretreatment with metabolic inhibitors, x-irradiation, or culture in nutrient-deficient media, the hormones are no longer effective in rendering the cells resistant to killing. If only DNA synthesis is impaired, but not RNA and protein synthesis, the hormones are effective. The inability of cells inhibited in their macromolecular synthesis to be rendered resistant to killing after hormone treatment is not due to an inability of the cells to bind hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:894028", "title": "Immune responses of outbred guinea pigs to the sequential polymer poly(L-Tyr-L-Glu-L-Ala-Gly): association of response to strain 13 histocompatibility locus.", "content": "Outbred Hartley guinea pigs were immunized with the sequential polymer poly(L-Tyr-L-Glu-L-Ala-Gly) (T-G-A-Gly)n, the random copolymer poly(Glu50,Tyr50) (GT), and a low dose of dinitrophenylated guinea pig albumin (DNP-GPA). Only the guinea pigs that carry strain 13 histocompatibility antigen responded to these three antigens as measured by the antigen-binding assay and delayed skin reaction. The immune response (Ir) genes controlling responses to (T-G-A-Gly)n, GT, or DNP-GPA, were found to be distinctive genes. Nonresponder inbred strain 2 guinea pigs were able to produce anti(T-G-A-Gly)n antibodies when immunized with (T-G-A-Gly)n and methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) complex, although there was no delayed skin reaction and in vitro cultured lymphocytes did not respond. The in vitro response to (T-G-A-Gly)n of cultured lymphocytes from responder animals was inhibited by strain 2 antistrain 13 alloantisera but not the strain 13 anti-strain 2 alloantisera.", "contents": "Immune responses of outbred guinea pigs to the sequential polymer poly(L-Tyr-L-Glu-L-Ala-Gly): association of response to strain 13 histocompatibility locus. Outbred Hartley guinea pigs were immunized with the sequential polymer poly(L-Tyr-L-Glu-L-Ala-Gly) (T-G-A-Gly)n, the random copolymer poly(Glu50,Tyr50) (GT), and a low dose of dinitrophenylated guinea pig albumin (DNP-GPA). Only the guinea pigs that carry strain 13 histocompatibility antigen responded to these three antigens as measured by the antigen-binding assay and delayed skin reaction. The immune response (Ir) genes controlling responses to (T-G-A-Gly)n, GT, or DNP-GPA, were found to be distinctive genes. Nonresponder inbred strain 2 guinea pigs were able to produce anti(T-G-A-Gly)n antibodies when immunized with (T-G-A-Gly)n and methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) complex, although there was no delayed skin reaction and in vitro cultured lymphocytes did not respond. The in vitro response to (T-G-A-Gly)n of cultured lymphocytes from responder animals was inhibited by strain 2 antistrain 13 alloantisera but not the strain 13 anti-strain 2 alloantisera."}
{"id": "PMID:894029", "title": "Humoral immunostimulation. VIII. Increased incorporation of phosphate and turnover of phosphatidylinositol in cells treated with antibody.", "content": "Uptake of phosphate (32P) in L cells was modulated by reaction with anti-L cell antibody. A biphasic response was noted with high, cytotoxic concentrations inhibiting 32P uptake and low, cytostimulatory concentrations stimulating 32P uptake. Stimulation of 32P uptake was dependent upon multivalent binding as immune IgG and F(ab')2 were effective, but univalent Fab' was ineffective in enhancing 32P uptake into cells. Antibody stimulation of 32P uptake appeared to be an energy independent process and to take place by activation of 32P membrane transport with an increased Vmax (19.3 pmoles/min to 25.3 pmoles/min), but the same Km (0.22 mM). Isolation and measurement of cellular (primarily membrane) phospholipids demonstrated a dramatic increase of (2-fold) specific radioactivity in phosphatidylinositol. Early turnover of phosphatidylinositol may be an important signal for tumor cells to grow at an enhanced rate when exposed to cytostimulatory concentrations of antibody.", "contents": "Humoral immunostimulation. VIII. Increased incorporation of phosphate and turnover of phosphatidylinositol in cells treated with antibody. Uptake of phosphate (32P) in L cells was modulated by reaction with anti-L cell antibody. A biphasic response was noted with high, cytotoxic concentrations inhibiting 32P uptake and low, cytostimulatory concentrations stimulating 32P uptake. Stimulation of 32P uptake was dependent upon multivalent binding as immune IgG and F(ab')2 were effective, but univalent Fab' was ineffective in enhancing 32P uptake into cells. Antibody stimulation of 32P uptake appeared to be an energy independent process and to take place by activation of 32P membrane transport with an increased Vmax (19.3 pmoles/min to 25.3 pmoles/min), but the same Km (0.22 mM). Isolation and measurement of cellular (primarily membrane) phospholipids demonstrated a dramatic increase of (2-fold) specific radioactivity in phosphatidylinositol. Early turnover of phosphatidylinositol may be an important signal for tumor cells to grow at an enhanced rate when exposed to cytostimulatory concentrations of antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:894030", "title": "Synthesis and secretion of a mitogenic protein by macrophages: description of a superinduction phenomenon.", "content": "We have examined the biosynthesis and fate of the mitogenic protein (MP)2 made by macrophages. This mitogenic protein was assayed by its stimulation of DNA synthesis of thymocytes. Macrophages freshly harvested from the peritoneal cavity did not contain MP in the cell. The MP, however, rapidly appeared in the cell, reaching maximum amount by 1 to 2 hr, maintaining its concentration up to about 6 hr, and then disappearing. The disappearance of MP did not correlate with its secretion into the medium. The elaboration of MP stimulated by contact with the dish was inhibited by cycloheximide. Exposure of the cells to inhibitors of protein synthesis after 1 to 2 hr of culture at a time when the MP was already made produced a striking increase in secretion. The MP inside the cell did not appear to decay in the presence of cycloheximide. This result thus represents another example of superinduction. The intracellular fate of MP appears to be under the regulation of a control protein.", "contents": "Synthesis and secretion of a mitogenic protein by macrophages: description of a superinduction phenomenon. We have examined the biosynthesis and fate of the mitogenic protein (MP)2 made by macrophages. This mitogenic protein was assayed by its stimulation of DNA synthesis of thymocytes. Macrophages freshly harvested from the peritoneal cavity did not contain MP in the cell. The MP, however, rapidly appeared in the cell, reaching maximum amount by 1 to 2 hr, maintaining its concentration up to about 6 hr, and then disappearing. The disappearance of MP did not correlate with its secretion into the medium. The elaboration of MP stimulated by contact with the dish was inhibited by cycloheximide. Exposure of the cells to inhibitors of protein synthesis after 1 to 2 hr of culture at a time when the MP was already made produced a striking increase in secretion. The MP inside the cell did not appear to decay in the presence of cycloheximide. This result thus represents another example of superinduction. The intracellular fate of MP appears to be under the regulation of a control protein."}
{"id": "PMID:894031", "title": "Antibody-dependent killing of erythrocyte and tumor targets by macrophage-related cell lines: enhancement by PPD and LPS.", "content": "Five murine macrophage or monocyte-related tumor cell lines in culture were compared for antibody-dependent lysis (ADL) of a tumor target (T lymphoma EL4) and lysis and phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes (RBC). Some lines were effective only with RBC targets, while others were capable of lysing these and tumor targets. Both murine alloantisera to H-2 and Thy 1.2 antigens on the target cells and rabbit anti-mouse spleen and anti-mouse thymus sera directed target lysis, while normal mouse or rabbit sera were inactive. Preincubation of macrophage line RAW264 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or purified protein derivative from Mycobacteria (PPD) for 2 days resulted in an average of 76% or 86% increase, respectively, in ADL of RBC, although there was no stimulation in RBC phagocytosis or in nonspecific or antibody-dependent lysis of tumor targets. These results indicate that macrophage cell types are capable of antibody-dependent tumor lysis, that macrophages are probably heterogeneous in effector cell activities, and that they can be stimulated to increased ADL in the complete absence of other cell types.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent killing of erythrocyte and tumor targets by macrophage-related cell lines: enhancement by PPD and LPS. Five murine macrophage or monocyte-related tumor cell lines in culture were compared for antibody-dependent lysis (ADL) of a tumor target (T lymphoma EL4) and lysis and phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes (RBC). Some lines were effective only with RBC targets, while others were capable of lysing these and tumor targets. Both murine alloantisera to H-2 and Thy 1.2 antigens on the target cells and rabbit anti-mouse spleen and anti-mouse thymus sera directed target lysis, while normal mouse or rabbit sera were inactive. Preincubation of macrophage line RAW264 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or purified protein derivative from Mycobacteria (PPD) for 2 days resulted in an average of 76% or 86% increase, respectively, in ADL of RBC, although there was no stimulation in RBC phagocytosis or in nonspecific or antibody-dependent lysis of tumor targets. These results indicate that macrophage cell types are capable of antibody-dependent tumor lysis, that macrophages are probably heterogeneous in effector cell activities, and that they can be stimulated to increased ADL in the complete absence of other cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:894032", "title": "Physicochemical characterization of a vascular permeability factor produced by con A-stimulated human lymphocytes.", "content": "Stimulation of human lymphocytes with Con A resulted in the liberation of a soluble lymphokine that increased the permeability of guinea pig skin capillaries. This factor, termed vascular permeability factor (VPF), was characterized by physicochemical methods. Upon gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100, it eluted in a narrow peak with an apparent molecular weight of 12,000 daltons. The sedimentation rate of VPF, estimated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, was 1.8 S. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the biologic activity to migrate in the beta region; the factor displayed a pI of 6.4 upon isoelectric focusing. These characteristics allow VPF to be distinguished from other human lymphokines.", "contents": "Physicochemical characterization of a vascular permeability factor produced by con A-stimulated human lymphocytes. Stimulation of human lymphocytes with Con A resulted in the liberation of a soluble lymphokine that increased the permeability of guinea pig skin capillaries. This factor, termed vascular permeability factor (VPF), was characterized by physicochemical methods. Upon gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100, it eluted in a narrow peak with an apparent molecular weight of 12,000 daltons. The sedimentation rate of VPF, estimated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, was 1.8 S. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the biologic activity to migrate in the beta region; the factor displayed a pI of 6.4 upon isoelectric focusing. These characteristics allow VPF to be distinguished from other human lymphokines."}
{"id": "PMID:894033", "title": "Purification of C3b inactivator and demonstration of its two polypeptide chain structure.", "content": "C3b inactivator (C3bINA) was isolated from plasma by sequential ammonium sulfate gradient solubilization, anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and repeat ammonium sulfate gradient solubilization. The final product was pure as assessed by alkaline disc gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and elicited a monospecific rabbit antiserum. The normal serum concentration of C3bINA was found to be 53 +/- 9 microgram/ml (mean +/- S.D.). Heterogeneity of purified C3bINA was apparent on alkaline disc gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, but not with SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and thus is attributed to forms of C3bINA that differ in charge rather than in size. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of unreduced, alkylated C3bINA yielded a single stained band with an apparent m.w. of 93,000, whereas the reduced protein demonstrated two bands of 55,000 and 42,000 m.w., thereby establishing a composition of two disulfide-linked polypeptide chains for C3bINA.", "contents": "Purification of C3b inactivator and demonstration of its two polypeptide chain structure. C3b inactivator (C3bINA) was isolated from plasma by sequential ammonium sulfate gradient solubilization, anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and repeat ammonium sulfate gradient solubilization. The final product was pure as assessed by alkaline disc gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and elicited a monospecific rabbit antiserum. The normal serum concentration of C3bINA was found to be 53 +/- 9 microgram/ml (mean +/- S.D.). Heterogeneity of purified C3bINA was apparent on alkaline disc gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, but not with SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and thus is attributed to forms of C3bINA that differ in charge rather than in size. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of unreduced, alkylated C3bINA yielded a single stained band with an apparent m.w. of 93,000, whereas the reduced protein demonstrated two bands of 55,000 and 42,000 m.w., thereby establishing a composition of two disulfide-linked polypeptide chains for C3bINA."}
{"id": "PMID:894034", "title": "The rate of membrane turnover by the hairy cells of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis: a kinetic study of a receptor for IgM.", "content": "The kinetics of turnover of a surface receptor for IgM were studied in six cases of hairy cell leukemia and four cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the results were used as an indicator of membrane turnover in the pathologic cells of these two chronic leukemias. Rosette formation, shedding, and reexpression with EA (IgM) by hairy cells, a process which was shown to require protein synthesis, followed a cyclical pattern with a modal peak-to-peak reexpression time of 6 hr. Membrane turnover time in the cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia was 12 hr or more. This work indicates that a reduced membrane turnover rate is not an essential feature of chronic leukemias. The more general application of this type of approach to the study of membrane turnover in normal cells and their pathologic counterparts are discussed.", "contents": "The rate of membrane turnover by the hairy cells of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis: a kinetic study of a receptor for IgM. The kinetics of turnover of a surface receptor for IgM were studied in six cases of hairy cell leukemia and four cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the results were used as an indicator of membrane turnover in the pathologic cells of these two chronic leukemias. Rosette formation, shedding, and reexpression with EA (IgM) by hairy cells, a process which was shown to require protein synthesis, followed a cyclical pattern with a modal peak-to-peak reexpression time of 6 hr. Membrane turnover time in the cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia was 12 hr or more. This work indicates that a reduced membrane turnover rate is not an essential feature of chronic leukemias. The more general application of this type of approach to the study of membrane turnover in normal cells and their pathologic counterparts are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894036", "title": "Antibody-dependent, complement-mediated homologous and cross-cytolysis of togavirus-infected cells.", "content": "The appearance of viral induced antigen(s) on Sindbis and Semliki Forest (SF) virus-infected chick embryo cells is detected with homologous mouse anti-viral antibody-dependent, complement-mediated cytolysis in a 51Cr release assay. Such antigen(s) is detected within 3 to 4 hr after infection whereas viral cytopathologic effects do not occur until 10 to 12 hr. In addition, significant heterologous cytolysis (anti-Sindbis on SF virus-infected cells, or, anti-SFV on Sindbis-infected cells) could be observed with serum samples tested. These sera were assayed for neutralizing and hemaggluatination-inhibition activities. Heterologous cytolysis cannot be correlated with hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers nor is cross-neutralizing antibody detected. The possibility is discussed that another previously undefined antigen on infected cell membranes may be involved in heterologous cytolysis.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent, complement-mediated homologous and cross-cytolysis of togavirus-infected cells. The appearance of viral induced antigen(s) on Sindbis and Semliki Forest (SF) virus-infected chick embryo cells is detected with homologous mouse anti-viral antibody-dependent, complement-mediated cytolysis in a 51Cr release assay. Such antigen(s) is detected within 3 to 4 hr after infection whereas viral cytopathologic effects do not occur until 10 to 12 hr. In addition, significant heterologous cytolysis (anti-Sindbis on SF virus-infected cells, or, anti-SFV on Sindbis-infected cells) could be observed with serum samples tested. These sera were assayed for neutralizing and hemaggluatination-inhibition activities. Heterologous cytolysis cannot be correlated with hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers nor is cross-neutralizing antibody detected. The possibility is discussed that another previously undefined antigen on infected cell membranes may be involved in heterologous cytolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:894037", "title": "The role of antigen-antibody complexes in mediating immunologic unresponsiveness in the chicken.", "content": "A significant suppression of an adoptive secondary response to either BSA or sheep red blood cells (SRBC) resulted when chicken spleen cells were incubated with BSA-antibody (Ab) complexes formed in antigen excess (molar ratio Ag1Ab1.1). Serum from 14-day old birds rendered unresponsive at hatching with large doses of BSA also produced suppression. In addition the in vitro response to SRBC was suppressed by the above treatment. Complexes formed at equivalence either had no effect on the subsequent responses of primed cells or produced an enhancement. The fact that both the homologous and heterologous responses were inhibited could indicate that both were suppressed via a common pathway.", "contents": "The role of antigen-antibody complexes in mediating immunologic unresponsiveness in the chicken. A significant suppression of an adoptive secondary response to either BSA or sheep red blood cells (SRBC) resulted when chicken spleen cells were incubated with BSA-antibody (Ab) complexes formed in antigen excess (molar ratio Ag1Ab1.1). Serum from 14-day old birds rendered unresponsive at hatching with large doses of BSA also produced suppression. In addition the in vitro response to SRBC was suppressed by the above treatment. Complexes formed at equivalence either had no effect on the subsequent responses of primed cells or produced an enhancement. The fact that both the homologous and heterologous responses were inhibited could indicate that both were suppressed via a common pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:894038", "title": "Plasma cells and epithelial immunoglobulins in the mouse mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "Mammary glands of virgin, pregnant, lactating, and post-weaning CAF1 mice were studied by immunofluorescence for epithelial immunoglobulins and stromal plasma cells. In normal virgins, both females and males, only occasional plasma cells and but scanty intraepithelial immunoglobulins were present. During pregnancy and the early days of lactation, an increase in the number of plasma cells occurs, and by 1 week of lactation, there is a marked increase in the number, and most are synthesizing IgA. This increment parallels the development and proliferation of the glandular epithelium, in anatomical relation to which the plasma cells are observed. The intraepithelial content of IgA is also maximal when the glandular epithelium is most developed. These findings are consistent with a local production of the IgA in milk. Weaning, or deliberate interruption of suckling for more than 10 days results in a sheep decrease in the number of IgA plasma cells and an involution of the epithelium, whose content of immunoglobulin also declines. The changes in the secretory IgA system which occur locally during lactation are thought to be hormone-dependent.", "contents": "Plasma cells and epithelial immunoglobulins in the mouse mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. Mammary glands of virgin, pregnant, lactating, and post-weaning CAF1 mice were studied by immunofluorescence for epithelial immunoglobulins and stromal plasma cells. In normal virgins, both females and males, only occasional plasma cells and but scanty intraepithelial immunoglobulins were present. During pregnancy and the early days of lactation, an increase in the number of plasma cells occurs, and by 1 week of lactation, there is a marked increase in the number, and most are synthesizing IgA. This increment parallels the development and proliferation of the glandular epithelium, in anatomical relation to which the plasma cells are observed. The intraepithelial content of IgA is also maximal when the glandular epithelium is most developed. These findings are consistent with a local production of the IgA in milk. Weaning, or deliberate interruption of suckling for more than 10 days results in a sheep decrease in the number of IgA plasma cells and an involution of the epithelium, whose content of immunoglobulin also declines. The changes in the secretory IgA system which occur locally during lactation are thought to be hormone-dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:894039", "title": "Complement activation in semisolid media: insolubilization of alternative pathway convertases in agar gels with C3 nephritic factor-containing sera.", "content": "It was previously shown that when normal human serum and purified properdin or serum containing nephritic factor were allowed to diffuse toward each other in agar, a stainable precipitin line formed only in the presence of an intact alternative pathway. In the present study we have shown that when guinea pig erythrocytes were incorporated in agar and normal human serum was allowed to diffuse toward C3 nephritic factor-containing serum, a line of hemolysis appeared that coincided with the stainable line. The line of hemolysis only formed in the presence of C3, factor B and Mg++, as does the properdin or C3 nephritic factor-induced stainable line. When C2-deficient serum was incorporated in agar with guinea pig erythrocytes and serum samples containing nephritic factor were applied in wells, rings of lysis developed, the areas of which correlated significantly with nephritic factor activity. When partially purified nephritic factor (contaminated only with IgG) or serum containing nephritic factor was subjected to electrophoresis in agar-guinea pig erythrocyte gels and overlaid with normal human serum, bands of lysis developed that required factor B and C3. Lysis of guinea pig erythrocytes in this system appears to be due to insolubilization of alternative pathway convertases with activation of the membrane attack unit C5-C9.", "contents": "Complement activation in semisolid media: insolubilization of alternative pathway convertases in agar gels with C3 nephritic factor-containing sera. It was previously shown that when normal human serum and purified properdin or serum containing nephritic factor were allowed to diffuse toward each other in agar, a stainable precipitin line formed only in the presence of an intact alternative pathway. In the present study we have shown that when guinea pig erythrocytes were incorporated in agar and normal human serum was allowed to diffuse toward C3 nephritic factor-containing serum, a line of hemolysis appeared that coincided with the stainable line. The line of hemolysis only formed in the presence of C3, factor B and Mg++, as does the properdin or C3 nephritic factor-induced stainable line. When C2-deficient serum was incorporated in agar with guinea pig erythrocytes and serum samples containing nephritic factor were applied in wells, rings of lysis developed, the areas of which correlated significantly with nephritic factor activity. When partially purified nephritic factor (contaminated only with IgG) or serum containing nephritic factor was subjected to electrophoresis in agar-guinea pig erythrocyte gels and overlaid with normal human serum, bands of lysis developed that required factor B and C3. Lysis of guinea pig erythrocytes in this system appears to be due to insolubilization of alternative pathway convertases with activation of the membrane attack unit C5-C9."}
{"id": "PMID:894040", "title": "Enhancement of C56-initiated lysis by cell-bound C3 fragments: evidence for a mechanism independent of the prior binding of C56 to C3b.", "content": "Cell-bound C3b can reversibly bind C56, the activated complex of the fifth (C5) and sixth (C6) components of complement, and in this way potentiate C56-initiated lysis by favoring the formation of C567 at the cell surface. We report here another way in which cell-bound C3 fragments can enhance C56-initiated lysis, which involves C567 generated in the fluid phase rather than at the cell surface. Evidence for the involvement of fluid phase C567 was obtained by use of dextran sulfate, which is known to inhibit the hemolysis of E mediated by fluid phase C567. Dextran sulfate strongly inhibited the formation of C567 sites on cells bearing C4b and C3b (EAC4b3b) as well as on unmodified E when C56 and C7 were added simultaneously to the cells. By contrast, dextran sulfate had virtually no effect on the reaction sequence involving the prior binding of C56 to C3b and subsequent formation of C567 at the cell surface. Treatment of EAC4b3b with either anti-C3 Fab' fragments or the C3b inactivator reduced but did not eliminate the enhancement of hemolysis, raising the possibilities that a C3 fragment(s) other than C3b also can enhance C56-initiated lysis and/or that the enhancement is indirect without a requirement for an interaction between C567 and the cell-bound C3 fragment itself.", "contents": "Enhancement of C56-initiated lysis by cell-bound C3 fragments: evidence for a mechanism independent of the prior binding of C56 to C3b. Cell-bound C3b can reversibly bind C56, the activated complex of the fifth (C5) and sixth (C6) components of complement, and in this way potentiate C56-initiated lysis by favoring the formation of C567 at the cell surface. We report here another way in which cell-bound C3 fragments can enhance C56-initiated lysis, which involves C567 generated in the fluid phase rather than at the cell surface. Evidence for the involvement of fluid phase C567 was obtained by use of dextran sulfate, which is known to inhibit the hemolysis of E mediated by fluid phase C567. Dextran sulfate strongly inhibited the formation of C567 sites on cells bearing C4b and C3b (EAC4b3b) as well as on unmodified E when C56 and C7 were added simultaneously to the cells. By contrast, dextran sulfate had virtually no effect on the reaction sequence involving the prior binding of C56 to C3b and subsequent formation of C567 at the cell surface. Treatment of EAC4b3b with either anti-C3 Fab' fragments or the C3b inactivator reduced but did not eliminate the enhancement of hemolysis, raising the possibilities that a C3 fragment(s) other than C3b also can enhance C56-initiated lysis and/or that the enhancement is indirect without a requirement for an interaction between C567 and the cell-bound C3 fragment itself."}
{"id": "PMID:894042", "title": "Allotype suppression at the CHn locus of IgM in heterozygous rabbits with concomitant suppression at the VHa locus of all Ig classes.", "content": "Doubly heterozygous offspring, malen83alpha1/femalen82alpha2 or malen81alpha1/femalen82alpha2, of doubly homozygous dams, n82alpha2/n82alpha2, were injected neonatally with anti-n83 or anti-n81 antibody directed to the paternal n locus allotype. In each injected rabbit, the paternal n83 or n81 allotypes were suppressed and increased amounts of the maternal n82 allotype accounted for almost all of the serum IgM. This is the first report of allotype suppression in the rabbit mediated by antibody directed toward the CH region of any Ig class. A concomitant decrease in the paternal a1 Ig allotype and a compensatory increase in the maternal a2 allotype were also found. This finding supports the concept that IgM-bearing cells are the precursors of IgG-secreting cells.", "contents": "Allotype suppression at the CHn locus of IgM in heterozygous rabbits with concomitant suppression at the VHa locus of all Ig classes. Doubly heterozygous offspring, malen83alpha1/femalen82alpha2 or malen81alpha1/femalen82alpha2, of doubly homozygous dams, n82alpha2/n82alpha2, were injected neonatally with anti-n83 or anti-n81 antibody directed to the paternal n locus allotype. In each injected rabbit, the paternal n83 or n81 allotypes were suppressed and increased amounts of the maternal n82 allotype accounted for almost all of the serum IgM. This is the first report of allotype suppression in the rabbit mediated by antibody directed toward the CH region of any Ig class. A concomitant decrease in the paternal a1 Ig allotype and a compensatory increase in the maternal a2 allotype were also found. This finding supports the concept that IgM-bearing cells are the precursors of IgG-secreting cells."}
{"id": "PMID:894043", "title": "Initiation of bone resorption by the classical and alternative C pathways and its mediation by prostaglandins.", "content": "Activation of C by immunoglobulins reactive with cell surface antigens stimulated synthesis of prostaglandin E and resultant release of 45Ca from organ cultures of fetal rat bones labeled in utero. Absorption of the C source (rabbit serum) with rat spleen cells or dilution of C abolished this activity which was, however, restored by addition of immunoglobulin preparations from sera of rabbits immunized with either rat erythrocytes or sonicated fetal rat bones. The active reconstitution factors were present in the 50% (NH4)2SO4 cut of the antisera and were eluted from Sephadex G-200 in both the 19S and 7S fractions and from DEAE cellulose in the IgG-containing fraction. The C-dependent resorption of bone by the F(ab')2 fragments of the IgG antibody implicated a role for the alternative C pathway in this event. Complete inhibition of this biologic effect by indomethacin and detection of enhanced levels of prostaglandin E in the media of cultures containing antibody and C demonstrated a role for prostaglandins as mediators in the destruction of bone initiated by immune activation of C.", "contents": "Initiation of bone resorption by the classical and alternative C pathways and its mediation by prostaglandins. Activation of C by immunoglobulins reactive with cell surface antigens stimulated synthesis of prostaglandin E and resultant release of 45Ca from organ cultures of fetal rat bones labeled in utero. Absorption of the C source (rabbit serum) with rat spleen cells or dilution of C abolished this activity which was, however, restored by addition of immunoglobulin preparations from sera of rabbits immunized with either rat erythrocytes or sonicated fetal rat bones. The active reconstitution factors were present in the 50% (NH4)2SO4 cut of the antisera and were eluted from Sephadex G-200 in both the 19S and 7S fractions and from DEAE cellulose in the IgG-containing fraction. The C-dependent resorption of bone by the F(ab')2 fragments of the IgG antibody implicated a role for the alternative C pathway in this event. Complete inhibition of this biologic effect by indomethacin and detection of enhanced levels of prostaglandin E in the media of cultures containing antibody and C demonstrated a role for prostaglandins as mediators in the destruction of bone initiated by immune activation of C."}
{"id": "PMID:894044", "title": "Echinococcus granulosus: identification of subunits of the major antigens.", "content": "This paper describes a procedure for obtaining the two \"major\" Echinococcus granulosa antigens (antigens 4 and 5) from sheep hydatid fluid. Purified antigen 4 (m.w. 400,000 and over) and antigens 5 (m.w. 150,000) were separated in order to identify molecular subunits of each. SDS 12.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of antigen 4 gave a single band for which a m.w. of 67,000 was calculated. When 5% 2-mercaptoethanol was added to the antigen 4 preparation, SDS 12.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave two bands (m.w. 47,000 and 20,000). SDS 12.5% polyacrylamide electrophoresis of antigen 5, with or without 2-mercaptoethanol, gave at least three bands with m.w. ranging from 10,500 to 20,000. Low m.w. subunits of both antigens were eluted in a single peak from a preparatory SDS 7.5% acrylamide gel electrophoresis; these subunits were found to be immunogenic and antigenic.", "contents": "Echinococcus granulosus: identification of subunits of the major antigens. This paper describes a procedure for obtaining the two \"major\" Echinococcus granulosa antigens (antigens 4 and 5) from sheep hydatid fluid. Purified antigen 4 (m.w. 400,000 and over) and antigens 5 (m.w. 150,000) were separated in order to identify molecular subunits of each. SDS 12.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of antigen 4 gave a single band for which a m.w. of 67,000 was calculated. When 5% 2-mercaptoethanol was added to the antigen 4 preparation, SDS 12.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave two bands (m.w. 47,000 and 20,000). SDS 12.5% polyacrylamide electrophoresis of antigen 5, with or without 2-mercaptoethanol, gave at least three bands with m.w. ranging from 10,500 to 20,000. Low m.w. subunits of both antigens were eluted in a single peak from a preparatory SDS 7.5% acrylamide gel electrophoresis; these subunits were found to be immunogenic and antigenic."}
{"id": "PMID:894045", "title": "Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity by human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "With isolated subpopulations of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were demonstrated to be functions of a population of surface immunoglobulin (sIg)-negative, Fc receptor-positive lymphocytes. Organ distribution studies revealed that SCMC and ADCC effector cell activity occurred in parallel, being present in spleen and absent in tonsils. Treatment of effector cells with trypsin significantly inhibited SCMC but not ADCC and this inhibition was not reversed by short-term incubation in autologous plasma. These results demonstrate that SCMC and ADCC involve different cytotoxicity mechanisms and are consistent with two subsets of effector cells with separate functional capabilities or a single effector cell mediating both forms of cytotoxicity through separate mechanisms.", "contents": "Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity by human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. With isolated subpopulations of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were demonstrated to be functions of a population of surface immunoglobulin (sIg)-negative, Fc receptor-positive lymphocytes. Organ distribution studies revealed that SCMC and ADCC effector cell activity occurred in parallel, being present in spleen and absent in tonsils. Treatment of effector cells with trypsin significantly inhibited SCMC but not ADCC and this inhibition was not reversed by short-term incubation in autologous plasma. These results demonstrate that SCMC and ADCC involve different cytotoxicity mechanisms and are consistent with two subsets of effector cells with separate functional capabilities or a single effector cell mediating both forms of cytotoxicity through separate mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:894047", "title": "Characterization of antigen-binding receptors in vitro. I. An equilibrium method for measuring antigen binding in murine cells.", "content": "This study reports a novel method for studying the binding of soluble antigen (bovine serum albumin, BSA) to surface receptors on lymphoid cell populations under equilibrium conditions in the presence of 10% normal rabbit serum or 20 mg/ml of ovalbumin. Virtually no nonspecific uptake was demonstrated to nonlymphoid tissues. Detectable quantities of BSA could be found on both nonimmune and immune lymphoid populations. The binding of BSA was demonstrated to be antigen specific and to be proportional to the numbers of binding cells. The quantity of antigen bound was proportional to the free antigen exposed to the population and saturation could be achieved with 1 to 2 microgram of antigen/1.2 ml of culture, per 10 X 10(7) cells. The kinetics of antigen binding was very rapid and occurred within 10 min at 4, 27, and 37 degrees C. The binding was independent of the viability of cells. Binding was antigen specific and could be partially blocked by cross-reacting serum albumins, but not by non-cross-reacting albumins. Binding was independent of cytophylic antibody concentrations in the serum.", "contents": "Characterization of antigen-binding receptors in vitro. I. An equilibrium method for measuring antigen binding in murine cells. This study reports a novel method for studying the binding of soluble antigen (bovine serum albumin, BSA) to surface receptors on lymphoid cell populations under equilibrium conditions in the presence of 10% normal rabbit serum or 20 mg/ml of ovalbumin. Virtually no nonspecific uptake was demonstrated to nonlymphoid tissues. Detectable quantities of BSA could be found on both nonimmune and immune lymphoid populations. The binding of BSA was demonstrated to be antigen specific and to be proportional to the numbers of binding cells. The quantity of antigen bound was proportional to the free antigen exposed to the population and saturation could be achieved with 1 to 2 microgram of antigen/1.2 ml of culture, per 10 X 10(7) cells. The kinetics of antigen binding was very rapid and occurred within 10 min at 4, 27, and 37 degrees C. The binding was independent of the viability of cells. Binding was antigen specific and could be partially blocked by cross-reacting serum albumins, but not by non-cross-reacting albumins. Binding was independent of cytophylic antibody concentrations in the serum."}
{"id": "PMID:894048", "title": "Lytic activity of C5-9 complexes for erythrocytes from the species other than sheep: C9 rather than C8-dependent variation in lytic activity.", "content": "With the reactive lysis system, a form of hemolysis mediated solely by the late-acting complement components (C56, C7, C8, and C9), guinea pig C9 (C9gp) was found to be very inefficient in inducing the lysis of guinea pig and mouse erythrocytes bearing human C5-8. By contrast, C9gp could efficiently induce the lysis of sheep and goat erythrocytes bearing human C5-8. By contrast, C9gp could efficiently induce the lysis of sheep and goat erythrocytes bearing human C5-8. Human C9 was efficient in the lysis of erythrocytes from the species mentioned above. Further study showed: 1) the observed inefficiency in the lysis of guinea pig erythrocytes was not due to incompatibility between human C7 or C8 and C9gp; 2) C9gp could efficiently bind to guinea pig erythrocytes bearing human C5-8 but was inactive in the subsequent lytic process. The present finding emphasizes a role for C9 in complement-mediated membrane damage which may not be a simple effector function of C8 action.", "contents": "Lytic activity of C5-9 complexes for erythrocytes from the species other than sheep: C9 rather than C8-dependent variation in lytic activity. With the reactive lysis system, a form of hemolysis mediated solely by the late-acting complement components (C56, C7, C8, and C9), guinea pig C9 (C9gp) was found to be very inefficient in inducing the lysis of guinea pig and mouse erythrocytes bearing human C5-8. By contrast, C9gp could efficiently induce the lysis of sheep and goat erythrocytes bearing human C5-8. By contrast, C9gp could efficiently induce the lysis of sheep and goat erythrocytes bearing human C5-8. Human C9 was efficient in the lysis of erythrocytes from the species mentioned above. Further study showed: 1) the observed inefficiency in the lysis of guinea pig erythrocytes was not due to incompatibility between human C7 or C8 and C9gp; 2) C9gp could efficiently bind to guinea pig erythrocytes bearing human C5-8 but was inactive in the subsequent lytic process. The present finding emphasizes a role for C9 in complement-mediated membrane damage which may not be a simple effector function of C8 action."}
{"id": "PMID:894049", "title": "Serologic identification of hemopoietic progenitor cell antigens common to mouse and man.", "content": "An immunologic approach to the identification of human hemopoietic stem cell antigens has yielded two types of antisera. Both recognize antigens on hemopoietic progenitors which are identical or cross-reactive with determinants on sperm, brain, and, across the species barrier, with murine hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S). The first antiserum was the result of an autoimmune reaction in a post-vasectomy patient. The second was produced in rabbits after injection of human brain cells.", "contents": "Serologic identification of hemopoietic progenitor cell antigens common to mouse and man. An immunologic approach to the identification of human hemopoietic stem cell antigens has yielded two types of antisera. Both recognize antigens on hemopoietic progenitors which are identical or cross-reactive with determinants on sperm, brain, and, across the species barrier, with murine hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S). The first antiserum was the result of an autoimmune reaction in a post-vasectomy patient. The second was produced in rabbits after injection of human brain cells."}
{"id": "PMID:894052", "title": "Some immunochemical properties of Le(a)-and Le(b) -active substances in human urine.", "content": "Le(a)- and Le(b)-active substances present in normal human urine were isolated by sequential membrane filtration, column chromatography with DEAE-Sephadex (A-25), and gel filtration of Bio-Gel (P-6). Le(a)-active substance with the highest activity was obtained in the P-1 fraction (0-8 mg/1) from urine of a non-secretor type by the final gel filtration. Le(b)-active substance with the highest activity was also obtained in the P-1 fraction (0-2 mg/1) from urine of a secretor type. The P-1 of the non-secretor inhibited Le(a)-anti-Le(a) haemagglutination minimally at 4 microgram/ml, and the P-1 of the secretor inhibited Le(b)-anti-Le(b) haemagglutination at 1 microgram/ml. Both P-1 fractions possessing Le(a) or Le(b) activity were characteristic in having a much higher focuse content than other isolated fractions, and seemed to be complex carbohydrates with molecular weights of the order of 4-5 x 10(3).", "contents": "Some immunochemical properties of Le(a)-and Le(b) -active substances in human urine. Le(a)- and Le(b)-active substances present in normal human urine were isolated by sequential membrane filtration, column chromatography with DEAE-Sephadex (A-25), and gel filtration of Bio-Gel (P-6). Le(a)-active substance with the highest activity was obtained in the P-1 fraction (0-8 mg/1) from urine of a non-secretor type by the final gel filtration. Le(b)-active substance with the highest activity was also obtained in the P-1 fraction (0-2 mg/1) from urine of a secretor type. The P-1 of the non-secretor inhibited Le(a)-anti-Le(a) haemagglutination minimally at 4 microgram/ml, and the P-1 of the secretor inhibited Le(b)-anti-Le(b) haemagglutination at 1 microgram/ml. Both P-1 fractions possessing Le(a) or Le(b) activity were characteristic in having a much higher focuse content than other isolated fractions, and seemed to be complex carbohydrates with molecular weights of the order of 4-5 x 10(3)."}
{"id": "PMID:894053", "title": "The defect of Mk erythrocytes as revealed by sodium dodecylsulphate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The membrane glycoprotein defect of Mk red cells was studied using discontinuous sodium dodecylsulphate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, carbohydrate analytical procedures and lectins. The results suggest that Mk erythrocyte membranes contain only about half of the normal amount of the MN and Ss sialoglycoproteins, both molecules being not qualitatively different from normal. The major membrane protein exhibits an increased molecular weight in the above red cells. Some data on Mg and Miltenberger class five cells are presented for comparison. The results on Mk erythrocytes support the operon concept of the MNSs blood group system proposed previously.", "contents": "The defect of Mk erythrocytes as revealed by sodium dodecylsulphate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The membrane glycoprotein defect of Mk red cells was studied using discontinuous sodium dodecylsulphate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, carbohydrate analytical procedures and lectins. The results suggest that Mk erythrocyte membranes contain only about half of the normal amount of the MN and Ss sialoglycoproteins, both molecules being not qualitatively different from normal. The major membrane protein exhibits an increased molecular weight in the above red cells. Some data on Mg and Miltenberger class five cells are presented for comparison. The results on Mk erythrocytes support the operon concept of the MNSs blood group system proposed previously."}
{"id": "PMID:894062", "title": "Measurement of skin thickness: a comparison of two in vivo techniques with a conventional histometric method.", "content": "Two in vivo techniques which are rapid, inexpensive, and reproducible have been investigated. The first is a standardized radiological (xerographic) technique which we have shown is capable of detecting small degrees of dermal atrophy after the application of topical corticosteroid preparations for only one month. The second technique employs the Harpenden Skinfold Caliper used in an unconventional manner so as to exclude subcutaneous fat. We have shown that this too is capable of detecting dermal atrophy from the application of topical corticosteroids and that there is a strong correlation between the two techniques (r = 0.82, p less than 0.001). Histometric techniques, on the other hand, give inaccurate and erroneous results for dermal thickness.", "contents": "Measurement of skin thickness: a comparison of two in vivo techniques with a conventional histometric method. Two in vivo techniques which are rapid, inexpensive, and reproducible have been investigated. The first is a standardized radiological (xerographic) technique which we have shown is capable of detecting small degrees of dermal atrophy after the application of topical corticosteroid preparations for only one month. The second technique employs the Harpenden Skinfold Caliper used in an unconventional manner so as to exclude subcutaneous fat. We have shown that this too is capable of detecting dermal atrophy from the application of topical corticosteroids and that there is a strong correlation between the two techniques (r = 0.82, p less than 0.001). Histometric techniques, on the other hand, give inaccurate and erroneous results for dermal thickness."}
{"id": "PMID:894063", "title": "Viscoelastic properties of intact human skin: instrumentation, hydration effects, and the contribution of the stratum corneum.", "content": "Past attempts to relate mechanical properties of the stratum corneum to its state of hydration or disease condition have been hampered by the lack of adequate in vivo methodology. With the technique described herein, viscoelastic properties of the skin surface can be measured in vivo or on excised skin in vitro. This method is sensitive enough to detect changes in the properties of the stratum corneum induced by topically applied agents or by mechanical disruption of it. The viscoelastic data suggest that the outermost layers of the stratum corneum may become dry in vivo despite their proximity to the underlying wet tissue, and that the instrument is sensitive enough to measure the changes that occur. It also appears that the in vivo behavior of the stratum corneum is similar to that of isolated stratum corneum membranes which become brittle when they are dried and supple when they are hydrated.", "contents": "Viscoelastic properties of intact human skin: instrumentation, hydration effects, and the contribution of the stratum corneum. Past attempts to relate mechanical properties of the stratum corneum to its state of hydration or disease condition have been hampered by the lack of adequate in vivo methodology. With the technique described herein, viscoelastic properties of the skin surface can be measured in vivo or on excised skin in vitro. This method is sensitive enough to detect changes in the properties of the stratum corneum induced by topically applied agents or by mechanical disruption of it. The viscoelastic data suggest that the outermost layers of the stratum corneum may become dry in vivo despite their proximity to the underlying wet tissue, and that the instrument is sensitive enough to measure the changes that occur. It also appears that the in vivo behavior of the stratum corneum is similar to that of isolated stratum corneum membranes which become brittle when they are dried and supple when they are hydrated."}
{"id": "PMID:894064", "title": "Thermoanalytical probes for the analysis of physical properties of stratum corneum.", "content": "Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) measurements were used to characterize the physical properties of normal and treated stratum corneum. TMA measures changes in the overall mechanical and dimensional properties of the material as a result of temperature-induced transformations such as lipid melting, protein conformational changes, and glass transitions. TMA indicates several softening transitions in normal human stratum corneum which occur at about 50, 150, 260 degrees C. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermomechanical analysis studies show that the 50 degrees C softening is related to lipid melting as well as protein side chain motion while the other observed transitions appear to result from a change in state of the protein organization and decomposition, respectively. These particular parameters are sensitive to changes in composition and macromolecular structure of the stratum corneum brought about by disease and chemical alteration. Shifts in the temperature of the second softening transition are observed between normal stratum corneum and stratum corneum treated with a retinoic acid product, occlusive therapy, petrolatum, propylene glycol-ethanol, and normal saline. These shifts imply a possible alteration of the higher-level organization of the keratin in the stratum corneum.", "contents": "Thermoanalytical probes for the analysis of physical properties of stratum corneum. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) measurements were used to characterize the physical properties of normal and treated stratum corneum. TMA measures changes in the overall mechanical and dimensional properties of the material as a result of temperature-induced transformations such as lipid melting, protein conformational changes, and glass transitions. TMA indicates several softening transitions in normal human stratum corneum which occur at about 50, 150, 260 degrees C. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermomechanical analysis studies show that the 50 degrees C softening is related to lipid melting as well as protein side chain motion while the other observed transitions appear to result from a change in state of the protein organization and decomposition, respectively. These particular parameters are sensitive to changes in composition and macromolecular structure of the stratum corneum brought about by disease and chemical alteration. Shifts in the temperature of the second softening transition are observed between normal stratum corneum and stratum corneum treated with a retinoic acid product, occlusive therapy, petrolatum, propylene glycol-ethanol, and normal saline. These shifts imply a possible alteration of the higher-level organization of the keratin in the stratum corneum."}
{"id": "PMID:894065", "title": "Stratum corneum studies with photoacoustic spectroscopy.", "content": "Conventional spectroscopic studies on opaque membranes are difficult to pursue because of excessive light scattering and complications arising from the specimen's surface. Recently, a new spectroscopic technique, photoacoustic spectroscopy, unlike conventional optical spectroscopy, has been demonstrated to be an informative technique amenable to spectroscopic studies of solids and membrane-like samples. We have applied photoacoustic spectroscopy to the study of hydration and maturation of newborn rat stratum corneum, and have obtained clean spectra in the 220 to 450 nm region indicative of a change in thermal diffusivity with increased hydration, and biochemical changes associated with the initial maturation period.", "contents": "Stratum corneum studies with photoacoustic spectroscopy. Conventional spectroscopic studies on opaque membranes are difficult to pursue because of excessive light scattering and complications arising from the specimen's surface. Recently, a new spectroscopic technique, photoacoustic spectroscopy, unlike conventional optical spectroscopy, has been demonstrated to be an informative technique amenable to spectroscopic studies of solids and membrane-like samples. We have applied photoacoustic spectroscopy to the study of hydration and maturation of newborn rat stratum corneum, and have obtained clean spectra in the 220 to 450 nm region indicative of a change in thermal diffusivity with increased hydration, and biochemical changes associated with the initial maturation period."}
{"id": "PMID:894066", "title": "Measurement of intracorneal cohesion in man using in vivo techniques.", "content": "Measurement of intracorneal cohesion in vivo should provide quantitative information concerning the process of esquamation. In this investigation three techniques have been employed to measure the internal binding forces within the stratum corneum in vivo. The first technique, cohesography, directly measures the force required to remove stratum corneum of partial thickness from a known area of skin. Sex and site differences were detected using this method. A second technique employs a surfometer to measure the surface contours of the internal face of skin surface biopsies. Quantitative assessment of surfometer tracings reflects both internal structure of stratum corneum and its cohesive property. Positive correlations were found using these two techniques on the forearms of 16 normal subjects. A scrub technique has also been used which can deliver a controllable and measurable stimulus to the skin surface to release corneocytes. Counting the number of corneocytes released provides a further measure of internal cohesion of the stratum corneum but the results did not correlate with the other two techniques. It is suggested that the use of all three techniques might provide a profile of the cohesive property of the stratum corneum.", "contents": "Measurement of intracorneal cohesion in man using in vivo techniques. Measurement of intracorneal cohesion in vivo should provide quantitative information concerning the process of esquamation. In this investigation three techniques have been employed to measure the internal binding forces within the stratum corneum in vivo. The first technique, cohesography, directly measures the force required to remove stratum corneum of partial thickness from a known area of skin. Sex and site differences were detected using this method. A second technique employs a surfometer to measure the surface contours of the internal face of skin surface biopsies. Quantitative assessment of surfometer tracings reflects both internal structure of stratum corneum and its cohesive property. Positive correlations were found using these two techniques on the forearms of 16 normal subjects. A scrub technique has also been used which can deliver a controllable and measurable stimulus to the skin surface to release corneocytes. Counting the number of corneocytes released provides a further measure of internal cohesion of the stratum corneum but the results did not correlate with the other two techniques. It is suggested that the use of all three techniques might provide a profile of the cohesive property of the stratum corneum."}
{"id": "PMID:894067", "title": "Frictional properties of skin.", "content": "To gain a more fundamental understanding of the frictional properties of skin, various parameters (hydration, oils, surfactants, etc) affecting skin friction were evaluated using a rotational friction technique. The rotational device utilized a motor-driven wheel. The wheel and drive shaft were connected to the motor through a flexible rubber coupling in such a way that friction encountered by the wheel caused a lateral displacement of the drive shaft which was monitored by a photocell and recorded on a strip-chart recorder.", "contents": "Frictional properties of skin. To gain a more fundamental understanding of the frictional properties of skin, various parameters (hydration, oils, surfactants, etc) affecting skin friction were evaluated using a rotational friction technique. The rotational device utilized a motor-driven wheel. The wheel and drive shaft were connected to the motor through a flexible rubber coupling in such a way that friction encountered by the wheel caused a lateral displacement of the drive shaft which was monitored by a photocell and recorded on a strip-chart recorder."}
{"id": "PMID:894068", "title": "Laser Doppler measurement of cutaneous blood flow.", "content": "This work describes an instrument for the noninvasive measurement of cutaneous blood flow velocity. The system utilizes the Doppler shift of laser light backscattered from moving red blood cells in the cutaneous microcirculation, the shift being obtained by an optical heterodyning technique. Comparison is made between this technique and the 133xenon clearance technique in measuring cutaneous flow in the forearms of normal volunteers. Variations in flow were obtained by inducing different degrees of solar erythema with an ultraviolet sunlamp. A Y on X linear regression yielded a regression coefficient = 0.89 (p less than 0.001, n = 16) between the two methods. The laser Doppler method appear to represent a practical technique for clinical evaluation of cutaneous blood flow in any skin surface.", "contents": "Laser Doppler measurement of cutaneous blood flow. This work describes an instrument for the noninvasive measurement of cutaneous blood flow velocity. The system utilizes the Doppler shift of laser light backscattered from moving red blood cells in the cutaneous microcirculation, the shift being obtained by an optical heterodyning technique. Comparison is made between this technique and the 133xenon clearance technique in measuring cutaneous flow in the forearms of normal volunteers. Variations in flow were obtained by inducing different degrees of solar erythema with an ultraviolet sunlamp. A Y on X linear regression yielded a regression coefficient = 0.89 (p less than 0.001, n = 16) between the two methods. The laser Doppler method appear to represent a practical technique for clinical evaluation of cutaneous blood flow in any skin surface."}
{"id": "PMID:894069", "title": "Accounting for natural tension in the mechanical testing of human skin.", "content": "A low-pressure suction device has previously been used to obtain quantitative information on the mechanical properties of human skin. Reducing the raw data from this technique was complicated by the fact that the skin is already biaxially loaded in the natural state and a rational basis on which to compare results obtained from different subjects was not available. Using a strain gauged pretension device, a procedure for determining the natural state tension and extension fields in the skin has been developed. The natural tension was then relaxed in the direction of testing and the suction device used to determine the two-dimensional skin tension-extension ratio response of the skin at a constant testing rate. The data from a number of subjects have been used to develop a new multidimensional stress-strain theory in terms of two material constants that are related to basic material characteristics of the dermis and are uniquely determinable regardless of the natural state stress field. Tests performed on the upper backs of 23 healthy adult males were used to investigate the variations in the material constants with age and sun-exposure habits. Age variations were found to corroborate earlier studies, and variations with sun exposure habits were related to known dermal collagen and elastin changes due to ultraviolet radiation. The apparent sensitivity of the testing procedure to physiologic state variables holds out the hope that mechanical properties characterization will be a useful tool in the evaluation of the severity of certain pathologic states and the effect of therapy.", "contents": "Accounting for natural tension in the mechanical testing of human skin. A low-pressure suction device has previously been used to obtain quantitative information on the mechanical properties of human skin. Reducing the raw data from this technique was complicated by the fact that the skin is already biaxially loaded in the natural state and a rational basis on which to compare results obtained from different subjects was not available. Using a strain gauged pretension device, a procedure for determining the natural state tension and extension fields in the skin has been developed. The natural tension was then relaxed in the direction of testing and the suction device used to determine the two-dimensional skin tension-extension ratio response of the skin at a constant testing rate. The data from a number of subjects have been used to develop a new multidimensional stress-strain theory in terms of two material constants that are related to basic material characteristics of the dermis and are uniquely determinable regardless of the natural state stress field. Tests performed on the upper backs of 23 healthy adult males were used to investigate the variations in the material constants with age and sun-exposure habits. Age variations were found to corroborate earlier studies, and variations with sun exposure habits were related to known dermal collagen and elastin changes due to ultraviolet radiation. The apparent sensitivity of the testing procedure to physiologic state variables holds out the hope that mechanical properties characterization will be a useful tool in the evaluation of the severity of certain pathologic states and the effect of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:894070", "title": "A ballistometer for the study of the plasto-elastic properties of skin.", "content": "The ballistrometer is based on the \"drop impact\" of a body onto a stationary surface. A collision in one dimension is provoked by allowing a hard body to drop from a given height onto the skin surface to be tested. After the collision, the impacting body undergoes a variable number of rebounds decreasing in amplitude. By measuring the height of the rebounds, the amount of energy returned by the tissue is calculated in terms of coefficient of restitution e. The equipment, consisting of a hammer unit, a feeder-amplifier, and a plotter, is described. Ballistometry has been carried out on skin areas of 46 normal subjects ranging in age from 8 to 80 years, as well as on pathologic and cadaveric skin. The results show a progressive decrease of e with advancing age, as well as differences related to various skin regions. The tests performed on pathologic skin showed a lowered e in epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, sclerosis, and dermal infiltration. An increase of e was observed when a high water content was present in the skin.", "contents": "A ballistometer for the study of the plasto-elastic properties of skin. The ballistrometer is based on the \"drop impact\" of a body onto a stationary surface. A collision in one dimension is provoked by allowing a hard body to drop from a given height onto the skin surface to be tested. After the collision, the impacting body undergoes a variable number of rebounds decreasing in amplitude. By measuring the height of the rebounds, the amount of energy returned by the tissue is calculated in terms of coefficient of restitution e. The equipment, consisting of a hammer unit, a feeder-amplifier, and a plotter, is described. Ballistometry has been carried out on skin areas of 46 normal subjects ranging in age from 8 to 80 years, as well as on pathologic and cadaveric skin. The results show a progressive decrease of e with advancing age, as well as differences related to various skin regions. The tests performed on pathologic skin showed a lowered e in epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, sclerosis, and dermal infiltration. An increase of e was observed when a high water content was present in the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:894071", "title": "The time-dependent mechanical properties of skin.", "content": "The mechanical properties of the skin were investigated by applying a torsional deformation to a circumscribed area. Results of the tests indicate that the skin is nonlinear and time dependent. The dynamic response shows that the phase angle is insensitive to frequency below 1 Hz; the peak torque amplitude increases slowly above 0.004 Hz. A self-consistent description is presented utilizing continuous relaxation spectra. The technique describes the stress relaxation data and predicts the form of the dynamic response.", "contents": "The time-dependent mechanical properties of skin. The mechanical properties of the skin were investigated by applying a torsional deformation to a circumscribed area. Results of the tests indicate that the skin is nonlinear and time dependent. The dynamic response shows that the phase angle is insensitive to frequency below 1 Hz; the peak torque amplitude increases slowly above 0.004 Hz. A self-consistent description is presented utilizing continuous relaxation spectra. The technique describes the stress relaxation data and predicts the form of the dynamic response."}
{"id": "PMID:894072", "title": "A method of in vivo measurement of the elastic properties of skin in radiotherapy patients.", "content": "A portable apparatus which measures the force-displacement or elastic characteristics of skin in vivo has been constructed. A displacement transducer between two arms measures the extension of the skin as the arms are driven apart by means of a lead screw, and the force exerted on the skin is measured by means of two electrical resistance strain gauges attached at a reduced section on each of the arms. The apparatus was designed for compactness and lightness to enable it to be hand held. Illustrative results obtained on patients during and after courses of radiotherapy are presented.", "contents": "A method of in vivo measurement of the elastic properties of skin in radiotherapy patients. A portable apparatus which measures the force-displacement or elastic characteristics of skin in vivo has been constructed. A displacement transducer between two arms measures the extension of the skin as the arms are driven apart by means of a lead screw, and the force exerted on the skin is measured by means of two electrical resistance strain gauges attached at a reduced section on each of the arms. The apparatus was designed for compactness and lightness to enable it to be hand held. Illustrative results obtained on patients during and after courses of radiotherapy are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:894073", "title": "Relation of electrical properties of skin to structure and physiologic state.", "content": "Interpretation of cutaneous electrical measurements in terms of structure or function requires special techniques for identifying the separate contributions of the various elements. Resistance measures have different implications depending upon whether the subject is sweating and whether the electrode preparation is wet or dry. Microelectrode measurement indicates that the stratum corneum and other epidermal layers represent a significant pathway for ion conductance. Impedance measurement allows estimation of skin capacitance and of the thickness of the capacitative element. When applied to data on excised stratum corneum, this analysis indicates the presence of a relatively impermeable layer less than 2 microns thick, a conclusion subject to some doubt because of uncertainty over the dielectric constant of wet keratin. The use of impedance measurement with closely spaced electrodes gives an indication of the hydration of the superficial horny layer and also demonstrates reabsorption of sweat from this region. Potential measurement at the surface reflects the relative internal resistance of two parallel sources, the sweat glands and an \"epidermal generator.\"", "contents": "Relation of electrical properties of skin to structure and physiologic state. Interpretation of cutaneous electrical measurements in terms of structure or function requires special techniques for identifying the separate contributions of the various elements. Resistance measures have different implications depending upon whether the subject is sweating and whether the electrode preparation is wet or dry. Microelectrode measurement indicates that the stratum corneum and other epidermal layers represent a significant pathway for ion conductance. Impedance measurement allows estimation of skin capacitance and of the thickness of the capacitative element. When applied to data on excised stratum corneum, this analysis indicates the presence of a relatively impermeable layer less than 2 microns thick, a conclusion subject to some doubt because of uncertainty over the dielectric constant of wet keratin. The use of impedance measurement with closely spaced electrodes gives an indication of the hydration of the superficial horny layer and also demonstrates reabsorption of sweat from this region. Potential measurement at the surface reflects the relative internal resistance of two parallel sources, the sweat glands and an \"epidermal generator.\""}
{"id": "PMID:894074", "title": "Thermal properties of human skin related to nondestructive measurement of epidermal thickness.", "content": "The thermal and physical properties of skin are reviewed briefly in the light of their relationship to skin functions and their influence on temperature measurement and related methodology. Thermal conductivity and epidermal thickness have a direct bearing on the majority of skin functions as these significantly affect heating rates, thermal pain thresholds, and blister formation, as will be seen from the experimental data. The accumulated data on both temperature and pain threshold are used to estimate epidermal thickness in the intact individual. The procedure to accomplish this end utilizes the measured thermal pain threshold, surface temperature, exposure time, and incident energy on a standardized skin site (volar surface of the forearm) to obtain conductivity values. These values are then used in a two-layer system heat flow equation to determine epidermal thickness in other skin sites (fingers) referred to the standard area. Systematic exposures to various materials at high temperatures in contact-burn studies provide data for checking the reliability of this procedure by alternative computations and comparison with predicted tissue temperatures derived from earlier work. Certainly, blister formation and physical measurement of the excised epidermis would provide direct verification of the accuracy of the procedure but these measures have not been undertaken. It is quite possible that over a period of time verification data could be accumulated incidentally in the clinic where skin grafting procedures are carried out. For this purpose only relatively simple measurements of skin temperature and pain threshold, as described herein, would be required to be performed on skin graft donors to provide epidermal thickness measurements for comparison with direct measurements of excised skin immediately after removal.", "contents": "Thermal properties of human skin related to nondestructive measurement of epidermal thickness. The thermal and physical properties of skin are reviewed briefly in the light of their relationship to skin functions and their influence on temperature measurement and related methodology. Thermal conductivity and epidermal thickness have a direct bearing on the majority of skin functions as these significantly affect heating rates, thermal pain thresholds, and blister formation, as will be seen from the experimental data. The accumulated data on both temperature and pain threshold are used to estimate epidermal thickness in the intact individual. The procedure to accomplish this end utilizes the measured thermal pain threshold, surface temperature, exposure time, and incident energy on a standardized skin site (volar surface of the forearm) to obtain conductivity values. These values are then used in a two-layer system heat flow equation to determine epidermal thickness in other skin sites (fingers) referred to the standard area. Systematic exposures to various materials at high temperatures in contact-burn studies provide data for checking the reliability of this procedure by alternative computations and comparison with predicted tissue temperatures derived from earlier work. Certainly, blister formation and physical measurement of the excised epidermis would provide direct verification of the accuracy of the procedure but these measures have not been undertaken. It is quite possible that over a period of time verification data could be accumulated incidentally in the clinic where skin grafting procedures are carried out. For this purpose only relatively simple measurements of skin temperature and pain threshold, as described herein, would be required to be performed on skin graft donors to provide epidermal thickness measurements for comparison with direct measurements of excised skin immediately after removal."}
{"id": "PMID:894075", "title": "Measurement of the thermal properties of human skin. A review.", "content": "The effective use of techniques to detect and interpret surface and subsurface temperature patterns depends upon the thermal and electromagnetic properties of the tissues under examination. A review is made of the existent data concerned with the thermal characteristics of skin. The thermal conductivity, k, and thermal inertia, kpc, as measured as a function of local temperature are presented. The radiation properties of the skin are presented as a function of wavelength. It is concluded that the information currently available about the thermal properties and their normal variation with body site, skin color, and age is quite limited.", "contents": "Measurement of the thermal properties of human skin. A review. The effective use of techniques to detect and interpret surface and subsurface temperature patterns depends upon the thermal and electromagnetic properties of the tissues under examination. A review is made of the existent data concerned with the thermal characteristics of skin. The thermal conductivity, k, and thermal inertia, kpc, as measured as a function of local temperature are presented. The radiation properties of the skin are presented as a function of wavelength. It is concluded that the information currently available about the thermal properties and their normal variation with body site, skin color, and age is quite limited."}
{"id": "PMID:894076", "title": "Nonspecific protection of mice against influenza virus infection by local or systemic immunization with Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin.", "content": "Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) has been used effectively to protect nonspecifically against bacterial infections and neoplasms, probably by enhancement of cell-mediated immunity. It has been suggested that cell-mediated immunity plays a role in the host defense against certain viral infections. In recent in vitro studies, macrophages from animals sensitized by BCG were more effective in lowering the titer of influenza virus than were macrophages from control animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo effectiveness of nonspecific immune stimulation with BCG on influenza virus infection in mice. Immunization with BCG resulted in significant protection of mice. Also, the local (nasal) route of immunization was more effective than the systemic (intraperitoneal) route against the intranasal inoculum of virus, a finding which suggests that important role of local immunity, i.e., either earlier stimulation of secretory antibody or nonspecific cell-mediated immunity. The time course of the resistance ot infection suggests that interferon was not the protective mechanism.", "contents": "Nonspecific protection of mice against influenza virus infection by local or systemic immunization with Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) has been used effectively to protect nonspecifically against bacterial infections and neoplasms, probably by enhancement of cell-mediated immunity. It has been suggested that cell-mediated immunity plays a role in the host defense against certain viral infections. In recent in vitro studies, macrophages from animals sensitized by BCG were more effective in lowering the titer of influenza virus than were macrophages from control animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo effectiveness of nonspecific immune stimulation with BCG on influenza virus infection in mice. Immunization with BCG resulted in significant protection of mice. Also, the local (nasal) route of immunization was more effective than the systemic (intraperitoneal) route against the intranasal inoculum of virus, a finding which suggests that important role of local immunity, i.e., either earlier stimulation of secretory antibody or nonspecific cell-mediated immunity. The time course of the resistance ot infection suggests that interferon was not the protective mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:894077", "title": "Encephalitis in ferrets caused by a nonproductive strain of measles virus (D.R.) isolated from patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "A nonproductive, syncytiogenic strain (D.R.) of measles virus, isolated from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), was inoculated intracerebrally into ferrets in an attempt to induce subacute encephalitis. Inoculation of freeze-thawed syncytia before immunization was the least effective procedure, and inoculation of live syncytia after immunization with measles virus vaccine was the most effective procedure, for induction of subacute or persistent subclinical encephalitis in the animals. After the latter procedure three of five ferrets developed subacute or subclinical encephalitis, whereas ferrets inoculated with live syncytia without prior immunization consistently contracted acute fatal encephalitis in one to two weeks. The subacute encephalitis in ferrets was characterized by high titers of antibody to measles virus in serum. At the time of sacrifice 1.25, 4.5, or 8.0 months after inoculation, brains of the ferrets showed histologic lesions similar to those characteristic of SSPE, and nonproductive syncytiogenic measles virus was recovered from the brains of two of the animals. All three ferrets had greatly increased concentrations of gamma-globulin in their brains and high levels of neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to measles virus. Only one of these animals developed clinical signs 1.25 months after inoculation.", "contents": "Encephalitis in ferrets caused by a nonproductive strain of measles virus (D.R.) isolated from patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. A nonproductive, syncytiogenic strain (D.R.) of measles virus, isolated from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), was inoculated intracerebrally into ferrets in an attempt to induce subacute encephalitis. Inoculation of freeze-thawed syncytia before immunization was the least effective procedure, and inoculation of live syncytia after immunization with measles virus vaccine was the most effective procedure, for induction of subacute or persistent subclinical encephalitis in the animals. After the latter procedure three of five ferrets developed subacute or subclinical encephalitis, whereas ferrets inoculated with live syncytia without prior immunization consistently contracted acute fatal encephalitis in one to two weeks. The subacute encephalitis in ferrets was characterized by high titers of antibody to measles virus in serum. At the time of sacrifice 1.25, 4.5, or 8.0 months after inoculation, brains of the ferrets showed histologic lesions similar to those characteristic of SSPE, and nonproductive syncytiogenic measles virus was recovered from the brains of two of the animals. All three ferrets had greatly increased concentrations of gamma-globulin in their brains and high levels of neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to measles virus. Only one of these animals developed clinical signs 1.25 months after inoculation."}
{"id": "PMID:894078", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza A virus. XIV. Production and evaluation of influenza A/Georgia/74-ts-1[E] recombinant viruses in human adults.", "content": "The two temperature-sensitive (ts) lesions present in influenza A/Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E] (H3N2 68) virus were transferred via genetic reassortment to influenza A/Georgia/74 (H3N2 74) wild-type virus. A recombinant clone possessing both ts lesions and the shutoff temperature of 38 C of the Hong Kong/68 ts donor and the two surface antigens of the Georgia/74 wild-type virus was administered to 32 seronegative adult volunteers. Thirty-one volunteers were infected, of whom only five experienced mild afebrile upper respiratory tract illness. The wild-type recipient virus was a cloned population that induced illness in five of six infected volunteers. Therfore, the attenuation exhibited by the Georgia/74-ts-1[E] virus could reasonably be assumed to be due to the acquisition of the two ts-1[E] lesions by the Georgia/74 wild-type virus. The serum and nasal wash antibody responses of the ts-1[E] vaccinees were equivalent to those of the volunteers who received wild-type virus. The two ts lesions present in the Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E] virus have now been transferred three times to a wild-type virus bearing a new hemagglutinin, and in each instance the new ts recombination exhibited a similar, satisfactory level of attenuation and antigenicity for adults. It seems likely that the transfer of the ts-1[E] lesions to any new influenza virus will regularly result in attenuation of a recombinat virus possessing the new surface antigens.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza A virus. XIV. Production and evaluation of influenza A/Georgia/74-ts-1[E] recombinant viruses in human adults. The two temperature-sensitive (ts) lesions present in influenza A/Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E] (H3N2 68) virus were transferred via genetic reassortment to influenza A/Georgia/74 (H3N2 74) wild-type virus. A recombinant clone possessing both ts lesions and the shutoff temperature of 38 C of the Hong Kong/68 ts donor and the two surface antigens of the Georgia/74 wild-type virus was administered to 32 seronegative adult volunteers. Thirty-one volunteers were infected, of whom only five experienced mild afebrile upper respiratory tract illness. The wild-type recipient virus was a cloned population that induced illness in five of six infected volunteers. Therfore, the attenuation exhibited by the Georgia/74-ts-1[E] virus could reasonably be assumed to be due to the acquisition of the two ts-1[E] lesions by the Georgia/74 wild-type virus. The serum and nasal wash antibody responses of the ts-1[E] vaccinees were equivalent to those of the volunteers who received wild-type virus. The two ts lesions present in the Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E] virus have now been transferred three times to a wild-type virus bearing a new hemagglutinin, and in each instance the new ts recombination exhibited a similar, satisfactory level of attenuation and antigenicity for adults. It seems likely that the transfer of the ts-1[E] lesions to any new influenza virus will regularly result in attenuation of a recombinat virus possessing the new surface antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:894079", "title": "Quantitative bacteriology of the vaginal flora.", "content": "Quantitative bacteriology was performed on vaginal secretions from healthy adult women. The analysis included a single sample from 17 college students and 35 samples from five volunteers collected at intervals of three to five days throughout the menstrual cycle. Mean concentrations in all 52 specimens were 10(8.1) aerobic bacteria/g and 10(9.1) anaerobic bacteria/g. The rank of predominant organisms, according to rates of recovery in concentrations of greater than 10(5) colony-forming units/g, was anaerobic and facultative Lacrobacillus species, Peptococcus species, Bacteroides species, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium species, Peotostreptococcus species, and Eubacterium species. Sequential samples collected throughout the menstrual cycle showed relatively consistent mean levels of anaerobes and a significant decrease in concentrations of aerobes in premenstrual specimens compared with those in the specimens collected in the week following onset of menses. Analysis of sequential specimens from each of the five individuals showed considerable variation in species recovered. These data indicate that the vaginal flora in healthy adult women is a dynamic ecosystem in which anaerobes are usually the numerically dominant bacteria.", "contents": "Quantitative bacteriology of the vaginal flora. Quantitative bacteriology was performed on vaginal secretions from healthy adult women. The analysis included a single sample from 17 college students and 35 samples from five volunteers collected at intervals of three to five days throughout the menstrual cycle. Mean concentrations in all 52 specimens were 10(8.1) aerobic bacteria/g and 10(9.1) anaerobic bacteria/g. The rank of predominant organisms, according to rates of recovery in concentrations of greater than 10(5) colony-forming units/g, was anaerobic and facultative Lacrobacillus species, Peptococcus species, Bacteroides species, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium species, Peotostreptococcus species, and Eubacterium species. Sequential samples collected throughout the menstrual cycle showed relatively consistent mean levels of anaerobes and a significant decrease in concentrations of aerobes in premenstrual specimens compared with those in the specimens collected in the week following onset of menses. Analysis of sequential specimens from each of the five individuals showed considerable variation in species recovered. These data indicate that the vaginal flora in healthy adult women is a dynamic ecosystem in which anaerobes are usually the numerically dominant bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:894080", "title": "Sensitivity of influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) virus to amantadine-HCl.", "content": "The appearance of a swine type of influenza A among recruits in Fort Dix, New Jersey, in 1976 prompted an evaluation of the sensitivity of this virus to amantadine - HCl. Well-tolerated levels of the drug effectively blocked replication of the influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) virus isolate in three laboratory models: monkey kidney cells, embryonated eggs, and intranasally infected mice. On a comparative basis this virus would appear to be more sensitive to amantadine - HCl than human influenza A strains, including the recent Victoria (1975) strain. All strains of influenza A virus continue to be sensitive to amantadine - HCl.", "contents": "Sensitivity of influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) virus to amantadine-HCl. The appearance of a swine type of influenza A among recruits in Fort Dix, New Jersey, in 1976 prompted an evaluation of the sensitivity of this virus to amantadine - HCl. Well-tolerated levels of the drug effectively blocked replication of the influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) virus isolate in three laboratory models: monkey kidney cells, embryonated eggs, and intranasally infected mice. On a comparative basis this virus would appear to be more sensitive to amantadine - HCl than human influenza A strains, including the recent Victoria (1975) strain. All strains of influenza A virus continue to be sensitive to amantadine - HCl."}
{"id": "PMID:894085", "title": "Immune response of the intestinal mucosa to cholera toxoid.", "content": "The intestinal immune response to cholera toxoid was studied in dogs and rats. Oral or intraperitoneal priming followed by duodenal boosting with toxoid reulted in antitoxin-containing plasma cells (ACC) in jejunal lamina propria of rats. Priming and boosting by the intraperitoneal route alone induced almost no jejunal response. Lamina propria ACC were derived largely from migrating immunoblasts, which appeared earlier among thoracic duct lymphocytes. Protection of dogs after repeated subcutaneous immunization with toxoid was mediated largely, or entirely, by serum-derived antibody. The sequence of subcutaneous priming and repeated oral boosting induced longer lasting protection mediated almost entirely by the local intestinal immune mechanism. The results suggest that cholera immunization should be specifically designed to stimulate the intestinal immune mechanism and that the subcutaneous oral immunizing sequence may be an efficient way to do this.", "contents": "Immune response of the intestinal mucosa to cholera toxoid. The intestinal immune response to cholera toxoid was studied in dogs and rats. Oral or intraperitoneal priming followed by duodenal boosting with toxoid reulted in antitoxin-containing plasma cells (ACC) in jejunal lamina propria of rats. Priming and boosting by the intraperitoneal route alone induced almost no jejunal response. Lamina propria ACC were derived largely from migrating immunoblasts, which appeared earlier among thoracic duct lymphocytes. Protection of dogs after repeated subcutaneous immunization with toxoid was mediated largely, or entirely, by serum-derived antibody. The sequence of subcutaneous priming and repeated oral boosting induced longer lasting protection mediated almost entirely by the local intestinal immune mechanism. The results suggest that cholera immunization should be specifically designed to stimulate the intestinal immune mechanism and that the subcutaneous oral immunizing sequence may be an efficient way to do this."}
{"id": "PMID:894086", "title": "Protective efficacy of an inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine.", "content": "The protective efficacy of a formalin-inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine was evaluated in a double-blind fashion in 7,861 Marine Corps recruits at Parris Island, South Carolina. Vaccine, administered in a 1-ml dose by a jet-injection device, was glass-grown and contained 264 microgram of protein nitrogen/ml. Phosphate-buffered saline with formalin was injected as a control. Systemic reactions to injection were similar in both groups, but the percentage of vaccinees with erythema (51%) and induration (52%) at 24 hr was significantly greater than the percentage of controls (2%) with these reaction (P less than 0.001). Twenty-one (0.5%) of 3,930 vaccinees and 43 (1.1%) of the 3.931 placebo recipients were hospitalized with pneumonia (chi2=7.61; P less than 0.01). Ten of 21 vaccinees and seven of 43 controls with pneumonia had a positive pharyngeal culture for M. pneumoniae (chi2=1.69; P =0.20), and fourfold rises  in titer of serum antibody were noted in five of 14 vaccinees and in 15 of 28 placebo recipients with pneumonia (chi2=7.90; P less 0.0005). Therefore, vaccine efficacy for M. pneumoniae-specific pneumonia was 42% as determined by cultures and 67% by serologic tests. The vaccine showed no protective efficacy for M. pneumoniae-specific bronchitis or for M. pneumoniae pharyngeal carriage in recrutis in training.", "contents": "Protective efficacy of an inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine. The protective efficacy of a formalin-inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine was evaluated in a double-blind fashion in 7,861 Marine Corps recruits at Parris Island, South Carolina. Vaccine, administered in a 1-ml dose by a jet-injection device, was glass-grown and contained 264 microgram of protein nitrogen/ml. Phosphate-buffered saline with formalin was injected as a control. Systemic reactions to injection were similar in both groups, but the percentage of vaccinees with erythema (51%) and induration (52%) at 24 hr was significantly greater than the percentage of controls (2%) with these reaction (P less than 0.001). Twenty-one (0.5%) of 3,930 vaccinees and 43 (1.1%) of the 3.931 placebo recipients were hospitalized with pneumonia (chi2=7.61; P less than 0.01). Ten of 21 vaccinees and seven of 43 controls with pneumonia had a positive pharyngeal culture for M. pneumoniae (chi2=1.69; P =0.20), and fourfold rises  in titer of serum antibody were noted in five of 14 vaccinees and in 15 of 28 placebo recipients with pneumonia (chi2=7.90; P less 0.0005). Therefore, vaccine efficacy for M. pneumoniae-specific pneumonia was 42% as determined by cultures and 67% by serologic tests. The vaccine showed no protective efficacy for M. pneumoniae-specific bronchitis or for M. pneumoniae pharyngeal carriage in recrutis in training."}
{"id": "PMID:894101", "title": "Changes in adenine nucleotide and mitochondrial metabolism of the kidney of burned rats and their relation to insulin.", "content": "In rats with third-degree burns, the blood glucose level increased remarkably, with a concomitant suppression of insulin secretion from the pancreas after an oral glucose load. The energy charge (ATP + 1/2 ADP/ATP + ADP + AMP) levels of the kidney decreased to 0.659 as compared with 0.858 of controls at 8 hr after the burn (p less than 0.001). The phosphorylative activity of the kidney mitochondria fell to one third of controls at 8 hr after the burn (p less than 0.001), and that of heart mitochondria decreased to approximately 70% (p less than 0.005); the fall in liver and brain was less remarkable. The decrease in mitochondrial phosphorylative activity was accompanied by a reduction in the respiratory control ratio, P/O ratio, and state 3 respiration. The concentrations of cytochrome a(+a3) in the kidney mitochondria decreased to 69.9% of controls at 8 hr after the burn (p less than 0.001), those of cytochrome b to 82.6%, and those of cytochrome c + c1 to 75.3% (p less than 0.001). The decreased energy charge and oxidative phosphorylation of the kidney in burned rats were remarkably restored by subcutaneous administration of insulin. It is suggested that a reduction in insulin secretion from the pancreas may play an important role in initiating an impairment of adenine nucleotide and mitochondrial metabolism of the kidney.", "contents": "Changes in adenine nucleotide and mitochondrial metabolism of the kidney of burned rats and their relation to insulin. In rats with third-degree burns, the blood glucose level increased remarkably, with a concomitant suppression of insulin secretion from the pancreas after an oral glucose load. The energy charge (ATP + 1/2 ADP/ATP + ADP + AMP) levels of the kidney decreased to 0.659 as compared with 0.858 of controls at 8 hr after the burn (p less than 0.001). The phosphorylative activity of the kidney mitochondria fell to one third of controls at 8 hr after the burn (p less than 0.001), and that of heart mitochondria decreased to approximately 70% (p less than 0.005); the fall in liver and brain was less remarkable. The decrease in mitochondrial phosphorylative activity was accompanied by a reduction in the respiratory control ratio, P/O ratio, and state 3 respiration. The concentrations of cytochrome a(+a3) in the kidney mitochondria decreased to 69.9% of controls at 8 hr after the burn (p less than 0.001), those of cytochrome b to 82.6%, and those of cytochrome c + c1 to 75.3% (p less than 0.001). The decreased energy charge and oxidative phosphorylation of the kidney in burned rats were remarkably restored by subcutaneous administration of insulin. It is suggested that a reduction in insulin secretion from the pancreas may play an important role in initiating an impairment of adenine nucleotide and mitochondrial metabolism of the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:894104", "title": "Pathogenesis of anemia in rats with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to further clarify the pathophysiology of anemia in malignancy. To accomplish this end a total of 210 normal or splenectomized rats with or without the solid form of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma was studied. In vivo studies demonstrated that in stage I cancer (tumor weight less than 10% of body weight) a slightly shortened red cell survival resulted in a mild degree of anemia. With increasing tumor size, 51Cr red cells mass decreased further, in spite of extramedullary erythropoiesis and a slightly increased incorporation transferrin-bound iron into red cells. Splenectomized rats with stage II cancer developed a more profound degree of anemia associated with a significantly decreased incorporation of 59Fe into red cells. Marrow cell culture studies demonstrated that heme synthesis in response to erythropoietin in stage I cancer was not significantly different from normal, but in rats with stage II cancer (tumor weight greater than 10% of body weight) heme synthesis in response to erythropoietin was markedly decreased. In vitro studies demonstrated that plasma erythropoietin levels were appropriately increased in most rats with transplanted malignancy. These studies indicate that bone marrow heme synthesis in response to erythropoietin is impaired in rats with the anemia of advanced malignancy.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of anemia in rats with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. The purpose of this study was to further clarify the pathophysiology of anemia in malignancy. To accomplish this end a total of 210 normal or splenectomized rats with or without the solid form of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma was studied. In vivo studies demonstrated that in stage I cancer (tumor weight less than 10% of body weight) a slightly shortened red cell survival resulted in a mild degree of anemia. With increasing tumor size, 51Cr red cells mass decreased further, in spite of extramedullary erythropoiesis and a slightly increased incorporation transferrin-bound iron into red cells. Splenectomized rats with stage II cancer developed a more profound degree of anemia associated with a significantly decreased incorporation of 59Fe into red cells. Marrow cell culture studies demonstrated that heme synthesis in response to erythropoietin in stage I cancer was not significantly different from normal, but in rats with stage II cancer (tumor weight greater than 10% of body weight) heme synthesis in response to erythropoietin was markedly decreased. In vitro studies demonstrated that plasma erythropoietin levels were appropriately increased in most rats with transplanted malignancy. These studies indicate that bone marrow heme synthesis in response to erythropoietin is impaired in rats with the anemia of advanced malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:894105", "title": "Hepatic lesions and hemolysis following administration of 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl taurine to rats.", "content": "Patients with a metabolic block in the conversion of THCA into cholic acid develop cirrhosis and hemolysis, and die of hepatic failure. In these patients, THCA is largely conjugated to taurine (tauro-THCA) and excreted instead of being converted into cholic acid. In the present study, the effects of tauro-THCA on hemolysis, bile flow, and hepatic morphology were evaluated in bile fistula rats. All rats infused with tauro-THCA at rates of 0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 micronmol/min developed hemolysis with hemoglobinuria. A direct toxic effect of tauro-THCA on washed human red blood cell membranes was demonstrated at a concentration of 8 X 10(-4) M. Liver biopsy sections from rats infused for a 2 hr period with tauro-THCA were examined by electron microscopy and showed dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and distortion of mitochondrial membranes. Cholestasis was not induced, since tauro-THCA actually caused a greater choleretic response for a given rate of bile salt excretion than did taurocholate. This study raises the possibility that the clinical liver disease seen in patients with a metabolic block in the conversion of THCA into cholic acid may be caused by tauro-THCA.", "contents": "Hepatic lesions and hemolysis following administration of 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl taurine to rats. Patients with a metabolic block in the conversion of THCA into cholic acid develop cirrhosis and hemolysis, and die of hepatic failure. In these patients, THCA is largely conjugated to taurine (tauro-THCA) and excreted instead of being converted into cholic acid. In the present study, the effects of tauro-THCA on hemolysis, bile flow, and hepatic morphology were evaluated in bile fistula rats. All rats infused with tauro-THCA at rates of 0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 micronmol/min developed hemolysis with hemoglobinuria. A direct toxic effect of tauro-THCA on washed human red blood cell membranes was demonstrated at a concentration of 8 X 10(-4) M. Liver biopsy sections from rats infused for a 2 hr period with tauro-THCA were examined by electron microscopy and showed dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and distortion of mitochondrial membranes. Cholestasis was not induced, since tauro-THCA actually caused a greater choleretic response for a given rate of bile salt excretion than did taurocholate. This study raises the possibility that the clinical liver disease seen in patients with a metabolic block in the conversion of THCA into cholic acid may be caused by tauro-THCA."}
{"id": "PMID:894106", "title": "Differences in response to sodium administration in normotensive white and black subjects.", "content": "In order to examine possible differences in PRA, PA, and renal electrolyte excretion in normotensive black and white subjects, we studied 68 age-matched subjects: 19 white men, 19 black men, 15 white women, and 15 black women. PRA was measured before and after the infusion of 2 L of normal saline to evaluate suppression of the renin-aldosterone system. The excretion of sodium, potassium, and creatinine in response to the salt load was monitored for 24 hr. PRA and PA measurements were repeated after 2 hr of ambulation on the morning following salt loading. Dietary sodium was then restricted and oral furosemide (120 mg) was administered in order to assess PRA and PA responsiveness to sodium and volume depletion. White and black subjects had similar PRA and PA responses to normal saline and furosemide administration. Over a 24 hr period, black subjects excreted significantly less sodium and potassium following the salt load than did white subjects. The PRA values of black subjects 24 hr following the salt load were significantly suppressed as well. These observations suggest that there may be racial differences in renal sodium excretion reflected by decreased urinary sodium excretion and a relative suppression of PRA following a salt load in black persons.", "contents": "Differences in response to sodium administration in normotensive white and black subjects. In order to examine possible differences in PRA, PA, and renal electrolyte excretion in normotensive black and white subjects, we studied 68 age-matched subjects: 19 white men, 19 black men, 15 white women, and 15 black women. PRA was measured before and after the infusion of 2 L of normal saline to evaluate suppression of the renin-aldosterone system. The excretion of sodium, potassium, and creatinine in response to the salt load was monitored for 24 hr. PRA and PA measurements were repeated after 2 hr of ambulation on the morning following salt loading. Dietary sodium was then restricted and oral furosemide (120 mg) was administered in order to assess PRA and PA responsiveness to sodium and volume depletion. White and black subjects had similar PRA and PA responses to normal saline and furosemide administration. Over a 24 hr period, black subjects excreted significantly less sodium and potassium following the salt load than did white subjects. The PRA values of black subjects 24 hr following the salt load were significantly suppressed as well. These observations suggest that there may be racial differences in renal sodium excretion reflected by decreased urinary sodium excretion and a relative suppression of PRA following a salt load in black persons."}
{"id": "PMID:894107", "title": "A simple rapid radiometric assay for pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase.", "content": "Pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase deficiency appears to be an important cause of hemolytic anemia associated with basophilic stippling of the red cells. A new radiometric method for the assay of this enzyme has been developed. In this technique, 14C-CMP serves as substrate. The CMP which is not dephosphorylated to cytidine is bound to the barium sulfate precipitate which forms in the deproteinization process. The cytidine remains in solution and is counted. The method is simple and reproducible and can be carried out on large numbers of samples. Two patients with pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase deficiency have been detected by means of this technique.", "contents": "A simple rapid radiometric assay for pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase. Pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase deficiency appears to be an important cause of hemolytic anemia associated with basophilic stippling of the red cells. A new radiometric method for the assay of this enzyme has been developed. In this technique, 14C-CMP serves as substrate. The CMP which is not dephosphorylated to cytidine is bound to the barium sulfate precipitate which forms in the deproteinization process. The cytidine remains in solution and is counted. The method is simple and reproducible and can be carried out on large numbers of samples. Two patients with pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase deficiency have been detected by means of this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:894108", "title": "The effect of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs on monocyte function in vitro.", "content": "MNL cellular chemotaxis, bacterial killing and phagocytosis, and Oil Red O phagocytosis were studied in vitro in the presence of eight anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs. Inhibition of Boyden Chamber migration of MNL's in a MNL-lymphocyte mixture was achieved after 1/2 hr incubation by 10(-3) and 10(-4) mol/L. concentrations of chloroquine (maximum inhibition 63% +/- 2.8), dexamethasone (58% +/- 8.6), 6-mercaptopurine (62% +/- 4.2), methotrexate (66% +/- 6.4), and vinblastine (100%). Bacterial killing was not significantly affected by any of the drugs studied. Bacterial phagocytosis was improved by vinblastine at 10(-3) and 10(-4)M and by 6-mercaptopurine at 10(-5)M, but there was apparent interference with the assay at high drug concentrations. Modification of the Oil Red O technique showed inhibitions of MNL phagocytosis by vinblastine at 10(-3)M (69% +/- 2.8 inhibition), chloroquine at 10(-3)M (49% +/- 8.5), and mercaptopurine at 10(-3)M (32.5% +/- 0.7). Cyclophosphamide, although reported to require hepatic conversion in vivo, may be partially activated in a lymphocyte-MNL mixture in vitro, producing a decrease in cell viability but no statistically significant impairment of MNL function. These results support direct inhibition of MNL cellular function as one of the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory action of chloroquine, dexamethasone, methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, and vinblastine.", "contents": "The effect of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs on monocyte function in vitro. MNL cellular chemotaxis, bacterial killing and phagocytosis, and Oil Red O phagocytosis were studied in vitro in the presence of eight anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs. Inhibition of Boyden Chamber migration of MNL's in a MNL-lymphocyte mixture was achieved after 1/2 hr incubation by 10(-3) and 10(-4) mol/L. concentrations of chloroquine (maximum inhibition 63% +/- 2.8), dexamethasone (58% +/- 8.6), 6-mercaptopurine (62% +/- 4.2), methotrexate (66% +/- 6.4), and vinblastine (100%). Bacterial killing was not significantly affected by any of the drugs studied. Bacterial phagocytosis was improved by vinblastine at 10(-3) and 10(-4)M and by 6-mercaptopurine at 10(-5)M, but there was apparent interference with the assay at high drug concentrations. Modification of the Oil Red O technique showed inhibitions of MNL phagocytosis by vinblastine at 10(-3)M (69% +/- 2.8 inhibition), chloroquine at 10(-3)M (49% +/- 8.5), and mercaptopurine at 10(-3)M (32.5% +/- 0.7). Cyclophosphamide, although reported to require hepatic conversion in vivo, may be partially activated in a lymphocyte-MNL mixture in vitro, producing a decrease in cell viability but no statistically significant impairment of MNL function. These results support direct inhibition of MNL cellular function as one of the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory action of chloroquine, dexamethasone, methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, and vinblastine."}
{"id": "PMID:894109", "title": "Maintenance of hemopoietic stem cells in diffusion chamber cultures.", "content": "When murine bone marrow cells are cultured in DC's in irradiated host mice, there is an initial phase of rapid white cell growth followed by prolonged maintenance of steady-state granulopoiesis. This study examined the role of hemopoietic stem cells in this culture system. During the initial growth phase there was a rapid increase in both pluripotential stem cells, CFU-S, and commmitted white cell precursors, CFU-C. The increase in CFU-C was larger, occurred more rapidly, and was biphasic in nature. After day 7 and until at least day 16, the numbers of CUF-S, CFU-C and total white cells were all maintained at relatively constant plateau levels which were typically well below the maximal capacity of the culture system. During the plateau phase the number of CFU-S was slightly greater than the number initially placed in culture, whereas CFU-C had increased by a factor of 2.3 and total white cells by a factor of 10. This appears to reflect a system of growth amplification, with preferential differentiation of CFU-S into CFU-C and thence into the pathway of white cell development. The plateau phase of culture has received very little attention but appears to represent a model, in a closed culture system, of finely regulated granulopoiesis, with an equilibrium between constant numbers of hemopoietic stem cells and their differentiating white cell progeny.", "contents": "Maintenance of hemopoietic stem cells in diffusion chamber cultures. When murine bone marrow cells are cultured in DC's in irradiated host mice, there is an initial phase of rapid white cell growth followed by prolonged maintenance of steady-state granulopoiesis. This study examined the role of hemopoietic stem cells in this culture system. During the initial growth phase there was a rapid increase in both pluripotential stem cells, CFU-S, and commmitted white cell precursors, CFU-C. The increase in CFU-C was larger, occurred more rapidly, and was biphasic in nature. After day 7 and until at least day 16, the numbers of CUF-S, CFU-C and total white cells were all maintained at relatively constant plateau levels which were typically well below the maximal capacity of the culture system. During the plateau phase the number of CFU-S was slightly greater than the number initially placed in culture, whereas CFU-C had increased by a factor of 2.3 and total white cells by a factor of 10. This appears to reflect a system of growth amplification, with preferential differentiation of CFU-S into CFU-C and thence into the pathway of white cell development. The plateau phase of culture has received very little attention but appears to represent a model, in a closed culture system, of finely regulated granulopoiesis, with an equilibrium between constant numbers of hemopoietic stem cells and their differentiating white cell progeny."}
{"id": "PMID:894114", "title": "Early repair of blast ruptures of the tympanic membrane.", "content": "A method and results of early repair of blast rupture of the tympanic membrane in 24 selected cases, where flaps and/or free edges of the torn eardrum could be detected by examination with the operating microscope, are presented. By reversion of the flaps and approximation of the edges, the perforation was closed or significantly diminished. This ensured the healing of the tympanic membrane in all cases within days instead of months. No complications were noted during a subsequent two to three-years' follow-up. The improved hearing was stable.", "contents": "Early repair of blast ruptures of the tympanic membrane. A method and results of early repair of blast rupture of the tympanic membrane in 24 selected cases, where flaps and/or free edges of the torn eardrum could be detected by examination with the operating microscope, are presented. By reversion of the flaps and approximation of the edges, the perforation was closed or significantly diminished. This ensured the healing of the tympanic membrane in all cases within days instead of months. No complications were noted during a subsequent two to three-years' follow-up. The improved hearing was stable."}
{"id": "PMID:894116", "title": "Oncocytic hyperplasia of the larynx.", "content": "Oncocytic hyperplasia of the larynx is rare. The lesion most commonly arises from the false vocal chord. A distinction arises between oncocytomas of the salivary glands which are considered to be neoplasms and extrasalivary oncocytic lesions which are secondary to hyperplasia. Oncocytic lesions of the larynx are benign and treatment is excision. They may be multiple, but recurrences are rare.", "contents": "Oncocytic hyperplasia of the larynx. Oncocytic hyperplasia of the larynx is rare. The lesion most commonly arises from the false vocal chord. A distinction arises between oncocytomas of the salivary glands which are considered to be neoplasms and extrasalivary oncocytic lesions which are secondary to hyperplasia. Oncocytic lesions of the larynx are benign and treatment is excision. They may be multiple, but recurrences are rare."}
{"id": "PMID:894117", "title": "Congenital epulis. Report of a case.", "content": "The clinical characteristics and histogenesis of congenital epulis, the tumour often confused with granular cell myoblastoma, are discussed and a case of our own is presented.", "contents": "Congenital epulis. Report of a case. The clinical characteristics and histogenesis of congenital epulis, the tumour often confused with granular cell myoblastoma, are discussed and a case of our own is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:894122", "title": "The clinical assessment of cochlear implant patients.", "content": "This study outlines the clinical assessment procedures adopted in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Melbourne for patients being considered for a cochlear implant. As the procedure is new and requires rigorous evaluation, it is considered preferable only to operate on a limited number of patients, and ensure that they have a thorough evaluation both before and after surgery. This should be carried out by a team whose members have experience in otology, audiology, aural rehabilitation, acoustics and psychology. The indications and contraindications for surgery are also outlined.", "contents": "The clinical assessment of cochlear implant patients. This study outlines the clinical assessment procedures adopted in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Melbourne for patients being considered for a cochlear implant. As the procedure is new and requires rigorous evaluation, it is considered preferable only to operate on a limited number of patients, and ensure that they have a thorough evaluation both before and after surgery. This should be carried out by a team whose members have experience in otology, audiology, aural rehabilitation, acoustics and psychology. The indications and contraindications for surgery are also outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:894123", "title": "Hereditary deafness associated with branchial fistulae and external ear malformations.", "content": "Two families are presented in which affected members had deafness, preauricular sinuses, branchial fistulae and malformation of the external ear. In Family I, a renal abnormality was an associated feature. In Family 2, two individuals had an abnormality of the incudostapedial joint. In both families inheritance was autosomal dominant with variable expressivity. The occurrence of external-ear malformations, branchial fistulae, and preauricular sinuses should indicate the need to search for a hearing loss not only in the patient but amongst relatives.", "contents": "Hereditary deafness associated with branchial fistulae and external ear malformations. Two families are presented in which affected members had deafness, preauricular sinuses, branchial fistulae and malformation of the external ear. In Family I, a renal abnormality was an associated feature. In Family 2, two individuals had an abnormality of the incudostapedial joint. In both families inheritance was autosomal dominant with variable expressivity. The occurrence of external-ear malformations, branchial fistulae, and preauricular sinuses should indicate the need to search for a hearing loss not only in the patient but amongst relatives."}
{"id": "PMID:894124", "title": "Sensorineural deafness associated with recessive hypophosphataemic rickets.", "content": "Two pairs of siblings suffering from recessive hypophosphataemic rickets are presented, three members of which have some degree of sensorineural deafness and all of which have bilateral marked narrowing of the internal auditory canals. The biochemical explanation of the condition is discussed.", "contents": "Sensorineural deafness associated with recessive hypophosphataemic rickets. Two pairs of siblings suffering from recessive hypophosphataemic rickets are presented, three members of which have some degree of sensorineural deafness and all of which have bilateral marked narrowing of the internal auditory canals. The biochemical explanation of the condition is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894125", "title": "Hamartoma of nasopharynx.", "content": "The extreme rarity of nasal and nasopharyngeal hamartoma, and its possible confusion in early diagnosis, prompted us to undertake a brief review of hamartomatous masses in E.N.T. practice along with this case report.", "contents": "Hamartoma of nasopharynx. The extreme rarity of nasal and nasopharyngeal hamartoma, and its possible confusion in early diagnosis, prompted us to undertake a brief review of hamartomatous masses in E.N.T. practice along with this case report."}
{"id": "PMID:894126", "title": "Recurrent multiple rhinosporidiosis with osteolytic lesions in hand and foot. A case report.", "content": "A case of multiple recurrent Rhinosporidiosis with lytic lesions in the bones of hand and foot are reported. To the best knowledge of the authors this is the first reported case of Rhinosporidiosis with lytic lesions in bones other than of the nose.", "contents": "Recurrent multiple rhinosporidiosis with osteolytic lesions in hand and foot. A case report. A case of multiple recurrent Rhinosporidiosis with lytic lesions in the bones of hand and foot are reported. To the best knowledge of the authors this is the first reported case of Rhinosporidiosis with lytic lesions in bones other than of the nose."}
{"id": "PMID:894127", "title": "Necrotizing otitis externa.", "content": "Three cases of Necrotizing Otitis Externa are described and a suggestion made of a possible relation between the severity and progress of the disease and the degree of pneumatization of the mastoid.", "contents": "Necrotizing otitis externa. Three cases of Necrotizing Otitis Externa are described and a suggestion made of a possible relation between the severity and progress of the disease and the degree of pneumatization of the mastoid."}
{"id": "PMID:894138", "title": "Insensitivity of large rat adipocytes to the antilipolytic effects of insulin.", "content": "The ability of insulin to inhibit epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis was compared in large and small rat adipocytes. Large cells were obtained from older, obese animals (greater than 12 months old and greater than 500 g) and small cells were obtained from younger, leaner animals (4-5 weeks ild, 140-160 g). When full insulin dose response studies were conducted it was found that large adipocytes were less sensitive to the antilipolytic effects of insulin. Thus, decreased insulin responses were seen at low insulin concentrations, while normal inhibition of lipolysis was seen at a maximally effective insulin concentration. In other words, the dose response curve for insulin's antilipolytic action was shifted to the right, and this is consistent with the previously reported decrease of insulin receptors in these cells. Furthermore, since the maximal antilipolytic response to insulin was fully normal in large adipocytes, the data also indicate that the post receptor antilipolytic system is intact in these cells.", "contents": "Insensitivity of large rat adipocytes to the antilipolytic effects of insulin. The ability of insulin to inhibit epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis was compared in large and small rat adipocytes. Large cells were obtained from older, obese animals (greater than 12 months old and greater than 500 g) and small cells were obtained from younger, leaner animals (4-5 weeks ild, 140-160 g). When full insulin dose response studies were conducted it was found that large adipocytes were less sensitive to the antilipolytic effects of insulin. Thus, decreased insulin responses were seen at low insulin concentrations, while normal inhibition of lipolysis was seen at a maximally effective insulin concentration. In other words, the dose response curve for insulin's antilipolytic action was shifted to the right, and this is consistent with the previously reported decrease of insulin receptors in these cells. Furthermore, since the maximal antilipolytic response to insulin was fully normal in large adipocytes, the data also indicate that the post receptor antilipolytic system is intact in these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:894139", "title": "Lipids of the anal sac secretions of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes and of the lion, Panthera leo.", "content": "Lion anal sac secretion were found to be richer in lipids and to contain more complex less uniform mixtures of lower moleculas weight lipids then the anal sac of the red fox. In the lion, homologous series of 1-alkylglycerols and 2-hydroxy-fatty acids were identified. Phenylacetic, 3-phenylpropionic, and related hydroxylated acids were also observed. Gas-liquid chromatography profiles of fox anal sac secretion lower molecular weight lipids were found to be less variable in their major constituents and to be dominated by relatively few large peaks, mainly (derivatized) fatty acids. Indole was also identified. Free cholesterol, and occasionally, stanols were observed in fox and lion secretions. In the red fox, total cholesterol levels averaged 0.93 mg/g (% free, 56.4), n = 5. Findings are discussed in relation to histological and anatomical similarities and differences between the anal sacs of the lion and the fox and in the context of the role of these secretions in chemical communication.", "contents": "Lipids of the anal sac secretions of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes and of the lion, Panthera leo. Lion anal sac secretion were found to be richer in lipids and to contain more complex less uniform mixtures of lower moleculas weight lipids then the anal sac of the red fox. In the lion, homologous series of 1-alkylglycerols and 2-hydroxy-fatty acids were identified. Phenylacetic, 3-phenylpropionic, and related hydroxylated acids were also observed. Gas-liquid chromatography profiles of fox anal sac secretion lower molecular weight lipids were found to be less variable in their major constituents and to be dominated by relatively few large peaks, mainly (derivatized) fatty acids. Indole was also identified. Free cholesterol, and occasionally, stanols were observed in fox and lion secretions. In the red fox, total cholesterol levels averaged 0.93 mg/g (% free, 56.4), n = 5. Findings are discussed in relation to histological and anatomical similarities and differences between the anal sacs of the lion and the fox and in the context of the role of these secretions in chemical communication."}
{"id": "PMID:894140", "title": "Synthesis of sulfate esters of lithocholic acid, glycolithocholic acid, and taurolithocholic acid with sulfur trioxide-triethylamine.", "content": "The facile synthesis of lithocholic acids sulfates by a procedure that produced the desired products in over 90% yield is described. Lithocholic acid sulfate and glycolithocholic acid sulfate were synthesized by reacting lithocholic acid or glycolithocholic acid with sulfur trioxide-triethylamine complex in dimethylformamide for 0.5-1 hr. Taurolithocholic acid sulfate was obtained by conjugating lithocholic acid sulfate with taurine in dimethylformamide at 90 degrees C for 0.5 hr. The one-pot synthesis of taurolithocholic acid sulfate starting from lithocholic acid is also described. This procedure, which generated lithocholic acid sulfate in situ, produced taurolithocholic acid sulfate in 98% yield, compared to an overall yield of less than 10% obtained by previously published procedures.", "contents": "Synthesis of sulfate esters of lithocholic acid, glycolithocholic acid, and taurolithocholic acid with sulfur trioxide-triethylamine. The facile synthesis of lithocholic acids sulfates by a procedure that produced the desired products in over 90% yield is described. Lithocholic acid sulfate and glycolithocholic acid sulfate were synthesized by reacting lithocholic acid or glycolithocholic acid with sulfur trioxide-triethylamine complex in dimethylformamide for 0.5-1 hr. Taurolithocholic acid sulfate was obtained by conjugating lithocholic acid sulfate with taurine in dimethylformamide at 90 degrees C for 0.5 hr. The one-pot synthesis of taurolithocholic acid sulfate starting from lithocholic acid is also described. This procedure, which generated lithocholic acid sulfate in situ, produced taurolithocholic acid sulfate in 98% yield, compared to an overall yield of less than 10% obtained by previously published procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:894141", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of the assembly, intracellular transport, and secretion of chylomicrons by rat intestine.", "content": "A detailed ultrastructural investigation of the assembly, intracellular transport, and secretion of chylomicrons by rat proximal jejunal intestinal cells was performed in rats fed corn oil. Following fat feeding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the absorptive cells becomes laden with triglyceride droplets which are transported through channels of the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi zones become extremely prominent due to the accumulation of osmiophilic droplets, similar in size and configuration to chylomicrons, within proliferated Golgi vesicles. Golgi-derived secretory vesicles, containing nascent chylomicrons, migrate towards the lateral cell membrane. The secretory vesicle membranes fuse with the lateral plasmalemma and nascent chylomicrons are then discharged into the intercellular spaces. Alterations of specific domains of the secretory vesicles were prominent, appearing as coated pits. Coated pits were apparent in the lateral plasmalemma in areas of active chylomicron exocytosis suggesting their derivation from secretory vesicle-membrane fusion. Chylomicrons, within the intercellular spaces, pass through the basement membrane that lines the basal surfaces of the epithelial cells, traverse the cellular elements of the lamina propria, and finally gain access to the lymphatics entering these channels through gaps between adjacent endothelial cells. These observations indicate that nascent chylomicrons accumulate within Golgi vesicles as a pre-requisite to secretion and that secretion occurs by exocytosis resulting in the release of nascent chylomicrons from secretory vesicles.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of the assembly, intracellular transport, and secretion of chylomicrons by rat intestine. A detailed ultrastructural investigation of the assembly, intracellular transport, and secretion of chylomicrons by rat proximal jejunal intestinal cells was performed in rats fed corn oil. Following fat feeding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the absorptive cells becomes laden with triglyceride droplets which are transported through channels of the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi zones become extremely prominent due to the accumulation of osmiophilic droplets, similar in size and configuration to chylomicrons, within proliferated Golgi vesicles. Golgi-derived secretory vesicles, containing nascent chylomicrons, migrate towards the lateral cell membrane. The secretory vesicle membranes fuse with the lateral plasmalemma and nascent chylomicrons are then discharged into the intercellular spaces. Alterations of specific domains of the secretory vesicles were prominent, appearing as coated pits. Coated pits were apparent in the lateral plasmalemma in areas of active chylomicron exocytosis suggesting their derivation from secretory vesicle-membrane fusion. Chylomicrons, within the intercellular spaces, pass through the basement membrane that lines the basal surfaces of the epithelial cells, traverse the cellular elements of the lamina propria, and finally gain access to the lymphatics entering these channels through gaps between adjacent endothelial cells. These observations indicate that nascent chylomicrons accumulate within Golgi vesicles as a pre-requisite to secretion and that secretion occurs by exocytosis resulting in the release of nascent chylomicrons from secretory vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:894142", "title": "Glycosphingolipids from cultured astroblasts.", "content": "The glycolipids of two clonal lines astroblasts, NN clone and C6 clone, were studied. Glucosylceramide and lactosylceramide were present at very low levels in both clones, but the most common myelin glycolipids galactosylceramide and sulfatide, were not detected. The ganglioside pattern of these cells was rather simple, with GM3 as main compoenent, accompained in one clone by GD3. These results are quite different from those observed on astroglia-enriched fractions isolated from brain. The fatty acid composition of these glycolipids was studied. Long chain fatty acids, up to lignoceric acid, were found in appreciable amounts, even in gangliosides. It is difficult to conclude if these glycolipid patterns are due to the properties of normal astroblasts, to transformation, or to a tumoral character of our cell lines.", "contents": "Glycosphingolipids from cultured astroblasts. The glycolipids of two clonal lines astroblasts, NN clone and C6 clone, were studied. Glucosylceramide and lactosylceramide were present at very low levels in both clones, but the most common myelin glycolipids galactosylceramide and sulfatide, were not detected. The ganglioside pattern of these cells was rather simple, with GM3 as main compoenent, accompained in one clone by GD3. These results are quite different from those observed on astroglia-enriched fractions isolated from brain. The fatty acid composition of these glycolipids was studied. Long chain fatty acids, up to lignoceric acid, were found in appreciable amounts, even in gangliosides. It is difficult to conclude if these glycolipid patterns are due to the properties of normal astroblasts, to transformation, or to a tumoral character of our cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:894143", "title": "Lysophospholipase--transacylase from rat lung: isolation and partial purification.", "content": "Incubation of rat lung supernatant with 1-[1(-14)C] palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in the absence of any cofactors resulted in the release of radioactive fatty acid and the formation of phosphatidylcholine. The production of fatty acids (lysophospholipase activity) exceeded phosphatidylcholine formation (transacylase activity) about thereefold, although the relative extent of phosphatidylcholine formation was considerably greater than previously reported by Abe et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 369: 361-370, 1974). In agreement with these authors, evidence is presented suggesting that a single enzyme is responsible for both catalytic activities. The enzyme, provisionally denoted lysophospholipase-transacylase, was found primarily in the soluble fraction of rat lung and was purified approximately 250-fold. The enzyme had an estimated mol wt of 50,000. The ratio of lysophospholipase to transacylase activity in the purified enzyme could be varied depending upon the concentration and character of the lysophosphatidylcholine and the ration of substrate to products. The degree of esterification of 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine was altered with mixtures of different molecular species of substrate, indicating acyl chain selectivity in the transfer process. This enzyme was capable of synthesizing disaturated phosphatidylcholine, an important component of the pulmonary surfactant. Three lysophospholipases purified from other sources did not possess this transacylase activity.", "contents": "Lysophospholipase--transacylase from rat lung: isolation and partial purification. Incubation of rat lung supernatant with 1-[1(-14)C] palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in the absence of any cofactors resulted in the release of radioactive fatty acid and the formation of phosphatidylcholine. The production of fatty acids (lysophospholipase activity) exceeded phosphatidylcholine formation (transacylase activity) about thereefold, although the relative extent of phosphatidylcholine formation was considerably greater than previously reported by Abe et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 369: 361-370, 1974). In agreement with these authors, evidence is presented suggesting that a single enzyme is responsible for both catalytic activities. The enzyme, provisionally denoted lysophospholipase-transacylase, was found primarily in the soluble fraction of rat lung and was purified approximately 250-fold. The enzyme had an estimated mol wt of 50,000. The ratio of lysophospholipase to transacylase activity in the purified enzyme could be varied depending upon the concentration and character of the lysophosphatidylcholine and the ration of substrate to products. The degree of esterification of 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine was altered with mixtures of different molecular species of substrate, indicating acyl chain selectivity in the transfer process. This enzyme was capable of synthesizing disaturated phosphatidylcholine, an important component of the pulmonary surfactant. Three lysophospholipases purified from other sources did not possess this transacylase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:894144", "title": "A comparison of insulin binding by liver plasma membranes of rats fed a high glucose diet or a high fat diet.", "content": "The interaction of (125)I-labeled insulin with purified liver plasma membrane from rats fed a high fat (L) diet or a high glucose (G) diet was studied with respect to specific binding, insulin degradation, binding site degradation, and rate of hormone association and dissociation. Scatchard analysis suggested the presence of high and low affinity binding sites for membranes of both G and L diet-adapted rats. However, liver plasma membrane from rats fed the high glucose diet bound 50% more insulin than did membrane from rats fed the high fat diet. Diet did not change insulin binding site degradation. The results suggested that an apparently reduced number of insulin binding sites (G = 10.2 +/- 2.45 x 10(-12) mol/mg membrane protein, L = 4.5 +/- 1.73 x 10(-12) mol/mg membrane protein) associated with fat feeding as compared to glucose feeding was responsible for the reduced insulin binding by membrane from rats fed the high fat diet. The effects of concanavalin A (Con A) on insulin binding to liver plasma membranes were also investigated. Con A enhanced the specific binding of insulin to liver plasma membranes from rats fed either diet at concentrations lower than 50 micro g/ml, whereas at concentrations higher than 50 micro g/ml Con A inhibited insulin binding to these membranes. The stimulatory effect of Con A on insulin binding at low concentrations was greater and inhibition of binding at high concentration was less in the case of membrane prepared from L diet-adapted animals. These results suggested that diet can modify the plasma membrane glycoproteins.", "contents": "A comparison of insulin binding by liver plasma membranes of rats fed a high glucose diet or a high fat diet. The interaction of (125)I-labeled insulin with purified liver plasma membrane from rats fed a high fat (L) diet or a high glucose (G) diet was studied with respect to specific binding, insulin degradation, binding site degradation, and rate of hormone association and dissociation. Scatchard analysis suggested the presence of high and low affinity binding sites for membranes of both G and L diet-adapted rats. However, liver plasma membrane from rats fed the high glucose diet bound 50% more insulin than did membrane from rats fed the high fat diet. Diet did not change insulin binding site degradation. The results suggested that an apparently reduced number of insulin binding sites (G = 10.2 +/- 2.45 x 10(-12) mol/mg membrane protein, L = 4.5 +/- 1.73 x 10(-12) mol/mg membrane protein) associated with fat feeding as compared to glucose feeding was responsible for the reduced insulin binding by membrane from rats fed the high fat diet. The effects of concanavalin A (Con A) on insulin binding to liver plasma membranes were also investigated. Con A enhanced the specific binding of insulin to liver plasma membranes from rats fed either diet at concentrations lower than 50 micro g/ml, whereas at concentrations higher than 50 micro g/ml Con A inhibited insulin binding to these membranes. The stimulatory effect of Con A on insulin binding at low concentrations was greater and inhibition of binding at high concentration was less in the case of membrane prepared from L diet-adapted animals. These results suggested that diet can modify the plasma membrane glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:894145", "title": "Direct transesterification of lipids in mammalian tissue for fatty acid analysis via dehydration with 2,2'-dimethoxypropane.", "content": "A method is described for the transesterification of lipids of mammalian tissues for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) that eliminates the extraction step of conventional procedures. The method involves the direct reaction of anhydrous HCl-methanol with the lipids in approximately 10 mg of tissue or 0.1 ml of serum after removal of water by reacting it with 2,2'-dimethoxypropane (DMP). Acetone and methanol produced from water in the sample, as well as the excess DMP, are evaporated prior to transesterification in order to eliminate the formation of artifacts from the solvents. The method was demonstrated with rat serum and brain tissue.", "contents": "Direct transesterification of lipids in mammalian tissue for fatty acid analysis via dehydration with 2,2'-dimethoxypropane. A method is described for the transesterification of lipids of mammalian tissues for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) that eliminates the extraction step of conventional procedures. The method involves the direct reaction of anhydrous HCl-methanol with the lipids in approximately 10 mg of tissue or 0.1 ml of serum after removal of water by reacting it with 2,2'-dimethoxypropane (DMP). Acetone and methanol produced from water in the sample, as well as the excess DMP, are evaporated prior to transesterification in order to eliminate the formation of artifacts from the solvents. The method was demonstrated with rat serum and brain tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:894146", "title": "Quantitative determination of hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities from human postheparin plasma.", "content": "A method was developed to separate and quantitatively determine two different triglyceride lipase activities in human postheparin plasma: hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose columns was used for the separation. Rechromatography of purified H-TGL on heparin-Sepharose resulted in recoveries of 74 and 97% of these enzyme activities, respectively. The analytical errors for the determinations of the two activities were 11.4 and 9.6%, respectively.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities from human postheparin plasma. A method was developed to separate and quantitatively determine two different triglyceride lipase activities in human postheparin plasma: hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose columns was used for the separation. Rechromatography of purified H-TGL on heparin-Sepharose resulted in recoveries of 74 and 97% of these enzyme activities, respectively. The analytical errors for the determinations of the two activities were 11.4 and 9.6%, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:894147", "title": "An improved method for the preparation of unsaturated phosphatidylcholines: acylation of sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine in the presence of sodium methylsulfinylmethide.", "content": "An improved method for the partial chemical synthesis of unsaturated and radioactively labeled phosphatidylcholines is described. This procedure offers advantages over conventional acylation methods in that it can be carried out on a millimole or micromole scale under mild conditions and it does not require a large excess of the fatty acid acylating reagent. In this procedure sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine is reacted with twice the theoretical amount of fatty acid imidazolide and sodium methylsulfinylmethide in dimethylsulfoxide for several minutes at 17 degrees C. Phosphatidylcholine, which was purified by gradient-elution chromatography on silicic acid, was isolated in 60% yield and was estimated to be about 99% pure. The preparations of 1,2-dioleoyl-, 1,2-dilinoleoyl-, and 1,2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine are described. The reaction was also carried out on a small scale for the preparation of high specific activity 1,2-di[ 1'(-14)C]oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine in 38% yield with a specific activity of about 9.7 muCi/mumol.", "contents": "An improved method for the preparation of unsaturated phosphatidylcholines: acylation of sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine in the presence of sodium methylsulfinylmethide. An improved method for the partial chemical synthesis of unsaturated and radioactively labeled phosphatidylcholines is described. This procedure offers advantages over conventional acylation methods in that it can be carried out on a millimole or micromole scale under mild conditions and it does not require a large excess of the fatty acid acylating reagent. In this procedure sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine is reacted with twice the theoretical amount of fatty acid imidazolide and sodium methylsulfinylmethide in dimethylsulfoxide for several minutes at 17 degrees C. Phosphatidylcholine, which was purified by gradient-elution chromatography on silicic acid, was isolated in 60% yield and was estimated to be about 99% pure. The preparations of 1,2-dioleoyl-, 1,2-dilinoleoyl-, and 1,2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine are described. The reaction was also carried out on a small scale for the preparation of high specific activity 1,2-di[ 1'(-14)C]oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine in 38% yield with a specific activity of about 9.7 muCi/mumol."}
{"id": "PMID:894148", "title": "Improved techniques for studies of adipocyte cellularity and metabolism.", "content": "Two methods are described for the study of adipose tissue cellularity and metabolism. In the first, 8 M urea was used to liberate osmium tetroxide-fixed adipocytes from the connective tissue matrix. In the smaller-sized cell ranges there was a significant reduction in apparent adipocyte number of rat, pig, and beef adipose tissue with 8 M urea treatment. This was attributed to solubilization of connective tissue debris that was counted as adipocytes in samples isolated without urea. There was no effect on the larger cell-size fractions with 8 M urea treatment. Eight molar urea had no effect on fixed adipocyte retention of radioactivity. The second method entailed the use of hydrogen peroxide to volatilize the black, osmium tetroxide-fatty acid complex of osmium tetroxide-fixed adipocytes, containing radioactivity, resulting in colorless lipid suitable for liquid scintillation counting. This latter technique permits incubation of unfixed adipose tissue slices with a radioactive substrate, followed by fixation with osmium tetroxide and subsequent separation of the adipocytes, by screening, into the desired size ranges. Adipocytes in various size fractions can then be counted, sized, and then decolorized with hydrogen peroxide in order to quantitate the amount of radioactivity within the adipocytes. There was no loss of radioactivity from the fixed cells with hydrogen peroxide treatment.", "contents": "Improved techniques for studies of adipocyte cellularity and metabolism. Two methods are described for the study of adipose tissue cellularity and metabolism. In the first, 8 M urea was used to liberate osmium tetroxide-fixed adipocytes from the connective tissue matrix. In the smaller-sized cell ranges there was a significant reduction in apparent adipocyte number of rat, pig, and beef adipose tissue with 8 M urea treatment. This was attributed to solubilization of connective tissue debris that was counted as adipocytes in samples isolated without urea. There was no effect on the larger cell-size fractions with 8 M urea treatment. Eight molar urea had no effect on fixed adipocyte retention of radioactivity. The second method entailed the use of hydrogen peroxide to volatilize the black, osmium tetroxide-fatty acid complex of osmium tetroxide-fixed adipocytes, containing radioactivity, resulting in colorless lipid suitable for liquid scintillation counting. This latter technique permits incubation of unfixed adipose tissue slices with a radioactive substrate, followed by fixation with osmium tetroxide and subsequent separation of the adipocytes, by screening, into the desired size ranges. Adipocytes in various size fractions can then be counted, sized, and then decolorized with hydrogen peroxide in order to quantitate the amount of radioactivity within the adipocytes. There was no loss of radioactivity from the fixed cells with hydrogen peroxide treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:894149", "title": "A model of optimal voluntary muscular control.", "content": "In the absence of detailed knowledge of how the CNS controls a muscle through its motor fibers, a reasonable hypothesis is that of optimal control. This hypothesis is studied using a simplified mathematical model of a single muscle, based on A.V. Hill's equations, with series elastic element omitted, and with the motor signal represented by a single input variable. Two cost functions were used. The first was total energy expended by the muscle (work plus heat). If the load is a constant force, with  no inertia, Hill's optimal velocity of shortening results. If the load includes a mass, analysis by optimal control theory shows that the motor signal to the muscle consists of three phases: (1) maximal stimulation to accelerate the mass to the optimal velocity as quickly as possible, (2) an intermediate level of stimulation to hold the velocity at its optimal value, once reached, and (3) zero stimulation, to permit the mass to slow down, as quickly as possible, to zero velocity at the specified distance shortened. If the latter distance is too small, or the mass too large, the optimal velocity is not reached, and phase (2) is absent. For lengthening, there is no optimal velocity; there are only two phases, zero stimulation followed by maximal stimulation. The second cost function was total time. The optimal control for shortening consists of only phases (1) and (3) above, and is identical to the minimal energy control whenever phase (2) is absent from the latter. Generalization of this model to include viscous loads and a series elastic element are discussed.", "contents": "A model of optimal voluntary muscular control. In the absence of detailed knowledge of how the CNS controls a muscle through its motor fibers, a reasonable hypothesis is that of optimal control. This hypothesis is studied using a simplified mathematical model of a single muscle, based on A.V. Hill's equations, with series elastic element omitted, and with the motor signal represented by a single input variable. Two cost functions were used. The first was total energy expended by the muscle (work plus heat). If the load is a constant force, with  no inertia, Hill's optimal velocity of shortening results. If the load includes a mass, analysis by optimal control theory shows that the motor signal to the muscle consists of three phases: (1) maximal stimulation to accelerate the mass to the optimal velocity as quickly as possible, (2) an intermediate level of stimulation to hold the velocity at its optimal value, once reached, and (3) zero stimulation, to permit the mass to slow down, as quickly as possible, to zero velocity at the specified distance shortened. If the latter distance is too small, or the mass too large, the optimal velocity is not reached, and phase (2) is absent. For lengthening, there is no optimal velocity; there are only two phases, zero stimulation followed by maximal stimulation. The second cost function was total time. The optimal control for shortening consists of only phases (1) and (3) above, and is identical to the minimal energy control whenever phase (2) is absent from the latter. Generalization of this model to include viscous loads and a series elastic element are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894150", "title": "Pattern formation by the global limits of a nonlinear competitive interaction in n dimensions.", "content": "This paper describes a class of nonlinear systems that include processes of pattern formation, short term memory, interpopulation competition, and parallel processing. These systems show how continuously fluctuating data patterns can be processed by noisy populations having finitely many excitable sites. Particular examples are found in vertebrate retina and sensory cortex, as well as certain nonneural developing tissues. After an initial period of seemingly random behavior, that is described by a finite series of iterated decisions or enhancement steps, a global consensus or asymptotic pattern is reached. This is true given any number of competing populations, any mean competition function, and any number of random factors determining interpopulation signals. Which pattern will be chosen can depend on initial data and system structure in a complicated fashion. The results demonstrate a robust design that joins together the dynamics of mass action, the geometry of interpopulation competition, and the statistics of signal generation.", "contents": "Pattern formation by the global limits of a nonlinear competitive interaction in n dimensions. This paper describes a class of nonlinear systems that include processes of pattern formation, short term memory, interpopulation competition, and parallel processing. These systems show how continuously fluctuating data patterns can be processed by noisy populations having finitely many excitable sites. Particular examples are found in vertebrate retina and sensory cortex, as well as certain nonneural developing tissues. After an initial period of seemingly random behavior, that is described by a finite series of iterated decisions or enhancement steps, a global consensus or asymptotic pattern is reached. This is true given any number of competing populations, any mean competition function, and any number of random factors determining interpopulation signals. Which pattern will be chosen can depend on initial data and system structure in a complicated fashion. The results demonstrate a robust design that joins together the dynamics of mass action, the geometry of interpopulation competition, and the statistics of signal generation."}
{"id": "PMID:894151", "title": "Time delays in single species growth models.", "content": "A general model is considered for the growth of a single species population which describes the per unit growth rate as a general functional of past population sizes. Solutions near equilibrium are studied as function of epsilon = 1/b, the reciprocal of the inherent per unit growth rate b of the population in the absense of any density constraints. Roughly speaking, it is shown that for large epsilon the equilibrium is asymptotically stable and that for epsilon small the solutions show divergent oscillations around the equilibrium. In the latter case a first order approximation is obtained by means of singular perturbation methods. The results are illustrated by means of a numerically integrated delay-logistic model.", "contents": "Time delays in single species growth models. A general model is considered for the growth of a single species population which describes the per unit growth rate as a general functional of past population sizes. Solutions near equilibrium are studied as function of epsilon = 1/b, the reciprocal of the inherent per unit growth rate b of the population in the absense of any density constraints. Roughly speaking, it is shown that for large epsilon the equilibrium is asymptotically stable and that for epsilon small the solutions show divergent oscillations around the equilibrium. In the latter case a first order approximation is obtained by means of singular perturbation methods. The results are illustrated by means of a numerically integrated delay-logistic model."}
{"id": "PMID:894152", "title": "Stability in a class of discrete time models of interacting populations.", "content": "Effective Lyapunov and Lyapunov-like functions for a class of discrete time models of interacting populations are presented. These functions are constructed on the biologically meaningful principle that a viable population must absorb energy from external sources when its density is low and it must dissipate energy to the environment when its density is high. These functions can be used to establish that a discrete time model is globally stable or that its solutions are ultimately confined to an acceptable region of the state space. The latter is especially interesting when the model has chaotic solutions. These methods are applied to a single species model and a model of competition between two species.", "contents": "Stability in a class of discrete time models of interacting populations. Effective Lyapunov and Lyapunov-like functions for a class of discrete time models of interacting populations are presented. These functions are constructed on the biologically meaningful principle that a viable population must absorb energy from external sources when its density is low and it must dissipate energy to the environment when its density is high. These functions can be used to establish that a discrete time model is globally stable or that its solutions are ultimately confined to an acceptable region of the state space. The latter is especially interesting when the model has chaotic solutions. These methods are applied to a single species model and a model of competition between two species."}
{"id": "PMID:894153", "title": "Stability in Gilpin and Ayala's models of competition.", "content": "Simple and effective conditions for global stability in a class of models for m competing species are given. A numerical method is used to establish a large finite region of attraction for the feasible equilibrium in Gilpin and Ayala's model of two competing Drosophila populations.", "contents": "Stability in Gilpin and Ayala's models of competition. Simple and effective conditions for global stability in a class of models for m competing species are given. A numerical method is used to establish a large finite region of attraction for the feasible equilibrium in Gilpin and Ayala's model of two competing Drosophila populations."}
{"id": "PMID:894154", "title": "Theory reduction and non-Boolean theories.", "content": "It is suggested that biological theories should be embedded into the family of non-Boolean theories based on an orthomodular propositional calculus. The structure of universal theories that include quantal phenomena is investigated and it is shown that their subtheories form a directed set which cannot be totally orders. A precise definition of theory reduction is given; it turns out that hierarchically different descriptive levels are not related by a homomorphic map. A subtheory that is reducible to a more general theory can be associated with the emergence of novel concepts and is in general subject to a wider empirical clissification scheme than the reducing theory. The implications of these results for reductionism, holism, emergence, and their conceptual unification are discussed.", "contents": "Theory reduction and non-Boolean theories. It is suggested that biological theories should be embedded into the family of non-Boolean theories based on an orthomodular propositional calculus. The structure of universal theories that include quantal phenomena is investigated and it is shown that their subtheories form a directed set which cannot be totally orders. A precise definition of theory reduction is given; it turns out that hierarchically different descriptive levels are not related by a homomorphic map. A subtheory that is reducible to a more general theory can be associated with the emergence of novel concepts and is in general subject to a wider empirical clissification scheme than the reducing theory. The implications of these results for reductionism, holism, emergence, and their conceptual unification are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894168", "title": "An assay for plasma somatomedin: [3H]thymidine incorporation by isolated rabbit chondrocytes.", "content": "The incorporation of [3H]thymidine by rabbit chondrocytes in vitro has been developed as a sensitive assay for plasma somatomedin. A concentration of normal plasma of 2-5% enhanced [3H]thymidine incorporation by 5- to 20-fold compared with basal levels in the absence of plasma. The mean potency of plasma from normal adult men was 0-96+/-0-1 u./ml (mean+/-S.D.) and from acromegalic patients 1-9+/-0-4 u./ml. The apparent potency of hypopituitary plasma alone increased on heating which suggested the presence of heat-labile inhibitors of somatomedin activity. The potency of heated hypopituitary plasma (0-6+/-0-09 u./ml) remained significantly lower (P less than 0-01) than normal plasma. Human growth hormone (0-1-20 muu./ml), bovine growth hormone (0-5 20 muu./ml), insulin (0-5-5 muu./ml) and glucose (0-3-2 mmol/1) had no direct effect on the incorporation of [3H]thymidine. Chondrocytes which had been previously stored frozen also showed a response to plasma somatomedin.", "contents": "An assay for plasma somatomedin: [3H]thymidine incorporation by isolated rabbit chondrocytes. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine by rabbit chondrocytes in vitro has been developed as a sensitive assay for plasma somatomedin. A concentration of normal plasma of 2-5% enhanced [3H]thymidine incorporation by 5- to 20-fold compared with basal levels in the absence of plasma. The mean potency of plasma from normal adult men was 0-96+/-0-1 u./ml (mean+/-S.D.) and from acromegalic patients 1-9+/-0-4 u./ml. The apparent potency of hypopituitary plasma alone increased on heating which suggested the presence of heat-labile inhibitors of somatomedin activity. The potency of heated hypopituitary plasma (0-6+/-0-09 u./ml) remained significantly lower (P less than 0-01) than normal plasma. Human growth hormone (0-1-20 muu./ml), bovine growth hormone (0-5 20 muu./ml), insulin (0-5-5 muu./ml) and glucose (0-3-2 mmol/1) had no direct effect on the incorporation of [3H]thymidine. Chondrocytes which had been previously stored frozen also showed a response to plasma somatomedin."}
{"id": "PMID:894169", "title": "Effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on angiotensin-stimulated and angiotensin-inhibited fluid transport by rat jejunum in vivo.", "content": "A study has been made of the effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on the responses of rat jejunum in vivo to intravenous infusions of angiotensin. Actinomycin D, an inhibitor of the transcription stage of protein synthesis, was without effect on the stimulation of fluid transport which follows the infusion of low doses of angiotensin. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of the translation stage of protein synthesis, blocked the stimulatory response to angiotensin, but was without effect on the inhibitory response to high doses of the hormone. It is concluded that low (physiological) doses of angiotensin stimulate fluid transport by a mechanism involving protein synthesis at a stage later than transcription whereas high doses of the hormone inhibit fluid transport by a process which does not require protein synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on angiotensin-stimulated and angiotensin-inhibited fluid transport by rat jejunum in vivo. A study has been made of the effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on the responses of rat jejunum in vivo to intravenous infusions of angiotensin. Actinomycin D, an inhibitor of the transcription stage of protein synthesis, was without effect on the stimulation of fluid transport which follows the infusion of low doses of angiotensin. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of the translation stage of protein synthesis, blocked the stimulatory response to angiotensin, but was without effect on the inhibitory response to high doses of the hormone. It is concluded that low (physiological) doses of angiotensin stimulate fluid transport by a mechanism involving protein synthesis at a stage later than transcription whereas high doses of the hormone inhibit fluid transport by a process which does not require protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:894170", "title": "Actions of growth hormone, prolactin and thyroxine on serum somatomedin-like activity and growth in hypopituitary dwarf mice.", "content": "Hypopituitary dwarf mice (Snell's strain) were found to have much reduced levels of serum somatomedin when compared with normal mice (apparently normal members of the Snell strain). Treatment with bovine growth hormone, prolactin or thyroxine induced growth in these animals; this was accompanied in each case by increased levels of serum somatomedin (primarily somatomedin C). Growth hormone had a dose-dependent growth-promoting effect, but this was not reflected in dose-dependent increases in serum somatomedin levels. These results are in accordance with the concept that somatomedin is involved in the regulation of overall somatic growth, but it seems likely that other factors are also involved.", "contents": "Actions of growth hormone, prolactin and thyroxine on serum somatomedin-like activity and growth in hypopituitary dwarf mice. Hypopituitary dwarf mice (Snell's strain) were found to have much reduced levels of serum somatomedin when compared with normal mice (apparently normal members of the Snell strain). Treatment with bovine growth hormone, prolactin or thyroxine induced growth in these animals; this was accompanied in each case by increased levels of serum somatomedin (primarily somatomedin C). Growth hormone had a dose-dependent growth-promoting effect, but this was not reflected in dose-dependent increases in serum somatomedin levels. These results are in accordance with the concept that somatomedin is involved in the regulation of overall somatic growth, but it seems likely that other factors are also involved."}
{"id": "PMID:894172", "title": "Influence of restraint on plasma prolactin and corticosterone in female rats.", "content": "The effect of restraint on plasma prolactin and corticosterone concentrations was investigated in chronically catheterized, ovariectomized (OVX) or ovariectomized, oestrogen-treated (OVX-PEP) rats. Restraint was induced by tying the hind legs together. In OVX rats, prolactin levels were unchanged following restraint, either during the morning (10.00 h) or afternoon (14.00 h). Prolactin levels increased in OVX-PEP animals when restraint was initiated in the morning; when restraint was initiated in the afternoon the prolactin response depended upon the level of prolactin before restraint. If levels were low (pre-surge) the response to restraint was similar to that observed in the morning; if prolactin levels were high (surge) the response to restraint was reversed and the prolactin level declined. The morning prolactin response to restraint was significantly inhibited and the afternoon surge was retarded in adrenalectomized OVX-PEP (OVX-PEP-ADX) rats; however, in OVX-PEP animals maintained on 0-9% NaCl drinking solution, the morning prolactin response to restraint was also blunted, although the afternoon surge was normal. In OVX-PEP-ADX animals injected with either vehicle alone, or 2 or 4 mg corticosterone for 4 days, and sampled on the morning of day 5, the prolactin response to restraint was absent. Furthermore, when OVX-PEP animals were injected daily with either vehicle or 4 mg corticosterone/day, they showed no increase in prolactin in response to restraint when values were compared with those of uninjected animals. Corticosterone levels after restraint were higher than initial values in all of the above experimental conditions.", "contents": "Influence of restraint on plasma prolactin and corticosterone in female rats. The effect of restraint on plasma prolactin and corticosterone concentrations was investigated in chronically catheterized, ovariectomized (OVX) or ovariectomized, oestrogen-treated (OVX-PEP) rats. Restraint was induced by tying the hind legs together. In OVX rats, prolactin levels were unchanged following restraint, either during the morning (10.00 h) or afternoon (14.00 h). Prolactin levels increased in OVX-PEP animals when restraint was initiated in the morning; when restraint was initiated in the afternoon the prolactin response depended upon the level of prolactin before restraint. If levels were low (pre-surge) the response to restraint was similar to that observed in the morning; if prolactin levels were high (surge) the response to restraint was reversed and the prolactin level declined. The morning prolactin response to restraint was significantly inhibited and the afternoon surge was retarded in adrenalectomized OVX-PEP (OVX-PEP-ADX) rats; however, in OVX-PEP animals maintained on 0-9% NaCl drinking solution, the morning prolactin response to restraint was also blunted, although the afternoon surge was normal. In OVX-PEP-ADX animals injected with either vehicle alone, or 2 or 4 mg corticosterone for 4 days, and sampled on the morning of day 5, the prolactin response to restraint was absent. Furthermore, when OVX-PEP animals were injected daily with either vehicle or 4 mg corticosterone/day, they showed no increase in prolactin in response to restraint when values were compared with those of uninjected animals. Corticosterone levels after restraint were higher than initial values in all of the above experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:894176", "title": "The role of neurosecretion in the photoperiodic control of polymorphism in the aphid Megoura viciae.", "content": "The location of the photoperiodic mechanism controlling the production of the sexual and parthenogenetic morphs by apterous parents was examined by selectively injuring the brain with an R.F. microcautery. Lesions destroying the Group I neurosecretory cells (NSC) in the protocerebrum abolished the response to changed daylength. Extensive damage to other NSC Groups, to the compound eyes and optic lobes was without effect. It is concluded that the Group I NSC are the effectors, secreting a virginoparapromoting substance; in its absence only oviparae are produced. Areas slightly lateral to the group I NSC are also required for the long-day response, indicating that this is the probable site of the neuronal photoperiodic clock which regulates the release of neurosecretory material (NSM) from the Group I cells.", "contents": "The role of neurosecretion in the photoperiodic control of polymorphism in the aphid Megoura viciae. The location of the photoperiodic mechanism controlling the production of the sexual and parthenogenetic morphs by apterous parents was examined by selectively injuring the brain with an R.F. microcautery. Lesions destroying the Group I neurosecretory cells (NSC) in the protocerebrum abolished the response to changed daylength. Extensive damage to other NSC Groups, to the compound eyes and optic lobes was without effect. It is concluded that the Group I NSC are the effectors, secreting a virginoparapromoting substance; in its absence only oviparae are produced. Areas slightly lateral to the group I NSC are also required for the long-day response, indicating that this is the probable site of the neuronal photoperiodic clock which regulates the release of neurosecretory material (NSM) from the Group I cells."}
{"id": "PMID:894177", "title": "Body weight and the haematology of the american plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides.", "content": "The relationship between haematological variables and body weight (W) is studied in the American plaice. Haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, and cell volume and numbers are directly correlated with W, indicating that small fish have low blood oxygen solubility (alphaBO2) in spite of a high weight specific oxygen consumption (VO2/W). Examination of analytical models of the branchial apparatus suggests that, in small fish, alphaBO2 is lowered to minimize blood viscosity and that a high VO2/W is maintained by increasing the arteriovenous oxygen partial pressure difference. Mean cell haemoglobin content is positively correlated while mean cell surface area per unit haemoglobin tends to be negatively correlated with W. Mean erythrocyte residence time in the secondary lamellae is shown analytically to increase with W, possibly accounting for these relationships.", "contents": "Body weight and the haematology of the american plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides. The relationship between haematological variables and body weight (W) is studied in the American plaice. Haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, and cell volume and numbers are directly correlated with W, indicating that small fish have low blood oxygen solubility (alphaBO2) in spite of a high weight specific oxygen consumption (VO2/W). Examination of analytical models of the branchial apparatus suggests that, in small fish, alphaBO2 is lowered to minimize blood viscosity and that a high VO2/W is maintained by increasing the arteriovenous oxygen partial pressure difference. Mean cell haemoglobin content is positively correlated while mean cell surface area per unit haemoglobin tends to be negatively correlated with W. Mean erythrocyte residence time in the secondary lamellae is shown analytically to increase with W, possibly accounting for these relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:894178", "title": "Asymmetrical permeability of the integument of tree frogs (Hylidae).", "content": "The skin from four species of North American tree frogs (Hylidae) was found in vitro, to be remarkably permeable to water in the presence or absence of the neurohypophysial hormone vasotocin. This property was, however, only seen in preparations from the ventral integument; osmotic water movement across the dorsal skin was negligible. The ionic permeability, reflected by the electrical resistance, was also much greater in the ventral skin. Unidirectional fluxes of 22Na, 36Cl, 14C-urea and tritiated water were measured in vitro in a single species, Agalychnis dacnicolor Cope. The ventral skin was 10-20 times more permeable to these molecules than the dorsal skin. The short-circuit current (usually reflecting active transmural Na transport) across the ventral skin was increased by aldosterone and vasotocin but these responses were absent on the dorsal side. The lipid content of the dorsal skin was four times greater than that on the ventral surface.", "contents": "Asymmetrical permeability of the integument of tree frogs (Hylidae). The skin from four species of North American tree frogs (Hylidae) was found in vitro, to be remarkably permeable to water in the presence or absence of the neurohypophysial hormone vasotocin. This property was, however, only seen in preparations from the ventral integument; osmotic water movement across the dorsal skin was negligible. The ionic permeability, reflected by the electrical resistance, was also much greater in the ventral skin. Unidirectional fluxes of 22Na, 36Cl, 14C-urea and tritiated water were measured in vitro in a single species, Agalychnis dacnicolor Cope. The ventral skin was 10-20 times more permeable to these molecules than the dorsal skin. The short-circuit current (usually reflecting active transmural Na transport) across the ventral skin was increased by aldosterone and vasotocin but these responses were absent on the dorsal side. The lipid content of the dorsal skin was four times greater than that on the ventral surface."}
{"id": "PMID:894179", "title": "Ionic basis of axonal excitability in an extreme euryhaline osmoconformer, the serpulid worm Mercierella enigmatica (Fauvel).", "content": "Despite the extreme fluctuations in blood concentration experienced by this marine osmoconformer, essentially 'conventional' ionic mechanisms are involved in conduction by the giant axons in isosmotic conditions. The resting axonal membrane approximates to an ideal potassium electrode, with a 58-8 mV slope for decade change in [K+]O above 10 mM. The action potential overshoot shows a 55-8 mV decline with decade reduction in [Na+]O and the action potentials are blocked by tetrodotoxin at around 5 X 10(-7) M. The rising phase and overshoot of the action potential remain constant at potassium concentrations up to the relatively high level of 30 mM found in the blood, indicating an unusual absence of sodium inactivation over a wide range of resting potentials. Relatively rapid, symmetrical movement of potassium ions between the bathing medium and the axon surface is deduced from the potential changes induced by alterations in [K+]O. Outward movement of sodium ions (t0-5 = 33-5 s) occurs at a similar rate to that of potassium, but inward movement of Na+ is relatively slow and complex. It is concluded that the ability of axons to function in dilute media must involve specific adaptations to osmotic and ionic stress.", "contents": "Ionic basis of axonal excitability in an extreme euryhaline osmoconformer, the serpulid worm Mercierella enigmatica (Fauvel). Despite the extreme fluctuations in blood concentration experienced by this marine osmoconformer, essentially 'conventional' ionic mechanisms are involved in conduction by the giant axons in isosmotic conditions. The resting axonal membrane approximates to an ideal potassium electrode, with a 58-8 mV slope for decade change in [K+]O above 10 mM. The action potential overshoot shows a 55-8 mV decline with decade reduction in [Na+]O and the action potentials are blocked by tetrodotoxin at around 5 X 10(-7) M. The rising phase and overshoot of the action potential remain constant at potassium concentrations up to the relatively high level of 30 mM found in the blood, indicating an unusual absence of sodium inactivation over a wide range of resting potentials. Relatively rapid, symmetrical movement of potassium ions between the bathing medium and the axon surface is deduced from the potential changes induced by alterations in [K+]O. Outward movement of sodium ions (t0-5 = 33-5 s) occurs at a similar rate to that of potassium, but inward movement of Na+ is relatively slow and complex. It is concluded that the ability of axons to function in dilute media must involve specific adaptations to osmotic and ionic stress."}
{"id": "PMID:894180", "title": "Behavioural thresholds for diffuse illumination in the goldfish.", "content": "Thresholds for diffuse, broad-band illumination were obtained for the goldfish (Carassius auratus) by avoidance conditioning. The light source was a television cathode-ray tube whose output was controlled over a range of 140 dB by a combination of 'brightness' control, blanking of scan lines, and neutral density filters. The threshold was calculated in terms of irradiance to be 2-9 X 10(-6) muW cm-2 (+/- a standard deviation of 1-4). The determination of absolute, rather than relative, values, and the use of overhead, diffuse illumination provided data that would be ecologically and behaviourally relevant.", "contents": "Behavioural thresholds for diffuse illumination in the goldfish. Thresholds for diffuse, broad-band illumination were obtained for the goldfish (Carassius auratus) by avoidance conditioning. The light source was a television cathode-ray tube whose output was controlled over a range of 140 dB by a combination of 'brightness' control, blanking of scan lines, and neutral density filters. The threshold was calculated in terms of irradiance to be 2-9 X 10(-6) muW cm-2 (+/- a standard deviation of 1-4). The determination of absolute, rather than relative, values, and the use of overhead, diffuse illumination provided data that would be ecologically and behaviourally relevant."}
{"id": "PMID:894181", "title": "Mechanisms for directional hearing in the sea catfish (Arius felis).", "content": "The marine catfish (Arius felis) uses directional hearing for the acoustical detection of obstacles, and is primarily dependent on the vector components of near-field acoustics. Directional sound, detected as lateral line action potentials, produces the strongest response on the side toward the stimulus. Responses are maximal in the 50-150 Hz range. The swim bladder is asymmetrical as a sound generator (7 dB front-to-back ratio). As a sound receiver, the swim bladder is even more directional (24 dB front-to-back ratio at 100 Hz). It is concluded that directional response to sound in fishes can involve the interaction of at least two mechanisms, in this case the lateral line and the swim bladder.", "contents": "Mechanisms for directional hearing in the sea catfish (Arius felis). The marine catfish (Arius felis) uses directional hearing for the acoustical detection of obstacles, and is primarily dependent on the vector components of near-field acoustics. Directional sound, detected as lateral line action potentials, produces the strongest response on the side toward the stimulus. Responses are maximal in the 50-150 Hz range. The swim bladder is asymmetrical as a sound generator (7 dB front-to-back ratio). As a sound receiver, the swim bladder is even more directional (24 dB front-to-back ratio at 100 Hz). It is concluded that directional response to sound in fishes can involve the interaction of at least two mechanisms, in this case the lateral line and the swim bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:894185", "title": "Bursting pacemaker activity in the solitary hydroid Tubularia solitaria.", "content": "Spontaneous electrical activity recorded from solitary Tubularia solitaria Warren consisted of long bursts of potentials regularly alternating with series of short bursts. Hydranth pulse (HP) systems in isolated hydranths produce a pulse pattern similar to that in intact animals though at a much lower frequency. Stalk pulse (SP) systems in isolated stalks produced extremely regular bursts of pulses resembling bursting patterns in molluscan single neurones. The bursts were associated with strong bending movements. In contrast with hierarchies in other hydroids, T. solitaria's HP system dominates the SP system. Excised parts of the stalk produced bursting patterns. Interburst- and interpulse intervals were longer in these parts than in the whole stalk. Numbers of pulses per burst and overall pulse frequency were highest in the most distal part of the stalk, and lowest in the most proximal part.", "contents": "Bursting pacemaker activity in the solitary hydroid Tubularia solitaria. Spontaneous electrical activity recorded from solitary Tubularia solitaria Warren consisted of long bursts of potentials regularly alternating with series of short bursts. Hydranth pulse (HP) systems in isolated hydranths produce a pulse pattern similar to that in intact animals though at a much lower frequency. Stalk pulse (SP) systems in isolated stalks produced extremely regular bursts of pulses resembling bursting patterns in molluscan single neurones. The bursts were associated with strong bending movements. In contrast with hierarchies in other hydroids, T. solitaria's HP system dominates the SP system. Excised parts of the stalk produced bursting patterns. Interburst- and interpulse intervals were longer in these parts than in the whole stalk. Numbers of pulses per burst and overall pulse frequency were highest in the most distal part of the stalk, and lowest in the most proximal part."}
{"id": "PMID:894187", "title": "Urine production rate and water balance in the terrestrial crabs Gecarcinus lateralis and Cardisoma guanhumi.", "content": "1. The rate of urine production in the terrestrial crabs Gecarcinus lateralis (Freminville) and Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille maintained on s.w.-moist sand was measured by inulin clearance. 2. The inulin U/B ratios in both species rose to about unity after 48 h, and remained at this level. It was concluded that neither species withdrew water from the primary urine. 3. The relatively high rate of inulin clearance in G. lateralis (10-69% body wt day-1) was considerably reduced when animals were transferred to dry sand (2-15% body wt day-1). 4. The rate of water loss on dry sand was measured in G. lateralis and changes in the haemolymph and urine osmolality recorded. 5. The prevention of possible reabsorption of water from voided urine did not appear to affect significantly the rate of water loss in conditions of water deprivation. 6. The maintenance of urine production rates measured on s.w.-moist sand would double the water loss of G. lateralis in dry conditions.", "contents": "Urine production rate and water balance in the terrestrial crabs Gecarcinus lateralis and Cardisoma guanhumi. 1. The rate of urine production in the terrestrial crabs Gecarcinus lateralis (Freminville) and Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille maintained on s.w.-moist sand was measured by inulin clearance. 2. The inulin U/B ratios in both species rose to about unity after 48 h, and remained at this level. It was concluded that neither species withdrew water from the primary urine. 3. The relatively high rate of inulin clearance in G. lateralis (10-69% body wt day-1) was considerably reduced when animals were transferred to dry sand (2-15% body wt day-1). 4. The rate of water loss on dry sand was measured in G. lateralis and changes in the haemolymph and urine osmolality recorded. 5. The prevention of possible reabsorption of water from voided urine did not appear to affect significantly the rate of water loss in conditions of water deprivation. 6. The maintenance of urine production rates measured on s.w.-moist sand would double the water loss of G. lateralis in dry conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:894188", "title": "In vitro granulocyte adherence and in vivo margination: two associated complement-dependent functions. Studies based on the acute neutropenia of filtration leukophoresis.", "content": "To study mechanisms and mediators regulating the distribution of intravascular granulocytes between circulating and marginated pools, a human model with extreme transient margination, the neutropenia of continuous flow filtration leukophoresis, was analyzed. Studies in animals demonstrated the existence of a complement (C)-derived granulocytopenia-inducing factor. Thus, autologous plasma, exposed to nylon fibers (NF) of the filtration system, produced an acute selective decrement of circulating granulocytes and monocytes. This phenomenon was blocked by decomplementing plasma, by pretreatment of plasma with EDTA or hydrazine, and by preheating at 56 degrees C, but did occur after recombination of heat-inactivated and hydrazine-treated plasma before NF exposure. Preheating plasma at 50 degrees C did not inhibit the neutropenic response, suggesting involvement of the classical pathway of C activation. Ultrafiltration studies indicated that the NF-provoked neutropenia-inducing factor has a mol wt in the range of 10,000-30,000, and is heat stable (56 degrees C). To analyze the hypothesis that C- induced neutrophil margination might be consequent to increased cell adhesiveness to endothelial surfaces, the role of C in promoting granulocyte adherence was evaluated in vitro. Measured with a plastic Petridish assay, granulocyte adherence was significantly reduced in heat- inactivated (56 degrees C) and hydrazine-treated plasma, but adherence promoting capacity was restored by mixing the two plasmas, or by adding purified C3 to hydrazine-treated plasma. After exposure to activated C, neutrophils showed significantly increased adhesiveness which was maintained when cells were resuspended in heat-inactivated plasma, but progressively lost when resuspended in fresh plasma. On the basis of these results we conclude that granulocyte adhesiveness in vitro and margination in vivo are closely associated, C-dependent phenomena.", "contents": "In vitro granulocyte adherence and in vivo margination: two associated complement-dependent functions. Studies based on the acute neutropenia of filtration leukophoresis. To study mechanisms and mediators regulating the distribution of intravascular granulocytes between circulating and marginated pools, a human model with extreme transient margination, the neutropenia of continuous flow filtration leukophoresis, was analyzed. Studies in animals demonstrated the existence of a complement (C)-derived granulocytopenia-inducing factor. Thus, autologous plasma, exposed to nylon fibers (NF) of the filtration system, produced an acute selective decrement of circulating granulocytes and monocytes. This phenomenon was blocked by decomplementing plasma, by pretreatment of plasma with EDTA or hydrazine, and by preheating at 56 degrees C, but did occur after recombination of heat-inactivated and hydrazine-treated plasma before NF exposure. Preheating plasma at 50 degrees C did not inhibit the neutropenic response, suggesting involvement of the classical pathway of C activation. Ultrafiltration studies indicated that the NF-provoked neutropenia-inducing factor has a mol wt in the range of 10,000-30,000, and is heat stable (56 degrees C). To analyze the hypothesis that C- induced neutrophil margination might be consequent to increased cell adhesiveness to endothelial surfaces, the role of C in promoting granulocyte adherence was evaluated in vitro. Measured with a plastic Petridish assay, granulocyte adherence was significantly reduced in heat- inactivated (56 degrees C) and hydrazine-treated plasma, but adherence promoting capacity was restored by mixing the two plasmas, or by adding purified C3 to hydrazine-treated plasma. After exposure to activated C, neutrophils showed significantly increased adhesiveness which was maintained when cells were resuspended in heat-inactivated plasma, but progressively lost when resuspended in fresh plasma. On the basis of these results we conclude that granulocyte adhesiveness in vitro and margination in vivo are closely associated, C-dependent phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:894189", "title": "The ingestion and digestion of human lactoferrin by mouse peritoneal macrophages and the transfer of its iron into ferritin.", "content": "Human lactoferrin (Lf) labeled with 125I and/or 59Fe was found to be ingested in vitro by mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM). The uptake measured after 15 h incubation reached a saturation point at a concentration of 200 microgram/ml in the culture medium, whatever was the iron content of Lf. In such conditions, the uptake of transferrin (Tf) used as a control was 10 times lower. At a concentration of 80 microgram/ml in the medium, one cell picked up about 0.7 X 10(6) molecules of Lf per hour, and 0.13 X 10(6) molecules of Tf per hour. Iron-saturated Lf disappeared from MPM with a half life of 14.5 h, whereas the halflife of iron-free Lf was 4.2 h. Concomitant with the intracellular digestion of Lf, the iron was transmitted to ferritin. These data provide additional support for the hypothesis that Lf plays a key role in iron turnover, especially at the level of the reticuloendothelial system where iron is recovered from the catabolism of erythrocytes.", "contents": "The ingestion and digestion of human lactoferrin by mouse peritoneal macrophages and the transfer of its iron into ferritin. Human lactoferrin (Lf) labeled with 125I and/or 59Fe was found to be ingested in vitro by mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM). The uptake measured after 15 h incubation reached a saturation point at a concentration of 200 microgram/ml in the culture medium, whatever was the iron content of Lf. In such conditions, the uptake of transferrin (Tf) used as a control was 10 times lower. At a concentration of 80 microgram/ml in the medium, one cell picked up about 0.7 X 10(6) molecules of Lf per hour, and 0.13 X 10(6) molecules of Tf per hour. Iron-saturated Lf disappeared from MPM with a half life of 14.5 h, whereas the halflife of iron-free Lf was 4.2 h. Concomitant with the intracellular digestion of Lf, the iron was transmitted to ferritin. These data provide additional support for the hypothesis that Lf plays a key role in iron turnover, especially at the level of the reticuloendothelial system where iron is recovered from the catabolism of erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:894190", "title": "Autoimmunity to type II collagen an experimental model of arthritis.", "content": "We have found that intradermal injection of native type II collagen extracted from human, chick or rat cartilage induces an inflammatory arthritis in approximately 40% of rats of several strains whether complete Freund's adjuvant or incomplete Freund's adjuvant is used. Type I or III collagen extracted from skin, cartilage proteoglycans and alpha1(II) chains were incapable of eliciting arthritis, as was type II collagen injected without adjuvant. The disease is a chronic proliferative synovitis, resembling adjuvant arthritis in rats and rheumatoid arthritis in humans. Native type II co-lagen modified by limited pepsin digestion still produces arthritis, suggesting that type-specific determinants residing in the helical region of the molecule are responsible for the induction of disease. Since homologous type II collagen emulsified in oil without bacterial preparations regularly causes the disease, this new animal model of arthritis represents a unique example of experimentally-inducible autoimmunity to a tissue component.", "contents": "Autoimmunity to type II collagen an experimental model of arthritis. We have found that intradermal injection of native type II collagen extracted from human, chick or rat cartilage induces an inflammatory arthritis in approximately 40% of rats of several strains whether complete Freund's adjuvant or incomplete Freund's adjuvant is used. Type I or III collagen extracted from skin, cartilage proteoglycans and alpha1(II) chains were incapable of eliciting arthritis, as was type II collagen injected without adjuvant. The disease is a chronic proliferative synovitis, resembling adjuvant arthritis in rats and rheumatoid arthritis in humans. Native type II co-lagen modified by limited pepsin digestion still produces arthritis, suggesting that type-specific determinants residing in the helical region of the molecule are responsible for the induction of disease. Since homologous type II collagen emulsified in oil without bacterial preparations regularly causes the disease, this new animal model of arthritis represents a unique example of experimentally-inducible autoimmunity to a tissue component."}
{"id": "PMID:894191", "title": "Release from maternally-induced allotypic suppression in rabbit by Nocardia water-soluble mitogen.", "content": "The in vitro synthesis of allotypes of b4/b5 offspring obtained from b4/b4 mothers immunized against paternal allotype b5/b5 was studied in comparison to similar offspring that had escaped from suppression and normal heterozygous b4/b5 rabbits. Nocardia water-soluble mitogen-a rabbit B-cell mitogen which is known to induce the differentiation of small lymphocytes into plasma cells and polyclonal activation of Ig, was able to break in vitro the allotypic suppression induced in vivo.", "contents": "Release from maternally-induced allotypic suppression in rabbit by Nocardia water-soluble mitogen. The in vitro synthesis of allotypes of b4/b5 offspring obtained from b4/b4 mothers immunized against paternal allotype b5/b5 was studied in comparison to similar offspring that had escaped from suppression and normal heterozygous b4/b5 rabbits. Nocardia water-soluble mitogen-a rabbit B-cell mitogen which is known to induce the differentiation of small lymphocytes into plasma cells and polyclonal activation of Ig, was able to break in vitro the allotypic suppression induced in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:894192", "title": "Purificaiton and characterization of mouse serum protein with specific binding affinity for C4 (Ss protein).", "content": "A new component of the complement (C).system, with a specific binding affinity for the activated Ss-protein (C4) has been identified in mouse serum. This protein, named Ss- (or C4)-binding protein (Ss-bp), was purified about 200 times from mouse plasma. Ss-bp is a heat stable (56 degrees C, 60 rain) beta-globulin with a sedimentation coefficient in sucrose density ultracentrifugation of 10s. Its concentration in serum of adult male and female mice is 160 and 60 mug/ml, respectively. In EDTA-plasma, Ss and Ss-bp are not associated and can be separated by chromatography in Sephadex G-200. However, in serum Ss-bp binds tightly to Ss. The bonds between these proteins cannot be reversed by chelation of divalent cations. As a consequence of the formation of Ss/Ss-bp complexes, the properties of Ss-bp appear to be quite different in serum of mice with high (Ss-H) or low (Ss-L) levels of Ss-protein. In Ss-H serum, all of Ss- bp is bound to Ss. In Ss-L serum, Ss-bp is mostly free. Because the electrophoretic mobilities of free and complexed Ss-bp are quite different, Ss-bp appears to be polymorphic in serum (but not in EDTA- plasma). The strict dependency of the apparent electrophoretic mobility of Ss-bp on the levels of Ss in serum was demonstrated in a series of congenic mice and among the progeny of a cross between Ss-H and Ss-L strains of mice. Without exception, the slow and fast varieties of Ss-bp were associated with the Ss-L and Ss-H traits. Ss-bp of the slow variety can be transformed into the fast variety by addition of pure human C4, or C4-sufficient guinea pig serum, to Ss-L serum. In both instances Ss-bp formed stable complexes with C4 or a C4- derived peptide. These findings highlight the binding specificity of Ss- bp for the fourth component of the complement system, and in addition they demonstrate a functional homology between the Ss-protein and C4 from two different species.", "contents": "Purificaiton and characterization of mouse serum protein with specific binding affinity for C4 (Ss protein). A new component of the complement (C).system, with a specific binding affinity for the activated Ss-protein (C4) has been identified in mouse serum. This protein, named Ss- (or C4)-binding protein (Ss-bp), was purified about 200 times from mouse plasma. Ss-bp is a heat stable (56 degrees C, 60 rain) beta-globulin with a sedimentation coefficient in sucrose density ultracentrifugation of 10s. Its concentration in serum of adult male and female mice is 160 and 60 mug/ml, respectively. In EDTA-plasma, Ss and Ss-bp are not associated and can be separated by chromatography in Sephadex G-200. However, in serum Ss-bp binds tightly to Ss. The bonds between these proteins cannot be reversed by chelation of divalent cations. As a consequence of the formation of Ss/Ss-bp complexes, the properties of Ss-bp appear to be quite different in serum of mice with high (Ss-H) or low (Ss-L) levels of Ss-protein. In Ss-H serum, all of Ss- bp is bound to Ss. In Ss-L serum, Ss-bp is mostly free. Because the electrophoretic mobilities of free and complexed Ss-bp are quite different, Ss-bp appears to be polymorphic in serum (but not in EDTA- plasma). The strict dependency of the apparent electrophoretic mobility of Ss-bp on the levels of Ss in serum was demonstrated in a series of congenic mice and among the progeny of a cross between Ss-H and Ss-L strains of mice. Without exception, the slow and fast varieties of Ss-bp were associated with the Ss-L and Ss-H traits. Ss-bp of the slow variety can be transformed into the fast variety by addition of pure human C4, or C4-sufficient guinea pig serum, to Ss-L serum. In both instances Ss-bp formed stable complexes with C4 or a C4- derived peptide. These findings highlight the binding specificity of Ss- bp for the fourth component of the complement system, and in addition they demonstrate a functional homology between the Ss-protein and C4 from two different species."}
{"id": "PMID:894193", "title": "Some factors affecting a commercial kit for radioimmunoassay of digoxin using tritiated digoxin.", "content": "Some factors affecting results of digoxin determinations using one commercially available radioimmunoassay kit are described and discussed. Serum of pregnant women, cord blood, amniotic fluid and serum of patients taking spironolactone may show erroneously high digoxin activity due to lack of specificity of the antiserum. Cross-reaction with digitoxin was found to vary substantially with antibody-lot. Haemaccel (5 g/1) in the sample leads to too low results. When ethanol (100 g/1) is present results are too high. The need for testing the specifity of every new lot of antiserum before use is stressed.", "contents": "Some factors affecting a commercial kit for radioimmunoassay of digoxin using tritiated digoxin. Some factors affecting results of digoxin determinations using one commercially available radioimmunoassay kit are described and discussed. Serum of pregnant women, cord blood, amniotic fluid and serum of patients taking spironolactone may show erroneously high digoxin activity due to lack of specificity of the antiserum. Cross-reaction with digitoxin was found to vary substantially with antibody-lot. Haemaccel (5 g/1) in the sample leads to too low results. When ethanol (100 g/1) is present results are too high. The need for testing the specifity of every new lot of antiserum before use is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:894194", "title": "Thin-layer chromatography of guanidino compounds.", "content": "Twelve guanidino compounds including, among others, glycocyamine, creatine, creatinine, arginine, guanidinosuccinic acid were submitted to thin-layer chromatography on plates precoated with silica gel or cellulose, respectively. Optimal resolution was obtained by two-dimensional chromatography on cellulose layers when the two solvent systems iso-propanol-acetic acid-water (volumes, 60 ml + 45 ml + 15 ml) and iso-propanol-dimethyl-formamide-water (volumes, 40 ml + 20 ml + 20 ml) were used for the first and second dimension, respectively. This procedure permitted the resolution of 10 distinct spots out of a mixture of the twelve guanidino compounds. Chloroform-methanol-ammonia (170 g/kg) (volumes, 40 ml + 20 ml + 20 ml) proved to be the most suitable solvent system for one-dimensional chromatography on cellulose layers of less complex mixtures of guanidino compounds.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatography of guanidino compounds. Twelve guanidino compounds including, among others, glycocyamine, creatine, creatinine, arginine, guanidinosuccinic acid were submitted to thin-layer chromatography on plates precoated with silica gel or cellulose, respectively. Optimal resolution was obtained by two-dimensional chromatography on cellulose layers when the two solvent systems iso-propanol-acetic acid-water (volumes, 60 ml + 45 ml + 15 ml) and iso-propanol-dimethyl-formamide-water (volumes, 40 ml + 20 ml + 20 ml) were used for the first and second dimension, respectively. This procedure permitted the resolution of 10 distinct spots out of a mixture of the twelve guanidino compounds. Chloroform-methanol-ammonia (170 g/kg) (volumes, 40 ml + 20 ml + 20 ml) proved to be the most suitable solvent system for one-dimensional chromatography on cellulose layers of less complex mixtures of guanidino compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:894195", "title": "A discrete multichanneal procedure for the chemical determination of urinary estrogens during pregnancy.", "content": "A colorimetric method, based on the Kober reaction, was adapted for the determination of urinary estrogens during pregnancy. The method yields final volumes for direct measurements by a multichannel computer-controlled photometer. The speed of the analysis was increased so that 100 samples can easily be completed by one laboratory technician as triplicate analyses during one working day. A satisfactory accuracy and precision of the method were also achieved. The values were determined using urine samples from 1097 apparently healthy pregnant women.", "contents": "A discrete multichanneal procedure for the chemical determination of urinary estrogens during pregnancy. A colorimetric method, based on the Kober reaction, was adapted for the determination of urinary estrogens during pregnancy. The method yields final volumes for direct measurements by a multichannel computer-controlled photometer. The speed of the analysis was increased so that 100 samples can easily be completed by one laboratory technician as triplicate analyses during one working day. A satisfactory accuracy and precision of the method were also achieved. The values were determined using urine samples from 1097 apparently healthy pregnant women."}
{"id": "PMID:894196", "title": "Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as an activator of the apoenzyme of alanine aminotransferase in human serum.", "content": "The relationship between reaction conditions and the stimulation of alanine aminotransferase by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate was investigated. Reaction conditions given for optimized alanine aminotransferase measurements are also optimal for measurements in the presence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate taking into consideration the inhibitory effect of phosphate buffer. Addition of 150 mumol/1 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to the reaction mixture guarantees a maximal stimulation after a pre-incubation period of 10 min. Factors influencing the magnitude of stimulation rates of both aminotransferases in different patient groups by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate are discussed.", "contents": "Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as an activator of the apoenzyme of alanine aminotransferase in human serum. The relationship between reaction conditions and the stimulation of alanine aminotransferase by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate was investigated. Reaction conditions given for optimized alanine aminotransferase measurements are also optimal for measurements in the presence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate taking into consideration the inhibitory effect of phosphate buffer. Addition of 150 mumol/1 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to the reaction mixture guarantees a maximal stimulation after a pre-incubation period of 10 min. Factors influencing the magnitude of stimulation rates of both aminotransferases in different patient groups by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894197", "title": "Quantitative determination of glycosphingolipids in human plasma.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitative isolation and estimation of the four glycosphingolipid fractions from 10 ml of human plasma. The procedure consists of acetylation of the total lipids after extraction, separation of acetylated glycophingolipids from non-glycolipids on a Florisil column, deacetylation, dialysis in water, separation of the single fractions by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel, and quantitative analysis of each glycosphingolipid by sulfuric acid-orcinol reagent, carried out in the presence of silica gel. The concentrations of the four glycosphingolipids in human plasma derived from a group of 23 healthy subjects are presented. The procedure described is sufficiently sensitive for clinical investigation.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of glycosphingolipids in human plasma. A method is described for the quantitative isolation and estimation of the four glycosphingolipid fractions from 10 ml of human plasma. The procedure consists of acetylation of the total lipids after extraction, separation of acetylated glycophingolipids from non-glycolipids on a Florisil column, deacetylation, dialysis in water, separation of the single fractions by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel, and quantitative analysis of each glycosphingolipid by sulfuric acid-orcinol reagent, carried out in the presence of silica gel. The concentrations of the four glycosphingolipids in human plasma derived from a group of 23 healthy subjects are presented. The procedure described is sufficiently sensitive for clinical investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:894198", "title": "Evaluation of and additional data on an improved simple charcoal method to determine oestrogen receptors.", "content": "Additional information and some modifications of an earlier published method ((1972) Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem., 10, 502-508) for the assay of oestrogen receptor in human breast tumours are presented. The correlation between the results obtained with this method and with the electrophoresis procedure of Wagner ((1972) Hopper Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem., 353, 1235-1245) was found to be good. The use of glycerol stabilized calf uterus extract for quality control is proposed. Various factors affecting the assay and the discrimination between receptor positive and receptor negative are critically discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of and additional data on an improved simple charcoal method to determine oestrogen receptors. Additional information and some modifications of an earlier published method ((1972) Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem., 10, 502-508) for the assay of oestrogen receptor in human breast tumours are presented. The correlation between the results obtained with this method and with the electrophoresis procedure of Wagner ((1972) Hopper Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem., 353, 1235-1245) was found to be good. The use of glycerol stabilized calf uterus extract for quality control is proposed. Various factors affecting the assay and the discrimination between receptor positive and receptor negative are critically discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894199", "title": "[Determination of total urinary porphyrins by derivative spectroscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The principle of derivative spectroscopy is the basis of a new procedure for determining total urinary porphyrins. The 2nd derivative of the normal spectrum isolates the Score band of the porphyrins from the background absorption and enables the quantitative evaluation without correction factors. The new procedure is more sensitive than the classical method using measurement at three wavelengths and permits reliable determinations in the normal range. The short analysis time and the low reagent requirement allow economic screening. Normal and slightly increased contents of total urinary porphyrins can be reliably determined in undiluted urine samples up to 0.16 mumol/1. A dilution is required for higher concentrations. The sensitivity for 0.01 mumol/1 total porphyrins in urine is 0.06 absorbance units. The coefficient of variation for the series determination of samples with 0.07 mumol/1 is about 1%.", "contents": "[Determination of total urinary porphyrins by derivative spectroscopy (author's transl)]. The principle of derivative spectroscopy is the basis of a new procedure for determining total urinary porphyrins. The 2nd derivative of the normal spectrum isolates the Score band of the porphyrins from the background absorption and enables the quantitative evaluation without correction factors. The new procedure is more sensitive than the classical method using measurement at three wavelengths and permits reliable determinations in the normal range. The short analysis time and the low reagent requirement allow economic screening. Normal and slightly increased contents of total urinary porphyrins can be reliably determined in undiluted urine samples up to 0.16 mumol/1. A dilution is required for higher concentrations. The sensitivity for 0.01 mumol/1 total porphyrins in urine is 0.06 absorbance units. The coefficient of variation for the series determination of samples with 0.07 mumol/1 is about 1%."}
{"id": "PMID:894200", "title": "[Effect of immersion on the urinary excretion of aldosterone in trained and untrained male subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "Diuresis, the excretion of aldosterone-18-glucuronide and the excretion of sodium and potassium were measured before and during two periods of immersion in four male athletes in training and four untrained male subjects (age 20-27 years). The increase in diuresis during immersion was accompained by a concomitant decrease of aldosterone excretion and increase of sodium excretion in urine. These changes were more pronounced in untrained subjects than in trained subjects. From these results it may be concluded that trained subjects react more sensitive to slight changes in aldosterone secretion than untrained subjects.", "contents": "[Effect of immersion on the urinary excretion of aldosterone in trained and untrained male subjects (author's transl)]. Diuresis, the excretion of aldosterone-18-glucuronide and the excretion of sodium and potassium were measured before and during two periods of immersion in four male athletes in training and four untrained male subjects (age 20-27 years). The increase in diuresis during immersion was accompained by a concomitant decrease of aldosterone excretion and increase of sodium excretion in urine. These changes were more pronounced in untrained subjects than in trained subjects. From these results it may be concluded that trained subjects react more sensitive to slight changes in aldosterone secretion than untrained subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:894201", "title": "[Sex specific action of insulin on the glucose metabolism of lymphatic tissue of rats and humans (author's transl)].", "content": "Glucose metabolism of lymphoid cells isolated from thymus and spleen of Wistar rats, weighing 140-150 g, was found to be sensitive to insulin. The influence of insulin on glucose uptake by isolated cells from both lymphoid tissues displayed a significant sex specificity. Insulin at 0.1-10 nmol/1 stimulated glucose uptake of cells from male rats, whereas in cells from females, inhibition of glucose uptake was observed. However, lactate production was enhanced in lymphoid cells of both sexes. Cortisol (100 nmol/1) displayed a significant anti-insulin action on glucose uptake and lactate release by thymocytes of male rats. In contrast, in cells from females, cortisol and insulin both exhibited an inhibitory action on glucose uptake, whereas the hormones were found to antagonise lactate production. The sex specific stimualtory influence of insulin on glucose uptake by thymocytes of male rats was reversed and the hormone became inhibitory when animals were castrated. The action of insulin on glucose uptake was also shown to be age-dependent. In experiments with rats weighing either about 10 g or 40 g, sex-specific effects on glucose influx were found, that were similar to those of rats weighing 140-150 g. However, stimulation of glucose uptake was found with thymocytes from rats of both sexes weighing about 80 g. Comparable results were obtained with isolated thymocytes from immature humans (2 months-10 years old). Incubation of thymocytes from males with insulin (10 nmol/1) stimulated glucose uptake and lactate release, whereas insulin caused an inhibition of glucose uptake and an enhancement of lactate production in thymocytes from female. Age dependence and sex specificity of insulin action on glucose metabolism in lymphoid cells and tissues may explain the contradictory results reported by other authors.", "contents": "[Sex specific action of insulin on the glucose metabolism of lymphatic tissue of rats and humans (author's transl)]. Glucose metabolism of lymphoid cells isolated from thymus and spleen of Wistar rats, weighing 140-150 g, was found to be sensitive to insulin. The influence of insulin on glucose uptake by isolated cells from both lymphoid tissues displayed a significant sex specificity. Insulin at 0.1-10 nmol/1 stimulated glucose uptake of cells from male rats, whereas in cells from females, inhibition of glucose uptake was observed. However, lactate production was enhanced in lymphoid cells of both sexes. Cortisol (100 nmol/1) displayed a significant anti-insulin action on glucose uptake and lactate release by thymocytes of male rats. In contrast, in cells from females, cortisol and insulin both exhibited an inhibitory action on glucose uptake, whereas the hormones were found to antagonise lactate production. The sex specific stimualtory influence of insulin on glucose uptake by thymocytes of male rats was reversed and the hormone became inhibitory when animals were castrated. The action of insulin on glucose uptake was also shown to be age-dependent. In experiments with rats weighing either about 10 g or 40 g, sex-specific effects on glucose influx were found, that were similar to those of rats weighing 140-150 g. However, stimulation of glucose uptake was found with thymocytes from rats of both sexes weighing about 80 g. Comparable results were obtained with isolated thymocytes from immature humans (2 months-10 years old). Incubation of thymocytes from males with insulin (10 nmol/1) stimulated glucose uptake and lactate release, whereas insulin caused an inhibition of glucose uptake and an enhancement of lactate production in thymocytes from female. Age dependence and sex specificity of insulin action on glucose metabolism in lymphoid cells and tissues may explain the contradictory results reported by other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:894202", "title": "Distribution of oestradiol receptor molecules in human kidney.", "content": "Experiments were performed to determine the distribution of oestrogen receptors in normal human kidney. Cytosols prepared from renal medulla and cortex were separately analyzed for oestrogen receptor molecules aga gel electrophoresis. Oestrogen receptors could be demonstrated in both compartments of the organ. However, the experiments reveal that the medulla is the main locus of oestrogen receptor in human kidney.", "contents": "Distribution of oestradiol receptor molecules in human kidney. Experiments were performed to determine the distribution of oestrogen receptors in normal human kidney. Cytosols prepared from renal medulla and cortex were separately analyzed for oestrogen receptor molecules aga gel electrophoresis. Oestrogen receptors could be demonstrated in both compartments of the organ. However, the experiments reveal that the medulla is the main locus of oestrogen receptor in human kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:894203", "title": "A simplified micromethod for the determination of the acetylator phenotype.", "content": "A simplified and rapid method is described for phenotyping of sulfamethazine acetylation. Two hours after a test dose of sulfamethazine, free and total sulfamethazine are estimated in blood drawn either by capillary or venipuncture. The present method offers sharp segregation between slow and rapid acetylators, requires micro blood volumes drawn from finger- or ear pucture, and is more convenient for population genetics survey as well as for clinical investigations.", "contents": "A simplified micromethod for the determination of the acetylator phenotype. A simplified and rapid method is described for phenotyping of sulfamethazine acetylation. Two hours after a test dose of sulfamethazine, free and total sulfamethazine are estimated in blood drawn either by capillary or venipuncture. The present method offers sharp segregation between slow and rapid acetylators, requires micro blood volumes drawn from finger- or ear pucture, and is more convenient for population genetics survey as well as for clinical investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:894204", "title": "[Analysis of urinary proteins by disc electrophoresis: a method for the differential diagnosis of kidney diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "After introductory observations on the role of the kidney in protein metabolism, the methodology and results of disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide, using detergents, are discussed. Separation of urinary proteins according to molecular weight permits the differentiation of kidney diseases into those of the glomerulus and of the tubules. Proteinurias of prerenal and postrenal origin are also differentiated. Owing to the considerable time involved, this methodology cannot at present be introduced for routine purposes.", "contents": "[Analysis of urinary proteins by disc electrophoresis: a method for the differential diagnosis of kidney diseases (author's transl)]. After introductory observations on the role of the kidney in protein metabolism, the methodology and results of disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide, using detergents, are discussed. Separation of urinary proteins according to molecular weight permits the differentiation of kidney diseases into those of the glomerulus and of the tubules. Proteinurias of prerenal and postrenal origin are also differentiated. Owing to the considerable time involved, this methodology cannot at present be introduced for routine purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:894205", "title": "[Simplified titrimetric semimicrodetermination of lipase in serum (author's transl)].", "content": "The quantitative, titrimetric and kinetic method for the determination of lipase in serum, duodenal juice and punctures by Rick (Rick, W. (1969), this journal 7,530-539) has been adapted as a routine semimicro-method using 0.20 ml volume of spcimen without N2 protection. The description of the procedure and quality control data are reported. The method has been checked for more than 3 years and sera from more than 3000 patients have been investigated.", "contents": "[Simplified titrimetric semimicrodetermination of lipase in serum (author's transl)]. The quantitative, titrimetric and kinetic method for the determination of lipase in serum, duodenal juice and punctures by Rick (Rick, W. (1969), this journal 7,530-539) has been adapted as a routine semimicro-method using 0.20 ml volume of spcimen without N2 protection. The description of the procedure and quality control data are reported. The method has been checked for more than 3 years and sera from more than 3000 patients have been investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:894206", "title": "[Studies of the interractions of cyclamate with phenprocomon (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of cyclamate on the anticoagulant activity of phenprocoumon was investigated in rats after single oral doses of phenprocoumon, cyclamate, or phenprocoumon/cyclamate. By means of high pressure liquid chromatrography [HPLC] the change of the concentration of phenprocoumon per unit time in sera was determined. The anticoagulant acitivity of phenprocoumon was determined by the extension of the prothromin-time (Quick-test). It was found that cyclamate gives rise to an elevated of phenprocoumon in the blood, and a reduction of the anticoagulanting potency.", "contents": "[Studies of the interractions of cyclamate with phenprocomon (author's transl)]. The effect of cyclamate on the anticoagulant activity of phenprocoumon was investigated in rats after single oral doses of phenprocoumon, cyclamate, or phenprocoumon/cyclamate. By means of high pressure liquid chromatrography [HPLC] the change of the concentration of phenprocoumon per unit time in sera was determined. The anticoagulant acitivity of phenprocoumon was determined by the extension of the prothromin-time (Quick-test). It was found that cyclamate gives rise to an elevated of phenprocoumon in the blood, and a reduction of the anticoagulanting potency."}
{"id": "PMID:894207", "title": "[Isoenzymes of creatine kinase in the perinatal period (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum of new-born children shows a higher catalytic concentration of creatine kinase than adult serum. These values reach normal adult levels within the first 10 days of life. In addition to the MM-, the MB- and BB-isoenzymes of creatine kinase are also found in the serum of women in labour, in cord-serum, and in the serum of newborn children. These findings should be taken into consideration in the analysis of creatine kinase isoenzymes.", "contents": "[Isoenzymes of creatine kinase in the perinatal period (author's transl)]. The serum of new-born children shows a higher catalytic concentration of creatine kinase than adult serum. These values reach normal adult levels within the first 10 days of life. In addition to the MM-, the MB- and BB-isoenzymes of creatine kinase are also found in the serum of women in labour, in cord-serum, and in the serum of newborn children. These findings should be taken into consideration in the analysis of creatine kinase isoenzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:894208", "title": "Demonstration of a collagenolytic enzyme in postmortal human colon tissue.", "content": "A collagenolytic enzyme was extracted from the 6000 g sediment of homogenized postmortal human colon tissue. The enzyme digests native collagen at neutral pH. The enzyme has been concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The collagenolytic activity was measured using [1-14C]acetylated calf skin collagen, solubilized in 0.1 g/1 acetic acid. There was a significant inactivation of the enzyme solution after the addition of mumol EDTA to the test volume.", "contents": "Demonstration of a collagenolytic enzyme in postmortal human colon tissue. A collagenolytic enzyme was extracted from the 6000 g sediment of homogenized postmortal human colon tissue. The enzyme digests native collagen at neutral pH. The enzyme has been concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The collagenolytic activity was measured using [1-14C]acetylated calf skin collagen, solubilized in 0.1 g/1 acetic acid. There was a significant inactivation of the enzyme solution after the addition of mumol EDTA to the test volume."}
{"id": "PMID:894209", "title": "An experimental model for studies on the effects of food and digestive secretions on the digestive-absorptive capacity of rat small intestine.", "content": "At an average of 32 days after a modified Roux-en-y repositioning of rat small intestine, the mucosal mass, mucosal composition, in vivo absorption of galactose and the activity of maltase, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase were measured. In the gut segment with digestive secretions but without food (A) the only change was a decrease of sucrase activity which occurred most probably at the cellular level. In the gut segment with food and gastric juice and a reflux of digestive secretions (B) complex changes took place. An increase in mucosal mass was not accompanied by an increase in galactose absorption. There was a high increase of sucrase activity, a moderate increase of maltase activity and a tendency of the alkaline phosphatase activity to decrease. The changes (increase in mucosal mass and total enzyme activity, but no changes in activity at the cellular level) in the segment exposed to both digestive secretions and food (C) were compatible with a more proximal promotion of a distal gut segment.", "contents": "An experimental model for studies on the effects of food and digestive secretions on the digestive-absorptive capacity of rat small intestine. At an average of 32 days after a modified Roux-en-y repositioning of rat small intestine, the mucosal mass, mucosal composition, in vivo absorption of galactose and the activity of maltase, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase were measured. In the gut segment with digestive secretions but without food (A) the only change was a decrease of sucrase activity which occurred most probably at the cellular level. In the gut segment with food and gastric juice and a reflux of digestive secretions (B) complex changes took place. An increase in mucosal mass was not accompanied by an increase in galactose absorption. There was a high increase of sucrase activity, a moderate increase of maltase activity and a tendency of the alkaline phosphatase activity to decrease. The changes (increase in mucosal mass and total enzyme activity, but no changes in activity at the cellular level) in the segment exposed to both digestive secretions and food (C) were compatible with a more proximal promotion of a distal gut segment."}
{"id": "PMID:894210", "title": "[A rapid semiautomatic separation of urinary catecholamines (author's transl)].", "content": "The semiautomatic separation of the catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline, is based on their adsorption onto aluminium oxide at pH 8.4, followed by batch elution with 0.05 mol/1 perchloric acid. The separate steps of the operation were investigated and optimised. Advantages of the method, compared with the manual column technique, are decreased time of operation, less involvement of personel, less danger of carry-over of interfering substances, and an exact standardisation of the processing time.", "contents": "[A rapid semiautomatic separation of urinary catecholamines (author's transl)]. The semiautomatic separation of the catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline, is based on their adsorption onto aluminium oxide at pH 8.4, followed by batch elution with 0.05 mol/1 perchloric acid. The separate steps of the operation were investigated and optimised. Advantages of the method, compared with the manual column technique, are decreased time of operation, less involvement of personel, less danger of carry-over of interfering substances, and an exact standardisation of the processing time."}
{"id": "PMID:894211", "title": "[Effect of spirolactones on the urinary excretion of individual 17-oxosteroids and of pregnanediol in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of spirolactones on the urinary excretion of individual 17-oxosteroids and of pregnanediol in man was investigated under various conditions. After purification by thin-layer chromatography, the 17-oxosteroids and pregnanediol were determined by gas chromatography. Eleven male subjects (age 21-34 years) received a daily dose of 200 mg spironolactone (Aldactone) orally on seven consecutive days. Five female subjects (age 20-35 years) and ten pregnant women (age 20-35 years; 28th.-39th. week of gestation) were given a daily intravenous injection of 600 mg potassium canrenoate (Aldactone pro injectione) on three consecutive days. In the male subjects, the excretion of individual 17-oxosteroids and of pregnanediol was significantly reduced during administration of spironolactone. In the nonpregnant female subjects, the excretion of etiocholanolone and dehydroepiandrosterone was diminished, whereas in the pregnant women, the excretion of pregnanediol and dehydroepiandrosterone was decreased during treatment with potassium canrenoate. These results suggest that the reduced urinary excretion of steroids may be due to an inhibition of steroid metabolising enzymes by spirolactones. It seems likely that spirolactones affect the enzymatic conversion fo cholesterol to pregnenolone.", "contents": "[Effect of spirolactones on the urinary excretion of individual 17-oxosteroids and of pregnanediol in man (author's transl)]. The effect of spirolactones on the urinary excretion of individual 17-oxosteroids and of pregnanediol in man was investigated under various conditions. After purification by thin-layer chromatography, the 17-oxosteroids and pregnanediol were determined by gas chromatography. Eleven male subjects (age 21-34 years) received a daily dose of 200 mg spironolactone (Aldactone) orally on seven consecutive days. Five female subjects (age 20-35 years) and ten pregnant women (age 20-35 years; 28th.-39th. week of gestation) were given a daily intravenous injection of 600 mg potassium canrenoate (Aldactone pro injectione) on three consecutive days. In the male subjects, the excretion of individual 17-oxosteroids and of pregnanediol was significantly reduced during administration of spironolactone. In the nonpregnant female subjects, the excretion of etiocholanolone and dehydroepiandrosterone was diminished, whereas in the pregnant women, the excretion of pregnanediol and dehydroepiandrosterone was decreased during treatment with potassium canrenoate. These results suggest that the reduced urinary excretion of steroids may be due to an inhibition of steroid metabolising enzymes by spirolactones. It seems likely that spirolactones affect the enzymatic conversion fo cholesterol to pregnenolone."}
{"id": "PMID:894212", "title": "A simple, rapid and accurate screening test for hyperchlororhoea.", "content": "A simple, rapid screening paper test for the quantitative estimation of Cl- concentration in feces is described. The measured time of decolorisation of the Chlorotrex indicator by aqueous extract of feces is inversely proportional to the chloride concentration. The technical details of the test are given. The test is very suitable for laboratory and mass screening.", "contents": "A simple, rapid and accurate screening test for hyperchlororhoea. A simple, rapid screening paper test for the quantitative estimation of Cl- concentration in feces is described. The measured time of decolorisation of the Chlorotrex indicator by aqueous extract of feces is inversely proportional to the chloride concentration. The technical details of the test are given. The test is very suitable for laboratory and mass screening."}
{"id": "PMID:894213", "title": "Whole salivary immunoglobulin levels in 60 healthy children: determined by a sensitive electroimmuno technique after prior carbamylation.", "content": "Immunoglobulins in whole saliva, collected unstimulated from 60 healthy children, 4 to 15 years of age, were determined by a modified electroimmuno technique using carbamylation of the samples prior to electrophoresis. This technique, which is generally used for measurement of immunoglobulins in serum, was found to be rapid, precise, and sensitive. The mean (median) for salivary IgA was 5.1 kIU/1, which was significantly higher than values obtained from stimulated or unstimulated parotid saliva by other investigators. The mean value for salivary IgG was 120 IU/1. IgM in saliva was only found in measurable amounts in 5 children.", "contents": "Whole salivary immunoglobulin levels in 60 healthy children: determined by a sensitive electroimmuno technique after prior carbamylation. Immunoglobulins in whole saliva, collected unstimulated from 60 healthy children, 4 to 15 years of age, were determined by a modified electroimmuno technique using carbamylation of the samples prior to electrophoresis. This technique, which is generally used for measurement of immunoglobulins in serum, was found to be rapid, precise, and sensitive. The mean (median) for salivary IgA was 5.1 kIU/1, which was significantly higher than values obtained from stimulated or unstimulated parotid saliva by other investigators. The mean value for salivary IgG was 120 IU/1. IgM in saliva was only found in measurable amounts in 5 children."}
{"id": "PMID:894214", "title": "[Plasminogen content of human fibrinogen preparations from different sources (author's transl)].", "content": "In connection with fibrinolytic therapy, it is of interest to know how much plasminogen is contained in different commercially available figrinogen preparations. This problem was investigated with the aid of a semiquantitative determination of plasminogen. The determined plasminogen content was compared with plasminogen concentration of pooled human plasma. Using the ratio of plasminogen to fibrinogen, and fixing the plasminogen content of human plasma arbitrarily at 100%, the proportion of plasminogen in fibrinogen from Immuno is 134%, fibrinogen from Behringwerke contains 13.7%, and Kabi-fibrinogen contains 2.71% plasminogen.", "contents": "[Plasminogen content of human fibrinogen preparations from different sources (author's transl)]. In connection with fibrinolytic therapy, it is of interest to know how much plasminogen is contained in different commercially available figrinogen preparations. This problem was investigated with the aid of a semiquantitative determination of plasminogen. The determined plasminogen content was compared with plasminogen concentration of pooled human plasma. Using the ratio of plasminogen to fibrinogen, and fixing the plasminogen content of human plasma arbitrarily at 100%, the proportion of plasminogen in fibrinogen from Immuno is 134%, fibrinogen from Behringwerke contains 13.7%, and Kabi-fibrinogen contains 2.71% plasminogen."}
{"id": "PMID:894215", "title": "[Influence of heparin therapy on the determination of lipase in serum (author's transl)].", "content": "Following single doses of heparin and with continuous heparin infusion the activity of lipase in the serum increases temporarily and can attain pathological values also in healthy persons. Even when the heparin infusion is continued, the lipase values return after at the most 24 hours to the initial value before application of heparin. For a diagnosis of diseases of the pancreas the interpretation of lipase values in serum must consider how long the patient has been treated with heparin.", "contents": "[Influence of heparin therapy on the determination of lipase in serum (author's transl)]. Following single doses of heparin and with continuous heparin infusion the activity of lipase in the serum increases temporarily and can attain pathological values also in healthy persons. Even when the heparin infusion is continued, the lipase values return after at the most 24 hours to the initial value before application of heparin. For a diagnosis of diseases of the pancreas the interpretation of lipase values in serum must consider how long the patient has been treated with heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:894216", "title": "[Influence of testosterone on the distribution of 65Zn-binding proteins in the prostate and seminal vesicles of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "65Zn (7.4 MBq: 200 muCi) was injected intravenously into normal, castrated and castrated, testosterone-substituted rats. After 1, 24 and 48 hours, the distribution of 65Zn-binding proteins in the 100,000 g supernatant of the prostate and seminal vesicles was investigated by separation on Sephadex G 100. The prostate and seminal vesicles from any one rat showed the same distribution pattern of 65Zn-proteins. In castrated rats, the incorporation of 65Zn was, however, 5-6 times lower than in the normal or castrated, testosterone-substituted rats. One hour after the injection, the highest activity of 65Zn was found in proteins in the molecular weight range above 100,000. After 48 hours the greatest proportion of 65Zn was present peak corresponding to 28,000 Daltons.", "contents": "[Influence of testosterone on the distribution of 65Zn-binding proteins in the prostate and seminal vesicles of rats (author's transl)]. 65Zn (7.4 MBq: 200 muCi) was injected intravenously into normal, castrated and castrated, testosterone-substituted rats. After 1, 24 and 48 hours, the distribution of 65Zn-binding proteins in the 100,000 g supernatant of the prostate and seminal vesicles was investigated by separation on Sephadex G 100. The prostate and seminal vesicles from any one rat showed the same distribution pattern of 65Zn-proteins. In castrated rats, the incorporation of 65Zn was, however, 5-6 times lower than in the normal or castrated, testosterone-substituted rats. One hour after the injection, the highest activity of 65Zn was found in proteins in the molecular weight range above 100,000. After 48 hours the greatest proportion of 65Zn was present peak corresponding to 28,000 Daltons."}
{"id": "PMID:894218", "title": "Warning signals and alerting: effects on differential classical conditioning.", "content": "Three experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of a nondifferential warning signal on differential classical conditioning. In Experiment 1, a 500-msec warning interval was found to result in good differential conditioning performance at an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 500 msec in which differential conditioning did not otherwise occur. The second experiment demonstrated the warning effect with both visual and auditory conditioned stimuli, thus ruling out the possibility that the warning effects were due to eye movements. Experment 3 showed that a warning signal and an increased ISI were functionally equivalent, as demonstrated by conditioning performance and the similar effects obtained when the ISI and warning-interval conditions were switched from optimal to nonoptimal and vice versa.", "contents": "Warning signals and alerting: effects on differential classical conditioning. Three experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of a nondifferential warning signal on differential classical conditioning. In Experiment 1, a 500-msec warning interval was found to result in good differential conditioning performance at an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 500 msec in which differential conditioning did not otherwise occur. The second experiment demonstrated the warning effect with both visual and auditory conditioned stimuli, thus ruling out the possibility that the warning effects were due to eye movements. Experment 3 showed that a warning signal and an increased ISI were functionally equivalent, as demonstrated by conditioning performance and the similar effects obtained when the ISI and warning-interval conditions were switched from optimal to nonoptimal and vice versa."}
{"id": "PMID:894219", "title": "Stimulus intensity effects in electrodermal habituation.", "content": "Experiment 1 presented human subjects with 25 shocks of the same (.5, 1.5, or 2.5 mA:between-subjects design) or different (.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mA:within-subjects design) intensities to test predictions of the dual-process, cortical-model, and adaptation-level theories concerning terminal electrodermal response (EDR) magnitudes in an habituation paradigm. Dual-process theory correctly predicted terminal EDR magnitudes and relative EDR habituation rates. Dual-process theory was further supported in Experiment 3 when EDR magnitude to a standard intensity shock (1.25 mA) decreased with the intensity of a second comparison shock (0, .5, 1.25, or 2.5 mA) only up to the 1.25-mA level, as the common-elements construct of the dual-process theory predicts. Adaptation level incorrectly predicted that standard stimulus EDR magnitude would decrease as comparison intensity, hence adaptation level, increased. Forewarning subjects of each shock intensity increased EDR magnitude in Experiments 2 and 3 contrary to the cortical-model theory's prediction based on subjective stimulus uncertainty.", "contents": "Stimulus intensity effects in electrodermal habituation. Experiment 1 presented human subjects with 25 shocks of the same (.5, 1.5, or 2.5 mA:between-subjects design) or different (.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mA:within-subjects design) intensities to test predictions of the dual-process, cortical-model, and adaptation-level theories concerning terminal electrodermal response (EDR) magnitudes in an habituation paradigm. Dual-process theory correctly predicted terminal EDR magnitudes and relative EDR habituation rates. Dual-process theory was further supported in Experiment 3 when EDR magnitude to a standard intensity shock (1.25 mA) decreased with the intensity of a second comparison shock (0, .5, 1.25, or 2.5 mA) only up to the 1.25-mA level, as the common-elements construct of the dual-process theory predicts. Adaptation level incorrectly predicted that standard stimulus EDR magnitude would decrease as comparison intensity, hence adaptation level, increased. Forewarning subjects of each shock intensity increased EDR magnitude in Experiments 2 and 3 contrary to the cortical-model theory's prediction based on subjective stimulus uncertainty."}
{"id": "PMID:894220", "title": "Effects of instruction on acquisition and extinction of electrodermal responses to fear-relevant stimuli.", "content": "In the present study we examined the hypothesis that electrodermal responses conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli are insensitive to verbal instructions. In the first experiment, different groups of subjects were conditioned to fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant control stimuli in a long interstimulus interval differential paradigm with shock as the unconditioned stimulus. Then half of the subjects were informed that no more shocks would be presented, and a number of extinction trials followed. The instruction completely abolished responding to fear-irrelevant stimuli, while leaving responses to the fear-relevant stimuli unaffected. In the second experiment, subjects were \"conditioned\" to fear-relevant or irrelevant stimuli by an instruction involving threat of shock. This manipulation potentiated potentiated responses to fear-relevant stimuli significantly more than responses to fear-irrelevant stimuli. Thus, instruction had a symmetrical effect on acquisition and extinction to fear-irrelevant stimuli, whereas it facilitated acquisition but was ineffective in reducing responding to the other class of stimuli. These results are related to a preparedness theory, and their relevance for an understanding of phobias is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of instruction on acquisition and extinction of electrodermal responses to fear-relevant stimuli. In the present study we examined the hypothesis that electrodermal responses conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli are insensitive to verbal instructions. In the first experiment, different groups of subjects were conditioned to fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant control stimuli in a long interstimulus interval differential paradigm with shock as the unconditioned stimulus. Then half of the subjects were informed that no more shocks would be presented, and a number of extinction trials followed. The instruction completely abolished responding to fear-irrelevant stimuli, while leaving responses to the fear-relevant stimuli unaffected. In the second experiment, subjects were \"conditioned\" to fear-relevant or irrelevant stimuli by an instruction involving threat of shock. This manipulation potentiated potentiated responses to fear-relevant stimuli significantly more than responses to fear-irrelevant stimuli. Thus, instruction had a symmetrical effect on acquisition and extinction to fear-irrelevant stimuli, whereas it facilitated acquisition but was ineffective in reducing responding to the other class of stimuli. These results are related to a preparedness theory, and their relevance for an understanding of phobias is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894223", "title": "The clinical recognition of congestive heart failure.", "content": "The recognition of early or mild congestive heart failure in the ambulatory patient is a common clinical challenge in everyday practice. Early diagnosis requires attention to symptoms, signs, and radiographic changes which may be minimal. This paper reviews basic pathophysiological principles involved in congestive heart failure and summarizes etiological factors which may cause or precipitate congestive heart failure. The symptoms, signs, and subtle radiological findings of early congestive heart failure are also described in some detail.", "contents": "The clinical recognition of congestive heart failure. The recognition of early or mild congestive heart failure in the ambulatory patient is a common clinical challenge in everyday practice. Early diagnosis requires attention to symptoms, signs, and radiographic changes which may be minimal. This paper reviews basic pathophysiological principles involved in congestive heart failure and summarizes etiological factors which may cause or precipitate congestive heart failure. The symptoms, signs, and subtle radiological findings of early congestive heart failure are also described in some detail."}
{"id": "PMID:894224", "title": "Clinical virology in family practice: epidemiological and clinical observations of an outbreak of Coxsackievirus B type 1 infection in a kibbutz.", "content": "In the late summer and early fall of 1975, a febrile illness broke out in Kibbutz Tsorah, a communal settlement situated in the Jerusalem District, affecting 148 (33 percent) of its 446 members. Sickness was recorded in 107 (54 percent) of 198 children under 14 years of age and in 41 (17 percent) of the remaining 248 members of the kibbutz. In addition to fever, gastrointestinal and upper respiratory symptoms were predominant. Pleurodynia and myocarditis were also observed, but only in 11 (7 percent) and 5 (3 percent) patients, respectively, all adults. Coxsackievirus B type 1 was isolated from 20 (53 percent) of 38 stool specimens received. A fourfold or higher rise in titer of neutralizing antibody to one of the isolates was demonstrated in 52 (74 percent) of 70 paired sera. The epidemiologic and clinical aspects of the outbreak are discussed. The importance of correlating laboratory findings with clinical and epidemiologic observations and the importance of collaborating with the laboratory virologist in the daily practice of the family physician are stressed.", "contents": "Clinical virology in family practice: epidemiological and clinical observations of an outbreak of Coxsackievirus B type 1 infection in a kibbutz. In the late summer and early fall of 1975, a febrile illness broke out in Kibbutz Tsorah, a communal settlement situated in the Jerusalem District, affecting 148 (33 percent) of its 446 members. Sickness was recorded in 107 (54 percent) of 198 children under 14 years of age and in 41 (17 percent) of the remaining 248 members of the kibbutz. In addition to fever, gastrointestinal and upper respiratory symptoms were predominant. Pleurodynia and myocarditis were also observed, but only in 11 (7 percent) and 5 (3 percent) patients, respectively, all adults. Coxsackievirus B type 1 was isolated from 20 (53 percent) of 38 stool specimens received. A fourfold or higher rise in titer of neutralizing antibody to one of the isolates was demonstrated in 52 (74 percent) of 70 paired sera. The epidemiologic and clinical aspects of the outbreak are discussed. The importance of correlating laboratory findings with clinical and epidemiologic observations and the importance of collaborating with the laboratory virologist in the daily practice of the family physician are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:894225", "title": "A rationale and method for the sexual history in family practice.", "content": "The taking of a sexual history produces a therapeutic effect for the patient by giving the patient permission to be sexual, filling patient knowledge gaps, providing a reality check, and beginning the process of self-acceptance by the patient. The physician's own empathy may seem to interfere with his feeling comfortable while eliciting a sexual history; at the same time the patient may struggle with feelings of shame and embarrassment. The physician can alleviate patient discomfort by being accepting and empathetic, and by assuming the patient has thought, felt, and done everything in the sexual area. He can also help by beginning with general questions, avoiding \"why\" questions and jargon, and gently reporting inconsistencies.", "contents": "A rationale and method for the sexual history in family practice. The taking of a sexual history produces a therapeutic effect for the patient by giving the patient permission to be sexual, filling patient knowledge gaps, providing a reality check, and beginning the process of self-acceptance by the patient. The physician's own empathy may seem to interfere with his feeling comfortable while eliciting a sexual history; at the same time the patient may struggle with feelings of shame and embarrassment. The physician can alleviate patient discomfort by being accepting and empathetic, and by assuming the patient has thought, felt, and done everything in the sexual area. He can also help by beginning with general questions, avoiding \"why\" questions and jargon, and gently reporting inconsistencies."}
{"id": "PMID:894226", "title": "The communication of information from physician to patient: a method for increasing patient retention and satisfaction.", "content": "Patients are more satisfied with their physicians when they are given and retain more information about their illnesses. Whe an experimental group of patients was asked to restate what they had been told, followed by physician feedback, retention of the information was 83.5 percent compared to 60.8 percent in a control group in which this technique was not used. Patient satisfaction was also higher in the experimental group.", "contents": "The communication of information from physician to patient: a method for increasing patient retention and satisfaction. Patients are more satisfied with their physicians when they are given and retain more information about their illnesses. Whe an experimental group of patients was asked to restate what they had been told, followed by physician feedback, retention of the information was 83.5 percent compared to 60.8 percent in a control group in which this technique was not used. Patient satisfaction was also higher in the experimental group."}
{"id": "PMID:894227", "title": "Early ambulatory experience in the undergraduate education of family physicians.", "content": "A number of benefits have been claimed for early ambulatory experience in the training of family physicians, although few practical examples have been reported. This paper describes an approach to the education of first and second year medical students interested in family medicine which places heavy emphasis on community-based ambulatory care. During the first year, an elective introductory preceptorship permits students to participate in the office practice of a family physician in a limited role. Seminars are offered concurrently to provide integrating principles and perspective. In the second year, a nine-month-long continuity clerkship is offered in which students gain intimate contact with a small panel of families and practice the skills of primary care in the offices of family physicians. Clinical experience is accompanied by weekly seminars and integrated with elements of the required curriculum. Selected evaluation data are presented, which attest to the achievement of course objectives and provide support for the claim that this approach is beneficial to students seeking careers in primary care.", "contents": "Early ambulatory experience in the undergraduate education of family physicians. A number of benefits have been claimed for early ambulatory experience in the training of family physicians, although few practical examples have been reported. This paper describes an approach to the education of first and second year medical students interested in family medicine which places heavy emphasis on community-based ambulatory care. During the first year, an elective introductory preceptorship permits students to participate in the office practice of a family physician in a limited role. Seminars are offered concurrently to provide integrating principles and perspective. In the second year, a nine-month-long continuity clerkship is offered in which students gain intimate contact with a small panel of families and practice the skills of primary care in the offices of family physicians. Clinical experience is accompanied by weekly seminars and integrated with elements of the required curriculum. Selected evaluation data are presented, which attest to the achievement of course objectives and provide support for the claim that this approach is beneficial to students seeking careers in primary care."}
{"id": "PMID:894228", "title": "Guidelines for planning faculty development workshops.", "content": "As departments of family medicine succeed in recruiting faculty members from the ranks of practicing physicians and from other clinical disciplines, they are faced with the problem of how to help these new members function comfortably and effectively in their new roles as teachers, administrators and academicians. This paper addresses part of this problem by reviewing the literature on faculty development through workshops. Consistent components of effective faculty development workshops are presented as guidelines for future workshop planners.", "contents": "Guidelines for planning faculty development workshops. As departments of family medicine succeed in recruiting faculty members from the ranks of practicing physicians and from other clinical disciplines, they are faced with the problem of how to help these new members function comfortably and effectively in their new roles as teachers, administrators and academicians. This paper addresses part of this problem by reviewing the literature on faculty development through workshops. Consistent components of effective faculty development workshops are presented as guidelines for future workshop planners."}
{"id": "PMID:894229", "title": "Research in the family practice residency program.", "content": "Research activity in family practice is becoming increasingly important as the specialty matures past its initial organizational and developmental phase. Family practice residency programs are directly involved in the definition and implementation of modern concepts in family medicine and frequently have available the necessary tools and resources for substantive research of various types. These programs therefore have both the opportunity and responsibility to become actively involved in research. Significant contributions have already been made in this area by faculty and residents in a number of family practice residency programs. This paper provides an overview of research areas in family practice, presents some examples of research to date, and suggests some practical approaches to facilitate further research efforts in family practice residency programs.", "contents": "Research in the family practice residency program. Research activity in family practice is becoming increasingly important as the specialty matures past its initial organizational and developmental phase. Family practice residency programs are directly involved in the definition and implementation of modern concepts in family medicine and frequently have available the necessary tools and resources for substantive research of various types. These programs therefore have both the opportunity and responsibility to become actively involved in research. Significant contributions have already been made in this area by faculty and residents in a number of family practice residency programs. This paper provides an overview of research areas in family practice, presents some examples of research to date, and suggests some practical approaches to facilitate further research efforts in family practice residency programs."}
{"id": "PMID:894230", "title": "The use of automated ambulatory medical records.", "content": "An extensive survey of the uses of computerized automated ambulatory medical record systems has been conducted. The medical services provided which seem to offer the greatest benefits include: patient profiles which are a concise summary of a patient's medical status, patient surveillance to help in preventive care and management of chronic disease, data presentation by flow sheets and graphs, and data-base searches for audit, training, and research. The close integration of medical data with patient management and administrative services such as scheduling, registration, and financial systems, gives valuable utilization and practice information. Improvement in the billing and accounting process is in itself a most important benefit. In addition, the collection and analysis of medical data for health services research, quality of care audits, and training of future providers offers much potential. A number of innovative and economically viable computerized ambulatory record systems are currently operating.", "contents": "The use of automated ambulatory medical records. An extensive survey of the uses of computerized automated ambulatory medical record systems has been conducted. The medical services provided which seem to offer the greatest benefits include: patient profiles which are a concise summary of a patient's medical status, patient surveillance to help in preventive care and management of chronic disease, data presentation by flow sheets and graphs, and data-base searches for audit, training, and research. The close integration of medical data with patient management and administrative services such as scheduling, registration, and financial systems, gives valuable utilization and practice information. Improvement in the billing and accounting process is in itself a most important benefit. In addition, the collection and analysis of medical data for health services research, quality of care audits, and training of future providers offers much potential. A number of innovative and economically viable computerized ambulatory record systems are currently operating."}
{"id": "PMID:894231", "title": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 4: Family information.", "content": "The gathering of family information has numerous advantages in a family practice setting. Methods are described which not only allow description of family structure but permit identification of each individual family member and his/her relationship to the family as a unit. The value of filing individual medical records in family folders is detailed. A functional definition of family is established and certain health-related characteristics are given. Included is comparison of family size and socioeconomic status (SES) of a family practice with census information on the total county population. Health-seeking behavior of two-person families (couples or single-parent plus child) related to SES is presented as one of many applications of recorded family information, potential for future research into the effects of family structure on morbidity is discussed.", "contents": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 4: Family information. The gathering of family information has numerous advantages in a family practice setting. Methods are described which not only allow description of family structure but permit identification of each individual family member and his/her relationship to the family as a unit. The value of filing individual medical records in family folders is detailed. A functional definition of family is established and certain health-related characteristics are given. Included is comparison of family size and socioeconomic status (SES) of a family practice with census information on the total county population. Health-seeking behavior of two-person families (couples or single-parent plus child) related to SES is presented as one of many applications of recorded family information, potential for future research into the effects of family structure on morbidity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894234", "title": "The phylogenetic distribution of red cell 2,3 diphosphoglycerate and its interaction with mammalian hemoglobins.", "content": "In order to better understand the extent to which 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG) contributes to red cell function in the mammals, we assayed DPG levels in blood from a taxonomically diverse set of 71 species representing 14 orders. In addition, for 66 species and 4 hemoglobin phenotypes of the sheep, the effect of DPG on oxygen affinity was measured by determining P 50 values for hemoglobin in the absence of DPG and at 0.2 mM and 1.0 mM concentrations. Most mammals had high levels of red cell DPG and phosphate-free hemoglobins with a relatively high oxygen affinity. In contrast, two taxonomically unrelated groups had both very low intra-erythrocytic DPG concentrations as well as hemoglobins of native low oxygen affinity that interacted weakly with DPG. This latter group includes the Feloidea (order Carnivora) and the Bovoidea (order Artiodactyla). The relationship between DPG concentration, hemoglobin oxygen affinity and the interaction of DPG with hemoglobin is treated quantitatively to provide a model of mammalian red cell function. This derived expression is compared with descriptive allometric equations for whole blood P 50 and is shown to provide statistically reasonable predictions.", "contents": "The phylogenetic distribution of red cell 2,3 diphosphoglycerate and its interaction with mammalian hemoglobins. In order to better understand the extent to which 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG) contributes to red cell function in the mammals, we assayed DPG levels in blood from a taxonomically diverse set of 71 species representing 14 orders. In addition, for 66 species and 4 hemoglobin phenotypes of the sheep, the effect of DPG on oxygen affinity was measured by determining P 50 values for hemoglobin in the absence of DPG and at 0.2 mM and 1.0 mM concentrations. Most mammals had high levels of red cell DPG and phosphate-free hemoglobins with a relatively high oxygen affinity. In contrast, two taxonomically unrelated groups had both very low intra-erythrocytic DPG concentrations as well as hemoglobins of native low oxygen affinity that interacted weakly with DPG. This latter group includes the Feloidea (order Carnivora) and the Bovoidea (order Artiodactyla). The relationship between DPG concentration, hemoglobin oxygen affinity and the interaction of DPG with hemoglobin is treated quantitatively to provide a model of mammalian red cell function. This derived expression is compared with descriptive allometric equations for whole blood P 50 and is shown to provide statistically reasonable predictions."}
{"id": "PMID:894240", "title": "Frequency characteristics in the visual system of Drosophila: genetic dissection of electroretinogram components.", "content": "Various drosophila mutants were used to dissect the electroretinogram (ERG) frequency response into components of different origins. The ommochrome granules in the receptor cell body are known to migrate in response to light, limiting the amount of light entering the rhabdomere. Comparison between the ERG frequency responses of the wild type and the mutant lacking the ommochrome granules indicates that the pigment migration reduces the amplitude gain at frequencies below 0.5 Hz. The ERG of drosophila compound eyes consists of contributions from receptor cells and the second-order cells in the lamina. Mutants with defective laminae showed a high-frequency cutoff with a corner frequency of about 20 Hz, while in wild type the response peaked in that frequency region. These results suggest that the lamina contributes mainly to the high-frequency components of the ERG transfer function. The shot noise model (Dodge et al., 1968) has been tested in drosophila by comparing the frequency response of the superimposed on the intracellular receptor potential. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the receptor potential consists of a summation of small discrete potentials (bumps). In a mutant in which the bumps exhibit latency dispersion in response to a dim flash, the receptor showed a poor high-frequency response, the corner frequency being lowered to about 1-2 Hz. The slope of the cutoff was approximately 20 dB/dec indicating that the latency dispersion in this mutant is the major limiting factor in temporal resolution. Light-evoked high frequency oscillations have been observed in the ERG of another mutant. The oscillation was found sharply turned to light flickering at about 55 Hz.", "contents": "Frequency characteristics in the visual system of Drosophila: genetic dissection of electroretinogram components. Various drosophila mutants were used to dissect the electroretinogram (ERG) frequency response into components of different origins. The ommochrome granules in the receptor cell body are known to migrate in response to light, limiting the amount of light entering the rhabdomere. Comparison between the ERG frequency responses of the wild type and the mutant lacking the ommochrome granules indicates that the pigment migration reduces the amplitude gain at frequencies below 0.5 Hz. The ERG of drosophila compound eyes consists of contributions from receptor cells and the second-order cells in the lamina. Mutants with defective laminae showed a high-frequency cutoff with a corner frequency of about 20 Hz, while in wild type the response peaked in that frequency region. These results suggest that the lamina contributes mainly to the high-frequency components of the ERG transfer function. The shot noise model (Dodge et al., 1968) has been tested in drosophila by comparing the frequency response of the superimposed on the intracellular receptor potential. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the receptor potential consists of a summation of small discrete potentials (bumps). In a mutant in which the bumps exhibit latency dispersion in response to a dim flash, the receptor showed a poor high-frequency response, the corner frequency being lowered to about 1-2 Hz. The slope of the cutoff was approximately 20 dB/dec indicating that the latency dispersion in this mutant is the major limiting factor in temporal resolution. Light-evoked high frequency oscillations have been observed in the ERG of another mutant. The oscillation was found sharply turned to light flickering at about 55 Hz."}
{"id": "PMID:894241", "title": "Metabolism of acetylcholine in the nervous system of Aplysia californica. IV. Studies of an identified cholinergic axon.", "content": "[3H]Choline, injected directly into the major axon of the identified cholinergic neuron R2, was readily incorporated into [3H]acetylcholine. Its metabolic fate was similar to that of [3H]choline injected into the cell body of R2. Over the range injected, we found that the amounts of acetylcholine formed were proportional to the amounts injected; the synthetic capability was not exceeded even when 88 pmol of [3H]choline were injected into the axon. Newly synthesized acetylcholine moved within the axon with the kinetics expected of diffusion. We could not detect any selective orthograde or retrograde transport from the site of the injection. In contrast, as indicated by experiments with colchicine, 30% of the [3H]acetylcholine formed after intrasomatic injection was selectively exported from the cell body and transported along the axon. Most of the [3H]acetylcholine was recovered in the soluble fraction after both intra-axonal and intrasomatic injection of [3H]choline; only a small fraction was particulate. The significance of large amounts of soluble acetylcholine in R2 is uncertain, and some may occur physiologically. The concentrations of choline introduced by intraneuronal injection into both cell body and axon were, however, greater than those normally available to choline acetyltransferase in the cholinergic neuron; nevertheless, these large concentrations were efficiently converted into the transmitter. The synthetic capacity of the neuron supplied with injected choline may exceed the capacity of storage vesicles and of the axonal transport process.", "contents": "Metabolism of acetylcholine in the nervous system of Aplysia californica. IV. Studies of an identified cholinergic axon. [3H]Choline, injected directly into the major axon of the identified cholinergic neuron R2, was readily incorporated into [3H]acetylcholine. Its metabolic fate was similar to that of [3H]choline injected into the cell body of R2. Over the range injected, we found that the amounts of acetylcholine formed were proportional to the amounts injected; the synthetic capability was not exceeded even when 88 pmol of [3H]choline were injected into the axon. Newly synthesized acetylcholine moved within the axon with the kinetics expected of diffusion. We could not detect any selective orthograde or retrograde transport from the site of the injection. In contrast, as indicated by experiments with colchicine, 30% of the [3H]acetylcholine formed after intrasomatic injection was selectively exported from the cell body and transported along the axon. Most of the [3H]acetylcholine was recovered in the soluble fraction after both intra-axonal and intrasomatic injection of [3H]choline; only a small fraction was particulate. The significance of large amounts of soluble acetylcholine in R2 is uncertain, and some may occur physiologically. The concentrations of choline introduced by intraneuronal injection into both cell body and axon were, however, greater than those normally available to choline acetyltransferase in the cholinergic neuron; nevertheless, these large concentrations were efficiently converted into the transmitter. The synthetic capacity of the neuron supplied with injected choline may exceed the capacity of storage vesicles and of the axonal transport process."}
{"id": "PMID:894242", "title": "Sodium efflux in Myxicola giant axons.", "content": "Several properties of the Na pump in giant axons from the marine annelid Myxicola infundibulum have been determined in an attempt to characterize this preparation for membrane transport studies. Both NaO and KO activated the Na pump of normal microinjected Myxicola axons. In this preparation, the KO activation was less and the NaO activation much greater than that found in the squid giant axon. However, when the intracellular ATP:ADP ratio of the Myxicola axon was elevated by injection of an extraneous phosphagen system, the K sensitivity of Na efflux increased to the magnitude characteristic of squid axons and the activating effect of NaO disappeared. Several axons were injected with Na2SO4 in order to determine the effect of elevated Nai on the Na efflux. Increasing Nai enhanced a component of Na efflux which was insensitive to ouabain and dependent on [Ca] in Na-free (Li) seawater. After subtracting the CaO-dependent fraction, Na efflux was related linearly to [Na]i in all solutions except in K-free (Li) seawater, where it appeared to reach saturation at high [Na]i.", "contents": "Sodium efflux in Myxicola giant axons. Several properties of the Na pump in giant axons from the marine annelid Myxicola infundibulum have been determined in an attempt to characterize this preparation for membrane transport studies. Both NaO and KO activated the Na pump of normal microinjected Myxicola axons. In this preparation, the KO activation was less and the NaO activation much greater than that found in the squid giant axon. However, when the intracellular ATP:ADP ratio of the Myxicola axon was elevated by injection of an extraneous phosphagen system, the K sensitivity of Na efflux increased to the magnitude characteristic of squid axons and the activating effect of NaO disappeared. Several axons were injected with Na2SO4 in order to determine the effect of elevated Nai on the Na efflux. Increasing Nai enhanced a component of Na efflux which was insensitive to ouabain and dependent on [Ca] in Na-free (Li) seawater. After subtracting the CaO-dependent fraction, Na efflux was related linearly to [Na]i in all solutions except in K-free (Li) seawater, where it appeared to reach saturation at high [Na]i."}
{"id": "PMID:894243", "title": "Characterization of the ATP-dependent calcium efflux in dialyzed squid giant axons.", "content": "The magnitude of the activating effect of ATP on the Ca efflux was explored at different [Ca++]i in squid axons previously exposed to cyanide seawater and internally dialyzed with a medium free of ATP and containing p-trifluoro methoxy carbonyl cyanide phenyl hydrazine. At the lowest [Ca++]i used (0.06 micron more than 95% of the Ca efflux depends on ATP. At high [Ca++]i (100 micron), 50-60% of the Ca efflux still depends on ATP. The apparant affinity constant for ATP was not significantly affected in the range of [Ca++]i from 0.06 to 1 micron. Axons dialyzed to reduce their internal magnesium failed to show the usual activation of the Ca efflux when the Tris or the sodium salt of ATP was used. Only in the presence of internal magnesium is ATP able to stimulate the Ca efflux. Nine naturally occurring high-energy phosphate compounds were ineffective in supporting calcium efflux. These compounds were: UTP, GTP, CTP, UDP, CDP, ADP, AMP, CAMP, and acetyl phosphate. The compounds 2' deoxy-ATP and the hydrolyzable analog alpha,beta-methylene ATP were able to activate the Ca efflux. The nonhydrolyzable analog beta,gamma-methylene ATP competes with ATP for the activating site, but is unable to activate the Ca efflux. The results are discussed in terms of the specificity of the nucleotide site responsible for the ATP-dependent Ca efflux.", "contents": "Characterization of the ATP-dependent calcium efflux in dialyzed squid giant axons. The magnitude of the activating effect of ATP on the Ca efflux was explored at different [Ca++]i in squid axons previously exposed to cyanide seawater and internally dialyzed with a medium free of ATP and containing p-trifluoro methoxy carbonyl cyanide phenyl hydrazine. At the lowest [Ca++]i used (0.06 micron more than 95% of the Ca efflux depends on ATP. At high [Ca++]i (100 micron), 50-60% of the Ca efflux still depends on ATP. The apparant affinity constant for ATP was not significantly affected in the range of [Ca++]i from 0.06 to 1 micron. Axons dialyzed to reduce their internal magnesium failed to show the usual activation of the Ca efflux when the Tris or the sodium salt of ATP was used. Only in the presence of internal magnesium is ATP able to stimulate the Ca efflux. Nine naturally occurring high-energy phosphate compounds were ineffective in supporting calcium efflux. These compounds were: UTP, GTP, CTP, UDP, CDP, ADP, AMP, CAMP, and acetyl phosphate. The compounds 2' deoxy-ATP and the hydrolyzable analog alpha,beta-methylene ATP were able to activate the Ca efflux. The nonhydrolyzable analog beta,gamma-methylene ATP competes with ATP for the activating site, but is unable to activate the Ca efflux. The results are discussed in terms of the specificity of the nucleotide site responsible for the ATP-dependent Ca efflux."}
{"id": "PMID:894244", "title": "Repetitive firing: a quantitative study of feedback in model encoders.", "content": "Recognition of nonlinearities in the neuronal encoding of repetitive spike trains has generated a number of models to explain this behavior. Here we develop the mathematics and a set of tests for two such models: the leaky integrator and the variable-gamma model. Both of these are nearly sufficient to explain the dynamic behavior of a number of repetitively firing, sensory neurons. Model parameters can be related to possible underlying basic mechanisms. Summed and nonsummed, spike-locked negative feedback are examined in conjunction with the models. Transfer functions are formulated to predict responses to steady state, steps, and sinusoidally varying stimuli in which output data are the times of spike-train events only. An electrical analog model for the leaky integrator is tested to verify predicted responses. Curve fitting and parameter variation techniques are explored for the purpose of extracting basic model parameters from spike train data. Sinusoidal analysis of spike trains appear to be a very accurate method for determining spike-locked feedback parameters, and it is to a large extent a model independent method that may also be applied to neuronal responses.", "contents": "Repetitive firing: a quantitative study of feedback in model encoders. Recognition of nonlinearities in the neuronal encoding of repetitive spike trains has generated a number of models to explain this behavior. Here we develop the mathematics and a set of tests for two such models: the leaky integrator and the variable-gamma model. Both of these are nearly sufficient to explain the dynamic behavior of a number of repetitively firing, sensory neurons. Model parameters can be related to possible underlying basic mechanisms. Summed and nonsummed, spike-locked negative feedback are examined in conjunction with the models. Transfer functions are formulated to predict responses to steady state, steps, and sinusoidally varying stimuli in which output data are the times of spike-train events only. An electrical analog model for the leaky integrator is tested to verify predicted responses. Curve fitting and parameter variation techniques are explored for the purpose of extracting basic model parameters from spike train data. Sinusoidal analysis of spike trains appear to be a very accurate method for determining spike-locked feedback parameters, and it is to a large extent a model independent method that may also be applied to neuronal responses."}
{"id": "PMID:894245", "title": "Repetitive firing: quantitative analysis of encoder behavior of slowly adapting stretch receptor of crayfish and eccentric cell of Limulus.", "content": "Techniques developed for determining summed encoder feedback in conjunction with the leaky integrator and variable-gamma models for repetitive firing are applied to spike train data obtained from the slowly adapting crustacean stretch receptor and the eccentric cell of Limulus. Input stimuli were intracellularly applied currents. Analysis of data from cells stringently selected by reproducibility criteria gave a consistent picture for the dynamics of repetitive firing. The variable-gamma model with appropriate summed feedback was most accurate for describing encoding behavior of both cell types. The leaky integrator model, while useful for determining summed feedback parameters, was inadequate to account for underlying mechanisms of encoder activity. For the stretch receptor, two summed feedback processes were detected: one had a short time constant; the other, a long one. Appropriate tests indicated that the short time constant effect was from an electrogenic sodium pump, and the same is presumed for the long time constant summed feedback. Both feedbacks show seasonal and/or species variations. Short hyperpolarizing pulses inhibited the feedback from the long time constant process. The eccentric cell also showed two summed feedback processes: one is due to self inhibition, the other is postulated to be a short time constant electrogenic sodium pump similar to that described in the stretch receptor.", "contents": "Repetitive firing: quantitative analysis of encoder behavior of slowly adapting stretch receptor of crayfish and eccentric cell of Limulus. Techniques developed for determining summed encoder feedback in conjunction with the leaky integrator and variable-gamma models for repetitive firing are applied to spike train data obtained from the slowly adapting crustacean stretch receptor and the eccentric cell of Limulus. Input stimuli were intracellularly applied currents. Analysis of data from cells stringently selected by reproducibility criteria gave a consistent picture for the dynamics of repetitive firing. The variable-gamma model with appropriate summed feedback was most accurate for describing encoding behavior of both cell types. The leaky integrator model, while useful for determining summed feedback parameters, was inadequate to account for underlying mechanisms of encoder activity. For the stretch receptor, two summed feedback processes were detected: one had a short time constant; the other, a long one. Appropriate tests indicated that the short time constant effect was from an electrogenic sodium pump, and the same is presumed for the long time constant summed feedback. Both feedbacks show seasonal and/or species variations. Short hyperpolarizing pulses inhibited the feedback from the long time constant process. The eccentric cell also showed two summed feedback processes: one is due to self inhibition, the other is postulated to be a short time constant electrogenic sodium pump similar to that described in the stretch receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:894246", "title": "On the inhibition of muscle membrane chloride conductance by aromatic carboxylic acids.", "content": "25 aromatic carboxylic acids which are analogs of benzoic acid were tested in the rat diaphragm preparation for effects on chloride conductance (G(Cl)). Of the 25, 19 were shown to reduce membrane G(Cl) with little effect on other membrane parameters, although their apparent K(i) varied widely. This inhibition was reversible if exposure times were not prolonged. The most effective analog studied was anthracene-9-COOH (9-AC; K(i) = 1.1 x 10(-5) M). Active analogs produced concentration-dependent inhibition of a type consistent with interaction at a single site or group of sites having similar binding affinities, although a correlation could also be shown between lipophilicity and K(i). Structure-activity analysis indicated that hydrophobic ring substitution usually increased inhibitory activity while para polar substitutions reduced effectiveness. These compounds do not appear to inhibit G(Cl) by altering membrane surface charge and the inhibition produced is not voltage dependent. Qualitative characteristics of the I-V relationship for Cl(-) current are not altered. Conductance to all anions is not uniformly altered by these acids as would be expected from steric occlusion of a common channel. Concentrations of 9-AC reducing G(Cl) by more than 90 percent resulted in slight augmentation of G(I). The complete conductance sequence obtained at high levels of 9-AC was the reverse of that obtained under control conditions. Permeability sequences underwent progressive changes with increasing 9-AC concentration and ultimately inverted at high levels of the analog. Aromatic carboxylic acids appear to inhibit G(Cl) by binding to a specific intramembrane site and altering the selectivity sequence of the membrane anion channel.", "contents": "On the inhibition of muscle membrane chloride conductance by aromatic carboxylic acids. 25 aromatic carboxylic acids which are analogs of benzoic acid were tested in the rat diaphragm preparation for effects on chloride conductance (G(Cl)). Of the 25, 19 were shown to reduce membrane G(Cl) with little effect on other membrane parameters, although their apparent K(i) varied widely. This inhibition was reversible if exposure times were not prolonged. The most effective analog studied was anthracene-9-COOH (9-AC; K(i) = 1.1 x 10(-5) M). Active analogs produced concentration-dependent inhibition of a type consistent with interaction at a single site or group of sites having similar binding affinities, although a correlation could also be shown between lipophilicity and K(i). Structure-activity analysis indicated that hydrophobic ring substitution usually increased inhibitory activity while para polar substitutions reduced effectiveness. These compounds do not appear to inhibit G(Cl) by altering membrane surface charge and the inhibition produced is not voltage dependent. Qualitative characteristics of the I-V relationship for Cl(-) current are not altered. Conductance to all anions is not uniformly altered by these acids as would be expected from steric occlusion of a common channel. Concentrations of 9-AC reducing G(Cl) by more than 90 percent resulted in slight augmentation of G(I). The complete conductance sequence obtained at high levels of 9-AC was the reverse of that obtained under control conditions. Permeability sequences underwent progressive changes with increasing 9-AC concentration and ultimately inverted at high levels of the analog. Aromatic carboxylic acids appear to inhibit G(Cl) by binding to a specific intramembrane site and altering the selectivity sequence of the membrane anion channel."}
{"id": "PMID:894247", "title": "Delayed rectification in the transverse tubules: origin of the late after-potential in frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "Tetanic stimulation of skeletal muscle fibers elicits a train of spikes followed by a long-lasting depolarization called the late after-potential (LAP). We have conducted experiments to determine the origin of the LAP. Isolated single muscle fibers were treated with a high potassium solution (5 mM or 10 mM K) followed by a sudden reduction of potassium concentration to 2.5 mM. This procedure produced a slow repolarization (K repolarization), which reflects a diffusional outflow of potassium from inside the lumen of the transverse tubular system (T system). Tetanic stimulation was then applied to the same fiber and the LAP was recorded. The time courses of K repolarization and LAP decay were compared and found to be roughly the same. This approximate equality held under various conditions that changed the time courses of both events over a wide range. Both K repolarization and the LAP became slower as fiber radius increased. These results suggest that LAP decay and K repolarization represent the same process. Thus, we conclude that the LAP is caused by potassium accumulation in the T system. A consequence of this conclusion is that delayed rectification channels exist in the T system. A rough estimation suggests that the density of delayed rectification channels is less in the T system than in the surface membrane.", "contents": "Delayed rectification in the transverse tubules: origin of the late after-potential in frog skeletal muscle. Tetanic stimulation of skeletal muscle fibers elicits a train of spikes followed by a long-lasting depolarization called the late after-potential (LAP). We have conducted experiments to determine the origin of the LAP. Isolated single muscle fibers were treated with a high potassium solution (5 mM or 10 mM K) followed by a sudden reduction of potassium concentration to 2.5 mM. This procedure produced a slow repolarization (K repolarization), which reflects a diffusional outflow of potassium from inside the lumen of the transverse tubular system (T system). Tetanic stimulation was then applied to the same fiber and the LAP was recorded. The time courses of K repolarization and LAP decay were compared and found to be roughly the same. This approximate equality held under various conditions that changed the time courses of both events over a wide range. Both K repolarization and the LAP became slower as fiber radius increased. These results suggest that LAP decay and K repolarization represent the same process. Thus, we conclude that the LAP is caused by potassium accumulation in the T system. A consequence of this conclusion is that delayed rectification channels exist in the T system. A rough estimation suggests that the density of delayed rectification channels is less in the T system than in the surface membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:894249", "title": "Effect of acetylcholine on postjunctional membrane permeability in eel electroplaque.", "content": "Acetylcholine (ACh) was applied iontophoretically to the innervated face of isolated eel electroplaques while the membrane potential was being recorded intracellularly. At the resting potential (about -85 mV) application of the drug produced depolarizations (ACh potentials) of 20 mV or more which became smaller when the membrane was depolarized and reversed in polarity at about zero membrane potential. The reversal potential shifted in the negative direction when external Na+ was partially replaced by glucosamine. Increasing external K+ caused a shift of reversal potential in the positive direction. It was concluded that ACh increased the permeability of the postjunctional membrane to both ions. Replacement of Cl- by propionate had no effect on the reversal potential. In Na+-free solution containing glucosamine the reversal potential was positive to the resting potential, suggesting that ACh increased the permeability to glucosamine. Addition of Ca++ resulted in a still more positive reversal potential, indicating an increased permeability to Ca++ as well. Analysis of the results indicated that the increases in permeability of the postjunctional membrane to K+, Na+, Ca++, and glucosamine were in the ratios of approximately 1.0:0.9:0.7:0.2, respectively. With these permeability ratios, all of the observed shifts in reversal potential with changes in external ionic composition were predicted accurately by the constant field equation.", "contents": "Effect of acetylcholine on postjunctional membrane permeability in eel electroplaque. Acetylcholine (ACh) was applied iontophoretically to the innervated face of isolated eel electroplaques while the membrane potential was being recorded intracellularly. At the resting potential (about -85 mV) application of the drug produced depolarizations (ACh potentials) of 20 mV or more which became smaller when the membrane was depolarized and reversed in polarity at about zero membrane potential. The reversal potential shifted in the negative direction when external Na+ was partially replaced by glucosamine. Increasing external K+ caused a shift of reversal potential in the positive direction. It was concluded that ACh increased the permeability of the postjunctional membrane to both ions. Replacement of Cl- by propionate had no effect on the reversal potential. In Na+-free solution containing glucosamine the reversal potential was positive to the resting potential, suggesting that ACh increased the permeability to glucosamine. Addition of Ca++ resulted in a still more positive reversal potential, indicating an increased permeability to Ca++ as well. Analysis of the results indicated that the increases in permeability of the postjunctional membrane to K+, Na+, Ca++, and glucosamine were in the ratios of approximately 1.0:0.9:0.7:0.2, respectively. With these permeability ratios, all of the observed shifts in reversal potential with changes in external ionic composition were predicted accurately by the constant field equation."}
{"id": "PMID:894250", "title": "Biosynthesis, processing, and control of release of melanotropic peptides in the neurointermediate lobe of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "The neurointermediate lobes of dark-adapted toads Xenopus laevis were incubated for 30 min in [3H]arginine and then \"chased\" for various time periods. By use of this pulse-chase paradigm there were detected 10 trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable peptides separated on acid-urea polyacrylamide gels and one TCA-soluble peptide separated by high-voltage electrophoresis (pH 4.9) with melanotropic activity. Each of these peptides had a different degree of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) activity as revealed by the Anolis skin bioassay. Three of these TCA-precipitable peptides comigrated with ACTH, beta-lipotrophin, and alpha-MSH on acid-urea gels. Evidence suggesting a precursor-product mode of biosynthesis of the melanotropic peptides is presented. 7 of the 10 TCA-precipitable peptides and the one TCA-soluble peptide with melanotropic activity were released into the medium. The half-time of release of the TCA-precipitable peptides was about 2 h, whereas the half-time of TCA-soluble peptide release was about 30 min. The release of these peptides was inhibited by 5 X 10(-5) M dopamine. Dopamine inhibition of release did not appear to affect the biosynthesis of the melanotropic peptides, but did appear to enhance the degradation of the newly synthesized TCA-soluble peptide in the tissue. White adaptation of the toads greatly decreased the biosynthesis of all of the TCA-precipitable melanotropic peptides.", "contents": "Biosynthesis, processing, and control of release of melanotropic peptides in the neurointermediate lobe of Xenopus laevis. The neurointermediate lobes of dark-adapted toads Xenopus laevis were incubated for 30 min in [3H]arginine and then \"chased\" for various time periods. By use of this pulse-chase paradigm there were detected 10 trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable peptides separated on acid-urea polyacrylamide gels and one TCA-soluble peptide separated by high-voltage electrophoresis (pH 4.9) with melanotropic activity. Each of these peptides had a different degree of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) activity as revealed by the Anolis skin bioassay. Three of these TCA-precipitable peptides comigrated with ACTH, beta-lipotrophin, and alpha-MSH on acid-urea gels. Evidence suggesting a precursor-product mode of biosynthesis of the melanotropic peptides is presented. 7 of the 10 TCA-precipitable peptides and the one TCA-soluble peptide with melanotropic activity were released into the medium. The half-time of release of the TCA-precipitable peptides was about 2 h, whereas the half-time of TCA-soluble peptide release was about 30 min. The release of these peptides was inhibited by 5 X 10(-5) M dopamine. Dopamine inhibition of release did not appear to affect the biosynthesis of the melanotropic peptides, but did appear to enhance the degradation of the newly synthesized TCA-soluble peptide in the tissue. White adaptation of the toads greatly decreased the biosynthesis of all of the TCA-precipitable melanotropic peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:894251", "title": "Ouabain-insensitive salt and water movements in duck red cells. I. Kinetics of cation transport under hypertonic conditions.", "content": "Duck red cells in hypertonic media experience rapid osmotic shrinkage followed by gradual reswelling back toward their original volume. This uptake of salt and water is self limiting and demands a specific ionic composition of the external solution. Although ouabain (10(-4)M) alters the pattern of cation accumulation from predominantly potassium to sodium, it does not affect the rate of the reaction, or the total amount of salt or water taken up. To study the response without the complications of active Na-K transport, ouabain was added to most incubations. All water accumulated by the cells can be accounted for by net salt uptake. Specific external cation requirements for reswelling include: sufficient sodium (more than 23 mM), and elevated potassium (more than 7 mM). In the absence of external potassium cells lose potassium without gaining sodium and continue to shrink instead of reswelling. Adding rubidium to the potassium- free solution promotes an even greater loss of cell potassium, yet causes swelling due to a net uptake of sodium and rubidium followed by chloride. The diuretic furosemide (10(-3)M) inhibits net sodium uptake which depends on potassium (or rubidium), as well as inhibits net sodium uptake which depends on sodium. As a result, cell volume is stabilized in the presence of this drug by inhibition of shrinkage, at low, and of swelling at high external potassium. The response has a high apparent energy of activation (15-20 kcal/mol). We propose that net salt and water movements in hypertonic solutions containing ouabain are mediated by direct coupling or cis-interaction, between sodium and potassium so that the uphill movement of one is driven by the downhill movement of the other in the same direction.", "contents": "Ouabain-insensitive salt and water movements in duck red cells. I. Kinetics of cation transport under hypertonic conditions. Duck red cells in hypertonic media experience rapid osmotic shrinkage followed by gradual reswelling back toward their original volume. This uptake of salt and water is self limiting and demands a specific ionic composition of the external solution. Although ouabain (10(-4)M) alters the pattern of cation accumulation from predominantly potassium to sodium, it does not affect the rate of the reaction, or the total amount of salt or water taken up. To study the response without the complications of active Na-K transport, ouabain was added to most incubations. All water accumulated by the cells can be accounted for by net salt uptake. Specific external cation requirements for reswelling include: sufficient sodium (more than 23 mM), and elevated potassium (more than 7 mM). In the absence of external potassium cells lose potassium without gaining sodium and continue to shrink instead of reswelling. Adding rubidium to the potassium- free solution promotes an even greater loss of cell potassium, yet causes swelling due to a net uptake of sodium and rubidium followed by chloride. The diuretic furosemide (10(-3)M) inhibits net sodium uptake which depends on potassium (or rubidium), as well as inhibits net sodium uptake which depends on sodium. As a result, cell volume is stabilized in the presence of this drug by inhibition of shrinkage, at low, and of swelling at high external potassium. The response has a high apparent energy of activation (15-20 kcal/mol). We propose that net salt and water movements in hypertonic solutions containing ouabain are mediated by direct coupling or cis-interaction, between sodium and potassium so that the uphill movement of one is driven by the downhill movement of the other in the same direction."}
{"id": "PMID:894252", "title": "Ouabain-insensitive salt and water movements in duck red cells. II. Norepinephrine stimulation of sodium plus potassium cotransport.", "content": "Catecholamines induce net salt and water movements in duck red cells incubated in isotonic solutions. The rate of this response is approximately three times greater than a comparable effect observed in 400 mosmol hypertonic solutions in the absence of hormone (W.F. Schmidt and T. J. McManus. 1977 a.J. Gen. Physiol. 70:59-79. Otherwise, these two systems share a great many similarities. In both cases, net water and salt movements have a marked dependence on external cation concentrations, are sensitive to furosemide and insensitive to ouabain, and allow the substitution of rubidium for external potassium. In the presence of ouabain, but the absence of external potassium (or rubidium), a furosemide-sensitive net extrusion of sodium against a large electrochemical gradient can be demonstrated. When norepinephrine-treated cells are incubated with ouabain and sufficient external sodium, the furosemide-sensitive, unidirectional influxes of both sodium and rubidium are half- maximally saturated at similar rubidium concentrations; with saturating external rubidium, the same fluxes are half-maximal at comparable levels of external sodium. In the absence of sodium, a catecholamine-stimulated, furosemide-sensitive influx of rubidium persists. In the absence of rubidium, a similar but smaller component of sodium influx can be seen. We interpret these results in terms of a cotransport model for sodium plus potassium which is activated by hypertonicity or norepinephrine. When either ion is absent from the incubation medium, the system promotes an exchange-diffusion type of movement of the co-ion into the cells. In the absence of external potassium, net movement of potassium out of the cell leads to a coupled extrusion of sodium against its electrochemical gradient.", "contents": "Ouabain-insensitive salt and water movements in duck red cells. II. Norepinephrine stimulation of sodium plus potassium cotransport. Catecholamines induce net salt and water movements in duck red cells incubated in isotonic solutions. The rate of this response is approximately three times greater than a comparable effect observed in 400 mosmol hypertonic solutions in the absence of hormone (W.F. Schmidt and T. J. McManus. 1977 a.J. Gen. Physiol. 70:59-79. Otherwise, these two systems share a great many similarities. In both cases, net water and salt movements have a marked dependence on external cation concentrations, are sensitive to furosemide and insensitive to ouabain, and allow the substitution of rubidium for external potassium. In the presence of ouabain, but the absence of external potassium (or rubidium), a furosemide-sensitive net extrusion of sodium against a large electrochemical gradient can be demonstrated. When norepinephrine-treated cells are incubated with ouabain and sufficient external sodium, the furosemide-sensitive, unidirectional influxes of both sodium and rubidium are half- maximally saturated at similar rubidium concentrations; with saturating external rubidium, the same fluxes are half-maximal at comparable levels of external sodium. In the absence of sodium, a catecholamine-stimulated, furosemide-sensitive influx of rubidium persists. In the absence of rubidium, a similar but smaller component of sodium influx can be seen. We interpret these results in terms of a cotransport model for sodium plus potassium which is activated by hypertonicity or norepinephrine. When either ion is absent from the incubation medium, the system promotes an exchange-diffusion type of movement of the co-ion into the cells. In the absence of external potassium, net movement of potassium out of the cell leads to a coupled extrusion of sodium against its electrochemical gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:894253", "title": "Ouabain-insensitive salt and water movements in duck red cells. III. The role of chloride in the volume response.", "content": "This paper describes the effect of external chloride on the typical swelling response induced in duck red cells by hypertonicity or norepinephrine. Lowering chloride inhibits swelling and produces concomitant changes in net movements of sodium and potassium in ouabain-treated cells, which resemble the effect of lowering external sodium or potassium. Inhibition is the same whether chloride is replaced with gluconate or with an osmotic equivalent of sucrose. Since changes in external chloride also cause predictable changes in cell chloride, pH, and water, these variables were systematically investigated by varying external pH along with chloride. Lowering pH to 6.60 does not abolish the response if external chloride levels are normal, although the cells are initially swollen due to the increased acidity. Cells deliberately preswollen in hypotonic solutions with appropriate ionic composition can also respond to norepinephrine by further swelling. These results rule out initial values of cell water, chloride, and pH as significant variables affecting the response. Initial values of the chloride equilibrium potential do have marked effect on the direction and rate of net water movement. If chloride is lowered by replacement with the permeant anion, acetate, E(Cl) is unchanged and a normal response to norepinephrine, which is inhibited by furosemide, is observed. Increasing internal sodium by the nystatin technique also inhibits the response. A theory is developed which depicts that the cotransport carrier proposed in the previous paper (W.F. Schmidt and T.J. McManus. 1977b. J. Gen. Physiol. 70:81-97) moves in response to the net electrochemical potential difference driving sodium and potassium across the membrane. Predictions of this theory fit the data for both cations and anions.", "contents": "Ouabain-insensitive salt and water movements in duck red cells. III. The role of chloride in the volume response. This paper describes the effect of external chloride on the typical swelling response induced in duck red cells by hypertonicity or norepinephrine. Lowering chloride inhibits swelling and produces concomitant changes in net movements of sodium and potassium in ouabain-treated cells, which resemble the effect of lowering external sodium or potassium. Inhibition is the same whether chloride is replaced with gluconate or with an osmotic equivalent of sucrose. Since changes in external chloride also cause predictable changes in cell chloride, pH, and water, these variables were systematically investigated by varying external pH along with chloride. Lowering pH to 6.60 does not abolish the response if external chloride levels are normal, although the cells are initially swollen due to the increased acidity. Cells deliberately preswollen in hypotonic solutions with appropriate ionic composition can also respond to norepinephrine by further swelling. These results rule out initial values of cell water, chloride, and pH as significant variables affecting the response. Initial values of the chloride equilibrium potential do have marked effect on the direction and rate of net water movement. If chloride is lowered by replacement with the permeant anion, acetate, E(Cl) is unchanged and a normal response to norepinephrine, which is inhibited by furosemide, is observed. Increasing internal sodium by the nystatin technique also inhibits the response. A theory is developed which depicts that the cotransport carrier proposed in the previous paper (W.F. Schmidt and T.J. McManus. 1977b. J. Gen. Physiol. 70:81-97) moves in response to the net electrochemical potential difference driving sodium and potassium across the membrane. Predictions of this theory fit the data for both cations and anions."}
{"id": "PMID:894254", "title": "Electro- and pharmacomechanical coupling in the smooth muscle cells of the rabbit ear artery.", "content": "A contraction of the rabbit ear artery can be induced by depolarizing the cells with a K-rich solution if Ca is present. 10(-9)-10(-6) M noradrenaline and 10(-8)-10(-7) M histamine cause a contraction of this tissue without modifying the membrane potential. If the histamine concentration exceeds 10(-7) M some depolarization of the membrane also occurs. Both noradrenaline and histamine also induce a contraction in Ca-free medium, even if La is present. None of these stimuli produces action potentials or fluctuations of the membrane potential. Besides these tonic contractions, the ear artery can also produce phasic contractions when 10 mM TEA is added to the medium. Such contractions are caused by the appearance of action potentials which are Ca dependent and which are similar to those appearing in visceral smooth muscle. A study of 45Ca fluxes has revealed that K depolarization and noradrenaline cause only a small increase in 45Ca uptake by the cells, while noradrenaline also releases cellular Ca, even in Ca-free medium. A comparison of tension development and 45Ca release induced by noradrenaline in Ca-free medium suggests that Ca extrusion could be very efficient in the rabbit ear artery and that it could play a direct role in its relaxation.", "contents": "Electro- and pharmacomechanical coupling in the smooth muscle cells of the rabbit ear artery. A contraction of the rabbit ear artery can be induced by depolarizing the cells with a K-rich solution if Ca is present. 10(-9)-10(-6) M noradrenaline and 10(-8)-10(-7) M histamine cause a contraction of this tissue without modifying the membrane potential. If the histamine concentration exceeds 10(-7) M some depolarization of the membrane also occurs. Both noradrenaline and histamine also induce a contraction in Ca-free medium, even if La is present. None of these stimuli produces action potentials or fluctuations of the membrane potential. Besides these tonic contractions, the ear artery can also produce phasic contractions when 10 mM TEA is added to the medium. Such contractions are caused by the appearance of action potentials which are Ca dependent and which are similar to those appearing in visceral smooth muscle. A study of 45Ca fluxes has revealed that K depolarization and noradrenaline cause only a small increase in 45Ca uptake by the cells, while noradrenaline also releases cellular Ca, even in Ca-free medium. A comparison of tension development and 45Ca release induced by noradrenaline in Ca-free medium suggests that Ca extrusion could be very efficient in the rabbit ear artery and that it could play a direct role in its relaxation."}
{"id": "PMID:894255", "title": "Depletion and accumulation of potassium in the extracellular clefts of cardiac Purkinje fibers during voltage clamp hyperpolarization and depolarization: experiments in sodium-free bathing media.", "content": "Voltage clamp hyperpolarization and depolarization result in currents consistent with depletion and accumulation of potassium in the extracellular clefts o cardiac Purkinje fibers exposed to sodium-free solutions. Upon hyperpolarization, an inward current that decreased with time (id) was observed. The time course of tail currents could not be explained by a conductance exhibiting voltage-dependent kinetics. The effect of exposure to cesium, changes in bathing media potassium concentration and osmolarity, and the behavior of membrane potential after hyperpolarizing pulses are all consistent with depletion of potassium upon hyperpolarization. A declining outward current was observed upon depolarization. Increasing the bathing media potassium concentration reduced the magnitude of this current. After voltage clamp depolarizations, membrane potential transiently became more positive. These findings suggest that accumulation of potassium occurs upon depolarization. The results indicate that changes in ionic driving force may be easily and rapidly induced. Consequently, conclusions based on the assumption that driving force remains constant during the course of a voltage step may be in error.", "contents": "Depletion and accumulation of potassium in the extracellular clefts of cardiac Purkinje fibers during voltage clamp hyperpolarization and depolarization: experiments in sodium-free bathing media. Voltage clamp hyperpolarization and depolarization result in currents consistent with depletion and accumulation of potassium in the extracellular clefts o cardiac Purkinje fibers exposed to sodium-free solutions. Upon hyperpolarization, an inward current that decreased with time (id) was observed. The time course of tail currents could not be explained by a conductance exhibiting voltage-dependent kinetics. The effect of exposure to cesium, changes in bathing media potassium concentration and osmolarity, and the behavior of membrane potential after hyperpolarizing pulses are all consistent with depletion of potassium upon hyperpolarization. A declining outward current was observed upon depolarization. Increasing the bathing media potassium concentration reduced the magnitude of this current. After voltage clamp depolarizations, membrane potential transiently became more positive. These findings suggest that accumulation of potassium occurs upon depolarization. The results indicate that changes in ionic driving force may be easily and rapidly induced. Consequently, conclusions based on the assumption that driving force remains constant during the course of a voltage step may be in error."}
{"id": "PMID:894256", "title": "Pig reticulocytes. III. Glucose permeability in naturally occurring reticulocytes and red cells from newborn piglets.", "content": "The loss of facilitated glucose transport of red cells occurring in the newborn pig was monitored in 11 density-separated cells from birth to a 4 wk of age. At birth there was a threefold increase in glucose permeability from the lightest cells to the most dense, suggesting that cells having progressively less glucose permeability are released into the circulation as gestation proceeds. Because of extraordinary stimulation of erythropoietic activity, the uppermost top fraction constituting 2-3 percent of the total cells is composed purely of reticulocytes in the growing animal. The glucose permeability of these reticulocytes which at birth has a slow but significant rate of 3.7 mumol/ml cell x min at 25 degrees C is rapidly decreased within 3-4 days to the level of reticulocytes produced in the adult in response to phenylhydrazine assault. Moreover, reticulocytes themselves discard their membrane permeability to glucose in the course of maturation to red cells. Thus, even though reticulocytes at birth are permeable to glucose, they will become red cells practically impervious to glucose within a few days. These findings suggest that the transition from a glucose- permeable fetal state to a glucose-impermeable postnatal state is brought about by two mechanisms: (a) dilution of fetal cells by glucose-impervious cells produced coincidentally with or shortly after birth; and (b) elimination of fetal cells, which have a shorter half-life, from the circulation.", "contents": "Pig reticulocytes. III. Glucose permeability in naturally occurring reticulocytes and red cells from newborn piglets. The loss of facilitated glucose transport of red cells occurring in the newborn pig was monitored in 11 density-separated cells from birth to a 4 wk of age. At birth there was a threefold increase in glucose permeability from the lightest cells to the most dense, suggesting that cells having progressively less glucose permeability are released into the circulation as gestation proceeds. Because of extraordinary stimulation of erythropoietic activity, the uppermost top fraction constituting 2-3 percent of the total cells is composed purely of reticulocytes in the growing animal. The glucose permeability of these reticulocytes which at birth has a slow but significant rate of 3.7 mumol/ml cell x min at 25 degrees C is rapidly decreased within 3-4 days to the level of reticulocytes produced in the adult in response to phenylhydrazine assault. Moreover, reticulocytes themselves discard their membrane permeability to glucose in the course of maturation to red cells. Thus, even though reticulocytes at birth are permeable to glucose, they will become red cells practically impervious to glucose within a few days. These findings suggest that the transition from a glucose- permeable fetal state to a glucose-impermeable postnatal state is brought about by two mechanisms: (a) dilution of fetal cells by glucose-impervious cells produced coincidentally with or shortly after birth; and (b) elimination of fetal cells, which have a shorter half-life, from the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:894257", "title": "Rates and equilibria at the acetylcholine receptor of Electrophorus electroplaques: a study of neurally evoked postsynaptic currents and of voltage-jump relaxations.", "content": "Kinetic measurements are employed to reconstruct the steady-state activation of acetylcholine [Ach] receptor channels in electrophorus electroplaques. Neurally evoked postsynaptic currents (PSCs) decay exponentially; at 15 degrees C the rate constant, alpha, equals 1.2 ms(-1) at 0 mV and decreases e-fold for every 86 mV as the membrane voltage is made more negative. Voltage-jump relaxations have been measured with bath-applied ACh, decamethonium, carbachol, or suberylcholine. We interpret the reciprocal relaxation time 1/tau as the sum of the rate constant alpha for channel closing and a first-order rate constant for channel opening. Where measureable, the opening rate increases linearly with [agonist] and does not vary with voltage. The voltage sensitivity of small steady-state conductances (e- fold for 86 mV) equals that of the closing rate alpha, confirming that the opening rate has little or no additional voltage sensitivity. Exposure to alpha-bungarotoxin irreversibly decreases the agonist-induced conductance but does not affect the relaxation kinetics. Tubocurarine reversibly reduces both the conductance and the opening rate. In the simultaneous presence of two agonist species, voltage-jump relaxations have at least two exponential components. The data are fit by a model in which (a) the channel opens as the receptor binds the second in a sequence of two agonist molecules, with a forward rate constant to 10(7) to 2x10(8) M(-1)s(-1); and (b) the channel then closes as either agonist molecule dissociates, with a voltage-dependent rate constant of 10(2) to 3x10(3)s(-1).", "contents": "Rates and equilibria at the acetylcholine receptor of Electrophorus electroplaques: a study of neurally evoked postsynaptic currents and of voltage-jump relaxations. Kinetic measurements are employed to reconstruct the steady-state activation of acetylcholine [Ach] receptor channels in electrophorus electroplaques. Neurally evoked postsynaptic currents (PSCs) decay exponentially; at 15 degrees C the rate constant, alpha, equals 1.2 ms(-1) at 0 mV and decreases e-fold for every 86 mV as the membrane voltage is made more negative. Voltage-jump relaxations have been measured with bath-applied ACh, decamethonium, carbachol, or suberylcholine. We interpret the reciprocal relaxation time 1/tau as the sum of the rate constant alpha for channel closing and a first-order rate constant for channel opening. Where measureable, the opening rate increases linearly with [agonist] and does not vary with voltage. The voltage sensitivity of small steady-state conductances (e- fold for 86 mV) equals that of the closing rate alpha, confirming that the opening rate has little or no additional voltage sensitivity. Exposure to alpha-bungarotoxin irreversibly decreases the agonist-induced conductance but does not affect the relaxation kinetics. Tubocurarine reversibly reduces both the conductance and the opening rate. In the simultaneous presence of two agonist species, voltage-jump relaxations have at least two exponential components. The data are fit by a model in which (a) the channel opens as the receptor binds the second in a sequence of two agonist molecules, with a forward rate constant to 10(7) to 2x10(8) M(-1)s(-1); and (b) the channel then closes as either agonist molecule dissociates, with a voltage-dependent rate constant of 10(2) to 3x10(3)s(-1)."}
{"id": "PMID:894258", "title": "Kinetics of Na+ transport in Necturus proximal tubule.", "content": "The dependence of proximal tubular sodium and fluid readsorption on the Na(+) concentration of the luminal and peritubular fluid was studied in the perfused necturus kidney. Fluid droplets, separated by oil from the tubular contents and identical in composition to the vascular perfusate, were introduced into proximal tubules, reaspirated, and analyzed for Na(+) and [(14)C]mannitol. In addition, fluid transport was measured in short-circuited fluid samples by observing the rate of change in length of the split droplets in the tubular lumen. Both reabsorptive fluid and calculated Na fluxes were simple, storable functions of the perfusate Na(+) concentration (K(m) = 35-39 mM/liter, V(max) = 1.37 control value). Intracellular Na(+), determined by tissue analysis, and open-circuit transepithelial electrical potential differences were also saturable functions of extracellular Na(+). In contrast, net reabsorptive fluid and Na(+) fluxes were linearly dependent on intracellular Na(+) and showed no saturation, even at sharply elevated cellular sodium concentrations. These concentrations were achieved by addition of amphotericin B to the luminal perfusate, a maneuver which increased the rate of Na(+) entry into the tubule cells and caused a proportionate rise in net Na(+) flux. It is concluded that active peritubular sodium transport in proximal tubule cells of necturus is normally unsaturated and remains so even after amphotericin-induced enhancement of luminal Na(+) entry. Transepithelial movement of NaCl may be described by a model with a saturable luminal entry step of Na(+) or NaCl into the cell and a second, unsaturated active transport step of Na(+) across the peritubular cell boundary.", "contents": "Kinetics of Na+ transport in Necturus proximal tubule. The dependence of proximal tubular sodium and fluid readsorption on the Na(+) concentration of the luminal and peritubular fluid was studied in the perfused necturus kidney. Fluid droplets, separated by oil from the tubular contents and identical in composition to the vascular perfusate, were introduced into proximal tubules, reaspirated, and analyzed for Na(+) and [(14)C]mannitol. In addition, fluid transport was measured in short-circuited fluid samples by observing the rate of change in length of the split droplets in the tubular lumen. Both reabsorptive fluid and calculated Na fluxes were simple, storable functions of the perfusate Na(+) concentration (K(m) = 35-39 mM/liter, V(max) = 1.37 control value). Intracellular Na(+), determined by tissue analysis, and open-circuit transepithelial electrical potential differences were also saturable functions of extracellular Na(+). In contrast, net reabsorptive fluid and Na(+) fluxes were linearly dependent on intracellular Na(+) and showed no saturation, even at sharply elevated cellular sodium concentrations. These concentrations were achieved by addition of amphotericin B to the luminal perfusate, a maneuver which increased the rate of Na(+) entry into the tubule cells and caused a proportionate rise in net Na(+) flux. It is concluded that active peritubular sodium transport in proximal tubule cells of necturus is normally unsaturated and remains so even after amphotericin-induced enhancement of luminal Na(+) entry. Transepithelial movement of NaCl may be described by a model with a saturable luminal entry step of Na(+) or NaCl into the cell and a second, unsaturated active transport step of Na(+) across the peritubular cell boundary."}
{"id": "PMID:894259", "title": "The control of ionized calcium in squid axons.", "content": "Measurements of the Ca content, [Ca](T), of freshly isolated squid axons show a value of 60 mumol/kg axoplasm. Axons in 3 mM Ca(Na) seawater show little change in Ca content over 4 h, while axons in 3 mM Ca(Na) seawater show little change in Ca content over 4 h, while axons in 10 mM Ca(Na) seawater show gains of 18 mumol/Ca/kgxh. In 10 Ca (Choline) seawater the gain is 2,400 mumol/kgxh. Using aequorin confined to a dialysis capillary in the center of an axon, one finds that [Ca](i) is in a steady state with 3 Ca (Na) seawater, and that both 10 Ca (Na) and 3 Ca (choline) seawater cause increases in [Ca](i). In 3 Ca (Na) seawater-3 Ca (choline) seawater mixtures, 180 mM [Na](0) (40 perecent Na) is as effective as 450 mM [Na](0) (100 percent Na) in maintaining a normal [Ca](1); lower [Na] causes an increase in [Ca](i). If axons are injected with the ATP-splitting enzyme apyrase, the resulting [Ca](1) is not loading with high [Ca](0) or low [Na](0) solutions. Depolarization of an axon with 100 mM K (Na) seawater leads to an increase in the steady-state level of [Ca](1) that is reversed upon returning the axon to normal seawater. Freshly isolated axons treated with either CN or FCCP to inhibit mitochondrial Ca buffering can still maintain a normal [Ca](i) in 1 Ca (Na) seawater.", "contents": "The control of ionized calcium in squid axons. Measurements of the Ca content, [Ca](T), of freshly isolated squid axons show a value of 60 mumol/kg axoplasm. Axons in 3 mM Ca(Na) seawater show little change in Ca content over 4 h, while axons in 3 mM Ca(Na) seawater show little change in Ca content over 4 h, while axons in 10 mM Ca(Na) seawater show gains of 18 mumol/Ca/kgxh. In 10 Ca (Choline) seawater the gain is 2,400 mumol/kgxh. Using aequorin confined to a dialysis capillary in the center of an axon, one finds that [Ca](i) is in a steady state with 3 Ca (Na) seawater, and that both 10 Ca (Na) and 3 Ca (choline) seawater cause increases in [Ca](i). In 3 Ca (Na) seawater-3 Ca (choline) seawater mixtures, 180 mM [Na](0) (40 perecent Na) is as effective as 450 mM [Na](0) (100 percent Na) in maintaining a normal [Ca](1); lower [Na] causes an increase in [Ca](i). If axons are injected with the ATP-splitting enzyme apyrase, the resulting [Ca](1) is not loading with high [Ca](0) or low [Na](0) solutions. Depolarization of an axon with 100 mM K (Na) seawater leads to an increase in the steady-state level of [Ca](1) that is reversed upon returning the axon to normal seawater. Freshly isolated axons treated with either CN or FCCP to inhibit mitochondrial Ca buffering can still maintain a normal [Ca](i) in 1 Ca (Na) seawater."}
{"id": "PMID:894260", "title": "Intracellular calcium buffering capacity in isolated squid axons.", "content": "Changes in ionized calcium were studied in axons isolated from living squid by measuring absorbance of the Ca binding dye Arsenazo III using multiwavelength differential absorption spectroscopy. Absorption changes measured in situ were calibrated in vitro with media of ionic composition similar to axoplasm containing CaEGTA buffers. Calcium loads of 50-2,500 mumol/kg axoplasm were induced by microinjection, by stimulation in 112 mM Ca seawater, or by soaking in choline saline with 1-10 mM Ca. Over this range of calcium loading of intact axoplasm, the ionized calcium in the axoplasm rose about 0.6 nM/muM load. Similar loading in axons preteated with carbonyl cyanide 4- trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) to inhibit the mitochondrial proton gradient increased ionized calcium by 5-7 percent of the imposed load, i.e. 93-95 percent of the calcium load was buffered by a process insensitive to FCCP. This FCCP- insensitive buffer system was not saturated by the largest calcium loads imposed, indicating a capacity of at least several millimolar. Treatment of previously loaded axons with FCCP or apyrase plus cyanide produced rises in ionized calcium which could be correlated with the extent of the load. Analysis of results indicated that, whereas only 6 percent of the endogenous calcium in fresh axons is stored in the FCCP-sensitive (presumably mitochondrial) buffer system, about 30 percent of an imposed exogenous load in the range of 50-2,500 muM is taken up by this system.", "contents": "Intracellular calcium buffering capacity in isolated squid axons. Changes in ionized calcium were studied in axons isolated from living squid by measuring absorbance of the Ca binding dye Arsenazo III using multiwavelength differential absorption spectroscopy. Absorption changes measured in situ were calibrated in vitro with media of ionic composition similar to axoplasm containing CaEGTA buffers. Calcium loads of 50-2,500 mumol/kg axoplasm were induced by microinjection, by stimulation in 112 mM Ca seawater, or by soaking in choline saline with 1-10 mM Ca. Over this range of calcium loading of intact axoplasm, the ionized calcium in the axoplasm rose about 0.6 nM/muM load. Similar loading in axons preteated with carbonyl cyanide 4- trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) to inhibit the mitochondrial proton gradient increased ionized calcium by 5-7 percent of the imposed load, i.e. 93-95 percent of the calcium load was buffered by a process insensitive to FCCP. This FCCP- insensitive buffer system was not saturated by the largest calcium loads imposed, indicating a capacity of at least several millimolar. Treatment of previously loaded axons with FCCP or apyrase plus cyanide produced rises in ionized calcium which could be correlated with the extent of the load. Analysis of results indicated that, whereas only 6 percent of the endogenous calcium in fresh axons is stored in the FCCP-sensitive (presumably mitochondrial) buffer system, about 30 percent of an imposed exogenous load in the range of 50-2,500 muM is taken up by this system."}
{"id": "PMID:894261", "title": "Distribution of menaquinones in actinomycetes and corynebacteria.", "content": "Menaquinones were the only isoprenoid quinones found in 48 corynebacteria and actinomycete strains examined. Dihydromenaquinones having nine isoprene units were the main components isolated from Gordona, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium bovis, Corynebacterium glutamicum and a strain labelled Nocardia farcinica, but dihydromenaquinones having eight isoprene units were characteristic of other Corynebacterium species and representatives of the 'rhodochrous' complex. Tetrahydromenaquinones having six and eight isoprene units were found in Nocardia strains and in a single strain of Micropolyspora brevicatena, which also contained mycolic acids similar in chain length to those of Nocardia. Menaquinones having nine isoprene units with from one to five double bonds hydrogenated were the main components in Actinomadura madurae, Actinomadura pelletieri, Micropolyspora faeni, Oerskovia turbata and Streptomyces strains. Actinomadura dassonvillei strains had a characteristic pattern of di-, tetra- and hexahydromenaquinones with 10 isoprene units which was slightly different from the pattern in mixtures of similar quinones from Actinomyces israelii and Actinomyces viscosus.", "contents": "Distribution of menaquinones in actinomycetes and corynebacteria. Menaquinones were the only isoprenoid quinones found in 48 corynebacteria and actinomycete strains examined. Dihydromenaquinones having nine isoprene units were the main components isolated from Gordona, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium bovis, Corynebacterium glutamicum and a strain labelled Nocardia farcinica, but dihydromenaquinones having eight isoprene units were characteristic of other Corynebacterium species and representatives of the 'rhodochrous' complex. Tetrahydromenaquinones having six and eight isoprene units were found in Nocardia strains and in a single strain of Micropolyspora brevicatena, which also contained mycolic acids similar in chain length to those of Nocardia. Menaquinones having nine isoprene units with from one to five double bonds hydrogenated were the main components in Actinomadura madurae, Actinomadura pelletieri, Micropolyspora faeni, Oerskovia turbata and Streptomyces strains. Actinomadura dassonvillei strains had a characteristic pattern of di-, tetra- and hexahydromenaquinones with 10 isoprene units which was slightly different from the pattern in mixtures of similar quinones from Actinomyces israelii and Actinomyces viscosus."}
{"id": "PMID:894262", "title": "Immunochemistry of extracts from Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo.", "content": "Antigens from Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo grown in modified Korthof's medium were obtained by ethanol and alkaline extraction procedures and their chemical and serological properties were compared. The protein to polysaccharide ratio in the ethanol extract was 1:1-8 and in the alkali extract was 1-7:1. The lipid content of the latter was twice that of the former (8-5%, w/w). There was an inverse relationship of the protein and carbohydrate contents of the two preparations, the total reducing sugar being higher in the ethanol extract whereas protein was higher in the alkali extract. Both preparations contained arabinose, rhamnose, fucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose and galacturonic acid but in different amounts. No muramic acid or 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate was detected. Both extracts contained erythrocyte sensitizing substances which, in the passive haemagglutination absorption test, appeared to be closely related antigenically but not identical. In the electron microscope, thin sections of the ethanol extract showed trilaminar outer envelope-like material.", "contents": "Immunochemistry of extracts from Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo. Antigens from Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo grown in modified Korthof's medium were obtained by ethanol and alkaline extraction procedures and their chemical and serological properties were compared. The protein to polysaccharide ratio in the ethanol extract was 1:1-8 and in the alkali extract was 1-7:1. The lipid content of the latter was twice that of the former (8-5%, w/w). There was an inverse relationship of the protein and carbohydrate contents of the two preparations, the total reducing sugar being higher in the ethanol extract whereas protein was higher in the alkali extract. Both preparations contained arabinose, rhamnose, fucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose and galacturonic acid but in different amounts. No muramic acid or 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate was detected. Both extracts contained erythrocyte sensitizing substances which, in the passive haemagglutination absorption test, appeared to be closely related antigenically but not identical. In the electron microscope, thin sections of the ethanol extract showed trilaminar outer envelope-like material."}
{"id": "PMID:894263", "title": "Subcellular fractionation by differential and zonal centrifugation of the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata.", "content": "Homogenates of Crithidia fasciculata were fractionated by differential centrifugation. Mitochondria were sedimented quantitatively at 10(4) g-min and accounted for approximately 10% of the total recovered protein. Catalase was found exclusively in the supernatant fraction whilst NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase and p-nitrophenylphosphatase were found in all the fractions. Zonal centrifugation confirmed that catalase was non-sedimentable. Clean separation of mitochondria was obtained in both high-speed and rate zonal experiments, but no NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity could be detected in these organelles. Separation of large lysosomal vacuoles which contained p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity was obtained and these were clearly resolved from mitochondria by both high-speed and rate zonal centrifugation.", "contents": "Subcellular fractionation by differential and zonal centrifugation of the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata. Homogenates of Crithidia fasciculata were fractionated by differential centrifugation. Mitochondria were sedimented quantitatively at 10(4) g-min and accounted for approximately 10% of the total recovered protein. Catalase was found exclusively in the supernatant fraction whilst NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase and p-nitrophenylphosphatase were found in all the fractions. Zonal centrifugation confirmed that catalase was non-sedimentable. Clean separation of mitochondria was obtained in both high-speed and rate zonal experiments, but no NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity could be detected in these organelles. Separation of large lysosomal vacuoles which contained p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity was obtained and these were clearly resolved from mitochondria by both high-speed and rate zonal centrifugation."}
{"id": "PMID:894264", "title": "A factor involved in chloramphenicol resistance in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): its transfer in the absence of the fertility factor.", "content": "An element controlling chloramphenicol resistance (chl) was detected in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Strains sensitive to 1 microgram chloramphenicol ml-1 were obtained among dark scarlet variants. Transfer of the resistance factor was attempted in matings between chloramphenicol-resistant (Chl+) and chloramphenicol-sensitive (Chl-) strains, both of which lacked the SCP1 fertility factor. Transfer of chl was obtained at a much higher rate than that expected for chromosomal markers in SCP1- X SCP1- matings. However, in these particular crosses the latter was also several times higher than usual. All recombinants for chromosomal markers were Chl+. Attempts to locate the chl element failed to distinguish between a chromosomal and an extrachromosomal site. The observed increase in the recombination frequency for chromosomal markers suggests that the chl element may promote recombination.", "contents": "A factor involved in chloramphenicol resistance in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): its transfer in the absence of the fertility factor. An element controlling chloramphenicol resistance (chl) was detected in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Strains sensitive to 1 microgram chloramphenicol ml-1 were obtained among dark scarlet variants. Transfer of the resistance factor was attempted in matings between chloramphenicol-resistant (Chl+) and chloramphenicol-sensitive (Chl-) strains, both of which lacked the SCP1 fertility factor. Transfer of chl was obtained at a much higher rate than that expected for chromosomal markers in SCP1- X SCP1- matings. However, in these particular crosses the latter was also several times higher than usual. All recombinants for chromosomal markers were Chl+. Attempts to locate the chl element failed to distinguish between a chromosomal and an extrachromosomal site. The observed increase in the recombination frequency for chromosomal markers suggests that the chl element may promote recombination."}
{"id": "PMID:894265", "title": "Differences in efficiency of protective effect caused by high ambient temperature in mice infected with diverse substrains of rabies virus.", "content": "We have shown previously that a non-fatal outcome of infection with street rabies virus occurs more often when mice are exposed to a high ambient temperature (HAT = 35 degrees C) early in the course of the infection. To determine what influence the virus strain had on this protective effect of HAT, we have extended these observations to studies of a fixed rabies strain, CVS and several substrains of CVS virus derived from temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants. In all cases, mortality was reduced to some extent by exposure of the animals to HAT; however, dramatic strain-specific differences in the extent of the effect were noted. Although each of the virus substrains tested was revertant in the ts character (as tested in vitro using a non-permissive temperature of 40-5 degrees C), several substrains (ts 1, ts 4, RT51) caused disease that was sensitive (greater than 90% reduction in mortality) to HAT. Mortality induced by the parental CVS virus was reduced approx. 50% at HAT. A single CVS virus substrain, VSW89, caused disease that wal less affected by HAT than was disease induced by the parental strain. As in previous studies with street virus, the incubation periods for infection with CVS virus substrains were consistently prolonged at HAT.", "contents": "Differences in efficiency of protective effect caused by high ambient temperature in mice infected with diverse substrains of rabies virus. We have shown previously that a non-fatal outcome of infection with street rabies virus occurs more often when mice are exposed to a high ambient temperature (HAT = 35 degrees C) early in the course of the infection. To determine what influence the virus strain had on this protective effect of HAT, we have extended these observations to studies of a fixed rabies strain, CVS and several substrains of CVS virus derived from temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants. In all cases, mortality was reduced to some extent by exposure of the animals to HAT; however, dramatic strain-specific differences in the extent of the effect were noted. Although each of the virus substrains tested was revertant in the ts character (as tested in vitro using a non-permissive temperature of 40-5 degrees C), several substrains (ts 1, ts 4, RT51) caused disease that was sensitive (greater than 90% reduction in mortality) to HAT. Mortality induced by the parental CVS virus was reduced approx. 50% at HAT. A single CVS virus substrain, VSW89, caused disease that wal less affected by HAT than was disease induced by the parental strain. As in previous studies with street virus, the incubation periods for infection with CVS virus substrains were consistently prolonged at HAT."}
{"id": "PMID:894266", "title": "The mechanism of the inactivation of human fibroblast interferon by mechanical stress.", "content": "Interferon derived from human fibroblasts is readily inactivated during agitation and filtration. This inactivation has been shown to be largely a product of mechanical stress, and has been studied in detail by subjecting interferon to controlled shear stress using a rotational viscometer. The possible mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "The mechanism of the inactivation of human fibroblast interferon by mechanical stress. Interferon derived from human fibroblasts is readily inactivated during agitation and filtration. This inactivation has been shown to be largely a product of mechanical stress, and has been studied in detail by subjecting interferon to controlled shear stress using a rotational viscometer. The possible mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894267", "title": "Reagents which inhibit disulphide bond formation stabilize human fibroblast interferon.", "content": "Fibroblast interferon may be stabilized against many inactivating influences by the addition of certain simple sulphydryl reagents. The use of such easily removable and relatively non-toxic stabilizers should help in the preparation and purification of fibroblast interferon for clinical use.", "contents": "Reagents which inhibit disulphide bond formation stabilize human fibroblast interferon. Fibroblast interferon may be stabilized against many inactivating influences by the addition of certain simple sulphydryl reagents. The use of such easily removable and relatively non-toxic stabilizers should help in the preparation and purification of fibroblast interferon for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:894273", "title": "Telepathy in mental illness: deluge or delusion?", "content": "The belief that one can read others' minds has long been considered a symptom of psychosis, despite reports in the parapsychological literature of veridical telepathy. All patients admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit were screened for paranormal beliefs, and those claiming telepathic abilities were tested in a free-response ESP task. Eighteen per cent of the inpatient population claimed telepathic abilities; of the nine patients who completed the task, none performed above chance expectations. Higher frequencies of paranormal experiences than those reported previously in the psychiatric literature were attributed to the context of the study. Schneider's first rank symptoms and a belief in telepathy discriminated schizophrenics more reliably than other paranormal experiences. Possible psychodynamics of delusions of telepathy were discussed in view of the predominance of women and younger men reporting them, as were the possible effects of such research on patients' delusions.", "contents": "Telepathy in mental illness: deluge or delusion? The belief that one can read others' minds has long been considered a symptom of psychosis, despite reports in the parapsychological literature of veridical telepathy. All patients admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit were screened for paranormal beliefs, and those claiming telepathic abilities were tested in a free-response ESP task. Eighteen per cent of the inpatient population claimed telepathic abilities; of the nine patients who completed the task, none performed above chance expectations. Higher frequencies of paranormal experiences than those reported previously in the psychiatric literature were attributed to the context of the study. Schneider's first rank symptoms and a belief in telepathy discriminated schizophrenics more reliably than other paranormal experiences. Possible psychodynamics of delusions of telepathy were discussed in view of the predominance of women and younger men reporting them, as were the possible effects of such research on patients' delusions."}
{"id": "PMID:894274", "title": "Depressive disorders and religious conversions.", "content": "The sparse psychiatric literature concerning religious conversions is reviewed. Four case histories of diagnosed depressive illness followed by religious conversion are presented. In two obsessive-compulsive patients, the religious experience failed to resolve the depression, and both ended in suicide. Two hysterical personalities had a resolution of depressive symptoms following the religious experience. The authors suggest that religious conversion dynamically strengthens repression in hysterical persons, but in some cases fails to resolve obsessive isolation of affect and ambivalence.", "contents": "Depressive disorders and religious conversions. The sparse psychiatric literature concerning religious conversions is reviewed. Four case histories of diagnosed depressive illness followed by religious conversion are presented. In two obsessive-compulsive patients, the religious experience failed to resolve the depression, and both ended in suicide. Two hysterical personalities had a resolution of depressive symptoms following the religious experience. The authors suggest that religious conversion dynamically strengthens repression in hysterical persons, but in some cases fails to resolve obsessive isolation of affect and ambivalence."}
{"id": "PMID:894275", "title": "Excitatory effects of cholinergic, adrenergic and glutaminergic agonists on a buccal muscle of Aplysia.", "content": "The anterior extrinsic protractors in the buccal mass of Aplysia are symmetrical sheets of branching bundles of muscle fibers which form an electrical syncytium. The addition of potassium or cholinergic, adrenergic, and glutaminergic agonists to the sea water bathing medium produces contracture of the muscle. Strychnine and cholinergic or adrenergic antagonists all block contractures produced by cholinergic and adrenergic agonists but not those produced by potassium or glutamate. Iontophoretic application through microelectrodes of acetylcholine or dopamine anywhere on the muscle surface produced a graded depolarization of the membrane. By contrast, glutamate produces depolarization only at discrete membrane sites. Endogeneous contractions often appeared spontaneously or could be induced by drug exposure. ATP inhibits endogeneous contractions.", "contents": "Excitatory effects of cholinergic, adrenergic and glutaminergic agonists on a buccal muscle of Aplysia. The anterior extrinsic protractors in the buccal mass of Aplysia are symmetrical sheets of branching bundles of muscle fibers which form an electrical syncytium. The addition of potassium or cholinergic, adrenergic, and glutaminergic agonists to the sea water bathing medium produces contracture of the muscle. Strychnine and cholinergic or adrenergic antagonists all block contractures produced by cholinergic and adrenergic agonists but not those produced by potassium or glutamate. Iontophoretic application through microelectrodes of acetylcholine or dopamine anywhere on the muscle surface produced a graded depolarization of the membrane. By contrast, glutamate produces depolarization only at discrete membrane sites. Endogeneous contractions often appeared spontaneously or could be induced by drug exposure. ATP inhibits endogeneous contractions."}
{"id": "PMID:894276", "title": "Effects of methylazoxymethanol given at different stages of postnatal life on development of the rat brain. Comparison with those of thyroid deficiency.", "content": "Newborn rats were treated at different stages of their development with low doses of methylazoxymethanol acetate. The postnatal increase of the DNA content of the cerebrum did not differ from that of controls. In the cerebellum, the DNA content was transitorily reduced, but later, the external granular layer became thicker and DNA deposition increased in comparison with controls; finally, the cerebellar DNA returned to a normal value. Morphological abnormalities of the cerebellum, abnormal orientation of migrating cells, scattering of Purkinje cell bodies within the internal granule cells and specially striking abnormalities of the morphology and orientation of Purkinje cell dendrites were noted in rats treated with MAM from birth to day 3. The effects of the Purkinje cell morphogenesis persisted but were much less marked when MAM was given from 4 to 7 or from 8 to 11 days. Neonatal thyroid deficiency, as MAM-treatment between days 0 and 3, leads to an abnormal position of Purkinje cell bodies within the cerebellar cortex; it also leads to morphological abnormalities of their dendritic arborization which closely resemble those observed after MAM-treatment during the second postnatal week. It also alters the cell formation in the cerebellum. Thyroid deficiency probably exerts its effect on cell formation earlier than previous biochemical studied have shown. On another hand, the morphological abnormalities of Purkinje cell arborizations in the thyroid-deficient animals may be partly due to the perturbations of cell formation which persist later in the cerebellum.", "contents": "Effects of methylazoxymethanol given at different stages of postnatal life on development of the rat brain. Comparison with those of thyroid deficiency. Newborn rats were treated at different stages of their development with low doses of methylazoxymethanol acetate. The postnatal increase of the DNA content of the cerebrum did not differ from that of controls. In the cerebellum, the DNA content was transitorily reduced, but later, the external granular layer became thicker and DNA deposition increased in comparison with controls; finally, the cerebellar DNA returned to a normal value. Morphological abnormalities of the cerebellum, abnormal orientation of migrating cells, scattering of Purkinje cell bodies within the internal granule cells and specially striking abnormalities of the morphology and orientation of Purkinje cell dendrites were noted in rats treated with MAM from birth to day 3. The effects of the Purkinje cell morphogenesis persisted but were much less marked when MAM was given from 4 to 7 or from 8 to 11 days. Neonatal thyroid deficiency, as MAM-treatment between days 0 and 3, leads to an abnormal position of Purkinje cell bodies within the cerebellar cortex; it also leads to morphological abnormalities of their dendritic arborization which closely resemble those observed after MAM-treatment during the second postnatal week. It also alters the cell formation in the cerebellum. Thyroid deficiency probably exerts its effect on cell formation earlier than previous biochemical studied have shown. On another hand, the morphological abnormalities of Purkinje cell arborizations in the thyroid-deficient animals may be partly due to the perturbations of cell formation which persist later in the cerebellum."}
{"id": "PMID:894277", "title": "Spreading depression elicited by thermal effects of ultrasonic irradiation of cerebral cortex in rats.", "content": "Cortical spreading depression (CSD) was elicited by focused ultrasonic irradiation (800 kHz) of exposed cerebral cortex in anesthetized rats. With the acoustic output of 0.64 W at the probe-tissue contact (3 mm in diameter), CSD was elicited after 28-sec irradiation in normothermic rats. Reduction of cortical temperature to 31 degrees C increased the threshold irradiation time to 82 sec on the average. Ten- to thirty-sec heating of cerebral cortex with a thermode elicited CSD when surface temperature exceeded 47 degrees C. Histological examination of the cortical areas exposed to threshold irradiation revealed a central coagulation lesion surrounded by edema. It is concluded that the ultrasonic irradiation elicits CSD by dissipated heat. Differences in threshold duration of irradiation in hypothermic and normothermic rats were used to compute the threshold temperature which had to be exceeded in the critical volume of cortex in order to start CSD.", "contents": "Spreading depression elicited by thermal effects of ultrasonic irradiation of cerebral cortex in rats. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) was elicited by focused ultrasonic irradiation (800 kHz) of exposed cerebral cortex in anesthetized rats. With the acoustic output of 0.64 W at the probe-tissue contact (3 mm in diameter), CSD was elicited after 28-sec irradiation in normothermic rats. Reduction of cortical temperature to 31 degrees C increased the threshold irradiation time to 82 sec on the average. Ten- to thirty-sec heating of cerebral cortex with a thermode elicited CSD when surface temperature exceeded 47 degrees C. Histological examination of the cortical areas exposed to threshold irradiation revealed a central coagulation lesion surrounded by edema. It is concluded that the ultrasonic irradiation elicits CSD by dissipated heat. Differences in threshold duration of irradiation in hypothermic and normothermic rats were used to compute the threshold temperature which had to be exceeded in the critical volume of cortex in order to start CSD."}
{"id": "PMID:894317", "title": "Monosynaptic reflexes in falling man.", "content": "We have examined peripheral proprioceptive input during fall in man. The first 80 ms of unexpected free fall, both in a parachute harness and while seated, has been studied using the monosynaptic Hoffman (H) and Achilles tendon (T) reflexes. Facilitation of the H reflex begins about 30 to 40 ms after release, representing the onset of motor neurone facilitation before the electromyographic activity which begins about 80 ms after release. Earlier facilitation of the T reflex may represent spindle excitation due to change in muscle shape as suggested by Matthews and Whiteside (1960), but the T reflex inhibition described by these authors after 50 ms of seated fall is probably a purely mechanical phenomenon.", "contents": "Monosynaptic reflexes in falling man. We have examined peripheral proprioceptive input during fall in man. The first 80 ms of unexpected free fall, both in a parachute harness and while seated, has been studied using the monosynaptic Hoffman (H) and Achilles tendon (T) reflexes. Facilitation of the H reflex begins about 30 to 40 ms after release, representing the onset of motor neurone facilitation before the electromyographic activity which begins about 80 ms after release. Earlier facilitation of the T reflex may represent spindle excitation due to change in muscle shape as suggested by Matthews and Whiteside (1960), but the T reflex inhibition described by these authors after 50 ms of seated fall is probably a purely mechanical phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:894318", "title": "Preservation of a certain motoneurone group of the sacral cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: its clinical significance.", "content": "Histopathological description of a special nerve cell group of the sacral spinal cord in five cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is presented. Remarkable preservation of this group of neurones (the X group of Onuf) was noted in each case, and this is discussed with particular reference to vesicorectal function, since it is well known that the function of bladder and rectal sphincters is often intact until the latest stage of the illness.", "contents": "Preservation of a certain motoneurone group of the sacral cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: its clinical significance. Histopathological description of a special nerve cell group of the sacral spinal cord in five cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is presented. Remarkable preservation of this group of neurones (the X group of Onuf) was noted in each case, and this is discussed with particular reference to vesicorectal function, since it is well known that the function of bladder and rectal sphincters is often intact until the latest stage of the illness."}
{"id": "PMID:894319", "title": "Hemispheric disconnection syndrome with a \"crossed avoiding\" reaction in a case of Marchiafava-Bignami disease.", "content": "A clinicopathological study is presented of a case of Marchiafava-Bignami disease with a hemispheric disconnection syndrome, an association that does not appear to have been reported previously. Gross and microscopic examination of the brain revealed necrosis of the corpus callosum (sparing a small area in front of the splenium) and of the anterior commissure, cortical and subcortical infarction of the right lingual gyrus, diffuse cortical lesions of the laminar sclerosis type, and lacunae in the basal ganglia and the pons. The patient was unable to grasp objects presented to the right visual half-field with the left hand, or to respond to contralateral somaesthetic stimuli with either of the upper limbs. This motor inhibition, with the associated extended posture, is described as a \"crossed avoiding reaction\", and attributed to the inability of one hemisphere to respond to visual or somaesthetic stimuli projected to the other hemisphere. Clinicopathological correlations and visuomotor coordination mechanisms are discussed in the light of previous clinical and experimental studies. Anomia to pictures projected tachistoscopically to the left visual field, disturbances in the transfer of somaesthetic information, left sided ideomotor apraxia with agraphia, right sided dyscopia, and ideational apraxia especially marked in the right visual field were observed.", "contents": "Hemispheric disconnection syndrome with a \"crossed avoiding\" reaction in a case of Marchiafava-Bignami disease. A clinicopathological study is presented of a case of Marchiafava-Bignami disease with a hemispheric disconnection syndrome, an association that does not appear to have been reported previously. Gross and microscopic examination of the brain revealed necrosis of the corpus callosum (sparing a small area in front of the splenium) and of the anterior commissure, cortical and subcortical infarction of the right lingual gyrus, diffuse cortical lesions of the laminar sclerosis type, and lacunae in the basal ganglia and the pons. The patient was unable to grasp objects presented to the right visual half-field with the left hand, or to respond to contralateral somaesthetic stimuli with either of the upper limbs. This motor inhibition, with the associated extended posture, is described as a \"crossed avoiding reaction\", and attributed to the inability of one hemisphere to respond to visual or somaesthetic stimuli projected to the other hemisphere. Clinicopathological correlations and visuomotor coordination mechanisms are discussed in the light of previous clinical and experimental studies. Anomia to pictures projected tachistoscopically to the left visual field, disturbances in the transfer of somaesthetic information, left sided ideomotor apraxia with agraphia, right sided dyscopia, and ideational apraxia especially marked in the right visual field were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:894320", "title": "Topographical amnesia.", "content": "The ability to learn to criterion a visually-guided stylus maze was found impaired in patients with right posterior cerebral damage, not only in comparison with controls but also with other hemisphere-damaged groups. The contribution of the corresponding left sided area to this task is dubious, and certainly not substantial. This finding points to the independent organisation of long-term spatial memory in the right posterior cerebral cortex, an inference that was further supported by the study of two cases. The first was a female patient with right temporo-parietal softening (as suggested by clinical, EEG, and brain scan data) who showed topographical amnesia and inability to learn the visual maze over 275 trials. On an extensive battery of tests she was found free from disorders of space perception, and from verbal and visual memory impairment. The second was a patient presenting with severe global amnesia who, nevertheless, had no difficulty in route finding, and reached the criterion on the maze in 31 trials.", "contents": "Topographical amnesia. The ability to learn to criterion a visually-guided stylus maze was found impaired in patients with right posterior cerebral damage, not only in comparison with controls but also with other hemisphere-damaged groups. The contribution of the corresponding left sided area to this task is dubious, and certainly not substantial. This finding points to the independent organisation of long-term spatial memory in the right posterior cerebral cortex, an inference that was further supported by the study of two cases. The first was a female patient with right temporo-parietal softening (as suggested by clinical, EEG, and brain scan data) who showed topographical amnesia and inability to learn the visual maze over 275 trials. On an extensive battery of tests she was found free from disorders of space perception, and from verbal and visual memory impairment. The second was a patient presenting with severe global amnesia who, nevertheless, had no difficulty in route finding, and reached the criterion on the maze in 31 trials."}
{"id": "PMID:894321", "title": "Occult lumbar spinal stenosis.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients presenting with low back pain, associated with sciatic or femoral neuropathy, were found to have lateral recess stenosis occurring as a result of hypertrophy of the facet joints, with preservation within normal limits of the sagittal AP diameter of the lumbar canal. Pathology was believed to be traumatic in origin, and the variable nature of the adhesions suggested recurrent inflammation; the hypertrophy of the facet joints may have been the result of traumatic inflammatory hyperaemia. Radiological investigations were unhelpful. The diagnosis of the condition was made at the time of surgical exploration by the findings of alteration of the facet joints, adhesions and fixity of the nerve roots, normal sagittal AP diameter of the canal, and absence of other significant lesions. Gratifying results were obtained with decompression by wide laminectomy with excision of overhanging facet joints and release of adhesions.", "contents": "Occult lumbar spinal stenosis. Twenty-eight patients presenting with low back pain, associated with sciatic or femoral neuropathy, were found to have lateral recess stenosis occurring as a result of hypertrophy of the facet joints, with preservation within normal limits of the sagittal AP diameter of the lumbar canal. Pathology was believed to be traumatic in origin, and the variable nature of the adhesions suggested recurrent inflammation; the hypertrophy of the facet joints may have been the result of traumatic inflammatory hyperaemia. Radiological investigations were unhelpful. The diagnosis of the condition was made at the time of surgical exploration by the findings of alteration of the facet joints, adhesions and fixity of the nerve roots, normal sagittal AP diameter of the canal, and absence of other significant lesions. Gratifying results were obtained with decompression by wide laminectomy with excision of overhanging facet joints and release of adhesions."}
{"id": "PMID:894322", "title": "Carpal tunnel syndrome related to antebrachial Cimino-Brescia fistula.", "content": "Two patients are described in whom symptoms of the carpal tunnel syndrome were provoked by haemodialysis for which an antebrachial arteriovenous fistula had been established. The symptoms in one case were partially relieved by ligation of the radial artery distal to the fistula, and in both they were abolished by decompression of the median nerve by section of the flexor retinaculum at the wrist. There is evidence that the median nerve is abnormally susceptible to ischaemia in the carpal tunnel syndrome, and it is suggested that in these patients the symptoms were provoked by a vascular steal mechanism related to the fistula.", "contents": "Carpal tunnel syndrome related to antebrachial Cimino-Brescia fistula. Two patients are described in whom symptoms of the carpal tunnel syndrome were provoked by haemodialysis for which an antebrachial arteriovenous fistula had been established. The symptoms in one case were partially relieved by ligation of the radial artery distal to the fistula, and in both they were abolished by decompression of the median nerve by section of the flexor retinaculum at the wrist. There is evidence that the median nerve is abnormally susceptible to ischaemia in the carpal tunnel syndrome, and it is suggested that in these patients the symptoms were provoked by a vascular steal mechanism related to the fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:894323", "title": "Suprasellar neoplasm with a granular cell component.", "content": "A classification of granular cell lesions of neuropathologic interest is presented along with an unique case in which a suprasellar neoplasm having light and electron microscopic features of a meningioma contained multifocal nests of granular cells which apparently persisted in this tumor over a period of nearly five years. A spectrum of cell differentiation suggested the development of granular cells from small, electron-dense mesenchymal elements having numerous mitochondria. No evidence for a Schwann cell origin was found. It is proposed that the pituitary-hypothalamic axis, where intracranial granular cell nests and granular cell tumors are most common may also give origin to rare mixed neoplasms with a granular cell component.", "contents": "Suprasellar neoplasm with a granular cell component. A classification of granular cell lesions of neuropathologic interest is presented along with an unique case in which a suprasellar neoplasm having light and electron microscopic features of a meningioma contained multifocal nests of granular cells which apparently persisted in this tumor over a period of nearly five years. A spectrum of cell differentiation suggested the development of granular cells from small, electron-dense mesenchymal elements having numerous mitochondria. No evidence for a Schwann cell origin was found. It is proposed that the pituitary-hypothalamic axis, where intracranial granular cell nests and granular cell tumors are most common may also give origin to rare mixed neoplasms with a granular cell component."}
{"id": "PMID:894325", "title": "The nodes of Ranvier in the nerves of mice with muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Light microscopic, and scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies of the nodes of Ranvier of the distal peripheral nerves of mice with muscular dystrophy (dy/dy) are reported. Extensive widening of the nodes, retraction of Schwann cell cytoplasm and myelin, paranodal thinning of the myelin sheaths, and loss of nodal gap substance were observed. There was no loss of myelinated fibers. The changes at the nodes of Ranvier probably explain the slowed maximum conduction velocity observed in dystrophic peripheral nerves.", "contents": "The nodes of Ranvier in the nerves of mice with muscular dystrophy. Light microscopic, and scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies of the nodes of Ranvier of the distal peripheral nerves of mice with muscular dystrophy (dy/dy) are reported. Extensive widening of the nodes, retraction of Schwann cell cytoplasm and myelin, paranodal thinning of the myelin sheaths, and loss of nodal gap substance were observed. There was no loss of myelinated fibers. The changes at the nodes of Ranvier probably explain the slowed maximum conduction velocity observed in dystrophic peripheral nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:894330", "title": "Fine structure of the afferent synapse of the hair cells in the saccular macula of the goldfish, with special reference to the anastomosing tubules.", "content": "The fine structure of the afferent synapse has been studied in the hair cells of the goldfish saccular macula. A spherical dense body which is surrounded by synaptic vesicles is observed in association with the presynaptic membrane. An alternating, parallel arrangement of dense bars and of rows of synaptic vesicles is observed on the presynaptic membrane beneath the dense body. Each row consists of five to six immediately available synaptic vesicles, and five to six such rows of vesicles are observed per synapse. Sometimes anastomosing tubules are found around the dense body. The tubules are formed by direct infolding of the plasma membrane. Many coated vesicles are found at the periphery of the anastomosing tubules. A possible role of the anastomosing tubules in the turnover of the synaptic vesicle membrane is discussed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the afferent synapse of the hair cells in the saccular macula of the goldfish, with special reference to the anastomosing tubules. The fine structure of the afferent synapse has been studied in the hair cells of the goldfish saccular macula. A spherical dense body which is surrounded by synaptic vesicles is observed in association with the presynaptic membrane. An alternating, parallel arrangement of dense bars and of rows of synaptic vesicles is observed on the presynaptic membrane beneath the dense body. Each row consists of five to six immediately available synaptic vesicles, and five to six such rows of vesicles are observed per synapse. Sometimes anastomosing tubules are found around the dense body. The tubules are formed by direct infolding of the plasma membrane. Many coated vesicles are found at the periphery of the anastomosing tubules. A possible role of the anastomosing tubules in the turnover of the synaptic vesicle membrane is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894326", "title": "Replication of measles virus in a cell culture from a glioblastoma of human origin.", "content": "A cell culture from a glioblastoma of human origin infected with the Edmonston strain of measles virus produced and released infectious measles virus. All cellular types seemed to be involved in the process of virus replication. Staining with hematin-eosin revealed the presence of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions. Examination with the electron microscope revealed viral nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm and, rarely, in the nuclei of infected cells.", "contents": "Replication of measles virus in a cell culture from a glioblastoma of human origin. A cell culture from a glioblastoma of human origin infected with the Edmonston strain of measles virus produced and released infectious measles virus. All cellular types seemed to be involved in the process of virus replication. Staining with hematin-eosin revealed the presence of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions. Examination with the electron microscope revealed viral nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm and, rarely, in the nuclei of infected cells."}
{"id": "PMID:894331", "title": "Changes in sizes of the adrenaline-containing vesicles and their cores in frog cardiac sympathetic nerves after pharmacological treatments.", "content": "The sizes of adrenergic vesicles and their cores, as made visible by an acrylic aldehyde in sodium dichromate fixative, have been measured in electron micrographs of the sympathetic nerves amongst the frog's ventricular muscle. The animals were either normal or previously treated with drugs expected to affect the catecholamine content of the heart. The sympathetic nerves contain two overlapping populations of vesicles. A graphical method was used to separate these and determine the mean diameter of each population. The distribution of vesicles between the 'large' and 'small' populations is variable in normal animals. No changes could be detected in the experimental animals. The mean size of the 'large' vesicles is variable in normal animals. No changes could be detected in the experimental animals. Four injections of 5-hydroxydopamine caused a 5.8% increase in the diameter of the 'small' vesicles. No other treatment produced significant changes in vesicle size. Four injections of 5-hydroxydopamine caused a 50% increase in the diameter of the cores of the 'small' vesicles. Two injections of reserpine caused a 20% reduction in the diameter of the visible cores in the 'small' vesicles, and 34% of the vesicles lost their cores entirely. One injection of 6-hydroxydopamine or ten injections of alpha-methyl-tyrosine caused small reductions in 'small' core diameter. It is postulated that core formation in adrenergic nerves under these conditions is not solely dependent on their catecholamine content, but on this and another factor which may be part of the storage complex.", "contents": "Changes in sizes of the adrenaline-containing vesicles and their cores in frog cardiac sympathetic nerves after pharmacological treatments. The sizes of adrenergic vesicles and their cores, as made visible by an acrylic aldehyde in sodium dichromate fixative, have been measured in electron micrographs of the sympathetic nerves amongst the frog's ventricular muscle. The animals were either normal or previously treated with drugs expected to affect the catecholamine content of the heart. The sympathetic nerves contain two overlapping populations of vesicles. A graphical method was used to separate these and determine the mean diameter of each population. The distribution of vesicles between the 'large' and 'small' populations is variable in normal animals. No changes could be detected in the experimental animals. The mean size of the 'large' vesicles is variable in normal animals. No changes could be detected in the experimental animals. Four injections of 5-hydroxydopamine caused a 5.8% increase in the diameter of the 'small' vesicles. No other treatment produced significant changes in vesicle size. Four injections of 5-hydroxydopamine caused a 50% increase in the diameter of the cores of the 'small' vesicles. Two injections of reserpine caused a 20% reduction in the diameter of the visible cores in the 'small' vesicles, and 34% of the vesicles lost their cores entirely. One injection of 6-hydroxydopamine or ten injections of alpha-methyl-tyrosine caused small reductions in 'small' core diameter. It is postulated that core formation in adrenergic nerves under these conditions is not solely dependent on their catecholamine content, but on this and another factor which may be part of the storage complex."}
{"id": "PMID:894328", "title": "Lumbar motoneurons of man: I) number and diameter histogram of alpha and gamma axons of ventral root.", "content": "The numbers of large and intermediate diameter myelinated fibers of 17 ventral lumbar (L3, L4 and L5) spinal roots (vsr) of man (ages 17-81 years) have been evaluated using the improved methods of histologic processing and morphometry now available, semi-automatic methods of measurement and programmed calculation and plotting. A population of small diameter myelinated fibers as found in thoracic (T11) vsr, which are presumed to be preganglionic sympathetic fibers, were essentially absent from L3, L4 and L5 roots. On the average, there were 5716 (70%) large diameter fibers and 2625 (30%) intermediate diameter fibers in the L3 ventral spinal root. Comparable figures for L4 vsr were 4900 (70%) and 2152 30%) and for L5 vsr were 5043 (75%) and 1559 (25%). On the assumption that these lumbar roots contain few if any small diameter myelinated pre-ganglionic sympathetic axons, the large diameter fibers correspond to alpha motoneuron axons and the small diameter fibers to gamma motoneuron axons. With age, a decrease in the number of myelinated fibers was estimated to be 350 fibers per decade (approximately 5% per decade).", "contents": "Lumbar motoneurons of man: I) number and diameter histogram of alpha and gamma axons of ventral root. The numbers of large and intermediate diameter myelinated fibers of 17 ventral lumbar (L3, L4 and L5) spinal roots (vsr) of man (ages 17-81 years) have been evaluated using the improved methods of histologic processing and morphometry now available, semi-automatic methods of measurement and programmed calculation and plotting. A population of small diameter myelinated fibers as found in thoracic (T11) vsr, which are presumed to be preganglionic sympathetic fibers, were essentially absent from L3, L4 and L5 roots. On the average, there were 5716 (70%) large diameter fibers and 2625 (30%) intermediate diameter fibers in the L3 ventral spinal root. Comparable figures for L4 vsr were 4900 (70%) and 2152 30%) and for L5 vsr were 5043 (75%) and 1559 (25%). On the assumption that these lumbar roots contain few if any small diameter myelinated pre-ganglionic sympathetic axons, the large diameter fibers correspond to alpha motoneuron axons and the small diameter fibers to gamma motoneuron axons. With age, a decrease in the number of myelinated fibers was estimated to be 350 fibers per decade (approximately 5% per decade)."}
{"id": "PMID:894332", "title": "Selectivity of neuronal degeneration produced by chronic guanethidine treatment.", "content": "Chronic guanethidine treatment of rats produced extensive damage to sympathetic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion and pelvic plexus. No ultrastuctural changes were observed in parasympathetic cholinergic neurons in the ciliary ganglion and pelvic plexus, nor in sensory neurons in nodose and dorsal root ganglia. A total of only six nerve cell bodies free of degenerative changes were observed in sections of superior cervical ganglia from 20 rats. This suggests either that the earlier estimates of 5% cholinergic neurons in the superior cervical ganglion based on acetylcholinesterase staining are too high, or implies that sympathetic cholinergic neurons, unlike parasympathetic neurons, are damaged by chronic guanethidine treatment.", "contents": "Selectivity of neuronal degeneration produced by chronic guanethidine treatment. Chronic guanethidine treatment of rats produced extensive damage to sympathetic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion and pelvic plexus. No ultrastuctural changes were observed in parasympathetic cholinergic neurons in the ciliary ganglion and pelvic plexus, nor in sensory neurons in nodose and dorsal root ganglia. A total of only six nerve cell bodies free of degenerative changes were observed in sections of superior cervical ganglia from 20 rats. This suggests either that the earlier estimates of 5% cholinergic neurons in the superior cervical ganglion based on acetylcholinesterase staining are too high, or implies that sympathetic cholinergic neurons, unlike parasympathetic neurons, are damaged by chronic guanethidine treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:894334", "title": "Synaptic replacement in the dentate gyrus after unilateral entorhinal lesion: electron microscopic analysis of the extent of replacement of synapses by the remaining entorhinal cortex.", "content": "In response to a unilateral entorhinal lesion the input from the contralateral entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus appears to increase. We have studied this crossed projection by electron microscopy in normal animals and in animals one year or more after a unilateral entorhinal lesion. In normal animals few degenerating boutons are found after a contralateral entorhinal lesion. However, when the contralateral lesion was made one year after an ipsilateral entorhinal lesion, degenerating boutons were readily identified. The boutons were relatively few in number, but formed an abnormally large number of synaptic contacts. These results support the previous conclusion that fibres from the contralateral entorhinal cortex form additional synapses when their ipsilateral homologues are removed. However, these new cortical synapses probably account for only a small portion of those formed in response to the lesion. Thus an anatomically homologous input does not, in this case, selectively capture most of the newly available synaptic sites.", "contents": "Synaptic replacement in the dentate gyrus after unilateral entorhinal lesion: electron microscopic analysis of the extent of replacement of synapses by the remaining entorhinal cortex. In response to a unilateral entorhinal lesion the input from the contralateral entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus appears to increase. We have studied this crossed projection by electron microscopy in normal animals and in animals one year or more after a unilateral entorhinal lesion. In normal animals few degenerating boutons are found after a contralateral entorhinal lesion. However, when the contralateral lesion was made one year after an ipsilateral entorhinal lesion, degenerating boutons were readily identified. The boutons were relatively few in number, but formed an abnormally large number of synaptic contacts. These results support the previous conclusion that fibres from the contralateral entorhinal cortex form additional synapses when their ipsilateral homologues are removed. However, these new cortical synapses probably account for only a small portion of those formed in response to the lesion. Thus an anatomically homologous input does not, in this case, selectively capture most of the newly available synaptic sites."}
{"id": "PMID:894327", "title": "The morphometric myelinated fiber composition of D11 as compared to L3, L4, and L5 ventral spinal roots of man.", "content": "As compared to the diameter frequency distribution of myelinated fibers of L3, L4 and L5 ventral spinal roots (VSRs) which have two well developed peaks [large-diameter axons (AL) and intermediate-diameter axons (AI)] and a poorly developed or non-existent peak of small-diameter axons (AS), D11 VSRs contain small AL and AI peaks and a prominent AS peak. Because the ratio of AL to AI myelinated fibers of D11 VSRs is similar to that in L3, L4 and L5 VSRs and it is known that D11 VSRs contain many pre-ganglionic autonomic fibers it seems likely that AS is composed predominantly of preganglionic autonomic fibers. The mean diameter of the AS peak in D11 VSRs is approximately 2.4 micrometer. Average numbers of AS, AI and AL myelinated fibers for D11 VSRs are 3835, 738, and 1545 per root. These values should be useful as controls for morphometric studies of various neuropathies. The average diameter positions of the peak of AL, AI and AS of D11 VSRs as compared to those of L3, L4 and L5 are displaced to smaller diameter categoried which may reflect the smaller axon diameters of neurons which are shorter.", "contents": "The morphometric myelinated fiber composition of D11 as compared to L3, L4, and L5 ventral spinal roots of man. As compared to the diameter frequency distribution of myelinated fibers of L3, L4 and L5 ventral spinal roots (VSRs) which have two well developed peaks [large-diameter axons (AL) and intermediate-diameter axons (AI)] and a poorly developed or non-existent peak of small-diameter axons (AS), D11 VSRs contain small AL and AI peaks and a prominent AS peak. Because the ratio of AL to AI myelinated fibers of D11 VSRs is similar to that in L3, L4 and L5 VSRs and it is known that D11 VSRs contain many pre-ganglionic autonomic fibers it seems likely that AS is composed predominantly of preganglionic autonomic fibers. The mean diameter of the AS peak in D11 VSRs is approximately 2.4 micrometer. Average numbers of AS, AI and AL myelinated fibers for D11 VSRs are 3835, 738, and 1545 per root. These values should be useful as controls for morphometric studies of various neuropathies. The average diameter positions of the peak of AL, AI and AS of D11 VSRs as compared to those of L3, L4 and L5 are displaced to smaller diameter categoried which may reflect the smaller axon diameters of neurons which are shorter."}
{"id": "PMID:894335", "title": "Quantitative and electron microscopic studies of sensory ganglion cells of the Sprawling mouse.", "content": "The L4-6 sensory root ganglia of young and adult Sprawling (Swl) and normal mice were studied. Cell counts showed a great reduction in the total number of ganglion cells in Swl. Cell degeneration was observed in young Swl animals but not in normal littermates. Most of the remaining ganglion cells showed morphological abnormalities very similar to those seen in chromatolytic neurons-enlarged nucleolus, eccentric nucleus with an infolded nuclear membrane, loss of juxtanuclear Nissl bodies and an increase in neurofilaments, Golgi membranes, autophagic vacuoles, and dense bodies. In contrast to the classical changes of chromatolysis the abnormalities in Swl neurons persisted throughout the lifespan of the animals. Reconstructions from serial sections showed that ganglion cells in Swl were highly irregular in shape.", "contents": "Quantitative and electron microscopic studies of sensory ganglion cells of the Sprawling mouse. The L4-6 sensory root ganglia of young and adult Sprawling (Swl) and normal mice were studied. Cell counts showed a great reduction in the total number of ganglion cells in Swl. Cell degeneration was observed in young Swl animals but not in normal littermates. Most of the remaining ganglion cells showed morphological abnormalities very similar to those seen in chromatolytic neurons-enlarged nucleolus, eccentric nucleus with an infolded nuclear membrane, loss of juxtanuclear Nissl bodies and an increase in neurofilaments, Golgi membranes, autophagic vacuoles, and dense bodies. In contrast to the classical changes of chromatolysis the abnormalities in Swl neurons persisted throughout the lifespan of the animals. Reconstructions from serial sections showed that ganglion cells in Swl were highly irregular in shape."}
{"id": "PMID:894336", "title": "Evaluation of the age of subdural hematomas by computerized tomography.", "content": "The computerized tomography (CT) scans of 50 patients with surgically proven subdural hematomas were subdivided into three groups on the basis of the attenuation coefficients of the subdural fluid collections: 28% were more dense, 24% isodense, and 48% less dense than the surrounding brain. The 42 patients with the available data were then subdivided into three groups; acute, subacute, and chronic, according to the time interval between trauma or duration of symptoms and date of CT scanning. Subdural hematomas were found to be hyperdense in 100% of acute patients, isodense in 70% of the subacute group, and hypodense in 76% of the chronic group.", "contents": "Evaluation of the age of subdural hematomas by computerized tomography. The computerized tomography (CT) scans of 50 patients with surgically proven subdural hematomas were subdivided into three groups on the basis of the attenuation coefficients of the subdural fluid collections: 28% were more dense, 24% isodense, and 48% less dense than the surrounding brain. The 42 patients with the available data were then subdivided into three groups; acute, subacute, and chronic, according to the time interval between trauma or duration of symptoms and date of CT scanning. Subdural hematomas were found to be hyperdense in 100% of acute patients, isodense in 70% of the subacute group, and hypodense in 76% of the chronic group."}
{"id": "PMID:894337", "title": "Glossopharyngeal neuralgia.", "content": "Various factors have been considered in the etiology and pathogenesis of glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Vascular compression of the involved cranial nerves has been demonstrated in sporadic cases. In this series of six patients, it was noted with the aid of the operating microscope that the ninth and tenth cranial nerves were compressed by a tortuous vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery at the nerve root entry zone in five cases. In selected patients, microvascular decompression without section of the nerves may result in a cure.", "contents": "Glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Various factors have been considered in the etiology and pathogenesis of glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Vascular compression of the involved cranial nerves has been demonstrated in sporadic cases. In this series of six patients, it was noted with the aid of the operating microscope that the ninth and tenth cranial nerves were compressed by a tortuous vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery at the nerve root entry zone in five cases. In selected patients, microvascular decompression without section of the nerves may result in a cure."}
{"id": "PMID:894338", "title": "Etiology and definitive microsurgical treatment of hemifacial spasm. Operative techniques and results in 47 patients.", "content": "The clinical and operative findings are reviewed in 47 patients with intractable hemifacial spasm. The syndrome was classical in its features in 45 patients and atypical in two. Mechanical compression distortion of the root exit zone of the facial nerve was noted in all 47 patients. In 46 the abnormality was vascular cross-compression, usually by an arterial loop. In one patient, a small cholesteatoma was discovered and removed. Morbidity and postoperative results are discussed.", "contents": "Etiology and definitive microsurgical treatment of hemifacial spasm. Operative techniques and results in 47 patients. The clinical and operative findings are reviewed in 47 patients with intractable hemifacial spasm. The syndrome was classical in its features in 45 patients and atypical in two. Mechanical compression distortion of the root exit zone of the facial nerve was noted in all 47 patients. In 46 the abnormality was vascular cross-compression, usually by an arterial loop. In one patient, a small cholesteatoma was discovered and removed. Morbidity and postoperative results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894340", "title": "Delayed radiation necrosis of the brain.", "content": "The cases of six patients are presented to delineate the clinical profile of delayed radiation necrosis of the brain. In five the diagnosis was verified histologically. Symptoms most often begin 9 months to 2 years after radiotherapy. Progressive visual impairment and dementia are common following perisellar irradiation, while hemispheric signs predominate following irradiation of the cerebrum. Cerebrospinal fluid protein may be elevated. Focal delta slowing is usually present on electroencephalography. The necrotic brain may appear on radionuclide brain scan as an area of abnormal uptake and also act as an avascular space-occupying lesion. With computerized tomography, radiation necrosis appears as an intracerebral area with diminished absorption coefficient that is often enhanced with intravenous contrast medium. The syndrome may be sufficiently characteristic to eliminate the need for surgical exploration and biopsy in some cases. Cumulative experience suggests that the risk-to-benefit ratio of radiotherapy becomes increasingly unfavorable for most patients with benign intracranial neoplasms when the standard brain tumor dose of 5000 to 7000 rads is fractionated at greater than 200 rads per day.", "contents": "Delayed radiation necrosis of the brain. The cases of six patients are presented to delineate the clinical profile of delayed radiation necrosis of the brain. In five the diagnosis was verified histologically. Symptoms most often begin 9 months to 2 years after radiotherapy. Progressive visual impairment and dementia are common following perisellar irradiation, while hemispheric signs predominate following irradiation of the cerebrum. Cerebrospinal fluid protein may be elevated. Focal delta slowing is usually present on electroencephalography. The necrotic brain may appear on radionuclide brain scan as an area of abnormal uptake and also act as an avascular space-occupying lesion. With computerized tomography, radiation necrosis appears as an intracerebral area with diminished absorption coefficient that is often enhanced with intravenous contrast medium. The syndrome may be sufficiently characteristic to eliminate the need for surgical exploration and biopsy in some cases. Cumulative experience suggests that the risk-to-benefit ratio of radiotherapy becomes increasingly unfavorable for most patients with benign intracranial neoplasms when the standard brain tumor dose of 5000 to 7000 rads is fractionated at greater than 200 rads per day."}
{"id": "PMID:894341", "title": "Treatment of experimental spinal cord compression caused by extradural neoplasms.", "content": "Epidural spinal cord compression was produced in rats by injection of Walker 256 carcinoma cell suspension anterior to the T-12 or T-13 vertebral body. The tumor grows through the intervertebral foramina to compress the spinal cord and produce paraplegia in 3 to 4 weeks. The effect of several treatments upon clinical signs was assessed. Dexamethasone caused a significant but transient improvement in neurological function. Radiation therapy likewise improved neurological function, and was more effective when given by a high-dose protracted course than when given either in a single dose or a low-dose protracted course. Laminectomy was not helpful in relieving neurological symptoms. Dimethyl sulfoxide did not relieve neurological symptoms. Cyclophosphamide was most effective in relieving neurological symptoms, and most of the animals that were treated with that drug when they were severely weak but still able to move their hind limbs recovered fully. Some animals that were totally paraplegic when treatment began recovered function after radiation therapy or cyclophosphamide treatment, but recovery was better if treatment was started when animals could still move their hind limbs. This animal model appears to be a useful way of studying the treatment of human spinal cord compression produced by epidural neoplasms.", "contents": "Treatment of experimental spinal cord compression caused by extradural neoplasms. Epidural spinal cord compression was produced in rats by injection of Walker 256 carcinoma cell suspension anterior to the T-12 or T-13 vertebral body. The tumor grows through the intervertebral foramina to compress the spinal cord and produce paraplegia in 3 to 4 weeks. The effect of several treatments upon clinical signs was assessed. Dexamethasone caused a significant but transient improvement in neurological function. Radiation therapy likewise improved neurological function, and was more effective when given by a high-dose protracted course than when given either in a single dose or a low-dose protracted course. Laminectomy was not helpful in relieving neurological symptoms. Dimethyl sulfoxide did not relieve neurological symptoms. Cyclophosphamide was most effective in relieving neurological symptoms, and most of the animals that were treated with that drug when they were severely weak but still able to move their hind limbs recovered fully. Some animals that were totally paraplegic when treatment began recovered function after radiation therapy or cyclophosphamide treatment, but recovery was better if treatment was started when animals could still move their hind limbs. This animal model appears to be a useful way of studying the treatment of human spinal cord compression produced by epidural neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:894342", "title": "Elasticity of the spinal cord dura in the dog.", "content": "The elasticity of the spinal cord dura in the dog has been investigated histologically, in situ, and by measurement. The dura was composed of collagenous and elastic connective tissue fibers. The collagenous fibers were arranged in longitudinal bundles, straight when stretched and wavy when unstretched, with a delicate network of fine elastic fibers coursing in all directions. Transecting the cord and dura at T-5 caused a separation of 25 to 30 mm of the dura and a 15- to 20-mm gap in the cord. By means of an appropriate sequence of transections of nerve roots and denticulate ligaments within the dura, and transections of the dural sheaths and nerves outside the dura, the strain on the dura was found to be imposed by the attachments of the dural nerve sheaths from T-6 to S-7. The filum terminale was not appreciably strained. By adding weights to a suspended dura, two components of elasticity were found. For loads of 0 to 50 gm, the incremental displacements in the length were large. The elastic modulus was about 4 X 10(6) dynes/sq cm, which was comparable to that of elastic fibers. For loads of 50 to 150 gm the displacements in length were small. The elastic modulus was about 5 X 10(8) dynes/sq cm, which was comparable to that of collagenous fibers.", "contents": "Elasticity of the spinal cord dura in the dog. The elasticity of the spinal cord dura in the dog has been investigated histologically, in situ, and by measurement. The dura was composed of collagenous and elastic connective tissue fibers. The collagenous fibers were arranged in longitudinal bundles, straight when stretched and wavy when unstretched, with a delicate network of fine elastic fibers coursing in all directions. Transecting the cord and dura at T-5 caused a separation of 25 to 30 mm of the dura and a 15- to 20-mm gap in the cord. By means of an appropriate sequence of transections of nerve roots and denticulate ligaments within the dura, and transections of the dural sheaths and nerves outside the dura, the strain on the dura was found to be imposed by the attachments of the dural nerve sheaths from T-6 to S-7. The filum terminale was not appreciably strained. By adding weights to a suspended dura, two components of elasticity were found. For loads of 0 to 50 gm, the incremental displacements in the length were large. The elastic modulus was about 4 X 10(6) dynes/sq cm, which was comparable to that of elastic fibers. For loads of 50 to 150 gm the displacements in length were small. The elastic modulus was about 5 X 10(8) dynes/sq cm, which was comparable to that of collagenous fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:894343", "title": "The spinal cord central canal in kaolin-induced hydrocephalus.", "content": "In order to study the cause of the great individual variations in kaolin-induced hydrocephalus, the lower brain stem and upper spinal cord were examined histologically in a series of young rabbits that had received injections of kaolin into the cisterna magna. Animals with complete occlusion of the outlets from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space showed only a moderate ventricular dilatation, while cases with marked hydrocephalus also plugs of kaolin in the caudal part of the fourth ventricle. The intraventricular kaolin was adherent to the roof of the fourth ventricle by strands of connective tissue and it is suggested that the plugs served as valves that initially occluded the opening of the central canal and were then lifted away as the ventricle dilated and the roof moved posteriorly. The animals with marked hydrocephalus also had extensive dilatation of the central canal with cleft formation in the posterior columns. The observations support the concept that in hydrocephalus the central canal may serve as an alternative resorption route for the cerebrospinal fluid through communication with the spinal subarachnoid space.", "contents": "The spinal cord central canal in kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. In order to study the cause of the great individual variations in kaolin-induced hydrocephalus, the lower brain stem and upper spinal cord were examined histologically in a series of young rabbits that had received injections of kaolin into the cisterna magna. Animals with complete occlusion of the outlets from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space showed only a moderate ventricular dilatation, while cases with marked hydrocephalus also plugs of kaolin in the caudal part of the fourth ventricle. The intraventricular kaolin was adherent to the roof of the fourth ventricle by strands of connective tissue and it is suggested that the plugs served as valves that initially occluded the opening of the central canal and were then lifted away as the ventricle dilated and the roof moved posteriorly. The animals with marked hydrocephalus also had extensive dilatation of the central canal with cleft formation in the posterior columns. The observations support the concept that in hydrocephalus the central canal may serve as an alternative resorption route for the cerebrospinal fluid through communication with the spinal subarachnoid space."}
{"id": "PMID:894344", "title": "Prolonged vasospasm produced by the breakdown products of erythrocytes.", "content": "The cause of cerebral vasospasm has been generally attributed to the vasoconstrictive substances released from platelets. The role of extravasated erythrocytes in vasospasm has never been well analyzed. To elucidate this point, the basilar arteries of cats were exposed and subjected to topical application of various blood fractions in their fresh state and after prolonged incubation for 1 to 7 days. Incubation was done to test stability of the vasoconstrictors. Severe vasospasm was induced by application of fresh and incubated fractions of lysed erythrocytes. Fresh, intact erythrocytes had no vasoactivity, but by incubation they lysed and gained vasoconstrictors. Vasospasm induced by lysed erythrocytes both in their fresh state and after prolonged incubation never relaxed, and tended to increase in severity during observation up to 24 hours. Fresh serum and platelet-rich plasma had vasoconstrictors, but they were lost after incubation. Apparently platelet-induced vasoconstriction is of short duration and contributes only to the early phase of vasospasm. Later, 12 to 24 hours after hemorrhage, iron pigments released by lysis of extravasated erythrocytes (oxyhemoglobin or methemoglobin) irritate the arterial wall and induce prolonged vasospasm. It is emphasized that the study of cerebral vasospasm should be focused on the role of the breakdown products of extravasated erythrocytes.", "contents": "Prolonged vasospasm produced by the breakdown products of erythrocytes. The cause of cerebral vasospasm has been generally attributed to the vasoconstrictive substances released from platelets. The role of extravasated erythrocytes in vasospasm has never been well analyzed. To elucidate this point, the basilar arteries of cats were exposed and subjected to topical application of various blood fractions in their fresh state and after prolonged incubation for 1 to 7 days. Incubation was done to test stability of the vasoconstrictors. Severe vasospasm was induced by application of fresh and incubated fractions of lysed erythrocytes. Fresh, intact erythrocytes had no vasoactivity, but by incubation they lysed and gained vasoconstrictors. Vasospasm induced by lysed erythrocytes both in their fresh state and after prolonged incubation never relaxed, and tended to increase in severity during observation up to 24 hours. Fresh serum and platelet-rich plasma had vasoconstrictors, but they were lost after incubation. Apparently platelet-induced vasoconstriction is of short duration and contributes only to the early phase of vasospasm. Later, 12 to 24 hours after hemorrhage, iron pigments released by lysis of extravasated erythrocytes (oxyhemoglobin or methemoglobin) irritate the arterial wall and induce prolonged vasospasm. It is emphasized that the study of cerebral vasospasm should be focused on the role of the breakdown products of extravasated erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:894345", "title": "Significance of vasospasm in the treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "The authors have analyzed a total of 96 consecutive cases in which vasospasm followed subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The SAH was caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysm or developed after aneurysm surgery. Usually at least 4 days elapsed between SAH and the onset of vasospasm. Vasospasm subsided an average of 2 weeks after onset. Of 68 patients with preoperative vasospasm, eight died due to cerebral edema resulting from ischemia, and 49% of survivors had neurological deficits. Preoperative vasospasm was not aggravated by surgical intervention when operations were carried out more than 7 days after the onset of vasospasm. Postoperative vasospasm was found in 25 of 52 patients who underwent operation within 1 week after SAH (excluding cases in Grade V). Five of these patients died, all of whom underwent surgery between the fourth and seventh day after SAH (the day of SAH was counted as the first day). There were no deaths among 20 patients operated on within the first 3 days after SAH. Postoperative vasospasm was always mild in these cases, when it occurred, probably because blood clot or blood-stained cerebrospinal fluid was removed by operative procedures. In all cases, 4 to 11 days elapsed between the last SAH and the onset of postoperative vasospasm regardless of the timing of surgery.", "contents": "Significance of vasospasm in the treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. The authors have analyzed a total of 96 consecutive cases in which vasospasm followed subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The SAH was caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysm or developed after aneurysm surgery. Usually at least 4 days elapsed between SAH and the onset of vasospasm. Vasospasm subsided an average of 2 weeks after onset. Of 68 patients with preoperative vasospasm, eight died due to cerebral edema resulting from ischemia, and 49% of survivors had neurological deficits. Preoperative vasospasm was not aggravated by surgical intervention when operations were carried out more than 7 days after the onset of vasospasm. Postoperative vasospasm was found in 25 of 52 patients who underwent operation within 1 week after SAH (excluding cases in Grade V). Five of these patients died, all of whom underwent surgery between the fourth and seventh day after SAH (the day of SAH was counted as the first day). There were no deaths among 20 patients operated on within the first 3 days after SAH. Postoperative vasospasm was always mild in these cases, when it occurred, probably because blood clot or blood-stained cerebrospinal fluid was removed by operative procedures. In all cases, 4 to 11 days elapsed between the last SAH and the onset of postoperative vasospasm regardless of the timing of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:894346", "title": "Primary pigmented carcinoma of the choroid plexus. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Pigmented carcinoma of the choroid plexus was found in a 33-year-old man. Autopsy revealed no primary tumor in the skin or eyes. A slightly cystic pigmented tumor was present in the right lateral ventricle infiltrating the thalamus and striatum. Metastatic implants were found in both temporal lobes and the cerebellum. The spinal cord was covered by black meningeal nodules, and the cauda equina was completely encased by the tumor. Metastases were found in the liver, pancreas, and kidney. Microscopically the mass contained normal choroid plexus with psammoma bodies adjacent to carcinomatous epithelium forming prominent papillae and tubules. Melanin granules were found within the neoplastic cells and in the stroma. Electron microscopy demonstrated melanin granules in various stages of development in the cells, which were joined one to another by desmosome-like structures. This is the second reported case of pigmented carcinoma of the choroid plexus and the first with metastases outside the central nervous system.", "contents": "Primary pigmented carcinoma of the choroid plexus. A light and electron microscopic study. Pigmented carcinoma of the choroid plexus was found in a 33-year-old man. Autopsy revealed no primary tumor in the skin or eyes. A slightly cystic pigmented tumor was present in the right lateral ventricle infiltrating the thalamus and striatum. Metastatic implants were found in both temporal lobes and the cerebellum. The spinal cord was covered by black meningeal nodules, and the cauda equina was completely encased by the tumor. Metastases were found in the liver, pancreas, and kidney. Microscopically the mass contained normal choroid plexus with psammoma bodies adjacent to carcinomatous epithelium forming prominent papillae and tubules. Melanin granules were found within the neoplastic cells and in the stroma. Electron microscopy demonstrated melanin granules in various stages of development in the cells, which were joined one to another by desmosome-like structures. This is the second reported case of pigmented carcinoma of the choroid plexus and the first with metastases outside the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:894347", "title": "Symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst. Morphological study with light and electron microscopy and tissue culture.", "content": "A rare case is reported in which a symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst was studied by light and electron microscopy and tissue culture. The findings are compared with those of a craniopharyngioma studied in the same way. The patient was a 26-year-old woman presenting with headache, chiasmatic syndrome, and hypopituitarism. A cyst containing a mural nodule was partially removed and an Ommaya reservoir placed in the operative site for further treatment. The cyst wall was composed of connective tissue and three kinds of epithelial cells: non-ciliated squamous, ciliated columnar, and mucous-secreting cells. The morphology of these cells in vitro was similar to prickle cells seen in craniopharyngioma and the epidermis. It is concluded that both Rathke's left cyst and craniopharyngioma originate in remnants of Rathke's pouch, but at times may show some histological differences.", "contents": "Symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst. Morphological study with light and electron microscopy and tissue culture. A rare case is reported in which a symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst was studied by light and electron microscopy and tissue culture. The findings are compared with those of a craniopharyngioma studied in the same way. The patient was a 26-year-old woman presenting with headache, chiasmatic syndrome, and hypopituitarism. A cyst containing a mural nodule was partially removed and an Ommaya reservoir placed in the operative site for further treatment. The cyst wall was composed of connective tissue and three kinds of epithelial cells: non-ciliated squamous, ciliated columnar, and mucous-secreting cells. The morphology of these cells in vitro was similar to prickle cells seen in craniopharyngioma and the epidermis. It is concluded that both Rathke's left cyst and craniopharyngioma originate in remnants of Rathke's pouch, but at times may show some histological differences."}
{"id": "PMID:894355", "title": "Effects on the products of conception of protein supplementation of the diets of rats.", "content": "Pregnant rats were ad libitum fed diets of varying casein content from conception. The food intake was measured. The control rats the first 17 days of gestation and 25% casein plus 2.5% DL methionine during the remainder; the second experimental group was given the 25% casein plus 2.5% DL methionine throughout pregnancy. Maternal food intakes were little changed by the supplement, but the rats in the second experimental group ate considerably more. The dietary regimens of the experimental groups had no effect on lean body mass, but did significantly increase carcass fat content. A protein supplement given in late pregnancy, at the time of the fetal exponential growth phase, was found to increase the weight, protein content and cellularity of fetal brains and carcasses. It also increased the weight and protein content of placentas, but had no effect on their cellularity.", "contents": "Effects on the products of conception of protein supplementation of the diets of rats. Pregnant rats were ad libitum fed diets of varying casein content from conception. The food intake was measured. The control rats the first 17 days of gestation and 25% casein plus 2.5% DL methionine during the remainder; the second experimental group was given the 25% casein plus 2.5% DL methionine throughout pregnancy. Maternal food intakes were little changed by the supplement, but the rats in the second experimental group ate considerably more. The dietary regimens of the experimental groups had no effect on lean body mass, but did significantly increase carcass fat content. A protein supplement given in late pregnancy, at the time of the fetal exponential growth phase, was found to increase the weight, protein content and cellularity of fetal brains and carcasses. It also increased the weight and protein content of placentas, but had no effect on their cellularity."}
{"id": "PMID:894357", "title": "Pyridoxine deficiency and postnatal development of brain aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities, and cholesterol levels in chicks.", "content": "Feeding a pyridoxine deficient diet, for 2 weeks after hatching, had no effect on post-hatching development of chick brain aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) activity or on cholesterol deposition in the brain, but significantly depressed the development of brain alanine aminotransferase (L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.5.1.2) activity. Feeding a pyridoxine deficient diet from 3 to 8 weeks of age had no effect on any of the three parameters studied.", "contents": "Pyridoxine deficiency and postnatal development of brain aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities, and cholesterol levels in chicks. Feeding a pyridoxine deficient diet, for 2 weeks after hatching, had no effect on post-hatching development of chick brain aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) activity or on cholesterol deposition in the brain, but significantly depressed the development of brain alanine aminotransferase (L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.5.1.2) activity. Feeding a pyridoxine deficient diet from 3 to 8 weeks of age had no effect on any of the three parameters studied."}
{"id": "PMID:894358", "title": "Zinc excretion in young women on low zinc intakes and oral contraceptive agents.", "content": "Zinc excretion under conditions of negligible zinc intake (0.17 mg/day) was measured in women taking a combination oral contraceptive agent (+OCA) and in women with normal menstrual cycles (-OCA). A semipurified, constant formula diet, providing negligible amounts of zinc, copper and iron, but adequate levels of other essential nutrients, was fed. During the 35--day study, serum and urinary zinc declined more markedly in the +OCA than -OCA groups. Serum zinc dropped 47% in the +OCA and 21% in the -OCA; urinary zinc declined 83% and 62% in the two groups. After pre-study, zinc was cleared from the gut, fecal zinc decreased about 40% in both groups. Whole body integumental zinc losses were similar for both groups, about 0.7 mg/day. For -OCA, zinc losses via this route were higher during the luteal phase than during menstruation. Menstrual fluid zinc contents were negligible and similar for both groups, about 5 microgram/day. The data suggest that accessible zinc stores are not extensive and that depletion of these stores, as a result of the low-zinc diet, caused the fall in serum zinc. The use of OCA influenced the response to the low-zinc diet, but endogenous zinc losses calculated for day 1 were nearly the same for both groups, about 1.6 mg/day.", "contents": "Zinc excretion in young women on low zinc intakes and oral contraceptive agents. Zinc excretion under conditions of negligible zinc intake (0.17 mg/day) was measured in women taking a combination oral contraceptive agent (+OCA) and in women with normal menstrual cycles (-OCA). A semipurified, constant formula diet, providing negligible amounts of zinc, copper and iron, but adequate levels of other essential nutrients, was fed. During the 35--day study, serum and urinary zinc declined more markedly in the +OCA than -OCA groups. Serum zinc dropped 47% in the +OCA and 21% in the -OCA; urinary zinc declined 83% and 62% in the two groups. After pre-study, zinc was cleared from the gut, fecal zinc decreased about 40% in both groups. Whole body integumental zinc losses were similar for both groups, about 0.7 mg/day. For -OCA, zinc losses via this route were higher during the luteal phase than during menstruation. Menstrual fluid zinc contents were negligible and similar for both groups, about 5 microgram/day. The data suggest that accessible zinc stores are not extensive and that depletion of these stores, as a result of the low-zinc diet, caused the fall in serum zinc. The use of OCA influenced the response to the low-zinc diet, but endogenous zinc losses calculated for day 1 were nearly the same for both groups, about 1.6 mg/day."}
{"id": "PMID:894359", "title": "Effect of dietary fats on oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid profile of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Hydrogenated coconut oil or safflower seed oil were fed at 20% levels to weanling male albino rats for 2 months. The fatty acid patterns of the liver homogenates, mitochondria and the microsomes were determined by gas chromatography as were also the fatty acid patterns of the liver cholesterol esters and the phospholipids. The mitochondrial phospholipids were fractionated by thin layer chromatography and the fatty acid moieties of the individual phospholipids were screened on a gas chromatograph. The oxidative phosphorylation in the liver mitochondria was determined using glutamate, malate and succinate as substrates. The liver fatty acid pattern, especially that of the subcellular particles, seemed to be dependent upon the dietary fat. The fatty acid composition of the mitochondrial phospholipids varied with the dietary fat. Oxidative phosphorylation for glutamate and malate was higher in the group fed safflower oil compared to that in the group fed saturated fat; in the case of succinate, no such difference was noticed. These results suggest that the changes in the phosphorylation capacity are due to the changes in the mitochondrial phospholipids which reflect the composition of the dietary fat.", "contents": "Effect of dietary fats on oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid profile of rat liver mitochondria. Hydrogenated coconut oil or safflower seed oil were fed at 20% levels to weanling male albino rats for 2 months. The fatty acid patterns of the liver homogenates, mitochondria and the microsomes were determined by gas chromatography as were also the fatty acid patterns of the liver cholesterol esters and the phospholipids. The mitochondrial phospholipids were fractionated by thin layer chromatography and the fatty acid moieties of the individual phospholipids were screened on a gas chromatograph. The oxidative phosphorylation in the liver mitochondria was determined using glutamate, malate and succinate as substrates. The liver fatty acid pattern, especially that of the subcellular particles, seemed to be dependent upon the dietary fat. The fatty acid composition of the mitochondrial phospholipids varied with the dietary fat. Oxidative phosphorylation for glutamate and malate was higher in the group fed safflower oil compared to that in the group fed saturated fat; in the case of succinate, no such difference was noticed. These results suggest that the changes in the phosphorylation capacity are due to the changes in the mitochondrial phospholipids which reflect the composition of the dietary fat."}
{"id": "PMID:894361", "title": "Nutritional implications of the Maillard reaction: the availability of fructose-phenylalanine to the chick.", "content": "Fructose-phenylalanine, the Amadori compound resulting when glucose reacts with phenylalanine, was administered to chicks receiving a phenylalanine-deficient crystalline amino acid diet. The chicks did not respond to oral administration of this molecule which indicated it was nutritionally unavailable as a source of phenylalanine. In vitro protein synthesis studies on liver tissue showed that the rate of incorporation of 14C-phenylalanine into liver solids/mg tissue was significantly lower in chicks fed 0.404%-fructose-phenylalanine than in those not fed this compound. However, when fructose-phenylalanine was added directly to the incubation medium, no reduction of amino acid incorporation occurred. The discrepancy between in vitro and vivo results suggests, therefore, that fructose-phenylalanine is metabolized to another molecule which is causative in reducing liver protein synthesis.", "contents": "Nutritional implications of the Maillard reaction: the availability of fructose-phenylalanine to the chick. Fructose-phenylalanine, the Amadori compound resulting when glucose reacts with phenylalanine, was administered to chicks receiving a phenylalanine-deficient crystalline amino acid diet. The chicks did not respond to oral administration of this molecule which indicated it was nutritionally unavailable as a source of phenylalanine. In vitro protein synthesis studies on liver tissue showed that the rate of incorporation of 14C-phenylalanine into liver solids/mg tissue was significantly lower in chicks fed 0.404%-fructose-phenylalanine than in those not fed this compound. However, when fructose-phenylalanine was added directly to the incubation medium, no reduction of amino acid incorporation occurred. The discrepancy between in vitro and vivo results suggests, therefore, that fructose-phenylalanine is metabolized to another molecule which is causative in reducing liver protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:894363", "title": "Influence of diet on in vitro and in vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis in coho salmon [Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)].", "content": "The site and the influence of diet on fatty acid synthesis in juvenile coho salmon were investigated. Tritiated water was used to obtain estimates of the rates of fatty acid synthesis. Liver slices and mesenteric glucose and tritiated water. The rate of fatty acid synthesis averaged 1172 +/- 126 and 40 +/- 8 nmoles tritium incorporated into fatty acids per 2 hours per 100 mg of liver and adipose tissue, respectively. The pattern of [1-14C]acetate incorporation into fatty acids in the liver slices indicated that de novo fatty acid synthesis, rather than chain elongation, was occurring. In vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis in liver were approximately linear for 30 minutes. In vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis averaged 244 +/- 14 and 44 +/- 11 dpm of tritium incorporated into fatty acids per 20 minutes per 100 mg of liver and adipose tissue, respectively. Consumption of a high-fat diet or fasting for 2 days decreased the in vitro and in vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis in fish liver. Refeeding fasted (48 hours) fish with a high-carbohydrate diet for 4 hours increased the rate of hepatic fatty acid synthesis. The major site of fatty acid synthesis in coho salmon appears to be the liver, and dietary alterations influence the rate of fatty acid synthesis in the liver.", "contents": "Influence of diet on in vitro and in vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis in coho salmon [Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)]. The site and the influence of diet on fatty acid synthesis in juvenile coho salmon were investigated. Tritiated water was used to obtain estimates of the rates of fatty acid synthesis. Liver slices and mesenteric glucose and tritiated water. The rate of fatty acid synthesis averaged 1172 +/- 126 and 40 +/- 8 nmoles tritium incorporated into fatty acids per 2 hours per 100 mg of liver and adipose tissue, respectively. The pattern of [1-14C]acetate incorporation into fatty acids in the liver slices indicated that de novo fatty acid synthesis, rather than chain elongation, was occurring. In vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis in liver were approximately linear for 30 minutes. In vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis averaged 244 +/- 14 and 44 +/- 11 dpm of tritium incorporated into fatty acids per 20 minutes per 100 mg of liver and adipose tissue, respectively. Consumption of a high-fat diet or fasting for 2 days decreased the in vitro and in vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis in fish liver. Refeeding fasted (48 hours) fish with a high-carbohydrate diet for 4 hours increased the rate of hepatic fatty acid synthesis. The major site of fatty acid synthesis in coho salmon appears to be the liver, and dietary alterations influence the rate of fatty acid synthesis in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:894364", "title": "Genetic influence on zinc metabolism in mice.", "content": "A previous study resulted in the discovery of a unique, undesignated strain of mice, referred to as SM (Super Mouse), whose progeny exhibited a resistance to dietary zinc deficiency when pups from the strain suckled dams fed a zinc-deficient diet. Examination of the zinc metabolism in these mice demonstrated in the study reported here that SM mice accumulated significantly more zinc during in utero development than do mice of other strains. Adult mice of the SM strain contained significantly more bone zinc than did mice of other strains. Adult SM mice excreted significantly less 65Zn than did mice of other strains when the mice were fed a zinc-deficient diet. These observations suggest that SM mice are able to resist periods of zinc-deficiency as a result of the development of highly efficient systems for storing and reabsorbing zinc.", "contents": "Genetic influence on zinc metabolism in mice. A previous study resulted in the discovery of a unique, undesignated strain of mice, referred to as SM (Super Mouse), whose progeny exhibited a resistance to dietary zinc deficiency when pups from the strain suckled dams fed a zinc-deficient diet. Examination of the zinc metabolism in these mice demonstrated in the study reported here that SM mice accumulated significantly more zinc during in utero development than do mice of other strains. Adult mice of the SM strain contained significantly more bone zinc than did mice of other strains. Adult SM mice excreted significantly less 65Zn than did mice of other strains when the mice were fed a zinc-deficient diet. These observations suggest that SM mice are able to resist periods of zinc-deficiency as a result of the development of highly efficient systems for storing and reabsorbing zinc."}
{"id": "PMID:894367", "title": "Analysis of chromium induced carbohydrate intolerance in the rat.", "content": "Carbohydrate tolerance was studied by intravenous glucose tolerance tests in normal and chromium deficient rats. A significant difference in glucose metabolism between chromium deficient and chromium supplemented rats was demonstrated only when the glucose decay constant was calculated from the line fitting the plotted logarithms of the excess plasma glucose concentrations. Calculation of the glucose decay constant from the line fitting the logarithms of the total plasma glucose concentrations showed no significant difference between the two groups. This finding suggests that either the first method is more sensitive to mild changes in intravenous glucose tolerance in the rat, or the observed difference is a methodological artifact.", "contents": "Analysis of chromium induced carbohydrate intolerance in the rat. Carbohydrate tolerance was studied by intravenous glucose tolerance tests in normal and chromium deficient rats. A significant difference in glucose metabolism between chromium deficient and chromium supplemented rats was demonstrated only when the glucose decay constant was calculated from the line fitting the plotted logarithms of the excess plasma glucose concentrations. Calculation of the glucose decay constant from the line fitting the logarithms of the total plasma glucose concentrations showed no significant difference between the two groups. This finding suggests that either the first method is more sensitive to mild changes in intravenous glucose tolerance in the rat, or the observed difference is a methodological artifact."}
{"id": "PMID:894366", "title": "Effects of malnutrition on some aspects of RNA metabolism in the maternal liver and fetal tissues at different stages of pregnancy in the rat.", "content": "A comparison was made between rats fed diets containing either 5% casein or 25% casein, both being supplemented with DL-methionine, from the first day of pregnancy. Livers of dams killed on days 7, 14, and 21 and whole fetuses on days 12, 14, and 21 were weighed, analyzed for protein, RNA and DNA content and assayed for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (SAMD). Free and total alkaline ribonuclease activity were also measured in the maternal livers. Malnutrition reduced the characteristic increase in content of DNA, RNA and protein in the maternal liver and fetus. In control rats total hepatic RNase activity increased and free RNase activity decreased during late pregnancy. In the deprived group, total activity decreased and free activity increased during late pregnancy. Liver and fetal ODC and SAMD activities were reduced by undernutrition. These studies show that malnutrition reduced both growth and the accretion of RNA in livers and fetuses of rat dams. These changes coincide with a reduced activity of polyamine synthesizing enzymes suggesting that there is a functional relationship between polyamines and RNA. High hepatic free RNase activity in malnourished dams may help to limit any build up in RNA content.", "contents": "Effects of malnutrition on some aspects of RNA metabolism in the maternal liver and fetal tissues at different stages of pregnancy in the rat. A comparison was made between rats fed diets containing either 5% casein or 25% casein, both being supplemented with DL-methionine, from the first day of pregnancy. Livers of dams killed on days 7, 14, and 21 and whole fetuses on days 12, 14, and 21 were weighed, analyzed for protein, RNA and DNA content and assayed for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (SAMD). Free and total alkaline ribonuclease activity were also measured in the maternal livers. Malnutrition reduced the characteristic increase in content of DNA, RNA and protein in the maternal liver and fetus. In control rats total hepatic RNase activity increased and free RNase activity decreased during late pregnancy. In the deprived group, total activity decreased and free activity increased during late pregnancy. Liver and fetal ODC and SAMD activities were reduced by undernutrition. These studies show that malnutrition reduced both growth and the accretion of RNA in livers and fetuses of rat dams. These changes coincide with a reduced activity of polyamine synthesizing enzymes suggesting that there is a functional relationship between polyamines and RNA. High hepatic free RNase activity in malnourished dams may help to limit any build up in RNA content."}
{"id": "PMID:894368", "title": "Vitamin B-6 deficiency in germfree rats.", "content": "Germfree and conventional rats were used to investigate the influence of gut microflora upon vitamin B-6 deficiency. The body weights of conventional rats fed a vitamin B-6-deficient diet for more than 5 weeks plateaued, but the rats remained alive until the end of week 9 of deficiency. The body weights of germfree rats fed the same deficient diet decreased, andmost of rats were moribund around the end of week 9 of deficiency; three died. Urinary xanthurenic acid excretion following tryptophan load continued to rise at each experimental week in deficient germfree rats, while such a progressive increase in the level of the excretion was not observed in deficient conventional rats. Autopsy revealed that some of deficient germfree rats suffered from partial or toal lunficient conventional rats. The lung atelectasis was presumed to be the result of the respiratory muscle insufficiency which was closely related to the changes of the peripheral nerves innervating these muscles. The results may suggest that the presence of gut microflora made some contribution to improvement of the vitamin B-6 deficiency.", "contents": "Vitamin B-6 deficiency in germfree rats. Germfree and conventional rats were used to investigate the influence of gut microflora upon vitamin B-6 deficiency. The body weights of conventional rats fed a vitamin B-6-deficient diet for more than 5 weeks plateaued, but the rats remained alive until the end of week 9 of deficiency. The body weights of germfree rats fed the same deficient diet decreased, andmost of rats were moribund around the end of week 9 of deficiency; three died. Urinary xanthurenic acid excretion following tryptophan load continued to rise at each experimental week in deficient germfree rats, while such a progressive increase in the level of the excretion was not observed in deficient conventional rats. Autopsy revealed that some of deficient germfree rats suffered from partial or toal lunficient conventional rats. The lung atelectasis was presumed to be the result of the respiratory muscle insufficiency which was closely related to the changes of the peripheral nerves innervating these muscles. The results may suggest that the presence of gut microflora made some contribution to improvement of the vitamin B-6 deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:894371", "title": "Metabolism of protein and RNA in liver of rats deprived of tryptophan.", "content": "Rat lost body weight after the second day of feeding a tryptophan free diet. After 15 days of tryptophan deprivation, they had lost 17% of body weight, whereas pair-fed controls had gained weight. Liver weights of deprived rats were significantly lower than those of controls. Water, protein, RNA, and DNA in the livers were not significantly changed after 15 days of tryptophan deprivation. Amounts of free typtophan and alanine in livers of derpived rats decreased to 40% of the controls after 15 days, whereas amounts of most other amino acids were nearly constant. Protein synthesis in livers of deprived rats for 15 days was impaired to about 55% of controls. Incorporation of orotic acid into different types of cytoplasmatic and nuclear RNA remained unaffected up to the tenth day. After 15 days of deprivation, more orotic acid had been incorporated into RNA fractions that correspond to the precursor ribosomal fractions.", "contents": "Metabolism of protein and RNA in liver of rats deprived of tryptophan. Rat lost body weight after the second day of feeding a tryptophan free diet. After 15 days of tryptophan deprivation, they had lost 17% of body weight, whereas pair-fed controls had gained weight. Liver weights of deprived rats were significantly lower than those of controls. Water, protein, RNA, and DNA in the livers were not significantly changed after 15 days of tryptophan deprivation. Amounts of free typtophan and alanine in livers of derpived rats decreased to 40% of the controls after 15 days, whereas amounts of most other amino acids were nearly constant. Protein synthesis in livers of deprived rats for 15 days was impaired to about 55% of controls. Incorporation of orotic acid into different types of cytoplasmatic and nuclear RNA remained unaffected up to the tenth day. After 15 days of deprivation, more orotic acid had been incorporated into RNA fractions that correspond to the precursor ribosomal fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:894374", "title": "Vinyl chloride cytogenetics.", "content": "This report presents cytogenetic findings from a group of 209 workers employed for up to 28 years in the manufacture of vinyl chloride monomer at the Texas Division of Dow Chemical U.S.A. Cytogenetic evaluation results from this group were compared to results found in examination of individuals being considered for employment. Statistical analyses were performed on a group basis for chromatid aberrations, chromosome aberrations and proportion of abnormal cells; no statistical difference of significance was found between the two groups. Comparison of these results with reported studies suggests that the level of cytogenetic aberrations in vinyl chloride workers is probably related to the length and level of exposure, and that risk of adverse genetic effect can be avoided in controlled, minimal-exposure environments.", "contents": "Vinyl chloride cytogenetics. This report presents cytogenetic findings from a group of 209 workers employed for up to 28 years in the manufacture of vinyl chloride monomer at the Texas Division of Dow Chemical U.S.A. Cytogenetic evaluation results from this group were compared to results found in examination of individuals being considered for employment. Statistical analyses were performed on a group basis for chromatid aberrations, chromosome aberrations and proportion of abnormal cells; no statistical difference of significance was found between the two groups. Comparison of these results with reported studies suggests that the level of cytogenetic aberrations in vinyl chloride workers is probably related to the length and level of exposure, and that risk of adverse genetic effect can be avoided in controlled, minimal-exposure environments."}
{"id": "PMID:894375", "title": "Lung cancer among black migrants. Interaction of host and occupational environment factors.", "content": "A study of Ohio residents by place of birth identified an increased cancer risk (100% excess) among black migrants born in the South compared with blacks born in Ohio. The migration of blacks from South to North for the purpose of industrial employment was extensive between the years 1940-1970. The hypothesis is that biological and social imprints (poverty, malnutrition, genetics), endemic of the early years of life, provide a physiological imbalance which provides the basis for increased susceptibility to adverse environmental stresses subsequent to migration. Findings consistent with this hypothesis were obtained in a prospective study of steel workers in which 2,543 men in coke plant operations were included, in which a prior high rate for lung cancer had already been established. A strong association was found between place of birth and place of death from lung cancer in the nonwhite coke plant workers. Examination of these death certiricates revealed that 33 of 35 deaths of lung cancer occurred among men born in the South.", "contents": "Lung cancer among black migrants. Interaction of host and occupational environment factors. A study of Ohio residents by place of birth identified an increased cancer risk (100% excess) among black migrants born in the South compared with blacks born in Ohio. The migration of blacks from South to North for the purpose of industrial employment was extensive between the years 1940-1970. The hypothesis is that biological and social imprints (poverty, malnutrition, genetics), endemic of the early years of life, provide a physiological imbalance which provides the basis for increased susceptibility to adverse environmental stresses subsequent to migration. Findings consistent with this hypothesis were obtained in a prospective study of steel workers in which 2,543 men in coke plant operations were included, in which a prior high rate for lung cancer had already been established. A strong association was found between place of birth and place of death from lung cancer in the nonwhite coke plant workers. Examination of these death certiricates revealed that 33 of 35 deaths of lung cancer occurred among men born in the South."}
{"id": "PMID:894381", "title": "Two-band model of heterochromatic flicker.", "content": "We have attempted to reconcile the results of several recent chromatic flicker studies. By adjusting the relative amplitudes of red and green sine-wave stimuli that were flickering in opposite phase, we obtained conditions varying from purely chromatic (red-green) stimulation, through each \"silent-cone\" condition, to purely luminous (homochromatic) stimulation. We also tested the effects of adapting backgrounds in each condition. Our results can be explained in terms of a low-frequency band that represents the opponent-color response, and a high-frequency band that represents the achromatic response. These two bands respond in various proportions, depending on the red-green stimulus ratio. Chromatic adaptation generally affects the low- and high-frequency bands differently and hence changes the shape of the flicker sensitivity curve. However, if the temporally varying waveform and the adapting background are both chosen to stimulate the same cone type, then the opponent-color and achromatic bands are both attenuated by the same amount. In this case, the shapes of the silent-red and silent-green flicker curves are preserved under chromatic adaptation. We conclude that none of these flicker curves are controlled by the temporal characteristics of independent cone types.", "contents": "Two-band model of heterochromatic flicker. We have attempted to reconcile the results of several recent chromatic flicker studies. By adjusting the relative amplitudes of red and green sine-wave stimuli that were flickering in opposite phase, we obtained conditions varying from purely chromatic (red-green) stimulation, through each \"silent-cone\" condition, to purely luminous (homochromatic) stimulation. We also tested the effects of adapting backgrounds in each condition. Our results can be explained in terms of a low-frequency band that represents the opponent-color response, and a high-frequency band that represents the achromatic response. These two bands respond in various proportions, depending on the red-green stimulus ratio. Chromatic adaptation generally affects the low- and high-frequency bands differently and hence changes the shape of the flicker sensitivity curve. However, if the temporally varying waveform and the adapting background are both chosen to stimulate the same cone type, then the opponent-color and achromatic bands are both attenuated by the same amount. In this case, the shapes of the silent-red and silent-green flicker curves are preserved under chromatic adaptation. We conclude that none of these flicker curves are controlled by the temporal characteristics of independent cone types."}
{"id": "PMID:894404", "title": "Reading retardation:a 12-year prospective study. Implications for the pediatrician.", "content": "A 12-year study has (1) assessed the predictive efficiency of a preschool test battery in relation to short- and long-term school achievement; (2) evaluated socioeconomic locale and operational school structure as indicators of subsequent progress; (3) observed the effects of some correctional experiences on later school performance. Almost 1,000 children have been involved; 606 remain in the project. Mental ages have ranged from 54 to 104 months though the mean chronologic age at school entry was 74 months. Twenty-three percent failed to complete first-grade requirements in the first year. Failure rates within separate schools ranged from three to 71% and had an inverse relationship to socioeconomic level. Within the middle-class area, children in an open-space school had double the failure rate of their peers in traditional classrooms.", "contents": "Reading retardation:a 12-year prospective study. Implications for the pediatrician. A 12-year study has (1) assessed the predictive efficiency of a preschool test battery in relation to short- and long-term school achievement; (2) evaluated socioeconomic locale and operational school structure as indicators of subsequent progress; (3) observed the effects of some correctional experiences on later school performance. Almost 1,000 children have been involved; 606 remain in the project. Mental ages have ranged from 54 to 104 months though the mean chronologic age at school entry was 74 months. Twenty-three percent failed to complete first-grade requirements in the first year. Failure rates within separate schools ranged from three to 71% and had an inverse relationship to socioeconomic level. Within the middle-class area, children in an open-space school had double the failure rate of their peers in traditional classrooms."}
{"id": "PMID:894405", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid levels in meningitis.", "content": "Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid by gas liquid chromatography and by an enzymatic Monotest lactate test was evaluated for the early detection of bacterial meningitis in 396 patients. Spinal fluid specimens from 62/62 patients with a bacterial or mycoplasma etiology yielded lactate levels greater than the upper limits of normal, whereas specimens from 334 patients with no bacterial involvement gave values within the normal range. The duration of elevated CSF lactate values coincided with the clinical response to therapy. When considered along with the history and physical examination of the patient, determination of lactic acid proved to be a rapid and reliable diagnostic test for the early detection of untreated as well as partially treated pyogenic meningitis.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid levels in meningitis. Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid by gas liquid chromatography and by an enzymatic Monotest lactate test was evaluated for the early detection of bacterial meningitis in 396 patients. Spinal fluid specimens from 62/62 patients with a bacterial or mycoplasma etiology yielded lactate levels greater than the upper limits of normal, whereas specimens from 334 patients with no bacterial involvement gave values within the normal range. The duration of elevated CSF lactate values coincided with the clinical response to therapy. When considered along with the history and physical examination of the patient, determination of lactic acid proved to be a rapid and reliable diagnostic test for the early detection of untreated as well as partially treated pyogenic meningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:894406", "title": "Postpubertal evaluation of gonadal function following cyclophosphamide therapy before and during puberty.", "content": "Evaluation of pituitary gonadotropins, gonadal steroids, spermatogenesis, and menstrual function was undertaken in 32 patients (19 males and 13 females) treated with cyclophosphamide because of nephrotic syndrome. Patients were treated before, during, or after puberty. Evaluations took place after or in very late puberty. Spermatogenic dysfunction occurred in six of 15 boys who received the entire course before and during puberty and was probably dose related. Menstrual dysfunction did not occur following treatment of six prepubertal or pubertal girls, though only low total doses were used. Therapy after puberty was associated with spermatogenic dysfunction in all four boys, but did not cause menstrual dysfunction in any of seven women. Tentative guidelines are suggested that many minimize gonadal toxicity when cyclophosphamide is used in children with nephrotic syndrome. Factors of particular importance in the interpretation of gonadotropin determinations and of sperm counts in young cyclophosphamide-treated patients are discussed.", "contents": "Postpubertal evaluation of gonadal function following cyclophosphamide therapy before and during puberty. Evaluation of pituitary gonadotropins, gonadal steroids, spermatogenesis, and menstrual function was undertaken in 32 patients (19 males and 13 females) treated with cyclophosphamide because of nephrotic syndrome. Patients were treated before, during, or after puberty. Evaluations took place after or in very late puberty. Spermatogenic dysfunction occurred in six of 15 boys who received the entire course before and during puberty and was probably dose related. Menstrual dysfunction did not occur following treatment of six prepubertal or pubertal girls, though only low total doses were used. Therapy after puberty was associated with spermatogenic dysfunction in all four boys, but did not cause menstrual dysfunction in any of seven women. Tentative guidelines are suggested that many minimize gonadal toxicity when cyclophosphamide is used in children with nephrotic syndrome. Factors of particular importance in the interpretation of gonadotropin determinations and of sperm counts in young cyclophosphamide-treated patients are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894407", "title": "Transient diabetes mellitus in a neonate. Evaluation of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone secretion and management with a continuous low-dose insulin infusion.", "content": "This neonate developed marked hyperglycemia four days after birth and required insulin therapy for eight weeks. During the acute phase of the disease, immunoreactive insulin was undetectable in portal venous serum. Neither tolbutamide nor theophylline administration significantly triggered insulin secretion. Somatostatin infusion inhibited growth hormone release but had no effect on plasma glucagon or blood glucose concentrations. At 2 1/2 months, two weeks after insulin withdrawal, the infant was still intolerant to an oral glucose load, insulin response was markedly delayed, and growth hormone secretion was paradoxical. At five months, the insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone responses to glucose and to somatostatin were normalized. Thus, in this patient, insulin secretion was transiently deficient. Peculiarities of glucagon and growth hormone secretion were also present but are more characteristic of this age group than of diabetes. The hyperglycemic state was managed by intraportal infusion of 0.1 to 0.2 IU regular insulin/kg/hour. This mode of insulin administration proved efficient, secure, and easy to manage.", "contents": "Transient diabetes mellitus in a neonate. Evaluation of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone secretion and management with a continuous low-dose insulin infusion. This neonate developed marked hyperglycemia four days after birth and required insulin therapy for eight weeks. During the acute phase of the disease, immunoreactive insulin was undetectable in portal venous serum. Neither tolbutamide nor theophylline administration significantly triggered insulin secretion. Somatostatin infusion inhibited growth hormone release but had no effect on plasma glucagon or blood glucose concentrations. At 2 1/2 months, two weeks after insulin withdrawal, the infant was still intolerant to an oral glucose load, insulin response was markedly delayed, and growth hormone secretion was paradoxical. At five months, the insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone responses to glucose and to somatostatin were normalized. Thus, in this patient, insulin secretion was transiently deficient. Peculiarities of glucagon and growth hormone secretion were also present but are more characteristic of this age group than of diabetes. The hyperglycemic state was managed by intraportal infusion of 0.1 to 0.2 IU regular insulin/kg/hour. This mode of insulin administration proved efficient, secure, and easy to manage."}
{"id": "PMID:894408", "title": "Thyrotoxicosis detected in a mass-screening program for neonatal hypothyroidism: demonstration of placental transfer of an immunoglobulin with marked lipolytic activity.", "content": "A female infant born to a mother with active Graves disease and a strongly positive LATS developed neonatal thyrotoxicosis. The diagnosis was confirmed rapidly by the markedly elevated filter paper spot T4 (5.45 ng/40 microliter) taken on the fifth day of life as part of the Quebec Screening Program for Neonatal Hypothyroidism. Although the infant's serum was negative for LATS, it reacted strongly (as did the maternal serum) in the lipolytic assay for LATS. This case illustrates the ability of screening programs for neonatal hypothyroidism to detect cases of neonatal thyrotoxicosis and supports the hypothesis that this condition is secondary to the placental transfer of a thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Thyrotoxicosis detected in a mass-screening program for neonatal hypothyroidism: demonstration of placental transfer of an immunoglobulin with marked lipolytic activity. A female infant born to a mother with active Graves disease and a strongly positive LATS developed neonatal thyrotoxicosis. The diagnosis was confirmed rapidly by the markedly elevated filter paper spot T4 (5.45 ng/40 microliter) taken on the fifth day of life as part of the Quebec Screening Program for Neonatal Hypothyroidism. Although the infant's serum was negative for LATS, it reacted strongly (as did the maternal serum) in the lipolytic assay for LATS. This case illustrates the ability of screening programs for neonatal hypothyroidism to detect cases of neonatal thyrotoxicosis and supports the hypothesis that this condition is secondary to the placental transfer of a thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:894409", "title": "Severe coagulation abnormalities in Reye syndrome.", "content": "Coagulation studies were performed on 13 children with clinical diagnoses of Reye syndrome. Four had abnormalities so severe that transfusion of coagulation factors and platelets were required prior to percutaneous liver biopsy. In one of these, abnormalities frequently found in association with acute hepatic failure were present. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was noted in two, while in the fourth child laboratory data were most consistent with that process. Although the coagulation defect associated with Reye syndrome is most often due to decreased production of all coagulation factors except VIII, these patients demonstrate that consumption can also occur. The severity of the coagulopathies found indicates that bleeding can become a major complication in the diagnosis and management of Reye syndrome.", "contents": "Severe coagulation abnormalities in Reye syndrome. Coagulation studies were performed on 13 children with clinical diagnoses of Reye syndrome. Four had abnormalities so severe that transfusion of coagulation factors and platelets were required prior to percutaneous liver biopsy. In one of these, abnormalities frequently found in association with acute hepatic failure were present. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was noted in two, while in the fourth child laboratory data were most consistent with that process. Although the coagulation defect associated with Reye syndrome is most often due to decreased production of all coagulation factors except VIII, these patients demonstrate that consumption can also occur. The severity of the coagulopathies found indicates that bleeding can become a major complication in the diagnosis and management of Reye syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:894410", "title": "The Lenz-Majewski hyperostotic dwarfism. A syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies, mental retardation, and progressive skeletal sclerosis.", "content": "A distinct syndrome is delineated on the basis of two previously reported and one newly described case. The syndrome combines multiple congenital anomalies with a progressive skeletal dysplasia-dysostosis, The gradual evolution of the skeletal disorder is demonstrated in the present patient. It will now be possible to diagnose this syndrome at birth.", "contents": "The Lenz-Majewski hyperostotic dwarfism. A syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies, mental retardation, and progressive skeletal sclerosis. A distinct syndrome is delineated on the basis of two previously reported and one newly described case. The syndrome combines multiple congenital anomalies with a progressive skeletal dysplasia-dysostosis, The gradual evolution of the skeletal disorder is demonstrated in the present patient. It will now be possible to diagnose this syndrome at birth."}
{"id": "PMID:894411", "title": "Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria: an inborn error of amino acid conservation.", "content": "A 38-month-old apparently healthy male has been followed for three years because of a massive glutamic and aspartic aminoaciduria detected shortly after birth in a neonatal screening program. Amino acid clearance studies revealed the presence of renal wastage of dicarboxylic amino acids. Intestinal transport and in vitro oxidation of dicarboxylic amino acids were found to be intact. Clinical and metabolic data obtained on a previously described patient and the present case suggest that some patients with dicarboxylic aminoaciduria might have a selective renal conservation defect without clinical abnormalities, whereas others might demonstrate an additional defect in intestinal transport associated with fasting hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria: an inborn error of amino acid conservation. A 38-month-old apparently healthy male has been followed for three years because of a massive glutamic and aspartic aminoaciduria detected shortly after birth in a neonatal screening program. Amino acid clearance studies revealed the presence of renal wastage of dicarboxylic amino acids. Intestinal transport and in vitro oxidation of dicarboxylic amino acids were found to be intact. Clinical and metabolic data obtained on a previously described patient and the present case suggest that some patients with dicarboxylic aminoaciduria might have a selective renal conservation defect without clinical abnormalities, whereas others might demonstrate an additional defect in intestinal transport associated with fasting hypoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:894419", "title": "Assessment of gestational age by examination of the anterior vascular capsule of the lens.", "content": "The disappearance of the anterior vascular capsule of the lens (pupillary membrane was found to be useful in the preterm infant to estimate accurately gestational age between the twenty-seventh and the thirty-fourth weeks. Before the twenty-seventh week, the cornea was to opaque to allow good visualization of this vascular system. After the thirty-fourth week, these vessels had generally atrophied completely. One hundred infants between 27 and 34 weeks' gestational age as assessed by the Dubowitz scoring system were studied with the direct ophthalmoscope following dilatation of the pupil. Disappearance of the anterior vascular capsule was arbitrarily divided into four grades. The correlation between gestational age and the grade of anterior vascular capsule was found to be highly significant (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Assessment of gestational age by examination of the anterior vascular capsule of the lens. The disappearance of the anterior vascular capsule of the lens (pupillary membrane was found to be useful in the preterm infant to estimate accurately gestational age between the twenty-seventh and the thirty-fourth weeks. Before the twenty-seventh week, the cornea was to opaque to allow good visualization of this vascular system. After the thirty-fourth week, these vessels had generally atrophied completely. One hundred infants between 27 and 34 weeks' gestational age as assessed by the Dubowitz scoring system were studied with the direct ophthalmoscope following dilatation of the pupil. Disappearance of the anterior vascular capsule was arbitrarily divided into four grades. The correlation between gestational age and the grade of anterior vascular capsule was found to be highly significant (p less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:894420", "title": "Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in neonates with pneumothorax or atelectasis.", "content": "Nine episodes of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion occurred in five newborn infants following atelectasis or pneumothorax. All infants had pre-existing lung disease and were being treated with positive pressure ventilation. The mean interval between acute atelectasis or pneumothorax and the development of diagnostic hyponatremia, hypo-osmolal serum, hyperosmolal urine, and oliguria was 13.4 hours. Fluid restriction and removal of the triggering event resulted in resolution of the abnormalities within 1.5 to 4 days. Infants who develop atelectasis or pneumothorax should be evaluated for the subsequent occurrence of SIADH; the administration of a water load to them may result in dilutional hyponatremia, for which fluid restriction, not sodium infusion, is the proper therapy.", "contents": "Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in neonates with pneumothorax or atelectasis. Nine episodes of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion occurred in five newborn infants following atelectasis or pneumothorax. All infants had pre-existing lung disease and were being treated with positive pressure ventilation. The mean interval between acute atelectasis or pneumothorax and the development of diagnostic hyponatremia, hypo-osmolal serum, hyperosmolal urine, and oliguria was 13.4 hours. Fluid restriction and removal of the triggering event resulted in resolution of the abnormalities within 1.5 to 4 days. Infants who develop atelectasis or pneumothorax should be evaluated for the subsequent occurrence of SIADH; the administration of a water load to them may result in dilutional hyponatremia, for which fluid restriction, not sodium infusion, is the proper therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:894421", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of achondrogenesis.", "content": "Severe rhizomelic and mesomelic dwarfism was demonstrated in a 20-week gestation fetus by amniography. A systematic progressive approach to prenatal diagnosis  in the absence of a definitive diagnosis and the use of contrast radiography is discussed.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of achondrogenesis. Severe rhizomelic and mesomelic dwarfism was demonstrated in a 20-week gestation fetus by amniography. A systematic progressive approach to prenatal diagnosis  in the absence of a definitive diagnosis and the use of contrast radiography is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894422", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of recurrence of Saldino-Noonan dwarfism.", "content": "The occurrence in a family of three spontaneous abortions and two siblings with Saldino-Noonan dwarfism supports an autosomal recessive etiology and raises the possibility of lethality early in utero. No long bones were visualized in radiographs at 19 weeks' gestation in the second affected pregnancy. highlighting the difficulties of distinguishing technical limitations from fetal anatomic abnormalities. Ultrasound studies demonstrated oligohydramnios. Radiologic prenatal diagnosis can rule out this condition prior to 20 to 24 weeks' gestation and affected fetuses can be suspected if not proved by radiographs and ultrasound examination.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of recurrence of Saldino-Noonan dwarfism. The occurrence in a family of three spontaneous abortions and two siblings with Saldino-Noonan dwarfism supports an autosomal recessive etiology and raises the possibility of lethality early in utero. No long bones were visualized in radiographs at 19 weeks' gestation in the second affected pregnancy. highlighting the difficulties of distinguishing technical limitations from fetal anatomic abnormalities. Ultrasound studies demonstrated oligohydramnios. Radiologic prenatal diagnosis can rule out this condition prior to 20 to 24 weeks' gestation and affected fetuses can be suspected if not proved by radiographs and ultrasound examination."}
{"id": "PMID:894424", "title": "Breast milk distribution of theobromine from chocolate.", "content": "Six nursing mothers ingested 113 gm of Hershey's milk chocolate containing 240 mg of theobromine. Samples of plasma, saliva, and breast milk were assayed for theobromine by high pressure liquid chromatography. Peak theobromine concentrations of 3.7 to 8.2 mg/l were found in all fluids at 2 to 3 hour after ingestion of chocolate. The disposition half-life of theobromine averaged 7.1 +/- 2.1 hours, body clearance was 65 +/- 20 ml/hour/kilogram, and the apparent volume of distribution was 0.62 +/- 0.13 l/lk. Theobromine is only slightly bound to plasma and milk proteins and concentrations in milk and saliva matched plasma data closely. The mean concentration ratios were 0.82 +/- 0.17 for milk/plasma and 0.92 +/- 0.17 for saliva/plasma. If a mother ate a 4-ounce chocolate bar every 6 hours and the infant nursed when the theobromine concentration in milk was at its peak, the infant could ingest about 10 mg of theobromine per day.", "contents": "Breast milk distribution of theobromine from chocolate. Six nursing mothers ingested 113 gm of Hershey's milk chocolate containing 240 mg of theobromine. Samples of plasma, saliva, and breast milk were assayed for theobromine by high pressure liquid chromatography. Peak theobromine concentrations of 3.7 to 8.2 mg/l were found in all fluids at 2 to 3 hour after ingestion of chocolate. The disposition half-life of theobromine averaged 7.1 +/- 2.1 hours, body clearance was 65 +/- 20 ml/hour/kilogram, and the apparent volume of distribution was 0.62 +/- 0.13 l/lk. Theobromine is only slightly bound to plasma and milk proteins and concentrations in milk and saliva matched plasma data closely. The mean concentration ratios were 0.82 +/- 0.17 for milk/plasma and 0.92 +/- 0.17 for saliva/plasma. If a mother ate a 4-ounce chocolate bar every 6 hours and the infant nursed when the theobromine concentration in milk was at its peak, the infant could ingest about 10 mg of theobromine per day."}
{"id": "PMID:894425", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of hexachlorophene in newborn infants.", "content": "Bathing with soap containing hexachlorophene was instituted during two major staphylococcal epidemics in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Infants who weighed less than 1,200 gm, those with a postconceptional age of less than 35 weeks, and those with large areas of abraded skin were at highest risk to achieve elevated blood HCP concentrations. T 1/2 of HCP ranged from 6.1 to 44.2 hours and appeared to follow first order kinetics. Time of peak blood concentrations of HCP following a bath ranged from 6 to 10 hours. One infant with liver disease achieved a concentration of HCP of 4,350 ng/ml after seven baths and developed clinical symptoms consistent with HCP toxicity.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of hexachlorophene in newborn infants. Bathing with soap containing hexachlorophene was instituted during two major staphylococcal epidemics in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Infants who weighed less than 1,200 gm, those with a postconceptional age of less than 35 weeks, and those with large areas of abraded skin were at highest risk to achieve elevated blood HCP concentrations. T 1/2 of HCP ranged from 6.1 to 44.2 hours and appeared to follow first order kinetics. Time of peak blood concentrations of HCP following a bath ranged from 6 to 10 hours. One infant with liver disease achieved a concentration of HCP of 4,350 ng/ml after seven baths and developed clinical symptoms consistent with HCP toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:894426", "title": "Paradoxical behavior of serum digoxin concentrations in an anuric neonate.", "content": "Serum digoxin values were determined in a newborn infant with severe heart failure and renal failure. The half-life of digoxin in the serum appeared to change, possibly the result of prolonged distribution and/or absorption owing to circulatory insufficiency, or to the accumulation of cross-reacting metabolites of digoxin in the serum. No clinical toxicity was apparent, and no cardiac arrhythmia was observed. The need for monitoring serum digoxin concentration and clinical effect in newborn infants is emphasized.", "contents": "Paradoxical behavior of serum digoxin concentrations in an anuric neonate. Serum digoxin values were determined in a newborn infant with severe heart failure and renal failure. The half-life of digoxin in the serum appeared to change, possibly the result of prolonged distribution and/or absorption owing to circulatory insufficiency, or to the accumulation of cross-reacting metabolites of digoxin in the serum. No clinical toxicity was apparent, and no cardiac arrhythmia was observed. The need for monitoring serum digoxin concentration and clinical effect in newborn infants is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:894441", "title": "Vitreous loss following infantile cataract surgery.", "content": "Vitreous loss occurred in 50 of 475 consecutive eyes undergoing infantile cataract aspirations over a 10-year period. Vitreous loss occurred in eyes predisposed to such loss and in other eyes following the use of faulty instrumentation, poor surgical judgment, or from errors in operative technique. Vitreous loss was managed by the techniques outlined by Castroviejo and Maumanee. An analysis of this series revealed that the operative loss of vitreous in children does not predispose to undesirable sequelae. Postoperative complications are not correlated with the loss of vitreous itself, but rather with the presence of other coincident ocular pathology and/or the persistence of vitreous in or attached to anterior chamber structures. The final attained visual acuity in patients suffering vitreous loss is not different from the average of the same population. Although vitreous loss consequences may be minimized, the authors do not advocate the disturbance of the intact vitreous face either accidentally or intentionally.", "contents": "Vitreous loss following infantile cataract surgery. Vitreous loss occurred in 50 of 475 consecutive eyes undergoing infantile cataract aspirations over a 10-year period. Vitreous loss occurred in eyes predisposed to such loss and in other eyes following the use of faulty instrumentation, poor surgical judgment, or from errors in operative technique. Vitreous loss was managed by the techniques outlined by Castroviejo and Maumanee. An analysis of this series revealed that the operative loss of vitreous in children does not predispose to undesirable sequelae. Postoperative complications are not correlated with the loss of vitreous itself, but rather with the presence of other coincident ocular pathology and/or the persistence of vitreous in or attached to anterior chamber structures. The final attained visual acuity in patients suffering vitreous loss is not different from the average of the same population. Although vitreous loss consequences may be minimized, the authors do not advocate the disturbance of the intact vitreous face either accidentally or intentionally."}
{"id": "PMID:894442", "title": "Visual acuity and binocularity in children with unilateral acquired aphakia.", "content": "Seventeen cases of unilateral aphakia secondary to acquired cataracts and dislocated lenses were presented. Final visual acuity was 20/70 or better in 12 of our 17 patients. Binocular single vision has been maintained in four cases. Ten patients had a posttherapy tropia. Early surgery and treatment particularly in the young child is stressed in order to maintain normal binocular single vision. Where once traumatized eyes were felt to be \"sick\" eyes and better left alone, current surgical and therapeutic methods make restoration of vision and binocularity a reasonable goal.", "contents": "Visual acuity and binocularity in children with unilateral acquired aphakia. Seventeen cases of unilateral aphakia secondary to acquired cataracts and dislocated lenses were presented. Final visual acuity was 20/70 or better in 12 of our 17 patients. Binocular single vision has been maintained in four cases. Ten patients had a posttherapy tropia. Early surgery and treatment particularly in the young child is stressed in order to maintain normal binocular single vision. Where once traumatized eyes were felt to be \"sick\" eyes and better left alone, current surgical and therapeutic methods make restoration of vision and binocularity a reasonable goal."}
{"id": "PMID:894443", "title": "Opacities of the lens indicating carrier status in the oculo-cerebro-renal (Lowe) syndrome.", "content": "Three families with a total of five patients with Lowe's syndrome are described. We tried to trace female heterozygotes by ophthalmological abnormalities in order to realize prevention of this serious X-chromosomal recessive disease. Of the fourteen female relatives examined, eight showed pathological opacities of the lens, two of these being proven heterozygotes. In our opinion, in Lowe's syndrome, examination of the eyes can play an important role in the detection of heterozygotes.", "contents": "Opacities of the lens indicating carrier status in the oculo-cerebro-renal (Lowe) syndrome. Three families with a total of five patients with Lowe's syndrome are described. We tried to trace female heterozygotes by ophthalmological abnormalities in order to realize prevention of this serious X-chromosomal recessive disease. Of the fourteen female relatives examined, eight showed pathological opacities of the lens, two of these being proven heterozygotes. In our opinion, in Lowe's syndrome, examination of the eyes can play an important role in the detection of heterozygotes."}
{"id": "PMID:894444", "title": "Congenital teratoma of the orbit.", "content": "A congenital teratoma of the orbit is described. Histologically, the tissues forming the tumor appeared derived from the three germinal layers and showed an advanced degree of differentiation. An exenteration was performed because of suspicion of malignant tumor in the orbit and because of the severe keratitis with impending perforation which ensued the lagophthalmos.", "contents": "Congenital teratoma of the orbit. A congenital teratoma of the orbit is described. Histologically, the tissues forming the tumor appeared derived from the three germinal layers and showed an advanced degree of differentiation. An exenteration was performed because of suspicion of malignant tumor in the orbit and because of the severe keratitis with impending perforation which ensued the lagophthalmos."}
{"id": "PMID:894450", "title": "Occult rupture of a main stem bronchus.", "content": "This report described a patient with multiple injuries in whom a major bronchial tear was not diagnosed early because the lung reexpanded initially. When pulmonary sepsis intervened and the bronchial injury was discovered, repair could not be accomplished because of continuing sepsis. The case emphasizes the need for early bronchoscopic evaluation in suspected bronchial injury even in the face of multiple other injuries which may draw the focus of attention away from a correctible bronchial disruption.", "contents": "Occult rupture of a main stem bronchus. This report described a patient with multiple injuries in whom a major bronchial tear was not diagnosed early because the lung reexpanded initially. When pulmonary sepsis intervened and the bronchial injury was discovered, repair could not be accomplished because of continuing sepsis. The case emphasizes the need for early bronchoscopic evaluation in suspected bronchial injury even in the face of multiple other injuries which may draw the focus of attention away from a correctible bronchial disruption."}
{"id": "PMID:894451", "title": "Bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma in childhood; a case report.", "content": "Primary carcinoma of the lung is unusual in children and the squamous cell variant is extremely rare. This, to the best of our knowledge, is the sixth reported case of bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma in childhood.", "contents": "Bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma in childhood; a case report. Primary carcinoma of the lung is unusual in children and the squamous cell variant is extremely rare. This, to the best of our knowledge, is the sixth reported case of bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:894452", "title": "Chylothorax in neuroblastoma.", "content": "This is a brief case report of a patient who developed chylothorax subsequent to abdominal radiation for neuroblastoma, treated by aspirations and local chemotherapy, and mediastinal irradiation.", "contents": "Chylothorax in neuroblastoma. This is a brief case report of a patient who developed chylothorax subsequent to abdominal radiation for neuroblastoma, treated by aspirations and local chemotherapy, and mediastinal irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:894453", "title": "Pneumoperitoneum without ruptured viscus in the neonate: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A premature infant with severe respiratory distress developed the clinical and radiologic signs of pneumoperitoneum. At operation, free intraperitoneal air without visceral perforation was found. This case is unique in that pneumothorax was never observed and that interstitial emphysema or ischemic gastrointestinal lesions were not present at autopsy. The patient, however, was on a positive pressure ventilator for some time because of hyaline membrane disease and early pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Reduced parenchymal compliance could predispose to alveolar rupture. Although there was no clinical or anatomic evidence to point to a source of the intraperitoneal air, an undetectable pulmonary rupture with prompt dissection into the peritoneal cavity is the most likely explanation for the pneumoperitoneum.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneum without ruptured viscus in the neonate: a case report and review of the literature. A premature infant with severe respiratory distress developed the clinical and radiologic signs of pneumoperitoneum. At operation, free intraperitoneal air without visceral perforation was found. This case is unique in that pneumothorax was never observed and that interstitial emphysema or ischemic gastrointestinal lesions were not present at autopsy. The patient, however, was on a positive pressure ventilator for some time because of hyaline membrane disease and early pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Reduced parenchymal compliance could predispose to alveolar rupture. Although there was no clinical or anatomic evidence to point to a source of the intraperitoneal air, an undetectable pulmonary rupture with prompt dissection into the peritoneal cavity is the most likely explanation for the pneumoperitoneum."}
{"id": "PMID:894448", "title": "Detection of learning disabilities using the visually evoked cortical potential.", "content": "It was proposed that the Visually Evoked Cortical Potential (VECP) could be used to detect learning disabilities. It was found that a comparison of the responses from the two parietal lobes to a checkerboard pattern could provide such a detector. The latency differences had a correlation of .79 with scores on a test of learning disabilities for high school aged children.", "contents": "Detection of learning disabilities using the visually evoked cortical potential. It was proposed that the Visually Evoked Cortical Potential (VECP) could be used to detect learning disabilities. It was found that a comparison of the responses from the two parietal lobes to a checkerboard pattern could provide such a detector. The latency differences had a correlation of .79 with scores on a test of learning disabilities for high school aged children."}
{"id": "PMID:894447", "title": "Ocular pathology in infantile type of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis.", "content": "Ocular pathology of the infantile type of ceroid-lipofuscinosis is reported. The material comprised 10 eyes of five autopsies in which the diagnosis had been confirmed by neuropathological autopsy. The condition is clinically characterized by its age of onset from eight to 18 months, rapid psychomotor retardation, ataxia, and muscular hypotony. The patients become blind by the age of two years with optic atrophy and retinal hypopigmentation as the main ophthalmoscopic features. In the retina a complete disappearance of the visual cells, the bipolar cells and the ganglion cells was observed with marked reactive gliosis. Loss of pigment from the retinal pigment epithelium had taken place. The optic nerve showed atrophy and gliosis with complete loss of myelin sheaths. Granular deposits stainable with PAS, and Sudan black B stains were observed in the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium of the pars plana, the pigment epithelium as well as the glial cells of the optic nerve. Granular deposits were also noted in the cytoplasm of large pigmentladen macrophages in the retina. Electronmicroscopy revealed osmiophilic granular deposits in the cytoplasm of many retinal glial cells.", "contents": "Ocular pathology in infantile type of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Ocular pathology of the infantile type of ceroid-lipofuscinosis is reported. The material comprised 10 eyes of five autopsies in which the diagnosis had been confirmed by neuropathological autopsy. The condition is clinically characterized by its age of onset from eight to 18 months, rapid psychomotor retardation, ataxia, and muscular hypotony. The patients become blind by the age of two years with optic atrophy and retinal hypopigmentation as the main ophthalmoscopic features. In the retina a complete disappearance of the visual cells, the bipolar cells and the ganglion cells was observed with marked reactive gliosis. Loss of pigment from the retinal pigment epithelium had taken place. The optic nerve showed atrophy and gliosis with complete loss of myelin sheaths. Granular deposits stainable with PAS, and Sudan black B stains were observed in the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium of the pars plana, the pigment epithelium as well as the glial cells of the optic nerve. Granular deposits were also noted in the cytoplasm of large pigmentladen macrophages in the retina. Electronmicroscopy revealed osmiophilic granular deposits in the cytoplasm of many retinal glial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:894454", "title": "A malformation of the pancreatico-biliary system as a cause of perforation of the biliary tract in childhood.", "content": "Three cases of biliary tract perforation are presented. They had in common an anomalous arrangement of the pancreatico-biliary system, a cylindrical dilatation of the biliary tree, and an inflammatory thickening of the wall of the bile duct. The etiological importance of the anomalies is discussed. Bypass procedures are necessary at the final operation.", "contents": "A malformation of the pancreatico-biliary system as a cause of perforation of the biliary tract in childhood. Three cases of biliary tract perforation are presented. They had in common an anomalous arrangement of the pancreatico-biliary system, a cylindrical dilatation of the biliary tree, and an inflammatory thickening of the wall of the bile duct. The etiological importance of the anomalies is discussed. Bypass procedures are necessary at the final operation."}
{"id": "PMID:894449", "title": "Pediatric dosing considerations in ophthalmology--dosage adjustments based on aqueous humor volume ratio.", "content": "By simplifying a pharmacokinetic treatment, an equation can be derived which predicts that equal areas under aqueous humor concentration-time profiles can be obtained by administering a dose to infants which is some fraction of the normal adult dose. This fraction is obtained by dividing the aqueous humor volume of the child by that of the adult. This theory has been tested using rabbits as an experimental model. Using literature values for aqueous humor volumes, it was possible to calculate what fraction of a dose of pilocarpine administered to 20-day-old rabbits would result in the same ocular concentrations of drug as in 60-day-old rabbits. When the experiment was performed, agreement between predicted and experimental values was excellent. Although admittedly an oversimplified treatment, these results are the first step in a comprehensive pharmacokinetic model which should result in a more rational approach to ophthalmic drug delivery in infants and children.", "contents": "Pediatric dosing considerations in ophthalmology--dosage adjustments based on aqueous humor volume ratio. By simplifying a pharmacokinetic treatment, an equation can be derived which predicts that equal areas under aqueous humor concentration-time profiles can be obtained by administering a dose to infants which is some fraction of the normal adult dose. This fraction is obtained by dividing the aqueous humor volume of the child by that of the adult. This theory has been tested using rabbits as an experimental model. Using literature values for aqueous humor volumes, it was possible to calculate what fraction of a dose of pilocarpine administered to 20-day-old rabbits would result in the same ocular concentrations of drug as in 60-day-old rabbits. When the experiment was performed, agreement between predicted and experimental values was excellent. Although admittedly an oversimplified treatment, these results are the first step in a comprehensive pharmacokinetic model which should result in a more rational approach to ophthalmic drug delivery in infants and children."}
{"id": "PMID:894455", "title": "Congenital cysts of the head of the pancreas.", "content": "A very rare case of an infant with a huge multilocular congenital cyst of the head of the pancreas is presented. The symptomatology, diagnosis and surgical approach are discussed, while reviewing the few scattered reports in the English literature. Selective celiac arteriography is considered to be of definite aid in the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions of the head of the pancreas and has important implications on the choice of surgical procedure. We believe this to be the first case of a congenital cyst of the head of pancreas to be diagnosed accurately preoperatively by means of selective celiac and gastroduodenal angiography. Cystoduodenostomy proved to be a simple and effective procedure.", "contents": "Congenital cysts of the head of the pancreas. A very rare case of an infant with a huge multilocular congenital cyst of the head of the pancreas is presented. The symptomatology, diagnosis and surgical approach are discussed, while reviewing the few scattered reports in the English literature. Selective celiac arteriography is considered to be of definite aid in the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions of the head of the pancreas and has important implications on the choice of surgical procedure. We believe this to be the first case of a congenital cyst of the head of pancreas to be diagnosed accurately preoperatively by means of selective celiac and gastroduodenal angiography. Cystoduodenostomy proved to be a simple and effective procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:894445", "title": "Nonpulsatile exophthalmos in carotid-cavernous sinus fistula.", "content": "An unusual case of carotid artery-cavernous sinus fistula with pulseless exophthalmos is presented in a two and one-half year old child. Though exophthalmos and increased episcleral venous distention were present, the ophthalmic artery pressure was not significantly altered as determined by ocular pneumoplethysmography. Consequently there was no evidence of hypoxic sequelae which frequently occur with this arteriovenous shunt. The combined use of arteriography and ocular pneumoplethysmography is advocated for determining and characterizing the presence of significant intracranial arteriovenous disease.", "contents": "Nonpulsatile exophthalmos in carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. An unusual case of carotid artery-cavernous sinus fistula with pulseless exophthalmos is presented in a two and one-half year old child. Though exophthalmos and increased episcleral venous distention were present, the ophthalmic artery pressure was not significantly altered as determined by ocular pneumoplethysmography. Consequently there was no evidence of hypoxic sequelae which frequently occur with this arteriovenous shunt. The combined use of arteriography and ocular pneumoplethysmography is advocated for determining and characterizing the presence of significant intracranial arteriovenous disease."}
{"id": "PMID:894446", "title": "Arteriovenous fistula of the eyelid: secondary to a chalazion.", "content": "An arteriovenous fistula developed on the surface of a chronic chalazion of the upper eyelid of a 21-year-old patient during pregnancy. Surgical removal of the vascular mass with ligation of the feeder arteries resulted in a complete cure.", "contents": "Arteriovenous fistula of the eyelid: secondary to a chalazion. An arteriovenous fistula developed on the surface of a chronic chalazion of the upper eyelid of a 21-year-old patient during pregnancy. Surgical removal of the vascular mass with ligation of the feeder arteries resulted in a complete cure."}
{"id": "PMID:894456", "title": "Nonischemic intussusception.", "content": "Nonischemic intussusception is defined as a variant of acute intussusception exhibiting less acute symptoms of abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea in the older child, longer duration of symptoms (usually 4-14 days), signs of imcomplete bowel obstruction, and absence of intestinal ischemia. Over a 10 yr period (1964-1973) 20 children with this disease were treated without mortality or recurrence at three children's hospitals in Chicago, Illinois. The higher incidence of diarrhea, the lower incidence of a palpable abdominal mass, and the lower incidence of blood per rectum in nonischemic intussusception predispose to diagnostic errors and delays in treatment. Despite the longer duration of symptoms, this variant of intussusception can be treated initially with a careful attempt at barium hydrostatic reduction. If this fails, easy operative manual reduction is the rule.", "contents": "Nonischemic intussusception. Nonischemic intussusception is defined as a variant of acute intussusception exhibiting less acute symptoms of abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea in the older child, longer duration of symptoms (usually 4-14 days), signs of imcomplete bowel obstruction, and absence of intestinal ischemia. Over a 10 yr period (1964-1973) 20 children with this disease were treated without mortality or recurrence at three children's hospitals in Chicago, Illinois. The higher incidence of diarrhea, the lower incidence of a palpable abdominal mass, and the lower incidence of blood per rectum in nonischemic intussusception predispose to diagnostic errors and delays in treatment. Despite the longer duration of symptoms, this variant of intussusception can be treated initially with a careful attempt at barium hydrostatic reduction. If this fails, easy operative manual reduction is the rule."}
{"id": "PMID:894457", "title": "Benign intraparotid neurilemoma of the facial nerve.", "content": "Parotid gland tumors are uncommon in children and intraparotid tumors of the facial nerve are even less so. It thus seems worthwhile to record this case of a neurilemoma of the right facial nerve within the parotid gland of a 14 yr old boy.", "contents": "Benign intraparotid neurilemoma of the facial nerve. Parotid gland tumors are uncommon in children and intraparotid tumors of the facial nerve are even less so. It thus seems worthwhile to record this case of a neurilemoma of the right facial nerve within the parotid gland of a 14 yr old boy."}
{"id": "PMID:894458", "title": "Congenital neurogenous sarcoma with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation.", "content": "A congenital malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor contained small rhabdomyosarcomatous portions in both the retroperitoneal pelvic primary and in the subpleural lung metastasis. There was no family history of Von Recklinghausen's disease. Of the 10 patients with this tumor previously reported, the youngest is 14 yr old, and eight had familial neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "Congenital neurogenous sarcoma with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. A congenital malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor contained small rhabdomyosarcomatous portions in both the retroperitoneal pelvic primary and in the subpleural lung metastasis. There was no family history of Von Recklinghausen's disease. Of the 10 patients with this tumor previously reported, the youngest is 14 yr old, and eight had familial neurofibromatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:894459", "title": "Agenesis of the right diaphragm: repaired with marlex.", "content": "A case of a female newborn with agenesis of the right hemidiaphragm is presented. The defect was corrected with a double sheet of Marlex, attached to a rim of endothoracic fascia and muscle. At the age of 5 yr, the child is in perfect health.", "contents": "Agenesis of the right diaphragm: repaired with marlex. A case of a female newborn with agenesis of the right hemidiaphragm is presented. The defect was corrected with a double sheet of Marlex, attached to a rim of endothoracic fascia and muscle. At the age of 5 yr, the child is in perfect health."}
{"id": "PMID:894460", "title": "Bleeding gastric ulcer in a newborn infant diagnosed by transumbilical aortography.", "content": "Transumbilical aortography has been utilized for the first time to diagnose the cause of massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a newborn infant. We consider it a safe and accurate method in cases that meet the following criteria: massive hemorrhage uncontrollable by blood transfusions and supportive medical therapy, and hemorrhage active at the time of study as indicated by fresh blood draining from nasogastric tube.", "contents": "Bleeding gastric ulcer in a newborn infant diagnosed by transumbilical aortography. Transumbilical aortography has been utilized for the first time to diagnose the cause of massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a newborn infant. We consider it a safe and accurate method in cases that meet the following criteria: massive hemorrhage uncontrollable by blood transfusions and supportive medical therapy, and hemorrhage active at the time of study as indicated by fresh blood draining from nasogastric tube."}
{"id": "PMID:894461", "title": "Ectopic pancreas presenting as an umbilical mass.", "content": "This report describes the first known case of isolated ectopic pancreatic tissue presenting as an umbilical mass.", "contents": "Ectopic pancreas presenting as an umbilical mass. This report describes the first known case of isolated ectopic pancreatic tissue presenting as an umbilical mass."}
{"id": "PMID:894462", "title": "Necrotizing enterocolitis occurring in an infant three months of age.", "content": "Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is usually described as occurring in newborn premature of low-birth-weight infants who have been stressed by hypoxia, exchange transfusion, or severe sepsis. It occasionally occurs in full term neonates. The age of onset is between day 1 and day 35. This communication describes the occurrence and course of NEC in a 3 mo old infant with a short intestine.", "contents": "Necrotizing enterocolitis occurring in an infant three months of age. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is usually described as occurring in newborn premature of low-birth-weight infants who have been stressed by hypoxia, exchange transfusion, or severe sepsis. It occasionally occurs in full term neonates. The age of onset is between day 1 and day 35. This communication describes the occurrence and course of NEC in a 3 mo old infant with a short intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:894464", "title": "Pediatric Spigelian hernia: a case report.", "content": "Report of a Spigelian hernia in a 13 yr old girl. The condition may well be more common than generally believed, and the diagnosis should be considered in all children with intermittent abdominal pain, even in the absence of a palpable mass.", "contents": "Pediatric Spigelian hernia: a case report. Report of a Spigelian hernia in a 13 yr old girl. The condition may well be more common than generally believed, and the diagnosis should be considered in all children with intermittent abdominal pain, even in the absence of a palpable mass."}
{"id": "PMID:894463", "title": "Hydrocolpos, vaginal atresia, and urethrovaginal fistula in a neonate: abdomino-perineal-vaginal pull-through.", "content": "The combination of high maternal estrogenic stimulation of the secretory glands of the reproductive tract of the newborn female and vaginal obstruction results in an abdominal mass due to vaginal distention (hydrocolpos). Prior experience with two infants with hydrocolpos (LG) led us to perform abdomino-perineal-vaginal pull-through, as advocated by Ramenofsky and Raffensperger, in the newborn period. So far as we can ascertain this is only the second infant so reported in the literature.", "contents": "Hydrocolpos, vaginal atresia, and urethrovaginal fistula in a neonate: abdomino-perineal-vaginal pull-through. The combination of high maternal estrogenic stimulation of the secretory glands of the reproductive tract of the newborn female and vaginal obstruction results in an abdominal mass due to vaginal distention (hydrocolpos). Prior experience with two infants with hydrocolpos (LG) led us to perform abdomino-perineal-vaginal pull-through, as advocated by Ramenofsky and Raffensperger, in the newborn period. So far as we can ascertain this is only the second infant so reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:894466", "title": "A long term evaluation of infants who received a beta-mimetic drug while in utero.", "content": "The administration of beta-mimetic drugs to pregnant women poses the problem of possible long-term repercussions in the children born to these mothers. 42 children from women who had been treated with 60-80 mg a day of ritodrine hydrochloride (Pre-par), during a period varying from 3 to 93 days, were closely matched with infants from untreated mothers. Each child, (aged from one to 3 years), was fully investigated on the basis of: a detailed questionnaire to the mother; careful clinical examination; assessment of psychomotor development; the Denver test; electrocardiography and urine analysis. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for any of the variables of development that were studied. One child had left ventricular hypertrophy, which was probably incidental. It is concluded that administration of ritodrine hydrochloride to pregnant women induces no harmful long-term effects in their offspring.", "contents": "A long term evaluation of infants who received a beta-mimetic drug while in utero. The administration of beta-mimetic drugs to pregnant women poses the problem of possible long-term repercussions in the children born to these mothers. 42 children from women who had been treated with 60-80 mg a day of ritodrine hydrochloride (Pre-par), during a period varying from 3 to 93 days, were closely matched with infants from untreated mothers. Each child, (aged from one to 3 years), was fully investigated on the basis of: a detailed questionnaire to the mother; careful clinical examination; assessment of psychomotor development; the Denver test; electrocardiography and urine analysis. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for any of the variables of development that were studied. One child had left ventricular hypertrophy, which was probably incidental. It is concluded that administration of ritodrine hydrochloride to pregnant women induces no harmful long-term effects in their offspring."}
{"id": "PMID:894485", "title": "A behavioral study of obedience in children.", "content": "Using Milgram's original test of obedience, 192 Jordanian subjects were tested in a 2 X 2 X 3 design in which sex, two kinds of punishment instructions, and three levels of age groups (6-8, 10-12, and 14-16 years) were combined factorially. The instructions issued to the experimental group were identical to those used in Milgram's paradigm in that teacher subjects were asked to administer shock to confederate learners each time the latter made a mistake in a paired-associate task and to increase the shock level with each additional mistake. The subjects in the control group were given a free choice of delivering or not delivering shock each time the learner made a mistake. The results showed that 73% of all experimental subjects, as opposed to 16% of the control subjects, continued to deliver shock to the end of the shock scale. Neither age nor sex differences in obedience rate were found. However, significantly more obedient females than males reported that they punished the learners because they were obeying orders.", "contents": "A behavioral study of obedience in children. Using Milgram's original test of obedience, 192 Jordanian subjects were tested in a 2 X 2 X 3 design in which sex, two kinds of punishment instructions, and three levels of age groups (6-8, 10-12, and 14-16 years) were combined factorially. The instructions issued to the experimental group were identical to those used in Milgram's paradigm in that teacher subjects were asked to administer shock to confederate learners each time the latter made a mistake in a paired-associate task and to increase the shock level with each additional mistake. The subjects in the control group were given a free choice of delivering or not delivering shock each time the learner made a mistake. The results showed that 73% of all experimental subjects, as opposed to 16% of the control subjects, continued to deliver shock to the end of the shock scale. Neither age nor sex differences in obedience rate were found. However, significantly more obedient females than males reported that they punished the learners because they were obeying orders."}
{"id": "PMID:894490", "title": "Kinetics of drug-drug interactions in sheep: tolbutamide and sulfadimethoxine.", "content": "The interaction between sulfadimethoxine and tolbutamide in sheep involving displacement from protein binding sites was investigated quantitatively. A 52% increase in the unbound plasma concentration of tolbutamide was observed in vitro at 37 degrees after the addition of sulfadimethoxine (100 microgram/ml) to sheep plasma containing tolbutamide (50 microgram/ml). Transient changes in tolbutamide's unbound and total plasma concentrations were noted after acute intravenous administration of sulfadimethoxine to sheep receiving a constant intravenous infusion of tolbutamide. These observations were consistent with displacement of tolbutamide from plasma and tissue binding sites and redistribution of the displaced tolbutamide into body water spaces. The steady state of both agents featured little change in the total plasma tolbutamide concentration, a 150% increase in the unbound plasma tolbutamide concentration, and an inhibition of tolbutamide oxidation by sulfadimethoxine. A model is presented and mathematical relationships are derived that permit a quantitation of the interaction and that indicate the sulfadimethoxine's constant of metabolic inhibition (K1) for tolbutamide metabolism is 65 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Kinetics of drug-drug interactions in sheep: tolbutamide and sulfadimethoxine. The interaction between sulfadimethoxine and tolbutamide in sheep involving displacement from protein binding sites was investigated quantitatively. A 52% increase in the unbound plasma concentration of tolbutamide was observed in vitro at 37 degrees after the addition of sulfadimethoxine (100 microgram/ml) to sheep plasma containing tolbutamide (50 microgram/ml). Transient changes in tolbutamide's unbound and total plasma concentrations were noted after acute intravenous administration of sulfadimethoxine to sheep receiving a constant intravenous infusion of tolbutamide. These observations were consistent with displacement of tolbutamide from plasma and tissue binding sites and redistribution of the displaced tolbutamide into body water spaces. The steady state of both agents featured little change in the total plasma tolbutamide concentration, a 150% increase in the unbound plasma tolbutamide concentration, and an inhibition of tolbutamide oxidation by sulfadimethoxine. A model is presented and mathematical relationships are derived that permit a quantitation of the interaction and that indicate the sulfadimethoxine's constant of metabolic inhibition (K1) for tolbutamide metabolism is 65 microgram/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:894491", "title": "Mathematical model for enteric film coating of tablets.", "content": "The enteric film coating of placebo tablets, using a methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer as the film former in the coating solution, was studied by statistical techniques. The effects of four independent formulation and process variables on the disintegration time of the coated film in simulated intestinal fluid and on the resistance to disintegration of the coated film in simulated gastric fluid were studied. The results of a statistically designed set of experiments were used as the input data. Regression analysis of these data resulted in two first-order polynomial equations. The linear model obtained for the disintegration time of the coating in the simulated intestinal fluid was analyzed by the steepest descent method to determine the most suitable combination of the independent variables.", "contents": "Mathematical model for enteric film coating of tablets. The enteric film coating of placebo tablets, using a methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer as the film former in the coating solution, was studied by statistical techniques. The effects of four independent formulation and process variables on the disintegration time of the coated film in simulated intestinal fluid and on the resistance to disintegration of the coated film in simulated gastric fluid were studied. The results of a statistically designed set of experiments were used as the input data. Regression analysis of these data resulted in two first-order polynomial equations. The linear model obtained for the disintegration time of the coating in the simulated intestinal fluid was analyzed by the steepest descent method to determine the most suitable combination of the independent variables."}
{"id": "PMID:894492", "title": "Degradation of carmustine in mixed solvent and nonaqueous media.", "content": "The degradation rate of carmustine in several solvent mixtures and in mannitol solution was investigated at 5, 22, and 37 degrees. The solvents chosen were those utilized as parenteral diluents. The apparent first-order degradation rate constants were computed using a linear regression procedure. The most nonaqueous solvent mixtures demonstrated minimum apparent degradation rates. The apparent degradation rate constant decreased with a decrease in the macroscopic dielectric constant. From the data at several temperatures, the apparent activation energies for carmustine degradation in the several solvent mixtures were calculated. There was no evidence for a relationship between the apparent activation energy and the dielectric constant.", "contents": "Degradation of carmustine in mixed solvent and nonaqueous media. The degradation rate of carmustine in several solvent mixtures and in mannitol solution was investigated at 5, 22, and 37 degrees. The solvents chosen were those utilized as parenteral diluents. The apparent first-order degradation rate constants were computed using a linear regression procedure. The most nonaqueous solvent mixtures demonstrated minimum apparent degradation rates. The apparent degradation rate constant decreased with a decrease in the macroscopic dielectric constant. From the data at several temperatures, the apparent activation energies for carmustine degradation in the several solvent mixtures were calculated. There was no evidence for a relationship between the apparent activation energy and the dielectric constant."}
{"id": "PMID:894493", "title": "Parameter for assessing parenteral cleanliness based on particle-size distributions.", "content": "A new parameter for assessing the particulate matter content of large-volume parenteral solutions was developed and tested. Some problems and shortcomings associated with previously proposed standards are discussed, together with the potential advantages of employing the proposed parameter. Cleanliness factors were compared with another parameter and were less susceptible to changes resulting from the method of measurement utilized and the premeasurement conditions encountered by the solution. The use of these cleanliness factors in conjunction with an automatic particle counter is proposed as a worthwhile supplement to the USP-NF standard for monitoring the quality of large-volume parenteral solutions.", "contents": "Parameter for assessing parenteral cleanliness based on particle-size distributions. A new parameter for assessing the particulate matter content of large-volume parenteral solutions was developed and tested. Some problems and shortcomings associated with previously proposed standards are discussed, together with the potential advantages of employing the proposed parameter. Cleanliness factors were compared with another parameter and were less susceptible to changes resulting from the method of measurement utilized and the premeasurement conditions encountered by the solution. The use of these cleanliness factors in conjunction with an automatic particle counter is proposed as a worthwhile supplement to the USP-NF standard for monitoring the quality of large-volume parenteral solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:894494", "title": "Dissolution kinetics of cholesterol in simulated bile I: Influence of bile acid type and concentration, bile acid-lecithin ration, and added electrolyte.", "content": "A physical model approach was utilized to investigate cholesterol monohydrate dissolution kinetics in simulated bile. The static pellet method and the Berthoud theory were employed to assess the contributions of the diffusion-convection mass transfer resistance and those of the interfacial resistance to the overall kinetics. For almost all situations studied, the interfacial resistance was the dominant rate-determining factor. The effects of four bile acids and their concentrations, the bile acid-lecithin ratio, and the added electrolytes and their concentrations on the interfacial resistance were examined. The results were correlated with those obtained with human bile samples, and the indications were that the kinetics of cholesterol dissolution in bile may be explainable on the basis of the principal bile acids, lecithin, and the electrolytes in the bile.", "contents": "Dissolution kinetics of cholesterol in simulated bile I: Influence of bile acid type and concentration, bile acid-lecithin ration, and added electrolyte. A physical model approach was utilized to investigate cholesterol monohydrate dissolution kinetics in simulated bile. The static pellet method and the Berthoud theory were employed to assess the contributions of the diffusion-convection mass transfer resistance and those of the interfacial resistance to the overall kinetics. For almost all situations studied, the interfacial resistance was the dominant rate-determining factor. The effects of four bile acids and their concentrations, the bile acid-lecithin ratio, and the added electrolytes and their concentrations on the interfacial resistance were examined. The results were correlated with those obtained with human bile samples, and the indications were that the kinetics of cholesterol dissolution in bile may be explainable on the basis of the principal bile acids, lecithin, and the electrolytes in the bile."}
{"id": "PMID:894495", "title": "Cholesterol gallstone dissolution rate accelerators I: Exploratory investigations.", "content": "Various compounds that might function as cholesterol gallstone dissolution accelerators were studied. The dissolution rates of cholesterol monohydrate pellets in synthetic bile (116 mM sodium cholate-32 mM lecithin) containing the agent at various concentration levels were determined. In the absence of any dissolution rate accelerator, the dissolution kinetics for cholesterol previously were found to be interfacial resistance controlled, and the rates were around 20 times less than the diffusion-controlled rates in the present experiments. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium compounds were effective accelerators. When the alkyl chain lengths were long enough and/or when the agent concentrations were high enough, the dissolution rates generally approached diffusion-controlled rates. Steroidal amines generally had good activity. Anionic and nonionic surfactants had little or negative activity.", "contents": "Cholesterol gallstone dissolution rate accelerators I: Exploratory investigations. Various compounds that might function as cholesterol gallstone dissolution accelerators were studied. The dissolution rates of cholesterol monohydrate pellets in synthetic bile (116 mM sodium cholate-32 mM lecithin) containing the agent at various concentration levels were determined. In the absence of any dissolution rate accelerator, the dissolution kinetics for cholesterol previously were found to be interfacial resistance controlled, and the rates were around 20 times less than the diffusion-controlled rates in the present experiments. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium compounds were effective accelerators. When the alkyl chain lengths were long enough and/or when the agent concentrations were high enough, the dissolution rates generally approached diffusion-controlled rates. Steroidal amines generally had good activity. Anionic and nonionic surfactants had little or negative activity."}
{"id": "PMID:894496", "title": "Chromatographic assays for folic acid.", "content": "TLC and high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assays for folic acid were developed. In the TLC procedure, the folic acid band was extracted from the silica gel after development and determined spectrophotometrically by an oxidation and Bratton-Marshall sequence. A column packed with octadecylsilane chemically bonded to microparticulate silica gel was used for the HPLC assay. Potentiometric determination of water in folic acid samples was necessary to obtain accurate purity values. In a comparison of four assay methods, a direct colorimetric method gave precise, but unspecific, results, while the USP XIX colorimetric method lacked both precision and specificity. The two chromatographic methods were both precise and specific and gave the same assay results. Both methods separated p-aminobenzoic acid, N-(p-amino-benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, 2-amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinecarboxylic acid, 2-amino-4(1H)-pteridinone, and several unidentified impurities from folic acid.", "contents": "Chromatographic assays for folic acid. TLC and high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assays for folic acid were developed. In the TLC procedure, the folic acid band was extracted from the silica gel after development and determined spectrophotometrically by an oxidation and Bratton-Marshall sequence. A column packed with octadecylsilane chemically bonded to microparticulate silica gel was used for the HPLC assay. Potentiometric determination of water in folic acid samples was necessary to obtain accurate purity values. In a comparison of four assay methods, a direct colorimetric method gave precise, but unspecific, results, while the USP XIX colorimetric method lacked both precision and specificity. The two chromatographic methods were both precise and specific and gave the same assay results. Both methods separated p-aminobenzoic acid, N-(p-amino-benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, 2-amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinecarboxylic acid, 2-amino-4(1H)-pteridinone, and several unidentified impurities from folic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:894497", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride in two-component tablet formulations.", "content": "A rapid, precise, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is presented for the simultaneous determination of perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride in two-component tablet formulations. An aliquot of a methanolic extract of the tablet, containing trifluoperazine hydrochloride as an internal standard, is chromatographed on a nitrile bonded phase microparticulate column using a 0.005 M ammonium acetate-methanol (20:80) mobile phase. Quantitation is by peak area. The relative standard deviations for the procedure are 0.34 and 0.54% for the simultaneous determination of perphenazine and amitriptyline, respectively. Eight commercial tablet formulations were analyzed and found to contain 96.5-101.5 and 96.5-103.3% of the labeled amounts of perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride, respectively.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride in two-component tablet formulations. A rapid, precise, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is presented for the simultaneous determination of perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride in two-component tablet formulations. An aliquot of a methanolic extract of the tablet, containing trifluoperazine hydrochloride as an internal standard, is chromatographed on a nitrile bonded phase microparticulate column using a 0.005 M ammonium acetate-methanol (20:80) mobile phase. Quantitation is by peak area. The relative standard deviations for the procedure are 0.34 and 0.54% for the simultaneous determination of perphenazine and amitriptyline, respectively. Eight commercial tablet formulations were analyzed and found to contain 96.5-101.5 and 96.5-103.3% of the labeled amounts of perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:894498", "title": "Synthesis of various geometric and enantiomeric oxime O-(alpha- and beta-methylcholinyl) ethers as potential anticholinergic agents.", "content": "Various enantiomeric and geometric oxime O-(alpha- and beta-methylcholinyl) ethers were synthesized as potential anticholinergic agents. The synthesis, separation, resolution, and structural characterization of these compounds are reported. The first step of the synthetic pathway involved an oxime formation, with subsequent O-alkylation of the respective oxime with 2-chloro-N,N-dimethylpropylamine hydrochloride. The separation of the alpha- and beta-structural isomers utilized vacuum fractional distillation and/or column chromatography, and the resolution of the enantiomers was accomplished via the formation of tartrate diastereoisomers. A preliminary pharmacological evaluation for anticholinergic activity was conducted using a rat ileum assay. Structure-activity relationships, including some stereochemical properties and antimuscarinic activity, are discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis of various geometric and enantiomeric oxime O-(alpha- and beta-methylcholinyl) ethers as potential anticholinergic agents. Various enantiomeric and geometric oxime O-(alpha- and beta-methylcholinyl) ethers were synthesized as potential anticholinergic agents. The synthesis, separation, resolution, and structural characterization of these compounds are reported. The first step of the synthetic pathway involved an oxime formation, with subsequent O-alkylation of the respective oxime with 2-chloro-N,N-dimethylpropylamine hydrochloride. The separation of the alpha- and beta-structural isomers utilized vacuum fractional distillation and/or column chromatography, and the resolution of the enantiomers was accomplished via the formation of tartrate diastereoisomers. A preliminary pharmacological evaluation for anticholinergic activity was conducted using a rat ileum assay. Structure-activity relationships, including some stereochemical properties and antimuscarinic activity, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894499", "title": "X-ray analysis of sulfur-containing colchicine derivatives.", "content": "The crystal and molecular structures of deacetylthiocolchicine hydrochloride dihydrate and thiocolchicine hexahydrate were determined by X-ray diffraction. The replacement of oxygen by sulfur on the C ring methoxy group causes greater puckering of the troponoid ring. The conformation of one A ring methoxy group differs from that of colchicine derivatives that do not contain sulfur.", "contents": "X-ray analysis of sulfur-containing colchicine derivatives. The crystal and molecular structures of deacetylthiocolchicine hydrochloride dihydrate and thiocolchicine hexahydrate were determined by X-ray diffraction. The replacement of oxygen by sulfur on the C ring methoxy group causes greater puckering of the troponoid ring. The conformation of one A ring methoxy group differs from that of colchicine derivatives that do not contain sulfur."}
{"id": "PMID:894500", "title": "Simultaneous automated determination of spironolactone metabolites in serum.", "content": "An automated two-phase method for the simultaneous fluorometric determination of the spironolactone metabolites canrenone (II) and canrenoic acid (III) in serum is described. The determination is performed by two dichloroethane extractions of the same serum sample at different pH values. The fluorescence developed in 65% (v/v) sulfuric acid is measured in two separate fluorometers (one each for canrenone and canrenoic acid). Comparable specificity and sensitivity to the manual procedure are obtained, with sensitivity limits of 20 ng of II/ml and of 30 ng of III/ml in serum. This method is applicable to the automated determination of drugs and metabolites in biological material when several extraction steps are involved.", "contents": "Simultaneous automated determination of spironolactone metabolites in serum. An automated two-phase method for the simultaneous fluorometric determination of the spironolactone metabolites canrenone (II) and canrenoic acid (III) in serum is described. The determination is performed by two dichloroethane extractions of the same serum sample at different pH values. The fluorescence developed in 65% (v/v) sulfuric acid is measured in two separate fluorometers (one each for canrenone and canrenoic acid). Comparable specificity and sensitivity to the manual procedure are obtained, with sensitivity limits of 20 ng of II/ml and of 30 ng of III/ml in serum. This method is applicable to the automated determination of drugs and metabolites in biological material when several extraction steps are involved."}
{"id": "PMID:894501", "title": "Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for digoxin distribution and elimination in the rat.", "content": "A plasma flow rate-limited pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the distribution of digoxin to the heart, liver, kidneys, skeletal muscle, and GI tract in the rat. The model also provides for renal, hepatic (metabolic and biliary), and GI clearance as well as for biliary and GI secretion and GI reabsorption of digoxin. Predicted concentrations of digoxin in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and plasma were consistent with experimental observations in conscious rats after an intravenous dose. The model was extended to describe digoxin concentrations in the plasma of bile duct-ligated rats and ureter-ligated rats, simply by modifying appropriate clearance parameters. Excellent agreement was obtained between predicted and observed urinary excretion rates of digoxin for 12 hr after in intravenous dose to normal and bile duct-ligated rats.", "contents": "Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for digoxin distribution and elimination in the rat. A plasma flow rate-limited pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the distribution of digoxin to the heart, liver, kidneys, skeletal muscle, and GI tract in the rat. The model also provides for renal, hepatic (metabolic and biliary), and GI clearance as well as for biliary and GI secretion and GI reabsorption of digoxin. Predicted concentrations of digoxin in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and plasma were consistent with experimental observations in conscious rats after an intravenous dose. The model was extended to describe digoxin concentrations in the plasma of bile duct-ligated rats and ureter-ligated rats, simply by modifying appropriate clearance parameters. Excellent agreement was obtained between predicted and observed urinary excretion rates of digoxin for 12 hr after in intravenous dose to normal and bile duct-ligated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:894502", "title": "Quantitative determination of isosorbide dinitrate and two metabolites in plasma.", "content": "A GLC method for the determination of plasma isosorbide dinitrate and two metabolites, isosorbide 2-mononitrate and isosorbide 5-mononitrate, is described. The three substances are extracted from alkalinized plasma with ether. Quantitation is effected by electron-capture detection after GLC separation with a 30% SE-30 column. The unusually heavy liquid phase loading is necessary to eliminate irreversible adsorption on the solid support. The electron-capture detector provides excellent sensitivity and specificity because of the electronegative nature of the nitric ester. The method was used to study the blood levels of isosorbide dinitrate and two metabolites in four beagle dogs after single oral doses of 40 mg of isosorbide dinitrate and in two human volunteers after a sublingual dose of 10 mg of isosorbide dinitrate.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of isosorbide dinitrate and two metabolites in plasma. A GLC method for the determination of plasma isosorbide dinitrate and two metabolites, isosorbide 2-mononitrate and isosorbide 5-mononitrate, is described. The three substances are extracted from alkalinized plasma with ether. Quantitation is effected by electron-capture detection after GLC separation with a 30% SE-30 column. The unusually heavy liquid phase loading is necessary to eliminate irreversible adsorption on the solid support. The electron-capture detector provides excellent sensitivity and specificity because of the electronegative nature of the nitric ester. The method was used to study the blood levels of isosorbide dinitrate and two metabolites in four beagle dogs after single oral doses of 40 mg of isosorbide dinitrate and in two human volunteers after a sublingual dose of 10 mg of isosorbide dinitrate."}
{"id": "PMID:894503", "title": "Anthelmintic 2-arylhydrazino- and 2-arylazo-2-thiazolines.", "content": "Some 2-arylhydrazino- and 2-arylazo-2-thiazolines were synthesized for anthelmintic testing. The most potent compound, 2-(o-tolylazo)-2-thiazoline, was orally effective in sheep against a broad range of helminths.", "contents": "Anthelmintic 2-arylhydrazino- and 2-arylazo-2-thiazolines. Some 2-arylhydrazino- and 2-arylazo-2-thiazolines were synthesized for anthelmintic testing. The most potent compound, 2-(o-tolylazo)-2-thiazoline, was orally effective in sheep against a broad range of helminths."}
{"id": "PMID:894504", "title": "Fluorescent probe study of sulfonamide binding to povidone.", "content": "The possibility of using a fluorescent probe technique for the study of drug-providone (I) interactions was investigated. 1-Anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (II) was used as the probe. Sulfanilamide, sulfacetamide, and sulfabenzamide were used as the binding competitors. Both sulfacetamide and sulfabenzamide decreased the fluorescence intensity of the I-II complex, while sulfanilamide increased the intensity. The fluorescence depression was greater with sulfabenzamide than with sulfacetamide, indicating that the former is more strongly bound to povidone. Since sulfabenzamide has a greater hydrophobic group (phenyl) than sulfacetamide (methyl), the binding of these sulfonamides to povidone is probably at least partially hydrophobic in nature. The enhanced fluorescence intensity of the I-II complex in the presence of sulfanilamide is believed to involve hydrogen bonding in which the sulfanilamide acts as an intermediary between I and II. Double reciprocal plots for the I-II and sulfonamide-I interactions were employed to obtain a binding constant of 3.2 X 10(4) M-1 for the I-II interaction. The association constants for sulfacetamide and sulfabenzamide were calculated by means of the Klotz equation to be 13.4 and 56.8 M-1, respectively. The povidone molecules appear to have 1.28 binding sites for these compounds under the experimental conditions.", "contents": "Fluorescent probe study of sulfonamide binding to povidone. The possibility of using a fluorescent probe technique for the study of drug-providone (I) interactions was investigated. 1-Anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (II) was used as the probe. Sulfanilamide, sulfacetamide, and sulfabenzamide were used as the binding competitors. Both sulfacetamide and sulfabenzamide decreased the fluorescence intensity of the I-II complex, while sulfanilamide increased the intensity. The fluorescence depression was greater with sulfabenzamide than with sulfacetamide, indicating that the former is more strongly bound to povidone. Since sulfabenzamide has a greater hydrophobic group (phenyl) than sulfacetamide (methyl), the binding of these sulfonamides to povidone is probably at least partially hydrophobic in nature. The enhanced fluorescence intensity of the I-II complex in the presence of sulfanilamide is believed to involve hydrogen bonding in which the sulfanilamide acts as an intermediary between I and II. Double reciprocal plots for the I-II and sulfonamide-I interactions were employed to obtain a binding constant of 3.2 X 10(4) M-1 for the I-II interaction. The association constants for sulfacetamide and sulfabenzamide were calculated by means of the Klotz equation to be 13.4 and 56.8 M-1, respectively. The povidone molecules appear to have 1.28 binding sites for these compounds under the experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:894505", "title": "GLC determination of free and conjugated triclosan in human plasma and urine.", "content": "A method for the determination of free and conjugated triclosan at concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml in human plasma or urine is described. Conjugated metabolites are split by enzyme hydrolysis. After addition of an internal standard, triclosan is extracted at acid pH into petroleum ether, transferred to an alkaline aqueous solution, and back-estracted into petroleum ether after acidification. Both compounds are acetylated with acetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine. The acetyl derivatives are determined by GLC using a 63Ni-electron-capture detector.", "contents": "GLC determination of free and conjugated triclosan in human plasma and urine. A method for the determination of free and conjugated triclosan at concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml in human plasma or urine is described. Conjugated metabolites are split by enzyme hydrolysis. After addition of an internal standard, triclosan is extracted at acid pH into petroleum ether, transferred to an alkaline aqueous solution, and back-estracted into petroleum ether after acidification. Both compounds are acetylated with acetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine. The acetyl derivatives are determined by GLC using a 63Ni-electron-capture detector."}
{"id": "PMID:894506", "title": "Influence of crystal form on tensile strength of compacts of pharmaceutical materials.", "content": "The tensile strengths of compacts of different crystal forms of aspirin, sulfathiazole, and barbital were determined with a modified tablet hardness tester. For each material, the tensile strength could be correlated with the amount of plastic flow and/or crushing undergone by each crystal form during compression.", "contents": "Influence of crystal form on tensile strength of compacts of pharmaceutical materials. The tensile strengths of compacts of different crystal forms of aspirin, sulfathiazole, and barbital were determined with a modified tablet hardness tester. For each material, the tensile strength could be correlated with the amount of plastic flow and/or crushing undergone by each crystal form during compression."}
{"id": "PMID:894507", "title": "Application of ion-pair methods of extraction of fluorouracil from aqueous fluids.", "content": "The polar molecule, fluorouracil, is a monoanion at pH 10 and may be quantitatively extracted from aqueous solutions with quaternary alkylammonium ions into an organic solvent such as dichloromethane as the ion-pair. Extraction constants of fluorouracil with the tetrapentylammonium ion in dichloromethane or dichloromethane-1-butanol (9:1) and with the tetrahexylammonium ion in dichloromethane were determined. Slope analysis demonstrated that association of the ion components in the aqueous phase occurred as the side reaction. A column ion-pair extraction technique, using tetrapentylammonium as the counterion and dichloromethane as the eluting phase, was developed and allowed quantitative transfer of fluorouracil to the organ solvent. The applicability of this method was shown by determining plasma levels of fluorouracil in cancer patients to whom 1 g of active substance was administered intravenously.", "contents": "Application of ion-pair methods of extraction of fluorouracil from aqueous fluids. The polar molecule, fluorouracil, is a monoanion at pH 10 and may be quantitatively extracted from aqueous solutions with quaternary alkylammonium ions into an organic solvent such as dichloromethane as the ion-pair. Extraction constants of fluorouracil with the tetrapentylammonium ion in dichloromethane or dichloromethane-1-butanol (9:1) and with the tetrahexylammonium ion in dichloromethane were determined. Slope analysis demonstrated that association of the ion components in the aqueous phase occurred as the side reaction. A column ion-pair extraction technique, using tetrapentylammonium as the counterion and dichloromethane as the eluting phase, was developed and allowed quantitative transfer of fluorouracil to the organ solvent. The applicability of this method was shown by determining plasma levels of fluorouracil in cancer patients to whom 1 g of active substance was administered intravenously."}
{"id": "PMID:894508", "title": "Polyamine metabolism II: N-(Monoaminoalkyl)- and N-(polyaminoalkyl)acetamides in human urine.", "content": "TLC and high-pressure liquid chromatographic examination of the dansyl derivatives obtained from human urine indicated the presence of N-[3-[4-aminobutyl)amino]propyl]acetamide (N1-acetylspermidine), N-[4-](3-aminopropyl)amino]buryl]acetamide (N8-acetylspermidine), N-(4-aminobutyl)acetamide (N-acetylputrescine), and N-(5-aminopentyl)acetamide (N-acetylcadaverine). The ratio of N1- to N8-acetylspermidine ranged from 10.3 in the urine of a patient with hepatoma to 1.1 in the urine of a normal subject. The three cancer patients had a considerably higher ratio of N1- to N8-acetylspermidine than did the three normal subjects. These findings indicate the ratio of N1- to N8-acetylspermidine in the 24-hr urine may serve as a biochemical marker for cancer.", "contents": "Polyamine metabolism II: N-(Monoaminoalkyl)- and N-(polyaminoalkyl)acetamides in human urine. TLC and high-pressure liquid chromatographic examination of the dansyl derivatives obtained from human urine indicated the presence of N-[3-[4-aminobutyl)amino]propyl]acetamide (N1-acetylspermidine), N-[4-](3-aminopropyl)amino]buryl]acetamide (N8-acetylspermidine), N-(4-aminobutyl)acetamide (N-acetylputrescine), and N-(5-aminopentyl)acetamide (N-acetylcadaverine). The ratio of N1- to N8-acetylspermidine ranged from 10.3 in the urine of a patient with hepatoma to 1.1 in the urine of a normal subject. The three cancer patients had a considerably higher ratio of N1- to N8-acetylspermidine than did the three normal subjects. These findings indicate the ratio of N1- to N8-acetylspermidine in the 24-hr urine may serve as a biochemical marker for cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:894509", "title": "Factors affecting serum oxytetracycline levels in beef calves.", "content": "Fifteen Aberdeen Angus steers, 295-364 kg, were dosed with either 4.4 or 11 mg of oxytetracycline hydrochloride/kg im. The antimicrobial activity of the serum was determined periodically, and the resulting data were treated statistically to determine the sources of variation. Variance in serum levels of oxytetracycline activity was attributed to dose, time of bleeding, order of dosing, animal, and assay. The total variance component was proportionately greater for the 11-mg/kg dose than for the 4.4-mg/kg dose. Animal variance increased with the higher dose level of oxytetracycline. The influence of dose on serum level was tested by applying a t test to the mean serum levels and their standard deviations at each bleeding time. The 4.4- and 11-mg/kg serum levels were significantly different (p less than 0.01) at all bleeding times. The 4.4-mg/kg serum levels mutliplied by 2.5 were not significantly different (p less than 0.05) from the 11-mg/kg serum levels at all bleeding times.", "contents": "Factors affecting serum oxytetracycline levels in beef calves. Fifteen Aberdeen Angus steers, 295-364 kg, were dosed with either 4.4 or 11 mg of oxytetracycline hydrochloride/kg im. The antimicrobial activity of the serum was determined periodically, and the resulting data were treated statistically to determine the sources of variation. Variance in serum levels of oxytetracycline activity was attributed to dose, time of bleeding, order of dosing, animal, and assay. The total variance component was proportionately greater for the 11-mg/kg dose than for the 4.4-mg/kg dose. Animal variance increased with the higher dose level of oxytetracycline. The influence of dose on serum level was tested by applying a t test to the mean serum levels and their standard deviations at each bleeding time. The 4.4- and 11-mg/kg serum levels were significantly different (p less than 0.01) at all bleeding times. The 4.4-mg/kg serum levels mutliplied by 2.5 were not significantly different (p less than 0.05) from the 11-mg/kg serum levels at all bleeding times."}
{"id": "PMID:894510", "title": "Anomalous chemical shifts of methyl groups of 2,4-dimethylbenzo[g]quinoline.", "content": "The chemical shifts of the methyl groups of 2,4-dimethylbenzo[g]quinoline are defined with respect to concentration, showing that the methyl resonances are reversed from their expected positions in concentrations normally used in NMR spectroscopy. The phenomenon is explained in terms of the probably \"fixation\" of bonds in the heteroring.", "contents": "Anomalous chemical shifts of methyl groups of 2,4-dimethylbenzo[g]quinoline. The chemical shifts of the methyl groups of 2,4-dimethylbenzo[g]quinoline are defined with respect to concentration, showing that the methyl resonances are reversed from their expected positions in concentrations normally used in NMR spectroscopy. The phenomenon is explained in terms of the probably \"fixation\" of bonds in the heteroring."}
{"id": "PMID:894511", "title": "Quantitative determination of phenol by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "High-pressure liquid chromatography was used with a 5-micrometer silica gel column to quantitate the phenol in phenolated calamine lotion USP and a commercial antiseptic solution. This method requires less than 10 min/assay, and other compounds present in the products analyzed did not interfere.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of phenol by high-pressure liquid chromatography. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used with a 5-micrometer silica gel column to quantitate the phenol in phenolated calamine lotion USP and a commercial antiseptic solution. This method requires less than 10 min/assay, and other compounds present in the products analyzed did not interfere."}
{"id": "PMID:894512", "title": "Spironolactone: relationship between concentrations of dethioacetylated metabolite in human serum and milk.", "content": "The concentration of canrenone, a principal metabolite of spironolactone, was determined in human serum and milk. The milk to serum concentration ratios of this metabolite were 0.72 at 2 hr and 0.51 at 14.5 hr after ingestation of spironolactone. It was estimated that the maximum quantity of canrenone ingested daily by a human infant via its mother's milk would be approximately 0.2% of the daily dose of spironolactone given to the mother.", "contents": "Spironolactone: relationship between concentrations of dethioacetylated metabolite in human serum and milk. The concentration of canrenone, a principal metabolite of spironolactone, was determined in human serum and milk. The milk to serum concentration ratios of this metabolite were 0.72 at 2 hr and 0.51 at 14.5 hr after ingestation of spironolactone. It was estimated that the maximum quantity of canrenone ingested daily by a human infant via its mother's milk would be approximately 0.2% of the daily dose of spironolactone given to the mother."}
{"id": "PMID:894514", "title": "New compounds: total synthesis of dl-3a,4,6a-cis-4-(4-carboxybutyl)-hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-d]imidazol-2-one hydrochloride (dl-azabiotin hydrochloride).", "content": "The total synthesis of dl-3a,4,6a-cis-4(4-carboxybutyl)-hexahydropyrrolol[3,4-d]imidazol-2-one hydrochloride (dl-azabiotin hydrochloride) was accomplished in a seven-step sequence from 2-ethoxycarbonylazepin-7-one.", "contents": "New compounds: total synthesis of dl-3a,4,6a-cis-4-(4-carboxybutyl)-hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-d]imidazol-2-one hydrochloride (dl-azabiotin hydrochloride). The total synthesis of dl-3a,4,6a-cis-4(4-carboxybutyl)-hexahydropyrrolol[3,4-d]imidazol-2-one hydrochloride (dl-azabiotin hydrochloride) was accomplished in a seven-step sequence from 2-ethoxycarbonylazepin-7-one."}
{"id": "PMID:894524", "title": "Lanthanum block of contraction and of relaxation in response to serotonin and dopamine in molluscan catch muscle.", "content": "Contractile and relaxing responses of the anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis L. were observed after exposure to La+++. After 25 minutes in 5 mM La+++, contraction in response to acetylcholine, to KCl and to stimulation of intramuscular nerves is blocked, whereas contraction in response to direct current pulses is partially blocked and caffeine contraction is unaffected. Exposure to 5 mM La+++ for 3 hours does not block relaxation of catch tension in response to serotonin and dopamine but exposure to 5 mM La+++ in the presence of a depolarizing agent (acetylcholine or KCl) for a brief period (4 minutes) abolishes the relaxing response. The authors concluded that activation of contraction in the anterior byssus retractor muscle can be effected by Ca++ influx from the bathing medium and/or by release of Ca++ from interal sites, depending on the nature of the stimulation. The authors also concluded that the relaxing action of serotonin and dopamine depends neither on Ca++ influx nor on passive efflux of Ca++, but rather on Ca++ combining at an internal site or at sites on  the cell membrane which are exposed when the muscle is depolarized.", "contents": "Lanthanum block of contraction and of relaxation in response to serotonin and dopamine in molluscan catch muscle. Contractile and relaxing responses of the anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis L. were observed after exposure to La+++. After 25 minutes in 5 mM La+++, contraction in response to acetylcholine, to KCl and to stimulation of intramuscular nerves is blocked, whereas contraction in response to direct current pulses is partially blocked and caffeine contraction is unaffected. Exposure to 5 mM La+++ for 3 hours does not block relaxation of catch tension in response to serotonin and dopamine but exposure to 5 mM La+++ in the presence of a depolarizing agent (acetylcholine or KCl) for a brief period (4 minutes) abolishes the relaxing response. The authors concluded that activation of contraction in the anterior byssus retractor muscle can be effected by Ca++ influx from the bathing medium and/or by release of Ca++ from interal sites, depending on the nature of the stimulation. The authors also concluded that the relaxing action of serotonin and dopamine depends neither on Ca++ influx nor on passive efflux of Ca++, but rather on Ca++ combining at an internal site or at sites on  the cell membrane which are exposed when the muscle is depolarized."}
{"id": "PMID:894527", "title": "Calcium antagonist activity of methadone, l-acetylmethadol and l-pentazocine in the rat aortic strip.", "content": "These studies described physiologic evidence that methadone and related compounds can function as calcium antagonists. Methadone (1 X 10(-5)-1 X 10(-4) M) inhibited the contraction of the isolated rat aortic strip preparation produced by potassium chloride, norepinephrine, l-pentazocine or morphine. Methadone was most effective in diminishing aortic contractions which were highly dependent on the concentration of extracellular calcium. The d- and l-isomers of methadone were equipotent inhibitors of aortic contraction. l-Acetylmethadol (1 X 10(-6)-1 X 10(-5) M) was a potent inhibitor of vascular contraction. l-Pentazocine inhibited its own ability to contract the aorta as the dose was raised 3 X 10(-5) M. The inhibition of aortic contraction produced by methadone, l-acetylmethadol and l-pentazocine was overcome by raising the concentration of calcium in the tissue baths. The inhibition of contraction and the apparent calcium-antagonist activity of these drugs best correlates with their lipid solubility. Since calcium is a critical regulator of cellular function, the calcium-antagonist action of methadone and l-acetylmethadol may prove to be important in mediating some of their pharmacologic and toxicologic effects.", "contents": "Calcium antagonist activity of methadone, l-acetylmethadol and l-pentazocine in the rat aortic strip. These studies described physiologic evidence that methadone and related compounds can function as calcium antagonists. Methadone (1 X 10(-5)-1 X 10(-4) M) inhibited the contraction of the isolated rat aortic strip preparation produced by potassium chloride, norepinephrine, l-pentazocine or morphine. Methadone was most effective in diminishing aortic contractions which were highly dependent on the concentration of extracellular calcium. The d- and l-isomers of methadone were equipotent inhibitors of aortic contraction. l-Acetylmethadol (1 X 10(-6)-1 X 10(-5) M) was a potent inhibitor of vascular contraction. l-Pentazocine inhibited its own ability to contract the aorta as the dose was raised 3 X 10(-5) M. The inhibition of aortic contraction produced by methadone, l-acetylmethadol and l-pentazocine was overcome by raising the concentration of calcium in the tissue baths. The inhibition of contraction and the apparent calcium-antagonist activity of these drugs best correlates with their lipid solubility. Since calcium is a critical regulator of cellular function, the calcium-antagonist action of methadone and l-acetylmethadol may prove to be important in mediating some of their pharmacologic and toxicologic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:894528", "title": "Effects of acute alcohol intake on pituitary-gonadal hormones in normal human males.", "content": "Plasma luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels were determined in 16 normal adult males during a period of acute alcohol intoxication. Plasma testosterone levels were in the normal range for adult males prior to alcohol administration. Plasma testosterone levels began to fall during the ascending phase of the blood alcohol curve but plasma luteinizing hormone levels did not change significantly. At peak blood alcohol levels [109 +/- 4.6 (S.D.) mg/100 ml], plasma testosterone was significantly depressed and a significant increase in plasma luteinizing hormone values occurred. During the descending phase of the blood alcohol curve, plasma testosterone levels remained depressed and plasma luteinizing hormone levels decreased toward base-line values. These data indicate that acute alcohol intake produces a suppression of plasma testosterone via peripheral mechanisms which regulate the biosynthesis and/or biotransformation of the steroid. The surge in luteinizing hormone values at peak levels of intoxication are most likely due to stimulation of gonadotropin secretion via \"long loop\" mechanisms associated with low levels of plasma testosterone.", "contents": "Effects of acute alcohol intake on pituitary-gonadal hormones in normal human males. Plasma luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels were determined in 16 normal adult males during a period of acute alcohol intoxication. Plasma testosterone levels were in the normal range for adult males prior to alcohol administration. Plasma testosterone levels began to fall during the ascending phase of the blood alcohol curve but plasma luteinizing hormone levels did not change significantly. At peak blood alcohol levels [109 +/- 4.6 (S.D.) mg/100 ml], plasma testosterone was significantly depressed and a significant increase in plasma luteinizing hormone values occurred. During the descending phase of the blood alcohol curve, plasma testosterone levels remained depressed and plasma luteinizing hormone levels decreased toward base-line values. These data indicate that acute alcohol intake produces a suppression of plasma testosterone via peripheral mechanisms which regulate the biosynthesis and/or biotransformation of the steroid. The surge in luteinizing hormone values at peak levels of intoxication are most likely due to stimulation of gonadotropin secretion via \"long loop\" mechanisms associated with low levels of plasma testosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:894530", "title": "In vitro measurement of rate of fluid secretion in rat isolated seminiferous tubules: effects of metabolic inhibitors and ions.", "content": "1. An in vitro technique for measuring secretory rate in rat isolated seminiferous tubules is described. 2. The basal rate of fluid secretion was 0-44+/-0-06 nl. cm-1 min-1 (S.E.) (n=21). The rate was found to be inhibited by cooling, addition of metabolic inhibitor 2,4-dinitrophenol (2-5 x 10(-4) M) and removal of glucose from the incubating solution. This indicates that fluid secretion in isolated rat seminiferous tubules is an energy dependent process. 3. Removal of K+ from the incubating medium inhibited the secretory rate in the isolated seminiferous tubules, whereas a fivefold increase in [K+]0 to 23-5 mM had no effect. The secretory rate was also unaffected by the absence of Cl- in the peritubular fluid. 4. Removal of Ca2+ from the peritubular medium caused a rise in the secretory rate. 5. Ouabain (10(-3) M) and acetazolamide (4 x 10(-5) M) caused a fall in the rate of fluid secretion in isolated seminiferous tubules. 6. These results are discussed in relation to the nature of the ionic secretion produced in the tubules.", "contents": "In vitro measurement of rate of fluid secretion in rat isolated seminiferous tubules: effects of metabolic inhibitors and ions. 1. An in vitro technique for measuring secretory rate in rat isolated seminiferous tubules is described. 2. The basal rate of fluid secretion was 0-44+/-0-06 nl. cm-1 min-1 (S.E.) (n=21). The rate was found to be inhibited by cooling, addition of metabolic inhibitor 2,4-dinitrophenol (2-5 x 10(-4) M) and removal of glucose from the incubating solution. This indicates that fluid secretion in isolated rat seminiferous tubules is an energy dependent process. 3. Removal of K+ from the incubating medium inhibited the secretory rate in the isolated seminiferous tubules, whereas a fivefold increase in [K+]0 to 23-5 mM had no effect. The secretory rate was also unaffected by the absence of Cl- in the peritubular fluid. 4. Removal of Ca2+ from the peritubular medium caused a rise in the secretory rate. 5. Ouabain (10(-3) M) and acetazolamide (4 x 10(-5) M) caused a fall in the rate of fluid secretion in isolated seminiferous tubules. 6. These results are discussed in relation to the nature of the ionic secretion produced in the tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:894534", "title": "Adrenal and pancreatic endocrine responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in the calf.", "content": "1. Adrenal and pancreatic endocrine responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia, of differing degrees of intensity, have been examined in conscious, unrestrained calves 3-5 weeks after birth. 2. The outputs of cortisol and corticosterone from the right adrenal gland were found to vary inversely with arterial Po2 between 17 and 55 mmHg. Significant increase in mean adrenal blood flow was not observed at arterial oxygen tensions above about 30 mmHg. 3. Release of physiologically effective amounts of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla occurred only in response to intense hypoxia (arterial Po2 17-1 +/- 2-8 mmHg) and was effectively abolished by section of both splanchnic nerves. Release of pancreatic glucagon in response to such intense hypoxia was unaffected by section of both splanchnic nerves and administration of atropine. In contrast, the rise in plasma pancreatic glucagon concentration during less intense hypoxia was abolished by autonomic blockade. 4. Hypercapnia produced by inhalation of either 5% or 10% CO2 for 30 min stimulated maximal release of adrenal glucocorticoids and caused a substantial rise in plasma glucagon concentration. In contrast, the adrenal medulla was found to be extremely resistant to hypercapnia. Significant release of catecholamines was only observed during intense hypercapnia (inhalation of 10% CO2) and noradrenaline was invariably found to be the predominant amine. 5. The results of these experiments show how endocrine responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia are graded in the conscious calf. Of the mechanisms we have examined the pituitary-adrenal cortical axis is the most sensitive and the adrenal medulla the most resistant, while the pancreatic alpha cell occupies an intermediate position.", "contents": "Adrenal and pancreatic endocrine responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in the calf. 1. Adrenal and pancreatic endocrine responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia, of differing degrees of intensity, have been examined in conscious, unrestrained calves 3-5 weeks after birth. 2. The outputs of cortisol and corticosterone from the right adrenal gland were found to vary inversely with arterial Po2 between 17 and 55 mmHg. Significant increase in mean adrenal blood flow was not observed at arterial oxygen tensions above about 30 mmHg. 3. Release of physiologically effective amounts of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla occurred only in response to intense hypoxia (arterial Po2 17-1 +/- 2-8 mmHg) and was effectively abolished by section of both splanchnic nerves. Release of pancreatic glucagon in response to such intense hypoxia was unaffected by section of both splanchnic nerves and administration of atropine. In contrast, the rise in plasma pancreatic glucagon concentration during less intense hypoxia was abolished by autonomic blockade. 4. Hypercapnia produced by inhalation of either 5% or 10% CO2 for 30 min stimulated maximal release of adrenal glucocorticoids and caused a substantial rise in plasma glucagon concentration. In contrast, the adrenal medulla was found to be extremely resistant to hypercapnia. Significant release of catecholamines was only observed during intense hypercapnia (inhalation of 10% CO2) and noradrenaline was invariably found to be the predominant amine. 5. The results of these experiments show how endocrine responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia are graded in the conscious calf. Of the mechanisms we have examined the pituitary-adrenal cortical axis is the most sensitive and the adrenal medulla the most resistant, while the pancreatic alpha cell occupies an intermediate position."}
{"id": "PMID:894536", "title": "Acetylcholine receptor distribution on myotubes in culture correlated to acetylcholine sensitivity.", "content": "1. A linear relation, with a slope of 0-9 +/- 0-2 on a log-log plot, was obtained between acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity and alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX) binding site density in developing L6 and rat primary myotubes. ACh sensitivity was defined as g/Qn where g is conductance, Q is ACh charge and n is the Hill coefficient. Experimentally we found n approximately 1-7 for our myotubes, which is similar in value to that reported for adult systems. 2. The linear relationship is compatible with an organization whereby each ion channel is always complexed with a fixed number of ACh receptors such that the dose-response characteristics of each such complex are independent of average ACh receptor density. 3. Light microscope autoradiography showed that the alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites on L6 myotubes are uniformly distributed over the surface, while primary rat myotubes exhibit gradients and hot spots. Electron microscope autoradiography indicated that about 70% of the [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin label was on the surface of the myotubes. The alpha-bungarotoxin site density, after subtracting myoblast background, varied from 5 to 400 sites/micrometer2 on different L6 myotubes, and from 54 to 900 sites/micrometer2 on primary rat myotubes, with occasional hot spots of 3000-4000 sites/micrometer2. The conductance sensitivities varied from 10(-4) to 2 X 10(-2) Momega-1/nC1-7.", "contents": "Acetylcholine receptor distribution on myotubes in culture correlated to acetylcholine sensitivity. 1. A linear relation, with a slope of 0-9 +/- 0-2 on a log-log plot, was obtained between acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity and alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX) binding site density in developing L6 and rat primary myotubes. ACh sensitivity was defined as g/Qn where g is conductance, Q is ACh charge and n is the Hill coefficient. Experimentally we found n approximately 1-7 for our myotubes, which is similar in value to that reported for adult systems. 2. The linear relationship is compatible with an organization whereby each ion channel is always complexed with a fixed number of ACh receptors such that the dose-response characteristics of each such complex are independent of average ACh receptor density. 3. Light microscope autoradiography showed that the alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites on L6 myotubes are uniformly distributed over the surface, while primary rat myotubes exhibit gradients and hot spots. Electron microscope autoradiography indicated that about 70% of the [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin label was on the surface of the myotubes. The alpha-bungarotoxin site density, after subtracting myoblast background, varied from 5 to 400 sites/micrometer2 on different L6 myotubes, and from 54 to 900 sites/micrometer2 on primary rat myotubes, with occasional hot spots of 3000-4000 sites/micrometer2. The conductance sensitivities varied from 10(-4) to 2 X 10(-2) Momega-1/nC1-7."}
{"id": "PMID:894538", "title": "Discrimination between nicotinic receptors in vertebrate ganglia and skeletal muscle by alpha-bungarotoxin and cobra venoms.", "content": "1. We have used snake neurotoxins, alpha-bungarotoxin and venoms from Naja naja siamensis and Naja nivea, to distinguish the nicotinic receptors of ganglia from those of skeletal neuromuscular junctions. 2. These neurotoxins failed to block responses of isolated guinea-pig longitudinal muscle with adherent myenteric plexus to the nicotinic agonists, nicotine or dimethylphenylpiperazinium, to acetylcholine (ACh), or to electrical field stimulation. 3. The toxins failed to affect responses of the isolated guinea-pig stomach to pregnaglionic stimulation by way of the vagus nerves or of the vas deferens to preganglionic stimulation via the hypogastric nerves. 4. Snake neurotoxins did not block non-adrenergic inhibitory responses of the rabbit small intestine to nicotine or electrical field stimulation. 5. Neurotoxins were ineffective blockers against nicotinic agonists in new-born rabbit or embryonic chick intestine. 6. Attempts to increase the penetration of the toxins into tissues with dimethylsulphoxide, exposure to hypertonic solutions, or to ethylene-diaminetetracetic acid did not enable the toxins to act as nicotinic antagonists. 7. In contrast to diaphragmatic or oesophageal skeletal neuromuscular junctions no binding of rhodamine or tritium labelled toxins to structures in ganglia could be detected. 8. No potential permeability barriers were found by electron microscopy of the ganglia of the guinea-pig myenteric plexus. 9. The tracers, lanthanum ion and ruthenium red, readily penetrated into all regions of the myenteric plexus including synaptic gaps. 10. It is concluded that the failure of snake neurotoxins to act as nicotinic antagonists or to bind to ganglia is not due to their inability to reach ganglionic nicotinic receptors. Therefore, it is likely that ganglionic nicotinic receptors are different from those of the skeletal neuromuscular junction.", "contents": "Discrimination between nicotinic receptors in vertebrate ganglia and skeletal muscle by alpha-bungarotoxin and cobra venoms. 1. We have used snake neurotoxins, alpha-bungarotoxin and venoms from Naja naja siamensis and Naja nivea, to distinguish the nicotinic receptors of ganglia from those of skeletal neuromuscular junctions. 2. These neurotoxins failed to block responses of isolated guinea-pig longitudinal muscle with adherent myenteric plexus to the nicotinic agonists, nicotine or dimethylphenylpiperazinium, to acetylcholine (ACh), or to electrical field stimulation. 3. The toxins failed to affect responses of the isolated guinea-pig stomach to pregnaglionic stimulation by way of the vagus nerves or of the vas deferens to preganglionic stimulation via the hypogastric nerves. 4. Snake neurotoxins did not block non-adrenergic inhibitory responses of the rabbit small intestine to nicotine or electrical field stimulation. 5. Neurotoxins were ineffective blockers against nicotinic agonists in new-born rabbit or embryonic chick intestine. 6. Attempts to increase the penetration of the toxins into tissues with dimethylsulphoxide, exposure to hypertonic solutions, or to ethylene-diaminetetracetic acid did not enable the toxins to act as nicotinic antagonists. 7. In contrast to diaphragmatic or oesophageal skeletal neuromuscular junctions no binding of rhodamine or tritium labelled toxins to structures in ganglia could be detected. 8. No potential permeability barriers were found by electron microscopy of the ganglia of the guinea-pig myenteric plexus. 9. The tracers, lanthanum ion and ruthenium red, readily penetrated into all regions of the myenteric plexus including synaptic gaps. 10. It is concluded that the failure of snake neurotoxins to act as nicotinic antagonists or to bind to ganglia is not due to their inability to reach ganglionic nicotinic receptors. Therefore, it is likely that ganglionic nicotinic receptors are different from those of the skeletal neuromuscular junction."}
{"id": "PMID:894539", "title": "The effects of remote retinal stimulation on the responses of cat retinal ganglion cells.", "content": "1. Action potentials were recorded from optic nerve fibres of lightly anaesthetized cats while parts of the retina remote from the receptive field were stimulated by a shifting grating. 2. Vigorous responses can be obtained under these conditions, confirming McIlwain (1966), Kr\u00fcger & Fischer (1973), and others. 3. These 'shift responses' are not caused by fluctuations of stray light because (a) they cannot be reduced by deliberately increasing or decreasing the light falling on the receptive field synchronously with the shifting grating; (b) a steady adapting light applied to the receptive field does not raise the threshold for the responses, whereas adapting light on the peripheral retina does, and (c) the threshold for the responses is elevated more following bleaching adaptation of the periphery than following bleaching adaptation of the centre. 4. Shift responses are strong, of short latency, and brief in duration in brisk-transient (Y-type) neurones. With few exceptions they are weak but long-lasting in brisk-sustained (X-type) neurones. 5. Shift responses are unlike responses from the main receptive field in having a distinct threshold; the magnitude of the response to weak gratings is not simply proportional to contrast, as is the case with weak stimuli applied to the receptive field. 6. It is thought that the excitatory pathway may involve amacrine cells, and that this mechanism may be concerned with the detection of the shifts of the image that occur with saccadic eye movements.", "contents": "The effects of remote retinal stimulation on the responses of cat retinal ganglion cells. 1. Action potentials were recorded from optic nerve fibres of lightly anaesthetized cats while parts of the retina remote from the receptive field were stimulated by a shifting grating. 2. Vigorous responses can be obtained under these conditions, confirming McIlwain (1966), Kr\u00fcger & Fischer (1973), and others. 3. These 'shift responses' are not caused by fluctuations of stray light because (a) they cannot be reduced by deliberately increasing or decreasing the light falling on the receptive field synchronously with the shifting grating; (b) a steady adapting light applied to the receptive field does not raise the threshold for the responses, whereas adapting light on the peripheral retina does, and (c) the threshold for the responses is elevated more following bleaching adaptation of the periphery than following bleaching adaptation of the centre. 4. Shift responses are strong, of short latency, and brief in duration in brisk-transient (Y-type) neurones. With few exceptions they are weak but long-lasting in brisk-sustained (X-type) neurones. 5. Shift responses are unlike responses from the main receptive field in having a distinct threshold; the magnitude of the response to weak gratings is not simply proportional to contrast, as is the case with weak stimuli applied to the receptive field. 6. It is thought that the excitatory pathway may involve amacrine cells, and that this mechanism may be concerned with the detection of the shifts of the image that occur with saccadic eye movements."}
{"id": "PMID:894542", "title": "Responses of identified spinal neurones to acetylcholine applied by micro-electrophoresis.", "content": "1. The responses of identified cells in the cat Clarke's column and dorsal horn to micro-electrophoretically applied cholinomimetics and anti-cholinergic substances have been investigated. 2. Both antidromically identified (DSCT neurones) and synaptically activated neurones from the region of the Clarke's column of the spinal cord were excited by ACh. However, the proportion of ACh excited cells was greater in units synaptically activated by ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus stimulation (78%) than in DSCT neurones (50%). In addition, about 55% of neurones activated either antidromically or synaptically by ipsilateral dorsal column stimulation were excited by ACh. 3. In contrast to a relatively weak excitatory potency on the DSCT neurones (maximum firing frequency did not exceed 130% of the control activated by ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus stimulation (maximum firing frequency reached 430% of the control level). 4. ACh has a relatively quick and rapidly reversible excitatory effect on Clarke's column neurones and some types of dorsal horn interneurones, which can be obtained also with nicotine. However, the action of nicotine is frequently delayed in onset and recovery. This excitatory action of ACh can be blocked or markedly depressed by dihydro-beta-erythroidine. These results and those obtained with acetyl-beta-methylcholine and atropine seem to suggest that the receptors mediating excitation of the cholinoceptive spinal cells activated either antidromically or synaptically by ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus stimulation besides predominantly nicotinic have also weak muscarinic properties. 5. Desensitization with repeated applications of ACh and nicotine has been observed in both DSCT neurones and units antidromically activated by ipsilateral dorsal column stimulation. 6. About 11% of units antidromically activated by ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus stimulation were depressed by ACh. In addition, the depressant effect of ACh was more frequently encountered in the cells unresponsive either to the dorsolateral funiculus or dorsal column stimulation. ACh depression was also seen in units activated either antidromically or synaptically by ipsilateral dorsal column stimulation. In contrast, none of the units synaptically activated by the ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus stimulation were depressed by ACh. The same was true for spinal neurones receiving convergent peripheral inputs activated either antidromically or synaptically by ipsilateral dorsolateral or dorsal column stimulation. 7. The findings that ACh depression of all tested DSCT neurones is blocked by atropine and readily evoked by acetyl-beta-methylcholine indicates that receptors mediating the effect are of muscarinic type.", "contents": "Responses of identified spinal neurones to acetylcholine applied by micro-electrophoresis. 1. The responses of identified cells in the cat Clarke's column and dorsal horn to micro-electrophoretically applied cholinomimetics and anti-cholinergic substances have been investigated. 2. Both antidromically identified (DSCT neurones) and synaptically activated neurones from the region of the Clarke's column of the spinal cord were excited by ACh. However, the proportion of ACh excited cells was greater in units synaptically activated by ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus stimulation (78%) than in DSCT neurones (50%). In addition, about 55% of neurones activated either antidromically or synaptically by ipsilateral dorsal column stimulation were excited by ACh. 3. In contrast to a relatively weak excitatory potency on the DSCT neurones (maximum firing frequency did not exceed 130% of the control activated by ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus stimulation (maximum firing frequency reached 430% of the control level). 4. ACh has a relatively quick and rapidly reversible excitatory effect on Clarke's column neurones and some types of dorsal horn interneurones, which can be obtained also with nicotine. However, the action of nicotine is frequently delayed in onset and recovery. This excitatory action of ACh can be blocked or markedly depressed by dihydro-beta-erythroidine. These results and those obtained with acetyl-beta-methylcholine and atropine seem to suggest that the receptors mediating excitation of the cholinoceptive spinal cells activated either antidromically or synaptically by ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus stimulation besides predominantly nicotinic have also weak muscarinic properties. 5. Desensitization with repeated applications of ACh and nicotine has been observed in both DSCT neurones and units antidromically activated by ipsilateral dorsal column stimulation. 6. About 11% of units antidromically activated by ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus stimulation were depressed by ACh. In addition, the depressant effect of ACh was more frequently encountered in the cells unresponsive either to the dorsolateral funiculus or dorsal column stimulation. ACh depression was also seen in units activated either antidromically or synaptically by ipsilateral dorsal column stimulation. In contrast, none of the units synaptically activated by the ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus stimulation were depressed by ACh. The same was true for spinal neurones receiving convergent peripheral inputs activated either antidromically or synaptically by ipsilateral dorsolateral or dorsal column stimulation. 7. The findings that ACh depression of all tested DSCT neurones is blocked by atropine and readily evoked by acetyl-beta-methylcholine indicates that receptors mediating the effect are of muscarinic type."}
{"id": "PMID:894569", "title": "Effect of anoxia and ATP depletion on the membrane potential and permeability of dog liver.", "content": "1. The mechanisms responsible for the depolarization of the hepatocytes secondary to anoxia have been studied in isolated perfused dog liver. It was attempted to elucidate the role of the inhibition of the sodium pump following exhaustion of the energy reserves and of the modifications of membrane permeability. Anoxia was compared to ouabain and to a reduction of the cellular ATP level. 2. Membrane potentials were measured with micro-electrodes. Potassium, sodium and chloride were determined in plasma samples and liver tissues. Extracellular space was measured with tritiated inulin or with an electrical impedance method. Adenine nucleotides were also measured in liver biopsies. 3. The fall in membrane potential produced by administration of ouabain (0-1 mM) is greater than the effect of the redistribution of sodium + potassium ions; this suggests that the sodium pump is functioning, at least partially, electrogenically. The administration of dinitrophenol (10 mM), which causes a 74% fall in the ATP level in 15 min, produces, as does ouabain, a depolarization which also corresponds to stopping an electrogenic pump. 4. A partial reduction in the level of ATP brought about by hypoxia, by an inhibitor of cellular respiration, antimycin (10 mM), or by fructose (20 mM) results in a hyperpolarization which may be attributed to an elevation of potassium permeability (PK) since it is concomitant to a loss of K from the liver. The change in membrane permeability could be related to a rise in the free calcium in the cells which has not been documented. Other possible hypothesis include a facilitated transport for potassium. 5. The administration of amobarbitone (10 mM) produces immediately a depolarization which is independent of the progressive reduction in the level of ATP. The depolarization has been attributed to a direct effect of amobarbitone on the membrane reducing the permeability for potassium ions. 6. The depolarization observed in ischaemic anoxia is greater than that produced by ouabain for the same variation in ions concentration. In addition to a likely inhibition of the electrogenic sodium pump, changes in membrane permeability inducing a rise in the PNa/PK ratio must also occur. 7. After ischaemic anoxia for 24 hr at 3 degrees C, the ratio of PNa/PK rises to 0-68 which indicates abolishment of the selective character of membrane permeability. The augmentation in cell volume produced by anoxia might result in an opening of membrane pores, which could entail the augmentation of sodium permeability; the latter would be responsible in part for the depolarization produced by anoxia. 8. According to the severity and length of oxygen deprivation an increase in PK, a cessation of the sodium pump activity and finally an increase in PNa will occur.", "contents": "Effect of anoxia and ATP depletion on the membrane potential and permeability of dog liver. 1. The mechanisms responsible for the depolarization of the hepatocytes secondary to anoxia have been studied in isolated perfused dog liver. It was attempted to elucidate the role of the inhibition of the sodium pump following exhaustion of the energy reserves and of the modifications of membrane permeability. Anoxia was compared to ouabain and to a reduction of the cellular ATP level. 2. Membrane potentials were measured with micro-electrodes. Potassium, sodium and chloride were determined in plasma samples and liver tissues. Extracellular space was measured with tritiated inulin or with an electrical impedance method. Adenine nucleotides were also measured in liver biopsies. 3. The fall in membrane potential produced by administration of ouabain (0-1 mM) is greater than the effect of the redistribution of sodium + potassium ions; this suggests that the sodium pump is functioning, at least partially, electrogenically. The administration of dinitrophenol (10 mM), which causes a 74% fall in the ATP level in 15 min, produces, as does ouabain, a depolarization which also corresponds to stopping an electrogenic pump. 4. A partial reduction in the level of ATP brought about by hypoxia, by an inhibitor of cellular respiration, antimycin (10 mM), or by fructose (20 mM) results in a hyperpolarization which may be attributed to an elevation of potassium permeability (PK) since it is concomitant to a loss of K from the liver. The change in membrane permeability could be related to a rise in the free calcium in the cells which has not been documented. Other possible hypothesis include a facilitated transport for potassium. 5. The administration of amobarbitone (10 mM) produces immediately a depolarization which is independent of the progressive reduction in the level of ATP. The depolarization has been attributed to a direct effect of amobarbitone on the membrane reducing the permeability for potassium ions. 6. The depolarization observed in ischaemic anoxia is greater than that produced by ouabain for the same variation in ions concentration. In addition to a likely inhibition of the electrogenic sodium pump, changes in membrane permeability inducing a rise in the PNa/PK ratio must also occur. 7. After ischaemic anoxia for 24 hr at 3 degrees C, the ratio of PNa/PK rises to 0-68 which indicates abolishment of the selective character of membrane permeability. The augmentation in cell volume produced by anoxia might result in an opening of membrane pores, which could entail the augmentation of sodium permeability; the latter would be responsible in part for the depolarization produced by anoxia. 8. According to the severity and length of oxygen deprivation an increase in PK, a cessation of the sodium pump activity and finally an increase in PNa will occur."}
{"id": "PMID:894593", "title": "The role of calcium in renin secretion from the isolated perfused cat kidney.", "content": "1. Isolated cat kidneys were perfused in situ with Locke solution and renin release in response to isoprenaline was studied. 2. Perfusion with isoprenaline produced a concentration-dependent enhancement of renin secretion. Increasing the concentration of stimulant also prolonged the duration of the secretory response. 3. After a 10 min exposure to isoprenaline (0-3 micrometer), there was a rapid facilitation of renin release which diminished after 10-30 min, followed by a second transient increase which declined over the next 40-60 min. Cycloheximide did not prevent augmented release when added together with the isoprenaline but did produce a reversible inhibition of the late phase when added 10 min after the isoprenaline. 4. Omission of calcium from the perfusion medium failed to depress the renin release induced by isoprenaline, glucagon, or furosemide. However, during prolonged calcium deprivation, the cycloheximide-sensitive phase of isoprenaline-evoked release was depressed. 5. The calcium antagonist D-600 failed to block the early phase of isoprenaline-induced renin secretion but inhibited the late phase of secretion. 6. Calcium alone elicited an explosive discharge of renin when added after a prolonged period of calcium-free perfusion. 7. These results support the view that extracellular calcium does not play an essential role in the mechanism of renin secretion from the renal juxtaglomerular cells, but that an increased influx of this cation is needed for synthesis and/or mobilization of the enzyme. It is tentatively proposed that the release of calcium from intracellular storage sites may be the signal which triggers renin secretion.", "contents": "The role of calcium in renin secretion from the isolated perfused cat kidney. 1. Isolated cat kidneys were perfused in situ with Locke solution and renin release in response to isoprenaline was studied. 2. Perfusion with isoprenaline produced a concentration-dependent enhancement of renin secretion. Increasing the concentration of stimulant also prolonged the duration of the secretory response. 3. After a 10 min exposure to isoprenaline (0-3 micrometer), there was a rapid facilitation of renin release which diminished after 10-30 min, followed by a second transient increase which declined over the next 40-60 min. Cycloheximide did not prevent augmented release when added together with the isoprenaline but did produce a reversible inhibition of the late phase when added 10 min after the isoprenaline. 4. Omission of calcium from the perfusion medium failed to depress the renin release induced by isoprenaline, glucagon, or furosemide. However, during prolonged calcium deprivation, the cycloheximide-sensitive phase of isoprenaline-evoked release was depressed. 5. The calcium antagonist D-600 failed to block the early phase of isoprenaline-induced renin secretion but inhibited the late phase of secretion. 6. Calcium alone elicited an explosive discharge of renin when added after a prolonged period of calcium-free perfusion. 7. These results support the view that extracellular calcium does not play an essential role in the mechanism of renin secretion from the renal juxtaglomerular cells, but that an increased influx of this cation is needed for synthesis and/or mobilization of the enzyme. It is tentatively proposed that the release of calcium from intracellular storage sites may be the signal which triggers renin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:894594", "title": "Cone signals in the cat's retina.", "content": "1. The discharges of ganglion cells in the cat's retina were recorded under conditions intended to isolate the cone system.2. Stiles' two-colour threshold technique permitted the photopic system to be studied when at its highest sensitivity. The absolute sensitivity of a ganglion cell, expressed in equivalent photons of lambda(max) at the cornea per impulse discharged, was about 2500 times less when driven by cones than when driven by rods. This ratio improves to around 200 when allowance is made for the much smaller fraction absorbed by cones of photons incident on the cornea.3. The number of extra impulses discharged in response to a brief flash was approximately proportional to the number of photons in the flash, up to a limit.4. There was a region in the middle of the receptive field within which the area of a test spot and its illumination for threshold varied inversely. A flash extending over the peripheral part of the receptive field raised threshold above its minimum, presumably as a result of surround antagonism. Assessed from area-threshold curves, the balance of centre-surround antagonism in the photopic receptive field did not seem to depend upon background illumination.5. The threshold for a small (0.2 degrees ) flash confined to the middle of the receptive field was independent of background illumination until the background exceeded a particular level, the ;dark light' (I(o)). In different units this ranged about a mean of 7.89 log photons (560 nm equivalent) deg(-2) sec(-1). For backgrounds that exceeded I(o), threshold followed approximately Weber's law up to the highest illuminations that could be produced.6. With test flashes that filled the centre of the receptive field, the Weber fraction (test flash illumination/background illumination) in some units fell below 1%.7. Changes in the time course and latency of response accompanied the changes in sensitivity caused by alterations in background illumination. Responses of both X- and Y-cells became more transient and faster.8. The loss of sensitivity to a test flash brought about by a steady background light depended upon the size of that light. Sensitivity varied inversely with background area within a central region that matched closely the summing area for test flashes.", "contents": "Cone signals in the cat's retina. 1. The discharges of ganglion cells in the cat's retina were recorded under conditions intended to isolate the cone system.2. Stiles' two-colour threshold technique permitted the photopic system to be studied when at its highest sensitivity. The absolute sensitivity of a ganglion cell, expressed in equivalent photons of lambda(max) at the cornea per impulse discharged, was about 2500 times less when driven by cones than when driven by rods. This ratio improves to around 200 when allowance is made for the much smaller fraction absorbed by cones of photons incident on the cornea.3. The number of extra impulses discharged in response to a brief flash was approximately proportional to the number of photons in the flash, up to a limit.4. There was a region in the middle of the receptive field within which the area of a test spot and its illumination for threshold varied inversely. A flash extending over the peripheral part of the receptive field raised threshold above its minimum, presumably as a result of surround antagonism. Assessed from area-threshold curves, the balance of centre-surround antagonism in the photopic receptive field did not seem to depend upon background illumination.5. The threshold for a small (0.2 degrees ) flash confined to the middle of the receptive field was independent of background illumination until the background exceeded a particular level, the ;dark light' (I(o)). In different units this ranged about a mean of 7.89 log photons (560 nm equivalent) deg(-2) sec(-1). For backgrounds that exceeded I(o), threshold followed approximately Weber's law up to the highest illuminations that could be produced.6. With test flashes that filled the centre of the receptive field, the Weber fraction (test flash illumination/background illumination) in some units fell below 1%.7. Changes in the time course and latency of response accompanied the changes in sensitivity caused by alterations in background illumination. Responses of both X- and Y-cells became more transient and faster.8. The loss of sensitivity to a test flash brought about by a steady background light depended upon the size of that light. Sensitivity varied inversely with background area within a central region that matched closely the summing area for test flashes."}
{"id": "PMID:894595", "title": "Convergence of rod and cone signals in the cat's retina.", "content": "1. In an attempt to understand the convergence of rod and cone signals in the cat's retina, ganglion cells that received inputs from both rods and cones were stimulated using lights chosen to excite one or other receptor system or both together.2. If a mesopic background was chosen to allow the ganglion cell to be excited by a blue-green test flash primarily through rods and a deep red flash primarily through cones, one light could not be alternated with the other without eliciting a response from the cell.3. This appears to be a result of the different temporal properties of the scotopic and photopic systems. On the mesopic background responses to blue-green test flashes were transient. Responses to red test flashes arose with similar latency, but were more sustained.4. Rod and cone systems responded with similar latencies in the presence of the mesopic background that substantially light-adapted the rod system but left the full sensitivity of the cone system undiminished. When equivalently light-adapted, the cone system was faster.5. When brief flashes that acted through rods were presented with flashes that acted through cones the ganglion cell's response was the sum of the responses to the two flashes presented separately, as long as the flashes were weak. This linear relation ceased to hold when flashes were strong, but the breakdown appears not to be the result of mutual inhibition between rod and cone signals.6. When a background light excited both rod and cone systems it appeared to reduce sensitivity independently in each.7. The scotopic and photopic receptive fields of a given ganglion cell always were of the same type, on- or off-centre, and, within the limits of measurement, the central regions of the receptive fields were concentric and both the same size.", "contents": "Convergence of rod and cone signals in the cat's retina. 1. In an attempt to understand the convergence of rod and cone signals in the cat's retina, ganglion cells that received inputs from both rods and cones were stimulated using lights chosen to excite one or other receptor system or both together.2. If a mesopic background was chosen to allow the ganglion cell to be excited by a blue-green test flash primarily through rods and a deep red flash primarily through cones, one light could not be alternated with the other without eliciting a response from the cell.3. This appears to be a result of the different temporal properties of the scotopic and photopic systems. On the mesopic background responses to blue-green test flashes were transient. Responses to red test flashes arose with similar latency, but were more sustained.4. Rod and cone systems responded with similar latencies in the presence of the mesopic background that substantially light-adapted the rod system but left the full sensitivity of the cone system undiminished. When equivalently light-adapted, the cone system was faster.5. When brief flashes that acted through rods were presented with flashes that acted through cones the ganglion cell's response was the sum of the responses to the two flashes presented separately, as long as the flashes were weak. This linear relation ceased to hold when flashes were strong, but the breakdown appears not to be the result of mutual inhibition between rod and cone signals.6. When a background light excited both rod and cone systems it appeared to reduce sensitivity independently in each.7. The scotopic and photopic receptive fields of a given ganglion cell always were of the same type, on- or off-centre, and, within the limits of measurement, the central regions of the receptive fields were concentric and both the same size."}
{"id": "PMID:894596", "title": "Inhibition of human motoneurons, probably of Renshaw origin, elicited by an orthodromic motor discharge.", "content": "1. The pattern of variations of a test H-reflex after a conditioning H-reflex was investigated in human subjects by an experimental design in which both reflexes involved the same soleus motoneurones. This was made possible by using a method based upon a collision in the motor axons between the orthodromic conditioning reflex volley and the antidromic volley elicited by a test stimulus supramaximal for the motor axons.2. The variations of the test reflex amplitude seen when increasing the conditioning reflex discharge were studied. This was made possible by facilitating the conditioning reflex without changing the strength of the afferent volley. This facilitation was obtained through a soleus stretch elicited by a stimulation of the plantar nerves.3. The amplitude of the test reflex depended only on the size of the conditioning reflex discharge.4. As long as the conditioning reflex was of low amplitude, all the motoneurones responsible for the conditioning response could be activated by the test volley, even though these motoneurones were undergoing after-hyperpolarization. This indicates that, in man, the after-hyperpolarization of the most excitable motoneurones can be completely overcome by a large Ia afferent volley.5. Increasing the conditioning reflex beyond a specific value resulted in an absolute decrease in the number of motoneurones involved in the test reflex. The amount of this decrease was related only to the amplitude of the conditioning reflex.6. This inhibition decreased progressively as the time interval separating the test stimulus from the conditioning stimulus increased. The time course of this inhibition was studied with conditioning reflexes of different amplitudes. The duration of the inhibition increased with the size of the conditioning reflex.7. These results strongly suggest that Renshaw cells excited by the conditioning reflex are responsible for this inhibition. The results are in agreement with observations made in animals on recurrent inhibition.", "contents": "Inhibition of human motoneurons, probably of Renshaw origin, elicited by an orthodromic motor discharge. 1. The pattern of variations of a test H-reflex after a conditioning H-reflex was investigated in human subjects by an experimental design in which both reflexes involved the same soleus motoneurones. This was made possible by using a method based upon a collision in the motor axons between the orthodromic conditioning reflex volley and the antidromic volley elicited by a test stimulus supramaximal for the motor axons.2. The variations of the test reflex amplitude seen when increasing the conditioning reflex discharge were studied. This was made possible by facilitating the conditioning reflex without changing the strength of the afferent volley. This facilitation was obtained through a soleus stretch elicited by a stimulation of the plantar nerves.3. The amplitude of the test reflex depended only on the size of the conditioning reflex discharge.4. As long as the conditioning reflex was of low amplitude, all the motoneurones responsible for the conditioning response could be activated by the test volley, even though these motoneurones were undergoing after-hyperpolarization. This indicates that, in man, the after-hyperpolarization of the most excitable motoneurones can be completely overcome by a large Ia afferent volley.5. Increasing the conditioning reflex beyond a specific value resulted in an absolute decrease in the number of motoneurones involved in the test reflex. The amount of this decrease was related only to the amplitude of the conditioning reflex.6. This inhibition decreased progressively as the time interval separating the test stimulus from the conditioning stimulus increased. The time course of this inhibition was studied with conditioning reflexes of different amplitudes. The duration of the inhibition increased with the size of the conditioning reflex.7. These results strongly suggest that Renshaw cells excited by the conditioning reflex are responsible for this inhibition. The results are in agreement with observations made in animals on recurrent inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:894597", "title": "Quantitative assessment of cardiac pump performance.", "content": "1. A means of quantitating left ventricular performance in the conscious dog is presented. Changes in heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output during elevation of left atrial pressure by acute volume expansion were measured in the conscious dog. 2. The changes in heart rate and stroke volume could be described by y = ym - (ym-yi)e-kp, where yi and ym are initial and maximum values of the variable and p is the change in mean left atrial pressure. 3. Because cardiac output is a derived variable (stroke volume X heart rate) its response is described by a multiple exponential relationship. 4. For a given initial heart rate and inotropic state, the stroke volume response is determined by the Frank-Starling mechanism and the pressure-volume characteristics of the myocardium.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of cardiac pump performance. 1. A means of quantitating left ventricular performance in the conscious dog is presented. Changes in heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output during elevation of left atrial pressure by acute volume expansion were measured in the conscious dog. 2. The changes in heart rate and stroke volume could be described by y = ym - (ym-yi)e-kp, where yi and ym are initial and maximum values of the variable and p is the change in mean left atrial pressure. 3. Because cardiac output is a derived variable (stroke volume X heart rate) its response is described by a multiple exponential relationship. 4. For a given initial heart rate and inotropic state, the stroke volume response is determined by the Frank-Starling mechanism and the pressure-volume characteristics of the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:894598", "title": "Calcium movements during the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla: effects of methoxyverapamil and external cations.", "content": "1. Cortex-free adrenal glands previously labelled with the isotope (45)Ca have been perfused with Locke or modified Locke solution to assess Ca(2+) movements under different conditions.2. Substitution of Na(+) by either sucrose or choline during perfusion with Ca(2+)-free Locke solution induced a significant and sustained decrease in the (45)Ca efflux. Concomitant with this effect there was an increase in the output of catecholamines from the perfused gland.3. In the presence of Ca(2+) (2.2 mM) in the perfusion fluid, Na(+) omission induced an increase in the (45)Ca efflux. This increase was significantly reduced if 3 x 10(-4)M methoxyverapamil (D-600) was present in the perfusion fluid. However, the increased catecholamine output in response to Na(+) deprivation remained unchanged.4. Excess of Mg(2+) (20 mM) in the extracellular medium blocked the increase in catecholamine output in response to Na(+) omission. However, the decrease in the (45)Ca efflux produced by Na(+) deprivation in the presence of this high concentration of Mg(2+) was similar to that observed in the presence of 1.2 mM-Mg(2+).5. In the absence of Mg(2+) in the extracellular medium, substitution of Na(+) by either sucrose or choline induced a sharp and transient increase in the (45)Ca efflux rate coefficient. This increased (45)Ca efflux, which has similar time course as the enhanced catecholamine output, was not affected by the presence of 3 x 10(-4)M methoxyverapamil.6. In the absence of Mg(2+), the graded substitution of Na(+) in the perfusion medium by sucrose enhanced the efflux of (45)Ca. This increase in the (45)Ca outward movement was linearly related to the logarithm of the extracellular Na(+) concentration.7. After perfusion of glands with Ca(2+)-free Locke solution, the reintroduction of Ca(2+) (2.2 mM) into the perfusion fluid produced an increase in the (45)Ca efflux. This was accompanied by a discharge of catecholamines.8. Although Mg(2+) (20 mM) was effective in blocking catecholamine release, this divalent cation did not modify the increase in the (45)Ca efflux produced by Ca(2+) reintroduction.9. In contrast to these later observations, methoxyverapamil (3 x 10(-4)M) was effective in inhibiting both increases in catecholamine output and (45)Ca efflux in response to Ca(2+) reintroduction.10. It is concluded from these experiments that (a) Ca(2+) movements in the adrenal medulla may involve both Na(+)-Ca(2+) and Ca(2+)-Ca(2+) exchange mechanisms; (b) the omission of Na(+) from the extracellular environment produces not only an increase in the output of catecholamines but it may increase the intracellular levels of Ca(2+) and that this may result in an increased Ca(2+) efflux when Mg(2+) is omitted from the perfusion fluids, and that (c) the competition between Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) during the secretory process may involve an intracellular site.", "contents": "Calcium movements during the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla: effects of methoxyverapamil and external cations. 1. Cortex-free adrenal glands previously labelled with the isotope (45)Ca have been perfused with Locke or modified Locke solution to assess Ca(2+) movements under different conditions.2. Substitution of Na(+) by either sucrose or choline during perfusion with Ca(2+)-free Locke solution induced a significant and sustained decrease in the (45)Ca efflux. Concomitant with this effect there was an increase in the output of catecholamines from the perfused gland.3. In the presence of Ca(2+) (2.2 mM) in the perfusion fluid, Na(+) omission induced an increase in the (45)Ca efflux. This increase was significantly reduced if 3 x 10(-4)M methoxyverapamil (D-600) was present in the perfusion fluid. However, the increased catecholamine output in response to Na(+) deprivation remained unchanged.4. Excess of Mg(2+) (20 mM) in the extracellular medium blocked the increase in catecholamine output in response to Na(+) omission. However, the decrease in the (45)Ca efflux produced by Na(+) deprivation in the presence of this high concentration of Mg(2+) was similar to that observed in the presence of 1.2 mM-Mg(2+).5. In the absence of Mg(2+) in the extracellular medium, substitution of Na(+) by either sucrose or choline induced a sharp and transient increase in the (45)Ca efflux rate coefficient. This increased (45)Ca efflux, which has similar time course as the enhanced catecholamine output, was not affected by the presence of 3 x 10(-4)M methoxyverapamil.6. In the absence of Mg(2+), the graded substitution of Na(+) in the perfusion medium by sucrose enhanced the efflux of (45)Ca. This increase in the (45)Ca outward movement was linearly related to the logarithm of the extracellular Na(+) concentration.7. After perfusion of glands with Ca(2+)-free Locke solution, the reintroduction of Ca(2+) (2.2 mM) into the perfusion fluid produced an increase in the (45)Ca efflux. This was accompanied by a discharge of catecholamines.8. Although Mg(2+) (20 mM) was effective in blocking catecholamine release, this divalent cation did not modify the increase in the (45)Ca efflux produced by Ca(2+) reintroduction.9. In contrast to these later observations, methoxyverapamil (3 x 10(-4)M) was effective in inhibiting both increases in catecholamine output and (45)Ca efflux in response to Ca(2+) reintroduction.10. It is concluded from these experiments that (a) Ca(2+) movements in the adrenal medulla may involve both Na(+)-Ca(2+) and Ca(2+)-Ca(2+) exchange mechanisms; (b) the omission of Na(+) from the extracellular environment produces not only an increase in the output of catecholamines but it may increase the intracellular levels of Ca(2+) and that this may result in an increased Ca(2+) efflux when Mg(2+) is omitted from the perfusion fluids, and that (c) the competition between Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) during the secretory process may involve an intracellular site."}
{"id": "PMID:894599", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on renal blood flow distribution in conscious rabbits.", "content": "1. We have studied the effects of two prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on renal cortical blood flow distribution in conscious rabbits. 2. Renal blood flow distribution was estimated by means of radioactive microspheres injected into chronically implanted left atrial cannulae. Cardiac output was measured by a thermodilution technique. 3. Measurements were made in groups of animals treated with either indomethacin, meclofenamate or control injections of phosphate buffer. 4. A method of microtome slicing of the renal cortex was developed to standardize measurements. Microtome sections were grouped into inner, middle and outer zones. After both indomethacin and meclofenamate there was a reduction in total renal blood flow with a redistribution of flow from inner to outer cortex. 5. Estimated renal vascular resistance rose in all three cortical zones. 6. The data support the hypothesis that renal prostaglandin synthesis is necessary for maintaining flow to the deep cortex. It is suggested that renal prostaglandins may also influence flow in more superficial zones. 7. Estimated total systemic vascular resistance was increased both with meclofenamate and indomethacin, suggesting an inhibiting effect of prostaglandins on arteriolar tone throughout a major part of the systemic circulartion.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on renal blood flow distribution in conscious rabbits. 1. We have studied the effects of two prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on renal cortical blood flow distribution in conscious rabbits. 2. Renal blood flow distribution was estimated by means of radioactive microspheres injected into chronically implanted left atrial cannulae. Cardiac output was measured by a thermodilution technique. 3. Measurements were made in groups of animals treated with either indomethacin, meclofenamate or control injections of phosphate buffer. 4. A method of microtome slicing of the renal cortex was developed to standardize measurements. Microtome sections were grouped into inner, middle and outer zones. After both indomethacin and meclofenamate there was a reduction in total renal blood flow with a redistribution of flow from inner to outer cortex. 5. Estimated renal vascular resistance rose in all three cortical zones. 6. The data support the hypothesis that renal prostaglandin synthesis is necessary for maintaining flow to the deep cortex. It is suggested that renal prostaglandins may also influence flow in more superficial zones. 7. Estimated total systemic vascular resistance was increased both with meclofenamate and indomethacin, suggesting an inhibiting effect of prostaglandins on arteriolar tone throughout a major part of the systemic circulartion."}
{"id": "PMID:894600", "title": "Thyroid calorigenesis in isolated, perfused rat liver: minor role of active sodium-potassium transport.", "content": "1. The effects of ouabain on hepatic oxygen uptake, cell membrane potential, and Na-K transport were examined at 37 degrees C during non-recirculating perfusion of isolated livers from fasted normal rats and rats treated with triiodothyronine (T3). The perfusate was Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing albumin and bovine erythrocytes. 2. Treatment with T3 increased the rate of hepatic oxygen uptake by 30% (i.e. by 0-83 (micromole/min) per gram liver). 3. After shifting to perfusate containing 2-5 mM ouabain, a 4-5 mV depolarization and maximal rates of net hepatic K release and Na uptake occurred within 2 min in both thyroid states. These changes were not accompanied by any significant change in the rates of hepatic oxygen uptake. 4. T3-treatment increased the maximal, post-ouabain net flux of K by 29% (i.e. by 0-52 (muequiv/min) per gram liver). The T3-indlced increase in the net flux of Na (19%) did not achieve statistical significance. 5. In either thyroid state, the observed passive fluxes of Na and K were calculated to be balanced by active vluxes at the expense of 5-6% of the observed rate of hepatic oxygen uptake. 6. The results indicate that hyperthyroidism may enhance the rate of hepatic Na-K transport, but the energy expenditure due to this process appears to be too small to make any important contribution to thyroid calorigenesis in perfused rat liver.", "contents": "Thyroid calorigenesis in isolated, perfused rat liver: minor role of active sodium-potassium transport. 1. The effects of ouabain on hepatic oxygen uptake, cell membrane potential, and Na-K transport were examined at 37 degrees C during non-recirculating perfusion of isolated livers from fasted normal rats and rats treated with triiodothyronine (T3). The perfusate was Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing albumin and bovine erythrocytes. 2. Treatment with T3 increased the rate of hepatic oxygen uptake by 30% (i.e. by 0-83 (micromole/min) per gram liver). 3. After shifting to perfusate containing 2-5 mM ouabain, a 4-5 mV depolarization and maximal rates of net hepatic K release and Na uptake occurred within 2 min in both thyroid states. These changes were not accompanied by any significant change in the rates of hepatic oxygen uptake. 4. T3-treatment increased the maximal, post-ouabain net flux of K by 29% (i.e. by 0-52 (muequiv/min) per gram liver). The T3-indlced increase in the net flux of Na (19%) did not achieve statistical significance. 5. In either thyroid state, the observed passive fluxes of Na and K were calculated to be balanced by active vluxes at the expense of 5-6% of the observed rate of hepatic oxygen uptake. 6. The results indicate that hyperthyroidism may enhance the rate of hepatic Na-K transport, but the energy expenditure due to this process appears to be too small to make any important contribution to thyroid calorigenesis in perfused rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:894601", "title": "Caffeine and the contractility of single muscle fibres from the barnacle Balanus nubilus.", "content": "1. In single striated muscle fibres from the barnacle Balanus nubilus tension development following axial injection of caffeine (50 mM in 150 mM-KCl, pH 7.1) was used as an index of releasable Ca. It was shown that fibres incubated in 0 Ca (Na replaced) salines for up to 400 min gave ca. 15% of the control tension response. Inclusion of 1 mM-La in the 0 Ca (Na) saline significantly reversed this decline.2. Estimates of the total fibre calcium assayed under the same experimental conditions indicated a 67% loss of fibre Ca in 0 Ca, and only a 37% loss in La-0 Ca media. No correction was made for the loss of calcium from the extracellular space.3. Experiments with (45)Ca indicated that the efflux of calcium from this preparation was inhibited by 1 mM-La externally and that this effect was still significant even in the presence of 0 Ca (Na) salines. The caffeine-stimulated efflux of Ca was also reduced by ca. 70% in the presence of 1 mM La saline externally.4. The influx and efflux of (14)C caffeine were shown to be rapid, and apparently passive. The diffusion coefficient for caffeine following intracellular injection was 2.4 +/- 0.2 x 10(-6) cm(2) sec(-1) at 18-22 degrees C.5. There was no significant loss of (140)La over a period of 2 hr following axial micro-injection into the fibres.6. In (140)La uptake experiments there was a progressive increase in the La space over 10.5 hr, in contrast to the results with [(3)H]inulin, whose uptake saturated in ca. 1.5 hr. The probability of surface binding and the precipitation of La salts in the extensive extracellular space was suggested as an explanation.7. It is concluded that internal Ca within the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and not cleft or extracellular Ca is the most significant source for these caffeine-induced contractions. Fluxes across the surface membrane can however alter the internal Ca stores over longer periods of time.", "contents": "Caffeine and the contractility of single muscle fibres from the barnacle Balanus nubilus. 1. In single striated muscle fibres from the barnacle Balanus nubilus tension development following axial injection of caffeine (50 mM in 150 mM-KCl, pH 7.1) was used as an index of releasable Ca. It was shown that fibres incubated in 0 Ca (Na replaced) salines for up to 400 min gave ca. 15% of the control tension response. Inclusion of 1 mM-La in the 0 Ca (Na) saline significantly reversed this decline.2. Estimates of the total fibre calcium assayed under the same experimental conditions indicated a 67% loss of fibre Ca in 0 Ca, and only a 37% loss in La-0 Ca media. No correction was made for the loss of calcium from the extracellular space.3. Experiments with (45)Ca indicated that the efflux of calcium from this preparation was inhibited by 1 mM-La externally and that this effect was still significant even in the presence of 0 Ca (Na) salines. The caffeine-stimulated efflux of Ca was also reduced by ca. 70% in the presence of 1 mM La saline externally.4. The influx and efflux of (14)C caffeine were shown to be rapid, and apparently passive. The diffusion coefficient for caffeine following intracellular injection was 2.4 +/- 0.2 x 10(-6) cm(2) sec(-1) at 18-22 degrees C.5. There was no significant loss of (140)La over a period of 2 hr following axial micro-injection into the fibres.6. In (140)La uptake experiments there was a progressive increase in the La space over 10.5 hr, in contrast to the results with [(3)H]inulin, whose uptake saturated in ca. 1.5 hr. The probability of surface binding and the precipitation of La salts in the extensive extracellular space was suggested as an explanation.7. It is concluded that internal Ca within the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and not cleft or extracellular Ca is the most significant source for these caffeine-induced contractions. Fluxes across the surface membrane can however alter the internal Ca stores over longer periods of time."}
{"id": "PMID:894602", "title": "Rod-cone interaction in light adaptation.", "content": "1. The increment-threshold for a small test spot in the peripheral visual field was measured against backgrounds that were red or blue.2. When the background was a large uniform field, threshold over most of the scotopic range depended exactly upon the background's effect upon rods. This confirms Flamant & Stiles (1948). But when the background was small, threshold was elevated more by a long wave-length than a short wave-length background equated for its effect on rods.3. The influence of cones was explored in a further experiment. The scotopic increment-threshold was established for a short wave-length test spot on a large, short wave-length background. Then a steady red circular patch, conspicuous to cones, but below the increment-threshold for rod vision, was added to the background. When it was small, but not when it was large, this patch substantially raised the threshold for the test.4. When a similar experiment was made using, instead of a red patch, a short wave-length one that was conspicuous in rod vision, threshold varied similarly with patch size. These results support the notion that the influence of small backgrounds arises in some size-selective mechanism that is indifferent to the receptor system in which visual signals originate. Two corollaries of this hypothesis were tested in further experiments.5. A small patch was chosen so as to lift scotopic threshold substantially above its level on a uniform field. This threshold elevation persisted for minutes after extinction of the patch, but only when the patch was small. A large patch made bright enough to elevate threshold by as much as the small one gave rise to no corresponding after-effect.6. Increment-thresholds for a small red test spot, detected through cones, followed the same course whether a large uniform background was long- or short wave-length. When the background was small, threshold upon the short wave-length one began to rise for much lower levels of background illumination, suggesting the influence of rods. This was confirmed by repeating the experiment after a strong bleach when the cones, but not rods, had fully recovered their sensitivity. Increment-thresholds upon small backgrounds of long or short wave-lengths then followed the same course.", "contents": "Rod-cone interaction in light adaptation. 1. The increment-threshold for a small test spot in the peripheral visual field was measured against backgrounds that were red or blue.2. When the background was a large uniform field, threshold over most of the scotopic range depended exactly upon the background's effect upon rods. This confirms Flamant & Stiles (1948). But when the background was small, threshold was elevated more by a long wave-length than a short wave-length background equated for its effect on rods.3. The influence of cones was explored in a further experiment. The scotopic increment-threshold was established for a short wave-length test spot on a large, short wave-length background. Then a steady red circular patch, conspicuous to cones, but below the increment-threshold for rod vision, was added to the background. When it was small, but not when it was large, this patch substantially raised the threshold for the test.4. When a similar experiment was made using, instead of a red patch, a short wave-length one that was conspicuous in rod vision, threshold varied similarly with patch size. These results support the notion that the influence of small backgrounds arises in some size-selective mechanism that is indifferent to the receptor system in which visual signals originate. Two corollaries of this hypothesis were tested in further experiments.5. A small patch was chosen so as to lift scotopic threshold substantially above its level on a uniform field. This threshold elevation persisted for minutes after extinction of the patch, but only when the patch was small. A large patch made bright enough to elevate threshold by as much as the small one gave rise to no corresponding after-effect.6. Increment-thresholds for a small red test spot, detected through cones, followed the same course whether a large uniform background was long- or short wave-length. When the background was small, threshold upon the short wave-length one began to rise for much lower levels of background illumination, suggesting the influence of rods. This was confirmed by repeating the experiment after a strong bleach when the cones, but not rods, had fully recovered their sensitivity. Increment-thresholds upon small backgrounds of long or short wave-lengths then followed the same course."}
{"id": "PMID:894603", "title": "Differentiation of electrical and contractile properties of slow and fast muscle fibres.", "content": "1. The development of the electrical and contractile properties of slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles of the chick was studied. 2. At the earliest ages studied (14-16 days of incubation), the membrane resistance was similar in both muscles. Subsequently the membrane resistance of PLD decreased, and that of ALD increased. Electrical differentiation continued after hatching. 3. The contractile speeds of ALD and PLD muscles were similar in embryos at 14-16 days of incubation, and suddenly differentiated at 17-18 days. Unlike the electrical properties, contractile speeds changed little after hatching. 4. It is suggested that the different electrical properties of the membrane of the two types of muscle fibre develop as a result of the particular type of excitation imposed by their nerves.", "contents": "Differentiation of electrical and contractile properties of slow and fast muscle fibres. 1. The development of the electrical and contractile properties of slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles of the chick was studied. 2. At the earliest ages studied (14-16 days of incubation), the membrane resistance was similar in both muscles. Subsequently the membrane resistance of PLD decreased, and that of ALD increased. Electrical differentiation continued after hatching. 3. The contractile speeds of ALD and PLD muscles were similar in embryos at 14-16 days of incubation, and suddenly differentiated at 17-18 days. Unlike the electrical properties, contractile speeds changed little after hatching. 4. It is suggested that the different electrical properties of the membrane of the two types of muscle fibre develop as a result of the particular type of excitation imposed by their nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:894604", "title": "Absorption of amino penicillins from everted rat intestine.", "content": "1. Using an in vitro everted gut sac method based on that of Wilson & Wiseman (1954), a number of amino penicillins were tested in order to identify the involvement of any specialized transport mechanisms in their absorption across rat intestine. 2. Only one of the amino penicillins, cyclacillin (1-amino-cyclohexyl penicillin) was shown to be actively transported. The other penicillins appeared to diffuse passively across the intestine. 3. Cyclacillin was found to concentrate against a gradient at 37 degrees C but not at 19 degrees C. 4. Transport of cyclacillin across the mucosal membrane was saturated at mucosal concentrations greater than 1000 microgram/ml. 5. The rate of the forward flux of cyclacillin was many times that of its back flux. 6. No relationship between the active transport of cyclacillin and that of amino acids could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Absorption of amino penicillins from everted rat intestine. 1. Using an in vitro everted gut sac method based on that of Wilson & Wiseman (1954), a number of amino penicillins were tested in order to identify the involvement of any specialized transport mechanisms in their absorption across rat intestine. 2. Only one of the amino penicillins, cyclacillin (1-amino-cyclohexyl penicillin) was shown to be actively transported. The other penicillins appeared to diffuse passively across the intestine. 3. Cyclacillin was found to concentrate against a gradient at 37 degrees C but not at 19 degrees C. 4. Transport of cyclacillin across the mucosal membrane was saturated at mucosal concentrations greater than 1000 microgram/ml. 5. The rate of the forward flux of cyclacillin was many times that of its back flux. 6. No relationship between the active transport of cyclacillin and that of amino acids could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:894605", "title": "Baroreflex inhibition of the human sinus node: importance of stimulus intensity, duration, and rate of pressure change.", "content": "1. Carotid baroreceptors were stimulated with electronically controlled neck suction in five healthy young men and pulse interval prolongation was measured. Timing of the onset of stimuli in relation to cardiac activity was held constant, and stimulus intensity, duration, and dP/dt were varied independently. 2. In the subjects studied, sinus node responses to neck suction were proportional to dP/dt. However, variations of stimulus dP/dt within or above the normal range for arterial dP/dt did not influence the magnitude of integrated baroreflex responses, or the earliest portion of baroreflex sinus node inhibition. 3. Carotid baroreflex responses were linear over a wide range which extended beyond the normal range for human systolic arterial pressures. 4. Saturation of the carotid baroreceptor-cardiac reflex occurred at distending pressures of about 160 mmHg. 5. The average baroreflex responses of the group studied were highly reproducible over time. 6. Baroreflex gain correlated very strongly with base line pulse interval. 7. The magnitude of baroreflex responses increased linearly with the duration of carotid sinus distension and reached a maximum level with stimuli lasting 0-5 sec or more. 8. The results demonstrate that carotid sinus transfer characteristics can be measured in normal man, and that human response patterns are strikingly similar to those observed earlier in experimental animals.", "contents": "Baroreflex inhibition of the human sinus node: importance of stimulus intensity, duration, and rate of pressure change. 1. Carotid baroreceptors were stimulated with electronically controlled neck suction in five healthy young men and pulse interval prolongation was measured. Timing of the onset of stimuli in relation to cardiac activity was held constant, and stimulus intensity, duration, and dP/dt were varied independently. 2. In the subjects studied, sinus node responses to neck suction were proportional to dP/dt. However, variations of stimulus dP/dt within or above the normal range for arterial dP/dt did not influence the magnitude of integrated baroreflex responses, or the earliest portion of baroreflex sinus node inhibition. 3. Carotid baroreflex responses were linear over a wide range which extended beyond the normal range for human systolic arterial pressures. 4. Saturation of the carotid baroreceptor-cardiac reflex occurred at distending pressures of about 160 mmHg. 5. The average baroreflex responses of the group studied were highly reproducible over time. 6. Baroreflex gain correlated very strongly with base line pulse interval. 7. The magnitude of baroreflex responses increased linearly with the duration of carotid sinus distension and reached a maximum level with stimuli lasting 0-5 sec or more. 8. The results demonstrate that carotid sinus transfer characteristics can be measured in normal man, and that human response patterns are strikingly similar to those observed earlier in experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:894606", "title": "Adaptation of the human carotid baroreceptor-cardiac reflex.", "content": "1. Four intensities of neck suction were applied for 5 sec in healthy young men to determine the time course of decay of carotid baroreflex sinus node inhibition. 2. Peak responses occurred at about 1-25 sec after the onset of baroreceptor stimulation and were proportional to the intensity of stimulation. 3. Responses declined steadily during the remaining period of stimulation; the rate of decay of sinus node inhibition was decribed well by a power function and was proportional to the intensity of baroreceptor stimulation. 4. beta-adrenergic blockade did not alter the rate of decay of abroreflex sinus node inhibition. 5. These results suggests that adaptation of the integrated baroreceptor-cardiac reflex occurs in man and follows the same time course as adaptation of individual baroreceptor units an experimental animals.", "contents": "Adaptation of the human carotid baroreceptor-cardiac reflex. 1. Four intensities of neck suction were applied for 5 sec in healthy young men to determine the time course of decay of carotid baroreflex sinus node inhibition. 2. Peak responses occurred at about 1-25 sec after the onset of baroreceptor stimulation and were proportional to the intensity of stimulation. 3. Responses declined steadily during the remaining period of stimulation; the rate of decay of sinus node inhibition was decribed well by a power function and was proportional to the intensity of baroreceptor stimulation. 4. beta-adrenergic blockade did not alter the rate of decay of abroreflex sinus node inhibition. 5. These results suggests that adaptation of the integrated baroreceptor-cardiac reflex occurs in man and follows the same time course as adaptation of individual baroreceptor units an experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:894607", "title": "Number of glomeruli in normal and hypertrophied kidneys of mice and guinea-pigs.", "content": "1. In mice and guinea-pigs, the number of glomeruli was counted in kidneys during normal growth and in hypertrophy induced by unilateral nephrectomy. 2. In mice, the number of glomeruli increased sharply during the first 2 weeks in life, and more slowly afterwards. Unilateral nephrectomy, when performed during this period of natural increase, induced the formation of supplementary nephrons in the contralateral kidney. 3. In guinea-pigs, the number of glomeruli was almost complete at birth. No evidence of a supplementary increase in the number of nephrons was found in hypertrophied kidneys following unilateral nephrectomy. 4. These results, together wit previous data obtained in the rat, suggest that the ability to induce new nephrons after unilateral nephrectomy in different species would depend more on the state of kidney maturity at birth than on differences in the renal mechanisms which lead to hypertrophy.", "contents": "Number of glomeruli in normal and hypertrophied kidneys of mice and guinea-pigs. 1. In mice and guinea-pigs, the number of glomeruli was counted in kidneys during normal growth and in hypertrophy induced by unilateral nephrectomy. 2. In mice, the number of glomeruli increased sharply during the first 2 weeks in life, and more slowly afterwards. Unilateral nephrectomy, when performed during this period of natural increase, induced the formation of supplementary nephrons in the contralateral kidney. 3. In guinea-pigs, the number of glomeruli was almost complete at birth. No evidence of a supplementary increase in the number of nephrons was found in hypertrophied kidneys following unilateral nephrectomy. 4. These results, together wit previous data obtained in the rat, suggest that the ability to induce new nephrons after unilateral nephrectomy in different species would depend more on the state of kidney maturity at birth than on differences in the renal mechanisms which lead to hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:894608", "title": "Suppression of rat stomach histidine decarboxylase activity by histamine: H2-receptor-mediated feed-back.", "content": "1. Gastrin activates rat stomach histidine decarboxylase. Exogenous histamine suppressed the basal enzyme activity in unoperated, in nephrectomized, in vagally denervated and in antrectomized rats, and counteracted the pentagastrin-induced enzyme activation in unoperated rats.2. Kinetic analysis of enzyme-catalysed histidine decarboxylation in extracts from untreated vagotomized and from histamine-treated vagotomized rats showed that the histamine-induced suppression of histidine decarboxylase activity probably reflects a reduced enzyme concentration. Moreover, the enzyme half-life in vagotomized rats after treatment with histamine was shorter than the half-life observed after inhibition of enzyme synthesis. These observations suggest that administration of histamine not only inhibits enzyme synthesis but also causes an accelerated rate of elimination of histidine decarboxylase.3. Intravenous infusion of histamine caused marked displacement of the pentagastrin dose-response curve, in a manner suggesting a reduced sensitivity to pentagastrin.4. After H(2)-receptor blockade, but not after H(1)-receptor blockade, histamine was less effective in suppressing the enzyme activity. Furthermore, H(2)-receptor blockade augmented the pentagastrin-induced enzyme activation.5. The results suggest that histamine (via H(2)-receptors) reduces the sensitivity of the histamine-storing cells to gastrin and that H(2)-receptor blockade induces the opposite effects.6. We propose that the histamine-storing cells in the rat stomach are endowed with H(2)-receptors and that exogenous histamine is capable of acting directly on the histamine cells. This may reflect a physiological control mechanism whereby mobilized endogenous histamine modifies its own synthesis and release.", "contents": "Suppression of rat stomach histidine decarboxylase activity by histamine: H2-receptor-mediated feed-back. 1. Gastrin activates rat stomach histidine decarboxylase. Exogenous histamine suppressed the basal enzyme activity in unoperated, in nephrectomized, in vagally denervated and in antrectomized rats, and counteracted the pentagastrin-induced enzyme activation in unoperated rats.2. Kinetic analysis of enzyme-catalysed histidine decarboxylation in extracts from untreated vagotomized and from histamine-treated vagotomized rats showed that the histamine-induced suppression of histidine decarboxylase activity probably reflects a reduced enzyme concentration. Moreover, the enzyme half-life in vagotomized rats after treatment with histamine was shorter than the half-life observed after inhibition of enzyme synthesis. These observations suggest that administration of histamine not only inhibits enzyme synthesis but also causes an accelerated rate of elimination of histidine decarboxylase.3. Intravenous infusion of histamine caused marked displacement of the pentagastrin dose-response curve, in a manner suggesting a reduced sensitivity to pentagastrin.4. After H(2)-receptor blockade, but not after H(1)-receptor blockade, histamine was less effective in suppressing the enzyme activity. Furthermore, H(2)-receptor blockade augmented the pentagastrin-induced enzyme activation.5. The results suggest that histamine (via H(2)-receptors) reduces the sensitivity of the histamine-storing cells to gastrin and that H(2)-receptor blockade induces the opposite effects.6. We propose that the histamine-storing cells in the rat stomach are endowed with H(2)-receptors and that exogenous histamine is capable of acting directly on the histamine cells. This may reflect a physiological control mechanism whereby mobilized endogenous histamine modifies its own synthesis and release."}
{"id": "PMID:894609", "title": "The control of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis in the rat.", "content": "1. The effect of intraperitoneal administration of propranolol (4, 8 and 12 mg/kg) on colonic temperature was studied in twelve rats during exposure to ambient temperatures of 30, 15 and 5 degrees C. 2. At 30 degrees C, propranolol had no effect on colonic temperature; at 15 and 5 degrees C, however, 4 mg propanolol/kg induced a fall in colonic temperature of about 0-8 degrees C, whereas 8 and 12 mg propanolol/kg induced a fall of about 1-5-2-0 degrees C. 3. Assuming that the temperature regulations system of the rat has a proportional controller and that the effect of propranolol was due to the blockade of non-shivering thermogenesis, the results are interpreted as showing that shivering is activated only when heat loss exceeds the capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis.", "contents": "The control of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis in the rat. 1. The effect of intraperitoneal administration of propranolol (4, 8 and 12 mg/kg) on colonic temperature was studied in twelve rats during exposure to ambient temperatures of 30, 15 and 5 degrees C. 2. At 30 degrees C, propranolol had no effect on colonic temperature; at 15 and 5 degrees C, however, 4 mg propanolol/kg induced a fall in colonic temperature of about 0-8 degrees C, whereas 8 and 12 mg propanolol/kg induced a fall of about 1-5-2-0 degrees C. 3. Assuming that the temperature regulations system of the rat has a proportional controller and that the effect of propranolol was due to the blockade of non-shivering thermogenesis, the results are interpreted as showing that shivering is activated only when heat loss exceeds the capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:894610", "title": "Temperature regulation and oxygen consumption in the developing macropod marsupial Setonix brachyurus.", "content": "1. When kept at ambient temperatures of 17-5 and 24 degrees C the colonic temperatures of joeys younger than 166 days declined to near ambient temperature. Pouch joeys of 166 days and older were however able to maintain their colonic temperatures at about 35 degrees C. 2. Joeys first developed the ability to sustain high O2 consumption rates in response to cooling, when aged between 144 and 169 days. Only when this latter facility was fully developed in ontogeny could body temperature be maintained in a cool environment. 3. When joeys older than 130 days were kept in a metabolism chamber at pouch temperature (37-5 degrees C) and at high humidity their body temperatures quickly rose to lethal levels, demonstrating the need for cooling mechanisms whilst still contained within the pouch.", "contents": "Temperature regulation and oxygen consumption in the developing macropod marsupial Setonix brachyurus. 1. When kept at ambient temperatures of 17-5 and 24 degrees C the colonic temperatures of joeys younger than 166 days declined to near ambient temperature. Pouch joeys of 166 days and older were however able to maintain their colonic temperatures at about 35 degrees C. 2. Joeys first developed the ability to sustain high O2 consumption rates in response to cooling, when aged between 144 and 169 days. Only when this latter facility was fully developed in ontogeny could body temperature be maintained in a cool environment. 3. When joeys older than 130 days were kept in a metabolism chamber at pouch temperature (37-5 degrees C) and at high humidity their body temperatures quickly rose to lethal levels, demonstrating the need for cooling mechanisms whilst still contained within the pouch."}
{"id": "PMID:894611", "title": "Regulation of compensatory kidney hypertrophy by its own products.", "content": "1. The ligation of blood vessels of one kidney of adult rats resulted in the compensatory hypertrophy of the other kidney. In most animals the rate of hypertrophy was indistinguishable from that observed after unilateral nephrectomy, but in a few cases the onset was retarded when the renal artery alone had been ligated and the collateral circulation increased.2. When the blood vessels of one kidney of adult rats were ligated and the cortex was excised, the rate of compensatory renal hypertrophy was similar to that observed after unilateral nephrectomy.3. In animals operated for simultaneous partial hepatectomy and unilateral nephrectomy, there was no sign of compensatory renal hypertrophy while the liver was undergoing regeneration. Renal hypertrophy started after 7 days, when about 98% of the amount of liver removed had been regenerated.4. Neither aseptic autolysis of one kidney following suppression of its blood supply, nor unilateral nephrectomy affected the rate of liver regeneration after simultaneous partial hepatectomy.5. Total splenectomy did not affect the rate of compensatory renal hypertrophy following unilateral nephrectomy.6. The heterotopic graft of renal cortical, but not of medullary, cells inhibited compensatory renal hypertrophy in adult rats. The removal of the graft after 14 days was followed by the resumption of compensatory hypertrophy.7. The inhibiting action of fractions of renal cortical extracts fractionated on Sephadex G100 resin and DEAE-52 cellulose were assayed on the ;growth' of renal explants reared in vitro. The final material, though only partially purified, proved to have an inhibiting activity between 250 and 500 times greater than that of the initial extract.8. When injected into unilaterally nephrectomized rats, the partially purified extract from the renal cortex had an inhibiting effect on compensatory renal hypertrophy.9. Immunofluorescence technique showed that the partially purified cortical extract affected the proximal convoluted tubes specifically, irrespective of animal species.", "contents": "Regulation of compensatory kidney hypertrophy by its own products. 1. The ligation of blood vessels of one kidney of adult rats resulted in the compensatory hypertrophy of the other kidney. In most animals the rate of hypertrophy was indistinguishable from that observed after unilateral nephrectomy, but in a few cases the onset was retarded when the renal artery alone had been ligated and the collateral circulation increased.2. When the blood vessels of one kidney of adult rats were ligated and the cortex was excised, the rate of compensatory renal hypertrophy was similar to that observed after unilateral nephrectomy.3. In animals operated for simultaneous partial hepatectomy and unilateral nephrectomy, there was no sign of compensatory renal hypertrophy while the liver was undergoing regeneration. Renal hypertrophy started after 7 days, when about 98% of the amount of liver removed had been regenerated.4. Neither aseptic autolysis of one kidney following suppression of its blood supply, nor unilateral nephrectomy affected the rate of liver regeneration after simultaneous partial hepatectomy.5. Total splenectomy did not affect the rate of compensatory renal hypertrophy following unilateral nephrectomy.6. The heterotopic graft of renal cortical, but not of medullary, cells inhibited compensatory renal hypertrophy in adult rats. The removal of the graft after 14 days was followed by the resumption of compensatory hypertrophy.7. The inhibiting action of fractions of renal cortical extracts fractionated on Sephadex G100 resin and DEAE-52 cellulose were assayed on the ;growth' of renal explants reared in vitro. The final material, though only partially purified, proved to have an inhibiting activity between 250 and 500 times greater than that of the initial extract.8. When injected into unilaterally nephrectomized rats, the partially purified extract from the renal cortex had an inhibiting effect on compensatory renal hypertrophy.9. Immunofluorescence technique showed that the partially purified cortical extract affected the proximal convoluted tubes specifically, irrespective of animal species."}
{"id": "PMID:894612", "title": "Pancreatic acinar cells: localization of acetylcholine receptors and the importance of chloride and calcium for acetylcholine-evoked depolarization.", "content": "1. Intracellular micro-electrode recordings of acinar cell membrane potential and resistance were made from the mouse pancreas superfused in vitro. The acinar cells under investigation were stimulated by micro-iontophoretic ACh application from an extracellular AChCl-filled micro-electrode.2. Passing short-lasting ejecting current pulses through the AChCl-electrode caused acinar cell depolarization when the electrode was in an extracellular position not far (< 50 mum) from an acinus impaled by a KCl micro-electrode. After insertion of the AChCl electrode into a neighbouring acinar cell, electrically coupled to the acinar cell already impaled by the KCl-electrode, ejecting ACh current pulses only affected the membrane potential in a direct electrical manner whereas there was no sign of an effect of ACh on the membrane potential.3. Replacing extracellular chloride by sulphate caused a marked increase in the amplitude of the ACh-evoked depolarization. If the membrane potential was recorded with a KCl electrode ACh continued to evoke very large depolarizations even after more than 1 hr exposure to Cl-free solution. If the membrane potential was recorded with a K-citrate electrode the effect of Cl-removal was only transient. Removal of Na(+) during exposure to Cl-free solution reduced the amplitude of the ACh-evoked depolarization somewhat. Readmission of Cl after more than 1 hr of Cl deprivation caused an immediate reversal of the ACh effect into a hyperpolarization.4. Removal of extracellular Ca(2+) caused a marked reduction in the amplitude of small depolarizations evoked by just suprathreshold doses of ACh, whereas there was very little effect on larger depolarizations evoked by maximal or supramaximal ACh ejections. The effect of Ca removal was fully reversible. Addition of Mn after Ca-deprivation was as efficient as Ca in restoring normal electrophysiological responses to small doses of ACh.5. The acinar cell membrane seems only to be responsive to ACh added to the extracellular side and ACh probably causes an increase in membrane Cl permeability in addition to the previously described effects on Na and K permeability. Ca may be important in determining ACh receptor sensitivity.", "contents": "Pancreatic acinar cells: localization of acetylcholine receptors and the importance of chloride and calcium for acetylcholine-evoked depolarization. 1. Intracellular micro-electrode recordings of acinar cell membrane potential and resistance were made from the mouse pancreas superfused in vitro. The acinar cells under investigation were stimulated by micro-iontophoretic ACh application from an extracellular AChCl-filled micro-electrode.2. Passing short-lasting ejecting current pulses through the AChCl-electrode caused acinar cell depolarization when the electrode was in an extracellular position not far (< 50 mum) from an acinus impaled by a KCl micro-electrode. After insertion of the AChCl electrode into a neighbouring acinar cell, electrically coupled to the acinar cell already impaled by the KCl-electrode, ejecting ACh current pulses only affected the membrane potential in a direct electrical manner whereas there was no sign of an effect of ACh on the membrane potential.3. Replacing extracellular chloride by sulphate caused a marked increase in the amplitude of the ACh-evoked depolarization. If the membrane potential was recorded with a KCl electrode ACh continued to evoke very large depolarizations even after more than 1 hr exposure to Cl-free solution. If the membrane potential was recorded with a K-citrate electrode the effect of Cl-removal was only transient. Removal of Na(+) during exposure to Cl-free solution reduced the amplitude of the ACh-evoked depolarization somewhat. Readmission of Cl after more than 1 hr of Cl deprivation caused an immediate reversal of the ACh effect into a hyperpolarization.4. Removal of extracellular Ca(2+) caused a marked reduction in the amplitude of small depolarizations evoked by just suprathreshold doses of ACh, whereas there was very little effect on larger depolarizations evoked by maximal or supramaximal ACh ejections. The effect of Ca removal was fully reversible. Addition of Mn after Ca-deprivation was as efficient as Ca in restoring normal electrophysiological responses to small doses of ACh.5. The acinar cell membrane seems only to be responsive to ACh added to the extracellular side and ACh probably causes an increase in membrane Cl permeability in addition to the previously described effects on Na and K permeability. Ca may be important in determining ACh receptor sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:894613", "title": "Pancreatic acinar cells: the acetylcholine equilibrium potential and its ionic dependency.", "content": "1. Two glass micro-electrodes were inserted into neighbouring cells from rat or mouse pancreatic segments, superfused in vitro. The tip of a third glass micro-electrode, filled with 2 M-AChCl, was placed just outside the acinus under investigation. Membrane potential and resistance, and changes in these parameters in response to short pulses of ACh stimulation, were recorded.2. The resting current-voltage relationship, obtained by injecting 100 msec depolarizing or hyperpolarizing current pulses through one of the intracellular micro-electrodes and recording the membrane potential with the other intracellular electrode, was linear within the range -5 to -60 mV.3. Injecting depolarizing or hyperpolarizing current (d.c.) through one of the intracellular micro-electrodes, the membrane potential (as measured with the other intracellular micro-electrode) could be set at various levels. The effect of ACh at different membrane potentials was investigated. When the acinar cell membrane was hyperpolarized, the amplitude of ACh-evoked depolarization was increased, while ACh-evoked depolarization was reduced when the membrane potential was reduced by depolarizing current, and finally changed into a hyperpolarization at very low membrane potentials. In each acinus investigated (rat and mouse), there was a linear relationship between amplitude of ACh-evoked potential change (DeltaV) (+ value or - value according to polarity) and resting membrane potential. During superfusion with control solution, the value of the membrane potential at which ACh did not evoke a potential change (E(ACh)) was about -15 mV in the mouse and about -20 mV in the rat. During superfusion with a chloride-free sulphate-containing solution (steady state), a linear relationship between DeltaV and resting membrane potential was again found but E(ACh) (mouse) was about +10 mV.4. A continuous rough estimate of E(ACh) was obtained by injecting repetitively depolarizing current pulses (100 msec) through one intracellular micro-electrode; in this way, the effect of ACh measured by the other intracellular electrode could be assessed simultaneously at the spontaneous resting level, and at a depolarized level. The direction of change in E(ACh) following acute changes in the superfusion fluid ion composition was assessed. Replacing extracellular chloride by sulphate caused an immediate change in E(ACh) in the positive direction. Re-admission of chloride, after a long period of chloride ion deprivation, caused an immediate sharp change in E(ACh) in the negative direction. Replacing extracellular sodium by Tris caused an immediate transient negative change in E(ACh). In contrast, taking away extracellular calcium changed E(ACh) in a positive direction. Augmenting extracellular potassium concentration to 40 mM caused a change in E(ACh) in the positive direction.5. At a membrane potential (V) equal to E(ACh) the sum of ionic currents evoked by the action of ACh is zero. Using the Goldman treatment, it appears that ACh increases membrane Na, K and Cl permeability. The approximate relative ion permeabilities of the pathways opened up by ACh are: P(Na)/P(K) = 2.5 and P(Cl)/P(K) = 5. At V = E(ACh), the approximate relative sizes of the ACh-evoked currents are: I(Na)/I(K) = 2.6 and I(Cl)/I(K) = 1.6 ACh, therefore, causes influx of Na and Cl and a small efflux of K.", "contents": "Pancreatic acinar cells: the acetylcholine equilibrium potential and its ionic dependency. 1. Two glass micro-electrodes were inserted into neighbouring cells from rat or mouse pancreatic segments, superfused in vitro. The tip of a third glass micro-electrode, filled with 2 M-AChCl, was placed just outside the acinus under investigation. Membrane potential and resistance, and changes in these parameters in response to short pulses of ACh stimulation, were recorded.2. The resting current-voltage relationship, obtained by injecting 100 msec depolarizing or hyperpolarizing current pulses through one of the intracellular micro-electrodes and recording the membrane potential with the other intracellular electrode, was linear within the range -5 to -60 mV.3. Injecting depolarizing or hyperpolarizing current (d.c.) through one of the intracellular micro-electrodes, the membrane potential (as measured with the other intracellular micro-electrode) could be set at various levels. The effect of ACh at different membrane potentials was investigated. When the acinar cell membrane was hyperpolarized, the amplitude of ACh-evoked depolarization was increased, while ACh-evoked depolarization was reduced when the membrane potential was reduced by depolarizing current, and finally changed into a hyperpolarization at very low membrane potentials. In each acinus investigated (rat and mouse), there was a linear relationship between amplitude of ACh-evoked potential change (DeltaV) (+ value or - value according to polarity) and resting membrane potential. During superfusion with control solution, the value of the membrane potential at which ACh did not evoke a potential change (E(ACh)) was about -15 mV in the mouse and about -20 mV in the rat. During superfusion with a chloride-free sulphate-containing solution (steady state), a linear relationship between DeltaV and resting membrane potential was again found but E(ACh) (mouse) was about +10 mV.4. A continuous rough estimate of E(ACh) was obtained by injecting repetitively depolarizing current pulses (100 msec) through one intracellular micro-electrode; in this way, the effect of ACh measured by the other intracellular electrode could be assessed simultaneously at the spontaneous resting level, and at a depolarized level. The direction of change in E(ACh) following acute changes in the superfusion fluid ion composition was assessed. Replacing extracellular chloride by sulphate caused an immediate change in E(ACh) in the positive direction. Re-admission of chloride, after a long period of chloride ion deprivation, caused an immediate sharp change in E(ACh) in the negative direction. Replacing extracellular sodium by Tris caused an immediate transient negative change in E(ACh). In contrast, taking away extracellular calcium changed E(ACh) in a positive direction. Augmenting extracellular potassium concentration to 40 mM caused a change in E(ACh) in the positive direction.5. At a membrane potential (V) equal to E(ACh) the sum of ionic currents evoked by the action of ACh is zero. Using the Goldman treatment, it appears that ACh increases membrane Na, K and Cl permeability. The approximate relative ion permeabilities of the pathways opened up by ACh are: P(Na)/P(K) = 2.5 and P(Cl)/P(K) = 5. At V = E(ACh), the approximate relative sizes of the ACh-evoked currents are: I(Na)/I(K) = 2.6 and I(Cl)/I(K) = 1.6 ACh, therefore, causes influx of Na and Cl and a small efflux of K."}
{"id": "PMID:894614", "title": "The carotid chemoreceptor input to the respiratory neurones of the nucleus of tractus solitarus.", "content": "1. An investigation has been made into the connexions between the carotid body chemoreceptors and the dorsal respiratory neurones of the cat's medulla.2. In confirmation of previous work these neurones were found to be all inspiratory in firing pattern and to fall into two categories, Ralpha (forty-four units) which fire only with the central inspiratory rhythm and Rbeta (thirty-two neurones) that are also excited by lung inflation. Both categories were shown to be excited by stimuli delivered to the carotid bodies during inspiration but, with a single exception, not during expiration.3. When Rbeta neurones were made to fire tonically in expiration by maintained lung inflation, chemoreceptor activation inhibited this discharge in 7/11 cases, the remainder being unaffected.4. Iontophoretically applied DL-homocysteic acid or glutamate made both Ralpha and Rbeta neurones fire tonically in expiration. Chemoreceptor stimulation during expiration inhibited this activity in all neurones tested (nine Ralpha and three Rbeta cells).5. Using the measurement of the antidromic latency to spinal stimulation as an index of membrane potential, evidence was obtained that any subthreshold influence of the chemoreceptors on dorsal respiratory neurones during expiration was inhibitory (9/18 cases).6. It is concluded that chemoreceptors do not even subliminally excite dorsal inspiratory neurones during expiration; such influence as they have then is inhibitory. Possible reasons for this difference in chemoreceptor influence during inspiration and expiration are discussed. It is suggested that chemoreceptor excitation reaches them only as part of an enhanced central inspiratory drive from an as yet unknown source.", "contents": "The carotid chemoreceptor input to the respiratory neurones of the nucleus of tractus solitarus. 1. An investigation has been made into the connexions between the carotid body chemoreceptors and the dorsal respiratory neurones of the cat's medulla.2. In confirmation of previous work these neurones were found to be all inspiratory in firing pattern and to fall into two categories, Ralpha (forty-four units) which fire only with the central inspiratory rhythm and Rbeta (thirty-two neurones) that are also excited by lung inflation. Both categories were shown to be excited by stimuli delivered to the carotid bodies during inspiration but, with a single exception, not during expiration.3. When Rbeta neurones were made to fire tonically in expiration by maintained lung inflation, chemoreceptor activation inhibited this discharge in 7/11 cases, the remainder being unaffected.4. Iontophoretically applied DL-homocysteic acid or glutamate made both Ralpha and Rbeta neurones fire tonically in expiration. Chemoreceptor stimulation during expiration inhibited this activity in all neurones tested (nine Ralpha and three Rbeta cells).5. Using the measurement of the antidromic latency to spinal stimulation as an index of membrane potential, evidence was obtained that any subthreshold influence of the chemoreceptors on dorsal respiratory neurones during expiration was inhibitory (9/18 cases).6. It is concluded that chemoreceptors do not even subliminally excite dorsal inspiratory neurones during expiration; such influence as they have then is inhibitory. Possible reasons for this difference in chemoreceptor influence during inspiration and expiration are discussed. It is suggested that chemoreceptor excitation reaches them only as part of an enhanced central inspiratory drive from an as yet unknown source."}
{"id": "PMID:894616", "title": "[Biceps brachii motor unit frequency and recruitment during static work (author's transl)].", "content": "The recruitment and the changes in firing frequency of biceps brachii motor units (MU) were studied during static work in normal man. The activity of single MUs have been followed from minimal to maximal levels of force, using three selective wire-electrodes inserted in the muscle. 1. The increase of MUs firing rate contributes to the force increase during the whole of the range of forces. However, the contribution of increased firing rate is more important at low force levels. 2. The firing rate variability is more important for low levels of force. This may be one of the mechanisms by which the summation of the twitches leads to a stable contraction. 3. At each level of force, the diverse MUs fire at the same mean frequency, except during the \"catching up phase\" which follows the start of the 'MUS activity. 4. The force generated by the muscle varies linearly with the number of active MUs, i.e. the MU recruitment has a constant contribution to the increase of force. 5. The comparison between firing rate and MU recruitment suggests that the first mechanism is more important f or low levels of force, while MU recruitment becomes more important at higher force levels.", "contents": "[Biceps brachii motor unit frequency and recruitment during static work (author's transl)]. The recruitment and the changes in firing frequency of biceps brachii motor units (MU) were studied during static work in normal man. The activity of single MUs have been followed from minimal to maximal levels of force, using three selective wire-electrodes inserted in the muscle. 1. The increase of MUs firing rate contributes to the force increase during the whole of the range of forces. However, the contribution of increased firing rate is more important at low force levels. 2. The firing rate variability is more important for low levels of force. This may be one of the mechanisms by which the summation of the twitches leads to a stable contraction. 3. At each level of force, the diverse MUs fire at the same mean frequency, except during the \"catching up phase\" which follows the start of the 'MUS activity. 4. The force generated by the muscle varies linearly with the number of active MUs, i.e. the MU recruitment has a constant contribution to the increase of force. 5. The comparison between firing rate and MU recruitment suggests that the first mechanism is more important f or low levels of force, while MU recruitment becomes more important at higher force levels."}
{"id": "PMID:894617", "title": "The effect of altering self-descriptive behavior on self-concept and classroom behavior.", "content": "This research examined the impact of operant reinforcement of positive self-descriptive behavior on the self-concepts and classroom behavior of 60 fifth-grade students. Three groups of 10 male and 10 female low self-concept students wrote a series of eight essays describing their school performance. The first group (P) received written reinforcement for positive self-descriptions of their school performance. The second group (G) received an equal number of reinforcements for general statements. The third group (C) received no reinforcement for written statements. Three areas of self-concept were measured with the Primary Self-Concept Inventory: personal-self, social-self, and intellectual-self. A frequency count was also made of nine classroom behaviors thought to be influenced by self-concept. The P group displayed increases in the frequency of positive self-descriptive statement and in intellectual self-concept but no changes in personal self-concept, social self-concept, or the nine classroom behaviors. The G and C groups showed no change in self-description, self-concept, or the nine classroom behaviors.", "contents": "The effect of altering self-descriptive behavior on self-concept and classroom behavior. This research examined the impact of operant reinforcement of positive self-descriptive behavior on the self-concepts and classroom behavior of 60 fifth-grade students. Three groups of 10 male and 10 female low self-concept students wrote a series of eight essays describing their school performance. The first group (P) received written reinforcement for positive self-descriptions of their school performance. The second group (G) received an equal number of reinforcements for general statements. The third group (C) received no reinforcement for written statements. Three areas of self-concept were measured with the Primary Self-Concept Inventory: personal-self, social-self, and intellectual-self. A frequency count was also made of nine classroom behaviors thought to be influenced by self-concept. The P group displayed increases in the frequency of positive self-descriptive statement and in intellectual self-concept but no changes in personal self-concept, social self-concept, or the nine classroom behaviors. The G and C groups showed no change in self-description, self-concept, or the nine classroom behaviors."}
{"id": "PMID:894618", "title": "Relationships between psychological differentiation and Cattell's personality traits.", "content": "It was hypothesized that individuals who are field-dependent are discriminated from those who are field-independent by Cattell's personality factor A, F, and Q2. A sample of adults (N=68 male and female graduate students) was tested by means of Oltman's Portable Rod-and-Frame Test, field-dependence groups thus being established. Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire was then administered to the sample. Discriminant analysis of the data resulted in the research hypothesis being supported. Thus, the hypothesized theoretical link between Witkin's psychological differentiation personality dimension and certain Cattellian personality factors was supported empirically. An exploratory stepwise analysis indicated that the Cattellian factors A, L, O, and M may also form a discriminant function which distinguishes between the two groups.", "contents": "Relationships between psychological differentiation and Cattell's personality traits. It was hypothesized that individuals who are field-dependent are discriminated from those who are field-independent by Cattell's personality factor A, F, and Q2. A sample of adults (N=68 male and female graduate students) was tested by means of Oltman's Portable Rod-and-Frame Test, field-dependence groups thus being established. Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire was then administered to the sample. Discriminant analysis of the data resulted in the research hypothesis being supported. Thus, the hypothesized theoretical link between Witkin's psychological differentiation personality dimension and certain Cattellian personality factors was supported empirically. An exploratory stepwise analysis indicated that the Cattellian factors A, L, O, and M may also form a discriminant function which distinguishes between the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:894619", "title": "Verbal aggression as a function of sex of subject and sex of target.", "content": "This experiment raised the question of whether previously reported sex differences in physical aggression also hold for verbal aggression. It was hypothesized that verbal aggression would be a function of sex of the object of aggression but not of the sex of the aggressor. Eighty male and female American college students gave messages which varied in degree of hostile content to either a male or female confederate (C). As predicted, verbral aggression was a function of sex of target but not of S. Verbal aggression was inhibited only toward the female C when the S was not provoked by the C; when provoked, however, Ss displayed the same level of verbal aggression toward female and male targets.", "contents": "Verbal aggression as a function of sex of subject and sex of target. This experiment raised the question of whether previously reported sex differences in physical aggression also hold for verbal aggression. It was hypothesized that verbal aggression would be a function of sex of the object of aggression but not of the sex of the aggressor. Eighty male and female American college students gave messages which varied in degree of hostile content to either a male or female confederate (C). As predicted, verbral aggression was a function of sex of target but not of S. Verbal aggression was inhibited only toward the female C when the S was not provoked by the C; when provoked, however, Ss displayed the same level of verbal aggression toward female and male targets."}
{"id": "PMID:894620", "title": "Social dysfunction and anxiety.", "content": "A sample of 44 male and female adults, newly admitted to outpatient clinics at a large community mental health center, was given the Denver Community Mental HEALTH Questionnaire on social functioning, the abbreviated version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. The results indicate that impairment of social functioning, as well as personality disturbance and excessive change, is strongly associated with anxiety. The outcome implies that effective treatment must include social and vocational training in addition to psychotherapy.", "contents": "Social dysfunction and anxiety. A sample of 44 male and female adults, newly admitted to outpatient clinics at a large community mental health center, was given the Denver Community Mental HEALTH Questionnaire on social functioning, the abbreviated version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. The results indicate that impairment of social functioning, as well as personality disturbance and excessive change, is strongly associated with anxiety. The outcome implies that effective treatment must include social and vocational training in addition to psychotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:894621", "title": "Eye-movement asymmetry and hemispheric function: an examination of individual differences.", "content": "The relationship between lateral eye movements and selected individual characteristics was examined in a group of 81 right-handed adult males. Ss answered 20 verbal and 20 visuospatial questions in one of three experimental conditions while their eye movements were being recorded electrically. Multiple regression analyses were used to predict the proportion of eye movements to the right on the basis of spatial and verbal test scores, questionnaire responses concerning imagery and verbal processes, a self-report measure of values and interests, and choice of academic major. No significant relationships were found. Even the most consistent \"left movers\" and \"right movers\" did not differ in the manner suggested by a model of eye-movement asymmetry based upon individual differences in cerebral function.", "contents": "Eye-movement asymmetry and hemispheric function: an examination of individual differences. The relationship between lateral eye movements and selected individual characteristics was examined in a group of 81 right-handed adult males. Ss answered 20 verbal and 20 visuospatial questions in one of three experimental conditions while their eye movements were being recorded electrically. Multiple regression analyses were used to predict the proportion of eye movements to the right on the basis of spatial and verbal test scores, questionnaire responses concerning imagery and verbal processes, a self-report measure of values and interests, and choice of academic major. No significant relationships were found. Even the most consistent \"left movers\" and \"right movers\" did not differ in the manner suggested by a model of eye-movement asymmetry based upon individual differences in cerebral function."}
{"id": "PMID:894622", "title": "Academic achievement as a function of specific and global measures of self-concept.", "content": "This study examined the correlations between academic achievement and factor specific, as well as global, measures of self-concept for 314 fourth and sixth grade boys and girls divided into grade level groups with and without Spanish surnames. The Primary Self-Concept Inventory was used to measure self-concept on six scales: physical size, emotional state, peer acceptance, helpfulness, success, and student-self. A global self-concept score was derived by totaling the scores on the six scales. Achievement was measured as total score on the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills. The two specific measures of self-concept that were most reflective of school performance, success and student-self, tended to show low positive correlations with achievement. The remaining specific measures, as well as the global measure, tended to show no relationship to achievement. These results suggest that an area specific model of self-concept is more useful than a global or undifferentiated model. Further, the low correlations between school related self-concept and achievement suggest that, as a group, students frequently have rather inaccurate academic self-concepts.", "contents": "Academic achievement as a function of specific and global measures of self-concept. This study examined the correlations between academic achievement and factor specific, as well as global, measures of self-concept for 314 fourth and sixth grade boys and girls divided into grade level groups with and without Spanish surnames. The Primary Self-Concept Inventory was used to measure self-concept on six scales: physical size, emotional state, peer acceptance, helpfulness, success, and student-self. A global self-concept score was derived by totaling the scores on the six scales. Achievement was measured as total score on the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills. The two specific measures of self-concept that were most reflective of school performance, success and student-self, tended to show low positive correlations with achievement. The remaining specific measures, as well as the global measure, tended to show no relationship to achievement. These results suggest that an area specific model of self-concept is more useful than a global or undifferentiated model. Further, the low correlations between school related self-concept and achievement suggest that, as a group, students frequently have rather inaccurate academic self-concepts."}
{"id": "PMID:894623", "title": "Enhancement of leader power after election or appointment to undersirable leader roles.", "content": "Sixteen groups of male and female university students (N= 129) were tested in a 2 by 2 design which varied mode of leader selection (election vs. appointment) and desirability of leader role (desirable vs. undersiable). Desirable leader roles were created by offering $5.00 and extra experimental credit for extra work to be completed on the leader's own time. Leaders in undersirable roles had to complete the extra work without pay or experimental credit. After a warm-up task, a confederate was either elected or appointed leader. On two subsequent tasks the leader made three influence attempts on (a) the task structure, (b) the task content, and (c) the members' willingness to volunteer to help the leader with the extra work. Results indicated that on all influence measures individuals elected to the undersirable leader role had significantly greater social power than individuals elected to the desirable role. Desirability of the leader role did not significantly affect the social power of appointed leaders.", "contents": "Enhancement of leader power after election or appointment to undersirable leader roles. Sixteen groups of male and female university students (N= 129) were tested in a 2 by 2 design which varied mode of leader selection (election vs. appointment) and desirability of leader role (desirable vs. undersiable). Desirable leader roles were created by offering $5.00 and extra experimental credit for extra work to be completed on the leader's own time. Leaders in undersirable roles had to complete the extra work without pay or experimental credit. After a warm-up task, a confederate was either elected or appointed leader. On two subsequent tasks the leader made three influence attempts on (a) the task structure, (b) the task content, and (c) the members' willingness to volunteer to help the leader with the extra work. Results indicated that on all influence measures individuals elected to the undersirable leader role had significantly greater social power than individuals elected to the desirable role. Desirability of the leader role did not significantly affect the social power of appointed leaders."}
{"id": "PMID:894624", "title": "Self-concept of psychopaths.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to study the self-concept of psychopaths. The sample consisted of 56 adult males: 28 psychopaths and 28 nonpsychopaths. The MMPI was used to select the sample. The Tennessee Self Concept Scale was administered to all Ss. The two groups differed significantly on 18 of the 28 scales used for the study. Sixteen of these differences were in the direction of greater deviance for psychopaths. Several inconsistencies were also observed in the self-concept of psychopaths. The results confirmed those previously obtained in other studies.", "contents": "Self-concept of psychopaths. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the self-concept of psychopaths. The sample consisted of 56 adult males: 28 psychopaths and 28 nonpsychopaths. The MMPI was used to select the sample. The Tennessee Self Concept Scale was administered to all Ss. The two groups differed significantly on 18 of the 28 scales used for the study. Sixteen of these differences were in the direction of greater deviance for psychopaths. Several inconsistencies were also observed in the self-concept of psychopaths. The results confirmed those previously obtained in other studies."}
{"id": "PMID:894625", "title": "The conceptual structure of aphasic and schizophrenic patients in a nonverbal sorting task.", "content": "Hierarchical and overlapping cluster methods were applied to the sortings of aphasic, nonaphasic brain-damaged, schizophrenic, and normal subjects presented with 30 pictures of animals. The hierarchical structure solutions were most diffuse for the groups of the schizophrenics and the fluent aphasics'. The structure for the nonfluent aphasics showed more clarity, but was also deviant from the structures of the normals and the brain-damaged without aphasia. Fluent aphasics but not nonfluent aphasics tended to sort pictures which they could not name into smaller groups. For the nonfluent aphasics, there was a significant correlation between the commonality of the sortings and the severity of aphasic disturbances as measured by the Token Test. The relationship between conceptual disorganization and language impairment seems to be functionally different for fluent and nonfluent aphasics.", "contents": "The conceptual structure of aphasic and schizophrenic patients in a nonverbal sorting task. Hierarchical and overlapping cluster methods were applied to the sortings of aphasic, nonaphasic brain-damaged, schizophrenic, and normal subjects presented with 30 pictures of animals. The hierarchical structure solutions were most diffuse for the groups of the schizophrenics and the fluent aphasics'. The structure for the nonfluent aphasics showed more clarity, but was also deviant from the structures of the normals and the brain-damaged without aphasia. Fluent aphasics but not nonfluent aphasics tended to sort pictures which they could not name into smaller groups. For the nonfluent aphasics, there was a significant correlation between the commonality of the sortings and the severity of aphasic disturbances as measured by the Token Test. The relationship between conceptual disorganization and language impairment seems to be functionally different for fluent and nonfluent aphasics."}
{"id": "PMID:894626", "title": "Nonverbal measurement of affect: the graphic differential.", "content": "The measurement of affective meaning (Osgood's three universal factors) is easily accomplished via the semantic differential. However, the verbal nature of this instrument prevents its use with many subject groups in which the measurement of affective meaning would be the most interesting: members of illiterate cultures, verbally damaged individuals such as anomic aphasics and thought-disordered schizophrenics, and children younger than 6 years. For these purposes, the present study describes the development of a nonverbal alternative to the semantic differential and assesses the statistical comparability of scores resulting from the use of the two instruments.", "contents": "Nonverbal measurement of affect: the graphic differential. The measurement of affective meaning (Osgood's three universal factors) is easily accomplished via the semantic differential. However, the verbal nature of this instrument prevents its use with many subject groups in which the measurement of affective meaning would be the most interesting: members of illiterate cultures, verbally damaged individuals such as anomic aphasics and thought-disordered schizophrenics, and children younger than 6 years. For these purposes, the present study describes the development of a nonverbal alternative to the semantic differential and assesses the statistical comparability of scores resulting from the use of the two instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:894633", "title": "Early diagnosis of pregnancy in general practice.", "content": "The value of the signs and symptoms of pregnancy and of the pregnancy diagnostic test as predictors of pregnancy was estimated for 1,592 women seen in general practice. The presence of a sign or symptom alone is a poor pointer to a diagnosis of pregnancy. The combination of pairs of features improves the value, the best being breast signs combined with either the presence of signs of pregnancy on vaginal examination or a palpable fundus, both giving predictive values of 0.89. The pregnancy diagnostic test alone, however, had a predictive value of 0.91, a value of 1.00 indicating 100 per cent reliability.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of pregnancy in general practice. The value of the signs and symptoms of pregnancy and of the pregnancy diagnostic test as predictors of pregnancy was estimated for 1,592 women seen in general practice. The presence of a sign or symptom alone is a poor pointer to a diagnosis of pregnancy. The combination of pairs of features improves the value, the best being breast signs combined with either the presence of signs of pregnancy on vaginal examination or a palpable fundus, both giving predictive values of 0.89. The pregnancy diagnostic test alone, however, had a predictive value of 0.91, a value of 1.00 indicating 100 per cent reliability."}
{"id": "PMID:894634", "title": "The care of oral contraceptive users by general practitioners in Oxfordshire.", "content": "A questionnaire was circulated to a sample of general practitioners in Oxfordshire enquiring about the supervision of women taking oral contraceptives. A high standard of care was being offered and the doctors believed that there was a wide range of conditions that should influence the prescription of oral contraceptives. We conclude that while suitably trained paramedical staff could provide the same standard of care as the general practitioners, this could not be achieved through the use of a package insert listing possible contraindications.", "contents": "The care of oral contraceptive users by general practitioners in Oxfordshire. A questionnaire was circulated to a sample of general practitioners in Oxfordshire enquiring about the supervision of women taking oral contraceptives. A high standard of care was being offered and the doctors believed that there was a wide range of conditions that should influence the prescription of oral contraceptives. We conclude that while suitably trained paramedical staff could provide the same standard of care as the general practitioners, this could not be achieved through the use of a package insert listing possible contraindications."}
{"id": "PMID:894635", "title": "The incidence and management of female breast disease in a general practice.", "content": "A retrospective study is reported of 180 women with breast symptoms consulting at a group practice during a 27-month period. The management policies of the general practitioners are discussed in the light of the observed short-term outcomes and of proposals to introduce screening clinics for breast cancer.", "contents": "The incidence and management of female breast disease in a general practice. A retrospective study is reported of 180 women with breast symptoms consulting at a group practice during a 27-month period. The management policies of the general practitioners are discussed in the light of the observed short-term outcomes and of proposals to introduce screening clinics for breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:894636", "title": "Too old to teach?", "content": "The scores obtained by 71 generalpractitioner trainers on a 100-question multiple choice question paper were analyzed in relation to the number of years since the trainer qualified. No evidence was found that older trainers had poorer recall of clinical facts.", "contents": "Too old to teach? The scores obtained by 71 generalpractitioner trainers on a 100-question multiple choice question paper were analyzed in relation to the number of years since the trainer qualified. No evidence was found that older trainers had poorer recall of clinical facts."}
{"id": "PMID:894637", "title": "Doctors' attitudes to women in medicine.", "content": "There is only moderate enthusiasm in the medical profession for an increase in the number of women doctors. The profession has been slow to recognize the problems of combining home life with a career, but it is encouraging that there appears to be little discrimination against women.Women doctors are capable of and may wish to rise to the intellectual challenges of full-time medicine. Unfortunately, too often the attempt at combining domestic life with a professional career is poorly organized and minimally supported leading to an unsatisfactory compromise. Until a more positive attitude develops within the profession women doctors will not feel accepted as equals.", "contents": "Doctors' attitudes to women in medicine. There is only moderate enthusiasm in the medical profession for an increase in the number of women doctors. The profession has been slow to recognize the problems of combining home life with a career, but it is encouraging that there appears to be little discrimination against women.Women doctors are capable of and may wish to rise to the intellectual challenges of full-time medicine. Unfortunately, too often the attempt at combining domestic life with a professional career is poorly organized and minimally supported leading to an unsatisfactory compromise. Until a more positive attitude develops within the profession women doctors will not feel accepted as equals."}
{"id": "PMID:894639", "title": "An analysis of 3,199 patients booked for delivery in general-practitioner obstetric units.", "content": "The outcome of 3,199 women booked for delivery in six general-practitioner obstetric units in one year was analyzed.Five per cent cancelled their bookings, 26 per cent were transferred to a consultant unit after referral for routine problems of pregnancy (mainly postmaturity), and 14 per cent were transferred for problems arising in labour (principally uterine inertia). One per cent were transferred after confinement.Fifty-four per cent were delivered successfully in the general-practitioner units.There were 3,037 live births, 27 stillbirths and 22 neonatal deaths. Nine stillbirths and nine neonatal deaths resulted from congenital abnormalities, while two stillbirths and 11 neonatal deaths were due to immaturity. There were 25 sets of twins and one set of triplets. Seventy-five babies were abnormal, 105 weighed less than 2,500g, and 198 over 4,000g.In this series almost 60 per cent of eventual perinatal deaths were transferred during pregnancy, and over 85 per cent before delivery.The perinatal mortality of all women initially booked for a general-practitioner unit who delivered was 15.. The perinatal mortality of the 1,795 births in the six general-practitioner obstetric units was 3.9.", "contents": "An analysis of 3,199 patients booked for delivery in general-practitioner obstetric units. The outcome of 3,199 women booked for delivery in six general-practitioner obstetric units in one year was analyzed.Five per cent cancelled their bookings, 26 per cent were transferred to a consultant unit after referral for routine problems of pregnancy (mainly postmaturity), and 14 per cent were transferred for problems arising in labour (principally uterine inertia). One per cent were transferred after confinement.Fifty-four per cent were delivered successfully in the general-practitioner units.There were 3,037 live births, 27 stillbirths and 22 neonatal deaths. Nine stillbirths and nine neonatal deaths resulted from congenital abnormalities, while two stillbirths and 11 neonatal deaths were due to immaturity. There were 25 sets of twins and one set of triplets. Seventy-five babies were abnormal, 105 weighed less than 2,500g, and 198 over 4,000g.In this series almost 60 per cent of eventual perinatal deaths were transferred during pregnancy, and over 85 per cent before delivery.The perinatal mortality of all women initially booked for a general-practitioner unit who delivered was 15.. The perinatal mortality of the 1,795 births in the six general-practitioner obstetric units was 3.9."}
{"id": "PMID:894640", "title": "Patients transferred in labour from general-practitioner maternity units.", "content": "Two hundred and one patients transferred in labour from general-practitioner maternity units to the consultant unit in West Berkshire are analyzed. Ways in which such transfers at a critical stage in pregnancy may be reduced are discussed.", "contents": "Patients transferred in labour from general-practitioner maternity units. Two hundred and one patients transferred in labour from general-practitioner maternity units to the consultant unit in West Berkshire are analyzed. Ways in which such transfers at a critical stage in pregnancy may be reduced are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894641", "title": "The severity of depression in patients treated in general practice.", "content": "The severity of depression, the presence and intensity of suicidal feelings, and the outcome of depressive illness treated in general practice were studied. The results suggest that a consideration of the relatively good outcome at 16 to 18 weeks alone is misleading. At least one in six new patients is suffering from a depression of moderately severe intensity and a similar proportion experience suicidal ideas that are persistent and require active rejection. A sample of patients with chronic depression had only a slightly smaller morbidity. The presence of moderately severe symptoms of depression in both groups of patients has important implications for treatment.", "contents": "The severity of depression in patients treated in general practice. The severity of depression, the presence and intensity of suicidal feelings, and the outcome of depressive illness treated in general practice were studied. The results suggest that a consideration of the relatively good outcome at 16 to 18 weeks alone is misleading. At least one in six new patients is suffering from a depression of moderately severe intensity and a similar proportion experience suicidal ideas that are persistent and require active rejection. A sample of patients with chronic depression had only a slightly smaller morbidity. The presence of moderately severe symptoms of depression in both groups of patients has important implications for treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:894642", "title": "Depression in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "We have examined 144 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and found a high prevalence of depression, which has not previously been reported.It is probable that good practitioners who see patients at home acquire a better understanding of the social and psychological aspects of such an illness. The presence of depression was statistically significant when associated with the articular index, the degree of functional impairment, and with dependence on others, but not with many other medical and social factors.", "contents": "Depression in rheumatoid arthritis. We have examined 144 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and found a high prevalence of depression, which has not previously been reported.It is probable that good practitioners who see patients at home acquire a better understanding of the social and psychological aspects of such an illness. The presence of depression was statistically significant when associated with the articular index, the degree of functional impairment, and with dependence on others, but not with many other medical and social factors."}
{"id": "PMID:894643", "title": "Pre-school development screening in a health centre--the problem of non-attendance.", "content": "Poor attendance at a health centre pre-school child screening clinic (total default rate 41.2 per cent) raises the question of whether selective screening would be a more realistic alternative to comprehensive screening. Furthermore, an analysis of the outcome of screening over one year has shown a low prevalence of abnormalities and underlines the need to justify such programmes as worthwhile screening tests.The most efficient method of detecting child-hood abnormalities at an early a stage as possible remains an open question, but with present financial restrictions and staff shortages, whatever programmes are used, rigorous continuing evaluation is essential.", "contents": "Pre-school development screening in a health centre--the problem of non-attendance. Poor attendance at a health centre pre-school child screening clinic (total default rate 41.2 per cent) raises the question of whether selective screening would be a more realistic alternative to comprehensive screening. Furthermore, an analysis of the outcome of screening over one year has shown a low prevalence of abnormalities and underlines the need to justify such programmes as worthwhile screening tests.The most efficient method of detecting child-hood abnormalities at an early a stage as possible remains an open question, but with present financial restrictions and staff shortages, whatever programmes are used, rigorous continuing evaluation is essential."}
{"id": "PMID:894644", "title": "Consumers, family physicians, allied health workers, and sociomedical problems.", "content": "Patients and doctors have differing opinions about the role of family physicians. These opinions were sampled by two questionnaires and the results suggest that family physicians have, for example, high expectations of themselves and their psychiatric colleagues whereas patients expect other allied health professionals to play a significant role in providing care.", "contents": "Consumers, family physicians, allied health workers, and sociomedical problems. Patients and doctors have differing opinions about the role of family physicians. These opinions were sampled by two questionnaires and the results suggest that family physicians have, for example, high expectations of themselves and their psychiatric colleagues whereas patients expect other allied health professionals to play a significant role in providing care."}
{"id": "PMID:894646", "title": "Pyometra complicating radiation therapy of uterine malignancy.", "content": "This report concerns our experience with the clinical management of pyometra in 12 patients receiving radiation therapy at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics for uterine epithelial malignancy. The effect of pyometra on radiation therapy is discussed. Adequate drainage is imperative, and appropriate cultures should be obtained. External radiation therapy may be continued as planned; however, intracavitary radium applications should be deferred.", "contents": "Pyometra complicating radiation therapy of uterine malignancy. This report concerns our experience with the clinical management of pyometra in 12 patients receiving radiation therapy at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics for uterine epithelial malignancy. The effect of pyometra on radiation therapy is discussed. Adequate drainage is imperative, and appropriate cultures should be obtained. External radiation therapy may be continued as planned; however, intracavitary radium applications should be deferred."}
{"id": "PMID:894647", "title": "Evaluation of Monistat cream (miconazole nitrate 2%) in a reduced regimen for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.", "content": "A carefully conducted study with reduced regimens of Monistat cream (miconazole nitrate 2%) was undertaken to compare the therapeutic cure rates in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis on Monistat cream for 7, 10 and 14 days. Five clinical investigators participated in the study and randomly assigned 139 patients, who met criteria outlined in the protocol, to either the 7-, 10, or 14-day regimen. Case records of 108 patients were used in evaluating the results. Thirty-one records were classified as invalid and were eliminated from the final analysis. Analysis of the data revealed no statistically significant difference in cure rates between the three regimens. It can be concluded, therefore, that Monistat cream used in a regimen consisting of 7 or 10 days of therapy has a cure rate equivalent to the currently recommended 14-day regimen.", "contents": "Evaluation of Monistat cream (miconazole nitrate 2%) in a reduced regimen for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. A carefully conducted study with reduced regimens of Monistat cream (miconazole nitrate 2%) was undertaken to compare the therapeutic cure rates in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis on Monistat cream for 7, 10 and 14 days. Five clinical investigators participated in the study and randomly assigned 139 patients, who met criteria outlined in the protocol, to either the 7-, 10, or 14-day regimen. Case records of 108 patients were used in evaluating the results. Thirty-one records were classified as invalid and were eliminated from the final analysis. Analysis of the data revealed no statistically significant difference in cure rates between the three regimens. It can be concluded, therefore, that Monistat cream used in a regimen consisting of 7 or 10 days of therapy has a cure rate equivalent to the currently recommended 14-day regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:894648", "title": "The hazard of cryosurgery for treatment of cervical dysplasia.", "content": "Cryosurgery was used to treat patients with cervical dysplasia and cervicitis during a 44-month period. The course of dysplasia following cryosurgery in these patients has been evaluated and compared to the course of dysplasia in similar patients who were untreated or treated with biopsy only. When the groups with moderate and severe dysplasia are combined, a significantly greater number of patients treated with cryosurgery had progression of dysplasia in comparison to those patients in the untreated group. The disadvantages of cryosurgery are discussed, and criteria for evaluation of dysplasia prior to cryosurgery are outlined.", "contents": "The hazard of cryosurgery for treatment of cervical dysplasia. Cryosurgery was used to treat patients with cervical dysplasia and cervicitis during a 44-month period. The course of dysplasia following cryosurgery in these patients has been evaluated and compared to the course of dysplasia in similar patients who were untreated or treated with biopsy only. When the groups with moderate and severe dysplasia are combined, a significantly greater number of patients treated with cryosurgery had progression of dysplasia in comparison to those patients in the untreated group. The disadvantages of cryosurgery are discussed, and criteria for evaluation of dysplasia prior to cryosurgery are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:894649", "title": "Antibiotic prophylaxis for puerperal endometritis following premature rupture of the membranes.", "content": "The incidence of intrauterine infections following premature rupture of the membranes is high in indigent populations. In 1970 a prospective study was carried out to determine the value of prophylactic antibiotics in preventing puerperal endometritis in such patients. Penicillin and kanamycin were administered when the patients went into labor or when a move was made toward delivery by induction of labor or cesarean section. Antibiotics were continued for two days postpartum. Puerperal endometritis was significantly decreased. Six-year follow-up has shown no problems with masked infections, superinfections or changes in the antibiotic resistance patterns of cultured pathogens.", "contents": "Antibiotic prophylaxis for puerperal endometritis following premature rupture of the membranes. The incidence of intrauterine infections following premature rupture of the membranes is high in indigent populations. In 1970 a prospective study was carried out to determine the value of prophylactic antibiotics in preventing puerperal endometritis in such patients. Penicillin and kanamycin were administered when the patients went into labor or when a move was made toward delivery by induction of labor or cesarean section. Antibiotics were continued for two days postpartum. Puerperal endometritis was significantly decreased. Six-year follow-up has shown no problems with masked infections, superinfections or changes in the antibiotic resistance patterns of cultured pathogens."}
{"id": "PMID:894650", "title": "Psychiatric aspects of voluntary sterilization in young, childless women.", "content": "An increasing number of young, childless women currently seek tubal ligation for fertility control. They state that they have no maternal aspirations and that available contraceptive methods are not safe enough. This aspect of voluntary sterilization has received little attention by psychiatrists in the past. This paper presents a psychological picture of seven women with a particular focus on some psychodynamic considerations underlying their wish to remain childless and the role of the psychiatrist in the decision-making process for this procedure.", "contents": "Psychiatric aspects of voluntary sterilization in young, childless women. An increasing number of young, childless women currently seek tubal ligation for fertility control. They state that they have no maternal aspirations and that available contraceptive methods are not safe enough. This aspect of voluntary sterilization has received little attention by psychiatrists in the past. This paper presents a psychological picture of seven women with a particular focus on some psychodynamic considerations underlying their wish to remain childless and the role of the psychiatrist in the decision-making process for this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:894651", "title": "Medical equipment costs: those you see and those you pay.", "content": "A review of life cycle and operation support costestimating capabilities in the health care industry shows few models that discuss total ownership costs for major items, let alone for some expensive minor ones. As yet, no data collection system exists wthat will provide total costs of acquisitions. There is a clear need for the health industry to focus greater attention on life cycle costs of medical equipment. This is particularly pertinent to those physicians responsible for medical equipment acquisition programs. The industry must evaluate the impact of life cycle costs and make such evaluations available to decision makers. The purpose of this paper is to improve the visibility and accuracy of cost estimating by examining the elements of life cycle costs.", "contents": "Medical equipment costs: those you see and those you pay. A review of life cycle and operation support costestimating capabilities in the health care industry shows few models that discuss total ownership costs for major items, let alone for some expensive minor ones. As yet, no data collection system exists wthat will provide total costs of acquisitions. There is a clear need for the health industry to focus greater attention on life cycle costs of medical equipment. This is particularly pertinent to those physicians responsible for medical equipment acquisition programs. The industry must evaluate the impact of life cycle costs and make such evaluations available to decision makers. The purpose of this paper is to improve the visibility and accuracy of cost estimating by examining the elements of life cycle costs."}
{"id": "PMID:894653", "title": "Membrane stripping to induce labor.", "content": "A group of 91 pregnant women at term were studied randomly to see the effect of digital stripping of the membranes from the lower uterine segment upon the onset of labor. The women with unfavorable cervices (Bishop score 0 to 5) demonstrated a significant increase in the onset of labor within 48 hours as compared to controls. When the cervix was favorable (Bishop score 6 to 10), there was no significant effect. The overall success rate for induction of labor was not significantly altered (43.5% in membrane-stripped patients, 22.2% in controls). There were no major complications of the procedure.", "contents": "Membrane stripping to induce labor. A group of 91 pregnant women at term were studied randomly to see the effect of digital stripping of the membranes from the lower uterine segment upon the onset of labor. The women with unfavorable cervices (Bishop score 0 to 5) demonstrated a significant increase in the onset of labor within 48 hours as compared to controls. When the cervix was favorable (Bishop score 6 to 10), there was no significant effect. The overall success rate for induction of labor was not significantly altered (43.5% in membrane-stripped patients, 22.2% in controls). There were no major complications of the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:894655", "title": "A selective approach to outpatient breast biopsy under local anesthesia.", "content": "Outpatient breast biopsy was recommended for women who had a clinically benign, relatively small, accessible breast mass and for a few women with clinical cancer who would not consent to biopsy and possible mastectomy under general anesthesia. Inpatient biopsy under general anesthesia, with possible immediate mastectomy, was recommended for women who had clinical cancer, a large mass or a mass deep within a large breast, and to a few women psychologically unfit for local anesthesia. The incidence of malignancy was 8% in the 153 outpatients and 45% in the 114 inpatients. The incidence of complications between the two groups was not significantly different. The total cost of inpatient biopsy under general anesthesia was over five times higher than that of outpatient biopsy under local anesthesia. Outpatient breast biopsy is a satisfactory approach for appropriately selected patients.", "contents": "A selective approach to outpatient breast biopsy under local anesthesia. Outpatient breast biopsy was recommended for women who had a clinically benign, relatively small, accessible breast mass and for a few women with clinical cancer who would not consent to biopsy and possible mastectomy under general anesthesia. Inpatient biopsy under general anesthesia, with possible immediate mastectomy, was recommended for women who had clinical cancer, a large mass or a mass deep within a large breast, and to a few women psychologically unfit for local anesthesia. The incidence of malignancy was 8% in the 153 outpatients and 45% in the 114 inpatients. The incidence of complications between the two groups was not significantly different. The total cost of inpatient biopsy under general anesthesia was over five times higher than that of outpatient biopsy under local anesthesia. Outpatient breast biopsy is a satisfactory approach for appropriately selected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:894656", "title": "The unwed pregnant teenager and her male relationship.", "content": "A group of 100 primiparas, 17 years of age and younger, were interviewed one to three days postpartum. From these interviews, the quality of the relationship between the patient and the father of the newborn child was scored in three categories. Contrary to popular opinion about illegitimacy, it was found that in the majority of cases a good, continuing relationship was maintained throughout the pregnancy, despite the fact that 97% of the patients were unmarried. Fully 84% of the fathers of the unborn children has ongoing contacts with the patients; 68% of the fathers reported that they liked the idea of having the baby, whereas only 9% disliked the pregnancies. The relationship scores were compared with the occurrence of complications in the patient's labor and delivery. Statistical analyses revealed that the relationship between the teenage obstetric patient and the father of her child was not associated with the occurrence of complications in the patient's labor and delivery. However, trends indicate a possible association between these two variables.", "contents": "The unwed pregnant teenager and her male relationship. A group of 100 primiparas, 17 years of age and younger, were interviewed one to three days postpartum. From these interviews, the quality of the relationship between the patient and the father of the newborn child was scored in three categories. Contrary to popular opinion about illegitimacy, it was found that in the majority of cases a good, continuing relationship was maintained throughout the pregnancy, despite the fact that 97% of the patients were unmarried. Fully 84% of the fathers of the unborn children has ongoing contacts with the patients; 68% of the fathers reported that they liked the idea of having the baby, whereas only 9% disliked the pregnancies. The relationship scores were compared with the occurrence of complications in the patient's labor and delivery. Statistical analyses revealed that the relationship between the teenage obstetric patient and the father of her child was not associated with the occurrence of complications in the patient's labor and delivery. However, trends indicate a possible association between these two variables."}
{"id": "PMID:894657", "title": "Tracheobronchial epithelial multinucleation, viral inclusion bodies and malignant disease.", "content": "Patients with malignant disease are known to have an increased incidence of multinucleation in their tracheobronchial ciliated epithelial cells as compared with controls matched by age, sex and smoking habit. A seasonal relationship of viral inclusion bodies in the cilated epithelium of asymptomatic subjects has also been shown and is not related to age, sex and smoking habit. We have conducted an epidemiologic study to determine the possible relationships between these factors. Smears from 4,150 patients with a wide variety of pathologic conditions were examined for the presence of viral inclusions and multinucleated, ciliated epithelial cells. High degress of multinucleation were observed least frequenctly in the summer both in patients with and without known malignancy. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were also seen least frequently in the summer and autumn both in patients with and without know malignancy. In the presence of cancer, multinucleated epithelial cells and inclusion bodies were seen more frequently regardless of the season. When the seasonal incidence of multinucleated cells in 155 smears containing viral inclusion bodies was analyzed, it was found that patients without cancer had the lowest levels of multinucleation in the summer, whereas cancer patients had a depressed incidence of multinucleation in the winter and spring. Respiratory viruses may have a specific effect on the ciliated epithelium of cancer patients.", "contents": "Tracheobronchial epithelial multinucleation, viral inclusion bodies and malignant disease. Patients with malignant disease are known to have an increased incidence of multinucleation in their tracheobronchial ciliated epithelial cells as compared with controls matched by age, sex and smoking habit. A seasonal relationship of viral inclusion bodies in the cilated epithelium of asymptomatic subjects has also been shown and is not related to age, sex and smoking habit. We have conducted an epidemiologic study to determine the possible relationships between these factors. Smears from 4,150 patients with a wide variety of pathologic conditions were examined for the presence of viral inclusions and multinucleated, ciliated epithelial cells. High degress of multinucleation were observed least frequenctly in the summer both in patients with and without known malignancy. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were also seen least frequently in the summer and autumn both in patients with and without know malignancy. In the presence of cancer, multinucleated epithelial cells and inclusion bodies were seen more frequently regardless of the season. When the seasonal incidence of multinucleated cells in 155 smears containing viral inclusion bodies was analyzed, it was found that patients without cancer had the lowest levels of multinucleation in the summer, whereas cancer patients had a depressed incidence of multinucleation in the winter and spring. Respiratory viruses may have a specific effect on the ciliated epithelium of cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:894658", "title": "Unilateral tuboovarian autoamputation.", "content": "Six cases of unilateral tuboovarian absence are reviewed. In four, the peritoneal cavity contained a separate ovoid structure. In two of these, the pathologist could identify the remnant as a phagocytized ovary. In a third patient, the ovoid body was seen fixed to the contralateral ovary during laparoscopy. Subsequently, it was identified radiologically as a calcific density. In the fourth case, an intact ovary was separated from the uterus and engulfed by omentum. If a total embryogenic error or selective dysgenesis of the urogenital fold occurs, ipsilateral anomalies usually involve adjacent structures of both the urinary and genital systems. Howerver, no anomalies of the uterus and urinary structures appeared evident in any reviewed case. Therefore, adnexal torsion with subsequent infarction necrosis and autoamputation represents the most likely explanation for this phenomenon.", "contents": "Unilateral tuboovarian autoamputation. Six cases of unilateral tuboovarian absence are reviewed. In four, the peritoneal cavity contained a separate ovoid structure. In two of these, the pathologist could identify the remnant as a phagocytized ovary. In a third patient, the ovoid body was seen fixed to the contralateral ovary during laparoscopy. Subsequently, it was identified radiologically as a calcific density. In the fourth case, an intact ovary was separated from the uterus and engulfed by omentum. If a total embryogenic error or selective dysgenesis of the urogenital fold occurs, ipsilateral anomalies usually involve adjacent structures of both the urinary and genital systems. Howerver, no anomalies of the uterus and urinary structures appeared evident in any reviewed case. Therefore, adnexal torsion with subsequent infarction necrosis and autoamputation represents the most likely explanation for this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:894659", "title": "The merits of extraperitoneal cesarean section: a continuing experience.", "content": "The continuing experience with extraperitoneal cesarean section at this institution is reviewed. The first 50 cases performed are reviewed and compared with equal numbers from two control groups as previously presented. A persistent advantage in the use of the procedure is demonstrated. Earlier optimism about the use of the procedure in selected patients is vindicated.", "contents": "The merits of extraperitoneal cesarean section: a continuing experience. The continuing experience with extraperitoneal cesarean section at this institution is reviewed. The first 50 cases performed are reviewed and compared with equal numbers from two control groups as previously presented. A persistent advantage in the use of the procedure is demonstrated. Earlier optimism about the use of the procedure in selected patients is vindicated."}
{"id": "PMID:894660", "title": "Induction of ovulation with combined glucocorticoid and clomiphene citrate therapy in a minimally hirsute woman.", "content": "A very minimally hirsute anovulatory woman uho had failed to ovulate with 200 mg clomiphene citrate for five days had a successful ovulation and pregnancy with 150 mg clomiphene citrate plus glococorticoids for five days.", "contents": "Induction of ovulation with combined glucocorticoid and clomiphene citrate therapy in a minimally hirsute woman. A very minimally hirsute anovulatory woman uho had failed to ovulate with 200 mg clomiphene citrate for five days had a successful ovulation and pregnancy with 150 mg clomiphene citrate plus glococorticoids for five days."}
{"id": "PMID:894670", "title": "Design, synthesis, and correlation analysis of 7-substituted 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acids as inhibitors of cellular respiration.", "content": "Fifteen 7-substituted 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acids have been designed to minimize covariance between the physicochemical substituent parameters: pi, MR, and sigmap. The molecules have been synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the respiration of Ehrlich ascites cells as a whole cell model and for their ability to inhibit malate dehydrogenase as an intracellular target enzyme model. Correlation analysis indicates that ascites cell inhibition is linearly related to pi and that malate dehydrogenase inhibition is linearly related to MR.", "contents": "Design, synthesis, and correlation analysis of 7-substituted 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acids as inhibitors of cellular respiration. Fifteen 7-substituted 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acids have been designed to minimize covariance between the physicochemical substituent parameters: pi, MR, and sigmap. The molecules have been synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the respiration of Ehrlich ascites cells as a whole cell model and for their ability to inhibit malate dehydrogenase as an intracellular target enzyme model. Correlation analysis indicates that ascites cell inhibition is linearly related to pi and that malate dehydrogenase inhibition is linearly related to MR."}
{"id": "PMID:894672", "title": "Prostaglandins and congeners. 14. Synthesis and bronchodilator activity of dl-16,16-trimethyleneprostaglandins.", "content": "The interesting bronchodilator activity of novel dl-16,16-trimethyleneprostaglandin congeners and their preparation via the conjugate addition of the appropriate vinyl lithiocuprate reagent to several cyclopentenones are described. Also discussed is the preparation of the key intermediate vinyl iodine 7.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and congeners. 14. Synthesis and bronchodilator activity of dl-16,16-trimethyleneprostaglandins. The interesting bronchodilator activity of novel dl-16,16-trimethyleneprostaglandin congeners and their preparation via the conjugate addition of the appropriate vinyl lithiocuprate reagent to several cyclopentenones are described. Also discussed is the preparation of the key intermediate vinyl iodine 7."}
{"id": "PMID:894671", "title": "Hypolipidemic arylthioalkanoic acids.", "content": "A series of arylthioalkanoic acids related to probucol was studied for hypolipidemic activity. Homologation of the alkyl side chain led to marked changes in the serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride lowering activity in rats with the best combination of properties appearing in compound 7, 2-[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)thio]hexanoic acid. Modification of the ring substitution failed to improve the activity despite the empirical observation that lipophilic substitution was necessary. Removal of the phenolic hydroxyl produced compound 23 with properties similar to 7 but of somewhat lower activity. Replacement of the sulfur by oxygen increased the toxicity of the series. Resolution of racemic 7 did not change the activity of the compound. The LD50 in mice of 7 was between 5000 and 10 000 mg/kg and compound 7 has been submitted for human clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Hypolipidemic arylthioalkanoic acids. A series of arylthioalkanoic acids related to probucol was studied for hypolipidemic activity. Homologation of the alkyl side chain led to marked changes in the serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride lowering activity in rats with the best combination of properties appearing in compound 7, 2-[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)thio]hexanoic acid. Modification of the ring substitution failed to improve the activity despite the empirical observation that lipophilic substitution was necessary. Removal of the phenolic hydroxyl produced compound 23 with properties similar to 7 but of somewhat lower activity. Replacement of the sulfur by oxygen increased the toxicity of the series. Resolution of racemic 7 did not change the activity of the compound. The LD50 in mice of 7 was between 5000 and 10 000 mg/kg and compound 7 has been submitted for human clinical evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:894673", "title": "Cholecystokinin (pancreozymin). 3. Synthesis and properties of an analogue of the C-terminal heptapeptide with serine sulfate replacing tyrosine sulfate.", "content": "The influence of tyrosine O-sulfate, the 27th residue in the sequence of cholecystokinin (pancreozymin) (CCK-PZ) on calcium outflux in isolated pancreatic cells of guinea pigs, was studied by replacing this residue in the biologically active C-terminal heptapeptide, CCK-PZ-(27--33) (I), with L-serine O-sulfate. The synthetic analogue Ser(SO3H)-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 (IV), produced the half-maximal outflux observed with I, if applied at about 250 times higher concentration. The unsulfated form of IV was about ten times less potent than unsulfated I. Thus, in the effect on the calcium outflux, serince cannot replace tyrosine without a major loss in potency; a sulfate ester group in position 27 is important but in itself not sufficient for full potency. Interestingly, if the terminal amino group of the heptapeptide is left protected by a tert-butyloxycarbonyl group, the potencies of the derivatives of both I and IV were slightly, but significantly, higher than those of the free peptides.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin (pancreozymin). 3. Synthesis and properties of an analogue of the C-terminal heptapeptide with serine sulfate replacing tyrosine sulfate. The influence of tyrosine O-sulfate, the 27th residue in the sequence of cholecystokinin (pancreozymin) (CCK-PZ) on calcium outflux in isolated pancreatic cells of guinea pigs, was studied by replacing this residue in the biologically active C-terminal heptapeptide, CCK-PZ-(27--33) (I), with L-serine O-sulfate. The synthetic analogue Ser(SO3H)-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 (IV), produced the half-maximal outflux observed with I, if applied at about 250 times higher concentration. The unsulfated form of IV was about ten times less potent than unsulfated I. Thus, in the effect on the calcium outflux, serince cannot replace tyrosine without a major loss in potency; a sulfate ester group in position 27 is important but in itself not sufficient for full potency. Interestingly, if the terminal amino group of the heptapeptide is left protected by a tert-butyloxycarbonyl group, the potencies of the derivatives of both I and IV were slightly, but significantly, higher than those of the free peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:894675", "title": "Synthesis and antiallergic activity of 2-hydroxy-3-nitro-1,4-naphthoquinones.", "content": "A selection of novel 2-hydroxy-3-nitro-1,4-naphthoquinones are shown to be potent inhibitors of rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and to have highest potency with alkyl substitution at both C-6 and C-7. The most potent compounds were 7c and 7e which produced a 50% inhibition in the rat PCA test at doses of about 10 micrometerM/kg following subcutaneous administration and showed activity after oral administration. Related 4-hydroxy-3-nitro-2(1H)-naphthalenones had no effect on rat PCA in doses up to 500 micrometerM/kg.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiallergic activity of 2-hydroxy-3-nitro-1,4-naphthoquinones. A selection of novel 2-hydroxy-3-nitro-1,4-naphthoquinones are shown to be potent inhibitors of rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and to have highest potency with alkyl substitution at both C-6 and C-7. The most potent compounds were 7c and 7e which produced a 50% inhibition in the rat PCA test at doses of about 10 micrometerM/kg following subcutaneous administration and showed activity after oral administration. Related 4-hydroxy-3-nitro-2(1H)-naphthalenones had no effect on rat PCA in doses up to 500 micrometerM/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:894676", "title": "Synthesis of two metabolites of (+)-propoxyphene.", "content": "Two minor metabolites of (+)-propoxyphene were prepared in both the (+/-) and (+) forms. The optically pure forms were synthesized by a degradative route from (+)-propoxyphene. The di-N-demethylated metabolite 10a,b had weak analgesic activity while the cyclized oxazine metabolite 7a was inactive.", "contents": "Synthesis of two metabolites of (+)-propoxyphene. Two minor metabolites of (+)-propoxyphene were prepared in both the (+/-) and (+) forms. The optically pure forms were synthesized by a degradative route from (+)-propoxyphene. The di-N-demethylated metabolite 10a,b had weak analgesic activity while the cyclized oxazine metabolite 7a was inactive."}
{"id": "PMID:894677", "title": "Experimental antiulcer drugs. 2. 2-Substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1,3,4,6,6-pentamethylcyclopenta[c]pyrrole-4-carboxamides.", "content": "Condensation of a 1-substituted 2,5-dimethylpyrrole 6 with 2 mol of 2-amino-2-methylpropionitrile in hot acetic acid yielded a 2-substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1,3,4,5,6,6-pentamethylcyclopenta[c]pyrrole-4-carbonitrile (4). Hydrolysis of the nitriles to the amides gave a group of compounds which were active as antisecretory agents in the pyloric-ligated rat. Outstanding in this respect was the 2-phenyl derivative 5b, the most active compound in the series. It did not possess anticholinergic properties. In contrast to the indoles and pyrroles reported earlier, 5b demonstrated marked activity in blocking gastric acid secretion in the histamine-stimulated dog.", "contents": "Experimental antiulcer drugs. 2. 2-Substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1,3,4,6,6-pentamethylcyclopenta[c]pyrrole-4-carboxamides. Condensation of a 1-substituted 2,5-dimethylpyrrole 6 with 2 mol of 2-amino-2-methylpropionitrile in hot acetic acid yielded a 2-substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1,3,4,5,6,6-pentamethylcyclopenta[c]pyrrole-4-carbonitrile (4). Hydrolysis of the nitriles to the amides gave a group of compounds which were active as antisecretory agents in the pyloric-ligated rat. Outstanding in this respect was the 2-phenyl derivative 5b, the most active compound in the series. It did not possess anticholinergic properties. In contrast to the indoles and pyrroles reported earlier, 5b demonstrated marked activity in blocking gastric acid secretion in the histamine-stimulated dog."}
{"id": "PMID:894678", "title": "Hydrogen-bonding parameter and its significance in quantitative structure--activity studies.", "content": "When the relative hydrogen-bonding effect of drugs on phases involved in the binding at the site of biological action differs from that in the 1-octanol-H2O partitioning phases used as the reference to estimate the hydrophobicity, a parameter (or parameters) which represents the \"extra\" hydrogen-bonding effect on the biological activity is required in the Hansch-type correlations. As a first approximation, the effect is analyzed in terms of the ratio of hydrogen-bonding association constants and the ratio of molarities of hydrogen-bonding species constituting the biological and organic phases. Sometimes, the association constants in both phases are so similar that they are not important in determining the extra hydrogen-bonding effect. The net result is that the effect is expressible by an indicator variable term the slope of which corresponds to the molarity ratio. The variable only applies to substituents having appreciable association capability in correlating a certain biological action exhibited by a series of congeners.", "contents": "Hydrogen-bonding parameter and its significance in quantitative structure--activity studies. When the relative hydrogen-bonding effect of drugs on phases involved in the binding at the site of biological action differs from that in the 1-octanol-H2O partitioning phases used as the reference to estimate the hydrophobicity, a parameter (or parameters) which represents the \"extra\" hydrogen-bonding effect on the biological activity is required in the Hansch-type correlations. As a first approximation, the effect is analyzed in terms of the ratio of hydrogen-bonding association constants and the ratio of molarities of hydrogen-bonding species constituting the biological and organic phases. Sometimes, the association constants in both phases are so similar that they are not important in determining the extra hydrogen-bonding effect. The net result is that the effect is expressible by an indicator variable term the slope of which corresponds to the molarity ratio. The variable only applies to substituents having appreciable association capability in correlating a certain biological action exhibited by a series of congeners."}
{"id": "PMID:894679", "title": "Structure--activity relationships in cephalosporins prepared from penicillins. 1. 7beta-Acylamino derivatives of 3-benzyl- and 3-(3-pyridylmethyl)ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acids.", "content": "tert-Butyl 7beta-aminoceph-3-em-4-carboxylates carrying either benzyl or 3-pyridylmethyl substituents at position 3 have been prepared by a multistep modification of the penicillin nucleus. Acylation of either amine, followed by deprotection, gave a range of new cephalosporins. The relationship between structure and antibacterial activity is discussed. D-Phenylglycine proved to be a preferred side chain in both series.", "contents": "Structure--activity relationships in cephalosporins prepared from penicillins. 1. 7beta-Acylamino derivatives of 3-benzyl- and 3-(3-pyridylmethyl)ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acids. tert-Butyl 7beta-aminoceph-3-em-4-carboxylates carrying either benzyl or 3-pyridylmethyl substituents at position 3 have been prepared by a multistep modification of the penicillin nucleus. Acylation of either amine, followed by deprotection, gave a range of new cephalosporins. The relationship between structure and antibacterial activity is discussed. D-Phenylglycine proved to be a preferred side chain in both series."}
{"id": "PMID:894680", "title": "Structure--activity relationships in cephalosporins prepared from penicillins. 2. Analogues of cephalexin substituted in the 3-methyl group.", "content": "A previously outlined general procedure for preparing various 3-substituted cephalosporins from the penicillin nucleus has been used, with modifications where required, to prepare a series of analogues of cephalexin with various substituents in the 3-methyl group. The 3-substituents most conducive to broad-spectrum antibacterial activity were 3-pyridylmethyl and m- or p-carboxybenzyl. The compounds were only poorly absorbed by the oral route in mice, but the 3-(carboxybenzyl) compounds gave more prolonged useful serum levels than the usual cephalosporins.", "contents": "Structure--activity relationships in cephalosporins prepared from penicillins. 2. Analogues of cephalexin substituted in the 3-methyl group. A previously outlined general procedure for preparing various 3-substituted cephalosporins from the penicillin nucleus has been used, with modifications where required, to prepare a series of analogues of cephalexin with various substituents in the 3-methyl group. The 3-substituents most conducive to broad-spectrum antibacterial activity were 3-pyridylmethyl and m- or p-carboxybenzyl. The compounds were only poorly absorbed by the oral route in mice, but the 3-(carboxybenzyl) compounds gave more prolonged useful serum levels than the usual cephalosporins."}
{"id": "PMID:894681", "title": "Potential steroidal antiestrogens.", "content": "A series of analogues of 17beta-estradiol has been synthesized and the compounds have been tested, using sucrose density gradient analysis, for their ability to compete with [6,7-3H]-17beta-estradiol for the estrogen-receptor protein from mouse uterine homogenates. Active compounds were also tested for antiuterotrophic activity in immature rats and/or mice. 3,17beta-Dihydroxy-6-phenylestra-1,3,5(10),6-tetraene (14) was the most active new compound in the in vitro test suppressing the binding of 17beta-estradiol by 34 and 87%, respectively, at molar ratios of 1 and 3.16. It was significantly more potent than the intermediate 6-oxoestradiol (4) which produced a 52% inhibition of binding at a molar ratio of 3.16. The thiosemicarbazone of 6-oxoestradiol (17) and the derived 3,17beta-dihydroxy-6-(2-imino-4-oxothiazolidinyl-1-imino)estra-1,3,5(10)-triene (19) produced, respectively, only 46 and 16% inhibition of binding at a molar ratio of 10. Introduction of a 1-methyl substituent into either 6-oxo or 6-phenyl compounds reduced affinity for the receptor significantly (compounds 5 and 15) and conversion of the 3-OH into a beta-dialkylaminoethoxy group virtually destroyed all binding activity (compounds 2, 6, 10, and 11). At a molar ratio of 10 compound 14 failed to suppress the uterine weight response of immature rats to 17beta-estradiol, whereas compound 15, at a molar ratio of 200, produced a significant increase in the uterine weight of immature rats but not of immature mice even at a molar ratio of 1000.", "contents": "Potential steroidal antiestrogens. A series of analogues of 17beta-estradiol has been synthesized and the compounds have been tested, using sucrose density gradient analysis, for their ability to compete with [6,7-3H]-17beta-estradiol for the estrogen-receptor protein from mouse uterine homogenates. Active compounds were also tested for antiuterotrophic activity in immature rats and/or mice. 3,17beta-Dihydroxy-6-phenylestra-1,3,5(10),6-tetraene (14) was the most active new compound in the in vitro test suppressing the binding of 17beta-estradiol by 34 and 87%, respectively, at molar ratios of 1 and 3.16. It was significantly more potent than the intermediate 6-oxoestradiol (4) which produced a 52% inhibition of binding at a molar ratio of 3.16. The thiosemicarbazone of 6-oxoestradiol (17) and the derived 3,17beta-dihydroxy-6-(2-imino-4-oxothiazolidinyl-1-imino)estra-1,3,5(10)-triene (19) produced, respectively, only 46 and 16% inhibition of binding at a molar ratio of 10. Introduction of a 1-methyl substituent into either 6-oxo or 6-phenyl compounds reduced affinity for the receptor significantly (compounds 5 and 15) and conversion of the 3-OH into a beta-dialkylaminoethoxy group virtually destroyed all binding activity (compounds 2, 6, 10, and 11). At a molar ratio of 10 compound 14 failed to suppress the uterine weight response of immature rats to 17beta-estradiol, whereas compound 15, at a molar ratio of 200, produced a significant increase in the uterine weight of immature rats but not of immature mice even at a molar ratio of 1000."}
{"id": "PMID:894682", "title": "Stereochemical studies on medicinal agents. 23. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-amino derivatives of naloxone and naltrexone.", "content": "Epimeric 6-amino derivatives of naloxone and naltrexone have been synthesized and the configuration at the C-6 chiral center was determined from NMR studies. All of the derivatives possess narcotic antagonist activity in mice, with each of the 6beta epimers having greater potency than the corresponding 6alpha epimers. In vitro binding experiments indicate that the affinities of these epimers parallel thier in vivo potencies. Slight antinociceptic properties were observed with three of the four compounds. The naloxone derivatives 3a and 3b appear to be attractive candidates for investigation as long-acting narcotic antagonists in view of their fourfold greater duration of action relative to the other antagonists (1, 2, 4a, and 4b).", "contents": "Stereochemical studies on medicinal agents. 23. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-amino derivatives of naloxone and naltrexone. Epimeric 6-amino derivatives of naloxone and naltrexone have been synthesized and the configuration at the C-6 chiral center was determined from NMR studies. All of the derivatives possess narcotic antagonist activity in mice, with each of the 6beta epimers having greater potency than the corresponding 6alpha epimers. In vitro binding experiments indicate that the affinities of these epimers parallel thier in vivo potencies. Slight antinociceptic properties were observed with three of the four compounds. The naloxone derivatives 3a and 3b appear to be attractive candidates for investigation as long-acting narcotic antagonists in view of their fourfold greater duration of action relative to the other antagonists (1, 2, 4a, and 4b)."}
{"id": "PMID:894683", "title": "Isomers of erythro-5-(1-hydroxy-2-isopropylaminobutyl)-8-hydroxycarbostyril, a new bronchodilator.", "content": "The isomers of erythro-5-(1-hydroxy-2-isopropylaminobutyl)-8-hydroxycarbostyril (1), a new potent and beta2-selective bronchodilator, were synthesized by optical resolution of compound 1 and inversion of the erythro to the threo isomers. The isomers were tested for activities to inhibit histamine-induced bronchospasm and to increase the heart rate of anesthetized dogs. Racemic and (-)-erythro-1 showed potent and beta2-selective bronchodilater activities. Among the isomers, (-)-erythro-1 showed the highest activities and (+)-erythro-1 showed the lowest.", "contents": "Isomers of erythro-5-(1-hydroxy-2-isopropylaminobutyl)-8-hydroxycarbostyril, a new bronchodilator. The isomers of erythro-5-(1-hydroxy-2-isopropylaminobutyl)-8-hydroxycarbostyril (1), a new potent and beta2-selective bronchodilator, were synthesized by optical resolution of compound 1 and inversion of the erythro to the threo isomers. The isomers were tested for activities to inhibit histamine-induced bronchospasm and to increase the heart rate of anesthetized dogs. Racemic and (-)-erythro-1 showed potent and beta2-selective bronchodilater activities. Among the isomers, (-)-erythro-1 showed the highest activities and (+)-erythro-1 showed the lowest."}
{"id": "PMID:894684", "title": "Potential antitumor agents. 23. 4'-(9-Acridinylamino)alkanesulfonanilide congeners bearing hydrophilic functionality.", "content": "From structure--anti-L1210 relationships developed earlier for the 4'-(9-acridinylamino)alkanesulfonanilides it was predicted that congeners bearing both lipophilic 3-acridine substituents and compensatory hydrophilic function(s), together providing an overall molecular lipophilic--hydrophilic balance close to optimum, should have augmented antitumor properties. The acceptability of a variety of hydrophilic functions, and optimum positioning of these, has now been investigated. A variety of sterically demanding, hydrophilic functions may be acceptably appended to the acridine 4(5) position suggesting considerable site bulk tolerance. A variant with both a lipophilic 3-acridine substituent (3-iodo) and a hydrophilic 5-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy) function is markedly more active than previous examples in the early treated, intraperitoneally (ip) dosed, ip implanted L1210 system, the assay system employed in the structure--activity analyses. However, this latter compound, on ip administration, failed to significantly inhibit subcutaneously implanted L1210 whereas earlier variants, under the same conditions, provided significant tumor inhibition. In this drug series the observed order of relative drug effectiveness alters with changing site of tumor implantation.", "contents": "Potential antitumor agents. 23. 4'-(9-Acridinylamino)alkanesulfonanilide congeners bearing hydrophilic functionality. From structure--anti-L1210 relationships developed earlier for the 4'-(9-acridinylamino)alkanesulfonanilides it was predicted that congeners bearing both lipophilic 3-acridine substituents and compensatory hydrophilic function(s), together providing an overall molecular lipophilic--hydrophilic balance close to optimum, should have augmented antitumor properties. The acceptability of a variety of hydrophilic functions, and optimum positioning of these, has now been investigated. A variety of sterically demanding, hydrophilic functions may be acceptably appended to the acridine 4(5) position suggesting considerable site bulk tolerance. A variant with both a lipophilic 3-acridine substituent (3-iodo) and a hydrophilic 5-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy) function is markedly more active than previous examples in the early treated, intraperitoneally (ip) dosed, ip implanted L1210 system, the assay system employed in the structure--activity analyses. However, this latter compound, on ip administration, failed to significantly inhibit subcutaneously implanted L1210 whereas earlier variants, under the same conditions, provided significant tumor inhibition. In this drug series the observed order of relative drug effectiveness alters with changing site of tumor implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:894685", "title": "Titanium as a metal for implantation. Part 1: physical properties.", "content": "The scientific basis for the use of titanium and its alloys in implant surgery is reviewed, including the structural metallurgy, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. The clinical application are discussed in relation to orthopaedic, oral, plastic and reconstructive and cardiovascular surgery.", "contents": "Titanium as a metal for implantation. Part 1: physical properties. The scientific basis for the use of titanium and its alloys in implant surgery is reviewed, including the structural metallurgy, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. The clinical application are discussed in relation to orthopaedic, oral, plastic and reconstructive and cardiovascular surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:894686", "title": "Medical engineering education in Sweden with reference to other Nordic countries.", "content": "The education of biomedical engineers in Sweden is examined against the background [corrected] of the organisation of Swedish health care. The history of the introduction of engineers into medicine is briefly recounted, leading on to a description of the academic courses open to both undergraduate and graduate students and to a discussion of the status of biomedical engineering and of biomedical engineers within the health service. Future trends are suggested. The situation in other Nordic countries is also briefly discussed.", "contents": "Medical engineering education in Sweden with reference to other Nordic countries. The education of biomedical engineers in Sweden is examined against the background [corrected] of the organisation of Swedish health care. The history of the introduction of engineers into medicine is briefly recounted, leading on to a description of the academic courses open to both undergraduate and graduate students and to a discussion of the status of biomedical engineering and of biomedical engineers within the health service. Future trends are suggested. The situation in other Nordic countries is also briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894687", "title": "Current problems in the standardisation of medical electrical equipment.", "content": "The progress towards a coherent policy of international standardisation of electrical equipment used in medical practice is reviewed against the background to existing legislation in Western Europe. The work of the International Electrotechnical Commission and the implications of the EEC in this context are discussed, as well as the general philosophy of the safety of medical electrical equipment in relation to standardisation.", "contents": "Current problems in the standardisation of medical electrical equipment. The progress towards a coherent policy of international standardisation of electrical equipment used in medical practice is reviewed against the background to existing legislation in Western Europe. The work of the International Electrotechnical Commission and the implications of the EEC in this context are discussed, as well as the general philosophy of the safety of medical electrical equipment in relation to standardisation."}
{"id": "PMID:894688", "title": "Radio pills: their use in monitoring back stress.", "content": "A system for the quantitative assessment of spinal stress during manual materials handling has been developed. This has been achieved using radio pressure pills and is applicable to both laboratroy and field use for establishing safe general handling procedures and defining safe maximum loads.", "contents": "Radio pills: their use in monitoring back stress. A system for the quantitative assessment of spinal stress during manual materials handling has been developed. This has been achieved using radio pressure pills and is applicable to both laboratroy and field use for establishing safe general handling procedures and defining safe maximum loads."}
{"id": "PMID:894689", "title": "The proposed 16 amp plug and socket system in UK hospitals?", "content": "The 16 amp plug and socket system which has been proposed by the International Electrotechnical Commission as an international system is discussed with particular reference to its use in UK hospitals. The author concludes that in certain respects, particularly safety and routine servicing of equipment, the proposed system is inferior to the 13 amp fused plug system used at present in the UK.", "contents": "The proposed 16 amp plug and socket system in UK hospitals? The 16 amp plug and socket system which has been proposed by the International Electrotechnical Commission as an international system is discussed with particular reference to its use in UK hospitals. The author concludes that in certain respects, particularly safety and routine servicing of equipment, the proposed system is inferior to the 13 amp fused plug system used at present in the UK."}
{"id": "PMID:894697", "title": "Enterotoxicity of Aeromonas hydrophila.", "content": "Live cells and cell-free culture supernates of 50 strains of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy human faeces, drinking water, sewage, the river Ganges and faeces from domestic animals caused accumulation of fluid in ligated ileal loops of adult rabbits. The amount of fluid produced was comparable to that of a toxigenic strain of Vibrio cholerae. Three of the strains gave positive reactions only after two passages in ileal loops of rabbits. Inocula of about 10(3) viable cells and 0-25 ml of culture supernate caused fluid accumulation in the loops. The enterotoxic factor was inactivated at 60 degrees C for 20 min. and 65 degrees C for 10 min., was precipitated with ammonium sulphate and was non-dialysable; these results indicate the protein nature of the enterotoxin. An inoculum of 40 microgram of crude toxin caused as much fluid accumulation as larger inocula. The only histopathological change in the loops was depletion of mucus from the goblet cells.", "contents": "Enterotoxicity of Aeromonas hydrophila. Live cells and cell-free culture supernates of 50 strains of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy human faeces, drinking water, sewage, the river Ganges and faeces from domestic animals caused accumulation of fluid in ligated ileal loops of adult rabbits. The amount of fluid produced was comparable to that of a toxigenic strain of Vibrio cholerae. Three of the strains gave positive reactions only after two passages in ileal loops of rabbits. Inocula of about 10(3) viable cells and 0-25 ml of culture supernate caused fluid accumulation in the loops. The enterotoxic factor was inactivated at 60 degrees C for 20 min. and 65 degrees C for 10 min., was precipitated with ammonium sulphate and was non-dialysable; these results indicate the protein nature of the enterotoxin. An inoculum of 40 microgram of crude toxin caused as much fluid accumulation as larger inocula. The only histopathological change in the loops was depletion of mucus from the goblet cells."}
{"id": "PMID:894701", "title": "Electrical parameters in gallbladders of different species. Their contribution to the origin of the transmural potential difference.", "content": "Amphotericin B enhances Na+ conductance of the mucosal membrane of gallbladder epithelial cells and in such a way it modifies the brush border electromotive force. On this basis a method to measure cell and shunt resistances by comparing changes of the mucosal membrane potential (Vm) and of the transmural p.d. (Vms) is developed. This method is applied in gallbladders of different vertebrate species (i.e. rabbit, guinea pig, goose, tortoise, toad, trout). The two tested mammals, rabbit and guinea pig, exhibited a lower shunting percentage (89--93%) than the nonmammals (96--97%), but this fact did not bring about a homogeneous positive Vms. This means that shunting percent contributes, but it is not the only source of differences in Vms, in accordance with that reported by Gelarden and Rose (J. Membrane Biol. 19:37, 1974). Moreover, mammals exhibited a lower luminal resistance and a lower ratio between luminal and basolateral resistance than nonmammals. Possible causes of these differences are discussed.", "contents": "Electrical parameters in gallbladders of different species. Their contribution to the origin of the transmural potential difference. Amphotericin B enhances Na+ conductance of the mucosal membrane of gallbladder epithelial cells and in such a way it modifies the brush border electromotive force. On this basis a method to measure cell and shunt resistances by comparing changes of the mucosal membrane potential (Vm) and of the transmural p.d. (Vms) is developed. This method is applied in gallbladders of different vertebrate species (i.e. rabbit, guinea pig, goose, tortoise, toad, trout). The two tested mammals, rabbit and guinea pig, exhibited a lower shunting percentage (89--93%) than the nonmammals (96--97%), but this fact did not bring about a homogeneous positive Vms. This means that shunting percent contributes, but it is not the only source of differences in Vms, in accordance with that reported by Gelarden and Rose (J. Membrane Biol. 19:37, 1974). Moreover, mammals exhibited a lower luminal resistance and a lower ratio between luminal and basolateral resistance than nonmammals. Possible causes of these differences are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894702", "title": "The molecular configuration of inulin: implications for ultrafiltration theory and glomerular permeability.", "content": "A space-filling model of the inulin molecule, based solely on physico-chemical data in the literature, indicates that the gross shape of the solvated molecule is a cylinder having semi-length 25 A and radius 10 A. The axial dimensions of this model very nearly equal the equivalent estimates (25 and 10.5 A) previously determined by studying restricted passage of inulin through artificial membranes of known pore size (E. Middleton, J. Membrane Biol. 20:347, 1975). The good agreement between these independent in-vitro studies--neither of which depends on ultrafiltration theory--strongly suggests that glomerular pore size is considerably greater than predicted by the theory.", "contents": "The molecular configuration of inulin: implications for ultrafiltration theory and glomerular permeability. A space-filling model of the inulin molecule, based solely on physico-chemical data in the literature, indicates that the gross shape of the solvated molecule is a cylinder having semi-length 25 A and radius 10 A. The axial dimensions of this model very nearly equal the equivalent estimates (25 and 10.5 A) previously determined by studying restricted passage of inulin through artificial membranes of known pore size (E. Middleton, J. Membrane Biol. 20:347, 1975). The good agreement between these independent in-vitro studies--neither of which depends on ultrafiltration theory--strongly suggests that glomerular pore size is considerably greater than predicted by the theory."}
{"id": "PMID:894703", "title": "Oscillations of membrane potential in L cells. I. Basic characteristics.", "content": "The membrane potentials and resistances of L cells were measured using a standard electrophysiological technique. The values obtained in physiological media were around--15 mV and 37Momega, respectively. Almost all the large nondividing L cells (giant L cells) showed spontaneous oscillations of the membrane potential between around -15 and -40 mV. Application of an appropriate electrical or mechanical stimulus was also capable of eliciting responses but such were usually induced only once. The total membrane conductance increased significantly and in parallel with such a hyperpolarizing response. Cooling of the cells and application of metabolic inhibitors to the cells completely blocked the spontaneous oscillation despite the fact that the electrically induced hyperpolarizing response remained. Intracellular K+, Na+ and Cl- concentrations were measured by means of a flame photometer and a chloridometer, and the equilibrium potential for each ion was estimated.", "contents": "Oscillations of membrane potential in L cells. I. Basic characteristics. The membrane potentials and resistances of L cells were measured using a standard electrophysiological technique. The values obtained in physiological media were around--15 mV and 37Momega, respectively. Almost all the large nondividing L cells (giant L cells) showed spontaneous oscillations of the membrane potential between around -15 and -40 mV. Application of an appropriate electrical or mechanical stimulus was also capable of eliciting responses but such were usually induced only once. The total membrane conductance increased significantly and in parallel with such a hyperpolarizing response. Cooling of the cells and application of metabolic inhibitors to the cells completely blocked the spontaneous oscillation despite the fact that the electrically induced hyperpolarizing response remained. Intracellular K+, Na+ and Cl- concentrations were measured by means of a flame photometer and a chloridometer, and the equilibrium potential for each ion was estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:894705", "title": "Noradrenaline induced secretion of nonelectrolytes through frog skin.", "content": "Addition of noradrenaline (4 x 10(-5) M) to the inner bathing fluid in the skin of the frog Rana esculenta results in increased unidirectional fluxes of urea, thiourea, N-methyl-thiourea, N-N'-dimethylthiourea and mannitol. Fluxes towards the external medium (phi o) undergo a much greater increase than those moving the opposite direction (phi i). The effect of noradrenaline on phi o is higher for urea and thiourea than mannitol, while its effect on phi o thiourea derivatives is related to lipid solubility. This phenomenon does not occur for phi i of the same molecules. FCCP (10(-6) M) pretreatment strongly inhibits the noradrenaline effect on phi o. In skin pretreated with colchicine (2 x 10(-5) M) both urea fluxes are increased to the same extent by noradrenaline. Noradrenaline is concluded to exert two separate effects: (1) a change in permeability in both directions; (2) a secretion of nonelectrolytes towards the external fluid. Such secretion is most probably associated with the hormone-induced secretion of fluid and electrolytes, perhaps mediated by an exocytotic mechanism.", "contents": "Noradrenaline induced secretion of nonelectrolytes through frog skin. Addition of noradrenaline (4 x 10(-5) M) to the inner bathing fluid in the skin of the frog Rana esculenta results in increased unidirectional fluxes of urea, thiourea, N-methyl-thiourea, N-N'-dimethylthiourea and mannitol. Fluxes towards the external medium (phi o) undergo a much greater increase than those moving the opposite direction (phi i). The effect of noradrenaline on phi o is higher for urea and thiourea than mannitol, while its effect on phi o thiourea derivatives is related to lipid solubility. This phenomenon does not occur for phi i of the same molecules. FCCP (10(-6) M) pretreatment strongly inhibits the noradrenaline effect on phi o. In skin pretreated with colchicine (2 x 10(-5) M) both urea fluxes are increased to the same extent by noradrenaline. Noradrenaline is concluded to exert two separate effects: (1) a change in permeability in both directions; (2) a secretion of nonelectrolytes towards the external fluid. Such secretion is most probably associated with the hormone-induced secretion of fluid and electrolytes, perhaps mediated by an exocytotic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:894716", "title": "The structure of the salivary glands of the human soft palate.", "content": "The glandular layer constitutes the greatest bulk of the human soft palate and is composed of individual compound tubulo-acinar salivary glands. Connective tissue partitions of the submucosa divide the glandular layer into lobules of irregular shapes and sizes. The glands are interwoven and bound firmly together by a connective tissue stroma rich in elastic fibers. The secretory units consist of elongated, branched, and sometimes convoluted tubules lined by a single layer of pyramidal mucous cells. Mucous secretion by acini is supplemented to some degree by mucous acinar cells, which were found as epithelial components of all ducts except the main excretory ducts, suggesting a diffuse distribution of progenitor cells. Some mucous acini communicate with highly convoluted intercalated ducts which occupy partially isolated positions within inter- and intralobular connective tissue septa. These ducts follow the connective tissue septa and eventually join the main duct system. The significance of this system of intercalated ducts is not known. A supplemental functional role is hypothesized.", "contents": "The structure of the salivary glands of the human soft palate. The glandular layer constitutes the greatest bulk of the human soft palate and is composed of individual compound tubulo-acinar salivary glands. Connective tissue partitions of the submucosa divide the glandular layer into lobules of irregular shapes and sizes. The glands are interwoven and bound firmly together by a connective tissue stroma rich in elastic fibers. The secretory units consist of elongated, branched, and sometimes convoluted tubules lined by a single layer of pyramidal mucous cells. Mucous secretion by acini is supplemented to some degree by mucous acinar cells, which were found as epithelial components of all ducts except the main excretory ducts, suggesting a diffuse distribution of progenitor cells. Some mucous acini communicate with highly convoluted intercalated ducts which occupy partially isolated positions within inter- and intralobular connective tissue septa. These ducts follow the connective tissue septa and eventually join the main duct system. The significance of this system of intercalated ducts is not known. A supplemental functional role is hypothesized."}
{"id": "PMID:894717", "title": "Tooth replacement in the teleost fish Prionurus microlepidotus Lac\u00e9p\u00e8de.", "content": "Previous studies on tooth replacement in lower vertebrates have been plagued by a lack of common integrative approaches and methods making it impossible to furnish a phylogenetic synthesis. This study is based on serial sections of the jaw of Prionurus microlepidotus. Each Toothgerm was characterized by its developmental stage and its position in the jaw. The relationship between the developmental stage of toothgerm and position in the jaw has been studied and expressed in several graphical illustrations. The following conclusions have been made: (1) The initiation of toothgerms in P. microlepidotus is governed by two Zahnreihen, which respectively initiate toothgerms on the lingual and labial side of the functioning teeth in an alternating pattern. (2) Therefore, functioning teeth in one locus are supplied by the alternate eruption of lingual and lubial toothgerms. (3) Advancing of tooth replacement in each locus is independent of functioning teeth and their successors in adjacent loci. (4) The disorders of replacement patterns are caused by an alternated rate of eruption of successive toothgerms as a response to unusual shedding of the functioning teeth.", "contents": "Tooth replacement in the teleost fish Prionurus microlepidotus Lac\u00e9p\u00e8de. Previous studies on tooth replacement in lower vertebrates have been plagued by a lack of common integrative approaches and methods making it impossible to furnish a phylogenetic synthesis. This study is based on serial sections of the jaw of Prionurus microlepidotus. Each Toothgerm was characterized by its developmental stage and its position in the jaw. The relationship between the developmental stage of toothgerm and position in the jaw has been studied and expressed in several graphical illustrations. The following conclusions have been made: (1) The initiation of toothgerms in P. microlepidotus is governed by two Zahnreihen, which respectively initiate toothgerms on the lingual and labial side of the functioning teeth in an alternating pattern. (2) Therefore, functioning teeth in one locus are supplied by the alternate eruption of lingual and lubial toothgerms. (3) Advancing of tooth replacement in each locus is independent of functioning teeth and their successors in adjacent loci. (4) The disorders of replacement patterns are caused by an alternated rate of eruption of successive toothgerms as a response to unusual shedding of the functioning teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:894718", "title": "Ovarian structure of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae (Fowler).", "content": "The mature ovary of Gastrotheca riobambae presents large oocytes (3 mm in diameter) of pale yellow color. After ovulation and the beginning of embryonic incubation, the empty postovulatory follicles can be recognized in the ovary for about 30 days. The granulosa of these follicles never fills the follicular lumen and this cavity becomes filled with fluid during the first five days of incubation. Later, at 18 days of incubation, the lumen is mostly empty and contains few cells of the granulosa. Shrinkage results in the disappearance of the follicular cavity by approximately the thirtieth day of incubation. The thecae are thick and become separated by a space. This space is filled progressively with cells, blood capillaries and fluid. After the thirtieth to fortieth day of incubation, these follicles become regressive and disappear. The postovulatory follicles of Gastrotheca may correspond to corpora lutea. The evidence suggests that pouch vascularization and the formation of embryonic chambers of pouch tissue may be under ovarian control. In addition, the process of vitellogenesis is influenced by incubation, as most growth of the ovarian oocyte occurs after birth of the tadpoles. Follicular atresia is common and is similar to that of other frogs.", "contents": "Ovarian structure of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae (Fowler). The mature ovary of Gastrotheca riobambae presents large oocytes (3 mm in diameter) of pale yellow color. After ovulation and the beginning of embryonic incubation, the empty postovulatory follicles can be recognized in the ovary for about 30 days. The granulosa of these follicles never fills the follicular lumen and this cavity becomes filled with fluid during the first five days of incubation. Later, at 18 days of incubation, the lumen is mostly empty and contains few cells of the granulosa. Shrinkage results in the disappearance of the follicular cavity by approximately the thirtieth day of incubation. The thecae are thick and become separated by a space. This space is filled progressively with cells, blood capillaries and fluid. After the thirtieth to fortieth day of incubation, these follicles become regressive and disappear. The postovulatory follicles of Gastrotheca may correspond to corpora lutea. The evidence suggests that pouch vascularization and the formation of embryonic chambers of pouch tissue may be under ovarian control. In addition, the process of vitellogenesis is influenced by incubation, as most growth of the ovarian oocyte occurs after birth of the tadpoles. Follicular atresia is common and is similar to that of other frogs."}
{"id": "PMID:894721", "title": "Cytoplasmic bridges within the follicular epithelium of the ovarioles of two diptera, Aedes aegypti and Stomoxys calcitrans.", "content": "The cells of the follicular epithelium of the ovarioles of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), and of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), have been found to be interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. Cytoplasmic bridges have been reported between sibling gamete cells of both male and female insects, but these bridges have not been previously reported to exist between somatic cells of insects.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic bridges within the follicular epithelium of the ovarioles of two diptera, Aedes aegypti and Stomoxys calcitrans. The cells of the follicular epithelium of the ovarioles of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), and of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), have been found to be interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. Cytoplasmic bridges have been reported between sibling gamete cells of both male and female insects, but these bridges have not been previously reported to exist between somatic cells of insects."}
{"id": "PMID:894722", "title": "The craniocaudal extent of the glycogen body in the domestic chicken.", "content": "All birds have a glial enclosed, glycogen-containing structure in the lumbosacral region of their spinal cords. Recently, a dorsal, central, glycogen-rich area surrounding the central canal in the brachial spinal cord was described in domestic chickens. In order to topographically delineate and histochemically describe this structure, fresh, frozen serial sections of chicken brains and spinal cords were processed for glycogen content, phosphorylase, succinic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase activities. The glycogen-rich area surrounding the central canal in the lumbosacral region is found at all levels of the spinal cord and lower medulla. In the upper medulla, it is located in the medline floor immediately ventral to the ependyma. It persists in this position until the level of the oculomotor complex where it ends. Phosphorylase positive regions closely parallel the glycogen distribution. No succinic dehydrogenase or cholinesterase activities are found in these areas.", "contents": "The craniocaudal extent of the glycogen body in the domestic chicken. All birds have a glial enclosed, glycogen-containing structure in the lumbosacral region of their spinal cords. Recently, a dorsal, central, glycogen-rich area surrounding the central canal in the brachial spinal cord was described in domestic chickens. In order to topographically delineate and histochemically describe this structure, fresh, frozen serial sections of chicken brains and spinal cords were processed for glycogen content, phosphorylase, succinic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase activities. The glycogen-rich area surrounding the central canal in the lumbosacral region is found at all levels of the spinal cord and lower medulla. In the upper medulla, it is located in the medline floor immediately ventral to the ependyma. It persists in this position until the level of the oculomotor complex where it ends. Phosphorylase positive regions closely parallel the glycogen distribution. No succinic dehydrogenase or cholinesterase activities are found in these areas."}
{"id": "PMID:894726", "title": "Histophysiological studies on the corpus allatum during prepupal diapause in Monema flavescens (Lepidoptera).", "content": "The appearance of the corpus allatum, the central endocrine gland of diapause, was examined histologically in the slug moth prepupae, Monema flavescens (Lepidoptera). Before beginning of diapause, the secretory cells of the corpus allatum increase in size with the enrichment of the cytoplasm in quantity and in number of orgenelles, while RNA synthesis also starts. As diapause progresses, the secretory cells have many large unstained vacuoles in the cytoplasm, which were demonstrated to contain some substances of lipoidal nature. It is not clear that the substance is juvenile hormone itself or a material related to juvenile hormone. Agranular ER is the most characteristic organelle connected with mitochondria and situated around the vacuoles during diapause. Electron micrographs show that agranular ER and mitochondria have an essential role for the production of juvenile hormone. The function of the corpus allatum during diapause and the relationship between juvenile hormone and diapause are discussed.", "contents": "Histophysiological studies on the corpus allatum during prepupal diapause in Monema flavescens (Lepidoptera). The appearance of the corpus allatum, the central endocrine gland of diapause, was examined histologically in the slug moth prepupae, Monema flavescens (Lepidoptera). Before beginning of diapause, the secretory cells of the corpus allatum increase in size with the enrichment of the cytoplasm in quantity and in number of orgenelles, while RNA synthesis also starts. As diapause progresses, the secretory cells have many large unstained vacuoles in the cytoplasm, which were demonstrated to contain some substances of lipoidal nature. It is not clear that the substance is juvenile hormone itself or a material related to juvenile hormone. Agranular ER is the most characteristic organelle connected with mitochondria and situated around the vacuoles during diapause. Electron micrographs show that agranular ER and mitochondria have an essential role for the production of juvenile hormone. The function of the corpus allatum during diapause and the relationship between juvenile hormone and diapause are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894727", "title": "Arrangement and structure of sinus hair muscles in the big-clawed shrew, Sorex unguiculatus.", "content": "The arrangement and structure of sinus hair muscles in the snout of the shrew, Sorex unguiculatus, were studied by electron microscopy and serial section light microscopy. Both striated and smooth muscles are directly associated with sinus hair follicles. The striated muscle fibers originate from the base of a follicle and insert onto the superficial portion of adjoining caudally positioned follicles. Some fibers insert into the corium instead of inserting into a follicle. The fibers show a fine structure typical of red fibers. Smooth muscle cells form a network with elastic fibers beneath the corium. Some cells are directly attached to the capsule of the sinus, thus forming a type of M. arrector pili. Striated muscle febers that appear to end in the corium are connected with the smooth muscle network through the elastic fibers which appear to function as the tendon of these two types of muscle cell.", "contents": "Arrangement and structure of sinus hair muscles in the big-clawed shrew, Sorex unguiculatus. The arrangement and structure of sinus hair muscles in the snout of the shrew, Sorex unguiculatus, were studied by electron microscopy and serial section light microscopy. Both striated and smooth muscles are directly associated with sinus hair follicles. The striated muscle fibers originate from the base of a follicle and insert onto the superficial portion of adjoining caudally positioned follicles. Some fibers insert into the corium instead of inserting into a follicle. The fibers show a fine structure typical of red fibers. Smooth muscle cells form a network with elastic fibers beneath the corium. Some cells are directly attached to the capsule of the sinus, thus forming a type of M. arrector pili. Striated muscle febers that appear to end in the corium are connected with the smooth muscle network through the elastic fibers which appear to function as the tendon of these two types of muscle cell."}
{"id": "PMID:894728", "title": "Structure of the sinus hair follicle in the big-clawed shrew, Sorex unguiculatus.", "content": "The structural features of sinus hair follicles in Sorex unguiculatus were studied by macroscopic dissection, serial section light microscopy and electron microscopy. The shrew has about 540 sinus hairs regularly arranged on the snout. The maxillary nerves innervating them are extremely thick, while the optic nerves are very thin. Thus the follicle must be one of the most important sense organs in this animal. In the follicle the ring sinus is well-development and the trabeculae of the cavernous sinus are reduced in number and thickness. The ring bulge is not a unified structure but a pair of bodies which consist of head, stalk and attachment plaque. It is characterized by the presence of numerous thick collagen fibrils (400 nm) and appears to be mechanically rigid. Lanceolate nerve terminals, free endings, Merkel cells with nerve terminals and unmyelinated fibers are observed, but encapsulated endings are lacking in and aound the follicles. Straight lanceolate terminals on the posterior side of the follicle are thick and three-sided in cross section, while those on the anterior side are thin and two-sided. Free endings are located on the anterior side of the follicle. These and other findings are discussed on the basis of the assumption that the Sorex sinus hair follicle is more specialized as a vibrating system than in other mammals.", "contents": "Structure of the sinus hair follicle in the big-clawed shrew, Sorex unguiculatus. The structural features of sinus hair follicles in Sorex unguiculatus were studied by macroscopic dissection, serial section light microscopy and electron microscopy. The shrew has about 540 sinus hairs regularly arranged on the snout. The maxillary nerves innervating them are extremely thick, while the optic nerves are very thin. Thus the follicle must be one of the most important sense organs in this animal. In the follicle the ring sinus is well-development and the trabeculae of the cavernous sinus are reduced in number and thickness. The ring bulge is not a unified structure but a pair of bodies which consist of head, stalk and attachment plaque. It is characterized by the presence of numerous thick collagen fibrils (400 nm) and appears to be mechanically rigid. Lanceolate nerve terminals, free endings, Merkel cells with nerve terminals and unmyelinated fibers are observed, but encapsulated endings are lacking in and aound the follicles. Straight lanceolate terminals on the posterior side of the follicle are thick and three-sided in cross section, while those on the anterior side are thin and two-sided. Free endings are located on the anterior side of the follicle. These and other findings are discussed on the basis of the assumption that the Sorex sinus hair follicle is more specialized as a vibrating system than in other mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:894733", "title": "Simulation results with stepwise mutation model and their interpretations.", "content": "Monte Carlo simulations are performed to compare the predictions based on the two presently used theoretical models for studying genetic variations in natural populations, the infinite allele model and the stepwise mutation model. Distribution of heterozygosity is noticed to be similar under these models until the product of population size and mutation rate is large. It is seen that electromorphs with high population frequency usually contain older allels (at the codon level) than an electromorph of low population frequency. The interpretations of these results in explaining the allelic variations at electrophoretic level is also discussed.", "contents": "Simulation results with stepwise mutation model and their interpretations. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to compare the predictions based on the two presently used theoretical models for studying genetic variations in natural populations, the infinite allele model and the stepwise mutation model. Distribution of heterozygosity is noticed to be similar under these models until the product of population size and mutation rate is large. It is seen that electromorphs with high population frequency usually contain older allels (at the codon level) than an electromorph of low population frequency. The interpretations of these results in explaining the allelic variations at electrophoretic level is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894734", "title": "Recognition of phylogenetic relationships from polypeptide chain fold similarities.", "content": "Structural similarities between proteins with no amino acid sequence homology either indicate a phylogenetic relationship, or they are merely the expression of a physically preferred way of folding a polypeptide chain. It is shown that one can distinguish between these alternatives by evaluating the \"significance of the similarity\". Such significances have been derived for comparison between chain folds containing beta-pleated sheets (Schulz and Schirmer, 1974; Richardson et al., 1976; Sternberg and Thornton, 1976). An extension of this method to comparisons between any two chain folds is outlined here.", "contents": "Recognition of phylogenetic relationships from polypeptide chain fold similarities. Structural similarities between proteins with no amino acid sequence homology either indicate a phylogenetic relationship, or they are merely the expression of a physically preferred way of folding a polypeptide chain. It is shown that one can distinguish between these alternatives by evaluating the \"significance of the similarity\". Such significances have been derived for comparison between chain folds containing beta-pleated sheets (Schulz and Schirmer, 1974; Richardson et al., 1976; Sternberg and Thornton, 1976). An extension of this method to comparisons between any two chain folds is outlined here."}
{"id": "PMID:894735", "title": "Primitive haemoglobin.", "content": "The sequences of Petromyzon and Aplysia globins are compared with the postulated vertebrate and mollusc-vertebrate ancestors to see if differences exist in the rates of evolution of different types of residue positions. Between the mollusc-vertebrate ancestor and Aplysia globin there is no very striking pattern of changes except that the interior positions are relatively conserved. In the evolution of Petromyzon haemoglobin, the alpha 1 beta 2 contact area is relatively conserved. The homopolymeric binding of lamprey Hb seems to be a primitive function.", "contents": "Primitive haemoglobin. The sequences of Petromyzon and Aplysia globins are compared with the postulated vertebrate and mollusc-vertebrate ancestors to see if differences exist in the rates of evolution of different types of residue positions. Between the mollusc-vertebrate ancestor and Aplysia globin there is no very striking pattern of changes except that the interior positions are relatively conserved. In the evolution of Petromyzon haemoglobin, the alpha 1 beta 2 contact area is relatively conserved. The homopolymeric binding of lamprey Hb seems to be a primitive function."}
{"id": "PMID:894737", "title": "Orthologous nature of mammalian insulin genes.", "content": "Investigation of 17 insulin sequences from a bony fish, a bird, and 5 mammalian species showed that guinea pig and coypu insulin, that have a strongly divergent primary and quarternary structure, are not the result of gene duplication in an ancient vertebrate or invertebrate ancestor but they they diverged from the other mammals after divergence of the mammals from the other vertebrates. After this divergence both insulins underwent evolution at a highly increased rate.", "contents": "Orthologous nature of mammalian insulin genes. Investigation of 17 insulin sequences from a bony fish, a bird, and 5 mammalian species showed that guinea pig and coypu insulin, that have a strongly divergent primary and quarternary structure, are not the result of gene duplication in an ancient vertebrate or invertebrate ancestor but they they diverged from the other mammals after divergence of the mammals from the other vertebrates. After this divergence both insulins underwent evolution at a highly increased rate."}
{"id": "PMID:894736", "title": "Homology of functionally diverse proteins.", "content": "Disulphide-rich proteins of widely differing functions were aligned with the aid of their half-cystinyl residues. This led to the grouping of ribonuclease, phospholipase A, lysozyme, snake venom toxins, bee and scorpion venom peptides, and the plant proteins potatoe carboxypeptidase inhibitor, ragweed pollen allergen, mistletoe toxins and pineapple sulfhydryl protease inhibitor into one super-family of proteins. Very few deletions/insertions were needed to effect alignment and probabilities were calculated for random occurrence of the matches that were found.", "contents": "Homology of functionally diverse proteins. Disulphide-rich proteins of widely differing functions were aligned with the aid of their half-cystinyl residues. This led to the grouping of ribonuclease, phospholipase A, lysozyme, snake venom toxins, bee and scorpion venom peptides, and the plant proteins potatoe carboxypeptidase inhibitor, ragweed pollen allergen, mistletoe toxins and pineapple sulfhydryl protease inhibitor into one super-family of proteins. Very few deletions/insertions were needed to effect alignment and probabilities were calculated for random occurrence of the matches that were found."}
{"id": "PMID:894739", "title": "A comment on methanogenic bacteria and the primitive ecology.", "content": "The phenotype and antiquity of methanogenic bacteria suggest them to have been one of the major factors determining a dynamic balance between CO2 and CH4 in the primitive atmosphere.", "contents": "A comment on methanogenic bacteria and the primitive ecology. The phenotype and antiquity of methanogenic bacteria suggest them to have been one of the major factors determining a dynamic balance between CO2 and CH4 in the primitive atmosphere."}
{"id": "PMID:894740", "title": "Comparative chromosome study of normal mammary tissue, carcinogen-induced mammary tumors, and hyperplastic alveolar nodules in the rat: Brief communication.", "content": "The chromosome constituents of 101 normal mammary gland cells, 122 hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN) cells, and 360 cells from eleven 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in the WF rat were examined. Both mammary gland and HAN had normal diploid karyotype patterns, whereas mammary tumors showed frequent (approximately 30%) abnormalities, e.g., aneuploidy, pseudodiploidy, polyploidy, and structural aberrations such as breakage and translocation. These results suggested that chromosome constituents of HAN cells are essentially the same as those of the normal mammary epithelial cells.", "contents": "Comparative chromosome study of normal mammary tissue, carcinogen-induced mammary tumors, and hyperplastic alveolar nodules in the rat: Brief communication. The chromosome constituents of 101 normal mammary gland cells, 122 hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN) cells, and 360 cells from eleven 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in the WF rat were examined. Both mammary gland and HAN had normal diploid karyotype patterns, whereas mammary tumors showed frequent (approximately 30%) abnormalities, e.g., aneuploidy, pseudodiploidy, polyploidy, and structural aberrations such as breakage and translocation. These results suggested that chromosome constituents of HAN cells are essentially the same as those of the normal mammary epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:894741", "title": "Chronic toxicity of methotrexate in rats: partial to complete projection of the liver by choline: Brief communication.", "content": "Methotrexate (MTX) inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which in turn limits the body's ability to perform transmethylation reactions. This study examined the hypothesis that the consequent deficiency of an important methylated compound, choline, may have contributed to the MTX-induced fatty change in the liver of W rats. Groups of rats were given MTX alone or MTX plus choline in varying dose combinations. All groups but one receiving the combined treatment showed a significantly lower triglyceride concentration in their livers and much less visible hepatocytic fat on histologic examination than did those given MTX alone. The protective effect of choline on the liver was dose related, the unaffected group having received a very small amount. Growth rate, survival, and hematopoietic depression due to MTX were unaltered by choline administration.", "contents": "Chronic toxicity of methotrexate in rats: partial to complete projection of the liver by choline: Brief communication. Methotrexate (MTX) inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which in turn limits the body's ability to perform transmethylation reactions. This study examined the hypothesis that the consequent deficiency of an important methylated compound, choline, may have contributed to the MTX-induced fatty change in the liver of W rats. Groups of rats were given MTX alone or MTX plus choline in varying dose combinations. All groups but one receiving the combined treatment showed a significantly lower triglyceride concentration in their livers and much less visible hepatocytic fat on histologic examination than did those given MTX alone. The protective effect of choline on the liver was dose related, the unaffected group having received a very small amount. Growth rate, survival, and hematopoietic depression due to MTX were unaltered by choline administration."}
{"id": "PMID:894742", "title": "Effect of immunomodulators on effector cells involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: Brief communication.", "content": "The effect of four immunomodulators (BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, pyran copolymer, and levamisole) on the cellular arm of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was investigated in mice with 51Cr-labeled chicken erythrocytes employed as targets. All these drugs, except levamisole, stimulated the effector cells of ADCC in the spleen, but the kinetics of their effect differed. Stimulation of the effector cells of ADCC peaked on day 15 after injection of BCG and C. parvum and on day 7 after injection of pyran, which was less efficient in this respect than the two bacterial immunostimulants. The increase in ADCC activity caused by BCG and C. parvum was eliminated by treatment with carbonyl iron of the  splenocyte suspensions.", "contents": "Effect of immunomodulators on effector cells involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: Brief communication. The effect of four immunomodulators (BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, pyran copolymer, and levamisole) on the cellular arm of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was investigated in mice with 51Cr-labeled chicken erythrocytes employed as targets. All these drugs, except levamisole, stimulated the effector cells of ADCC in the spleen, but the kinetics of their effect differed. Stimulation of the effector cells of ADCC peaked on day 15 after injection of BCG and C. parvum and on day 7 after injection of pyran, which was less efficient in this respect than the two bacterial immunostimulants. The increase in ADCC activity caused by BCG and C. parvum was eliminated by treatment with carbonyl iron of the  splenocyte suspensions."}
{"id": "PMID:894743", "title": "Prevention by splenectomy of thymus weight depletion in the presence of progressively growing tumor in rats: Brief communication.", "content": "Groups of inbred rats were inoculated with the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. The weights of their spleens and thymuses were determined on days 16 and 23 after the tumor inoculation. Spleen weights increased progressively as the tumors grew (P less than 0.001 on day 16 as compared to controls, much less on day 23). Thymus weights decreased at the same intervals (P less than 0.05 on day 16 as compared to controls; P less than 0.001 on day 23). In other groups of inbred rats, splenectomy was performed 5 days prior to tumor inoculation. If splenectomized animals were not inoculated with tumor, thymus weight did not change. Previously splenectomized, tumor-bearing animals also showed no decrease in thymus weight on day 16 or 23. Thymus weight remained greater in splenectomized, tumor-bearing animals than in intact, tumor-bearing animals on day 16 (P less than 0.05) and on day 23 (P less than 0.001). Microscopic examination of thymuses on day 23 revealed some depletion of cortical lymphocytes in splenectomized, tumor-bearing animals and profound depletion of these lymphocytes in intact, tumor-bearing animals. Tumor weights and measurements did not differ between splenectomized, tumor-bearing and intact, tumor-bearing animals. Equal rates of tumor growth provided for a roughly equal tumor burden at termination of the experiment.", "contents": "Prevention by splenectomy of thymus weight depletion in the presence of progressively growing tumor in rats: Brief communication. Groups of inbred rats were inoculated with the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. The weights of their spleens and thymuses were determined on days 16 and 23 after the tumor inoculation. Spleen weights increased progressively as the tumors grew (P less than 0.001 on day 16 as compared to controls, much less on day 23). Thymus weights decreased at the same intervals (P less than 0.05 on day 16 as compared to controls; P less than 0.001 on day 23). In other groups of inbred rats, splenectomy was performed 5 days prior to tumor inoculation. If splenectomized animals were not inoculated with tumor, thymus weight did not change. Previously splenectomized, tumor-bearing animals also showed no decrease in thymus weight on day 16 or 23. Thymus weight remained greater in splenectomized, tumor-bearing animals than in intact, tumor-bearing animals on day 16 (P less than 0.05) and on day 23 (P less than 0.001). Microscopic examination of thymuses on day 23 revealed some depletion of cortical lymphocytes in splenectomized, tumor-bearing animals and profound depletion of these lymphocytes in intact, tumor-bearing animals. Tumor weights and measurements did not differ between splenectomized, tumor-bearing and intact, tumor-bearing animals. Equal rates of tumor growth provided for a roughly equal tumor burden at termination of the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:894746", "title": "Breast neoplasms in women treated with x-rays for acute postpartum mastitis.", "content": "Breast cancer has been studied by mail survey up to 34 years in 571 of 606 women treated with x-rays for acute postpartum mastitis. The incidence of neoplasms was compared with that of three nonirradiated control groups--nonirradiated sisters of the treated women, women with acute postpartum mastitis not treated with X-rays, and their nonirradiated sisters. For the irradiated group, with mean dose of 247 rads to both breasts, the overall relative risk of breast cancer was 2.2 for years 10-34 post irradiation and 3.6 for years 20-34. The dose response for malignant and benign breast neoplasms was compatible with a linear fit. For comparable total doses, fractionation of exposure did not reduce carcinogenic action. Women over age 30 years at radiation treatment had as great an excess risk of breast cancer as did younger women. The overall excess risk of developing breast cancer was about 8-10 cases per million women per rad per year, an increase of about 0.5% per rad.", "contents": "Breast neoplasms in women treated with x-rays for acute postpartum mastitis. Breast cancer has been studied by mail survey up to 34 years in 571 of 606 women treated with x-rays for acute postpartum mastitis. The incidence of neoplasms was compared with that of three nonirradiated control groups--nonirradiated sisters of the treated women, women with acute postpartum mastitis not treated with X-rays, and their nonirradiated sisters. For the irradiated group, with mean dose of 247 rads to both breasts, the overall relative risk of breast cancer was 2.2 for years 10-34 post irradiation and 3.6 for years 20-34. The dose response for malignant and benign breast neoplasms was compatible with a linear fit. For comparable total doses, fractionation of exposure did not reduce carcinogenic action. Women over age 30 years at radiation treatment had as great an excess risk of breast cancer as did younger women. The overall excess risk of developing breast cancer was about 8-10 cases per million women per rad per year, an increase of about 0.5% per rad."}
{"id": "PMID:894748", "title": "Fetal rat keratinizing epidermal cells in culture: effects of long-term treatment by benzo[a]pyrene on their growth characteristics.", "content": "After serial 20-minute trypsinization, skin from near-term fetal MRC rats was separated into epidermis attached to basal lamina and dermis with trapped hair follicles. Fragmentation of the basal lamina by trypsinization caused the epidermal basal cell layer to form cell clumps of various sizes, whereas dermal mesenchymal cells dissociated into single cells, leaving a fibrous network with hair follicles. Clumps of eopdermal basal cells were then isolated with few contaminating hair follicles. At 30-32.5 degrees C, a cornification process caused the clumps to form thickened sheets of nearly pure keratinizing epidermal cells, which were isolated in petri dishes and grew to fill the dishes. The mode of cell differentiation in these sheets resembled an in vivo cornification process; the sheets showed maximum growth at 30 degrees C and failed to survive at 35 degrees C or above. Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) treatment accelerated the growth of cell sheets and enabled them to adapt to 35 and 37.5 degrees C. Keratinizing epidermal cells treated with BP at 35 and 37.5 degrees C were serially subcultured at these temperatures and lost their original dependence on lower temperatures for growth. The cell sheets were still capable of in vitro keratinization; however, some qualitative and quantitative changes were observed.", "contents": "Fetal rat keratinizing epidermal cells in culture: effects of long-term treatment by benzo[a]pyrene on their growth characteristics. After serial 20-minute trypsinization, skin from near-term fetal MRC rats was separated into epidermis attached to basal lamina and dermis with trapped hair follicles. Fragmentation of the basal lamina by trypsinization caused the epidermal basal cell layer to form cell clumps of various sizes, whereas dermal mesenchymal cells dissociated into single cells, leaving a fibrous network with hair follicles. Clumps of eopdermal basal cells were then isolated with few contaminating hair follicles. At 30-32.5 degrees C, a cornification process caused the clumps to form thickened sheets of nearly pure keratinizing epidermal cells, which were isolated in petri dishes and grew to fill the dishes. The mode of cell differentiation in these sheets resembled an in vivo cornification process; the sheets showed maximum growth at 30 degrees C and failed to survive at 35 degrees C or above. Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) treatment accelerated the growth of cell sheets and enabled them to adapt to 35 and 37.5 degrees C. Keratinizing epidermal cells treated with BP at 35 and 37.5 degrees C were serially subcultured at these temperatures and lost their original dependence on lower temperatures for growth. The cell sheets were still capable of in vitro keratinization; however, some qualitative and quantitative changes were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:894751", "title": "In vitro studies of chemical mutagens and carcinogens. I. Stability studies in cell culture medium.", "content": "A quantitative microbial assay was used to study the stability of known mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds in cell culture medium. Ten direct-acting carcinogens, when incubated in culture medium with 15% fetal bovine serum at pH 7.2-7.4 and 37 degrees C, became inactive at varying rates. Biologic half-lives of the test compounds ranged from 8 minutes to 67 hours. In contrast, six procarcinogens showed no significant inactivation after 3 weeks' incubation. The biologic half-lives of each compound were presented, and the significance of these findings as they relate to cell culture carcinogenesis and mutagenesis assays was discussed.", "contents": "In vitro studies of chemical mutagens and carcinogens. I. Stability studies in cell culture medium. A quantitative microbial assay was used to study the stability of known mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds in cell culture medium. Ten direct-acting carcinogens, when incubated in culture medium with 15% fetal bovine serum at pH 7.2-7.4 and 37 degrees C, became inactive at varying rates. Biologic half-lives of the test compounds ranged from 8 minutes to 67 hours. In contrast, six procarcinogens showed no significant inactivation after 3 weeks' incubation. The biologic half-lives of each compound were presented, and the significance of these findings as they relate to cell culture carcinogenesis and mutagenesis assays was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894753", "title": "Altered erythrocyte osmotic fragility in mice with Ehrlich ascites tumor.", "content": "The osmotic fragility of erythrocytes from mice with Ehrlich ascites tumor was compared with that of erythrocytes from normal control animals. Erythrocytes collected from mice 15 days after the ip injection of tumor cells exhibited a uniform pattern of abnormal resistance to hemolysis in hypotonic saline, with 50% hemolysis occurring at an average saline concentration of 0.44% compared to an average of 0.49% for 11 controls a significant difference (P less than 0.0001). Erythrocytes from mice with this tumor apparently undergo an alteration in some component of the cell membrane that regulates either permeability to cations and water or distensibility of the cell.", "contents": "Altered erythrocyte osmotic fragility in mice with Ehrlich ascites tumor. The osmotic fragility of erythrocytes from mice with Ehrlich ascites tumor was compared with that of erythrocytes from normal control animals. Erythrocytes collected from mice 15 days after the ip injection of tumor cells exhibited a uniform pattern of abnormal resistance to hemolysis in hypotonic saline, with 50% hemolysis occurring at an average saline concentration of 0.44% compared to an average of 0.49% for 11 controls a significant difference (P less than 0.0001). Erythrocytes from mice with this tumor apparently undergo an alteration in some component of the cell membrane that regulates either permeability to cations and water or distensibility of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:894756", "title": "Controvesial aspects of blunt renal trauma.", "content": "Eighty-five cases of blunt renal trauma evaluated radiographically at our institution were reviewed. Thirty-eight patients had normal urograms; 47 demonstrated one or more of the following urographic findings: poor visualization, extravasation, intrarenal hematoma, perirenal hematoma, and kidney rupture. Nineteen arteriograms and twelve renal explorations were performed. Three explorations were negative; two were followed by repair of a laceration, three by nephrectomy, and four by heminephrectomy. A review of the factors of influencing the choice of surgical treatment and of the results obtained in patients who did not undergo surgery supports the recommendation of conservative management for stable patient. In the absence of clinical deterioration, neither the presence of extravasation nor the demonstration of renal fracture is an adequate indication for surgery. Angiography is useful to further document and classify renal injuries but is unnecessary for the conservative management of the stable patient. When surgery is contemplated, angiography is useful for surgical planning and for the exclusion of injury to adjacent structures, but it should not supplant clinical judgment in determining whether surgery is necessary.", "contents": "Controvesial aspects of blunt renal trauma. Eighty-five cases of blunt renal trauma evaluated radiographically at our institution were reviewed. Thirty-eight patients had normal urograms; 47 demonstrated one or more of the following urographic findings: poor visualization, extravasation, intrarenal hematoma, perirenal hematoma, and kidney rupture. Nineteen arteriograms and twelve renal explorations were performed. Three explorations were negative; two were followed by repair of a laceration, three by nephrectomy, and four by heminephrectomy. A review of the factors of influencing the choice of surgical treatment and of the results obtained in patients who did not undergo surgery supports the recommendation of conservative management for stable patient. In the absence of clinical deterioration, neither the presence of extravasation nor the demonstration of renal fracture is an adequate indication for surgery. Angiography is useful to further document and classify renal injuries but is unnecessary for the conservative management of the stable patient. When surgery is contemplated, angiography is useful for surgical planning and for the exclusion of injury to adjacent structures, but it should not supplant clinical judgment in determining whether surgery is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:894757", "title": "The renal factor in the post-traumatic \"fluid overload\" syndrome.", "content": "Hypervolemia with hypertension often occurs 36-72 hours following massive blood and fluid replacement for hypovolemic shock. This syndrome of \"fluid overload\" has been attributed to the rapid intravascular flux of previously sequestered fluid in patients with impaired diuresis. This hypothesis was tested in 35 injured patients who received a mean of 9.3 L of blood and 17.4 L of salt during resucitation. The renal parameters measured soon after resuscitation included: 1) renal clearance of inulin (GFR), para-amino hippurate (ERPF), milliosmoles, sodium, and free water; 2) inulin space, renal vascular resistance (RVR), O2 consumption, renin, renal blood flow (RBF), and response to furosemide. Eighteen patients developed hypertension, hypervolemia, and respiratory insufficiency. When compared to the 17 normovolemic, non-hypertensive patients, the 18 hypervolemic patients had significantly increased RVR, with a significant decrease in RBF despite an increase in plasma volume and cardiac output. Furosemide produced less diuresis and natriuresis in the hypertensive patients. The balance between hypovolemia and \"fluid overload\" seemed percarious in the hypertensive patients. Peripheral renin and catecholamine levels were normal in both groups. Patients with post-traumatic \"fluid overload\" appear to have a combination of hypervolemia, respiratory insufficiency, hypertension, increased cardiac output, decreased extracellular fluid space, and decreased renal perfusion. These findings suggest that decreased interstitial fluid space compliance rather than \"fluid overload\" is the underlying factor leading to respiratory insufficiency. The therapeutic aspects of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The renal factor in the post-traumatic \"fluid overload\" syndrome. Hypervolemia with hypertension often occurs 36-72 hours following massive blood and fluid replacement for hypovolemic shock. This syndrome of \"fluid overload\" has been attributed to the rapid intravascular flux of previously sequestered fluid in patients with impaired diuresis. This hypothesis was tested in 35 injured patients who received a mean of 9.3 L of blood and 17.4 L of salt during resucitation. The renal parameters measured soon after resuscitation included: 1) renal clearance of inulin (GFR), para-amino hippurate (ERPF), milliosmoles, sodium, and free water; 2) inulin space, renal vascular resistance (RVR), O2 consumption, renin, renal blood flow (RBF), and response to furosemide. Eighteen patients developed hypertension, hypervolemia, and respiratory insufficiency. When compared to the 17 normovolemic, non-hypertensive patients, the 18 hypervolemic patients had significantly increased RVR, with a significant decrease in RBF despite an increase in plasma volume and cardiac output. Furosemide produced less diuresis and natriuresis in the hypertensive patients. The balance between hypovolemia and \"fluid overload\" seemed percarious in the hypertensive patients. Peripheral renin and catecholamine levels were normal in both groups. Patients with post-traumatic \"fluid overload\" appear to have a combination of hypervolemia, respiratory insufficiency, hypertension, increased cardiac output, decreased extracellular fluid space, and decreased renal perfusion. These findings suggest that decreased interstitial fluid space compliance rather than \"fluid overload\" is the underlying factor leading to respiratory insufficiency. The therapeutic aspects of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894758", "title": "The deep perineal laceration-an injury frequently associated with open pelvic fractures: a need for aggressive surgical management. A report of 12 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "The deep perineal laceration indicates major pelvic injury, especially when associated with pelvic fracture. Survival requires hemostasis, which must be established early by whatever means necessary, including emergency hemipelvectomy if required. Twelve patients with deep perineal laceration are reviewed. Seven patients died. Early deaths were caused by uncontrolled hemorrhage. Late deaths were related to infection in the pelvis. Prompt totally diverting colostomy with irrigation and disimpaction of the defunctionalized rectum and primary repair of urethral injuries are essentials in avoiding septic complications. A technique of rapid totally diverting colostomy that facilitates distal washouts without wound contamination is described.", "contents": "The deep perineal laceration-an injury frequently associated with open pelvic fractures: a need for aggressive surgical management. A report of 12 cases and review of the literature. The deep perineal laceration indicates major pelvic injury, especially when associated with pelvic fracture. Survival requires hemostasis, which must be established early by whatever means necessary, including emergency hemipelvectomy if required. Twelve patients with deep perineal laceration are reviewed. Seven patients died. Early deaths were caused by uncontrolled hemorrhage. Late deaths were related to infection in the pelvis. Prompt totally diverting colostomy with irrigation and disimpaction of the defunctionalized rectum and primary repair of urethral injuries are essentials in avoiding septic complications. A technique of rapid totally diverting colostomy that facilitates distal washouts without wound contamination is described."}
{"id": "PMID:894759", "title": "Shock and acute respiratory failure after chest trauma.", "content": "Shock or acute respiratory failure developing soon after chest trauma are associated with extremely high mortality and morbidity rates. In a study of 1,136 patients with chest trauma admitted to Detroit General Hospital during a 2-year period (1974-1975), it was found that 218 (19%) had shock or acute respiratory failure when first seen in the Emergency Department. Of these patients, 36% (78/218) died and the survivors had a complication rate of 63% (88/140). Shock was associated with a mortality rate of 7.3% (7/96) but the combination of shock and respiratory failure was particularly lethal, with a mortality rate of 73.1% (57/78)overall. No patient over 45 years of age survived this combination. Efforts to improve results following chest trauma must be directed toward earlier and more aggressive management of both these problems", "contents": "Shock and acute respiratory failure after chest trauma. Shock or acute respiratory failure developing soon after chest trauma are associated with extremely high mortality and morbidity rates. In a study of 1,136 patients with chest trauma admitted to Detroit General Hospital during a 2-year period (1974-1975), it was found that 218 (19%) had shock or acute respiratory failure when first seen in the Emergency Department. Of these patients, 36% (78/218) died and the survivors had a complication rate of 63% (88/140). Shock was associated with a mortality rate of 7.3% (7/96) but the combination of shock and respiratory failure was particularly lethal, with a mortality rate of 73.1% (57/78)overall. No patient over 45 years of age survived this combination. Efforts to improve results following chest trauma must be directed toward earlier and more aggressive management of both these problems"}
{"id": "PMID:894761", "title": "A new limulus assay for the detection of endotoxin.", "content": "The limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay has proven to be a highly sensitive and reliable indicator of endotoxin in most biological fluids; however, it has not been a reliable indicator when used with blood because of different inhibitors present in the blood. To avoid these problems, investigators have used difficult extraction procedures, but but even with these, results were oftentimes not uniform. It was found that a recently developed inert polymer (PSI-HAP 100) has a specific affinity for endotoxin, so that is was possible to develop a simple, reliable, reproducible method for the detection of endotoxin in blood. In the assay procedure, the polymer, compressed into a 3-mm diameter bead, is incubated with 0.2 cc of heparinized whole blood. The bead is then removed from the blood, washed in pyrogen-free saline to remove any inhibitors of the LAL, and placed in a tube containing LAL. The LAL and bead are incubated together; after incubation the LAL is examined for gellation. Using this new method, it was possible to predict Gram-negative septic episodes in burn patients several days before sepsis evolved clinically.", "contents": "A new limulus assay for the detection of endotoxin. The limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay has proven to be a highly sensitive and reliable indicator of endotoxin in most biological fluids; however, it has not been a reliable indicator when used with blood because of different inhibitors present in the blood. To avoid these problems, investigators have used difficult extraction procedures, but but even with these, results were oftentimes not uniform. It was found that a recently developed inert polymer (PSI-HAP 100) has a specific affinity for endotoxin, so that is was possible to develop a simple, reliable, reproducible method for the detection of endotoxin in blood. In the assay procedure, the polymer, compressed into a 3-mm diameter bead, is incubated with 0.2 cc of heparinized whole blood. The bead is then removed from the blood, washed in pyrogen-free saline to remove any inhibitors of the LAL, and placed in a tube containing LAL. The LAL and bead are incubated together; after incubation the LAL is examined for gellation. Using this new method, it was possible to predict Gram-negative septic episodes in burn patients several days before sepsis evolved clinically."}
{"id": "PMID:894762", "title": "Pneumatic trousers and the management of shock.", "content": "Forty-seven patients were brought to the Emergency Department with a good blood pressure which probably would not have existed without the use of MAST Trousers. Most important, not one patient who survived the operation and immediate postoperative period developed adult respiratory distress syndrome or acute renal failure. It is our belief that prevention of prolonged hypotension in the prehospital period was a major factor in achieving this result.", "contents": "Pneumatic trousers and the management of shock. Forty-seven patients were brought to the Emergency Department with a good blood pressure which probably would not have existed without the use of MAST Trousers. Most important, not one patient who survived the operation and immediate postoperative period developed adult respiratory distress syndrome or acute renal failure. It is our belief that prevention of prolonged hypotension in the prehospital period was a major factor in achieving this result."}
{"id": "PMID:894763", "title": "Pancreatoduodenectomy for penetrating pancreatic trauma.", "content": "Six cases of pancreatoduodenectomy performed for combined injuries of the pancreas, duodenum, and/or distal common duct are reported. Pancreatoduodenectomy is indicated when there is extensive destruction of the pancreatic head in conjunction with major injuries of the duodenum, distal common duct, and/or retropancreatic portal vein, necessitating complete division of the pancreatic head. Reconstruction is best achieved by end-to-end pancreatiocieiunostomy, end-to-side choledochojejunostomy, antrectomy, and vagotomy.", "contents": "Pancreatoduodenectomy for penetrating pancreatic trauma. Six cases of pancreatoduodenectomy performed for combined injuries of the pancreas, duodenum, and/or distal common duct are reported. Pancreatoduodenectomy is indicated when there is extensive destruction of the pancreatic head in conjunction with major injuries of the duodenum, distal common duct, and/or retropancreatic portal vein, necessitating complete division of the pancreatic head. Reconstruction is best achieved by end-to-end pancreatiocieiunostomy, end-to-side choledochojejunostomy, antrectomy, and vagotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:894764", "title": "Weight, height and triceps skindfold in South African black, Indian and White School pupils of 18 years.", "content": "In representative series of Sout African Black, Indian and White High School pupils of 18 years, data were secured on weight, height and triceps skinfold. Values among Black boys were significantly lower than those among White boys. Yet, obesity was far commoner among Black compared with White girls. Among Indian pupils, there were no significant differences in mean anthropometric values between groups relatively affluent and relatively poor. Values on Indian boys were similar to those of Black boys, although the former were far more favourably placed socioeconomically. Indian girls, compared with Black girls, had highly significantly lower values for weight and skinfold thickness, but not for height. However, mean weight for height values for Black and Indian boys were similar to values for White boys. Weight for height values for Indian girls were similar to data for White girls, although values on these two ethnic groups were significantly lower than those for Black girls. Findings question the insistence by many (i) of the need to attain maximum potential growth, and (ii) apart from extreme wasting and stunting, of the need to conform to international growth standards.", "contents": "Weight, height and triceps skindfold in South African black, Indian and White School pupils of 18 years. In representative series of Sout African Black, Indian and White High School pupils of 18 years, data were secured on weight, height and triceps skinfold. Values among Black boys were significantly lower than those among White boys. Yet, obesity was far commoner among Black compared with White girls. Among Indian pupils, there were no significant differences in mean anthropometric values between groups relatively affluent and relatively poor. Values on Indian boys were similar to those of Black boys, although the former were far more favourably placed socioeconomically. Indian girls, compared with Black girls, had highly significantly lower values for weight and skinfold thickness, but not for height. However, mean weight for height values for Black and Indian boys were similar to values for White boys. Weight for height values for Indian girls were similar to data for White girls, although values on these two ethnic groups were significantly lower than those for Black girls. Findings question the insistence by many (i) of the need to attain maximum potential growth, and (ii) apart from extreme wasting and stunting, of the need to conform to international growth standards."}
{"id": "PMID:894765", "title": "The importance of spinal anaesthesia in surgical practice in tropical Africa.", "content": "Any medical officer or surgeon who intends to practice in tropical or young developing countries must be proficient in the use of local and spinal anaesthetics because of severe shortage of anesthetists and anesthetic machines. We have presented 95 cases operated on by us in three \"peripheral\" hospitals in the Western State of Nigeria. These cases included gastrectomy; cholecystectomy, vagectomy and pyloroplasty and splenectomy. We have also presented our method of administering spinal anaesthetics and of preventing major complication of cardiac arrest. We have reviewed briefly the physiology and complication of spinal anaesthesia.", "contents": "The importance of spinal anaesthesia in surgical practice in tropical Africa. Any medical officer or surgeon who intends to practice in tropical or young developing countries must be proficient in the use of local and spinal anaesthetics because of severe shortage of anesthetists and anesthetic machines. We have presented 95 cases operated on by us in three \"peripheral\" hospitals in the Western State of Nigeria. These cases included gastrectomy; cholecystectomy, vagectomy and pyloroplasty and splenectomy. We have also presented our method of administering spinal anaesthetics and of preventing major complication of cardiac arrest. We have reviewed briefly the physiology and complication of spinal anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:894766", "title": "Onchocerciasis in Nigeria: observations on the geographical basis of the endemicity in Lagos.", "content": "Ninety-five patients suffering from onchocerciasis in Lagos, Nigeria have been presented. The majority were young adults with no ocular complications suggesting the Rain Forest type of African onchocerciasis. Geographical distribution shows that the majority came from endemic foci outside Lagos. The case finding of five patients from Lagos State and in particular two from Lagos City suggests an endemicity of onchocerciasis in Lagos. Furthermore this observation emphasizes a need for prevalence studies of onchocerciasis in this area. The public health importance of this disease is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Onchocerciasis in Nigeria: observations on the geographical basis of the endemicity in Lagos. Ninety-five patients suffering from onchocerciasis in Lagos, Nigeria have been presented. The majority were young adults with no ocular complications suggesting the Rain Forest type of African onchocerciasis. Geographical distribution shows that the majority came from endemic foci outside Lagos. The case finding of five patients from Lagos State and in particular two from Lagos City suggests an endemicity of onchocerciasis in Lagos. Furthermore this observation emphasizes a need for prevalence studies of onchocerciasis in this area. The public health importance of this disease is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894767", "title": "Laryngocele--an updated review.", "content": "This communication reviews the clinical and pathological features of 121 cases of laryngocele reported in the English literature and the authors experience with 10 cases. A case of an infected laryngocele presenting with airway obstruction and one of an external laryngocele associated with laryngeal cancer are described in detail. An instance of bilateral congenitally long saccules is also presented, and the role of this anomaly in the pathogenesis of laryngoceles is discussed.", "contents": "Laryngocele--an updated review. This communication reviews the clinical and pathological features of 121 cases of laryngocele reported in the English literature and the authors experience with 10 cases. A case of an infected laryngocele presenting with airway obstruction and one of an external laryngocele associated with laryngeal cancer are described in detail. An instance of bilateral congenitally long saccules is also presented, and the role of this anomaly in the pathogenesis of laryngoceles is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894768", "title": "Surgical technique--the strap muscle flap.", "content": "The authors describe the use of the infrahyoid (\"strap\") muscles as a muscle transposition flap to obliterate the \"dead space\" created during resection of the anterior floor of the mouth for carcinoma concomitant with suprahyoid neck dissection or radical neck dissection. The flap is particularly useful if the mandible is partially resected and immediately stabilized with a steel pin or bolt.", "contents": "Surgical technique--the strap muscle flap. The authors describe the use of the infrahyoid (\"strap\") muscles as a muscle transposition flap to obliterate the \"dead space\" created during resection of the anterior floor of the mouth for carcinoma concomitant with suprahyoid neck dissection or radical neck dissection. The flap is particularly useful if the mandible is partially resected and immediately stabilized with a steel pin or bolt."}
{"id": "PMID:894769", "title": "Juvenile epithelial malignancy of head and neck.", "content": "Children aged 15 years or less usually suffer from mesenchymal malignancies. Observations on four rare cases of juvenile epithelial malignancy in larynx, maxillary antrum, upper lip, and parotid are reported. No particular etiological factor could be found in these cases. Age, as such, had no effect on the clinical presentation of the malignancy, its management and prognosis.", "contents": "Juvenile epithelial malignancy of head and neck. Children aged 15 years or less usually suffer from mesenchymal malignancies. Observations on four rare cases of juvenile epithelial malignancy in larynx, maxillary antrum, upper lip, and parotid are reported. No particular etiological factor could be found in these cases. Age, as such, had no effect on the clinical presentation of the malignancy, its management and prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:894770", "title": "Benign rhabdomyoma of the submandibular region.", "content": "A case of benign rhabdomyoma is presented, and the pathology is discussed with reference to its differential diagnosis. The literature is reviewed and the common features of the tumor are described.", "contents": "Benign rhabdomyoma of the submandibular region. A case of benign rhabdomyoma is presented, and the pathology is discussed with reference to its differential diagnosis. The literature is reviewed and the common features of the tumor are described."}
{"id": "PMID:894771", "title": "Non-hayfever aspects of allergy in otolaryngology.", "content": "The importance of the diagnosis and treatment of non-hayfever atopy in the practice of otorhinolaryngology is emphasized. The clinical evaluation primarily includes a thorough history, physical examination, x-rays, routine laboratory work, screening allergen tests, and a selective allergic survey using the Rinkel technique of titration. A multilateral approach to treatment is essential, but specific immunotherapy is of prime importance. A case report illustrating a practical approach to the diagnosis and management of a typical allergic problem seen by the otolaryngologist is included.", "contents": "Non-hayfever aspects of allergy in otolaryngology. The importance of the diagnosis and treatment of non-hayfever atopy in the practice of otorhinolaryngology is emphasized. The clinical evaluation primarily includes a thorough history, physical examination, x-rays, routine laboratory work, screening allergen tests, and a selective allergic survey using the Rinkel technique of titration. A multilateral approach to treatment is essential, but specific immunotherapy is of prime importance. A case report illustrating a practical approach to the diagnosis and management of a typical allergic problem seen by the otolaryngologist is included."}
{"id": "PMID:894772", "title": "Actinomycosis of the parotid. Is it usually a masticator space infection?", "content": "Three cases of Actinomycosis involving the facial region are presented with a discussion of the problems which can be encountered in the diagnosis and localization of this infectious disease.", "contents": "Actinomycosis of the parotid. Is it usually a masticator space infection? Three cases of Actinomycosis involving the facial region are presented with a discussion of the problems which can be encountered in the diagnosis and localization of this infectious disease."}
{"id": "PMID:894773", "title": "Surgery of the nasal tip.", "content": "Three techniques for nasal tip surgery, preserving intact caudal strips of lower lateral cartilage around the nostril rim, are presented.", "contents": "Surgery of the nasal tip. Three techniques for nasal tip surgery, preserving intact caudal strips of lower lateral cartilage around the nostril rim, are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:894774", "title": "Progress in vestibular analysis in Omagh.", "content": "To sum up, rotational testing forms a valuable role in our system of vestibular analysis. It does not replace history taking, clinical examination, and other vestibular tests, but it does supplement them and in particular it does supplement the caloric test which by itself has many limitations.", "contents": "Progress in vestibular analysis in Omagh. To sum up, rotational testing forms a valuable role in our system of vestibular analysis. It does not replace history taking, clinical examination, and other vestibular tests, but it does supplement them and in particular it does supplement the caloric test which by itself has many limitations."}
{"id": "PMID:894775", "title": "Comprehensive presentation of semicircular canal sensitivity.", "content": "It is generally agreed that in order to determine any difference in vestibular sensitivity between the two inner ears, the best clinical procedure involves a quantitative expression of the slow phase nystagmus response to standardized caloric (or rotatory) stimulation. The preferred procedure has involved averaging the slopes of a few of the nystagmus responses during the period of most intense activity and this has been accomplished either arithmetically or by means of an electronic computer. Although, such a sampling is often sufficient to enable a reliable diagnosis, occasions do arise when the results can be misleading unless comprehensive total presentations of the responses from the two labyrinths are available for reliable comparative evaluation. Such a procedure has been developed at the University of Toronto and used for clinical assessment at St. Michael's Hospital. The reliability of the method has been established as the result of testing over 800 patients with various vestibular disorders.", "contents": "Comprehensive presentation of semicircular canal sensitivity. It is generally agreed that in order to determine any difference in vestibular sensitivity between the two inner ears, the best clinical procedure involves a quantitative expression of the slow phase nystagmus response to standardized caloric (or rotatory) stimulation. The preferred procedure has involved averaging the slopes of a few of the nystagmus responses during the period of most intense activity and this has been accomplished either arithmetically or by means of an electronic computer. Although, such a sampling is often sufficient to enable a reliable diagnosis, occasions do arise when the results can be misleading unless comprehensive total presentations of the responses from the two labyrinths are available for reliable comparative evaluation. Such a procedure has been developed at the University of Toronto and used for clinical assessment at St. Michael's Hospital. The reliability of the method has been established as the result of testing over 800 patients with various vestibular disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:894776", "title": "Thrombosis of the lateral sinus.", "content": "Four cases of lateral sinus thrombosis have been treated at Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, since 1960. A review of the literature of this pathology is reported, and two cases treated in the past three months are presented.", "contents": "Thrombosis of the lateral sinus. Four cases of lateral sinus thrombosis have been treated at Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, since 1960. A review of the literature of this pathology is reported, and two cases treated in the past three months are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:894777", "title": "Indications for and technique of endaural and post auricular incisions.", "content": "The indications for and techniques of tympanotomy, endaural incisions, and post auricular incisions are described. There are specific indications for the use of each approach and the otologist should modify his approach depending upon the disease process and the anatomical variations. Specific points in technique are presented which simplify the procedure and prevent complications.", "contents": "Indications for and technique of endaural and post auricular incisions. The indications for and techniques of tympanotomy, endaural incisions, and post auricular incisions are described. There are specific indications for the use of each approach and the otologist should modify his approach depending upon the disease process and the anatomical variations. Specific points in technique are presented which simplify the procedure and prevent complications."}
{"id": "PMID:894790", "title": "Changes in macromolecular synthesis in Xanthomonas oryzae infected with bacteriophage XP-12.", "content": "Phage XP-12, which has complete substitution of the cytosine residues in its DNA with 5-methylcytosine residues, was shown to inhibit incorporation of uracil into host DNA and RNA during the latent period. This apparent inhibition of host macromolecular synthesis was not accompanied by extensive degradation of the host chromosome. Phage DNA synthesis in infected cells occurred at a faster rate than host DNA synthesis in analogous uninfected cells. However, phage DNA synthesis could not be accurately monitored by incorporation of [methyl-3H]thymidine into DNA because, soon after infection, there was a marked inhibition of utilization of exogenous thymidine for DNA synthesis. Phage infection conferred upon a thymine auxotrophic host the ability to synthesize thymine nucleotides for phage DNA synthesis. It is suggested that a phage-induced thymidylate synthetase activity is partially responsible for the inhibition of thymidine incorporation.", "contents": "Changes in macromolecular synthesis in Xanthomonas oryzae infected with bacteriophage XP-12. Phage XP-12, which has complete substitution of the cytosine residues in its DNA with 5-methylcytosine residues, was shown to inhibit incorporation of uracil into host DNA and RNA during the latent period. This apparent inhibition of host macromolecular synthesis was not accompanied by extensive degradation of the host chromosome. Phage DNA synthesis in infected cells occurred at a faster rate than host DNA synthesis in analogous uninfected cells. However, phage DNA synthesis could not be accurately monitored by incorporation of [methyl-3H]thymidine into DNA because, soon after infection, there was a marked inhibition of utilization of exogenous thymidine for DNA synthesis. Phage infection conferred upon a thymine auxotrophic host the ability to synthesize thymine nucleotides for phage DNA synthesis. It is suggested that a phage-induced thymidylate synthetase activity is partially responsible for the inhibition of thymidine incorporation."}
{"id": "PMID:894791", "title": "Transcriptional complexity of vaccinia virus in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The transcriptional complexity of vaccinia virus both in vivo and in vitro has been measured by using DNA:RNA hybridization with RNA in excess. In vivo, \"early\" or prereplicative RNA was found to saturate at 25% or one-half of the viral genome. \"Late\" or postreplicative RNA from infected HeLa cells saturated at 52% or essentially the entire genome. This well-regulated transcriptional pattern of the virus in vivo was not maintained in vitro. In a number of experiments a range of saturation values from 40 to 50% was obtained for in vitro synthesized RNA. The complexity of polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated RNA, as well as total purified 8 to 12S RNA released from the virus, was indistinguishable from purified high-molecular-weight virion-associated RNA with a sedimentation value of greater than 20S and equivalent to total in vitro synthesized RNA. No additional hybrid formation was observed in experiments in which total in vitro RNA and late in vivo RNA from infected HeLa cells were combined, suggesting that the virus does not transcribe in vitro DNA sequences that are not also transcribed during productive infection. Approximately 15% complementary RNA was detected when radiolabeled total in vitro RNA was allowed to reanneal with late in vivo RNA, while as much as 8% of the in vitro synthesized RNA was found to be complementary.", "contents": "Transcriptional complexity of vaccinia virus in vivo and in vitro. The transcriptional complexity of vaccinia virus both in vivo and in vitro has been measured by using DNA:RNA hybridization with RNA in excess. In vivo, \"early\" or prereplicative RNA was found to saturate at 25% or one-half of the viral genome. \"Late\" or postreplicative RNA from infected HeLa cells saturated at 52% or essentially the entire genome. This well-regulated transcriptional pattern of the virus in vivo was not maintained in vitro. In a number of experiments a range of saturation values from 40 to 50% was obtained for in vitro synthesized RNA. The complexity of polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated RNA, as well as total purified 8 to 12S RNA released from the virus, was indistinguishable from purified high-molecular-weight virion-associated RNA with a sedimentation value of greater than 20S and equivalent to total in vitro synthesized RNA. No additional hybrid formation was observed in experiments in which total in vitro RNA and late in vivo RNA from infected HeLa cells were combined, suggesting that the virus does not transcribe in vitro DNA sequences that are not also transcribed during productive infection. Approximately 15% complementary RNA was detected when radiolabeled total in vitro RNA was allowed to reanneal with late in vivo RNA, while as much as 8% of the in vitro synthesized RNA was found to be complementary."}
{"id": "PMID:894792", "title": "Adenovirus type 2 early nuclear and mRNA: kinetic estimation of l anf r DNA strand fractions complementary to different abundance classes of viral RNA.", "content": "RNA from unfractionated cells, nuclei, and polyribosomes was extracted from adenovirus 2 (Ad2)-infected KB cells early in infection and annealed in vast excess in liquid to purified Ad2 l (heavy) and r (light) [(32)P]DNA strands (specific activity, 3 x 10(6) to 1.5 x 10(7) cpm/mug). The number of abundance classes of Ad2 RNA, their relative concentrations, and the strand fraction from which they arose were determined by a computer-assisted nonlinear regression analysis of hybridization kinetic data. Whole-cell RNA and nuclear RNA annealed to 60 and 40%, respectively, of l and r strands. Well-defined abundance (kinetic) classes were identified: abundant and scarce classes were complementary to 15 to 17 and 40 to 45%, respectively, of l strand, and to 11 to 16 and 17 to 23%, respectively, of r strand. In whole-cell RNA and nuclear RNA the abundant classes were 57 to 208 and 13 to 27 times more concentrated, respectively, than scarce classes. RNA-RNA hybrids were isolated that annealed to about 70% of both strands, indicating that whole-cell RNA and nuclear RNA hybridization values were minimal. Polyribosomal RNA appeared to anneal as three abundance classes to each DNA strand; abundant, scarce, and very scarce classes, respectively, hybridized to 6, 5, and about 10% of l strand and 7 (6 to 8), 10 (8 to 13), and about 19% of r strand. The abundant classes were 41 (11 to 67) times more concentrated than the scarce classes and 10(3) times more concentrated than the very scarce classes. Although the biological significance of these classes is not known, the very scarce classes probably represent nuclear RNA contaminants of polyribosomal RNA. The abundant and scarce classes may comprise mRNA, because together they are complementary to about the same fraction of each DNA strand (11% [10 to 12%] and 17% [14 to 20%] of l and r strands) known to be expressed as early mRNA. Thus, nuclear RNA contains Ad2 RNA sequences not found on polyribosomes; most or all of both DNA strands are transcribed, but only certain transcripts are processed into mRNA. It is not known whether \"non-mRNA\" transcripts are intermediates in the pathway of early mRNA production.", "contents": "Adenovirus type 2 early nuclear and mRNA: kinetic estimation of l anf r DNA strand fractions complementary to different abundance classes of viral RNA. RNA from unfractionated cells, nuclei, and polyribosomes was extracted from adenovirus 2 (Ad2)-infected KB cells early in infection and annealed in vast excess in liquid to purified Ad2 l (heavy) and r (light) [(32)P]DNA strands (specific activity, 3 x 10(6) to 1.5 x 10(7) cpm/mug). The number of abundance classes of Ad2 RNA, their relative concentrations, and the strand fraction from which they arose were determined by a computer-assisted nonlinear regression analysis of hybridization kinetic data. Whole-cell RNA and nuclear RNA annealed to 60 and 40%, respectively, of l and r strands. Well-defined abundance (kinetic) classes were identified: abundant and scarce classes were complementary to 15 to 17 and 40 to 45%, respectively, of l strand, and to 11 to 16 and 17 to 23%, respectively, of r strand. In whole-cell RNA and nuclear RNA the abundant classes were 57 to 208 and 13 to 27 times more concentrated, respectively, than scarce classes. RNA-RNA hybrids were isolated that annealed to about 70% of both strands, indicating that whole-cell RNA and nuclear RNA hybridization values were minimal. Polyribosomal RNA appeared to anneal as three abundance classes to each DNA strand; abundant, scarce, and very scarce classes, respectively, hybridized to 6, 5, and about 10% of l strand and 7 (6 to 8), 10 (8 to 13), and about 19% of r strand. The abundant classes were 41 (11 to 67) times more concentrated than the scarce classes and 10(3) times more concentrated than the very scarce classes. Although the biological significance of these classes is not known, the very scarce classes probably represent nuclear RNA contaminants of polyribosomal RNA. The abundant and scarce classes may comprise mRNA, because together they are complementary to about the same fraction of each DNA strand (11% [10 to 12%] and 17% [14 to 20%] of l and r strands) known to be expressed as early mRNA. Thus, nuclear RNA contains Ad2 RNA sequences not found on polyribosomes; most or all of both DNA strands are transcribed, but only certain transcripts are processed into mRNA. It is not known whether \"non-mRNA\" transcripts are intermediates in the pathway of early mRNA production."}
{"id": "PMID:894793", "title": "Bacteriophage T4 virion baseplate thymidylate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase.", "content": "Additional evidence is presented that both the phage T4D-induced thymidylate synthetase (gp td) and the T4D-induced dihydrofolate reductase (gp frd) are baseplate structural components. With regard to phage td it has been found that: (i) low levels of thymidylate synthetase activity were present in highly purified preparations of T4D ghost particles produced after infection with td(+), whereas particles produced after infection with td(-) had no measurable enzymatic activity; (ii) a mutation of the T4D td gene from td(ts) to td(+) simultaneously produced a heat-stable thymidylate synthetase enzyme and heat-stable phage particles (it should be noted that the phage baseplate structure determines heat lability); (iii) a recombinant of two T4D mutants constructed containing both td(ts) and frd(ts) genes produced particles whose physical properties indicate that these two molecules physically interact in the baseplate. With regard to phage frd it has been found that two spontaneous revertants each of two different T4D frd(ts) mutants to frd(+) not only produced altered dihydrofolate reductases but also formed phage particles with heat sensitivities different from their parents. Properties of T4D particles produced after infection with parental T4D mutants presumed to have a deletion of the td gene and/or the frd gene indicate that these particles still retain some characteristics associated with the presence of both the td and the frd molecules. Furthermore, the particles produced by the deletion mutants have been found to be physically different from the parent particles.", "contents": "Bacteriophage T4 virion baseplate thymidylate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase. Additional evidence is presented that both the phage T4D-induced thymidylate synthetase (gp td) and the T4D-induced dihydrofolate reductase (gp frd) are baseplate structural components. With regard to phage td it has been found that: (i) low levels of thymidylate synthetase activity were present in highly purified preparations of T4D ghost particles produced after infection with td(+), whereas particles produced after infection with td(-) had no measurable enzymatic activity; (ii) a mutation of the T4D td gene from td(ts) to td(+) simultaneously produced a heat-stable thymidylate synthetase enzyme and heat-stable phage particles (it should be noted that the phage baseplate structure determines heat lability); (iii) a recombinant of two T4D mutants constructed containing both td(ts) and frd(ts) genes produced particles whose physical properties indicate that these two molecules physically interact in the baseplate. With regard to phage frd it has been found that two spontaneous revertants each of two different T4D frd(ts) mutants to frd(+) not only produced altered dihydrofolate reductases but also formed phage particles with heat sensitivities different from their parents. Properties of T4D particles produced after infection with parental T4D mutants presumed to have a deletion of the td gene and/or the frd gene indicate that these particles still retain some characteristics associated with the presence of both the td and the frd molecules. Furthermore, the particles produced by the deletion mutants have been found to be physically different from the parent particles."}
{"id": "PMID:894794", "title": "Localization of single-chain interruptions in bacteriophage T5 DNA. II. Electrophoretic studies.", "content": "Upon denaturation, T5 DNA yields a large number of discrete, single-chain fragments that can be resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis. The positions of the more prominent of these fragments in the T5 duplex were determined by analyzing their sensitivity to digestion with lambda exonuclease and their distribution among EcoRI fragments of T5 DNA. These experiments also provide firm evidence concerning the polarity of the strands in T5 DNA. An analogous study was carried out on the fragments produced by treating exonuclease III-degraded T5 DNA with the single-strand-specific SI endonuclease. This procedure yielded over 40 discrete duplex fragments that could be resolved with considerable precision by agarose gel electrophoresis. The positions of most of these fragments were determined by analyzing EcoRI fragments of T5st(+) and T5st(0) DNA. Over 20 sites where single-chain interruptions can occur in T5 DNA were identified, and the distribution of interruptions within the terminal repetition was shown to be identical at both ends of the molecule. A precise value for the size of the terminal repetition in T5 DNA was obtained by analyzing SI endonuclease digests of ligase-repaired, circular T5 DNA in agarose gels. The repeated segment represented 8.3% of the T5st(+) DNA. The results of this study also provide information concerning the properties of lambda exonuclease. Hydrolysis by this enzyme was not terminated when single-chain interruptions were encountered either in the strand being degraded or in the complementary strand.", "contents": "Localization of single-chain interruptions in bacteriophage T5 DNA. II. Electrophoretic studies. Upon denaturation, T5 DNA yields a large number of discrete, single-chain fragments that can be resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis. The positions of the more prominent of these fragments in the T5 duplex were determined by analyzing their sensitivity to digestion with lambda exonuclease and their distribution among EcoRI fragments of T5 DNA. These experiments also provide firm evidence concerning the polarity of the strands in T5 DNA. An analogous study was carried out on the fragments produced by treating exonuclease III-degraded T5 DNA with the single-strand-specific SI endonuclease. This procedure yielded over 40 discrete duplex fragments that could be resolved with considerable precision by agarose gel electrophoresis. The positions of most of these fragments were determined by analyzing EcoRI fragments of T5st(+) and T5st(0) DNA. Over 20 sites where single-chain interruptions can occur in T5 DNA were identified, and the distribution of interruptions within the terminal repetition was shown to be identical at both ends of the molecule. A precise value for the size of the terminal repetition in T5 DNA was obtained by analyzing SI endonuclease digests of ligase-repaired, circular T5 DNA in agarose gels. The repeated segment represented 8.3% of the T5st(+) DNA. The results of this study also provide information concerning the properties of lambda exonuclease. Hydrolysis by this enzyme was not terminated when single-chain interruptions were encountered either in the strand being degraded or in the complementary strand."}
{"id": "PMID:894795", "title": "Common precursor for Rauscher leukemia virus gp69/71, p15(E), and p12(E).", "content": "Rauscher murine leukemia virus glycoprotein gp69/71 and non-glycosylated p15(E) are synthesized by way of a 90,000-dalton precursor glycoprotein, termed Pr2a+b. Peptide mapping experiments showed that Pr2a+b contains all the tyrosine-containing tryptic peptides of gp69/71. Two additional tyrosine-containing tryptic peptides in Pr2a+b that are not detected in gp69/71 are found in p15(E). Thus, gp69/71 and p15(E) peptide sequences account for all the tyrosine tryptic peptides of Pr2a+b. The gene order of the two proteins was determined by pulse-labeling infected cells in the presence and absence of pactamycin at concentrations of the inhibitor that prevent initiation of translation, but not elongation. The gene order was found to be: (2)HN-gp69/71-p15(E)-COOH. A newly identified major viral protein, termed p12(E), migrates in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels in the \"p12\" region. It is related to p15(E) as determined by tryptic mapping experiments. p15(E) and p12(E) are not phosphorylated, and both can be separated from phosphoprotein p12 by guanidine hydrochloride-agarose chromatography. p12(E) and p15(E) elute in the void volume fraction, whereas phosphoprotein p12 elutes between p15 and p10. The two p12 proteins can also be separated from each other by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis involving isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis in the second dimension.", "contents": "Common precursor for Rauscher leukemia virus gp69/71, p15(E), and p12(E). Rauscher murine leukemia virus glycoprotein gp69/71 and non-glycosylated p15(E) are synthesized by way of a 90,000-dalton precursor glycoprotein, termed Pr2a+b. Peptide mapping experiments showed that Pr2a+b contains all the tyrosine-containing tryptic peptides of gp69/71. Two additional tyrosine-containing tryptic peptides in Pr2a+b that are not detected in gp69/71 are found in p15(E). Thus, gp69/71 and p15(E) peptide sequences account for all the tyrosine tryptic peptides of Pr2a+b. The gene order of the two proteins was determined by pulse-labeling infected cells in the presence and absence of pactamycin at concentrations of the inhibitor that prevent initiation of translation, but not elongation. The gene order was found to be: (2)HN-gp69/71-p15(E)-COOH. A newly identified major viral protein, termed p12(E), migrates in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels in the \"p12\" region. It is related to p15(E) as determined by tryptic mapping experiments. p15(E) and p12(E) are not phosphorylated, and both can be separated from phosphoprotein p12 by guanidine hydrochloride-agarose chromatography. p12(E) and p15(E) elute in the void volume fraction, whereas phosphoprotein p12 elutes between p15 and p10. The two p12 proteins can also be separated from each other by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis involving isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis in the second dimension."}
{"id": "PMID:894796", "title": "Malignant pheochromocytoma: clinical course and treatment.", "content": "We describe 7 patients with 16 malignant pheochromocytomas, with followup for 7 to 21 years. Five patients are free of disease at a mean of 13.5 years and 2 patients died of malignancy at 10 and 13 years. The 3 criteria believed important for a maximum tumor-free interval are: 1) adjunctive lymphadenectomy at the initial operation when 1 or more lymph nodes contain tumor, 2) close followup of all patients with pheochromocytoma by diagnostic biochemical assay for 15 years and 3) an aggressive excision of all single or multiple recurrent pheochromocytomas as soon as a biochemical diagnosis is established.", "contents": "Malignant pheochromocytoma: clinical course and treatment. We describe 7 patients with 16 malignant pheochromocytomas, with followup for 7 to 21 years. Five patients are free of disease at a mean of 13.5 years and 2 patients died of malignancy at 10 and 13 years. The 3 criteria believed important for a maximum tumor-free interval are: 1) adjunctive lymphadenectomy at the initial operation when 1 or more lymph nodes contain tumor, 2) close followup of all patients with pheochromocytoma by diagnostic biochemical assay for 15 years and 3) an aggressive excision of all single or multiple recurrent pheochromocytomas as soon as a biochemical diagnosis is established."}
{"id": "PMID:894797", "title": "The changing clinicopathological pattern of abscesses in or adjacent to the kidney.", "content": "We reviewed retrospectively 43 patients with various renal and perirenal abscesses. In contrast to previously published data a primary renal etiology was noted for nearly every abscess in or adjacent to the kidney, irrespective of the type of abscess. Currently, the concept that the renal carbuncle is a metastatic abscess whose origin lies at some distant site may be applicable no longer. Despite earlier recognition of symptoms, improved diagnostic techniques and better therapy the morbidity and mortality of abscesses in and adjacent to the kidney remain high, suggesting the important role of associated medical conditions and the need for early aggressive therapy.", "contents": "The changing clinicopathological pattern of abscesses in or adjacent to the kidney. We reviewed retrospectively 43 patients with various renal and perirenal abscesses. In contrast to previously published data a primary renal etiology was noted for nearly every abscess in or adjacent to the kidney, irrespective of the type of abscess. Currently, the concept that the renal carbuncle is a metastatic abscess whose origin lies at some distant site may be applicable no longer. Despite earlier recognition of symptoms, improved diagnostic techniques and better therapy the morbidity and mortality of abscesses in and adjacent to the kidney remain high, suggesting the important role of associated medical conditions and the need for early aggressive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:894798", "title": "Adjuvant antimicrobial therapy with renal calculus surgery.", "content": "A randomized prospective study was done, comparing massive penicillin dosage (60 million units) to the recommended dose of ticarcillin (200 mg. per kg.) in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. A total of 50 patients with staghorn or multiple calculi who underwent anatrophic nephrolithotomy was entered into the study during a period of 14 months. Bacteriologic results were comparable. No significant toxicity from either massive penicillin or ticarcillin was observed.", "contents": "Adjuvant antimicrobial therapy with renal calculus surgery. A randomized prospective study was done, comparing massive penicillin dosage (60 million units) to the recommended dose of ticarcillin (200 mg. per kg.) in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. A total of 50 patients with staghorn or multiple calculi who underwent anatrophic nephrolithotomy was entered into the study during a period of 14 months. Bacteriologic results were comparable. No significant toxicity from either massive penicillin or ticarcillin was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:894799", "title": "Arteriography before needle puncture or renal hilar lesions.", "content": "We report on 2 patients with cystic-appearing lesions in the renal hilus that were detected on urography. In 1 case an ultrasound study confirmed a cystic mass but an arteriogram revealed a renal artery aneurysm. The arteriogram before the contemplated puncture of the renal hilar mass prevented an inadvertent puncture. The information about the arterial anatomy helped preoperative planning, which resulted in successful repair of the aneurysm by microdissection and autotransplantation.", "contents": "Arteriography before needle puncture or renal hilar lesions. We report on 2 patients with cystic-appearing lesions in the renal hilus that were detected on urography. In 1 case an ultrasound study confirmed a cystic mass but an arteriogram revealed a renal artery aneurysm. The arteriogram before the contemplated puncture of the renal hilar mass prevented an inadvertent puncture. The information about the arterial anatomy helped preoperative planning, which resulted in successful repair of the aneurysm by microdissection and autotransplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:894800", "title": "Aggressive versus conservative management of stage IV renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Improved modalities to treat metastatic renal cell carcinoma will require an aggressive surgical and chemotherapeutic approach. Nephrectomy with hormonal and non-hormonal chemotherapy does improve median survival and 3-year survival significantly. The use of xenogeneic specific immune ribonucleic acid and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin offers promising immunotherapeutic modalities that may be combined with surgical and chemotherapeutic regimens. Early diagnosis of metastatic disease is important to evaluate properly the results of various modalities of treatment and possibly to improve the efficiency of these modalities. The management of solitary metastatic nodules should involve aggressive resection of the primary and metastatic nodule. Adjuvant hormonal and non-hormonal chemotherapy should be considered in all stages of the disease.", "contents": "Aggressive versus conservative management of stage IV renal cell carcinoma. Improved modalities to treat metastatic renal cell carcinoma will require an aggressive surgical and chemotherapeutic approach. Nephrectomy with hormonal and non-hormonal chemotherapy does improve median survival and 3-year survival significantly. The use of xenogeneic specific immune ribonucleic acid and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin offers promising immunotherapeutic modalities that may be combined with surgical and chemotherapeutic regimens. Early diagnosis of metastatic disease is important to evaluate properly the results of various modalities of treatment and possibly to improve the efficiency of these modalities. The management of solitary metastatic nodules should involve aggressive resection of the primary and metastatic nodule. Adjuvant hormonal and non-hormonal chemotherapy should be considered in all stages of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:894801", "title": "Vesical-related paragangliomas.", "content": "A review is presented of vesical-related paragangliomas and 3 cases are reported. Methods for early diagnosis, including selective angiographic demonstration, and treatment of these rare tumors are discussed. A multi-team approach by the urologist, endocrinologist and anesthesiologist is stressed for better control of potentially dangerous vasomotor changes during diagnosis and surgical treatment of this tumor.", "contents": "Vesical-related paragangliomas. A review is presented of vesical-related paragangliomas and 3 cases are reported. Methods for early diagnosis, including selective angiographic demonstration, and treatment of these rare tumors are discussed. A multi-team approach by the urologist, endocrinologist and anesthesiologist is stressed for better control of potentially dangerous vasomotor changes during diagnosis and surgical treatment of this tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:894802", "title": "Three cases of human bladder cancer following high dose cyclamate ingestion.", "content": "Vesical implantation and oral feeding studies in animals raised sufficient suspicion of the carcinogenic propensity of cyclamates to result in their withdrawal from sale throughout the world. The structural similarity to known carcinogens, an effect on human chromosomes in tissue culture and a high carcinogenic potential when combined with non-injurious co-carcinogens gave further support to this ban. On the other hand, numerous epidemiological studies failed to support any statistical relationship between cyclamate ingestion and vesical carcinoma in man. Three patients are described in whom vesical carcinoma developed after a prolonged period of ingestion of an unusually high amount of cyclamate sweetener. Moreover, the severity of the disease appeared to be proportional to the dose ingested. Although this is not a conclusive indictment of the role of cyclamates we believe that patients with bladder cancer should be questioned about intake of cyclamates either directly or in diet soft drinks.", "contents": "Three cases of human bladder cancer following high dose cyclamate ingestion. Vesical implantation and oral feeding studies in animals raised sufficient suspicion of the carcinogenic propensity of cyclamates to result in their withdrawal from sale throughout the world. The structural similarity to known carcinogens, an effect on human chromosomes in tissue culture and a high carcinogenic potential when combined with non-injurious co-carcinogens gave further support to this ban. On the other hand, numerous epidemiological studies failed to support any statistical relationship between cyclamate ingestion and vesical carcinoma in man. Three patients are described in whom vesical carcinoma developed after a prolonged period of ingestion of an unusually high amount of cyclamate sweetener. Moreover, the severity of the disease appeared to be proportional to the dose ingested. Although this is not a conclusive indictment of the role of cyclamates we believe that patients with bladder cancer should be questioned about intake of cyclamates either directly or in diet soft drinks."}
{"id": "PMID:894803", "title": "Cystectomy after radiotherapeutic ablation of invasive transitional cell cancer.", "content": "Of 282 patients with invasive bladder carcinoma treated by a combined protocol of preoperative irradiation and total or partial cystectomy 84 had no residual carcinoma in the surgical specimens. Of these 84 patients who have been at risk for 12 to 149 months 59 (70 per cent) are alive.", "contents": "Cystectomy after radiotherapeutic ablation of invasive transitional cell cancer. Of 282 patients with invasive bladder carcinoma treated by a combined protocol of preoperative irradiation and total or partial cystectomy 84 had no residual carcinoma in the surgical specimens. Of these 84 patients who have been at risk for 12 to 149 months 59 (70 per cent) are alive."}
{"id": "PMID:894804", "title": "Obstruction of the male reproductive tract.", "content": "Anatomic obstruction of the male reproductive ducts may be congenital, inflammatory or iatrogenic in origin. Two cases of congenital obstruction and 1 case of iatrogenic obstruction are presented. Accurate identification of the etiology and location of the obstruction is necessary for patient counseling and choice of treatment.", "contents": "Obstruction of the male reproductive tract. Anatomic obstruction of the male reproductive ducts may be congenital, inflammatory or iatrogenic in origin. Two cases of congenital obstruction and 1 case of iatrogenic obstruction are presented. Accurate identification of the etiology and location of the obstruction is necessary for patient counseling and choice of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:894805", "title": "Demonstration of the existence of canine prostatic lymphatics by radioisotope techniques.", "content": "Radioactive 198Au colloid injected into the canine prostate through an opened bladder to avoid violating the prostatic capsule was observed to migrate from the prostate to the regional lymph nodes. Significant isotope uptake in the kidney, liver, rectus muscle and distant lymph nodes was not detected, thus indicating direct spread of the isotope to the regional lymph nodes.", "contents": "Demonstration of the existence of canine prostatic lymphatics by radioisotope techniques. Radioactive 198Au colloid injected into the canine prostate through an opened bladder to avoid violating the prostatic capsule was observed to migrate from the prostate to the regional lymph nodes. Significant isotope uptake in the kidney, liver, rectus muscle and distant lymph nodes was not detected, thus indicating direct spread of the isotope to the regional lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:894806", "title": "Prostatic adenocarcinoma: relationship of grade and local extent to the pattern of metastases.", "content": "In 100 consecutive cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma treated by pelvic lymphadenectomy and interstitial implantation of 125I the relationship of tumor stage, size and grade was analyzed relative to the incidence and site of metastases, and the response of the primary tumor to irradiation. High stage, large size and poor histological differentiation were associated with a significantly higher probability of pelvic node metastases. The response of the primary tumor to irradiation was significantly higher among patients with small stage B tumors and/or those with negative pelvic lymph nodes. Important determinants of metastases subsequent to 125I implantation were the large size of the primary tumor, poor histological differentiation, seminal vesicle invasion, large (more than 3 cc) volume of lymph node metastases and absence of local prostatic response to irradiation.", "contents": "Prostatic adenocarcinoma: relationship of grade and local extent to the pattern of metastases. In 100 consecutive cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma treated by pelvic lymphadenectomy and interstitial implantation of 125I the relationship of tumor stage, size and grade was analyzed relative to the incidence and site of metastases, and the response of the primary tumor to irradiation. High stage, large size and poor histological differentiation were associated with a significantly higher probability of pelvic node metastases. The response of the primary tumor to irradiation was significantly higher among patients with small stage B tumors and/or those with negative pelvic lymph nodes. Important determinants of metastases subsequent to 125I implantation were the large size of the primary tumor, poor histological differentiation, seminal vesicle invasion, large (more than 3 cc) volume of lymph node metastases and absence of local prostatic response to irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:894807", "title": "Prognosis of clinically undiagnosed prostatic carcinoma and the influence of endocrine therapy.", "content": "A 10-year series of 100 patients with clinically undiagnosed prostatic adenocarcinoma is presented. In 50 per cent of these patients the tumor was well differentiated and the survival was normal, while the remainder of the patients had moderately to poorly differentiated tumors and survival rates significantly less than normal. Of 8 deaths caused by cancer 7 were associated with less-than-well differentiated tumor. Patients who received endocrine therapy and died of causes other than cancer had a significantly shorter interval to death and a higher incidence of cardiovascular deaths than those who were untreated. While the majority of patients with incidental, clinically undiagnosed prostatic carcinoma is not at risk from the disease a minority exists who may benefit from radical therapy.", "contents": "Prognosis of clinically undiagnosed prostatic carcinoma and the influence of endocrine therapy. A 10-year series of 100 patients with clinically undiagnosed prostatic adenocarcinoma is presented. In 50 per cent of these patients the tumor was well differentiated and the survival was normal, while the remainder of the patients had moderately to poorly differentiated tumors and survival rates significantly less than normal. Of 8 deaths caused by cancer 7 were associated with less-than-well differentiated tumor. Patients who received endocrine therapy and died of causes other than cancer had a significantly shorter interval to death and a higher incidence of cardiovascular deaths than those who were untreated. While the majority of patients with incidental, clinically undiagnosed prostatic carcinoma is not at risk from the disease a minority exists who may benefit from radical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:894808", "title": "Treatment of the severe uninhibited neurogenic bladder by selective sacral rhizotomy.", "content": "Patients with severe uninhibited neurogenic bladders are marked with urinary frequency and incontinence of a debilitating nature. Seven patients not responding to various medical regimens were treated by selective sacral rhizotomy. The beneficial effects of the operation upon most of the patients are discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of the severe uninhibited neurogenic bladder by selective sacral rhizotomy. Patients with severe uninhibited neurogenic bladders are marked with urinary frequency and incontinence of a debilitating nature. Seven patients not responding to various medical regimens were treated by selective sacral rhizotomy. The beneficial effects of the operation upon most of the patients are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894809", "title": "The autonomic innervation of the human male and female bladder neck and proximal urethra.", "content": "Neurohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques have been used to determine the autonomic innervation of smooth muscle in the normal human male and female bladder neck and proximal urethra. Numerous cholinergic nerves supply the bladder neck and female proximal urethra, although nerves of the noradrenergic type rarely are observed in these regions. In contrast the male proximal urethra is supplied richly with noradrenergic nerves, indicating that the region is under direct sympathetic control and functions to prevent vesical reflux of ejaculate. The sympathetic innervation of the human bladder neck and female proximal urethra is different from that in other species, a finding that emphasizes the need for caution when results obtained from experimental animals are applied to the human. The sex difference is the innervation of the human proximal urethra has been discussed, particularly in relation to autonomic blocking agents currently used in the treatment of bladder neck and urethral dysfunction.", "contents": "The autonomic innervation of the human male and female bladder neck and proximal urethra. Neurohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques have been used to determine the autonomic innervation of smooth muscle in the normal human male and female bladder neck and proximal urethra. Numerous cholinergic nerves supply the bladder neck and female proximal urethra, although nerves of the noradrenergic type rarely are observed in these regions. In contrast the male proximal urethra is supplied richly with noradrenergic nerves, indicating that the region is under direct sympathetic control and functions to prevent vesical reflux of ejaculate. The sympathetic innervation of the human bladder neck and female proximal urethra is different from that in other species, a finding that emphasizes the need for caution when results obtained from experimental animals are applied to the human. The sex difference is the innervation of the human proximal urethra has been discussed, particularly in relation to autonomic blocking agents currently used in the treatment of bladder neck and urethral dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:894810", "title": "Multicystic dysplastic kidney.", "content": "We reviewed 29 cases of congenital multicystic dysplastic kidneys. Isolated renal pelvic atresia has an excellent prognosis but lower ureteral atresias are associated with a high incidence of contralateral renal disease and have a worse prognosis.", "contents": "Multicystic dysplastic kidney. We reviewed 29 cases of congenital multicystic dysplastic kidneys. Isolated renal pelvic atresia has an excellent prognosis but lower ureteral atresias are associated with a high incidence of contralateral renal disease and have a worse prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:894811", "title": "The value of the retrograde urethrogram in the diagnosis of anterior urethral valves.", "content": "There have been 14 cases of anterior urethral valves reported in the literature. The main diagnostic test in these cases has been voiding cystourethrography since retrograde urethrography is believed to be useless. Two additional cases of anterior urethral valves are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the retrograde urethrogram as a valuable adjunctive diagnostic study.", "contents": "The value of the retrograde urethrogram in the diagnosis of anterior urethral valves. There have been 14 cases of anterior urethral valves reported in the literature. The main diagnostic test in these cases has been voiding cystourethrography since retrograde urethrography is believed to be useless. Two additional cases of anterior urethral valves are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the retrograde urethrogram as a valuable adjunctive diagnostic study."}
{"id": "PMID:894812", "title": "The micropenis syndrome: clinical observations and expectations for growth.", "content": "We reviewed 34 genotypic male subjects with a true micropenis to determine the clinical situations in which micropenis is encountered and the types of therapy resulting in growth. The relationship of clinically functioning testicular tissue to growth is noted. Diagnostic modalities, including human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation, are discussed, as well as a plan for individual assessment and therapy.", "contents": "The micropenis syndrome: clinical observations and expectations for growth. We reviewed 34 genotypic male subjects with a true micropenis to determine the clinical situations in which micropenis is encountered and the types of therapy resulting in growth. The relationship of clinically functioning testicular tissue to growth is noted. Diagnostic modalities, including human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation, are discussed, as well as a plan for individual assessment and therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:894813", "title": "Anuria secondary to balloon catheters in children.", "content": "Two unusual cases of balloon catheter-induced anuria are presented. Certain pediatric patients and neonates, especially those with spastic neurogenic bladders or those who have had bilateral ureteral reimplantation, are more susceptible to this form of urinary obstruction. The use of non-balloon catheters or infant feeding tubes is recommended.", "contents": "Anuria secondary to balloon catheters in children. Two unusual cases of balloon catheter-induced anuria are presented. Certain pediatric patients and neonates, especially those with spastic neurogenic bladders or those who have had bilateral ureteral reimplantation, are more susceptible to this form of urinary obstruction. The use of non-balloon catheters or infant feeding tubes is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:894814", "title": "Severe blunt trauma of upper urinary and intestinal tracts in a child.", "content": "A 7 1/2-year-old boy sustained severe trauma to the upper abdomen, including transection of the common bile duct, transection of the second part of the duodenum, contusion of the head of the pancreas, traumatic thrombosis of the left renal artery, thrombosis of the right lower pole renal vasculature and avulsion of the right renal pelvis. A staged elective repair of the upper urinary tract, and later the upper gastrointestinal tract, was accomplished when he was referred 5 1/2 months after the initial injury.", "contents": "Severe blunt trauma of upper urinary and intestinal tracts in a child. A 7 1/2-year-old boy sustained severe trauma to the upper abdomen, including transection of the common bile duct, transection of the second part of the duodenum, contusion of the head of the pancreas, traumatic thrombosis of the left renal artery, thrombosis of the right lower pole renal vasculature and avulsion of the right renal pelvis. A staged elective repair of the upper urinary tract, and later the upper gastrointestinal tract, was accomplished when he was referred 5 1/2 months after the initial injury."}
{"id": "PMID:894817", "title": "Renal carcinoma associated with polycystic kidneys: occurrence after chronic hematuria and hypertension.", "content": "A case of polycystic kidneys associated with renal cell carcinoma in a 62-year old man is described. The concept that hematuria in patients with polycystic disease should not give rise to suspicion of malignancy if hypertension is present is questioned.", "contents": "Renal carcinoma associated with polycystic kidneys: occurrence after chronic hematuria and hypertension. A case of polycystic kidneys associated with renal cell carcinoma in a 62-year old man is described. The concept that hematuria in patients with polycystic disease should not give rise to suspicion of malignancy if hypertension is present is questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:894824", "title": "Partial duplication of the male urethra.", "content": "A case of partial duplication of the male urethra (bifid urethra) is presented. This case is unusual because of the late presentation with incontinence, the normality of the primary urethra and the markedly lateral course of the accessory urethra. An anatomic and embryological classification is presented.", "contents": "Partial duplication of the male urethra. A case of partial duplication of the male urethra (bifid urethra) is presented. This case is unusual because of the late presentation with incontinence, the normality of the primary urethra and the markedly lateral course of the accessory urethra. An anatomic and embryological classification is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:894825", "title": "Urethral encirclement by sacrococcygeal teratoma.", "content": "Obstruction and neurogenic bladder involvement are common with sacroccygeal teratomas but external genital involvement is rare. A genetic (46XY) male infant required cystotomy, colostomy and sex-of-rearing change to enable surgical removal of a sacrococcygeal teratoma that surrounded the hypospadiac urethra and deviated the penis. An associated ventral congenital transposition of the scrotum allowed partial coverage of the defect. Renal and bladder manifestations secondary to sacrococcygeal teratomas commonly require urologic management.", "contents": "Urethral encirclement by sacrococcygeal teratoma. Obstruction and neurogenic bladder involvement are common with sacroccygeal teratomas but external genital involvement is rare. A genetic (46XY) male infant required cystotomy, colostomy and sex-of-rearing change to enable surgical removal of a sacrococcygeal teratoma that surrounded the hypospadiac urethra and deviated the penis. An associated ventral congenital transposition of the scrotum allowed partial coverage of the defect. Renal and bladder manifestations secondary to sacrococcygeal teratomas commonly require urologic management."}
{"id": "PMID:894827", "title": "Myxoid neurofibroma of the testis.", "content": "A case of an intratesticular myxoid neurofibroma is reported. These tumors, which arise from perineural and Schwann cells, commonly occur throughout the body but have not been reported previously to originate within the testis. The mucoid material within the tumor is translucent, which may confuse the diagnosis with that of a hydrocele.", "contents": "Myxoid neurofibroma of the testis. A case of an intratesticular myxoid neurofibroma is reported. These tumors, which arise from perineural and Schwann cells, commonly occur throughout the body but have not been reported previously to originate within the testis. The mucoid material within the tumor is translucent, which may confuse the diagnosis with that of a hydrocele."}
{"id": "PMID:894828", "title": "Association of transverse testicular ectopia and seminal vesicle cyst.", "content": "The first case of simultaneous transverse testicular ectopia and a congenital seminal vesicle cyst is reported in a patient with coexistent upper urinary tract disorders. The literature relevant to these anomalies is reviewed and the rationale for complete urologic evaluation of the patient with a lower urinary tract anomaly is encouraged.", "contents": "Association of transverse testicular ectopia and seminal vesicle cyst. The first case of simultaneous transverse testicular ectopia and a congenital seminal vesicle cyst is reported in a patient with coexistent upper urinary tract disorders. The literature relevant to these anomalies is reviewed and the rationale for complete urologic evaluation of the patient with a lower urinary tract anomaly is encouraged."}
{"id": "PMID:894830", "title": "A unique combination of congenital genitourinary anomalies in a child.", "content": "A case of solitary crossed renal ectopia with concomitant, severe vesicoureteral reflux and a rudimentary ipsilateral ectopic ureter draining into the vas deferens is presented. In addition to these anomalies the patient had complete urethral duplication and right cryptorchidism, as well as right congenital dislocation of the hip. To our knowledge this is the first such case to be documented in the medical literature.", "contents": "A unique combination of congenital genitourinary anomalies in a child. A case of solitary crossed renal ectopia with concomitant, severe vesicoureteral reflux and a rudimentary ipsilateral ectopic ureter draining into the vas deferens is presented. In addition to these anomalies the patient had complete urethral duplication and right cryptorchidism, as well as right congenital dislocation of the hip. To our knowledge this is the first such case to be documented in the medical literature."}
{"id": "PMID:894835", "title": "[The general pharmacological actions of KW-1062, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic (author's transl)].", "content": "The general pharmacological actions of KW-1062 were investigated in order to estimate the effects on the host animals. KW-1062 showed little or no effect on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, hemolysis, blood coagulation, dermal tissue permeability and antigenicity tests at high doses. KW-1062 showed urinative effect and ototoxicity. But ototoxicity of KW-1062 was less potent than that of gentamicin. KW-1062 has been proved to have a safety margin wider than that of other aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "contents": "[The general pharmacological actions of KW-1062, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic (author's transl)]. The general pharmacological actions of KW-1062 were investigated in order to estimate the effects on the host animals. KW-1062 showed little or no effect on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, hemolysis, blood coagulation, dermal tissue permeability and antigenicity tests at high doses. KW-1062 showed urinative effect and ototoxicity. But ototoxicity of KW-1062 was less potent than that of gentamicin. KW-1062 has been proved to have a safety margin wider than that of other aminoglycoside antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:894838", "title": "[Safety evaluation of KW-1062. III. Investigation of maximum safety dose on subacute toxicity studies in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "In previous subacute toxicity studies by intramuscular administration carried out in Beagle dogs for 30 days, its maximum safety dose was not confirmed because renal tubular disorder was observed slightly at the dose of 25 mg/kg. Therefore subacute intramuscular toxicity studies were carried out again to investigate maximum safety dose using lower doses (4, 10 mg/kg). As the result of studies, the maximum safety dose was considered to be 10 mg/kg because there were no abnormal changes at both doses.", "contents": "[Safety evaluation of KW-1062. III. Investigation of maximum safety dose on subacute toxicity studies in dogs (author's transl)]. In previous subacute toxicity studies by intramuscular administration carried out in Beagle dogs for 30 days, its maximum safety dose was not confirmed because renal tubular disorder was observed slightly at the dose of 25 mg/kg. Therefore subacute intramuscular toxicity studies were carried out again to investigate maximum safety dose using lower doses (4, 10 mg/kg). As the result of studies, the maximum safety dose was considered to be 10 mg/kg because there were no abnormal changes at both doses."}
{"id": "PMID:894842", "title": "Measures of emergency ambulance effectiveness: unmet need and inappropriate use.", "content": "For Health Systems Agencies to fulfill their needs assessment and facility regulation functions under the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 (PL 93-641), process measures are needed to evaluate the overall efficiency of an emergency ambulance system. In Erie County, New York, unmet ambulance need, defined as the proportion of emergency patients who clinically need ambulance transportation but do not receive it, was found to be 55%. Inappropriate ambulance use, defined as the proportion of emergency patients receiving ambulance care who did not clinically need it, was found to be 30%. These two measures were cross-tabulated with patient and visit characteristics to identify the determinants of unmet need and inappropriate use and to generate recommendations for system changes to reduce both types of ambulance ineffectiveness.", "contents": "Measures of emergency ambulance effectiveness: unmet need and inappropriate use. For Health Systems Agencies to fulfill their needs assessment and facility regulation functions under the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 (PL 93-641), process measures are needed to evaluate the overall efficiency of an emergency ambulance system. In Erie County, New York, unmet ambulance need, defined as the proportion of emergency patients who clinically need ambulance transportation but do not receive it, was found to be 55%. Inappropriate ambulance use, defined as the proportion of emergency patients receiving ambulance care who did not clinically need it, was found to be 30%. These two measures were cross-tabulated with patient and visit characteristics to identify the determinants of unmet need and inappropriate use and to generate recommendations for system changes to reduce both types of ambulance ineffectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:894843", "title": "The Illinois Trauma System: changes in patient survival patterns following vehicular injuries.", "content": "To assess the impact of the Illinois Trauma Program on Region 5, Southern Illinois, samples of vehicular injuries and deaths were compared for a four-year study period: two years prior to system implementation (FY 1970-1971) and two years after system initiation (FY 1972-1973). Trauma center hospitals exhibited a statistically significant decrease in mortality rate during FY 1972-9173 while other hospitals (those in the region not designated as trauma centers) had no change in mortality rate. Decreases in mortality rates were statistically significant at trauma hospitals for weekends and patients between the ages of 45 and 64. The methodology of conducting such a study as well as the implications of the study are discussed.", "contents": "The Illinois Trauma System: changes in patient survival patterns following vehicular injuries. To assess the impact of the Illinois Trauma Program on Region 5, Southern Illinois, samples of vehicular injuries and deaths were compared for a four-year study period: two years prior to system implementation (FY 1970-1971) and two years after system initiation (FY 1972-1973). Trauma center hospitals exhibited a statistically significant decrease in mortality rate during FY 1972-9173 while other hospitals (those in the region not designated as trauma centers) had no change in mortality rate. Decreases in mortality rates were statistically significant at trauma hospitals for weekends and patients between the ages of 45 and 64. The methodology of conducting such a study as well as the implications of the study are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894844", "title": "Peritoneal lavage and scintigraphic evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "The emergency management of blunt abdominal trauma requires rapid assembly of accurate information. But history, physical findings and conventional tests may be unreliable. As a result, peritoneal lavage is an integral part of the initial diagnostic protocol in many centers. However, confusion in interpretation, especially of \"weak positives,\" can result in delayed or unnecessary celiotomy. In our regional trauma center, lavage is now reserved for selected cases based on experience with 1,833 cases \"scanned\" during a five-year period. The indications, contraindications, techniques, interpretation, advantages, disadvantages, and complications of lavage and scanning are presented. A protocol using radionuclide imaging for initial evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma is proposed and representative case studies are included to support this approach.", "contents": "Peritoneal lavage and scintigraphic evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma. The emergency management of blunt abdominal trauma requires rapid assembly of accurate information. But history, physical findings and conventional tests may be unreliable. As a result, peritoneal lavage is an integral part of the initial diagnostic protocol in many centers. However, confusion in interpretation, especially of \"weak positives,\" can result in delayed or unnecessary celiotomy. In our regional trauma center, lavage is now reserved for selected cases based on experience with 1,833 cases \"scanned\" during a five-year period. The indications, contraindications, techniques, interpretation, advantages, disadvantages, and complications of lavage and scanning are presented. A protocol using radionuclide imaging for initial evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma is proposed and representative case studies are included to support this approach."}
{"id": "PMID:894852", "title": "The bacteriology of pneumococcal otitis media.", "content": "The bacteriologic findings of 1205 episodes of pneumococcal otitis media are analyzed. Capsular types 6, 14, 19 and 23 have been found to account for more than half the initial and subsequent infections of the middle ear. Initial infection has been shown to be related to age, and recurrent infection with pneumococci of heterologous capsular types has been found to occur most often within six months of the initial attack. Nasopharyngeal carriage of the pneumococcal types most frequently causing otitis media may occur without causing infection, may antedate infection by as long as 13 months and may persist after infection for as long as 30 months. Recurrence of infection with a given capsular type has been identified following intervening infection with one or more heterologous capsular types. Simultaneous infection of the middle ear with two pneumococcal capsular types has been observed in 1% of the infections studied. The potential, but as yet unestablished, value of prophylactic vaccination against pneumococcal otitis media is considered.", "contents": "The bacteriology of pneumococcal otitis media. The bacteriologic findings of 1205 episodes of pneumococcal otitis media are analyzed. Capsular types 6, 14, 19 and 23 have been found to account for more than half the initial and subsequent infections of the middle ear. Initial infection has been shown to be related to age, and recurrent infection with pneumococci of heterologous capsular types has been found to occur most often within six months of the initial attack. Nasopharyngeal carriage of the pneumococcal types most frequently causing otitis media may occur without causing infection, may antedate infection by as long as 13 months and may persist after infection for as long as 30 months. Recurrence of infection with a given capsular type has been identified following intervening infection with one or more heterologous capsular types. Simultaneous infection of the middle ear with two pneumococcal capsular types has been observed in 1% of the infections studied. The potential, but as yet unestablished, value of prophylactic vaccination against pneumococcal otitis media is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:894853", "title": "Renal vein renin activity: a prospective study of sampling techniques and methods of interpretation.", "content": "Seventy patients undergoing renal arteriography were studied prospectively to define optimal techniques of renal venous sampling and to establish the most appropriate methods for interpretation of renal vein renin and activity (RVRA). Plasma renin activity values from the aorta, the antecubital vein and the lower inferior vena cava were nearly identical. The relationship between renal vein renin activity in the two renal veins was not influenced by lack of simultaneous sampling or by contrast administration. Thirty-one patients with normal arteriograms had a mean RVRA ratio (right over left) of 1.12 +/- .11 (mean +/- SEM) but RVRA difference (right minus left) of only 0.02 +/- .11 ng/ml/hr. In contrast 16 patients with \"significant\" (greater than 70%) narrowing of the main renal artery had a mean RVRA ratio (involved over uninvolved) of 4.3 +/- 1.2 and a mean RVRA difference (involved minus uninvolved) of 3.9 +/- 1.4 ng/ml/hr. Seven patients (22%) with normal arteriograms had \"abnormal\" RVRA ratios (greater than or equal 1.5) but corresponding RVRA differences within one standard deviation of the group mean. Thus the difference inRVRA between both renal veins may more accurately reflect a patient's renovascular status than does the corresponding RVRA ratio. An \"abnormal\" RVRA ratio alone inadequately indicates the presence of renal ischemia.", "contents": "Renal vein renin activity: a prospective study of sampling techniques and methods of interpretation. Seventy patients undergoing renal arteriography were studied prospectively to define optimal techniques of renal venous sampling and to establish the most appropriate methods for interpretation of renal vein renin and activity (RVRA). Plasma renin activity values from the aorta, the antecubital vein and the lower inferior vena cava were nearly identical. The relationship between renal vein renin activity in the two renal veins was not influenced by lack of simultaneous sampling or by contrast administration. Thirty-one patients with normal arteriograms had a mean RVRA ratio (right over left) of 1.12 +/- .11 (mean +/- SEM) but RVRA difference (right minus left) of only 0.02 +/- .11 ng/ml/hr. In contrast 16 patients with \"significant\" (greater than 70%) narrowing of the main renal artery had a mean RVRA ratio (involved over uninvolved) of 4.3 +/- 1.2 and a mean RVRA difference (involved minus uninvolved) of 3.9 +/- 1.4 ng/ml/hr. Seven patients (22%) with normal arteriograms had \"abnormal\" RVRA ratios (greater than or equal 1.5) but corresponding RVRA differences within one standard deviation of the group mean. Thus the difference inRVRA between both renal veins may more accurately reflect a patient's renovascular status than does the corresponding RVRA ratio. An \"abnormal\" RVRA ratio alone inadequately indicates the presence of renal ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:894854", "title": "Development and evaluation of a compliance test for patients taking disulfiram.", "content": "A breath test for carbon disulfide, a major excretion product of disulfiram, is described and evaluated. All breath excretions were standardized by collecting a fixed amount based on CO2 control. Excretion of CS2 falls rapidly (half life 8 to 18 hours), so that 20 to 30 hours following the last dose of disulfiram the test becomes negative. Approximately 300 tests in hospitalized patients taking disulfiram were positive; 40 tests in patients not taking this drug were negative. In an active disulfiram outpatient clinic more than one third of the patients who claimed to have taken disulfiram on the previous day had, as determined by this test, failed to do so. Of subjects judged by the professional staff to be almost certainly compliant 20% were not taking medication. Of the total of 52 patients tested in clinic only 25 were taking disulfiram.", "contents": "Development and evaluation of a compliance test for patients taking disulfiram. A breath test for carbon disulfide, a major excretion product of disulfiram, is described and evaluated. All breath excretions were standardized by collecting a fixed amount based on CO2 control. Excretion of CS2 falls rapidly (half life 8 to 18 hours), so that 20 to 30 hours following the last dose of disulfiram the test becomes negative. Approximately 300 tests in hospitalized patients taking disulfiram were positive; 40 tests in patients not taking this drug were negative. In an active disulfiram outpatient clinic more than one third of the patients who claimed to have taken disulfiram on the previous day had, as determined by this test, failed to do so. Of subjects judged by the professional staff to be almost certainly compliant 20% were not taking medication. Of the total of 52 patients tested in clinic only 25 were taking disulfiram."}
{"id": "PMID:894855", "title": "Clinical course, management, and long-term sequelae of respiratory failure due to influenza viral pneumonia.", "content": "Eleven patients with severe influenza viral pneumonia were seen over a six-week interval. Five patients survived after prolonged respirator and oxygen therapy. Follow-up chest roentgenograms and pulmonary function testing one year after recovery showed development of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis in the four survivors reexamined.", "contents": "Clinical course, management, and long-term sequelae of respiratory failure due to influenza viral pneumonia. Eleven patients with severe influenza viral pneumonia were seen over a six-week interval. Five patients survived after prolonged respirator and oxygen therapy. Follow-up chest roentgenograms and pulmonary function testing one year after recovery showed development of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis in the four survivors reexamined."}
{"id": "PMID:894856", "title": "Computerized calculation of platelet counts obtained with particle counters.", "content": "Three mathematical manipulations of raw data are necessary in order to use a small programmable calculator to compute platelt counts obtained with particle counters. Two of these manipulations use constant parameters and are easily incorporated into programmable calculators, which are in use in many laboratories. The third is a correction fro the excess concentration of platelets in supernatant plasma that results from sedimentation of red cells; it requires a large table of correction factors. This table often exceeds the storage capability of programmable calculators, and mathematical approximation is necessary. Two methods for close approximation of the table were developed by using a cosine function and a third order polynomial function of the hematocrit value.", "contents": "Computerized calculation of platelet counts obtained with particle counters. Three mathematical manipulations of raw data are necessary in order to use a small programmable calculator to compute platelt counts obtained with particle counters. Two of these manipulations use constant parameters and are easily incorporated into programmable calculators, which are in use in many laboratories. The third is a correction fro the excess concentration of platelets in supernatant plasma that results from sedimentation of red cells; it requires a large table of correction factors. This table often exceeds the storage capability of programmable calculators, and mathematical approximation is necessary. Two methods for close approximation of the table were developed by using a cosine function and a third order polynomial function of the hematocrit value."}
{"id": "PMID:894857", "title": "The perils of medical education.", "content": "Medicine and medical education have always faced the uncomfortable necessity of making decisions on the basis of incomplete information. In recent years far more intense social pressures have been added. Some of these are technical and theoretically can be solved logically, for example, equitable financing of medical care and education. However, some of the pressures have their roots in a more general malaise, the loss of philosophical faith and trust in our institutions. The task of the medical educator is to encourage rational changes, but to resist irrational ones. Medicine at its best is in itself for those in this and related professions, at least, a partial response to the abiding human need to feel fulfillment in an altruistic cause.", "contents": "The perils of medical education. Medicine and medical education have always faced the uncomfortable necessity of making decisions on the basis of incomplete information. In recent years far more intense social pressures have been added. Some of these are technical and theoretically can be solved logically, for example, equitable financing of medical care and education. However, some of the pressures have their roots in a more general malaise, the loss of philosophical faith and trust in our institutions. The task of the medical educator is to encourage rational changes, but to resist irrational ones. Medicine at its best is in itself for those in this and related professions, at least, a partial response to the abiding human need to feel fulfillment in an altruistic cause."}
{"id": "PMID:894893", "title": "[Activity of enzymes controlling adenosine metabolism in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "It is shown that patients with acute myocardial infarction and with chronic coronary insufficiency present an elevated 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine-desaminase activity. In clinically healthy persons examined after a physical exercise test the activity of 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine-desaminase declines. In most patients with chronic coronary insufficiency an increased activity of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of adenosine, above all of 5'-nucleotidase, is registered after a graded physical exertion test.", "contents": "[Activity of enzymes controlling adenosine metabolism in ischemic heart disease]. It is shown that patients with acute myocardial infarction and with chronic coronary insufficiency present an elevated 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine-desaminase activity. In clinically healthy persons examined after a physical exercise test the activity of 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine-desaminase declines. In most patients with chronic coronary insufficiency an increased activity of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of adenosine, above all of 5'-nucleotidase, is registered after a graded physical exertion test."}
{"id": "PMID:894894", "title": "[Early diagnosis of cardiac insufficiency in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension in medical jurisprudence].", "content": "Results of a study into the myocardium function in 440 patients with ischemic heart and hypertensive diseases are presented. In the study poly-kineto-apex-cardiography, rheography of the aorta and lungs, ultrasonic cardiography at rest in 123 of 440 patients were used after veloergometric loading. The application of the mentioned methods in conjunction with the veloergometric test helped diagnose a latent cardiac insufficiency that proved most frequent among patients with myocardial infarction in their past history (84.5%) and among those suffering from hypertensive disease with prevalence of the cardiac syndrome. An inference is drawn on the need for a complex investigation of patients at the clinic and especially in the practice of the medical expert testimony on the work capacity.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of cardiac insufficiency in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension in medical jurisprudence]. Results of a study into the myocardium function in 440 patients with ischemic heart and hypertensive diseases are presented. In the study poly-kineto-apex-cardiography, rheography of the aorta and lungs, ultrasonic cardiography at rest in 123 of 440 patients were used after veloergometric loading. The application of the mentioned methods in conjunction with the veloergometric test helped diagnose a latent cardiac insufficiency that proved most frequent among patients with myocardial infarction in their past history (84.5%) and among those suffering from hypertensive disease with prevalence of the cardiac syndrome. An inference is drawn on the need for a complex investigation of patients at the clinic and especially in the practice of the medical expert testimony on the work capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:894895", "title": "[Diagnosis and clinical course of occlusive lesions of the main trunk of the left coronary artery].", "content": "A total of 50 patients with the left coronary artery trunk stenosed by more than 50 per cent were examined. General clinical methods, ECG under physical efforts and selective coronarography were employed. According to the authors this amounts to 6.4% of all corronarographically investigated patients. A comparison of the results derived from these investigations furnished fairly reliable clinical signs suggesting the existence of the stenosed trunk prior to coronarography. The authors feel that a preliminary diagnosis of such a lesion dictates an urgent coronarography. A careful and reserved approach to the investigation and a number of modifications in the procedure used by the authors are factors substantially diminishing the risk of this investigation.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and clinical course of occlusive lesions of the main trunk of the left coronary artery]. A total of 50 patients with the left coronary artery trunk stenosed by more than 50 per cent were examined. General clinical methods, ECG under physical efforts and selective coronarography were employed. According to the authors this amounts to 6.4% of all corronarographically investigated patients. A comparison of the results derived from these investigations furnished fairly reliable clinical signs suggesting the existence of the stenosed trunk prior to coronarography. The authors feel that a preliminary diagnosis of such a lesion dictates an urgent coronarography. A careful and reserved approach to the investigation and a number of modifications in the procedure used by the authors are factors substantially diminishing the risk of this investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:894898", "title": "[State of the contractile apparatus of myocardial cells in ischemic injury].", "content": "Micrometric studies of the sarcomeres of myocytes in the zone of experimentally induced myocardial ischaemia in rats, histological, polarization-microscopic and micrometric studies of the myocardial cells in the zone of infarction in dead humans and model experiments with fixation of distended papillary muscles demonstrated that relaxation of the sarcomeres is characteristic of the myocardial cells damaged by ischaemia. This sign indicating the loss of the contractile function in the injured cells develops in early ischaemia when other histological changes typical for the ischaemic lesions are absent. The percentage of relaxed and distended sarcomeres changes with the increasing duration of ischaemia, and therefore it can be used as an indirect index of the term of ischaemia and, consequently, as a criterion of the irreversibility of the ischaemic lesion of the myocardium.", "contents": "[State of the contractile apparatus of myocardial cells in ischemic injury]. Micrometric studies of the sarcomeres of myocytes in the zone of experimentally induced myocardial ischaemia in rats, histological, polarization-microscopic and micrometric studies of the myocardial cells in the zone of infarction in dead humans and model experiments with fixation of distended papillary muscles demonstrated that relaxation of the sarcomeres is characteristic of the myocardial cells damaged by ischaemia. This sign indicating the loss of the contractile function in the injured cells develops in early ischaemia when other histological changes typical for the ischaemic lesions are absent. The percentage of relaxed and distended sarcomeres changes with the increasing duration of ischaemia, and therefore it can be used as an indirect index of the term of ischaemia and, consequently, as a criterion of the irreversibility of the ischaemic lesion of the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:894902", "title": "[Assessment of coronary/blood flow according to the indicators of the pressure-time ratio].", "content": "The results of heart catheterization in 116 patients with different heart diseases, ischaemic lesions and arterial hypertension were processed. The diastolic pressure-time index characterizes the main part of the coronary flow, while the systomic pressure-time index of the corresponding ventricle--the myocardial requirements in the blood supply. The ratio of these indices corresponds to the demand/supply ratio. In normals, for the left ventricle it comprises 0.75+/-0.07; for both ventricles--0.95+/-0.07. This ratio grow in cases of ventricular hyperfunction and myocardial ischaemia.", "contents": "[Assessment of coronary/blood flow according to the indicators of the pressure-time ratio]. The results of heart catheterization in 116 patients with different heart diseases, ischaemic lesions and arterial hypertension were processed. The diastolic pressure-time index characterizes the main part of the coronary flow, while the systomic pressure-time index of the corresponding ventricle--the myocardial requirements in the blood supply. The ratio of these indices corresponds to the demand/supply ratio. In normals, for the left ventricle it comprises 0.75+/-0.07; for both ventricles--0.95+/-0.07. This ratio grow in cases of ventricular hyperfunction and myocardial ischaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:894903", "title": "[Characteristics of hemodynamics of the lesser circulation in chronic pneumonia according to ergometric data].", "content": "Rheopneumographic examinations were conducted in 54 patients with chronic pneumonia (stage I and II pulmonary insufficiency) prior to and following exercise tests. It was demonstrated that in normal individuals physical exercises cause a compensatory increase of the pulmonary blood flow without elevating the pressure in the pulmonary circulation system. The progression of pulmonary insufficiency is accompanied by a reduction of the adaptation capacity of the heart, of the pulmonary vessels, by an increase of pulmonary hypertension, and impairment of the contractile function of the right ventricular myocardium. The severity of changes in the pulmonary system haemodynamics, as shown by rheopneumography, correlates with the disorders in the oxygen regimen (oxygen consumption and oxygen pulse).", "contents": "[Characteristics of hemodynamics of the lesser circulation in chronic pneumonia according to ergometric data]. Rheopneumographic examinations were conducted in 54 patients with chronic pneumonia (stage I and II pulmonary insufficiency) prior to and following exercise tests. It was demonstrated that in normal individuals physical exercises cause a compensatory increase of the pulmonary blood flow without elevating the pressure in the pulmonary circulation system. The progression of pulmonary insufficiency is accompanied by a reduction of the adaptation capacity of the heart, of the pulmonary vessels, by an increase of pulmonary hypertension, and impairment of the contractile function of the right ventricular myocardium. The severity of changes in the pulmonary system haemodynamics, as shown by rheopneumography, correlates with the disorders in the oxygen regimen (oxygen consumption and oxygen pulse)."}
{"id": "PMID:894904", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and cardialgia by means of pharmacological tests in the polyclinical practice].", "content": "The possibility of differential diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and cardialgia at a polyclinic is analyzed. A total of 1110 patients with a preliminary diagnosis of ischemic heart disease were examined. In 214 of them the data gathered during many years of observations have cast doubt on the validity of this diagnosis. The patients of this group were made to undergo tests with potassium chloride and obsidan. Subject to appraisal were the ECG reaction and an analysis of angular variations of the vectors in the terminal portion of the ventricular complex. The described tests were shown to help determine the significance of \"functional\" or \"organic\" changes of the myocardium in the genesis of repolarizational ECG perturbances.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and cardialgia by means of pharmacological tests in the polyclinical practice]. The possibility of differential diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and cardialgia at a polyclinic is analyzed. A total of 1110 patients with a preliminary diagnosis of ischemic heart disease were examined. In 214 of them the data gathered during many years of observations have cast doubt on the validity of this diagnosis. The patients of this group were made to undergo tests with potassium chloride and obsidan. Subject to appraisal were the ECG reaction and an analysis of angular variations of the vectors in the terminal portion of the ventricular complex. The described tests were shown to help determine the significance of \"functional\" or \"organic\" changes of the myocardium in the genesis of repolarizational ECG perturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:894905", "title": "[Hyperlipemia and functional state of the myocardius according to the analysis of the polycardiograph under conditions of submaximal physical exercise].", "content": "An analysis of polycardiographic parameters prior to and following treadmill exercises was conducted in 124 males, aged 39-59 years; in 57 of them the blood lipids level was normal, in 67--elevated (cholesterol level 260 mg% and higher in those aged 39--49 and 280 mg% and higher for those aged 50-59, or triglycerids--300 mg% and higher for both age-groups). In persons with elevated levels of lipids in blood during early restitution (after 2 min.) following submaximal physical exercises polycardiogrammes demonstrated a phase syndrome of hypodynamia irrespective of the fact whether an ischaemic depression of the ST segment appeared on the ECG tracings in response to the exercises or not. The functional deficiency of the myocardium in patients with hyperlipidemia is most probably explained by the hampered oxygen transport from the erythrocytes via the hyperlipidemic plasma to the heart muscle.", "contents": "[Hyperlipemia and functional state of the myocardius according to the analysis of the polycardiograph under conditions of submaximal physical exercise]. An analysis of polycardiographic parameters prior to and following treadmill exercises was conducted in 124 males, aged 39-59 years; in 57 of them the blood lipids level was normal, in 67--elevated (cholesterol level 260 mg% and higher in those aged 39--49 and 280 mg% and higher for those aged 50-59, or triglycerids--300 mg% and higher for both age-groups). In persons with elevated levels of lipids in blood during early restitution (after 2 min.) following submaximal physical exercises polycardiogrammes demonstrated a phase syndrome of hypodynamia irrespective of the fact whether an ischaemic depression of the ST segment appeared on the ECG tracings in response to the exercises or not. The functional deficiency of the myocardium in patients with hyperlipidemia is most probably explained by the hampered oxygen transport from the erythrocytes via the hyperlipidemic plasma to the heart muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:894906", "title": "[Socio-hygiene examination of male middle-aged population in connection with primary prevention of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The presented results are based on an analysis of a socio-medical examination of males born in 1922-1931 comprising a 5% randomization from the population of this age group in one of the Moscow districts. 30.2% of the males volunteered their participation in the possible prophylactic measures, but only 20.3% were willing to participate in drug preventive therapy. The obtained data indicate that the examined population group was insufficiently prepared for preventive measures against cardiovascular pathology, and that extended differentiated health education programs are needed.", "contents": "[Socio-hygiene examination of male middle-aged population in connection with primary prevention of ischemic heart disease]. The presented results are based on an analysis of a socio-medical examination of males born in 1922-1931 comprising a 5% randomization from the population of this age group in one of the Moscow districts. 30.2% of the males volunteered their participation in the possible prophylactic measures, but only 20.3% were willing to participate in drug preventive therapy. The obtained data indicate that the examined population group was insufficiently prepared for preventive measures against cardiovascular pathology, and that extended differentiated health education programs are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:894907", "title": "[Genetic heterogeneity of ischemic (coronary) heart disease].", "content": "Results are presented on a study of the blood coagulation system and some indices of serum lipids and proteins in 133 normal individuals and probands with ischaemic heart disease and their 681 relatives. The examination of the relatives of probands with different types of biochemical disorders revealed a similar biochemical background in the probands and the members of their families. The disorders in blood biochemistry in the probands were most similar in the parents, the children of the probands' siblings, and less distinct in more distant relatives (cousins, nephews and nieces, etc.), biochemical disorders similar to those of the probands being found in young persons (14-16 years old) and reappearing in several generations. The author concludes on the genetic heterogeneity of ischaemic (coronary) heart disease and underlying coronary atherosclerosis.", "contents": "[Genetic heterogeneity of ischemic (coronary) heart disease]. Results are presented on a study of the blood coagulation system and some indices of serum lipids and proteins in 133 normal individuals and probands with ischaemic heart disease and their 681 relatives. The examination of the relatives of probands with different types of biochemical disorders revealed a similar biochemical background in the probands and the members of their families. The disorders in blood biochemistry in the probands were most similar in the parents, the children of the probands' siblings, and less distinct in more distant relatives (cousins, nephews and nieces, etc.), biochemical disorders similar to those of the probands being found in young persons (14-16 years old) and reappearing in several generations. The author concludes on the genetic heterogeneity of ischaemic (coronary) heart disease and underlying coronary atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:894908", "title": "Renal response to phosphorus deprivation: effect of the parathyroids and bicarbonate.", "content": "Plasma inorganic phosphate (Pi) and Pi reabsorption were compared in intact and chronically thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats stabilized on a high or low-phosphorus diet after volume expansion with equivalent sodium bicarbonate or sodium chloride. Phosphate infusion after sodium chloride-loading resulted in greater hyperphosphatemia and diminished phosphaturia in TPTX rats than intact high-phosphorus rats. After sodium bicarbonate-loading, however, there was no difference between intact and TPTX high-phosphorus animals because bicarbonate inhibited Pi reabsorption extensively in both. In contrast, phosphate infusion after sodium chloride-loading in phosphorus-deprived rats elicited greater degrees of hyperphosphatemia and increased Pi reabsorption, irrespective of the presence or absence of the parathyroids. Sodium bicarbonate-loading inhibited Pi reabsorption significantly less in phosphorus-deprived rats than in high-phosphorus animals. Paradoxically, this inhibitory effect of bicarbonate in phosphorus depletion was greater in TPTX rats than in intact animals. Therefore, the presence of the parathyroids did not interfere with Pi reabsorption during phosphate infusion in sodium bicarbonate-loaded phosphorus-deprived rats. Sodium bicarbonate-loading interfered with Pi reabsorption most prominently in phosphorus-deprived rats when the parathyroids were absent.", "contents": "Renal response to phosphorus deprivation: effect of the parathyroids and bicarbonate. Plasma inorganic phosphate (Pi) and Pi reabsorption were compared in intact and chronically thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats stabilized on a high or low-phosphorus diet after volume expansion with equivalent sodium bicarbonate or sodium chloride. Phosphate infusion after sodium chloride-loading resulted in greater hyperphosphatemia and diminished phosphaturia in TPTX rats than intact high-phosphorus rats. After sodium bicarbonate-loading, however, there was no difference between intact and TPTX high-phosphorus animals because bicarbonate inhibited Pi reabsorption extensively in both. In contrast, phosphate infusion after sodium chloride-loading in phosphorus-deprived rats elicited greater degrees of hyperphosphatemia and increased Pi reabsorption, irrespective of the presence or absence of the parathyroids. Sodium bicarbonate-loading inhibited Pi reabsorption significantly less in phosphorus-deprived rats than in high-phosphorus animals. Paradoxically, this inhibitory effect of bicarbonate in phosphorus depletion was greater in TPTX rats than in intact animals. Therefore, the presence of the parathyroids did not interfere with Pi reabsorption during phosphate infusion in sodium bicarbonate-loaded phosphorus-deprived rats. Sodium bicarbonate-loading interfered with Pi reabsorption most prominently in phosphorus-deprived rats when the parathyroids were absent."}
{"id": "PMID:894909", "title": "Immunologic characterization of plasma membranes from the renal proximal tubule of the dog.", "content": "Plasma membrane fractions from the brush border (BBM) and antiluminal (ALM) surfaces of the dog's renal proximal tubule cell were separated using free-flow electrophoresis. Rabbits immunized with BBM rapidly produced antibody, but rabbits immunized with ALM did not respond. Indirect immunofluorescence and immunoferritin studies showed that the antibody reacts with the brush border of the proximal tubules in the normal kidney of the adult dog. It also reacts with the surface membranes of certain other absorptive and secretory epithelia, such as gall bladder, small intestine, epididymis, and lacrimal gland. The antibody has affinity for the membrane maltase without affecting its catalytic activity, but does not appear to have affinity for the membrane alkaline phosphatase or the high affinity binding site for phlorizin present in the BBM. Polyacrylamide electrophoresis of solubilized BBM showed approximately 37 protein bands and four glycoproteins. We conclude that the proximal tubule cell is immunologically polarized with respect to the distribution of antigenic proteins, and that the BBM is highly antigenic. The antigenic components appear to be high molecular weight glycoproteins present in the glycocalyx.", "contents": "Immunologic characterization of plasma membranes from the renal proximal tubule of the dog. Plasma membrane fractions from the brush border (BBM) and antiluminal (ALM) surfaces of the dog's renal proximal tubule cell were separated using free-flow electrophoresis. Rabbits immunized with BBM rapidly produced antibody, but rabbits immunized with ALM did not respond. Indirect immunofluorescence and immunoferritin studies showed that the antibody reacts with the brush border of the proximal tubules in the normal kidney of the adult dog. It also reacts with the surface membranes of certain other absorptive and secretory epithelia, such as gall bladder, small intestine, epididymis, and lacrimal gland. The antibody has affinity for the membrane maltase without affecting its catalytic activity, but does not appear to have affinity for the membrane alkaline phosphatase or the high affinity binding site for phlorizin present in the BBM. Polyacrylamide electrophoresis of solubilized BBM showed approximately 37 protein bands and four glycoproteins. We conclude that the proximal tubule cell is immunologically polarized with respect to the distribution of antigenic proteins, and that the BBM is highly antigenic. The antigenic components appear to be high molecular weight glycoproteins present in the glycocalyx."}
{"id": "PMID:894911", "title": "Biocarbonate and fluid absorption by renal proximal straight tubules.", "content": "Rabbit proximal straight tubules from superficial nephrons were perfused in vitro in order to elucidate the mechanism of fluid and bicarbonate absorption. Both processes were greatly inhibited when sodium was replaced in the perfusate and bath by other cations, when ouabain was added to the bath, or when potassium was removed from the bath. We infer that these experimental manipulations inhibit active sodium tranport, and that active sodium transport is a primary process leading to fluid and bicarbonate absorption. Fluid absorption also decreased (but only by 22 to 36%) when bicarbonate was replaced by chloride in the perfusate and bath or when acetazolamide (10(-3)M) was added, suggesting that fluid and sodium transport depend in part on bicarbonate. We infer that the links between fluid, sodiu, and bicarbonate transport are complex and involve at least two mechanisms: 1) a sodium for hydrogen ion exchange mechanism located in the brush border membrane and 2) the transepithelial concentration difference for bicarbonate, which results from its absorption and which acts as an additional driving force for fluid and sodium absorption. Finally, bicarbonate absorption was unaltered when chloride was replaced by nitrate in the perfusate and bath, suggesting that chloride is not necessary for acidification in this nephron segment.", "contents": "Biocarbonate and fluid absorption by renal proximal straight tubules. Rabbit proximal straight tubules from superficial nephrons were perfused in vitro in order to elucidate the mechanism of fluid and bicarbonate absorption. Both processes were greatly inhibited when sodium was replaced in the perfusate and bath by other cations, when ouabain was added to the bath, or when potassium was removed from the bath. We infer that these experimental manipulations inhibit active sodium tranport, and that active sodium transport is a primary process leading to fluid and bicarbonate absorption. Fluid absorption also decreased (but only by 22 to 36%) when bicarbonate was replaced by chloride in the perfusate and bath or when acetazolamide (10(-3)M) was added, suggesting that fluid and sodium transport depend in part on bicarbonate. We infer that the links between fluid, sodiu, and bicarbonate transport are complex and involve at least two mechanisms: 1) a sodium for hydrogen ion exchange mechanism located in the brush border membrane and 2) the transepithelial concentration difference for bicarbonate, which results from its absorption and which acts as an additional driving force for fluid and sodium absorption. Finally, bicarbonate absorption was unaltered when chloride was replaced by nitrate in the perfusate and bath, suggesting that chloride is not necessary for acidification in this nephron segment."}
{"id": "PMID:894913", "title": "Origin of hypercholesterolemia in chronic experimental nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Sixteen nephrotized rats and eight controls were submitted to a continuous sterol balance for two weeks. During the whole experiment (two months) the rats were pair-fed a balanced sterol-free diet and their proteinuria regularly measured as a parameter of the nephrotic state. Serum cholesterol and albumin were also measured at the end of the experiment. Liver and carcass (excluding intestine and central nervous system) as well as feces were submitted to sterol analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. Sterol losses were corrected for by adding radioactive cholesterol and cholic acid at the beginning of the methodological procedures. The results showed that while fecal sterol excretion was similar in the nephrotic group as compared to controls, a definite increase in serum, carcass, and liver cholesterol was observed in the nephrotic animals, indicating that a real enhancement of synthesis had occurred. The meaning of increased cholesterol hepatic content is discussed, as well as the possible relationship between enhanced protein and cholesterol hepatic synthesis.", "contents": "Origin of hypercholesterolemia in chronic experimental nephrotic syndrome. Sixteen nephrotized rats and eight controls were submitted to a continuous sterol balance for two weeks. During the whole experiment (two months) the rats were pair-fed a balanced sterol-free diet and their proteinuria regularly measured as a parameter of the nephrotic state. Serum cholesterol and albumin were also measured at the end of the experiment. Liver and carcass (excluding intestine and central nervous system) as well as feces were submitted to sterol analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. Sterol losses were corrected for by adding radioactive cholesterol and cholic acid at the beginning of the methodological procedures. The results showed that while fecal sterol excretion was similar in the nephrotic group as compared to controls, a definite increase in serum, carcass, and liver cholesterol was observed in the nephrotic animals, indicating that a real enhancement of synthesis had occurred. The meaning of increased cholesterol hepatic content is discussed, as well as the possible relationship between enhanced protein and cholesterol hepatic synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:894915", "title": "Kinetics of hemodialysis: a theoretical study of the removal of solutes in chronic renal failure compared to normal health.", "content": "A theoretical comparison of various treatment strategies for the dialysis of patients with chronic renal failure has been made covering a wide mol wt spectrum (60 to 5250 daltons) of metabolites. A two-compartment model has been used with the generation rate in the appropriate pool. The comparison for any given metabolite is made, keeping the same level of predicted intracellular concentration as in traditional Kiil treatments, and it is found that the number of treatment hours per week may be reduced pro rata as the dialyzer clearance is increased. This result is independent of the assumed site of metabolite generation, of the distribution volumes, and of the level of the cell wall permeability. The cyclic fluctuation in intracellular concentration and the mean level of intracellular concentration, in relation to the level in normal health, are both predicted for a given metabolite to be lower if thecell wall permeability is assumed to be on the low side rather than on the high side. The clinical implications of the variations in intracellular and extracellular concentration are discussed, and considerable elevation compared to normal health is predicted for both compartments for large molecules, larger than or equal to 1,000 mol wt, which are generated effectively in the extracellular compartment.", "contents": "Kinetics of hemodialysis: a theoretical study of the removal of solutes in chronic renal failure compared to normal health. A theoretical comparison of various treatment strategies for the dialysis of patients with chronic renal failure has been made covering a wide mol wt spectrum (60 to 5250 daltons) of metabolites. A two-compartment model has been used with the generation rate in the appropriate pool. The comparison for any given metabolite is made, keeping the same level of predicted intracellular concentration as in traditional Kiil treatments, and it is found that the number of treatment hours per week may be reduced pro rata as the dialyzer clearance is increased. This result is independent of the assumed site of metabolite generation, of the distribution volumes, and of the level of the cell wall permeability. The cyclic fluctuation in intracellular concentration and the mean level of intracellular concentration, in relation to the level in normal health, are both predicted for a given metabolite to be lower if thecell wall permeability is assumed to be on the low side rather than on the high side. The clinical implications of the variations in intracellular and extracellular concentration are discussed, and considerable elevation compared to normal health is predicted for both compartments for large molecules, larger than or equal to 1,000 mol wt, which are generated effectively in the extracellular compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:894916", "title": "Host responses to hepatitis B infection in patients in a chronic hemodialysis unit.", "content": "Host responses to hepatitis B infection were studied in 222 patients in a chronic hemodialysis unit. From 1970 to 1976, patients were monitored monthly for development of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), and serum transaminase (SGPT) elevations. Five categories of patients were identified as: 1) chronic carriers of HBsAg; 2) transiently HBsAg(+), who developed anti-HBs; 3) HBsAg(-) on admission, who developed anti-HBs without becoming HBsAg(+); 4) anti-HBs(+) on admission; 5) uninfected who remained HBsAg(-) and anti-HBs(-). For a patient who became HBsAg(+) in this clinic, the probability of becoming a chronic carrier was 62-8% and rose to 88.5% if he or she had been HBsAg(+) for five consecutive months. Males were more likely to become chronic carriers, and females were more likely to develop anti-HBs. Neither age, race, nor type of underlying kidney disease was associated with particular host responses to hepatitis B virus. No effect of hepatitis B infection on mortality was detected. Variation in host response to hepatitis B infection among renal dialysis patients may affect the usefulness of hepatitis B hyperimmune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine and be related to the outcome of kidney transplantation.", "contents": "Host responses to hepatitis B infection in patients in a chronic hemodialysis unit. Host responses to hepatitis B infection were studied in 222 patients in a chronic hemodialysis unit. From 1970 to 1976, patients were monitored monthly for development of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), and serum transaminase (SGPT) elevations. Five categories of patients were identified as: 1) chronic carriers of HBsAg; 2) transiently HBsAg(+), who developed anti-HBs; 3) HBsAg(-) on admission, who developed anti-HBs without becoming HBsAg(+); 4) anti-HBs(+) on admission; 5) uninfected who remained HBsAg(-) and anti-HBs(-). For a patient who became HBsAg(+) in this clinic, the probability of becoming a chronic carrier was 62-8% and rose to 88.5% if he or she had been HBsAg(+) for five consecutive months. Males were more likely to become chronic carriers, and females were more likely to develop anti-HBs. Neither age, race, nor type of underlying kidney disease was associated with particular host responses to hepatitis B virus. No effect of hepatitis B infection on mortality was detected. Variation in host response to hepatitis B infection among renal dialysis patients may affect the usefulness of hepatitis B hyperimmune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine and be related to the outcome of kidney transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:894965", "title": "[Cyclocryotherapy of haemorrhagic glaucoma: clinical long time and histopathologic results (author's transl)].", "content": "67 eyes with a haemorrhagic glaucoma have been treated with different methods of cyclocryotherapy. 54 of the 67 patients were painless after a follow-up from 6 to 53 months. In 49 eyes the intraocular tension was under 25 mm Hg regardless of the applicationmethod used. 9 of the 67 eyes were found to be phthistic most of them in the series with the longest follow-up. The histopathologic findings of 8 eyes which had been excised after different postoperative periods show severe necrosis and chronic tissue reaction following cyclocryotherapy.", "contents": "[Cyclocryotherapy of haemorrhagic glaucoma: clinical long time and histopathologic results (author's transl)]. 67 eyes with a haemorrhagic glaucoma have been treated with different methods of cyclocryotherapy. 54 of the 67 patients were painless after a follow-up from 6 to 53 months. In 49 eyes the intraocular tension was under 25 mm Hg regardless of the applicationmethod used. 9 of the 67 eyes were found to be phthistic most of them in the series with the longest follow-up. The histopathologic findings of 8 eyes which had been excised after different postoperative periods show severe necrosis and chronic tissue reaction following cyclocryotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:894966", "title": "[A new operative method for the treatment of malignant glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1971 the University Eye Clinic Graz has used the cryocoagulation of the ciliary body as a method of therapy in cases of malignant glaucoma. In all 7 eyes treated once by coagulation the malignant course was interrupted and the tension permanently regulated. It is believed that the cyclotherapy directly interferes with the pathomechanism of the malignant glaucoma.", "contents": "[A new operative method for the treatment of malignant glaucoma (author's transl)]. Since 1971 the University Eye Clinic Graz has used the cryocoagulation of the ciliary body as a method of therapy in cases of malignant glaucoma. In all 7 eyes treated once by coagulation the malignant course was interrupted and the tension permanently regulated. It is believed that the cyclotherapy directly interferes with the pathomechanism of the malignant glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:894967", "title": "[The diagnostic and prognostic significance of increase intra-ocular pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "A single tonometry observation is not very relevant due to considerable interobserver variations which are also found in applanation tonometry. Furthermore, the intraocular decreases by repeated applanation tonometry and intra-ocular pressure that change for as much as 8 mm Hg in 1 minute has been found in continous pressure recordings. There are in addition diurnal pressure variations and pressure alterations with the position of the body. Therefore, the diurnal pressure curve is much more important than the single tonometric value. The prognosis and also the decision to start medical treatment depends upon the height of the pressure, the family history diabetes, vasoclerosis, low blood pressure, heart insufficiency, age, disease of the carotid artery, anemia, the size of the excavation, the condition of the visual field, the reliability of the patient and the pressure lowering effects of pilocarpine, which can be very different individually. Rarely pressures of 26 mm Hg or more can be left untreated. If unfavourable factors are combined, even in pressures of 20 mm Hg it should be tested if pilocarpin lowers the intra-ocular pressure considerably. There is no magic number of pressure where treatment has to be started.", "contents": "[The diagnostic and prognostic significance of increase intra-ocular pressure (author's transl)]. A single tonometry observation is not very relevant due to considerable interobserver variations which are also found in applanation tonometry. Furthermore, the intraocular decreases by repeated applanation tonometry and intra-ocular pressure that change for as much as 8 mm Hg in 1 minute has been found in continous pressure recordings. There are in addition diurnal pressure variations and pressure alterations with the position of the body. Therefore, the diurnal pressure curve is much more important than the single tonometric value. The prognosis and also the decision to start medical treatment depends upon the height of the pressure, the family history diabetes, vasoclerosis, low blood pressure, heart insufficiency, age, disease of the carotid artery, anemia, the size of the excavation, the condition of the visual field, the reliability of the patient and the pressure lowering effects of pilocarpine, which can be very different individually. Rarely pressures of 26 mm Hg or more can be left untreated. If unfavourable factors are combined, even in pressures of 20 mm Hg it should be tested if pilocarpin lowers the intra-ocular pressure considerably. There is no magic number of pressure where treatment has to be started."}
{"id": "PMID:894968", "title": "[On the clinical picture of Handmann's anomaly of the optic nerve Morning glory syndrome? (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports on the case of a 20-year-old patient who shows the characteristic changes of the central vessels, described by Handmann in 1929 to be a \"herditary degeneration - ppresumably congenital and glial - of the optic nerve in which the central vessels are particularly involved\". The optic papilla of about normal size is surrounded here by a slightly protruding ridge, which shows separate pigmentary sediments on its edge. The retinal vessels arise out of the depth in increased number on the edge of the papilla. An excavation of the papilla cannot be seen. In its place a whitish-yellow mass surrounded by grayish-pink colored tissue is evident, which obstructs the view into the deeper layers. Kinkler described very similar cases in 1970 and named the characteristic changes \"morning glory syndrome\". However, in the cases he described, the papillas were apparently greatley enlarged. In addition to the changes in the papillary area and the vessel structure in our case, there are definite changes in the macula (on both sides). Due to the conspicuous distribution of vessels within the papillary region in the father of the patient, similar to those found in Handmann's anomaly of the nerve, the author believes that he can safely assume a developmental disturbance of the origin of the retinal vessels of the papillary area in this case also and that therefore a hereditary component of this developmental disturbance could be described for the first time since Handmann in 1929. In the kin which the author examined, a further apparently familial renal hypoplasia was noted.", "contents": "[On the clinical picture of Handmann's anomaly of the optic nerve Morning glory syndrome? (author's transl)]. The author reports on the case of a 20-year-old patient who shows the characteristic changes of the central vessels, described by Handmann in 1929 to be a \"herditary degeneration - ppresumably congenital and glial - of the optic nerve in which the central vessels are particularly involved\". The optic papilla of about normal size is surrounded here by a slightly protruding ridge, which shows separate pigmentary sediments on its edge. The retinal vessels arise out of the depth in increased number on the edge of the papilla. An excavation of the papilla cannot be seen. In its place a whitish-yellow mass surrounded by grayish-pink colored tissue is evident, which obstructs the view into the deeper layers. Kinkler described very similar cases in 1970 and named the characteristic changes \"morning glory syndrome\". However, in the cases he described, the papillas were apparently greatley enlarged. In addition to the changes in the papillary area and the vessel structure in our case, there are definite changes in the macula (on both sides). Due to the conspicuous distribution of vessels within the papillary region in the father of the patient, similar to those found in Handmann's anomaly of the nerve, the author believes that he can safely assume a developmental disturbance of the origin of the retinal vessels of the papillary area in this case also and that therefore a hereditary component of this developmental disturbance could be described for the first time since Handmann in 1929. In the kin which the author examined, a further apparently familial renal hypoplasia was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:894969", "title": "[Binocular fusion of anamorphotic distorted images (author's trnasl)].", "content": "A astigmatic eye corrected with a spectacle lens results in an anamorphotic optical system which gives a distorted image of the environment on the retina. Fusion disturbances were ppresent especially in oblique astigmatism. The explanation for this can come either from a displacement of the image points on the retina or from the prismatic side effects of the spectacle lenses.", "contents": "[Binocular fusion of anamorphotic distorted images (author's trnasl)]. A astigmatic eye corrected with a spectacle lens results in an anamorphotic optical system which gives a distorted image of the environment on the retina. Fusion disturbances were ppresent especially in oblique astigmatism. The explanation for this can come either from a displacement of the image points on the retina or from the prismatic side effects of the spectacle lenses."}
{"id": "PMID:894970", "title": "[Valuation aetiology of venous retinal anastomotic vessels (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of an aspect of a disease characterized by marked retinal venous anastomotic vessels in a 69-year-old man. There is no recognition of blindness of patients left eye and a declared trauma of war.", "contents": "[Valuation aetiology of venous retinal anastomotic vessels (author's transl)]. Description of an aspect of a disease characterized by marked retinal venous anastomotic vessels in a 69-year-old man. There is no recognition of blindness of patients left eye and a declared trauma of war."}
{"id": "PMID:894971", "title": "[Experiences with drug therapy in association with ischaemic vascular disease of the fundus oculi (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of Thilocombin was tested on various eye conditions classified in groups. Common to all six groups was the presence of ischaemic vascular disease with reduciton of central visual acuity. The results of long term treatment with Thilocombin were significant: in almost 60% of cases a lasting improvement of function could be achieved. In the remainder of cases worsening of the loss of vision could usually be arrested.", "contents": "[Experiences with drug therapy in association with ischaemic vascular disease of the fundus oculi (author's transl)]. The action of Thilocombin was tested on various eye conditions classified in groups. Common to all six groups was the presence of ischaemic vascular disease with reduciton of central visual acuity. The results of long term treatment with Thilocombin were significant: in almost 60% of cases a lasting improvement of function could be achieved. In the remainder of cases worsening of the loss of vision could usually be arrested."}
{"id": "PMID:894972", "title": "[Chorioidal detachment following lasercoagulation for diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is presented of unilateral chorioidal detachment following bilateral retinal ablation for diabetic retinopathy by argon laser photocoagulation.", "contents": "[Chorioidal detachment following lasercoagulation for diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)]. A case is presented of unilateral chorioidal detachment following bilateral retinal ablation for diabetic retinopathy by argon laser photocoagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:894973", "title": "[The action of stabilised pilocarpine drops on the human eye (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of certain additional substances enables preparation of pilocarpin solutions which remainstable for at least 4 years, while the usual pilocarpin solutions were subject to a relatively early decomposition. A double-blind study with 30 patients demonstrates that there is no difference between the pharmacologic effect at the pure and the modified pilocarpin solution, which justifies the use of solutions with added substances to stablize the effective component.", "contents": "[The action of stabilised pilocarpine drops on the human eye (author's transl)]. The use of certain additional substances enables preparation of pilocarpin solutions which remainstable for at least 4 years, while the usual pilocarpin solutions were subject to a relatively early decomposition. A double-blind study with 30 patients demonstrates that there is no difference between the pharmacologic effect at the pure and the modified pilocarpin solution, which justifies the use of solutions with added substances to stablize the effective component."}
{"id": "PMID:894974", "title": "[Contact lens-fitting, a hepatitis risk? (author's transl)].", "content": "Hepatitis-B-antigen has been demonstrated by the radioimmunologic method in 5 out of 40 patients with acute or chronic HBs-antigen-positive hepatic disease. The importance of this finding as to the transferral of hepatitis by the fitting of contact lenses and its consequences are discussed.", "contents": "[Contact lens-fitting, a hepatitis risk? (author's transl)]. Hepatitis-B-antigen has been demonstrated by the radioimmunologic method in 5 out of 40 patients with acute or chronic HBs-antigen-positive hepatic disease. The importance of this finding as to the transferral of hepatitis by the fitting of contact lenses and its consequences are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894975", "title": "[Improved method of lens photograpy using retroillumination (author's transl].", "content": "Lens photography with a fundus camera using retroillumination is suited for long term follow-ups of senile cataract development. An improved method using a 9 grade colour standard is presented, which makes a comparative evaluation of the colour of the fundus reflex possible. A colour filter effect of the lens nucleus in nuclear sclerosis can thus be evaluated.", "contents": "[Improved method of lens photograpy using retroillumination (author's transl]. Lens photography with a fundus camera using retroillumination is suited for long term follow-ups of senile cataract development. An improved method using a 9 grade colour standard is presented, which makes a comparative evaluation of the colour of the fundus reflex possible. A colour filter effect of the lens nucleus in nuclear sclerosis can thus be evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:894976", "title": "[A fixation lamp for panoramic fundus pictures (author's transl].", "content": "A fixation lamp is described that enables a rational generation of panoramic fundus pictures with the Zeiss, Oberkochen, or other fundus camera of similar field, provided the patients collaborate. An illuminated marker at infinity is perceived centrally on the one hand, and on the other hand the marker is guided along a circle of 22 degrees eccentricity by a rotatable mirror system with click stops at every clock position 1 to 12 hours. If the camera is provided with angle scales, and use is made of its horizontal and vertical excursions, another circle of pictures at 38 degrees eccentricity can be obtained. With a total of 19 pictures a field of 96 degrees diameter is thus completely covered in a regular manner (see Fig. 6). Resolution wide-angle composite pictures of this kind is as good as resolution obtained by other means.", "contents": "[A fixation lamp for panoramic fundus pictures (author's transl]. A fixation lamp is described that enables a rational generation of panoramic fundus pictures with the Zeiss, Oberkochen, or other fundus camera of similar field, provided the patients collaborate. An illuminated marker at infinity is perceived centrally on the one hand, and on the other hand the marker is guided along a circle of 22 degrees eccentricity by a rotatable mirror system with click stops at every clock position 1 to 12 hours. If the camera is provided with angle scales, and use is made of its horizontal and vertical excursions, another circle of pictures at 38 degrees eccentricity can be obtained. With a total of 19 pictures a field of 96 degrees diameter is thus completely covered in a regular manner (see Fig. 6). Resolution wide-angle composite pictures of this kind is as good as resolution obtained by other means."}
{"id": "PMID:894977", "title": "[The mirror as a fixation aid for the fundus camera (author's transl)].", "content": "A supplementary mirror is described for the fundus camera easily permitting correct adjusting of the central and temporal regions of the ocular fundus.", "contents": "[The mirror as a fixation aid for the fundus camera (author's transl)]. A supplementary mirror is described for the fundus camera easily permitting correct adjusting of the central and temporal regions of the ocular fundus."}
{"id": "PMID:894978", "title": "[A new procedure for keratometry (author's transl)].", "content": "The principle of construction of a keratometer is explained which shows digitally the radii of curvature of the cornea obtained by automatic optical measurement and processed by an inbuilt computer.", "contents": "[A new procedure for keratometry (author's transl)]. The principle of construction of a keratometer is explained which shows digitally the radii of curvature of the cornea obtained by automatic optical measurement and processed by an inbuilt computer."}
{"id": "PMID:894979", "title": "[A variable pressure and distance impression funnel for fundus examination (author's transl)].", "content": "We describe a variable pressure and variable distance impression funnel for the Goldmann-3-mirror contact glass. The advantage of this apparatus lies in the possibility of denting the bulbus up to the equator for the diagnosis of holes while the retina is still attached. This funnel has proved itself especially in light coagulation through the contact glass with the slitlamp.", "contents": "[A variable pressure and distance impression funnel for fundus examination (author's transl)]. We describe a variable pressure and variable distance impression funnel for the Goldmann-3-mirror contact glass. The advantage of this apparatus lies in the possibility of denting the bulbus up to the equator for the diagnosis of holes while the retina is still attached. This funnel has proved itself especially in light coagulation through the contact glass with the slitlamp."}
{"id": "PMID:894980", "title": "[The slit-lamp as operating microscope a personal device (author's transl)].", "content": "Instead of the operating doublemicroscope described by Harms the Zeiss slit-lamp was suspended on the microscope stand by means of two special couplings in form of two stairs, so that the biomicroscopy in the optic section can be performed also when operating, especially in surgery of the retina when using contact glasses. This improvisation is a cost saving alternative against the newly commercially available operating slit-lamp.", "contents": "[The slit-lamp as operating microscope a personal device (author's transl)]. Instead of the operating doublemicroscope described by Harms the Zeiss slit-lamp was suspended on the microscope stand by means of two special couplings in form of two stairs, so that the biomicroscopy in the optic section can be performed also when operating, especially in surgery of the retina when using contact glasses. This improvisation is a cost saving alternative against the newly commercially available operating slit-lamp."}
{"id": "PMID:894981", "title": "[Assessment of eye lesions in private accident insurance. IV. (Supplement). Decision of the German Federal Supreme Court dated Apr 24, 1974 (IVVZR 54/73, celle)].", "content": "Blindness of one eye, caused by accident, has to be judged as a degree of invalidity between 30 and 70 per cent if the other eye had partial or complete loss of function before the accident. Some statements leading to that sentence of the federal german supreme court are shown. (See also Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk. 169 [1976] 647, 774; 170 [1977] 131).", "contents": "[Assessment of eye lesions in private accident insurance. IV. (Supplement). Decision of the German Federal Supreme Court dated Apr 24, 1974 (IVVZR 54/73, celle)]. Blindness of one eye, caused by accident, has to be judged as a degree of invalidity between 30 and 70 per cent if the other eye had partial or complete loss of function before the accident. Some statements leading to that sentence of the federal german supreme court are shown. (See also Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk. 169 [1976] 647, 774; 170 [1977] 131)."}
{"id": "PMID:894982", "title": "[Investigations on retinopathia pigmentosa. Statistical analysis of perimetry results (author's transl)].", "content": "Kinetic perimetry was carried out using the Goldmann perimeter in 201 patients with primary pigmentary retinal dystrophy, 156 autosomal recessive and 45 autosomal dominant cases. \"The advanced stage\" of the isopter deterioration was defined as the isopter area with the test object I-4 being 1 cm2 or less on the chart of Goldmann. The frequency of \"the advanced stage\" cases in creased with age in both hereditary forms, but it was higher in the recessive than in the dominant form throughout all age groups. The frequency-age relationship was exponential as is found in various aging phenomena. Fifty per cent of the patients were in \"the advanced stage\" at the age of 30 years in the recessive and at the age of 56 years in the dominent form.", "contents": "[Investigations on retinopathia pigmentosa. Statistical analysis of perimetry results (author's transl)]. Kinetic perimetry was carried out using the Goldmann perimeter in 201 patients with primary pigmentary retinal dystrophy, 156 autosomal recessive and 45 autosomal dominant cases. \"The advanced stage\" of the isopter deterioration was defined as the isopter area with the test object I-4 being 1 cm2 or less on the chart of Goldmann. The frequency of \"the advanced stage\" cases in creased with age in both hereditary forms, but it was higher in the recessive than in the dominant form throughout all age groups. The frequency-age relationship was exponential as is found in various aging phenomena. Fifty per cent of the patients were in \"the advanced stage\" at the age of 30 years in the recessive and at the age of 56 years in the dominent form."}
{"id": "PMID:894983", "title": "[Light injury to the retina. Manifestation of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigmentepitheliopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Light injury to the human eye has been correlated exclusively with wellknown thermal effects (e.g., solar maculopathy; photocoagulation). One may speculate whether clinical conditions exist in which the light impact from strong conventional light sources--otherwise innocuous--may become harmful to the retina. A case history is presented of a patient suffering from acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy in which a possible relationship is discussed between the appearance of the fundus changes and the damage due to direct viewing of a halogen head light.", "contents": "[Light injury to the retina. Manifestation of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigmentepitheliopathy (author's transl)]. Light injury to the human eye has been correlated exclusively with wellknown thermal effects (e.g., solar maculopathy; photocoagulation). One may speculate whether clinical conditions exist in which the light impact from strong conventional light sources--otherwise innocuous--may become harmful to the retina. A case history is presented of a patient suffering from acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy in which a possible relationship is discussed between the appearance of the fundus changes and the damage due to direct viewing of a halogen head light."}
{"id": "PMID:894984", "title": "[From perceptive flicker to macular ERG by sinusoidal stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "A short presentation is given of the instrument used for perceptive flicker and for macular ERG. A modified de Lange's curve is obtained (the trimodal curve) and a macular ERG response is obtained from stimulation within a theoretical angle of 46 minutes of are.", "contents": "[From perceptive flicker to macular ERG by sinusoidal stimulation (author's transl)]. A short presentation is given of the instrument used for perceptive flicker and for macular ERG. A modified de Lange's curve is obtained (the trimodal curve) and a macular ERG response is obtained from stimulation within a theoretical angle of 46 minutes of are."}
{"id": "PMID:894985", "title": "[Topical oxpernolol in the treatment of various forms of glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Oxprenolol is a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug, whose effectiveness in the treatment of various forms of glaucoma has been evaluated. The drug was administered topically as 0.5% -1%-2% solution. The results of the investigation may be summarized as follows: The instillation of the drug produces a transient and slight conjunctival hyperaemia and a not significant miosis. A significnat ocular hypotensive action has been observed in the treatment of chronic open-angle, hemorrhagic and congenital glaumiosis. A significnat ocular hypotensive action has been observed in the treatment of chronic open-angle, hemorrhagic and congenital glaucoma. The concentration of 0.5% Oxprenolol seems to be as effective as topical 1% Propranolol. At the same concentration (0.5%), Oxprenolol produces no significnat change of the systemic blood pressure or of the heart rate. Topical pre-treatment with 1% Oxprenolol inhibits the systemic side-effects (tachycardia) produced by topical Isoproterenol, a wellknown ocular hypotensive drug. The authors conclude the investigation affirming that Oxprenolol may represent a new effective means for the medical treatment of glaucoma.", "contents": "[Topical oxpernolol in the treatment of various forms of glaucoma (author's transl)]. Oxprenolol is a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug, whose effectiveness in the treatment of various forms of glaucoma has been evaluated. The drug was administered topically as 0.5% -1%-2% solution. The results of the investigation may be summarized as follows: The instillation of the drug produces a transient and slight conjunctival hyperaemia and a not significant miosis. A significnat ocular hypotensive action has been observed in the treatment of chronic open-angle, hemorrhagic and congenital glaumiosis. A significnat ocular hypotensive action has been observed in the treatment of chronic open-angle, hemorrhagic and congenital glaucoma. The concentration of 0.5% Oxprenolol seems to be as effective as topical 1% Propranolol. At the same concentration (0.5%), Oxprenolol produces no significnat change of the systemic blood pressure or of the heart rate. Topical pre-treatment with 1% Oxprenolol inhibits the systemic side-effects (tachycardia) produced by topical Isoproterenol, a wellknown ocular hypotensive drug. The authors conclude the investigation affirming that Oxprenolol may represent a new effective means for the medical treatment of glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:894986", "title": "[Indications and contraindications of the combined operation (fistulation and cataract extraction) in open- and closed-angle glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The respective indications are briefly described for: a) trabeculectomy through a scleral flap, b) simple cataract extraction, c) combined operation of lens extraction and fistulation in open-angle glaucoma on the one hand and close-angle glaucoma on the other. The choice of operation is dictated by many considerations. The main considerations are as follows. A Lens extraction alone has no lasting effect on the pressure in open-angle glaucoma, but is a good operation against early closed-angle glaucoma. B. Any fistulising operation predisposes to cataract when performed on old patients whose lenses suffer from senile changes already before the operation. A fistulising operation predisposes more to cataract in close-angle as in open-angle glaucoma. C. Lens extraction removes the risk of post-operative \"athalamia\" and hence of post-operative malignant glaucoma. D. The combined operation avoids a second surgical intervention and reduces the risks of oedematous dystrophy of the cornea in elderly patients who already have before the operation definite signs of endothelial dystrophy. E. Combining the glaucoma and cataract operations although, having certain peculiar risks, gives in a high percentages of cases efficient and long-lasting fistulation and a satisfactory intracapsular lens extraction.", "contents": "[Indications and contraindications of the combined operation (fistulation and cataract extraction) in open- and closed-angle glaucoma (author's transl)]. The respective indications are briefly described for: a) trabeculectomy through a scleral flap, b) simple cataract extraction, c) combined operation of lens extraction and fistulation in open-angle glaucoma on the one hand and close-angle glaucoma on the other. The choice of operation is dictated by many considerations. The main considerations are as follows. A Lens extraction alone has no lasting effect on the pressure in open-angle glaucoma, but is a good operation against early closed-angle glaucoma. B. Any fistulising operation predisposes to cataract when performed on old patients whose lenses suffer from senile changes already before the operation. A fistulising operation predisposes more to cataract in close-angle as in open-angle glaucoma. C. Lens extraction removes the risk of post-operative \"athalamia\" and hence of post-operative malignant glaucoma. D. The combined operation avoids a second surgical intervention and reduces the risks of oedematous dystrophy of the cornea in elderly patients who already have before the operation definite signs of endothelial dystrophy. E. Combining the glaucoma and cataract operations although, having certain peculiar risks, gives in a high percentages of cases efficient and long-lasting fistulation and a satisfactory intracapsular lens extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:894987", "title": "[Photography of the optic disc in the management of glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Repeated photography of the optic disc is helpful in the management of 1. patients with glaucoma, especially those who do not give reliable results on visual field testing, and 2. patients with ocular hypertension. The changes to be looked for are; a) any increase in the size of the cup, b) any decrease in the width of the rim of tissue between the edge of the cup and the edge of the disc, c) the occurrence of small haemorrhages on the disc, d) changes in the course of vessels on the disc.", "contents": "[Photography of the optic disc in the management of glaucoma (author's transl)]. Repeated photography of the optic disc is helpful in the management of 1. patients with glaucoma, especially those who do not give reliable results on visual field testing, and 2. patients with ocular hypertension. The changes to be looked for are; a) any increase in the size of the cup, b) any decrease in the width of the rim of tissue between the edge of the cup and the edge of the disc, c) the occurrence of small haemorrhages on the disc, d) changes in the course of vessels on the disc."}
{"id": "PMID:894988", "title": "[A choroidal tuberculoma simulating a melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture, the angiogram, the echogram, and especially the positive P 32 test led in a 30-year-old man to the diagnosis of a choroidal melanoma. Histologic examination revealed a tuberculoma.", "contents": "[A choroidal tuberculoma simulating a melanoma (author's transl)]. The clinical picture, the angiogram, the echogram, and especially the positive P 32 test led in a 30-year-old man to the diagnosis of a choroidal melanoma. Histologic examination revealed a tuberculoma."}
{"id": "PMID:894989", "title": "[Neuroleptanalgesia in ophthalamic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "After listing the bibliography, the author sugests cases in which neuroleptanalgesia is specially advisable in ophthalmic surgery, mainly in delicate and not too long operations (cataract, glaucoma a.s.o.). In cases of ocular hypertension \"Diamox\" is previously injected. In the premedication \"Valium\", and in some patients \"Fentanest\" and \"Droperidol\". During surgery the patient breathes spontaneously; oxygen is provided by means of a nasopharyngeal sound. In cataract operations akinesia is recommended. Neuroleptanalgesia  has been employed in 140 eyes, mainly in cataracts (80 cases) and chronic simple glaucoma (40 cases).", "contents": "[Neuroleptanalgesia in ophthalamic surgery (author's transl)]. After listing the bibliography, the author sugests cases in which neuroleptanalgesia is specially advisable in ophthalmic surgery, mainly in delicate and not too long operations (cataract, glaucoma a.s.o.). In cases of ocular hypertension \"Diamox\" is previously injected. In the premedication \"Valium\", and in some patients \"Fentanest\" and \"Droperidol\". During surgery the patient breathes spontaneously; oxygen is provided by means of a nasopharyngeal sound. In cataract operations akinesia is recommended. Neuroleptanalgesia  has been employed in 140 eyes, mainly in cataracts (80 cases) and chronic simple glaucoma (40 cases)."}
{"id": "PMID:894990", "title": "[Indications, technique and results of anterior vitrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The indications for anterior vitrectomy are presented and the surgical technique is described. An analysis is made of the results of anterior vitrectomy in 93 eyes followed for 4 years and compared with the results of a previous study in which vitreous loss was treated more conservatively. The results of anterior vitrectomy are significantly better particularly in regard to prevention of complications in the anterior chamber and the final visual result.", "contents": "[Indications, technique and results of anterior vitrectomy (author's transl)]. The indications for anterior vitrectomy are presented and the surgical technique is described. An analysis is made of the results of anterior vitrectomy in 93 eyes followed for 4 years and compared with the results of a previous study in which vitreous loss was treated more conservatively. The results of anterior vitrectomy are significantly better particularly in regard to prevention of complications in the anterior chamber and the final visual result."}
{"id": "PMID:894991", "title": "[Vitrectomy after intracapsular cataract extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on transpupillar vitrectomy with the suction wedge for prolapse of the vitreous after intracapsular cataract extraction. From the results obtained this method can be recommended. In aphakic eyes with drawn up pupil the pupil should be cut out underneath after opening the anterior chamber. Also in this case vitrectomy must be performed before closure of the anterior chamber.", "contents": "[Vitrectomy after intracapsular cataract extraction (author's transl)]. A report is given on transpupillar vitrectomy with the suction wedge for prolapse of the vitreous after intracapsular cataract extraction. From the results obtained this method can be recommended. In aphakic eyes with drawn up pupil the pupil should be cut out underneath after opening the anterior chamber. Also in this case vitrectomy must be performed before closure of the anterior chamber."}
{"id": "PMID:894992", "title": "[Intercellular bridges in intraocular melanoblastomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic investigations were carried out in three cases of epitheloid melanoblastomas. Intercellular junctions were described which overbridged even broad intercellular spaces.", "contents": "[Intercellular bridges in intraocular melanoblastomas (author's transl)]. Scanning electron microscopic investigations were carried out in three cases of epitheloid melanoblastomas. Intercellular junctions were described which overbridged even broad intercellular spaces."}
{"id": "PMID:894993", "title": "[Mykosis of soft contact lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "A 63-year-old patient suffering from old sclerokeratitis was fitted with a therapeutic soft contact lens one and a half years after corneal transplantation and half a year after cataract surgery. The patient was on oral and local cortisone treatment. The first three months were uneventful with an aphakic high water content lens worn continuously. This lens was lost and she was given a B-L plano T. One month later the patient was admitted to the hospital with a red eye and a large corneal ulcer. Two white spots were noted on the contact lens. In a frozen section yeast-like structures were seen on the lens that partly invaded the lens material. Fungal culture from the other deposit revealed candida tropicalis and fusarium. The corneal ulcer healed with antimycotic therapy. The possible relationship between cortisone treatment, corneal ulcer and fungal contamination of the lens is discussed.", "contents": "[Mykosis of soft contact lenses (author's transl)]. A 63-year-old patient suffering from old sclerokeratitis was fitted with a therapeutic soft contact lens one and a half years after corneal transplantation and half a year after cataract surgery. The patient was on oral and local cortisone treatment. The first three months were uneventful with an aphakic high water content lens worn continuously. This lens was lost and she was given a B-L plano T. One month later the patient was admitted to the hospital with a red eye and a large corneal ulcer. Two white spots were noted on the contact lens. In a frozen section yeast-like structures were seen on the lens that partly invaded the lens material. Fungal culture from the other deposit revealed candida tropicalis and fusarium. The corneal ulcer healed with antimycotic therapy. The possible relationship between cortisone treatment, corneal ulcer and fungal contamination of the lens is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:894994", "title": "[The influence of artefacts on visual evoked respnses (author's transl)].", "content": "In 38 healthy persons ranging in age from 23 to 30 years the visual evoked potential over both hemispheres were taken and the latencies and amplitudes of waves I-V registered, first undisturbed, then following defined eye and arm movements, and acustic irritation. The results of 30 persons could be evaluated. It is shown that under these experimental conditions the form of visual evoked potentials is practically undisturbed.", "contents": "[The influence of artefacts on visual evoked respnses (author's transl)]. In 38 healthy persons ranging in age from 23 to 30 years the visual evoked potential over both hemispheres were taken and the latencies and amplitudes of waves I-V registered, first undisturbed, then following defined eye and arm movements, and acustic irritation. The results of 30 persons could be evaluated. It is shown that under these experimental conditions the form of visual evoked potentials is practically undisturbed."}
{"id": "PMID:894995", "title": "[Vitelline macular degeneration and Best's macular degeneration are the same disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1905 F. Best had discovered infantile macular degeneration with dominant transmission, later named after him. From Best's pedigree 19 members could be examined by us. Besides the usual examination-methods, EOG, ERG, Fluorescein-Angiography and Chromato-Ophthalmoscopy were applied. In this way the characteristic findings of vitelline macular degeneration could be demonstrated. 7 family-members were typically affected according to their ages. 2 of them were found to be carriers with normal macula; they had however a pathological EOG. The question, if the diagnosis of Best's macular degeneration should be used further in the system of the hereditary macular degenerations or whether it is indeed the same disease as vitelline macular degeneration, is discussed. Best's macular degeneration and vitelline macular degeneration are synonymous. We recommend, that the term vitelline macular degeneration ought to be used intead of Best's macular degeneration. It remains F. Best's merit, that this disease has been recognised and des", "contents": "[Vitelline macular degeneration and Best's macular degeneration are the same disease (author's transl)]. In 1905 F. Best had discovered infantile macular degeneration with dominant transmission, later named after him. From Best's pedigree 19 members could be examined by us. Besides the usual examination-methods, EOG, ERG, Fluorescein-Angiography and Chromato-Ophthalmoscopy were applied. In this way the characteristic findings of vitelline macular degeneration could be demonstrated. 7 family-members were typically affected according to their ages. 2 of them were found to be carriers with normal macula; they had however a pathological EOG. The question, if the diagnosis of Best's macular degeneration should be used further in the system of the hereditary macular degenerations or whether it is indeed the same disease as vitelline macular degeneration, is discussed. Best's macular degeneration and vitelline macular degeneration are synonymous. We recommend, that the term vitelline macular degeneration ought to be used intead of Best's macular degeneration. It remains F. Best's merit, that this disease has been recognised and des"}
{"id": "PMID:894996", "title": "[Adapto-electroretinography: a new criterion of scotopic reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "The b2-waves in the human electroretinogram provoked by blue- and orange-light stimulation can be united to a single scotopic wave. By this procedure a continuous demonstration of the adaptation process can be achieved beginning with the final point of the light adaptation.", "contents": "[Adapto-electroretinography: a new criterion of scotopic reaction (author's transl)]. The b2-waves in the human electroretinogram provoked by blue- and orange-light stimulation can be united to a single scotopic wave. By this procedure a continuous demonstration of the adaptation process can be achieved beginning with the final point of the light adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:894997", "title": "[Genetic aspects of keratoconus (author's transl)].", "content": "The diverging views expressed in the literature on the inheritance of keratoconus gave us cause to examine the genetic relationships in 304 cases of keratoconus from our own clinic material. In the 22 cases (19 families) where two or more family members were affected, the genetic relationships generally indicated a multifactorial mode of inheritance, although isolated dominant or recessive variants could not be excluded. The assumption of a multifactorial inheritance is further supported by the occurrence of keratoconus in connection with various syndromes, as well as the fact that keratoconus does not only express itself in sharply defined stages, but also occurs in all possible degrees, from almost normal to the extreme.", "contents": "[Genetic aspects of keratoconus (author's transl)]. The diverging views expressed in the literature on the inheritance of keratoconus gave us cause to examine the genetic relationships in 304 cases of keratoconus from our own clinic material. In the 22 cases (19 families) where two or more family members were affected, the genetic relationships generally indicated a multifactorial mode of inheritance, although isolated dominant or recessive variants could not be excluded. The assumption of a multifactorial inheritance is further supported by the occurrence of keratoconus in connection with various syndromes, as well as the fact that keratoconus does not only express itself in sharply defined stages, but also occurs in all possible degrees, from almost normal to the extreme."}
{"id": "PMID:894998", "title": "[Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten cases of Thygeson's bilateral punctate epithelial keratitis were observed during a two year period. The diagnosis, therapy and prognosis are discussed. The common erroneous diagnosis of herpetic keratitis may lead to corneal damage as a result of too intensive therapy. Highly hydrophilic contact lenses have proven to be a valuable aternative to steroid therapy. The etiology remains obscure. Viruses were not detected with either tissue culture technique or with electron microscopy.", "contents": "[Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis (author's transl)]. Ten cases of Thygeson's bilateral punctate epithelial keratitis were observed during a two year period. The diagnosis, therapy and prognosis are discussed. The common erroneous diagnosis of herpetic keratitis may lead to corneal damage as a result of too intensive therapy. Highly hydrophilic contact lenses have proven to be a valuable aternative to steroid therapy. The etiology remains obscure. Viruses were not detected with either tissue culture technique or with electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:894999", "title": "[Traumatic cyclodialysis and its treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A summary of the literature concerning traumatic cyclodialysis is given. Among 5 cases reports 4 hypotension-syndromes occurred. Traumatic cyclodialysis with persistent hypotension as well as postoperative hypotension resulting from planned cyclodialysis require the same surgical treatment. 3 out of 4 cases with hypotony-syndrome were treated succesfully by surgical closing of the cleft. Another case who had panophthalmitis prior to surgery became phthisic. The surgical procedure used is similar to that described in the literature.", "contents": "[Traumatic cyclodialysis and its treatment (author's transl)]. A summary of the literature concerning traumatic cyclodialysis is given. Among 5 cases reports 4 hypotension-syndromes occurred. Traumatic cyclodialysis with persistent hypotension as well as postoperative hypotension resulting from planned cyclodialysis require the same surgical treatment. 3 out of 4 cases with hypotony-syndrome were treated succesfully by surgical closing of the cleft. Another case who had panophthalmitis prior to surgery became phthisic. The surgical procedure used is similar to that described in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:895000", "title": "[Controlled hypotension by sodium-nitroprusside in general anaesthesia for difficult intraocular surgery (preliminary report) (author's transl)].", "content": "General anaesthesia was performed in 75 patients with difficult intraocular procedures in which the standard relaxation and hyperventilation was supplemented by controlled short-term hypotension by sodium-nitroprusside. This resulted in a significant decrease of the \"vis a tergo\"--e.g. the threatening prolaps of intraocular tissue. Preliminary experience revealed that intraoperative complications in these difficult situations are reduced. As this facilitates also the task of the anaesthesist this broadens our indications for complex intraocular surgery particularly in younger patients.", "contents": "[Controlled hypotension by sodium-nitroprusside in general anaesthesia for difficult intraocular surgery (preliminary report) (author's transl)]. General anaesthesia was performed in 75 patients with difficult intraocular procedures in which the standard relaxation and hyperventilation was supplemented by controlled short-term hypotension by sodium-nitroprusside. This resulted in a significant decrease of the \"vis a tergo\"--e.g. the threatening prolaps of intraocular tissue. Preliminary experience revealed that intraoperative complications in these difficult situations are reduced. As this facilitates also the task of the anaesthesist this broadens our indications for complex intraocular surgery particularly in younger patients."}
{"id": "PMID:895001", "title": "[Malformation of the tear ducts associated with clefts in the face (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of malformation of the tear duct associated with clefts in the face is described. To our knowledge this combination has not been described before. The whole symptoms complex consisted of: bilateral cleft lip upper jaw and gum, choanalatresia, mucocele of the left nasal cavity from adhesions of the lower concha with the nasal septum, cystic dilatation of the tear sac at the connection to a bony naso-lacrimal duct. Right inguinal hernia, syndactyly of the first and second left toes, iris-chroid coloboma right with congenital cataract and unilateral right convergent squint. Because of the advanced dacryocystitis on the basis of the congenital dacryostenosis, and external dacryostorhinostomy (modified after Kaleff 1937) was performed after pre-treatment by instillation of antibiotic solutions in the tear ducts. At the same time the nasal cavity mucocele was opened by partial excision of the lower concha and opening the choanal atresia. After a post-operative course free of complications and with clear patency of the tear ducts the oral surgical operation was done--closure of the face clefts. The chromosome analysis was normal the only abnormal result here was an unexplained slow rate of multiplication of lymphocytes in four cultures inoculated at various points of time. Because we could not find any hereditary factors, this symptom complex is probably due to exogenous embryo damage during the early development phase.", "contents": "[Malformation of the tear ducts associated with clefts in the face (author's transl)]. A case of malformation of the tear duct associated with clefts in the face is described. To our knowledge this combination has not been described before. The whole symptoms complex consisted of: bilateral cleft lip upper jaw and gum, choanalatresia, mucocele of the left nasal cavity from adhesions of the lower concha with the nasal septum, cystic dilatation of the tear sac at the connection to a bony naso-lacrimal duct. Right inguinal hernia, syndactyly of the first and second left toes, iris-chroid coloboma right with congenital cataract and unilateral right convergent squint. Because of the advanced dacryocystitis on the basis of the congenital dacryostenosis, and external dacryostorhinostomy (modified after Kaleff 1937) was performed after pre-treatment by instillation of antibiotic solutions in the tear ducts. At the same time the nasal cavity mucocele was opened by partial excision of the lower concha and opening the choanal atresia. After a post-operative course free of complications and with clear patency of the tear ducts the oral surgical operation was done--closure of the face clefts. The chromosome analysis was normal the only abnormal result here was an unexplained slow rate of multiplication of lymphocytes in four cultures inoculated at various points of time. Because we could not find any hereditary factors, this symptom complex is probably due to exogenous embryo damage during the early development phase."}
{"id": "PMID:895002", "title": "[Isomerisation and bioavailability of beta- and alpha-acetyldigoxin (author's transl)].", "content": "Bioavailability of acetylated derivatives of digoxin tablets have been studied in healthy subjects after a single oral and intravenous dose as well as during maintenance therapy. alpha-acetyldigoxin shows a lower bioavailability than beta-acetyldigoxin even if the alpha-acetylated derivative is incorporated in a matrix of aerosil (SiO2). Moreover, beta-acetyldigoxin can be transferred to alpha-acetyldigoxin in alkaline solutions. This isomerisation leads to a decrease of the bioavailability of such fixed preparations which contain beta-acetyldigoxin and the hygroscopic salts of potassium-magnesium-aspartate. A prevention of the isomerisation is attained by isolating beta-acetyldigoxin from potassium-magnesium-aspartate. The bioavailability of a such new formulation is comparable to that of beta-acetyldigoxin alone. The experiments show the bioavailability of acetylated derivatives of digoxin to be influenced by the physico-chemical properties of a drug and its preparation.", "contents": "[Isomerisation and bioavailability of beta- and alpha-acetyldigoxin (author's transl)]. Bioavailability of acetylated derivatives of digoxin tablets have been studied in healthy subjects after a single oral and intravenous dose as well as during maintenance therapy. alpha-acetyldigoxin shows a lower bioavailability than beta-acetyldigoxin even if the alpha-acetylated derivative is incorporated in a matrix of aerosil (SiO2). Moreover, beta-acetyldigoxin can be transferred to alpha-acetyldigoxin in alkaline solutions. This isomerisation leads to a decrease of the bioavailability of such fixed preparations which contain beta-acetyldigoxin and the hygroscopic salts of potassium-magnesium-aspartate. A prevention of the isomerisation is attained by isolating beta-acetyldigoxin from potassium-magnesium-aspartate. The bioavailability of a such new formulation is comparable to that of beta-acetyldigoxin alone. The experiments show the bioavailability of acetylated derivatives of digoxin to be influenced by the physico-chemical properties of a drug and its preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:895003", "title": "[Critical analysis of the saralasintest in the diagnosis of hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "The reliability of the angiotensin II (AT II)-antagonist Saralasin in the diagnosis of AT II-dependent forms of hypertension was investigated in 61 cases of hypertension of different etiology. In 14 patients, lowering of blood pressure by Saralasin suggested an AT II-dependent hypertension which could be ascertained in 8 patients (5 had undergone successful surgery) by increased levels of plasma-renin-activity (PRA), AT II, PRA-ratio in renal vein blood and by angiography. Besides, depressor reactions by Saralasin yielded additional information in three patients with renovascular hypertension but normal levels of PRA and AT II, in two patients with high renin essential hypertension and one patient with pheochromocytoma. This test seems to be valuable in the diagnosis of renin-dependent hypertension.", "contents": "[Critical analysis of the saralasintest in the diagnosis of hypertension (author's transl)]. The reliability of the angiotensin II (AT II)-antagonist Saralasin in the diagnosis of AT II-dependent forms of hypertension was investigated in 61 cases of hypertension of different etiology. In 14 patients, lowering of blood pressure by Saralasin suggested an AT II-dependent hypertension which could be ascertained in 8 patients (5 had undergone successful surgery) by increased levels of plasma-renin-activity (PRA), AT II, PRA-ratio in renal vein blood and by angiography. Besides, depressor reactions by Saralasin yielded additional information in three patients with renovascular hypertension but normal levels of PRA and AT II, in two patients with high renin essential hypertension and one patient with pheochromocytoma. This test seems to be valuable in the diagnosis of renin-dependent hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:895004", "title": "[Values of hemisoagglutinins and immunoglobulins among patients with surgical diseases and blood donors. Preliminary communication (author's transl)].", "content": "Our investigations show distinctly higher values of hemagglutinins and immunoglobulins in patients with severe consuming and tumor diseases than in blood donors or subjects with slighter illness. Therefore, those are often able to form much more antibodies than supposed till now, inspite of their severe or cancer diseases. The stimulation of their immune system by intestinal mucosa is discussed, containing compounds identical to blood group substances A and B. They are resorbed from ulcers or during operations. More than 3/4 of our patients with severe or cancer diseases suffered from gastro- or intestinal illness. Cancer patients having often a good antibody forming system do not need automatically stimulating means such as BCG-vaccine in the cancer diseases.", "contents": "[Values of hemisoagglutinins and immunoglobulins among patients with surgical diseases and blood donors. Preliminary communication (author's transl)]. Our investigations show distinctly higher values of hemagglutinins and immunoglobulins in patients with severe consuming and tumor diseases than in blood donors or subjects with slighter illness. Therefore, those are often able to form much more antibodies than supposed till now, inspite of their severe or cancer diseases. The stimulation of their immune system by intestinal mucosa is discussed, containing compounds identical to blood group substances A and B. They are resorbed from ulcers or during operations. More than 3/4 of our patients with severe or cancer diseases suffered from gastro- or intestinal illness. Cancer patients having often a good antibody forming system do not need automatically stimulating means such as BCG-vaccine in the cancer diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:895006", "title": "[Importance of inheritance in cardiomyopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "Inheritance plays an important role in the cardiomyopathies (i.e. dysfunction of the cardiac muscle of unknown origin). This especially has become obvious for the entity asymmetric septal hypertrophy of autosomal dominant inheritance (ASH), a cardiomyopaty with and without obstruction. But this is not the only type of cardiomyopathy of dominant transmittance as was shown by the demonstration of a kindred, in which echocardiographically no hypertrophy of the septum could be found. For it was not possible to find a uniformity for all the affected members of the kindred, for example a congestive course of the disease. Therefore it is suggested to name the disease without any prejudice \"cardiomyopathy without asymmetric septal hypertrophy of dominant inheritance\" to distinguish it from the \"cardiomyopathy with asymetric septal hypertrophy of dominant inheritance\". There also may occur a cardiomyopathy of autosomal recessive inheritance. This form could represent a large part of the \"sporadic\" cardiomyopathies and should challenge to search intensively for enzyme defects as a cause of the disease.", "contents": "[Importance of inheritance in cardiomyopathies (author's transl)]. Inheritance plays an important role in the cardiomyopathies (i.e. dysfunction of the cardiac muscle of unknown origin). This especially has become obvious for the entity asymmetric septal hypertrophy of autosomal dominant inheritance (ASH), a cardiomyopaty with and without obstruction. But this is not the only type of cardiomyopathy of dominant transmittance as was shown by the demonstration of a kindred, in which echocardiographically no hypertrophy of the septum could be found. For it was not possible to find a uniformity for all the affected members of the kindred, for example a congestive course of the disease. Therefore it is suggested to name the disease without any prejudice \"cardiomyopathy without asymmetric septal hypertrophy of dominant inheritance\" to distinguish it from the \"cardiomyopathy with asymetric septal hypertrophy of dominant inheritance\". There also may occur a cardiomyopathy of autosomal recessive inheritance. This form could represent a large part of the \"sporadic\" cardiomyopathies and should challenge to search intensively for enzyme defects as a cause of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:895005", "title": "[Relations between complement and blood coagulation (author's transl)].", "content": "The complement system as well as the blood coagulation system are involved in several disease processes so that it seems to be of interest to search for direct or indirect functional relations. Both systems can be activated in vitro as well as in vivo by the same substances, as e.g. endotoxin or antigen antibody complexes. In spite of these common characteristics a direct functional relationship between complement and plasmatic blood coagulation could not be established. Complement and blood coagulation do not interact with each other. Activated complement components, however, can induce platelet aggregation and release reaction both of which may accelerate but not trigger intravascular coagulation. Therefore, indirect relations between complement and blood coagulation can be found in patients or in animal experiments, especially after activation of intravascular coagulation. These interactions depend on further mediator sugstances of both systems.", "contents": "[Relations between complement and blood coagulation (author's transl)]. The complement system as well as the blood coagulation system are involved in several disease processes so that it seems to be of interest to search for direct or indirect functional relations. Both systems can be activated in vitro as well as in vivo by the same substances, as e.g. endotoxin or antigen antibody complexes. In spite of these common characteristics a direct functional relationship between complement and plasmatic blood coagulation could not be established. Complement and blood coagulation do not interact with each other. Activated complement components, however, can induce platelet aggregation and release reaction both of which may accelerate but not trigger intravascular coagulation. Therefore, indirect relations between complement and blood coagulation can be found in patients or in animal experiments, especially after activation of intravascular coagulation. These interactions depend on further mediator sugstances of both systems."}
{"id": "PMID:895007", "title": "[Clinical pharmacology of two new oral antidiabetics of the sulfonamide type (author's transl)].", "content": "Pharmacodynamic studies were performed with two new blood glucose lowering sulfonamides of high potency: gliquidone and gliflumide. The aim was to obtain equipotent doses on the basis of a maximum 30% blood glucose decrease in healthy normals (Ed 30) in order to compare the new compounds with the well known effects of tolbutamide and glibenclamide. Our investigations demonstrated a dose dependent blood glucose decrease with each sulfonylurea corresponding with the insulin levels after intravenous application. Gliquidone revealed a \"tolbutamide-typed\" dynamic both on insulin secretion and on blood glucose decrease whereas gliflumide showed a \"glibenclamide-typed\" reaction. The delayed and more prolonged insulin decrease, well known for glibenclamide, was even more distinct following gliflumide. Differences of insulin secretion after sulfonulureas can be observed only under intravenous conditions. Following oral application an only small increase of insulin can be noted when measured in peripheral blood.", "contents": "[Clinical pharmacology of two new oral antidiabetics of the sulfonamide type (author's transl)]. Pharmacodynamic studies were performed with two new blood glucose lowering sulfonamides of high potency: gliquidone and gliflumide. The aim was to obtain equipotent doses on the basis of a maximum 30% blood glucose decrease in healthy normals (Ed 30) in order to compare the new compounds with the well known effects of tolbutamide and glibenclamide. Our investigations demonstrated a dose dependent blood glucose decrease with each sulfonylurea corresponding with the insulin levels after intravenous application. Gliquidone revealed a \"tolbutamide-typed\" dynamic both on insulin secretion and on blood glucose decrease whereas gliflumide showed a \"glibenclamide-typed\" reaction. The delayed and more prolonged insulin decrease, well known for glibenclamide, was even more distinct following gliflumide. Differences of insulin secretion after sulfonulureas can be observed only under intravenous conditions. Following oral application an only small increase of insulin can be noted when measured in peripheral blood."}
{"id": "PMID:895008", "title": "Interrelations between age and plasma renin, aldosterone and cortisol, urinary catecholamines, and the body sodium/volume state in normal man.", "content": "Interrelations between age and plasma renin, aldosterone and cortisol levels, urinary catecholamiens, plasma and blood volumes, exchangeable body sodium and blood pressure wwere studied in 28 young (19 to 29 years), 16 middle-aged (32 to 58 years) and 15 elderly (60 to 74 years) healthy subjects. Supine and upright plasma renin and supine aldosterone levels decreased while urinary noradrenaline excretion rate increased progressively with aging (r= greater than 0.34; p less than 0.05), with significant differences in mean values between young and elderly subjects (p less than 0.02). There was also an age-related decrease in upright plasma aldosterone concentration, although this was no statistically significant. Furthermore, mean plasma cortisol concentrations increased in response to upright posture in elderly ( + 50%; p less than 0.02), but not in young ( --10%) or middle-aged ( --8%) subjects. Blood pressure correlated with age ( r =0.35; p less than 0.05) or noradrenaline excretion rate ( r= 0.34) in the entire study population and with blood volume in the elderly ( r = 0.68), but not in the young or middle-aged study. Groups. There were no significant age-related differences in the body sodium/volume state, basal plasma cortisol levels or urinary adrenaline excretion rate, and plasma renin or aldosterone levels did not correlate with these parameters or with blood pressure. It is concluded that the influence of age on plasma renin or aldosterone levels, plasma cortisol responsiveness to upright posture, and urinary noradrenaline excretion should be taken into consideration, whenever these factors have to be interpreted in patients with arterial hypertension or other clinical disorders. Further more, these data are conssitent with the possiblity that in normal man increases in supine blood pressure with aging may be related at least partly to concomitant changes in free peripheral noradrenaline.", "contents": "Interrelations between age and plasma renin, aldosterone and cortisol, urinary catecholamines, and the body sodium/volume state in normal man. Interrelations between age and plasma renin, aldosterone and cortisol levels, urinary catecholamiens, plasma and blood volumes, exchangeable body sodium and blood pressure wwere studied in 28 young (19 to 29 years), 16 middle-aged (32 to 58 years) and 15 elderly (60 to 74 years) healthy subjects. Supine and upright plasma renin and supine aldosterone levels decreased while urinary noradrenaline excretion rate increased progressively with aging (r= greater than 0.34; p less than 0.05), with significant differences in mean values between young and elderly subjects (p less than 0.02). There was also an age-related decrease in upright plasma aldosterone concentration, although this was no statistically significant. Furthermore, mean plasma cortisol concentrations increased in response to upright posture in elderly ( + 50%; p less than 0.02), but not in young ( --10%) or middle-aged ( --8%) subjects. Blood pressure correlated with age ( r =0.35; p less than 0.05) or noradrenaline excretion rate ( r= 0.34) in the entire study population and with blood volume in the elderly ( r = 0.68), but not in the young or middle-aged study. Groups. There were no significant age-related differences in the body sodium/volume state, basal plasma cortisol levels or urinary adrenaline excretion rate, and plasma renin or aldosterone levels did not correlate with these parameters or with blood pressure. It is concluded that the influence of age on plasma renin or aldosterone levels, plasma cortisol responsiveness to upright posture, and urinary noradrenaline excretion should be taken into consideration, whenever these factors have to be interpreted in patients with arterial hypertension or other clinical disorders. Further more, these data are conssitent with the possiblity that in normal man increases in supine blood pressure with aging may be related at least partly to concomitant changes in free peripheral noradrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:895009", "title": "Phagocyte dysfunction in common variable immune deficiency.", "content": "The history of a 13-year old boy is reported who suffered from frequent bacterial, enteroviral, and protozoal infections since late infancy. A decrease in the serum levels of IgG2, IgG3, IgA, a neutrophil dysfunction, and a partial cellular immune deficiency could be demonstrated. A deficiency of folic acid produced a pancytopenia which enhanced the patient's susceptibility to infections. The combined substitution of gammaglobulins and folic acid only was able to break this vicious cycle.", "contents": "Phagocyte dysfunction in common variable immune deficiency. The history of a 13-year old boy is reported who suffered from frequent bacterial, enteroviral, and protozoal infections since late infancy. A decrease in the serum levels of IgG2, IgG3, IgA, a neutrophil dysfunction, and a partial cellular immune deficiency could be demonstrated. A deficiency of folic acid produced a pancytopenia which enhanced the patient's susceptibility to infections. The combined substitution of gammaglobulins and folic acid only was able to break this vicious cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:895010", "title": "Interaction of allopurinol with phenprocoumon in man.", "content": "Conditions in two patients on long-term phenprocoumon (Marcumar) treatment are reported who had signs of phenprocoumon overdosage when given simultaneously allopurinol. The determination of phenprocoumon plasma concentrations in one patient showed that phenprocoumon accumulates for several weeks during treatment with allopurinol. Signs of phenprocoumon overdisage thus can appear long time after starting allopurinol treatment.", "contents": "Interaction of allopurinol with phenprocoumon in man. Conditions in two patients on long-term phenprocoumon (Marcumar) treatment are reported who had signs of phenprocoumon overdosage when given simultaneously allopurinol. The determination of phenprocoumon plasma concentrations in one patient showed that phenprocoumon accumulates for several weeks during treatment with allopurinol. Signs of phenprocoumon overdisage thus can appear long time after starting allopurinol treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:895065", "title": "Tubular aggregates induced by anoxia in isolated rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "The fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus and the slow-twitch soleus muscles of the rat were incubated for 1 to 6 hours in vitro in oxygen-free medium or a medium containing potassium cyanide. Within 3 hours of incubation, characteristic structural alterations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum were observed in extensor digitorum longus muscle fibers. Concomitant with the disruption of the normal sarcotubular organization there was a selective clustering of sarcoplasmic reticulum elements with formation of tubular aggregates similar to those observed in human muscle under various pathologic conditions. The aggregates increased in size by apposition of new tubules at the periphery and acquired a regular hexagonal arrangement. Double-walled tubules, apparently derived from folding of sarcoplasmic reticulum tubules, were also contained in the aggregates. Electron-opaque material was seen connecting adjacent tubules. It is proposed that this material derives from the Z-bands which appeared largely extracted since early stages of anoxic injury. Tubular aggregates were not seen in the soleum muscle fibers incubated under the same conditions in vitro. The results indicate that tubular aggregates can be formed by simple rearrangement of the sarcoplasmic reticulum without proliferation of new sarcotubular elements.", "contents": "Tubular aggregates induced by anoxia in isolated rat skeletal muscle. The fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus and the slow-twitch soleus muscles of the rat were incubated for 1 to 6 hours in vitro in oxygen-free medium or a medium containing potassium cyanide. Within 3 hours of incubation, characteristic structural alterations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum were observed in extensor digitorum longus muscle fibers. Concomitant with the disruption of the normal sarcotubular organization there was a selective clustering of sarcoplasmic reticulum elements with formation of tubular aggregates similar to those observed in human muscle under various pathologic conditions. The aggregates increased in size by apposition of new tubules at the periphery and acquired a regular hexagonal arrangement. Double-walled tubules, apparently derived from folding of sarcoplasmic reticulum tubules, were also contained in the aggregates. Electron-opaque material was seen connecting adjacent tubules. It is proposed that this material derives from the Z-bands which appeared largely extracted since early stages of anoxic injury. Tubular aggregates were not seen in the soleum muscle fibers incubated under the same conditions in vitro. The results indicate that tubular aggregates can be formed by simple rearrangement of the sarcoplasmic reticulum without proliferation of new sarcotubular elements."}
{"id": "PMID:895066", "title": "Mumps virus-induced hydrocephalus in hamsters. Ultrastructure of the chronic infection.", "content": "Newborn hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally with neuroadapted mumps virus and sacrificed at intervals from days 3 through 50. Intracytoplasmic collections of nucleocapsids were found in ependymal cells and neurons on days 3 and 5 and virus formed at the plasma membrane of such cells by building. At closely apposed ventricular surfaces, mature particles appeared to form \"bridges\" between cilia of adjacent cells. Intracytoplasmic collections of nucelocapsids without evidence of maturation from cell surfaces could be found in ependyma for as long as 33 days. At the sites of apparent aqueductal occlusion, located in several animals, were found enlarged and distorted ependymal cells that did not define a lumen. The ependyma lining hydrocephalic lateral ventricles showed markedly attenuated cytoplasmic processes. Ependymal lined channels frequently coursed below the ventricular surface. Interstitial edema separated parenchymal elements of the underlying white matter. Conversion from an acute productive phase of infection to a chronic, nonproductive phase of infection in this model has ultrastructural correlates that appear to typify persistent paramyxoviral infections of brain.", "contents": "Mumps virus-induced hydrocephalus in hamsters. Ultrastructure of the chronic infection. Newborn hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally with neuroadapted mumps virus and sacrificed at intervals from days 3 through 50. Intracytoplasmic collections of nucleocapsids were found in ependymal cells and neurons on days 3 and 5 and virus formed at the plasma membrane of such cells by building. At closely apposed ventricular surfaces, mature particles appeared to form \"bridges\" between cilia of adjacent cells. Intracytoplasmic collections of nucelocapsids without evidence of maturation from cell surfaces could be found in ependyma for as long as 33 days. At the sites of apparent aqueductal occlusion, located in several animals, were found enlarged and distorted ependymal cells that did not define a lumen. The ependyma lining hydrocephalic lateral ventricles showed markedly attenuated cytoplasmic processes. Ependymal lined channels frequently coursed below the ventricular surface. Interstitial edema separated parenchymal elements of the underlying white matter. Conversion from an acute productive phase of infection to a chronic, nonproductive phase of infection in this model has ultrastructural correlates that appear to typify persistent paramyxoviral infections of brain."}
{"id": "PMID:895067", "title": "Perturbation of the adipose cell plasma membrane in obese (ob/ob) mice.", "content": "The plasma membrane organization of adipocytes of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice has been studied by freeze-fracture and compared to that of control (lean) mice and of small and large adipocytes in rats of different age. The large size increase of ob/ob adipocytes is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of surface invaginations and of intramembrane particles in the plasma membrane as compareed to control, nonobese mice. By contrast, the membrane of large adipocytes of normal old rats has a concentration of invaginations and particles similar to that present in the membrane of small adipocytes of young rats. Thus, the changes of the plasma membrane organization in ob/ob adipocytes seems not to be due to size increase only but may reflect a more general perturbation of the membrane, such as evidenced by the reduced insulin and lectin binding capacity demonstrated in these cells.", "contents": "Perturbation of the adipose cell plasma membrane in obese (ob/ob) mice. The plasma membrane organization of adipocytes of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice has been studied by freeze-fracture and compared to that of control (lean) mice and of small and large adipocytes in rats of different age. The large size increase of ob/ob adipocytes is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of surface invaginations and of intramembrane particles in the plasma membrane as compareed to control, nonobese mice. By contrast, the membrane of large adipocytes of normal old rats has a concentration of invaginations and particles similar to that present in the membrane of small adipocytes of young rats. Thus, the changes of the plasma membrane organization in ob/ob adipocytes seems not to be due to size increase only but may reflect a more general perturbation of the membrane, such as evidenced by the reduced insulin and lectin binding capacity demonstrated in these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:895070", "title": "Analysis of the cores of ferruginous (asbestos) bodies from the general population. I. Patients with and without lung cancer.", "content": "Ferruginous (asbestos) bodies may be found in the lungs of almost everyone in the population, but little information is available as to whether such bodies are nucleated on asbestos or on some other fibrous dust. In this study morphologically \"typical\" ferruginous bodies were isolated from the lungs of 23 autopsy and surgical patients, none of whom had primary asbestos exposure. Eleven patients had carcinoma of the lung. To determine the nature of the core, 328 bodies were examined by electron diffraction. Of these, 264 (80%) showed the diffraction patterns of amphibole asbestos, whereas six showed the pattern of chrysotile asbestos. No amorphous cores or crystalline nonasbestos cores were identified. Fifty-eight (18%) bodies could not be diffracted because of the thickness of the iron-protein coat. No differences were seen between patients with and without lung cancer. We conclude that typical ferruginous bodies have asbestos cores, which are usually amphibole type. The findings suggest widespread exposure to asbestos dust; occupational histories appeared to indicate the source of exposure in some but not all patients.", "contents": "Analysis of the cores of ferruginous (asbestos) bodies from the general population. I. Patients with and without lung cancer. Ferruginous (asbestos) bodies may be found in the lungs of almost everyone in the population, but little information is available as to whether such bodies are nucleated on asbestos or on some other fibrous dust. In this study morphologically \"typical\" ferruginous bodies were isolated from the lungs of 23 autopsy and surgical patients, none of whom had primary asbestos exposure. Eleven patients had carcinoma of the lung. To determine the nature of the core, 328 bodies were examined by electron diffraction. Of these, 264 (80%) showed the diffraction patterns of amphibole asbestos, whereas six showed the pattern of chrysotile asbestos. No amorphous cores or crystalline nonasbestos cores were identified. Fifty-eight (18%) bodies could not be diffracted because of the thickness of the iron-protein coat. No differences were seen between patients with and without lung cancer. We conclude that typical ferruginous bodies have asbestos cores, which are usually amphibole type. The findings suggest widespread exposure to asbestos dust; occupational histories appeared to indicate the source of exposure in some but not all patients."}
{"id": "PMID:895071", "title": "Characterization of lipid-laden aortic cells from cholesterol-fed rabbits. I. Resolution of aortic cell populations by metrizamide density gradient centrifugation.", "content": "Enzymatically isolated aortic cells from control and cholesterol-fed rabbits were subjected to isopycnic density gradient centrifugation in Metrizamide. Control cells formed a single band equilibrating at a median density of 1.13 to 1.14, while cells isolated from atheromatous aortas formed two distinct bands, one equilibrating in the density range of 1.12 to 1.14 and the other occurring at a lower density of 1.03 to 1.07. Morphologically, the low density cells exhibited typical features of aortic foam cells. They were found to be greatly enriched in free and esterified cholesterol and in four lysosomal hydrolases. Further studies showed these cells to contain lipid-laden lysosomes. The high density cells from cholesterol-fed rabbits were also enriched in cholesterol and lysosomal enzymes compared to control aortic cells but not to the extent showen by the low density foam cells. While exhibiting the ultrastructural characteristics of smooth muscle cells, the cells in this fraction showed a considerable degree of morphologic and biochemical heterogeneity, suggesting the occurrence of many transition forms between normal smooth muscle cells and fully transformed foam cells.", "contents": "Characterization of lipid-laden aortic cells from cholesterol-fed rabbits. I. Resolution of aortic cell populations by metrizamide density gradient centrifugation. Enzymatically isolated aortic cells from control and cholesterol-fed rabbits were subjected to isopycnic density gradient centrifugation in Metrizamide. Control cells formed a single band equilibrating at a median density of 1.13 to 1.14, while cells isolated from atheromatous aortas formed two distinct bands, one equilibrating in the density range of 1.12 to 1.14 and the other occurring at a lower density of 1.03 to 1.07. Morphologically, the low density cells exhibited typical features of aortic foam cells. They were found to be greatly enriched in free and esterified cholesterol and in four lysosomal hydrolases. Further studies showed these cells to contain lipid-laden lysosomes. The high density cells from cholesterol-fed rabbits were also enriched in cholesterol and lysosomal enzymes compared to control aortic cells but not to the extent showen by the low density foam cells. While exhibiting the ultrastructural characteristics of smooth muscle cells, the cells in this fraction showed a considerable degree of morphologic and biochemical heterogeneity, suggesting the occurrence of many transition forms between normal smooth muscle cells and fully transformed foam cells."}
{"id": "PMID:895075", "title": "Tuberculoid leprosy and tuberculosis skin: a comparative histopathological study.", "content": "Since it has been found hard to differentiate histopathologically tuberculoid leprosy from tuberculosis of the skin, a study of 20 biopsies from each of those conditions was undertaken to identify if possible some of their characteristic features. In tuberculoid leprosy along with tuberculoid granulomata there is always selective involvement and destruction of nerves, lack of fibrosis, absence of caseous necrosis and often epidermal atrophy. In cutaneous tuberculosis, on the other hand, in addition to tuberculous granuloma, there is often a proliferation reaction of the epidermis, areas of ulceration, absence of nerve destruction, marked increase in the reticulin, significant fibrosis and occasionally caseous necrosis.", "contents": "Tuberculoid leprosy and tuberculosis skin: a comparative histopathological study. Since it has been found hard to differentiate histopathologically tuberculoid leprosy from tuberculosis of the skin, a study of 20 biopsies from each of those conditions was undertaken to identify if possible some of their characteristic features. In tuberculoid leprosy along with tuberculoid granulomata there is always selective involvement and destruction of nerves, lack of fibrosis, absence of caseous necrosis and often epidermal atrophy. In cutaneous tuberculosis, on the other hand, in addition to tuberculous granuloma, there is often a proliferation reaction of the epidermis, areas of ulceration, absence of nerve destruction, marked increase in the reticulin, significant fibrosis and occasionally caseous necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:895076", "title": "Isolation of a mycoplasma from three patients with lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Using a modified cell-free culture medium and modern microscopic equipment, a mycoplasma was isolated from scrapings of skin lesions of three patients with lepromatous leprosy. Three specimens were taken from the first patients. All five isolates were arginine-positive and their antibiotic sensitivity was identical with only one slight exception.", "contents": "Isolation of a mycoplasma from three patients with lepromatous leprosy. Using a modified cell-free culture medium and modern microscopic equipment, a mycoplasma was isolated from scrapings of skin lesions of three patients with lepromatous leprosy. Three specimens were taken from the first patients. All five isolates were arginine-positive and their antibiotic sensitivity was identical with only one slight exception."}
{"id": "PMID:895091", "title": "Fundamental frequency-sound pressure level profiles of adult male and female voices.", "content": "Fundamental frequency-sound pressure level (fo-SPL) profiles were determined for 12 female and 10 male subjects. Profiles were obtained by having each subject produce the maximum and minimum sound pressure level of which he was capable, at 10% intervals of his fo range. Comparison of male and female profiles showed similar values for frequency range in semitones, maximum and minimum SPL output, and total SPL range. A minimum SPL of 50 dB was necessary to produce a steady-state frequency for all subjects, and the maximum level ofr an acceptable fo was 126 dB SPL. The fo-SPL profiles obtained with the amateur subjects used in this study had a somewhat wider dynamic range than those obtained in earlier studies which utilized trained singers producing musically acceptable tones.", "contents": "Fundamental frequency-sound pressure level profiles of adult male and female voices. Fundamental frequency-sound pressure level (fo-SPL) profiles were determined for 12 female and 10 male subjects. Profiles were obtained by having each subject produce the maximum and minimum sound pressure level of which he was capable, at 10% intervals of his fo range. Comparison of male and female profiles showed similar values for frequency range in semitones, maximum and minimum SPL output, and total SPL range. A minimum SPL of 50 dB was necessary to produce a steady-state frequency for all subjects, and the maximum level ofr an acceptable fo was 126 dB SPL. The fo-SPL profiles obtained with the amateur subjects used in this study had a somewhat wider dynamic range than those obtained in earlier studies which utilized trained singers producing musically acceptable tones."}
{"id": "PMID:895092", "title": "Validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test as a measure of hearing vocabulary in mentally retarded and normal children.", "content": "The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and the auditory and visual subtests of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) were administered to 48 normal and 48 retarded subjects. Results suggested that the PPVT is not an adequate measure of hearing vocabulary for mentally retarded subjects. Half of each group was given the visual reception subtest of the ITPA in a form which had been modified to control the visual memory variable. No differences were found as a function of that variable. It was concluded that caution should be exercised when using the PPVT as a clinical diagnostic procedure in the assessment of receptive auditory vocabulary.", "contents": "Validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test as a measure of hearing vocabulary in mentally retarded and normal children. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and the auditory and visual subtests of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) were administered to 48 normal and 48 retarded subjects. Results suggested that the PPVT is not an adequate measure of hearing vocabulary for mentally retarded subjects. Half of each group was given the visual reception subtest of the ITPA in a form which had been modified to control the visual memory variable. No differences were found as a function of that variable. It was concluded that caution should be exercised when using the PPVT as a clinical diagnostic procedure in the assessment of receptive auditory vocabulary."}
{"id": "PMID:895093", "title": "Language and memory disorders following closed head trauma.", "content": "Patients who suffer closed head trauma may demonstrate communication disorders which have been variously described as aplasia, severe memory impairments, traumatic aphasia, or confusion. The memory and language skills of 14 patients who had suffered closed head trauma were documented after they regained ocnsciousness and at one-month intervals for four monts utilizing the Porch Index of Communicative Ability and the Wechsler Memory Scale. Results indicated that patients initially suffered both reduced memory and language skills. After four months, expressive and receptive language skills were grossly functional for conversational purposes, and all memory taskd with the exception of orientation skills were within normal limits. Significant improvement in both language and memory functioning most often occurred during the first month after regaining consciousness, although gradual improvement in both language and memory skills was noted beyond the one-month period. No significant correlations existed between the length of unconsciousness and the initial and final language and memory scores.", "contents": "Language and memory disorders following closed head trauma. Patients who suffer closed head trauma may demonstrate communication disorders which have been variously described as aplasia, severe memory impairments, traumatic aphasia, or confusion. The memory and language skills of 14 patients who had suffered closed head trauma were documented after they regained ocnsciousness and at one-month intervals for four monts utilizing the Porch Index of Communicative Ability and the Wechsler Memory Scale. Results indicated that patients initially suffered both reduced memory and language skills. After four months, expressive and receptive language skills were grossly functional for conversational purposes, and all memory taskd with the exception of orientation skills were within normal limits. Significant improvement in both language and memory functioning most often occurred during the first month after regaining consciousness, although gradual improvement in both language and memory skills was noted beyond the one-month period. No significant correlations existed between the length of unconsciousness and the initial and final language and memory scores."}
{"id": "PMID:895094", "title": "Discrimination of linguistic stress in early infancy.", "content": "The high-amplitude sucking (HAS) paradigm was used to evaluate the ability of one- to four-month-old infants to discriminate two artificially synthesized disyllables (/ba b\u00e1 and b\u00e1 ba/) which differed solely in the location of perceived stress. One hundred and twenty infants were tested in two experiments. A modification of the HAS paradigm was developed, in which both stimuli are alternated postshift. The results of the first experiment demonstrate that young infants are able to discriminate the acoustic correlates of stress location (fundamental frequency, intensity, and duration) and that the modified HAS paradigm produces significantly stronger evidence for this discrimination than does the standard paradigm. The second experiment determined that infants can discriminate durational differences alone, without concomitant variations in the naturally correlated parameters of fundamental frequency and intensity.", "contents": "Discrimination of linguistic stress in early infancy. The high-amplitude sucking (HAS) paradigm was used to evaluate the ability of one- to four-month-old infants to discriminate two artificially synthesized disyllables (/ba b\u00e1 and b\u00e1 ba/) which differed solely in the location of perceived stress. One hundred and twenty infants were tested in two experiments. A modification of the HAS paradigm was developed, in which both stimuli are alternated postshift. The results of the first experiment demonstrate that young infants are able to discriminate the acoustic correlates of stress location (fundamental frequency, intensity, and duration) and that the modified HAS paradigm produces significantly stronger evidence for this discrimination than does the standard paradigm. The second experiment determined that infants can discriminate durational differences alone, without concomitant variations in the naturally correlated parameters of fundamental frequency and intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:895095", "title": "Effects of noise and increased vocal intensity on stuttering.", "content": "The present study was designed to assess the effects of increased vocal level on stuttering in the presence and absence of noise, and to assess the effects of noise on stuttering with and without a concomitant increase in vocal level. Accordingly, eight adult stutterers spoke in quiet with normal vocal level, in quiet with increased vocal level, in noise with normal level, and in noise with increased level. All subjects reduced stuttering in noise compared with quiet conditions. However, there was no difference in stuttering when subjects spoke with normal compared with increased vocal level. In the present study, reductions in stuttering under noise could not be explained by increases in vocal level. It appears, instead, that reductions in stuttering were related to a decrease in auditory feedback. The condition which resulted in the largest decrease in auditory feedback, speaking in noise with a normal level, also resulted in the largest decrease in stuttering.", "contents": "Effects of noise and increased vocal intensity on stuttering. The present study was designed to assess the effects of increased vocal level on stuttering in the presence and absence of noise, and to assess the effects of noise on stuttering with and without a concomitant increase in vocal level. Accordingly, eight adult stutterers spoke in quiet with normal vocal level, in quiet with increased vocal level, in noise with normal level, and in noise with increased level. All subjects reduced stuttering in noise compared with quiet conditions. However, there was no difference in stuttering when subjects spoke with normal compared with increased vocal level. In the present study, reductions in stuttering under noise could not be explained by increases in vocal level. It appears, instead, that reductions in stuttering were related to a decrease in auditory feedback. The condition which resulted in the largest decrease in auditory feedback, speaking in noise with a normal level, also resulted in the largest decrease in stuttering."}
{"id": "PMID:895096", "title": "A comparison of three methods for predicting hearing loss from acoustic reflex thresholds.", "content": "Previously reported acoustic reflex threshold data from normal and hearing-impaired subjects indicate that the effect of stimulus bandwidth on reflex thresholds is altered by sensorineural hearing loss. It is this change in the \"bandwidth effect\" that forms the basis for predicting hearing loss from reflex threshold data. Three predictive procedures were compared for 17 normal and 60 hearing-impaired ears. All methods correctly identified most hearing losses but none of the methods accurately estimated magnitude of hearing loss. Two methods were characterized by a high rate of false positives. The third was tailored to minimize false positives (6%) and maintain a high rate (93%) of predicting hearing losses greater than 32 dB while making no attempt to make finer discriminations. This more conservative approach minimizes serious predictive errors while identifying a high proportion of clinically significant hearing losses.", "contents": "A comparison of three methods for predicting hearing loss from acoustic reflex thresholds. Previously reported acoustic reflex threshold data from normal and hearing-impaired subjects indicate that the effect of stimulus bandwidth on reflex thresholds is altered by sensorineural hearing loss. It is this change in the \"bandwidth effect\" that forms the basis for predicting hearing loss from reflex threshold data. Three predictive procedures were compared for 17 normal and 60 hearing-impaired ears. All methods correctly identified most hearing losses but none of the methods accurately estimated magnitude of hearing loss. Two methods were characterized by a high rate of false positives. The third was tailored to minimize false positives (6%) and maintain a high rate (93%) of predicting hearing losses greater than 32 dB while making no attempt to make finer discriminations. This more conservative approach minimizes serious predictive errors while identifying a high proportion of clinically significant hearing losses."}
{"id": "PMID:895097", "title": "Approximations of selected standard English sentences by speakers of black English.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in six selected linguistic features as a function of age among children from the North Texas area who utilized features of black English in their oral language. A total of 48 children were tested, with eight selected from each chronological age group from four through nine years. Each subject's sole task was to imitate a series of Standard English sentences. The results indicated that, while a gradual decrease in black English characteristics occurred as a function of age, there was a tendency for the most pronounced dialectal decline in the language of the subjects to occur between six and seven years of age for most of the linguistic features. However, it was observed that black English caracteristics did not completely disappear from the surface structure of even the oldest subjects in the study.", "contents": "Approximations of selected standard English sentences by speakers of black English. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in six selected linguistic features as a function of age among children from the North Texas area who utilized features of black English in their oral language. A total of 48 children were tested, with eight selected from each chronological age group from four through nine years. Each subject's sole task was to imitate a series of Standard English sentences. The results indicated that, while a gradual decrease in black English characteristics occurred as a function of age, there was a tendency for the most pronounced dialectal decline in the language of the subjects to occur between six and seven years of age for most of the linguistic features. However, it was observed that black English caracteristics did not completely disappear from the surface structure of even the oldest subjects in the study."}
{"id": "PMID:895098", "title": "Identification and description of homogeneous subgroups within a sample of misarticulating children.", "content": "A multivariate, hierarchical clustering procedure was used to identify homogeneous subgroups among 98 misarticulating children age eight years through nine years, six months. Clustering was based on 40 tests or measures of language, auditory processing, school achievement, oral structure, oral form recognition, and other phenomena. Clusters were described and then compared for performance on measures of articulation status and articulation improvement with training. Clusters were also derived from subsets of children who misarticulated only one sound, either /s/or/r/. Also, the subset of children who misarticulated /s/ was compared with children who misarticulated /r/ for performance on the measures classified above. Few of the clusters identified differed in articulation status or improvement with training.", "contents": "Identification and description of homogeneous subgroups within a sample of misarticulating children. A multivariate, hierarchical clustering procedure was used to identify homogeneous subgroups among 98 misarticulating children age eight years through nine years, six months. Clustering was based on 40 tests or measures of language, auditory processing, school achievement, oral structure, oral form recognition, and other phenomena. Clusters were described and then compared for performance on measures of articulation status and articulation improvement with training. Clusters were also derived from subsets of children who misarticulated only one sound, either /s/or/r/. Also, the subset of children who misarticulated /s/ was compared with children who misarticulated /r/ for performance on the measures classified above. Few of the clusters identified differed in articulation status or improvement with training."}
{"id": "PMID:895099", "title": "Listener judgement of differences in stutterers' nonstuttered speech during chorus- and nonchorus-reading conditions.", "content": "The hypothesis that a stutterer's usual manner of speaking changes during chorus reading was tested. Nine stutterers orally read a passage under chorus- and nonchorus-reading conditions. Stutter-free speech samples of similar prose content were obtained from oral readings made between and within both conditions. Observers were asked to identify pairs of samples made under different (chorus/nonchorus) or similar (chorus/chorus or nonchorus/nonchorus) oral reading conditions. The results provided only partial support for the hypothesis. Observers were unable to distinguish confidently the speech sample group that was made under similar conditions from the sample group made under different conditions. However, judges were able to identify correctly samples from four of the nine stutterers that were made under different speaking conditions.", "contents": "Listener judgement of differences in stutterers' nonstuttered speech during chorus- and nonchorus-reading conditions. The hypothesis that a stutterer's usual manner of speaking changes during chorus reading was tested. Nine stutterers orally read a passage under chorus- and nonchorus-reading conditions. Stutter-free speech samples of similar prose content were obtained from oral readings made between and within both conditions. Observers were asked to identify pairs of samples made under different (chorus/nonchorus) or similar (chorus/chorus or nonchorus/nonchorus) oral reading conditions. The results provided only partial support for the hypothesis. Observers were unable to distinguish confidently the speech sample group that was made under similar conditions from the sample group made under different conditions. However, judges were able to identify correctly samples from four of the nine stutterers that were made under different speaking conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:895100", "title": "Revision behaviors in the speech of normal children developing language.", "content": "Revision behaviors in the speech of normal children were investigated. The subjects were 18 children, six at Brown's Language Stages I, II, and III. During the collection of a one-hour spontaneous language sample from each child the experimenter pretended 20 times not to understand and asked, \"What?\" The results indicate a significnatly greater use of revisions than repetitions or no responses at each stage and significant differences among the types of revisions observed across stages. These findings are related to current language models.", "contents": "Revision behaviors in the speech of normal children developing language. Revision behaviors in the speech of normal children were investigated. The subjects were 18 children, six at Brown's Language Stages I, II, and III. During the collection of a one-hour spontaneous language sample from each child the experimenter pretended 20 times not to understand and asked, \"What?\" The results indicate a significnatly greater use of revisions than repetitions or no responses at each stage and significant differences among the types of revisions observed across stages. These findings are related to current language models."}
{"id": "PMID:895101", "title": "Factor analysis of measures of articulation, language, auditory processing, reading-spelling, and maxillofacial structure.", "content": "This study was concerned with the correspondence between the classification of measures by clinical judgement and by factor analysis. Forty-six measures were selected to assess language, auditory processing, reading-spelling, maxillofacial structure, articulation, and other processes. These were applied to 98 misarticulating eight- and nine-year-old children. Factors derived from the analysis corresponded well with categories the measures were selected to represent.", "contents": "Factor analysis of measures of articulation, language, auditory processing, reading-spelling, and maxillofacial structure. This study was concerned with the correspondence between the classification of measures by clinical judgement and by factor analysis. Forty-six measures were selected to assess language, auditory processing, reading-spelling, maxillofacial structure, articulation, and other processes. These were applied to 98 misarticulating eight- and nine-year-old children. Factors derived from the analysis corresponded well with categories the measures were selected to represent."}
{"id": "PMID:895102", "title": "Using circumaural enclosures with children.", "content": "Pure-tone thresholds were obtained from 24 children between the ages of eight and 13 years using a standard, supraaural cushion (MX-41/AR), and one of four circumaural cushions. Testing was performed in quiet and in the presence of wideband noise presented at 60 dB SPL fro three conditions: Condition 1 (test) used a TDH 39 driver mounted in the MX-41/AR cushion; Condition 2 (experimental) used the same TDH 39 driver mounted in one of the circumaural cushions under investigation; and Condition 3 (retest) which was the same as Condition 1. Statistically significant differences were found between thresholds with the MX-41/AR cushion and thresholds with one of the circumaural enclosures in quiet. In noise, thresholds with three of the circumaural enclosures were significantly lower than those with the MX-41/AR cushion. A significant test/retest difference was observed for the MX-41/AR cushion at 6000 Hz in quiet only.", "contents": "Using circumaural enclosures with children. Pure-tone thresholds were obtained from 24 children between the ages of eight and 13 years using a standard, supraaural cushion (MX-41/AR), and one of four circumaural cushions. Testing was performed in quiet and in the presence of wideband noise presented at 60 dB SPL fro three conditions: Condition 1 (test) used a TDH 39 driver mounted in the MX-41/AR cushion; Condition 2 (experimental) used the same TDH 39 driver mounted in one of the circumaural cushions under investigation; and Condition 3 (retest) which was the same as Condition 1. Statistically significant differences were found between thresholds with the MX-41/AR cushion and thresholds with one of the circumaural enclosures in quiet. In noise, thresholds with three of the circumaural enclosures were significantly lower than those with the MX-41/AR cushion. A significant test/retest difference was observed for the MX-41/AR cushion at 6000 Hz in quiet only."}
{"id": "PMID:895103", "title": "Effects of selected linguistic variables on apraxia of speech.", "content": "Ten adults with apraxia of speech responded to sentences of an article (pronoun) + noun + verb + article (pronoun) + noun design. Each sentence was presented and then re-presented with the noun in Noun Phrase 1 (NP1) or Noun Phrase 2 (NP2) omitted. The subjects' task was to orally produce the omitted word. Sentences were either active or passive and the omitted noun was a concrete, abstract, or nonsense word. Results revealed significantly more errors in NP1 than NP2, more errors on nonsense and abstract nouns than on concrete nouns, and more errors on passive than on active voice sentences. Linguistic bases for these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of selected linguistic variables on apraxia of speech. Ten adults with apraxia of speech responded to sentences of an article (pronoun) + noun + verb + article (pronoun) + noun design. Each sentence was presented and then re-presented with the noun in Noun Phrase 1 (NP1) or Noun Phrase 2 (NP2) omitted. The subjects' task was to orally produce the omitted word. Sentences were either active or passive and the omitted noun was a concrete, abstract, or nonsense word. Results revealed significantly more errors in NP1 than NP2, more errors on nonsense and abstract nouns than on concrete nouns, and more errors on passive than on active voice sentences. Linguistic bases for these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:895104", "title": "Short-term memory factors in oral retention.", "content": "Study or exploration time and retention interval duration between orignal-form exploration and test-form exploration were varied to assess the effect of these two variables on performance accuracy on an oral stereognostic memory task. Irregularly shaped, four-sided plastic forms were used as stimuli. Retention performance improved significantly with an increase in exploration time of up to 15 seconds, but was not effected by delays in testing of up to 60 seconds. Clinical and theoretical implication for oral stereognosis are discussed.", "contents": "Short-term memory factors in oral retention. Study or exploration time and retention interval duration between orignal-form exploration and test-form exploration were varied to assess the effect of these two variables on performance accuracy on an oral stereognostic memory task. Irregularly shaped, four-sided plastic forms were used as stimuli. Retention performance improved significantly with an increase in exploration time of up to 15 seconds, but was not effected by delays in testing of up to 60 seconds. Clinical and theoretical implication for oral stereognosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:895105", "title": "Evaluation of syntax in three-year-old Spanish-speaking Puerto Rican children.", "content": "The performance of 30 normal and 30 language-deviant three-year-ols Spanish-speaking Puerto Rican children was compared on two measures of linguistic proficiency. They are mean length of utterance, following a scoring procedure adapted for Spanish speakers by the primary investigator, and Lees' Developmental Sentence Scoring procedure adapted for Spanish by Toronto. Results indicated that both methods of language assessment were sensitive to age and language status differences within the three-year age range. Accordingly, they can be usefully employed in research investigations to equate subjects on a linguistic basis, and in the clinical evaluation of small differences in the language maturity of preschool Spanish-speaking Puerto Rican children.", "contents": "Evaluation of syntax in three-year-old Spanish-speaking Puerto Rican children. The performance of 30 normal and 30 language-deviant three-year-ols Spanish-speaking Puerto Rican children was compared on two measures of linguistic proficiency. They are mean length of utterance, following a scoring procedure adapted for Spanish speakers by the primary investigator, and Lees' Developmental Sentence Scoring procedure adapted for Spanish by Toronto. Results indicated that both methods of language assessment were sensitive to age and language status differences within the three-year age range. Accordingly, they can be usefully employed in research investigations to equate subjects on a linguistic basis, and in the clinical evaluation of small differences in the language maturity of preschool Spanish-speaking Puerto Rican children."}
{"id": "PMID:895106", "title": "Respiratory kinematics in profoundly hearing-impaired speakers.", "content": "Anteroposterior diameters of the rib cage and abdomen were measured in profoundly hearing-impaired individuals in a standing position during respiratory maneuvers and utterance tasks. Data were charted in relative motion diagrams (rib cage vs abdomen) which enabled graphic solution for lung volume change, relative volume displacements of the rib cage and abdomen, and chest wall configuration. Function during resting tidal breathing was within normal limits. Function during utterance was frequently deviant in one or more of the following regards: (1) linguistic programming, (2) mechanical adjustments of respiratory origin, and (3) mechanical adjustments of the larynx and upper airway. Deviancies in mechanical adjustments of respiratory origin were confined mainly to lung volume events. Overall function is discussed with respect to the potential muscular mechanisms governing different respiratory behaviors. We conclude that both a lack of normal auditory sensation and inappropriate early speech skill instruction are responsible for the respiratory behaviors observed. Implications for clinical endeavors are detailed and data are presented to illustrate the power of biofeedback in managing speech disorders in the profoundly hearing impaired, when those disorders are partially respiratory based.", "contents": "Respiratory kinematics in profoundly hearing-impaired speakers. Anteroposterior diameters of the rib cage and abdomen were measured in profoundly hearing-impaired individuals in a standing position during respiratory maneuvers and utterance tasks. Data were charted in relative motion diagrams (rib cage vs abdomen) which enabled graphic solution for lung volume change, relative volume displacements of the rib cage and abdomen, and chest wall configuration. Function during resting tidal breathing was within normal limits. Function during utterance was frequently deviant in one or more of the following regards: (1) linguistic programming, (2) mechanical adjustments of respiratory origin, and (3) mechanical adjustments of the larynx and upper airway. Deviancies in mechanical adjustments of respiratory origin were confined mainly to lung volume events. Overall function is discussed with respect to the potential muscular mechanisms governing different respiratory behaviors. We conclude that both a lack of normal auditory sensation and inappropriate early speech skill instruction are responsible for the respiratory behaviors observed. Implications for clinical endeavors are detailed and data are presented to illustrate the power of biofeedback in managing speech disorders in the profoundly hearing impaired, when those disorders are partially respiratory based."}
{"id": "PMID:895107", "title": "Methods for measuring the temporal characteristics and filter response of electroacoustic impedance instruments.", "content": "Methods for determining the temporal response of electroacoustic impedance instruments are presented along with sample measurements from one instrument. The conditions under which reflex artifacts may occur are discussed in light of electrical measurements of filter response characteristics and measurements of the \"threshold\" of the artifact measured from two subjects with no acoustic reflex.", "contents": "Methods for measuring the temporal characteristics and filter response of electroacoustic impedance instruments. Methods for determining the temporal response of electroacoustic impedance instruments are presented along with sample measurements from one instrument. The conditions under which reflex artifacts may occur are discussed in light of electrical measurements of filter response characteristics and measurements of the \"threshold\" of the artifact measured from two subjects with no acoustic reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:895141", "title": "Alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning in social drinkers.", "content": "Performance by social drinkers on tests of abstracting and adaptive abilities was negatively associated with the amount of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion. The pattern was strongest in heavy drinkers but was also evident in light and moderate drinkers.", "contents": "Alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning in social drinkers. Performance by social drinkers on tests of abstracting and adaptive abilities was negatively associated with the amount of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion. The pattern was strongest in heavy drinkers but was also evident in light and moderate drinkers."}
{"id": "PMID:895143", "title": "Intellectual functioning in alcoholics during six months' abstinence.", "content": "Data from five measures of intellectual functioning indicated a recovery of functioning during the first 3 weeks of abstinence in 51 alcoholics; but there is no evidence that recovery continued over the course of continued abstinence.", "contents": "Intellectual functioning in alcoholics during six months' abstinence. Data from five measures of intellectual functioning indicated a recovery of functioning during the first 3 weeks of abstinence in 51 alcoholics; but there is no evidence that recovery continued over the course of continued abstinence."}
{"id": "PMID:895146", "title": "Alcohol and opiate dependence; a review.", "content": "The literature pertaining to alcohol use among opiate addicts is reviewed. Among the issues presented are the medical hazards, history and prevalence, etiology and treatment responsiveness of excessive drinkers in the opiate-dependent population. The possible biological relationship of alcohol and narcotic use to affective disorder is discussed.", "contents": "Alcohol and opiate dependence; a review. The literature pertaining to alcohol use among opiate addicts is reviewed. Among the issues presented are the medical hazards, history and prevalence, etiology and treatment responsiveness of excessive drinkers in the opiate-dependent population. The possible biological relationship of alcohol and narcotic use to affective disorder is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:895147", "title": "A psychosocial comparison of drunken drivers and alcoholics.", "content": "A self-administered questionnaire was used to compare selected demographic, drinking and psychosocial variables of 306 convicted drunken drivers with those of 289 alcoholics and 269 controls. The drunken-driver group fell between the other groups on many parameters but resembled the control group on as many others.", "contents": "A psychosocial comparison of drunken drivers and alcoholics. A self-administered questionnaire was used to compare selected demographic, drinking and psychosocial variables of 306 convicted drunken drivers with those of 289 alcoholics and 269 controls. The drunken-driver group fell between the other groups on many parameters but resembled the control group on as many others."}
{"id": "PMID:895148", "title": "Effects of reducing the legal alcohol-purchasing age on drinking and drinking problems. A review of empirical studies.", "content": "A review of studies of the effects of reducing the legal age for drinking and purchasing alcoholic beverages suggests that there are public health reasons for not introducting such changes in jurisdictions which have not already done so.", "contents": "Effects of reducing the legal alcohol-purchasing age on drinking and drinking problems. A review of empirical studies. A review of studies of the effects of reducing the legal age for drinking and purchasing alcoholic beverages suggests that there are public health reasons for not introducting such changes in jurisdictions which have not already done so."}
{"id": "PMID:895149", "title": "Acculturation and drinking in an Italian American community.", "content": "The hypothesis that drinking practices among Italian Americans become more Americanized with successive generations was tested. In general, it was found that aspects of drinking behavior from both Italy and America were selected to form a third distinct drinking pattern.", "contents": "Acculturation and drinking in an Italian American community. The hypothesis that drinking practices among Italian Americans become more Americanized with successive generations was tested. In general, it was found that aspects of drinking behavior from both Italy and America were selected to form a third distinct drinking pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:895150", "title": "Development of comprehensive language on alcoholism in collective bargaining agreements.", "content": "The processes by which language on alcoholism is incorporated into labor-management contracts are surveyed. Provisions for disciplining and treating alcoholic employees are found to vary widely.", "contents": "Development of comprehensive language on alcoholism in collective bargaining agreements. The processes by which language on alcoholism is incorporated into labor-management contracts are surveyed. Provisions for disciplining and treating alcoholic employees are found to vary widely."}
{"id": "PMID:895152", "title": "The association of smoking and drinking habits in a community sample.", "content": "A general population survey showed a significant though modest correlation between smoking and drinking habits. Heavy drinkers who are also smokers appear to be at high risk of developing drinking problems.", "contents": "The association of smoking and drinking habits in a community sample. A general population survey showed a significant though modest correlation between smoking and drinking habits. Heavy drinkers who are also smokers appear to be at high risk of developing drinking problems."}
{"id": "PMID:895153", "title": "Failure of MMPI scales to predict treatment completion.", "content": "Four previously reported scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Admission, Control, Denial and Dependence) which distinguished between alcoholics who completed or withdrew from hospital treatment were reassessed. None of the measures differentiated completers from drop-outs.", "contents": "Failure of MMPI scales to predict treatment completion. Four previously reported scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Admission, Control, Denial and Dependence) which distinguished between alcoholics who completed or withdrew from hospital treatment were reassessed. None of the measures differentiated completers from drop-outs."}
{"id": "PMID:895154", "title": "A surgical technique for resecting malignancies invading the facial nerve and petrous pyramid.", "content": "Certain head and neck malignancies tend to invade branches of the cranial nerves and progress centripetally. The maxillary and mandibular divisions of the V (trigeminal) nerve are the most commonly invaded, but the VII (facial) nerve may harbor extensions of primary parotid malignancies and/or skin cancers originating in or near the ear. Paresis of the VII nerve signifies a serious but not entirely hopeless situation if countered with an appropriate surgical procedure. The optimal treatment of malignancies invading cranial nerves is surgical excision, which may necessitate removal of substantial portions of the cranium. Surgical pursuit of a malignancy in the facial nerve leads to a direct confrontation with the petrous pyramid of the temporal bone. Resection of the petrous pyramide is surgically feasible, but, if performed en bloc, extracts a high morbidity and mortality. An alternate technique in which the soft tissue and bones are removed disjunct is advocated. In this technique, the soft tissues are excised flush with the surface of the temporal bone. After making perforator and burr openings in the squamous temporal bone, a subtotal temporal craniectomy is completed with rongeurs. A prerequisite for success with this technique is the rotation of a large scalp flap and other local flaps to cover the exposed meninges and carotid arteries. A resume of four cases using this technique is presented. The age of the patients, the type, stage, and duration of the malignancies, and other factors which might influence the end stage results are given.", "contents": "A surgical technique for resecting malignancies invading the facial nerve and petrous pyramid. Certain head and neck malignancies tend to invade branches of the cranial nerves and progress centripetally. The maxillary and mandibular divisions of the V (trigeminal) nerve are the most commonly invaded, but the VII (facial) nerve may harbor extensions of primary parotid malignancies and/or skin cancers originating in or near the ear. Paresis of the VII nerve signifies a serious but not entirely hopeless situation if countered with an appropriate surgical procedure. The optimal treatment of malignancies invading cranial nerves is surgical excision, which may necessitate removal of substantial portions of the cranium. Surgical pursuit of a malignancy in the facial nerve leads to a direct confrontation with the petrous pyramid of the temporal bone. Resection of the petrous pyramide is surgically feasible, but, if performed en bloc, extracts a high morbidity and mortality. An alternate technique in which the soft tissue and bones are removed disjunct is advocated. In this technique, the soft tissues are excised flush with the surface of the temporal bone. After making perforator and burr openings in the squamous temporal bone, a subtotal temporal craniectomy is completed with rongeurs. A prerequisite for success with this technique is the rotation of a large scalp flap and other local flaps to cover the exposed meninges and carotid arteries. A resume of four cases using this technique is presented. The age of the patients, the type, stage, and duration of the malignancies, and other factors which might influence the end stage results are given."}
{"id": "PMID:895155", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy of a murine fibrosarcoma: critical factors for success of combined modality therapy.", "content": "Thiabendazole (TBZ), a new nonspecific immunopotentiator, was evaluated in combination with Cytoxan in the therapy of a syngeneic murine fibrosarcoma. The reduction of tumor burden by chemotherapy was critical in achieving an optimal response from immunotherapy. Eighty-eight percent of the mice that responded to Cytoxan had sustained regression of tumor with TBZ treatment. The response to TBZ was markedly diminished, both in duration and magnitude, in the mice considered to be Cytoxan nonresponders. Timing of immunotherapy was also important. If Cytoxan and TBZ were given simultaneously, growth kinetics similar to those observed with Cytoxan alone were observed. However, if TBZ was given 4 days after Cytozan administration, prolonged regression of tumor was seen. Alone, TBZ was most effective at a dose of 20 mg/kg. However, in combination with Cytoxan the most effective dose was 0.2 mg/kg. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy of a murine fibrosarcoma: critical factors for success of combined modality therapy. Thiabendazole (TBZ), a new nonspecific immunopotentiator, was evaluated in combination with Cytoxan in the therapy of a syngeneic murine fibrosarcoma. The reduction of tumor burden by chemotherapy was critical in achieving an optimal response from immunotherapy. Eighty-eight percent of the mice that responded to Cytoxan had sustained regression of tumor with TBZ treatment. The response to TBZ was markedly diminished, both in duration and magnitude, in the mice considered to be Cytoxan nonresponders. Timing of immunotherapy was also important. If Cytoxan and TBZ were given simultaneously, growth kinetics similar to those observed with Cytoxan alone were observed. However, if TBZ was given 4 days after Cytozan administration, prolonged regression of tumor was seen. Alone, TBZ was most effective at a dose of 20 mg/kg. However, in combination with Cytoxan the most effective dose was 0.2 mg/kg. The implications of this finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:895156", "title": "Influence of initial neck node biopsy on the incidence of recurrence in the neck and survival in patients who subsequently undergo curative resectional surgery.", "content": "During a period of 23 years, 57 patients who had an initial neck node biopsy elsewhere, with the diagnosis of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma established, underwent curative resection by our department after the site of head and neck primary was found. Ten patients free of disease died of other causes, leaving 47 patients who were eligible for at least 3 years of follow-up. Ninteen patients are alive after 3 or more years. The incidence of recurrence in the neck was 57% (27/47). The 3-year survival in this group of Stage III was 40% (19/47) and 5-year survival was 34% (16/47). Compared with historical data, it appears from the present study that a previous biopsy of a neck node did not adversely affect the incidence either of neck recurrence or survival when appropriate surgery is performed.", "contents": "Influence of initial neck node biopsy on the incidence of recurrence in the neck and survival in patients who subsequently undergo curative resectional surgery. During a period of 23 years, 57 patients who had an initial neck node biopsy elsewhere, with the diagnosis of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma established, underwent curative resection by our department after the site of head and neck primary was found. Ten patients free of disease died of other causes, leaving 47 patients who were eligible for at least 3 years of follow-up. Ninteen patients are alive after 3 or more years. The incidence of recurrence in the neck was 57% (27/47). The 3-year survival in this group of Stage III was 40% (19/47) and 5-year survival was 34% (16/47). Compared with historical data, it appears from the present study that a previous biopsy of a neck node did not adversely affect the incidence either of neck recurrence or survival when appropriate surgery is performed."}
{"id": "PMID:895157", "title": "Effects of immunosuppression on the rejection of methylcholanthrene tumor isografts.", "content": "The effect of immunosuppression with azathioprine, methylprednisolone, or both, on primary and secondary immune responses to a transplanted tumor was studied. The ability to reject a methylcholanthrene-induced squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate in Lewis rats was determined by rechallenge with tumor cells after amputation of the primary transplant. Oral azathioprine (20 mg/kg/day) increased the incidence of tumors in a primary challenge, but did not affect the ability of immunized rats to reject subsequent tumor isografts. Similar results were obtained with 2 mg/kg day intraperitoneal (IP) azathioprine, 2 mg/kg IP methylprednisolone, and the combination of 2 mg/kg/day IP methylprednisolone and 10 mg/kg/day IP azathioprine. It appears that immunosuppression by azathioprine affects the proliferation of sensitized cells during the immunological response to antigens of this specific tumor. Immunosuppression does not appear to alter substantially the processing of tumor-specific antigens or the cytotoxic effectiveness of the immune system. This data is reassuring to the concern of whether transplantation in patients previously cured of cancer is safe.", "contents": "Effects of immunosuppression on the rejection of methylcholanthrene tumor isografts. The effect of immunosuppression with azathioprine, methylprednisolone, or both, on primary and secondary immune responses to a transplanted tumor was studied. The ability to reject a methylcholanthrene-induced squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate in Lewis rats was determined by rechallenge with tumor cells after amputation of the primary transplant. Oral azathioprine (20 mg/kg/day) increased the incidence of tumors in a primary challenge, but did not affect the ability of immunized rats to reject subsequent tumor isografts. Similar results were obtained with 2 mg/kg day intraperitoneal (IP) azathioprine, 2 mg/kg IP methylprednisolone, and the combination of 2 mg/kg/day IP methylprednisolone and 10 mg/kg/day IP azathioprine. It appears that immunosuppression by azathioprine affects the proliferation of sensitized cells during the immunological response to antigens of this specific tumor. Immunosuppression does not appear to alter substantially the processing of tumor-specific antigens or the cytotoxic effectiveness of the immune system. This data is reassuring to the concern of whether transplantation in patients previously cured of cancer is safe."}
{"id": "PMID:895158", "title": "X-ray exposure and premature aging.", "content": "An hypothesis of an aging effect of exposure to ionizing radiation in humans is proposed and given precise mathematical expression. The assumption is made that the biological changes which occur when humans are exposed to ionizing radiation from medical x ray are comparable to those occuring through the natural aging process, since both factors are known to increase the relative risk of nonlymphatic leukemia. This assumption focuses on this one aspect of aging only. The hypothesis that aging and exposure to ionizing radiation are comparable for increasing the relative risk of non-lymphatic leukemia is tested against the data from the Tri-State Leukemia Survey. It is shown to explain the data in a statistically acceptable way, giving an estimate of 1 rad skin dose exposure to the trunk as comparable to 1 year natural aging. This research raises further questions concerning the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and presents a new methodology by which these questions may be researched.", "contents": "X-ray exposure and premature aging. An hypothesis of an aging effect of exposure to ionizing radiation in humans is proposed and given precise mathematical expression. The assumption is made that the biological changes which occur when humans are exposed to ionizing radiation from medical x ray are comparable to those occuring through the natural aging process, since both factors are known to increase the relative risk of nonlymphatic leukemia. This assumption focuses on this one aspect of aging only. The hypothesis that aging and exposure to ionizing radiation are comparable for increasing the relative risk of non-lymphatic leukemia is tested against the data from the Tri-State Leukemia Survey. It is shown to explain the data in a statistically acceptable way, giving an estimate of 1 rad skin dose exposure to the trunk as comparable to 1 year natural aging. This research raises further questions concerning the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and presents a new methodology by which these questions may be researched."}
{"id": "PMID:895159", "title": "Ameloblastoma of the anterior maxillae.", "content": "Few generalizations may be made about the ameloblastoma. Its many varied characteristics may mimic those of many other lesions. The case presented, against all odds and expectations, proved to be highly infiltrative. The use of all available information for accurate diagnosis and sound treatment is stressed. Block resection was found to be the best treatment assuring no recurrence and minimal deformity.", "contents": "Ameloblastoma of the anterior maxillae. Few generalizations may be made about the ameloblastoma. Its many varied characteristics may mimic those of many other lesions. The case presented, against all odds and expectations, proved to be highly infiltrative. The use of all available information for accurate diagnosis and sound treatment is stressed. Block resection was found to be the best treatment assuring no recurrence and minimal deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:895172", "title": "Surgical management of pulmonary stenosis in tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "Fifty-five consecutive patients with the tetralogy of Fallot underwent intracardiac repair in a 12 month period. A standardized protocol for outflow tract enlargement was used. When the measured diameter of the pulmonary valve ring was at least the \"minimum acceptable pulmonary valve ring diameter,\" primary patch-graft enlargement across the valve ring was not done (Group I, 34 patients); when it was less, primary patch-graft enlargement was done (Group II, 21 patients). The right ventricular-left ventricular systolic pressure ratio (PRV/LV) after repair without patch-graft enlargement across the ring was related to the size of the ring. Sixteen (94 percent) of 17 such patients with normal-sized or large pulmonary valve rings (according to the criteria of Rowlatt, Rimoldi, and Lev) had PRV/LV equal to or less than 0.65; four (80 percent) of five patients with smaller rings but within the 50 percent confidence limits had PRV/LV equal to or less than 0.65; five (56 percent) of nine with still smaller rings but within the 72.5 percent confidence limits had PRV/LV equal to or less than 0.65. In Group II, 15 patients had abnormally small rings, but after patch-graft enlargement the mean PRV/LV was 0.44 +/- 0.140. A surgical protocol based on these data has been developed.", "contents": "Surgical management of pulmonary stenosis in tetralogy of Fallot. Fifty-five consecutive patients with the tetralogy of Fallot underwent intracardiac repair in a 12 month period. A standardized protocol for outflow tract enlargement was used. When the measured diameter of the pulmonary valve ring was at least the \"minimum acceptable pulmonary valve ring diameter,\" primary patch-graft enlargement across the valve ring was not done (Group I, 34 patients); when it was less, primary patch-graft enlargement was done (Group II, 21 patients). The right ventricular-left ventricular systolic pressure ratio (PRV/LV) after repair without patch-graft enlargement across the ring was related to the size of the ring. Sixteen (94 percent) of 17 such patients with normal-sized or large pulmonary valve rings (according to the criteria of Rowlatt, Rimoldi, and Lev) had PRV/LV equal to or less than 0.65; four (80 percent) of five patients with smaller rings but within the 50 percent confidence limits had PRV/LV equal to or less than 0.65; five (56 percent) of nine with still smaller rings but within the 72.5 percent confidence limits had PRV/LV equal to or less than 0.65. In Group II, 15 patients had abnormally small rings, but after patch-graft enlargement the mean PRV/LV was 0.44 +/- 0.140. A surgical protocol based on these data has been developed."}
{"id": "PMID:895173", "title": "Regional pulmonary function during experimental unilateral pneumothorax in the awake state.", "content": "This study examines changes in regional pulmonary function during unilateral pneumothorax, immediately after, and 2 hours following re-expansion in awake dogs. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, physiologic dead space, arterial blood gases, and pulmonary shunt fraction were determined at each stage. Cardiac output (thermodilution), vascular pressures, and regional ventilation and perfusion (133Xe scans) were also measured. Chest roentgenogram confirmed the presence of UP. Respiratory rate increased 124 percent (p less than 0.01) during UP while alveolar ventilation remained unchanged. Pulmonary shunt fraction rose 93 percent (p less than 0.01) during UP, causing PaO2 to fall from 86 to 51 mm. Hg (p less than 0.01). PaCO2, pH, and cardiac output were not altered by UP. UP caused a relative underventilation of the collapsed lung (V/Q = 0.73 (p less than 0.01)) and an overventilation of the contralateral lung (V/Q = 1.74) (p less than 0.01). Immediately after re-expansion of the collapsed lung, all the above changes reverted to the control values. All variables remained unchanged 2 hours following complete re-expansion.", "contents": "Regional pulmonary function during experimental unilateral pneumothorax in the awake state. This study examines changes in regional pulmonary function during unilateral pneumothorax, immediately after, and 2 hours following re-expansion in awake dogs. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, physiologic dead space, arterial blood gases, and pulmonary shunt fraction were determined at each stage. Cardiac output (thermodilution), vascular pressures, and regional ventilation and perfusion (133Xe scans) were also measured. Chest roentgenogram confirmed the presence of UP. Respiratory rate increased 124 percent (p less than 0.01) during UP while alveolar ventilation remained unchanged. Pulmonary shunt fraction rose 93 percent (p less than 0.01) during UP, causing PaO2 to fall from 86 to 51 mm. Hg (p less than 0.01). PaCO2, pH, and cardiac output were not altered by UP. UP caused a relative underventilation of the collapsed lung (V/Q = 0.73 (p less than 0.01)) and an overventilation of the contralateral lung (V/Q = 1.74) (p less than 0.01). Immediately after re-expansion of the collapsed lung, all the above changes reverted to the control values. All variables remained unchanged 2 hours following complete re-expansion."}
{"id": "PMID:895174", "title": "Pulmonary dirofilariasis in man. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Pulmonary dirofilariasis in man is becoming a well-recongnized entity. Its pathogenesis and histopathologenical picture have been well characterized but the preoperative diagnosis still remains a challenge. The roentgenographic picture, usually described as a \"coin lesion,\" is nonspecific and easily mistaken for other inflammatory and neoplastic nodules. Forty-seven clinical instances of pulmonary dirofilariais have been reported in the literature, with most of them in the last two decades. Considering the entire clinical picture, a strong suspicion can be based on serological studies, thus improving the possibilities of a correct preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "Pulmonary dirofilariasis in man. A case report and review of the literature. Pulmonary dirofilariasis in man is becoming a well-recongnized entity. Its pathogenesis and histopathologenical picture have been well characterized but the preoperative diagnosis still remains a challenge. The roentgenographic picture, usually described as a \"coin lesion,\" is nonspecific and easily mistaken for other inflammatory and neoplastic nodules. Forty-seven clinical instances of pulmonary dirofilariais have been reported in the literature, with most of them in the last two decades. Considering the entire clinical picture, a strong suspicion can be based on serological studies, thus improving the possibilities of a correct preoperative diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:895177", "title": "Avulsion of a tricuspid valve leaflet during traction on an infected, entrapped endocardial pacemaker electrode. The role of electrode design.", "content": "Endocardial pacemaker electrodes rely in part upon endocardial fixation proximal to the electrode tip to prevent ejection of the tip from the ventricular apex. Fixation of these electrodes to the superior vena cava and tricuspid valve, in particular, has been reported. Infection of endocardial electrodes necessitates their removal. This report concerns avulsion of a tricuspid valve leaflet during traction on an infected electrode. With the availability of new methods of apical fixation, the utilization of electrode sheathing materials which discourage endocardial fixation would increase the safety of their removal under the circumstances reported herein.", "contents": "Avulsion of a tricuspid valve leaflet during traction on an infected, entrapped endocardial pacemaker electrode. The role of electrode design. Endocardial pacemaker electrodes rely in part upon endocardial fixation proximal to the electrode tip to prevent ejection of the tip from the ventricular apex. Fixation of these electrodes to the superior vena cava and tricuspid valve, in particular, has been reported. Infection of endocardial electrodes necessitates their removal. This report concerns avulsion of a tricuspid valve leaflet during traction on an infected electrode. With the availability of new methods of apical fixation, the utilization of electrode sheathing materials which discourage endocardial fixation would increase the safety of their removal under the circumstances reported herein."}
{"id": "PMID:895178", "title": "Experimental bypass of the left ventricle.", "content": "Bypass of the left ventricle was accomplished in dogs and the entire circulation was supported temporarily by only the right ventricle. The atrial septum was excised, and the atrium was repartitioned so that the pulmonary veins were in continuity with the right ventricle and the venae cavae were connected through the atrium. Anastomosis of the superior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery brought systemic venous return directly to the lungs. The main pulmonary artery was ligated proximal to the bifurcation, preserving distal confluence of right and left pulmonary arteries. A tubular prosthesis between the proximal pulmonary artery and the aorta connected the right ventricle to the systemic circuit. This procedure, or some modification of the principle, may have clinical feasibility in the treatment of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.", "contents": "Experimental bypass of the left ventricle. Bypass of the left ventricle was accomplished in dogs and the entire circulation was supported temporarily by only the right ventricle. The atrial septum was excised, and the atrium was repartitioned so that the pulmonary veins were in continuity with the right ventricle and the venae cavae were connected through the atrium. Anastomosis of the superior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery brought systemic venous return directly to the lungs. The main pulmonary artery was ligated proximal to the bifurcation, preserving distal confluence of right and left pulmonary arteries. A tubular prosthesis between the proximal pulmonary artery and the aorta connected the right ventricle to the systemic circuit. This procedure, or some modification of the principle, may have clinical feasibility in the treatment of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:895179", "title": "Surgical treatment of coronary artery aneurysm with rupture into the right atrium.", "content": "Considering the increasing number of patients with chest pain who undergo routine coronary artery arteriography, coronary artery aneurysm may be found more frequently. To know how to manage these aneurysms, we must understand their possible complications. The aneurysms can produce symptoms of angina or acute myocardial infarction by total thrombosis of the aneurysm and vessel, embolism to the distal vessel, or progressive enlargement and encroachment upon the distal vessel until it is occluded. Moreover, the aneurysm may enlarge and rupture into the free pericardium or produce a fistula by eroding into a chamber of the heart. The case described herein may represent the first reported case of a coronary artery aneurysm eroding into a cardiac chamber and causing an arteriovenous fistula. The treatment of choice is resection of the aneurysm, closure of the fistula, and re-establishment of continuity of the distal coronary artery with a saphenous vein bypass graft.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of coronary artery aneurysm with rupture into the right atrium. Considering the increasing number of patients with chest pain who undergo routine coronary artery arteriography, coronary artery aneurysm may be found more frequently. To know how to manage these aneurysms, we must understand their possible complications. The aneurysms can produce symptoms of angina or acute myocardial infarction by total thrombosis of the aneurysm and vessel, embolism to the distal vessel, or progressive enlargement and encroachment upon the distal vessel until it is occluded. Moreover, the aneurysm may enlarge and rupture into the free pericardium or produce a fistula by eroding into a chamber of the heart. The case described herein may represent the first reported case of a coronary artery aneurysm eroding into a cardiac chamber and causing an arteriovenous fistula. The treatment of choice is resection of the aneurysm, closure of the fistula, and re-establishment of continuity of the distal coronary artery with a saphenous vein bypass graft."}
{"id": "PMID:895180", "title": "Subtotal cor triatriatum with left partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. Successful surgical repair in an infant.", "content": "A 10-week-old infant underwent successful repair of subtotal cor triatriatum associated with left-sided partial anomalous pulmonary venous return to the innominate vein. This unusual type of cor triatriatum represents an intermediate embryologic form between pure cor triatriatum and total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Important hemodynamic differences exist between this defect and pure cor triatriatum. Exact anatomic diagnosis prior to operation is highly desirable. To our knowledge, this case represents the first successful repair of this very rare congenital cardiac defect.", "contents": "Subtotal cor triatriatum with left partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. Successful surgical repair in an infant. A 10-week-old infant underwent successful repair of subtotal cor triatriatum associated with left-sided partial anomalous pulmonary venous return to the innominate vein. This unusual type of cor triatriatum represents an intermediate embryologic form between pure cor triatriatum and total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Important hemodynamic differences exist between this defect and pure cor triatriatum. Exact anatomic diagnosis prior to operation is highly desirable. To our knowledge, this case represents the first successful repair of this very rare congenital cardiac defect."}
{"id": "PMID:895181", "title": "Tetralogy of Fallot with aorticopulmonary window. Report of two surgical cases.", "content": "The association of aorticopulmonary window and tetralogy of Fallot is rare. In this report, we describe two cases in which this combination of anomalies was repaired successfully. Both patients made uneventful recoveries.", "contents": "Tetralogy of Fallot with aorticopulmonary window. Report of two surgical cases. The association of aorticopulmonary window and tetralogy of Fallot is rare. In this report, we describe two cases in which this combination of anomalies was repaired successfully. Both patients made uneventful recoveries."}
{"id": "PMID:895182", "title": "Strut fracture in De Bakey valve. Successful reoperation and valve replacement.", "content": "Strut fracture in a De Bakey aortic valve is reported. The theoretical disadvantage of a Pyrolite carbon--coated ball and titanium struts is mentioned. Periodic cinefluoroscopy is recommended in all patients with a De Bakey aortic valve to avoid the complications associated with strut wear or fracture.", "contents": "Strut fracture in De Bakey valve. Successful reoperation and valve replacement. Strut fracture in a De Bakey aortic valve is reported. The theoretical disadvantage of a Pyrolite carbon--coated ball and titanium struts is mentioned. Periodic cinefluoroscopy is recommended in all patients with a De Bakey aortic valve to avoid the complications associated with strut wear or fracture."}
{"id": "PMID:895195", "title": "Clinical features and management of cystinuria.", "content": "Cystinuria is a complex hereditary disorder that affects both sexes with equal frequency and severity. Symptoms usually begin early (children and young adults) but may develop at any age. Stature is normal and there are no clinical nutritional abnormalities. The morbidity of cystine urolithiasis is considerable. Hyperuricemia is a frequent associated finding and is probably the result of multiple factors. No other abnormalities are consistently related to this disease. Treatment with adequate oral fluids to ensure a copious urine volume and with oral alkali to keep the urine alkaline is most successful when used prophylactically in the stone-free patient. However, dissolution of existing calculi is unlikely with this regimen alone. The addition of D-penicillamine often results in dissolution of stones and prevention of recurrent calculi in patients who have continued stone growth despite the use of oral fluids and alkali. Because toxic reactions with D-penicillamine are frequent and sometimes severe, this drug should be used only when necessary and then as an adjunct to rather than a substitute for increased oral fluids and alkali. Failure of treatment in spite of adequate therapy should alert the physician to the possibility of coexisting complicating problem.", "contents": "Clinical features and management of cystinuria. Cystinuria is a complex hereditary disorder that affects both sexes with equal frequency and severity. Symptoms usually begin early (children and young adults) but may develop at any age. Stature is normal and there are no clinical nutritional abnormalities. The morbidity of cystine urolithiasis is considerable. Hyperuricemia is a frequent associated finding and is probably the result of multiple factors. No other abnormalities are consistently related to this disease. Treatment with adequate oral fluids to ensure a copious urine volume and with oral alkali to keep the urine alkaline is most successful when used prophylactically in the stone-free patient. However, dissolution of existing calculi is unlikely with this regimen alone. The addition of D-penicillamine often results in dissolution of stones and prevention of recurrent calculi in patients who have continued stone growth despite the use of oral fluids and alkali. Because toxic reactions with D-penicillamine are frequent and sometimes severe, this drug should be used only when necessary and then as an adjunct to rather than a substitute for increased oral fluids and alkali. Failure of treatment in spite of adequate therapy should alert the physician to the possibility of coexisting complicating problem."}
{"id": "PMID:895196", "title": "Alimentary tract manifestations of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b.", "content": "Alimentary tract manifestations were found in all of 17 patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b. The manifestations are important because (1) they were chronic, (2) they were severe and led to abdominal operation in 5 patients, (3) they antedated detection of the endocrine neoplasms in the syndrome in 16 patients (94%), and (4) they provided clinical clues that stimulated search for thyroidal C-cell and adrenal medullary disease in 6 patients. The alimentary tract manifestations were diverse: symptoms included constipation, diarrhea, difficulty with feeding, projectile vomiting, crampy abdominal pain, and loud borborygmi; findings included thickened lips, nodules on the anterior third of the tongue, abdominal distention, visible peristaltic waves, and roentgenographic evidence of megacolon or diverticulosis of the colon or of dilatation of the small intestine and stomach. Initial misinterpretation or failure to realize the significance of one or more of these alimentary tract manifestations led to suspicion of aganglionic megacolon (three patients), malabsorption syndrome (two patients), and tracheal ring (one patient).", "contents": "Alimentary tract manifestations of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b. Alimentary tract manifestations were found in all of 17 patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b. The manifestations are important because (1) they were chronic, (2) they were severe and led to abdominal operation in 5 patients, (3) they antedated detection of the endocrine neoplasms in the syndrome in 16 patients (94%), and (4) they provided clinical clues that stimulated search for thyroidal C-cell and adrenal medullary disease in 6 patients. The alimentary tract manifestations were diverse: symptoms included constipation, diarrhea, difficulty with feeding, projectile vomiting, crampy abdominal pain, and loud borborygmi; findings included thickened lips, nodules on the anterior third of the tongue, abdominal distention, visible peristaltic waves, and roentgenographic evidence of megacolon or diverticulosis of the colon or of dilatation of the small intestine and stomach. Initial misinterpretation or failure to realize the significance of one or more of these alimentary tract manifestations led to suspicion of aganglionic megacolon (three patients), malabsorption syndrome (two patients), and tracheal ring (one patient)."}
{"id": "PMID:895197", "title": "Frequency of surgical treatment for hypertension in adults at the Mayo Clinic from 1973 through 1975.", "content": "We reviewed the records at the Mayo Clinic for the years 1973, 1974, and 1975 to determine the number of patients with hypertension who had had operations for repair of renal artery stenosis, excision of pheochromocytoma, or resection of aldosterone-producing adenoma. During the years studied, the average numbers of procedures per year were, respectively, 46.7, 10.3, and 2.7. For the purpose of estimating the frequency of each one of these three conditions among the population of hypertensive patients examined at the Mayo Clinic, we applied age- and sex-specific incidence figures from the US National Health Survey to the 162-273 patients examined who were more than 15 years old in 1974. We estimate that there were 26,589 patients who had diastolic blood pressures equal to or greater than 95 mm Hg. The indices generated estimated that renal artery stenosis repair was done in 18/10,000 (0.18%) hypertensive patients, pheochromocytoma excision in 4/10,000 (0.04%), and aldosterone-producing adenoma resection in 1/108000 (0.01%). These indices are strikingly lower than those frequently reported elsewhere, suggesting that these conditions are truly rare among hypertensive patients seen in clinical practice.", "contents": "Frequency of surgical treatment for hypertension in adults at the Mayo Clinic from 1973 through 1975. We reviewed the records at the Mayo Clinic for the years 1973, 1974, and 1975 to determine the number of patients with hypertension who had had operations for repair of renal artery stenosis, excision of pheochromocytoma, or resection of aldosterone-producing adenoma. During the years studied, the average numbers of procedures per year were, respectively, 46.7, 10.3, and 2.7. For the purpose of estimating the frequency of each one of these three conditions among the population of hypertensive patients examined at the Mayo Clinic, we applied age- and sex-specific incidence figures from the US National Health Survey to the 162-273 patients examined who were more than 15 years old in 1974. We estimate that there were 26,589 patients who had diastolic blood pressures equal to or greater than 95 mm Hg. The indices generated estimated that renal artery stenosis repair was done in 18/10,000 (0.18%) hypertensive patients, pheochromocytoma excision in 4/10,000 (0.04%), and aldosterone-producing adenoma resection in 1/108000 (0.01%). These indices are strikingly lower than those frequently reported elsewhere, suggesting that these conditions are truly rare among hypertensive patients seen in clinical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:895198", "title": "Straddling right atrioventricular valve in criss-cross atrioventricular relationship.", "content": "Two cases of complex congenital heart disease are described in which systemic and pulmonary bloodstreams crossed at the atrioventricular level. Both patients were examined clinically, echocardiographically, and by cardiac catheterization, including angiography, and both underwent cardiac surgery and had intraoperative mapping of their conduction systems. Both patients were found to have levocardia and situs solitus of viscera and atria, large ventricular septal defect, and straddling right atrioventricular valve. One patient had atrioventricular discordance but with the left ventricle anterior and alightly on the right and with pulmonary atresia and dextromalposition of the aorta. The other patient had atrioventricular concordance but with the left ventricle inferior and slightly on the left and with ventricular-arterial concordance to normally related great arteries and banded pulmonary trunk. To our knowledge, this combination including straddling right atrioventricular valve has not been reported in the literature before. In both patients the straddling atrioventricular valve was thought to preclude corrective operation at that time. A unique palliative procedure--left ventricle-to-pulmonary trunk shunt--was successful in the first case and partial debanding of the pulmonary trunk in the second.", "contents": "Straddling right atrioventricular valve in criss-cross atrioventricular relationship. Two cases of complex congenital heart disease are described in which systemic and pulmonary bloodstreams crossed at the atrioventricular level. Both patients were examined clinically, echocardiographically, and by cardiac catheterization, including angiography, and both underwent cardiac surgery and had intraoperative mapping of their conduction systems. Both patients were found to have levocardia and situs solitus of viscera and atria, large ventricular septal defect, and straddling right atrioventricular valve. One patient had atrioventricular discordance but with the left ventricle anterior and alightly on the right and with pulmonary atresia and dextromalposition of the aorta. The other patient had atrioventricular concordance but with the left ventricle inferior and slightly on the left and with ventricular-arterial concordance to normally related great arteries and banded pulmonary trunk. To our knowledge, this combination including straddling right atrioventricular valve has not been reported in the literature before. In both patients the straddling atrioventricular valve was thought to preclude corrective operation at that time. A unique palliative procedure--left ventricle-to-pulmonary trunk shunt--was successful in the first case and partial debanding of the pulmonary trunk in the second."}
{"id": "PMID:895199", "title": "A criss-cross heart. Detailed anatomic description and discussion of morphogenesis.", "content": "Hearts with criss-cross atrioventricular connections are rare. Reports in the literature describe great anatomic variations with regard to the atrioventricular connections, spatial relationships of the ventricles, and connections and spatial relationships of the great arteries. In the example described in this report, the basic anatomic picture was that of transposition of the great arteries, but the criss-cross atrioventricular valves had resulted in atrioventricular discordance; hemodynamically, therefore, the situation resembled congenitally corrected transposition. One hypothesis for this anatomic configuration is that pronounced counterclockwise rotation (as viewed from below) brought the ventricular septum into a frontal plane and altered the respective positions of the pulmonary and aortic valves from those usually seen in congenitally corrected transposition and thereby resulted in crossed atrioventricular connections. An alternative hypothesis is that in this case one of the atrioventricular valves (the anteriorly positioned valve) may represent an anomalous communication that developed early in embryogenesis and connected the left atrial appendage to the right ventricular infundibulum.", "contents": "A criss-cross heart. Detailed anatomic description and discussion of morphogenesis. Hearts with criss-cross atrioventricular connections are rare. Reports in the literature describe great anatomic variations with regard to the atrioventricular connections, spatial relationships of the ventricles, and connections and spatial relationships of the great arteries. In the example described in this report, the basic anatomic picture was that of transposition of the great arteries, but the criss-cross atrioventricular valves had resulted in atrioventricular discordance; hemodynamically, therefore, the situation resembled congenitally corrected transposition. One hypothesis for this anatomic configuration is that pronounced counterclockwise rotation (as viewed from below) brought the ventricular septum into a frontal plane and altered the respective positions of the pulmonary and aortic valves from those usually seen in congenitally corrected transposition and thereby resulted in crossed atrioventricular connections. An alternative hypothesis is that in this case one of the atrioventricular valves (the anteriorly positioned valve) may represent an anomalous communication that developed early in embryogenesis and connected the left atrial appendage to the right ventricular infundibulum."}
{"id": "PMID:895200", "title": "Transesophageal atrial pacing in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "In a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, protracted, disabling tachycardia occurred because of low left lateral accessory pathway refractoriness and rapid retrograde conduction, most likely by a septal pathway. Conventional medications, including intravenously administered lidocaine and procainamide, were ineffective in terminating the tachycardia. Transesophageal atrial pacing easily terminated the recurrent supraventricular tachycardia.", "contents": "Transesophageal atrial pacing in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, protracted, disabling tachycardia occurred because of low left lateral accessory pathway refractoriness and rapid retrograde conduction, most likely by a septal pathway. Conventional medications, including intravenously administered lidocaine and procainamide, were ineffective in terminating the tachycardia. Transesophageal atrial pacing easily terminated the recurrent supraventricular tachycardia."}
{"id": "PMID:895212", "title": "Interaction of vibrio cholerae El Tor and gut mucosa in ligated rabbit ileal loop experiment.", "content": "Light and electron microscope studies in ligated rabbit gut loops showed that cholera vibrios El Tor attached themselves to the enterocytes and multiplied, most probably on the intestinal epithelium surface. But they did not penetrate deeper and were unable to cause destruction of the epithelium or marked inflammation. Ultrastructural manifestations of both apocrine and merocrine secretion of the enterocytes were observed. In addition, the enterocytes showed signs of generally enhanced activity. Some other changes and alterations in the lamina propria, presumably induced by excessive transport of water, are also described. The enterotoxin-induced epithelial hypersecretion with fluid accumulation in the gut loops resulted in the attached vibrios being cleared off the epithelium lining into the gut lumen. NAG vibrios were mostly incapable of inducing the above changes. We discuss the importance of cholera vibrio attachment to and its multiplication on the intestinal epithelium in the pathogenesis of cholera.", "contents": "Interaction of vibrio cholerae El Tor and gut mucosa in ligated rabbit ileal loop experiment. Light and electron microscope studies in ligated rabbit gut loops showed that cholera vibrios El Tor attached themselves to the enterocytes and multiplied, most probably on the intestinal epithelium surface. But they did not penetrate deeper and were unable to cause destruction of the epithelium or marked inflammation. Ultrastructural manifestations of both apocrine and merocrine secretion of the enterocytes were observed. In addition, the enterocytes showed signs of generally enhanced activity. Some other changes and alterations in the lamina propria, presumably induced by excessive transport of water, are also described. The enterotoxin-induced epithelial hypersecretion with fluid accumulation in the gut loops resulted in the attached vibrios being cleared off the epithelium lining into the gut lumen. NAG vibrios were mostly incapable of inducing the above changes. We discuss the importance of cholera vibrio attachment to and its multiplication on the intestinal epithelium in the pathogenesis of cholera."}
{"id": "PMID:895206", "title": "Change of the hepatic cells in parabiosis between old and young rats.", "content": "The hepatic cells of the parabiotic unions 3 to 9 months after uniting between old and young rats were micrometrically examined. In the older parabiotic partners, it cannot be denied that the character of the findings tended in part towards that of the young controls. In the younger parabiotic partners, the estimated number of hepatic cells was apparently decreased, size of the hepatic cells and their nuclei was significantly increased, and number of binucleate hepatic cells was markedly increased. The findings of the hepatic cells in the younger partners were similar to those in the old controls. From the results, it is inferred that the proliferation of the hepatic cells of the younger parabiotic partners is inhibited by the inhibitory factors for cell division secreted from the hepatic cells of the older partners.", "contents": "Change of the hepatic cells in parabiosis between old and young rats. The hepatic cells of the parabiotic unions 3 to 9 months after uniting between old and young rats were micrometrically examined. In the older parabiotic partners, it cannot be denied that the character of the findings tended in part towards that of the young controls. In the younger parabiotic partners, the estimated number of hepatic cells was apparently decreased, size of the hepatic cells and their nuclei was significantly increased, and number of binucleate hepatic cells was markedly increased. The findings of the hepatic cells in the younger partners were similar to those in the old controls. From the results, it is inferred that the proliferation of the hepatic cells of the younger parabiotic partners is inhibited by the inhibitory factors for cell division secreted from the hepatic cells of the older partners."}
{"id": "PMID:895208", "title": "Age related alterations in purified fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase from the nematode Turbatrix aceti.", "content": "Fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase has been purified to homogeneity 62.0 and 58.3 fold from young and old nematodes respectively. The aldolase preparations from young (7 days) and old (35 days) animals are indistinguishable in their electrophoretic mobility, molecular weight of the tetramer (158,000) and monomer (40,000), and Km, although the \"old\" enzyme is more heat stable than the \"young\" enzyme. Enzyme from old animals has only about 55% specific activity per mg purified protein of the \"young\" enzyme and its catalytic activity per unit of enzyme antigen is about 50% of that of the enzyme from young animals. Immunological identity of purified enzyme from old and young animals was established by the Ouchterlony technique by antiserum produced against purified \"young\" enzyme and antiserum against purified \"old\" enzyme. Thus, this work shows for the first time that the altered form of an enzyme which appears in senescent animals apparently does not possess extra antigenic sites which are acquired as a function of age.", "contents": "Age related alterations in purified fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase from the nematode Turbatrix aceti. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase has been purified to homogeneity 62.0 and 58.3 fold from young and old nematodes respectively. The aldolase preparations from young (7 days) and old (35 days) animals are indistinguishable in their electrophoretic mobility, molecular weight of the tetramer (158,000) and monomer (40,000), and Km, although the \"old\" enzyme is more heat stable than the \"young\" enzyme. Enzyme from old animals has only about 55% specific activity per mg purified protein of the \"young\" enzyme and its catalytic activity per unit of enzyme antigen is about 50% of that of the enzyme from young animals. Immunological identity of purified enzyme from old and young animals was established by the Ouchterlony technique by antiserum produced against purified \"young\" enzyme and antiserum against purified \"old\" enzyme. Thus, this work shows for the first time that the altered form of an enzyme which appears in senescent animals apparently does not possess extra antigenic sites which are acquired as a function of age."}
{"id": "PMID:895209", "title": "Qualitative changes in immunocompetent cells with age: reduced sensitivity to cortisone acetate.", "content": "Recent studies suggest that immunocompetent cells that respond to primary antigenic stimulus in old mice are different cell types from those that respond in young mice. This hypothesis was tested by determining the cortisone acetate sensitivity of antigen-sensitive lymphocytes from young and old donors. It was found that antigen-reactive lymph node lymphocytes from young donors are cortisone-acetate sensitive whereas the antigen-reactive lymph node lymphocytes from old donors are cortisone-acetate resistant.", "contents": "Qualitative changes in immunocompetent cells with age: reduced sensitivity to cortisone acetate. Recent studies suggest that immunocompetent cells that respond to primary antigenic stimulus in old mice are different cell types from those that respond in young mice. This hypothesis was tested by determining the cortisone acetate sensitivity of antigen-sensitive lymphocytes from young and old donors. It was found that antigen-reactive lymph node lymphocytes from young donors are cortisone-acetate sensitive whereas the antigen-reactive lymph node lymphocytes from old donors are cortisone-acetate resistant."}
{"id": "PMID:895216", "title": "Low platelet monoamine oxidase activity in human alcoholics.", "content": "Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was found to be significantly reduced in human alcoholics as compared to matched controls. A probable transitory increase in activity was observed during the abstinence phase. The low platelet MAO activity was not due to iron deficiency or to the presence of acetaldehyde. Since we have previously found a lowered MAO activity in the brains of suicide victims, especially in those with a previous history of alcohol abuse, we suggest that low platelet MAO activity reflects a primarily \"weak\" monoaminergic system in the CNS which causes an increased vulnerability to alcohol abuse and suicidal behaviour.", "contents": "Low platelet monoamine oxidase activity in human alcoholics. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was found to be significantly reduced in human alcoholics as compared to matched controls. A probable transitory increase in activity was observed during the abstinence phase. The low platelet MAO activity was not due to iron deficiency or to the presence of acetaldehyde. Since we have previously found a lowered MAO activity in the brains of suicide victims, especially in those with a previous history of alcohol abuse, we suggest that low platelet MAO activity reflects a primarily \"weak\" monoaminergic system in the CNS which causes an increased vulnerability to alcohol abuse and suicidal behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:895211", "title": "Comparison by autoradiography of macromolecular biosynthesis in \"young\" and \"old\" human diploid fibroblast cultures. A brief note.", "content": "The biosynthetic abilities of WI-38 fibroblasts from early and late population-doubling-level cultures were compared by autoradiography of cells grown with labeled precursors of DNA, RNA, protein and lipids. Incorporation of radioactive thymidine, uridine, protein-hydrolysate, acetate, oleic acid and cholesterol, as measured by the number of grains per cell surface, decreased with the progressive aging of the culture. However, the decrease in the incorporation of acetate, oleic acid and cholesterol was much smaller than that of the other precursors, indicating that lipid synthesis is affected to a lesser degree than protein and nucleic acid synthesis on aging. This result is in accord with the higher lipid content and proliferation of intracellular membranes in cells of \"old\" WI-38 cultures reported by others.", "contents": "Comparison by autoradiography of macromolecular biosynthesis in \"young\" and \"old\" human diploid fibroblast cultures. A brief note. The biosynthetic abilities of WI-38 fibroblasts from early and late population-doubling-level cultures were compared by autoradiography of cells grown with labeled precursors of DNA, RNA, protein and lipids. Incorporation of radioactive thymidine, uridine, protein-hydrolysate, acetate, oleic acid and cholesterol, as measured by the number of grains per cell surface, decreased with the progressive aging of the culture. However, the decrease in the incorporation of acetate, oleic acid and cholesterol was much smaller than that of the other precursors, indicating that lipid synthesis is affected to a lesser degree than protein and nucleic acid synthesis on aging. This result is in accord with the higher lipid content and proliferation of intracellular membranes in cells of \"old\" WI-38 cultures reported by others."}
{"id": "PMID:895217", "title": "Purification of bovine milk lipoprotein lipase with the aid of detergent.", "content": "The present study describes a simple method for the purification of bovine milk lipoprotein lipase based on affinity chromatography on agarose containing covalently linked heparin and the use of a non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100. By this procedure miligram amounts of detergent-free lipoprotein-ionic lipase with a specific activity of 28.9 mmoles free fatty acid/mg protein/mg protein/hour can be obtained. The apparent molecular weight of the polypeptide as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate is 55,000. The purified triacylglycerol lipase also hydrolyzes monoacylglycerol, but the activity against this lipid is 40 times lower than that against triacylglycerol.", "contents": "Purification of bovine milk lipoprotein lipase with the aid of detergent. The present study describes a simple method for the purification of bovine milk lipoprotein lipase based on affinity chromatography on agarose containing covalently linked heparin and the use of a non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100. By this procedure miligram amounts of detergent-free lipoprotein-ionic lipase with a specific activity of 28.9 mmoles free fatty acid/mg protein/mg protein/hour can be obtained. The apparent molecular weight of the polypeptide as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate is 55,000. The purified triacylglycerol lipase also hydrolyzes monoacylglycerol, but the activity against this lipid is 40 times lower than that against triacylglycerol."}
{"id": "PMID:895210", "title": "Diminished axonal transport of glycoproteins in the senescent rat brain.", "content": "At various time intervals (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 min) after injection of 3H-fucose into the medial septal nucleus of young adult (3 months old) and senescent (25 months old) Fischer-344 rats, the specific activities of trichloroacetic acid-phosphotungstic acid (TCA-PTA) soluble and insoluble fractions were determined in the medial area of the septum and in three successive rostro-caudal sections of the hippocampal formation containing mainly the dentate gyrus, but also its hilus with fields CA4 and CA3c of the hippocampus. The rate of 3H-fucose incorporation into glycoproteins of the septum did not differ in young adult and senescent rats. Part of the TCA-PTA soluble and insoluble radioactive material was transported through the septo-hippocampal pathway to the dentate gyrus. This transport was inhibited by the injection of colchicine into the septum prior to 3H-fucose injection and was completely blocked by electrolytic lesion of the medial septal nucleus. The arrival time and the amount of the TCA-PTA soluble radioactive material transported to the dentate gyrus did not differ in young adult and senescent rats. However, the TCA-PTA insoluble labelled glycoprotein was transported to the dentate gyrus in a significantly smaller amount and during a longer period of time in the senescent animals. This age-related change may reflect a reduction in amount and/or in rate of axonal transport of glycoproteins in the septo-hippocampal pathway of senescent rats.", "contents": "Diminished axonal transport of glycoproteins in the senescent rat brain. At various time intervals (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 min) after injection of 3H-fucose into the medial septal nucleus of young adult (3 months old) and senescent (25 months old) Fischer-344 rats, the specific activities of trichloroacetic acid-phosphotungstic acid (TCA-PTA) soluble and insoluble fractions were determined in the medial area of the septum and in three successive rostro-caudal sections of the hippocampal formation containing mainly the dentate gyrus, but also its hilus with fields CA4 and CA3c of the hippocampus. The rate of 3H-fucose incorporation into glycoproteins of the septum did not differ in young adult and senescent rats. Part of the TCA-PTA soluble and insoluble radioactive material was transported through the septo-hippocampal pathway to the dentate gyrus. This transport was inhibited by the injection of colchicine into the septum prior to 3H-fucose injection and was completely blocked by electrolytic lesion of the medial septal nucleus. The arrival time and the amount of the TCA-PTA soluble radioactive material transported to the dentate gyrus did not differ in young adult and senescent rats. However, the TCA-PTA insoluble labelled glycoprotein was transported to the dentate gyrus in a significantly smaller amount and during a longer period of time in the senescent animals. This age-related change may reflect a reduction in amount and/or in rate of axonal transport of glycoproteins in the septo-hippocampal pathway of senescent rats."}
{"id": "PMID:895232", "title": "Estimating demand for emergency transportation.", "content": "Current and future demands for emergency transportation services are estimated relative to actual and potential use by the population at risk. Correct and incorrect utilization are defined by matching levels of responses (MICU, BEA, Transfer Vehicle, Nonemergency Vehicle, Transport/Private Vehicle) to the level to severity (Life-threat, Urgent, Routine, Transfer, Dry Run). From these definitions and data available from emergency facilities, demand and need are calcualted. Multiple regression models are developed for estimating future demand. Data from a rural county is then used with the models to develop the predictive equations. In both cases, five significant variables explain over 90 per cent of the variation in number of calls for emergency transportation services.", "contents": "Estimating demand for emergency transportation. Current and future demands for emergency transportation services are estimated relative to actual and potential use by the population at risk. Correct and incorrect utilization are defined by matching levels of responses (MICU, BEA, Transfer Vehicle, Nonemergency Vehicle, Transport/Private Vehicle) to the level to severity (Life-threat, Urgent, Routine, Transfer, Dry Run). From these definitions and data available from emergency facilities, demand and need are calcualted. Multiple regression models are developed for estimating future demand. Data from a rural county is then used with the models to develop the predictive equations. In both cases, five significant variables explain over 90 per cent of the variation in number of calls for emergency transportation services."}
{"id": "PMID:895233", "title": "Supply, need, and distribution of anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists in the U.S., 1972 and 1980.", "content": "This paper examines the relationship between problems in anesthesia care delivery and the availability and utilization of trained anesthesia manpower. The 1972 and 1980 projected supply and mix of anesthesiologists and nurse anesthestists is described and compared to the current and projected need for their services. The need estimates developed for anesthesia manpower are based upon published data on operations, productivity and theoretical team configurations. Utilization data are used since they are quantifiable and the need for anesthesia services is, indeed, supply-induced. Two estimates of need are developed based upon differing degrees to which anesthesia teams can be effectively employed, this being contingent upon the size of the hospital operative workload. While the need estimates developed for anesthesiologists for 1972 and 1980 were fairly close in aggregate number to the actual and projected supply; the need estimates for nurse anesthetists fell far short of their 1972 and 1980 projected supply. The 1972 need estimates are then compared on a statewide basis to the actual supply and mix of anesthesia personnel to reveal a severe maldistribution which is quantified in terms of shortage and execesses of anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists for each state.", "contents": "Supply, need, and distribution of anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists in the U.S., 1972 and 1980. This paper examines the relationship between problems in anesthesia care delivery and the availability and utilization of trained anesthesia manpower. The 1972 and 1980 projected supply and mix of anesthesiologists and nurse anesthestists is described and compared to the current and projected need for their services. The need estimates developed for anesthesia manpower are based upon published data on operations, productivity and theoretical team configurations. Utilization data are used since they are quantifiable and the need for anesthesia services is, indeed, supply-induced. Two estimates of need are developed based upon differing degrees to which anesthesia teams can be effectively employed, this being contingent upon the size of the hospital operative workload. While the need estimates developed for anesthesiologists for 1972 and 1980 were fairly close in aggregate number to the actual and projected supply; the need estimates for nurse anesthetists fell far short of their 1972 and 1980 projected supply. The 1972 need estimates are then compared on a statewide basis to the actual supply and mix of anesthesia personnel to reveal a severe maldistribution which is quantified in terms of shortage and execesses of anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists for each state."}
{"id": "PMID:895234", "title": "Refining physician manpower data.", "content": "Many conclusions about trends in physician manpower are based on the physician data set of the American Medical Association. Comparisons of specialty and activity status of physicians over time are hampered by changes in the AMA classification procedure in 1968 and growth in the \"not classified\" category since 1970. A method of adjusting data on physician manpower, taking into account these changes, is presented. The adjustments suggest that movements in the total physician supply away from patient care and primary care practice are overstated by use of unadjusted AMA data, and the percentage of physicians engaged in patient care has increased rather than decreased over the past decade.", "contents": "Refining physician manpower data. Many conclusions about trends in physician manpower are based on the physician data set of the American Medical Association. Comparisons of specialty and activity status of physicians over time are hampered by changes in the AMA classification procedure in 1968 and growth in the \"not classified\" category since 1970. A method of adjusting data on physician manpower, taking into account these changes, is presented. The adjustments suggest that movements in the total physician supply away from patient care and primary care practice are overstated by use of unadjusted AMA data, and the percentage of physicians engaged in patient care has increased rather than decreased over the past decade."}
{"id": "PMID:895235", "title": "Patients' attitudes toward gynecologic examination and to gynecologists.", "content": "A self-administered questionnaire exploring attitudes to gynecologic examination and gynecologists was completed by 409 female patients. Contrary to public statements of some consumer groups, overall results revealed predominantly favorable attitudes to both examination and gynecologists. However, a number of specific criticisms were found. Subjects reported problems with component parts of the gynecologic examination. The traditional lithotomy position and breast examination were the most difficult aspects of the examination emotionally. Speculum insertion was the most uncomfortable part physically. Of the respondents, 10.8 per cent never had had a rectal examination. Many subjects were dissatisfied with gynecologists' understanding of women's psychological and sexual problems. The importance of physicians becoming better informed about female psychology and sexuality, and adapting to women's changing needs is discussed.", "contents": "Patients' attitudes toward gynecologic examination and to gynecologists. A self-administered questionnaire exploring attitudes to gynecologic examination and gynecologists was completed by 409 female patients. Contrary to public statements of some consumer groups, overall results revealed predominantly favorable attitudes to both examination and gynecologists. However, a number of specific criticisms were found. Subjects reported problems with component parts of the gynecologic examination. The traditional lithotomy position and breast examination were the most difficult aspects of the examination emotionally. Speculum insertion was the most uncomfortable part physically. Of the respondents, 10.8 per cent never had had a rectal examination. Many subjects were dissatisfied with gynecologists' understanding of women's psychological and sexual problems. The importance of physicians becoming better informed about female psychology and sexuality, and adapting to women's changing needs is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:895299", "title": "[Contribution to biliobronchial fistula (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report has been made on a bronchobiliary fistula which was caused from an unspecific liver abscess. The causal therapy was the drainage of the liver abscess. The fistula then healed spontaneously. A primary thoracic sanitation of the fistula is in such cases not indicated.", "contents": "[Contribution to biliobronchial fistula (author's transl)]. A case report has been made on a bronchobiliary fistula which was caused from an unspecific liver abscess. The causal therapy was the drainage of the liver abscess. The fistula then healed spontaneously. A primary thoracic sanitation of the fistula is in such cases not indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:895301", "title": "[Experiments in animals in connexion with truncal and selective gastric vagotomy in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of truncal and selective gastric vagotomy after 9 h ligation of the pylorus were studied on Shay rats. No statistically significant difference was found with regard to gastric tonicity, volume of gastric juice, its pH value, nor with regard to the acidity. However, the size of the stress ulcers showed evident differences; vagotomy of the trunk protects the rat better from developing ulcers than selective vagotomy. By means of additional experiments e.g. ligature of the left gastric artery, truncal and selective gastric vagotomy performed simultaneously, we could demonstrate that this statistically significant difference is due to devascularisation of the lesser curvature of the stomach.", "contents": "[Experiments in animals in connexion with truncal and selective gastric vagotomy in rats (author's transl)]. The effects of truncal and selective gastric vagotomy after 9 h ligation of the pylorus were studied on Shay rats. No statistically significant difference was found with regard to gastric tonicity, volume of gastric juice, its pH value, nor with regard to the acidity. However, the size of the stress ulcers showed evident differences; vagotomy of the trunk protects the rat better from developing ulcers than selective vagotomy. By means of additional experiments e.g. ligature of the left gastric artery, truncal and selective gastric vagotomy performed simultaneously, we could demonstrate that this statistically significant difference is due to devascularisation of the lesser curvature of the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:895302", "title": "[Surgical management of liver trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgical management and follow up of 85 patients with liver trauma are reported. 20 patients had only liver trauma, all others were polytraumatised. Letality was 20% in patients with sole liver trauma, the overall letality was 43%. In most cases death resulted from prolonged circulatory shock. Most of the other casualities resulted from septical complications of biliary peritonitis. Prognosis was mainly correlated with the interval between trauma and surgical treatment as well as with the amount of blood lost. The main features of the operative technic were access to the liver through a subcostal and sometimes transdiaphragmal incision, temporary tamponade of the bleeding source, compression of the hepatoduodenal ligament, of the vena cava (intrapericardial) to minimize blood loss. Instead of hemihepatectomy, resection of liver tissue was limited to the smallest amount possible, and followed by extensive drainage.", "contents": "[Surgical management of liver trauma (author's transl)]. Surgical management and follow up of 85 patients with liver trauma are reported. 20 patients had only liver trauma, all others were polytraumatised. Letality was 20% in patients with sole liver trauma, the overall letality was 43%. In most cases death resulted from prolonged circulatory shock. Most of the other casualities resulted from septical complications of biliary peritonitis. Prognosis was mainly correlated with the interval between trauma and surgical treatment as well as with the amount of blood lost. The main features of the operative technic were access to the liver through a subcostal and sometimes transdiaphragmal incision, temporary tamponade of the bleeding source, compression of the hepatoduodenal ligament, of the vena cava (intrapericardial) to minimize blood loss. Instead of hemihepatectomy, resection of liver tissue was limited to the smallest amount possible, and followed by extensive drainage."}
{"id": "PMID:895303", "title": "[An analysis of factors which can be influenced in geriatric surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective study has been made of 1457 surgical patients over 70 years of age in three one-year periods (1960/61, 1969, 1973). While the average age remained 77, there has been changes in the frequency of diseases leading to hospitalisation. Degenerative lesions and casualties have increased. There are more elderly patients undergoing major surgery. On the contrary the mortality has reduced to 7.8%. The results of geriatric surgery are influenced by previous and concomitant diseases, the surgical lesion and the type of therapy. Suggestions for reducing the number of emergency operations are discussed. When necessary smaller palliative operation which improve the quality of life should be considered instead of major curative surgery. Surgery in the aged is a speciality and requires simultaneous consideration of various factors.", "contents": "[An analysis of factors which can be influenced in geriatric surgery (author's transl)]. A retrospective study has been made of 1457 surgical patients over 70 years of age in three one-year periods (1960/61, 1969, 1973). While the average age remained 77, there has been changes in the frequency of diseases leading to hospitalisation. Degenerative lesions and casualties have increased. There are more elderly patients undergoing major surgery. On the contrary the mortality has reduced to 7.8%. The results of geriatric surgery are influenced by previous and concomitant diseases, the surgical lesion and the type of therapy. Suggestions for reducing the number of emergency operations are discussed. When necessary smaller palliative operation which improve the quality of life should be considered instead of major curative surgery. Surgery in the aged is a speciality and requires simultaneous consideration of various factors."}
{"id": "PMID:895304", "title": "Motivation in hearing aid acceptance.", "content": "Patient case histories are presented in an attempt to pinpoint possible motivational factors affecting the acceptance of a hearing aid. Personality profiles were constructed on three representative patients through the use of an in-depth interview as well as three personality scales: the 16PF Multiphasic Personality Scale; the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale; and the Attitude Toward Disabled Persons Scale. The very preliminary results indicate at least some face validity to the assertion that unsuccessful hearing aid wearers are measurably different from successful wearers and that these differences may be used to predict success of failure for future patients.", "contents": "Motivation in hearing aid acceptance. Patient case histories are presented in an attempt to pinpoint possible motivational factors affecting the acceptance of a hearing aid. Personality profiles were constructed on three representative patients through the use of an in-depth interview as well as three personality scales: the 16PF Multiphasic Personality Scale; the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale; and the Attitude Toward Disabled Persons Scale. The very preliminary results indicate at least some face validity to the assertion that unsuccessful hearing aid wearers are measurably different from successful wearers and that these differences may be used to predict success of failure for future patients."}
{"id": "PMID:895305", "title": "Gastro-esophago-pharyngeal reflux.", "content": "Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, pharynx, and larynx does occur. This phenomenon can produce hoarseness, globus, dysphagia, otalgia and laryngospasm. It may be responsible for the appearance of contact granulomata, esophageal webs, and pachyderma. The key to reflux is the lower esophageal sphincter and the nature of the stomach contents. Multiple factors may be influential including those conditions causing aerophagia. The diagnosis of reflux depends on a high index of suspicion. Physical findings may reveal only subtle changes of arytenoid erythema. Thyrohyoid tenderness is not an infrequent sign. Treatment is usually simple, involving first elimination of those factors which increase intragastric pressure or lower the lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Elevation of the head of the bed and antacids will often prevent further gastric insult to the pharynx and larynx and thus eliminate the patient's discomfort.", "contents": "Gastro-esophago-pharyngeal reflux. Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, pharynx, and larynx does occur. This phenomenon can produce hoarseness, globus, dysphagia, otalgia and laryngospasm. It may be responsible for the appearance of contact granulomata, esophageal webs, and pachyderma. The key to reflux is the lower esophageal sphincter and the nature of the stomach contents. Multiple factors may be influential including those conditions causing aerophagia. The diagnosis of reflux depends on a high index of suspicion. Physical findings may reveal only subtle changes of arytenoid erythema. Thyrohyoid tenderness is not an infrequent sign. Treatment is usually simple, involving first elimination of those factors which increase intragastric pressure or lower the lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Elevation of the head of the bed and antacids will often prevent further gastric insult to the pharynx and larynx and thus eliminate the patient's discomfort."}
{"id": "PMID:895306", "title": "The effect of tracheostomy on the laryngeal closure reflex.", "content": "The clinical observation of aspiration following prolonged tracheostomy prompted a neurophysiologic investigation of the glottic closure reflex in dogs longitudinally evaluated after permanent tracheostomy. The data support significant alterations in the central organization of the protective closure reflex heretofore considered phylogenetically primitive and therefore physiologically stable over wide ranges of functional demand. The data indicate that chronic upper airway bypass results in: 1. increased threshold of the evoked adductor response; 2. random shifts in its latency; 3. rapid attenuation of the primary evoked response to repetitive SLN stimulation; and 4. reduced after-discharge activity, all of which contribute to a weakened, ill-coordinated closure respons.", "contents": "The effect of tracheostomy on the laryngeal closure reflex. The clinical observation of aspiration following prolonged tracheostomy prompted a neurophysiologic investigation of the glottic closure reflex in dogs longitudinally evaluated after permanent tracheostomy. The data support significant alterations in the central organization of the protective closure reflex heretofore considered phylogenetically primitive and therefore physiologically stable over wide ranges of functional demand. The data indicate that chronic upper airway bypass results in: 1. increased threshold of the evoked adductor response; 2. random shifts in its latency; 3. rapid attenuation of the primary evoked response to repetitive SLN stimulation; and 4. reduced after-discharge activity, all of which contribute to a weakened, ill-coordinated closure respons."}
{"id": "PMID:895307", "title": "Secondary phase nystagmus--revisited.", "content": "A prospective clinical study of secondary phase nystagmus (SPN) is presented. The tracings of 200 patients referred for ENG evaluation and eight normal control subjects were anlyzed under all caloric conditions, within a prolonged postirrigation tracing time frame. The spontaneous direction reversal (SPN) was observed in a majority of the control subjects under all four conditions. The occurrence of post-caloric SPN in the patient group varied considerably among various diagnostic categories. However, SPN was observed far less frequently in the total patient group as compared to the control group. Thus, the absence of SPN may be taken to be a general indication of vestibular pathology.", "contents": "Secondary phase nystagmus--revisited. A prospective clinical study of secondary phase nystagmus (SPN) is presented. The tracings of 200 patients referred for ENG evaluation and eight normal control subjects were anlyzed under all caloric conditions, within a prolonged postirrigation tracing time frame. The spontaneous direction reversal (SPN) was observed in a majority of the control subjects under all four conditions. The occurrence of post-caloric SPN in the patient group varied considerably among various diagnostic categories. However, SPN was observed far less frequently in the total patient group as compared to the control group. Thus, the absence of SPN may be taken to be a general indication of vestibular pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:895308", "title": "Acinic cell tumors of salivary gland origin.", "content": "The acinic cell tumor of salivary gland origin, once thought to be benign, is now known to be an incidiously slow growing malignant neoplasm with lethal potential. While the degree of malignant behavior of individual acinic cell tumors is notably variable, all must be treated with aggression. Traditional and current methods of treatment are reviewed; and, in conjunction with the tumors herein reported, guidelines for managment of this uncommon malignancy are suggested. Four cases have been reviewed in detail and critically analyzed. The pathology, including features of both light and electron microscopy, in included--particularly in relation to the oncocytoid areas identified in from 10% to 40% of the parenchymal cells of our tumors. Since an accurate histopathologic diagnosis is the first step in the establishment of a proper treatment plan, pitfalls in histologic diagnosis have been stressed.", "contents": "Acinic cell tumors of salivary gland origin. The acinic cell tumor of salivary gland origin, once thought to be benign, is now known to be an incidiously slow growing malignant neoplasm with lethal potential. While the degree of malignant behavior of individual acinic cell tumors is notably variable, all must be treated with aggression. Traditional and current methods of treatment are reviewed; and, in conjunction with the tumors herein reported, guidelines for managment of this uncommon malignancy are suggested. Four cases have been reviewed in detail and critically analyzed. The pathology, including features of both light and electron microscopy, in included--particularly in relation to the oncocytoid areas identified in from 10% to 40% of the parenchymal cells of our tumors. Since an accurate histopathologic diagnosis is the first step in the establishment of a proper treatment plan, pitfalls in histologic diagnosis have been stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:895309", "title": "Composite resection in the elderly: a well-tolerated procedure.", "content": "The advisability of surgery in the elderly must be weighed against continued nonoperative care. The gloomy prospects of the patient with uncontrolled carcinoma of the head and neck led to the development and wide application of the composite resection for control of carcinoma of the oral cavity. The risks involved in this major undertaking in the elderly have not been previously reported. To this end a retrospective study of charts of patients over the age of 64 were reviewed and complications categorized. A representative group of younger patients were similarly reviewed for comparison. Wound complication rates were similar in the two groups, however the elderly were more likely to suffer associated medical problems which tended to be of a more serious nature. An overally complication rate of 29% was encountered with a mortality of 4%.", "contents": "Composite resection in the elderly: a well-tolerated procedure. The advisability of surgery in the elderly must be weighed against continued nonoperative care. The gloomy prospects of the patient with uncontrolled carcinoma of the head and neck led to the development and wide application of the composite resection for control of carcinoma of the oral cavity. The risks involved in this major undertaking in the elderly have not been previously reported. To this end a retrospective study of charts of patients over the age of 64 were reviewed and complications categorized. A representative group of younger patients were similarly reviewed for comparison. Wound complication rates were similar in the two groups, however the elderly were more likely to suffer associated medical problems which tended to be of a more serious nature. An overally complication rate of 29% was encountered with a mortality of 4%."}
{"id": "PMID:895310", "title": "Vocal and social situation of laryngectomees.", "content": "A summary of progress of surgery and rehabilitation showed that the vocal and social situation of the laryngectomee in the world is very poor. To improve this situation, a world survey on the state of laryngectomees and a world Congress in Quebec City in 1974 were organized. Consequently, a special section of l'Hotel-Dieu de Quebec was organized to stimulate the vocal rehabilitation of the laryngectomees, and the global statistics now show that the percentage of success has increased from 54% to 83%.", "contents": "Vocal and social situation of laryngectomees. A summary of progress of surgery and rehabilitation showed that the vocal and social situation of the laryngectomee in the world is very poor. To improve this situation, a world survey on the state of laryngectomees and a world Congress in Quebec City in 1974 were organized. Consequently, a special section of l'Hotel-Dieu de Quebec was organized to stimulate the vocal rehabilitation of the laryngectomees, and the global statistics now show that the percentage of success has increased from 54% to 83%."}
{"id": "PMID:895311", "title": "Cervical angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia.", "content": "A three-and-a-half-year-old male with cervical angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia is presented. Only 185 cases of this lesion have ever been described. The greater majority of these (80%) were located in the mediastinum. This case represents the youngest patient ever described as having such a lesion, especially located in the neck. The history, etiological theories, and pathology of this problem are discussed.", "contents": "Cervical angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia. A three-and-a-half-year-old male with cervical angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia is presented. Only 185 cases of this lesion have ever been described. The greater majority of these (80%) were located in the mediastinum. This case represents the youngest patient ever described as having such a lesion, especially located in the neck. The history, etiological theories, and pathology of this problem are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:895312", "title": "Combined effect of 3', 4'-dideoxykanamycin B and potent diuretics on the cochlea. (A scanning and transmission electron microscopic evaluation).", "content": "In investigations on the action of DKB (3' 4'-dideoxykanamycin B), and aminoglycoside type drug, on the inner ears of mice and guinea pigs by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, it was evident that the action of DKB against the inner ear is similar to that of kanamycin. When the same type of investigation was performed using the diuretics furosemide and ethacrynic acid, changes were observed in the stria vascularis. When DKB and ethacrynic acid, which show no long lasting defects when given independently, were administered concurrently in the same doses, a very high level of degeneration was found in the organs of Corti of guinea pigs. From the above results, it is evident that when two or more types of ototoxic drugs are administered concurrently, they have a potentiating action on the ear and care should be taken clinically concerning this point.", "contents": "Combined effect of 3', 4'-dideoxykanamycin B and potent diuretics on the cochlea. (A scanning and transmission electron microscopic evaluation). In investigations on the action of DKB (3' 4'-dideoxykanamycin B), and aminoglycoside type drug, on the inner ears of mice and guinea pigs by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, it was evident that the action of DKB against the inner ear is similar to that of kanamycin. When the same type of investigation was performed using the diuretics furosemide and ethacrynic acid, changes were observed in the stria vascularis. When DKB and ethacrynic acid, which show no long lasting defects when given independently, were administered concurrently in the same doses, a very high level of degeneration was found in the organs of Corti of guinea pigs. From the above results, it is evident that when two or more types of ototoxic drugs are administered concurrently, they have a potentiating action on the ear and care should be taken clinically concerning this point."}
{"id": "PMID:895316", "title": "\"Practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery--how i do it\". Management of the dog ear deformity.", "content": "The dog ear is a common skin deformity resulting from attempted closure of unfavorably shaped defects or from transfer of many local flaps. Prevention is possible in many instances and surgical correction is usually feasible when the deformity appears.", "contents": "\"Practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery--how i do it\". Management of the dog ear deformity. The dog ear is a common skin deformity resulting from attempted closure of unfavorably shaped defects or from transfer of many local flaps. Prevention is possible in many instances and surgical correction is usually feasible when the deformity appears."}
{"id": "PMID:895317", "title": "[Absorption and malabsorption of fat and bile acids (author's transl)].", "content": "The current concepts of normal fat absorption and the entero-hepatic circulation of bile acids are being reviewed with emphasis on the steps which are clinically important. Based on an understanding of normal physiology, diseases associated with steatorrhea can be classified according to pathogenetic mechanisms. In some diseases the pathogenesis of the steatorrhea is not understood. Malabsorption of fat and bile salts can have characteristic consequences such as nutritional deficiencies, diarrhea, hyperoxaluria with nephrolithiasis, and cholelithiasis. For quantitative assessment of steatorrhea chemical analysis of fecal fat is necessary.", "contents": "[Absorption and malabsorption of fat and bile acids (author's transl)]. The current concepts of normal fat absorption and the entero-hepatic circulation of bile acids are being reviewed with emphasis on the steps which are clinically important. Based on an understanding of normal physiology, diseases associated with steatorrhea can be classified according to pathogenetic mechanisms. In some diseases the pathogenesis of the steatorrhea is not understood. Malabsorption of fat and bile salts can have characteristic consequences such as nutritional deficiencies, diarrhea, hyperoxaluria with nephrolithiasis, and cholelithiasis. For quantitative assessment of steatorrhea chemical analysis of fecal fat is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:895319", "title": "[Intestinal protein assimilation and losses in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The total quantity of endogenous plus exogenous protein digested and absorbed in the normal gastrointestinal tract in man is in excess of 150 mg per day. Total fecal nitrogen indicates net losses of less than 10% per day in health. Malabsorption and maldigestion both contribute to a decrease in assimilation of exogenous and endogenous proteins. Abnormal serum protein losses across the gastrointestinal tract may be totally recovered if the leak is small and proximal in the intestine. Specific defects in amino acid absorption are often compensated by intact peptide absorption.", "contents": "[Intestinal protein assimilation and losses in man (author's transl)]. The total quantity of endogenous plus exogenous protein digested and absorbed in the normal gastrointestinal tract in man is in excess of 150 mg per day. Total fecal nitrogen indicates net losses of less than 10% per day in health. Malabsorption and maldigestion both contribute to a decrease in assimilation of exogenous and endogenous proteins. Abnormal serum protein losses across the gastrointestinal tract may be totally recovered if the leak is small and proximal in the intestine. Specific defects in amino acid absorption are often compensated by intact peptide absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:895320", "title": "[Absorption and malabsorption of vitamins (author's transl)].", "content": "Vitamins are absorbed by different mechanisms ranging from simple diffusion for most of the water soluble vitamins to more complex processes in the case of vitamin B12, folate, and the fat soluble vitamins. These processes are discussed. Malabsorptive disorders result in significant deficiency of only these latter vitamins which require specialized digestive or transport mechanisms. The underlying disease also determines which, if any, deficiency is likely to occur. The effects of different types of pancreatic, biliary, and intestinal disease on vitamin absorption are discussed.", "contents": "[Absorption and malabsorption of vitamins (author's transl)]. Vitamins are absorbed by different mechanisms ranging from simple diffusion for most of the water soluble vitamins to more complex processes in the case of vitamin B12, folate, and the fat soluble vitamins. These processes are discussed. Malabsorptive disorders result in significant deficiency of only these latter vitamins which require specialized digestive or transport mechanisms. The underlying disease also determines which, if any, deficiency is likely to occur. The effects of different types of pancreatic, biliary, and intestinal disease on vitamin absorption are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:895321", "title": "[Diagnostic approach to the patient with malabsorption (author's transl)].", "content": "Malabsorption is eminently treatable, by specific therapy of the underlying disease in the majority of cases, or, at least, by correction of developing nutritional deficiencies. We, therefore, owe our patients that we will not rest until a diagnosis is established. The large majority of patients can be diagnosed with techniques available to most practicing physicians and general hospitals. In the rare instance where a diagnosis cannot be reached, the physician should not hesitate to refer the patients to a center spezializing in gastrointestinal diseases.", "contents": "[Diagnostic approach to the patient with malabsorption (author's transl)]. Malabsorption is eminently treatable, by specific therapy of the underlying disease in the majority of cases, or, at least, by correction of developing nutritional deficiencies. We, therefore, owe our patients that we will not rest until a diagnosis is established. The large majority of patients can be diagnosed with techniques available to most practicing physicians and general hospitals. In the rare instance where a diagnosis cannot be reached, the physician should not hesitate to refer the patients to a center spezializing in gastrointestinal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:895322", "title": "[Small intestinal biopsy--technique and diagnostic value (author's transl)].", "content": "The commonly used instruments for obtaining small bowel biopsies, their use and the examination of the biopsy particles by magnifying lens, light microscopy and histochemistry are presented. Based on biopsy findings, diseases of the small intestine are classified as follows: 1) diseases with diagnostic biopsy abnormalities which are excluded by a normal biopsy; 2) diseases which can be diagnosed by positive biopsy findings but cannot be excluded by a normal biopsy; 3) nonspecific mucosal abnormalities; and 4) diseases with normal architecture of the intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "[Small intestinal biopsy--technique and diagnostic value (author's transl)]. The commonly used instruments for obtaining small bowel biopsies, their use and the examination of the biopsy particles by magnifying lens, light microscopy and histochemistry are presented. Based on biopsy findings, diseases of the small intestine are classified as follows: 1) diseases with diagnostic biopsy abnormalities which are excluded by a normal biopsy; 2) diseases which can be diagnosed by positive biopsy findings but cannot be excluded by a normal biopsy; 3) nonspecific mucosal abnormalities; and 4) diseases with normal architecture of the intestinal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:895324", "title": "[Idiopathic intestinal lymphangiectasia with hypoproteinemia. Unusual combination of complete diagnosis and ineffective therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "This case illustrates the difficulties which occasionally are encountered in diagnosing and treating small intestinal diseases. The delay in diagnosis was due to the fact that symptoms started in 1950 but the disease was not described until 11 years later. Once the diagnosis was established, there was an unexplained failure of response to appropriate therapy.", "contents": "[Idiopathic intestinal lymphangiectasia with hypoproteinemia. Unusual combination of complete diagnosis and ineffective therapy (author's transl)]. This case illustrates the difficulties which occasionally are encountered in diagnosing and treating small intestinal diseases. The delay in diagnosis was due to the fact that symptoms started in 1950 but the disease was not described until 11 years later. Once the diagnosis was established, there was an unexplained failure of response to appropriate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:895325", "title": "[Blood perfusion of the liver under physiological and pathological conditions - mechanisms and clinical importance (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been shown, that measurement of total hepatic blood flow is not of great diagnostic value: normal functioning of this organ is dependant on blood flow only to a minor degree and diseases of the liver usually go along with only minor changes of total blood flow. There are two reasons for this phenomenon: 1) liver cells are able to extract oxygen from blood exhaustively 2) regulation of hepatic arterial blood flow is almost autonomous and compensates well for changes of portal venous blood flow and changes of extrahepatic arterial circulation. Thus normal hepatic arterial blood flow is the most important factor as far as prognosis of shunt operations is concerned. The manifestation of portal-systemic encephalopathy in addition depends not only upon the amount of portal-venous blood bypassing the liver, but also upon arterial blood flow, since urea synthesis is located primarily in zone 1 of liver microcirculation, which is supplied in the first line by the hepatic arterial system. Reduction of portal venous blood flow plays a rather minor role as compared to reduction of arterial flow; it does mean however a considerable loss of important nutritive and trophic factors for the liver.", "contents": "[Blood perfusion of the liver under physiological and pathological conditions - mechanisms and clinical importance (author's transl)]. It has been shown, that measurement of total hepatic blood flow is not of great diagnostic value: normal functioning of this organ is dependant on blood flow only to a minor degree and diseases of the liver usually go along with only minor changes of total blood flow. There are two reasons for this phenomenon: 1) liver cells are able to extract oxygen from blood exhaustively 2) regulation of hepatic arterial blood flow is almost autonomous and compensates well for changes of portal venous blood flow and changes of extrahepatic arterial circulation. Thus normal hepatic arterial blood flow is the most important factor as far as prognosis of shunt operations is concerned. The manifestation of portal-systemic encephalopathy in addition depends not only upon the amount of portal-venous blood bypassing the liver, but also upon arterial blood flow, since urea synthesis is located primarily in zone 1 of liver microcirculation, which is supplied in the first line by the hepatic arterial system. Reduction of portal venous blood flow plays a rather minor role as compared to reduction of arterial flow; it does mean however a considerable loss of important nutritive and trophic factors for the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:895326", "title": "[Hepatic insufficiency - clinical picture].", "content": "Hepatic insufficiency results from extreme derangement of liver cell function. Pathophysiology and clinical picture of this syndrome are briefly discussed; the latter correlate rather poorly with laboratory data - the poorest correlation existing between clinical picture and bioptic findings. Acute hepatic insufficiency may occur in the course of every pathological process involving the liver, it does however arise most often in severe viral hepatitis with widespread disintegration of liver cells and in toxic liver damage. Chronic hepatic insufficiency is typical for the final stages of cirrhosis of the liver. Measurement of coagulation factors has proved to be the best prognostic parameter in hepatic failure.", "contents": "[Hepatic insufficiency - clinical picture]. Hepatic insufficiency results from extreme derangement of liver cell function. Pathophysiology and clinical picture of this syndrome are briefly discussed; the latter correlate rather poorly with laboratory data - the poorest correlation existing between clinical picture and bioptic findings. Acute hepatic insufficiency may occur in the course of every pathological process involving the liver, it does however arise most often in severe viral hepatitis with widespread disintegration of liver cells and in toxic liver damage. Chronic hepatic insufficiency is typical for the final stages of cirrhosis of the liver. Measurement of coagulation factors has proved to be the best prognostic parameter in hepatic failure."}
{"id": "PMID:895327", "title": "[Clinical picture and therapy of portal-systemic encephalopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical syndrome of portal-systemic encephalopathy is caused by far advanced cirrhosis of the liver in most cases; it is characterized by increasing drowsiness, disturbances of mentation, flapping tremor and hyperreflexia. An early diagnosis can be established by testing writing and drawing abilities. Increased occurrence of spider nevi, a dry, deep red tongue, and hemorrhagic lesions of skin and mucous membranes are symptoms of incipient hepatic insufficiency. The syndrome is initiated in most cases by excessive intake of protein or alcohol, by intestinal bleeding, by diuretics, or by intercurrent infections. Therapy has to include elimination of causes, reduced intake of protein, enemas with acetate buffer solution and oral medication with lactulose, bifidum milk, and certain amino acids in order to lower hyperammoniemia; in serious cases neomycin has to be given. At the same time a normalization of fluid and electrolyte balance has to be achieved; replacement of potassium is especially important, when hypokalemia and alcalosis are present. In general prognosis of portal-systemic encephalopathy however is serious, depending primarily upon the fact, whether or not sufficient functional hepatic parenchyma is present.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and therapy of portal-systemic encephalopathy (author's transl)]. The clinical syndrome of portal-systemic encephalopathy is caused by far advanced cirrhosis of the liver in most cases; it is characterized by increasing drowsiness, disturbances of mentation, flapping tremor and hyperreflexia. An early diagnosis can be established by testing writing and drawing abilities. Increased occurrence of spider nevi, a dry, deep red tongue, and hemorrhagic lesions of skin and mucous membranes are symptoms of incipient hepatic insufficiency. The syndrome is initiated in most cases by excessive intake of protein or alcohol, by intestinal bleeding, by diuretics, or by intercurrent infections. Therapy has to include elimination of causes, reduced intake of protein, enemas with acetate buffer solution and oral medication with lactulose, bifidum milk, and certain amino acids in order to lower hyperammoniemia; in serious cases neomycin has to be given. At the same time a normalization of fluid and electrolyte balance has to be achieved; replacement of potassium is especially important, when hypokalemia and alcalosis are present. In general prognosis of portal-systemic encephalopathy however is serious, depending primarily upon the fact, whether or not sufficient functional hepatic parenchyma is present."}
{"id": "PMID:895328", "title": "[Renal disorders in hepatic insufficiency - pathogenesis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal failure in patients with acute or chronic hepatic insufficiency may be caused by prerenal factors (diuretics, hemorrhage), acute renal failure (shock, toxic tubular necrosis) or concurrent primary renal disease. Prerenal (functional terminal or circulatory) insufficiency to the kidneys seems to occur spontaneously; it is characterized by progressive reduction of glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow due to vasoconstriction and increase of intrarenal arterial resistance; the pathogenetic mechanisms of these changes are unknown. Reduction of effective plasma volume is especially important. Attempts at pharmacologically influencing renal blood flow have failed up to now. Increase of plasma volume and furosemide medication are therapeutic procedures worthwhile trying. Hemodialysis is indicated only, if restitution of liver function can be expected.", "contents": "[Renal disorders in hepatic insufficiency - pathogenesis and therapy (author's transl)]. Renal failure in patients with acute or chronic hepatic insufficiency may be caused by prerenal factors (diuretics, hemorrhage), acute renal failure (shock, toxic tubular necrosis) or concurrent primary renal disease. Prerenal (functional terminal or circulatory) insufficiency to the kidneys seems to occur spontaneously; it is characterized by progressive reduction of glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow due to vasoconstriction and increase of intrarenal arterial resistance; the pathogenetic mechanisms of these changes are unknown. Reduction of effective plasma volume is especially important. Attempts at pharmacologically influencing renal blood flow have failed up to now. Increase of plasma volume and furosemide medication are therapeutic procedures worthwhile trying. Hemodialysis is indicated only, if restitution of liver function can be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:895329", "title": "[Hepatic failure and disorders of coagulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Disorders of coagulation are part of the clinical syndrome in hepatic failure. The pathophysiology of these disorders is discussed; analysis of coagulation defects in hepatic disorders does not help in differential diagnosis of hepatic diseases in the proper sense, but it is of considerable prognostic value. Therapy of hepatic diseases is discussed taking into account the pathophysiology of hepatic disorders; success of any therapeutic approach however is very limited, because of the bad prognosis of the underlying disease.", "contents": "[Hepatic failure and disorders of coagulation (author's transl)]. Disorders of coagulation are part of the clinical syndrome in hepatic failure. The pathophysiology of these disorders is discussed; analysis of coagulation defects in hepatic disorders does not help in differential diagnosis of hepatic diseases in the proper sense, but it is of considerable prognostic value. Therapy of hepatic diseases is discussed taking into account the pathophysiology of hepatic disorders; success of any therapeutic approach however is very limited, because of the bad prognosis of the underlying disease."}
{"id": "PMID:895330", "title": "[Occurrence of liver cell necrosis during surgery; histological findings of specimens obtained by biopsy during laparotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Liver biopsy specimens were taken in 350 patiens during laparotomy and examined histologically. In 27.7% of all cases liver cell necrosis with invasion of granulocytes could be demonstrated, however only when biopsies were taken at least 45-60 min after start of surgery. There is no clear evidence, that the occurrence of this type of necrosis depends on the method of narcosis, the age of the patient, the severity or duration of the underlying disease, on the presence of cholangitis, cholestasis or fatty infiltration of the liver. Cell necrosis occuring during surgery arises primarily in the centrolobular areas as single cell necrosis; in rare cases however confluent and extended necrotic changes may occur. Etiology, pathogenesis and significance of the lesions are discussed. The frequency of other changes of the liver diagnosed inadvertently during these investigations is discussed as well.", "contents": "[Occurrence of liver cell necrosis during surgery; histological findings of specimens obtained by biopsy during laparotomy (author's transl)]. Liver biopsy specimens were taken in 350 patiens during laparotomy and examined histologically. In 27.7% of all cases liver cell necrosis with invasion of granulocytes could be demonstrated, however only when biopsies were taken at least 45-60 min after start of surgery. There is no clear evidence, that the occurrence of this type of necrosis depends on the method of narcosis, the age of the patient, the severity or duration of the underlying disease, on the presence of cholangitis, cholestasis or fatty infiltration of the liver. Cell necrosis occuring during surgery arises primarily in the centrolobular areas as single cell necrosis; in rare cases however confluent and extended necrotic changes may occur. Etiology, pathogenesis and significance of the lesions are discussed. The frequency of other changes of the liver diagnosed inadvertently during these investigations is discussed as well."}
{"id": "PMID:895331", "title": "[Epidemiology of primary carcinoma of the liver in Austria (author's transl)].", "content": "29 348 in patients were treated from 1945-1975 on a gastroenterological ward; 1 892 (6.47%) of these patients had cirrhosis and 183 (0.63%) carcinoma of the liver. In the groups of patients who died, resp. came to autopsy percentages were considerably higher: 17% resp. 25.6% had cirrhosis, 4.9% resp. 13% had primary carcinoma of the liver. Analysis of these data shows, that the incidence of both diseases is increasing. This seems to be due in the first line to increasing alcoholism, and only to a lesser degree, at least in Middle Europe, to viral hepatitis. Taking into account other data published in Austria concerning absolute and relative incidence of primary carcinoma of the liver it can be stated, that this malignancy ranges among the 10 most frequent tumor diseases already.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of primary carcinoma of the liver in Austria (author's transl)]. 29 348 in patients were treated from 1945-1975 on a gastroenterological ward; 1 892 (6.47%) of these patients had cirrhosis and 183 (0.63%) carcinoma of the liver. In the groups of patients who died, resp. came to autopsy percentages were considerably higher: 17% resp. 25.6% had cirrhosis, 4.9% resp. 13% had primary carcinoma of the liver. Analysis of these data shows, that the incidence of both diseases is increasing. This seems to be due in the first line to increasing alcoholism, and only to a lesser degree, at least in Middle Europe, to viral hepatitis. Taking into account other data published in Austria concerning absolute and relative incidence of primary carcinoma of the liver it can be stated, that this malignancy ranges among the 10 most frequent tumor diseases already."}
{"id": "PMID:895380", "title": "The succulent Euphorbias of Nigeria. II. aliphatic diterpene esters of the latices of E. poisonii Pax. and E. unispina N.E. Br.", "content": "Methanol-preserved latices of E. poisonii and E. unispina were examined for irritant principles. Six esters of the parent diterpene 12-deoxyphorbol were identified by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Three were the aliphatic esters 12-deoxyphorbol-13-(2-methyl-butyrate), 12-deoxyphorbol-13-angelate and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-isobutyrate, and a further three compounds were the 20-acetyl equivalents. Isobutyrate esters were absent from the latex of E. unispina, an observation of possible value in the identification of these two similar species.", "contents": "The succulent Euphorbias of Nigeria. II. aliphatic diterpene esters of the latices of E. poisonii Pax. and E. unispina N.E. Br. Methanol-preserved latices of E. poisonii and E. unispina were examined for irritant principles. Six esters of the parent diterpene 12-deoxyphorbol were identified by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Three were the aliphatic esters 12-deoxyphorbol-13-(2-methyl-butyrate), 12-deoxyphorbol-13-angelate and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-isobutyrate, and a further three compounds were the 20-acetyl equivalents. Isobutyrate esters were absent from the latex of E. unispina, an observation of possible value in the identification of these two similar species."}
{"id": "PMID:895382", "title": "Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents. IV. Formation of N-(2)-nor-d-tetrandrine by Cunninghamella blakesleeana (ATCC 8688a).", "content": "Microbial transformation experiments have been conducted with the antitumor alkaloid, d-tetrandrine. The alkaloid is selectively demethylated at the N-(2)-position by Cunninghamella blakesleeana ATCC 8688a. The biotransformation reaction is highly selective and uncomplicated by side-product formation. N-demethylation of the alkaloid using methylchloroformate is not regio-specific. Procedures used in screening microorganisms for their abilities to yield metabolites of d-tetrandrine are evaluated.", "contents": "Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents. IV. Formation of N-(2)-nor-d-tetrandrine by Cunninghamella blakesleeana (ATCC 8688a). Microbial transformation experiments have been conducted with the antitumor alkaloid, d-tetrandrine. The alkaloid is selectively demethylated at the N-(2)-position by Cunninghamella blakesleeana ATCC 8688a. The biotransformation reaction is highly selective and uncomplicated by side-product formation. N-demethylation of the alkaloid using methylchloroformate is not regio-specific. Procedures used in screening microorganisms for their abilities to yield metabolites of d-tetrandrine are evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:895386", "title": "Alkaloids of thalictrum. XX. Isolation, identification and structural elucidation of the alkaloids of the root of Thalictrum longistylum.", "content": "A study of the alkaloids of the roots of Thalictrum longistylum DC. resulted in the isolation of 12 alkaloids plus an artifact, 8-trichloromethyldihydroberberine. The 12 alkaloids were berberine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine, methothalistyline, N-desmethylthalistyline, oxyberberine, palmatine, thalibrine, thalifendine, thaliglucinone, and thalistyline. Of these alkaloids, methothalistyline, N-desmethylthalistyline, and thalistyline are new compounds and with thaliglucinone possess hypotensive activity in dogs and rabbits. Methothalistyline, N-demethylthalistyline, thalistyline, and thalibrine were found to be active against Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis with with thalistyline being most active (50 microgram/ml).", "contents": "Alkaloids of thalictrum. XX. Isolation, identification and structural elucidation of the alkaloids of the root of Thalictrum longistylum. A study of the alkaloids of the roots of Thalictrum longistylum DC. resulted in the isolation of 12 alkaloids plus an artifact, 8-trichloromethyldihydroberberine. The 12 alkaloids were berberine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine, methothalistyline, N-desmethylthalistyline, oxyberberine, palmatine, thalibrine, thalifendine, thaliglucinone, and thalistyline. Of these alkaloids, methothalistyline, N-desmethylthalistyline, and thalistyline are new compounds and with thaliglucinone possess hypotensive activity in dogs and rabbits. Methothalistyline, N-demethylthalistyline, thalistyline, and thalibrine were found to be active against Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis with with thalistyline being most active (50 microgram/ml)."}
{"id": "PMID:895383", "title": "Antineoplastic agents. 51. The yellow jacket Vespula pensylvanica.", "content": "An ethyl alcohol extract of the yellow jacket Vespula pensylvanica Saussure was found to inhibit growth of the murine P388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line. Separation of a ligroin fraction guided by bioassay led to characterization of the cytotoxic constituents as oleic acid (1a) and palmitoleic acid (1b). Evidence was also found for the presence of palmitic acid and the sterols sitosterol, campesterol and cholesterol.", "contents": "Antineoplastic agents. 51. The yellow jacket Vespula pensylvanica. An ethyl alcohol extract of the yellow jacket Vespula pensylvanica Saussure was found to inhibit growth of the murine P388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line. Separation of a ligroin fraction guided by bioassay led to characterization of the cytotoxic constituents as oleic acid (1a) and palmitoleic acid (1b). Evidence was also found for the presence of palmitic acid and the sterols sitosterol, campesterol and cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:895384", "title": "Cesalin--an anti-neoplastic protein.", "content": "An anti-neoplastic protein was isolated from the endosperm of the seeds of Caesalpinia gilliesii by extraction with water, dialysis and precipitation by ammonium sulfate or acidification. The precipitated protein mixture was separated by column chromatography into three principal proteins, one of which, termed cesalin, inhibited the growth of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. There is an associated carbohydrate with the cesalin that can be largely removed by chromatography on hydroxyl apatite; the remaining carbohydrate (about 0.3%) is a hexosan. Cesalin, molecular weight 110,000, migrates as a single component by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3, but in a denaturing system containing sodium dodecyl sulfate three bands were observed. The correspond to protein sub-units of approximately 30,000 daltons. Anti-tumor tests in rats showed 70-80% inhibition of Walker 256 growth at a dose of 80 microgram/kg/day of cesalin.", "contents": "Cesalin--an anti-neoplastic protein. An anti-neoplastic protein was isolated from the endosperm of the seeds of Caesalpinia gilliesii by extraction with water, dialysis and precipitation by ammonium sulfate or acidification. The precipitated protein mixture was separated by column chromatography into three principal proteins, one of which, termed cesalin, inhibited the growth of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. There is an associated carbohydrate with the cesalin that can be largely removed by chromatography on hydroxyl apatite; the remaining carbohydrate (about 0.3%) is a hexosan. Cesalin, molecular weight 110,000, migrates as a single component by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3, but in a denaturing system containing sodium dodecyl sulfate three bands were observed. The correspond to protein sub-units of approximately 30,000 daltons. Anti-tumor tests in rats showed 70-80% inhibition of Walker 256 growth at a dose of 80 microgram/kg/day of cesalin."}
{"id": "PMID:895390", "title": "Cocculitine, a new abnormal Erythrina alkaloid from Cocculus laurifolius.", "content": "Cocculitine, C18H23NO3, mp 142-143 degrees, [alpha]25D+93 degrees (MeOH), a new abnormal Erythrina alkaloid has been isolated from the leaves of Cocculus laurifolius and has been assigned structure 1 on the basis of spectroscopic studies and chemical correlation.", "contents": "Cocculitine, a new abnormal Erythrina alkaloid from Cocculus laurifolius. Cocculitine, C18H23NO3, mp 142-143 degrees, [alpha]25D+93 degrees (MeOH), a new abnormal Erythrina alkaloid has been isolated from the leaves of Cocculus laurifolius and has been assigned structure 1 on the basis of spectroscopic studies and chemical correlation."}
{"id": "PMID:895391", "title": "Catharanthus roseus tissue culture: the effects of medium modifications on growth and alkaloid production.", "content": "A number of nutritional factors as well as the growth factors 2,4-D and IAA were studied to determine their influence on growth and alkaloid formation in Catharanthus roseus suspension cultures. The optimal 2,4-D concentration for growth and alkaloid production was 1 mg/liter. With IAA, both 0.5 and 2.0 mg/liter in media produced tissue growth comparable to tissue receiving 1 mg/liter 2,4-D; however, qualitative and quantitative differences in alkaloid production were observed. Media formulations containing 2,4 and 6% sucrose showed proportionate increases in cell yield with increased sucrose, but concomitant decreases in alkaloid production. Suspension cultures in media containing 2, 5, and 10 times the normal level of phosphate exhibited little change in growth or alkaloid production. When thiamin HCl, yridoxine nicotinic acid and inositol were deleted from the medium, the tissue continued to grow well through the 24 month duration of the experiment; however, alkaloid production was altered quantitatively and qualitatively.", "contents": "Catharanthus roseus tissue culture: the effects of medium modifications on growth and alkaloid production. A number of nutritional factors as well as the growth factors 2,4-D and IAA were studied to determine their influence on growth and alkaloid formation in Catharanthus roseus suspension cultures. The optimal 2,4-D concentration for growth and alkaloid production was 1 mg/liter. With IAA, both 0.5 and 2.0 mg/liter in media produced tissue growth comparable to tissue receiving 1 mg/liter 2,4-D; however, qualitative and quantitative differences in alkaloid production were observed. Media formulations containing 2,4 and 6% sucrose showed proportionate increases in cell yield with increased sucrose, but concomitant decreases in alkaloid production. Suspension cultures in media containing 2, 5, and 10 times the normal level of phosphate exhibited little change in growth or alkaloid production. When thiamin HCl, yridoxine nicotinic acid and inositol were deleted from the medium, the tissue continued to grow well through the 24 month duration of the experiment; however, alkaloid production was altered quantitatively and qualitatively."}
{"id": "PMID:895400", "title": "Resolution of molecular species of intact serine and ethanolamine phosphatides by argentation chromatography of their trifluoroacetamides.", "content": "An effective resolution of intact phosphatidylserines on the basis of unsaturation has been achieved by conventional argentation thin layer chromatography (TLC) following trifluoracetylaction. The trifluoroacetamides are prepared by treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride or N-methyl-bis-trifluoroacetamide. The acetamides are resolved with chloroform-methanol-water (65:25:4, v/v/v) on Silica Gel G containing 20% silver nitrate. Subfractions with 0-6 double bonds per molecule were obtained for the phosphatidylserines of pig and ox brain, pig erythrocytes, rat liver, and rabbit skeletal muscle. The preparation of trifluoroacetamides is also advantageous for the silver ion fractionation of phosphatidylethanolamines. The method is applicable to metabolic studies of molecular species using radioactive precursors of neutral lipids, phosphorus, and nitrogenous bases.", "contents": "Resolution of molecular species of intact serine and ethanolamine phosphatides by argentation chromatography of their trifluoroacetamides. An effective resolution of intact phosphatidylserines on the basis of unsaturation has been achieved by conventional argentation thin layer chromatography (TLC) following trifluoracetylaction. The trifluoroacetamides are prepared by treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride or N-methyl-bis-trifluoroacetamide. The acetamides are resolved with chloroform-methanol-water (65:25:4, v/v/v) on Silica Gel G containing 20% silver nitrate. Subfractions with 0-6 double bonds per molecule were obtained for the phosphatidylserines of pig and ox brain, pig erythrocytes, rat liver, and rabbit skeletal muscle. The preparation of trifluoroacetamides is also advantageous for the silver ion fractionation of phosphatidylethanolamines. The method is applicable to metabolic studies of molecular species using radioactive precursors of neutral lipids, phosphorus, and nitrogenous bases."}
{"id": "PMID:895401", "title": "Specific distribution of fatty acids in the triglycerides of rainbow trout adipose tissue. Influence of temperature.", "content": "In the trout, the unsaturated fatty acids are preferentially located in the beta-position and the saturated fatty acids in the alpha-position of triglycerides. This fatty acid distribution is retained even with diets containing lard. The fish are, therefore, able to modify completely the fatty acid distribution of dietary triglycerides. There is no retention of the beta-monoglyceride structure during the biosynthetic processes. However, the modification of the dietary fatty acid distribution by the trout seems to be more difficult at 18C than at 10C.", "contents": "Specific distribution of fatty acids in the triglycerides of rainbow trout adipose tissue. Influence of temperature. In the trout, the unsaturated fatty acids are preferentially located in the beta-position and the saturated fatty acids in the alpha-position of triglycerides. This fatty acid distribution is retained even with diets containing lard. The fish are, therefore, able to modify completely the fatty acid distribution of dietary triglycerides. There is no retention of the beta-monoglyceride structure during the biosynthetic processes. However, the modification of the dietary fatty acid distribution by the trout seems to be more difficult at 18C than at 10C."}
{"id": "PMID:895395", "title": "Brunfelsia hopeana I: Hippocratic screening and antiinflammatory evaluation.", "content": "Hippocratic screening, in rats, of the whole root and extracts of Brunfelsia hopeana administered intraperitonially indicated that the whole root has CNS depressent activity and that the chloroform extract (F) which contains the basic or 'alkaloidal' fraction concentrates this activity. Extract (F)  at an oral dose level of 100 mg/kg, was equally effective (w/w) as phenylbutazone in reducing carrageenin-induced pedal edema in rats.", "contents": "Brunfelsia hopeana I: Hippocratic screening and antiinflammatory evaluation. Hippocratic screening, in rats, of the whole root and extracts of Brunfelsia hopeana administered intraperitonially indicated that the whole root has CNS depressent activity and that the chloroform extract (F) which contains the basic or 'alkaloidal' fraction concentrates this activity. Extract (F)  at an oral dose level of 100 mg/kg, was equally effective (w/w) as phenylbutazone in reducing carrageenin-induced pedal edema in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:895402", "title": "Non-methylene-interrupted and omega4 dienoic fatty acids of the white shrimp Penaeus setiferus.", "content": "The total lipid fatty acids from the white shrimp Penaeus setiferus were found to contain several unusual dienoic fatty acid species. These included two methylene-interrupted species: delta 11, 14-C18:2 (18:2omega 4) and delta 13, 16-C20:2 (20:2omega4). Also found were several non-menthylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acids including delta 7, 11 and delta 7, 13-C20:2, delta 7, 13-C21:2, delta 7, 13, delta 7, 15, delta 9, 13, delta 9, 15,, and delta 7, 17-C22:2. Many minor C20:2 non-mentylene-interrupted dienes were found but could not be unequivocally characterized.", "contents": "Non-methylene-interrupted and omega4 dienoic fatty acids of the white shrimp Penaeus setiferus. The total lipid fatty acids from the white shrimp Penaeus setiferus were found to contain several unusual dienoic fatty acid species. These included two methylene-interrupted species: delta 11, 14-C18:2 (18:2omega 4) and delta 13, 16-C20:2 (20:2omega4). Also found were several non-menthylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acids including delta 7, 11 and delta 7, 13-C20:2, delta 7, 13-C21:2, delta 7, 13, delta 7, 15, delta 9, 13, delta 9, 15,, and delta 7, 17-C22:2. Many minor C20:2 non-mentylene-interrupted dienes were found but could not be unequivocally characterized."}
{"id": "PMID:895397", "title": "Antitumor plants. IV. Constituents of Simarouba versicolor.", "content": "beta-Sitosterol, epilupeo, amarolide-11-acetate, amarolide-2,11-diacetate, ailanthinone and glaucarubinone have been isolated from S. versicolor. The cytotoxic and antileukemic activities of extracts of this plant are due chiefly to glaucarubinone.", "contents": "Antitumor plants. IV. Constituents of Simarouba versicolor. beta-Sitosterol, epilupeo, amarolide-11-acetate, amarolide-2,11-diacetate, ailanthinone and glaucarubinone have been isolated from S. versicolor. The cytotoxic and antileukemic activities of extracts of this plant are due chiefly to glaucarubinone."}
{"id": "PMID:895398", "title": "An investigation of Sophora secundiflora seeds (Mescalbeans).", "content": "The seeds of Sophora secundiflora (mescalbeans) have been purported to have hallucinogenic activity because of their past use in certain Native American ceremonies during which visions were experienced by those consuming the seeds. Chemical analysis of mescalbeans revealed the absence of detectable amounts of tryptamine derivatives; however, two additional quinolizidine alkaloids, epi-lupinine and delta5-dehydrolupanine, were isolated. Thus far, seven quinolizidine alkaloids have been detected in mescalbeans and quantitation of these constituents showed that the major alkaloid present is cytisine (o.25%). The toxicity of mescalbeans in mice (oral LD50 1.4 g/kg) is only partially attributable to the known alkaloid content. In addition, the ethnobotanical reports regarding the Native American use of mescalbeans were reviewed. No unequivocal evidence was found in this study to support the proposal that mescalbeans are hallucinogenic.", "contents": "An investigation of Sophora secundiflora seeds (Mescalbeans). The seeds of Sophora secundiflora (mescalbeans) have been purported to have hallucinogenic activity because of their past use in certain Native American ceremonies during which visions were experienced by those consuming the seeds. Chemical analysis of mescalbeans revealed the absence of detectable amounts of tryptamine derivatives; however, two additional quinolizidine alkaloids, epi-lupinine and delta5-dehydrolupanine, were isolated. Thus far, seven quinolizidine alkaloids have been detected in mescalbeans and quantitation of these constituents showed that the major alkaloid present is cytisine (o.25%). The toxicity of mescalbeans in mice (oral LD50 1.4 g/kg) is only partially attributable to the known alkaloid content. In addition, the ethnobotanical reports regarding the Native American use of mescalbeans were reviewed. No unequivocal evidence was found in this study to support the proposal that mescalbeans are hallucinogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:895403", "title": "Glyceride metabolism in the myopathic hamster.", "content": "Analysis of plasma lipids of 30- and 185-day-old BIO 82.62 myopathic hamsters and age-matched normal controls revealed a decrease in only the concentration of cholesteryl esters of 185-day-old diseased animals. Measurement of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in heart, muscle, and adipose tissue showed no difference between the activity of the enzyme in the heart and muscle of the cardiomyopathic hamsters and that of the age-matched controls. In adipose tissue, however, LPL activity was depressed in the diseased animals in both age groups. No difference was found in the activity of hormone sensitive lipase. Incorporation of sn[U-14C] glycerol-3-phosphate into total lipids was found to be depressed in homogenates of heart, muscle, and adipose tissue but unchanged in liver homogenates of diseased animals. It was concluded that the decrease in the capacity to synthesize glycerides, rather than limiting substrate concentrations, could be the cause of the decrease in the lipid content in some tissues of the cardiomyopathic hamster.", "contents": "Glyceride metabolism in the myopathic hamster. Analysis of plasma lipids of 30- and 185-day-old BIO 82.62 myopathic hamsters and age-matched normal controls revealed a decrease in only the concentration of cholesteryl esters of 185-day-old diseased animals. Measurement of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in heart, muscle, and adipose tissue showed no difference between the activity of the enzyme in the heart and muscle of the cardiomyopathic hamsters and that of the age-matched controls. In adipose tissue, however, LPL activity was depressed in the diseased animals in both age groups. No difference was found in the activity of hormone sensitive lipase. Incorporation of sn[U-14C] glycerol-3-phosphate into total lipids was found to be depressed in homogenates of heart, muscle, and adipose tissue but unchanged in liver homogenates of diseased animals. It was concluded that the decrease in the capacity to synthesize glycerides, rather than limiting substrate concentrations, could be the cause of the decrease in the lipid content in some tissues of the cardiomyopathic hamster."}
{"id": "PMID:895396", "title": "Biological and phytochemical investigations of Dianthus barbatus cv. \"China Doll\" (Caryophyllaceae).", "content": "From the aerial parts of Dianthus barbatus cv. \"China Doll\", two saponins (barbatosides A and B) were isolated and shown to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The aglycone of each saponin was identified as quillaic acid. The glycone of barbatoside A consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, fucose, xylose, galactose, glucose and one unidentified sugar; whereas the glycone of barbatoside B contained arabinose, fucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose and three unidentified sugars. Astragalin, kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-sophoroside, D-pinitol and L-leucine were also isolated.", "contents": "Biological and phytochemical investigations of Dianthus barbatus cv. \"China Doll\" (Caryophyllaceae). From the aerial parts of Dianthus barbatus cv. \"China Doll\", two saponins (barbatosides A and B) were isolated and shown to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The aglycone of each saponin was identified as quillaic acid. The glycone of barbatoside A consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, fucose, xylose, galactose, glucose and one unidentified sugar; whereas the glycone of barbatoside B contained arabinose, fucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose and three unidentified sugars. Astragalin, kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-sophoroside, D-pinitol and L-leucine were also isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:895404", "title": "Kinetics of a micelle specific palmitoyltransferase isoenzyme of rabbit mammary gland.", "content": "Palmityl-CoA: monopalmityl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate palmitoyltransferase [EC 2.3.1. -] in rabbit mammary gland microsomes is composed of two isoenzymic species. The alpha form (LPAT-alpha) is active with monomeric substrates and inhibited by micelles while the beta form (LPAT-beta) is active only with micelles. By combining the effects of time, temperature, and Tween 80 which selectively inhibited LPAT-alpha, the substrate saturation curve for the LPAT-beta isoenzyme has been successfully determined. Both theoretical and experimental curves are in good agreement.", "contents": "Kinetics of a micelle specific palmitoyltransferase isoenzyme of rabbit mammary gland. Palmityl-CoA: monopalmityl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate palmitoyltransferase [EC 2.3.1. -] in rabbit mammary gland microsomes is composed of two isoenzymic species. The alpha form (LPAT-alpha) is active with monomeric substrates and inhibited by micelles while the beta form (LPAT-beta) is active only with micelles. By combining the effects of time, temperature, and Tween 80 which selectively inhibited LPAT-alpha, the substrate saturation curve for the LPAT-beta isoenzyme has been successfully determined. Both theoretical and experimental curves are in good agreement."}
{"id": "PMID:895407", "title": "Type and amount of dietary fat affect relative concentration of cholesterol in blood and other tissues of calves.", "content": "Sixteen male Holstein calves consumed by nipple a reconstituted milk containing nonfat dry milk and either soybean oil or tallow for 24 weeks. Calves fed milk in this manner (with no dry feed) are functionally nonruminants because the milk bypasses the ruminoreticulum. The fat in these diets contributed about 30% of total dietary calories. The calves consuming soybean oil milk had significantly greater amounts of cholesterol in blood plasma and adipose tissue than did the calves consuming tallow milk.", "contents": "Type and amount of dietary fat affect relative concentration of cholesterol in blood and other tissues of calves. Sixteen male Holstein calves consumed by nipple a reconstituted milk containing nonfat dry milk and either soybean oil or tallow for 24 weeks. Calves fed milk in this manner (with no dry feed) are functionally nonruminants because the milk bypasses the ruminoreticulum. The fat in these diets contributed about 30% of total dietary calories. The calves consuming soybean oil milk had significantly greater amounts of cholesterol in blood plasma and adipose tissue than did the calves consuming tallow milk."}
{"id": "PMID:895410", "title": "Composition of O-alkyl and O-alk-1-enyl moieties in the glycerolipids of the human adrenal.", "content": "A comparison of human adult and fetal adrenals with respect to their levels of glyceryl ether lipids and other lipid components is reported. Fetal glands contained significantly lower levels of alk-1-enyl phosphoglycerides and of cholesterol. Neutral glyceryl ether diesters, and ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides were isolated from adult adrenal tissue. The composition of the O-alkyl glycerol groups in these lipid fractions was obtained by means of gas chromatography of the trimethylsilyl ethers and diacetyl derivatives; O-alk-1-enyl glycerols were analyzed as their diacetates. About one-half of the alkyl and alk-1-enyl glycerol moieties present in glyceryl ether diesters contained hydrocarbon side chains with 20, 22, or 24 carbon atoms. Long hydrocarbon chains (C19-24) were also found in the O-alkyl glycerol moieties present in the total lipids of fetal adrenals.", "contents": "Composition of O-alkyl and O-alk-1-enyl moieties in the glycerolipids of the human adrenal. A comparison of human adult and fetal adrenals with respect to their levels of glyceryl ether lipids and other lipid components is reported. Fetal glands contained significantly lower levels of alk-1-enyl phosphoglycerides and of cholesterol. Neutral glyceryl ether diesters, and ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides were isolated from adult adrenal tissue. The composition of the O-alkyl glycerol groups in these lipid fractions was obtained by means of gas chromatography of the trimethylsilyl ethers and diacetyl derivatives; O-alk-1-enyl glycerols were analyzed as their diacetates. About one-half of the alkyl and alk-1-enyl glycerol moieties present in glyceryl ether diesters contained hydrocarbon side chains with 20, 22, or 24 carbon atoms. Long hydrocarbon chains (C19-24) were also found in the O-alkyl glycerol moieties present in the total lipids of fetal adrenals."}
{"id": "PMID:895411", "title": "Diester waxes from skin lipids of the feet of biotin depleted and biotin supplemented turkey poults.", "content": "The neutral lipids of the skin from the feet of turkey poults fed a biotin supplemented or a biotin deficient diet consist mainly of triacyglycerols, and of mono- and diester waxes. Diester waxes from both groups were characterized as fatty acid esters of erythro-2,3-alkanediols. A comparison between fatty acid composition of the two groups, however, revealed the following significant differences. Biotin deficient birds showed a fairly high concentration of very long chain fatty acids (C36-C40) which were completely absent in biotin supplemented birds. Further, almost one-third of the fatty acids of diester waxes in biotin deficient birds were unsaturated while those from biotin supplemented birds were predominantly (96%) saturated.", "contents": "Diester waxes from skin lipids of the feet of biotin depleted and biotin supplemented turkey poults. The neutral lipids of the skin from the feet of turkey poults fed a biotin supplemented or a biotin deficient diet consist mainly of triacyglycerols, and of mono- and diester waxes. Diester waxes from both groups were characterized as fatty acid esters of erythro-2,3-alkanediols. A comparison between fatty acid composition of the two groups, however, revealed the following significant differences. Biotin deficient birds showed a fairly high concentration of very long chain fatty acids (C36-C40) which were completely absent in biotin supplemented birds. Further, almost one-third of the fatty acids of diester waxes in biotin deficient birds were unsaturated while those from biotin supplemented birds were predominantly (96%) saturated."}
{"id": "PMID:895413", "title": "The preparation, gas liquid chromatography, and some physical and chemical properties of certain higher aliphatic 2,4-diketones--a new lipid class.", "content": "Fourteen saturated aliphatic 2,4-diketones, ranging in chain length from C7 to C25, and one unsaturated compound, delta12-2,4-heneicosenedione, were prepared by Claisen acylations of the appropriate methyl ketones, and their gas chromatographic behavior was studied. Mixtures of these diketones were resolved on columns containing UCW98 or Carbowax 20M stationary phases. Their methoxime and 2,4-dinitrophenylsemicarbazone derivatives were resolved on OV-17 and OV-1 stationary phases, respectively. Since higher homologous aliphatic 2,4-diketones have been found in mammalian tissues, they constitute a new lipid class.", "contents": "The preparation, gas liquid chromatography, and some physical and chemical properties of certain higher aliphatic 2,4-diketones--a new lipid class. Fourteen saturated aliphatic 2,4-diketones, ranging in chain length from C7 to C25, and one unsaturated compound, delta12-2,4-heneicosenedione, were prepared by Claisen acylations of the appropriate methyl ketones, and their gas chromatographic behavior was studied. Mixtures of these diketones were resolved on columns containing UCW98 or Carbowax 20M stationary phases. Their methoxime and 2,4-dinitrophenylsemicarbazone derivatives were resolved on OV-17 and OV-1 stationary phases, respectively. Since higher homologous aliphatic 2,4-diketones have been found in mammalian tissues, they constitute a new lipid class."}
{"id": "PMID:895414", "title": "Role and mechanism of peripheral fatty acid mobilization in 2-mercaptoethanol-induced fatty liver.", "content": "2-Mercaptoethanol-induced fatty liver involves an increased free fatty acid mobilization which is primarily due to an inhibition of free fatty acid reesterification in adipose tissue. Furthermore, increased free fatty acid mobilization as well as fatty liver induction are not induced by 2-mercaptoethanol per se but result most probably from 2-mercaptoacetate through oxidation of 2-mercaptoethanol.", "contents": "Role and mechanism of peripheral fatty acid mobilization in 2-mercaptoethanol-induced fatty liver. 2-Mercaptoethanol-induced fatty liver involves an increased free fatty acid mobilization which is primarily due to an inhibition of free fatty acid reesterification in adipose tissue. Furthermore, increased free fatty acid mobilization as well as fatty liver induction are not induced by 2-mercaptoethanol per se but result most probably from 2-mercaptoacetate through oxidation of 2-mercaptoethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:895415", "title": "Cysteine adds to liquid hydroperoxide.", "content": "Cysteine reacts with linoleic acid hydroperoxide to yield several products, some of which were identified as fatty acid-cysteine adducts. The addition was catalyzed by ferric chloride (10(-5) M) by initiating free radical reactions. When isomerically pure 13-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid and cysteine were reacted in 80% ethanol under N2, the major adducts were 9-S-cysteine-13-hydroxy-10-ethoxy-trans-11-octadecenoic acid (I) and 9-S-cysteine-10,13-dihydroxy-trans-11-octadecenoic acid (II). When the reaction included both isomers of the hydroperoxide (13- and 9-hydroperoxide) and air, an adduct of 9-oxononanoic acid and cysteine also was isolated. Additional experiments gave information about possible mechanisms of I and II formation.", "contents": "Cysteine adds to liquid hydroperoxide. Cysteine reacts with linoleic acid hydroperoxide to yield several products, some of which were identified as fatty acid-cysteine adducts. The addition was catalyzed by ferric chloride (10(-5) M) by initiating free radical reactions. When isomerically pure 13-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid and cysteine were reacted in 80% ethanol under N2, the major adducts were 9-S-cysteine-13-hydroxy-10-ethoxy-trans-11-octadecenoic acid (I) and 9-S-cysteine-10,13-dihydroxy-trans-11-octadecenoic acid (II). When the reaction included both isomers of the hydroperoxide (13- and 9-hydroperoxide) and air, an adduct of 9-oxononanoic acid and cysteine also was isolated. Additional experiments gave information about possible mechanisms of I and II formation."}
{"id": "PMID:895416", "title": "Metabolism of arachidonate and stearate injected simultaneously into the mouse brain.", "content": "The metabolism of a polyunsaturated and a saturated fatty acid in brain membrane phosphoglycerides was examined by injecting simultaneously a mixture of 14C-arachidonate and 3H-stearate into the mouse brain and isolating the microsomal and synaptosomal fractions at 1-40 min after injections. Both types of labeled fatty acids were utilized more readily in the microsomal than the synaptosomal fractions in brain. However, labeled arachidonate was incorporated more rapidly into membrane phosphoglycerides than was stearate. In both subcellular fractions, the relative specific radioactivity (3H and 14C) of diacyl-glycerophosphorylinositol (diacyl-GPI) was higher than other types of phosphoglycerides such as diacyl-glycerophosphorylcholine (diacyl-GPC) and diacyl-glycerophorylethanolamine (diacyl-GPE). Furthermore, the apparent rates of incorporation of radioactivity into diacyl-GPI was more rapid for the 14C-arachidonate than for the 3H-stearate. Results of the experiment have demonstrated obvious differences in metabolism between stearate and arachidonate in brain. The more rapid transfer of arachidonate to diacyl-GPI is probably due to the presence of an acyl transferase system specially active for the transfer of arachidonyl groups to diacyl-GPI.", "contents": "Metabolism of arachidonate and stearate injected simultaneously into the mouse brain. The metabolism of a polyunsaturated and a saturated fatty acid in brain membrane phosphoglycerides was examined by injecting simultaneously a mixture of 14C-arachidonate and 3H-stearate into the mouse brain and isolating the microsomal and synaptosomal fractions at 1-40 min after injections. Both types of labeled fatty acids were utilized more readily in the microsomal than the synaptosomal fractions in brain. However, labeled arachidonate was incorporated more rapidly into membrane phosphoglycerides than was stearate. In both subcellular fractions, the relative specific radioactivity (3H and 14C) of diacyl-glycerophosphorylinositol (diacyl-GPI) was higher than other types of phosphoglycerides such as diacyl-glycerophosphorylcholine (diacyl-GPC) and diacyl-glycerophorylethanolamine (diacyl-GPE). Furthermore, the apparent rates of incorporation of radioactivity into diacyl-GPI was more rapid for the 14C-arachidonate than for the 3H-stearate. Results of the experiment have demonstrated obvious differences in metabolism between stearate and arachidonate in brain. The more rapid transfer of arachidonate to diacyl-GPI is probably due to the presence of an acyl transferase system specially active for the transfer of arachidonyl groups to diacyl-GPI."}
{"id": "PMID:895418", "title": "Effect of tibric acid on hepatic cholesterol synthesis in rats.", "content": "Male albino rats were administered various oral doses of tibric acid daily for 1 week. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were reduced, but total liver content of cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides was increased. Tibric acid treatment suppressed the incorporation of both [14C] acetate and [3H] mevalonate into cholesterol by liver homogenates.", "contents": "Effect of tibric acid on hepatic cholesterol synthesis in rats. Male albino rats were administered various oral doses of tibric acid daily for 1 week. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were reduced, but total liver content of cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides was increased. Tibric acid treatment suppressed the incorporation of both [14C] acetate and [3H] mevalonate into cholesterol by liver homogenates."}
{"id": "PMID:895419", "title": "Arylsulfonate esters of fatty alcohols as hypocholesterolemic agents. I: Oleyl and linoleyl p-toluenesulfonates.", "content": "Cholesterol levels of both plasma and liver of cholesterol-fed rats are lowered by feeding linoleyl and oleyl esters of p-toluenesulfonic acid. A structural specificity exists, since the effect is not observed with similar amounts of sodium p-toluenesulfonate nor with linoleyl methanesulfonate. Effective levels of these arylsulfonates do not alter liver to body weight ratios and maturation, nor reduce plasma cholesterol in normocholesterolemic rats.", "contents": "Arylsulfonate esters of fatty alcohols as hypocholesterolemic agents. I: Oleyl and linoleyl p-toluenesulfonates. Cholesterol levels of both plasma and liver of cholesterol-fed rats are lowered by feeding linoleyl and oleyl esters of p-toluenesulfonic acid. A structural specificity exists, since the effect is not observed with similar amounts of sodium p-toluenesulfonate nor with linoleyl methanesulfonate. Effective levels of these arylsulfonates do not alter liver to body weight ratios and maturation, nor reduce plasma cholesterol in normocholesterolemic rats."}
{"id": "PMID:895425", "title": "Reliability and reproducibility of maximal oxygen uptake measurement in children.", "content": "Maximal aerobic capacity of 66 ten year old ice hockey players was measured on a treadmill twice over a 4 to 5 month period. This time approximated mid (T1) to post (T2) competitive season. The results of these VO2 max tests were grouped according to the presence or absence of a plateau in the oxygen uptake (less than 2.1 ml/kg-min) during the last work loads before fatigue. The mean values for T1 and T2 were not significantly different for any of the measurements made; the reproducibility was considered to be high. The reliability of the measures varied with the presence or absence of a plateau at maximum, for example; VO2 max, plateau r = 0.74, no plateau r = 0.27; heart rate, plateau r = 0.92, no plateau r = 0.40. The differences between the mean values for the \"double plateau\" group when compared to the \"no plateau\" group were not significant for VO2 max, HR or VE. The differences were significant for the post-exercise blood lactate and respiratory exchange values at T2 only; the \"double plateau\" group reached higher values in each case (R = 1.00 vs 0.92; blood lactate 6.5 vs 5.4 mM/1).", "contents": "Reliability and reproducibility of maximal oxygen uptake measurement in children. Maximal aerobic capacity of 66 ten year old ice hockey players was measured on a treadmill twice over a 4 to 5 month period. This time approximated mid (T1) to post (T2) competitive season. The results of these VO2 max tests were grouped according to the presence or absence of a plateau in the oxygen uptake (less than 2.1 ml/kg-min) during the last work loads before fatigue. The mean values for T1 and T2 were not significantly different for any of the measurements made; the reproducibility was considered to be high. The reliability of the measures varied with the presence or absence of a plateau at maximum, for example; VO2 max, plateau r = 0.74, no plateau r = 0.27; heart rate, plateau r = 0.92, no plateau r = 0.40. The differences between the mean values for the \"double plateau\" group when compared to the \"no plateau\" group were not significant for VO2 max, HR or VE. The differences were significant for the post-exercise blood lactate and respiratory exchange values at T2 only; the \"double plateau\" group reached higher values in each case (R = 1.00 vs 0.92; blood lactate 6.5 vs 5.4 mM/1)."}
{"id": "PMID:895426", "title": "Characteristics of skeletal muscle in competitive cyclists.", "content": "Muscle samples from the vastus lateralis and maximal oxygen uptakes were obtained from 22 male and 7 female competitive cyclists. 19 untrained males, and 10 untrained females. Eleven of the 22 male cyclists were designated elite cyclists (Group A) on the basis of their success in national and/or international competition. The remaining 11 male cyclists (Group B) were also trained but had not achieved the same level of competitive success. Significant mean differences (P less than 0.05) between Groups A and B were found for VO2 max (67 and 57 ml/kg/min), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and phosphorylase (PH), in biopsied muscle. No differences were evident between Groups A and B for % slow twitch (ST) and % fast twitch (FT) fibers, or in area FT or ST. Nor was there any difference in the mean activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) between the groups. Significant correlations were found between VO2 max and SDH, VO2 max and MDH, and between SDH and MDH. These data also indicate that an extremely high percentage of FT or ST fibers may not be a requirement for success in competitive cycling as has been found in earlier studies on sprint or endurance running.", "contents": "Characteristics of skeletal muscle in competitive cyclists. Muscle samples from the vastus lateralis and maximal oxygen uptakes were obtained from 22 male and 7 female competitive cyclists. 19 untrained males, and 10 untrained females. Eleven of the 22 male cyclists were designated elite cyclists (Group A) on the basis of their success in national and/or international competition. The remaining 11 male cyclists (Group B) were also trained but had not achieved the same level of competitive success. Significant mean differences (P less than 0.05) between Groups A and B were found for VO2 max (67 and 57 ml/kg/min), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and phosphorylase (PH), in biopsied muscle. No differences were evident between Groups A and B for % slow twitch (ST) and % fast twitch (FT) fibers, or in area FT or ST. Nor was there any difference in the mean activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) between the groups. Significant correlations were found between VO2 max and SDH, VO2 max and MDH, and between SDH and MDH. These data also indicate that an extremely high percentage of FT or ST fibers may not be a requirement for success in competitive cycling as has been found in earlier studies on sprint or endurance running."}
{"id": "PMID:895427", "title": "The effect of bicycle seat height variation upon oxygen consumption and lower limb kinematics.", "content": "VO2 was obtained for 10 women bicycling on rollers at 3 saddle heights (SH), 95, 100 and 105% trochanteric height. Kinematic patterns described by the hip, knee, ankle and foot were discerned from one pedal cycle at each of the 3 SH. Subjects cycled on a Fuji Dynamic 10 10-speed bicycle, at 60 rpm, (a work load of 799 kpm/min was applied by a tensioning belt from a bicycle ergometer) until they reached steady state. Expired air was then collected and cine films were taken during gas collection. The 100% SH was most efficient, mean values for 95, 100 and 105% SH were 1.69, 1.61 and 1.74 lit/min, respectively. Kinematic patterns showed no variation in the range of motion (ROM) at the hip, values at the dead centers (DC) did change. The ROM at the knee varied from 69 to 82.9 degrees, 95 to 105% SH, values at the DC varied also. Plantar flexion (PF) at bottom dead center increased by 10% from 95 to 105% SH. Foot angle showed no significant variation with increasing SH. The major adaptations to increases in SH are found at the knee and in ankle PF.", "contents": "The effect of bicycle seat height variation upon oxygen consumption and lower limb kinematics. VO2 was obtained for 10 women bicycling on rollers at 3 saddle heights (SH), 95, 100 and 105% trochanteric height. Kinematic patterns described by the hip, knee, ankle and foot were discerned from one pedal cycle at each of the 3 SH. Subjects cycled on a Fuji Dynamic 10 10-speed bicycle, at 60 rpm, (a work load of 799 kpm/min was applied by a tensioning belt from a bicycle ergometer) until they reached steady state. Expired air was then collected and cine films were taken during gas collection. The 100% SH was most efficient, mean values for 95, 100 and 105% SH were 1.69, 1.61 and 1.74 lit/min, respectively. Kinematic patterns showed no variation in the range of motion (ROM) at the hip, values at the dead centers (DC) did change. The ROM at the knee varied from 69 to 82.9 degrees, 95 to 105% SH, values at the DC varied also. Plantar flexion (PF) at bottom dead center increased by 10% from 95 to 105% SH. Foot angle showed no significant variation with increasing SH. The major adaptations to increases in SH are found at the knee and in ankle PF."}
{"id": "PMID:895428", "title": "Anthropometric and physiologic profile of a cyclist -- age 70.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to gain insight, through measuring various performance, cardiopulmonary, and anthropometric parameters, to the upper functional limits for man in the eighth decade of life. The subject holds age-group record times for 16.1, 40.2, 80.5, and 171.4 km. Remarkable aerobic power was exhibited while cycling on a bicycle ergometer depicted by high values for VO2 max 4.7 1/min (STPD) and 59.9 ml/kg BW-min (STPD), VE 159 1/min (BTPS), O2 pulse 0.36 ml/kg/beat and heart rate max 166 beats/min. VO2 max is the highest value reported for a man over 70 years of age. To provide inference to the aging process and to training, comparisons were made with data from the normal population of similar age and with data from young and endurance athletes. Cardiopulmonary data and body composition measures equalled that for similar age athletes and were comparable to younger endurance athletes. The findings have significant implications in determining upper functional standards for well-trained older males.", "contents": "Anthropometric and physiologic profile of a cyclist -- age 70. The purpose of this investigation was to gain insight, through measuring various performance, cardiopulmonary, and anthropometric parameters, to the upper functional limits for man in the eighth decade of life. The subject holds age-group record times for 16.1, 40.2, 80.5, and 171.4 km. Remarkable aerobic power was exhibited while cycling on a bicycle ergometer depicted by high values for VO2 max 4.7 1/min (STPD) and 59.9 ml/kg BW-min (STPD), VE 159 1/min (BTPS), O2 pulse 0.36 ml/kg/beat and heart rate max 166 beats/min. VO2 max is the highest value reported for a man over 70 years of age. To provide inference to the aging process and to training, comparisons were made with data from the normal population of similar age and with data from young and endurance athletes. Cardiopulmonary data and body composition measures equalled that for similar age athletes and were comparable to younger endurance athletes. The findings have significant implications in determining upper functional standards for well-trained older males."}
{"id": "PMID:895429", "title": "Perceived exertion associated with breathing hyperoxic mixtures during submaximal work.", "content": "The effect of an enriched inspired oxygen concentration on perceived exertion (RPE) was investigated while running at two submaximal treadmill loads. Twelve males (VO2 max = 49.3 ml/kg-min) worked at 50% and 80% VO2 max, breathing either air or 80% O2-20% N2 in random order using a single blind technique. Subjects were evaluated while running for 10 min and during a 20 min recovery. Heart rate (HR), ventilation (VE), respiration rate (RR), tidal volume (VT) and RPE were measured before, during and after work. Blood lactate was measured 1 min after work. Oxygen concentration did not statistically affect HR, VE, RR or VT during exercise or recovery. At both loads, RPE at the end of exercise was significantly reduced breathing the hyperoxic mixture. At 50% VO2 max, mean RPE decreased from 11.2 breathing room air to 9.6 breathing 80% O2 and, 80% VO2 max, from 13.8 to 11.7 (P less than 0.01). Blood lactates were significantly reduced breathing 80% O2; from 23.4 mg to 13.3 at 50% VO2 max and from 55.5 to 36.5 at 80% VO2 max (P less than 0.01). The RPE correlated with lactate (r=0.64) at the end of work. Results indicate that during moderate and heavy work RPE is significantly affected by the inspired O2 concentration and there is a significant relationship between RPE and blood lactate.", "contents": "Perceived exertion associated with breathing hyperoxic mixtures during submaximal work. The effect of an enriched inspired oxygen concentration on perceived exertion (RPE) was investigated while running at two submaximal treadmill loads. Twelve males (VO2 max = 49.3 ml/kg-min) worked at 50% and 80% VO2 max, breathing either air or 80% O2-20% N2 in random order using a single blind technique. Subjects were evaluated while running for 10 min and during a 20 min recovery. Heart rate (HR), ventilation (VE), respiration rate (RR), tidal volume (VT) and RPE were measured before, during and after work. Blood lactate was measured 1 min after work. Oxygen concentration did not statistically affect HR, VE, RR or VT during exercise or recovery. At both loads, RPE at the end of exercise was significantly reduced breathing the hyperoxic mixture. At 50% VO2 max, mean RPE decreased from 11.2 breathing room air to 9.6 breathing 80% O2 and, 80% VO2 max, from 13.8 to 11.7 (P less than 0.01). Blood lactates were significantly reduced breathing 80% O2; from 23.4 mg to 13.3 at 50% VO2 max and from 55.5 to 36.5 at 80% VO2 max (P less than 0.01). The RPE correlated with lactate (r=0.64) at the end of work. Results indicate that during moderate and heavy work RPE is significantly affected by the inspired O2 concentration and there is a significant relationship between RPE and blood lactate."}
{"id": "PMID:895431", "title": "A note on the determination of angular velocities in human motion studies.", "content": "Often the study of sports activities involves a reduction of film data to determine displacements, rotations, velocities and accelerations. Many researchers use the change in position of the projection of a body segment onto a plane of interest (usually the film plane) to determine the component of angular velocity in the plane. This techanical note illustrates that the determination of angular velocity components in this manner leads to erroneous values except in some special cases.", "contents": "A note on the determination of angular velocities in human motion studies. Often the study of sports activities involves a reduction of film data to determine displacements, rotations, velocities and accelerations. Many researchers use the change in position of the projection of a body segment onto a plane of interest (usually the film plane) to determine the component of angular velocity in the plane. This techanical note illustrates that the determination of angular velocity components in this manner leads to erroneous values except in some special cases."}
{"id": "PMID:895432", "title": "Effects of exercise on the severity of isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction.", "content": "The effect of exercise on the severity of isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction was studied in male rats. Ninety-three rats were randomly divided into three groups. The exercise-isoproterenol (E-1) and exercise control (EC) groups exercised daily for thirty days on a treadmill at 1 mph, 2% grade while animals of the sedentary-isoproterenol (S-I) group remained sedentary. Eight animals were assigned to the sedentary control (SC) group which remained sedentary throughout the experimental period. Forty-eight hours after the final exercise period, S-I and E-I animals received a single subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (250 mg/kg body weight). Animals of the S-I group exhibited significantly (Pp less than 0.05) greater mortality from the effects of isoproterenol than animals of the E-I group. Serum CPK activity for E-I animals was significantly (p less than 0.05) greater than for animals in the S-I and EC groups twenty hours following isoproterenol injection. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two isoproterenol treated groups for severity of the induced lesions, changes in heart weight, or heart weight to body weight ratios. The results indicated that exercise reduced the mortality associated with the effects of large dosages of isoproterenol but had little on the severity of the infarction.", "contents": "Effects of exercise on the severity of isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. The effect of exercise on the severity of isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction was studied in male rats. Ninety-three rats were randomly divided into three groups. The exercise-isoproterenol (E-1) and exercise control (EC) groups exercised daily for thirty days on a treadmill at 1 mph, 2% grade while animals of the sedentary-isoproterenol (S-I) group remained sedentary. Eight animals were assigned to the sedentary control (SC) group which remained sedentary throughout the experimental period. Forty-eight hours after the final exercise period, S-I and E-I animals received a single subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (250 mg/kg body weight). Animals of the S-I group exhibited significantly (Pp less than 0.05) greater mortality from the effects of isoproterenol than animals of the E-I group. Serum CPK activity for E-I animals was significantly (p less than 0.05) greater than for animals in the S-I and EC groups twenty hours following isoproterenol injection. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two isoproterenol treated groups for severity of the induced lesions, changes in heart weight, or heart weight to body weight ratios. The results indicated that exercise reduced the mortality associated with the effects of large dosages of isoproterenol but had little on the severity of the infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:895434", "title": "The effects of ephedrine on the physiological and psychological responses to submaximal and maximal exercise in man.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether a single full therapeutic dose (24 mg) of ephedrine taken orally has any effect upon physical performance and fitness. Twenty-one healthy males, aged 19-30 years, were tested on three occasions within three weeks using a double-blind modified crossover design. The effects of ephedrine were determined by comparing the differences between drug and control conditions using paired t-tests. The test battery included measures of muscle strength, endurance and power, lung function, reaction time, hand-eye coordination, anaerobic capacity and speed, cardio-respiratory endurance, and responses to maximal and submaximal effort, including maximum oxygen intake, ratings of perceived exertion and speed of recovery from effort. Despite a slight stimulating effect on blood pressure and on exercise and recovery heart rates, 24 mg of ephedrine had no effect on any of the measures of physical work capacity. Ephedrine had no effect on lung function of healthy young men, but may have assisted the learning of certain simple psychomotor tasks.", "contents": "The effects of ephedrine on the physiological and psychological responses to submaximal and maximal exercise in man. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a single full therapeutic dose (24 mg) of ephedrine taken orally has any effect upon physical performance and fitness. Twenty-one healthy males, aged 19-30 years, were tested on three occasions within three weeks using a double-blind modified crossover design. The effects of ephedrine were determined by comparing the differences between drug and control conditions using paired t-tests. The test battery included measures of muscle strength, endurance and power, lung function, reaction time, hand-eye coordination, anaerobic capacity and speed, cardio-respiratory endurance, and responses to maximal and submaximal effort, including maximum oxygen intake, ratings of perceived exertion and speed of recovery from effort. Despite a slight stimulating effect on blood pressure and on exercise and recovery heart rates, 24 mg of ephedrine had no effect on any of the measures of physical work capacity. Ephedrine had no effect on lung function of healthy young men, but may have assisted the learning of certain simple psychomotor tasks."}
{"id": "PMID:895504", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of acute and subacute toxic action of aniline and O-isopropoxyaniline].", "content": "The comparison of acute and subacute toxic action of aniline and o-isopropoxyaniline (o-IPA) has been carried out. In the course of acute experiment, the following results were obtained: DL50 values for aniline and o-IPA established for rats after administration by stomach-tube were--0,45 g/kg and 0,84 g/kg, after intraperitoneal administration--0,34 g/kg and 0,23 g/kg, after superficial coating of the skin surface--0,67 g/kg and 2,20 g/kg body weight, respectively. O-IPA, similarly as aniline, exerts a methemglobinopoietic effect. The both substances have local irritant effect on the skin and the eye of rabbit, causing reactions of middle degree of intensity. The examinations of aniline and o-IPA, performed after Lima's method, have revealed no comulataive action. During the 6 months exposure consisting in administration to animals of doses amounting to 1/10 and 1/2 of DL50 value by stomach tube, changes in the picture of peripheral blood were found as well as statistically significant increase of phenol red urine excretion, the inhibition of body weight increase and statistically significant increase of relative and absolute weight of liver and spleen. The both compounds damage the liver and kidneys parenchyma. The degree of liver injury is greater due to aniline action, o-IPA, however, has a stronger action on the excretion of renal cortex epithelium. In the spleen, a similar type of changes was observed, but the number of erthroblasts and reticuloendothelial system cells as well as the degree of hemosyderine deposition in this organ was greater after aniline administration. These results demonstrate that the toxic character of o-IPA and of aniline is similar, but the changes provoked by o-IPA are less intensive.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of acute and subacute toxic action of aniline and O-isopropoxyaniline]. The comparison of acute and subacute toxic action of aniline and o-isopropoxyaniline (o-IPA) has been carried out. In the course of acute experiment, the following results were obtained: DL50 values for aniline and o-IPA established for rats after administration by stomach-tube were--0,45 g/kg and 0,84 g/kg, after intraperitoneal administration--0,34 g/kg and 0,23 g/kg, after superficial coating of the skin surface--0,67 g/kg and 2,20 g/kg body weight, respectively. O-IPA, similarly as aniline, exerts a methemglobinopoietic effect. The both substances have local irritant effect on the skin and the eye of rabbit, causing reactions of middle degree of intensity. The examinations of aniline and o-IPA, performed after Lima's method, have revealed no comulataive action. During the 6 months exposure consisting in administration to animals of doses amounting to 1/10 and 1/2 of DL50 value by stomach tube, changes in the picture of peripheral blood were found as well as statistically significant increase of phenol red urine excretion, the inhibition of body weight increase and statistically significant increase of relative and absolute weight of liver and spleen. The both compounds damage the liver and kidneys parenchyma. The degree of liver injury is greater due to aniline action, o-IPA, however, has a stronger action on the excretion of renal cortex epithelium. In the spleen, a similar type of changes was observed, but the number of erthroblasts and reticuloendothelial system cells as well as the degree of hemosyderine deposition in this organ was greater after aniline administration. These results demonstrate that the toxic character of o-IPA and of aniline is similar, but the changes provoked by o-IPA are less intensive."}
{"id": "PMID:895505", "title": "[Experimental evaluation of the action of petroleum on rat kidneys].", "content": "The male Wistar rats were exposed to the vapours of arabic petroleum Abu-Dhaki Zakum at concentration 1500 mg/m3 during 12 weeks, 6 times weekly per 90 minutes daily. The biochemical examination of blood serum (urea, creatinine), daily diuresis, general urine examination as well as histopathological and histological kidneys examinations have revealed no deviation from the normal state.", "contents": "[Experimental evaluation of the action of petroleum on rat kidneys]. The male Wistar rats were exposed to the vapours of arabic petroleum Abu-Dhaki Zakum at concentration 1500 mg/m3 during 12 weeks, 6 times weekly per 90 minutes daily. The biochemical examination of blood serum (urea, creatinine), daily diuresis, general urine examination as well as histopathological and histological kidneys examinations have revealed no deviation from the normal state."}
{"id": "PMID:895506", "title": "[Epidemiological studies of peptic ulcer in coal miners. II. Effect of occupational factors].", "content": "In the part I the effect of social and life factors on the development of peptic ulcer in miners has been analysed. Now, in the same population of 8302 miners composing the crew of three coal mines, an evaluation of the role of occupational factors has been performed on the basis of inquiry and documentation data of the outpatient department. It was found that the frequency of peptic ulcer is more dependent on years of employment than on age. The percentage of peptic ulcer cases among the underground crew and this working on the surface did not reveal distinct differences. Only in miners, working underground a shortest time, it was less than in the analogous groups working on the surface. Among miners performing the longest time very arduous work, the frequency of peptic ulcer is less than in the remaining crew. The psychical burden and the paid by the job system as well as night shift work influence the increase of patients. These results demonstrate that in the mining the peptic ulcer hazard is augmented by similar factors as in other industries, the effect of underground work however has not been observed. The conditions of mining induce miners suffering from peptic ulcer to avoid more burdening job and this is why percentage of ill miners is less among those whose work is more arduous.", "contents": "[Epidemiological studies of peptic ulcer in coal miners. II. Effect of occupational factors]. In the part I the effect of social and life factors on the development of peptic ulcer in miners has been analysed. Now, in the same population of 8302 miners composing the crew of three coal mines, an evaluation of the role of occupational factors has been performed on the basis of inquiry and documentation data of the outpatient department. It was found that the frequency of peptic ulcer is more dependent on years of employment than on age. The percentage of peptic ulcer cases among the underground crew and this working on the surface did not reveal distinct differences. Only in miners, working underground a shortest time, it was less than in the analogous groups working on the surface. Among miners performing the longest time very arduous work, the frequency of peptic ulcer is less than in the remaining crew. The psychical burden and the paid by the job system as well as night shift work influence the increase of patients. These results demonstrate that in the mining the peptic ulcer hazard is augmented by similar factors as in other industries, the effect of underground work however has not been observed. The conditions of mining induce miners suffering from peptic ulcer to avoid more burdening job and this is why percentage of ill miners is less among those whose work is more arduous."}
{"id": "PMID:895507", "title": "[X-ray changes in the osteoarticular system in sawyers].", "content": "X-ray test of the osteo-articular system of upper limbs was carried out on 1231 saweyers and 272 controls as well as 50 intellectuals. Three x-ray tests were carried out on 207 sawyers and on a control group of 95 workers, to assess the progression of osseous changes. The same types od changes were found in sawyers and control group workers; besides similar frequency in the examined parts of the upper limb was found in them. The most frequent changes are: osseous cyst, osteoporosis degenerative-deformative changes and calcar of the ulnar. The greatest amounts of changes were observed in the bones and joints of the hand and next in elbow joint and acromioclavicular joint. It was observed that amoungst the sawyers and the control group workers, the greatest amounts of changes occur after 2 years of work. Progression of osseous changes after 3-4 years of work was observed in 30,9% sawyers and 12,6% control group workers.", "contents": "[X-ray changes in the osteoarticular system in sawyers]. X-ray test of the osteo-articular system of upper limbs was carried out on 1231 saweyers and 272 controls as well as 50 intellectuals. Three x-ray tests were carried out on 207 sawyers and on a control group of 95 workers, to assess the progression of osseous changes. The same types od changes were found in sawyers and control group workers; besides similar frequency in the examined parts of the upper limb was found in them. The most frequent changes are: osseous cyst, osteoporosis degenerative-deformative changes and calcar of the ulnar. The greatest amounts of changes were observed in the bones and joints of the hand and next in elbow joint and acromioclavicular joint. It was observed that amoungst the sawyers and the control group workers, the greatest amounts of changes occur after 2 years of work. Progression of osseous changes after 3-4 years of work was observed in 30,9% sawyers and 12,6% control group workers."}
{"id": "PMID:895508", "title": "[Increased diuresis and urinary output of glycosaminoglycans in workers exposed to hand-transmitted vibrations].", "content": "The volume of urine andurinary output of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) have been investigated daily during 8-hrs shift (5:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.) within five consecutive days (from Monday to friday) in 24 workers exposed to hand-transmitted vibrations (hand-formers) and in 20 control not exposed workers. Total amount of GAG was determined by carbazole reaction. The average 8-hrs volume of urine was significantly higher in hand-formers than in control workers. Total average 8-hrs volume of urine amounted to 550+/- +/-194 cc in hand-formers and 430+/-180 cc in control workers. The average 8-hrs urinary output of GAG was also higher in hand-formers than in control workers, but the difference was statistically significant in first, fourth and fifth day of investigation. The total 8-hrs output of GAG was in the average 4.34+/-1.86 mg in hand-formers and 3.38+/-1.44 in control workers with the difference significant at p less than 0.001. The results of the investigation suggest that vibration transmitted to the body could be accompanied by increased urinary output of some connective tissue components which might be of interest in evaluation of exposure.", "contents": "[Increased diuresis and urinary output of glycosaminoglycans in workers exposed to hand-transmitted vibrations]. The volume of urine andurinary output of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) have been investigated daily during 8-hrs shift (5:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.) within five consecutive days (from Monday to friday) in 24 workers exposed to hand-transmitted vibrations (hand-formers) and in 20 control not exposed workers. Total amount of GAG was determined by carbazole reaction. The average 8-hrs volume of urine was significantly higher in hand-formers than in control workers. Total average 8-hrs volume of urine amounted to 550+/- +/-194 cc in hand-formers and 430+/-180 cc in control workers. The average 8-hrs urinary output of GAG was also higher in hand-formers than in control workers, but the difference was statistically significant in first, fourth and fifth day of investigation. The total 8-hrs output of GAG was in the average 4.34+/-1.86 mg in hand-formers and 3.38+/-1.44 in control workers with the difference significant at p less than 0.001. The results of the investigation suggest that vibration transmitted to the body could be accompanied by increased urinary output of some connective tissue components which might be of interest in evaluation of exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:895509", "title": "[Occupational exposure to xylene of workers employed in paint shops].", "content": "The paper presents results of evaluation of exposure to xylene of workers employed in paint workshops of the Agricultural Machines Factory \"Rofama\". The evaluation has been made basing on the measurements of urinary methylhippuric acid. It was found that spray painting exerts the most harmful effect on the health of workers exposed to xylene.", "contents": "[Occupational exposure to xylene of workers employed in paint shops]. The paper presents results of evaluation of exposure to xylene of workers employed in paint workshops of the Agricultural Machines Factory \"Rofama\". The evaluation has been made basing on the measurements of urinary methylhippuric acid. It was found that spray painting exerts the most harmful effect on the health of workers exposed to xylene."}
{"id": "PMID:895523", "title": "Turnover and recycling of glucose in man during prolonged fasting.", "content": "The effect of prolonged (3-5 wk) fasting on tracer-determined glucose turnover and of recycling radioactive glucose has been examined. We followed the specific activity of plasma glucose after the simultaneous administration of 1-14C-glucose and 3-3H-glucose. The rate of glucose turnover decreased during prolonged fasting. Recycling of radioactive glucose was estimated by two different techniques: (1) the appearance of 14C in positions 2 to 6 glucose was measured; (2) the difference in the slopes of specific activity decline for 1-14C-glucose and for 3-3H-glucose was calculated. The two methods of estimating the radioactive recycling gave results similar to each other. The amount of glucose recycled did not change during prolonged fasting. However, in view of the decline in glucose production during fasting, the proportion of glucose production which was represented by recycling increased. Based on weight and urinary nitrogen loss an estimate of the glucose production from amino acids and glycerol was obtained. The difference between the rate of glucose production from the contribution of amino acids and glycerol and that estimated by radioisotopic techniques was much larger than the measured rate of recycling. This finding suggests that either a large exchange of 12C with 14C occurred in some glycolytic intermediates or that a hitherto unknown source of carbon for glucose production appeared during prolonged fasting.", "contents": "Turnover and recycling of glucose in man during prolonged fasting. The effect of prolonged (3-5 wk) fasting on tracer-determined glucose turnover and of recycling radioactive glucose has been examined. We followed the specific activity of plasma glucose after the simultaneous administration of 1-14C-glucose and 3-3H-glucose. The rate of glucose turnover decreased during prolonged fasting. Recycling of radioactive glucose was estimated by two different techniques: (1) the appearance of 14C in positions 2 to 6 glucose was measured; (2) the difference in the slopes of specific activity decline for 1-14C-glucose and for 3-3H-glucose was calculated. The two methods of estimating the radioactive recycling gave results similar to each other. The amount of glucose recycled did not change during prolonged fasting. However, in view of the decline in glucose production during fasting, the proportion of glucose production which was represented by recycling increased. Based on weight and urinary nitrogen loss an estimate of the glucose production from amino acids and glycerol was obtained. The difference between the rate of glucose production from the contribution of amino acids and glycerol and that estimated by radioisotopic techniques was much larger than the measured rate of recycling. This finding suggests that either a large exchange of 12C with 14C occurred in some glycolytic intermediates or that a hitherto unknown source of carbon for glucose production appeared during prolonged fasting."}
{"id": "PMID:895524", "title": "Metabolic acidosis in the vitamin D-deficient chick.", "content": "In vitamin D-deficient chicks raised from age 1 day on a vitamin D-deficient diet, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis accurred at 3 wk and persisted. Within 24 hr of administration of vitamin D, the acidosis and hypocalcemia were attentuated; during the subsequent 72 hr the severity of the metabolic acidosis but not that of the hypocalcemia was further attenuated. That further attenuation occurred despite hypocalcemia of unchanging severity and presumed continuing secondary hyperparathyroidism suggests the possibility that vitamin D deficiency may be a requirement for the expression of metabolic acidosis. Since in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that subphysiologic values of media and blood pH, respectively, are attended by reduced production of 1,25-(OH2D3, the most biologically active vitamin D metabolite known, the occurrence of acidosis in vitamin D deficiency may compound its metabolic consequences. The possible effects of acidosis must be considered in interpreting results of investigations of vitamin D metabolism in vitamin-D-deficient chicks.", "contents": "Metabolic acidosis in the vitamin D-deficient chick. In vitamin D-deficient chicks raised from age 1 day on a vitamin D-deficient diet, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis accurred at 3 wk and persisted. Within 24 hr of administration of vitamin D, the acidosis and hypocalcemia were attentuated; during the subsequent 72 hr the severity of the metabolic acidosis but not that of the hypocalcemia was further attenuated. That further attenuation occurred despite hypocalcemia of unchanging severity and presumed continuing secondary hyperparathyroidism suggests the possibility that vitamin D deficiency may be a requirement for the expression of metabolic acidosis. Since in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that subphysiologic values of media and blood pH, respectively, are attended by reduced production of 1,25-(OH2D3, the most biologically active vitamin D metabolite known, the occurrence of acidosis in vitamin D deficiency may compound its metabolic consequences. The possible effects of acidosis must be considered in interpreting results of investigations of vitamin D metabolism in vitamin-D-deficient chicks."}
{"id": "PMID:895525", "title": "Evidence for an accelerated adaptation to starvation in chronic uremia.", "content": "During a 72-hr period of starvation plasma levels of glucose and immunoreactive insulin fell to a greater extent, and alanine, free fatty acid, and glycerol concentrations were higher in fasted chronically uremic rats than in nonuremic controls. These changes, in conjunction with a significant increase in the uremic group's activity of phosphoenolypyruvate-carboxykinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in hepatic gluconeogenesis, after only 12 hr of fasting suggest that alterations in glucose metabolism in uremia may contribute to an exaggeration and acceleration of the metabolic consequences of starvation.", "contents": "Evidence for an accelerated adaptation to starvation in chronic uremia. During a 72-hr period of starvation plasma levels of glucose and immunoreactive insulin fell to a greater extent, and alanine, free fatty acid, and glycerol concentrations were higher in fasted chronically uremic rats than in nonuremic controls. These changes, in conjunction with a significant increase in the uremic group's activity of phosphoenolypyruvate-carboxykinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in hepatic gluconeogenesis, after only 12 hr of fasting suggest that alterations in glucose metabolism in uremia may contribute to an exaggeration and acceleration of the metabolic consequences of starvation."}
{"id": "PMID:895526", "title": "Glucagon, insulin and glucose response to physiologic testing in normal and massively obese adults.", "content": "Ten normal adults and ten nondiabetic massively obese subjects were studied following 4--7 days on identical diets. Intravenous arginine challenge resulted in similar glucose and glucagon responses and threefold greater integrated insulin responses in the obese when compared to the normal subjects. Following oral glucose, glucagon responses were similar, whereas both basal and integrated insulin values were higher in the obese subjects. Basal and integrated insulin concentrations were greater during intravenous glucose testing in the obese subjects, whereas similar glucagon suppression was observed in both groups. Hourly blood samples obtained during a 24-hr period revealed that the obese glucose profile differed significantly from the normals. Insulin values were two- to four-fold higher in the obese subjects, whereas no significant difference was observed in the glucagon concentrations. The nadir and peak glucagon concentrations for both groups occurred at 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m., respectively, and were positively correlated with plasma amino acid values, and were similar in both groups.", "contents": "Glucagon, insulin and glucose response to physiologic testing in normal and massively obese adults. Ten normal adults and ten nondiabetic massively obese subjects were studied following 4--7 days on identical diets. Intravenous arginine challenge resulted in similar glucose and glucagon responses and threefold greater integrated insulin responses in the obese when compared to the normal subjects. Following oral glucose, glucagon responses were similar, whereas both basal and integrated insulin values were higher in the obese subjects. Basal and integrated insulin concentrations were greater during intravenous glucose testing in the obese subjects, whereas similar glucagon suppression was observed in both groups. Hourly blood samples obtained during a 24-hr period revealed that the obese glucose profile differed significantly from the normals. Insulin values were two- to four-fold higher in the obese subjects, whereas no significant difference was observed in the glucagon concentrations. The nadir and peak glucagon concentrations for both groups occurred at 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m., respectively, and were positively correlated with plasma amino acid values, and were similar in both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:895528", "title": "Elevation of plasma glucose and glucagon after tryptophan ingestion in man.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of tryptophan on blood sugar in man, we have orally administered 10 g of this amino acid to 14 normal subjects and determined their plasma levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone for 4 hr after the load. Seven of the subjects also received a placebo. Tryptophan intake was followed by a slight but significant elevation of glycemia (maximum increment: 11% above basal values at 180 min, p = 0.02). This elevation of plasma glucose was accompanied by a clear rise of glucagon levels (peak: 60% at 140 min, p = 0.0007) and by increased concentrations of circulating insulin and growth hormone. Placebo administration did not significantly modify blood glucose or any of the hormones measured. In contrast to the reported hypoglycemic effect of tryptophan in rats, our data indicate that this amino acid increases plasma glucose in man. Given that tryptophan appears to possess the capability of eliciting glucagon secretion, its effect on blood glucose can be reasonably attributed to an enhanced glycogenolysis and/or gluconeogenesis provoked by its release of this hormone.", "contents": "Elevation of plasma glucose and glucagon after tryptophan ingestion in man. To evaluate the effect of tryptophan on blood sugar in man, we have orally administered 10 g of this amino acid to 14 normal subjects and determined their plasma levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone for 4 hr after the load. Seven of the subjects also received a placebo. Tryptophan intake was followed by a slight but significant elevation of glycemia (maximum increment: 11% above basal values at 180 min, p = 0.02). This elevation of plasma glucose was accompanied by a clear rise of glucagon levels (peak: 60% at 140 min, p = 0.0007) and by increased concentrations of circulating insulin and growth hormone. Placebo administration did not significantly modify blood glucose or any of the hormones measured. In contrast to the reported hypoglycemic effect of tryptophan in rats, our data indicate that this amino acid increases plasma glucose in man. Given that tryptophan appears to possess the capability of eliciting glucagon secretion, its effect on blood glucose can be reasonably attributed to an enhanced glycogenolysis and/or gluconeogenesis provoked by its release of this hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:895529", "title": "Mechanism of glucose intolerance during fasting: differences between lean and obese subjects.", "content": "Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on 14 lean and 14 obese nondiabetic subjects before and after a 6-day fast. In addition, insulin tolerance tests were performed on 8 lean and 8 obese subjects before and after starvation. Both in lean and obese subjects glucose tolerance deteriorated during starvation, but much more so in the lean population. During fasting, insulin elevation after a glucose load was significantly delayed in lean subjects but not in the obese. Circulating levels of factors known to affect glucose tolerance, such as glucagon, growth hormone, free fatty acids, and ketone bodies were higher in fasting lean than in fasting obese individuals. In normals fasting resulted in a significant decrease of the blood glucose response to insulin injection, whereas in fasting obese subjects glucose response was unchanged. The results obtained suggest that the effect of fasting on insulin release and insulin sensitivity was more pronounced in lean than in obese subjects, which resulted in greater deterioration of glucose tolerance in the lean population.", "contents": "Mechanism of glucose intolerance during fasting: differences between lean and obese subjects. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on 14 lean and 14 obese nondiabetic subjects before and after a 6-day fast. In addition, insulin tolerance tests were performed on 8 lean and 8 obese subjects before and after starvation. Both in lean and obese subjects glucose tolerance deteriorated during starvation, but much more so in the lean population. During fasting, insulin elevation after a glucose load was significantly delayed in lean subjects but not in the obese. Circulating levels of factors known to affect glucose tolerance, such as glucagon, growth hormone, free fatty acids, and ketone bodies were higher in fasting lean than in fasting obese individuals. In normals fasting resulted in a significant decrease of the blood glucose response to insulin injection, whereas in fasting obese subjects glucose response was unchanged. The results obtained suggest that the effect of fasting on insulin release and insulin sensitivity was more pronounced in lean than in obese subjects, which resulted in greater deterioration of glucose tolerance in the lean population."}
{"id": "PMID:895536", "title": "Biochemical expression of the galactosemic defect in lymphocytes and the effects on glycoprotein synthesis.", "content": "Incorporation of radioactive galactose, fucose, mannose, glucosamine, and N-acetylmannosamine into acid-precipitable glycoproteins of purified peripheral blood lymphocytes froom three patients with congenital galactosemia, their healthy parents, and control subjects have been measured. In the galactosemic lymphocytes, the incorporation of galactose into acid-precipitable glycoproteins was less than 7% of values obtained with controls and the presumed heterozygotes. The incorporation of other sugars into the glycoprotein fraction did not differ significantly from normal. Attempts to demonstrate a deficiency in cell-surface galactose groups proved negative. Galactosemic lymphocytes responded well to galactose-binding mitogens and were fully sensitive to a galactose-binding toxic lectin. We conclude that a defect in the galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase pathway to uridine diphosphate-galactose does not affect appreciably normal carbohydrate chain assembly in galactosemic lymphocytes. However, we cannot rule out minor changes which might account for the decreased responsiveness to serotonin in an experimental animal model of galactosemia. The approaches used in this paper may be useful in detecting other inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "Biochemical expression of the galactosemic defect in lymphocytes and the effects on glycoprotein synthesis. Incorporation of radioactive galactose, fucose, mannose, glucosamine, and N-acetylmannosamine into acid-precipitable glycoproteins of purified peripheral blood lymphocytes froom three patients with congenital galactosemia, their healthy parents, and control subjects have been measured. In the galactosemic lymphocytes, the incorporation of galactose into acid-precipitable glycoproteins was less than 7% of values obtained with controls and the presumed heterozygotes. The incorporation of other sugars into the glycoprotein fraction did not differ significantly from normal. Attempts to demonstrate a deficiency in cell-surface galactose groups proved negative. Galactosemic lymphocytes responded well to galactose-binding mitogens and were fully sensitive to a galactose-binding toxic lectin. We conclude that a defect in the galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase pathway to uridine diphosphate-galactose does not affect appreciably normal carbohydrate chain assembly in galactosemic lymphocytes. However, we cannot rule out minor changes which might account for the decreased responsiveness to serotonin in an experimental animal model of galactosemia. The approaches used in this paper may be useful in detecting other inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:895538", "title": "Effect of renal fuels on p-aminohippurate transport in rat renal cortical fragments.", "content": "The effects of the major renal fuels were studied, i.e., lactate, citrate, palmitate, glutamine, and glucose, at concentrations near those found circulating on the in vitro accumulation of p-aminohippurate (PAH) by rat renal cortical fragments. Only lactate and citrate were found to increase PAH uptake significantly. Noting that 10% v/v normal rat sera enhance PAH accumulation, we studied the renal fuels at 10% circulating concentrations and found that all fuels combined had stimulation comparable to 10% v/v sera. Lactate and the stimulator in normal sera are located in the same Sephadex G-25 fraction of sera. Both lactate, the major renal fuel, and normal sera stimulate the influx and inhibit the efflux of PAH. We conclude that the stimulators to PAH transport in normal sera are, at least in part, renal fuel organic anions.", "contents": "Effect of renal fuels on p-aminohippurate transport in rat renal cortical fragments. The effects of the major renal fuels were studied, i.e., lactate, citrate, palmitate, glutamine, and glucose, at concentrations near those found circulating on the in vitro accumulation of p-aminohippurate (PAH) by rat renal cortical fragments. Only lactate and citrate were found to increase PAH uptake significantly. Noting that 10% v/v normal rat sera enhance PAH accumulation, we studied the renal fuels at 10% circulating concentrations and found that all fuels combined had stimulation comparable to 10% v/v sera. Lactate and the stimulator in normal sera are located in the same Sephadex G-25 fraction of sera. Both lactate, the major renal fuel, and normal sera stimulate the influx and inhibit the efflux of PAH. We conclude that the stimulators to PAH transport in normal sera are, at least in part, renal fuel organic anions."}
{"id": "PMID:895553", "title": "[Effect of microelements on formation of acids and ethyl alcohol by Saccharomyces carlsbergensis yeasts].", "content": "The effect of Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Al, Cu, and K on the synthesis of pyruvic, alpha-ketoglutaric and total volatile acids and ethanol was studied in the process of fermentation of 6 per cent maltose solution by Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 776. Experiments were conducted using techniques of their mathematical planning. Fe, Pb, and Mn at concentrations of 15.0, 0.5, and 1.5 mg/litre, respectively, had a positive effect on the synthesis of pyruvic acid whose concentration in the medium increased by 3.3 mg per 100 ml to become equal to 43.3 mg per 100 ml. Fe3+ at a concentration of 15 mg/litre had a negative effect on the synthesis of alpha-ketoglutaric acid. The synthesis of volatile acids depended on the presence of Fe, Zn, Pb, Al, and K. Fe and Al at concentrations of 15 mg/litre favoured the synthesis of volatile acids by 2.72 mg/litre. In the presence of Zn (1.5 mg/litre), Pb (0.5 mg/litre), and K (15 mg/litre), the content of volatile acids decreased by 4.48 mg/litre and became equal to 14.94 mg/litre. Zn at a concentration of 1.5 mg/litre inhibited it.", "contents": "[Effect of microelements on formation of acids and ethyl alcohol by Saccharomyces carlsbergensis yeasts]. The effect of Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Al, Cu, and K on the synthesis of pyruvic, alpha-ketoglutaric and total volatile acids and ethanol was studied in the process of fermentation of 6 per cent maltose solution by Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 776. Experiments were conducted using techniques of their mathematical planning. Fe, Pb, and Mn at concentrations of 15.0, 0.5, and 1.5 mg/litre, respectively, had a positive effect on the synthesis of pyruvic acid whose concentration in the medium increased by 3.3 mg per 100 ml to become equal to 43.3 mg per 100 ml. Fe3+ at a concentration of 15 mg/litre had a negative effect on the synthesis of alpha-ketoglutaric acid. The synthesis of volatile acids depended on the presence of Fe, Zn, Pb, Al, and K. Fe and Al at concentrations of 15 mg/litre favoured the synthesis of volatile acids by 2.72 mg/litre. In the presence of Zn (1.5 mg/litre), Pb (0.5 mg/litre), and K (15 mg/litre), the content of volatile acids decreased by 4.48 mg/litre and became equal to 14.94 mg/litre. Zn at a concentration of 1.5 mg/litre inhibited it."}
{"id": "PMID:895551", "title": "[Pure culture of bacteria using chromates and bichromates as hydrogen acceptors during development under anaerobic conditions].", "content": "A pure bacterial culture utilizing chromates and bichromates as oxygen donors during growth on organic substances in anaerobic conditions was isolated from active ooze of sewage and industrial wastes containing a weak solution of chromates. A medium for growth of the bacterium was selected, and its morphological and cultural properties were studied. Chromates and bichromates are reduced only in anaerobic conditions by the bacterium or active ooze containing it, the hexavalent chromium becoming trivalent. The culture does not belong to any known species and has been therefore classed as Pseudomonas dechromaticans.", "contents": "[Pure culture of bacteria using chromates and bichromates as hydrogen acceptors during development under anaerobic conditions]. A pure bacterial culture utilizing chromates and bichromates as oxygen donors during growth on organic substances in anaerobic conditions was isolated from active ooze of sewage and industrial wastes containing a weak solution of chromates. A medium for growth of the bacterium was selected, and its morphological and cultural properties were studied. Chromates and bichromates are reduced only in anaerobic conditions by the bacterium or active ooze containing it, the hexavalent chromium becoming trivalent. The culture does not belong to any known species and has been therefore classed as Pseudomonas dechromaticans."}
{"id": "PMID:895556", "title": "[Effect of inoculum material on biosynthesis of proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes of Aspergillus tarricola].", "content": "The effect of inoculation material on biosynthesis of proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes was studied with Aspergillus terricola H-20. The highest yield of proteolytic enzymes was found with the inoculation material obtained on oatmeal flakes with single shaking of the substrate. The highest number of viable conidia was detected by the sixth day of the growth; they favoured the synthesis of both proteases and amylases. The maximum yield of proteases was found when the density of inoculation was 6-10(6) conidia per 1 ml of the medium. The proteolytic activity of the fungus decreased after storage in a physiological solution at +4 degrees C for over 5 days; the amylolytic activity decreased if the conidia were kept under these conditions for two days.", "contents": "[Effect of inoculum material on biosynthesis of proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes of Aspergillus tarricola]. The effect of inoculation material on biosynthesis of proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes was studied with Aspergillus terricola H-20. The highest yield of proteolytic enzymes was found with the inoculation material obtained on oatmeal flakes with single shaking of the substrate. The highest number of viable conidia was detected by the sixth day of the growth; they favoured the synthesis of both proteases and amylases. The maximum yield of proteases was found when the density of inoculation was 6-10(6) conidia per 1 ml of the medium. The proteolytic activity of the fungus decreased after storage in a physiological solution at +4 degrees C for over 5 days; the amylolytic activity decreased if the conidia were kept under these conditions for two days."}
{"id": "PMID:895555", "title": "[Several properties of the extracellular vesicles of Candida tropicalis yeasts grown on n-alkanes].", "content": "Vesicles with a high content of phospholipids were found when Candida tropicalis IBFM-303 was cultivated on n-alkanes. The vesicles were extracellular, and their inner content had a fine-grained structure confined within a monolayer membrane. The number of the vesicles increased in the course of growth and depended on the concentration of n-alkanes in the medium. When the vesicles were added to an inoculate of C. tropicalis IBFM-303, the growth of cells decelerated and the biomass yield decreased. The paper presents experimental results concerning the chemical composition and the activity of some enzymes of these extracellular structures.", "contents": "[Several properties of the extracellular vesicles of Candida tropicalis yeasts grown on n-alkanes]. Vesicles with a high content of phospholipids were found when Candida tropicalis IBFM-303 was cultivated on n-alkanes. The vesicles were extracellular, and their inner content had a fine-grained structure confined within a monolayer membrane. The number of the vesicles increased in the course of growth and depended on the concentration of n-alkanes in the medium. When the vesicles were added to an inoculate of C. tropicalis IBFM-303, the growth of cells decelerated and the biomass yield decreased. The paper presents experimental results concerning the chemical composition and the activity of some enzymes of these extracellular structures."}
{"id": "PMID:895552", "title": "[Concentration of polyvalent metals following a change in the metabolism of Chromatium vinosum].", "content": "The composition of polyvalent metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ti, Ni, Co, V, Cr) was compared during photoheterotrophous and autotrophous growth of Chromatium vinosum. A comparatively high content of Mn and Cr, i. e. metals whose amount increases in the course of evolution of photoautotrophous organisms, is typical of the bacterium after autotrophous growth. An increase in the concentration of Ti, i. e. a metal involved in the reduction reactions of the cells, is characteristic of photoheterotrophous growth. As metabolism changes, differences are found in the content of protein, lipophilic substances, thioesters, flavin, and in the hydrogenase activity. These differences are discussed with respect to the role of polyvalent metals in metabolism of Chromatium vinosum.", "contents": "[Concentration of polyvalent metals following a change in the metabolism of Chromatium vinosum]. The composition of polyvalent metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ti, Ni, Co, V, Cr) was compared during photoheterotrophous and autotrophous growth of Chromatium vinosum. A comparatively high content of Mn and Cr, i. e. metals whose amount increases in the course of evolution of photoautotrophous organisms, is typical of the bacterium after autotrophous growth. An increase in the concentration of Ti, i. e. a metal involved in the reduction reactions of the cells, is characteristic of photoheterotrophous growth. As metabolism changes, differences are found in the content of protein, lipophilic substances, thioesters, flavin, and in the hydrogenase activity. These differences are discussed with respect to the role of polyvalent metals in metabolism of Chromatium vinosum."}
{"id": "PMID:895557", "title": "[Degradation of cellulose by micromonospores].", "content": "Sodium benzoate is suggested as an inhibitor of cellulose decomposing bacteria and fungi for detecting and counting micromonospores. Cellulose decomposing micromonospores were found in the zone adjacent to the roots of winter wheat and maize; their number, cellulose decomposing activity, morphological, physiological, and antagonistic properties were determined. Pasteurization of the material taken from colonies grown on cellulose is recommended for isolation of pure cultures.", "contents": "[Degradation of cellulose by micromonospores]. Sodium benzoate is suggested as an inhibitor of cellulose decomposing bacteria and fungi for detecting and counting micromonospores. Cellulose decomposing micromonospores were found in the zone adjacent to the roots of winter wheat and maize; their number, cellulose decomposing activity, morphological, physiological, and antagonistic properties were determined. Pasteurization of the material taken from colonies grown on cellulose is recommended for isolation of pure cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:895558", "title": "[Influence of aeration and phosphorus concentration in the medium on growth of S-, R- and M-forms of Mycobacterium lacticolum in mixed cultures].", "content": "S, R and M forms of Mycobacterium lacticolum were compared. The cells of the R form had the highest requirement in aeration and phosphorus, whereas the cells of the M form, the lowest requirement. The content of oxygen in the medium and the concentration of phosphorus almost did not affect the viriability of these forms. On a medium containing n-hexadecane, the cells of the R form possessed selective advantages under favourable growth conditions, i.e. when the content of oxygen and phosphorus in the medium was high, whereas the cells of the M form had selective advantages under unfavourable conditions of growth when it decelerated as a result of a low concentration of oxygen and phosphorus in the medium. These correlations changed on a medium containing carbohydrates.", "contents": "[Influence of aeration and phosphorus concentration in the medium on growth of S-, R- and M-forms of Mycobacterium lacticolum in mixed cultures]. S, R and M forms of Mycobacterium lacticolum were compared. The cells of the R form had the highest requirement in aeration and phosphorus, whereas the cells of the M form, the lowest requirement. The content of oxygen in the medium and the concentration of phosphorus almost did not affect the viriability of these forms. On a medium containing n-hexadecane, the cells of the R form possessed selective advantages under favourable growth conditions, i.e. when the content of oxygen and phosphorus in the medium was high, whereas the cells of the M form had selective advantages under unfavourable conditions of growth when it decelerated as a result of a low concentration of oxygen and phosphorus in the medium. These correlations changed on a medium containing carbohydrates."}
{"id": "PMID:895559", "title": "[Ultrastructural organization of trichomes of a new group of multicellular gram-negative bacteria].", "content": "Peculiar trichome multicellular gram-negative bacteria were found in several types of soil, and were isolated as pure cultures. The bacteria are characterized by the following properties: (a) the presence of large regions of the periplasm, 200-300 nm thick, in the cells, the volume of the periplasm being greater than that of the cytoplasm; (b) a peculiar structure of multicellular trichomes in which the cells are surrounded by a common cell wall and a common periplasmic space; (c) a specific structure of trichome septa formed by membrane leaves and including no material of the cell wall; (d) the ability of protoplasts to divide within the trichome cell wall; (e) the ability to grow under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, these organisms belong to a new group of trichome multicellular bacteria.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural organization of trichomes of a new group of multicellular gram-negative bacteria]. Peculiar trichome multicellular gram-negative bacteria were found in several types of soil, and were isolated as pure cultures. The bacteria are characterized by the following properties: (a) the presence of large regions of the periplasm, 200-300 nm thick, in the cells, the volume of the periplasm being greater than that of the cytoplasm; (b) a peculiar structure of multicellular trichomes in which the cells are surrounded by a common cell wall and a common periplasmic space; (c) a specific structure of trichome septa formed by membrane leaves and including no material of the cell wall; (d) the ability of protoplasts to divide within the trichome cell wall; (e) the ability to grow under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, these organisms belong to a new group of trichome multicellular bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:895560", "title": "[Complex spherical bodies of Thermus ruber].", "content": "Thermus ruber produces complex spherical bodies during its growth on liquid organic media. These bodies are similar to those formed by T. aquaticus. Giant spheres of T. ruber can reach 30 mc in diameter. They may originate by two pathways: (1) from cell aggregates or (2) by local separation of the outer layer of the cell wall which accompanies bending of a cell or a bundle of cells (threads) in the form of a hook, a loop or a vibrio. In both cases, the spheres grow as a result of cell multiplication under the common outer layer of the cell wall. Their growth on a potato-peptone broth is favoured by an addition of DL-alpha-alanine at a concentration of 10 mcg per 1 ml. Apparently, these complex spheres are sort of swimming bladders which are formed by an organism to occupy horizons with favourable oxygen regime during their growth in an aqueous medium. When the spheres are incubated under stationary conditions for a long time, they become setaceous and transform into coils.", "contents": "[Complex spherical bodies of Thermus ruber]. Thermus ruber produces complex spherical bodies during its growth on liquid organic media. These bodies are similar to those formed by T. aquaticus. Giant spheres of T. ruber can reach 30 mc in diameter. They may originate by two pathways: (1) from cell aggregates or (2) by local separation of the outer layer of the cell wall which accompanies bending of a cell or a bundle of cells (threads) in the form of a hook, a loop or a vibrio. In both cases, the spheres grow as a result of cell multiplication under the common outer layer of the cell wall. Their growth on a potato-peptone broth is favoured by an addition of DL-alpha-alanine at a concentration of 10 mcg per 1 ml. Apparently, these complex spheres are sort of swimming bladders which are formed by an organism to occupy horizons with favourable oxygen regime during their growth in an aqueous medium. When the spheres are incubated under stationary conditions for a long time, they become setaceous and transform into coils."}
{"id": "PMID:895561", "title": "[Infrared spectrum of yeast cell walls].", "content": "Infrared spectra of whole cells and cell walls were studied with Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Endomyces magnusii. Rhodotorula rubra, and Candida lipolytica. Qualitative analysis of the spectra and comparison of the spectra recorded for the cells and for their walls led to a conclusion that, contrary to the common viewpoint, an ir spectrum of the whole cell of any yeast species was determined by the components contained in the cell rather wall than by all components of the cell.", "contents": "[Infrared spectrum of yeast cell walls]. Infrared spectra of whole cells and cell walls were studied with Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Endomyces magnusii. Rhodotorula rubra, and Candida lipolytica. Qualitative analysis of the spectra and comparison of the spectra recorded for the cells and for their walls led to a conclusion that, contrary to the common viewpoint, an ir spectrum of the whole cell of any yeast species was determined by the components contained in the cell rather wall than by all components of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:895562", "title": "[Comparative cytomorphologic study of strains of Aspergillus terricola in the process of biosynthesis of proteolytic enzymes].", "content": "The cytology and morphology of three strains of Aspergillus terricola were studied in the course of synthesis of proteolytic enzymes. The level of the enzymes in the cultural broth was highest during the growth of the diffused mycelium, and was accompanied with specific cytodifferentiation of the fungal hyphae. The contact between the hyphae of the producing culture and the growth medium is presumed to be important for biosynthesis of the enzymes.", "contents": "[Comparative cytomorphologic study of strains of Aspergillus terricola in the process of biosynthesis of proteolytic enzymes]. The cytology and morphology of three strains of Aspergillus terricola were studied in the course of synthesis of proteolytic enzymes. The level of the enzymes in the cultural broth was highest during the growth of the diffused mycelium, and was accompanied with specific cytodifferentiation of the fungal hyphae. The contact between the hyphae of the producing culture and the growth medium is presumed to be important for biosynthesis of the enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:895563", "title": "[Serologic properties of mutants of Rhizobium trifolii and their interrelationship with effectiveness].", "content": "UV and gamma irradiation of Rhizobium trifolii, strains 347a and 311a, produced their mutants with changed antigenic properties and effectiveness. The extent of changes of antigens did not depend on the dose of irradiation because mutants that completely lost antigens typical of the parent strains were obtained at different doses of UV and gamma rays. No correlation was established between the antigenic properties of the mutants of Rhizobium trifolii and their effectiveness.", "contents": "[Serologic properties of mutants of Rhizobium trifolii and their interrelationship with effectiveness]. UV and gamma irradiation of Rhizobium trifolii, strains 347a and 311a, produced their mutants with changed antigenic properties and effectiveness. The extent of changes of antigens did not depend on the dose of irradiation because mutants that completely lost antigens typical of the parent strains were obtained at different doses of UV and gamma rays. No correlation was established between the antigenic properties of the mutants of Rhizobium trifolii and their effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:895564", "title": "[Cultivation of Candida tropicalis yeasts on coal substrates].", "content": "The optimum conditions have been established in order to obtain aquaeous extracts of oxidized coal. Coal substrates seem to consist of aromatic polycarboxylic acids and unsaturated aliphatic compounds. Candida tropicalis was adapted to coal extracts, and about 2 g of absolutely dry yeast biomass had been obtained from 600 ml of the substrate in the conditions of a laboratory fermenter. The amino acid composition of the biomass was determined.", "contents": "[Cultivation of Candida tropicalis yeasts on coal substrates]. The optimum conditions have been established in order to obtain aquaeous extracts of oxidized coal. Coal substrates seem to consist of aromatic polycarboxylic acids and unsaturated aliphatic compounds. Candida tropicalis was adapted to coal extracts, and about 2 g of absolutely dry yeast biomass had been obtained from 600 ml of the substrate in the conditions of a laboratory fermenter. The amino acid composition of the biomass was determined."}
{"id": "PMID:895583", "title": "Contractile potentials of vascular chambers outside the heart: their possible role in helping to power the circulation.", "content": "While the cell is the basic biological unit, the contractile chamber follows closely in fundamental importance. Understanding the heart, the circulation and other systems in the body requires one, first, to recognize that common factor and basic unit, the contractile chamber. The heart is just one of many organs composed of contractile chambers. Some individuals do survive, despite a period when their hearts appeared to be doing little or nothing. Cases are cited which illustrate this seeming discrepancy between cardiac delinquency and patient's longevity. Some extra-cardiac propulsive mechanism must be identified to explain such cases. The extrapericardial vessels contain muscles which must have a dynamic role in the circulation of blood, supplementing, complementing, and perhaps even replacing cardiac action. In addition to transplants, and artificial hearts, the possibilities of enhancing the role of the extra-cardiac circulatory mechanisms (already provided by nature) should be studied.", "contents": "Contractile potentials of vascular chambers outside the heart: their possible role in helping to power the circulation. While the cell is the basic biological unit, the contractile chamber follows closely in fundamental importance. Understanding the heart, the circulation and other systems in the body requires one, first, to recognize that common factor and basic unit, the contractile chamber. The heart is just one of many organs composed of contractile chambers. Some individuals do survive, despite a period when their hearts appeared to be doing little or nothing. Cases are cited which illustrate this seeming discrepancy between cardiac delinquency and patient's longevity. Some extra-cardiac propulsive mechanism must be identified to explain such cases. The extrapericardial vessels contain muscles which must have a dynamic role in the circulation of blood, supplementing, complementing, and perhaps even replacing cardiac action. In addition to transplants, and artificial hearts, the possibilities of enhancing the role of the extra-cardiac circulatory mechanisms (already provided by nature) should be studied."}
{"id": "PMID:895582", "title": "The importance of intracellular volume in the control of vascular volume.", "content": "The effect of change in extracellular (interstitial) volume on vascular volume (VV) is mediated through interstitial pressure. Since the effect of swollen or shrunken cells on interstitial pressure should be identical to that of changes in interstitial volume on interstitial pressure, it would be appropriate to consider that intracellular volume (ICV) as well as extracellular volume (ECV) contributes to control of VV. Total body water rather than ECV, therefore, should be considered as the fluid volume which regulates VV. Support for these conclusions has been provided by theoretical analysis of the factors that regulate capillary fluid exchange. In further support of this hypothesis, clinical examples are described, in which renal salt retention was observed despite increases in ECV (ICV was markedly decreased), and in which renal salt loss occured despite decrease in ECV (in the presence of increased cell volume).", "contents": "The importance of intracellular volume in the control of vascular volume. The effect of change in extracellular (interstitial) volume on vascular volume (VV) is mediated through interstitial pressure. Since the effect of swollen or shrunken cells on interstitial pressure should be identical to that of changes in interstitial volume on interstitial pressure, it would be appropriate to consider that intracellular volume (ICV) as well as extracellular volume (ECV) contributes to control of VV. Total body water rather than ECV, therefore, should be considered as the fluid volume which regulates VV. Support for these conclusions has been provided by theoretical analysis of the factors that regulate capillary fluid exchange. In further support of this hypothesis, clinical examples are described, in which renal salt retention was observed despite increases in ECV (ICV was markedly decreased), and in which renal salt loss occured despite decrease in ECV (in the presence of increased cell volume)."}
{"id": "PMID:895585", "title": "Hippocrates recycled.", "content": "Medical education in the United States has at least three serious deficiencies: its focus on medical under-graduate education rather than on medical education as a continuum throughout the career of a physician; its failure to recognize the basic incompatibility of highly sophisticated medical research and the education of the practicing physician; and its extremely high cost. The Hippocratic concept of preceptor education as an alternative has much to recommend it in replacing the present system, which underwrites the cost of student education through research grants and subsidies, but greatly neglects the continuing education of the practicing physician.", "contents": "Hippocrates recycled. Medical education in the United States has at least three serious deficiencies: its focus on medical under-graduate education rather than on medical education as a continuum throughout the career of a physician; its failure to recognize the basic incompatibility of highly sophisticated medical research and the education of the practicing physician; and its extremely high cost. The Hippocratic concept of preceptor education as an alternative has much to recommend it in replacing the present system, which underwrites the cost of student education through research grants and subsidies, but greatly neglects the continuing education of the practicing physician."}
{"id": "PMID:895586", "title": "Mutation selection and tumour progression.", "content": "It is proposed that tumour progression results from the increased mutability of tumour cells and that this mutability leads to the acquisition of a large number of 'neutral' mutations having no significant effects under physiological conditions but capable of lethal expression under different conditions. High temperatures often lead to expression of neutral mutations and this could provide a mechanism for the observed thermosensitivity of tumour cells, and a rational basis for the use of hyperthermia in cancer treatment.", "contents": "Mutation selection and tumour progression. It is proposed that tumour progression results from the increased mutability of tumour cells and that this mutability leads to the acquisition of a large number of 'neutral' mutations having no significant effects under physiological conditions but capable of lethal expression under different conditions. High temperatures often lead to expression of neutral mutations and this could provide a mechanism for the observed thermosensitivity of tumour cells, and a rational basis for the use of hyperthermia in cancer treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:895587", "title": "Diagnostic accuracy would be improved by developing more categories of \"non-disease\".", "content": "Studies on the ways in which doctors think have shown the importance of intuitive processes in the formulation of a diagnosis. They have also suggested that intuitively generated diagnoses are used to aid the memory of relevant clinical facts during a clinical consultation. Only some symptoms and signs can be ordered into or subsumed under a diagnostic label. Others, which have not been thought of as constituting a disease, will tend to be lost from memory. If a diagnosis were to be thought of, not as the label of a disease but as a mental construct by means of which data are ordered and remembered, that is, as an invention whose utility is to be judged by the degree to which clinical thinking is facilitated, it would become reasonable to develop diagnoses to cover larger areas of clinical phenomenology. Some examples of the usefulness of such diagnoses of \"non-disease\" are given ant it is suggested that clinical thinking might be improved by the wider use of the concept.", "contents": "Diagnostic accuracy would be improved by developing more categories of \"non-disease\". Studies on the ways in which doctors think have shown the importance of intuitive processes in the formulation of a diagnosis. They have also suggested that intuitively generated diagnoses are used to aid the memory of relevant clinical facts during a clinical consultation. Only some symptoms and signs can be ordered into or subsumed under a diagnostic label. Others, which have not been thought of as constituting a disease, will tend to be lost from memory. If a diagnosis were to be thought of, not as the label of a disease but as a mental construct by means of which data are ordered and remembered, that is, as an invention whose utility is to be judged by the degree to which clinical thinking is facilitated, it would become reasonable to develop diagnoses to cover larger areas of clinical phenomenology. Some examples of the usefulness of such diagnoses of \"non-disease\" are given ant it is suggested that clinical thinking might be improved by the wider use of the concept."}
{"id": "PMID:895584", "title": "Thalamic neuron theory: a hypothesis concerning pain and acupuncture.", "content": "A new theory is proposed to explain various pain phenomena hitherto unexplainable. It is hypothesized that neurons in the thalamic region are responsible for the generation of most pain, particularly in chronic pain states. It is also hypothesized that the thalamic neurons are organized according to a master scheme representing a homunculus in the fetal position. Various painful conditions and the treatments of them including the trigger points phenomena, neurosurgical techniques, acupuncture and acupuncture anesthesia can be explained on this basis.", "contents": "Thalamic neuron theory: a hypothesis concerning pain and acupuncture. A new theory is proposed to explain various pain phenomena hitherto unexplainable. It is hypothesized that neurons in the thalamic region are responsible for the generation of most pain, particularly in chronic pain states. It is also hypothesized that the thalamic neurons are organized according to a master scheme representing a homunculus in the fetal position. Various painful conditions and the treatments of them including the trigger points phenomena, neurosurgical techniques, acupuncture and acupuncture anesthesia can be explained on this basis."}
{"id": "PMID:895588", "title": "Positive feedback in the living process: the role of ATP in ischaemic cell death.", "content": "Some essential functions of the organism--the continual replacement of its own component parts, the ability to make or to procure the things that it needs--are seen to be positive feedback effects. Because of its foundation of positive feedback, the process has an underlying tendency to become unstable. The borderline between life and death may be understood in terms of the opposition between destabilising (positive feedback) and stabilising (control) effects. A dynamic hypothesis of cell death in ischaemia is suggested, in which the critical change need involve no damage to enzymic machinery. It may be possible to revitalise dead cells by relatively simple measures.", "contents": "Positive feedback in the living process: the role of ATP in ischaemic cell death. Some essential functions of the organism--the continual replacement of its own component parts, the ability to make or to procure the things that it needs--are seen to be positive feedback effects. Because of its foundation of positive feedback, the process has an underlying tendency to become unstable. The borderline between life and death may be understood in terms of the opposition between destabilising (positive feedback) and stabilising (control) effects. A dynamic hypothesis of cell death in ischaemia is suggested, in which the critical change need involve no damage to enzymic machinery. It may be possible to revitalise dead cells by relatively simple measures."}
{"id": "PMID:895590", "title": "Do aflatoxin and polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens delete genes in the regions of chromosomes acted on by steroid hormones?", "content": "The hypothesis is proposed that: 1. Aflatoxin B1 and polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens bind to the regions of DNA to which steroid hormones bind and cause the deletion of genes in these regions. 2. The deletion of these genes may be responsible for a reduced number of ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. 3. This may be the cause of the increased number of free hydrolytic enzymes in many tumour cells. 4. The free lysosomal enzymes in many tumour cells are responsible for many changes in these cells such as changes in cellular and intracellular membranes, reduction in level of cyclic AMP, loss of contact inhibition of growth, glycolysis under aerobic conditions, and damage to chromosomes of tumour cells.", "contents": "Do aflatoxin and polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens delete genes in the regions of chromosomes acted on by steroid hormones? The hypothesis is proposed that: 1. Aflatoxin B1 and polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens bind to the regions of DNA to which steroid hormones bind and cause the deletion of genes in these regions. 2. The deletion of these genes may be responsible for a reduced number of ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. 3. This may be the cause of the increased number of free hydrolytic enzymes in many tumour cells. 4. The free lysosomal enzymes in many tumour cells are responsible for many changes in these cells such as changes in cellular and intracellular membranes, reduction in level of cyclic AMP, loss of contact inhibition of growth, glycolysis under aerobic conditions, and damage to chromosomes of tumour cells."}
{"id": "PMID:895589", "title": "The possible role of enkephalin in the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia in man.", "content": "On the basis of recent research on the presence and function of an endogenous peptide with opiate-like activity present in the brain, and the developing understanding of the physiological mechanism of acupuncture analgesia, it is postulated that the analgesic effects of acupuncture are mediated through the action of this substance on the neural mechanism(s) of pain inhibition.", "contents": "The possible role of enkephalin in the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia in man. On the basis of recent research on the presence and function of an endogenous peptide with opiate-like activity present in the brain, and the developing understanding of the physiological mechanism of acupuncture analgesia, it is postulated that the analgesic effects of acupuncture are mediated through the action of this substance on the neural mechanism(s) of pain inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:895593", "title": "Acute pulmonary failure: treatment with extracorporeal oxygenation.", "content": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support is a logical means of providing time for the acutely damaged lung to heal. To be successful, the lung pathology must be reversible. There are four extracorporeal cannulation methods that can be used. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages depending upon what one wishes to accomplish; each has been successful. But ECMO in unselected patients with severe acute respiratory insufficiency is only 15-20 percent successful. The limiting factor for success is the potential reversibility of the lung pathology. Therefore, much attention is now being focused on identifying those patients who have reversible disease and would benefit from ECMO. Because serious bleeding is the biggest potential risk of ECMO therapy, antithrombogenic surfaces are being developed.", "contents": "Acute pulmonary failure: treatment with extracorporeal oxygenation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support is a logical means of providing time for the acutely damaged lung to heal. To be successful, the lung pathology must be reversible. There are four extracorporeal cannulation methods that can be used. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages depending upon what one wishes to accomplish; each has been successful. But ECMO in unselected patients with severe acute respiratory insufficiency is only 15-20 percent successful. The limiting factor for success is the potential reversibility of the lung pathology. Therefore, much attention is now being focused on identifying those patients who have reversible disease and would benefit from ECMO. Because serious bleeding is the biggest potential risk of ECMO therapy, antithrombogenic surfaces are being developed."}
{"id": "PMID:895591", "title": "The roles of prostaglandins and calcium accumulation in muscular dystrophy.", "content": "There is good evidence that abnormal calcium accumulation may be a final common pathway of muscle degeneration in the muscular dystrophies. Prostaglandins are able to promote calcium entry into cells and excess prostaglandin activity coupled with a defect in intracellular calcium release could cause toxic accumulations of calcium in intracellular organelles such as mitochondria. Serotonin stimulates prostaglandin synthesis while tricyclic antidepressants inhibit calcium release from intracellular organelles thus possibly accounting for the models of muscular dystrophy reported using this combination. The prostaglandin/calcium hypothesis can account for the effects of vitamin E, steroids and local anaesthetic-like drugs in muscular dystrophy. Since many drugs already in clinical use for other purposes can be used to control prostaglandin synthesis or action this hypothesis has immediate potential clinical applications.", "contents": "The roles of prostaglandins and calcium accumulation in muscular dystrophy. There is good evidence that abnormal calcium accumulation may be a final common pathway of muscle degeneration in the muscular dystrophies. Prostaglandins are able to promote calcium entry into cells and excess prostaglandin activity coupled with a defect in intracellular calcium release could cause toxic accumulations of calcium in intracellular organelles such as mitochondria. Serotonin stimulates prostaglandin synthesis while tricyclic antidepressants inhibit calcium release from intracellular organelles thus possibly accounting for the models of muscular dystrophy reported using this combination. The prostaglandin/calcium hypothesis can account for the effects of vitamin E, steroids and local anaesthetic-like drugs in muscular dystrophy. Since many drugs already in clinical use for other purposes can be used to control prostaglandin synthesis or action this hypothesis has immediate potential clinical applications."}
{"id": "PMID:895594", "title": "Artificial heart driven by an automatic driving system.", "content": "Thrombi formation within artificial ventricles is caused by the effects of biomaterials, stagnation areas, and major turbulences. During systolic and diastolic cycles, stagnation area increase in hearts that are properly designed. Stagnation areas may also occur in properly designed artificial hearts that are not working with a maximum stroke volume. The ellipsoid heart avoids stagnation areas and major turbulences because all the inside surfaces have an adequate washout with blood. The optimum washout of these surfaces is obtained by driving the heart with a constant maximum stroke volume. The cardiac output is regulated according to Starling's law by adjusting the frequency according to the venous return.", "contents": "Artificial heart driven by an automatic driving system. Thrombi formation within artificial ventricles is caused by the effects of biomaterials, stagnation areas, and major turbulences. During systolic and diastolic cycles, stagnation area increase in hearts that are properly designed. Stagnation areas may also occur in properly designed artificial hearts that are not working with a maximum stroke volume. The ellipsoid heart avoids stagnation areas and major turbulences because all the inside surfaces have an adequate washout with blood. The optimum washout of these surfaces is obtained by driving the heart with a constant maximum stroke volume. The cardiac output is regulated according to Starling's law by adjusting the frequency according to the venous return."}
{"id": "PMID:895595", "title": "Evaluation of novel sorbent systems for joint hemodialysis and hemoperfusion.", "content": "Hemodialysis is not very effective at removing middle molecular weight species and certain drugs such as salicylates and barbiturates. Carbon hemoperfusion is ineffective in removing urea and water, even when coated microparticles can be generated. To use the advantages of hemodialysis and carbon hemoperfusion without their disadvantages, cuprophan tubular membranes and fibers containing activated carbon have been manufactured. A device called the Hemocarbodialyser, consisting of a sorbent and dialyzing carbon membrane wound onto a coli dialyzer, has been evaluated by the authors. From preliminary results, the Hemocarbodialyser has been shown to be efficient at removing vitamin B12, has high ultrafiltration, and has high dialysance of creatinine and uric acid. The use of activated carbon and aluminum oxide fibers was also evaluated, indicating that fibers containing sorbents, as well as the Hemocarbodialyser, may have clinical importance in the near future, when joint hemodialysis and hemoperfusion is required in hepatic failure, uremia, and acute poisoning.", "contents": "Evaluation of novel sorbent systems for joint hemodialysis and hemoperfusion. Hemodialysis is not very effective at removing middle molecular weight species and certain drugs such as salicylates and barbiturates. Carbon hemoperfusion is ineffective in removing urea and water, even when coated microparticles can be generated. To use the advantages of hemodialysis and carbon hemoperfusion without their disadvantages, cuprophan tubular membranes and fibers containing activated carbon have been manufactured. A device called the Hemocarbodialyser, consisting of a sorbent and dialyzing carbon membrane wound onto a coli dialyzer, has been evaluated by the authors. From preliminary results, the Hemocarbodialyser has been shown to be efficient at removing vitamin B12, has high ultrafiltration, and has high dialysance of creatinine and uric acid. The use of activated carbon and aluminum oxide fibers was also evaluated, indicating that fibers containing sorbents, as well as the Hemocarbodialyser, may have clinical importance in the near future, when joint hemodialysis and hemoperfusion is required in hepatic failure, uremia, and acute poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:895596", "title": "Development of urethral occlusive techniques for restoration of urinary continence.", "content": "Three models of an artificial sphincter for treatment of urinary incontinence are described. Each of the models shares the two basic features of a cuff that encircles the urethra and a totally implantable hydraulic system for volitionally inflating the cuff to control the flow of urine. The models differ in the means by which pressure in the cuff is maintained below safe operating limits. In one model, pressure is regulated by a pressure-relief valve. This model has a clinical success rate of 66 percent over 5 years. The success rate has been increased by improvements in mechanical design, surgical technique, and patient selection. In another model, cuff pressure is regulated by means of a balloon which inflates at constant pressure as fluid is pumped into the balloon and cuff simultaneously to occlude the urethra. In the third model, pressure is also controlled by a balloon. To void, fluid is pumped from the cuff into the balloon. It then automatically flows back to the cuff through a fluid resistance to reestablish continence. Clinical trials of the balloon-regulated models are currently in progress.", "contents": "Development of urethral occlusive techniques for restoration of urinary continence. Three models of an artificial sphincter for treatment of urinary incontinence are described. Each of the models shares the two basic features of a cuff that encircles the urethra and a totally implantable hydraulic system for volitionally inflating the cuff to control the flow of urine. The models differ in the means by which pressure in the cuff is maintained below safe operating limits. In one model, pressure is regulated by a pressure-relief valve. This model has a clinical success rate of 66 percent over 5 years. The success rate has been increased by improvements in mechanical design, surgical technique, and patient selection. In another model, cuff pressure is regulated by means of a balloon which inflates at constant pressure as fluid is pumped into the balloon and cuff simultaneously to occlude the urethra. In the third model, pressure is also controlled by a balloon. To void, fluid is pumped from the cuff into the balloon. It then automatically flows back to the cuff through a fluid resistance to reestablish continence. Clinical trials of the balloon-regulated models are currently in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:895598", "title": "Automatic quantitation of venous hemodynamics with an electrically calibrated strain gauge plethysmograph.", "content": "Strain gauge plethysmography has permitted noninvasive quantitation of altered venous hemodynamics in the legs of patients with venous disease. A new plethysmograph has been developed which avoids previous problems of mechanical calibration of gauges and the necessity for a recorder for calculating blood flows. This instrument permits accurate electrical calibration of mercury-in-Silastic gauges which are effectively at the corners of the Wheatstone bridge and are supplied by constant current for linear output. A timer and follow-and-hold circuit allow automatic calculation of rates of change in limb circumference and, thus, blood flow, from a panel meter. The accuracy of the automatic versus the graphic methods of quantitating venous outflow and reflux flow was determined in 20 normal subjects. Venous outflows were 15.1 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- 1 S.E.M.) and 15.9 +/- 0.4 cc/min/100 cc by automatic and graphic methods, respectively (r = 0.96, p less than 0.01). Reflux flows were 2.1 +/- 0.2 and 2.3 +/- 0.2 cc/min/100 cc by the automatic and graphic methods, respectively (r = 0.93, p less than 0.01). This plethysmograph may prove to be a simple, rapid, and accurate device for evaluating altered hemodynamics in venous disease.", "contents": "Automatic quantitation of venous hemodynamics with an electrically calibrated strain gauge plethysmograph. Strain gauge plethysmography has permitted noninvasive quantitation of altered venous hemodynamics in the legs of patients with venous disease. A new plethysmograph has been developed which avoids previous problems of mechanical calibration of gauges and the necessity for a recorder for calculating blood flows. This instrument permits accurate electrical calibration of mercury-in-Silastic gauges which are effectively at the corners of the Wheatstone bridge and are supplied by constant current for linear output. A timer and follow-and-hold circuit allow automatic calculation of rates of change in limb circumference and, thus, blood flow, from a panel meter. The accuracy of the automatic versus the graphic methods of quantitating venous outflow and reflux flow was determined in 20 normal subjects. Venous outflows were 15.1 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- 1 S.E.M.) and 15.9 +/- 0.4 cc/min/100 cc by automatic and graphic methods, respectively (r = 0.96, p less than 0.01). Reflux flows were 2.1 +/- 0.2 and 2.3 +/- 0.2 cc/min/100 cc by the automatic and graphic methods, respectively (r = 0.93, p less than 0.01). This plethysmograph may prove to be a simple, rapid, and accurate device for evaluating altered hemodynamics in venous disease."}
{"id": "PMID:895604", "title": "A prospective study of gastric and oesophageal carcinoma.", "content": "A prospective study of carcinoma of the stomach and oesophagus has been carried out for 2 1/2 years. Seventy-three cases of carcinoma of the stomach, and 16 cases of carcinoma of the oesophagus have been documented. For carcinoma of the stomach, operability rate was 72-6% and resectability rate was 41-9%; overall survival was poor, 20-9% at 12 months. For those who underwent resection, survival at 12 months was 45-5%. No cases of early gastric cancer are among those studied. For carcinoma of the oesophagus, four patients had a resection, and only one has survived for more than 12 months. In the clinical sphere there is a need for early endoscopic as well as radiological investigation of dyspeptic symptoms. In the research field there is a need for studies of chemotherapy in combination with surgery in the initial treatment of gastric carcinoma.", "contents": "A prospective study of gastric and oesophageal carcinoma. A prospective study of carcinoma of the stomach and oesophagus has been carried out for 2 1/2 years. Seventy-three cases of carcinoma of the stomach, and 16 cases of carcinoma of the oesophagus have been documented. For carcinoma of the stomach, operability rate was 72-6% and resectability rate was 41-9%; overall survival was poor, 20-9% at 12 months. For those who underwent resection, survival at 12 months was 45-5%. No cases of early gastric cancer are among those studied. For carcinoma of the oesophagus, four patients had a resection, and only one has survived for more than 12 months. In the clinical sphere there is a need for early endoscopic as well as radiological investigation of dyspeptic symptoms. In the research field there is a need for studies of chemotherapy in combination with surgery in the initial treatment of gastric carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:895597", "title": "A comparative study of several polymers for use as intravenous catheters.", "content": "The widespread use of long-term intravenous catheters has produced some concern on the part of the clinician with respect to morbidity and occasional mortality associated with their use. Fourteen polymer surfaces were evaluated in experimental animals in this study. Several of the materials are commercially available; the others are experimental. In all, 160 catheters were placed in the femoral and jugular veins through side branches. The catheters were evaluated in terms of thrombosis, phlebitis, and periphlebitis, using an arbitary grading system. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy were employed to document the results. The most successful catheter materials were next evaluated in man, using the same experimental parameters. It is our belief that the observed thrombosis associated with morbidity is largely due to the surface characteristics of the catheter materials. These characteristics are largely surface phenomena related to the interactions between the tissue and catheter material. In this study, we have attempted to determine whether there are any significant differences in thrombogenicity and/or long-term function between the several currently available catheters. Based on this study, ethylene acrylic acid appears to be the most nonthrombogenic surface of the material tested.", "contents": "A comparative study of several polymers for use as intravenous catheters. The widespread use of long-term intravenous catheters has produced some concern on the part of the clinician with respect to morbidity and occasional mortality associated with their use. Fourteen polymer surfaces were evaluated in experimental animals in this study. Several of the materials are commercially available; the others are experimental. In all, 160 catheters were placed in the femoral and jugular veins through side branches. The catheters were evaluated in terms of thrombosis, phlebitis, and periphlebitis, using an arbitary grading system. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy were employed to document the results. The most successful catheter materials were next evaluated in man, using the same experimental parameters. It is our belief that the observed thrombosis associated with morbidity is largely due to the surface characteristics of the catheter materials. These characteristics are largely surface phenomena related to the interactions between the tissue and catheter material. In this study, we have attempted to determine whether there are any significant differences in thrombogenicity and/or long-term function between the several currently available catheters. Based on this study, ethylene acrylic acid appears to be the most nonthrombogenic surface of the material tested."}
{"id": "PMID:895605", "title": "Psychiatry and convulsant therapy.", "content": "Because electroconvulsive therapy is an empirical and widely used treatment in modern psychiatry, there is a tendency for it to be applied without sufficient concern for the patient. In view of the critical attitudes which prevail in certain areas of society towards physical treatments generally, it is important that the medical profession maintains an objective and self-critical view of these therapies. The paper describes a small survey in an inpatient mental hospital which inquired into the attitudes of patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy. The principal areas of concern were found to be associated with the accompanying anaesthesia, subsequent memory defects, fear of pain and, above all, the anxieties associated with waiting for the treatment. Suggestions are made which could minimize these problems.", "contents": "Psychiatry and convulsant therapy. Because electroconvulsive therapy is an empirical and widely used treatment in modern psychiatry, there is a tendency for it to be applied without sufficient concern for the patient. In view of the critical attitudes which prevail in certain areas of society towards physical treatments generally, it is important that the medical profession maintains an objective and self-critical view of these therapies. The paper describes a small survey in an inpatient mental hospital which inquired into the attitudes of patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy. The principal areas of concern were found to be associated with the accompanying anaesthesia, subsequent memory defects, fear of pain and, above all, the anxieties associated with waiting for the treatment. Suggestions are made which could minimize these problems."}
{"id": "PMID:895599", "title": "A miniature segment-length strain gauge arch for the assessment of myocardial function.", "content": "A miniature myocardial segment-length strain gauge arch utilizing solid-state strain gauge elements is described. The arch weighs 0.25 g, has a frequency response flat to 30 Hz, requires simple circuitry, and is stable in situ for periods exceeding 6 hours. Its miniaturization and ease of insertion offer distinct advantages over similar devices previously described. Miniature arches have been applied simultaneously to multiple sites to assess left ventricular function in dogs. The response of these arches to a variety of interventions indicates that this device may be used to follow localized segment-length and velocity changes. The study also clearly demonstrates that the orientation of strain gauge arches with respect to muscle fiber direction in the ventricular wall qualitatively and quantitatively affects the recorded segment-length alterations.", "contents": "A miniature segment-length strain gauge arch for the assessment of myocardial function. A miniature myocardial segment-length strain gauge arch utilizing solid-state strain gauge elements is described. The arch weighs 0.25 g, has a frequency response flat to 30 Hz, requires simple circuitry, and is stable in situ for periods exceeding 6 hours. Its miniaturization and ease of insertion offer distinct advantages over similar devices previously described. Miniature arches have been applied simultaneously to multiple sites to assess left ventricular function in dogs. The response of these arches to a variety of interventions indicates that this device may be used to follow localized segment-length and velocity changes. The study also clearly demonstrates that the orientation of strain gauge arches with respect to muscle fiber direction in the ventricular wall qualitatively and quantitatively affects the recorded segment-length alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:895606", "title": "Vasectomy: irrigation with euflavine.", "content": "Two hundred men who had undergone vasectomy during which euflavine 1:1000 solution was used as a spermicide have been followed up for a year. In most cases the spermicidal effect was complete, but there were two definite and two probable instances of failure. Introduction of an irrigant may possibly increase the otherwise extremely low incidence of spontaneous recanalization when Schmidt's diathermy technique is used for vasectomy.", "contents": "Vasectomy: irrigation with euflavine. Two hundred men who had undergone vasectomy during which euflavine 1:1000 solution was used as a spermicide have been followed up for a year. In most cases the spermicidal effect was complete, but there were two definite and two probable instances of failure. Introduction of an irrigant may possibly increase the otherwise extremely low incidence of spontaneous recanalization when Schmidt's diathermy technique is used for vasectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:895607", "title": "Brain damage and abnormal behaviour in children.", "content": "Behavioural problems in children with suspected brain damage may present considerable diagnostic and management problems. Methods of assessment are still imprecise and minor degrees of brain damage are seldom detectable. Data from clinical studies highlight the interrelationship between environmental and organic factors in the pathogenesis of disturbed behaviour. Children from large families of low socioeconomic status, who are subject to parental neglect, are particularly susceptible to the development of psychiatric disorder in the presence of brain damage.", "contents": "Brain damage and abnormal behaviour in children. Behavioural problems in children with suspected brain damage may present considerable diagnostic and management problems. Methods of assessment are still imprecise and minor degrees of brain damage are seldom detectable. Data from clinical studies highlight the interrelationship between environmental and organic factors in the pathogenesis of disturbed behaviour. Children from large families of low socioeconomic status, who are subject to parental neglect, are particularly susceptible to the development of psychiatric disorder in the presence of brain damage."}
{"id": "PMID:895609", "title": "The cost of medical education.", "content": "As the result of another study which identified the indirect costs at a large teaching hospital in which Monash University has established a clinical school, it has been possible to estimate the cost per annum for each medical student. This is the sum of direct university costs ($4,617), Tertiary Education Assistance Scheme ($1,200) and indirect costs ($44)--in aggregate therefore $5,900 (rounded). Thus the cost of the six-year course for each student is approximately $35,500.", "contents": "The cost of medical education. As the result of another study which identified the indirect costs at a large teaching hospital in which Monash University has established a clinical school, it has been possible to estimate the cost per annum for each medical student. This is the sum of direct university costs ($4,617), Tertiary Education Assistance Scheme ($1,200) and indirect costs ($44)--in aggregate therefore $5,900 (rounded). Thus the cost of the six-year course for each student is approximately $35,500."}
{"id": "PMID:895612", "title": "The forgotten factor in the evaluation of vesicoureteric reflux.", "content": "Vesicoureteric reflux is an important factor in pyelonephritic scar formation, but the radiological demonstration of reflux is often difficult. The influence rate of urine formation on radiological assessment of vesicoureteric reflux was studied in 21 patients. After an intravenous injection of 20 mg of frusemide, reflux was reduced or abolished in 19 of the 21 patients. In three patients, vesicoureteric reflux had not been demonstrated at an earlier examination under conditions of normal hydration, but cystourethrograms in the dehydrated state demonstrated reflux. Hydration is an important factor in assessing both the presence and degree of vesicoureteric reflux, and the incidence of false-negative results is reduced by preliminary fluid restriction. Decisions about whether reflux should be corrected surgically are usually based on the degree of reflux. Standardization of the rate of urine formation during micturating cystourethrography is therefore essential.", "contents": "The forgotten factor in the evaluation of vesicoureteric reflux. Vesicoureteric reflux is an important factor in pyelonephritic scar formation, but the radiological demonstration of reflux is often difficult. The influence rate of urine formation on radiological assessment of vesicoureteric reflux was studied in 21 patients. After an intravenous injection of 20 mg of frusemide, reflux was reduced or abolished in 19 of the 21 patients. In three patients, vesicoureteric reflux had not been demonstrated at an earlier examination under conditions of normal hydration, but cystourethrograms in the dehydrated state demonstrated reflux. Hydration is an important factor in assessing both the presence and degree of vesicoureteric reflux, and the incidence of false-negative results is reduced by preliminary fluid restriction. Decisions about whether reflux should be corrected surgically are usually based on the degree of reflux. Standardization of the rate of urine formation during micturating cystourethrography is therefore essential."}
{"id": "PMID:895614", "title": "Laboratory utilization in group general practice.", "content": "A survey was made of laboratory utilization in a busy group general practice for a one-month period. Approximately 10% of all patients seen in the period were referred for laboratory investigations. The majority of patients were females. Data are presented on abnormal results, laboratory area utilization and report time expectations. The pilot study suggests that there is a demand for local laboratory services in practices where four or more doctors are practicing, but other factors involved require investigation and assessment.", "contents": "Laboratory utilization in group general practice. A survey was made of laboratory utilization in a busy group general practice for a one-month period. Approximately 10% of all patients seen in the period were referred for laboratory investigations. The majority of patients were females. Data are presented on abnormal results, laboratory area utilization and report time expectations. The pilot study suggests that there is a demand for local laboratory services in practices where four or more doctors are practicing, but other factors involved require investigation and assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:895623", "title": "Pregnancy in diabetic women.", "content": "Pregnancy in 207 diabetic women managed at a diabetic antenatal unit over a six-year period (1970 to 1976) resulted in a perinatal mortality of 16 (7-8%). One hundred and fifty-nine women (70%) were receiving insulin before pregnancy and 20% had evidence of diabetic microangiopathy. Still birth was twice as frequent as neonatal death, and severe respiratory distress syndrome was uncommon, resulting in only one death. Bad control of diabetes was associated with a poor prognosis. This was contributed to be lack of cooperation, anxiety and poor knowledge of diabetes. The accurate assessment of gestation and maturity, the monitoring of fetal-placental function, careful blood glucose level control, and an understanding of neonatal physiology have contributed to a reduction in fetal mortality. Close cooperation between an obstetrician, physician and neonatal pediatrician experienced in the problems encountered in the management of pregnant diabetic women is essential if the best results are to be obtained.", "contents": "Pregnancy in diabetic women. Pregnancy in 207 diabetic women managed at a diabetic antenatal unit over a six-year period (1970 to 1976) resulted in a perinatal mortality of 16 (7-8%). One hundred and fifty-nine women (70%) were receiving insulin before pregnancy and 20% had evidence of diabetic microangiopathy. Still birth was twice as frequent as neonatal death, and severe respiratory distress syndrome was uncommon, resulting in only one death. Bad control of diabetes was associated with a poor prognosis. This was contributed to be lack of cooperation, anxiety and poor knowledge of diabetes. The accurate assessment of gestation and maturity, the monitoring of fetal-placental function, careful blood glucose level control, and an understanding of neonatal physiology have contributed to a reduction in fetal mortality. Close cooperation between an obstetrician, physician and neonatal pediatrician experienced in the problems encountered in the management of pregnant diabetic women is essential if the best results are to be obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:895625", "title": "Bilateral optic neuritis in childhood.", "content": "A 12-year-old male presented with a one-day history of visual failure. The clinical features were consistent with bilateral optic neuritis. Treatment with prednisolone resulted in visual function returning to normal. Bilateral optic neuritis in childhood is an uncommon condition. The aetiological factors differ from those of the adolescent and adult with optic neuritis. The childhood condition is not associated with the high risk of developing demyelination disease at some later stage.", "contents": "Bilateral optic neuritis in childhood. A 12-year-old male presented with a one-day history of visual failure. The clinical features were consistent with bilateral optic neuritis. Treatment with prednisolone resulted in visual function returning to normal. Bilateral optic neuritis in childhood is an uncommon condition. The aetiological factors differ from those of the adolescent and adult with optic neuritis. The childhood condition is not associated with the high risk of developing demyelination disease at some later stage."}
{"id": "PMID:895627", "title": "Psychiatric units in general hospitals.", "content": "Psychiatric units in general hospitals will, increasingly, play a larger part in the delivery of psychiatric services to the community. Australian units are compared with those in England and Wales. It is very difficult to envisage the widespread adoption in Australia of large comprehensive district general hospital psychiatric units similar to those planned for Britain. A current challenge to existing psychiatric units in the large teaching hospitals in the capital cities of Australia is whether they will take on a catchment area responsibility, or remain independent of any plans for regionalization of psychiatric services.", "contents": "Psychiatric units in general hospitals. Psychiatric units in general hospitals will, increasingly, play a larger part in the delivery of psychiatric services to the community. Australian units are compared with those in England and Wales. It is very difficult to envisage the widespread adoption in Australia of large comprehensive district general hospital psychiatric units similar to those planned for Britain. A current challenge to existing psychiatric units in the large teaching hospitals in the capital cities of Australia is whether they will take on a catchment area responsibility, or remain independent of any plans for regionalization of psychiatric services."}
{"id": "PMID:895629", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the colon presenting as anaemia.", "content": "All patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon treated surgically at the Austin Hospital over a five-year period were reviewed to determine the relevance of anaemia in diagnosis. It was found that one-fifth of the patients presented with symptoms of anaemia to the doctor of first contact, and of these, one-third had an unwarranted delay in diagnosis (mean delay 13 months).", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the colon presenting as anaemia. All patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon treated surgically at the Austin Hospital over a five-year period were reviewed to determine the relevance of anaemia in diagnosis. It was found that one-fifth of the patients presented with symptoms of anaemia to the doctor of first contact, and of these, one-third had an unwarranted delay in diagnosis (mean delay 13 months)."}
{"id": "PMID:895630", "title": "Cervical smear frequency pattern at an Australian screening centre.", "content": "The frequency of cervical cytology screening in a group of 1966 women in an Australian setting is presented. Of women \"at risk\" of carcinoma of the cervix, 91-8% have had at least one previous cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smear examination. Of the women who had never had a previous smear examination, 19-8% were taking oral contraceptives and 58% were parous.", "contents": "Cervical smear frequency pattern at an Australian screening centre. The frequency of cervical cytology screening in a group of 1966 women in an Australian setting is presented. Of women \"at risk\" of carcinoma of the cervix, 91-8% have had at least one previous cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smear examination. Of the women who had never had a previous smear examination, 19-8% were taking oral contraceptives and 58% were parous."}
{"id": "PMID:895634", "title": "Changing trends in mortality from malignant melanoma.", "content": "Five-year survival rates for both men and women treated at the melanoma clinics at St Vincent's Hospital and Sydney Hospital and at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital were found to have gradually improved over a 26-year time period. It is concluded that the improved survival rates do not result from changes in the sex ratio of the patients presenting for treatment, their age or the site distribution of their primary lesion. It is suggested that a change in the biological nature of malignant melanoma  may have occurred over this time period. Such a change, if proven, would cast doubt on the value of investigations in which historical controls are used to monitor the effects of changes in therapy.", "contents": "Changing trends in mortality from malignant melanoma. Five-year survival rates for both men and women treated at the melanoma clinics at St Vincent's Hospital and Sydney Hospital and at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital were found to have gradually improved over a 26-year time period. It is concluded that the improved survival rates do not result from changes in the sex ratio of the patients presenting for treatment, their age or the site distribution of their primary lesion. It is suggested that a change in the biological nature of malignant melanoma  may have occurred over this time period. Such a change, if proven, would cast doubt on the value of investigations in which historical controls are used to monitor the effects of changes in therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:895636", "title": "Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome. A study of 302 cases.", "content": "Three hundred and two cases of Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome (LGBSS) are studied and relevant literature is reviewed. The existing diagnostic criteria appear not in keeping with the histopathological and immunological findings of this condition, hence some modifications have been suggested. The role of steroids in the treatment of this disorder is critically examined, and no benefit is found to be gained from their use.", "contents": "Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome. A study of 302 cases. Three hundred and two cases of Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome (LGBSS) are studied and relevant literature is reviewed. The existing diagnostic criteria appear not in keeping with the histopathological and immunological findings of this condition, hence some modifications have been suggested. The role of steroids in the treatment of this disorder is critically examined, and no benefit is found to be gained from their use."}
{"id": "PMID:895637", "title": "Severe illness with anxiety following a reputed magical act on an Australian aboriginal.", "content": "A case of extreme anxiety is described in an Aboriginal man who believed he had been subjected to magical influences. It is hypothesized that extreme anxiety accompanied by a refusal to eat or drink (the latter feature being part of the Aboriginal belief system under these conditions) is part, or all, of the mechanism of death from magical influences.", "contents": "Severe illness with anxiety following a reputed magical act on an Australian aboriginal. A case of extreme anxiety is described in an Aboriginal man who believed he had been subjected to magical influences. It is hypothesized that extreme anxiety accompanied by a refusal to eat or drink (the latter feature being part of the Aboriginal belief system under these conditions) is part, or all, of the mechanism of death from magical influences."}
{"id": "PMID:895639", "title": "DDAVP in the treatment of diabetes insipidus: a clinical study.", "content": "In three cases of established cranial diabetes insipidus, the effectiveness of the new vasopressin analogue 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in controlling diabetes insipidus is demonstrated. A single dose of 20 micrograms of DDAVP given intranasally had an antidiuretic action from 16 to 24 hours in the three cases, and 10 micrograms given twice daily intranasally was effective in controlling the diabetes insipidus with no side effects. All the patients preferred this form of therapy to their previous treatment.", "contents": "DDAVP in the treatment of diabetes insipidus: a clinical study. In three cases of established cranial diabetes insipidus, the effectiveness of the new vasopressin analogue 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in controlling diabetes insipidus is demonstrated. A single dose of 20 micrograms of DDAVP given intranasally had an antidiuretic action from 16 to 24 hours in the three cases, and 10 micrograms given twice daily intranasally was effective in controlling the diabetes insipidus with no side effects. All the patients preferred this form of therapy to their previous treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:895640", "title": "Acinetobacter septicaemia following prolonged intravenous therapy.", "content": "A 76-year-old man developed septicaemia during the infusion of stable plasma protein solution (SPPS) which was subsequently shown to be contaminated with Acinetobacter anitratus. Septicaemia persisted for four days despite change of the intravenous cannula and administration of an appropriate antibiotic. Clinical improvement occurred only when the entire intravenous line, (infusion bottle, airway needle, giving set and intravenous cannula), all of which grew Acinetobacter, was replaced. Contamination of the SPPS probably occurred in the ward via a contaminated giving set and airway needle, which had been in use for one week. This case illustrates the importance of following accepted guidelines for infection control in intravenous therapy.", "contents": "Acinetobacter septicaemia following prolonged intravenous therapy. A 76-year-old man developed septicaemia during the infusion of stable plasma protein solution (SPPS) which was subsequently shown to be contaminated with Acinetobacter anitratus. Septicaemia persisted for four days despite change of the intravenous cannula and administration of an appropriate antibiotic. Clinical improvement occurred only when the entire intravenous line, (infusion bottle, airway needle, giving set and intravenous cannula), all of which grew Acinetobacter, was replaced. Contamination of the SPPS probably occurred in the ward via a contaminated giving set and airway needle, which had been in use for one week. This case illustrates the importance of following accepted guidelines for infection control in intravenous therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:895642", "title": "Community health in the University of Melbourne.", "content": "After changes to the curriculum of the University of Melbourne Medical School, a Department of Community Health has been established. Undergraduate teaching will be carried out in the first, third, fourth and sixth years of the course. Although an introduction to primary care will occur in first year, the teaching emphasis in the preclinical years will be in the behavioural sciences, epidemiology and social medicine. Primary care as a clinical subject will be taught in fourth year with electives available in the sixth year.", "contents": "Community health in the University of Melbourne. After changes to the curriculum of the University of Melbourne Medical School, a Department of Community Health has been established. Undergraduate teaching will be carried out in the first, third, fourth and sixth years of the course. Although an introduction to primary care will occur in first year, the teaching emphasis in the preclinical years will be in the behavioural sciences, epidemiology and social medicine. Primary care as a clinical subject will be taught in fourth year with electives available in the sixth year."}
{"id": "PMID:895648", "title": "A study of the effects of hyperbaric oxygen on the experimental spinal cord injury.", "content": "The degree of motor recovery in sheep with a controlled contusion to the thoracic spinal cord is compared with the recovery in sheep treated with hyperbaric oxygen and confirms the results of a preliminary series previously reported. The degree of central cord cystic necrosis and degeneration in the surrounding white matter is compared in the control and treated animals. The improvement in motor recovery and in the degree of cord degeneration after treatment with hyperbaric oxygen suggests that ischaemia plays a significant role in the experimental animal with a contusion injury to the spinal cord.", "contents": "A study of the effects of hyperbaric oxygen on the experimental spinal cord injury. The degree of motor recovery in sheep with a controlled contusion to the thoracic spinal cord is compared with the recovery in sheep treated with hyperbaric oxygen and confirms the results of a preliminary series previously reported. The degree of central cord cystic necrosis and degeneration in the surrounding white matter is compared in the control and treated animals. The improvement in motor recovery and in the degree of cord degeneration after treatment with hyperbaric oxygen suggests that ischaemia plays a significant role in the experimental animal with a contusion injury to the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:895649", "title": "Poisoning by carbamate pesticides.", "content": "In recent years the number of carbamate pesticides registered for use in New South Wales has increased. Some of the newer carbamates are very toxic and have cholinergic properties similar to those of the organic phosphates, though the effect is of much shorter duration. Because of this, separate tests for plasma and red blood cell levels of cholinesterase should be conducted as soon as possible after exposure in order to obtain meaningful results. A typical case of carbamate poisoning is described in which both plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase values were lowered. The substitution of a liquid pesticide formulation for the original powder formulation has reduced the operator inhalation hazard in the case of methomyl.", "contents": "Poisoning by carbamate pesticides. In recent years the number of carbamate pesticides registered for use in New South Wales has increased. Some of the newer carbamates are very toxic and have cholinergic properties similar to those of the organic phosphates, though the effect is of much shorter duration. Because of this, separate tests for plasma and red blood cell levels of cholinesterase should be conducted as soon as possible after exposure in order to obtain meaningful results. A typical case of carbamate poisoning is described in which both plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase values were lowered. The substitution of a liquid pesticide formulation for the original powder formulation has reduced the operator inhalation hazard in the case of methomyl."}
{"id": "PMID:895650", "title": "Evaluation of the nitroprusside test for the diagnosis of cystinuria.", "content": "Because of the wide acceptability of the nitroprusside test for the diagnosis of cystinuria, an analysis of 525 consecutive urine tests performed at this laboratory was undertaken, the nitroprusside test result being correlated with the urinary cystine excretion as determined by paper chromatography, high-voltage electrophoresis and chemical tests. It was found that the nitroprusside test clearly separated urine samples into categories of cystine excretion within the normal, heterozygote and homozygote range (P less than 0-001). However, 7 (1-33%) urine specimens from homozygous cystinurics gave a negative nitroprusside result. If properly performed on a concentrated urine specimen, this test is a very accurate means of diagnosing cystinuria (expected error approximately 1%), but it is not infallible.", "contents": "Evaluation of the nitroprusside test for the diagnosis of cystinuria. Because of the wide acceptability of the nitroprusside test for the diagnosis of cystinuria, an analysis of 525 consecutive urine tests performed at this laboratory was undertaken, the nitroprusside test result being correlated with the urinary cystine excretion as determined by paper chromatography, high-voltage electrophoresis and chemical tests. It was found that the nitroprusside test clearly separated urine samples into categories of cystine excretion within the normal, heterozygote and homozygote range (P less than 0-001). However, 7 (1-33%) urine specimens from homozygous cystinurics gave a negative nitroprusside result. If properly performed on a concentrated urine specimen, this test is a very accurate means of diagnosing cystinuria (expected error approximately 1%), but it is not infallible."}
{"id": "PMID:895654", "title": "[Aetiology, diagnosis und therapy of mastopathy and mastodynia. Experiences of treatment with mastodynon (author's transl)].", "content": "The aetiology of mastopathy and mastodynia has not yet been fully explained. Hormonal dysregulation with relative or complete hyperoestrogenism, or a deficiency of androgens or progesterones has led to treatment with gestagens or gestagen-active preparations. The treatment of 112 patients with Mastodynon has shown a good result in 78% of cases, the risks and side effects of the treatment being small. Careful diagnosis with all of the possibilities available to us today and clinical supervision during the treatment are necessary in order not to overlook malignant processes.", "contents": "[Aetiology, diagnosis und therapy of mastopathy and mastodynia. Experiences of treatment with mastodynon (author's transl)]. The aetiology of mastopathy and mastodynia has not yet been fully explained. Hormonal dysregulation with relative or complete hyperoestrogenism, or a deficiency of androgens or progesterones has led to treatment with gestagens or gestagen-active preparations. The treatment of 112 patients with Mastodynon has shown a good result in 78% of cases, the risks and side effects of the treatment being small. Careful diagnosis with all of the possibilities available to us today and clinical supervision during the treatment are necessary in order not to overlook malignant processes."}
{"id": "PMID:895655", "title": "[Urinary tract infection after gynecologic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "In a prospective research study, 119 (female) patients were examined with regards to the occurence of bacteriuria six days after abdominal or vaginal operations of benignous gynecologic disease. Prior to operation, in 7% of the patients a urinary tract infection was already present. Subsequent to operation, 36% got an urinary tract infection within the first six days. From the correlation between urinary tract infection and age of patient, type and uration of operation, a probability catalogue for post-operative urinary tract infections is deducted. The high infection rates, especially in patients beyond 55 years of age, speak in favour of a chemoprophylaxis, especially for such patients.", "contents": "[Urinary tract infection after gynecologic surgery (author's transl)]. In a prospective research study, 119 (female) patients were examined with regards to the occurence of bacteriuria six days after abdominal or vaginal operations of benignous gynecologic disease. Prior to operation, in 7% of the patients a urinary tract infection was already present. Subsequent to operation, 36% got an urinary tract infection within the first six days. From the correlation between urinary tract infection and age of patient, type and uration of operation, a probability catalogue for post-operative urinary tract infections is deducted. The high infection rates, especially in patients beyond 55 years of age, speak in favour of a chemoprophylaxis, especially for such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:895656", "title": "[Mycoplasms in the anorectal region of women (author's transl)].", "content": "650 samples of vaginal and anorectal smear from 325 women with fluor were examined. 78 patients (24%) had mycoplasms. 17% of these patients had only rectal mycoplasms and 30.5% women had only vaginal mycoplasm. 51.3% of the women had fluor since years, they had mycoplasms as well in the rectal as in the vaginal region. There were urea cracking and non urea cracking mycoplasms.", "contents": "[Mycoplasms in the anorectal region of women (author's transl)]. 650 samples of vaginal and anorectal smear from 325 women with fluor were examined. 78 patients (24%) had mycoplasms. 17% of these patients had only rectal mycoplasms and 30.5% women had only vaginal mycoplasm. 51.3% of the women had fluor since years, they had mycoplasms as well in the rectal as in the vaginal region. There were urea cracking and non urea cracking mycoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:895679", "title": "Further data on the characters of Listeria strains.", "content": "The composition of a minimal medium suitable for the demands of modern genetical work is described. The nutritional requirements of some 15 strains of L. monocytogenes were studied on this medium. DL-6,8-thioctic acid was not essential. The organisms also grew without thiamine but for a convenient colony size this vitamin had to be used. The presence of Fe++, Mg++, and Ca++ ions as well as a low redox potential supplied by thioglycollate was necessary. There was some difference in the amino acid requirements of the strains. The most common demand was for leucine, iso-leucine, valine, and cysteine. The serotype, agglutinability, hemolytic effect, virulence, and nutritional requirements of the Listeria were compared. It seems that these properties are not consistently linked. Two 'EMS' mutants were also studied. The arginine, glutamine, and methionine metabolism of the auxotrophic mutant 025/4/4 was damaged and its virulence was lost. Data connected with the virulence markers of Listeria are discussed.", "contents": "Further data on the characters of Listeria strains. The composition of a minimal medium suitable for the demands of modern genetical work is described. The nutritional requirements of some 15 strains of L. monocytogenes were studied on this medium. DL-6,8-thioctic acid was not essential. The organisms also grew without thiamine but for a convenient colony size this vitamin had to be used. The presence of Fe++, Mg++, and Ca++ ions as well as a low redox potential supplied by thioglycollate was necessary. There was some difference in the amino acid requirements of the strains. The most common demand was for leucine, iso-leucine, valine, and cysteine. The serotype, agglutinability, hemolytic effect, virulence, and nutritional requirements of the Listeria were compared. It seems that these properties are not consistently linked. Two 'EMS' mutants were also studied. The arginine, glutamine, and methionine metabolism of the auxotrophic mutant 025/4/4 was damaged and its virulence was lost. Data connected with the virulence markers of Listeria are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:895680", "title": "0 antigen distribution and sensitivity to the bactericidal effect of normal human serum of Proteus strains from clinical specimens.", "content": "9 antigen distribution and sensitivity to the bactericidal effect of normal human serum were determined in 485 Proteus strains isolated from urine, blood, wounds, and feces. Of all strains, 62% could be grouped according to 25 0 antigens. The most frequent one, 0 3, appeared in 13% of all the strains. In blood cultures this antigen was found significantly more often. No other 0 group dominated. Of all strains, 11% were spontaneously agglutinating but such strains were significantly more common in urinary specimens from children with neurogenic bladder disorders. Strains sensitive to the bactericidal effect of normal human serum were significantly more prevalent in urines than in fecal specimens. Most of the sensitive strains were spontaneously agglutinating and were isolated from the urines of children with neurogenic bladder disorders. This may be an example of 'antigenic drift' of the bacteria as a response to host defense mechanisms in the urinary tract.", "contents": "0 antigen distribution and sensitivity to the bactericidal effect of normal human serum of Proteus strains from clinical specimens. 9 antigen distribution and sensitivity to the bactericidal effect of normal human serum were determined in 485 Proteus strains isolated from urine, blood, wounds, and feces. Of all strains, 62% could be grouped according to 25 0 antigens. The most frequent one, 0 3, appeared in 13% of all the strains. In blood cultures this antigen was found significantly more often. No other 0 group dominated. Of all strains, 11% were spontaneously agglutinating but such strains were significantly more common in urinary specimens from children with neurogenic bladder disorders. Strains sensitive to the bactericidal effect of normal human serum were significantly more prevalent in urines than in fecal specimens. Most of the sensitive strains were spontaneously agglutinating and were isolated from the urines of children with neurogenic bladder disorders. This may be an example of 'antigenic drift' of the bacteria as a response to host defense mechanisms in the urinary tract."}
{"id": "PMID:895681", "title": "An inhibitor to rubella hemagglutination present in bovine albumin preparations: its removal by treatment with kaolin.", "content": "Certain commercial preparations of bovine albumin, fraction V, show inhibitory activity in the rubella hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. This does not appear to be due to albumin per se, but instead to a contaminant (or contaminants) with the properties of a lipoprotein. All inhibitory activity can be removed from albumin preparations by treatment with kaolin, gel filtration, or flotation ultracentrifugation. We have found that, even when there was no inhibition of HA titers, kaolin treatment of the albumins prior to their incorporation into the test diluent resulted in more clearly defined agglutination patterns. Reasons for and against including albumin in the test diluent are discussed. It is concluded that, although not essential, it is a worthwhile additive. Our data suggest, however, that each batch of albumin used for this purpose should be checked for the presence of inhibitor, and that treatment with kaolin might be considered as a routine step prior to its incorporation into the test diluent.", "contents": "An inhibitor to rubella hemagglutination present in bovine albumin preparations: its removal by treatment with kaolin. Certain commercial preparations of bovine albumin, fraction V, show inhibitory activity in the rubella hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. This does not appear to be due to albumin per se, but instead to a contaminant (or contaminants) with the properties of a lipoprotein. All inhibitory activity can be removed from albumin preparations by treatment with kaolin, gel filtration, or flotation ultracentrifugation. We have found that, even when there was no inhibition of HA titers, kaolin treatment of the albumins prior to their incorporation into the test diluent resulted in more clearly defined agglutination patterns. Reasons for and against including albumin in the test diluent are discussed. It is concluded that, although not essential, it is a worthwhile additive. Our data suggest, however, that each batch of albumin used for this purpose should be checked for the presence of inhibitor, and that treatment with kaolin might be considered as a routine step prior to its incorporation into the test diluent."}
{"id": "PMID:895682", "title": "Current problems in cardiology.", "content": "Many achievements in medicine in general, and in cardiology in particular, are the result of joint endeavors by cardiologists, surgeons, research workers and engineers. This paper deals briefly with some of the devices which have been developed as a result of this interdisciplinary cooperation. They included cardiac pace-makers, the use of computers in the analysis of electrocardiograms and echocardiograms in intensive coronary care units (ICCU) and in catheterization laboratories. Finally, the use of an intra-aortic balloon pump and other cardioassist devices will be mentioned. The joint efforts of medical and engineering workers have helped to improve diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and to improbe techniques and results of cardiac surgery. Finally, it is anticipated that through this combined work, more intensive epidemiologic studies will be made possible, new risk factors uncovered with analysis of their significance - all of which will ad to the prevention of heart diseases.", "contents": "Current problems in cardiology. Many achievements in medicine in general, and in cardiology in particular, are the result of joint endeavors by cardiologists, surgeons, research workers and engineers. This paper deals briefly with some of the devices which have been developed as a result of this interdisciplinary cooperation. They included cardiac pace-makers, the use of computers in the analysis of electrocardiograms and echocardiograms in intensive coronary care units (ICCU) and in catheterization laboratories. Finally, the use of an intra-aortic balloon pump and other cardioassist devices will be mentioned. The joint efforts of medical and engineering workers have helped to improve diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and to improbe techniques and results of cardiac surgery. Finally, it is anticipated that through this combined work, more intensive epidemiologic studies will be made possible, new risk factors uncovered with analysis of their significance - all of which will ad to the prevention of heart diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:895683", "title": "Surveillance of pacemaker patients by an automatic pacemaker function analyzer.", "content": "An external, simply operated, fail-safe, automatic pacemaker function analyzer (PFA) has been designed for routine examination of ambulatory patients in local medical clinics and for continual surveillance of hospitalized patients in cardiology units. The instrument provides a comprehensive test of the pacing system, including the battery, pulse generator, and electrodes (leads), during varying heart activity. In the recorded ECG from 92 pacemaker patients, the PFA recognized all but 0.29% of the QRS complexes and 0.21% of the pacing artifacts; no signals were incorrectly attributed to the QRS complex. With the PFA, 1171 pacemaker tests were performed on these patients. In all cases, the PFA judged the performance of the tested pacemakers in accordance with the predetermined criteria. The PFA can be integrated into a pacemaker-patient surveillance system within a general-purpose cardiac care unit.", "contents": "Surveillance of pacemaker patients by an automatic pacemaker function analyzer. An external, simply operated, fail-safe, automatic pacemaker function analyzer (PFA) has been designed for routine examination of ambulatory patients in local medical clinics and for continual surveillance of hospitalized patients in cardiology units. The instrument provides a comprehensive test of the pacing system, including the battery, pulse generator, and electrodes (leads), during varying heart activity. In the recorded ECG from 92 pacemaker patients, the PFA recognized all but 0.29% of the QRS complexes and 0.21% of the pacing artifacts; no signals were incorrectly attributed to the QRS complex. With the PFA, 1171 pacemaker tests were performed on these patients. In all cases, the PFA judged the performance of the tested pacemakers in accordance with the predetermined criteria. The PFA can be integrated into a pacemaker-patient surveillance system within a general-purpose cardiac care unit."}
{"id": "PMID:895684", "title": "Impedance rheography: a new method for recording spontaneous arterial section variation.", "content": "The aim of this work is to define, on the basis of impedance rheography, a method to record arterial section variations without either inertia or the production of wall-strain. High frequency current (2 MHz) is employed to measure the impedance variations of the deforming artery. The modulating envelope is representative of arterial section variations. This method permits the recording of arterial section variations by a peri-arterial method or an external method on superficial arteries (without denudation). A comparison between arterial section variations and arterial pressure variations at the same point shows that the arterial wall behaves as a non-linear pressure gauge: Rheogram-pressure curves are similar to volume-arterial pressure curves. The great precision with which this method describes the chronology of arterial deformations is of great interest in defining viscous properties of the arterial wall and following their evolution during pathologic alterations such as atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Impedance rheography: a new method for recording spontaneous arterial section variation. The aim of this work is to define, on the basis of impedance rheography, a method to record arterial section variations without either inertia or the production of wall-strain. High frequency current (2 MHz) is employed to measure the impedance variations of the deforming artery. The modulating envelope is representative of arterial section variations. This method permits the recording of arterial section variations by a peri-arterial method or an external method on superficial arteries (without denudation). A comparison between arterial section variations and arterial pressure variations at the same point shows that the arterial wall behaves as a non-linear pressure gauge: Rheogram-pressure curves are similar to volume-arterial pressure curves. The great precision with which this method describes the chronology of arterial deformations is of great interest in defining viscous properties of the arterial wall and following their evolution during pathologic alterations such as atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:895685", "title": "Instrumentation for health care in India: a realistic approach.", "content": "The health care of 600 million people, belonging to various religions and speaking different languages, is a challenging proposition. Manufacture of X-ray and electromedical equipment is going up. When a comparison is made with 1951 figures, a lot of improvement is noticeable. Rural masses (80% of the population) are yet to receive benefits of modern advancements. A planned and realistic approach fully realizing the momentary limitations can lead to better patient care. Some recent techniques which are safe and clinically useful are economically feasible even in rural hospitals. Instruments have to be classified as essential, useful and optional, to enable progressive precurements in a phased manner. Maintenance of instruments is an important aspect which is receiving due attention. Instruments are bound to play a vital role in health care in the years ahead.", "contents": "Instrumentation for health care in India: a realistic approach. The health care of 600 million people, belonging to various religions and speaking different languages, is a challenging proposition. Manufacture of X-ray and electromedical equipment is going up. When a comparison is made with 1951 figures, a lot of improvement is noticeable. Rural masses (80% of the population) are yet to receive benefits of modern advancements. A planned and realistic approach fully realizing the momentary limitations can lead to better patient care. Some recent techniques which are safe and clinically useful are economically feasible even in rural hospitals. Instruments have to be classified as essential, useful and optional, to enable progressive precurements in a phased manner. Maintenance of instruments is an important aspect which is receiving due attention. Instruments are bound to play a vital role in health care in the years ahead."}
{"id": "PMID:895712", "title": "Physical mapping of BglII, BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII and PstI restriction fragments of bacteriophage P1 DNA.", "content": "A cleavage map of bacteriophage P1 DNA was established by reciprocal double digestion with various restriction endonucleases. The enzymes used and, in parenthesis, the number of their cleavage sites on the P1clts genome are: PstI (1), HindIII(3), BglII (11), BamHI (14) and EcoRI (26). The relative order of the PstI, HindIII and BglII sites, as well as the order of 13 out of the 14 BamHI sites and of 17 out of the 26 EcoRI sites was determined. The P1 genome was divided into 100 map units and the PstI site was arbitrarily chosen as reference point at map unit 20. DNA packaging into phage heads starts preferentially at map unit 92 and it proceeds towards higher map units. The two inverted repeat sequences of P1 DNA map about at units 30 and 34.", "contents": "Physical mapping of BglII, BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII and PstI restriction fragments of bacteriophage P1 DNA. A cleavage map of bacteriophage P1 DNA was established by reciprocal double digestion with various restriction endonucleases. The enzymes used and, in parenthesis, the number of their cleavage sites on the P1clts genome are: PstI (1), HindIII(3), BglII (11), BamHI (14) and EcoRI (26). The relative order of the PstI, HindIII and BglII sites, as well as the order of 13 out of the 14 BamHI sites and of 17 out of the 26 EcoRI sites was determined. The P1 genome was divided into 100 map units and the PstI site was arbitrarily chosen as reference point at map unit 20. DNA packaging into phage heads starts preferentially at map unit 92 and it proceeds towards higher map units. The two inverted repeat sequences of P1 DNA map about at units 30 and 34."}
{"id": "PMID:895713", "title": "Slow UV-recovery and fast gamma-recovery in wild-type Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "The time course of recovery in UV- or gamma-irradiated wild-type Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been determined by fractionated dose experiments and by measuring the rate at which the \"resistant shoulder\" of the survival curve was regained during post-irradiation incubation in growth medium. The kinetics of recovery after UV-irradiation were different from those after gamma-irradiation, and may be described as due to a fasy gamm-repair and a relatively slow UV-repair process. In fractionated dose experiments, for single exposures which gave about 10% survival, gamma-repair was rapid (t1/2 congruent to 2 h), began immediately, and was essentially complete within 3 h. UV-repair, in contrast, showed a lag of about 5h and was relatively show (t1/2 congruent to 10h). The nature of the recovery response was analyzed from the survival curves at intermediate times; recovery was evident as the reappearance of a shoulder. A heterogenous recovery was evident after UV-irradiation; after a 5 h lag, a progressively increasing fraction of the survivors regained UV-resistance, which suggested that some critical event or rate-limiting step was involved. A requirement for post-irradiation protein synthesis for activity of a recombinational repair pathway on UV-damage may be a factor in the UV-recovery lag. A homogeneous recovery response, however, was observed in gamma-irradiaged cells.", "contents": "Slow UV-recovery and fast gamma-recovery in wild-type Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The time course of recovery in UV- or gamma-irradiated wild-type Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been determined by fractionated dose experiments and by measuring the rate at which the \"resistant shoulder\" of the survival curve was regained during post-irradiation incubation in growth medium. The kinetics of recovery after UV-irradiation were different from those after gamma-irradiation, and may be described as due to a fasy gamm-repair and a relatively slow UV-repair process. In fractionated dose experiments, for single exposures which gave about 10% survival, gamma-repair was rapid (t1/2 congruent to 2 h), began immediately, and was essentially complete within 3 h. UV-repair, in contrast, showed a lag of about 5h and was relatively show (t1/2 congruent to 10h). The nature of the recovery response was analyzed from the survival curves at intermediate times; recovery was evident as the reappearance of a shoulder. A heterogenous recovery was evident after UV-irradiation; after a 5 h lag, a progressively increasing fraction of the survivors regained UV-resistance, which suggested that some critical event or rate-limiting step was involved. A requirement for post-irradiation protein synthesis for activity of a recombinational repair pathway on UV-damage may be a factor in the UV-recovery lag. A homogeneous recovery response, however, was observed in gamma-irradiaged cells."}
{"id": "PMID:895714", "title": "Evidence for second \"prereplicative G2\" repair mechanism, specific for gamma-induced damage, in wild-type Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "The major part of the substantial gamma-resistance of wild-type Schizosaccharomyces pombe appears to be due to prereplicative recombinational repair mechanisms. The existence of a second \"prereplicative G2\" repair pathway, specific for gamma-induced damage, has now been deduced from studies of the effect of the repair inhibitor caffeine on gamma-irradiated G1 phase and G2 phase cells. only G2 cells are additionally inactivated on exposure to caffeine after gamma-irradiation. This shows that both known caffeine-sensitive gamma-repair processes (Gentner and wener, Molec. gen. Genet. 145, 1-5 [1976]) are dependent on the presence of a duplicated genome (2c) at the time of radiation exposure. Pathway I is the known \"prereplicative G2\" repair process (Fabre, Radiation Res. 56, 528-539 [1973]) which is involved in both UV- and gamma-repair, and which requires post-irradiation protein synthesis for activity. Pathway II represents a second distinct \"prereplicative G2\" repair mechanism; it differs from the first in that it is specific for repair of gamma-induced damage and appears to be constitutive.", "contents": "Evidence for second \"prereplicative G2\" repair mechanism, specific for gamma-induced damage, in wild-type Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The major part of the substantial gamma-resistance of wild-type Schizosaccharomyces pombe appears to be due to prereplicative recombinational repair mechanisms. The existence of a second \"prereplicative G2\" repair pathway, specific for gamma-induced damage, has now been deduced from studies of the effect of the repair inhibitor caffeine on gamma-irradiated G1 phase and G2 phase cells. only G2 cells are additionally inactivated on exposure to caffeine after gamma-irradiation. This shows that both known caffeine-sensitive gamma-repair processes (Gentner and wener, Molec. gen. Genet. 145, 1-5 [1976]) are dependent on the presence of a duplicated genome (2c) at the time of radiation exposure. Pathway I is the known \"prereplicative G2\" repair process (Fabre, Radiation Res. 56, 528-539 [1973]) which is involved in both UV- and gamma-repair, and which requires post-irradiation protein synthesis for activity. Pathway II represents a second distinct \"prereplicative G2\" repair mechanism; it differs from the first in that it is specific for repair of gamma-induced damage and appears to be constitutive."}
{"id": "PMID:895715", "title": "Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein synthesis in the \"petite-negative\" yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Cytoplasmic inheritance of resistance to tetracycline.", "content": "The growth of two strains of the \"petite-negative\" yeast Kluyveromyces lactis is inhibited by Tetracycline in different ways under the same culture conditions. Tetracycline resistant mutants of one strain have been isolated which can tolerate doses as high as 3000 microgram/ml of antibiotic. The segregation pattern of this character obtained by random spore analysis of the ascospores derived from the cross of the two strains strongly suggests that the resistance to tetracycline is under mitochondrial control.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein synthesis in the \"petite-negative\" yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Cytoplasmic inheritance of resistance to tetracycline. The growth of two strains of the \"petite-negative\" yeast Kluyveromyces lactis is inhibited by Tetracycline in different ways under the same culture conditions. Tetracycline resistant mutants of one strain have been isolated which can tolerate doses as high as 3000 microgram/ml of antibiotic. The segregation pattern of this character obtained by random spore analysis of the ascospores derived from the cross of the two strains strongly suggests that the resistance to tetracycline is under mitochondrial control."}
{"id": "PMID:895716", "title": "Two modes of loss of the Tol function from Pseudomonas putida mt-2.", "content": "Some of a set of independently arising Tol- (non toluate-utilising) derivatives of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 have lost the unique plasmid present in the parent strain. In others this plasmid has suffered a deletion of a specific region of about 27 Md.", "contents": "Two modes of loss of the Tol function from Pseudomonas putida mt-2. Some of a set of independently arising Tol- (non toluate-utilising) derivatives of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 have lost the unique plasmid present in the parent strain. In others this plasmid has suffered a deletion of a specific region of about 27 Md."}
{"id": "PMID:895729", "title": "Circular dichroism of human urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein.", "content": "Human urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, which contains 28% carbohydrate, has a monomeric molecular weight of about 80,000 but is isolated from urine in the form of intertwining helical suprastructures with molecular weights greater than 10(7). The native glycoprotein was dissociated and denatured with 6 M guanidinium chloride and was subsequently renatured by dialysis against a Tris-HCl buffer. Using sedimetation equilibrium, the renatured glycoprotein was characterized by a Mw cell of 256,800 and a Mz cell of 356,000. The ratio, Mz/Mw, of 1.39 indicates some polydispersity with regard to molecular size. There was no evidence of helical suprastructures in the renatured glycoprotein as judged by electron microscopy. Ca2+ concentrations of up to 50 mM failed to precipitate the renatured glycoprotein; in contrast, the native glycoprotein is precipitated by Ca2+ concentrations between 5-10 mM. The circular dichroic spectrum of renatured Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was obtained, resolved, and tentative band assignments made. The spectrum, which is quite similar to that of native Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, exhibited negative extrema at 269 nm (due in large part to disulfides and tyrosines) and at 215 nm (due to protein beta-structure and the N-acetylated hexosamines). The alpha-helical content of the glycoprotein was estimated to be no more than 10% and the amount of beta-structure to be about 33%; these values were not affected by the presence of Ca2+ (1 mM). A glcopeptide fraction (ca. 90% carbohydrate), prepared by extensive pronase digestion of the reduced, S-carboxymethylated glycoprotein, exhibited an ellipticity extremum at 212 nm of + 4,750 deg-cm2/dmole, referred to the concentration of (N-acetylated) hexosamines and neuraminic acid.", "contents": "Circular dichroism of human urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. Human urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, which contains 28% carbohydrate, has a monomeric molecular weight of about 80,000 but is isolated from urine in the form of intertwining helical suprastructures with molecular weights greater than 10(7). The native glycoprotein was dissociated and denatured with 6 M guanidinium chloride and was subsequently renatured by dialysis against a Tris-HCl buffer. Using sedimetation equilibrium, the renatured glycoprotein was characterized by a Mw cell of 256,800 and a Mz cell of 356,000. The ratio, Mz/Mw, of 1.39 indicates some polydispersity with regard to molecular size. There was no evidence of helical suprastructures in the renatured glycoprotein as judged by electron microscopy. Ca2+ concentrations of up to 50 mM failed to precipitate the renatured glycoprotein; in contrast, the native glycoprotein is precipitated by Ca2+ concentrations between 5-10 mM. The circular dichroic spectrum of renatured Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was obtained, resolved, and tentative band assignments made. The spectrum, which is quite similar to that of native Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, exhibited negative extrema at 269 nm (due in large part to disulfides and tyrosines) and at 215 nm (due to protein beta-structure and the N-acetylated hexosamines). The alpha-helical content of the glycoprotein was estimated to be no more than 10% and the amount of beta-structure to be about 33%; these values were not affected by the presence of Ca2+ (1 mM). A glcopeptide fraction (ca. 90% carbohydrate), prepared by extensive pronase digestion of the reduced, S-carboxymethylated glycoprotein, exhibited an ellipticity extremum at 212 nm of + 4,750 deg-cm2/dmole, referred to the concentration of (N-acetylated) hexosamines and neuraminic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:895730", "title": "Stimulation of isocitrate lyase biosynthesis by hydroxylamine and hydrazine.", "content": "Recently it has been demonstrated that hydroxylamine is an activator of triglyceride catabolism. We have studied the effect of hydroxylamine on isocitrate lyase activity and lipid catabolism and have noted a stimulation of isocitrate lyase biosynthesis by 5 mM hydroxylamine. The specificity of this effect was tested with a number of representative enzymes of other metabolic pathways. In an attempt to study the possible mechanism of action of hydroxylamine we have also tested the effects of two substances that are structural or functional analogues of hydroxylamine, namely, ethanolamine and hydrazine, both on the enzyme level in plant cultures and on the activity of enzyme preparations. From our data we may conclude that \"de nove\" biosynthesis of isocitrate lyase depends on the reaction of hydroxylamine or hydrazine with glyoxylate to give the corresponding oxime and hydrazone. The removal of glyoxylate from the biological equilibrium in this way could cause extra formation of isocitrate lyase.", "contents": "Stimulation of isocitrate lyase biosynthesis by hydroxylamine and hydrazine. Recently it has been demonstrated that hydroxylamine is an activator of triglyceride catabolism. We have studied the effect of hydroxylamine on isocitrate lyase activity and lipid catabolism and have noted a stimulation of isocitrate lyase biosynthesis by 5 mM hydroxylamine. The specificity of this effect was tested with a number of representative enzymes of other metabolic pathways. In an attempt to study the possible mechanism of action of hydroxylamine we have also tested the effects of two substances that are structural or functional analogues of hydroxylamine, namely, ethanolamine and hydrazine, both on the enzyme level in plant cultures and on the activity of enzyme preparations. From our data we may conclude that \"de nove\" biosynthesis of isocitrate lyase depends on the reaction of hydroxylamine or hydrazine with glyoxylate to give the corresponding oxime and hydrazone. The removal of glyoxylate from the biological equilibrium in this way could cause extra formation of isocitrate lyase."}
{"id": "PMID:895731", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity associated with cultured human neoplastic and normal cells.", "content": "Fibrinolytic activity was studied in a number of different established as well as secondary human cell cultures derived from both malignant and normal tissues. The ability to degrade [25I]-labeled fibrin was found to be characteristic of some malignant cultures as well as some normal cultures, and to be dependent upon the presence of serum. For the most part, this activity was detected in cultures with a relatively short in vitro passage history (less than 30 passages). Low passaged colon and rectal carcinoma cells, HCT-8 and HRT-18, as well as normal rectal, colon and foreskin fibroblasts were positive for fibrinolytic activity, while long established (greater than 100 passages) cultures of malignant cells (colon carcinoma, HeLa, Hep-2, KB) as well as normal cells (HEI, AV3) were negative. It is proposed that although some normal cells synthesize plasminogen activators, the fibrinolytic capability of both malignant and normal cells may be lost on prolonged in vitro cultivation.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity associated with cultured human neoplastic and normal cells. Fibrinolytic activity was studied in a number of different established as well as secondary human cell cultures derived from both malignant and normal tissues. The ability to degrade [25I]-labeled fibrin was found to be characteristic of some malignant cultures as well as some normal cultures, and to be dependent upon the presence of serum. For the most part, this activity was detected in cultures with a relatively short in vitro passage history (less than 30 passages). Low passaged colon and rectal carcinoma cells, HCT-8 and HRT-18, as well as normal rectal, colon and foreskin fibroblasts were positive for fibrinolytic activity, while long established (greater than 100 passages) cultures of malignant cells (colon carcinoma, HeLa, Hep-2, KB) as well as normal cells (HEI, AV3) were negative. It is proposed that although some normal cells synthesize plasminogen activators, the fibrinolytic capability of both malignant and normal cells may be lost on prolonged in vitro cultivation."}
{"id": "PMID:895734", "title": "[On the syndrome of childhood-hypoglycemia. I. Definition of hypoglycemia in different age-groups and problems of neonatal hypoglycemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypoglycemia was diagnosed in 118 patients admitted to the University Children's Hospital Basel over 13 years, altogether 137 times. A definition of infantile and childhood hypoglycemia is discussed. Hypoglycemia was accepted as the correct diagnosis in 72 cases (group I), where 2 or more blood sugar values or at least one blood sugar value and one glucose value in the cerebrospinal fluid were below the limit for the age-group. In 46 cases only one abnormal blood sugar value vas documented (group II). In 19 cases no value was found to be definitely below the normal range. 58 patients were newborns up to 10 days of age. 34 patients (43 hospital admissions) were children in the agegroup after the newborn period. 65% of the newborns in group I and 58% of them in group II showed clinical symptoms concomitant with hypoglycemia. Convulsions (62%) were the most frequent feature. In more of the 76 patients was hypoglycemia documented as an isolated symptom. 75% of newborns were premature and/or of low birth weight. 50% had hypoglycemia and 20% verified central nervous system disease. 4 patients (5%) died in the hospital for reasons other than hypoglycemia. 15% (11 patients) had definite neurological symptoms when discharged from hospital. 30 of the 72 surviving neonates could be reexamined at a mean age of 26,5 months. 18% (13 patients) showed evidence of neurological disorders. 4 patients were readmitted with hypoglycemia at a later age, 3 were diagnosed as idiopathic and one as a ketotic hypoglycemia. One child developed diabetes mellitus at the age of 8 years.", "contents": "[On the syndrome of childhood-hypoglycemia. I. Definition of hypoglycemia in different age-groups and problems of neonatal hypoglycemia (author's transl)]. Hypoglycemia was diagnosed in 118 patients admitted to the University Children's Hospital Basel over 13 years, altogether 137 times. A definition of infantile and childhood hypoglycemia is discussed. Hypoglycemia was accepted as the correct diagnosis in 72 cases (group I), where 2 or more blood sugar values or at least one blood sugar value and one glucose value in the cerebrospinal fluid were below the limit for the age-group. In 46 cases only one abnormal blood sugar value vas documented (group II). In 19 cases no value was found to be definitely below the normal range. 58 patients were newborns up to 10 days of age. 34 patients (43 hospital admissions) were children in the agegroup after the newborn period. 65% of the newborns in group I and 58% of them in group II showed clinical symptoms concomitant with hypoglycemia. Convulsions (62%) were the most frequent feature. In more of the 76 patients was hypoglycemia documented as an isolated symptom. 75% of newborns were premature and/or of low birth weight. 50% had hypoglycemia and 20% verified central nervous system disease. 4 patients (5%) died in the hospital for reasons other than hypoglycemia. 15% (11 patients) had definite neurological symptoms when discharged from hospital. 30 of the 72 surviving neonates could be reexamined at a mean age of 26,5 months. 18% (13 patients) showed evidence of neurological disorders. 4 patients were readmitted with hypoglycemia at a later age, 3 were diagnosed as idiopathic and one as a ketotic hypoglycemia. One child developed diabetes mellitus at the age of 8 years."}
{"id": "PMID:895735", "title": "[On the syndrome of childhood-hypoglycemia. II. Hypoglycemia in the postneonatal period (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypoglycemia (h.) in the postneonatal period was predominantly observed in male infants and children. The incidence was 0,51/1000 hospitalizations. The majority of cases was found in the agegroup around 2 years. Concomitant diseases (mostly infections of the upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal tract) were found in 30 out of 43 hospitalizations. Convulsions and coma were the most frequent symptoms which were found in 43%. In 30% some degree of somnolence was obvious. Hypoglycemia was not considered in the differential diagnosis in any case by the physician treating first. Only 7 out of 34 cases a complicated biochemical work up resulted in an etiological diagnosis: one leucininduced h.; one ketotic h,; one h. in dystrophy and bronchopneumonia with septicemia; one h. in meningococcic septicemia; one h. in adrenal insufficiency; one h. in isolated ACTH-deficiency; one ethyl-induced h.; one h. in polynesy of pancreas; one h. in insulinoma; one h. in diabetes mellitus under insulintherapy.", "contents": "[On the syndrome of childhood-hypoglycemia. II. Hypoglycemia in the postneonatal period (author's transl)]. Hypoglycemia (h.) in the postneonatal period was predominantly observed in male infants and children. The incidence was 0,51/1000 hospitalizations. The majority of cases was found in the agegroup around 2 years. Concomitant diseases (mostly infections of the upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal tract) were found in 30 out of 43 hospitalizations. Convulsions and coma were the most frequent symptoms which were found in 43%. In 30% some degree of somnolence was obvious. Hypoglycemia was not considered in the differential diagnosis in any case by the physician treating first. Only 7 out of 34 cases a complicated biochemical work up resulted in an etiological diagnosis: one leucininduced h.; one ketotic h,; one h. in dystrophy and bronchopneumonia with septicemia; one h. in meningococcic septicemia; one h. in adrenal insufficiency; one h. in isolated ACTH-deficiency; one ethyl-induced h.; one h. in polynesy of pancreas; one h. in insulinoma; one h. in diabetes mellitus under insulintherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:895736", "title": "[The treatment of renal hypertension with verapamil in childhood (author's transl].", "content": "Twenty children with severe renal hypertension caused by renovacular lesions or chronic renal failure were treated with verapamil. The application of the drug as a single intravenous injection (0.1 mg/kg) during hypertensive crisis was followed by a drop of the systolic blood pressure which was highest 30 min after injection (--25% of the original value). In order to normalize the blood pressure during prolonged hypertensive crisis verapamil was used successfully as an intravenous infusion. For the long-term treatment of renal hypertension verapamil was given orally with success, alone or combined with other antihypertensive drugs. Verapamil has a lowering effect on the blood pressure even in the presence of advanced renal failure. Prolongation of atrioventricular conduction time is the most important side effect of the drug when given in high doses and, especially, when combined with digitalis.", "contents": "[The treatment of renal hypertension with verapamil in childhood (author's transl]. Twenty children with severe renal hypertension caused by renovacular lesions or chronic renal failure were treated with verapamil. The application of the drug as a single intravenous injection (0.1 mg/kg) during hypertensive crisis was followed by a drop of the systolic blood pressure which was highest 30 min after injection (--25% of the original value). In order to normalize the blood pressure during prolonged hypertensive crisis verapamil was used successfully as an intravenous infusion. For the long-term treatment of renal hypertension verapamil was given orally with success, alone or combined with other antihypertensive drugs. Verapamil has a lowering effect on the blood pressure even in the presence of advanced renal failure. Prolongation of atrioventricular conduction time is the most important side effect of the drug when given in high doses and, especially, when combined with digitalis."}
{"id": "PMID:895737", "title": "[The influence of different feeding regimens on the capacity of lipolysis and ketogenesis during the neonatal period (author's transl)].", "content": "The capacity of lipolysis and ketogenesis as well as blood glucose homeostasis is studied in full-term newborn infants on different feeding formulas during the first days of life. Only with the aid of an oligosaccharide compound, carbohydrates can be administered in sufficient quantities, about 7 g/kg X 24 h, so that fat mobilization and ketogenesis are almost completely suppressed. This is not achieved by a regimen mimicing breast feeding in that no milk feeding takes place during the first day, nor by feeding maximal quantities of milk as soon as possible nor by administration of a mixed formula consisting of 10% glucose and milk. Though by early ingestion of large volumes of milk which without introducing tube feeding cannot be further enhanced total caloric intake almost equals the amount attained by the oligosaccharide formula the proportion of carbohydrates in respect to the latter only amounts to one third. In summing up the data reported herein demonstrate that the energy requirements of neonates cannot be supplied by usual dietary regimens, mainly due to the limitation of volume newborn infants can drink voluntarily. As a result of a deficiency in available carbohydrate lipolysis is stimulated in adipose tissue and ketosis arises. These are physiological adaptions resulting in increased availability of free fatty acids and ketone bodies which are easily utilized and thus satisfy the caloric requirements of the newborn infant.", "contents": "[The influence of different feeding regimens on the capacity of lipolysis and ketogenesis during the neonatal period (author's transl)]. The capacity of lipolysis and ketogenesis as well as blood glucose homeostasis is studied in full-term newborn infants on different feeding formulas during the first days of life. Only with the aid of an oligosaccharide compound, carbohydrates can be administered in sufficient quantities, about 7 g/kg X 24 h, so that fat mobilization and ketogenesis are almost completely suppressed. This is not achieved by a regimen mimicing breast feeding in that no milk feeding takes place during the first day, nor by feeding maximal quantities of milk as soon as possible nor by administration of a mixed formula consisting of 10% glucose and milk. Though by early ingestion of large volumes of milk which without introducing tube feeding cannot be further enhanced total caloric intake almost equals the amount attained by the oligosaccharide formula the proportion of carbohydrates in respect to the latter only amounts to one third. In summing up the data reported herein demonstrate that the energy requirements of neonates cannot be supplied by usual dietary regimens, mainly due to the limitation of volume newborn infants can drink voluntarily. As a result of a deficiency in available carbohydrate lipolysis is stimulated in adipose tissue and ketosis arises. These are physiological adaptions resulting in increased availability of free fatty acids and ketone bodies which are easily utilized and thus satisfy the caloric requirements of the newborn infant."}
{"id": "PMID:895738", "title": "[Vitamin E deficiency and anaemia in premature infants (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of a prophylactic treatment with tocopherol, early iron substitution and administration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in different quantities on the plasma concentration of vitamin E, hemolysis in the peroxide test and hematological parameters during the first two months of life was determined in 23 premature infants with birth weights of less than 1800 gms. In no patient in any of the different treatment groups a tocopherol deficiency (plasma concentration less than 0.50 mg/100ml) was observed and accordingly no hemolytic anemia attributable to E hypovitaminosis was found. The mean concentration of tocopherol at birth (0.51 mg/100 ml) was already above the critical limit, and no single value was found below the latter after the 10th day of life. For that reason, the amount of vitamin E included in formulas generally used in this country and its intestinal absorption have to be considered as adequate even for small premature children. The different treatments of the test groups had no significant influence on the clinical state or the hematological findings. The infants with vitamin E substitution and those without had similar hemoglobin levels. Almost all children had a distinct reticulocytosis and thrombocytosis during the second month of their life. This seems to occur naturally. The peroxide test proved to be no reliable indicator of a tocopherol deficiency in the individual case. It is not yet clear which additional factors cause vitamin E deficiency, infrequently seen in small premature infants.", "contents": "[Vitamin E deficiency and anaemia in premature infants (author's transl)]. The effect of a prophylactic treatment with tocopherol, early iron substitution and administration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in different quantities on the plasma concentration of vitamin E, hemolysis in the peroxide test and hematological parameters during the first two months of life was determined in 23 premature infants with birth weights of less than 1800 gms. In no patient in any of the different treatment groups a tocopherol deficiency (plasma concentration less than 0.50 mg/100ml) was observed and accordingly no hemolytic anemia attributable to E hypovitaminosis was found. The mean concentration of tocopherol at birth (0.51 mg/100 ml) was already above the critical limit, and no single value was found below the latter after the 10th day of life. For that reason, the amount of vitamin E included in formulas generally used in this country and its intestinal absorption have to be considered as adequate even for small premature children. The different treatments of the test groups had no significant influence on the clinical state or the hematological findings. The infants with vitamin E substitution and those without had similar hemoglobin levels. Almost all children had a distinct reticulocytosis and thrombocytosis during the second month of their life. This seems to occur naturally. The peroxide test proved to be no reliable indicator of a tocopherol deficiency in the individual case. It is not yet clear which additional factors cause vitamin E deficiency, infrequently seen in small premature infants."}
{"id": "PMID:895739", "title": "[T3-thyrotoxicosis in a 12 year old girl (author's transl)].", "content": "Isolated Triiodothyronine (T3) hyperthyroidism in childhood is rate. The incidence among hyperthyroid children is about 10%. The authors present a case history of a 12 2/12 year old girl with T3-thyrotoxicosis. Cause, diagnosis and therapy are thoroughly discussed. The importance to estimating serum T3 concentration for establishing the diagnosis of T3 hyperthyroidism is emphasized.", "contents": "[T3-thyrotoxicosis in a 12 year old girl (author's transl)]. Isolated Triiodothyronine (T3) hyperthyroidism in childhood is rate. The incidence among hyperthyroid children is about 10%. The authors present a case history of a 12 2/12 year old girl with T3-thyrotoxicosis. Cause, diagnosis and therapy are thoroughly discussed. The importance to estimating serum T3 concentration for establishing the diagnosis of T3 hyperthyroidism is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:895750", "title": "Nitrosated methylcarbamate insecticides: effect on the DNA of human cells.", "content": "Normal human skin cells were treated with six insecticide esters of N-methylcarbamic acid or their N-nitroso derivatives. The DNA of the cells was sedimented in alkaline sucrose gradients at various times after treatment. The insecticides used were aldicarb, baygon, BUX-TEN, carbofuran, landrin, and methomyl. Numerous single-strand breaks were apparent in the DNA of all the nitroso derivative-treated cells but not in the DNA of those treated with the parent insecticides. Since the effect of the nitroso derivatives on the DNA could be observed for at least 20 h after removal of the chemical from the cultures, the DNA repairing events normally occurring in human cells after damage initiated by these chemical agents was not repaired as UV-type DNA damage or ionizing-type DNA damage in human cells. These observations suggest that the human cellular DNA in vivo is irreversibly altered by nitrosated N-methyl carbamate insecticides resulting in numerous alkali-sensitive bonds.", "contents": "Nitrosated methylcarbamate insecticides: effect on the DNA of human cells. Normal human skin cells were treated with six insecticide esters of N-methylcarbamic acid or their N-nitroso derivatives. The DNA of the cells was sedimented in alkaline sucrose gradients at various times after treatment. The insecticides used were aldicarb, baygon, BUX-TEN, carbofuran, landrin, and methomyl. Numerous single-strand breaks were apparent in the DNA of all the nitroso derivative-treated cells but not in the DNA of those treated with the parent insecticides. Since the effect of the nitroso derivatives on the DNA could be observed for at least 20 h after removal of the chemical from the cultures, the DNA repairing events normally occurring in human cells after damage initiated by these chemical agents was not repaired as UV-type DNA damage or ionizing-type DNA damage in human cells. These observations suggest that the human cellular DNA in vivo is irreversibly altered by nitrosated N-methyl carbamate insecticides resulting in numerous alkali-sensitive bonds."}
{"id": "PMID:895756", "title": "A collaborative cytogenetics study to measure and minimize interlaboratory variation.", "content": "Six cytogenetics laboratories joined in a collaborative study of rat chromosome aberrations to measure interlaboratory variation in results of standardized procedures and to devise methods to minimize interlaboratory differences. A preliminary workshop was held to resolve scoring differences, to develop a joint protocol and common glossary, and to reach agreement on uniform reporting methods. Osborne-Mendel rats from a common source were sent to each laboratory. Triethylenemelamine (TEM) was used at doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400 microgram/kg to induce clastogenic effects; results were compared to those of a control group of untreated animals. Femoral bone marrow cells were evaluated with the scorers unaware of the dosage. Final results showed highly significant dose effects with the test compound, and most laboratories showed a similar pattern of dose response. This study illustrates that rat cytogenetic analysis can be an effective test system for evaluation of a compound for mutagenic potential, particularly for the index reflecting the proportion of abnormal cells, but that results should be interpreted cautiously when arbitrary values are assigned for some of the categories being analyzed, as was done in this project for the category of severely damaged cells.", "contents": "A collaborative cytogenetics study to measure and minimize interlaboratory variation. Six cytogenetics laboratories joined in a collaborative study of rat chromosome aberrations to measure interlaboratory variation in results of standardized procedures and to devise methods to minimize interlaboratory differences. A preliminary workshop was held to resolve scoring differences, to develop a joint protocol and common glossary, and to reach agreement on uniform reporting methods. Osborne-Mendel rats from a common source were sent to each laboratory. Triethylenemelamine (TEM) was used at doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400 microgram/kg to induce clastogenic effects; results were compared to those of a control group of untreated animals. Femoral bone marrow cells were evaluated with the scorers unaware of the dosage. Final results showed highly significant dose effects with the test compound, and most laboratories showed a similar pattern of dose response. This study illustrates that rat cytogenetic analysis can be an effective test system for evaluation of a compound for mutagenic potential, particularly for the index reflecting the proportion of abnormal cells, but that results should be interpreted cautiously when arbitrary values are assigned for some of the categories being analyzed, as was done in this project for the category of severely damaged cells."}
{"id": "PMID:895757", "title": "Mutation in continuous cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. I. Dependence of the kinetics of mutation accumulation upon the growth-limiting nutrilite.", "content": "The rate of spontaneous mutation to resistance to the 12,13-epoxytrichothecene trichodermin has been determined under different growth limiting conditions in continuous cultures of the microbial eukaryote Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In agreement with data obtained in bacterial systems by previous workers the kinetics observed for the accumulation of mutations is found to be dependent upon the nutrient used to limit the growth of the population. Under conditions of glucose-limitation mutation accumulation is directly proportional to the rate of cell division, while under histidine-limitation it is proportional to chronological time. Various possible explanations for these observations are discussed.", "contents": "Mutation in continuous cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. I. Dependence of the kinetics of mutation accumulation upon the growth-limiting nutrilite. The rate of spontaneous mutation to resistance to the 12,13-epoxytrichothecene trichodermin has been determined under different growth limiting conditions in continuous cultures of the microbial eukaryote Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In agreement with data obtained in bacterial systems by previous workers the kinetics observed for the accumulation of mutations is found to be dependent upon the nutrient used to limit the growth of the population. Under conditions of glucose-limitation mutation accumulation is directly proportional to the rate of cell division, while under histidine-limitation it is proportional to chronological time. Various possible explanations for these observations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:895758", "title": "Evidence for chemically-induced structural gene mutations at the thymidine kinase locus in cultured L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells.", "content": "L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells normally appear to possess two functional thymidine kinase alleles (TK+/+). TK-deficient (TK-/-) clonal lines can be derived from these cells by treatment with EMS or other mutagens. Mezger-Freed [12] has argued that such stable phenotypic variants do not arise as the result of gene mutations but instead represent epigenetic events such as normally occur during differentiation without any permanent gene alteration. If this be so, then rare TK+/- revertants arising in TK-/- cultures should possess TK enzyme identical with one of those present in the original TK+/+ cells, since only depression of the TK gene is involved. Our studies show that this is not the case. Among the mutant TK enzymes analyzed in vitro (those from parental TK+/- lines, each derived in turn from separate TK-/- lines) differences were found in (1) solubility in saline; (2) solubility in 3 M LiCl; (3) Km's; and (4) ATP-Mg2+ requirements. These findings were incompatible with a non-mutational model for the production of these stable variants and, in conjunction with reversion-rate data, they tended to favor either direct structural gene modifications or mutations affecting the expression of adult and fetal enzymes.", "contents": "Evidence for chemically-induced structural gene mutations at the thymidine kinase locus in cultured L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells normally appear to possess two functional thymidine kinase alleles (TK+/+). TK-deficient (TK-/-) clonal lines can be derived from these cells by treatment with EMS or other mutagens. Mezger-Freed [12] has argued that such stable phenotypic variants do not arise as the result of gene mutations but instead represent epigenetic events such as normally occur during differentiation without any permanent gene alteration. If this be so, then rare TK+/- revertants arising in TK-/- cultures should possess TK enzyme identical with one of those present in the original TK+/+ cells, since only depression of the TK gene is involved. Our studies show that this is not the case. Among the mutant TK enzymes analyzed in vitro (those from parental TK+/- lines, each derived in turn from separate TK-/- lines) differences were found in (1) solubility in saline; (2) solubility in 3 M LiCl; (3) Km's; and (4) ATP-Mg2+ requirements. These findings were incompatible with a non-mutational model for the production of these stable variants and, in conjunction with reversion-rate data, they tended to favor either direct structural gene modifications or mutations affecting the expression of adult and fetal enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:895764", "title": "Inefficacy of immediate node dissection in stage 1 melanoma of the limbs.", "content": "From September, 1967, to January, 1974, a clinical trial was carried out by the WHO Melanoma Group to evaluate the efficacy of elective lymph-node dissection in the treatment of malignant melanoma of the extremities with clinically uninvolved regional lymph nodes. Treatment was prospectively randomized: 267 patients to excision of primary melanoma and immediate regional-lymph-node dissection and 286 to excision of primary melanoma and regional-lymph-node dissection at the time of appearance of metastases. The statistical analysis showed no difference in survival between the two groups of patients, regardless of how the data were analyzed (according to sex, site of origin, maximum diameter of primary tumor or Clark's level or Breslow's thickness). Elective lymph-node dissection in malignant malanoma of the limbs does not improve the prognosis and is not recommended when patients can be followed at intervals of three months.", "contents": "Inefficacy of immediate node dissection in stage 1 melanoma of the limbs. From September, 1967, to January, 1974, a clinical trial was carried out by the WHO Melanoma Group to evaluate the efficacy of elective lymph-node dissection in the treatment of malignant melanoma of the extremities with clinically uninvolved regional lymph nodes. Treatment was prospectively randomized: 267 patients to excision of primary melanoma and immediate regional-lymph-node dissection and 286 to excision of primary melanoma and regional-lymph-node dissection at the time of appearance of metastases. The statistical analysis showed no difference in survival between the two groups of patients, regardless of how the data were analyzed (according to sex, site of origin, maximum diameter of primary tumor or Clark's level or Breslow's thickness). Elective lymph-node dissection in malignant malanoma of the limbs does not improve the prognosis and is not recommended when patients can be followed at intervals of three months."}
{"id": "PMID:895765", "title": "Graduate education in primary care: an economic analysis.", "content": "To determine the financial requirements of an established primary-care educational program for house officers, we studied two prepaid and two fee-for-service Harvard Primary Care Program affiliated practices. Program-wide, each resident saw an average of 112 patients per month, with patient service costs of $2,580. With teaching and administrative expenses included, total monthly costs averaged $3,120 and $3,270 per trainee for prepaid and fee-for-service practices respectively. In fee-for-service practices, resident billings for patient services averaged $2,790, yielding revenues of $2,510 per month, which offset 77 per cent of total program costs. At current reimbursement rates, covering full program costs in the fee-for-service practices would require an increase of more than 40 per cent in resident-provided patient-care volume. By reducing time available for broad ambulatory experiences, such an increase would necessitate substantial program restructuring and limit opportunities for innovation in the Harvard Primary Care Program.", "contents": "Graduate education in primary care: an economic analysis. To determine the financial requirements of an established primary-care educational program for house officers, we studied two prepaid and two fee-for-service Harvard Primary Care Program affiliated practices. Program-wide, each resident saw an average of 112 patients per month, with patient service costs of $2,580. With teaching and administrative expenses included, total monthly costs averaged $3,120 and $3,270 per trainee for prepaid and fee-for-service practices respectively. In fee-for-service practices, resident billings for patient services averaged $2,790, yielding revenues of $2,510 per month, which offset 77 per cent of total program costs. At current reimbursement rates, covering full program costs in the fee-for-service practices would require an increase of more than 40 per cent in resident-provided patient-care volume. By reducing time available for broad ambulatory experiences, such an increase would necessitate substantial program restructuring and limit opportunities for innovation in the Harvard Primary Care Program."}
{"id": "PMID:895788", "title": "Bayesian analysis of electrocardiographic exercise stress testing.", "content": "We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of exercise-induced ST-segment depression in detecting coronary-artery disease by applying the likelihood-ratio formulation of Bayes's theorem to stress-test data, which were partitioned into half-millimeter ranges of depression. The graphic relation between the predictive value of a given test result and the pretest risk of disease in the test subjects was obtained for each of these half-millimeter intervals. This method reveals that the predictive value of testing depends on the degree of ST-segment depression, and that the pretest risk of coronary-artery disease is an important determinant of the predictive value of any test result in the individual patient. These findings suggest that the use of the terms \"positive\" and \"negative\" are inappropriate to describe most stress-test results. Instead, the results should be interpreted in terms of a continuum of risk based on the extent of ST-segment depression.", "contents": "Bayesian analysis of electrocardiographic exercise stress testing. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of exercise-induced ST-segment depression in detecting coronary-artery disease by applying the likelihood-ratio formulation of Bayes's theorem to stress-test data, which were partitioned into half-millimeter ranges of depression. The graphic relation between the predictive value of a given test result and the pretest risk of disease in the test subjects was obtained for each of these half-millimeter intervals. This method reveals that the predictive value of testing depends on the degree of ST-segment depression, and that the pretest risk of coronary-artery disease is an important determinant of the predictive value of any test result in the individual patient. These findings suggest that the use of the terms \"positive\" and \"negative\" are inappropriate to describe most stress-test results. Instead, the results should be interpreted in terms of a continuum of risk based on the extent of ST-segment depression."}
{"id": "PMID:895789", "title": "Multicellular origin of parathyroid \"adenomas\".", "content": "Most cases of primary hyperparathyroidism are associated with enlargement of a single gland (i.e., an \"adenoma\") or with chief-cell hyperplasia, but there is controversy about the relative frequency of each of these entities. It has even been postulated that adenomas do not arise spontaneously, bu- result from prolonged hyperplasia in response to unknown stimuli. We studied four parathyroid adenomas from three women with heterozygosity (GdB/GdA) for the X-chromosome-linked enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, to determine the number of cells from which the growths arise. Unicellular origin would be compatible with a rare oncogenic event, whereas multicellular origin might be seen with hyperplasia. Both B and A isoenzymes were found in each \"adenoma\" in proportions similar to those observed in normal tissues, indicating that the lesions have multicellular origin. Thus, parathyroid hyperplasia and adenomas, which at best are difficult to distinguish from one another pathologically, may also be similar biologically.", "contents": "Multicellular origin of parathyroid \"adenomas\". Most cases of primary hyperparathyroidism are associated with enlargement of a single gland (i.e., an \"adenoma\") or with chief-cell hyperplasia, but there is controversy about the relative frequency of each of these entities. It has even been postulated that adenomas do not arise spontaneously, bu- result from prolonged hyperplasia in response to unknown stimuli. We studied four parathyroid adenomas from three women with heterozygosity (GdB/GdA) for the X-chromosome-linked enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, to determine the number of cells from which the growths arise. Unicellular origin would be compatible with a rare oncogenic event, whereas multicellular origin might be seen with hyperplasia. Both B and A isoenzymes were found in each \"adenoma\" in proportions similar to those observed in normal tissues, indicating that the lesions have multicellular origin. Thus, parathyroid hyperplasia and adenomas, which at best are difficult to distinguish from one another pathologically, may also be similar biologically."}
{"id": "PMID:895790", "title": "Socioeconomic factors affecting the utilization of surgical operations.", "content": "Between 1963 and 1970 public programs were introduced to reduce inequalities in access to medical care. We examined differentials in surgical utilization among socioeconomic groups in 1970 as well as changes between 1963 and 1970. Multivariate analysis of National Health Interview Survey data indicated that large increases in surgical utilization occurred among disadvantaged groups: the aged, lower educated and nonwhites in urban areas. Some differential by race and residence remains, but is strongly related to income. Income had a large positive effect on surgical utilization, but this effect was less strong in 1970 than in 1963. Education had a negative effect on surgical utilization. Eleven surgical procedures were selected and scaled on indexes of \"complexity,\" \"urgency\" and \"necessity.\" These indexes do not vary among demographic groups that have significant differences in surgical utilization. However, lower-income groups utilized to a lesser extent procedures rated lowest on the necessity scale.", "contents": "Socioeconomic factors affecting the utilization of surgical operations. Between 1963 and 1970 public programs were introduced to reduce inequalities in access to medical care. We examined differentials in surgical utilization among socioeconomic groups in 1970 as well as changes between 1963 and 1970. Multivariate analysis of National Health Interview Survey data indicated that large increases in surgical utilization occurred among disadvantaged groups: the aged, lower educated and nonwhites in urban areas. Some differential by race and residence remains, but is strongly related to income. Income had a large positive effect on surgical utilization, but this effect was less strong in 1970 than in 1963. Education had a negative effect on surgical utilization. Eleven surgical procedures were selected and scaled on indexes of \"complexity,\" \"urgency\" and \"necessity.\" These indexes do not vary among demographic groups that have significant differences in surgical utilization. However, lower-income groups utilized to a lesser extent procedures rated lowest on the necessity scale."}
{"id": "PMID:895803", "title": "A prospective comparison of current diagnostic tests for pancreatic cancer.", "content": "In 70 patients suspected of having pancreatic cancer, we prospectively compared results of seven diagnostic tests. Subsequent exploration (of 68) and liver biopsy (of two) demonstrated pancreatic cancer in 30, pancreatitis in seven, nonpancreatic neoplasms in nine and nonpancreatic non-neoplastic disease (or no disease) in 24. For detection of pancreatic disease, the best tests were the pancreatic-function test (cholecystokinin-stimulated enzyme outputs) and ultrasonography. The pancreatic scan was nonspecific (P less than 0.001), and thermography was insensitive (P less than 0.001). Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and arteriography were significantly more sensitive than cytologic study in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer (P less than 0.001). Therefore, when pancreatic cancer is suspected, abdominal ultrasound should be performed first, and if it is negative, a pancreatic-function test next. A positive result from either test warrants an endoscopic retrograde pancreatography for definitive diagnosis. This sequence identified 88 per cent of patients without pancreatic disease and 89 per cent with pancreatic cancer.", "contents": "A prospective comparison of current diagnostic tests for pancreatic cancer. In 70 patients suspected of having pancreatic cancer, we prospectively compared results of seven diagnostic tests. Subsequent exploration (of 68) and liver biopsy (of two) demonstrated pancreatic cancer in 30, pancreatitis in seven, nonpancreatic neoplasms in nine and nonpancreatic non-neoplastic disease (or no disease) in 24. For detection of pancreatic disease, the best tests were the pancreatic-function test (cholecystokinin-stimulated enzyme outputs) and ultrasonography. The pancreatic scan was nonspecific (P less than 0.001), and thermography was insensitive (P less than 0.001). Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and arteriography were significantly more sensitive than cytologic study in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer (P less than 0.001). Therefore, when pancreatic cancer is suspected, abdominal ultrasound should be performed first, and if it is negative, a pancreatic-function test next. A positive result from either test warrants an endoscopic retrograde pancreatography for definitive diagnosis. This sequence identified 88 per cent of patients without pancreatic disease and 89 per cent with pancreatic cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:895804", "title": "Enhancement of exercise-induced asthma by cold air.", "content": "To study the possibility that the inhalation of cold air accentuates the bronchoconstrictor response to exercise in asthma, eight subjects exercised while breathing air at ambient or subfreezing temperatures. On a separate day, cold air was breathed at rest so as to isolate the effects of this stimulus. Pulmonary mechanics were measured before and after each experiment. In all subjects acute bronchoconstriction followed the control exercise challenge. With cold-air breathing, however, the magnitude of the response was markedly enhanced. Residual volume increased 158 per cent more than it did previously, and specific conductance and one-second forced expiratory volumes changed an additional 85 and 100 per cent, respectively. The effects of cold air at rest were very small. The results demonstrate a positive interaction of two common naturally occurring stimuli in the induction of asthmatic attacks, and constitute objective verification of a frequent clinical complaint.", "contents": "Enhancement of exercise-induced asthma by cold air. To study the possibility that the inhalation of cold air accentuates the bronchoconstrictor response to exercise in asthma, eight subjects exercised while breathing air at ambient or subfreezing temperatures. On a separate day, cold air was breathed at rest so as to isolate the effects of this stimulus. Pulmonary mechanics were measured before and after each experiment. In all subjects acute bronchoconstriction followed the control exercise challenge. With cold-air breathing, however, the magnitude of the response was markedly enhanced. Residual volume increased 158 per cent more than it did previously, and specific conductance and one-second forced expiratory volumes changed an additional 85 and 100 per cent, respectively. The effects of cold air at rest were very small. The results demonstrate a positive interaction of two common naturally occurring stimuli in the induction of asthmatic attacks, and constitute objective verification of a frequent clinical complaint."}
{"id": "PMID:895805", "title": "Abnormal regulation of ventilation in infants at risk for sudden-infant-death syndrome.", "content": "To test whether alveolar hypoventilation and an abnormal ventilatory response to inhaled carbon dioxide explains some episodes of sudden-infant-death syndrome, we assessed ventilatory control during quiet sleep in 12 normal infants and 11 infants who had required at least two resuscitations because of prolonged apnea (greater than 20 seconds) during sleep (aborted form of the syndrome). Infants with the aborted syndrome hypoventilated during quiet sleep (alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide, 38.9+/-3.5 mm Hg) as compared to normal infants (35.1+/-1.9, P less than 0.01). In addition, the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide breathing during quiet sleep was impaired (mean change in minute ventilation per change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide 22.1+/-8.9, as compared to 63.1+/-19.1 ml per kilogram per minute per millimeter of mercury in controls [p less than 0.001]). Three infants with the \"aborted syndrome\" subsequently died during sleep at home; autopsy, done in two, revealed no apparent cause of death. We conclude that infants who have had an episode consistent with sudden-infant-death syndrome have a defect in the regulation of alveolar ventilation.", "contents": "Abnormal regulation of ventilation in infants at risk for sudden-infant-death syndrome. To test whether alveolar hypoventilation and an abnormal ventilatory response to inhaled carbon dioxide explains some episodes of sudden-infant-death syndrome, we assessed ventilatory control during quiet sleep in 12 normal infants and 11 infants who had required at least two resuscitations because of prolonged apnea (greater than 20 seconds) during sleep (aborted form of the syndrome). Infants with the aborted syndrome hypoventilated during quiet sleep (alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide, 38.9+/-3.5 mm Hg) as compared to normal infants (35.1+/-1.9, P less than 0.01). In addition, the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide breathing during quiet sleep was impaired (mean change in minute ventilation per change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide 22.1+/-8.9, as compared to 63.1+/-19.1 ml per kilogram per minute per millimeter of mercury in controls [p less than 0.001]). Three infants with the \"aborted syndrome\" subsequently died during sleep at home; autopsy, done in two, revealed no apparent cause of death. We conclude that infants who have had an episode consistent with sudden-infant-death syndrome have a defect in the regulation of alveolar ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:895818", "title": "Smoking: a risk factor for spontaneous abortion.", "content": "We compared cigarette smoking during pregnancy among 574 women who aborted spontaneously (cases) and 320 women with delivery after at least 28 weeks' gestation (controls). Log-linear analysis was used to test the hypothesis that smoking is associated with spontaneous abortion. Several potentially confounding variables--namely, age at last menstrual period and the number of previous pregnancies ending in spontaneous abortion, in induced abortion and in live birth--were controlled in the analysis. Women who had aborted spontaneously reported smoking during pregnancy more often than those with delivery after 28 weeks' gestation: 41% of cases and 28% of controls smoked. The odds ratio for the highly significant association with smoking was 1.8. The association did not vary with age or previous obstetric events. We conclude that smoking during pregnancy is a risk factor for spontaneous abortion.", "contents": "Smoking: a risk factor for spontaneous abortion. We compared cigarette smoking during pregnancy among 574 women who aborted spontaneously (cases) and 320 women with delivery after at least 28 weeks' gestation (controls). Log-linear analysis was used to test the hypothesis that smoking is associated with spontaneous abortion. Several potentially confounding variables--namely, age at last menstrual period and the number of previous pregnancies ending in spontaneous abortion, in induced abortion and in live birth--were controlled in the analysis. Women who had aborted spontaneously reported smoking during pregnancy more often than those with delivery after 28 weeks' gestation: 41% of cases and 28% of controls smoked. The odds ratio for the highly significant association with smoking was 1.8. The association did not vary with age or previous obstetric events. We conclude that smoking during pregnancy is a risk factor for spontaneous abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:895819", "title": "Lassa fever: response to an imported case.", "content": "In February, 1976, a Peace Corps worker returned to the United States from Sierra Leone with an undiagnosed illness later recognized as Lassa fever. To assess the risk of transmission and to contain a potential outbreak, we identified 552 contacts as having had exposure to the patient before the start of strict isolation procedures, and maintained intensive surveillance on these contacts for 21 days. At the end of the surveillance period, no illness had developed in contacts. One month later, a serologic survey among 29 of the contacts judged to be at high risk gave no evidence of infection. In response to the importation of this communicable and highly fatal disease, procedures for the isolation of the patient, the identification, surveillance and management of contacts and the handling of laboratory specimens were developed and implemented. These procedures could be adapted to future introductions of highly contagious diseases.", "contents": "Lassa fever: response to an imported case. In February, 1976, a Peace Corps worker returned to the United States from Sierra Leone with an undiagnosed illness later recognized as Lassa fever. To assess the risk of transmission and to contain a potential outbreak, we identified 552 contacts as having had exposure to the patient before the start of strict isolation procedures, and maintained intensive surveillance on these contacts for 21 days. At the end of the surveillance period, no illness had developed in contacts. One month later, a serologic survey among 29 of the contacts judged to be at high risk gave no evidence of infection. In response to the importation of this communicable and highly fatal disease, procedures for the isolation of the patient, the identification, surveillance and management of contacts and the handling of laboratory specimens were developed and implemented. These procedures could be adapted to future introductions of highly contagious diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:895820", "title": "Performance of graduates of foreign medical schools on the examinations of the American Board of Internal Medicine.", "content": "We investigated the performance of two groups of graduates of foreign medical schools on the 1975 and 1976 certification examinations of the American Board of Internal Medicine. Nearly all their postdoctoral residency training was obtained in the United States. The performance (most of those in this study were born in Asia and Southeast Asia) was much lower than that of graduates of United States medical schools. United States citizens who studied medicine abroad performed no better than alien graduates from foreign medical schools. Approximately half the foreign graduates born in the United States studied in Italy, and 10% in Switzerland, Mexico and Belgium. There were no significant differences in performance associated with the type of postdoctoral training (university, university-affiliated, community or other) undertaken in the United States. A significant inverse relation was observed between the interval from completion of training to first examination and the examination performance.", "contents": "Performance of graduates of foreign medical schools on the examinations of the American Board of Internal Medicine. We investigated the performance of two groups of graduates of foreign medical schools on the 1975 and 1976 certification examinations of the American Board of Internal Medicine. Nearly all their postdoctoral residency training was obtained in the United States. The performance (most of those in this study were born in Asia and Southeast Asia) was much lower than that of graduates of United States medical schools. United States citizens who studied medicine abroad performed no better than alien graduates from foreign medical schools. Approximately half the foreign graduates born in the United States studied in Italy, and 10% in Switzerland, Mexico and Belgium. There were no significant differences in performance associated with the type of postdoctoral training (university, university-affiliated, community or other) undertaken in the United States. A significant inverse relation was observed between the interval from completion of training to first examination and the examination performance."}
{"id": "PMID:895829", "title": "Comparative recoveries of airborne fungus spores by viable and non-viable modes of volumetric collection.", "content": "The suitability of viable and non-viable volumetric collectors as prevalence indicators for potentially allergenic airborne fungi was studied during 124 paired exposures of the Burkard (Hirst) spore trap and a modified, wind-oriented Andersen sampler. Overall, viable recoveries of several Cladosporium form species varied directly with microscopic spore counts (p less than or equal to 0.0001). However, as spore levels rose, culture plate data progressively underestimated prevailing concentrations (recoveries falling below 5% at levels above 500 spores/M3). Viable collections yielded low estimates of prevalence (20-40%) even at modest Cladosporium levels (less than 100 spores/M3) and substantially understated the abundance and regularity in air of several additional taxa. Spores typical of Penicillium and Aspergillus form species were not sought in spore trap deposits. Careful examination of these failed to reveal typical arthrospores or Fusarium macrospores despite substantial recoveries of corresponding growth in culture. Correlations in the occurrence patterns of arthrospore-forming and non-sporulating colonies with those of Coprinus and 'other basidiospores' (excluding Ganoderma) were noted.", "contents": "Comparative recoveries of airborne fungus spores by viable and non-viable modes of volumetric collection. The suitability of viable and non-viable volumetric collectors as prevalence indicators for potentially allergenic airborne fungi was studied during 124 paired exposures of the Burkard (Hirst) spore trap and a modified, wind-oriented Andersen sampler. Overall, viable recoveries of several Cladosporium form species varied directly with microscopic spore counts (p less than or equal to 0.0001). However, as spore levels rose, culture plate data progressively underestimated prevailing concentrations (recoveries falling below 5% at levels above 500 spores/M3). Viable collections yielded low estimates of prevalence (20-40%) even at modest Cladosporium levels (less than 100 spores/M3) and substantially understated the abundance and regularity in air of several additional taxa. Spores typical of Penicillium and Aspergillus form species were not sought in spore trap deposits. Careful examination of these failed to reveal typical arthrospores or Fusarium macrospores despite substantial recoveries of corresponding growth in culture. Correlations in the occurrence patterns of arthrospore-forming and non-sporulating colonies with those of Coprinus and 'other basidiospores' (excluding Ganoderma) were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:895830", "title": "Studies on the fungal flora in the lung of human necropsy cases. A critical survey in connection with the pathogenesis of opportunistic fungus infections.", "content": "An ecological study was carried out on the fungal flora in the human lung of 159 autopsy cases. Fungi were isolated from 129 cases (81.1%). Filamentous fungi consisting of 918 strains were isolated from 113 cases, and the dominant genera were Aspergillus and Penicillium. Yeasts were isolated from 58 cases, and the dominant genus appeared to be Candida. With morbid anatomical study, the incidence of the fungus isolation was examined from various points of view. It was concluded that even a healthy respiratory parenchyma of the human lung cannot be assumed as aseptic. However, only a few numbers of a few genera of air-born fungi were isolated. Special stress was laid on the exposure of the respiratory parenchyma of the human lung to air-born fungi in connection with the pathogenesis of opportunistic fungus infections.", "contents": "Studies on the fungal flora in the lung of human necropsy cases. A critical survey in connection with the pathogenesis of opportunistic fungus infections. An ecological study was carried out on the fungal flora in the human lung of 159 autopsy cases. Fungi were isolated from 129 cases (81.1%). Filamentous fungi consisting of 918 strains were isolated from 113 cases, and the dominant genera were Aspergillus and Penicillium. Yeasts were isolated from 58 cases, and the dominant genus appeared to be Candida. With morbid anatomical study, the incidence of the fungus isolation was examined from various points of view. It was concluded that even a healthy respiratory parenchyma of the human lung cannot be assumed as aseptic. However, only a few numbers of a few genera of air-born fungi were isolated. Special stress was laid on the exposure of the respiratory parenchyma of the human lung to air-born fungi in connection with the pathogenesis of opportunistic fungus infections."}
{"id": "PMID:895831", "title": "Submicroscopic morphology of Trichophyton mentagrophytes grown at different temperatures.", "content": "Several modifications were observed in Trichophyton mentagrophytes cultivated at 19 degrees and 37 degrees C, i.e. nine degrees below and above the optimum of 28 degrees C. The phenomena included inhibition of the growth rate, changes in the gross aspects of the cultures as well as of the microscopic and submicroscopic morphology of the hyphal cells. At the ultrastructural level, in particular, it was shown that, at the suboptimal temperature, although the organelle structure in both young and aged hyphal cells remained nearly unchanged, unusual bodies of probable storage significance and plasmalemmasomes were formed. At the supraoptimal temperature, the youngest cells showed a normal organization but were richer in glycogen clusters and enveloped by a cell wall thicker than the ones at the optimal condition. In the cells far from the apex, the endomembrane integrity was lost and consequently an autolytic activity occurred. Degradation phenomena were detectable also at cell wall level. The cytological changes observed were tentatively correlated with a possible different sensitivity of the membrane system at the experimented temperature conditions.", "contents": "Submicroscopic morphology of Trichophyton mentagrophytes grown at different temperatures. Several modifications were observed in Trichophyton mentagrophytes cultivated at 19 degrees and 37 degrees C, i.e. nine degrees below and above the optimum of 28 degrees C. The phenomena included inhibition of the growth rate, changes in the gross aspects of the cultures as well as of the microscopic and submicroscopic morphology of the hyphal cells. At the ultrastructural level, in particular, it was shown that, at the suboptimal temperature, although the organelle structure in both young and aged hyphal cells remained nearly unchanged, unusual bodies of probable storage significance and plasmalemmasomes were formed. At the supraoptimal temperature, the youngest cells showed a normal organization but were richer in glycogen clusters and enveloped by a cell wall thicker than the ones at the optimal condition. In the cells far from the apex, the endomembrane integrity was lost and consequently an autolytic activity occurred. Degradation phenomena were detectable also at cell wall level. The cytological changes observed were tentatively correlated with a possible different sensitivity of the membrane system at the experimented temperature conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:895834", "title": "[Migration behavior and toxicology of methyltin stabilizers].", "content": "With a view to studying the possible use of methyltin compounds as PVC stabilizers in food industry, the authors elaborated a method for the thin-layer chromatographic and subsequent spectrophotometric or polarographic determination of mono-, di- and trimethyltin compounds in the stabilizer and after migration. Monmethyltin compounds are determined spectrophotometrically after reaction with quercetin. Dimethyltin compounds are incinerated by the wet method using sulphuric and nitric acids, and inorganic tin is then estimated polarographically. Prior to identification trimethyltin compounds must be converted into dimethyltin compounds by ultraviolet irradiation or by treatment with triethylamine and bromine. Corresponding to the different conditions of use, the authors investigated the migration of the methyltin stabilizer from PVC into distilled water, 3% acetic acid, 20% alcohol, 50% alcohol und Fettsimulans HB 307. They stated that its tendency to migration into foods is not greater than that of the octyltin stabilizer. The experimentally obtained migration values are discussed in connexion with toxicological data.", "contents": "[Migration behavior and toxicology of methyltin stabilizers]. With a view to studying the possible use of methyltin compounds as PVC stabilizers in food industry, the authors elaborated a method for the thin-layer chromatographic and subsequent spectrophotometric or polarographic determination of mono-, di- and trimethyltin compounds in the stabilizer and after migration. Monmethyltin compounds are determined spectrophotometrically after reaction with quercetin. Dimethyltin compounds are incinerated by the wet method using sulphuric and nitric acids, and inorganic tin is then estimated polarographically. Prior to identification trimethyltin compounds must be converted into dimethyltin compounds by ultraviolet irradiation or by treatment with triethylamine and bromine. Corresponding to the different conditions of use, the authors investigated the migration of the methyltin stabilizer from PVC into distilled water, 3% acetic acid, 20% alcohol, 50% alcohol und Fettsimulans HB 307. They stated that its tendency to migration into foods is not greater than that of the octyltin stabilizer. The experimentally obtained migration values are discussed in connexion with toxicological data."}
{"id": "PMID:895835", "title": "[Protein isolation by means of complexing agents. 2. Formation of insoluble complexes of sunflower albumins with alginate or pectin].", "content": "The formation of insoluble complexes of sunflower seed albumin and alginate or pectin is studied by means of turbidimetric titration and by determining the pH-dependent precipitability of protein. The complex formation that is based on electrostatic interaction is a function of the pH value and the protein-polyanion ratio. Consequently, it is affected by the neutral salt content of the solutions. 90% and more of the dissolved protein may be precipitated if the proportion of the precipitant amounts to 20%. A sodium chloride content of 0.6% reduces the precipitability by alginate to 74%. In the presence of 0.3% sodium chloride, at most 55% of protein are still precipitated by pectin. The difference in strength between the albumin-alginate and the albumin-pectin complex is also expressed by the dye-binding power. Albumin-pectin complexes bind the same amount of amido black as free protein. On the contrary, albumin-alginate complexes exhibit reduced dye-binding power due to stronger binding of the protein to the polyanion. The results obtained by turbidimetric titration of model systems can, in principle, be extrapolated to the precipitation of albumins from protein extracts. In accordance with the heterogenicity of the protein, the turbidimetric titration of the albumin-alginate and the albumin-pectin complexes exhibits two maxima.", "contents": "[Protein isolation by means of complexing agents. 2. Formation of insoluble complexes of sunflower albumins with alginate or pectin]. The formation of insoluble complexes of sunflower seed albumin and alginate or pectin is studied by means of turbidimetric titration and by determining the pH-dependent precipitability of protein. The complex formation that is based on electrostatic interaction is a function of the pH value and the protein-polyanion ratio. Consequently, it is affected by the neutral salt content of the solutions. 90% and more of the dissolved protein may be precipitated if the proportion of the precipitant amounts to 20%. A sodium chloride content of 0.6% reduces the precipitability by alginate to 74%. In the presence of 0.3% sodium chloride, at most 55% of protein are still precipitated by pectin. The difference in strength between the albumin-alginate and the albumin-pectin complex is also expressed by the dye-binding power. Albumin-pectin complexes bind the same amount of amido black as free protein. On the contrary, albumin-alginate complexes exhibit reduced dye-binding power due to stronger binding of the protein to the polyanion. The results obtained by turbidimetric titration of model systems can, in principle, be extrapolated to the precipitation of albumins from protein extracts. In accordance with the heterogenicity of the protein, the turbidimetric titration of the albumin-alginate and the albumin-pectin complexes exhibits two maxima."}
{"id": "PMID:895836", "title": "[Heavy metal content of tobacco products and tobacco smoke].", "content": "The authors determined by means of square-wave polarography the copper, lead, cadmium and zinc contents in the tobacco and smoke of cigarettes (16 brands), cigars (5 brands) and pipe tobacco (3 brands) and discuss their possible actions on the human organism. A comparison of the amount of heavy metals taken up by an average smoker (at most 20 cigarettes per day) with the MAC values adopted in the GDR conveys the impression that the loading with copper, lead and zinc is unimportant, whereas, according to the findings of other authors, the loading with cadmium is but seemingly insignificant.", "contents": "[Heavy metal content of tobacco products and tobacco smoke]. The authors determined by means of square-wave polarography the copper, lead, cadmium and zinc contents in the tobacco and smoke of cigarettes (16 brands), cigars (5 brands) and pipe tobacco (3 brands) and discuss their possible actions on the human organism. A comparison of the amount of heavy metals taken up by an average smoker (at most 20 cigarettes per day) with the MAC values adopted in the GDR conveys the impression that the loading with copper, lead and zinc is unimportant, whereas, according to the findings of other authors, the loading with cadmium is but seemingly insignificant."}
{"id": "PMID:895838", "title": "Drugs from the sea--fact or fantasy?", "content": "Drugs from the sea are as much a potential marine resource as cultivated fish, and mineral deposits. The study of the chemical structure and properties of unusual metabolic products of marine life is a subject where marine ecology and the experimental sciences of chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and medicine share a common and complementary interest. The development of ad hoc collaboration between specialists has advanced basic knowledge and resulted in a significant feedback to marine biology and ecology as well as in the development of some useful drugs.", "contents": "Drugs from the sea--fact or fantasy? Drugs from the sea are as much a potential marine resource as cultivated fish, and mineral deposits. The study of the chemical structure and properties of unusual metabolic products of marine life is a subject where marine ecology and the experimental sciences of chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and medicine share a common and complementary interest. The development of ad hoc collaboration between specialists has advanced basic knowledge and resulted in a significant feedback to marine biology and ecology as well as in the development of some useful drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:895839", "title": "Mechanism of acid protease catalysis based on the crystal structure of penicillopepsin.", "content": "A proposed mechanism for the catalytic hydrolysis of peptide bonds by acid proteases is similar in many respects to the Zn-carbonyl mechanism previously derived for carboxypeptidase A. In the acid proteases the electrophilic component is the proton shared by Asp-32 and Asp-215; Tyr-75 donates its proton to the amide nitrogen of the scissile bond and an OH- ion from a water molecule bound between the carboxyl group of Asp-32 and the substrate attacks the carbonyl carbon atom.", "contents": "Mechanism of acid protease catalysis based on the crystal structure of penicillopepsin. A proposed mechanism for the catalytic hydrolysis of peptide bonds by acid proteases is similar in many respects to the Zn-carbonyl mechanism previously derived for carboxypeptidase A. In the acid proteases the electrophilic component is the proton shared by Asp-32 and Asp-215; Tyr-75 donates its proton to the amide nitrogen of the scissile bond and an OH- ion from a water molecule bound between the carboxyl group of Asp-32 and the substrate attacks the carbonyl carbon atom."}
{"id": "PMID:895867", "title": "A genetic model for sympatric speciation through habitat diversification and seasonal isolation.", "content": "Based on studies with natural populations, we offer a genetic model for sympatric speciation that could have broad application to polyphagous animals with habitat differences. The model comprises three steps, each of which includes simple genetic changes and plausible selective forces.", "contents": "A genetic model for sympatric speciation through habitat diversification and seasonal isolation. Based on studies with natural populations, we offer a genetic model for sympatric speciation that could have broad application to polyphagous animals with habitat differences. The model comprises three steps, each of which includes simple genetic changes and plausible selective forces."}
{"id": "PMID:895884", "title": "Structure of nucleosome core particles of chromatin.", "content": "Cystals have been obtained on nucleosome cores and analysed by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The core is a flat particle of dimensions about 110 X 110 X 57 A, somewhat wedge shaped, and strongly divided into two 'layers', consistent with the DNA being wound into about 1 3/4 turns of a flat superhelix of a pitch about 28 A. The organisation of the DNA can be correlated with the results to enzyme digestion studies. A change in the screw of the DNA double helix on nucleosome formation can be deduced.", "contents": "Structure of nucleosome core particles of chromatin. Cystals have been obtained on nucleosome cores and analysed by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The core is a flat particle of dimensions about 110 X 110 X 57 A, somewhat wedge shaped, and strongly divided into two 'layers', consistent with the DNA being wound into about 1 3/4 turns of a flat superhelix of a pitch about 28 A. The organisation of the DNA can be correlated with the results to enzyme digestion studies. A change in the screw of the DNA double helix on nucleosome formation can be deduced."}
{"id": "PMID:895894", "title": "Inhibition of choline incorporation into brain lipids in rats by urethane, a proposed mechanism of depression of the central nervous system.", "content": "Concentrations and specific radioactivities of choline, acetylcholine, phosphorylcholine, lipid choline, and sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine after i.v. injection of methyl-14C-choline were measured in the brain of untreated controls and of rats anesthesized with urethane. The specific activity was found to be decreased during deep anesthesia by 40% in acetylcholine, 20-30% in phosphorylcholine, 50-75% in lipid choline, and 30-40% in sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl-choline. No significant change was detected in the specific activity of choline. The brain concentration of acetylcholine was increased by 40%, the concentration of sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, however, was diminished by 10% during anesthesia. No change was found in the concentration of the other choline containing compounds investigated. Measuring choline incorporation into 4 subcellular fractions of brain tissue specific activities were found to be decreased by the same percentage, although 2 fractions (nuclei and microsomes) were higher labelled than the 2 other fractions (crude mitochondria with synaptosomes and lysosomes). A correlation between the biochemical and the functional alterations is supported by the dose-effect relationships on both parameters. It is suggested that urethane reduces turnover of lipids and by that mechanism inhibits the exocytotic release of the transmitter from presynaptic nerve endings.", "contents": "Inhibition of choline incorporation into brain lipids in rats by urethane, a proposed mechanism of depression of the central nervous system. Concentrations and specific radioactivities of choline, acetylcholine, phosphorylcholine, lipid choline, and sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine after i.v. injection of methyl-14C-choline were measured in the brain of untreated controls and of rats anesthesized with urethane. The specific activity was found to be decreased during deep anesthesia by 40% in acetylcholine, 20-30% in phosphorylcholine, 50-75% in lipid choline, and 30-40% in sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl-choline. No significant change was detected in the specific activity of choline. The brain concentration of acetylcholine was increased by 40%, the concentration of sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, however, was diminished by 10% during anesthesia. No change was found in the concentration of the other choline containing compounds investigated. Measuring choline incorporation into 4 subcellular fractions of brain tissue specific activities were found to be decreased by the same percentage, although 2 fractions (nuclei and microsomes) were higher labelled than the 2 other fractions (crude mitochondria with synaptosomes and lysosomes). A correlation between the biochemical and the functional alterations is supported by the dose-effect relationships on both parameters. It is suggested that urethane reduces turnover of lipids and by that mechanism inhibits the exocytotic release of the transmitter from presynaptic nerve endings."}
{"id": "PMID:895896", "title": "Biotransformation and some effects of 2-dimethylamino-4-(N-methylanilino)-phenol in dogs.", "content": "2-Dimethylamino-4-(N-methylanilino)-phenol (MP), an active metabolite of N,N-dimethylaniline-N-oxide in the autocatalytic formation of ferrihemoglobin, reacted quickly in dogs after intravenous injection. A dose of 14C-labeled MP which oxidized 40% of the hemoglobin disappeared from the blood in 20 min. During this period of time MP transferred catalytically electrons from ferrohemoglobin to oxygen, reacted with sulfotransferases to form the sulfuric acid ester, and was covalently bound in blood and other tissues. In the urine, in addition to the sulfuric acid ester of MP (25%), methylamine, dimethylamine, and N-methylaniline were found. Their amount indicated that most of the MP not esterified with sulfuric acid had lost a nitrogen by hydrolysis of the quinonimine. The metabolites which were covalently bound in blood and other tissues disappeared slowly, traces of radioactivity being found in blood and urine 7 days after i.v. injection of MP, 15 mg/kg. The formation of methylamines as well as N-methylaniline from MP in vivo and in blood in vitro proves that the oxidation product of MP, a purple dye, is a resonance hybrid of the two structures 2-dimethylamino-N-methyl-N-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone-4-imonium and 4-(N-methylanilino)-N,N-dimethyl-1,2-benzoquinone-2-imonium. In addition to ferrihemoglobin MP produced numerous Heinz bodies in red cells and caused hemolytic anemia. After lethal doses necroses in the kidney tubules were found.", "contents": "Biotransformation and some effects of 2-dimethylamino-4-(N-methylanilino)-phenol in dogs. 2-Dimethylamino-4-(N-methylanilino)-phenol (MP), an active metabolite of N,N-dimethylaniline-N-oxide in the autocatalytic formation of ferrihemoglobin, reacted quickly in dogs after intravenous injection. A dose of 14C-labeled MP which oxidized 40% of the hemoglobin disappeared from the blood in 20 min. During this period of time MP transferred catalytically electrons from ferrohemoglobin to oxygen, reacted with sulfotransferases to form the sulfuric acid ester, and was covalently bound in blood and other tissues. In the urine, in addition to the sulfuric acid ester of MP (25%), methylamine, dimethylamine, and N-methylaniline were found. Their amount indicated that most of the MP not esterified with sulfuric acid had lost a nitrogen by hydrolysis of the quinonimine. The metabolites which were covalently bound in blood and other tissues disappeared slowly, traces of radioactivity being found in blood and urine 7 days after i.v. injection of MP, 15 mg/kg. The formation of methylamines as well as N-methylaniline from MP in vivo and in blood in vitro proves that the oxidation product of MP, a purple dye, is a resonance hybrid of the two structures 2-dimethylamino-N-methyl-N-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone-4-imonium and 4-(N-methylanilino)-N,N-dimethyl-1,2-benzoquinone-2-imonium. In addition to ferrihemoglobin MP produced numerous Heinz bodies in red cells and caused hemolytic anemia. After lethal doses necroses in the kidney tubules were found."}
{"id": "PMID:895897", "title": "Weak electrolyte transfer in the guinea pig jejunum: secretion of trimethoxybenzoic acid.", "content": "In isolated epithelia of guinea pig jejunum the transcellular permeation of 10(-4) M (carboxyl-14C)-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (TMBA) in the direction blood-lumen was more than 10 times greater the transcellular permeation of 10(-4) M (carboxyl-was reduced to less than 2 by anaerobiosis or by increasing TMBA concentrations of up to 10(-2) M. Under aerobic conditions the cellular uptake of TMBA (10(-4) M) from the blood side was twice as high as that from the lumen side. In anaerobiosis the percentage of TMBA taken up into the epithelium was enhanced, when TMBA was administered on the lumen side, while the percentage was unchanged after administration on the blood side; thereby the difference in cellular TMBA concentrations was abolished. Similar results were obtained under aerobic conditions, if the TMBA concentration was increased up to 10(-2) M. The results are consistent with a three-compartment model with an intermediate compartment distinguished by a high pH as compared to that of the outer compartments and by a luminal boundary highly permeable for the ionized form of the substrate in contrast to the contraluminal boundary.", "contents": "Weak electrolyte transfer in the guinea pig jejunum: secretion of trimethoxybenzoic acid. In isolated epithelia of guinea pig jejunum the transcellular permeation of 10(-4) M (carboxyl-14C)-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (TMBA) in the direction blood-lumen was more than 10 times greater the transcellular permeation of 10(-4) M (carboxyl-was reduced to less than 2 by anaerobiosis or by increasing TMBA concentrations of up to 10(-2) M. Under aerobic conditions the cellular uptake of TMBA (10(-4) M) from the blood side was twice as high as that from the lumen side. In anaerobiosis the percentage of TMBA taken up into the epithelium was enhanced, when TMBA was administered on the lumen side, while the percentage was unchanged after administration on the blood side; thereby the difference in cellular TMBA concentrations was abolished. Similar results were obtained under aerobic conditions, if the TMBA concentration was increased up to 10(-2) M. The results are consistent with a three-compartment model with an intermediate compartment distinguished by a high pH as compared to that of the outer compartments and by a luminal boundary highly permeable for the ionized form of the substrate in contrast to the contraluminal boundary."}
{"id": "PMID:895899", "title": "The action of botulinum A neurotoxin on the inhibition by antidromic stimulation of the lumbar monosynaptic reflex.", "content": "1. Botulinum toxin type A was injected into gastrocnemius muscles of cats and 2 days later its action on the monosynaptic gastrocnemius reflex and on the recurrent inhibition was investigated. 2. In early local botulism, no significant change in the monosynaptic gastrocnemius reflex was observed. 3. The inhibition by antidromic stimulation of the monosynaptic gastrocnemius reflex was significantly reduced. 4. During the early phases of local botulism an action of botulinum toxin on parts of the soma membrane of the alpha-motoneuron is suggested.", "contents": "The action of botulinum A neurotoxin on the inhibition by antidromic stimulation of the lumbar monosynaptic reflex. 1. Botulinum toxin type A was injected into gastrocnemius muscles of cats and 2 days later its action on the monosynaptic gastrocnemius reflex and on the recurrent inhibition was investigated. 2. In early local botulism, no significant change in the monosynaptic gastrocnemius reflex was observed. 3. The inhibition by antidromic stimulation of the monosynaptic gastrocnemius reflex was significantly reduced. 4. During the early phases of local botulism an action of botulinum toxin on parts of the soma membrane of the alpha-motoneuron is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:895900", "title": "Secretory effects of 6-hydroxydopamine in normal and denervated submaxillary glands of the rat.", "content": "Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) elicited a marked and sustained secretory response of control and surgically sympathectomized submaxillary glands of rats. These responses were diminished by previous treatment with reserpine 0.1 mg/kg 48 and 24 h before the experiment and almost abolished by 5 mg/kg reserpine 6 h before the administration of 6-OH-DA. The responses to 6-OH-DA were potentiated in control glands by previous preganglionic denervation of either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nerves of the gland. Development of postjunctional supersensitivity in denervated glands also increased the responses to 6-OH-DA, while atropine had a feeble blocking action. For all these responses, the adrenal catecholamines played no role. After two consecutive doses of 6-OH-DA a third dose of the drug still elicited a secretory response that was 50% of that of the first dose. It is concluded that for the responses to 6-OH-DA the leakage of noradrenaline from the degenerating adrengic nerve endings of the submaxillary gland plays a partial role. Noradrenaline released by the drug from other tissues and reaching the gland via the circulation also contributes to the responses observed. A muscarinic component may also participate in the secretory effects of 6-OH-DA.", "contents": "Secretory effects of 6-hydroxydopamine in normal and denervated submaxillary glands of the rat. Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) elicited a marked and sustained secretory response of control and surgically sympathectomized submaxillary glands of rats. These responses were diminished by previous treatment with reserpine 0.1 mg/kg 48 and 24 h before the experiment and almost abolished by 5 mg/kg reserpine 6 h before the administration of 6-OH-DA. The responses to 6-OH-DA were potentiated in control glands by previous preganglionic denervation of either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nerves of the gland. Development of postjunctional supersensitivity in denervated glands also increased the responses to 6-OH-DA, while atropine had a feeble blocking action. For all these responses, the adrenal catecholamines played no role. After two consecutive doses of 6-OH-DA a third dose of the drug still elicited a secretory response that was 50% of that of the first dose. It is concluded that for the responses to 6-OH-DA the leakage of noradrenaline from the degenerating adrengic nerve endings of the submaxillary gland plays a partial role. Noradrenaline released by the drug from other tissues and reaching the gland via the circulation also contributes to the responses observed. A muscarinic component may also participate in the secretory effects of 6-OH-DA."}
{"id": "PMID:895901", "title": "Inhibition of the slow inward current by nifedipine in mammalian ventricular myocardium.", "content": "In order to elucidate the mode of action of the Ca2+-antagonistic inhibitor nifedipine, its effect on Ca2+-mediated action potentials and transmembrane slow inward current in papillary muscles of guinea pigs and cats was studied. Nifedipine (0.5 mg/1 approximately 1.4 X 10(-6) M) depressed upstroke velocity and overshoot of the Ca2+-mediated action potential and reduced the transmembrane slow inward current by about 50%, but the kinetics of inactivation and recovery from inactivation were not affected. The decrease of upstroke velocity was accompanied by a proportional diminution of isometric contractile force. This indicates that nifedipine exerts its Ca2+-antagonistic effect on excitation-contraction coupling in mammalian ventricular myocardium by inhibition of the transmembrane Ca2+ inward current. The inhibitory action of nifedipine on contractile tension development could be neutralized by an augmentation of the extracellular Ca2+ concentration from 2 mM to 4 mM or by beta-receptor stimulation (isoproterenol) that promotes the transmembrane Ca2+ uptake during excitation. Simultaneously, in the Ca2+-rich medium or under the influence of isoproterenol the upstroke velocity of the Ca2+-mediated action potentials rose even above the initial values which were measured prior to the nifedipine administration.", "contents": "Inhibition of the slow inward current by nifedipine in mammalian ventricular myocardium. In order to elucidate the mode of action of the Ca2+-antagonistic inhibitor nifedipine, its effect on Ca2+-mediated action potentials and transmembrane slow inward current in papillary muscles of guinea pigs and cats was studied. Nifedipine (0.5 mg/1 approximately 1.4 X 10(-6) M) depressed upstroke velocity and overshoot of the Ca2+-mediated action potential and reduced the transmembrane slow inward current by about 50%, but the kinetics of inactivation and recovery from inactivation were not affected. The decrease of upstroke velocity was accompanied by a proportional diminution of isometric contractile force. This indicates that nifedipine exerts its Ca2+-antagonistic effect on excitation-contraction coupling in mammalian ventricular myocardium by inhibition of the transmembrane Ca2+ inward current. The inhibitory action of nifedipine on contractile tension development could be neutralized by an augmentation of the extracellular Ca2+ concentration from 2 mM to 4 mM or by beta-receptor stimulation (isoproterenol) that promotes the transmembrane Ca2+ uptake during excitation. Simultaneously, in the Ca2+-rich medium or under the influence of isoproterenol the upstroke velocity of the Ca2+-mediated action potentials rose even above the initial values which were measured prior to the nifedipine administration."}
{"id": "PMID:895902", "title": "The effects of diphenylhydantoin on mechanical and electrical properties of isolated cat myocardium.", "content": "The effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) (4 X 10(-5) to 2 X 10(-4) M) on contractile activity and electrical properties were studied in isotonically shortening cat papillary muscles exposed to DPH. 1. DPH reduces amplitudes of contraction especially at low stimulation rates (6 to 12/min). At higher, more physiological rates the negative inotropic effect is comparatively small. 2. DPH accentuates the mechanical transients usually following step changes of  frequency. 3. DPH reduces the maximum rate of depolarisation (MRD) of the normal action potential (AP) and slows conduction especially at high stimulation rates. AP duration is shortened especially at low stimulation rates. 4. In Ca-mediated \"slow responses\" DPH reduces MRD, overshoot and AP duration and abolishes the frequency-dependent alterations of these parameters. 5. The results suggest that the antiarrhythmic potency of DPH is due to a cooperative action on both the fast and the slow membrane channels. 6. It is speculated that DPH leads to an accumulation of Ca2+ within a \"limited subsarcolemmal space\" thereby decreasing the driving force for the slow inward current.", "contents": "The effects of diphenylhydantoin on mechanical and electrical properties of isolated cat myocardium. The effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) (4 X 10(-5) to 2 X 10(-4) M) on contractile activity and electrical properties were studied in isotonically shortening cat papillary muscles exposed to DPH. 1. DPH reduces amplitudes of contraction especially at low stimulation rates (6 to 12/min). At higher, more physiological rates the negative inotropic effect is comparatively small. 2. DPH accentuates the mechanical transients usually following step changes of  frequency. 3. DPH reduces the maximum rate of depolarisation (MRD) of the normal action potential (AP) and slows conduction especially at high stimulation rates. AP duration is shortened especially at low stimulation rates. 4. In Ca-mediated \"slow responses\" DPH reduces MRD, overshoot and AP duration and abolishes the frequency-dependent alterations of these parameters. 5. The results suggest that the antiarrhythmic potency of DPH is due to a cooperative action on both the fast and the slow membrane channels. 6. It is speculated that DPH leads to an accumulation of Ca2+ within a \"limited subsarcolemmal space\" thereby decreasing the driving force for the slow inward current."}
{"id": "PMID:895935", "title": "Biopharmacological investigation of 6,6'methylene-bis/2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (MTDQ) a radical binding antioxidant of secondary amine type.", "content": "The evidence of free radicals in tumor tissue and the possibility of their experimental influencing by means of antioxidants justifies the search for new pharmacological groups of tumor inhibiting agents. The authors synthesized a sterically inhibited, heterocyclic, bifunctional, non-toxic radical binding antioxidant of secondary amine type. The structural change is interpreted with the possibility of recombination characteristic for secondary amine groups and the double chain closing effect. The conjugation effect secures mobility of the hydrogen atom. The compound contains 10 to 12 per cent dimer-trimer of higher biological activity than monomers, due to higher molecular weight. An additional pharmacodynamic advantage compared to hitherto known antioxidants consists in its lower vapour volutility and the biradicality.", "contents": "Biopharmacological investigation of 6,6'methylene-bis/2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (MTDQ) a radical binding antioxidant of secondary amine type. The evidence of free radicals in tumor tissue and the possibility of their experimental influencing by means of antioxidants justifies the search for new pharmacological groups of tumor inhibiting agents. The authors synthesized a sterically inhibited, heterocyclic, bifunctional, non-toxic radical binding antioxidant of secondary amine type. The structural change is interpreted with the possibility of recombination characteristic for secondary amine groups and the double chain closing effect. The conjugation effect secures mobility of the hydrogen atom. The compound contains 10 to 12 per cent dimer-trimer of higher biological activity than monomers, due to higher molecular weight. An additional pharmacodynamic advantage compared to hitherto known antioxidants consists in its lower vapour volutility and the biradicality."}
{"id": "PMID:895936", "title": "Effect of \"3-oxauracil\" (2,3-dihydro-1,3-6H-oxazine-dione) in L1210 leukemia.", "content": "2.3-Dihydro-1,3-6H-oxazine-dione (\"3-oxauracil\") was tested against L1210 leukemia. The compound exhibited significant growth-inhibiting effect against this tumor both in vitro and also in vivo following daily intraperitoneal application.", "contents": "Effect of \"3-oxauracil\" (2,3-dihydro-1,3-6H-oxazine-dione) in L1210 leukemia. 2.3-Dihydro-1,3-6H-oxazine-dione (\"3-oxauracil\") was tested against L1210 leukemia. The compound exhibited significant growth-inhibiting effect against this tumor both in vitro and also in vivo following daily intraperitoneal application."}
{"id": "PMID:895937", "title": "Chromosomal changes in rat pituitary and bone marrow induced by long-term estogen administration.", "content": "Pituitary weight, mitotic index and chromosomes were studied in male rats following a single or repeated dose of estradiol-benzoate for a total period of 210 days. Estrogen-induced pituitary hyperplasy eventually resulted in large pituitary tumors in some animals. The mitotic index increased until day 90, when it diminished, with chromosomes partly replaced by chromatin clusters. Most of the cells of the hyperplastic pituitaries maintained a normal diploid karyotype. However, a limited number of abnormal stem-lines with marker chromosomes appeared at a relatively early stage of the hyperplastic reaction of the pituitary. Later the tumors were characterized by an increase of number of aneuploid cells. In the bone marrow estrogens significantly lowered the mitotic index without any detectable change in chromosomal morphology.", "contents": "Chromosomal changes in rat pituitary and bone marrow induced by long-term estogen administration. Pituitary weight, mitotic index and chromosomes were studied in male rats following a single or repeated dose of estradiol-benzoate for a total period of 210 days. Estrogen-induced pituitary hyperplasy eventually resulted in large pituitary tumors in some animals. The mitotic index increased until day 90, when it diminished, with chromosomes partly replaced by chromatin clusters. Most of the cells of the hyperplastic pituitaries maintained a normal diploid karyotype. However, a limited number of abnormal stem-lines with marker chromosomes appeared at a relatively early stage of the hyperplastic reaction of the pituitary. Later the tumors were characterized by an increase of number of aneuploid cells. In the bone marrow estrogens significantly lowered the mitotic index without any detectable change in chromosomal morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:895938", "title": "Host-tumor relationship. XXXIV. Hyaluronidase activity and hyaluronidase inhibitor in the serum of patients with malignant tumors.", "content": "Current determinations of the hyaluronidase activity and hyaluronidase inhibitor in the serum of patients with a tumor disease failed to show a correlation between a lowered hyaluronidase activity and increased inhibitor level. The serum fraction that contained the inhibitor and which had been obtained by gel filtration of Sephadex G-200 had no in vitro inhibitory effect on the serum fraction containing hyaluronidase. Hence, the decreased serum hyaluronidase activity in these patients is not due to an increased levles of hyaluronidase inhibitor.", "contents": "Host-tumor relationship. XXXIV. Hyaluronidase activity and hyaluronidase inhibitor in the serum of patients with malignant tumors. Current determinations of the hyaluronidase activity and hyaluronidase inhibitor in the serum of patients with a tumor disease failed to show a correlation between a lowered hyaluronidase activity and increased inhibitor level. The serum fraction that contained the inhibitor and which had been obtained by gel filtration of Sephadex G-200 had no in vitro inhibitory effect on the serum fraction containing hyaluronidase. Hence, the decreased serum hyaluronidase activity in these patients is not due to an increased levles of hyaluronidase inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:895939", "title": "Some data concerning immune processes in concomitant tumor immunity experimental models. Comparative in vivo and in vitro investigation I. In vivo experiments.", "content": "Concomitant tumor immunity evinced by C57BL/6 mice, bearing a MC-induced sarcoma, was evaluated by graded challenge doses for different primary tumor sizes (2-3,4-6,8-12% tumor weight of the total body weight TW/TBW). 100% of mice bearing tumors, representing 2--6% of total body weight, rejected doses from 0.2--1 X 10(4) cells. The gradual curtailment of the concomitant tumor immunity, depending on increasing TW/TBW ratio, could be evaluated, using adequately increasing challenge doses. The immune equipotency of the whole s.c. body area, the failure to modify the concomitant tumor immunity by drainin node excision and the demonstration of its dependency upon the total challenge-dose and its independency upon fractionated multilocular inoculation of the challenge, showed clearly that the concomitant tumor immunity is a local expression of general immunity. The experimental model allows a valuable biological assessment of the tumor-beareer immune status and represents likewise an adequate tool for immunotherapeutic effects estimation.", "contents": "Some data concerning immune processes in concomitant tumor immunity experimental models. Comparative in vivo and in vitro investigation I. In vivo experiments. Concomitant tumor immunity evinced by C57BL/6 mice, bearing a MC-induced sarcoma, was evaluated by graded challenge doses for different primary tumor sizes (2-3,4-6,8-12% tumor weight of the total body weight TW/TBW). 100% of mice bearing tumors, representing 2--6% of total body weight, rejected doses from 0.2--1 X 10(4) cells. The gradual curtailment of the concomitant tumor immunity, depending on increasing TW/TBW ratio, could be evaluated, using adequately increasing challenge doses. The immune equipotency of the whole s.c. body area, the failure to modify the concomitant tumor immunity by drainin node excision and the demonstration of its dependency upon the total challenge-dose and its independency upon fractionated multilocular inoculation of the challenge, showed clearly that the concomitant tumor immunity is a local expression of general immunity. The experimental model allows a valuable biological assessment of the tumor-beareer immune status and represents likewise an adequate tool for immunotherapeutic effects estimation."}
{"id": "PMID:895940", "title": "Some data concerning immune processes in concomitant tumor immunity experimental models. Comparative in vivo and in vitro investigations II. In vitro experiments.", "content": "The humoral and cellular immune status of C57BL/6 male mice and \"R\" male rats bearing MC-induced sarcomas were investigated in vitro, using 51Cr-releasing and mixed hemadsorption assays. Analysis was performed on mice subjected to concomitant tumor immunity (CTI) model experiments or bearing primary tumors of different sizes, that was done also in rats. Chromatographic fractions, assumed to contain tumor specific antigens, antibodies or antigen-antibody complexes were identified by their absorption capacity upon specially prepared syngeneic immune sera. Free antibody and antigen-antibody complexes, accompanied with a weak cell mediated immunity (CMI) were correlated with efficient CTI in 2--3% TW/TBW tumor bearers. Homoral immunity (HI) showed sometimes an important increase after challenge administration. High levels of free antigen and antigen-antibody complexes, lack of antibodies and CMI were correlated with CTI absence in huge tumor bearers, representing 30--37% of total body weight. Conditions determining variability of results reported by different authors and the possible mechanisms by which serum immune factor may impair the tumor bearer's immune status are discussed.", "contents": "Some data concerning immune processes in concomitant tumor immunity experimental models. Comparative in vivo and in vitro investigations II. In vitro experiments. The humoral and cellular immune status of C57BL/6 male mice and \"R\" male rats bearing MC-induced sarcomas were investigated in vitro, using 51Cr-releasing and mixed hemadsorption assays. Analysis was performed on mice subjected to concomitant tumor immunity (CTI) model experiments or bearing primary tumors of different sizes, that was done also in rats. Chromatographic fractions, assumed to contain tumor specific antigens, antibodies or antigen-antibody complexes were identified by their absorption capacity upon specially prepared syngeneic immune sera. Free antibody and antigen-antibody complexes, accompanied with a weak cell mediated immunity (CMI) were correlated with efficient CTI in 2--3% TW/TBW tumor bearers. Homoral immunity (HI) showed sometimes an important increase after challenge administration. High levels of free antigen and antigen-antibody complexes, lack of antibodies and CMI were correlated with CTI absence in huge tumor bearers, representing 30--37% of total body weight. Conditions determining variability of results reported by different authors and the possible mechanisms by which serum immune factor may impair the tumor bearer's immune status are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:895941", "title": "Human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line (T24) in long-term culture: chromosomal studies on a wild population and derived sublines.", "content": "Karyotype changes of human urinary bladder carcinoma T24 cell line were studied in the course of 5-year in vitro cultivation. It has been found that the modal number of chromosomes gradually shifted from hypotetraploidy to triploidy during long-term cultivation. The number of endoreduplications was decreasing simultaneously and minute chromosomes occurring in a number of 4--5 in early passages appeared only rarely in later passages. Using conventional Giemsa staining, persistent marker chromosomes were detected in the wild population as well as in the eight sublines derived from T24 cells by cloning. The marker chromosomes were: metacentrics, subtelocentrics, telocentrics and long acrocentrics. Occasionally, there were found dicentrics, double-minutes, breaks and pulverization. The most characteristic marker was the metacentric chromosome the length of which corresponded approximately to the arm length of the chromosome No. 1. The metacentric chromosome in a number of 1--3 was present in 100% of T24 cells of the wild population and derived sublines at all passage levels examined.", "contents": "Human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line (T24) in long-term culture: chromosomal studies on a wild population and derived sublines. Karyotype changes of human urinary bladder carcinoma T24 cell line were studied in the course of 5-year in vitro cultivation. It has been found that the modal number of chromosomes gradually shifted from hypotetraploidy to triploidy during long-term cultivation. The number of endoreduplications was decreasing simultaneously and minute chromosomes occurring in a number of 4--5 in early passages appeared only rarely in later passages. Using conventional Giemsa staining, persistent marker chromosomes were detected in the wild population as well as in the eight sublines derived from T24 cells by cloning. The marker chromosomes were: metacentrics, subtelocentrics, telocentrics and long acrocentrics. Occasionally, there were found dicentrics, double-minutes, breaks and pulverization. The most characteristic marker was the metacentric chromosome the length of which corresponded approximately to the arm length of the chromosome No. 1. The metacentric chromosome in a number of 1--3 was present in 100% of T24 cells of the wild population and derived sublines at all passage levels examined."}
{"id": "PMID:895943", "title": "The toxicity and antitumor activity of three individual fractions of lectins from Ricinus communis seeds.", "content": "Lectins from Ricinus communis seeds (RCL) have been resolved into three electrophoretically distinct fractions (alpha-RCL, beta-RCL, psi-RCL) by ion exchange chromatography on Watman CM-32 cellulose. The toxicity to mice and antitumor activity against murine lymphoma NK/Ly of pure fractions were compared. Optimal effect was achieved with alpha-RCL, Which possessed the lowest toxicity (1000 micron g/kg) and significant antitumor activity (63% inhibition of tumor growth).", "contents": "The toxicity and antitumor activity of three individual fractions of lectins from Ricinus communis seeds. Lectins from Ricinus communis seeds (RCL) have been resolved into three electrophoretically distinct fractions (alpha-RCL, beta-RCL, psi-RCL) by ion exchange chromatography on Watman CM-32 cellulose. The toxicity to mice and antitumor activity against murine lymphoma NK/Ly of pure fractions were compared. Optimal effect was achieved with alpha-RCL, Which possessed the lowest toxicity (1000 micron g/kg) and significant antitumor activity (63% inhibition of tumor growth)."}
{"id": "PMID:895944", "title": "A study of plasma CEA by a direct radioimmunoassay method in 1704 cases.", "content": "The authors have used an original method of direct radioimmunoassay of plasma CEA for testing plasma of 1704 patients affetected by various neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. The percentage of positive results in blood from patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastroenteric tract was 66.8%. The positivity in other non-neoplastic diseases was 2.7%, except for liver cirrhosis and other chronic hepatopathies, which showed 29.6% of positive reactions. The test should be clinically useful in the differential diagnosis of gastro-enteric carcinoma.", "contents": "A study of plasma CEA by a direct radioimmunoassay method in 1704 cases. The authors have used an original method of direct radioimmunoassay of plasma CEA for testing plasma of 1704 patients affetected by various neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. The percentage of positive results in blood from patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastroenteric tract was 66.8%. The positivity in other non-neoplastic diseases was 2.7%, except for liver cirrhosis and other chronic hepatopathies, which showed 29.6% of positive reactions. The test should be clinically useful in the differential diagnosis of gastro-enteric carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:895958", "title": "Iron absorption in experimental uremia.", "content": "Gastrointestinal absorption of radioactive iron (59Fe) was studied in uremic rats. Duodenal gut sac transport of 59Fe in a group of 12 rats with a mean BUN of 98+/-24.4 mg%, was 2.29+/-1.16. This was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than the amount of 59Fe transported (4.88+/-1.87) across the duodenum of a group of control rats, mean BUN 22.9+/-3.2 mg%. We conclude that there is diminished absorption of iron in uremia.", "contents": "Iron absorption in experimental uremia. Gastrointestinal absorption of radioactive iron (59Fe) was studied in uremic rats. Duodenal gut sac transport of 59Fe in a group of 12 rats with a mean BUN of 98+/-24.4 mg%, was 2.29+/-1.16. This was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than the amount of 59Fe transported (4.88+/-1.87) across the duodenum of a group of control rats, mean BUN 22.9+/-3.2 mg%. We conclude that there is diminished absorption of iron in uremia."}
{"id": "PMID:895960", "title": "Relationship between serum phosphate concentration and proximal tubular bicarbonate transport.", "content": "Micropuncture studies were performed in intact and thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs to evaluate the relationship between the absolute level of serum ultrafilterable phosphate concentration (SUFP) and proximal bicarbonate reabsorption. In both groups of animals, a reverse linear relationship was noted between the serum phosphate level and the tubular fluid bicarbonate concentration (TFHCO3). For the intact dogs, TFHCO3=32.27 SUFP+/-2.17, r=0.715, p=0.02, and for the TPTX dogs, TFHCO3=35.68-2.39 SUFP+/-2.26; r=0.619, p less than 0.02. Furthermore, when late-proximal tubular values for absolute bicarbonate reabsorptive rate (THCO3)/100 nl single nephron filtrate were plotted against SUFP, a direct relationship was found for both groups; intact dogs: THCO3=205 SUFP-169+/-136, r=0.707, p less than 0.05; TPTX dogs: THCO3=224 SUFP-882+/-221, r=0.625, p less than 0.01. Variations in plasma bicarbonate concentration or PCO2 did not contribute to the relationship between SUFP and bicarbonate reabsorption. The data suggest that extracellular fluid phosphate concentration is an important modulator of proximal bicarbonate transport, independent of the action of parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Relationship between serum phosphate concentration and proximal tubular bicarbonate transport. Micropuncture studies were performed in intact and thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs to evaluate the relationship between the absolute level of serum ultrafilterable phosphate concentration (SUFP) and proximal bicarbonate reabsorption. In both groups of animals, a reverse linear relationship was noted between the serum phosphate level and the tubular fluid bicarbonate concentration (TFHCO3). For the intact dogs, TFHCO3=32.27 SUFP+/-2.17, r=0.715, p=0.02, and for the TPTX dogs, TFHCO3=35.68-2.39 SUFP+/-2.26; r=0.619, p less than 0.02. Furthermore, when late-proximal tubular values for absolute bicarbonate reabsorptive rate (THCO3)/100 nl single nephron filtrate were plotted against SUFP, a direct relationship was found for both groups; intact dogs: THCO3=205 SUFP-169+/-136, r=0.707, p less than 0.05; TPTX dogs: THCO3=224 SUFP-882+/-221, r=0.625, p less than 0.01. Variations in plasma bicarbonate concentration or PCO2 did not contribute to the relationship between SUFP and bicarbonate reabsorption. The data suggest that extracellular fluid phosphate concentration is an important modulator of proximal bicarbonate transport, independent of the action of parathyroid hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:895961", "title": "Tubulo-glomerular feedback in the rat.", "content": "Using conventional micropuncture techniques in 53 adult Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, single nephron GFR at proximal sites (snGFRprox) averaged 30+/-1 nl/min (76 tubules) and at distal sites (snGFRdis), 33+/-2 nl/min (90 tubules). Thus, in spite of interruption of macula densa fluid flow during its measurement, snGFRprox was not significantly greater than snGFRdis (p less than 0.05). Whole kidney GFR averaged 0.9+/-0.07 ml/min before and 1.0+/-0.05 ml/min during an intravenous infusion of SQ20,881, a substance which inhibits production of angiotensin II. Similarly, snGFRdis was unaffected by SQ20,881; the mean difference between paired snGFRdis (collection during NaCl infusion minus recollection at same sites during SQ20,881 infusion) was 6+/-4 nl/min (p less than 0.5). These results suggest that under the conditions of the experiments, tubulo-glomerular feedback is not operative and that angiotensin II plays no role in controlling filtration.", "contents": "Tubulo-glomerular feedback in the rat. Using conventional micropuncture techniques in 53 adult Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, single nephron GFR at proximal sites (snGFRprox) averaged 30+/-1 nl/min (76 tubules) and at distal sites (snGFRdis), 33+/-2 nl/min (90 tubules). Thus, in spite of interruption of macula densa fluid flow during its measurement, snGFRprox was not significantly greater than snGFRdis (p less than 0.05). Whole kidney GFR averaged 0.9+/-0.07 ml/min before and 1.0+/-0.05 ml/min during an intravenous infusion of SQ20,881, a substance which inhibits production of angiotensin II. Similarly, snGFRdis was unaffected by SQ20,881; the mean difference between paired snGFRdis (collection during NaCl infusion minus recollection at same sites during SQ20,881 infusion) was 6+/-4 nl/min (p less than 0.5). These results suggest that under the conditions of the experiments, tubulo-glomerular feedback is not operative and that angiotensin II plays no role in controlling filtration."}
{"id": "PMID:895962", "title": "Serial measurement of vital capacity in patients on chronic haemodialysis.", "content": "Serial measurements of vital capacity (VC) were performed on nine patients on chronic haemodialysis. In six patients the VC remained stable, they were all adequately dialysed and working full-time. Reduction of dialysis time in one of these patients brought about a gradual onset of left heart failure which was preceeded by a decline of VC. In the three remaining patients a decrease of VC preceeded the onset of heart failure, and a rise of VC values signified improvement of cardiac performance. Serial recordings of VC are recommended as a useful objective guide to evaluation and treatment of patients on haemodialysis.", "contents": "Serial measurement of vital capacity in patients on chronic haemodialysis. Serial measurements of vital capacity (VC) were performed on nine patients on chronic haemodialysis. In six patients the VC remained stable, they were all adequately dialysed and working full-time. Reduction of dialysis time in one of these patients brought about a gradual onset of left heart failure which was preceeded by a decline of VC. In the three remaining patients a decrease of VC preceeded the onset of heart failure, and a rise of VC values signified improvement of cardiac performance. Serial recordings of VC are recommended as a useful objective guide to evaluation and treatment of patients on haemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:895964", "title": "Time perception and hemodialysis.", "content": "Subtle alterations in neurological function are often difficult to identify and even harder to quantitate. The identification of a neurotoxic state existing before overt behavioral changes occur has eluded quantification. It was hypothesized that a challenging signal-detection procedure would be used to assess neurological function of dialysis patients and other subjects, the degree of uremic toxicity occuring during an interdialytic interval, and the effects of neuroactive drugs. A vigilance task demanding the detection of an irregularly flashing light from a matrix of regularly flashing lights was administered to 3 groups of 15 men: patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, patients with chronic illness and no kidney disease, and healthy subjects. The procedure was found to yield a reliable measure; average test-retest correlation was 0.93, which differentiated not only within the hemodialysis cycle (p less than 0.001), between groups (p less than 0.001), but was also related to the recency of neuroactive drugs ingested (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Time perception and hemodialysis. Subtle alterations in neurological function are often difficult to identify and even harder to quantitate. The identification of a neurotoxic state existing before overt behavioral changes occur has eluded quantification. It was hypothesized that a challenging signal-detection procedure would be used to assess neurological function of dialysis patients and other subjects, the degree of uremic toxicity occuring during an interdialytic interval, and the effects of neuroactive drugs. A vigilance task demanding the detection of an irregularly flashing light from a matrix of regularly flashing lights was administered to 3 groups of 15 men: patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, patients with chronic illness and no kidney disease, and healthy subjects. The procedure was found to yield a reliable measure; average test-retest correlation was 0.93, which differentiated not only within the hemodialysis cycle (p less than 0.001), between groups (p less than 0.001), but was also related to the recency of neuroactive drugs ingested (p less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:895965", "title": "Period of freedom from relapse as an indication of cure in minimal change nephrotic syndrome in adults.", "content": "17 adult-onset nephrotic patients with minimal-change glomerular lesions experienced 39 relapses in all. The relationship between the remission period t (expressed in months) preceding each relapse and the rate of relapse (relapse rate) F (t) was proven to correspond closely to Weibull's distribution function as follows (chi 2 = 1.72, 0.5 less than p less than 0.75): In In (formula - see text) From the equation, the time when 99% of relapsing patients have relapsed is 39.3 months. This means that adult-relapsing nephrotic patients with minimal-change lesions will experience a relapse within 39.3 months of remission. They should be free from relapse and considered cured with a 99% reliability when remission has continued longer than 39.3 months, i.e. beyond the 'period of freedom from relapse'.", "contents": "Period of freedom from relapse as an indication of cure in minimal change nephrotic syndrome in adults. 17 adult-onset nephrotic patients with minimal-change glomerular lesions experienced 39 relapses in all. The relationship between the remission period t (expressed in months) preceding each relapse and the rate of relapse (relapse rate) F (t) was proven to correspond closely to Weibull's distribution function as follows (chi 2 = 1.72, 0.5 less than p less than 0.75): In In (formula - see text) From the equation, the time when 99% of relapsing patients have relapsed is 39.3 months. This means that adult-relapsing nephrotic patients with minimal-change lesions will experience a relapse within 39.3 months of remission. They should be free from relapse and considered cured with a 99% reliability when remission has continued longer than 39.3 months, i.e. beyond the 'period of freedom from relapse'."}
{"id": "PMID:895966", "title": "Alleviation of anoxic experimental acute renal failure in rats by beta-adrenergic blockade.", "content": "Acute renal failure induced in Charles River rats by right nephrectomy and left renal artery clamping for 70 min, constantly produced high blood urea and serum creatinine levels 24 h following the experimental procedure. The intravascular administration of propranolol in different doses persistently alleviated the severity of uremia seen on the following day. The optimum dose in this experimental set-up was 1 mg/kg/h. The mean blood urea level was 237 +/- 15.5 (SEM) mg% in the saline-treated controls and 116 +/- 16 mg% in the group treated with propranolol 1 mg/kg/h. P113 alone and prostaglandin A1 alone were not effective in alleviating the ARF. The combination of P113 and propranolol produced the same amount of alleviation in uremia as propranolol alone. The PRA was low in the propranolol-treated rats and high in the group which received both P113 and propranolol, even though alleivation of ARF was produced in both of these groups. The mechanism by which the beta-adrenergic blockade produced by propranolol alleviates the anoxic type of acute renal failure is unknown. However, it does not seem to act through the suppression of renin release from the kidney.", "contents": "Alleviation of anoxic experimental acute renal failure in rats by beta-adrenergic blockade. Acute renal failure induced in Charles River rats by right nephrectomy and left renal artery clamping for 70 min, constantly produced high blood urea and serum creatinine levels 24 h following the experimental procedure. The intravascular administration of propranolol in different doses persistently alleviated the severity of uremia seen on the following day. The optimum dose in this experimental set-up was 1 mg/kg/h. The mean blood urea level was 237 +/- 15.5 (SEM) mg% in the saline-treated controls and 116 +/- 16 mg% in the group treated with propranolol 1 mg/kg/h. P113 alone and prostaglandin A1 alone were not effective in alleviating the ARF. The combination of P113 and propranolol produced the same amount of alleviation in uremia as propranolol alone. The PRA was low in the propranolol-treated rats and high in the group which received both P113 and propranolol, even though alleivation of ARF was produced in both of these groups. The mechanism by which the beta-adrenergic blockade produced by propranolol alleviates the anoxic type of acute renal failure is unknown. However, it does not seem to act through the suppression of renin release from the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:895967", "title": "Immediate effect of nephrotoxic serum on kidney function in the dog.", "content": "Nephrotoxic anitbody rapidly fixes to glomerular basement membrane following systemic injection and immediately initiates histopathologic alterations. We studied the functional changes induced by nephrotoxic serum (NTS) in dogs starting 20 min after injection using three different protocols. By this time the GFR, UNa V and FENa had decreased in each study. Volume expansion resulted in a significantly smaller absolute increase in FENa than in the preinjection control study (1.1 vs. 2.8%, p less than 0.005), while maximum tubular secretion of PAH (TmPAH) and reabsorption of glucose (Tm glucose) stayed constant following NTS; thus TmPAH/GFR and Tm glucose/GFR increased significantly. These studies demonstrate that glomerular function is rapidly affected by NTS while absolute tubular function is relatively well maintained. Since histologic and functional changes occurred simultaneously, it seems likely that the functional changes were the direct consequence of the pathologic alterations.", "contents": "Immediate effect of nephrotoxic serum on kidney function in the dog. Nephrotoxic anitbody rapidly fixes to glomerular basement membrane following systemic injection and immediately initiates histopathologic alterations. We studied the functional changes induced by nephrotoxic serum (NTS) in dogs starting 20 min after injection using three different protocols. By this time the GFR, UNa V and FENa had decreased in each study. Volume expansion resulted in a significantly smaller absolute increase in FENa than in the preinjection control study (1.1 vs. 2.8%, p less than 0.005), while maximum tubular secretion of PAH (TmPAH) and reabsorption of glucose (Tm glucose) stayed constant following NTS; thus TmPAH/GFR and Tm glucose/GFR increased significantly. These studies demonstrate that glomerular function is rapidly affected by NTS while absolute tubular function is relatively well maintained. Since histologic and functional changes occurred simultaneously, it seems likely that the functional changes were the direct consequence of the pathologic alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:895969", "title": "Intraspinal dermoids.", "content": "Eight cases of spinal dermoids are presented. Four were in the cauda equina region, 2 were intramedullary, one was in the subdural space in the thoracic region, one was intramedullary and extended into the conus and cauda equina. Two patients had an associated dermal sinus. Intracapsular evacuation of the contents was the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Intraspinal dermoids. Eight cases of spinal dermoids are presented. Four were in the cauda equina region, 2 were intramedullary, one was in the subdural space in the thoracic region, one was intramedullary and extended into the conus and cauda equina. Two patients had an associated dermal sinus. Intracapsular evacuation of the contents was the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:895970", "title": "Spinal dermoid tumours.", "content": "The present work is a detailed analysis of 12 cases of spinal dermoid tumours operated on between 1935 and 1976. Of these 11 were medullary (3 intramedullary and 8 subdural extramedullary), representing an incidence of 0-80% of medullary tumours, and 1 was an extraspinal coccygeal tumour. Most of the tumours were located in the spinal canal and conus. Good results were obtained following total ablation in 7 cases and partial removal of the tumour in 5 cases.", "contents": "Spinal dermoid tumours. The present work is a detailed analysis of 12 cases of spinal dermoid tumours operated on between 1935 and 1976. Of these 11 were medullary (3 intramedullary and 8 subdural extramedullary), representing an incidence of 0-80% of medullary tumours, and 1 was an extraspinal coccygeal tumour. Most of the tumours were located in the spinal canal and conus. Good results were obtained following total ablation in 7 cases and partial removal of the tumour in 5 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:895971", "title": "Intramedullary epidermoid tumours. Remarks on the radical removal.", "content": "Three cases of intramedullary epidermoid tumours are reported. Microsurgical technique allowed a radical removal of the growths. The value of extirpation versus the evacuation of the cyst content is stressed.", "contents": "Intramedullary epidermoid tumours. Remarks on the radical removal. Three cases of intramedullary epidermoid tumours are reported. Microsurgical technique allowed a radical removal of the growths. The value of extirpation versus the evacuation of the cyst content is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:895972", "title": "[Investigation of the c. s. fluid levels of two newer antibiotics; cefazolin and sisomicin (author's transl)].", "content": "In ten patients continuous estimations of the C.S.F. and serum levels were performed after the administration of a Cephalosporin derivative (Cefazolin - 4 cases) and a new alpha-amino-glycoside antibiotic (Sisomicin - 6 cases). After the evaluation of the results some doubts must be cast on the value of both these antibiotics for the treatment of meningitis or for per-operative chemo-prophylaxis in neurosurgical procedures. The values found were compared with those well-known in the literature, regarding the cephalosporins and the alpha-amino-glycoside Gentamycin.", "contents": "[Investigation of the c. s. fluid levels of two newer antibiotics; cefazolin and sisomicin (author's transl)]. In ten patients continuous estimations of the C.S.F. and serum levels were performed after the administration of a Cephalosporin derivative (Cefazolin - 4 cases) and a new alpha-amino-glycoside antibiotic (Sisomicin - 6 cases). After the evaluation of the results some doubts must be cast on the value of both these antibiotics for the treatment of meningitis or for per-operative chemo-prophylaxis in neurosurgical procedures. The values found were compared with those well-known in the literature, regarding the cephalosporins and the alpha-amino-glycoside Gentamycin."}
{"id": "PMID:895973", "title": "Leioblastoma, developing as an hour-glass tumour of the spinal canal.", "content": "The present paper describes a tumour that developed like an hour-glass tumour, both intraspinally at lumbar level and retroperitoneally. At operation the tumour was diagnosed as a malignant neurinoma. The structure of the tumour, studied by light and electron microscopy, as well as the subsequent evolution of the case, showed it to be a leiomyoblastoma with a retroperitoneal origin, that gradually infiltrated the nerve root (L1) up to the dura mater, epidural and subdural space, where it took on the appearance of a primary tumour of these formations. The author discusses the existence of the so-called primary intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma and its relationship with medullomyoblastoma.", "contents": "Leioblastoma, developing as an hour-glass tumour of the spinal canal. The present paper describes a tumour that developed like an hour-glass tumour, both intraspinally at lumbar level and retroperitoneally. At operation the tumour was diagnosed as a malignant neurinoma. The structure of the tumour, studied by light and electron microscopy, as well as the subsequent evolution of the case, showed it to be a leiomyoblastoma with a retroperitoneal origin, that gradually infiltrated the nerve root (L1) up to the dura mater, epidural and subdural space, where it took on the appearance of a primary tumour of these formations. The author discusses the existence of the so-called primary intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma and its relationship with medullomyoblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:895974", "title": "[Comprehensive investigation on fifty meningiomas (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to increase the accuracy of preoperative \"type-diagnosis\" fifty meningiomas in various sites were investigated by brain-scan, and routine angiography. Some cases in addition had external carotid angiography and angioscintigraphy of the external and internal carotid. By tabulating the findings, it is possible in 90% of cases to provide a pre-operative \"type-diagnosis\" of meningioma. Details are given regarding the influence of the tumour site on the ability to demonstrate the tumour through branches of the external or internal carotid, as well as \"filling defects\" or isotope uptake in angioscintigraphy. The reasons are discussed for the lack of agreement about the size of the tumour, in angiogram and angioscintigram, as well as in the brain-scan, in 15 out of 34 meningiomas.", "contents": "[Comprehensive investigation on fifty meningiomas (author's transl)]. In order to increase the accuracy of preoperative \"type-diagnosis\" fifty meningiomas in various sites were investigated by brain-scan, and routine angiography. Some cases in addition had external carotid angiography and angioscintigraphy of the external and internal carotid. By tabulating the findings, it is possible in 90% of cases to provide a pre-operative \"type-diagnosis\" of meningioma. Details are given regarding the influence of the tumour site on the ability to demonstrate the tumour through branches of the external or internal carotid, as well as \"filling defects\" or isotope uptake in angioscintigraphy. The reasons are discussed for the lack of agreement about the size of the tumour, in angiogram and angioscintigram, as well as in the brain-scan, in 15 out of 34 meningiomas."}
{"id": "PMID:895975", "title": "[Serum IgC level in myasthenia].", "content": "The level of IgG was determined in the serum of patients with myasthenia using the disc precipitation test. 66 samples of sera were examined. In 24 cases (36.3%) the IgG level was 2SD above the mean value obtained in the control group of healthy subjects. The obtained results were analysed in relation to various clinical parameters. The IgG level +2SD above the mean value of the control group was found in 50% of thymectomized patients and in 12.4% of patients without indications for thymectomy. Taking into account the time from thymectomy the IgG level +2SD above normal value of the control group was found in 60% of patients 1--2 months after the operation. The lowest percent of changes (40%) was observed in patients over 5 years after thymectomy. Taking into consideration the clinical form of the disease according to the classification of Osserman the IgG level 2SD above the mean value of the control group was found in 60% of sera from patients withe the third clinical form -- acute, severe, and in only 26.4% of cases with mild form -- 2a. The serum IgG level in various age groups showed the greatest number of changes in patients past the age of 50 years (57.1%), and lowest in the group aged 10--20 years (11.7%). The IgG level 2SD above the mean value of the control group was found primarily in patients in the 1st year of the disease (42.5%).", "contents": "[Serum IgC level in myasthenia]. The level of IgG was determined in the serum of patients with myasthenia using the disc precipitation test. 66 samples of sera were examined. In 24 cases (36.3%) the IgG level was 2SD above the mean value obtained in the control group of healthy subjects. The obtained results were analysed in relation to various clinical parameters. The IgG level +2SD above the mean value of the control group was found in 50% of thymectomized patients and in 12.4% of patients without indications for thymectomy. Taking into account the time from thymectomy the IgG level +2SD above normal value of the control group was found in 60% of patients 1--2 months after the operation. The lowest percent of changes (40%) was observed in patients over 5 years after thymectomy. Taking into consideration the clinical form of the disease according to the classification of Osserman the IgG level 2SD above the mean value of the control group was found in 60% of sera from patients withe the third clinical form -- acute, severe, and in only 26.4% of cases with mild form -- 2a. The serum IgG level in various age groups showed the greatest number of changes in patients past the age of 50 years (57.1%), and lowest in the group aged 10--20 years (11.7%). The IgG level 2SD above the mean value of the control group was found primarily in patients in the 1st year of the disease (42.5%)."}
{"id": "PMID:895976", "title": "[Convulsions in phenylketonuria and the pattern of the bioelectric activity of the brain].", "content": "Serial EEC investigations were carried out in 30 children with phenylketonuria aged 8 months to 4 years at the time of dietary treatment. All children had seizures. The results of EEG investigations in this group of children were compared with a preciously observed analogous of 35 children without convulsions. Comparing the results of EEG investigations in both groups it was observed that in the group of children without convulsions the initial EEG tracings were mostly normal while in both groups the abnormalities were mostly of paroxysmal type. On the ground of an analysis of the EEG results of both groups of children during the whole observation period lasting 2 to 7 years no statistically significant differences were observed in the pattern of bioelectric activity of the brain in both groups.  In the light of this material homogenous from the standpoint of aetiology and pathogenesis the asuthors postulated the necessity of verification of the presently accepted principles of diagnosis and classification of infantile convulsions based on diagnostic and prognostic significance of EEG investigations.", "contents": "[Convulsions in phenylketonuria and the pattern of the bioelectric activity of the brain]. Serial EEC investigations were carried out in 30 children with phenylketonuria aged 8 months to 4 years at the time of dietary treatment. All children had seizures. The results of EEG investigations in this group of children were compared with a preciously observed analogous of 35 children without convulsions. Comparing the results of EEG investigations in both groups it was observed that in the group of children without convulsions the initial EEG tracings were mostly normal while in both groups the abnormalities were mostly of paroxysmal type. On the ground of an analysis of the EEG results of both groups of children during the whole observation period lasting 2 to 7 years no statistically significant differences were observed in the pattern of bioelectric activity of the brain in both groups.  In the light of this material homogenous from the standpoint of aetiology and pathogenesis the asuthors postulated the necessity of verification of the presently accepted principles of diagnosis and classification of infantile convulsions based on diagnostic and prognostic significance of EEG investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:895977", "title": "[Serum lipids in various polyneuropathies].", "content": "Serum lipids were determined in 40 cases of polyneuropathy including 17 cases of Charcot-Marie-Tooth peroneal muscular atrophy, 7 cases of Dejerine-Sot-tas polyneuropathy, 7 cases of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, 2 cases of diabetic polyneuropathy, 2 cases of toxic polyneuropathy and 5 cases of polyneuropathy of unclear aetiology. In the studied material shifts were observed in the composition of serum lipids, in particular, sphingomyelin and cholesterol esters. No correlation was found beteen the type of lipid pattern changes and the clinical syndrome, type of histological changes in the sural nerve, the age at onset, as well as the duration of the disease. The probable mechanism of development of changes is discussed.", "contents": "[Serum lipids in various polyneuropathies]. Serum lipids were determined in 40 cases of polyneuropathy including 17 cases of Charcot-Marie-Tooth peroneal muscular atrophy, 7 cases of Dejerine-Sot-tas polyneuropathy, 7 cases of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, 2 cases of diabetic polyneuropathy, 2 cases of toxic polyneuropathy and 5 cases of polyneuropathy of unclear aetiology. In the studied material shifts were observed in the composition of serum lipids, in particular, sphingomyelin and cholesterol esters. No correlation was found beteen the type of lipid pattern changes and the clinical syndrome, type of histological changes in the sural nerve, the age at onset, as well as the duration of the disease. The probable mechanism of development of changes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:895979", "title": "[Clinico-echoencephalographic-electroencephalographic-angiographic correlations in supratentorial glioma].", "content": "The paper contains conclusions from a comparative evaluation of neurological, echoencephalographic, electroencephalographic and angiographic investigations in supratentorial cerebral gliomas. The results of the analysis were based on 55 cases and were related to the whole material as well as to various localization groups. The usefulness of A echoencephalography is discussed from the standpoint of possibility of indicating the cerebral hemisphere involved by the tumour and in comparision with the results of other investigations.", "contents": "[Clinico-echoencephalographic-electroencephalographic-angiographic correlations in supratentorial glioma]. The paper contains conclusions from a comparative evaluation of neurological, echoencephalographic, electroencephalographic and angiographic investigations in supratentorial cerebral gliomas. The results of the analysis were based on 55 cases and were related to the whole material as well as to various localization groups. The usefulness of A echoencephalography is discussed from the standpoint of possibility of indicating the cerebral hemisphere involved by the tumour and in comparision with the results of other investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:895978", "title": "[Changes in peripheral nerves conduction velocity following Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome].", "content": "The material reported includes 14 patients with a history of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome of relatively mild course many years ago. No abnomalities were found in them on neurological examination. Electrophysiological investigations of peripheral nerves revealed, however, changes indicating slight but  persistent subclinical lesions. Conduction changes involved the sensory and motor fibres in the tested nerves and were most evident in the ulnar nerve. Changes of maximal motor conduction velocity were , apart from some cases, parallel to the changes in the minimal conduction velocity. Late subclinical sequelae in this group were compared with those in a group of cases with severe course of the disease and no significant differences were disclosed. It seems thus that the electrophysiological sequelae are not relevant to the clinical pattern of the acute stage and may persist even after the mildest form of the syndrome without evidence of any clinical abnormalities.", "contents": "[Changes in peripheral nerves conduction velocity following Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome]. The material reported includes 14 patients with a history of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome of relatively mild course many years ago. No abnomalities were found in them on neurological examination. Electrophysiological investigations of peripheral nerves revealed, however, changes indicating slight but  persistent subclinical lesions. Conduction changes involved the sensory and motor fibres in the tested nerves and were most evident in the ulnar nerve. Changes of maximal motor conduction velocity were , apart from some cases, parallel to the changes in the minimal conduction velocity. Late subclinical sequelae in this group were compared with those in a group of cases with severe course of the disease and no significant differences were disclosed. It seems thus that the electrophysiological sequelae are not relevant to the clinical pattern of the acute stage and may persist even after the mildest form of the syndrome without evidence of any clinical abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:895983", "title": "[Mesencephalic artery syndrome].", "content": "The authors report a 62-year-old woman, with stroke-like onset of unconsciousness, left oculomotor nerve paresis, slight right-sided paresis with extensor plantar response. On autopsy thombosis at the site of basilar artery bifurcations was found with symmetrical \"butterfly type\" necrosis of the thalamus, and with necrosis of mesencephalic and pontine midline structures.", "contents": "[Mesencephalic artery syndrome]. The authors report a 62-year-old woman, with stroke-like onset of unconsciousness, left oculomotor nerve paresis, slight right-sided paresis with extensor plantar response. On autopsy thombosis at the site of basilar artery bifurcations was found with symmetrical \"butterfly type\" necrosis of the thalamus, and with necrosis of mesencephalic and pontine midline structures."}
{"id": "PMID:895990", "title": "Effects of melatonin and an aqueous pineal extract on adrenal secretion of reduced steroid metabolites in female rats.", "content": "The effects of melatonin and an aqueous extract of bovine pineal glands on adrenal function were studied in pinealectomized, ovariectomized and hypophysectomized rats. Melatonin (50 microgram i.p., twice daily for 1 week) stimulates adrenal 5 alpha-reductase activity in intact animals and after ovariectomy. A corresponding enhancement in the secretion of the principal 5 alpha-reduced metabolites of corticosterone (B), dihydrocorticosterone (DHB) and tetrahydrocorticosterone (THB), occurs in vivo. As a result, proportional output of B declines. In contrast, an aqueous pineal extract (360 mg bovine pineal tissue/day for 1 week) fails to alter reductase activity or to produce the secretory changes associated with increased reductive metabolism of B. Melatonin also stimulates adrenal reductase activity in hypophysectomized rats. The results suggest that melatonin is a potential contributor to the physiologic regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis.", "contents": "Effects of melatonin and an aqueous pineal extract on adrenal secretion of reduced steroid metabolites in female rats. The effects of melatonin and an aqueous extract of bovine pineal glands on adrenal function were studied in pinealectomized, ovariectomized and hypophysectomized rats. Melatonin (50 microgram i.p., twice daily for 1 week) stimulates adrenal 5 alpha-reductase activity in intact animals and after ovariectomy. A corresponding enhancement in the secretion of the principal 5 alpha-reduced metabolites of corticosterone (B), dihydrocorticosterone (DHB) and tetrahydrocorticosterone (THB), occurs in vivo. As a result, proportional output of B declines. In contrast, an aqueous pineal extract (360 mg bovine pineal tissue/day for 1 week) fails to alter reductase activity or to produce the secretory changes associated with increased reductive metabolism of B. Melatonin also stimulates adrenal reductase activity in hypophysectomized rats. The results suggest that melatonin is a potential contributor to the physiologic regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:895980", "title": "[Diagnostic procedures and therapeutic management in cases of pineal region tumors].", "content": "The purpose of the study was an attempt at evaluation of therapeutic results in 10 cases of tumours situated in the pineal region. The diagnosis was based on clinical and neuroradiological findings. Treatment included neurosurgical decompressing procedures (by the methods of Torkildsen, Pudenz Stookey-Scarf) followed in all cases by Co60 radiotherapy. The results of treatment expressed as survival rates were similar to those reported by others.", "contents": "[Diagnostic procedures and therapeutic management in cases of pineal region tumors]. The purpose of the study was an attempt at evaluation of therapeutic results in 10 cases of tumours situated in the pineal region. The diagnosis was based on clinical and neuroradiological findings. Treatment included neurosurgical decompressing procedures (by the methods of Torkildsen, Pudenz Stookey-Scarf) followed in all cases by Co60 radiotherapy. The results of treatment expressed as survival rates were similar to those reported by others."}
{"id": "PMID:895991", "title": "The effect of anterior cervical ganglionectomy on the seasonal variation in prolactin concentration in goats.", "content": "Bilateral anterior cervical sympathetic ganglionectomy in castrated male goats had no effect upon the subsequent seasonal variation in the concentration of prolactin (Prl) in plasma when surgery was performed in summer. After ganglionectomy in winter, however, the subsequent rise in Prl concentration associated with season was accelerated.", "contents": "The effect of anterior cervical ganglionectomy on the seasonal variation in prolactin concentration in goats. Bilateral anterior cervical sympathetic ganglionectomy in castrated male goats had no effect upon the subsequent seasonal variation in the concentration of prolactin (Prl) in plasma when surgery was performed in summer. After ganglionectomy in winter, however, the subsequent rise in Prl concentration associated with season was accelerated."}
{"id": "PMID:895985", "title": "[Spinal muscle atrophy in the offspring of consanguineous parents].", "content": "A child of consanguineous parents (first cousins) has spinal muscular atrophy. Two siblings of the mother are similarly effected. In recessive autosomal type of inheritance such close relation of patents increases greatly the risk of having an affected child.", "contents": "[Spinal muscle atrophy in the offspring of consanguineous parents]. A child of consanguineous parents (first cousins) has spinal muscular atrophy. Two siblings of the mother are similarly effected. In recessive autosomal type of inheritance such close relation of patents increases greatly the risk of having an affected child."}
{"id": "PMID:895992", "title": "Ultrastructure of homografts of the rat median eminence into the anterior chamber of the eye.", "content": "Median eminences (MEs) were transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye and collected at times varying between 10 and 72 days. At 10 days, all axons had degenerated leaving behind a well-vascularized epitheloid glial organ. With increasing age of the grafts, the characteristic lipid inclusions in the glial cells diminished and even disappeared, and the clear ultrastructural distinction between ependymal (tanycytes) and other glial cells became difficult or even impossible. In both the perikarya and perivascular terminals, an increased number of membrane-bounded, pleomorphic, electron-dense granulated vesicles occurred, the significance of which is unknown. Regrafting of these transplants into various hypothalamic and hypophysial sites is expected to yield information on the function of the glial cells of the ME.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of homografts of the rat median eminence into the anterior chamber of the eye. Median eminences (MEs) were transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye and collected at times varying between 10 and 72 days. At 10 days, all axons had degenerated leaving behind a well-vascularized epitheloid glial organ. With increasing age of the grafts, the characteristic lipid inclusions in the glial cells diminished and even disappeared, and the clear ultrastructural distinction between ependymal (tanycytes) and other glial cells became difficult or even impossible. In both the perikarya and perivascular terminals, an increased number of membrane-bounded, pleomorphic, electron-dense granulated vesicles occurred, the significance of which is unknown. Regrafting of these transplants into various hypothalamic and hypophysial sites is expected to yield information on the function of the glial cells of the ME."}
{"id": "PMID:895987", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties in oral apraxia in a 16-year-old girl following severe brain trauma].", "content": "Diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties are described in a case or oral apraxia in a 16-year-old girl who had numerous skull vault bone with concussion and crushing of cerebral tissue. The authors point out that the process of rehabilitaiton of speech disturbances in oral apraxia is long and complex.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties in oral apraxia in a 16-year-old girl following severe brain trauma]. Diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties are described in a case or oral apraxia in a 16-year-old girl who had numerous skull vault bone with concussion and crushing of cerebral tissue. The authors point out that the process of rehabilitaiton of speech disturbances in oral apraxia is long and complex."}
{"id": "PMID:895993", "title": "Neuroticism, extraversion and slow brain potentials.", "content": "Peak amplitude and area under the curve of average vertex slow potentials recorded during the foreperiod of a reaction time task were found to discriminate between high- and low-neuroticism subjects, defined according to the Eysenck Personality Inventory. High-neuroticism subjects developed smaller peak amplitude, greater area and longer reaction times, presenting a high extinction rate when the imperative stimulus was omitted. Differences between extraverts and introverts were found within the low-neuroticism group and for area values, extraverts exhibiting larger area. A significant interaction effect of extraversion and neuroticism on slow-potential parameters was evidenced. Results are interpreted in terms of heightened arousal and disrupted focused attention in high-neuroticism subjects. Although evolutionary indexes of slow potentials could differentiate between extraverts and introverts, further work using inhibition indicators is needed to further clarify the differences between them. The data reported also suggest that different aspects of overt behavior would be associated diversely with slow-potential parameters.", "contents": "Neuroticism, extraversion and slow brain potentials. Peak amplitude and area under the curve of average vertex slow potentials recorded during the foreperiod of a reaction time task were found to discriminate between high- and low-neuroticism subjects, defined according to the Eysenck Personality Inventory. High-neuroticism subjects developed smaller peak amplitude, greater area and longer reaction times, presenting a high extinction rate when the imperative stimulus was omitted. Differences between extraverts and introverts were found within the low-neuroticism group and for area values, extraverts exhibiting larger area. A significant interaction effect of extraversion and neuroticism on slow-potential parameters was evidenced. Results are interpreted in terms of heightened arousal and disrupted focused attention in high-neuroticism subjects. Although evolutionary indexes of slow potentials could differentiate between extraverts and introverts, further work using inhibition indicators is needed to further clarify the differences between them. The data reported also suggest that different aspects of overt behavior would be associated diversely with slow-potential parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:895988", "title": "[Case of Fahr's syndrome].", "content": "Convulsions, extrapyramidal-cerebellar syndrome and coma led within 8 weeks to death of a 40-year-old woman. Autopsy demonstrated calcifications in the ganglia of brain base and cerebellum.", "contents": "[Case of Fahr's syndrome]. Convulsions, extrapyramidal-cerebellar syndrome and coma led within 8 weeks to death of a 40-year-old woman. Autopsy demonstrated calcifications in the ganglia of brain base and cerebellum."}
{"id": "PMID:895994", "title": "Recovery of amnestic effect of alpha-amanitin by post-training administration of d-amphetamine in the rat.", "content": "alpha-Amanitin, an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II, given intraventricularly 6 or 24 h before training, impaired consolidation of both passive and active avoidance responses in rats. Administration of d-amphetamine sulfate (0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) immediately after training produced a clear-cut antiamnestic effect in alpha-amanitin-injected rats without modifying consolidation in control animals. Examination of several parameters of conditioning enabled the authors to rule out an impairment in locomotor performance of alpha-amanitin-treated rats both in training and in test sessions. The amnestic effect of alpha-amanitin and recovery by means of d-amphetamine were discussed in relation to RNA synthesis inhibition and a possible restoring effect of d-amphetamine upon alpha-amanitin-induced decrease of brain RNA content.", "contents": "Recovery of amnestic effect of alpha-amanitin by post-training administration of d-amphetamine in the rat. alpha-Amanitin, an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II, given intraventricularly 6 or 24 h before training, impaired consolidation of both passive and active avoidance responses in rats. Administration of d-amphetamine sulfate (0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) immediately after training produced a clear-cut antiamnestic effect in alpha-amanitin-injected rats without modifying consolidation in control animals. Examination of several parameters of conditioning enabled the authors to rule out an impairment in locomotor performance of alpha-amanitin-treated rats both in training and in test sessions. The amnestic effect of alpha-amanitin and recovery by means of d-amphetamine were discussed in relation to RNA synthesis inhibition and a possible restoring effect of d-amphetamine upon alpha-amanitin-induced decrease of brain RNA content."}
{"id": "PMID:895995", "title": "MHPG excretion during sleep deprivation in endogenous depression.", "content": "MHPG excretion of 14 endogenously depressive patients and 5 healthy controls was investigated before, during and after a night of sleep deprivation (SD). Patients having a minimum improvement of 40% in the Cronholm-Ottoson rating scale had shown a significantly higher MHPG excretion in the night before SD ( p less than 0.02) as compared to the non-improved group. The MHPG excretion of the night before SD shows a significant negative correlation, both with the depression score according to Cronholm-Ottoson (p less than 0.05) and with the self-rating score according to von Zerssen (p less than 0.005), on the day after SD. No correlation was found between the motor activity measured by pedometer and MHPG excretion. The results are discussed in connection with values found in controls.", "contents": "MHPG excretion during sleep deprivation in endogenous depression. MHPG excretion of 14 endogenously depressive patients and 5 healthy controls was investigated before, during and after a night of sleep deprivation (SD). Patients having a minimum improvement of 40% in the Cronholm-Ottoson rating scale had shown a significantly higher MHPG excretion in the night before SD ( p less than 0.02) as compared to the non-improved group. The MHPG excretion of the night before SD shows a significant negative correlation, both with the depression score according to Cronholm-Ottoson (p less than 0.05) and with the self-rating score according to von Zerssen (p less than 0.005), on the day after SD. No correlation was found between the motor activity measured by pedometer and MHPG excretion. The results are discussed in connection with values found in controls."}
{"id": "PMID:895984", "title": "[Prodromal symptoms and manifestations in pontine base infarction].", "content": "The authors report a case of diffuse infarction of pontine base confirmed on autopsy. Attention is called to the rich symptomatology of brainstem syndromes and resulting considerable diagnostic difficulties.", "contents": "[Prodromal symptoms and manifestations in pontine base infarction]. The authors report a case of diffuse infarction of pontine base confirmed on autopsy. Attention is called to the rich symptomatology of brainstem syndromes and resulting considerable diagnostic difficulties."}
{"id": "PMID:895996", "title": "Plasma prolactin during lithium treatment.", "content": "Plasma prolactin was determined in a longitudinal study, where -9 manic-depressive patients were examined before lithium treatment and at various times during the treatment with the aim of unravelling a possible association between initial changes in water and sodium balance during lithium treatment and changes in plasma prolactin level. No significant changes were found, nor could any correlation between serum lithium and plasma prolactin be established. Some reports have indicated association between breast cancer and prolonged elevated plasma prolactin, such as is seen during treatment with phenothiazines and reserpine. In a transversal study, determination of plasma prolactin during long-term lithium treatment in 26 patients did not reveal any elevation compared with 16 controls. Lithium is accordingly not among the drugs which produce prolonged elevation of plasma prolactin.", "contents": "Plasma prolactin during lithium treatment. Plasma prolactin was determined in a longitudinal study, where -9 manic-depressive patients were examined before lithium treatment and at various times during the treatment with the aim of unravelling a possible association between initial changes in water and sodium balance during lithium treatment and changes in plasma prolactin level. No significant changes were found, nor could any correlation between serum lithium and plasma prolactin be established. Some reports have indicated association between breast cancer and prolonged elevated plasma prolactin, such as is seen during treatment with phenothiazines and reserpine. In a transversal study, determination of plasma prolactin during long-term lithium treatment in 26 patients did not reveal any elevation compared with 16 controls. Lithium is accordingly not among the drugs which produce prolonged elevation of plasma prolactin."}
{"id": "PMID:895997", "title": "Annual and daily changes in brain serotonin content in differentially housed mice.", "content": "The annual and daily variations of brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid have been studied over a 6-year period in normally grouped and isolated mice. The results obtained indicate that differences exist between normally grouped and isolated animals, especially when referred to the annual changes to which brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid undergo. The results suggest that the outcome of the experiments on neurochemistry, neuropharmacology and behavior can change according to the month of the year and they can further be modified by differential housing of mice.", "contents": "Annual and daily changes in brain serotonin content in differentially housed mice. The annual and daily variations of brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid have been studied over a 6-year period in normally grouped and isolated mice. The results obtained indicate that differences exist between normally grouped and isolated animals, especially when referred to the annual changes to which brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid undergo. The results suggest that the outcome of the experiments on neurochemistry, neuropharmacology and behavior can change according to the month of the year and they can further be modified by differential housing of mice."}
{"id": "PMID:895986", "title": "[Rare case of brain damage in a primary decompression sickness in a diver].", "content": "Pressure disease causes very infrequently multifocal injury to the cerebral hemispheres with resulting organic brain disease. The described case was observed in a diver who after correctly performed decompression without any evident faults in decompressions during several years of diving suffered diffuse, multifocal injury to the cerebral hemispheres and right vestibular nuclei. The authors stress the fact that decompression tables differ in various countries. There is no uniform safety decompression table for the divers. Besides that, such factors as individual sensitivity and resistance of the diver to the effects of raised pressure should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Rare case of brain damage in a primary decompression sickness in a diver]. Pressure disease causes very infrequently multifocal injury to the cerebral hemispheres with resulting organic brain disease. The described case was observed in a diver who after correctly performed decompression without any evident faults in decompressions during several years of diving suffered diffuse, multifocal injury to the cerebral hemispheres and right vestibular nuclei. The authors stress the fact that decompression tables differ in various countries. There is no uniform safety decompression table for the divers. Besides that, such factors as individual sensitivity and resistance of the diver to the effects of raised pressure should be taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:895998", "title": "Phenelzine in depressed patients. Effects on urinary MHPG excretion in relation to clinical response.", "content": "Depressed patients' treatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibiting antidepressant, phenelzine, developed marked reductions in urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) excretion. Pretreatment levels of urinary MHPG and platelet monoamine oxidase activity were significantly correlated with each other, but the magnitude of reduction in these measurements produced by phenelzine treatment did not correspond as closely. Similarly, MHPG levels were not significantly different in patients with antidepressant responses to the drug compared to nonresponders.", "contents": "Phenelzine in depressed patients. Effects on urinary MHPG excretion in relation to clinical response. Depressed patients' treatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibiting antidepressant, phenelzine, developed marked reductions in urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) excretion. Pretreatment levels of urinary MHPG and platelet monoamine oxidase activity were significantly correlated with each other, but the magnitude of reduction in these measurements produced by phenelzine treatment did not correspond as closely. Similarly, MHPG levels were not significantly different in patients with antidepressant responses to the drug compared to nonresponders."}
{"id": "PMID:895999", "title": "New evidence of serotonin-deficient depressions.", "content": "In 30 patients suffering from vital depression (the syndrome of endogenous depression) a negative correlation was found between the pre-therapeutic post-probenecid CSF 5-HIAA response and the therapeutic response to clomipramine (Anafranil). Clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant with a strong potentiating effect on central 5-HT. The following conclusion was drawn: if the cenral 5-HT turnover is diminished in depressions, then correction of this biochemical disturbance leads to alleviation of depressive symptoms. This finding is considered to support the concept of '5-HT-deficient depression'. Five of the 8 clomipramine-resistant patients showed a favourable response to nortriptyline, a NA-potentiating anti-depressant. The pre-therapeutic CSF MHPG concentration in these patients was not related to the therapeutic efficacy of nortriptyline. So, the assumption that these patients have been NA-deficient was not confirmed. However, renal MHPG excretion was not measured and possibly this variable correlates better with cerebral NA metabilism than MHPG in lumbar CSF which is of mainly spinal origin.", "contents": "New evidence of serotonin-deficient depressions. In 30 patients suffering from vital depression (the syndrome of endogenous depression) a negative correlation was found between the pre-therapeutic post-probenecid CSF 5-HIAA response and the therapeutic response to clomipramine (Anafranil). Clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant with a strong potentiating effect on central 5-HT. The following conclusion was drawn: if the cenral 5-HT turnover is diminished in depressions, then correction of this biochemical disturbance leads to alleviation of depressive symptoms. This finding is considered to support the concept of '5-HT-deficient depression'. Five of the 8 clomipramine-resistant patients showed a favourable response to nortriptyline, a NA-potentiating anti-depressant. The pre-therapeutic CSF MHPG concentration in these patients was not related to the therapeutic efficacy of nortriptyline. So, the assumption that these patients have been NA-deficient was not confirmed. However, renal MHPG excretion was not measured and possibly this variable correlates better with cerebral NA metabilism than MHPG in lumbar CSF which is of mainly spinal origin."}
{"id": "PMID:896000", "title": "Application of cluster analysis in the classification of depression. A replication study.", "content": "This paper reports a replication study of a four-group cluster-analytic typology of depressed patients. Several hierarchial agglomerative clustering procedures were applied on the original patient sample using a slightly reduced variable pool. The best replication obtained used Ward's error sum of squares method and was stable on iterative relocation. Three groups, psychotic depressives, anxious depressives, and young depressives with personality disorders replicated well, while hostile depressives failed to separate clearly from the young depressives.", "contents": "Application of cluster analysis in the classification of depression. A replication study. This paper reports a replication study of a four-group cluster-analytic typology of depressed patients. Several hierarchial agglomerative clustering procedures were applied on the original patient sample using a slightly reduced variable pool. The best replication obtained used Ward's error sum of squares method and was stable on iterative relocation. Three groups, psychotic depressives, anxious depressives, and young depressives with personality disorders replicated well, while hostile depressives failed to separate clearly from the young depressives."}
{"id": "PMID:896001", "title": "Prolonged isolation and alcohol effect on avoidance learning in two strains of mice.", "content": "Prolonged isolation in mice is known to induce several behavioral changes, among which impairment of learning was also reported. On the other hand, alcohol is known to have either stimulant or depressant effects on behavior. Further, alcohol effect is also known to depend on strain-linked characteristics and on emotional ground of animals. Since prolonged isolation may differently change the emotional setting of mice, according to the strain, the behavioral effects of alcohol on avoidance learning, have been studied in two strains of male mice differentially housed. Evidences were obtained that ethanol can either improve or worsen learning performances according to the strain and the housing conditions adopted.", "contents": "Prolonged isolation and alcohol effect on avoidance learning in two strains of mice. Prolonged isolation in mice is known to induce several behavioral changes, among which impairment of learning was also reported. On the other hand, alcohol is known to have either stimulant or depressant effects on behavior. Further, alcohol effect is also known to depend on strain-linked characteristics and on emotional ground of animals. Since prolonged isolation may differently change the emotional setting of mice, according to the strain, the behavioral effects of alcohol on avoidance learning, have been studied in two strains of male mice differentially housed. Evidences were obtained that ethanol can either improve or worsen learning performances according to the strain and the housing conditions adopted."}
{"id": "PMID:896003", "title": "The Odyssean personality. A survival advantage for carriers of genes predisposing to schizophrenia?", "content": "To explain the persistence of schizophrenia in human populations at relatively high and constant rates, it is proposed that the schizoid-paranoid personality (designated as the Odyssean personality) which characterizes so many nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenics, represents a selective advantage. It is assumed that odyssean relatives carry the gene or genes predisposing to schizophrenia, but not in sufficient quantity for the development of the psychosis. It is suggested that because of their schizoid-paranoid out-look, Odysseans have an increased probability of contributing to the gene pool of succeeding generations since, in a world plagued by terror, strife, and war, they, rather than their trusting peers, are the ones more likely to survive long enough to ensure the survival of their progeny.", "contents": "The Odyssean personality. A survival advantage for carriers of genes predisposing to schizophrenia? To explain the persistence of schizophrenia in human populations at relatively high and constant rates, it is proposed that the schizoid-paranoid personality (designated as the Odyssean personality) which characterizes so many nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenics, represents a selective advantage. It is assumed that odyssean relatives carry the gene or genes predisposing to schizophrenia, but not in sufficient quantity for the development of the psychosis. It is suggested that because of their schizoid-paranoid out-look, Odysseans have an increased probability of contributing to the gene pool of succeeding generations since, in a world plagued by terror, strife, and war, they, rather than their trusting peers, are the ones more likely to survive long enough to ensure the survival of their progeny."}
{"id": "PMID:896004", "title": "Neurophysiological measures and visual averaged evoked responses in psychiatric patients. Relationship to monoamine oxidase activity in platelets.", "content": "In 57 consecutive patients with psychiatric disorders correlations were sought between the neurophysiological variables - amplitudes and latencies of visual averaged evoked responses (VAER), the proneness to augment or to reduce the amplitude of VAER with increasing stimulus intensity, PAR and PRI, the mean integrated amplitude (MIA) and its within patient variance (WPV) and the monoamine oxidase activity (MAO) in platelets, both with beta-fenylethylamine (MAO1) and with tryptamine (MAO2) as substrate. When multiple correlations with age occurred, a multiple regression was calculated to evaluate the relative importance of each component. MAO1 was found to be significantly correlated to Ampl. N1 and Lat. 2, 3 and 4 of VAER while MAO2 only gave a significant correlation with LaT. 4. As in earlier studies Ampl. N1 was found to be significantly correlated to the content of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in liquor, these measurements seem to be the most important in psychiatric disorders where the monoaminergic systems are supposed to be disturbed.", "contents": "Neurophysiological measures and visual averaged evoked responses in psychiatric patients. Relationship to monoamine oxidase activity in platelets. In 57 consecutive patients with psychiatric disorders correlations were sought between the neurophysiological variables - amplitudes and latencies of visual averaged evoked responses (VAER), the proneness to augment or to reduce the amplitude of VAER with increasing stimulus intensity, PAR and PRI, the mean integrated amplitude (MIA) and its within patient variance (WPV) and the monoamine oxidase activity (MAO) in platelets, both with beta-fenylethylamine (MAO1) and with tryptamine (MAO2) as substrate. When multiple correlations with age occurred, a multiple regression was calculated to evaluate the relative importance of each component. MAO1 was found to be significantly correlated to Ampl. N1 and Lat. 2, 3 and 4 of VAER while MAO2 only gave a significant correlation with LaT. 4. As in earlier studies Ampl. N1 was found to be significantly correlated to the content of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in liquor, these measurements seem to be the most important in psychiatric disorders where the monoaminergic systems are supposed to be disturbed."}
{"id": "PMID:896005", "title": "The evoked potential in pharmacopsychiatry.", "content": "Somatosensory, visual and auditory evoked potentials (EP) were recorded in different psychatric populations before as well as during psychotropic drug treatment. Drug-free schizophrenic patients showed shorter latencies, smaller amplitudes and an increased intraindividual variability in their EP than controls. Psychotic children but also children of schizophrenic mothers (so-called high-risk children) exhibited similar differences as compared to controls, suggesting a CNS overarousal as the pathoneurophysiological substrate of schizophrenia. Shorter latencies were also seen in children  of psychopathic fathers. Regression and correlation analysis of psychopathological and EP measurements in hyperkinetic children revealed the following findings: the shorter the latencies and the higher the amplitudes, the sicker was the child. During psychopharmacotherapy, significant changes occurred in the EP measurements, which were found to be significantly correlated with clinical improvement or deterioration. Neuroleptics induced a latency increase and an amplitude decrease in schizophrenic patients and psychotic children.  Interestingly, amphetamine produced in hyperkinetic children a latency increase too, thus explaining the 'paradoxical' clinical response to amphetamine observed in these children. Differences between therapy-responsive and therapy-resistant patients are described and, finally, some data concerning the role of the pretreatment EP as a predictor of therapeutic outcome are discussed.", "contents": "The evoked potential in pharmacopsychiatry. Somatosensory, visual and auditory evoked potentials (EP) were recorded in different psychatric populations before as well as during psychotropic drug treatment. Drug-free schizophrenic patients showed shorter latencies, smaller amplitudes and an increased intraindividual variability in their EP than controls. Psychotic children but also children of schizophrenic mothers (so-called high-risk children) exhibited similar differences as compared to controls, suggesting a CNS overarousal as the pathoneurophysiological substrate of schizophrenia. Shorter latencies were also seen in children  of psychopathic fathers. Regression and correlation analysis of psychopathological and EP measurements in hyperkinetic children revealed the following findings: the shorter the latencies and the higher the amplitudes, the sicker was the child. During psychopharmacotherapy, significant changes occurred in the EP measurements, which were found to be significantly correlated with clinical improvement or deterioration. Neuroleptics induced a latency increase and an amplitude decrease in schizophrenic patients and psychotic children.  Interestingly, amphetamine produced in hyperkinetic children a latency increase too, thus explaining the 'paradoxical' clinical response to amphetamine observed in these children. Differences between therapy-responsive and therapy-resistant patients are described and, finally, some data concerning the role of the pretreatment EP as a predictor of therapeutic outcome are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:896030", "title": "Dysgenesis of the deep venous system as a diagnostic criterion for holoprosencephaly.", "content": "The angiographic features of three cases with holoprosencephaly are reported. In all of them, the galenic venous system seemed to be deficient and the basal ganglia were drained by peculiar veins which coursed laterally and drained directly into the lateral sinus. These peculiar veins are considered to be remnants of the embryonic diencephalic veins, suggesting that these patients retain their early embryonic pattern of venous drainage. The diagnosis of alobar holoprosencephaly is established by the demonstration of the azygos anterior cerebral artery coursing along the frontal bone with excessive undulations. But with lobar holoprosencephaly, this characteristic feature is not present, and dysgenesis of the deep venous system is important for the diagnosis of holoprosencephaly.", "contents": "Dysgenesis of the deep venous system as a diagnostic criterion for holoprosencephaly. The angiographic features of three cases with holoprosencephaly are reported. In all of them, the galenic venous system seemed to be deficient and the basal ganglia were drained by peculiar veins which coursed laterally and drained directly into the lateral sinus. These peculiar veins are considered to be remnants of the embryonic diencephalic veins, suggesting that these patients retain their early embryonic pattern of venous drainage. The diagnosis of alobar holoprosencephaly is established by the demonstration of the azygos anterior cerebral artery coursing along the frontal bone with excessive undulations. But with lobar holoprosencephaly, this characteristic feature is not present, and dysgenesis of the deep venous system is important for the diagnosis of holoprosencephaly."}
{"id": "PMID:896031", "title": "Spiral spring effect in catheters as a complicating factor of femorocerebral catheterization.", "content": "This paper describes a complication of selective femorocerebral catheterization which was due to iatrogenic embolization of atherosclerotic material originating from the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. After analysis of the catheter maneuvers inherent to the special shape of the type of catheter used (Sidewinder, Cordis Corporation), it is concluded that this complication resulted from incorrect catheter manipulation and an incorrect choice of the dimensions of the preshaped part of the catheter in relation to the diameter of the aortic arch. Two recommendations to avoid this complication are made.", "contents": "Spiral spring effect in catheters as a complicating factor of femorocerebral catheterization. This paper describes a complication of selective femorocerebral catheterization which was due to iatrogenic embolization of atherosclerotic material originating from the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. After analysis of the catheter maneuvers inherent to the special shape of the type of catheter used (Sidewinder, Cordis Corporation), it is concluded that this complication resulted from incorrect catheter manipulation and an incorrect choice of the dimensions of the preshaped part of the catheter in relation to the diameter of the aortic arch. Two recommendations to avoid this complication are made."}
{"id": "PMID:896034", "title": "Normal limits of the lateral cerebral ventricles on the lateral phlebogram: a statistical analysis.", "content": "The highest points of the subependymal veins of the lateral cerebral ventricles (frontal horn, body and atrium) and the height of the body have been evaluated in selected patients. Through a statistical analysis, they have been demonstrated to depend on the height of the supratentorial compartment of the skull. Taking into account this relation, the results obtained furnish reliable criteria for evaluating ventricular enlargement or sectional deformity.", "contents": "Normal limits of the lateral cerebral ventricles on the lateral phlebogram: a statistical analysis. The highest points of the subependymal veins of the lateral cerebral ventricles (frontal horn, body and atrium) and the height of the body have been evaluated in selected patients. Through a statistical analysis, they have been demonstrated to depend on the height of the supratentorial compartment of the skull. Taking into account this relation, the results obtained furnish reliable criteria for evaluating ventricular enlargement or sectional deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:896038", "title": "Calcified intramedullary aneurysm in spinal angioma.", "content": "A case of a calcified intramedlllary aneurysm in a spinal angioma is presented. The value of preoperative angiography in the evaluation of intraspinal calcifications is discussed.", "contents": "Calcified intramedullary aneurysm in spinal angioma. A case of a calcified intramedlllary aneurysm in a spinal angioma is presented. The value of preoperative angiography in the evaluation of intraspinal calcifications is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:896039", "title": "Computed tomography and subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "CT scans have been made on 39 of 41 patients who presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Blood could be visualized in the cisterns of 18 of 32 examinations performed within five days of the hemorrhage all having aneurysms. Among the other 14 there were three in whom no aneurysm was found on angiography. The distribution of blood in those that showed it was useful in pointing to the position of the aneurysm. Much other information was obtained, for instance about rebleeding and infarction. CT should routinely be the primary examination, followed by selective angiography.", "contents": "Computed tomography and subarachnoid hemorrhage. CT scans have been made on 39 of 41 patients who presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Blood could be visualized in the cisterns of 18 of 32 examinations performed within five days of the hemorrhage all having aneurysms. Among the other 14 there were three in whom no aneurysm was found on angiography. The distribution of blood in those that showed it was useful in pointing to the position of the aneurysm. Much other information was obtained, for instance about rebleeding and infarction. CT should routinely be the primary examination, followed by selective angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:896040", "title": "Potentiation of Amipaque epileptogenic activity by neuroleptics.", "content": "Experiments conducted on rabbits confirmed that chlorpromazine potentiates the weak epileptogenic action of Amipaque (metrizamide). Chlorpromazine withdrawal for a period of 48 h suppresses this potentiating effect in the rabbit. Neuroleptic drugs should therefore be avoided in patients examined with Amipaque. In patients under chronic treatment, neuroleptics ought to be discontinued at least 48 h before examination with Amipaque. With the doses and methods used in the present study, diazepam was not as effective as phenobarbital in preventing epilepsy produced by Amipaque. When premidication is needed or when convulsions occur after Amipaque examinations, combined diazepam and phenobarbital therapy ought to be instituted in order to achieve the best control of epileptic reactions.", "contents": "Potentiation of Amipaque epileptogenic activity by neuroleptics. Experiments conducted on rabbits confirmed that chlorpromazine potentiates the weak epileptogenic action of Amipaque (metrizamide). Chlorpromazine withdrawal for a period of 48 h suppresses this potentiating effect in the rabbit. Neuroleptic drugs should therefore be avoided in patients examined with Amipaque. In patients under chronic treatment, neuroleptics ought to be discontinued at least 48 h before examination with Amipaque. With the doses and methods used in the present study, diazepam was not as effective as phenobarbital in preventing epilepsy produced by Amipaque. When premidication is needed or when convulsions occur after Amipaque examinations, combined diazepam and phenobarbital therapy ought to be instituted in order to achieve the best control of epileptic reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:896041", "title": "The value of computed tomography for the diagnosis of hourglass tumors of the spine.", "content": "A case of cervical hourglass tumor is reported with a brief review of the litterature. The diagnostic and preoperative value of CT investigation is emphasized.", "contents": "The value of computed tomography for the diagnosis of hourglass tumors of the spine. A case of cervical hourglass tumor is reported with a brief review of the litterature. The diagnostic and preoperative value of CT investigation is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:896042", "title": "Congenital fusion of the anterior arch of the atlas demonstrated by computed tomography.", "content": "The computed tomographie demonstration of congenital fusion of the anterior arch of the atlas with the axis is reported and compared with the normal anatomy.", "contents": "Congenital fusion of the anterior arch of the atlas demonstrated by computed tomography. The computed tomographie demonstration of congenital fusion of the anterior arch of the atlas with the axis is reported and compared with the normal anatomy."}
{"id": "PMID:896043", "title": "Pantopaque pulmonary embolism following myelography.", "content": "A patient with radiological evidence of Pantopaque embolism in the lungs following myelography is reported.", "contents": "Pantopaque pulmonary embolism following myelography. A patient with radiological evidence of Pantopaque embolism in the lungs following myelography is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:896044", "title": "The management of anterior sacral meningocele with computed tomography.", "content": "This report concerns a case of anterior sacral meningocele (ASM) with an evaluation of the diagnostic reliability of the CT scan for the management of this condition and others concerning the vertebral column and pelvis. This technic makes a precise preoperative survey possible by the direct demonstration of the lesion and its extension, by the measurement of its density and by the visualization of its pedicle, as well as easy and atraumatic postoperative control. ASM is a congenital meningeal cyst, herniating through a bony defect of the sacrum. It often remains undetected, since it is a rather rare condition and difficult to visualize with simple diagnostic procedures. An early diagnosis of this basically benign condition is nevertheless very important, because of the serious pitfalls that may arise.", "contents": "The management of anterior sacral meningocele with computed tomography. This report concerns a case of anterior sacral meningocele (ASM) with an evaluation of the diagnostic reliability of the CT scan for the management of this condition and others concerning the vertebral column and pelvis. This technic makes a precise preoperative survey possible by the direct demonstration of the lesion and its extension, by the measurement of its density and by the visualization of its pedicle, as well as easy and atraumatic postoperative control. ASM is a congenital meningeal cyst, herniating through a bony defect of the sacrum. It often remains undetected, since it is a rather rare condition and difficult to visualize with simple diagnostic procedures. An early diagnosis of this basically benign condition is nevertheless very important, because of the serious pitfalls that may arise."}
{"id": "PMID:896075", "title": "[Study of cutaneous electrophysiology applicable to viscerocutaneous reflexes].", "content": "A description is given of the important part played by the skin as a site of electrical charges, as shown by the data offered by cutaneous electrophysiology. Personal research on 150 subjects is described. The results have useful applications in semeiotics and viscerocutaneous therapy. They also provice an explanation for the results achieved by acupuncture, a subject at present in the forefront of scientific investigation.", "contents": "[Study of cutaneous electrophysiology applicable to viscerocutaneous reflexes]. A description is given of the important part played by the skin as a site of electrical charges, as shown by the data offered by cutaneous electrophysiology. Personal research on 150 subjects is described. The results have useful applications in semeiotics and viscerocutaneous therapy. They also provice an explanation for the results achieved by acupuncture, a subject at present in the forefront of scientific investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:896077", "title": "[Interpretations of uptake defects in hepatic scintiscanning].", "content": "The absence of precise parameters for the interpretation of defective uptake means that personal experience is of great assistance in the examination of scintiscans. Classification of uptake defects in 208 cases was carried out by two experts in accordance with the following parameters: 1) irregular uptake or distinct defects; 2) central or peripheral defects; 3) increased size of the liver picture; 4) uptake by the spleen. Irregular uptake or central or peripheral uptake defects (with or without spleen uptake in each case) were observed as categories. The series as a whole showed that peripheral defects are associated with a greater frequency of false positives, and diagnosis must therefore be checked, spleen uptake is an accurate pointer to diffuse chronic hepatopathy, and central defects are indicative of substitutive pathology.", "contents": "[Interpretations of uptake defects in hepatic scintiscanning]. The absence of precise parameters for the interpretation of defective uptake means that personal experience is of great assistance in the examination of scintiscans. Classification of uptake defects in 208 cases was carried out by two experts in accordance with the following parameters: 1) irregular uptake or distinct defects; 2) central or peripheral defects; 3) increased size of the liver picture; 4) uptake by the spleen. Irregular uptake or central or peripheral uptake defects (with or without spleen uptake in each case) were observed as categories. The series as a whole showed that peripheral defects are associated with a greater frequency of false positives, and diagnosis must therefore be checked, spleen uptake is an accurate pointer to diffuse chronic hepatopathy, and central defects are indicative of substitutive pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:896078", "title": "[Classification of acute bacterial enteropathies].", "content": "The first part considers pathogenic microorganisms (Vibrio cholerae and parahaemolytic vibrio, Clostridium welchii, enteropathogenic E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, other enterobacteria and pseudomonas. Yersinia, simply enterotoxic Staphylococcus and that producing acute enteritis) and the process of infection (formation of a surface link without endocellular penetration with elaboration of hexotoxins, formation of a surface link with subsequent intracellular penetration, submucosa penetration). The second part discusses Salmonellae on the basis of personal experience. Particular attention is paid to current aspects of Salmonella microbiological pathomorphosis, the various isolated serotypes in relation to carriers or patients, biochemical atypias of Salmonellae strains, present-day aspects of resistance to chemoantibiotic treatment and the transfer of Salmonella Wien resistances.", "contents": "[Classification of acute bacterial enteropathies]. The first part considers pathogenic microorganisms (Vibrio cholerae and parahaemolytic vibrio, Clostridium welchii, enteropathogenic E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, other enterobacteria and pseudomonas. Yersinia, simply enterotoxic Staphylococcus and that producing acute enteritis) and the process of infection (formation of a surface link without endocellular penetration with elaboration of hexotoxins, formation of a surface link with subsequent intracellular penetration, submucosa penetration). The second part discusses Salmonellae on the basis of personal experience. Particular attention is paid to current aspects of Salmonella microbiological pathomorphosis, the various isolated serotypes in relation to carriers or patients, biochemical atypias of Salmonellae strains, present-day aspects of resistance to chemoantibiotic treatment and the transfer of Salmonella Wien resistances."}
{"id": "PMID:896090", "title": "Specificity of the disaccharide effect in the rat.", "content": "Male rats were starved and refed diets containing 40% disaccharides (maltose, trehalose, sucrose, turanose), trisaccharide (melezitose), starch, or the monosaccharide equivalents. Responses of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), malic enzyme (ME), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), and total liver lipid (TLL) or changes in concentration of portal blood total carbohydrate and fructose were determined following refeeding of the different carbohydrate diets. Maltose, trehalose, sucrose, and turanose refeeding resulted in G6PD and ME responses which were higher than the responses to their component monosaccharides (disaccharide effect). Starch refeeding decreased the responses of G6PD, ME, and FAS when compared to refeeding of glucose. Refeeding diets containing fructose (sucrose, turanose, melezitose, and monosaccharide equivalents containing fructose) increased the responses of G6PD, ME, FAS, and TLL. No correlation between portal blood carbohydrate concentration and hepatic enzyme levels could be demonstrated. It is concluded that readily digestible disaccharides produce an effect which is greater than the effect produced by their monosaccharide equivalents. If these disaccharide configurations are fed as part of a trisaccharide or polysaccharide, the disaccharide effect is no longer discernible.", "contents": "Specificity of the disaccharide effect in the rat. Male rats were starved and refed diets containing 40% disaccharides (maltose, trehalose, sucrose, turanose), trisaccharide (melezitose), starch, or the monosaccharide equivalents. Responses of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), malic enzyme (ME), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), and total liver lipid (TLL) or changes in concentration of portal blood total carbohydrate and fructose were determined following refeeding of the different carbohydrate diets. Maltose, trehalose, sucrose, and turanose refeeding resulted in G6PD and ME responses which were higher than the responses to their component monosaccharides (disaccharide effect). Starch refeeding decreased the responses of G6PD, ME, and FAS when compared to refeeding of glucose. Refeeding diets containing fructose (sucrose, turanose, melezitose, and monosaccharide equivalents containing fructose) increased the responses of G6PD, ME, FAS, and TLL. No correlation between portal blood carbohydrate concentration and hepatic enzyme levels could be demonstrated. It is concluded that readily digestible disaccharides produce an effect which is greater than the effect produced by their monosaccharide equivalents. If these disaccharide configurations are fed as part of a trisaccharide or polysaccharide, the disaccharide effect is no longer discernible."}
{"id": "PMID:896092", "title": "The high-risk perinatal registry. A systematic approach for reducing perinatal mortality.", "content": "A systematic and comprehensive review of all 320 perinatal deaths occurring in Nassau County in 1973 reveals that one-quarter of these deaths might have been prevented if modalities of care that were known and available at that time had been utilized appropriately. Preventability--the presence or absence of avoidable factors which might have materially lessened the risk of death --was determined for each perinatal death. Preventable deaths were disproportionately higher among postmature (P less than .01) and large-for-gestational-age (P less than .05) perinatal deaths, neonatal deaths after the first day of life (P less than .05), intrapartum fetal deaths (P less than .01), and perinatal deaths secondary to anoxia and idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (P less than .01). The study concludes that rigorous application of currently available medical knowledge, the establishment of local perinatal mortality review committees, and vigorous outreach to practitioners are urgently needed to bridge the time gap between the development of new modalities of care and their application.", "contents": "The high-risk perinatal registry. A systematic approach for reducing perinatal mortality. A systematic and comprehensive review of all 320 perinatal deaths occurring in Nassau County in 1973 reveals that one-quarter of these deaths might have been prevented if modalities of care that were known and available at that time had been utilized appropriately. Preventability--the presence or absence of avoidable factors which might have materially lessened the risk of death --was determined for each perinatal death. Preventable deaths were disproportionately higher among postmature (P less than .01) and large-for-gestational-age (P less than .05) perinatal deaths, neonatal deaths after the first day of life (P less than .05), intrapartum fetal deaths (P less than .01), and perinatal deaths secondary to anoxia and idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (P less than .01). The study concludes that rigorous application of currently available medical knowledge, the establishment of local perinatal mortality review committees, and vigorous outreach to practitioners are urgently needed to bridge the time gap between the development of new modalities of care and their application."}
{"id": "PMID:896093", "title": "Fetal monitoring in a community hospital. A statistical analysis.", "content": "This paper is an evaluation of 2 years of experience with fetal electronic monitoring in a community hospital. It compares Apgar scores and intrapartum and neonatal mortality in 2 groups: 1) monitored cases, comprising 1935 high-risk patients and 2293 normal patients; 2) nonmonitored cases, comprising 1139 high-risk patients and 1855 normal patients. Monitored cases had significantly higher Apgar scores and fewer intrapartum and neonatal deaths than did nonmonitored cases (P less than .001). There was an increase in the primary cesarean section rate and postpartum endometritis in the monitored population.", "contents": "Fetal monitoring in a community hospital. A statistical analysis. This paper is an evaluation of 2 years of experience with fetal electronic monitoring in a community hospital. It compares Apgar scores and intrapartum and neonatal mortality in 2 groups: 1) monitored cases, comprising 1935 high-risk patients and 2293 normal patients; 2) nonmonitored cases, comprising 1139 high-risk patients and 1855 normal patients. Monitored cases had significantly higher Apgar scores and fewer intrapartum and neonatal deaths than did nonmonitored cases (P less than .001). There was an increase in the primary cesarean section rate and postpartum endometritis in the monitored population."}
{"id": "PMID:896094", "title": "The results of a five-year study of continuous fetal monitoring on an obstetric service.", "content": "A 5-year experience of the effects of fetal monitoring at the University of Utah College of Medicine (1971-1975) are reported. During this period there were 5087 deliveries, of which 4237 (83%) were monitored electronically during labor. During this time the primary cesarean section rate increased from 3.19% in the year before monitoring has begun to 10.5% in the last year of the period studied. This increase, however, was due primarily to a number of changes in obstetric practice and to an increase in the number of high-risk patients followed at our institution. The rate of primary cesarean section as compared to total deliveries due to fetal distress resulting from observations made with electronic monitoring was a fairly stable 3-3.5%. The number of cases of Apgar scores at 1 minute of 6 or less dropped markedly during the period of study and cases of 5-minute Apgar scores of 6 or less decreased slightly. The number of patients demonstrating early, late, and variable deceleration patterns remained fairly stable throughout the years of the study. Variable and late deceleration patterns correlated well with cord compression and small placentas, respectively.", "contents": "The results of a five-year study of continuous fetal monitoring on an obstetric service. A 5-year experience of the effects of fetal monitoring at the University of Utah College of Medicine (1971-1975) are reported. During this period there were 5087 deliveries, of which 4237 (83%) were monitored electronically during labor. During this time the primary cesarean section rate increased from 3.19% in the year before monitoring has begun to 10.5% in the last year of the period studied. This increase, however, was due primarily to a number of changes in obstetric practice and to an increase in the number of high-risk patients followed at our institution. The rate of primary cesarean section as compared to total deliveries due to fetal distress resulting from observations made with electronic monitoring was a fairly stable 3-3.5%. The number of cases of Apgar scores at 1 minute of 6 or less dropped markedly during the period of study and cases of 5-minute Apgar scores of 6 or less decreased slightly. The number of patients demonstrating early, late, and variable deceleration patterns remained fairly stable throughout the years of the study. Variable and late deceleration patterns correlated well with cord compression and small placentas, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:896095", "title": "The closure of maternity services in Massachusetts. The causes, process, and hospital impact.", "content": "There has been a decline in the number of maternity services in Massachusetts from 120 in 1960 to 65 in 1975. Further consolidation must be carefully thought out with all options and possible outcomes thoroughly explored. The Massachusetts Maternity and Newborn Regionalization Project and the Massachusetts Hospital Association conducted a preliminary survey of Massachusetts Maternity services that had closed to understand the causes, process,, and hospital impact. The findings of this preliminary investigation, in addition to identifying areas for more intensive future research, provide some observations that should be of assistance to those considering a maternity service closure.", "contents": "The closure of maternity services in Massachusetts. The causes, process, and hospital impact. There has been a decline in the number of maternity services in Massachusetts from 120 in 1960 to 65 in 1975. Further consolidation must be carefully thought out with all options and possible outcomes thoroughly explored. The Massachusetts Maternity and Newborn Regionalization Project and the Massachusetts Hospital Association conducted a preliminary survey of Massachusetts Maternity services that had closed to understand the causes, process,, and hospital impact. The findings of this preliminary investigation, in addition to identifying areas for more intensive future research, provide some observations that should be of assistance to those considering a maternity service closure."}
{"id": "PMID:896096", "title": "Utilization of antibiotics for prevention of symptomatic postpartum infections.", "content": "This analysis determined the incidence, indications, and efficiency of postpartum antibiotic therapy. At Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center, 384 of 2000 consecutive delivered patients (19.2%) were treated with antibiotics during the postpartum period. The greatest utilization of antibiotics was prophylactic or for subclinical infection (290 patients; 75.5%) as compared to treatment for symptomatic infection. The most frequent indications for therapy were for patients at high risk to develop pelvic infection or to prevent urinary tract infection. The failure of antibiotic therapy and the development of infections other than those for which therapy was given were evaluated. Of the 290 patients treated prophylactically or for subclinical infection, only 11 patients (3.8%) did have subsequent infection necessitating a change in antibiotic therapy. Careful selection of antibiotic therapy in the obstetric patient is essential for effective control of puerperal infections.", "contents": "Utilization of antibiotics for prevention of symptomatic postpartum infections. This analysis determined the incidence, indications, and efficiency of postpartum antibiotic therapy. At Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center, 384 of 2000 consecutive delivered patients (19.2%) were treated with antibiotics during the postpartum period. The greatest utilization of antibiotics was prophylactic or for subclinical infection (290 patients; 75.5%) as compared to treatment for symptomatic infection. The most frequent indications for therapy were for patients at high risk to develop pelvic infection or to prevent urinary tract infection. The failure of antibiotic therapy and the development of infections other than those for which therapy was given were evaluated. Of the 290 patients treated prophylactically or for subclinical infection, only 11 patients (3.8%) did have subsequent infection necessitating a change in antibiotic therapy. Careful selection of antibiotic therapy in the obstetric patient is essential for effective control of puerperal infections."}
{"id": "PMID:896097", "title": "Physiomorphology of twin transfusion syndrome. A study of 86 twin gestations.", "content": "The placentas of 86 pairs of twins were examined and correlated with the clinical characteristics of the neonate. The incidence of twin pregnancy in this group was 1 : 108 deliveries. Fetal prematurity and associated complications in twin pregnancy were the cause of increased perinatal and neonatal mortality.", "contents": "Physiomorphology of twin transfusion syndrome. A study of 86 twin gestations. The placentas of 86 pairs of twins were examined and correlated with the clinical characteristics of the neonate. The incidence of twin pregnancy in this group was 1 : 108 deliveries. Fetal prematurity and associated complications in twin pregnancy were the cause of increased perinatal and neonatal mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:896098", "title": "Hemodynamic studies in experimental toxemia of the dog.", "content": "The following experiments demonstrate that the severity of toxemia is proportional to the degree of reduction in blood flow to the pregnant uterus. Blood pressure and blood flow variations were studied in 21 nonpregnant and pregnant dogs following the placement of a progressive stricture on the abdominal aorta below the renal arteries. The immediate effect of the stricture was a mild hypertension in half of the pregnant dogs; in addition, in all the dogs, the blood flow progressively dropped in the arteries below the stricture (femoral and uterine) while it remained constant in the arteries above (ovarian and renal). In 3 of 5 pregnant dogs the delayed effect of the aortic stricture was hypertension associated with all the other signs of experimental toxemia. Removal of the aortic stricture after 10 days immediately improved the blood flow below the stricture. No noticeable preferential distribution of blood toward the pregnant uterus was noted during the constriction.", "contents": "Hemodynamic studies in experimental toxemia of the dog. The following experiments demonstrate that the severity of toxemia is proportional to the degree of reduction in blood flow to the pregnant uterus. Blood pressure and blood flow variations were studied in 21 nonpregnant and pregnant dogs following the placement of a progressive stricture on the abdominal aorta below the renal arteries. The immediate effect of the stricture was a mild hypertension in half of the pregnant dogs; in addition, in all the dogs, the blood flow progressively dropped in the arteries below the stricture (femoral and uterine) while it remained constant in the arteries above (ovarian and renal). In 3 of 5 pregnant dogs the delayed effect of the aortic stricture was hypertension associated with all the other signs of experimental toxemia. Removal of the aortic stricture after 10 days immediately improved the blood flow below the stricture. No noticeable preferential distribution of blood toward the pregnant uterus was noted during the constriction."}
{"id": "PMID:896099", "title": "The effect of uterine vascular insufficiency on fetal arterial pressure and heart rate in the near-term sheep.", "content": "Fetal hypoxia secondary to uterine vascular insufficiency was induced by injecting norepinephrine or PGE2 into the maternal circulation of near-term sheep. With these drugs the uterine blood flow fell to 41 and 40% of its control value, respectively. The fetal responses to the PGE2-induced uterine contraction were a bradycardia which was apparent within 10 seconds (P less than 0.05), and a hypertension which was also apparent within 10 seconds (P less than 0.03). After the norepinephrine-induced uterine vasoconstriction, there was no observable change in the fetal arterial pressure. The fetal heart rate started to fall after 30 to 60 seconds and started to return to the control value within 90 seconds. The fetal response to uterine vascular insufficiency induced by a contraction may not have been caused by hypoxia alone as these responses were more rapid in onset than the fetal responses observed subsequent to uterine vascular insufficiency produced by vasoconstriction.", "contents": "The effect of uterine vascular insufficiency on fetal arterial pressure and heart rate in the near-term sheep. Fetal hypoxia secondary to uterine vascular insufficiency was induced by injecting norepinephrine or PGE2 into the maternal circulation of near-term sheep. With these drugs the uterine blood flow fell to 41 and 40% of its control value, respectively. The fetal responses to the PGE2-induced uterine contraction were a bradycardia which was apparent within 10 seconds (P less than 0.05), and a hypertension which was also apparent within 10 seconds (P less than 0.03). After the norepinephrine-induced uterine vasoconstriction, there was no observable change in the fetal arterial pressure. The fetal heart rate started to fall after 30 to 60 seconds and started to return to the control value within 90 seconds. The fetal response to uterine vascular insufficiency induced by a contraction may not have been caused by hypoxia alone as these responses were more rapid in onset than the fetal responses observed subsequent to uterine vascular insufficiency produced by vasoconstriction."}
{"id": "PMID:896100", "title": "Umbilical cord plasma cortisol levels in association with pregnancy complications.", "content": "Cortisol concentrations in umbilical cord plasma at birth were determined in association with pregnancy complications which may affect the time of pulmonary maturation of the fetus or otherwise influence its survival. No statistically significant change in these cortisol levels was observed in either term or premature pregnancies with the following complications: maternal disorder (preeclampsia, diabetes, pruritus), prolonged rupture of membranes, antenatal isoxsuprine treatment, maternal cigarette smoking, and neonatal asphyxia. Significant increases were observed in premature births in association with intrauterine fetal growth retardation and with the appearance of meconium. Cortisol concentrations in more severe forms of diabetes were significantly less than in Class A diabetes, in premature cases, and also tended to be low in association with various fetal congenital abnormalities. The possible physiologic significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Umbilical cord plasma cortisol levels in association with pregnancy complications. Cortisol concentrations in umbilical cord plasma at birth were determined in association with pregnancy complications which may affect the time of pulmonary maturation of the fetus or otherwise influence its survival. No statistically significant change in these cortisol levels was observed in either term or premature pregnancies with the following complications: maternal disorder (preeclampsia, diabetes, pruritus), prolonged rupture of membranes, antenatal isoxsuprine treatment, maternal cigarette smoking, and neonatal asphyxia. Significant increases were observed in premature births in association with intrauterine fetal growth retardation and with the appearance of meconium. Cortisol concentrations in more severe forms of diabetes were significantly less than in Class A diabetes, in premature cases, and also tended to be low in association with various fetal congenital abnormalities. The possible physiologic significance of these results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:896101", "title": "Serum bile acids in cholestasis of pregnancy.", "content": "Using routine liver function tests, cholestasis of pregnancy was diagnosed in 86 pregnant women with pruritus. Serum aminotransferase levels were elevated in all cases, ASAT in 99%, and ALAT in 100%. In these patients serum concentrations of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, and deoxycholic acid were determined using a gas chromatographic method and were compared with those in a group of 40 uncomplicated pregnancies. Of these bile acids, cholic acid levels were most frequently elevated, ie, in 92% of the patients. The frequency of elevation of serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, and total and conjugated bilirubin was lower. Thus, it appears that in addition to serum aminotransferase levels the serum cholic acid concentration is a sensitive indicator of cholestasis of pregnancy. The cholestasis series was divided into 3 subgroups of increasing severity of cholestasis as assessed by maternal serum cholic acid levels, and the occurrence of signs of fetal distress was compared between these subgroups. The only intrauterine fetal loss in the series belonged to the severe cholestasis group. The incidence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid also increased significantly in this group, and 21 of the 24 cases with other signs of fetal distress were in the groups of moderate and severe cholestasis.", "contents": "Serum bile acids in cholestasis of pregnancy. Using routine liver function tests, cholestasis of pregnancy was diagnosed in 86 pregnant women with pruritus. Serum aminotransferase levels were elevated in all cases, ASAT in 99%, and ALAT in 100%. In these patients serum concentrations of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, and deoxycholic acid were determined using a gas chromatographic method and were compared with those in a group of 40 uncomplicated pregnancies. Of these bile acids, cholic acid levels were most frequently elevated, ie, in 92% of the patients. The frequency of elevation of serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, and total and conjugated bilirubin was lower. Thus, it appears that in addition to serum aminotransferase levels the serum cholic acid concentration is a sensitive indicator of cholestasis of pregnancy. The cholestasis series was divided into 3 subgroups of increasing severity of cholestasis as assessed by maternal serum cholic acid levels, and the occurrence of signs of fetal distress was compared between these subgroups. The only intrauterine fetal loss in the series belonged to the severe cholestasis group. The incidence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid also increased significantly in this group, and 21 of the 24 cases with other signs of fetal distress were in the groups of moderate and severe cholestasis."}
{"id": "PMID:896102", "title": "Response to mitogen during pregnancy and the postpartum period.", "content": "The influence of pregnancy, pregnancy plasma, and pregnancy-associated lhormones on the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to two phytomitogens (PHS and PWM) was examined in a group of 17 healthy women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. No consistent disparity between pregnancy, postpartum, and control tests was noted in either intrinsic lymphocyte responsiveness or in the effect of autologous plasma or four pregnancy-associated hormones (estriol, progesterone, hPL, and estradiol-17 beta) on lymphocyte responsiveness.", "contents": "Response to mitogen during pregnancy and the postpartum period. The influence of pregnancy, pregnancy plasma, and pregnancy-associated lhormones on the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to two phytomitogens (PHS and PWM) was examined in a group of 17 healthy women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. No consistent disparity between pregnancy, postpartum, and control tests was noted in either intrinsic lymphocyte responsiveness or in the effect of autologous plasma or four pregnancy-associated hormones (estriol, progesterone, hPL, and estradiol-17 beta) on lymphocyte responsiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:896105", "title": "Cryosurgery for urethral prolapse.", "content": "A urethral prolapse occurring in an 80-year-old woman was successfully treated with cryosurgery. The procedure was painless and accomplished without loss of urethral length and without subsequent stricture.", "contents": "Cryosurgery for urethral prolapse. A urethral prolapse occurring in an 80-year-old woman was successfully treated with cryosurgery. The procedure was painless and accomplished without loss of urethral length and without subsequent stricture."}
{"id": "PMID:896106", "title": "Vulvovaginoplasty in gynecologic oncology.", "content": "Eight patients from M.D. Anderson Hospital underwent Williams' vulvovaginoplasty for sexual rehabilitation following pelvic exenteration. In 7 of the 8 patients the functional results were excellent, and none of the patients experienced morbidity. This surgical procedure is less extensive than other reconstructive methods and skin grafting or mechanical dilatation are rarely required.", "contents": "Vulvovaginoplasty in gynecologic oncology. Eight patients from M.D. Anderson Hospital underwent Williams' vulvovaginoplasty for sexual rehabilitation following pelvic exenteration. In 7 of the 8 patients the functional results were excellent, and none of the patients experienced morbidity. This surgical procedure is less extensive than other reconstructive methods and skin grafting or mechanical dilatation are rarely required."}
{"id": "PMID:896107", "title": "Measurement of fetal cells in the maternal circulation.", "content": "There is evidence that the quantitation of fetal-maternal hemorrhage may be useful in reducing some of the RhoGAM failures in preventing Rh sensitization. The Betke-Kleihauer technique is a well-established method that has been used to estimate the amount of transplacental hemorrhage. Recently, a kit (Fetaldex) has become available for use in the detection and quantitation of fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Using control blood smears, we compared the results of the Fetaldex kit with those results obtained by the Betke-Kleihauer technique. The data indicate that the Fetaldex method is as accurate as the Betke-Kleihauer technique in detecting and measuring fetal red cells in the maternal circulation.", "contents": "Measurement of fetal cells in the maternal circulation. There is evidence that the quantitation of fetal-maternal hemorrhage may be useful in reducing some of the RhoGAM failures in preventing Rh sensitization. The Betke-Kleihauer technique is a well-established method that has been used to estimate the amount of transplacental hemorrhage. Recently, a kit (Fetaldex) has become available for use in the detection and quantitation of fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Using control blood smears, we compared the results of the Fetaldex kit with those results obtained by the Betke-Kleihauer technique. The data indicate that the Fetaldex method is as accurate as the Betke-Kleihauer technique in detecting and measuring fetal red cells in the maternal circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:896108", "title": "Failure of pyridoxine to improve glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Intrigued by the potential simplicity and far-reaching benefits of the amelioration or prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus by pyridoxine, as reported by others, an attempt to confirm this effect was made. No beneficial effects on abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy was demonstrated in 4 cases studied. It is likely that the dietary alterations made during pyridoxine therapy in the previous report had a greater effect on outcome than the authors had suspected. The failure to confirm their results was statistically significant (P = 0.005).", "contents": "Failure of pyridoxine to improve glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes mellitus. Intrigued by the potential simplicity and far-reaching benefits of the amelioration or prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus by pyridoxine, as reported by others, an attempt to confirm this effect was made. No beneficial effects on abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy was demonstrated in 4 cases studied. It is likely that the dietary alterations made during pyridoxine therapy in the previous report had a greater effect on outcome than the authors had suspected. The failure to confirm their results was statistically significant (P = 0.005)."}
{"id": "PMID:896122", "title": "Serum complement levels in patients with digestive tract carcinomas and other neoplastic diseases.", "content": "Total hemolytic complement activity was measured in the serum of 17 patients with digestive tract carcinomas, 24 patients with a variety of other malignant diseases, and in 34 normal controls. Mean complement levels and standard deviations associated with all neoplastic diseases tested were found to be significantly higher than normal values. However, no difference was found between mean complement levels associated with digestive tract carcinomas and the other neoplastic diseases. Mean complement levels in females were found to be higher than those in males regardless of diagnosis. However, the increase in mean complement levels of females with respect to males was more pronounced in the group harboring neoplastic diseases than in the control group. The data suggest that carcinomas of the digestive tract and certain other malignant disorders give rise to increases in serum complement activity, although the response of individuals may depend on sex and other yet unidentified factors.", "contents": "Serum complement levels in patients with digestive tract carcinomas and other neoplastic diseases. Total hemolytic complement activity was measured in the serum of 17 patients with digestive tract carcinomas, 24 patients with a variety of other malignant diseases, and in 34 normal controls. Mean complement levels and standard deviations associated with all neoplastic diseases tested were found to be significantly higher than normal values. However, no difference was found between mean complement levels associated with digestive tract carcinomas and the other neoplastic diseases. Mean complement levels in females were found to be higher than those in males regardless of diagnosis. However, the increase in mean complement levels of females with respect to males was more pronounced in the group harboring neoplastic diseases than in the control group. The data suggest that carcinomas of the digestive tract and certain other malignant disorders give rise to increases in serum complement activity, although the response of individuals may depend on sex and other yet unidentified factors."}
{"id": "PMID:896123", "title": "A clinical trial adriamycin (NSC 123127) in advanced sarcomas.", "content": "22 patients with advanced sarcomas received adriamycin, 20--25 mg/m2/day for three days each three weeks. Two patients manifested objective response for a median of five months. Eight patients had stable disease for a median of three months. Nausea and vomiting occurred in 21 of 22 patients; leukopenia in eleven of 22; thrombocytopenia in four of 22. There was no clinically significant cardiotoxicity. Our study indicates that this regimen for adriamycin was relatively ineffective in the management of these inoperable or metastatic malignancies.", "contents": "A clinical trial adriamycin (NSC 123127) in advanced sarcomas. 22 patients with advanced sarcomas received adriamycin, 20--25 mg/m2/day for three days each three weeks. Two patients manifested objective response for a median of five months. Eight patients had stable disease for a median of three months. Nausea and vomiting occurred in 21 of 22 patients; leukopenia in eleven of 22; thrombocytopenia in four of 22. There was no clinically significant cardiotoxicity. Our study indicates that this regimen for adriamycin was relatively ineffective in the management of these inoperable or metastatic malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:896128", "title": "Repair of ptosis using frontalis muscle and fascia lata: a 20-year review.", "content": "The results of an analysis of the surgery (\"Repair of Ptosis using Frontalis Muscle and Fascia Lata\") carried out on 316 lids is presented. The main indication for this operation is a large congenital ptosis with minimal levator function. Conclusions from the study indicate that autogenous fascia is an ideal tissue for lid suspension, and is better than stored fascia. Stored fascia does present some problems but is useful in small children or when the patient does not want a scar on the leg. Bilateral repair for unilateral ptosis is recommended for symmetrical results. The best ages for surgery is between 3-1/2 and 6 years of age, as these young corneas rapidly adapt to the exposure problems. It is very important to check the corneal sensation before carrying out the surgery. When this operation is done on older patients with acquired ptosis, e.g. ptosis associated with myasthenia gravis, corneal exposure problems frequently result.", "contents": "Repair of ptosis using frontalis muscle and fascia lata: a 20-year review. The results of an analysis of the surgery (\"Repair of Ptosis using Frontalis Muscle and Fascia Lata\") carried out on 316 lids is presented. The main indication for this operation is a large congenital ptosis with minimal levator function. Conclusions from the study indicate that autogenous fascia is an ideal tissue for lid suspension, and is better than stored fascia. Stored fascia does present some problems but is useful in small children or when the patient does not want a scar on the leg. Bilateral repair for unilateral ptosis is recommended for symmetrical results. The best ages for surgery is between 3-1/2 and 6 years of age, as these young corneas rapidly adapt to the exposure problems. It is very important to check the corneal sensation before carrying out the surgery. When this operation is done on older patients with acquired ptosis, e.g. ptosis associated with myasthenia gravis, corneal exposure problems frequently result."}
{"id": "PMID:896129", "title": "A simplified method of nasolacrimal irrigation.", "content": "A simplified method of nasolacrimal irrigation is presented. Use of the air cannula minimizes possible edema and trauma because it usually eliminates the need for dilation. In addition, its smaller diameter reduces the possibility of injury during the actual irrigation.", "contents": "A simplified method of nasolacrimal irrigation. A simplified method of nasolacrimal irrigation is presented. Use of the air cannula minimizes possible edema and trauma because it usually eliminates the need for dilation. In addition, its smaller diameter reduces the possibility of injury during the actual irrigation."}
{"id": "PMID:896130", "title": "An unusual knife injury to the orbit: a case report.", "content": "A perforation of the left orbit by a five-inch knife blade was sustained by a 30-year-old woman. In spite of the knife's course through a myriad of vital structures, the only significant injury was a laceration of the lateral canthal tendon. Following surgical repair the patient recovered with no residual problems.", "contents": "An unusual knife injury to the orbit: a case report. A perforation of the left orbit by a five-inch knife blade was sustained by a 30-year-old woman. In spite of the knife's course through a myriad of vital structures, the only significant injury was a laceration of the lateral canthal tendon. Following surgical repair the patient recovered with no residual problems."}
{"id": "PMID:896131", "title": "Senile entropion.", "content": "129 cases of senile entropion operated on by the Oculo-Plastic Service of the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital were reviewed. There was an overall success rate of 84 percent. Age, sex, race and suture material were of no importance to the eventual outcome of the surgery. A Basedown-Tarso-Conjunctival resection greater than 7 mm had 100 percent results. The orbicularis transplant with insertion at the infero-lateral border of the orbit was found to be the most effective procedure for re-operations for non-cicatricial entropion.", "contents": "Senile entropion. 129 cases of senile entropion operated on by the Oculo-Plastic Service of the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital were reviewed. There was an overall success rate of 84 percent. Age, sex, race and suture material were of no importance to the eventual outcome of the surgery. A Basedown-Tarso-Conjunctival resection greater than 7 mm had 100 percent results. The orbicularis transplant with insertion at the infero-lateral border of the orbit was found to be the most effective procedure for re-operations for non-cicatricial entropion."}
{"id": "PMID:896132", "title": "Intravitreal ciliary body neovascularization.", "content": "Two patients demonstrated an unusual conformation of intravitreal neovascularization, in which the abnormal blood vessels originated from the ciliary body. One of the patients had recurrent anterior chamber and vitreous hemorrhages. Both patients had undergone thermal ablative therapy of the ciliary body for the control of intraocular pressure. In one patient, fibrovascular tissue emanated directly from old cyclocryotherapy scars on the pars plana. Such neovascularization may represent a previously unrecognized complication of attempts at therapeutic destruction of the ciliary body.", "contents": "Intravitreal ciliary body neovascularization. Two patients demonstrated an unusual conformation of intravitreal neovascularization, in which the abnormal blood vessels originated from the ciliary body. One of the patients had recurrent anterior chamber and vitreous hemorrhages. Both patients had undergone thermal ablative therapy of the ciliary body for the control of intraocular pressure. In one patient, fibrovascular tissue emanated directly from old cyclocryotherapy scars on the pars plana. Such neovascularization may represent a previously unrecognized complication of attempts at therapeutic destruction of the ciliary body."}
{"id": "PMID:896134", "title": "Phacoemulsification visual results and complications: report of 800 cases.", "content": "The visual results and complications of 700 Kelman-Phacoemulsification operations have been presented. Early in this series, corneal opacification and vitreous loss were a major concern. Complications decreased with experience and at the present time visual results are at least as good as they were with routine intracapsular cataract extractions. Kelman has stated that the phacoemulsification operation is not an easy operation to learn. It is, to say the least, not a watch-one, do-one, teach-one procedure. If one is an average surgeon, however, he can with persistance and perseverance master the technique. The procedure, however, I feel is not for the occasional operator. The phacoemulsification operation has essentially been under trial these past few years. Its advocates, however, have continued to grow in number and as the statistics come in, it appears that at least for the present, the Kelman-Phacoemulsification operation in one form or another is going to take a very active part in the treatment of the patient with cataract formation.", "contents": "Phacoemulsification visual results and complications: report of 800 cases. The visual results and complications of 700 Kelman-Phacoemulsification operations have been presented. Early in this series, corneal opacification and vitreous loss were a major concern. Complications decreased with experience and at the present time visual results are at least as good as they were with routine intracapsular cataract extractions. Kelman has stated that the phacoemulsification operation is not an easy operation to learn. It is, to say the least, not a watch-one, do-one, teach-one procedure. If one is an average surgeon, however, he can with persistance and perseverance master the technique. The procedure, however, I feel is not for the occasional operator. The phacoemulsification operation has essentially been under trial these past few years. Its advocates, however, have continued to grow in number and as the statistics come in, it appears that at least for the present, the Kelman-Phacoemulsification operation in one form or another is going to take a very active part in the treatment of the patient with cataract formation."}
{"id": "PMID:896135", "title": "Optical attachment to the O'Malley photocoagulator.", "content": "An optical attachment (originally developed for the Zeiss-Oberkochen photocoagulator), which provides slitlamp observation and energy delivery through a fundus contact glass, can also be coupled to the Clinitex Log-2 photocoagulator described by O'Malley. Excellent image quality out to the far periphery is obtained. The system has been successfully used for the prophylactic treatment of retinal detachment in the presence of retinal hole formation, the treatment of various conditions of diabetic retinopathy, localized fluid accumulations occurring after retinal surgery, and irradiation of the iris.", "contents": "Optical attachment to the O'Malley photocoagulator. An optical attachment (originally developed for the Zeiss-Oberkochen photocoagulator), which provides slitlamp observation and energy delivery through a fundus contact glass, can also be coupled to the Clinitex Log-2 photocoagulator described by O'Malley. Excellent image quality out to the far periphery is obtained. The system has been successfully used for the prophylactic treatment of retinal detachment in the presence of retinal hole formation, the treatment of various conditions of diabetic retinopathy, localized fluid accumulations occurring after retinal surgery, and irradiation of the iris."}
{"id": "PMID:896136", "title": "[Can intubation of stenotic tear passages replace major surgical intervention?].", "content": "In a short survey the technical difficulties occurring at the intubation of stenotic tear passages are presented. In conclusion, a simple 'blood free' method is advised as promising; consisting of the putting through of a 'Silastic tube' through both lacrymal points with the help of a curved canula probe (Fulmek).", "contents": "[Can intubation of stenotic tear passages replace major surgical intervention?]. In a short survey the technical difficulties occurring at the intubation of stenotic tear passages are presented. In conclusion, a simple 'blood free' method is advised as promising; consisting of the putting through of a 'Silastic tube' through both lacrymal points with the help of a curved canula probe (Fulmek)."}
{"id": "PMID:896137", "title": "Significance of fundal hemorrhage in predicting the state of the patient with ruptured intracranial aneurysm.", "content": "The authors have elaborated the data of 201 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. In 49 cases (24.6%) they found fundal hemorrhages (FH) uni- or bilaterally. They have classified FH according to their sites and shapes of appearance. They emphasize that the presence of FH indicates a bad prognosis in patients with SAH. This is why FH should always be regarded as an additional risk factor. They discuss the possible ways of the development of FH which acoompanies SAH.", "contents": "Significance of fundal hemorrhage in predicting the state of the patient with ruptured intracranial aneurysm. The authors have elaborated the data of 201 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. In 49 cases (24.6%) they found fundal hemorrhages (FH) uni- or bilaterally. They have classified FH according to their sites and shapes of appearance. They emphasize that the presence of FH indicates a bad prognosis in patients with SAH. This is why FH should always be regarded as an additional risk factor. They discuss the possible ways of the development of FH which acoompanies SAH."}
{"id": "PMID:896138", "title": "[The inheritance of senile macule degeneration].", "content": "Senile macular degeneration is due very often, if not always, to a genetic factor, as it is demonstrated by the concordance in monozygotic twins. The inheritance is iether autosomal recessive or and more frequently autosomal dominant. The penetrance and the expressivity of the gene of senile macular degeneration is variable, but the appearance of various forms in the same family demonstrates that there is no fundamental difference between these forms.", "contents": "[The inheritance of senile macule degeneration]. Senile macular degeneration is due very often, if not always, to a genetic factor, as it is demonstrated by the concordance in monozygotic twins. The inheritance is iether autosomal recessive or and more frequently autosomal dominant. The penetrance and the expressivity of the gene of senile macular degeneration is variable, but the appearance of various forms in the same family demonstrates that there is no fundamental difference between these forms."}
{"id": "PMID:896139", "title": "Oculomotor anomalies in sellar and parasellar pathology.", "content": "The authors report 19 cases where diplopia was the initial symptom of sellar pathology, Additionally, 5 cases with doubtful, diagnosis are discussed. Considering a series of 134 adenomata, the onset in 7 cases was intermittent diplopia with involvement of the third nerve.", "contents": "Oculomotor anomalies in sellar and parasellar pathology. The authors report 19 cases where diplopia was the initial symptom of sellar pathology, Additionally, 5 cases with doubtful, diagnosis are discussed. Considering a series of 134 adenomata, the onset in 7 cases was intermittent diplopia with involvement of the third nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:896140", "title": "[Has photocoagulation improved the prognosis of diabetic retinopathy?].", "content": "In 192 diabetic retinopathy cases, Xenon light coagulation was performed. Afterwards, the eyes treated were examined half yearly for at least 4 years. Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography were made and the visual acuity was checked. In 64 cases the comparison could have been made in the same patient between one treated and the other untreated eye. The statistical results of this study permit us to assess the therapeutic value of light coagulation for diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "[Has photocoagulation improved the prognosis of diabetic retinopathy?]. In 192 diabetic retinopathy cases, Xenon light coagulation was performed. Afterwards, the eyes treated were examined half yearly for at least 4 years. Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography were made and the visual acuity was checked. In 64 cases the comparison could have been made in the same patient between one treated and the other untreated eye. The statistical results of this study permit us to assess the therapeutic value of light coagulation for diabetic retinopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:896141", "title": "Expulsive hemorrhage: management without sclerotomy.", "content": "Expulsive hemorrhage occurring during cataract extraction was successfully treated by immediate wound closure, without evacuation of blood through the sclera. Only two such cases have been reported previously. Modern micro-surgical techniques are not ideal for the management of this condition.", "contents": "Expulsive hemorrhage: management without sclerotomy. Expulsive hemorrhage occurring during cataract extraction was successfully treated by immediate wound closure, without evacuation of blood through the sclera. Only two such cases have been reported previously. Modern micro-surgical techniques are not ideal for the management of this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:896142", "title": "Posterior unbuckled part of a giant tear behind the oblique encircling silastic 3 mm band operation. Surgical prevention and treatment.", "content": "(1) In operable giant tear extending slightly behind the equator, the oblique encircling silastic 3 mm band without evacuation of subretinal fluid gave a 70% success rate. In 30% of the cases a small most posterior part of the tear was seen unclosed behind the band effect. This was because of thick sclera opposite the tear area preventing proper buckling. (2) This gave an occasion to see during reoperation the effect of segmental silastic 5 mm rod buckling opposite the unclosed part of the tear. (a) Two rods placed radially between the band and the sclera opened the whole giant tear again. (b) One rod placed circumferentially behind the band succeeded in closing the unclosed part of the tear. (3) To have a sufficient wide buckle in cases of thick sclera opposite giant tears one of the best, safest and easiest solutions is to weaken the sclera behind the tear by incising about half scleral thickness opposite the anterior and posterior margins of the oblique band (or even lamellar scleral resection underneath the oblique band) in a wider area than the tear meridans extent (Mortada modified operation). This helps buckling at a lower band tightness, thus avoiding any complication of pressure uveopathy.", "contents": "Posterior unbuckled part of a giant tear behind the oblique encircling silastic 3 mm band operation. Surgical prevention and treatment. (1) In operable giant tear extending slightly behind the equator, the oblique encircling silastic 3 mm band without evacuation of subretinal fluid gave a 70% success rate. In 30% of the cases a small most posterior part of the tear was seen unclosed behind the band effect. This was because of thick sclera opposite the tear area preventing proper buckling. (2) This gave an occasion to see during reoperation the effect of segmental silastic 5 mm rod buckling opposite the unclosed part of the tear. (a) Two rods placed radially between the band and the sclera opened the whole giant tear again. (b) One rod placed circumferentially behind the band succeeded in closing the unclosed part of the tear. (3) To have a sufficient wide buckle in cases of thick sclera opposite giant tears one of the best, safest and easiest solutions is to weaken the sclera behind the tear by incising about half scleral thickness opposite the anterior and posterior margins of the oblique band (or even lamellar scleral resection underneath the oblique band) in a wider area than the tear meridans extent (Mortada modified operation). This helps buckling at a lower band tightness, thus avoiding any complication of pressure uveopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:896143", "title": "Prostaglandin and nerve-mediated response of the rabbit eye to argon laser irradiation of the iris.", "content": "Irradiation of the pigmented rabbit iris with a moderately low dose of argon laser light (5 applications of 750 mW, 500 micron, 0.5 sec) caused an immediate ocular response consisting of miosis, a rise of intra-ocular pressure and is accompanied by a disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier. Prostaglandin-like material was present in the aqueous humour withdrawn 60 minutes after irradiation. Prior treatment with indomethacin intravenously (20 mg/kg) or benoxinate topically (Novesine; 0.4%) greatly reduced the response and the combined use of the two drugs virtually abolished the ocular changes.", "contents": "Prostaglandin and nerve-mediated response of the rabbit eye to argon laser irradiation of the iris. Irradiation of the pigmented rabbit iris with a moderately low dose of argon laser light (5 applications of 750 mW, 500 micron, 0.5 sec) caused an immediate ocular response consisting of miosis, a rise of intra-ocular pressure and is accompanied by a disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier. Prostaglandin-like material was present in the aqueous humour withdrawn 60 minutes after irradiation. Prior treatment with indomethacin intravenously (20 mg/kg) or benoxinate topically (Novesine; 0.4%) greatly reduced the response and the combined use of the two drugs virtually abolished the ocular changes."}
{"id": "PMID:896144", "title": "Speedy assessment of visual acuity in amblyopia by the evoked potential method.", "content": "As an objective means of assessing visual acuity in young children and of monitoring acuity changes during occlusion therapy, the value of conventional evoked potential recording is restricted by lengthiness and by variability. This article describes one way of circumventing these disadvantages. A graph of evoked potential amplitude versus stimulus check size was continuously plotted while the child viewed a rapidly-oscillating chequerboard pattern whose check size was slowly zoomed up and down. Empirically, the shape of this graph gives an index of acuity and of the acuity difference between the amblyopic and fellow eye. The child's attention could be held for the 2-4 min required by superposing a movie cartoon on the chequerboard pattern, though the movie had a negligible effect on the chequerboard evoked potentials. The briefness of the procedure had the additional advantage of reducing variability.", "contents": "Speedy assessment of visual acuity in amblyopia by the evoked potential method. As an objective means of assessing visual acuity in young children and of monitoring acuity changes during occlusion therapy, the value of conventional evoked potential recording is restricted by lengthiness and by variability. This article describes one way of circumventing these disadvantages. A graph of evoked potential amplitude versus stimulus check size was continuously plotted while the child viewed a rapidly-oscillating chequerboard pattern whose check size was slowly zoomed up and down. Empirically, the shape of this graph gives an index of acuity and of the acuity difference between the amblyopic and fellow eye. The child's attention could be held for the 2-4 min required by superposing a movie cartoon on the chequerboard pattern, though the movie had a negligible effect on the chequerboard evoked potentials. The briefness of the procedure had the additional advantage of reducing variability."}
{"id": "PMID:896145", "title": "[Adrenochrome deposits in the cornea (\"Black cornea\"). A clinical-pathological case report].", "content": "A case of 'black cornea', occurring 6 years after commencement of a therapy with adrenaline derivative eye drops, is reported. Enucleation was performed because of suspected malignant melanoma. The eye was sent to our laboratory for histopathological examination. The clinical and histopathological findings are described, and the pathogenesis of the 'black cornea' is discussed.", "contents": "[Adrenochrome deposits in the cornea (\"Black cornea\"). A clinical-pathological case report]. A case of 'black cornea', occurring 6 years after commencement of a therapy with adrenaline derivative eye drops, is reported. Enucleation was performed because of suspected malignant melanoma. The eye was sent to our laboratory for histopathological examination. The clinical and histopathological findings are described, and the pathogenesis of the 'black cornea' is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:896146", "title": "Sickle-cell disease. A clinicopathologic case report.", "content": "Report of the clinical history and the histopathologic findings of the globe of a 38-year-old male patient from Ghana. The clinical picture of sickle-cell disease and Eales' disease is very similar, however, the race of the patient and hemoglobin electrophoresis leave no doubts as to the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Sickle-cell disease. A clinicopathologic case report. Report of the clinical history and the histopathologic findings of the globe of a 38-year-old male patient from Ghana. The clinical picture of sickle-cell disease and Eales' disease is very similar, however, the race of the patient and hemoglobin electrophoresis leave no doubts as to the correct diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:896147", "title": "[Thyroid carcinoma metastases in choroid membrane of a 9 year old girl].", "content": "Report on a case of a total serous retinal detachment which manifested itself by inflammation and rise in tension. It was associated with an undefinable tumour of the posterior portion of the eye which had become visible after puncture of the subretinal fluid. Fluorescein angiography revealed a pattern similar to Hippel-Lindau's disease, although the clinical course was unusual. Histologic examination of a lump detected on the neck proved to be a metastatic thyroid carcinoma. This diagnosis could be confirmed after enucleation. The literature shows that ocular involvement in metastatic thyroid carcinoma seems to be extremely rare.", "contents": "[Thyroid carcinoma metastases in choroid membrane of a 9 year old girl]. Report on a case of a total serous retinal detachment which manifested itself by inflammation and rise in tension. It was associated with an undefinable tumour of the posterior portion of the eye which had become visible after puncture of the subretinal fluid. Fluorescein angiography revealed a pattern similar to Hippel-Lindau's disease, although the clinical course was unusual. Histologic examination of a lump detected on the neck proved to be a metastatic thyroid carcinoma. This diagnosis could be confirmed after enucleation. The literature shows that ocular involvement in metastatic thyroid carcinoma seems to be extremely rare."}
{"id": "PMID:896148", "title": "Aphakic retinal detachment.", "content": "The incidence of aphakia in our series of retinal detachment is 14.82%. The incidence of retinal detachment in aphakia is 2.74%. The use of alpha-chymotrypsin does not influence this incidence. In our own patients, we did not find a sex predominance, although there was a predominance of the male sex in the referred group. The mean age of the patients affected by aphakic retinal detachment was 65.87 years and 82.6% of the cases occurred above the age of 56 years. There was no statistical significant difference between the right and the left eye involvement. Finally, 38.37% of the detachments appeared during the first year after the cataract extraction, 24.4% were myopic and 14.66% bilateral.", "contents": "Aphakic retinal detachment. The incidence of aphakia in our series of retinal detachment is 14.82%. The incidence of retinal detachment in aphakia is 2.74%. The use of alpha-chymotrypsin does not influence this incidence. In our own patients, we did not find a sex predominance, although there was a predominance of the male sex in the referred group. The mean age of the patients affected by aphakic retinal detachment was 65.87 years and 82.6% of the cases occurred above the age of 56 years. There was no statistical significant difference between the right and the left eye involvement. Finally, 38.37% of the detachments appeared during the first year after the cataract extraction, 24.4% were myopic and 14.66% bilateral."}
{"id": "PMID:896149", "title": "A sensitivity index F, useful to classify patients with glaucoma simplex.", "content": "Using a new method to determine the scotoma pressure by means of an Amsler grid chart and an ophthalmodynamometer in addition to three other parameters (the brachialis blood pressure and the intra-ocular pressure), a sensitivity factor F was calculated, useful to classify patients with visual field defects due to glaucoma simplex.", "contents": "A sensitivity index F, useful to classify patients with glaucoma simplex. Using a new method to determine the scotoma pressure by means of an Amsler grid chart and an ophthalmodynamometer in addition to three other parameters (the brachialis blood pressure and the intra-ocular pressure), a sensitivity factor F was calculated, useful to classify patients with visual field defects due to glaucoma simplex."}
{"id": "PMID:896150", "title": "Routine ERG recording with LED light stimulus.", "content": "An apparatus for ERG recording in clinical practice using light-emitting diodes as stimulation light is described and evaluated. By introducing special electronic devices, slow potentials (c-wave) can be recorded and there is no need for a shielded cage. The function of the set-up is trouble-free and the reproducibility is very satisfying.", "contents": "Routine ERG recording with LED light stimulus. An apparatus for ERG recording in clinical practice using light-emitting diodes as stimulation light is described and evaluated. By introducing special electronic devices, slow potentials (c-wave) can be recorded and there is no need for a shielded cage. The function of the set-up is trouble-free and the reproducibility is very satisfying."}
{"id": "PMID:896151", "title": "Spatial localization with paralyzed eye muscles.", "content": "Four subjects suffering from a unilateral peripheral paralysis of the 3rd or the 6th nerves have been studied in spatial localization tasks, with their normal eye occluded. When peripheral targets were presented in the hemifield corresponding to the paralysis, the saccadic eye movements (recorded from the normal occluded eye) were of an exaggerated amplitude. 'Staircase' oculomotor patterns, closely similar to those occurring in 'open-loop' visual stimulation, could also be observed. Our patients also presented the classical hypermetric misreaching when attempting to point by hand at visual targets in an otherwise dark room. This effect (past-pointing) was likely to be due to a monitoring of the exaggerated oculomotor signal: in one subject past-pointing disappeared when reaching at the targets on the basis of the sole retinal cues. Finally, the classically described illusory visual effects of ocular paralysis were limited to a feeling of instability during self-motion.", "contents": "Spatial localization with paralyzed eye muscles. Four subjects suffering from a unilateral peripheral paralysis of the 3rd or the 6th nerves have been studied in spatial localization tasks, with their normal eye occluded. When peripheral targets were presented in the hemifield corresponding to the paralysis, the saccadic eye movements (recorded from the normal occluded eye) were of an exaggerated amplitude. 'Staircase' oculomotor patterns, closely similar to those occurring in 'open-loop' visual stimulation, could also be observed. Our patients also presented the classical hypermetric misreaching when attempting to point by hand at visual targets in an otherwise dark room. This effect (past-pointing) was likely to be due to a monitoring of the exaggerated oculomotor signal: in one subject past-pointing disappeared when reaching at the targets on the basis of the sole retinal cues. Finally, the classically described illusory visual effects of ocular paralysis were limited to a feeling of instability during self-motion."}
{"id": "PMID:896152", "title": "Microcirculation of the anterior part of the optic nerve.", "content": "In 85% of the cases the central retinal artery gives off branches for the blood supply of the optic nerve. In this series of 35 optic nerves no central optic nerve artery was found, but frequently and axial vascular system, formed by branches of the central retinal artery was observed. In the region of the lamina cribrosa the central retinal artery gives no important branches.", "contents": "Microcirculation of the anterior part of the optic nerve. In 85% of the cases the central retinal artery gives off branches for the blood supply of the optic nerve. In this series of 35 optic nerves no central optic nerve artery was found, but frequently and axial vascular system, formed by branches of the central retinal artery was observed. In the region of the lamina cribrosa the central retinal artery gives no important branches."}
{"id": "PMID:896153", "title": "Phakomatous choristoma of lower eyelid. A lenticular anlage tumour.", "content": "A female infant was found to have a congenital, firm, pea-sized tumour nasally in the lower left eyelid. A dermoid cyst was suspected, but microscopy showed structures simulating a lens. The tumour has been considered to have an origin in surface ectoderm induced to dip down into the mesoderm of the lid, there forming lenticular anlage structures. This so-called phakomatous choristoma has only been reported five times previously, all cases outside Europe.", "contents": "Phakomatous choristoma of lower eyelid. A lenticular anlage tumour. A female infant was found to have a congenital, firm, pea-sized tumour nasally in the lower left eyelid. A dermoid cyst was suspected, but microscopy showed structures simulating a lens. The tumour has been considered to have an origin in surface ectoderm induced to dip down into the mesoderm of the lid, there forming lenticular anlage structures. This so-called phakomatous choristoma has only been reported five times previously, all cases outside Europe."}
{"id": "PMID:896154", "title": "[Isolated orbitobulbar sarcoidosis].", "content": "Communication about a rare form of Boeck's disease. A primary orbital sarcoidosis is described with probable optic nerve involvement and later intraocular invasion in the form of a single candle spot-shaped chorioretinitis. No other clinically noticeable extensions of this disease could be noticed. Clinical and histological findings were described and discussed, in view to the existing literature on that subject.", "contents": "[Isolated orbitobulbar sarcoidosis]. Communication about a rare form of Boeck's disease. A primary orbital sarcoidosis is described with probable optic nerve involvement and later intraocular invasion in the form of a single candle spot-shaped chorioretinitis. No other clinically noticeable extensions of this disease could be noticed. Clinical and histological findings were described and discussed, in view to the existing literature on that subject."}
{"id": "PMID:896155", "title": "Tuberous sclerosis without mental deficiency or epilepsy. The abortive Bourneville disease.", "content": "Three cases of abortive Bourneville's disease, without detected involvement of the CNS, are reported. Two were in the same family and had a 20-year follow up. The importance of fluoroangiography in studying the retinal manifestations of this disease is stressed.", "contents": "Tuberous sclerosis without mental deficiency or epilepsy. The abortive Bourneville disease. Three cases of abortive Bourneville's disease, without detected involvement of the CNS, are reported. Two were in the same family and had a 20-year follow up. The importance of fluoroangiography in studying the retinal manifestations of this disease is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:896156", "title": "Secondary glaucoma accompanied with primary familial amyloidosis.", "content": "22 patients were diagnosed as having primary familial amyloidosis by the histological examination of biopsy specimens, clinical course of the disease, and family history, having a focus in the Nagano Prefecture in Japan. All patients belonged to the Andrade type of the neuropathy form in the primary familial amyloidosis. 15 out of 22 patients underwent ophthalmological examination, and secondary glaucoma, due to primary familial amyloidosis, was found in 4 patients. The clinical characteristic features of the secondary glaucoma were described as follows: (1) having the systemic symptoms of primary familial amyloidosis; (2) belonging to relatively older age groups and having a longer duration of the course of the disease; (3) having vitreous opacities; (4) having the wide open angle with pigment deposition in the gonioscopical examination; (5) having white flocculent materials in the pupillary margin, and (6) having flaky substances on the surface of the lens. The ophthalmological symptoms mentioned in 4, 5, and 6 were very similar to those of glaucoma capsulare. The tissue specimens obtained at the time of antiglaucoma surgery were subjected to light and electron microscopy. Amyloid fibrils were found in the iris and trabeculum, and the pathogenesis of secondary glaucoma was speculated to be a deposition of amyloid fibrils in the trabecular meshwork.", "contents": "Secondary glaucoma accompanied with primary familial amyloidosis. 22 patients were diagnosed as having primary familial amyloidosis by the histological examination of biopsy specimens, clinical course of the disease, and family history, having a focus in the Nagano Prefecture in Japan. All patients belonged to the Andrade type of the neuropathy form in the primary familial amyloidosis. 15 out of 22 patients underwent ophthalmological examination, and secondary glaucoma, due to primary familial amyloidosis, was found in 4 patients. The clinical characteristic features of the secondary glaucoma were described as follows: (1) having the systemic symptoms of primary familial amyloidosis; (2) belonging to relatively older age groups and having a longer duration of the course of the disease; (3) having vitreous opacities; (4) having the wide open angle with pigment deposition in the gonioscopical examination; (5) having white flocculent materials in the pupillary margin, and (6) having flaky substances on the surface of the lens. The ophthalmological symptoms mentioned in 4, 5, and 6 were very similar to those of glaucoma capsulare. The tissue specimens obtained at the time of antiglaucoma surgery were subjected to light and electron microscopy. Amyloid fibrils were found in the iris and trabeculum, and the pathogenesis of secondary glaucoma was speculated to be a deposition of amyloid fibrils in the trabecular meshwork."}
{"id": "PMID:896157", "title": "Internal ophthalmoparesis: an uncommon complication of varicella, a common disease.", "content": "Two cases are represented with ocular complications after varicella. In one case the complication was diagnosed as internal ophthalmoparesis and in the second patient the complication could be the same; at any rate an iridoplegia was present. From the cases presented in the literature we found that there seems to be a predilection for males to contract this type of ocular complication. The association of this complication and meningo-encephalitis is rare. Recovery of the pupillary reactions and accommodative power is almost never complete. The interesting observation that decrease in cell-mediated immunity but not in humoral immunity decides whether the clinical disease will manifest itself as herpes zoster or varicella is brought forward.", "contents": "Internal ophthalmoparesis: an uncommon complication of varicella, a common disease. Two cases are represented with ocular complications after varicella. In one case the complication was diagnosed as internal ophthalmoparesis and in the second patient the complication could be the same; at any rate an iridoplegia was present. From the cases presented in the literature we found that there seems to be a predilection for males to contract this type of ocular complication. The association of this complication and meningo-encephalitis is rare. Recovery of the pupillary reactions and accommodative power is almost never complete. The interesting observation that decrease in cell-mediated immunity but not in humoral immunity decides whether the clinical disease will manifest itself as herpes zoster or varicella is brought forward."}
{"id": "PMID:896158", "title": "[Cornea preservation in a continuous tissue culture medium at +37 degrees C].", "content": "Seven human corneae were preserved 1 or 2 weeks in a continuous tissue culture medium at +37 degrees C. 200 microgram/ml gentamycin and 2.5 microgram/ml amphotericin B were added, and no infection was noted after 2 weeks. Histological and electronmicroscopical findings presented a picture of well-kept cellular and subcellular structures. Comparable electron-optical examinations taken on seven corneae kept at +4 degrees C in a modified medium 199 showed the beginning of endothelial necrobiosis.", "contents": "[Cornea preservation in a continuous tissue culture medium at +37 degrees C]. Seven human corneae were preserved 1 or 2 weeks in a continuous tissue culture medium at +37 degrees C. 200 microgram/ml gentamycin and 2.5 microgram/ml amphotericin B were added, and no infection was noted after 2 weeks. Histological and electronmicroscopical findings presented a picture of well-kept cellular and subcellular structures. Comparable electron-optical examinations taken on seven corneae kept at +4 degrees C in a modified medium 199 showed the beginning of endothelial necrobiosis."}
{"id": "PMID:896159", "title": "Posterior vitreoretinal malformation. A clinicopathologic case report.", "content": "A pathological examination was performed on the eye of a 2-year-old male child. The basic abnormality was a vitreoretinal malformation. Study of the tissue by light and electron microscopy provided evidence to suggest that the case should be considered as a primary abnormality of the posterior vitreous and that the retinal changes were the result of a traction deformity.", "contents": "Posterior vitreoretinal malformation. A clinicopathologic case report. A pathological examination was performed on the eye of a 2-year-old male child. The basic abnormality was a vitreoretinal malformation. Study of the tissue by light and electron microscopy provided evidence to suggest that the case should be considered as a primary abnormality of the posterior vitreous and that the retinal changes were the result of a traction deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:896160", "title": "Choristomatous malformation in a cystic colobomatous eye.", "content": "The clinical and histopathological picture of a brain-like choristomatous malformation in a cystic colobomatous eye having remnants of the primary optic vesicle cavity without continuity to the ventricular system of the brain in an otherwise healthy boy, is presented.", "contents": "Choristomatous malformation in a cystic colobomatous eye. The clinical and histopathological picture of a brain-like choristomatous malformation in a cystic colobomatous eye having remnants of the primary optic vesicle cavity without continuity to the ventricular system of the brain in an otherwise healthy boy, is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:896161", "title": "Microsurgical technique--fundamentals of the microsurgical laboratory.", "content": "It is imperative that the reconstructive surgeon master microsurgical technique prior to engaging in clinical microsurgery. The primary task of developing this expertise is most efficiently performed in the microsurgical laboratory. The immediate availability of the materials necessary to establish a laboratory, their low cost, and the numerous microsurgical exercises that can be performed in such a facility make the microsurgical laboratory a practical and necessary addition to surgical training centers. Postoperative examination of repaired vessels, including light and electron microscopic studies, is important in pointing out errors and weaknesses so that they can be, respectively, corrected and strengthened. The surgeon wishing to learn microsurgery must earnestly devote much time and energy to the pursuit of perfection. With the aid of a microsurgical laboratory, practice, and strict adherence to the established guidelines of microsurgical technique, the reconstructive surgeon can develop the skills necessary to master the art of microsurgery.", "contents": "Microsurgical technique--fundamentals of the microsurgical laboratory. It is imperative that the reconstructive surgeon master microsurgical technique prior to engaging in clinical microsurgery. The primary task of developing this expertise is most efficiently performed in the microsurgical laboratory. The immediate availability of the materials necessary to establish a laboratory, their low cost, and the numerous microsurgical exercises that can be performed in such a facility make the microsurgical laboratory a practical and necessary addition to surgical training centers. Postoperative examination of repaired vessels, including light and electron microscopic studies, is important in pointing out errors and weaknesses so that they can be, respectively, corrected and strengthened. The surgeon wishing to learn microsurgery must earnestly devote much time and energy to the pursuit of perfection. With the aid of a microsurgical laboratory, practice, and strict adherence to the established guidelines of microsurgical technique, the reconstructive surgeon can develop the skills necessary to master the art of microsurgery."}
{"id": "PMID:896162", "title": "An intraluminal silastic stent for small vessel repair.", "content": "An intraluminal stent fashioned from medical grade Silastic was used for technical assistance in performing 23 microvascular anastomoses. Twenty control and 20 stent arterial anastomoses were completed. Patency rates of 100 per cent in both the stent and control anastomoses were found by radical pressure testing immediately postoperatively and after an interval of two weeks. Electron microscopic and light microscopic studies showed no increase in damage to the vessel wall or increase in connective tissue reaction. Under the conditions of this experiment the Silastic stent can be used safely for assistance in performing microarterial anastomoses. Preliminary studies in six microvenous anastomoses have also shown no significant difference postoperatively between the stent and control anastomoses, both having a 100 per cent patency rate.", "contents": "An intraluminal silastic stent for small vessel repair. An intraluminal stent fashioned from medical grade Silastic was used for technical assistance in performing 23 microvascular anastomoses. Twenty control and 20 stent arterial anastomoses were completed. Patency rates of 100 per cent in both the stent and control anastomoses were found by radical pressure testing immediately postoperatively and after an interval of two weeks. Electron microscopic and light microscopic studies showed no increase in damage to the vessel wall or increase in connective tissue reaction. Under the conditions of this experiment the Silastic stent can be used safely for assistance in performing microarterial anastomoses. Preliminary studies in six microvenous anastomoses have also shown no significant difference postoperatively between the stent and control anastomoses, both having a 100 per cent patency rate."}
{"id": "PMID:896163", "title": "Models and techniques for microsurgery research.", "content": "Microsurgery is used today to salvage severed parts and to reconstruct previous damage. Much remains to be learned in this field and laboratory research will direct future developments. Laboratory experience prior to clinical use is mandatory and takes several months of conscientious application. Various rat models are useful. Rat hind leg replantation and muscle autotransplantation provide experience in microdissection and vascular anastomoses with unequivocal end points. Finally, clinical cases have to be well chosen and meticulously planned.", "contents": "Models and techniques for microsurgery research. Microsurgery is used today to salvage severed parts and to reconstruct previous damage. Much remains to be learned in this field and laboratory research will direct future developments. Laboratory experience prior to clinical use is mandatory and takes several months of conscientious application. Various rat models are useful. Rat hind leg replantation and muscle autotransplantation provide experience in microdissection and vascular anastomoses with unequivocal end points. Finally, clinical cases have to be well chosen and meticulously planned."}
{"id": "PMID:896166", "title": "Microsurgical approach to thumb reconstruction.", "content": "Thumb reconstruction either immediately after injury with replantation or electively with microsurgical transfer of a toe dramatically expands the ability of the reconstructive surgeon to care for his patients. The availability of larger vessels for anastomosis in the toe transplant has decreased the risk factor of this operation considerably so that it now compared favorably in terms of risk involved with other methods of elective thumb reconstruction.", "contents": "Microsurgical approach to thumb reconstruction. Thumb reconstruction either immediately after injury with replantation or electively with microsurgical transfer of a toe dramatically expands the ability of the reconstructive surgeon to care for his patients. The availability of larger vessels for anastomosis in the toe transplant has decreased the risk factor of this operation considerably so that it now compared favorably in terms of risk involved with other methods of elective thumb reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:896167", "title": "Thumb reconstruction by digital transposition.", "content": "In traumatic loss or congenital aplasia of the thumb, transposition of a digit on its neurovascular pedicle is the preferable method for thumb reconstruction. The index finger is the digit of choice, but any other finger or a portion of a finger can be used, especially if it is damaged. The operative techniques differ considerably, depending on the level of thumb loss. In total amputation or total aplasia all the parts of the new thumb have to be constructed with the structures of the transposed index finger. The skeletal readjustment consists of shortening in the metacarpal region, rotation on the longitudinal axis, and fixation in palmar abduction; the metacarpophalangeal joint has to be preserved. A well established muscular stabilization is essential for good function. The skin cover is obtained by a dorsally pedicled skin flap in contrast to the palmar based skin flap in cases of partial loss or partial aplasia of the thumb. Here the muscle balance is easier to obtain by suturing the distal tendons of the index finger to the present thumb muscles. The amount of shortening depends on the length of the transposed digit (an intact or a partially amputed one). Operative technique, complications, and results in 223 cases are described and illustrated.", "contents": "Thumb reconstruction by digital transposition. In traumatic loss or congenital aplasia of the thumb, transposition of a digit on its neurovascular pedicle is the preferable method for thumb reconstruction. The index finger is the digit of choice, but any other finger or a portion of a finger can be used, especially if it is damaged. The operative techniques differ considerably, depending on the level of thumb loss. In total amputation or total aplasia all the parts of the new thumb have to be constructed with the structures of the transposed index finger. The skeletal readjustment consists of shortening in the metacarpal region, rotation on the longitudinal axis, and fixation in palmar abduction; the metacarpophalangeal joint has to be preserved. A well established muscular stabilization is essential for good function. The skin cover is obtained by a dorsally pedicled skin flap in contrast to the palmar based skin flap in cases of partial loss or partial aplasia of the thumb. Here the muscle balance is easier to obtain by suturing the distal tendons of the index finger to the present thumb muscles. The amount of shortening depends on the length of the transposed digit (an intact or a partially amputed one). Operative technique, complications, and results in 223 cases are described and illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:896188", "title": "Formation of amino acids on heating glycine with alumina.", "content": "The conversion of glycine into amino acids on heating at 240 degrees C with basic manganous carbonate and alumina is investigated. Alanine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, norvaline, norleucine, sarcosine, N-ethylglycine, N-methylalanine, N-ethylalanine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid are identified among the products of the reaction. Paper chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance are used for the analysis. A scheme for the observed transformations is presented and it is suggested that it may have been a pathway for the synthesis of amino acids from glycine under primitive Earth conditions.", "contents": "Formation of amino acids on heating glycine with alumina. The conversion of glycine into amino acids on heating at 240 degrees C with basic manganous carbonate and alumina is investigated. Alanine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, norvaline, norleucine, sarcosine, N-ethylglycine, N-methylalanine, N-ethylalanine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid are identified among the products of the reaction. Paper chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance are used for the analysis. A scheme for the observed transformations is presented and it is suggested that it may have been a pathway for the synthesis of amino acids from glycine under primitive Earth conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:896189", "title": "On the origin of biological chirality via natural beta-decay.", "content": "Experimental evidence that longitudinally polarized electrons having the handedness characteristic of terrestrial beta-decay electrons preferentially remove D-leucine from a racemic mixture, coupled with the probable presence of 14C in pre-biotic molecules, offers a plausible hypothesis for the origin of biomolecular handedness.", "contents": "On the origin of biological chirality via natural beta-decay. Experimental evidence that longitudinally polarized electrons having the handedness characteristic of terrestrial beta-decay electrons preferentially remove D-leucine from a racemic mixture, coupled with the probable presence of 14C in pre-biotic molecules, offers a plausible hypothesis for the origin of biomolecular handedness."}
{"id": "PMID:896190", "title": "A model for a non-chemical form of life: crystalline physiology.", "content": "A definition of fundamental living units is given according to which they are constituted by the material support of some 'memory'; the latter is required--to be stable,--to contain rich information,--to diffuse it into the surrounding medium. It is then shown that the complex dislocation networks encountered in crystals can in some cases follow these criteria and lead to a crystalline physiology. The places of possible occurrence in nature of this kind of physiology, terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks, interplanetary dust, white dwarfs and neutron stars are then discussed.", "contents": "A model for a non-chemical form of life: crystalline physiology. A definition of fundamental living units is given according to which they are constituted by the material support of some 'memory'; the latter is required--to be stable,--to contain rich information,--to diffuse it into the surrounding medium. It is then shown that the complex dislocation networks encountered in crystals can in some cases follow these criteria and lead to a crystalline physiology. The places of possible occurrence in nature of this kind of physiology, terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks, interplanetary dust, white dwarfs and neutron stars are then discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:896191", "title": "Symbiosis and the origin of life.", "content": "The paper uses chemical kinetic arguments and illustrations by computer modelling to discuss the origin and evolution of life. Complex self-reproducing chemical systems cannot arise spontaneously, whereas simple auto-catalytic systems can, especially in an irradiated aqueous medium. Self-reproducing chemical particles of any complexity, in an appropriate environment, have a self-regulating property which permits long-term survival. However, loss of materials from the environment can lead to continuing decay which is circumvented by physical union between different kinds of self-reproducing particles. The increasing complexity produced by such unions (symbioses) is irreversible so that the chemical system evolves. It is suggested that evolution by successive symbioses brought about the change from simple, spontaneously arising, auto-catalytic particles to complex prokaryotic cells.", "contents": "Symbiosis and the origin of life. The paper uses chemical kinetic arguments and illustrations by computer modelling to discuss the origin and evolution of life. Complex self-reproducing chemical systems cannot arise spontaneously, whereas simple auto-catalytic systems can, especially in an irradiated aqueous medium. Self-reproducing chemical particles of any complexity, in an appropriate environment, have a self-regulating property which permits long-term survival. However, loss of materials from the environment can lead to continuing decay which is circumvented by physical union between different kinds of self-reproducing particles. The increasing complexity produced by such unions (symbioses) is irreversible so that the chemical system evolves. It is suggested that evolution by successive symbioses brought about the change from simple, spontaneously arising, auto-catalytic particles to complex prokaryotic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:896192", "title": "A possible mechanism for the influence of geomagnetic field on the evolution of life.", "content": "The mechanism through which the geomagnetic field might have influenced the extinction of the species has been proposed. It has been assumed that the concentration factor for essential trace elements is dependent on the magnetic field.", "contents": "A possible mechanism for the influence of geomagnetic field on the evolution of life. The mechanism through which the geomagnetic field might have influenced the extinction of the species has been proposed. It has been assumed that the concentration factor for essential trace elements is dependent on the magnetic field."}
{"id": "PMID:896199", "title": "Traumatic lesions of the salivary glands.", "content": "Injuries to the region of the major salivary glands, especially the parotid, may have important sequelae and require insight and persistence to manage. This is an area in which microsurgery comes into its own, especially for repair of the duct or nerve. In cases of severe injury or complications, the removal of the involved gland is always an option.", "contents": "Traumatic lesions of the salivary glands. Injuries to the region of the major salivary glands, especially the parotid, may have important sequelae and require insight and persistence to manage. This is an area in which microsurgery comes into its own, especially for repair of the duct or nerve. In cases of severe injury or complications, the removal of the involved gland is always an option."}
{"id": "PMID:896201", "title": "Salivary gland involvement in systemic diseases.", "content": "The salivary glands participate in systemic illnesses because they are secretory structures allied with the gastrointestinal tract. Thus they are involved in systemic inflammatory, allergic, and neoplastic conditions. Perhaps the most common condition is that of mumps in the acute phase. Of the chronic diseases, Mikulicz's disease or Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is most frequently noted. In most instances of systemic involvement, the salivary gland enlargement is the rule, with the gland being tense, soft, and enlarged, and with progressive growth over a period of time. Usually all glands are involved. The diagnosis should be suspected from the history and the physical examination, noting that all the glands are equally involved by the enlargement. If there is any question, a biopsy should be performed. In the case of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, the biopsy specimen may be taken either from a major salivary gland or from one of the minor ones, or the nasal mucous membrane or oral cavity. In general, definitive therapy is unsuccessful for the systemic illness involving the salivary glands, and in most instances has to be supportive.", "contents": "Salivary gland involvement in systemic diseases. The salivary glands participate in systemic illnesses because they are secretory structures allied with the gastrointestinal tract. Thus they are involved in systemic inflammatory, allergic, and neoplastic conditions. Perhaps the most common condition is that of mumps in the acute phase. Of the chronic diseases, Mikulicz's disease or Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is most frequently noted. In most instances of systemic involvement, the salivary gland enlargement is the rule, with the gland being tense, soft, and enlarged, and with progressive growth over a period of time. Usually all glands are involved. The diagnosis should be suspected from the history and the physical examination, noting that all the glands are equally involved by the enlargement. If there is any question, a biopsy should be performed. In the case of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, the biopsy specimen may be taken either from a major salivary gland or from one of the minor ones, or the nasal mucous membrane or oral cavity. In general, definitive therapy is unsuccessful for the systemic illness involving the salivary glands, and in most instances has to be supportive."}
{"id": "PMID:896202", "title": "Sialography and scanning of the salivary glands.", "content": "This discussion is a brief review of the current status of sialography and salivary gland scanning in the diagnosis of salivary disorders. Both techniques are in current use; the contrast sialogram is most useful in evaluating recurrent inflammatory disorders, and the radiosialogram finds its greatest value in evaluating patients with suspected neoplasms. These examinations should not be used in lieu of a histologic diagnosis in tumor cases except when a smooth margined radiopositive lesion corresponding with a clinically evident Warthin tumor is noted; in this case a presumptive diagnosis of a benign neoplasm may be established. The utilization of these radiographic techniques depends upon the facilities available, the needs of the particular patient, and the experience and clinical judgment of the salivary gland surgeon.", "contents": "Sialography and scanning of the salivary glands. This discussion is a brief review of the current status of sialography and salivary gland scanning in the diagnosis of salivary disorders. Both techniques are in current use; the contrast sialogram is most useful in evaluating recurrent inflammatory disorders, and the radiosialogram finds its greatest value in evaluating patients with suspected neoplasms. These examinations should not be used in lieu of a histologic diagnosis in tumor cases except when a smooth margined radiopositive lesion corresponding with a clinically evident Warthin tumor is noted; in this case a presumptive diagnosis of a benign neoplasm may be established. The utilization of these radiographic techniques depends upon the facilities available, the needs of the particular patient, and the experience and clinical judgment of the salivary gland surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:896203", "title": "Non-neoplastic salivary gland diseases in children.", "content": "Parotid enlargement in childhood is a diagnostic challenge to all physicians. A frame of reference has been established wherein the disease spectrum involving the child's parotid glands can be outlined in a stepwise manner. In some instances after sialography, specific hematologic tests, and cultures the diagnosis will remain obscure until a biopsy is performed. Protracted conservative management should be instituted prior to the consideration of ablative surgical procedures.", "contents": "Non-neoplastic salivary gland diseases in children. Parotid enlargement in childhood is a diagnostic challenge to all physicians. A frame of reference has been established wherein the disease spectrum involving the child's parotid glands can be outlined in a stepwise manner. In some instances after sialography, specific hematologic tests, and cultures the diagnosis will remain obscure until a biopsy is performed. Protracted conservative management should be instituted prior to the consideration of ablative surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:896205", "title": "The role of radiotherapy in salivary gland neoplasms.", "content": "The role of radiation in the treatment of carcinoma of the salivary glands is expanding. It has a definite role in controlling the primary tumor, particularly in those postoperative cases with microscopic residua in the surgical field. Radiotherapy also plays a significant role in controlling the primary tumor in carcinomas that are inoperable or have recurred after surgery. The doses employed must be high (between 6000 and 7000 rads, given over six to seven weeks). The complications are tolerable and depend upon the area irradiated.", "contents": "The role of radiotherapy in salivary gland neoplasms. The role of radiation in the treatment of carcinoma of the salivary glands is expanding. It has a definite role in controlling the primary tumor, particularly in those postoperative cases with microscopic residua in the surgical field. Radiotherapy also plays a significant role in controlling the primary tumor in carcinomas that are inoperable or have recurred after surgery. The doses employed must be high (between 6000 and 7000 rads, given over six to seven weeks). The complications are tolerable and depend upon the area irradiated."}
{"id": "PMID:896206", "title": "Metastatic disease of the parotid gland.", "content": "Metastatic lesions of the parotid gland represent the spread of a neoplasm from the primary site to parotid paraglandular, intraglandular, or parenchymal locations. These lesions are frequently difficult to differentiate from primary parotid gland neoplasms. The most common histologic type of neoplasm that metastasizes to the parotid gland is the melanoma. The melanoma is generally found superficial in its metastatic spread. Squamous cell carcinoma is also frequently found, but is usually intraglandular in its metastatic pattern. Although the melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma represent 80 per cent of the metastatic lesions involved in the parotid gland, a variety of other histologic types have been reported. The surgeon must be ready to deal with this complex problem when he enters into an exploratory operation. Even though vigorous treatment is carried out, the histologic types of neoplasms and the anatomic complexities of the area contribute to survival rates between 10 and 15 per cent over a five year period.", "contents": "Metastatic disease of the parotid gland. Metastatic lesions of the parotid gland represent the spread of a neoplasm from the primary site to parotid paraglandular, intraglandular, or parenchymal locations. These lesions are frequently difficult to differentiate from primary parotid gland neoplasms. The most common histologic type of neoplasm that metastasizes to the parotid gland is the melanoma. The melanoma is generally found superficial in its metastatic spread. Squamous cell carcinoma is also frequently found, but is usually intraglandular in its metastatic pattern. Although the melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma represent 80 per cent of the metastatic lesions involved in the parotid gland, a variety of other histologic types have been reported. The surgeon must be ready to deal with this complex problem when he enters into an exploratory operation. Even though vigorous treatment is carried out, the histologic types of neoplasms and the anatomic complexities of the area contribute to survival rates between 10 and 15 per cent over a five year period."}
{"id": "PMID:896207", "title": "Management and rehabilitation of the facial nerve in parotid surgery.", "content": "The facial nerve is the single most important consideration in the surgical management of most parotid disorders. Its surgical anatomy should be well known by the head and neck surgeon. Very few conditions of the parotid gland necessitate the sacrifice of the facial nerve. When this decision is made, the benefits to be derived should be very thoughtfully measured against the tremendous cosmetic and functional sequelae that follow, and the patient should understand preoperatively to the fullest the magnitude of this decision and all its consequences. Most facial nerve deficits resulting from injury or sacrifice of the nerve can be and are best repaired by either direct anastomosis or autografting using a donor sensory nerve. Such restorations of the neuromuscular mechanism yield a physiologic result that is as close to the preinjury state as possible, and this is reflected in cosmetic and functional recoveries that are generally superior to any other of a variety of rehabilitative techniques. In all patients with a paralyzed face, extremely close attention must be given the involved eye to minimize the hazards of corneal injury.", "contents": "Management and rehabilitation of the facial nerve in parotid surgery. The facial nerve is the single most important consideration in the surgical management of most parotid disorders. Its surgical anatomy should be well known by the head and neck surgeon. Very few conditions of the parotid gland necessitate the sacrifice of the facial nerve. When this decision is made, the benefits to be derived should be very thoughtfully measured against the tremendous cosmetic and functional sequelae that follow, and the patient should understand preoperatively to the fullest the magnitude of this decision and all its consequences. Most facial nerve deficits resulting from injury or sacrifice of the nerve can be and are best repaired by either direct anastomosis or autografting using a donor sensory nerve. Such restorations of the neuromuscular mechanism yield a physiologic result that is as close to the preinjury state as possible, and this is reflected in cosmetic and functional recoveries that are generally superior to any other of a variety of rehabilitative techniques. In all patients with a paralyzed face, extremely close attention must be given the involved eye to minimize the hazards of corneal injury."}
{"id": "PMID:896243", "title": "[Bloodvolume determination in the newborn using blood of adults as an indicator (author's transl)].", "content": "A method allowing the determination of the bloodvolume of newborns by means of transfused blood of adults, is presented. Hb A containing erythrocytes of the adult can be distinguished from mainly Hb F containing erythrocytes of the newborn by means of the Kleihauer staining method. The ratio of the red blood cell volume of the donor to that of the patient is represented by the ratio of Hb A to Hb F containing erythrocytes. Bloodsmears taken before and after transfusion are stained with the \"Fetal Hemoglobin Set\" (BOERINGER), then photographed and approximately 1000 cells counted on the photo. The bloodvolume is calculated from the dilution of Hb A-containing in Hb F-containing erythrocytes. The reproducibility of the method was tested on 10 newborns, who were transfused twice and whose bloodvolumes were determined four times (two correlating bloodvolumes twice). The error of the method lies between 7.5 and 10% of the total bloodvolume. While an optimal determination of the bloodvolume through the first transfusion is already obtained by counting about 1000 cells, increasing the number of counted cells raises the quality of the bloodvolume determination through further transfusions. The bloodvolumes found are lower than those described in the literature. Its causes are discussed.", "contents": "[Bloodvolume determination in the newborn using blood of adults as an indicator (author's transl)]. A method allowing the determination of the bloodvolume of newborns by means of transfused blood of adults, is presented. Hb A containing erythrocytes of the adult can be distinguished from mainly Hb F containing erythrocytes of the newborn by means of the Kleihauer staining method. The ratio of the red blood cell volume of the donor to that of the patient is represented by the ratio of Hb A to Hb F containing erythrocytes. Bloodsmears taken before and after transfusion are stained with the \"Fetal Hemoglobin Set\" (BOERINGER), then photographed and approximately 1000 cells counted on the photo. The bloodvolume is calculated from the dilution of Hb A-containing in Hb F-containing erythrocytes. The reproducibility of the method was tested on 10 newborns, who were transfused twice and whose bloodvolumes were determined four times (two correlating bloodvolumes twice). The error of the method lies between 7.5 and 10% of the total bloodvolume. While an optimal determination of the bloodvolume through the first transfusion is already obtained by counting about 1000 cells, increasing the number of counted cells raises the quality of the bloodvolume determination through further transfusions. The bloodvolumes found are lower than those described in the literature. Its causes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:896244", "title": "[Accidental digitalis intoxication in small children (author's transl)].", "content": "Life-threatening, glycoside-induced cardiac rhythm disturbances are often seen following accidental digitalis intoxication in small children. Modern therapeutic management should take into consideration the pharmacokinetics as well as the mechanisms responsible for cardiac and extracardiac symptoms. Discussed are the possibilities of eliminating and inactivating the ingested glycosides, the indications and contraindications for administration of electrolytes, as well as the use of anti-arrhythmic drugs and pacing for cardiac arrhythmias. Special consideration should be given to close observation and instrumental monitoring; ideally these should be carried out in an intensive care unit. Unnecessary loss of time in the management of such cases should be avoided through proper organization of diagnostic and therapeutic activities.", "contents": "[Accidental digitalis intoxication in small children (author's transl)]. Life-threatening, glycoside-induced cardiac rhythm disturbances are often seen following accidental digitalis intoxication in small children. Modern therapeutic management should take into consideration the pharmacokinetics as well as the mechanisms responsible for cardiac and extracardiac symptoms. Discussed are the possibilities of eliminating and inactivating the ingested glycosides, the indications and contraindications for administration of electrolytes, as well as the use of anti-arrhythmic drugs and pacing for cardiac arrhythmias. Special consideration should be given to close observation and instrumental monitoring; ideally these should be carried out in an intensive care unit. Unnecessary loss of time in the management of such cases should be avoided through proper organization of diagnostic and therapeutic activities."}
{"id": "PMID:896246", "title": "[Mental development of children suffering from chronic insufficiency of digestion under dietary therapy for several years].", "content": "73 children suffering from malabsorption, galactosaemia, and fructose intolerance had been treated for many years. They were investigated psychologically in regard of their mental development. The nutritional condition was very bad before and in the first time of therapy, nevertheless a normal intelligence and an inconspicuous social behaviour was founded. The considerable retardation of the bodily and intellectual development was not sufficiently compensated in the preschool-age. But there is a better arrangement during school-age.", "contents": "[Mental development of children suffering from chronic insufficiency of digestion under dietary therapy for several years]. 73 children suffering from malabsorption, galactosaemia, and fructose intolerance had been treated for many years. They were investigated psychologically in regard of their mental development. The nutritional condition was very bad before and in the first time of therapy, nevertheless a normal intelligence and an inconspicuous social behaviour was founded. The considerable retardation of the bodily and intellectual development was not sufficiently compensated in the preschool-age. But there is a better arrangement during school-age."}
{"id": "PMID:896247", "title": "[Polycythemia in the newborn infant (author's transl)].", "content": "Respiratory distress syndrome and cyanonis in newborns (first neonatal week) may be caused by polycythemia. During 14 months twentyone newborns with symptoms of cardiorespiratory or neurological distress caused by polycythemia on the neonatological division of our hospital were observed. The values of hemoglobin ranged between 22.7 and 28.6 g% (mean 25.65 g%), the values of hematocrit ranged between 72 and 90% (mean 81%). The central venous hematocrit measured on 14 patients ranged between 65 and 77% (mean 71%). On 20 newborns isovolemic haemodilution by 5% plasma was performed. The volume of exchange was calculated according to the formula: Sign and symptoms seemed to improve rapidly following treatment, clinically reflecting the fall in hemoglobin and hematocrit.", "contents": "[Polycythemia in the newborn infant (author's transl)]. Respiratory distress syndrome and cyanonis in newborns (first neonatal week) may be caused by polycythemia. During 14 months twentyone newborns with symptoms of cardiorespiratory or neurological distress caused by polycythemia on the neonatological division of our hospital were observed. The values of hemoglobin ranged between 22.7 and 28.6 g% (mean 25.65 g%), the values of hematocrit ranged between 72 and 90% (mean 81%). The central venous hematocrit measured on 14 patients ranged between 65 and 77% (mean 71%). On 20 newborns isovolemic haemodilution by 5% plasma was performed. The volume of exchange was calculated according to the formula: Sign and symptoms seemed to improve rapidly following treatment, clinically reflecting the fall in hemoglobin and hematocrit."}
{"id": "PMID:896250", "title": "[Trichomoniasis in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Trichomonas vaginalis was diagnosed in two girls out of 948 newborn babies (0.21%) admitted for various reasons to the Universit\u00e4ts-Kinderklinik Graz during a 21 months period. One of the patients revealed leukocyturia and vulvovaginitis, the other had both bacterial urinary tract infection and vulvovaginitis being controlled but incomplete with antibiotica therapy. The radiologic finding of the urinary tract were normal. In both cases trichomonas vaginalis was identified in a routine urine specimen. The infants mothers both had vulvovaginitis trichomonalis. After a 5 days course with metronidazole given orally, the symptoms ceased and the urinary tract infection healed. The influence of maternal hormones on the epithelium of the infantile vagina facilitating trichomoniasis in the newborn is discussed.", "contents": "[Trichomoniasis in the newborn (author's transl)]. Trichomonas vaginalis was diagnosed in two girls out of 948 newborn babies (0.21%) admitted for various reasons to the Universit\u00e4ts-Kinderklinik Graz during a 21 months period. One of the patients revealed leukocyturia and vulvovaginitis, the other had both bacterial urinary tract infection and vulvovaginitis being controlled but incomplete with antibiotica therapy. The radiologic finding of the urinary tract were normal. In both cases trichomonas vaginalis was identified in a routine urine specimen. The infants mothers both had vulvovaginitis trichomonalis. After a 5 days course with metronidazole given orally, the symptoms ceased and the urinary tract infection healed. The influence of maternal hormones on the epithelium of the infantile vagina facilitating trichomoniasis in the newborn is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:896251", "title": "Spinal cord injuries: male infertility aspects.", "content": "In a study of 16 married paraplegic patients, it was found that without electrostimulations, erections occurred in eight patients and ejaculation in three of them. Rectal electroejaculation performed in all the patients for the purpose of collecting sperm showed poor results. Sperm analysis revealed severe distubrances in spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis, the etiology of which was not clear since hormonal and sperm metabolic substrates were found to be in the normal range.", "contents": "Spinal cord injuries: male infertility aspects. In a study of 16 married paraplegic patients, it was found that without electrostimulations, erections occurred in eight patients and ejaculation in three of them. Rectal electroejaculation performed in all the patients for the purpose of collecting sperm showed poor results. Sperm analysis revealed severe distubrances in spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis, the etiology of which was not clear since hormonal and sperm metabolic substrates were found to be in the normal range."}
{"id": "PMID:896252", "title": "Problems in the radiological interpretation of the X-ray appearance of the bladder wall and bladder neck obtained on micturating cysto-urethrography in patients with neurogenic bladders [proceedings].", "content": "The technique in performing micturating cysto-urethrography is described. Technical difficulties in obtaining micturating films and positioning of paraplegic patients are discussed. A previous author has stated that radiological assessment of the bladder neck is of no value. Analysis of intravenous pyelograms (IVP) and micturating cysto-urethrogram (MCUG) on 71 paraplegic patients confirms that there is no correlation between the diameter of the bladder neck and the presence of pathological renal changes or vesico-ureteric reflux. Difficulties in the radiological assessment of bladder capacity and contour due to marked differences in appearance on MCUG and IVP are discussed.", "contents": "Problems in the radiological interpretation of the X-ray appearance of the bladder wall and bladder neck obtained on micturating cysto-urethrography in patients with neurogenic bladders [proceedings]. The technique in performing micturating cysto-urethrography is described. Technical difficulties in obtaining micturating films and positioning of paraplegic patients are discussed. A previous author has stated that radiological assessment of the bladder neck is of no value. Analysis of intravenous pyelograms (IVP) and micturating cysto-urethrogram (MCUG) on 71 paraplegic patients confirms that there is no correlation between the diameter of the bladder neck and the presence of pathological renal changes or vesico-ureteric reflux. Difficulties in the radiological assessment of bladder capacity and contour due to marked differences in appearance on MCUG and IVP are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:896253", "title": "Management of neurogenic bladder dysfunctions following acute traumatic cervical central cord syndrome (incomplete tetraplegia) [proceedings].", "content": "Based on the experience to date with central cord syndrome, most or all of the following conditions should be present before considering transurethral sphincterotomy: (1) minimal neurological recovery within 6 months of injury; (2) four plus spasticity in patients over the age of 50 years; (3) prolonged intermittent catheterisation over 6 months, with persistent residual urine over 300 ml; (4) persistent and repeated use of diazepam, dantrolene sodium to control pelvic floor spasticity; (5) demonstrable detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.", "contents": "Management of neurogenic bladder dysfunctions following acute traumatic cervical central cord syndrome (incomplete tetraplegia) [proceedings]. Based on the experience to date with central cord syndrome, most or all of the following conditions should be present before considering transurethral sphincterotomy: (1) minimal neurological recovery within 6 months of injury; (2) four plus spasticity in patients over the age of 50 years; (3) prolonged intermittent catheterisation over 6 months, with persistent residual urine over 300 ml; (4) persistent and repeated use of diazepam, dantrolene sodium to control pelvic floor spasticity; (5) demonstrable detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia."}
{"id": "PMID:896254", "title": "Metabolic effects of sodium restriction and thiazides in tetraplegic patients.", "content": "The metabolic effects of sodium restriction, alone or with thiazide, were studied in 12 healthy subjects, in 24 tetraplegics during the intial 8 months of paralysis (early) and in 16 others during the subsequent period (late). The diuresis caused by both treatments led to more haemoconcentration in early than in late patients. In contrast with the healthy subjects on low sodium, the tetraplegics had a delayed urinary sodium retention and no fall in calciuria. During thiazide, urinary sodium depletion occurred early and the urine calcium fell after 3 days in all tetraplegics. During both treatments, aldosterone and renin increased more in early patients than in the other groups. The clinical implications of inducing dehydration and a sustained stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in recently injured tetraplegics with severe orthostatic hypotension are discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of sodium restriction and thiazides in tetraplegic patients. The metabolic effects of sodium restriction, alone or with thiazide, were studied in 12 healthy subjects, in 24 tetraplegics during the intial 8 months of paralysis (early) and in 16 others during the subsequent period (late). The diuresis caused by both treatments led to more haemoconcentration in early than in late patients. In contrast with the healthy subjects on low sodium, the tetraplegics had a delayed urinary sodium retention and no fall in calciuria. During thiazide, urinary sodium depletion occurred early and the urine calcium fell after 3 days in all tetraplegics. During both treatments, aldosterone and renin increased more in early patients than in the other groups. The clinical implications of inducing dehydration and a sustained stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in recently injured tetraplegics with severe orthostatic hypotension are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:896255", "title": "Intermittent catheterisation: follow-up studies [proceedings].", "content": "One hundred twenty-six  male spinal cord injury patients whose acute bladder management included indwelling urethral catheters were converted to an intermittent catheterisation programme and most of them subsequently achieved a catheter-free state. A higher prevalence of pyelocaliectasis was observed in these patients compared to previous reports of similar changes in patients upon whom intermittent catheterisation was initiated immediately after injury. Right side predominance of pyelocaliectasis was demonstrated but requires further study. The extent of neurological deficit (complete or incomplete lesions) does not appear to influence the development of pyelocaliectasis. These findings support our contention that intensive urological follow-up is necessary for all spinal cord injury patients even though a catheter-free state has been achieved through use of intermittent catheterisation.", "contents": "Intermittent catheterisation: follow-up studies [proceedings]. One hundred twenty-six  male spinal cord injury patients whose acute bladder management included indwelling urethral catheters were converted to an intermittent catheterisation programme and most of them subsequently achieved a catheter-free state. A higher prevalence of pyelocaliectasis was observed in these patients compared to previous reports of similar changes in patients upon whom intermittent catheterisation was initiated immediately after injury. Right side predominance of pyelocaliectasis was demonstrated but requires further study. The extent of neurological deficit (complete or incomplete lesions) does not appear to influence the development of pyelocaliectasis. These findings support our contention that intensive urological follow-up is necessary for all spinal cord injury patients even though a catheter-free state has been achieved through use of intermittent catheterisation."}
{"id": "PMID:896258", "title": "Scoliotic growth in children with acquired paraplegia [proceedings].", "content": "1. 166 children with paraplegia occurring before the age of 15 are presented, of whom 116 are available for the study. 2. Scoliosis of more than 15 degrees developed in approximately one-half of the children. 3. Children with thoracic paralysis appear to be particularly endangered. 4. The primary spinal column injury as a result of an accident plays only a minor role in the development of scoliosis. 5. The asymmetric neurological level of paralysis is seen as a significant cause of scoliosis. 6. As prophylaxis, a spinal support as well as standing and walking exercises, including balance exercises, are recommended. 7. As possible therapy in cases with proven asymmetric neurological paralysis, rhizotomy of several thoracic spinal nerves may be discussed in order to achieve a balanced paralysis.", "contents": "Scoliotic growth in children with acquired paraplegia [proceedings]. 1. 166 children with paraplegia occurring before the age of 15 are presented, of whom 116 are available for the study. 2. Scoliosis of more than 15 degrees developed in approximately one-half of the children. 3. Children with thoracic paralysis appear to be particularly endangered. 4. The primary spinal column injury as a result of an accident plays only a minor role in the development of scoliosis. 5. The asymmetric neurological level of paralysis is seen as a significant cause of scoliosis. 6. As prophylaxis, a spinal support as well as standing and walking exercises, including balance exercises, are recommended. 7. As possible therapy in cases with proven asymmetric neurological paralysis, rhizotomy of several thoracic spinal nerves may be discussed in order to achieve a balanced paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:896257", "title": "Spinal cord injury in children and adolescents: diagnostic pitfalls and therapeutic considerations in the acute stage [proceedings].", "content": "Traumatic spinal cord lesions in children are infrequent (2 to 5 per cent of all cases admitted to specialised paraplegic centres depending on whether the upper age limit is set at 10 or 15 years). Traffic accidents are responsible for at least 50 per cent of the lesions; playground accidents and various sports add another 35 per cent. A large proportion of the accidents have been found to be related to the child's normal desire for adventure and exploration. The segment most frequently involved in our own series of 18 cases was the cervical and upper thoracic spine. Histopathological studies have shown that splitting of the cartilaginous end-plate in the growth zone of the vertebrae is a common finding. Radiological signs of spinal trauma are less evident than in adults; they may be totally missing. Precise neurological assessment must rely on repeated examination and close clinical observation, especially in the comatous child with a head injury. Spinal cord involvement must be suspected and the child treated as a paraplegic until definite proof of a normal neurological status is available. Due to a highly labile water electrolyte balance in the early post-traumatic stage and considerable fluctuations in plasma volume and temperature regulation, permanent monitoring of the cardiovascular function, body temperature and diuresis is mandatory. In children below the age of 10, deep vein thrombosis and embolism are exceptional (sepsis creates a high-risk situation requiring anticoagulation). In the initial treatment of spinal injury only conservative measures should be considered; there are no indications for laminectomy, nor for spinal fusion. In the tetraplegic child below the age of 6, skull-traction should be avoided and immobilisation of the cervical segment achieved by bilateral padded head-rests.", "contents": "Spinal cord injury in children and adolescents: diagnostic pitfalls and therapeutic considerations in the acute stage [proceedings]. Traumatic spinal cord lesions in children are infrequent (2 to 5 per cent of all cases admitted to specialised paraplegic centres depending on whether the upper age limit is set at 10 or 15 years). Traffic accidents are responsible for at least 50 per cent of the lesions; playground accidents and various sports add another 35 per cent. A large proportion of the accidents have been found to be related to the child's normal desire for adventure and exploration. The segment most frequently involved in our own series of 18 cases was the cervical and upper thoracic spine. Histopathological studies have shown that splitting of the cartilaginous end-plate in the growth zone of the vertebrae is a common finding. Radiological signs of spinal trauma are less evident than in adults; they may be totally missing. Precise neurological assessment must rely on repeated examination and close clinical observation, especially in the comatous child with a head injury. Spinal cord involvement must be suspected and the child treated as a paraplegic until definite proof of a normal neurological status is available. Due to a highly labile water electrolyte balance in the early post-traumatic stage and considerable fluctuations in plasma volume and temperature regulation, permanent monitoring of the cardiovascular function, body temperature and diuresis is mandatory. In children below the age of 10, deep vein thrombosis and embolism are exceptional (sepsis creates a high-risk situation requiring anticoagulation). In the initial treatment of spinal injury only conservative measures should be considered; there are no indications for laminectomy, nor for spinal fusion. In the tetraplegic child below the age of 6, skull-traction should be avoided and immobilisation of the cervical segment achieved by bilateral padded head-rests."}
{"id": "PMID:896260", "title": "Correction of scoliosis due to paraplegia sustained in paediatric age-group [proceedings].", "content": "At the present time our preventive methods do not fully prevent the occurrence of scoliosis subsequent to juvenile paraplegia. The methods of management must be: (a) preventive; (b) early non-operative correction, such as braces; and by (c) operative correction. The operative correction must be both an anterior and posterior procedure to give good spinal alignment. Further follow-up over many years will be necessary to watch these cases, but the initial results are satisfactory re correction. Function has been improved in both (a) respiration and (b) mobility, but at the 'expense' of reduction in some areas of recreation.", "contents": "Correction of scoliosis due to paraplegia sustained in paediatric age-group [proceedings]. At the present time our preventive methods do not fully prevent the occurrence of scoliosis subsequent to juvenile paraplegia. The methods of management must be: (a) preventive; (b) early non-operative correction, such as braces; and by (c) operative correction. The operative correction must be both an anterior and posterior procedure to give good spinal alignment. Further follow-up over many years will be necessary to watch these cases, but the initial results are satisfactory re correction. Function has been improved in both (a) respiration and (b) mobility, but at the 'expense' of reduction in some areas of recreation."}
{"id": "PMID:896261", "title": "[Certain theoretical and methodological problems of phytoparasitology].", "content": "At present stills is lacking the general theory capable to explain the essence of factors determining the nature of relationships between the parasitic organisms and higher plants. This is associated with the crisis of the dominant theoretical system which suggests that plants possess active protective reactions to definite species and races of parasites having developed in the process of the evolution. Heuristic analysis of various conceptions and hypotheses has shown that the general theory of parasite resistance of plants can be based only on the ecological conception of parasitism and V. P. Efroimson's theory of uncomplete medium.", "contents": "[Certain theoretical and methodological problems of phytoparasitology]. At present stills is lacking the general theory capable to explain the essence of factors determining the nature of relationships between the parasitic organisms and higher plants. This is associated with the crisis of the dominant theoretical system which suggests that plants possess active protective reactions to definite species and races of parasites having developed in the process of the evolution. Heuristic analysis of various conceptions and hypotheses has shown that the general theory of parasite resistance of plants can be based only on the ecological conception of parasitism and V. P. Efroimson's theory of uncomplete medium."}
{"id": "PMID:896262", "title": "[Sensitivity of the females of Ixodes persulcatus and Dermacentor silvarum (Ixodidae) to baytex and the possibility of their overcoming poisoning with this substance].", "content": "Females of I. persulcatus and D. silvarum are very sensitive to baytex, the value of LD50 for both species are similar. The development of injury after exposure to baytex proceeds very quickly and the subsequent stages of injury development correspond to those caused by DDT (Uspensky and Levikov, 1974). The overcoming of baytex poisoning during the sucking of the host's blood is possible only at the initial stage of the injury. The simulatneous feeding on the same rabbit of ticks treated with baytex and control ones has shown a system effect of baytex on the second group of ticks.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of the females of Ixodes persulcatus and Dermacentor silvarum (Ixodidae) to baytex and the possibility of their overcoming poisoning with this substance]. Females of I. persulcatus and D. silvarum are very sensitive to baytex, the value of LD50 for both species are similar. The development of injury after exposure to baytex proceeds very quickly and the subsequent stages of injury development correspond to those caused by DDT (Uspensky and Levikov, 1974). The overcoming of baytex poisoning during the sucking of the host's blood is possible only at the initial stage of the injury. The simulatneous feeding on the same rabbit of ticks treated with baytex and control ones has shown a system effect of baytex on the second group of ticks."}
{"id": "PMID:896263", "title": "[Distribution and ecology of Ixodes pavlovskyi (Ixodidae) in Sykhote-Alin].", "content": "I. pavlovskyi is absent from the eastern macroslope of Sykhote--Alin, rare in the central part of the ridge and is quite common in western Sykhote--Alin where it accounts for no more than 10% of total collections with I. persulcatus. An average density of ticks in forests of western Sykhote--Alin is 50 to 80 active adults per hectare, maximum density - 150 specimens. Larvae feed on various small mammals and birds, nymphs--on birds and mammals larger than Sibirian chipmunk. Adults feed on hedgehogs, hares and birds, preferrence being given to hazel hens.", "contents": "[Distribution and ecology of Ixodes pavlovskyi (Ixodidae) in Sykhote-Alin]. I. pavlovskyi is absent from the eastern macroslope of Sykhote--Alin, rare in the central part of the ridge and is quite common in western Sykhote--Alin where it accounts for no more than 10% of total collections with I. persulcatus. An average density of ticks in forests of western Sykhote--Alin is 50 to 80 active adults per hectare, maximum density - 150 specimens. Larvae feed on various small mammals and birds, nymphs--on birds and mammals larger than Sibirian chipmunk. Adults feed on hedgehogs, hares and birds, preferrence being given to hazel hens."}
{"id": "PMID:896266", "title": "[Ultrastructure of Nosema diplostomi - hyperparasite of the trematodes of the genus Diplostomum].", "content": "Studies were undertaken of the fine structure of microsporidian, schizont, sporoblast and spore of Nosema diplostomi Schigina et Grobov, 1972 parasitic in metacercariae of fish eyes. The spore wall with outer membrane of the nuclear substance, polar filament, polaroplast, sporoplasm and rough endoplasmic reticulum are described. The diameter of a partially ejected filament is larger than the polar filament inside the spore.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of Nosema diplostomi - hyperparasite of the trematodes of the genus Diplostomum]. Studies were undertaken of the fine structure of microsporidian, schizont, sporoblast and spore of Nosema diplostomi Schigina et Grobov, 1972 parasitic in metacercariae of fish eyes. The spore wall with outer membrane of the nuclear substance, polar filament, polaroplast, sporoplasm and rough endoplasmic reticulum are described. The diameter of a partially ejected filament is larger than the polar filament inside the spore."}
{"id": "PMID:896267", "title": "[Tetraonchus alaskensis Price, 1937 and its epizootic role].", "content": "Mortality of pelyad (Coregonus peled) caused by Tetraonchus alaskensis took place in winter 1973 in the Voikara and Syn rivers (the Ural tributaries of the Lower Ob) during anadromous and catadromous migrations. The highest infection rate was observed in older fished. Up to 2330 specimens of the parasite were recorded from the gills of one pelyad. A low infection rate with T. alaskensis was recorded from Coregonus nasus, C. lavaretus pidgian and Stenodu. The mortality coincided with the period of the greatest abundance of the Ob pelyard stock.", "contents": "[Tetraonchus alaskensis Price, 1937 and its epizootic role]. Mortality of pelyad (Coregonus peled) caused by Tetraonchus alaskensis took place in winter 1973 in the Voikara and Syn rivers (the Ural tributaries of the Lower Ob) during anadromous and catadromous migrations. The highest infection rate was observed in older fished. Up to 2330 specimens of the parasite were recorded from the gills of one pelyad. A low infection rate with T. alaskensis was recorded from Coregonus nasus, C. lavaretus pidgian and Stenodu. The mortality coincided with the period of the greatest abundance of the Ob pelyard stock."}
{"id": "PMID:896264", "title": "[Invasiveness and developmental forms of 3 Babesia species and piroplasmids (Piroplasmida) in the eggs of ixodid ticks].", "content": "The paper presents the materials on the identification and study of the developmental forms and morphology of B. colchica and P. bigeminum in eggs of Hyalomma anatolicum. The description of developmental forms of B. colchica in eggs of Boophilus calcaratus is given for the first time. P. bigeminum and P. beliceri were detected in eggs of B. calcaratus and H. anatolicum from the first day of egg production up to the emergence of larvae while B. colchica was found beginning from the 4th-5th day of egg production up to the 5th-7th day before larvae emergence. The invasion rate of eggs of B. colchica is considerably smaller than that of B. bigeminum and P. beliceri. In piroplasmids and babesians there were observed sigar--like, roundish, amoebapear-, rod-shaped and oval forms. Some indivisuals of piroplasmids had projections of cytoplasm of different size. Individuals of B. colchica are smaller than those of P. bigeminum and P. beliceri that enables an easy differentiation of babesians from piroplasmids.", "contents": "[Invasiveness and developmental forms of 3 Babesia species and piroplasmids (Piroplasmida) in the eggs of ixodid ticks]. The paper presents the materials on the identification and study of the developmental forms and morphology of B. colchica and P. bigeminum in eggs of Hyalomma anatolicum. The description of developmental forms of B. colchica in eggs of Boophilus calcaratus is given for the first time. P. bigeminum and P. beliceri were detected in eggs of B. calcaratus and H. anatolicum from the first day of egg production up to the emergence of larvae while B. colchica was found beginning from the 4th-5th day of egg production up to the 5th-7th day before larvae emergence. The invasion rate of eggs of B. colchica is considerably smaller than that of B. bigeminum and P. beliceri. In piroplasmids and babesians there were observed sigar--like, roundish, amoebapear-, rod-shaped and oval forms. Some indivisuals of piroplasmids had projections of cytoplasm of different size. Individuals of B. colchica are smaller than those of P. bigeminum and P. beliceri that enables an easy differentiation of babesians from piroplasmids."}
{"id": "PMID:896269", "title": "[Change in the fish crystalline lens in experimental diplostomatosis].", "content": "Experimental infection of roach with cercariae of Diplostomum spathaceum has shown that the pentration of larvae into the eyeball proceeds in hematogenous way. Metacercariae are localized in the cortical layer of the crystalline lens thus causing destructive changes of its fibres and the dimness of the lens. The appearence of the dimness of the lens carries out without any apparent reactive changes in its epithelium. This enables to distinguish a parasitic cataract from all other varieties of cataracts.", "contents": "[Change in the fish crystalline lens in experimental diplostomatosis]. Experimental infection of roach with cercariae of Diplostomum spathaceum has shown that the pentration of larvae into the eyeball proceeds in hematogenous way. Metacercariae are localized in the cortical layer of the crystalline lens thus causing destructive changes of its fibres and the dimness of the lens. The appearence of the dimness of the lens carries out without any apparent reactive changes in its epithelium. This enables to distinguish a parasitic cataract from all other varieties of cataracts."}
{"id": "PMID:896265", "title": "[Copepodid stage of Dichelesthium oblongum (Abildgaard, 1974), a parasitic copepod of the sturgeons].", "content": "The morphology of a copepodid found on Huso huso near the delta of the Volga is described and illustrated. The copepodid bears general resemblance to those of Caligidae but differs from them in absence of the frontal filament and in possession of a primitive first maxilla. It is concluded that the copepodid belongs to Dichelesthium oblongum and that Dichelesthiidae might be more closely related to Caligidae than has hitherto been suspected.", "contents": "[Copepodid stage of Dichelesthium oblongum (Abildgaard, 1974), a parasitic copepod of the sturgeons]. The morphology of a copepodid found on Huso huso near the delta of the Volga is described and illustrated. The copepodid bears general resemblance to those of Caligidae but differs from them in absence of the frontal filament and in possession of a primitive first maxilla. It is concluded that the copepodid belongs to Dichelesthium oblongum and that Dichelesthiidae might be more closely related to Caligidae than has hitherto been suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:896268", "title": "[Development of the neural apparatus of Triaenophorus nodulosus (Cestoidea, Pseudophyllidae) during ontogenesis].", "content": "The anatomy of the nervous apparatus of Triaenophorus nodulosus at all stages of its life cycle was studied by means of Zherebtsov's hystochemical method. Judging by the cholinesterase activity the mass of nerve cells is situated in the oncospheres of the coracidium. At the procercoid stage the ortogonal nervous system arises with three pairs of the longitudinal nervous trunk. In plerocercoids the number of longitudinal trunks increases up to 7 pairs, the rough nervous plexus and inner plexus develop too, In mature, cestodes only secondary changes take place associated with the development of the genital system. Both in larvae and adults all longitudinal trunks are situated at the same level, on the border of the cortical and medullary parenchyma, and only the inner nervous plexus first described by the authors from cestodes passes through the medullary parenchyma. The arrangement of all elements of the nervous apparatus at the same level corresponds from the authors point of view to the most primitive state of the nervous system in the order Pseudophyllidea.", "contents": "[Development of the neural apparatus of Triaenophorus nodulosus (Cestoidea, Pseudophyllidae) during ontogenesis]. The anatomy of the nervous apparatus of Triaenophorus nodulosus at all stages of its life cycle was studied by means of Zherebtsov's hystochemical method. Judging by the cholinesterase activity the mass of nerve cells is situated in the oncospheres of the coracidium. At the procercoid stage the ortogonal nervous system arises with three pairs of the longitudinal nervous trunk. In plerocercoids the number of longitudinal trunks increases up to 7 pairs, the rough nervous plexus and inner plexus develop too, In mature, cestodes only secondary changes take place associated with the development of the genital system. Both in larvae and adults all longitudinal trunks are situated at the same level, on the border of the cortical and medullary parenchyma, and only the inner nervous plexus first described by the authors from cestodes passes through the medullary parenchyma. The arrangement of all elements of the nervous apparatus at the same level corresponds from the authors point of view to the most primitive state of the nervous system in the order Pseudophyllidea."}
{"id": "PMID:896274", "title": "[Cestode larvae among the planktonic invertebrates of the Atlantic Ocean near the shores of Northwest Africa].", "content": "Larval cestodes were described from chaetognaths and some other planktonic animals of the north-west African coastal waters. They are species of the Trypanorhynchidea (Eutetrarhynchus sp.) and of the Tetraphyllidea (Scolex pleuronectis O. F. M\u00fcller of uni and trilocular type). Tetraphyllidea are represented also by blastocysts of the family Phyllobothriidae. Life cycles were discussed and specimens of the last group were compared to those of Rio de Janeiro.", "contents": "[Cestode larvae among the planktonic invertebrates of the Atlantic Ocean near the shores of Northwest Africa]. Larval cestodes were described from chaetognaths and some other planktonic animals of the north-west African coastal waters. They are species of the Trypanorhynchidea (Eutetrarhynchus sp.) and of the Tetraphyllidea (Scolex pleuronectis O. F. M\u00fcller of uni and trilocular type). Tetraphyllidea are represented also by blastocysts of the family Phyllobothriidae. Life cycles were discussed and specimens of the last group were compared to those of Rio de Janeiro."}
{"id": "PMID:896273", "title": "[Monogenea in 2 species of fish of the order of the garfish (Beloniformes) from the Indian and Pacific Oceans].", "content": "Two fish species, Euleptorhamphus viridis and Cololabis saira, were studied for monogeneans. 284 specimens of E. viridis collected in nearly all parts of its area in the Indian and Pacific Oceans have been examined. Five species of monogeneans were found in this species: Axine parini, Axinoides kola, Diplaxine popovae and two species of gastrocotylid larvae. None of them were recorded in E. viridis before. In both oceans the infection of E. viridis with Axine parini and Gastrocotylidae g. sp. I larvae was the most extensive. In the Indian Ocean the infection extensiveness of E. viridis with A. parini was higher than in the Pacific. The areas of all parasites were more restricted than that of the host. None of 190 specimens of the saury had any monogeneans.", "contents": "[Monogenea in 2 species of fish of the order of the garfish (Beloniformes) from the Indian and Pacific Oceans]. Two fish species, Euleptorhamphus viridis and Cololabis saira, were studied for monogeneans. 284 specimens of E. viridis collected in nearly all parts of its area in the Indian and Pacific Oceans have been examined. Five species of monogeneans were found in this species: Axine parini, Axinoides kola, Diplaxine popovae and two species of gastrocotylid larvae. None of them were recorded in E. viridis before. In both oceans the infection of E. viridis with Axine parini and Gastrocotylidae g. sp. I larvae was the most extensive. In the Indian Ocean the infection extensiveness of E. viridis with A. parini was higher than in the Pacific. The areas of all parasites were more restricted than that of the host. None of 190 specimens of the saury had any monogeneans."}
{"id": "PMID:896275", "title": "[Studies of the corticosteroid hormones in the nematode, Ascaris suum].", "content": "Four steroids from tissues of Ascaris suum were isolated and identified by means of the thin-layer chromatography and fluorimetric methods as corticosterone, cortisol, alodosterone and dehydrocorticosterone. Corticosterone, cortisol and alodosterone are corticosteroid hormones while dehydrocorticosterone is a product of a metabolic transformation of corticosterone. It seems likely that the presence of corticosteroid hormones in tissues of A. suum is indicative of their participation in the metabolism of the latter.", "contents": "[Studies of the corticosteroid hormones in the nematode, Ascaris suum]. Four steroids from tissues of Ascaris suum were isolated and identified by means of the thin-layer chromatography and fluorimetric methods as corticosterone, cortisol, alodosterone and dehydrocorticosterone. Corticosterone, cortisol and alodosterone are corticosteroid hormones while dehydrocorticosterone is a product of a metabolic transformation of corticosterone. It seems likely that the presence of corticosteroid hormones in tissues of A. suum is indicative of their participation in the metabolism of the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:896271", "title": "[Flea Ceratophyllus fasciatus as the vector of the Altai-mountain strain of plague microbe].", "content": "The work was conducted with a typical strain of the plague agent, which is virulent to white mice and little virulent to guinea pigs (subcutaneous infection), and with C. fasciatus. The fleas of this species can be infected, form the block of proventriculus within 4 to 35 days, transmit the agent during bloodsucking to healthy animals and cause the death both white mice and guinea pigs.", "contents": "[Flea Ceratophyllus fasciatus as the vector of the Altai-mountain strain of plague microbe]. The work was conducted with a typical strain of the plague agent, which is virulent to white mice and little virulent to guinea pigs (subcutaneous infection), and with C. fasciatus. The fleas of this species can be infected, form the block of proventriculus within 4 to 35 days, transmit the agent during bloodsucking to healthy animals and cause the death both white mice and guinea pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:896272", "title": "[Biological aspects of the problem of opisthorchiasis].", "content": "The paper reports the latest data concerning genesis and structure of opisthorchiasis area; biology, ecology, position in the system and distribution of the first intermediate hosts of Opisthorchis felineus; peculiarities of infections with Opisthorchis of the first and second intermediate hosts. The methods of chemical control of mollusks, the first intermediate host of Opisthorchis, are discussed.", "contents": "[Biological aspects of the problem of opisthorchiasis]. The paper reports the latest data concerning genesis and structure of opisthorchiasis area; biology, ecology, position in the system and distribution of the first intermediate hosts of Opisthorchis felineus; peculiarities of infections with Opisthorchis of the first and second intermediate hosts. The methods of chemical control of mollusks, the first intermediate host of Opisthorchis, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:896277", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of Haller's organ in the tick, Ixodes persulcatus (Ixodidae)].", "content": "Haller's organ consists of the capsule, in which are arranged 7 thin-walled porous olfactory hairs, and an anterior group of sensillae situated in the cuticular recess before the capsule. The anterior group is represented by one thick-walled porous, one conical, two thin and two grooved hairs. The porous hairs are characterized by \"plugs\", the grooved ones--by a complex system of cavities and tubules. Before the organ there are hairs resembling tactile and gustatory receptors of arthropods, behind the organ there arrange hairs with a system of cavities and tubules. Sensible elements of all sensillae studied are bipolar receptor cells bearing one modified cilium on the surface of peripheral processes. The details of the structure of perceptive and accessory apparatus of the above receptors were investigated.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of Haller's organ in the tick, Ixodes persulcatus (Ixodidae)]. Haller's organ consists of the capsule, in which are arranged 7 thin-walled porous olfactory hairs, and an anterior group of sensillae situated in the cuticular recess before the capsule. The anterior group is represented by one thick-walled porous, one conical, two thin and two grooved hairs. The porous hairs are characterized by \"plugs\", the grooved ones--by a complex system of cavities and tubules. Before the organ there are hairs resembling tactile and gustatory receptors of arthropods, behind the organ there arrange hairs with a system of cavities and tubules. Sensible elements of all sensillae studied are bipolar receptor cells bearing one modified cilium on the surface of peripheral processes. The details of the structure of perceptive and accessory apparatus of the above receptors were investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:896278", "title": "[Indices of blood lipid metabolism in chicks infested with a large dose of Eimeria tenella oocysts].", "content": "20-, 40- and 60-day old chicks were infected with E. tenella (100000 oocysts). The nature of changes in cholesterol, general fat and lecithin of chicks' blood is the same as at the infection with a small dose (5000) of oocysts of E. tenella. Changes in the lipoid components differ only quantitatively: they are greater at the infection with a greater dose of oocysts that at the infection with a small one.", "contents": "[Indices of blood lipid metabolism in chicks infested with a large dose of Eimeria tenella oocysts]. 20-, 40- and 60-day old chicks were infected with E. tenella (100000 oocysts). The nature of changes in cholesterol, general fat and lecithin of chicks' blood is the same as at the infection with a small dose (5000) of oocysts of E. tenella. Changes in the lipoid components differ only quantitatively: they are greater at the infection with a greater dose of oocysts that at the infection with a small one."}
{"id": "PMID:896276", "title": "[Basic taxonomic groupings of the organisms participating in the formation of nest-burrow microbiocenoses].", "content": "The transition of arthropods, other invertebrates and microorganisms to the nest-burrow habitats was accompanied (if presented in a historical aspect) by an intensive speciation resulting in a rise of a peculiar life form, nidicoles. Now nidicoles are reported in such large taxons as Protophyta, Mycophyta, Protozoa, Nematoda and Arthropoda. The main part of nidicoles is represented by arthropods, members of the orders Acariformes, Parasitiformes, Blattoidea, Saltatoria, Mallophaga, Anoplura, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Siphonaptera.", "contents": "[Basic taxonomic groupings of the organisms participating in the formation of nest-burrow microbiocenoses]. The transition of arthropods, other invertebrates and microorganisms to the nest-burrow habitats was accompanied (if presented in a historical aspect) by an intensive speciation resulting in a rise of a peculiar life form, nidicoles. Now nidicoles are reported in such large taxons as Protophyta, Mycophyta, Protozoa, Nematoda and Arthropoda. The main part of nidicoles is represented by arthropods, members of the orders Acariformes, Parasitiformes, Blattoidea, Saltatoria, Mallophaga, Anoplura, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Siphonaptera."}
{"id": "PMID:896279", "title": "[Nucleic acid and protein synthesis in the body of chicks infested by various species of Eimeria].", "content": "The infection of chicks with optimal immunogenic doses of oocysts of E. tenella and E. acervulina results in the activation of biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in the Fabricius bursa, spleen, thymus and blind processes of the intestine. The infection causes the increase in the quantity and synthesis intensity of immunoglobulins G and M that suggests a stimulation of cellular and immunity factors in the ogranism of an immunized bird. Maximum changes in biosynthesis of compounds studied are reported four days after the infection that confirms high immunogenic properties of the second generation schizonts. A study of protein synthesis in limphoid organs of chicks infected only with E. tenella has yielded the same results. The infection with E. acervulina caused but negligible changes in the protein metabolism, i.e. coccidians of E. tenella possess more immunogenic properties.", "contents": "[Nucleic acid and protein synthesis in the body of chicks infested by various species of Eimeria]. The infection of chicks with optimal immunogenic doses of oocysts of E. tenella and E. acervulina results in the activation of biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in the Fabricius bursa, spleen, thymus and blind processes of the intestine. The infection causes the increase in the quantity and synthesis intensity of immunoglobulins G and M that suggests a stimulation of cellular and immunity factors in the ogranism of an immunized bird. Maximum changes in biosynthesis of compounds studied are reported four days after the infection that confirms high immunogenic properties of the second generation schizonts. A study of protein synthesis in limphoid organs of chicks infected only with E. tenella has yielded the same results. The infection with E. acervulina caused but negligible changes in the protein metabolism, i.e. coccidians of E. tenella possess more immunogenic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:896280", "title": "[Changes in the argyrophil stroma of the liver of fishes infested with the pleurocercoids, Triaenophorus nodulosus and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoidea, Pseudophyllidae)].", "content": "The argentaffine stroma of the liver of some fishes (Perca fluviatilis, Exos lucius, Paracottus kessleri, Coregonus autumnalis migratorius, Thymallus arcticus) is described. The nature and depth of pathological changes in the argentaffine stroma of the liver at its infection with pleurocercoids of pseudophyllids depend on the infection intensity, host's specificity and on the biocoenotic relationships of hydrobionts in a waterbody.", "contents": "[Changes in the argyrophil stroma of the liver of fishes infested with the pleurocercoids, Triaenophorus nodulosus and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoidea, Pseudophyllidae)]. The argentaffine stroma of the liver of some fishes (Perca fluviatilis, Exos lucius, Paracottus kessleri, Coregonus autumnalis migratorius, Thymallus arcticus) is described. The nature and depth of pathological changes in the argentaffine stroma of the liver at its infection with pleurocercoids of pseudophyllids depend on the infection intensity, host's specificity and on the biocoenotic relationships of hydrobionts in a waterbody."}
{"id": "PMID:896305", "title": "Vascular rings and tracheobronchial compression in infants.", "content": "Five  common types of vascular anomalies have been reviewed. The entities should be kept in mind when a child has stridor, respiratory distress, recurrent croup, or pulmonary infections. Use of the plain radiography, barium esophagram, bronchoscopy, and angiography has been discussed in the diagnostic workup of vascular rings. Treatment of true encircling or compressive rings is surgical.", "contents": "Vascular rings and tracheobronchial compression in infants. Five  common types of vascular anomalies have been reviewed. The entities should be kept in mind when a child has stridor, respiratory distress, recurrent croup, or pulmonary infections. Use of the plain radiography, barium esophagram, bronchoscopy, and angiography has been discussed in the diagnostic workup of vascular rings. Treatment of true encircling or compressive rings is surgical."}
{"id": "PMID:896308", "title": "Evaluation fo recurrent respiratory tract infections.", "content": "We have outlined the appropriate study of patients with recurrent respiratory tract infections. A detailed history and a complete physical examination, together with a chest roentgenogram, will, in most instances, give clues to a possible diagnosis. Among the laboratory studies listed in Table 2, the easily available and relatively informative tests consist of routine hemoglobin, white blood cell and differential count, sputum and throat culture for bacteria isolation, screening pulmonary function tests. Most of the other laboratory tests (including sweat tests) and diagnostic procedures require experienced and trained personnel and special facilities and equipment that are available in pediatric pulmonary centers. Any patient suspected of having a complicated or serious pulmonary disease or a congenital anomaly that is correctable by surgery should be referred to a pediatric pulmonary center for a complete diagnostic evaluation. It is important that this be done as soon as possible so that early institution of appropriate therapy may lead to a cure of the pulmonary disorder.", "contents": "Evaluation fo recurrent respiratory tract infections. We have outlined the appropriate study of patients with recurrent respiratory tract infections. A detailed history and a complete physical examination, together with a chest roentgenogram, will, in most instances, give clues to a possible diagnosis. Among the laboratory studies listed in Table 2, the easily available and relatively informative tests consist of routine hemoglobin, white blood cell and differential count, sputum and throat culture for bacteria isolation, screening pulmonary function tests. Most of the other laboratory tests (including sweat tests) and diagnostic procedures require experienced and trained personnel and special facilities and equipment that are available in pediatric pulmonary centers. Any patient suspected of having a complicated or serious pulmonary disease or a congenital anomaly that is correctable by surgery should be referred to a pediatric pulmonary center for a complete diagnostic evaluation. It is important that this be done as soon as possible so that early institution of appropriate therapy may lead to a cure of the pulmonary disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:896310", "title": "A critical evaluation of bronchial hygiene in pediatric pulmonary disease.", "content": "The variables inherent in analyzing the effectiveness of modalities used to achieve bronchial hygiene are numerous. Treatments may be given in a variety of settings, including intensive-care units, pediatric wards, respiratiory therapy departments, physical therapy departments, chronic-care hospitals, special education centers, and patient homes. Treatments are administered by a variety of medical professionals, allied health personnel, and lay volunteers. Motivation of the care providers as well as of the patients may vary greatly. Also, efforts are needed to study patients at comparable stages in their growth and development and in the progression of their particular diseases. Rather than perpetuating the unquestioning use of these various treatments, a series of carfully constructed and controlled studies done in collaborative fashion need to be performed. Until that time, the recommendations we have outlined dealing with each of the various segments of bronchial hygiene may serve as useful guidelines.", "contents": "A critical evaluation of bronchial hygiene in pediatric pulmonary disease. The variables inherent in analyzing the effectiveness of modalities used to achieve bronchial hygiene are numerous. Treatments may be given in a variety of settings, including intensive-care units, pediatric wards, respiratiory therapy departments, physical therapy departments, chronic-care hospitals, special education centers, and patient homes. Treatments are administered by a variety of medical professionals, allied health personnel, and lay volunteers. Motivation of the care providers as well as of the patients may vary greatly. Also, efforts are needed to study patients at comparable stages in their growth and development and in the progression of their particular diseases. Rather than perpetuating the unquestioning use of these various treatments, a series of carfully constructed and controlled studies done in collaborative fashion need to be performed. Until that time, the recommendations we have outlined dealing with each of the various segments of bronchial hygiene may serve as useful guidelines."}
{"id": "PMID:896321", "title": "Reduction of cerebral palsy by neonatal intensive care.", "content": "Neonatal mortality has declined since the advent of intensive care. The incidence of cerebral palsy has likewise decreased in spite of increased survival of low birth weight infants.", "contents": "Reduction of cerebral palsy by neonatal intensive care. Neonatal mortality has declined since the advent of intensive care. The incidence of cerebral palsy has likewise decreased in spite of increased survival of low birth weight infants."}
{"id": "PMID:896322", "title": "Regionalization: a time for new solutions.", "content": "We are at a time when solutions must be found to the problems of facilities, personnel, transportation, and re-imbursement which face us in the delivery of neonatal health care. No one system can be perfect for each situation or area. Each city, country, state, or region must implement systems which will bring us to our goal. Simply stated, that goal is the provision of appropriate care for high-risk newborns as close to their place of birth as is medically and financially feasible.", "contents": "Regionalization: a time for new solutions. We are at a time when solutions must be found to the problems of facilities, personnel, transportation, and re-imbursement which face us in the delivery of neonatal health care. No one system can be perfect for each situation or area. Each city, country, state, or region must implement systems which will bring us to our goal. Simply stated, that goal is the provision of appropriate care for high-risk newborns as close to their place of birth as is medically and financially feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:896348", "title": "Inguinal herniation of the ureter.", "content": "A case of ureteral herniation into the inguinal canal is reported in a 6 week old boy with a solitary functioning kidney.", "contents": "Inguinal herniation of the ureter. A case of ureteral herniation into the inguinal canal is reported in a 6 week old boy with a solitary functioning kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:896349", "title": "The Weissenbacter-Zweymuller syndrome. A case report with review of the world literatue.", "content": "This report describes a patient with a form of chondrodysplasia characterised by a rhizomelic shorteining of the limbs, metaphyseal widening, vertebral coronal clefts and retrognathia. This syndrome was first described by Weissenbacher and Zweymuller in 1964. All the relevant literature available has been reviewed and it has been concluded there are mild and severe forms of this syndrome.", "contents": "The Weissenbacter-Zweymuller syndrome. A case report with review of the world literatue. This report describes a patient with a form of chondrodysplasia characterised by a rhizomelic shorteining of the limbs, metaphyseal widening, vertebral coronal clefts and retrognathia. This syndrome was first described by Weissenbacher and Zweymuller in 1964. All the relevant literature available has been reviewed and it has been concluded there are mild and severe forms of this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:896350", "title": "Sporadic idiopathic acroosteolysis with cranio-skeletal dysplasis, polycystic kidneys and glomerulonephritis. A case of the Hajdu-Cheney syndrome.", "content": "A case of the Hajdu-Cheney syndrome in a 15 year old boy is described. The manifestations were: 1. isiopathic progressive acro-osteotions; 2. mutiple cranio-skeletal abnormalities; and 3. polycystic kidneys complicated by a rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Sporadic idiopathic acroosteolysis with cranio-skeletal dysplasis, polycystic kidneys and glomerulonephritis. A case of the Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. A case of the Hajdu-Cheney syndrome in a 15 year old boy is described. The manifestations were: 1. isiopathic progressive acro-osteotions; 2. mutiple cranio-skeletal abnormalities; and 3. polycystic kidneys complicated by a rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:896351", "title": "Congenital dysplasia of C2--6.", "content": "Neural arch dysplasia of the cervical vertebrae is a rare occurrence. The authors present a case with dysplasia of cervical bodies and posterior arch elements at multiple levels. The embryogenesis of these anomalies is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital dysplasia of C2--6. Neural arch dysplasia of the cervical vertebrae is a rare occurrence. The authors present a case with dysplasia of cervical bodies and posterior arch elements at multiple levels. The embryogenesis of these anomalies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:896352", "title": "Seizures and demineralization of the skull. A diagnostic presentation of rickets.", "content": "We present four infants with seizures, and one without seizures, in whom the diagnosis of rickets was first suggested because of a demineralized skull. A review of the skull films in all of our patients with rickets showed that 20 of 25 (80%) showed demineralization. Demineralization of the skull is a common and important feature of rickets. Furthermore, as demonstrated by our cases, it may be the first clue to the presence of rickets in certain infants.", "contents": "Seizures and demineralization of the skull. A diagnostic presentation of rickets. We present four infants with seizures, and one without seizures, in whom the diagnosis of rickets was first suggested because of a demineralized skull. A review of the skull films in all of our patients with rickets showed that 20 of 25 (80%) showed demineralization. Demineralization of the skull is a common and important feature of rickets. Furthermore, as demonstrated by our cases, it may be the first clue to the presence of rickets in certain infants."}
{"id": "PMID:896353", "title": "The anatomy of the heart in the sonogram. A comparison between anatomic and ultrasonic cross-section.", "content": "Cardiac sonography has only recently been introduced as a diagnostic procedure. In order to facilitate the interpretation and evaluation of the ultrasonic cardiac cross-section displayed by this two-dimensional technique, we performed anatomic cross-sections corresponding to ultrasonic cross-sections. The ultrasonic cross-sectional images were taken from children with a real-time-motion scanner. The anatomic cross-sections were taken from adult hearts. Two ultrasonic transverse cross-sections are compared with the two corresponding anatomic cross-sections and three ultrasonic longitudinal cross-sections with one corresponding anatomic cross-section. The direct comparison between anatomic and ultrasonic cross-sections best promotes the understanding of the latter: such a comparison shows certain gaps of information in the ultrasonic display, mostly due to the physical prerequisites of the technique. Morphological details, therefore, should be interpreted with great care. In spite of these disadvantages, sonography is the only non-invasive method that provides an exact analysis of the heart's structure. In addition to this, the real-time-motion technique allows observation of the movements of cardiac structures.", "contents": "The anatomy of the heart in the sonogram. A comparison between anatomic and ultrasonic cross-section. Cardiac sonography has only recently been introduced as a diagnostic procedure. In order to facilitate the interpretation and evaluation of the ultrasonic cardiac cross-section displayed by this two-dimensional technique, we performed anatomic cross-sections corresponding to ultrasonic cross-sections. The ultrasonic cross-sectional images were taken from children with a real-time-motion scanner. The anatomic cross-sections were taken from adult hearts. Two ultrasonic transverse cross-sections are compared with the two corresponding anatomic cross-sections and three ultrasonic longitudinal cross-sections with one corresponding anatomic cross-section. The direct comparison between anatomic and ultrasonic cross-sections best promotes the understanding of the latter: such a comparison shows certain gaps of information in the ultrasonic display, mostly due to the physical prerequisites of the technique. Morphological details, therefore, should be interpreted with great care. In spite of these disadvantages, sonography is the only non-invasive method that provides an exact analysis of the heart's structure. In addition to this, the real-time-motion technique allows observation of the movements of cardiac structures."}
{"id": "PMID:896354", "title": "Persistent fetal circulation: an evolving clinical and radiographic concept of pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.", "content": "The roentgenographic presentations of 11 newborn infants with hypoxemia secondary to pulmonary vasospasm and subsequent right-to-left shunting of blood through the foramen ovale and/or ductus arteriosus (persistent fetal circulation) are described (P. F. C. Syndrome). One infant had radiographically normal lungs, while ten had pulmonary parenchymal abnormalities including hyaline membrane disease [4], meconium aspiration syndrome [4], or an ill defined pattern of retained lung fluid [2]. The roentgenographic appearance of the lungs, however, was discordant with the severe hypoxemia observed in most. Heart size was variable but some degree of cardiomegaly was commonly present. Tolazoline, a potent vasodilator, was useful diagnostically and may have resulted in increased survival. An expanded clinical and roentgeonographic concept of the PFC syndrome is suggested.", "contents": "Persistent fetal circulation: an evolving clinical and radiographic concept of pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. The roentgenographic presentations of 11 newborn infants with hypoxemia secondary to pulmonary vasospasm and subsequent right-to-left shunting of blood through the foramen ovale and/or ductus arteriosus (persistent fetal circulation) are described (P. F. C. Syndrome). One infant had radiographically normal lungs, while ten had pulmonary parenchymal abnormalities including hyaline membrane disease [4], meconium aspiration syndrome [4], or an ill defined pattern of retained lung fluid [2]. The roentgenographic appearance of the lungs, however, was discordant with the severe hypoxemia observed in most. Heart size was variable but some degree of cardiomegaly was commonly present. Tolazoline, a potent vasodilator, was useful diagnostically and may have resulted in increased survival. An expanded clinical and roentgeonographic concept of the PFC syndrome is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:896355", "title": "The significance of abnormal duodenal loop on radiological and clinical cure in infants with sliding hiatal hernia.", "content": "In a study, partly retrospective and partly prospective, there were 29 infants who had sliding hiatal hernia: their principal clinical features, the diagnostic criteria, treatment and cure rate were similar to those of other series. The study highlights associated duodenal anomalies which seem to influence the radiological but not the clinical cure rate. The findings can be contrasted with those in adults who have duodenal abnormalities with sliding hiatal hernias in that 21 out of 29 infants with sliding hiatal hernia had a normal duodenal loop. Severe dyspepsia, with malnutrition initially, did not have any influence on physical development in 27 out of 29 patients.", "contents": "The significance of abnormal duodenal loop on radiological and clinical cure in infants with sliding hiatal hernia. In a study, partly retrospective and partly prospective, there were 29 infants who had sliding hiatal hernia: their principal clinical features, the diagnostic criteria, treatment and cure rate were similar to those of other series. The study highlights associated duodenal anomalies which seem to influence the radiological but not the clinical cure rate. The findings can be contrasted with those in adults who have duodenal abnormalities with sliding hiatal hernias in that 21 out of 29 infants with sliding hiatal hernia had a normal duodenal loop. Severe dyspepsia, with malnutrition initially, did not have any influence on physical development in 27 out of 29 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:896356", "title": "Oto-Palato-Digital syndrome with severe X-ray changes in two half brothers.", "content": "The first two cases, reported in Australia of Oto-Palato-Digital syndrome, in two half brothers and described. They show the most severe X-ray changes ever reported in this syndrome, and were already full-blown in one of the brothers who was radiographed at the age of 1 day. These two cases also broaden our clinical and radiographic spectrum of the disease.", "contents": "Oto-Palato-Digital syndrome with severe X-ray changes in two half brothers. The first two cases, reported in Australia of Oto-Palato-Digital syndrome, in two half brothers and described. They show the most severe X-ray changes ever reported in this syndrome, and were already full-blown in one of the brothers who was radiographed at the age of 1 day. These two cases also broaden our clinical and radiographic spectrum of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:896357", "title": "Relation between arterial blood pressure and blood volume and effect of infused albumin in sick preterm infants.", "content": "The relation between directly measured arterial blood pressure and blood volume was studied in 61 sick preterm infants. Mean blood volume (derived from plasma volume [T1824 ten-minute albumin space] and hematocrit value) of 26 hypotensive infants (89.1 +/- 17.26 ml/kg) was not significantly different from that of 35 normotensive, but otherwise comparable, infants (91.4 +/- 14.57 ml/kg). There was no relation between arterial mean blood pressure and blood volume. Twenty-one infants with arterial mean blood pressure less than 30 mm Hg were given 1.0 g/kg of 10% salt-poor albumin. Significant increases in blood pressure occurred but were small in magnitude; more than one half of infants had arterial mean blood pressures persistently less than 30 mm Hg. Arterial/alveolar PO2 ratio decreased significantly with albumin infusion in six infants with hyaline membrane disease not receiving continuous distending-airway pressure, suggesting an association between infused albumin and impaired oxygen exchange.", "contents": "Relation between arterial blood pressure and blood volume and effect of infused albumin in sick preterm infants. The relation between directly measured arterial blood pressure and blood volume was studied in 61 sick preterm infants. Mean blood volume (derived from plasma volume [T1824 ten-minute albumin space] and hematocrit value) of 26 hypotensive infants (89.1 +/- 17.26 ml/kg) was not significantly different from that of 35 normotensive, but otherwise comparable, infants (91.4 +/- 14.57 ml/kg). There was no relation between arterial mean blood pressure and blood volume. Twenty-one infants with arterial mean blood pressure less than 30 mm Hg were given 1.0 g/kg of 10% salt-poor albumin. Significant increases in blood pressure occurred but were small in magnitude; more than one half of infants had arterial mean blood pressures persistently less than 30 mm Hg. Arterial/alveolar PO2 ratio decreased significantly with albumin infusion in six infants with hyaline membrane disease not receiving continuous distending-airway pressure, suggesting an association between infused albumin and impaired oxygen exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:896358", "title": "Sleep apnea in a child with the pickwickian syndrome.", "content": "A 3-year-old girl with a history of excessive weight gain from birth presented with obesity, somnolence, and cyanosis, characteristic of the Pickwickian syndrome. Obesity was familial and exogenous without endocrine or neurologic anomaly. Respiratory center sensitivity to carbon dioxide was normal. Excessive somnolence was due to the obesity, which during sleep caused airway obstruction, apnea, and awakening, finally resulting in sleep deprivation. The sleep apneas and the daytime somnolence disappeared with weight reduction, showing that obesity alone had been responsible for the disorder.", "contents": "Sleep apnea in a child with the pickwickian syndrome. A 3-year-old girl with a history of excessive weight gain from birth presented with obesity, somnolence, and cyanosis, characteristic of the Pickwickian syndrome. Obesity was familial and exogenous without endocrine or neurologic anomaly. Respiratory center sensitivity to carbon dioxide was normal. Excessive somnolence was due to the obesity, which during sleep caused airway obstruction, apnea, and awakening, finally resulting in sleep deprivation. The sleep apneas and the daytime somnolence disappeared with weight reduction, showing that obesity alone had been responsible for the disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:896359", "title": "Controlled study of child health supervision: behavioral results.", "content": "Extensive child health supervision, with emphasis on counseling and anticipatory guidance, was provided for the first three years of life to an experimental series of 47 normal first-born black infants from low-income families living in the environs of Children's Hospital in Washington, D.C. The mothers were unmarried schoolgirls in normal physical and mental health. A control series consisted of 48 similar mother-child dyads from the same area. Data were collected, in part by an outside evaluator, at yearly intervals on both experimental and control series in a form suitable for coding on computer cards. Comparison of differences in behavioral results between the two series showed statistically significant findings in favor of the experimental children, as well as numerous favorable trends during the first six years of life. Positive effects became evident in diet and eating, habits, in some developmental problems of growing up (such as toilet training), and in certain abstract qualities including self-confidence. Significant differences were also noted between the experimental and control mothers for various child rearing practices and personality characteristics. No significant difference or trend favored the control series. We believe that a causal relationship existed between the intervention and at least some of the significant findings.", "contents": "Controlled study of child health supervision: behavioral results. Extensive child health supervision, with emphasis on counseling and anticipatory guidance, was provided for the first three years of life to an experimental series of 47 normal first-born black infants from low-income families living in the environs of Children's Hospital in Washington, D.C. The mothers were unmarried schoolgirls in normal physical and mental health. A control series consisted of 48 similar mother-child dyads from the same area. Data were collected, in part by an outside evaluator, at yearly intervals on both experimental and control series in a form suitable for coding on computer cards. Comparison of differences in behavioral results between the two series showed statistically significant findings in favor of the experimental children, as well as numerous favorable trends during the first six years of life. Positive effects became evident in diet and eating, habits, in some developmental problems of growing up (such as toilet training), and in certain abstract qualities including self-confidence. Significant differences were also noted between the experimental and control mothers for various child rearing practices and personality characteristics. No significant difference or trend favored the control series. We believe that a causal relationship existed between the intervention and at least some of the significant findings."}
{"id": "PMID:896360", "title": "Hypocalcemic coma following two pediatric phosphate enemas.", "content": "Coma, tetany, dehydration, hypotension, tachycardia, and hyperpyrexia developed in a 2 1/2-year-old girl following two hypertonic phosphate pediatric enemas. She had marked hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hypernatremia, and acidosis. Hypocalcemia due to hyperphosphatemia can explain all of these findings. Calculations indicate that about one third of the phosphorus and sodium contents of the enema were absorbed. Physicians should be aware of the potentially lethal complication of this treatment, which is part of everyday practice.", "contents": "Hypocalcemic coma following two pediatric phosphate enemas. Coma, tetany, dehydration, hypotension, tachycardia, and hyperpyrexia developed in a 2 1/2-year-old girl following two hypertonic phosphate pediatric enemas. She had marked hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hypernatremia, and acidosis. Hypocalcemia due to hyperphosphatemia can explain all of these findings. Calculations indicate that about one third of the phosphorus and sodium contents of the enema were absorbed. Physicians should be aware of the potentially lethal complication of this treatment, which is part of everyday practice."}
{"id": "PMID:896361", "title": "Light filtration during transillumination of the neonate: a method to reduce heat buildup in the skin.", "content": "Filtration of the light used for transillumination of neonates is employed to reduce heat buildup in the skin during transillumination. Clinical and experimental evaluation of the effects of filtration are presented.", "contents": "Light filtration during transillumination of the neonate: a method to reduce heat buildup in the skin. Filtration of the light used for transillumination of neonates is employed to reduce heat buildup in the skin during transillumination. Clinical and experimental evaluation of the effects of filtration are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:896363", "title": "The electroencephalogram in pediatric practice: its use and abuse.", "content": "Utilized appropriately, the EEG is a helpful diagnostic tool; however, it is currently much abused and much overutilized. Understanding its limitations and its usefulness may lead to less frequent but more appropriate requests for EEGs. Realization that the EEG alone neither diagnoses nor rules out epilepsy and that it is not crucial in the diagnosis or management of \"minimal brain damage\" should decrease the utilization and abuse of the procedure.", "contents": "The electroencephalogram in pediatric practice: its use and abuse. Utilized appropriately, the EEG is a helpful diagnostic tool; however, it is currently much abused and much overutilized. Understanding its limitations and its usefulness may lead to less frequent but more appropriate requests for EEGs. Realization that the EEG alone neither diagnoses nor rules out epilepsy and that it is not crucial in the diagnosis or management of \"minimal brain damage\" should decrease the utilization and abuse of the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:896364", "title": "Symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia in a 5-year-old child.", "content": "Trigeminal neuralgia is a rare symptom in childhood. In the idiopathic variety, no objective neurological deficit is demonstrable, but in the symptomatic or secondary form, deficits of trigeminal function may be found. In the latter circumstance, underlying causative pathology must be looked for vigorously, as emphasized by the present case of symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia in a 5-year-old child, determined to be secondary to an infiltrating embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.", "contents": "Symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia in a 5-year-old child. Trigeminal neuralgia is a rare symptom in childhood. In the idiopathic variety, no objective neurological deficit is demonstrable, but in the symptomatic or secondary form, deficits of trigeminal function may be found. In the latter circumstance, underlying causative pathology must be looked for vigorously, as emphasized by the present case of symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia in a 5-year-old child, determined to be secondary to an infiltrating embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:896365", "title": "Defects of neutrophil chemotaxis and random migration in thalassemia major.", "content": "Chemotactic and random migrations in a group of 11 patients with thalassemia major were found to be defective. This may be partially the basis for the predilection to infection occasionally observed in these patients. These findings may reflect a primary defect of polymorphonuclear leukocytes or may be secondary to associated liver disease and/or diabetes mellitus. Further studies are required to define the mechanisms involved.", "contents": "Defects of neutrophil chemotaxis and random migration in thalassemia major. Chemotactic and random migrations in a group of 11 patients with thalassemia major were found to be defective. This may be partially the basis for the predilection to infection occasionally observed in these patients. These findings may reflect a primary defect of polymorphonuclear leukocytes or may be secondary to associated liver disease and/or diabetes mellitus. Further studies are required to define the mechanisms involved."}
{"id": "PMID:896404", "title": "[Fascioliasis in sheep in South-western Jutland (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of fascioliasis in sheep of south-western Jutland has been determined on the basis of slaughterhouse registration of infected livers over a 5-year period (1969-1973). The average yearly percentage of adult sheep found to be infected ranged from 83.9 to 91.2%, whereas less than 1 % of the slaughtered lambs proved infected. The high infection percentage among adult animals and the strikingly low frequency among slaughter lambs could be explained by the characteristic management system of the marshland: In summer the sheep graze the dike and the foreland on its seaward side, and in winter the animals graze in the marshland. Lymnaea truncatula is not found on or at the seaward side of the dike, whereas it is abundant all over the marshland. Thus the lambs graze exclusively the snail-free area from which they are taken directly to the slaughterhouse. The summer grazing also protects the adult animals as they avoid the massive uptake of metacercariae which normally takes place in fluke infected areas in late summer.", "contents": "[Fascioliasis in sheep in South-western Jutland (author's transl)]. The frequency of fascioliasis in sheep of south-western Jutland has been determined on the basis of slaughterhouse registration of infected livers over a 5-year period (1969-1973). The average yearly percentage of adult sheep found to be infected ranged from 83.9 to 91.2%, whereas less than 1 % of the slaughtered lambs proved infected. The high infection percentage among adult animals and the strikingly low frequency among slaughter lambs could be explained by the characteristic management system of the marshland: In summer the sheep graze the dike and the foreland on its seaward side, and in winter the animals graze in the marshland. Lymnaea truncatula is not found on or at the seaward side of the dike, whereas it is abundant all over the marshland. Thus the lambs graze exclusively the snail-free area from which they are taken directly to the slaughterhouse. The summer grazing also protects the adult animals as they avoid the massive uptake of metacercariae which normally takes place in fluke infected areas in late summer."}
{"id": "PMID:896405", "title": "[Parasite eggs identified in material from archaeological excavations in Ribe (the viking age) (author's transl)].", "content": "Eggs of Fasciola hepatica, Ascaris sp., Taenia sp., and Trichuris sp. have been demonstrated in archaeological excavations from the early viking period (750--800 A.D.) in Ribe, the oldest urban society of Denmark. The origin of the faecal material is discussed. The parasitological examinations are continued and extended.", "contents": "[Parasite eggs identified in material from archaeological excavations in Ribe (the viking age) (author's transl)]. Eggs of Fasciola hepatica, Ascaris sp., Taenia sp., and Trichuris sp. have been demonstrated in archaeological excavations from the early viking period (750--800 A.D.) in Ribe, the oldest urban society of Denmark. The origin of the faecal material is discussed. The parasitological examinations are continued and extended."}
{"id": "PMID:896406", "title": "Acid-base status of cattle blood. Sampling and storing.", "content": "Changes in the acid-base parameters of arterial and venous cattle blood (Figs. 1-3) as well as potassium and lactate concentration in plasma from venous blood (Figs. 4-5) were examined during anaerobic storage of the blood. The blood was stored at two different temperatures (21-24 degrees C and 0-4 degrees C) and was stabilized with either heparin alone or heparin and sodium fluoride. By lowering the storage temperature for heparinized blood the glycolysis processes were inhibited to such an extent that the values of the acid-base parameters did not change during the first 5-6 hours of the storage time. On storage at room temperature pH decreased slowly, but steadily. The values for pCO2 and BE respectively also increased and decreased slowly. On storage at room temperature the changes in the pO2 values of arterial blood (Fig. 2) decreased significantly while the venous pO2 values were nearly steady (Fig. 1). The changes in the pO2 values during storage are thought to be related to the oxygen-dissociation curve. The addition of sodium fluoride (Figs. 3-5) affects a number of the chemical processes of the blood to such an extent that the uncertainty on a single determination becomes very great. On storage of heparinized cattle blood at room temperature the potassium concentration in plasma (Fig. 5) can be determined with good certainty during the first 7 hours of the storage time. Lowering of the storage temperature or addition of sodium fluoride has the effect that the potassium concentration in plasma is changed essentially during storage.", "contents": "Acid-base status of cattle blood. Sampling and storing. Changes in the acid-base parameters of arterial and venous cattle blood (Figs. 1-3) as well as potassium and lactate concentration in plasma from venous blood (Figs. 4-5) were examined during anaerobic storage of the blood. The blood was stored at two different temperatures (21-24 degrees C and 0-4 degrees C) and was stabilized with either heparin alone or heparin and sodium fluoride. By lowering the storage temperature for heparinized blood the glycolysis processes were inhibited to such an extent that the values of the acid-base parameters did not change during the first 5-6 hours of the storage time. On storage at room temperature pH decreased slowly, but steadily. The values for pCO2 and BE respectively also increased and decreased slowly. On storage at room temperature the changes in the pO2 values of arterial blood (Fig. 2) decreased significantly while the venous pO2 values were nearly steady (Fig. 1). The changes in the pO2 values during storage are thought to be related to the oxygen-dissociation curve. The addition of sodium fluoride (Figs. 3-5) affects a number of the chemical processes of the blood to such an extent that the uncertainty on a single determination becomes very great. On storage of heparinized cattle blood at room temperature the potassium concentration in plasma (Fig. 5) can be determined with good certainty during the first 7 hours of the storage time. Lowering of the storage temperature or addition of sodium fluoride has the effect that the potassium concentration in plasma is changed essentially during storage."}
{"id": "PMID:896407", "title": "A rapid semiquantitative Mg-urine-test suitable for field estimations of the magnesium status in ruminants.", "content": "A semiquantitative Mg-urine-test suitable for field examination of the Mg-status in ruminants has been tested under practical conditions. Good agreement between the semiquantitative test and quantitative atomic absorption Mg-estimations was found. It is recommended always to examine urine from at least two-three animals in a herd to get a reliable picture of the Mg-status of the herd.", "contents": "A rapid semiquantitative Mg-urine-test suitable for field estimations of the magnesium status in ruminants. A semiquantitative Mg-urine-test suitable for field examination of the Mg-status in ruminants has been tested under practical conditions. Good agreement between the semiquantitative test and quantitative atomic absorption Mg-estimations was found. It is recommended always to examine urine from at least two-three animals in a herd to get a reliable picture of the Mg-status of the herd."}
{"id": "PMID:896408", "title": "The oral administration of megestrol acetate to postpone oestrus in cats.", "content": "During 1974, megestrol acetate tablets were distributed to 397 cat owners in the Oslo district for use as an oestrus suppressing agent in cats. A weekly dose of 2.5 mg megestrol acetate was given for at least 30 weeks. Treatment was carried out according to plan in 244 cats. Results are shown in Table I. The course of birth was abnormal in two cats which were pregnant before the trial began. Pregnancy was not registered in any of the remainder. Heat was observed during the period of treatment in 21 of the 244 cats treated according to plan without pregnancy being registered. As regards side effects of the preparation, increased appetite, weight increase and changes of temperament were the most pronounced. One cat developed pyometra after three years of treatment with the preparation.", "contents": "The oral administration of megestrol acetate to postpone oestrus in cats. During 1974, megestrol acetate tablets were distributed to 397 cat owners in the Oslo district for use as an oestrus suppressing agent in cats. A weekly dose of 2.5 mg megestrol acetate was given for at least 30 weeks. Treatment was carried out according to plan in 244 cats. Results are shown in Table I. The course of birth was abnormal in two cats which were pregnant before the trial began. Pregnancy was not registered in any of the remainder. Heat was observed during the period of treatment in 21 of the 244 cats treated according to plan without pregnancy being registered. As regards side effects of the preparation, increased appetite, weight increase and changes of temperament were the most pronounced. One cat developed pyometra after three years of treatment with the preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:896409", "title": "[Current biological aspects of typhoid fever (author's transl)].", "content": "The biological signs of typhoid fever are studied on the basis of 90 cases collected over a period of 5 years. Average neutrophil granulocyte count before treatment was 5000 with extremes ranging from 1400 to 12180. The development of granulocytopaenia during treatment may be seen not only in patients treated with phenicols but also in those treated with ampicillin or the combination trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. It was possible to isolate the organism in 88 per cent of cases, either by blood culture (79%) or by stool culture (23%). Antibodies (O and H agglutinins) were found in only 86 per cent of cases, and for H agglutinins only there was a significant and transient increase in antibodies. This underlines the importance of the combined examination of three biological criteria - blood culture, stool culture and serology - in reaching the diagnosis of typhoid, the relatively asymptomatic forms of which are becoming increasingly frequent.", "contents": "[Current biological aspects of typhoid fever (author's transl)]. The biological signs of typhoid fever are studied on the basis of 90 cases collected over a period of 5 years. Average neutrophil granulocyte count before treatment was 5000 with extremes ranging from 1400 to 12180. The development of granulocytopaenia during treatment may be seen not only in patients treated with phenicols but also in those treated with ampicillin or the combination trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. It was possible to isolate the organism in 88 per cent of cases, either by blood culture (79%) or by stool culture (23%). Antibodies (O and H agglutinins) were found in only 86 per cent of cases, and for H agglutinins only there was a significant and transient increase in antibodies. This underlines the importance of the combined examination of three biological criteria - blood culture, stool culture and serology - in reaching the diagnosis of typhoid, the relatively asymptomatic forms of which are becoming increasingly frequent."}
{"id": "PMID:896410", "title": "[Abdominal manifestations in hereditary acute angioneurotic oedema. Value of study of the complement system (author's transl)].", "content": "Four individuals of the same family suffered from a functional deficiency in C1 esterase inhibitor. In three of them, the manifestations of hereditary angioneurotic oedema were abdominal, paroxystic and pseudo-surgical. They were related to the development of visceral or mucosal oedema. The measurement of total complement (and of its fractions) during the acute episode, as well as dynamic complement studies between attacks, represent a simple method for indicating the probable diagnosis. Only estimation of the functional activity of C1 esterase inhibitor provides definite evidence. Familiarity with the clinical and biological characteristics of these acute abdominal episodes makes it possible to avoid repeated, unnecessary operations in these patients. They should be treated medically, under surgical surveillance, since a patient with angioneurotic oedema may have nevertheless a specific lesion, in addition. In addition, the episode may spread at any time, resulting in oedema of the glottis requiring tracheotomy or immediate intubation.", "contents": "[Abdominal manifestations in hereditary acute angioneurotic oedema. Value of study of the complement system (author's transl)]. Four individuals of the same family suffered from a functional deficiency in C1 esterase inhibitor. In three of them, the manifestations of hereditary angioneurotic oedema were abdominal, paroxystic and pseudo-surgical. They were related to the development of visceral or mucosal oedema. The measurement of total complement (and of its fractions) during the acute episode, as well as dynamic complement studies between attacks, represent a simple method for indicating the probable diagnosis. Only estimation of the functional activity of C1 esterase inhibitor provides definite evidence. Familiarity with the clinical and biological characteristics of these acute abdominal episodes makes it possible to avoid repeated, unnecessary operations in these patients. They should be treated medically, under surgical surveillance, since a patient with angioneurotic oedema may have nevertheless a specific lesion, in addition. In addition, the episode may spread at any time, resulting in oedema of the glottis requiring tracheotomy or immediate intubation."}
{"id": "PMID:896412", "title": "[Determination of the lean body mass in adult using the impedance method].", "content": "It deals with a new formula which gives the estimation of lean body mass (LBM) by the electric impedance measure at 1 MHz. According to the authors the weight of LBM is set up in two parts: the total water (TBW) conductive of electricity and an inert part (ILBM) which is a bad conductive one: the weight is an individual constant at the grown up. ILBM is calculated from simple morphological datums (H = height and C = wrist circonference). From which one concludes the formula: LBM = TBW + ILBM.", "contents": "[Determination of the lean body mass in adult using the impedance method]. It deals with a new formula which gives the estimation of lean body mass (LBM) by the electric impedance measure at 1 MHz. According to the authors the weight of LBM is set up in two parts: the total water (TBW) conductive of electricity and an inert part (ILBM) which is a bad conductive one: the weight is an individual constant at the grown up. ILBM is calculated from simple morphological datums (H = height and C = wrist circonference). From which one concludes the formula: LBM = TBW + ILBM."}
{"id": "PMID:896417", "title": "[Comparison between Doppler findings and arteriography in cervical arterial pathology].", "content": "The authors compare findings at arteriography and Doppler ultrasound examination in 127 cases of cerebrovascular accident. There was an excellent degree of agreement in cases of internal carotid occlusion. It was less good with carotid stenoses where the Doppler examination gave false positive results in one case out of four and false negatives in one out of three. Thus the correlation between Doppler and arteriography results are not sufficiently cloe to completely change the attitude of the neurologist in the selection of those patients in whom arteriographic studies are indicated in order to detect a surgically curable lesion.", "contents": "[Comparison between Doppler findings and arteriography in cervical arterial pathology]. The authors compare findings at arteriography and Doppler ultrasound examination in 127 cases of cerebrovascular accident. There was an excellent degree of agreement in cases of internal carotid occlusion. It was less good with carotid stenoses where the Doppler examination gave false positive results in one case out of four and false negatives in one out of three. Thus the correlation between Doppler and arteriography results are not sufficiently cloe to completely change the attitude of the neurologist in the selection of those patients in whom arteriographic studies are indicated in order to detect a surgically curable lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:896432", "title": "[A new case of hemoglobin J Capetown alpha 92 (FG 4) Arg replaced by gln].", "content": "Hemoglobin J Capetown was found incidentally in a patient of french origin suffering from urticaria with delayed pressure oedema. Using a preparative finger-print technique, the structural determination was easy. A functional study of the purified component confirmed the high oxygen affinity of hemoglobin J Capetown and demonstrated a low reactivity for organic phosphates. These results may explain the perturbations observed in the whole blood.", "contents": "[A new case of hemoglobin J Capetown alpha 92 (FG 4) Arg replaced by gln]. Hemoglobin J Capetown was found incidentally in a patient of french origin suffering from urticaria with delayed pressure oedema. Using a preparative finger-print technique, the structural determination was easy. A functional study of the purified component confirmed the high oxygen affinity of hemoglobin J Capetown and demonstrated a low reactivity for organic phosphates. These results may explain the perturbations observed in the whole blood."}
{"id": "PMID:896457", "title": "[Effect of glutaryl-lecithins on human erythrocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "Effect of glutaryl-lecithins on red blood cells is studied and compared to effect to egg lysolecithins. 1. Glutaryl-lecithins exhibit a hemolytic activity which appears in the first minutes. The rate of hemolysis increases proportionally with glutaryllecithin concentration up to concentrations of 1 X 10(-7) mole. 2. Glutaryl-lecithins methylation causes a decrease of lytic activity; this might indicate that the carboxylic group plays a role in the process of hemolysis. 3. Glutaryl-lecithins can produce echinocytes, in a similar fashion to lysolecithins. These findings suggest that glutaryl-lecithin hemolytic activity plays an important role in the process of post irradiation hemolysis.", "contents": "[Effect of glutaryl-lecithins on human erythrocytes (author's transl)]. Effect of glutaryl-lecithins on red blood cells is studied and compared to effect to egg lysolecithins. 1. Glutaryl-lecithins exhibit a hemolytic activity which appears in the first minutes. The rate of hemolysis increases proportionally with glutaryllecithin concentration up to concentrations of 1 X 10(-7) mole. 2. Glutaryl-lecithins methylation causes a decrease of lytic activity; this might indicate that the carboxylic group plays a role in the process of hemolysis. 3. Glutaryl-lecithins can produce echinocytes, in a similar fashion to lysolecithins. These findings suggest that glutaryl-lecithin hemolytic activity plays an important role in the process of post irradiation hemolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:896458", "title": "[In vitro granulocyte colony formation in children with neuroblastoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In vitro granulocyte colony formation has been studied using the methylcellulose system in 22 children with neuroblastoma, 13 of them having bone marrow invasion. Only one third exhibited normal results. There were various disturbances of granulopoiesis in vitro: colony forming cells were decreased or increased and in the amplification compartment either an ineffective leucopoiesis or an increase in the number of mitosis was present. The abnormalities are not correlated to bone marrow invasion.", "contents": "[In vitro granulocyte colony formation in children with neuroblastoma (author's transl)]. In vitro granulocyte colony formation has been studied using the methylcellulose system in 22 children with neuroblastoma, 13 of them having bone marrow invasion. Only one third exhibited normal results. There were various disturbances of granulopoiesis in vitro: colony forming cells were decreased or increased and in the amplification compartment either an ineffective leucopoiesis or an increase in the number of mitosis was present. The abnormalities are not correlated to bone marrow invasion."}
{"id": "PMID:896459", "title": "[Erythrocyte form and deformability for normal blood and some hereditary hemolytic anemias (author's transl)].", "content": "1. A brief review of recent results on the structure of erythrocyte membranes and the experimental deformation of red blood cells. 2. A discussion of factors playing a role in the deformability: a) Influence of shape, consisting of the cell surface to volume ration. b) Internal factors, depending mainly on the viscosity of the hemoglobin).c) Degree of flexibility of the membrane. 3. A brief summary of techniques to measure the deformability with emphasis on the method of viscodiffractometry (ektacytometer). 4. Results given by examination in the ektacytometer of hereditary spherocytosis and sickle cell anemia.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte form and deformability for normal blood and some hereditary hemolytic anemias (author's transl)]. 1. A brief review of recent results on the structure of erythrocyte membranes and the experimental deformation of red blood cells. 2. A discussion of factors playing a role in the deformability: a) Influence of shape, consisting of the cell surface to volume ration. b) Internal factors, depending mainly on the viscosity of the hemoglobin).c) Degree of flexibility of the membrane. 3. A brief summary of techniques to measure the deformability with emphasis on the method of viscodiffractometry (ektacytometer). 4. Results given by examination in the ektacytometer of hereditary spherocytosis and sickle cell anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:896460", "title": "Ultraviolet light irradiation of PM2 superhelical DNA.", "content": "Superhelical PM2 DNA can be photochemically modified by u.v. irradiation. The variation of S20,w with dose shows the following characteristics. There is a linear increase from 28 to 31s produced by a low dose of u.v. irradiation (4,000 ergs/mm2). A plateau in S20,w occurs between 4,000 and 10,000 ergs/mm2. The S20,w then increases when irradiation is increased to 56,000 ergs/mm2. Thymine dimers are introduced proportional to dose throughtout the range of exposure to u.v. light. Sedimentation velocity-dye titrations reveal anomolous behavior, i.e. apparent increases in superhelix density (sigma). However, the dye-buoyant density procedure showed no change in sigma under the same conditions. The most satisfactory model for the data is preferential photochemical modification of premelted (possibly hairpin) sites as a greater rate than the introduction of photoproducts into duplex sites. The origin of the anomoly in the sedimentation velocity dye titrations is still unclear.", "contents": "Ultraviolet light irradiation of PM2 superhelical DNA. Superhelical PM2 DNA can be photochemically modified by u.v. irradiation. The variation of S20,w with dose shows the following characteristics. There is a linear increase from 28 to 31s produced by a low dose of u.v. irradiation (4,000 ergs/mm2). A plateau in S20,w occurs between 4,000 and 10,000 ergs/mm2. The S20,w then increases when irradiation is increased to 56,000 ergs/mm2. Thymine dimers are introduced proportional to dose throughtout the range of exposure to u.v. light. Sedimentation velocity-dye titrations reveal anomolous behavior, i.e. apparent increases in superhelix density (sigma). However, the dye-buoyant density procedure showed no change in sigma under the same conditions. The most satisfactory model for the data is preferential photochemical modification of premelted (possibly hairpin) sites as a greater rate than the introduction of photoproducts into duplex sites. The origin of the anomoly in the sedimentation velocity dye titrations is still unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:896461", "title": "Estimation of DNA sequence divergence from comparison of restriction endonuclease digests.", "content": "An estimation of the DNA sequence divergence between defined DNA secquences of individuals or species may be made from comparison by gel electrophoresis of restriction endonuclease digests. This analysis is applicable to purified DNA sequence of moderate complexity (1-100 X 10(6) daltons) which have diverged by base substitution of 0.5 to 25% of nucleotides.", "contents": "Estimation of DNA sequence divergence from comparison of restriction endonuclease digests. An estimation of the DNA sequence divergence between defined DNA secquences of individuals or species may be made from comparison by gel electrophoresis of restriction endonuclease digests. This analysis is applicable to purified DNA sequence of moderate complexity (1-100 X 10(6) daltons) which have diverged by base substitution of 0.5 to 25% of nucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:896462", "title": "Complex forms and replicative intermediates of mitochondrial DNA in tissues from adult and senescent mice.", "content": "The occurrence and types of complex forms and replicative intermediates of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were investigated in tissues from C57BL/6J mice aged 10-11 months or 29-30 months. Total mtDNA from brain, heart, kidney and liver was isolated in ethidium bromide-CsCl gradients and examined by electron microscopy after aqueous or formamide spreading. Contour length measurements indicated no difference in the monomer size of mtDNA according to either tissue or donor age. The frequencies of catenated mtDNA, ranging from 4 to 8%, varied significantly according to tissue but changed relatively little as a result of donor age. The main age-related effect observed in this study was a significant increase in the frequency of circular dimers, from about 0.05% in adult tissues to 0.3% in kidney, 0.5% in liver, 0.6% in heart and 1.9% in brain of senescent mice. The frequency of D-loop DNA varied from 30 to 60% and that of larger replicative intermediates from 1 to 10%, suggesting differences in the rate of mtDNA replication according to tissue. The frequencies and types of the various replicative intermediates were unaffected by donor age.", "contents": "Complex forms and replicative intermediates of mitochondrial DNA in tissues from adult and senescent mice. The occurrence and types of complex forms and replicative intermediates of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were investigated in tissues from C57BL/6J mice aged 10-11 months or 29-30 months. Total mtDNA from brain, heart, kidney and liver was isolated in ethidium bromide-CsCl gradients and examined by electron microscopy after aqueous or formamide spreading. Contour length measurements indicated no difference in the monomer size of mtDNA according to either tissue or donor age. The frequencies of catenated mtDNA, ranging from 4 to 8%, varied significantly according to tissue but changed relatively little as a result of donor age. The main age-related effect observed in this study was a significant increase in the frequency of circular dimers, from about 0.05% in adult tissues to 0.3% in kidney, 0.5% in liver, 0.6% in heart and 1.9% in brain of senescent mice. The frequency of D-loop DNA varied from 30 to 60% and that of larger replicative intermediates from 1 to 10%, suggesting differences in the rate of mtDNA replication according to tissue. The frequencies and types of the various replicative intermediates were unaffected by donor age."}
{"id": "PMID:896463", "title": "Ethidium analogues with improved resolution in the dye-buoyant density procedure.", "content": "Analogues of ethidium chloride with large quaternary side chains have been synthesized and evaluated for improved resolution in the dye-buoyant density system for the separation of open and closed circular DNA. These compounds are similar to propidium which differs from ethidium by the replacement of an ethyl group by a methyldiethylaminopropyl group. The new analogues contain a triethylamino group attached to a methylene chain with 3, 5 or 7 carbons. With PM2 DNA the observed separation for propidium is 1.97 times that of ethidium and the new dyes show separations relative to ethidium of 2.27, 2.66 and 2.77. A correlation is established between the mass of the dye component and the observed separation which is retionalized on the basis of the four component thermodynamics describing this system.", "contents": "Ethidium analogues with improved resolution in the dye-buoyant density procedure. Analogues of ethidium chloride with large quaternary side chains have been synthesized and evaluated for improved resolution in the dye-buoyant density system for the separation of open and closed circular DNA. These compounds are similar to propidium which differs from ethidium by the replacement of an ethyl group by a methyldiethylaminopropyl group. The new analogues contain a triethylamino group attached to a methylene chain with 3, 5 or 7 carbons. With PM2 DNA the observed separation for propidium is 1.97 times that of ethidium and the new dyes show separations relative to ethidium of 2.27, 2.66 and 2.77. A correlation is established between the mass of the dye component and the observed separation which is retionalized on the basis of the four component thermodynamics describing this system."}
{"id": "PMID:896464", "title": "A reexamination of the problem of resonance energy transfer between DNA intercalated chromophores using bisintercalating compounds.", "content": "The rate of energy transfer between DNA intercalated ethidium cations calculated by Paoletti and Le Pecq1 using the Forster theory differs from the measured one by a factor of twenty two, if the proper geometrical factors are taken into account. By changing some of the parameters used in the calculation, the discrepancy can be reduced but not eliminated. This led us to the study of other systems where experimental and calculated results can be more directly compared. The apparent rate of energy transfer between ethidium and one of its non fluorescent analogues and between various pairs of intercalated chromophores has been studied. The fluorescence anisotropy decay of acridine dimers in glycerol or bisintercalated in DNA has been measured. These studies show that the Forster theory of energy transfer does not apply to the case of identical chromophores when they are relatively close to each other.", "contents": "A reexamination of the problem of resonance energy transfer between DNA intercalated chromophores using bisintercalating compounds. The rate of energy transfer between DNA intercalated ethidium cations calculated by Paoletti and Le Pecq1 using the Forster theory differs from the measured one by a factor of twenty two, if the proper geometrical factors are taken into account. By changing some of the parameters used in the calculation, the discrepancy can be reduced but not eliminated. This led us to the study of other systems where experimental and calculated results can be more directly compared. The apparent rate of energy transfer between ethidium and one of its non fluorescent analogues and between various pairs of intercalated chromophores has been studied. The fluorescence anisotropy decay of acridine dimers in glycerol or bisintercalated in DNA has been measured. These studies show that the Forster theory of energy transfer does not apply to the case of identical chromophores when they are relatively close to each other."}
{"id": "PMID:896465", "title": "An ethidium-induced double helix of poly(dA)-poly(rU).", "content": "Equilibrium dialysis, relaxation kinetic, melting, and continuous variation mixing experiments on complexes of poly(dA) and poly(rU) demonstrate that ethidium induces conversion of a 1:1 mixture of these homopolymers (at one molar salt and 19 degrees C) from a three stranded to a two stranded helix. This is the first demonstration of a double helix of poly(dA)-poly(rU) in solution.", "contents": "An ethidium-induced double helix of poly(dA)-poly(rU). Equilibrium dialysis, relaxation kinetic, melting, and continuous variation mixing experiments on complexes of poly(dA) and poly(rU) demonstrate that ethidium induces conversion of a 1:1 mixture of these homopolymers (at one molar salt and 19 degrees C) from a three stranded to a two stranded helix. This is the first demonstration of a double helix of poly(dA)-poly(rU) in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:896466", "title": "Strand breakage in solutions of DNA and ethidium bromide exposed to visible light.", "content": "Breaks are introduced into DNA strands when DNA solutions containing ethidium bromide (EB) are exposed to incandescent light. The nicking rate is sensitive to the concentration of EB and the light intensity. At short exposure times, this rate is limited by photon capture and formation of an intermediate capable of nicking DNA and zero-order nicking kinetics are observed. If the EB is pre-irradiated, the nicking rate is limited by DNA concentration and first-order nicking kinetics are observed. The nicking rate is not greatly affected by the presence of a low frequency of ribonucleotides in the duplex structure. The nicking reaction produces neither double-strand breaks nor interstrand crosslinks. The nicks produced cannot be closed by DNA ligase. The fluorescent light intensities under normal laboratory conditions are insufficient to induce significant nicking.", "contents": "Strand breakage in solutions of DNA and ethidium bromide exposed to visible light. Breaks are introduced into DNA strands when DNA solutions containing ethidium bromide (EB) are exposed to incandescent light. The nicking rate is sensitive to the concentration of EB and the light intensity. At short exposure times, this rate is limited by photon capture and formation of an intermediate capable of nicking DNA and zero-order nicking kinetics are observed. If the EB is pre-irradiated, the nicking rate is limited by DNA concentration and first-order nicking kinetics are observed. The nicking rate is not greatly affected by the presence of a low frequency of ribonucleotides in the duplex structure. The nicking reaction produces neither double-strand breaks nor interstrand crosslinks. The nicks produced cannot be closed by DNA ligase. The fluorescent light intensities under normal laboratory conditions are insufficient to induce significant nicking."}
{"id": "PMID:896467", "title": "Absence of ethidium bromide induced nicking and degradation of mitochondrial DNA in mouse L-cells.", "content": "The in vivo effects of ethidium bromide on the integrity of mitochondrial DNA have been studied in a mouse L-cell system in which this DNA may be nearly exclusively radiolabelled. This allows the detection of mitochondrial DNA in the presence of contaminating nuclear DNA and eliminates the need for extensive purification of mitochondria or the use of deoxyribonuclease. The mitochondrial DNA in treated cells rapidly attains a high negative superhelix density and is not substantially nickel or degraded over the course of several days.", "contents": "Absence of ethidium bromide induced nicking and degradation of mitochondrial DNA in mouse L-cells. The in vivo effects of ethidium bromide on the integrity of mitochondrial DNA have been studied in a mouse L-cell system in which this DNA may be nearly exclusively radiolabelled. This allows the detection of mitochondrial DNA in the presence of contaminating nuclear DNA and eliminates the need for extensive purification of mitochondria or the use of deoxyribonuclease. The mitochondrial DNA in treated cells rapidly attains a high negative superhelix density and is not substantially nickel or degraded over the course of several days."}
{"id": "PMID:896468", "title": "Isolation of folded chromosomes from Mycoplasma hyorhinis.", "content": "Folded chromosomes were isolated from Mycoplasma hyorhinis. When examined by electron microscopy, these molecules show variability of loop size, number of loops, total contour length and degree of twisting of the DNA. Sedimentation velocity was unaltered after treatment with RNase, proteinase K, SDS, temperatures up to 65 degrees C and NaCl concentrations from 0.1 M to 4 M.", "contents": "Isolation of folded chromosomes from Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Folded chromosomes were isolated from Mycoplasma hyorhinis. When examined by electron microscopy, these molecules show variability of loop size, number of loops, total contour length and degree of twisting of the DNA. Sedimentation velocity was unaltered after treatment with RNase, proteinase K, SDS, temperatures up to 65 degrees C and NaCl concentrations from 0.1 M to 4 M."}
{"id": "PMID:896469", "title": "Exploration of long and short repetitive sequence relationships in the sea urchin genome.", "content": "Long and short repetitive sequences of sea urchin DNA were prepared by reassociation of 2000 nucleotide long fragments to Cot 4 and digestion with the single strand specific nuclease S1. The S1 resistant duplexes were separated into long repetitive and short repetitive fractions on Agarose A50. The extent of shared sequences was studied by reassociating a labeled preparation of short repetitive DNA with an excess of unlabeled long repetitive DNA. Less than 10% of the long repetitive DNA preparation was able to reassociate with the short repetitive DNA. Thus the long and short repetitive elements appear to be principally independent sequence classes in sea urchin DNA. Precisely reassociating repetitive DNA was prepared by four successive steps of reassociation and thermal chromatography on hydroxyapatite. This fraction (3% of the genome) was reassociated by itself or with a great excess of total sea urchin DNA. The thermal stability of the products was identical in both cases (Tm=81 degrees C), indicating that precisely repeated sequences do not have many imprecise copies in sea urchin DNA.", "contents": "Exploration of long and short repetitive sequence relationships in the sea urchin genome. Long and short repetitive sequences of sea urchin DNA were prepared by reassociation of 2000 nucleotide long fragments to Cot 4 and digestion with the single strand specific nuclease S1. The S1 resistant duplexes were separated into long repetitive and short repetitive fractions on Agarose A50. The extent of shared sequences was studied by reassociating a labeled preparation of short repetitive DNA with an excess of unlabeled long repetitive DNA. Less than 10% of the long repetitive DNA preparation was able to reassociate with the short repetitive DNA. Thus the long and short repetitive elements appear to be principally independent sequence classes in sea urchin DNA. Precisely reassociating repetitive DNA was prepared by four successive steps of reassociation and thermal chromatography on hydroxyapatite. This fraction (3% of the genome) was reassociated by itself or with a great excess of total sea urchin DNA. The thermal stability of the products was identical in both cases (Tm=81 degrees C), indicating that precisely repeated sequences do not have many imprecise copies in sea urchin DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:896470", "title": "Sites of contact between lambda operators and lambda repressor.", "content": "DNA bearing lambda operator sequences was methylated by dimethyl sulfate (DMS) in the presence or absence of lambda repressor. Under the experimental conditions, DMS methylates only the purine residues. The presence of lambda repressor affects only the methylation of certain G residues in the operators. Repressor blocks the methylation of certain G's and enhances the methylation of other G's. Since the reactive ring-nitrogen of G lies in the major groove of double-stranded DNA, and the reactive ring-nitrogen of A lies in the minor groove, the above results imply that the repressor makes contacts in the major groove of the helix. The repressor effect on G-methylation is sharply confined to the three 17 base pair units within each lambda operator previously proposed as the repressor-binding sites.", "contents": "Sites of contact between lambda operators and lambda repressor. DNA bearing lambda operator sequences was methylated by dimethyl sulfate (DMS) in the presence or absence of lambda repressor. Under the experimental conditions, DMS methylates only the purine residues. The presence of lambda repressor affects only the methylation of certain G residues in the operators. Repressor blocks the methylation of certain G's and enhances the methylation of other G's. Since the reactive ring-nitrogen of G lies in the major groove of double-stranded DNA, and the reactive ring-nitrogen of A lies in the minor groove, the above results imply that the repressor makes contacts in the major groove of the helix. The repressor effect on G-methylation is sharply confined to the three 17 base pair units within each lambda operator previously proposed as the repressor-binding sites."}
{"id": "PMID:896471", "title": "1H NMR studies of transfer RNA III: the observed and the computed spectra of the hydrogen-bonded NH resonances of baker's yeast transfer-RNA Phe.", "content": "The hydrogen-bonded NH resonances of Baker's yeast tRNAphe in H2O solution with Mg++ have been measured by a 360 MHz spectrometer at 23 degrees C. Totally, fifteen peaks and one shoulder can be resolved which represent 25 +/- 1 protons. Based on the refined atomic coordinates of the tRNAphe in the orthorhombic crystal, on the recent advances in the distance dependence of the ring-current magnetic field effects and on the adopted values for the isolated hydrogen-bonded NH resonances, a computed spectrum consisting of 23 protons was constructed. A quantitative comparison by computer was made between the computed spectrum and the spectrum simulated from the observed spectrum. These two spectra are closely similar but not identical. We suggest that the conformation of yeast tRNAphe in aqueous solution is closely similar but not identical to that found in the crystal, especially in the T psi C region and D region. Also the NH resonances in 3-4 proposed hydrogen bonds (most likely for tertiary structure) may exchange very rapidly in aqueous solution.", "contents": "1H NMR studies of transfer RNA III: the observed and the computed spectra of the hydrogen-bonded NH resonances of baker's yeast transfer-RNA Phe. The hydrogen-bonded NH resonances of Baker's yeast tRNAphe in H2O solution with Mg++ have been measured by a 360 MHz spectrometer at 23 degrees C. Totally, fifteen peaks and one shoulder can be resolved which represent 25 +/- 1 protons. Based on the refined atomic coordinates of the tRNAphe in the orthorhombic crystal, on the recent advances in the distance dependence of the ring-current magnetic field effects and on the adopted values for the isolated hydrogen-bonded NH resonances, a computed spectrum consisting of 23 protons was constructed. A quantitative comparison by computer was made between the computed spectrum and the spectrum simulated from the observed spectrum. These two spectra are closely similar but not identical. We suggest that the conformation of yeast tRNAphe in aqueous solution is closely similar but not identical to that found in the crystal, especially in the T psi C region and D region. Also the NH resonances in 3-4 proposed hydrogen bonds (most likely for tertiary structure) may exchange very rapidly in aqueous solution."}
{"id": "PMID:896472", "title": "Carbodiimide modification of superhelical PM2 DNA: considerations regarding reaction at unpaired bases and the unwinding of superhelical DNA with chemical probes.", "content": "Superhelical PM2 DNA I can be modified with N-cyclohexyl-N'-beta-(4-methylmorpholinium)ethyl carbodiimide (CMC). The transition of the sedimentation coefficient uncorrected for buoyant density change (S20,*) vs. % reactivity in terms of base pairs shows the following characteristics. The S20,* increases by 4.5 S units upon 1% modification. There is a plateau in S20,* between 1 and 4% reactivity. The extent of reactivity was determined by buoyant density and 14C radioactive CMC binding measurements. Further reactivity was not explored since Pulleyblank and Morgan's (22) data of S20,* vs. % reactivity from 6 to 34% was previously published. The initial results obtained in this study are complementary to the cited results of the above authors. Consequently, both sets of data taken together represent a complete description of S20,* vs. % reactivity with CMC. It is shown that the model in which superhelical DNA is proposed to contain small intrastrand hairpin regions can be extended to account for the observed transitions in S20,* vs. reactivity.", "contents": "Carbodiimide modification of superhelical PM2 DNA: considerations regarding reaction at unpaired bases and the unwinding of superhelical DNA with chemical probes. Superhelical PM2 DNA I can be modified with N-cyclohexyl-N'-beta-(4-methylmorpholinium)ethyl carbodiimide (CMC). The transition of the sedimentation coefficient uncorrected for buoyant density change (S20,*) vs. % reactivity in terms of base pairs shows the following characteristics. The S20,* increases by 4.5 S units upon 1% modification. There is a plateau in S20,* between 1 and 4% reactivity. The extent of reactivity was determined by buoyant density and 14C radioactive CMC binding measurements. Further reactivity was not explored since Pulleyblank and Morgan's (22) data of S20,* vs. % reactivity from 6 to 34% was previously published. The initial results obtained in this study are complementary to the cited results of the above authors. Consequently, both sets of data taken together represent a complete description of S20,* vs. % reactivity with CMC. It is shown that the model in which superhelical DNA is proposed to contain small intrastrand hairpin regions can be extended to account for the observed transitions in S20,* vs. reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:896473", "title": "A program for least squares analysis of reassociation and hybridization data.", "content": "A computer program is described for the rapid calculation of least squares solutions for data fitted to different functions normally used in reassociation and hybridization kinetic measurements. The equations for the fraction not reacted as a function of Cot follow: First order, exp(-kCot); second order, (1+kCot)-1; variable order, (1+kCot)-n; approximate fraction of DNA sequence remaining single stranded, (1+kCot)-.44; and a function describing the pairing of tracer when the rate constant for the tracer (k) is distinct from the driver rate constant (kd): (formula: see text). Several components may be used for most of these functional forms. The standard deviations of the individual parameters at the solutions are calculated.", "contents": "A program for least squares analysis of reassociation and hybridization data. A computer program is described for the rapid calculation of least squares solutions for data fitted to different functions normally used in reassociation and hybridization kinetic measurements. The equations for the fraction not reacted as a function of Cot follow: First order, exp(-kCot); second order, (1+kCot)-1; variable order, (1+kCot)-n; approximate fraction of DNA sequence remaining single stranded, (1+kCot)-.44; and a function describing the pairing of tracer when the rate constant for the tracer (k) is distinct from the driver rate constant (kd): (formula: see text). Several components may be used for most of these functional forms. The standard deviations of the individual parameters at the solutions are calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:896474", "title": "A circular dichroism study of DNA-basic peptides associations in the absence or in the presence of Ca++.", "content": "The interaction of DNA with basic peptides (Lys methyl ester*, Lys2, (Lys)2methyl ester) has been studied by circular dichroism. The changes of the DNA CD spectra in the presence of peptides are interpreted as a transconformation from the B form to the C form of DNA. The presence of Ca++ in the mixture induces a supplementary transconformation. These observations suggest Ca++-basic peptides-DNA complexes as a structural model for chromatin.", "contents": "A circular dichroism study of DNA-basic peptides associations in the absence or in the presence of Ca++. The interaction of DNA with basic peptides (Lys methyl ester*, Lys2, (Lys)2methyl ester) has been studied by circular dichroism. The changes of the DNA CD spectra in the presence of peptides are interpreted as a transconformation from the B form to the C form of DNA. The presence of Ca++ in the mixture induces a supplementary transconformation. These observations suggest Ca++-basic peptides-DNA complexes as a structural model for chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:896475", "title": "In vivo repair of the 3'terminus of transfer RNA injected into amphibian oocytes.", "content": "Yeast transfer RNA specific for phenylalanine has been treated chemically to remove either one or two nucleotides of its 3' terminus and has been injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes to test whether this RNA can be repaired in vivo. The results obtained showed that oocytes could aminoacylate and thus repair tRNAPhe that has lost both its terminal adenosine and 3' phosphate. A similar result was obtained with tRNAPhe that had undergone two full cycles of 3' terminal nucleotide removal. The oocytes cannot aminoacylate tRNAPhe whose 3' terminal ribose has been oxidized with periodate or the derivative that retains a 3' phosphate after adenosine removal. In vitro assays show that the Xenopus ovary contains a tRNA nucleotidyl transferase with the properties similar to enzymes obtained from other sources which may be responsible for the 3' terminal repair observed in vitro.", "contents": "In vivo repair of the 3'terminus of transfer RNA injected into amphibian oocytes. Yeast transfer RNA specific for phenylalanine has been treated chemically to remove either one or two nucleotides of its 3' terminus and has been injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes to test whether this RNA can be repaired in vivo. The results obtained showed that oocytes could aminoacylate and thus repair tRNAPhe that has lost both its terminal adenosine and 3' phosphate. A similar result was obtained with tRNAPhe that had undergone two full cycles of 3' terminal nucleotide removal. The oocytes cannot aminoacylate tRNAPhe whose 3' terminal ribose has been oxidized with periodate or the derivative that retains a 3' phosphate after adenosine removal. In vitro assays show that the Xenopus ovary contains a tRNA nucleotidyl transferase with the properties similar to enzymes obtained from other sources which may be responsible for the 3' terminal repair observed in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:896476", "title": "Features of the structure of replicating and non-replicating chromatin in chicken erythroblasts.", "content": "The digestion by DNAase I of DNA synthesised by isolated chicken erythroblasts was examined in isolated nuclei. It was found that newly synthesised DNA was susceptible to DNAase I but matured to a relatively resistant form with increasing time after replication as observed in mammalian systems. The presence of trypsin in the digestion exposed all of the DNA to DNAase I action. Examination of the digestion products showed that the newly replicated DNA differed little from the more mature form in the structure of the DNA-protein complex but that the difference in susceptibility was probably a result of a differential rate of access of the DNAase to the new and old DNA.", "contents": "Features of the structure of replicating and non-replicating chromatin in chicken erythroblasts. The digestion by DNAase I of DNA synthesised by isolated chicken erythroblasts was examined in isolated nuclei. It was found that newly synthesised DNA was susceptible to DNAase I but matured to a relatively resistant form with increasing time after replication as observed in mammalian systems. The presence of trypsin in the digestion exposed all of the DNA to DNAase I action. Examination of the digestion products showed that the newly replicated DNA differed little from the more mature form in the structure of the DNA-protein complex but that the difference in susceptibility was probably a result of a differential rate of access of the DNAase to the new and old DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:896477", "title": "Conformational states of chromatin nu bodies induced by urea.", "content": "Monomer chromatin nu bodies (nu1) from chicken erythrocyte nuclei were exposed to 0-10 M urea plus 0.2 mM EDTA (PH 7). Alterations in nu1 conformation were examined using hydrodynamic methods (i.e., S, eta, and (formula: see text)), thermal denaturation, circular dichroism, reactivity of histone thiol groups to N-ethyl maleimide, and electron microscopy. The two domains of a nu body (i.e., the DNA-rich shell and the protein-rich core) aeared to respond differently to the destabilizing effects of increasing urea; DNA conformation and stability exhibited noncooperative changes; the core protein structure revealed cooperative destabilization between 4 and 7 M urea. Companion studies on the conformation of the inner histone \"heterotypic tetramer\" also revealed cooperative destabilization with increasing urea concentration.", "contents": "Conformational states of chromatin nu bodies induced by urea. Monomer chromatin nu bodies (nu1) from chicken erythrocyte nuclei were exposed to 0-10 M urea plus 0.2 mM EDTA (PH 7). Alterations in nu1 conformation were examined using hydrodynamic methods (i.e., S, eta, and (formula: see text)), thermal denaturation, circular dichroism, reactivity of histone thiol groups to N-ethyl maleimide, and electron microscopy. The two domains of a nu body (i.e., the DNA-rich shell and the protein-rich core) aeared to respond differently to the destabilizing effects of increasing urea; DNA conformation and stability exhibited noncooperative changes; the core protein structure revealed cooperative destabilization between 4 and 7 M urea. Companion studies on the conformation of the inner histone \"heterotypic tetramer\" also revealed cooperative destabilization with increasing urea concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:896478", "title": "Poly-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-cytidylic acid: enzymatic synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and interaction with poly-inosinic acid.", "content": "The polymerization of 2'deoxy-2'-fluoro-cytidine-diphosphate (dCflDP) by polynucleotide phosphorylase is barely detectable in the presence of Mg++ under usual experimental conditions for polymerization of nucleoside diphosphates. High concentrations of enzyme have to be used to accomplish the synthesis. Mn++ is a better activator than Mg++ for the reaction. cCflDP inhibits the polymerization of CDP and has a Km=8.8X10-3M, six times higher than CDP.- The polymer, poly (dCfl), ressembles in many respects poly(C), but not poly(dC): the acid selfstructure forms at similar pK's; interaction with poly(I) yields a 1:1 complex the CD spectrum of which is similar to that of poly(I).poly(C). Finally, the Tm's of poly(I).poly(dCfl) are comparable to those of poly(I).poly(C).", "contents": "Poly-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-cytidylic acid: enzymatic synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and interaction with poly-inosinic acid. The polymerization of 2'deoxy-2'-fluoro-cytidine-diphosphate (dCflDP) by polynucleotide phosphorylase is barely detectable in the presence of Mg++ under usual experimental conditions for polymerization of nucleoside diphosphates. High concentrations of enzyme have to be used to accomplish the synthesis. Mn++ is a better activator than Mg++ for the reaction. cCflDP inhibits the polymerization of CDP and has a Km=8.8X10-3M, six times higher than CDP.- The polymer, poly (dCfl), ressembles in many respects poly(C), but not poly(dC): the acid selfstructure forms at similar pK's; interaction with poly(I) yields a 1:1 complex the CD spectrum of which is similar to that of poly(I).poly(C). Finally, the Tm's of poly(I).poly(dCfl) are comparable to those of poly(I).poly(C)."}
{"id": "PMID:896479", "title": "RNA aggregation during sulfhydryl-agarose chromatography of mercurated RNA.", "content": "Isolation of newly synthesized mercurated RNA transcripts by chromatography on sulfhydryl-agarose has recently been used to reduce contamination by endogenous RNA derived from the chromatin template. We show that substantial RNA aggregation occurs during standard isolation procedures, causing significant retention of endogenous (unmercurated) RNA on sulfhydryl-agarose. We describe methods to reduce substantially this problem and discuss the implications of our findings for interpretation of previous hybridization and transcription experiments.", "contents": "RNA aggregation during sulfhydryl-agarose chromatography of mercurated RNA. Isolation of newly synthesized mercurated RNA transcripts by chromatography on sulfhydryl-agarose has recently been used to reduce contamination by endogenous RNA derived from the chromatin template. We show that substantial RNA aggregation occurs during standard isolation procedures, causing significant retention of endogenous (unmercurated) RNA on sulfhydryl-agarose. We describe methods to reduce substantially this problem and discuss the implications of our findings for interpretation of previous hybridization and transcription experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:896480", "title": "A site-specific endodeoxyribonuclease from Streptomyces albus CMI 52766 sharing site-specificity with Providencia stuartii endonuclease PstI.", "content": "A class II site-specific endodeoxyribonuclease (SalPI) was identified in cell-free extracts of Streptomyces albus CMI 52766 after high speed centrifugation and fractionation through Bio Gel AO.5M. SalPI cleaves lambda DNA into at least 18 fragments. Five cleavage sites were located in the linear lambda map by the use of double and triple restriction enzyme digests involving EcoRI, HindIII, SalGI and another new Streptomyces enzyme, SacI. The results were indistinguishable from those previously obtained for a Providencia stuartii enzyme, PstI, by Smith, Blattner & Davies (Nucleic Acids Res. 1976 3, 343). SalPI and PstI were shown by a double digest test to have the same site specificity. None of 34 phages tested was obviously restricted by S. albus CMI 52766, and correspondingly DNA from two of them was not cleaved in vitro by SalPI. DNA from Streptomyces phage that does not form plaques on S. albus CMI 52766, and plasmid SCP2 DNA from S. coelicolor A3 (2), were both cleaved.", "contents": "A site-specific endodeoxyribonuclease from Streptomyces albus CMI 52766 sharing site-specificity with Providencia stuartii endonuclease PstI. A class II site-specific endodeoxyribonuclease (SalPI) was identified in cell-free extracts of Streptomyces albus CMI 52766 after high speed centrifugation and fractionation through Bio Gel AO.5M. SalPI cleaves lambda DNA into at least 18 fragments. Five cleavage sites were located in the linear lambda map by the use of double and triple restriction enzyme digests involving EcoRI, HindIII, SalGI and another new Streptomyces enzyme, SacI. The results were indistinguishable from those previously obtained for a Providencia stuartii enzyme, PstI, by Smith, Blattner & Davies (Nucleic Acids Res. 1976 3, 343). SalPI and PstI were shown by a double digest test to have the same site specificity. None of 34 phages tested was obviously restricted by S. albus CMI 52766, and correspondingly DNA from two of them was not cleaved in vitro by SalPI. DNA from Streptomyces phage that does not form plaques on S. albus CMI 52766, and plasmid SCP2 DNA from S. coelicolor A3 (2), were both cleaved."}
{"id": "PMID:896481", "title": "Rabbit liver tRNA1Val:I. Primary structure and unusual codon recognition.", "content": "The major valine acceptor tRNA1Val from rabbit liver was purified and its nucleotide sequence determined by in vitro [32P] - labeling with T4 phage induced polynucleotide kinase and finger-printing techniques. Its primary structure was found to be identical with the major valine tRNA from mouse myeloma cells. According to the wobble hypothesis this tRNA, which exclusively has an IAC anticodon, should decode the valine codons GUU, GUC and GUA only. However, this tRNA recognizes all four valine codons with a surprising preference for GUG. It is unknown whether this is due to the lack of A37 modification next to the 3' end of the anticodon IAC. The nature of the inosine-guanosine interaction remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Rabbit liver tRNA1Val:I. Primary structure and unusual codon recognition. The major valine acceptor tRNA1Val from rabbit liver was purified and its nucleotide sequence determined by in vitro [32P] - labeling with T4 phage induced polynucleotide kinase and finger-printing techniques. Its primary structure was found to be identical with the major valine tRNA from mouse myeloma cells. According to the wobble hypothesis this tRNA, which exclusively has an IAC anticodon, should decode the valine codons GUU, GUC and GUA only. However, this tRNA recognizes all four valine codons with a surprising preference for GUG. It is unknown whether this is due to the lack of A37 modification next to the 3' end of the anticodon IAC. The nature of the inosine-guanosine interaction remains to be clarified."}
{"id": "PMID:896482", "title": "Comparative oligonucleotide fingerprints of three plant viroids.", "content": "5' Phosphorylation in vitro with gamma-32P-ATP and T4 phage induced polynucleotide kinase was used to obtain RNAase A and RNAase T1 fingerprints of three plant viroids: Potato spindle tuber viroid from tomato (PSTV-tom), chrysanthemum stunt viroid from cineraria (ChSV-cin) and citrus exocortis viroid from Gynura aurantiaca (CEV-gyn). These three viroids differ significantly from each other as judged from their oligonucleotide patterns. This supports the concept of individual viroid species.", "contents": "Comparative oligonucleotide fingerprints of three plant viroids. 5' Phosphorylation in vitro with gamma-32P-ATP and T4 phage induced polynucleotide kinase was used to obtain RNAase A and RNAase T1 fingerprints of three plant viroids: Potato spindle tuber viroid from tomato (PSTV-tom), chrysanthemum stunt viroid from cineraria (ChSV-cin) and citrus exocortis viroid from Gynura aurantiaca (CEV-gyn). These three viroids differ significantly from each other as judged from their oligonucleotide patterns. This supports the concept of individual viroid species."}
{"id": "PMID:896483", "title": "Levels of DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma in control and repair-deficient human diploid fibroblasts 1.", "content": "The activities of DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma were determined in control and repair-deficient human fibroblasts (xeroderma pigmentosum complementation groups A, C, and D; Fanconi's Anemia; and Bloom's syndrome). Assays were done on 103,000XG supernatants which had been chromatographed on DEAE cellulose to remove nucleic acids and on fractions containing polymerase activities which had been separated from one another on a second DEAE cellulose column. All repair-deficient cell types contained all three DNA polymerase activities. Caffeine, which has been observed to inhibit some DNA-repair processes in intact cells, had no effect on DNA polymerase activities from XP-A, XP-C, XP-D or XP-variant cells. These data indicate that all three polymerases are present in cells which have reduced or absent repair functions and that the caffeine effects observed in living cells are probably not due to the direct action of caffeine on DNA polymerases.", "contents": "Levels of DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma in control and repair-deficient human diploid fibroblasts 1. The activities of DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma were determined in control and repair-deficient human fibroblasts (xeroderma pigmentosum complementation groups A, C, and D; Fanconi's Anemia; and Bloom's syndrome). Assays were done on 103,000XG supernatants which had been chromatographed on DEAE cellulose to remove nucleic acids and on fractions containing polymerase activities which had been separated from one another on a second DEAE cellulose column. All repair-deficient cell types contained all three DNA polymerase activities. Caffeine, which has been observed to inhibit some DNA-repair processes in intact cells, had no effect on DNA polymerase activities from XP-A, XP-C, XP-D or XP-variant cells. These data indicate that all three polymerases are present in cells which have reduced or absent repair functions and that the caffeine effects observed in living cells are probably not due to the direct action of caffeine on DNA polymerases."}
{"id": "PMID:896484", "title": "Chromatin core particle unfolding induced by tryptic cleavage of histones.", "content": "Chromatin 'core particles' have been digested with trypsin to varying extents. The resulting particles are homogeneous by the criterion of ultracentrifuge boundary analysis. Sedimentation coefficients are lowered as cleavages are introduced into the histones, showing that an unfolding of the core particle occurs. This unfolding is further characterised by a lower melting temperature together with a premelting phase, higher molar ellipticity in the circular dichroism spectra at 280 nm and increased kinetics of digestion by both micrococcal nuclease and DNase I. Differences are also observed in the products of nuclease digestion. The most consistent interpretation of the data involves an unfolding process whereby free rods of DNA are released to extend from a nucleoprotein core.", "contents": "Chromatin core particle unfolding induced by tryptic cleavage of histones. Chromatin 'core particles' have been digested with trypsin to varying extents. The resulting particles are homogeneous by the criterion of ultracentrifuge boundary analysis. Sedimentation coefficients are lowered as cleavages are introduced into the histones, showing that an unfolding of the core particle occurs. This unfolding is further characterised by a lower melting temperature together with a premelting phase, higher molar ellipticity in the circular dichroism spectra at 280 nm and increased kinetics of digestion by both micrococcal nuclease and DNase I. Differences are also observed in the products of nuclease digestion. The most consistent interpretation of the data involves an unfolding process whereby free rods of DNA are released to extend from a nucleoprotein core."}
{"id": "PMID:896485", "title": "Partial purification of rat alpha-lactalbumin mRNA.", "content": "Alpha-lactalbumin messenger RNA was partially purified from RNA extracted from 3-5 day lactating rat mammary glands on a poly(U)-sepharose column followed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Apha-Lactalbumin mRNA activity was assayed in wheat germ cell-free translational system by immunoprecipitation of the in vitro synthesized protein using specific antiserum prepared against purified rat alpha-lactalbumin. In the purified mRNA preparation alpha-lactalbumin mRNA activity comprised approximately 85% of the total mRNA activity.", "contents": "Partial purification of rat alpha-lactalbumin mRNA. Alpha-lactalbumin messenger RNA was partially purified from RNA extracted from 3-5 day lactating rat mammary glands on a poly(U)-sepharose column followed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Apha-Lactalbumin mRNA activity was assayed in wheat germ cell-free translational system by immunoprecipitation of the in vitro synthesized protein using specific antiserum prepared against purified rat alpha-lactalbumin. In the purified mRNA preparation alpha-lactalbumin mRNA activity comprised approximately 85% of the total mRNA activity."}
{"id": "PMID:896486", "title": "Incorporation of oxygen-18 into nucleosides and bases.", "content": "Extensive incorporation of oxygen-18 at position O4 of the pyrimidine nucleus results from exchange between H218O and nucleosides or bases in 1N HC1 at 100 degrees. The reaction is hindered by substitution at C-5 with the greatest effect shown in pseudouridine (R = ribosy1) and the least in uridine (R = H). Maximum incorporation in the latter compound was 94%, and in uricil was 98%. The method is experimentally simple and the incorporation is readily monitored by mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Incorporation of oxygen-18 into nucleosides and bases. Extensive incorporation of oxygen-18 at position O4 of the pyrimidine nucleus results from exchange between H218O and nucleosides or bases in 1N HC1 at 100 degrees. The reaction is hindered by substitution at C-5 with the greatest effect shown in pseudouridine (R = ribosy1) and the least in uridine (R = H). Maximum incorporation in the latter compound was 94%, and in uricil was 98%. The method is experimentally simple and the incorporation is readily monitored by mass spectrometry."}
{"id": "PMID:896487", "title": "Stepwise synthesis of oligonucleotides. XXII. The synthesis of Tpsi-loop fragments of yeast tRNAIVal and their analogs.", "content": "The method of the combined use of nucleolytic enzymes was used for the synthesis of Tpsi-loop fragments of yeast valine tRNA and their analogs. Dinucleoside monophosphates, trinucleoside diphosphates and tetranucleoside triphosphates having the sequences of fragments 54-57 and 59-62 or their analogs were synthesized.", "contents": "Stepwise synthesis of oligonucleotides. XXII. The synthesis of Tpsi-loop fragments of yeast tRNAIVal and their analogs. The method of the combined use of nucleolytic enzymes was used for the synthesis of Tpsi-loop fragments of yeast valine tRNA and their analogs. Dinucleoside monophosphates, trinucleoside diphosphates and tetranucleoside triphosphates having the sequences of fragments 54-57 and 59-62 or their analogs were synthesized."}
{"id": "PMID:896489", "title": "[Selective double-isotope coronary scintigraphy with 99mTc- and 111In-HSA-microspheres].", "content": "A small fraction of a commercially available kit for the preparation of human serum albumin (HSA)-microspheres is labeled with 111In or 99mTc. The regional coronary blood flow is determined after selective injection of these labeled microspheres at rest and during rapid atrial pacing using a double-isotope coronary scintigraphy with a gamma camera.", "contents": "[Selective double-isotope coronary scintigraphy with 99mTc- and 111In-HSA-microspheres]. A small fraction of a commercially available kit for the preparation of human serum albumin (HSA)-microspheres is labeled with 111In or 99mTc. The regional coronary blood flow is determined after selective injection of these labeled microspheres at rest and during rapid atrial pacing using a double-isotope coronary scintigraphy with a gamma camera."}
{"id": "PMID:896605", "title": "Asymptomatic hematuria. Diagnostic approach.", "content": "Before classifying hematuria as asymptomatic, the physician should be sure that there are no symptoms pointing to underlying disease. The laboratory workup includes urinalysis, clinical chemistry and renal function tests, and hematologic studies. Intravenous pyelography is done to demonstrate any structural abnormalities, and cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography may be necessary to diagnose hemorrhagic cystitis, tumors of the bladder or other portions of the urinary tract, or calculi not found on intravenous pyelography. If these steps have not determined the cause of bleeding, renal parenchymal disease is probably present and a renal biopsy is indicated. The most common lesions found on renal biopsy are focal proliferative glomerulonephritis and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Asymptomatic hematuria. Diagnostic approach. Before classifying hematuria as asymptomatic, the physician should be sure that there are no symptoms pointing to underlying disease. The laboratory workup includes urinalysis, clinical chemistry and renal function tests, and hematologic studies. Intravenous pyelography is done to demonstrate any structural abnormalities, and cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography may be necessary to diagnose hemorrhagic cystitis, tumors of the bladder or other portions of the urinary tract, or calculi not found on intravenous pyelography. If these steps have not determined the cause of bleeding, renal parenchymal disease is probably present and a renal biopsy is indicated. The most common lesions found on renal biopsy are focal proliferative glomerulonephritis and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:896606", "title": "Asymptomatic proteinuria. Clinical significance.", "content": "Patients with asymptomatic proteinuria have varied reasons for the proteinuria and travel diverse courses. In the individual with normal renal function and no systemic cause, ie, idiopathic asymptomatic proteinuria, the outlook is generally favorable. Microscopic hematuria probably raises some degree of question about prognosis. The kidney shows normal glomeruli, subtle changes, or an identifiable lesion. The initial approach includes a clinical and laboratory search for systemic disease, repeated urinalyses, quantitative measurements of proteinuria, determination of creatinine clearance, protein electrophoresis where indicated, and intravenous pyelography. The need for regularly scheduled follow-up evaluation is emphasized. Although the initial approach need not include renal biopsy, a decline in creatinine clearance, an increase in proteinuria, or both are indications for biopsy and consideration of drug therapy.", "contents": "Asymptomatic proteinuria. Clinical significance. Patients with asymptomatic proteinuria have varied reasons for the proteinuria and travel diverse courses. In the individual with normal renal function and no systemic cause, ie, idiopathic asymptomatic proteinuria, the outlook is generally favorable. Microscopic hematuria probably raises some degree of question about prognosis. The kidney shows normal glomeruli, subtle changes, or an identifiable lesion. The initial approach includes a clinical and laboratory search for systemic disease, repeated urinalyses, quantitative measurements of proteinuria, determination of creatinine clearance, protein electrophoresis where indicated, and intravenous pyelography. The need for regularly scheduled follow-up evaluation is emphasized. Although the initial approach need not include renal biopsy, a decline in creatinine clearance, an increase in proteinuria, or both are indications for biopsy and consideration of drug therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:896607", "title": "Peritoneal dialysis. Current status.", "content": "Peritoneal dialysis has a definite role in the treatment of acute or chronic renal failure and certain fluid and electrolyte disturbances. Its major advantages are simplicity and availability. On the other hand, it is less effective and causes more patient discomfort than hemodialysis. Many factors enter into the decision to use one method of dialysis or the other, and the two should be considered complementary. The numerous complications that may occur during peritoneal dialysis can be avoided by careful attention to technical details. With the recent development of indwelling catheters and automatic cycling devices, long-term peritoneal dialysis is being used increasingly and successfully in the home, particularly in patients for whom home hemodialysis is difficult or inappropriate.", "contents": "Peritoneal dialysis. Current status. Peritoneal dialysis has a definite role in the treatment of acute or chronic renal failure and certain fluid and electrolyte disturbances. Its major advantages are simplicity and availability. On the other hand, it is less effective and causes more patient discomfort than hemodialysis. Many factors enter into the decision to use one method of dialysis or the other, and the two should be considered complementary. The numerous complications that may occur during peritoneal dialysis can be avoided by careful attention to technical details. With the recent development of indwelling catheters and automatic cycling devices, long-term peritoneal dialysis is being used increasingly and successfully in the home, particularly in patients for whom home hemodialysis is difficult or inappropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:896608", "title": "Vaginitis. Reducing the number of refractory cases.", "content": "Therapeutic failure in vaginitis can be minimized if all cases are properly diagnosed and specific therapy is given. Use of wet mounts combined with liberal use of cultures, especially for Corynebacterium vaginale, should result in an accurate diagnosis in over 90% of cases. Treatment of choice for candidiasis is nystatin or miconazole nitrate applied topically. For trichomoniasis, metronidazole should be given orally to both sexual partners. Ampicillin, cephalexin, or cephradine are recommended for C vaginale infection.", "contents": "Vaginitis. Reducing the number of refractory cases. Therapeutic failure in vaginitis can be minimized if all cases are properly diagnosed and specific therapy is given. Use of wet mounts combined with liberal use of cultures, especially for Corynebacterium vaginale, should result in an accurate diagnosis in over 90% of cases. Treatment of choice for candidiasis is nystatin or miconazole nitrate applied topically. For trichomoniasis, metronidazole should be given orally to both sexual partners. Ampicillin, cephalexin, or cephradine are recommended for C vaginale infection."}
{"id": "PMID:896612", "title": "Psychiatry. The physician as family therapist.", "content": "Patients or families with emotional problems often ask for help or come to the physician's attention in other ways. For those with long-standing or severe problems, referral to an appropriate mental health resource is indicated. Many, however, are simply involved in situational upsets which have temporarily overwhelmed the family's ability to resolve problems. For these families, the physician can be an effective family therapist. Problems can often be dealt with quickly and successfully without disruption of normal office routine. Basic to the physician's providing effective help are knowledge of the effects of childhood experiences on later interactions within a family and honest self-evaluation as to ability and interest in undertaking family therapy.", "contents": "Psychiatry. The physician as family therapist. Patients or families with emotional problems often ask for help or come to the physician's attention in other ways. For those with long-standing or severe problems, referral to an appropriate mental health resource is indicated. Many, however, are simply involved in situational upsets which have temporarily overwhelmed the family's ability to resolve problems. For these families, the physician can be an effective family therapist. Problems can often be dealt with quickly and successfully without disruption of normal office routine. Basic to the physician's providing effective help are knowledge of the effects of childhood experiences on later interactions within a family and honest self-evaluation as to ability and interest in undertaking family therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:896613", "title": "Unusual presentation of aseptic meningitis.", "content": "The CSF cell count in aseptic meningitis is characteristically in the range of 10 to 500/cu mm, and in most cases, below 1,500/cu mm. This 25-year-old woman had a CSF cell count of up to 7,780/cu mm. However, the diagnosis of aseptic meningitis seemed to be well established by the complete disappearance of signs and symptoms after only symptomatic treatment.", "contents": "Unusual presentation of aseptic meningitis. The CSF cell count in aseptic meningitis is characteristically in the range of 10 to 500/cu mm, and in most cases, below 1,500/cu mm. This 25-year-old woman had a CSF cell count of up to 7,780/cu mm. However, the diagnosis of aseptic meningitis seemed to be well established by the complete disappearance of signs and symptoms after only symptomatic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:896615", "title": "Caffeine and pregnancy. A retrospective survey.", "content": "A population group consisting of 800 households of women who recently had been pregnant was surveyed to determine the level of consumption of a variety of beverages. Three fourths of the subjects were Mormon. Of a subgroup of 16 women identified as having an estimated daily intake of caffeine of 600 mg or greater, 13 had experienced a reproductive loss in the form of spontaneous abortion (eight) or stillbirth (five), two had given birth to premature infants, and only one had had an uncomplicated delivery. An inordinately high rate or reproductive loss also was noted in 13 households where the man's estimated daily intake of caffeine was greater than 600 mg. A cause-and-effect relationship cannot be determined by this type of retrospective study, but physicians should keep in mind the possibility that an excessive intake of caffeine may be a factor in otherwise unexplainable spontaneous abortion or perinatal mortality.", "contents": "Caffeine and pregnancy. A retrospective survey. A population group consisting of 800 households of women who recently had been pregnant was surveyed to determine the level of consumption of a variety of beverages. Three fourths of the subjects were Mormon. Of a subgroup of 16 women identified as having an estimated daily intake of caffeine of 600 mg or greater, 13 had experienced a reproductive loss in the form of spontaneous abortion (eight) or stillbirth (five), two had given birth to premature infants, and only one had had an uncomplicated delivery. An inordinately high rate or reproductive loss also was noted in 13 households where the man's estimated daily intake of caffeine was greater than 600 mg. A cause-and-effect relationship cannot be determined by this type of retrospective study, but physicians should keep in mind the possibility that an excessive intake of caffeine may be a factor in otherwise unexplainable spontaneous abortion or perinatal mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:896616", "title": "Pressure sores. Prevention and step-up management.", "content": "The tissue changes that produce pressure sores may be described as occurring in five stages: blanching hyperemia, nonblanching hyperemia, blister and eschar formation, clean ulcer, and infected ulcer. Tissue breakdown is a direct response to external pressure, friction, or shearing force. Prevention of pressure sores comes down to identifying intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors and taking all possible steps to circumvent them. A \"step-up\" approach to management takes its name from the components surface agents, thermal agents, exposure, ultraviolet light, and pressure redistribution.", "contents": "Pressure sores. Prevention and step-up management. The tissue changes that produce pressure sores may be described as occurring in five stages: blanching hyperemia, nonblanching hyperemia, blister and eschar formation, clean ulcer, and infected ulcer. Tissue breakdown is a direct response to external pressure, friction, or shearing force. Prevention of pressure sores comes down to identifying intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors and taking all possible steps to circumvent them. A \"step-up\" approach to management takes its name from the components surface agents, thermal agents, exposure, ultraviolet light, and pressure redistribution."}
{"id": "PMID:896617", "title": "[Study of P50 and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in 23 bronchoemphysema patients as a function of hypoxia and hemoglobin concentration].", "content": "2,3-DPG and P50 were measured in 23 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. All patients had a chronic hypercapnia (PaCO2 greater than or equal to 45 Torr). They are shared in 3 groups, according to hemoglobin content [Hb] and hypoxia : group I(PaO2 = 48.0 +/- 2.4 Torr ; [Hb] = 15.9 +/- 0.3 g. 100 ml-1; n = 9), (M +/- 1 SE); group II (PaO2 = 46.4 +/- 5.0 Torr; [Hb] = 11.6 +/- 0.7 g. 100 m[-1; n = 7); group III(PaO2 = 61.4 +/- 2.4 Torr; [Hb] = 13.3 +/- 0.4 g. 100 ml-1; n = 7). 2,3-DPG (group I : 1.05 +/- 0.06 mole.moleHb-1; group II : 1.02 +/- 0.08; group III : 1.11 +/- 0.08) was not significantly different of 2,3-DPG value of 12 control subjects (0.96 +/- 0.04). P50 of group I (26.9 +/- 0.9 Torr) and group III patients (28.1 +/- 1.6 Torr) was not significantly different of control value of P50 (27.4 +/- 0.5 Torr). P50 of group II patients (29.6 +/- 0.8 Torr) was significantly higher than P50 control and group I values (p less than 0.05). All the patients of group II died. These results suggest that in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease : 1) P50 value is different with various clinical conditions; 2) P50 increase is a compensatory mechanism in severe hypoxemia with anemia, but is not sufficient; 3) [Hb] is the best data for clinical prognosis.", "contents": "[Study of P50 and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in 23 bronchoemphysema patients as a function of hypoxia and hemoglobin concentration]. 2,3-DPG and P50 were measured in 23 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. All patients had a chronic hypercapnia (PaCO2 greater than or equal to 45 Torr). They are shared in 3 groups, according to hemoglobin content [Hb] and hypoxia : group I(PaO2 = 48.0 +/- 2.4 Torr ; [Hb] = 15.9 +/- 0.3 g. 100 ml-1; n = 9), (M +/- 1 SE); group II (PaO2 = 46.4 +/- 5.0 Torr; [Hb] = 11.6 +/- 0.7 g. 100 m[-1; n = 7); group III(PaO2 = 61.4 +/- 2.4 Torr; [Hb] = 13.3 +/- 0.4 g. 100 ml-1; n = 7). 2,3-DPG (group I : 1.05 +/- 0.06 mole.moleHb-1; group II : 1.02 +/- 0.08; group III : 1.11 +/- 0.08) was not significantly different of 2,3-DPG value of 12 control subjects (0.96 +/- 0.04). P50 of group I (26.9 +/- 0.9 Torr) and group III patients (28.1 +/- 1.6 Torr) was not significantly different of control value of P50 (27.4 +/- 0.5 Torr). P50 of group II patients (29.6 +/- 0.8 Torr) was significantly higher than P50 control and group I values (p less than 0.05). All the patients of group II died. These results suggest that in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease : 1) P50 value is different with various clinical conditions; 2) P50 increase is a compensatory mechanism in severe hypoxemia with anemia, but is not sufficient; 3) [Hb] is the best data for clinical prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:896618", "title": "[Spiramycin during infectious flare ups in chronic bronchitides patients evolution of blood and secretory immunoglobulins].", "content": "Thirty patients with chronic bronchitis were treated by spiramycin during bouts of surinfection. Seventy per cent of positive results were obtained. Checking the level of seral immunoglobulins and those of secretory IgA was not enough to judge the evolution.", "contents": "[Spiramycin during infectious flare ups in chronic bronchitides patients evolution of blood and secretory immunoglobulins]. Thirty patients with chronic bronchitis were treated by spiramycin during bouts of surinfection. Seventy per cent of positive results were obtained. Checking the level of seral immunoglobulins and those of secretory IgA was not enough to judge the evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:896619", "title": "[Hernias of the diaphragmatic hiatus: Personal observation].", "content": "The authors report a new personal observation of hernia of the diaphragm hiatus. It is a rare, benign abnormality, generally asymptomatic, raising the diagnostic problem of posterior mediastinal opacities : pneumoperitoneum, retropneumoperitoneum and even pleuroscopy should enable a diagnostic and hence prevent a thoracotomy.", "contents": "[Hernias of the diaphragmatic hiatus: Personal observation]. The authors report a new personal observation of hernia of the diaphragm hiatus. It is a rare, benign abnormality, generally asymptomatic, raising the diagnostic problem of posterior mediastinal opacities : pneumoperitoneum, retropneumoperitoneum and even pleuroscopy should enable a diagnostic and hence prevent a thoracotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:896783", "title": "Use and misuse of intra-articular corticosteroids in treatment of temporomandibular joint pain.", "content": "In certain cases of intractable pain in the temporomandibular joint after conservative treatments have been unsuccessful, a single intra-articular injection of up to 40 mg of prednisolone trimethylacetate has been shown to be useful for permanent relief. This treatment has most success in patients over the age of 30 years; the older the patient the greater likelihood of clinical improvement. It is not to be recommended in the younger age groups. There is no evidence that a single intra-articular injection of any such corticosteroid causes damage that can be detected radiographically to an apparently sound articular surface. But it is still possible that multiple injections can cause damage, and they should not be used for any age group. In some cases where there is radiographic evidence of articular erosion before treatment, an advance of the lesion with reduction of the size of the mandibular condyle can be expected but is consistent with a reduction of the symptoms. The final result may be said to resemble a pharmacologically-achieved arthroplasty. Judgment of the success of the treatment by symptomatic assessment has proved to be entirely satisfactory, since the majority of patients have been grateful for the initial and continued relief of their pain and dysfunction. They have, in fact, avoided surgery to their joints and have no untoward side-effects.", "contents": "Use and misuse of intra-articular corticosteroids in treatment of temporomandibular joint pain. In certain cases of intractable pain in the temporomandibular joint after conservative treatments have been unsuccessful, a single intra-articular injection of up to 40 mg of prednisolone trimethylacetate has been shown to be useful for permanent relief. This treatment has most success in patients over the age of 30 years; the older the patient the greater likelihood of clinical improvement. It is not to be recommended in the younger age groups. There is no evidence that a single intra-articular injection of any such corticosteroid causes damage that can be detected radiographically to an apparently sound articular surface. But it is still possible that multiple injections can cause damage, and they should not be used for any age group. In some cases where there is radiographic evidence of articular erosion before treatment, an advance of the lesion with reduction of the size of the mandibular condyle can be expected but is consistent with a reduction of the symptoms. The final result may be said to resemble a pharmacologically-achieved arthroplasty. Judgment of the success of the treatment by symptomatic assessment has proved to be entirely satisfactory, since the majority of patients have been grateful for the initial and continued relief of their pain and dysfunction. They have, in fact, avoided surgery to their joints and have no untoward side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:896784", "title": "Diagnosis and outcome of anorexia nervosa: the St George's view.", "content": "Anorexia nervosa has been viewed here as a defensive biologically regressed posture pivoting around the events of puberty and reflecting primary gain. There is rarely any secondary gain - on the contrary life is miserable though still usually possible. The disorder is rooted in psychobiological mechanisms within the individual and in individual and family psychopathology concerning the meaning of body weight and fatness, evoked by the proband's adolescence and its maturational challenges. There are many identifiable 'risk factors' that can influence the evolution of the condition. Treatment requires a combined behavioural and psychotherapeutic approach involving special medical and nursing and psychotherapeutic skills.", "contents": "Diagnosis and outcome of anorexia nervosa: the St George's view. Anorexia nervosa has been viewed here as a defensive biologically regressed posture pivoting around the events of puberty and reflecting primary gain. There is rarely any secondary gain - on the contrary life is miserable though still usually possible. The disorder is rooted in psychobiological mechanisms within the individual and in individual and family psychopathology concerning the meaning of body weight and fatness, evoked by the proband's adolescence and its maturational challenges. There are many identifiable 'risk factors' that can influence the evolution of the condition. Treatment requires a combined behavioural and psychotherapeutic approach involving special medical and nursing and psychotherapeutic skills."}
{"id": "PMID:896786", "title": "Benign parotid swellings: a review.", "content": "The one common factor associated with the innumerable causes of benign parotid enlargement is xerostomia which influences the quantity and quality of parotid secretion and thus paves the way for duct obstruction and pyogenic infection.", "contents": "Benign parotid swellings: a review. The one common factor associated with the innumerable causes of benign parotid enlargement is xerostomia which influences the quantity and quality of parotid secretion and thus paves the way for duct obstruction and pyogenic infection."}
{"id": "PMID:896787", "title": "Early diagnosis and pitfalls in diagnosis of aseptic bone necrosis in divers.", "content": "The purpose of this presentation is to define the criteria by which it is possible to make an early definitive radiological diagnosis of the bone lesions of dysbaric osteonecrosis in divers, and to define the common pitfalls in making such a diagnosis.", "contents": "Early diagnosis and pitfalls in diagnosis of aseptic bone necrosis in divers. The purpose of this presentation is to define the criteria by which it is possible to make an early definitive radiological diagnosis of the bone lesions of dysbaric osteonecrosis in divers, and to define the common pitfalls in making such a diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:896788", "title": "Inhalation injury.", "content": "It is suggested that in patients exposed to the danger of smoke inhalation injury, whether or not they are also burned, the first requirement is extreme vigilance since the manifestations of inhalation injury are usually considerably delayed. Secondly, if evidence of this respiratory syndrome appears, steroids should be administered forthwith in substantial doses. Thirdly, where exposure to inhalation injury is known to have been severe, steroids should be used immediately, without awaiting development of respiratory distress.", "contents": "Inhalation injury. It is suggested that in patients exposed to the danger of smoke inhalation injury, whether or not they are also burned, the first requirement is extreme vigilance since the manifestations of inhalation injury are usually considerably delayed. Secondly, if evidence of this respiratory syndrome appears, steroids should be administered forthwith in substantial doses. Thirdly, where exposure to inhalation injury is known to have been severe, steroids should be used immediately, without awaiting development of respiratory distress."}
{"id": "PMID:896886", "title": "Effects of schedules of reinforcement on brain catecholamine metabolism in the rat.", "content": "Rats were trained on a fixed ratio 5 (FR 5) for 0.01 ml water reinforcer, a fixed ratio 20 (FR' 20) for 0.01 ml water reinforcer, a fixed ratio 20 (FR 20) for 0.04 ml water reinforcer, a variable time 15 sec (VT 15 sec) for 0.01 ml water reinforcer, a variable time 30 sec (VT 30 sec) for 0.01 ml water, variable time 60 sec (VT 60 sec) for 0.01 ml water, or a variable time 60 sec (VT 60 sec) for 0.10 ml water. In all these schedules, the rate of NE metabolism varied with the number of water presentations but not with the number of responses or the volume of water. The rate of metabolism of DA was increased over control values in rats on the VT schedules but no significant differences could be found in DA metabolism among the rats performing on the various VT schedules or receiving various volumes.", "contents": "Effects of schedules of reinforcement on brain catecholamine metabolism in the rat. Rats were trained on a fixed ratio 5 (FR 5) for 0.01 ml water reinforcer, a fixed ratio 20 (FR' 20) for 0.01 ml water reinforcer, a fixed ratio 20 (FR 20) for 0.04 ml water reinforcer, a variable time 15 sec (VT 15 sec) for 0.01 ml water reinforcer, a variable time 30 sec (VT 30 sec) for 0.01 ml water, variable time 60 sec (VT 60 sec) for 0.01 ml water, or a variable time 60 sec (VT 60 sec) for 0.10 ml water. In all these schedules, the rate of NE metabolism varied with the number of water presentations but not with the number of responses or the volume of water. The rate of metabolism of DA was increased over control values in rats on the VT schedules but no significant differences could be found in DA metabolism among the rats performing on the various VT schedules or receiving various volumes."}
{"id": "PMID:896887", "title": "Vasopressin administration in the first month of life: effects of growth and water metabolism in hypothalamic diabetes insipidus rats.", "content": "Rats homozygous for the mutant gene for diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain) are stunted in growth compared to rats heterozygous for the mutant gene and normal rats without the mutant gene. The hypothesis was tested that normal growth depends upon the presence of vasopressin. It was expected that replacement therapy of vasopressin rats homozygous for diabetes insipidus would make possible a normal growth rate similar to that of rats heterozygous for diabetes insipidus. Rats heterozygous and homozygous for diabetes insipidus were treated with 0.25 U (Days 0-9) and 0.5 U (Days 10-29) of vasopressin during the first month of life. During the treatment period, vasopressin significantly increased the urine osmolatities of the homozygous rats demonstrating the renal effectiveness of the vasopressin. The results showed that remedial vasopressin administration could not produce normal growth rates in homozygous rats and may be detrimental. Six weeks following vasopressin treatment, homozygous, diabetes insipidus rats which had received vasopressin had increased 24 hr water intakes and decreased urine osmolalities compared to control, homozygous rats, Heterozygous rats also had decreased urine osmolalities resulting from vasopressin six weeks after the cessation of vasopressin treatment.", "contents": "Vasopressin administration in the first month of life: effects of growth and water metabolism in hypothalamic diabetes insipidus rats. Rats homozygous for the mutant gene for diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain) are stunted in growth compared to rats heterozygous for the mutant gene and normal rats without the mutant gene. The hypothesis was tested that normal growth depends upon the presence of vasopressin. It was expected that replacement therapy of vasopressin rats homozygous for diabetes insipidus would make possible a normal growth rate similar to that of rats heterozygous for diabetes insipidus. Rats heterozygous and homozygous for diabetes insipidus were treated with 0.25 U (Days 0-9) and 0.5 U (Days 10-29) of vasopressin during the first month of life. During the treatment period, vasopressin significantly increased the urine osmolatities of the homozygous rats demonstrating the renal effectiveness of the vasopressin. The results showed that remedial vasopressin administration could not produce normal growth rates in homozygous rats and may be detrimental. Six weeks following vasopressin treatment, homozygous, diabetes insipidus rats which had received vasopressin had increased 24 hr water intakes and decreased urine osmolalities compared to control, homozygous rats, Heterozygous rats also had decreased urine osmolalities resulting from vasopressin six weeks after the cessation of vasopressin treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:896888", "title": "Central and peripheral norepinephrine metabolism in rat strains selectively bred for differences in response to stress.", "content": "Rats of the Maudsley nonreactive (MNRA) strain were found to contain higher levels of norepinephrine in heart, spleen, and hypothalamus than animals of the Maudsley reactive (MR) strain. Total adrenal catecholamines were also greater in nonreactive animals. There was a trend toward higher endogenous norepinephrine concentration in MR rats in brainstem and telencephalon, but this was not statistically significant. Turnover measurements calculated from the fall of norepinephrine at 1 and 4 hours after a single dose of levo-alpha-methylparatyrosine showed no significant strain differences in telencephalon or brainstem, but MNRA animals had a faster rate of norepinephrine decline in heart than had MR rats. Possibly indicative of a higher rate of norepinephrine metabolism, the percentage of 3H-non-catechol metabolites relative to total counts was higher in brainstem of MNRA rats 90 min after intraventricular injection of 3H-norepinephrine. However, the disagreement between this estimate of norepinephrine metabolism and that provided by the alpha-methyl-paratyrosine technique prevents a conclusive statement about norepinephrine metabolism in the two strains. The results are discussed in the light of the established differences in behavior between the strains as well as other work exploring relationships between catecholamine metabolism and emotionality.", "contents": "Central and peripheral norepinephrine metabolism in rat strains selectively bred for differences in response to stress. Rats of the Maudsley nonreactive (MNRA) strain were found to contain higher levels of norepinephrine in heart, spleen, and hypothalamus than animals of the Maudsley reactive (MR) strain. Total adrenal catecholamines were also greater in nonreactive animals. There was a trend toward higher endogenous norepinephrine concentration in MR rats in brainstem and telencephalon, but this was not statistically significant. Turnover measurements calculated from the fall of norepinephrine at 1 and 4 hours after a single dose of levo-alpha-methylparatyrosine showed no significant strain differences in telencephalon or brainstem, but MNRA animals had a faster rate of norepinephrine decline in heart than had MR rats. Possibly indicative of a higher rate of norepinephrine metabolism, the percentage of 3H-non-catechol metabolites relative to total counts was higher in brainstem of MNRA rats 90 min after intraventricular injection of 3H-norepinephrine. However, the disagreement between this estimate of norepinephrine metabolism and that provided by the alpha-methyl-paratyrosine technique prevents a conclusive statement about norepinephrine metabolism in the two strains. The results are discussed in the light of the established differences in behavior between the strains as well as other work exploring relationships between catecholamine metabolism and emotionality."}
{"id": "PMID:896889", "title": "Estrogen-induced sexual receptivity and localization of 3H-estradiol in brains of female mice: effects of 5 alpha-reduced androgens, progestins and cyproterone acetate.", "content": "Sexual receptivity induced in ovariectomized CD-1 mice with chronic daily administration of estradiol benzoate (E2 B) was blocked by concurrent administration of the 5 alpha-reduced androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Receptivity was restored in these females with progesterone-, but not with dihydroprogesterone-priming 6 hr prior to testing. Delaying the DHT injections until 12 hr after the E2 B injections greatly reduced its inhibitory properties. Receptivity in E2 B-primed females was also blocked by concurrent treatment with cyproterone acetate and 3 alpha-, but not 3 beta-adrostanediol. Pretreatment with DHT, or 3 alpha- or 3 beta-androstanediol failed to consistently affects 3H-estradiol accumulation in crude nuclear and supernatant fractions from brain and pituitary.", "contents": "Estrogen-induced sexual receptivity and localization of 3H-estradiol in brains of female mice: effects of 5 alpha-reduced androgens, progestins and cyproterone acetate. Sexual receptivity induced in ovariectomized CD-1 mice with chronic daily administration of estradiol benzoate (E2 B) was blocked by concurrent administration of the 5 alpha-reduced androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Receptivity was restored in these females with progesterone-, but not with dihydroprogesterone-priming 6 hr prior to testing. Delaying the DHT injections until 12 hr after the E2 B injections greatly reduced its inhibitory properties. Receptivity in E2 B-primed females was also blocked by concurrent treatment with cyproterone acetate and 3 alpha-, but not 3 beta-adrostanediol. Pretreatment with DHT, or 3 alpha- or 3 beta-androstanediol failed to consistently affects 3H-estradiol accumulation in crude nuclear and supernatant fractions from brain and pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:896890", "title": "A new anorexigen assay: stress-induced hyperphagia in rats.", "content": "Humans often respond to stress by overeating. A rat model of hyperphagia induced by a stressful tail-pinch has been described. Consumption of sweetened condensed milk by vaive rats was measured durin the stress. This milk drinking was prevented by pretreatment with d-amphetamine, chlorphentermine, diethylpropion, fenfluramine, methamphetamine, morphine, chlorpromazine and haloperidol. The benzodiazepines chlordiazepoxide and diazepam increased the hyperphagia. The relevance of dopaminergic agonistic and antagonist activities to anorexigenic activity are questioned.", "contents": "A new anorexigen assay: stress-induced hyperphagia in rats. Humans often respond to stress by overeating. A rat model of hyperphagia induced by a stressful tail-pinch has been described. Consumption of sweetened condensed milk by vaive rats was measured durin the stress. This milk drinking was prevented by pretreatment with d-amphetamine, chlorphentermine, diethylpropion, fenfluramine, methamphetamine, morphine, chlorpromazine and haloperidol. The benzodiazepines chlordiazepoxide and diazepam increased the hyperphagia. The relevance of dopaminergic agonistic and antagonist activities to anorexigenic activity are questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:896891", "title": "Quinine-induced hypothermia in cold-exposed rats.", "content": "Quinine HCl in doses from 10-50 mg/kg lowered the body temperatures of nonfebrile rats in the cold, primarily by suppressing shivering. However, if given an opportunity to turn on a heat lamp the rats worked much more than normal after a quinine injection and were theraby able to counteract the hypothermia to some extent. The effect of quinine is interpreted as an action on effector mechanisms rather than as an alteration of the thermal setpoint.", "contents": "Quinine-induced hypothermia in cold-exposed rats. Quinine HCl in doses from 10-50 mg/kg lowered the body temperatures of nonfebrile rats in the cold, primarily by suppressing shivering. However, if given an opportunity to turn on a heat lamp the rats worked much more than normal after a quinine injection and were theraby able to counteract the hypothermia to some extent. The effect of quinine is interpreted as an action on effector mechanisms rather than as an alteration of the thermal setpoint."}
{"id": "PMID:896892", "title": "NaCl and LiCl efficacy in the induction of aversion for quinine and saccharin solutions immediately following injection.", "content": "Rats 24-hr water deprived were injected IP with a fixed amount (10 ml/kg) of solution of various concentrations of LiCl and NaCl in dosage ranges which in previous experiments either increased or had no effect on water intake. Intake of 0.01% QHCl decreased with increasing concentrations of both NaCl and LiCl. On a molar basis, LiCl was more effeictive. LiCl also produced an aversion to a palatable solution, 0.1% sodium saccharin; however, NaCl produced no aversion over the dosage range which can be tolerated by the animals.", "contents": "NaCl and LiCl efficacy in the induction of aversion for quinine and saccharin solutions immediately following injection. Rats 24-hr water deprived were injected IP with a fixed amount (10 ml/kg) of solution of various concentrations of LiCl and NaCl in dosage ranges which in previous experiments either increased or had no effect on water intake. Intake of 0.01% QHCl decreased with increasing concentrations of both NaCl and LiCl. On a molar basis, LiCl was more effeictive. LiCl also produced an aversion to a palatable solution, 0.1% sodium saccharin; however, NaCl produced no aversion over the dosage range which can be tolerated by the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:896893", "title": "Effects of clozapine, chlorpromazine and diazepam upon adjunctive and schedule controlled behaviors.", "content": "Two twelve-animal groups of rats were trained to press a lever for food reinforcement under either a fixed ratio 20 (FR 20) or a fixed interval 2 min (FI 2 min) schedule. During the FI 2 min schedule a measure of adjunctive behavior (i.e., drinking) was taken. Each group was then administered various doses of chlorpromazine (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg, P.O.), clozapine (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg, P.O.) or diazepam (5.0, 10.0, 15.0 mg/kg, P.O.) in a random order. All three drugs reliably reduced FR 20 response rates in a dose dependent manner, but chlorpromazine and clozapine were more potent in this regard. Chlorpromazine reduced FI 2 min responses rates especially in the terminal portions of the fixed intervals while diazepam generally elevated rates primarily in the min-portion of the interval. Clozapine produced a less defined effect on overall responding. All three drugs affected index of curvature. Only chlorpromazine was able to reliably reduce occurrence of adjunctive behavior and reinforcements.", "contents": "Effects of clozapine, chlorpromazine and diazepam upon adjunctive and schedule controlled behaviors. Two twelve-animal groups of rats were trained to press a lever for food reinforcement under either a fixed ratio 20 (FR 20) or a fixed interval 2 min (FI 2 min) schedule. During the FI 2 min schedule a measure of adjunctive behavior (i.e., drinking) was taken. Each group was then administered various doses of chlorpromazine (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg, P.O.), clozapine (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg, P.O.) or diazepam (5.0, 10.0, 15.0 mg/kg, P.O.) in a random order. All three drugs reliably reduced FR 20 response rates in a dose dependent manner, but chlorpromazine and clozapine were more potent in this regard. Chlorpromazine reduced FI 2 min responses rates especially in the terminal portions of the fixed intervals while diazepam generally elevated rates primarily in the min-portion of the interval. Clozapine produced a less defined effect on overall responding. All three drugs affected index of curvature. Only chlorpromazine was able to reliably reduce occurrence of adjunctive behavior and reinforcements."}
{"id": "PMID:896894", "title": "Barbital-induced changes in sensitivity to the behavioral effects of narcotics.", "content": "Twelve male (Spraque-Dawley) rats were trained to respond under a variable-interval 15 sec schedule of sweetened-milk reinforcement. Rats were tested with doses of morphine and methadone, both before and after the development of tolerance to barbital (100 mg/kg, IP). Barbital-tolerant rats were tolerant to the effects of methadone on VI responding but were not tolerant to the effects of morphine. These data demonstrate that tolerance to some narcotics can develop after chronic exposure to drugs other than those of the same pharmacologic class. Furthermore, this investigation demonstrates the necessity of considering changes in the pharmacokinetics of a narcotic as a possible explanation for the development of tolerance to the behavioral effects of the drug.", "contents": "Barbital-induced changes in sensitivity to the behavioral effects of narcotics. Twelve male (Spraque-Dawley) rats were trained to respond under a variable-interval 15 sec schedule of sweetened-milk reinforcement. Rats were tested with doses of morphine and methadone, both before and after the development of tolerance to barbital (100 mg/kg, IP). Barbital-tolerant rats were tolerant to the effects of methadone on VI responding but were not tolerant to the effects of morphine. These data demonstrate that tolerance to some narcotics can develop after chronic exposure to drugs other than those of the same pharmacologic class. Furthermore, this investigation demonstrates the necessity of considering changes in the pharmacokinetics of a narcotic as a possible explanation for the development of tolerance to the behavioral effects of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:896895", "title": "Controlled demonstration of metrazol kindling.", "content": "Convulsive responses elicited in rats by intraperitoneal injections of metrazol were intensified following a seriew of metrazol injections administered once every three days. However, neither handling alone nor placebo injections increased the susceptibility of control rats to metrazol-induced convulsive symptoms. Thus, although increases in the susceptibility to metrazol seizures following periodic placebo injections have been reported by others, such increases do not appear to be a critical factor in metrazol kindling.", "contents": "Controlled demonstration of metrazol kindling. Convulsive responses elicited in rats by intraperitoneal injections of metrazol were intensified following a seriew of metrazol injections administered once every three days. However, neither handling alone nor placebo injections increased the susceptibility of control rats to metrazol-induced convulsive symptoms. Thus, although increases in the susceptibility to metrazol seizures following periodic placebo injections have been reported by others, such increases do not appear to be a critical factor in metrazol kindling."}
{"id": "PMID:896896", "title": "Audiogenic seizures and brain extracts: enhancement by extracts from C57BL/6J mice subjected to audiogenic priming.", "content": "Donor C57BL/6J mice were given audiogenic priming (AP) by exposure to noise at 16 days of age (To) and sacrificed at intervals from 1 hr to 18 days therafter. Brains from AP and littermate non-AP mice were extracted in 1 M acetic acid, and passed through a filter with a nominal mol. wt. cutoff of 10,000 daltons. The filtrates were lyophilized and resuspended in H2O (0.1 ml/brain). Recipient C57BL/6J mice were also exposed to 30 sec of 127 +/- 2 dBA at 16 days of age, and injected IP with one brain-equivalent of extracts from either AP or non-AP donors immediately therafter. All recipients were tested for convulsability at 18 days of age. There were no differences in audiogenic convulsion rates between groups given AP or non-AP extracts from donors sacrificed 1 to 4 hr after To. Recipient convulsion rates were higher in AP relative to non-AP extract-injected mice whenAP donors were sacrificed 1 to 18 days after To. The extract taken from donors 1 day after To appears more potent than extract taken either before or later.", "contents": "Audiogenic seizures and brain extracts: enhancement by extracts from C57BL/6J mice subjected to audiogenic priming. Donor C57BL/6J mice were given audiogenic priming (AP) by exposure to noise at 16 days of age (To) and sacrificed at intervals from 1 hr to 18 days therafter. Brains from AP and littermate non-AP mice were extracted in 1 M acetic acid, and passed through a filter with a nominal mol. wt. cutoff of 10,000 daltons. The filtrates were lyophilized and resuspended in H2O (0.1 ml/brain). Recipient C57BL/6J mice were also exposed to 30 sec of 127 +/- 2 dBA at 16 days of age, and injected IP with one brain-equivalent of extracts from either AP or non-AP donors immediately therafter. All recipients were tested for convulsability at 18 days of age. There were no differences in audiogenic convulsion rates between groups given AP or non-AP extracts from donors sacrificed 1 to 4 hr after To. Recipient convulsion rates were higher in AP relative to non-AP extract-injected mice whenAP donors were sacrificed 1 to 18 days after To. The extract taken from donors 1 day after To appears more potent than extract taken either before or later."}
{"id": "PMID:896911", "title": "Colorimetric assay of noramidopyrine methanesulfonate sodium in formulations and in blood and urine samples.", "content": "A simple, rapid, specific and sensitive colorimetric method is proposed for the quantitative estimation of noramido-pyrine methanesulfonate sodium in different dosage forms as well as in blood and urine samples. The method is based on the reaction of 3-sulfonic-5-amino-alpha-naphthol with formaldehyde liberated from noramidopyrine methanesulfonate sodium after treatment with conc. sulfuric acid where a yellow colour appeared immediately which turned to blue on dilution with water. The blue colour obeyed Beer's law (10--400 microgram) and remained stable for more than 1 h. The effect of other drugs, tablet excipients, parentral vehicles and suppository bases was studied.", "contents": "Colorimetric assay of noramidopyrine methanesulfonate sodium in formulations and in blood and urine samples. A simple, rapid, specific and sensitive colorimetric method is proposed for the quantitative estimation of noramido-pyrine methanesulfonate sodium in different dosage forms as well as in blood and urine samples. The method is based on the reaction of 3-sulfonic-5-amino-alpha-naphthol with formaldehyde liberated from noramidopyrine methanesulfonate sodium after treatment with conc. sulfuric acid where a yellow colour appeared immediately which turned to blue on dilution with water. The blue colour obeyed Beer's law (10--400 microgram) and remained stable for more than 1 h. The effect of other drugs, tablet excipients, parentral vehicles and suppository bases was studied."}
{"id": "PMID:896913", "title": "The effect of dihydroxypropyl theophylline on the solubility and stability of menadione (vitamin K3).", "content": "The effect of dihydroxypropyl theophylline on the solubility and stability of menadione was investigated. An increase of about 4-fold in the solubility of menadione with 0.1 m dihydroxypropyl theophylline was observed at 30 degrees C. Thermodynamic paremeters were calculated by conducting the experiments at different temperatures. The rate of base-catalyzed degradation of menadione in the presence and absence of dihydroxypropyl theophylline was found to be first order with respect to the vitamin at all conditions of pH, temperature and concentration. Dihydroxypropyl theophylline leads to an accelerated rate of decomposition of the drug at relatively high pH values. This adverse effect decreases considerably as the pH of the solution approaches neutrality. At pH = 7.5, dihydroxypropyl theophylline exerts a rather stabilizing effect on menadione solution. The enhancement of the rate of base-catalyzed degradation is directly proportional to the concentration of dehydroxypropyl theophylline at pH = 9.2. The base-catalyzed degradation of menadione in the absence and presence of dihydroxypropyl theophylline follows Arrhenius' equation for the thermal activation of molecules. No noticeable variation in the energy of activation of both systems was detected. The addition of 4% dihydroxypropyl theophylline to menadione solution nearly completely suppressed the aerobic photodegradation of menadione.", "contents": "The effect of dihydroxypropyl theophylline on the solubility and stability of menadione (vitamin K3). The effect of dihydroxypropyl theophylline on the solubility and stability of menadione was investigated. An increase of about 4-fold in the solubility of menadione with 0.1 m dihydroxypropyl theophylline was observed at 30 degrees C. Thermodynamic paremeters were calculated by conducting the experiments at different temperatures. The rate of base-catalyzed degradation of menadione in the presence and absence of dihydroxypropyl theophylline was found to be first order with respect to the vitamin at all conditions of pH, temperature and concentration. Dihydroxypropyl theophylline leads to an accelerated rate of decomposition of the drug at relatively high pH values. This adverse effect decreases considerably as the pH of the solution approaches neutrality. At pH = 7.5, dihydroxypropyl theophylline exerts a rather stabilizing effect on menadione solution. The enhancement of the rate of base-catalyzed degradation is directly proportional to the concentration of dehydroxypropyl theophylline at pH = 9.2. The base-catalyzed degradation of menadione in the absence and presence of dihydroxypropyl theophylline follows Arrhenius' equation for the thermal activation of molecules. No noticeable variation in the energy of activation of both systems was detected. The addition of 4% dihydroxypropyl theophylline to menadione solution nearly completely suppressed the aerobic photodegradation of menadione."}
{"id": "PMID:896922", "title": "Synthesis of substituted benzoquinones and naphthoquinones with potential antituberculous activity.", "content": "Compounds were prepared through the reaction of benzoquinone, naphthoquinone and 2-methyl-1.4-naphthoquinone with several sulphonamides in common use. It is hoped that incorporation of these bacteriostatic agents with the high lipid solubility of the quinone used may afford a better bacteriostatic activity. Determination of the partition coefficient of some representative samples proved these compounds to have high lipid solubility.", "contents": "Synthesis of substituted benzoquinones and naphthoquinones with potential antituberculous activity. Compounds were prepared through the reaction of benzoquinone, naphthoquinone and 2-methyl-1.4-naphthoquinone with several sulphonamides in common use. It is hoped that incorporation of these bacteriostatic agents with the high lipid solubility of the quinone used may afford a better bacteriostatic activity. Determination of the partition coefficient of some representative samples proved these compounds to have high lipid solubility."}
{"id": "PMID:896924", "title": "Synthesis of 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-4-quinolizinones and corresponding 5-cyano-4-hydroxy-2-pyridones. Part 187: Synthesis of heterocycles. Part 9: Quinolizines and Indolizines.", "content": "Active malonic esters condense with 2-pyridylacetonitrile giving 1-cyano-3-substituted 2-hydroxyquinolizin-4-ones. Catalytic hydrogenation of the resulting products led to the corresponding 1-cyano-3-substituted-2-hydroxy-6.7.8.9-tetrahydroquinolizin-4-ones. On the other hand, condensation of the active malonic esters with beta-aminocrotononitrile afforded 5-cyano-3-substituted-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine-2-ones. The IR and NMR data are reported.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-4-quinolizinones and corresponding 5-cyano-4-hydroxy-2-pyridones. Part 187: Synthesis of heterocycles. Part 9: Quinolizines and Indolizines. Active malonic esters condense with 2-pyridylacetonitrile giving 1-cyano-3-substituted 2-hydroxyquinolizin-4-ones. Catalytic hydrogenation of the resulting products led to the corresponding 1-cyano-3-substituted-2-hydroxy-6.7.8.9-tetrahydroquinolizin-4-ones. On the other hand, condensation of the active malonic esters with beta-aminocrotononitrile afforded 5-cyano-3-substituted-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine-2-ones. The IR and NMR data are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:896926", "title": "In vitro effect of duclauxin and derivatives of coumarin on nucleic acid and protein synthesis in Ehrlich's Ascites Carcinoma cells (EAC).", "content": "The effect was studied of 32 natural and synthetic derivatives of coumarin, dicoumarin, and 4.4'epoxydicoumarin on the uptake of 14C-labelled precursors in nucleic acid (NA) and protein synthesis by EAC cells in vitro. Of the three tested groups of compounds, the most cytotoxic effect was found in the derivatives of coumarin that inhibited, on the same level, incorporation of the added 14C-adenine, 14C-L-valine and 14C-uridine but not 14C-thymidine. The utilization of the present precursors by EAC cells was not affected by epoxydicoumarins. Derivatives of coumarin and dicoumarin inhibited only NA synthesis in in vitro proliferating EAC cells. Of the evaluated compounds, chiefly duclauxin specifically decreased proliferation of EAC cells in vitro.", "contents": "In vitro effect of duclauxin and derivatives of coumarin on nucleic acid and protein synthesis in Ehrlich's Ascites Carcinoma cells (EAC). The effect was studied of 32 natural and synthetic derivatives of coumarin, dicoumarin, and 4.4'epoxydicoumarin on the uptake of 14C-labelled precursors in nucleic acid (NA) and protein synthesis by EAC cells in vitro. Of the three tested groups of compounds, the most cytotoxic effect was found in the derivatives of coumarin that inhibited, on the same level, incorporation of the added 14C-adenine, 14C-L-valine and 14C-uridine but not 14C-thymidine. The utilization of the present precursors by EAC cells was not affected by epoxydicoumarins. Derivatives of coumarin and dicoumarin inhibited only NA synthesis in in vitro proliferating EAC cells. Of the evaluated compounds, chiefly duclauxin specifically decreased proliferation of EAC cells in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:896933", "title": "Synthesis of some N-substituted salicylamides structurally related to certain antimicrobials.", "content": "The condensation of 5-nitrosalicoylchloride and 5-sulphamoylsalicylic acid with certain amines is described. Reacting the acid chloride with 3-amino-2-oxazolidone, 4-aminophenazone, thiosemicarbazide, 1-aminohydantoin and 2-aminopyridine yielded the correspondong N-substituted 5-nitrosalicylamides (1a-c), while with semicarbazide a disubstituted product type 2 was obtained. On the other hand, when 5-sulphamoylsalicylic acid was condensed with o-chloroaniline, m-chloroaniline and 4-aminophenazone in the presence of phosphorus trichloride, instead of affording the expected condensation products type 3, it yielded N1N5-disubstituted 5-sulphamoylsalicylamides (4a-c). The synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of some N-substituted salicylamides structurally related to certain antimicrobials. The condensation of 5-nitrosalicoylchloride and 5-sulphamoylsalicylic acid with certain amines is described. Reacting the acid chloride with 3-amino-2-oxazolidone, 4-aminophenazone, thiosemicarbazide, 1-aminohydantoin and 2-aminopyridine yielded the correspondong N-substituted 5-nitrosalicylamides (1a-c), while with semicarbazide a disubstituted product type 2 was obtained. On the other hand, when 5-sulphamoylsalicylic acid was condensed with o-chloroaniline, m-chloroaniline and 4-aminophenazone in the presence of phosphorus trichloride, instead of affording the expected condensation products type 3, it yielded N1N5-disubstituted 5-sulphamoylsalicylamides (4a-c). The synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity."}
{"id": "PMID:896935", "title": "Synthesis of some dibenzazepines of possible therapeutic interest.", "content": "Among the hypotensive drugs are the N-alkyldibenz[c,e]-azepines. A representative of this class is 6-allyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenz[c,e]azepine (azapetine). The present investigation involved the preparation of a new series of N-[6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenz[c,e]azepin-6-yl] acid amides namely; acetamide, benzamide, phehyl acetamide, salicylamide and p-hydroxybenzamide derivatives. Another new series of N-[6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenz[c,e]azepin-6-yl]-N-alkyl (or aryl) thioureas was prepared namely ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, phenyl and o-tolyl thiourea derivatives. IR spectra of the two series of compounds were investigated.", "contents": "Synthesis of some dibenzazepines of possible therapeutic interest. Among the hypotensive drugs are the N-alkyldibenz[c,e]-azepines. A representative of this class is 6-allyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenz[c,e]azepine (azapetine). The present investigation involved the preparation of a new series of N-[6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenz[c,e]azepin-6-yl] acid amides namely; acetamide, benzamide, phehyl acetamide, salicylamide and p-hydroxybenzamide derivatives. Another new series of N-[6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenz[c,e]azepin-6-yl]-N-alkyl (or aryl) thioureas was prepared namely ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, phenyl and o-tolyl thiourea derivatives. IR spectra of the two series of compounds were investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:896945", "title": "Effects of chronic morphine administration on pregnant rats and their offspring.", "content": "The effect of chronic maternal morphine exposure on conception, pregnancy, and perinatal development was studied in rat. Beginning 5 days prior to mating and continuing through gestation and lactation, female Sprague-Dawley albino rats received twice daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of morphine sulfate; drug dosages were gradually increased from 10 mg/kg/injection to a maintenance level of 40 mg/kg/injection. Throughout gestation, drug-treated mothers weighed less than saline-injected controls. Control females displayed progressive weight loss during lactation; morphine-injected females showed marked weight gain in the 2nd and 3rd weeks of this period. Morphine administered during pregnancy produced decreased litter size, increased number of stillborns, increased infant mortality, and retardation of body growth in drug-exposed offspring. Weight deficits persisted in young rats observed 5 1/2 weeks after cessation of drug exposure as well as in animals continuing to receive twice daily i.p. injections of 20 mg/kg.", "contents": "Effects of chronic morphine administration on pregnant rats and their offspring. The effect of chronic maternal morphine exposure on conception, pregnancy, and perinatal development was studied in rat. Beginning 5 days prior to mating and continuing through gestation and lactation, female Sprague-Dawley albino rats received twice daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of morphine sulfate; drug dosages were gradually increased from 10 mg/kg/injection to a maintenance level of 40 mg/kg/injection. Throughout gestation, drug-treated mothers weighed less than saline-injected controls. Control females displayed progressive weight loss during lactation; morphine-injected females showed marked weight gain in the 2nd and 3rd weeks of this period. Morphine administered during pregnancy produced decreased litter size, increased number of stillborns, increased infant mortality, and retardation of body growth in drug-exposed offspring. Weight deficits persisted in young rats observed 5 1/2 weeks after cessation of drug exposure as well as in animals continuing to receive twice daily i.p. injections of 20 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:896946", "title": "Serum binding of quinidine in experimental acute renal failure.", "content": "Quinidine serum binding is increased in some patients with acute renal failure, but in animals with renal failure conflicting results were published. Therefore, serum binding of quinidine, papaverine and phenylbutazone was studied by equilibrium dialysis in rabbits and rats with acute renal failure induced either by injection of uranyl nitrate or ligation of the ureters. From the results it appears that, in animals, quinidine binding changes are different according to the model used for induction of the renal failure, regardless of the species studied. After ligation of the ureters, lipoprotein concentration increases, but the meaning of this increase for increased serum quinidine binding is not clear.", "contents": "Serum binding of quinidine in experimental acute renal failure. Quinidine serum binding is increased in some patients with acute renal failure, but in animals with renal failure conflicting results were published. Therefore, serum binding of quinidine, papaverine and phenylbutazone was studied by equilibrium dialysis in rabbits and rats with acute renal failure induced either by injection of uranyl nitrate or ligation of the ureters. From the results it appears that, in animals, quinidine binding changes are different according to the model used for induction of the renal failure, regardless of the species studied. After ligation of the ureters, lipoprotein concentration increases, but the meaning of this increase for increased serum quinidine binding is not clear."}
{"id": "PMID:896947", "title": "Concentration of clonazepam in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of the sheep.", "content": "Following intravenous administration of clonazepam to sheep there was rapid equilibration of cerebrospinal fluid and unbound serum concentrations of the drug. The pharmacokinetics of clonazepam in sheep describe a 2-compartment model and the large volume of distribution suggests tissue binding of clonazepam. There was wide variation in serum concentration and at least 2 mg of clonazepam was necessary to attain the recommended therapeutic concentration.", "contents": "Concentration of clonazepam in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of the sheep. Following intravenous administration of clonazepam to sheep there was rapid equilibration of cerebrospinal fluid and unbound serum concentrations of the drug. The pharmacokinetics of clonazepam in sheep describe a 2-compartment model and the large volume of distribution suggests tissue binding of clonazepam. There was wide variation in serum concentration and at least 2 mg of clonazepam was necessary to attain the recommended therapeutic concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:896948", "title": "Effect of intra-arterial infusion of glucose on secretory activity of isolated canine stomach.", "content": "Totally isolated stomachs, perfused extracorporeally with homologous blood of living oxygenator dogs, were used for the study of gastric secretion. Pentagastrin or histamine were infused into the gastric artery alone or combined with a 30% solution of glucose. Hyperglycemia was associated with significant inhibition of gastric secretion. Volume, output of HCl and concentration of H+ in gastric secretion were decreased. Hyperglycemia induced also a significant increase in osmotic pressure of gastric secretion and gastric blood. Paired values of H+ and osmotic pressure of gastric secretion were analyzed by the method of least squares, using a computer. The regression line was given by the equation: osmotic pressure (mosm/kg)=311.2-0.167 X [H+] mEq/liter.", "contents": "Effect of intra-arterial infusion of glucose on secretory activity of isolated canine stomach. Totally isolated stomachs, perfused extracorporeally with homologous blood of living oxygenator dogs, were used for the study of gastric secretion. Pentagastrin or histamine were infused into the gastric artery alone or combined with a 30% solution of glucose. Hyperglycemia was associated with significant inhibition of gastric secretion. Volume, output of HCl and concentration of H+ in gastric secretion were decreased. Hyperglycemia induced also a significant increase in osmotic pressure of gastric secretion and gastric blood. Paired values of H+ and osmotic pressure of gastric secretion were analyzed by the method of least squares, using a computer. The regression line was given by the equation: osmotic pressure (mosm/kg)=311.2-0.167 X [H+] mEq/liter."}
{"id": "PMID:896949", "title": "Inhibition of the central hypotensive effect of clonidine by trazodone, a novel antidepressant.", "content": "Trazodone, a non-tricyclic drug with antidepressant properties, diminished the central hypotensive response to clonidine in a dose-dependent manner. Both drugs were infused into the left vertebral artery of chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Intravenously injected trazodone did not reduce the central hypotensive effect of clonidine. The antagonism probably occurs at the level of central alpha-adrenoreceptors in the brain stem, where clonidine is the alpha-agonist and trazodone the alpha-antagonist. Such an antagonism, already known for clonidine and the tricyclic drugs also holds for non-tricyclic antidepressants, provided that they possess alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking activity.", "contents": "Inhibition of the central hypotensive effect of clonidine by trazodone, a novel antidepressant. Trazodone, a non-tricyclic drug with antidepressant properties, diminished the central hypotensive response to clonidine in a dose-dependent manner. Both drugs were infused into the left vertebral artery of chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Intravenously injected trazodone did not reduce the central hypotensive effect of clonidine. The antagonism probably occurs at the level of central alpha-adrenoreceptors in the brain stem, where clonidine is the alpha-agonist and trazodone the alpha-antagonist. Such an antagonism, already known for clonidine and the tricyclic drugs also holds for non-tricyclic antidepressants, provided that they possess alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking activity."}
{"id": "PMID:896950", "title": "Lithium absorption, distribution and clearance and body temperature in rats given lithium plus haloperidol.", "content": "Renal lithium clearance, tissue lithium levels, serum lithium concentration, and body temperature were determined in rats given lithium alone or combined with haloperidol (0.5-1 mg/kg). A slight increase in serum lithium concentration occurred in one of the three groups given lithium plus haloperidol. Haloperidol failed to affect renal lithium clearance, tissue lithium levels and body temperature. The data do not support the hypothesis that haloperidol exerts an action on lithium pharmacokinetics.", "contents": "Lithium absorption, distribution and clearance and body temperature in rats given lithium plus haloperidol. Renal lithium clearance, tissue lithium levels, serum lithium concentration, and body temperature were determined in rats given lithium alone or combined with haloperidol (0.5-1 mg/kg). A slight increase in serum lithium concentration occurred in one of the three groups given lithium plus haloperidol. Haloperidol failed to affect renal lithium clearance, tissue lithium levels and body temperature. The data do not support the hypothesis that haloperidol exerts an action on lithium pharmacokinetics."}
{"id": "PMID:896951", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of synthetic substance P.", "content": "The cardiovascular action of substance P (SP) has been studied in anaesthetized dogs. An analeptic respiratory and hypotensive action has been noted. The chronology of both effects would suggest that SP could be rapidly metabolized. The action of SP on respiration and general metabolism could be attributed either to one of its metabolites or to a secondary effect. It has not yet been stated to which mechanism--enzymatic or hormonal--it might be due.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of synthetic substance P. The cardiovascular action of substance P (SP) has been studied in anaesthetized dogs. An analeptic respiratory and hypotensive action has been noted. The chronology of both effects would suggest that SP could be rapidly metabolized. The action of SP on respiration and general metabolism could be attributed either to one of its metabolites or to a secondary effect. It has not yet been stated to which mechanism--enzymatic or hormonal--it might be due."}
{"id": "PMID:896952", "title": "Gastric mucinous secretion under various conditions of stimulation in hypothyroid dogs.", "content": "Principal glycoproteins and amino acids of the secretions from Heidenhain pouches, were studied in normothyroid and hypothyroid Labrador dogs in the resting state, following injection of pentagastrin, histamine and after feeding. Hypothyroidism was produced by total thyroidectomy and chronic treatment with thiouracil. All samples showed the presence of galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, fucose, mannose, uronic acid and sulfate. Galactose and glucosamine were found in equimolar amounts and the galactose to galactosamine ratio was 2:1. Concentrations of most carbohydrate components studied were higher in normothyroid than in hypothyroid dogs. Concentrations of most amino acids analyzed were also higher in normothyroid than in hypothyroid dogs, following stimulation with secretagogues.", "contents": "Gastric mucinous secretion under various conditions of stimulation in hypothyroid dogs. Principal glycoproteins and amino acids of the secretions from Heidenhain pouches, were studied in normothyroid and hypothyroid Labrador dogs in the resting state, following injection of pentagastrin, histamine and after feeding. Hypothyroidism was produced by total thyroidectomy and chronic treatment with thiouracil. All samples showed the presence of galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, fucose, mannose, uronic acid and sulfate. Galactose and glucosamine were found in equimolar amounts and the galactose to galactosamine ratio was 2:1. Concentrations of most carbohydrate components studied were higher in normothyroid than in hypothyroid dogs. Concentrations of most amino acids analyzed were also higher in normothyroid than in hypothyroid dogs, following stimulation with secretagogues."}
{"id": "PMID:896953", "title": "Initial studies on the penetration of spirohydantoin mustard into the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs.", "content": "A gas-chromatographic-mass-spectrometric method using selected ion monitoring has been developed to detect and quantitate levels of spirohydantoin mustard (SHM) as low as 1 ng per injected sample. The ions chosen for analysis of the drug were at m/e 154, 156, and 299. Using this procedure, the distribution of SHM in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs following intravenous administration has been studied. The initial blood decay of SHM is rapid with a half-life of 1.78 and 1.85 min for 2 different dogs. SHM enters the CSF and, after reaching a peak value at approximately 10 min, exhibits a decay curve similar to that found in blood.", "contents": "Initial studies on the penetration of spirohydantoin mustard into the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs. A gas-chromatographic-mass-spectrometric method using selected ion monitoring has been developed to detect and quantitate levels of spirohydantoin mustard (SHM) as low as 1 ng per injected sample. The ions chosen for analysis of the drug were at m/e 154, 156, and 299. Using this procedure, the distribution of SHM in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs following intravenous administration has been studied. The initial blood decay of SHM is rapid with a half-life of 1.78 and 1.85 min for 2 different dogs. SHM enters the CSF and, after reaching a peak value at approximately 10 min, exhibits a decay curve similar to that found in blood."}
{"id": "PMID:896955", "title": "Back stabilization during knee strengthening exercise.", "content": "Twenty normal women were tested for maximal isometric contraction of the right knee extensor muscles. The knee was positioned in 60 degrees of extension and the hip at 120 degrees of extension, with and without a backrest. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the use of a backrest resulted in greater force than when not using a backrest when the angle of back inclination was held constant and the support was varied. The results indicated that the addition of a backrest, when the body assumes an optimal position, enables the knee extensors to generate greater force then when no backrest is used. A backrest adds to the comfort and support of the subject performing resistive knee exercise and should be incorporated into the design of knee exercise units.", "contents": "Back stabilization during knee strengthening exercise. Twenty normal women were tested for maximal isometric contraction of the right knee extensor muscles. The knee was positioned in 60 degrees of extension and the hip at 120 degrees of extension, with and without a backrest. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the use of a backrest resulted in greater force than when not using a backrest when the angle of back inclination was held constant and the support was varied. The results indicated that the addition of a backrest, when the body assumes an optimal position, enables the knee extensors to generate greater force then when no backrest is used. A backrest adds to the comfort and support of the subject performing resistive knee exercise and should be incorporated into the design of knee exercise units."}
{"id": "PMID:896957", "title": "Development of psychomotor objectives for classroom of clinical education in physical therapy.", "content": "A systematic method for developing and evaluating psychomotor objectives for students in clinical and laboratory education was presented. In preparing objectives for motor learning, the instructor must perform a task analysis of each skill to be taught. The analysis involves 1) identifying components of the movement, 2) salient features of facilitating stimuli, such as placement of grips, intensity and speed of stimulation, and 3) timing of commands or resistance. The senses, such as vision or kinesthesia, through which the student is to perceive the selected features must be chosen. After determining the level of skill to be attained, teaching methods are easily fit to the objectives. A simple checklist aids evaluation of student competency and provides immediate feedback on performance level.", "contents": "Development of psychomotor objectives for classroom of clinical education in physical therapy. A systematic method for developing and evaluating psychomotor objectives for students in clinical and laboratory education was presented. In preparing objectives for motor learning, the instructor must perform a task analysis of each skill to be taught. The analysis involves 1) identifying components of the movement, 2) salient features of facilitating stimuli, such as placement of grips, intensity and speed of stimulation, and 3) timing of commands or resistance. The senses, such as vision or kinesthesia, through which the student is to perceive the selected features must be chosen. After determining the level of skill to be attained, teaching methods are easily fit to the objectives. A simple checklist aids evaluation of student competency and provides immediate feedback on performance level."}
{"id": "PMID:896992", "title": "Subpectoral augmentation mammaplasty.", "content": "We have done subpectoral augmentations on 100 women to enlarge the small or hypomastic breast to a pleasing degree. These operations were performed in a major hospital operating room, under local anesthesia, on an ambulatory basis. No complications were encountered. Our goal, and that of our patients, was to enlarge the small breast to a pleasing degree which would harmonize with the body contour and form, and to maintain the natural consistency of the breast and the normal sensation of the nipple and the breast as a whole. This goal was reached and our patients have been appreciative and pleaded. There was no postoperative weakness of the pectoralis muscle, and we have seen no evidence of capsule contracture. The group represents about one percent of our overall experience with augmentation mammaplasty.", "contents": "Subpectoral augmentation mammaplasty. We have done subpectoral augmentations on 100 women to enlarge the small or hypomastic breast to a pleasing degree. These operations were performed in a major hospital operating room, under local anesthesia, on an ambulatory basis. No complications were encountered. Our goal, and that of our patients, was to enlarge the small breast to a pleasing degree which would harmonize with the body contour and form, and to maintain the natural consistency of the breast and the normal sensation of the nipple and the breast as a whole. This goal was reached and our patients have been appreciative and pleaded. There was no postoperative weakness of the pectoralis muscle, and we have seen no evidence of capsule contracture. The group represents about one percent of our overall experience with augmentation mammaplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:896993", "title": "Complications of closed capsulotomies after augmentation mammaplasty.", "content": "In a series of patients who underwent closed rupture of fibrous capsules surrounding mammary prostheses, 3 patients developed hematomas or rupture of the implant, with or without infection. These complications and their management are discussed. Closed capsulotomy is a valuable procedure, simple to apply and easy to learn, but it is not devoid of complications.", "contents": "Complications of closed capsulotomies after augmentation mammaplasty. In a series of patients who underwent closed rupture of fibrous capsules surrounding mammary prostheses, 3 patients developed hematomas or rupture of the implant, with or without infection. These complications and their management are discussed. Closed capsulotomy is a valuable procedure, simple to apply and easy to learn, but it is not devoid of complications."}
{"id": "PMID:896994", "title": "Personality characteristics of women seeking breast augmentation. Comparison to small-busted and average-busted controls.", "content": "The results of a study, contrasting 28 women seeking cosmetic breast augmentation with 28 small-busted control women and 28 average-busted controls, suggest the average woman desiring surgical breast augmentation is as psychologically stable as other women. She differs from other women only in limited areas--primarily in her negative evaluation of her breasts and her greater emphasis on dress and physical attractiveness.", "contents": "Personality characteristics of women seeking breast augmentation. Comparison to small-busted and average-busted controls. The results of a study, contrasting 28 women seeking cosmetic breast augmentation with 28 small-busted control women and 28 average-busted controls, suggest the average woman desiring surgical breast augmentation is as psychologically stable as other women. She differs from other women only in limited areas--primarily in her negative evaluation of her breasts and her greater emphasis on dress and physical attractiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:896995", "title": "The use of two V-flaps for secondary correction of the cleft lip nose.", "content": "Our new method for correction of the cleft lip nose with moderate deformity consists of shifting a V-shaped flap of alar cartilage and nostril lining medially at the tip of the nose, and shifting the alar base, as another V-flap, medially to the base of the columella. The latter creates a nostril sill.", "contents": "The use of two V-flaps for secondary correction of the cleft lip nose. Our new method for correction of the cleft lip nose with moderate deformity consists of shifting a V-shaped flap of alar cartilage and nostril lining medially at the tip of the nose, and shifting the alar base, as another V-flap, medially to the base of the columella. The latter creates a nostril sill."}
{"id": "PMID:896996", "title": "A rapid method for immediate nasal reconstruction after ablation for cancer.", "content": "We describe a rapid method for reconstruction of the nose after ablation for cancer. It consists of a forehead flap for cover, and split-skin graft lining. An acrylic postnasal conformer is used as a substitute for bony framework.", "contents": "A rapid method for immediate nasal reconstruction after ablation for cancer. We describe a rapid method for reconstruction of the nose after ablation for cancer. It consists of a forehead flap for cover, and split-skin graft lining. An acrylic postnasal conformer is used as a substitute for bony framework."}
{"id": "PMID:896997", "title": "Injectable collagen for soft tissue augmentation.", "content": "Collagen from allogenic and xenogeneic sources has been made soluble by controlled proteolytic digestion. The monomeric, telopeptide-poor collagen so prepared forms a cohesive mass when warmed to body temperature (upon injection), creating a structural basis for new soft connective tissue. We have treated 28 patients with human and/or bovine collagen injections for the correction of soft tissue contour defects, and we have followed them for 3 to 18 months. In most instances, there has been lasting and substantial correction of the defects treated. The complications have been few and transient.", "contents": "Injectable collagen for soft tissue augmentation. Collagen from allogenic and xenogeneic sources has been made soluble by controlled proteolytic digestion. The monomeric, telopeptide-poor collagen so prepared forms a cohesive mass when warmed to body temperature (upon injection), creating a structural basis for new soft connective tissue. We have treated 28 patients with human and/or bovine collagen injections for the correction of soft tissue contour defects, and we have followed them for 3 to 18 months. In most instances, there has been lasting and substantial correction of the defects treated. The complications have been few and transient."}
{"id": "PMID:896998", "title": "Treatment of pilonidal sinus and cyst by conservative excision and W-plasty closure.", "content": "We present the use of a W-plasty for closure after conservative excision of pilonidal cysts and sinuses. In the past 3 years we have done 12 cases this way, and to date there has been only one recurrence.", "contents": "Treatment of pilonidal sinus and cyst by conservative excision and W-plasty closure. We present the use of a W-plasty for closure after conservative excision of pilonidal cysts and sinuses. In the past 3 years we have done 12 cases this way, and to date there has been only one recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:896999", "title": "Investigation of the control of cartilage shape in situ in the rabbit ear.", "content": "A study using 36 rabbits was done to measure the changes in the shape of the rabbit ear after morseling an area of the cartilage, with or without excision of a 15 mm strip of skin from the same or opposite surface. The results are shown and discussed.", "contents": "Investigation of the control of cartilage shape in situ in the rabbit ear. A study using 36 rabbits was done to measure the changes in the shape of the rabbit ear after morseling an area of the cartilage, with or without excision of a 15 mm strip of skin from the same or opposite surface. The results are shown and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897003", "title": "Replantation of a torn-off little finger. Case report.", "content": "We report a rare case in which the vessels, nerves, and almost all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of a finger were avulsed. The result of the repair was satisfactory.", "contents": "Replantation of a torn-off little finger. Case report. We report a rare case in which the vessels, nerves, and almost all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of a finger were avulsed. The result of the repair was satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:897005", "title": "Moebius syndrome. Case report was a 30-year follow-up.", "content": "Moebius syndrome is uncommon, as reported in the literature. A patient with Moebius syndrome is reported, showing a 30-year follow-up after initial surgical treatment by bilateral partial transfers of the Masseter muscles.", "contents": "Moebius syndrome. Case report was a 30-year follow-up. Moebius syndrome is uncommon, as reported in the literature. A patient with Moebius syndrome is reported, showing a 30-year follow-up after initial surgical treatment by bilateral partial transfers of the Masseter muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:897006", "title": "Iatrogenic false aneurysm of the superficial temporal artery. Case report.", "content": "A rare complication of temporomandibular arthroplasty, false aneurysm of the superfacial temporal artery, is presented.", "contents": "Iatrogenic false aneurysm of the superficial temporal artery. Case report. A rare complication of temporomandibular arthroplasty, false aneurysm of the superfacial temporal artery, is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:897007", "title": "Inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit. Case report.", "content": "A case report and a review of the literature of inflammatory pseudotumors of the orbit is presented. The lateral approach, using microsurgical technique, is described. The incidence of this primary granuloma is comparable to other orbital tumors, and the diagnosis is confirmed by histological study of a biopsy specimen. Surgical excision offers the best mode of treatment. Although steroids may help postoperatively, the prognosis is poorer if the tumors are large. Radiotherapy offers no benefit.", "contents": "Inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit. Case report. A case report and a review of the literature of inflammatory pseudotumors of the orbit is presented. The lateral approach, using microsurgical technique, is described. The incidence of this primary granuloma is comparable to other orbital tumors, and the diagnosis is confirmed by histological study of a biopsy specimen. Surgical excision offers the best mode of treatment. Although steroids may help postoperatively, the prognosis is poorer if the tumors are large. Radiotherapy offers no benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:897008", "title": "Use of the articular branch of the ulnar nerve to the wrist for a local nerve graft. Case report.", "content": "The use of articular branch of the dorsal sensory ulnar nerve as a nerve graft is discussed. A case of traumatic neuroma of the dorsal ulnar nerve which was treated by this method is presented.", "contents": "Use of the articular branch of the ulnar nerve to the wrist for a local nerve graft. Case report. The use of articular branch of the dorsal sensory ulnar nerve as a nerve graft is discussed. A case of traumatic neuroma of the dorsal ulnar nerve which was treated by this method is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:897009", "title": "Atraumatic retrieval of the proximal end of a severed digital flexor tendon.", "content": "A suction catheter technique is suggested as the next procedure of choice when proximal digital \"milking\" with wrist flexion fails to deliver the proximal end of the flexor tendon severed within the digital sheath.", "contents": "Atraumatic retrieval of the proximal end of a severed digital flexor tendon. A suction catheter technique is suggested as the next procedure of choice when proximal digital \"milking\" with wrist flexion fails to deliver the proximal end of the flexor tendon severed within the digital sheath."}
{"id": "PMID:897010", "title": "Xeroradiography for non-metallic foreign bodies.", "content": "Xeroradiography can demonstrate many non-metallic foreign bodies that do not show by conventional radiography techniques. Two examples are shown.", "contents": "Xeroradiography for non-metallic foreign bodies. Xeroradiography can demonstrate many non-metallic foreign bodies that do not show by conventional radiography techniques. Two examples are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:897025", "title": "Community residents and mental health center staff: assessment of program and priorities.", "content": "Mental health professionals have emphasized the importance of establishing priorities and goals and gearing the delivery of mental health services to the needs of area residents. Sound View-Throgs Neck Community Mental Health Center of New York has made such an effort to involve the community residents and the mental health center staff in establishing priorities for development of the new program for services in the community. We have outlined the methods of gathering such information, and implementation of the conclusions derived from the survey which has resulted in developing comprehensive children's services and a geriatric program in our catchment area.", "contents": "Community residents and mental health center staff: assessment of program and priorities. Mental health professionals have emphasized the importance of establishing priorities and goals and gearing the delivery of mental health services to the needs of area residents. Sound View-Throgs Neck Community Mental Health Center of New York has made such an effort to involve the community residents and the mental health center staff in establishing priorities for development of the new program for services in the community. We have outlined the methods of gathering such information, and implementation of the conclusions derived from the survey which has resulted in developing comprehensive children's services and a geriatric program in our catchment area."}
{"id": "PMID:897026", "title": "A diagnostic system for organic brain disorders: critique and suggestion.", "content": "Organic brain disorders (OBD) are among the most complex psychiatric diagnostic problems. A critique of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM II) and the proposed DSM III suggests that the diagnostic outline for organic brain disorders contained in these publications (Organic Brain Syndromes in the DSM II; Organic Mental Syndromes in the proposed DSM III) is inadequate to describe the potential range of organic-based behavioral disorders and their possible organic etiologies. A new diagnostic system is proposed, with examples, of its use, which should fit in with the DSM II and the proposed DSM III and be flexible enough to overcome the problems of the present diagnostic system.", "contents": "A diagnostic system for organic brain disorders: critique and suggestion. Organic brain disorders (OBD) are among the most complex psychiatric diagnostic problems. A critique of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM II) and the proposed DSM III suggests that the diagnostic outline for organic brain disorders contained in these publications (Organic Brain Syndromes in the DSM II; Organic Mental Syndromes in the proposed DSM III) is inadequate to describe the potential range of organic-based behavioral disorders and their possible organic etiologies. A new diagnostic system is proposed, with examples, of its use, which should fit in with the DSM II and the proposed DSM III and be flexible enough to overcome the problems of the present diagnostic system."}
{"id": "PMID:897027", "title": "Neighborhood type, social disequilibrium, and happiness.", "content": "This study attempts to relate (a) types of urban neighborhoods with extreme scores on the economic status dimension and rates of social and psychological disequilibrium to happiness of its residents, and (b) both aggregate and individual measures of economic status to happiness. Nonverbal behaviors such as suicide, attempted suicide, homicide, marital separation, and psychiatric disruptions served as indicators of the location of \"more or less\" happiness in the urban environment. Interviews in two types of neighborhoods revealed that people in the high economic-low misery neighborhood experienced greater happiness than those living in the low economic-high misery neighborhood.", "contents": "Neighborhood type, social disequilibrium, and happiness. This study attempts to relate (a) types of urban neighborhoods with extreme scores on the economic status dimension and rates of social and psychological disequilibrium to happiness of its residents, and (b) both aggregate and individual measures of economic status to happiness. Nonverbal behaviors such as suicide, attempted suicide, homicide, marital separation, and psychiatric disruptions served as indicators of the location of \"more or less\" happiness in the urban environment. Interviews in two types of neighborhoods revealed that people in the high economic-low misery neighborhood experienced greater happiness than those living in the low economic-high misery neighborhood."}
{"id": "PMID:897028", "title": "Transfers to a psychiatric emergency room: a fresh look at the dumping symdrome.", "content": "There can be considerable interinstitutional distrust regarding transfer of psychiatric patients. In 1970 the directors of all psychiatric hospitals in New York City began to meet regularly in order to define problems and work out amicable resolutions, largely by defining criteria for hospitalization, establishing correct catchment area address, etc. In order to test the success of the program, three medical centers which routinely transfer patients to a receiving hospital were studied in order to see if they misrepresented patients' psychopathology or medical problems prior to transfer. It was found that 90% of the transfers were warranted, but that preselection at the hospital or origin led to the transfer of more males than females and more assaultive, rather than quieter patients, who might have been more amenable to inpatient treatment.", "contents": "Transfers to a psychiatric emergency room: a fresh look at the dumping symdrome. There can be considerable interinstitutional distrust regarding transfer of psychiatric patients. In 1970 the directors of all psychiatric hospitals in New York City began to meet regularly in order to define problems and work out amicable resolutions, largely by defining criteria for hospitalization, establishing correct catchment area address, etc. In order to test the success of the program, three medical centers which routinely transfer patients to a receiving hospital were studied in order to see if they misrepresented patients' psychopathology or medical problems prior to transfer. It was found that 90% of the transfers were warranted, but that preselection at the hospital or origin led to the transfer of more males than females and more assaultive, rather than quieter patients, who might have been more amenable to inpatient treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:897029", "title": "School days--creditable treatment.", "content": "A program for the integration of chronic psychiatric patients into independent living in the community is described and data indicating its success are presented. The program is based on an educational, behavioral, social systems model, where \"educational\" refers directly to teaching skills which a person lacks, \"behavioral\" deals with providing the motivation to perform these skills and to precisely operationalize and measure the effectiveness of the steps in learning them, and \"social systems\" describes influencing clients' social environments in their interests. The model has wider implications for reintegrating a variety of socially marginal individuals into the mainstream of society.", "contents": "School days--creditable treatment. A program for the integration of chronic psychiatric patients into independent living in the community is described and data indicating its success are presented. The program is based on an educational, behavioral, social systems model, where \"educational\" refers directly to teaching skills which a person lacks, \"behavioral\" deals with providing the motivation to perform these skills and to precisely operationalize and measure the effectiveness of the steps in learning them, and \"social systems\" describes influencing clients' social environments in their interests. The model has wider implications for reintegrating a variety of socially marginal individuals into the mainstream of society."}
{"id": "PMID:897030", "title": "Mixed motives in the kitchen--current recipes for improving quality of care.", "content": "Program evaluation is a new field vested with high and often unrealistic and conflicting expectations from many quarters. Instead of being clear and realistic, evaluators have tended to react blindly to the various demands, compounding the confusion by engaging in unproved, even potentially counterproductive, efforts. A more constructive type of evaluation is needed--a cooperative enterprise in which information is obtained as a service for a client, with his full and meaningful participation in designing the evaluation and in the interpretation and implementation of the results.", "contents": "Mixed motives in the kitchen--current recipes for improving quality of care. Program evaluation is a new field vested with high and often unrealistic and conflicting expectations from many quarters. Instead of being clear and realistic, evaluators have tended to react blindly to the various demands, compounding the confusion by engaging in unproved, even potentially counterproductive, efforts. A more constructive type of evaluation is needed--a cooperative enterprise in which information is obtained as a service for a client, with his full and meaningful participation in designing the evaluation and in the interpretation and implementation of the results."}
{"id": "PMID:897031", "title": "Punishing the not guilty: hospitalization of persons acquitted by reason of insanity.", "content": "Some of the mystique surrounding persons acquitted of crimes on insanity grounds (NGIs) is being dispelled by arguing that they should be treated as are other mental patients in all phases of their contact institutions. The courts have moved along the road to equalization but still have a way to go. It is concluded that there is no basis for any differentiation between persons who are acquitted of crime by reason fo insanity and other civil patients with respect to commitment, treatment, and discharge. Any other approach sacrifices not only constitutional rights but also impairs the likelihood of rehabilitation and productive return to society for these patients who have been adjudge not guilty of their antisocial acts and from whom no punishment may be exacted.", "contents": "Punishing the not guilty: hospitalization of persons acquitted by reason of insanity. Some of the mystique surrounding persons acquitted of crimes on insanity grounds (NGIs) is being dispelled by arguing that they should be treated as are other mental patients in all phases of their contact institutions. The courts have moved along the road to equalization but still have a way to go. It is concluded that there is no basis for any differentiation between persons who are acquitted of crime by reason fo insanity and other civil patients with respect to commitment, treatment, and discharge. Any other approach sacrifices not only constitutional rights but also impairs the likelihood of rehabilitation and productive return to society for these patients who have been adjudge not guilty of their antisocial acts and from whom no punishment may be exacted."}
{"id": "PMID:897047", "title": "Assessment of behavioral risk for coronary disease by voice characteristics.", "content": "Behavior characterization is increasingly used and studied in the pathogenesis and management of coronary disease. A specific behavior pattern called Type A has been found to be independently associated with fatal and nonfatal coronary disease. The assessment of Type A is made without quantitative guidelines based on verbal and nonverbal behaviors in a standardized interview. This study has attempted to make this classification solely on the basis of quantifiable verbal behaviors. Two naive persons were trained to code speech behaviors from tape recorded behavior pattern interviews on which Type A had previously been assessed. Intercoder and intracoder reliability was acceptable. Using regression analysis 87% of the interviews were classified in agreement with the previous, standard assessment. Volume of voice and speed of speech were found to make the greatest predictive contribution. Other verbal characteristics including plosiveness were also important. It is concluded that Type A can be validly and repeatably measured by verbal behaviors in the standardized interview.", "contents": "Assessment of behavioral risk for coronary disease by voice characteristics. Behavior characterization is increasingly used and studied in the pathogenesis and management of coronary disease. A specific behavior pattern called Type A has been found to be independently associated with fatal and nonfatal coronary disease. The assessment of Type A is made without quantitative guidelines based on verbal and nonverbal behaviors in a standardized interview. This study has attempted to make this classification solely on the basis of quantifiable verbal behaviors. Two naive persons were trained to code speech behaviors from tape recorded behavior pattern interviews on which Type A had previously been assessed. Intercoder and intracoder reliability was acceptable. Using regression analysis 87% of the interviews were classified in agreement with the previous, standard assessment. Volume of voice and speed of speech were found to make the greatest predictive contribution. Other verbal characteristics including plosiveness were also important. It is concluded that Type A can be validly and repeatably measured by verbal behaviors in the standardized interview."}
{"id": "PMID:897048", "title": "Type A assessment and interaction in the behavior pattern interview.", "content": "Speech characteristics of both an interviewer and respondents were scored from recorded interviews that were conducted to assess Type A behavior. A stepwise regression analysis indicated that the expressive speech characteristics were the best discriminators of behavior typing by the interview. A similar analysis employing the Jenkins Activity Survey as the criterion for typing showed that only the content of the respondents' answers predicted typing. The Activity Survey and the interview assessment appeared to classify individuals on independent aspects of Type A behavior. Correlations of the interviewer's speech characteristics with the respondents' feeling reports and speech characteristics show stronger associations among these variables for Type A than for Type B subjects. The analysis of speech characteristics id discussed as a method of refining the assessment of behavior type and of identifying the psychological predictors of coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Type A assessment and interaction in the behavior pattern interview. Speech characteristics of both an interviewer and respondents were scored from recorded interviews that were conducted to assess Type A behavior. A stepwise regression analysis indicated that the expressive speech characteristics were the best discriminators of behavior typing by the interview. A similar analysis employing the Jenkins Activity Survey as the criterion for typing showed that only the content of the respondents' answers predicted typing. The Activity Survey and the interview assessment appeared to classify individuals on independent aspects of Type A behavior. Correlations of the interviewer's speech characteristics with the respondents' feeling reports and speech characteristics show stronger associations among these variables for Type A than for Type B subjects. The analysis of speech characteristics id discussed as a method of refining the assessment of behavior type and of identifying the psychological predictors of coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:897049", "title": "Comparative studies of psychological function in patients with advanced cancer--I. Self-reported depressive symptoms.", "content": "Depressive symptoms assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory were compared in 97 cancer patients, 66 next-of-kin of cancer patients, and 99 physically healthy persons who attempted suicide. Less than a fourth of the cancer patients and a fifth of their next-of-kin but over half of the psychiatric patients were moderately or severely depressed. The two patient groups were indistinguishable in somatic depressive symptoms, both scoring higher then the next-of-kin. The cancer patients and the next-of-kin were indistinguishable in nonsomatic (psychological) depressive symptoms, both scoring lower than the suicide attempters. Younger patients reported more nonsomatic symptoms than older ones. Beck scores and nearness to death were not associated in 57 cancer patients who expired. Vegetative depressive symptoms in cancer patients may reflect advanced disease, but nonsomatic symptoms should be reason for psychiatric consultation.", "contents": "Comparative studies of psychological function in patients with advanced cancer--I. Self-reported depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory were compared in 97 cancer patients, 66 next-of-kin of cancer patients, and 99 physically healthy persons who attempted suicide. Less than a fourth of the cancer patients and a fifth of their next-of-kin but over half of the psychiatric patients were moderately or severely depressed. The two patient groups were indistinguishable in somatic depressive symptoms, both scoring higher then the next-of-kin. The cancer patients and the next-of-kin were indistinguishable in nonsomatic (psychological) depressive symptoms, both scoring lower than the suicide attempters. Younger patients reported more nonsomatic symptoms than older ones. Beck scores and nearness to death were not associated in 57 cancer patients who expired. Vegetative depressive symptoms in cancer patients may reflect advanced disease, but nonsomatic symptoms should be reason for psychiatric consultation."}
{"id": "PMID:897063", "title": "The RBE of 30 kV X-rays for the induction of dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes.", "content": "The frequency of dicentric chromosomes induced by the irradiation of human lymphocytes in Go phase was determined with hard (150 kV) and soft (30 kV) X-rays. When a linear-quadratic dose-effect relation was used to fit the experimental data, a significant linear contribution was found for 30 kV X-rays. The RBE of 30 kV compared with 150 kV X-rays approaches the value 3 at a 30 kV X-rays dose of 20 rad and decreases with increasing dose. From the results it may be concluded that chromatids with primary breaks, undergoing second order reactions and thus forming dicentric chromosomes, are produced by traversals of low-energy electrons through chromatin material.", "contents": "The RBE of 30 kV X-rays for the induction of dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes. The frequency of dicentric chromosomes induced by the irradiation of human lymphocytes in Go phase was determined with hard (150 kV) and soft (30 kV) X-rays. When a linear-quadratic dose-effect relation was used to fit the experimental data, a significant linear contribution was found for 30 kV X-rays. The RBE of 30 kV compared with 150 kV X-rays approaches the value 3 at a 30 kV X-rays dose of 20 rad and decreases with increasing dose. From the results it may be concluded that chromatids with primary breaks, undergoing second order reactions and thus forming dicentric chromosomes, are produced by traversals of low-energy electrons through chromatin material."}
{"id": "PMID:897064", "title": "Computation of microdosimetric distributions for small sites.", "content": "Object of this study is the computation of microdosimetric functions for sites which are too small to permit experimental determination of the distributions by Rossi-counters. The calculations are performed on simulated tracks generated by Monte-Carlo techniques. The first part of the article deals with the computational procedure. The second part presents numerical results for protons of energies 0.5, 5, 20 MeV and for site diameters of 5, 10, 100 nm.", "contents": "Computation of microdosimetric distributions for small sites. Object of this study is the computation of microdosimetric functions for sites which are too small to permit experimental determination of the distributions by Rossi-counters. The calculations are performed on simulated tracks generated by Monte-Carlo techniques. The first part of the article deals with the computational procedure. The second part presents numerical results for protons of energies 0.5, 5, 20 MeV and for site diameters of 5, 10, 100 nm."}
{"id": "PMID:897065", "title": "The evidence for one-hit chromosome exchanges.", "content": "Luchnik [5] has recently questioned the need for a one-hit chromosome exchange mechanism to explain the dicentric yield in human lymphocytes following irradiation by low LET radiations. An analysis of more recent experimental data is given and this shows that models which approximate to the sum of a term proportional to dose and a term proportional to dose squared fit the available data better than a simple two-hit model. The fits however, are generally poor which is probably due to underestimating the errors involved.", "contents": "The evidence for one-hit chromosome exchanges. Luchnik [5] has recently questioned the need for a one-hit chromosome exchange mechanism to explain the dicentric yield in human lymphocytes following irradiation by low LET radiations. An analysis of more recent experimental data is given and this shows that models which approximate to the sum of a term proportional to dose and a term proportional to dose squared fit the available data better than a simple two-hit model. The fits however, are generally poor which is probably due to underestimating the errors involved."}
{"id": "PMID:897059", "title": "[Release on trust in social service as an alternative to imprisonment: criminological problems].", "content": "The Authors, after synthetic outline of the new regulations concerning \"the release on trust in social service\", an alternative measure to that of imprisonment according to law no. 354 of 26 July 1975, take into consideration some of the problems and difficulties which have emerged in the first months of application of this law. This examination is followed by a review of the results of criminological research on the period of probation and of the present aims emerging with regard to this measure, in the countries where it has been tested for some time. The Authors conclude with a critical evaluation of the present regulations and a series of proposals aimed at improving the application of the probation system in social service.", "contents": "[Release on trust in social service as an alternative to imprisonment: criminological problems]. The Authors, after synthetic outline of the new regulations concerning \"the release on trust in social service\", an alternative measure to that of imprisonment according to law no. 354 of 26 July 1975, take into consideration some of the problems and difficulties which have emerged in the first months of application of this law. This examination is followed by a review of the results of criminological research on the period of probation and of the present aims emerging with regard to this measure, in the countries where it has been tested for some time. The Authors conclude with a critical evaluation of the present regulations and a series of proposals aimed at improving the application of the probation system in social service."}
{"id": "PMID:897060", "title": "[Attitude and social reaction of a sample of young people with regard to some types of criminal behavior].", "content": "The object of the present study is the analysis of how certain types of delinquent behaviour are noted by a group of young people, aged between 14 and 18 years, resident in the Milan area. Under the methodological profile a questionaire was made up including various hypotheses of behaviour of a criminal nature which those interviewed were asked to comment on not only on the level of mere approval/disapproval but also on the level of the attitude they considered it would be best to assume towards the hypothetical author of the crime. A clear homogeneity in the answers was found only on the level of the reaction of approval/disapproval, since all the sample of young people, with slight variations, was found to give a strongly disapproving judgement. With regard to the request for interventions on the operative level on the other hand a sort of dispersion was noted at the level of all the various possible answers contemplated. In such a perspective it is important to note how the request for penal interventions and, above all, specifically punitive interventions was particularly rarely encountered, and how the young people tended to favour an attempt to solve the problem in a more strictly private and psychological manner, involving the primary groups of ownership, through the indication of types of intervention to clarify and support the culprits, generally of a psychological nature, but in any case certainly not punitive.", "contents": "[Attitude and social reaction of a sample of young people with regard to some types of criminal behavior]. The object of the present study is the analysis of how certain types of delinquent behaviour are noted by a group of young people, aged between 14 and 18 years, resident in the Milan area. Under the methodological profile a questionaire was made up including various hypotheses of behaviour of a criminal nature which those interviewed were asked to comment on not only on the level of mere approval/disapproval but also on the level of the attitude they considered it would be best to assume towards the hypothetical author of the crime. A clear homogeneity in the answers was found only on the level of the reaction of approval/disapproval, since all the sample of young people, with slight variations, was found to give a strongly disapproving judgement. With regard to the request for interventions on the operative level on the other hand a sort of dispersion was noted at the level of all the various possible answers contemplated. In such a perspective it is important to note how the request for penal interventions and, above all, specifically punitive interventions was particularly rarely encountered, and how the young people tended to favour an attempt to solve the problem in a more strictly private and psychological manner, involving the primary groups of ownership, through the indication of types of intervention to clarify and support the culprits, generally of a psychological nature, but in any case certainly not punitive."}
{"id": "PMID:897061", "title": "[Sulpiride treatment of schizophrenics. Endocrine effects and aggressivity].", "content": "This work describes the results obtained with the use of a pharmaceutical product, sulpiride, whose effect is not yet completely known in the psychiatric field and which has precise indications in general medicine in the treatment of dizzy syndromes and for its strong antiemetic action. The drug was used by us in the treatment of schizophrenic criminals, in about 100 cases between 1973 and today. From the clinical point of view it was noted that the antipsychotic efficiency is a little difficult to forecast, while the resocializing action is more incisive. About the fifth day of treatment there is a \"veering\" characteristic of the clinical symptomatology which we related to a high and constant level of prolactinemy, which reaches its highest point on the fifth day. The implications concerning a probable hormonal substrate of the aggressiveness are very clearly revealed and can be considered together with those already known of the importance for control of the hypophysis-surrenal axis. At the same time it is necessary to point out the delicacy of the problem represented by the possibility of a modifying action from outside in relation to the general manifestations of behaviour; in the psychiatric field, in particular, without a contemporary influence of appreciable dimensions on the fundamental nucleus of the disease.", "contents": "[Sulpiride treatment of schizophrenics. Endocrine effects and aggressivity]. This work describes the results obtained with the use of a pharmaceutical product, sulpiride, whose effect is not yet completely known in the psychiatric field and which has precise indications in general medicine in the treatment of dizzy syndromes and for its strong antiemetic action. The drug was used by us in the treatment of schizophrenic criminals, in about 100 cases between 1973 and today. From the clinical point of view it was noted that the antipsychotic efficiency is a little difficult to forecast, while the resocializing action is more incisive. About the fifth day of treatment there is a \"veering\" characteristic of the clinical symptomatology which we related to a high and constant level of prolactinemy, which reaches its highest point on the fifth day. The implications concerning a probable hormonal substrate of the aggressiveness are very clearly revealed and can be considered together with those already known of the importance for control of the hypophysis-surrenal axis. At the same time it is necessary to point out the delicacy of the problem represented by the possibility of a modifying action from outside in relation to the general manifestations of behaviour; in the psychiatric field, in particular, without a contemporary influence of appreciable dimensions on the fundamental nucleus of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:897140", "title": "Roentgenologic changes in pulmonary echinococcosis.", "content": "Radiologic changes seen in 420 cases of pulmonary echinococcosis are discussed. Criteria for early diagnosis of complicated, infected or ruptured cysts are described. The role and limitations of radiology in approaching the diagnosis of advanced stages of infected hydatid cysts of the lung are emphasized.", "contents": "Roentgenologic changes in pulmonary echinococcosis. Radiologic changes seen in 420 cases of pulmonary echinococcosis are discussed. Criteria for early diagnosis of complicated, infected or ruptured cysts are described. The role and limitations of radiology in approaching the diagnosis of advanced stages of infected hydatid cysts of the lung are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:897134", "title": "A simple approach to lightening an overexposed film with a blue ray copier.", "content": "It is sometimes necessary to have lighter versions of radiographs. Rather than re-expose a patient, a lighter radiograph frequently can be obtained by copying. This article describes a simple way to circumvent major internal alteration to the Blue Ray copier to permit an easy and effective lightening process.", "contents": "A simple approach to lightening an overexposed film with a blue ray copier. It is sometimes necessary to have lighter versions of radiographs. Rather than re-expose a patient, a lighter radiograph frequently can be obtained by copying. This article describes a simple way to circumvent major internal alteration to the Blue Ray copier to permit an easy and effective lightening process."}
{"id": "PMID:897135", "title": "Introduction to diagnostic ultrasound--new horizons for radiologic technologists.", "content": "Ultrasound technology has steadily advanced in the past decade, and has established itself as a useful diagnostic tool. Many radiologic technologists may like to know more about the fundamentals of this field. This article explains briefly the basic instrumentation, modes of display and some of the common examinations performed in ultrasound technology.", "contents": "Introduction to diagnostic ultrasound--new horizons for radiologic technologists. Ultrasound technology has steadily advanced in the past decade, and has established itself as a useful diagnostic tool. Many radiologic technologists may like to know more about the fundamentals of this field. This article explains briefly the basic instrumentation, modes of display and some of the common examinations performed in ultrasound technology."}
{"id": "PMID:897141", "title": "[Clinical findings and roentgenological diagnosis of the anomalies in the craniocervial region (author's transl)].", "content": "Osseous anomalies of the craniocervical junction may induce grave neurological disturbances and even lead to sudden death in exceptional cases. Therefore a correct diagnosis with painstaking demonstration of the extent of all anomalies must be established. This can be achieved exclusively by roentgenological studies. Clinical symptoms can only provide a lead to the underlying disease. In the present paper, the special problems of the radiology of craniocervical malformations are discussed and illustrated with own observations, which include specimen radiography.", "contents": "[Clinical findings and roentgenological diagnosis of the anomalies in the craniocervial region (author's transl)]. Osseous anomalies of the craniocervical junction may induce grave neurological disturbances and even lead to sudden death in exceptional cases. Therefore a correct diagnosis with painstaking demonstration of the extent of all anomalies must be established. This can be achieved exclusively by roentgenological studies. Clinical symptoms can only provide a lead to the underlying disease. In the present paper, the special problems of the radiology of craniocervical malformations are discussed and illustrated with own observations, which include specimen radiography."}
{"id": "PMID:897142", "title": "[Application of intensigying screens on the basis of rare earths (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations on intensifying screens with rare earths are presented with special regard to clinical application. Speed, gradation (gamma), resolution as well as contrast transfer factor (ctf) are examined and compared with corresponding results of CaWO4 Special Screens. The examined screens on Lanthan and Gadolinium base show a marked kV dependence especially at lower voltage (for instance 40 kV) which is unfavourable. The speed of these screens is lower than that of CaWO4 Special screens. Lanthan screens (MR 400/SE 4 LG 17) intensify twice to three times (MR 600/SE 6) compared with CaWO4 Special Screens. Intensification of the Gadolinium screens is lower except the screen/film combination alpha 8/XM which is only due to the higher speed of the XM film. Resolution and contrast transfer factor are in the range of CaWO4 Special Screens with the exception of the highest intensifying systems MR 600/SE 6 respectively alpha 8/XM with lower resolution and contrast transfer  factor. Gradation is nearly the same with CaWO4 Secial Screens. The mottle caused by rare earth screens is due to a.) its own structure and b.) to quantum noise disturbing the image quality. Clinical application is demonstrated with a phantom and further discussed.", "contents": "[Application of intensigying screens on the basis of rare earths (author's transl)]. Investigations on intensifying screens with rare earths are presented with special regard to clinical application. Speed, gradation (gamma), resolution as well as contrast transfer factor (ctf) are examined and compared with corresponding results of CaWO4 Special Screens. The examined screens on Lanthan and Gadolinium base show a marked kV dependence especially at lower voltage (for instance 40 kV) which is unfavourable. The speed of these screens is lower than that of CaWO4 Special screens. Lanthan screens (MR 400/SE 4 LG 17) intensify twice to three times (MR 600/SE 6) compared with CaWO4 Special Screens. Intensification of the Gadolinium screens is lower except the screen/film combination alpha 8/XM which is only due to the higher speed of the XM film. Resolution and contrast transfer factor are in the range of CaWO4 Special Screens with the exception of the highest intensifying systems MR 600/SE 6 respectively alpha 8/XM with lower resolution and contrast transfer  factor. Gradation is nearly the same with CaWO4 Secial Screens. The mottle caused by rare earth screens is due to a.) its own structure and b.) to quantum noise disturbing the image quality. Clinical application is demonstrated with a phantom and further discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897143", "title": "[Current clinical problems in pediatric urology (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent epidemiologic studies document congenital urinary tract obstructions as most frequent cases of chronic renal insufficiency in children. Individual case analyses show avoidable delay and/or mistakes in diagnosis and/or treatment in surprising frequency. Current knowledge about vesicoureteral and intrarenal reflux, segmental hypoplasia and glomerular lesions in atrophic pyelonephritis are reviewed.", "contents": "[Current clinical problems in pediatric urology (author's transl)]. Recent epidemiologic studies document congenital urinary tract obstructions as most frequent cases of chronic renal insufficiency in children. Individual case analyses show avoidable delay and/or mistakes in diagnosis and/or treatment in surprising frequency. Current knowledge about vesicoureteral and intrarenal reflux, segmental hypoplasia and glomerular lesions in atrophic pyelonephritis are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:897144", "title": "[Radiological diagnosis of the urinary tract in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Urinary infection in children is the most frequent disease of the urinary tract in that age group. The radiologic investigation of the urinary tract is important because infection is caused in almost 50% of cases by obstructive malformations and functional disturbances. Intermittent obstruction of the renal pelvis, functional obstructive megaureter, vesico-ureteric reflux, combined impairments of urinary flow as well as inflammatory renal mass lesions are being discussed.", "contents": "[Radiological diagnosis of the urinary tract in children (author's transl)]. Urinary infection in children is the most frequent disease of the urinary tract in that age group. The radiologic investigation of the urinary tract is important because infection is caused in almost 50% of cases by obstructive malformations and functional disturbances. Intermittent obstruction of the renal pelvis, functional obstructive megaureter, vesico-ureteric reflux, combined impairments of urinary flow as well as inflammatory renal mass lesions are being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897145", "title": "[Indication and examination technique of voiding cystourethrography in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Roentgen diagnosis in children with urological disease are of special interest in pediatric radiology. These examinations are more frequent than those of the gastrointestinal tract. Voiding cystourethrography is an important diagnostic procedure in chronic relapsing urinary infections. Indications and performance of voiding cystourethrographies in children is described. All precautions reducing x-ray exposure have to be taken into consideration. New technical standards enhance higher accuracy in diagnosis at lowest x-ray exposure to the patients.", "contents": "[Indication and examination technique of voiding cystourethrography in children (author's transl)]. Roentgen diagnosis in children with urological disease are of special interest in pediatric radiology. These examinations are more frequent than those of the gastrointestinal tract. Voiding cystourethrography is an important diagnostic procedure in chronic relapsing urinary infections. Indications and performance of voiding cystourethrographies in children is described. All precautions reducing x-ray exposure have to be taken into consideration. New technical standards enhance higher accuracy in diagnosis at lowest x-ray exposure to the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:897146", "title": "[Instrumental urological diagnostic procedures in infancy and childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Instrumental investigations with catheters, bougies and endoscopes are important to diagnose urological diseases in children. Possiblities of the instrumental procedures and the value of endoscopy in the diagnosis of vesico-ureteral reflux are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Instrumental urological diagnostic procedures in infancy and childhood (author's transl)]. Instrumental investigations with catheters, bougies and endoscopes are important to diagnose urological diseases in children. Possiblities of the instrumental procedures and the value of endoscopy in the diagnosis of vesico-ureteral reflux are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:897147", "title": "[Gonadal dosis in intravenous urography and voiding cystourethrography of children (athor's transl)].", "content": "Measurements of gonadal doses of 92 children during intravenous urography and voiding cystourethrography are reported. The high deviation of doses in the testes is discussed. The application of a lead protector for the testes is demanded to decrease exposure by a factor 15 in the central beam and a factor 1.3-2 in scattered radiation. By choice of spot film radiography instead of large radiography the ovarian dose is reduced to a factor 7-40. The gonadal dose is clearly lower if 70 mm technique instead of large film technique is used. A correlation between area ionisation product and gonadal dose could not be found; therefore the genetic radiation dose cannot be calculated by data recorded as required by law.", "contents": "[Gonadal dosis in intravenous urography and voiding cystourethrography of children (athor's transl)]. Measurements of gonadal doses of 92 children during intravenous urography and voiding cystourethrography are reported. The high deviation of doses in the testes is discussed. The application of a lead protector for the testes is demanded to decrease exposure by a factor 15 in the central beam and a factor 1.3-2 in scattered radiation. By choice of spot film radiography instead of large radiography the ovarian dose is reduced to a factor 7-40. The gonadal dose is clearly lower if 70 mm technique instead of large film technique is used. A correlation between area ionisation product and gonadal dose could not be found; therefore the genetic radiation dose cannot be calculated by data recorded as required by law."}
{"id": "PMID:897148", "title": "[Radiological aspects of knee prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological evaluation of knee prostheses has its own criteria. Exact implantation of prosthetic components, correction of axial deviations between femure and tibia, bone density near to the prosthesis, width of the radiolucent zone, and the degree of femoropatellar arthrosis are important features. The analysis of 47 knee prostheses showed a less periarticular soft tissue calcifications than in hip prosthesis. Fracture of palacos is not rare and may lead to intraarticular loose bodie's.", "contents": "[Radiological aspects of knee prostheses (author's transl)]. The radiological evaluation of knee prostheses has its own criteria. Exact implantation of prosthetic components, correction of axial deviations between femure and tibia, bone density near to the prosthesis, width of the radiolucent zone, and the degree of femoropatellar arthrosis are important features. The analysis of 47 knee prostheses showed a less periarticular soft tissue calcifications than in hip prosthesis. Fracture of palacos is not rare and may lead to intraarticular loose bodie's."}
{"id": "PMID:897149", "title": "[\"Prophylactic\" calcium administration in excretory urography in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "The technical approach to excretory urography in the first year of life - especially in small babies - is described. Rare incidents and the clinical toleration are discussed. More than 50% of babies had dyspeptic disturbances following excretory urography. In a previous investigation considerable metabolic changes were found immediately after injection of the contrast medium. Reduction of the calcium blood level seems to be most important. Occasionally convulsions may be induced. 3 ccm/kg body weight of a methylglucaminate is used generally with good toleration (Urovist-Schering). In this investigation 10 babies received 3 ccm Calcium-Sandoz just before the injection of the contrast medium. This prevented hypocalcemia but other electrolytes, for instance potassium had a similar blood level trop as in the control group. Potassium-magnesium-aspartat remained ineffective. Prevention of incidents in babies were reviewed. One possibility could be premedication of calciu. Addition of electrolyte solution (an industrial product) to the contrast medium in children under the age of one year seems to give further improvement. More investigations are necessary.", "contents": "[\"Prophylactic\" calcium administration in excretory urography in infants (author's transl)]. The technical approach to excretory urography in the first year of life - especially in small babies - is described. Rare incidents and the clinical toleration are discussed. More than 50% of babies had dyspeptic disturbances following excretory urography. In a previous investigation considerable metabolic changes were found immediately after injection of the contrast medium. Reduction of the calcium blood level seems to be most important. Occasionally convulsions may be induced. 3 ccm/kg body weight of a methylglucaminate is used generally with good toleration (Urovist-Schering). In this investigation 10 babies received 3 ccm Calcium-Sandoz just before the injection of the contrast medium. This prevented hypocalcemia but other electrolytes, for instance potassium had a similar blood level trop as in the control group. Potassium-magnesium-aspartat remained ineffective. Prevention of incidents in babies were reviewed. One possibility could be premedication of calciu. Addition of electrolyte solution (an industrial product) to the contrast medium in children under the age of one year seems to give further improvement. More investigations are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:897150", "title": "[Vena cava occlusion-syndrom by leiomyosarcoma. Two case reports (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of occlusion of the inferior vena cava by leiomyosarcoma are reported. This localisation is extremely rare for mesenchymal tumors. The neoplasm originated from the wall of the vena cava, expanded forward into the lumen of the vessel, in one case up to the right atrium. Collateral circulation, anasarca edema and varices develop by this occlusionsyndrome. The fatal outcome of the disease is usually determined by right heart failure and not by metastases directly. In most cases diagnosis is made by autopsy. In cavography the differential diagnosis of thrombosis might include the rare possibility of leiomyosarcoma of the caval vein. Only early diagnosis makes succesful surgical therapy possible.", "contents": "[Vena cava occlusion-syndrom by leiomyosarcoma. Two case reports (author's transl)]. Two cases of occlusion of the inferior vena cava by leiomyosarcoma are reported. This localisation is extremely rare for mesenchymal tumors. The neoplasm originated from the wall of the vena cava, expanded forward into the lumen of the vessel, in one case up to the right atrium. Collateral circulation, anasarca edema and varices develop by this occlusionsyndrome. The fatal outcome of the disease is usually determined by right heart failure and not by metastases directly. In most cases diagnosis is made by autopsy. In cavography the differential diagnosis of thrombosis might include the rare possibility of leiomyosarcoma of the caval vein. Only early diagnosis makes succesful surgical therapy possible."}
{"id": "PMID:897151", "title": "Steroids: theoretical and experimental basis for utilization in prevention of contrast media reactions.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo studies were done to examine the effects of methylprednisolone on the adverse reactions induced by contrast media. At very high concentrations, the steroid potentiated the complement-activating effect produced in vitro by iodipamide, but inhibited the immune and nonimmune mechanisms of hemolysis. Rabbits pretreated for 3 days with intramuscular methylprednisolone (at high or low dosages) were significantly protected against an LD47 challenging dose of iodipamide. Those treated once with a low intravenous dose immediately prior to iodipamide challenge were protected to a lesser degree. Rabbits treated once with a very high intravenous dose of steroid evidenced no protection. A hyper-responsive dog was consistently protected against adverse reactions to injected sodium iothalamate by a 3-day steroid pretreatment.", "contents": "Steroids: theoretical and experimental basis for utilization in prevention of contrast media reactions. In vitro and in vivo studies were done to examine the effects of methylprednisolone on the adverse reactions induced by contrast media. At very high concentrations, the steroid potentiated the complement-activating effect produced in vitro by iodipamide, but inhibited the immune and nonimmune mechanisms of hemolysis. Rabbits pretreated for 3 days with intramuscular methylprednisolone (at high or low dosages) were significantly protected against an LD47 challenging dose of iodipamide. Those treated once with a low intravenous dose immediately prior to iodipamide challenge were protected to a lesser degree. Rabbits treated once with a very high intravenous dose of steroid evidenced no protection. A hyper-responsive dog was consistently protected against adverse reactions to injected sodium iothalamate by a 3-day steroid pretreatment."}
{"id": "PMID:897152", "title": "Mycosis fungoides with rapidly progressive pulmonary infiltration.", "content": "A case of mycosis fungoides is reported in which diffuse pulmonary infiltration was noted in six days. Although pulmonary infiltration with the abnormal S\u00e9zary cells is a frequent occurrence in the extracutaneous spread of mycosis fungoides, this is the first case report documenting the rapidity of spread.", "contents": "Mycosis fungoides with rapidly progressive pulmonary infiltration. A case of mycosis fungoides is reported in which diffuse pulmonary infiltration was noted in six days. Although pulmonary infiltration with the abnormal S\u00e9zary cells is a frequent occurrence in the extracutaneous spread of mycosis fungoides, this is the first case report documenting the rapidity of spread."}
{"id": "PMID:897153", "title": "Lymphography in patients with suspected malignancy or fever of unexplained origin.", "content": "Forty-four patients underwent bipedal lymphography for evaluation of fever of unexplained origin, or because a malignant tumor (usually lymphoma) was suspected clinically. Extensive prior medical evaluation was inconclusive. The lymphograms were of no apparent value in detecting the etiology of the illness. Reactive follicular hyperplasia was frequently seen and sometimes simulated lymphoma on the lymphogram. The primary value of lymphography in such cases is as an aid in planning biopsy and surgery.", "contents": "Lymphography in patients with suspected malignancy or fever of unexplained origin. Forty-four patients underwent bipedal lymphography for evaluation of fever of unexplained origin, or because a malignant tumor (usually lymphoma) was suspected clinically. Extensive prior medical evaluation was inconclusive. The lymphograms were of no apparent value in detecting the etiology of the illness. Reactive follicular hyperplasia was frequently seen and sometimes simulated lymphoma on the lymphogram. The primary value of lymphography in such cases is as an aid in planning biopsy and surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:897154", "title": "The diagnostic accuracy and complications of closed lung biopsies.", "content": "The diagnostic yields and complication rates of closed lung biopsies were determined by responses to a questionnaire. Of 5,255 procedures reported, 30% were aspiration biopsies (AB), 7% tissue core biopsies (CB), 2% trephine biopsies (TR), 37% bronchial brush biopsies (BB), and 23% transbronchial biopsies (TB). Of these biopsies, 70% were done for suspected neoplasms. The diagnostic accuracy rates were: AB=82%, CB=84%, TR=86%, BB=61%, and TB=56%. Mortality rates were: AB=0.1%, CB=0.3%, TR=2.9%, BB=0.0%, and TB=0.3%. Transthoracic needle biopsies (AB, CB) had the highest overall diagnostic accuracy, with an associated low mortality and moderate morbidity.", "contents": "The diagnostic accuracy and complications of closed lung biopsies. The diagnostic yields and complication rates of closed lung biopsies were determined by responses to a questionnaire. Of 5,255 procedures reported, 30% were aspiration biopsies (AB), 7% tissue core biopsies (CB), 2% trephine biopsies (TR), 37% bronchial brush biopsies (BB), and 23% transbronchial biopsies (TB). Of these biopsies, 70% were done for suspected neoplasms. The diagnostic accuracy rates were: AB=82%, CB=84%, TR=86%, BB=61%, and TB=56%. Mortality rates were: AB=0.1%, CB=0.3%, TR=2.9%, BB=0.0%, and TB=0.3%. Transthoracic needle biopsies (AB, CB) had the highest overall diagnostic accuracy, with an associated low mortality and moderate morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:897155", "title": "Vascular specificity in differentiating adrenal carcinoma from renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Cases of adrenal and renal cell carcinoma were reviewed to evaluate vascular origin and architecture. All 9 cases of adrenal carcinoma showed fine, sparse neovascularity. Coarse or at least extensive, neovascularity was demonstrated in 40 of 45 cases of renal cell carcinoma. An analysis of the angiographic features correlated with the known anatomical variations will nearly always enable one to ascertain the origin of the tumor.", "contents": "Vascular specificity in differentiating adrenal carcinoma from renal cell carcinoma. Cases of adrenal and renal cell carcinoma were reviewed to evaluate vascular origin and architecture. All 9 cases of adrenal carcinoma showed fine, sparse neovascularity. Coarse or at least extensive, neovascularity was demonstrated in 40 of 45 cases of renal cell carcinoma. An analysis of the angiographic features correlated with the known anatomical variations will nearly always enable one to ascertain the origin of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:897156", "title": "Serial computed tomography of primary brain tumors following surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy.", "content": "55 patients with primary brain tumors were studied by CT scans before, during, and after treatment to determine chronological changes in morphology. Pretreatment scans showed decreased density in most glioblastomas and low-grade astrocytomas and normal density in most unbiopsied tumors and optic nerve gliomas. All glioblastomas and 40% of the astrocytomas were enhanced by contrast material, suggesting that the latter tumor can be divided into two prognostic categories based on the presence or absence of enhancement. Lesion size regressed after treatment in 62% of patients, stabilized in 29%, and progressed in 9%. CT findings correlated with the clinical course in 93% of cases. 73% of tumors persisted, 20% disappeared, and 7% recurred after a mean follow-up of 10.1 months.", "contents": "Serial computed tomography of primary brain tumors following surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy. 55 patients with primary brain tumors were studied by CT scans before, during, and after treatment to determine chronological changes in morphology. Pretreatment scans showed decreased density in most glioblastomas and low-grade astrocytomas and normal density in most unbiopsied tumors and optic nerve gliomas. All glioblastomas and 40% of the astrocytomas were enhanced by contrast material, suggesting that the latter tumor can be divided into two prognostic categories based on the presence or absence of enhancement. Lesion size regressed after treatment in 62% of patients, stabilized in 29%, and progressed in 9%. CT findings correlated with the clinical course in 93% of cases. 73% of tumors persisted, 20% disappeared, and 7% recurred after a mean follow-up of 10.1 months."}
{"id": "PMID:897157", "title": "Radiology of cysticercosis of the central nervous system including computed tomography.", "content": "Cysticercosis is a parasitic disease in which man serves as the intermediate host of Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm. The larvae have a predilection for the central nervous system and can cause a variety of neurologic and psychiatric symptoms. Areas of involvement are classified as intraventricular, parenchymal, arachnoidal, and mixed. The diagnosis is made primarily by roentgenographic and spinal fluid examinations. The authors reviewed 232 cases of cysticercosis involving the central nervous system. It was found that computed tomography is a useful tool in assessing this illness.", "contents": "Radiology of cysticercosis of the central nervous system including computed tomography. Cysticercosis is a parasitic disease in which man serves as the intermediate host of Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm. The larvae have a predilection for the central nervous system and can cause a variety of neurologic and psychiatric symptoms. Areas of involvement are classified as intraventricular, parenchymal, arachnoidal, and mixed. The diagnosis is made primarily by roentgenographic and spinal fluid examinations. The authors reviewed 232 cases of cysticercosis involving the central nervous system. It was found that computed tomography is a useful tool in assessing this illness."}
{"id": "PMID:897158", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of herpes simplex encephalitis.", "content": "A case of newborn congenital herpes simplex type 2 viral infection is presented. Computed tomography (CT) revealed diffuse hydrocephalus, and confirmed the periventricular nature of the brain calcifications. The pathologic, radiographic, and CT findings are discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of herpes simplex encephalitis. A case of newborn congenital herpes simplex type 2 viral infection is presented. Computed tomography (CT) revealed diffuse hydrocephalus, and confirmed the periventricular nature of the brain calcifications. The pathologic, radiographic, and CT findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897159", "title": "Attenuation values in computed tomography of the abdomen.", "content": "Attenuation values were obtained from 50 CT examinations of the upper abdomen. A normal range of values, obtained for the organs in the upper abdomen, was compared with patient size and age. Rank ordering according to the mean attenuation values was also performed. The most significant finding was that the liver normally had the highest attenuation value of any of the viscera measured. When another organ in the upper abdomen had a mean value greater than that of the liver, this reflected severe systemic disease.", "contents": "Attenuation values in computed tomography of the abdomen. Attenuation values were obtained from 50 CT examinations of the upper abdomen. A normal range of values, obtained for the organs in the upper abdomen, was compared with patient size and age. Rank ordering according to the mean attenuation values was also performed. The most significant finding was that the liver normally had the highest attenuation value of any of the viscera measured. When another organ in the upper abdomen had a mean value greater than that of the liver, this reflected severe systemic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:897160", "title": "The nonspecificity of absorption coefficients in the differentiation of solid tumors and cystic lesions.", "content": "Eleven lesions of the brain were analyzed and compared; they had absorption coefficients uniformly at the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) level following contrast enhancement, and ranged from benign to malignant and solid to cystic. Grossly solid tumors may have absorption coefficients on the CT scan equal to CSF even after contrast enhancement. Absorption coefficients are misleading as histological indicators and in diagnosis; it is impossible to separate cystic from non-cystic, benign from malignant, and neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions by absorption coefficients alone.", "contents": "The nonspecificity of absorption coefficients in the differentiation of solid tumors and cystic lesions. Eleven lesions of the brain were analyzed and compared; they had absorption coefficients uniformly at the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) level following contrast enhancement, and ranged from benign to malignant and solid to cystic. Grossly solid tumors may have absorption coefficients on the CT scan equal to CSF even after contrast enhancement. Absorption coefficients are misleading as histological indicators and in diagnosis; it is impossible to separate cystic from non-cystic, benign from malignant, and neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions by absorption coefficients alone."}
{"id": "PMID:897161", "title": "Statistical profiles in computed tomography.", "content": "A diagnostic console consisting of a high resolution video display coupled to a microcomputer was programmed to enable us to derive a battery of statistical parameters from any area of interest on a CT scan. These statistical parameters enable us to characterize the CT numbers of areas of interest in a more meaningful way than has been possible with most currently available consoles. A combination of statistical parameters enables us to discriminate between certain lesions with similar appearance such as porencephalic cysts, epidermoid tumors and cystic gliomas.", "contents": "Statistical profiles in computed tomography. A diagnostic console consisting of a high resolution video display coupled to a microcomputer was programmed to enable us to derive a battery of statistical parameters from any area of interest on a CT scan. These statistical parameters enable us to characterize the CT numbers of areas of interest in a more meaningful way than has been possible with most currently available consoles. A combination of statistical parameters enables us to discriminate between certain lesions with similar appearance such as porencephalic cysts, epidermoid tumors and cystic gliomas."}
{"id": "PMID:897162", "title": "Pericardial cysts. A radiologic-pathologic correlation and review.", "content": "Pericardial cysts are generally described as round radiodensities typically found at the right cardiophrenic angle in asymptomatic individuals. A review of all cases of pericardial cysts from the files of this Institute reveals that approximately one third of the cysts are found in other locations and that approximately one third of patients have symptoms of chest pain, dyspnea, or persistent cough. The radiographs of 41 patients show that in all but 6 of the cases the cyst is visualized as a round radiodensity touching both the hemidiaphragm and the anterior chest wall. Surprisingly, 15 of the 41 occurred on the left border of the heart. The six cysts significantly above the diaphragm were difficult to diagnosis radiologically and were usually mistaken for thymomas or pulmonary masses; two such cysts caused bronchial obstruction. In general, the possibility that a mass in either anterior cardiophrenic angle is a pericardial cyst should be strongly considered, even if the mass is on the left side and even if the patient is symptomatic.", "contents": "Pericardial cysts. A radiologic-pathologic correlation and review. Pericardial cysts are generally described as round radiodensities typically found at the right cardiophrenic angle in asymptomatic individuals. A review of all cases of pericardial cysts from the files of this Institute reveals that approximately one third of the cysts are found in other locations and that approximately one third of patients have symptoms of chest pain, dyspnea, or persistent cough. The radiographs of 41 patients show that in all but 6 of the cases the cyst is visualized as a round radiodensity touching both the hemidiaphragm and the anterior chest wall. Surprisingly, 15 of the 41 occurred on the left border of the heart. The six cysts significantly above the diaphragm were difficult to diagnosis radiologically and were usually mistaken for thymomas or pulmonary masses; two such cysts caused bronchial obstruction. In general, the possibility that a mass in either anterior cardiophrenic angle is a pericardial cyst should be strongly considered, even if the mass is on the left side and even if the patient is symptomatic."}
{"id": "PMID:897163", "title": "Cerebral echinococcal cyst demonstrated on radionuclide angiogram: case report.", "content": "A cerebral echinococcal cyst was detected by cerebral radionuclide angiography as a large avascular mass. Static brain scans did not show the abnormality, emphasizing the diagnostic value of the dynamic phase of the study.", "contents": "Cerebral echinococcal cyst demonstrated on radionuclide angiogram: case report. A cerebral echinococcal cyst was detected by cerebral radionuclide angiography as a large avascular mass. Static brain scans did not show the abnormality, emphasizing the diagnostic value of the dynamic phase of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:897164", "title": "The use of rare-earth radionuclides and other bone-seekers in the evaluation of bone lesions in patients with multiple myeloma or solitary plasmacytoma.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with multiple myeloma and 4 with solitary plasmacytoma had total-body scans after intravenous injection of 67Ga-citrate alone (17 patients) or combined with other agents (11 patients). The latter included 99mTc-diphosphonate (99mTc-DP), 99mTc-polyphosphate (99mTc-PP), or 99mTc-sulfur colloid (99mTc-SC) given alone or combined with 171Er, 157Dy, or 167Tm as citrate. In some patients more than one agent was compared to 67Ga and radiographic bone surveys. In general, localization of the rare-earth \"bone-seekers\" was poor except for 157Dy, which compared well with 99mTc-PP and 99mTc-DP; 157Dy was also helpful in studies of the abdomen and pelvis because of its failure to concentrate in the gastrointestinal tract. No toxic or nonspecific effects were noted.", "contents": "The use of rare-earth radionuclides and other bone-seekers in the evaluation of bone lesions in patients with multiple myeloma or solitary plasmacytoma. Twenty-four patients with multiple myeloma and 4 with solitary plasmacytoma had total-body scans after intravenous injection of 67Ga-citrate alone (17 patients) or combined with other agents (11 patients). The latter included 99mTc-diphosphonate (99mTc-DP), 99mTc-polyphosphate (99mTc-PP), or 99mTc-sulfur colloid (99mTc-SC) given alone or combined with 171Er, 157Dy, or 167Tm as citrate. In some patients more than one agent was compared to 67Ga and radiographic bone surveys. In general, localization of the rare-earth \"bone-seekers\" was poor except for 157Dy, which compared well with 99mTc-PP and 99mTc-DP; 157Dy was also helpful in studies of the abdomen and pelvis because of its failure to concentrate in the gastrointestinal tract. No toxic or nonspecific effects were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:897165", "title": "Thick blood syndrome.", "content": "Twenty cases of hyperviscosity were studied prospectively to determine the presence and incidence of radiological findings and whether or not exchange transfusion had an appreciable effect on these findings. Serial chest radiographs revealed increased pulmonary vascularity, hyperaeration, and mild, bilateral alveolar infiltrates (perihilar and/or lower lobe). Ten patients were treated with partial plasma exchange transfusions which resulted in improvement of radiological findings. Hyperviscosity is more common than previously recognized. This entity may have profound significance as a potentially treatable cause of central nervous system damage in the neonate.", "contents": "Thick blood syndrome. Twenty cases of hyperviscosity were studied prospectively to determine the presence and incidence of radiological findings and whether or not exchange transfusion had an appreciable effect on these findings. Serial chest radiographs revealed increased pulmonary vascularity, hyperaeration, and mild, bilateral alveolar infiltrates (perihilar and/or lower lobe). Ten patients were treated with partial plasma exchange transfusions which resulted in improvement of radiological findings. Hyperviscosity is more common than previously recognized. This entity may have profound significance as a potentially treatable cause of central nervous system damage in the neonate."}
{"id": "PMID:897167", "title": "Radiological findings in symptomatic neonatal plethora resulting from placental transfusion.", "content": "As a result of excessive placental transfusion at birth, 8 premature and 3 full-term infants presented with cardiorespiratory and neurological symptoms. Cord clamping was delayed in all infants, and blood volume studies showed polycythemia or hypervolemia. The radiological findings included pulmonary vascular congestion, hyperaeration, pleural effusion, and mild cardiomegaly. Most infants responded to conservative medical management and were asymptomatic within 24 to 72 hours. Three acutely ill infants showed great improvement after phlebotomy, providing further evidence that circulatory overload due to placental transfusion may be the etiological factor in this symptom-complex.", "contents": "Radiological findings in symptomatic neonatal plethora resulting from placental transfusion. As a result of excessive placental transfusion at birth, 8 premature and 3 full-term infants presented with cardiorespiratory and neurological symptoms. Cord clamping was delayed in all infants, and blood volume studies showed polycythemia or hypervolemia. The radiological findings included pulmonary vascular congestion, hyperaeration, pleural effusion, and mild cardiomegaly. Most infants responded to conservative medical management and were asymptomatic within 24 to 72 hours. Three acutely ill infants showed great improvement after phlebotomy, providing further evidence that circulatory overload due to placental transfusion may be the etiological factor in this symptom-complex."}
{"id": "PMID:897168", "title": "Clinical and radiographic considerations of sacrococcygeal teratomas: an analysis of 26 new cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Teratomas develop most frequently in the sacrococcygeum and are often diagnosed by simple observation. Most sacrococcygeal teratomas are benign, and evident in the newborn. Females are affected four times more often than males, but affected males are more likely to have malignant tumors. Benign teratomas are generally noninvasive, cystic, and contain calcifications. Surgery is the primary, usually curative treatment, although malignant tumors can be treated effectively only by early diagnosis and removal. Twenty-six cases of sacrococcygeal teratoma were reviewed.", "contents": "Clinical and radiographic considerations of sacrococcygeal teratomas: an analysis of 26 new cases and review of the literature. Teratomas develop most frequently in the sacrococcygeum and are often diagnosed by simple observation. Most sacrococcygeal teratomas are benign, and evident in the newborn. Females are affected four times more often than males, but affected males are more likely to have malignant tumors. Benign teratomas are generally noninvasive, cystic, and contain calcifications. Surgery is the primary, usually curative treatment, although malignant tumors can be treated effectively only by early diagnosis and removal. Twenty-six cases of sacrococcygeal teratoma were reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:897169", "title": "Proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD).", "content": "Proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD) is a spectrum of congenital osseous anomalies characterized by a deficiency in the structure of the proximal femur. Thirteen patients with PFFD were classified based on a system describing acetabular shape and femoral position. Radiological evaluation includes identification and description of the PFFD and evaluation of the associated limb anomalies, of which ipsilateral fibular hemimelia is the most common. Contrast arthrography is indicated to disclose the presence and location of the femoral head.", "contents": "Proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD). Proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD) is a spectrum of congenital osseous anomalies characterized by a deficiency in the structure of the proximal femur. Thirteen patients with PFFD were classified based on a system describing acetabular shape and femoral position. Radiological evaluation includes identification and description of the PFFD and evaluation of the associated limb anomalies, of which ipsilateral fibular hemimelia is the most common. Contrast arthrography is indicated to disclose the presence and location of the femoral head."}
{"id": "PMID:897170", "title": "Detection and classification of liquid-filled masses in the breast by gray scale echography.", "content": "Gray scale ultrasonic visualization of the breast is a simple and safe technique for the detection of liquid-filled masses. Cysts and enlarged ducts as small as 2 mm in diameter can be reliably detected with a greater accuracy than is possible with any other imaging technique. The ultrasonic examination provides considerable information about the nature of the constituent tissues, and this information alone is often sufficient for a determination of the correct treatment.", "contents": "Detection and classification of liquid-filled masses in the breast by gray scale echography. Gray scale ultrasonic visualization of the breast is a simple and safe technique for the detection of liquid-filled masses. Cysts and enlarged ducts as small as 2 mm in diameter can be reliably detected with a greater accuracy than is possible with any other imaging technique. The ultrasonic examination provides considerable information about the nature of the constituent tissues, and this information alone is often sufficient for a determination of the correct treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:897171", "title": "Rocket propellant inhalation in the Apollo-Soyuz astronauts.", "content": "Acute exposure to monomethylhydrazine and dinitrogen tetroxide, the principal toxic irritants in rocket fuels, is described with particular attention to the development of pulmonary edema as a herbinger of more severe central nervous system toxicity. An acute respiratory embarrassment is documented and possible means of therapy based on animal experimental models is suggested. Early clinical and radiographic examination as a baseline for further evaluation is essential, with follow-up radiographs recommended for assessment of possible developing chronic lung disease.", "contents": "Rocket propellant inhalation in the Apollo-Soyuz astronauts. Acute exposure to monomethylhydrazine and dinitrogen tetroxide, the principal toxic irritants in rocket fuels, is described with particular attention to the development of pulmonary edema as a herbinger of more severe central nervous system toxicity. An acute respiratory embarrassment is documented and possible means of therapy based on animal experimental models is suggested. Early clinical and radiographic examination as a baseline for further evaluation is essential, with follow-up radiographs recommended for assessment of possible developing chronic lung disease."}
{"id": "PMID:897172", "title": "Ultrasonic distinction of abscesses from other intra-abdominal fluid collections.", "content": "The nature of 103 intra-abdominal fluid collections examined by ultrasound was determined by autopsy, needle aspiration, spontaneous drainage or surgical exploration. Abscesses, chronic hematomas, lymphoceles, urinomas, cysts and fluid-filled bowel loops are all approximately elliptical or circular in cross section. Collections of ascites have a very irregular outline. Bowel loops appear as multiple circles, all of similar size. Chronic hematomas contain strongly echoing material, while lymphoceles, urinomas, renal and hepatic cysts and collections of ascites are echo-free. Ovarian cysts into which there has been bleeding may contain echoes. The walls of abscesses, chronic hematomas, and bowel loops are less sharp than the walls of other collections. Intrahepatic abscesses may have more ragged walls than abscesses elsewhere. Ultrasonic characteristics of abscesses and hematomas overlap. It is sometimes possible to distinguish the nature of the fluid by its ultrasonic properties, but atypical appearances are not rare.", "contents": "Ultrasonic distinction of abscesses from other intra-abdominal fluid collections. The nature of 103 intra-abdominal fluid collections examined by ultrasound was determined by autopsy, needle aspiration, spontaneous drainage or surgical exploration. Abscesses, chronic hematomas, lymphoceles, urinomas, cysts and fluid-filled bowel loops are all approximately elliptical or circular in cross section. Collections of ascites have a very irregular outline. Bowel loops appear as multiple circles, all of similar size. Chronic hematomas contain strongly echoing material, while lymphoceles, urinomas, renal and hepatic cysts and collections of ascites are echo-free. Ovarian cysts into which there has been bleeding may contain echoes. The walls of abscesses, chronic hematomas, and bowel loops are less sharp than the walls of other collections. Intrahepatic abscesses may have more ragged walls than abscesses elsewhere. Ultrasonic characteristics of abscesses and hematomas overlap. It is sometimes possible to distinguish the nature of the fluid by its ultrasonic properties, but atypical appearances are not rare."}
{"id": "PMID:897173", "title": "Use of simethicone as a patient preparation for abdominal sonography.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients about to undergo abdominal ultrasonography were randomly assigned into groups receiving preparation with oral simethicone and into control groups. A percentage value of sound transmission through the abdomen was calculated for each patient using sonographic measurements taken from a series of prescribed scans by a sonographer unaware of the patient preparation employed. Results indicate a statistically significant improvement in through sound transmission for those groups receiving simethicone preparation.", "contents": "Use of simethicone as a patient preparation for abdominal sonography. Fifty-eight patients about to undergo abdominal ultrasonography were randomly assigned into groups receiving preparation with oral simethicone and into control groups. A percentage value of sound transmission through the abdomen was calculated for each patient using sonographic measurements taken from a series of prescribed scans by a sonographer unaware of the patient preparation employed. Results indicate a statistically significant improvement in through sound transmission for those groups receiving simethicone preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:897174", "title": "Distortion in converging collimator scintiphotography.", "content": "Distortion is intrinsic to converging collimator scintiphotography although converging collimation offers improved resolution and sensitivity. The nature of the distortion is defined and compared to nondistorted parallel-hole collimator images. The analogy between long and short focal-film-distance radiographs, and parallel and converging hole collimators, is discussed.", "contents": "Distortion in converging collimator scintiphotography. Distortion is intrinsic to converging collimator scintiphotography although converging collimation offers improved resolution and sensitivity. The nature of the distortion is defined and compared to nondistorted parallel-hole collimator images. The analogy between long and short focal-film-distance radiographs, and parallel and converging hole collimators, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897175", "title": "Combined radiotherapy and Corynebacterium parvum treatment of a murine fibrosarcoma.", "content": "A single dose of Corynebacterium parvum (Cp) at 70 microgram, 175 microgram or 350 microgram was effective in suppressing the growth of a subcutaneous fibrosarcoma and occasionally in inducing complete regression and in prolonging the survival time of C3H/HeJ tumor-bearing mice. A single exposure of x rays at 2,000 rads induced some complete regression, but a higher number of complete regressions was induced by combined x-ray and Cp treatment. In the combined x-ray and Cp treatment, Cp given on the same day immediately after x irradiation was best. When 70 microgram of Cp was given a few days before x rays, the intravenous and intraperitoneal routes were better than the intratumor route of injection.", "contents": "Combined radiotherapy and Corynebacterium parvum treatment of a murine fibrosarcoma. A single dose of Corynebacterium parvum (Cp) at 70 microgram, 175 microgram or 350 microgram was effective in suppressing the growth of a subcutaneous fibrosarcoma and occasionally in inducing complete regression and in prolonging the survival time of C3H/HeJ tumor-bearing mice. A single exposure of x rays at 2,000 rads induced some complete regression, but a higher number of complete regressions was induced by combined x-ray and Cp treatment. In the combined x-ray and Cp treatment, Cp given on the same day immediately after x irradiation was best. When 70 microgram of Cp was given a few days before x rays, the intravenous and intraperitoneal routes were better than the intratumor route of injection."}
{"id": "PMID:897176", "title": "Steel trimmer for use with 60Co tangential fields.", "content": "A prototype steel trimmer provided by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited was modified for use with tangenital wedged 60Co fields. The trimmer virtually eliminated the penumbra of the wedged fields, permitting a more uniform irradiation of the chest wall. There was no significant change in the wedge transmission factors for the trimmed and untrimmed fields.", "contents": "Steel trimmer for use with 60Co tangential fields. A prototype steel trimmer provided by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited was modified for use with tangenital wedged 60Co fields. The trimmer virtually eliminated the penumbra of the wedged fields, permitting a more uniform irradiation of the chest wall. There was no significant change in the wedge transmission factors for the trimmed and untrimmed fields."}
{"id": "PMID:897177", "title": "A device for the administration of high viscosity barium.", "content": "For the administration of high viscosity barium, the authors employ a standard hardware-grade caulking gun with disposable cartridges. It is economical, permits controlled delivery safely and is considerably faster than conventional gravity feed appliances.", "contents": "A device for the administration of high viscosity barium. For the administration of high viscosity barium, the authors employ a standard hardware-grade caulking gun with disposable cartridges. It is economical, permits controlled delivery safely and is considerably faster than conventional gravity feed appliances."}
{"id": "PMID:897178", "title": "Transumbilical selective angiography in the newborn.", "content": "A method of transumbilical selective angiography in the newborn using the Seldinger method is presented. Side-hole catheters are unsuitable, and a 5-French polyvinyl catheter is specified.", "contents": "Transumbilical selective angiography in the newborn. A method of transumbilical selective angiography in the newborn using the Seldinger method is presented. Side-hole catheters are unsuitable, and a 5-French polyvinyl catheter is specified."}
{"id": "PMID:897179", "title": "Radiologic treatment of esophageal food impaction using intravenous glucagon.", "content": "Obstructing esophageal food impaction was successfully relieved in 3 patients by the administration of intravenous glucagon. Since proteolytic enzyme digestion of bolus impaction carries a clear risk of fatal esophageal perforation, early therapeutic administration of glucagon during initial esophagography affords a safe and effective acute-care radiologic adjunct. Advantages include immediate diagnosis and therapy, effectiveness in meat and vegetable impactions, and safety for repeated doses. A glucagon-papain combination is suggested as a routine regimen during standard efforts at enzymatic disimpaction.", "contents": "Radiologic treatment of esophageal food impaction using intravenous glucagon. Obstructing esophageal food impaction was successfully relieved in 3 patients by the administration of intravenous glucagon. Since proteolytic enzyme digestion of bolus impaction carries a clear risk of fatal esophageal perforation, early therapeutic administration of glucagon during initial esophagography affords a safe and effective acute-care radiologic adjunct. Advantages include immediate diagnosis and therapy, effectiveness in meat and vegetable impactions, and safety for repeated doses. A glucagon-papain combination is suggested as a routine regimen during standard efforts at enzymatic disimpaction."}
{"id": "PMID:897180", "title": "Reciprocating Bucky for serial film changers.", "content": "A reciprocating Bucky design for serial film changers is described. It is simple to construct. Inexpensive, and enhances radiograph resolution by eliminating grid lines.", "contents": "Reciprocating Bucky for serial film changers. A reciprocating Bucky design for serial film changers is described. It is simple to construct. Inexpensive, and enhances radiograph resolution by eliminating grid lines."}
{"id": "PMID:897181", "title": "Colonic polyp detection: role of roentgenography and colonoscopy.", "content": "In order to determine the relative yields of colonoscopic and radiologic examinations of the colon, the following guidelines are suggested: (a) prospective data collection; (b) a standard, effective colon cleansing regimen; (c) colonoscopic and radiologic examiners of comparable expertise; (d) examiners should be unaware of each other's findings; (e) a suitable method for demonstrating false-negative findings and for resolving conflicting findings between the two examinations; and (f) indexing of the study findings as to lesion size, lesion location, quality of colon cleansing, and examiner's level of confidence. The two examinations should be used as complementary diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Colonic polyp detection: role of roentgenography and colonoscopy. In order to determine the relative yields of colonoscopic and radiologic examinations of the colon, the following guidelines are suggested: (a) prospective data collection; (b) a standard, effective colon cleansing regimen; (c) colonoscopic and radiologic examiners of comparable expertise; (d) examiners should be unaware of each other's findings; (e) a suitable method for demonstrating false-negative findings and for resolving conflicting findings between the two examinations; and (f) indexing of the study findings as to lesion size, lesion location, quality of colon cleansing, and examiner's level of confidence. The two examinations should be used as complementary diagnostic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:897183", "title": "Secondary neoplasms of the small bowel.", "content": "Patterns of small bowel involvement from primary neoplasms elsewhere in the body were studied in order to determine whether the location of the lesions or their radiological appearance could provide criteria for distinguishing secondary from primary lesions. Multiplicity of lesions and the finding of \"transverse stretch\" were found to be highly indicative of secondary neoplastic involvement of the small bowel.", "contents": "Secondary neoplasms of the small bowel. Patterns of small bowel involvement from primary neoplasms elsewhere in the body were studied in order to determine whether the location of the lesions or their radiological appearance could provide criteria for distinguishing secondary from primary lesions. Multiplicity of lesions and the finding of \"transverse stretch\" were found to be highly indicative of secondary neoplastic involvement of the small bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:897184", "title": "Visualization of the gallbladder wall at excretory urography: implication for infusion tomography of the gallbladder.", "content": "Visualization of the gallbladder wall during intravenous infusion of diatrizoate has been equated with cholecystopathy. However, a large control group of patients without biliary tract symptoms has not been studied. The authors examined a group of 2,867 such patients who underwent excretory urography; the results suggest that visualization of the normal gallbladder wall occurs frequently enough to severely limit the usefulness of infusion tomography of the gallbladder in the diagnosis of cholecystopathy.", "contents": "Visualization of the gallbladder wall at excretory urography: implication for infusion tomography of the gallbladder. Visualization of the gallbladder wall during intravenous infusion of diatrizoate has been equated with cholecystopathy. However, a large control group of patients without biliary tract symptoms has not been studied. The authors examined a group of 2,867 such patients who underwent excretory urography; the results suggest that visualization of the normal gallbladder wall occurs frequently enough to severely limit the usefulness of infusion tomography of the gallbladder in the diagnosis of cholecystopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:897185", "title": "Wandering spleen--the radiological and clinical spectrum.", "content": "Eight cases of wandering spleen demonstrate that this rare entity has a characteristic constellation of findings which, though nonspecific, are highly suggestive of the diagnosis. Angiography or isotopic imaging specific for the spleen confirms the diagnosis. Asymptomatic patients may be carefully observed, with the institution of splenectomy should signs of torsion develop.", "contents": "Wandering spleen--the radiological and clinical spectrum. Eight cases of wandering spleen demonstrate that this rare entity has a characteristic constellation of findings which, though nonspecific, are highly suggestive of the diagnosis. Angiography or isotopic imaging specific for the spleen confirms the diagnosis. Asymptomatic patients may be carefully observed, with the institution of splenectomy should signs of torsion develop."}
{"id": "PMID:897186", "title": "Criteria for examination of the urethra during excretory urography.", "content": "Of 2,234 patients, 97 (4.3%) had symptoms suggesting of urethral diseases, and underwent excretory voiding urethrography (EVU) as part of their excretory urographic examination. Successful EVU examinations were obtained in 84 (87%); 43 (51%) had abnormal findings; 29 (34%) were normal; and 12 (12%) were considered probably normal, with no further study required. The additional portion of the study can be accomplished without a significant increase in examination time and without excessive additional imaging; it avoids the risks of catheterization.", "contents": "Criteria for examination of the urethra during excretory urography. Of 2,234 patients, 97 (4.3%) had symptoms suggesting of urethral diseases, and underwent excretory voiding urethrography (EVU) as part of their excretory urographic examination. Successful EVU examinations were obtained in 84 (87%); 43 (51%) had abnormal findings; 29 (34%) were normal; and 12 (12%) were considered probably normal, with no further study required. The additional portion of the study can be accomplished without a significant increase in examination time and without excessive additional imaging; it avoids the risks of catheterization."}
{"id": "PMID:897187", "title": "The value of compression during excretion voiding urethrography.", "content": "Voiding urethrography with compression of the urethral meatus was evaluated as part of excretory urography in patients with symptoms involving the lower urinary tract. Meatal compression permits distension of the urethra distal to any area of increased resistance to flow, obviating the need for retrograde urethrography. The examination can be performed as part of routine excretory urography and avoids the hazards of urethral catheterization. In selected patients, excretion voiding urethrography with compression has given as much information as the combination of noncompression voiding urethrography and retrograde urethrography.", "contents": "The value of compression during excretion voiding urethrography. Voiding urethrography with compression of the urethral meatus was evaluated as part of excretory urography in patients with symptoms involving the lower urinary tract. Meatal compression permits distension of the urethra distal to any area of increased resistance to flow, obviating the need for retrograde urethrography. The examination can be performed as part of routine excretory urography and avoids the hazards of urethral catheterization. In selected patients, excretion voiding urethrography with compression has given as much information as the combination of noncompression voiding urethrography and retrograde urethrography."}
{"id": "PMID:897188", "title": "Intervertebral disk calcification associated with spine fusion.", "content": "Intervertebral disk calcification and spine fusion were observed in patients with Klippel-Feil syndrome, myositis ossificans progressive, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and surgical spine fusion. The fusion appears to come first, leading to calcification. This suggests that fusion prevents the normal mechanical stresses within the disk, leading to premature degenerative changes and calcification of the nucleus pulposus.", "contents": "Intervertebral disk calcification associated with spine fusion. Intervertebral disk calcification and spine fusion were observed in patients with Klippel-Feil syndrome, myositis ossificans progressive, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and surgical spine fusion. The fusion appears to come first, leading to calcification. This suggests that fusion prevents the normal mechanical stresses within the disk, leading to premature degenerative changes and calcification of the nucleus pulposus."}
{"id": "PMID:897189", "title": "Malignant myelosclerosis simulating metastatic bone disease.", "content": "A case of malignant myelosclerosis is described in a patient with a previous breast carcinoma. The difficulty in differentiating this entity from metastatic bone disease is discussed.", "contents": "Malignant myelosclerosis simulating metastatic bone disease. A case of malignant myelosclerosis is described in a patient with a previous breast carcinoma. The difficulty in differentiating this entity from metastatic bone disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897190", "title": "Arthrography in the diagnosis of ligament injuries and classification of ankle injuries.", "content": "Arthrography was assessed in 300 cases of ankle injury to determine its diagnostic information yield and its aid in classifying ankle injuries. No complications occurred as a result of the procedure. In 59 cases, information gained from the procedure was verified at surgery. Arthrography was considered to give valuable information in 85% of the cases of ligament ruptures.", "contents": "Arthrography in the diagnosis of ligament injuries and classification of ankle injuries. Arthrography was assessed in 300 cases of ankle injury to determine its diagnostic information yield and its aid in classifying ankle injuries. No complications occurred as a result of the procedure. In 59 cases, information gained from the procedure was verified at surgery. Arthrography was considered to give valuable information in 85% of the cases of ligament ruptures."}
{"id": "PMID:897191", "title": "Magnification film mammography: image quality and clinical studies.", "content": "Direct radiographic magnification (1.5 X) of the breast with a microfocus x-ray tube was compared with conventional contact mammography. Measurements of modulation transfer functions, Wiener spectra, scattered radiation, and dosimetry permitted quantitative comparisons of resolution, noise, contrast, and patient exposure. Images of surgical specimens of the breast, and the breasts of 125 patients, were qualitatively compared. Magnification images were superior (increased resolution, reduced noise) to conventional mammography images, at the expense of increased radiation dose. Clinical study revealed that the superior magnification image is useful in distinguishing malignant from benign breast disease, in selected cases.", "contents": "Magnification film mammography: image quality and clinical studies. Direct radiographic magnification (1.5 X) of the breast with a microfocus x-ray tube was compared with conventional contact mammography. Measurements of modulation transfer functions, Wiener spectra, scattered radiation, and dosimetry permitted quantitative comparisons of resolution, noise, contrast, and patient exposure. Images of surgical specimens of the breast, and the breasts of 125 patients, were qualitatively compared. Magnification images were superior (increased resolution, reduced noise) to conventional mammography images, at the expense of increased radiation dose. Clinical study revealed that the superior magnification image is useful in distinguishing malignant from benign breast disease, in selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:897192", "title": "Image quality in mammography.", "content": "Image quality in mammography is affected by the shape, size, and x-ray absorption properties of the anatomic part or lesion to be radiographed in addition to x-ray beam quality, geometric unsharpness, and the resolution, characteristic curve, and noise properties of the recording system. The authors review x-ray energy spectra, modulation transfer functions. Wiener spectra, characteristic and gradient curves, and radiographs of a breast phantom and a resected breast specimen containing microcalcifications; these factors, and the complex relationship between them, affect image quality and patient radiation exposure. Evaluation of the best system or technique for obtaining a breast image is discussed in terms of the compromise between diagnostic certainty and cost or risk.", "contents": "Image quality in mammography. Image quality in mammography is affected by the shape, size, and x-ray absorption properties of the anatomic part or lesion to be radiographed in addition to x-ray beam quality, geometric unsharpness, and the resolution, characteristic curve, and noise properties of the recording system. The authors review x-ray energy spectra, modulation transfer functions. Wiener spectra, characteristic and gradient curves, and radiographs of a breast phantom and a resected breast specimen containing microcalcifications; these factors, and the complex relationship between them, affect image quality and patient radiation exposure. Evaluation of the best system or technique for obtaining a breast image is discussed in terms of the compromise between diagnostic certainty and cost or risk."}
{"id": "PMID:897193", "title": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy of retroperitoneal lymph nodes and abdominal masses: an updated report.", "content": "Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of retroperitoneal lymph nodes and abdominal masses was performed in 109 patients. Eighty-five per cent of the aspiration biopsies yielded sufficient cytologic material for a correct diagnosis. Indications include confirmation of lymphangiographic findings and the establishment of a histologic diagnosis in lieu of surgery. No significant complications were encountered.", "contents": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy of retroperitoneal lymph nodes and abdominal masses: an updated report. Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of retroperitoneal lymph nodes and abdominal masses was performed in 109 patients. Eighty-five per cent of the aspiration biopsies yielded sufficient cytologic material for a correct diagnosis. Indications include confirmation of lymphangiographic findings and the establishment of a histologic diagnosis in lieu of surgery. No significant complications were encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:897194", "title": "A vena cava filter using thermal shape memory alloy. Experimental aspects.", "content": "Surgical ligation of the vena cava in the treatment of pulmonary embolism is already being superseded by devices introduced via a peripheral vein. A new metal alloy (nitinol) with unique memory characteristics forms the basis of an experimental device which promises even greater safety, simplicity and speed of introduction. It is inserted as a straight thin wire via the small bore catheter used for angiographic diagnosis. Upon reaching the lumen of the inferior vena cava and sensing body temperature, it reverts to its preset complex filter shape and locks into place permanently. It will trap further thromboemboli from the pelvis or lower limbs.", "contents": "A vena cava filter using thermal shape memory alloy. Experimental aspects. Surgical ligation of the vena cava in the treatment of pulmonary embolism is already being superseded by devices introduced via a peripheral vein. A new metal alloy (nitinol) with unique memory characteristics forms the basis of an experimental device which promises even greater safety, simplicity and speed of introduction. It is inserted as a straight thin wire via the small bore catheter used for angiographic diagnosis. Upon reaching the lumen of the inferior vena cava and sensing body temperature, it reverts to its preset complex filter shape and locks into place permanently. It will trap further thromboemboli from the pelvis or lower limbs."}
{"id": "PMID:897195", "title": "Transcatheter splenic arterial occlusion: an experimental study in dogs.", "content": "Three techniques of transcatheter splenic arterial occlusion were evaluated in dogs. Angiographic, hematologic, and morphologic studies were done up to 9 weeks postocclusion. All animals showed hematologic changes characteristic of depressed splenic function; the degree and duration of these changes depended upon the technique. Alterations in histology including vascular congestion, infarction, and fibrosis, were also dependent upon the method used and the time elapsed after occlusion. Celiac angiography demonstrated the extent of collateral circulation and degree of recanalization of the occluded vessels. Potential clinical applications are discussed.", "contents": "Transcatheter splenic arterial occlusion: an experimental study in dogs. Three techniques of transcatheter splenic arterial occlusion were evaluated in dogs. Angiographic, hematologic, and morphologic studies were done up to 9 weeks postocclusion. All animals showed hematologic changes characteristic of depressed splenic function; the degree and duration of these changes depended upon the technique. Alterations in histology including vascular congestion, infarction, and fibrosis, were also dependent upon the method used and the time elapsed after occlusion. Celiac angiography demonstrated the extent of collateral circulation and degree of recanalization of the occluded vessels. Potential clinical applications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897204", "title": "Analogues of anthracene, phenanthrene, and benzoflavone inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis by cells in culture.", "content": "Prostaglandin production by methylcholanthrene-transformed 3T3 mouse fibroblasts (MC5-5), human normal fibroblasts (D550), and canine kidney (MDCK) cells was inhibited by several analogues of anthracene, phenanthrene, and benzoflavone. Among the most effective inhibitors of MC5-5's prostaglandin production were anthracene (ID50=1.7 micrometer), 9,10-diaminophenanthrene (ID50=0.48 micrometer), and 7,8-benzoflavone (ID50=0.55 micrometer). Under identical conditions, the ID50's for indomethacin and aspirin were 0.049 and 8.9 micrometer respectively. Production of radioactive prostaglandins by MC5-5 cells from tritiated phospholipids was blocked by 7,8-benzoflavone, but not the release of radioactive arachidonic acid.", "contents": "Analogues of anthracene, phenanthrene, and benzoflavone inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis by cells in culture. Prostaglandin production by methylcholanthrene-transformed 3T3 mouse fibroblasts (MC5-5), human normal fibroblasts (D550), and canine kidney (MDCK) cells was inhibited by several analogues of anthracene, phenanthrene, and benzoflavone. Among the most effective inhibitors of MC5-5's prostaglandin production were anthracene (ID50=1.7 micrometer), 9,10-diaminophenanthrene (ID50=0.48 micrometer), and 7,8-benzoflavone (ID50=0.55 micrometer). Under identical conditions, the ID50's for indomethacin and aspirin were 0.049 and 8.9 micrometer respectively. Production of radioactive prostaglandins by MC5-5 cells from tritiated phospholipids was blocked by 7,8-benzoflavone, but not the release of radioactive arachidonic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:897205", "title": "Adenosine as a natural prostaglandin antagonist in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "Adenosine has actions on smooth muscle similar to those of prostaglandin (PG) antagonists. Like some PG antagonists it is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and seems to interfere with calcium effects. It has agonist/antagonist interactions with theophylline, a PG antagonist. In rat mesenteric vascular smooth muscle adenosine blocked responses to noradrenaline which depend on release of intracellular calcium but not those to potassium ions which depend on calcium entry from extracellular fluid. Partial inhibition of endogenous PG synthesis by indomethacin enhanced the adenosine effect. In preparations in which vascular reactivity had been abolished by indomethacin and then partly restored by 1 or 5 ng/ml PG2, adenosine also inhibited responses to noradrenaline: the curve for the 5 ng/ml PG2 concentration was to the right of and parallel to the 1 ng/ml curve consistent with a competitive interaction between adenosine and PG2. Similar interactions between adenosine and PG2 were shown in human lymphocytes in which activation also depends on calcium release. These findings suggest how calcium-dependent metabolic responses may be controlled and indicate further reasons for caution in the interpretation of cyclic AMP experiments.", "contents": "Adenosine as a natural prostaglandin antagonist in vascular smooth muscle. Adenosine has actions on smooth muscle similar to those of prostaglandin (PG) antagonists. Like some PG antagonists it is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and seems to interfere with calcium effects. It has agonist/antagonist interactions with theophylline, a PG antagonist. In rat mesenteric vascular smooth muscle adenosine blocked responses to noradrenaline which depend on release of intracellular calcium but not those to potassium ions which depend on calcium entry from extracellular fluid. Partial inhibition of endogenous PG synthesis by indomethacin enhanced the adenosine effect. In preparations in which vascular reactivity had been abolished by indomethacin and then partly restored by 1 or 5 ng/ml PG2, adenosine also inhibited responses to noradrenaline: the curve for the 5 ng/ml PG2 concentration was to the right of and parallel to the 1 ng/ml curve consistent with a competitive interaction between adenosine and PG2. Similar interactions between adenosine and PG2 were shown in human lymphocytes in which activation also depends on calcium release. These findings suggest how calcium-dependent metabolic responses may be controlled and indicate further reasons for caution in the interpretation of cyclic AMP experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:897206", "title": "Prostaglandin E antagonist activity of 11, 15-bisdeoxy prostaglandin E1 and congeners.", "content": "d,l-11, 15-bisdeoxy PGE1 and certain of its congeners were shown to inhibit gerbil colon contractions induced by l-PGE1. While some of these compounds were selectively antagonistic of PGE1-induced contractions, others additionally inhibited the gerbil colon agonist activities of l-PGE2alpha and acetylcholine. The PGE1 inhibitory activity was apparently competitive in nature. With relatively weak potencies, the bisdeoxy PGE congeners displaced 3H-PGE1 from a fat cell binding site, suggesting competition for a common, putative receptor. Structure-activity relationships and potential utility of these analogs are discussed.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E antagonist activity of 11, 15-bisdeoxy prostaglandin E1 and congeners. d,l-11, 15-bisdeoxy PGE1 and certain of its congeners were shown to inhibit gerbil colon contractions induced by l-PGE1. While some of these compounds were selectively antagonistic of PGE1-induced contractions, others additionally inhibited the gerbil colon agonist activities of l-PGE2alpha and acetylcholine. The PGE1 inhibitory activity was apparently competitive in nature. With relatively weak potencies, the bisdeoxy PGE congeners displaced 3H-PGE1 from a fat cell binding site, suggesting competition for a common, putative receptor. Structure-activity relationships and potential utility of these analogs are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897207", "title": "A possible role of prostaglandins in guinea-pig isolated ileum contractions to serotonin.", "content": "Nine non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs have been tested for their effect on contractions to serotonin of the guinea-pig isolated ileum. They exert a potent inhibition which is totally reversible by washing out the drugs. It is also well reversed by the addition of small amounts of PGE1 to the bath. It is concluded that prostaglandins exert a role in these contractions to serotonin which is probably specific as well as non specific.", "contents": "A possible role of prostaglandins in guinea-pig isolated ileum contractions to serotonin. Nine non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs have been tested for their effect on contractions to serotonin of the guinea-pig isolated ileum. They exert a potent inhibition which is totally reversible by washing out the drugs. It is also well reversed by the addition of small amounts of PGE1 to the bath. It is concluded that prostaglandins exert a role in these contractions to serotonin which is probably specific as well as non specific."}
{"id": "PMID:897208", "title": "Actions of the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine on responses to pressor agents. Interactions with prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Clomipramine inhibited pressor responses to potassium ions and vasopressin in the rat mesenteric vascular bed with an ID50 of about 1.8 microgram/ml against both pressor agents and the actions of indomethacin and PG2 on the clomipramine effect suggested that the drug may have been antagonising the action of an endogenous PG. This was supported by the inhibitory action of clomipramine on PG2 actions on guinea-pig ileum. A lower concentration also inhibited pressor responses to noradrenaline and angiotensin (ID50 about 9 ng/ml): inhibition was increased by PG2 and reduced by indomethacin. In this preparation potassium and vasopressin act primarily by stimulating calcium entry from the extracellular fluid whereas noradrenaline and angiotensin act primarily by releasing calcium from intracellular or membrane-bound stores. Our results can be explained by two actions: 1. a PG-antagonist action of clomipramine at the cell membrane and 2. a selectve inhibitory effect on release of intracellular calcium. Clomipramine may prove useful in studying PG and calcium-dependent mechanisms.", "contents": "Actions of the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine on responses to pressor agents. Interactions with prostaglandin E2. Clomipramine inhibited pressor responses to potassium ions and vasopressin in the rat mesenteric vascular bed with an ID50 of about 1.8 microgram/ml against both pressor agents and the actions of indomethacin and PG2 on the clomipramine effect suggested that the drug may have been antagonising the action of an endogenous PG. This was supported by the inhibitory action of clomipramine on PG2 actions on guinea-pig ileum. A lower concentration also inhibited pressor responses to noradrenaline and angiotensin (ID50 about 9 ng/ml): inhibition was increased by PG2 and reduced by indomethacin. In this preparation potassium and vasopressin act primarily by stimulating calcium entry from the extracellular fluid whereas noradrenaline and angiotensin act primarily by releasing calcium from intracellular or membrane-bound stores. Our results can be explained by two actions: 1. a PG-antagonist action of clomipramine at the cell membrane and 2. a selectve inhibitory effect on release of intracellular calcium. Clomipramine may prove useful in studying PG and calcium-dependent mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:897209", "title": "Role of prostaglandins in the mediation of systemic tachyphylaxis to angiotensin II.", "content": "Angiotensin-induced prostaglandin release has been implicated in the deveolpment of tachyphylaxis to angiotensin in vitro. Based on these findings and evidence that prostaglandins modulate the angiotensin reposne locally, experiments were done to investigate the role of prostaglandins in the systemic tachyphylaxis to angiotensin. Rats were given intravenous infusions of 1-asparaginyl-5-valyl and 1-aspartyl-5-isoleucyl andiotensin II at two different doses. Using systemic blood pressure as a parameter, varying degrees of tachyphylaxis were produced and the aspartyl analog was found to be more tachyphylactic. When rats were given indomethacin, a prostaglading synthesis inhibitors, the response to intravenous infusion of aspartyl angiotensin was not significantly altered.", "contents": "Role of prostaglandins in the mediation of systemic tachyphylaxis to angiotensin II. Angiotensin-induced prostaglandin release has been implicated in the deveolpment of tachyphylaxis to angiotensin in vitro. Based on these findings and evidence that prostaglandins modulate the angiotensin reposne locally, experiments were done to investigate the role of prostaglandins in the systemic tachyphylaxis to angiotensin. Rats were given intravenous infusions of 1-asparaginyl-5-valyl and 1-aspartyl-5-isoleucyl andiotensin II at two different doses. Using systemic blood pressure as a parameter, varying degrees of tachyphylaxis were produced and the aspartyl analog was found to be more tachyphylactic. When rats were given indomethacin, a prostaglading synthesis inhibitors, the response to intravenous infusion of aspartyl angiotensin was not significantly altered."}
{"id": "PMID:897210", "title": "Urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E: a circadian rhythm and the effect of posture.", "content": "The excretion of urinary immunoreactive prostaglandin E (iPGE), sodium, potassium, creatinine and volume was studied in 4 hr collections in normal women at normal activity. iPGE exhibited a circadian rhythm with an amplitude of 29% and peak excretion at 4:55 P. M. There were also significant circadian rhythms for sodium, potassium, creatinine, and volume, all peaking in late afternoon. There were no significant changes either in the total excretion or in the circadian rhythms of iPGE, potassium, or creatinine excretion when the subjects remained in bed for an entire day while the circadian rhythms of sodium and volume were significantly modified in amplitude and phase, respectively. Urinary aldosterone excretion decreased significantly when the subjects were at bed rest. iPGE excretion increased 33% when subjects were first recumbent and then erect for consecutive 4 hr period on the same day (but when subjects were erect 1 day for a 4 hr period, iPGE excretion was lower by 32% than for the same 4 hr period the preceding day when they were recumbent). These data indicate that: 1) the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do not affect the circadian rhythms of urinary iPGE, and 2) short-term experiments of prostaglandin E excretion must be designed to avoid misleading results due to the circadian rhythm.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E: a circadian rhythm and the effect of posture. The excretion of urinary immunoreactive prostaglandin E (iPGE), sodium, potassium, creatinine and volume was studied in 4 hr collections in normal women at normal activity. iPGE exhibited a circadian rhythm with an amplitude of 29% and peak excretion at 4:55 P. M. There were also significant circadian rhythms for sodium, potassium, creatinine, and volume, all peaking in late afternoon. There were no significant changes either in the total excretion or in the circadian rhythms of iPGE, potassium, or creatinine excretion when the subjects remained in bed for an entire day while the circadian rhythms of sodium and volume were significantly modified in amplitude and phase, respectively. Urinary aldosterone excretion decreased significantly when the subjects were at bed rest. iPGE excretion increased 33% when subjects were first recumbent and then erect for consecutive 4 hr period on the same day (but when subjects were erect 1 day for a 4 hr period, iPGE excretion was lower by 32% than for the same 4 hr period the preceding day when they were recumbent). These data indicate that: 1) the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do not affect the circadian rhythms of urinary iPGE, and 2) short-term experiments of prostaglandin E excretion must be designed to avoid misleading results due to the circadian rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:897211", "title": "Effects of arachidonic, linoleic, linolenic and oleic acid on experimental arrhythmias in cats, rabbits and guinea-pigs.", "content": "Antiarrhythmic effects of the Prostaglandin (PG) precursors arachidonic and Linoleic acid were demonstrated on three models of experimental arrhythmias, whereas the fatty acids linolenic and oleic acid proved to be ineffective in these models. In ouabain-induced arrhythmias infusions of arachidonic acid (1, 0 mg/kg/min) caused a strong antiarrhythmic effect in 80 percent of the animals. On the same model linoleic acid showed a maximum effct in 40 percent of the animals. BaCl2-induced arrhythmias were abolished by arachidonic and linoleic acid in 60 percent and 66 percent of the rabbits, respectively. Pretreatment by indomethacin reduced the antiarrhythmic effects of linoleic acid from 40 percent to 9 percent on ouabain-induced arrhythmias in cats. The results suggest a participation of PG synthesis in the antiarrhythmic effect of PG precursors.", "contents": "Effects of arachidonic, linoleic, linolenic and oleic acid on experimental arrhythmias in cats, rabbits and guinea-pigs. Antiarrhythmic effects of the Prostaglandin (PG) precursors arachidonic and Linoleic acid were demonstrated on three models of experimental arrhythmias, whereas the fatty acids linolenic and oleic acid proved to be ineffective in these models. In ouabain-induced arrhythmias infusions of arachidonic acid (1, 0 mg/kg/min) caused a strong antiarrhythmic effect in 80 percent of the animals. On the same model linoleic acid showed a maximum effct in 40 percent of the animals. BaCl2-induced arrhythmias were abolished by arachidonic and linoleic acid in 60 percent and 66 percent of the rabbits, respectively. Pretreatment by indomethacin reduced the antiarrhythmic effects of linoleic acid from 40 percent to 9 percent on ouabain-induced arrhythmias in cats. The results suggest a participation of PG synthesis in the antiarrhythmic effect of PG precursors."}
{"id": "PMID:897212", "title": "The influence of unsaturated fatty acids on prostaglandin-release in isolated perfused guinea-pig hearts.", "content": "Isolated perfused hearts of guinea-pig continuously release a prostaglandin-like substance into the effluent. Polyunsaturaed fatty acids, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid greater than linolenic acid, induced an increase in PG-efflux. Oleic acid was without effect. The results suggest that PG-formation is involved in the increase of contractile force and coronary flow after administration of linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids.", "contents": "The influence of unsaturated fatty acids on prostaglandin-release in isolated perfused guinea-pig hearts. Isolated perfused hearts of guinea-pig continuously release a prostaglandin-like substance into the effluent. Polyunsaturaed fatty acids, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid greater than linolenic acid, induced an increase in PG-efflux. Oleic acid was without effect. The results suggest that PG-formation is involved in the increase of contractile force and coronary flow after administration of linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:897214", "title": "Structural requirements for, and the effects of chemicals on, the rat pulmonary inactivation of prostaglandins.", "content": "We have investigated the removal of prostaglandins (PGs) from the pulmonary circulation using the isolated perfused rat lung in order to determine which parts of the PG molecule were essential for transport into the pulmonary tissue. From these studies we propse that three functional groups of the PG molecule are necessary for transport into the lung tissue: the carboxylic acid group at carbon 1, hydroxyl group at carbon 15, and an oxygen group at carbon 11. The geometrical relationship between these groups is important for transport since reduction of the 13, 14-double bond reduced transport, and changing the C-15 hydroxyl from an S to R configuration abolished transport. Various chemicals, drugs, and PG antagonists were tested for their ability to inhibit the transport system resposible for PG removal from the circulation. Diphloretin phosphate and polyphloretin phosphate were effective inhibitors, whereas dexamethasone, bromocresol green N-ethyl maleimide and imipramine were moderately effective inhibitors. The PG antagonist, SC-19220, 7-oxo-13-prostynoic acid, and hydrocortisone were ineffective.", "contents": "Structural requirements for, and the effects of chemicals on, the rat pulmonary inactivation of prostaglandins. We have investigated the removal of prostaglandins (PGs) from the pulmonary circulation using the isolated perfused rat lung in order to determine which parts of the PG molecule were essential for transport into the pulmonary tissue. From these studies we propse that three functional groups of the PG molecule are necessary for transport into the lung tissue: the carboxylic acid group at carbon 1, hydroxyl group at carbon 15, and an oxygen group at carbon 11. The geometrical relationship between these groups is important for transport since reduction of the 13, 14-double bond reduced transport, and changing the C-15 hydroxyl from an S to R configuration abolished transport. Various chemicals, drugs, and PG antagonists were tested for their ability to inhibit the transport system resposible for PG removal from the circulation. Diphloretin phosphate and polyphloretin phosphate were effective inhibitors, whereas dexamethasone, bromocresol green N-ethyl maleimide and imipramine were moderately effective inhibitors. The PG antagonist, SC-19220, 7-oxo-13-prostynoic acid, and hydrocortisone were ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:897215", "title": "Synthesis of diastereomeric bis-unsaturated prostaglandins.", "content": "With the report given herein all diastereomers of PGF2, PGE2, and PGD2 which bear the naturally recognized 15-S hydroxylated center, whether in the natural or entprostanoic acid skeleton, have been prepared by a route involving initial introduction of the carboxyl (alpha) chain (1). A major advantage of the initial alpha-ylation route is the facile reduction of the 13, 14-en-15-one system with methanolic NaBH4 which proceeds without competing 1,4-reduction. The products are thus free of 13,14-dihydro-PG2 contaminants (2). The initial pharmacological evaluation of these diastereomers will be submitted for publication in this journal (3).", "contents": "Synthesis of diastereomeric bis-unsaturated prostaglandins. With the report given herein all diastereomers of PGF2, PGE2, and PGD2 which bear the naturally recognized 15-S hydroxylated center, whether in the natural or entprostanoic acid skeleton, have been prepared by a route involving initial introduction of the carboxyl (alpha) chain (1). A major advantage of the initial alpha-ylation route is the facile reduction of the 13, 14-en-15-one system with methanolic NaBH4 which proceeds without competing 1,4-reduction. The products are thus free of 13,14-dihydro-PG2 contaminants (2). The initial pharmacological evaluation of these diastereomers will be submitted for publication in this journal (3)."}
{"id": "PMID:897216", "title": "The mode of action of aescin and the release of prostaglandins.", "content": "The horse-chestnut saponin Aescin, an anti-exudative compound, induces contraction of isolated portal vein of rat and rabbit. This effect appears to be mediated by Prostaglandins of Falpha type. The ability of Aescin to stimulate generation and release of Prostaglandins has been demonstrated in isolated lung of the rat. Mass-fragmentographic analysis of the lung effluent indicate that when Aescin is perfused through this organ the release of PGF2alpha is increased. The capability of Aescin to generate Prostaglandins is discussed in connection with its anti-exudative activity.", "contents": "The mode of action of aescin and the release of prostaglandins. The horse-chestnut saponin Aescin, an anti-exudative compound, induces contraction of isolated portal vein of rat and rabbit. This effect appears to be mediated by Prostaglandins of Falpha type. The ability of Aescin to stimulate generation and release of Prostaglandins has been demonstrated in isolated lung of the rat. Mass-fragmentographic analysis of the lung effluent indicate that when Aescin is perfused through this organ the release of PGF2alpha is increased. The capability of Aescin to generate Prostaglandins is discussed in connection with its anti-exudative activity."}
{"id": "PMID:897217", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of prostaglandins by isolated perfused lung: species comparisons and the role of plasma protein binding.", "content": "We have investigated the uptake and subsequent metabolism of the prostaglandins (PGs) PGE1, PGA1, and PGB1 by rat, guinea pig and rabbit isolated perfused lungs (IPL). Significant species differences were not observed in the uptake or metabolism of any PG on passage through the IPL. However, differences in the uptake of PGA1 and PGB1 and in the metabolism of PGA1 were observed with a given species when the composition of the perfusion medium was varied. The IPL removed minimal amounts (less than 20% of the supply rate) of PGA1, and PGB1 from the circulation when the perfusate contained 4.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA). In the absence of BSA, however, both PGA1 and PGB1 were substantially removed from circulation (approximately 53% of the supply rate) and PGA1 was also metabolized. The composition of the perfusate had no effect on the uptake and metabolism of PGE1 which was always taken up and metabolized to a greater extent than was PGA1 and PGB1. Thus, the apparent species differences previously reported for the pulmonary biotransformation of PGA can result from differences in the perfusion medium used. Our data suggest that both plasma protein binding and a transport system play important roles in determining the selectively of the uptake of PGs by the lung.", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of prostaglandins by isolated perfused lung: species comparisons and the role of plasma protein binding. We have investigated the uptake and subsequent metabolism of the prostaglandins (PGs) PGE1, PGA1, and PGB1 by rat, guinea pig and rabbit isolated perfused lungs (IPL). Significant species differences were not observed in the uptake or metabolism of any PG on passage through the IPL. However, differences in the uptake of PGA1 and PGB1 and in the metabolism of PGA1 were observed with a given species when the composition of the perfusion medium was varied. The IPL removed minimal amounts (less than 20% of the supply rate) of PGA1, and PGB1 from the circulation when the perfusate contained 4.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA). In the absence of BSA, however, both PGA1 and PGB1 were substantially removed from circulation (approximately 53% of the supply rate) and PGA1 was also metabolized. The composition of the perfusate had no effect on the uptake and metabolism of PGE1 which was always taken up and metabolized to a greater extent than was PGA1 and PGB1. Thus, the apparent species differences previously reported for the pulmonary biotransformation of PGA can result from differences in the perfusion medium used. Our data suggest that both plasma protein binding and a transport system play important roles in determining the selectively of the uptake of PGs by the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:897218", "title": "Effects of propranolol on the responses of the rat stomach strip to prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Propranolol is a local anaesthetic, membrane-stabilizing drug as well as a beta blocker. 2 mug/ml is added to many PG bioassay systems in order to inhibit beta adrenergic effects. This concentration inhibited responses of the rat stomach strip to PGE2 concentrations below 5 x 10(-7)M but potentiated responses to higher PGE2 concentrations. In calcium-free buffer only the potentiation was seen. Propranolol may not be a suitable drug for use in PG bioassay systems.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol on the responses of the rat stomach strip to prostaglandin E2. Propranolol is a local anaesthetic, membrane-stabilizing drug as well as a beta blocker. 2 mug/ml is added to many PG bioassay systems in order to inhibit beta adrenergic effects. This concentration inhibited responses of the rat stomach strip to PGE2 concentrations below 5 x 10(-7)M but potentiated responses to higher PGE2 concentrations. In calcium-free buffer only the potentiation was seen. Propranolol may not be a suitable drug for use in PG bioassay systems."}
{"id": "PMID:897219", "title": "Comparison of the effects of prostaglandins D2, F2alpha and E1 on spontaneous contractions of rabbit oviduct.", "content": "The effects of PGD2, PGF2alpha and PGE1 were studied on the circular muscle of post-ovulatory rabbit oviducts in vitro. PGE1 inhibited spontaneous contractile activity. Lower concentrations of PGD2 and PGF2alpha were stimulatory and higher concentrations were inhibitory. Since PGD2 may be produced in the oviduct, any hypothesis concerning the role of prostaglandins in the control of oviductal motility and ovum transport should include PGD2 as well as PGFs and PGEs.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of prostaglandins D2, F2alpha and E1 on spontaneous contractions of rabbit oviduct. The effects of PGD2, PGF2alpha and PGE1 were studied on the circular muscle of post-ovulatory rabbit oviducts in vitro. PGE1 inhibited spontaneous contractile activity. Lower concentrations of PGD2 and PGF2alpha were stimulatory and higher concentrations were inhibitory. Since PGD2 may be produced in the oviduct, any hypothesis concerning the role of prostaglandins in the control of oviductal motility and ovum transport should include PGD2 as well as PGFs and PGEs."}
{"id": "PMID:897220", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on lecithin biosynthesis by cultured lung cells.", "content": "Transformed cells from human lung carcinoma (Line A549), resembling type II pneumocytes, were cultured in monolayer at 37 degrees C and incubated for five hours with 3H-choline and 14C-palmitate in the presence of various concentrations of prostaglandins (PGS) E2 and F2alpha. In the control (no PG) the level of % palmitate incorporation was 13.5 x as high as that of choline, after taking isotope dilution into account. Between the concentrations studied, 0.1 and 10 muM, both prostaglandins stimulated markedly the incorporation of both precursors, though choline up to 3 x better than palmitate. This was indicated by a change in the palmitate/choline incorporation ratio from 13.5 to as low as 4.2. At the lowest PG concentration, 0.1 muM, PGE2 was much more effective than PGF2alpha in stimulating the incorporation of both precursors.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on lecithin biosynthesis by cultured lung cells. Transformed cells from human lung carcinoma (Line A549), resembling type II pneumocytes, were cultured in monolayer at 37 degrees C and incubated for five hours with 3H-choline and 14C-palmitate in the presence of various concentrations of prostaglandins (PGS) E2 and F2alpha. In the control (no PG) the level of % palmitate incorporation was 13.5 x as high as that of choline, after taking isotope dilution into account. Between the concentrations studied, 0.1 and 10 muM, both prostaglandins stimulated markedly the incorporation of both precursors, though choline up to 3 x better than palmitate. This was indicated by a change in the palmitate/choline incorporation ratio from 13.5 to as low as 4.2. At the lowest PG concentration, 0.1 muM, PGE2 was much more effective than PGF2alpha in stimulating the incorporation of both precursors."}
{"id": "PMID:897221", "title": "Reduced exudation and increased tissue proliferation during chronic inflammation in rats deprived of endogenous prostaglandin precursors.", "content": "Two models of chronic inflammation were studied in rats deprived of endogenous precursors of prostaglandins by feeding the animals on essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) food. During kaolin-induced pouch-granuloma, exudate production was markedly reduced in EFAD rats, when compared with normal animals. The exudates from normal rats contained large amounts of PGE, but in the exudates from EFAD rats the amount of PGE was very markedly reduced. Similarly, with carrageenan-impregnated polyether sponges, the exudative component of inflammation was reduced in EFAD rats. However, the proliferative component was significantly increased, particularly in relation to the stunted growth of EFAD rats. Sponge exudates from EFAD rats contained fewer leucocytes than those from normal animals but the fall in leucocyte count was much smaller than the very marked reduction in PGE activity. EFAD rats also exhibited a significant increase in adrenal weights. The results are discussed in the light of the ambivalent (pro- or anti-inflammatory) role of endogenous PGS. It appears that, in the proliferative phase of inflammation, the anti-inflammatory role of PGs is more dominant.", "contents": "Reduced exudation and increased tissue proliferation during chronic inflammation in rats deprived of endogenous prostaglandin precursors. Two models of chronic inflammation were studied in rats deprived of endogenous precursors of prostaglandins by feeding the animals on essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) food. During kaolin-induced pouch-granuloma, exudate production was markedly reduced in EFAD rats, when compared with normal animals. The exudates from normal rats contained large amounts of PGE, but in the exudates from EFAD rats the amount of PGE was very markedly reduced. Similarly, with carrageenan-impregnated polyether sponges, the exudative component of inflammation was reduced in EFAD rats. However, the proliferative component was significantly increased, particularly in relation to the stunted growth of EFAD rats. Sponge exudates from EFAD rats contained fewer leucocytes than those from normal animals but the fall in leucocyte count was much smaller than the very marked reduction in PGE activity. EFAD rats also exhibited a significant increase in adrenal weights. The results are discussed in the light of the ambivalent (pro- or anti-inflammatory) role of endogenous PGS. It appears that, in the proliferative phase of inflammation, the anti-inflammatory role of PGs is more dominant."}
{"id": "PMID:897222", "title": "Plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E2 in rabbits bearing the VX2 carcinoma: effects of hydrocortisone and indomethacin.", "content": "In rabbits bearing the prostaglandin-producing VX2 carcinoma, the plasma concentration of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 (PGE2-M) was elevated within one week after tumor implantation and preceded the development of hypercalcemia. Both the rate of rise and magnitude of the increase were greater for the metabolite than for PGE2; at the time of peak hyercalcemia (about 4 to 5 weeks after tumor implantation), the increase over basal in plasma PGE2-M was about 75 fold whereas it was previously shown that the increase in PGE2 was less than 2 fold. Indomethacin, which inhibits PGE2 synthesis in VX2 cells in culture, lowered in parallel plasma calcaium and PGE2-M in tumor-bearing rabbits. Administration of hydrocortisone to rabbits bearing the VX2 tumor prevented the development of hypercalcemia when given at the time of tumor implantation and reversed the elevated plasma calcium in previously untreated animals; the steroid hormone also lowered plasma concentrations of PGE2-M. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that the hypercalcemic syndrome in VX2 tumor-bearing rabbits is due to the secretion of PGE2 by the tumor.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E2 in rabbits bearing the VX2 carcinoma: effects of hydrocortisone and indomethacin. In rabbits bearing the prostaglandin-producing VX2 carcinoma, the plasma concentration of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 (PGE2-M) was elevated within one week after tumor implantation and preceded the development of hypercalcemia. Both the rate of rise and magnitude of the increase were greater for the metabolite than for PGE2; at the time of peak hyercalcemia (about 4 to 5 weeks after tumor implantation), the increase over basal in plasma PGE2-M was about 75 fold whereas it was previously shown that the increase in PGE2 was less than 2 fold. Indomethacin, which inhibits PGE2 synthesis in VX2 cells in culture, lowered in parallel plasma calcaium and PGE2-M in tumor-bearing rabbits. Administration of hydrocortisone to rabbits bearing the VX2 tumor prevented the development of hypercalcemia when given at the time of tumor implantation and reversed the elevated plasma calcium in previously untreated animals; the steroid hormone also lowered plasma concentrations of PGE2-M. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that the hypercalcemic syndrome in VX2 tumor-bearing rabbits is due to the secretion of PGE2 by the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:897223", "title": "Prostaglandin-mediated hypercalcemia in the VX2 carcinoma-bearing rabbit.", "content": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis and metabolism were studied in the VX2 carcinoma-bearing rabbit, an animal model of prostaglandin-mediated hypercalcemia. All the identification and quantification of the prostaglandins were done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The tumor incubated in vitro converted exogeneous arachidonic acid principally to PGE2. Biosynthesis from endogenous precursor lipids yields mainly PGE2 and PGF2alpha. The 100,000 x g supernatant fluid of the tumor did not contain any metabolizing enzymes. Significant hypercalcemia developed between the first and second week after tumor implantation. The levels of the major plasma metabolite of PGE2, 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGE2, became elevated at one week, had risen 25-fold by the end of the second week, and at the fourth week were elevated to 256 times the pre-incubation levels. The concentration of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2alpha in plasma rose in parallell but to a lesser degree. 7alpha-hydroxy-5,11-diketotetranor-prostane-1,16-dioic acid, the major urinary metabolite of the E prostaglandins, was elevated two weeks after tumor implantation and rose until the fifth week. Indomethacin treatment lowered both serum calcium and the plasma level of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGE2.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-mediated hypercalcemia in the VX2 carcinoma-bearing rabbit. Prostaglandin biosynthesis and metabolism were studied in the VX2 carcinoma-bearing rabbit, an animal model of prostaglandin-mediated hypercalcemia. All the identification and quantification of the prostaglandins were done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The tumor incubated in vitro converted exogeneous arachidonic acid principally to PGE2. Biosynthesis from endogenous precursor lipids yields mainly PGE2 and PGF2alpha. The 100,000 x g supernatant fluid of the tumor did not contain any metabolizing enzymes. Significant hypercalcemia developed between the first and second week after tumor implantation. The levels of the major plasma metabolite of PGE2, 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGE2, became elevated at one week, had risen 25-fold by the end of the second week, and at the fourth week were elevated to 256 times the pre-incubation levels. The concentration of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2alpha in plasma rose in parallell but to a lesser degree. 7alpha-hydroxy-5,11-diketotetranor-prostane-1,16-dioic acid, the major urinary metabolite of the E prostaglandins, was elevated two weeks after tumor implantation and rose until the fifth week. Indomethacin treatment lowered both serum calcium and the plasma level of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGE2."}
{"id": "PMID:897224", "title": "Measurement of prostaglandin F2alpha levels in cerebrospinal fluid of febrile and afebrile patients with advanced cancer.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2alpha levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 95 samples of unextracted human cerebrospinal fluid obtained from 73 patients with advanced cancer. Concentrations of PGE were too low to be reliably determined by this method using the commercially available kits. Forty-six of the samples assayed contained less than 25pg/ml PGF2alpha. The remaining levels ranged from 25 to 1154 pg/ml c.s.f.; the majority contained less than 200pg/ml. A possible correlation was found between elevated c.s.f. granulocyte count and increased PGF2alpha. A similar relationship was found with regard to protein. These studies failed to demonstrate a correlation between elevated levels of PGF2alpha in cerebrospinal fluid and any pathophysiologic condition.", "contents": "Measurement of prostaglandin F2alpha levels in cerebrospinal fluid of febrile and afebrile patients with advanced cancer. Prostaglandin F2alpha levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 95 samples of unextracted human cerebrospinal fluid obtained from 73 patients with advanced cancer. Concentrations of PGE were too low to be reliably determined by this method using the commercially available kits. Forty-six of the samples assayed contained less than 25pg/ml PGF2alpha. The remaining levels ranged from 25 to 1154 pg/ml c.s.f.; the majority contained less than 200pg/ml. A possible correlation was found between elevated c.s.f. granulocyte count and increased PGF2alpha. A similar relationship was found with regard to protein. These studies failed to demonstrate a correlation between elevated levels of PGF2alpha in cerebrospinal fluid and any pathophysiologic condition."}
{"id": "PMID:897225", "title": "A human model system for the release of endogenous inhibitor(s) of prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "content": "The evolving vesicular patch test reaction served as a human model for immunologically induced epidermal damage. We observed that inhibitory factor(s) were detectable in the homogenates only after epidermal disruption had appeared. Maximum inhibition correlated with acute changes seen histologically in the evolving patch test reaction. During resolution of the patch test reaction, the presence of inhibitory factor(s) in the skin homogenates became undetectable. A white ring similar to the Woronoff ring described after ultraviolet light and coal tar therapy of psoriatic plaques was reproduced surrounding the vesicular patch test reaction, suggesting that the inhibitory substance(s) detected following epidermal trauma of various types (physical, immunologic, inflammatory, etc.) functioned in vivo in a similar fashion. Our results suggest that Woronoff's ring is a nonspecific phenomenon that can be formed following various types of trauma to the skin rather than a specific occurrence associated only with the treatment of psoriatic plaques.", "contents": "A human model system for the release of endogenous inhibitor(s) of prostaglandin biosynthesis. The evolving vesicular patch test reaction served as a human model for immunologically induced epidermal damage. We observed that inhibitory factor(s) were detectable in the homogenates only after epidermal disruption had appeared. Maximum inhibition correlated with acute changes seen histologically in the evolving patch test reaction. During resolution of the patch test reaction, the presence of inhibitory factor(s) in the skin homogenates became undetectable. A white ring similar to the Woronoff ring described after ultraviolet light and coal tar therapy of psoriatic plaques was reproduced surrounding the vesicular patch test reaction, suggesting that the inhibitory substance(s) detected following epidermal trauma of various types (physical, immunologic, inflammatory, etc.) functioned in vivo in a similar fashion. Our results suggest that Woronoff's ring is a nonspecific phenomenon that can be formed following various types of trauma to the skin rather than a specific occurrence associated only with the treatment of psoriatic plaques."}
{"id": "PMID:897226", "title": "Effectiveness of extra-ovular injection of prostaglandin E2 in tylose gel to ripen the cervix prior to elective induction of labor at term.", "content": "Ripening of the unfavorable cervix (Bishop score less than or equal to 4) was obtained in 92 clinically normal gravidae at term (68 nulliparae and 24 parous women), not in labor and with intact membranes, by injecting one or two doses (250 to 500 mug each) of prostaglandin (PG)E2 suspended in a viscous gel (5% Tylose) into the extra-ovular space. On average 7 to 8 hours after the injection the mean increase of the cervical score was 3.7 and 4.1 in the nulliparous and parous women, respectively. Complications associated with placement of the catheter were few. The method is simple, well tolerated and no untoward maternal or perinatal effects could be directly attributed to it. However, suitable criteria for predicting both the effect of the procedure and the optimal PG dose to be administered are still needed.", "contents": "Effectiveness of extra-ovular injection of prostaglandin E2 in tylose gel to ripen the cervix prior to elective induction of labor at term. Ripening of the unfavorable cervix (Bishop score less than or equal to 4) was obtained in 92 clinically normal gravidae at term (68 nulliparae and 24 parous women), not in labor and with intact membranes, by injecting one or two doses (250 to 500 mug each) of prostaglandin (PG)E2 suspended in a viscous gel (5% Tylose) into the extra-ovular space. On average 7 to 8 hours after the injection the mean increase of the cervical score was 3.7 and 4.1 in the nulliparous and parous women, respectively. Complications associated with placement of the catheter were few. The method is simple, well tolerated and no untoward maternal or perinatal effects could be directly attributed to it. However, suitable criteria for predicting both the effect of the procedure and the optimal PG dose to be administered are still needed."}
{"id": "PMID:897227", "title": "Midtrimester and missed abortion treated with intramuscular 15 (s)-15 methyl PGF2alpha.", "content": "Abortion was successfully induced in 79 of 80 patients in midtrimester, by the serial administration of 250 microgram of 15 (S)-15 methyl PGF2alpha intramuscularly every second hour until abortion occurred. All 12 patients with missed abortion and 87% of the legal abortion patients aborted within 24 hours. The average period until abortion occurred in the missed abortion group was 8.2 hours (+/- 4.5 SD), and in the legal abortion group 16.4 hours (+/- 7.3 SD). All the patients were given prophylactic treatment for vomiting, using prochlorperazine. The average number of episodes of vomiting was 2.8 per ptient. All but 3 patients were given loperamide or diphenoxylate for \"diarrhoea\". The average number of episodes of diarrhoea was 2.5 per patient. The frequency of complications was low apart from a case of low uterine rupture.", "contents": "Midtrimester and missed abortion treated with intramuscular 15 (s)-15 methyl PGF2alpha. Abortion was successfully induced in 79 of 80 patients in midtrimester, by the serial administration of 250 microgram of 15 (S)-15 methyl PGF2alpha intramuscularly every second hour until abortion occurred. All 12 patients with missed abortion and 87% of the legal abortion patients aborted within 24 hours. The average period until abortion occurred in the missed abortion group was 8.2 hours (+/- 4.5 SD), and in the legal abortion group 16.4 hours (+/- 7.3 SD). All the patients were given prophylactic treatment for vomiting, using prochlorperazine. The average number of episodes of vomiting was 2.8 per ptient. All but 3 patients were given loperamide or diphenoxylate for \"diarrhoea\". The average number of episodes of diarrhoea was 2.5 per patient. The frequency of complications was low apart from a case of low uterine rupture."}
{"id": "PMID:897262", "title": "[Description of Streptomyces malvinense nov. sp. isolated from the soil of Islas Malvinas].", "content": "In the course of a study on antibiotic activity of microorganisms isolated from soil samples from Port Stanley, Islas Malvinas, Argentina, four thermophilic Actinomycetes were sudied. The four strains had the same morphological and physiological characteristics. The new species belonged to Seccion Rectiflexibilis genus Streptomyces and had the following characteristics: sporophores straight, round spores of 1,5 or 2 millimicron in diameter. The colonies in agar meat peptone were round, flat, mealy, with fimbriate edges, odorless, friable, easy to emulsify and the aerial mycelium was white to light gray. The sporulation was rapid (less of 24 hours at 50 degrees C), the microorganisms grew in media with organic nitrogen and his ability to utilize carbon was scarce, only a trace of growth was detected with manitol (20 days at 50 degrees C). No growth was observed in gliceril-asparagine agar and the utilization of glucose was scarce or absent. It produced coagulation and peptonization of milk and liquifaction of gelatin. Neither was starch hidrolized nor nitrate reduced. The optimun growth temperature was between 45 - 60 degrees C. Very resistant to high temperatures having a thermal death point of more that 2 hours at 100 degrees C. It produced SH2.", "contents": "[Description of Streptomyces malvinense nov. sp. isolated from the soil of Islas Malvinas]. In the course of a study on antibiotic activity of microorganisms isolated from soil samples from Port Stanley, Islas Malvinas, Argentina, four thermophilic Actinomycetes were sudied. The four strains had the same morphological and physiological characteristics. The new species belonged to Seccion Rectiflexibilis genus Streptomyces and had the following characteristics: sporophores straight, round spores of 1,5 or 2 millimicron in diameter. The colonies in agar meat peptone were round, flat, mealy, with fimbriate edges, odorless, friable, easy to emulsify and the aerial mycelium was white to light gray. The sporulation was rapid (less of 24 hours at 50 degrees C), the microorganisms grew in media with organic nitrogen and his ability to utilize carbon was scarce, only a trace of growth was detected with manitol (20 days at 50 degrees C). No growth was observed in gliceril-asparagine agar and the utilization of glucose was scarce or absent. It produced coagulation and peptonization of milk and liquifaction of gelatin. Neither was starch hidrolized nor nitrate reduced. The optimun growth temperature was between 45 - 60 degrees C. Very resistant to high temperatures having a thermal death point of more that 2 hours at 100 degrees C. It produced SH2."}
{"id": "PMID:897318", "title": "[Effect of triiodotyronine on liver glycogen in gallus domesticus (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of single injections of triiodotyronine (T3) on liver glycogen levels of Gallus domesticus has been studied at the embryonary and postnatal stages. In starved newborn chickens, after the administration of 4 microgram of T3, an important decrease in liver glucogen is observed between 4 and 10 hours after the injection. In a series of experiments following the chicken development, a gradual increase in glycogen can be seen, until the sixth day after eclosion, with the only exception of newborn chickens. T3 has a gradual and significant effect from the 17 th. incubation day onwards producing a decrease in liver glycogen to values lightly inferior to 50% of the control.", "contents": "[Effect of triiodotyronine on liver glycogen in gallus domesticus (author's transl)]. The effect of single injections of triiodotyronine (T3) on liver glycogen levels of Gallus domesticus has been studied at the embryonary and postnatal stages. In starved newborn chickens, after the administration of 4 microgram of T3, an important decrease in liver glucogen is observed between 4 and 10 hours after the injection. In a series of experiments following the chicken development, a gradual increase in glycogen can be seen, until the sixth day after eclosion, with the only exception of newborn chickens. T3 has a gradual and significant effect from the 17 th. incubation day onwards producing a decrease in liver glycogen to values lightly inferior to 50% of the control."}
{"id": "PMID:897319", "title": "[Erythropoiesis in the mouse following chronic administration of small doses of busulphan (author's transl)].", "content": "After both splenectomized and non-splenectomized mice had received a total amount of five doses of Busulfan at a rate of 0.14 mg/48 h, the recovery of their erythropoietic organs through the addition of 59Fe was investigated, after the cytostatic treatment had been cut off. In the non-splenectomized animals recovery was clear, keeping high 59Fe uptake values, significantly above normal, throughout the 21 days of the experiment. In the splenectomized mice, 59Fe uptake reached a peak of 38 per cent three days after the supply had been cut off, and from then on it descended to subnormal values.", "contents": "[Erythropoiesis in the mouse following chronic administration of small doses of busulphan (author's transl)]. After both splenectomized and non-splenectomized mice had received a total amount of five doses of Busulfan at a rate of 0.14 mg/48 h, the recovery of their erythropoietic organs through the addition of 59Fe was investigated, after the cytostatic treatment had been cut off. In the non-splenectomized animals recovery was clear, keeping high 59Fe uptake values, significantly above normal, throughout the 21 days of the experiment. In the splenectomized mice, 59Fe uptake reached a peak of 38 per cent three days after the supply had been cut off, and from then on it descended to subnormal values."}
{"id": "PMID:897320", "title": "Participation of the nervous system in the adrenal cortical response to neurogenic stress.", "content": "The response to immobilization stress has been studied in intact, hypophysectomized and hemidecorticated (bearing removal of the left cortical hemisphere) male rats. Blood and adrenal corticosterone content was measured fluorimetrically in these animals, killed at different intervals after the beginning of the stress. In intact animals, a monophasic curve, stabilized after 10 minutes, was obtained in blood, and a biphasic response occurred in the adrenal gland, with similar peaks at 5 and 30 minutes. In hypophysectomized animals a decrease of adrenal corticosterone, parallel to a blood increase, was found during the first 10 minutes. After 15 minutes the elevation was simultaneous in blood and adrenal glands. In hemidecorticated animals no difference was found between the homo and heterolateral glands to the ablation, but the adrenal basal level was higher than that in intact animals. The gas-liquid chromatographic study has permitted observation of changes in the relative concentrations of the different corticosteroids in the above mentioned groups.", "contents": "Participation of the nervous system in the adrenal cortical response to neurogenic stress. The response to immobilization stress has been studied in intact, hypophysectomized and hemidecorticated (bearing removal of the left cortical hemisphere) male rats. Blood and adrenal corticosterone content was measured fluorimetrically in these animals, killed at different intervals after the beginning of the stress. In intact animals, a monophasic curve, stabilized after 10 minutes, was obtained in blood, and a biphasic response occurred in the adrenal gland, with similar peaks at 5 and 30 minutes. In hypophysectomized animals a decrease of adrenal corticosterone, parallel to a blood increase, was found during the first 10 minutes. After 15 minutes the elevation was simultaneous in blood and adrenal glands. In hemidecorticated animals no difference was found between the homo and heterolateral glands to the ablation, but the adrenal basal level was higher than that in intact animals. The gas-liquid chromatographic study has permitted observation of changes in the relative concentrations of the different corticosteroids in the above mentioned groups."}
{"id": "PMID:897321", "title": "[Effect of the overload of Sr++ and Ba++ on the association of Ca+, Mg++ and Pi with total proteins (author's transl)].", "content": "The percentage of ultrafiltrable calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate has been determined with overload of strontium and barium in concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm. The first and the third decreased significantly, whereas magnesium did not.", "contents": "[Effect of the overload of Sr++ and Ba++ on the association of Ca+, Mg++ and Pi with total proteins (author's transl)]. The percentage of ultrafiltrable calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate has been determined with overload of strontium and barium in concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm. The first and the third decreased significantly, whereas magnesium did not."}
{"id": "PMID:897322", "title": "[Serum levels of testosterone, follicie-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in normal human males (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) have been measured in healthy man of different ages to stablish their normal values in the population of Granada. The serum levels of testosterone, FSH and LH have been compared to each other in each age group. No clear relation between these hormones was found at any age.", "contents": "[Serum levels of testosterone, follicie-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in normal human males (author's transl)]. The serum levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) have been measured in healthy man of different ages to stablish their normal values in the population of Granada. The serum levels of testosterone, FSH and LH have been compared to each other in each age group. No clear relation between these hormones was found at any age."}
{"id": "PMID:897323", "title": "[Effect of administering prostaglandine f2alpha and e2 on lh secretion in rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of 100 ng of synthetic LH-RH to castrated male rats, produces a significant elevation of plasma LH values, as determined by RIA. A greater increase is obtained, by administrating 400 ng of LH-RH. Intrayugular injection of physiologic saline reduces basal values of plasma LH. This pattern is not modified by administration of 10 microgram or 100 microgram of PGF2alpha. On the other hand 10 microgram of PGE2 compensates the fall and 100 microgram significantly increases plasma LH over the basal values. Intracarotidly a similar pattern is observed. Plasma LH values decreases in the control group and no modification is observed by the administration of 10 microgram of PGF2alpha. By injecting the same amount of PGE2, plasma LH values remains constant, compensating the fall observed in the controls. Our results show a stimulatory effect of PGE2 and no effect of PGF2alpha on LH secretion in the castrated male rat.", "contents": "[Effect of administering prostaglandine f2alpha and e2 on lh secretion in rat (author's transl)]. Intraperitoneal administration of 100 ng of synthetic LH-RH to castrated male rats, produces a significant elevation of plasma LH values, as determined by RIA. A greater increase is obtained, by administrating 400 ng of LH-RH. Intrayugular injection of physiologic saline reduces basal values of plasma LH. This pattern is not modified by administration of 10 microgram or 100 microgram of PGF2alpha. On the other hand 10 microgram of PGE2 compensates the fall and 100 microgram significantly increases plasma LH over the basal values. Intracarotidly a similar pattern is observed. Plasma LH values decreases in the control group and no modification is observed by the administration of 10 microgram of PGF2alpha. By injecting the same amount of PGE2, plasma LH values remains constant, compensating the fall observed in the controls. Our results show a stimulatory effect of PGE2 and no effect of PGF2alpha on LH secretion in the castrated male rat."}
{"id": "PMID:897324", "title": "[Some aspects of vagal control of exocrine pancreatic secretion in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "Stimulation of the thoracic vagus nerves in anesthetized rabbit appears to act only by increasing the amylase content of pancreatic juice. Stimulation of the abdominal vagus nerve slightly increased the flow of juice and clearly its amylase content, effects which were respectively reduced and abolished by atropine. The vagal control of the exocrine pancreas in rabbits shows substantial differences when compared with other herbivorous monogastric species such as horse and pig.", "contents": "[Some aspects of vagal control of exocrine pancreatic secretion in rabbits (author's transl)]. Stimulation of the thoracic vagus nerves in anesthetized rabbit appears to act only by increasing the amylase content of pancreatic juice. Stimulation of the abdominal vagus nerve slightly increased the flow of juice and clearly its amylase content, effects which were respectively reduced and abolished by atropine. The vagal control of the exocrine pancreas in rabbits shows substantial differences when compared with other herbivorous monogastric species such as horse and pig."}
{"id": "PMID:897325", "title": "Influence of the ionic environment on the responses to adrenaline and potassium of the isolated rat tail artery.", "content": "Isolated non-stripped segments of the rat tail artery, after stimulation by catecholamines or high-K, developed an isometric contraction strong enough to as, to allow easy recording of complete dose response curves. Lowering external Na to 17% of its standard concentration decreased the responses to the higher range of K concentrations whereas it enhanced those to the lower range of K concentrations. Raising external Na by 38% or decreasing it 50% did not alter responses to adrenaline. But, lowering Na enhanced those responses when arteries were rendered hypodynamic by prior immersion in a low-Ca medium. The curves depicting the relationship between Ca concentrations and tension induced by adrenaline or high-K were also studied. Curves of the arteries exposed to adrenaline were placed to the left with respect to those of K. The present data provide evidences that Na is involved in the excitation-contraction coupling processes of arterial smooth muscle. However, its role is affected when Na concentration is far below the physiological one. The effects of changing Na concentrations vary according to the K and Ca concentrations. It also reinforced the belief that adrenaline may act by increasing the Ca inward movement beyond that elicited by mere depolarization.", "contents": "Influence of the ionic environment on the responses to adrenaline and potassium of the isolated rat tail artery. Isolated non-stripped segments of the rat tail artery, after stimulation by catecholamines or high-K, developed an isometric contraction strong enough to as, to allow easy recording of complete dose response curves. Lowering external Na to 17% of its standard concentration decreased the responses to the higher range of K concentrations whereas it enhanced those to the lower range of K concentrations. Raising external Na by 38% or decreasing it 50% did not alter responses to adrenaline. But, lowering Na enhanced those responses when arteries were rendered hypodynamic by prior immersion in a low-Ca medium. The curves depicting the relationship between Ca concentrations and tension induced by adrenaline or high-K were also studied. Curves of the arteries exposed to adrenaline were placed to the left with respect to those of K. The present data provide evidences that Na is involved in the excitation-contraction coupling processes of arterial smooth muscle. However, its role is affected when Na concentration is far below the physiological one. The effects of changing Na concentrations vary according to the K and Ca concentrations. It also reinforced the belief that adrenaline may act by increasing the Ca inward movement beyond that elicited by mere depolarization."}
{"id": "PMID:897326", "title": "Intestinal absorption of sugars and amino acids in the earthworm.", "content": "Absorption of glucose, galactose, fructose and leucine from luminal to coelomic compartments across the intestinal wall of Scherotheca sp. seems to be a simple diffusion process and not a product of active transport or facilitated diffusion. A concentration gradient never developed from identical initial concentrations of the 14C-labelled substrates on either side of in vitro everted intestinal sacs. The rates of net passage of glucose and galactose were in linear function with the respective sugar concentration gradient. A competition between these two sugars was not observed. The diffusion rate of glucose was higher from mucosal to serosal than in reverse direction. Intestinal tissues synthesized glycogen from glucose in the medium, this process being strongly inhibited by dinitrophenol.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of sugars and amino acids in the earthworm. Absorption of glucose, galactose, fructose and leucine from luminal to coelomic compartments across the intestinal wall of Scherotheca sp. seems to be a simple diffusion process and not a product of active transport or facilitated diffusion. A concentration gradient never developed from identical initial concentrations of the 14C-labelled substrates on either side of in vitro everted intestinal sacs. The rates of net passage of glucose and galactose were in linear function with the respective sugar concentration gradient. A competition between these two sugars was not observed. The diffusion rate of glucose was higher from mucosal to serosal than in reverse direction. Intestinal tissues synthesized glycogen from glucose in the medium, this process being strongly inhibited by dinitrophenol."}
{"id": "PMID:897327", "title": "[Purification of peroxidases and separation of isoperoxidases from various plant species (author's transl)].", "content": "The partial purification of peroxidase (EC.1.11.1.7) and separation of isoperoxidases by disc electrophoresis from Cucurbita Pepo L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Cicer arietinum L. and Hordeum, Secale and Triticum sp., have been studied. Peroxidase from fruit of pumpkin and from 6-day-old coleoptiles of French bean and chick pea has been partially purified, 128-, 174-, and 140-fold, respectively. The apparent Km at the optimum pH were: pumpkin (epicarp.), 2.7 X 10(-4) M; barley, common rye and wheat (primary leaves, in all cases), 1.4 X 10(-5), 1.2 X 10(-5) and 3.1 X 10(-5) M, respectively. Isoperoxidases have been separated by disc electrophoresis on 7% polyacrylamide gel and stained with p-phenylenediamine. Differences in patterns of anodic and cathodic isozymes were observed: 3 isozymes from fruits of pumpkin, 4 from French bean, 4 from chick pea, 11 from leaves of barley, 10 from leaves of common rye and 9 from leaves of wheat.", "contents": "[Purification of peroxidases and separation of isoperoxidases from various plant species (author's transl)]. The partial purification of peroxidase (EC.1.11.1.7) and separation of isoperoxidases by disc electrophoresis from Cucurbita Pepo L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Cicer arietinum L. and Hordeum, Secale and Triticum sp., have been studied. Peroxidase from fruit of pumpkin and from 6-day-old coleoptiles of French bean and chick pea has been partially purified, 128-, 174-, and 140-fold, respectively. The apparent Km at the optimum pH were: pumpkin (epicarp.), 2.7 X 10(-4) M; barley, common rye and wheat (primary leaves, in all cases), 1.4 X 10(-5), 1.2 X 10(-5) and 3.1 X 10(-5) M, respectively. Isoperoxidases have been separated by disc electrophoresis on 7% polyacrylamide gel and stained with p-phenylenediamine. Differences in patterns of anodic and cathodic isozymes were observed: 3 isozymes from fruits of pumpkin, 4 from French bean, 4 from chick pea, 11 from leaves of barley, 10 from leaves of common rye and 9 from leaves of wheat."}
{"id": "PMID:897328", "title": "[Electrophysiology of the telencephalic cortex in reptiles (lacerta galloti); EEG and evoked potentials (author's transl)].", "content": "EEG recordings were made on the telencephalic cortex of the saurius Lacerta galloti by means of chronically and acute implanted electrodes. In acute experiment cases, the animal was curariced and given artificial respiration. In chronic experiment cases the recordings were made extradurally, epicortically and subcortically. Evoked potentials were obtained by optical, acoustic and somatosensory stimulations. The results show two main aspects: 1. High amplitude slow waves. 2. Very abundant spindles of high frequency. They also show clear responses to sensorial stimuli but without precise topographical localization.", "contents": "[Electrophysiology of the telencephalic cortex in reptiles (lacerta galloti); EEG and evoked potentials (author's transl)]. EEG recordings were made on the telencephalic cortex of the saurius Lacerta galloti by means of chronically and acute implanted electrodes. In acute experiment cases, the animal was curariced and given artificial respiration. In chronic experiment cases the recordings were made extradurally, epicortically and subcortically. Evoked potentials were obtained by optical, acoustic and somatosensory stimulations. The results show two main aspects: 1. High amplitude slow waves. 2. Very abundant spindles of high frequency. They also show clear responses to sensorial stimuli but without precise topographical localization."}
{"id": "PMID:897330", "title": "Whole-body hyperthermia. A systemic treatment for disseminated cancer.", "content": "At the present time, whole body hyperthermia has been used to palliate disseminated disease in terminally ill patients, and to increase the quality of their lives by relieving tumour induced pain. Soft tissue sarcomas and tumours of gastro-intestinal origin may prove to be sensitive to hyperthermia. The future depends on finding individual tumour sensitivities and fractionating treatment more effectively.", "contents": "Whole-body hyperthermia. A systemic treatment for disseminated cancer. At the present time, whole body hyperthermia has been used to palliate disseminated disease in terminally ill patients, and to increase the quality of their lives by relieving tumour induced pain. Soft tissue sarcomas and tumours of gastro-intestinal origin may prove to be sensitive to hyperthermia. The future depends on finding individual tumour sensitivities and fractionating treatment more effectively."}
{"id": "PMID:897336", "title": "Marihuana metabolites in urine of man. VII. Excretion patterns of acidic metabolites detected by sequential thin layer chromatography.", "content": "The 11-oic acid metabolites of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabidiol (CBD) can be identified presumptively in human urine using standard thin layer chromatographic procedures. Other acidic metabolites are also excreted but these are not yet identified. These acidic metabolites appear in urine soon after exposure but persist for at least 48 to 72 hours. Such long persistence does not permit their detection to be used for forensic purposes. Using only simple chemical methods, we have been able to identify presumptively the 11-oic acids of THC, CBN and CBD in the urine of persons taking these materials. A sequential thin-layer chromatography system we have devised provided the basis for this first report of such isolation without the use of labeled drug or mass spectrometric methods.", "contents": "Marihuana metabolites in urine of man. VII. Excretion patterns of acidic metabolites detected by sequential thin layer chromatography. The 11-oic acid metabolites of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabidiol (CBD) can be identified presumptively in human urine using standard thin layer chromatographic procedures. Other acidic metabolites are also excreted but these are not yet identified. These acidic metabolites appear in urine soon after exposure but persist for at least 48 to 72 hours. Such long persistence does not permit their detection to be used for forensic purposes. Using only simple chemical methods, we have been able to identify presumptively the 11-oic acids of THC, CBN and CBD in the urine of persons taking these materials. A sequential thin-layer chromatography system we have devised provided the basis for this first report of such isolation without the use of labeled drug or mass spectrometric methods."}
{"id": "PMID:897339", "title": "3H-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol distribution in pregnant dogs and their fetuses.", "content": "Pregnant dogs were administered intravenously 0.5 mg/kg of 3H-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and sacrificed at 30 minutes, the time of peak behavioral effects. The distribution of radioactivity in mothers and fetuses was quantified in many peripheral tissues and in major brain areas by sample combustion and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Brains were subfractionated by differential centrifugation in order to compare the subcellular localization of radioactivity in maternal and fetal brains. Although the level of radioactivity in maternal brain was three times higher than that in fetal brain, the distribution of radioactivity in the major brain areas was similar in mothers and fetuses. However, the subcellular distribution of radioactivity in whole brain homogenate of fetal dogs was markedly different from that in whole brain homogenates from mothers and appeared to be related directly to differing phospholipid content.", "contents": "3H-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol distribution in pregnant dogs and their fetuses. Pregnant dogs were administered intravenously 0.5 mg/kg of 3H-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and sacrificed at 30 minutes, the time of peak behavioral effects. The distribution of radioactivity in mothers and fetuses was quantified in many peripheral tissues and in major brain areas by sample combustion and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Brains were subfractionated by differential centrifugation in order to compare the subcellular localization of radioactivity in maternal and fetal brains. Although the level of radioactivity in maternal brain was three times higher than that in fetal brain, the distribution of radioactivity in the major brain areas was similar in mothers and fetuses. However, the subcellular distribution of radioactivity in whole brain homogenate of fetal dogs was markedly different from that in whole brain homogenates from mothers and appeared to be related directly to differing phospholipid content."}
{"id": "PMID:897340", "title": "Acute and chronic effects of tetrahydrocannabinols on monoamide oxidase activity: possible vehicle/tetrahydrocannabinol interactions.", "content": "The acute and chronic effects of delta9 and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were studied on the monoamine oxidase (MAO) acitvity of various organs of the rat. The experimental design included two vehicles for the cannabinols (1% Tween 80 in saline and ethanol) and a further control group, given saline only. Neither delta9 nor delta8-THC (1 and 14 mg/kg, i.p.) altered MAO activity after one day and no changes from the saline control were found in the vehicle-treated groups. However, drug (delta8 and delta9-THC 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and vehicle-induced changes were observed after 14 days (Tween 80) and 28 days (ethanol) of continuous daily treatment. These data were interpreted upon the basis of a possible time-dependent, vehicle/drug interaction at the level of outer mitochondrial membranes. Contrary to previously published reports, no compelling evidence was obtained for any inherent pharmacological effect of the cannabinols upon MAO activity.", "contents": "Acute and chronic effects of tetrahydrocannabinols on monoamide oxidase activity: possible vehicle/tetrahydrocannabinol interactions. The acute and chronic effects of delta9 and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were studied on the monoamine oxidase (MAO) acitvity of various organs of the rat. The experimental design included two vehicles for the cannabinols (1% Tween 80 in saline and ethanol) and a further control group, given saline only. Neither delta9 nor delta8-THC (1 and 14 mg/kg, i.p.) altered MAO activity after one day and no changes from the saline control were found in the vehicle-treated groups. However, drug (delta8 and delta9-THC 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and vehicle-induced changes were observed after 14 days (Tween 80) and 28 days (ethanol) of continuous daily treatment. These data were interpreted upon the basis of a possible time-dependent, vehicle/drug interaction at the level of outer mitochondrial membranes. Contrary to previously published reports, no compelling evidence was obtained for any inherent pharmacological effect of the cannabinols upon MAO activity."}
{"id": "PMID:897341", "title": "Quantitation of digoxigenin in serum following oral administration of digoxin in humans.", "content": "Separation of the acid breakdown products from digoxin in serum was accomplished by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The major, less cardioactive, product digoxigenin was quantitated by several different commercial antisera from digoxin radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits. When two normal subjects were given digoxigenin (0.5 mg) orally appreciable concentrations were detected by digoxin RIA kit. Administration of a digoxin (0.5 mg) solution to the same overnight-fasted recumbent volunteers resulted in digoxigenin detection (HPLC-RIA) in serum only in one subject.", "contents": "Quantitation of digoxigenin in serum following oral administration of digoxin in humans. Separation of the acid breakdown products from digoxin in serum was accomplished by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The major, less cardioactive, product digoxigenin was quantitated by several different commercial antisera from digoxin radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits. When two normal subjects were given digoxigenin (0.5 mg) orally appreciable concentrations were detected by digoxin RIA kit. Administration of a digoxin (0.5 mg) solution to the same overnight-fasted recumbent volunteers resulted in digoxigenin detection (HPLC-RIA) in serum only in one subject."}
{"id": "PMID:897342", "title": "Abolition of the diethylstilbestrol reduction of enzyme leakage from muscle by a 3,3' diallyl substitution.", "content": "Diethylstilbestrol (DES) lowers enzyme efflux from isolated mouse skeletal muscle. It also lowers the high serum enzyme activities in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. We have begun a systematic study of DES congeners, to identify those portions of the DES molecule which are critical to these effects, and to tailor a molecule which might have fewer feminizing effects. The first compound tested was the 3,3' diallyl derivative of DES (DAS). It was selected because previous reports indicated that it was as anabolic as DES, but only 1/10 to 1/30 as estrogenic. Doses of 20, 100 and 250 microgram/mouse/day were administered in 0.05 ml sesame seed oil vehicle to C57BL/6 mice. Control animals received only the vehicle. In contrast to DES which has consistently reduced muscle enzyme efflux 30-50%, DAS was inert. The substitution of the two allyl groups in the 3 and 3' positions blocks access to the neighboring ethyl groups and partially covers the two phenolic hydroxyl groups of DES. This suggests that these molecular sites have pertinence to the reduction of enzyme efflux from mouse skeletal muscle by DES, and possibly the reduction of the high serum enzyme activities in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Abolition of the diethylstilbestrol reduction of enzyme leakage from muscle by a 3,3' diallyl substitution. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) lowers enzyme efflux from isolated mouse skeletal muscle. It also lowers the high serum enzyme activities in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. We have begun a systematic study of DES congeners, to identify those portions of the DES molecule which are critical to these effects, and to tailor a molecule which might have fewer feminizing effects. The first compound tested was the 3,3' diallyl derivative of DES (DAS). It was selected because previous reports indicated that it was as anabolic as DES, but only 1/10 to 1/30 as estrogenic. Doses of 20, 100 and 250 microgram/mouse/day were administered in 0.05 ml sesame seed oil vehicle to C57BL/6 mice. Control animals received only the vehicle. In contrast to DES which has consistently reduced muscle enzyme efflux 30-50%, DAS was inert. The substitution of the two allyl groups in the 3 and 3' positions blocks access to the neighboring ethyl groups and partially covers the two phenolic hydroxyl groups of DES. This suggests that these molecular sites have pertinence to the reduction of enzyme efflux from mouse skeletal muscle by DES, and possibly the reduction of the high serum enzyme activities in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:897343", "title": "The glycogen-depleting effect of aqueous estrone on the cerebral hemispheres of the chick embryo.", "content": "Aqueous estrone (10 to 50 pigrams/egg) was injected into the albumen of the 13 day chick embryo. The control solution and estrone carrier was 0.1 ml bacteriostatic saline. The KOH-alcohol-Anthrone colorimetric method was used to determine glycogen. 20 or more pigrams estrone/egg lowered the mean cerebral glycogen significantly (P less than 0.01) after 24 hours duration in a non-dosage-dependent manner. The glycolytic effect was demonstrated by the 20.0 pigram dosage after 120 hours duration.", "contents": "The glycogen-depleting effect of aqueous estrone on the cerebral hemispheres of the chick embryo. Aqueous estrone (10 to 50 pigrams/egg) was injected into the albumen of the 13 day chick embryo. The control solution and estrone carrier was 0.1 ml bacteriostatic saline. The KOH-alcohol-Anthrone colorimetric method was used to determine glycogen. 20 or more pigrams estrone/egg lowered the mean cerebral glycogen significantly (P less than 0.01) after 24 hours duration in a non-dosage-dependent manner. The glycolytic effect was demonstrated by the 20.0 pigram dosage after 120 hours duration."}
{"id": "PMID:897344", "title": "The effect of chronic hypobaric conditions on enzyme activities in guinea-pig sartorius muscle.", "content": "The activities of a number of enzymes concerned with energy metabolism have been studied in homogenates of sartorius muscle of the guinea-pig under chronic hypobaric conditions. No changes in the activities were observed. It is concluded that 'white' muscle, which does not depend greatly on oxidative catabolism, is unaffected by chronic hypoxia.", "contents": "The effect of chronic hypobaric conditions on enzyme activities in guinea-pig sartorius muscle. The activities of a number of enzymes concerned with energy metabolism have been studied in homogenates of sartorius muscle of the guinea-pig under chronic hypobaric conditions. No changes in the activities were observed. It is concluded that 'white' muscle, which does not depend greatly on oxidative catabolism, is unaffected by chronic hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:897345", "title": "Biphasic effects of m-chlorophenyl-piperazine on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentration in rat brain.", "content": "m-Chlorophenyl-piperazine dihydrochloride injected i.p. into rats caused a rapid increase and a subsequent decrease in whole brain concentration of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a metabolite of dopamine. The increase in DOPAC at 30 min and the decrease at 3 hrs were dose-related and occurred after doses as low as 5 mg/kg of m-chlorophenyl-piperazine dihydrochloride.", "contents": "Biphasic effects of m-chlorophenyl-piperazine on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentration in rat brain. m-Chlorophenyl-piperazine dihydrochloride injected i.p. into rats caused a rapid increase and a subsequent decrease in whole brain concentration of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a metabolite of dopamine. The increase in DOPAC at 30 min and the decrease at 3 hrs were dose-related and occurred after doses as low as 5 mg/kg of m-chlorophenyl-piperazine dihydrochloride."}
{"id": "PMID:897347", "title": "Linear and nonlinear assessment of tolmetin pharmacokinetics.", "content": "Plasma concentration-time data in man after oral dosing of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent, tolmetin sodium, were fitted to both linear and nonlinear pharmacokinetic equations. The apparent elimination half-life of tolmetin is shown to be 4.5 to 6.0 hours. An analytical method is presented which allows measurement of plasma concentrations for at least 32 hr (compared with a previous limit of about 8 hr) after a single oral dose of the equivalent of 400 mg of tolmetin acid.", "contents": "Linear and nonlinear assessment of tolmetin pharmacokinetics. Plasma concentration-time data in man after oral dosing of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent, tolmetin sodium, were fitted to both linear and nonlinear pharmacokinetic equations. The apparent elimination half-life of tolmetin is shown to be 4.5 to 6.0 hours. An analytical method is presented which allows measurement of plasma concentrations for at least 32 hr (compared with a previous limit of about 8 hr) after a single oral dose of the equivalent of 400 mg of tolmetin acid."}
{"id": "PMID:897348", "title": "Specific radioimmunoassays for codeine and morphine. Metabolism of codeine to morphine in the rat.", "content": "Specific antisera to morphine have been raised in response to immunization with a conjugate of N-carboxypropylnormorphine with bovine serum albumin (BSA). These antisera effectively distinguish changes in substituents at the 3 and 6 positions of the alkaloid, thus reducing cross-reactivity with codeine and morphine-3-glucuronide to negligible levels. The utility of these antisera has been illustrated by their application in radioimmunoassay procedures, along with similarly specific anti-codeine sera (Findlay et al., 1976) to a study of the biotransformation of codeine to morphine in the rat. After oral administration of codeine, serum levels of morphine were low, but significantly higher than codeine levels after 15 min., indicating rapid metabolism of codeine to morphine in this species.", "contents": "Specific radioimmunoassays for codeine and morphine. Metabolism of codeine to morphine in the rat. Specific antisera to morphine have been raised in response to immunization with a conjugate of N-carboxypropylnormorphine with bovine serum albumin (BSA). These antisera effectively distinguish changes in substituents at the 3 and 6 positions of the alkaloid, thus reducing cross-reactivity with codeine and morphine-3-glucuronide to negligible levels. The utility of these antisera has been illustrated by their application in radioimmunoassay procedures, along with similarly specific anti-codeine sera (Findlay et al., 1976) to a study of the biotransformation of codeine to morphine in the rat. After oral administration of codeine, serum levels of morphine were low, but significantly higher than codeine levels after 15 min., indicating rapid metabolism of codeine to morphine in this species."}
{"id": "PMID:897350", "title": "Effects of piperonyl butoxide on hydroxylation of 2-acetylaminofluorene in hamster liver.", "content": "Single i.p. injection of piperonyl butoxide induces a dose dependent and prolonged inhibition of hamster liver acetylaminofluorene hydroxylation. However, this slight inhibition is the result of a 61% inhibition of acetylaminofluorene-7-hydroxylase activity and a 10 fold stimulation of acetylaminofluorene N-hydroxylase activity. This was confirmed by in vivo experiments. The DNA and RNA binding of acetylaminofluorene-C14 increased 2.1 and 2.4 fold, respectively, 16 hrs after treatment with acetylaminofluorene-C14 in combination with piperonyl butoxide.", "contents": "Effects of piperonyl butoxide on hydroxylation of 2-acetylaminofluorene in hamster liver. Single i.p. injection of piperonyl butoxide induces a dose dependent and prolonged inhibition of hamster liver acetylaminofluorene hydroxylation. However, this slight inhibition is the result of a 61% inhibition of acetylaminofluorene-7-hydroxylase activity and a 10 fold stimulation of acetylaminofluorene N-hydroxylase activity. This was confirmed by in vivo experiments. The DNA and RNA binding of acetylaminofluorene-C14 increased 2.1 and 2.4 fold, respectively, 16 hrs after treatment with acetylaminofluorene-C14 in combination with piperonyl butoxide."}
{"id": "PMID:897351", "title": "Association between induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and depression of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity.", "content": "Mice that were genetically responsive (C57BL/6J) or non-responsive (DBA/2J) to induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase were treated with equal doses of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (25 microgram/kg/wk, i.p.) for five weeks. Urine porphyrin excretion remained unchanged in the non-responsive mice but was increased in the responsive group two weeks following the first dose and continued to rise. Upon sacrifice, uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity was found to be normal in the non-responsives but decreased 48% in the responsive mice. These results suggest a relationship between induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and the decreased uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity resulting from exposure to chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons.", "contents": "Association between induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and depression of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity. Mice that were genetically responsive (C57BL/6J) or non-responsive (DBA/2J) to induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase were treated with equal doses of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (25 microgram/kg/wk, i.p.) for five weeks. Urine porphyrin excretion remained unchanged in the non-responsive mice but was increased in the responsive group two weeks following the first dose and continued to rise. Upon sacrifice, uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity was found to be normal in the non-responsives but decreased 48% in the responsive mice. These results suggest a relationship between induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and the decreased uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity resulting from exposure to chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons."}
{"id": "PMID:897352", "title": "Effects of cannabinoids on L1210 murine leukemia. 1. Inhibition of DNA synthesis.", "content": "The effect of cannabinoid derivatives on thymidine-3H uptake in L1210 murine leukemia was determined. In experiments at 200 mg/kg 3 hrs after treatment, the order of activity was delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol less than cannabinol less than cannabidiol less than abnormal cannabidiol less than 11-hydroxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol less than delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol. The inhibitory effect of delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol was 99%. When animals were dosed on consecutive days with delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and killed on the third day, thymidine-3H incorporation was increased while delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol retained its inhibitory activity under the same conditions. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibited RNA and protein synthesis in a fashion analagous to the inhibition of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of cannabinoids on L1210 murine leukemia. 1. Inhibition of DNA synthesis. The effect of cannabinoid derivatives on thymidine-3H uptake in L1210 murine leukemia was determined. In experiments at 200 mg/kg 3 hrs after treatment, the order of activity was delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol less than cannabinol less than cannabidiol less than abnormal cannabidiol less than 11-hydroxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol less than delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol. The inhibitory effect of delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol was 99%. When animals were dosed on consecutive days with delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and killed on the third day, thymidine-3H incorporation was increased while delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol retained its inhibitory activity under the same conditions. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibited RNA and protein synthesis in a fashion analagous to the inhibition of DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:897353", "title": "Subcellular localization of lead in synaptosomes.", "content": "The neurotoxicology of lead is reported to involve effects on cholinergic and monoaminergic pathways. However, no information is available on the site of action at which lead exerts neurotoxic effects. The technique of x-ray elemental analysis coupled scanning-transmission mode electron microscopy has been applied to study the in vitro interactions of lead with synaptosomes. To minimize possible translocation effects on elemental distribution, isolated synaptosomes were air dried on EM grids; no fixing or staining procedures were used. In such preparations, synaptosomes and intrasynaptosomal mitochondria were distinguishable. Lead was found only in mitochondria in association with Ca ad P. Thus, lead appears to enter isolated nerve terminals and to be sequestered in mitochondria.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of lead in synaptosomes. The neurotoxicology of lead is reported to involve effects on cholinergic and monoaminergic pathways. However, no information is available on the site of action at which lead exerts neurotoxic effects. The technique of x-ray elemental analysis coupled scanning-transmission mode electron microscopy has been applied to study the in vitro interactions of lead with synaptosomes. To minimize possible translocation effects on elemental distribution, isolated synaptosomes were air dried on EM grids; no fixing or staining procedures were used. In such preparations, synaptosomes and intrasynaptosomal mitochondria were distinguishable. Lead was found only in mitochondria in association with Ca ad P. Thus, lead appears to enter isolated nerve terminals and to be sequestered in mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:897355", "title": "Effect of mianserine on brain serotonin turnover in mice.", "content": "One hr after mianserine administration brain 5-HT concentration was reduced, the greatest decrease was observed with 2.5 mg/kg dose. This reduction lasted for 1 hr. Brain 5-HT turnover was increased by all doses of mianserine used. The increase in brain 5-HT turnover after a single injection lasted for 8 hr. This increase may be related to inhibition of central 5-HT receptors.", "contents": "Effect of mianserine on brain serotonin turnover in mice. One hr after mianserine administration brain 5-HT concentration was reduced, the greatest decrease was observed with 2.5 mg/kg dose. This reduction lasted for 1 hr. Brain 5-HT turnover was increased by all doses of mianserine used. The increase in brain 5-HT turnover after a single injection lasted for 8 hr. This increase may be related to inhibition of central 5-HT receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:897356", "title": "Hydroxyproline fractions in serum and urine of rats during wound healing.", "content": "Total hydroxyproline in urine and free hydroxyproline, free and peptide hydroxyproline and protein bound hydroxyproline in serum are measured during wound healing in rats. The free and free+peptide fractions vary in concert with each other and with urine hydroxyproline. Protein bound hydroxyproline fractions take a very different course and behave as an acute phase reactant. The results suggest that protein bound hydroxyproline does not mirror collagen turnover but may be more relevant to C1q or complement metabolism.", "contents": "Hydroxyproline fractions in serum and urine of rats during wound healing. Total hydroxyproline in urine and free hydroxyproline, free and peptide hydroxyproline and protein bound hydroxyproline in serum are measured during wound healing in rats. The free and free+peptide fractions vary in concert with each other and with urine hydroxyproline. Protein bound hydroxyproline fractions take a very different course and behave as an acute phase reactant. The results suggest that protein bound hydroxyproline does not mirror collagen turnover but may be more relevant to C1q or complement metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:897357", "title": "Simultaneous protective effect of a new chelating agent and zinc, on the carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic injury in squirrels.", "content": "An attempt has been made to study the protective effect of a new chelating agent named p-amino salicylic acid oxine azo dye complex and metallic zinc on the Ccl4 induced hepatic injury in squirrels. This is probably the first multidisciplinary approaching (histological, histochemical and biochemical), report, employing this chelating agent and zinc together in the cure of a hepatic tissue. Apart from a pathological support, biochemical estimation of two enzymes noticed: Viz glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase and beta-glucuronidase were treated as enzymatic denominators in liver cure. It further claims the suitability of the drug for clinical use. However, a detailed mechanism of action of this chelating agent remains practically unknown. It is hypothesized, that chelation of zinc facilitates the peneteration of a drug complex in the hepatic cells. Further zinc serves the purpose of drug transporter. The chelating agent masks the toxic substances (metabolites of Ccl4), which are eventually excreted, but still bound to it. The regeneration progresses speedily after the biomembranes are stabilized.", "contents": "Simultaneous protective effect of a new chelating agent and zinc, on the carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic injury in squirrels. An attempt has been made to study the protective effect of a new chelating agent named p-amino salicylic acid oxine azo dye complex and metallic zinc on the Ccl4 induced hepatic injury in squirrels. This is probably the first multidisciplinary approaching (histological, histochemical and biochemical), report, employing this chelating agent and zinc together in the cure of a hepatic tissue. Apart from a pathological support, biochemical estimation of two enzymes noticed: Viz glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase and beta-glucuronidase were treated as enzymatic denominators in liver cure. It further claims the suitability of the drug for clinical use. However, a detailed mechanism of action of this chelating agent remains practically unknown. It is hypothesized, that chelation of zinc facilitates the peneteration of a drug complex in the hepatic cells. Further zinc serves the purpose of drug transporter. The chelating agent masks the toxic substances (metabolites of Ccl4), which are eventually excreted, but still bound to it. The regeneration progresses speedily after the biomembranes are stabilized."}
{"id": "PMID:897358", "title": "Mechanism of increased tracheo-bronchial response to inhalative acetylcholine aerosol in pulmonary vascular congestion and unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion.", "content": "The study was carried out in anesthetized, intubated and spontaneously breathing dogs. The aim of this study was to examine the responsiveness of the tracheo-bronchial system to inhalative ACh. It was considered that any change in ACh-sensitivity signifies the involvement of receptors in the lung itself. Increased pressure in the right heart and main pulmonary artery did not affect the ACh-sensitivity. Whereas, the sustained pulmonary vascular congestion produced by blocking the ascending aorta or by glass bead embolism provoked greater ACh-sensitivity. Increased ACh-sensitivity was also observed in unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion. ACh-sensitivity was greater in the later part of occlusion or vascular congestion and persisted even after the occlusion or block was withdrawn. It is concluded that the increased ACh-sensitivities in pulmonary vascular congestion and in unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion are due to the formation of edema and atelectasis respectively. Anyway, the disturbance of the metabolism of the receptor cells around the small vessels of the lung circulation seems to be essential.", "contents": "Mechanism of increased tracheo-bronchial response to inhalative acetylcholine aerosol in pulmonary vascular congestion and unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion. The study was carried out in anesthetized, intubated and spontaneously breathing dogs. The aim of this study was to examine the responsiveness of the tracheo-bronchial system to inhalative ACh. It was considered that any change in ACh-sensitivity signifies the involvement of receptors in the lung itself. Increased pressure in the right heart and main pulmonary artery did not affect the ACh-sensitivity. Whereas, the sustained pulmonary vascular congestion produced by blocking the ascending aorta or by glass bead embolism provoked greater ACh-sensitivity. Increased ACh-sensitivity was also observed in unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion. ACh-sensitivity was greater in the later part of occlusion or vascular congestion and persisted even after the occlusion or block was withdrawn. It is concluded that the increased ACh-sensitivities in pulmonary vascular congestion and in unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion are due to the formation of edema and atelectasis respectively. Anyway, the disturbance of the metabolism of the receptor cells around the small vessels of the lung circulation seems to be essential."}
{"id": "PMID:897360", "title": "Catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase of human fat cell ghosts. Inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulation by dihydroergotamine.", "content": "Isoproterenol-activation of the adenylate cyclase system of human fat cell ghosts was markedly inhibited by dihydroergotamine which had no effect on basal and NaF-stimulated enzyme activity. Our results indicate that the antilipolytic action of this substance in human adipose tissue is probably due to inhibition of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity.", "contents": "Catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase of human fat cell ghosts. Inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulation by dihydroergotamine. Isoproterenol-activation of the adenylate cyclase system of human fat cell ghosts was markedly inhibited by dihydroergotamine which had no effect on basal and NaF-stimulated enzyme activity. Our results indicate that the antilipolytic action of this substance in human adipose tissue is probably due to inhibition of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:897361", "title": "Effect of ischaemia on the enzyme activity of the hepatic tissue.", "content": "The lactate and pyruvate levels, as well as acid and alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutaminic acid-oxalacetic acid transaminase and aldolase levels of rat liver homogenizates were measured at 24 degrees C and 38 degrees C during 120 min ischaemia from 0 to the 120th min. With the exception of transaminase and aldolase, the other enzymes were also enzyme-histochemically studied. The early lesions of the liver can be detected, both the quantitative laboratory tests and enzyme histochemical studies. The deviations from normal, observed at 24 degrees C between the 60th and 100th min, and at 38 degrees C between the 30th and 60th min, might be signs of irreversible lesions. Fractionated study of the liver homogenizate improves the assessability of enzyme determinations. In the course of \"warm\" ischaemia, the liver lysosomal lesions are early symptoms. Parallel to the breakdown of aerobic glycolysis lactic acid, fermentation, and an active pentose phosphate cycle can be detected. Quantitative testing of the liver homogenizate and enzyme histochemical observation of the hepatic tissue, might be a suitable method for the assessment of ischaemic liver lesions.", "contents": "Effect of ischaemia on the enzyme activity of the hepatic tissue. The lactate and pyruvate levels, as well as acid and alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutaminic acid-oxalacetic acid transaminase and aldolase levels of rat liver homogenizates were measured at 24 degrees C and 38 degrees C during 120 min ischaemia from 0 to the 120th min. With the exception of transaminase and aldolase, the other enzymes were also enzyme-histochemically studied. The early lesions of the liver can be detected, both the quantitative laboratory tests and enzyme histochemical studies. The deviations from normal, observed at 24 degrees C between the 60th and 100th min, and at 38 degrees C between the 30th and 60th min, might be signs of irreversible lesions. Fractionated study of the liver homogenizate improves the assessability of enzyme determinations. In the course of \"warm\" ischaemia, the liver lysosomal lesions are early symptoms. Parallel to the breakdown of aerobic glycolysis lactic acid, fermentation, and an active pentose phosphate cycle can be detected. Quantitative testing of the liver homogenizate and enzyme histochemical observation of the hepatic tissue, might be a suitable method for the assessment of ischaemic liver lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:897362", "title": "[Lysosomes and lysosomal enzymes in the wall of imbalanced arteries of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The electron microscope demonstration of reaction products of the acid phosphatase within matrix vesicles (=extracellular membrane-bound corpuscles) of the wall of hemodynamic or metabolic imbalanced arteries stimulated experiments about the activities of lysosomal enzymes in the wall of wrongly loaded arteries. In our case arteries without any hemodynamic function (=\"null function\") were investigated 4, 5, 7, 13 and 14 days after applying a ligature. In relation to the nonligated testicular arteries of the other side the wall of theligated vessels show an increase of lysosomal glycosidases (beta-N-Acetyl-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase) about 40-70%. The significance of the extracellular lysosomes for transformations of the vessel wall under physiological and pathological conditions is discussed.", "contents": "[Lysosomes and lysosomal enzymes in the wall of imbalanced arteries of rats (author's transl)]. The electron microscope demonstration of reaction products of the acid phosphatase within matrix vesicles (=extracellular membrane-bound corpuscles) of the wall of hemodynamic or metabolic imbalanced arteries stimulated experiments about the activities of lysosomal enzymes in the wall of wrongly loaded arteries. In our case arteries without any hemodynamic function (=\"null function\") were investigated 4, 5, 7, 13 and 14 days after applying a ligature. In relation to the nonligated testicular arteries of the other side the wall of theligated vessels show an increase of lysosomal glycosidases (beta-N-Acetyl-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase) about 40-70%. The significance of the extracellular lysosomes for transformations of the vessel wall under physiological and pathological conditions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897363", "title": "[The G\u00f6ttinger minipig as a laboratory animal. 4. Communication: respiration parameters (author's transl)].", "content": "The following parameters were determined: Rate of breathing (f): 31.95 +/- 6.73/min. Minute volume (V): 5.11 +/- 6.73 liter/min. Tidal volume (VT): 0.166 +/- 0.053 liter. Ratio expiratory to inspiratory time Et/It : 1.04 +/- 0.18. Physiological dead space (VD): 0.061 +/- 0.024 liter. Dead space quotient (VD)/VT): 29.92 +/- 1.53%. Dynamic lung compliance (C dyn): 0.06 +/- 0.06 liter/cm H2O. Maximum interpleural negative pressure during inspiration (max. neg. Ppl. Insp.): 12.00 +/- 4.06 cm H2O. Minimum interpleural negative respectively maximum interpleural positive pressure during expiration (min. neg. or pos. Ppl. Exp.): +0.07 +/- 6.53 cm H2O. Maximum change of interpleural pressure (delta Ppl. max): 11.97 +/- 3.18 cm H2O.", "contents": "[The G\u00f6ttinger minipig as a laboratory animal. 4. Communication: respiration parameters (author's transl)]. The following parameters were determined: Rate of breathing (f): 31.95 +/- 6.73/min. Minute volume (V): 5.11 +/- 6.73 liter/min. Tidal volume (VT): 0.166 +/- 0.053 liter. Ratio expiratory to inspiratory time Et/It : 1.04 +/- 0.18. Physiological dead space (VD): 0.061 +/- 0.024 liter. Dead space quotient (VD)/VT): 29.92 +/- 1.53%. Dynamic lung compliance (C dyn): 0.06 +/- 0.06 liter/cm H2O. Maximum interpleural negative pressure during inspiration (max. neg. Ppl. Insp.): 12.00 +/- 4.06 cm H2O. Minimum interpleural negative respectively maximum interpleural positive pressure during expiration (min. neg. or pos. Ppl. Exp.): +0.07 +/- 6.53 cm H2O. Maximum change of interpleural pressure (delta Ppl. max): 11.97 +/- 3.18 cm H2O."}
{"id": "PMID:897365", "title": "Absorption, distribution and excretion of the tritium-labelled beta2 stimulator fenoterol hydrobromide following aerosol administration and instillation into the bronchial tree.", "content": "The administration by aerosol of fenoterol hydrobromide (Berotec) was investigated in four test persons. Two patients with operable carcinomas of the lung were given tritium-labelled fenoterol hydrobromide aerosol immediately before undergoing surgery. Parts of the pulmonary segments removed were biochemically analysed and it was observed that the radioactive contents in pulmonary tissue and blood plasma were almost identical. The pharmacokinetic data recorded after aerosol administration, viz. plasma levels and renal excretion, are not different from those recorded after oral administration. The expired air following aerosol administration was examined in two patients, whereby less than 0.1% of the dose administered was recovered. The oropharynx on the other hand, was found to contain 53% of the dose immediately after administration. Absorption via the lungs was examined in four other test persons by instilling an aqueous solution of fenoterol hydrobromide into the right bronchial tree. Comparison of renal excretion levels showed that absorption here is greater than after oral administration; the plasma level curves, however, run a very similar course.", "contents": "Absorption, distribution and excretion of the tritium-labelled beta2 stimulator fenoterol hydrobromide following aerosol administration and instillation into the bronchial tree. The administration by aerosol of fenoterol hydrobromide (Berotec) was investigated in four test persons. Two patients with operable carcinomas of the lung were given tritium-labelled fenoterol hydrobromide aerosol immediately before undergoing surgery. Parts of the pulmonary segments removed were biochemically analysed and it was observed that the radioactive contents in pulmonary tissue and blood plasma were almost identical. The pharmacokinetic data recorded after aerosol administration, viz. plasma levels and renal excretion, are not different from those recorded after oral administration. The expired air following aerosol administration was examined in two patients, whereby less than 0.1% of the dose administered was recovered. The oropharynx on the other hand, was found to contain 53% of the dose immediately after administration. Absorption via the lungs was examined in four other test persons by instilling an aqueous solution of fenoterol hydrobromide into the right bronchial tree. Comparison of renal excretion levels showed that absorption here is greater than after oral administration; the plasma level curves, however, run a very similar course."}
{"id": "PMID:897366", "title": "[Bronchomotoric in antigen induced airway obstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "Ascaris suum extract inhalation causes bronchoconstriction in dogs. Following this reaction, the bronchi stay oversensitive against acetylcholine for at least 7 h. Electrical stimulation of the peripheral end of a nervus vagus after cutting supports the meaning that the bronchoconstriction will be caused mainly by challenge of sensory receptors. The reflex way runs through the nervus vagus. Sensitization of the bronchial tree means sensitization of the sensory receptors. Results of the arterial blood gases correspond to earlier results which showed two parts of the bronchial tree: the vagus-controlled part is mainly respnsible for the airway resistance, the vagus-noncontrolled part is mainly responsible for the regulation of the ventilation/perfusion relationships.", "contents": "[Bronchomotoric in antigen induced airway obstruction (author's transl)]. Ascaris suum extract inhalation causes bronchoconstriction in dogs. Following this reaction, the bronchi stay oversensitive against acetylcholine for at least 7 h. Electrical stimulation of the peripheral end of a nervus vagus after cutting supports the meaning that the bronchoconstriction will be caused mainly by challenge of sensory receptors. The reflex way runs through the nervus vagus. Sensitization of the bronchial tree means sensitization of the sensory receptors. Results of the arterial blood gases correspond to earlier results which showed two parts of the bronchial tree: the vagus-controlled part is mainly respnsible for the airway resistance, the vagus-noncontrolled part is mainly responsible for the regulation of the ventilation/perfusion relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:897367", "title": "Relations of pulmonary diffusing capacity to ventilation and haemodynamics in healthy subjects.", "content": "The pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) was measured in 13 healthy subjects during heart catheterization by the steady-state method (according to Bates and his coworkers). The DLCO shows the closest correlation to the tidal volume at rest, and to the central blood volume during exercise. Further, the DLCO correlates with the cardiac index both at rest and during exercise and with the stroke index at rest only. The DLCO did not show any relationship to the pressures in central circulation, pulmonary vascular resistance, total and alveolar ventilation. Statistical analysis shows that DLCO is most consistently related to the tidal volume at rest, whereas relation to central blood volume is much more stable during exercise.", "contents": "Relations of pulmonary diffusing capacity to ventilation and haemodynamics in healthy subjects. The pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) was measured in 13 healthy subjects during heart catheterization by the steady-state method (according to Bates and his coworkers). The DLCO shows the closest correlation to the tidal volume at rest, and to the central blood volume during exercise. Further, the DLCO correlates with the cardiac index both at rest and during exercise and with the stroke index at rest only. The DLCO did not show any relationship to the pressures in central circulation, pulmonary vascular resistance, total and alveolar ventilation. Statistical analysis shows that DLCO is most consistently related to the tidal volume at rest, whereas relation to central blood volume is much more stable during exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:897368", "title": "Effects of altitude on myoglobin and mitochondrial protein in canine skeletal muscle.", "content": "Myoglobin and mitochondrial protein contents were measured spectrophotometrically in the sternothyroid muscle of 8 dogs, first in Dnver, at a PB of 635 mm Hg, and after a 3-week exposure to a PB of 435 mm Hg, using a hypobaric chamber. The PaO2 at a PB of 635 mm Hg was 81.9 mm Hg and at a PB of 435 mm Hg, it was 54.6 mm Hg. Myoglobin concentration increased from 3.67 +/- 1.07 to 5.47 +/- 0.90 mg/g fresh muscle while mitochondrial protein content increased from 3.04 +/- 0.80 to 4.96 +/- 2.59 mg N2/g fresh muscle upon exposure to simulated altitude. It is believed that these changes in the biochemistry of the muscle are related to alterations in muscle fiber type composition, which seem to be adaptive in nature.", "contents": "Effects of altitude on myoglobin and mitochondrial protein in canine skeletal muscle. Myoglobin and mitochondrial protein contents were measured spectrophotometrically in the sternothyroid muscle of 8 dogs, first in Dnver, at a PB of 635 mm Hg, and after a 3-week exposure to a PB of 435 mm Hg, using a hypobaric chamber. The PaO2 at a PB of 635 mm Hg was 81.9 mm Hg and at a PB of 435 mm Hg, it was 54.6 mm Hg. Myoglobin concentration increased from 3.67 +/- 1.07 to 5.47 +/- 0.90 mg/g fresh muscle while mitochondrial protein content increased from 3.04 +/- 0.80 to 4.96 +/- 2.59 mg N2/g fresh muscle upon exposure to simulated altitude. It is believed that these changes in the biochemistry of the muscle are related to alterations in muscle fiber type composition, which seem to be adaptive in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:897369", "title": "Postnatal changes in blood oxygen affinity in piglets from the 1st to 71st day post partum.", "content": "Using the photometric micromethod of Niesel and Thews the authors determined the oxygen fixation blood curves at 20 degrees C and at CO2 tension of 38 mm Hg in newborn piglests until 71 days post partum. The O2 affinity of the piglet blood which is high immediately after birth, decreases within the first 48h of the life and reaches an adult value at the age of 2 days, a minimum at the age of 10 days and then increases with advancing age. The difference between the adult and newborn P50 value was significant.", "contents": "Postnatal changes in blood oxygen affinity in piglets from the 1st to 71st day post partum. Using the photometric micromethod of Niesel and Thews the authors determined the oxygen fixation blood curves at 20 degrees C and at CO2 tension of 38 mm Hg in newborn piglests until 71 days post partum. The O2 affinity of the piglet blood which is high immediately after birth, decreases within the first 48h of the life and reaches an adult value at the age of 2 days, a minimum at the age of 10 days and then increases with advancing age. The difference between the adult and newborn P50 value was significant."}
{"id": "PMID:897371", "title": "Erythropoietin level and macrocytosis in patients with chronic pulmonary insufficiency.", "content": "In 30 patients with respiratory insufficiency due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and with normal red blood cell counts, the effect of hypoxia on erythropoiesis was studied. Pronounced hypoxaemia was ascertained in all the patients by measuring PaO2. The calculated HbO2 saturation was less than 85% in group I and greater than 85% in group II, each consisting of 15 patients. Although the RBC counts and Hb concentration were within the limits of normal values, the packed RBC volume was higher than 45% in all the patients tested. The calculated MCV was increased and the erythropoietin level in plasma, indirectly measured in polycythaemic mouse bioassay, was higher than normal. Macrocytosis was shown to be PaO2-dependent and should be, according to Stohlman's data, the result of erythropoietin excess and the subsequent cessation of nucleic acid synthesis with skipped terminal division of erythroblasts in the bone marrow. The absence of erythrocytosis in these patients could be explained by a shortened survival time of macrocytes and/or other causes.", "contents": "Erythropoietin level and macrocytosis in patients with chronic pulmonary insufficiency. In 30 patients with respiratory insufficiency due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and with normal red blood cell counts, the effect of hypoxia on erythropoiesis was studied. Pronounced hypoxaemia was ascertained in all the patients by measuring PaO2. The calculated HbO2 saturation was less than 85% in group I and greater than 85% in group II, each consisting of 15 patients. Although the RBC counts and Hb concentration were within the limits of normal values, the packed RBC volume was higher than 45% in all the patients tested. The calculated MCV was increased and the erythropoietin level in plasma, indirectly measured in polycythaemic mouse bioassay, was higher than normal. Macrocytosis was shown to be PaO2-dependent and should be, according to Stohlman's data, the result of erythropoietin excess and the subsequent cessation of nucleic acid synthesis with skipped terminal division of erythroblasts in the bone marrow. The absence of erythrocytosis in these patients could be explained by a shortened survival time of macrocytes and/or other causes."}
{"id": "PMID:897372", "title": "Salmonella empyema as a complication in malignant pleural effusion.", "content": "Salmonella empyema in an immunologically compromised patient with malignant pleural effusion is described. Antimicrobial treatment was ineffective when given parenterally. Intrapleural administration of antibiotics resulted in a rapid rise of the antibacterial activity of the pleural fluid, leading to rapid clinical improvement and eradication of the infections.", "contents": "Salmonella empyema as a complication in malignant pleural effusion. Salmonella empyema in an immunologically compromised patient with malignant pleural effusion is described. Antimicrobial treatment was ineffective when given parenterally. Intrapleural administration of antibiotics resulted in a rapid rise of the antibacterial activity of the pleural fluid, leading to rapid clinical improvement and eradication of the infections."}
{"id": "PMID:897377", "title": "Ventilatory responses to CO2 in the chicken: intrapulmonary and systemic chemoreceptors.", "content": "The independent effects of pulmonary and arterial Pco2 on respiratory amplitude (RA) and respiratory frequency (f) were studied in unidirectionally ventilated chickens anesthetized with phenobarbital (160 mg-kg-1). Pulmonary Pco2 was set by the level of PIco2 ventilating the vascularly isolated right lung (VIL), whereas the systemic arterial Pco2 was set by the level of PIco2 ventilating the denervated left or gas exchange lung (GEL). The following results were obtained: 1) Increasing the PIco2 to the VIL from 0 to 35 torr and maintaining Paco2 constant at 2. torr increased RA from apnea to 76% of the animals' maximal hypercapnic response and decreased f: further increases in PIco2 to VIL had only minimal effects on RA and f. 2) increasing Paco2 from 19 to 61 torr and maintaining pulmonary Pco2 constant increased RA and decreased further increases in Paco2 had only slight effects on RA ulmonary chemoreflex and can dominate the control of RA during hypocapnic conditions, and (2) systemic CO2-sensitive chemoreceptors dominate the control of RA during hypercapnic conditions. It is suggested that the intrapulmonary chemoreceptors may act as a sensory system which plays a pertinent role in the regulation of parabronchial ventilation.", "contents": "Ventilatory responses to CO2 in the chicken: intrapulmonary and systemic chemoreceptors. The independent effects of pulmonary and arterial Pco2 on respiratory amplitude (RA) and respiratory frequency (f) were studied in unidirectionally ventilated chickens anesthetized with phenobarbital (160 mg-kg-1). Pulmonary Pco2 was set by the level of PIco2 ventilating the vascularly isolated right lung (VIL), whereas the systemic arterial Pco2 was set by the level of PIco2 ventilating the denervated left or gas exchange lung (GEL). The following results were obtained: 1) Increasing the PIco2 to the VIL from 0 to 35 torr and maintaining Paco2 constant at 2. torr increased RA from apnea to 76% of the animals' maximal hypercapnic response and decreased f: further increases in PIco2 to VIL had only minimal effects on RA and f. 2) increasing Paco2 from 19 to 61 torr and maintaining pulmonary Pco2 constant increased RA and decreased further increases in Paco2 had only slight effects on RA ulmonary chemoreflex and can dominate the control of RA during hypocapnic conditions, and (2) systemic CO2-sensitive chemoreceptors dominate the control of RA during hypercapnic conditions. It is suggested that the intrapulmonary chemoreceptors may act as a sensory system which plays a pertinent role in the regulation of parabronchial ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:897439", "title": "[\"Beginning and end of dose\" dyskinesias caused by L-DOPA].", "content": "The four cases of dyskinesia at the \"beginning and end of dose\" caused by L-Dopa presented in this series were characterized by four essential features: 1) their onset at the beginning and end of the period of effectiveness of a dose of L-Dopa + IDC (benserazide); 2) their ballic and dystonic appearance associated with a reinforcement of Parkinsonian signs; 3) the possibility of their reduction by an increase and fractionning of the daily dose of L-Dopa; 4) the particular nature of the underlying Parkinsonian problem in which they were seen, i.e. the young age at onset of the disease, the severity of akinesia, and the quality of the clinical response to L-Dopa. Thus on the basis of the circumstances of their development, their appearance, and their treatment, such forms of dyskinesia at the \"beginning and end of dose\" appear to be different from classical \"mid-dose\" dyskinesia. In addition, they pose a new physiolopathological problem.", "contents": "[\"Beginning and end of dose\" dyskinesias caused by L-DOPA]. The four cases of dyskinesia at the \"beginning and end of dose\" caused by L-Dopa presented in this series were characterized by four essential features: 1) their onset at the beginning and end of the period of effectiveness of a dose of L-Dopa + IDC (benserazide); 2) their ballic and dystonic appearance associated with a reinforcement of Parkinsonian signs; 3) the possibility of their reduction by an increase and fractionning of the daily dose of L-Dopa; 4) the particular nature of the underlying Parkinsonian problem in which they were seen, i.e. the young age at onset of the disease, the severity of akinesia, and the quality of the clinical response to L-Dopa. Thus on the basis of the circumstances of their development, their appearance, and their treatment, such forms of dyskinesia at the \"beginning and end of dose\" appear to be different from classical \"mid-dose\" dyskinesia. In addition, they pose a new physiolopathological problem."}
{"id": "PMID:897441", "title": "[Late syringomyelic syndromes in paraplegics].", "content": "The authors have reviewed 35 cases in the literature and reported on 12 cases seen personally of late onset syringomyelia in paraplegics. Initial pain was found to be present in only slightly more than half the cases and an insidious onset particularly with sensory disturbance led sometimes to delayed recognition. In the fully developed case, it can closely simulate idiopathic syringomyelia with arthropathy but impairment of touch and proprioception sometimes occurs in addition. Neurosurgical treatment to the fluid-filled cavity, does not seem to modify obviously the spontaneous evolution of the condition. In 5 cases, the paraplegia was not of traumatic origin. Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "[Late syringomyelic syndromes in paraplegics]. The authors have reviewed 35 cases in the literature and reported on 12 cases seen personally of late onset syringomyelia in paraplegics. Initial pain was found to be present in only slightly more than half the cases and an insidious onset particularly with sensory disturbance led sometimes to delayed recognition. In the fully developed case, it can closely simulate idiopathic syringomyelia with arthropathy but impairment of touch and proprioception sometimes occurs in addition. Neurosurgical treatment to the fluid-filled cavity, does not seem to modify obviously the spontaneous evolution of the condition. In 5 cases, the paraplegia was not of traumatic origin. Possible mechanisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897442", "title": "[Cerebral form of Degos's disease].", "content": "The writers report on a new anatomical and clinical observation of Degos' disease with neurological complications. A highly fluctuating meningoencephalitic syndrome took place in a young man 17 years old with a fatal outcome in 2 months. It was a general examination which revealed the lesions of atrophic papulosis typical of the disease. A histological examination confirmed the skin arteriolar, intestinal, and hemispheric lesions. It drew attention to the very abundant similar venular lesions, thus leading to a reconsideration of the physiopathology of this disorder, in which the oft demonstrated autoimmunity and arterial involvement are perhaps only symptoms of the disease.", "contents": "[Cerebral form of Degos's disease]. The writers report on a new anatomical and clinical observation of Degos' disease with neurological complications. A highly fluctuating meningoencephalitic syndrome took place in a young man 17 years old with a fatal outcome in 2 months. It was a general examination which revealed the lesions of atrophic papulosis typical of the disease. A histological examination confirmed the skin arteriolar, intestinal, and hemispheric lesions. It drew attention to the very abundant similar venular lesions, thus leading to a reconsideration of the physiopathology of this disorder, in which the oft demonstrated autoimmunity and arterial involvement are perhaps only symptoms of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:897468", "title": "[Adhesion of polynuclear cells to nylon fibers during filtration leukapheresis].", "content": "The study of fibres and leukocytes obtained by filtration leukopheresis show a loose retention in the filters and alterations only in leukocytes recovered by elution with prolonged striking.", "contents": "[Adhesion of polynuclear cells to nylon fibers during filtration leukapheresis]. The study of fibres and leukocytes obtained by filtration leukopheresis show a loose retention in the filters and alterations only in leukocytes recovered by elution with prolonged striking."}
{"id": "PMID:897470", "title": "[Comparative study by scanning electron microscopy of the internal surfaces of blood transfusion bags, according to brand].", "content": "The internal surface of blood plastic bags, have been observed by electron scanning microscopy. The products of the four commercial marks available in France have been testd. The roughness of the surfaces is considerably different according to the origin of the plastic bags.", "contents": "[Comparative study by scanning electron microscopy of the internal surfaces of blood transfusion bags, according to brand]. The internal surface of blood plastic bags, have been observed by electron scanning microscopy. The products of the four commercial marks available in France have been testd. The roughness of the surfaces is considerably different according to the origin of the plastic bags."}
{"id": "PMID:897485", "title": "Computed tomography of abnormally shaped pediatric cranium.", "content": "Computed tomography is an important diagnostic procedure in evaluation of the pediatric patient with an abnormal cranial size and (or) shape. Differential diagnosis of cranial abnormalities based on two hundred and thirty-one computed tomograms is presented. It allows accurate assessment of ventricular size, cerebrospinal fluid pathways, brain substance, and calvarium. Frequently the abnormality demonstrated is so specific that an etiologic diagnosis is made.", "contents": "Computed tomography of abnormally shaped pediatric cranium. Computed tomography is an important diagnostic procedure in evaluation of the pediatric patient with an abnormal cranial size and (or) shape. Differential diagnosis of cranial abnormalities based on two hundred and thirty-one computed tomograms is presented. It allows accurate assessment of ventricular size, cerebrospinal fluid pathways, brain substance, and calvarium. Frequently the abnormality demonstrated is so specific that an etiologic diagnosis is made."}
{"id": "PMID:897486", "title": "[Intracranial aneurysms. 12-year review].", "content": "In angiographic studies of the Pathology Department and Radiology Department of the \"20 of November Hospital\" of the I.S.S.S.T.E. (Mexico, D.F.) from 1962 to 1974, were reviewed and 178 intracranial aneurysms in 141 patients were found. There is a two to one ratio females over males. 16.8% of the cases show multiple aneurysms and they were found to be more common during the fifth decade of life.", "contents": "[Intracranial aneurysms. 12-year review]. In angiographic studies of the Pathology Department and Radiology Department of the \"20 of November Hospital\" of the I.S.S.S.T.E. (Mexico, D.F.) from 1962 to 1974, were reviewed and 178 intracranial aneurysms in 141 patients were found. There is a two to one ratio females over males. 16.8% of the cases show multiple aneurysms and they were found to be more common during the fifth decade of life."}
{"id": "PMID:897487", "title": "Deep venous occlusion in the Sturge-Weber syndrome.", "content": "Of the venous abnormalities in the Sturge-Weber syndrome, deep venous occlusion is an uncommon finding. As far as can be determined it has been described in only two previously recorded cases. Another such case is presented to illustrate the usefulness of this finding, in conjunction with other venous anomalies, in the diagnosis of the Sturge-Weber syndrome, especially before two years of age when calcifications in the brain may not have appeared.", "contents": "Deep venous occlusion in the Sturge-Weber syndrome. Of the venous abnormalities in the Sturge-Weber syndrome, deep venous occlusion is an uncommon finding. As far as can be determined it has been described in only two previously recorded cases. Another such case is presented to illustrate the usefulness of this finding, in conjunction with other venous anomalies, in the diagnosis of the Sturge-Weber syndrome, especially before two years of age when calcifications in the brain may not have appeared."}
{"id": "PMID:897488", "title": "Accuracy of estimates of contrast media concentration.", "content": "An animal model was used to prepare 18 experimental roentgenograms with differing dilutions of Conray 400 in each renal pelvis. Fifty radiologists were asked to estimate the iodine concentrations after they had been shown examples with known iodine concentrations. It was found there was a great deal of variation in the ability of individual subjects to accurately estimate the iodine concentration present. When the urinary iodine was less than 25 mg/ml, contrast estimations became grossly unreliable. At higher concentrations, the average performance of the sixty subjects was fairly clos to observed densotimetric readings. This study demonstrates that the ability to estimate iodine concentration is similar to other perceptive abilities in demonstrating both thereshold sensitivity and a near normal distribution among observes of the ability to judge perceptable differences in contrast media density.", "contents": "Accuracy of estimates of contrast media concentration. An animal model was used to prepare 18 experimental roentgenograms with differing dilutions of Conray 400 in each renal pelvis. Fifty radiologists were asked to estimate the iodine concentrations after they had been shown examples with known iodine concentrations. It was found there was a great deal of variation in the ability of individual subjects to accurately estimate the iodine concentration present. When the urinary iodine was less than 25 mg/ml, contrast estimations became grossly unreliable. At higher concentrations, the average performance of the sixty subjects was fairly clos to observed densotimetric readings. This study demonstrates that the ability to estimate iodine concentration is similar to other perceptive abilities in demonstrating both thereshold sensitivity and a near normal distribution among observes of the ability to judge perceptable differences in contrast media density."}
{"id": "PMID:897489", "title": "Post-voiding roentgenograms in routine intravenous urography.", "content": "57 patients were studied to determine the validity of post-voiding films in routine urography. It was discovered that if the post-voiding film was delayed by as much as five minutes after the patient had actually voided, a significant error was introduced. The post-voiding film must therefore be obtained immediately after voiding and even a short delay, which is not uncommon in busy Radiology Ddepartments, may result in a false impression of incomplete voiding.", "contents": "Post-voiding roentgenograms in routine intravenous urography. 57 patients were studied to determine the validity of post-voiding films in routine urography. It was discovered that if the post-voiding film was delayed by as much as five minutes after the patient had actually voided, a significant error was introduced. The post-voiding film must therefore be obtained immediately after voiding and even a short delay, which is not uncommon in busy Radiology Ddepartments, may result in a false impression of incomplete voiding."}
{"id": "PMID:897490", "title": "Three year experience with percutaneous introduction of inferior vena cava filter.", "content": "Fifteen patients with recurrent pulmonary embolism were treated with a Mobin-Uddin umbrella filter (UF) introduced percutaneously via femoral vein. There were not technical difficulties, bleeding, or migration of the UF. The incidence of lower extremity edema or phlebitis was not higher than in patients with transjugular application of the UF or in patients with surgical inferior vena cava clipping. Two patients had fatal recurrent pulmonary embolism: in one of them the UF was positioned correctly in the vicinityof the renal veins; in the second the UF was placed too low and a large clot may have formed proximal to the UF. The transfemoral approach of the UF insetion represents a significant simplication of the inferior vena caval interruption, but it can only be used if thrombi are excluded by venography in the iliac vein and inferior vena cava. The UF should be placed as close as possible to the orifices of the renal veins to prevent a thrombus formation proximal to the filter.", "contents": "Three year experience with percutaneous introduction of inferior vena cava filter. Fifteen patients with recurrent pulmonary embolism were treated with a Mobin-Uddin umbrella filter (UF) introduced percutaneously via femoral vein. There were not technical difficulties, bleeding, or migration of the UF. The incidence of lower extremity edema or phlebitis was not higher than in patients with transjugular application of the UF or in patients with surgical inferior vena cava clipping. Two patients had fatal recurrent pulmonary embolism: in one of them the UF was positioned correctly in the vicinityof the renal veins; in the second the UF was placed too low and a large clot may have formed proximal to the UF. The transfemoral approach of the UF insetion represents a significant simplication of the inferior vena caval interruption, but it can only be used if thrombi are excluded by venography in the iliac vein and inferior vena cava. The UF should be placed as close as possible to the orifices of the renal veins to prevent a thrombus formation proximal to the filter."}
{"id": "PMID:897491", "title": "The association of ano-urethral and tracheo-esophageal fistulae (a report of two cases).", "content": "Anorectal atresia with recto-urethral fistula is one of the most common congenital anomalies afflicting the hindgut (1,2). The \"H-type\" ano-urethral fistula, however, is relatively rare, similar to the \"H-type\" tracheo-esophageal fistula which is the least common such anomaly of that region. The association of an \"H-type\" tracheo-esophageal fistula and an \"H-type\" ano-urethral fistula and stricture of the anterior urethra is considered a rare combination of anomalies. Two cases of \"H-type\" ano-urethral fistula with stricture of the anterior urethra and associated in one instance with an \"H-type\" tracheo-esophageal fistula and the other with esophageal atresia and tracho-escophageal fistula are reported and comment is made on the interesting underlying embryologic defect.", "contents": "The association of ano-urethral and tracheo-esophageal fistulae (a report of two cases). Anorectal atresia with recto-urethral fistula is one of the most common congenital anomalies afflicting the hindgut (1,2). The \"H-type\" ano-urethral fistula, however, is relatively rare, similar to the \"H-type\" tracheo-esophageal fistula which is the least common such anomaly of that region. The association of an \"H-type\" tracheo-esophageal fistula and an \"H-type\" ano-urethral fistula and stricture of the anterior urethra is considered a rare combination of anomalies. Two cases of \"H-type\" ano-urethral fistula with stricture of the anterior urethra and associated in one instance with an \"H-type\" tracheo-esophageal fistula and the other with esophageal atresia and tracho-escophageal fistula are reported and comment is made on the interesting underlying embryologic defect."}
{"id": "PMID:897492", "title": "[Possibilities of error in EEG in sleep and consciousness (electroencephalographic observations in 153 children)].", "content": "The study concerns the EEG records of 153 children, aged within 1 and 4 and suffering from different neuropsychiatric disorders. Particularly during the first stages of sleep, graphoelements of epileptogenic morphology have been recorded in considerable amount. Obviously they were present in the records of clinically epileptic patients but they appeared also in the records of several patients having never suffered from epileptic seizures. The Authors suggest extreme caution in considering \"epileptogenic\" EEG patterns evoked by sleep in those children who are not clinically epileptic.", "contents": "[Possibilities of error in EEG in sleep and consciousness (electroencephalographic observations in 153 children)]. The study concerns the EEG records of 153 children, aged within 1 and 4 and suffering from different neuropsychiatric disorders. Particularly during the first stages of sleep, graphoelements of epileptogenic morphology have been recorded in considerable amount. Obviously they were present in the records of clinically epileptic patients but they appeared also in the records of several patients having never suffered from epileptic seizures. The Authors suggest extreme caution in considering \"epileptogenic\" EEG patterns evoked by sleep in those children who are not clinically epileptic."}
{"id": "PMID:897494", "title": "[Prevalent frequency of prosopagnosia in males].", "content": "In order to find out how frequent prosopagnosia is in males in comparison to females, all cases hitherto published have been reviewed and a remarkably greater frequency in males has been pointed out. Since the etiology has resulted to be in the majority of cases vascular, the epidemiology of vascular diseases as possible factor of this different incidence is discussed. It is concluded that the greater frequency observed in males seem to be a real fact inherent to prosopagnosia, and not related to other factors.", "contents": "[Prevalent frequency of prosopagnosia in males]. In order to find out how frequent prosopagnosia is in males in comparison to females, all cases hitherto published have been reviewed and a remarkably greater frequency in males has been pointed out. Since the etiology has resulted to be in the majority of cases vascular, the epidemiology of vascular diseases as possible factor of this different incidence is discussed. It is concluded that the greater frequency observed in males seem to be a real fact inherent to prosopagnosia, and not related to other factors."}
{"id": "PMID:897514", "title": "[Different ventilation of lungs - an indication for angiography of pulmonal-artery? (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological symptom of different ventilation of each lung has various causes. There are birth defects and diseases. Different, invasive and non-invasive methods are necessary for diagnosis. The way of diagnosis is shown by an 11-year old girl with absence of the left pulmonal-artery. The different methods are discussed and various own cases of agenesie of the pulmonar-artery in combination with others dysplasias are added.", "contents": "[Different ventilation of lungs - an indication for angiography of pulmonal-artery? (author's transl)]. The radiological symptom of different ventilation of each lung has various causes. There are birth defects and diseases. Different, invasive and non-invasive methods are necessary for diagnosis. The way of diagnosis is shown by an 11-year old girl with absence of the left pulmonal-artery. The different methods are discussed and various own cases of agenesie of the pulmonar-artery in combination with others dysplasias are added."}
{"id": "PMID:897515", "title": "[Angiographic diagnosis of abdominal trauma in children (author's transl)].", "content": "With the help of selected examples, the angiographic criteria for traumatic parenchymal organ lesions were presented. The indication for angiography in children accident patients with blunt trauma must be set up carefully. The necessity of early angiographic examination in terms of the treatment to be implemented was pointed out.", "contents": "[Angiographic diagnosis of abdominal trauma in children (author's transl)]. With the help of selected examples, the angiographic criteria for traumatic parenchymal organ lesions were presented. The indication for angiography in children accident patients with blunt trauma must be set up carefully. The necessity of early angiographic examination in terms of the treatment to be implemented was pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:897516", "title": "[Radiologic diagnosis of injuries of the epiphyses in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The future of epi- and metaphyseal fractures depends on exact radiologic diagnosis. This will always have to show whether the growthzone has been damaged. This can be clearly indicated by classification of slipped epiphyses and fractures (Aitken I-III). The pathophysiology of epiphyseal injuries, possible classifications and general and special radiology of these injuries are discussed.", "contents": "[Radiologic diagnosis of injuries of the epiphyses in childhood (author's transl)]. The future of epi- and metaphyseal fractures depends on exact radiologic diagnosis. This will always have to show whether the growthzone has been damaged. This can be clearly indicated by classification of slipped epiphyses and fractures (Aitken I-III). The pathophysiology of epiphyseal injuries, possible classifications and general and special radiology of these injuries are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897517", "title": "[The importance of high-speed screen-filmcombinations for coronary angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiographs are shown which demonstrate the importance of recently marketed high speed intensifying screens for coronary angiography. The angiograms done with this technique are compared with 1. single frames of a 35 mm cinerecording 2. 70 mm image intensifier spot films 3. Film changer angiograms using conventional calcium-tungstate screen combinations. The author shows the advantages of short exposure times made possible by the high-speed screens and the reduced radiation exposure of the patient and of the examiner.", "contents": "[The importance of high-speed screen-filmcombinations for coronary angiography (author's transl)]. Radiographs are shown which demonstrate the importance of recently marketed high speed intensifying screens for coronary angiography. The angiograms done with this technique are compared with 1. single frames of a 35 mm cinerecording 2. 70 mm image intensifier spot films 3. Film changer angiograms using conventional calcium-tungstate screen combinations. The author shows the advantages of short exposure times made possible by the high-speed screens and the reduced radiation exposure of the patient and of the examiner."}
{"id": "PMID:897518", "title": "[The L\u00f6fgren syndrome: acute sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 3 cases of acute sarcoidosis, the L\u00f6fgren syndrome. 3 signs: skin changes like erythema nodosum, widening of the hilus due to enlarged lymphglands and arthralgias. Diagnostically this has to be separated from maligant systemic disease and deserves, therefore, the special interest of the radiologist.", "contents": "[The L\u00f6fgren syndrome: acute sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. Report on 3 cases of acute sarcoidosis, the L\u00f6fgren syndrome. 3 signs: skin changes like erythema nodosum, widening of the hilus due to enlarged lymphglands and arthralgias. Diagnostically this has to be separated from maligant systemic disease and deserves, therefore, the special interest of the radiologist."}
{"id": "PMID:897519", "title": "[Calcified fibroadenoma of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "Demonstration of calciefied fibroadenomas of the breast of a seldom size. Short differential diagnosis between the mostly benign macrocalcifications and the typical microcalcifications in breast cancer.", "contents": "[Calcified fibroadenoma of the breast (author's transl)]. Demonstration of calciefied fibroadenomas of the breast of a seldom size. Short differential diagnosis between the mostly benign macrocalcifications and the typical microcalcifications in breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:897520", "title": "[Double-contrast technique for diagnostics of the large intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 1300 radiographic examinations of the colon with the double-contrast method were reported. In preparation for the examination, only a laxative (cascara salax) was administered and the patient not permitted to eat. The importance of horizontal films was mentioned in particular. A malignant tumor in the colon was discovered in 137 cases. A malignant degeneration was established via histologic examination in 23 of the 152 patients with polypoid lesions. Juxtaposition of a malignant tumor and a polypoid lesion or a second carcinoma was discovered via radiological examination in 28 patients.", "contents": "[Double-contrast technique for diagnostics of the large intestine (author's transl)]. The results of 1300 radiographic examinations of the colon with the double-contrast method were reported. In preparation for the examination, only a laxative (cascara salax) was administered and the patient not permitted to eat. The importance of horizontal films was mentioned in particular. A malignant tumor in the colon was discovered in 137 cases. A malignant degeneration was established via histologic examination in 23 of the 152 patients with polypoid lesions. Juxtaposition of a malignant tumor and a polypoid lesion or a second carcinoma was discovered via radiological examination in 28 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:897521", "title": "[Endoscopy and polypectomy for the early detection of carcinoma of the rectum and the colon (methods, significance, and limitations) (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibilities for the early detection and prophylaxis of colorectal carcinoma have been considerably increased by the endoscopic examination of the rectum and the colon via rectoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and coloscopy combined with a coloscopic polypectomy. The routine use of these examinations was, however, impossible for reasons of personnel, patient psychology and cost. The risk groups need to be selected. To do this, the occult blood test (included since January 1, 1977 in the routine cancer detection examination) is used to demonstrate the presence of occult blood in fecal matter. The endoscopic examination of the colon could be included in the checkups for members of those groups selected. The 60% to 70% accuracy in detecting colorectal carcinoma with rectoscopy is only theoretical. The rate of early detection can be increased only if the rectoscopic technique is expanded by incorporating flexible instruments which are now being developed. High coloscopy should be attempted only after a double-contrast enema has been administered. A biopsy should be made of endoscopically diagnosed polypoid lesion; polyps should be excised in toto. Only then is it possible to make any statements regarding the histomorphology of the total structure. For a focal carcinoma, endoscopic polypectomy is not only a diagnostic procedure but also a curative-therapeutic procedure and, at the same time, an effective prophylaxis against carcinoma.", "contents": "[Endoscopy and polypectomy for the early detection of carcinoma of the rectum and the colon (methods, significance, and limitations) (author's transl)]. The possibilities for the early detection and prophylaxis of colorectal carcinoma have been considerably increased by the endoscopic examination of the rectum and the colon via rectoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and coloscopy combined with a coloscopic polypectomy. The routine use of these examinations was, however, impossible for reasons of personnel, patient psychology and cost. The risk groups need to be selected. To do this, the occult blood test (included since January 1, 1977 in the routine cancer detection examination) is used to demonstrate the presence of occult blood in fecal matter. The endoscopic examination of the colon could be included in the checkups for members of those groups selected. The 60% to 70% accuracy in detecting colorectal carcinoma with rectoscopy is only theoretical. The rate of early detection can be increased only if the rectoscopic technique is expanded by incorporating flexible instruments which are now being developed. High coloscopy should be attempted only after a double-contrast enema has been administered. A biopsy should be made of endoscopically diagnosed polypoid lesion; polyps should be excised in toto. Only then is it possible to make any statements regarding the histomorphology of the total structure. For a focal carcinoma, endoscopic polypectomy is not only a diagnostic procedure but also a curative-therapeutic procedure and, at the same time, an effective prophylaxis against carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:897522", "title": "[Radiological examination of the stomach with double contrast (author's transl)].", "content": "Outline of typical surgical techniques on the stomach and characteristic examples. Radiologic examination with double contrast is considered to be a valuable addition to radiologic and endoscopic diagnosis.", "contents": "[Radiological examination of the stomach with double contrast (author's transl)]. Outline of typical surgical techniques on the stomach and characteristic examples. Radiologic examination with double contrast is considered to be a valuable addition to radiologic and endoscopic diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:897523", "title": "Clinical experience with infusion cholegraphy using iotroxamide (Biliscopin ) (author's transl).", "content": "Forty-three cholangio-cholecystographies were carried out with iotroxamide. A the same time, the behavior of various serum enzymes was controlled. Iotroxamide satisfactorily demonstrated the biliary tract for the diagnosis in 37 of our patients (86.5%). Only an inadequate or incomplete evaluation was possible for 6 of our patients (13.5%). Due to the pharmacokinetic characteristics of iotroximide, the time-density ratio is very favorable. As a result, the contrast radiograph of the biliary tract including the gallbladder was available for evaluation as early as 30 minutes after the infusion and almost always within 60 minutes. Minor subjective side effects were observed in only 4 cases. With the exception of 2 cases with obstructed bile flow, the serum-enzyme level was not significantly altered after administration of the contrast medium.", "contents": "Clinical experience with infusion cholegraphy using iotroxamide (Biliscopin ) (author's transl). Forty-three cholangio-cholecystographies were carried out with iotroxamide. A the same time, the behavior of various serum enzymes was controlled. Iotroxamide satisfactorily demonstrated the biliary tract for the diagnosis in 37 of our patients (86.5%). Only an inadequate or incomplete evaluation was possible for 6 of our patients (13.5%). Due to the pharmacokinetic characteristics of iotroximide, the time-density ratio is very favorable. As a result, the contrast radiograph of the biliary tract including the gallbladder was available for evaluation as early as 30 minutes after the infusion and almost always within 60 minutes. Minor subjective side effects were observed in only 4 cases. With the exception of 2 cases with obstructed bile flow, the serum-enzyme level was not significantly altered after administration of the contrast medium."}
{"id": "PMID:897557", "title": "Unique eosinophil granules in a case of T-cell lymphoma.", "content": "A 41-year-old man developed intense itching without visible cutaneous changes, epigastric pressure pain, and a slight intolerance to alcohol. He was found to have persistent blood eosinophilia. The eosinophil granulocytes were of abnormal appearance in the light microscope: larger than normal, the nuclei were multilobulated (4-6 lobes), the cytoplasm contained atypical, large granules, ample glycogen, and up to 12 vacuoles. In the electron microscope too the eosinophil granules were entirely atypical, having an electron-dense matrix, often with a light central inclusion body which was inhomogeneous, having longitudinally oriented structures with a periodicity of about 10 nm. These findings are quite contrary to normal eosinophil granules. Enzymic studies of cytoplasmic enzymes from the granulocytes revealed a greatly reduced content of eosinophil cationic proteins, whereas 5 (7) other enzymes were present in a normal or slightly reduced quantity. The phagocytic capacity of the eosinophils against latex particles was normal. The patient developed generalized lymphomas, histologically very malignant, of the convoluted, acid phosphatase positive cell type (T-cell lymphoma). Sub-population studies of lymphocytes from a lymph node revealed 58% TE cells, while the remainder were B cells. At death, 3-1/2 years after the onset of symptoms, severe endomyocardial fibrosis was found. The thymus could not be identified. It is concluded that lymphomas should be described on the bais of clinical, histological, and histochemical criteria as well as studies of lymphocyte sub-populations and that the highly unusual eosinophil granulocytes still deserve particular attention. The endocardial fibrosis is assumed to have been due to substances liberated from the eosinophil cells.", "contents": "Unique eosinophil granules in a case of T-cell lymphoma. A 41-year-old man developed intense itching without visible cutaneous changes, epigastric pressure pain, and a slight intolerance to alcohol. He was found to have persistent blood eosinophilia. The eosinophil granulocytes were of abnormal appearance in the light microscope: larger than normal, the nuclei were multilobulated (4-6 lobes), the cytoplasm contained atypical, large granules, ample glycogen, and up to 12 vacuoles. In the electron microscope too the eosinophil granules were entirely atypical, having an electron-dense matrix, often with a light central inclusion body which was inhomogeneous, having longitudinally oriented structures with a periodicity of about 10 nm. These findings are quite contrary to normal eosinophil granules. Enzymic studies of cytoplasmic enzymes from the granulocytes revealed a greatly reduced content of eosinophil cationic proteins, whereas 5 (7) other enzymes were present in a normal or slightly reduced quantity. The phagocytic capacity of the eosinophils against latex particles was normal. The patient developed generalized lymphomas, histologically very malignant, of the convoluted, acid phosphatase positive cell type (T-cell lymphoma). Sub-population studies of lymphocytes from a lymph node revealed 58% TE cells, while the remainder were B cells. At death, 3-1/2 years after the onset of symptoms, severe endomyocardial fibrosis was found. The thymus could not be identified. It is concluded that lymphomas should be described on the bais of clinical, histological, and histochemical criteria as well as studies of lymphocyte sub-populations and that the highly unusual eosinophil granulocytes still deserve particular attention. The endocardial fibrosis is assumed to have been due to substances liberated from the eosinophil cells."}
{"id": "PMID:897558", "title": "The investigation of collagen induced platelet aggregation by the screen filtration pressure technique.", "content": "A modification of the screen filtration pressure technique has been developed to allow platelet response to collagen to be measured. Using a commercial collagen suspension this method has been found to be both simple to perform and to give highly reproducible results. Changes in platelet response to collagen after administration of acetylsalicyclic acid were clearly detected and this suggests that collagen screen filtration pressure may provide a sensitive method for evaluating the effect of platelet release inhibiting drugs.", "contents": "The investigation of collagen induced platelet aggregation by the screen filtration pressure technique. A modification of the screen filtration pressure technique has been developed to allow platelet response to collagen to be measured. Using a commercial collagen suspension this method has been found to be both simple to perform and to give highly reproducible results. Changes in platelet response to collagen after administration of acetylsalicyclic acid were clearly detected and this suggests that collagen screen filtration pressure may provide a sensitive method for evaluating the effect of platelet release inhibiting drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:897559", "title": "Renal salvage of haemoglobin iron.", "content": "Recycling of radioiron by renal tubular cells was studied in rats labelled by the i.v. injection of free 59Fe-Hb. Within 24 h, most of the renal radioactivity has been transferred from Hb to cellular ferritin and haemosiderin. Between day 1 and 14 of the study, urinary loss of radioactivity was less than 1% and most of the reduction in renal radioactivity represented transfer of renal iron into the circulation. An unexpected flexibility in the ability of rat kidney to recycle iron into the body has been found ranging from 13% in hypertransfused rats to 70% in bled animals. The high rate of renal iron transfer in bled animals was maintained under experimental conditions simulating chronic haemoglobinuria when most of the Hb removed by bleeding has been reinjected in the form of soluble Hb. Thus, epithelial cells in rat kidney as well as in the gut, appear to be able to transport iron with a much greater efficiency than in man, thereby contributing to the supply of iron for the rapid rates of growth and reproduction characteristic of this animal species.", "contents": "Renal salvage of haemoglobin iron. Recycling of radioiron by renal tubular cells was studied in rats labelled by the i.v. injection of free 59Fe-Hb. Within 24 h, most of the renal radioactivity has been transferred from Hb to cellular ferritin and haemosiderin. Between day 1 and 14 of the study, urinary loss of radioactivity was less than 1% and most of the reduction in renal radioactivity represented transfer of renal iron into the circulation. An unexpected flexibility in the ability of rat kidney to recycle iron into the body has been found ranging from 13% in hypertransfused rats to 70% in bled animals. The high rate of renal iron transfer in bled animals was maintained under experimental conditions simulating chronic haemoglobinuria when most of the Hb removed by bleeding has been reinjected in the form of soluble Hb. Thus, epithelial cells in rat kidney as well as in the gut, appear to be able to transport iron with a much greater efficiency than in man, thereby contributing to the supply of iron for the rapid rates of growth and reproduction characteristic of this animal species."}
{"id": "PMID:897560", "title": "A radioisotope dilution assay for unlabelled vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex employing the binding intrinsic factor antibody: probable evidence for two types of binding antibody.", "content": "A new radioisotope dilution assay for vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex is described. The method is based on the use of the binding type intrinsic factor antibody (the binding reagent), which when combined with the intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 complex (labelled ligand), is quantitatively adsorbed onto zirconium phosphate gel at pH 6.25. The new assay has been shown to provide a measure of intrinsic factor comparable with other intrinsic factor assays, but it has the important advantage of being able to measure the unlabelled vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex (unlabelled ligand), and will, therefore, be valuable in the study of physiological events in the gastrointestinal tract. During the study, it was found that there is some evidence for a least two types of binding intrinsic factor antibody: One which combines preferentially with the intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 complex and one which combines equally well with this complex or with free intrinsic factor.", "contents": "A radioisotope dilution assay for unlabelled vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex employing the binding intrinsic factor antibody: probable evidence for two types of binding antibody. A new radioisotope dilution assay for vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex is described. The method is based on the use of the binding type intrinsic factor antibody (the binding reagent), which when combined with the intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 complex (labelled ligand), is quantitatively adsorbed onto zirconium phosphate gel at pH 6.25. The new assay has been shown to provide a measure of intrinsic factor comparable with other intrinsic factor assays, but it has the important advantage of being able to measure the unlabelled vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex (unlabelled ligand), and will, therefore, be valuable in the study of physiological events in the gastrointestinal tract. During the study, it was found that there is some evidence for a least two types of binding intrinsic factor antibody: One which combines preferentially with the intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 complex and one which combines equally well with this complex or with free intrinsic factor."}
{"id": "PMID:897561", "title": "Heterogeneity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, and alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase in normal and leukaemic lymphocytes.", "content": "Comparative study of isoenzymic patterns of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase of normal and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) lymphocytes was carried out by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isoenzymograms of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase of leukaemic cells were similar to that of normal lymphocytes. However, different patterns were found in the case of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase. Two prominent anodal bands were present in CLL lymphocytes; these bands were either absent or very weak in normal cells.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, and alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase in normal and leukaemic lymphocytes. Comparative study of isoenzymic patterns of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase of normal and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) lymphocytes was carried out by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isoenzymograms of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase of leukaemic cells were similar to that of normal lymphocytes. However, different patterns were found in the case of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase. Two prominent anodal bands were present in CLL lymphocytes; these bands were either absent or very weak in normal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:897562", "title": "The effects of chronic administration of cyclophosphamide on haemopoietic stem cells.", "content": "The effects of cyclophosphamide given for 18 weeks in small daily doses on CFU-S, CFU-C, and CFU-E content in mice bone marrow and spleen were studied. In the bone marrow, after an initial drop, the stem cell content rises above the normal values and remains there throughout a long period. In the spleen the stem cell content shows an initial several fold increase followed by a steady decline. It seems possible that this behaviour reflects a compensative effect to the toxic action of the drug at more differentiated levels of the haemopoietic cells.", "contents": "The effects of chronic administration of cyclophosphamide on haemopoietic stem cells. The effects of cyclophosphamide given for 18 weeks in small daily doses on CFU-S, CFU-C, and CFU-E content in mice bone marrow and spleen were studied. In the bone marrow, after an initial drop, the stem cell content rises above the normal values and remains there throughout a long period. In the spleen the stem cell content shows an initial several fold increase followed by a steady decline. It seems possible that this behaviour reflects a compensative effect to the toxic action of the drug at more differentiated levels of the haemopoietic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:897563", "title": "Prolonged survival of implanting rat blastocysts in the uterus of congenitally athymic mice.", "content": "Rat blastocysts were transferred to the uteri of either immunodeficient, congenitally athymic (nu/nu) 'nude' mice or immunocompetent, heterozygous (nu/+) mice. Histological analysis showed that there was a similar frequency of implanted blastocysts in the two types of mice, that blastocysts transferred to nude athymic mice outlived those in heterozygous controls by at least 3 days, and that blastocysts in nude mice showed delayed and abnormal development and were eventually rejected. These findings suggest that the T-cell deficiency in nude mice may prolong the survival of implanting blastocyst but that other immune or non-immune factors still limit their development.", "contents": "Prolonged survival of implanting rat blastocysts in the uterus of congenitally athymic mice. Rat blastocysts were transferred to the uteri of either immunodeficient, congenitally athymic (nu/nu) 'nude' mice or immunocompetent, heterozygous (nu/+) mice. Histological analysis showed that there was a similar frequency of implanted blastocysts in the two types of mice, that blastocysts transferred to nude athymic mice outlived those in heterozygous controls by at least 3 days, and that blastocysts in nude mice showed delayed and abnormal development and were eventually rejected. These findings suggest that the T-cell deficiency in nude mice may prolong the survival of implanting blastocyst but that other immune or non-immune factors still limit their development."}
{"id": "PMID:897564", "title": "IgD and the fetal immune response.", "content": "IgD was detected in 84% of cord sera at term by an inhibition-of-hemagglutination test, in contrast to low incidences reported earlier. Cord blood IgD and maternal serum IgD values were unrelated to each other, consistent with a fetal origin of the IgD. The cord blood IgD failed to correlate, either directly or inversely, with cord blood IgA or IgM, suggesting that its presence does not reflect fetal synthesis of specific antibody but rather may be developmental.", "contents": "IgD and the fetal immune response. IgD was detected in 84% of cord sera at term by an inhibition-of-hemagglutination test, in contrast to low incidences reported earlier. Cord blood IgD and maternal serum IgD values were unrelated to each other, consistent with a fetal origin of the IgD. The cord blood IgD failed to correlate, either directly or inversely, with cord blood IgA or IgM, suggesting that its presence does not reflect fetal synthesis of specific antibody but rather may be developmental."}
{"id": "PMID:897565", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in various orders of vertebrates.", "content": "By using chicken antibodies and chicken lymphoid cells, we could demonstrate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) against haptenated chicken erythrocytes. ADCC could be demonstrated either by treating the target cells with antibody (sensitization) or by treating the effector cells (arming). Approximately ten times higher antibody concentrations were required for arming than for sensitization. Chicken lymphoid cells did not co-operate with mammalian antibodies in either type of ADCC, and thus the situation was reciprocal to that observed earlier with mammalian lymphoid cells. In a further attempt to characterize the arming phenomenon we used biofiltered (aggregate-free) mouse antibodies for the arming of rat spleen cells. They were as efficient as nonfiltered antibodies, and this confirms that individual antibody molecules are efficient in arming.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in various orders of vertebrates. By using chicken antibodies and chicken lymphoid cells, we could demonstrate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) against haptenated chicken erythrocytes. ADCC could be demonstrated either by treating the target cells with antibody (sensitization) or by treating the effector cells (arming). Approximately ten times higher antibody concentrations were required for arming than for sensitization. Chicken lymphoid cells did not co-operate with mammalian antibodies in either type of ADCC, and thus the situation was reciprocal to that observed earlier with mammalian lymphoid cells. In a further attempt to characterize the arming phenomenon we used biofiltered (aggregate-free) mouse antibodies for the arming of rat spleen cells. They were as efficient as nonfiltered antibodies, and this confirms that individual antibody molecules are efficient in arming."}
{"id": "PMID:897566", "title": "Otitis media in young children in different types of day-care.", "content": "The occurrence of otitis media was studied in 108 Sweden children attending 14 day-care centers and compared with that in 57 children cared for in their own homes (usually with one or no sibling) and with that in 42 children in family day-care homes (where a woman cared for both her own and 1 to 4 other children in her home during the day). The children were 6 months to 2 years old. In the day-care centers 37% of the children had otitis media at least once during 8 months with an average of 2.2 episodes each. Otitis media was more common in 6- to 17-months-old children in the day-care centers than in children of the same age cared for in their own homes. The occurrences of otitis media in the day-care centers and in the family day-care homes were approximately equal. Children attending centers where those with signs of infection were excluded had otitis in about the same frequency as those attending centers where children with infections were accepted.", "contents": "Otitis media in young children in different types of day-care. The occurrence of otitis media was studied in 108 Sweden children attending 14 day-care centers and compared with that in 57 children cared for in their own homes (usually with one or no sibling) and with that in 42 children in family day-care homes (where a woman cared for both her own and 1 to 4 other children in her home during the day). The children were 6 months to 2 years old. In the day-care centers 37% of the children had otitis media at least once during 8 months with an average of 2.2 episodes each. Otitis media was more common in 6- to 17-months-old children in the day-care centers than in children of the same age cared for in their own homes. The occurrences of otitis media in the day-care centers and in the family day-care homes were approximately equal. Children attending centers where those with signs of infection were excluded had otitis in about the same frequency as those attending centers where children with infections were accepted."}
{"id": "PMID:897567", "title": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test in pulmonary thromboembolism and pneumonia.", "content": "The histochemical nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test was performed in 88 patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism or lobar pneumonia and in 88 healthy control subjects. In the control group, the mean NBT score was 5.4%. In the group of 55 patients with pulmonary thromboembolism the mean NBT score was 6.5% which is insignificantly different from the control mean. Only 3 of these patients had scores above normal. 35 embolism patients were followed by repeated examinations for 1 week after admission. The NBT scores remained within normal limits. 29 of the 33 patients with lobar pneumonia had elevated scores, and the mean NBT score was 33.5%. Endotoxin stimulated NBT test disclosed normal enhancement of NBT reduction by neutrophils from patients in either group as well as controls. The NBT test is of value in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary infection and thromboembolic disease. However, the results should be interpreted in the light of other pertinent laboratory and clinical findings.", "contents": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test in pulmonary thromboembolism and pneumonia. The histochemical nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test was performed in 88 patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism or lobar pneumonia and in 88 healthy control subjects. In the control group, the mean NBT score was 5.4%. In the group of 55 patients with pulmonary thromboembolism the mean NBT score was 6.5% which is insignificantly different from the control mean. Only 3 of these patients had scores above normal. 35 embolism patients were followed by repeated examinations for 1 week after admission. The NBT scores remained within normal limits. 29 of the 33 patients with lobar pneumonia had elevated scores, and the mean NBT score was 33.5%. Endotoxin stimulated NBT test disclosed normal enhancement of NBT reduction by neutrophils from patients in either group as well as controls. The NBT test is of value in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary infection and thromboembolic disease. However, the results should be interpreted in the light of other pertinent laboratory and clinical findings."}
{"id": "PMID:897568", "title": "Check-ups after tours of duty to the tropics.", "content": "Out-patient check-ups of 603 persons returning from an average of 2 years and 8 months tour of duty to the tropics were completed in 99.3%. Only 14 (2.3%) cases of strictly tropical disorders were detected, but no serious disease. A long-term (3-5 years) follow-up questionnaire revealed no additional cases. It is concluded that check-up of asymptomatic travellers has a very low benefit-cost rate.", "contents": "Check-ups after tours of duty to the tropics. Out-patient check-ups of 603 persons returning from an average of 2 years and 8 months tour of duty to the tropics were completed in 99.3%. Only 14 (2.3%) cases of strictly tropical disorders were detected, but no serious disease. A long-term (3-5 years) follow-up questionnaire revealed no additional cases. It is concluded that check-up of asymptomatic travellers has a very low benefit-cost rate."}
{"id": "PMID:897569", "title": "Recurrent sterile meningitis as a manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosis.", "content": "In view of the rarity of recurrent sterile meningitis in systemic lupus erythematosis a case of this syndrome in a 54-year-old man is reported. This association should be considered in patients with a meninigitic picture in whom pathogenic organisms are not identified, especially if the meningitis is recurrent.", "contents": "Recurrent sterile meningitis as a manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosis. In view of the rarity of recurrent sterile meningitis in systemic lupus erythematosis a case of this syndrome in a 54-year-old man is reported. This association should be considered in patients with a meninigitic picture in whom pathogenic organisms are not identified, especially if the meningitis is recurrent."}
{"id": "PMID:897570", "title": "African trypanosomiasis: a danger for tourists visiting Gambia?", "content": "A 30-year-old Swedish woman visiting Gambia in 1975 acquired trypanosomiasis probably of the Gambian type. The first sign of her disease appeared as a trypanosomal chancre on her right thigh, soon followed by lymphadenitis in her right groin. One week later she became febrile and therefore hospitalized after returning to Sweden. The diagnosis was established by demonstrating numerous trypanosomes in a blood smear. 10 pentamidine injections (200 mg once daily intramuscularly cured her disease. The risk of acquiring trypanosomiasis in Gambia seems to be extremely small for tourists, but not quite negligible.", "contents": "African trypanosomiasis: a danger for tourists visiting Gambia? A 30-year-old Swedish woman visiting Gambia in 1975 acquired trypanosomiasis probably of the Gambian type. The first sign of her disease appeared as a trypanosomal chancre on her right thigh, soon followed by lymphadenitis in her right groin. One week later she became febrile and therefore hospitalized after returning to Sweden. The diagnosis was established by demonstrating numerous trypanosomes in a blood smear. 10 pentamidine injections (200 mg once daily intramuscularly cured her disease. The risk of acquiring trypanosomiasis in Gambia seems to be extremely small for tourists, but not quite negligible."}
{"id": "PMID:897571", "title": "Coenzyme-B12 therapy in acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "Extra vitamins are needed to repair tissue damage and compensate for diminished hepatic storage during viral hepatitis. Coenzyme-B12 has recently been synthesized and ought to have a favourable effect on the damaged liver cell as has previously been reported for cyanocobalamin, since it is better absorbed by oral administration and to a greater extent accumulated in the liver. Two groups of patients from the same hepatitis A epidemic were treated with either coenzyme-B12 or cyanocobalamin. A more rapid return of serum aminotransferase (S-ALAT) levels to normal was observed in the group treated with coenzyme-B12.", "contents": "Coenzyme-B12 therapy in acute viral hepatitis. Extra vitamins are needed to repair tissue damage and compensate for diminished hepatic storage during viral hepatitis. Coenzyme-B12 has recently been synthesized and ought to have a favourable effect on the damaged liver cell as has previously been reported for cyanocobalamin, since it is better absorbed by oral administration and to a greater extent accumulated in the liver. Two groups of patients from the same hepatitis A epidemic were treated with either coenzyme-B12 or cyanocobalamin. A more rapid return of serum aminotransferase (S-ALAT) levels to normal was observed in the group treated with coenzyme-B12."}
{"id": "PMID:897572", "title": "Echovirus type 7 isolated from conjunctival scrapings.", "content": "Echovirus type 7 was isolated from 7 conjunctival scrapings obtained during an epidemic of meningoencephalitis caused by the same virus. The patients suffered from conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis, and also had gastrointestinal symptoms, fever, headache and lymphadenopathy early in their illness. Two characteristics of the isolated strains were not in agreement with those of the standard echovirus type 7: they adapted only slowly to cell cultures, and no viral hemagglutinin for human red blood cells could be demonstrated. Our data suggest an etiologic association of echovirus 7 with eye disease.", "contents": "Echovirus type 7 isolated from conjunctival scrapings. Echovirus type 7 was isolated from 7 conjunctival scrapings obtained during an epidemic of meningoencephalitis caused by the same virus. The patients suffered from conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis, and also had gastrointestinal symptoms, fever, headache and lymphadenopathy early in their illness. Two characteristics of the isolated strains were not in agreement with those of the standard echovirus type 7: they adapted only slowly to cell cultures, and no viral hemagglutinin for human red blood cells could be demonstrated. Our data suggest an etiologic association of echovirus 7 with eye disease."}
{"id": "PMID:897573", "title": "Vitamin C as a preventive medicine against common colds in children.", "content": "During 7 weeks in the spring of 1973 a double-blind pilot study on 172 children in the age group 8-9 was carried out to test the possible effect of 1000 mg vitamin C daily as a prophylactic agent against common colds. During the autumn of 1973, a main study was carried out on 642 children of the same age. The investigations had the same pattern and lasted for 3 months. Both studies have been processed on the same principles. The results were somewhat divergent but, like previously published studies on children, seemed to indicate that the duration and severity of the cold were reduced while, on the other hand, the incidence remained unaltered or indeed increased. The total number of days of upper respiratory tract infection was smaller for the vitamin C group only in the pilot study (not in the main study). No proven biochemical effects were obtained. Preventive treatment of healthy children with vitamin C in large doses this had no definitely proved effect against colds.", "contents": "Vitamin C as a preventive medicine against common colds in children. During 7 weeks in the spring of 1973 a double-blind pilot study on 172 children in the age group 8-9 was carried out to test the possible effect of 1000 mg vitamin C daily as a prophylactic agent against common colds. During the autumn of 1973, a main study was carried out on 642 children of the same age. The investigations had the same pattern and lasted for 3 months. Both studies have been processed on the same principles. The results were somewhat divergent but, like previously published studies on children, seemed to indicate that the duration and severity of the cold were reduced while, on the other hand, the incidence remained unaltered or indeed increased. The total number of days of upper respiratory tract infection was smaller for the vitamin C group only in the pilot study (not in the main study). No proven biochemical effects were obtained. Preventive treatment of healthy children with vitamin C in large doses this had no definitely proved effect against colds."}
{"id": "PMID:897574", "title": "Urodynamic studies in boys with disorders of the lower urinary tract. I. Urethral strictures. A pre-and postoperative study.", "content": "Sixteen boys with urethral strictures underwent urodynamic investigation pre- and postoperatively. The intravesical pressure preoperatively showed wide variations during micturition and was increased in only half of the patients. The urinary flow pre-operatively displayed a uniform picture with a decreased maximum flow in all the patients, plateau-formation and slow initiation of the flow curve. The maximum exit velocity of the urinary stream was decreased and the urethral energy losses were very high. After treatment, the out-flow situation was generally improved, but restored to normal only in some cases. Patients with short strictures showed the highest degree of urethral obstruction, but they also seemed to have the best prognosis, some of them even reaching supernormal flows. Flow measurement alone is recommended in the long-term follow-u, which is necessary in these patients. After-contraction was not present in any of the patients pre-operatively, blt occurred in about half of them postoperatively. This and some other findings may indicate the existence of functional changes in the bladder neck in patients with urethral stricture. On case with partial detrusor muscle insufficiency is reported.", "contents": "Urodynamic studies in boys with disorders of the lower urinary tract. I. Urethral strictures. A pre-and postoperative study. Sixteen boys with urethral strictures underwent urodynamic investigation pre- and postoperatively. The intravesical pressure preoperatively showed wide variations during micturition and was increased in only half of the patients. The urinary flow pre-operatively displayed a uniform picture with a decreased maximum flow in all the patients, plateau-formation and slow initiation of the flow curve. The maximum exit velocity of the urinary stream was decreased and the urethral energy losses were very high. After treatment, the out-flow situation was generally improved, but restored to normal only in some cases. Patients with short strictures showed the highest degree of urethral obstruction, but they also seemed to have the best prognosis, some of them even reaching supernormal flows. Flow measurement alone is recommended in the long-term follow-u, which is necessary in these patients. After-contraction was not present in any of the patients pre-operatively, blt occurred in about half of them postoperatively. This and some other findings may indicate the existence of functional changes in the bladder neck in patients with urethral stricture. On case with partial detrusor muscle insufficiency is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:897575", "title": "Urodynamic studies in boys with disorders of the lower urinary tract. II. Stenosis of the external urethral meatus. A pre- and postoperative study.", "content": "Nineteen boys with stenosis of the external urethral meatus underwent urodynamic investigation. The intravesical pressure pre-operatively was essentially normal in all but two patients. The urinary flow preoperatively was characterized by slow initiation, plateauformation in the flow curve and, in all but two patients, a decreased maximum flow. The urethral resistance was increased in all patients. The maximum exit velocity of the urinary stream was generally increased and the urethral energy losses essentially within normal limits. Urodynamic investigation proved to be of value in respect of diagnosis and follow-up. The outflow situation was satisfactorily improved in most patients after treatment, but in one third there was little or no change for the better.", "contents": "Urodynamic studies in boys with disorders of the lower urinary tract. II. Stenosis of the external urethral meatus. A pre- and postoperative study. Nineteen boys with stenosis of the external urethral meatus underwent urodynamic investigation. The intravesical pressure pre-operatively was essentially normal in all but two patients. The urinary flow preoperatively was characterized by slow initiation, plateauformation in the flow curve and, in all but two patients, a decreased maximum flow. The urethral resistance was increased in all patients. The maximum exit velocity of the urinary stream was generally increased and the urethral energy losses essentially within normal limits. Urodynamic investigation proved to be of value in respect of diagnosis and follow-up. The outflow situation was satisfactorily improved in most patients after treatment, but in one third there was little or no change for the better."}
{"id": "PMID:897576", "title": "In vitro binding of tritiated hormone-cytostatic complexes in the cytosol of various rat tissues and the incorporation of these complexes into nuclei.", "content": "Cytosols from rat ventral prostate, liver and muscle were incubated with tritiated estrogen-cytostatic complexes or tritiated estrogen alone. Considerably more radioactivity was recovered in the 4 S region when samples from ventral prostate cytosol were analysed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation compared with samples from liver or muscle cytosols. Similar results were found using Sephadex gel filtration. However, when cytosols were incubated with tritated estrogen alone only unspecific binding was registered. After in vitro tissue incubation with the tritiated hormone-cytostatic complexes, radioactivity was found in purified nuclei of both ventral prostate and liver tissue. The possible nature of the macromolecules which bind hormone-cytostatic complexes is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro binding of tritiated hormone-cytostatic complexes in the cytosol of various rat tissues and the incorporation of these complexes into nuclei. Cytosols from rat ventral prostate, liver and muscle were incubated with tritiated estrogen-cytostatic complexes or tritiated estrogen alone. Considerably more radioactivity was recovered in the 4 S region when samples from ventral prostate cytosol were analysed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation compared with samples from liver or muscle cytosols. Similar results were found using Sephadex gel filtration. However, when cytosols were incubated with tritated estrogen alone only unspecific binding was registered. After in vitro tissue incubation with the tritiated hormone-cytostatic complexes, radioactivity was found in purified nuclei of both ventral prostate and liver tissue. The possible nature of the macromolecules which bind hormone-cytostatic complexes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897577", "title": "The effects of some anticholinergic compounds on the rabbit ureter.", "content": "Atropine, emeprone, and PR 197--a new anticholinergic compound--were examined for their possible effects on the rabbit ureter in situ. Ureteral pressure, recorded at two levels simultaneously, and intravesical pressure were studied. The effects of the substances were recorded in both normal (unobstructed) and obstructed ureters. It was found that all the substances, but especially PR 197, produced a fall in the basic intra-ureteral pressure, which was most pronounced in animals with obstructed ureters. PR 197 also temporarily abolished the ureteral peristalsis, while atropine and emeprone did not have this effect.", "contents": "The effects of some anticholinergic compounds on the rabbit ureter. Atropine, emeprone, and PR 197--a new anticholinergic compound--were examined for their possible effects on the rabbit ureter in situ. Ureteral pressure, recorded at two levels simultaneously, and intravesical pressure were studied. The effects of the substances were recorded in both normal (unobstructed) and obstructed ureters. It was found that all the substances, but especially PR 197, produced a fall in the basic intra-ureteral pressure, which was most pronounced in animals with obstructed ureters. PR 197 also temporarily abolished the ureteral peristalsis, while atropine and emeprone did not have this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:897578", "title": "Compensatory renal hypertrophia in patients undergoing unilateral nephrectomy.", "content": "Estimations of the residual glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were made from renography and GFR measurements before unilateral nephrectomy in 28 patients aged 42-77 years. The GFR was measured one week and three months after the operation and comparisons were made between the function of the remaining kidney and the preoperative estimate. In 23 patients where the removed kidney had some function, the mean GFR increased by 32% and 22% after one week and three months, respectively. In 5 patients where the removed kidney had no function, no compensatory hypertrophy occurred.", "contents": "Compensatory renal hypertrophia in patients undergoing unilateral nephrectomy. Estimations of the residual glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were made from renography and GFR measurements before unilateral nephrectomy in 28 patients aged 42-77 years. The GFR was measured one week and three months after the operation and comparisons were made between the function of the remaining kidney and the preoperative estimate. In 23 patients where the removed kidney had some function, the mean GFR increased by 32% and 22% after one week and three months, respectively. In 5 patients where the removed kidney had no function, no compensatory hypertrophy occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:897579", "title": "The influence of warm ischaemia on renal function and pathology.", "content": "Temporary occlusion of the left renal artery for 0-180 min after contralateral nephrectomy was undertaken in 51 rabbits. The correlation between the injury of warm ischaemia and kidney function, survival and histology was evaluated. After 0, 60, 90 and 120 min occlusion, all animals survived and normal renal function was restored. After occlusion for 150 min only 4 of 10 animals survived, and normal renal function was not re-established. 180 min occlusion was detrimental to the animals. Only one out of ten survived with severely damaged kidney function. Histological findings were consistent with the experimental observations of renal function.", "contents": "The influence of warm ischaemia on renal function and pathology. Temporary occlusion of the left renal artery for 0-180 min after contralateral nephrectomy was undertaken in 51 rabbits. The correlation between the injury of warm ischaemia and kidney function, survival and histology was evaluated. After 0, 60, 90 and 120 min occlusion, all animals survived and normal renal function was restored. After occlusion for 150 min only 4 of 10 animals survived, and normal renal function was not re-established. 180 min occlusion was detrimental to the animals. Only one out of ten survived with severely damaged kidney function. Histological findings were consistent with the experimental observations of renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:897580", "title": "The effect of chlorpromazine and heparin pretreatment on kidney viability and function after warm ischaemic damage.", "content": "The influence of chlorpromazine and heparin pretreament on kidney function and histology has been investigated in rabbit kidneys damaged by warm ischaemia. Three experimental groups were investigated. One in which animals were pretreated with heparin, one group pretreated with heparin and chlorpromazine, and one group without pretreatment. The left renal artery was temporarily clamped for 3 hours and the kidneys recirculated. After 2-3 weeks a delayed contralateral nephrectomy was made, and after another 2-3 weeks all kidneys were studied histologically. Kidney function was measured by determination of serum-creatinine. The experiments showed, that all animals survived with impaired renal function. Pretreatment with chlorpromazine and heparin did not affect the final results. Secerity of the ischaemic damage, histologically evaluated was the same in all groups.", "contents": "The effect of chlorpromazine and heparin pretreatment on kidney viability and function after warm ischaemic damage. The influence of chlorpromazine and heparin pretreament on kidney function and histology has been investigated in rabbit kidneys damaged by warm ischaemia. Three experimental groups were investigated. One in which animals were pretreated with heparin, one group pretreated with heparin and chlorpromazine, and one group without pretreatment. The left renal artery was temporarily clamped for 3 hours and the kidneys recirculated. After 2-3 weeks a delayed contralateral nephrectomy was made, and after another 2-3 weeks all kidneys were studied histologically. Kidney function was measured by determination of serum-creatinine. The experiments showed, that all animals survived with impaired renal function. Pretreatment with chlorpromazine and heparin did not affect the final results. Secerity of the ischaemic damage, histologically evaluated was the same in all groups."}
{"id": "PMID:897581", "title": "Renal revascularization after splenic artery implantation into the kidney. Studies on angiography ex vivo, microangiography and histology in dogs.", "content": "Twenty-eight mongrels were subjected to splenic artery implantation into the left kidney for a period of time varying from 7 days to 32 weeks. In 25 of the kidneys a renal artery stenosis was created. Angiography ex vivo, microangiography and histological examination showed that direct implantation of the splenic artery into the renal parenchyma regularly was followed by an initial thrombus formation in the implanted artery and an early recanalization of this thrombus. Newly formed vessels could be demonstrated in the vicinity of the intrarenal portion of the artery already during the second week after implantation. By way of these newly formed vessels three different types of communications were established between the implanted artery and the original intrarenal arteries.", "contents": "Renal revascularization after splenic artery implantation into the kidney. Studies on angiography ex vivo, microangiography and histology in dogs. Twenty-eight mongrels were subjected to splenic artery implantation into the left kidney for a period of time varying from 7 days to 32 weeks. In 25 of the kidneys a renal artery stenosis was created. Angiography ex vivo, microangiography and histological examination showed that direct implantation of the splenic artery into the renal parenchyma regularly was followed by an initial thrombus formation in the implanted artery and an early recanalization of this thrombus. Newly formed vessels could be demonstrated in the vicinity of the intrarenal portion of the artery already during the second week after implantation. By way of these newly formed vessels three different types of communications were established between the implanted artery and the original intrarenal arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:897582", "title": "Renal endometriosis. A case report.", "content": "In a 23-year-old woman with lumbar pain, an expansive process in the right kidney was demonstrated by I.V.P., retrograde pyelography and renal angiography. The histological examination subsequent to nephrectomy showed endometriosis in association with localized xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Renal endometriosis has been described only eight times previously in the literature. The current case is discussed and compared with previous reports.", "contents": "Renal endometriosis. A case report. In a 23-year-old woman with lumbar pain, an expansive process in the right kidney was demonstrated by I.V.P., retrograde pyelography and renal angiography. The histological examination subsequent to nephrectomy showed endometriosis in association with localized xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Renal endometriosis has been described only eight times previously in the literature. The current case is discussed and compared with previous reports."}
{"id": "PMID:897585", "title": "Osmic acid in rheumatoid synovitis. A controlled study.", "content": "In 24 adult RA patients with knee joint synovitis and bilateral hydrops, the worse joint clinically was treated with osmic acid and 50 mg of hydrocortisone acetate, while the better joint clinically was treated with 40 mg of methylprednisolone acetate (Depot Medrol). After 6 months, hydrops was palpable in 8 joints treated with osmic acid and in 15 joints treated with corticosteroid only. Pain relief was more marked in joints treated with osmic acid.", "contents": "Osmic acid in rheumatoid synovitis. A controlled study. In 24 adult RA patients with knee joint synovitis and bilateral hydrops, the worse joint clinically was treated with osmic acid and 50 mg of hydrocortisone acetate, while the better joint clinically was treated with 40 mg of methylprednisolone acetate (Depot Medrol). After 6 months, hydrops was palpable in 8 joints treated with osmic acid and in 15 joints treated with corticosteroid only. Pain relief was more marked in joints treated with osmic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:897586", "title": "Cauda equina lesions in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Three patients with the combination of long-standing ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and cauda equina syndrome are described and compared with 17 from the literature. The nerve root lesion has been of gradual onset and has since the time of diagnosis either been stationary or progressed slowly. Radicular pain in the feet and legs, and genito-urinary complaints have been the dominant and most disabling symptoms. Typical myelographic findings were expansion of the dural sac and arachnoidal diverticula. There is a highly probable relationship between AS and the neurological syndrome. The pathogenesis is probably related to early arachnoiditis with subsequent loss of meningeal elasticity. Earlier recognition of the root lesion may result in a more effective treatment.", "contents": "Cauda equina lesions in ankylosing spondylitis. Three patients with the combination of long-standing ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and cauda equina syndrome are described and compared with 17 from the literature. The nerve root lesion has been of gradual onset and has since the time of diagnosis either been stationary or progressed slowly. Radicular pain in the feet and legs, and genito-urinary complaints have been the dominant and most disabling symptoms. Typical myelographic findings were expansion of the dural sac and arachnoidal diverticula. There is a highly probable relationship between AS and the neurological syndrome. The pathogenesis is probably related to early arachnoiditis with subsequent loss of meningeal elasticity. Earlier recognition of the root lesion may result in a more effective treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:897587", "title": "Effect of gold treatment on the progression of erosions in RA patients.", "content": "The progressive of erosive X-ray changes over a period of 5-6 years was evaluated in RA patients with a low or high dose of gold during the follow-up period. The \"low gold\" group included 18 patients whose treatment was discontinued because of side effects at a mean dose of 254 mg of Myocrisin. The \"high gold\" group included 32 patients who received a mean dose of 1858 mg of Myocrisin. Both the number of eroded joints in the hands and feet and the X-ray stage had deteriorated more in the \"low gold\" group. The inter-group difference was statistically significant. Thus, gold treatment has a retarding effect on the progression of erosions in RA patients.", "contents": "Effect of gold treatment on the progression of erosions in RA patients. The progressive of erosive X-ray changes over a period of 5-6 years was evaluated in RA patients with a low or high dose of gold during the follow-up period. The \"low gold\" group included 18 patients whose treatment was discontinued because of side effects at a mean dose of 254 mg of Myocrisin. The \"high gold\" group included 32 patients who received a mean dose of 1858 mg of Myocrisin. Both the number of eroded joints in the hands and feet and the X-ray stage had deteriorated more in the \"low gold\" group. The inter-group difference was statistically significant. Thus, gold treatment has a retarding effect on the progression of erosions in RA patients."}
{"id": "PMID:897588", "title": "The nitroblue tetrazolium test in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and the stimulation of granulocytes by patients sera.", "content": "The spontaneous NBT test was used in 57 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and another connective tissue diseases. The patients were grouped according to the various manifestations and divided into different stages of activity. The patients with tendosynovitis and unknown arthralgia showed a negative test. Patients with morbus Wissler without exudative joint manifestations were also NBT-negative, to a large degree. By contrast, all manifestations with joint involvement showed a high per centage of positive results in the NBT test. In a second investigation, the granulocytes of normal persons were stimulated by sera of patients with various manifestations of JRA. The sera of patients with joint manifestations all caused a stimulation of the granulocytes of normal persons, compared with the controls, in which pooled human serum was employed. Stimulation of granulocytes with serum of Wissler patients proved impossible, however.", "contents": "The nitroblue tetrazolium test in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and the stimulation of granulocytes by patients sera. The spontaneous NBT test was used in 57 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and another connective tissue diseases. The patients were grouped according to the various manifestations and divided into different stages of activity. The patients with tendosynovitis and unknown arthralgia showed a negative test. Patients with morbus Wissler without exudative joint manifestations were also NBT-negative, to a large degree. By contrast, all manifestations with joint involvement showed a high per centage of positive results in the NBT test. In a second investigation, the granulocytes of normal persons were stimulated by sera of patients with various manifestations of JRA. The sera of patients with joint manifestations all caused a stimulation of the granulocytes of normal persons, compared with the controls, in which pooled human serum was employed. Stimulation of granulocytes with serum of Wissler patients proved impossible, however."}
{"id": "PMID:897589", "title": "Acid glycosaminoglycans in plasma. I. Determination.", "content": "Plasma glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were isolated from 10 ml of plasma by a modification of the method of Calatroni et al. (3). DE-52 anion-exchange cellulose was used in the isolation of the fraction operationally defined as free GAG. Chondroitin sulphate and heparin added to plasma were quantitatively recovered in this fraction. After proteolysis with papain the fraction operationally defined as bound GAG was isolated using anion-exchange resin AG 1 X 2. GAG were measured as hexuronate with the m-hydroxydiphenyl method of Blumenkrantz and Asboe-Hansen (7) which was superior to various modifications of the carbazole/borate carbazole procedures. In 15 healthy females and in 15 healthy males the concentrations of the free GAG (mean +/- S.D., expressed as microgram per 10 ml of plasma) were: 12.2 +/- 2.8 and 16.8 +/- 3.8 (P less than 0.001); of the bound GAG 40.4 +/- 7.7, and 40.2 +/- 11.6; and of the total GAG 52.7 +/- 9.0 and 57.0 +/- 10.4, respectively. With the isolation procedures used, plasma GAG were obtained in sufficient quantity for their electrophoretic characterization. Assay of plasma GAG can be performed with satisfactory accuracy and precision within two days by the present method. In clinical chemistry its application to the study of proteoglycan and GAG metabolism in various diseases may prove valuable.", "contents": "Acid glycosaminoglycans in plasma. I. Determination. Plasma glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were isolated from 10 ml of plasma by a modification of the method of Calatroni et al. (3). DE-52 anion-exchange cellulose was used in the isolation of the fraction operationally defined as free GAG. Chondroitin sulphate and heparin added to plasma were quantitatively recovered in this fraction. After proteolysis with papain the fraction operationally defined as bound GAG was isolated using anion-exchange resin AG 1 X 2. GAG were measured as hexuronate with the m-hydroxydiphenyl method of Blumenkrantz and Asboe-Hansen (7) which was superior to various modifications of the carbazole/borate carbazole procedures. In 15 healthy females and in 15 healthy males the concentrations of the free GAG (mean +/- S.D., expressed as microgram per 10 ml of plasma) were: 12.2 +/- 2.8 and 16.8 +/- 3.8 (P less than 0.001); of the bound GAG 40.4 +/- 7.7, and 40.2 +/- 11.6; and of the total GAG 52.7 +/- 9.0 and 57.0 +/- 10.4, respectively. With the isolation procedures used, plasma GAG were obtained in sufficient quantity for their electrophoretic characterization. Assay of plasma GAG can be performed with satisfactory accuracy and precision within two days by the present method. In clinical chemistry its application to the study of proteoglycan and GAG metabolism in various diseases may prove valuable."}
{"id": "PMID:897590", "title": "(D)-penicillamine treatment in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Effect on nutritional capillary circulation.", "content": "Four patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) were treated with (D)-penicillamine (1.2-1.8 g/d) for 18-60 months. All patients improved. Vital capillary microscopy demonstrated that the number of visible skin capillaries increased during therapy, thus indicating a more efficient nutritional circulation.", "contents": "(D)-penicillamine treatment in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Effect on nutritional capillary circulation. Four patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) were treated with (D)-penicillamine (1.2-1.8 g/d) for 18-60 months. All patients improved. Vital capillary microscopy demonstrated that the number of visible skin capillaries increased during therapy, thus indicating a more efficient nutritional circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:897609", "title": "Reflex dystrophy. Resting blood flow and muscle temperatures as diagnostic criteria.", "content": "Fifty-one patients were examined following an injury of the upper extremity. Clinically, 25 patients were estimated as having reflex dystrophy, while the rest was categorized as either having a possible reflex dystrophy or acted as controls. Temperature and blood flow measurements were carried out on both extremities of the patients. The temperature of the brachioradial muscle and resting blood flow of the same segment of the forearm gave highly significant elevated values on the reflex dystrophic arms as compared with the healthy side, while the control patients revealed no such differences. Combination of these two parameters proved to give a specificity and sensitivity that high that they can be recommended as a diagnostic tool. A quantitative measurement and exact diagnosis make controlled trials on this group of patients easier in the future.", "contents": "Reflex dystrophy. Resting blood flow and muscle temperatures as diagnostic criteria. Fifty-one patients were examined following an injury of the upper extremity. Clinically, 25 patients were estimated as having reflex dystrophy, while the rest was categorized as either having a possible reflex dystrophy or acted as controls. Temperature and blood flow measurements were carried out on both extremities of the patients. The temperature of the brachioradial muscle and resting blood flow of the same segment of the forearm gave highly significant elevated values on the reflex dystrophic arms as compared with the healthy side, while the control patients revealed no such differences. Combination of these two parameters proved to give a specificity and sensitivity that high that they can be recommended as a diagnostic tool. A quantitative measurement and exact diagnosis make controlled trials on this group of patients easier in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:897610", "title": "The biomechanical influence of traction on the cervical spine.", "content": "The effects exerted on the cervical spine by a traction of 150 N was studied by means of an improved radiographic technique. The technique is presented together with results from a study including fifteen test subjects with and without clinical symptoms of neck pain. In a minority of discs a widening not exceeding 1 mm was seen. This widening was not correlated to presence of roentgen signs indicating degenerative disease of the disc nor to clinical symptomatology.", "contents": "The biomechanical influence of traction on the cervical spine. The effects exerted on the cervical spine by a traction of 150 N was studied by means of an improved radiographic technique. The technique is presented together with results from a study including fifteen test subjects with and without clinical symptoms of neck pain. In a minority of discs a widening not exceeding 1 mm was seen. This widening was not correlated to presence of roentgen signs indicating degenerative disease of the disc nor to clinical symptomatology."}
{"id": "PMID:897611", "title": "Post-traumatic syringomyelia. Review of the literature and two new autopsy cases.", "content": "Two cases of post-traumatic syringomyelia studied macro- and microscopically are reported and compared with three previous autopsy cases described in the literature reviewed. The histological findings suggest that the pathogenesis may be explained by a pressure gradient in a small primary cavity. Although syringomyelia is a rare complication of traumatic spinal cord lesions, it is important to draw attention to the condition because it may be improved by surgical intervention.", "contents": "Post-traumatic syringomyelia. Review of the literature and two new autopsy cases. Two cases of post-traumatic syringomyelia studied macro- and microscopically are reported and compared with three previous autopsy cases described in the literature reviewed. The histological findings suggest that the pathogenesis may be explained by a pressure gradient in a small primary cavity. Although syringomyelia is a rare complication of traumatic spinal cord lesions, it is important to draw attention to the condition because it may be improved by surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:897612", "title": "Somatosensory cerebral evoked potentials in diagnosing brachial plexus injuries.", "content": "Seven patients, 5 months up to 7 years after closed injury of the brachial plexus, were stimulated in the wrist, elbow and axilla of the extremity affected in order to invistigate average somatosensory cerebral evoked potentials (SCEP). Avulsion of most of the roots C5-Thl from the spinal cord could be objectively proved. All available clinical, contrast X-ray, and electrophysiological methods were used as well as surgical approach in the supraclavicular region or laminectomy. Sensation was objectivized by the galvanic skin reflex. Sensory nerve action potentials (NAP) were registered from the ulnar, median, radial nerves. Absence of SCEP in normal NAP helped to localize injury at the preganglionic dorsal root level. Absence of both SCEP and NAP, as seen in one case only, was of no use in the localization. Reduced SCEPs were found in most cases (with or without NAP), with prolonged latency. SCEP can be induced by even a small part of the preserved dorsal roots, e.g. part of a single one, as actually found. The presence of reduced SCEP then does not rule out avulsion of other spinal roots. SCEP from the axilla and upper arm medial side can be conducted--not along the plexus root pathway, but along the intercostobrachia nerve (Th2-3), which normally supplies that skin region.", "contents": "Somatosensory cerebral evoked potentials in diagnosing brachial plexus injuries. Seven patients, 5 months up to 7 years after closed injury of the brachial plexus, were stimulated in the wrist, elbow and axilla of the extremity affected in order to invistigate average somatosensory cerebral evoked potentials (SCEP). Avulsion of most of the roots C5-Thl from the spinal cord could be objectively proved. All available clinical, contrast X-ray, and electrophysiological methods were used as well as surgical approach in the supraclavicular region or laminectomy. Sensation was objectivized by the galvanic skin reflex. Sensory nerve action potentials (NAP) were registered from the ulnar, median, radial nerves. Absence of SCEP in normal NAP helped to localize injury at the preganglionic dorsal root level. Absence of both SCEP and NAP, as seen in one case only, was of no use in the localization. Reduced SCEPs were found in most cases (with or without NAP), with prolonged latency. SCEP can be induced by even a small part of the preserved dorsal roots, e.g. part of a single one, as actually found. The presence of reduced SCEP then does not rule out avulsion of other spinal roots. SCEP from the axilla and upper arm medial side can be conducted--not along the plexus root pathway, but along the intercostobrachia nerve (Th2-3), which normally supplies that skin region."}
{"id": "PMID:897613", "title": "Lean and fat component of the human thigh. The effects of immobilization in plaster and subsequent physical training.", "content": "Changes in thigh components were investigated with the one-legged inactivity- and training-model using 22 young healthy male soccer players, who for 4-5 weeks had one leg immobilized in a cast. They were investigated before and after the cast period and after 4 weeks' physical training of the inactivated leg. Immobilization induced a significant increase in the subcutaneous thickness and a significant decrease in the circumference of the thigh (p less than 0.01). The calculated lean thigh volume was reduced from 4.93 1 to 4.10 1 (p less than 0.01), whereas the calculated fat thigh volume (1.5 1) was unchanged. The changes reversed after four weeks of progressive dynamic training, but did not reach the pre-immobilized values. Body weight decreased from 73.4 kg to 70.8 kg (p less than 0.01) during the immobilization period and was regained after the training period. The fat fraction of the body was unchanged. It is concluded that the loss in total thigh volume during inactivation in a cast is due to waste of the muscle tissue, and further that this loss is partly concealed by an unchanged fat thigh volume.", "contents": "Lean and fat component of the human thigh. The effects of immobilization in plaster and subsequent physical training. Changes in thigh components were investigated with the one-legged inactivity- and training-model using 22 young healthy male soccer players, who for 4-5 weeks had one leg immobilized in a cast. They were investigated before and after the cast period and after 4 weeks' physical training of the inactivated leg. Immobilization induced a significant increase in the subcutaneous thickness and a significant decrease in the circumference of the thigh (p less than 0.01). The calculated lean thigh volume was reduced from 4.93 1 to 4.10 1 (p less than 0.01), whereas the calculated fat thigh volume (1.5 1) was unchanged. The changes reversed after four weeks of progressive dynamic training, but did not reach the pre-immobilized values. Body weight decreased from 73.4 kg to 70.8 kg (p less than 0.01) during the immobilization period and was regained after the training period. The fat fraction of the body was unchanged. It is concluded that the loss in total thigh volume during inactivation in a cast is due to waste of the muscle tissue, and further that this loss is partly concealed by an unchanged fat thigh volume."}
{"id": "PMID:897614", "title": "Verbal learning in aphasic and non-aphasic patients with severe head injuries.", "content": "The performances of two groups of patients, one aphasic and one non-aphasic, with severe head injuries, and a control group were compared on tests of: auditory-verbal memory span, rote learning, learning of unrelated words, concrete and abstract, and substance recall. The non-aphasics scored significantly lower than the controls in all tests but substance recall (immediate) and the aphasics did so in all tests. The aphasics were significantly worse on rote learning and learning of unrelated words than patients without aphasia.", "contents": "Verbal learning in aphasic and non-aphasic patients with severe head injuries. The performances of two groups of patients, one aphasic and one non-aphasic, with severe head injuries, and a control group were compared on tests of: auditory-verbal memory span, rote learning, learning of unrelated words, concrete and abstract, and substance recall. The non-aphasics scored significantly lower than the controls in all tests but substance recall (immediate) and the aphasics did so in all tests. The aphasics were significantly worse on rote learning and learning of unrelated words than patients without aphasia."}
{"id": "PMID:897615", "title": "Vocational and functional assessment of clients reopened for service.", "content": "Former clients (107) of the Massachusetts Rehabilitation Commission were evaluated to determine the reasons for their return to the Commission a second time. Clients returned to obtain physical restoration services, employment or training such as in a vocational school or college. Clients were given a vocational interview (the Goldberg Scale) and the Tufts Programmed Functional Assessment, embracing the Barthel and PULSES Profile. Work status at follow up was significantly predicted by the Goldberg Scale and the PULSES Profile. A significant number returned to work after receiving services a second time.", "contents": "Vocational and functional assessment of clients reopened for service. Former clients (107) of the Massachusetts Rehabilitation Commission were evaluated to determine the reasons for their return to the Commission a second time. Clients returned to obtain physical restoration services, employment or training such as in a vocational school or college. Clients were given a vocational interview (the Goldberg Scale) and the Tufts Programmed Functional Assessment, embracing the Barthel and PULSES Profile. Work status at follow up was significantly predicted by the Goldberg Scale and the PULSES Profile. A significant number returned to work after receiving services a second time."}
{"id": "PMID:897616", "title": "Prevention of bleeding tendency after open-heart surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "Postoperative blood losses after open-heart surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot made re-operation imperative in 15 out of 44 patients (34%, Series A). A surgical bleeding point proved to be the causative factor in only 2 cases; the others were believed to be caused by disturbances of the haemostatic mechanism, particularly by low platelet counts, apparently due to extracorporeal circulation. Administration of a platelet suspension after disconnection of the extracorporeal circuit diminished the number of bleeding complications significantly: in a series of 58 patients (Series B), 8 re-operations (14%) were necessary. In 3 of these cases, technical reasons could be found for the blood losses. Haemodilution was carried out routinely in both series. However, the diluent contained a pasteurised protein solution in Series A and fresh frozen plasma in Series B in order to minimize the deficit of coagulation factors as much as possible.", "contents": "Prevention of bleeding tendency after open-heart surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot. Postoperative blood losses after open-heart surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot made re-operation imperative in 15 out of 44 patients (34%, Series A). A surgical bleeding point proved to be the causative factor in only 2 cases; the others were believed to be caused by disturbances of the haemostatic mechanism, particularly by low platelet counts, apparently due to extracorporeal circulation. Administration of a platelet suspension after disconnection of the extracorporeal circuit diminished the number of bleeding complications significantly: in a series of 58 patients (Series B), 8 re-operations (14%) were necessary. In 3 of these cases, technical reasons could be found for the blood losses. Haemodilution was carried out routinely in both series. However, the diluent contained a pasteurised protein solution in Series A and fresh frozen plasma in Series B in order to minimize the deficit of coagulation factors as much as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:897617", "title": "Mitral valve replacement. A comparative clinical and haemodynamic study of the new Lillehei-Kaster and Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses.", "content": "A comparison is made between the clinical and haemodynamic results after mitral valve replacement with the Lillehei-Kaster and the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley disc valve prostheses, which were used alternatively in 54 patients with isolated mitral valve disease. No difference in functional improvement in the two groups was noted. Haemodynamic studies indicated a striking decrease in left atrial and pulmonary artery pressure, irrespective of the type of prosthesis inserted. Cardiac output incresed after operation, but was significantly different from the pre-operative value only in patients with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis, which also had a more favourable relationship between cardiac output and oxygen uptake during excercise than the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis. One major advantage of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis is probably its favourable ration between tissue diameter and orifice area in contrast to the relatively large seating ring with a more unfavourable corresponding ratio in the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis. In addition, the former valve possesses a more definite ability to increase its effective valve area during exercise.", "contents": "Mitral valve replacement. A comparative clinical and haemodynamic study of the new Lillehei-Kaster and Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses. A comparison is made between the clinical and haemodynamic results after mitral valve replacement with the Lillehei-Kaster and the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley disc valve prostheses, which were used alternatively in 54 patients with isolated mitral valve disease. No difference in functional improvement in the two groups was noted. Haemodynamic studies indicated a striking decrease in left atrial and pulmonary artery pressure, irrespective of the type of prosthesis inserted. Cardiac output incresed after operation, but was significantly different from the pre-operative value only in patients with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis, which also had a more favourable relationship between cardiac output and oxygen uptake during excercise than the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis. One major advantage of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis is probably its favourable ration between tissue diameter and orifice area in contrast to the relatively large seating ring with a more unfavourable corresponding ratio in the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis. In addition, the former valve possesses a more definite ability to increase its effective valve area during exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:897618", "title": "Monitoring coronary artery blood flow by Doppler shift ultrasound.", "content": "By monitoring arterial blood flow signals across the chest wall in the area of the heart and timing them to the electrocardiogram or the heart sounds, it is often possible to differentiate between coronary artery flow and systemic artery flow. A Doppler ultrasound technique was used for the postoperative follow-up coronary artery reconstruction in ten patients suffering from intractable angina pectoris. Pre-operative coronary angiography showed stenosis or occlusion of the coronary arteries in all the patients. The ultrasound measurements were made pre-, per- and postoperatively with the Doppler flowmeter. Flow signals in all patients could be visualized on sonagrams. There was no postoperative occlusion as proved by postoperative angiography. The signals recorded outside the chest were smaller than those recorded directly from the arteries inside the chest, due to attenuation of the audio signal passing through the tissues of the chest wall. The characteristic pattern of postoperative bypass blood flow was a broad continuous flow over the diastole. The noninvasive character of ultrasound techniques and the safety of the method make Doppler ultrasound scanning an important adjunct to patient monitoring and renders it valuable for post-operative follow-up of arterial graft patency.", "contents": "Monitoring coronary artery blood flow by Doppler shift ultrasound. By monitoring arterial blood flow signals across the chest wall in the area of the heart and timing them to the electrocardiogram or the heart sounds, it is often possible to differentiate between coronary artery flow and systemic artery flow. A Doppler ultrasound technique was used for the postoperative follow-up coronary artery reconstruction in ten patients suffering from intractable angina pectoris. Pre-operative coronary angiography showed stenosis or occlusion of the coronary arteries in all the patients. The ultrasound measurements were made pre-, per- and postoperatively with the Doppler flowmeter. Flow signals in all patients could be visualized on sonagrams. There was no postoperative occlusion as proved by postoperative angiography. The signals recorded outside the chest were smaller than those recorded directly from the arteries inside the chest, due to attenuation of the audio signal passing through the tissues of the chest wall. The characteristic pattern of postoperative bypass blood flow was a broad continuous flow over the diastole. The noninvasive character of ultrasound techniques and the safety of the method make Doppler ultrasound scanning an important adjunct to patient monitoring and renders it valuable for post-operative follow-up of arterial graft patency."}
{"id": "PMID:897619", "title": "Accessory diaphragm with total anomalous right pulmonary venous drainage and aplasia of the middle lobe. A case report.", "content": "A patient with accessory diaphragm, aplasia of the middle lobe and total anomalous right pulmonary venous drainage is reported. Diagnostic difficulties and possibilities in the surgical treatment of cases with anomalous pulmonary venous drainage are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Accessory diaphragm with total anomalous right pulmonary venous drainage and aplasia of the middle lobe. A case report. A patient with accessory diaphragm, aplasia of the middle lobe and total anomalous right pulmonary venous drainage is reported. Diagnostic difficulties and possibilities in the surgical treatment of cases with anomalous pulmonary venous drainage are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897620", "title": "Occlusion of the abdominal aorta in a 29-year-old patient.", "content": "Following a period of two years with gradually increasing dyspnoe, the patient, a 29-year-old man, suddenly developed acute respiratory distress. On admission to hospital, blood pressure was 260/110, and there were no femoral pulses. Cine-angiography of the aorta revealed a total occlusion from the level of the first lumbar vertebra to the renal arteries. An extensive collateral circulation was visualized. Kidney function was normal. At operation, the aorta was as hard as stone, but the calibre was normal from the diaphragm down to the renal arteries. A dacron graft was inserted, end-to-side between the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta distal to the inferior mesenteric artery. Postoperatively, the systemic and ankle blood pressure became near normal. The aetiology of the aortic changes remains unknown. Several possibilities are considered, among them abdominal aortitis and cystic necrosis of the media. Coarctation of the abdominal aorta is less likely, as no narrowing of the aorta was seen at operation.", "contents": "Occlusion of the abdominal aorta in a 29-year-old patient. Following a period of two years with gradually increasing dyspnoe, the patient, a 29-year-old man, suddenly developed acute respiratory distress. On admission to hospital, blood pressure was 260/110, and there were no femoral pulses. Cine-angiography of the aorta revealed a total occlusion from the level of the first lumbar vertebra to the renal arteries. An extensive collateral circulation was visualized. Kidney function was normal. At operation, the aorta was as hard as stone, but the calibre was normal from the diaphragm down to the renal arteries. A dacron graft was inserted, end-to-side between the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta distal to the inferior mesenteric artery. Postoperatively, the systemic and ankle blood pressure became near normal. The aetiology of the aortic changes remains unknown. Several possibilities are considered, among them abdominal aortitis and cystic necrosis of the media. Coarctation of the abdominal aorta is less likely, as no narrowing of the aorta was seen at operation."}
{"id": "PMID:897621", "title": "Intestinal angina. Report on two operated cases.", "content": "In spite of the fact that the concept of intestinal angina is more than 70 years old, it is not generally accepted and only 400 cases of elective revascularization of the celiac/mesenteric arteries are reported in the literature. Two typical cases of intestinal angina treated with elective revascularization are presented and the pertinent literature is reviewed. An aggresive approach to the problem, followed by adequate reconstruction, is recommended.", "contents": "Intestinal angina. Report on two operated cases. In spite of the fact that the concept of intestinal angina is more than 70 years old, it is not generally accepted and only 400 cases of elective revascularization of the celiac/mesenteric arteries are reported in the literature. Two typical cases of intestinal angina treated with elective revascularization are presented and the pertinent literature is reviewed. An aggresive approach to the problem, followed by adequate reconstruction, is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:897622", "title": "Leg blood and central circulation at varying blood volumes. A peroperative study of nine young patients with varicose veins.", "content": "Cardiac output, central pressures and leg blood flow wre studied in a group of nine young individuals undergoing surgery for varicose veins. These subjects did not differ from older ones in an earlier, corresponding study in respect of central or femoral blood flow. The haemodynamic affects of peroperative variations of the blood volume were also the same. Thus, the common femoral arterial blood flow decreased by 40% from a mean of 450 to 260 ml/min during the operation. After transfusion of 900 ml of blood the flow  increased to 575 ml/min. As a low blood predisposes to thrombosis, it is concluded that, irrespective of age, adequate peroperative volume substitution is of great importance in counteracting such a risk.", "contents": "Leg blood and central circulation at varying blood volumes. A peroperative study of nine young patients with varicose veins. Cardiac output, central pressures and leg blood flow wre studied in a group of nine young individuals undergoing surgery for varicose veins. These subjects did not differ from older ones in an earlier, corresponding study in respect of central or femoral blood flow. The haemodynamic affects of peroperative variations of the blood volume were also the same. Thus, the common femoral arterial blood flow decreased by 40% from a mean of 450 to 260 ml/min during the operation. After transfusion of 900 ml of blood the flow  increased to 575 ml/min. As a low blood predisposes to thrombosis, it is concluded that, irrespective of age, adequate peroperative volume substitution is of great importance in counteracting such a risk."}
{"id": "PMID:897623", "title": "Femoro-femoral cross-over grafting. A limb-saving operation in poor-risk patients with obliterative arteriosclerosis.", "content": "A series of 12 femoro-femoral cross-over grafting procedures is reported. Eleven patients were operated on for severe ischaemia and one for disabling claudication. Nine of the reconstructions were profunda revascularizations. Concomitant femorotibial reconstruction was carried out in one case. There were no operative deaths or postoperative complications. Peroperative blood flow measurements and clinical symptoms gave no evidence of any \"steal\" phenomenon. One graft became occluded primarily, but the others remained patent during an observation period ranging from two months to four years and ten months. Despite a functioning graft, one major amputation was necessary due to severe distal arteriosclerotic lesions. In all other patients, either the limb was saved or claudication was relieved. This operation seems to be suitable for poor-risk patients with predominantly unilateral iliac arteriosclerosis together with impending gangrene or disabling claudication.", "contents": "Femoro-femoral cross-over grafting. A limb-saving operation in poor-risk patients with obliterative arteriosclerosis. A series of 12 femoro-femoral cross-over grafting procedures is reported. Eleven patients were operated on for severe ischaemia and one for disabling claudication. Nine of the reconstructions were profunda revascularizations. Concomitant femorotibial reconstruction was carried out in one case. There were no operative deaths or postoperative complications. Peroperative blood flow measurements and clinical symptoms gave no evidence of any \"steal\" phenomenon. One graft became occluded primarily, but the others remained patent during an observation period ranging from two months to four years and ten months. Despite a functioning graft, one major amputation was necessary due to severe distal arteriosclerotic lesions. In all other patients, either the limb was saved or claudication was relieved. This operation seems to be suitable for poor-risk patients with predominantly unilateral iliac arteriosclerosis together with impending gangrene or disabling claudication."}
{"id": "PMID:897624", "title": "Axillo-axillary bypass for subclavian artery occlusion. Report of a case with impending gangrene of the hand.", "content": "A 72-year-old woman with occlusion of the right subclavian artery and impending gangrene of the hand was succssfully treated with a subcutaneous axillo-axillary vein bypass. This method was chosen because of atrophic skin changes due to radiation therapy for breast cancer. The operation may, however, be used in the treatment of atherosclerotic obstructions of the subclavian artery in general and may be particularly advantageous in old and poor risk patients.", "contents": "Axillo-axillary bypass for subclavian artery occlusion. Report of a case with impending gangrene of the hand. A 72-year-old woman with occlusion of the right subclavian artery and impending gangrene of the hand was succssfully treated with a subcutaneous axillo-axillary vein bypass. This method was chosen because of atrophic skin changes due to radiation therapy for breast cancer. The operation may, however, be used in the treatment of atherosclerotic obstructions of the subclavian artery in general and may be particularly advantageous in old and poor risk patients."}
{"id": "PMID:897625", "title": "Present indications for a myocardial pacemaker electrode.", "content": "A myocardial electrode was implanted in 43 patients on special indications at a pacemaker centre, where the transvenous technique was used as the routine method for implantation of a stimulating electrode. The electrode was inserted through a small anterior thoracotomy or at open-heart surgery. The complications and deaths during the follow-up period of two-and-a-half years are reported. The results to date are quite satisfactory. Indications are suggested and the main advantages of a myocardial electrode in clinical use are discussed. The Medtronic myocardial electrode model 6917 should be resorted to as a very good alternative on failure of pacing with an endocardial lead. The hazards of thoracotomy must, however, be borne in mind. This approach should be used with restraint in very old patients and in patients with severe heart disease, particularly those with a recent myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Present indications for a myocardial pacemaker electrode. A myocardial electrode was implanted in 43 patients on special indications at a pacemaker centre, where the transvenous technique was used as the routine method for implantation of a stimulating electrode. The electrode was inserted through a small anterior thoracotomy or at open-heart surgery. The complications and deaths during the follow-up period of two-and-a-half years are reported. The results to date are quite satisfactory. Indications are suggested and the main advantages of a myocardial electrode in clinical use are discussed. The Medtronic myocardial electrode model 6917 should be resorted to as a very good alternative on failure of pacing with an endocardial lead. The hazards of thoracotomy must, however, be borne in mind. This approach should be used with restraint in very old patients and in patients with severe heart disease, particularly those with a recent myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:897626", "title": "Continuous measurement of the oxygen tension in blood. A comparative study in the dog.", "content": "An equipment constructed by the International Biophysics Corporation, the Differential Oxygen Analyzer, which was designed for continuous recording of the oxygen tension in the blood, particularly during extracorporeal circulation, was tested. It proved to react rather slowly to changes in the PO2 and the magnitude of the error of the single measurements is far too high at the present stage of development.", "contents": "Continuous measurement of the oxygen tension in blood. A comparative study in the dog. An equipment constructed by the International Biophysics Corporation, the Differential Oxygen Analyzer, which was designed for continuous recording of the oxygen tension in the blood, particularly during extracorporeal circulation, was tested. It proved to react rather slowly to changes in the PO2 and the magnitude of the error of the single measurements is far too high at the present stage of development."}
{"id": "PMID:897627", "title": "Moderate and extreme haemodilution in open-heart surgery. Blood requirements, bleeding and platelet counts.", "content": "Requirements of donor blood, bleeding and platelet counts were investigated during moderate and extreme haemodilution in patients undergoing aortic valve replecement. A preliminary study of 60 patients, divided in two groups of 30 patients each, was first made. A moderate haemodilution was used in one group and an extreme haemodilution with the aid of autologous transfusion was utilized in the other. As the results were interesting and encouraging, a randomized study was performed. Thirty patients, divided in two groups of 15 patients each, were investigated. The degree of dilution was essentially similar to that of the corresponding moderate and extreme haemodilution groups in the preliminary study. An average reduction of 71% in the requirement of donor blood and of 47% in postoperative chest tube drainage was found in the patients in the extreme dilution group. The circulating platelet counts fell less during and after the operation in this group than in the moderately diluted patients. After adjustment for the dilution, the platelet counts fell to about 60% in the moderate dilution group during the perfusion, but rose to about 130% in the extremely diluted patients. These findings are discussed.", "contents": "Moderate and extreme haemodilution in open-heart surgery. Blood requirements, bleeding and platelet counts. Requirements of donor blood, bleeding and platelet counts were investigated during moderate and extreme haemodilution in patients undergoing aortic valve replecement. A preliminary study of 60 patients, divided in two groups of 30 patients each, was first made. A moderate haemodilution was used in one group and an extreme haemodilution with the aid of autologous transfusion was utilized in the other. As the results were interesting and encouraging, a randomized study was performed. Thirty patients, divided in two groups of 15 patients each, were investigated. The degree of dilution was essentially similar to that of the corresponding moderate and extreme haemodilution groups in the preliminary study. An average reduction of 71% in the requirement of donor blood and of 47% in postoperative chest tube drainage was found in the patients in the extreme dilution group. The circulating platelet counts fell less during and after the operation in this group than in the moderately diluted patients. After adjustment for the dilution, the platelet counts fell to about 60% in the moderate dilution group during the perfusion, but rose to about 130% in the extremely diluted patients. These findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897628", "title": "[Accidental hypothermia in man].", "content": "Accidental hypothermia, in contrast to medical hibernation, corresponds to a sudden, unforeseen lowering of the body temperature below 35 degrees C. This may occur endogenously in association with various diseases. On the other hand, it may be due to the exogenous influences of very low environmental temperatures. An impressive observation of accidental hypothermia is described and the pathophysiological findings in accidental hypothermia are reviewed.", "contents": "[Accidental hypothermia in man]. Accidental hypothermia, in contrast to medical hibernation, corresponds to a sudden, unforeseen lowering of the body temperature below 35 degrees C. This may occur endogenously in association with various diseases. On the other hand, it may be due to the exogenous influences of very low environmental temperatures. An impressive observation of accidental hypothermia is described and the pathophysiological findings in accidental hypothermia are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:897629", "title": "[Acute kidney failure in hypothermia].", "content": "Two cases with acute renal failure after prolonged hypothermia are presented. Both patients were found in come, became rapidly uremic and required hemodilaysis treatment. Although the laboratory findings were typical of severe muscle damage, e.g. elevated levels of serum creatinine phosphokinase, serum lactic dehydrogenase and serum aldolase activities, visible \"crush-injuries\" were not found. Acute renal failure was characterized by extreme catabolism and severe metabolic acidosis. After 4 and 10 hemodialyses respectively, the patients became polyuric and finally were discharges with normal renal and muscle function. Hypotension with diminished renal perfusion and nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis due to prolonged hypothermia are regarded as the dominant pathogenetic factors in the acute renal failure.", "contents": "[Acute kidney failure in hypothermia]. Two cases with acute renal failure after prolonged hypothermia are presented. Both patients were found in come, became rapidly uremic and required hemodilaysis treatment. Although the laboratory findings were typical of severe muscle damage, e.g. elevated levels of serum creatinine phosphokinase, serum lactic dehydrogenase and serum aldolase activities, visible \"crush-injuries\" were not found. Acute renal failure was characterized by extreme catabolism and severe metabolic acidosis. After 4 and 10 hemodialyses respectively, the patients became polyuric and finally were discharges with normal renal and muscle function. Hypotension with diminished renal perfusion and nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis due to prolonged hypothermia are regarded as the dominant pathogenetic factors in the acute renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:897630", "title": "[Hemolysis-inducing substances in gastric secretion, incidence-rate of lysolecithin].", "content": "Samples of gastric contents from 152 patients with pyloric reflex were taken during gastroscopy after an overnight fast and examined for hemolytic activity. Hemolysis was induced by 97 specimens (64%). The hemolysis test was positive in 45% of patients with a histologically normal gastric mucosa, in 76% of patients suffering from chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia, in 83% with gastric erosions and in 67% with gastric ulcer. No lysolecithin was found in 9 of the 97 positive specimens. The other aspirates contained widely differing values up to 320 mg/100 ml. The average quantities of lysolecithin in gastric contents varied in the different patient groups from 20 to 60 mg/100 ml. These values are much higher than the mean value of 0.9 mg/100 ml quantified in patients without pyloric reflex during an earlier investigation. It is now widely accepted that pyloric reflex promotes gastritis. Furthermore, it has been shown on several occasions that bile constituents exert a damaging effect on the gastric mucosa barrier. The same is true of lysolecithin, which promotes (for example) acute cholecystitis under experimental conditions. These findings, together with the results of our investigation, seem to afford evidence that lysolecithins may exert a pathogenic influence in the development of different gastric lesions.", "contents": "[Hemolysis-inducing substances in gastric secretion, incidence-rate of lysolecithin]. Samples of gastric contents from 152 patients with pyloric reflex were taken during gastroscopy after an overnight fast and examined for hemolytic activity. Hemolysis was induced by 97 specimens (64%). The hemolysis test was positive in 45% of patients with a histologically normal gastric mucosa, in 76% of patients suffering from chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia, in 83% with gastric erosions and in 67% with gastric ulcer. No lysolecithin was found in 9 of the 97 positive specimens. The other aspirates contained widely differing values up to 320 mg/100 ml. The average quantities of lysolecithin in gastric contents varied in the different patient groups from 20 to 60 mg/100 ml. These values are much higher than the mean value of 0.9 mg/100 ml quantified in patients without pyloric reflex during an earlier investigation. It is now widely accepted that pyloric reflex promotes gastritis. Furthermore, it has been shown on several occasions that bile constituents exert a damaging effect on the gastric mucosa barrier. The same is true of lysolecithin, which promotes (for example) acute cholecystitis under experimental conditions. These findings, together with the results of our investigation, seem to afford evidence that lysolecithins may exert a pathogenic influence in the development of different gastric lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:897631", "title": "[Results of radical radiotherapy in breast cancer].", "content": "In 17790 examinations over a 5-year period, 1174 breast carcinomas have been detected and treated in the Department of Senology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France. 467 carcinomas were treated by radiotherapy alone. Five-year survival has been studied. Over half of the carcinomas treated were T3 and T4-sized. Overall survival is 46%.", "contents": "[Results of radical radiotherapy in breast cancer]. In 17790 examinations over a 5-year period, 1174 breast carcinomas have been detected and treated in the Department of Senology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France. 467 carcinomas were treated by radiotherapy alone. Five-year survival has been studied. Over half of the carcinomas treated were T3 and T4-sized. Overall survival is 46%."}
{"id": "PMID:897632", "title": "Surgery and chemotherapy in early breast cancer.", "content": "The updated results are reported of a prospective controlled clinical trial employing combined chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil (CMF) as adjuvant treatment in patients with operable breast cancer and positive homolateral axillary lymph nodes (N+). At 36 months from surgery, actuarial analysis shows that there is a significant difference in the relapse rate in favor of adjuvant chemotherapy (45.7% in the control group vs. 26.3% in the CMF group). Distant recurrences were the most frequent site of treatment failure and occurred particularly in the skeleton. The therapy was fairly well tolerated. Both the influence of adjunctive therapy on overall survival after mastectomy and the incidence of long-term side effects are still unknown.", "contents": "Surgery and chemotherapy in early breast cancer. The updated results are reported of a prospective controlled clinical trial employing combined chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil (CMF) as adjuvant treatment in patients with operable breast cancer and positive homolateral axillary lymph nodes (N+). At 36 months from surgery, actuarial analysis shows that there is a significant difference in the relapse rate in favor of adjuvant chemotherapy (45.7% in the control group vs. 26.3% in the CMF group). Distant recurrences were the most frequent site of treatment failure and occurred particularly in the skeleton. The therapy was fairly well tolerated. Both the influence of adjunctive therapy on overall survival after mastectomy and the incidence of long-term side effects are still unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:897633", "title": "[Behavior of individual immune parameters in patients with locally-regionally circumscribed breast cancer].", "content": "Significant and long lasting depression of lymphocyte function and distribution was demonstrated in 15 patients with breast cancer at varying clinical stages after postoperative radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Behavior of individual immune parameters in patients with locally-regionally circumscribed breast cancer]. Significant and long lasting depression of lymphocyte function and distribution was demonstrated in 15 patients with breast cancer at varying clinical stages after postoperative radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:897634", "title": "[Definition of the population groups with high-risk for breast cancer].", "content": "Based on the epidemiologic literature, the major risk factors for mammary cancer are discussed. The problem in defining population groups with a high potential for breast cancer stems from the fact that for most of the criteria of higher risk only a two- or threefold increase in incidence is observed. In addition, many of the risk factors are not independent but show interactions with other factors. In the individual woman it is possible to decide whether she has a high potential for developing breast cancer or not, but the criteria for high or low risk are not at present sufficiently contrasted to justify the exclusion of certain low-risk groups from screening procedures.", "contents": "[Definition of the population groups with high-risk for breast cancer]. Based on the epidemiologic literature, the major risk factors for mammary cancer are discussed. The problem in defining population groups with a high potential for breast cancer stems from the fact that for most of the criteria of higher risk only a two- or threefold increase in incidence is observed. In addition, many of the risk factors are not independent but show interactions with other factors. In the individual woman it is possible to decide whether she has a high potential for developing breast cancer or not, but the criteria for high or low risk are not at present sufficiently contrasted to justify the exclusion of certain low-risk groups from screening procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:897635", "title": "[Locally and regionally limited breast cancer from the pathologist's view point].", "content": "The role of the pathologist in breast cancer is discussed from the practical viewpoint. For primary diagnosis surgical biopsy is preferred. Of prognostic significance are the size of the tumor and the number of regional lymph nodes affected. The different histological patterns have little prognostic bearing, with the exception of some rare special types such as medullary or mucinous carcinomas. Histological and/or cytological \"grading\" is too time-consuming for practical purposes. The pathologist is confronted with new problems by non-palpable \"minimal breast cancer\" detected by mass screening methods. The solution to these problems requires close interdisiplinary cooperation. In In the broad field of cystic diseases of the breast there is a need for a better histological definition of what constitutes a true premalignant lesion. Finally, the problems of multicentric and bilateral breast cancers are mentioned.", "contents": "[Locally and regionally limited breast cancer from the pathologist's view point]. The role of the pathologist in breast cancer is discussed from the practical viewpoint. For primary diagnosis surgical biopsy is preferred. Of prognostic significance are the size of the tumor and the number of regional lymph nodes affected. The different histological patterns have little prognostic bearing, with the exception of some rare special types such as medullary or mucinous carcinomas. Histological and/or cytological \"grading\" is too time-consuming for practical purposes. The pathologist is confronted with new problems by non-palpable \"minimal breast cancer\" detected by mass screening methods. The solution to these problems requires close interdisiplinary cooperation. In In the broad field of cystic diseases of the breast there is a need for a better histological definition of what constitutes a true premalignant lesion. Finally, the problems of multicentric and bilateral breast cancers are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:897636", "title": "[Diagnostic procedures in the evaluation of malignancy degree in breast cancer. Radiological view point].", "content": "The value of mammography and thermography for evaluation of breast cancer malignancy is reviewed. The only radiologic finding that changes the prognosis is peritumoral edema, either localized or involving the whole breast; when present, this edema has unfavourable implications for prognosis. Thermography, on the other hand, provides a much better idea of prognosis when the tumor is palpable. In this case the prognosis is influenced much more by the degree of hyperthermia than by the clinical size of the lesion.", "contents": "[Diagnostic procedures in the evaluation of malignancy degree in breast cancer. Radiological view point]. The value of mammography and thermography for evaluation of breast cancer malignancy is reviewed. The only radiologic finding that changes the prognosis is peritumoral edema, either localized or involving the whole breast; when present, this edema has unfavourable implications for prognosis. Thermography, on the other hand, provides a much better idea of prognosis when the tumor is palpable. In this case the prognosis is influenced much more by the degree of hyperthermia than by the clinical size of the lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:897637", "title": "[2-step diagnosis and conservative treatment of breast cancer].", "content": "Regular screening of women for early breast cancer is now possible by a completely noninvasive technique comprising thermography, clinical examination and ultrasound echography. Since it is completely harmless, this screening may be repeated when required.  Its accuracy is very good (about 96%) even in small T1 tumours, and infraclinical cancers also may be detected. This first diagnostic step is carried out in every woman, whether symptomatic or not, attending the Jolimont Breast Unit. The second step serves for confirmation of diagnosis and consists of mammography (and related techniques) and thin-needle aspiration cytology. A conservative treatment has been developed for the small lesions (infraclinical, T1 and small T2). It consists of external radiotherapy (telecobalt), tumorectomy and axillary curage, and finally interstitial curietherapy with iridium 192 wires. In some selected cases chemotherapy is started immediately. Local control of the disease is achieved in 97% of cases and cosmetic results are good in 80% of the treated women. In only 5% of cases has a secondary mastectomy to be performed, due to local recurrence or treatment complications. Metastatic spread and survival rates favorably compare with results of conventional treatments involving mastectomy. The authors therefore consider that conservative treatment should be recommended in early-detected small breast cancers.", "contents": "[2-step diagnosis and conservative treatment of breast cancer]. Regular screening of women for early breast cancer is now possible by a completely noninvasive technique comprising thermography, clinical examination and ultrasound echography. Since it is completely harmless, this screening may be repeated when required.  Its accuracy is very good (about 96%) even in small T1 tumours, and infraclinical cancers also may be detected. This first diagnostic step is carried out in every woman, whether symptomatic or not, attending the Jolimont Breast Unit. The second step serves for confirmation of diagnosis and consists of mammography (and related techniques) and thin-needle aspiration cytology. A conservative treatment has been developed for the small lesions (infraclinical, T1 and small T2). It consists of external radiotherapy (telecobalt), tumorectomy and axillary curage, and finally interstitial curietherapy with iridium 192 wires. In some selected cases chemotherapy is started immediately. Local control of the disease is achieved in 97% of cases and cosmetic results are good in 80% of the treated women. In only 5% of cases has a secondary mastectomy to be performed, due to local recurrence or treatment complications. Metastatic spread and survival rates favorably compare with results of conventional treatments involving mastectomy. The authors therefore consider that conservative treatment should be recommended in early-detected small breast cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:897638", "title": "[Cytologic examination under radiologic guidance in the diagnosis of nonpalpable lesions of the breast].", "content": "A breast aspiration technic for non-palpable radiological abnormalies, as used in the Senology Department of Professor CH. GROS. Strasbourg, is presented and illustrated by an example.", "contents": "[Cytologic examination under radiologic guidance in the diagnosis of nonpalpable lesions of the breast]. A breast aspiration technic for non-palpable radiological abnormalies, as used in the Senology Department of Professor CH. GROS. Strasbourg, is presented and illustrated by an example."}
{"id": "PMID:897639", "title": "[Puncture and marking methods in the diagnosis of breast tumors].", "content": "The indication, problems and performance of puncture and marking methods in breast tumors are discussed and a new relief procedure for breast tumor diagnosis, involving peritumoral X-ray contrast medium injection, is described. Only normal X-ray equipment is required for this method.", "contents": "[Puncture and marking methods in the diagnosis of breast tumors]. The indication, problems and performance of puncture and marking methods in breast tumors are discussed and a new relief procedure for breast tumor diagnosis, involving peritumoral X-ray contrast medium injection, is described. Only normal X-ray equipment is required for this method."}
{"id": "PMID:897640", "title": "[Hydroxyproline in the diagnosis of bone metastases in breast cancer].", "content": "15 patients with breast cancer and proven bone metastases have been studied. Free serum and total urinary hydroxyproline were measured and the ratio (hydroxyproline/creatinine) - 100 in a morning urine specimen was calculated. The preliminary results show elevated free serum hydroxyproline in 8 of 15 patients; total urinary hydroxyproline in a 24-h collection and the ratio hydroxyproline/creatine in a morning urine specimen were elevated in all cases. These results agree with those of the literature. Further studies of free hydroxyproline and of the ratio hydroxyproline/ creatinine in a morning urine specimen in similar patients with provide more information on the possibility of using these measurements, alone or in combination, for the early detection or follow-up under therapy of bone metastases.", "contents": "[Hydroxyproline in the diagnosis of bone metastases in breast cancer]. 15 patients with breast cancer and proven bone metastases have been studied. Free serum and total urinary hydroxyproline were measured and the ratio (hydroxyproline/creatinine) - 100 in a morning urine specimen was calculated. The preliminary results show elevated free serum hydroxyproline in 8 of 15 patients; total urinary hydroxyproline in a 24-h collection and the ratio hydroxyproline/creatine in a morning urine specimen were elevated in all cases. These results agree with those of the literature. Further studies of free hydroxyproline and of the ratio hydroxyproline/ creatinine in a morning urine specimen in similar patients with provide more information on the possibility of using these measurements, alone or in combination, for the early detection or follow-up under therapy of bone metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:897641", "title": "Surgical treatment of primary breast cancer.", "content": "Radical mastectomy should be replaced by a number of different types of operation which are either more conservative or more extended according to the spread of the disease. For T1N0 cases a new procedure consisting of removal of a quadrant of the breast, with axillary dissection plus radiotherapy on the residual breast tissue, is under evaluation. In T2N0 cases modified radical mastectomy is suggested as a procedure of choice, whilst T3 cases and all N1 cases should still undergo radical mastectomy. Cases with tumor of inner quadrants with positive axillary nodes with benefit from removal of internal mammary nodes. Superradical mastectomy is limited to selected special cases with extensive lymphnode invasion. All N+ cases receive adjuvant chemotherapy (CMF). In locally advanced cases \"reductive\" surgery may form part of an aggressive chemotherapy programme.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of primary breast cancer. Radical mastectomy should be replaced by a number of different types of operation which are either more conservative or more extended according to the spread of the disease. For T1N0 cases a new procedure consisting of removal of a quadrant of the breast, with axillary dissection plus radiotherapy on the residual breast tissue, is under evaluation. In T2N0 cases modified radical mastectomy is suggested as a procedure of choice, whilst T3 cases and all N1 cases should still undergo radical mastectomy. Cases with tumor of inner quadrants with positive axillary nodes with benefit from removal of internal mammary nodes. Superradical mastectomy is limited to selected special cases with extensive lymphnode invasion. All N+ cases receive adjuvant chemotherapy (CMF). In locally advanced cases \"reductive\" surgery may form part of an aggressive chemotherapy programme."}
{"id": "PMID:897642", "title": "[Prognosis of local primary breast carcinoma under current therapy].", "content": "A retrospective study is presented on 225 selected patients with local primary carcinoma of the breast treated from 1963 to 1973 at the Surgical Clinic of the Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland. All patients were under 70 years old. The results are compared of our two therapies, namely radical mastectomy of Halsted and a modified radical mastectomy consisting of mastectomy with dissection of the axilla but without removing the pectoral muscle. Both operations were followed by postoperative irradiation. In view of the short postoperative interval after modified radical mastectomy (from 1969), a five-year diseasefree survival is indicated. There was no statistically significant difference between the two therapies. Depending on age, patients with histologically negative lymph nodes of the axilla had a probability of 45-60% for 5-year diseasefree survival, against only 15-40% for those with positive axillary lymph nodes. The quality of survival is deemed important, and the authors therefore recommend the modified radical mastectomy, which disfigures a woman less than the Halsted operation.", "contents": "[Prognosis of local primary breast carcinoma under current therapy]. A retrospective study is presented on 225 selected patients with local primary carcinoma of the breast treated from 1963 to 1973 at the Surgical Clinic of the Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland. All patients were under 70 years old. The results are compared of our two therapies, namely radical mastectomy of Halsted and a modified radical mastectomy consisting of mastectomy with dissection of the axilla but without removing the pectoral muscle. Both operations were followed by postoperative irradiation. In view of the short postoperative interval after modified radical mastectomy (from 1969), a five-year diseasefree survival is indicated. There was no statistically significant difference between the two therapies. Depending on age, patients with histologically negative lymph nodes of the axilla had a probability of 45-60% for 5-year diseasefree survival, against only 15-40% for those with positive axillary lymph nodes. The quality of survival is deemed important, and the authors therefore recommend the modified radical mastectomy, which disfigures a woman less than the Halsted operation."}
{"id": "PMID:897643", "title": "[Treatment of locally recurrent breast cancer using the double-net technic].", "content": "The best treatment for local recurrence of breast carcinoma without skin metastases in the surrounding area is surgical excision. If this recurrence adheres to the chest wall, the whole wall including ribs and pleura must be resected. However, the difficulties in closing these defects have often been a deterrent to such surgical treatment. A technique for easy closure of these defects is presented. It consists in closing with a nylon net for reestablishment of stability, and air-tight covering of the net with the greater omentum for prophylaxis of infections. The wound can be covered with split skin grafts within 10-14 days. Local healing with this double-net plasty has so far been successful in 3 patients.", "contents": "[Treatment of locally recurrent breast cancer using the double-net technic]. The best treatment for local recurrence of breast carcinoma without skin metastases in the surrounding area is surgical excision. If this recurrence adheres to the chest wall, the whole wall including ribs and pleura must be resected. However, the difficulties in closing these defects have often been a deterrent to such surgical treatment. A technique for easy closure of these defects is presented. It consists in closing with a nylon net for reestablishment of stability, and air-tight covering of the net with the greater omentum for prophylaxis of infections. The wound can be covered with split skin grafts within 10-14 days. Local healing with this double-net plasty has so far been successful in 3 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:897644", "title": "[Contribution of radiotherapy in the local-regional treatment of breast cancer].", "content": "The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of mammary carcinoma is reviewed. The indication for postoperative radiotherapy in cases of primary tumors T2 and T3, particularly in the presence of metastatic lymph nodes (N1), is still given. For stage 1 (T1/T2 N0), postoperative radiotherapy may be omitted or can be limited to the lymphatic area which has not been surgically explored. Pre-operative radiotherapy for the more advanced stage (T3/T4 and N2) has proven more effective than postoperative irradiation. Radiotherapy as an exclusive procedure in the sense of a curative, non-mutilating treatment for small breast cancers(T1/T2 NO) provides, if correctly administered, the same 5- and 10-year survival rate at surgical amputation. The arguments against the use of radiotherapy (lymphopenia, diminished immunological reactions, frequency of hematogenic metastases) are discussed.", "contents": "[Contribution of radiotherapy in the local-regional treatment of breast cancer]. The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of mammary carcinoma is reviewed. The indication for postoperative radiotherapy in cases of primary tumors T2 and T3, particularly in the presence of metastatic lymph nodes (N1), is still given. For stage 1 (T1/T2 N0), postoperative radiotherapy may be omitted or can be limited to the lymphatic area which has not been surgically explored. Pre-operative radiotherapy for the more advanced stage (T3/T4 and N2) has proven more effective than postoperative irradiation. Radiotherapy as an exclusive procedure in the sense of a curative, non-mutilating treatment for small breast cancers(T1/T2 NO) provides, if correctly administered, the same 5- and 10-year survival rate at surgical amputation. The arguments against the use of radiotherapy (lymphopenia, diminished immunological reactions, frequency of hematogenic metastases) are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897645", "title": "[Dr. Atkins' dietetic revolution: a critique].", "content": "Very fat people die earlier than people of normal weight because hypertension, diabetes and coronary disease are more frequent among the markedly obese. Most obese subjects, however, are only slightly overweight and their mortality is not elevated. Reasons for dieting are more often psychological than somatic. 2. Reducing diets are ineffective because the obese rarely follow them. Total fasting and intestinal bypass may provide better results, but are more dangerous. 3. Atkins' diet eliminates carbohydrates from food without restricting protein and fat intake. Deprived of carbohydrates, the body uses fat for fuel. A small part of metabolized fat is eliminated in the urine as ketone bodies, and this is why such diets are called \"ketogenic\". They have been known at least since 1863. 4. Caloric loss due to ketonuria does not exceed 100 Cal/day in the non-diabetic. It is maximal during total fasting and cannot be increased by a ketogenic diet. 5. In the short run, such diets produce rapid weight loss due to polyuria. On the other hand, refeeding carbohydrates causes water retention and weight gain. 6. The diet decreases appetite: patients eat less without feeling severe hunger and without measuring their food intake. 7. Orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, and nausea are frequent, despite what Dr. ATKINS claims. 8. The diet increases plasma cholesterol and uric acid. It may be dangerous in diabetes (anorexia, acidosis) and in heart or kidney failure (hypokalemia). 9. The diet, though far from good, is better than the book. ATKINS' theories are at best half-truths, and the results he claims lack credibility. The obese subject's disappointment with traditional reducing diets and the book's hard-sell style account for ATKINS' success.", "contents": "[Dr. Atkins' dietetic revolution: a critique]. Very fat people die earlier than people of normal weight because hypertension, diabetes and coronary disease are more frequent among the markedly obese. Most obese subjects, however, are only slightly overweight and their mortality is not elevated. Reasons for dieting are more often psychological than somatic. 2. Reducing diets are ineffective because the obese rarely follow them. Total fasting and intestinal bypass may provide better results, but are more dangerous. 3. Atkins' diet eliminates carbohydrates from food without restricting protein and fat intake. Deprived of carbohydrates, the body uses fat for fuel. A small part of metabolized fat is eliminated in the urine as ketone bodies, and this is why such diets are called \"ketogenic\". They have been known at least since 1863. 4. Caloric loss due to ketonuria does not exceed 100 Cal/day in the non-diabetic. It is maximal during total fasting and cannot be increased by a ketogenic diet. 5. In the short run, such diets produce rapid weight loss due to polyuria. On the other hand, refeeding carbohydrates causes water retention and weight gain. 6. The diet decreases appetite: patients eat less without feeling severe hunger and without measuring their food intake. 7. Orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, and nausea are frequent, despite what Dr. ATKINS claims. 8. The diet increases plasma cholesterol and uric acid. It may be dangerous in diabetes (anorexia, acidosis) and in heart or kidney failure (hypokalemia). 9. The diet, though far from good, is better than the book. ATKINS' theories are at best half-truths, and the results he claims lack credibility. The obese subject's disappointment with traditional reducing diets and the book's hard-sell style account for ATKINS' success."}
{"id": "PMID:897646", "title": "[Acute kidney failure as a complication of fasting therapy].", "content": "Acute urate nephropathy during starvation for weight reduction has been observed in 2 patients. Under these conditions ketoacidosis causes impaired renal uric acid excretion and hyperuricemia. Uricosuric agents or sudden intake of normal calorie diet induces massive uricosuria and kidney damage. Uricosuric agents should be avoided and steps taken to promote abundant diuresis, while allopurinol should be prescribed.", "contents": "[Acute kidney failure as a complication of fasting therapy]. Acute urate nephropathy during starvation for weight reduction has been observed in 2 patients. Under these conditions ketoacidosis causes impaired renal uric acid excretion and hyperuricemia. Uricosuric agents or sudden intake of normal calorie diet induces massive uricosuria and kidney damage. Uricosuric agents should be avoided and steps taken to promote abundant diuresis, while allopurinol should be prescribed."}
{"id": "PMID:897647", "title": "[Swiss family with chronic relapsing calcifying pancreatitis].", "content": "A further Swiss family with hereditary chronic relapsing pancreatitis is reported. Five members definitely have the disease, while in 4 subjects the condition is suspected. The five proven cases are a mother and her four children. All suffer from recurrent attacks of abdominal pain which started between the 8th and 20th year of life, and in all of them exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and pancreatic calcifications can be demonstrated. The mother has had diabetes mellitus since the age of 40 and 3 of the 4 children also have the disease, with age of onset between 15 and 29. In 3 patients insignificant traces of aminoacids could be detected in the urine. At 16 years one male patient had a pseudocyst of the pancreas surgically removed. All the others are treated conservatively. Reports on approximately 25 families with this disease have been published so far. The condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder. Typically, the clinical symptoms begin during childhood or early adolescent life. The pathogenesis is unknown. It is possible that an abnormal pancreatic juice is produced which causes the intracanalicular calcifications. The treatment is identical to that in the non-hereditary forms, i.e. generally conservative. Recently some authors have favored a more aggressive approach consisting of pancreatico-jejunostomy or partial resection of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Swiss family with chronic relapsing calcifying pancreatitis]. A further Swiss family with hereditary chronic relapsing pancreatitis is reported. Five members definitely have the disease, while in 4 subjects the condition is suspected. The five proven cases are a mother and her four children. All suffer from recurrent attacks of abdominal pain which started between the 8th and 20th year of life, and in all of them exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and pancreatic calcifications can be demonstrated. The mother has had diabetes mellitus since the age of 40 and 3 of the 4 children also have the disease, with age of onset between 15 and 29. In 3 patients insignificant traces of aminoacids could be detected in the urine. At 16 years one male patient had a pseudocyst of the pancreas surgically removed. All the others are treated conservatively. Reports on approximately 25 families with this disease have been published so far. The condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder. Typically, the clinical symptoms begin during childhood or early adolescent life. The pathogenesis is unknown. It is possible that an abnormal pancreatic juice is produced which causes the intracanalicular calcifications. The treatment is identical to that in the non-hereditary forms, i.e. generally conservative. Recently some authors have favored a more aggressive approach consisting of pancreatico-jejunostomy or partial resection of the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:897648", "title": "[Treatment of heart failure with phentolamine (Regitin)].", "content": "Vasodilative treatment of severe heart failure with infusions of phentolamine leads to ventricular unloading and in many cases brings about a dramatic improvement of the patient's condition. Phentolamine is the only one of the vasodilators so far used in the treatment of heart failure that has a positively inotropic effect. In contrast to sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerin, it also increases stroke volume at normal filling pressures. Although vasodilative therapy has resulted in a notable decline in the mortality from severe heart failure among hospitalized patients, the long-term prognosis after discharge remains poor. One of the chief reasons is that there has hitherto been no effective orally administrable drug suitable for protracted therapy. Initial clinical studies with a newly developed slow-release formulation of phentolamine have shown that the preparation produces remarkably good effects in patients with chronic heart failure: systolic pressure rises, the amplitude of the blood pressure is augmented and there is an increase in urinary excretion accompanied with a corresponding reduction in weight. In practically all cases, there is a distinct decrease in the size of the heart and in pulmonary congestion.", "contents": "[Treatment of heart failure with phentolamine (Regitin)]. Vasodilative treatment of severe heart failure with infusions of phentolamine leads to ventricular unloading and in many cases brings about a dramatic improvement of the patient's condition. Phentolamine is the only one of the vasodilators so far used in the treatment of heart failure that has a positively inotropic effect. In contrast to sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerin, it also increases stroke volume at normal filling pressures. Although vasodilative therapy has resulted in a notable decline in the mortality from severe heart failure among hospitalized patients, the long-term prognosis after discharge remains poor. One of the chief reasons is that there has hitherto been no effective orally administrable drug suitable for protracted therapy. Initial clinical studies with a newly developed slow-release formulation of phentolamine have shown that the preparation produces remarkably good effects in patients with chronic heart failure: systolic pressure rises, the amplitude of the blood pressure is augmented and there is an increase in urinary excretion accompanied with a corresponding reduction in weight. In practically all cases, there is a distinct decrease in the size of the heart and in pulmonary congestion."}
{"id": "PMID:897649", "title": "[Effect of aluminium-hydroxide-containing antacids on the intestinal absorption of iron in patients on long-term dialysis].", "content": "In 6 patients on maintenance hemodialysis the influence of an aluminium hydroxyde containing antacid (administered to prevent hyperphosphatemia) on the intestinal absorption of iron was measured with 59Fe and with a whole body counter. Iron absorption was 3.4% of the dose administered (geometric mean) while the patients were on antacids. After omission of the medication it rose slightly on 4.1%, the difference being not statistically significant (p greater than 0.5). It is concluded that aluminium hydroxyde containing antacids do not impair intestinal iron absorption in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.", "contents": "[Effect of aluminium-hydroxide-containing antacids on the intestinal absorption of iron in patients on long-term dialysis]. In 6 patients on maintenance hemodialysis the influence of an aluminium hydroxyde containing antacid (administered to prevent hyperphosphatemia) on the intestinal absorption of iron was measured with 59Fe and with a whole body counter. Iron absorption was 3.4% of the dose administered (geometric mean) while the patients were on antacids. After omission of the medication it rose slightly on 4.1%, the difference being not statistically significant (p greater than 0.5). It is concluded that aluminium hydroxyde containing antacids do not impair intestinal iron absorption in patients on maintenance hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:897650", "title": "[Arterial CO2- and O2 partial pressure at rest and during exertion in pulmonary emphysema].", "content": "In 83 patients with severe, largely irreversible bronchial obstruction (FEV1/VC less than 40% and FEV1 after orciprenaline inhalation less than 120% of the control value) and radiologie evidence of AD-emphysema, arterial PCO2 and PO2 were measured at rest in supine position and on the bicycle ergometer during a steady-state exercice of 5 min. Alveolar hypoventilation (PCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg) was most often observed in the cases with FEV1 less than 1.01 (in 22 patients [27%] at rest and in 26 patients [31%] during exercise). However, there was no significant correlation of the PCO2 increase with the degree of bronchial obstruction. In all patients there was a marked inhomogeneity of the alveolar ventilation or the alveolar-capillary O2 transfer in relation to alveolar blood perfusion. Indeed, the alveolar-arterial PO2 difference was increased (40 mm Hg at rest and 45 mm Hg during exercise). The additional increase of this gradient during exercise was due to an unequal distribution of alveolar O2 diffusing capacities in connection with the alveolar blood flow (preceding measurements of the N2 gradient between alveolar air and arterial blood revealed a mean fall from 18 at rest to 8 mm Hg during exercise). The observed deterioration of hypoxemia during exercise (without additional hypercapnia) is to a great extent related to the degree of bronchial obstruction measured by simple spirometry. Thus, measurements of PCO2 and PO2 at rest and during exercise appear to be a helpful adjuvant to routine spirometry in the diagnosis of subclinical emphysema.", "contents": "[Arterial CO2- and O2 partial pressure at rest and during exertion in pulmonary emphysema]. In 83 patients with severe, largely irreversible bronchial obstruction (FEV1/VC less than 40% and FEV1 after orciprenaline inhalation less than 120% of the control value) and radiologie evidence of AD-emphysema, arterial PCO2 and PO2 were measured at rest in supine position and on the bicycle ergometer during a steady-state exercice of 5 min. Alveolar hypoventilation (PCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg) was most often observed in the cases with FEV1 less than 1.01 (in 22 patients [27%] at rest and in 26 patients [31%] during exercise). However, there was no significant correlation of the PCO2 increase with the degree of bronchial obstruction. In all patients there was a marked inhomogeneity of the alveolar ventilation or the alveolar-capillary O2 transfer in relation to alveolar blood perfusion. Indeed, the alveolar-arterial PO2 difference was increased (40 mm Hg at rest and 45 mm Hg during exercise). The additional increase of this gradient during exercise was due to an unequal distribution of alveolar O2 diffusing capacities in connection with the alveolar blood flow (preceding measurements of the N2 gradient between alveolar air and arterial blood revealed a mean fall from 18 at rest to 8 mm Hg during exercise). The observed deterioration of hypoxemia during exercise (without additional hypercapnia) is to a great extent related to the degree of bronchial obstruction measured by simple spirometry. Thus, measurements of PCO2 and PO2 at rest and during exercise appear to be a helpful adjuvant to routine spirometry in the diagnosis of subclinical emphysema."}
{"id": "PMID:897652", "title": "[Arthritis in thalassemia minor].", "content": "Seven cases with the syndrome of thalassemia minor and pauciarticular, non-erosive, seronegative arthritis are described. Other known causes of seronegative arthritis had been excluded. There was a predilection for middlesized joints such as ankles, wrists and elbows. Usually the synovitis was asymmetrical from onset, with one to eight joints affected. Finger or toe joint were usually spared. Extraarticular synovitis such as tenosynovitis or bursitis were not observed, nor were nodules, signs of vasculitis or visceral involvement. The course of this arthritis showed chronicity and mild, persistent, non-erosive synovitis without joint effusions. X-ray revealed juxtaarticular osteoporosis of the affected joints, characterized by a diminution of the number of trabeculae (hypertrophic atrophy) combined with broadening of the singular trabeculae; this picture is typical of hemoglobinopathies. - Computed tomography showed a probable slight deficit of bone mineralization. Laboratory investigations including ESR, routine immunological tests, blood chemistry, and HLA-tissue typing were all normal. - The combination of this peculiar arthropathy with thalassemia minor would appear to be worthy of note and requires a further search among the forms of arthritis of unknown origin.", "contents": "[Arthritis in thalassemia minor]. Seven cases with the syndrome of thalassemia minor and pauciarticular, non-erosive, seronegative arthritis are described. Other known causes of seronegative arthritis had been excluded. There was a predilection for middlesized joints such as ankles, wrists and elbows. Usually the synovitis was asymmetrical from onset, with one to eight joints affected. Finger or toe joint were usually spared. Extraarticular synovitis such as tenosynovitis or bursitis were not observed, nor were nodules, signs of vasculitis or visceral involvement. The course of this arthritis showed chronicity and mild, persistent, non-erosive synovitis without joint effusions. X-ray revealed juxtaarticular osteoporosis of the affected joints, characterized by a diminution of the number of trabeculae (hypertrophic atrophy) combined with broadening of the singular trabeculae; this picture is typical of hemoglobinopathies. - Computed tomography showed a probable slight deficit of bone mineralization. Laboratory investigations including ESR, routine immunological tests, blood chemistry, and HLA-tissue typing were all normal. - The combination of this peculiar arthropathy with thalassemia minor would appear to be worthy of note and requires a further search among the forms of arthritis of unknown origin."}
{"id": "PMID:897653", "title": "[Hemarthroses complicating anticoagulant therapy (heparin, oral anticoagulants)].", "content": "Three patients with hemarthrosis complicating anticoagulant therapy are described. Two had acute hemarthrosis of the knee joint occurring during long term oral anticoagulant therapy for cardiovascular disorders. Joint symptoms disappeared rapidly after arthrocentesis and diminution of the dose of oral anticoagulant medication. The third patient has been on chronic hemodialysis for the last three years. After 2 years of this therapy he developed periarthritis of the right shoulder, followed suddenly by hemarthrosis of the right shoulder which remained symptomatic for 9 months in spite of several joint aspirations and reduction in the dosage of heparin administered during hemodialysis. Resolution of the hemarthrosis of the right shoulder occurred only when the vascular access for the dialysis sessions was displaced from the right to the left forearm. It is assumed that there was communication in the venous draining territories of the arterio-venous fistula and the shoulder articulation.", "contents": "[Hemarthroses complicating anticoagulant therapy (heparin, oral anticoagulants)]. Three patients with hemarthrosis complicating anticoagulant therapy are described. Two had acute hemarthrosis of the knee joint occurring during long term oral anticoagulant therapy for cardiovascular disorders. Joint symptoms disappeared rapidly after arthrocentesis and diminution of the dose of oral anticoagulant medication. The third patient has been on chronic hemodialysis for the last three years. After 2 years of this therapy he developed periarthritis of the right shoulder, followed suddenly by hemarthrosis of the right shoulder which remained symptomatic for 9 months in spite of several joint aspirations and reduction in the dosage of heparin administered during hemodialysis. Resolution of the hemarthrosis of the right shoulder occurred only when the vascular access for the dialysis sessions was displaced from the right to the left forearm. It is assumed that there was communication in the venous draining territories of the arterio-venous fistula and the shoulder articulation."}
{"id": "PMID:897659", "title": "Carrier-mediated photodiffusion membranes.", "content": "Reversible photochromic reactions can be coupled to carrier-mediated transport processes in membranes to bring about the separation or concentration of selected permeants. Carbon monoxide has been pumped against of fourfold concentration gradient by differentially illuminating a hemoglobin membrane. The extent of concentration of photochromic ligands increases with light intensity and is reversible. Nonphotochemically sensitive ligands can also be transported by coupling with phostosensitive carrier-mediated systems.", "contents": "Carrier-mediated photodiffusion membranes. Reversible photochromic reactions can be coupled to carrier-mediated transport processes in membranes to bring about the separation or concentration of selected permeants. Carbon monoxide has been pumped against of fourfold concentration gradient by differentially illuminating a hemoglobin membrane. The extent of concentration of photochromic ligands increases with light intensity and is reversible. Nonphotochemically sensitive ligands can also be transported by coupling with phostosensitive carrier-mediated systems."}
{"id": "PMID:897660", "title": "Timekeeping by the pineal gland.", "content": "N-Acetyltransferase, an enzyme involved in melatonin production in the pineal gland, exhibits a circadian rhythm in chickens with peak values in the dark-time and low values during the light-time, commencing at lights-on. When pineal glands of chickens killed during the dark-time (with high N-acetyltransferase activity) were organ-cultured, there was a decline in enzyme activity to light-time values. Regardless of the time of the dark at which the chickens were killed, the enzyme activity reached light-time levels at precisely the same time.", "contents": "Timekeeping by the pineal gland. N-Acetyltransferase, an enzyme involved in melatonin production in the pineal gland, exhibits a circadian rhythm in chickens with peak values in the dark-time and low values during the light-time, commencing at lights-on. When pineal glands of chickens killed during the dark-time (with high N-acetyltransferase activity) were organ-cultured, there was a decline in enzyme activity to light-time values. Regardless of the time of the dark at which the chickens were killed, the enzyme activity reached light-time levels at precisely the same time."}
{"id": "PMID:897661", "title": "Aluminum absorption and distribution: effect of parathyroid hormone.", "content": "In rats, gastrointestinal aluminum absorption and tissue distribution were altered by parathyroid hormone; the resultant tissue concentrations were similar to those observed in dialysis patients with a fatal encephalopathy. In dialysis patients, serum aluminum and endogenous parathyroid hormone concentrations are significantly correlated. These data suggest that aluminum toxicity in dialysis patients results from oral aluminum ingestion in the presence of hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Aluminum absorption and distribution: effect of parathyroid hormone. In rats, gastrointestinal aluminum absorption and tissue distribution were altered by parathyroid hormone; the resultant tissue concentrations were similar to those observed in dialysis patients with a fatal encephalopathy. In dialysis patients, serum aluminum and endogenous parathyroid hormone concentrations are significantly correlated. These data suggest that aluminum toxicity in dialysis patients results from oral aluminum ingestion in the presence of hyperparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:897662", "title": "Competition of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol with estrogen in rat uterine estrogen receptor binding.", "content": "Direct competition experiments with delta 9 -tetrahydrocannibinol (delta 9-THC) and estradiol in binding assays with rat uterine cytosol estrogen receptors showed that delta 9-THC was a weak, but nevertheless significant, competitor for binding to cytoplasmic estrogen receptors. These data support, at the molecular level, the observations that delta 9-THC has a weak estrogenic activity (at least the ability to bind to estrogen receptors). Moreover, estrogen-like binding suggests that delta 9-THC, acting at the level of estrogen receptor, causes a primary estrogenic effect rather than an indirect or secondary phenomenon.", "contents": "Competition of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol with estrogen in rat uterine estrogen receptor binding. Direct competition experiments with delta 9 -tetrahydrocannibinol (delta 9-THC) and estradiol in binding assays with rat uterine cytosol estrogen receptors showed that delta 9-THC was a weak, but nevertheless significant, competitor for binding to cytoplasmic estrogen receptors. These data support, at the molecular level, the observations that delta 9-THC has a weak estrogenic activity (at least the ability to bind to estrogen receptors). Moreover, estrogen-like binding suggests that delta 9-THC, acting at the level of estrogen receptor, causes a primary estrogenic effect rather than an indirect or secondary phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:897663", "title": "Long-term unit recording from somatosensory neurons in the spinal ganglia of the freely walking cat.", "content": "A new technique has been developed for stable, long-term recording from groups of individual primary afferent neurons in the freely walking cat. A number of fine, flexible wires are inserted into dorsal root ganglia via a small laminotomy in the lumbar spine. The cut end of each wire can record stable and separable action potentials from one to three dorsal root ganglion neurons; each unit has typically held for 1 to 4 days. A broad range of myelinated somatosensory afferent (conduction velocities of 30 to 120 meters per second) have been studies during locomotion. Most cutaneous and proprioceptive afferent studied have been sensitive monitors of complex combinations of step-cycle components, and their firing patterns would often have been difficult to predict from existing information.", "contents": "Long-term unit recording from somatosensory neurons in the spinal ganglia of the freely walking cat. A new technique has been developed for stable, long-term recording from groups of individual primary afferent neurons in the freely walking cat. A number of fine, flexible wires are inserted into dorsal root ganglia via a small laminotomy in the lumbar spine. The cut end of each wire can record stable and separable action potentials from one to three dorsal root ganglion neurons; each unit has typically held for 1 to 4 days. A broad range of myelinated somatosensory afferent (conduction velocities of 30 to 120 meters per second) have been studies during locomotion. Most cutaneous and proprioceptive afferent studied have been sensitive monitors of complex combinations of step-cycle components, and their firing patterns would often have been difficult to predict from existing information."}
{"id": "PMID:897666", "title": "Cholera toxin crystals suitable for x-ray diffraction.", "content": "Large crystals of the cholera toxin were grown; their dimensions, symmetry (P21), order, and resistance to radiation make them ideally suited for a high-resolution x-ray structure determination. There is one molecule (approximately 84,000 daltons) per asymmetric unit, and therefore the lattice reveals no molecular symmetry. Two distinct bioassays indicate that the protein from dissolved crystals retains full biological activity.", "contents": "Cholera toxin crystals suitable for x-ray diffraction. Large crystals of the cholera toxin were grown; their dimensions, symmetry (P21), order, and resistance to radiation make them ideally suited for a high-resolution x-ray structure determination. There is one molecule (approximately 84,000 daltons) per asymmetric unit, and therefore the lattice reveals no molecular symmetry. Two distinct bioassays indicate that the protein from dissolved crystals retains full biological activity."}
{"id": "PMID:897667", "title": "Infectivity reacquisition by Trypanosoma brucei brucei cultivated with tsetse salivary glands.", "content": "Reacquisition of infectivity four mice was observed in cultures of Trypanosoma brucei brucei grown in the presence of tests fly salivary gland explants in a medium based on the amino acid composition of Glossina hemolymph and containing fetal bovine serum. High infection rates were obtained in mice inoculated with about 1.5 X 10(8) organisms. Infectivity reacquisition was correlated with invasion of the salivary glands by the parasites. Few small trypanosomes with subterminal kinetoplasts (metacyclic-like forms) were found in the infective inoculums. The parasitemias in mice consisted of pleomorphic cultivable trypanosomes. Cultures initiated by these organisms and then placed with the head-salivary gland preparations became infective for mice.", "contents": "Infectivity reacquisition by Trypanosoma brucei brucei cultivated with tsetse salivary glands. Reacquisition of infectivity four mice was observed in cultures of Trypanosoma brucei brucei grown in the presence of tests fly salivary gland explants in a medium based on the amino acid composition of Glossina hemolymph and containing fetal bovine serum. High infection rates were obtained in mice inoculated with about 1.5 X 10(8) organisms. Infectivity reacquisition was correlated with invasion of the salivary glands by the parasites. Few small trypanosomes with subterminal kinetoplasts (metacyclic-like forms) were found in the infective inoculums. The parasitemias in mice consisted of pleomorphic cultivable trypanosomes. Cultures initiated by these organisms and then placed with the head-salivary gland preparations became infective for mice."}
{"id": "PMID:897668", "title": "Sperm autoantibodies in vasectomized rats of different inbred strains.", "content": "An immune response to antigens of spermatozoa occurs after vasectomy in rats of some inbred strains, but not in others. Antibodies to rat spermatozoa were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in some of the serums of vasectomized rats of the following strains: 80 percent of Lewis, 47 percent of Brown Norway, 13 percent of Buffalo, 12 percent of Wistar-Furth, and 11 percent of ACI rats. No such antibodies were detected in the serums of vasectomized Fischer, Dark Agouti, and Sprague-Dawley rats.", "contents": "Sperm autoantibodies in vasectomized rats of different inbred strains. An immune response to antigens of spermatozoa occurs after vasectomy in rats of some inbred strains, but not in others. Antibodies to rat spermatozoa were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in some of the serums of vasectomized rats of the following strains: 80 percent of Lewis, 47 percent of Brown Norway, 13 percent of Buffalo, 12 percent of Wistar-Furth, and 11 percent of ACI rats. No such antibodies were detected in the serums of vasectomized Fischer, Dark Agouti, and Sprague-Dawley rats."}
{"id": "PMID:897669", "title": "A method for detecting 8-methoxypsoralen in the ocular lens.", "content": "The use of 8-methoxypsoralen for treating psoriasis could prove hazardous if this photosensitizing agent enters the ocular lens. Phosphorescence spectra of intact rat lenses reveal concentrations of 8-methoxypsoralen on the order 10(-5)M after intraperitoneal injection of 8-methoxypsoralen. There is evidence that this drug can function as a photosensitizing agent, enhancing ultraviolet-induced changes within the lens.", "contents": "A method for detecting 8-methoxypsoralen in the ocular lens. The use of 8-methoxypsoralen for treating psoriasis could prove hazardous if this photosensitizing agent enters the ocular lens. Phosphorescence spectra of intact rat lenses reveal concentrations of 8-methoxypsoralen on the order 10(-5)M after intraperitoneal injection of 8-methoxypsoralen. There is evidence that this drug can function as a photosensitizing agent, enhancing ultraviolet-induced changes within the lens."}
{"id": "PMID:897670", "title": "Butylated hydroxytoluene protects chickens exposed to Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "Dietary butylated hydroxytoluene, an antioxidant widely used in food and feed processing, prevents mortality of chickens exposed to virulent Newcastle disease virus and prevents the serological response of chickens exposed to avirulent Newcastle disease virus. This chemoprophylactic effect is evident when chickens are fed diets containing concentrations of butylated hydroxytoluene normally used for antioxidant purposes (100 to 200 parts per million of total diet).", "contents": "Butylated hydroxytoluene protects chickens exposed to Newcastle disease virus. Dietary butylated hydroxytoluene, an antioxidant widely used in food and feed processing, prevents mortality of chickens exposed to virulent Newcastle disease virus and prevents the serological response of chickens exposed to avirulent Newcastle disease virus. This chemoprophylactic effect is evident when chickens are fed diets containing concentrations of butylated hydroxytoluene normally used for antioxidant purposes (100 to 200 parts per million of total diet)."}
{"id": "PMID:897671", "title": "Auditory evoked potentials as probes of hemispheric differences in cognitive processing.", "content": "The amplitude of auditory evoked potentials recorded from the cerebral hemispheres to pairs of task-irrelevant tones was related to differential hemispheric engagement in ongoing cognitive activity (for example, verbal versus musical). The hemisphere hypothesized to be most engaged in the ongoing cognitive task, as compared to the unengaged hemisphere, produced a greater potential difference between the temporal and reference electrode to the second of the tone pairs. These findings are related to \"fast habituation\" and \"recovery cycle.\".", "contents": "Auditory evoked potentials as probes of hemispheric differences in cognitive processing. The amplitude of auditory evoked potentials recorded from the cerebral hemispheres to pairs of task-irrelevant tones was related to differential hemispheric engagement in ongoing cognitive activity (for example, verbal versus musical). The hemisphere hypothesized to be most engaged in the ongoing cognitive task, as compared to the unengaged hemisphere, produced a greater potential difference between the temporal and reference electrode to the second of the tone pairs. These findings are related to \"fast habituation\" and \"recovery cycle.\"."}
{"id": "PMID:897673", "title": "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide occurs in nerves of the female genitourinary tract.", "content": "The vasoactive intestinal polypeptide occurs in a richly developed population of nerves that are abundant in the female genitourinary tract. In pigs, cats, rats, and mice these nerves seem to innervate vessels and smooth musculature. Evidence indicates that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide represents a peptide neurotransmitter. Its effects on uterine blood flow and contractility, for example, may be considerable.", "contents": "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide occurs in nerves of the female genitourinary tract. The vasoactive intestinal polypeptide occurs in a richly developed population of nerves that are abundant in the female genitourinary tract. In pigs, cats, rats, and mice these nerves seem to innervate vessels and smooth musculature. Evidence indicates that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide represents a peptide neurotransmitter. Its effects on uterine blood flow and contractility, for example, may be considerable."}
{"id": "PMID:897674", "title": "Complexes of stannous fluoride and other group IVB dihalides with mammalian hemoproteins.", "content": "Stannous fluoride, the widely used anticaries toothpaste additive, and other tin and germanium dihalides form complexes with hemoproteins such as hepatic cytochrome P-450, hemoglobin, and peroxidase. These complexes are characterized by visible spectra closely similar in shape, molar absorptivity, and absorbance maxima to those obtained with analogous complexes of carbon monoxide. Evidence is presented that the observed complexes are formed with uncharged MX2 or LMX2, moieties (where L is a neutral Lewis base, M is a metal, and X is a halogen) acting as pi-acceptor ligands.", "contents": "Complexes of stannous fluoride and other group IVB dihalides with mammalian hemoproteins. Stannous fluoride, the widely used anticaries toothpaste additive, and other tin and germanium dihalides form complexes with hemoproteins such as hepatic cytochrome P-450, hemoglobin, and peroxidase. These complexes are characterized by visible spectra closely similar in shape, molar absorptivity, and absorbance maxima to those obtained with analogous complexes of carbon monoxide. Evidence is presented that the observed complexes are formed with uncharged MX2 or LMX2, moieties (where L is a neutral Lewis base, M is a metal, and X is a halogen) acting as pi-acceptor ligands."}
{"id": "PMID:897675", "title": "Molecular graphics: application to the structure determination of a snake venom neurotoxin.", "content": "Atomic coordinates have been determined for a snake venom alpha-neurotoxic protein by fitting a molecular model to a crystallographically derived 2.2-angstrom electron density map. The fitting was carried out entirely on a computer-operated molecular, graphics system without going through any mechanical model stage.", "contents": "Molecular graphics: application to the structure determination of a snake venom neurotoxin. Atomic coordinates have been determined for a snake venom alpha-neurotoxic protein by fitting a molecular model to a crystallographically derived 2.2-angstrom electron density map. The fitting was carried out entirely on a computer-operated molecular, graphics system without going through any mechanical model stage."}
{"id": "PMID:897676", "title": "Neuron duplications and deletions in locust clones and clutches.", "content": "Duplications and deletions of identified neurons can occur with a high degree of genetic control and specificity, as shown by examining the ocellar interneurons of locusts from different breeding populations, clutches from single mated pairs, and isogenic animals from parthenogenetic clones.", "contents": "Neuron duplications and deletions in locust clones and clutches. Duplications and deletions of identified neurons can occur with a high degree of genetic control and specificity, as shown by examining the ocellar interneurons of locusts from different breeding populations, clutches from single mated pairs, and isogenic animals from parthenogenetic clones."}
{"id": "PMID:897677", "title": "Brain self-stimulation: direct evidence for the involvement of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex.", "content": "Rats were trained to self-stimulate the medial prefrontal cortex, a region rich in dopaminergic terminals. After the region adjacent to the electrode site was labeled with [14C]dopamine, it was perfused repeatedly by means of push-pull cannulas. Electrical stimulation of this cortical area in six animals enhanced the release of dopamine and its associated metabolites in nine of 16 experiments. Thus in vivo evidence is provided that dopamine is involved in the brain self-stimulation mechanism within the frontal cortex.", "contents": "Brain self-stimulation: direct evidence for the involvement of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex. Rats were trained to self-stimulate the medial prefrontal cortex, a region rich in dopaminergic terminals. After the region adjacent to the electrode site was labeled with [14C]dopamine, it was perfused repeatedly by means of push-pull cannulas. Electrical stimulation of this cortical area in six animals enhanced the release of dopamine and its associated metabolites in nine of 16 experiments. Thus in vivo evidence is provided that dopamine is involved in the brain self-stimulation mechanism within the frontal cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:897678", "title": "Impact of federal regulations at a university.", "content": "Last year the University of Iowa conducted an in-house study of how federal regulations, executive orders, and agency administrative policies affected the day-to-day operations of the university on all levels. This article is an analysis and reassessment of the federal impact issue based on the information uncovered in the University of Iowa survey.", "contents": "Impact of federal regulations at a university. Last year the University of Iowa conducted an in-house study of how federal regulations, executive orders, and agency administrative policies affected the day-to-day operations of the university on all levels. This article is an analysis and reassessment of the federal impact issue based on the information uncovered in the University of Iowa survey."}
{"id": "PMID:897679", "title": "Cancer mortality in U.S. counties with petroleum industries.", "content": "A survey of cancer mortality from 1950 to 1969 was conducted in U.S. counties where the petroleum industry is most heavily concentrated. Male residents of these counties experienced significantly higher rates for cancers of the lung, the nasal cavity and sinuses, and the skin (including malignant melanoma) compared to male residents of counties with similar demographic characteristics. Further study is needed to determine whether these patterns result from exposure to chemical carcinogens, including polycyclic hydrocarbons, involved in the manufacturing of petroleum.", "contents": "Cancer mortality in U.S. counties with petroleum industries. A survey of cancer mortality from 1950 to 1969 was conducted in U.S. counties where the petroleum industry is most heavily concentrated. Male residents of these counties experienced significantly higher rates for cancers of the lung, the nasal cavity and sinuses, and the skin (including malignant melanoma) compared to male residents of counties with similar demographic characteristics. Further study is needed to determine whether these patterns result from exposure to chemical carcinogens, including polycyclic hydrocarbons, involved in the manufacturing of petroleum."}
{"id": "PMID:897680", "title": "Bifunctional intercalators: relationship of antitumor activity of diacridines to the cell membrane.", "content": "The in vivo antitumor effectiveness [as measured by the percentage increase in life-span (ILS%)] of 28 diacridine bis-intercalators of nucleic acids shows a highly significant correlation with their effect on phenomena associated with plasma membrane as well as a high degree of structural specificity. In contrast, the ILS% does not correlate with the uptake of these diacridines by cells, nor with the inhibition of RNA synthesis or of DNA synthesis or with the inhibition of growth of cells in culture. The possibility that the antitumor effectiveness of actinomycin D, another DNA intercalator, is associated with sites of action other than the hibition of RNA synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Bifunctional intercalators: relationship of antitumor activity of diacridines to the cell membrane. The in vivo antitumor effectiveness [as measured by the percentage increase in life-span (ILS%)] of 28 diacridine bis-intercalators of nucleic acids shows a highly significant correlation with their effect on phenomena associated with plasma membrane as well as a high degree of structural specificity. In contrast, the ILS% does not correlate with the uptake of these diacridines by cells, nor with the inhibition of RNA synthesis or of DNA synthesis or with the inhibition of growth of cells in culture. The possibility that the antitumor effectiveness of actinomycin D, another DNA intercalator, is associated with sites of action other than the hibition of RNA synthesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897681", "title": "Alpha blocking: absence in visuobehavioral deprivation.", "content": "Subjects with congenital deficits that allowed only diffuse light perception through one eye were examined for blocking of the alpha rhythm. With only the deprived eye open the electroencephalogram is dominated by alpha rhythm that is not blocked by photic stimulation, even though the stimuli evoke a response from occipital cortex.", "contents": "Alpha blocking: absence in visuobehavioral deprivation. Subjects with congenital deficits that allowed only diffuse light perception through one eye were examined for blocking of the alpha rhythm. With only the deprived eye open the electroencephalogram is dominated by alpha rhythm that is not blocked by photic stimulation, even though the stimuli evoke a response from occipital cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:897682", "title": "Mental set alters visibility of moving targets.", "content": "An observer's knowledge of a moving target's direction and velocity enhances detectability. In addition, knowledge of direction and velocity speeds an observer's reaction to the motion of a previously stationary target. Since rival, nonperceptual hypotheses can be ruled out, these effects represent a direct modulation of vision by mental set.", "contents": "Mental set alters visibility of moving targets. An observer's knowledge of a moving target's direction and velocity enhances detectability. In addition, knowledge of direction and velocity speeds an observer's reaction to the motion of a previously stationary target. Since rival, nonperceptual hypotheses can be ruled out, these effects represent a direct modulation of vision by mental set."}
{"id": "PMID:897683", "title": "Striatal efferent fibers play a role in maintaining rotational behavior in the rat.", "content": "Rats in which ascending dopamine-containing neurons have been unilaterally destroyed by injections of 6-hydroxydopamine are known to rotate after being injected with apomorphine or L-dopa. The rotation is markedly reduced by either (i) ipsilateral electrocoagulations of the caudate-putamen or internal capsule or (ii) ipsilateral coronal knife cuts immediately rostral to the substantia nigra. Neostriatal efferent fibers, in particular the strionigral projection, appear to be required for the expression of this dopamine-dependent behavior.", "contents": "Striatal efferent fibers play a role in maintaining rotational behavior in the rat. Rats in which ascending dopamine-containing neurons have been unilaterally destroyed by injections of 6-hydroxydopamine are known to rotate after being injected with apomorphine or L-dopa. The rotation is markedly reduced by either (i) ipsilateral electrocoagulations of the caudate-putamen or internal capsule or (ii) ipsilateral coronal knife cuts immediately rostral to the substantia nigra. Neostriatal efferent fibers, in particular the strionigral projection, appear to be required for the expression of this dopamine-dependent behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:897684", "title": "Clockwise growth of neurites from retinal explants.", "content": "When retinal explants from goldfish are grown on a polycation substratum, a marked tendency for directionality of neurite outgrowth is observed. While the direct relevance to nerve growth in vivo is not known, the phenomenon is interpreted as reflecting an inherent helicity of the neurites.", "contents": "Clockwise growth of neurites from retinal explants. When retinal explants from goldfish are grown on a polycation substratum, a marked tendency for directionality of neurite outgrowth is observed. While the direct relevance to nerve growth in vivo is not known, the phenomenon is interpreted as reflecting an inherent helicity of the neurites."}
{"id": "PMID:897685", "title": "Neuronal circadian rhythm: phase shifting by a protein synthesis inhibitor.", "content": "A potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, anisomycin, was applied  (10(-6)M) in 6-hour pulses at specific phases in the circadian rhythm of endogenous compound action potential (CAP) activity recorded from the eye of Aplysia in vitro. The phase of the circadian rhythm was systematically advanced or delayed (up to 15 hours) depending on the specific phase at which the pulse was applied. The resultant phase response curve implicates protein synthesis on the eukaryotic ribosome as a fundamental part of the controlling processes that constitutes the circadian clock.", "contents": "Neuronal circadian rhythm: phase shifting by a protein synthesis inhibitor. A potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, anisomycin, was applied  (10(-6)M) in 6-hour pulses at specific phases in the circadian rhythm of endogenous compound action potential (CAP) activity recorded from the eye of Aplysia in vitro. The phase of the circadian rhythm was systematically advanced or delayed (up to 15 hours) depending on the specific phase at which the pulse was applied. The resultant phase response curve implicates protein synthesis on the eukaryotic ribosome as a fundamental part of the controlling processes that constitutes the circadian clock."}
{"id": "PMID:897686", "title": "Cortical mechanisms that augment or reduce evoked potentials in cats.", "content": "The augmenting or reducing of flash-evoked potentials in paralyzed cats was significantly correlated with their previously videotaped behaviors. Augmenting reducing was due to alterations in cortical rather than subcortical responsiveness, and was duplicated by increasing cortical arousal by means of reticular stimulation while the animal was exposed to visual stimuli of constant intensity. Brainstem activation of cortical inhibition may underlie the behavioral results as well as the results obtained with the evoked potentials.", "contents": "Cortical mechanisms that augment or reduce evoked potentials in cats. The augmenting or reducing of flash-evoked potentials in paralyzed cats was significantly correlated with their previously videotaped behaviors. Augmenting reducing was due to alterations in cortical rather than subcortical responsiveness, and was duplicated by increasing cortical arousal by means of reticular stimulation while the animal was exposed to visual stimuli of constant intensity. Brainstem activation of cortical inhibition may underlie the behavioral results as well as the results obtained with the evoked potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:897687", "title": "Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates.", "content": "Infants between 12 and 21 days of age can imitate both facial and manual gestures; this behavior cannot be explained in terms of either conditioning or innate releasing mechanisms. Such imitation implies that human neonates can equate their own unseen behaviors with gestures they see others perform.", "contents": "Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Infants between 12 and 21 days of age can imitate both facial and manual gestures; this behavior cannot be explained in terms of either conditioning or innate releasing mechanisms. Such imitation implies that human neonates can equate their own unseen behaviors with gestures they see others perform."}
{"id": "PMID:897688", "title": "Transplantable pancreatic carcinoma of the rat.", "content": "Pancreatic carcinoma, which developed in a male Fischer 344 rat fed 0.1% nafenopin for 20 months, is being successfully transplanted into weanling rats. The tumor cells contain variable numbers of zymogen granules, and the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus appear prominent. This transplantable tumor, which displays substantial amylase and lipase activity, should serve as a useful model system for immuno- and chemotherapeutic experiments, as well as for the study of synthesis, storage, and release of zymogen proteins in neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Transplantable pancreatic carcinoma of the rat. Pancreatic carcinoma, which developed in a male Fischer 344 rat fed 0.1% nafenopin for 20 months, is being successfully transplanted into weanling rats. The tumor cells contain variable numbers of zymogen granules, and the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus appear prominent. This transplantable tumor, which displays substantial amylase and lipase activity, should serve as a useful model system for immuno- and chemotherapeutic experiments, as well as for the study of synthesis, storage, and release of zymogen proteins in neoplastic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:897720", "title": "Distribution of physicians in family practice and other medical specialties in Texas, 1969-1973: a statistical review.", "content": "This article documents distributional patterns of allopathic family practice physicians (including general practitioners) in Texas as compared with allopathic physicians in all other medical specialties in the state during the period 1969-1973, for which there are reliable data. Statistical analysis of this information shows that there was a significant difference between the growth of family practice compared to all other medical specialties in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties. This study draws no conclusions that the medical needs in many of these areas are not being met, since patient travel may, to some degree, compensate for disproportionate physician distribution. There is no unanimous agreement on what constitutes an ideal ratio of physicians in any specialty to a population in so-called \"medically underserved\" areas.", "contents": "Distribution of physicians in family practice and other medical specialties in Texas, 1969-1973: a statistical review. This article documents distributional patterns of allopathic family practice physicians (including general practitioners) in Texas as compared with allopathic physicians in all other medical specialties in the state during the period 1969-1973, for which there are reliable data. Statistical analysis of this information shows that there was a significant difference between the growth of family practice compared to all other medical specialties in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties. This study draws no conclusions that the medical needs in many of these areas are not being met, since patient travel may, to some degree, compensate for disproportionate physician distribution. There is no unanimous agreement on what constitutes an ideal ratio of physicians in any specialty to a population in so-called \"medically underserved\" areas."}
{"id": "PMID:897721", "title": "Practical role for ultrasound in diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of lower extremities.", "content": "The Doppler Ultrasonic Velocity Detector has been shown to be of significant value in the evaluation of patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis. Our experience in 121 patients demonstrates a false-negative rate of 10% for \"minimal\" thrombophlebitis and 3.2% for ileofemoral thrombosis when the Doppler was used as a diagnostic aid. Since ileofemoral thrombosis represents the greatest threat to the patient in terms of pulmonary embolism, this appears to be a sensitive and specific technic for the detection of ileofemoral thrombosis.", "contents": "Practical role for ultrasound in diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of lower extremities. The Doppler Ultrasonic Velocity Detector has been shown to be of significant value in the evaluation of patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis. Our experience in 121 patients demonstrates a false-negative rate of 10% for \"minimal\" thrombophlebitis and 3.2% for ileofemoral thrombosis when the Doppler was used as a diagnostic aid. Since ileofemoral thrombosis represents the greatest threat to the patient in terms of pulmonary embolism, this appears to be a sensitive and specific technic for the detection of ileofemoral thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:897722", "title": "Hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy: mechanisms and management.", "content": "Hypocalcemia persists as a problem after thyroidectomy. We reviewed our experience with 245 thyroidectomies to define the spectrum of hypocalcemia, elucidate the mechanisms of hypocalcemia, and formulate a rational basis for its management. Postoperative hypocalcemia occurred in 8.6% of all patients undergoing thyroid surgery with incidence the highest in patients with total thyroidectomy for cancer (28%) and those with subtotal thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis (23%). Incidence was low in patients having subtotal thyroidectomy for other diseases (1.5%) and lobectomy (0%). The high incidence of hypocalcemia following subtotal thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis but not for other diseases suggests that a mechanism other than removal or damage of the parathyroids is responsible for the hypocalcemia. This may well be thyrotoxic osteodystrophy. This hypocalcemia usually occurs early, is of moderate degree, and is transient. Management includes calcium gluconate for acute symptoms and calcium lactate with vitamin D2 for chronic symptoms.", "contents": "Hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy: mechanisms and management. Hypocalcemia persists as a problem after thyroidectomy. We reviewed our experience with 245 thyroidectomies to define the spectrum of hypocalcemia, elucidate the mechanisms of hypocalcemia, and formulate a rational basis for its management. Postoperative hypocalcemia occurred in 8.6% of all patients undergoing thyroid surgery with incidence the highest in patients with total thyroidectomy for cancer (28%) and those with subtotal thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis (23%). Incidence was low in patients having subtotal thyroidectomy for other diseases (1.5%) and lobectomy (0%). The high incidence of hypocalcemia following subtotal thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis but not for other diseases suggests that a mechanism other than removal or damage of the parathyroids is responsible for the hypocalcemia. This may well be thyrotoxic osteodystrophy. This hypocalcemia usually occurs early, is of moderate degree, and is transient. Management includes calcium gluconate for acute symptoms and calcium lactate with vitamin D2 for chronic symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:897723", "title": "Hereditary (familial) renal disease: clinical and genetic studies.", "content": "Four or more generations of three Oklahoma-Kansas families in which multiple members have been found to have glomerulonephritis or interstitial nephritis have been studied. Twenty-five of 146 members in kindred A, 16 of 50 members in kindred B, and 33 of 156 members in kindred C were identified as probably to definitely afflicted. Renal tissue from members of the first two families showed an acute or chronic glomerulonephritis. Renal failure often appeared by the third decade. The lesions were less frequent but more rapidly lethal in the male members. Renal tissue from members of the third kindred showed an interstitial nephritis. This appeared later in life and followed a more chronic course. Hearing loss was common in both groups. The hereditary studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the disease is transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene with imcomplete penetrance (not all members carrying the gene develop renal disease) and variable expressivity. Male-to-male transmission was present in all three families but less frequently than would be predicted, suggesting a reduced clinical expression of the disease in males who receive the mutant gene from their father.", "contents": "Hereditary (familial) renal disease: clinical and genetic studies. Four or more generations of three Oklahoma-Kansas families in which multiple members have been found to have glomerulonephritis or interstitial nephritis have been studied. Twenty-five of 146 members in kindred A, 16 of 50 members in kindred B, and 33 of 156 members in kindred C were identified as probably to definitely afflicted. Renal tissue from members of the first two families showed an acute or chronic glomerulonephritis. Renal failure often appeared by the third decade. The lesions were less frequent but more rapidly lethal in the male members. Renal tissue from members of the third kindred showed an interstitial nephritis. This appeared later in life and followed a more chronic course. Hearing loss was common in both groups. The hereditary studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the disease is transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene with imcomplete penetrance (not all members carrying the gene develop renal disease) and variable expressivity. Male-to-male transmission was present in all three families but less frequently than would be predicted, suggesting a reduced clinical expression of the disease in males who receive the mutant gene from their father."}
{"id": "PMID:897724", "title": "Management of infantile asthma.", "content": "Infantile asthama is an important pediatric problem and may cause substantial morbidity and mortality in this age group. The pathophysiology of allergic asthma involves a type I hypersensitivity reaction that is mediated by reaginic antibodies of the IgE class. Various factors predisposing to infantile asthma have been suggested but not confirmed. The differential diagnosis of infantile wheezing is of particular importance in this very young age group. An appreciation of the natural history and clinical characteristics of the disease, and of the important causative factors (foods, environmental inhalants, and respiratory infections), will aid the physician in the management of this problem.", "contents": "Management of infantile asthma. Infantile asthama is an important pediatric problem and may cause substantial morbidity and mortality in this age group. The pathophysiology of allergic asthma involves a type I hypersensitivity reaction that is mediated by reaginic antibodies of the IgE class. Various factors predisposing to infantile asthma have been suggested but not confirmed. The differential diagnosis of infantile wheezing is of particular importance in this very young age group. An appreciation of the natural history and clinical characteristics of the disease, and of the important causative factors (foods, environmental inhalants, and respiratory infections), will aid the physician in the management of this problem."}
{"id": "PMID:897725", "title": "Anisometropic amblyopia and its treatment.", "content": "Full optical correction and closely supervised occlusion were effective in producing substantial visual improvement in 15 of 17 patients with anisometropic amblyopia. The age of patients varied from 2 to 12 years and all were followed for at least one year.", "contents": "Anisometropic amblyopia and its treatment. Full optical correction and closely supervised occlusion were effective in producing substantial visual improvement in 15 of 17 patients with anisometropic amblyopia. The age of patients varied from 2 to 12 years and all were followed for at least one year."}
{"id": "PMID:897726", "title": "Thoracic duct injuries.", "content": "Chylous fistulas are an infrequent result of injury to the thoracic duct during radical neck dissection. Leakage of lymph from a fistula which is allowed to persist will cause such serious postoperative problems as metabolic deficiencies, flap elevation, suture breakdown with hemorrhage, and infection. There appears to be no valid justification for extended conservative management if it fails to slow the leak within 48 hours. We recommend prompt exploration of the wound with an operating microscope and microsurgical ligation of the lacerated duct with nonabsorbable sutures.", "contents": "Thoracic duct injuries. Chylous fistulas are an infrequent result of injury to the thoracic duct during radical neck dissection. Leakage of lymph from a fistula which is allowed to persist will cause such serious postoperative problems as metabolic deficiencies, flap elevation, suture breakdown with hemorrhage, and infection. There appears to be no valid justification for extended conservative management if it fails to slow the leak within 48 hours. We recommend prompt exploration of the wound with an operating microscope and microsurgical ligation of the lacerated duct with nonabsorbable sutures."}
{"id": "PMID:897727", "title": "Wound management after trauma to the colon.", "content": "The records of 62 patients with injury of the colon were reviewed to ascertain the contribution of technics in wound care to morbidity. Primarily closed wounds had a very high frequency of infection (56%). Wounds treated by delayed primary closure or secondary intention developed infection in 19% of patients. Infection in an open wound was associated with intraperitoneal abscess in 73% of cases.", "contents": "Wound management after trauma to the colon. The records of 62 patients with injury of the colon were reviewed to ascertain the contribution of technics in wound care to morbidity. Primarily closed wounds had a very high frequency of infection (56%). Wounds treated by delayed primary closure or secondary intention developed infection in 19% of patients. Infection in an open wound was associated with intraperitoneal abscess in 73% of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:897728", "title": "Is postoperative proximal decompression a necessary complement to elective colon resection?", "content": "Postoperative nasogastric suction is not a necessary complement to elective colon resection. We studied two groups of patients who had elective colon resection: nasogastric suction was used in the postoperative management of 53 patients, while 23 patients were managed without nasogastric suction. The morbidity and mortality rates were comparable in the two groups.", "contents": "Is postoperative proximal decompression a necessary complement to elective colon resection? Postoperative nasogastric suction is not a necessary complement to elective colon resection. We studied two groups of patients who had elective colon resection: nasogastric suction was used in the postoperative management of 53 patients, while 23 patients were managed without nasogastric suction. The morbidity and mortality rates were comparable in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:897729", "title": "Value of bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of amyloidosis.", "content": "Amyloid involvement of the bone marrow is not commonly diagnosed before necropsy. Paraffin sections of the trephine bone biopsy specimen are superior to marrow aspiration cell smears for the antemortem diagnosis. Thirteen cases of amyloidosis were diagnosed from the bone biopsy specimen during a ten-year period. Amyloid was detected in only two of the corresponding aspirates. Three morphologic patterns of marrow involvement were found: vascular, focal extravascular/perivascular, and diffuse. Five (38%) of the cases were associated with multiple myeloma. An abnormal immunoglobulin was detected in the serum or urine or both in ten of 11 cases when determined. Although the bone marrow may not be the best site for the diagnosis of amyloidosis, it should not be neglected and marrow biopsies taken for other diagnostic reasons may \"incidentally\" reveal amyloid. Amyloidosis should be included in the list of non-primary hematologic conditions of the bone marrow in which the trephine biopsy may prove useful for diagnosis.", "contents": "Value of bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of amyloidosis. Amyloid involvement of the bone marrow is not commonly diagnosed before necropsy. Paraffin sections of the trephine bone biopsy specimen are superior to marrow aspiration cell smears for the antemortem diagnosis. Thirteen cases of amyloidosis were diagnosed from the bone biopsy specimen during a ten-year period. Amyloid was detected in only two of the corresponding aspirates. Three morphologic patterns of marrow involvement were found: vascular, focal extravascular/perivascular, and diffuse. Five (38%) of the cases were associated with multiple myeloma. An abnormal immunoglobulin was detected in the serum or urine or both in ten of 11 cases when determined. Although the bone marrow may not be the best site for the diagnosis of amyloidosis, it should not be neglected and marrow biopsies taken for other diagnostic reasons may \"incidentally\" reveal amyloid. Amyloidosis should be included in the list of non-primary hematologic conditions of the bone marrow in which the trephine biopsy may prove useful for diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:897730", "title": "Hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) prevalence among laboratory and nonlaboratory hospital personnel.", "content": "HBsAg and anti-HBs positivity was determined in hospital laboratory workers and nonlaboratory hospital workers (controls) matched for race and sex and adjusted for age. The combined prevalence of antigen-antibody positivity among white female technicians was 12% versus 0 of controls (P less than 0.005). The highest prevalence (18%) among laboratory workers was found in chemistry technicians, and significantly elevated frequencies also were noted in histocytologic, hematologic, and general laboratory technicians and blood collectors; this was not explained by a history of previous blood transfusions or hepatitis. Prevalence among pathologists (16%) was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than among radiologists not routinely performing angiography (2%). Prevalence among black female housekeepers, both laboratory (25%) and nonlaboratory (36 %), was the highest, and was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than among black female technicians (10%). Positivity was not correlated with current residence census tract socioeconomic indicators in black or white females. The data emphasize the need for continued identification of risks and improved protection measures in hospital workers.", "contents": "Hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) prevalence among laboratory and nonlaboratory hospital personnel. HBsAg and anti-HBs positivity was determined in hospital laboratory workers and nonlaboratory hospital workers (controls) matched for race and sex and adjusted for age. The combined prevalence of antigen-antibody positivity among white female technicians was 12% versus 0 of controls (P less than 0.005). The highest prevalence (18%) among laboratory workers was found in chemistry technicians, and significantly elevated frequencies also were noted in histocytologic, hematologic, and general laboratory technicians and blood collectors; this was not explained by a history of previous blood transfusions or hepatitis. Prevalence among pathologists (16%) was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than among radiologists not routinely performing angiography (2%). Prevalence among black female housekeepers, both laboratory (25%) and nonlaboratory (36 %), was the highest, and was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than among black female technicians (10%). Positivity was not correlated with current residence census tract socioeconomic indicators in black or white females. The data emphasize the need for continued identification of risks and improved protection measures in hospital workers."}
{"id": "PMID:897731", "title": "Surgical repair of old fourth-degree perineal lacerations.", "content": "There are four basic surgical procedures for repair of old fourth-degree (complete) perineal lacerations: the layer closure, the Warren flap, Bowers' modification of the usual layer closure, and the Noble procedure. The Noble procedure avoids the deficiencies of the other procedures, and it is recommended as the best choice for this type of repair because it produces an intact rectal tube uncompromised by a suture line, is anatomically correct, is simple and easily mastered, and apparently has a near-zero failure rate.", "contents": "Surgical repair of old fourth-degree perineal lacerations. There are four basic surgical procedures for repair of old fourth-degree (complete) perineal lacerations: the layer closure, the Warren flap, Bowers' modification of the usual layer closure, and the Noble procedure. The Noble procedure avoids the deficiencies of the other procedures, and it is recommended as the best choice for this type of repair because it produces an intact rectal tube uncompromised by a suture line, is anatomically correct, is simple and easily mastered, and apparently has a near-zero failure rate."}
{"id": "PMID:897732", "title": "Simplified hiatus herniorrhaphy.", "content": "A  brief synopsis of problems with hiatus herniorrhaphy surgery over its 25-year history includes extensive surgery, recurrences, and postoperative swallowing difficulties. A review of the simple central tendon hiatal herniorrhaphy technic and seven-year results include the adoption of a mersilene strip rather than external rectus fascia in anchoring the esophagogastric junction to the central tendon. The same excellent exposure and visibility allowing the lower esophageal segment to be well secured definitely within the abdomen is completely illustrated. Seven-year results in 138 patients operated upon are reviewed including mortality, recurrence rates, postoperative dysphagia, gas-bloat, and loss of regurgitating ability.", "contents": "Simplified hiatus herniorrhaphy. A  brief synopsis of problems with hiatus herniorrhaphy surgery over its 25-year history includes extensive surgery, recurrences, and postoperative swallowing difficulties. A review of the simple central tendon hiatal herniorrhaphy technic and seven-year results include the adoption of a mersilene strip rather than external rectus fascia in anchoring the esophagogastric junction to the central tendon. The same excellent exposure and visibility allowing the lower esophageal segment to be well secured definitely within the abdomen is completely illustrated. Seven-year results in 138 patients operated upon are reviewed including mortality, recurrence rates, postoperative dysphagia, gas-bloat, and loss of regurgitating ability."}
{"id": "PMID:897733", "title": "Polycentric total knee arthroplasty.", "content": "Polycentric total knee arthroplasty in 56 patients provided significant relief of pain in 90.7% and a stable knee in 92.7%. Postoperative increase in range of motion averaged 13.7 degrees for all patients (18.5 degrees in rheumatoid arthritis and 8.7 degrees in degenerative arthritis). This increase in excursion is attributed to the design of the prosthesis, a vigorous postoperative rehabilitation program, and careful surgical technic. A failure rate of 12.7% was due to infection, mechanical instability and unexplained pain. Contraindications to surgery and technical recommendations are noted.", "contents": "Polycentric total knee arthroplasty. Polycentric total knee arthroplasty in 56 patients provided significant relief of pain in 90.7% and a stable knee in 92.7%. Postoperative increase in range of motion averaged 13.7 degrees for all patients (18.5 degrees in rheumatoid arthritis and 8.7 degrees in degenerative arthritis). This increase in excursion is attributed to the design of the prosthesis, a vigorous postoperative rehabilitation program, and careful surgical technic. A failure rate of 12.7% was due to infection, mechanical instability and unexplained pain. Contraindications to surgery and technical recommendations are noted."}
{"id": "PMID:897734", "title": "Liver size in normal infants and children.", "content": "Liver span of normal infants and children 2 months to 5 years of age was found to be significantly correlated with body height, weight, surface area, and age. However, it was best correlated with body surface area, reflecting a constant relationship between body size and liver size. Assessment of liver span is a useful test for evaluation of a child with apparent liver enlargement.", "contents": "Liver size in normal infants and children. Liver span of normal infants and children 2 months to 5 years of age was found to be significantly correlated with body height, weight, surface area, and age. However, it was best correlated with body surface area, reflecting a constant relationship between body size and liver size. Assessment of liver span is a useful test for evaluation of a child with apparent liver enlargement."}
{"id": "PMID:897735", "title": "Ultrasonographic abdominal aortography.", "content": "B-mode ultrasonography is an easily performed and accurate method of studying the abdominal aorta. The procedure is totally noninvasive and does not require patient hospitalization to detect aortic aneurysmal dilatation. Aneurysm size, extent, and associated aneurysmal clot formation can be determined more accurately than with contrast aortography. Para-aortic abdominal masses or organs that transmit pulsations can be detected where an aneurysm was originally suspected. Studies for serial size determination or postoperative follow-up are quickly and inexpensively performed, making this procedure the choice diagnostic modality for abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic abdominal aortography. B-mode ultrasonography is an easily performed and accurate method of studying the abdominal aorta. The procedure is totally noninvasive and does not require patient hospitalization to detect aortic aneurysmal dilatation. Aneurysm size, extent, and associated aneurysmal clot formation can be determined more accurately than with contrast aortography. Para-aortic abdominal masses or organs that transmit pulsations can be detected where an aneurysm was originally suspected. Studies for serial size determination or postoperative follow-up are quickly and inexpensively performed, making this procedure the choice diagnostic modality for abdominal aortic aneurysms."}
{"id": "PMID:897740", "title": "Pasteurella multocida pneumonia and bacteremia.", "content": "A 76-year-old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who developed P multocida pneumonia and bacteremia has been described. The infection was treated with antibiotics, and the patient recovered. Pasteurella multocida is known to infect many species of animals. The instances of human infection due to this organism are frequently associated with exposure to animals. Pulmonary infection occurs principally in patients with underlying chronic bronchopulmonary disease.", "contents": "Pasteurella multocida pneumonia and bacteremia. A 76-year-old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who developed P multocida pneumonia and bacteremia has been described. The infection was treated with antibiotics, and the patient recovered. Pasteurella multocida is known to infect many species of animals. The instances of human infection due to this organism are frequently associated with exposure to animals. Pulmonary infection occurs principally in patients with underlying chronic bronchopulmonary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:897741", "title": "Rhabdomyolysis with cardiac and respiratory involvement.", "content": "A case of acute nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis in a heroin addict is described. In addition to respiratory failure, the patient's course was complicated by life-threatening arrhythmias and electrocardiographic changes compatible with primary cardiac involvement. This case suggests that rhabdomyolysis may involve cardiac muscle on rare occasions.", "contents": "Rhabdomyolysis with cardiac and respiratory involvement. A case of acute nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis in a heroin addict is described. In addition to respiratory failure, the patient's course was complicated by life-threatening arrhythmias and electrocardiographic changes compatible with primary cardiac involvement. This case suggests that rhabdomyolysis may involve cardiac muscle on rare occasions."}
{"id": "PMID:897742", "title": "Massive hemothorax complicating heparin anticoagulation for pulmonary embolus.", "content": "A case of massive hemothorax complicating heparin anticoagulation for pulmonary thromboembolism is presented. Hemothorax complicating anticoagulant therapy for PTE usually occurs within the first week of treatment and is invariably on the side of the initial clinical symptoms, suggesting intrapleural rupture of a hemorrhagic pulmonary infarct. Late hemothorax is unusual and may not be on the side of the initial symptoms, suggesting a different pathogenesis. Hemothorax may occur as the only bleeding complication of anticoagulation and when coagulation studies are within an acceptable therapeutic range. Cessation of anticoagulation therapy and prompt evacuation of the pleural space are recommended.", "contents": "Massive hemothorax complicating heparin anticoagulation for pulmonary embolus. A case of massive hemothorax complicating heparin anticoagulation for pulmonary thromboembolism is presented. Hemothorax complicating anticoagulant therapy for PTE usually occurs within the first week of treatment and is invariably on the side of the initial clinical symptoms, suggesting intrapleural rupture of a hemorrhagic pulmonary infarct. Late hemothorax is unusual and may not be on the side of the initial symptoms, suggesting a different pathogenesis. Hemothorax may occur as the only bleeding complication of anticoagulation and when coagulation studies are within an acceptable therapeutic range. Cessation of anticoagulation therapy and prompt evacuation of the pleural space are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:897744", "title": "Focal glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis in methicillin-treated, heroin-related infective endocarditis.", "content": "A drug addict with staphylococcal endocarditis treated with methicillin, who developed massive proteinuria and acute nephritic syndrome is described. Discontinuation of methicillin therapy and appropriate antibiotic treatment of endocarditis led to clinical improvement, emphasizing the need to promptly discontinue potential nephrotoxic agents when abnormalities in renal function appear. The clinical course and results of renal biopsy studies suggest multiple causes of the renal lesions in this patient.", "contents": "Focal glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis in methicillin-treated, heroin-related infective endocarditis. A drug addict with staphylococcal endocarditis treated with methicillin, who developed massive proteinuria and acute nephritic syndrome is described. Discontinuation of methicillin therapy and appropriate antibiotic treatment of endocarditis led to clinical improvement, emphasizing the need to promptly discontinue potential nephrotoxic agents when abnormalities in renal function appear. The clinical course and results of renal biopsy studies suggest multiple causes of the renal lesions in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:897745", "title": "Cholelithiasis after mitral valve replacement in a teen-ager.", "content": "A 17-year-old girl with cholelithiasis associated with mitral valve replacement four years earlier is presented. The potential for the development of cholelithiasis after cardiac valve replacement in children and adolescents is emphasized.", "contents": "Cholelithiasis after mitral valve replacement in a teen-ager. A 17-year-old girl with cholelithiasis associated with mitral valve replacement four years earlier is presented. The potential for the development of cholelithiasis after cardiac valve replacement in children and adolescents is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:897746", "title": "Prolonged muscle rigidity following administration of succinylcholine.", "content": "Succinylcholine should be avoided in any patient with known myotonia because of the possibility of an abnormal rigid response. In addition, the possibility of undiagnosed myotonia should be considered in any myopathic patient. While not all myotonic responses are associated with malignant hyperthermia, the anesthetic should be discontinued immediately and the patient should be closely observed for elevation of temperature.", "contents": "Prolonged muscle rigidity following administration of succinylcholine. Succinylcholine should be avoided in any patient with known myotonia because of the possibility of an abnormal rigid response. In addition, the possibility of undiagnosed myotonia should be considered in any myopathic patient. While not all myotonic responses are associated with malignant hyperthermia, the anesthetic should be discontinued immediately and the patient should be closely observed for elevation of temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:897747", "title": "Massive pulmonary gangrene.", "content": "A 49-year-old man suffered massive necrosis of the lung subsequent to a pneumococcal lobar pneumonia. Development of massive hemoptysis required emergency lobectomy. The patient is doing well six months after surgery. Pulmonary gangrene is a rare but grave complication of the lobar pneumonia. Both pneumococcal and Klebsiella pneumonias may progress to massive pulmonary gangrene despite antibiotic treatment. Survival seems to depend on the surgical removal of the necrotic tissue, which removes the danger of sudden massive hemoptysis.", "contents": "Massive pulmonary gangrene. A 49-year-old man suffered massive necrosis of the lung subsequent to a pneumococcal lobar pneumonia. Development of massive hemoptysis required emergency lobectomy. The patient is doing well six months after surgery. Pulmonary gangrene is a rare but grave complication of the lobar pneumonia. Both pneumococcal and Klebsiella pneumonias may progress to massive pulmonary gangrene despite antibiotic treatment. Survival seems to depend on the surgical removal of the necrotic tissue, which removes the danger of sudden massive hemoptysis."}
{"id": "PMID:897837", "title": "The effects of somatostatin on hormonal and metabolic responses in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Unmodified synthetic somatostatin, given as a 200-microgram intravenous bolus, plus 200 microgram infused over 3 hours, had no effect on basal plasma insulin and pancreatic glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) levels, both in controls and in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Somatostatin inhibited insulin-hypoglycaemia-induced pancreatic GLI release in controls and in patients with pancreatitis, and prolonged the insulin-induced fall in blood glucose in the patients. Arginine, presumably via insulin release, caused a fall in free fatty acids (FFA) in controls, which was inhibited by somatostatin. Somatostatin abolished the rebound rise in plasma FFA in patients with pancreatitis after insulin-hypoglycaemia. This effect may be related to inhibition of pancreatic GLI release or may be a direct action of somatostatin on lipolysis.", "contents": "The effects of somatostatin on hormonal and metabolic responses in chronic pancreatitis. Unmodified synthetic somatostatin, given as a 200-microgram intravenous bolus, plus 200 microgram infused over 3 hours, had no effect on basal plasma insulin and pancreatic glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) levels, both in controls and in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Somatostatin inhibited insulin-hypoglycaemia-induced pancreatic GLI release in controls and in patients with pancreatitis, and prolonged the insulin-induced fall in blood glucose in the patients. Arginine, presumably via insulin release, caused a fall in free fatty acids (FFA) in controls, which was inhibited by somatostatin. Somatostatin abolished the rebound rise in plasma FFA in patients with pancreatitis after insulin-hypoglycaemia. This effect may be related to inhibition of pancreatic GLI release or may be a direct action of somatostatin on lipolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:897838", "title": "A plea for routine radiographic examination of the cervical spine after head injury.", "content": "Patients with unrecognized fractures of the cervical spine associated with head injuries run the risk of developing spinal cord compression and paralysis while undergoing treatment. A case history demonstrating such a sequence of events is presented. The frequent association of fractures of the cervical spine and trauma to the head is discussed. Routine radiographic examination of the cervical spine in all patients who have sustained significant injuries to the head or face is advocated. The technique for performing simple lateral radiography of the cervical spine without moving the patient is described.", "contents": "A plea for routine radiographic examination of the cervical spine after head injury. Patients with unrecognized fractures of the cervical spine associated with head injuries run the risk of developing spinal cord compression and paralysis while undergoing treatment. A case history demonstrating such a sequence of events is presented. The frequent association of fractures of the cervical spine and trauma to the head is discussed. Routine radiographic examination of the cervical spine in all patients who have sustained significant injuries to the head or face is advocated. The technique for performing simple lateral radiography of the cervical spine without moving the patient is described."}
{"id": "PMID:897839", "title": "Advantages of the plasma uptake method for measuring vitamin B12 absorption.", "content": "The plasma uptake method for determining vitamin B12 absorption is reassessed. The results of this study demonstrate the ease with which normal controls can be separated from patients with intestinal malabsorption of vitamin B12 and from those with pernicious anaemia. This method is also shown to be a sensitive index of improved vitamin B12 absorption after treatment of small-intestinal disease and with the addition of intrinsic factor in pernicious anaemia. The advantages, particularly for developing countries, over the more commonly used Schilling test are discussed. It is emphasized that, because of the lack of a universally accepted normal value, healthy controls should be studied to define the normal range for the community under investigation.", "contents": "Advantages of the plasma uptake method for measuring vitamin B12 absorption. The plasma uptake method for determining vitamin B12 absorption is reassessed. The results of this study demonstrate the ease with which normal controls can be separated from patients with intestinal malabsorption of vitamin B12 and from those with pernicious anaemia. This method is also shown to be a sensitive index of improved vitamin B12 absorption after treatment of small-intestinal disease and with the addition of intrinsic factor in pernicious anaemia. The advantages, particularly for developing countries, over the more commonly used Schilling test are discussed. It is emphasized that, because of the lack of a universally accepted normal value, healthy controls should be studied to define the normal range for the community under investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:897840", "title": "Use of capnography to monitor pulmonary circulation during cardiac resuscitation.", "content": "Three cases are described where capnography gave very early warning of ineffective cardiac massage or impending cardiovascular failure. Life-saving information can be obtained at an early stage if the capnograph is used routinely in the care of critically ill patients.", "contents": "Use of capnography to monitor pulmonary circulation during cardiac resuscitation. Three cases are described where capnography gave very early warning of ineffective cardiac massage or impending cardiovascular failure. Life-saving information can be obtained at an early stage if the capnograph is used routinely in the care of critically ill patients."}
{"id": "PMID:897841", "title": "Primary isolated extramedullary plasmacytoma of the colon: a case report.", "content": "A tenth case of extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) of the colon is reported. The term 'primary isolated extra-medullary plasmacytoma' is preferred to those terms previously used. A broad classification of plasmacytoma of the gastro-intestinal tract is suggested and a management policy, based on this classification, is outlined.", "contents": "Primary isolated extramedullary plasmacytoma of the colon: a case report. A tenth case of extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) of the colon is reported. The term 'primary isolated extra-medullary plasmacytoma' is preferred to those terms previously used. A broad classification of plasmacytoma of the gastro-intestinal tract is suggested and a management policy, based on this classification, is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:897846", "title": "The metabolism of phenobarbitone, phenytoin and antipyrine in Black patients.", "content": "The half-lives of phenytoin, phenobarbitone and antipyrine were studied in adult Black patients to attempt to ascertain the cause of low phenytoin concentrations previously found in Black epileptics. The following half-life values were observed: antipyrine 5,7 +/- 1,9 hours, phenytoin 15,9 +/- 7,9 hours, phenobarbitone 63,0 +/- 18,2 hours, and phenytoin after 1 month of phenobarbitone therapy 31,5 +/- 11,9 hours. No explanation was obtained for the low phenytoin levels previously observed.", "contents": "The metabolism of phenobarbitone, phenytoin and antipyrine in Black patients. The half-lives of phenytoin, phenobarbitone and antipyrine were studied in adult Black patients to attempt to ascertain the cause of low phenytoin concentrations previously found in Black epileptics. The following half-life values were observed: antipyrine 5,7 +/- 1,9 hours, phenytoin 15,9 +/- 7,9 hours, phenobarbitone 63,0 +/- 18,2 hours, and phenytoin after 1 month of phenobarbitone therapy 31,5 +/- 11,9 hours. No explanation was obtained for the low phenytoin levels previously observed."}
{"id": "PMID:897848", "title": "Ehlers-Danlos syndrome associated with keratoconus. A case report.", "content": "A case of keratoconus in a patient with probable type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is described. We believe this to be the first such case reported. The patient has undergone successful corneal grafting.", "contents": "Ehlers-Danlos syndrome associated with keratoconus. A case report. A case of keratoconus in a patient with probable type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is described. We believe this to be the first such case reported. The patient has undergone successful corneal grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:897853", "title": "Progressive familial heart block--two types.", "content": "Two types of heart block which occur extensively in families in the Republic of South Africa are reported. A type I heart block tends to have the pattern of a right bundle-branch block and/or left anterior hemiblock occurring individually or together, and manifesting clinically when complete heart block supervenes, either with syncopal episodes, Stokes-Adams seizures or sudden death. The condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant gene and appears to be progressive in nature; the risk to life appears to be greatest at 3 particular periods:at or soon after birth, during puberty and the early 20s, and again towards middle age. The type II condition also appears to be progressive and is inherited as an autosomal dominant gene. The pattern, however, tends to develop along the lines of a sinus bradycardia with a left posterior hemiblock, again presenting clinically as syncopal episodes. Stokes-Adams seizures or sudden death when complete heart block supervenes. Both conditions are likely to be widely prevalent throughout the Republic of South Africa. The pathogenesis is discussed in relation to the patterns of the conduction disturbances.", "contents": "Progressive familial heart block--two types. Two types of heart block which occur extensively in families in the Republic of South Africa are reported. A type I heart block tends to have the pattern of a right bundle-branch block and/or left anterior hemiblock occurring individually or together, and manifesting clinically when complete heart block supervenes, either with syncopal episodes, Stokes-Adams seizures or sudden death. The condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant gene and appears to be progressive in nature; the risk to life appears to be greatest at 3 particular periods:at or soon after birth, during puberty and the early 20s, and again towards middle age. The type II condition also appears to be progressive and is inherited as an autosomal dominant gene. The pattern, however, tends to develop along the lines of a sinus bradycardia with a left posterior hemiblock, again presenting clinically as syncopal episodes. Stokes-Adams seizures or sudden death when complete heart block supervenes. Both conditions are likely to be widely prevalent throughout the Republic of South Africa. The pathogenesis is discussed in relation to the patterns of the conduction disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:897854", "title": "The treatment of established iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis with streptokinase.", "content": "Sixteen patients (mainly Blacks) with iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis were treated with streptokinase and the results assessed by venography. Clear improvement in the venographic appearance was limited to 3 patients, but clinical improvement in the affected leg occurred in all patients. The thrombolytic effect of streptokinase cannot be assessed on clinical criteria alone. The purpose of this report is to draw attention to the poor clearing of main venous channels by streptokinase therapy.", "contents": "The treatment of established iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis with streptokinase. Sixteen patients (mainly Blacks) with iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis were treated with streptokinase and the results assessed by venography. Clear improvement in the venographic appearance was limited to 3 patients, but clinical improvement in the affected leg occurred in all patients. The thrombolytic effect of streptokinase cannot be assessed on clinical criteria alone. The purpose of this report is to draw attention to the poor clearing of main venous channels by streptokinase therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:897855", "title": "Effect of atropine and metoclopramide on serum gastrin response to protein in patients with duodenal ulcers.", "content": "The serum gastrin response to Oxo or to a meal was studied in 35 patients with duodenal ulcers and in 28 control subjects. Neither the integrated gastrin response nor the mean peak gastrin concentration was significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcers compared with the controls, whatever stimulus was used (Oxo or a meal). Atropine 0,5 mg injected intramuscularly half an hour before the meal did not significantly affect the integrated gastrin response or the peak gastrin concentration of controls or of patients with duodenal ulcers. Metoclopramide 10 mg injected intramuscularly half an hour before the meal significantly reduced the integrated gastrin response and, to a lesser degree, the peak gastrin concentration in controls, but it did not affect these variables in patients with duodenal ulcers. The failure to suppress the gastrin response with metoclopramide in patients with duodenal ulcers has not been explained.", "contents": "Effect of atropine and metoclopramide on serum gastrin response to protein in patients with duodenal ulcers. The serum gastrin response to Oxo or to a meal was studied in 35 patients with duodenal ulcers and in 28 control subjects. Neither the integrated gastrin response nor the mean peak gastrin concentration was significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcers compared with the controls, whatever stimulus was used (Oxo or a meal). Atropine 0,5 mg injected intramuscularly half an hour before the meal did not significantly affect the integrated gastrin response or the peak gastrin concentration of controls or of patients with duodenal ulcers. Metoclopramide 10 mg injected intramuscularly half an hour before the meal significantly reduced the integrated gastrin response and, to a lesser degree, the peak gastrin concentration in controls, but it did not affect these variables in patients with duodenal ulcers. The failure to suppress the gastrin response with metoclopramide in patients with duodenal ulcers has not been explained."}
{"id": "PMID:897856", "title": "Endotracheal intubation and head posture in infants.", "content": "The movement of an endotracheal tube relative to the carina has been studied with the head in different positions. The dangers of malposition and displacement are stressed. Some precautions necessary to avoid these hazards are given.", "contents": "Endotracheal intubation and head posture in infants. The movement of an endotracheal tube relative to the carina has been studied with the head in different positions. The dangers of malposition and displacement are stressed. Some precautions necessary to avoid these hazards are given."}
{"id": "PMID:897857", "title": "The house-dust mite and childhood asthma in the Cape Peninsula.", "content": "Sensitivity to house-dust and the mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae was the commonest cause of asthma in children living in the Cape Peninsula. Of 103 asthmatic children examined, 65,5% had positive skin tests to these allergens. Only a small number of the children were sensitive to pollens, feathers, moulds or food. The median serum IgE level was 496 U/ml, with a range of 18-15972 U/ml, and the median blood eosinophil count was 691/microliter (range 93-8 159) in 102 of the children.", "contents": "The house-dust mite and childhood asthma in the Cape Peninsula. Sensitivity to house-dust and the mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae was the commonest cause of asthma in children living in the Cape Peninsula. Of 103 asthmatic children examined, 65,5% had positive skin tests to these allergens. Only a small number of the children were sensitive to pollens, feathers, moulds or food. The median serum IgE level was 496 U/ml, with a range of 18-15972 U/ml, and the median blood eosinophil count was 691/microliter (range 93-8 159) in 102 of the children."}
{"id": "PMID:897858", "title": "Neonatal nutrition.", "content": "Doctors should redouble their efforts to encourage mothers to breast feed. This is advantageous both in developed and in developing countries, for in developed countries, morbidity is lowered, while in developing countries, morbidity and mortality are drastically lowered. If the advantages of breast feeding cannot be impressed on the mother, then those formulas which most nearly simulate breast milk should be used. This is economically feasible in any society because of the lowering of morbidity due to conditions such as intestinal disorders, anaemia, eczema and, perhaps, poor brain development; the cost of these diseases should be included in the calculations for formula feedings. Other countries have already made the error and have later improved on feeding cow's milk formulas. Developing countries can avoid this error.", "contents": "Neonatal nutrition. Doctors should redouble their efforts to encourage mothers to breast feed. This is advantageous both in developed and in developing countries, for in developed countries, morbidity is lowered, while in developing countries, morbidity and mortality are drastically lowered. If the advantages of breast feeding cannot be impressed on the mother, then those formulas which most nearly simulate breast milk should be used. This is economically feasible in any society because of the lowering of morbidity due to conditions such as intestinal disorders, anaemia, eczema and, perhaps, poor brain development; the cost of these diseases should be included in the calculations for formula feedings. Other countries have already made the error and have later improved on feeding cow's milk formulas. Developing countries can avoid this error."}
{"id": "PMID:897859", "title": "Blastomycosis of the tongue: a case report.", "content": "A clinically malignant tongue ulcer in a 63-year-old White man was proved by histological examination and culture to be due to Blastomyces dermatitidis. In addition, pulmonary lesions caused by B. dermatitidis were found at autopsy.", "contents": "Blastomycosis of the tongue: a case report. A clinically malignant tongue ulcer in a 63-year-old White man was proved by histological examination and culture to be due to Blastomyces dermatitidis. In addition, pulmonary lesions caused by B. dermatitidis were found at autopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:897862", "title": "Pre-operative angiographic assessment of portal venous hypertension.", "content": "Fifty-three patients with portal venous hypertension underwent angiographic evaluation of the portal venous system. Arteriography was found to provide adequate opacification of the portal system in 52 patients. Arterial portography is a safer method than splenoportography and provides informaiton not obtainable by the latter method. Thus, hepatic arteriography demonstrated 2 unsuspected hepatomas in the present series. Catheterization of the hepatic veins and measurement of the wedged hepatic venous pressure provide a reliable estimate of the total portal pressure and of the severity of the portal venous hypertension. Vena caval pressure measurements and inferior vena cavography are helpful in the diagnosis of surprahepatic causes of portal hypertension, such as constrictive pericarditis and inferior vena caval diaphragm, and are also useful in the diagnosis of vena caval hypertension due to caudate lobe enlargement. Combined arteriography and venous studies are recommended as the initial radiological approach in all patients with portal hypertension who are being considered for portal-systemic shunt surgery.", "contents": "Pre-operative angiographic assessment of portal venous hypertension. Fifty-three patients with portal venous hypertension underwent angiographic evaluation of the portal venous system. Arteriography was found to provide adequate opacification of the portal system in 52 patients. Arterial portography is a safer method than splenoportography and provides informaiton not obtainable by the latter method. Thus, hepatic arteriography demonstrated 2 unsuspected hepatomas in the present series. Catheterization of the hepatic veins and measurement of the wedged hepatic venous pressure provide a reliable estimate of the total portal pressure and of the severity of the portal venous hypertension. Vena caval pressure measurements and inferior vena cavography are helpful in the diagnosis of surprahepatic causes of portal hypertension, such as constrictive pericarditis and inferior vena caval diaphragm, and are also useful in the diagnosis of vena caval hypertension due to caudate lobe enlargement. Combined arteriography and venous studies are recommended as the initial radiological approach in all patients with portal hypertension who are being considered for portal-systemic shunt surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:897863", "title": "Unreliable drug histories, analgesics, and changes in renal function.", "content": "One hundred and nine outpatients were questioned on their use of analgesics and asked to provide urine and blood samples. Forty-one per cent said they used analgesics daily and 54% said they had ingested analgesics during the 3 days before questioning. The analgesics used were mainly aspirin or paracetamol, alone or in combination. Five (42%) of the patients who denied the use of analgesics, and 10 (29%) of those who denied intake during the preceding week, had detectable amounts of paracetamol or aspirin in their urine. Mean serum urea, although still within the normal range, increased with increasing use of analgesics. The mean serum urea of patients who used aspirin and paracetamol in combination was significantly higher than that of those who used either of the drugs alone. The findings suggest that one should not rely heavily on the history of analgesic use, and that by replacing phenacetin with paracetamol one might not have achieved much as far as renal function is concerned.", "contents": "Unreliable drug histories, analgesics, and changes in renal function. One hundred and nine outpatients were questioned on their use of analgesics and asked to provide urine and blood samples. Forty-one per cent said they used analgesics daily and 54% said they had ingested analgesics during the 3 days before questioning. The analgesics used were mainly aspirin or paracetamol, alone or in combination. Five (42%) of the patients who denied the use of analgesics, and 10 (29%) of those who denied intake during the preceding week, had detectable amounts of paracetamol or aspirin in their urine. Mean serum urea, although still within the normal range, increased with increasing use of analgesics. The mean serum urea of patients who used aspirin and paracetamol in combination was significantly higher than that of those who used either of the drugs alone. The findings suggest that one should not rely heavily on the history of analgesic use, and that by replacing phenacetin with paracetamol one might not have achieved much as far as renal function is concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:897864", "title": "Effect of vitamin or amino acid supplementation on plasma free amino acid levels in South African Blacks.", "content": "The object of this study was to determine the effect of large oral doses of L-leucine, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 or vitamin C, given over a period of days, on the plasma free amino acid levels and protein nutrition index values of South African Blacks on a maize diet. In addition, single loads of L-tryptophan or L-kynurenine were given before and after the above regimen of L-leucine or vitamin to determine the effect of tryptophan or kynurenine with and without the influence of these factors on the plasma free amino acid levels and protein nutrition index values. Vitamin C therapy or a single dose of L-tryptophan increased the total plasma free amino acid levels. L-leucine therapy or a single loading dose of L-tryptophan increased the protein nutrition index. Single loading doses of L-kynurenine decreased the protein nutrition index. The levels of non-essential amino acids in the plasma of Blacks were much higher than those of Whites, and consequently the protein nutrition index values were much lower.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin or amino acid supplementation on plasma free amino acid levels in South African Blacks. The object of this study was to determine the effect of large oral doses of L-leucine, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 or vitamin C, given over a period of days, on the plasma free amino acid levels and protein nutrition index values of South African Blacks on a maize diet. In addition, single loads of L-tryptophan or L-kynurenine were given before and after the above regimen of L-leucine or vitamin to determine the effect of tryptophan or kynurenine with and without the influence of these factors on the plasma free amino acid levels and protein nutrition index values. Vitamin C therapy or a single dose of L-tryptophan increased the total plasma free amino acid levels. L-leucine therapy or a single loading dose of L-tryptophan increased the protein nutrition index. Single loading doses of L-kynurenine decreased the protein nutrition index. The levels of non-essential amino acids in the plasma of Blacks were much higher than those of Whites, and consequently the protein nutrition index values were much lower."}
{"id": "PMID:897865", "title": "Autonomic neuropathy in Black diabetic patients.", "content": "Seventy adult diabetic patients were assessed for the occurrence of autonomic neuropathy by means of simple clinical tests. Objective evidence of autonomic dysfunction was present in 72%, pure sympathetic dysfunction in 28%, pure parasympathetic dysfunction in 10% and impotence in 57% of patients. Approximately 10% of patients had nocturnal diarrhoea and gustatory sweating.", "contents": "Autonomic neuropathy in Black diabetic patients. Seventy adult diabetic patients were assessed for the occurrence of autonomic neuropathy by means of simple clinical tests. Objective evidence of autonomic dysfunction was present in 72%, pure sympathetic dysfunction in 28%, pure parasympathetic dysfunction in 10% and impotence in 57% of patients. Approximately 10% of patients had nocturnal diarrhoea and gustatory sweating."}
{"id": "PMID:897866", "title": "Gangrene of the extremities in measles.", "content": "Gangrene of an extremity is very uncommon in measles, but we have encountered 3 cases. One patient had a peripheral variety with gangrene of the toes, while the other 2 had major vessel thrombosis. Evidence from the literature is advanced to support the hypothesis that disseminated intravascular coagulation on an immunological basis may be an important precipitating factor. Treatment is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Gangrene of the extremities in measles. Gangrene of an extremity is very uncommon in measles, but we have encountered 3 cases. One patient had a peripheral variety with gangrene of the toes, while the other 2 had major vessel thrombosis. Evidence from the literature is advanced to support the hypothesis that disseminated intravascular coagulation on an immunological basis may be an important precipitating factor. Treatment is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897867", "title": "Use of SI and standardization of laboratory reports in haematology.", "content": "The change to the reporting of haematology laboratory results in the SI is now occuring in South Africa. To facilitate uniformity and standardization, the recommendations of a subcommittee of the Southern African Society for Haematology are presented.", "contents": "Use of SI and standardization of laboratory reports in haematology. The change to the reporting of haematology laboratory results in the SI is now occuring in South Africa. To facilitate uniformity and standardization, the recommendations of a subcommittee of the Southern African Society for Haematology are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:897868", "title": "Homocystinuria in two South African Negro siblings.", "content": "This, to our knowledge, is the first report of homocystinuria in the South African Negro. Two siblings are presented who developed normally until the age of 5 years but then showed mental retardation. Both were tall and thin, had genu valgum and arachnodactyly. The elder sib also had kyphoscoliosis, pes cavus and bilateral ectopia lentis. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of homocystine in the urine, elevated plasma homocystine and methionine and diminished plasma cystine levels.", "contents": "Homocystinuria in two South African Negro siblings. This, to our knowledge, is the first report of homocystinuria in the South African Negro. Two siblings are presented who developed normally until the age of 5 years but then showed mental retardation. Both were tall and thin, had genu valgum and arachnodactyly. The elder sib also had kyphoscoliosis, pes cavus and bilateral ectopia lentis. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of homocystine in the urine, elevated plasma homocystine and methionine and diminished plasma cystine levels."}
{"id": "PMID:897901", "title": "Subaponeurotic haemorrhage of the newborn.", "content": "Five newborn infants who developed subaponeurotic haemorrhage are described. Three infants were delivered by vacuum extraction, and 3 infants died. The importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment is emphasized.", "contents": "Subaponeurotic haemorrhage of the newborn. Five newborn infants who developed subaponeurotic haemorrhage are described. Three infants were delivered by vacuum extraction, and 3 infants died. The importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:897902", "title": "The present status of breast augmentation.", "content": "In breast augmentation the pattern which has clearly emerged with respect to possible complications shows that those encountered a few years ago have now, in experienced hands, almost all been eliminated, with one exception, viz. undue postoperative firmness (capsular contraction). This complication is reviewed in detail, with special reference to its possible aetiology, prevention and treatment. It is concluded that despite this complication, breast augmentation is today a very good and safe operation. Excellent results have been achieved in about 90% of cases, and this figure can be improved upon with further treatment for any complicating firmness.", "contents": "The present status of breast augmentation. In breast augmentation the pattern which has clearly emerged with respect to possible complications shows that those encountered a few years ago have now, in experienced hands, almost all been eliminated, with one exception, viz. undue postoperative firmness (capsular contraction). This complication is reviewed in detail, with special reference to its possible aetiology, prevention and treatment. It is concluded that despite this complication, breast augmentation is today a very good and safe operation. Excellent results have been achieved in about 90% of cases, and this figure can be improved upon with further treatment for any complicating firmness."}
{"id": "PMID:897903", "title": "Calcification of the left atrium.", "content": "Three cases of left atrial wall calcification complicating long-standing mitral valve disease are presented. Its possible pathogenesis and influence on further treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Calcification of the left atrium. Three cases of left atrial wall calcification complicating long-standing mitral valve disease are presented. Its possible pathogenesis and influence on further treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897904", "title": "Perforated duodenal ulcer in Black patients.", "content": "Sixteen cases of perforated duodenal ulcer in Black patients admitted to Tembisa Hospital during a 1-year period are reviewed. They constitute 0,4% of all surgical admissions. Duodenal ulcer has been considered a rare disease in South African Blacks, but we believe that the incidence is increasing in Black urban populations. The literature is reviewed and possible aetiological factors are discussed.", "contents": "Perforated duodenal ulcer in Black patients. Sixteen cases of perforated duodenal ulcer in Black patients admitted to Tembisa Hospital during a 1-year period are reviewed. They constitute 0,4% of all surgical admissions. Duodenal ulcer has been considered a rare disease in South African Blacks, but we believe that the incidence is increasing in Black urban populations. The literature is reviewed and possible aetiological factors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897905", "title": "Control of auto-immune thrombocytopenia by removal of an atrophic spleen: a case report.", "content": "We report a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus in whom resection of a completely atrophic spleen (weight 5 g) reversed steroid-refractory thrombocytopenia. The spleen plays a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thrombocytopenia by synthesizing antibodies directed against autologous platelets and by sequestering these immunoglobulin-coated cells. Both functional disturbances occur without splenic enlargement, and splenectomy wll, in selected cases, improve thrombocytopenia. A similar rise in platelet count may follow resection of much smaller masses of splenic tissue such as splenunculi. We have, however, been unable to find documentation of this phenomenon after removal of a completely atrophic spleen.", "contents": "Control of auto-immune thrombocytopenia by removal of an atrophic spleen: a case report. We report a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus in whom resection of a completely atrophic spleen (weight 5 g) reversed steroid-refractory thrombocytopenia. The spleen plays a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thrombocytopenia by synthesizing antibodies directed against autologous platelets and by sequestering these immunoglobulin-coated cells. Both functional disturbances occur without splenic enlargement, and splenectomy wll, in selected cases, improve thrombocytopenia. A similar rise in platelet count may follow resection of much smaller masses of splenic tissue such as splenunculi. We have, however, been unable to find documentation of this phenomenon after removal of a completely atrophic spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:897912", "title": "Problems experienced in a diabetic clinic for Blacks.", "content": "One hundred and seventy Black diabetic patients who regularly attend the Baragwanath Diabetic Clinic were studied. Just over 50% of patients suffered from hypertension, and 10% had angina pectoris. Retinopathy was present in 25% of the patients. The incidence of hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercholesterolaemia was much lower than has previously been found among White diabetic patients in Johannesburg. Attention is drawn to the lack of adequate health education given to Black diabetic patients and also to the reliance on oral hypoglycaemic agents in preference to dietary therapy. It is suggested that there is a need for health educators from the patient's own ethnic group if these problems are to be overcome.", "contents": "Problems experienced in a diabetic clinic for Blacks. One hundred and seventy Black diabetic patients who regularly attend the Baragwanath Diabetic Clinic were studied. Just over 50% of patients suffered from hypertension, and 10% had angina pectoris. Retinopathy was present in 25% of the patients. The incidence of hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercholesterolaemia was much lower than has previously been found among White diabetic patients in Johannesburg. Attention is drawn to the lack of adequate health education given to Black diabetic patients and also to the reliance on oral hypoglycaemic agents in preference to dietary therapy. It is suggested that there is a need for health educators from the patient's own ethnic group if these problems are to be overcome."}
{"id": "PMID:897913", "title": "Prophyrin precursors in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid in acute porphyria.", "content": "Four patients suffering from variegate prophyria were investigated during acute attacks. Porphyrin and prophyrin precursor concentrations were determined in the urine, serum, cereborspinal fluid (CSF) and stools. Levels of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobillinogen were found to be very much lower in CSF than in serum sampled concurrently, and were well below levels at which these substances have been shown to exert effects on neural tissue in vitro. These findings cast doubt on the possibility that ALA or porphobilinogen is responsible for the production of the neural manifestations of acute porphyria.", "contents": "Prophyrin precursors in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid in acute porphyria. Four patients suffering from variegate prophyria were investigated during acute attacks. Porphyrin and prophyrin precursor concentrations were determined in the urine, serum, cereborspinal fluid (CSF) and stools. Levels of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobillinogen were found to be very much lower in CSF than in serum sampled concurrently, and were well below levels at which these substances have been shown to exert effects on neural tissue in vitro. These findings cast doubt on the possibility that ALA or porphobilinogen is responsible for the production of the neural manifestations of acute porphyria."}
{"id": "PMID:897914", "title": "Children with thyroid carcinomas.", "content": "The presenting symptoms and the clinical findings in 4 children with histologically proven thyroid carcinomas are described. The child with a single nodule in the thyroid gland, the child with a dyshormonogenetic goitre, the child with a thyroglossal duct remnant and the child with thyroid carcinoma and metastatic cervical lymph node involvement are discussed separately.", "contents": "Children with thyroid carcinomas. The presenting symptoms and the clinical findings in 4 children with histologically proven thyroid carcinomas are described. The child with a single nodule in the thyroid gland, the child with a dyshormonogenetic goitre, the child with a thyroglossal duct remnant and the child with thyroid carcinoma and metastatic cervical lymph node involvement are discussed separately."}
{"id": "PMID:897915", "title": "Problem in prescribing for ambulatory Black children.", "content": "A study to assess patient, pharmacist and physician compliance was carried out in a group of 200 ambulatory Black children. Patient non-compliance was observed in 45.5% of instances, and physician non-compliance in 62.5%, while non-compliance on the part of pharmacists was trivial. Other problems, such as inappropriate prescribing and an apparent lack of communication between physician and pharmacist, came to light. These observations are discussed and a series of recommendations are proposed.", "contents": "Problem in prescribing for ambulatory Black children. A study to assess patient, pharmacist and physician compliance was carried out in a group of 200 ambulatory Black children. Patient non-compliance was observed in 45.5% of instances, and physician non-compliance in 62.5%, while non-compliance on the part of pharmacists was trivial. Other problems, such as inappropriate prescribing and an apparent lack of communication between physician and pharmacist, came to light. These observations are discussed and a series of recommendations are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:897916", "title": "Endocrine studies on the San ('bushmen') of Botswana.", "content": "Gonadal and gonadotrophic hormones were assayed in members of !Kung population who live in north-western Ngamiland, Botswana, and who are true San ('Bushmen') hunter-gatherers. An attempt was made to correlate their hormonal secretion and morphology. Peripheral serum levels of gonadotrophins and gonadal steroids were measured by means of radio-immune methods. Female San appear to have suppressed circulating levels of gonadal steroids, while gonadotrophins were in the normal range. No evidence for elevated circulating levels of oestrogen could be found. Male San showed hormone levels similar to Caucasoid and Negro ('Bantu') values.", "contents": "Endocrine studies on the San ('bushmen') of Botswana. Gonadal and gonadotrophic hormones were assayed in members of !Kung population who live in north-western Ngamiland, Botswana, and who are true San ('Bushmen') hunter-gatherers. An attempt was made to correlate their hormonal secretion and morphology. Peripheral serum levels of gonadotrophins and gonadal steroids were measured by means of radio-immune methods. Female San appear to have suppressed circulating levels of gonadal steroids, while gonadotrophins were in the normal range. No evidence for elevated circulating levels of oestrogen could be found. Male San showed hormone levels similar to Caucasoid and Negro ('Bantu') values."}
{"id": "PMID:897917", "title": "A psychophysiological re-evaluation of Eysenck's theory concerning cigarette smoking. Part I. The central nervous system.", "content": "According to Eysenck, extraverts are characterized by inhibited cortical activity accompanied by prominent alpha brain rhythms. This prevents efficient cortical functioning. They have a 'stimulus hunger' in order to increase cortical efficiency. Assuming that nicotine is a stimulant drug, Eysenck puts forward his theory that extraverts will also have a 'stimulus hunger' for the nicotine in cigarettes and will therefore smoke more than introverts, to whom the reverse applies. Implicit in Eysenck's theory is a positive, causal relationship between the amount of alpha brain rhythms and the number of cigarettes smoked. Inspection of the literature, however, indicated that small doses of nicotine stimulate the nervous system, whereas large doses tend to inhibit it. Eysenck's theory was therefore challenged by the alternative hypothesis that light smokers are characterized by prominent alpha brain rhythms and smoke for stimulation. Heavy smokers are, however, characterized by a small amount of alpha activity (overactivated cortex which also prevents efficient functioning), and therefore smoke for inhibition to enhance their cortical efficiency and thus their alpha activity. The results were reconcilable with this hypothesis. The positive relationship implied by Eysenck's theory only held good for light and moderate smokers. Heavy smokers probably smoke for cortical inhibition.", "contents": "A psychophysiological re-evaluation of Eysenck's theory concerning cigarette smoking. Part I. The central nervous system. According to Eysenck, extraverts are characterized by inhibited cortical activity accompanied by prominent alpha brain rhythms. This prevents efficient cortical functioning. They have a 'stimulus hunger' in order to increase cortical efficiency. Assuming that nicotine is a stimulant drug, Eysenck puts forward his theory that extraverts will also have a 'stimulus hunger' for the nicotine in cigarettes and will therefore smoke more than introverts, to whom the reverse applies. Implicit in Eysenck's theory is a positive, causal relationship between the amount of alpha brain rhythms and the number of cigarettes smoked. Inspection of the literature, however, indicated that small doses of nicotine stimulate the nervous system, whereas large doses tend to inhibit it. Eysenck's theory was therefore challenged by the alternative hypothesis that light smokers are characterized by prominent alpha brain rhythms and smoke for stimulation. Heavy smokers are, however, characterized by a small amount of alpha activity (overactivated cortex which also prevents efficient functioning), and therefore smoke for inhibition to enhance their cortical efficiency and thus their alpha activity. The results were reconcilable with this hypothesis. The positive relationship implied by Eysenck's theory only held good for light and moderate smokers. Heavy smokers probably smoke for cortical inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:897922", "title": "Interhemispheral subdural empyema.", "content": "Five cases of localized interhemispheral suppuration are reported. A short description of the 'falx syndrome' is given. The angiographic features of the cases are described.", "contents": "Interhemispheral subdural empyema. Five cases of localized interhemispheral suppuration are reported. A short description of the 'falx syndrome' is given. The angiographic features of the cases are described."}
{"id": "PMID:897923", "title": "Blindness from metabolic cataract--a presenting manifestation of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Metabolic cataracts in diabetic patients usually develop within the first 3 years of the disease and cause little or no visual disability, but may progress to blindness. We report our findings in 3 patients who previously had normal vision and who presented with virtual blindness from cataract formation at the time of detection of their diabetes.", "contents": "Blindness from metabolic cataract--a presenting manifestation of diabetes mellitus. Metabolic cataracts in diabetic patients usually develop within the first 3 years of the disease and cause little or no visual disability, but may progress to blindness. We report our findings in 3 patients who previously had normal vision and who presented with virtual blindness from cataract formation at the time of detection of their diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:897924", "title": "Late-onset intestinal obstruction in cystic fibrosis--meconium ileus equivalent.", "content": "Four patients who suffered from cystic fibrosis and late-onset bowel obstruction (meconium ileus equivalent), and who were treated by surgery, are discussed. The importance of early correct diagnosis is stressed, since surgery may be prevented if bowel washouts and oral medications are given before the condition becomes complicated.", "contents": "Late-onset intestinal obstruction in cystic fibrosis--meconium ileus equivalent. Four patients who suffered from cystic fibrosis and late-onset bowel obstruction (meconium ileus equivalent), and who were treated by surgery, are discussed. The importance of early correct diagnosis is stressed, since surgery may be prevented if bowel washouts and oral medications are given before the condition becomes complicated."}
{"id": "PMID:897925", "title": "Effectiveness of nursing sisters in primary paediatric care.", "content": "A comparison was made of the management, by nursing sisters and a paediatrician, of 76 children attending primary care clinics. In 95% of consultations, the treatment and the presumed outcome of treatment were identical. The nursing sisters identified correctly all children for whom a second opinion was needed. If nursing sisters are responsible for primary care, they can be expected to refer approximately 10% of the children they see.", "contents": "Effectiveness of nursing sisters in primary paediatric care. A comparison was made of the management, by nursing sisters and a paediatrician, of 76 children attending primary care clinics. In 95% of consultations, the treatment and the presumed outcome of treatment were identical. The nursing sisters identified correctly all children for whom a second opinion was needed. If nursing sisters are responsible for primary care, they can be expected to refer approximately 10% of the children they see."}
{"id": "PMID:897926", "title": "A psychophysiological re-evaluation of Eysenck's theory concerning cigarette smoking. Part II. The autonomic nervous system.", "content": "Eysenck states that neuroticism is a function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In contrast to extraversion, no study undertaken by Eysenck could reveal any relationship between neuroticism and cigarette smoking. In view of the fact that small doses of nicotine stimulate the nervous system, whereas large doses depress it, the hypothesis was tested that light and moderate smokers have a less active ANS than heavy smokers. They therefore smoke for the stimulation afforded by small doses of nicotine. Heavy smokers, however, smoke for the inhibition afforded by large doses of nicotine. None of the autonomic variables fully confirmed this hypothesis. The results for pulse volume and heart rate were only partly reconcilable with the hypothesis. These results are interpreted in terms of the complex action of nicotine on the cardiovascular system, as well as the probability that smokers smoke primarily for the effect of nicotine on the central nervous system (CNS), and that the concomitant changes in the ANS are coincidental.", "contents": "A psychophysiological re-evaluation of Eysenck's theory concerning cigarette smoking. Part II. The autonomic nervous system. Eysenck states that neuroticism is a function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In contrast to extraversion, no study undertaken by Eysenck could reveal any relationship between neuroticism and cigarette smoking. In view of the fact that small doses of nicotine stimulate the nervous system, whereas large doses depress it, the hypothesis was tested that light and moderate smokers have a less active ANS than heavy smokers. They therefore smoke for the stimulation afforded by small doses of nicotine. Heavy smokers, however, smoke for the inhibition afforded by large doses of nicotine. None of the autonomic variables fully confirmed this hypothesis. The results for pulse volume and heart rate were only partly reconcilable with the hypothesis. These results are interpreted in terms of the complex action of nicotine on the cardiovascular system, as well as the probability that smokers smoke primarily for the effect of nicotine on the central nervous system (CNS), and that the concomitant changes in the ANS are coincidental."}
{"id": "PMID:897927", "title": "An obscure inherited neuropathy characterized by pain and weakness.", "content": "Two brothers with inherited muscular atrophy and particular proneness to painful limbs are described. Symptoms of disease began at an early age with severe pains in the extremities. The pain is particularly aggravated by heat or fever and over the years has been associated with progressive muscular atrophy and sensory loss. A prominent feature of biopsy specimens was the tomaculous swellings which affected the myelin of the nerve axon and the motor nerve terminals.", "contents": "An obscure inherited neuropathy characterized by pain and weakness. Two brothers with inherited muscular atrophy and particular proneness to painful limbs are described. Symptoms of disease began at an early age with severe pains in the extremities. The pain is particularly aggravated by heat or fever and over the years has been associated with progressive muscular atrophy and sensory loss. A prominent feature of biopsy specimens was the tomaculous swellings which affected the myelin of the nerve axon and the motor nerve terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:897933", "title": "The basis of general practice, its content and relation to training.", "content": "The present status is the newly defined discipline of general practice is briefly outlined. The reasons for its worldwide upsurge in the past decade and the relative failure of South Africa to keep abreast are reviewed. A brief exposition is given of the knowledge and skills required for general practice, the consultation, the clinical process and the content of what in some countries is regarded as family medicine. The difference in ethos between 'doctor-orientated' and 'patient-orientated' medicine is discussed. The latter approach is essential to general practice, in which the attidudes of both doctor and patient and their interactions are known to have an effect on the clinical process. The non-directive educative approach is discussed in relation to undergraduate and postgraduate training, and the attempts to make postgraduate general practice examinations valid and reliable, so that they evaluate the actual day-to-day activities of the doctor, are alluded to. The content of general practice is as yet not clearly identified and the problems encountered in delineating these as well as suggested approaches are presented. It is concluded that in South Africa no serious attempts have been made by legislative bodies and most medical educational institutions to recognize general practice as a new displine in spite of pioneering work achieved by the Faculty of General Practice of the College of Medicine of South Africa.", "contents": "The basis of general practice, its content and relation to training. The present status is the newly defined discipline of general practice is briefly outlined. The reasons for its worldwide upsurge in the past decade and the relative failure of South Africa to keep abreast are reviewed. A brief exposition is given of the knowledge and skills required for general practice, the consultation, the clinical process and the content of what in some countries is regarded as family medicine. The difference in ethos between 'doctor-orientated' and 'patient-orientated' medicine is discussed. The latter approach is essential to general practice, in which the attidudes of both doctor and patient and their interactions are known to have an effect on the clinical process. The non-directive educative approach is discussed in relation to undergraduate and postgraduate training, and the attempts to make postgraduate general practice examinations valid and reliable, so that they evaluate the actual day-to-day activities of the doctor, are alluded to. The content of general practice is as yet not clearly identified and the problems encountered in delineating these as well as suggested approaches are presented. It is concluded that in South Africa no serious attempts have been made by legislative bodies and most medical educational institutions to recognize general practice as a new displine in spite of pioneering work achieved by the Faculty of General Practice of the College of Medicine of South Africa."}
{"id": "PMID:897934", "title": "Toxicity of Callilepis laureola.", "content": "Callilepis laureola, which has been found to cause fatal liver necrosis in the Black population of Natal, is widely used as a herbal medicine. Chemical extraction has yielded a product, identified as atractyloside, which is responsible for the nephrotoxic and hypoglycaemic effects of Callilepis laureola. The hepatotoxic principle has not yet been isolated.", "contents": "Toxicity of Callilepis laureola. Callilepis laureola, which has been found to cause fatal liver necrosis in the Black population of Natal, is widely used as a herbal medicine. Chemical extraction has yielded a product, identified as atractyloside, which is responsible for the nephrotoxic and hypoglycaemic effects of Callilepis laureola. The hepatotoxic principle has not yet been isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:897935", "title": "Impressions of eye diseases among Rhodesian Blacks in Mashonaland.", "content": "A study of ophthalmic patients at Harari Hospital indicates that Rhodesian Blacks in Mashonaland constitute a population with interesting ophthalmic features. There is a low incidence of refractive error, with a total incidence of 8,5% of myopia in adults. Functional concomitant squint is uncommon, with an incidence of 0,8% in children under 15 years of age. Non-traumatic, idiopathic primary retinal detachments occur rarely, while secondary retinal detachments occur with low frequency (about 0,55 per 100 000 population per year). Acute and painful congestive angle closure glaucoma is not seen, although chronic angle closure glaucoma is sometimes encountered. Hypertensive retinopathy is not infrequently seen, while diabetic retinopathy is uncommon. Visual loss and blindness from corneal disease are wide-spread. The population has a remarkably low incidence of senile macular degeneration (1,13% of adults over 65 years of age).", "contents": "Impressions of eye diseases among Rhodesian Blacks in Mashonaland. A study of ophthalmic patients at Harari Hospital indicates that Rhodesian Blacks in Mashonaland constitute a population with interesting ophthalmic features. There is a low incidence of refractive error, with a total incidence of 8,5% of myopia in adults. Functional concomitant squint is uncommon, with an incidence of 0,8% in children under 15 years of age. Non-traumatic, idiopathic primary retinal detachments occur rarely, while secondary retinal detachments occur with low frequency (about 0,55 per 100 000 population per year). Acute and painful congestive angle closure glaucoma is not seen, although chronic angle closure glaucoma is sometimes encountered. Hypertensive retinopathy is not infrequently seen, while diabetic retinopathy is uncommon. Visual loss and blindness from corneal disease are wide-spread. The population has a remarkably low incidence of senile macular degeneration (1,13% of adults over 65 years of age)."}
{"id": "PMID:897936", "title": "Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "Hirschsprung's disease is one of the most common causes of intestinal obstruction in the neonatal period. In Hirschsprung's disease the aganglionic segment extends for a variable distance along the bowel, and there are three types: (i) short-segment, (ii) long-segment, (iii) total aganglionosis of the bowel. The long-segment group forms +/- 20% of the total group. In approximately 5%, however, the entire colon and even the small bowel may be involved; one such case is described together with its management, some of the problems encountered, and the operation of choice.", "contents": "Hirschsprung's disease. Hirschsprung's disease is one of the most common causes of intestinal obstruction in the neonatal period. In Hirschsprung's disease the aganglionic segment extends for a variable distance along the bowel, and there are three types: (i) short-segment, (ii) long-segment, (iii) total aganglionosis of the bowel. The long-segment group forms +/- 20% of the total group. In approximately 5%, however, the entire colon and even the small bowel may be involved; one such case is described together with its management, some of the problems encountered, and the operation of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:897937", "title": "Alcohol and road traffic injury.", "content": "Blood alcohol concentrations were determined in 115 patients who were involved in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) and admitted to the Johannesburg General Hospital over a 1-month period in April and May 1976. Seventy-eight per cent of the patients who had alcohol in their blood were seen on Friday and Saturday nights and approximately one-third of all victims had blood alcohol values which exceeded the legal limit of 0,08 g/100 ml. Alcohol appears to play a larger role in causing accidents and injuries than has been previously presumed. It is recommended that all casualty department doctors liaise more closely with the police authorities in the matter of blood sampling.", "contents": "Alcohol and road traffic injury. Blood alcohol concentrations were determined in 115 patients who were involved in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) and admitted to the Johannesburg General Hospital over a 1-month period in April and May 1976. Seventy-eight per cent of the patients who had alcohol in their blood were seen on Friday and Saturday nights and approximately one-third of all victims had blood alcohol values which exceeded the legal limit of 0,08 g/100 ml. Alcohol appears to play a larger role in causing accidents and injuries than has been previously presumed. It is recommended that all casualty department doctors liaise more closely with the police authorities in the matter of blood sampling."}
{"id": "PMID:897938", "title": "Atlanto-axial subluxation in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report.", "content": "The clinical course and management of a 37-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed atlanto-axial subluxation as an acute transient phenomenon are presented. The musculoskeletal manifestations of SLE and their pathogenesis are discussed in relation to this manifestation.", "contents": "Atlanto-axial subluxation in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. The clinical course and management of a 37-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed atlanto-axial subluxation as an acute transient phenomenon are presented. The musculoskeletal manifestations of SLE and their pathogenesis are discussed in relation to this manifestation."}
{"id": "PMID:897939", "title": "Massive benign cyst at the site of bone plating: a case report.", "content": "A patient with a massive benign cyst occurring in relation to a Sherman plate which had been inserted 30 years previously is reported, and the literature is reviewed. It is suggested that the probable cause was a low-grade inflammatory response to the metal.", "contents": "Massive benign cyst at the site of bone plating: a case report. A patient with a massive benign cyst occurring in relation to a Sherman plate which had been inserted 30 years previously is reported, and the literature is reviewed. It is suggested that the probable cause was a low-grade inflammatory response to the metal."}
{"id": "PMID:897945", "title": "Spontaneous neonatal and fetal intestinal perforation.", "content": "Apparently spontaneous neonatal intestinal perforation may be difficult to diagnose if the condition is not kept in mind. It may present with free perforation or with the late effects of meconium peritonitis. Five cases are described. There is a high mortality associated with bacterial peritonitis, and the importance of early diagnosis and energetic resuscitation is underlined.", "contents": "Spontaneous neonatal and fetal intestinal perforation. Apparently spontaneous neonatal intestinal perforation may be difficult to diagnose if the condition is not kept in mind. It may present with free perforation or with the late effects of meconium peritonitis. Five cases are described. There is a high mortality associated with bacterial peritonitis, and the importance of early diagnosis and energetic resuscitation is underlined."}
{"id": "PMID:897947", "title": "Evaluation of serum levels during prolonged combination therapy with phenytoin and phenobarbitone.", "content": "When phenobarbitone was added to the treatment regimen of epileptic patients who received phenytoin only, the serum levels of phenytoin increased significantly within 6 weeks. Eleven weeks after the introduction of phenobarbitone, phenytoin levels had returned to those existing before phenobarbitone therapy. In view of possible complex pharmacokinetic interactions which might occur when phenobarbitone is added to a regimen of phenytoin, or vice versa, frequent measurement of serum drug levels appears to be indicated for up to 10 weeks after effecting a change in treatment. During this period a constant change in serum levels could be expected, resulting either in toxicity or lack of efficacy.", "contents": "Evaluation of serum levels during prolonged combination therapy with phenytoin and phenobarbitone. When phenobarbitone was added to the treatment regimen of epileptic patients who received phenytoin only, the serum levels of phenytoin increased significantly within 6 weeks. Eleven weeks after the introduction of phenobarbitone, phenytoin levels had returned to those existing before phenobarbitone therapy. In view of possible complex pharmacokinetic interactions which might occur when phenobarbitone is added to a regimen of phenytoin, or vice versa, frequent measurement of serum drug levels appears to be indicated for up to 10 weeks after effecting a change in treatment. During this period a constant change in serum levels could be expected, resulting either in toxicity or lack of efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:897948", "title": "The effect of acute hyperglycaemia on hormonally stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion in man.", "content": "The effect of intravenous dextrose infusion on hormonally stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion has been studied in man. Hyperglycaemia increases bicarbonate secretion and inhibits protein secretion.", "contents": "The effect of acute hyperglycaemia on hormonally stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion in man. The effect of intravenous dextrose infusion on hormonally stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion has been studied in man. Hyperglycaemia increases bicarbonate secretion and inhibits protein secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:897949", "title": "An aspect of community medicine. The medical care implications of manpower and other resources, with the rural Black population as an example.", "content": "The problems and needs of the rural Black communities are very real--although circumstances and diseases among Blacks differ to an extent from those encountered in sophisticated, developed urban areas, they still require advice, education and treatment appropriate to their problems. Because the problems confronting the health services are so great and the costs and benefits involved so difficult to assess, this paper is concerned with the problems of the rural Blacks and the role of existing medical care in their alleviation, as well as the problems faced by health planners, which in turn are directly or indirectly related especially to the Black medical personnel in the field. Any improvements in health services can be achieved only if our planning is based on objective investigation of experience, periodic reconsideration and refinement of methods and training that are practical, adaptable and directly related to the health priorities of the area concerned. Recognition and understanding of impeding factors in the delivery of medical care are urgently needed to ensure that wrong planning does not lead to maladministration, which in turn causes misunderstanding, failure of communication and possibly rejection of essential health services.", "contents": "An aspect of community medicine. The medical care implications of manpower and other resources, with the rural Black population as an example. The problems and needs of the rural Black communities are very real--although circumstances and diseases among Blacks differ to an extent from those encountered in sophisticated, developed urban areas, they still require advice, education and treatment appropriate to their problems. Because the problems confronting the health services are so great and the costs and benefits involved so difficult to assess, this paper is concerned with the problems of the rural Blacks and the role of existing medical care in their alleviation, as well as the problems faced by health planners, which in turn are directly or indirectly related especially to the Black medical personnel in the field. Any improvements in health services can be achieved only if our planning is based on objective investigation of experience, periodic reconsideration and refinement of methods and training that are practical, adaptable and directly related to the health priorities of the area concerned. Recognition and understanding of impeding factors in the delivery of medical care are urgently needed to ensure that wrong planning does not lead to maladministration, which in turn causes misunderstanding, failure of communication and possibly rejection of essential health services."}
{"id": "PMID:897965", "title": "A controlled study of combined methotrexate, BCG, and INH therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "In a randomized prospective study of patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, treatment with MTX plus BCG and with MTX plus BCG plus INH produced no better response rate or survival time than treatment with MTX alone.", "contents": "A controlled study of combined methotrexate, BCG, and INH therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. In a randomized prospective study of patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, treatment with MTX plus BCG and with MTX plus BCG plus INH produced no better response rate or survival time than treatment with MTX alone."}
{"id": "PMID:897971", "title": "Soft tissue necrosis and gangrene complicating treatment with the coumarin derivatives.", "content": "Skin and soft tissue necrosis, in association with the coumarin derivatives, characteristically afflicts females between the third and tenth days of treatment. Anatomic regions abundant in subcutaneous fat are most commonly affected. Many of these patients have underlying serious medical problems. Three additional patients with tissue infarction complicating coumadin therapy are presented. Possible etiologic mechanisms are discussed, but the basic physiopathologic condition remains an enigma. Venous thrombosis can be a related clinical phenomenon. Treatment perspectives are outlined.", "contents": "Soft tissue necrosis and gangrene complicating treatment with the coumarin derivatives. Skin and soft tissue necrosis, in association with the coumarin derivatives, characteristically afflicts females between the third and tenth days of treatment. Anatomic regions abundant in subcutaneous fat are most commonly affected. Many of these patients have underlying serious medical problems. Three additional patients with tissue infarction complicating coumadin therapy are presented. Possible etiologic mechanisms are discussed, but the basic physiopathologic condition remains an enigma. Venous thrombosis can be a related clinical phenomenon. Treatment perspectives are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:897972", "title": "Localization of glucagonomas by catheterization of the pancreatic veins and with glucagon assay.", "content": "In two patients with the glucagonoma syndrome, percutaneous transhepatic puncture of the portal vein and catheterization of the pancreatic veins were performed simultaneously with catheterization of the inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta. Blood samples obtained from the vena cava, aorta and portal branches were assayed for glucagon. In both patients, clearcut arteriovenous glucagon differences allowed preoperative localization of the tumors. A comparison with other localization techniques, such as scintiscan, ultrasound, arteriography and pancreatic phlebography, showed the present method to be superior. Postoperatively, the same investigations were performed revealing arterial and venous glucagon levels comparable to the levels measured in a reference group of three patients without glucagonomas. The triple catheterization technique is advocated for all patients with clinical and laboratory findings that suggest pancreatic endocrine tumors.", "contents": "Localization of glucagonomas by catheterization of the pancreatic veins and with glucagon assay. In two patients with the glucagonoma syndrome, percutaneous transhepatic puncture of the portal vein and catheterization of the pancreatic veins were performed simultaneously with catheterization of the inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta. Blood samples obtained from the vena cava, aorta and portal branches were assayed for glucagon. In both patients, clearcut arteriovenous glucagon differences allowed preoperative localization of the tumors. A comparison with other localization techniques, such as scintiscan, ultrasound, arteriography and pancreatic phlebography, showed the present method to be superior. Postoperatively, the same investigations were performed revealing arterial and venous glucagon levels comparable to the levels measured in a reference group of three patients without glucagonomas. The triple catheterization technique is advocated for all patients with clinical and laboratory findings that suggest pancreatic endocrine tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:897973", "title": "The avoidable complications of splenectomy.", "content": "Operative injury to the spleen and consequent accidental splenectomy is neither an infrequent nor an inconsequential occurrence. It still accounts for 25 per cent of all splenectomies performed. The morbidity rate resulting from this accident is well above 50 per cent, and the mortality may be as high as 15 per cent. Appreciation of the peritoneal anatomy of the spleen with prophylactic division of the splenoperitoneal folds will lessen the incidence of capsular avulsion injuries. When capsular avulsion injuries do occur, they may be effectively treated with topical hemostatic agents, such as microfibrillar collagen, Avitene. Twenty-one instances in which splenectomy for capsular avulsion injury was averted have been reported. In the last 15 of these, the topical hemostatic agent used was Avitene.", "contents": "The avoidable complications of splenectomy. Operative injury to the spleen and consequent accidental splenectomy is neither an infrequent nor an inconsequential occurrence. It still accounts for 25 per cent of all splenectomies performed. The morbidity rate resulting from this accident is well above 50 per cent, and the mortality may be as high as 15 per cent. Appreciation of the peritoneal anatomy of the spleen with prophylactic division of the splenoperitoneal folds will lessen the incidence of capsular avulsion injuries. When capsular avulsion injuries do occur, they may be effectively treated with topical hemostatic agents, such as microfibrillar collagen, Avitene. Twenty-one instances in which splenectomy for capsular avulsion injury was averted have been reported. In the last 15 of these, the topical hemostatic agent used was Avitene."}
{"id": "PMID:897975", "title": "Scintiscanning in venous thrombosis of the lower extremities.", "content": "Venous scintiscanning was performed once or serially in 252 patients in whom deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities was suspected, representing a total of 494 limbs examined and 1,266 venous scintiscans performed. When controlled with roentgenologic contrast phlebography, the diagnostic accuracy rate of the isotopic method was 94.4 per cent, which increased up to 98.5 per cent when the thrombotic process was located in a major vein of the upper thigh or pelvis. There were 5.6 per cent false-positive and no false-negative diagnoses. The parameters that we have considered to be the most significant for the accurate interpretation of venous scintiscanning of the lower extremities are mentioned. Venous scintiscanning is a safe, simple and highly reliable method for the study of deep venous thrombotic disease of the lower extremitites.", "contents": "Scintiscanning in venous thrombosis of the lower extremities. Venous scintiscanning was performed once or serially in 252 patients in whom deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities was suspected, representing a total of 494 limbs examined and 1,266 venous scintiscans performed. When controlled with roentgenologic contrast phlebography, the diagnostic accuracy rate of the isotopic method was 94.4 per cent, which increased up to 98.5 per cent when the thrombotic process was located in a major vein of the upper thigh or pelvis. There were 5.6 per cent false-positive and no false-negative diagnoses. The parameters that we have considered to be the most significant for the accurate interpretation of venous scintiscanning of the lower extremities are mentioned. Venous scintiscanning is a safe, simple and highly reliable method for the study of deep venous thrombotic disease of the lower extremitites."}
{"id": "PMID:897976", "title": "The use of steroids in inhalation injury.", "content": "Steroids exert no beneficial effect upon acute pulmonary dysfunction created by nitrogen tetroxide inhalation and may worsen small airway obstruction in the early phases of injury. Treatment, therefore, is still largely symptomatic and supportive.", "contents": "The use of steroids in inhalation injury. Steroids exert no beneficial effect upon acute pulmonary dysfunction created by nitrogen tetroxide inhalation and may worsen small airway obstruction in the early phases of injury. Treatment, therefore, is still largely symptomatic and supportive."}
{"id": "PMID:897977", "title": "Blood surface interactions in extravascular salvageable blood pools.", "content": "Anticoagulation largely prevents clotting and defibrination in extravascular blood pools. Systemic or local heparin may be more effective than local citrate phosphate dextrose in preventing coagulation in extravascular blood, if there is to be a lag period greater than 60 minutes between blood loss and collection. Nonanticoagulated extravascular blood in the thorax or peritoneal cavity is completely defibrinated within 20 minutes and is a potential risk in large autotransfusions. Blood in the thorax is better preserved than peritoneal blood after local or systemic heparinization.", "contents": "Blood surface interactions in extravascular salvageable blood pools. Anticoagulation largely prevents clotting and defibrination in extravascular blood pools. Systemic or local heparin may be more effective than local citrate phosphate dextrose in preventing coagulation in extravascular blood, if there is to be a lag period greater than 60 minutes between blood loss and collection. Nonanticoagulated extravascular blood in the thorax or peritoneal cavity is completely defibrinated within 20 minutes and is a potential risk in large autotransfusions. Blood in the thorax is better preserved than peritoneal blood after local or systemic heparinization."}
{"id": "PMID:897978", "title": "Importance of microscopic vascular invasion in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma.", "content": "Invasion into blood vessels by malignant melanoma at the primary cutaneous site is a superior discriminant for an adverse prognosis. However, until the question of relative prognostic values is resolved conclusively, surgical pathologists should document the collection of histopathologic observations recommended by McGovern and co-conferees.", "contents": "Importance of microscopic vascular invasion in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. Invasion into blood vessels by malignant melanoma at the primary cutaneous site is a superior discriminant for an adverse prognosis. However, until the question of relative prognostic values is resolved conclusively, surgical pathologists should document the collection of histopathologic observations recommended by McGovern and co-conferees."}
{"id": "PMID:897979", "title": "Early stage carcinoma of the female breast and axillary lymph node dissection.", "content": "Stage I carcinoma of the female breast can be treated effectively by total mastectomy and post-operative radiation therapy to the chest wall and regional lymph nodes. Identification of positive axillary lymph nodes for prognostic purposes or for definition of patients who might benefit by adjuvant chemotherapy is not a requisite to the successful management of early stage carcinoma of the breast.", "contents": "Early stage carcinoma of the female breast and axillary lymph node dissection. Stage I carcinoma of the female breast can be treated effectively by total mastectomy and post-operative radiation therapy to the chest wall and regional lymph nodes. Identification of positive axillary lymph nodes for prognostic purposes or for definition of patients who might benefit by adjuvant chemotherapy is not a requisite to the successful management of early stage carcinoma of the breast."}
{"id": "PMID:897980", "title": "Evaluation of cholestatic jaundice by computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomography of the abdomen can aid the clinician in distinguishing intrahepatic from extrahepatic causes of jaundice. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disease may be clearly defined. The timing and selection of further diagnostic and surgical procedures can be guided by computed tomography and unnecessary operations and prolonged hospitalization can be reduced. Computed tomography of the abdomen should not be used as a screening procedure but should be used after simpler techniques fail to establish a definitive diagnosis.", "contents": "Evaluation of cholestatic jaundice by computed tomography. Computed tomography of the abdomen can aid the clinician in distinguishing intrahepatic from extrahepatic causes of jaundice. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disease may be clearly defined. The timing and selection of further diagnostic and surgical procedures can be guided by computed tomography and unnecessary operations and prolonged hospitalization can be reduced. Computed tomography of the abdomen should not be used as a screening procedure but should be used after simpler techniques fail to establish a definitive diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:897983", "title": "Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults.", "content": "A series of 54 adult patients with intraventricular hemorrhage diagnosed by computed tomography (CT scan) is described. Hypertension, arterial aneurysm, and arteriovenous malformation (AVM) accounted for 83% of the cases. Three categories of clinical presentation are defined. CT scan reliably demonstrated the presence and distribution of blood within the ventricular system, including the third and fourth ventricles. The increased density caused by intraventricular blood was seen to disappear in 12 days. An intracerebral hematoma was identified in 78% of cases. Surgical treatment was beneficial in only a small number of cases.", "contents": "Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults. A series of 54 adult patients with intraventricular hemorrhage diagnosed by computed tomography (CT scan) is described. Hypertension, arterial aneurysm, and arteriovenous malformation (AVM) accounted for 83% of the cases. Three categories of clinical presentation are defined. CT scan reliably demonstrated the presence and distribution of blood within the ventricular system, including the third and fourth ventricles. The increased density caused by intraventricular blood was seen to disappear in 12 days. An intracerebral hematoma was identified in 78% of cases. Surgical treatment was beneficial in only a small number of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:897985", "title": "Use of surgical laser in the removal of an osteoma of the skull.", "content": "The laser beam can be adapted for use as a surgical cutting instrument. It was chosen for this purpose in the extirpation of an osteoma of the skull. Its removal by conventional means was believed to be too dangerous, because of surrounding vascularity. The nature and properties of the beam and its surgical applications are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Use of surgical laser in the removal of an osteoma of the skull. The laser beam can be adapted for use as a surgical cutting instrument. It was chosen for this purpose in the extirpation of an osteoma of the skull. Its removal by conventional means was believed to be too dangerous, because of surrounding vascularity. The nature and properties of the beam and its surgical applications are discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:897986", "title": "Carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms: direct microsurgical approach.", "content": "A series of 30 carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms, some of them bilateral, is reported. All of them were treated by a direct surgical approach. There were 25 patients in this series, 23 female and two male. In some cases there were associated pituitary adenomas and other aneurysms. The anatomy, clinical manifestations, and surgical treatment are discussed. There were no deaths among these 25 patients. Twenty-two of these patients recovered completely.", "contents": "Carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms: direct microsurgical approach. A series of 30 carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms, some of them bilateral, is reported. All of them were treated by a direct surgical approach. There were 25 patients in this series, 23 female and two male. In some cases there were associated pituitary adenomas and other aneurysms. The anatomy, clinical manifestations, and surgical treatment are discussed. There were no deaths among these 25 patients. Twenty-two of these patients recovered completely."}
{"id": "PMID:897987", "title": "Arteriovenous malformations of the brain stem in childhood.", "content": "Two children are presented with arteriovenous malformations of the upper brain stem, emphasizing the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and surgical therapy. The lesions were located on the pia mater, facilitating total surgical removal. The importance of detailed angiography with subtraction technique is discussed.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformations of the brain stem in childhood. Two children are presented with arteriovenous malformations of the upper brain stem, emphasizing the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and surgical therapy. The lesions were located on the pia mater, facilitating total surgical removal. The importance of detailed angiography with subtraction technique is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897988", "title": "Intracranial arteriovenous malformations: conservative or surgical treatment?", "content": "Of 89 patients with arteriovenous malformations of the brain, 47 were conservatively treated, nine of these died (19%), four with the first bleed, five of recurrent bleeding. Of 42 surgically treated patients, five died, a mortality of 12%. Four of these deaths occurred with patients in a deteriorating clinical condition caused by large intracerebral haematomas. The fifth death occurred with a recurrent bleeding where a ligation of feeding artery was the only treatment. There were no deaths in those patients in good clinical condition who underwent an excision of the malformation. Total excision of arteriovenous malformations should be performed whenever possible.", "contents": "Intracranial arteriovenous malformations: conservative or surgical treatment? Of 89 patients with arteriovenous malformations of the brain, 47 were conservatively treated, nine of these died (19%), four with the first bleed, five of recurrent bleeding. Of 42 surgically treated patients, five died, a mortality of 12%. Four of these deaths occurred with patients in a deteriorating clinical condition caused by large intracerebral haematomas. The fifth death occurred with a recurrent bleeding where a ligation of feeding artery was the only treatment. There were no deaths in those patients in good clinical condition who underwent an excision of the malformation. Total excision of arteriovenous malformations should be performed whenever possible."}
{"id": "PMID:897990", "title": "Occult intrasacral meningocele.", "content": "A case of occult intrasacral meningocele in a 22-year-old female is reported. The clinical and radiological features of this condition are discussed. Its relationship to other cystic sacral conditions is considered. The pathogenesis of this lesion is not perfectly clear.", "contents": "Occult intrasacral meningocele. A case of occult intrasacral meningocele in a 22-year-old female is reported. The clinical and radiological features of this condition are discussed. Its relationship to other cystic sacral conditions is considered. The pathogenesis of this lesion is not perfectly clear."}
{"id": "PMID:897991", "title": "Prolonged induced hypertension in the management of incipient cerebral infarction.", "content": "A patient operated upon for a carotico-cavernous fistula developed incipient cerebral infarction. Metaraminol was used for a period of eight days to produce a therapeutic elevation in blood pressure to prevent this complication. Its possible role in the management of similar complications in the post-operative period of intracranial aneurysms and post angiography is discussed.", "contents": "Prolonged induced hypertension in the management of incipient cerebral infarction. A patient operated upon for a carotico-cavernous fistula developed incipient cerebral infarction. Metaraminol was used for a period of eight days to produce a therapeutic elevation in blood pressure to prevent this complication. Its possible role in the management of similar complications in the post-operative period of intracranial aneurysms and post angiography is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897992", "title": "Increased sensitivity of the basilar artery to norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "The reactivity of rabbit basilar artery to norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine was tested in vitro three days following cisternal injection of 1.0 ml autologous blood to simulate subarachnoid hemorrhage. Following this treatment the artery became three to five times more sensitive to norepinephrine compared with vessels from untreated animals. This was reflected in a parallel shift of the log dose-response curve towards lower concentrations of norepinephrine in a way resembling that seen after cocaine treatment of sympathectomy and interpreted as a prejunctional supersensitivity of the vascular alpha-receptors. The injection of blood also increased the amount of vasoconstriction with 5-hydroxytryptamine to a level which was three times higher than that obtained in untreated vessels. The results suggest one type of mechanism whereby monoamines might be involved in cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity of the basilar artery to norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. The reactivity of rabbit basilar artery to norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine was tested in vitro three days following cisternal injection of 1.0 ml autologous blood to simulate subarachnoid hemorrhage. Following this treatment the artery became three to five times more sensitive to norepinephrine compared with vessels from untreated animals. This was reflected in a parallel shift of the log dose-response curve towards lower concentrations of norepinephrine in a way resembling that seen after cocaine treatment of sympathectomy and interpreted as a prejunctional supersensitivity of the vascular alpha-receptors. The injection of blood also increased the amount of vasoconstriction with 5-hydroxytryptamine to a level which was three times higher than that obtained in untreated vessels. The results suggest one type of mechanism whereby monoamines might be involved in cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:897993", "title": "Traumatic suprasellar arachnoid cyst.", "content": "The case is reported of a suprasellar archnoidal cyst in a five-year-old boy who developed symptoms of hypothalamic involvement. It appears to have been of traumatic origen. It was operated upon, resulting in a remission of symptoms.", "contents": "Traumatic suprasellar arachnoid cyst. The case is reported of a suprasellar archnoidal cyst in a five-year-old boy who developed symptoms of hypothalamic involvement. It appears to have been of traumatic origen. It was operated upon, resulting in a remission of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:897994", "title": "Spontaneous fracture of the dorsum sellae associated with post-irradiation empty sella syndrome.", "content": "A case is presented of a pituitary adenoma which was treated with radiation. Subsequently an empty sella developed and the dorsum sellae was found to be fractured forward. Possible etiological factors and the significance of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous fracture of the dorsum sellae associated with post-irradiation empty sella syndrome. A case is presented of a pituitary adenoma which was treated with radiation. Subsequently an empty sella developed and the dorsum sellae was found to be fractured forward. Possible etiological factors and the significance of this finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897995", "title": "A pre-formed methyl methacrylate cranioplasty.", "content": "The use of a pre-formed methyl methacrylate cranioplasty prosthesis reinforced with stainless steel wire is described. The prosthesis is non-reactive, virtually unbreakable, and undentable. Pre-forming of the prosthesis in the dental laboratory using a mold of the patient's bony defect as a model saves considerable operating time, and when employed for a large cranial defect the three dimensional cosmetic effect is superior to intra-operatively fashioned prostheses.", "contents": "A pre-formed methyl methacrylate cranioplasty. The use of a pre-formed methyl methacrylate cranioplasty prosthesis reinforced with stainless steel wire is described. The prosthesis is non-reactive, virtually unbreakable, and undentable. Pre-forming of the prosthesis in the dental laboratory using a mold of the patient's bony defect as a model saves considerable operating time, and when employed for a large cranial defect the three dimensional cosmetic effect is superior to intra-operatively fashioned prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:897996", "title": "Solitary cerebral falx plasmacytoma.", "content": "An unusual lesion, a solitary plasmacytoma of the falx cerebri is reported. Surgical treatment and subsequent radiotherapy have been effective therapeutic modalities with no signs of recurrence or disseminated disease after two and a half years.", "contents": "Solitary cerebral falx plasmacytoma. An unusual lesion, a solitary plasmacytoma of the falx cerebri is reported. Surgical treatment and subsequent radiotherapy have been effective therapeutic modalities with no signs of recurrence or disseminated disease after two and a half years."}
{"id": "PMID:897997", "title": "Role of glucose-6-phosphate in cerebral dysfunction following hypoxia and hypotension.", "content": "Rats were \"stressed\" by a 30-minute period of breathing 7.5% oxygen combined with hemorrhagic hypotension (x arterial pressure = 25 mm Hg), and then \"resuscitated\" by restoring the inspired oxygen concentration to 30% and reinfusing the blood previously removed to produce hypotension. We have previously noted in initial return of brain adenosine-triphosphate to normal after this \"stress\" followed by a progressive decline during the post-resuscitation period. In this study, substrate deficiency was investigated as a possible etiology for the decreased adenosine-triphosphate. Glucose and glucose-6-phosphate concentrations in the brain were measured before \"stress\" and after resuscitation and were found not to change, indicating no deficiency of substrate.", "contents": "Role of glucose-6-phosphate in cerebral dysfunction following hypoxia and hypotension. Rats were \"stressed\" by a 30-minute period of breathing 7.5% oxygen combined with hemorrhagic hypotension (x arterial pressure = 25 mm Hg), and then \"resuscitated\" by restoring the inspired oxygen concentration to 30% and reinfusing the blood previously removed to produce hypotension. We have previously noted in initial return of brain adenosine-triphosphate to normal after this \"stress\" followed by a progressive decline during the post-resuscitation period. In this study, substrate deficiency was investigated as a possible etiology for the decreased adenosine-triphosphate. Glucose and glucose-6-phosphate concentrations in the brain were measured before \"stress\" and after resuscitation and were found not to change, indicating no deficiency of substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:897998", "title": "Estrogen in patients with chronic subdural hematoma.", "content": "The urinary estrogen value in 30 cases with chronic subdural hematoma have been assayed before treatment, and also in 16 cases after recovery. Very often the value of estrogen was higher in these patients than the normal range. The relationships between the high estrogen value and the cause of chronic subdural hematoma are discussed.", "contents": "Estrogen in patients with chronic subdural hematoma. The urinary estrogen value in 30 cases with chronic subdural hematoma have been assayed before treatment, and also in 16 cases after recovery. Very often the value of estrogen was higher in these patients than the normal range. The relationships between the high estrogen value and the cause of chronic subdural hematoma are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:897999", "title": "Experimental extracranial-intracranial anastomosis.", "content": "A new experimental model for the study of extracranial-intracranial anastomosis has been developed. Canine external ethmoidal arteries have been anastomosed to the middle cerebral arteries. A 100% patency rate has been achieved ten days after operation. The surgical techniques are described. Using this model, we studied the changes of cortical intraarterial pressure and tissue O2 tension under a variety of conditions. From the results of this experiment, it is concluded that the restoration of the cortical intra-arterial pressure may be expected after anastomosis, that tissue O2 tension value depends upon restoration of the cortical intra-arterial pressure in the acute stage, and that O2 and CO2 inhalations have little effect on the brain ten days after middle cerebral arterial occlusion in spite of recovery of intra-arterial pressure with anastomosis. The experimental results suggest that the restoration of the intra-arterial pressure after anastomosis may be of no use in supplying oxygen to ischemic cortex in the chronic stage because of dysfunction of the cortical microvasculature.", "contents": "Experimental extracranial-intracranial anastomosis. A new experimental model for the study of extracranial-intracranial anastomosis has been developed. Canine external ethmoidal arteries have been anastomosed to the middle cerebral arteries. A 100% patency rate has been achieved ten days after operation. The surgical techniques are described. Using this model, we studied the changes of cortical intraarterial pressure and tissue O2 tension under a variety of conditions. From the results of this experiment, it is concluded that the restoration of the cortical intra-arterial pressure may be expected after anastomosis, that tissue O2 tension value depends upon restoration of the cortical intra-arterial pressure in the acute stage, and that O2 and CO2 inhalations have little effect on the brain ten days after middle cerebral arterial occlusion in spite of recovery of intra-arterial pressure with anastomosis. The experimental results suggest that the restoration of the intra-arterial pressure after anastomosis may be of no use in supplying oxygen to ischemic cortex in the chronic stage because of dysfunction of the cortical microvasculature."}
{"id": "PMID:898000", "title": "Neutrophil chemotaxis in cerebral astrocytoma.", "content": "Neutrophil chemotaxis was evaluated for five patients with a primary intracerebral malignancy. All patients had intratumor cysts and these fluids with corresponding serum and cerebrospinal fluid were tested for their chemotactic ability. The ability of cyst fluid to effect neutrophil chemotaxis was diminished in comparison to serum from either patients or control population. Cyst fluids had lower complement levels than serum and did not have a humoral chemotactic inhibitor. The neutrophils for both the patient and control groups had similar chemotaxis to a given chemotactic stimulus suggesting that this malignancy does not have an accompanying peripheral blood phagocytic cell chemotactic defect. Chemotaxis, the migration of phagocytic cells, is a fundamental requisite for the inflammatory and the immune response.", "contents": "Neutrophil chemotaxis in cerebral astrocytoma. Neutrophil chemotaxis was evaluated for five patients with a primary intracerebral malignancy. All patients had intratumor cysts and these fluids with corresponding serum and cerebrospinal fluid were tested for their chemotactic ability. The ability of cyst fluid to effect neutrophil chemotaxis was diminished in comparison to serum from either patients or control population. Cyst fluids had lower complement levels than serum and did not have a humoral chemotactic inhibitor. The neutrophils for both the patient and control groups had similar chemotaxis to a given chemotactic stimulus suggesting that this malignancy does not have an accompanying peripheral blood phagocytic cell chemotactic defect. Chemotaxis, the migration of phagocytic cells, is a fundamental requisite for the inflammatory and the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:898001", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "The diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with intracranial pathology is discussed. This pathological entity is characterized by a diffuse bleeding diathesis. Laboratory studies suggest a consumption of all clotting and fibrinolytic factors with an elevation of fibrin split products as a sign of the fibrinolytic activity. The treatment consists of the administration of packed platelets and fresh frozen plasma to replace the consumed coagulation factors. Heparinization is recommended early to prevent further consumption of coagulation factors and epsilon-aminocaproic acid is recommended later after acute fibrinolysis is diagnosed. Constant coaguloanalytic monitoring is necessary. Although the etiology with massive injury to brain tissue is possibly secondary to autotransfusion of brain tissue thromboplastin, other causes such as hypotension, anoxia, acidosis and hemolysis must be considered.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation. The diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with intracranial pathology is discussed. This pathological entity is characterized by a diffuse bleeding diathesis. Laboratory studies suggest a consumption of all clotting and fibrinolytic factors with an elevation of fibrin split products as a sign of the fibrinolytic activity. The treatment consists of the administration of packed platelets and fresh frozen plasma to replace the consumed coagulation factors. Heparinization is recommended early to prevent further consumption of coagulation factors and epsilon-aminocaproic acid is recommended later after acute fibrinolysis is diagnosed. Constant coaguloanalytic monitoring is necessary. Although the etiology with massive injury to brain tissue is possibly secondary to autotransfusion of brain tissue thromboplastin, other causes such as hypotension, anoxia, acidosis and hemolysis must be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:898002", "title": "Calvarial, orbital and dural vascular anomalies in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.", "content": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is an autosomal inherited defect. Associated neurological abnormalities may occur. A case is reported with cutaneous and visceral lesions associated with calvarial, dural and orbital vascular malformations. Striking radiological abnormalities were present.", "contents": "Calvarial, orbital and dural vascular anomalies in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is an autosomal inherited defect. Associated neurological abnormalities may occur. A case is reported with cutaneous and visceral lesions associated with calvarial, dural and orbital vascular malformations. Striking radiological abnormalities were present."}
{"id": "PMID:898003", "title": "Intracranial chondroma.", "content": "Two cases of intracranial chondroma are reported. In both cases, the tumor was located extradurally in the middle cranial fossa. The tumors were removed piecemeal, but total removal proved to be impossible.", "contents": "Intracranial chondroma. Two cases of intracranial chondroma are reported. In both cases, the tumor was located extradurally in the middle cranial fossa. The tumors were removed piecemeal, but total removal proved to be impossible."}
{"id": "PMID:898004", "title": "Hyperdipsia associated with hypothalamic-midbrain hemorrhage.", "content": "A case of diencephalic-midbrain hemorrhage presenting with excessive thirst, coma, and death is discussed. Some diencephalic dysfunction syndromes are reviewed, as well as their physiological basis. Thirst and drinking behavior can provide a valuable localizing symptom and sign in clinical-pathological correlations.", "contents": "Hyperdipsia associated with hypothalamic-midbrain hemorrhage. A case of diencephalic-midbrain hemorrhage presenting with excessive thirst, coma, and death is discussed. Some diencephalic dysfunction syndromes are reviewed, as well as their physiological basis. Thirst and drinking behavior can provide a valuable localizing symptom and sign in clinical-pathological correlations."}
{"id": "PMID:898006", "title": "Genito-femoral neuralgia.", "content": "A 46-year-old male with bilateral genito-femoral neuralgia is presented. The patient complained of groin and testicular pain, the onset following asynchronous bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy. Relief was effected by genito-femoral nerve resections. The operative approach is discussed. The differentiation between this syndrome and ilio-inguinal nerve entrapment is tabulated.", "contents": "Genito-femoral neuralgia. A 46-year-old male with bilateral genito-femoral neuralgia is presented. The patient complained of groin and testicular pain, the onset following asynchronous bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy. Relief was effected by genito-femoral nerve resections. The operative approach is discussed. The differentiation between this syndrome and ilio-inguinal nerve entrapment is tabulated."}
{"id": "PMID:898007", "title": "Intracranial hemorrhage in achondroplasia.", "content": "The neurological manifestations of achondroplasia include megalencephaly, hydrocephalus, and progressive myelopathy or radiculopathy secondary to spinal stenosis. Subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage have not been previously reported in association with achondroplastic dwarfism. This report describes two patients with achondroplasia who have died secondary to intracranial hemorrhage. At autopsy, the source of hemorrhage was found to be an arteriovenous malformation of the choroid plexus in one case and a ruptured aneurysm of the left middle cerebral artery in the other.", "contents": "Intracranial hemorrhage in achondroplasia. The neurological manifestations of achondroplasia include megalencephaly, hydrocephalus, and progressive myelopathy or radiculopathy secondary to spinal stenosis. Subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage have not been previously reported in association with achondroplastic dwarfism. This report describes two patients with achondroplasia who have died secondary to intracranial hemorrhage. At autopsy, the source of hemorrhage was found to be an arteriovenous malformation of the choroid plexus in one case and a ruptured aneurysm of the left middle cerebral artery in the other."}
{"id": "PMID:898008", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of postoperative cerebral vasospasm.", "content": "A series of 17 patients who developed severe neurologic deficit due to postoperative cerebral vasospasm is presented. All underwent confirmatory postoperative cerebral angiography. Treatment included controlled hypertension, hyperventilation, over-transfusion of whole blood and colloids, and infusion of low molecular weight dextran. Neurologic deficits were reversed promptly and completely in 12 patients and partially in three patients. The authors propose that methods designed to increase cerebral blood flow can reverse the ischemic deficits of vasospasm.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of postoperative cerebral vasospasm. A series of 17 patients who developed severe neurologic deficit due to postoperative cerebral vasospasm is presented. All underwent confirmatory postoperative cerebral angiography. Treatment included controlled hypertension, hyperventilation, over-transfusion of whole blood and colloids, and infusion of low molecular weight dextran. Neurologic deficits were reversed promptly and completely in 12 patients and partially in three patients. The authors propose that methods designed to increase cerebral blood flow can reverse the ischemic deficits of vasospasm."}
{"id": "PMID:898010", "title": "Meningioma with subdural hematoma.", "content": "A subfrontal meningioma which presented by development of a subdural hematoma is reported. The tumor was detected by cerebral angiography and radionucleotide flow study and was subtotally excised. The relationship between meningioma and subdural hemorrhage is discussed.", "contents": "Meningioma with subdural hematoma. A subfrontal meningioma which presented by development of a subdural hematoma is reported. The tumor was detected by cerebral angiography and radionucleotide flow study and was subtotally excised. The relationship between meningioma and subdural hemorrhage is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:898011", "title": "Spinal subdural haematoma: an unusual complication of lumbar puncture.", "content": "A case in which a spinal subdural haematoma obscured the diagnosis of spinal stenosis is described. The haematoma resulted as a complication of the lumbar puncture necessary for the myelogram. No other aetiological factors were found, but it is suggested that this condition may become more frequent as the result of iatrogenic haemostatic defects.", "contents": "Spinal subdural haematoma: an unusual complication of lumbar puncture. A case in which a spinal subdural haematoma obscured the diagnosis of spinal stenosis is described. The haematoma resulted as a complication of the lumbar puncture necessary for the myelogram. No other aetiological factors were found, but it is suggested that this condition may become more frequent as the result of iatrogenic haemostatic defects."}
{"id": "PMID:898012", "title": "Snell's Law: optimum pathway analysis.", "content": "An analysis is made of the various possible paths traveling from one medium to another. It is  demonstrated that the most efficient possible path for traveling in the shortest possible time is the path determined by Snell's Law. Conversely, when light is refracted as it passes from one medium to another, it is completing the trip in the minimum possible time, less time than if it had passed through the various media in a straight line.", "contents": "Snell's Law: optimum pathway analysis. An analysis is made of the various possible paths traveling from one medium to another. It is  demonstrated that the most efficient possible path for traveling in the shortest possible time is the path determined by Snell's Law. Conversely, when light is refracted as it passes from one medium to another, it is completing the trip in the minimum possible time, less time than if it had passed through the various media in a straight line."}
{"id": "PMID:898016", "title": "Vascular endoscopy: useful tool or interesting toy.", "content": "A prospective protocol was designed to evaluate the efficacy and practically of intraluminal endoscopy in vascular reconstructive procedures. The choledochoscope and the arthroscope which utilize the Hopkins Optical System, as well as other available fiberoptic endoscopy units, were evaluated in 91 vascular reconstructions, including 42 carotid endarterectomies, 24 femoral artery reconstructions, 13 popliteal artery anastomoses, seven aortic and iliac procedures, one renal reconstruction, and one tibial reconstruction. In three cases the internal surface of an occluded limb of an aortic graft was examined endoscopically following thrombectomy. The optical resolution of the Hopkins Optical System was superior to the fiberoptic units. Vascular endoscopy required 5 minutes or less in 53 cases, between 5 to 10 minutes in 29 cases, and more than 10 minutes in nine. There were no infections. The single complication was a 1 cm linear tear in the intima of an internal artery. Positive findings were noted in 60 endoscopic studies, for an incidence of 66%. These consisted of intimal shreds in 47, elevated or irregular intimal flaps in 25, clot in five, and stenosis in three. In 26 cases the endoscopic findings were considered to be significant enough to possibly affect the ultimate outcome of the reconstruction.", "contents": "Vascular endoscopy: useful tool or interesting toy. A prospective protocol was designed to evaluate the efficacy and practically of intraluminal endoscopy in vascular reconstructive procedures. The choledochoscope and the arthroscope which utilize the Hopkins Optical System, as well as other available fiberoptic endoscopy units, were evaluated in 91 vascular reconstructions, including 42 carotid endarterectomies, 24 femoral artery reconstructions, 13 popliteal artery anastomoses, seven aortic and iliac procedures, one renal reconstruction, and one tibial reconstruction. In three cases the internal surface of an occluded limb of an aortic graft was examined endoscopically following thrombectomy. The optical resolution of the Hopkins Optical System was superior to the fiberoptic units. Vascular endoscopy required 5 minutes or less in 53 cases, between 5 to 10 minutes in 29 cases, and more than 10 minutes in nine. There were no infections. The single complication was a 1 cm linear tear in the intima of an internal artery. Positive findings were noted in 60 endoscopic studies, for an incidence of 66%. These consisted of intimal shreds in 47, elevated or irregular intimal flaps in 25, clot in five, and stenosis in three. In 26 cases the endoscopic findings were considered to be significant enough to possibly affect the ultimate outcome of the reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:898017", "title": "Ultrasonic scanning in postcholecystectomy choledocholithiasis.", "content": "Ultrasonic scanning of the right upper quadrant was performed in four patients with jaundice and fever. Each patient had undergone a previous cholecystectomy with common bile duct exploration for biliary tract calculi. No patient at that time revealed retained stones on either intraoperative or postoperative cholangiograms. In none of the patients studied was the exact nature of the obstruction appreciated by the clinical and laboratory data available. All patients revealed biliary duct dilatation on ultrasound, and the majority demonstrated a bile duct calculous as well. Based on our experience, we do not recommend that ultrasonic scanning be substituted for oral or intravenous cholangiography when the latter can be performed. Nor should ultrasonic scanning be used to replace endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, or even liver biopsy if these procedures are indicated and can be completed with a reasonable degree of safety. However, we have found that ultrasound can be very helpful in the occasional patient whose biliary tract obstruction defies exact diagnosis when routine dye studies and invasive diagnostic procedures are neither accurate nor feasible.", "contents": "Ultrasonic scanning in postcholecystectomy choledocholithiasis. Ultrasonic scanning of the right upper quadrant was performed in four patients with jaundice and fever. Each patient had undergone a previous cholecystectomy with common bile duct exploration for biliary tract calculi. No patient at that time revealed retained stones on either intraoperative or postoperative cholangiograms. In none of the patients studied was the exact nature of the obstruction appreciated by the clinical and laboratory data available. All patients revealed biliary duct dilatation on ultrasound, and the majority demonstrated a bile duct calculous as well. Based on our experience, we do not recommend that ultrasonic scanning be substituted for oral or intravenous cholangiography when the latter can be performed. Nor should ultrasonic scanning be used to replace endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, or even liver biopsy if these procedures are indicated and can be completed with a reasonable degree of safety. However, we have found that ultrasound can be very helpful in the occasional patient whose biliary tract obstruction defies exact diagnosis when routine dye studies and invasive diagnostic procedures are neither accurate nor feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:898018", "title": "Thoracoscopy.", "content": "Poor results in the treatment of lung cancer have led to the development of several techniques designed to obtain tissue for diagnosis and to determine the feasibility of resection. Although mediastinoscopy has obtained great popularity, we have been dissatisfied with it because of the low yield of positive results and the attendant increases in length of operations and hospitalizations. We have modified the old technique of thoracoscopy, using a sterilized sigmoidoscope inserted through an intercostal space with the patient positioned and prepared for thoracotomy. Although most frequently used in patients with lung cancer, this procedure also has been helpful in patients with coin lesions, mediastinal tumors, and penetrating wounds of the chest. Although we agree that mediastinoscopy is useful in selected patients, we believe that thoracoscopy offers a greater number of patients a reliable means of obtaining the proper diagnosis more efficiently.", "contents": "Thoracoscopy. Poor results in the treatment of lung cancer have led to the development of several techniques designed to obtain tissue for diagnosis and to determine the feasibility of resection. Although mediastinoscopy has obtained great popularity, we have been dissatisfied with it because of the low yield of positive results and the attendant increases in length of operations and hospitalizations. We have modified the old technique of thoracoscopy, using a sterilized sigmoidoscope inserted through an intercostal space with the patient positioned and prepared for thoracotomy. Although most frequently used in patients with lung cancer, this procedure also has been helpful in patients with coin lesions, mediastinal tumors, and penetrating wounds of the chest. Although we agree that mediastinoscopy is useful in selected patients, we believe that thoracoscopy offers a greater number of patients a reliable means of obtaining the proper diagnosis more efficiently."}
{"id": "PMID:898013", "title": "Spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma.", "content": "Clinicopathologic evidence of bilateral spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma in three brothers is presented. The buphthalmic right eye and phthisical left eye of one of these persons were examined histopathologically. The two brothers of this patient both had phthisical left eyes, and those eyes were examined histopathologically. Both of those brothers also had clinically detected chorioretinal scars in their right eyes from regressed retinoblastoma. Three of eight children of one of the two brothers had bilateral retinoblastoma, and two of seven children of the other brother had bilateral retinoblastoma. Reports in the literature of 50 previous cases of total spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma from 1911 to 1975 are reviewed.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma. Clinicopathologic evidence of bilateral spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma in three brothers is presented. The buphthalmic right eye and phthisical left eye of one of these persons were examined histopathologically. The two brothers of this patient both had phthisical left eyes, and those eyes were examined histopathologically. Both of those brothers also had clinically detected chorioretinal scars in their right eyes from regressed retinoblastoma. Three of eight children of one of the two brothers had bilateral retinoblastoma, and two of seven children of the other brother had bilateral retinoblastoma. Reports in the literature of 50 previous cases of total spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma from 1911 to 1975 are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:898021", "title": "Survival distribution in breast cancer.", "content": "It has been stated that breast cancer survival rates follow an exponential distribution. This would mean that the mortality rate is constant. Survival distribution was analyzed by the clinical life table method in one series of 10,752 patients and in another of 656 patients followed up to 8 and 18 years, respectively. Part of the larger series' table is (table: see text). Necessarily, clinical survival data are censored progressively. These kinds of data are analyzed best by examining the hazard function, which is the instantaneous death rate, or force of mortality. If an exponential distribution described survival in breast cancer correctly, the hazard function would be constant. These data clearly are not consistent with an exponential distribution, as the hazard function decreases. The survival distribution calculated from these data shows that the chance of dying of cancer decreases the longer a patient survives. This is more optimistic and consistent with clinical experience than is the exponential distribution.", "contents": "Survival distribution in breast cancer. It has been stated that breast cancer survival rates follow an exponential distribution. This would mean that the mortality rate is constant. Survival distribution was analyzed by the clinical life table method in one series of 10,752 patients and in another of 656 patients followed up to 8 and 18 years, respectively. Part of the larger series' table is (table: see text). Necessarily, clinical survival data are censored progressively. These kinds of data are analyzed best by examining the hazard function, which is the instantaneous death rate, or force of mortality. If an exponential distribution described survival in breast cancer correctly, the hazard function would be constant. These data clearly are not consistent with an exponential distribution, as the hazard function decreases. The survival distribution calculated from these data shows that the chance of dying of cancer decreases the longer a patient survives. This is more optimistic and consistent with clinical experience than is the exponential distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:898022", "title": "Conversion of a Scribner shunt to an arteriovenous fistula for chronic dialysis.", "content": "Since July, 1972, we have converted 14 Scribner shunts, which we had used for the initiation of hemodialysis in 14 patients with end-stage renal disease, to arteriovenous fistulas in the same peripheral artery and vein of the shunts for maintenance chronic dialysis. The shunts were converted to fistulaes electively in three patients and because of malfunction in 11. We did not convert infected shunts. Dialysis was resumed within 24 to 72 hours of conversion to a fistula in all 14 patients. Thirteen patients were followed from 14 to 1,505 days with pump speeds of about 300 cc/minute. The fistulas continued to function without complication. One patient developed a small pseudoaneurysm, which required excision. The overall patency rate was 93%. The autogenous peripheral vessels of a patient on chronic hemodialysis are a limited resource. This conversion or recycling technique will give the patient a preferred vascular access for dialysis for prolonged periods.", "contents": "Conversion of a Scribner shunt to an arteriovenous fistula for chronic dialysis. Since July, 1972, we have converted 14 Scribner shunts, which we had used for the initiation of hemodialysis in 14 patients with end-stage renal disease, to arteriovenous fistulas in the same peripheral artery and vein of the shunts for maintenance chronic dialysis. The shunts were converted to fistulaes electively in three patients and because of malfunction in 11. We did not convert infected shunts. Dialysis was resumed within 24 to 72 hours of conversion to a fistula in all 14 patients. Thirteen patients were followed from 14 to 1,505 days with pump speeds of about 300 cc/minute. The fistulas continued to function without complication. One patient developed a small pseudoaneurysm, which required excision. The overall patency rate was 93%. The autogenous peripheral vessels of a patient on chronic hemodialysis are a limited resource. This conversion or recycling technique will give the patient a preferred vascular access for dialysis for prolonged periods."}
{"id": "PMID:898023", "title": "Twenty-five years of experience with radical surgical treatment of carcinoma of the extraperitoneal rectum.", "content": "Between the years 1950 and 1975, 1,100 patients with carcinoma of the rectum were seen at the Toronto General Hospital. Of these, 519 had tumors below the peritoneal reflection. The resection rate in this latter group of patients was 94%. One hundred and thirty-three patients were treated by low anterior resection (LAR) and 316 by combined abdominoperineal resection (APR). Although the incidence of postoperative complications was high (LAR 41%, APR 53%), the operative mortality was low (LAR 2.2%, APR 2.9%). Recurrent tumor appeared more frequently in the pelvis (24%) than at distant sites (18%), was more common in more advanced disease, and correlated with the incidence of late death. The overall (actuarial) survival figures were 50% at 5 years and 37% at 10 years, with no significant difference between LAR and APR. For curative resections, the 5- and 10-year survival figures were 59% and 44%, respectively. Clinical staging (Dukes) influenced survival greatly, both at 5 years (Dukes A 77%, B 65%, C 33%, D 3%) and at 10 years (Dukes A 55%, B 53%, C 20%, D 0%). The level of the lesion did not influence either recurrence rate or survival.", "contents": "Twenty-five years of experience with radical surgical treatment of carcinoma of the extraperitoneal rectum. Between the years 1950 and 1975, 1,100 patients with carcinoma of the rectum were seen at the Toronto General Hospital. Of these, 519 had tumors below the peritoneal reflection. The resection rate in this latter group of patients was 94%. One hundred and thirty-three patients were treated by low anterior resection (LAR) and 316 by combined abdominoperineal resection (APR). Although the incidence of postoperative complications was high (LAR 41%, APR 53%), the operative mortality was low (LAR 2.2%, APR 2.9%). Recurrent tumor appeared more frequently in the pelvis (24%) than at distant sites (18%), was more common in more advanced disease, and correlated with the incidence of late death. The overall (actuarial) survival figures were 50% at 5 years and 37% at 10 years, with no significant difference between LAR and APR. For curative resections, the 5- and 10-year survival figures were 59% and 44%, respectively. Clinical staging (Dukes) influenced survival greatly, both at 5 years (Dukes A 77%, B 65%, C 33%, D 3%) and at 10 years (Dukes A 55%, B 53%, C 20%, D 0%). The level of the lesion did not influence either recurrence rate or survival."}
{"id": "PMID:898024", "title": "\"Conservative\" versus \"liberal\" approach to parathyroid neck exploration.", "content": "Is the recent trend toward more radical parathyroid surgery justified? Surgical outcomes in three groups of 50 patients undergoing operation for primary hyperparathyroidism at the Mayo Clinic between January, 1974, and May, 1976, were compared. One group of patients was operated on by Surgeon A who used a \"conservative\" approach (removal of grossly enlarged glands only, with or without biopsy of one normal-sized gland). A second group was operated on by a Surgeon B, who used a more \"liberal\" approach (almost routine removal of at least two glands, removal of three and one-half glands when more than one gland was enlarged, and liberal use of biopsy identification). Symptomatic hypocalcemia requiring treatment occurred in 24% of patients after liberal neck exploration, as compared with 4% in the conservatively treated group. The liberal approach did not yield any higher cure rate. A third group of 50 patients was operated on by Surgeon B using the conservative approach. The incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia was reduced to 2%; one patient remained hypercalcemic. Symptomatic hypocalcemia, even if temporary, represents significant morbidity. A conservative approach to neck exploration in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism is recommended because it is associated with a very low incidence of temporary postoperative hypoparathyroidism (2 to 4%) and a high cure rate (99% in this series).", "contents": "\"Conservative\" versus \"liberal\" approach to parathyroid neck exploration. Is the recent trend toward more radical parathyroid surgery justified? Surgical outcomes in three groups of 50 patients undergoing operation for primary hyperparathyroidism at the Mayo Clinic between January, 1974, and May, 1976, were compared. One group of patients was operated on by Surgeon A who used a \"conservative\" approach (removal of grossly enlarged glands only, with or without biopsy of one normal-sized gland). A second group was operated on by a Surgeon B, who used a more \"liberal\" approach (almost routine removal of at least two glands, removal of three and one-half glands when more than one gland was enlarged, and liberal use of biopsy identification). Symptomatic hypocalcemia requiring treatment occurred in 24% of patients after liberal neck exploration, as compared with 4% in the conservatively treated group. The liberal approach did not yield any higher cure rate. A third group of 50 patients was operated on by Surgeon B using the conservative approach. The incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia was reduced to 2%; one patient remained hypercalcemic. Symptomatic hypocalcemia, even if temporary, represents significant morbidity. A conservative approach to neck exploration in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism is recommended because it is associated with a very low incidence of temporary postoperative hypoparathyroidism (2 to 4%) and a high cure rate (99% in this series)."}
{"id": "PMID:898028", "title": "Experimental fundoplication: comparison of results of different techniques.", "content": "After the creation of a hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter (LES) by circular myectomy, several techniques of fundoplication were employed to assess the effect of variations in the degree and length of fundoesophageal encirclement on LES function. In series A, 360 degrees wraps were constructed around varying lengths of esophagus: group I, 1 cm; group II, 2 cm; and group III, 3 cm. In series B, 2 cm long fundoplications of varying circumference were performed: group I, 90 degrees; group II, 180 degrees; and group III, 360 degrees. LES evaluation included measurement of LES amplitude and length, the adaptive response of the LES to increased intragastric pressure, pH reflux testing, and LES response to parenterally administered pentagastrin. In series A, 2 and 3 cm wraps restored resting LES pressures to normal (18.8 +/- 0.5 and 20.7 +/- 0.3 cm H2O) in contrast to the 1 cm wrap (12.9 +/- 0.8 cm H2O), and both provided more effective protection against reflux when compared to the shorter variation (pH, 6.2 +/- 0.1 and 6.6 +/- 0.1 versus 4.2 +/- 0.1). In series B, the 360 degrees wrap proved to be more effective than partially encircling techniques. Fundoplication optimally restores normal LES function when it encircles the esophagus completely over a length equivalent to the normal high-pressure zone (1.8 +/- 0.1 cm in the cat).", "contents": "Experimental fundoplication: comparison of results of different techniques. After the creation of a hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter (LES) by circular myectomy, several techniques of fundoplication were employed to assess the effect of variations in the degree and length of fundoesophageal encirclement on LES function. In series A, 360 degrees wraps were constructed around varying lengths of esophagus: group I, 1 cm; group II, 2 cm; and group III, 3 cm. In series B, 2 cm long fundoplications of varying circumference were performed: group I, 90 degrees; group II, 180 degrees; and group III, 360 degrees. LES evaluation included measurement of LES amplitude and length, the adaptive response of the LES to increased intragastric pressure, pH reflux testing, and LES response to parenterally administered pentagastrin. In series A, 2 and 3 cm wraps restored resting LES pressures to normal (18.8 +/- 0.5 and 20.7 +/- 0.3 cm H2O) in contrast to the 1 cm wrap (12.9 +/- 0.8 cm H2O), and both provided more effective protection against reflux when compared to the shorter variation (pH, 6.2 +/- 0.1 and 6.6 +/- 0.1 versus 4.2 +/- 0.1). In series B, the 360 degrees wrap proved to be more effective than partially encircling techniques. Fundoplication optimally restores normal LES function when it encircles the esophagus completely over a length equivalent to the normal high-pressure zone (1.8 +/- 0.1 cm in the cat)."}
{"id": "PMID:898088", "title": "Evaluation of the teratogenic potential of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHA) in the rat.", "content": "Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and approved antioxidant used alone or in combination with other antioxidants produced no teralogenic effects after administration via the diet to pregnant rats at concentration of 0.125, 0.25 and 0.50% during the sensitive period of gestation. The mean body weight and feed consumption of the dams were unaffected. The average number of corpora lutea, implantation sites, viable fetuses, resorptions and fetal body weights and mortality did not differ between the control and treated groups. A significant number of rudimentary ribs were seen in all groups. However, the incidence of this variation was two times greater in the control group than in any treatment group. It is concluded that TBHQ is not teratogenic in rats at 62.5, 125 and 250 times the approved use level for humans.", "contents": "Evaluation of the teratogenic potential of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHA) in the rat. Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and approved antioxidant used alone or in combination with other antioxidants produced no teralogenic effects after administration via the diet to pregnant rats at concentration of 0.125, 0.25 and 0.50% during the sensitive period of gestation. The mean body weight and feed consumption of the dams were unaffected. The average number of corpora lutea, implantation sites, viable fetuses, resorptions and fetal body weights and mortality did not differ between the control and treated groups. A significant number of rudimentary ribs were seen in all groups. However, the incidence of this variation was two times greater in the control group than in any treatment group. It is concluded that TBHQ is not teratogenic in rats at 62.5, 125 and 250 times the approved use level for humans."}
{"id": "PMID:898089", "title": "Effect of intraamniotic administration of vitamin A on rat fetuses.", "content": "The present study examines the effect of intraamniotic (i/a) administration of vitamin A to rat fetuses. Vitamin A aquasol in concentrations of 50 I.U., 100 I.U., and 300 I.U., was mixed in 5 microliter of saline. On day 13 of gestation, each of the tree experimental subgroups were injected i/a with varying  doses of vitamin A. The four control subgroups consisted of: (1) i/a injection of 5 microliter of saline only, (2) amniotic puncture only, (3) laparotomy or (4) i/a injection of sorethytan oleate. The fetuses were recovered on day 18 of gestation, and were weighed and examined for gross malformations. The viable fetuses from the experimental groups showed various malformations such as cleft palate, micrognathia and limb defects. The percentage of resorbed fetuses was significantly high. The control fetuses showed a moderate number of resorptions; however the percentage of malformations was small. The results show that the i/a method can be used effectively to study the direct teratogenic effect of vitamin A on the fetuses.", "contents": "Effect of intraamniotic administration of vitamin A on rat fetuses. The present study examines the effect of intraamniotic (i/a) administration of vitamin A to rat fetuses. Vitamin A aquasol in concentrations of 50 I.U., 100 I.U., and 300 I.U., was mixed in 5 microliter of saline. On day 13 of gestation, each of the tree experimental subgroups were injected i/a with varying  doses of vitamin A. The four control subgroups consisted of: (1) i/a injection of 5 microliter of saline only, (2) amniotic puncture only, (3) laparotomy or (4) i/a injection of sorethytan oleate. The fetuses were recovered on day 18 of gestation, and were weighed and examined for gross malformations. The viable fetuses from the experimental groups showed various malformations such as cleft palate, micrognathia and limb defects. The percentage of resorbed fetuses was significantly high. The control fetuses showed a moderate number of resorptions; however the percentage of malformations was small. The results show that the i/a method can be used effectively to study the direct teratogenic effect of vitamin A on the fetuses."}
{"id": "PMID:898090", "title": "T1Wh, a promising mouse strain with chromosomal markers for cleft palate research.", "content": "Attainment of the horizontal position by the secondary palatal shelves and fusion in relationship to morphological and chronological ages in T1Wh, and albino strain of mice homozygous for a 5;19 Robertsonian translocation, was found to be late and slow in comparison to other strains previously investigated. Spontaneous and cortisone-induced cleft palate frequencies of 3.5% and 100% respectively, were found in this strain. Its slow and late palatal closure, high susceptibility to cortisone, obvious marker chromosomes, and good breeding performance promise to make T1Wh a useful strain for cleft palate research.", "contents": "T1Wh, a promising mouse strain with chromosomal markers for cleft palate research. Attainment of the horizontal position by the secondary palatal shelves and fusion in relationship to morphological and chronological ages in T1Wh, and albino strain of mice homozygous for a 5;19 Robertsonian translocation, was found to be late and slow in comparison to other strains previously investigated. Spontaneous and cortisone-induced cleft palate frequencies of 3.5% and 100% respectively, were found in this strain. Its slow and late palatal closure, high susceptibility to cortisone, obvious marker chromosomes, and good breeding performance promise to make T1Wh a useful strain for cleft palate research."}
{"id": "PMID:898091", "title": "Toxicity studies with dieldrin: teratological studies in mice dosed orally with HEOD.", "content": "Dose of 1.5 and 4.0 mg/kg/day of HEOD in corn oil and 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg/day of HEOD in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) were administered to pregnant CF1 mice on days 6 to 14 (inclusive) of gestation. Some maternal and foetal toxicity was seen in the HEOD in DMSO and DMSO control groups compared with the untreated controls, such as reduced body weight gains, some maternal deaths, lower foetal body weights and increased incidence of delayed ossification of the foetal bones. No maternal or foetal toxicity was seen in the HEOD in corn oil or the corn oil control groups. No compound-related teratogenic effects were observed.", "contents": "Toxicity studies with dieldrin: teratological studies in mice dosed orally with HEOD. Dose of 1.5 and 4.0 mg/kg/day of HEOD in corn oil and 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg/day of HEOD in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) were administered to pregnant CF1 mice on days 6 to 14 (inclusive) of gestation. Some maternal and foetal toxicity was seen in the HEOD in DMSO and DMSO control groups compared with the untreated controls, such as reduced body weight gains, some maternal deaths, lower foetal body weights and increased incidence of delayed ossification of the foetal bones. No maternal or foetal toxicity was seen in the HEOD in corn oil or the corn oil control groups. No compound-related teratogenic effects were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:898092", "title": "Cytosine arabinoside-induce transplacental dysgenetic hydrocephalus in mice.", "content": "Pregnant mice were injected with 30 mg of cytosine arabino side/kg body weight on 13-1/3 and 14 days of gestation. Within six hours after the first injection, pyknotic nuclei and nuclear debris were found at the matrix layer surrounding the lateral ventricles of the embryonic brain. Autoradiographic studies using tritiated thymidine revealed that most of the matrix cells exposed to cytosine arabinoside during DNA synthesis were killed by this dose of the drug. Twenty-four hours after the second injection, most of the matrix cells had disappeared. When experimental animals were examined after birth, they showed marked dilation of the lateral ventricles. The dilatation of the lateral ventricles was more pronounced in the parieto-occipital region. The young showed rapid enlargement of the cranial vault and subsequently died by 35 days of age.", "contents": "Cytosine arabinoside-induce transplacental dysgenetic hydrocephalus in mice. Pregnant mice were injected with 30 mg of cytosine arabino side/kg body weight on 13-1/3 and 14 days of gestation. Within six hours after the first injection, pyknotic nuclei and nuclear debris were found at the matrix layer surrounding the lateral ventricles of the embryonic brain. Autoradiographic studies using tritiated thymidine revealed that most of the matrix cells exposed to cytosine arabinoside during DNA synthesis were killed by this dose of the drug. Twenty-four hours after the second injection, most of the matrix cells had disappeared. When experimental animals were examined after birth, they showed marked dilation of the lateral ventricles. The dilatation of the lateral ventricles was more pronounced in the parieto-occipital region. The young showed rapid enlargement of the cranial vault and subsequently died by 35 days of age."}
{"id": "PMID:898157", "title": "[A rotary rasp as an aid in the foot care of cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of a rotary metal rasp, mounted on a right-angled, as in aid in the foot care of cattle is described. The results obtained with this instrument were satisfactory. This device will save a considerable amount of (physical) labour as well as time, especially in cattle with particular hard feet (such as A.I. bulls) or in mass foot care.", "contents": "[A rotary rasp as an aid in the foot care of cattle (author's transl)]. The use of a rotary metal rasp, mounted on a right-angled, as in aid in the foot care of cattle is described. The results obtained with this instrument were satisfactory. This device will save a considerable amount of (physical) labour as well as time, especially in cattle with particular hard feet (such as A.I. bulls) or in mass foot care."}
{"id": "PMID:898158", "title": "[Results obtained using de \"Meckrognost Harnstoff\" strip method in estimating plasma urea concentrations in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"Merckognost Harntoff\" strip method described in a previous paper was recently modified by the manufactures. An important alterations consisted in the method by which samples were applied to the strips, viz. using micropipetters rather than by dipping. In view of the findings in the comparative study reported, the results obtained on dipping are regarded as superior, the method also being easier to handle. However, the prescribed correction factor should be used.", "contents": "[Results obtained using de \"Meckrognost Harnstoff\" strip method in estimating plasma urea concentrations in dogs (author's transl)]. The \"Merckognost Harntoff\" strip method described in a previous paper was recently modified by the manufactures. An important alterations consisted in the method by which samples were applied to the strips, viz. using micropipetters rather than by dipping. In view of the findings in the comparative study reported, the results obtained on dipping are regarded as superior, the method also being easier to handle. However, the prescribed correction factor should be used."}
{"id": "PMID:898162", "title": "[The revascularization of the profunda femoris artery (author's transl)].", "content": "The revascularization of the profunda femoris artery, the minimal vascular operation, is described in this paper. After the anatomic and pathological relations of the femoral arteries the indications and the position of the profunda-revascularization in vascular surgery of the thigh are reported. During a period of 15 years (1959-1974) a profundaplasty was performed in 357 cases on 308 patients in the Munich University Surgical Clinic. The result of the operation could be controlled in 320 cases. The lethality-rate of operation is 3,8%. The operation was successful after 5 years in 75,3%, after 10 years in 62,6% in the whole period in 60% of the living patients. If there is a vascular disease of the deep femoral artery, the profundaplasty proves to be a standard technique in the vascular surgery of the thigh.", "contents": "[The revascularization of the profunda femoris artery (author's transl)]. The revascularization of the profunda femoris artery, the minimal vascular operation, is described in this paper. After the anatomic and pathological relations of the femoral arteries the indications and the position of the profunda-revascularization in vascular surgery of the thigh are reported. During a period of 15 years (1959-1974) a profundaplasty was performed in 357 cases on 308 patients in the Munich University Surgical Clinic. The result of the operation could be controlled in 320 cases. The lethality-rate of operation is 3,8%. The operation was successful after 5 years in 75,3%, after 10 years in 62,6% in the whole period in 60% of the living patients. If there is a vascular disease of the deep femoral artery, the profundaplasty proves to be a standard technique in the vascular surgery of the thigh."}
{"id": "PMID:898163", "title": "Cerebral protection during open heart surgery. A comparison between a disk oxygenator and two bubble oxygenators.", "content": "A disk oxygenator (Bj\u00f6rk-AGA HLM) with a moderate hemodilution prime and two bubble oygenators (Harvey H 800 and Galen Optiflo 42-201) with a clear fluid prime are compared in regard to their effect upon postoperative intellectual function as measured by psychometric tests. There was no difference between the two bubble oxygenators. There was a marked, statistically significant difference between the bubble oxygenators and the disk oxygenator, the disk oxygenator yields considerably worse results. The reason for this is obscure but probably lies in the different microembolic output. The literature, however is not consistent on this question. At the present time, only bubble oxygenators are used in our unit.", "contents": "Cerebral protection during open heart surgery. A comparison between a disk oxygenator and two bubble oxygenators. A disk oxygenator (Bj\u00f6rk-AGA HLM) with a moderate hemodilution prime and two bubble oygenators (Harvey H 800 and Galen Optiflo 42-201) with a clear fluid prime are compared in regard to their effect upon postoperative intellectual function as measured by psychometric tests. There was no difference between the two bubble oxygenators. There was a marked, statistically significant difference between the bubble oxygenators and the disk oxygenator, the disk oxygenator yields considerably worse results. The reason for this is obscure but probably lies in the different microembolic output. The literature, however is not consistent on this question. At the present time, only bubble oxygenators are used in our unit."}
{"id": "PMID:898164", "title": "[Anemia in patients with artificial heart valves (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathogenesis of anemia in 84 patients with valvular protheses of the heart was investigated. A secondary deficiency of serum iron and folate, caused by chronic hemolysis, was found. There was no indication of vitamin-B12-deficiency.", "contents": "[Anemia in patients with artificial heart valves (author's transl)]. The pathogenesis of anemia in 84 patients with valvular protheses of the heart was investigated. A secondary deficiency of serum iron and folate, caused by chronic hemolysis, was found. There was no indication of vitamin-B12-deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:898165", "title": "[Open combined thoracic and abdominal wounds (author's transl)].", "content": "We report 27 open wounds of the thorax and abdomen combined, which were treated during one year on the hospitalship \"Helgoland\" in Vietnam. The patients came from every age group. 12 of the wounded were male, 15 were female. Hemopneumothorax was the most frequent finding in the thoracic wounds. With abdominal wounds the organs of the upper abdomen were mainly involved. We found it best to begin treatment with closed chest-tube drainage in order to bring the chest wound under control, then to proceed with laparatomy. Only in a few cases was a thoracotomy necessary. 4 of the 27 wounded died.", "contents": "[Open combined thoracic and abdominal wounds (author's transl)]. We report 27 open wounds of the thorax and abdomen combined, which were treated during one year on the hospitalship \"Helgoland\" in Vietnam. The patients came from every age group. 12 of the wounded were male, 15 were female. Hemopneumothorax was the most frequent finding in the thoracic wounds. With abdominal wounds the organs of the upper abdomen were mainly involved. We found it best to begin treatment with closed chest-tube drainage in order to bring the chest wound under control, then to proceed with laparatomy. Only in a few cases was a thoracotomy necessary. 4 of the 27 wounded died."}
{"id": "PMID:898167", "title": "The use of pooled sera for HLA cytotoxicity crossmatching.", "content": "A two-stage procedure is described for cytotoxicity tests in which three different sera from a prospective kidney recipient are pooled in each well of a standard microcytotoxicity test plate. The results are reproducible and as sensitive as those obtained with single sera tests. The technique permits a reduction in time required for a test and the number of wells that must be evaluated to screen a series of sera. It enables a laboratory to run all available sera on patients for cadaver kidney crossmatching and to eliminate hyperacute rejections. Serum pooling may also be used for screening of many sera against random cell panels.", "contents": "The use of pooled sera for HLA cytotoxicity crossmatching. A two-stage procedure is described for cytotoxicity tests in which three different sera from a prospective kidney recipient are pooled in each well of a standard microcytotoxicity test plate. The results are reproducible and as sensitive as those obtained with single sera tests. The technique permits a reduction in time required for a test and the number of wells that must be evaluated to screen a series of sera. It enables a laboratory to run all available sera on patients for cadaver kidney crossmatching and to eliminate hyperacute rejections. Serum pooling may also be used for screening of many sera against random cell panels."}
{"id": "PMID:898168", "title": "The effects of low temperature on myelin formation in optic nerves of Xenopus tadpoles.", "content": "To test the effect of cold on CNS myelin formation, optic nerves of stages 52-55 Xenopus tadpoles were examined electron microscopically after maintenance at 15, 10, 7 and 4 degrees C for 1-7 days. Nerves from tadpoles maintained at 15 degrees C resembled 22 degrees C (room temperature) controls. After 3 days at 10, 7, or 4 degrees C, tongue processes and perikarya of many myelin forming oligodendrocytes were swollen and filled with vesicular membrane profiles. The number of axonal microtubules was decreased in affected fibers but the lamellar structure of their myelin sheaths remained normal. Astrocytes were hypertrophic and contained large aggregates of filaments. Longer exposure to 10 or 7 degrees C increased the number of affected fibers but the changes were not more severe or associated with degeneration. The delayed onset, lack of progression and reversibility of the changes indicated that cold has a direct metabolic effect on myelin forming oligodendrocytes. Alterations produced by nerve transection or exposure to mitotic inhibitors differed, suggesting that cold induced changes were not due primarily to either axonal degeneration or reduced axonal transport.", "contents": "The effects of low temperature on myelin formation in optic nerves of Xenopus tadpoles. To test the effect of cold on CNS myelin formation, optic nerves of stages 52-55 Xenopus tadpoles were examined electron microscopically after maintenance at 15, 10, 7 and 4 degrees C for 1-7 days. Nerves from tadpoles maintained at 15 degrees C resembled 22 degrees C (room temperature) controls. After 3 days at 10, 7, or 4 degrees C, tongue processes and perikarya of many myelin forming oligodendrocytes were swollen and filled with vesicular membrane profiles. The number of axonal microtubules was decreased in affected fibers but the lamellar structure of their myelin sheaths remained normal. Astrocytes were hypertrophic and contained large aggregates of filaments. Longer exposure to 10 or 7 degrees C increased the number of affected fibers but the changes were not more severe or associated with degeneration. The delayed onset, lack of progression and reversibility of the changes indicated that cold has a direct metabolic effect on myelin forming oligodendrocytes. Alterations produced by nerve transection or exposure to mitotic inhibitors differed, suggesting that cold induced changes were not due primarily to either axonal degeneration or reduced axonal transport."}
{"id": "PMID:898169", "title": "Midgut ultrastructure of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culcidae) before and after a bloodmeal.", "content": "The midgut ultrastructure of rasin-and blood-fed female mosquitoes, Culex tarsalis Coquillentt, was examined. The raisin-fed midgut is characterized by: (1) large nuclei, (2) small mitochondria, (3) short segments of rough endoplasmic reticulum, (4) rough endoplasmic reticular vesicular vesicles in the posterior midgut only, and (5) increased autophagic acitivity with age. Blood feeding elicits drastic changes in midgut epithelial structures: (1) nuclei are smaller, (2) mitochondria are much enlarged, (3) rough endoplasmic reticular vesicles disappear, (4) rough endoplasmic reticular whorls appear, (5) residual lyosomal figures are abundant, and (6) an intercellular accumulation of an electron-opaque material is noted. The significance of rough endoplasmic reticular whorls and vesicles in bloodmeal digestion is discussed. In addition, the concept of a functional host  'gut barrier' to infection by pathogens is examined as related to a possible by-pass mechanism.", "contents": "Midgut ultrastructure of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culcidae) before and after a bloodmeal. The midgut ultrastructure of rasin-and blood-fed female mosquitoes, Culex tarsalis Coquillentt, was examined. The raisin-fed midgut is characterized by: (1) large nuclei, (2) small mitochondria, (3) short segments of rough endoplasmic reticulum, (4) rough endoplasmic reticular vesicular vesicles in the posterior midgut only, and (5) increased autophagic acitivity with age. Blood feeding elicits drastic changes in midgut epithelial structures: (1) nuclei are smaller, (2) mitochondria are much enlarged, (3) rough endoplasmic reticular vesicles disappear, (4) rough endoplasmic reticular whorls appear, (5) residual lyosomal figures are abundant, and (6) an intercellular accumulation of an electron-opaque material is noted. The significance of rough endoplasmic reticular whorls and vesicles in bloodmeal digestion is discussed. In addition, the concept of a functional host  'gut barrier' to infection by pathogens is examined as related to a possible by-pass mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:898170", "title": "Hyposmotic fluid formation in Hydra.", "content": "A detailed model for hyposmotic fluid formation in Hydra is presented. We propose that enteron fluid formation occurs in two steps: (1) segregation of an isosmotic fluid in large intercellular vacuoles with (2) subsequent reabsorption of solute in the intercellular channels to form the hyposmotic fluid of the enteron. Intercellular spaces in Hydra have been studied by light microscopy and thin-section electron microscopy, as well as by electrophysiological methods. These spaces are of two types: (1) large vacuoles which are located in the cells of both the epidermis and gastrodermis, being more numerous in the epidermis; and (2) lateral intercellular channels which run from the intercellular vacuoles, leading eventually to the enteron. These vacuoles and channels are highly convoluted, forming a complex three-dimensional network. We suggest that the network is involved in the water balance of Hydra.", "contents": "Hyposmotic fluid formation in Hydra. A detailed model for hyposmotic fluid formation in Hydra is presented. We propose that enteron fluid formation occurs in two steps: (1) segregation of an isosmotic fluid in large intercellular vacuoles with (2) subsequent reabsorption of solute in the intercellular channels to form the hyposmotic fluid of the enteron. Intercellular spaces in Hydra have been studied by light microscopy and thin-section electron microscopy, as well as by electrophysiological methods. These spaces are of two types: (1) large vacuoles which are located in the cells of both the epidermis and gastrodermis, being more numerous in the epidermis; and (2) lateral intercellular channels which run from the intercellular vacuoles, leading eventually to the enteron. These vacuoles and channels are highly convoluted, forming a complex three-dimensional network. We suggest that the network is involved in the water balance of Hydra."}
{"id": "PMID:898171", "title": "Anatomical studies of simple invertebrate synapses utilizing stage rotation election microscopy and densitometry.", "content": "The radial nerve cords of starfish and the central ganglia of a gastropod mollusc were examined for the presence of chemical synapses. No structures with the degree of specialization of synapses in the vertebrate CNS were observed. Presumed chemical synapses, which possessed slight but variable paramembrane densities, were examined with a tilting stage. This showed that such densities were frequently due to overlap of vesicle and axon membrane within the section, which were resolved at the correct angle of tilt. Many structures resembled demonosomes. The necessity for care in interpreting the structure of chemical synapses in vertebrates is emphasized.", "contents": "Anatomical studies of simple invertebrate synapses utilizing stage rotation election microscopy and densitometry. The radial nerve cords of starfish and the central ganglia of a gastropod mollusc were examined for the presence of chemical synapses. No structures with the degree of specialization of synapses in the vertebrate CNS were observed. Presumed chemical synapses, which possessed slight but variable paramembrane densities, were examined with a tilting stage. This showed that such densities were frequently due to overlap of vesicle and axon membrane within the section, which were resolved at the correct angle of tilt. Many structures resembled demonosomes. The necessity for care in interpreting the structure of chemical synapses in vertebrates is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:898172", "title": "The fine structure of developing locomotor muscles of the pelagic tunicate, cyclosalpa affinis (Thaliacea: Salpidae).", "content": "Salps are free-swimming tunicates whose peculiar life history renders them ideal for developmental studies. The solitary salp reproduces asexually by budding a stolon containing the complete developmental sequence of the aggregate generation. The ultrastructure of developing locomotor muscle of the aggregate generation of Cyclosalpa affinis was studied. The early muscle contains essentially non-striated myofibrils. However, in transverse sections, , areas indicating early I-band A-bands can be recognized. As development continues, the number of fibrils increases, the Z-line appear, and the fibrils contain more recognizable striations. The fully developed muscle has the caracteristic structure of striated muscle. Longitudinal sections show sarcomeres with irregular and discontinuous (perforated) Z-lines; H-zones are not apparent. No M-lines are seen. Throughout development, the ratio of thin to thick myofilaments is always 2:1, the ratio found in all vertebrate striated muscle. Other finding in C affinis suggest that: (1) multinucleated muscle cells are formed by the fusion of mononucleated cells, (2) membranes of adjacement mononucleated cells destined to fuse form myelin figures, and (3) these myelin figures become closely associated with mitochondria.", "contents": "The fine structure of developing locomotor muscles of the pelagic tunicate, cyclosalpa affinis (Thaliacea: Salpidae). Salps are free-swimming tunicates whose peculiar life history renders them ideal for developmental studies. The solitary salp reproduces asexually by budding a stolon containing the complete developmental sequence of the aggregate generation. The ultrastructure of developing locomotor muscle of the aggregate generation of Cyclosalpa affinis was studied. The early muscle contains essentially non-striated myofibrils. However, in transverse sections, , areas indicating early I-band A-bands can be recognized. As development continues, the number of fibrils increases, the Z-line appear, and the fibrils contain more recognizable striations. The fully developed muscle has the caracteristic structure of striated muscle. Longitudinal sections show sarcomeres with irregular and discontinuous (perforated) Z-lines; H-zones are not apparent. No M-lines are seen. Throughout development, the ratio of thin to thick myofilaments is always 2:1, the ratio found in all vertebrate striated muscle. Other finding in C affinis suggest that: (1) multinucleated muscle cells are formed by the fusion of mononucleated cells, (2) membranes of adjacement mononucleated cells destined to fuse form myelin figures, and (3) these myelin figures become closely associated with mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:898173", "title": "The brain of the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). II. Architecture of the corpora penduculata.", "content": "The corpora pedunculata, or mushroom bodies, of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, form a bulbous ventral hemisphere composed of two internal lobes that are highly branched like a caulifower. This organ is clothed with a deep layer of small association neurons called globuli or Kenyon cells. In an animal that is 50 mm in width, they number 3-7 X 10(6), a value that rises to about 1 X 10(8) in an adult (250 mm width). The neuropil of each corpus peduculatum converges from its peripheral lobules toward several major peduncles, which are in communication with the protocerebral neuropil by a narrow stalk containing about 5000 fibers in a 50 mm animal. The numberical relations suggest that presumptive second-order chemosensory fibers enter the corpora pedunculata and synapse divergently onto Kenyon cells. The axons of Kenyon cells, in turn, converge onto efferent fibers that leave through the stalk.", "contents": "The brain of the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). II. Architecture of the corpora penduculata. The corpora pedunculata, or mushroom bodies, of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, form a bulbous ventral hemisphere composed of two internal lobes that are highly branched like a caulifower. This organ is clothed with a deep layer of small association neurons called globuli or Kenyon cells. In an animal that is 50 mm in width, they number 3-7 X 10(6), a value that rises to about 1 X 10(8) in an adult (250 mm width). The neuropil of each corpus peduculatum converges from its peripheral lobules toward several major peduncles, which are in communication with the protocerebral neuropil by a narrow stalk containing about 5000 fibers in a 50 mm animal. The numberical relations suggest that presumptive second-order chemosensory fibers enter the corpora pedunculata and synapse divergently onto Kenyon cells. The axons of Kenyon cells, in turn, converge onto efferent fibers that leave through the stalk."}
{"id": "PMID:898174", "title": "The morphology of cilia in sponge larvae.", "content": "Sponge larvae posses cillia with unusual terminal expansions which are curled or biconcave in shape externally, as seen by scanning electron microscopy. Thin sections, passing through the point where the ciliary shaft enters the expanded area reveal the ciliary axoneme to be surrounded by many membranous folds, some of which are vesicular. The 'club footed' cilia occur in disparate groups of Demospongiae and most frequently, all larval cilia are of this type. There is no immediately obvious correlation between the type of movement displayed by the larvae and the occurrence of terminally expanded cilia.", "contents": "The morphology of cilia in sponge larvae. Sponge larvae posses cillia with unusual terminal expansions which are curled or biconcave in shape externally, as seen by scanning electron microscopy. Thin sections, passing through the point where the ciliary shaft enters the expanded area reveal the ciliary axoneme to be surrounded by many membranous folds, some of which are vesicular. The 'club footed' cilia occur in disparate groups of Demospongiae and most frequently, all larval cilia are of this type. There is no immediately obvious correlation between the type of movement displayed by the larvae and the occurrence of terminally expanded cilia."}
{"id": "PMID:898175", "title": "A helical, polymeric extracellular protein associated with the luminal surface of Haemonchus contortus intestinal cells.", "content": "The structure of the intestinal cells of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus is described. The cells have numerous microvilli about 0-09 micron in diameter; most being 5-5-7-5 micron in length. The microvillar (plasma) membrane is coated with a layer of amorphous material (glycocalyx) about 60 A thick which is electron dense in sectioned preparations. Associated with the surface of this material, and filing the spaces between the microvilli, are filaments in the form of helices about 400 A in diameter and of variable pitch. The helices appear to be flexible but they are aligned approximately with the long axes of the microvilli. There are up to ten helices per microvillus; they extend beyond the tips of the microvilli and are up to 10 micron long. The material has been obtained nearly pure in small amounts. It is primarily protein and it is proposed that it should be called contortin. The monomeric form (of molecular weight about 60,000) has been identified with a Y-shaped structure with arms about 45 A long and 25 A wide seen in negatively stained preparations. The helical filament appears to be formed by lateral polymerization of patirs of these units.", "contents": "A helical, polymeric extracellular protein associated with the luminal surface of Haemonchus contortus intestinal cells. The structure of the intestinal cells of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus is described. The cells have numerous microvilli about 0-09 micron in diameter; most being 5-5-7-5 micron in length. The microvillar (plasma) membrane is coated with a layer of amorphous material (glycocalyx) about 60 A thick which is electron dense in sectioned preparations. Associated with the surface of this material, and filing the spaces between the microvilli, are filaments in the form of helices about 400 A in diameter and of variable pitch. The helices appear to be flexible but they are aligned approximately with the long axes of the microvilli. There are up to ten helices per microvillus; they extend beyond the tips of the microvilli and are up to 10 micron long. The material has been obtained nearly pure in small amounts. It is primarily protein and it is proposed that it should be called contortin. The monomeric form (of molecular weight about 60,000) has been identified with a Y-shaped structure with arms about 45 A long and 25 A wide seen in negatively stained preparations. The helical filament appears to be formed by lateral polymerization of patirs of these units."}
{"id": "PMID:898176", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on the body wall of the leech, Batracobdella picta.", "content": "A series of closely spaced annulations surround the surface of the body of Batracobdella picta. The epidermis is covered by a thin cuticle which is composed of several layer of orthogonally arranged, fibrous bundles. Numerous fine projections carpet the surface of the cuticle and appear to be derived from microvillar processes which extend through the cuticle from subjacent epithelial cells. Septate junctions occur between adjacent epithelial cells, and hemidesmosomes with associated tonofilaments appear to anchor the epithelium to the overlying cuticle and to the basal connective tissue. The epithelial cells contain abundant organelles including granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and Golgi complexes. The cytology of the body wall of B. picta is compared with that of other annelids.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on the body wall of the leech, Batracobdella picta. A series of closely spaced annulations surround the surface of the body of Batracobdella picta. The epidermis is covered by a thin cuticle which is composed of several layer of orthogonally arranged, fibrous bundles. Numerous fine projections carpet the surface of the cuticle and appear to be derived from microvillar processes which extend through the cuticle from subjacent epithelial cells. Septate junctions occur between adjacent epithelial cells, and hemidesmosomes with associated tonofilaments appear to anchor the epithelium to the overlying cuticle and to the basal connective tissue. The epithelial cells contain abundant organelles including granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and Golgi complexes. The cytology of the body wall of B. picta is compared with that of other annelids."}
{"id": "PMID:898178", "title": "Fine structure of the first optic ganglion (lamina) of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana.", "content": "The stuctural organization of the first optic ganglion (lamina) of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) was investigated by the use of light and electron microscopy. Each compound eye of the cockroach is composed of up to 2000 visual units (ommatidia) of the fused rhabdom type. The ommatidia themselves consist of eight receptor cells which terminate as axons in either the first or second optic ganglion. Three different short visual fibre types end in two separate strata in the lamina, and one long fibre type ends in the second optic ganglion. Monopolar second-order neurons with wide field branching patterns in the middle stratum of the first synaptic region have postsynaptic contacts with sort visual fibres. Horizontal fibre elements with branching patterns at different levels of the lamina apparently from three horizontal plexuses with presynaptic and/or postsynaptic connections to first-and second-order neurons. The lack of well-organized fibre cartridges containing a constant number of first and second order neurons in each fascicle and the presence of only unistratified wide field monopolar cells could represent, as compared to other insect orders, a primitive stage in the development of the first optic ganglion.", "contents": "Fine structure of the first optic ganglion (lamina) of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The stuctural organization of the first optic ganglion (lamina) of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) was investigated by the use of light and electron microscopy. Each compound eye of the cockroach is composed of up to 2000 visual units (ommatidia) of the fused rhabdom type. The ommatidia themselves consist of eight receptor cells which terminate as axons in either the first or second optic ganglion. Three different short visual fibre types end in two separate strata in the lamina, and one long fibre type ends in the second optic ganglion. Monopolar second-order neurons with wide field branching patterns in the middle stratum of the first synaptic region have postsynaptic contacts with sort visual fibres. Horizontal fibre elements with branching patterns at different levels of the lamina apparently from three horizontal plexuses with presynaptic and/or postsynaptic connections to first-and second-order neurons. The lack of well-organized fibre cartridges containing a constant number of first and second order neurons in each fascicle and the presence of only unistratified wide field monopolar cells could represent, as compared to other insect orders, a primitive stage in the development of the first optic ganglion."}
{"id": "PMID:898179", "title": "Origin, structure, composition and age-dependence of mineralized dense bodies (concretions) in the midgut epithelium of the adult housefly, Musca domestica.", "content": "The epithelial cells of the midgut in 1-40 day old adult female houseflies were examined by electron microscopic X-ray microalnalytic and histochemical techniques in order to study the mode of genesis, chemical nature and age-associated distribution of dense bodies. Dense bodies contain high concentration of phosphorus sulphur, chlorine, calcium, iron and copper; they are therfore termed concretions. Concretionary material is initially deposited within Golgi vesicles, lamellar bodies and residual bodies. The average size of the concretion granules and the concentration of the sequestered material increases with age, while new concretions are continually formed throughout life. With advancing age, concretions accumulate in the epithelial cells and occupy a considerable proportion of the cytoplasm in old flies. It is postulated that the concretions sequester superfluous minerals and may play an important role in the excretory system of the adult housefly.", "contents": "Origin, structure, composition and age-dependence of mineralized dense bodies (concretions) in the midgut epithelium of the adult housefly, Musca domestica. The epithelial cells of the midgut in 1-40 day old adult female houseflies were examined by electron microscopic X-ray microalnalytic and histochemical techniques in order to study the mode of genesis, chemical nature and age-associated distribution of dense bodies. Dense bodies contain high concentration of phosphorus sulphur, chlorine, calcium, iron and copper; they are therfore termed concretions. Concretionary material is initially deposited within Golgi vesicles, lamellar bodies and residual bodies. The average size of the concretion granules and the concentration of the sequestered material increases with age, while new concretions are continually formed throughout life. With advancing age, concretions accumulate in the epithelial cells and occupy a considerable proportion of the cytoplasm in old flies. It is postulated that the concretions sequester superfluous minerals and may play an important role in the excretory system of the adult housefly."}
{"id": "PMID:898180", "title": "A difference in the effects of ethanol on ion movements in cerebral tissue slices from alcohol preferring and alcohol avoiding rats.", "content": "The sodium and potassium contents in cerebral cortex slices incubated in bicarbonate medium from alcohol preferring (AA) and alcohol avoiding (ANA) rats were measured during electrical stimulation and subsequent recovery. The intracellular quantities were estimated on the basis of the inulin distribution. The amount of intracellular potassium in unstimulated slices from the two strains was different, the AA rats showing a higher level. No differences in the entry of sodium were observed for the two strains when slices incubated with ethanol were subjected to electrical stimulation, but the loss of potassium was 46% greater in the AA rats. During recovery no ethanol-induced inhibition of theloss of sodium ions was seen in either strain, whereas the gain of potassium ions was inhibited in the ANA rats and not in the AA RATS. The potassium gain in the presence of ethanol was 42% greater during the recovery period in the AA rats.", "contents": "A difference in the effects of ethanol on ion movements in cerebral tissue slices from alcohol preferring and alcohol avoiding rats. The sodium and potassium contents in cerebral cortex slices incubated in bicarbonate medium from alcohol preferring (AA) and alcohol avoiding (ANA) rats were measured during electrical stimulation and subsequent recovery. The intracellular quantities were estimated on the basis of the inulin distribution. The amount of intracellular potassium in unstimulated slices from the two strains was different, the AA rats showing a higher level. No differences in the entry of sodium were observed for the two strains when slices incubated with ethanol were subjected to electrical stimulation, but the loss of potassium was 46% greater in the AA rats. During recovery no ethanol-induced inhibition of theloss of sodium ions was seen in either strain, whereas the gain of potassium ions was inhibited in the ANA rats and not in the AA RATS. The potassium gain in the presence of ethanol was 42% greater during the recovery period in the AA rats."}
{"id": "PMID:898181", "title": "A study on the physiology and biochemistry of the flank gland of the musk shrew, Suncus murinus viridescens (Blyth).", "content": "The flank gland becomes functional by about the 9th day after parturition and exhibits a secretory rhythm with a nocturnal peak. Lipids constitute the major biochemical constituent of the total solids. Relatively, cholesterol, ascorbic acid and alkaline phosphatase contents of the flank gland were much higher than those of the control skin samples. Disc electrophoretic pattern of glandular secretion reveal that male and female shrews have 6 & 8 protein fractions respectively. The flank gland was observed to be androgen-dependent in male shrews. Ethological observations indicate that secretions of this gland are used for marking purposes.", "contents": "A study on the physiology and biochemistry of the flank gland of the musk shrew, Suncus murinus viridescens (Blyth). The flank gland becomes functional by about the 9th day after parturition and exhibits a secretory rhythm with a nocturnal peak. Lipids constitute the major biochemical constituent of the total solids. Relatively, cholesterol, ascorbic acid and alkaline phosphatase contents of the flank gland were much higher than those of the control skin samples. Disc electrophoretic pattern of glandular secretion reveal that male and female shrews have 6 & 8 protein fractions respectively. The flank gland was observed to be androgen-dependent in male shrews. Ethological observations indicate that secretions of this gland are used for marking purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:898182", "title": "Biochemical studies on populations with long- or short-term exposure to environmental pollution.", "content": "Three groups of populations were studied: I. living for about 10 years, II. living for about 3 years near copper smelteries, and III. living in rural area, far from any source of air pollution. Lead content in blood was found to be 182.0 and copper 274.6 microgram/100 ml for group I, Pb - 69.2 and Cu - 253.3 microgram/100 ml for group II, and Pb - 43.8 and Cu - 143.3 microgram/100 ml for group III. Inhibition of glycolytic cycle enzymes and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase was proportional to the duration of exposure to environmental pollution. Ceruloplasmin concentration in serum, as well as serum and red cells aminotransferases activities, were increased in group II and decreased in group I, suggesting certain mechanism of adaptation.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on populations with long- or short-term exposure to environmental pollution. Three groups of populations were studied: I. living for about 10 years, II. living for about 3 years near copper smelteries, and III. living in rural area, far from any source of air pollution. Lead content in blood was found to be 182.0 and copper 274.6 microgram/100 ml for group I, Pb - 69.2 and Cu - 253.3 microgram/100 ml for group II, and Pb - 43.8 and Cu - 143.3 microgram/100 ml for group III. Inhibition of glycolytic cycle enzymes and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase was proportional to the duration of exposure to environmental pollution. Ceruloplasmin concentration in serum, as well as serum and red cells aminotransferases activities, were increased in group II and decreased in group I, suggesting certain mechanism of adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:898183", "title": "Cutaneous cross-modal interactions: variations in punctate pressure sensitivity with skin surface temperature.", "content": "We determined the effects of adapting the skin surface to temperatures 3 degreees C, 8 degrees C, or 12 degrees C above and below physiological zero for 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, or 30 min on punctate pressure sensitivity. Temperatures above physiological zero reduced punctate pressure sensitivity and temperatures below physiological zero enhanced punctate pressure sensitivity. As the skin adapted to warmth, punctate pressure sensitivity increased suggesting a cross modal adaptation effect, however there was no indication of a decrease in punctate pressure sensitivity as the skin adapted to cooling. The results are considered to be consonant with a system of mechanoreceptors which also respond to temperature changes and a system in which there are points of convergence in the somesthetic pathways at which pressure and temperature information interact and are integrated.", "contents": "Cutaneous cross-modal interactions: variations in punctate pressure sensitivity with skin surface temperature. We determined the effects of adapting the skin surface to temperatures 3 degreees C, 8 degrees C, or 12 degrees C above and below physiological zero for 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, or 30 min on punctate pressure sensitivity. Temperatures above physiological zero reduced punctate pressure sensitivity and temperatures below physiological zero enhanced punctate pressure sensitivity. As the skin adapted to warmth, punctate pressure sensitivity increased suggesting a cross modal adaptation effect, however there was no indication of a decrease in punctate pressure sensitivity as the skin adapted to cooling. The results are considered to be consonant with a system of mechanoreceptors which also respond to temperature changes and a system in which there are points of convergence in the somesthetic pathways at which pressure and temperature information interact and are integrated."}
{"id": "PMID:898184", "title": "Effect of some antithrombogenic drugs on the polyethylene-Krebs solution interface.", "content": "The effects of some antithrombogenic drugs on the streaming potentials found in the interface polyethylene-Krebs solutions were studied. Drugs such as dypiramidol, heparin and apsirine were tested in different concentrations. The variation of streaming potentials with the pressure gradient (fluid velocity) were experimentally determined, surface charge densities and degrees of coverage calculated. Surface charge densities were in the order of 4 X 10(-10) C/cm2, with very low degrees of surface coverage.", "contents": "Effect of some antithrombogenic drugs on the polyethylene-Krebs solution interface. The effects of some antithrombogenic drugs on the streaming potentials found in the interface polyethylene-Krebs solutions were studied. Drugs such as dypiramidol, heparin and apsirine were tested in different concentrations. The variation of streaming potentials with the pressure gradient (fluid velocity) were experimentally determined, surface charge densities and degrees of coverage calculated. Surface charge densities were in the order of 4 X 10(-10) C/cm2, with very low degrees of surface coverage."}
{"id": "PMID:898209", "title": "[Radiation therapy in patients with electronic cardiac pacemakers: interferences with the pacemaker's function by ionizing radiation and other sources of disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "In the course of radiation therapy and connected diagnostical measures ionizing radiation and other sources of disturbance may interfere with the function of permanent pacemakers. The conditions of such hazards are investigated in theory and practice making allowance for the different susceptibility to trouble of various models of permanent pacemakers. It appears that no extension of long-term follow-up of the cardiac pacemaker's function is needed with regard to possible late effects of ionizing radiation, but that the follow-up of pacemaker-patients during their first period of treatment should not be neglected, since other sources of electronic interference may be present. Routine checks as radiotherapy installations should also include possible sources of disturbance to electronic pacemakers.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy in patients with electronic cardiac pacemakers: interferences with the pacemaker's function by ionizing radiation and other sources of disturbances (author's transl)]. In the course of radiation therapy and connected diagnostical measures ionizing radiation and other sources of disturbance may interfere with the function of permanent pacemakers. The conditions of such hazards are investigated in theory and practice making allowance for the different susceptibility to trouble of various models of permanent pacemakers. It appears that no extension of long-term follow-up of the cardiac pacemaker's function is needed with regard to possible late effects of ionizing radiation, but that the follow-up of pacemaker-patients during their first period of treatment should not be neglected, since other sources of electronic interference may be present. Routine checks as radiotherapy installations should also include possible sources of disturbance to electronic pacemakers."}
{"id": "PMID:898210", "title": "[Consideration of the volume dependence of tolerance doses (author's transl)].", "content": "A general formula for consideration of the dependence of tolerance doses upon volume is obtained by mathematical evaluation of known skin tolerance doses. The validity for different organs is verified using available data of literature. It is recommended to introduce the volume dependence into the Ellis-formula for tolerance doses.", "contents": "[Consideration of the volume dependence of tolerance doses (author's transl)]. A general formula for consideration of the dependence of tolerance doses upon volume is obtained by mathematical evaluation of known skin tolerance doses. The validity for different organs is verified using available data of literature. It is recommended to introduce the volume dependence into the Ellis-formula for tolerance doses."}
{"id": "PMID:898211", "title": "Effect of irradiation on testicular cells of opossum.", "content": "Five months old male opossums were exposed  to 5000 rd wholebody 60Co gamma-radiation. Testes tissues from animals sacrificed at 16, 40 and 90 hours post-irradiation and from nonirradiated animales were used for enzymatic and histological studies. Electrophoretic pattern of lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was slightly disturbed in early hours in irradiated animals, but it did not persist beyond 40 hours postirradiation. Histological study indicates 31% survival of type A spermatogonia suggesting high radioresistance of testes tissue in comparison to other animals.", "contents": "Effect of irradiation on testicular cells of opossum. Five months old male opossums were exposed  to 5000 rd wholebody 60Co gamma-radiation. Testes tissues from animals sacrificed at 16, 40 and 90 hours post-irradiation and from nonirradiated animales were used for enzymatic and histological studies. Electrophoretic pattern of lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was slightly disturbed in early hours in irradiated animals, but it did not persist beyond 40 hours postirradiation. Histological study indicates 31% survival of type A spermatogonia suggesting high radioresistance of testes tissue in comparison to other animals."}
{"id": "PMID:898212", "title": "[Radioprotection during clinical and laboratory utilization of tritium-labeled thymidine (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of the new prescriptions for radioprotection of the Helevetic Confederacy (Eidgen\u00f6ssische Strahlenschutzverordnung) the problems of radioprotection connected with utilization of the pure beta-ray emitter tritium are exposed, since the latter frequently is used as a marker substance in biomedical investigations. Inorganic tritum is regarded as the least toxic radionuclide. With tritiated thymidine, very often used for study of cell proliferation and cellular kinetics because of its incorporation into DNA, the radiation risk has to be considered quite differently. Its radiotoxicity is estimated to be superior by a factor up to thousand. The increased risk, thus resulting, is discussed with regard to the findings by animal experimentation and to the toxicity in man. Practical recommendations for the use of tritium-thymidine are given.", "contents": "[Radioprotection during clinical and laboratory utilization of tritium-labeled thymidine (author's transl)]. In view of the new prescriptions for radioprotection of the Helevetic Confederacy (Eidgen\u00f6ssische Strahlenschutzverordnung) the problems of radioprotection connected with utilization of the pure beta-ray emitter tritium are exposed, since the latter frequently is used as a marker substance in biomedical investigations. Inorganic tritum is regarded as the least toxic radionuclide. With tritiated thymidine, very often used for study of cell proliferation and cellular kinetics because of its incorporation into DNA, the radiation risk has to be considered quite differently. Its radiotoxicity is estimated to be superior by a factor up to thousand. The increased risk, thus resulting, is discussed with regard to the findings by animal experimentation and to the toxicity in man. Practical recommendations for the use of tritium-thymidine are given."}
{"id": "PMID:898213", "title": "Intestinal enzyme distribution after supralethal irradiation.", "content": "The activity of some intestinal enzymes has been studied after 2 kR irradiation. Brush border enzymes, maltase and leucineaminopeptidase (LAP) show an increase 20 hours after irradiation, while after 72 hours their activities are reduced to very low levels. Lysosomal enzymes show a completely different behaviour: acid phosphatase activity increases only 72 hours after irradiation, whereas beta glucuronidase increases significantly after 20 hours and reaches values two or three times higher than controls after 72 hours. The histologic picture at the first interval after irradiation shows gross alterations in the crypt region, but the villi appear nearly normal. Seventy-two hours after irradiation the whole epithelium is affected and very numerous leukocytes are present in the stroma.", "contents": "Intestinal enzyme distribution after supralethal irradiation. The activity of some intestinal enzymes has been studied after 2 kR irradiation. Brush border enzymes, maltase and leucineaminopeptidase (LAP) show an increase 20 hours after irradiation, while after 72 hours their activities are reduced to very low levels. Lysosomal enzymes show a completely different behaviour: acid phosphatase activity increases only 72 hours after irradiation, whereas beta glucuronidase increases significantly after 20 hours and reaches values two or three times higher than controls after 72 hours. The histologic picture at the first interval after irradiation shows gross alterations in the crypt region, but the villi appear nearly normal. Seventy-two hours after irradiation the whole epithelium is affected and very numerous leukocytes are present in the stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:898214", "title": "[The influence of biophysical factors on biological oxidation and redox processes. 16. The possibility of influencing flavine coenzymes in liver mitochondria by means of ultrasonic treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The quantity of FAD and FMN in mitochondria isolated from the liver of albino rats was determined before and after application of ultrasonic energy with the intensities 0,2,0,6 and 1,0 w/cm2 in a short-term test, and the intensity 0,2 w/cm2 applied at ten successive days in a long-term test. The total amount of the two coenzymes as well as their percentages were ascertained. The following results derive from our experiments: 1. A quantitative increase of FAD in liver mitochondria. This suggests that the capacity of the shortened respiratory chain has increased, since redox systems represent a factor determining its stage. 2. The flavine-mononucleotide responds to ultrasonics as a relatively instable biological macromolecule. 3. The total amount of flavine coenzymes is influenced especially by the quantity of FAD, and, correspondingly, by changes of the latter.", "contents": "[The influence of biophysical factors on biological oxidation and redox processes. 16. The possibility of influencing flavine coenzymes in liver mitochondria by means of ultrasonic treatment (author's transl)]. The quantity of FAD and FMN in mitochondria isolated from the liver of albino rats was determined before and after application of ultrasonic energy with the intensities 0,2,0,6 and 1,0 w/cm2 in a short-term test, and the intensity 0,2 w/cm2 applied at ten successive days in a long-term test. The total amount of the two coenzymes as well as their percentages were ascertained. The following results derive from our experiments: 1. A quantitative increase of FAD in liver mitochondria. This suggests that the capacity of the shortened respiratory chain has increased, since redox systems represent a factor determining its stage. 2. The flavine-mononucleotide responds to ultrasonics as a relatively instable biological macromolecule. 3. The total amount of flavine coenzymes is influenced especially by the quantity of FAD, and, correspondingly, by changes of the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:898215", "title": "[The influence of biophysical factors on biological oxidation and redox processes. 17. Changes in electron transfer and of oxidative phosphorylation steps in liver mitochondria after ultrasonic treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrasonic treatment in vivo brought about distinct changes in liver mitochondria which developed in two directions as to oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation. An increase of oxygen incorporation occurs with short term as well as with long-term experiences. The ratio P/O which expresses the step of oxidative phosphorylation decreases to 1 in the course of one hour after ultrasonic treatment. The results obtained and the supposition that they are related to modifications of NAD-coenzymes and flavoproteins, likewise of the activity of succinic dehydrogenase, of NADH2-cytochrom-c-reductases and cytochrom-c-oxidase, lead to the conclusion that ultrasonic energy is a factor intensifying the transfer of reduced equivalents in the shortened respiratory chain, a factor disturbing electron-proton transfer in the normal respiratory chain of NAD-coenzymes, and a releasing factor for two of the sites of coupling electron transfer with oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "[The influence of biophysical factors on biological oxidation and redox processes. 17. Changes in electron transfer and of oxidative phosphorylation steps in liver mitochondria after ultrasonic treatment (author's transl)]. Ultrasonic treatment in vivo brought about distinct changes in liver mitochondria which developed in two directions as to oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation. An increase of oxygen incorporation occurs with short term as well as with long-term experiences. The ratio P/O which expresses the step of oxidative phosphorylation decreases to 1 in the course of one hour after ultrasonic treatment. The results obtained and the supposition that they are related to modifications of NAD-coenzymes and flavoproteins, likewise of the activity of succinic dehydrogenase, of NADH2-cytochrom-c-reductases and cytochrom-c-oxidase, lead to the conclusion that ultrasonic energy is a factor intensifying the transfer of reduced equivalents in the shortened respiratory chain, a factor disturbing electron-proton transfer in the normal respiratory chain of NAD-coenzymes, and a releasing factor for two of the sites of coupling electron transfer with oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:898216", "title": "Changes of the activity of certain lysosomal enzymes in the blood serum of whole-body irradiated rats.", "content": "The activities of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, acid ribonuclease, and acid deoxyribonuclease were studied in the blood serum of rats after total, either single or franctionated, exposure. After the single, total exposure to 800 R of X-rays, remarkable increases in the activities of acid phosphatase and acid deoxyribonuclease were observed in the blood serum immediately after the irradiation. At later stages were observed statistically significant decreases of beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase in the rat blood serum after the total, single exposure. The serum acid ribonuclease activity remained essentially unaltered over the whole time interval of interest. In the blood serum of the rats exposed to total, fractionated irradiation, statistically significant decreases in the acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activities were observed 1 and 8 days after completing the irradiation. In the case of beta-galactosidase, this decrease lasted even up to the 15th day after the end of irradiation. The activities of serum acid deoxyribonuclease and acid ribonuclease exhibited no statistically significant changes.", "contents": "Changes of the activity of certain lysosomal enzymes in the blood serum of whole-body irradiated rats. The activities of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, acid ribonuclease, and acid deoxyribonuclease were studied in the blood serum of rats after total, either single or franctionated, exposure. After the single, total exposure to 800 R of X-rays, remarkable increases in the activities of acid phosphatase and acid deoxyribonuclease were observed in the blood serum immediately after the irradiation. At later stages were observed statistically significant decreases of beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase in the rat blood serum after the total, single exposure. The serum acid ribonuclease activity remained essentially unaltered over the whole time interval of interest. In the blood serum of the rats exposed to total, fractionated irradiation, statistically significant decreases in the acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activities were observed 1 and 8 days after completing the irradiation. In the case of beta-galactosidase, this decrease lasted even up to the 15th day after the end of irradiation. The activities of serum acid deoxyribonuclease and acid ribonuclease exhibited no statistically significant changes."}
{"id": "PMID:898217", "title": "The effect of X-irradiation on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated rat lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of X-irradiation on PHA-stimulated rat lymphocytes has been investigated. The animals were exposed to doses of 100 to 800 R. Blood obtained by cardiac puncture was defibrinated and the lymphocytes sedimented by Dextraven. Lymphocytes were separated from supernatant and cultivated for three days in standard medium supplemented with rat serum and PHA. It was found that irradiation reduces the percentage of blast cells in function of the doses of irradiation. This reduction is accompained by an increased number of macrophage-like cells. The labelling index with tritiated thymidine in PHA-transformed lymphocytes was also reduced following irradiation.", "contents": "The effect of X-irradiation on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated rat lymphocytes. The effect of X-irradiation on PHA-stimulated rat lymphocytes has been investigated. The animals were exposed to doses of 100 to 800 R. Blood obtained by cardiac puncture was defibrinated and the lymphocytes sedimented by Dextraven. Lymphocytes were separated from supernatant and cultivated for three days in standard medium supplemented with rat serum and PHA. It was found that irradiation reduces the percentage of blast cells in function of the doses of irradiation. This reduction is accompained by an increased number of macrophage-like cells. The labelling index with tritiated thymidine in PHA-transformed lymphocytes was also reduced following irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:898219", "title": "[Carcinoma of the penis: symptomatics, therapy and prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "During the period from 1912 through 1970, 150 cases with a carcinoma of the penis have been examined and treated in the clinics of the university of G\u00f6ttingen. The preferred age of incidence was between fifty to sixty years. Primary phimosis could be verified in 17.3%, a secondary phimosis, caused by the tumor, in 5.3%. Eighty patients were graded stage I, seventy stage II and more advanced stages. Metastases to the inguinal region were observed in 60.6% out of 99 patients who had undergone lymphadenectomy. Distinctly enlarged inguinal lymph nodes proved to be metastases in only a third of the cases. The staging of a case with carcinoma of the penis, therefore, is not possible by means of clinical criteria alone but needs also a biopsy from the inguinal region. The 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year survival rates amounted to 52.5%, 46.7% and 32.4% and did not depend on treatment techniques. The most promising survival rate resulted from a combination of surgical treatment with high-voltage therapy.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the penis: symptomatics, therapy and prognosis (author's transl)]. During the period from 1912 through 1970, 150 cases with a carcinoma of the penis have been examined and treated in the clinics of the university of G\u00f6ttingen. The preferred age of incidence was between fifty to sixty years. Primary phimosis could be verified in 17.3%, a secondary phimosis, caused by the tumor, in 5.3%. Eighty patients were graded stage I, seventy stage II and more advanced stages. Metastases to the inguinal region were observed in 60.6% out of 99 patients who had undergone lymphadenectomy. Distinctly enlarged inguinal lymph nodes proved to be metastases in only a third of the cases. The staging of a case with carcinoma of the penis, therefore, is not possible by means of clinical criteria alone but needs also a biopsy from the inguinal region. The 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year survival rates amounted to 52.5%, 46.7% and 32.4% and did not depend on treatment techniques. The most promising survival rate resulted from a combination of surgical treatment with high-voltage therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:898220", "title": "[Irradiation therapy of vertebral angionomas: results in 62 patients during the years 1939 to 1975 (author's transl)].", "content": "62 cases with vertebral hemangiomas and clinical symptoms from 1939-1975, treated by radiotherapy are reported. In about 60%, radiotherapy resulted in permanent significant improvement or freedom of angioma related symptoms. In 7 cases with symptoms of severe compression of the myelon, decompressive laminectomy was performed, followed by radiotherapy. The radiation dose in the vertebrae were: 3000-5000 rd, 100-200 rd single dose, 5 times per week. Hemangiomas of the vertebrae are an accepted indication for irradiation. We recommend doses about 4000 rd, 150-200 rd single dose, 5 times per week. In cases with severe cord compression decompressive surgery is to be performed first.", "contents": "[Irradiation therapy of vertebral angionomas: results in 62 patients during the years 1939 to 1975 (author's transl)]. 62 cases with vertebral hemangiomas and clinical symptoms from 1939-1975, treated by radiotherapy are reported. In about 60%, radiotherapy resulted in permanent significant improvement or freedom of angioma related symptoms. In 7 cases with symptoms of severe compression of the myelon, decompressive laminectomy was performed, followed by radiotherapy. The radiation dose in the vertebrae were: 3000-5000 rd, 100-200 rd single dose, 5 times per week. Hemangiomas of the vertebrae are an accepted indication for irradiation. We recommend doses about 4000 rd, 150-200 rd single dose, 5 times per week. In cases with severe cord compression decompressive surgery is to be performed first."}
{"id": "PMID:898221", "title": "[Struma maligna after X-ray irradiation of the neck (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report of a papillary thyroid gland carcinoma which was possibly induced by the irradiation of a parotid gland carcinoma.", "contents": "[Struma maligna after X-ray irradiation of the neck (author's transl)]. Case report of a papillary thyroid gland carcinoma which was possibly induced by the irradiation of a parotid gland carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:898222", "title": "[Tests of the sensitivity of histologically characterized carcinomas of the ovary or corpus to 4-hydroperoxicyclophosphamide, amethopterine, mitopodozide and VM-26 sandoz, using the technique of primary culture (author's transl)].", "content": "Cells from three carcinomas of the uterine corpus and from 14 ovarian carcinomas have been cultured in vitro by the monlayer and sandwich methods. They were evaluated on the basis of morphological criteria after 24 hours of incubation with 4-hydroperoxicyclophosphamide, amethopterine, mitopodozide and VM-26 Sandoz, using two dose ranges in each case. The index of 3H-thymidine was determined by means of two parallel experiments. Later results concerning pharmacokinetics of the cyclophosphamide have lead us to apply the technique of primary culture. Owing to the long duration of the incubation period, the 4-hydroperoxicyclophosphamide with its secondary and degradation products can influence the greatest possible numbers of cells through several phases of the cell cycle, thus obtaining an approach to in-vivo kinetics. A concentration of substrate per unit of volume, higher than the actually in vivo expected, is to compensate the short half-life of 4-hydroperoxicyclophosphamide as well as the lack of the supply-function of current dynamics. 4-hydroperoxicyclophosphamide was the cytostatic agent with the largest range of effectiveness, followed by amethopterine, while the mitotic poisons mitopodozide and VM-26 Sandoz were less effective. The histology and degree of differentiating of the tumors as well as the proliferation rate are not correlated in a distinct manner with sensitivity to cytostatics. Pretreatment with cytostatics of with irradiation revealed no certain influence upon subsequent sensitivity to cytostatics.", "contents": "[Tests of the sensitivity of histologically characterized carcinomas of the ovary or corpus to 4-hydroperoxicyclophosphamide, amethopterine, mitopodozide and VM-26 sandoz, using the technique of primary culture (author's transl)]. Cells from three carcinomas of the uterine corpus and from 14 ovarian carcinomas have been cultured in vitro by the monlayer and sandwich methods. They were evaluated on the basis of morphological criteria after 24 hours of incubation with 4-hydroperoxicyclophosphamide, amethopterine, mitopodozide and VM-26 Sandoz, using two dose ranges in each case. The index of 3H-thymidine was determined by means of two parallel experiments. Later results concerning pharmacokinetics of the cyclophosphamide have lead us to apply the technique of primary culture. Owing to the long duration of the incubation period, the 4-hydroperoxicyclophosphamide with its secondary and degradation products can influence the greatest possible numbers of cells through several phases of the cell cycle, thus obtaining an approach to in-vivo kinetics. A concentration of substrate per unit of volume, higher than the actually in vivo expected, is to compensate the short half-life of 4-hydroperoxicyclophosphamide as well as the lack of the supply-function of current dynamics. 4-hydroperoxicyclophosphamide was the cytostatic agent with the largest range of effectiveness, followed by amethopterine, while the mitotic poisons mitopodozide and VM-26 Sandoz were less effective. The histology and degree of differentiating of the tumors as well as the proliferation rate are not correlated in a distinct manner with sensitivity to cytostatics. Pretreatment with cytostatics of with irradiation revealed no certain influence upon subsequent sensitivity to cytostatics."}
{"id": "PMID:898223", "title": "[Comparative examination by means of radiograms and computer tomograms on body-like phantoms with equivalent tissues (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative examination of three Alderson phantoms by means of radiograms and computer tomograms shows that there are significant differences between the individual phantoms. Phantom I, for example, is inferior to phantom II because of the bad insertion of the bones into the surrounding plastic material (covered by air bubbles) and the inclusions of air in the soft parts. All phantoms have a rather strong osteoporosis of the skeleton which is most probably due to the production method [1,2]. Furthermore, the average absorption coefficients of the soft tissues show remarkable differences from one phantom to another.", "contents": "[Comparative examination by means of radiograms and computer tomograms on body-like phantoms with equivalent tissues (author's transl)]. A comparative examination of three Alderson phantoms by means of radiograms and computer tomograms shows that there are significant differences between the individual phantoms. Phantom I, for example, is inferior to phantom II because of the bad insertion of the bones into the surrounding plastic material (covered by air bubbles) and the inclusions of air in the soft parts. All phantoms have a rather strong osteoporosis of the skeleton which is most probably due to the production method [1,2]. Furthermore, the average absorption coefficients of the soft tissues show remarkable differences from one phantom to another."}
{"id": "PMID:898224", "title": "[Biochemical investigations for interpretation of in vivo measurements of 32P-incorporation into irradiated or nonirradiated experimental tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of results of extracorporal measurements of the 32 P-incorporation into irradiated or nonirradiated tumors biochemical investigations of the 32P-incorporation have been performed, aiming at comprehension of the meaning and at clarification of the interpretability of these measurements. The results show that irradiation mostly decreases the content of 32P in nucleic acids. In principle, however, the latter is so low as compared to the total content of 32P, especially three hours after 32P-injection, that variations are hardly to be recorded by means of extracorporal measurements, particularly because they are superposed by changes in the 32P-content of other fractions.", "contents": "[Biochemical investigations for interpretation of in vivo measurements of 32P-incorporation into irradiated or nonirradiated experimental tumors (author's transl)]. In view of results of extracorporal measurements of the 32 P-incorporation into irradiated or nonirradiated tumors biochemical investigations of the 32P-incorporation have been performed, aiming at comprehension of the meaning and at clarification of the interpretability of these measurements. The results show that irradiation mostly decreases the content of 32P in nucleic acids. In principle, however, the latter is so low as compared to the total content of 32P, especially three hours after 32P-injection, that variations are hardly to be recorded by means of extracorporal measurements, particularly because they are superposed by changes in the 32P-content of other fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:898225", "title": "Radioprotective effectiveness and toxicity of ATP, AET and serotonin applied individually or simultaneously to mice. III. Radioprotective effects of pair combinations.", "content": "The work reported was done as part of an intensive investigation on toxic and radioprotective properties of three substances, ATP, AET and serotonin, administered singly or in combination to mice, with a view to identifying optimal dose ratios for cocktails. Male C57BL mice were exposed to 850 R X-rays (LD100/11) following pretreatment with drug pairs at various dose ratios. Thirty-day survival was scored. For ATP-AET, protection increased with the amount of ATP in the combination; this pair was found to be most effective at an ATP-to-AET ratio of 11:1. A similar trend was observed with ATP-Serotonin, though only up to a certain ATP level beyond which no further increase in protective effect were produced; the most favorable ratio was of 24:1. A maximum synergistic action was displayed by the AET-Serotonin pair as compared to the other two pairs; its best ratio was of 4:1. Using probit analysis, a number of PD50 (protectant dose affording 50% survival in lethal irradiation) values were estimated for the three pairs of protective agents.", "contents": "Radioprotective effectiveness and toxicity of ATP, AET and serotonin applied individually or simultaneously to mice. III. Radioprotective effects of pair combinations. The work reported was done as part of an intensive investigation on toxic and radioprotective properties of three substances, ATP, AET and serotonin, administered singly or in combination to mice, with a view to identifying optimal dose ratios for cocktails. Male C57BL mice were exposed to 850 R X-rays (LD100/11) following pretreatment with drug pairs at various dose ratios. Thirty-day survival was scored. For ATP-AET, protection increased with the amount of ATP in the combination; this pair was found to be most effective at an ATP-to-AET ratio of 11:1. A similar trend was observed with ATP-Serotonin, though only up to a certain ATP level beyond which no further increase in protective effect were produced; the most favorable ratio was of 24:1. A maximum synergistic action was displayed by the AET-Serotonin pair as compared to the other two pairs; its best ratio was of 4:1. Using probit analysis, a number of PD50 (protectant dose affording 50% survival in lethal irradiation) values were estimated for the three pairs of protective agents."}
{"id": "PMID:898226", "title": "Predictibility of the stability constant of a radium-cryptate by means of in vivo data from radioactive alkaline earthes.", "content": "By means of a formula, developed by J. Schubert[9] and A. Catsch, H.J. Heller[3] as well as a relation postulated by A. Catsch[1] the \"thermodynamic\" stability constant of the Radium (222)-cryptate (KRaRa(222) was calculated from measurements of the total body retention of the total body retention of the radioactive alkaline earthes 85SR, 140Ba and 224Ra and its (222)-cryptates in rats [5-7]. From the same in vivo data a direct lineary relationship between the log of the effectiveness quotient, log EQM(222), and the log of the \"thermodynamic\" stability log KMM(222) was found graphically. The values from the graph correspond with those of the calculation.", "contents": "Predictibility of the stability constant of a radium-cryptate by means of in vivo data from radioactive alkaline earthes. By means of a formula, developed by J. Schubert[9] and A. Catsch, H.J. Heller[3] as well as a relation postulated by A. Catsch[1] the \"thermodynamic\" stability constant of the Radium (222)-cryptate (KRaRa(222) was calculated from measurements of the total body retention of the total body retention of the radioactive alkaline earthes 85SR, 140Ba and 224Ra and its (222)-cryptates in rats [5-7]. From the same in vivo data a direct lineary relationship between the log of the effectiveness quotient, log EQM(222), and the log of the \"thermodynamic\" stability log KMM(222) was found graphically. The values from the graph correspond with those of the calculation."}
{"id": "PMID:898227", "title": "Studies on the effect of leukocyte and erythrocyte extracts on the hemopoetic regeneration of sublethally X-irradiated mice.", "content": "The cell extracts prepared from leucocytes and erythrocytes of normal rats were applied to C57B1 mice exposed to 300 Rad in 5 injections of 0.5 ml each, during the period of 50-80 hours after irradiation. Significant inhibition in the proliferative compartments of both granulocytic and erythrocytic cells were found in mice submitted to the corresponding cell extract. Our results indicate that cell extracts tested in an animal system demonstrated the same type of inhibitory action as previously reported for the bone marrow cells cultivated in vitro.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of leukocyte and erythrocyte extracts on the hemopoetic regeneration of sublethally X-irradiated mice. The cell extracts prepared from leucocytes and erythrocytes of normal rats were applied to C57B1 mice exposed to 300 Rad in 5 injections of 0.5 ml each, during the period of 50-80 hours after irradiation. Significant inhibition in the proliferative compartments of both granulocytic and erythrocytic cells were found in mice submitted to the corresponding cell extract. Our results indicate that cell extracts tested in an animal system demonstrated the same type of inhibitory action as previously reported for the bone marrow cells cultivated in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:898228", "title": "Occurrence of lanosterol and lanostenol in seeds of red pepper (Capsicum annuum).", "content": "Cycloartenol and cycloartanol are the major components of the 4,4-dimethylsterol fraction separated from the seeds of red pepper (Capsicum annuum, Solanaceae). Lanosterol and lanostenol, whose occurrence in higher plants has hitherto been known as extremely rare, are identified in the fraction by gas liquid chromatography, combined gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and isolation as their epoxides.", "contents": "Occurrence of lanosterol and lanostenol in seeds of red pepper (Capsicum annuum). Cycloartenol and cycloartanol are the major components of the 4,4-dimethylsterol fraction separated from the seeds of red pepper (Capsicum annuum, Solanaceae). Lanosterol and lanostenol, whose occurrence in higher plants has hitherto been known as extremely rare, are identified in the fraction by gas liquid chromatography, combined gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and isolation as their epoxides."}
{"id": "PMID:898229", "title": "Mass spectra of sterically crowded trialkylsilyl ether derivatives of steroids.", "content": "The electron-impact mass spectra of the title compounds have some important features which give these derivatives certain advantages over the widely studied trimethylsilyl analogues. There is significantly less extensive fragmentation, and abundant ions at (M - t.Bu)+ or (M - i.Pr)+ serve as indicators of molecular weight and should be useful for selected ion monitoring. From various precursors, the ease of elimination of HX2SiOH, via a proposed multi-centre transition state, appears to depend upon conformational and stereochemical factors, as well as the position of the parent silyloxy group, RX2SiO, on the steroid skeleton. This particular fragmentation appears to be a powerful diagnostic method for distinguishing between stereoisomers, being especially useful for differentiation between epimers. In addition, the presence of a 17-silyloxy function promotes a characteristic cleavage of ring B in a skeletally saturated steroid. Elimination of silanol, RX2SiOH, at various stages in the fragmentations of bis-silylated steroids is also an important process, but other familiar features of the spectra of steroid trimethylsilyl ethers, though usually present, are very much suppressed.", "contents": "Mass spectra of sterically crowded trialkylsilyl ether derivatives of steroids. The electron-impact mass spectra of the title compounds have some important features which give these derivatives certain advantages over the widely studied trimethylsilyl analogues. There is significantly less extensive fragmentation, and abundant ions at (M - t.Bu)+ or (M - i.Pr)+ serve as indicators of molecular weight and should be useful for selected ion monitoring. From various precursors, the ease of elimination of HX2SiOH, via a proposed multi-centre transition state, appears to depend upon conformational and stereochemical factors, as well as the position of the parent silyloxy group, RX2SiO, on the steroid skeleton. This particular fragmentation appears to be a powerful diagnostic method for distinguishing between stereoisomers, being especially useful for differentiation between epimers. In addition, the presence of a 17-silyloxy function promotes a characteristic cleavage of ring B in a skeletally saturated steroid. Elimination of silanol, RX2SiOH, at various stages in the fragmentations of bis-silylated steroids is also an important process, but other familiar features of the spectra of steroid trimethylsilyl ethers, though usually present, are very much suppressed."}
{"id": "PMID:898230", "title": "Sterically crowded trialkylsilyl ether derivatives for the analysis of steroid metabolites.", "content": "The applications of sterically crowed trialkyksilyl ether derivatives to the analysis and characterization by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, of metabolites of 2alpha, 3alpha-cyclopropano-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol in the rabbit are described. These derivatives are complementary to the familiar trimethysilyl ether derivatives, but have greater hydrolytic stability (an advantage for TLC), generally give better GC separations, and have characteristic mass spectra. Isomer differentiation by GC and MS is also more readily achieved than via the TMSi ether derivatives. These properties should make SCTASi ethers useful derivatives for studies of steroid metabolism.", "contents": "Sterically crowded trialkylsilyl ether derivatives for the analysis of steroid metabolites. The applications of sterically crowed trialkyksilyl ether derivatives to the analysis and characterization by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, of metabolites of 2alpha, 3alpha-cyclopropano-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol in the rabbit are described. These derivatives are complementary to the familiar trimethysilyl ether derivatives, but have greater hydrolytic stability (an advantage for TLC), generally give better GC separations, and have characteristic mass spectra. Isomer differentiation by GC and MS is also more readily achieved than via the TMSi ether derivatives. These properties should make SCTASi ethers useful derivatives for studies of steroid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:898231", "title": "Formylated bile acids: improved synthesis, properties, and partial deformylation.", "content": "Pure performylated bile acids are obtained in quantitative yield by a new formylation procedure. The procedure involves heating the bile acids in 90% formic acid containing catalytic amount of perchloric acid and then adding acetic anhydride slowly until effervescence occurs. Pure performylated bile acids are then isolated simply by diluting the reaction mixture with water. Contrary to what was believed by past investigations, the formyl groups on these compounds are quite stable to various reaction conditions. The stability and ready availability of these compounds make them more suitable candidates than their counterpart--bile acid acetates for use as starting material in various synthetic schemes, such as C-24 labeled bile acids, etc. The partial deformylation of these formates can be effected by using methanolic ammonia, sodium methoxide in methanol, or sodium hydroxide in aqueous acetone. The resultiing 3-hydroxy formyl bile acids are obtained in high yield and are the best starting materials for the synthesis of bile acids with specific modification at 3-hydroxyl group, such as the synthesis of bile acid 3-monosulfates and 3-monoglucuronides.", "contents": "Formylated bile acids: improved synthesis, properties, and partial deformylation. Pure performylated bile acids are obtained in quantitative yield by a new formylation procedure. The procedure involves heating the bile acids in 90% formic acid containing catalytic amount of perchloric acid and then adding acetic anhydride slowly until effervescence occurs. Pure performylated bile acids are then isolated simply by diluting the reaction mixture with water. Contrary to what was believed by past investigations, the formyl groups on these compounds are quite stable to various reaction conditions. The stability and ready availability of these compounds make them more suitable candidates than their counterpart--bile acid acetates for use as starting material in various synthetic schemes, such as C-24 labeled bile acids, etc. The partial deformylation of these formates can be effected by using methanolic ammonia, sodium methoxide in methanol, or sodium hydroxide in aqueous acetone. The resultiing 3-hydroxy formyl bile acids are obtained in high yield and are the best starting materials for the synthesis of bile acids with specific modification at 3-hydroxyl group, such as the synthesis of bile acid 3-monosulfates and 3-monoglucuronides."}
{"id": "PMID:898232", "title": "Effect of thyroid state on estradiol-17beta metabolism in the rabbit.", "content": "It is well known that the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of a hormone is influenced highly by the level of its specific binding protein. It was interesting, therefore, to study the metabolism of estradiol-17beta (E2) in an animal model such as the rabbit where there is a lack for a highly specific binding protein for the steroid. The kinetics of the hormone was studied in relation to the thyroid state, namely in rabbits receiving thyroxin or propylthiouracil. In the absence of any significant decrease of the level of the rabbit androgen binding protein (R-ABP), the accelerated MCRE2 and the elevated conversion ratio of estradiol to estrone (CR E2 leads to E1) observed in hyperthyroid rabbits were attributed to the important role of metabolizing enzymes in the liver and/or extrahepatic tissues. In hypothyroid rabbits, while the CR E2 leads to E1 decreased significantly the MCRE2 was not altered.", "contents": "Effect of thyroid state on estradiol-17beta metabolism in the rabbit. It is well known that the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of a hormone is influenced highly by the level of its specific binding protein. It was interesting, therefore, to study the metabolism of estradiol-17beta (E2) in an animal model such as the rabbit where there is a lack for a highly specific binding protein for the steroid. The kinetics of the hormone was studied in relation to the thyroid state, namely in rabbits receiving thyroxin or propylthiouracil. In the absence of any significant decrease of the level of the rabbit androgen binding protein (R-ABP), the accelerated MCRE2 and the elevated conversion ratio of estradiol to estrone (CR E2 leads to E1) observed in hyperthyroid rabbits were attributed to the important role of metabolizing enzymes in the liver and/or extrahepatic tissues. In hypothyroid rabbits, while the CR E2 leads to E1 decreased significantly the MCRE2 was not altered."}
{"id": "PMID:898233", "title": "The in vivo metabolism of progestins. IV. The metabolic clearance rate and plasma binding of 6alpha-methylpregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione in women.", "content": "[3H]6alpha-methylprogesterone (6MP) was synthesized by selective catalytic tritiation of the delta1-olefinic bond of 6alpha-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione. The metabolic clearance rate of 6MP (MCR6MP) was determined in 6 women by the single injection technique. The plasma MCR6MP was 4047 +/- 298 L/day (59 +/- 15 L/day/kg) which was higher than the MCR of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate (6alpha-methyl-17alpha-hydroxy-pregna-4-ene-3,20-dione acetate). The high clearance was not due to binding or metabolism of 6MP by red cells. Although 6MP was bound to CBG with a lower affinity than progesterone, this could not entirely explain the high MCR6MP. When considered with the reports of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate clearance, the present studies suggest that the 6alpha-substitution of progesterone leads to an increased rate of steroid metabolism in women.", "contents": "The in vivo metabolism of progestins. IV. The metabolic clearance rate and plasma binding of 6alpha-methylpregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione in women. [3H]6alpha-methylprogesterone (6MP) was synthesized by selective catalytic tritiation of the delta1-olefinic bond of 6alpha-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione. The metabolic clearance rate of 6MP (MCR6MP) was determined in 6 women by the single injection technique. The plasma MCR6MP was 4047 +/- 298 L/day (59 +/- 15 L/day/kg) which was higher than the MCR of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate (6alpha-methyl-17alpha-hydroxy-pregna-4-ene-3,20-dione acetate). The high clearance was not due to binding or metabolism of 6MP by red cells. Although 6MP was bound to CBG with a lower affinity than progesterone, this could not entirely explain the high MCR6MP. When considered with the reports of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate clearance, the present studies suggest that the 6alpha-substitution of progesterone leads to an increased rate of steroid metabolism in women."}
{"id": "PMID:898234", "title": "Plasma prednisolone concentrations: comparison of radioimmunoassay and competitive protein binding assay.", "content": "A comparison was made between plasma concentrations of prednisolone measured by both competitive protein binding radioassay (CPB) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) and, with each assay, using a calibration curve generated from individual subject data and from pooling the individual calibration curva data. The plasma samples were obtained from six normal adult male volunteers who were pretreated with dexamethasone to suppress endogenous hydrocortisone and who then ingested 10 mg of prednisolone. Both the standard curve data and the plasma concentrations were evaluated statistically. It was shown that the CPB method has considerably greater precision than the RIA method and could be employed in bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of both prednisolone and prednisone. It was also shown that corticosteroid binding globulin cross-reacts considerably less with the major metabolite of prednisolone, 20beta-dihydroprednisolone, than the particular antiserum used in the RIA.", "contents": "Plasma prednisolone concentrations: comparison of radioimmunoassay and competitive protein binding assay. A comparison was made between plasma concentrations of prednisolone measured by both competitive protein binding radioassay (CPB) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) and, with each assay, using a calibration curve generated from individual subject data and from pooling the individual calibration curva data. The plasma samples were obtained from six normal adult male volunteers who were pretreated with dexamethasone to suppress endogenous hydrocortisone and who then ingested 10 mg of prednisolone. Both the standard curve data and the plasma concentrations were evaluated statistically. It was shown that the CPB method has considerably greater precision than the RIA method and could be employed in bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of both prednisolone and prednisone. It was also shown that corticosteroid binding globulin cross-reacts considerably less with the major metabolite of prednisolone, 20beta-dihydroprednisolone, than the particular antiserum used in the RIA."}
{"id": "PMID:898235", "title": "Comparative studies of the effects of fasting on bile salt pool sizes of hamsters and rats.", "content": "Comparative studies of the effects of fasting on the total bile salt pool sizes of intact and cholecystectomized hamsters and rats were made. Rats, a species which has no gallbladder, are able to maintain the size of their total bile salt pool during 24, 48 and 72 hour fasts by an undetermined effective mechanism. Intact hamsters fasted 24, 48 and 72 hrs maintained and even increased the size of their bile salt pool. Bile salt conservation was effected by storage of the salts in the gallbladder, and to some extent, the small intestine. Cholecystectomized hamsters apparently lack any mechanism to effect bile salt conservation during fasting since their bile salt pool size decreased precipitously during 24 and 48 hr fasts.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the effects of fasting on bile salt pool sizes of hamsters and rats. Comparative studies of the effects of fasting on the total bile salt pool sizes of intact and cholecystectomized hamsters and rats were made. Rats, a species which has no gallbladder, are able to maintain the size of their total bile salt pool during 24, 48 and 72 hour fasts by an undetermined effective mechanism. Intact hamsters fasted 24, 48 and 72 hrs maintained and even increased the size of their bile salt pool. Bile salt conservation was effected by storage of the salts in the gallbladder, and to some extent, the small intestine. Cholecystectomized hamsters apparently lack any mechanism to effect bile salt conservation during fasting since their bile salt pool size decreased precipitously during 24 and 48 hr fasts."}
{"id": "PMID:898236", "title": "Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage from a middle cerebral artery. Neurologic deficits, intracranial pressures, blood pressures, and pulse rates.", "content": "Devices to produce experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can be implanted in animals. After SAH is produced by the puncture of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) in awake cats, neurologic deficits develop that are not as severe as those caused by MCA occlusion. Biphasic increases of epidural pressure occur and are related to the extent and distribution of the hemorrhage. Ischemic changes are more severe if the flow of blood through the MCA is interrupted.", "contents": "Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage from a middle cerebral artery. Neurologic deficits, intracranial pressures, blood pressures, and pulse rates. Devices to produce experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can be implanted in animals. After SAH is produced by the puncture of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) in awake cats, neurologic deficits develop that are not as severe as those caused by MCA occlusion. Biphasic increases of epidural pressure occur and are related to the extent and distribution of the hemorrhage. Ischemic changes are more severe if the flow of blood through the MCA is interrupted."}
{"id": "PMID:898237", "title": "Relationships among intracranial pressure, blood pressure, and superficial cerebral vasculature after experimental occlusion of one middle cerebral artery.", "content": "A cranial window conforming to the contours of the underlying cerebral cortical surface was implanted successfully in 18 cats. Subsequently the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded inside the sealed cranium and changes in the superficial cortical vasculature were related to measurements of intracranial pressure (ICP), measured extradurally, and to the resulting infarcts. Vascular changes early after MCA occlusion were not predictive of the outcome of the occlusion, except for aggregation of formed elements of the blood in arterioles, which was a bad prognostic sign. Secondary reactive hyperemia was not beneficial; increases of ICP suggested that hyperemia led to increased cerebral edema as well as to swelling.", "contents": "Relationships among intracranial pressure, blood pressure, and superficial cerebral vasculature after experimental occlusion of one middle cerebral artery. A cranial window conforming to the contours of the underlying cerebral cortical surface was implanted successfully in 18 cats. Subsequently the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded inside the sealed cranium and changes in the superficial cortical vasculature were related to measurements of intracranial pressure (ICP), measured extradurally, and to the resulting infarcts. Vascular changes early after MCA occlusion were not predictive of the outcome of the occlusion, except for aggregation of formed elements of the blood in arterioles, which was a bad prognostic sign. Secondary reactive hyperemia was not beneficial; increases of ICP suggested that hyperemia led to increased cerebral edema as well as to swelling."}
{"id": "PMID:898238", "title": "Automatic end-tidal gas sampling system for non-invasive rCBF measurements.", "content": "Non-invasive measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (133Xe inhalation or IV injection) require knowledge of the arterial 133Xe concentrations, which is usually estimated from the end-tidal expiration. An automated sampling system is described for measurement of end-tidal 133Xe concentration that can be used in both spontaneously breathing and mechanically ventilated patients. A comparison is made between the automatic sampling system and manual measurements performed on a continuous gas sample.", "contents": "Automatic end-tidal gas sampling system for non-invasive rCBF measurements. Non-invasive measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (133Xe inhalation or IV injection) require knowledge of the arterial 133Xe concentrations, which is usually estimated from the end-tidal expiration. An automated sampling system is described for measurement of end-tidal 133Xe concentration that can be used in both spontaneously breathing and mechanically ventilated patients. A comparison is made between the automatic sampling system and manual measurements performed on a continuous gas sample."}
{"id": "PMID:898239", "title": "Cardiac arrhythmias in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in dogs was produced by introducing blood into the subarachnoid space through a catheter connected to an artery of the animal. The intact animals and those with preserved vagi and heart sympathetic innervation, developed arrhythmias with short latencies which correlated with the sudden increase in the intracranial pressure. The animals with sections of both vagi and heart sympathetic innervation, but with an intact spinal cord, developed arrhythmias that were delayed and did not correlate with the changes in intracranial pressure. These arrhythmias were preceded by changes in the QT interval, T wave and ST segment. It was concluded that the arrhythmias could be produced either by direct autonomic discharges to the heart or by increased circulating and tissue catecholamines. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Cardiac arrhythmias in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in dogs was produced by introducing blood into the subarachnoid space through a catheter connected to an artery of the animal. The intact animals and those with preserved vagi and heart sympathetic innervation, developed arrhythmias with short latencies which correlated with the sudden increase in the intracranial pressure. The animals with sections of both vagi and heart sympathetic innervation, but with an intact spinal cord, developed arrhythmias that were delayed and did not correlate with the changes in intracranial pressure. These arrhythmias were preceded by changes in the QT interval, T wave and ST segment. It was concluded that the arrhythmias could be produced either by direct autonomic discharges to the heart or by increased circulating and tissue catecholamines. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:898240", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes and myocardial damage in patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents.", "content": "In 100 consecutive patients with acute cerebrovascular accident, due to cerebral thrombosis in 72, cerebral hemorrhage in 12, embolus in 6, and subarachnoid hemorrhage in 10, there were 90 who had electrocardiographic abnormalities during the first three days after admission, compared to 50% in a control group. The patients with cerebrovascular accident had a 7- to 10-fold higher incidence of ST segment depression, prolonged Q-Tc interval and atrial fibrillation, and a 2- to 4-fold higher incidence of T wave inversion, conduction defects, premature ventricular beats and left ventricular hypetrophy. Patients who died had a 2-, 3- and 5-fold higher incidence of electrocardiographic evidence of recent myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation and conduction defects than those who survived, but these changes occurred in only 5, 21 and 14% of all patients, and other electrocardiographic changes could not be correlated with mortality. During the first three days after admission 29 patients had elevation of serum enzymes which may be derived from cardiac muscle, particularly CPK, which was increased 6-fold, compared to 2-fold increases in HBDH, GOT, and LDH. Only 5 of these patients had electrocardiographic evidence of recent myocardial infarction. Patients with elevated serum CPK had a 2-fold higher incidence of ST segment depression, T wave inversion, conduction defects and atrial fibrillation than those with normal CPK, and a mortality of 66%, compared to 30%. Of 41 patients who died, 49% had elevated serum CPK, compared to 15% of 59 patients who survived. These differences were significant (P less than 0.01). Serum CPK was more frequently helpful than the electrocardiogram in evaluating the extent of cardiac damage and in predicting mortality. Patients with acute cerebrovascular accident should have repeated evaluation of serum CPK and the ECG, and be monitored for arrhythmias.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes and myocardial damage in patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents. In 100 consecutive patients with acute cerebrovascular accident, due to cerebral thrombosis in 72, cerebral hemorrhage in 12, embolus in 6, and subarachnoid hemorrhage in 10, there were 90 who had electrocardiographic abnormalities during the first three days after admission, compared to 50% in a control group. The patients with cerebrovascular accident had a 7- to 10-fold higher incidence of ST segment depression, prolonged Q-Tc interval and atrial fibrillation, and a 2- to 4-fold higher incidence of T wave inversion, conduction defects, premature ventricular beats and left ventricular hypetrophy. Patients who died had a 2-, 3- and 5-fold higher incidence of electrocardiographic evidence of recent myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation and conduction defects than those who survived, but these changes occurred in only 5, 21 and 14% of all patients, and other electrocardiographic changes could not be correlated with mortality. During the first three days after admission 29 patients had elevation of serum enzymes which may be derived from cardiac muscle, particularly CPK, which was increased 6-fold, compared to 2-fold increases in HBDH, GOT, and LDH. Only 5 of these patients had electrocardiographic evidence of recent myocardial infarction. Patients with elevated serum CPK had a 2-fold higher incidence of ST segment depression, T wave inversion, conduction defects and atrial fibrillation than those with normal CPK, and a mortality of 66%, compared to 30%. Of 41 patients who died, 49% had elevated serum CPK, compared to 15% of 59 patients who survived. These differences were significant (P less than 0.01). Serum CPK was more frequently helpful than the electrocardiogram in evaluating the extent of cardiac damage and in predicting mortality. Patients with acute cerebrovascular accident should have repeated evaluation of serum CPK and the ECG, and be monitored for arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:898242", "title": "Doppler cerebrovascular examination: improved results with refinements in technique.", "content": "Doppler ultrasonic assessment of extracranial carotid occlusive disease has been modified to decrease the incidence of false positive and negative diagnoses. The technique, which assessed directional flow in the frontal artery and the influence of sequential compression of each temporal, infraorbital, facial and common carotid artery, was performed on 152 vessels visualized by contrast arteriography. Presence or absence of significant (greater than 50%) stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery was identified correctly in 150 vessels (98.7%). Inasmuch as the classic temporal artery compression test only detected 39 of the 61 abnormal Doppler studies (64%), the more complete examination is recommended for screening patients for significant carotid artery obstruction.", "contents": "Doppler cerebrovascular examination: improved results with refinements in technique. Doppler ultrasonic assessment of extracranial carotid occlusive disease has been modified to decrease the incidence of false positive and negative diagnoses. The technique, which assessed directional flow in the frontal artery and the influence of sequential compression of each temporal, infraorbital, facial and common carotid artery, was performed on 152 vessels visualized by contrast arteriography. Presence or absence of significant (greater than 50%) stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery was identified correctly in 150 vessels (98.7%). Inasmuch as the classic temporal artery compression test only detected 39 of the 61 abnormal Doppler studies (64%), the more complete examination is recommended for screening patients for significant carotid artery obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:898241", "title": "Developmental course of hypertension and regional cerebral blood flow in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was repeatedly measured by the hydrogen clearance method in the frontal cortex of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) at the age of 50 days and thereafter. When SHRSP rats developed severe hypertension (over 200 mg Hg at the age of 60 days) rCBF began to decrease abruptly in the frontal cortex--one of the three predilection sites of stroke in these rats. In contrast, such a reduction in rCBF was not noted in either stroke-resistant spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSR) which developed moderate hypertension (under 200 mg Hg), or in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WK) with normal blood pressure (under 15 mm Hg). A similar marked reduction of rCBF with severe hypertension (over 200 mm Hg) was also detected in apoplectic gene-free renal infarction hypertensive rats (RHR) experimentally produced from age-matched WK animals. Blood samples were obtained through an implanted femoral artery canula without disturbing the nonanesthetized SHRSP, SHRSR and WK rats. Arterial blood gas analysis (PaCO2, PaO2 and pH) showed no significant differences at the age of 5 months in any of these rats. Chemical cerbrovascular reactivity, that is, an increase in rCBF in response to CO2 inhalation, showed no significant difference among SHRSP rats from the age of 50 days to 5 months. However, it markedly decreased in SHRSP rats at the age of 9 months and thereafter (the average age of male SHRSP rats which develop stroke is 9 months). The present study showed stroke did not occur in antihypertensive agent-treated SHRSP rats. In these SHRSP rats rCBF did not decrease as long as blood pressure was well-controlled.", "contents": "Developmental course of hypertension and regional cerebral blood flow in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was repeatedly measured by the hydrogen clearance method in the frontal cortex of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) at the age of 50 days and thereafter. When SHRSP rats developed severe hypertension (over 200 mg Hg at the age of 60 days) rCBF began to decrease abruptly in the frontal cortex--one of the three predilection sites of stroke in these rats. In contrast, such a reduction in rCBF was not noted in either stroke-resistant spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSR) which developed moderate hypertension (under 200 mg Hg), or in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WK) with normal blood pressure (under 15 mm Hg). A similar marked reduction of rCBF with severe hypertension (over 200 mm Hg) was also detected in apoplectic gene-free renal infarction hypertensive rats (RHR) experimentally produced from age-matched WK animals. Blood samples were obtained through an implanted femoral artery canula without disturbing the nonanesthetized SHRSP, SHRSR and WK rats. Arterial blood gas analysis (PaCO2, PaO2 and pH) showed no significant differences at the age of 5 months in any of these rats. Chemical cerbrovascular reactivity, that is, an increase in rCBF in response to CO2 inhalation, showed no significant difference among SHRSP rats from the age of 50 days to 5 months. However, it markedly decreased in SHRSP rats at the age of 9 months and thereafter (the average age of male SHRSP rats which develop stroke is 9 months). The present study showed stroke did not occur in antihypertensive agent-treated SHRSP rats. In these SHRSP rats rCBF did not decrease as long as blood pressure was well-controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:898243", "title": "Oxidative metabolism in cerebral ischemia. Part 1. Measurement of oxygen extraction slopes of grey and white matter in vivo.", "content": "Regional oxidative metabolism was studied in vivo. Oxygen availability was monitored from polarographic electrodes in frontal cortical and subcortical tissue. The rate of oxygen extraction in these regions was estimated at frequencies of up to 3 measurements per minute. Transient ischemia of the frontal regions was induced and the resultant decay in the oxygen trace was analyzed kinetically. The oxygen extraction slopes (OES) were steeper in grey than in white matter. They were relatively insensitive to alterations of arterial blood gas concentrations within the physiological range. The slopes were predictably influenced by pharmacologic agents known to alter the rate of oxidative metabolism. Artifacts which may interfere with the OES measurments were considered. This method of estimating regional tissue oxygen extraction may be appropriate for studying aspects of focal CI.", "contents": "Oxidative metabolism in cerebral ischemia. Part 1. Measurement of oxygen extraction slopes of grey and white matter in vivo. Regional oxidative metabolism was studied in vivo. Oxygen availability was monitored from polarographic electrodes in frontal cortical and subcortical tissue. The rate of oxygen extraction in these regions was estimated at frequencies of up to 3 measurements per minute. Transient ischemia of the frontal regions was induced and the resultant decay in the oxygen trace was analyzed kinetically. The oxygen extraction slopes (OES) were steeper in grey than in white matter. They were relatively insensitive to alterations of arterial blood gas concentrations within the physiological range. The slopes were predictably influenced by pharmacologic agents known to alter the rate of oxidative metabolism. Artifacts which may interfere with the OES measurments were considered. This method of estimating regional tissue oxygen extraction may be appropriate for studying aspects of focal CI."}
{"id": "PMID:898244", "title": "Cerebral arterial smooth muscle contraction by thromboxane A2.", "content": "The contractile effects of thromboxane A2 (TxA2), a labile arachidonic acid metabolite, were studied in arterial smooth muscle strips. TxA2 was generated upon the addition of 255 nM prostaglandin cyclic endoperoxide H2 to human platelet particles in the muscle bath. Using the isometric contaction produced by 40 mM K+ in isotonic saline as the reference contraction, bovine middle cerebral artery strips contracted to 153 +/- 14% of the reference response while bovine coronary and porcine coronary, renal and common carotid strips contracted to 47 +/- 3, 26 +/- 5, 43 +/- 2 and 2 +/- 1% of reference, respectively. The cerebral artery response to the TxA2 generating system was as great as the maximum response to prostaglandin F2alpha and two times the maximum response to 5-hydroxytryptamine. Because TxA2 is formed by brain tissue and released from aggregating platelets, it may be important in the pathogenesis of spasm associated with injured brain tissue or pathologic changes leading to platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Cerebral arterial smooth muscle contraction by thromboxane A2. The contractile effects of thromboxane A2 (TxA2), a labile arachidonic acid metabolite, were studied in arterial smooth muscle strips. TxA2 was generated upon the addition of 255 nM prostaglandin cyclic endoperoxide H2 to human platelet particles in the muscle bath. Using the isometric contaction produced by 40 mM K+ in isotonic saline as the reference contraction, bovine middle cerebral artery strips contracted to 153 +/- 14% of the reference response while bovine coronary and porcine coronary, renal and common carotid strips contracted to 47 +/- 3, 26 +/- 5, 43 +/- 2 and 2 +/- 1% of reference, respectively. The cerebral artery response to the TxA2 generating system was as great as the maximum response to prostaglandin F2alpha and two times the maximum response to 5-hydroxytryptamine. Because TxA2 is formed by brain tissue and released from aggregating platelets, it may be important in the pathogenesis of spasm associated with injured brain tissue or pathologic changes leading to platelet aggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:898245", "title": "Relationship of transient ischemic attacks and angiographically demonstrable lesions of carotid artery.", "content": "Eighty-eight percent of arteries in patients with amaurosis fugax or hemispheric transient ischemic attacks had angiographically demonstrable lesions at the carotid bifurcation. Eighty-one percent had stenoses or occlusions at the carotid bifurcation; 7 percent had ulcerative lesions without stenoses at this site. Forty-nine percent of arteries in these patients demonstrated ulcerative lesions with or without stenosis at the carotid bifurcation. There was no significant difference in the incidence or types of ulcerations between those patients with amaurosis fugax and those with hemispheric transient ischemic attacks. Eighty-eight percent of arteries examined in this series were amenable to surgical reconstruction. Amaurosis fugax and hemispheric transient ischemic attacks were of equal value in predicting the possibility of a surgically treatable lesion at the carotid bifurcation.", "contents": "Relationship of transient ischemic attacks and angiographically demonstrable lesions of carotid artery. Eighty-eight percent of arteries in patients with amaurosis fugax or hemispheric transient ischemic attacks had angiographically demonstrable lesions at the carotid bifurcation. Eighty-one percent had stenoses or occlusions at the carotid bifurcation; 7 percent had ulcerative lesions without stenoses at this site. Forty-nine percent of arteries in these patients demonstrated ulcerative lesions with or without stenosis at the carotid bifurcation. There was no significant difference in the incidence or types of ulcerations between those patients with amaurosis fugax and those with hemispheric transient ischemic attacks. Eighty-eight percent of arteries examined in this series were amenable to surgical reconstruction. Amaurosis fugax and hemispheric transient ischemic attacks were of equal value in predicting the possibility of a surgically treatable lesion at the carotid bifurcation."}
{"id": "PMID:898246", "title": "Evoked potential changes during brain retraction in dogs.", "content": "Brain retraction and induced hypotension are surgical adjuncts capable of compromising cerebral blood flow. To evaluate their effects upon brain function, cortical evoked potentials, neurological status and cortical histological changes were determined as a function of graded levels of brain retractor and systemic perfusion pressure in the dog. Somatosensory evoked potentials recorded from the site of application of brain retraction showed a decrement as a function of both the amount of retraction pressure and the systemic perfusion pressure. An electrode distant from the retractor site showed similar, though reduced and more variable changes in amplitude. For higher levels of brain retractor pressure, induced hypotension to 50 mm Hg systemic perfusion pressure produced greater reductions in evoked potentials than in normotensive subjects. It was demonstrated that a reduction of 50% of the evoked potential amplitude after sixty minutes brain retraction signaled, with high probability, the occurrence of postoperative sensory and/or motor deficits and cortical histopathology. It was concluded that cortical evoked potentials represent a reliable indicator of the functional effects produced by applied cortical retraction pressure at several levels of systemic perfusion pressure. It was suggested that the recording of evoked potentials would prove most useful during neurosurgical procedures employing induced hypotension and brain retraction.", "contents": "Evoked potential changes during brain retraction in dogs. Brain retraction and induced hypotension are surgical adjuncts capable of compromising cerebral blood flow. To evaluate their effects upon brain function, cortical evoked potentials, neurological status and cortical histological changes were determined as a function of graded levels of brain retractor and systemic perfusion pressure in the dog. Somatosensory evoked potentials recorded from the site of application of brain retraction showed a decrement as a function of both the amount of retraction pressure and the systemic perfusion pressure. An electrode distant from the retractor site showed similar, though reduced and more variable changes in amplitude. For higher levels of brain retractor pressure, induced hypotension to 50 mm Hg systemic perfusion pressure produced greater reductions in evoked potentials than in normotensive subjects. It was demonstrated that a reduction of 50% of the evoked potential amplitude after sixty minutes brain retraction signaled, with high probability, the occurrence of postoperative sensory and/or motor deficits and cortical histopathology. It was concluded that cortical evoked potentials represent a reliable indicator of the functional effects produced by applied cortical retraction pressure at several levels of systemic perfusion pressure. It was suggested that the recording of evoked potentials would prove most useful during neurosurgical procedures employing induced hypotension and brain retraction."}
{"id": "PMID:898278", "title": "[Modeling the cell cycle of complex populations].", "content": "A model of cell cycle kinetics of complex populations is developed, by using systems of difference equations, and simulated on the computer. This model provides theoretical curves of labeled mitoses (PLM) percentage, labeling index and grain count histograms for different time intervals after 3H-thymidine administration. The PLM curve corresponding to a mixed population is a weighed sum of PLMs for populations, comprising the mixture, the weights being determined by parameters of populations. The model appeared to give a good agreement with the PLM curves obtained elsewhere.", "contents": "[Modeling the cell cycle of complex populations]. A model of cell cycle kinetics of complex populations is developed, by using systems of difference equations, and simulated on the computer. This model provides theoretical curves of labeled mitoses (PLM) percentage, labeling index and grain count histograms for different time intervals after 3H-thymidine administration. The PLM curve corresponding to a mixed population is a weighed sum of PLMs for populations, comprising the mixture, the weights being determined by parameters of populations. The model appeared to give a good agreement with the PLM curves obtained elsewhere."}
{"id": "PMID:898279", "title": "[Cell population mechanisms of inhibition of erythropoiesis in polycythemia].", "content": "The ciliary activity of Ctenophore bolinopsis is inhibited by decreasing concentration of Mg2+ and increasing concentration of Ca2+ in the medium. The same changes in Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentration trigger muscle contractions and bioluminescence. Co2+ arrests the cilia beating in the rectangular position. An increase in Mg2+ concentration or decrease in Ca2+ concentration switch off the nervous inhibitory mechanisms of ciliary activity, suppress muscle contractions and bioluminescence. Ni2+ produces a similar effect, but the ciliary heating is only slightly accelerated, by the contrast to the effect of increased Mg2+ concentration. A Cl-free medium Mn2+ and tetrodotoxin in commonly used concentrations are of no effect on the systems studied. Experiments involving changes in K+ concentrations and administration of tetraethylammonium suggest that the resting potential in the examined cells may be due to K+ as the most permeant ion, and that K+-channels in the cell membrane may be voltage--controlled. The proposal about \"biionic\" (Ca2+/Mg2+) bioelectric control of a number of intracellular reactions is discussed.", "contents": "[Cell population mechanisms of inhibition of erythropoiesis in polycythemia]. The ciliary activity of Ctenophore bolinopsis is inhibited by decreasing concentration of Mg2+ and increasing concentration of Ca2+ in the medium. The same changes in Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentration trigger muscle contractions and bioluminescence. Co2+ arrests the cilia beating in the rectangular position. An increase in Mg2+ concentration or decrease in Ca2+ concentration switch off the nervous inhibitory mechanisms of ciliary activity, suppress muscle contractions and bioluminescence. Ni2+ produces a similar effect, but the ciliary heating is only slightly accelerated, by the contrast to the effect of increased Mg2+ concentration. A Cl-free medium Mn2+ and tetrodotoxin in commonly used concentrations are of no effect on the systems studied. Experiments involving changes in K+ concentrations and administration of tetraethylammonium suggest that the resting potential in the examined cells may be due to K+ as the most permeant ion, and that K+-channels in the cell membrane may be voltage--controlled. The proposal about \"biionic\" (Ca2+/Mg2+) bioelectric control of a number of intracellular reactions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:898280", "title": "[Ultrastructure of rat cerebral cortex neurons at different levels of motor activity].", "content": "The reaction of neurons in rat motor cortex during the intensive motor activity and fatigue caused by swimming was investigated with the electron microscope. In both the cases the nuclear envelope in the neuron perikaryon was sharply enlarged resulting in the appearance of deep invaginations; the nucleolus displaced towards the nuclear envelope. Components of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex increase in size and number, ribosomes become more numerous, the cytoplasm getting denser. During fatigue the above changes appear more pronounced in addition to mitochondrial swelling, the matrix becomes less dense and cristae less numerous. These changes suggest the intensification of metabolitic activity of the cortical neurons during both the intensive motor activity and fatigue.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of rat cerebral cortex neurons at different levels of motor activity]. The reaction of neurons in rat motor cortex during the intensive motor activity and fatigue caused by swimming was investigated with the electron microscope. In both the cases the nuclear envelope in the neuron perikaryon was sharply enlarged resulting in the appearance of deep invaginations; the nucleolus displaced towards the nuclear envelope. Components of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex increase in size and number, ribosomes become more numerous, the cytoplasm getting denser. During fatigue the above changes appear more pronounced in addition to mitochondrial swelling, the matrix becomes less dense and cristae less numerous. These changes suggest the intensification of metabolitic activity of the cortical neurons during both the intensive motor activity and fatigue."}
{"id": "PMID:898275", "title": "[Antimutagenic activity of tryptophan].", "content": "Antimutagenic activity of tryptophan in concentrations of 2-10(-3), 1-10(-2), and 5-10(-2) M was found in Allium cepa L. seedlings. These concentrations of tryptophan inhibit cell mitotic activity. By decreasing the frequency of spontaneous mutations and suppressing the mitotic activity of cells, tryptophan affects various functions of cells. The spectrum of chromosome mutations in tryptophan-treated seedlings does not differ from that observed under natural conditions.", "contents": "[Antimutagenic activity of tryptophan]. Antimutagenic activity of tryptophan in concentrations of 2-10(-3), 1-10(-2), and 5-10(-2) M was found in Allium cepa L. seedlings. These concentrations of tryptophan inhibit cell mitotic activity. By decreasing the frequency of spontaneous mutations and suppressing the mitotic activity of cells, tryptophan affects various functions of cells. The spectrum of chromosome mutations in tryptophan-treated seedlings does not differ from that observed under natural conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:898274", "title": "[Use of Allium fistulosum L. seeds as a preliminary test for studying mutagenic factors in the environment (drugs)].", "content": "The mutagenic activity was studied for the following 14 psychotropic drugs: aminazinum, fluphenazinum-decanoate, thioproperazinum, reserpinum, chlordiazepoxidum, diazepam, oxazepam, trioxazin, tavor, dipheninum, hexamidinum, benzonalum, carbamazepinum, ethosuximidium. It is shown that carbamazepinum, benzonalum, chlordiazepoxidum considerably increase the frequency of chromosome aberrations in the Allium fistulosum L. cells. These drugs were selected for studying their mutagenic activity on the laboratory animals.", "contents": "[Use of Allium fistulosum L. seeds as a preliminary test for studying mutagenic factors in the environment (drugs)]. The mutagenic activity was studied for the following 14 psychotropic drugs: aminazinum, fluphenazinum-decanoate, thioproperazinum, reserpinum, chlordiazepoxidum, diazepam, oxazepam, trioxazin, tavor, dipheninum, hexamidinum, benzonalum, carbamazepinum, ethosuximidium. It is shown that carbamazepinum, benzonalum, chlordiazepoxidum considerably increase the frequency of chromosome aberrations in the Allium fistulosum L. cells. These drugs were selected for studying their mutagenic activity on the laboratory animals."}
{"id": "PMID:898276", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of rat hepatocytes following exposure to dicyclohexylamine nitrite and an oil-soluble salt of cyclohexylamine].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes were studied in the rat liver under the effect of dicyclohexylamine nitrite and oil-soluble salt of cyclohexylamine in doses of 1/10 LD50. Both substances are stated to cause damages in the structure of hepatocytes even after three days of exposure. Dicyclohexylamine nitrite shows a more pronounced effect displayed in developed dystrophic changes of cytoplasmic organelles and in the presence of osmiophil bodies.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of rat hepatocytes following exposure to dicyclohexylamine nitrite and an oil-soluble salt of cyclohexylamine]. Ultrastructural changes were studied in the rat liver under the effect of dicyclohexylamine nitrite and oil-soluble salt of cyclohexylamine in doses of 1/10 LD50. Both substances are stated to cause damages in the structure of hepatocytes even after three days of exposure. Dicyclohexylamine nitrite shows a more pronounced effect displayed in developed dystrophic changes of cytoplasmic organelles and in the presence of osmiophil bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:898283", "title": "Influence of autologous serum on in vitro reactivity of peripheral lymphocytes of  patients with breast cancer.", "content": "The influence of autologous serum on DNA synthesis and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from mammary tumor-bearing women has been studied. Blood samples were collected from patients at the 4 stages of the TNM classification who had not undergone any therapeutic treatment. Lymphocyte functions were significantly reduced only in patients with the largest tumors and in the latest stage of disease. Autologous cancer sera inhibited spontaneous DNA synthesis of lymphocytes and did not inhibit lymphocyte stimulation by mitogens. It is possible that unrecognized inhibiting and stimulating factors, possibly acting in synergism with mitogens, are present in mammary cancer sera.", "contents": "Influence of autologous serum on in vitro reactivity of peripheral lymphocytes of  patients with breast cancer. The influence of autologous serum on DNA synthesis and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from mammary tumor-bearing women has been studied. Blood samples were collected from patients at the 4 stages of the TNM classification who had not undergone any therapeutic treatment. Lymphocyte functions were significantly reduced only in patients with the largest tumors and in the latest stage of disease. Autologous cancer sera inhibited spontaneous DNA synthesis of lymphocytes and did not inhibit lymphocyte stimulation by mitogens. It is possible that unrecognized inhibiting and stimulating factors, possibly acting in synergism with mitogens, are present in mammary cancer sera."}
{"id": "PMID:898284", "title": "Effect of phenobarbital on cyclophosphamide cytotoxic activity and pharmacokinetics in mice.", "content": "The interaction between cyclophosphamide (CPA) and phenobarbital (PB) was investigated in B6D2F1 mice, checking both the antileukemic and immunosuppressive activity together with the serum levels of CPA and its metabolites. A reduced cytotoxic activity of CPA has been observed when PB is given for 2 days before CPA and an interval of at least 6 hours elapses between the last treatment of PB and the administration of CPA. On the contrary, when PB is given simultaneously with CPA for 2 or 4 consecutive days, an increased antileukemic activity of CPA occurs. In the experimental condition where PB decreases the activity of CPA, serum levels of CPA, assayed by means of a new specific gas-chromatographic method, and of its NBP-alkylating metabolites, indicate that this effect may be explained on a pure pharmacokinetic basis. However, for the situation where an increased effect of CPA was observed under the influence of PB, pharmacokinetic data did not provide a clear explanation.", "contents": "Effect of phenobarbital on cyclophosphamide cytotoxic activity and pharmacokinetics in mice. The interaction between cyclophosphamide (CPA) and phenobarbital (PB) was investigated in B6D2F1 mice, checking both the antileukemic and immunosuppressive activity together with the serum levels of CPA and its metabolites. A reduced cytotoxic activity of CPA has been observed when PB is given for 2 days before CPA and an interval of at least 6 hours elapses between the last treatment of PB and the administration of CPA. On the contrary, when PB is given simultaneously with CPA for 2 or 4 consecutive days, an increased antileukemic activity of CPA occurs. In the experimental condition where PB decreases the activity of CPA, serum levels of CPA, assayed by means of a new specific gas-chromatographic method, and of its NBP-alkylating metabolites, indicate that this effect may be explained on a pure pharmacokinetic basis. However, for the situation where an increased effect of CPA was observed under the influence of PB, pharmacokinetic data did not provide a clear explanation."}
{"id": "PMID:898285", "title": "Effects of high doses of peptichemio upon the humoral response to sheep erythrocytes and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to oxazolone in CBA mice.", "content": "A study has been carried out on the immunosuppressive activity of high doses of peptichemio (PTC) in CBA mice. Humoral response to sheep erythrocytes, delayed hypersensitivity to oxazolone, and cellular proliferation in lymph nodes and spleen of animals sensitized with oxazolone have been investigated. The results demonstrated that PTC had a definite immunosuppressive action, as shown by the inhibition of primary response to inoculation of sheep erythrocytes, by depression of delayed hypersensitivity to oxazolone, and by marked inhibition of 125IUdr incorporation in lymph nodes of sensitized animals. It is suggested that the inhibitory action is mediated by an effect on actively proliferating B or T lymphoid cells, although involvement of macrophages cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Effects of high doses of peptichemio upon the humoral response to sheep erythrocytes and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to oxazolone in CBA mice. A study has been carried out on the immunosuppressive activity of high doses of peptichemio (PTC) in CBA mice. Humoral response to sheep erythrocytes, delayed hypersensitivity to oxazolone, and cellular proliferation in lymph nodes and spleen of animals sensitized with oxazolone have been investigated. The results demonstrated that PTC had a definite immunosuppressive action, as shown by the inhibition of primary response to inoculation of sheep erythrocytes, by depression of delayed hypersensitivity to oxazolone, and by marked inhibition of 125IUdr incorporation in lymph nodes of sensitized animals. It is suggested that the inhibitory action is mediated by an effect on actively proliferating B or T lymphoid cells, although involvement of macrophages cannot be ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:898286", "title": "Interferon in breast cancer.", "content": "The interferon production ability by leukocytes in vitro from 37 patients with mammary cancer was studied. The leukocytes were derived from patients between 27 and 80 years of age, 6 months and up to 28 years after removal of the primary tumor. The interferon titer of 34/37 human breast cancer leukocytes was 2-8 times lower than that of 35 normal donor leukocytes and 3 non-neoplastic diseases. No correlation between interferon titers, the patient's age, and the histologic tumor features was observed; however, interferon production was observed to return to normal in those patients who had a long remission period or whose tumors were locally confined. Interferon response of patients under different therapy was modified: radiotherapy affected interferon production more severely than chemotherapy. A tendency for association between the skin DNCB test and interferon response was found. An inverse correlation was observed between interferon titers and the PHA-induced transformation index.", "contents": "Interferon in breast cancer. The interferon production ability by leukocytes in vitro from 37 patients with mammary cancer was studied. The leukocytes were derived from patients between 27 and 80 years of age, 6 months and up to 28 years after removal of the primary tumor. The interferon titer of 34/37 human breast cancer leukocytes was 2-8 times lower than that of 35 normal donor leukocytes and 3 non-neoplastic diseases. No correlation between interferon titers, the patient's age, and the histologic tumor features was observed; however, interferon production was observed to return to normal in those patients who had a long remission period or whose tumors were locally confined. Interferon response of patients under different therapy was modified: radiotherapy affected interferon production more severely than chemotherapy. A tendency for association between the skin DNCB test and interferon response was found. An inverse correlation was observed between interferon titers and the PHA-induced transformation index."}
{"id": "PMID:898290", "title": "Parotid gland tumors in infants and children.", "content": "Eleven cases of parotid tumors in children under 16 years of age are considered. The series accounts for 1.6% of 657 cases of parotid tumor of all ages observed during the period 1930-1975 and consists of 6 mixed tumors, 2 mucoepidermoid tumors, 2 angiomas, and 1 benign lymphoepithelial lesion. All the patients underwent surgical treatment, 6 radical and 5 limited. The results of treatment point out that mixed tumors require radical parotidectomy. The attitude towards pediatric parotid tumors is dicussed.", "contents": "Parotid gland tumors in infants and children. Eleven cases of parotid tumors in children under 16 years of age are considered. The series accounts for 1.6% of 657 cases of parotid tumor of all ages observed during the period 1930-1975 and consists of 6 mixed tumors, 2 mucoepidermoid tumors, 2 angiomas, and 1 benign lymphoepithelial lesion. All the patients underwent surgical treatment, 6 radical and 5 limited. The results of treatment point out that mixed tumors require radical parotidectomy. The attitude towards pediatric parotid tumors is dicussed."}
{"id": "PMID:898288", "title": "Serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels in patients with neoplasias localized in the stomach, large intestine or lung.", "content": "Serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels were determined in patients with solid neoplasias in different sites (stomach, large intestine, lung). Statistical analysis showed that serum copper levels increased significantly in all the forms studied. The serum ceruloplasmin level, on the contrary, was high in gastric and pulmonary cancer, while in tumors localised in the large intestine the increase was not significant. In 58 cases, there was a correlation between copper and ceruloplasmin levels in the same subject; this correlation proved significant solely in gastric forms. Moreover, statistical analysis of the two parameters in question did not reveal any significant differences between localized and metastasized in forms.", "contents": "Serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels in patients with neoplasias localized in the stomach, large intestine or lung. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels were determined in patients with solid neoplasias in different sites (stomach, large intestine, lung). Statistical analysis showed that serum copper levels increased significantly in all the forms studied. The serum ceruloplasmin level, on the contrary, was high in gastric and pulmonary cancer, while in tumors localised in the large intestine the increase was not significant. In 58 cases, there was a correlation between copper and ceruloplasmin levels in the same subject; this correlation proved significant solely in gastric forms. Moreover, statistical analysis of the two parameters in question did not reveal any significant differences between localized and metastasized in forms."}
{"id": "PMID:898291", "title": "A quantitative test for chemosensitivity of short-term cultures of human lymphomas.", "content": "An in vitro chemosensitivity test is described for the quantitative determination of the interference of antitumoral drugs on nucleic acid metabolism in short-term cultures of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas. Preliminary biochemical studies have defined the optimal culture conditions and have guaranteed the reliability and the reproducibility of the test. Our results for adriamycin and prednisone are in agreement with those obtained on experimental systems with other techniques.", "contents": "A quantitative test for chemosensitivity of short-term cultures of human lymphomas. An in vitro chemosensitivity test is described for the quantitative determination of the interference of antitumoral drugs on nucleic acid metabolism in short-term cultures of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas. Preliminary biochemical studies have defined the optimal culture conditions and have guaranteed the reliability and the reproducibility of the test. Our results for adriamycin and prednisone are in agreement with those obtained on experimental systems with other techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:898287", "title": "A combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine and VP 16-213 (NSC 141 540) in the treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Thirty patients with bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with an 8-week induction therapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine and VP 16-213 (NSC 141 540). Those who achieved objective remission of tumor stabilization were then placed on an intermittent treatment schedule with the same drugs. Of the 30 patients, 17 had an objective response, 5 remained without change, and 8 progressed. Responses were more frequent among anaplastic (13/19) than epidermoid or adenocarcinoma (4/11). The toxicity consisted mainly of leucopenia, thrombopenia, alopecia, nausea and vomiting. The implications of these findings in the planning of further chemotherapeutic programs are discussed.", "contents": "A combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine and VP 16-213 (NSC 141 540) in the treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma. Thirty patients with bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with an 8-week induction therapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine and VP 16-213 (NSC 141 540). Those who achieved objective remission of tumor stabilization were then placed on an intermittent treatment schedule with the same drugs. Of the 30 patients, 17 had an objective response, 5 remained without change, and 8 progressed. Responses were more frequent among anaplastic (13/19) than epidermoid or adenocarcinoma (4/11). The toxicity consisted mainly of leucopenia, thrombopenia, alopecia, nausea and vomiting. The implications of these findings in the planning of further chemotherapeutic programs are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:898295", "title": "Lymphographic evaluation in bone and soft tissue sarcomas.", "content": "A group of 79 patients with soft tissue sarcomas and 46 with primary malignant bone tumors underwent lymphangiography as part of the initial diagnostic workup. In the group of soft tissue sarcomas, the overall incidence of metastases was 22 of 79 (28%). According to the site of origin, the highest incidence was found in tumors originating from the buttocks (57%), followed by those from the inferior limbs (31%). Considering the histology, the incidence ranges from 50% in anaplastic sarcoma, to 43% in rhabdomyosarcoma, to 23% for liposarcoma and fibrosarcoma. The incidence of lymphographically proven metastases in bone tumors was 8 to 46 (17%), with 1 out of 4 in reticulum cell sarcoma, 1/1 in chordoma, and 22% in Ewing's sarcoma. A radiographic/histologic correlation on the lymph nodes was obtained in 19/79 (24%) soft tissue sarcomas and in 4/46 (9%) bone tumors. In the 12 radiographically negative and 11 radiographically positive cases, this correlation was always correct. The results of this study suggest a larger use of lymphography in these tumors.", "contents": "Lymphographic evaluation in bone and soft tissue sarcomas. A group of 79 patients with soft tissue sarcomas and 46 with primary malignant bone tumors underwent lymphangiography as part of the initial diagnostic workup. In the group of soft tissue sarcomas, the overall incidence of metastases was 22 of 79 (28%). According to the site of origin, the highest incidence was found in tumors originating from the buttocks (57%), followed by those from the inferior limbs (31%). Considering the histology, the incidence ranges from 50% in anaplastic sarcoma, to 43% in rhabdomyosarcoma, to 23% for liposarcoma and fibrosarcoma. The incidence of lymphographically proven metastases in bone tumors was 8 to 46 (17%), with 1 out of 4 in reticulum cell sarcoma, 1/1 in chordoma, and 22% in Ewing's sarcoma. A radiographic/histologic correlation on the lymph nodes was obtained in 19/79 (24%) soft tissue sarcomas and in 4/46 (9%) bone tumors. In the 12 radiographically negative and 11 radiographically positive cases, this correlation was always correct. The results of this study suggest a larger use of lymphography in these tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:898294", "title": "A statistical approach to detection of the primary cancer based on the site of neck lymph node metastases.", "content": "Preoperative differential diagnosis of a swelling in the neck is mandatory for a good therapeutic planning. Indiscriminate biopsy as first approach is to be disregarded, since it can compromise the result of a radical neck dissection in cases where a metastasis of epidermoid cancer is histologically recognized. A cervical biopsy is not to be performed until a complete HNT examination (including the thyroid and major salivary glands) has excluded the presence of a primary tumor in these regions. Since every localization of the head and neck malignancies shows rather fixed patterns in its lymphatic spreading, a correlation between site of T and particular localizations of N within the neck can be found. The knowledge of the probabilities that an adenopathy in a given region of the neck correlates with a primary tumor located in a given site of the body could strongly aid the physician in detecting the latter, following a rational statistically based approach. This study was performed applying Bayes theorem for probability calculus to the maps of distribution of metastases of tumors of different site in 3,700 patients who were taken into National Cancer Institute of Milan during 7 consecutive years. The results are gathered in tables and text-figures showing the great significance of some correlations, who become more evident when the adenopathies are multiple, but who usefully direct the physician also when the adenopathy is only one.", "contents": "A statistical approach to detection of the primary cancer based on the site of neck lymph node metastases. Preoperative differential diagnosis of a swelling in the neck is mandatory for a good therapeutic planning. Indiscriminate biopsy as first approach is to be disregarded, since it can compromise the result of a radical neck dissection in cases where a metastasis of epidermoid cancer is histologically recognized. A cervical biopsy is not to be performed until a complete HNT examination (including the thyroid and major salivary glands) has excluded the presence of a primary tumor in these regions. Since every localization of the head and neck malignancies shows rather fixed patterns in its lymphatic spreading, a correlation between site of T and particular localizations of N within the neck can be found. The knowledge of the probabilities that an adenopathy in a given region of the neck correlates with a primary tumor located in a given site of the body could strongly aid the physician in detecting the latter, following a rational statistically based approach. This study was performed applying Bayes theorem for probability calculus to the maps of distribution of metastases of tumors of different site in 3,700 patients who were taken into National Cancer Institute of Milan during 7 consecutive years. The results are gathered in tables and text-figures showing the great significance of some correlations, who become more evident when the adenopathies are multiple, but who usefully direct the physician also when the adenopathy is only one."}
{"id": "PMID:898296", "title": "Hyperthermic isolation-perfusion with melphalan, a preliminary appraisal of local and general effects in malignant melanoma.", "content": "Ten hyperthermic isolation-perfusions with melphalan were performed for invasive malignant malenoma of the limbs. Four cases at stage II and with in transit metastases (up to 15 cm in diameter) had a complete regression. However, no improvement of survival was noticed: 4 out of 5 stage II patients who died, within 1 year after perfusion, developed a generalized disease. Systemic chemotherapy was administered in 3 patients after perfusion, but they died from distant metastases. The need for an adequate adjuvant treatment added to isolation perfusion is discussed.", "contents": "Hyperthermic isolation-perfusion with melphalan, a preliminary appraisal of local and general effects in malignant melanoma. Ten hyperthermic isolation-perfusions with melphalan were performed for invasive malignant malenoma of the limbs. Four cases at stage II and with in transit metastases (up to 15 cm in diameter) had a complete regression. However, no improvement of survival was noticed: 4 out of 5 stage II patients who died, within 1 year after perfusion, developed a generalized disease. Systemic chemotherapy was administered in 3 patients after perfusion, but they died from distant metastases. The need for an adequate adjuvant treatment added to isolation perfusion is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:898298", "title": "Experience with BCG adjuvant immunotherapy in stage II malignant melanoma.", "content": "Three years experience with post operative BCG adjuvant immunotherapy in stage II malignant melanoma is reported. Compared to a historical control group (35 cases), 23 melanoma patients showed a significantly improved remission duration and survival rate. It appears that patients with weak initial BCG reactions, which become gradually positive after several immunizations, get more benefit from the adjuvant immunotherapy than do patients with strongly positive initial BCG reactions.", "contents": "Experience with BCG adjuvant immunotherapy in stage II malignant melanoma. Three years experience with post operative BCG adjuvant immunotherapy in stage II malignant melanoma is reported. Compared to a historical control group (35 cases), 23 melanoma patients showed a significantly improved remission duration and survival rate. It appears that patients with weak initial BCG reactions, which become gradually positive after several immunizations, get more benefit from the adjuvant immunotherapy than do patients with strongly positive initial BCG reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:898297", "title": "Regional chemotherapy of maxillofacial malignant melanoma with intracarotid artery infusion of DTIC.", "content": "Six intracarotid artery infusions of DTIC were performed in 4 patients with invasive malignant melanoma of the maxillo-facial region. A total dose of 3.5 to 7 g was well tolerated. Only 1 patient who received 9.5 g in 25 days developed a reversible bone marrow depletion. Two out of the 4 patients presented a transient 50% tumor surface regression, but no response was seen after the second infusion. Of the 2 remaining patients, 1 had no measurable effect and 1 experienced tumor progression.", "contents": "Regional chemotherapy of maxillofacial malignant melanoma with intracarotid artery infusion of DTIC. Six intracarotid artery infusions of DTIC were performed in 4 patients with invasive malignant melanoma of the maxillo-facial region. A total dose of 3.5 to 7 g was well tolerated. Only 1 patient who received 9.5 g in 25 days developed a reversible bone marrow depletion. Two out of the 4 patients presented a transient 50% tumor surface regression, but no response was seen after the second infusion. Of the 2 remaining patients, 1 had no measurable effect and 1 experienced tumor progression."}
{"id": "PMID:898309", "title": "[Effect of deuteration on some IR-spectral characteristics of gelatin].", "content": "The IR-spectra of normal and deuterated gelatin samples were studied. The 3300 cm-1 band is determined by the valence vibrations of the peptid bond NH-groups, OH-groups of oxyproline and structural water. The 1280-1220 cm-1 bands cannot be intepreted for gelatin as amide III; their appearance is caused by the skeleton vibrations. The 1460 cm-1 band is not Amide II in gelatin, it is associated with the deformation vibrations in free methyl groups of the amino acid residues. The effect of OH-groups of hydration water forming the intramolecular hydrogen bond is displayed by 1670 cm-1 band. Disappearance of the 1560 and 1530 cm-1 bands with deuterating and appearance of the 1580 cm-1 band may evidence for a structural transition of the gelatin molecule from one conformation to another, is more ordered, conformation.", "contents": "[Effect of deuteration on some IR-spectral characteristics of gelatin]. The IR-spectra of normal and deuterated gelatin samples were studied. The 3300 cm-1 band is determined by the valence vibrations of the peptid bond NH-groups, OH-groups of oxyproline and structural water. The 1280-1220 cm-1 bands cannot be intepreted for gelatin as amide III; their appearance is caused by the skeleton vibrations. The 1460 cm-1 band is not Amide II in gelatin, it is associated with the deformation vibrations in free methyl groups of the amino acid residues. The effect of OH-groups of hydration water forming the intramolecular hydrogen bond is displayed by 1670 cm-1 band. Disappearance of the 1560 and 1530 cm-1 bands with deuterating and appearance of the 1580 cm-1 band may evidence for a structural transition of the gelatin molecule from one conformation to another, is more ordered, conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:898310", "title": "[Application of ion-selective electrodes for determining ion concentration in blood of irradiated rabbits].", "content": "Concentration of potassium and sodium ions as well as chlorides in rabbit blood serum was determined by applying the direct potentiometric method using the ion-selective electrodes. The techniques on calibration of the applied ion-selective electrodes are described and comparative data are presented of determining the concentration of potassium and sodium by the potentiometric method and that of flame photometry and of chlorides by the potentiometric and chemical methods. By high-specific ion-selective electrodes (glass for Na+, membrane one for Cl- and valinemycinic for R+) the character of ionic disturbances is established in the blood serum of rabbits irradiated with a dose of 2000 R. The concentration of potassium ions decreases 15-18 degrees min after irradiation. The concentration of sodium ions and chlorides is not changed noticeably. The concentration of calcium determined by the method of flame photometry decreases after irradiation within a range of 30 min-72h. The found changes may be explained by the damaging effect of radiation on the structure and function of the cell membranes.", "contents": "[Application of ion-selective electrodes for determining ion concentration in blood of irradiated rabbits]. Concentration of potassium and sodium ions as well as chlorides in rabbit blood serum was determined by applying the direct potentiometric method using the ion-selective electrodes. The techniques on calibration of the applied ion-selective electrodes are described and comparative data are presented of determining the concentration of potassium and sodium by the potentiometric method and that of flame photometry and of chlorides by the potentiometric and chemical methods. By high-specific ion-selective electrodes (glass for Na+, membrane one for Cl- and valinemycinic for R+) the character of ionic disturbances is established in the blood serum of rabbits irradiated with a dose of 2000 R. The concentration of potassium ions decreases 15-18 degrees min after irradiation. The concentration of sodium ions and chlorides is not changed noticeably. The concentration of calcium determined by the method of flame photometry decreases after irradiation within a range of 30 min-72h. The found changes may be explained by the damaging effect of radiation on the structure and function of the cell membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:898312", "title": "[Content of collagen fractions and synthesis of collagen in lung tissues of rats of various ages].", "content": "The content of soluble fractions and biosynthesis intensity of collagen were studied by means of 3H-proline incorporation into the lung tissues of different-age rats. The method with incorporation of a radioactive label is shown to detect more clearly the age peculiarities in collagen metabolism. The most considerable decrease in the intensity of 3H-proline incorporation into lung collagen is observed during the first four months of the rat life.", "contents": "[Content of collagen fractions and synthesis of collagen in lung tissues of rats of various ages]. The content of soluble fractions and biosynthesis intensity of collagen were studied by means of 3H-proline incorporation into the lung tissues of different-age rats. The method with incorporation of a radioactive label is shown to detect more clearly the age peculiarities in collagen metabolism. The most considerable decrease in the intensity of 3H-proline incorporation into lung collagen is observed during the first four months of the rat life."}
{"id": "PMID:898311", "title": "[Significance of adrenal hormones in brain energy metabolism].", "content": "Intensity of glycolysis was studied under conditions of immobilization stress and adrenalectomy as well as with administration of adrenaline and hydrocortisone. The processes of aerobic glycolysis, activity of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and mitochondria respiratory chain, content of total, free and protein-bound glycogen, glucose-I-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, cytrate and macroergs in the brain are shown to depend on the level of adrenal hormones producing a multilateral effect on a series of energy metabolism links.", "contents": "[Significance of adrenal hormones in brain energy metabolism]. Intensity of glycolysis was studied under conditions of immobilization stress and adrenalectomy as well as with administration of adrenaline and hydrocortisone. The processes of aerobic glycolysis, activity of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and mitochondria respiratory chain, content of total, free and protein-bound glycogen, glucose-I-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, cytrate and macroergs in the brain are shown to depend on the level of adrenal hormones producing a multilateral effect on a series of energy metabolism links."}
{"id": "PMID:898313", "title": "[Acetylcholinesterase of subcellular structures of rabbit brain in ontogeny].", "content": "Subcellular fractions of the cerebral hemispheres of rabbits of different age groups are isolated by differential centrifugation in the sucrose gradient. The acetylcholinesterase activity of the fractions is also determined. It is found that in the postnatal period the specific activity of the enzyme increases in synaptosomes and pure mitochondria, is unchanged in the initial homogenate and in the subfraction of mieline fragments. The relative specific activity of acetylcholinesterase is unchanged in mitochondria, increases sharply in synamptosomes and decreases in the subfraction of myeline fragments. Changes in the specific and relative specific activity of acetylcholinesterase in the subcellular fractions of the developing brain are concluded to reflect the degree of functional maturation of cholinergic structures responsible for conducting the nervous impulse.", "contents": "[Acetylcholinesterase of subcellular structures of rabbit brain in ontogeny]. Subcellular fractions of the cerebral hemispheres of rabbits of different age groups are isolated by differential centrifugation in the sucrose gradient. The acetylcholinesterase activity of the fractions is also determined. It is found that in the postnatal period the specific activity of the enzyme increases in synaptosomes and pure mitochondria, is unchanged in the initial homogenate and in the subfraction of mieline fragments. The relative specific activity of acetylcholinesterase is unchanged in mitochondria, increases sharply in synamptosomes and decreases in the subfraction of myeline fragments. Changes in the specific and relative specific activity of acetylcholinesterase in the subcellular fractions of the developing brain are concluded to reflect the degree of functional maturation of cholinergic structures responsible for conducting the nervous impulse."}
{"id": "PMID:898314", "title": "[Effect of tetrachloromethane on alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activity in mitochondria of rat liver under conditions of administration of polycyclic hydrocarbons].", "content": "The activity of the mitochondria internal membrane ensymes alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase was studied after rats poisoning with CCl4. It is established that the activity of these enzymes lowers considerably under effect of CCl4, which is more pronounced for alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. The pretreatment of animals with inducer of microsomal oxidases intensifies the damaging effect of CCl4 on the internal membranes of mitochondria and decreases the LD50 value for CCL4. Administration of actinomycin D simultaneously with polycyclic hydrocarbons prevents intensification of the CCl4 hepatotoxic effect caused by 3-methylcholanthrene and dibenz (a, h) anthracene.", "contents": "[Effect of tetrachloromethane on alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activity in mitochondria of rat liver under conditions of administration of polycyclic hydrocarbons]. The activity of the mitochondria internal membrane ensymes alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase was studied after rats poisoning with CCl4. It is established that the activity of these enzymes lowers considerably under effect of CCl4, which is more pronounced for alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. The pretreatment of animals with inducer of microsomal oxidases intensifies the damaging effect of CCl4 on the internal membranes of mitochondria and decreases the LD50 value for CCL4. Administration of actinomycin D simultaneously with polycyclic hydrocarbons prevents intensification of the CCl4 hepatotoxic effect caused by 3-methylcholanthrene and dibenz (a, h) anthracene."}
{"id": "PMID:898315", "title": "[Dependence of vitamin C content in animal tissues on the dose of UV radiation].", "content": "The content of vitamin C in tissues was determined for animals synthetizing (rabbits) and nonsynthetizing (guinea pigs) it with UV radiation. Significant doses of radiation cause a considerable decrease in the content of vitamin C in blood of both animal species. In the adrenal, liver, spleen, lung, small intestine, kidney, brain tissues and vitamin C content decreases in animals nonsynthetizing the vitamin and, vice versa, it rises in the vitamin-synthetizing animals. After irradiation with small doses the vitamin C content in blood and tissues of animals nonsynthetizing it lowers but not below the normal level. Additional administration of 100 mg of ascorbic acid (under conditions of sufficient supply of vitamin C with food) does not prevent a decrease in the content of vitamin C in blood of the animals irradiated with significant UV doses. An opinion is advanced as to necessity of vitamin C rationing taking into account \"the UV climate\" of the area and dose of radiation from the artifical sources.", "contents": "[Dependence of vitamin C content in animal tissues on the dose of UV radiation]. The content of vitamin C in tissues was determined for animals synthetizing (rabbits) and nonsynthetizing (guinea pigs) it with UV radiation. Significant doses of radiation cause a considerable decrease in the content of vitamin C in blood of both animal species. In the adrenal, liver, spleen, lung, small intestine, kidney, brain tissues and vitamin C content decreases in animals nonsynthetizing the vitamin and, vice versa, it rises in the vitamin-synthetizing animals. After irradiation with small doses the vitamin C content in blood and tissues of animals nonsynthetizing it lowers but not below the normal level. Additional administration of 100 mg of ascorbic acid (under conditions of sufficient supply of vitamin C with food) does not prevent a decrease in the content of vitamin C in blood of the animals irradiated with significant UV doses. An opinion is advanced as to necessity of vitamin C rationing taking into account \"the UV climate\" of the area and dose of radiation from the artifical sources."}
{"id": "PMID:898318", "title": "[Low temperature and cryoprotectant effect on oxygen uptake in rat kidney cortex homogenates].", "content": "Respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of the rat kidney cortex mitochondria are studied as affected by low temperatures and cryoprotectants. There is no change in respiration in state 2 during freezing and thawing of the rat kidney cortex slices both in case of using the succinate oxidation substrate and alpha-ketoglutarate. Respiration in state 3 is inhibited in the medium with alpha-ketoglutarate during freezing under protection of polyethylene oxide-100 (PEO-100) and glycerol, and does not significantly change in case of using dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). The effectiveness of cryoprotectants used in the experiments reduces in the following sequence: DMSO--glycerol--PEO-100. Preservation of the main mitochondria function, ATP synthesis, is shown to be possible for the kidney cortex slices exposed to freezing and thawing.", "contents": "[Low temperature and cryoprotectant effect on oxygen uptake in rat kidney cortex homogenates]. Respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of the rat kidney cortex mitochondria are studied as affected by low temperatures and cryoprotectants. There is no change in respiration in state 2 during freezing and thawing of the rat kidney cortex slices both in case of using the succinate oxidation substrate and alpha-ketoglutarate. Respiration in state 3 is inhibited in the medium with alpha-ketoglutarate during freezing under protection of polyethylene oxide-100 (PEO-100) and glycerol, and does not significantly change in case of using dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). The effectiveness of cryoprotectants used in the experiments reduces in the following sequence: DMSO--glycerol--PEO-100. Preservation of the main mitochondria function, ATP synthesis, is shown to be possible for the kidney cortex slices exposed to freezing and thawing."}
{"id": "PMID:898317", "title": "[Effect of oxygen, water and hydrophobic medium in model reactions of thiamine pyrophosphate].", "content": "Oxygen and water are inhibitors of acyloin and benzoin condensations. An intermediate paramagnetic compund is formed in the benzoin condensation catalyzed with 3-benzyl-4-methyl thiazolium chloride, 3,4-dimethyl thiazolium iodide, 3-benzyl-4,5-dimethyl thiazolium chloride, 3-methyl-4-phenyl thiazolium perchlorate and 3-methyl-4,5-diphenyl thiazolium perchlorate. The formation of benzoin in dimethyl sulphoxide, when the air oxygen is absent, is an irreversible reaction. The presence of hydrophobic solvent in the reaction medium provides more favourable conditions for benzoin condensation proceeding. The reaction mechanism is suggested.", "contents": "[Effect of oxygen, water and hydrophobic medium in model reactions of thiamine pyrophosphate]. Oxygen and water are inhibitors of acyloin and benzoin condensations. An intermediate paramagnetic compund is formed in the benzoin condensation catalyzed with 3-benzyl-4-methyl thiazolium chloride, 3,4-dimethyl thiazolium iodide, 3-benzyl-4,5-dimethyl thiazolium chloride, 3-methyl-4-phenyl thiazolium perchlorate and 3-methyl-4,5-diphenyl thiazolium perchlorate. The formation of benzoin in dimethyl sulphoxide, when the air oxygen is absent, is an irreversible reaction. The presence of hydrophobic solvent in the reaction medium provides more favourable conditions for benzoin condensation proceeding. The reaction mechanism is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:898319", "title": "[Effect of estradiol on content of monoamines and acetylcholine in rat hypothalamus].", "content": "Administration of estradiol-benzoate in a dose of 0.5 Mg for 4 days causes a twice increase in the content of acetylcholine in hypothalamus of impuberal female rats and statistically significant decrease in the content of GABA. The level of serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and histamine in the hypothalamus of the animals is not affected by 0.5 Mg of estradiol-benzoate. Administration of prolactin against a background of estradiol--benzoate normalizes the content of GABA and produces a statistically significantly drop in the level of acetylcholine in the hypothalamus. A conclusion is drawn that acetylcholine and GABA are involved into regulation of prolactin secretion in rats.", "contents": "[Effect of estradiol on content of monoamines and acetylcholine in rat hypothalamus]. Administration of estradiol-benzoate in a dose of 0.5 Mg for 4 days causes a twice increase in the content of acetylcholine in hypothalamus of impuberal female rats and statistically significant decrease in the content of GABA. The level of serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and histamine in the hypothalamus of the animals is not affected by 0.5 Mg of estradiol-benzoate. Administration of prolactin against a background of estradiol--benzoate normalizes the content of GABA and produces a statistically significantly drop in the level of acetylcholine in the hypothalamus. A conclusion is drawn that acetylcholine and GABA are involved into regulation of prolactin secretion in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:898316", "title": "[Effect of cryoprotectants on protein-synthesizing activity of cell-free system from rat liver].", "content": "The protein-synthetizing activity in postmitochondrial supernatant (S15) was studied as affected by ethylene glycol, PEG-400, PEG-4000, DMSO, ethanol, methanol, and glycerol. It is found that cryoprotectants inhibit 14C-leucine incorporation in the presence of physiological concentrations of Mg2+ (5 mM) in the cell-free system. All cryoprotectants, exept of glycerol, shift the maximum of 14C-leucine incorporation towards lower Mg2+ concentrations in the cell-free system.", "contents": "[Effect of cryoprotectants on protein-synthesizing activity of cell-free system from rat liver]. The protein-synthetizing activity in postmitochondrial supernatant (S15) was studied as affected by ethylene glycol, PEG-400, PEG-4000, DMSO, ethanol, methanol, and glycerol. It is found that cryoprotectants inhibit 14C-leucine incorporation in the presence of physiological concentrations of Mg2+ (5 mM) in the cell-free system. All cryoprotectants, exept of glycerol, shift the maximum of 14C-leucine incorporation towards lower Mg2+ concentrations in the cell-free system."}
{"id": "PMID:898320", "title": "[Changes in protein spectrum of cattle blood serum with lympholeukosis].", "content": "The protein spectrum of blood serum was studied in healthy cows and those suffering from leucosis. The total amount of protein at the early stages of the disease is established to be unchanged. But with lympholeucosis the content of the globulin fraction increases with a simultaneous decrease in the amount of albumins within 20%. The globulin fraction content rises due to immunoglobulin G. The albumin: globulins coefficient is 0.56 for animals with leucosis and 0.84 for the healthy ones. A problem on possible qualitative changes in this fraction similar to those occurring with other forms of malignant growth is under discussion.", "contents": "[Changes in protein spectrum of cattle blood serum with lympholeukosis]. The protein spectrum of blood serum was studied in healthy cows and those suffering from leucosis. The total amount of protein at the early stages of the disease is established to be unchanged. But with lympholeucosis the content of the globulin fraction increases with a simultaneous decrease in the amount of albumins within 20%. The globulin fraction content rises due to immunoglobulin G. The albumin: globulins coefficient is 0.56 for animals with leucosis and 0.84 for the healthy ones. A problem on possible qualitative changes in this fraction similar to those occurring with other forms of malignant growth is under discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:898322", "title": "[Postnatal changes of gamma-aminobutryric acid in rat brain with acute benzene poisoning].", "content": "Benzole vapours cause a decrease in the content of glutamic acid in the motor cortex, cerebellum, pons varolii and spinal cord of the rat brain at different stages of ontogeny. The content of GABA increases in all the areas during ontogeny with benzole intoxication. The glutamate decarboxylase activity increasing in all brain areas in different periods of postnatal development rises after the benzole action. The activity of GABA transamination enzyme in the brain motor cortex under the benzole effect is not changed in newborns and three-month rats, in 10- and 21-days rats it decreases, in 12- and 24-months animals it increases. In the cerebellum, pons varolii and spinal cord the activity of this enzyme rises in newborns, three- 12- and 24-months rats and lowers in 10- and 21-day ones. The rise in the level of GABA and activity of the enzymes of its metabolism in the different brain areas under the benzole effect is considered as an adaptation reaction of the nerve cells.", "contents": "[Postnatal changes of gamma-aminobutryric acid in rat brain with acute benzene poisoning]. Benzole vapours cause a decrease in the content of glutamic acid in the motor cortex, cerebellum, pons varolii and spinal cord of the rat brain at different stages of ontogeny. The content of GABA increases in all the areas during ontogeny with benzole intoxication. The glutamate decarboxylase activity increasing in all brain areas in different periods of postnatal development rises after the benzole action. The activity of GABA transamination enzyme in the brain motor cortex under the benzole effect is not changed in newborns and three-month rats, in 10- and 21-days rats it decreases, in 12- and 24-months animals it increases. In the cerebellum, pons varolii and spinal cord the activity of this enzyme rises in newborns, three- 12- and 24-months rats and lowers in 10- and 21-day ones. The rise in the level of GABA and activity of the enzymes of its metabolism in the different brain areas under the benzole effect is considered as an adaptation reaction of the nerve cells."}
{"id": "PMID:898321", "title": "[Effect of carboxylation reactions stimulation on intensity of 14CO2 fixation in rabbits with posthemorrhage anemia and on repairing of blood components in human anemia].", "content": "The repair processes with posthemorrhage anemia were studied in experiment and clinics as affected by the preparation (sodium bicarbonate and magnesium, manganese and zinc sulphates in a ratio of 25:5:0.1:0.1) which stimulates the carboxylation reactions in the organism. Stimulation of the carboxylation reactions in the rabbits with experimental posthemorrhage anemia increases the intensity of 14CO2 carbon transformation of organic compounds in the tricarboxylic cycle, intensifies 14C incorporation into the liver, kidneys, spleen and marrow proteins as well as into serum albumin and globulins. Under clinical conditions stimulation of CO2 fixation with the preparation favours an intensified formation of the red series cells and biosynthesis of hemoglobin and serum proteins as well as the repair of their disturbed balance in patients with posthemorrhage anemia. The content of magnesium in blood plasma normalizes.", "contents": "[Effect of carboxylation reactions stimulation on intensity of 14CO2 fixation in rabbits with posthemorrhage anemia and on repairing of blood components in human anemia]. The repair processes with posthemorrhage anemia were studied in experiment and clinics as affected by the preparation (sodium bicarbonate and magnesium, manganese and zinc sulphates in a ratio of 25:5:0.1:0.1) which stimulates the carboxylation reactions in the organism. Stimulation of the carboxylation reactions in the rabbits with experimental posthemorrhage anemia increases the intensity of 14CO2 carbon transformation of organic compounds in the tricarboxylic cycle, intensifies 14C incorporation into the liver, kidneys, spleen and marrow proteins as well as into serum albumin and globulins. Under clinical conditions stimulation of CO2 fixation with the preparation favours an intensified formation of the red series cells and biosynthesis of hemoglobin and serum proteins as well as the repair of their disturbed balance in patients with posthemorrhage anemia. The content of magnesium in blood plasma normalizes."}
{"id": "PMID:898384", "title": "A high resolution ultrasonic microscope.", "content": "The construction and imaging capabilities of a scanning high resolution ultrasonic microscope are considered in this paper. Theoretical expressions for the resolution limits of the microscope and some of the most important properties of the ultrasonic lenses are given. Ultrasonic through-transmission and back-scattering images of different objects are presented and a quasi-three-dimensional display mode is introdued. A resolution of about 4 micron is demonstrated at 300 MHZ by the present ultrasonic microscope.", "contents": "A high resolution ultrasonic microscope. The construction and imaging capabilities of a scanning high resolution ultrasonic microscope are considered in this paper. Theoretical expressions for the resolution limits of the microscope and some of the most important properties of the ultrasonic lenses are given. Ultrasonic through-transmission and back-scattering images of different objects are presented and a quasi-three-dimensional display mode is introdued. A resolution of about 4 micron is demonstrated at 300 MHZ by the present ultrasonic microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:898385", "title": "Ultrasound grey scale display on storage oscilloscope system.", "content": "A grey-scale display system for ultrasound contact B-scanning has been developed that produces six shades of grey on a high resolution storage oscilloscope. The grey shades are displayed by varying the density distribution of dots of a constant intensity. The system design and clinical results are presented. Advantages of our system are: 1. the non-degraded image is immediately displayed as the scan is performed. 2. the writing speed is faster than most scan converter tube systems son that many closely spaced scans can be rapidly performed in order to improve visualization of small anatomic structures, and 3. images comparable to those of scan converter display systems are produced at a significantly lower equipment cost.", "contents": "Ultrasound grey scale display on storage oscilloscope system. A grey-scale display system for ultrasound contact B-scanning has been developed that produces six shades of grey on a high resolution storage oscilloscope. The grey shades are displayed by varying the density distribution of dots of a constant intensity. The system design and clinical results are presented. Advantages of our system are: 1. the non-degraded image is immediately displayed as the scan is performed. 2. the writing speed is faster than most scan converter tube systems son that many closely spaced scans can be rapidly performed in order to improve visualization of small anatomic structures, and 3. images comparable to those of scan converter display systems are produced at a significantly lower equipment cost."}
{"id": "PMID:898386", "title": "Tumour detection by ultrasonic Doppler blood-flow signals.", "content": "Ultrasonic Doppler blood-flow signals which seem to be associated with malignant tumour neovascularization have been detected in the female breast. No such signals have been detected from cysts. This discovery may lead to the development of a highspeed ultrasonic Doppler scanner which might make breast screening for cancer practicable.", "contents": "Tumour detection by ultrasonic Doppler blood-flow signals. Ultrasonic Doppler blood-flow signals which seem to be associated with malignant tumour neovascularization have been detected in the female breast. No such signals have been detected from cysts. This discovery may lead to the development of a highspeed ultrasonic Doppler scanner which might make breast screening for cancer practicable."}
{"id": "PMID:898436", "title": "[Conductometry in determining measurements of urine electrolyte concentration (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Na+ concentration, measured by the flame photometer, cryoscopic osmolality, and the specific electrolyte conductivity of urine show a close statistical correlation if only small amounts of a molecular disperse solution are dissolved in the urine. 2. Since conductance of a fluid is an expression of its ion concentration, better relationships exist between Na+ concentration and conductivity than between Na+ concentration and osmolality. 3. In the presence of large amounts of glucose in the urine, osmolality no longer represents the electrolyte content, and therefore no longer serves as a parameter of renal concentration power. On the other hand, the close correlation between conductance and Na+ concentration remains. 4. Conductometry supplements osmometry significantly by its selective capacity to determine electrolyte components in the urine. 5. Owing to the short time spent on the method and small errors in technique, it remains debatable whether conductometry is preferable to osmometry in normal cases for determining measurements in concentration in the urine.", "contents": "[Conductometry in determining measurements of urine electrolyte concentration (author's transl)]. 1. Na+ concentration, measured by the flame photometer, cryoscopic osmolality, and the specific electrolyte conductivity of urine show a close statistical correlation if only small amounts of a molecular disperse solution are dissolved in the urine. 2. Since conductance of a fluid is an expression of its ion concentration, better relationships exist between Na+ concentration and conductivity than between Na+ concentration and osmolality. 3. In the presence of large amounts of glucose in the urine, osmolality no longer represents the electrolyte content, and therefore no longer serves as a parameter of renal concentration power. On the other hand, the close correlation between conductance and Na+ concentration remains. 4. Conductometry supplements osmometry significantly by its selective capacity to determine electrolyte components in the urine. 5. Owing to the short time spent on the method and small errors in technique, it remains debatable whether conductometry is preferable to osmometry in normal cases for determining measurements in concentration in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:898437", "title": "[Regional lymph node metastases in renal cell cancer. Morphologic findings and clinical consequences (authors transl)].", "content": "With a uniform pathohistological technique of investigation the frequency of histological verified lymph node metastases in tumor nephrectomy depends on the surgical approach. Lymph node metastases were seen twice (6%) in 33 cases of lumbar nephrectomy, 22 times (17%) in 132 cases of abdomino-paracolic operations without systematic lymphadenectomy, 11 times (37%) in 30 abdomino-transplical nephrectomies with systematic lymphadenectomy. Primarily, one can expect lymph node metastases in case of infiltration of capsula adiposa, macroscopic invasion of veins, histologic grade 3 of malignancy, and/or if the tumor exceeds a size of 10 cm. Metastases are also possible in not enlarged and macroscopic normal lymph nodes. Without systematic dissection of the regional abdominal lymph nodes unknown regional lymph node metastases are likely to remain. Therefore, the treatment of choice in renal cell cancer is abdominal transplical nephrectomy with systematic lymphadenomectomy.", "contents": "[Regional lymph node metastases in renal cell cancer. Morphologic findings and clinical consequences (authors transl)]. With a uniform pathohistological technique of investigation the frequency of histological verified lymph node metastases in tumor nephrectomy depends on the surgical approach. Lymph node metastases were seen twice (6%) in 33 cases of lumbar nephrectomy, 22 times (17%) in 132 cases of abdomino-paracolic operations without systematic lymphadenectomy, 11 times (37%) in 30 abdomino-transplical nephrectomies with systematic lymphadenectomy. Primarily, one can expect lymph node metastases in case of infiltration of capsula adiposa, macroscopic invasion of veins, histologic grade 3 of malignancy, and/or if the tumor exceeds a size of 10 cm. Metastases are also possible in not enlarged and macroscopic normal lymph nodes. Without systematic dissection of the regional abdominal lymph nodes unknown regional lymph node metastases are likely to remain. Therefore, the treatment of choice in renal cell cancer is abdominal transplical nephrectomy with systematic lymphadenomectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:898438", "title": "[Pain relief by means of continuous epidural analgesia after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective study compares the effectiveness of postoperative epidural analgesia with conventional analgetic medication in cases of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Epidural analgesia is noted for its reduced need for additional medication and for its lower incidence of complications.", "contents": "[Pain relief by means of continuous epidural analgesia after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (author's transl)]. A retrospective study compares the effectiveness of postoperative epidural analgesia with conventional analgetic medication in cases of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Epidural analgesia is noted for its reduced need for additional medication and for its lower incidence of complications."}
{"id": "PMID:898439", "title": "[Coral calculus in the cystic kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinical case is described featuring bilateral lithiasis of the renal pelvis and calices in conjunction with cystic kidney in a female patient. Progression was shown by tumor enhancement in the lower abdomen, a distension of the concretions in pyelogram, and an increment of creatine in the serum. In this case there was no indication for surgery.", "contents": "[Coral calculus in the cystic kidney (author's transl)]. A clinical case is described featuring bilateral lithiasis of the renal pelvis and calices in conjunction with cystic kidney in a female patient. Progression was shown by tumor enhancement in the lower abdomen, a distension of the concretions in pyelogram, and an increment of creatine in the serum. In this case there was no indication for surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:898440", "title": "[Oxalate urolithiasis--an occupational disease? (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient working as a stove-fitter suffers from calciumoxalate urolithiasis. The exploration of his typical occupation and the special investigation of lithogenic factors in urine and serum points to deterioration of oxalate urolithiasis.", "contents": "[Oxalate urolithiasis--an occupational disease? (author's transl)]. A patient working as a stove-fitter suffers from calciumoxalate urolithiasis. The exploration of his typical occupation and the special investigation of lithogenic factors in urine and serum points to deterioration of oxalate urolithiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:898441", "title": "[Experiences with lavage cytology from renal pelvis and ureter (author's transl)].", "content": "In 41 cases of roentgenologic filling defects in renal pelvis and ureter, which could not be determined exactly preoperatively, we could confirm the diagnostic value of cytology from washings of renal pelvis and ureter (lavage cytology), especially in preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma of renal pelvis and ureter. Ten of fourteen tumors (71%) were detected by this method. The diagnostic reliability increased with tumor-stage and was more accurate than the normal exfoliative urinary cytology. In five cases of hypernephromas invading the renal pelvis lavage cytology was not successful and we had obtained only false negative results. In roentgenologic filling defects that were not tumor-induced especially uric acid stones, inflammatory processes, blood clots and renal cysts, we had no false positive results. Our findings are discussed together with the literature.", "contents": "[Experiences with lavage cytology from renal pelvis and ureter (author's transl)]. In 41 cases of roentgenologic filling defects in renal pelvis and ureter, which could not be determined exactly preoperatively, we could confirm the diagnostic value of cytology from washings of renal pelvis and ureter (lavage cytology), especially in preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma of renal pelvis and ureter. Ten of fourteen tumors (71%) were detected by this method. The diagnostic reliability increased with tumor-stage and was more accurate than the normal exfoliative urinary cytology. In five cases of hypernephromas invading the renal pelvis lavage cytology was not successful and we had obtained only false negative results. In roentgenologic filling defects that were not tumor-induced especially uric acid stones, inflammatory processes, blood clots and renal cysts, we had no false positive results. Our findings are discussed together with the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:898442", "title": "[Balloon ureter catheter for temporary endo-drainage (author's transl)].", "content": "A new balloon ureter catheter (catheter 7-French, balloon 9-French) is described. It offers important advantages over conventional catheters for temporary endo-drainage in the treatment of urinary obstruction as well as renal and ureteral fistulas. An angled whistle-tipped catheter facilitates placement. Sufficiently large drainage openings above and below the balloon and an additional outflow lumen prevent obstructions. The special catheter is held in an optimal position inside the balloon underneath the whistle tip. Thus, no further fixation is necessary, and the patients need not be confined to bed.", "contents": "[Balloon ureter catheter for temporary endo-drainage (author's transl)]. A new balloon ureter catheter (catheter 7-French, balloon 9-French) is described. It offers important advantages over conventional catheters for temporary endo-drainage in the treatment of urinary obstruction as well as renal and ureteral fistulas. An angled whistle-tipped catheter facilitates placement. Sufficiently large drainage openings above and below the balloon and an additional outflow lumen prevent obstructions. The special catheter is held in an optimal position inside the balloon underneath the whistle tip. Thus, no further fixation is necessary, and the patients need not be confined to bed."}
{"id": "PMID:898443", "title": "[Septic shock in the uroseptic patient. I. General and specific pathomechanisms of the septic shock (author's transl)].", "content": "Failure of microcirculation in septic shock is due to the generalized release of catecholamins following a fall in cardiac output by the activity of bacterial toxin. The failure of the microcirculation can be defined as 1. a failure of the distribution of the tissue perfusion, and 2. a decrease of capillary flow due to obstructed inflow, reduced capillary flow passage and obstructed outflow. Bloodviscosity increases because of fluid sequestration, aggregation of rbc's and decrease in velocity of the blood flow. All this results in a dispariaty of oxygen consumption and availability to the tissue. The characteristics of specific organ disturbances in shock go along with the distribution of the alpha-receptors in each organ, the specific physiological function and architecture of the organ as well as previous diseases of the organ.", "contents": "[Septic shock in the uroseptic patient. I. General and specific pathomechanisms of the septic shock (author's transl)]. Failure of microcirculation in septic shock is due to the generalized release of catecholamins following a fall in cardiac output by the activity of bacterial toxin. The failure of the microcirculation can be defined as 1. a failure of the distribution of the tissue perfusion, and 2. a decrease of capillary flow due to obstructed inflow, reduced capillary flow passage and obstructed outflow. Bloodviscosity increases because of fluid sequestration, aggregation of rbc's and decrease in velocity of the blood flow. All this results in a dispariaty of oxygen consumption and availability to the tissue. The characteristics of specific organ disturbances in shock go along with the distribution of the alpha-receptors in each organ, the specific physiological function and architecture of the organ as well as previous diseases of the organ."}
{"id": "PMID:898444", "title": "[Septic shock in the urologic patient. II. Pathomechanisms of hemostatic disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "In urosepsis endotoxins usually deriving from gram-negative bacteria can initiate primary disturbances of hemostasis by activation of coagulation up to clinically manifest consumption coagulopathy. The reaction is triggered by an endotoxin induced alteration of granulocytes, endothelial cells, and platelets, thereby releasing procoagulant activities that possibly cause diffuse intravascular coagulation with impairment of vital organs. Additional negative effects on hemostasis can be caused by secondary hyperfibrino(geno)lysis. Secondary disturbances of hemostasis occur in urosepsis as a consequence of an impairment of liver (hypoproduction of coagulation factors, decrease of the clearance of activated coagulation factors) and kidney function (thrombocytopathy by uremic toxins). Disturbances of hemostasis induced by the treatment of urosepsis are the K-hypovitaminosis in parenteral feeding accompanied by antibiotics affecting the intestinal bacterial growth and the alteration of platelet function and fibrin formation by carbenicillin.", "contents": "[Septic shock in the urologic patient. II. Pathomechanisms of hemostatic disorders (author's transl)]. In urosepsis endotoxins usually deriving from gram-negative bacteria can initiate primary disturbances of hemostasis by activation of coagulation up to clinically manifest consumption coagulopathy. The reaction is triggered by an endotoxin induced alteration of granulocytes, endothelial cells, and platelets, thereby releasing procoagulant activities that possibly cause diffuse intravascular coagulation with impairment of vital organs. Additional negative effects on hemostasis can be caused by secondary hyperfibrino(geno)lysis. Secondary disturbances of hemostasis occur in urosepsis as a consequence of an impairment of liver (hypoproduction of coagulation factors, decrease of the clearance of activated coagulation factors) and kidney function (thrombocytopathy by uremic toxins). Disturbances of hemostasis induced by the treatment of urosepsis are the K-hypovitaminosis in parenteral feeding accompanied by antibiotics affecting the intestinal bacterial growth and the alteration of platelet function and fibrin formation by carbenicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:898445", "title": "Five-hour renal functional evaluation.", "content": "Children with urogenital disease frequently require evaluation of glomerular and tubular functions. Herein is presented a practical method of performing glomerular and tubular functional studies requiring short time periods and utilizing readily availabe laboratory techniques.", "contents": "Five-hour renal functional evaluation. Children with urogenital disease frequently require evaluation of glomerular and tubular functions. Herein is presented a practical method of performing glomerular and tubular functional studies requiring short time periods and utilizing readily availabe laboratory techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:898446", "title": "Urinalysis in patients on chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "To determine what urinalysis findings are normal in patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis, we have studied the urine in 25 such patients. In end stage renal disease correlation with the original disease is lost, and urine characteristically contains many white blood cells and frequent white blood cell casts; microscopic hematuria is unusual even in patients whose original disease was a proliferative nephritis.", "contents": "Urinalysis in patients on chronic hemodialysis. To determine what urinalysis findings are normal in patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis, we have studied the urine in 25 such patients. In end stage renal disease correlation with the original disease is lost, and urine characteristically contains many white blood cells and frequent white blood cell casts; microscopic hematuria is unusual even in patients whose original disease was a proliferative nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:898447", "title": "Vesicoureteric reflux and ureterovesical obstruction.", "content": "The unusual combination of reflux and obstruction as seen in 8 of a series of 40 unduplicated ureters reimplanted for reflux is presented, with particular reference to the mechanical obstructing factors which can be demonstrated. These involve the extravesical rather than the intravesical ureter so that separate pathologic mechanisms for obstruction and reflux must be postulated. This unusual obstruction/reflux combination appears to be more common than is generally recognized, and the need for its early recognition and surgical correction contrasts with the less urgent indications for operative intervention in ureteric reflux alone.", "contents": "Vesicoureteric reflux and ureterovesical obstruction. The unusual combination of reflux and obstruction as seen in 8 of a series of 40 unduplicated ureters reimplanted for reflux is presented, with particular reference to the mechanical obstructing factors which can be demonstrated. These involve the extravesical rather than the intravesical ureter so that separate pathologic mechanisms for obstruction and reflux must be postulated. This unusual obstruction/reflux combination appears to be more common than is generally recognized, and the need for its early recognition and surgical correction contrasts with the less urgent indications for operative intervention in ureteric reflux alone."}
{"id": "PMID:898448", "title": "Traumatic ureteral injuries with delayed recognition.", "content": "Review of ureteral injuries treated in the past ten years at the Los Angeles County-University of Souther California Medical Center revealed 9 cases of traumatic injury which escaped immediate recognition. These patients were found to have a poor prognosis with a higher incidence of nephrectomy when compared with those patients with immediate diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Traumatic ureteral injuries with delayed recognition. Review of ureteral injuries treated in the past ten years at the Los Angeles County-University of Souther California Medical Center revealed 9 cases of traumatic injury which escaped immediate recognition. These patients were found to have a poor prognosis with a higher incidence of nephrectomy when compared with those patients with immediate diagnosis and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:898449", "title": "Experimental bladder substitution using biodegradable graft of natural tissue.", "content": "A controlled experimental study has been performed using a biodegradable graft of natural tissue to achieve vesical augmentation. The graft is progressively reabsorbed while normal capacity is maintained by concomitant regeneration of the layers of the bladder remnant. No significant complications were encountered, and the graft was equally successful when applied either to a histologically normal bladder or to a pathologic bladder of intramural fibrosis. This material is potentially ideal for clinical bladder substitution in humans.", "contents": "Experimental bladder substitution using biodegradable graft of natural tissue. A controlled experimental study has been performed using a biodegradable graft of natural tissue to achieve vesical augmentation. The graft is progressively reabsorbed while normal capacity is maintained by concomitant regeneration of the layers of the bladder remnant. No significant complications were encountered, and the graft was equally successful when applied either to a histologically normal bladder or to a pathologic bladder of intramural fibrosis. This material is potentially ideal for clinical bladder substitution in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:898450", "title": "Cystitis glandularis.", "content": "We present 12 cases of cystitis glandularis which fall into two distinct groups, one characterized by hematuria and the other by urinary tract infection. We can produce no clinical evidence that this disease is premalignant, but emphasize the necessity of histology to exclude malignancy since, macroscopically, the condition is indistinguishable from mitotic changes. We also describe the association of cystitis glandularis and pelvic lipomatosis.", "contents": "Cystitis glandularis. We present 12 cases of cystitis glandularis which fall into two distinct groups, one characterized by hematuria and the other by urinary tract infection. We can produce no clinical evidence that this disease is premalignant, but emphasize the necessity of histology to exclude malignancy since, macroscopically, the condition is indistinguishable from mitotic changes. We also describe the association of cystitis glandularis and pelvic lipomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:898451", "title": "Dynamic activity of bladder neck and external sphincter in ejaculation.", "content": "The bladder neck shows a typical electromyographic pattern in ejaculation. It consists of periods of heightened activity rhythmically alternating with intervals of reduced activity signifying muscular contraction and relaxation. This behavior of the bladder neck is confined to its ventral part. Concurrently, the external sphincter shows a short period of increased activity before the typical rhythmical pattern which corresponds to that of the ventral bladder neck.", "contents": "Dynamic activity of bladder neck and external sphincter in ejaculation. The bladder neck shows a typical electromyographic pattern in ejaculation. It consists of periods of heightened activity rhythmically alternating with intervals of reduced activity signifying muscular contraction and relaxation. This behavior of the bladder neck is confined to its ventral part. Concurrently, the external sphincter shows a short period of increased activity before the typical rhythmical pattern which corresponds to that of the ventral bladder neck."}
{"id": "PMID:898452", "title": "Pheochromocytoma: recent experience with detection and management.", "content": "Our experiences spanning a ten-year period have been reviewed with regard to pheochromocytoma. During this period 1,890 metanephrine excretion levels were performed; 91 of these were elevated. An over-all incidence of 1.9 per cent false positive studies was found. Factors contributing to the false positive studies are discussed. Fourteen patients had 15 pheochromocytomas resected. The presenting features, diagnosis, localization, preoperative and operative management, as well as the results are presented.", "contents": "Pheochromocytoma: recent experience with detection and management. Our experiences spanning a ten-year period have been reviewed with regard to pheochromocytoma. During this period 1,890 metanephrine excretion levels were performed; 91 of these were elevated. An over-all incidence of 1.9 per cent false positive studies was found. Factors contributing to the false positive studies are discussed. Fourteen patients had 15 pheochromocytomas resected. The presenting features, diagnosis, localization, preoperative and operative management, as well as the results are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:898453", "title": "Acute scrotal swelling in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome.", "content": "A review of the literature regarding scrotal swelling in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura is compared with our own experience at the Mayo Clinic over the previous ten years. Of 59 boys seen with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura, 9 were noted to have scrotal swelling, and in 4 the presentation was of sufficient severity to suggest torsion. Two of these 4 were managed conservatively, and spontaneous recovery resulted. Surgical exploration of the scrotum in the other 2 revealed evidence of vasculitis in both and the possibility of torsion of appendix epididymis in 1. In patients with Henoch-Sch\u00f6lein purpura and scrotal pain and swelling, a conservative approach with cautious observation appears justified.", "contents": "Acute scrotal swelling in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome. A review of the literature regarding scrotal swelling in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura is compared with our own experience at the Mayo Clinic over the previous ten years. Of 59 boys seen with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura, 9 were noted to have scrotal swelling, and in 4 the presentation was of sufficient severity to suggest torsion. Two of these 4 were managed conservatively, and spontaneous recovery resulted. Surgical exploration of the scrotum in the other 2 revealed evidence of vasculitis in both and the possibility of torsion of appendix epididymis in 1. In patients with Henoch-Sch\u00f6lein purpura and scrotal pain and swelling, a conservative approach with cautious observation appears justified."}
{"id": "PMID:898454", "title": "Corpus cavernography prior to insertion of penile prostheses.", "content": "Our experience with corpus cavernography prior to the insertion of a penile prosthesis is presented. We suggest that this investigative procedure should be used as a routine to determine the patency of the \"corporal tubes,\" particularly in patients in whom corporal fibrosis is a possibility, such as a previous episode of priapism.", "contents": "Corpus cavernography prior to insertion of penile prostheses. Our experience with corpus cavernography prior to the insertion of a penile prosthesis is presented. We suggest that this investigative procedure should be used as a routine to determine the patency of the \"corporal tubes,\" particularly in patients in whom corporal fibrosis is a possibility, such as a previous episode of priapism."}
{"id": "PMID:898455", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma and vaginal metastasis.", "content": "A case of left renal cell carcinoma which presented as vaginal bleeding from a vaginal metastasis is reported. Less than 60 cases of this occurrence have been described.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma and vaginal metastasis. A case of left renal cell carcinoma which presented as vaginal bleeding from a vaginal metastasis is reported. Less than 60 cases of this occurrence have been described."}
{"id": "PMID:898456", "title": "Testicular torsion in adults: plea for its consideration early in clinical evaluation of acute scrotum.", "content": "A case of a thirty-eight-year-old man with acute scrotum is presented. Past history of transient episodes of testicular pain, negative findings on urinalysis, and lack of symptomatic relief despite antibiotic therapy plus a high index of suspicion helped establish the correct diagnosis of testicular torsion. A long delay between onset of symptoms and surgical exploration resulted in testicular infarction. A plea is made to consider torsion of the testis even in the adult with scrotal pain when all of the classic clinical criteria of epididymitis are not present.", "contents": "Testicular torsion in adults: plea for its consideration early in clinical evaluation of acute scrotum. A case of a thirty-eight-year-old man with acute scrotum is presented. Past history of transient episodes of testicular pain, negative findings on urinalysis, and lack of symptomatic relief despite antibiotic therapy plus a high index of suspicion helped establish the correct diagnosis of testicular torsion. A long delay between onset of symptoms and surgical exploration resulted in testicular infarction. A plea is made to consider torsion of the testis even in the adult with scrotal pain when all of the classic clinical criteria of epididymitis are not present."}
{"id": "PMID:898458", "title": "Renal malacoplakia.", "content": "A case of malacoplakia of the kidney is presented. The incidental finding of asymptomatic pyuria focused attention on the urinary system. Urologic evaluation concluded an avascular renal mass. The diagnosis of malacoplakia was established only after histologic studies of the surgical specimen were completed. Purulent perinephritis complicated the postoperative outcome.", "contents": "Renal malacoplakia. A case of malacoplakia of the kidney is presented. The incidental finding of asymptomatic pyuria focused attention on the urinary system. Urologic evaluation concluded an avascular renal mass. The diagnosis of malacoplakia was established only after histologic studies of the surgical specimen were completed. Purulent perinephritis complicated the postoperative outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:898460", "title": "Percutaneous ureteral splinting.", "content": "Percutaneous ureteral splinting using a modified catheter technique is described, and experience in treating 5 patients (4 with postoperative fistulas and 1 with stricture) is reported. The method offers an effective alternative to surgery in achieving ureteral splinting and renal drainage.", "contents": "Percutaneous ureteral splinting. Percutaneous ureteral splinting using a modified catheter technique is described, and experience in treating 5 patients (4 with postoperative fistulas and 1 with stricture) is reported. The method offers an effective alternative to surgery in achieving ureteral splinting and renal drainage."}
{"id": "PMID:898461", "title": "Urographic imaging in neonatal period: radionuclide scan and x-ray.", "content": "A retrospective study of efficacy of radioisotopic renal scan intravenous urogram in 10 infants with various urologic diseases showed the scan to be more rapid and accurate in depicting the lesions. Since the radioisotopic renal scan requires less irradiation than the intravenous pyelogram, it should be used first as a screening test in infants suspected of having urologic problems.", "contents": "Urographic imaging in neonatal period: radionuclide scan and x-ray. A retrospective study of efficacy of radioisotopic renal scan intravenous urogram in 10 infants with various urologic diseases showed the scan to be more rapid and accurate in depicting the lesions. Since the radioisotopic renal scan requires less irradiation than the intravenous pyelogram, it should be used first as a screening test in infants suspected of having urologic problems."}
{"id": "PMID:898462", "title": "Male infertility practice and Orthodox Jewish law.", "content": "The evaluation and management of infertility problems in Orthodox Jewish couples can be made difficult because of restrictions which may be imposed by religious rules. The origins of the religious laws governing semen collection, diagnostic and therapeutic genital surgery, menstruation, and homologous and donor insemination are reviewed. Contemporary rabbinic authorities are quoted; their opinions may serve as guidelines for the patient and urologist dealing with infertility problems.", "contents": "Male infertility practice and Orthodox Jewish law. The evaluation and management of infertility problems in Orthodox Jewish couples can be made difficult because of restrictions which may be imposed by religious rules. The origins of the religious laws governing semen collection, diagnostic and therapeutic genital surgery, menstruation, and homologous and donor insemination are reviewed. Contemporary rabbinic authorities are quoted; their opinions may serve as guidelines for the patient and urologist dealing with infertility problems."}
{"id": "PMID:898463", "title": "Systemic effects of hypernephroma.", "content": "In a study of 30 patients with hypernephromas, 23 patients manifested systemic effects of the tumor, and in 5 of these, the systemic effects were the presenting feature that led to the diagnosis. In contrast to this, only 17 patients had urologic complaints, and no single patient in this study had the classic triad of hematurial, loin pain, and mass. Weight loss (52 per cent), pyrexia, and elevated sedimentation rate (36 per cent) were seen most frequently. Anemia was seen in 25 per cent of patients. Other features seen in this group wer abnormalities in liver function, elevated alkaline phosphatase, hypertension, erythrocytosis, and hypercalcemia. In the majority of instances, removal of tumor was associated with remission of these effects. The effects were classified as those of a general toxic nature, those due to normal or abnormal production of hormones, and those due to production of abnormal substances by tumor cells. The evaluation of these effects was useful in making an early diagnosis and in follow-up care.", "contents": "Systemic effects of hypernephroma. In a study of 30 patients with hypernephromas, 23 patients manifested systemic effects of the tumor, and in 5 of these, the systemic effects were the presenting feature that led to the diagnosis. In contrast to this, only 17 patients had urologic complaints, and no single patient in this study had the classic triad of hematurial, loin pain, and mass. Weight loss (52 per cent), pyrexia, and elevated sedimentation rate (36 per cent) were seen most frequently. Anemia was seen in 25 per cent of patients. Other features seen in this group wer abnormalities in liver function, elevated alkaline phosphatase, hypertension, erythrocytosis, and hypercalcemia. In the majority of instances, removal of tumor was associated with remission of these effects. The effects were classified as those of a general toxic nature, those due to normal or abnormal production of hormones, and those due to production of abnormal substances by tumor cells. The evaluation of these effects was useful in making an early diagnosis and in follow-up care."}
{"id": "PMID:898464", "title": "Renal cyst puncture and abscess formation.", "content": "Percutaneous needle puncture and aspiration of suspected cystic renal masses may provide accurate diagnosis in selected cases. However, renal cyst puncture is not a totally innocuous procedure and certain complications may be encountered. Report is made of 2 cases of renal cyst puncture followed by abscess formation, necessitating surgical intervention. An improved technique involving surgical preparation of the operative area and utilization of double-needle method of cyst puncture is advocated.", "contents": "Renal cyst puncture and abscess formation. Percutaneous needle puncture and aspiration of suspected cystic renal masses may provide accurate diagnosis in selected cases. However, renal cyst puncture is not a totally innocuous procedure and certain complications may be encountered. Report is made of 2 cases of renal cyst puncture followed by abscess formation, necessitating surgical intervention. An improved technique involving surgical preparation of the operative area and utilization of double-needle method of cyst puncture is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:898465", "title": "Glaucoma after pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "Elevation of intraocular pressure is a relatively common complication after pars plana vitrectomy. Seven cases illustrate the diverse causes of the pressure rise that may be seen in these patients. Blood in the anterior chamber, retained lens material, inflammatory debris, topical corticosteroid administration, rubeosis iridis, and pre-existing, chronic open-angle glaucoma have all been implicated, singly or in combination, in the elevation of intraocular pressure that occurs after pars plana vitrectomy. Diabetic patients are particularly susceptible to the simultaneous occurrence of more than one of these factors.", "contents": "Glaucoma after pars plana vitrectomy. Elevation of intraocular pressure is a relatively common complication after pars plana vitrectomy. Seven cases illustrate the diverse causes of the pressure rise that may be seen in these patients. Blood in the anterior chamber, retained lens material, inflammatory debris, topical corticosteroid administration, rubeosis iridis, and pre-existing, chronic open-angle glaucoma have all been implicated, singly or in combination, in the elevation of intraocular pressure that occurs after pars plana vitrectomy. Diabetic patients are particularly susceptible to the simultaneous occurrence of more than one of these factors."}
{"id": "PMID:898466", "title": "Plateau iris syndrome.", "content": "Eight cases of the plateau iris syndrome are presented. The \"plateau iris syndrome\" should be differentiated from the \"plateau iris configuration.\" The \"configuration\" refers to a preoperative condition in which gonioscopically confirmed angle-closure glaucoma occurs, but the iris plane is flat and the anterior chamber is not shallow axially. In most cases, the angle-closure glaucoma associated with the plateau iris configuration is cured by a peripheral iridectomy. \"Plateau iris syndrome\" refers to a postoperative condition in which a patent iridectomy has removed the relative pupillary block which is ordinarily important in causing angle closure, but gonioscopically confirmed angle closure recurs without shallowing of the anterior chamber axially. Plateau iris syndrome is rare compared to the configuration, which itself is not common. In the syndrome, angle closure usually occurs in the early postoperative period but may occur long after iridectomy when the pupil dilates spontaneously or in response to mydriatic agents. It usually occurs in a younger age group than ordinary angle-closure glaucoma. The treatment is the use of pilocarpine postoperatively as long as it is needed. This syndrome must be considered in the differential diagnosis when the intraocular pressure rises unexpectedly following an adequate peripheral iridectomy procedure for angle-closure glaucoma.", "contents": "Plateau iris syndrome. Eight cases of the plateau iris syndrome are presented. The \"plateau iris syndrome\" should be differentiated from the \"plateau iris configuration.\" The \"configuration\" refers to a preoperative condition in which gonioscopically confirmed angle-closure glaucoma occurs, but the iris plane is flat and the anterior chamber is not shallow axially. In most cases, the angle-closure glaucoma associated with the plateau iris configuration is cured by a peripheral iridectomy. \"Plateau iris syndrome\" refers to a postoperative condition in which a patent iridectomy has removed the relative pupillary block which is ordinarily important in causing angle closure, but gonioscopically confirmed angle closure recurs without shallowing of the anterior chamber axially. Plateau iris syndrome is rare compared to the configuration, which itself is not common. In the syndrome, angle closure usually occurs in the early postoperative period but may occur long after iridectomy when the pupil dilates spontaneously or in response to mydriatic agents. It usually occurs in a younger age group than ordinary angle-closure glaucoma. The treatment is the use of pilocarpine postoperatively as long as it is needed. This syndrome must be considered in the differential diagnosis when the intraocular pressure rises unexpectedly following an adequate peripheral iridectomy procedure for angle-closure glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:898474", "title": "Problems in the differential diagnosis of choroidal nevi and malignant melanoma. XXXIII Edward Jackson Memorial lecture.", "content": "Failure to appreciate the variability in the natural course of choroidal nevi (benign melanomas) has caused the adoption of a misleading cytologic classification of malignant melanomas. This classification is not based on adequate clinical observation, reliable cytologic criteria for malignancy, or sufficient autopsy information. The available evidence suggests that spindle A tumors are benign and that spindel B tumors, although capable of local destruction of the eye, metastasize infrequently. The risk of observation of small melanocytic tumors must be weighed against the risk that early enucleation or other forms of therapy may not favorably affect prognosis. The clinical observations to date at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute indicate that the risks of observation are low.", "contents": "Problems in the differential diagnosis of choroidal nevi and malignant melanoma. XXXIII Edward Jackson Memorial lecture. Failure to appreciate the variability in the natural course of choroidal nevi (benign melanomas) has caused the adoption of a misleading cytologic classification of malignant melanomas. This classification is not based on adequate clinical observation, reliable cytologic criteria for malignancy, or sufficient autopsy information. The available evidence suggests that spindle A tumors are benign and that spindel B tumors, although capable of local destruction of the eye, metastasize infrequently. The risk of observation of small melanocytic tumors must be weighed against the risk that early enucleation or other forms of therapy may not favorably affect prognosis. The clinical observations to date at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute indicate that the risks of observation are low."}
{"id": "PMID:898476", "title": "Visual field changes following acute elevation of intraocular pressure.", "content": "Visual field, acuity, and optic nerve head were evaluated in 24 patients with transient but marked elevations in intraocular pressure. The patient population consisted of 16 patients with angle-closure glaucoma and 7 with high tensions following cataract surgery. In all cases, duration and extent of pressure elevation is documented as well as subsequent visual field, acuity, and fundus examinations. In selected cases, visual field determinations were made during the acute pressure elevation. Previous reports of patients with acute pressure elevation are reviewed. The general absence of glaucomatous field defects in this patient population is discussed with respect to the possible pathogenesis of field loss seen in chronic simple glaucoma.", "contents": "Visual field changes following acute elevation of intraocular pressure. Visual field, acuity, and optic nerve head were evaluated in 24 patients with transient but marked elevations in intraocular pressure. The patient population consisted of 16 patients with angle-closure glaucoma and 7 with high tensions following cataract surgery. In all cases, duration and extent of pressure elevation is documented as well as subsequent visual field, acuity, and fundus examinations. In selected cases, visual field determinations were made during the acute pressure elevation. Previous reports of patients with acute pressure elevation are reviewed. The general absence of glaucomatous field defects in this patient population is discussed with respect to the possible pathogenesis of field loss seen in chronic simple glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:898475", "title": "The use of the 32P test in the management of malignant melanoma of the choroid: a five-year follow-up study.", "content": "We have presented mortality, clinical, and histopathologic data on a consecutive group of patients with malignant choroidal melanoma studied by a radioactive phosphorus uptake test. The mortality of 14% is the lowest reported in the literature (Table 11) and suggests that early diagnosis followed by prompt enucleation affords the patient a favorable prognosis. There is no evidence to suggest that the surgical manipulations involved expose the patient to added risks. Factors of importance regarding prognosis of malignant melanoma include tumor size, cell type, and presence or absence of extrascleral extension. Of these, we believe that cell type is the most important factor. Our data to date do not permit us to predict from the 32P tests the prognosis for patient survival.", "contents": "The use of the 32P test in the management of malignant melanoma of the choroid: a five-year follow-up study. We have presented mortality, clinical, and histopathologic data on a consecutive group of patients with malignant choroidal melanoma studied by a radioactive phosphorus uptake test. The mortality of 14% is the lowest reported in the literature (Table 11) and suggests that early diagnosis followed by prompt enucleation affords the patient a favorable prognosis. There is no evidence to suggest that the surgical manipulations involved expose the patient to added risks. Factors of importance regarding prognosis of malignant melanoma include tumor size, cell type, and presence or absence of extrascleral extension. Of these, we believe that cell type is the most important factor. Our data to date do not permit us to predict from the 32P tests the prognosis for patient survival."}
{"id": "PMID:898478", "title": "Operative complications of goniotomy.", "content": "During 320 anesthesias, 401 goniotomies were performed and are here reviewed. Significant complications were cardiopulmonary arrest (1.8%) and postoperative hemorrhage (0.5%). Useful vision was lost in one case (0.2%). No complications could be attributed to operating on both eyes during the same anesthesia. The authors believe that both eyes should be operated on during the same anesthesia when bilateral goniotomy is indicated.", "contents": "Operative complications of goniotomy. During 320 anesthesias, 401 goniotomies were performed and are here reviewed. Significant complications were cardiopulmonary arrest (1.8%) and postoperative hemorrhage (0.5%). Useful vision was lost in one case (0.2%). No complications could be attributed to operating on both eyes during the same anesthesia. The authors believe that both eyes should be operated on during the same anesthesia when bilateral goniotomy is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:898479", "title": "Histopathologic observations on human eyes following cyclocryotherapy for glaucoma.", "content": "This is a clinicopathologic study of 12 human eyes that previously had been subjected to cyclocryotherapy. In ten cases detailed information was available regarding technical factors, such as temperature of the cryoprobe at the time of surgery and the like. The interval from treatment to enucleation ranged from 12 days to 4 1/2 years. On pathologic examination permanent, often massive, destruction and scarring of both layers of the ciliary body's epithelium was found in all 12 patients. The pigment epithelium was more susceptible to cryosurgical damage than was the nonpigment epithelium. Scarring of the ciliary body stroma and muscle occurred in 11 patients, scleral damage was present in 9, and a fibrous membrane lined the inner surface of the ciliary body in  5. This study indicates that cyclocryotherapy is an effective way of inducing permanent destruction of the human ciliary epithelium. Factors other than regrowth of epithelial cells account for failure to control the intraocular pressure in those patients in whom cyclocryotherapy proves ineffective.", "contents": "Histopathologic observations on human eyes following cyclocryotherapy for glaucoma. This is a clinicopathologic study of 12 human eyes that previously had been subjected to cyclocryotherapy. In ten cases detailed information was available regarding technical factors, such as temperature of the cryoprobe at the time of surgery and the like. The interval from treatment to enucleation ranged from 12 days to 4 1/2 years. On pathologic examination permanent, often massive, destruction and scarring of both layers of the ciliary body's epithelium was found in all 12 patients. The pigment epithelium was more susceptible to cryosurgical damage than was the nonpigment epithelium. Scarring of the ciliary body stroma and muscle occurred in 11 patients, scleral damage was present in 9, and a fibrous membrane lined the inner surface of the ciliary body in  5. This study indicates that cyclocryotherapy is an effective way of inducing permanent destruction of the human ciliary epithelium. Factors other than regrowth of epithelial cells account for failure to control the intraocular pressure in those patients in whom cyclocryotherapy proves ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:898477", "title": "6-Hydroxydopamine therapy in glaucoma.", "content": "At the inception of this study, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD) was administered to 137 eyes of 100 glaucoma patients by subconjunctival injection (27 applications) and later by iontophoresis (202 applications). Eighty-four patients were receiving maximum medical therapy, and 24 had had previous glaucoma surgery. Seventy-seven had primary open-angle glaucoma. In 49 patients with data adequate for analysis, 6-HD therapy was effective in 41%, questionable in 31%, and not effective in 28%. The median peak-pressure drop was 13 mm Hg from a baseline of 26 by subconjunctival injection and 6 mm Hg from a baseline of 24 by iontophoresis. The median effective period before return to baseline pressure was 2.5 months. There was a direct correlation between the effectiveness of epinephrine therapy with and without 6-HD. Iontophoresis is a much more practical method for the administration of 6-HD.", "contents": "6-Hydroxydopamine therapy in glaucoma. At the inception of this study, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD) was administered to 137 eyes of 100 glaucoma patients by subconjunctival injection (27 applications) and later by iontophoresis (202 applications). Eighty-four patients were receiving maximum medical therapy, and 24 had had previous glaucoma surgery. Seventy-seven had primary open-angle glaucoma. In 49 patients with data adequate for analysis, 6-HD therapy was effective in 41%, questionable in 31%, and not effective in 28%. The median peak-pressure drop was 13 mm Hg from a baseline of 26 by subconjunctival injection and 6 mm Hg from a baseline of 24 by iontophoresis. The median effective period before return to baseline pressure was 2.5 months. There was a direct correlation between the effectiveness of epinephrine therapy with and without 6-HD. Iontophoresis is a much more practical method for the administration of 6-HD."}
{"id": "PMID:898483", "title": "Correction of facial contour deformities resulting from loss of soft tissue or bone.", "content": "Two methods of recovering normal contour of the orbit are presented in which ocularists and ophthalmologists equally participate. One method is for correction of the deep supratarsal retraction following soft tissue atrophy; the other technique is indicated when there has been loss of or major displacement of bone of the orbital rim. Frequently, these two techniques must be used concomitantly in complex reconstructive cases.", "contents": "Correction of facial contour deformities resulting from loss of soft tissue or bone. Two methods of recovering normal contour of the orbit are presented in which ocularists and ophthalmologists equally participate. One method is for correction of the deep supratarsal retraction following soft tissue atrophy; the other technique is indicated when there has been loss of or major displacement of bone of the orbital rim. Frequently, these two techniques must be used concomitantly in complex reconstructive cases."}
{"id": "PMID:898481", "title": "Primary optic nerve meningiomas: clinical presentation and management.", "content": "Fifteen patients with meningiomas arising from the optic nerve sheath within the orbit occurred in a large series of patients with orbital tumors. Eleven patients were women; there was only one child. Thirteen patients had a similar clinical appearance. In each case visual loss was the first symptom. Proptosis, which occurred in only ten patients, developed later (the time interval was three months to five years). Optic disc edema or atrophy was present in all 15 patients, some of whom had optociliary shunt vessels on the optic disc. The new fine-matrix EMI scanner (320x320) demonstrated the tumors but even clearer pictures of the lesion could be obtained using a c-mode ultrasonic scanner. The treatment of these meningiomas is essentially surgical.", "contents": "Primary optic nerve meningiomas: clinical presentation and management. Fifteen patients with meningiomas arising from the optic nerve sheath within the orbit occurred in a large series of patients with orbital tumors. Eleven patients were women; there was only one child. Thirteen patients had a similar clinical appearance. In each case visual loss was the first symptom. Proptosis, which occurred in only ten patients, developed later (the time interval was three months to five years). Optic disc edema or atrophy was present in all 15 patients, some of whom had optociliary shunt vessels on the optic disc. The new fine-matrix EMI scanner (320x320) demonstrated the tumors but even clearer pictures of the lesion could be obtained using a c-mode ultrasonic scanner. The treatment of these meningiomas is essentially surgical."}
{"id": "PMID:898482", "title": "New diagnostic techniques for the evaluation of orbital trauma.", "content": "Midfacial trauma can produce fractures and soft tissue injuries and can embed foreign bodies within the eye, orbit, and brain. A careful history and ocular examination are fundamental to the evaluation of any patient who has suffered orbital injuries. Damage to the paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal system should be considered as a possible consequence of trauma to the orbit. Fractures are best evaluated by conventional roentgenograms with linear or hypocycloidal tomography. Bony fragments can be well visualized by xeroradiography. Positive contrast orbitography may be hazardous and has been replaced by noninvasive diagnostic techniques. Computerized tomography is useful in localizing soft tissue injuries and foreign bodies. Damage within the eye may be evaluated by ultrasonography. Cerebrospinal fluid leaks can be diagnosed by radionuclide cisternography, using nasal sample counting or scintiphotographic imaging. Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas and other vascular abnormalities may be investigated by radionuclide angiography at minimal risk to the patient.", "contents": "New diagnostic techniques for the evaluation of orbital trauma. Midfacial trauma can produce fractures and soft tissue injuries and can embed foreign bodies within the eye, orbit, and brain. A careful history and ocular examination are fundamental to the evaluation of any patient who has suffered orbital injuries. Damage to the paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal system should be considered as a possible consequence of trauma to the orbit. Fractures are best evaluated by conventional roentgenograms with linear or hypocycloidal tomography. Bony fragments can be well visualized by xeroradiography. Positive contrast orbitography may be hazardous and has been replaced by noninvasive diagnostic techniques. Computerized tomography is useful in localizing soft tissue injuries and foreign bodies. Damage within the eye may be evaluated by ultrasonography. Cerebrospinal fluid leaks can be diagnosed by radionuclide cisternography, using nasal sample counting or scintiphotographic imaging. Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas and other vascular abnormalities may be investigated by radionuclide angiography at minimal risk to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:898487", "title": "The use of scleral transplantation in cicatricial entropion and eyelid retraction.", "content": "Scleral transplantation has given excellent results in the surgical repair of eyelid problems. The advantages of using scleral transplantation in repairing eyelid retraction are the relative predictability of the final eyelid position and curve and the decreased incidence of repeated retraction. The characteristics of sclera make it a desirable homologous transplant material for use in transplant surgery.", "contents": "The use of scleral transplantation in cicatricial entropion and eyelid retraction. Scleral transplantation has given excellent results in the surgical repair of eyelid problems. The advantages of using scleral transplantation in repairing eyelid retraction are the relative predictability of the final eyelid position and curve and the decreased incidence of repeated retraction. The characteristics of sclera make it a desirable homologous transplant material for use in transplant surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:898491", "title": "The use of cryotherapy for trichiasis.", "content": "Cryosurgical destruction of aberrant eyelashes was performed on 72 eyelids. Seven of nine failures occurred following major deviation from recommended technique. All but one recurrence were successfully re-treated. Notching of the eyelid was observed in one patient. The technique utilized a nitrous oxide gas-cooled cryoprobe. Tissue temperature was monitored by a subcutaneous microthermocouple in the region of the lash follicle to -20 C in a double freeze-thaw cycle.", "contents": "The use of cryotherapy for trichiasis. Cryosurgical destruction of aberrant eyelashes was performed on 72 eyelids. Seven of nine failures occurred following major deviation from recommended technique. All but one recurrence were successfully re-treated. Notching of the eyelid was observed in one patient. The technique utilized a nitrous oxide gas-cooled cryoprobe. Tissue temperature was monitored by a subcutaneous microthermocouple in the region of the lash follicle to -20 C in a double freeze-thaw cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:898492", "title": "The role of cryosurgery in external ocular and periocular disease.", "content": "This preliminary report suggests that cryosurgery has a definite place in the management of certain external periocular and ocular problems. Cryosurgery for basal or squamous cell carcinoma of the lid is easily performed, gives excellent cosmetic results, and has a low recurrence rate. It is not recommended for lesions involving the fornices, or sclerotic and morphea-type basal cell carcinomas. Tumor recurrences following radiation, surgery, or cryosurgery can still be retreated with cryosurgery. To date, there is no evidence that cryosurgery at temperatures above -40 C causes damage to the lacrimal outflow system. Cryosurgery is of value in the management of trichiasis, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, spider hemangioma, molluscum contagiosum, and conjunctival dysplasia. Cryotherapy for management of intraepithelial epithelioma and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva and cornea is still under investigation. Cryosurgery will, in our opinion, become the treatment of choice for basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the eyelids. The 96% cure rate with one treatment for these lesions reported here is artificially high since the follow-up  period is too short. However, retreatment with cryosurgery is a simple ten-minute outpatient procedure which is certainly not the case with recurrences after other forms of therapy.", "contents": "The role of cryosurgery in external ocular and periocular disease. This preliminary report suggests that cryosurgery has a definite place in the management of certain external periocular and ocular problems. Cryosurgery for basal or squamous cell carcinoma of the lid is easily performed, gives excellent cosmetic results, and has a low recurrence rate. It is not recommended for lesions involving the fornices, or sclerotic and morphea-type basal cell carcinomas. Tumor recurrences following radiation, surgery, or cryosurgery can still be retreated with cryosurgery. To date, there is no evidence that cryosurgery at temperatures above -40 C causes damage to the lacrimal outflow system. Cryosurgery is of value in the management of trichiasis, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, spider hemangioma, molluscum contagiosum, and conjunctival dysplasia. Cryotherapy for management of intraepithelial epithelioma and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva and cornea is still under investigation. Cryosurgery will, in our opinion, become the treatment of choice for basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the eyelids. The 96% cure rate with one treatment for these lesions reported here is artificially high since the follow-up  period is too short. However, retreatment with cryosurgery is a simple ten-minute outpatient procedure which is certainly not the case with recurrences after other forms of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:898500", "title": "IgE in respiratory tract allergies.", "content": "The IgE concentration was determined in the sera and nasal secretions of 166 patients with nasal allergy, 40 patients with bronchial asthma, and 50 control subjects, using Phadebas IgE kits. The IgE level was significantly elevated in both the sera and nasal secretions of allergic patients. The sera and nasal secretions of 142 patients, who were positive in HD or mites skin test, were subjected to a radioallergosorbent test (RAST) for estimating the specific IgE antibody activity to mites. The gradings of the specific antibody activity were significantly correlated with the strengths of the HD skin tests. The results of this study proved the usefulness of the determination of IgE and specific IgE antibodies in the diagnosis and study of the pathogenesis of respiratory tract allergies. The IgE in nasal secretions was much more closely related to pathogenesis of respiratory allergies than was IgE in sera. However, unless more concentrated nasal secretions are assayed, the diagnostic value is limited.", "contents": "IgE in respiratory tract allergies. The IgE concentration was determined in the sera and nasal secretions of 166 patients with nasal allergy, 40 patients with bronchial asthma, and 50 control subjects, using Phadebas IgE kits. The IgE level was significantly elevated in both the sera and nasal secretions of allergic patients. The sera and nasal secretions of 142 patients, who were positive in HD or mites skin test, were subjected to a radioallergosorbent test (RAST) for estimating the specific IgE antibody activity to mites. The gradings of the specific antibody activity were significantly correlated with the strengths of the HD skin tests. The results of this study proved the usefulness of the determination of IgE and specific IgE antibodies in the diagnosis and study of the pathogenesis of respiratory tract allergies. The IgE in nasal secretions was much more closely related to pathogenesis of respiratory allergies than was IgE in sera. However, unless more concentrated nasal secretions are assayed, the diagnostic value is limited."}
{"id": "PMID:898496", "title": "Comparison of electrically and acoustically evoked responses in the auditory cortex of the guinea pig: implications for a cochlear prosthesis.", "content": "Guinea pigs have been used to develop an animal model for evaluation of electric stimulation of the cochlea. Techniques were developed for recording from single neural units in the auditory cortex. Acoustic responses exhibit similar patterns of neural discharge (\"on\", \"off\", sustained excitation and inhibition, etc) to those reported for auditory neurons in other species. Similar response patterns are obtained when electric stimulation is used. However, cortical units display characteristic frequency tuning with acoustic stimulation, whereas it becomes increasingly difficult to evoke electric responses as stimulus frequency increases. Recording of gross evoked responses from the same cortical area indicates that the intensity function for electric stimulation is much steeper than that seen for acoustic stimulation.", "contents": "Comparison of electrically and acoustically evoked responses in the auditory cortex of the guinea pig: implications for a cochlear prosthesis. Guinea pigs have been used to develop an animal model for evaluation of electric stimulation of the cochlea. Techniques were developed for recording from single neural units in the auditory cortex. Acoustic responses exhibit similar patterns of neural discharge (\"on\", \"off\", sustained excitation and inhibition, etc) to those reported for auditory neurons in other species. Similar response patterns are obtained when electric stimulation is used. However, cortical units display characteristic frequency tuning with acoustic stimulation, whereas it becomes increasingly difficult to evoke electric responses as stimulus frequency increases. Recording of gross evoked responses from the same cortical area indicates that the intensity function for electric stimulation is much steeper than that seen for acoustic stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:898502", "title": "Studies on immunity to mouse sarcomas using the tumor-cell neutralization test.", "content": "Statistical analysis of the results of tumor-cell neutralization (Winn) tests has been presented in a refined manner using three variables: tumor incidence, time to palpable tumor, and growth rate. The concept of relative risk and the Z statistic were used to describe the latter two variables. This analysis is then applied to a particular experiment. Lymphocytes sensitized in vitro were compared with specifically immune lymphocytes and were found to facilitate the growth rate. Further applications of this analysis are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on immunity to mouse sarcomas using the tumor-cell neutralization test. Statistical analysis of the results of tumor-cell neutralization (Winn) tests has been presented in a refined manner using three variables: tumor incidence, time to palpable tumor, and growth rate. The concept of relative risk and the Z statistic were used to describe the latter two variables. This analysis is then applied to a particular experiment. Lymphocytes sensitized in vitro were compared with specifically immune lymphocytes and were found to facilitate the growth rate. Further applications of this analysis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:898506", "title": "Rehabilitation of partial laryngectomy patients.", "content": "Rehabilitation and function following three anatomically discrete forms of partial laryngectomy (hemilaryngectomy, subtotal supraglottic laryngectomy, and partial laryngopharyngectomy) were studied in 68 patients. Study parameters included posttreatment respiration, deglutition, taste, smell, and hearing function; articulation and voice analysis; and social, communicative, and vocational adjustment. The major portion of the study involved specific testing of posttreatment voice quality and articulation. Recorded word lists and sentences were evaluated by independent observers regarding breathiness, hoarseness, harshness, pitch, loudness, and intelligibility. These data were analyzed employing a Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) through the Washington University computer facilities.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of partial laryngectomy patients. Rehabilitation and function following three anatomically discrete forms of partial laryngectomy (hemilaryngectomy, subtotal supraglottic laryngectomy, and partial laryngopharyngectomy) were studied in 68 patients. Study parameters included posttreatment respiration, deglutition, taste, smell, and hearing function; articulation and voice analysis; and social, communicative, and vocational adjustment. The major portion of the study involved specific testing of posttreatment voice quality and articulation. Recorded word lists and sentences were evaluated by independent observers regarding breathiness, hoarseness, harshness, pitch, loudness, and intelligibility. These data were analyzed employing a Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) through the Washington University computer facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:898508", "title": "The observation, using an infrared video system, of patients' eye movements resulting from vestibular stimulations and their comparison with electronystagmographic data.", "content": "An infrared video technique is presented for the observation and documentation of patients' eye movements during vestibular stimulations in total darkness. Results from the comparison of the video and electronystagmographic information indicate that the infrared video technique is a useful diagnostic aid for vestibular evaluation and in some instances may be necessary. Further, the data from two-channel electronystagmographic recordings may be misleading even when the patient is tested in total darkness with eyes open.", "contents": "The observation, using an infrared video system, of patients' eye movements resulting from vestibular stimulations and their comparison with electronystagmographic data. An infrared video technique is presented for the observation and documentation of patients' eye movements during vestibular stimulations in total darkness. Results from the comparison of the video and electronystagmographic information indicate that the infrared video technique is a useful diagnostic aid for vestibular evaluation and in some instances may be necessary. Further, the data from two-channel electronystagmographic recordings may be misleading even when the patient is tested in total darkness with eyes open."}
{"id": "PMID:898515", "title": "Hearing loss of a central type secondary to carbon monoxide poisoning.", "content": "The effect of carbon monoxide poisoning on the threshold sensitivity of the responses from the auditory cortex, inferior colliculus, and cochlea to acoustic stimuli in guinea pigs was studied. The toxicity of carbon monoxide is believed to be secondary to tissue hypoxia and is partially reversible. Loss of auditory threshold sensitivity in carbon monoxide poisoning is most prominent at the auditory cortex. The loss of sensitivity at the inferior colliculus is the next most severe. There is no loss of sensitivity at the cochlea. The relative vulnerability of the central auditory pathway to carbon monoxide poisoning as compared with the end organ is demonstrated.", "contents": "Hearing loss of a central type secondary to carbon monoxide poisoning. The effect of carbon monoxide poisoning on the threshold sensitivity of the responses from the auditory cortex, inferior colliculus, and cochlea to acoustic stimuli in guinea pigs was studied. The toxicity of carbon monoxide is believed to be secondary to tissue hypoxia and is partially reversible. Loss of auditory threshold sensitivity in carbon monoxide poisoning is most prominent at the auditory cortex. The loss of sensitivity at the inferior colliculus is the next most severe. There is no loss of sensitivity at the cochlea. The relative vulnerability of the central auditory pathway to carbon monoxide poisoning as compared with the end organ is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:898516", "title": "Asymptotic threshold shift in people with sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "Twelve men with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss in the frequency range of 3 to 6 kHz were exposed to 24 hours of continuous noise. The noise was an octave band centered at 4 kHz at a level of 85 dB. Hearing thresholds were measured monaurally at 11 test frequencies ranging from 250 to 10,000 Hz prior to exposure and at selected intervals during and after exposure. Temporary threshold shift (TTS) development followed a similar time course to that observed in normal hearing subjects, asymptotic levels being reached between 8 and 12 hours of noise exposure. Maximum TTS occurred at 4 and 6 kHz. The amount of TTS was less for the subjects with sensorineural hearing loss than for people with normal hearing. However, the sound pressure level required to detect pure tone (shifted thresholds) following noise exposure was greater in the group with hearing loss than was measured in the normal hearing subjects. Within the limits of this experiment, a sensorineural hearing loss does seem to exert a significant effect on change in hearing sensitivity resulting from noise exposure.", "contents": "Asymptotic threshold shift in people with sensorineural hearing loss. Twelve men with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss in the frequency range of 3 to 6 kHz were exposed to 24 hours of continuous noise. The noise was an octave band centered at 4 kHz at a level of 85 dB. Hearing thresholds were measured monaurally at 11 test frequencies ranging from 250 to 10,000 Hz prior to exposure and at selected intervals during and after exposure. Temporary threshold shift (TTS) development followed a similar time course to that observed in normal hearing subjects, asymptotic levels being reached between 8 and 12 hours of noise exposure. Maximum TTS occurred at 4 and 6 kHz. The amount of TTS was less for the subjects with sensorineural hearing loss than for people with normal hearing. However, the sound pressure level required to detect pure tone (shifted thresholds) following noise exposure was greater in the group with hearing loss than was measured in the normal hearing subjects. Within the limits of this experiment, a sensorineural hearing loss does seem to exert a significant effect on change in hearing sensitivity resulting from noise exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:898514", "title": "Predicting hearing loss from stapedial reflex thresholds in patients with sensorineural impairment.", "content": "We have demonstrated the elevated reflex thresholds and decreased bandwidth effect in listeners with sensorineural hearing loss, and we have extended this generalization to include those with hearing loss related to presbycusis. A bivariate plotting method has been described for predicting hearing loss from reflex threshold data that is characterized by a low rate of false positives, while successfully identifying those with a moderate degree of hearing loss (greater than 32 dB) more than 80% of the time. We found no evidence of decreasing reflex threshold with age. Instead, our reflex thresholds for normal hearing subjects tend to remain the same or increase slightly as age increases. It is hoped that these findings will stimulate further work to correlate reflex thresholds with hearing levels. This information should be used to test infants (especially those at high risk for hearing loss) and other subjects unable to respond to conventional audiometric testing.", "contents": "Predicting hearing loss from stapedial reflex thresholds in patients with sensorineural impairment. We have demonstrated the elevated reflex thresholds and decreased bandwidth effect in listeners with sensorineural hearing loss, and we have extended this generalization to include those with hearing loss related to presbycusis. A bivariate plotting method has been described for predicting hearing loss from reflex threshold data that is characterized by a low rate of false positives, while successfully identifying those with a moderate degree of hearing loss (greater than 32 dB) more than 80% of the time. We found no evidence of decreasing reflex threshold with age. Instead, our reflex thresholds for normal hearing subjects tend to remain the same or increase slightly as age increases. It is hoped that these findings will stimulate further work to correlate reflex thresholds with hearing levels. This information should be used to test infants (especially those at high risk for hearing loss) and other subjects unable to respond to conventional audiometric testing."}
{"id": "PMID:898530", "title": "The onset of a refractory response to androgens in the anemia of bone marrow failure.", "content": "Patients with bone marrow failure may have a hematopoietic response to an androgen preparation after they have no response from the use of a previous testosterone preparation. The failure to try a variety of hormone preparations may lead to improper conclusions as to a potential marrow proliferation for a clinical response. In some instances the use of a 5beta steroid metabolite may initiate stem cell proliferation in patients previously refractory to testosterone or nontestosterone esters. These obsevations suggest that some patients refractory to testosterone may be unable to form adequate 5beta metabolities by alterations in 5alpha reductase or enhanced metabolic transformation of the androgen. All patients should be evaluated with several androgen esters before concluding that their marrow cannot achieve a hematopoietic response.", "contents": "The onset of a refractory response to androgens in the anemia of bone marrow failure. Patients with bone marrow failure may have a hematopoietic response to an androgen preparation after they have no response from the use of a previous testosterone preparation. The failure to try a variety of hormone preparations may lead to improper conclusions as to a potential marrow proliferation for a clinical response. In some instances the use of a 5beta steroid metabolite may initiate stem cell proliferation in patients previously refractory to testosterone or nontestosterone esters. These obsevations suggest that some patients refractory to testosterone may be unable to form adequate 5beta metabolities by alterations in 5alpha reductase or enhanced metabolic transformation of the androgen. All patients should be evaluated with several androgen esters before concluding that their marrow cannot achieve a hematopoietic response."}
{"id": "PMID:898528", "title": "Cartilage regeneration: a clinical and experimental study.", "content": "Regeneration of the alar cartilage has been observed in patients undergoing revision rhinoplasty. Material preserved from the first procedure was compared to that removed at the secondary procedure. Microscopic findings confirm the cartilage regrowth. An experimental study was undertaken to determine if cartilage regeneration could be reproduced in animals. White New Zealand rabbits were utilized in the study. Gross and microscopic findings indicate that cartilage does regenerate if the perichondrium is not removed.", "contents": "Cartilage regeneration: a clinical and experimental study. Regeneration of the alar cartilage has been observed in patients undergoing revision rhinoplasty. Material preserved from the first procedure was compared to that removed at the secondary procedure. Microscopic findings confirm the cartilage regrowth. An experimental study was undertaken to determine if cartilage regeneration could be reproduced in animals. White New Zealand rabbits were utilized in the study. Gross and microscopic findings indicate that cartilage does regenerate if the perichondrium is not removed."}
{"id": "PMID:898535", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of cancer hypercalcemia.", "content": "The pathogenesis of hypercalcemia in cancer continues to challenge the clinical investigator. Some aspects of this subject have been reviewed, notably with respect to the possible roles of prostaglandins and osteoclast activating factor, with particular reference to breast cancer. There is considerable evidence that the former humoral factor is operative and beginning evidence that the latter may be also. The hope in this continued work is that with better understanding of the mechanisms of hypercalcemia and bone loclization of tumors we will be in a far better position to control and interdict this localization.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of cancer hypercalcemia. The pathogenesis of hypercalcemia in cancer continues to challenge the clinical investigator. Some aspects of this subject have been reviewed, notably with respect to the possible roles of prostaglandins and osteoclast activating factor, with particular reference to breast cancer. There is considerable evidence that the former humoral factor is operative and beginning evidence that the latter may be also. The hope in this continued work is that with better understanding of the mechanisms of hypercalcemia and bone loclization of tumors we will be in a far better position to control and interdict this localization."}
{"id": "PMID:898638", "title": "Clinical examinations of the ovaries and cervix of the sow.", "content": "The clinical anatomy and changes in the cervix and ovaries were studied by dissection of five sows and by rectal palpation during oestrous cycles, pregnancy, lactation and in the period after weaning. On 52 occasions sows were examined before laparotomy or slaugher to determine the accuracy of clinical examination of the ovaries. Ovarian structures were correctly identified in 87 of the 104 ovaries examined. In four sows accidental or deliberate rupture of follicles during rectal examination resulted only in an apparent shortening of oestrous in one sow.", "contents": "Clinical examinations of the ovaries and cervix of the sow. The clinical anatomy and changes in the cervix and ovaries were studied by dissection of five sows and by rectal palpation during oestrous cycles, pregnancy, lactation and in the period after weaning. On 52 occasions sows were examined before laparotomy or slaugher to determine the accuracy of clinical examination of the ovaries. Ovarian structures were correctly identified in 87 of the 104 ovaries examined. In four sows accidental or deliberate rupture of follicles during rectal examination resulted only in an apparent shortening of oestrous in one sow."}
{"id": "PMID:898639", "title": "Toxoplasmosis in coypu.", "content": "Serological studies indicate that toxoplasmosis is a common infection in coypus now established in Norfolk. A strain of Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from an animal which had shown a high titre to the dye test for toxoplasma antibodies. This was similar to the many tissue cyst producing strains which are of low virulence for most of the small laboratory animals. Congenital toxoplasmosis was proved in a litter born to one of the coypus during captivity. Superinfection occurred when animals, previously infected with a strain of low virulence, were given a challenge of the highly virulent RH strain, but coypus are so resistant that the latter strain caused no apparent illness even in previously uninfected seronegative animals. Antibodies developed to titres of 1:100,000 or more and, at lower levels, persisted for at least a year.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis in coypu. Serological studies indicate that toxoplasmosis is a common infection in coypus now established in Norfolk. A strain of Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from an animal which had shown a high titre to the dye test for toxoplasma antibodies. This was similar to the many tissue cyst producing strains which are of low virulence for most of the small laboratory animals. Congenital toxoplasmosis was proved in a litter born to one of the coypus during captivity. Superinfection occurred when animals, previously infected with a strain of low virulence, were given a challenge of the highly virulent RH strain, but coypus are so resistant that the latter strain caused no apparent illness even in previously uninfected seronegative animals. Antibodies developed to titres of 1:100,000 or more and, at lower levels, persisted for at least a year."}
{"id": "PMID:898645", "title": "[Changes in the calcium phosphorus and magnesium content in the blood serum of cows during calving].", "content": "A total of 447 cows were investigated during the dry period, the period following calving, and the period of intense lactation, once each time, and other 55 cows were subjected to systemic periodical examinations in the last month prior to calving and up to the tenth day after it. It was found that the content of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus dropped in the first days following calving in most of the animals. In about 30% of the cows calcium and inorganic phosphorus dropped as low as the lower physiologic threshold. The blood serum magnesium likewise dropped after calving, however, in the greater part of the investigated animals it remained within the normal range. The alkaline phosphatase activity became slightly weaker in the first days after calving, but in some of the cows the level of the alkaline phosphatase was lower in the period post partum.", "contents": "[Changes in the calcium phosphorus and magnesium content in the blood serum of cows during calving]. A total of 447 cows were investigated during the dry period, the period following calving, and the period of intense lactation, once each time, and other 55 cows were subjected to systemic periodical examinations in the last month prior to calving and up to the tenth day after it. It was found that the content of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus dropped in the first days following calving in most of the animals. In about 30% of the cows calcium and inorganic phosphorus dropped as low as the lower physiologic threshold. The blood serum magnesium likewise dropped after calving, however, in the greater part of the investigated animals it remained within the normal range. The alkaline phosphatase activity became slightly weaker in the first days after calving, but in some of the cows the level of the alkaline phosphatase was lower in the period post partum."}
{"id": "PMID:898646", "title": "[Diagnostic value of the allergy test and precipitation reaction for the intravital diagnosis of trichinelliasis in swine].", "content": "A total of twenty-two experimentally infected pigs, presenting from 250 to 12000 Trichinellae per kilogram body weight, were studied by the skin allergy test, the tube precipitation reaction, and the double gel diffusion technique after Ouchterlony in the course of one year following infection. Use was made of a Trichinella antigen obtained by the Tanner and Gregory's modified method. Unspecific allergy reactions were observed in 2.04% of 104 control pigs, and 2 of the infected ones did not react to the antigen diluted 1:1000. To decrease the cases of unspecific reactions a suggestion was made to extend the antigen from 1:5000 to 1:10000 and to read the result of the reactions not earlier than the 45th min. after injecting the antigen and the physiologic saline. The precipitation reaction proved positive in a comparatively short period--up to the fourth month of infection, and in sporadic cases up to the 7 1/2 month. Unspecific precipitation was observed in 18.7% of a total of 53 control sera. Ouchterlony's diffusion technique was shown to be specific, revealing trichinellosis in the animals from the 15th to the 365th day after the infection had been carried out. It was most markedly expressed from the 30th to the 120th day. It is suggested to use the skin allergy test on farms with a record of swine trichinelloses, all positively reacting pigs being serologically studied after Ouchterlony.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of the allergy test and precipitation reaction for the intravital diagnosis of trichinelliasis in swine]. A total of twenty-two experimentally infected pigs, presenting from 250 to 12000 Trichinellae per kilogram body weight, were studied by the skin allergy test, the tube precipitation reaction, and the double gel diffusion technique after Ouchterlony in the course of one year following infection. Use was made of a Trichinella antigen obtained by the Tanner and Gregory's modified method. Unspecific allergy reactions were observed in 2.04% of 104 control pigs, and 2 of the infected ones did not react to the antigen diluted 1:1000. To decrease the cases of unspecific reactions a suggestion was made to extend the antigen from 1:5000 to 1:10000 and to read the result of the reactions not earlier than the 45th min. after injecting the antigen and the physiologic saline. The precipitation reaction proved positive in a comparatively short period--up to the fourth month of infection, and in sporadic cases up to the 7 1/2 month. Unspecific precipitation was observed in 18.7% of a total of 53 control sera. Ouchterlony's diffusion technique was shown to be specific, revealing trichinellosis in the animals from the 15th to the 365th day after the infection had been carried out. It was most markedly expressed from the 30th to the 120th day. It is suggested to use the skin allergy test on farms with a record of swine trichinelloses, all positively reacting pigs being serologically studied after Ouchterlony."}
{"id": "PMID:898647", "title": "[Pathomorphological studies of the infections manifested in swine after vaccination with lapinized strain K vaccine against hog plague].", "content": "Pigs that had died after vaccination with a lapinized K strain of the swine fever virus at the persistence of another infection showed morphologic and histopathologic changes that were largely similar to those observed in cases of classic hog cholera. The difference consisted in the frequence and intensity of the lesions. Histopathologically essential proved the investigation of the brain. The latter usually presents a prevailing activation and hyperplasia of the capilary endothelium, while in classic swine fever there are lesions chiefly observed in the mesenchymal tissue with the formation of perivascular lymphoid-cell prolierations.", "contents": "[Pathomorphological studies of the infections manifested in swine after vaccination with lapinized strain K vaccine against hog plague]. Pigs that had died after vaccination with a lapinized K strain of the swine fever virus at the persistence of another infection showed morphologic and histopathologic changes that were largely similar to those observed in cases of classic hog cholera. The difference consisted in the frequence and intensity of the lesions. Histopathologically essential proved the investigation of the brain. The latter usually presents a prevailing activation and hyperplasia of the capilary endothelium, while in classic swine fever there are lesions chiefly observed in the mesenchymal tissue with the formation of perivascular lymphoid-cell prolierations."}
{"id": "PMID:898648", "title": "[Thin-layer chromatographic determination of coumarin derivatives].", "content": "Described is a thin-layer chromatography method for the demonstration and identification of the cumarin derivatives cumaphos and warfarin. Tested were five solvents and six developers. Best results were obtained by means of Silica gel plates, the toluol-aceton solvent (85:15), and the developer of a diazosalt 0.4% in an alcohol 20% sodiumhydroxide. Warfarin and cumaphos are demonstrated with the appearance of yellow, resp. orange spots on a white background, the RF values being 0.37 and 0.85, and sensitivity as regards warfarin 0.5 microgram and cumaphos 0.2 microgram.", "contents": "[Thin-layer chromatographic determination of coumarin derivatives]. Described is a thin-layer chromatography method for the demonstration and identification of the cumarin derivatives cumaphos and warfarin. Tested were five solvents and six developers. Best results were obtained by means of Silica gel plates, the toluol-aceton solvent (85:15), and the developer of a diazosalt 0.4% in an alcohol 20% sodiumhydroxide. Warfarin and cumaphos are demonstrated with the appearance of yellow, resp. orange spots on a white background, the RF values being 0.37 and 0.85, and sensitivity as regards warfarin 0.5 microgram and cumaphos 0.2 microgram."}
{"id": "PMID:898649", "title": "[Study of the taste sensitivity of dairy product tasters].", "content": "The study in terms of age, sex, and tobacco smoking has shown that 45% of the experts engaged in the organoleptic evaluation of dairy products more or less manifest so-called gustatory daltonism with regard to the four basic tastes. Non-smokers are shown to percept lower concentrations of the tested solutions, while in older persons and smokers there is certain deadening of the taste sensitivity. Taste organs manifest strongest sensitivity to bitter substances and a weakest one to saulty products, so people participating in the organoleptic evaluation of food should be periodically examined to check their sensory minimum.", "contents": "[Study of the taste sensitivity of dairy product tasters]. The study in terms of age, sex, and tobacco smoking has shown that 45% of the experts engaged in the organoleptic evaluation of dairy products more or less manifest so-called gustatory daltonism with regard to the four basic tastes. Non-smokers are shown to percept lower concentrations of the tested solutions, while in older persons and smokers there is certain deadening of the taste sensitivity. Taste organs manifest strongest sensitivity to bitter substances and a weakest one to saulty products, so people participating in the organoleptic evaluation of food should be periodically examined to check their sensory minimum."}
{"id": "PMID:898650", "title": "[Studies of the chronic toxicity of mold pectinase].", "content": "Studied was the action of mould pectinase produced in this country, using Asp. niger. Rats and guinea pigs were subject to the testing through continuous oral treatment. The preparation was mixed with feed at 0.1 and 0.2 ratio percents (1000 and 2000 ppm)--with the rats for a period of 90 days, and with the guinea pigs--in the course of 180 days. It was found that the enzyme preparation stimulates the growth (more strongly expressed in rats), showing no adverse effect on the appetite and behaviour as well as on the tested clinical and biochemical indices of the blood and urine and the structure and development of viscera and the reproductive capacity of the test animals. The positive effect on the growth of animals is explained by the better utilization of the nutrient components of the ration, and the harmlessness of the preparation--by its weak resorption in the digestive tract (resorption index 13) and the fact that it is not able to attack animal tissues having no pectin substances.", "contents": "[Studies of the chronic toxicity of mold pectinase]. Studied was the action of mould pectinase produced in this country, using Asp. niger. Rats and guinea pigs were subject to the testing through continuous oral treatment. The preparation was mixed with feed at 0.1 and 0.2 ratio percents (1000 and 2000 ppm)--with the rats for a period of 90 days, and with the guinea pigs--in the course of 180 days. It was found that the enzyme preparation stimulates the growth (more strongly expressed in rats), showing no adverse effect on the appetite and behaviour as well as on the tested clinical and biochemical indices of the blood and urine and the structure and development of viscera and the reproductive capacity of the test animals. The positive effect on the growth of animals is explained by the better utilization of the nutrient components of the ration, and the harmlessness of the preparation--by its weak resorption in the digestive tract (resorption index 13) and the fact that it is not able to attack animal tissues having no pectin substances."}
{"id": "PMID:898651", "title": "[Occurrence and etiology for subclinical mastitis in cows].", "content": "Studied were a total of 16,571 cows on 89 farms by means of the Bernburg test. Milk was sampled from the positively reacting quarters of the udder by taking 18,047 samples intended for bacteriologic investigation. The demonstration of mastitis streptococci was carried out on \"TKT\" agar Merk, of pathogenic staphylococci, hemolytic streptococci, and Corinebacteria--on dextrose agar Oxoid containing 7.5% citrated calf blood. The isolated hemolytic streptococcus bacteria from the two nutrient media were differentiated through the CAMP test as well as serologically by the precipitation agar gel and Difco sera. The pathogenicity of Staphylococcus bacteria, in addition through hemolysis, was tested by the use of plasma coagulase with citrated rabbit plasma. In 53.95% of the cases there were secretory lesions due to Sc. agalactiae (6.23%) to Sc. dysgalactiae (5.69%) to Sc. uberis (8.47%), to Staph. aureus (2.44%), to hemolytic streptococci of the C, G and L groups (0.28%), to Sc. viridans (0.03%), to Corynebacterium pyogenes (0.41%), and catarrhal mastitis (30.4%). Some of the causative agents, such as Sc. agalactiae, Staph. aureus, and others have proved of epidemiologic importance to humans.", "contents": "[Occurrence and etiology for subclinical mastitis in cows]. Studied were a total of 16,571 cows on 89 farms by means of the Bernburg test. Milk was sampled from the positively reacting quarters of the udder by taking 18,047 samples intended for bacteriologic investigation. The demonstration of mastitis streptococci was carried out on \"TKT\" agar Merk, of pathogenic staphylococci, hemolytic streptococci, and Corinebacteria--on dextrose agar Oxoid containing 7.5% citrated calf blood. The isolated hemolytic streptococcus bacteria from the two nutrient media were differentiated through the CAMP test as well as serologically by the precipitation agar gel and Difco sera. The pathogenicity of Staphylococcus bacteria, in addition through hemolysis, was tested by the use of plasma coagulase with citrated rabbit plasma. In 53.95% of the cases there were secretory lesions due to Sc. agalactiae (6.23%) to Sc. dysgalactiae (5.69%) to Sc. uberis (8.47%), to Staph. aureus (2.44%), to hemolytic streptococci of the C, G and L groups (0.28%), to Sc. viridans (0.03%), to Corynebacterium pyogenes (0.41%), and catarrhal mastitis (30.4%). Some of the causative agents, such as Sc. agalactiae, Staph. aureus, and others have proved of epidemiologic importance to humans."}
{"id": "PMID:898652", "title": "Accidental transfusion of blood containing HBsAg or anti-HBs.", "content": "The presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs was tested in 2,099 surgery patients and in the blood left in 3,157 flasks after transfusion. It was found that accidental transfusion of HBsAg-containing blood had occurred. The 30 patients in which seropositivity correlations between recipients and transfused blood could be established were followed up clinically and serologically at 3, 6 and 12 months after transfusion. Out of the 13 initially seropositive patients 5 showed clinical or subclinical symptoms of viral hepatitis (V.H.). Most of the recipients of HBsAg-containing blood developed a biological response consisting in the appearance of either V.H. or anti-HBs. An increased number of fatal cases was recorded among recipients of anti-HBs-containing blood within 1 to 16 days post transfusion.", "contents": "Accidental transfusion of blood containing HBsAg or anti-HBs. The presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs was tested in 2,099 surgery patients and in the blood left in 3,157 flasks after transfusion. It was found that accidental transfusion of HBsAg-containing blood had occurred. The 30 patients in which seropositivity correlations between recipients and transfused blood could be established were followed up clinically and serologically at 3, 6 and 12 months after transfusion. Out of the 13 initially seropositive patients 5 showed clinical or subclinical symptoms of viral hepatitis (V.H.). Most of the recipients of HBsAg-containing blood developed a biological response consisting in the appearance of either V.H. or anti-HBs. An increased number of fatal cases was recorded among recipients of anti-HBs-containing blood within 1 to 16 days post transfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:898654", "title": "The experience of the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institue of Virology in the preparation of administration of inactivated influenza vaccines applicable by nasal or oral route.", "content": "Studies conducted for over 20 years allowed the authors to accumulate a rich experience in the production and administration of an inactivated influenza vaccine applicable by nasal and oral route, prepared in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology. Applied as a monovalent in a single dose of 1000 IU, the vaccine induced seroconversion of 70% of the vaccines and ensured a 2--4-fold decrease in influenza morbidity. Owing to these qualities the vaccine represents one of the most advantageous preparations used in influenza prophylaxis.", "contents": "The experience of the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institue of Virology in the preparation of administration of inactivated influenza vaccines applicable by nasal or oral route. Studies conducted for over 20 years allowed the authors to accumulate a rich experience in the production and administration of an inactivated influenza vaccine applicable by nasal and oral route, prepared in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology. Applied as a monovalent in a single dose of 1000 IU, the vaccine induced seroconversion of 70% of the vaccines and ensured a 2--4-fold decrease in influenza morbidity. Owing to these qualities the vaccine represents one of the most advantageous preparations used in influenza prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:898790", "title": "[Differential diagnosis between pyometra and tumor of the uterine body after radiotherapy of cervical cancer].", "content": "Clinico-morphological data on 25 patients are presented, in whom within the terms from 7 months to 25 years following radiotherapy for cervical cancer an increased size of the uterine body was noted, the latter would practically be induced either by recurrent tumor growth (in 13 patients), or primary-multiple tumor-adenocarcinoma (in 6 patients), or mixed mesodermal tumor (5 patients).", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis between pyometra and tumor of the uterine body after radiotherapy of cervical cancer]. Clinico-morphological data on 25 patients are presented, in whom within the terms from 7 months to 25 years following radiotherapy for cervical cancer an increased size of the uterine body was noted, the latter would practically be induced either by recurrent tumor growth (in 13 patients), or primary-multiple tumor-adenocarcinoma (in 6 patients), or mixed mesodermal tumor (5 patients)."}
{"id": "PMID:898791", "title": "[Incidence of precancerous changes in the hormone-dependent organs of women with ovarian dysfunction].", "content": "The authors present the results of studies on the state of the endometrium and mammary glands in patients with three most frequently occurred forms of menstrual cycle disorders (185-with dysfunctional uterine bleeding, 104-with oligo-opsomenorrhea, 104-with secondary amenorrhea). It is found that disturbances in the ovarian hormonal function result in the development of hyperplastic processes in the endometrium in 62.2% of patients, and in the mammary gland--in 55.7%. In dysfunctional uterine bleeding hyperplastic processes develop mainly in the endometrium (94.5%), while mammary glands are more seldom involved in the pathological process (57.6%). In oligo-opsomenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea dishormonal affections more frequently occur in mammary glands (64.5% and 43.6% accordingly) compared with the endometrium, where dysplasia and atrophic changes prevail. The correction of the ovarian function disorders in due course leads to considerable reduction of the incidence of dyshormonal lesions in receptory organs, many of which should be considered as precancer.", "contents": "[Incidence of precancerous changes in the hormone-dependent organs of women with ovarian dysfunction]. The authors present the results of studies on the state of the endometrium and mammary glands in patients with three most frequently occurred forms of menstrual cycle disorders (185-with dysfunctional uterine bleeding, 104-with oligo-opsomenorrhea, 104-with secondary amenorrhea). It is found that disturbances in the ovarian hormonal function result in the development of hyperplastic processes in the endometrium in 62.2% of patients, and in the mammary gland--in 55.7%. In dysfunctional uterine bleeding hyperplastic processes develop mainly in the endometrium (94.5%), while mammary glands are more seldom involved in the pathological process (57.6%). In oligo-opsomenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea dishormonal affections more frequently occur in mammary glands (64.5% and 43.6% accordingly) compared with the endometrium, where dysplasia and atrophic changes prevail. The correction of the ovarian function disorders in due course leads to considerable reduction of the incidence of dyshormonal lesions in receptory organs, many of which should be considered as precancer."}
{"id": "PMID:898792", "title": "[Morphology and histogenesis of ovarian endometriosis as potential precancerous condition].", "content": "In the literature, the problems of the histology, morphogenesis and malignant transformation of ovarian endometriosis are being elucidated but rather contradictory. The author's personal study is based on the examination of operative materials from 228 patients. There was found heterogenicity of the microscopic structure of ovarian endometriosis, and its following variants were revealed: a) in relation to the growth-progressive, stable, regressive malignant; b) in relation to the spread-focal, diffuse, unilateral, bilateral, with extraovarian dissemination, without extraovarian dissemination; c) in relation to the morphology-glandular, adenocystic, cystic, stromal. A detailed morphological characteristic is given of malignant transformation of ovarian endometriosis, observed in 26 cases.", "contents": "[Morphology and histogenesis of ovarian endometriosis as potential precancerous condition]. In the literature, the problems of the histology, morphogenesis and malignant transformation of ovarian endometriosis are being elucidated but rather contradictory. The author's personal study is based on the examination of operative materials from 228 patients. There was found heterogenicity of the microscopic structure of ovarian endometriosis, and its following variants were revealed: a) in relation to the growth-progressive, stable, regressive malignant; b) in relation to the spread-focal, diffuse, unilateral, bilateral, with extraovarian dissemination, without extraovarian dissemination; c) in relation to the morphology-glandular, adenocystic, cystic, stromal. A detailed morphological characteristic is given of malignant transformation of ovarian endometriosis, observed in 26 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:898793", "title": "[Substantiation of prognosis in cancer of the vulva].", "content": "Based on the analysis of clinico-morphological findings in 302 patients with cancer of the vulva, the author pinpoints further the prognostic value of the factors characterizing the peculiar features of primary tumor and its local and regional spread. The 5-year survival was noted in 56.3%. The prognosis is found to be worse in a decreased degree of tumor histological differentiation, its localization in the clitoris region, in endophytic growth, the increased perimeter and infiltration of underlying tissues, and if regional lymph nodes are involved by metastases.", "contents": "[Substantiation of prognosis in cancer of the vulva]. Based on the analysis of clinico-morphological findings in 302 patients with cancer of the vulva, the author pinpoints further the prognostic value of the factors characterizing the peculiar features of primary tumor and its local and regional spread. The 5-year survival was noted in 56.3%. The prognosis is found to be worse in a decreased degree of tumor histological differentiation, its localization in the clitoris region, in endophytic growth, the increased perimeter and infiltration of underlying tissues, and if regional lymph nodes are involved by metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:898794", "title": "[Diagnostic difficulties in primary extraperitoneal pelvic tumors].", "content": "On the basis of the experience of the vascular surgery department of the A.V. Vishnevsky Surgery Institute the author explains some difficulties in the diagnostics of the primary extra-peritoneal pelvis tumours.", "contents": "[Diagnostic difficulties in primary extraperitoneal pelvic tumors]. On the basis of the experience of the vascular surgery department of the A.V. Vishnevsky Surgery Institute the author explains some difficulties in the diagnostics of the primary extra-peritoneal pelvis tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:898795", "title": "[Tumors in BALB C mice after transplacental exposure to N-nitrosoethylurea in progenesis].", "content": "In the experiments with transplacental exposure of mice to N-nitrosoethyl urea (NEU) an enhanced carcinogenesis was noted not only in the first but also in the second generation. This effect in mice of the second generation was manifested in earlier development, as compared with control animals, of different neoplasms as well as in somewhat increased frequency of their detection. Postnatal exposure to NEU would enhance carcinogenesis in mice of both experimental and control groups, whereas no enhancement of carcinogenesis was observed in animals exposed to NEU in progenesis, compared with control mice. Postnatal x-ray irradiation also failed to produce enhanced carcinogenesis, compared with control animals i.e. those exposed to NEU in progenesis. While in female mice of the same group, contrary to the control, ovarian tumors under the effect of irradiation did not arise. It is suggested that there is a pathogenic connection between the inheritance of carcinogenic effect by oocytes and the loss by the ovary its capacity to produce neoplasms in response to irradiation.", "contents": "[Tumors in BALB C mice after transplacental exposure to N-nitrosoethylurea in progenesis]. In the experiments with transplacental exposure of mice to N-nitrosoethyl urea (NEU) an enhanced carcinogenesis was noted not only in the first but also in the second generation. This effect in mice of the second generation was manifested in earlier development, as compared with control animals, of different neoplasms as well as in somewhat increased frequency of their detection. Postnatal exposure to NEU would enhance carcinogenesis in mice of both experimental and control groups, whereas no enhancement of carcinogenesis was observed in animals exposed to NEU in progenesis, compared with control mice. Postnatal x-ray irradiation also failed to produce enhanced carcinogenesis, compared with control animals i.e. those exposed to NEU in progenesis. While in female mice of the same group, contrary to the control, ovarian tumors under the effect of irradiation did not arise. It is suggested that there is a pathogenic connection between the inheritance of carcinogenic effect by oocytes and the loss by the ovary its capacity to produce neoplasms in response to irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:898796", "title": "[Evaluation of the parameters of asymptotic curves of tumor growth].", "content": "Formulae are given for estimation of the parameters of mathematical dependencies being equivalent to y=a+bcx (Hompertz equation, logistic function, etc) according to experimental findings. Estimates of the parameters, obtained by means of the formulae involved, meet the requirements of the minimum squares method, their precision closely approximating that of the iteration method for an electronic computer.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the parameters of asymptotic curves of tumor growth]. Formulae are given for estimation of the parameters of mathematical dependencies being equivalent to y=a+bcx (Hompertz equation, logistic function, etc) according to experimental findings. Estimates of the parameters, obtained by means of the formulae involved, meet the requirements of the minimum squares method, their precision closely approximating that of the iteration method for an electronic computer."}
{"id": "PMID:898797", "title": "[Kinetic study of the effect of N-nitroso-N-alkylurea on the development of leukemia L1210].", "content": "A comparative kinetic study of antitumor activity of seven alkyl derivatives of nitrosourea in the process of ascites leucosis L 1210 was undertaken. The efficacy was estimated on the basis of determining the coefficient of inhibition chi and the increase of an average survival of treated mice. The tumor was found to be mostly sensitive to nitroso derivatives containing chloroethyl groups--1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-(3-cyclohexil)-1-nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexil)-1-nitrosourea. 1-nitroso-1-methylbiuret and 1-nitroso-1-methylurea proved to be highly effective too, while 1,3-dimethyl-1-nitrosourea and 1,3-diethyl-1-nitrosourea were found to be insignificantly effective.", "contents": "[Kinetic study of the effect of N-nitroso-N-alkylurea on the development of leukemia L1210]. A comparative kinetic study of antitumor activity of seven alkyl derivatives of nitrosourea in the process of ascites leucosis L 1210 was undertaken. The efficacy was estimated on the basis of determining the coefficient of inhibition chi and the increase of an average survival of treated mice. The tumor was found to be mostly sensitive to nitroso derivatives containing chloroethyl groups--1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-(3-cyclohexil)-1-nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexil)-1-nitrosourea. 1-nitroso-1-methylbiuret and 1-nitroso-1-methylurea proved to be highly effective too, while 1,3-dimethyl-1-nitrosourea and 1,3-diethyl-1-nitrosourea were found to be insignificantly effective."}
{"id": "PMID:898800", "title": "[Immunologic reactions in cervical cancer].", "content": "Under study were immunological indices--the reaction of microprecipitation (tumor and embryonal antigens) and HRDT (tumor and tuberculine antigens) in 305 patients with cancer of the uterine cervix. It was found that most patients showed impaired immune responses: an increased number of persons with specific antibodies circulating in blood serum and increased hypersensitivity of of delayed type. The percentage of positive reactions of microprecipitation and HRDT increases as the tumor spreads. The methods of combined therapy generally improve immunological indices, however, the process starts 1-3 years following the treatment.", "contents": "[Immunologic reactions in cervical cancer]. Under study were immunological indices--the reaction of microprecipitation (tumor and embryonal antigens) and HRDT (tumor and tuberculine antigens) in 305 patients with cancer of the uterine cervix. It was found that most patients showed impaired immune responses: an increased number of persons with specific antibodies circulating in blood serum and increased hypersensitivity of of delayed type. The percentage of positive reactions of microprecipitation and HRDT increases as the tumor spreads. The methods of combined therapy generally improve immunological indices, however, the process starts 1-3 years following the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:898817", "title": "[Complex analysis of the actual nutrition and nutritional conditions in the GDR].", "content": "In the GDR the nutritional balance is characterized by an excessive consumption of fats and also a slight deficiency of some mineral substances and vitamins. The consumption of food products, the calorific intake and that of nutrients depend upon the sociological structure of the society (workers, employees, collective farmers, pensioners) on the socio-economic factors (income, the household size, number of family members) and upon biological parameters. With greater expenditures on alimentation the actual nutritional pattern generally does not improve. In the GDR 20 per cent of males and 40 per cent women suffer from obesity. From among factors influencing the nutritional status subject to consideration are the sex, age, physical activity and body constitution. Model analyses carried out in GDR helped obtain some indications as to the alimentary habits in people with normal and excessive weight.", "contents": "[Complex analysis of the actual nutrition and nutritional conditions in the GDR]. In the GDR the nutritional balance is characterized by an excessive consumption of fats and also a slight deficiency of some mineral substances and vitamins. The consumption of food products, the calorific intake and that of nutrients depend upon the sociological structure of the society (workers, employees, collective farmers, pensioners) on the socio-economic factors (income, the household size, number of family members) and upon biological parameters. With greater expenditures on alimentation the actual nutritional pattern generally does not improve. In the GDR 20 per cent of males and 40 per cent women suffer from obesity. From among factors influencing the nutritional status subject to consideration are the sex, age, physical activity and body constitution. Model analyses carried out in GDR helped obtain some indications as to the alimentary habits in people with normal and excessive weight."}
{"id": "PMID:898819", "title": "[Lipid metabolism disorders in white rats following depression of the anticlotting system by an atherogenic diet].", "content": "Experiments conducted with adult rats kept on an therogenic diet for 30 and 45 days demonstrated that with depressed function of the anticoagulation system and developing prethrombotic state of the organism there occur changes in the spectrum of the animals blood serum lipoproteids, namely--an increase of the pre-beta-lipoproteids fraction, the appearance of the chylomicrones fraction and a fall-off of the alpha-lipoproteids fraction. The total content of atherogenic lipoproteids (beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteids) rises by as much as 2-4 times. The depression of the anticoagulation function stemming from alimentary lipemia comes as a menace of forthcoming intravascular thrombogenesis.", "contents": "[Lipid metabolism disorders in white rats following depression of the anticlotting system by an atherogenic diet]. Experiments conducted with adult rats kept on an therogenic diet for 30 and 45 days demonstrated that with depressed function of the anticoagulation system and developing prethrombotic state of the organism there occur changes in the spectrum of the animals blood serum lipoproteids, namely--an increase of the pre-beta-lipoproteids fraction, the appearance of the chylomicrones fraction and a fall-off of the alpha-lipoproteids fraction. The total content of atherogenic lipoproteids (beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteids) rises by as much as 2-4 times. The depression of the anticoagulation function stemming from alimentary lipemia comes as a menace of forthcoming intravascular thrombogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:898821", "title": "[Effect of complete starvation on the concentration of vitamin B12 in several tissues of white rats].", "content": "The vitamin B12 content in the liver, kidneys and blood with complete fasting was measured. After 2 days of complete fasting the vitamin B12 concentration was declining, rising again by the 7th day. Its highest concentration was registered in the kidneys, both in normalcy and in complete fasting. With the amount of the vitamin calculated to cover the entire organ the foremost was the liver, both in test animals and in controls.", "contents": "[Effect of complete starvation on the concentration of vitamin B12 in several tissues of white rats]. The vitamin B12 content in the liver, kidneys and blood with complete fasting was measured. After 2 days of complete fasting the vitamin B12 concentration was declining, rising again by the 7th day. Its highest concentration was registered in the kidneys, both in normalcy and in complete fasting. With the amount of the vitamin calculated to cover the entire organ the foremost was the liver, both in test animals and in controls."}
{"id": "PMID:898820", "title": "[Effect of saccharose on the intensity of changes in lipid metabolism in the presence of insufficient protein in the diet].", "content": "Experiments set up on rats demonstrated that the use of rations in which the protein content is reduced at the expense of increased proportion of carbohydrates leads to an accretion in the liver of total lipids, triacylglycerines, cholesterol ethers and to a drop of the phosphoglycerides level, accelerated synthesis of triacylglycerines, decelerated synthesis of phosphoglycerides and a slower rate of the lipids elimination from this organ. With an unchanged amount of triacylglycerines the blood demonstrated a reduced radioactivity level of triacylglycerines following introduction of 2-C14 sodium acetate with a concurrent fall of the phosphoglycerides level and lower tag concentration therein. Inclusion of saccharose in the protein-deficient ration was found to aggravate the manifestations of protein deficiency and to result in more substantial digressions of the lipids metabolism study figures.", "contents": "[Effect of saccharose on the intensity of changes in lipid metabolism in the presence of insufficient protein in the diet]. Experiments set up on rats demonstrated that the use of rations in which the protein content is reduced at the expense of increased proportion of carbohydrates leads to an accretion in the liver of total lipids, triacylglycerines, cholesterol ethers and to a drop of the phosphoglycerides level, accelerated synthesis of triacylglycerines, decelerated synthesis of phosphoglycerides and a slower rate of the lipids elimination from this organ. With an unchanged amount of triacylglycerines the blood demonstrated a reduced radioactivity level of triacylglycerines following introduction of 2-C14 sodium acetate with a concurrent fall of the phosphoglycerides level and lower tag concentration therein. Inclusion of saccharose in the protein-deficient ration was found to aggravate the manifestations of protein deficiency and to result in more substantial digressions of the lipids metabolism study figures."}
{"id": "PMID:898823", "title": "[Use of new products with increased biologic value for nourishment of school aged children].", "content": "Rations in which new protein-rich, fat and cultured milk products are included have been worked out. These products made it possible to enrich the rations with a full-value protein, essential fatty acids, mineral substances and vitamins. Under observation were kept 60 schoolchildren, students of specialized and boarding schools aged from 13 to 16 years. The studies covered their health status, the degree of their fatiguability in the course of learning and the state of some factors characterizing metabolic processes proceeding in their organism. The enrichment of the adolescents' ration with products of an elevated biological value had a beneficial influence on the metabolism, physical development and performance capacity. All this justifies recommending wide use of new protein-rich fat and cultivated milk products in the dietary at boarding schools, account being taken of greater academic and teaching requirements.", "contents": "[Use of new products with increased biologic value for nourishment of school aged children]. Rations in which new protein-rich, fat and cultured milk products are included have been worked out. These products made it possible to enrich the rations with a full-value protein, essential fatty acids, mineral substances and vitamins. Under observation were kept 60 schoolchildren, students of specialized and boarding schools aged from 13 to 16 years. The studies covered their health status, the degree of their fatiguability in the course of learning and the state of some factors characterizing metabolic processes proceeding in their organism. The enrichment of the adolescents' ration with products of an elevated biological value had a beneficial influence on the metabolism, physical development and performance capacity. All this justifies recommending wide use of new protein-rich fat and cultivated milk products in the dietary at boarding schools, account being taken of greater academic and teaching requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:898824", "title": "[Amino acid composition of lactic acid bacteria].", "content": "The amino acid composition of summary proteins in the strains 17, 33, 35 of the lactic acid bacteria cultures was studied in a nutrient medium with an automatic amino acids analyzer manufactured by the firm \"Hitachi\". The qualitative amino acids composition of various strains in the lactic acid bacteria cultures is identical with a total of 18 amino acids definable therein. As concerns the content of leucine, treonine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, arginine, glutamic and asparagic acids, as well as proline--the strains 17, 33 and 35 of the lactic acid bacteria cultures practically do not differ from one another.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition of lactic acid bacteria]. The amino acid composition of summary proteins in the strains 17, 33, 35 of the lactic acid bacteria cultures was studied in a nutrient medium with an automatic amino acids analyzer manufactured by the firm \"Hitachi\". The qualitative amino acids composition of various strains in the lactic acid bacteria cultures is identical with a total of 18 amino acids definable therein. As concerns the content of leucine, treonine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, arginine, glutamic and asparagic acids, as well as proline--the strains 17, 33 and 35 of the lactic acid bacteria cultures practically do not differ from one another."}
{"id": "PMID:898831", "title": "A comparative analysis of methods suitable for detection of platelet alloantibodies: inhibition of 14C-serotonin uptake, 14C-serotonin release and microcomplement fixation.", "content": "Three HLA-specific antisera were comparatively analyzed by platelet microcomplement fixation and 14C-serotonin uptake and/or 14C-serotonin release studies with platelets. In general, there was a good correlation of HLA antibody specificity exhibited in all 3 test systems. Quantitative differences in the response of platelets to HLA antisera were observed and accounted for by differences in antigen density and different types of antibodies involved. Platelet autoantibodies could not be detected by means of 14C-serotonin release from platelets in plasma.", "contents": "A comparative analysis of methods suitable for detection of platelet alloantibodies: inhibition of 14C-serotonin uptake, 14C-serotonin release and microcomplement fixation. Three HLA-specific antisera were comparatively analyzed by platelet microcomplement fixation and 14C-serotonin uptake and/or 14C-serotonin release studies with platelets. In general, there was a good correlation of HLA antibody specificity exhibited in all 3 test systems. Quantitative differences in the response of platelets to HLA antisera were observed and accounted for by differences in antigen density and different types of antibodies involved. Platelet autoantibodies could not be detected by means of 14C-serotonin release from platelets in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:898832", "title": "The incidence of HLA antigens in leprosy.", "content": "HLA antigens were studied in 36 patients, with leprosy, 20 cases of lepromatous and 16 cases of tuberculoid type. Eleven out of 36 (30.55%) had BW40 as compared to 9.33% of 150 controls. The frequency of BW40 in tuberculoid patients (31.25%) was not different from that in lepromatous cases (30%).", "contents": "The incidence of HLA antigens in leprosy. HLA antigens were studied in 36 patients, with leprosy, 20 cases of lepromatous and 16 cases of tuberculoid type. Eleven out of 36 (30.55%) had BW40 as compared to 9.33% of 150 controls. The frequency of BW40 in tuberculoid patients (31.25%) was not different from that in lepromatous cases (30%)."}
{"id": "PMID:898826", "title": "[Alteration of the biologically active substances of a lipid nature during drying of wheat grain].", "content": "The influence exerted by the temperature of the wheat grain heating when it is dried in an \"elemental\" layeron changes in the content of some biologically active lipid-like substances and of the lipids oxidation products was studied. It was made certain that drying at different temperatures of the grain heating tends to produce material changes in the amount of biologically active substances and the lipids oxidation products. There is observed a drop in the content of carotinoids, phospholipids, of the sum-total and individual forms of tocopherols with simultaneous accumulation of the oxidation products. With rising temperature of heating the grain that undergoes drying the said changes become ever more ostensible.", "contents": "[Alteration of the biologically active substances of a lipid nature during drying of wheat grain]. The influence exerted by the temperature of the wheat grain heating when it is dried in an \"elemental\" layeron changes in the content of some biologically active lipid-like substances and of the lipids oxidation products was studied. It was made certain that drying at different temperatures of the grain heating tends to produce material changes in the amount of biologically active substances and the lipids oxidation products. There is observed a drop in the content of carotinoids, phospholipids, of the sum-total and individual forms of tocopherols with simultaneous accumulation of the oxidation products. With rising temperature of heating the grain that undergoes drying the said changes become ever more ostensible."}
{"id": "PMID:898833", "title": "'How frequent is posttranfusion hepatitis after the introduction of 3rd generation donor screening for hepatitis B? What is its probable nature?", "content": "Third generation donor screening for hepatitis B is not generally efficacious in reducing PTH B except under certain epidemiological conditions. The nature of the remaining cases of PTH varies from region to region and depends on actual epidemiological circumstances. Cases of HB, transmitted by HBsAg-negative but nevertheless HBV-infectious blood, should be considered as well as cases of HB, transmitted by vehicles other than transfusion-blood, but confusingly also classified as PTH. Hepatitis A and hepatitis due to agents not yet identified occurring in blood recipients need further investigation. In such cases it remains an open question too, whether the disease is mainly transmitted with the transfusion-blood or by other vehicles, associated with large and long-lasting wounds or hospital environments as closely as blood transfusions are.", "contents": "'How frequent is posttranfusion hepatitis after the introduction of 3rd generation donor screening for hepatitis B? What is its probable nature? Third generation donor screening for hepatitis B is not generally efficacious in reducing PTH B except under certain epidemiological conditions. The nature of the remaining cases of PTH varies from region to region and depends on actual epidemiological circumstances. Cases of HB, transmitted by HBsAg-negative but nevertheless HBV-infectious blood, should be considered as well as cases of HB, transmitted by vehicles other than transfusion-blood, but confusingly also classified as PTH. Hepatitis A and hepatitis due to agents not yet identified occurring in blood recipients need further investigation. In such cases it remains an open question too, whether the disease is mainly transmitted with the transfusion-blood or by other vehicles, associated with large and long-lasting wounds or hospital environments as closely as blood transfusions are."}
{"id": "PMID:898827", "title": "[Fatty acid and phospholipid content of the meat of domesticated reindeer].", "content": "Data on the composition of fatty acids in the visceral, subcutaneous and intra-muscular fat and also of phospholipids in the muscular tissue of freshly frozen reindeer meat (venison) are presented. It is noted that the intra-muscular lipids in the meat of the young stock are richer as concerns the qualitative composition of phospholipids and contain more of the linoleic acid, whereas a reduced nourishing of adult reindeers brings with it a fall in the amount of decitins and an increase in the content of the stearic acid.", "contents": "[Fatty acid and phospholipid content of the meat of domesticated reindeer]. Data on the composition of fatty acids in the visceral, subcutaneous and intra-muscular fat and also of phospholipids in the muscular tissue of freshly frozen reindeer meat (venison) are presented. It is noted that the intra-muscular lipids in the meat of the young stock are richer as concerns the qualitative composition of phospholipids and contain more of the linoleic acid, whereas a reduced nourishing of adult reindeers brings with it a fall in the amount of decitins and an increase in the content of the stearic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:898834", "title": "Immunochemical studies of infectious mononucleosis. VII. Isolation and partial characterization of a glycopeptide from bovine erythrocytes.", "content": "The major sialoglycopeptide released from bovine erythrocytes by papain has been purified and characterized. The glycopeptide contains 82% by weight carbohydrate in molar ratios of galactose - 5.5:N-acetylglucosamine - 3.6:sialic acid - 2.6:N-acetylgalactosamine - 1.0. The carbohydrate and amino acid composition is quite different from the glycoprotein extracted from bovine erythrocyte stroma with hot 75% ethanol. The glycopeptide is devoid of reactivity with Paul-Bunnell heterophile antibody of infectious mononucleosis - an activity expressed to high degree on the bovine erythrocyte and associated with glycoprotein. The glycopeptide does react, however, with another antibody found in infectious mononucleosis as well as most normal human sera tested.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies of infectious mononucleosis. VII. Isolation and partial characterization of a glycopeptide from bovine erythrocytes. The major sialoglycopeptide released from bovine erythrocytes by papain has been purified and characterized. The glycopeptide contains 82% by weight carbohydrate in molar ratios of galactose - 5.5:N-acetylglucosamine - 3.6:sialic acid - 2.6:N-acetylgalactosamine - 1.0. The carbohydrate and amino acid composition is quite different from the glycoprotein extracted from bovine erythrocyte stroma with hot 75% ethanol. The glycopeptide is devoid of reactivity with Paul-Bunnell heterophile antibody of infectious mononucleosis - an activity expressed to high degree on the bovine erythrocyte and associated with glycoprotein. The glycopeptide does react, however, with another antibody found in infectious mononucleosis as well as most normal human sera tested."}
{"id": "PMID:898828", "title": "[Effect of different kinds of heat treatment on the concentration of thiamine and riboflavin in peeled, whole buckwheat].", "content": "In all types of treatment thiamine is susceptible to greatest changes. With hydrothermal treatment (HTT) the losses of thiamine amounted to 5.65-8.50 per cent, depending on its variety. The cooking of unground buckwheat originating from such cereals was attended by further losses of thiamine, within the range of 9.07 up to 14.15 per cent, depending upon the variety of the grain. The loss of thiamine was highest in cooking unground buckwheat originating form raw grain, it being within the range of 16.35 up to 19.14 per cent, also depending on the variety of buckwheat. With different procedures in heat treatment riboflavine displayed a greater stability. The HTT was attended by insignificant losses of riboflavine--from 1.09 to 3.96 per cent. The riboflavine losses were found to be highest during subsequent cooking of unground buckwheat of the \"Gloria\" variety. When cooking groats of raw buckwheat the riboflavine losses are greater than in the case of the grain subjected to the HTT.", "contents": "[Effect of different kinds of heat treatment on the concentration of thiamine and riboflavin in peeled, whole buckwheat]. In all types of treatment thiamine is susceptible to greatest changes. With hydrothermal treatment (HTT) the losses of thiamine amounted to 5.65-8.50 per cent, depending on its variety. The cooking of unground buckwheat originating from such cereals was attended by further losses of thiamine, within the range of 9.07 up to 14.15 per cent, depending upon the variety of the grain. The loss of thiamine was highest in cooking unground buckwheat originating form raw grain, it being within the range of 16.35 up to 19.14 per cent, also depending on the variety of buckwheat. With different procedures in heat treatment riboflavine displayed a greater stability. The HTT was attended by insignificant losses of riboflavine--from 1.09 to 3.96 per cent. The riboflavine losses were found to be highest during subsequent cooking of unground buckwheat of the \"Gloria\" variety. When cooking groats of raw buckwheat the riboflavine losses are greater than in the case of the grain subjected to the HTT."}
{"id": "PMID:898835", "title": "Specific antibodies for desialized M and N blood group antigens.", "content": "Antisera obtained by immunizing rabbits with desialized M and N blood group glycoproteins (M' and N' glycoproteins) agglutinate desialized erythrocytes and precipitate desialized glycoproteins, but they do not react with sialic acid containing erythrocytes or glycoproteins. By absorption of anti-M' serum with N' glycoprotein, and of anti-N' serum with M' glycoprotein, reagents specifically agglutinating M' or N' erythrocytes were obtained. The absorbed anti-M' and anti-N' sera were specifically inhibited by M' or N' glycoproteins, respectively. The results show that sialic acid residues of red cell glycoproteins are not essential for the differentiation of M an N blood group determinants.", "contents": "Specific antibodies for desialized M and N blood group antigens. Antisera obtained by immunizing rabbits with desialized M and N blood group glycoproteins (M' and N' glycoproteins) agglutinate desialized erythrocytes and precipitate desialized glycoproteins, but they do not react with sialic acid containing erythrocytes or glycoproteins. By absorption of anti-M' serum with N' glycoprotein, and of anti-N' serum with M' glycoprotein, reagents specifically agglutinating M' or N' erythrocytes were obtained. The absorbed anti-M' and anti-N' sera were specifically inhibited by M' or N' glycoproteins, respectively. The results show that sialic acid residues of red cell glycoproteins are not essential for the differentiation of M an N blood group determinants."}
{"id": "PMID:898836", "title": "Screening of HBs antigen and detection of corresponding antibodies on groupamatic equipment.", "content": "The widespread utilization of Groupamatic equipment for routine immunohaematological tests has increased the demand for serological procedures that can be performed with this machine. We describe the test method which was developed and with which the detection of HBs antigen has now been carried out routinely for 1 year. It is an automated haemagglutination inhibition reaction which is called GIPHA (Groupamatic inhibition of passive haemagglutination). The sensitivity corresponds to 2 CNTS units, the antigen weight for 1 unit being from 1 to 4 ng. The reproducibility is good; the percentage of false positive reactions is about 0.5% and that of technical problems 0.7%. The additional advantages of the machines are numerous, among which we have the possibility of 11 other simultaneous reactions. One of them is the detection of antibodies against HBs antigen, which is a passive haemagglutination test called PHAG (passive haemagglutination on Groupamatic).", "contents": "Screening of HBs antigen and detection of corresponding antibodies on groupamatic equipment. The widespread utilization of Groupamatic equipment for routine immunohaematological tests has increased the demand for serological procedures that can be performed with this machine. We describe the test method which was developed and with which the detection of HBs antigen has now been carried out routinely for 1 year. It is an automated haemagglutination inhibition reaction which is called GIPHA (Groupamatic inhibition of passive haemagglutination). The sensitivity corresponds to 2 CNTS units, the antigen weight for 1 unit being from 1 to 4 ng. The reproducibility is good; the percentage of false positive reactions is about 0.5% and that of technical problems 0.7%. The additional advantages of the machines are numerous, among which we have the possibility of 11 other simultaneous reactions. One of them is the detection of antibodies against HBs antigen, which is a passive haemagglutination test called PHAG (passive haemagglutination on Groupamatic)."}
{"id": "PMID:898829", "title": "[Determination of folacin in the liver with the use of its enzymes].", "content": "A method of instituting hydrolysis by using enzymes of the examined liver is proposed as an adjunct to the formerly elaborated fluorometric procedure of determining folacin in the liver. The fermentative hydrolysis is conducted in two stages. The purpose of the first of them is to split the combined form of folacin under the effect of the examined liver conjugases; the second stage involves transformation of xanthopterin contained in the liver into leucopterin by xanthinoxidase of the liver. When utilizing enzymes of the examined liver the need for producing and application of the enzymatic preparation made of the pig kidneys falls away, this simplifying the fluorometric determination of folacin in the liver and increasing its accuracy.", "contents": "[Determination of folacin in the liver with the use of its enzymes]. A method of instituting hydrolysis by using enzymes of the examined liver is proposed as an adjunct to the formerly elaborated fluorometric procedure of determining folacin in the liver. The fermentative hydrolysis is conducted in two stages. The purpose of the first of them is to split the combined form of folacin under the effect of the examined liver conjugases; the second stage involves transformation of xanthopterin contained in the liver into leucopterin by xanthinoxidase of the liver. When utilizing enzymes of the examined liver the need for producing and application of the enzymatic preparation made of the pig kidneys falls away, this simplifying the fluorometric determination of folacin in the liver and increasing its accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:898837", "title": "Osmotic fragility changes in preserved blood: measurements by coil planet centrifuge and parpart methods.", "content": "The coil planet centrifuge (CPC) can be used to measure the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. Fragility measured by this method alters when different salts are used. The CPC and Parpart methods were used to measure the changes during storage in red cell osmotic fragility in ACD or CPD blood with or without adenine. More marked changes were detected by the CPC method, especially in old cells. The changes of fragility of erythrocytes during storage seem to occur mainly in old cells. Adenine is effective in preventing such changes.", "contents": "Osmotic fragility changes in preserved blood: measurements by coil planet centrifuge and parpart methods. The coil planet centrifuge (CPC) can be used to measure the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. Fragility measured by this method alters when different salts are used. The CPC and Parpart methods were used to measure the changes during storage in red cell osmotic fragility in ACD or CPD blood with or without adenine. More marked changes were detected by the CPC method, especially in old cells. The changes of fragility of erythrocytes during storage seem to occur mainly in old cells. Adenine is effective in preventing such changes."}
{"id": "PMID:898838", "title": "Blood group A antigen in human erythrocytic membranes and membrane fractions.", "content": "Erythrocytic membranes from blood group A individuals were assayed for A antigen using a quantitative hemagglutination inhibition technique. The membranes were then extracted for lipid and glycoprotein. Although some A antigen was usually found in the glycoprotein fraction, most of the activity was in the lipid fraction. The sum of A antigen activity in the lipid, glycoprotein, and membrane residue fractions only occasionally was equal to the A activity in the erythrocytic ghosts. However, when certain lipid preparations with little or no A antigen (enhancement factors) were added to the glycolipid fractions, the amount of A antigen demonstrated was usually greatly increased. Under these conditions, the sum of the fractions often was much greater than the A antigen demonstrated in erythrocytic membranes. This suggests that the organization or arrangement of A antigenic determinants in the red cell membrane may not always permit a stoichiometric reaction with anti-A molecules.", "contents": "Blood group A antigen in human erythrocytic membranes and membrane fractions. Erythrocytic membranes from blood group A individuals were assayed for A antigen using a quantitative hemagglutination inhibition technique. The membranes were then extracted for lipid and glycoprotein. Although some A antigen was usually found in the glycoprotein fraction, most of the activity was in the lipid fraction. The sum of A antigen activity in the lipid, glycoprotein, and membrane residue fractions only occasionally was equal to the A activity in the erythrocytic ghosts. However, when certain lipid preparations with little or no A antigen (enhancement factors) were added to the glycolipid fractions, the amount of A antigen demonstrated was usually greatly increased. Under these conditions, the sum of the fractions often was much greater than the A antigen demonstrated in erythrocytic membranes. This suggests that the organization or arrangement of A antigenic determinants in the red cell membrane may not always permit a stoichiometric reaction with anti-A molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:898839", "title": "Cytotoxins against a granulocyte antigen system: detection by a new method employing cytochalasin-B-treated cells.", "content": "A method for demonstrating granulocyte cytotoxins using a modified microdroplet dye exclusion technique and cytochalasin-B-treated cells is described. Cytochalasin-B-treated granulocytes were reacted against 223 sera from multitransfused pregnant and renal transplant patients. Incidence of granulocyte cytotoxins was 11.2%. Analysis (2 X 2 contingency tables) of the reactivity of GCT+ sera showed highly significant (p less than 0.001) positive associations among 5 sera and a significant (p less than 0.001) negative association with another serum. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that a granulocyte antigen system is detected by cytotoxins and that granulocyte antigens 'Grl' and 'Gr2' may be products of allelic genes.", "contents": "Cytotoxins against a granulocyte antigen system: detection by a new method employing cytochalasin-B-treated cells. A method for demonstrating granulocyte cytotoxins using a modified microdroplet dye exclusion technique and cytochalasin-B-treated cells is described. Cytochalasin-B-treated granulocytes were reacted against 223 sera from multitransfused pregnant and renal transplant patients. Incidence of granulocyte cytotoxins was 11.2%. Analysis (2 X 2 contingency tables) of the reactivity of GCT+ sera showed highly significant (p less than 0.001) positive associations among 5 sera and a significant (p less than 0.001) negative association with another serum. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that a granulocyte antigen system is detected by cytotoxins and that granulocyte antigens 'Grl' and 'Gr2' may be products of allelic genes."}
{"id": "PMID:898840", "title": "BS II lectin: a second hemagglutinin isolated from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds with affinity for type III polyagglutinable red cells.", "content": "BS II lectin, a second hemagglutinin isolated from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds, agglutinated the red cells from 11 patients manifesting the 'acquired B' antigen phenomenon. The results of serological studies indicate that this lectin has specificity for the type III polyagglutinable receptors rather than for the 'B-like' antigens present on 'acquired B' red cells. Two other blood samples which did not possess 'acquired B' antigens were also found to react with BS II lectin. Both of these samples were shown to have properties similar to those reported for Tk red cells. The serological characteristics of red cells modified in vitro by a culture broth of Bacteroides fragilis suggest that type III polyagglutinable receptors are identical to those associated with Tk red cells.", "contents": "BS II lectin: a second hemagglutinin isolated from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds with affinity for type III polyagglutinable red cells. BS II lectin, a second hemagglutinin isolated from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds, agglutinated the red cells from 11 patients manifesting the 'acquired B' antigen phenomenon. The results of serological studies indicate that this lectin has specificity for the type III polyagglutinable receptors rather than for the 'B-like' antigens present on 'acquired B' red cells. Two other blood samples which did not possess 'acquired B' antigens were also found to react with BS II lectin. Both of these samples were shown to have properties similar to those reported for Tk red cells. The serological characteristics of red cells modified in vitro by a culture broth of Bacteroides fragilis suggest that type III polyagglutinable receptors are identical to those associated with Tk red cells."}
{"id": "PMID:898841", "title": "ABO blood groups and HBs AG subtypes and titers in healthy carriers.", "content": "The investigation covered 457 'healthy' HBsAg carriers detected following a screening by CEP. HBsAg in the sera of these subjects were subtyped by ID and titrated by CEP. The results obtained were analyzed according to the cases investigated. Differences were found between the distribution of blood groups among the normal unselected population and among 'healthy' carriers, where the incidence of AB subjects was much higher. The difference was more marked for the carriers of HBsAg/ad.", "contents": "ABO blood groups and HBs AG subtypes and titers in healthy carriers. The investigation covered 457 'healthy' HBsAg carriers detected following a screening by CEP. HBsAg in the sera of these subjects were subtyped by ID and titrated by CEP. The results obtained were analyzed according to the cases investigated. Differences were found between the distribution of blood groups among the normal unselected population and among 'healthy' carriers, where the incidence of AB subjects was much higher. The difference was more marked for the carriers of HBsAg/ad."}
{"id": "PMID:898888", "title": "[Chronic infection of HeLa cells with respiratory syncytial virus].", "content": "Chronic infection of HeLa cells with respiratory syncytial virus (HeLa-RS) was produced at a multiplicity of infection of 0.00005 TCD50/cell. During 144 days, 21 passages of HeLa-RS culture were done. The chronically infected cells did not differ from the control culture in the growth pattern and their proliferative activity. The infectious virus was found in the culture fluid with cells at 7 and 14 days after inoculation of the culture. Subsequent attempts at isolation of the infectious virus from the culture fluid and homogenates of the infected cells were fruitless. However, the specific antigen was detected by the immunofluorescence procedure in 17.9-26.0% of cells (6-7 days after cell plating). The number of the infected cells increased after treatment of the culture with 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. Passage of HeLa-RS cells in the medium containing specific antibody had no effect on the number of cells containing RS-virus antigen. HeLa-RS cells were moderately resistant to superinfection with RS virus and retained their sensitivity to adenovirus type 3. Out of 9 clones examined 8 were infected. No interferon was found.", "contents": "[Chronic infection of HeLa cells with respiratory syncytial virus]. Chronic infection of HeLa cells with respiratory syncytial virus (HeLa-RS) was produced at a multiplicity of infection of 0.00005 TCD50/cell. During 144 days, 21 passages of HeLa-RS culture were done. The chronically infected cells did not differ from the control culture in the growth pattern and their proliferative activity. The infectious virus was found in the culture fluid with cells at 7 and 14 days after inoculation of the culture. Subsequent attempts at isolation of the infectious virus from the culture fluid and homogenates of the infected cells were fruitless. However, the specific antigen was detected by the immunofluorescence procedure in 17.9-26.0% of cells (6-7 days after cell plating). The number of the infected cells increased after treatment of the culture with 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. Passage of HeLa-RS cells in the medium containing specific antibody had no effect on the number of cells containing RS-virus antigen. HeLa-RS cells were moderately resistant to superinfection with RS virus and retained their sensitivity to adenovirus type 3. Out of 9 clones examined 8 were infected. No interferon was found."}
{"id": "PMID:898889", "title": "[Chronic rabies infection in mice intracerebrally infected with street virus].", "content": "Experimental white mice inoculated intracerebrally with street virus developed the clinical form of chronic rabies infection. The duration of clinical manifestations in the animals with the chronic course of the disease was 55 days. In all the cases the disease was fatal. Virological, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic examinations of the brains of these mice have shown that in the chronic form of rabies, in contrast to the acute form, (a) the infectious virus titre is by 4-5 orders lower; (b) the number of fluorescent antigen corpuscules is significantly higher; (c) there is a considerable accumulation of virus \"matrices\" (aggregates of viral nucleocapsids) in which single virus particles and numerous tubular forms can be detected. No virions of rabies forming on intracellular membranes were found.", "contents": "[Chronic rabies infection in mice intracerebrally infected with street virus]. Experimental white mice inoculated intracerebrally with street virus developed the clinical form of chronic rabies infection. The duration of clinical manifestations in the animals with the chronic course of the disease was 55 days. In all the cases the disease was fatal. Virological, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic examinations of the brains of these mice have shown that in the chronic form of rabies, in contrast to the acute form, (a) the infectious virus titre is by 4-5 orders lower; (b) the number of fluorescent antigen corpuscules is significantly higher; (c) there is a considerable accumulation of virus \"matrices\" (aggregates of viral nucleocapsids) in which single virus particles and numerous tubular forms can be detected. No virions of rabies forming on intracellular membranes were found."}
{"id": "PMID:898890", "title": "[Characteristics of 24S and 35S virus-specific RNA in cells infected with Newcastle disease virus].", "content": "The properties of 24S and 35S virus-specific RNAs of Newcastle disease virus were studied after denaturation. It was shown that 60-80% of 24S and 35SRNA consisted of agglomerates of molecules of virus-specific 18S RNA. Undissociable upon denaturation, 24S RNA contained mainly the same components as undenaturated RNA and consisted completely of sequences of virus-specifis 18S RNA. Undissociable 35S RNA contained no \"heavy\" heterogenous material present in the intact undenaturated RNA and 75% of it consisted os sequences of 18S virus-specific RNA. Some sequences present in undissociable 24S RNA were absent in undissociable 35S RNA. The aggregation of virus-specific na-transcripts and subsequent formation of covalent bonds between transcripts as well as possible formation of \"solid\" transcripts of the adjacent genes are discussed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of 24S and 35S virus-specific RNA in cells infected with Newcastle disease virus]. The properties of 24S and 35S virus-specific RNAs of Newcastle disease virus were studied after denaturation. It was shown that 60-80% of 24S and 35SRNA consisted of agglomerates of molecules of virus-specific 18S RNA. Undissociable upon denaturation, 24S RNA contained mainly the same components as undenaturated RNA and consisted completely of sequences of virus-specifis 18S RNA. Undissociable 35S RNA contained no \"heavy\" heterogenous material present in the intact undenaturated RNA and 75% of it consisted os sequences of 18S virus-specific RNA. Some sequences present in undissociable 24S RNA were absent in undissociable 35S RNA. The aggregation of virus-specific na-transcripts and subsequent formation of covalent bonds between transcripts as well as possible formation of \"solid\" transcripts of the adjacent genes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:898891", "title": "[Virus-specific poli(A)-containing RNA-transcripts in cells infected with Newcastle disease virus].", "content": "The techniques of chromatography on poly (U)-cellulose and sedimentation and electrophoresis analysis were used to study poly(A)-containing virus-specific RNA of Newcastle disease virus. The poly(A)-containing molecules were shown to be present in approximately similar amounts (60-80%) in 18S, 24S, and 35S RNA. No poly(A)-containing molecules capable of interaction with poly(U) sepharose were found in 50S RNA. In 18S RNA there are 6 individual poly(A)-containing RNA-transcripts with molecular weights well correlating with those of virus proteins. The average size of poly(A) for 18S and 24S RNA is 60-70 nucleotide residues. In the sedimentation analysis of poly; A)-containing 24S and 35S RNA eluted from poly(U)-columns, some of the material sedimented in the zone of 18S RNA. The presence of complexes of two or several molecules with the sedimentation coefficient 18S in these RNA's is suggested.", "contents": "[Virus-specific poli(A)-containing RNA-transcripts in cells infected with Newcastle disease virus]. The techniques of chromatography on poly (U)-cellulose and sedimentation and electrophoresis analysis were used to study poly(A)-containing virus-specific RNA of Newcastle disease virus. The poly(A)-containing molecules were shown to be present in approximately similar amounts (60-80%) in 18S, 24S, and 35S RNA. No poly(A)-containing molecules capable of interaction with poly(U) sepharose were found in 50S RNA. In 18S RNA there are 6 individual poly(A)-containing RNA-transcripts with molecular weights well correlating with those of virus proteins. The average size of poly(A) for 18S and 24S RNA is 60-70 nucleotide residues. In the sedimentation analysis of poly; A)-containing 24S and 35S RNA eluted from poly(U)-columns, some of the material sedimented in the zone of 18S RNA. The presence of complexes of two or several molecules with the sedimentation coefficient 18S in these RNA's is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:898892", "title": "[Antigenic drift of current influenza A viruses].", "content": "The results of virological and serological study of the influenza epidemic of 1976 revealed a further antigenic drift of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in current influenza A viruses. One of the features of the A/76 epidemic strains was a marked weakening of antigenic relationships with viruses of the A/Port Chalmers group and a marked relation to chronologically more remote ancestor of the current epidemic subcycle, A/Victoria/72 virus. This gives grounds to consider the new viruses to be the progeny of the latter and not of A/Port Chalmers/73 viruses. The strains of influenza A virus isolated 1 1/2-2 months before the outbreak (November-December, 1975) were typical members of the A/Port Chalmers group and differed markedly from the agents in the epidemic of 1976. This evidence indicates the exogenic, imported origin of the causative agents of the influenza epidemic in 1976 in the USSR.", "contents": "[Antigenic drift of current influenza A viruses]. The results of virological and serological study of the influenza epidemic of 1976 revealed a further antigenic drift of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in current influenza A viruses. One of the features of the A/76 epidemic strains was a marked weakening of antigenic relationships with viruses of the A/Port Chalmers group and a marked relation to chronologically more remote ancestor of the current epidemic subcycle, A/Victoria/72 virus. This gives grounds to consider the new viruses to be the progeny of the latter and not of A/Port Chalmers/73 viruses. The strains of influenza A virus isolated 1 1/2-2 months before the outbreak (November-December, 1975) were typical members of the A/Port Chalmers group and differed markedly from the agents in the epidemic of 1976. This evidence indicates the exogenic, imported origin of the causative agents of the influenza epidemic in 1976 in the USSR."}
{"id": "PMID:898893", "title": "[Differentiating markers of virulent and attenuated (cold-adapted) strains of influenza A virus].", "content": "A high sensitivity of influenza virus to replication at a high temperature and a reduction of the temperature optimum of the neuraminidase activity are important genetic markers correlating with the degree of attenuation for the man. Cold-adapted variants of influenza virus produced in the course of passages at a low (25-28 degrees C) temperature are thermo-sensitive. The passage of the viruses at the optimal temperature (32 degrees C) does not change the range of thermal sensitivity even in variants, harmless for adult persons. The interfering activity of influenza viruses with different levels of human virulence was studied. A considerable portion of the examined cold-adapted strains differs from the original virulent strains in the capacity to interfere with the challenge virus in chick embryo fibroblast cell culture. However some thermosensitive variants as well as original strains do not react in interference tests. This indicates the lack of complete correlation between the interfering activity, thermal sensitivity and human virulence of influenza virus.", "contents": "[Differentiating markers of virulent and attenuated (cold-adapted) strains of influenza A virus]. A high sensitivity of influenza virus to replication at a high temperature and a reduction of the temperature optimum of the neuraminidase activity are important genetic markers correlating with the degree of attenuation for the man. Cold-adapted variants of influenza virus produced in the course of passages at a low (25-28 degrees C) temperature are thermo-sensitive. The passage of the viruses at the optimal temperature (32 degrees C) does not change the range of thermal sensitivity even in variants, harmless for adult persons. The interfering activity of influenza viruses with different levels of human virulence was studied. A considerable portion of the examined cold-adapted strains differs from the original virulent strains in the capacity to interfere with the challenge virus in chick embryo fibroblast cell culture. However some thermosensitive variants as well as original strains do not react in interference tests. This indicates the lack of complete correlation between the interfering activity, thermal sensitivity and human virulence of influenza virus."}
{"id": "PMID:898894", "title": "[Comparative study of plaque formation by freshly isolated and laboratory strains of rubella virus].", "content": "The plaque-forming properties of 8 freshly isolated, 2 attenuated strains, RA 27/3 and Cendehill, and Sp-2 strain adapted to BHK-21/13C cell culture were studied. The concentration of sodium bicarbonate in the agar overlay influenced significantly the plaque production by rubella virus. Its optimum concentration was 0.22%. At higher (0.45%) and very low (0.11%) concentrations of sodium bicarbonate all the strains produced a smaller number of plaques. The strains were found to be sensitive to inhibitors in agar, the sensitivity being manifested in a smaller size of the plaques and reduction in their number. The strains were found to differ in the size and pattern of the plaques produced. Both among fresh isolates and attenuated strains, large-plaque (S+), small-plaque (S-) and S+/- strains were found. The S marker in combination with other markers may be used for differentiation of rubella virus strains.", "contents": "[Comparative study of plaque formation by freshly isolated and laboratory strains of rubella virus]. The plaque-forming properties of 8 freshly isolated, 2 attenuated strains, RA 27/3 and Cendehill, and Sp-2 strain adapted to BHK-21/13C cell culture were studied. The concentration of sodium bicarbonate in the agar overlay influenced significantly the plaque production by rubella virus. Its optimum concentration was 0.22%. At higher (0.45%) and very low (0.11%) concentrations of sodium bicarbonate all the strains produced a smaller number of plaques. The strains were found to be sensitive to inhibitors in agar, the sensitivity being manifested in a smaller size of the plaques and reduction in their number. The strains were found to differ in the size and pattern of the plaques produced. Both among fresh isolates and attenuated strains, large-plaque (S+), small-plaque (S-) and S+/- strains were found. The S marker in combination with other markers may be used for differentiation of rubella virus strains."}
{"id": "PMID:898895", "title": "[Dynamics of accumulation of infectious West Nile virus and viral antigens in experimental infection of mice].", "content": "The appearance of the hemagglutinating (HA), complement-fixing (CF) and soluble (S) antigens and infectious virus in the blood and brain of suckling mice inoculated with various doses of West Nile virus was studied. The infectious virus was isolated from the blood and brains of mice as early as 24 hours after inoculation. Its titres increased in parallel in the brain and blood reaching maximum levels by the end of infection. The HA antigen was detected only in the brain at 2-3 days after inoculation. The CF antigen was detected in the blood in a low titre only in the terminal stage of infection; in the brain the CF antigen was detected within 24 hours after infection with a low dose and within 48 hours with a high dose. The S antigen was isolated only from the brain tissue, and in higher titres after infection with a large dose. This may be associated with excess synthesis of the S antigen at a high multiplicity of infection.", "contents": "[Dynamics of accumulation of infectious West Nile virus and viral antigens in experimental infection of mice]. The appearance of the hemagglutinating (HA), complement-fixing (CF) and soluble (S) antigens and infectious virus in the blood and brain of suckling mice inoculated with various doses of West Nile virus was studied. The infectious virus was isolated from the blood and brains of mice as early as 24 hours after inoculation. Its titres increased in parallel in the brain and blood reaching maximum levels by the end of infection. The HA antigen was detected only in the brain at 2-3 days after inoculation. The CF antigen was detected in the blood in a low titre only in the terminal stage of infection; in the brain the CF antigen was detected within 24 hours after infection with a low dose and within 48 hours with a high dose. The S antigen was isolated only from the brain tissue, and in higher titres after infection with a large dose. This may be associated with excess synthesis of the S antigen at a high multiplicity of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:898904", "title": "[Use of a simplified atomic absorption method for the prophylactic study of manganese in the blood serum].", "content": "Manganese content in blood sera of healthy subjects fluctuates within the interval of 0.008 mkg/ml to 0.032 mkg/ml--hence the requirement of especially sensitive methods for manganese determination. Atom-absorption methods are very suitable in this case because a minimal preparation of the sample is required. The authors intended the elaboration of a direct atom-absorption method, tracing manganese content in blood and urine. Manganese content in blood serum is rather close to the detectable minimum for manganese in its determination with the applied two-beam atom-absorption spectro-photometer. In the present work, the results from the prophylactic examinations of workers are presented, being in occupational contact with manganese (occupational-pathological screening) as well as from a control group of practically healthy volunteers--blood donors. Values in the interval 0.1017--0.032 mkg/ml with a standard deviation of 0.003 mkg/ml were obtained for the control group. The group of the workers examined, being in contact with manganese aerosols has an average value of 0.034 mkg/ml. Eighty eight per cent of all examined are in the interval from 0.01--0.05 mkg/ml. The rest 12 per cent work in shops where manganese elimination is higher. The method proposed is productive (up to 100 manganese determinations in diluted 1:1 serum per hour).", "contents": "[Use of a simplified atomic absorption method for the prophylactic study of manganese in the blood serum]. Manganese content in blood sera of healthy subjects fluctuates within the interval of 0.008 mkg/ml to 0.032 mkg/ml--hence the requirement of especially sensitive methods for manganese determination. Atom-absorption methods are very suitable in this case because a minimal preparation of the sample is required. The authors intended the elaboration of a direct atom-absorption method, tracing manganese content in blood and urine. Manganese content in blood serum is rather close to the detectable minimum for manganese in its determination with the applied two-beam atom-absorption spectro-photometer. In the present work, the results from the prophylactic examinations of workers are presented, being in occupational contact with manganese (occupational-pathological screening) as well as from a control group of practically healthy volunteers--blood donors. Values in the interval 0.1017--0.032 mkg/ml with a standard deviation of 0.003 mkg/ml were obtained for the control group. The group of the workers examined, being in contact with manganese aerosols has an average value of 0.034 mkg/ml. Eighty eight per cent of all examined are in the interval from 0.01--0.05 mkg/ml. The rest 12 per cent work in shops where manganese elimination is higher. The method proposed is productive (up to 100 manganese determinations in diluted 1:1 serum per hour)."}
{"id": "PMID:898898", "title": "[Reproduction and interferogenic activity of togaviruses].", "content": "A comparative study of the correlation between reproduction and the interferon-inducing activity of viruses in chick embryo fibroblast cultures was carried out with members of different groups of togaviruses: alphavirus (Venezuelan equin encephalomyelitis viru, VEE) and flavivirus (Saint Louis encephalitis virus, SLE). The correspondence between cycles of accumulation of intracellular and extracellular viruses and the dynamics of interferon production the synthesis of which began early in the stage of exponential virus growth and correlated with the dynamics of their reproduction, was determined. Reproduction of the viruses was found to be directly dependent upon the multiplicity of infection; optimal infecting doses for the induction of the largest amounts of interferon were established. The calculations of the reproductive activity of VEE and SLE viruses showed their yield per one cell to be approximately 10,000 PFU and 1,000 LD50, respectively. Partial thermal inactivation of the viruses resulted in decreased yields of the infectious virus and interferon production. The regimen of thermal inactivation at which infectivity was lost completely, but the interferon-inducing capacity was retained probably due to residual synthesis of viral RNA was established for VEE virus. From the fact that the pattern of realization of genetic information is similar for both viruses, a similar mechanism of interferon synthesis induction is assumed.", "contents": "[Reproduction and interferogenic activity of togaviruses]. A comparative study of the correlation between reproduction and the interferon-inducing activity of viruses in chick embryo fibroblast cultures was carried out with members of different groups of togaviruses: alphavirus (Venezuelan equin encephalomyelitis viru, VEE) and flavivirus (Saint Louis encephalitis virus, SLE). The correspondence between cycles of accumulation of intracellular and extracellular viruses and the dynamics of interferon production the synthesis of which began early in the stage of exponential virus growth and correlated with the dynamics of their reproduction, was determined. Reproduction of the viruses was found to be directly dependent upon the multiplicity of infection; optimal infecting doses for the induction of the largest amounts of interferon were established. The calculations of the reproductive activity of VEE and SLE viruses showed their yield per one cell to be approximately 10,000 PFU and 1,000 LD50, respectively. Partial thermal inactivation of the viruses resulted in decreased yields of the infectious virus and interferon production. The regimen of thermal inactivation at which infectivity was lost completely, but the interferon-inducing capacity was retained probably due to residual synthesis of viral RNA was established for VEE virus. From the fact that the pattern of realization of genetic information is similar for both viruses, a similar mechanism of interferon synthesis induction is assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:898899", "title": "[Comparative study of the antiviral activity of rimantadine and bonafton].", "content": "The results of the study on toxicity and the antiviral activity of bonaphthone and rimantadine are presented. A high toxicity of bonaphthone for developing chick embryos was demonstrated, the maximum non-toxic dose of bonaphthone being about 10 microgram/embryo, while for rimantadine it was above 1000 microgram/embryo. In white mice, however, the toxicity of these two drugs was approximately similar. The minimal single lethal dose for mice by the oral route was 400-500 mg/kg for rimantadine and bonaphthone, by the intraperitoneal route 65 mg/kg for bonaphthone and 125 mg/kg for rimantadine. Bonaphthone had a slight prophylactic activity protecting mice inoculated with A2/Bethesda/63 influenza virus. The index of effectiveness of bonaphthone was about 40%, that of rimantadine under similar experimental conditions over 90%. Bonaphthone had no therapeutic effect. It inhibited multiplication of A2/Hong Kong/68 influenza virus in the lungs of mice inoculated with minimal doses of the virus, but was inactive in case of infection of mice with A/Port Chalmers/73 virus. Thus, the comparative study of bonaphthone and rimantadine revealed no superiority of bonaphthone.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the antiviral activity of rimantadine and bonafton]. The results of the study on toxicity and the antiviral activity of bonaphthone and rimantadine are presented. A high toxicity of bonaphthone for developing chick embryos was demonstrated, the maximum non-toxic dose of bonaphthone being about 10 microgram/embryo, while for rimantadine it was above 1000 microgram/embryo. In white mice, however, the toxicity of these two drugs was approximately similar. The minimal single lethal dose for mice by the oral route was 400-500 mg/kg for rimantadine and bonaphthone, by the intraperitoneal route 65 mg/kg for bonaphthone and 125 mg/kg for rimantadine. Bonaphthone had a slight prophylactic activity protecting mice inoculated with A2/Bethesda/63 influenza virus. The index of effectiveness of bonaphthone was about 40%, that of rimantadine under similar experimental conditions over 90%. Bonaphthone had no therapeutic effect. It inhibited multiplication of A2/Hong Kong/68 influenza virus in the lungs of mice inoculated with minimal doses of the virus, but was inactive in case of infection of mice with A/Port Chalmers/73 virus. Thus, the comparative study of bonaphthone and rimantadine revealed no superiority of bonaphthone."}
{"id": "PMID:898907", "title": "[Anatomical and functional evaluation before and after the operative treatment of mitral stenosis via echocardiography].", "content": "A confrontation was made of the echocardiographic data and the operation findings in 33 patients with \"pure\" mitral stenosis confirmed by catheterization and intraoperation. A significant correlation was found between the decelerated movement rate of the diastolic part of the anterior mitral cusp (E--F) and the mitral stenosis degree. The not negligible diagnostic value upon the position of the posterior mitral cusp during diastole is stressed--forward of the horizontal, passing through point C of the mitral closing, as well as upon the size of the left ventricle. The correlation between the valvular calcinosis, established by the echocardiogram and that, established at the operation proved to be poor.", "contents": "[Anatomical and functional evaluation before and after the operative treatment of mitral stenosis via echocardiography]. A confrontation was made of the echocardiographic data and the operation findings in 33 patients with \"pure\" mitral stenosis confirmed by catheterization and intraoperation. A significant correlation was found between the decelerated movement rate of the diastolic part of the anterior mitral cusp (E--F) and the mitral stenosis degree. The not negligible diagnostic value upon the position of the posterior mitral cusp during diastole is stressed--forward of the horizontal, passing through point C of the mitral closing, as well as upon the size of the left ventricle. The correlation between the valvular calcinosis, established by the echocardiogram and that, established at the operation proved to be poor."}
{"id": "PMID:898900", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the structure of cholera bacteriophage serotype II].", "content": "The methods of electron microscopy and optic difraction were used to determine the main parameters of the structural organization of cholera bacteriophage of serotype II. The virions of the phage under study were found to consist of a capsid of icosahedral shape and 77.4 X 66.1 nm in size, formed of 252 morphological subunits and having the cavity volume of 76.3 X 10(3) nm3. A process of 94.8 nm in length adheres to the capsid, with a shell capable of contractions, of 85.6 nm in length, 20.6 nm in width, containing 60 morphological subunits. The shell covers the central core of 8.9 nm in diameter. The optic difraction revealed the helical type of symmetry of the process structure and its main parameters.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the structure of cholera bacteriophage serotype II]. The methods of electron microscopy and optic difraction were used to determine the main parameters of the structural organization of cholera bacteriophage of serotype II. The virions of the phage under study were found to consist of a capsid of icosahedral shape and 77.4 X 66.1 nm in size, formed of 252 morphological subunits and having the cavity volume of 76.3 X 10(3) nm3. A process of 94.8 nm in length adheres to the capsid, with a shell capable of contractions, of 85.6 nm in length, 20.6 nm in width, containing 60 morphological subunits. The shell covers the central core of 8.9 nm in diameter. The optic difraction revealed the helical type of symmetry of the process structure and its main parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:898896", "title": "[Effect of exogenous interferon on the course of latent oncornavirus infection of J-96 cells].", "content": "The effect of exogenous leukocyte interferon on the course of chronic oncornavirus infection of lymphoblastoid J-96 cells chronically producing type B virus was studied. By means of radio-isotope analysis and electron microscope examinations it was shown that upon long-term passage of the cells (18-34 passages) in the presence of interferon (10 units/ml) the process of virion formation in the cells was inhibited 2.0-4.4-fold and virus budding to a lower extent (1.6-2.7-fold). Interferon exerted no inhibiting effect on the formation of intracytoplasmic virions of type A. The employment of KC-test showed the oncornavirus produced by J-96 cells in the presence of interferon to have retained its biological activity, being able to induce synthesis of the indicator KC cells. Examination of the cell membranes by electrophoresis in polyacryl amide gel showed that interferon contributed to accumulation of glycoproteins with high molecular weights (115 000, 100 000 and 68 ooo daltons) in this cell fraction. Simultaneously the experimental cells were found to have 2-3-fold increased amount of inter-species group-specific antigen of Mason-Pfizer virus. The mechanism of action of interferon on multiplication of J-96 cell oncornavirus is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of exogenous interferon on the course of latent oncornavirus infection of J-96 cells]. The effect of exogenous leukocyte interferon on the course of chronic oncornavirus infection of lymphoblastoid J-96 cells chronically producing type B virus was studied. By means of radio-isotope analysis and electron microscope examinations it was shown that upon long-term passage of the cells (18-34 passages) in the presence of interferon (10 units/ml) the process of virion formation in the cells was inhibited 2.0-4.4-fold and virus budding to a lower extent (1.6-2.7-fold). Interferon exerted no inhibiting effect on the formation of intracytoplasmic virions of type A. The employment of KC-test showed the oncornavirus produced by J-96 cells in the presence of interferon to have retained its biological activity, being able to induce synthesis of the indicator KC cells. Examination of the cell membranes by electrophoresis in polyacryl amide gel showed that interferon contributed to accumulation of glycoproteins with high molecular weights (115 000, 100 000 and 68 ooo daltons) in this cell fraction. Simultaneously the experimental cells were found to have 2-3-fold increased amount of inter-species group-specific antigen of Mason-Pfizer virus. The mechanism of action of interferon on multiplication of J-96 cell oncornavirus is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:898897", "title": "[Relationship between manifestation of hyporeactivity (tolerance) in interferon production and the presence of a viral interferon inductor in the cells of the tolerant animal].", "content": "Experiments revealed parallelism between the duration of the main manifestations of the hyporeactivity phenomenon (tolerance) in interferon induction and the duration of detection of a masked infection with the inducer virus (Newcastle disease virus) in peritoneal exudate cells of tolerant mice. It was also shown that after contact of chick fibroblasts with a dose of interferon which completely inhibited replication of vesicular stomatitis virus infecting the cells this virus was found in the cells in the masked form. Persistence of a virus interferon inducer in the masked form appears to play a significant role in the mechanism of tolerance as well as creation in the interferon-treated cells of conditions for masking viruses infecting these cells.", "contents": "[Relationship between manifestation of hyporeactivity (tolerance) in interferon production and the presence of a viral interferon inductor in the cells of the tolerant animal]. Experiments revealed parallelism between the duration of the main manifestations of the hyporeactivity phenomenon (tolerance) in interferon induction and the duration of detection of a masked infection with the inducer virus (Newcastle disease virus) in peritoneal exudate cells of tolerant mice. It was also shown that after contact of chick fibroblasts with a dose of interferon which completely inhibited replication of vesicular stomatitis virus infecting the cells this virus was found in the cells in the masked form. Persistence of a virus interferon inducer in the masked form appears to play a significant role in the mechanism of tolerance as well as creation in the interferon-treated cells of conditions for masking viruses infecting these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:898910", "title": "[Atypical hypoxic changes in the T wave].", "content": "Three patients with clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction are described, whose cardiograms are characterized by a transitory positivation of the negative T-waves. The confrontation of those changes with the clinical picture reveals that the transitory positivation of the T-wave coincides with the clinical and paraclinical signs of intensification of the myocardial hypoxia (pain, collapse, enzyme positivation). The possible electrophysiological mechanisms are discussed that could explain the transitory positivation of the negative T-waves, as a manifestation of the intensified ischemia.", "contents": "[Atypical hypoxic changes in the T wave]. Three patients with clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction are described, whose cardiograms are characterized by a transitory positivation of the negative T-waves. The confrontation of those changes with the clinical picture reveals that the transitory positivation of the T-wave coincides with the clinical and paraclinical signs of intensification of the myocardial hypoxia (pain, collapse, enzyme positivation). The possible electrophysiological mechanisms are discussed that could explain the transitory positivation of the negative T-waves, as a manifestation of the intensified ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:898912", "title": "[Ischemic heart disease as a cause of death in occupational groups of workers].", "content": "The authors studied the ischemic heart disease spread as a lethality cause in 5673 workers, retired due to a disease (general, occupational disease and accident). The workers in 2.9 per cent were found to die of ischemic heart disease with a 15 years length of service and at the age of 60. The miners die in 0.2 per cent of ischemic heart disease, teachers--in 5.1 per cent, drivers--8.9 per cent, engineers (management personnel)--in 13.5 per cent etc. The deceased of ischemic heart disease in 2 per cent have worked in favourable working conditions, in 13 per cent--in contact with poisons, in 20 per cent--with unfavourable microclimate, in 41 per cent with mental work etc. The work in unfavourable working conditions and nervous-psychic strain was proved to appear as a risk factor for the origination of ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Ischemic heart disease as a cause of death in occupational groups of workers]. The authors studied the ischemic heart disease spread as a lethality cause in 5673 workers, retired due to a disease (general, occupational disease and accident). The workers in 2.9 per cent were found to die of ischemic heart disease with a 15 years length of service and at the age of 60. The miners die in 0.2 per cent of ischemic heart disease, teachers--in 5.1 per cent, drivers--8.9 per cent, engineers (management personnel)--in 13.5 per cent etc. The deceased of ischemic heart disease in 2 per cent have worked in favourable working conditions, in 13 per cent--in contact with poisons, in 20 per cent--with unfavourable microclimate, in 41 per cent with mental work etc. The work in unfavourable working conditions and nervous-psychic strain was proved to appear as a risk factor for the origination of ischemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:898913", "title": "[Cardiocirculatory complications and ECG changes in patients operated on for severe deformations of the anterior chest wall].", "content": "After a brief literature review on the indidence of these diseases, the authors present a comprehensive analysis of a group of 117 patients, operated and treated by them, for the period from 1968 t0 1975 includ. They discuss in details the cardiocirculatory complications and ECG changes in those patients undergone operations for severe deformities of the anterior chest wall. Their observations and results obtained are well illustrated in three tables. Furthermore, they try to explain why those electrocardiographic changes do no disappear after the carried out operation treatment. Finally, they propose the inclusion of a new stage in the operation treatment of these patients, being a significant contribution to the operation treatment and the definite elimination of ECG changes.", "contents": "[Cardiocirculatory complications and ECG changes in patients operated on for severe deformations of the anterior chest wall]. After a brief literature review on the indidence of these diseases, the authors present a comprehensive analysis of a group of 117 patients, operated and treated by them, for the period from 1968 t0 1975 includ. They discuss in details the cardiocirculatory complications and ECG changes in those patients undergone operations for severe deformities of the anterior chest wall. Their observations and results obtained are well illustrated in three tables. Furthermore, they try to explain why those electrocardiographic changes do no disappear after the carried out operation treatment. Finally, they propose the inclusion of a new stage in the operation treatment of these patients, being a significant contribution to the operation treatment and the definite elimination of ECG changes."}
{"id": "PMID:898914", "title": "[Nephroptosis in the etiopathogenesis of vasorenal hypertension].", "content": "Forty three patients with nephroptosis, complicated by hypertension were examined (4 males and 39 females), aged from 18 to 60. Permanent hypertension was found in nine of them (21%), and renovasographically--organic renal-arterial stenosis at the nephroptosis side was established. After the failure of the conservative treatment, those patients had all the indications for operation. Seven of the patients underwent the operation and only in one woman patient--nephrectomy was performed, and in all the rest six patients--reconstructive revascularization and nephropexy. The follow-up of the operated patients so far reveals a very favourable effect upon the hypertension syndrome after the operation.", "contents": "[Nephroptosis in the etiopathogenesis of vasorenal hypertension]. Forty three patients with nephroptosis, complicated by hypertension were examined (4 males and 39 females), aged from 18 to 60. Permanent hypertension was found in nine of them (21%), and renovasographically--organic renal-arterial stenosis at the nephroptosis side was established. After the failure of the conservative treatment, those patients had all the indications for operation. Seven of the patients underwent the operation and only in one woman patient--nephrectomy was performed, and in all the rest six patients--reconstructive revascularization and nephropexy. The follow-up of the operated patients so far reveals a very favourable effect upon the hypertension syndrome after the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:898915", "title": "[Carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in malignant neoplasms].", "content": "A screening method for carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase (CPAP) has been developed on the following principle: following the inactivation at 56 degrees C for sixty minutes, the sera with a residual activity are incubated in the presence of 5 mM L-phenylalanine. In case of L-phenylalanine inactivation by more than 60 per cent the serum is considered CPAP positive. Of 184 cancer patients 28 or 15.2 per cent were CPAP positive in the following order of malignancies: colon (46%), ovary (33%), liver (30%), stomach (16%), rectum (11%) and lungs (5.6%). By additional inhibition with 1 mM EDTA and acrylamide electrophoresis the \"variant\" of AP Regan was disclosed in two patients with primary and secondary cancer of the liver, respectively.", "contents": "[Carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in malignant neoplasms]. A screening method for carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase (CPAP) has been developed on the following principle: following the inactivation at 56 degrees C for sixty minutes, the sera with a residual activity are incubated in the presence of 5 mM L-phenylalanine. In case of L-phenylalanine inactivation by more than 60 per cent the serum is considered CPAP positive. Of 184 cancer patients 28 or 15.2 per cent were CPAP positive in the following order of malignancies: colon (46%), ovary (33%), liver (30%), stomach (16%), rectum (11%) and lungs (5.6%). By additional inhibition with 1 mM EDTA and acrylamide electrophoresis the \"variant\" of AP Regan was disclosed in two patients with primary and secondary cancer of the liver, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:898916", "title": "[Histological, histochemical and x-ray angiographic studies of the blood circulation in the myocardium in cardiac infarct].", "content": "The hearts of 11 necropsy cases--nine with myocardial infarction and two with pulmonary embolia were investigated--histologically, histochemically and roentgenoangiographically. The author recommends, for the complete investigation of myocardium blood circulation, a successive filling of the heart vascular system, first of all with Indian ink-gel mass--for to follow up the microcirculation state and then--with roentgen-contrast mixture of Hauch and Tolgskaja--for to establish the changes in the large arterial vessels. Severe microcirculation disorders in the cardiac muscle were found in acute myocardial infarction, involving all heart segments, manifested with focal phenomena of stasis with ischemic changes in myofibres. With the establishment of a similar microcirculatory picture in pulmonary embolia, the author explains the differential-diagnostic difficultes in those two states. The thromb-formation in small arterial and venous vessels in those regions, developing on the background of a blood stasis with a consequent hypoxy of the vessel wall is stressed to be of importance for the intensification of the changes in the ischemic zone and for the widening of the necrotic area in case of fresh myocardial infarction. These observations support the application of anticoagulants and fibrinolytics as an important prophylactic measure against myocardial infarction in stenocardiac paroxysms and against the extension of the necrosis in an already developed infarction. The poor vascular, especially microcirculatory, network in the area of the postinfarction cicatrices is admitted to be the most likely cause for the frequent development of repeated infarctions in the preserved among and around them myofibres.", "contents": "[Histological, histochemical and x-ray angiographic studies of the blood circulation in the myocardium in cardiac infarct]. The hearts of 11 necropsy cases--nine with myocardial infarction and two with pulmonary embolia were investigated--histologically, histochemically and roentgenoangiographically. The author recommends, for the complete investigation of myocardium blood circulation, a successive filling of the heart vascular system, first of all with Indian ink-gel mass--for to follow up the microcirculation state and then--with roentgen-contrast mixture of Hauch and Tolgskaja--for to establish the changes in the large arterial vessels. Severe microcirculation disorders in the cardiac muscle were found in acute myocardial infarction, involving all heart segments, manifested with focal phenomena of stasis with ischemic changes in myofibres. With the establishment of a similar microcirculatory picture in pulmonary embolia, the author explains the differential-diagnostic difficultes in those two states. The thromb-formation in small arterial and venous vessels in those regions, developing on the background of a blood stasis with a consequent hypoxy of the vessel wall is stressed to be of importance for the intensification of the changes in the ischemic zone and for the widening of the necrotic area in case of fresh myocardial infarction. These observations support the application of anticoagulants and fibrinolytics as an important prophylactic measure against myocardial infarction in stenocardiac paroxysms and against the extension of the necrosis in an already developed infarction. The poor vascular, especially microcirculatory, network in the area of the postinfarction cicatrices is admitted to be the most likely cause for the frequent development of repeated infarctions in the preserved among and around them myofibres."}
{"id": "PMID:898917", "title": "[Study of the proliferative activity of the bone marrow cells in hypoplastic anemia and acute leukemia].", "content": "Autoradiographic investigations were carried out on bone marrow cells with thymidine H3 in patients with hypoplastic anemia and acute leukosis in hypoplastic phase. In all patients with hypoplastic anemia a considerable decrease of the labelled cells per cent was observed and in four of the patients in a period of exacerbation, two--in remission--no labelled cells were found. In patients with hypoplastic phase of acute leukosis the proliferative activity was absent. The injury of the bone marrow in case of hypoplastic anemia is supposed to occur at the different stages of hemopoesis.", "contents": "[Study of the proliferative activity of the bone marrow cells in hypoplastic anemia and acute leukemia]. Autoradiographic investigations were carried out on bone marrow cells with thymidine H3 in patients with hypoplastic anemia and acute leukosis in hypoplastic phase. In all patients with hypoplastic anemia a considerable decrease of the labelled cells per cent was observed and in four of the patients in a period of exacerbation, two--in remission--no labelled cells were found. In patients with hypoplastic phase of acute leukosis the proliferative activity was absent. The injury of the bone marrow in case of hypoplastic anemia is supposed to occur at the different stages of hemopoesis."}
{"id": "PMID:898919", "title": "[Urea determination in biological fluids with diethylglyoxime].", "content": "A method of urea determination in biological fluids is presented--dimethylglyoxim variant of carbamide-diacetyl reaction of Fearon. The simple procedure, the good reproducibility (s--0.66--0.96; V--2, 68--3,71%) and accurary (L=0.079, p greater than 0.05), the high detectability of the substance added (98.3%--100.6%) and the correlation with the method of Ceriotti-Spandric (r=o, 0,9572--0,9901; t=0,0393, p greater than 0,10) are good characteristics, allowing to be recommended to the clinical diagnostic laboratories.", "contents": "[Urea determination in biological fluids with diethylglyoxime]. A method of urea determination in biological fluids is presented--dimethylglyoxim variant of carbamide-diacetyl reaction of Fearon. The simple procedure, the good reproducibility (s--0.66--0.96; V--2, 68--3,71%) and accurary (L=0.079, p greater than 0.05), the high detectability of the substance added (98.3%--100.6%) and the correlation with the method of Ceriotti-Spandric (r=o, 0,9572--0,9901; t=0,0393, p greater than 0,10) are good characteristics, allowing to be recommended to the clinical diagnostic laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:898920", "title": "[Possibility of studying the specific stimulation-conduction system of the heart].", "content": "The author carried out a survey on a new method for functional diagnostics--recording of the Hiss bundle potentials. The investigation method is described as well as the normal values of electrogram of the Hiss bundle. The clinical significance of the most important indications for the investigation are discussed, namely: 1. Various forms of atrio-ventricular and ventricular disorders of the stimulation-conductivity process. 2. Indistinct rhythm disorders. 3. Diagnostics of the paranodal stimulation conductivity. 4. Pharmacological studies.", "contents": "[Possibility of studying the specific stimulation-conduction system of the heart]. The author carried out a survey on a new method for functional diagnostics--recording of the Hiss bundle potentials. The investigation method is described as well as the normal values of electrogram of the Hiss bundle. The clinical significance of the most important indications for the investigation are discussed, namely: 1. Various forms of atrio-ventricular and ventricular disorders of the stimulation-conductivity process. 2. Indistinct rhythm disorders. 3. Diagnostics of the paranodal stimulation conductivity. 4. Pharmacological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:898922", "title": "[Immunological indices in chronic liver diseases].", "content": "The study aimed at the confrontation of the results from the investigation of the immunoglobulines G, M, and A (IgG, IgM and IgA), the test for spontaneous rosette formation and the determination of Australian antigen (HBsAg) in 110 patients with chronic liver disease (liver steatosis, chronic persisting hepatitis,  chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis). The diagnosis was morphologically confirmed and some of the patients were repeatedly examined. No significant interrelations among the three main classes of immunoglobulines were established in the majority of the groups of chronic liver diseases, speaking for the individual information, carried by the separate immunoglobuline classes. Correlation was established between IgG and IgM in chronic active hepatitis. The mean values of IgG and IgM are considerably higher in cases with splenomegaly. IgG is more often increased when the patients are carriers of HBsAg, being in agreement with the contemporary concepts about the differences in immune pathological mechanism in chronic liver diseases, with and without HB5-antigenemia.", "contents": "[Immunological indices in chronic liver diseases]. The study aimed at the confrontation of the results from the investigation of the immunoglobulines G, M, and A (IgG, IgM and IgA), the test for spontaneous rosette formation and the determination of Australian antigen (HBsAg) in 110 patients with chronic liver disease (liver steatosis, chronic persisting hepatitis,  chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis). The diagnosis was morphologically confirmed and some of the patients were repeatedly examined. No significant interrelations among the three main classes of immunoglobulines were established in the majority of the groups of chronic liver diseases, speaking for the individual information, carried by the separate immunoglobuline classes. Correlation was established between IgG and IgM in chronic active hepatitis. The mean values of IgG and IgM are considerably higher in cases with splenomegaly. IgG is more often increased when the patients are carriers of HBsAg, being in agreement with the contemporary concepts about the differences in immune pathological mechanism in chronic liver diseases, with and without HB5-antigenemia."}
{"id": "PMID:898923", "title": "[Diagnostic problems of viral hepatitis].", "content": "The diagnosis of viral hepatitis was not confirmed in 2976 (22.79%) out of the admitted to the hospital patients for a period of 15 years. What impresses is the percentage growth for the last several years, reaching to 30. This, on one hand is associated with the greater exigence of HEI and with the strong fear of that disease as well as with the improved diagnostic possibilities of the infectious diseases wards on the other. In fact, almost all patients with icterus were admitted to infectious diseases wards, where the differential diagnosis of icterus was made. The first place among the false diagnoses is occupied by liver-bile diseases, progressing with icterus-50.81%, (cholelithiasis-29%, carcinoma-11%, cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, steatosis, cholangiohepatitis, pancreatitis, etc-10.8%). Second, according to incidence, come the gastrointestinal diseases-13.51%, grippe and grippe-like diseases-13.44%, lung diseases-5.21%, blood-3.80%, heart-3.16%, toxic hepatitis 3.26%, etc. Thirty cases of infectious mononucleosis with icterus are reported as well as 17 patients with liver etzymopathies, syndrome of Dublin--Johnson--6 and Gilbert--Meulengracht syndrome--11. Viral hepatitis diagnosis is not always easy and in many cases it requires a complex of laboratory and other investigations and many years of experience. However, the false diagnosis could be reduced with more than a half with the careful consideration of the epidemic situation, anamnestic and clinical data.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems of viral hepatitis]. The diagnosis of viral hepatitis was not confirmed in 2976 (22.79%) out of the admitted to the hospital patients for a period of 15 years. What impresses is the percentage growth for the last several years, reaching to 30. This, on one hand is associated with the greater exigence of HEI and with the strong fear of that disease as well as with the improved diagnostic possibilities of the infectious diseases wards on the other. In fact, almost all patients with icterus were admitted to infectious diseases wards, where the differential diagnosis of icterus was made. The first place among the false diagnoses is occupied by liver-bile diseases, progressing with icterus-50.81%, (cholelithiasis-29%, carcinoma-11%, cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, steatosis, cholangiohepatitis, pancreatitis, etc-10.8%). Second, according to incidence, come the gastrointestinal diseases-13.51%, grippe and grippe-like diseases-13.44%, lung diseases-5.21%, blood-3.80%, heart-3.16%, toxic hepatitis 3.26%, etc. Thirty cases of infectious mononucleosis with icterus are reported as well as 17 patients with liver etzymopathies, syndrome of Dublin--Johnson--6 and Gilbert--Meulengracht syndrome--11. Viral hepatitis diagnosis is not always easy and in many cases it requires a complex of laboratory and other investigations and many years of experience. However, the false diagnosis could be reduced with more than a half with the careful consideration of the epidemic situation, anamnestic and clinical data."}
{"id": "PMID:898924", "title": "[Gastric secretion in diabetes].", "content": "Gastric secretion was investigated in 26 patients, mainly with mature age diabetes and mixed type after a maximal stimulation with pentagastrin (6 microgram/kg). No significant difference was established as compared with the healthy subjects. Hypo- and achlorhydria were found in 19.2 per cent of the patients and hyperchlorhydria in 15.4 per cent. Diabetes duration over 5 years, hyperglycemia over 200 mg%, late degenerative syndrome and insulin treatment reduce significantly the majority of the indices of gastric secretion.", "contents": "[Gastric secretion in diabetes]. Gastric secretion was investigated in 26 patients, mainly with mature age diabetes and mixed type after a maximal stimulation with pentagastrin (6 microgram/kg). No significant difference was established as compared with the healthy subjects. Hypo- and achlorhydria were found in 19.2 per cent of the patients and hyperchlorhydria in 15.4 per cent. Diabetes duration over 5 years, hyperglycemia over 200 mg%, late degenerative syndrome and insulin treatment reduce significantly the majority of the indices of gastric secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:898925", "title": "[Rheumatoid arthritis among the rural population of southern Bulgaria (transitory morbidity established using the Rome and New York diagnostic criteria)].", "content": "Examinations of 5021 subjects (2779 females and 2242 males) were carried out with a view to rheumatoid arthritis. En masse examinations of the population over the age of 20 were carried out in eight villages of South Bulgaria. Making use of the Roman diagnostic criteria, rheumatoid arthritis--probable form, was found in 1.47 per cent of the males and 1.40 per cent of the females (mean for both sexes-1.43%), confirmed form (including the classical) in 0.80 per cent of the males and 1.12 per cent of the females (a total of 0.98% for both sexes). With two positive New York diagnostic criteria are 1.12 per cent of the males and 1.30 per cent of the females (a total of 1.21% for both sexes). With three and four positive New York criteria are 0.45 per cent of the males and 0.76 per cent of the females (a total of 0.62% for both sexes). Only 60 per cent of the subjects with confirmed (including the classical) rheumatoid arthritis are with three or four New York diagnostic criteria. The Roman diagnostic criteria define sometimes subjects with polyarthritis as patients with rheumatoid arthritis, whereas New York criteria fail to detect the cases with rheumatoid arthritis with asymmetric joint involvement.", "contents": "[Rheumatoid arthritis among the rural population of southern Bulgaria (transitory morbidity established using the Rome and New York diagnostic criteria)]. Examinations of 5021 subjects (2779 females and 2242 males) were carried out with a view to rheumatoid arthritis. En masse examinations of the population over the age of 20 were carried out in eight villages of South Bulgaria. Making use of the Roman diagnostic criteria, rheumatoid arthritis--probable form, was found in 1.47 per cent of the males and 1.40 per cent of the females (mean for both sexes-1.43%), confirmed form (including the classical) in 0.80 per cent of the males and 1.12 per cent of the females (a total of 0.98% for both sexes). With two positive New York diagnostic criteria are 1.12 per cent of the males and 1.30 per cent of the females (a total of 1.21% for both sexes). With three and four positive New York criteria are 0.45 per cent of the males and 0.76 per cent of the females (a total of 0.62% for both sexes). Only 60 per cent of the subjects with confirmed (including the classical) rheumatoid arthritis are with three or four New York diagnostic criteria. The Roman diagnostic criteria define sometimes subjects with polyarthritis as patients with rheumatoid arthritis, whereas New York criteria fail to detect the cases with rheumatoid arthritis with asymmetric joint involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:898926", "title": "[Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in epidemic hepatitis].", "content": "The carried out investigations on 70 patients with epidemic hepatitis, 52 of them treated with prednisolon and 18-symptomatically revealed the following: the normal alkaline phosphatase, established prior to the treatment, was elevated with the applied prednisolon treatment and showed no significant alteration in the patients without cortico-therapy. No correlation was found between leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase transaminase, serum bilirubin and thymol test. No relationship was found between the severity of the ailment course and the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "[Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in epidemic hepatitis]. The carried out investigations on 70 patients with epidemic hepatitis, 52 of them treated with prednisolon and 18-symptomatically revealed the following: the normal alkaline phosphatase, established prior to the treatment, was elevated with the applied prednisolon treatment and showed no significant alteration in the patients without cortico-therapy. No correlation was found between leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase transaminase, serum bilirubin and thymol test. No relationship was found between the severity of the ailment course and the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:898927", "title": "[Study of thyroid function and glycemia in Klinefelter's  syndrome].", "content": "Twenty six patients with Kleinfelter syndrome were examined with the following tests being made use of: 1. J131 cumulation in thyroid gland. 2. Glycemia prior to and post loading with 100 g glucose at the 0 minute, 60th minute, 120th minute and 180th minute. 3. Dosage of protein conjugated iodine in blood. 4. Perchlorate test. 5. Dosage of thyroid hormone of blood level by radioimmunologic method. The results correlate withthe normal values of iodine cumulation and protein conjugated iodine as well as with the negative perchlorate test. The thyrotropic hormone level shows a tendency towards moderate elevation, without significant statistical correlation. No carbohydrate disturbances were found in any of the patients examined. Finally, the results obtained could be said to provide evidence for a euthyroid state and absence of disorders in carbohydrate metabolism in case of Kleinfelter syndrome.", "contents": "[Study of thyroid function and glycemia in Klinefelter's  syndrome]. Twenty six patients with Kleinfelter syndrome were examined with the following tests being made use of: 1. J131 cumulation in thyroid gland. 2. Glycemia prior to and post loading with 100 g glucose at the 0 minute, 60th minute, 120th minute and 180th minute. 3. Dosage of protein conjugated iodine in blood. 4. Perchlorate test. 5. Dosage of thyroid hormone of blood level by radioimmunologic method. The results correlate withthe normal values of iodine cumulation and protein conjugated iodine as well as with the negative perchlorate test. The thyrotropic hormone level shows a tendency towards moderate elevation, without significant statistical correlation. No carbohydrate disturbances were found in any of the patients examined. Finally, the results obtained could be said to provide evidence for a euthyroid state and absence of disorders in carbohydrate metabolism in case of Kleinfelter syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:898928", "title": "[Urinary hydroxyproline in hyperthyroidism].", "content": "the total hydroxyproline excretion in urine was investigated in 82 patients with hyperthyroidism without data fro a concomitant disease, 50 clinically healthy subjects with euthyroid struma, 10 patients with non endocrine froms of osteoporosis, 4 diabetics with not stable diabetic compensation and 4 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The average hydroxyproline values, in the patients with active thyreotoxicosis in 24 hours urine are 56.01-6.03 mg and 16.74 +/- 7.38 mg, after reaching the therapeutic remission. The excretion is with an average of 17.52 +/- 6.03 mg in the patients with euthyroid struma. In patients with primary hyperoparathyroidism-121.60 +/- 18.2 and in patients with diabetes mellitus-51.10 +/- 3.11, in the subjects with osteoporosis-25.83 +/- 10.88 mg. The differences between the patients with active hyperthyroidism and euthyroid struma, as well as after coming to a terapeutic remission are statistically highly significant.", "contents": "[Urinary hydroxyproline in hyperthyroidism]. the total hydroxyproline excretion in urine was investigated in 82 patients with hyperthyroidism without data fro a concomitant disease, 50 clinically healthy subjects with euthyroid struma, 10 patients with non endocrine froms of osteoporosis, 4 diabetics with not stable diabetic compensation and 4 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The average hydroxyproline values, in the patients with active thyreotoxicosis in 24 hours urine are 56.01-6.03 mg and 16.74 +/- 7.38 mg, after reaching the therapeutic remission. The excretion is with an average of 17.52 +/- 6.03 mg in the patients with euthyroid struma. In patients with primary hyperoparathyroidism-121.60 +/- 18.2 and in patients with diabetes mellitus-51.10 +/- 3.11, in the subjects with osteoporosis-25.83 +/- 10.88 mg. The differences between the patients with active hyperthyroidism and euthyroid struma, as well as after coming to a terapeutic remission are statistically highly significant."}
{"id": "PMID:898929", "title": "[Determination of the specific gravity of the urine using a refractometer].", "content": "A method is proposed for urine specific gravity determination by urine refractometric index reading. Only two-three drops are required. Abbe refractometer is used. The urine specific gravity is determined by the formula: (formula: see text), where y = urine specific gravity, x = the refraction read. The method could not be used in cases with glucosuria and ketoniria as well as in case of a considerable proteinemia. The author's results correlate with the results of some foreign authors.", "contents": "[Determination of the specific gravity of the urine using a refractometer]. A method is proposed for urine specific gravity determination by urine refractometric index reading. Only two-three drops are required. Abbe refractometer is used. The urine specific gravity is determined by the formula: (formula: see text), where y = urine specific gravity, x = the refraction read. The method could not be used in cases with glucosuria and ketoniria as well as in case of a considerable proteinemia. The author's results correlate with the results of some foreign authors."}
{"id": "PMID:898931", "title": "[Program for the study of lipids and lipid groups in human biological fluids and tissues].", "content": "A brief survey of the well known and used methods for separate determination of lipids and lipid groups is presented. A systematic course for lipid analysis is proposed. It has two advantages--lipid extract is used and chromatographic technique is applied. The reliability and accuracy of the analytical results are guaranteed. A scheme is presented for the respective links in the systematic course as well as for their practical application in the clinical practice in obtaining maximal information about the lipid state. A comparison is made between the methodical links included in the systematic course (author's own elaboration) and the methods cited in literature.", "contents": "[Program for the study of lipids and lipid groups in human biological fluids and tissues]. A brief survey of the well known and used methods for separate determination of lipids and lipid groups is presented. A systematic course for lipid analysis is proposed. It has two advantages--lipid extract is used and chromatographic technique is applied. The reliability and accuracy of the analytical results are guaranteed. A scheme is presented for the respective links in the systematic course as well as for their practical application in the clinical practice in obtaining maximal information about the lipid state. A comparison is made between the methodical links included in the systematic course (author's own elaboration) and the methods cited in literature."}
{"id": "PMID:898932", "title": "[Studies of the results of the surgical treatment of severe forms of constipation in 5 patients].", "content": "A small percent of the population in our country suffer chronic constipation, manifested in various degrees. To surgical treatment are subjected patients with severe decompensated forms of constipation, resulting in a general state deterioration, when the systematic conservative treatment failed to give an effect. In five patients, ileosigmoanastomosis below Balli sphincter was performed thus interrupting the pasage through the large intestine. All cases, followed for a period of one to three years, reported regular daily defecation. The results from the carried out control clinical, laboratory, X-ray, endoscopic and microbiological investigations are reported. The author's opinion is that the surgical treatment must be given consideration in thoroughly examined and selected patients with severe forms of chronic constipation.", "contents": "[Studies of the results of the surgical treatment of severe forms of constipation in 5 patients]. A small percent of the population in our country suffer chronic constipation, manifested in various degrees. To surgical treatment are subjected patients with severe decompensated forms of constipation, resulting in a general state deterioration, when the systematic conservative treatment failed to give an effect. In five patients, ileosigmoanastomosis below Balli sphincter was performed thus interrupting the pasage through the large intestine. All cases, followed for a period of one to three years, reported regular daily defecation. The results from the carried out control clinical, laboratory, X-ray, endoscopic and microbiological investigations are reported. The author's opinion is that the surgical treatment must be given consideration in thoroughly examined and selected patients with severe forms of chronic constipation."}
{"id": "PMID:898934", "title": "[Hydrocalyx (Fraley's syndrome)].", "content": "Fraley syndrome was observed in 14 cases out of 137 vessel compressions, i.e.--compression of the cranial calix neck, disturbances in urine transport, hydrocalix development with consequent complications. One case with Fraley syndrome is presented and analysis of the clinical progress of the syndrome in ten patients is carried out.", "contents": "[Hydrocalyx (Fraley's syndrome)]. Fraley syndrome was observed in 14 cases out of 137 vessel compressions, i.e.--compression of the cranial calix neck, disturbances in urine transport, hydrocalix development with consequent complications. One case with Fraley syndrome is presented and analysis of the clinical progress of the syndrome in ten patients is carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:898935", "title": "[Idiopathic osteoporosis at an early age].", "content": "Two males, aged 33, with progressive pains in the spine are described as well as with high degree osteoporosis, compressive fractures of several vertebrae and a rapid evolution of the changes. The values of serum calcium and phosphorus as well as alkaline phosphatase proved to be normal. Excretion of calcium and hydroxyproline in urine were also normal, whereas phosphorus excretion was increased. It was concluded that the case concerned idiopathic osteoporosis in early age, with unknown pathogenesis. The carried out treatment with vit. D and sodium fluoride in the course of one year impeded the evolution of the bone changes in the second patient, while the anabolizing treatment in the first patient was without any effect.", "contents": "[Idiopathic osteoporosis at an early age]. Two males, aged 33, with progressive pains in the spine are described as well as with high degree osteoporosis, compressive fractures of several vertebrae and a rapid evolution of the changes. The values of serum calcium and phosphorus as well as alkaline phosphatase proved to be normal. Excretion of calcium and hydroxyproline in urine were also normal, whereas phosphorus excretion was increased. It was concluded that the case concerned idiopathic osteoporosis in early age, with unknown pathogenesis. The carried out treatment with vit. D and sodium fluoride in the course of one year impeded the evolution of the bone changes in the second patient, while the anabolizing treatment in the first patient was without any effect."}
{"id": "PMID:898948", "title": "Informed consent in California. Latent liability without 'negligence'.", "content": "Informed consent is a legal obligation due from a physician to his patient, an obligation which may not be met by the physician's skillful treatment of his patient. It may only be met by the treating physician obtaining from his patient knowing authorization for carrying out the intended medical procedure. The physician is required to disclose whatever would be material to his patient's decision, including the nature and purpose of the procedure, and the risks and alternatives. The disclosures should be made by the physician to his patient, and not through use of consent forms which are not particular to individual patients. To minimize any subsequent claim by the patient that there was a lack of adequate disclosures, the physician should record in the patient's chart the circumstances of the patient's consent, and should not rely on the patient's unreliable ability to recall those circumstances.", "contents": "Informed consent in California. Latent liability without 'negligence'. Informed consent is a legal obligation due from a physician to his patient, an obligation which may not be met by the physician's skillful treatment of his patient. It may only be met by the treating physician obtaining from his patient knowing authorization for carrying out the intended medical procedure. The physician is required to disclose whatever would be material to his patient's decision, including the nature and purpose of the procedure, and the risks and alternatives. The disclosures should be made by the physician to his patient, and not through use of consent forms which are not particular to individual patients. To minimize any subsequent claim by the patient that there was a lack of adequate disclosures, the physician should record in the patient's chart the circumstances of the patient's consent, and should not rely on the patient's unreliable ability to recall those circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:898949", "title": "Communicating with hearing-impaired patients.", "content": "ONE ASPECT OF ESTABLISHING EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PHYSICIANS AND PATIENTS HAS NOT RECEIVED ADEQUATE ATTENTION: the special needs and challenges presented by patients with impaired hearing. In this article the term \"hearing impaired\" is generic and is applied to both those persons who are commonly labeled \"deaf\" and those labeled \"hard of hearing\" as a result of a bilateral hearing loss. The general skills, both verbal and nonverbal, that a physician must have in order to communicate successfully with a hearing-impaired patient are in essence the same as those required for a hearing patient. Where the divergence occurs is not in the basic skills (empathy, probing and the like) but rather in the means of applying them. Communicating with a hearing-impaired patient makes the use of some combination of the following necessary: speech, hearing, speechreading (lipreading), writing, visual aids, visual language systems and the assistance of an interpreter.", "contents": "Communicating with hearing-impaired patients. ONE ASPECT OF ESTABLISHING EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PHYSICIANS AND PATIENTS HAS NOT RECEIVED ADEQUATE ATTENTION: the special needs and challenges presented by patients with impaired hearing. In this article the term \"hearing impaired\" is generic and is applied to both those persons who are commonly labeled \"deaf\" and those labeled \"hard of hearing\" as a result of a bilateral hearing loss. The general skills, both verbal and nonverbal, that a physician must have in order to communicate successfully with a hearing-impaired patient are in essence the same as those required for a hearing patient. Where the divergence occurs is not in the basic skills (empathy, probing and the like) but rather in the means of applying them. Communicating with a hearing-impaired patient makes the use of some combination of the following necessary: speech, hearing, speechreading (lipreading), writing, visual aids, visual language systems and the assistance of an interpreter."}
{"id": "PMID:898952", "title": "Refractory sideroblastic and nonsideroblastic anemia: a review of 27 cases.", "content": "A study was done with 27 patients who met the following criteria: (1) anemia, (2) cellular bone marrow not diagnostic of leukemia, (3) absence of underlying disease that could account for the hematologic abnormalities at time of initial study and (4) absence of iron, B(12) or folate deficiency. Of the 27 patients, 13 had ringed sideroblasts and 14 did not. Eleven patients received corticosteroids, 18 received folate, 23 pyridoxine and 12 androgens. Two partial responses occurred in the sideroblastic group and were attributed to androgen therapy in one patient and pyridoxine therapy in the other. In the nonsideroblastic group, two partial responses occurred which were attributed to prednisone therapy. Transfusions were required in 23 patients. Leukemia developed in six patients. It is concluded that currently used treatments have little effect on refractory anemia and that in most patients continuing transfusions are required. In a small percentage of patients, there is transformation to leukemia.", "contents": "Refractory sideroblastic and nonsideroblastic anemia: a review of 27 cases. A study was done with 27 patients who met the following criteria: (1) anemia, (2) cellular bone marrow not diagnostic of leukemia, (3) absence of underlying disease that could account for the hematologic abnormalities at time of initial study and (4) absence of iron, B(12) or folate deficiency. Of the 27 patients, 13 had ringed sideroblasts and 14 did not. Eleven patients received corticosteroids, 18 received folate, 23 pyridoxine and 12 androgens. Two partial responses occurred in the sideroblastic group and were attributed to androgen therapy in one patient and pyridoxine therapy in the other. In the nonsideroblastic group, two partial responses occurred which were attributed to prednisone therapy. Transfusions were required in 23 patients. Leukemia developed in six patients. It is concluded that currently used treatments have little effect on refractory anemia and that in most patients continuing transfusions are required. In a small percentage of patients, there is transformation to leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:898953", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid shunts.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt technology has undergone rapid advances in the past two decades. As a result, pediatricians and other primary care physicians are being asked with increasing frequency to provide care for persons with CSF shunts. Familiarity with the more common shunts is a prerequisite to intelligent management of shunt related problems. Physicians providing daily care must have carefully documented hospital records and operative notes available to them as well as information detailing the safe evaluation of shunt patency and function if they are to manage patients with CSF shunts properly. In addition, parents and guardians must be alerted to signs and symptoms related to shunt malfunction.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid shunts. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt technology has undergone rapid advances in the past two decades. As a result, pediatricians and other primary care physicians are being asked with increasing frequency to provide care for persons with CSF shunts. Familiarity with the more common shunts is a prerequisite to intelligent management of shunt related problems. Physicians providing daily care must have carefully documented hospital records and operative notes available to them as well as information detailing the safe evaluation of shunt patency and function if they are to manage patients with CSF shunts properly. In addition, parents and guardians must be alerted to signs and symptoms related to shunt malfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:899022", "title": "[Concordant medullary thyroid carcinoma in identical twins with discordant phaeochromocytoma (Sipple syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "The first case of Sipple syndrome in identical twins is reported. It is concluded that the concordant medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is the result of a germinal mutation, whilst the discordant solitary phaeochromocytoma is caused by a somatic mutation according to the two mutation model. The practical conclusion to be drawn from this report is that if one identical twin develops carcinoma of the thyroid or a phaeochromocytoma, the other twin should be throughly investigated and surgical exploration undertaken, even in the absence of clinical evidence of disease.", "contents": "[Concordant medullary thyroid carcinoma in identical twins with discordant phaeochromocytoma (Sipple syndrome) (author's transl)]. The first case of Sipple syndrome in identical twins is reported. It is concluded that the concordant medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is the result of a germinal mutation, whilst the discordant solitary phaeochromocytoma is caused by a somatic mutation according to the two mutation model. The practical conclusion to be drawn from this report is that if one identical twin develops carcinoma of the thyroid or a phaeochromocytoma, the other twin should be throughly investigated and surgical exploration undertaken, even in the absence of clinical evidence of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:899023", "title": "[Problems in the diagnosis of breast disease following mammaplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "25 patients were followed up after reduction mammaplasty over varying periods of time. The aim was to evaluate the accuracy of postoperative clinical, mammographic and thermographic findings in the detection of breast cancer. In 7 patients who were operated on according to the technique of Lexer-Gohrbandt, the evaluation of the breast findings was practically undisturbed by operative changes. However, in none of the 18 patients operated on by Pitanguy's technique, was a satisfactorily safe interpretation of either the clinical or the mammographic findings possible; only the combination of clinical examination, mammography and thermography, together with a basic understanding of the operative technique allowed the differentiation between iatrogenic tissue changes and spontaneous pathological processes. The detection of breast cancer does not seem to essentially more difficult after plastic surgery for breast hypertrophy so long as all three of the above-mentioned methods of examination are used and carefully evaluated.", "contents": "[Problems in the diagnosis of breast disease following mammaplasty (author's transl)]. 25 patients were followed up after reduction mammaplasty over varying periods of time. The aim was to evaluate the accuracy of postoperative clinical, mammographic and thermographic findings in the detection of breast cancer. In 7 patients who were operated on according to the technique of Lexer-Gohrbandt, the evaluation of the breast findings was practically undisturbed by operative changes. However, in none of the 18 patients operated on by Pitanguy's technique, was a satisfactorily safe interpretation of either the clinical or the mammographic findings possible; only the combination of clinical examination, mammography and thermography, together with a basic understanding of the operative technique allowed the differentiation between iatrogenic tissue changes and spontaneous pathological processes. The detection of breast cancer does not seem to essentially more difficult after plastic surgery for breast hypertrophy so long as all three of the above-mentioned methods of examination are used and carefully evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:899024", "title": "[Qualitative analysis of the binding of fibrin in organic tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "The binding energy (EB) of oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen was determined in highly concentrated fibrin, collagen, liver parenchyma and muscle tissue using photoelectron spectrometry. Fibrin was mixed with the collagen, liver or muscle homogenisate, with or without substitution of clotting factor XIII or additional inhibiton of fibrinolysis and the EB was determined again. Changes in the binding energy arise from an alteration in chemical binding. The present investigation showed that fibrin builds up new linkages in liver parenchyma and in collagen using nitrogen bonds and, additionally via a sulphur bond. After addition of fibrin stabilizing factor a new chemical link appeared between fibrin and collagen again through a nitrogen bond and, additionally via a sulphur bond. The inhibition of fibrinolysis produced a new oxygen linkage in all the examined substances (fibrin-tissue).", "contents": "[Qualitative analysis of the binding of fibrin in organic tissue (author's transl)]. The binding energy (EB) of oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen was determined in highly concentrated fibrin, collagen, liver parenchyma and muscle tissue using photoelectron spectrometry. Fibrin was mixed with the collagen, liver or muscle homogenisate, with or without substitution of clotting factor XIII or additional inhibiton of fibrinolysis and the EB was determined again. Changes in the binding energy arise from an alteration in chemical binding. The present investigation showed that fibrin builds up new linkages in liver parenchyma and in collagen using nitrogen bonds and, additionally via a sulphur bond. After addition of fibrin stabilizing factor a new chemical link appeared between fibrin and collagen again through a nitrogen bond and, additionally via a sulphur bond. The inhibition of fibrinolysis produced a new oxygen linkage in all the examined substances (fibrin-tissue)."}
{"id": "PMID:899025", "title": "[Experimental cholestasis by dibucaine and harmaline: effects on bile flow and hepatic transport of bile acids, ethacrynic acid and ouabain (author's transl)].", "content": "For further confirmation of the hypothesis that bile-salts independent bile flow depends on transepithelial Na+ fluxes, the effect of dibucaine (0.5 to 1.6 mM) and of harmaline (1.7 to 4.0 mM) on bile formation was studied in the isolated rat liver. Both compounds, which are known to inhibit passive Na+ entry into tissues other than liver, inhibit bile secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. Measurements of oxygen consumption and examination of liver tissue by electronmicroscopy exclude unspecific damage to liver cells as the cause for secretory failure. Cholestasis induced by dibucaine and harmaline is reversible upon wash-out of the drugs from the perfusion system. Simultaneously added choleretics, such as taurocholate, cholate, ethacrynic acid or ouabain, fail to elicit a secretory response. Since harmaline is an inhibitor of Na+-dependent transport processes, its effect and that of dibucaine on Na+-linked uptake of these choleretics by the isolated liver was determined. Harmaline and dibucaine reduce taurocholate transfer to the extent of the Na+-independent fraction only, but completely inhibit active entry of cholate, ethacrynic acid and ouabain. It is concluded that drug-membrane interactions primarily on the sinusoidal surface but possibly also at the canalicular pole of the hepatocytes are responsible for the impairment of basal and stimulated bile secretion.", "contents": "[Experimental cholestasis by dibucaine and harmaline: effects on bile flow and hepatic transport of bile acids, ethacrynic acid and ouabain (author's transl)]. For further confirmation of the hypothesis that bile-salts independent bile flow depends on transepithelial Na+ fluxes, the effect of dibucaine (0.5 to 1.6 mM) and of harmaline (1.7 to 4.0 mM) on bile formation was studied in the isolated rat liver. Both compounds, which are known to inhibit passive Na+ entry into tissues other than liver, inhibit bile secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. Measurements of oxygen consumption and examination of liver tissue by electronmicroscopy exclude unspecific damage to liver cells as the cause for secretory failure. Cholestasis induced by dibucaine and harmaline is reversible upon wash-out of the drugs from the perfusion system. Simultaneously added choleretics, such as taurocholate, cholate, ethacrynic acid or ouabain, fail to elicit a secretory response. Since harmaline is an inhibitor of Na+-dependent transport processes, its effect and that of dibucaine on Na+-linked uptake of these choleretics by the isolated liver was determined. Harmaline and dibucaine reduce taurocholate transfer to the extent of the Na+-independent fraction only, but completely inhibit active entry of cholate, ethacrynic acid and ouabain. It is concluded that drug-membrane interactions primarily on the sinusoidal surface but possibly also at the canalicular pole of the hepatocytes are responsible for the impairment of basal and stimulated bile secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:899026", "title": "[The influence of dopamine on the regional blood volume in liver, abdomen, chest and extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence was studied of 3 and 6 gamma/kg/min. dopamine on the blood volume in the liver, abdomen, chest, arms and legs in ten volunteers with healthy livers, and a comparison was made between the effect of dopamine and the blood volume changes caused in these body regions by inflatable whole-leg boots at a pressure of 40 mm Hg. Regional blood volumes and any induced changes were studied by means of 99 m Tc labelled autologous erythrocytes. A gamma camera with a pinhole collimator and a small computer was used, the field of vision of the camera being 148 cm in diameter. Changes in regional activity reflect changes in the regional blood volume. 1. Whole-leg compression at 40 mm Hg led to an increase in the blood volume of the liver, abdomen and chest, but to a reduction in the legs, while no significant change was observed in the arm blood volume. 2. On infusion of 3 gamma/kg/min. dopamine for 15 minutes no significant change occurred in the blood volume of the liver and abdomen. The chest blood volume increased, while the blood volume of the upper and the lower extremities showed a statistically significant decrease. 3. On infusion of 6 gamma/kg/min. dopamine for 10 minutes no significant change occurred in the blood volume of the liver, while the chest blood volume continued to rise and that of the upper and lower limbs continued to fall. 4. Ten minutes after the end of the infusion there was no significant change in liver and abdominal blood volume as compared with the last value measured during infusion of 6 gamma/kg/min. dopamine. By that time the chest blood volume had already fallen and the blood volume of the arms and legs increased. The possible action mechanisms via dopamine-specific and other catecholamine receptors are discussed in this paper.", "contents": "[The influence of dopamine on the regional blood volume in liver, abdomen, chest and extremities (author's transl)]. The influence was studied of 3 and 6 gamma/kg/min. dopamine on the blood volume in the liver, abdomen, chest, arms and legs in ten volunteers with healthy livers, and a comparison was made between the effect of dopamine and the blood volume changes caused in these body regions by inflatable whole-leg boots at a pressure of 40 mm Hg. Regional blood volumes and any induced changes were studied by means of 99 m Tc labelled autologous erythrocytes. A gamma camera with a pinhole collimator and a small computer was used, the field of vision of the camera being 148 cm in diameter. Changes in regional activity reflect changes in the regional blood volume. 1. Whole-leg compression at 40 mm Hg led to an increase in the blood volume of the liver, abdomen and chest, but to a reduction in the legs, while no significant change was observed in the arm blood volume. 2. On infusion of 3 gamma/kg/min. dopamine for 15 minutes no significant change occurred in the blood volume of the liver and abdomen. The chest blood volume increased, while the blood volume of the upper and the lower extremities showed a statistically significant decrease. 3. On infusion of 6 gamma/kg/min. dopamine for 10 minutes no significant change occurred in the blood volume of the liver, while the chest blood volume continued to rise and that of the upper and lower limbs continued to fall. 4. Ten minutes after the end of the infusion there was no significant change in liver and abdominal blood volume as compared with the last value measured during infusion of 6 gamma/kg/min. dopamine. By that time the chest blood volume had already fallen and the blood volume of the arms and legs increased. The possible action mechanisms via dopamine-specific and other catecholamine receptors are discussed in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:899027", "title": "[Polygraphic studies on ergotropic and trophotropic attacks (a contribution to the question of hyperactivity of the central sympathetic system) (author's transl)].", "content": "A multi-channel recorder has been employed for the simultaneous recording of various neuro-physiological parameters such as EEG, respiration, tremor, ECG, PGR, pulse-tracing and EMG. The present pilot study shows that of all parameters only EEG, pulse-form, PGR and EMG are of high diagnostic value. The importance of these records, in conjunction with neuro-clinical findings, in the differential diagnosis of ergotropic and trophotropic forms of attacks, as well as their differentiation from epileptic fits is pointed out. The pulse-form described in detail, particularly the characteristics of the \"ergotropic pulse-form\". The special advantage of the present method lies in its non-aggressive nature. Operational details are given in order to facilitate comparisons.", "contents": "[Polygraphic studies on ergotropic and trophotropic attacks (a contribution to the question of hyperactivity of the central sympathetic system) (author's transl)]. A multi-channel recorder has been employed for the simultaneous recording of various neuro-physiological parameters such as EEG, respiration, tremor, ECG, PGR, pulse-tracing and EMG. The present pilot study shows that of all parameters only EEG, pulse-form, PGR and EMG are of high diagnostic value. The importance of these records, in conjunction with neuro-clinical findings, in the differential diagnosis of ergotropic and trophotropic forms of attacks, as well as their differentiation from epileptic fits is pointed out. The pulse-form described in detail, particularly the characteristics of the \"ergotropic pulse-form\". The special advantage of the present method lies in its non-aggressive nature. Operational details are given in order to facilitate comparisons."}
{"id": "PMID:899028", "title": "[Demonstration of clusters in nasal polyps a light and electron microscopic investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "Numerous functional studies have shown that lymphocytes and macrophages cooperate during the immune response. Cell clusters, consisting mainly of macrophages and lymphoid cells, were found in nasal polyps in humans, especially the oedematous type. Within the clusters the cells showed close physical contact brought about by microvilli of varying length, suggestive of cellular cooperation. These cell clusters resemble the formations found in vitro and in vivo during immunization procedures.", "contents": "[Demonstration of clusters in nasal polyps a light and electron microscopic investigation (author's transl)]. Numerous functional studies have shown that lymphocytes and macrophages cooperate during the immune response. Cell clusters, consisting mainly of macrophages and lymphoid cells, were found in nasal polyps in humans, especially the oedematous type. Within the clusters the cells showed close physical contact brought about by microvilli of varying length, suggestive of cellular cooperation. These cell clusters resemble the formations found in vitro and in vivo during immunization procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:899029", "title": "[Recurrent purulent meningitis in traumatic lesions of the ethmoid (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is presented of two cases of recurrent meningitis (mainly pneumococcal meningitis with different serotypes). The different possible causes of recurrent meningitis are discussed. The key to diagnosis in recurrent meningitis caused by forgotten traumatic fracture of the ethmoid bone is X-ray investigation including tomography of this region. The prognosis is poor in infancy, but improves with increasing age of the child and is dependent on early diagnosis of the underlying causative process.", "contents": "[Recurrent purulent meningitis in traumatic lesions of the ethmoid (author's transl)]. A report is presented of two cases of recurrent meningitis (mainly pneumococcal meningitis with different serotypes). The different possible causes of recurrent meningitis are discussed. The key to diagnosis in recurrent meningitis caused by forgotten traumatic fracture of the ethmoid bone is X-ray investigation including tomography of this region. The prognosis is poor in infancy, but improves with increasing age of the child and is dependent on early diagnosis of the underlying causative process."}
{"id": "PMID:899030", "title": "[Human placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotropin in diabetic pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "Serial determinations of serum HPL and HCG levels were carried out in 68 diabetic women during the whole course of pregnancy. In diabetic pregnancies of the type B--D according to White's classification, HPL levels were significantly lower than control values from the 10th to the 22nd week. In diabetic pregnancies of the type White A, HPL levels were significantly lower than the normal controls at the 10th and the 38th week, otherwise there was no significant difference between the two groups. A decrease in HPL level occurred in the 37th week in normal pregnancies and in the 34th week in diabetics. Integrated values of HPL over each trimester of pregnancy (which give a measure of the overall hormone production), were all significantly lower in the diabetic pregnancies than in the normal controls. Peak levels of HCG were found from the 8th to 12th week in normal pregnancy; subsequently a continuous fall was observed until the end of pregnancy. HCG levels were significantly higher in diabetic than normal pregnancies following the 30th week and generally rose to the end of pregnancy. The integral HCG values, in diabetics of all White groups, were significantly lower in the first trimester and significantly higher in the third trimester than in the normal controls. There was no difference in integral hormone production between diabetics and controls in the second trimester. A sudden drop in the level of both hormones is a signal of fetal distress.", "contents": "[Human placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotropin in diabetic pregnancies (author's transl)]. Serial determinations of serum HPL and HCG levels were carried out in 68 diabetic women during the whole course of pregnancy. In diabetic pregnancies of the type B--D according to White's classification, HPL levels were significantly lower than control values from the 10th to the 22nd week. In diabetic pregnancies of the type White A, HPL levels were significantly lower than the normal controls at the 10th and the 38th week, otherwise there was no significant difference between the two groups. A decrease in HPL level occurred in the 37th week in normal pregnancies and in the 34th week in diabetics. Integrated values of HPL over each trimester of pregnancy (which give a measure of the overall hormone production), were all significantly lower in the diabetic pregnancies than in the normal controls. Peak levels of HCG were found from the 8th to 12th week in normal pregnancy; subsequently a continuous fall was observed until the end of pregnancy. HCG levels were significantly higher in diabetic than normal pregnancies following the 30th week and generally rose to the end of pregnancy. The integral HCG values, in diabetics of all White groups, were significantly lower in the first trimester and significantly higher in the third trimester than in the normal controls. There was no difference in integral hormone production between diabetics and controls in the second trimester. A sudden drop in the level of both hormones is a signal of fetal distress."}
{"id": "PMID:899031", "title": "[Diabetic retinopathy: onset in pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Retinopathy appeared during pregnancy, mostly in the last trimester, in 20 female diabetics. In some cases the retinopathy reappeared during the subsequent pregnancy, whilst in other cases it skipped one or two pregnancies. The retinopathy was mostly of a mild form and, in about half the cases, disappeared spontaneously post partum. In the remaining cases it remained stationary or subsided to a great extent, but certainly did not become progressive. Forms of angiopathy other than retinopathy remained in the background. No toxicoses, and no other complications were seen during pregnancy. Hence, pregnancy promotes or accelerates the onset of diabetic retinopathy, its influence on the course of the disease being favourable rather than harmful.", "contents": "[Diabetic retinopathy: onset in pregnancy (author's transl)]. Retinopathy appeared during pregnancy, mostly in the last trimester, in 20 female diabetics. In some cases the retinopathy reappeared during the subsequent pregnancy, whilst in other cases it skipped one or two pregnancies. The retinopathy was mostly of a mild form and, in about half the cases, disappeared spontaneously post partum. In the remaining cases it remained stationary or subsided to a great extent, but certainly did not become progressive. Forms of angiopathy other than retinopathy remained in the background. No toxicoses, and no other complications were seen during pregnancy. Hence, pregnancy promotes or accelerates the onset of diabetic retinopathy, its influence on the course of the disease being favourable rather than harmful."}
{"id": "PMID:899036", "title": "The metabolism of amphetamine in vitro by rabbit liver preparations: a comparison of R(-) and S(+) enantiomers.", "content": "1. Incubation of R(-), S(+) and RS(+/-) amphetamines with rabbit liver 9000 g supernatant indicated that R(-) was metabolized at a faster rate than S(+), but that racemic amphetamine was metabolized at the same rate as S(+) during one hour incubations. 2. N-Hydroxyamphetamine and 1-phenyl-2-propranol were the major compounds detected in both R(-) and S(+) amphetamine incubations. 3. Phenylacetone oxime was detected in significant quantities after 3 h incubations of R(-) amphetamine, but only in minor quantities from S(+). 4. A fall in the amount of N-hydroxyamphetamine present in R(-) amphetamine incubations after a 3 h period as compared to a 1 h incubation, paralleled by a rise in the amount of phenylacetone oxime during 3 h suggested that the oxime was derived as a secondary metabolics from N-hydroxyamphetamine. 5. R(-) and S(+) N-hydroxyamphetamines were both metabolized to phenylacetone oxime by rabbit liver 9000 g supernatant, but the R(-) enantiomer was converted at a faster rate than S(+).", "contents": "The metabolism of amphetamine in vitro by rabbit liver preparations: a comparison of R(-) and S(+) enantiomers. 1. Incubation of R(-), S(+) and RS(+/-) amphetamines with rabbit liver 9000 g supernatant indicated that R(-) was metabolized at a faster rate than S(+), but that racemic amphetamine was metabolized at the same rate as S(+) during one hour incubations. 2. N-Hydroxyamphetamine and 1-phenyl-2-propranol were the major compounds detected in both R(-) and S(+) amphetamine incubations. 3. Phenylacetone oxime was detected in significant quantities after 3 h incubations of R(-) amphetamine, but only in minor quantities from S(+). 4. A fall in the amount of N-hydroxyamphetamine present in R(-) amphetamine incubations after a 3 h period as compared to a 1 h incubation, paralleled by a rise in the amount of phenylacetone oxime during 3 h suggested that the oxime was derived as a secondary metabolics from N-hydroxyamphetamine. 5. R(-) and S(+) N-hydroxyamphetamines were both metabolized to phenylacetone oxime by rabbit liver 9000 g supernatant, but the R(-) enantiomer was converted at a faster rate than S(+)."}
{"id": "PMID:899037", "title": "Cardenolide analogues. VI. The metabolism of the prodrug diacetylcymarol in the rat.", "content": "1. Diacetylcymarol is an acetylated glycoside which is better absorbed than the parent glycoside, cymarol. 2. Diacetyl[19-3H]cymarol was rapidly metabolized and excreted by the rat following intraperitoneal administration. 3. The drug was metabolized extensively to polar compounds with the principal pathway involving loss of the C-19 acetyl group and probable demethylation of the sugar. 4. The bulk of the radioactive material was excreted in the bile and there was little reabsorption. 5. The results show that acetylation was successful in converting the poorly absorbed glycoside, cymarol, into a derivative that was rapidly absorbed from the peritoneal cavity. 6. Following or during absorption, the biologically inactive diacetylcymarol was converted to polar derivatives with potential therapeutic activity. However, subsequent elimination was so rapid that little therapeutic benefit could be expected.", "contents": "Cardenolide analogues. VI. The metabolism of the prodrug diacetylcymarol in the rat. 1. Diacetylcymarol is an acetylated glycoside which is better absorbed than the parent glycoside, cymarol. 2. Diacetyl[19-3H]cymarol was rapidly metabolized and excreted by the rat following intraperitoneal administration. 3. The drug was metabolized extensively to polar compounds with the principal pathway involving loss of the C-19 acetyl group and probable demethylation of the sugar. 4. The bulk of the radioactive material was excreted in the bile and there was little reabsorption. 5. The results show that acetylation was successful in converting the poorly absorbed glycoside, cymarol, into a derivative that was rapidly absorbed from the peritoneal cavity. 6. Following or during absorption, the biologically inactive diacetylcymarol was converted to polar derivatives with potential therapeutic activity. However, subsequent elimination was so rapid that little therapeutic benefit could be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:899038", "title": "The fate of the herbicide flamprop-isopropyl (barnon) in rats and dogs.", "content": "1. [14C]Flamprop-isoppropyl (BARNON) administered orally to rats and dogs is excreted mostly via the faeces (90-5% and 76-3% in male and female rats respectively and 53% in dogs). Elimination was rapid from both species, and greater than 96% of the dose of 14C was excreted by rats 0-48 h after dosing. Distribution of 14C between urine and faeces was different in male and female rats, but the same for dogs of either sex. 2. The predominant metabolic pathway in both species was loss of the isopropyl group; the resulting carboxylic acid was excreted free and as the ester glucuronide. 3. Aromatic hydroxylation occurred at the para- and meta-positions of the N-benzoyl ring; the presence of a 3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl metabolite (but no dihydrodiol) suggests that arene oxide formation is involved. However, direct hydroxylation at position 3 cannot be precluded. Aromatic hydroxylation occurred with the following facility (0-48 h); male rat, 18%; female rat, 13%; dog (either sex), 2%. 4. Hydroxylation occurred readily in the isopropyl side chain yielding mostly a propan-1,2-diol ester in the dog. In the rat, this metabolite was mostly oxidized to yield a 2-lactyl ester.", "contents": "The fate of the herbicide flamprop-isopropyl (barnon) in rats and dogs. 1. [14C]Flamprop-isoppropyl (BARNON) administered orally to rats and dogs is excreted mostly via the faeces (90-5% and 76-3% in male and female rats respectively and 53% in dogs). Elimination was rapid from both species, and greater than 96% of the dose of 14C was excreted by rats 0-48 h after dosing. Distribution of 14C between urine and faeces was different in male and female rats, but the same for dogs of either sex. 2. The predominant metabolic pathway in both species was loss of the isopropyl group; the resulting carboxylic acid was excreted free and as the ester glucuronide. 3. Aromatic hydroxylation occurred at the para- and meta-positions of the N-benzoyl ring; the presence of a 3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl metabolite (but no dihydrodiol) suggests that arene oxide formation is involved. However, direct hydroxylation at position 3 cannot be precluded. Aromatic hydroxylation occurred with the following facility (0-48 h); male rat, 18%; female rat, 13%; dog (either sex), 2%. 4. Hydroxylation occurred readily in the isopropyl side chain yielding mostly a propan-1,2-diol ester in the dog. In the rat, this metabolite was mostly oxidized to yield a 2-lactyl ester."}
{"id": "PMID:899039", "title": "The localization and some properties of the N-deacetylase of Ascaris lumbricoides var suum.", "content": "1. Hydrolysis of acetanilide by the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides var suum occurred in the cytosol of the intestinal epithelium and to a lesser degree in the cytosol of the reproductive organs. Cuticle and mesenchyme fluid showed no measurable activity. 2. The molecular weight of the enzyme responsible for hydrolysis was estimated to be about 90 000. 3. Hydrolysis of N-acetyl compounds occurred optimally at pH 7-4 at 30-35 degrees and at a substrate concentration of 10(-2) M. 4. The reaction was inhibited 50% by Cu2+, Zn2+, n-ethylmaleimide or p-chloromercuribenzoate at 10(-4) M. The anthelmintic organophosphates inhibited N-deacetylation by 50% at 10(-7) M. Dithiothreitol enhanced the reaction rate but glutathione and thioglycollic acid were without effect.", "contents": "The localization and some properties of the N-deacetylase of Ascaris lumbricoides var suum. 1. Hydrolysis of acetanilide by the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides var suum occurred in the cytosol of the intestinal epithelium and to a lesser degree in the cytosol of the reproductive organs. Cuticle and mesenchyme fluid showed no measurable activity. 2. The molecular weight of the enzyme responsible for hydrolysis was estimated to be about 90 000. 3. Hydrolysis of N-acetyl compounds occurred optimally at pH 7-4 at 30-35 degrees and at a substrate concentration of 10(-2) M. 4. The reaction was inhibited 50% by Cu2+, Zn2+, n-ethylmaleimide or p-chloromercuribenzoate at 10(-4) M. The anthelmintic organophosphates inhibited N-deacetylation by 50% at 10(-7) M. Dithiothreitol enhanced the reaction rate but glutathione and thioglycollic acid were without effect."}
{"id": "PMID:899040", "title": "Pollicization.", "content": "Congenital absence or traumatic amputation of the thumb is a major disability profoundly disturbing the function of the hand, as the thumb represents an estimated 50% of total hand function. The methods for thumb reconstruction utilizing the index finger were developed some twenty years ago, and progress has been made in the last several years with emphasis on intrinsic muscle reconstruction as emphasized by Buck-Gramcko. The method, technique and anatomy of index pollicization is discussed, and representative cases presented for congenital absence of the thumb and for traumatic amputation of the thumb.", "contents": "Pollicization. Congenital absence or traumatic amputation of the thumb is a major disability profoundly disturbing the function of the hand, as the thumb represents an estimated 50% of total hand function. The methods for thumb reconstruction utilizing the index finger were developed some twenty years ago, and progress has been made in the last several years with emphasis on intrinsic muscle reconstruction as emphasized by Buck-Gramcko. The method, technique and anatomy of index pollicization is discussed, and representative cases presented for congenital absence of the thumb and for traumatic amputation of the thumb."}
{"id": "PMID:899047", "title": "[Chronic nonspecific lung diseases in the Estonian SSR (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on chronic nonspecific lung diseases (CNLD) in the Estonian SSR basing on the data of the ministry of health. The statistical incidence of chronic nonspecific lung diseases has increased from 59.7 new cases per 10 000 inhabitants (1967) to 93.7 in 1974 (100.2 in males and 88.1 in females). This increase is resulting from a real increase of new cases but also from the improvement of diagnostics and better coverage in the degree as tuberculosis has diminished. Cases of tuberculosis among adults decreased to 1/8 and among children to 1/100 of that 20 years ago. Among CNLD the portion of chronic bronchitis amounted to 48%, of chronic bronchitis to 35.9% and bronchial asthma to 16.1%. CNLD is rather frequent among children. In persons older than 40 years CNLD becomes more common, more in males than in females. Not all persons notified with the diagnosis chronic lung disease need treatment. In epidemiological surveys 5.5 to 9.3% of the population corresponded to the definition of chronic airway disease. A systematic dispensary care of CNLD is going to be organised since 1969. It is the task of all therapeutists in the medical districts. More and more the tuberculosis clinics are integrated into this system.", "contents": "[Chronic nonspecific lung diseases in the Estonian SSR (author's transl)]. Report on chronic nonspecific lung diseases (CNLD) in the Estonian SSR basing on the data of the ministry of health. The statistical incidence of chronic nonspecific lung diseases has increased from 59.7 new cases per 10 000 inhabitants (1967) to 93.7 in 1974 (100.2 in males and 88.1 in females). This increase is resulting from a real increase of new cases but also from the improvement of diagnostics and better coverage in the degree as tuberculosis has diminished. Cases of tuberculosis among adults decreased to 1/8 and among children to 1/100 of that 20 years ago. Among CNLD the portion of chronic bronchitis amounted to 48%, of chronic bronchitis to 35.9% and bronchial asthma to 16.1%. CNLD is rather frequent among children. In persons older than 40 years CNLD becomes more common, more in males than in females. Not all persons notified with the diagnosis chronic lung disease need treatment. In epidemiological surveys 5.5 to 9.3% of the population corresponded to the definition of chronic airway disease. A systematic dispensary care of CNLD is going to be organised since 1969. It is the task of all therapeutists in the medical districts. More and more the tuberculosis clinics are integrated into this system."}
{"id": "PMID:899048", "title": "[Hemodynamics in chronic cor pulmonale during exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "1. In patients with chronic cor pulmonale there is a regression dependence between the amount of exercise-induced increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and the level of resting value. 2. Hemodynamics during exercise are influenced by the patient's position in a certain degree. 3. The exercise-induced increase in pulmonary arterial pressure in chronic cor pulmonale is not influenced by the patient's age. 4. The time course of pressure fall during recovery depends on the amount of pressure increase during exercise, it depends less evidently on the level of the resting values. 5. Tachycardia is not a compulsory symptom of chronic cor pulmonale.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics in chronic cor pulmonale during exercise (author's transl)]. 1. In patients with chronic cor pulmonale there is a regression dependence between the amount of exercise-induced increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and the level of resting value. 2. Hemodynamics during exercise are influenced by the patient's position in a certain degree. 3. The exercise-induced increase in pulmonary arterial pressure in chronic cor pulmonale is not influenced by the patient's age. 4. The time course of pressure fall during recovery depends on the amount of pressure increase during exercise, it depends less evidently on the level of the resting values. 5. Tachycardia is not a compulsory symptom of chronic cor pulmonale."}
{"id": "PMID:899049", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopic pattern on normal and pathological nasal mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Nasal mucosa from animals and men were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The findings resulting from normal nasal mucosa and mucosa chronically alterated by inflammation (rhinitis chronica hyperplastica, rhinitis allergica, rhinitis chronica atrophicans, and nasal polyps) were compared. The patterns of the surface-behavior of the mucociliary apparatus and the structure of the epithelium--as well as the findings were discussed. The three-dimensional observation of mucosal surface structure completes the light and electron microscopic examination procedures allowing further insights into morphology and physiological function of the mucosa in the upper respiratory tract.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopic pattern on normal and pathological nasal mucosa (author's transl)]. Nasal mucosa from animals and men were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The findings resulting from normal nasal mucosa and mucosa chronically alterated by inflammation (rhinitis chronica hyperplastica, rhinitis allergica, rhinitis chronica atrophicans, and nasal polyps) were compared. The patterns of the surface-behavior of the mucociliary apparatus and the structure of the epithelium--as well as the findings were discussed. The three-dimensional observation of mucosal surface structure completes the light and electron microscopic examination procedures allowing further insights into morphology and physiological function of the mucosa in the upper respiratory tract."}
{"id": "PMID:899050", "title": "Immunoglobulins A and G and lysozyme in the bronchial secretions of children with acute respiratory tract infections.", "content": "The amount of immunoglobulins A and G and lysozyme in bronchial secretions of children with pneumonia was higher than in ones of bronchitis and infected asthma patients. Immunoglobulins levels increased also with the age of patients.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins A and G and lysozyme in the bronchial secretions of children with acute respiratory tract infections. The amount of immunoglobulins A and G and lysozyme in bronchial secretions of children with pneumonia was higher than in ones of bronchitis and infected asthma patients. Immunoglobulins levels increased also with the age of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:899051", "title": "[The rare case of a intrapulmonary hamartochondrosarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report of a rare primary intrapulmonary hamartochondrosarcoma in a 56 years old man. The patient on whom a resection of the upper lobe and then a x-ray therapy was performed, died two years after operation of liver metastases. A review of the literature, of pathogenesis and characteristics of this disease are given.", "contents": "[The rare case of a intrapulmonary hamartochondrosarcoma (author's transl)]. Case report of a rare primary intrapulmonary hamartochondrosarcoma in a 56 years old man. The patient on whom a resection of the upper lobe and then a x-ray therapy was performed, died two years after operation of liver metastases. A review of the literature, of pathogenesis and characteristics of this disease are given."}
{"id": "PMID:899052", "title": "[Therapy of chronic bronchial foreign bodies in children (author's transl)].", "content": "During infancy bronchoscopic removal of a foreign body firmly embedded in the granulation tissue sometimes causes considerable difficulties so that surgical procedures (bronchotomy) must be envisaged. On the basis of 4 observations, the distinct influence of daily prednisolone inhalations (25 mg of prednisolone) and antibiotic therapy on the retrogression of endobronchial granulation tissue has been proved: resulting in a spontaneous expectoration of the foreign bodies or in enabling the bronchoscopic removal of the foreign bodies. If chronic foreign bodies cannot be removed immediately and especially before undertaking surgical measures, treatment by prednisolone inhalation should be tried.", "contents": "[Therapy of chronic bronchial foreign bodies in children (author's transl)]. During infancy bronchoscopic removal of a foreign body firmly embedded in the granulation tissue sometimes causes considerable difficulties so that surgical procedures (bronchotomy) must be envisaged. On the basis of 4 observations, the distinct influence of daily prednisolone inhalations (25 mg of prednisolone) and antibiotic therapy on the retrogression of endobronchial granulation tissue has been proved: resulting in a spontaneous expectoration of the foreign bodies or in enabling the bronchoscopic removal of the foreign bodies. If chronic foreign bodies cannot be removed immediately and especially before undertaking surgical measures, treatment by prednisolone inhalation should be tried."}
{"id": "PMID:899053", "title": "[Fibre optic bronchoscopy in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1974 the authors have used fibre optics of Olympus, Tokyo, particular the models BF Type 4B and BF Type 3A applicable for children. Even in children, tube bronchoscopy can not at all be replaced by fibre optic bronchoscopy. By fibre optic bronchoscopy diagnostics may by improved considerably. Laryngotracheoscopy proved to be of special advantage in newborns with the sign of stridor. Fibre optic bronchoscopy should be used as a supplementary procedure in bronchological centres for children.", "contents": "[Fibre optic bronchoscopy in children (author's transl)]. Since 1974 the authors have used fibre optics of Olympus, Tokyo, particular the models BF Type 4B and BF Type 3A applicable for children. Even in children, tube bronchoscopy can not at all be replaced by fibre optic bronchoscopy. By fibre optic bronchoscopy diagnostics may by improved considerably. Laryngotracheoscopy proved to be of special advantage in newborns with the sign of stridor. Fibre optic bronchoscopy should be used as a supplementary procedure in bronchological centres for children."}
{"id": "PMID:899054", "title": "[Amoxicillin and its excretion into bronchial secretion (author's transl)].", "content": "Various dates on amoxicillin (resorption, distribution, elimination, tissue passage, urinary excretion) are presented. The bacterial spectrum is more fully discussed. Amoxicillin is compared with ampicillin. Dosage and therapeutical results are presented. Within repeated bronchoscopic examinations necessary on account of bronchopulmonary affections determination of germs were done in 88 children. At the same time examination of ampicillin levels in bronchial secretions were performed after amoxicillin therapy with different high doses (3 x 125 mg to 3 x 750 mg) for 7 days. It could be shown that good antibiotic levels could be found in secretion specimens above all obtained 2 to 4 hours after the last amoxicillin administration. They could be found too, if there did not exist any purulent secretion or stronger inflammation. There are relations between the amount of dosage, the level in secretion as well as the influence on germs.", "contents": "[Amoxicillin and its excretion into bronchial secretion (author's transl)]. Various dates on amoxicillin (resorption, distribution, elimination, tissue passage, urinary excretion) are presented. The bacterial spectrum is more fully discussed. Amoxicillin is compared with ampicillin. Dosage and therapeutical results are presented. Within repeated bronchoscopic examinations necessary on account of bronchopulmonary affections determination of germs were done in 88 children. At the same time examination of ampicillin levels in bronchial secretions were performed after amoxicillin therapy with different high doses (3 x 125 mg to 3 x 750 mg) for 7 days. It could be shown that good antibiotic levels could be found in secretion specimens above all obtained 2 to 4 hours after the last amoxicillin administration. They could be found too, if there did not exist any purulent secretion or stronger inflammation. There are relations between the amount of dosage, the level in secretion as well as the influence on germs."}
{"id": "PMID:899056", "title": "[Dispensary control and rehabilitation of surgically treated patients with bronchial carcinoma in the region of Berlin (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 1813 persons with bronchial carcinoma in the years 1970-1974 475 were treated with surgery; more than 85% being older than 60 years. 299 of these patients had a survival time of at least 12 months. 64.9% of them received a cardiac treatment, 7.7% were only followed up. Bronchial infections were more common in these patients than in the average Berlin population. Among the 207 patients who had a survival time of more than 12 months at the end of 1974 56 were working; 41 from the 74 patients belonging to the age group younger than 65 years, 15 from the 133 patients belonging to the age group older than 65 years (pensioners). General recommendations concerning systematic controlled care should be given for persons resected for bronchial carcinoma. Systematic cardiac treatment should be provided.", "contents": "[Dispensary control and rehabilitation of surgically treated patients with bronchial carcinoma in the region of Berlin (author's transl)]. Among 1813 persons with bronchial carcinoma in the years 1970-1974 475 were treated with surgery; more than 85% being older than 60 years. 299 of these patients had a survival time of at least 12 months. 64.9% of them received a cardiac treatment, 7.7% were only followed up. Bronchial infections were more common in these patients than in the average Berlin population. Among the 207 patients who had a survival time of more than 12 months at the end of 1974 56 were working; 41 from the 74 patients belonging to the age group younger than 65 years, 15 from the 133 patients belonging to the age group older than 65 years (pensioners). General recommendations concerning systematic controlled care should be given for persons resected for bronchial carcinoma. Systematic cardiac treatment should be provided."}
{"id": "PMID:899057", "title": "[Disablement, invalidity and vocational rehabilitation after surgical treatment because of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl].", "content": "Results of vocational rehabilitation of 1033 patients, treated with surgery because of bronchial cancer are reported. We compared persons with and without a 5 year survival rate. Persons with a survival rate of five years showed the best results; 52% were reemployed for full time or part time on year after surgery, 30% of them at their former working place. Rehabilitation for a full time or only a part time job depends among other factors on the extent of resection. Persons with partial resection (61 %) have, compared with pneumonectomies (29%), a better chance of reemployment in a full time or part time job. Within the five postoperative years 44% of all patients got fit for work. An precipitant invalidisation is not advisable.", "contents": "[Disablement, invalidity and vocational rehabilitation after surgical treatment because of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl]. Results of vocational rehabilitation of 1033 patients, treated with surgery because of bronchial cancer are reported. We compared persons with and without a 5 year survival rate. Persons with a survival rate of five years showed the best results; 52% were reemployed for full time or part time on year after surgery, 30% of them at their former working place. Rehabilitation for a full time or only a part time job depends among other factors on the extent of resection. Persons with partial resection (61 %) have, compared with pneumonectomies (29%), a better chance of reemployment in a full time or part time job. Within the five postoperative years 44% of all patients got fit for work. An precipitant invalidisation is not advisable."}
{"id": "PMID:899058", "title": "[Gradual programme of cardiopulmonary function diagnostics after lung operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary function testing, indicated in each phase after lung surgery, is investigated on the base of the pathophysiological conditions. Its results are important for an effective drug treatment and an adequate training therapy.", "contents": "[Gradual programme of cardiopulmonary function diagnostics after lung operations (author's transl)]. Pulmonary function testing, indicated in each phase after lung surgery, is investigated on the base of the pathophysiological conditions. Its results are important for an effective drug treatment and an adequate training therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:899059", "title": "[Late results after pulmonary middle lobe resections in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "15 of 19 children with typical middle-lobe syndrome were reinvestigated 4 to 10 years after surgical treatment. Morphological and functional alterations as a result of middle-lobe resection are of minor importance. The treatment of choice in childhood is the pulmonary lobe resection. Late effects of bronchiolitis follicularis are important because multifocal spread of infection seems to be possible.", "contents": "[Late results after pulmonary middle lobe resections in childhood (author's transl)]. 15 of 19 children with typical middle-lobe syndrome were reinvestigated 4 to 10 years after surgical treatment. Morphological and functional alterations as a result of middle-lobe resection are of minor importance. The treatment of choice in childhood is the pulmonary lobe resection. Late effects of bronchiolitis follicularis are important because multifocal spread of infection seems to be possible."}
{"id": "PMID:899060", "title": "[Thorax deformity after lung resection during childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a follow-up of 38 children treated with surgery for bronchiectasis during the last 10 years at the Department of Paediatric Surgery at the Dresden Medical Academy. 25 patients could be followed-up. In 17 of them a thoracotomy was performed in an age below 10 years. Besides some minor changes like narrowing of the intercostal spaces several cases with scoliosis of the vertebral column could be found. The importance of early controls and intensive physiotherapy for these cases is stressed. A case with rib osteomyelitis after surgery, which made thoracoplasty necessary is discussed.", "contents": "[Thorax deformity after lung resection during childhood (author's transl)]. Report on a follow-up of 38 children treated with surgery for bronchiectasis during the last 10 years at the Department of Paediatric Surgery at the Dresden Medical Academy. 25 patients could be followed-up. In 17 of them a thoracotomy was performed in an age below 10 years. Besides some minor changes like narrowing of the intercostal spaces several cases with scoliosis of the vertebral column could be found. The importance of early controls and intensive physiotherapy for these cases is stressed. A case with rib osteomyelitis after surgery, which made thoracoplasty necessary is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899061", "title": "[Postural drainage and breathing gymnastics--conditiones sine qua non-before lung resections for bronchiectasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 150 lung resections in 143 patients with bronchiectasis in the period of 1958-1974. The intensive preparation of the patients before surgery is of highest importance for a small risk and rare complications after operation. Postural drainage and breathing gymnastics are able to increase significantly FEV1 and VC and to reduce RV in the preoperative phase. The complication rate amounted to 8%, lethality after surgery to 1.3%.", "contents": "[Postural drainage and breathing gymnastics--conditiones sine qua non-before lung resections for bronchiectasis (author's transl)]. Report on 150 lung resections in 143 patients with bronchiectasis in the period of 1958-1974. The intensive preparation of the patients before surgery is of highest importance for a small risk and rare complications after operation. Postural drainage and breathing gymnastics are able to increase significantly FEV1 and VC and to reduce RV in the preoperative phase. The complication rate amounted to 8%, lethality after surgery to 1.3%."}
{"id": "PMID:899062", "title": "[Diagnosis and frequency of pneumothorax in neonatal age (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1971 and 1975 in a prospective study of 2211 chest radiographs of newborns with cardiorespiratory insufficiency a pneumothorax was found in 1.5 percent. In relation to all newborns of Erfurt during this period this rate is 0.2 percent. In all cases of cardiorespiratory insufficiency in newborns the immediate x-ray-examination of the thorax is necessary.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and frequency of pneumothorax in neonatal age (author's transl)]. Between 1971 and 1975 in a prospective study of 2211 chest radiographs of newborns with cardiorespiratory insufficiency a pneumothorax was found in 1.5 percent. In relation to all newborns of Erfurt during this period this rate is 0.2 percent. In all cases of cardiorespiratory insufficiency in newborns the immediate x-ray-examination of the thorax is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:899063", "title": "[Pathological ultrastructural findings in the epithelium of the respiratory passages in children and adults with repeated and chronic respiratory diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the respiratory passages epithelium of children, adolescents and older adults suffering from repeated or chronic respiratory disease was studied in the material obtained as a small excision during bronchoscopy. The findings were classified into 4 groups according to the character of the ultrastructural changes found in the epithelium. In large bronchi was found: I--a completely unaltered pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, II--a pseudostratified columnar epithelium with various signs of pathological alteration, III--an altered pseudostratified columnar epithelium with first ultrastructural signs of the development of squamous metaplasia, IV--a developed stratified squamous epithelium. In our opinion, in the respiratory passages of children and adolescents, even if they suffer from repeated respiratory diseases, the pseudostratiified ciliated epithelium persists however damaged to various degree. These patients were classified into the second or at most into the third group. The observation of fully developed squamous metaplasia is reserved to older patients with longer history of chronic respiratory disease.", "contents": "[Pathological ultrastructural findings in the epithelium of the respiratory passages in children and adults with repeated and chronic respiratory diseases (author's transl)]. The ultrastructure of the respiratory passages epithelium of children, adolescents and older adults suffering from repeated or chronic respiratory disease was studied in the material obtained as a small excision during bronchoscopy. The findings were classified into 4 groups according to the character of the ultrastructural changes found in the epithelium. In large bronchi was found: I--a completely unaltered pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, II--a pseudostratified columnar epithelium with various signs of pathological alteration, III--an altered pseudostratified columnar epithelium with first ultrastructural signs of the development of squamous metaplasia, IV--a developed stratified squamous epithelium. In our opinion, in the respiratory passages of children and adolescents, even if they suffer from repeated respiratory diseases, the pseudostratiified ciliated epithelium persists however damaged to various degree. These patients were classified into the second or at most into the third group. The observation of fully developed squamous metaplasia is reserved to older patients with longer history of chronic respiratory disease."}
{"id": "PMID:899064", "title": "Change in bile composition during gallstone formation in gerbils.", "content": "Mongolian gerbils form cholesterol gallstones when fed with chow supplemented with cholesterol and cholic acid. The change in bile composition accompanying gallstone formation was found to consist of an increase of the cholesterol fraction at the expense of the bile acid fraction of the total sum of bile acids and lipids. The five animals models for gallstone formation on which reliable information regarding bile composition is now available, were compared. A similar change was found in all five models while the phospholipid fraction showed a tendency to higher values. In all five models the bile acid/phospholipid ratio decreases when gallstones are induced.", "contents": "Change in bile composition during gallstone formation in gerbils. Mongolian gerbils form cholesterol gallstones when fed with chow supplemented with cholesterol and cholic acid. The change in bile composition accompanying gallstone formation was found to consist of an increase of the cholesterol fraction at the expense of the bile acid fraction of the total sum of bile acids and lipids. The five animals models for gallstone formation on which reliable information regarding bile composition is now available, were compared. A similar change was found in all five models while the phospholipid fraction showed a tendency to higher values. In all five models the bile acid/phospholipid ratio decreases when gallstones are induced."}
{"id": "PMID:899065", "title": "Effect of repeated doses of ATP on serum protein pattern and fat content of the liver in experimental diabetes.", "content": "A comparison of serum protein fractions (electrophoretic separation) between control and mild alloxan-diabetic rats examined 10 days after alloxan indicates a decrease in total protein, a decrease in percentage albumin accompanied by a decrease in A/G ratio. In severe diabetic rats examined 48 hours after the administration of alloxan, there were no changes in total protein or in serum-protein fractions. The changes in the serum protein and serum albumin in mild diabetic cases are not the result of the degree of diabetes only. But they are rather explained by the longer time interval of the uncontrolled diabetic state. ATP administered to mild diabetic rats producing the following changes: two injections of 5 mg per rat exhibit a lowering effect on the blood glucose, with a decrease in liver fat. ATP resulted also in a significant increase in serum albumin and a decrease in beta-globulin with a consequent increase in the A/G ratio. Comparison of the different protein fractions of male and female control rats did not show any significant difference. ATP administered to control animals did not alter the normal electrophoretic pattern.", "contents": "Effect of repeated doses of ATP on serum protein pattern and fat content of the liver in experimental diabetes. A comparison of serum protein fractions (electrophoretic separation) between control and mild alloxan-diabetic rats examined 10 days after alloxan indicates a decrease in total protein, a decrease in percentage albumin accompanied by a decrease in A/G ratio. In severe diabetic rats examined 48 hours after the administration of alloxan, there were no changes in total protein or in serum-protein fractions. The changes in the serum protein and serum albumin in mild diabetic cases are not the result of the degree of diabetes only. But they are rather explained by the longer time interval of the uncontrolled diabetic state. ATP administered to mild diabetic rats producing the following changes: two injections of 5 mg per rat exhibit a lowering effect on the blood glucose, with a decrease in liver fat. ATP resulted also in a significant increase in serum albumin and a decrease in beta-globulin with a consequent increase in the A/G ratio. Comparison of the different protein fractions of male and female control rats did not show any significant difference. ATP administered to control animals did not alter the normal electrophoretic pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:899066", "title": "[Effect of various dietary carbohydrates on supplementary cholesterol].", "content": "The effect of addition of different carbohydrates (starch, glucose, fructose) to the feed was investigated using the experimental animal. Additionally, the admixture of cholesterol and of cholesterol plus cholic acid was tested. Fructose (70% of the feed) causes a slight increase in serum triglyceride concentration and a very slight increase in triglyceride concentration in the liver. Fructose and to a lesser degree glucose cause an increase in pyruvate kinase activity in the liver. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is increased slightly following high-dosed glucose, whereas the increase is very pronounced following fuctose-rich feed. The admixture of cholesterol (with cholic acid) causes a decrease in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity up to 70%. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase is decreased also following cholesterol admixture. A fructose-rich diet causes a slight degree of hyperlipemia with a metabolic situation similar to a latent diabetic state. This effect is greatly intensified by the addition of cholesterol and cholic acid to the diet of the rats. Especially striking was the increase in serum-free-fatty-acid concentrations in all groups of animals. This is speculated to be a sign of insulin deficiency. The so-called \"carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia\" is obviously intensified within a short period by the admixture of cholesterol plus cholic acid to the experimental diet.", "contents": "[Effect of various dietary carbohydrates on supplementary cholesterol]. The effect of addition of different carbohydrates (starch, glucose, fructose) to the feed was investigated using the experimental animal. Additionally, the admixture of cholesterol and of cholesterol plus cholic acid was tested. Fructose (70% of the feed) causes a slight increase in serum triglyceride concentration and a very slight increase in triglyceride concentration in the liver. Fructose and to a lesser degree glucose cause an increase in pyruvate kinase activity in the liver. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is increased slightly following high-dosed glucose, whereas the increase is very pronounced following fuctose-rich feed. The admixture of cholesterol (with cholic acid) causes a decrease in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity up to 70%. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase is decreased also following cholesterol admixture. A fructose-rich diet causes a slight degree of hyperlipemia with a metabolic situation similar to a latent diabetic state. This effect is greatly intensified by the addition of cholesterol and cholic acid to the diet of the rats. Especially striking was the increase in serum-free-fatty-acid concentrations in all groups of animals. This is speculated to be a sign of insulin deficiency. The so-called \"carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia\" is obviously intensified within a short period by the admixture of cholesterol plus cholic acid to the experimental diet."}
{"id": "PMID:899067", "title": "[Effect of plant gums (swelling materials) on intestinal absorption in experimental animals].", "content": "The influence of various gums on the intestinal absorption of glucose and maltose was investigated in the experimental animal. The alterations in the concentrations of sodium and potassium were determined additionally. The following gums were used: alginate (sodium, potassium, calcium salts), Carrageenan, guaran, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose. The absorption of glucose (concentration: 5% = 278 mmol/l) and maltose (concentration: 5% = 139 mmol/l) was not influenced by the addition of gums (concentration: 1%-2%). The hydrolysis of maltose was not inhibited also. Sodium was absorbed from the intestinal lumen if the concentration was higher than 120-150 mmol/l, otherwise sodium was excreted into the lumen. Potassium was absorbed if the potassium concentration was raised above 6-10 mmol/l, otherwise potassium was excreted into the lumen. The neutral gums did not influence the alterations in ion concentration. The gums tested do not influence the digestion and absorption of maltose or glucose. The acid gums are present in the small intestine in the form of their sodium salts. In the large intestine, sodium is exchanged for potassium.", "contents": "[Effect of plant gums (swelling materials) on intestinal absorption in experimental animals]. The influence of various gums on the intestinal absorption of glucose and maltose was investigated in the experimental animal. The alterations in the concentrations of sodium and potassium were determined additionally. The following gums were used: alginate (sodium, potassium, calcium salts), Carrageenan, guaran, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose. The absorption of glucose (concentration: 5% = 278 mmol/l) and maltose (concentration: 5% = 139 mmol/l) was not influenced by the addition of gums (concentration: 1%-2%). The hydrolysis of maltose was not inhibited also. Sodium was absorbed from the intestinal lumen if the concentration was higher than 120-150 mmol/l, otherwise sodium was excreted into the lumen. Potassium was absorbed if the potassium concentration was raised above 6-10 mmol/l, otherwise potassium was excreted into the lumen. The neutral gums did not influence the alterations in ion concentration. The gums tested do not influence the digestion and absorption of maltose or glucose. The acid gums are present in the small intestine in the form of their sodium salts. In the large intestine, sodium is exchanged for potassium."}
{"id": "PMID:899068", "title": "[Potassium substitution in fasting].", "content": "Twenty patients, divided in two groups to ten were undergoing a fasting period for 14 days. One group received 80 mEq potassium per day. Despite of identical loss of body-weight, the application of potassium showed the following advantages: 1) The body is able to keep acid-base-balance. 2) The important loss of potassium, induced by starvation can be reduced to a minimum.", "contents": "[Potassium substitution in fasting]. Twenty patients, divided in two groups to ten were undergoing a fasting period for 14 days. One group received 80 mEq potassium per day. Despite of identical loss of body-weight, the application of potassium showed the following advantages: 1) The body is able to keep acid-base-balance. 2) The important loss of potassium, induced by starvation can be reduced to a minimum."}
{"id": "PMID:899069", "title": "Effect of carbon-disulfide intoxication on the levels of serum copper and ceruloplasmin.", "content": "Under the effect of carbon-disulphide intoxication on the experimental animals, a significant decrease in serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels was observed. The decrease was aggravated with prolongation of carbon disulphide intoxication due to loss of appetite, formation of chelating compounds with carbon disulphide metabolites and increased loss of copper in urine. However, reinvestigated at 20 days after stoppage of dosage, most of these derangements started to be alleviated.", "contents": "Effect of carbon-disulfide intoxication on the levels of serum copper and ceruloplasmin. Under the effect of carbon-disulphide intoxication on the experimental animals, a significant decrease in serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels was observed. The decrease was aggravated with prolongation of carbon disulphide intoxication due to loss of appetite, formation of chelating compounds with carbon disulphide metabolites and increased loss of copper in urine. However, reinvestigated at 20 days after stoppage of dosage, most of these derangements started to be alleviated."}
{"id": "PMID:899087", "title": "[Experimental studies on the effect of incisions with the electric knife on wound healing].", "content": "In 114 albino rats the healing of incisions by scalpel and of several kinds of electrosurgically induced skin wounds was studied. The authors used the electrotome Martin 800 RFS. Incisions with the least coagulation which were the most blood-drenched healed best. These wounds were the tightest. Much coagulation distinctly worsened wound healing. That depends not only on the adjustment of the electrotome but also on the electrodes and the velocity of cutting. Proper cutting technique, adequate form of the electrode, and optimal amperage are required to combine the advantages of the less-bleeding non-pressing cut with satisfactory wound healing. The best results of the experiments are reported in detail.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the effect of incisions with the electric knife on wound healing]. In 114 albino rats the healing of incisions by scalpel and of several kinds of electrosurgically induced skin wounds was studied. The authors used the electrotome Martin 800 RFS. Incisions with the least coagulation which were the most blood-drenched healed best. These wounds were the tightest. Much coagulation distinctly worsened wound healing. That depends not only on the adjustment of the electrotome but also on the electrodes and the velocity of cutting. Proper cutting technique, adequate form of the electrode, and optimal amperage are required to combine the advantages of the less-bleeding non-pressing cut with satisfactory wound healing. The best results of the experiments are reported in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:899089", "title": "[Studies on the tolerance of the organism to X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel (K\u00f6nigsee). I. Detection of chrome and nickel traces in the spleen, liver, kidney and in the tissues surrounding metallic implants (X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel) in guinea pigs by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry].", "content": "Small bars of X 5 CrNiMo 18.10-steel were implanted under the dorsal muscles of 60 guinea-pigs, a number of which was preoperatively sensibilized against potassium-bichromate or nickel-II-sulfate. After various times of surviving the traces of chromium and nickel were assessed in the tissue around the graft, in spleen, liver, and kidney. The resulting values ranged widely, there was a tendency to increased values the longer the implantates remained in the tissue. Traces of the elements were also found in the organs of the guinea-pigs. After sensibilization, the animals showed no more aggressive behavior against the implantates than without sensibilization. The quality of the implantates' surface is more important - as to coming-off parts of the alloy by corroding - than the preoperative immune condition of the organism.", "contents": "[Studies on the tolerance of the organism to X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel (K\u00f6nigsee). I. Detection of chrome and nickel traces in the spleen, liver, kidney and in the tissues surrounding metallic implants (X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel) in guinea pigs by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry]. Small bars of X 5 CrNiMo 18.10-steel were implanted under the dorsal muscles of 60 guinea-pigs, a number of which was preoperatively sensibilized against potassium-bichromate or nickel-II-sulfate. After various times of surviving the traces of chromium and nickel were assessed in the tissue around the graft, in spleen, liver, and kidney. The resulting values ranged widely, there was a tendency to increased values the longer the implantates remained in the tissue. Traces of the elements were also found in the organs of the guinea-pigs. After sensibilization, the animals showed no more aggressive behavior against the implantates than without sensibilization. The quality of the implantates' surface is more important - as to coming-off parts of the alloy by corroding - than the preoperative immune condition of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:899090", "title": "[Studies on the tolerance of the organism to X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel (K\u00f6nigsee). II. Light microscopic studies of the surrounding tissue of metal implants (X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel) in guinea pigs].", "content": "The tissue around X 5 CrNiMo 18.10-steel implantates with different surfaces was examined in 72 guinea-pigs. Aside from controls, these animals were preoperatively sensibilized against chromium and nickel. The results can be summarized since the histologic findings showed no different peculiarities. The authors describe an intussusception of the implantate in connective tissue which evidently depends on time and surface. Further the spreading of alien material in the surrounding of the implantate, and morphologic findings are reported. The morphologic evidences are described and discussed in detail, since they are interpreted as signs of cell-mediated immune reactions. The presence of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, histiocytes (mostly carrying alien material), and granulocytes, as well as proliferations at the arterioles suggest an overlapping of immune reactions.", "contents": "[Studies on the tolerance of the organism to X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel (K\u00f6nigsee). II. Light microscopic studies of the surrounding tissue of metal implants (X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel) in guinea pigs]. The tissue around X 5 CrNiMo 18.10-steel implantates with different surfaces was examined in 72 guinea-pigs. Aside from controls, these animals were preoperatively sensibilized against chromium and nickel. The results can be summarized since the histologic findings showed no different peculiarities. The authors describe an intussusception of the implantate in connective tissue which evidently depends on time and surface. Further the spreading of alien material in the surrounding of the implantate, and morphologic findings are reported. The morphologic evidences are described and discussed in detail, since they are interpreted as signs of cell-mediated immune reactions. The presence of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, histiocytes (mostly carrying alien material), and granulocytes, as well as proliferations at the arterioles suggest an overlapping of immune reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:899091", "title": "[Methods of induction of a coronary thrombosis by means of direct current in the closed dog and dwarf swine thorax].", "content": "Coronary thrombosis is a perilous disease. Animal experiments may contribute to investigate its pathogenesis and treatment. The development of an experimental model of coronary thrombosis on closed thorax is important. In this report the methodics of such model is entered into, pointing at its dangers and possible complications.", "contents": "[Methods of induction of a coronary thrombosis by means of direct current in the closed dog and dwarf swine thorax]. Coronary thrombosis is a perilous disease. Animal experiments may contribute to investigate its pathogenesis and treatment. The development of an experimental model of coronary thrombosis on closed thorax is important. In this report the methodics of such model is entered into, pointing at its dangers and possible complications."}
{"id": "PMID:899092", "title": "[Changes in the actual oxygen level of the liver in barbiturate-halothane anesthesia].", "content": "The changes in acutal O2-level of the liver were studied in 20 dogs under barbiturate-halothane anaesthesia by means of a RADELKIS OH-102 type polarograph. A thread was led under the hepatic artery and the socalled \"ligature test\" applied. Occlusion of the vessel lasted 60 s in each measurement. A reactive hyperaemia was observed after the administration of barbiturat and halothane amounting to 40 and 75 per cent, respectively. In the authors' opinion the new method opens new prospects to the study of physiological changes taking place in the liver.", "contents": "[Changes in the actual oxygen level of the liver in barbiturate-halothane anesthesia]. The changes in acutal O2-level of the liver were studied in 20 dogs under barbiturate-halothane anaesthesia by means of a RADELKIS OH-102 type polarograph. A thread was led under the hepatic artery and the socalled \"ligature test\" applied. Occlusion of the vessel lasted 60 s in each measurement. A reactive hyperaemia was observed after the administration of barbiturat and halothane amounting to 40 and 75 per cent, respectively. In the authors' opinion the new method opens new prospects to the study of physiological changes taking place in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:899093", "title": "[Studies on the tolerance of the organism to X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel (K\u00f6nigsee). III. Electron microscopic studies on the tissues surrounding X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel implants in the animal experiment].", "content": "The surrounding tissue of X 5 CrNiMo 18.10-steel implantates in guinea-pigs was analyzed by electron microscopy. Corroding products of the implantates were marked by sulfide-silver-reaction. Metallic alien material was only proven in the cells of connective tissue covering the implantates. Immediately around the implantates one can not prove products of corroding, evidently depending on their minimal size and amount. In the cells of the intermediate and the vascular zone, however, single or accumulated particles in vesicular or vacuolary organellae, resp. without membraneous cover can be demonstrated. The findings are described and discussed with regard to damages which might arise by means of alloy parts and lysosomal structures.", "contents": "[Studies on the tolerance of the organism to X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel (K\u00f6nigsee). III. Electron microscopic studies on the tissues surrounding X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel implants in the animal experiment]. The surrounding tissue of X 5 CrNiMo 18.10-steel implantates in guinea-pigs was analyzed by electron microscopy. Corroding products of the implantates were marked by sulfide-silver-reaction. Metallic alien material was only proven in the cells of connective tissue covering the implantates. Immediately around the implantates one can not prove products of corroding, evidently depending on their minimal size and amount. In the cells of the intermediate and the vascular zone, however, single or accumulated particles in vesicular or vacuolary organellae, resp. without membraneous cover can be demonstrated. The findings are described and discussed with regard to damages which might arise by means of alloy parts and lysosomal structures."}
{"id": "PMID:899094", "title": "[Studies on the tolerance of the organism to X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel (K\u00f6nigsee). IV. Studies on the tissue surrounding the X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel implants by means of an electron x-ray microprobe in the animal experiment].", "content": "Electron-x-ray micro-analysis was used for quantitative assess of element concentrations of alien materials in the tissue surrounding implantates of X 5 CrNiMo 18.10-steel. High amounts of iron were found whereas chromium and nickel concentrations were lower in the examined parts of the connective tissue around the metal. These examinations do not exclude that the iron partly comes from destructed erythrocytes. The amounts of chromium and nickel, however, suggest that the deposits of alien materials are sequels of electrolytic corrosion of the X 5 CrNiMo 18.10-steel implantates.", "contents": "[Studies on the tolerance of the organism to X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel (K\u00f6nigsee). IV. Studies on the tissue surrounding the X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 steel implants by means of an electron x-ray microprobe in the animal experiment]. Electron-x-ray micro-analysis was used for quantitative assess of element concentrations of alien materials in the tissue surrounding implantates of X 5 CrNiMo 18.10-steel. High amounts of iron were found whereas chromium and nickel concentrations were lower in the examined parts of the connective tissue around the metal. These examinations do not exclude that the iron partly comes from destructed erythrocytes. The amounts of chromium and nickel, however, suggest that the deposits of alien materials are sequels of electrolytic corrosion of the X 5 CrNiMo 18.10-steel implantates."}
{"id": "PMID:899095", "title": "[Comparative mechanical and histological studies of the stable mandibular osteosynthesis].", "content": "After application of stable osteosynthesis on 18 experimentally fractured canine mandibles combined mechanic and histologic examinations were carried out at different times during the postoperative period. The preparations revealed relatively fair mechanic stability and in most cases a favorable histologic pattern with primary healing. Single cases, however, showed reverse behavior. There was a direct relation between stability of the mandible and broadth of the fractures' clefts.", "contents": "[Comparative mechanical and histological studies of the stable mandibular osteosynthesis]. After application of stable osteosynthesis on 18 experimentally fractured canine mandibles combined mechanic and histologic examinations were carried out at different times during the postoperative period. The preparations revealed relatively fair mechanic stability and in most cases a favorable histologic pattern with primary healing. Single cases, however, showed reverse behavior. There was a direct relation between stability of the mandible and broadth of the fractures' clefts."}
{"id": "PMID:899096", "title": "[Animal model for the study of the anhepatic state].", "content": "Hepatectomy in the pig is impossible without simultaneous removal of intrahepatic caval vein. The authors covered the vascular gap using a siliconized glass prosthesis, completed with rubber tubes. 16 animals were operated upon in this manner and survived between 6 and 34 hours. In only two cases thrombi were found in the prosthesis.", "contents": "[Animal model for the study of the anhepatic state]. Hepatectomy in the pig is impossible without simultaneous removal of intrahepatic caval vein. The authors covered the vascular gap using a siliconized glass prosthesis, completed with rubber tubes. 16 animals were operated upon in this manner and survived between 6 and 34 hours. In only two cases thrombi were found in the prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:899097", "title": "[Pharmacodynamic data on neuro-endocrine effects on the muscle tone of the dog Oddi's sphincter after vagotomy].", "content": "The authors examined in 20 dogs the effect of alpha- and beta-receptors blocking pharmaca on the duodenal papilla after truncal vagotomy. In another group bilateral adrenalectomy was carried out in order to clarify the effects of the neuroendocrine system. After vagotomy and adrenalectomy the tonus of the sphincter of bile papilla was lowered. After blocking the alpha-receptors and preceding vagotomy, the pressure in the common bile duct is barely influenced, whereas after blocking the beta-receptors pressure values rise beyond normal. Because of the tonus changes of the sphincter after blocking alpha-, resp. beta-receptors, the adrenergic beta-receptor plays the most important role controlling the pressure in choledochous duct. Consequently, drugs acting on adrenergic beta-receptor yield new valuable contributions to diagnosis and management of bile duct diseases. After vagotomy beta-receptors blocking agents must be avoided since they would favor formation of bile stones.", "contents": "[Pharmacodynamic data on neuro-endocrine effects on the muscle tone of the dog Oddi's sphincter after vagotomy]. The authors examined in 20 dogs the effect of alpha- and beta-receptors blocking pharmaca on the duodenal papilla after truncal vagotomy. In another group bilateral adrenalectomy was carried out in order to clarify the effects of the neuroendocrine system. After vagotomy and adrenalectomy the tonus of the sphincter of bile papilla was lowered. After blocking the alpha-receptors and preceding vagotomy, the pressure in the common bile duct is barely influenced, whereas after blocking the beta-receptors pressure values rise beyond normal. Because of the tonus changes of the sphincter after blocking alpha-, resp. beta-receptors, the adrenergic beta-receptor plays the most important role controlling the pressure in choledochous duct. Consequently, drugs acting on adrenergic beta-receptor yield new valuable contributions to diagnosis and management of bile duct diseases. After vagotomy beta-receptors blocking agents must be avoided since they would favor formation of bile stones."}
{"id": "PMID:899098", "title": "[The effect of sensitized rabbit lymph node cells on the UVT tumor 15264 in inbred mice XVII/Bln].", "content": "The effect of rabbit lymphonode cells sensibilized against the UVT-tumor 15264 was studied and compared with equal tests, in which rabbit lymphocytes sensibilized against normal mouse tissue, resp. non-specific immunocompetent rabbit lymphocytes were used. Although a marked toxicity of rabbits lymphocytes against UVT-tumor 15264 could be proved, the authors observed no significantly longer surviving rate. These results do not correspond with the findings of Symes and Ridell from analogous studies on human individuals. Therefore, in cases with advanced stages heterologous passive immunization without clinical support (combined treatment) ought to be rejected.", "contents": "[The effect of sensitized rabbit lymph node cells on the UVT tumor 15264 in inbred mice XVII/Bln]. The effect of rabbit lymphonode cells sensibilized against the UVT-tumor 15264 was studied and compared with equal tests, in which rabbit lymphocytes sensibilized against normal mouse tissue, resp. non-specific immunocompetent rabbit lymphocytes were used. Although a marked toxicity of rabbits lymphocytes against UVT-tumor 15264 could be proved, the authors observed no significantly longer surviving rate. These results do not correspond with the findings of Symes and Ridell from analogous studies on human individuals. Therefore, in cases with advanced stages heterologous passive immunization without clinical support (combined treatment) ought to be rejected."}
{"id": "PMID:899099", "title": "[Methods and quality of information from myocardial scintigrams in the diagnosis of myocardial infarct].", "content": "There is an increasing importance of scintigraphy for the assessment of microcirculation in the myocardium. In animal experiments advantages and disadvantages of negative and positive representation of ischemic myocardiac areas were tried, after experimental infarction in particular. The results by computer scintigraphy prove that positive representation reveals an information on site and extent of an infarction.", "contents": "[Methods and quality of information from myocardial scintigrams in the diagnosis of myocardial infarct]. There is an increasing importance of scintigraphy for the assessment of microcirculation in the myocardium. In animal experiments advantages and disadvantages of negative and positive representation of ischemic myocardiac areas were tried, after experimental infarction in particular. The results by computer scintigraphy prove that positive representation reveals an information on site and extent of an infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:899100", "title": "Early biochemical disorders in the hindlimb muscles following femoral artery stenosis in dogs: protein and electrolyte metabolism.", "content": "Investigations regarding the metabolism of proteins and electrolytes in the hindlimb skeletal muscles were carried out in dogs with a moderate unilateral stenosis of femoral artery (reduction of almost 65% of its lumen) early after surgery. The results of these investigations were compared with those obtained by investigating the correspondent skeletal muscles of the opposite hindlimb. This comparison has revealed the following findings: (1) ischemia in a moderate form early elicites a remarkable K+ accumulation (not a K+ loss!) in the skeletal muscle without any change in the concentrations of other cations; (2) in this instance, an activation of muscle proteases and peptidases occurs meading to an important production of histamine, which is detectable in appreciable amounts in the ischemic muscle and, especially, in its effluent blood. On the basis of the findings reported in this study, as well as on the basis of our previous findings on the same experimental model, an approach to correlate and explain the early muscular metabolic disturbances induced by a moderate ischemia is discussed. In addition, it is to be pointed out that the presence of histamine in increased amounts in the effluent blood of a skeletal muscle mass could be a reliable laboratory parameter revealing an incipient muscle ischemia.", "contents": "Early biochemical disorders in the hindlimb muscles following femoral artery stenosis in dogs: protein and electrolyte metabolism. Investigations regarding the metabolism of proteins and electrolytes in the hindlimb skeletal muscles were carried out in dogs with a moderate unilateral stenosis of femoral artery (reduction of almost 65% of its lumen) early after surgery. The results of these investigations were compared with those obtained by investigating the correspondent skeletal muscles of the opposite hindlimb. This comparison has revealed the following findings: (1) ischemia in a moderate form early elicites a remarkable K+ accumulation (not a K+ loss!) in the skeletal muscle without any change in the concentrations of other cations; (2) in this instance, an activation of muscle proteases and peptidases occurs meading to an important production of histamine, which is detectable in appreciable amounts in the ischemic muscle and, especially, in its effluent blood. On the basis of the findings reported in this study, as well as on the basis of our previous findings on the same experimental model, an approach to correlate and explain the early muscular metabolic disturbances induced by a moderate ischemia is discussed. In addition, it is to be pointed out that the presence of histamine in increased amounts in the effluent blood of a skeletal muscle mass could be a reliable laboratory parameter revealing an incipient muscle ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:899101", "title": "[Changes in the shape of erythrocytes during use of extracorporeal circulation].", "content": "The behavior of red cell shape of circulating blood was investigated following operations using the heart-lung machine by different quantitative methods. It was discovered, that the schistocytes (light microscopy) and echinocytes (scanning electron microscopy) significantly increases. The changes in erythrocyte shape are comprehended as summary effect of erythrocyte damage by the extracorporeal system and discussed in relation to the loss of phospholipid components of the erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "[Changes in the shape of erythrocytes during use of extracorporeal circulation]. The behavior of red cell shape of circulating blood was investigated following operations using the heart-lung machine by different quantitative methods. It was discovered, that the schistocytes (light microscopy) and echinocytes (scanning electron microscopy) significantly increases. The changes in erythrocyte shape are comprehended as summary effect of erythrocyte damage by the extracorporeal system and discussed in relation to the loss of phospholipid components of the erythrocyte membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:899102", "title": "[Manometry and gastro-esophageal closure mechanism. An attempt at evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "The registration of resting pressures and motility activity has considerably increased our knowledge of the normal functioning of the esophagus. We have not jet solved all the methodological problems of manometry; however perfusion manometry, which is used today, has enabled us to make an exact cassification of functional disorders and adequate therapy. An understanding of the methodological problems involved is necessary for the correct use of the manometric method and the correct interpretation of its results. This precondition has not always been observed, especially in discussion of the gastro-esophageal closure mechanism, and has thu given rie to much confusion. An attempt at a critical evaluation should be the basis for future discussion.", "contents": "[Manometry and gastro-esophageal closure mechanism. An attempt at evaluation (author's transl)]. The registration of resting pressures and motility activity has considerably increased our knowledge of the normal functioning of the esophagus. We have not jet solved all the methodological problems of manometry; however perfusion manometry, which is used today, has enabled us to make an exact cassification of functional disorders and adequate therapy. An understanding of the methodological problems involved is necessary for the correct use of the manometric method and the correct interpretation of its results. This precondition has not always been observed, especially in discussion of the gastro-esophageal closure mechanism, and has thu given rie to much confusion. An attempt at a critical evaluation should be the basis for future discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:899103", "title": "[A critical account on perfusion manometry in the lower esophageal sphincter (author's transl)].", "content": "The evaluation of morphology and functional regulation in the closing mechanism of the terminal esophagus is not yet convincingly stated. Manometry by continuously perfused and withdrawn catheters, as applied in the last years, permits only to record the elevated perfusion resistance in narrow segments. This is elucidated considering the physical principles of the measuring procedure. The closing pressure and its variations can only be determined by measuring the perfusing rate under constant pressure levels. The single conditions and the clinical value are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[A critical account on perfusion manometry in the lower esophageal sphincter (author's transl)]. The evaluation of morphology and functional regulation in the closing mechanism of the terminal esophagus is not yet convincingly stated. Manometry by continuously perfused and withdrawn catheters, as applied in the last years, permits only to record the elevated perfusion resistance in narrow segments. This is elucidated considering the physical principles of the measuring procedure. The closing pressure and its variations can only be determined by measuring the perfusing rate under constant pressure levels. The single conditions and the clinical value are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:899104", "title": "[Morphological investigations of extrahepatic disorders after porta-caval end-to-side-anastomosis in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Disorders of the central nervous system were found in 150 rats five monthds after en-to-side-porta-caval anastomosis consisting of vacuolisated cytoplasma of gangliacells and reactions of the glia comparable with the Alzheimer-glia-type II. Since these disorders are consistent with those in patients with liver cirrhosis but induced in these experiments by a porta-caval anastomosis alone, they are proposedly independent from liver disease itself. It is discussed whether disorders in glucose homeostai may be of pathogenetic relevance. Atrophy of tests, found in the late postoperative phase and erosions or ulcers of gastric mucosa as well as nephrolithiasis with hydronephrosis as consequence, the latter occuring independently from the time after operations, are proposedly due to the porta-caval anastomosis, too.", "contents": "[Morphological investigations of extrahepatic disorders after porta-caval end-to-side-anastomosis in rats (author's transl)]. Disorders of the central nervous system were found in 150 rats five monthds after en-to-side-porta-caval anastomosis consisting of vacuolisated cytoplasma of gangliacells and reactions of the glia comparable with the Alzheimer-glia-type II. Since these disorders are consistent with those in patients with liver cirrhosis but induced in these experiments by a porta-caval anastomosis alone, they are proposedly independent from liver disease itself. It is discussed whether disorders in glucose homeostai may be of pathogenetic relevance. Atrophy of tests, found in the late postoperative phase and erosions or ulcers of gastric mucosa as well as nephrolithiasis with hydronephrosis as consequence, the latter occuring independently from the time after operations, are proposedly due to the porta-caval anastomosis, too."}
{"id": "PMID:899107", "title": "[Levamisole in the treatment of therapy-resistant folliculitides].", "content": "Report on two cases with chronic folliculitis of the face, resistant to antibiotic therapy. In both cases Staphylococcus epidermidis was the only organism that could be isolated. After a comparatively short treatment with levamisole (150 mg on two successive days weekly) the lesions cleared completely.", "contents": "[Levamisole in the treatment of therapy-resistant folliculitides]. Report on two cases with chronic folliculitis of the face, resistant to antibiotic therapy. In both cases Staphylococcus epidermidis was the only organism that could be isolated. After a comparatively short treatment with levamisole (150 mg on two successive days weekly) the lesions cleared completely."}
{"id": "PMID:899123", "title": "[Relationship between coronary angiographic findings and exercise Ecg in patients without transmural myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "In 311 patients (269 men and 42 woman, 20 to 65 years old) without transmural myocardial infarction the results of exercise tests in supine position were compared with the results of coronary angiography. 1. Patients having ischemic ST-segment depression (greater than or equal to 0.1 mV) and angina pectoris during exercise (n = 108) showed a greater than or equal to 50% stenosis of at least one vessel in 86.1%. In men the number of a greater than or equal to 50% stenosis was significantly higher than in women (91.3 vs. 56.2%). In patients without digitalis agreement with coronary angiographic findings is higher than in patients with digitalis (92.7 vs. 79.2%). After excluding women, patients under digitalis and those with an intramural myocardial infarction, agreement was 96.8%. 2. In patients having ischemic ST-segment depression agreement was 30% and in those with angina pectoris 36.8%. 3. In patients having neither ischemic ST-segment depression nor angina pectoris during exercise up to a heart rate of 80% of the age-dependent heart rate limit a coronary angiogram without a greater than or equal to 50% stenosis was found in 87.6%. After excluding patients with an intramural myocardial infarction, women and patients under digitalis, agreement increased to 97.9%. 4. In patients having both ischemic ST-segment depression and angina pectoris during exercise a 2- or 3-vessel disease was more often found than in patients having either ischemic ST-segment depression or angina pectoris, or in those having neither ischemic ST-segment depression nor angina pectoris respectively (57.5% vs. 16.6, 8.9 and 1.9%). 5. The number of positive coronary angiograms, especially of 2- and 3-vessel disease, increases with the degree of an ischemic ST-segment depression and the reduction of exercise tolerance.", "contents": "[Relationship between coronary angiographic findings and exercise Ecg in patients without transmural myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. In 311 patients (269 men and 42 woman, 20 to 65 years old) without transmural myocardial infarction the results of exercise tests in supine position were compared with the results of coronary angiography. 1. Patients having ischemic ST-segment depression (greater than or equal to 0.1 mV) and angina pectoris during exercise (n = 108) showed a greater than or equal to 50% stenosis of at least one vessel in 86.1%. In men the number of a greater than or equal to 50% stenosis was significantly higher than in women (91.3 vs. 56.2%). In patients without digitalis agreement with coronary angiographic findings is higher than in patients with digitalis (92.7 vs. 79.2%). After excluding women, patients under digitalis and those with an intramural myocardial infarction, agreement was 96.8%. 2. In patients having ischemic ST-segment depression agreement was 30% and in those with angina pectoris 36.8%. 3. In patients having neither ischemic ST-segment depression nor angina pectoris during exercise up to a heart rate of 80% of the age-dependent heart rate limit a coronary angiogram without a greater than or equal to 50% stenosis was found in 87.6%. After excluding patients with an intramural myocardial infarction, women and patients under digitalis, agreement increased to 97.9%. 4. In patients having both ischemic ST-segment depression and angina pectoris during exercise a 2- or 3-vessel disease was more often found than in patients having either ischemic ST-segment depression or angina pectoris, or in those having neither ischemic ST-segment depression nor angina pectoris respectively (57.5% vs. 16.6, 8.9 and 1.9%). 5. The number of positive coronary angiograms, especially of 2- and 3-vessel disease, increases with the degree of an ischemic ST-segment depression and the reduction of exercise tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:899124", "title": "[Parallel and opposite mitral leaflet motion in mitral stenosis. An echocardiographic study (author's transl)].", "content": "In 45 patients (pts.) with mitral stenosis (MS) multiple echocardiographic recordings of the posterior mitral leaflet (PML) were obtained and its motion pattern was carefully analyzed. 25 pts. showed only parallel motion (PM), one patient only opposite motion (OM) of the leaflets during diastole. In 19 pts. PM as well as OM (defined as backward movement of the PML immediately after the D-point and as forward motion during mitral closure, respectively) could be recorded at least two times. In most of these cases PM was impressive while OM could be demonstrated only by careful analysis of numerous recordings. In 4 of the 19 cases with PM and OM, however, the reverse was true. We conclude that OM should only be taken as evidence against MS when multiple recordings of the mitral leaflets have failed to reveal PM and when other echocardiographic signs of MS are missing. Possible explanations of the PM-OM combination are discussed.", "contents": "[Parallel and opposite mitral leaflet motion in mitral stenosis. An echocardiographic study (author's transl)]. In 45 patients (pts.) with mitral stenosis (MS) multiple echocardiographic recordings of the posterior mitral leaflet (PML) were obtained and its motion pattern was carefully analyzed. 25 pts. showed only parallel motion (PM), one patient only opposite motion (OM) of the leaflets during diastole. In 19 pts. PM as well as OM (defined as backward movement of the PML immediately after the D-point and as forward motion during mitral closure, respectively) could be recorded at least two times. In most of these cases PM was impressive while OM could be demonstrated only by careful analysis of numerous recordings. In 4 of the 19 cases with PM and OM, however, the reverse was true. We conclude that OM should only be taken as evidence against MS when multiple recordings of the mitral leaflets have failed to reveal PM and when other echocardiographic signs of MS are missing. Possible explanations of the PM-OM combination are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899125", "title": "[Importance of the inheritance in non-ejection-click and click-murmur-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In a recent examination of the kindreds of 60 patients with a systolic non-ejection-click or click-murmur-syndrome we were able to demonstrate that the findings in 36 kindreds are inherited, although in most of the families not all the members could be seen. This means about 60%, a quote that might be even higher if all the members of a kindred could have been examined. Our observation suggests an autosomal dominant inheritance. This makes it worth while to look for the genetic defect causing this finding.", "contents": "[Importance of the inheritance in non-ejection-click and click-murmur-syndrome (author's transl)]. In a recent examination of the kindreds of 60 patients with a systolic non-ejection-click or click-murmur-syndrome we were able to demonstrate that the findings in 36 kindreds are inherited, although in most of the families not all the members could be seen. This means about 60%, a quote that might be even higher if all the members of a kindred could have been examined. Our observation suggests an autosomal dominant inheritance. This makes it worth while to look for the genetic defect causing this finding."}
{"id": "PMID:899126", "title": "[Functional studies in children and adolescents with congenital complete heart block (author's transl)].", "content": "In 5 children and adolescents with congenital complete heart block functional studies were performed at rest and during submaximal and maximal work load. With reference to height standards the mean values of aerobic capacity and maximal cardiac output were reduced to 86% and 81%, respectively, whereas stroke volume during maximal oxygen uptake was elevated to 150%. Ventricular rate increased from a mean value of 50 min-1 at rest to a mean maximal value of 112 min-1 by the factor 2.2, atrial rate from 84 min-1 at rest by the factor 2.3 to 192 min-1 at maximum. The mean value of maximal arteriovenous oxygen difference was 14.5 ml/100 ml, the mixed venous oxygen content at maximal oxygen uptake was 4.3 ml/100 ml. The results show that compensation of the reduced ventricular rate not only at rest but also during work was mainly achieved by the increase of stroke volume. The compensatory elevation of stroke volume was, within certain limits, the greater, the more maximal ventricular rate was reduced. As an additional but considerably less effective compensatory mechanism the arteriovenous difference could be evaluated, whose maximal value was about 10% higher than normal.", "contents": "[Functional studies in children and adolescents with congenital complete heart block (author's transl)]. In 5 children and adolescents with congenital complete heart block functional studies were performed at rest and during submaximal and maximal work load. With reference to height standards the mean values of aerobic capacity and maximal cardiac output were reduced to 86% and 81%, respectively, whereas stroke volume during maximal oxygen uptake was elevated to 150%. Ventricular rate increased from a mean value of 50 min-1 at rest to a mean maximal value of 112 min-1 by the factor 2.2, atrial rate from 84 min-1 at rest by the factor 2.3 to 192 min-1 at maximum. The mean value of maximal arteriovenous oxygen difference was 14.5 ml/100 ml, the mixed venous oxygen content at maximal oxygen uptake was 4.3 ml/100 ml. The results show that compensation of the reduced ventricular rate not only at rest but also during work was mainly achieved by the increase of stroke volume. The compensatory elevation of stroke volume was, within certain limits, the greater, the more maximal ventricular rate was reduced. As an additional but considerably less effective compensatory mechanism the arteriovenous difference could be evaluated, whose maximal value was about 10% higher than normal."}
{"id": "PMID:899127", "title": "[The electrophysiologic constellation of the so-called \"sick sinus syndrome\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative investigation of the electrophysiological properties of the sino-atrial node, the right atrium, the AV-node, and the intraventricular conduction system was performed in 37 patients. 18 patients had a sino-atrial block, 8 a persistent bradycardia and 11 a brady-tachy syndrome. There are the following conclusions: 1. The greatest dysfunction of the sino-atrial node was observed in the group of patients with sino-atrial block. This can be derived from the determination of the sinus node recovery time and from the occurrence of secondary pauses. 2. The vulnerability of the right atrium, investigated by the extra-stimulus-technique, is enhanced in the brady-tachy syndrome. Measuring the duration of the P-wave and the PA-interval does not give any information about the atrial dysfunction. 3. Patients with a sino-atrial block often have a disturbed AV-node conduction. In most patients it is latent only and easily can be detected by atrial incremental pacing. 4. A hemiblock or bundle branch block is found more often in patients with sino-atrial block and sinus bradycardia than in patients with the brady-tachy syndrome. By the registration of a His-bundle-electrogram a trifascicular block can be uncovered in half of these patients. 5. In the sick sinus syndrome, there is always the possibility of additional dysfunctions in the conduction distal to the sino-atrial node. With special regard to therapeutic measures, a complete evaluation can only be made by of both endocardial recording and stimulation methods.", "contents": "[The electrophysiologic constellation of the so-called \"sick sinus syndrome\" (author's transl)]. A comparative investigation of the electrophysiological properties of the sino-atrial node, the right atrium, the AV-node, and the intraventricular conduction system was performed in 37 patients. 18 patients had a sino-atrial block, 8 a persistent bradycardia and 11 a brady-tachy syndrome. There are the following conclusions: 1. The greatest dysfunction of the sino-atrial node was observed in the group of patients with sino-atrial block. This can be derived from the determination of the sinus node recovery time and from the occurrence of secondary pauses. 2. The vulnerability of the right atrium, investigated by the extra-stimulus-technique, is enhanced in the brady-tachy syndrome. Measuring the duration of the P-wave and the PA-interval does not give any information about the atrial dysfunction. 3. Patients with a sino-atrial block often have a disturbed AV-node conduction. In most patients it is latent only and easily can be detected by atrial incremental pacing. 4. A hemiblock or bundle branch block is found more often in patients with sino-atrial block and sinus bradycardia than in patients with the brady-tachy syndrome. By the registration of a His-bundle-electrogram a trifascicular block can be uncovered in half of these patients. 5. In the sick sinus syndrome, there is always the possibility of additional dysfunctions in the conduction distal to the sino-atrial node. With special regard to therapeutic measures, a complete evaluation can only be made by of both endocardial recording and stimulation methods."}
{"id": "PMID:899128", "title": "[Probability of electrode dislocation: the importance of threshold measurements during pacemaker implantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Myocardial stimulation thresholds were measured during 774 pacemaker implantations with endocardial electrodes. It was found that myocardial thresholds were higher when using electrodes with greater surface area and bipolar ones. Early electrode dislocations were more frequent at higher myocardial thresholds. There was no relationship between frequency of late electrode dislocations and the value of myocardial thresholds. The importance of measurement of myocardial stimulation threshold - as a guarantee of successful pacemaker therapy - is emphasized.", "contents": "[Probability of electrode dislocation: the importance of threshold measurements during pacemaker implantation (author's transl)]. Myocardial stimulation thresholds were measured during 774 pacemaker implantations with endocardial electrodes. It was found that myocardial thresholds were higher when using electrodes with greater surface area and bipolar ones. Early electrode dislocations were more frequent at higher myocardial thresholds. There was no relationship between frequency of late electrode dislocations and the value of myocardial thresholds. The importance of measurement of myocardial stimulation threshold - as a guarantee of successful pacemaker therapy - is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:899129", "title": "[The prompt squatting in the ambulance of pediatric cardiology (author's transl)].", "content": "The result of prompt squatting is an increase of the venous return and of the arterial resistance. Consequences are increasing of the end-diastolic and systolic chamber pressure, stroke volume, average arterial blood pressure as well as decreasing of the frequency of the pulse controlled by baro-receptors. The regulatory mechanism both change the intensity of heart murmurs of various cardiopathies and of functional heart murmurs in children. Only the systolic murmur of muscular subvalvular aortic stenosis softens. The experiment is most valuable for the recognition of mild insufficiency of semilunar valves.", "contents": "[The prompt squatting in the ambulance of pediatric cardiology (author's transl)]. The result of prompt squatting is an increase of the venous return and of the arterial resistance. Consequences are increasing of the end-diastolic and systolic chamber pressure, stroke volume, average arterial blood pressure as well as decreasing of the frequency of the pulse controlled by baro-receptors. The regulatory mechanism both change the intensity of heart murmurs of various cardiopathies and of functional heart murmurs in children. Only the systolic murmur of muscular subvalvular aortic stenosis softens. The experiment is most valuable for the recognition of mild insufficiency of semilunar valves."}
{"id": "PMID:899130", "title": "[Acoustic transmission characteristics of the human thorax at various frequencies (author's transl)].", "content": "The acoustic transmission characteristics of the human thorax in the frequency range of 100 to 2000 c.p.s. were studied in nine corpses. Using a logarithmic scale for frequency, the sound pressure level measured on the chest wall showed a linear attenuation between 100 and 1000 c.p.s. with a mean reduction in sound pressure level of 77 dB.", "contents": "[Acoustic transmission characteristics of the human thorax at various frequencies (author's transl)]. The acoustic transmission characteristics of the human thorax in the frequency range of 100 to 2000 c.p.s. were studied in nine corpses. Using a logarithmic scale for frequency, the sound pressure level measured on the chest wall showed a linear attenuation between 100 and 1000 c.p.s. with a mean reduction in sound pressure level of 77 dB."}
{"id": "PMID:899131", "title": "[Automatically controlled angiological tilting table for standardised plethysmographic evaluation of partial functions of the veins of the leg: method and normal values].", "content": "A preadjustible, electrically driven, automatically controlled tilting procedure is prevented by fixing them below with an adjustible bicycle saddle (passive orthostasis during the measurement) and above with shoulder pads. Automatic standardized tilting by means of this table with simultaneous plethysmographic registration (strain gauges or air-filled plethysmographs) of the volume changes of the calf or/and the forefoot results in objective quantitative parameters of the following venous partial functions: A) Efficiency of venous outflow (tilting from head up 20 degrees to head down 60 degrees) and B) Venous insufficiency (swelling more than normal arterial inflow during tilting from head down 20 degrees to head up 60 degrees). The very good reproducibility of this method is shown. The range of normal values in healthy subjects is compared with those of patients suffering from different venous diseases of the legs. The method enables long-time observations by means of objective functional parameters.", "contents": "[Automatically controlled angiological tilting table for standardised plethysmographic evaluation of partial functions of the veins of the leg: method and normal values]. A preadjustible, electrically driven, automatically controlled tilting procedure is prevented by fixing them below with an adjustible bicycle saddle (passive orthostasis during the measurement) and above with shoulder pads. Automatic standardized tilting by means of this table with simultaneous plethysmographic registration (strain gauges or air-filled plethysmographs) of the volume changes of the calf or/and the forefoot results in objective quantitative parameters of the following venous partial functions: A) Efficiency of venous outflow (tilting from head up 20 degrees to head down 60 degrees) and B) Venous insufficiency (swelling more than normal arterial inflow during tilting from head down 20 degrees to head up 60 degrees). The very good reproducibility of this method is shown. The range of normal values in healthy subjects is compared with those of patients suffering from different venous diseases of the legs. The method enables long-time observations by means of objective functional parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:899132", "title": "[Experimentally induced alterations in wedge pressure and O2-partial pressure during acute hypoxia].", "content": "Suprarenal occlusion of the aorta by means of a balloon catheter results in an increase in wedge pressure, alterations in blood flow in the pulmonary circulation, and an increase in O2 partial pressure in the arterial blood. It is demonstrated that these changes take place after occlusion of the aorta during normoxia or hypoxia (Pao2:43 mmHg) in anaesthetized normotensive or spontaneously hypertensive mongrel dogs.", "contents": "[Experimentally induced alterations in wedge pressure and O2-partial pressure during acute hypoxia]. Suprarenal occlusion of the aorta by means of a balloon catheter results in an increase in wedge pressure, alterations in blood flow in the pulmonary circulation, and an increase in O2 partial pressure in the arterial blood. It is demonstrated that these changes take place after occlusion of the aorta during normoxia or hypoxia (Pao2:43 mmHg) in anaesthetized normotensive or spontaneously hypertensive mongrel dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:899133", "title": "[Site and shape of the most severe stenoses in coronary arteries and their relationship to the risk factors. Postmortem findings (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of a great number of hearts investigated post-mortem by coronary arteriography and quantitative histology, 437 coronary arteries of 202 hearts had severe stenoses with a lumen reduction to less than 50 per cent. Mainly these most severe obstructions lay between 2 and 5 cm behind the aortic ostium. In the right coronary artery the frequency curve showed a smaller peak, a smaller decrease, and an inconsiderable second peak in the periphery. Perhaps the slow calibre reduction of the right coronary artery is significant for these findings. The narrowed lumen mostly lay a little eccentric and had an oval shape. A slit-like shape was a rare finding. Only in 20 per cent of the severe stenoses a normal intima was preserved in parts of the circumference of the coronary artery. Among 113 patients the following risk factors were known: hypertony, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking and hypercholesterinemia. Significant differences in the localisation of the most severe stenoses were not recognizable under the influence of these risk factors.", "contents": "[Site and shape of the most severe stenoses in coronary arteries and their relationship to the risk factors. Postmortem findings (author's transl)]. Out of a great number of hearts investigated post-mortem by coronary arteriography and quantitative histology, 437 coronary arteries of 202 hearts had severe stenoses with a lumen reduction to less than 50 per cent. Mainly these most severe obstructions lay between 2 and 5 cm behind the aortic ostium. In the right coronary artery the frequency curve showed a smaller peak, a smaller decrease, and an inconsiderable second peak in the periphery. Perhaps the slow calibre reduction of the right coronary artery is significant for these findings. The narrowed lumen mostly lay a little eccentric and had an oval shape. A slit-like shape was a rare finding. Only in 20 per cent of the severe stenoses a normal intima was preserved in parts of the circumference of the coronary artery. Among 113 patients the following risk factors were known: hypertony, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking and hypercholesterinemia. Significant differences in the localisation of the most severe stenoses were not recognizable under the influence of these risk factors."}
{"id": "PMID:899137", "title": "[New experiences in the diagnosis of the sick sinus syndrome (correlation between clinical symptoms, long-therm ecg monitoring, atropine- and exercise testing and sinusnode recovery time) (author's transl)].", "content": "The tests recommended for establishing the diagnosis Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS) were carried out on 36 patients with non-drug-induced Sinusbradycardia (16 symptomatic, 20 asymptomatic) and their resp. diagnostic value was then analysed. Contrary to previous publications, response of heart frequency to exercise testing was normal in all subjects as well as response to intravenous Atropine administration with the exception of 3 cases. A good correlation was found between typical arrhythmias in long-term Ecg monitoring and clinical symptoms. A pathologically prolonged Sinus Node Recovery Time (SNRT) is found in the same number of symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects, frequency-corrected SNRT shows the same results. Shortening of SNRT after Atropine is the more pronounced, the longer SNRT was before Atropine administration. Non-normalization and paradoxical prolongation of SNRT after Atropine have also been observed. In 8 patients stepwise progressive atrial pacing beginning with pacing-frequencies of 70 p.m. was performed before and after Atropine administration. Observation of the effect of Atropine on SNRT may prove to be more important for prognosis and treatment of the SSS than the finding of a prolonged SNRT for establishing the diagnosis. The diagnosis \"SSS\" should not be based on a pathologically prolonged SNRT alone. Analysis of long-term Ecg monitoring and clinical symptoms should be the main diagnostic tool.", "contents": "[New experiences in the diagnosis of the sick sinus syndrome (correlation between clinical symptoms, long-therm ecg monitoring, atropine- and exercise testing and sinusnode recovery time) (author's transl)]. The tests recommended for establishing the diagnosis Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS) were carried out on 36 patients with non-drug-induced Sinusbradycardia (16 symptomatic, 20 asymptomatic) and their resp. diagnostic value was then analysed. Contrary to previous publications, response of heart frequency to exercise testing was normal in all subjects as well as response to intravenous Atropine administration with the exception of 3 cases. A good correlation was found between typical arrhythmias in long-term Ecg monitoring and clinical symptoms. A pathologically prolonged Sinus Node Recovery Time (SNRT) is found in the same number of symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects, frequency-corrected SNRT shows the same results. Shortening of SNRT after Atropine is the more pronounced, the longer SNRT was before Atropine administration. Non-normalization and paradoxical prolongation of SNRT after Atropine have also been observed. In 8 patients stepwise progressive atrial pacing beginning with pacing-frequencies of 70 p.m. was performed before and after Atropine administration. Observation of the effect of Atropine on SNRT may prove to be more important for prognosis and treatment of the SSS than the finding of a prolonged SNRT for establishing the diagnosis. The diagnosis \"SSS\" should not be based on a pathologically prolonged SNRT alone. Analysis of long-term Ecg monitoring and clinical symptoms should be the main diagnostic tool."}
{"id": "PMID:899138", "title": "[Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect. Follow up and surgical results from 1963 to 1976 and diagnostic measures with special reference to large systemic-pulmonary collaterals (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical course, surgical results, and diagnostic procedures of 76 patients with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect between 1963 and 1976 were reviewed. 50 patients had bilateral intrapericardial pulmonary arteries with confluence (group A) and 4 patients had a unilateral intrapericardial pulmonary artery (group B). In 22 patients intrapericardial pulmonary arteries could not be demonstrated (group C). 11 of 20 patients in group A with no surgical intervention died at a mean age of 1.4 years, 9 of 30 children died after operation at a mean age of 3.4 years. 2 of 6 patients died after Rastelli procedure. The additive mortality of the palliative procedures in this group was 22%. There are no deaths after the two Rastelli procedures in group B. 81 collaterals originating from descending aorta and 8 from subclavian artery or brachiocephalic trunc which supplied the lung were outlined. 20 collaterals from descending aorta and 4 from subclavian arteries had connections with the intrapericardial pulmonary arteries. In 17 of the former 20 stenoses were demonstrated. Stenoses were also present in 37 of 61 collaterals without connections with the intrapericardial pulmonary arteries in patients belonging to group A, B and C.", "contents": "[Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect. Follow up and surgical results from 1963 to 1976 and diagnostic measures with special reference to large systemic-pulmonary collaterals (author's transl)]. Clinical course, surgical results, and diagnostic procedures of 76 patients with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect between 1963 and 1976 were reviewed. 50 patients had bilateral intrapericardial pulmonary arteries with confluence (group A) and 4 patients had a unilateral intrapericardial pulmonary artery (group B). In 22 patients intrapericardial pulmonary arteries could not be demonstrated (group C). 11 of 20 patients in group A with no surgical intervention died at a mean age of 1.4 years, 9 of 30 children died after operation at a mean age of 3.4 years. 2 of 6 patients died after Rastelli procedure. The additive mortality of the palliative procedures in this group was 22%. There are no deaths after the two Rastelli procedures in group B. 81 collaterals originating from descending aorta and 8 from subclavian artery or brachiocephalic trunc which supplied the lung were outlined. 20 collaterals from descending aorta and 4 from subclavian arteries had connections with the intrapericardial pulmonary arteries. In 17 of the former 20 stenoses were demonstrated. Stenoses were also present in 37 of 61 collaterals without connections with the intrapericardial pulmonary arteries in patients belonging to group A, B and C."}
{"id": "PMID:899139", "title": "[Intravascular hemolysis following prosthetic heart valve replacement: influence of type and position of artificial valves (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study reports a comparison of the incidence and degree of intravascular hemolysis between patients with disc prosthesis (Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting or Lillehei-Kaster pivoting) and patients with Starr-Edwards ball valves (types 1260, 6120) in mitral and aortic position, examined 7 to 30 days and 2,5 to 71 months postoperatively. Malfunction or paraprosthetic valve regurgitation could be excluded. Estimation of serum haptoglobin and serum lactate dehydrogenase activity as the most sensitive parameters indicated clinically inapparent hemolysis in all 4 groups, especially in patients with Starr-Edwards ball valves in aortic position (type 1260).", "contents": "[Intravascular hemolysis following prosthetic heart valve replacement: influence of type and position of artificial valves (author's transl)]. The present study reports a comparison of the incidence and degree of intravascular hemolysis between patients with disc prosthesis (Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting or Lillehei-Kaster pivoting) and patients with Starr-Edwards ball valves (types 1260, 6120) in mitral and aortic position, examined 7 to 30 days and 2,5 to 71 months postoperatively. Malfunction or paraprosthetic valve regurgitation could be excluded. Estimation of serum haptoglobin and serum lactate dehydrogenase activity as the most sensitive parameters indicated clinically inapparent hemolysis in all 4 groups, especially in patients with Starr-Edwards ball valves in aortic position (type 1260)."}
{"id": "PMID:899140", "title": "[The relation between the density of blood and the arterial pressure in animal experiments and in patients during hemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The density of arterial blood was measured continuously in animals and in human beings with an accuracy of 10(-5) g/ml by the application of the so-called mechanical oscillator technique. The density measuring device is inserted into an arterio-venous shunt. The continuous reading of the density of arterial blood allows to observe the effect of fluid shifts between the interstitial space and the plasma space. For example, lowering of the capillary pressure by the constriction of the precapillary resistance decreases the blood density by the inflow of interstitial fluid. Strong vasoconstriction apparently increases the capillary pressure and thus raises the blood density by the loss of plasma-ultrafiltrate. During hemodialysis the fluid loss into the dialysator tends to increase the blood density. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the circulation are able to keep the density of the blood at a constant value as long as possible. An increase of the density indicates a decrease of the blood volume. The new method thus allows a continuous control of the course of hemodialysis, and to avoid a critical decrease of the blood volume and of the blood pressure.", "contents": "[The relation between the density of blood and the arterial pressure in animal experiments and in patients during hemodialysis (author's transl)]. The density of arterial blood was measured continuously in animals and in human beings with an accuracy of 10(-5) g/ml by the application of the so-called mechanical oscillator technique. The density measuring device is inserted into an arterio-venous shunt. The continuous reading of the density of arterial blood allows to observe the effect of fluid shifts between the interstitial space and the plasma space. For example, lowering of the capillary pressure by the constriction of the precapillary resistance decreases the blood density by the inflow of interstitial fluid. Strong vasoconstriction apparently increases the capillary pressure and thus raises the blood density by the loss of plasma-ultrafiltrate. During hemodialysis the fluid loss into the dialysator tends to increase the blood density. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the circulation are able to keep the density of the blood at a constant value as long as possible. An increase of the density indicates a decrease of the blood volume. The new method thus allows a continuous control of the course of hemodialysis, and to avoid a critical decrease of the blood volume and of the blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:899141", "title": "[Agranulocytosis after antiarrhythmic therapy with ajmalin (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of agranulocytosis (min. leucocyte count 980/mm3) after 4 weeks of treatment with an ajmalin derivate is reported. Recovery could be achieved by taking away the antiarrhythmic drug. It appears that these agranulocytoses only happen after a dosage of more than 300 mg/die, and that they have an intermediate position between allergic and toxic agranulocytosis (phenothiazine type).", "contents": "[Agranulocytosis after antiarrhythmic therapy with ajmalin (author's transl)]. A case of agranulocytosis (min. leucocyte count 980/mm3) after 4 weeks of treatment with an ajmalin derivate is reported. Recovery could be achieved by taking away the antiarrhythmic drug. It appears that these agranulocytoses only happen after a dosage of more than 300 mg/die, and that they have an intermediate position between allergic and toxic agranulocytosis (phenothiazine type)."}
{"id": "PMID:899142", "title": "[Isotopic study of cardiac hemodynamics after multiple valve prothesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiocardiography of the minimal transit times (MTTs) produces cardiologically useful hemodynamic data also in such instances where invasive techniques with the cardiac catheter are technically difficult, as is the case in patients with multiple valve prothesis. The present study reports on MTT measurements in 9 patients with tricuspidal prothesis, 8 of which had additional mitralvalve prothesis and 2 additional aortic valve prothesis. The measurements were made with Tc-99m Pertechnetate, and an Anger camera with electronic data processing was used as detector system. The results indicate that following implantation of valve prothesis the hemodynamic state remained essentially disturbed. The pathologically altered transit times are an expression of disturbed volume ratios. The transit times in the atria remained prolonged by an average factor of 4-5. The ejection of the left ventricle stayed diminished more pronounced than on the right. The values of one patient who was examined before and after implantation of the prothesis in mitral and tricuspidal position, also showed a worsening of the data especially in the atria. Because the cardiac function study with radioisotopes is non invasive, simple, and fast, and leads to only a minor radiation burden, the method  may be repeated and without hazard used for control follow-ups.", "contents": "[Isotopic study of cardiac hemodynamics after multiple valve prothesis (author's transl)]. The radiocardiography of the minimal transit times (MTTs) produces cardiologically useful hemodynamic data also in such instances where invasive techniques with the cardiac catheter are technically difficult, as is the case in patients with multiple valve prothesis. The present study reports on MTT measurements in 9 patients with tricuspidal prothesis, 8 of which had additional mitralvalve prothesis and 2 additional aortic valve prothesis. The measurements were made with Tc-99m Pertechnetate, and an Anger camera with electronic data processing was used as detector system. The results indicate that following implantation of valve prothesis the hemodynamic state remained essentially disturbed. The pathologically altered transit times are an expression of disturbed volume ratios. The transit times in the atria remained prolonged by an average factor of 4-5. The ejection of the left ventricle stayed diminished more pronounced than on the right. The values of one patient who was examined before and after implantation of the prothesis in mitral and tricuspidal position, also showed a worsening of the data especially in the atria. Because the cardiac function study with radioisotopes is non invasive, simple, and fast, and leads to only a minor radiation burden, the method  may be repeated and without hazard used for control follow-ups."}
{"id": "PMID:899143", "title": "[Heart diagnosis using m-mode-echography. Continuous registration of transverse left-ventricular internal diameters. IV. Patients with coronary artery disease (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Relative Cross-sectional area Differences\" (RCD) and \"Relative mean Velocity of Contraction\" (RVC) can precisely be determined by means of impulse-reflected ultrasound. They are highly invariant under physiological conditions and closely related to the degree of non-ischemic myocardial disorders. To evaluate the diagnostic information of these parameters in coronary artery disease (CAD), echocardiographic examinations were performed on 105 subjects. The results were compared with the angiocardiographically determined ejection fraction and with minimal cardiac transit times. The heart-dynamic data were grouped according to the manifestation of CAD and correlated to each other. Furthermore the parameter's capability in identifying differences in hemodynamics in normals and in patients with CAD was tested. In more than 90 per cent of patients with CAD, RCD and RVC exceeded the normal range. For clinical diagnosis the results lead to certain limitations in the validity of the echocardiographic parameters. In cases of infarction localized at the apex and in myocardial aneurysmas, RCD and RVC reflect the function of the whole myocardium, not the ejection fraction of the left ventricle. In those cases of infarction of the posterior or posterolateral wall, the value of RCD and RVC could not be verified. If infarction occurs at other localizations (septum, anterior wall), RCD and RVC show the degree of reduced myocardial function without any limitation.", "contents": "[Heart diagnosis using m-mode-echography. Continuous registration of transverse left-ventricular internal diameters. IV. Patients with coronary artery disease (author's transl)]. \"Relative Cross-sectional area Differences\" (RCD) and \"Relative mean Velocity of Contraction\" (RVC) can precisely be determined by means of impulse-reflected ultrasound. They are highly invariant under physiological conditions and closely related to the degree of non-ischemic myocardial disorders. To evaluate the diagnostic information of these parameters in coronary artery disease (CAD), echocardiographic examinations were performed on 105 subjects. The results were compared with the angiocardiographically determined ejection fraction and with minimal cardiac transit times. The heart-dynamic data were grouped according to the manifestation of CAD and correlated to each other. Furthermore the parameter's capability in identifying differences in hemodynamics in normals and in patients with CAD was tested. In more than 90 per cent of patients with CAD, RCD and RVC exceeded the normal range. For clinical diagnosis the results lead to certain limitations in the validity of the echocardiographic parameters. In cases of infarction localized at the apex and in myocardial aneurysmas, RCD and RVC reflect the function of the whole myocardium, not the ejection fraction of the left ventricle. In those cases of infarction of the posterior or posterolateral wall, the value of RCD and RVC could not be verified. If infarction occurs at other localizations (septum, anterior wall), RCD and RVC show the degree of reduced myocardial function without any limitation."}
{"id": "PMID:899144", "title": "[M- and real-time b-scan diagnostic criteria and pit-falls in right ventricular volume overload (author's transl)].", "content": "The observation of a characteristic \"see-saw\" motion of the interventricular septum (IVS) in real-time B-scan (RTBS) in right ventricular volume overload (RVVO) reveals features which have not been taken into account in diagnostic M-scan echocardiography. From an investigation of 20 patients it became apparent that the criteria (1) increase in right ventricular internal diameter and (2) \"paradoxical\" septal motion, so far used for the M-scan diagnosis of RVVO, should be complemented by further criteria: (3) hypertrophy of the IVS in longstanding RVVO, (4) increase in septal amplitude of motion towards the cardiac apex, (5) selective increasing apical septal hypertrophy and (6) an apparent random septal motion without any resultant main direction as an indication of a displaced fulcrum of the septal \"see-saw\". All features may be visualised by carrying out a continuous sweep in M-scanning. The criteria 2-5 may be understood as a result of increased apical work load compensating for the haemodynamic loss of the reversed upper septal motion (\"RUSM\"). The diagnosis of RVVO can be made more readily and reliably with RTBS echocardiography, underlining the utility of a combined use of one- and two-dimensional ultrasonography in diagnostic cardiology.", "contents": "[M- and real-time b-scan diagnostic criteria and pit-falls in right ventricular volume overload (author's transl)]. The observation of a characteristic \"see-saw\" motion of the interventricular septum (IVS) in real-time B-scan (RTBS) in right ventricular volume overload (RVVO) reveals features which have not been taken into account in diagnostic M-scan echocardiography. From an investigation of 20 patients it became apparent that the criteria (1) increase in right ventricular internal diameter and (2) \"paradoxical\" septal motion, so far used for the M-scan diagnosis of RVVO, should be complemented by further criteria: (3) hypertrophy of the IVS in longstanding RVVO, (4) increase in septal amplitude of motion towards the cardiac apex, (5) selective increasing apical septal hypertrophy and (6) an apparent random septal motion without any resultant main direction as an indication of a displaced fulcrum of the septal \"see-saw\". All features may be visualised by carrying out a continuous sweep in M-scanning. The criteria 2-5 may be understood as a result of increased apical work load compensating for the haemodynamic loss of the reversed upper septal motion (\"RUSM\"). The diagnosis of RVVO can be made more readily and reliably with RTBS echocardiography, underlining the utility of a combined use of one- and two-dimensional ultrasonography in diagnostic cardiology."}
{"id": "PMID:899145", "title": "[A study to the analysis of systolic time intervals (author's transl)].", "content": "For evaluating the degree of accuracy of the STI, a study on 120 healthy young male volunteers was performed. Under standardized conditions ecg, phonocardiogram and carotid arterial pulse were recorded. The following variables were measured: heart cycle interval (RRI), electrical systole (QT), electromechanical systole (QS2), and left ventricular ejection time (LVET). The arithmetic mean was utilized for the consecutive beats 1--5, 1--10, 1--15, and 1--20. The mean of the beats 1--20 was assumed as reference. The increase of the analysed heart cycles from 5 to 20 lead to a decrease of the standard error of RRI, which raised the degree of accuracy. The standard error for RRI decreased from 27.9 to 9.9 ms. Already the analysis of 5 consecutive beats for QT, QS2, and LVET reached the line of identity of the correlation slope compared to 20 analysed heart cycles. The standard error was very small (2.0; 2.9; and 3.0 ms). For clinical-pharmacological studies, the evaluation of 5 consecutive heart cycles for measuring STI leads to a very high degree of accuracy. For an exact measuring of RRI, it is necessary to analyse at least 20 heart cycles.", "contents": "[A study to the analysis of systolic time intervals (author's transl)]. For evaluating the degree of accuracy of the STI, a study on 120 healthy young male volunteers was performed. Under standardized conditions ecg, phonocardiogram and carotid arterial pulse were recorded. The following variables were measured: heart cycle interval (RRI), electrical systole (QT), electromechanical systole (QS2), and left ventricular ejection time (LVET). The arithmetic mean was utilized for the consecutive beats 1--5, 1--10, 1--15, and 1--20. The mean of the beats 1--20 was assumed as reference. The increase of the analysed heart cycles from 5 to 20 lead to a decrease of the standard error of RRI, which raised the degree of accuracy. The standard error for RRI decreased from 27.9 to 9.9 ms. Already the analysis of 5 consecutive beats for QT, QS2, and LVET reached the line of identity of the correlation slope compared to 20 analysed heart cycles. The standard error was very small (2.0; 2.9; and 3.0 ms). For clinical-pharmacological studies, the evaluation of 5 consecutive heart cycles for measuring STI leads to a very high degree of accuracy. For an exact measuring of RRI, it is necessary to analyse at least 20 heart cycles."}
{"id": "PMID:899147", "title": "[Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardias complicated with Adams-Stokes syndrome during lidoflazin treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is reported of ventricular extrasystole occurring during Lidoflazin treatment. It is considered that Lidoflazin is an effective pharmacon, but that it may enhance the ventricular irritability. Attention is drawn to the necessity of the frequent control of Lidoflazin-treated patients.", "contents": "[Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardias complicated with Adams-Stokes syndrome during lidoflazin treatment (author's transl)]. A case is reported of ventricular extrasystole occurring during Lidoflazin treatment. It is considered that Lidoflazin is an effective pharmacon, but that it may enhance the ventricular irritability. Attention is drawn to the necessity of the frequent control of Lidoflazin-treated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:899148", "title": "[Experiences with transvenously implanted pacemaker electrodes with special remarks on the treatment of leads out of function (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1965 to 1976, implantations of 502 pacemaker electrodes were performed. In 59 patients the first lead had to be changed. In December 1976, 355 patients were under our control. At this time, 11.7 percent were no longer paced via their first lead. Dislocations of the lead, increased threshold, insulation defect, skin perforation of the lead, myocardial perforation, adaptor defects, fracture, infection, and loops of the electrode were the reasons. In cases of exit block alone, you should try to take a high output pacemaker. In cases of entrance block, a pacemaker with increased input-impedance will do its work. If those two kinds of treatment will fail, you may speak about a lead out of function. Considering extraction of the electrode, except in cases of infection, you should exercise restraint, for severe complications may result. An electrode out of function has to be protected against disappearing in a safe way. A synopsis of electrode complications including cause, therapy, and prevention is given.", "contents": "[Experiences with transvenously implanted pacemaker electrodes with special remarks on the treatment of leads out of function (author's transl)]. From 1965 to 1976, implantations of 502 pacemaker electrodes were performed. In 59 patients the first lead had to be changed. In December 1976, 355 patients were under our control. At this time, 11.7 percent were no longer paced via their first lead. Dislocations of the lead, increased threshold, insulation defect, skin perforation of the lead, myocardial perforation, adaptor defects, fracture, infection, and loops of the electrode were the reasons. In cases of exit block alone, you should try to take a high output pacemaker. In cases of entrance block, a pacemaker with increased input-impedance will do its work. If those two kinds of treatment will fail, you may speak about a lead out of function. Considering extraction of the electrode, except in cases of infection, you should exercise restraint, for severe complications may result. An electrode out of function has to be protected against disappearing in a safe way. A synopsis of electrode complications including cause, therapy, and prevention is given."}
{"id": "PMID:899149", "title": "[First clinical experiences with a new transvenous endocardial screw-in lead (author's transl)].", "content": "From November 1976 to January 1977 a total of 10 patients were served with a new transvenous endocardial screw-in lead. In every 5 cases the lead was anchored in the right atrium respectively in the right ventricle. The lead presented itself by good biomechanical (flexibility, tension resistance) and bioelectrical properties. Because of its constructural features it was to insert easily and without any complication. Moreover, it could be placed anatomically stable by choice either in the right atrium or ventricle.", "contents": "[First clinical experiences with a new transvenous endocardial screw-in lead (author's transl)]. From November 1976 to January 1977 a total of 10 patients were served with a new transvenous endocardial screw-in lead. In every 5 cases the lead was anchored in the right atrium respectively in the right ventricle. The lead presented itself by good biomechanical (flexibility, tension resistance) and bioelectrical properties. Because of its constructural features it was to insert easily and without any complication. Moreover, it could be placed anatomically stable by choice either in the right atrium or ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:899150", "title": "[Effect of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate on hemodynamics in coronary patients with and without congestive heart failure (author's transl)].", "content": "In 17 patients with coronary heart disease, hemodynamic measurements were performed before and after sublingual application of 10 mg isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN). 10 patients showed signs of heart failure with pulmonary congestion and a left ventricular filling pressure above 15 mmHg, resting hemodynamics were normal in 7 patients. Eight of the patients with left ventricular failure had sustained acute myocardial infarctions the size of which was assessed by serial determinations of serum creatine phosphokinase. Application of ISDN resulted in a significant decrease of systemic and pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary capillary wedge and right atrial pressures of patients both with and without left ventricular failure. Cardiac index and stroke index as well as systemic and pulmonary resistances did not change significantly. ISDN did not affect left ventricular stroke work in patients with elevated filling pressures; however, a decrease of normal filling pressures was associated with a decrease of stroke work. Thus, in coronary patients with chronic congestive heart failure, sublingual application of nitrates results in a beneficial hemodynamic unloading. However, if the acute infarct size is taken into account, it can be demonstrated that hemodynamic improvement after ISDN--judged by the relation stroke work/filling pressure--becomes less pronounced with increasing infarct size.", "contents": "[Effect of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate on hemodynamics in coronary patients with and without congestive heart failure (author's transl)]. In 17 patients with coronary heart disease, hemodynamic measurements were performed before and after sublingual application of 10 mg isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN). 10 patients showed signs of heart failure with pulmonary congestion and a left ventricular filling pressure above 15 mmHg, resting hemodynamics were normal in 7 patients. Eight of the patients with left ventricular failure had sustained acute myocardial infarctions the size of which was assessed by serial determinations of serum creatine phosphokinase. Application of ISDN resulted in a significant decrease of systemic and pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary capillary wedge and right atrial pressures of patients both with and without left ventricular failure. Cardiac index and stroke index as well as systemic and pulmonary resistances did not change significantly. ISDN did not affect left ventricular stroke work in patients with elevated filling pressures; however, a decrease of normal filling pressures was associated with a decrease of stroke work. Thus, in coronary patients with chronic congestive heart failure, sublingual application of nitrates results in a beneficial hemodynamic unloading. However, if the acute infarct size is taken into account, it can be demonstrated that hemodynamic improvement after ISDN--judged by the relation stroke work/filling pressure--becomes less pronounced with increasing infarct size."}
{"id": "PMID:899247", "title": "[Mechanism of participation of neostriate nuclei in the organization of a conditioned reflex].", "content": "Formation and manifestation of classical and instrumental conditioned reflexes were studied in dogs under the action of electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus and the putamen or after their electrolytic ablation. The extent of higher nervous activity changes depended on the localization of the electrodes in the nuclei and on the complexity of the tests used. Ablation of the caudate nucleus body elicited graver and longer disturbances in the system of conditioned reflexes than that of the head. Under the action of the neostriate nuclei delayed reactions changed to a greater extent than simple forms of conditioned reflexes. Proceeding from the data obtained, it has been assumed that the mechanism of neostriate influences on conditioned reflexes dependes on their comparatory function, the mechanism of comparing cortical and subcortical impulses at the striate level.", "contents": "[Mechanism of participation of neostriate nuclei in the organization of a conditioned reflex]. Formation and manifestation of classical and instrumental conditioned reflexes were studied in dogs under the action of electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus and the putamen or after their electrolytic ablation. The extent of higher nervous activity changes depended on the localization of the electrodes in the nuclei and on the complexity of the tests used. Ablation of the caudate nucleus body elicited graver and longer disturbances in the system of conditioned reflexes than that of the head. Under the action of the neostriate nuclei delayed reactions changed to a greater extent than simple forms of conditioned reflexes. Proceeding from the data obtained, it has been assumed that the mechanism of neostriate influences on conditioned reflexes dependes on their comparatory function, the mechanism of comparing cortical and subcortical impulses at the striate level."}
{"id": "PMID:899248", "title": "[Organization of integrated systems of conditioned reflexes in dogs with a damaged temporal cortex].", "content": "By means of the classical alimentary secretory method, a study was made of the characteristics of formation and preservation of complex systems of conditioned reflexes in dogs with a preliminarily lesioned cortex of the auditory analyser. It has been shown that a rhythmic-mozaic stereotype of conditioned reflexes to acoustic signals can be elaborated in the operated dogs, although conditioned activity is on a very low functional level. However, integration of two complex stereotypes into one single system is not achieved. The formation of a new stereotype in the operated dogs, in contrast to the intact animals, is not accompanied by an enhanced functional state (tone) of the brain, which points to an insufficiency of the self-regulating mechanisms of the cerebral cortex. It is suggested that special activating mechanisms which participate in controlling the functional state of the auditory system, are present in the cortical structures of the auditory analyser.", "contents": "[Organization of integrated systems of conditioned reflexes in dogs with a damaged temporal cortex]. By means of the classical alimentary secretory method, a study was made of the characteristics of formation and preservation of complex systems of conditioned reflexes in dogs with a preliminarily lesioned cortex of the auditory analyser. It has been shown that a rhythmic-mozaic stereotype of conditioned reflexes to acoustic signals can be elaborated in the operated dogs, although conditioned activity is on a very low functional level. However, integration of two complex stereotypes into one single system is not achieved. The formation of a new stereotype in the operated dogs, in contrast to the intact animals, is not accompanied by an enhanced functional state (tone) of the brain, which points to an insufficiency of the self-regulating mechanisms of the cerebral cortex. It is suggested that special activating mechanisms which participate in controlling the functional state of the auditory system, are present in the cortical structures of the auditory analyser."}
{"id": "PMID:899250", "title": "[Neuronal correlates of forward and backward conditioned connections in a food-getting reflex formed to electrical stimulation of the lateral geniculate body].", "content": "Neuronal activity of the visual cortex was studied in unrestrained cats with a stable food-procuring conditioned reflex to electrical stimulation of the lateral geniculate body (LGB), and in tests with presentation of a feeding trough to detect neuronal signs of backward conditioned connections. Two types of responses of the visual cortex neurones were established during manifestation of a forward conditioned connection: conditioned-inhibitory and conditioned-activating responses. Extinction of the conditioned reflex destroyed the neuronal pattern formed in the visual cortex; this correlated with the behavioral reflex extinction. It has been shown that neuronal signs of the backward conditioned connection are similar to the neuronal responses in the examined cortical areas corresponding to the forward conditioned connection.", "contents": "[Neuronal correlates of forward and backward conditioned connections in a food-getting reflex formed to electrical stimulation of the lateral geniculate body]. Neuronal activity of the visual cortex was studied in unrestrained cats with a stable food-procuring conditioned reflex to electrical stimulation of the lateral geniculate body (LGB), and in tests with presentation of a feeding trough to detect neuronal signs of backward conditioned connections. Two types of responses of the visual cortex neurones were established during manifestation of a forward conditioned connection: conditioned-inhibitory and conditioned-activating responses. Extinction of the conditioned reflex destroyed the neuronal pattern formed in the visual cortex; this correlated with the behavioral reflex extinction. It has been shown that neuronal signs of the backward conditioned connection are similar to the neuronal responses in the examined cortical areas corresponding to the forward conditioned connection."}
{"id": "PMID:899251", "title": "[Dynamics of evoked potentials at different points in the cat somatosensory cortex during elaboration of conditioned reflexes].", "content": "In chronic experiments on cats a study was made of the spreading of evoked potentials (EP) in the somatosensory zones S1 and S2 in response to biologically significant tonal stimuli. The formation of conditioned connections enhances the capacity for polysensory reactions in different cortical somatic fields outside the zones of local projection of the unconditioned stimulus. As stable conditioned connections are formed, this capacity diminishes in relation to reinforced and, particularly, easily differentiated sounds: EP are more localized in response to the former, and disappear altogether when the latter are presented. The wide EP spreading in zones S1 and S2 is the longest in response to medium and fine differentiation tones, which points to the involvement of these zones in the integrative analysis of signals by their biological quality.", "contents": "[Dynamics of evoked potentials at different points in the cat somatosensory cortex during elaboration of conditioned reflexes]. In chronic experiments on cats a study was made of the spreading of evoked potentials (EP) in the somatosensory zones S1 and S2 in response to biologically significant tonal stimuli. The formation of conditioned connections enhances the capacity for polysensory reactions in different cortical somatic fields outside the zones of local projection of the unconditioned stimulus. As stable conditioned connections are formed, this capacity diminishes in relation to reinforced and, particularly, easily differentiated sounds: EP are more localized in response to the former, and disappear altogether when the latter are presented. The wide EP spreading in zones S1 and S2 is the longest in response to medium and fine differentiation tones, which points to the involvement of these zones in the integrative analysis of signals by their biological quality."}
{"id": "PMID:899253", "title": "[Effect of switching off the globus pallidus on alimentary and electrophysiologic responses induced by stimulation of the hypothalamus].", "content": "In chronic experiments on eight cats a direct electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus evoked: 1) food eating in a state of satiation and 2) a reproduction of a conditioned food-procuring reflex, preliminarily elaborated to an acoustic signal. Bilateral electrolytic ablation of the globus pallidum abolished both reactions, but for different time periods. The first one was restored spontaneously on the 20th to the 46th day; the second disappeared for 2.5 to 8.5 months without spontaneous restoration. Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus alimentary zones brought about a statistically significant rise of the thresholds of desynchronization reactions in the ipsi- and contralateral sensorimotor cortex. The activating role of the globus pallidum in the organization of a motivational alimentary excitation is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of switching off the globus pallidus on alimentary and electrophysiologic responses induced by stimulation of the hypothalamus]. In chronic experiments on eight cats a direct electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus evoked: 1) food eating in a state of satiation and 2) a reproduction of a conditioned food-procuring reflex, preliminarily elaborated to an acoustic signal. Bilateral electrolytic ablation of the globus pallidum abolished both reactions, but for different time periods. The first one was restored spontaneously on the 20th to the 46th day; the second disappeared for 2.5 to 8.5 months without spontaneous restoration. Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus alimentary zones brought about a statistically significant rise of the thresholds of desynchronization reactions in the ipsi- and contralateral sensorimotor cortex. The activating role of the globus pallidum in the organization of a motivational alimentary excitation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899252", "title": "[Dynamics of elaboration of an active defensive reflex after combined section of the visual tract and different commissural systems].", "content": "Elaboration of an active defensive reflex (ADR) was studied on intact animals (I) and on cats after a combined section of the optic tract and the commissural systems of the midbrain (II) and after a combined section of the optic tract and the commissural systems of the telencephalon and the diencephalon (III). On the first days of elaboration, the correlation between active and passive defensive reactions changed in the animals of the III group as compared with the intact cats. The greatest difference in ADR elaboration between the intact animals and cats of the II and III groups was observed on the first day. On the subsequent days of elaboration the differences diminish and by the 4th to 6th day do not exceed the variations in the intact animals behaviour. The operated animals on the whole achieve higher parameters in differentiation training than the intact ones. In the course of ADR elaboration, against the background of a flickering light, a driving response is recorded in the visual cortical areas of all the groups during the achievement of the active defensive conditioned reaction.", "contents": "[Dynamics of elaboration of an active defensive reflex after combined section of the visual tract and different commissural systems]. Elaboration of an active defensive reflex (ADR) was studied on intact animals (I) and on cats after a combined section of the optic tract and the commissural systems of the midbrain (II) and after a combined section of the optic tract and the commissural systems of the telencephalon and the diencephalon (III). On the first days of elaboration, the correlation between active and passive defensive reactions changed in the animals of the III group as compared with the intact cats. The greatest difference in ADR elaboration between the intact animals and cats of the II and III groups was observed on the first day. On the subsequent days of elaboration the differences diminish and by the 4th to 6th day do not exceed the variations in the intact animals behaviour. The operated animals on the whole achieve higher parameters in differentiation training than the intact ones. In the course of ADR elaboration, against the background of a flickering light, a driving response is recorded in the visual cortical areas of all the groups during the achievement of the active defensive conditioned reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:899254", "title": "[Analysis of inhibitory influences of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex on alimentary responses in rabbits].", "content": "Neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms of inhibitory influences of the frontal cortex on feeding both natural and evoked by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus were studied in experiments on rabbits. It was shown that frontal cortical inhibition of feeding was eliminated by ipsilateral coagulation of the dorsal hippocampus. Different effects of some drugs on the threshold of evoked feeding and on the cortical inhibition were observed. Atropine (1 mg/kg) and Droperidol (0,3 mg/kg) abolished the inhibitory influences of the frontal cortex. Chlorpromazine (2 mg/kg) increased the threshold of feeding elicited by the stimulation of the hypothalamic \"feeding centre\" and had no effect on frontal cortical inhibition. Different influences of chlorpromazine on natural and evoked feeding were shown. A conclusion is drawn about different transmitters in brain structures involved in functional architectonics of feeding. Mechanisms of drugs' action on feeding are discussed.", "contents": "[Analysis of inhibitory influences of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex on alimentary responses in rabbits]. Neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms of inhibitory influences of the frontal cortex on feeding both natural and evoked by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus were studied in experiments on rabbits. It was shown that frontal cortical inhibition of feeding was eliminated by ipsilateral coagulation of the dorsal hippocampus. Different effects of some drugs on the threshold of evoked feeding and on the cortical inhibition were observed. Atropine (1 mg/kg) and Droperidol (0,3 mg/kg) abolished the inhibitory influences of the frontal cortex. Chlorpromazine (2 mg/kg) increased the threshold of feeding elicited by the stimulation of the hypothalamic \"feeding centre\" and had no effect on frontal cortical inhibition. Different influences of chlorpromazine on natural and evoked feeding were shown. A conclusion is drawn about different transmitters in brain structures involved in functional architectonics of feeding. Mechanisms of drugs' action on feeding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899255", "title": "[Effect of pharmacologic substances on the avoidance reflex in a group experiment on rats].", "content": "It has been established that the avoidance reflex is disturbed in rats when performed in the presence of a group of non-learned rats. The degree of the disturbance depends on the number of non-learned animals present and the extent if their emotional excitation. Tranquilizers: diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and benactyzine; neuroleptics: chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine and galoperidol; antidepressants: amitriptilin and imipramine in certain doses, while improving the avoidance reflex in the presence of a group of excited rats, do not affect the disturbance of avoidance in the presence of a group of calm rats. It has been assumed that these drugs prevent the appearance of emotional excitation in learned animals in response to that in the non-learned animals surrounding them.", "contents": "[Effect of pharmacologic substances on the avoidance reflex in a group experiment on rats]. It has been established that the avoidance reflex is disturbed in rats when performed in the presence of a group of non-learned rats. The degree of the disturbance depends on the number of non-learned animals present and the extent if their emotional excitation. Tranquilizers: diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and benactyzine; neuroleptics: chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine and galoperidol; antidepressants: amitriptilin and imipramine in certain doses, while improving the avoidance reflex in the presence of a group of excited rats, do not affect the disturbance of avoidance in the presence of a group of calm rats. It has been assumed that these drugs prevent the appearance of emotional excitation in learned animals in response to that in the non-learned animals surrounding them."}
{"id": "PMID:899256", "title": "[Short-term spatial memory in mice].", "content": "White mice were presented with two visually identical small cups, one containing a sugar solution, and the other a salt solution. After having once rejected in the course of search for sugar the cup with salt, the mice did not as a rule inspect it the second time, as is usually done by melliferous bees. With three of four cups, of which one contained a sugar solution, and the rest of salt solution, the number of repeated examinations sharply increased, still it did not attain that made by melliferous bees with the same number of objects. Hence, for the given class of problems, the behaviour of mice is superior to that of bees.", "contents": "[Short-term spatial memory in mice]. White mice were presented with two visually identical small cups, one containing a sugar solution, and the other a salt solution. After having once rejected in the course of search for sugar the cup with salt, the mice did not as a rule inspect it the second time, as is usually done by melliferous bees. With three of four cups, of which one contained a sugar solution, and the rest of salt solution, the number of repeated examinations sharply increased, still it did not attain that made by melliferous bees with the same number of objects. Hence, for the given class of problems, the behaviour of mice is superior to that of bees."}
{"id": "PMID:899257", "title": "[Command neurons in the unconditioned reflex arc of the grape snail].", "content": "Independent intracellular activation of any one of the five identified neurones elicits a behavioral act of pneumostome closing. Similar closing is evoked by adequate stimulation of different modalities. Comparison of unconditioned reflex properties and characteristics of responses of the studied cells leads to the conclusion that neurones under discussion are command elements for the unconditioned reflex. Command neurones respond to all sensory stimuli which can evoke reflex closing. There is a lot of synchronous EPSPs in their spontaneous activity, but no action potentials. A spike discharge of command neurones evoked by an adequate stimulus always precedes the effector movements but there is no action potentials during the pneumostome closing. Conclusion is made that the functional role of command neurones in the unconditioned reflex arc consists in evaluating the sensory input and in triggering motor programmes.", "contents": "[Command neurons in the unconditioned reflex arc of the grape snail]. Independent intracellular activation of any one of the five identified neurones elicits a behavioral act of pneumostome closing. Similar closing is evoked by adequate stimulation of different modalities. Comparison of unconditioned reflex properties and characteristics of responses of the studied cells leads to the conclusion that neurones under discussion are command elements for the unconditioned reflex. Command neurones respond to all sensory stimuli which can evoke reflex closing. There is a lot of synchronous EPSPs in their spontaneous activity, but no action potentials. A spike discharge of command neurones evoked by an adequate stimulus always precedes the effector movements but there is no action potentials during the pneumostome closing. Conclusion is made that the functional role of command neurones in the unconditioned reflex arc consists in evaluating the sensory input and in triggering motor programmes."}
{"id": "PMID:899259", "title": "[Off-effect in visual cortex evoked potentials of humans under several conditions of photic stimulation].", "content": "Visually evoked potentials (EP) to light were recorded from the occipital cortical area under conditions of changes in stimulus duration and of different intensity of retinal illumination. The work was aimed at establishing the appearance and development of the EP off-effect in humans at these conditions of photic stimulations. This was necessitated by the large dispersion of data obtained in establishing the conditions of photic stimulation, which many authors consider essential for recording the off-effect. The off-effect was studied in greater detail also to elucidate its role in EP generation to a high-frequency photic stimulation. The data recorded are discussed and compared with those of other authors, obtained in studying electrical responses of the retina and the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "[Off-effect in visual cortex evoked potentials of humans under several conditions of photic stimulation]. Visually evoked potentials (EP) to light were recorded from the occipital cortical area under conditions of changes in stimulus duration and of different intensity of retinal illumination. The work was aimed at establishing the appearance and development of the EP off-effect in humans at these conditions of photic stimulations. This was necessitated by the large dispersion of data obtained in establishing the conditions of photic stimulation, which many authors consider essential for recording the off-effect. The off-effect was studied in greater detail also to elucidate its role in EP generation to a high-frequency photic stimulation. The data recorded are discussed and compared with those of other authors, obtained in studying electrical responses of the retina and the cerebral cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:899258", "title": "[Asymmetry of visual perception].", "content": "In healthy adult subjects recognition was studied of geometrical figures presented unilaterally, and of separate letters presented unilaterally and dichoptically to the right and left visual fields. At near-threshold exposition, separate letters are better recognized in the right visual field, than in the left one, regardless of the method of presentation. There is no asymmetry in recognition of geometrical figures. In conditions of backward masking asymmetry of perception of separate letters is likewise observed, but they are better recognized in the left visual field. This suggests that the perception time of separate letters is shorter when they are addressed \"directly\" to the right hemisphere.", "contents": "[Asymmetry of visual perception]. In healthy adult subjects recognition was studied of geometrical figures presented unilaterally, and of separate letters presented unilaterally and dichoptically to the right and left visual fields. At near-threshold exposition, separate letters are better recognized in the right visual field, than in the left one, regardless of the method of presentation. There is no asymmetry in recognition of geometrical figures. In conditions of backward masking asymmetry of perception of separate letters is likewise observed, but they are better recognized in the left visual field. This suggests that the perception time of separate letters is shorter when they are addressed \"directly\" to the right hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:899260", "title": "[Interrelationship between spatial synchronization and rhythmic components of the human EEG].", "content": "The main object of the work was to elucidate the functional significance of different human EEG rhythms. Cross-correlation and spectral characteristics at the background and during mental work were studied in thirteen subjects by recording from four points of the left hemisphere. During intellectual load, spatial synchronization is enhanced between the biopotentials of most areas: interrelations between remote points are intensified which leads to the smoothing of the synchronization gradient existing in a state of rest. The alpha-rhythm becomes less pronounced everywhere in parallel to the decrease in synchronism of its fluctuations in different zones; at the same time low-frequency activity (delta-theta) increases both by the amplitude of oscillations and the capacity for its unidirectional shifts over the whole cortex. The least distinct change is observed in the beta-rhythm.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between spatial synchronization and rhythmic components of the human EEG]. The main object of the work was to elucidate the functional significance of different human EEG rhythms. Cross-correlation and spectral characteristics at the background and during mental work were studied in thirteen subjects by recording from four points of the left hemisphere. During intellectual load, spatial synchronization is enhanced between the biopotentials of most areas: interrelations between remote points are intensified which leads to the smoothing of the synchronization gradient existing in a state of rest. The alpha-rhythm becomes less pronounced everywhere in parallel to the decrease in synchronism of its fluctuations in different zones; at the same time low-frequency activity (delta-theta) increases both by the amplitude of oscillations and the capacity for its unidirectional shifts over the whole cortex. The least distinct change is observed in the beta-rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:899262", "title": "[Functional interhemispheric asymmetry in the motor cortex following stimulation of forelimb nerves].", "content": "It has been shown that in most animals electrical stimulation of the brachial plexus nerves results in a functional interhemispheric asymmetry in the motor cortex. It weakens after section of the callosal body. The asymmetry is characterized by a mosaic pattern. The data obtained are discussed as related to the role of dominant interhemispheric relations in contrasting the functional interhemispheric asymmetry and in the formation of a relatively homogeneous functional mosaic.", "contents": "[Functional interhemispheric asymmetry in the motor cortex following stimulation of forelimb nerves]. It has been shown that in most animals electrical stimulation of the brachial plexus nerves results in a functional interhemispheric asymmetry in the motor cortex. It weakens after section of the callosal body. The asymmetry is characterized by a mosaic pattern. The data obtained are discussed as related to the role of dominant interhemispheric relations in contrasting the functional interhemispheric asymmetry and in the formation of a relatively homogeneous functional mosaic."}
{"id": "PMID:899264", "title": "[Non-specific facilitating influences on the responses of rabbit visual cortex neurons].", "content": "A study was made of neuronal responses in the rabbit visual cortex to patterned visual stimuli and their change during non-specific activation reaction. Non-specific activation while only slightly affecting the background neuronal activity, enhances the responses of most units to patterned visual stimuli. A comparison of responses with a different degree of inhibition participation shows that the depression of inhibitory processes may act as a mechanism of facilitation of the responses during non-specific activation. After facilitated responses evoked by the action of the stimulus during non-specific activation, the neurones retain a state of enhanced excitability. Repetition of stimuli not attended with non-specific activation leads to the diminution of excitability. The possible connection of the indicated effects with extinction processes is discussed.", "contents": "[Non-specific facilitating influences on the responses of rabbit visual cortex neurons]. A study was made of neuronal responses in the rabbit visual cortex to patterned visual stimuli and their change during non-specific activation reaction. Non-specific activation while only slightly affecting the background neuronal activity, enhances the responses of most units to patterned visual stimuli. A comparison of responses with a different degree of inhibition participation shows that the depression of inhibitory processes may act as a mechanism of facilitation of the responses during non-specific activation. After facilitated responses evoked by the action of the stimulus during non-specific activation, the neurones retain a state of enhanced excitability. Repetition of stimuli not attended with non-specific activation leads to the diminution of excitability. The possible connection of the indicated effects with extinction processes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899263", "title": "[Changes in the functional characteristic of motor cortex neurons following their rhythmic polarization].", "content": "The study was devoted to the effect of rhythmical extracellular activating polarization on spontaneous and evoked (by stimulation of the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus) unit activity of the motor cortex, preliminarily sensitized by application of an epileptigen (penicillin or strychnine solution). The experiments were carried out on alert unrestrained rabbits. A 3-5 minutes rhythmical polarization of the neurons (0,12, 0, 10 c/s, 200-600 msec pulse duration) resulted in following aftereffects: 1) changes in the mean spike frequency in 58% of neurons; 2) increase of grouping of firing in units with an initial group-type spontaneous activity (21%); 3) assimilation of the polarizing rhythm (10%); 4) facilitation of excitatory phases of thalamically evoked unit responses that occured simultaneously with an increase of mean discharge frequency (18%). The results are discussed from the point of view of the hypothesis of excitatory reverberation in the microsystem of interconnected neurons.", "contents": "[Changes in the functional characteristic of motor cortex neurons following their rhythmic polarization]. The study was devoted to the effect of rhythmical extracellular activating polarization on spontaneous and evoked (by stimulation of the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus) unit activity of the motor cortex, preliminarily sensitized by application of an epileptigen (penicillin or strychnine solution). The experiments were carried out on alert unrestrained rabbits. A 3-5 minutes rhythmical polarization of the neurons (0,12, 0, 10 c/s, 200-600 msec pulse duration) resulted in following aftereffects: 1) changes in the mean spike frequency in 58% of neurons; 2) increase of grouping of firing in units with an initial group-type spontaneous activity (21%); 3) assimilation of the polarizing rhythm (10%); 4) facilitation of excitatory phases of thalamically evoked unit responses that occured simultaneously with an increase of mean discharge frequency (18%). The results are discussed from the point of view of the hypothesis of excitatory reverberation in the microsystem of interconnected neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:899268", "title": "[Multineuronal activity of the basolateral portion of the amygdala in rabbits under conditions of NaCl microinjections into the lateral preoptic field and water deprivation].", "content": "A study of the multineuronal activity of the rabbit basolateral amygdala has shown that both a microinjection of NaCl solution into the lateral preoptic field and water deprivation result in the appearance of high-amplitude spikes in the pattern of recorded activity. After microinjection these spikes proceeded with a high frequency. Consumption of water blocked this activity not immediately, but only in a day to three days under conditions of the animal's unrestrained access to water and food. The data obtained point to the arrival of information on drinking to the amygdala; they also imply the formation of certain relationships between LPF and the amygdala.", "contents": "[Multineuronal activity of the basolateral portion of the amygdala in rabbits under conditions of NaCl microinjections into the lateral preoptic field and water deprivation]. A study of the multineuronal activity of the rabbit basolateral amygdala has shown that both a microinjection of NaCl solution into the lateral preoptic field and water deprivation result in the appearance of high-amplitude spikes in the pattern of recorded activity. After microinjection these spikes proceeded with a high frequency. Consumption of water blocked this activity not immediately, but only in a day to three days under conditions of the animal's unrestrained access to water and food. The data obtained point to the arrival of information on drinking to the amygdala; they also imply the formation of certain relationships between LPF and the amygdala."}
{"id": "PMID:899266", "title": "[Functional characteristics of the hippocampus after switching off visual afferentation in early ontogenesis].", "content": "EEG reactions to afferent stimuli and the driving responses (DR) to photic flickering with 1-15 sec frequency were studied in different brain structures of rabbits lacking visual experience (from the 8th to the 23rd and from the 57th to the 90th day of life). The orienting reaction in the first few days of the light regime is characterized by enhanced motor and respiratory components and is not extinguished for a long time when the stimulus is repeated. It is attended with theta-rhythm in the hippocampus EEG and desynchronized activity in the neocortical areas. DR is characterized by spatial-temporal dissociation; its development is markedly retarded in the cortical projection zone of the visual system, and of the archicortex structures, in the dentate fascia, as compared with the hippocampus proper, the midbrain reticular formation and the auditory cortex. The DR index equals the level of that of the control animals after nine to twelve days of their life in the light. The results obtained attest that the observed differences in the changes of the functional characteristics of the hippocampus and other brain structures depend on the mode of the central organization of the reaction, whose correlate is the studied EEG-parameter.", "contents": "[Functional characteristics of the hippocampus after switching off visual afferentation in early ontogenesis]. EEG reactions to afferent stimuli and the driving responses (DR) to photic flickering with 1-15 sec frequency were studied in different brain structures of rabbits lacking visual experience (from the 8th to the 23rd and from the 57th to the 90th day of life). The orienting reaction in the first few days of the light regime is characterized by enhanced motor and respiratory components and is not extinguished for a long time when the stimulus is repeated. It is attended with theta-rhythm in the hippocampus EEG and desynchronized activity in the neocortical areas. DR is characterized by spatial-temporal dissociation; its development is markedly retarded in the cortical projection zone of the visual system, and of the archicortex structures, in the dentate fascia, as compared with the hippocampus proper, the midbrain reticular formation and the auditory cortex. The DR index equals the level of that of the control animals after nine to twelve days of their life in the light. The results obtained attest that the observed differences in the changes of the functional characteristics of the hippocampus and other brain structures depend on the mode of the central organization of the reaction, whose correlate is the studied EEG-parameter."}
{"id": "PMID:899265", "title": "[Identification and properties of callosal neurons of the sensomotor region of the rabbit cerebral cortex].", "content": "Antidromic unit responses to the stimulation of the homotopic area of the contralateral hemisphere were specified in the cortical sensorimotor area of the unanaesthetized rabbit. The response latencies and their variability, the maximal reproduced stimulation frequencies, stability of the response, presence of certain contesting relationships between the background activity and the tested action potentials are as a whole reliable criteria for identifying extracellularly recorded callosal neurons. The criteria of certain relationships between the background and evoked action potentials allowed to disclose callosal neurons with slow conduction.", "contents": "[Identification and properties of callosal neurons of the sensomotor region of the rabbit cerebral cortex]. Antidromic unit responses to the stimulation of the homotopic area of the contralateral hemisphere were specified in the cortical sensorimotor area of the unanaesthetized rabbit. The response latencies and their variability, the maximal reproduced stimulation frequencies, stability of the response, presence of certain contesting relationships between the background activity and the tested action potentials are as a whole reliable criteria for identifying extracellularly recorded callosal neurons. The criteria of certain relationships between the background and evoked action potentials allowed to disclose callosal neurons with slow conduction."}
{"id": "PMID:899267", "title": "[Effect of motor training on evoked potentials and synaptic organization of sensomotor cortex neurons in rats during ontogenesis].", "content": "A 30-day motor training of rats started at a month's age does not reduce the duration of the excitability recovery cycles of neuronal populations in the sensorimotor cortex. A three-month training is accompanied by a considerable reduction of excitability recovery cycles. This coincides with a pronounced increase of the average density of spines on the apical and oblique dendrite branches of the pyramidal cells in the cortical layer V, which exceeds that observed after a 30-day locomotor training. In 30 days, the rats with a three-month training reveal a partial recovery of functional and structural parameters, and in two months, approach their initial values.", "contents": "[Effect of motor training on evoked potentials and synaptic organization of sensomotor cortex neurons in rats during ontogenesis]. A 30-day motor training of rats started at a month's age does not reduce the duration of the excitability recovery cycles of neuronal populations in the sensorimotor cortex. A three-month training is accompanied by a considerable reduction of excitability recovery cycles. This coincides with a pronounced increase of the average density of spines on the apical and oblique dendrite branches of the pyramidal cells in the cortical layer V, which exceeds that observed after a 30-day locomotor training. In 30 days, the rats with a three-month training reveal a partial recovery of functional and structural parameters, and in two months, approach their initial values."}
{"id": "PMID:899290", "title": "Experience in epilepsy in Lusaka.", "content": "In one year experience in epilepsy in the Lusaka University Teaching Hospital, 120 patients were found to have combined clinical and electroencephalographic evidence of seizures. A higher incidence of family history was shown in the unlocalised or centrencephalic types and the cause of the epilepsy was undetermined in the majority. The problems encountered in the management of epilepsy are described and plans are discussed for the future approach to the problems.", "contents": "Experience in epilepsy in Lusaka. In one year experience in epilepsy in the Lusaka University Teaching Hospital, 120 patients were found to have combined clinical and electroencephalographic evidence of seizures. A higher incidence of family history was shown in the unlocalised or centrencephalic types and the cause of the epilepsy was undetermined in the majority. The problems encountered in the management of epilepsy are described and plans are discussed for the future approach to the problems."}
{"id": "PMID:899291", "title": "Normal values for the nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT. test).", "content": "The mean count of positive neutrophils in the NBT test was found to be 10.9 + 1.2 SE (29). The mean count for neutrophils stimulated with heat killed bacteria was 51.6 + 2.2 SE (29). The values are essentially the same as those reported for other populations and laboratories. The number of positive cells was found to decrease logarithmically with time. This relationship forms a basis for the development of a normogram which can be used to interpret NBT test results obtained from blood which has been stored for several hours.", "contents": "Normal values for the nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT. test). The mean count of positive neutrophils in the NBT test was found to be 10.9 + 1.2 SE (29). The mean count for neutrophils stimulated with heat killed bacteria was 51.6 + 2.2 SE (29). The values are essentially the same as those reported for other populations and laboratories. The number of positive cells was found to decrease logarithmically with time. This relationship forms a basis for the development of a normogram which can be used to interpret NBT test results obtained from blood which has been stored for several hours."}
{"id": "PMID:899293", "title": "Psychiatric status and the disorders of thyroid function. I. Prevalence of goitre in a group of psychiatric patients. I. The prevalence of goitre in a group of psychiatric patients.", "content": "All (478) indigenous Zambian patients who were in hospital on a particular day in January 1976 were examined by the authors for goitre. 34.4 per cent of all adult female patients and 23.2 per cent of all adult male patients had goitre. However, 57.6 per cent of all female patients with effective illness and 77.0 per cent of all male patients with paranoid psychosis were found to have goitre. The association between affective illness and paranoid psychosis on the one hand and goitre on the other was found to be statistically significnat at the 0.1 per cent level. It is suggested that further work should be done to find out what proportion of patients with depression or pananoia have sub-clinical or borderline hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Psychiatric status and the disorders of thyroid function. I. Prevalence of goitre in a group of psychiatric patients. I. The prevalence of goitre in a group of psychiatric patients. All (478) indigenous Zambian patients who were in hospital on a particular day in January 1976 were examined by the authors for goitre. 34.4 per cent of all adult female patients and 23.2 per cent of all adult male patients had goitre. However, 57.6 per cent of all female patients with effective illness and 77.0 per cent of all male patients with paranoid psychosis were found to have goitre. The association between affective illness and paranoid psychosis on the one hand and goitre on the other was found to be statistically significnat at the 0.1 per cent level. It is suggested that further work should be done to find out what proportion of patients with depression or pananoia have sub-clinical or borderline hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:899295", "title": "Blood group genotypes in Zambia and linkage to sickle cell disease.", "content": "A number of normal Zambian individuals, Sickle cell heterozygotes and homozygotes, of different tribes living in Livingstone, were studied for Rh and MNSs genotypes. The purpose of this study was to establish the frequency distribution of these antigens in the normal Zambian. An attempt was also made to find the degree of linkage between Rh, MNSs with Sickle cell genes. cDe genes were found to bear a linear relationship amongst normal Zambians, heterozygotes and homozygotes, thus making the cDe antigen very prevalent in Zambia. MN antigens are however unevenly distributed. There is also a positive straight line relationship in the absence of S and s antigens amongst normal individuals, heterogygotes and homozygotes. Su, an allele of Ss system commonly found in Africa is also prevalent in Zambia. The linkage between cDe, MN, Ss genes and Sickle cell genes seems to be insignificant (P = 0.1 or greater than 0.1). The finding of a high percentage of cDe genes in normal Zambian individuals should help the clinicians in solving medico-legal disputes in the study of various genetic and anthropological problems.", "contents": "Blood group genotypes in Zambia and linkage to sickle cell disease. A number of normal Zambian individuals, Sickle cell heterozygotes and homozygotes, of different tribes living in Livingstone, were studied for Rh and MNSs genotypes. The purpose of this study was to establish the frequency distribution of these antigens in the normal Zambian. An attempt was also made to find the degree of linkage between Rh, MNSs with Sickle cell genes. cDe genes were found to bear a linear relationship amongst normal Zambians, heterozygotes and homozygotes, thus making the cDe antigen very prevalent in Zambia. MN antigens are however unevenly distributed. There is also a positive straight line relationship in the absence of S and s antigens amongst normal individuals, heterogygotes and homozygotes. Su, an allele of Ss system commonly found in Africa is also prevalent in Zambia. The linkage between cDe, MN, Ss genes and Sickle cell genes seems to be insignificant (P = 0.1 or greater than 0.1). The finding of a high percentage of cDe genes in normal Zambian individuals should help the clinicians in solving medico-legal disputes in the study of various genetic and anthropological problems."}
{"id": "PMID:899292", "title": "Continuous methotraxate intra-arterial infusion in the treatment of head and neck cancer.", "content": "Fifty-nine patients with malignant tumours on the head and neck area, were treated with continuous intra-arterial infusion of methotrexate into the external carotid artery from a catheter introduced through the superficial temporal artery. Each patient received intramuscular injections of folinic acid in a dosage of 6mg every 6 hours, and a total dose of 250mg of methotrexate during a five day treatment period. The patients had received no previous chemotherapy, radiotherapy nor surgery. Forty-four of the fifty-nine patients (74.5%) responded partially to treatment and three had complete remissions. No recurrence was observed after a follow-up of more than eight months. Twelve patients showed no response at all.", "contents": "Continuous methotraxate intra-arterial infusion in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Fifty-nine patients with malignant tumours on the head and neck area, were treated with continuous intra-arterial infusion of methotrexate into the external carotid artery from a catheter introduced through the superficial temporal artery. Each patient received intramuscular injections of folinic acid in a dosage of 6mg every 6 hours, and a total dose of 250mg of methotrexate during a five day treatment period. The patients had received no previous chemotherapy, radiotherapy nor surgery. Forty-four of the fifty-nine patients (74.5%) responded partially to treatment and three had complete remissions. No recurrence was observed after a follow-up of more than eight months. Twelve patients showed no response at all."}
{"id": "PMID:899297", "title": "[Decrease of mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 51 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and of 14 healthy blood donors were cultivated in autologous and homologous normal pool-serum and stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PMW) in different doses. In autologous as well as in homologous pool-serum the 3H-thymidine uptake of stimulated lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis was significantly depressed independent of the mitogen concentration used. Serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis depressed the activation of blood donor lymphocytes by Con A and PWM. The depression of lymphocyte activation was not related to the presence of rheumatoid factors in the serum, the severity of the disease and the anti-rheumatic therapy.", "contents": "[Decrease of mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis]. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 51 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and of 14 healthy blood donors were cultivated in autologous and homologous normal pool-serum and stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PMW) in different doses. In autologous as well as in homologous pool-serum the 3H-thymidine uptake of stimulated lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis was significantly depressed independent of the mitogen concentration used. Serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis depressed the activation of blood donor lymphocytes by Con A and PWM. The depression of lymphocyte activation was not related to the presence of rheumatoid factors in the serum, the severity of the disease and the anti-rheumatic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:899294", "title": "Achilles reflex time in euthyroid, non-goitrous Zambian Africans.", "content": "The Achilles Reflex time (ART) was recorded in 80 euthyroid, non-goitrous Zambian Africans aged 8-69 years (mean 32.7 years) using the thyrochron. The reflex was measurable in 62 subjects (77.5% of total) but not obtainable in 18. No significant difference in ART was found between females and males, but there appeared to be difference between the right and left ankles. ART was significantly shorter in the right ankle (309.9 + 5.8 msec) than in the left ankle (321.3 + 5.9 msec). Diagrams of \"reflex chronograms\" revealed three types of response namely: stable, relatively stable and scattered varieties.", "contents": "Achilles reflex time in euthyroid, non-goitrous Zambian Africans. The Achilles Reflex time (ART) was recorded in 80 euthyroid, non-goitrous Zambian Africans aged 8-69 years (mean 32.7 years) using the thyrochron. The reflex was measurable in 62 subjects (77.5% of total) but not obtainable in 18. No significant difference in ART was found between females and males, but there appeared to be difference between the right and left ankles. ART was significantly shorter in the right ankle (309.9 + 5.8 msec) than in the left ankle (321.3 + 5.9 msec). Diagrams of \"reflex chronograms\" revealed three types of response namely: stable, relatively stable and scattered varieties."}
{"id": "PMID:899296", "title": "Selective changes in size and distribution of fibre types in vastus muscle from cases of different knee joint affections.", "content": "Different knee joint affections are apt to initiate different specific atrophy forms in quadriceps muscle. By  a biopsy-technique using the histochemical demonstration of ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase fast twitch fibre atrophy can be correlated with increasing age and a moderate impairment but still ambulatory condition. Fast twitch and slow twitch fibres together show atrophy in those cases which are severely impaired and nearly immobilized. An isolated atrophy of slow twitch fibres was found in three patients suffering from frequent sudden short-lasting pain in the knee joint, although this condition may not be alone the cause for slow twitch fibre atrophy. The mechanisms leading to a selective atrophy of muscle fibre types are not fully understood. Nevertheless, a more clear understanding of the nature of skeletal muscle atrophy brought about by joint affections should be of benefit for a better concept of physiotherapeutical approaches: In fast twitch fibre atrophy maximal short lasting contractions followed by rather long periods of recovery should be performed (30). Slow twitch fibre atrophy should be influenced beneficially by chronic submaximal activity (46), whereas both fibre type atrophy should be treated by a combination of isometric techniques and chronic submaximal activities.", "contents": "Selective changes in size and distribution of fibre types in vastus muscle from cases of different knee joint affections. Different knee joint affections are apt to initiate different specific atrophy forms in quadriceps muscle. By  a biopsy-technique using the histochemical demonstration of ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase fast twitch fibre atrophy can be correlated with increasing age and a moderate impairment but still ambulatory condition. Fast twitch and slow twitch fibres together show atrophy in those cases which are severely impaired and nearly immobilized. An isolated atrophy of slow twitch fibres was found in three patients suffering from frequent sudden short-lasting pain in the knee joint, although this condition may not be alone the cause for slow twitch fibre atrophy. The mechanisms leading to a selective atrophy of muscle fibre types are not fully understood. Nevertheless, a more clear understanding of the nature of skeletal muscle atrophy brought about by joint affections should be of benefit for a better concept of physiotherapeutical approaches: In fast twitch fibre atrophy maximal short lasting contractions followed by rather long periods of recovery should be performed (30). Slow twitch fibre atrophy should be influenced beneficially by chronic submaximal activity (46), whereas both fibre type atrophy should be treated by a combination of isometric techniques and chronic submaximal activities."}
{"id": "PMID:899299", "title": "[Globulinopathy and hyperuricemia].", "content": "Investigation of the locomotor system of 20 patients is reported. One patient with arthrosis of the hip joint and concomitant osteonecroses had a myeloma. In 5 RA patients the manifestations of secondary amyloidosis are described. Among the patients with monoclonal gamma globulinemia two had polyarthritis and RA could not be excluded in one of them, one had arthritis of the ankle and foot joints, and one had a vasculitis characteristic of polyarteritis nodosa. Among those with polyclonal immunoglobulinemia one had RA, two had arthrosis of knees and hips, and two had ankylosing spondylitis. Furthermore four patients with alpha2-hyperglobulinemia which is important in evaluation of the alpha2-globulin peak in amyloidosis, are described. Three patients had cryoglobulinemia. In 10 patients hyperuricemia was found repeatedly (by the uricase method). Consequently in these diseases it is necessary to search clinically for crystal induced synovitides and arthropathies. The classification of globulinopathies and the method of their determination is indicated and particular investigations are recommended for such diseases, where the activity of the joint process does not correlate with laboratory findings.", "contents": "[Globulinopathy and hyperuricemia]. Investigation of the locomotor system of 20 patients is reported. One patient with arthrosis of the hip joint and concomitant osteonecroses had a myeloma. In 5 RA patients the manifestations of secondary amyloidosis are described. Among the patients with monoclonal gamma globulinemia two had polyarthritis and RA could not be excluded in one of them, one had arthritis of the ankle and foot joints, and one had a vasculitis characteristic of polyarteritis nodosa. Among those with polyclonal immunoglobulinemia one had RA, two had arthrosis of knees and hips, and two had ankylosing spondylitis. Furthermore four patients with alpha2-hyperglobulinemia which is important in evaluation of the alpha2-globulin peak in amyloidosis, are described. Three patients had cryoglobulinemia. In 10 patients hyperuricemia was found repeatedly (by the uricase method). Consequently in these diseases it is necessary to search clinically for crystal induced synovitides and arthropathies. The classification of globulinopathies and the method of their determination is indicated and particular investigations are recommended for such diseases, where the activity of the joint process does not correlate with laboratory findings."}
{"id": "PMID:899305", "title": "[Urine cytology studies in bladder tumors].", "content": "The stained urine smears of 151 patients were cytologically examined. The correspondence between histological and cytological diagnosis of the urine was 72.3% in 101 tumours of the urinary bladder. 5 of 11 patients with histologically benign papillomas of the urinary bladder showed malignant cells in the sediment. After four weeks 3 of them could histologically be ascertained as papillary carcinomas. Cytological investigations of the urine are suited for the early recognition of tumours of the urinary bladder, but also for the period between operation and radiotherapy as well as in the dispensary care.", "contents": "[Urine cytology studies in bladder tumors]. The stained urine smears of 151 patients were cytologically examined. The correspondence between histological and cytological diagnosis of the urine was 72.3% in 101 tumours of the urinary bladder. 5 of 11 patients with histologically benign papillomas of the urinary bladder showed malignant cells in the sediment. After four weeks 3 of them could histologically be ascertained as papillary carcinomas. Cytological investigations of the urine are suited for the early recognition of tumours of the urinary bladder, but also for the period between operation and radiotherapy as well as in the dispensary care."}
{"id": "PMID:899306", "title": "[Priapism--clinical aspects and treatment].", "content": "After references to definition, anatomic and physiologic foundations the author deals with the pathology of priapism. A clinical systematization of the diseases occurring together with priapism according to causal points of view is no more worth being advocated. It is completely unclarified to which extent the disease actually participates in priapism. After the description of the possibilities of a conservative medical treatment to the heparin and fibrinolysis therapy it is referred to the importance of the continuous drainage of the corpora cavernosa after Grayhack and Quackels. It is reported on two patients operated according to Grayhack. Results of surgical therapy reported in publications of the last time refer to an essential improvement of the prognosis of priapism.", "contents": "[Priapism--clinical aspects and treatment]. After references to definition, anatomic and physiologic foundations the author deals with the pathology of priapism. A clinical systematization of the diseases occurring together with priapism according to causal points of view is no more worth being advocated. It is completely unclarified to which extent the disease actually participates in priapism. After the description of the possibilities of a conservative medical treatment to the heparin and fibrinolysis therapy it is referred to the importance of the continuous drainage of the corpora cavernosa after Grayhack and Quackels. It is reported on two patients operated according to Grayhack. Results of surgical therapy reported in publications of the last time refer to an essential improvement of the prognosis of priapism."}
{"id": "PMID:899300", "title": "[Mode of action of D-penicillamine on collagen metabolism].", "content": "The effect of D-penicillamine, given for 14 days in doses of 100 mg/kg and 225 mg/kg, upon the collagen metabolism of skin and bone tissues was studied in rats. The smaller dosage of D-penicillamine did not effect the collagen synthesis in skin or bone. When the higher dosage was used, however, an increase of collagen synthesis was observed in bone marrow. Simultaneously there was a higher rate of bone collagen degradation.", "contents": "[Mode of action of D-penicillamine on collagen metabolism]. The effect of D-penicillamine, given for 14 days in doses of 100 mg/kg and 225 mg/kg, upon the collagen metabolism of skin and bone tissues was studied in rats. The smaller dosage of D-penicillamine did not effect the collagen synthesis in skin or bone. When the higher dosage was used, however, an increase of collagen synthesis was observed in bone marrow. Simultaneously there was a higher rate of bone collagen degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:899298", "title": "[Roentgenologic determination of degenerative joint diseases in a new animal experiment arthrosis model].", "content": "Our previous experiments have shown that intraarticular injections of sodium iodoacetate or phenylbutazone into the knee joint of animals (hens) induce degeneration of the articular tissues. This method proved to be a useful model for experimental osteoarthrosis. After autopsy degenerative processes in the joint can be evaluated by macroscopical, histological and biochemical techniques, and show good correlations with osteoarthrosis in humans. To study the onset and progress of experimentally induced osteoarthrosis in living animals we developed a new X-ray method using special mammography-film (Kodak Definix Medical). By this technique also changes of the joint space can be measured quantitatively. Comparison between the degenerative lesions of cartilage as seen macroscopically during autopsy and the data obtained from the living animal by X-ray techniques show excellent correlations. By using X-ray mammography film in our studies of experimental model it is possible to observe the pathological alterations of the knee joint of the living animals and to investigate the effect of pharmacologically active compounds for the treatment of osteoarthrosis.", "contents": "[Roentgenologic determination of degenerative joint diseases in a new animal experiment arthrosis model]. Our previous experiments have shown that intraarticular injections of sodium iodoacetate or phenylbutazone into the knee joint of animals (hens) induce degeneration of the articular tissues. This method proved to be a useful model for experimental osteoarthrosis. After autopsy degenerative processes in the joint can be evaluated by macroscopical, histological and biochemical techniques, and show good correlations with osteoarthrosis in humans. To study the onset and progress of experimentally induced osteoarthrosis in living animals we developed a new X-ray method using special mammography-film (Kodak Definix Medical). By this technique also changes of the joint space can be measured quantitatively. Comparison between the degenerative lesions of cartilage as seen macroscopically during autopsy and the data obtained from the living animal by X-ray techniques show excellent correlations. By using X-ray mammography film in our studies of experimental model it is possible to observe the pathological alterations of the knee joint of the living animals and to investigate the effect of pharmacologically active compounds for the treatment of osteoarthrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:899307", "title": "[Use of Sulprim in ambulatory urology--experiences and results].", "content": "104 patients, according to the character of the diseases subdivided into 2 groups, were treated with Sulprim. Secondary infections of the efferent urinary passage are particularly taken into consideration. Apart from the antibiogram also clinical state, findings of the sediment and references to literature are regarded as criteria for the use of medicaments. The therapeutic success is judged considering the asepsis, the findings of the sediment and the improvement of the subjective condition. Several selected groups of disease show that the application of the medicament must be aimed and must be done critically. Side effects are described.", "contents": "[Use of Sulprim in ambulatory urology--experiences and results]. 104 patients, according to the character of the diseases subdivided into 2 groups, were treated with Sulprim. Secondary infections of the efferent urinary passage are particularly taken into consideration. Apart from the antibiogram also clinical state, findings of the sediment and references to literature are regarded as criteria for the use of medicaments. The therapeutic success is judged considering the asepsis, the findings of the sediment and the improvement of the subjective condition. Several selected groups of disease show that the application of the medicament must be aimed and must be done critically. Side effects are described."}
{"id": "PMID:899309", "title": "[Kidney circulation in chronic parenchyma diseases and in kidney insufficiency].", "content": "In 38 patients with glomerulo- (20 patients) and pyelonephritis the renal blood flow was measured with radioxenon. Despite normal creatinine clearance in chronic diseases the blood flow is already reduced. The correlation to the creatinine clearance is loose. In glomerulonephritis above all a reduction of the blood flow of the cortex appears, in pyelonephritis the participation of the cortex is reduced. Correlations of blood circulation and blood pressure are to be found in no stage of the disease. Concerning the renal insufficienzy there does not exist a disease-specific pattern of blood flow. In renal insufficiency the diuresis is independent of blood flow.", "contents": "[Kidney circulation in chronic parenchyma diseases and in kidney insufficiency]. In 38 patients with glomerulo- (20 patients) and pyelonephritis the renal blood flow was measured with radioxenon. Despite normal creatinine clearance in chronic diseases the blood flow is already reduced. The correlation to the creatinine clearance is loose. In glomerulonephritis above all a reduction of the blood flow of the cortex appears, in pyelonephritis the participation of the cortex is reduced. Correlations of blood circulation and blood pressure are to be found in no stage of the disease. Concerning the renal insufficienzy there does not exist a disease-specific pattern of blood flow. In renal insufficiency the diuresis is independent of blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:899310", "title": "[Highly effective short-term dialysis with two parallel-connected capillary dialysators type C-DAK4. 2. Clinical parameter, subjective symptoms and performance control of patients compared to conventional dialyses].", "content": "8 male patients with chronic dialysis (5 of them with binephrectomy) were thrice a week dialysed in 2 groups alternately 2 months conventionally for 6 hours with a capillary dialysator C-DAK mod. 4 and 2 months for 3 hours with 2 parallel connected C-DAK 4. In a constant square metre-hour-product (23.4 m2h/week), homogeneous criteria of treatment and, as a rule, four times repeated use of the C-DAK 4 clinical parameters, subjective complaints and efficiency of the same patients were compared.", "contents": "[Highly effective short-term dialysis with two parallel-connected capillary dialysators type C-DAK4. 2. Clinical parameter, subjective symptoms and performance control of patients compared to conventional dialyses]. 8 male patients with chronic dialysis (5 of them with binephrectomy) were thrice a week dialysed in 2 groups alternately 2 months conventionally for 6 hours with a capillary dialysator C-DAK mod. 4 and 2 months for 3 hours with 2 parallel connected C-DAK 4. In a constant square metre-hour-product (23.4 m2h/week), homogeneous criteria of treatment and, as a rule, four times repeated use of the C-DAK 4 clinical parameters, subjective complaints and efficiency of the same patients were compared."}
{"id": "PMID:899311", "title": "[Comparison of repeated use of capillary dialysators model C-DAK 4 and C-DAK 5].", "content": "18 dialysators C-DAK 5 and 4 each were again used in the same patients with chronic dialysis under the same conditions of dialysis and regeneration (short-acting dialyses of more than 3.5 h with 1 C-DAK 5 or 2 parallel acting C-DAK 4, respectively). A volume of the blood compartment of more than 70% of the initial value was regarded as criterion for the further usability. Thus, model 5 could be used on an average 3.7 times, model 4, however, 6.3 times (p less than 0.0001). Already at the end of the 3rd use in model 5 the capillary volume decreased below 63%, in model 4 only below 88%. The volumetrically determined ultrafiltration showed a decrease parallel to the volume of the blood compartment -- with the same differences between the two models of the C-DAK. In model 15 the effectiveness concerning the elimination of creatinine and urea clearly decreased after the 2nd use, whereas it did not reveal a change also in an application four times repeated. The larger coagulation processes in a more than once repeated use of the C-DAK 5 -- with adequate losses of blood -- are explained with the large length of the capillary and the other distribution of blood with regard to the cross section of the capillary. Summarizing we can say that in chronic routine dialyses -- without testing the individual exemplars -- model 5 of the C-DAK can be used twice, model 4, however, four times.", "contents": "[Comparison of repeated use of capillary dialysators model C-DAK 4 and C-DAK 5]. 18 dialysators C-DAK 5 and 4 each were again used in the same patients with chronic dialysis under the same conditions of dialysis and regeneration (short-acting dialyses of more than 3.5 h with 1 C-DAK 5 or 2 parallel acting C-DAK 4, respectively). A volume of the blood compartment of more than 70% of the initial value was regarded as criterion for the further usability. Thus, model 5 could be used on an average 3.7 times, model 4, however, 6.3 times (p less than 0.0001). Already at the end of the 3rd use in model 5 the capillary volume decreased below 63%, in model 4 only below 88%. The volumetrically determined ultrafiltration showed a decrease parallel to the volume of the blood compartment -- with the same differences between the two models of the C-DAK. In model 15 the effectiveness concerning the elimination of creatinine and urea clearly decreased after the 2nd use, whereas it did not reveal a change also in an application four times repeated. The larger coagulation processes in a more than once repeated use of the C-DAK 5 -- with adequate losses of blood -- are explained with the large length of the capillary and the other distribution of blood with regard to the cross section of the capillary. Summarizing we can say that in chronic routine dialyses -- without testing the individual exemplars -- model 5 of the C-DAK can be used twice, model 4, however, four times."}
{"id": "PMID:899312", "title": "[Effect of nutrition on composition of calculi in the animal experiment. III. Cation exchangers, anthraquinones, diphosphates, methylene blue].", "content": "Medicamenty and compounds used in the metaphylaxis of urinary calculi were tested on an animal model for objectifying the effect. Kation changers, anthrachinones, diphosphates, and methylene blue were used.", "contents": "[Effect of nutrition on composition of calculi in the animal experiment. III. Cation exchangers, anthraquinones, diphosphates, methylene blue]. Medicamenty and compounds used in the metaphylaxis of urinary calculi were tested on an animal model for objectifying the effect. Kation changers, anthrachinones, diphosphates, and methylene blue were used."}
{"id": "PMID:899314", "title": "[Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction in autopsy cases. VII. Communication: Complications in myocardial infarctions (author's transl)].", "content": "2393 cases of myocardial infarctions autopsied during the period from 1.1. 1951 until 31. 12. 1969 in our Institute were scored for aneurysm and rupture of the cardiac wall as well as for partietal thrombosis and endocardial fibrosis, and analysed concerning frequency and distribution of sex. Aneurysm of the ventricle walls was present in 23.94 per cent of myocardial infarctions. Most of the aneurysms were found in the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Callous infarctions showed more aneurysms than fresh myocardial lesions. A rupture was present in 31.82 per cent of acute aneurysms and in 4.53 per cent of old aneurysms. Parietal thromboses we found in 13.92 per cent of all infarctions. In 14.21 per cent of all myocardial infarctions endocardial fibroses were present. Parietal thromboses and endocardial fibroses were significantly most frequent in infarctions of the right ventricle.", "contents": "[Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction in autopsy cases. VII. Communication: Complications in myocardial infarctions (author's transl)]. 2393 cases of myocardial infarctions autopsied during the period from 1.1. 1951 until 31. 12. 1969 in our Institute were scored for aneurysm and rupture of the cardiac wall as well as for partietal thrombosis and endocardial fibrosis, and analysed concerning frequency and distribution of sex. Aneurysm of the ventricle walls was present in 23.94 per cent of myocardial infarctions. Most of the aneurysms were found in the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Callous infarctions showed more aneurysms than fresh myocardial lesions. A rupture was present in 31.82 per cent of acute aneurysms and in 4.53 per cent of old aneurysms. Parietal thromboses we found in 13.92 per cent of all infarctions. In 14.21 per cent of all myocardial infarctions endocardial fibroses were present. Parietal thromboses and endocardial fibroses were significantly most frequent in infarctions of the right ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:899315", "title": "[Biopsy findings of liver parenchyma in presence of metastasis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 107 liver biopsies with metastatic tumor infiltration morphological changes of liver tissue are demonstrated. Observance of these lesions yields particular directions especially for pathologists, with regard to handling and interpretation of biopsy material. The knowledge of these changes is of interest because unperceived metastatic lesions of the liver are relatively common.", "contents": "[Biopsy findings of liver parenchyma in presence of metastasis (author's transl)]. In 107 liver biopsies with metastatic tumor infiltration morphological changes of liver tissue are demonstrated. Observance of these lesions yields particular directions especially for pathologists, with regard to handling and interpretation of biopsy material. The knowledge of these changes is of interest because unperceived metastatic lesions of the liver are relatively common."}
{"id": "PMID:899316", "title": "[Primary fibrosarcoma of the right atrium (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a primary fibrosarcoma of the heart from a 32 year old man is reported. The site of origin of the tumor was the right atrium, and death was caused by cardiac tamponade. Metastatic foci were not present.", "contents": "[Primary fibrosarcoma of the right atrium (author's transl)]. A case of a primary fibrosarcoma of the heart from a 32 year old man is reported. The site of origin of the tumor was the right atrium, and death was caused by cardiac tamponade. Metastatic foci were not present."}
{"id": "PMID:899317", "title": "[Ultrastructural results in liver biopsies of patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Electron microscopic investigations were performed on liver biopsies of 24 patients with endogenous hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) of the types IIa--V, classified by lipid- and lipoprotein-fractions, as to Frederickson et al. (4), as well as on biopsy specimens of 6 control persons without histological alterations, and on 7 biopsies with staetosis hepatis. In type IIa we found a typical proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a slight alteration of the mitochondria. Types IIb--V are characterized by increasing fatty degeneration of the liver cells as well as by quantitative and qualitative alteration of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi areas. Giant mitochondria, organelles with atypical membrane structures and paracrystalline matrix inclusions occur more frequently, especially in patients with additional diabetes mellitus. There are scarcely differences between steatosis hepatis without HLP and steatosis with combined HLP, resp., except the more distinct alterations of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi areas in the latter. The morphological changes are especially restricted to those liver cell structures, involved in the metabolic disregulation.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural results in liver biopsies of patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia (author's transl)]. Electron microscopic investigations were performed on liver biopsies of 24 patients with endogenous hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) of the types IIa--V, classified by lipid- and lipoprotein-fractions, as to Frederickson et al. (4), as well as on biopsy specimens of 6 control persons without histological alterations, and on 7 biopsies with staetosis hepatis. In type IIa we found a typical proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a slight alteration of the mitochondria. Types IIb--V are characterized by increasing fatty degeneration of the liver cells as well as by quantitative and qualitative alteration of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi areas. Giant mitochondria, organelles with atypical membrane structures and paracrystalline matrix inclusions occur more frequently, especially in patients with additional diabetes mellitus. There are scarcely differences between steatosis hepatis without HLP and steatosis with combined HLP, resp., except the more distinct alterations of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi areas in the latter. The morphological changes are especially restricted to those liver cell structures, involved in the metabolic disregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:899318", "title": "[Endocarditis parietalis fibroblastica (L\u00f6ffler) combined with osteomyelofibrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "An autopsy case with coincidence of endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica (L\u00f6ffler) and osteomyelefibrosis is described. The osteomyelofibrosis in this case is considered as a complication of L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and therefore as a secondary event. The case demonstrates a possible development of the osteomyelofibrosis by allergo-toxic damage of bone marrow or in consequence of arteriitic circulation disturbances. Our findings speak against the exclusively tumourous or leucotic nature of this process.", "contents": "[Endocarditis parietalis fibroblastica (L\u00f6ffler) combined with osteomyelofibrosis (author's transl)]. An autopsy case with coincidence of endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica (L\u00f6ffler) and osteomyelefibrosis is described. The osteomyelofibrosis in this case is considered as a complication of L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and therefore as a secondary event. The case demonstrates a possible development of the osteomyelofibrosis by allergo-toxic damage of bone marrow or in consequence of arteriitic circulation disturbances. Our findings speak against the exclusively tumourous or leucotic nature of this process."}
{"id": "PMID:899319", "title": "[Pathologc findings in megakaryocytic myelosis (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1969--1975 patients with predominantly megakaryocytic myelosis were observed. Diagnosis was made up after histologic examination of iliac crest bone biopsy specimens embedded in methacrylate. From 6 patients rebiopsies and from further eleven ones the removed spleens were available. Autopsy was performed in 12 cases. In our material predominantly megakaryocytic myelosis was especially observed in male patients of advanced ages. The course of the disease was rarely acute, most often chronic and associated with the development of an extreme splenomegaly. Transition into osteomyelofibrosis or osteomyelosclerosis was frequent, the latter condition tended to develop a so-called myelosarcoma. The cause of death often was a generalized hemorrhagic diathesis with gastrointestinal hemorrhage or an fatal infection.", "contents": "[Pathologc findings in megakaryocytic myelosis (author's transl)]. From 1969--1975 patients with predominantly megakaryocytic myelosis were observed. Diagnosis was made up after histologic examination of iliac crest bone biopsy specimens embedded in methacrylate. From 6 patients rebiopsies and from further eleven ones the removed spleens were available. Autopsy was performed in 12 cases. In our material predominantly megakaryocytic myelosis was especially observed in male patients of advanced ages. The course of the disease was rarely acute, most often chronic and associated with the development of an extreme splenomegaly. Transition into osteomyelofibrosis or osteomyelosclerosis was frequent, the latter condition tended to develop a so-called myelosarcoma. The cause of death often was a generalized hemorrhagic diathesis with gastrointestinal hemorrhage or an fatal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:899323", "title": "[Pathophysiology after resections of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "Measures of preventing postoperative lung atelectasis are discussed. The importance of total pre-operative smoking prohibition is stressed. Formula for pre-operative prediction of postoperative ventilation and pulmonary artery pressure are presented. Lung distention is not to be compared to lung emphysema. Lung distention may even improve ventilation as well as circulation of the remaining lung tissue.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology after resections of the lung (author's transl)]. Measures of preventing postoperative lung atelectasis are discussed. The importance of total pre-operative smoking prohibition is stressed. Formula for pre-operative prediction of postoperative ventilation and pulmonary artery pressure are presented. Lung distention is not to be compared to lung emphysema. Lung distention may even improve ventilation as well as circulation of the remaining lung tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:899324", "title": "[Haemodynamic and respiratory changes after lung resection (author's transl)].", "content": "After lobectomy a slight increase of pulmonary arterial pressure can already be observed in the state of rest. The resistance of the pulmonary vessels reveals a marked dependance on the date of operation, it increases moderately on strain, but more significantly in the state of rest. At the same time cardiac output is decreased due to the exhaustion of the myocard after straining. Cardiac insufficiency developing postoperatively is due to the reduction of pulmonary hypertension. The reduction of VC and a slight increase of resistance do not cause the arterial PO2 pressure to be lowered under conditions of strain or rest.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic and respiratory changes after lung resection (author's transl)]. After lobectomy a slight increase of pulmonary arterial pressure can already be observed in the state of rest. The resistance of the pulmonary vessels reveals a marked dependance on the date of operation, it increases moderately on strain, but more significantly in the state of rest. At the same time cardiac output is decreased due to the exhaustion of the myocard after straining. Cardiac insufficiency developing postoperatively is due to the reduction of pulmonary hypertension. The reduction of VC and a slight increase of resistance do not cause the arterial PO2 pressure to be lowered under conditions of strain or rest."}
{"id": "PMID:899325", "title": "[Cardiopulmonary insufficiency after lungresections (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 1248 patients with lung resections (1964 to 1974) 76 developed cardiorespiratory failure and had to be managed by PEEP respirator care. Only 18 (23%) survived. These cases were thoroughly analyzed, and a formula was derived. By using ventilatory function, blood gas values, age, ECG it permits to evaluate the probability of cardiorespiratory failure in case of pulmectomy or lobectomy respectively. This evaluation was found to be correct in 99% of the cases.", "contents": "[Cardiopulmonary insufficiency after lungresections (author's transl)]. Among 1248 patients with lung resections (1964 to 1974) 76 developed cardiorespiratory failure and had to be managed by PEEP respirator care. Only 18 (23%) survived. These cases were thoroughly analyzed, and a formula was derived. By using ventilatory function, blood gas values, age, ECG it permits to evaluate the probability of cardiorespiratory failure in case of pulmectomy or lobectomy respectively. This evaluation was found to be correct in 99% of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:899326", "title": "[Anaestesiologic problems after lung surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Important complications after lung surgery are alveolar hypoventilation and post-operative haemorrhage. Measures to prevent the first are intermittent PEEP-aerosol respiration and thorough bronchial toilet. The diagnosis and management of postoperative haemorrhage are outlined. Cardiorepiratory failures may be prevented in most cases.", "contents": "[Anaestesiologic problems after lung surgery (author's transl)]. Important complications after lung surgery are alveolar hypoventilation and post-operative haemorrhage. Measures to prevent the first are intermittent PEEP-aerosol respiration and thorough bronchial toilet. The diagnosis and management of postoperative haemorrhage are outlined. Cardiorepiratory failures may be prevented in most cases."}
{"id": "PMID:899327", "title": "[Physiotherapy after lung resection (author's transl)].", "content": "Physiotherapy for lung resection begins well before the operation and should serve to improve the respiratory function and to prevent complications. The whole training programme should be carried out in an automated manner, this is especially important for the time immediately after the operation. Postoperative physiotherapy aimsat thorough cleaning of the bronchi, adaption of the ventilation, good peripheral circulation and helps to diminish would pain. In a later period physiotherapy should help to rehabilitate the patient's external respiratory function to train the respiratory stereotype and to improve cardiopulmonary effiency.", "contents": "[Physiotherapy after lung resection (author's transl)]. Physiotherapy for lung resection begins well before the operation and should serve to improve the respiratory function and to prevent complications. The whole training programme should be carried out in an automated manner, this is especially important for the time immediately after the operation. Postoperative physiotherapy aimsat thorough cleaning of the bronchi, adaption of the ventilation, good peripheral circulation and helps to diminish would pain. In a later period physiotherapy should help to rehabilitate the patient's external respiratory function to train the respiratory stereotype and to improve cardiopulmonary effiency."}
{"id": "PMID:899328", "title": "[Indication of tracheotomy after lung resection (author's transl)].", "content": "Today tracheotomy is not often performed after resction of the lung. This is caused by better postoperative care and also by the well known complications following tracheostomy. Indications for tracheostomy are as follows: 1. The necessity for long term ventilation.--2. The necessity to perform bronchus-toilet in short intervals in patients unable to cough.--3. In patients with respiratory insufficiency after pneumonia or other reasons.", "contents": "[Indication of tracheotomy after lung resection (author's transl)]. Today tracheotomy is not often performed after resction of the lung. This is caused by better postoperative care and also by the well known complications following tracheostomy. Indications for tracheostomy are as follows: 1. The necessity for long term ventilation.--2. The necessity to perform bronchus-toilet in short intervals in patients unable to cough.--3. In patients with respiratory insufficiency after pneumonia or other reasons."}
{"id": "PMID:899329", "title": "[Postoperative treatment after lung resection in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "177 lung cancer patients over 70 years old treated during the period from 1961 to 1975 were analyzed and evaluated for surgical resection. 109 cases were lobectomies, 39 nontypical resections and 29 were pneumonectomies. The postoperative mortality was 6.2%. Our concept of surgical treatment for patients with lung cancer over 70 years of age is as follows: Avoid pneumonectomy, prefer lobectomy or non-typical resection. The five years survival rate among 77 elderly patients amounted to 35%.", "contents": "[Postoperative treatment after lung resection in old age (author's transl)]. 177 lung cancer patients over 70 years old treated during the period from 1961 to 1975 were analyzed and evaluated for surgical resection. 109 cases were lobectomies, 39 nontypical resections and 29 were pneumonectomies. The postoperative mortality was 6.2%. Our concept of surgical treatment for patients with lung cancer over 70 years of age is as follows: Avoid pneumonectomy, prefer lobectomy or non-typical resection. The five years survival rate among 77 elderly patients amounted to 35%."}
{"id": "PMID:899330", "title": "[Postoperative abdominal complications after thoracic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1964 to 1974 2940 patients underwent chest operations. 15 cases with abdominal complications among them are analyzed. 10 patients had bleeding gastric or duodenal ulcers with a high mortality rate. Postoperative gastric distention was one of the most important causes. A gastric tube should be introduced whenever such a complication is likely to occur.", "contents": "[Postoperative abdominal complications after thoracic surgery (author's transl)]. Between 1964 to 1974 2940 patients underwent chest operations. 15 cases with abdominal complications among them are analyzed. 10 patients had bleeding gastric or duodenal ulcers with a high mortality rate. Postoperative gastric distention was one of the most important causes. A gastric tube should be introduced whenever such a complication is likely to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:899331", "title": "[Prevention of complications after lung resection (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences with prophylaxis of postoperative complications in 1179 lung resections (1960 to 1974) are discussed. Preoperatively exercises in breathing, inhalations with mucolytic and proteolytic drugs, in some cases therapeutic bronchosopy are used. An atraumatic thoracotomy with minimal cutting of muscles is preferred. In the postoperative course early mobilization of the patients and substitution of large amounts of fluid are used. The number of postoperative complications was reduced from 15,2% (1960 to 1966) to 2,6% (1971 to 1974). Artificial respiration or postoperative therapeutic bronchoscopy were not necessary during the last 6 years.", "contents": "[Prevention of complications after lung resection (author's transl)]. Experiences with prophylaxis of postoperative complications in 1179 lung resections (1960 to 1974) are discussed. Preoperatively exercises in breathing, inhalations with mucolytic and proteolytic drugs, in some cases therapeutic bronchosopy are used. An atraumatic thoracotomy with minimal cutting of muscles is preferred. In the postoperative course early mobilization of the patients and substitution of large amounts of fluid are used. The number of postoperative complications was reduced from 15,2% (1960 to 1966) to 2,6% (1971 to 1974). Artificial respiration or postoperative therapeutic bronchoscopy were not necessary during the last 6 years."}
{"id": "PMID:899333", "title": "[Problems of postoperative respiratory insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperatively patients are particularly endangered by the development of respiratory failure. All parts of the gas-exchange between the atmospharic air and the metabolizing cell are to be considered as a unit. The increase of dead-volume-respiration and intrapulmonary shunting is of great importance for the development of arterial hypoxaemia. Early diagnosis of impaired gas-exchange and an adequate treatment are emphasized. CPAP and intermittent mandatory ventilation are therapeutic methods, well approved in clinical practice.", "contents": "[Problems of postoperative respiratory insufficiency (author's transl)]. Postoperatively patients are particularly endangered by the development of respiratory failure. All parts of the gas-exchange between the atmospharic air and the metabolizing cell are to be considered as a unit. The increase of dead-volume-respiration and intrapulmonary shunting is of great importance for the development of arterial hypoxaemia. Early diagnosis of impaired gas-exchange and an adequate treatment are emphasized. CPAP and intermittent mandatory ventilation are therapeutic methods, well approved in clinical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:899334", "title": "[Postoperative complications following pulmonary surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperative complications occurring in a series of 177 patients undergoing lung surgery are discussed in detail according to their pathogenesis. In all, 68 serious complications were observed in 54 patients (30.5 per cent). 9 patients died as a result of these complications (letality rate of 5.1 per cent).", "contents": "[Postoperative complications following pulmonary surgery (author's transl)]. Postoperative complications occurring in a series of 177 patients undergoing lung surgery are discussed in detail according to their pathogenesis. In all, 68 serious complications were observed in 54 patients (30.5 per cent). 9 patients died as a result of these complications (letality rate of 5.1 per cent)."}
{"id": "PMID:899335", "title": "[Bronchial insufficiency after lung resection (author's transl)].", "content": "A fistula of the bronchus developed in 48 (3.3%) of 1466 patients with lung resection for non-tuberculous disease operated between 1948 and 1974. Only 1 (0.55%) of the 181 patients operated between 1972 and 1974 developed a fistula. In this last series we used atraumatic needles only and handled the bronchial stump with utmost care. The stumps were always covered with good vascularized tissue. Antibiotics were instilled in the pleural cavity.", "contents": "[Bronchial insufficiency after lung resection (author's transl)]. A fistula of the bronchus developed in 48 (3.3%) of 1466 patients with lung resection for non-tuberculous disease operated between 1948 and 1974. Only 1 (0.55%) of the 181 patients operated between 1972 and 1974 developed a fistula. In this last series we used atraumatic needles only and handled the bronchial stump with utmost care. The stumps were always covered with good vascularized tissue. Antibiotics were instilled in the pleural cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:899336", "title": "[Bleeding complications after lung surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Bleeding complications after lung resection are mostly due to surgical causes, seldom to coagulation disorders. Own experiences in 8 cases (= 0,59% of all lung operations) are reported. The early rethoracotomy prevents additional coagulation disorders which may arise following large infusions of plasmaexpanders and blood. An analytical program for quick detection of coagulation disorders is given. Treatment of consumption coagulopathy and hyperfibrinolysis is discussed.", "contents": "[Bleeding complications after lung surgery (author's transl)]. Bleeding complications after lung resection are mostly due to surgical causes, seldom to coagulation disorders. Own experiences in 8 cases (= 0,59% of all lung operations) are reported. The early rethoracotomy prevents additional coagulation disorders which may arise following large infusions of plasmaexpanders and blood. An analytical program for quick detection of coagulation disorders is given. Treatment of consumption coagulopathy and hyperfibrinolysis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899337", "title": "[Early rethoracotomy after lung resection (author's transl)].", "content": "Certain complications after lung resection require rethoracotomy. In such cases it should be done soon to prevent more damage that may be difficult to manage later. The patient tolerates the operation better and recovers more rapidly. Often it is difficult to recognize complications, so it is important to supervise the patient carefully and to interpret all observations correctly. The indication for rethoracotomy among our patients is discussed.", "contents": "[Early rethoracotomy after lung resection (author's transl)]. Certain complications after lung resection require rethoracotomy. In such cases it should be done soon to prevent more damage that may be difficult to manage later. The patient tolerates the operation better and recovers more rapidly. Often it is difficult to recognize complications, so it is important to supervise the patient carefully and to interpret all observations correctly. The indication for rethoracotomy among our patients is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899338", "title": "[Atrial myxomas of the heart; diagnosis, therapy and morphology (author's transl)].", "content": "Atrial myxomas imitate several other clinical entities. The intravital diagnosis may still appear as a surprise. Myxomas can present themselves in 2 ways: by obstruction of intracardiac blood flow and by embolization. Early diagnosis should be established by utilizing angiography. Immediate resection under total cardiopulmonary bypass should be performed before catastrophic complications occur.", "contents": "[Atrial myxomas of the heart; diagnosis, therapy and morphology (author's transl)]. Atrial myxomas imitate several other clinical entities. The intravital diagnosis may still appear as a surprise. Myxomas can present themselves in 2 ways: by obstruction of intracardiac blood flow and by embolization. Early diagnosis should be established by utilizing angiography. Immediate resection under total cardiopulmonary bypass should be performed before catastrophic complications occur."}
{"id": "PMID:899341", "title": "[Further electron microscopy studies on early development of endocervical epithelium in human fetuses].", "content": "Electron microscopical investigations of the cylindrical epithelium of the human cervix uteri demonstrate in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells tubular precoursers of secretory granules which become granular during the differentiation process of the epithelium. In the seventh fetal month mucous granules occasionally show a confluence. In the eights fetal month, typical cuboidal reserve cells are detected near the basis of the epithelium between the secretory cells and the ciliar cells. Under maximal increase of the rough endoplasmatical reticulum the production of secretory granules proceeds. By mitosis a functional adaptation of the epithelium to the growth of the cervical canal is achieved. The differentiation of the endocervical epithelium is nearly finished in the middle of the ninth month. At this time, merocrine extrusion processes become evident.", "contents": "[Further electron microscopy studies on early development of endocervical epithelium in human fetuses]. Electron microscopical investigations of the cylindrical epithelium of the human cervix uteri demonstrate in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells tubular precoursers of secretory granules which become granular during the differentiation process of the epithelium. In the seventh fetal month mucous granules occasionally show a confluence. In the eights fetal month, typical cuboidal reserve cells are detected near the basis of the epithelium between the secretory cells and the ciliar cells. Under maximal increase of the rough endoplasmatical reticulum the production of secretory granules proceeds. By mitosis a functional adaptation of the epithelium to the growth of the cervical canal is achieved. The differentiation of the endocervical epithelium is nearly finished in the middle of the ninth month. At this time, merocrine extrusion processes become evident."}
{"id": "PMID:899342", "title": "[Cardiorespirography in normal and hypoxic children].", "content": "10 physiological and 16 pathological--mostly premature--newborn were investigated by means of cardiorespirography. For heart frequency records of physiological newborn the undulatory zone (by disturbance or waking) and the narrowed undulatory zone (by sleeping) were typical, while in pathological newborn the silent zone predominated. In physiological newborn the respiratory curves type I and type III were typical; in the pathological ones types II, IV und V were most frequent. No correlation was found between pathologocial findings on cardiorespirograms and the clinical diagnosis. Nevertheless, oscilatory types of curves correlate well with pH values of blood.", "contents": "[Cardiorespirography in normal and hypoxic children]. 10 physiological and 16 pathological--mostly premature--newborn were investigated by means of cardiorespirography. For heart frequency records of physiological newborn the undulatory zone (by disturbance or waking) and the narrowed undulatory zone (by sleeping) were typical, while in pathological newborn the silent zone predominated. In physiological newborn the respiratory curves type I and type III were typical; in the pathological ones types II, IV und V were most frequent. No correlation was found between pathologocial findings on cardiorespirograms and the clinical diagnosis. Nevertheless, oscilatory types of curves correlate well with pH values of blood."}
{"id": "PMID:899343", "title": "[Multi-channel-monitor for registration of fetal heart sounds (WMTSP-2)].", "content": "A multicanal-monitor for the registration of fetal heart beats (WMTSP-2) is described. The method based on the Doppler-principal. The advantages and disadvantages are discussed.", "contents": "[Multi-channel-monitor for registration of fetal heart sounds (WMTSP-2)]. A multicanal-monitor for the registration of fetal heart beats (WMTSP-2) is described. The method based on the Doppler-principal. The advantages and disadvantages are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899344", "title": "[Postnatal monitoring of the newborn infant using cardiotachography. 1. Normal cardiotachogram in the newborn].", "content": "Cardiotachograms in a group of 30 vigorous newborns have permitted the study of the typical signs of the regulatory mechanism of neonatal circulation during the first minutes of life. Immediately after birth neonatal heart rate rise to a peak heart rate of 177 bpm at the age of two minutes. Thereupon neonatal heart rate falls gradually and reaches a stabil level in the 13. minute after delivery. In the phase of gradually fall in neonatal heart rate many brief episodes of cardiac deceleration (\"spikes\") were observed.", "contents": "[Postnatal monitoring of the newborn infant using cardiotachography. 1. Normal cardiotachogram in the newborn]. Cardiotachograms in a group of 30 vigorous newborns have permitted the study of the typical signs of the regulatory mechanism of neonatal circulation during the first minutes of life. Immediately after birth neonatal heart rate rise to a peak heart rate of 177 bpm at the age of two minutes. Thereupon neonatal heart rate falls gradually and reaches a stabil level in the 13. minute after delivery. In the phase of gradually fall in neonatal heart rate many brief episodes of cardiac deceleration (\"spikes\") were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:899345", "title": "[Prevention of respiratory distress syndrome prior to delivery using steroids].", "content": "Dexamethason in a total dose of 15 mg was given in 125 cases of premature labour 48 hours before delivery to prevent the development of respiration distress syndrome. Clinically, the incidence of RDS was 14,5% (18 cases) in the treated group, while in the control group it was 27,7% (32 cases out of 119). Owing to RDS two prematures died in the treated group, and 14 in the control one. Steroid prophylaxis was applied prenatally with 69 pregnant women at term who were predisposed to give birth to infants developing RDS (retardation, diabetes mellitus, elective section caesareas, etc.). Five neonates developed RDS and one died of hyaline membrane disease. The authors studied the effect of steroids on carbohydrate metabolism and total oestrogen excretion in the urine. From profile examinations of blood sugar it was concluded that no pathological alterations take place in maternal carbohydrate metabolism due to intravenous or intermittent prolonged administration of Dexamethason. After one single large dose (15 mg) of Dexamethason a reduction of 30-40% was noted in total oestrogen excretion. Return to the initial value was noted on the 11th-12th day. No appreciable changes were observed with prolonged intermittently given Dexamethason. On the basis of their observations the authors consider that steroid therapy applied during labour is efficient in preventing neonatal RDS.", "contents": "[Prevention of respiratory distress syndrome prior to delivery using steroids]. Dexamethason in a total dose of 15 mg was given in 125 cases of premature labour 48 hours before delivery to prevent the development of respiration distress syndrome. Clinically, the incidence of RDS was 14,5% (18 cases) in the treated group, while in the control group it was 27,7% (32 cases out of 119). Owing to RDS two prematures died in the treated group, and 14 in the control one. Steroid prophylaxis was applied prenatally with 69 pregnant women at term who were predisposed to give birth to infants developing RDS (retardation, diabetes mellitus, elective section caesareas, etc.). Five neonates developed RDS and one died of hyaline membrane disease. The authors studied the effect of steroids on carbohydrate metabolism and total oestrogen excretion in the urine. From profile examinations of blood sugar it was concluded that no pathological alterations take place in maternal carbohydrate metabolism due to intravenous or intermittent prolonged administration of Dexamethason. After one single large dose (15 mg) of Dexamethason a reduction of 30-40% was noted in total oestrogen excretion. Return to the initial value was noted on the 11th-12th day. No appreciable changes were observed with prolonged intermittently given Dexamethason. On the basis of their observations the authors consider that steroid therapy applied during labour is efficient in preventing neonatal RDS."}
{"id": "PMID:899346", "title": "[Considerations regarding two cases of macromastia (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of macromastia have been shown; one which appeared during puberty, the other during menopause. Histopathological examination has demonstrated for the both cases a cystic degeneracy of the glandular tissue with a hyperplazia and hypertrophy of the conjunctive tissue. The pathogeny of macromastia is being discussed and it is demonstrated both the role of hypophysis hormones (prolactine and growth hormone) and of ovarian hormones (estrogens). The treatment was surgical for the both cases.", "contents": "[Considerations regarding two cases of macromastia (author's transl)]. Two cases of macromastia have been shown; one which appeared during puberty, the other during menopause. Histopathological examination has demonstrated for the both cases a cystic degeneracy of the glandular tissue with a hyperplazia and hypertrophy of the conjunctive tissue. The pathogeny of macromastia is being discussed and it is demonstrated both the role of hypophysis hormones (prolactine and growth hormone) and of ovarian hormones (estrogens). The treatment was surgical for the both cases."}
{"id": "PMID:899347", "title": "[Increasing the effectiveness degree of ovulation induction using clomiphene in combination with HCG in cases of functional sterility].", "content": "The authors gave functionally infertile women a combined treatment, of Clomiphen + HCG whom 19 had already been treated with Clomiphenor Epimestrol without success. If the number of ovulations considerably increase in consequence of Clomiphen + HCG treatment or the periods of ovulations, aphysiological periods, are of physiological duration the treatment may be successful. In these cases the effectiveness of Clomiphene induction can be intensified with HCG administration", "contents": "[Increasing the effectiveness degree of ovulation induction using clomiphene in combination with HCG in cases of functional sterility]. The authors gave functionally infertile women a combined treatment, of Clomiphen + HCG whom 19 had already been treated with Clomiphenor Epimestrol without success. If the number of ovulations considerably increase in consequence of Clomiphen + HCG treatment or the periods of ovulations, aphysiological periods, are of physiological duration the treatment may be successful. In these cases the effectiveness of Clomiphene induction can be intensified with HCG administration"}
{"id": "PMID:899348", "title": "[Investigations of the human isolated nonpregnant uterus contractility in the course of the menstrual cycle by measuring intramyometrial pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "In this work, the behaviour of the intramyometrial pressure, registered in the wall of the myometrium of the human isolated nonpregnant uterus, has been followed up. Intramyometrial pressure measurements were performed in 33 uteri. Simultaneously the intravascular pressure was monitored. The values of the intramyometrial pressure correspond with the intrauterine pressure, and the pressure  in the uterine cavity, measured with the use of inserted balloon, was a resultant of the intrauterine pressure measured in the corpus uteri and isthmus at the same time. It has been found that in the course of the sexual cycle, nonpregnant human uterus shows irregular contractile activity. The contractile activity of the nonpregnant human uterus is characterized by the lack of coordination of contractions among particular uterine regions registered simultaneously. During the course of the menstrual cycle the isthmus region  was dominating and revealed a pacemaker properties and during menstrual bleeding corpus uteri dominated. The results were discussed and the close relationship between uterine contractility and intravascular pressure was underlined.", "contents": "[Investigations of the human isolated nonpregnant uterus contractility in the course of the menstrual cycle by measuring intramyometrial pressure (author's transl)]. In this work, the behaviour of the intramyometrial pressure, registered in the wall of the myometrium of the human isolated nonpregnant uterus, has been followed up. Intramyometrial pressure measurements were performed in 33 uteri. Simultaneously the intravascular pressure was monitored. The values of the intramyometrial pressure correspond with the intrauterine pressure, and the pressure  in the uterine cavity, measured with the use of inserted balloon, was a resultant of the intrauterine pressure measured in the corpus uteri and isthmus at the same time. It has been found that in the course of the sexual cycle, nonpregnant human uterus shows irregular contractile activity. The contractile activity of the nonpregnant human uterus is characterized by the lack of coordination of contractions among particular uterine regions registered simultaneously. During the course of the menstrual cycle the isthmus region  was dominating and revealed a pacemaker properties and during menstrual bleeding corpus uteri dominated. The results were discussed and the close relationship between uterine contractility and intravascular pressure was underlined."}
{"id": "PMID:899349", "title": "[Cytological finding in the pre- and early stages of cervix carcinoma--a contribution to the evaluation of Papanicolau III].", "content": "Cytologic findings and the histologic diagnosis are compared in 326 cervical cones. We have found following ratio of the groups Papanicolaou (Pap) III: Pap IV--in dysplasia 1: 1: 1, in \"more dysplasia than carcinoma in situ (CIS)\" 1:2:2. The Pap IV dominates in \"pure\" CIS and in cones with \"more CIS than dysplasia\". We take out of the Pap III (\"with cytologic control\") cases named \"Pap III with necessity for histologic diagnosis\". We have found in this subgroup of Pap III prestages or early stages of cervical carcinoma.", "contents": "[Cytological finding in the pre- and early stages of cervix carcinoma--a contribution to the evaluation of Papanicolau III]. Cytologic findings and the histologic diagnosis are compared in 326 cervical cones. We have found following ratio of the groups Papanicolaou (Pap) III: Pap IV--in dysplasia 1: 1: 1, in \"more dysplasia than carcinoma in situ (CIS)\" 1:2:2. The Pap IV dominates in \"pure\" CIS and in cones with \"more CIS than dysplasia\". We take out of the Pap III (\"with cytologic control\") cases named \"Pap III with necessity for histologic diagnosis\". We have found in this subgroup of Pap III prestages or early stages of cervical carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:899350", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of cystic vaginal tumors].", "content": "A rare case of uterus duplex, atresia of the right vagina and a fistulisation of a praevesical and parametral absessus is reported. The importance of special gynaecological and urological investigations is stressed, especially if the cystic formation is located in the upper part of the vagina.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of cystic vaginal tumors]. A rare case of uterus duplex, atresia of the right vagina and a fistulisation of a praevesical and parametral absessus is reported. The importance of special gynaecological and urological investigations is stressed, especially if the cystic formation is located in the upper part of the vagina."}
{"id": "PMID:899351", "title": "[Quantitative changes of glyco- and mucoproteins in the serum of patients with carcinoma of the uterus during treatment].", "content": "The mutations of serum glycoproteid and mucoproteid levels were examined in 40 patients with uterine cancer before, during and 4 years after treatment. In all the patients having become symptom-free the glycoproteid and mucoproteid concentration, that had shown an initial increase before, returned to normal in the course of successful treatment. There could be found no connection between the tumor extension and the otherwise increased serum values in carcinoma of cervix and uterus of stage I. and II.", "contents": "[Quantitative changes of glyco- and mucoproteins in the serum of patients with carcinoma of the uterus during treatment]. The mutations of serum glycoproteid and mucoproteid levels were examined in 40 patients with uterine cancer before, during and 4 years after treatment. In all the patients having become symptom-free the glycoproteid and mucoproteid concentration, that had shown an initial increase before, returned to normal in the course of successful treatment. There could be found no connection between the tumor extension and the otherwise increased serum values in carcinoma of cervix and uterus of stage I. and II."}
{"id": "PMID:899352", "title": "[Determination of urinary estrogen in glycosuria].", "content": "The total urinary estrogen values of women with glucosuria were studied by 5 different methods in 287 samples. The spectrophotometry values obtained by Ittrich's reaction have been influenced by urinary glucose concentrations. An increased glucose content appeared to be connected with a decrease of the hormone values if the hydrolysis of conjugates was performed by mineral acids. The most effective method was enzymatic hydrolysis used also for the determination of the acid labile fractions. The determination of total estrogen excretion is necessary for evaluating intrauterine fetal well-being in diabetic mothers.", "contents": "[Determination of urinary estrogen in glycosuria]. The total urinary estrogen values of women with glucosuria were studied by 5 different methods in 287 samples. The spectrophotometry values obtained by Ittrich's reaction have been influenced by urinary glucose concentrations. An increased glucose content appeared to be connected with a decrease of the hormone values if the hydrolysis of conjugates was performed by mineral acids. The most effective method was enzymatic hydrolysis used also for the determination of the acid labile fractions. The determination of total estrogen excretion is necessary for evaluating intrauterine fetal well-being in diabetic mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:899353", "title": "[Beta-glucuronidase activity in human ovarian tissue during the life- and cycle-phases of the woman].", "content": "The behaviour of the beta-glucuronidase activity during the life phases and the phase of the cycle of a woman has been studied in 51 human ovaries after the Dohrmann method. The study clearly indicates a dependency on age, that is demonstrated by a rise in beta-glucuronidase activity from 536 microgram Ph/h/g ovarial tissue during full functioning to 705 microgram Ph/h/g ovarial tissue in the premenopause and by dropping to 529 microgram Ph/h/g ovarial tissue in the menopause and the senium. The premenopause values are significantly higher compared to that of the other two functional phases. The activity of the beta-glucuronidase is significantly higher in the secretory phase than in the proliferation phase. Existing relations between the beta-glucuronidase of the ovary and the gonadotropic hormones of the hypophysis and the oestrogen metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "[Beta-glucuronidase activity in human ovarian tissue during the life- and cycle-phases of the woman]. The behaviour of the beta-glucuronidase activity during the life phases and the phase of the cycle of a woman has been studied in 51 human ovaries after the Dohrmann method. The study clearly indicates a dependency on age, that is demonstrated by a rise in beta-glucuronidase activity from 536 microgram Ph/h/g ovarial tissue during full functioning to 705 microgram Ph/h/g ovarial tissue in the premenopause and by dropping to 529 microgram Ph/h/g ovarial tissue in the menopause and the senium. The premenopause values are significantly higher compared to that of the other two functional phases. The activity of the beta-glucuronidase is significantly higher in the secretory phase than in the proliferation phase. Existing relations between the beta-glucuronidase of the ovary and the gonadotropic hormones of the hypophysis and the oestrogen metabolism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899354", "title": "[Incarceration of the ovary as an unusual cause of chronic adnexal process].", "content": "Report on a rare cause of a pelvic mass. This resulted from an early stage of incarceration of one of the ovaries in a deep-edged fossa below the bifurcation of the common iliac artery and the ureter (fossa ovarica). The complaints of the patient had been intensified by a major of the uterine and ovarian veins on either sides.", "contents": "[Incarceration of the ovary as an unusual cause of chronic adnexal process]. Report on a rare cause of a pelvic mass. This resulted from an early stage of incarceration of one of the ovaries in a deep-edged fossa below the bifurcation of the common iliac artery and the ureter (fossa ovarica). The complaints of the patient had been intensified by a major of the uterine and ovarian veins on either sides."}
{"id": "PMID:899355", "title": "[Dynamic tests of the placental efficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper presents a cycle of clinical investigations concerning an early detection of placental insufficiency states. It has been found that in cases of placental changes of a decreased function type, the transport of atropine through the placenta becomes difficult or inhibited, which is manifested by a decrease or lack of a reaction from the fetal side. In cases of the positive test, the fetus responds with tachycardia following atropine administration, which testifies to the normal atropine transport from mother to fetus and to the normal placental function. It has been pointed out that owing to its simple principle, atropine test should find a wide application in obstetric clinic in detecting an early placental insufficiency.", "contents": "[Dynamic tests of the placental efficiency (author's transl)]. The paper presents a cycle of clinical investigations concerning an early detection of placental insufficiency states. It has been found that in cases of placental changes of a decreased function type, the transport of atropine through the placenta becomes difficult or inhibited, which is manifested by a decrease or lack of a reaction from the fetal side. In cases of the positive test, the fetus responds with tachycardia following atropine administration, which testifies to the normal atropine transport from mother to fetus and to the normal placental function. It has been pointed out that owing to its simple principle, atropine test should find a wide application in obstetric clinic in detecting an early placental insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:899356", "title": "[Urinary tract infections in surgical gynecology with special reference to the urine withdrawal technic].", "content": "In a direct comparison series between 400 midstream urinesamples and 400 suprapubic aspiration specimens, but as well in an indirect comparison series of the same number of catheter urine-samples, bacteriological examinations were executed by means of the culture method before and after gynaecological operations. 19,5% of the suprapubic aspirates, 20,5% of the catheter specimens, and 25,5% of the midstreamsamples showed a significant bacteriuria. The number of false positive findings was in regard of the midstream urinesamples more than a quarter of the total infection rate. In midstreamsamples, mixed infections were 3,4 times more frequent than in catheter specimens. After a discussion of the results under special consideration of the high number of findings needing control in connection with operative problems, a valuation of the obtaining of urine in the field of operative gynaecology is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Urinary tract infections in surgical gynecology with special reference to the urine withdrawal technic]. In a direct comparison series between 400 midstream urinesamples and 400 suprapubic aspiration specimens, but as well in an indirect comparison series of the same number of catheter urine-samples, bacteriological examinations were executed by means of the culture method before and after gynaecological operations. 19,5% of the suprapubic aspirates, 20,5% of the catheter specimens, and 25,5% of the midstreamsamples showed a significant bacteriuria. The number of false positive findings was in regard of the midstream urinesamples more than a quarter of the total infection rate. In midstreamsamples, mixed infections were 3,4 times more frequent than in catheter specimens. After a discussion of the results under special consideration of the high number of findings needing control in connection with operative problems, a valuation of the obtaining of urine in the field of operative gynaecology is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:899357", "title": "[Experiences in the use of suprapubic bladder drainage after gynecologic surgery].", "content": "Suprapubic catheterisation using a lately available puncture set for single use has been performed by us after major gynecologic surgery. Very favorable results of 48 suprapubic catheterisations performed under systematic control are reported.", "contents": "[Experiences in the use of suprapubic bladder drainage after gynecologic surgery]. Suprapubic catheterisation using a lately available puncture set for single use has been performed by us after major gynecologic surgery. Very favorable results of 48 suprapubic catheterisations performed under systematic control are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:899358", "title": "[Therapy of bilateral lesions of the ureter during or after surgery for gynecologic carcinoma].", "content": "Special conditions for plastic surgery on the upper urinary tract in cases of gynaecological radical hysterectomy are discussed in conjunction with one case of bilateral ureteral injury inflicted during the operation and one case of postoperative bilateral ureterovaginal fistulas. Today, Boari grafting is preferred rather than direct implantation. Oblique submucous canalisation (antireflux effect) in unnecessary in most cases. Two-stage operations would provide a better protection of the bladder than one-stage restorative treatment. In emergency cases unilateral nephrostomy or ureterostomy in situ may be considered as interim solution. Transperitoneal access is necessary only in cases of injury during operation or when a one-stage plastic operation has to be carried out. For subsequent reconstructive operations performed in two stages we would prefer the extraperitoneal approach.", "contents": "[Therapy of bilateral lesions of the ureter during or after surgery for gynecologic carcinoma]. Special conditions for plastic surgery on the upper urinary tract in cases of gynaecological radical hysterectomy are discussed in conjunction with one case of bilateral ureteral injury inflicted during the operation and one case of postoperative bilateral ureterovaginal fistulas. Today, Boari grafting is preferred rather than direct implantation. Oblique submucous canalisation (antireflux effect) in unnecessary in most cases. Two-stage operations would provide a better protection of the bladder than one-stage restorative treatment. In emergency cases unilateral nephrostomy or ureterostomy in situ may be considered as interim solution. Transperitoneal access is necessary only in cases of injury during operation or when a one-stage plastic operation has to be carried out. For subsequent reconstructive operations performed in two stages we would prefer the extraperitoneal approach."}
{"id": "PMID:899359", "title": "[Comparison of 2 isotope-nephrography-evaluation methods in normal pregnancy].", "content": "The isotope nephrograms of a total of 31 renally healthy pregnant women of different thirds of pregnancy are semiquantitatively investigated by 2 methods. The results are demonstrated graphically. This comparison show that a more correct result can be made with the describing method by taking a greater number of parameters describing the excretory phase.", "contents": "[Comparison of 2 isotope-nephrography-evaluation methods in normal pregnancy]. The isotope nephrograms of a total of 31 renally healthy pregnant women of different thirds of pregnancy are semiquantitatively investigated by 2 methods. The results are demonstrated graphically. This comparison show that a more correct result can be made with the describing method by taking a greater number of parameters describing the excretory phase."}
{"id": "PMID:899360", "title": "[Isotope nephrographic studies in benign gynecologic diseases].", "content": "1014 patients with benigne gynaecological diseases (functional incontinence of urine with and without displacement, myoma of uterus, ovarian tumors, chronic salpingoophoritis) were examined by means of isotope nephrogram before gynaecological treatment was begun. A group of 156 patients was parallely examined by means of chromocystoscopy and intravenous urography. For judgement of the ING-curves we applicated an extra parameter--the drain value \"A\"--, through which it was possible to differenciate between emptying disturbances and functional urinary transport disorders. To obtain this value it is necessary to change the position of the patients during examination. Under these conditions approximately 95% of ING-findings conformed with those vaised by intravenous urography. Giving weight to these conditions, we recommend the application of ING in gynaecology as a screening method. Criteria for optimal usage of this method are mentioned.", "contents": "[Isotope nephrographic studies in benign gynecologic diseases]. 1014 patients with benigne gynaecological diseases (functional incontinence of urine with and without displacement, myoma of uterus, ovarian tumors, chronic salpingoophoritis) were examined by means of isotope nephrogram before gynaecological treatment was begun. A group of 156 patients was parallely examined by means of chromocystoscopy and intravenous urography. For judgement of the ING-curves we applicated an extra parameter--the drain value \"A\"--, through which it was possible to differenciate between emptying disturbances and functional urinary transport disorders. To obtain this value it is necessary to change the position of the patients during examination. Under these conditions approximately 95% of ING-findings conformed with those vaised by intravenous urography. Giving weight to these conditions, we recommend the application of ING in gynaecology as a screening method. Criteria for optimal usage of this method are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:899361", "title": "[ADP system for automatic production of physician's letters as well as statistics analyses in the area of obstetrics and perinatology].", "content": "Report about an electronic data processing system for obstetrics and perinatology. The developed data document design and data flowchart are shown. The continuously accumulated data allowed everytime a detailed interpretation record. For all clinical treated patients the computer printed out a final obstetrical report (physician report). By means of this simple system there is an improvement of the information and the typewriting work of medical staff has been reduced. Cost and work-expenditure for this system are limited in relation to our earlier hand made procedure.", "contents": "[ADP system for automatic production of physician's letters as well as statistics analyses in the area of obstetrics and perinatology]. Report about an electronic data processing system for obstetrics and perinatology. The developed data document design and data flowchart are shown. The continuously accumulated data allowed everytime a detailed interpretation record. For all clinical treated patients the computer printed out a final obstetrical report (physician report). By means of this simple system there is an improvement of the information and the typewriting work of medical staff has been reduced. Cost and work-expenditure for this system are limited in relation to our earlier hand made procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:899362", "title": "[Hygienic studies of obstetric departments].", "content": "After a literature survey about problems of the infectious hospitalism in obstetrical departments it is reported about own examinations in nine clinics. The results of the general hygienic and microbiological studies are discussed, conclusions are being drawn.", "contents": "[Hygienic studies of obstetric departments]. After a literature survey about problems of the infectious hospitalism in obstetrical departments it is reported about own examinations in nine clinics. The results of the general hygienic and microbiological studies are discussed, conclusions are being drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:899363", "title": "[Intravenous induction of labor with prostaglandins F2alpha].", "content": "Report on 60 patients with induction of labour by intravenous infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha. The high rate of success (95%) was attributed to some favourable factors. Side effects were minimal. Moreover no effects on the metabolism were observed. During labour a electronical and biochemical supervision is neccessary.", "contents": "[Intravenous induction of labor with prostaglandins F2alpha]. Report on 60 patients with induction of labour by intravenous infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha. The high rate of success (95%) was attributed to some favourable factors. Side effects were minimal. Moreover no effects on the metabolism were observed. During labour a electronical and biochemical supervision is neccessary."}
{"id": "PMID:899364", "title": "[Clinical studies on the effect of long term progestagen administration on the elimination of noramidopyrine methanesulfonate (Analgin)].", "content": "Pharmacokinetic investigations with the drug noramidopyrinmethansulfonatnatrium (Analgin) were performed in 8 patients who, for a longer period, had taken the progestagene derivative norethisterone acetate. The half life of elimination as expression of biotransformation is clearly increased after intake of norethisterone acetate. As Analgin undergoes an oxydative mechanism of disintegration, possible explanations for this prolongation of the half life of elimination are discussed in the light of relevant literature.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on the effect of long term progestagen administration on the elimination of noramidopyrine methanesulfonate (Analgin)]. Pharmacokinetic investigations with the drug noramidopyrinmethansulfonatnatrium (Analgin) were performed in 8 patients who, for a longer period, had taken the progestagene derivative norethisterone acetate. The half life of elimination as expression of biotransformation is clearly increased after intake of norethisterone acetate. As Analgin undergoes an oxydative mechanism of disintegration, possible explanations for this prolongation of the half life of elimination are discussed in the light of relevant literature."}
{"id": "PMID:899365", "title": "[Cardiovascular effect of solcoseryl with low molecular dextran in normal late pregnancy].", "content": "By means of quantitative sphygmometry and the unbloody recording of arterial blood pressure the hemodynamic effect of an infusion of Solcoseryl in combination with low molecular dextrane on the maternal cardiovascular system in 9 normotensive healthy late pregnant women is examined. Solcoseryl causes no improvement of the cardiovascular effects known for low molecular dextrane.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular effect of solcoseryl with low molecular dextran in normal late pregnancy]. By means of quantitative sphygmometry and the unbloody recording of arterial blood pressure the hemodynamic effect of an infusion of Solcoseryl in combination with low molecular dextrane on the maternal cardiovascular system in 9 normotensive healthy late pregnant women is examined. Solcoseryl causes no improvement of the cardiovascular effects known for low molecular dextrane."}
{"id": "PMID:899366", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis in hazardous or irregular early pregnancies].", "content": "747 cases of ultrasonic B-scan examinations carried out over 528 patients, in threatened or deranged stage of early gestation, are reported, and this method is hereby recommended in therapeutic check-ups of imminent abortions. Concerning cases of missed abortion it is established on the basis of individual materials and other publications that the ultrasonic technique cannot be presently substituted by any other methods. The application of ultrasonic B-scan for the diagnosis and exclusive diagnosis of hydatidiform mole, ectopic pregnancy and incomplete abortions is discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis in hazardous or irregular early pregnancies]. 747 cases of ultrasonic B-scan examinations carried out over 528 patients, in threatened or deranged stage of early gestation, are reported, and this method is hereby recommended in therapeutic check-ups of imminent abortions. Concerning cases of missed abortion it is established on the basis of individual materials and other publications that the ultrasonic technique cannot be presently substituted by any other methods. The application of ultrasonic B-scan for the diagnosis and exclusive diagnosis of hydatidiform mole, ectopic pregnancy and incomplete abortions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899367", "title": "[Myomas and ovarian neoplasms during pregnancy in the ultrasonic-B-picture].", "content": "A report, backed up with 153 case studies of female patients, exploring the possibility of the application of ultrasonic-diagnosis in the case of a simultaneous coincidence of pregnancy and ovarian tumors and myomas is hereby forwarded. This method is suitable to differentiate ovarian tumors and myomas even during pregnancy. Cases, which are by normal clinical proceedings unintelligible, can be recognised through ultrasonic examinations. The ultrasonic course furnishes, in the ease of a normal treated tumor during pregnancy, besides parameters about the development of fetus also informations about the changes of size and position of the tumor.", "contents": "[Myomas and ovarian neoplasms during pregnancy in the ultrasonic-B-picture]. A report, backed up with 153 case studies of female patients, exploring the possibility of the application of ultrasonic-diagnosis in the case of a simultaneous coincidence of pregnancy and ovarian tumors and myomas is hereby forwarded. This method is suitable to differentiate ovarian tumors and myomas even during pregnancy. Cases, which are by normal clinical proceedings unintelligible, can be recognised through ultrasonic examinations. The ultrasonic course furnishes, in the ease of a normal treated tumor during pregnancy, besides parameters about the development of fetus also informations about the changes of size and position of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:899368", "title": "[The effect of toxoplasma antibodies after reinfection with T. gondii. III. Communication: investigations on the question of placental transmission of toxoplasma in immunised pregnant animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations on whether theprotective effects of maternal defence mechanisms against T. gondii could prevent a placental transmission of the parasite to the foetus were carried out on pregnant rabbits and mice. With rabbits which were infected 6 to 1 month before the conception and showed a high infection immunity, there was never a transmission to the foetus and likewise at no time after reinfection of such maternal animals during the pregnancy. In mice which were latent infected with 11 different Toxoplasma strains, placental transmission succeeded with only 6 strains intrauterine infection of the foetuses were confirmed in 1 to 3%. After active immunisation of rabbits with non-multiplying antigen before the conception and later primary infection during the pregnancy, intrauterine transmission to the foetus could be detected in 55%. After passive immunisation with hyperimmune serum, infected foetuses could be ascertained in 79% of rabbits and 24% of mice. Possible intrauterine transmission to foetus protected by maternal defence mechanisms is likely to be dependent on various factors. 1. On the host species, 2. the state of immunity (infection immunity), 3. on Toxoplasma strain. An infection immunity with the presence of living parasites in maternal organism is probably dependent on Toxoplasma strain in mice and offers in rabbits an apparently certain protection against congenital infection. On the contrary, serologically detectable humoral antibodies after active or passive immunisation do not prevent a transplacental transmission. On the basis of experimental findings it has been concluded that at least the immunoglobulins of type IgG, IgA and IgM in lower titer ranges offer no protection against congenital transmission after reinfection during pregnancy. Also, the protective effect can not be based on the structure of respective placenta. The roles of cellular immune defence and other possible factors in this connection are discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of toxoplasma antibodies after reinfection with T. gondii. III. Communication: investigations on the question of placental transmission of toxoplasma in immunised pregnant animals (author's transl)]. Investigations on whether theprotective effects of maternal defence mechanisms against T. gondii could prevent a placental transmission of the parasite to the foetus were carried out on pregnant rabbits and mice. With rabbits which were infected 6 to 1 month before the conception and showed a high infection immunity, there was never a transmission to the foetus and likewise at no time after reinfection of such maternal animals during the pregnancy. In mice which were latent infected with 11 different Toxoplasma strains, placental transmission succeeded with only 6 strains intrauterine infection of the foetuses were confirmed in 1 to 3%. After active immunisation of rabbits with non-multiplying antigen before the conception and later primary infection during the pregnancy, intrauterine transmission to the foetus could be detected in 55%. After passive immunisation with hyperimmune serum, infected foetuses could be ascertained in 79% of rabbits and 24% of mice. Possible intrauterine transmission to foetus protected by maternal defence mechanisms is likely to be dependent on various factors. 1. On the host species, 2. the state of immunity (infection immunity), 3. on Toxoplasma strain. An infection immunity with the presence of living parasites in maternal organism is probably dependent on Toxoplasma strain in mice and offers in rabbits an apparently certain protection against congenital infection. On the contrary, serologically detectable humoral antibodies after active or passive immunisation do not prevent a transplacental transmission. On the basis of experimental findings it has been concluded that at least the immunoglobulins of type IgG, IgA and IgM in lower titer ranges offer no protection against congenital transmission after reinfection during pregnancy. Also, the protective effect can not be based on the structure of respective placenta. The roles of cellular immune defence and other possible factors in this connection are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899369", "title": "Effects of freezing on the infectivity of toxoplasma gondii cysts for white mice.", "content": "The infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in the brains of mice, after storage at -21 degrees C for various periods of time, was studied by intraperitoneally inoculation into mice. Infective parasites were not demonstrated after freezing for 5 hours or longer. Even after 1 1/2 hours exposure to -21 degrees C, many cysts seemed to lose their infectivity. The role of low temperatures as a limiting factor in the epidemiology of cyst-induced toxoplasmosis, is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of freezing on the infectivity of toxoplasma gondii cysts for white mice. The infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in the brains of mice, after storage at -21 degrees C for various periods of time, was studied by intraperitoneally inoculation into mice. Infective parasites were not demonstrated after freezing for 5 hours or longer. Even after 1 1/2 hours exposure to -21 degrees C, many cysts seemed to lose their infectivity. The role of low temperatures as a limiting factor in the epidemiology of cyst-induced toxoplasmosis, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899370", "title": "[Seroepidemiological Investigations on the epidemiology of human rotavirus infections (author's transl)].", "content": "263 sera of infants and children up to 10 years of age were tested for antibodies (CF-test) against Nebraska calf diarrhoea virus (NCDV) which is antigenically related to the rotavirus of man; in addition the mean antibody titers in different age groups were investigated. Antibodies of maternal origin were eliminated during the first year of life. Most of the infections occurred during the second year of life and at the end of this year 40-50% of the investigated children demonstrated antibodies against NCDV; this frequency persists during the rest of the investigated life period.", "contents": "[Seroepidemiological Investigations on the epidemiology of human rotavirus infections (author's transl)]. 263 sera of infants and children up to 10 years of age were tested for antibodies (CF-test) against Nebraska calf diarrhoea virus (NCDV) which is antigenically related to the rotavirus of man; in addition the mean antibody titers in different age groups were investigated. Antibodies of maternal origin were eliminated during the first year of life. Most of the infections occurred during the second year of life and at the end of this year 40-50% of the investigated children demonstrated antibodies against NCDV; this frequency persists during the rest of the investigated life period."}
{"id": "PMID:899372", "title": "[No or little chemotactic activity of staphylococcal substances on macrophages (author's transl)].", "content": "Chemotactic effects of staphylococcal substances on macrophages from guinea pigs were studied using modified Boyden-chambers. Filters with an average pore-diameter of 12 micrometer allowed optimal migration of the macrophages. The macrophages were obtained from the peritoneal exsudates 96 h after stimulation with sodium-caseinate (fig. 1) and subsequently concentrated by centrifugation in a ficoll-ronpacon gradient (fig. 2, table 1). Casein had strong chemotactic effects on the macrophages with and without fresh guinea pig serum (fig. 3). Staphylococci, before and after extraction with guanidinium chloride, purified protein A and capsular substances were neither cytotaxic nor cytotaxigenic (in the absence resp. presence of fresh serum). Culture supernatants and staphylococci after incubation with their homologous antiserum proved cytotaxigenic, also lysates of granulocytes from the blood. Lysates of granulocytes from the peritoneal exsudates of guinea pigs were strongly cytotaxigenic for the macrophages.", "contents": "[No or little chemotactic activity of staphylococcal substances on macrophages (author's transl)]. Chemotactic effects of staphylococcal substances on macrophages from guinea pigs were studied using modified Boyden-chambers. Filters with an average pore-diameter of 12 micrometer allowed optimal migration of the macrophages. The macrophages were obtained from the peritoneal exsudates 96 h after stimulation with sodium-caseinate (fig. 1) and subsequently concentrated by centrifugation in a ficoll-ronpacon gradient (fig. 2, table 1). Casein had strong chemotactic effects on the macrophages with and without fresh guinea pig serum (fig. 3). Staphylococci, before and after extraction with guanidinium chloride, purified protein A and capsular substances were neither cytotaxic nor cytotaxigenic (in the absence resp. presence of fresh serum). Culture supernatants and staphylococci after incubation with their homologous antiserum proved cytotaxigenic, also lysates of granulocytes from the blood. Lysates of granulocytes from the peritoneal exsudates of guinea pigs were strongly cytotaxigenic for the macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:899373", "title": "Differential diagnosis of enterobacter agglomerans.", "content": "On a number of instances, attempts to identify strains related to Ent. agglomerans by some of their characters were exemplified. Correlation with the tables proposed by EWING et al. was employed.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of enterobacter agglomerans. On a number of instances, attempts to identify strains related to Ent. agglomerans by some of their characters were exemplified. Correlation with the tables proposed by EWING et al. was employed."}
{"id": "PMID:899374", "title": "The isolation and characterization of some vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from salted herring and roe.", "content": "390 food samples (frozen, Kippered herring, Salted roe, fresh carp and salted ham) were investigated for the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. 8 V. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from herring (6.2%) and roe samples (1.3%). Some biochemical characteristics are discussed. In food borne outbreaks, presence of V. parahaemolyticus must be investigated, especially when the epidemiologically incriminated food is fish or fish products.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of some vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from salted herring and roe. 390 food samples (frozen, Kippered herring, Salted roe, fresh carp and salted ham) were investigated for the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. 8 V. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from herring (6.2%) and roe samples (1.3%). Some biochemical characteristics are discussed. In food borne outbreaks, presence of V. parahaemolyticus must be investigated, especially when the epidemiologically incriminated food is fish or fish products."}
{"id": "PMID:899375", "title": "Comparison of vaccines prepared from leptospires grown in a serum medium and in a chemically defined medium.", "content": "Two types of leptospiral vaccines consisting of the organisms of four strains (strain Shibaura of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, strain Akiyami A of serotype autumnalis, strain Akiyami B of serotype hebdomadis and strain Akiyami C of serotype australis) were prepared; one type was prepared from these strains grown in KORTHOF'S medium containing normal rabbit serum (the serum medium vaccine), and the other was made from mutants grown in SHENBERG'S chemically defined medium (the chemically defined medium vaccine). The protein nitrogen was lower and electron microscopical impurities were fewer in the chemically defined medium vaccine than in the serum medium vaccine. The rabbit serum was detected by the precipitation test in the serum medium vaccine. The results of the potency test did not differ between the two vaccines. The decrease in body weight of animals one day after intraperitoneal injection was induced equally by both vaccines. These results indicate that the chemically defined medium vaccine is preferable to the serum medium vaccine.", "contents": "Comparison of vaccines prepared from leptospires grown in a serum medium and in a chemically defined medium. Two types of leptospiral vaccines consisting of the organisms of four strains (strain Shibaura of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, strain Akiyami A of serotype autumnalis, strain Akiyami B of serotype hebdomadis and strain Akiyami C of serotype australis) were prepared; one type was prepared from these strains grown in KORTHOF'S medium containing normal rabbit serum (the serum medium vaccine), and the other was made from mutants grown in SHENBERG'S chemically defined medium (the chemically defined medium vaccine). The protein nitrogen was lower and electron microscopical impurities were fewer in the chemically defined medium vaccine than in the serum medium vaccine. The rabbit serum was detected by the precipitation test in the serum medium vaccine. The results of the potency test did not differ between the two vaccines. The decrease in body weight of animals one day after intraperitoneal injection was induced equally by both vaccines. These results indicate that the chemically defined medium vaccine is preferable to the serum medium vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:899376", "title": "The effect of exogenous histone on the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins in Coxsackie B4 virus infected cells.", "content": "The incorporation of labelled precursors of DNA, RNA and proteins in F. cells infected with Coxsackie B4 virus has been traced both in the presence and absence of total histone from nucleated erythrocytes during the infectious process. In comparison with the virus infection alone, the exogenous histone supressed the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in early hours and the incorporation of 3H-uridine and 14C-leucine in the 9th hour after virus infection. The established repression of the incorporation of the labelled precurssors for RNA and proteins correlates with a drop in the order of 90 to 99% in the yield of infectious virus.", "contents": "The effect of exogenous histone on the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins in Coxsackie B4 virus infected cells. The incorporation of labelled precursors of DNA, RNA and proteins in F. cells infected with Coxsackie B4 virus has been traced both in the presence and absence of total histone from nucleated erythrocytes during the infectious process. In comparison with the virus infection alone, the exogenous histone supressed the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in early hours and the incorporation of 3H-uridine and 14C-leucine in the 9th hour after virus infection. The established repression of the incorporation of the labelled precurssors for RNA and proteins correlates with a drop in the order of 90 to 99% in the yield of infectious virus."}
{"id": "PMID:899377", "title": "[Candida tropicalis as causative agent of septicemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In connection with microbiological findings in two patients, a report on septicemia caused by C. tropicalis is given. C. tropicalis is second in frequency to C. albicans in man. Because for the different biological properties of Candida species in each case of isolation of such fungi from clinical specimens an identification of the species is obligatory, because the generalizing diagnosis of \"Candida mycosis\" may be insufficient for the detection of epidemiological and pathogenetic associations. The possible primary resistance of C. tropicalis against the antimycotic 5-Fluorocytosine (Ancotil) is discussed. It is shown that the antigen similarity within the most important Candida species as e.g. between C. albicans and C. tropicalis may cause a false interpretation of serological results concerning the causative agent of the infection. For a safe inactivation of C. tropicalis on human skin, cleaning with 70% isopropyl alcohol for ten seconds is proposed. Because C. tropicalis is entering the human body preferably through food it is discussed whether a microbiological control of food for patients predisposed for such infections should be performed.", "contents": "[Candida tropicalis as causative agent of septicemia (author's transl)]. In connection with microbiological findings in two patients, a report on septicemia caused by C. tropicalis is given. C. tropicalis is second in frequency to C. albicans in man. Because for the different biological properties of Candida species in each case of isolation of such fungi from clinical specimens an identification of the species is obligatory, because the generalizing diagnosis of \"Candida mycosis\" may be insufficient for the detection of epidemiological and pathogenetic associations. The possible primary resistance of C. tropicalis against the antimycotic 5-Fluorocytosine (Ancotil) is discussed. It is shown that the antigen similarity within the most important Candida species as e.g. between C. albicans and C. tropicalis may cause a false interpretation of serological results concerning the causative agent of the infection. For a safe inactivation of C. tropicalis on human skin, cleaning with 70% isopropyl alcohol for ten seconds is proposed. Because C. tropicalis is entering the human body preferably through food it is discussed whether a microbiological control of food for patients predisposed for such infections should be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:899378", "title": "[Changes in the rate of hexobarbital detoxication in rats during postnatal ontogenesis].", "content": "Studies have been made on changes in detoxication rate of hexenal in male and female rats ageing from 1 day to 32 months as revealed by the duration of sleep after the injection of a standard dose (100 mg/g) of the drug. It was shown that in the newborn rats of both sexes, the detoxication rate is the highest, decreasing 3-fold to the age of 45 days. Sexual differences were observed beginning from the 55-60th day, resulting originally from the increase in the duration of sleep in females during their earlier sexual maturation, and being significantly enhanced to the 75th day due to a sharp decrease of the duration of sleep in males. From the 3-4th day up to the 20-32nd month, sexual differences in the duration of sleep increase due to its progressive increase in females. In 3-32-month males, significant changes in the duration of sleep were not noted. Sexual differences in detoxication rate of hexenal persist also in old animals.", "contents": "[Changes in the rate of hexobarbital detoxication in rats during postnatal ontogenesis]. Studies have been made on changes in detoxication rate of hexenal in male and female rats ageing from 1 day to 32 months as revealed by the duration of sleep after the injection of a standard dose (100 mg/g) of the drug. It was shown that in the newborn rats of both sexes, the detoxication rate is the highest, decreasing 3-fold to the age of 45 days. Sexual differences were observed beginning from the 55-60th day, resulting originally from the increase in the duration of sleep in females during their earlier sexual maturation, and being significantly enhanced to the 75th day due to a sharp decrease of the duration of sleep in males. From the 3-4th day up to the 20-32nd month, sexual differences in the duration of sleep increase due to its progressive increase in females. In 3-32-month males, significant changes in the duration of sleep were not noted. Sexual differences in detoxication rate of hexenal persist also in old animals."}
{"id": "PMID:899380", "title": "[Physiological and biochemical characteristics of the blood of the Greenland seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus].", "content": "High hemoglobin concentration, rich hemoglobin supply of the body and high specific weight of the blood were found in harp seal cubs. The erythrocyte number is relatively low which agrees with our previous studies on aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals. Serum proteins from both adult and young harp seals are separated into 5-8 fractions during agar-agar gel electrophoresis. Diving of seals for considerable periods is partly accounted for by high hemoglobin and myoglobin concentrations adn also by perfect supply of the organism by these pigments.", "contents": "[Physiological and biochemical characteristics of the blood of the Greenland seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus]. High hemoglobin concentration, rich hemoglobin supply of the body and high specific weight of the blood were found in harp seal cubs. The erythrocyte number is relatively low which agrees with our previous studies on aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals. Serum proteins from both adult and young harp seals are separated into 5-8 fractions during agar-agar gel electrophoresis. Diving of seals for considerable periods is partly accounted for by high hemoglobin and myoglobin concentrations adn also by perfect supply of the organism by these pigments."}
{"id": "PMID:899379", "title": "[Rodent thyroid gland function under hot climatic conditions].", "content": "Studies have been made on the effect of high temperature and intensive insolation upon the uptake of iodide and hormone formation in the thyroid of rodents (Rhombomys opimus, Spermophilopsis leptodactylus, Citellus fulvus) with different adaptation to the environment. It was shown that high temperature in combination with solar radiation significantly decreases functional activity of the thyroid and affects some of the physiological indices of the organism. Animals with different ecological specialization differ in their reaction to factors of the hot climate.", "contents": "[Rodent thyroid gland function under hot climatic conditions]. Studies have been made on the effect of high temperature and intensive insolation upon the uptake of iodide and hormone formation in the thyroid of rodents (Rhombomys opimus, Spermophilopsis leptodactylus, Citellus fulvus) with different adaptation to the environment. It was shown that high temperature in combination with solar radiation significantly decreases functional activity of the thyroid and affects some of the physiological indices of the organism. Animals with different ecological specialization differ in their reaction to factors of the hot climate."}
{"id": "PMID:899381", "title": "[Influence of the limbic cortex on lymph flow in dogs during ontogenesis].", "content": "In acute experiments on puppies from the age of 1 day to 6 months, the influence of the anterior limbic area of the cortex on the lymph-flow in the thoracic duct was studied. Electrical stimulation of the anterior limbic area of the cortex in 1-7 days old puppies did not change neither the lymph-flow, nor the arterial pressure. Beginning with the age of 8-9 days, a decrease of the lymph-flow and a rise in the arterial pressure following electrical stimulation were noted. In 3 months old puppies, a functional discrimination of the influence of different limbic cortex areas on the lymph-flow was observed which is characteristic for adult dogs.", "contents": "[Influence of the limbic cortex on lymph flow in dogs during ontogenesis]. In acute experiments on puppies from the age of 1 day to 6 months, the influence of the anterior limbic area of the cortex on the lymph-flow in the thoracic duct was studied. Electrical stimulation of the anterior limbic area of the cortex in 1-7 days old puppies did not change neither the lymph-flow, nor the arterial pressure. Beginning with the age of 8-9 days, a decrease of the lymph-flow and a rise in the arterial pressure following electrical stimulation were noted. In 3 months old puppies, a functional discrimination of the influence of different limbic cortex areas on the lymph-flow was observed which is characteristic for adult dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:899383", "title": "[Functional structure of the feeding behavior of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus].", "content": "Analysis of the motor component in feeding behaviour of the crayfish enabled to differentiate it into separate fragments with respect to the targets which are reached due to realization of each of these fragments. It is suggested that separate fragments are realized by some functional blocks which are activated from their own receptive zones by trigger mechanisms. With changing the coordinates of food stimulus the whole structure of the behaviour also changes due to the inclusion of additional fragments (locomotions, rearrangement of postures, activation of the claw extremities, etc.). Since this rearrangement favours the animal in reaching its final target, it may be considered as adaptive one.", "contents": "[Functional structure of the feeding behavior of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus]. Analysis of the motor component in feeding behaviour of the crayfish enabled to differentiate it into separate fragments with respect to the targets which are reached due to realization of each of these fragments. It is suggested that separate fragments are realized by some functional blocks which are activated from their own receptive zones by trigger mechanisms. With changing the coordinates of food stimulus the whole structure of the behaviour also changes due to the inclusion of additional fragments (locomotions, rearrangement of postures, activation of the claw extremities, etc.). Since this rearrangement favours the animal in reaching its final target, it may be considered as adaptive one."}
{"id": "PMID:899382", "title": "[Structure of acoustic signals in the larvae of Dolihovespula wasps and Vespa crabre hornets].", "content": "Studies have been made on factors which account for the structure and noise-resistance of signals emitted by larval wasps and hornets. It was shown that temporal structure of a signal is determined by the roughness of cell walls against which the larva rubs by its mandibulae. Spectral structure of a signal depends on the size and configuration of combs. Maximum of spectral energy of each signal lies in the same frequency band from the very first up to the last impulse. This fact together with constant duration of the signal makes the latter different from other similar sounds emmitted by other members of a wasp family.", "contents": "[Structure of acoustic signals in the larvae of Dolihovespula wasps and Vespa crabre hornets]. Studies have been made on factors which account for the structure and noise-resistance of signals emitted by larval wasps and hornets. It was shown that temporal structure of a signal is determined by the roughness of cell walls against which the larva rubs by its mandibulae. Spectral structure of a signal depends on the size and configuration of combs. Maximum of spectral energy of each signal lies in the same frequency band from the very first up to the last impulse. This fact together with constant duration of the signal makes the latter different from other similar sounds emmitted by other members of a wasp family."}
{"id": "PMID:899384", "title": "[Vestibulospinal synaptic influences on the lumbar motor neurons of rats].", "content": "In acute experiments on rats, studies have been made by intracellular recording of synaptic effects in lumbar motoneurons during stimulation of the ipsilateral Deiters nucleus. The nucleus was identified by recording antidromic responses of the vestibulo-spinal neurons during stimulation of the ventral surface of the II-IV lumbar segments. It was found that vestibulo-spinal fibers with different conduction velocity (from 18 up to 69 m/sec.) reach lumbar parts of the spinal cord via the ventral columns. Excitatory and inhibitory responses in the mononeurons were elicited more readily by stimulation of the Deiters nucleus by two and more stimuli. In 152 motoneurons out of 241, excitatory synaptic reactions were recorded. In all functional groups of motoneurons of muscles of the hindlimbs, predominantly polysynaptic EPSP were registered. Disynaptic EPSP were observed occasionally and only in motoneurons of the extensors. Monosynaptic vestibulo-motoneuronal EPSP was recorded in one of the 46 G-S motoneurons.", "contents": "[Vestibulospinal synaptic influences on the lumbar motor neurons of rats]. In acute experiments on rats, studies have been made by intracellular recording of synaptic effects in lumbar motoneurons during stimulation of the ipsilateral Deiters nucleus. The nucleus was identified by recording antidromic responses of the vestibulo-spinal neurons during stimulation of the ventral surface of the II-IV lumbar segments. It was found that vestibulo-spinal fibers with different conduction velocity (from 18 up to 69 m/sec.) reach lumbar parts of the spinal cord via the ventral columns. Excitatory and inhibitory responses in the mononeurons were elicited more readily by stimulation of the Deiters nucleus by two and more stimuli. In 152 motoneurons out of 241, excitatory synaptic reactions were recorded. In all functional groups of motoneurons of muscles of the hindlimbs, predominantly polysynaptic EPSP were registered. Disynaptic EPSP were observed occasionally and only in motoneurons of the extensors. Monosynaptic vestibulo-motoneuronal EPSP was recorded in one of the 46 G-S motoneurons."}
{"id": "PMID:899386", "title": "[Relationship between the ionic composition of blood and urine and the salinity of the external environment of the crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus].", "content": "Studies have been made on the dependence of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium concentrations of the blood and urine on the salinity of the external milieu in the crab H. sanguineus. Effective regulation of sodium and potasssium balance at low salinities was found. Within the salinity range investigated, magnesium level in the blood is maintained at lower level as compared to that in the environment. At low salinities, regulation of potassium and sodium concentrations in the blood is monitored by extrarenal mechanisms. Uber high salinity conditions, regulation of magnesium and potassium concentrations in the blood is accomplished at the expense of the activity of antennal glands. Calcium concentration in the blood is regulated by extra-renal mechanisms. The antennal glands affect regulation of calcium balance.", "contents": "[Relationship between the ionic composition of blood and urine and the salinity of the external environment of the crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus]. Studies have been made on the dependence of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium concentrations of the blood and urine on the salinity of the external milieu in the crab H. sanguineus. Effective regulation of sodium and potasssium balance at low salinities was found. Within the salinity range investigated, magnesium level in the blood is maintained at lower level as compared to that in the environment. At low salinities, regulation of potassium and sodium concentrations in the blood is monitored by extrarenal mechanisms. Uber high salinity conditions, regulation of magnesium and potassium concentrations in the blood is accomplished at the expense of the activity of antennal glands. Calcium concentration in the blood is regulated by extra-renal mechanisms. The antennal glands affect regulation of calcium balance."}
{"id": "PMID:899385", "title": "[Responses of sensomotor cortex neurons of rats to stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation].", "content": "High frequency stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation produces significant inhibition of neuronal activity in the sensorimotor cortex, the effect being equally observed in both hemispheres. In case of low frequency stimulation, marked difference was observed between the reaction of ipsi- and contralateral neurons. Under these conditions, contralateral neurons produce mainly facilitation responses. In both hemispheres evident predominance of tonic effects was observed which revealed itself in the continuation of the reaction in the poststimulation period. Single shocks applied to the midbrain reticular formation elicited in the cortex the evoked potentials of two types: one with a constant and the other with varying latent periods. The former exhibited a latency of 4-18 msec. Responses with varying latencies were predominant. In general, latent periods were longer in contralateral hemisphere.", "contents": "[Responses of sensomotor cortex neurons of rats to stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation]. High frequency stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation produces significant inhibition of neuronal activity in the sensorimotor cortex, the effect being equally observed in both hemispheres. In case of low frequency stimulation, marked difference was observed between the reaction of ipsi- and contralateral neurons. Under these conditions, contralateral neurons produce mainly facilitation responses. In both hemispheres evident predominance of tonic effects was observed which revealed itself in the continuation of the reaction in the poststimulation period. Single shocks applied to the midbrain reticular formation elicited in the cortex the evoked potentials of two types: one with a constant and the other with varying latent periods. The former exhibited a latency of 4-18 msec. Responses with varying latencies were predominant. In general, latent periods were longer in contralateral hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:899387", "title": "[Enzymatic characteristics of blood lymphocytes during postnatal rabbit ontogenesis].", "content": "Studies have been made on ontogenetic changes in the activity of succinic dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase from the lymphocytes of rabbit blood. It was found that maturation of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase takes place at later stages as compared to other enzymes. The activity of succinic dehydrogenase gradually decreases. Acid phosphatase activity, being rather high in very young animals, also decreases with ageing.", "contents": "[Enzymatic characteristics of blood lymphocytes during postnatal rabbit ontogenesis]. Studies have been made on ontogenetic changes in the activity of succinic dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase from the lymphocytes of rabbit blood. It was found that maturation of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase takes place at later stages as compared to other enzymes. The activity of succinic dehydrogenase gradually decreases. Acid phosphatase activity, being rather high in very young animals, also decreases with ageing."}
{"id": "PMID:899390", "title": "[Descending connections of the dorsal cortex in turtles].", "content": "Efferent connections of the dorsal cortex have been studied in the tortoises Emys orbicularis and Testudo horsfieldi using the degeneration tracing after dorso-medial lesions of this zone. Terminal degeneration was found in the hippocampal and piriform cortex, in the structures of striatum (d.v.r. bandle, putamen) and in the nucleus (centralis) lateralis and nucleus geniculatus lateralis of the thalamus. Fiber degeneration was also found in the fornix, hippocampal commissure, in the medial and lateral forebrain bundles including dorsal and ventral peduncies.", "contents": "[Descending connections of the dorsal cortex in turtles]. Efferent connections of the dorsal cortex have been studied in the tortoises Emys orbicularis and Testudo horsfieldi using the degeneration tracing after dorso-medial lesions of this zone. Terminal degeneration was found in the hippocampal and piriform cortex, in the structures of striatum (d.v.r. bandle, putamen) and in the nucleus (centralis) lateralis and nucleus geniculatus lateralis of the thalamus. Fiber degeneration was also found in the fornix, hippocampal commissure, in the medial and lateral forebrain bundles including dorsal and ventral peduncies."}
{"id": "PMID:899391", "title": "[Photochemical formation of pyruvic acid in a solution of acetaldehyde and ammonium nitrate].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that UV irradiation of acetaldehyde (2.5%) and ammonium nitrate (1.5%) solutions results in the synthesis of the pyruvic acid (PA). With the increase in the duration of irradiation, the yield of the produced PA decreases which is associated both with its photolysis and with its further transformations, for instance, into amino acids. The results obtained are discussed in relation to abiogenic synthesis of biologically important compounds in prebiological evolution and to possible development of metabolic pathways which are found in contemporary organisms.", "contents": "[Photochemical formation of pyruvic acid in a solution of acetaldehyde and ammonium nitrate]. It has been demonstrated that UV irradiation of acetaldehyde (2.5%) and ammonium nitrate (1.5%) solutions results in the synthesis of the pyruvic acid (PA). With the increase in the duration of irradiation, the yield of the produced PA decreases which is associated both with its photolysis and with its further transformations, for instance, into amino acids. The results obtained are discussed in relation to abiogenic synthesis of biologically important compounds in prebiological evolution and to possible development of metabolic pathways which are found in contemporary organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:899392", "title": "[Sterols of several Black Sea crustaceans].", "content": "Sterol content has been investigated in lower (Artemia salina) and higher crustaceans--the isopods Idotea baltica and S phaeroma pulchellum, decapod Palaemon adspersus and several amphipods. In lower crustaceans, as well as in isopods and amphipods, no 7-dehydrocholesterol was found. This fact may be associated with peculiarities of feeding of these animals. It confirms the absence of sterol synthesis in some of the crustaceans reported in the literature. Cholesterol, demosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol were found in shrimps.", "contents": "[Sterols of several Black Sea crustaceans]. Sterol content has been investigated in lower (Artemia salina) and higher crustaceans--the isopods Idotea baltica and S phaeroma pulchellum, decapod Palaemon adspersus and several amphipods. In lower crustaceans, as well as in isopods and amphipods, no 7-dehydrocholesterol was found. This fact may be associated with peculiarities of feeding of these animals. It confirms the absence of sterol synthesis in some of the crustaceans reported in the literature. Cholesterol, demosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol were found in shrimps."}
{"id": "PMID:899393", "title": "[Insulin-like substance containing cells of the intestinal epithelium of the mollusk Unio pictorum].", "content": "Insulin-like immunoreactivity can be localized in the cells of the mid-gut of Unio pictorum Lam. The cells containing the substance immunoreactive to mammalian anti-insulin serum, can be stained with paraldehyde-fuchsin or alcian blue and give positive PAS reaction. Intramuscular glucose administration produces degranulation of the cytoplasm in these cells: the quantity of cells stainable with paraldehyde-fuchsin significantly decreased 24 hours after glucose injection.", "contents": "[Insulin-like substance containing cells of the intestinal epithelium of the mollusk Unio pictorum]. Insulin-like immunoreactivity can be localized in the cells of the mid-gut of Unio pictorum Lam. The cells containing the substance immunoreactive to mammalian anti-insulin serum, can be stained with paraldehyde-fuchsin or alcian blue and give positive PAS reaction. Intramuscular glucose administration produces degranulation of the cytoplasm in these cells: the quantity of cells stainable with paraldehyde-fuchsin significantly decreased 24 hours after glucose injection."}
{"id": "PMID:899394", "title": "[Preparative isolation of progesterone, testosterone and estrogens from marine invertebrate tissues].", "content": "Extraction and quantitative determination of progesterone, testosterone and oestrogens have been made in tissues of cephalopod molluscs and crustaceans. Extraction was made by acetone and ethyl ether. Purification was performed by thin layer chromatography on aluminium oxide and silicagel in different systems. The quantitative assay of progesterone and oestrogens was made by fluorimetric and radioimmunological techniques, that of testosterone--by spectrophotometric determination of hydrozones and radioimmunological procedure. Progesterone and testosterone were obtained from the gonads and liver of cephalopods and from the whole body of crustaceans. During sexual maturation of the animals concentration of these hormones tends to increase. Oestrone and oestradiol were found only in the gonads of cephalopods.", "contents": "[Preparative isolation of progesterone, testosterone and estrogens from marine invertebrate tissues]. Extraction and quantitative determination of progesterone, testosterone and oestrogens have been made in tissues of cephalopod molluscs and crustaceans. Extraction was made by acetone and ethyl ether. Purification was performed by thin layer chromatography on aluminium oxide and silicagel in different systems. The quantitative assay of progesterone and oestrogens was made by fluorimetric and radioimmunological techniques, that of testosterone--by spectrophotometric determination of hydrozones and radioimmunological procedure. Progesterone and testosterone were obtained from the gonads and liver of cephalopods and from the whole body of crustaceans. During sexual maturation of the animals concentration of these hormones tends to increase. Oestrone and oestradiol were found only in the gonads of cephalopods."}
{"id": "PMID:899395", "title": "[Changes in the concentrations and synthesis of DNA and RNA in tissues during accelerated growth and development of rats].", "content": "Daily administration of low doses of caffeine to 5-30 day old rats increases their growth, mainly due to the increase in muscle weight and results in acceleration of maturation of vegetative functions. DNA and total RNA levels in skeletal muscles and liver increase together with the increase of incorporation of labeled uridine and lysin into total RNA and proteins. These findings indicate stimulation of protein synthesis in these tissues. Significant increase in the relative weight of the thymus, its DNA and RNA contents, as well as its uridine-14C uptake may indicate anabolic effects of this gland upon growth. In control and experimental animals, the level of DNA and RNA in the thymus is 5-10 times higher as compared to that in muscles, liver and heart.", "contents": "[Changes in the concentrations and synthesis of DNA and RNA in tissues during accelerated growth and development of rats]. Daily administration of low doses of caffeine to 5-30 day old rats increases their growth, mainly due to the increase in muscle weight and results in acceleration of maturation of vegetative functions. DNA and total RNA levels in skeletal muscles and liver increase together with the increase of incorporation of labeled uridine and lysin into total RNA and proteins. These findings indicate stimulation of protein synthesis in these tissues. Significant increase in the relative weight of the thymus, its DNA and RNA contents, as well as its uridine-14C uptake may indicate anabolic effects of this gland upon growth. In control and experimental animals, the level of DNA and RNA in the thymus is 5-10 times higher as compared to that in muscles, liver and heart."}
{"id": "PMID:899397", "title": "[Volume regulation in Rana ridibunda frogs and rats].", "content": "In experiments on the frog Rana ridibunda and albino rats, studies have been made on water and electrolyte excretion after intravenous injection of isotonic solution of NaCl, water and saline (0.35% solution of NaCl for frogs and 0.45% solution for rats) loadings which amounted to 3% of the body weight. All types of this stimulation increase renal excretion of sodium and potassium in rats. In frogs, intravenous injections of isotonic solution of NaCl increased sodium and potassium excretion to a lower extent, as compared to that in rats; in experiments with water and saline loadings, the excretion of sodium increased to a higher extent, whereas potassium excretion remained practically unchanged. The increase of water and electrolyte excretion on frogs is due to the appearance in the blood of a humoral natriuretic factor, which in these animals does not practically affect potassium excretion.", "contents": "[Volume regulation in Rana ridibunda frogs and rats]. In experiments on the frog Rana ridibunda and albino rats, studies have been made on water and electrolyte excretion after intravenous injection of isotonic solution of NaCl, water and saline (0.35% solution of NaCl for frogs and 0.45% solution for rats) loadings which amounted to 3% of the body weight. All types of this stimulation increase renal excretion of sodium and potassium in rats. In frogs, intravenous injections of isotonic solution of NaCl increased sodium and potassium excretion to a lower extent, as compared to that in rats; in experiments with water and saline loadings, the excretion of sodium increased to a higher extent, whereas potassium excretion remained practically unchanged. The increase of water and electrolyte excretion on frogs is due to the appearance in the blood of a humoral natriuretic factor, which in these animals does not practically affect potassium excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:899400", "title": "[Evoked motor activity and maturation sequence of striate complex structures during chick embryogenesis].", "content": "Morphological and functional maturation of different structures of the striatal complex takes place heterochronously, as revealed in studies on motor activity of 17--21-day chick embryos evoked by electrical stimulation of these structures. Phylogenetically more ancient structures, i. e. archi- and paleostriatum, are the first to be involved into regulation of the motor activity. These structures together with the structures of the midbrain and cerebellum are considered as \"the primary\" step of regulatory mechanisms which develop during functional maturation of the motor analyser. Neostriatal mechanisms operate from the 19th day of incubation, whereas hyperstriatal ones--only to the day of hatching.", "contents": "[Evoked motor activity and maturation sequence of striate complex structures during chick embryogenesis]. Morphological and functional maturation of different structures of the striatal complex takes place heterochronously, as revealed in studies on motor activity of 17--21-day chick embryos evoked by electrical stimulation of these structures. Phylogenetically more ancient structures, i. e. archi- and paleostriatum, are the first to be involved into regulation of the motor activity. These structures together with the structures of the midbrain and cerebellum are considered as \"the primary\" step of regulatory mechanisms which develop during functional maturation of the motor analyser. Neostriatal mechanisms operate from the 19th day of incubation, whereas hyperstriatal ones--only to the day of hatching."}
{"id": "PMID:899401", "title": "[Temporal resolving capacity of the auditory analyzer of the dolphin Tursiops truncatus].", "content": "Differential threshold of discrimination of paired stimuli in relation to interimpulse interval has been investigated in man and porpoise. Similar features in mechanisms of discrimination of paired impulses in man and porpoise are noted. It was shown that threshold-interimpulse interval surve may be divided into several parts: two zones in which discrimination is made by different characters, and single transitional zone from one character to another.", "contents": "[Temporal resolving capacity of the auditory analyzer of the dolphin Tursiops truncatus]. Differential threshold of discrimination of paired stimuli in relation to interimpulse interval has been investigated in man and porpoise. Similar features in mechanisms of discrimination of paired impulses in man and porpoise are noted. It was shown that threshold-interimpulse interval surve may be divided into several parts: two zones in which discrimination is made by different characters, and single transitional zone from one character to another."}
{"id": "PMID:899399", "title": "[Action potentials of the fast and slow muscle fibers of the bog turtle Emys orbicularis].", "content": "In skeletal muscles of the tortoise E. orbicularis, fast and slow muscle fibers were found which differ in the lipid content and electrophysiological properties. Fast fibers contain small amounts of lipid inclusions. In response to direct electrical stimulation they produce fast action potentials (AP) which are capable of rhythmic activity during prolonged depolarization. Slow fibers are rich in lipid inclusions. Their AP differs from that of fast fibers by slow onset, and decay, lower gradient of rise, lower amplitude and lower velocity of propagation. These fibers are not capable of rhythmic activity. The data obtained show that with respect to their morphological and physiological properties slow muscle fibers of the tortoise differ from tonic amphibian fibers, but exhibit the most similarity to slow avian fibers.", "contents": "[Action potentials of the fast and slow muscle fibers of the bog turtle Emys orbicularis]. In skeletal muscles of the tortoise E. orbicularis, fast and slow muscle fibers were found which differ in the lipid content and electrophysiological properties. Fast fibers contain small amounts of lipid inclusions. In response to direct electrical stimulation they produce fast action potentials (AP) which are capable of rhythmic activity during prolonged depolarization. Slow fibers are rich in lipid inclusions. Their AP differs from that of fast fibers by slow onset, and decay, lower gradient of rise, lower amplitude and lower velocity of propagation. These fibers are not capable of rhythmic activity. The data obtained show that with respect to their morphological and physiological properties slow muscle fibers of the tortoise differ from tonic amphibian fibers, but exhibit the most similarity to slow avian fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:899405", "title": "[Oxygen utilization by muscle tissue of the dolphin Phocaena phocaena].", "content": "Studies have been made on the oxygen consumption in different parts of the cardiac muscle, as well as in deep and subcutaneous muscles of the porpoise Phocaena phocaena. It was shown that oxygen consumption in the heart (especially in the left ventricle) is higher than in skeletal muscles. The intensity of tissue respiration of deep body muscles is approximately 4 times higher than that of subcutaneous ones. Experimental and predicted data were compared. It was suggested that the intensity of oxygen consumption in the skeletal muscles of the porpoise is not uniform during the respiratory cycle.", "contents": "[Oxygen utilization by muscle tissue of the dolphin Phocaena phocaena]. Studies have been made on the oxygen consumption in different parts of the cardiac muscle, as well as in deep and subcutaneous muscles of the porpoise Phocaena phocaena. It was shown that oxygen consumption in the heart (especially in the left ventricle) is higher than in skeletal muscles. The intensity of tissue respiration of deep body muscles is approximately 4 times higher than that of subcutaneous ones. Experimental and predicted data were compared. It was suggested that the intensity of oxygen consumption in the skeletal muscles of the porpoise is not uniform during the respiratory cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:899402", "title": "[Heterosensory interaction in neocortical neurons of the hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus].", "content": "Reactions of neurons in different areas have been investigated in the hedgehog cortex by means of the microelectrode technique. A wide dispersion of afferent inputs was shown over the whole neocortex, alongside with the existence of definite projection foci of appropriate modalities. In the specific projection zones the conditioning heterosensory stimulation did not influence the onset of the response of the testing specific stimulus. Blocking of responses was observed in the so-called \"associative\" area, irrespectively of the mode of the conditioning and testing stimulation. It is suggested that the onset of responses by the specific projection zones to other stimuli depends on the specific impulsation irradiation to the specific projection pathways. Reciprocal heterosensory blocking in the \"associative\" zone may indicate the existence of an integrative formation in the hedgehog thalamus, possessing its own projection to the neocortex.", "contents": "[Heterosensory interaction in neocortical neurons of the hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus]. Reactions of neurons in different areas have been investigated in the hedgehog cortex by means of the microelectrode technique. A wide dispersion of afferent inputs was shown over the whole neocortex, alongside with the existence of definite projection foci of appropriate modalities. In the specific projection zones the conditioning heterosensory stimulation did not influence the onset of the response of the testing specific stimulus. Blocking of responses was observed in the so-called \"associative\" area, irrespectively of the mode of the conditioning and testing stimulation. It is suggested that the onset of responses by the specific projection zones to other stimuli depends on the specific impulsation irradiation to the specific projection pathways. Reciprocal heterosensory blocking in the \"associative\" zone may indicate the existence of an integrative formation in the hedgehog thalamus, possessing its own projection to the neocortex."}
{"id": "PMID:899407", "title": "[Electrical activity of the cerebral ganglion of the mollusk Helix vulgaris upon acoustic stimulation of the statocyst].", "content": "Responses in the cerebral ganglia to acoustical stimulation were studied at the frequencies 30, 60, 150, 300, 500, 1000 Hz. The lowest threshold of response was at the frequency 30 Hz 60 dB spl. The reaction was in the form of evoked response or different patterns of spike activity. Responses could take place at one frequency of stimulation or in the wide range of frequencies. The reaction lasted sometimes even after the stimulation had ceased. After 3-4 stimulations by one frequency the reaction disappeared as a rule. But if the stimulation continued, but with another frequency, the response restored. The acoustic stimulation of the statocyst evokes various types of response in the cerebral ganglia.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of the cerebral ganglion of the mollusk Helix vulgaris upon acoustic stimulation of the statocyst]. Responses in the cerebral ganglia to acoustical stimulation were studied at the frequencies 30, 60, 150, 300, 500, 1000 Hz. The lowest threshold of response was at the frequency 30 Hz 60 dB spl. The reaction was in the form of evoked response or different patterns of spike activity. Responses could take place at one frequency of stimulation or in the wide range of frequencies. The reaction lasted sometimes even after the stimulation had ceased. After 3-4 stimulations by one frequency the reaction disappeared as a rule. But if the stimulation continued, but with another frequency, the response restored. The acoustic stimulation of the statocyst evokes various types of response in the cerebral ganglia."}
{"id": "PMID:899404", "title": "[Concentration and properties of the SH-groups of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the muscles of the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis].", "content": "SH-groups of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) from lamprey muscle were investigated by Ellman's technique [4]. Three SH-groups per 1 monomer were determined in the presence of 8 M urea. The kinetics of the reaction of SH-groups of lamprey GADP with DTNB in non-denaturating conditions is intermediate between that of GAPD from mammalian muscles and sturgeon muscles, resembling the kinetics of SH-groups of the enzyme from halibut muscles.", "contents": "[Concentration and properties of the SH-groups of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the muscles of the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis]. SH-groups of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) from lamprey muscle were investigated by Ellman's technique [4]. Three SH-groups per 1 monomer were determined in the presence of 8 M urea. The kinetics of the reaction of SH-groups of lamprey GADP with DTNB in non-denaturating conditions is intermediate between that of GAPD from mammalian muscles and sturgeon muscles, resembling the kinetics of SH-groups of the enzyme from halibut muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:899406", "title": "[Sensitivity of the cholinoreceptive membrane of Lymnaea stagnalis neurons to mono- and bisquaternary ammonium compounds].", "content": "The depolarizing potency of polymethylene-bis-trimethylammonium and alkyl-trimenthylammonium compounds with 3-10 methylene groups was studied on the identified giant central neurons of gastropod mollusc Limnaea stagnalis using intracellular microelectrode technique. The bisquaternary salts with 4-7 methylene groups were inactive while the mononitrogen analogues showed cholinomimetic activity. The similar results were obtained by other authors on Vertebrate skeletal muscles with substances studied. The possible explanations of this fact are suggested.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of the cholinoreceptive membrane of Lymnaea stagnalis neurons to mono- and bisquaternary ammonium compounds]. The depolarizing potency of polymethylene-bis-trimethylammonium and alkyl-trimenthylammonium compounds with 3-10 methylene groups was studied on the identified giant central neurons of gastropod mollusc Limnaea stagnalis using intracellular microelectrode technique. The bisquaternary salts with 4-7 methylene groups were inactive while the mononitrogen analogues showed cholinomimetic activity. The similar results were obtained by other authors on Vertebrate skeletal muscles with substances studied. The possible explanations of this fact are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:899411", "title": "[Gastric motor activity in Varanus griseus lizards].", "content": "Motor activity of the stomach in V. griseus consists of contractions which follow the rhythm of 7-10 movements per 15 min. In contrast to tortoises, no periodic hunger activity of the stomach was observed in the lizard. Subcutaneous injection of 0.6% NaCl solution does not affect contractile activity of stomach muscles. Pilocarpine in a dose 100 microgram/kg of body weight did not change the gastrogram, doses 500 and 1,000 microgram increased the frequency and the amplitude of contractions. Atropine in a low dose (100 microgram) did not affect stomach movements. Doses 500, 1,000 and 2,000 microgram induced biphasic response. Sunflower-seed oil (10 ml) decreased twofold the frequency and the amplitude of contractions within 45-60 min.", "contents": "[Gastric motor activity in Varanus griseus lizards]. Motor activity of the stomach in V. griseus consists of contractions which follow the rhythm of 7-10 movements per 15 min. In contrast to tortoises, no periodic hunger activity of the stomach was observed in the lizard. Subcutaneous injection of 0.6% NaCl solution does not affect contractile activity of stomach muscles. Pilocarpine in a dose 100 microgram/kg of body weight did not change the gastrogram, doses 500 and 1,000 microgram increased the frequency and the amplitude of contractions. Atropine in a low dose (100 microgram) did not affect stomach movements. Doses 500, 1,000 and 2,000 microgram induced biphasic response. Sunflower-seed oil (10 ml) decreased twofold the frequency and the amplitude of contractions within 45-60 min."}
{"id": "PMID:899417", "title": "[Protection of inventions in the field of vaccines and sera].", "content": "Requirements admit a possibility of protection of a vaccine-serum preparation by the author's certificate only in case of approbation of the preparation. The formula of invention should describe the preparation in such a way that it could be differentiated from similar preparations. In accordance with these requirements the preparation can be described only with reference to the method of obtaining it, since this method determines its quality. The most rational form of protection of suggestions in the field of vaccines and sera is a complex protection of the preparation and of the method of obtaining it. Protection of the method of obtaining the preparation alone limits the authors' rights.", "contents": "[Protection of inventions in the field of vaccines and sera]. Requirements admit a possibility of protection of a vaccine-serum preparation by the author's certificate only in case of approbation of the preparation. The formula of invention should describe the preparation in such a way that it could be differentiated from similar preparations. In accordance with these requirements the preparation can be described only with reference to the method of obtaining it, since this method determines its quality. The most rational form of protection of suggestions in the field of vaccines and sera is a complex protection of the preparation and of the method of obtaining it. Protection of the method of obtaining the preparation alone limits the authors' rights."}
{"id": "PMID:899412", "title": "[Afferent influences of the vagus nerves on the vasomotor center during cat ontogenesis].", "content": "It has been found in cats under urethane anaesthesia that already in newborn animals the reactions of arterial blood pressure to test stimulation of the central end of one vagal nerve could be increased, depressed or reversed during the conditioned pre-stimulation of the central end of contralateral vagal nerve. During the conditioned stimulation, polyphasic changes were observed in the modulating effect which was different for pressor and depressor test-responses and exhibited complex changes in ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Afferent influences of the vagus nerves on the vasomotor center during cat ontogenesis]. It has been found in cats under urethane anaesthesia that already in newborn animals the reactions of arterial blood pressure to test stimulation of the central end of one vagal nerve could be increased, depressed or reversed during the conditioned pre-stimulation of the central end of contralateral vagal nerve. During the conditioned stimulation, polyphasic changes were observed in the modulating effect which was different for pressor and depressor test-responses and exhibited complex changes in ontogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:899408", "title": "[Role of different central nervous system structures of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus in realizing food-getting behavior].", "content": "After cutting the nervous chain at different levels, separate fragments of motor component of foodgetting behaviour of the crayfish disappeared. Separation of the supraoesophageal ganglion from the nervous chain results in the abolition of food searching phase, control and organization of aimed locomotions, fixation of the body with respect to the target objects. At the same time the activity of separate functional blocks becomes more evident being realized in automatic regime with the trigger type of its onset. Suboesophageal ganglion structures initiate the spontaneous non-coordinated locomotor activity of the postural and locomotor apparatus and provide for realization of the whole algorhythm: grasping the food, driving the claw to the rostral part of the body, transmission the food to the II-III pairs of walking legs and then to the mouth opening. Structures of the 1st isolated thoracal ganglion realize grasping and holding reflex which is going on slowly and inactively.", "contents": "[Role of different central nervous system structures of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus in realizing food-getting behavior]. After cutting the nervous chain at different levels, separate fragments of motor component of foodgetting behaviour of the crayfish disappeared. Separation of the supraoesophageal ganglion from the nervous chain results in the abolition of food searching phase, control and organization of aimed locomotions, fixation of the body with respect to the target objects. At the same time the activity of separate functional blocks becomes more evident being realized in automatic regime with the trigger type of its onset. Suboesophageal ganglion structures initiate the spontaneous non-coordinated locomotor activity of the postural and locomotor apparatus and provide for realization of the whole algorhythm: grasping the food, driving the claw to the rostral part of the body, transmission the food to the II-III pairs of walking legs and then to the mouth opening. Structures of the 1st isolated thoracal ganglion realize grasping and holding reflex which is going on slowly and inactively."}
{"id": "PMID:899413", "title": "[Effect of arecoline on the structure of rest and active wakefulness in the catfish Ictalurus nebulosus].", "content": "The investigation demonstrated, that in the representative of the Osteichthyes--Ictalurus nebulosus, the hematoencephalic barrier for quaternary ammonium compounds is strongly pronounced. The difference in ability of tertiary and quaternary cholinergic substances to penetrate from the blood into the brain of this fish can be used for study of the presence and functional role of cholinoreceptive brain neurons. The pharmacological analysis showed the presence of cholinoreceptive neurons in the fish brain, participating in the activity of the functional systems which generate the \"swimming automatism\"--rhythmic movements of the tail, that are not accompanied by progression of the body. Apparently, this \"swimming automatism\" is the element of the future paradoxical sleep, which appears in its complete form in birds and mammals.", "contents": "[Effect of arecoline on the structure of rest and active wakefulness in the catfish Ictalurus nebulosus]. The investigation demonstrated, that in the representative of the Osteichthyes--Ictalurus nebulosus, the hematoencephalic barrier for quaternary ammonium compounds is strongly pronounced. The difference in ability of tertiary and quaternary cholinergic substances to penetrate from the blood into the brain of this fish can be used for study of the presence and functional role of cholinoreceptive brain neurons. The pharmacological analysis showed the presence of cholinoreceptive neurons in the fish brain, participating in the activity of the functional systems which generate the \"swimming automatism\"--rhythmic movements of the tail, that are not accompanied by progression of the body. Apparently, this \"swimming automatism\" is the element of the future paradoxical sleep, which appears in its complete form in birds and mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:899421", "title": "[Intracellular development of Rickettsia].", "content": "Microcinematography, cytological and cytochemical studies revealed new features of D. sibericus, D. murinus, and R. tsutsugamushi biology, mainly a very active movement in the cell. In contrast to D. sibericus, development of D. murinus and R. tsutsugamushi in cells is characterized by severe irritation of the infected cells early in the infection, a greater speed of movement of rickettsiae and their active release from the affected cells, as well as the development of necrobiotic changes in the latter. The mitotic activity of the cells increased early in cultures infected with Cox. burneti, R. prowazeki, D. sibericus, and T. tsutsugamushi. Subsequently, cell nuclei shrink and different cytotic changes develop in various rickettsia. Studies on the metabolism of the affected cells revealed activation of nucleic metabolism and redox enzymes associated with mitochondria in the course of the first 3 days followed by a low activity in 5 postinfection days. The lysosomal apparatus of the cells underwent drastic changes and the activity of acid phosphatase increased markedly with further elevation in the permeability of lysosomal membranes.", "contents": "[Intracellular development of Rickettsia]. Microcinematography, cytological and cytochemical studies revealed new features of D. sibericus, D. murinus, and R. tsutsugamushi biology, mainly a very active movement in the cell. In contrast to D. sibericus, development of D. murinus and R. tsutsugamushi in cells is characterized by severe irritation of the infected cells early in the infection, a greater speed of movement of rickettsiae and their active release from the affected cells, as well as the development of necrobiotic changes in the latter. The mitotic activity of the cells increased early in cultures infected with Cox. burneti, R. prowazeki, D. sibericus, and T. tsutsugamushi. Subsequently, cell nuclei shrink and different cytotic changes develop in various rickettsia. Studies on the metabolism of the affected cells revealed activation of nucleic metabolism and redox enzymes associated with mitochondria in the course of the first 3 days followed by a low activity in 5 postinfection days. The lysosomal apparatus of the cells underwent drastic changes and the activity of acid phosphatase increased markedly with further elevation in the permeability of lysosomal membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:899415", "title": "[Electrophysiologic study of pretecto-cortical connections in rats].", "content": "In response to electrical stimulation of the pretectum in rats, the evoked potentials and extracellular neuronal reactions were recorded in the ipsilateral neocortex. Functional characteristics of the responses depended on the localization of the stimulated pretectal zone. During stimulation of the anterior pretectal nucleus, maximum evoked activity was found at the border between the 17th and the 18th areas, as well as in the area 18a. The evoked potentials are superficial and exhibit negative polarity. Unit responses are of phasic and phasic-tonic \"on\"-type.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic study of pretecto-cortical connections in rats]. In response to electrical stimulation of the pretectum in rats, the evoked potentials and extracellular neuronal reactions were recorded in the ipsilateral neocortex. Functional characteristics of the responses depended on the localization of the stimulated pretectal zone. During stimulation of the anterior pretectal nucleus, maximum evoked activity was found at the border between the 17th and the 18th areas, as well as in the area 18a. The evoked potentials are superficial and exhibit negative polarity. Unit responses are of phasic and phasic-tonic \"on\"-type."}
{"id": "PMID:899423", "title": "[Transfectable strains of Salmonella].", "content": "It the Ca2+-dependent system of an intact bacterial recipient the efficacy of DNA transfection of P22 H5 bacteriophage was determined in 48 strains of bacteria belonging to the Salmonella genus and in 5 Escherichia coli strains with known genetic characteristics and phenotypical properties. The sensitivity of the salmonella strains under study to R- and RS-specific bacteriophages, and also their capacity to ferment galactose were determined. Transfectable mutants of bacteria belongin to the Salmonella genus were referred to the Ra-type. The salmonella P22 H5 bacteriophage of the heterologous E. coli recipient isolated DNA transfection was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Transfectable strains of Salmonella]. It the Ca2+-dependent system of an intact bacterial recipient the efficacy of DNA transfection of P22 H5 bacteriophage was determined in 48 strains of bacteria belonging to the Salmonella genus and in 5 Escherichia coli strains with known genetic characteristics and phenotypical properties. The sensitivity of the salmonella strains under study to R- and RS-specific bacteriophages, and also their capacity to ferment galactose were determined. Transfectable mutants of bacteria belongin to the Salmonella genus were referred to the Ra-type. The salmonella P22 H5 bacteriophage of the heterologous E. coli recipient isolated DNA transfection was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:899424", "title": "[Role of adrenal cortex hormones in the realization of the biological action of cholerogen].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on albino mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. The role played by glucocorticoids in the realization of the biological action of cholerogen--cholera exotoxin (edema of the limbs in mice and the skin test after Craig in guinea pigs and rabbits) was studied. Tissue sensitivity of these animals to the action of cholerogen diminished under the effect of stress factors (intramuscular injection of formalin, intraperitoneal injection of cholerogen, immobilization, hunger, laparatomy, etc.) and in case of glucocorticoid administration. A hypothesis is put forward that cholera exotoxin entering the blood from the intestine and activating the adrenal cortex function in vivo promoted the development of cholera intoxication.", "contents": "[Role of adrenal cortex hormones in the realization of the biological action of cholerogen]. Experiments were conducted on albino mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. The role played by glucocorticoids in the realization of the biological action of cholerogen--cholera exotoxin (edema of the limbs in mice and the skin test after Craig in guinea pigs and rabbits) was studied. Tissue sensitivity of these animals to the action of cholerogen diminished under the effect of stress factors (intramuscular injection of formalin, intraperitoneal injection of cholerogen, immobilization, hunger, laparatomy, etc.) and in case of glucocorticoid administration. A hypothesis is put forward that cholera exotoxin entering the blood from the intestine and activating the adrenal cortex function in vivo promoted the development of cholera intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:899426", "title": "[Effect of surface-active agents on staphylococcal coagulase].", "content": "The influence of catamine AB, sulfonol NP-3, sodium alkylsulfate homologues (C10-C16) and of syntanol DT-7 on the reaction of fibrin formation under the action of the partially purified coagulase was studied. Catamine and sulfonol inhibited the velocity of the reaction in the the concentrations over 0.002 and 0.01%, respectively. A reduction of the rate of reaction with catamine occurred chiefly as a result of the enzyme inactivation, whereas sulfonal influenced the intermediate products of the reaction. Inhibition of the rate of the reaction with the sodium alkylsulfate homologues was enhanced with the increase of the alkyl radical length and was the greatest for the tetradecyl sulfate sodium. Syntanol failed to influence the enzyme activity, but increased its amount in the staphylococcus culture on the medium with subbacteriostatic concentrations of sulfactants. Catamine, sulfonol and, to a lesser extent, syntanol retarded the coagulation process of human citrate plasma with pathogenic staphylococcus.", "contents": "[Effect of surface-active agents on staphylococcal coagulase]. The influence of catamine AB, sulfonol NP-3, sodium alkylsulfate homologues (C10-C16) and of syntanol DT-7 on the reaction of fibrin formation under the action of the partially purified coagulase was studied. Catamine and sulfonol inhibited the velocity of the reaction in the the concentrations over 0.002 and 0.01%, respectively. A reduction of the rate of reaction with catamine occurred chiefly as a result of the enzyme inactivation, whereas sulfonal influenced the intermediate products of the reaction. Inhibition of the rate of the reaction with the sodium alkylsulfate homologues was enhanced with the increase of the alkyl radical length and was the greatest for the tetradecyl sulfate sodium. Syntanol failed to influence the enzyme activity, but increased its amount in the staphylococcus culture on the medium with subbacteriostatic concentrations of sulfactants. Catamine, sulfonol and, to a lesser extent, syntanol retarded the coagulation process of human citrate plasma with pathogenic staphylococcus."}
{"id": "PMID:899431", "title": "[Methodologic principles of epidemiology].", "content": "The author presented the nature of the epidemic process and formulated the methodological principles in epidemiology. In the author's opinion, the main principles were that of evolutionism and of unity (social and biological, continuous and interrupted, general and individual) in the epidemic process. The author is against bringing the special methodology only to the illustration of general materialistic dialectics laws on the example of a definite medical science. Methodological direction of the study, teaching and practice in epidemiology should be realized in organic association with the specific subject of the given science.", "contents": "[Methodologic principles of epidemiology]. The author presented the nature of the epidemic process and formulated the methodological principles in epidemiology. In the author's opinion, the main principles were that of evolutionism and of unity (social and biological, continuous and interrupted, general and individual) in the epidemic process. The author is against bringing the special methodology only to the illustration of general materialistic dialectics laws on the example of a definite medical science. Methodological direction of the study, teaching and practice in epidemiology should be realized in organic association with the specific subject of the given science."}
{"id": "PMID:899432", "title": "[Comparative assessment of the means and methods of immunizing humans against smallpox].", "content": "Serological efficacy of oral smallpox vaccination was studied in comparison with the scarification and jet methods (1677 persons were vaccinated orally, 148 by scarification, and 1864 by the jet method). In all the three groups percentage of persons with increase of antibodies in comparison with the initial level proved to be statistically equal, constituting about 80% the first 5 months, and falling to 39-61% in 12 months. After revaccination by the scarification and jet methods the mean geometrical antibody titres increased 11--14-fold, and after oral revaccination--5-fold. However, not in a single case they were below 1:25 (observation time--up to 5 months). Vaccination teams consisting of 2--3 persons were capable of vaccinating by the oral method 1456 persons, by the jet method 891 persons, and by scarfication 27 persons per hour.", "contents": "[Comparative assessment of the means and methods of immunizing humans against smallpox]. Serological efficacy of oral smallpox vaccination was studied in comparison with the scarification and jet methods (1677 persons were vaccinated orally, 148 by scarification, and 1864 by the jet method). In all the three groups percentage of persons with increase of antibodies in comparison with the initial level proved to be statistically equal, constituting about 80% the first 5 months, and falling to 39-61% in 12 months. After revaccination by the scarification and jet methods the mean geometrical antibody titres increased 11--14-fold, and after oral revaccination--5-fold. However, not in a single case they were below 1:25 (observation time--up to 5 months). Vaccination teams consisting of 2--3 persons were capable of vaccinating by the oral method 1456 persons, by the jet method 891 persons, and by scarfication 27 persons per hour."}
{"id": "PMID:899433", "title": "[Necessity of serologic confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of measles under conditions of massive vaccination].", "content": "Serological examination of 84 foci of measles infection demonstrated that measles diagnosis was confirmed only in 69% of the foci and in 75.9% of the sick individuals. This pointed to the difficulties in the differential diagnosis of measles and other exanthema diseases, and led to the overstatement of the recorded measles foci and cases, particularly among the vaccinated. Therefore, serological confirmation of clinical measles diagnosis is necessary along with epidemiological morbidity analysis at the period of mass immunoprophylaxis.", "contents": "[Necessity of serologic confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of measles under conditions of massive vaccination]. Serological examination of 84 foci of measles infection demonstrated that measles diagnosis was confirmed only in 69% of the foci and in 75.9% of the sick individuals. This pointed to the difficulties in the differential diagnosis of measles and other exanthema diseases, and led to the overstatement of the recorded measles foci and cases, particularly among the vaccinated. Therefore, serological confirmation of clinical measles diagnosis is necessary along with epidemiological morbidity analysis at the period of mass immunoprophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:899434", "title": "[Secretion by tumor and non-tumor cells of substances modifying macrophage migration and the cytopathogenic effect of immune lymphocytes in vitro].", "content": "Tumour cells were shown to secrete substances stimulating macrophage migration in vitro and also those depressing the cytopathogenic action of immune lymphocytes in vitro. Embryo fibroblasts (examined in paralled as nontumour cells) secreted as did tumour cells, substances stimulating the macrophage migration, but not substances capable of depressing the cytopathogenic action of immune lymphocytes. L-cells secreted substances inhibiting macrophage migration, but failed to secrete substances depressing the cytopathogenic action of immune lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Secretion by tumor and non-tumor cells of substances modifying macrophage migration and the cytopathogenic effect of immune lymphocytes in vitro]. Tumour cells were shown to secrete substances stimulating macrophage migration in vitro and also those depressing the cytopathogenic action of immune lymphocytes in vitro. Embryo fibroblasts (examined in paralled as nontumour cells) secreted as did tumour cells, substances stimulating the macrophage migration, but not substances capable of depressing the cytopathogenic action of immune lymphocytes. L-cells secreted substances inhibiting macrophage migration, but failed to secrete substances depressing the cytopathogenic action of immune lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:899435", "title": "[Chemical and immunogenic properties of the capsular antigen of Staphylococcus aureus. I. purification and chemical characteristics of the capsular antigen].", "content": "Crude capsular material isolated from S. aureus strain 1193/74 was characterized chemically and subjected to purification by 4 different methods. The best results were obtained by the method including deproteinization of the material with a mixture of chloroform and butanol, fractional precipitation with ethanol and separation on SE-Sephadex. Galactose, uronic acids, and a small amount of protein served as components characteristic of the purified capsular material.  Galacturonic and glucuronic acids were identified amoung the uronic acids. Besides, there were revealed other acids with a carbohydrate base, whose nature is still obscure.", "contents": "[Chemical and immunogenic properties of the capsular antigen of Staphylococcus aureus. I. purification and chemical characteristics of the capsular antigen]. Crude capsular material isolated from S. aureus strain 1193/74 was characterized chemically and subjected to purification by 4 different methods. The best results were obtained by the method including deproteinization of the material with a mixture of chloroform and butanol, fractional precipitation with ethanol and separation on SE-Sephadex. Galactose, uronic acids, and a small amount of protein served as components characteristic of the purified capsular material.  Galacturonic and glucuronic acids were identified amoung the uronic acids. Besides, there were revealed other acids with a carbohydrate base, whose nature is still obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:899436", "title": "[Sensitivity of repair-defective mutants of the plague microbe to the action of physical and chemical agents].", "content": "By the character of the sensitivity of UV-irradiation, to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, 5-bromuracil, mitomycin C, crystalviolet, and by the capacity to restore phage injuries the 1435-A and 1435-24 mutants were referred to the uvr-hcr-, 17 mutant--to the uvr-hcr+, and 35 mutant--to lon genotype. As a result of UV irradiation the experimental strains formed heteromorphic forms of bacteria, spindle-shaped, filamentous cells, were sensitive to the action of static electrical field of high frequency, this pointing to disturbance of cellular membranes structure in these mutants.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of repair-defective mutants of the plague microbe to the action of physical and chemical agents]. By the character of the sensitivity of UV-irradiation, to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, 5-bromuracil, mitomycin C, crystalviolet, and by the capacity to restore phage injuries the 1435-A and 1435-24 mutants were referred to the uvr-hcr-, 17 mutant--to the uvr-hcr+, and 35 mutant--to lon genotype. As a result of UV irradiation the experimental strains formed heteromorphic forms of bacteria, spindle-shaped, filamentous cells, were sensitive to the action of static electrical field of high frequency, this pointing to disturbance of cellular membranes structure in these mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:899437", "title": "[Halophilic vibrios isolated from the Sea of Azov].", "content": "Halophilic vibrios (V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus) were for the first time isolated from the Azov sea in the Eisk district. These vibrios proved to be typical representatives of Vibrio genus and were distinctly differentiated by species according to the following signs: saccharose splitting, growth in peptone water with 10% NaCl solution, and acetylmethylcarbinol production. Swarming capacity on 1.5% agar with 3% NaCl proved to be a more variable sign. All the cultures isolated were typed by means of Japanese O- and K-sera and had the following antigenic formulae: O1:K32; O2:K28; O3:K57; O5:K17; O6:K18. Only in 3 cases it was impossible to determine completely the antigenic formula of vibrios referred by the O-antigen type +o the 7th and 11th groups. Thus, parahemolytic vibrios isolated from the Azov sea were referred to the serological types revealed in Japan in the sea water, hydrobionts and feces of patients with acute gastrointestinal diseases.", "contents": "[Halophilic vibrios isolated from the Sea of Azov]. Halophilic vibrios (V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus) were for the first time isolated from the Azov sea in the Eisk district. These vibrios proved to be typical representatives of Vibrio genus and were distinctly differentiated by species according to the following signs: saccharose splitting, growth in peptone water with 10% NaCl solution, and acetylmethylcarbinol production. Swarming capacity on 1.5% agar with 3% NaCl proved to be a more variable sign. All the cultures isolated were typed by means of Japanese O- and K-sera and had the following antigenic formulae: O1:K32; O2:K28; O3:K57; O5:K17; O6:K18. Only in 3 cases it was impossible to determine completely the antigenic formula of vibrios referred by the O-antigen type +o the 7th and 11th groups. Thus, parahemolytic vibrios isolated from the Azov sea were referred to the serological types revealed in Japan in the sea water, hydrobionts and feces of patients with acute gastrointestinal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:899439", "title": "[Alteration of the natural humoral immunity in experimental diphtheritic infection induced by different doses of the agent].", "content": "The authors carried out a complex study of natural humoral immunity factors in rabbits experimentally infected with various doses of diphtheria bacillus (500, 200, 100, 50 and 1 million, 10 000 and 1000 microorganisms). Natural protection factors--the complement, properdin, and lysozyme proved to undergo similar dynamic changes with each infection dose. The extent and direction of the changes depended on the infection dose. No significant natural immunity changes were caused by a low dose. A dose of 10 000 microbes caused stimulation of properdin and lysozyme activity. Dose of 1, 5, and 50 million suppressed the activity of all the components, the most pronounced with the later dose. Changes occurring with the doses of 200 and 100 million microbes were phasic in character.", "contents": "[Alteration of the natural humoral immunity in experimental diphtheritic infection induced by different doses of the agent]. The authors carried out a complex study of natural humoral immunity factors in rabbits experimentally infected with various doses of diphtheria bacillus (500, 200, 100, 50 and 1 million, 10 000 and 1000 microorganisms). Natural protection factors--the complement, properdin, and lysozyme proved to undergo similar dynamic changes with each infection dose. The extent and direction of the changes depended on the infection dose. No significant natural immunity changes were caused by a low dose. A dose of 10 000 microbes caused stimulation of properdin and lysozyme activity. Dose of 1, 5, and 50 million suppressed the activity of all the components, the most pronounced with the later dose. Changes occurring with the doses of 200 and 100 million microbes were phasic in character."}
{"id": "PMID:899440", "title": "[Neutrophil damage index (NDI test) and leukocytosis response in the diagnosis of scleroma].", "content": "Clinical, bacteriologica and serological study was carried out in 57 patients with various forms of scleroma. In the same patients and also in 35 donors and 10 persons suffering from other ENT diseases a study was made of the allergy test (the NDI test) and the leukocytolysis test. Various microbial preparations were approbated, specificity of phenolen was studied. A possibility of using the mentioned allergy test in the capacity of an auxillary method in laboratory diagnosis of scleroma was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Neutrophil damage index (NDI test) and leukocytosis response in the diagnosis of scleroma]. Clinical, bacteriologica and serological study was carried out in 57 patients with various forms of scleroma. In the same patients and also in 35 donors and 10 persons suffering from other ENT diseases a study was made of the allergy test (the NDI test) and the leukocytolysis test. Various microbial preparations were approbated, specificity of phenolen was studied. A possibility of using the mentioned allergy test in the capacity of an auxillary method in laboratory diagnosis of scleroma was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:899441", "title": "[Dynamics  of immunoglobulins M and G formation in experimental tularemia].", "content": "There were revealed certain differences in the structure and the level of immunoglobulins, the time of their persistence in the blood of the infected and vaccinated experimental animals in tularemia. IgG were characteristic chiefly of the infectious process and served as an index of the immunological response intensity. Vaccination conditioned the production of IgM. IgG were revealed in low titres and at earlier periods of study. The results coincided in using cystein hidrochloride and 2-mercaptoethanol (reducing agents).", "contents": "[Dynamics  of immunoglobulins M and G formation in experimental tularemia]. There were revealed certain differences in the structure and the level of immunoglobulins, the time of their persistence in the blood of the infected and vaccinated experimental animals in tularemia. IgG were characteristic chiefly of the infectious process and served as an index of the immunological response intensity. Vaccination conditioned the production of IgM. IgG were revealed in low titres and at earlier periods of study. The results coincided in using cystein hidrochloride and 2-mercaptoethanol (reducing agents)."}
{"id": "PMID:899450", "title": "[Several controversial problems in the epidemiology of intestinal infections. III. Features of the mechanism of transmission and systematization of the source of infection in salmonelloses].", "content": "Features peculiar to the transmission mechanism in anthroponosis and zoonosis salmonelloses were formulated on the basis of studying the sources of salmonella infection in the Ukkrainian SSR for 10 years and analysis of the literature data. Inequality of different representatives of the animal world in the spread of salmonelloses was determined by these peculiarities permitting to differentiate the source of infection with the leading zoonosis mechanism of the infection transmission and the sources with the anthroponosis transmission mechanism.", "contents": "[Several controversial problems in the epidemiology of intestinal infections. III. Features of the mechanism of transmission and systematization of the source of infection in salmonelloses]. Features peculiar to the transmission mechanism in anthroponosis and zoonosis salmonelloses were formulated on the basis of studying the sources of salmonella infection in the Ukkrainian SSR for 10 years and analysis of the literature data. Inequality of different representatives of the animal world in the spread of salmonelloses was determined by these peculiarities permitting to differentiate the source of infection with the leading zoonosis mechanism of the infection transmission and the sources with the anthroponosis transmission mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:899453", "title": "[Histamine levels in the blood of humans experimental animals under normal conditions and following vaccination].", "content": "The authors present the results of study of the blood histamine content in intact rabbits and in the animals to which commercial vaccines with a different degree of reactogenic property for man were administered. The blood histamine level was also studied in practically healthy individuals and in those vaccinated with inactivated tick-borne encephalitis vaccine. The blood histamine content varied in intact rabbits from 4 to 10 microgram/ml, averaging 6.4 +/- 0.09 microgram/ml. Animal immunization caused elevation of the blood histamine content correlating with the reactogenic properties of the preparations for man: vaccines with low reactogenic properties--inactivated encephalitis and live measles vaccine produced no significant changes in the index under study; as to the typhoid vaccine with sextatoxoid, and smallpox vaccine with marked reactogenic properties--they stimulated significant histaminemia in rabbits. Revaccination of man against tick-borne encephalitis with  the inactivated cultural vaccine caused an increase in the blood histamine content.", "contents": "[Histamine levels in the blood of humans experimental animals under normal conditions and following vaccination]. The authors present the results of study of the blood histamine content in intact rabbits and in the animals to which commercial vaccines with a different degree of reactogenic property for man were administered. The blood histamine level was also studied in practically healthy individuals and in those vaccinated with inactivated tick-borne encephalitis vaccine. The blood histamine content varied in intact rabbits from 4 to 10 microgram/ml, averaging 6.4 +/- 0.09 microgram/ml. Animal immunization caused elevation of the blood histamine content correlating with the reactogenic properties of the preparations for man: vaccines with low reactogenic properties--inactivated encephalitis and live measles vaccine produced no significant changes in the index under study; as to the typhoid vaccine with sextatoxoid, and smallpox vaccine with marked reactogenic properties--they stimulated significant histaminemia in rabbits. Revaccination of man against tick-borne encephalitis with  the inactivated cultural vaccine caused an increase in the blood histamine content."}
{"id": "PMID:899454", "title": "[Validation of the subcutaneous-jet method of smallpox vaccination].", "content": "Reactogenic properties and survival of the smallpox vaccine virus in the organism of the vaccinated rabbits were studied for the purpose of experimental substantiation of the subcutaneous-jet method of smallpox vaccination; serological shifts were determined, and also the intensity of the immunity created to the intracerebral and intranasal infection with the pathogenic strain of the causative agent was assessed. The results of experiment were confirmed in revaccination of humans pointing to weak reactogenic properties and high immunological efficacy of the subcutaneous-jet method of smallpox vaccination.", "contents": "[Validation of the subcutaneous-jet method of smallpox vaccination]. Reactogenic properties and survival of the smallpox vaccine virus in the organism of the vaccinated rabbits were studied for the purpose of experimental substantiation of the subcutaneous-jet method of smallpox vaccination; serological shifts were determined, and also the intensity of the immunity created to the intracerebral and intranasal infection with the pathogenic strain of the causative agent was assessed. The results of experiment were confirmed in revaccination of humans pointing to weak reactogenic properties and high immunological efficacy of the subcutaneous-jet method of smallpox vaccination."}
{"id": "PMID:899456", "title": "[Determination of the intensity of antimicrobial immunity in diphtheria during an acute experiment].", "content": "The authors elaborated a method of determination of the antimicrobial immunity intensity in diphtheria in an acute experiment: guinea pigs were infected with a virulent culture of Corynebacterium diphtheriae grown on agar with iron in a concentration depressing the toxinogenesis. A temporary absence of the toxin formation permitted to evaluate the antibacterial immunity except the antitoxic one. Guinea pigs preimmunized with somatic Corynebacterium diphtheriae antigen or an immune antimicrobial serum constituted the experimental group. The antimicrobial protection level was assessed by the difference in the mortality rate of guinea pigs in the experimental and control groups.", "contents": "[Determination of the intensity of antimicrobial immunity in diphtheria during an acute experiment]. The authors elaborated a method of determination of the antimicrobial immunity intensity in diphtheria in an acute experiment: guinea pigs were infected with a virulent culture of Corynebacterium diphtheriae grown on agar with iron in a concentration depressing the toxinogenesis. A temporary absence of the toxin formation permitted to evaluate the antibacterial immunity except the antitoxic one. Guinea pigs preimmunized with somatic Corynebacterium diphtheriae antigen or an immune antimicrobial serum constituted the experimental group. The antimicrobial protection level was assessed by the difference in the mortality rate of guinea pigs in the experimental and control groups."}
{"id": "PMID:899457", "title": "[Biological properties of strain of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from humans].", "content": "A total of 1300 patients were examined; this number included patients suffering from food poisoning and with suspected dysentery hsopitalized at the isolation hospital; patients with diarrheal diseases under observation of the intestinal unit of the sanitary-epidemiological station, and patients with acute or exacerbation of chronic affection of the bile tracts. A total of 28 Yersinia enterocolitical strains were isolated from these patients, this constituting 2.1% of the total number os examinations. The strains isolated were typical by ciological properties and were referred to the 3rd and 9th serological and the 3rd and 4th biochemical types.", "contents": "[Biological properties of strain of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from humans]. A total of 1300 patients were examined; this number included patients suffering from food poisoning and with suspected dysentery hsopitalized at the isolation hospital; patients with diarrheal diseases under observation of the intestinal unit of the sanitary-epidemiological station, and patients with acute or exacerbation of chronic affection of the bile tracts. A total of 28 Yersinia enterocolitical strains were isolated from these patients, this constituting 2.1% of the total number os examinations. The strains isolated were typical by ciological properties and were referred to the 3rd and 9th serological and the 3rd and 4th biochemical types."}
{"id": "PMID:899458", "title": "[Quantitative patterns in changes in the intestinal microflora of irradiated mice].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 3 groups of mice, gamma-irradiated in doses of 900, 600 and 300 r. Development of acute radiation sickness was accompained by development of intestinal dysbacteriosis. Characteristic was reduction of lactobacilli content and increase in the content of purulent microbes (E. coli, clostridia, Proteus, and enterococcus) in the large intestine, and an increase of enterococcus and Proteus content in the small intestine. Changes in the microbial count in the intestine, depending on the time lapse after the irradiation can be represented as a formula of linear dependence; this permitted to compare the rate of changes in the intestinal content of the microbes during the development of acute radiation sickness.", "contents": "[Quantitative patterns in changes in the intestinal microflora of irradiated mice]. Experiments were conducted on 3 groups of mice, gamma-irradiated in doses of 900, 600 and 300 r. Development of acute radiation sickness was accompained by development of intestinal dysbacteriosis. Characteristic was reduction of lactobacilli content and increase in the content of purulent microbes (E. coli, clostridia, Proteus, and enterococcus) in the large intestine, and an increase of enterococcus and Proteus content in the small intestine. Changes in the microbial count in the intestine, depending on the time lapse after the irradiation can be represented as a formula of linear dependence; this permitted to compare the rate of changes in the intestinal content of the microbes during the development of acute radiation sickness."}
{"id": "PMID:899459", "title": "[Strengthening the immune response to typhoid vaccine by subcutaneous RNA administration].", "content": "The authors demonstrated the adjuvant activity of the RNA preparations injected subcutaneously. In the treatment of mice with the vaccine with a stimulant there was increase of antibody production and of their resistance to infection with typhoid causative agent in comparison with the animals which were only immunized. When the adjuvant was used the vaccine dose could be devreased 2- to 8-fold without any reduction of the immunity formed. RNA injection to the immunized animals on the 25th day after the onset of the experiment produced a revaccinating effect.", "contents": "[Strengthening the immune response to typhoid vaccine by subcutaneous RNA administration]. The authors demonstrated the adjuvant activity of the RNA preparations injected subcutaneously. In the treatment of mice with the vaccine with a stimulant there was increase of antibody production and of their resistance to infection with typhoid causative agent in comparison with the animals which were only immunized. When the adjuvant was used the vaccine dose could be devreased 2- to 8-fold without any reduction of the immunity formed. RNA injection to the immunized animals on the 25th day after the onset of the experiment produced a revaccinating effect."}
{"id": "PMID:899460", "title": "[Value of vestibular symptomatology in the differential diagnosis of slight closed injury to the skull and brain].", "content": "The authors performed otoneurological studies in 1118 cases, where in 152 such examinations were done repeatedly (on the 2, 7, 14 and 20 day following the brain trauma). One of the methods was a calorization of the labyrinth with a registration of the nystagm. A modified method (after A. A. Serdtseva) was used to study the optokinetic nystagm (the nystagm registration was done before and after labyrinth calorization). This method permitted to detect larvated disorders of the optokinetic nystagm, making it possible to differentiate the signs of mild brain concussion and contusion. These symptoms are not discernible neurologically and may facilitate the determination of the side of the heaviest damage during contusion.", "contents": "[Value of vestibular symptomatology in the differential diagnosis of slight closed injury to the skull and brain]. The authors performed otoneurological studies in 1118 cases, where in 152 such examinations were done repeatedly (on the 2, 7, 14 and 20 day following the brain trauma). One of the methods was a calorization of the labyrinth with a registration of the nystagm. A modified method (after A. A. Serdtseva) was used to study the optokinetic nystagm (the nystagm registration was done before and after labyrinth calorization). This method permitted to detect larvated disorders of the optokinetic nystagm, making it possible to differentiate the signs of mild brain concussion and contusion. These symptoms are not discernible neurologically and may facilitate the determination of the side of the heaviest damage during contusion."}
{"id": "PMID:899461", "title": "[Diagnostic value of auxiliary methods of study in severe cranio-cerebral injury with compression of the brain].", "content": "X-ray contrast and surgical neurodiagnostical methods permit to distinguish acute intracranial pressure in the early stages of the trauma. These methods were used in 129 cases where in 84 of them intracranial pressure was diagnosed and which permitted to accomplish urgent surgical operations. Pneumoencephalography, intracarotid angiography, an imposement of milling apertures are considered by the authors as possible methods to be used in a neurosurgical ward of a general hospital, taking into consideration its high diagnostical informativeness with a strict registration of the degree of severity and the clinical form of brain concussion.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of auxiliary methods of study in severe cranio-cerebral injury with compression of the brain]. X-ray contrast and surgical neurodiagnostical methods permit to distinguish acute intracranial pressure in the early stages of the trauma. These methods were used in 129 cases where in 84 of them intracranial pressure was diagnosed and which permitted to accomplish urgent surgical operations. Pneumoencephalography, intracarotid angiography, an imposement of milling apertures are considered by the authors as possible methods to be used in a neurosurgical ward of a general hospital, taking into consideration its high diagnostical informativeness with a strict registration of the degree of severity and the clinical form of brain concussion."}
{"id": "PMID:899464", "title": "[Indices of hospital and total mortality from stroke].", "content": "The indices of hospital lethality in cerebral strokes to a great extent depend upon the percentage of hospitalized patients and the contingent of admitted patients by their severity. For this reason the indices of hospital lethality cannot serve as a criteria for the quality of hospital services in this form of disorder. The coefficient of general lethality is also inadequate for the characteristics of changes in the therapeutic effectiveness of patients with acute changes of cerebral circulation, inasmuch as it does not take into consideration the decisive significance of the duration, character of disorders of cerebral circulation and the main vascular disease. The most complete characteristics of changes and therapeutic effectiveness in patients with cerebral strokes may be received only from survival coefficient of patients, homogenous according to the main vascular disease, character of disturbed cerebral circulation, age and sex of the patients.", "contents": "[Indices of hospital and total mortality from stroke]. The indices of hospital lethality in cerebral strokes to a great extent depend upon the percentage of hospitalized patients and the contingent of admitted patients by their severity. For this reason the indices of hospital lethality cannot serve as a criteria for the quality of hospital services in this form of disorder. The coefficient of general lethality is also inadequate for the characteristics of changes in the therapeutic effectiveness of patients with acute changes of cerebral circulation, inasmuch as it does not take into consideration the decisive significance of the duration, character of disorders of cerebral circulation and the main vascular disease. The most complete characteristics of changes and therapeutic effectiveness in patients with cerebral strokes may be received only from survival coefficient of patients, homogenous according to the main vascular disease, character of disturbed cerebral circulation, age and sex of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:899465", "title": "[Clinical picture and diagnosis of acute disorders of cerebral venous circulation].", "content": "The authors studied 4 patients with acute disturbances of cerebral venous circulation. In 2 cases the diagnosis was verified by carotid angiography and sinusography, in 2 cases--by autopsy. The authors consider that for diagnostical purposes of paramount importance is the anamnesis which in some cases permits to reveal in the past thrombophlebits with different localization, an appearance of the first symptoms after delivery. Cerebral venous thrombosis is characterized by a polymorphism of neurological symptoms, their migration and multifocal localization. In some cases convulsive syndromes were observed and in half of the cases engorged popilla on the eye ground. Of special importance are the x-ray contrast methods and first of all carotid angiography which helps to eliminate a newgrowth of the brain and to detect thrombosis of the cerebral veins.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and diagnosis of acute disorders of cerebral venous circulation]. The authors studied 4 patients with acute disturbances of cerebral venous circulation. In 2 cases the diagnosis was verified by carotid angiography and sinusography, in 2 cases--by autopsy. The authors consider that for diagnostical purposes of paramount importance is the anamnesis which in some cases permits to reveal in the past thrombophlebits with different localization, an appearance of the first symptoms after delivery. Cerebral venous thrombosis is characterized by a polymorphism of neurological symptoms, their migration and multifocal localization. In some cases convulsive syndromes were observed and in half of the cases engorged popilla on the eye ground. Of special importance are the x-ray contrast methods and first of all carotid angiography which helps to eliminate a newgrowth of the brain and to detect thrombosis of the cerebral veins."}
{"id": "PMID:899466", "title": "[Mnestic defect characteristics in lesions of the left and right cerebral hemispheres].", "content": "The report contains some results of an experimental psychological study of memory in 144 patients with lesions of the right and left temporal lobes and in 25 patients with parkinsonism, who had undergone stereotaxic operations on the nuclear structures of the thalamus for dominant and subdominant speech of the brain hemisphere. For control purposes 88 normals were studied. The achieved results were subjected to a statistical and correlational analysis done on a computer \"Minsk-20\". The results of such studies demonstrated certain differences in these groups. These differences were expressed both in a quantitative character of reproduction and in a qualitative structure in the memory defect, which was connected with a different representation of correlational bonds between the indices of reproduction as well as with the role of the right and left temporal lobes in the formation of memory dependence on the probability prognosis.", "contents": "[Mnestic defect characteristics in lesions of the left and right cerebral hemispheres]. The report contains some results of an experimental psychological study of memory in 144 patients with lesions of the right and left temporal lobes and in 25 patients with parkinsonism, who had undergone stereotaxic operations on the nuclear structures of the thalamus for dominant and subdominant speech of the brain hemisphere. For control purposes 88 normals were studied. The achieved results were subjected to a statistical and correlational analysis done on a computer \"Minsk-20\". The results of such studies demonstrated certain differences in these groups. These differences were expressed both in a quantitative character of reproduction and in a qualitative structure in the memory defect, which was connected with a different representation of correlational bonds between the indices of reproduction as well as with the role of the right and left temporal lobes in the formation of memory dependence on the probability prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:899468", "title": "[Clinical-correlation analysis in lesions of the temporal lobe].", "content": "The report deals with the role of nonspecific and specific brain systems in the clinical picture of brain lesions of the temporal lobe. In this connection special attention was drawn to the correlation between the etiology of the disease, the model of epileptical seizures and the symptoms of the disease, as well as to the clinical traits connected with hemisphere functional asymmetry. The author examined 164 patients from 20-60 years. The clinical data, clinico-psychological studies and the results of laboratory methods were processed for a clinicocorrelational analysis. Expressed vegetative, endocrine, emotional and mnestic disturbances of sleep and wakefulness are related with dysfunctions of the nonspecific brain systems and correlate with a certain model of the seizure, etiology and side of the lesion.", "contents": "[Clinical-correlation analysis in lesions of the temporal lobe]. The report deals with the role of nonspecific and specific brain systems in the clinical picture of brain lesions of the temporal lobe. In this connection special attention was drawn to the correlation between the etiology of the disease, the model of epileptical seizures and the symptoms of the disease, as well as to the clinical traits connected with hemisphere functional asymmetry. The author examined 164 patients from 20-60 years. The clinical data, clinico-psychological studies and the results of laboratory methods were processed for a clinicocorrelational analysis. Expressed vegetative, endocrine, emotional and mnestic disturbances of sleep and wakefulness are related with dysfunctions of the nonspecific brain systems and correlate with a certain model of the seizure, etiology and side of the lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:899469", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the interaction between lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients and human embryo brain cells under tissue culture conditions].", "content": "The authors convened an electron microscopic study of the interaction of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients with the brain cells of the embryo after a 24-hour joint cell incubation. It was found that in comparison with the lymphocytes of the normals, the lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients much more frequently come into contact with the cells of the brain culture. The lymphocytes of the patients are characterized by an increased amount of cytoplasmatic processes. A maximum amount of lymphocytes which came into contact was seen in experiments on population enriched in activized cells of the lymphocyte in schizophrenic patients. It is particularly the activized lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients that coming into contact called forth degenerative changes in the cells of brain culture in the area of contacts.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the interaction between lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients and human embryo brain cells under tissue culture conditions]. The authors convened an electron microscopic study of the interaction of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients with the brain cells of the embryo after a 24-hour joint cell incubation. It was found that in comparison with the lymphocytes of the normals, the lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients much more frequently come into contact with the cells of the brain culture. The lymphocytes of the patients are characterized by an increased amount of cytoplasmatic processes. A maximum amount of lymphocytes which came into contact was seen in experiments on population enriched in activized cells of the lymphocyte in schizophrenic patients. It is particularly the activized lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients that coming into contact called forth degenerative changes in the cells of brain culture in the area of contacts."}
{"id": "PMID:899470", "title": "[Neuropsychologic study of schizophrenic patients with a \"substitution syndrome\"].", "content": "Using neuro-psychological methods the authors studied 10 schizophrenic patients with the syndrome of \"substitution\" and 10 schizophrenic patients without it, where they were selected by the principle of pair control. It was established that disturbance of identification of faces on photographs and a reproduction of simple rhythmical structures was significantly more frequently found in patients with the syndrome of \"substitution\" in comparison with the control group. The remaining tests did not detect any significant differences between the groups. The conclusion is made that the formation of the syndrome of \"substitution\" is related to a lesion of the right occipital and possibly the right temporal lobe.", "contents": "[Neuropsychologic study of schizophrenic patients with a \"substitution syndrome\"]. Using neuro-psychological methods the authors studied 10 schizophrenic patients with the syndrome of \"substitution\" and 10 schizophrenic patients without it, where they were selected by the principle of pair control. It was established that disturbance of identification of faces on photographs and a reproduction of simple rhythmical structures was significantly more frequently found in patients with the syndrome of \"substitution\" in comparison with the control group. The remaining tests did not detect any significant differences between the groups. The conclusion is made that the formation of the syndrome of \"substitution\" is related to a lesion of the right occipital and possibly the right temporal lobe."}
{"id": "PMID:899471", "title": "[Arrangements for and probabilistic prognosis by schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The authors created in experimental conditions different sets: in one case sets for guessing accidental successive stimula, in others--to situations \"play with an opponent\". It was established that paranoid schizophrenic patients with a short period of the disease create their prognoses on the basis of a probability structure to produced stimula. In a protracted form of the disease the outcome of experience (to win--to lose) becomes more significant. In simple forms of schizophrenia the capability of making a prognosis appears to be more impaired. These disturbances are related either to the ability to catch the probability structure of the succession of stimula, either to use the correct knowledge of it.", "contents": "[Arrangements for and probabilistic prognosis by schizophrenic patients]. The authors created in experimental conditions different sets: in one case sets for guessing accidental successive stimula, in others--to situations \"play with an opponent\". It was established that paranoid schizophrenic patients with a short period of the disease create their prognoses on the basis of a probability structure to produced stimula. In a protracted form of the disease the outcome of experience (to win--to lose) becomes more significant. In simple forms of schizophrenia the capability of making a prognosis appears to be more impaired. These disturbances are related either to the ability to catch the probability structure of the succession of stimula, either to use the correct knowledge of it."}
{"id": "PMID:899472", "title": "[Clinical picture and course of early recurrent schizophrenia at a late stage of the disease].", "content": "The clinico-follow-up study of 90 patients with recurrent schizophrenia with an early onset (up to 20 years) permitted to depict peculiarities of the clinical picture and the course at a remote period of the disease depending upon the clinical manifestations of the previous stage and the degree of the progressiveness. An analysis of the clinical material has demonstrated that periodic schizophrenic with an early onset contains, as well as in adults, various variants of the course that differ in the degree of progressiveness (mild cyclothimuc, reduced, \"cliche\" and complicated states) which most likely condition a different level of \"outcome\": from the mild ones on the level of psychic asthenia up to more expressed in the form of personality autization of a different degree. The stated negative symptomatology was determined on the background of asthenical remission of a combined character (affective and asthenical disorders).", "contents": "[Clinical picture and course of early recurrent schizophrenia at a late stage of the disease]. The clinico-follow-up study of 90 patients with recurrent schizophrenia with an early onset (up to 20 years) permitted to depict peculiarities of the clinical picture and the course at a remote period of the disease depending upon the clinical manifestations of the previous stage and the degree of the progressiveness. An analysis of the clinical material has demonstrated that periodic schizophrenic with an early onset contains, as well as in adults, various variants of the course that differ in the degree of progressiveness (mild cyclothimuc, reduced, \"cliche\" and complicated states) which most likely condition a different level of \"outcome\": from the mild ones on the level of psychic asthenia up to more expressed in the form of personality autization of a different degree. The stated negative symptomatology was determined on the background of asthenical remission of a combined character (affective and asthenical disorders)."}
{"id": "PMID:899473", "title": "[Long remissions in schizophrenia following single and serial episodes in adolescence (clinico-catamnestic study)].", "content": "The report is related to a study of 56 cases of schizophrenia with protracted remissions, following acute psychotic attacks in adolescence. A relatively high frequency of such attacks was established in adolescent attack-like schizophrenia (26.9%). It was possible to determine the clinical traits of such cases and the differences in the premorbid personality. The conclusion is made on the necessity of differentiated evaluation of the criteria of social and working prognosis in such cases.", "contents": "[Long remissions in schizophrenia following single and serial episodes in adolescence (clinico-catamnestic study)]. The report is related to a study of 56 cases of schizophrenia with protracted remissions, following acute psychotic attacks in adolescence. A relatively high frequency of such attacks was established in adolescent attack-like schizophrenia (26.9%). It was possible to determine the clinical traits of such cases and the differences in the premorbid personality. The conclusion is made on the necessity of differentiated evaluation of the criteria of social and working prognosis in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:899474", "title": "[(Clinico-catamnestic study) Clinical picture, treatment and social-occupational adaptation of patients suffering schizophrenia with a sluggish, uninterrupted course].", "content": "The authors examined 100 patients with sluggish continuous schizophrenia and distinguished 4 clinical variants of the pathological process: pseudoneurotic, psychopathlike, paranoial and a sluggish simple form. The paper contains data in relation to the description of the clinical phenomenology and pathokinesis of such forms of schizophrenia in Mongolia and an analysis of its clinical regularities, effectivity of therapeutical measures and a sociooccupational characteristics of the social adaptation of this contingent of patients.", "contents": "[(Clinico-catamnestic study) Clinical picture, treatment and social-occupational adaptation of patients suffering schizophrenia with a sluggish, uninterrupted course]. The authors examined 100 patients with sluggish continuous schizophrenia and distinguished 4 clinical variants of the pathological process: pseudoneurotic, psychopathlike, paranoial and a sluggish simple form. The paper contains data in relation to the description of the clinical phenomenology and pathokinesis of such forms of schizophrenia in Mongolia and an analysis of its clinical regularities, effectivity of therapeutical measures and a sociooccupational characteristics of the social adaptation of this contingent of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:899475", "title": "[Family conditions of patients with schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis according to epidemiologic findings (marriage)].", "content": "The authors studied the familial (marital) state in schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis. The marital level in these patients is considered as one of the indices of social adaptation. It was demonstrated that the marital level differs significantly from the general populations in malignant schizophrenia where most of the patients do not marry at all. In other forms of schizophrenia these differences appear to be much less, while some people being not married by 50 years do not differ significantly from the respective indices for the population. In manic-depressive psychosis the differences are less. Among the patients who did get married the age at the time of marriage and the duration of the marriage is comparable with the data on the population and consequently these indices are determined to a large extent by general demographic regularities rather than by the disease.", "contents": "[Family conditions of patients with schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis according to epidemiologic findings (marriage)]. The authors studied the familial (marital) state in schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis. The marital level in these patients is considered as one of the indices of social adaptation. It was demonstrated that the marital level differs significantly from the general populations in malignant schizophrenia where most of the patients do not marry at all. In other forms of schizophrenia these differences appear to be much less, while some people being not married by 50 years do not differ significantly from the respective indices for the population. In manic-depressive psychosis the differences are less. Among the patients who did get married the age at the time of marriage and the duration of the marriage is comparable with the data on the population and consequently these indices are determined to a large extent by general demographic regularities rather than by the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:899476", "title": "[Clinical features of the syndrome of hysterical hypochondriasis].", "content": "The author studied 40 patients with the syndrome of hysterical hypochondria (27 of them were with slowly progressive schizophrenia), where the structure of the clinical picture was composed of hysterical and anxious-phobic disturbances of a hypochondriacal content, as well as of affective disorders appearing in the process of the disease. In nonprogressive states (psychopathy and pseudopsychopathy) there was an insignificant modification of the syndrome with a reduction of the vegetative and phobic symptomatology. A progressive development of the schizophrenic process was accompanied by modification of the whole syndrome and complication of it by an adjoinment of cenesthopathy. The disease in such cases was accompanied by mild negative personality changes (mainly within the framework of psychopathlike disturbances of the asthenic pole).", "contents": "[Clinical features of the syndrome of hysterical hypochondriasis]. The author studied 40 patients with the syndrome of hysterical hypochondria (27 of them were with slowly progressive schizophrenia), where the structure of the clinical picture was composed of hysterical and anxious-phobic disturbances of a hypochondriacal content, as well as of affective disorders appearing in the process of the disease. In nonprogressive states (psychopathy and pseudopsychopathy) there was an insignificant modification of the syndrome with a reduction of the vegetative and phobic symptomatology. A progressive development of the schizophrenic process was accompanied by modification of the whole syndrome and complication of it by an adjoinment of cenesthopathy. The disease in such cases was accompanied by mild negative personality changes (mainly within the framework of psychopathlike disturbances of the asthenic pole)."}
{"id": "PMID:899477", "title": "[Nosologic independence and features of the treatment of alcoholic paraphrenia].", "content": "The report deals with a study of 16 patients with alcoholic paraphrenia and 30 patients where the paraphrenic syndrome was a stage in Gaiie-Wernicke's encephalopathy, alcoholic paranoid state and alcoholic pseudoparalysis. Alcoholic paraphrenia was more frequently expressed in the form of systematized and confabulatory forms with a monotonous and primitive delusion accompanied by a psychoorganic syndrome. In the complex treatment injections of bijochinal (up to 40-50 ml) were used; this brought about a sufficient resocialization of the patients.", "contents": "[Nosologic independence and features of the treatment of alcoholic paraphrenia]. The report deals with a study of 16 patients with alcoholic paraphrenia and 30 patients where the paraphrenic syndrome was a stage in Gaiie-Wernicke's encephalopathy, alcoholic paranoid state and alcoholic pseudoparalysis. Alcoholic paraphrenia was more frequently expressed in the form of systematized and confabulatory forms with a monotonous and primitive delusion accompanied by a psychoorganic syndrome. In the complex treatment injections of bijochinal (up to 40-50 ml) were used; this brought about a sufficient resocialization of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:899478", "title": "[Effect of moditen-depot therapy on the duration and quality of remissions in schizophrenia patients].", "content": "The authors studied the effectiveness of out-patient treatment by Moditen-Deppt of 128 schizophrenic patients. A comparison of the previous remissions appearing during usual pharmacotherapy and remissions seen during Moditen-Depot treatment depicted statistically significant differences, indicating a distinct prevention of exacerbations due to this preparation, an increase in the duration and improved quality of remissions. Such improved remissions were expressed in lesser severity, in a decrease of psychopathological disturbances, changes qualified as a \"mollification of a defect\" and an improvement of some socio-clinical indices.", "contents": "[Effect of moditen-depot therapy on the duration and quality of remissions in schizophrenia patients]. The authors studied the effectiveness of out-patient treatment by Moditen-Deppt of 128 schizophrenic patients. A comparison of the previous remissions appearing during usual pharmacotherapy and remissions seen during Moditen-Depot treatment depicted statistically significant differences, indicating a distinct prevention of exacerbations due to this preparation, an increase in the duration and improved quality of remissions. Such improved remissions were expressed in lesser severity, in a decrease of psychopathological disturbances, changes qualified as a \"mollification of a defect\" and an improvement of some socio-clinical indices."}
{"id": "PMID:899481", "title": "[Atypical symptoms and their pathogenesis in extrapyramidal tumors].", "content": "In 124 patients with extramedullary tumors of different histological structure atypical syndromes were detected in 61% and were verified by surgical methods. The following atypical syndromes were marked: a nonconformity of the level of sensorial conductivity and the level of the tumor (19%), a dissociated type of spasticity of a cervico-thoracal localization (17%), disorder of cranial innervation (23.4%), swelling of the optic papilla (2.4%), etc. The pathogenesis of these changes was most frequently conditioned by hemo- and liquor dynamical disturbances, as well as by intoxication. Diagnostical errors related to the character of the process were seen in 18.5%, topico-diagnostical discrepance--in 19.3%.", "contents": "[Atypical symptoms and their pathogenesis in extrapyramidal tumors]. In 124 patients with extramedullary tumors of different histological structure atypical syndromes were detected in 61% and were verified by surgical methods. The following atypical syndromes were marked: a nonconformity of the level of sensorial conductivity and the level of the tumor (19%), a dissociated type of spasticity of a cervico-thoracal localization (17%), disorder of cranial innervation (23.4%), swelling of the optic papilla (2.4%), etc. The pathogenesis of these changes was most frequently conditioned by hemo- and liquor dynamical disturbances, as well as by intoxication. Diagnostical errors related to the character of the process were seen in 18.5%, topico-diagnostical discrepance--in 19.3%."}
{"id": "PMID:899483", "title": "[Amino acid composition of ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid in brain tumors].", "content": "In 58 patients with brain tumors of a different histological structure the authors examined the amino acid content in the CSF (in 30 cases ventricular and in 28--lumbar fluid). The most expressed changes in the amino acid content (an increased amount and their concentration in the fluid) were found in patients with tumours, closely located to fluid conducting paths. The most characteristic of brain tumors was the prevalent increase of the content of crystine, thyrosine, valine, phenylalanine and a drop in the concentration of liquid methionin. The ventricular fluid, compared to the lumbar, contained a siggnificantly higher histidine content, while in high concentrations of glutamic acid--a higher content of asparagenic acid. In average concentrations of glutamic acid in the ventricular fluid the concentration of cystine, treomine, and valine was decreased. There were no correlation between the amino acid content in the liquid and the histological structure and clinical signs of the brain tumor.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition of ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid in brain tumors]. In 58 patients with brain tumors of a different histological structure the authors examined the amino acid content in the CSF (in 30 cases ventricular and in 28--lumbar fluid). The most expressed changes in the amino acid content (an increased amount and their concentration in the fluid) were found in patients with tumours, closely located to fluid conducting paths. The most characteristic of brain tumors was the prevalent increase of the content of crystine, thyrosine, valine, phenylalanine and a drop in the concentration of liquid methionin. The ventricular fluid, compared to the lumbar, contained a siggnificantly higher histidine content, while in high concentrations of glutamic acid--a higher content of asparagenic acid. In average concentrations of glutamic acid in the ventricular fluid the concentration of cystine, treomine, and valine was decreased. There were no correlation between the amino acid content in the liquid and the histological structure and clinical signs of the brain tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:899484", "title": "[Echotomography of the posterior cranial fossa].", "content": "The use of ultrasound tomography for the study of the posterior cranial fossa through intact bones of the skull permits to detect the contour of the cerebellar hemispheres. A scanning of the operational defect of the occipial bone allows one to determine the echotographical structure of the posterior cranial fossa and the adjacent area in a 2 plane picture which is easily correlated with the anatomical sawing of the head in the same plane. It was also possible to eliminate the contours of a recurrent cystous tumour of the cerebellum. The clinical results are correlated with the data of autopsies in experimental studies. The authors are of the opinion that the method of echoencephalotomography during surgical operations of the posterior cranial fossa is quite perspective.", "contents": "[Echotomography of the posterior cranial fossa]. The use of ultrasound tomography for the study of the posterior cranial fossa through intact bones of the skull permits to detect the contour of the cerebellar hemispheres. A scanning of the operational defect of the occipial bone allows one to determine the echotographical structure of the posterior cranial fossa and the adjacent area in a 2 plane picture which is easily correlated with the anatomical sawing of the head in the same plane. It was also possible to eliminate the contours of a recurrent cystous tumour of the cerebellum. The clinical results are correlated with the data of autopsies in experimental studies. The authors are of the opinion that the method of echoencephalotomography during surgical operations of the posterior cranial fossa is quite perspective."}
{"id": "PMID:899485", "title": "[Dynamics and pathogenesis of alterations in the bioelectrical activity of the brain following pneumoencephalography].", "content": "In 40 patients with remote sequalae of closed brain injury the authors studied the brain bioelectric activity before and following pneumoencephalography in dynamics. Changes in the EEG after PEG were seen in all cases in the form of decreased alpha-activity and a significant increase in the index of slow theta and delta waves. The dynamics in the EEG changes did not depend upon the clinical syndrome and were the same in patients with epileptical seizures, as well as in patients with posttraumatic syndrome. The EEG changes following PEG were transitory and were usually combined with distinct disturbances of metabolic-vegetative functions. This permits to allocate a certain place in the pathogenesis of detected EEG changes to the action of the air and x-ray on the brain membranes, as well as on the reticular structure, hypothalamic centers of metabolic-vegetative functions.", "contents": "[Dynamics and pathogenesis of alterations in the bioelectrical activity of the brain following pneumoencephalography]. In 40 patients with remote sequalae of closed brain injury the authors studied the brain bioelectric activity before and following pneumoencephalography in dynamics. Changes in the EEG after PEG were seen in all cases in the form of decreased alpha-activity and a significant increase in the index of slow theta and delta waves. The dynamics in the EEG changes did not depend upon the clinical syndrome and were the same in patients with epileptical seizures, as well as in patients with posttraumatic syndrome. The EEG changes following PEG were transitory and were usually combined with distinct disturbances of metabolic-vegetative functions. This permits to allocate a certain place in the pathogenesis of detected EEG changes to the action of the air and x-ray on the brain membranes, as well as on the reticular structure, hypothalamic centers of metabolic-vegetative functions."}
{"id": "PMID:899486", "title": "[Hierarchy of nervous system structures in regulating muscle tone].", "content": "An analysis of mechanisms regulating the muscular tone, conducted on the basis of a study of the phylogenesis of nervous structures, as well as on experimental and clinical studies of the mascular tone in normal conditions and in pathology permitted to distinguish the following 6 levels of muscular regulation: segmento-peripheral, general suprasegmental, cerebellar-stem; pallidal, strial, cortical. The author discusses some clinical syndromes of disturbed muscular tone (parkinsonism, hormetonia, decerebrated regidity). It was demonstrated that each higher level exerts an inhibitory action on the lower level of muscular tone regulation and in this way there is a distinct ierarchy of the tone regulation. The ierarchy system of muscular tone regulation should be taken into consideration when determining the level of the nervous system lesions and in intervention in order to normalize the muscular tone.", "contents": "[Hierarchy of nervous system structures in regulating muscle tone]. An analysis of mechanisms regulating the muscular tone, conducted on the basis of a study of the phylogenesis of nervous structures, as well as on experimental and clinical studies of the mascular tone in normal conditions and in pathology permitted to distinguish the following 6 levels of muscular regulation: segmento-peripheral, general suprasegmental, cerebellar-stem; pallidal, strial, cortical. The author discusses some clinical syndromes of disturbed muscular tone (parkinsonism, hormetonia, decerebrated regidity). It was demonstrated that each higher level exerts an inhibitory action on the lower level of muscular tone regulation and in this way there is a distinct ierarchy of the tone regulation. The ierarchy system of muscular tone regulation should be taken into consideration when determining the level of the nervous system lesions and in intervention in order to normalize the muscular tone."}
{"id": "PMID:899487", "title": "[Familial cases of disseminated sclerosis].", "content": "The report contains a description of 3 families with disseminated sclerosis (2 siblings in each family). The detected changes in the immunological reactivity of these patients are correlated with the data of the previously studied 112 patients with disseminated sclerosis and speaks in favour of a neuroallergical reaction, the important role of which in the pathogenesis of disseminated sclerosis is at present generally acknowledged. Having in view the heredity of developing allergic reactions the authors suggest that there is a certain relation between the state of the immunocompetent systems and the predispositional factors in disseminated sclerosis. This serves as a basis for the assumption that disseminated sclerosis can be attributed to diseases with a hereditary predisposition where for the manifestation of the disease there should be an effect of exogenous (viral?) factors.", "contents": "[Familial cases of disseminated sclerosis]. The report contains a description of 3 families with disseminated sclerosis (2 siblings in each family). The detected changes in the immunological reactivity of these patients are correlated with the data of the previously studied 112 patients with disseminated sclerosis and speaks in favour of a neuroallergical reaction, the important role of which in the pathogenesis of disseminated sclerosis is at present generally acknowledged. Having in view the heredity of developing allergic reactions the authors suggest that there is a certain relation between the state of the immunocompetent systems and the predispositional factors in disseminated sclerosis. This serves as a basis for the assumption that disseminated sclerosis can be attributed to diseases with a hereditary predisposition where for the manifestation of the disease there should be an effect of exogenous (viral?) factors."}
{"id": "PMID:899488", "title": "[Respiratory resuscitation in severe forms of hemorrhagic stroke].", "content": "In 48 patients with hemorrhagic strokes accompanied by disorders of vital functions the authors conducted respiratory resuscitation. Artificial lung ventilation was made from 1 day to 6 months. Among the studied patients 10 of them with a lateral localization of the hematoma and blood penetration into the subarachnoidal spaces and perhaps into the brain ventricules survived, 27 died during the first 2 weeks from the beginning of resuscitation due to destruction of wide brain areas with penetration of blood into the brain ventricules. In more remote periods (from 2 weeks to 8 months following a stroke)--11 patients due to a pathology of the internal organs died. The achieved data indicate that respiratory resuscitation in a very severe development of a hemorrhagic stroke may be used in a limited group of patients with lateral localization of the hematoma.", "contents": "[Respiratory resuscitation in severe forms of hemorrhagic stroke]. In 48 patients with hemorrhagic strokes accompanied by disorders of vital functions the authors conducted respiratory resuscitation. Artificial lung ventilation was made from 1 day to 6 months. Among the studied patients 10 of them with a lateral localization of the hematoma and blood penetration into the subarachnoidal spaces and perhaps into the brain ventricules survived, 27 died during the first 2 weeks from the beginning of resuscitation due to destruction of wide brain areas with penetration of blood into the brain ventricules. In more remote periods (from 2 weeks to 8 months following a stroke)--11 patients due to a pathology of the internal organs died. The achieved data indicate that respiratory resuscitation in a very severe development of a hemorrhagic stroke may be used in a limited group of patients with lateral localization of the hematoma."}
{"id": "PMID:899489", "title": "[EEG, REG and ECG correlations in transient disorders of cerebral circulation in the carotid bassin].", "content": "The study is based on analysis of the EEG, REG and ECG correlations under conditions of their synchronous registration in 70 patients with transient disorders of circulation in the basin of the internal carotid artery. The results indicate to certain relationship between disturbances in the rhythm of cardiac activity (cardiac fibrillation, paroxysmal tachycardia, etc.), worsening of the brain hemodynamics and the appearance of hypoxic reactions in the EEG. Most frequently the EEG changes had a character of desynchronized cortical rhythmics. Focal changes in the EEG were registered in 1/4 of the patients and were characterized by inconstant groups of slow and sharp waves mainly in the temporal leads (\"transitory\" foci). The REG data indicate to an atherosclerotic process and a mild diffuse drop of cerebral blood repletion. The relative stability of the detected EEG changes (1-3 weeks following a regress of neurological disturbances) permit to assume the existence of a latent developing insufficiency of cerebral circulaion.", "contents": "[EEG, REG and ECG correlations in transient disorders of cerebral circulation in the carotid bassin]. The study is based on analysis of the EEG, REG and ECG correlations under conditions of their synchronous registration in 70 patients with transient disorders of circulation in the basin of the internal carotid artery. The results indicate to certain relationship between disturbances in the rhythm of cardiac activity (cardiac fibrillation, paroxysmal tachycardia, etc.), worsening of the brain hemodynamics and the appearance of hypoxic reactions in the EEG. Most frequently the EEG changes had a character of desynchronized cortical rhythmics. Focal changes in the EEG were registered in 1/4 of the patients and were characterized by inconstant groups of slow and sharp waves mainly in the temporal leads (\"transitory\" foci). The REG data indicate to an atherosclerotic process and a mild diffuse drop of cerebral blood repletion. The relative stability of the detected EEG changes (1-3 weeks following a regress of neurological disturbances) permit to assume the existence of a latent developing insufficiency of cerebral circulaion."}
{"id": "PMID:899490", "title": "[Water-electrolyte disorders in the acute period of a stroke].", "content": "In 100 patients with different forms of cerebral strokes the author studied the general water content. Its distribution in the organism. Na and K concentration in the plasma and erythrocytes and the general electrolyte content in spaces of the body. It was established that the most frequent syndromes of water-electrolyte disorders in the acute period of strokes is intracellular or general hydratation (81%). In parenchymatous-subarachnoidal hemorrhages the general dehydratation was combined with a hyperhydratation of the extracellular space, while in sichemic strokes there was an anhydridemia up to 10-18 days. A disturbance of the electrolyte metabolism was also expressed in a transmineralization with a drop of the general Na and K content due to intracellular losses. The K deficit was averagely 29% and the Na--15.5% and should be taken into consideration in a substitutive hydro-electrolyte therapy. Solutions with an increased K content should be used in order to compensate its deficit.", "contents": "[Water-electrolyte disorders in the acute period of a stroke]. In 100 patients with different forms of cerebral strokes the author studied the general water content. Its distribution in the organism. Na and K concentration in the plasma and erythrocytes and the general electrolyte content in spaces of the body. It was established that the most frequent syndromes of water-electrolyte disorders in the acute period of strokes is intracellular or general hydratation (81%). In parenchymatous-subarachnoidal hemorrhages the general dehydratation was combined with a hyperhydratation of the extracellular space, while in sichemic strokes there was an anhydridemia up to 10-18 days. A disturbance of the electrolyte metabolism was also expressed in a transmineralization with a drop of the general Na and K content due to intracellular losses. The K deficit was averagely 29% and the Na--15.5% and should be taken into consideration in a substitutive hydro-electrolyte therapy. Solutions with an increased K content should be used in order to compensate its deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:899491", "title": "[Role of endogenous and organic factors in the origin of endoform psychoses in the presence of senile-atrophic processes in the brain].", "content": "A clinical study of 50 patients with late schizophrenia and 150 with senile dementia demonstrated an involvement of the endogenous predisposition in the origin of schizoform psychoses in senile dementia, as well as close relation of these psychoses with atrophic processes. The author suggests that a slowly developing atrophic process creates specific, especially favourable conditions for the accomplishment of the endogenous predisposition in some cases and for the exacerbation and depending on the already existing endogenous disturbances in other cases.", "contents": "[Role of endogenous and organic factors in the origin of endoform psychoses in the presence of senile-atrophic processes in the brain]. A clinical study of 50 patients with late schizophrenia and 150 with senile dementia demonstrated an involvement of the endogenous predisposition in the origin of schizoform psychoses in senile dementia, as well as close relation of these psychoses with atrophic processes. The author suggests that a slowly developing atrophic process creates specific, especially favourable conditions for the accomplishment of the endogenous predisposition in some cases and for the exacerbation and depending on the already existing endogenous disturbances in other cases."}
{"id": "PMID:899494", "title": "[Patients with paranoid schizophrenia continuing into old age].", "content": "On the basis of a study of 67 elderly patients it was established that the majority of them (38 patients or 56.7%), despite the existence of productive disorders demonstrated a high level of social adaptation. They did not require hospitalization, their mental condition remained stable, even in long-term absence of psychopharmacological treatment. The conclusion is made that in paranoid schizophrenia in old age (as well as in other forms of schizophrenia) there is a reduction in the progressivenses of the morbid process and a tendency towards a stabilization of clinical signs. The adaptation of such patients is promoted by the existence of a family and favourable relations with relatives.", "contents": "[Patients with paranoid schizophrenia continuing into old age]. On the basis of a study of 67 elderly patients it was established that the majority of them (38 patients or 56.7%), despite the existence of productive disorders demonstrated a high level of social adaptation. They did not require hospitalization, their mental condition remained stable, even in long-term absence of psychopharmacological treatment. The conclusion is made that in paranoid schizophrenia in old age (as well as in other forms of schizophrenia) there is a reduction in the progressivenses of the morbid process and a tendency towards a stabilization of clinical signs. The adaptation of such patients is promoted by the existence of a family and favourable relations with relatives."}
{"id": "PMID:899495", "title": "[Relationship between the form of the disease and several constitutional characteristics of epileptic patients and their relatives].", "content": "A clinical analysis demonstrated an increased frequency of athletic-displastic body built in 252 patients with epilepsy and in 204 cases of close relatives in comparison with the control group (151 cases). The data indicate to a correlation between the body built and premorbid characterological traits (162 patients) with clinico-etiological forms of the disease. The author discusses the influence of constitution (type of body built, epileptoidity), premorbid characterological shifts of the organic type on the phenotypical expressions of epilepsy and their relative role in the genesis of different clinico-etiological forms (genuine, symptomatical, generalized, facal) of the disease.", "contents": "[Relationship between the form of the disease and several constitutional characteristics of epileptic patients and their relatives]. A clinical analysis demonstrated an increased frequency of athletic-displastic body built in 252 patients with epilepsy and in 204 cases of close relatives in comparison with the control group (151 cases). The data indicate to a correlation between the body built and premorbid characterological traits (162 patients) with clinico-etiological forms of the disease. The author discusses the influence of constitution (type of body built, epileptoidity), premorbid characterological shifts of the organic type on the phenotypical expressions of epilepsy and their relative role in the genesis of different clinico-etiological forms (genuine, symptomatical, generalized, facal) of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:899496", "title": "[Electromyographic analysis of movement disorders in epilepsy].", "content": "The authors studied EMG features in epileptic patients during conditions of an exacerbation of the disease and in remissions. A wide spectrum of motor disorders was detected during the intraparoxysmal period in the stage of an exacerbation of the disease: along with changes of the tonic muscle activity in calm conditions there is a disturbance of the tonic reaction in preparing voluntary movement. The accomplishment and completion of the motor function is also altered. Changes in the relationships of muscles antogonists in an isometric tension depends upon the lateralization of the epileptical focus. In left-side foci there is an asymmetry of the EMG with expressed changes of its parameters on the contralateral right hand, while the right side foci led to symmetrical disturbances of the EMG on both sides, but less expressed. In patients with therapeutical remissions ther are no constant changes of the EMG, although according to the EEG the focus of convulsive activity remains.", "contents": "[Electromyographic analysis of movement disorders in epilepsy]. The authors studied EMG features in epileptic patients during conditions of an exacerbation of the disease and in remissions. A wide spectrum of motor disorders was detected during the intraparoxysmal period in the stage of an exacerbation of the disease: along with changes of the tonic muscle activity in calm conditions there is a disturbance of the tonic reaction in preparing voluntary movement. The accomplishment and completion of the motor function is also altered. Changes in the relationships of muscles antogonists in an isometric tension depends upon the lateralization of the epileptical focus. In left-side foci there is an asymmetry of the EMG with expressed changes of its parameters on the contralateral right hand, while the right side foci led to symmetrical disturbances of the EMG on both sides, but less expressed. In patients with therapeutical remissions ther are no constant changes of the EMG, although according to the EEG the focus of convulsive activity remains."}
{"id": "PMID:899497", "title": "[Features of schizoid states, constitutional and acquired].", "content": "The authors conducted a clinical comparison of schizoid traits of asthenic pole in 2 nozological heterogenic groups of patients. In one group they were of a constitutional character (the group of effusive schizoids), in the other--they were formed following a schizophrenic attack (the group of patients with mildly progressive schizophrenia in the state of remission of asthenic type). It was possible to demonstrate significant differences between the patients of these groups not only in specific schizophrenic traits (autism, the emotional sphere, social adaptation), but in their development. These differences testify to the existence of constitutionally conditioned stable schizoid states and the necessity to distinguish them from acquired psychopathic traits of the schizoid spectrum.", "contents": "[Features of schizoid states, constitutional and acquired]. The authors conducted a clinical comparison of schizoid traits of asthenic pole in 2 nozological heterogenic groups of patients. In one group they were of a constitutional character (the group of effusive schizoids), in the other--they were formed following a schizophrenic attack (the group of patients with mildly progressive schizophrenia in the state of remission of asthenic type). It was possible to demonstrate significant differences between the patients of these groups not only in specific schizophrenic traits (autism, the emotional sphere, social adaptation), but in their development. These differences testify to the existence of constitutionally conditioned stable schizoid states and the necessity to distinguish them from acquired psychopathic traits of the schizoid spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:899498", "title": "[Epidemiologic study of psychopathies from the aspect of the sex and age structure of the population].", "content": "The author studied psychopathy with the aid of epidemiological materials. The data demonstrated some correlations between the frequency of detecting psychopathy and its incidence in different age groups. The causes of some irregularities of the respective indices are analyzed. The report also contains an analysis of the variability in the frequency of detecting different clinical variants of psychopathy and the influence of sex and age in respect to the psychopathological peculiarities of different forms of psychopathy and their age structure.", "contents": "[Epidemiologic study of psychopathies from the aspect of the sex and age structure of the population]. The author studied psychopathy with the aid of epidemiological materials. The data demonstrated some correlations between the frequency of detecting psychopathy and its incidence in different age groups. The causes of some irregularities of the respective indices are analyzed. The report also contains an analysis of the variability in the frequency of detecting different clinical variants of psychopathy and the influence of sex and age in respect to the psychopathological peculiarities of different forms of psychopathy and their age structure."}
{"id": "PMID:899500", "title": "[Features of acute alcoholic psychoses in the Far North].", "content": "An analysis of the clinical picture and development of acute alcoholic psychosis in 300 inhabitants of the North Region permitted to distinguish some traits of these conditions. Psychoses were characterized by an expressed atypicity of the psychopathological picture, somato-vegetative disorders, a complication of the development of the psychoses in comparison with the inhabitants of the middle latitudes. The authors also distinguished some differences in the predilectiveness of some syndromes or symptoms, the character and content of them in alcoholic psychoses in natives and newcomers. It was also possible to establish disorders of psychophysiological adaptation to conditions of the North Regions in the newcomers and first of all in the clinical picture and development of alcoholic delirium.", "contents": "[Features of acute alcoholic psychoses in the Far North]. An analysis of the clinical picture and development of acute alcoholic psychosis in 300 inhabitants of the North Region permitted to distinguish some traits of these conditions. Psychoses were characterized by an expressed atypicity of the psychopathological picture, somato-vegetative disorders, a complication of the development of the psychoses in comparison with the inhabitants of the middle latitudes. The authors also distinguished some differences in the predilectiveness of some syndromes or symptoms, the character and content of them in alcoholic psychoses in natives and newcomers. It was also possible to establish disorders of psychophysiological adaptation to conditions of the North Regions in the newcomers and first of all in the clinical picture and development of alcoholic delirium."}
{"id": "PMID:899501", "title": "[Refining the indications for atropine-coma therapy].", "content": "Atropine-comatose therapy was performed in 18 patients with schizophrenia and disorders in the framework of an obsessive-syndrome. Improvement was seen in 11 of the 18 patients. A psychopathological analysis of obsessive disorders in this group of patients demonstrated that they were characterized by manifold traits, instability, abstract content of obsessions, a tendency towards their complication and expansion of obsessional disturbances. The absence of any effect was seen in 7 of the cases. They were characterized by montony, monomorphism, everday content and by their structure were near to constitutionally conditioned psychasthenic doubtfulness.", "contents": "[Refining the indications for atropine-coma therapy]. Atropine-comatose therapy was performed in 18 patients with schizophrenia and disorders in the framework of an obsessive-syndrome. Improvement was seen in 11 of the 18 patients. A psychopathological analysis of obsessive disorders in this group of patients demonstrated that they were characterized by manifold traits, instability, abstract content of obsessions, a tendency towards their complication and expansion of obsessional disturbances. The absence of any effect was seen in 7 of the cases. They were characterized by montony, monomorphism, everday content and by their structure were near to constitutionally conditioned psychasthenic doubtfulness."}
{"id": "PMID:899504", "title": "[Clinico-anatomic and virologic findings in a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis].", "content": "The report contains a description of I case of a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in a 12 year old girl. The diagnosis was determined clinical and confirmed by serological studies which detected very high titres of antimeasle antibodies. The autopsy demonstrated pathomorphological changes typical for subacute slcerosing panencephalitis. An infectious agent was eliminated from the brain which according to its antigenic properties was identical to a measle virus.", "contents": "[Clinico-anatomic and virologic findings in a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis]. The report contains a description of I case of a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in a 12 year old girl. The diagnosis was determined clinical and confirmed by serological studies which detected very high titres of antimeasle antibodies. The autopsy demonstrated pathomorphological changes typical for subacute slcerosing panencephalitis. An infectious agent was eliminated from the brain which according to its antigenic properties was identical to a measle virus."}
{"id": "PMID:899505", "title": "[Morphology of cirrhosis of the liver in hepato-cerebral dystrophy (according to needle biopsy findings)].", "content": "The paper presents data of a luminous microscopy of the liver that were obtained by aspiration biopsy in 23 patients with hepato-cerebral dystrophy in comparison with 25 patients with cirrhosis of a hereditary etiology. In the majority of the cases (21 from 23) the method of puncture biopsy of the liver provides the diagnosis of cirrhosis in hepatocerebral dystrophy. The complex use of histochemical methods and especially staining for reticuline and cuprum significantly increases its informativeness. In 15 of 28 patients cirrhosis was of a mixed character (postnecrotic and portal), in 5 patients--postnecrotic and in a preneurologic stage it corresponded to the initial features of portal cirrhosis. The damage of the liver precedes the brain damage and is connected with an excessive accumulation of cuprum in it, the amount of which is significantly higher (559 +/- 89 mkg/g of dry weight) in the patients with hepato-cerebral dystrophy in comparison with the patients with cirrhosis of some other etiology (111.0 +/- 19.0 mkg/g of a dry weight).", "contents": "[Morphology of cirrhosis of the liver in hepato-cerebral dystrophy (according to needle biopsy findings)]. The paper presents data of a luminous microscopy of the liver that were obtained by aspiration biopsy in 23 patients with hepato-cerebral dystrophy in comparison with 25 patients with cirrhosis of a hereditary etiology. In the majority of the cases (21 from 23) the method of puncture biopsy of the liver provides the diagnosis of cirrhosis in hepatocerebral dystrophy. The complex use of histochemical methods and especially staining for reticuline and cuprum significantly increases its informativeness. In 15 of 28 patients cirrhosis was of a mixed character (postnecrotic and portal), in 5 patients--postnecrotic and in a preneurologic stage it corresponded to the initial features of portal cirrhosis. The damage of the liver precedes the brain damage and is connected with an excessive accumulation of cuprum in it, the amount of which is significantly higher (559 +/- 89 mkg/g of dry weight) in the patients with hepato-cerebral dystrophy in comparison with the patients with cirrhosis of some other etiology (111.0 +/- 19.0 mkg/g of a dry weight)."}
{"id": "PMID:899506", "title": "[Degenerative-dystrophic process in the cranio-vertebral area, its clinical and social significance].", "content": "A clinico-x-ray study of the cranio-vertebral area permitted to define the most frequently encounted forms of degenerative-dystrophic processes in this region. Some in an increased load. Others (depending upon the localization and expressiveness of the process) create conditions for development of neurological disturbances accompained not only by a temporary loss of working capacity, but by long-term incapacity, even invalidity, the severity of which depends upon the expressiveness of neurological disorders.", "contents": "[Degenerative-dystrophic process in the cranio-vertebral area, its clinical and social significance]. A clinico-x-ray study of the cranio-vertebral area permitted to define the most frequently encounted forms of degenerative-dystrophic processes in this region. Some in an increased load. Others (depending upon the localization and expressiveness of the process) create conditions for development of neurological disturbances accompained not only by a temporary loss of working capacity, but by long-term incapacity, even invalidity, the severity of which depends upon the expressiveness of neurological disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:899510", "title": "[Adhesive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The blood of schizophrenic patients compared to that of normals contain 3, 4 times more adhesive lymphocytes. A blood analysis of 59 schizophrenic patients demonstrated that approximately 60% of the patients have a high content of such cells. Among the adhesive lymphocytes there are 5 times more activated, 3 times more wide plasmatic, but twice less narrow plasmatic lymphocytes compared to normals. According to the indices of adhesivity and according to ultrastructure signs it was found that the lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients react weaker to PHA than the lymphocytes of normals. It is assumed that the blood of schizophrenic patients contains biologically active substances, which bring on an increase of adhesive properties in the lymphocytes and their physiological activation.", "contents": "[Adhesive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients]. The blood of schizophrenic patients compared to that of normals contain 3, 4 times more adhesive lymphocytes. A blood analysis of 59 schizophrenic patients demonstrated that approximately 60% of the patients have a high content of such cells. Among the adhesive lymphocytes there are 5 times more activated, 3 times more wide plasmatic, but twice less narrow plasmatic lymphocytes compared to normals. According to the indices of adhesivity and according to ultrastructure signs it was found that the lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients react weaker to PHA than the lymphocytes of normals. It is assumed that the blood of schizophrenic patients contains biologically active substances, which bring on an increase of adhesive properties in the lymphocytes and their physiological activation."}
{"id": "PMID:899511", "title": "[Correlation of immunologic and pathomorphologic shifts in mother and fetus following experimental neurosensitization].", "content": "The authors studied mother-rats and their fetuses during the 3 main stages of pregnancy in a sensitation of the rats to homologous brain antigens. Such studies were performed by means of immunological, visual, neurohistological and cytochemical methods. Dystrophical changes were found in the brain of mother-rats and the foetus, while as inflammatory reactions and immunocompetent cells were not seen. The regularities which were detected in the correlative interconnections between the degree and character of immune reactions, the viability of the foetuses, morphological changes and the character of reactions of lysosomal enzymes speak in favour of immune genesis. It appears in the first period and especially in the second period of embryogenesis in nonviability of the foetus and dystrophic brain pathology in the mother and foetus.", "contents": "[Correlation of immunologic and pathomorphologic shifts in mother and fetus following experimental neurosensitization]. The authors studied mother-rats and their fetuses during the 3 main stages of pregnancy in a sensitation of the rats to homologous brain antigens. Such studies were performed by means of immunological, visual, neurohistological and cytochemical methods. Dystrophical changes were found in the brain of mother-rats and the foetus, while as inflammatory reactions and immunocompetent cells were not seen. The regularities which were detected in the correlative interconnections between the degree and character of immune reactions, the viability of the foetuses, morphological changes and the character of reactions of lysosomal enzymes speak in favour of immune genesis. It appears in the first period and especially in the second period of embryogenesis in nonviability of the foetus and dystrophic brain pathology in the mother and foetus."}
{"id": "PMID:899514", "title": "[Comparative electron microscopic and autoradiographic study of the \"dark\" and \"light\" neurons of the cerebral cortex].", "content": "Among the neurons of the frontal pole of the brain cortex in rats in the norm there is a small, increasing with years, amount of \"dark\" cells, Regularities in their distribution in the cortical layers were not detected. In transition from the optical picture with the use of halfthin sections for the identification of the corresponding cells to an electronomicroscopic study of \"dark\" neurons it was found that these cells possess a certain type of ultrastructure: an increased number of ribosomes, deep invagination of karyolemms, an expansion of the perinuclear space, a significant number of slit, tortuose channels of the endoplasmatic reticulum, a somewhat increased laminar Golgi complex with large vacuoles. With the aid of autoradiography it was established that there is a drop in the level of the RNA synthesis in the nucleus and a drop in the velocity of the migration of newly formed RNA into the cytoplasma of \"dark\" cells.", "contents": "[Comparative electron microscopic and autoradiographic study of the \"dark\" and \"light\" neurons of the cerebral cortex]. Among the neurons of the frontal pole of the brain cortex in rats in the norm there is a small, increasing with years, amount of \"dark\" cells, Regularities in their distribution in the cortical layers were not detected. In transition from the optical picture with the use of halfthin sections for the identification of the corresponding cells to an electronomicroscopic study of \"dark\" neurons it was found that these cells possess a certain type of ultrastructure: an increased number of ribosomes, deep invagination of karyolemms, an expansion of the perinuclear space, a significant number of slit, tortuose channels of the endoplasmatic reticulum, a somewhat increased laminar Golgi complex with large vacuoles. With the aid of autoradiography it was established that there is a drop in the level of the RNA synthesis in the nucleus and a drop in the velocity of the migration of newly formed RNA into the cytoplasma of \"dark\" cells."}
{"id": "PMID:899515", "title": "[Adrenergic--sympathetic nervous apparatus of the cerebral arteries and its role in regulating cerebral circulation].", "content": "By means of fluorescence microscopy of catecholamines the authors studied the adrenergic innervation of cerebral arteries in mammals (dogs, cats, rabbits). It was demonstrated that the basis of a sympathic nervous apparatus of pial arteries in all animals is a well developed adrenergic plexus. In different calibre arteries of the pial membrane the nervous plexus differs significantly in its structure and degree of saturation of nerve fibers. Besides, in the points of artery branches and sometimes just along the vessels there are peculiar structures consisting of circular windings of adrenergic nerve fibres. In this connection the authors discuss histophysiological organization of the adrenergic component of pial arteries through which the sympathic nervous systems exerts influence on the functional state of the cerebral arteries and cerebral circulation.", "contents": "[Adrenergic--sympathetic nervous apparatus of the cerebral arteries and its role in regulating cerebral circulation]. By means of fluorescence microscopy of catecholamines the authors studied the adrenergic innervation of cerebral arteries in mammals (dogs, cats, rabbits). It was demonstrated that the basis of a sympathic nervous apparatus of pial arteries in all animals is a well developed adrenergic plexus. In different calibre arteries of the pial membrane the nervous plexus differs significantly in its structure and degree of saturation of nerve fibers. Besides, in the points of artery branches and sometimes just along the vessels there are peculiar structures consisting of circular windings of adrenergic nerve fibres. In this connection the authors discuss histophysiological organization of the adrenergic component of pial arteries through which the sympathic nervous systems exerts influence on the functional state of the cerebral arteries and cerebral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:899516", "title": "[Reactions of neurons and neuroglia of the cerebral cortex at different times during a post-hypoxic state].", "content": "By means of optical and electron microscopy the authors studied some morphological symptoms of the glial reaction to hypoxia in different periods of a posthypoxic states. The obtained data were compared with neuron changes in compensatory-adaptative, reparative and pathological states developing during the same period. A study of the changes in the satellite glia was performed with a calculation of the number of nuclei and a subsequent statistical analysis of these data. The achieved data indicate that there is an increase of the amount of satellites around the neuron when the morphological signs of reparation are most expressed as well as changes of the ultrastructure in the satellites. Such facts may speak of an active involvement of the neurons in reparation. The achieved data are discussed in the aspect of their connection with astrocyte glia and oxidative metabolism.", "contents": "[Reactions of neurons and neuroglia of the cerebral cortex at different times during a post-hypoxic state]. By means of optical and electron microscopy the authors studied some morphological symptoms of the glial reaction to hypoxia in different periods of a posthypoxic states. The obtained data were compared with neuron changes in compensatory-adaptative, reparative and pathological states developing during the same period. A study of the changes in the satellite glia was performed with a calculation of the number of nuclei and a subsequent statistical analysis of these data. The achieved data indicate that there is an increase of the amount of satellites around the neuron when the morphological signs of reparation are most expressed as well as changes of the ultrastructure in the satellites. Such facts may speak of an active involvement of the neurons in reparation. The achieved data are discussed in the aspect of their connection with astrocyte glia and oxidative metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:899517", "title": "[Ultrastructure of cerebral cortex capillaries in stroke].", "content": "Analysing the data of electronomicroscopical studies on the dominant hemispheres of the cerebral cortex in 9 patients who died due to strokes, the authors consider the main types of pathological changes in the ultrastructure of capillaries that are of a diffuse generalizing character. They are the following: 1) dystrophy of the capillary wall with the accumulation in it of lysosomal inclusions, lipofuscin granules, with the disintegration of mitochondrias and disturbances of oxidation-reduction processes in the vessel tissues connected with it; 2) the growth and hyperplasia of the endothelium. These changes lead to dystrophic damages of neurons, the maintainance and loading of the course of the main pathological process. Hypoxia, as a result of local ischemia, has an important pathogenetical significance in the disturbances of brain circulation and leads to plasmorrhagia, brain edema and even greater affection of neurons.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of cerebral cortex capillaries in stroke]. Analysing the data of electronomicroscopical studies on the dominant hemispheres of the cerebral cortex in 9 patients who died due to strokes, the authors consider the main types of pathological changes in the ultrastructure of capillaries that are of a diffuse generalizing character. They are the following: 1) dystrophy of the capillary wall with the accumulation in it of lysosomal inclusions, lipofuscin granules, with the disintegration of mitochondrias and disturbances of oxidation-reduction processes in the vessel tissues connected with it; 2) the growth and hyperplasia of the endothelium. These changes lead to dystrophic damages of neurons, the maintainance and loading of the course of the main pathological process. Hypoxia, as a result of local ischemia, has an important pathogenetical significance in the disturbances of brain circulation and leads to plasmorrhagia, brain edema and even greater affection of neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:899518", "title": "[Pathohistologic and biochemical changes in the brain in atherosclerosis with hemorrhagic foci].", "content": "On the basis of a pathomorphological and biochemical study of 22 cases with focal hemorrhages in atherosclerosis the author detected a contraction of nerve cells, adipose infiltration, \"shadow-cells\", a deposit of ferrum in the cytoplasma. The swelling of myelinic fibres was detected more often than hypermyelinization, fragmentation and demyelinization. Glia changes consisted in ameboid transformation and clasmatodendrosis. The maximum increase of the cholesterin amount was observed in pons varoli. Medulla oblongata and dentate nucleus and the minimum--in the cerebellar cortex and cerebrum hemispheres. The subcortical modes according to cholesterin growth and amount occupy the middle place. The connected cholesterin makes up 2/3 of the general amount.", "contents": "[Pathohistologic and biochemical changes in the brain in atherosclerosis with hemorrhagic foci]. On the basis of a pathomorphological and biochemical study of 22 cases with focal hemorrhages in atherosclerosis the author detected a contraction of nerve cells, adipose infiltration, \"shadow-cells\", a deposit of ferrum in the cytoplasma. The swelling of myelinic fibres was detected more often than hypermyelinization, fragmentation and demyelinization. Glia changes consisted in ameboid transformation and clasmatodendrosis. The maximum increase of the cholesterin amount was observed in pons varoli. Medulla oblongata and dentate nucleus and the minimum--in the cerebellar cortex and cerebrum hemispheres. The subcortical modes according to cholesterin growth and amount occupy the middle place. The connected cholesterin makes up 2/3 of the general amount."}
{"id": "PMID:899519", "title": "[Hypothalamic disturbances in cerebral circulatory disorders (clinico-morphologic studies)].", "content": "The authors studied clinical forms of hypothalamic disturbances in 180 patients with disorders of cerebral circulation. The following syndromes of hypothalamic disorders were distinguished: gastro-intestinal, cardio-vascular, endocrinometabolical, vegetative-endocrinological. In 18 deceased the neurosecretion of the hypophysis and hypothalamus was studied. It was possible to establish the form of neurosecretion movement and its existence or absence in the hypothalamus. In patients who died following an acute disorders of cerebral circulation, both factors in the opinion of the authors, play a certain role in the pathogenesis of a cerebral stroke.", "contents": "[Hypothalamic disturbances in cerebral circulatory disorders (clinico-morphologic studies)]. The authors studied clinical forms of hypothalamic disturbances in 180 patients with disorders of cerebral circulation. The following syndromes of hypothalamic disorders were distinguished: gastro-intestinal, cardio-vascular, endocrinometabolical, vegetative-endocrinological. In 18 deceased the neurosecretion of the hypophysis and hypothalamus was studied. It was possible to establish the form of neurosecretion movement and its existence or absence in the hypothalamus. In patients who died following an acute disorders of cerebral circulation, both factors in the opinion of the authors, play a certain role in the pathogenesis of a cerebral stroke."}
{"id": "PMID:899520", "title": "[Transient ischemic attacks and stroke].", "content": "The authors present some results of a study of 85 patients with brain strokes which were preceded by transient cerebral ischemic attacks. In most of the cases the brain stroke developed on the background of an ischemic cardiac diabetus, atheroscleorosis of the peripheral vessels, etc. It was established that in patients with atherosclerosis, the strokes developed at earlier periods after the first ischemic attack, than in the group of patients where atherosclerosis developed in combination with arterial hypertension. In disturbance of circulation in the basin of the carotid arteries, the strokes with preceding ischemic attacks developed not only more frequently, but earlier than those due to insufficiency of the circulation in the vertebro-basillar basin. It was also established that crude focal symptomatology appears as a rule in those cases when the stroke develops after the first ischemic attack. In frequent attacks which are repeated during several years, the appearing stroke is characterized by a more light focal symptomatology.", "contents": "[Transient ischemic attacks and stroke]. The authors present some results of a study of 85 patients with brain strokes which were preceded by transient cerebral ischemic attacks. In most of the cases the brain stroke developed on the background of an ischemic cardiac diabetus, atheroscleorosis of the peripheral vessels, etc. It was established that in patients with atherosclerosis, the strokes developed at earlier periods after the first ischemic attack, than in the group of patients where atherosclerosis developed in combination with arterial hypertension. In disturbance of circulation in the basin of the carotid arteries, the strokes with preceding ischemic attacks developed not only more frequently, but earlier than those due to insufficiency of the circulation in the vertebro-basillar basin. It was also established that crude focal symptomatology appears as a rule in those cases when the stroke develops after the first ischemic attack. In frequent attacks which are repeated during several years, the appearing stroke is characterized by a more light focal symptomatology."}
{"id": "PMID:899521", "title": "[Forms and method of rehabilitation therapy and social-occupational rehabilitation of patients with the sequelae of cerebrovascular diseases].", "content": "The authors give some data on restitutional therapy of 516 patients (400 with sequelae following strokes and 116 with transient disorders of cerebral circulation). Treatment of the first group was made in a neurological ward, the second--in a cardiological sanatorium. The programme of restitutional therapy provided the use of psychosocial and biological methods, an appeal to the personality and stage-by-stage accomplishment of rehabilitative measures. Comprehensive restitutional therapy included psychotherapy, medical-activizing regimes, medical gymnastics, massage, occupational therapy, medicinal therapy, etc. The authors elaborated differentiated complexes of rehabilitative treatment for patients with spastic hemiparesis, normal or decreased tone, as well as for patients with transient disorders of cerebral circulation in conditions of a cardiological sanatorium. The indices of effectiveness were the following: an improvement of the condition in patients after brain strokes--97.8%, in patients with transient disorders of cerebral circulation--94%.", "contents": "[Forms and method of rehabilitation therapy and social-occupational rehabilitation of patients with the sequelae of cerebrovascular diseases]. The authors give some data on restitutional therapy of 516 patients (400 with sequelae following strokes and 116 with transient disorders of cerebral circulation). Treatment of the first group was made in a neurological ward, the second--in a cardiological sanatorium. The programme of restitutional therapy provided the use of psychosocial and biological methods, an appeal to the personality and stage-by-stage accomplishment of rehabilitative measures. Comprehensive restitutional therapy included psychotherapy, medical-activizing regimes, medical gymnastics, massage, occupational therapy, medicinal therapy, etc. The authors elaborated differentiated complexes of rehabilitative treatment for patients with spastic hemiparesis, normal or decreased tone, as well as for patients with transient disorders of cerebral circulation in conditions of a cardiological sanatorium. The indices of effectiveness were the following: an improvement of the condition in patients after brain strokes--97.8%, in patients with transient disorders of cerebral circulation--94%."}
{"id": "PMID:899522", "title": "[Changes in the nervous system of patients with acute occlusive processes in the subclavian artery system].", "content": "The report is concerned with clinico-electrophysiological studies of 36 patients with acute occlusional processes in the system of the subclavian artery. The causes of acute occlusions were mainly cardiac disorders and anomalies in the development of bone-muscular systems in the upper apperture of the thorax. Diffucilties of diagnosis during the initial peroids can be explained by a prevalence of symptoms of irritation with wide zones of distribution of pain and acroparesthesia. The amount of supplementary methods of studies, including angiography, predetermine the second period which is characterized by symptoms of desintegration of the peripheral nervous system functions and typical signs of arterial ischemia. An early detection of causes of acute arterial ischemia is a basis for determining the level and volume of surgical operations and measures leading to the restitution of functions of the peripheral nervous system.", "contents": "[Changes in the nervous system of patients with acute occlusive processes in the subclavian artery system]. The report is concerned with clinico-electrophysiological studies of 36 patients with acute occlusional processes in the system of the subclavian artery. The causes of acute occlusions were mainly cardiac disorders and anomalies in the development of bone-muscular systems in the upper apperture of the thorax. Diffucilties of diagnosis during the initial peroids can be explained by a prevalence of symptoms of irritation with wide zones of distribution of pain and acroparesthesia. The amount of supplementary methods of studies, including angiography, predetermine the second period which is characterized by symptoms of desintegration of the peripheral nervous system functions and typical signs of arterial ischemia. An early detection of causes of acute arterial ischemia is a basis for determining the level and volume of surgical operations and measures leading to the restitution of functions of the peripheral nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:899523", "title": "[Causes of premorbid vascular insufficiency in patients with facial neuritis].", "content": "In 110 patients with facial nerve neuritis of different etiology, the author studied diseases which were accompanying the main disorder and those which were in the past history. In most of the cases there were infectious diseases and accompanying disorders of a vascular, endocrine character, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and chronic tonsillitis. In some of the patients accompanying disorders were of a physiological condition (pregnancy, climacterium). On the basis of the specific traits of the above-mentioned diseases and physiological states which can accompany or lead to structural of functional changes of the vegetative nervous system and because of a vascular nature of some of them the author assumes that these diseases are the cause of permorbid vascular insufficiency in patients with facial nerve neuritis.", "contents": "[Causes of premorbid vascular insufficiency in patients with facial neuritis]. In 110 patients with facial nerve neuritis of different etiology, the author studied diseases which were accompanying the main disorder and those which were in the past history. In most of the cases there were infectious diseases and accompanying disorders of a vascular, endocrine character, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and chronic tonsillitis. In some of the patients accompanying disorders were of a physiological condition (pregnancy, climacterium). On the basis of the specific traits of the above-mentioned diseases and physiological states which can accompany or lead to structural of functional changes of the vegetative nervous system and because of a vascular nature of some of them the author assumes that these diseases are the cause of permorbid vascular insufficiency in patients with facial nerve neuritis."}
{"id": "PMID:899524", "title": "[Recurrent meningococcal menigitis and congenital cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea].", "content": "In a 20-year old patient there were 5 relapses of meningococcus meningitis during a period of 14 years following the first illness. The development of the last relapse was atypical. A congenital cranio-nasal fistula and liquorrhea was found, inflammatory changes in the lumbar and nasal, an expressed cystic-adhesive membrane process during pneumoencephalography. Frequent relapses are connected with a congenital cranio-nasal fistula and a formation of the focus of infection in the membranes of the cerebral base.", "contents": "[Recurrent meningococcal menigitis and congenital cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea]. In a 20-year old patient there were 5 relapses of meningococcus meningitis during a period of 14 years following the first illness. The development of the last relapse was atypical. A congenital cranio-nasal fistula and liquorrhea was found, inflammatory changes in the lumbar and nasal, an expressed cystic-adhesive membrane process during pneumoencephalography. Frequent relapses are connected with a congenital cranio-nasal fistula and a formation of the focus of infection in the membranes of the cerebral base."}
{"id": "PMID:899525", "title": "[Diagnostic value of the palmomental reflex].", "content": "On the basis of a study of the palmomental reflex in 100 children (from new born to 3 years) and in 73 adult patients with organic lesions of the CNS the author makes a supposition of a connection between its appearance and a lesion of the caudate nucleus. The highest level of the CNS related to the mechanism of the formation of the palmomental reflex is most likely the paleostriatum. The appearance of the palmomental reflex was not connnected with the occurrence of other symptoms of the CNS lesions.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of the palmomental reflex]. On the basis of a study of the palmomental reflex in 100 children (from new born to 3 years) and in 73 adult patients with organic lesions of the CNS the author makes a supposition of a connection between its appearance and a lesion of the caudate nucleus. The highest level of the CNS related to the mechanism of the formation of the palmomental reflex is most likely the paleostriatum. The appearance of the palmomental reflex was not connnected with the occurrence of other symptoms of the CNS lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:899526", "title": "[Functional state of the suprasegmental structures of the brain in experimental secondary contracture of the facial muscles].", "content": "For the first time the model of secondary contractures of facial nerves was used to study by long-term sterotaxic implanted electrodes the state of the cortex, amygdal complex, reticular formation of the middle brain, reticular nuclei of the pons and nuclei of the facial nerves. The experiments were accomplished on 31 rabbits. The experiments confirmed a close functional connnection of the VII pair of cranial nerves with the limbico-reticular complex. In secondary contracture there were factors facilitating the influence of pons reticular structures on the deficient system the facial nerve--facial muscles. The achieved data are used to explain the origination of the main symptom of secondary contractures--a stable increase of the muscular tone.", "contents": "[Functional state of the suprasegmental structures of the brain in experimental secondary contracture of the facial muscles]. For the first time the model of secondary contractures of facial nerves was used to study by long-term sterotaxic implanted electrodes the state of the cortex, amygdal complex, reticular formation of the middle brain, reticular nuclei of the pons and nuclei of the facial nerves. The experiments were accomplished on 31 rabbits. The experiments confirmed a close functional connnection of the VII pair of cranial nerves with the limbico-reticular complex. In secondary contracture there were factors facilitating the influence of pons reticular structures on the deficient system the facial nerve--facial muscles. The achieved data are used to explain the origination of the main symptom of secondary contractures--a stable increase of the muscular tone."}
{"id": "PMID:899528", "title": "[Effect of lithium on the serotonin and kynurenine paths of tryptophan metabolism].", "content": "Lithium carbonate in dosages from 50--100 mg/kg leads to an increase of tryptophanepyrrolase activity in the liver of rats from 50--80%, 5 hours following a single-time intraperitoneal administration and does not exert any influence after 1,3 and 20 hours. The same dosages (50 and 100 mg/kg) of lithium lead to an increase of II-hydroxycorticosteroids in in the blood plasma of rats to 2.5 times and could be prevented by a preliminary administration of dexametasone. A chronic administration of lithium (50 mg/kg) during 10 days did not exert any influence on the triptophanepyrrolase activity and the level of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in the blood plasma of rats. These data permit of assume that an increase of tryptophanepyrrolase activity by lithium is moderated by an increase of II-hydroxycorticosteroids in the blood.", "contents": "[Effect of lithium on the serotonin and kynurenine paths of tryptophan metabolism]. Lithium carbonate in dosages from 50--100 mg/kg leads to an increase of tryptophanepyrrolase activity in the liver of rats from 50--80%, 5 hours following a single-time intraperitoneal administration and does not exert any influence after 1,3 and 20 hours. The same dosages (50 and 100 mg/kg) of lithium lead to an increase of II-hydroxycorticosteroids in in the blood plasma of rats to 2.5 times and could be prevented by a preliminary administration of dexametasone. A chronic administration of lithium (50 mg/kg) during 10 days did not exert any influence on the triptophanepyrrolase activity and the level of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in the blood plasma of rats. These data permit of assume that an increase of tryptophanepyrrolase activity by lithium is moderated by an increase of II-hydroxycorticosteroids in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:899529", "title": "[Effect of lithium salts on the ultrastructure of isolated cerebral mitochondria exposed to the serum of schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The author studied the influence of lithium chlorous on the ultrastructure of isolated brain hemispheric mitochondria of cats, subjected to the action of the blood sera of schizophrenic patients and normal donors. The data demonstrated similar changes in the mitochondria structures under the action of schizophrenic patients and normals. Lithium to a certain extent prevents disorders in the mitochondria structure which appear in an incubation with the blood serum. This effect of lithium is expressed in the same way in the presence of the blood serum of schizophrenic patients and normal donors and is considered to be nonspecific.", "contents": "[Effect of lithium salts on the ultrastructure of isolated cerebral mitochondria exposed to the serum of schizophrenic patients]. The author studied the influence of lithium chlorous on the ultrastructure of isolated brain hemispheric mitochondria of cats, subjected to the action of the blood sera of schizophrenic patients and normal donors. The data demonstrated similar changes in the mitochondria structures under the action of schizophrenic patients and normals. Lithium to a certain extent prevents disorders in the mitochondria structure which appear in an incubation with the blood serum. This effect of lithium is expressed in the same way in the presence of the blood serum of schizophrenic patients and normal donors and is considered to be nonspecific."}
{"id": "PMID:899532", "title": "[Treatment of depressive states with lithium salts and its importance for the understanding of manic-depressive psychosis].", "content": "It was possible to demonstrate a certain positive effect in the prophylaxis and lithium treatment of 25 patients with periodical unipolar depressions and in 16 patients with depressive phases of a bipolar manic-depressive psychosis. No difference between the unipolar and bipolar depressions from the point of view of lithium action was detected. Lithium treatment is considered as a symptomatic, similar to other forms of medicative treatment, because it is impossible to completely eliminate with its aid the phasic disease. The authors recommend to use lithium salts in patients who are in need of prophylactical treatment partially instead of NaCl.", "contents": "[Treatment of depressive states with lithium salts and its importance for the understanding of manic-depressive psychosis]. It was possible to demonstrate a certain positive effect in the prophylaxis and lithium treatment of 25 patients with periodical unipolar depressions and in 16 patients with depressive phases of a bipolar manic-depressive psychosis. No difference between the unipolar and bipolar depressions from the point of view of lithium action was detected. Lithium treatment is considered as a symptomatic, similar to other forms of medicative treatment, because it is impossible to completely eliminate with its aid the phasic disease. The authors recommend to use lithium salts in patients who are in need of prophylactical treatment partially instead of NaCl."}
{"id": "PMID:899533", "title": "[Role of clinical and pharmacokinetic parameters in predicting the effectiveness of lithium salts in patients with affective psychoses].", "content": "Prophylactic treatment with common preparations of lithium carbonate and in its retarded form was given to 44 patients. The studies demonstrated an inverse correlation between the level of negative changes in the patients and the effect of treatment. The use of different methods of mathematical models demonstrated that in the group of patients who received lithium carbonate the most informative was the index of the half-life period and the period of half-elimination of lithium. It was demonstrated that the higher the indices, the better the effect of treatment. In administration of retarded lithium the most informative was the integral index of elimination of the preparation from the organism (an inverse correlation with the effectiveness of therapy).", "contents": "[Role of clinical and pharmacokinetic parameters in predicting the effectiveness of lithium salts in patients with affective psychoses]. Prophylactic treatment with common preparations of lithium carbonate and in its retarded form was given to 44 patients. The studies demonstrated an inverse correlation between the level of negative changes in the patients and the effect of treatment. The use of different methods of mathematical models demonstrated that in the group of patients who received lithium carbonate the most informative was the index of the half-life period and the period of half-elimination of lithium. It was demonstrated that the higher the indices, the better the effect of treatment. In administration of retarded lithium the most informative was the integral index of elimination of the preparation from the organism (an inverse correlation with the effectiveness of therapy)."}
{"id": "PMID:899534", "title": "[Prognostic factors in preventive therapy with lithium salts].", "content": "As a result of prophylactic therapy with lithium salts in 250 patients who were treated for approximately 4 years and who demonstrated distinct phasic affective disorders the authors established the following facts: factors of the nosological affinity of the affective psychoses, polarity in its development, the age of the patients and the duration of the therapy did not exert a significant influence on the results of prophylactic therapy with lithium, and therefore cannot be considered as prognostic factors.", "contents": "[Prognostic factors in preventive therapy with lithium salts]. As a result of prophylactic therapy with lithium salts in 250 patients who were treated for approximately 4 years and who demonstrated distinct phasic affective disorders the authors established the following facts: factors of the nosological affinity of the affective psychoses, polarity in its development, the age of the patients and the duration of the therapy did not exert a significant influence on the results of prophylactic therapy with lithium, and therefore cannot be considered as prognostic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:899535", "title": "[Long-term observation of patients taking lithium and relationship between prognosis and the course of the disease].", "content": "The authors evaluated the results of lithium therapy in 70 patients with manic-depressive psychosis and endogenous depressions. The achieved results do not confirm the idea that patients with singular phases have a better prognosis in lithium therapy compared to the prognosis in patients with more frequent attacks. The conclusion is made that atypical signs during the development of an affective psychosis diminish the hope of a successful prophylactic use of lithium.", "contents": "[Long-term observation of patients taking lithium and relationship between prognosis and the course of the disease]. The authors evaluated the results of lithium therapy in 70 patients with manic-depressive psychosis and endogenous depressions. The achieved results do not confirm the idea that patients with singular phases have a better prognosis in lithium therapy compared to the prognosis in patients with more frequent attacks. The conclusion is made that atypical signs during the development of an affective psychosis diminish the hope of a successful prophylactic use of lithium."}
{"id": "PMID:899536", "title": "[Analysis of characteristics of the course and genealogic findings in patients with manic-depressive psychosis having a favorable outcome with lithium treatment].", "content": "With the aid of questionnaires it was established that among the patients who had begun long-term treatment with lithium since 1974, 85% of them continued to be treated prophylactically for at least 2 years. Favourable results in such treatment were considered to be in 91% of the cases. Some of the patients at the same time continued to take antidepressive and ataractic drugs. A study of the morbidity risk for relatives of the first degree of kinship in the group of patients treated only with lithium and in the group of patients receiving combined treatment did not demonstrate significant differences.", "contents": "[Analysis of characteristics of the course and genealogic findings in patients with manic-depressive psychosis having a favorable outcome with lithium treatment]. With the aid of questionnaires it was established that among the patients who had begun long-term treatment with lithium since 1974, 85% of them continued to be treated prophylactically for at least 2 years. Favourable results in such treatment were considered to be in 91% of the cases. Some of the patients at the same time continued to take antidepressive and ataractic drugs. A study of the morbidity risk for relatives of the first degree of kinship in the group of patients treated only with lithium and in the group of patients receiving combined treatment did not demonstrate significant differences."}
{"id": "PMID:899538", "title": "[Possible prediction of the preventive use of lithium in affective psychoses based on a study of the erythrocyte index].", "content": "In 70 patients with affective psychosis, who were prophylactically treated by lithium carbonate (the mean duration of treatment was 1692 days) the authors studied the erythrocyte index (the ratio of lithium content in the erythrocytes to its content in the serum). It was found that the highest index was in the depressive phase and the lowest one in remissions. The success of prophylactic treatment during remissions positively correlated with the increase of the erythrocyte index. The lithium index is of interest only with consideration of the phase of the disease.", "contents": "[Possible prediction of the preventive use of lithium in affective psychoses based on a study of the erythrocyte index]. In 70 patients with affective psychosis, who were prophylactically treated by lithium carbonate (the mean duration of treatment was 1692 days) the authors studied the erythrocyte index (the ratio of lithium content in the erythrocytes to its content in the serum). It was found that the highest index was in the depressive phase and the lowest one in remissions. The success of prophylactic treatment during remissions positively correlated with the increase of the erythrocyte index. The lithium index is of interest only with consideration of the phase of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:899542", "title": "[Experience with the use of lithium salts in the treatment of chronic alcoholism].", "content": "Lithium salts were given to 88 patients with chronic alcoholism and affective disorders in the clinical picture (32 of the patients received lithium for more than 3 months). Positive results were seen in those cases where pathology of the affective sphere was marked in the premorbid period of alcoholism and was only aggravated in the formation of alcoholism. The absence of any affect was found in those cases where affective disorders first appeared at the remote stages of alcoholism (II-III and III stages). About in 1/3 of the cases there were side-effects, more frequently in the form of dyspeptical disorders.", "contents": "[Experience with the use of lithium salts in the treatment of chronic alcoholism]. Lithium salts were given to 88 patients with chronic alcoholism and affective disorders in the clinical picture (32 of the patients received lithium for more than 3 months). Positive results were seen in those cases where pathology of the affective sphere was marked in the premorbid period of alcoholism and was only aggravated in the formation of alcoholism. The absence of any affect was found in those cases where affective disorders first appeared at the remote stages of alcoholism (II-III and III stages). About in 1/3 of the cases there were side-effects, more frequently in the form of dyspeptical disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:899544", "title": "[Clinical aspects of lithium prevention of endogenous phasic-affective psychoses].", "content": "The report deals with the results of a long-term (up to 7 years) therapeuticoprophylactic use of lithium salts in 80 patients with manic-depressive psychosis and attack-like schizophrenia. It was possible to confirm the nosological predictiveness of this method in manic-depressive psychosis. The authors show some indications for the use of lithium in periodical schizophrenia with affective and affective-delusional attacks. A study of the pathomorphosis of clinical signs permitted to distinguish 2 types in the dynamics of the disease development during lithium treatment and correlating with different therapeutical effects. The authors analyze the changes of psychopathological structures in the attacks (phases) during lithium salt treatment.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of lithium prevention of endogenous phasic-affective psychoses]. The report deals with the results of a long-term (up to 7 years) therapeuticoprophylactic use of lithium salts in 80 patients with manic-depressive psychosis and attack-like schizophrenia. It was possible to confirm the nosological predictiveness of this method in manic-depressive psychosis. The authors show some indications for the use of lithium in periodical schizophrenia with affective and affective-delusional attacks. A study of the pathomorphosis of clinical signs permitted to distinguish 2 types in the dynamics of the disease development during lithium treatment and correlating with different therapeutical effects. The authors analyze the changes of psychopathological structures in the attacks (phases) during lithium salt treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:899545", "title": "[Effect of lithium on the course of endogenous psychoses (several clinico-statistical relationships)].", "content": "In 75 patients with a phasic development of endogenous psychoses the course of the disease before lithium treatment was characterized by statistically valid and successively increasing from attack to attack phenomena such as lengthening of attacks (phases) with a stable duration of the remissions and more frequent double phases. All of these phenomena were regarded by the authors as an unfavourable medicative pathomorphosis. The influence of lithium was expressed in the following symptoms: 1) prevention of hospitalization (56% of the cases); 2) significant shortening of the attacks (phases) and in some of the cases (19%)--their arrest; 3) transition from psychotic syndromes to cyclothymic; 4) a significant drop of double phases and a corresponding rise in the number of \"pure\" subdepressive states.", "contents": "[Effect of lithium on the course of endogenous psychoses (several clinico-statistical relationships)]. In 75 patients with a phasic development of endogenous psychoses the course of the disease before lithium treatment was characterized by statistically valid and successively increasing from attack to attack phenomena such as lengthening of attacks (phases) with a stable duration of the remissions and more frequent double phases. All of these phenomena were regarded by the authors as an unfavourable medicative pathomorphosis. The influence of lithium was expressed in the following symptoms: 1) prevention of hospitalization (56% of the cases); 2) significant shortening of the attacks (phases) and in some of the cases (19%)--their arrest; 3) transition from psychotic syndromes to cyclothymic; 4) a significant drop of double phases and a corresponding rise in the number of \"pure\" subdepressive states."}
{"id": "PMID:899546", "title": "[Clinical and diagnostic characteristics of brain tumors in children in the 1st year of life].", "content": "The clinical picture and diagnosis of tumors of the brain in infants of the first year of life are analyzed. Supratentorial tumors predominate (60%) at this age; 76% of the tumors were localized on the midline of the brain and grew into the ventricular system. The tumours were large and always induced the development of concomitant hydrocephalus. The disease was most frequently encountered among boys. The syndrome of progressive hydrocephalus comes to the forefront in the clinical picture and does not differ in clinical signs from that encountered in progressive hydrocephalus of nontumorous genesis. That is why every infant under the age of one year with hydrocephalus should be examined for tumor of the brain to exclude it as the cause. The diagnosis of brain tumors in infants of this age is extremely difficult and is possible only with use of a complex of additional radiocontrast methods of examination.", "contents": "[Clinical and diagnostic characteristics of brain tumors in children in the 1st year of life]. The clinical picture and diagnosis of tumors of the brain in infants of the first year of life are analyzed. Supratentorial tumors predominate (60%) at this age; 76% of the tumors were localized on the midline of the brain and grew into the ventricular system. The tumours were large and always induced the development of concomitant hydrocephalus. The disease was most frequently encountered among boys. The syndrome of progressive hydrocephalus comes to the forefront in the clinical picture and does not differ in clinical signs from that encountered in progressive hydrocephalus of nontumorous genesis. That is why every infant under the age of one year with hydrocephalus should be examined for tumor of the brain to exclude it as the cause. The diagnosis of brain tumors in infants of this age is extremely difficult and is possible only with use of a complex of additional radiocontrast methods of examination."}
{"id": "PMID:899548", "title": "[Ultrasonic skull trepanation].", "content": "Experimental ultrasonic cranial trepanation was performed on 60 albino rats by means of a semi-automatic device, Y3T-1. The trepanation is altraumatic and does not need any considerable physical effort. A histological examination showed that the zone of bone necrosis along the edge of the cut surface was one third to one half that developing with the use of electric and pneumatic surgical instruments. The Y3T-1 device was used in operations on the skull in 78 patients. Resection trepanation of the skull was carried out in 55 patients, osteoplastic in 23. With the use of the ultrasonic device the time of the operation is shorter, a good hemostatic effect is produced, and no considerable physical effort is required on the part of the surgeon. A special catch incorporated in the device ensures safety of the operation. In reimplantation of an osteoperiosteal flap or in primary-delayed cranioplasty the use of an ultrasonic chisel for punctate osteosynthesis creates good conditions for bone tissue regeneration.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic skull trepanation]. Experimental ultrasonic cranial trepanation was performed on 60 albino rats by means of a semi-automatic device, Y3T-1. The trepanation is altraumatic and does not need any considerable physical effort. A histological examination showed that the zone of bone necrosis along the edge of the cut surface was one third to one half that developing with the use of electric and pneumatic surgical instruments. The Y3T-1 device was used in operations on the skull in 78 patients. Resection trepanation of the skull was carried out in 55 patients, osteoplastic in 23. With the use of the ultrasonic device the time of the operation is shorter, a good hemostatic effect is produced, and no considerable physical effort is required on the part of the surgeon. A special catch incorporated in the device ensures safety of the operation. In reimplantation of an osteoperiosteal flap or in primary-delayed cranioplasty the use of an ultrasonic chisel for punctate osteosynthesis creates good conditions for bone tissue regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:899549", "title": "[Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pressure in neurosurgical patients during hexenal and thiopental-sodium preanesthesia].", "content": "Before undergoing operation on the brain, 30 neurosurgical patients were examined to determine the effect of hexenal (in 15) and thiopental sodium (in 15) central venous pressure were taken. Arterial pressure was measured by Korotkov's method. The cerebral perfusion pressure was calculated. Both anesthetics caused reduction of CSFP: hexenal by 91 +/- 12.1 mm water, thiopental sodium by 108 +/- 21 mm water. A smallrise of cerebral perfusion pressure was noted at the same time.", "contents": "[Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pressure in neurosurgical patients during hexenal and thiopental-sodium preanesthesia]. Before undergoing operation on the brain, 30 neurosurgical patients were examined to determine the effect of hexenal (in 15) and thiopental sodium (in 15) central venous pressure were taken. Arterial pressure was measured by Korotkov's method. The cerebral perfusion pressure was calculated. Both anesthetics caused reduction of CSFP: hexenal by 91 +/- 12.1 mm water, thiopental sodium by 108 +/- 21 mm water. A smallrise of cerebral perfusion pressure was noted at the same time."}
{"id": "PMID:899547", "title": "[Cranioplasty in severe craniocerebral injury in children (a clinical and morphological study)].", "content": "The work deals with \"delayed\" cranioplasty in children with severe craniocerebral trauma employing a bone graft preserved under the skin or fascia of the thigh. On grounds of a morphological examination of bone grafts the most favourable terms for performing cranioplasty are indicated.", "contents": "[Cranioplasty in severe craniocerebral injury in children (a clinical and morphological study)]. The work deals with \"delayed\" cranioplasty in children with severe craniocerebral trauma employing a bone graft preserved under the skin or fascia of the thigh. On grounds of a morphological examination of bone grafts the most favourable terms for performing cranioplasty are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:899550", "title": "[Circadian rhythm of the free 17-hydroxycorticosteroid content in the blood plasma of neurosurgical patients before and after the surgical intervention].", "content": "Study of the daily thythms of free 17-oxycorticosteroids in blood plasma of patients with tumors of the spinal cord and spine, discogenic pain syndrome, and of those who underwent plastic surgery for cranial defects revealed disturbances in the biorhythms of the adrenal cortex in patients with tumors of the spinal cord before operation. The postoperative period in all patients was characterized by the development of a stress reaction and paradoxical-type curves of the daily content of these hormones on the 3rd day with complete restoration of adrenal cortex biorhythms by the 15th day. The patients examined did not require special hormonotherapy.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythm of the free 17-hydroxycorticosteroid content in the blood plasma of neurosurgical patients before and after the surgical intervention]. Study of the daily thythms of free 17-oxycorticosteroids in blood plasma of patients with tumors of the spinal cord and spine, discogenic pain syndrome, and of those who underwent plastic surgery for cranial defects revealed disturbances in the biorhythms of the adrenal cortex in patients with tumors of the spinal cord before operation. The postoperative period in all patients was characterized by the development of a stress reaction and paradoxical-type curves of the daily content of these hormones on the 3rd day with complete restoration of adrenal cortex biorhythms by the 15th day. The patients examined did not require special hormonotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:899552", "title": "[Combination of aneurysm and primary echinococcosis of the brain].", "content": "Aneurysm of the supraclinoid portion of the left internal carotid artery with rupture of its wall and a primary calcified echinococcus of the left frontal wall were discovered in a patient who had a history of general epileptic seizures. Death occurred from massive subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of the aneurysm.", "contents": "[Combination of aneurysm and primary echinococcosis of the brain]. Aneurysm of the supraclinoid portion of the left internal carotid artery with rupture of its wall and a primary calcified echinococcus of the left frontal wall were discovered in a patient who had a history of general epileptic seizures. Death occurred from massive subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of the aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:899554", "title": "Iatrogenic perforation of the esophagus.", "content": "The treatment of iatrogenic esophageal perforation is still today subject of discussion. The present work relates our experience on 16 cases seen between 1955 and 1976, and compares the results with the 1,310 collected by French and English literature. The etiology of perforation is: endoscopy (50.5%), dilatation (19.5%), foreign bodies (14%), surgery and other causes (16%). The mortality rate of cervical perforations is 14.5% (7.3% with medical treatment, 18% with drainage, 12.6% with suture). In the thoracic esophagus it is 32.5% (50% with medical treatment, 40% with drainage, 18% with suture). The data demonstrate that the best results are obtained with surgical treatment, that may be simple drainage when the perforation is cervical, but must be the suture in the thoracic esophagus. We must emphasize that the operation must be performed within 24 hours, because, in the cases operated on after 24 hours, the mortality rate is nearly double.", "contents": "Iatrogenic perforation of the esophagus. The treatment of iatrogenic esophageal perforation is still today subject of discussion. The present work relates our experience on 16 cases seen between 1955 and 1976, and compares the results with the 1,310 collected by French and English literature. The etiology of perforation is: endoscopy (50.5%), dilatation (19.5%), foreign bodies (14%), surgery and other causes (16%). The mortality rate of cervical perforations is 14.5% (7.3% with medical treatment, 18% with drainage, 12.6% with suture). In the thoracic esophagus it is 32.5% (50% with medical treatment, 40% with drainage, 18% with suture). The data demonstrate that the best results are obtained with surgical treatment, that may be simple drainage when the perforation is cervical, but must be the suture in the thoracic esophagus. We must emphasize that the operation must be performed within 24 hours, because, in the cases operated on after 24 hours, the mortality rate is nearly double."}
{"id": "PMID:899557", "title": "[Intestinal lesions after radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a series of 50 patients for which a laparotomy was performed following a lesion of the intestines due to radiotherapy. Resection and anastomosis is indicated only in localized lesions in patients with a good general state. In more extensive bowel lesions it is safer to perform by-pass procedures as the morbidity and postoperative mortality are lower. However, by-pass is inadequate to stop profuse haemorrhages: in such cases resection is mandatory.", "contents": "[Intestinal lesions after radiotherapy (author's transl)]. The authors present a series of 50 patients for which a laparotomy was performed following a lesion of the intestines due to radiotherapy. Resection and anastomosis is indicated only in localized lesions in patients with a good general state. In more extensive bowel lesions it is safer to perform by-pass procedures as the morbidity and postoperative mortality are lower. However, by-pass is inadequate to stop profuse haemorrhages: in such cases resection is mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:899558", "title": "[Iatrogenic lesions in a series of 1 250 mediastinoscopies (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-seven complications occurred as a consequence of 1,250 mediastinoscopies, a rate of 3.8%. There were 17 hemorrhages, 7 of which necessitated thoracotomy. One of these died of laceration of the pulmonary artery. Mediastinoscopy was a factor in the death of 6 other patients.", "contents": "[Iatrogenic lesions in a series of 1 250 mediastinoscopies (author's transl)]. Forty-seven complications occurred as a consequence of 1,250 mediastinoscopies, a rate of 3.8%. There were 17 hemorrhages, 7 of which necessitated thoracotomy. One of these died of laceration of the pulmonary artery. Mediastinoscopy was a factor in the death of 6 other patients."}
{"id": "PMID:899555", "title": "Treatment of alkaline reflux gastritis. A report of twenty cases.", "content": "The surgical treatment of twenty patients operated for postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis is discussed together with the pathogenesis of this syndrome as a late postoperative surgery syndrome. Diagnostic procedures and results of investigations and treatment were compared with data of the literature. Surgical treatment is of great benefit. The different surgical technics should be used according their own indication.", "contents": "Treatment of alkaline reflux gastritis. A report of twenty cases. The surgical treatment of twenty patients operated for postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis is discussed together with the pathogenesis of this syndrome as a late postoperative surgery syndrome. Diagnostic procedures and results of investigations and treatment were compared with data of the literature. Surgical treatment is of great benefit. The different surgical technics should be used according their own indication."}
{"id": "PMID:899556", "title": "[Digestive lesions caused by radiotherapy after surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1968 and 1972, 33 patients with carcinoma of the colon or the rectum underwent a radical surgical procedure followed by adjuvant irradiation therapy. One month after surgery, 6,000 rads were delivered in 6 to 7 weeks. Five of these patients presented later a radiotherapy ileitis, colitis or rectitis. One of them developed a rectitis of the anastomotic area with important diarrheas treated by drugs only; a second presented bowel subobstructions induced by a radiotherapy ileitis and died in cachexy a few months later. The 3 other patients underwent surgery again; one of them for adhesions in the anastomotic area: a definite left colostomy was realized for a stenosic rectitis in the second patient; the last patient underwent surgery 4 times again and died from a rupture of the iliaca artery. Discussion on the observations made at surgery and on the surgical pathology data could explain the high rate of these iatrogenic lesions induced by radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Digestive lesions caused by radiotherapy after surgery (author's transl)]. Between 1968 and 1972, 33 patients with carcinoma of the colon or the rectum underwent a radical surgical procedure followed by adjuvant irradiation therapy. One month after surgery, 6,000 rads were delivered in 6 to 7 weeks. Five of these patients presented later a radiotherapy ileitis, colitis or rectitis. One of them developed a rectitis of the anastomotic area with important diarrheas treated by drugs only; a second presented bowel subobstructions induced by a radiotherapy ileitis and died in cachexy a few months later. The 3 other patients underwent surgery again; one of them for adhesions in the anastomotic area: a definite left colostomy was realized for a stenosic rectitis in the second patient; the last patient underwent surgery 4 times again and died from a rupture of the iliaca artery. Discussion on the observations made at surgery and on the surgical pathology data could explain the high rate of these iatrogenic lesions induced by radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:899559", "title": "Iatrogenic chylothorax. Etiologic and therapeutic considerations, with presentation of two clinical cases.", "content": "A case of mediastinal sclerosis after radiotherapy is presented as a curiosity in iatrogenic etiologies of chylothorax. After 7 weeks of conservative treatment, an operative pleurodesis was successful. In a second clinical case, the hazardous intra-thoracic coagulation of the chyle is illustrate. Etiology and therapeutic mangements of iatrogenic chylothorax in the literature are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Iatrogenic chylothorax. Etiologic and therapeutic considerations, with presentation of two clinical cases. A case of mediastinal sclerosis after radiotherapy is presented as a curiosity in iatrogenic etiologies of chylothorax. After 7 weeks of conservative treatment, an operative pleurodesis was successful. In a second clinical case, the hazardous intra-thoracic coagulation of the chyle is illustrate. Etiology and therapeutic mangements of iatrogenic chylothorax in the literature are briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:899560", "title": "[Use of acrylic prosthesis for the repair of large defects of the chest wall (author's transl)].", "content": "The experience of the authors is based on 17 patients 28 to 76 years old. The defect was always too large to be filled by the surrounding tissues. Six resections were on the sternum or the sternum with ribs. In 4 cases there was also a large resection of skin and muscles and in 3 cases pulmonary resection was associated. Prior to 1971 the authors used a crinoplate 3 times, a thin Marlex plate once and a thick one 5 times. Since 1971, 11 prostheses of methyl methacrylate were fixed with a double metal mesh (3 cases) or a Marlex mesh (8 cases). The authors insist on the interest of the latter prosthesis, made concurrently, easily and solidly fixed, and immediately and indefinitely well tolerated. In cases of large resections of muscle and skin the greater omentum can be used as described by Kiricuta to protect skin flaps from the plate prosthesis.", "contents": "[Use of acrylic prosthesis for the repair of large defects of the chest wall (author's transl)]. The experience of the authors is based on 17 patients 28 to 76 years old. The defect was always too large to be filled by the surrounding tissues. Six resections were on the sternum or the sternum with ribs. In 4 cases there was also a large resection of skin and muscles and in 3 cases pulmonary resection was associated. Prior to 1971 the authors used a crinoplate 3 times, a thin Marlex plate once and a thick one 5 times. Since 1971, 11 prostheses of methyl methacrylate were fixed with a double metal mesh (3 cases) or a Marlex mesh (8 cases). The authors insist on the interest of the latter prosthesis, made concurrently, easily and solidly fixed, and immediately and indefinitely well tolerated. In cases of large resections of muscle and skin the greater omentum can be used as described by Kiricuta to protect skin flaps from the plate prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:899561", "title": "Cardiac herniation following intrapericardial pneumonectomy.", "content": "Cardiac herniation is a rare, highly lethal complication of intrapericardial pneumonectomy, demanding urgent treatment. The condition presents in the immediate or early postoperative period. Cardiovascular collapse is invariably present. Elevation of the jugular venous pressure and cyanosis in the drainage area of the superior vena cava are frequently noted. ECG may demonstrate the abnormal position and some ischemia of the heart. The effects of cardiac herniation are due to a combination of cardiac malposition, with subsequent torsion of the great vessels, obstruction to the outflow of blood from the heart and strangulation of the prolapsed ventricles by the borders of the pericardial defect. The diagnosis rests on an awareness of this condition, its clinical manifestations and radiological examination. Urgent reduction of the herniated heart gives the only possibility of survival. Prevention of possible recurrence must be considered.", "contents": "Cardiac herniation following intrapericardial pneumonectomy. Cardiac herniation is a rare, highly lethal complication of intrapericardial pneumonectomy, demanding urgent treatment. The condition presents in the immediate or early postoperative period. Cardiovascular collapse is invariably present. Elevation of the jugular venous pressure and cyanosis in the drainage area of the superior vena cava are frequently noted. ECG may demonstrate the abnormal position and some ischemia of the heart. The effects of cardiac herniation are due to a combination of cardiac malposition, with subsequent torsion of the great vessels, obstruction to the outflow of blood from the heart and strangulation of the prolapsed ventricles by the borders of the pericardial defect. The diagnosis rests on an awareness of this condition, its clinical manifestations and radiological examination. Urgent reduction of the herniated heart gives the only possibility of survival. Prevention of possible recurrence must be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:899562", "title": "Rupture of the posterior wall of the left heart at the atrio-ventricular groove following mitral valve replacement.", "content": "The authors report 8 cases of left heart rupture at the insertion of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve out of 693 mitral valve replacements. Special attention is paid to the anatomy of this area and to the technique of removal of annular calcifications, when present. In reviewing the literature, the authors analyze the cases reported up to now with particular reference to the age of patients, number of valves replaced, size and amount of calcifications, volume of the left ventricular cavity, type and size of the prosthesis employed, supra- or subannular insertion, time between valve application and rupture of the heart, techniques of repair with cardiopulmonary by-pass with a beating or arrested heart. The authors maintain that this dramatic iatrogenic complication can be avoided in most instances with some modifications of the surgical technique which has been adopted in the last 200 mitral valve replacements.", "contents": "Rupture of the posterior wall of the left heart at the atrio-ventricular groove following mitral valve replacement. The authors report 8 cases of left heart rupture at the insertion of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve out of 693 mitral valve replacements. Special attention is paid to the anatomy of this area and to the technique of removal of annular calcifications, when present. In reviewing the literature, the authors analyze the cases reported up to now with particular reference to the age of patients, number of valves replaced, size and amount of calcifications, volume of the left ventricular cavity, type and size of the prosthesis employed, supra- or subannular insertion, time between valve application and rupture of the heart, techniques of repair with cardiopulmonary by-pass with a beating or arrested heart. The authors maintain that this dramatic iatrogenic complication can be avoided in most instances with some modifications of the surgical technique which has been adopted in the last 200 mitral valve replacements."}
{"id": "PMID:899563", "title": "The femoral artery-predilection site for iatrogenic vascular injuries. Causes and therapy.", "content": "The study evaluates the number of cases, the causes and therapy of iatrogenic injuries to the femoral artery during and after the transfemoral angiographies, which were performed (1968-1975) in the Klinikum of RWTH Aachen. Total rate of complications was 0.15%. Operative indications were as follows: 1 degree hemorrhage in 4 patients, 2 degrees acute ischemic syndrome in 5 patients, 3 degrees a false aneurysm with intermittent claudication in 2 patients. The pathomorphological substrate of the lesions is reviewed and related to corresponding etiological factors. Therapeutic procedures are considered in relation to recent vascular surgical aspects. With the exception of a hemodynamically effective stenosis, reconstructive surgery involved no complication. Principles to be observed in preventing iatrogenic damage to the femoral artery while performing surgical diagnostics are discussed.", "contents": "The femoral artery-predilection site for iatrogenic vascular injuries. Causes and therapy. The study evaluates the number of cases, the causes and therapy of iatrogenic injuries to the femoral artery during and after the transfemoral angiographies, which were performed (1968-1975) in the Klinikum of RWTH Aachen. Total rate of complications was 0.15%. Operative indications were as follows: 1 degree hemorrhage in 4 patients, 2 degrees acute ischemic syndrome in 5 patients, 3 degrees a false aneurysm with intermittent claudication in 2 patients. The pathomorphological substrate of the lesions is reviewed and related to corresponding etiological factors. Therapeutic procedures are considered in relation to recent vascular surgical aspects. With the exception of a hemodynamically effective stenosis, reconstructive surgery involved no complication. Principles to be observed in preventing iatrogenic damage to the femoral artery while performing surgical diagnostics are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899564", "title": "[Arterial lesions caused by the Fogarty catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 7 cases of arterial wound consecutive to the use of the Fogarty catheter: 1 rupture, 1 perforation, 2 arteriovenous fistulae. They investigate the mechanism and stress the importance of preoperative angiography to minimize the risk of unknwon anomalies. Also they indicate the ease and efficiency of the surgical correction when needed.", "contents": "[Arterial lesions caused by the Fogarty catheter (author's transl)]. The authors report 7 cases of arterial wound consecutive to the use of the Fogarty catheter: 1 rupture, 1 perforation, 2 arteriovenous fistulae. They investigate the mechanism and stress the importance of preoperative angiography to minimize the risk of unknwon anomalies. Also they indicate the ease and efficiency of the surgical correction when needed."}
{"id": "PMID:899565", "title": "[Repair problems of infected iatrogenic lesions of the femoral trifurcation. Review of 7 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on seven cases of infected iatrogenic lesions of the femoral trifurcation. One case was a false aneurism consecutive to a femoral vein catheterization. In 5 cases an arterial lesion followed angiography according to Seldinger. In the last case aetiology was undetermined. Local symptomatology was always associated to systemic infection. The causative germ was a pseudomonas in 3 cases an a staphylococ in 4 others. Operation was performed in emergency in all cases because of a fissure or a rupture of the artery. The authors performed: one simple arterial suture, one resection with plastic graft, one resection with venous graft and 4 resections with double vein graft. This last procedure appears useful for lesions situated at the femoral division.", "contents": "[Repair problems of infected iatrogenic lesions of the femoral trifurcation. Review of 7 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report on seven cases of infected iatrogenic lesions of the femoral trifurcation. One case was a false aneurism consecutive to a femoral vein catheterization. In 5 cases an arterial lesion followed angiography according to Seldinger. In the last case aetiology was undetermined. Local symptomatology was always associated to systemic infection. The causative germ was a pseudomonas in 3 cases an a staphylococ in 4 others. Operation was performed in emergency in all cases because of a fissure or a rupture of the artery. The authors performed: one simple arterial suture, one resection with plastic graft, one resection with venous graft and 4 resections with double vein graft. This last procedure appears useful for lesions situated at the femoral division."}
{"id": "PMID:899567", "title": "Complications following cava catheterization.", "content": "The employment of cava catheterization in intensive care and emergency-treatment has dramatically increased. On the basis of our patients in the Surgical Clinics of the RWTH Aachen risks and complications of the central venous catheterization are explained. Six hundred and eighty-four cases have been examined--categorized according to the method of insertion and according to the technique. In a small randomized study, 60 cava catheters were individually examined bacteriologically.", "contents": "Complications following cava catheterization. The employment of cava catheterization in intensive care and emergency-treatment has dramatically increased. On the basis of our patients in the Surgical Clinics of the RWTH Aachen risks and complications of the central venous catheterization are explained. Six hundred and eighty-four cases have been examined--categorized according to the method of insertion and according to the technique. In a small randomized study, 60 cava catheters were individually examined bacteriologically."}
{"id": "PMID:899568", "title": "[Vascular iatrogenic lesions in surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 93 cases of iatrogenic vascular lesions. Thirty-one were secondary to catheterizations and angiography, 10 resulted from accidental intra-arterial or intravenous injections of irritant chemicals, 15 resulted from various operations mainly vascular surgery. Visceral or pelvic ischemias after surgery on the aortic bifurcation are analyzed for symptoms and treatment.", "contents": "[Vascular iatrogenic lesions in surgery (author's transl)]. The authors report 93 cases of iatrogenic vascular lesions. Thirty-one were secondary to catheterizations and angiography, 10 resulted from accidental intra-arterial or intravenous injections of irritant chemicals, 15 resulted from various operations mainly vascular surgery. Visceral or pelvic ischemias after surgery on the aortic bifurcation are analyzed for symptoms and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:899569", "title": "[False aneurysm of the external iliac artery. A late complication of hip surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report one case of false aneurysm of the right external iliac artery following perforation of the acetabulum by a B\u00f6hler nail, which was placed twenty-two years before. Clinical signs were a no-pulsating tumor of the right fossa iliaca, deep venous thrombosis of the right leg and severe anemia. Treatment included resection of the false aneurysm, suture of the arterial wound and removal of the B\u00f6hler nail. The authors report the place held by vascular lesions in bone surgery, and diagnostic difficulties due to the delayed clinical manifestations.", "contents": "[False aneurysm of the external iliac artery. A late complication of hip surgery (author's transl)]. The authors report one case of false aneurysm of the right external iliac artery following perforation of the acetabulum by a B\u00f6hler nail, which was placed twenty-two years before. Clinical signs were a no-pulsating tumor of the right fossa iliaca, deep venous thrombosis of the right leg and severe anemia. Treatment included resection of the false aneurysm, suture of the arterial wound and removal of the B\u00f6hler nail. The authors report the place held by vascular lesions in bone surgery, and diagnostic difficulties due to the delayed clinical manifestations."}
{"id": "PMID:899570", "title": "[Osteoarthrosis of the knee joint, a predictable consequence of meniscectomy in patients with angular deformity of the knee (author's transl)].", "content": "The load-bearing function of the menisci is now well established. Meniscectomy increases the load per unit area in the operated femorotibial compartment; this may result into accelerated wear and osteoarthrosis. This is even more likely to occur if meniscectomy is performed on a knee-joint which presents with a mechanical imbalance secondary to angular deformity in the frontal plane. Often, in such cases, the meniscus only displays secondary, degenerative changes, which do not justify meniscectomy. Through a better knowledge of the load-bearing function of the menisci and a more thorough clinical and roentgenological preoperative study in painful knees, undue meniscectomy could be avoided in a number of cases and the frequence of iatrogenic postmeniscectomy osteoarthrosis of the knee-joint could be reduced.", "contents": "[Osteoarthrosis of the knee joint, a predictable consequence of meniscectomy in patients with angular deformity of the knee (author's transl)]. The load-bearing function of the menisci is now well established. Meniscectomy increases the load per unit area in the operated femorotibial compartment; this may result into accelerated wear and osteoarthrosis. This is even more likely to occur if meniscectomy is performed on a knee-joint which presents with a mechanical imbalance secondary to angular deformity in the frontal plane. Often, in such cases, the meniscus only displays secondary, degenerative changes, which do not justify meniscectomy. Through a better knowledge of the load-bearing function of the menisci and a more thorough clinical and roentgenological preoperative study in painful knees, undue meniscectomy could be avoided in a number of cases and the frequence of iatrogenic postmeniscectomy osteoarthrosis of the knee-joint could be reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:899566", "title": "Femoral artery occlusion caused by percutaneous angiography. Mechanisms and management.", "content": "Forty-two patients developed signs of acute arterial insufficiency following percutaneous femoral angiography. Three responsible mechanisms were recognized: 1. Occlusion of the femoral artery due to stripping off of thrombus formed on the intra-arterial catheter (22 cases). 2. Distal embolization of thrombus formed at the puncture site in the femoral artery (12 cases). 3. Subintimal dissection of an atherosclerotic plaque with secondary thrombosis (8 cases). Vasospasm was not an adequate explanation for the resulting symptoms and signs of ischemia. Such a diagnosis caused delay in proper surgical therapy. Early heparinization and thrombectomy were necessary. It was successful in all but one of 35 cases. Of seven delayed cases there were complications in three.", "contents": "Femoral artery occlusion caused by percutaneous angiography. Mechanisms and management. Forty-two patients developed signs of acute arterial insufficiency following percutaneous femoral angiography. Three responsible mechanisms were recognized: 1. Occlusion of the femoral artery due to stripping off of thrombus formed on the intra-arterial catheter (22 cases). 2. Distal embolization of thrombus formed at the puncture site in the femoral artery (12 cases). 3. Subintimal dissection of an atherosclerotic plaque with secondary thrombosis (8 cases). Vasospasm was not an adequate explanation for the resulting symptoms and signs of ischemia. Such a diagnosis caused delay in proper surgical therapy. Early heparinization and thrombectomy were necessary. It was successful in all but one of 35 cases. Of seven delayed cases there were complications in three."}
{"id": "PMID:899572", "title": "[Tracheal resection for correction of stenosis following prolonged intubation. Review of 2 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Longterm tracheal intubation is a safe procedure given technical precautions and intensive care. Tracheotomy causes many more complications among which is tracheal stenosis. Be it after intubation or tracheotomy, tracheal stenosis can nearly always be treated by segmental resection.", "contents": "[Tracheal resection for correction of stenosis following prolonged intubation. Review of 2 cases (author's transl)]. Longterm tracheal intubation is a safe procedure given technical precautions and intensive care. Tracheotomy causes many more complications among which is tracheal stenosis. Be it after intubation or tracheotomy, tracheal stenosis can nearly always be treated by segmental resection."}
{"id": "PMID:899571", "title": "Surgical treatment of post-intubation lesions of the trachea.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-six patients with post-intubation lesions of the trachea were treated surgically. Of these patients 14 had cuff lesions as a result of ventilatory assistance with endotracheal tubes only. Cuff lesions predominated in those who had tracheostomy tubes. There were six tracheo-esophageal and one tracheoarterial fistulas. The majority of the patients were repaired by end to end anastomosis through the cervical route, most of the others through the cervico-mediastinal route with only five patients by the transthoracic approach. Ninety-one percent have achieved either a good or satisfactory result to date.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of post-intubation lesions of the trachea. One hundred and fifty-six patients with post-intubation lesions of the trachea were treated surgically. Of these patients 14 had cuff lesions as a result of ventilatory assistance with endotracheal tubes only. Cuff lesions predominated in those who had tracheostomy tubes. There were six tracheo-esophageal and one tracheoarterial fistulas. The majority of the patients were repaired by end to end anastomosis through the cervical route, most of the others through the cervico-mediastinal route with only five patients by the transthoracic approach. Ninety-one percent have achieved either a good or satisfactory result to date."}
{"id": "PMID:899573", "title": "[Laryngeal and tracheal stenoses after intubation and/or tracheotomy. A review of 32 cases including 39 lesions and 33 operations (author's transl)].", "content": "After reviewing their cases of scarr-stenosis of the upper airway between 1966 and 1976 the authors compare laryngeal to tracheal lesions: Laryngeal and laryngo-tracheal stenoses are long and difficult to repair and all too often yield poor results. These stenoses are usually due to technical faults (tracheotomy after prolonged intubation, forced intubation, tracheotomy through the first ring). They are most often avoidable. Pure tracheal stenoses nearly always result from ischemic destruction from the pressure in the balloons of the tubes and cannulae. They are difficult to prevent when resuscitation requires high pressure ventilation. Their treatment however is simple: resection and anastomosis yields excellent results though it should only be performed in pure scarr-tissue stenosis. Endoscopic dilatations may be a necessary preparation.", "contents": "[Laryngeal and tracheal stenoses after intubation and/or tracheotomy. A review of 32 cases including 39 lesions and 33 operations (author's transl)]. After reviewing their cases of scarr-stenosis of the upper airway between 1966 and 1976 the authors compare laryngeal to tracheal lesions: Laryngeal and laryngo-tracheal stenoses are long and difficult to repair and all too often yield poor results. These stenoses are usually due to technical faults (tracheotomy after prolonged intubation, forced intubation, tracheotomy through the first ring). They are most often avoidable. Pure tracheal stenoses nearly always result from ischemic destruction from the pressure in the balloons of the tubes and cannulae. They are difficult to prevent when resuscitation requires high pressure ventilation. Their treatment however is simple: resection and anastomosis yields excellent results though it should only be performed in pure scarr-tissue stenosis. Endoscopic dilatations may be a necessary preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:899586", "title": "Superior mesenteric artery and aorto-iliac blood flow after surgical reconstruction in the aortic bifurcation.", "content": "In order to evaluate the possibility of a redistribution of blood from the superior mesenteric artery to the iliac-femoral region, as a cause of intestinal gangrene after surgical reconstruction in the aortic bifurcation, 149 patients operated upon during the last 10 years were reviewed. Aorto-iliac blood flow was studied in all the patients. Blood flow measurements on the superior mesenteric artery before and after release of the aortic clamp and after intra-arterial injection of a vasodilator were made in seven patients. No intestinal complications were found in the present material. The superior mesenteric artery blood flow showed little or no variations and a redistribution of blood from the mesenteric artery to the iliac-femoral region can hardly explain intestinal necrosis.", "contents": "Superior mesenteric artery and aorto-iliac blood flow after surgical reconstruction in the aortic bifurcation. In order to evaluate the possibility of a redistribution of blood from the superior mesenteric artery to the iliac-femoral region, as a cause of intestinal gangrene after surgical reconstruction in the aortic bifurcation, 149 patients operated upon during the last 10 years were reviewed. Aorto-iliac blood flow was studied in all the patients. Blood flow measurements on the superior mesenteric artery before and after release of the aortic clamp and after intra-arterial injection of a vasodilator were made in seven patients. No intestinal complications were found in the present material. The superior mesenteric artery blood flow showed little or no variations and a redistribution of blood from the mesenteric artery to the iliac-femoral region can hardly explain intestinal necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:899587", "title": "The place of profundaplasty in surgical treatment of lower limb atherosclerosis.", "content": "Fourty-five reconstructions of the profunda femoris artery were performed in 41 patients during the period from 1972 to 1974. 78% were operated upon for pain at rest or distal gangrene. Three patients died postoperatively and in 5 cases the reconstruction failed to save the limb. In 1 additional case the operation probably lowered the amputation level to below knee. There was only 1 late occlusion. In the present material profundaplasty alone or combined with iliac reconstruction could relieve rest pain and save limbs when no other possibilities except amputation existed. However, when significant obstruction of the profounda femoris artery is demonsrated by angiography, profundaplasty should probably be perferred to femoro-popliteal reconstruction in most cases since it represents a minor operation with encouraging long-term results. Lateral angiograms of the deep femoral artery should supplement conventional angiography or lower limb atherosclerosis.", "contents": "The place of profundaplasty in surgical treatment of lower limb atherosclerosis. Fourty-five reconstructions of the profunda femoris artery were performed in 41 patients during the period from 1972 to 1974. 78% were operated upon for pain at rest or distal gangrene. Three patients died postoperatively and in 5 cases the reconstruction failed to save the limb. In 1 additional case the operation probably lowered the amputation level to below knee. There was only 1 late occlusion. In the present material profundaplasty alone or combined with iliac reconstruction could relieve rest pain and save limbs when no other possibilities except amputation existed. However, when significant obstruction of the profounda femoris artery is demonsrated by angiography, profundaplasty should probably be perferred to femoro-popliteal reconstruction in most cases since it represents a minor operation with encouraging long-term results. Lateral angiograms of the deep femoral artery should supplement conventional angiography or lower limb atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:899588", "title": "A follow-up study of patients after treatment for bleeding duodenal ulcers by selective vagotomy and drainage (4-8 years observation time).", "content": "From 1966 to 1972, 92 patients with bleeding duodenal ulcers were treated acutely by oversewing, selective gastric vagotomy and drainage. Seven patients (8%) died within the postoperative period. Subsequently 22 others have died, but from causes not associated with duodenum or stomach. One patient developed a pyloric cancer 4 years after the original operation. 53 patients could be follow-up with an observation time between 4 and 8 years. Six patients had undergone further surgery, three with duodenal ulcer recurrence six months, two years and four years, respectively, after the primary operation. One, after five years with an ulcer of the corpus of the stomach, and two others, eight months and four years, respectively, after primary operation, on suspicion of ulcer recurrence, which could not be confirmed. Three patients had severe dumping, and one, in incapacitating diarrhoea. 62% of the patients were graded in Visick group I, 19% in group II, 4% in group III and 15% in group IV. (Table III). No patient presented with recurrent bleeding, and no patient died from ulcer disease after discharge from hospital. The value of selective versus truncal vagotomy in treatment of bleeding duodenal ulcer is discussed, and it is concluded, that the procedure, which has to be performed, depends on the surgeon's experience in the vagotomy concerned.", "contents": "A follow-up study of patients after treatment for bleeding duodenal ulcers by selective vagotomy and drainage (4-8 years observation time). From 1966 to 1972, 92 patients with bleeding duodenal ulcers were treated acutely by oversewing, selective gastric vagotomy and drainage. Seven patients (8%) died within the postoperative period. Subsequently 22 others have died, but from causes not associated with duodenum or stomach. One patient developed a pyloric cancer 4 years after the original operation. 53 patients could be follow-up with an observation time between 4 and 8 years. Six patients had undergone further surgery, three with duodenal ulcer recurrence six months, two years and four years, respectively, after the primary operation. One, after five years with an ulcer of the corpus of the stomach, and two others, eight months and four years, respectively, after primary operation, on suspicion of ulcer recurrence, which could not be confirmed. Three patients had severe dumping, and one, in incapacitating diarrhoea. 62% of the patients were graded in Visick group I, 19% in group II, 4% in group III and 15% in group IV. (Table III). No patient presented with recurrent bleeding, and no patient died from ulcer disease after discharge from hospital. The value of selective versus truncal vagotomy in treatment of bleeding duodenal ulcer is discussed, and it is concluded, that the procedure, which has to be performed, depends on the surgeon's experience in the vagotomy concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:899589", "title": "Gardner's syndrome. Report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Three cases of Gardner's syndrome are reported. Two patients had one and two carcinomas in the colon respectively. Postoperatively the two patients developed desmoid tumours in the abdominal wall, and one of them also an intraabdominal desmoid. The literature is briefly reviewed with respect to diagnosis and treatment of the components of the syndrome. A special section is devoted to the differentialdiagnostic problems. The reports from the last years concerning this problem are surveyed, and the rationale for maintenance of Gardner's syndrome and familial polyposis of the colon as two different genetic entities is questioned.", "contents": "Gardner's syndrome. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Three cases of Gardner's syndrome are reported. Two patients had one and two carcinomas in the colon respectively. Postoperatively the two patients developed desmoid tumours in the abdominal wall, and one of them also an intraabdominal desmoid. The literature is briefly reviewed with respect to diagnosis and treatment of the components of the syndrome. A special section is devoted to the differentialdiagnostic problems. The reports from the last years concerning this problem are surveyed, and the rationale for maintenance of Gardner's syndrome and familial polyposis of the colon as two different genetic entities is questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:899590", "title": "Aorto-iliac arterial thrombosis in young women. Report of 3 cases.", "content": "Three cases of young women with thrombotic arterial occlusion in the aorto-iliac region are described. All were smokers and used oral contraceptives. Both these factors must be regarded to be of etiological importance.", "contents": "Aorto-iliac arterial thrombosis in young women. Report of 3 cases. Three cases of young women with thrombotic arterial occlusion in the aorto-iliac region are described. All were smokers and used oral contraceptives. Both these factors must be regarded to be of etiological importance."}
{"id": "PMID:899591", "title": "Fluid absorption and capillarity of suture materials.", "content": "The fluid absorption and capillarity of different suture materials commonly used were investigated in saline and blood plasma. Linen and silk have high fluid absorption in plasma (92.2 +/- 1.3%, 65.2 +/- 0.7% of dry weight), and polyamide twisted with cover together with polyester considerably lower absorption (27.0 +/- 0.8%, 16.0 +/- 0.3%). Monofilament polyamide has fluid absorption ability in spite of its homogeneous structure (10.1 +/- 0.2%). Capillary properties were demonstrated in all multifilament synthetic and natural materials but were effectively eliminated by waxing treatment. The fluid transport rate constant varied considerably between different materials and was highest for polyamide with cover. Fluid absorption and capillary properties are presumed to be of significance for the impact of contaminating bacteria.", "contents": "Fluid absorption and capillarity of suture materials. The fluid absorption and capillarity of different suture materials commonly used were investigated in saline and blood plasma. Linen and silk have high fluid absorption in plasma (92.2 +/- 1.3%, 65.2 +/- 0.7% of dry weight), and polyamide twisted with cover together with polyester considerably lower absorption (27.0 +/- 0.8%, 16.0 +/- 0.3%). Monofilament polyamide has fluid absorption ability in spite of its homogeneous structure (10.1 +/- 0.2%). Capillary properties were demonstrated in all multifilament synthetic and natural materials but were effectively eliminated by waxing treatment. The fluid transport rate constant varied considerably between different materials and was highest for polyamide with cover. Fluid absorption and capillary properties are presumed to be of significance for the impact of contaminating bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:899592", "title": "Suture material and bacterial transport. An experimental study.", "content": "The transport of bacteria and spreading of infection by suture materials was studied. An in vitro experiment showed that immobile bacteria can propagate inside multifilament materials. The spreading was correlated to the capillary properties of the threads. A similar result was obtained in an in vivo study in the muscle of the rat. The bacterial transport inside the thread was found to be of significantly greater importance for the spreading of wound infection than that on the surface of the material.", "contents": "Suture material and bacterial transport. An experimental study. The transport of bacteria and spreading of infection by suture materials was studied. An in vitro experiment showed that immobile bacteria can propagate inside multifilament materials. The spreading was correlated to the capillary properties of the threads. A similar result was obtained in an in vivo study in the muscle of the rat. The bacterial transport inside the thread was found to be of significantly greater importance for the spreading of wound infection than that on the surface of the material."}
{"id": "PMID:899593", "title": "Strength of knots in surgery in relation to type of knot, type of suture material and dimension of suture thread.", "content": "The 12 commonest types of suture material in dimensions 7/0, 5/0, 000, 0 and 2 (USP, 1965) were tested in 16 types of knot with regard to tensile strength of knot using the loop method. The results are given in tabular form as the strength of the loop for alltypes of knot tested, and as the mean knoe efficiency for certain groups of knots. The knot efficiencies are compared with regard to the different types of knot, the various types of suture material, and the different dimensions of thread using statistical methods including variance analysis. The strength of unknotted thread within a given dimension showed considerable variations for different suture materials: a given material could be more than twice as strong as the weakest material of the same dimension. With very few exceptions, the knot was the weakest point in a suture loop subjected to disrupting forces. The knot efficiency depended very largely on the type of knot and the strength of different types of knots varied from 3% to 99% of the corresponding unknotted thread. With the exception of two types of steel thread and both types of catgut, the efficiency was low for most simple crossed knots and for many simple parallel knots, and here considerable variations were recorded. Knot efficiency was clearly highest and showed least fluctuation with complex and particularly complex knots, and was closely similar for these. The dependency of knot efficiency on the type of suture material (mean for 16 knots) varied from 44% (polyethylene) to 90% (multifil steel). The variations in dependency on material were greatest with simple knots and with certain materials, and decreased with increasing knot complexity. The dependency of knot efficiency on the dimension of any particular suture material was apparently of much less importance than the type of knot and type of material.", "contents": "Strength of knots in surgery in relation to type of knot, type of suture material and dimension of suture thread. The 12 commonest types of suture material in dimensions 7/0, 5/0, 000, 0 and 2 (USP, 1965) were tested in 16 types of knot with regard to tensile strength of knot using the loop method. The results are given in tabular form as the strength of the loop for alltypes of knot tested, and as the mean knoe efficiency for certain groups of knots. The knot efficiencies are compared with regard to the different types of knot, the various types of suture material, and the different dimensions of thread using statistical methods including variance analysis. The strength of unknotted thread within a given dimension showed considerable variations for different suture materials: a given material could be more than twice as strong as the weakest material of the same dimension. With very few exceptions, the knot was the weakest point in a suture loop subjected to disrupting forces. The knot efficiency depended very largely on the type of knot and the strength of different types of knots varied from 3% to 99% of the corresponding unknotted thread. With the exception of two types of steel thread and both types of catgut, the efficiency was low for most simple crossed knots and for many simple parallel knots, and here considerable variations were recorded. Knot efficiency was clearly highest and showed least fluctuation with complex and particularly complex knots, and was closely similar for these. The dependency of knot efficiency on the type of suture material (mean for 16 knots) varied from 44% (polyethylene) to 90% (multifil steel). The variations in dependency on material were greatest with simple knots and with certain materials, and decreased with increasing knot complexity. The dependency of knot efficiency on the dimension of any particular suture material was apparently of much less importance than the type of knot and type of material."}
{"id": "PMID:899594", "title": "Effect of dextran and induced thrombocytopenia on the lysability of ex vivo thrombi in dogs.", "content": "The lysability of thrombi and clots was studied in intact and thrombocytopenic dogs. The thrombi were formed in ex vivo in rotating. Chandler loops, the clots were formed in plastic tubes. Infustion of dextran 70 to the intact dogs was followed by a significant increase in the lysability of the thrombi but not of the clots. Thrombocytopenia caused an increase in the lysability of both thrombi and clots. After infusion of dextran to thrombocytopenic dogs a further increase was noted in the lysability of thrombi but not of clots. The results indicate that dextran and induced thrombocytopenia increase the lysability of thrombi by different mechanisms. The different behaviour between thrombi and clots is probably due to the difference in structure between them particularly with regard to the distribution of platelets. It is suggested that dextran decreased the thrombus statility by impairing the platelet surface function.", "contents": "Effect of dextran and induced thrombocytopenia on the lysability of ex vivo thrombi in dogs. The lysability of thrombi and clots was studied in intact and thrombocytopenic dogs. The thrombi were formed in ex vivo in rotating. Chandler loops, the clots were formed in plastic tubes. Infustion of dextran 70 to the intact dogs was followed by a significant increase in the lysability of the thrombi but not of the clots. Thrombocytopenia caused an increase in the lysability of both thrombi and clots. After infusion of dextran to thrombocytopenic dogs a further increase was noted in the lysability of thrombi but not of clots. The results indicate that dextran and induced thrombocytopenia increase the lysability of thrombi by different mechanisms. The different behaviour between thrombi and clots is probably due to the difference in structure between them particularly with regard to the distribution of platelets. It is suggested that dextran decreased the thrombus statility by impairing the platelet surface function."}
{"id": "PMID:899665", "title": "Craniofacial development of the rat with respect to vestibular orientation.", "content": "The vestibular orientation was applied in the present work. Its purpose was to contribute to the knowledge of the craniofacial development of the growing rat. Sagittal cuts were made in 91 crania from Wistar rats (44 males and 47 females) at 8, 15, 30 and 60 days of age. The x and y coordinates of the sagittal points were determined. The sagittal intersection of the vestibular plane was employed as the abscissa and its perpendicular at the mid point of the external semicircular canal (mesovestibion) as the ordinate. Cranial diagrams were constructed in which the length of the sagittal projection of each bone and its angulation with respect to the abscissa were measured. It was confirmed a progressive evolution towards orthocrania due to the bone rotation complexes, which characterized three cranial regions: the anterior region (frontal-ethmiodal-facial complex) with trigonometric rotation; the mid region (parietal-sphenoidal complex) remained stable, and the posterior region (interparietal-occipital complex) with clockwise rotation. Each complex had its own pattern of rotation. The causal factors reside in the differential increment between the functional components: (a) neurocranium-splanchnocranium, (b) neurocranium-cervical column, (c) dorsal neurocranium-basilar neurocranium and (d) dorsal splanchnocranium-basilar splanchnocranium. Its etiology obeys to the functional requirements induced by the adaptation of the modern rodents.", "contents": "Craniofacial development of the rat with respect to vestibular orientation. The vestibular orientation was applied in the present work. Its purpose was to contribute to the knowledge of the craniofacial development of the growing rat. Sagittal cuts were made in 91 crania from Wistar rats (44 males and 47 females) at 8, 15, 30 and 60 days of age. The x and y coordinates of the sagittal points were determined. The sagittal intersection of the vestibular plane was employed as the abscissa and its perpendicular at the mid point of the external semicircular canal (mesovestibion) as the ordinate. Cranial diagrams were constructed in which the length of the sagittal projection of each bone and its angulation with respect to the abscissa were measured. It was confirmed a progressive evolution towards orthocrania due to the bone rotation complexes, which characterized three cranial regions: the anterior region (frontal-ethmiodal-facial complex) with trigonometric rotation; the mid region (parietal-sphenoidal complex) remained stable, and the posterior region (interparietal-occipital complex) with clockwise rotation. Each complex had its own pattern of rotation. The causal factors reside in the differential increment between the functional components: (a) neurocranium-splanchnocranium, (b) neurocranium-cervical column, (c) dorsal neurocranium-basilar neurocranium and (d) dorsal splanchnocranium-basilar splanchnocranium. Its etiology obeys to the functional requirements induced by the adaptation of the modern rodents."}
{"id": "PMID:899666", "title": "Electron-microscopic study of collagenous fibers of cultures of bone marrow from healthy children.", "content": "Bundles of collagenous fibers have been detected by means of the electron microscope in the intercellular space among hematogenic and stromal cells of 9- and 13-day cultures of bone marrow of two 6-year-old healthy children in course of formation of fibroblast-like cells. Detection of the latter in the cultures during growth gives rise to the suggestion that collagen-producing cells (true fibroblasts) may be formed in vitro. The data obtained are discussed in connection with the question of fibroblast-like cells transformed in vitro to true fibroblasts.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic study of collagenous fibers of cultures of bone marrow from healthy children. Bundles of collagenous fibers have been detected by means of the electron microscope in the intercellular space among hematogenic and stromal cells of 9- and 13-day cultures of bone marrow of two 6-year-old healthy children in course of formation of fibroblast-like cells. Detection of the latter in the cultures during growth gives rise to the suggestion that collagen-producing cells (true fibroblasts) may be formed in vitro. The data obtained are discussed in connection with the question of fibroblast-like cells transformed in vitro to true fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:899667", "title": "Mitotic index of the Langhans' cells in the normal human placenta from the early stages of pregnancy to the term.", "content": "The mitotic index of the Langhans' cells of the normal human placenta has been evaluated from the 6th week of pregnancy until the term. The index is very high from the 6th to the 10th week, and afterwards it decreases quickly. However, some dividing cells are present also in placentas of 30-32 weeks. The high number of mitotic cells is considered to be related to the increase of the syncytial layer more than to the HCG production. This latter would be independent of the proliferative activity of the Langhans' cells and is probably affected by some humoral factors.", "contents": "Mitotic index of the Langhans' cells in the normal human placenta from the early stages of pregnancy to the term. The mitotic index of the Langhans' cells of the normal human placenta has been evaluated from the 6th week of pregnancy until the term. The index is very high from the 6th to the 10th week, and afterwards it decreases quickly. However, some dividing cells are present also in placentas of 30-32 weeks. The high number of mitotic cells is considered to be related to the increase of the syncytial layer more than to the HCG production. This latter would be independent of the proliferative activity of the Langhans' cells and is probably affected by some humoral factors."}
{"id": "PMID:899668", "title": "Relation between collagen fiber orientation and age of osteon formation in human tibial compact bone.", "content": "The predominant collagen fiber orientation in newly formed osteons was determined by polarized light microscopy. Osteons were classified into five categories according to the proportion of their cross section formed by dark lamellae. In dark lamellae most fibers run longitudinally or on a step spiral while they follow a circular or shallow spiral course in light lamellae. Types 1 and 2 are 'light' osteons; types 4 and 5 are 'dark', and type 3 is 'intermediate'. A significant correlation was found between the predominant collagen fiber orientation in osteons and the age at which their formation occurs. Significant differences were found also in the collagen fiber orientation in osteons among the different quadrants of the same bone.", "contents": "Relation between collagen fiber orientation and age of osteon formation in human tibial compact bone. The predominant collagen fiber orientation in newly formed osteons was determined by polarized light microscopy. Osteons were classified into five categories according to the proportion of their cross section formed by dark lamellae. In dark lamellae most fibers run longitudinally or on a step spiral while they follow a circular or shallow spiral course in light lamellae. Types 1 and 2 are 'light' osteons; types 4 and 5 are 'dark', and type 3 is 'intermediate'. A significant correlation was found between the predominant collagen fiber orientation in osteons and the age at which their formation occurs. Significant differences were found also in the collagen fiber orientation in osteons among the different quadrants of the same bone."}
{"id": "PMID:899670", "title": "Fine structure of canine thymus.", "content": "Normal thymuses of young-to-adult healthy dogs have been studied with light and electron microscopy. Two well-defined zones are observed both in the medulla and in the cortex. In the outer cortex including the subcapsular region, reticular cells and mitotic lymphoblasts are more numerous than in the inner cortex, whereas in the central portion of the medulla the small proportion of free lymphoid cells is more evident than in the outer medulla. Reticular cells can be classified into two main groups according to some morphologic features: epithelial and mesenchymal. Epithelial reticular cells seems to undergo a gradual transformation from the subcapsular region to the medulla, and finally they may become heterogeneous Hassall corpuscles. Mesenchymal reticular cells are represented by macrophages and dendritic-like cells. The latter cells are located in the inner medulla and fill the intercellular spaces with their long cytoplasmic processes. In some occasions these processes appear degenerated and plasma cells and eosinophilic leucocytes are found. This fact suggests different functional stages and a possible participation of the normal thymic medulla of the adult dog as a peripheral lymphoid organ.", "contents": "Fine structure of canine thymus. Normal thymuses of young-to-adult healthy dogs have been studied with light and electron microscopy. Two well-defined zones are observed both in the medulla and in the cortex. In the outer cortex including the subcapsular region, reticular cells and mitotic lymphoblasts are more numerous than in the inner cortex, whereas in the central portion of the medulla the small proportion of free lymphoid cells is more evident than in the outer medulla. Reticular cells can be classified into two main groups according to some morphologic features: epithelial and mesenchymal. Epithelial reticular cells seems to undergo a gradual transformation from the subcapsular region to the medulla, and finally they may become heterogeneous Hassall corpuscles. Mesenchymal reticular cells are represented by macrophages and dendritic-like cells. The latter cells are located in the inner medulla and fill the intercellular spaces with their long cytoplasmic processes. In some occasions these processes appear degenerated and plasma cells and eosinophilic leucocytes are found. This fact suggests different functional stages and a possible participation of the normal thymic medulla of the adult dog as a peripheral lymphoid organ."}
{"id": "PMID:899671", "title": "Definition of the stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the opossum (Didelphis azarae, Temminck, 1825).", "content": "Spermatogenesis of the opossum (Didelphis azarae, Temminck, 1825) as revealed by the ferric hematoxylin technique is described. The spermiogenesis is subdivided in 15 steps characterized by changes observed in the nucleus and in the acrosomic structure of the spermatids. Using the morphological changes during the spermatids' maturation, a classification into 10 stages is proposed for the various cellular associations during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the opossum.", "contents": "Definition of the stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the opossum (Didelphis azarae, Temminck, 1825). Spermatogenesis of the opossum (Didelphis azarae, Temminck, 1825) as revealed by the ferric hematoxylin technique is described. The spermiogenesis is subdivided in 15 steps characterized by changes observed in the nucleus and in the acrosomic structure of the spermatids. Using the morphological changes during the spermatids' maturation, a classification into 10 stages is proposed for the various cellular associations during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the opossum."}
{"id": "PMID:899672", "title": "Histogenesis of colon glands during postnatal growth.", "content": "The development of colon mucosa during postnatal growth was analyzed in male BD IX rats using histological and radioautographic methods. Newborn animals already exhibited clearly recognizable crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn. DNA synthesis activity predominated in the lower two thirds of those crypts, as it constantly did during subsequent growth and in adult colons. The height of crypts at birth was already half the adult size. There was, in contrast, a dramatic increase in their number (more than 1,000% from birth to the 10th week, as observed on transverse sections). The mechanism by which new glands derive from the mucosal epithelium implies a longitudinal fission of preexisting glands.", "contents": "Histogenesis of colon glands during postnatal growth. The development of colon mucosa during postnatal growth was analyzed in male BD IX rats using histological and radioautographic methods. Newborn animals already exhibited clearly recognizable crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn. DNA synthesis activity predominated in the lower two thirds of those crypts, as it constantly did during subsequent growth and in adult colons. The height of crypts at birth was already half the adult size. There was, in contrast, a dramatic increase in their number (more than 1,000% from birth to the 10th week, as observed on transverse sections). The mechanism by which new glands derive from the mucosal epithelium implies a longitudinal fission of preexisting glands."}
{"id": "PMID:899673", "title": "The taste buds of Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew).", "content": "Taste buds were generally found on the posterior side of the tongue. Neural elements (nerve fibres, mainly thick myelinated, and ganglia arranged in a chain-like fashion) participated in the innervation of the taste buds. Cholinesterase activity was much marked in the bottom of the taste buds, while the marginal surface showed no such activity.", "contents": "The taste buds of Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew). Taste buds were generally found on the posterior side of the tongue. Neural elements (nerve fibres, mainly thick myelinated, and ganglia arranged in a chain-like fashion) participated in the innervation of the taste buds. Cholinesterase activity was much marked in the bottom of the taste buds, while the marginal surface showed no such activity."}
{"id": "PMID:899674", "title": "[Blood supply of the scaphoid bone of the hand].", "content": "For investigation of the vascular supply of the os scaphoideum we produced post mortem injection specimens of hands with latex milk. The estraosseous vessels were prepared macroscopically and microscopically. The intraosseous vascular distribution was represented by cleared specimens (Spalteholz technique). A branch of the arteria radialis or of the ramus dorsalis arteriae radialis enters the dorsal face in the middle and distal third by several foramina nutricia. This artery effects the blood supply almost completely. Other vessels entering the navicular bone are small calibrated and only sometimes demonstrable. The proximal third of the scaphoideum shows no artery entrance.", "contents": "[Blood supply of the scaphoid bone of the hand]. For investigation of the vascular supply of the os scaphoideum we produced post mortem injection specimens of hands with latex milk. The estraosseous vessels were prepared macroscopically and microscopically. The intraosseous vascular distribution was represented by cleared specimens (Spalteholz technique). A branch of the arteria radialis or of the ramus dorsalis arteriae radialis enters the dorsal face in the middle and distal third by several foramina nutricia. This artery effects the blood supply almost completely. Other vessels entering the navicular bone are small calibrated and only sometimes demonstrable. The proximal third of the scaphoideum shows no artery entrance."}
{"id": "PMID:899675", "title": "Radioautographic study of the effect of malononitrile dimer on RNA synthesis in mice.", "content": "The drug malononitrile dimer (1,1,3-tricyano-2-amino-1-propene) was administered intraperitoneally to groups of mice at 20 mg/kg body weight, either as a single injection or as chronic 2-month injections. To study the effect of malononitrile dimer on RNA synthesis in the brain, it was necessary to choose a precursor that would pass the blood-brain barrier. Animals were injected with 14C-formate, then sacrificed 1 h later. RNA synthesis in the brain, liver and kidney of the drug-injected and control animals was determined by the amount of 14C-formate incorporated into newly synthesized RNA. A new method involving the comparison of RNase-extracted with non-extracted slides is described for determining the proportion of 14C-formate incorporated into RNA radioautographically. The results show that RNA synthesis was significantly increased as a result of both single and chronic malononitrile dimer injections in all tissues studied. In most cases, malononitrile dimer nearly doubled the percentage of 14C-formate incorporated into newly synthesized RNA. The effect of the chronic injections was most pronounced in the brain. The mechanism of malononitrile action on RNA synthesis are mediated by thyroxine is discussed.", "contents": "Radioautographic study of the effect of malononitrile dimer on RNA synthesis in mice. The drug malononitrile dimer (1,1,3-tricyano-2-amino-1-propene) was administered intraperitoneally to groups of mice at 20 mg/kg body weight, either as a single injection or as chronic 2-month injections. To study the effect of malononitrile dimer on RNA synthesis in the brain, it was necessary to choose a precursor that would pass the blood-brain barrier. Animals were injected with 14C-formate, then sacrificed 1 h later. RNA synthesis in the brain, liver and kidney of the drug-injected and control animals was determined by the amount of 14C-formate incorporated into newly synthesized RNA. A new method involving the comparison of RNase-extracted with non-extracted slides is described for determining the proportion of 14C-formate incorporated into RNA radioautographically. The results show that RNA synthesis was significantly increased as a result of both single and chronic malononitrile dimer injections in all tissues studied. In most cases, malononitrile dimer nearly doubled the percentage of 14C-formate incorporated into newly synthesized RNA. The effect of the chronic injections was most pronounced in the brain. The mechanism of malononitrile action on RNA synthesis are mediated by thyroxine is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899676", "title": "[Postnatal cellular reactivity of the optic nerve after enucleation in the rat. Quantitative aspects in relation to myelinization].", "content": "The use of an experimental procedure based upon progressive postoperative delays allowed the quantification of the effects of enucleation performed at the ages of 2, 8 and 20 days, corresponding to key stages of the postnatal maturation of the optic nerve, namely premyelination, myelination and postmyelination. Two main events were noteworthy regarding cell reactivity. The higher the age of the animals at operation, the lower was the proliferation, and the larger was the time lapse between operation and the peak of proliferation. The interferences between reaction gliosis and myelination gliosis depended upon the developmental stage of the optic nerve. This reflects a progressive loss of plasticity.", "contents": "[Postnatal cellular reactivity of the optic nerve after enucleation in the rat. Quantitative aspects in relation to myelinization]. The use of an experimental procedure based upon progressive postoperative delays allowed the quantification of the effects of enucleation performed at the ages of 2, 8 and 20 days, corresponding to key stages of the postnatal maturation of the optic nerve, namely premyelination, myelination and postmyelination. Two main events were noteworthy regarding cell reactivity. The higher the age of the animals at operation, the lower was the proliferation, and the larger was the time lapse between operation and the peak of proliferation. The interferences between reaction gliosis and myelination gliosis depended upon the developmental stage of the optic nerve. This reflects a progressive loss of plasticity."}
{"id": "PMID:899677", "title": "Cytochemical study on the mechanism of secretion of catecholamines.", "content": "Adrenal medulla and carotid body of cats are studied with acrylic aldehyde-dichromate and glutaraldehyde-dichromate methods for catecholamines. The frequency of dark vesicles and the mean diameter of the cores obtained by these specific methods are compared with those found by the standard glutaraldehyde-osmium method in normal and reserpine-treated animals. In the samples of normal organs fixed with aldehyde-dichromate methods, the number of dark-cored vesicles is significantly higher than in the controls. On the contrary, in the adrenal gland of reserpine-treated specimens the specific methods demonstrate reductions in the frequency of dark vesicles that can be semiquantitatively compared with the known diminution in the content of catecholamines produced by the drug. In the carotid body it was not found a so strict relation, nevertheless the specific methods give a consistently lower frequency of dark vesicles in reserpine-treated than in control animals. It is suggested that the discrepancy between standard and specific methods in the carotid body is due to substances existent in the dark cores contrasted by the former procedure but not by the latter. The constancy of the mean diameter of the cores even in glands that have lost 93% of their granules confirms the suggestion of an all-or-nothing exocytotic mechanism of discharge of the secretory vesicles. The inverse relation shown between the frequency of dark and clear vesicles indicates that membranes emerge in the cytoplasm after exocytosis as clear vesicles.", "contents": "Cytochemical study on the mechanism of secretion of catecholamines. Adrenal medulla and carotid body of cats are studied with acrylic aldehyde-dichromate and glutaraldehyde-dichromate methods for catecholamines. The frequency of dark vesicles and the mean diameter of the cores obtained by these specific methods are compared with those found by the standard glutaraldehyde-osmium method in normal and reserpine-treated animals. In the samples of normal organs fixed with aldehyde-dichromate methods, the number of dark-cored vesicles is significantly higher than in the controls. On the contrary, in the adrenal gland of reserpine-treated specimens the specific methods demonstrate reductions in the frequency of dark vesicles that can be semiquantitatively compared with the known diminution in the content of catecholamines produced by the drug. In the carotid body it was not found a so strict relation, nevertheless the specific methods give a consistently lower frequency of dark vesicles in reserpine-treated than in control animals. It is suggested that the discrepancy between standard and specific methods in the carotid body is due to substances existent in the dark cores contrasted by the former procedure but not by the latter. The constancy of the mean diameter of the cores even in glands that have lost 93% of their granules confirms the suggestion of an all-or-nothing exocytotic mechanism of discharge of the secretory vesicles. The inverse relation shown between the frequency of dark and clear vesicles indicates that membranes emerge in the cytoplasm after exocytosis as clear vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:899678", "title": "Pars nervosa hypophyseos in chronic audiovibratory stress.", "content": "In the nervous part of the hypophysis, significant decrease in the quantity of neurosecretion, hypertrophy, and frequent findings of mitosis of adenopituicytes occur under the influence of noise and vibrations. In chronic audiovibratory stress, the phenomenon of hyperplasia of adenopituicytes and intracytoplasmic presence of structural elements of neurosecretory fibres in disintegration are noticeable. Heterogeneity of neurosecretory fibres is characteristically manifested in the presence of dilated Herring bodies with preserved structure, occurrence of nerve swellings very variable in structure, with numerous polymorphous inclusions and autolytic bodies, or with large vacuoles, few secretory granules and few mitochondria. There are some endings of neurosecretory fibres with many clear microvesicles and few granules, as well as the endings abounding only in clear microvesicles, particularly in pericapillary spaces. The results obtained point to strong stress-inducing effects of noise and vibrations upon the nervous part of the hypophysis.", "contents": "Pars nervosa hypophyseos in chronic audiovibratory stress. In the nervous part of the hypophysis, significant decrease in the quantity of neurosecretion, hypertrophy, and frequent findings of mitosis of adenopituicytes occur under the influence of noise and vibrations. In chronic audiovibratory stress, the phenomenon of hyperplasia of adenopituicytes and intracytoplasmic presence of structural elements of neurosecretory fibres in disintegration are noticeable. Heterogeneity of neurosecretory fibres is characteristically manifested in the presence of dilated Herring bodies with preserved structure, occurrence of nerve swellings very variable in structure, with numerous polymorphous inclusions and autolytic bodies, or with large vacuoles, few secretory granules and few mitochondria. There are some endings of neurosecretory fibres with many clear microvesicles and few granules, as well as the endings abounding only in clear microvesicles, particularly in pericapillary spaces. The results obtained point to strong stress-inducing effects of noise and vibrations upon the nervous part of the hypophysis."}
{"id": "PMID:899679", "title": "Effects of mitomycin C in postnatal tooth development in mice with special reference to neural crest cells.", "content": "Neural crest cells in the pre- and postnatal development of mice showed a specific sensitivity to mitomycin C. In mice injected with mitomycin C 24-48 h after birth and surviving up to the 9th day, a free or attached denticle in the pulp and a fibroma or excessive cell proliferation in the dental follicle or the periodontal ligament were seen; further, a dentinoma developed.", "contents": "Effects of mitomycin C in postnatal tooth development in mice with special reference to neural crest cells. Neural crest cells in the pre- and postnatal development of mice showed a specific sensitivity to mitomycin C. In mice injected with mitomycin C 24-48 h after birth and surviving up to the 9th day, a free or attached denticle in the pulp and a fibroma or excessive cell proliferation in the dental follicle or the periodontal ligament were seen; further, a dentinoma developed."}
{"id": "PMID:899680", "title": "Successive stimulation of major cell groups in bone marrow. A preliminary approach to the problem of stem cell competition.", "content": "The existence of pluripotential haemopoietic stem cells raises the possibility of stem cell competition when two or more differentiating stimuli are given either simultaneously or in close succession. The experiments now reported deal with the effects on guinea pig bone marrow of successive stimulation and they fall into two groups. In one group, erythropoiesis was first stimulated by means of hypoxia, after which granulopoiesis was stimulated by the intraperitoneal injection of typhoid vaccine. In another group, these two stimuli were given in the reverse order. Bone marrow changes were evaluated both quantitatively and by differential counts. The experimental animals were compared with controls given only one stimulus, either hypoxia or vaccine, and also with normal untreated animals. As judged by the output of granulocytes or erythrocytes, no stem cell shortage developed in the experimental animals. A marked fall in transitional cells in the bone marrow of the experimental animals is consistent with the view, though not affording actual proof, that the pluripotential stem cells are to be found in the transitional cell compartment.", "contents": "Successive stimulation of major cell groups in bone marrow. A preliminary approach to the problem of stem cell competition. The existence of pluripotential haemopoietic stem cells raises the possibility of stem cell competition when two or more differentiating stimuli are given either simultaneously or in close succession. The experiments now reported deal with the effects on guinea pig bone marrow of successive stimulation and they fall into two groups. In one group, erythropoiesis was first stimulated by means of hypoxia, after which granulopoiesis was stimulated by the intraperitoneal injection of typhoid vaccine. In another group, these two stimuli were given in the reverse order. Bone marrow changes were evaluated both quantitatively and by differential counts. The experimental animals were compared with controls given only one stimulus, either hypoxia or vaccine, and also with normal untreated animals. As judged by the output of granulocytes or erythrocytes, no stem cell shortage developed in the experimental animals. A marked fall in transitional cells in the bone marrow of the experimental animals is consistent with the view, though not affording actual proof, that the pluripotential stem cells are to be found in the transitional cell compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:899681", "title": "Ultrastructure of the human pyloric glands with emphasis on the mucous cell component. Part I.", "content": "The human pyloric glands are simple or branched tubular glands which spiral through the connective tissue of the lamina propria. They are comprised of three cell types: the pyloric gland (mucous) cell, the parietal cell, and endocrine cells. The mucous cell is the most common cell type in the human pyloric glands and is characterized by an abundance of secretory granules. The secretory granules are usually round in shape and vary considerably in diameter. They are membrane-bound and comprise a heterogeneous population. The larger granules contain a light staining amorphous material and often possess an area of increased electron density near the limiting membrane of the granule giving them a mottled appearance. A smaller, more electron-dense secretory granule also is found both in relation to the Golgi complex and cell apex. The morphological observations indicate that the mechanism of mucin production by the mucous cells of the human pyloric glands may be similar to that reported in other mucin-secreting cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the human pyloric glands with emphasis on the mucous cell component. Part I. The human pyloric glands are simple or branched tubular glands which spiral through the connective tissue of the lamina propria. They are comprised of three cell types: the pyloric gland (mucous) cell, the parietal cell, and endocrine cells. The mucous cell is the most common cell type in the human pyloric glands and is characterized by an abundance of secretory granules. The secretory granules are usually round in shape and vary considerably in diameter. They are membrane-bound and comprise a heterogeneous population. The larger granules contain a light staining amorphous material and often possess an area of increased electron density near the limiting membrane of the granule giving them a mottled appearance. A smaller, more electron-dense secretory granule also is found both in relation to the Golgi complex and cell apex. The morphological observations indicate that the mechanism of mucin production by the mucous cells of the human pyloric glands may be similar to that reported in other mucin-secreting cells."}
{"id": "PMID:899682", "title": "Sexual dimorphism in metacarpal dimensions and body size of Mexican school children.", "content": "The hypothesis that patterns of sexual dimorphism in transverse dimensions of the metacarpal only reflect sex differences in body size was investigated in a sample of 324 Mexican school children 6.00-10.99 years of age. Several patterns of sexual dimorphism in second metacarpal dimensions are seen with regard to stature and weight. Sex differences in medullary diameter and percent cortical area are not related to sexual dimorphism in body size, while sex differences in cortical thickness are related to, but not fully explained by, differences in body size. Dimorphism in metacarpal diaphyseal diameter is related to differences in body size, but, at a constant body size and age, boys still have significantly larger diaphyseal diameters than girls. Finally, sexual dimorphism in cortical area is closely associated with sex differences in body size.", "contents": "Sexual dimorphism in metacarpal dimensions and body size of Mexican school children. The hypothesis that patterns of sexual dimorphism in transverse dimensions of the metacarpal only reflect sex differences in body size was investigated in a sample of 324 Mexican school children 6.00-10.99 years of age. Several patterns of sexual dimorphism in second metacarpal dimensions are seen with regard to stature and weight. Sex differences in medullary diameter and percent cortical area are not related to sexual dimorphism in body size, while sex differences in cortical thickness are related to, but not fully explained by, differences in body size. Dimorphism in metacarpal diaphyseal diameter is related to differences in body size, but, at a constant body size and age, boys still have significantly larger diaphyseal diameters than girls. Finally, sexual dimorphism in cortical area is closely associated with sex differences in body size."}
{"id": "PMID:899683", "title": "Absence of mitral cells in monolayer in monotremes. Variations in vertebrate olfactory bulbs.", "content": "An invariant feature of the olfactory bulb in placental and marsupial mammals is the arrangement of the perikarya of mitral cells in a monolayer. Contrasting with this is the arrangement found in the olfactory bulbs of the monotremes, platypus and echidna, where the large perikarya are not only absent from the position of a monolayer (usually forming the external boundary of the internal plexiform layer) but occupy a region which would characterize them as tufted cells. In other classes of amniote vertebrates, reptiles and birds, the placement of large perikarya in the olfactory bulb ranges from a compact layer to a broad band. Such an overview among several vertebrate classes suggests that a monolayer of mitral cells may be a specialized subset of the tufted-mitral cell population. The accessory olfactory formation among mammals also exhibits variation in the compactness of the large perikarya: a broadband in most but a compact layer in a few others such as the chinchilla and the capybara. Such specialized alignment of perikarya (and, consequently, of their dendritic and axonal elements) may enable more refined signal processing than does random alignment of these elements. Such speculations can be tested using appropriate phylogenetic sampling, and monotremes provide particularly advantageous test cases.", "contents": "Absence of mitral cells in monolayer in monotremes. Variations in vertebrate olfactory bulbs. An invariant feature of the olfactory bulb in placental and marsupial mammals is the arrangement of the perikarya of mitral cells in a monolayer. Contrasting with this is the arrangement found in the olfactory bulbs of the monotremes, platypus and echidna, where the large perikarya are not only absent from the position of a monolayer (usually forming the external boundary of the internal plexiform layer) but occupy a region which would characterize them as tufted cells. In other classes of amniote vertebrates, reptiles and birds, the placement of large perikarya in the olfactory bulb ranges from a compact layer to a broad band. Such an overview among several vertebrate classes suggests that a monolayer of mitral cells may be a specialized subset of the tufted-mitral cell population. The accessory olfactory formation among mammals also exhibits variation in the compactness of the large perikarya: a broadband in most but a compact layer in a few others such as the chinchilla and the capybara. Such specialized alignment of perikarya (and, consequently, of their dendritic and axonal elements) may enable more refined signal processing than does random alignment of these elements. Such speculations can be tested using appropriate phylogenetic sampling, and monotremes provide particularly advantageous test cases."}
{"id": "PMID:899684", "title": "Histochemical and ultrastructural study of the parafollicular (C) cells in the thyroid of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus.", "content": "A histochemical and electron-microscopic study has been done on the parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid in the gerbil. Histochemical tests revealed the characteristic presence of alpha-glycerophosphoric dehydrogenase and the presence of phenolic groups and indoleamines. Acid phosphatase levels were similar to those observed in the apical cytoplasm of the follicular cells. Electron microscopy revealed characteristic presence of noncisternal rough endoplasmic reticulum, well-developed Golgi apparatus, numerous prosecretory granules and a few electrondense mature secretory granules. Most characteristic of these cells was the presence of numerous, large, electron-lucent vesicles which often were packed in the cytoplasmic processes that were located subjacent to the follicular cells and close to the blood capillaries. Significance of these histochemical and ultrastructural findings is emphasized particularly in regard to the presence of monoamines and their possible role in the release of calcitonin and thyroxin.", "contents": "Histochemical and ultrastructural study of the parafollicular (C) cells in the thyroid of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. A histochemical and electron-microscopic study has been done on the parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid in the gerbil. Histochemical tests revealed the characteristic presence of alpha-glycerophosphoric dehydrogenase and the presence of phenolic groups and indoleamines. Acid phosphatase levels were similar to those observed in the apical cytoplasm of the follicular cells. Electron microscopy revealed characteristic presence of noncisternal rough endoplasmic reticulum, well-developed Golgi apparatus, numerous prosecretory granules and a few electrondense mature secretory granules. Most characteristic of these cells was the presence of numerous, large, electron-lucent vesicles which often were packed in the cytoplasmic processes that were located subjacent to the follicular cells and close to the blood capillaries. Significance of these histochemical and ultrastructural findings is emphasized particularly in regard to the presence of monoamines and their possible role in the release of calcitonin and thyroxin."}
{"id": "PMID:899685", "title": "Effects of X-rays on the spermaries and ovaries of Xenopus tadpoles.", "content": "The results show that irradiation affects both the size of the gonads and the number of germ cells they contain. At stage 64, gonads from irradiated animals were smaller than those from unirradiated ones. The reduced length and thickness of gonads of the test animals were probably due to cell killing. The variation in size of gonads of different test animals and the difference between the left and right ovary of a single individual are indicative of the degree of radiation sensitivity.", "contents": "Effects of X-rays on the spermaries and ovaries of Xenopus tadpoles. The results show that irradiation affects both the size of the gonads and the number of germ cells they contain. At stage 64, gonads from irradiated animals were smaller than those from unirradiated ones. The reduced length and thickness of gonads of the test animals were probably due to cell killing. The variation in size of gonads of different test animals and the difference between the left and right ovary of a single individual are indicative of the degree of radiation sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:899686", "title": "Endocardial surface structures of the feline heart observed with a scanning electron microscope.", "content": "Internal surface structures of the auricular and ventricular chambers were studied with scanning electron microscopy. We observed vascular connections between the ventricular chamber and the coronary vessels, including cords and papillary muscles covering the lining of the endocardium. The endothelial cells covering the inner surface of the endocardium appeared to be functionally active with many microvilli similar to pinocytic microprojections of other endothelial cells. The pinocytic microprojections ranged between approximately 100 and 300 A in diameter. The epicardium contained mainly bundles of collagenous fibers.", "contents": "Endocardial surface structures of the feline heart observed with a scanning electron microscope. Internal surface structures of the auricular and ventricular chambers were studied with scanning electron microscopy. We observed vascular connections between the ventricular chamber and the coronary vessels, including cords and papillary muscles covering the lining of the endocardium. The endothelial cells covering the inner surface of the endocardium appeared to be functionally active with many microvilli similar to pinocytic microprojections of other endothelial cells. The pinocytic microprojections ranged between approximately 100 and 300 A in diameter. The epicardium contained mainly bundles of collagenous fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:899687", "title": "Differences in the osteoinductive potential of transplanted isogeneic dental structures of the rat.", "content": "Pulp tissue, enamel and incisal and basal dentine of the mandibular incisor were taken from one litter of rats and transplanted subcutaneously or intracerebrally to sex-matched, 5-day-old animals of the subsequent litter of the same parents. As sham-operations the mere transplantation instrument was inserted into the transplantation sites. With some exceptions, the host animals were killed 4, 32, 128-138 and 210 days after the operation and the transplantation sites were examined either grossly or microscopically or both. The pulp tissue transplantation had resulted in formation of osseous tissue observed 128 days post-operatively. Bone was found in association with many of the basal dentine transplants 128-210 days after their insertion whereas no such tissue was observed with the transplanted enamel of incisal dentine. The sham-operation seemed to have elicited intracerebral bone formation in two animals. The osteoinductive activity of the transplanted tissues seemed reduced by their mineral phase. Further, in contrast to demineralized hard tissues, the non-demineralized inductive agents do not seem to possess bone morphogenetic properties.", "contents": "Differences in the osteoinductive potential of transplanted isogeneic dental structures of the rat. Pulp tissue, enamel and incisal and basal dentine of the mandibular incisor were taken from one litter of rats and transplanted subcutaneously or intracerebrally to sex-matched, 5-day-old animals of the subsequent litter of the same parents. As sham-operations the mere transplantation instrument was inserted into the transplantation sites. With some exceptions, the host animals were killed 4, 32, 128-138 and 210 days after the operation and the transplantation sites were examined either grossly or microscopically or both. The pulp tissue transplantation had resulted in formation of osseous tissue observed 128 days post-operatively. Bone was found in association with many of the basal dentine transplants 128-210 days after their insertion whereas no such tissue was observed with the transplanted enamel of incisal dentine. The sham-operation seemed to have elicited intracerebral bone formation in two animals. The osteoinductive activity of the transplanted tissues seemed reduced by their mineral phase. Further, in contrast to demineralized hard tissues, the non-demineralized inductive agents do not seem to possess bone morphogenetic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:899688", "title": "Rate of growth of lower incisor teeth in the adult white rat.", "content": "A single dose of 14C was given to adult rats and the animals were sacrified 4 days later. The thickness of dentine formed during this period was measured in radioautographs of incisor teeth. It appeared that the thickness of dentine laid down per day was 15 microns. This rate was about one seventh of the rate of growth in immature incisors. No new dentine formation was observed in molar teeth.", "contents": "Rate of growth of lower incisor teeth in the adult white rat. A single dose of 14C was given to adult rats and the animals were sacrified 4 days later. The thickness of dentine formed during this period was measured in radioautographs of incisor teeth. It appeared that the thickness of dentine laid down per day was 15 microns. This rate was about one seventh of the rate of growth in immature incisors. No new dentine formation was observed in molar teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:899689", "title": "Structure and postnatal organization of heretofore uninvestigated and infrequent ossifications of the sella turcica region.", "content": "A heretofore unreported spine, which protrudes into the pituitary fossa, has been described and recorded. Complete and incomplete 'sella bridges', their angle formations with the planes of the head, dimensions and sutures have been detailed and their origin postulated. The development and formation of the carotico-clinoid foramina have been exhibited and interpreted. Development stages of the ophthalmic canals have been elicited. An ossified trigeminus bridge has been measured and its origin elucidated. The supracochlear cartilages have been traced from their appearance in the new-born to their supposed fate (os suprapetrosum).", "contents": "Structure and postnatal organization of heretofore uninvestigated and infrequent ossifications of the sella turcica region. A heretofore unreported spine, which protrudes into the pituitary fossa, has been described and recorded. Complete and incomplete 'sella bridges', their angle formations with the planes of the head, dimensions and sutures have been detailed and their origin postulated. The development and formation of the carotico-clinoid foramina have been exhibited and interpreted. Development stages of the ophthalmic canals have been elicited. An ossified trigeminus bridge has been measured and its origin elucidated. The supracochlear cartilages have been traced from their appearance in the new-born to their supposed fate (os suprapetrosum)."}
{"id": "PMID:899690", "title": "Somata of feline extra-ocular muscle proprioceptors.", "content": "The somata of proprioceptive fibres in extra-ocular muscles have been localised to the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in twelve cats. This has been achieved by the demonstration of unequivocal changes of chromatolysis in the neurons of this nucleus following selective orbital resection of extra-ocular muscles. The localization of the somata has been shown to be bilateral, and a topographical subdivision in the nucleus in which different muscle groups are represented in different areas of the nucleus has also been demonstrated.", "contents": "Somata of feline extra-ocular muscle proprioceptors. The somata of proprioceptive fibres in extra-ocular muscles have been localised to the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in twelve cats. This has been achieved by the demonstration of unequivocal changes of chromatolysis in the neurons of this nucleus following selective orbital resection of extra-ocular muscles. The localization of the somata has been shown to be bilateral, and a topographical subdivision in the nucleus in which different muscle groups are represented in different areas of the nucleus has also been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:899691", "title": "Regeneration of the tail of X-irradiated Xenopus tadpoles.", "content": "The effects of X-rays on the regeneration of the tail of Xenopus laevis tadpoles have been studied. Larvae of stage 52 were exposed in groups to irradiation either of the head or the body region with doses of 3,000 and 4,000 r. In both cases, the animals have regenerated the lost parts of their tails.", "contents": "Regeneration of the tail of X-irradiated Xenopus tadpoles. The effects of X-rays on the regeneration of the tail of Xenopus laevis tadpoles have been studied. Larvae of stage 52 were exposed in groups to irradiation either of the head or the body region with doses of 3,000 and 4,000 r. In both cases, the animals have regenerated the lost parts of their tails."}
{"id": "PMID:899693", "title": "Aging in the human brain stem. A study of the nucleus of the trochlear nerve.", "content": "As a part of a continuing study of the relationship between age and neuronal population within the human brain stem, the nucleus of the trochlear nerve was examined in a total of 20 brains from newborn to 87 years of age. The cell count in the newborn was 1,830, and in the 87-year-old 2,010, while the mean number for all the specimens examined was 2,115. It is apparent that there is no cell loss in this nucleus in the normal aging process, which is in accord with the findings in five other brain stem nuclei examined by various investigators. This is in contrast to the findings in cerebral and cerebellar cortex which show significant cell loss with advancing age. Based on this and previous studies of the brain stem nuclei, it appears that neuronal loss is not a concomitant of the normal aging process in the brain stem. The anatomical basis of this selectivity in neuronal loss with aging in certain parts of the brain is not known at present.", "contents": "Aging in the human brain stem. A study of the nucleus of the trochlear nerve. As a part of a continuing study of the relationship between age and neuronal population within the human brain stem, the nucleus of the trochlear nerve was examined in a total of 20 brains from newborn to 87 years of age. The cell count in the newborn was 1,830, and in the 87-year-old 2,010, while the mean number for all the specimens examined was 2,115. It is apparent that there is no cell loss in this nucleus in the normal aging process, which is in accord with the findings in five other brain stem nuclei examined by various investigators. This is in contrast to the findings in cerebral and cerebellar cortex which show significant cell loss with advancing age. Based on this and previous studies of the brain stem nuclei, it appears that neuronal loss is not a concomitant of the normal aging process in the brain stem. The anatomical basis of this selectivity in neuronal loss with aging in certain parts of the brain is not known at present."}
{"id": "PMID:899694", "title": "Functionally induced alteration of adult scapular morphology.", "content": "The dependence of the growth and development of the scapula on its functional matrix has been clearly defined by a number of experimental studies. Early modifications of this functional matrix may result in an altered scapular morphology [Howell, 1917]. Further, extreme developmental muscular hypofunction results in an increase in scapular breadth and a decrease in length [Riesenfeld, 1966; Doyle, 1976]. However, these studies have been confined to the scapular growth period and no findings have been published on the effect of scapular hypofunction in adults. The present paper addresses this problem. Adult scapular hypofunction in the rat was produced by unilateral amputation of the upper arm. Statistically significant (p less than 0.001) differences in intraindividual scapular breadth dimensions are reported. Further, an increase in the relative instability of the scapular length dimension was observed. No differences in gross scapular morphology resulted from the hypofunctional condition. It is concluded that the functional matrix of the scapula determines a unique morphology during the course of development. Once established, scapular morphology is relatively fixed and only unstable dimensions such as breadth are predictably responsive to a changed matrix.", "contents": "Functionally induced alteration of adult scapular morphology. The dependence of the growth and development of the scapula on its functional matrix has been clearly defined by a number of experimental studies. Early modifications of this functional matrix may result in an altered scapular morphology [Howell, 1917]. Further, extreme developmental muscular hypofunction results in an increase in scapular breadth and a decrease in length [Riesenfeld, 1966; Doyle, 1976]. However, these studies have been confined to the scapular growth period and no findings have been published on the effect of scapular hypofunction in adults. The present paper addresses this problem. Adult scapular hypofunction in the rat was produced by unilateral amputation of the upper arm. Statistically significant (p less than 0.001) differences in intraindividual scapular breadth dimensions are reported. Further, an increase in the relative instability of the scapular length dimension was observed. No differences in gross scapular morphology resulted from the hypofunctional condition. It is concluded that the functional matrix of the scapula determines a unique morphology during the course of development. Once established, scapular morphology is relatively fixed and only unstable dimensions such as breadth are predictably responsive to a changed matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:899695", "title": "A scanning electron-microscopic observation on the rat embryo with the frozen resin-cracking method.", "content": "The early embryos at the embryonal cylinder stage in rats were studied by scanning electron microscopy, employing the frozen resin-cracking method. An embryo at 15:00 o'clock on day 7 of pregnancy (L6-15) was exposed in the frozen resin-cracked surface. It was located at the antimesometrial side of the uterus and constructed of the embryonic node and trophoblasts, enclosing the blastocele. The embryonic node consisted of the primary ectodermal cell mass and the primary entodermal cells, surrounding the former. The ectodermal cells, forming a solid mass, are polygonal in shape and contain each a comparatively very large nucleus having a significant nucleolus. The entodermal cells are simple columnar or cuboidal in shape, contain numerous vacuoles of various sizes, in which threadlike structures forming a network are seen, and surround closely the ectodermal cell mass; they continue at the ectoplacental cone to the distal entodermal cells, which are very flattened, simple squamous in shape and line the inner surface of Reichert's membrane. In this specimen, the endometrial luminal epithelium has disappeared completely; the narrow blastocele is observed, but the primary amniotic cavity is not.", "contents": "A scanning electron-microscopic observation on the rat embryo with the frozen resin-cracking method. The early embryos at the embryonal cylinder stage in rats were studied by scanning electron microscopy, employing the frozen resin-cracking method. An embryo at 15:00 o'clock on day 7 of pregnancy (L6-15) was exposed in the frozen resin-cracked surface. It was located at the antimesometrial side of the uterus and constructed of the embryonic node and trophoblasts, enclosing the blastocele. The embryonic node consisted of the primary ectodermal cell mass and the primary entodermal cells, surrounding the former. The ectodermal cells, forming a solid mass, are polygonal in shape and contain each a comparatively very large nucleus having a significant nucleolus. The entodermal cells are simple columnar or cuboidal in shape, contain numerous vacuoles of various sizes, in which threadlike structures forming a network are seen, and surround closely the ectodermal cell mass; they continue at the ectoplacental cone to the distal entodermal cells, which are very flattened, simple squamous in shape and line the inner surface of Reichert's membrane. In this specimen, the endometrial luminal epithelium has disappeared completely; the narrow blastocele is observed, but the primary amniotic cavity is not."}
{"id": "PMID:899696", "title": "The roll of the antagonistic muscles in the calculation of muscle moments during trochlearthrosis work.", "content": "From the biomechanic point of view, the osteo-myo-articular system works as a physical pulley instead of working as a simple closing and opening of the angle formed between two arms of lever turning around the same point of support. The vector which expresses the force of muscular flexion being always 'sliding'; its moment is constant independently of the angular value between the bone segments which are in flexion.", "contents": "The roll of the antagonistic muscles in the calculation of muscle moments during trochlearthrosis work. From the biomechanic point of view, the osteo-myo-articular system works as a physical pulley instead of working as a simple closing and opening of the angle formed between two arms of lever turning around the same point of support. The vector which expresses the force of muscular flexion being always 'sliding'; its moment is constant independently of the angular value between the bone segments which are in flexion."}
{"id": "PMID:899697", "title": "Excision and localisation of the avian (Gallus domesticus) carotid body.", "content": "The anatotopography of cranial thoracic inlets, the carotid body and associated structures in the caudal pole of the thyroid gland are described. The source from which the various groups of fowls (n = 65) were obtained as well as the varied localisation of the carotid body are indicated. In this investigation, the carotid body was found to be situated mostly (49 cases) either on or in the immediate vicinity of blood vessels (carotid and inferior thyroid artery) and only in 14 cases in close association with the parathyroids.", "contents": "Excision and localisation of the avian (Gallus domesticus) carotid body. The anatotopography of cranial thoracic inlets, the carotid body and associated structures in the caudal pole of the thyroid gland are described. The source from which the various groups of fowls (n = 65) were obtained as well as the varied localisation of the carotid body are indicated. In this investigation, the carotid body was found to be situated mostly (49 cases) either on or in the immediate vicinity of blood vessels (carotid and inferior thyroid artery) and only in 14 cases in close association with the parathyroids."}
{"id": "PMID:899698", "title": "Blood supply to the testis of a Brazilian marsupial (Didelphis azarae) and its abdominotesticular temperature gradient.", "content": "The testicular arteries of Didelphis azarae originate from the abdominal aorta either independently from each other or by way of a common trunk. Accessory testicular arteries may be found. At the spermatic cord they form a rete mirabile having 26.8 +/- 5.0 and 29.3 +/- 4.9 slender branches on the right and left sides, respectively. The arterial branches are intermingled with veins of similar caliber and number. Near the testis the branches of the rete reunite in a single vessel which then penetrates the parenchyma of the testis. Inside the testis the artery divides usually into two main branches that course toward the caudal pole. The rectal, scrotal and testicular temperatures were 32, 28.5 and 30.4 degrees C, respectively, appearing than an abdominotesticular gradient temperature exists in this animal. Whether this mechanism is thermoregulatory for the normal spermatogenesis cannot be inferred from the present work.", "contents": "Blood supply to the testis of a Brazilian marsupial (Didelphis azarae) and its abdominotesticular temperature gradient. The testicular arteries of Didelphis azarae originate from the abdominal aorta either independently from each other or by way of a common trunk. Accessory testicular arteries may be found. At the spermatic cord they form a rete mirabile having 26.8 +/- 5.0 and 29.3 +/- 4.9 slender branches on the right and left sides, respectively. The arterial branches are intermingled with veins of similar caliber and number. Near the testis the branches of the rete reunite in a single vessel which then penetrates the parenchyma of the testis. Inside the testis the artery divides usually into two main branches that course toward the caudal pole. The rectal, scrotal and testicular temperatures were 32, 28.5 and 30.4 degrees C, respectively, appearing than an abdominotesticular gradient temperature exists in this animal. Whether this mechanism is thermoregulatory for the normal spermatogenesis cannot be inferred from the present work."}
{"id": "PMID:899699", "title": "Microscopic anatomy of the scrotum, testis with its excurrent duct system and spermatic cord of Didelphis azarae.", "content": "The authors give a description of the microscopic anatomy of the scrotum, testis and its excurrent duct system and the structures of the spermatic cord. The scrotal skin of Didelphis azarae is hairy with the surface marked by shallow grooves and spotted with black pigmented areas. Clear cells and mitotic figures are frequently seen in the basal region. The sweat glands are tubular, apocrine, with alcian-blue- and PAS-positive secretion, presenting large myoepithelial cells. The tunica dartos is poorly developed. The tunica vaginalis is constituted by three layers, presenting patches of melanocytes in variable extensions. The tunica albuginea is composed preponderantly of collage and thin elastic fibers without muscle fibers. The interstitial tissue presents connective cells and a large number of Leydig cells. Mast cells were not observed. The tunica propria of the seminiferous tubuli is fibroelastic with two or three layers of elongated cells. The straight tubuli are divided into three different portions lined by epithelium with variable height. These tubuli at the mediastinum join each other to form a single duct near the cranial pole of the testis. The extratesticular segment of the efferent duct divides initially into two and then into three or four smaller flexuous ductuli to constitute the head of the epididymis. The spermatic cord shows a well-developed cremaster muscle. A collagenous fibrous band separates the muscle from the deferent duct and vessels. Mast cells are observed among the muscle fibers of the cremaster and the tunica adventitia of the blood vessels.", "contents": "Microscopic anatomy of the scrotum, testis with its excurrent duct system and spermatic cord of Didelphis azarae. The authors give a description of the microscopic anatomy of the scrotum, testis and its excurrent duct system and the structures of the spermatic cord. The scrotal skin of Didelphis azarae is hairy with the surface marked by shallow grooves and spotted with black pigmented areas. Clear cells and mitotic figures are frequently seen in the basal region. The sweat glands are tubular, apocrine, with alcian-blue- and PAS-positive secretion, presenting large myoepithelial cells. The tunica dartos is poorly developed. The tunica vaginalis is constituted by three layers, presenting patches of melanocytes in variable extensions. The tunica albuginea is composed preponderantly of collage and thin elastic fibers without muscle fibers. The interstitial tissue presents connective cells and a large number of Leydig cells. Mast cells were not observed. The tunica propria of the seminiferous tubuli is fibroelastic with two or three layers of elongated cells. The straight tubuli are divided into three different portions lined by epithelium with variable height. These tubuli at the mediastinum join each other to form a single duct near the cranial pole of the testis. The extratesticular segment of the efferent duct divides initially into two and then into three or four smaller flexuous ductuli to constitute the head of the epididymis. The spermatic cord shows a well-developed cremaster muscle. A collagenous fibrous band separates the muscle from the deferent duct and vessels. Mast cells are observed among the muscle fibers of the cremaster and the tunica adventitia of the blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:899701", "title": "Studies on human coronary arteries. I. Branch pads or cushions.", "content": "The chronology of branch pad development in fetal coronary arteries, their topographic and structural particularities as well as some observations on their evolution in succeeding age-groups are presented. A peculiar emphasis is given to the microarchitecture and functional significance of longitudinal muscle columns as a prevalent structural component of branch pads.", "contents": "Studies on human coronary arteries. I. Branch pads or cushions. The chronology of branch pad development in fetal coronary arteries, their topographic and structural particularities as well as some observations on their evolution in succeeding age-groups are presented. A peculiar emphasis is given to the microarchitecture and functional significance of longitudinal muscle columns as a prevalent structural component of branch pads."}
{"id": "PMID:899703", "title": "Lymph macrophages enter the germinal center of lymph nodes of guinea pigs.", "content": "To determine the fate of macrophages within the afferent lymph stream, the popliteal lymph nodes at various times (3 h to 6 months) after subcutaneous injection of india ink into the footpads of guinea pigs were examined. Two types of cells which had phagocytized india ink were observed in the germinal centers. A small number of type I phagocytes (engulfing india ink as small particles which were often found together with tingible bodies in their cytoplasm) were scattered through the germinal center. A large number of type II phagocytes (packed full of india ink) presented preferentially in the medullary portion of the germinal center, together with many pyroninophil lymphoblastoid cells. In the second experiment, the afferent lymphatics of the popliteal lymph node were ligated 15-20 min after india ink injection. Although the type I phagocytes were distributed as in the first experiment, the type II phagocytes were scanty. In the third experiment, the afferent lymphatics of the popliteal lymph node were ligated 7 days after india ink injection. The type II phagocytes disappeared rapidly from the germinal center, whereas the type I phagocytes remained and were not affected by ligature. These results suggest that the type I phagocytes are the fixed macrophages or tingible body macrophages in the germinal center, and that the type II phagocytes are the macrophages migrating from the peripheral tissues. It was also shown that many macrophages reaching the regional node via afferent lymphatics entered the germinal center through the medullary pole where the cap of small lymphocytes became thinner or disappeared.", "contents": "Lymph macrophages enter the germinal center of lymph nodes of guinea pigs. To determine the fate of macrophages within the afferent lymph stream, the popliteal lymph nodes at various times (3 h to 6 months) after subcutaneous injection of india ink into the footpads of guinea pigs were examined. Two types of cells which had phagocytized india ink were observed in the germinal centers. A small number of type I phagocytes (engulfing india ink as small particles which were often found together with tingible bodies in their cytoplasm) were scattered through the germinal center. A large number of type II phagocytes (packed full of india ink) presented preferentially in the medullary portion of the germinal center, together with many pyroninophil lymphoblastoid cells. In the second experiment, the afferent lymphatics of the popliteal lymph node were ligated 15-20 min after india ink injection. Although the type I phagocytes were distributed as in the first experiment, the type II phagocytes were scanty. In the third experiment, the afferent lymphatics of the popliteal lymph node were ligated 7 days after india ink injection. The type II phagocytes disappeared rapidly from the germinal center, whereas the type I phagocytes remained and were not affected by ligature. These results suggest that the type I phagocytes are the fixed macrophages or tingible body macrophages in the germinal center, and that the type II phagocytes are the macrophages migrating from the peripheral tissues. It was also shown that many macrophages reaching the regional node via afferent lymphatics entered the germinal center through the medullary pole where the cap of small lymphocytes became thinner or disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:899704", "title": "Effects of corticosteroid hormone on the epiphyseal growth center of immature pregnant mice.", "content": "Immature pregnant mice treated with glucocorticoid hormone (triamcinolone hexacetonide) were killed 1 week following delivery. The epiphyseal growth plates of the humerus and their cellular constituents were analyzed quantitatively. It became evident that pregnancy per se evokes a marked suppressive effect upon young cartilage cells, thus interfering with the normal process of endochondral bone formation. Pregnant mice treated with glucocorticoid hormone experienced an even higher degree of chondrocytic derangement, however, to a lesser extent than chondroxytes of nonpregnant mice treated with the hormone. It therefore appears that pregnancy-induced elevation of systemic estrogens and progesterone provides some kind of a protection against the antianabolic activity of glucocorticoids upon chondrocytes.", "contents": "Effects of corticosteroid hormone on the epiphyseal growth center of immature pregnant mice. Immature pregnant mice treated with glucocorticoid hormone (triamcinolone hexacetonide) were killed 1 week following delivery. The epiphyseal growth plates of the humerus and their cellular constituents were analyzed quantitatively. It became evident that pregnancy per se evokes a marked suppressive effect upon young cartilage cells, thus interfering with the normal process of endochondral bone formation. Pregnant mice treated with glucocorticoid hormone experienced an even higher degree of chondrocytic derangement, however, to a lesser extent than chondroxytes of nonpregnant mice treated with the hormone. It therefore appears that pregnancy-induced elevation of systemic estrogens and progesterone provides some kind of a protection against the antianabolic activity of glucocorticoids upon chondrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:899705", "title": "Telencephalon cytoarchitecture in Serranus scriba.", "content": "Cytoarchitectural analysis of the telencephalon in Serranus scriba fish enabled us to differentiate a rather specialized morphological structure. Nerve cells identified in this structures cannot be classified following classical categories met in higher vertebrates neither be related to the isodendritic type of nonspecialized neurons. A centripetal orientation of dendrites and exons from all regions to the striatum is clearly expressed. Numerical prevalence of large cells is remarkable for similar structures in mammals in their prenatal and postnatal ontogenesis.", "contents": "Telencephalon cytoarchitecture in Serranus scriba. Cytoarchitectural analysis of the telencephalon in Serranus scriba fish enabled us to differentiate a rather specialized morphological structure. Nerve cells identified in this structures cannot be classified following classical categories met in higher vertebrates neither be related to the isodendritic type of nonspecialized neurons. A centripetal orientation of dendrites and exons from all regions to the striatum is clearly expressed. Numerical prevalence of large cells is remarkable for similar structures in mammals in their prenatal and postnatal ontogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:899706", "title": "The pineal complex and its relationship to other epithalamic structures.", "content": "The pineal complex of rodents is made up of a pineal gland which developmentally always originates from the area between the habenular and posterior commissure and a pineal sac which is continuous with the choroid plexus of the third ventricle. At the light-microscopic level, this sac appears to be identical to the choroid plexus. The pineal sac abuts the deep and superficial pineal glands of the golden hamster. In the PET mouse, gerbil, kangaroo rat, and Chinese hamster, the sac is contiguous with only small areas of the pineal gland. This sac never abuts true pineal parenchyma in the albino rat. The variability of the relationship between this sac and pineal parenchyma indicates that the sac may not be the main physiological route of pineal secretion. Venous drainage of the pineal gland consistently seemed to be into the superior sagittal sinus by means of the vena cerebri magna.", "contents": "The pineal complex and its relationship to other epithalamic structures. The pineal complex of rodents is made up of a pineal gland which developmentally always originates from the area between the habenular and posterior commissure and a pineal sac which is continuous with the choroid plexus of the third ventricle. At the light-microscopic level, this sac appears to be identical to the choroid plexus. The pineal sac abuts the deep and superficial pineal glands of the golden hamster. In the PET mouse, gerbil, kangaroo rat, and Chinese hamster, the sac is contiguous with only small areas of the pineal gland. This sac never abuts true pineal parenchyma in the albino rat. The variability of the relationship between this sac and pineal parenchyma indicates that the sac may not be the main physiological route of pineal secretion. Venous drainage of the pineal gland consistently seemed to be into the superior sagittal sinus by means of the vena cerebri magna."}
{"id": "PMID:899707", "title": "Limited fat absorption in the large intestine of mice. A morphological study.", "content": "A limited fat-absorbing ability of the epithelial cells in the cecum and colon of mice was demonstrated light- and electron-microscopically. After injection of predigested donor fat into ligated segments of the large intestine and after massive gastric intubation of fat, fat droplets, predominantly of extremely large diameter, were visible in the cecum and colon. Comparison with fat absorption in the proximal and distal small intestine was undertaken. The large intestine, similar to the distal small intestine, is capable of absorbing lipids; however, the subsequent processing of fat appears considerably less effcient than in the proximal segments of the small intestine.", "contents": "Limited fat absorption in the large intestine of mice. A morphological study. A limited fat-absorbing ability of the epithelial cells in the cecum and colon of mice was demonstrated light- and electron-microscopically. After injection of predigested donor fat into ligated segments of the large intestine and after massive gastric intubation of fat, fat droplets, predominantly of extremely large diameter, were visible in the cecum and colon. Comparison with fat absorption in the proximal and distal small intestine was undertaken. The large intestine, similar to the distal small intestine, is capable of absorbing lipids; however, the subsequent processing of fat appears considerably less effcient than in the proximal segments of the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:899708", "title": "Effect of vincristine on the histological structure of taste buds.", "content": "10 adult rabbits were arranged in five batches, 2 animals of nearly the same body weight in each group. 1 animal in each group was injected with vincristine sulfate whereas the other animal was similarly injected with the dissolving medium and used as a control. The animals were sacrificed 2 days after the last injection, and the areas containing the circumvallate and foliate papillae were examined. Injection of vincristine was followed by a decrease in number and in cell contents of vallate and foliate taste buds. Most of the taste buds which persisted after vincristine injection were full of necrotic debris which represented the remnants of degenerated cells. Possible reasons for degeneration of taste buds after vincristine injections were put forewards.", "contents": "Effect of vincristine on the histological structure of taste buds. 10 adult rabbits were arranged in five batches, 2 animals of nearly the same body weight in each group. 1 animal in each group was injected with vincristine sulfate whereas the other animal was similarly injected with the dissolving medium and used as a control. The animals were sacrificed 2 days after the last injection, and the areas containing the circumvallate and foliate papillae were examined. Injection of vincristine was followed by a decrease in number and in cell contents of vallate and foliate taste buds. Most of the taste buds which persisted after vincristine injection were full of necrotic debris which represented the remnants of degenerated cells. Possible reasons for degeneration of taste buds after vincristine injections were put forewards."}
{"id": "PMID:899709", "title": "The effects of zinc and copper salts on Cyprinus carpio and Ctenopharyngodon idellus.", "content": "The effects of zinc and copper salts on the survival of the two species of freshwater fish, common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, were investigated. It was discovered that the levels of tolerance to the concentration of the metals were species-specific. Cyprinus carpio was found to be more susceptible to copper, whereas Ctenopharyngodon idellus was more susceptible to zinc. In general, copper was more toxic than zinc, as revealed by the survival times. The body and the gills of dead fish seemed to be covered by a veil-like film which looked like coagulated mucus and which was formed by the heavy-metal ions reacting with some constituents of the mucus and which was formed by the heavy-metal ions reacting with some constituents of the mucus secreted by the gill. The histopathological assessment of the gill and liver of Cyprinus carpio was also carried out. Particles were observed around the gills of the dead fish treated with zinc and copper salts, although no other major changes were found in the gill. Several histopathological changes were observed in the livers, including the presence of particles. The symptoms of the liver suggested that the internal injury was also an important feature of the intoxicants.", "contents": "The effects of zinc and copper salts on Cyprinus carpio and Ctenopharyngodon idellus. The effects of zinc and copper salts on the survival of the two species of freshwater fish, common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, were investigated. It was discovered that the levels of tolerance to the concentration of the metals were species-specific. Cyprinus carpio was found to be more susceptible to copper, whereas Ctenopharyngodon idellus was more susceptible to zinc. In general, copper was more toxic than zinc, as revealed by the survival times. The body and the gills of dead fish seemed to be covered by a veil-like film which looked like coagulated mucus and which was formed by the heavy-metal ions reacting with some constituents of the mucus and which was formed by the heavy-metal ions reacting with some constituents of the mucus secreted by the gill. The histopathological assessment of the gill and liver of Cyprinus carpio was also carried out. Particles were observed around the gills of the dead fish treated with zinc and copper salts, although no other major changes were found in the gill. Several histopathological changes were observed in the livers, including the presence of particles. The symptoms of the liver suggested that the internal injury was also an important feature of the intoxicants."}
{"id": "PMID:899710", "title": "[Studies of enzyme distribution in carbohydrate metabolism in humeral periosteum in rats from different age groups].", "content": "In the periosteum of newborn, 8-, 30- and 60-day-old albino rats, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase and succinate dehydrogenase were found. The enzymes of the investigated age groups show remarkable differences in reaction. beta-Glucuronidase reacts distinctly in the cells of the cambium layer of 8- and 30-day-old animals. beta-Galactosidase reacts very differently in the cell layers of the periosteum of albino rats in all age groups. The reaction of succinate dehydrogenase we found above all in the cambium cells, the preosteoblasts and the osteoblasts.", "contents": "[Studies of enzyme distribution in carbohydrate metabolism in humeral periosteum in rats from different age groups]. In the periosteum of newborn, 8-, 30- and 60-day-old albino rats, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase and succinate dehydrogenase were found. The enzymes of the investigated age groups show remarkable differences in reaction. beta-Glucuronidase reacts distinctly in the cells of the cambium layer of 8- and 30-day-old animals. beta-Galactosidase reacts very differently in the cell layers of the periosteum of albino rats in all age groups. The reaction of succinate dehydrogenase we found above all in the cambium cells, the preosteoblasts and the osteoblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:899711", "title": "Ultrastructure of the uterine epithelium of mice treated neonatally with estrogen.", "content": "In neonatally estrogenized mice, uterine epithelial cells possessed a few microvilli on the fuzzy-appearing apical surface, regardless of the presence or the absence of estrogen. The cells showed well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and a large number of mitochondria, suggesting that the cells were actively functioning. At 13 months of age, the uterine epithelium of neonatally estrogenized mice was sometimes stratified and squamous. Spherical basal cells like those appearing in cancerous vagina in estrogen-treated mice made their appearance. These cells may have the capacity of autonomous proliferation.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the uterine epithelium of mice treated neonatally with estrogen. In neonatally estrogenized mice, uterine epithelial cells possessed a few microvilli on the fuzzy-appearing apical surface, regardless of the presence or the absence of estrogen. The cells showed well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and a large number of mitochondria, suggesting that the cells were actively functioning. At 13 months of age, the uterine epithelium of neonatally estrogenized mice was sometimes stratified and squamous. Spherical basal cells like those appearing in cancerous vagina in estrogen-treated mice made their appearance. These cells may have the capacity of autonomous proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:899712", "title": "Myelination and cholinesterase activity of chick embryo spinal cord.", "content": "This work was undertaken to study the myelination and cholinesterase activity of the developing white matter of chick embryo spinal cord from the 6th day of incubation until hatching. Myelination of the white matter was always preceeded by the aggregation of neuroglial cells. The sequence of myelination in the cervical and thoracic segments was from before backwards, whereas in the lumbosacral segments it was from behind forewards. Myelination of the ventral column extended craniocaudally, whereas in the posterior column is extended caudocranially. True cholinesterase activity was encountered in the spinal white matter only before and during the process of myelination and was closely associated with the sites of neuroglial aggregations. No pseudocholinesterase activity could be seen in the white matter before myelination. However, during the period of active myelination, enzymatic activity was seen only at the sites of formed myelin and after myelination of all tracts; the whole white matter reacted positive for the enzyme. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Myelination and cholinesterase activity of chick embryo spinal cord. This work was undertaken to study the myelination and cholinesterase activity of the developing white matter of chick embryo spinal cord from the 6th day of incubation until hatching. Myelination of the white matter was always preceeded by the aggregation of neuroglial cells. The sequence of myelination in the cervical and thoracic segments was from before backwards, whereas in the lumbosacral segments it was from behind forewards. Myelination of the ventral column extended craniocaudally, whereas in the posterior column is extended caudocranially. True cholinesterase activity was encountered in the spinal white matter only before and during the process of myelination and was closely associated with the sites of neuroglial aggregations. No pseudocholinesterase activity could be seen in the white matter before myelination. However, during the period of active myelination, enzymatic activity was seen only at the sites of formed myelin and after myelination of all tracts; the whole white matter reacted positive for the enzyme. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899713", "title": "Persistent hypoglossal artery in the fetus.", "content": "The hypoglossal artery in a human fetus studied by post mortem angiography and microdissection is described. In contrast to the fetal form of the trigeminal artery which differs from the adult form by possessing branches supplying the pons and anastomotic branches to the cerebellar and internal auditory arteries, there were no major anatomical differences between the fetal and the adult form of the hypoglossal artery. The incompetence of the vertebral arteries in the presence of a hypoglossal artery is also emphasized.", "contents": "Persistent hypoglossal artery in the fetus. The hypoglossal artery in a human fetus studied by post mortem angiography and microdissection is described. In contrast to the fetal form of the trigeminal artery which differs from the adult form by possessing branches supplying the pons and anastomotic branches to the cerebellar and internal auditory arteries, there were no major anatomical differences between the fetal and the adult form of the hypoglossal artery. The incompetence of the vertebral arteries in the presence of a hypoglossal artery is also emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:899714", "title": "Gas chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric identification of polyols in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma.", "content": "Seven polyols, erythritol, arabinitol, anhydroflucitol, mannitol, sorbitol, myoinositol and possibly ribitol were identified in human cerebrospinal fluid by means of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Quantitative data were obtained for five polyols, arabinitol, anhydroglucitol, mannitol, sorbitol and myoinositol, by screening of 205 CSF samples. These five polyols represented 90-95 per cent of the polyol-concentration which was 340 +/- 105 mumol/1 in the total series. The concentration of polyols in the CSF was two times higher than that in the plasma (148 +/- 30 mumol/1), where only anhydroglucitol and myoinositol could be quantitated. The variations noted were not associated with age, sex or the plasma concentrations of polyols. The polyols of the CSF most likely originate from brain tissue and/or spinal cord since penetration from the plasma against a gradient seems unlikely.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric identification of polyols in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Seven polyols, erythritol, arabinitol, anhydroflucitol, mannitol, sorbitol, myoinositol and possibly ribitol were identified in human cerebrospinal fluid by means of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Quantitative data were obtained for five polyols, arabinitol, anhydroglucitol, mannitol, sorbitol and myoinositol, by screening of 205 CSF samples. These five polyols represented 90-95 per cent of the polyol-concentration which was 340 +/- 105 mumol/1 in the total series. The concentration of polyols in the CSF was two times higher than that in the plasma (148 +/- 30 mumol/1), where only anhydroglucitol and myoinositol could be quantitated. The variations noted were not associated with age, sex or the plasma concentrations of polyols. The polyols of the CSF most likely originate from brain tissue and/or spinal cord since penetration from the plasma against a gradient seems unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:899715", "title": "Polyols in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of neurological, diabetic and uraemic patients.", "content": "Five polyols, arabinitol, anhydroglucitol, mannitol, sorbitol and myoinositol, normally present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), were studied. Quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of 211 CSF and 112 plasma samples indicated significantly altered concentrations in several clinical conditions. All five polyols were decreased in the CSF of patients suffering from meningitis, cerebral atrophy, sepsis, and in patients receiving intrathecal cytostate therapy. Equilibration between plasma and CSF may explain the changes in sepsis and meningitis, while decreased total number of functioning cells may cause the decrease in cerebral atrophy. Intrathecal cytostates seem to have a destroying effect on the cell metabolism of the central nervous system. Renal failure causes accumulation of polyols in the plasma. Alterations in the metabolism of sorbitol, myoinositol and anhydroglucitol seem to be present in diabetes. The plasma concentration of anhydroglucitol is decreased in renal failure.", "contents": "Polyols in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of neurological, diabetic and uraemic patients. Five polyols, arabinitol, anhydroglucitol, mannitol, sorbitol and myoinositol, normally present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), were studied. Quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of 211 CSF and 112 plasma samples indicated significantly altered concentrations in several clinical conditions. All five polyols were decreased in the CSF of patients suffering from meningitis, cerebral atrophy, sepsis, and in patients receiving intrathecal cytostate therapy. Equilibration between plasma and CSF may explain the changes in sepsis and meningitis, while decreased total number of functioning cells may cause the decrease in cerebral atrophy. Intrathecal cytostates seem to have a destroying effect on the cell metabolism of the central nervous system. Renal failure causes accumulation of polyols in the plasma. Alterations in the metabolism of sorbitol, myoinositol and anhydroglucitol seem to be present in diabetes. The plasma concentration of anhydroglucitol is decreased in renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:899716", "title": "Clinical, neurophysiological and morphological findings in Eaton Lambert syndrome.", "content": "Two patients with maysthenic syndrome apparently not associated with carcinoma were studied in detail with repetitive stimulation of motor nerves, single fibre electromyography and histology. One patient showed signs of widespread autonomic dysfunction and the other patient had multifocal CNS symptoms of unclear etiology. Both cases showed a marked improvement with guanidine treatment which could be documented by the electrophysiological investigations. Due to severe adverse effects of the guanidine treatment on kidney, pancreatic and bone marrow functions the drug had to be withdrawn. Edrophonium given intravenously caused a marked and longlasting improvement of the muscle weakness and of the neurophysiological parameters. The mechanism of action is suggested to be different from that seen in myasthenia gravis. Single fibre electromyography showed a marked increase of neuromuscular jitter and blockings which decreased with increasing innervation frequency. The morphological study showed a selective affection of type II (fast twitch) fibres, a finding which is suggested to be secondary to an impaired neuromuscular transmission in the type II motor units.", "contents": "Clinical, neurophysiological and morphological findings in Eaton Lambert syndrome. Two patients with maysthenic syndrome apparently not associated with carcinoma were studied in detail with repetitive stimulation of motor nerves, single fibre electromyography and histology. One patient showed signs of widespread autonomic dysfunction and the other patient had multifocal CNS symptoms of unclear etiology. Both cases showed a marked improvement with guanidine treatment which could be documented by the electrophysiological investigations. Due to severe adverse effects of the guanidine treatment on kidney, pancreatic and bone marrow functions the drug had to be withdrawn. Edrophonium given intravenously caused a marked and longlasting improvement of the muscle weakness and of the neurophysiological parameters. The mechanism of action is suggested to be different from that seen in myasthenia gravis. Single fibre electromyography showed a marked increase of neuromuscular jitter and blockings which decreased with increasing innervation frequency. The morphological study showed a selective affection of type II (fast twitch) fibres, a finding which is suggested to be secondary to an impaired neuromuscular transmission in the type II motor units."}
{"id": "PMID:899717", "title": "Correlation between single fibre EMG jitter and endplate potentials studied in mild experimental botulinum poisoning.", "content": "To study the correlation between single fibre EMG jitter and endplate potential amplitude we examined neuromuscular transmission in rats paralysed with botulinum toxin type A with single fibre EMG (SFEMG) in vivo and with intracellular microelectrode techniques in vitro. In muscles that were not completely paralysed SFEMG showed an increased neuromuscular jitter on nerve stimulation and in these muscles endplate potentials were of reduced amplitude. When the nerve stimulation frequency increased the jitter decreased. Intravenous injection of drugs that increase the acetylcholine release and endplate potential amplitude markedly reduced the jitter and the frequency dependence disappeared.", "contents": "Correlation between single fibre EMG jitter and endplate potentials studied in mild experimental botulinum poisoning. To study the correlation between single fibre EMG jitter and endplate potential amplitude we examined neuromuscular transmission in rats paralysed with botulinum toxin type A with single fibre EMG (SFEMG) in vivo and with intracellular microelectrode techniques in vitro. In muscles that were not completely paralysed SFEMG showed an increased neuromuscular jitter on nerve stimulation and in these muscles endplate potentials were of reduced amplitude. When the nerve stimulation frequency increased the jitter decreased. Intravenous injection of drugs that increase the acetylcholine release and endplate potential amplitude markedly reduced the jitter and the frequency dependence disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:899718", "title": "Disability and progression in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Disability and progression in Parkinson's disease prior to levodopa treatment was investigated in a random group of 442 patients representing 91 per cent of all known cases with Parkinson's disease in a defined area. Almost half the patients were totally independent, 27 per cent needed help occasionally, and 25 per cent were dependent on other people. Ten per cent of the patients had only unilateral symptoms, 57 per cent had bilateral involvement with mild disability, 20 per cent had a moderately advanced disease, and 13 per cent were severely idsabled. A great variation was found in progression rates. In individual cases, however, the progression rate seemed to be relatively fixed. Concurrent arteriosclerosis was found to worsen the prognosis, whereas the beginning of the disease with tremor and the occurrence of prominent tremor promised a slower progression. Twenty-six patients with only unilateral symptoms 10 years after onset of the disease were found to correspond to postencephalitic patients in age structure, and in such cases a history of preceeding viral infection of the central nervous system was observed on four occasions.", "contents": "Disability and progression in Parkinson's disease. Disability and progression in Parkinson's disease prior to levodopa treatment was investigated in a random group of 442 patients representing 91 per cent of all known cases with Parkinson's disease in a defined area. Almost half the patients were totally independent, 27 per cent needed help occasionally, and 25 per cent were dependent on other people. Ten per cent of the patients had only unilateral symptoms, 57 per cent had bilateral involvement with mild disability, 20 per cent had a moderately advanced disease, and 13 per cent were severely idsabled. A great variation was found in progression rates. In individual cases, however, the progression rate seemed to be relatively fixed. Concurrent arteriosclerosis was found to worsen the prognosis, whereas the beginning of the disease with tremor and the occurrence of prominent tremor promised a slower progression. Twenty-six patients with only unilateral symptoms 10 years after onset of the disease were found to correspond to postencephalitic patients in age structure, and in such cases a history of preceeding viral infection of the central nervous system was observed on four occasions."}
{"id": "PMID:899719", "title": "Evaluation of the red blood cell cytopherometric test for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The effect of linoleic acid on the electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells from both MS patients and normal subjects was studied. An extensive statistical evaluation of the data clearly demonstrated that there was no difference in behaviour of red blood cells from patients and normal subjects in the presence of linoleic acid. Even a tendency for the mobility of erythrocytes to be decreased in patients and increased in normal subjects after addition of linoleic acid was not observable.", "contents": "Evaluation of the red blood cell cytopherometric test for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The effect of linoleic acid on the electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells from both MS patients and normal subjects was studied. An extensive statistical evaluation of the data clearly demonstrated that there was no difference in behaviour of red blood cells from patients and normal subjects in the presence of linoleic acid. Even a tendency for the mobility of erythrocytes to be decreased in patients and increased in normal subjects after addition of linoleic acid was not observable."}
{"id": "PMID:899720", "title": "EEG in presenile dementia related to cerebral blood flow and autopsy findings.", "content": "EEG, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and neuropathological autopsy data were studied in 17 patients with presenile dementia. RCBF was measured in 14 cases using the intra-arterial-133-Xenon clearance technique. The neuropathological study included semi-serial whole brain microscopical sections in which the severity and regional distribution of the neuronal degeneration was studied, particularly in the cortex and the brain stem. There were two main diagnostic groups, seven cases of Alzheimer's disease and five cases with a cortical atrophy of the Pick (DFT) type. Both groups showed fronto-temporal cortical degeneration. In addition the Alzheimer group showed severe postcentral and posterior-temporal loss of neurons. There were also three cases with degenerative changes, suggesting Jacob-Creutzfeldt's disease. The Alzheimer cases had EEG abnormalities which progressed slowly. In contrast, the Pick (DFT) patients had normal EEGs which remained so even late in the course when the signs of dementia were marked. A positive correlation between rCBF reduction in postcentral areas (as evidence of neuronal loss in these regions) and an increase of EEG abnormality could be established. Degenerative changes confined to frontal and anterior-temporal cortical regions with concomitant flow reduction, on the other hand, appeared to leave the alpha rhythm essentially undisturbed. Finally, the relationship between bifrontal delta-episodes in EEG and neuropathological evidence of brain stem lesions was confirmed.", "contents": "EEG in presenile dementia related to cerebral blood flow and autopsy findings. EEG, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and neuropathological autopsy data were studied in 17 patients with presenile dementia. RCBF was measured in 14 cases using the intra-arterial-133-Xenon clearance technique. The neuropathological study included semi-serial whole brain microscopical sections in which the severity and regional distribution of the neuronal degeneration was studied, particularly in the cortex and the brain stem. There were two main diagnostic groups, seven cases of Alzheimer's disease and five cases with a cortical atrophy of the Pick (DFT) type. Both groups showed fronto-temporal cortical degeneration. In addition the Alzheimer group showed severe postcentral and posterior-temporal loss of neurons. There were also three cases with degenerative changes, suggesting Jacob-Creutzfeldt's disease. The Alzheimer cases had EEG abnormalities which progressed slowly. In contrast, the Pick (DFT) patients had normal EEGs which remained so even late in the course when the signs of dementia were marked. A positive correlation between rCBF reduction in postcentral areas (as evidence of neuronal loss in these regions) and an increase of EEG abnormality could be established. Degenerative changes confined to frontal and anterior-temporal cortical regions with concomitant flow reduction, on the other hand, appeared to leave the alpha rhythm essentially undisturbed. Finally, the relationship between bifrontal delta-episodes in EEG and neuropathological evidence of brain stem lesions was confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:899723", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on the cerebral lesions of rats in experimental chronic disulfiram poisoning.", "content": "Following chronic administration of disulfiram to rats, changes of the brain were examined electron-microscopically. Pathological findings were observed in the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus at later stage and synaptic changes in the hypothalamus from initial stage. On the other hand, changes of myelinated fibers, neuroglias and capillaries were very slight. It was considered that neurons were affected more predominantly than other neuronal elements by the cytotoxic action of the drug, and that the synaptic changes of the hypothalamus might reveal chronic disturbance of noradrenergic transmission by inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. These ultrastructural findings might relate to the pathogenic mechanism of the disulfiram psychosis.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on the cerebral lesions of rats in experimental chronic disulfiram poisoning. Following chronic administration of disulfiram to rats, changes of the brain were examined electron-microscopically. Pathological findings were observed in the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus at later stage and synaptic changes in the hypothalamus from initial stage. On the other hand, changes of myelinated fibers, neuroglias and capillaries were very slight. It was considered that neurons were affected more predominantly than other neuronal elements by the cytotoxic action of the drug, and that the synaptic changes of the hypothalamus might reveal chronic disturbance of noradrenergic transmission by inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. These ultrastructural findings might relate to the pathogenic mechanism of the disulfiram psychosis."}
{"id": "PMID:899724", "title": "The significance of atypical mitoses in malignant meningiomas.", "content": "A group of 5 selected malignant meningiomas was studied in relation to the incidence and morphology of the mitoses. Beside a high mitotic rate many structural chromosomal abnormalities were observed. In agreement with other malignant onco-types previously studied, the authors suggest that atypical mitoses together with a tissue and cytological undifferentiation may be assumed to be an important prognostic criterium for meningiomas. The problem of malignancy in meningiomas has not been, so far, satisfactorily resolved, so that, in our opinion, the definition of even minimal details may be of some interest. For example, as it clearly appears from reviewing the literature on this sugject, no particular attention has been paid to the mitotic features. Referring to previous studies on the mitotic abnormalities in different malignant cerebral onco-types, the authors aimed to examine the various mitotic aspects in a limited group of tumors selected on the basis of clinical and histological malignancy.", "contents": "The significance of atypical mitoses in malignant meningiomas. A group of 5 selected malignant meningiomas was studied in relation to the incidence and morphology of the mitoses. Beside a high mitotic rate many structural chromosomal abnormalities were observed. In agreement with other malignant onco-types previously studied, the authors suggest that atypical mitoses together with a tissue and cytological undifferentiation may be assumed to be an important prognostic criterium for meningiomas. The problem of malignancy in meningiomas has not been, so far, satisfactorily resolved, so that, in our opinion, the definition of even minimal details may be of some interest. For example, as it clearly appears from reviewing the literature on this sugject, no particular attention has been paid to the mitotic features. Referring to previous studies on the mitotic abnormalities in different malignant cerebral onco-types, the authors aimed to examine the various mitotic aspects in a limited group of tumors selected on the basis of clinical and histological malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:899725", "title": "[Fatal cerebral apoplexy as the first manifestation of immature infantile leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 93 clinical cases of mature and immature leukemia among children in the last 10 years only 3 showed massive cerebral hemorrhage as the first manifestation. The children--aged 5 3/12 yr., m., 2 1/12 yr., f., and 10 3/12 yr., m. died within 40, 48 and 7 h, respectively. Characteristically, an extreme hyperleukocytosis of immature cells with 8999000, 585000, and 360000 cells/mm3, respectively was found. Morphologically the quantitatively varying occurrence of blasts in veins and arteries, basically of hemodynamic origin, is notable, while locally pronounced variations in the venous involvement apparently are strongly dependent upon endovasal growth periods of the blasts. The blasts penetrated extravasal areas not only via passive but also via active migration. The mainly round to oval shape of the perivascular infiltrates of blasts is determined especially by the Virchow-Robins' spaces. The abscence of growth disrupting hemodynamics and texture structures in the unhindered areas of the cerebral ventricle system and retinal detachement favors the formation of leukemic nodules. Neurological symptoms accompanying a high blast count point to a diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage.", "contents": "[Fatal cerebral apoplexy as the first manifestation of immature infantile leukemia (author's transl)]. Among 93 clinical cases of mature and immature leukemia among children in the last 10 years only 3 showed massive cerebral hemorrhage as the first manifestation. The children--aged 5 3/12 yr., m., 2 1/12 yr., f., and 10 3/12 yr., m. died within 40, 48 and 7 h, respectively. Characteristically, an extreme hyperleukocytosis of immature cells with 8999000, 585000, and 360000 cells/mm3, respectively was found. Morphologically the quantitatively varying occurrence of blasts in veins and arteries, basically of hemodynamic origin, is notable, while locally pronounced variations in the venous involvement apparently are strongly dependent upon endovasal growth periods of the blasts. The blasts penetrated extravasal areas not only via passive but also via active migration. The mainly round to oval shape of the perivascular infiltrates of blasts is determined especially by the Virchow-Robins' spaces. The abscence of growth disrupting hemodynamics and texture structures in the unhindered areas of the cerebral ventricle system and retinal detachement favors the formation of leukemic nodules. Neurological symptoms accompanying a high blast count point to a diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:899726", "title": "Congenital intramedullary spinal dermoid cyst associated with an Arnold-Chiari malformation.", "content": "Clinical and neuropathological studies of a case of congenital intramedullary spinal dermoid tumor in a patient with typical Arnold-Chiari malformation have been presented. The bulk of the tumor mass was located at C7 level and extended downward for about 3 cm. Numerous well formed hairs were grossly noted within the lesion. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of keratin squams, hair and hair follicles in chronic inflammatory granulation tissue. These histological features suggest that the dermoid has ruptured and therefore the cyst walls could not be identified as such but the content induced prominent chronic inflammatory granulomatous reaction. The rarity of the lesion, especially at the cervical and upper thoracic level and its unique association with an Arnold-Chiari malformation are discussed.", "contents": "Congenital intramedullary spinal dermoid cyst associated with an Arnold-Chiari malformation. Clinical and neuropathological studies of a case of congenital intramedullary spinal dermoid tumor in a patient with typical Arnold-Chiari malformation have been presented. The bulk of the tumor mass was located at C7 level and extended downward for about 3 cm. Numerous well formed hairs were grossly noted within the lesion. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of keratin squams, hair and hair follicles in chronic inflammatory granulation tissue. These histological features suggest that the dermoid has ruptured and therefore the cyst walls could not be identified as such but the content induced prominent chronic inflammatory granulomatous reaction. The rarity of the lesion, especially at the cervical and upper thoracic level and its unique association with an Arnold-Chiari malformation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899727", "title": "Multiple layers of basement membrane around myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in cellular blue nevus.", "content": "Concentric multiple layers of basement membranes around Schwann cells in cellular blue nevus are reported.", "contents": "Multiple layers of basement membrane around myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in cellular blue nevus. Concentric multiple layers of basement membranes around Schwann cells in cellular blue nevus are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:899728", "title": "Skin and conjunctival biopsies in adrenoleukodystrophy.", "content": "Conjunctival and skin biopsies were performed in an 11 1/2 year-old caucasian male affected by adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). In Schwann cells surrounding myelinated axons in conjunctival and dermal nerve bundles, empty clefts and few arrays of lamellae were discovered. The vacuolization in the eccrine glands of the skin, another striking feature, has not been reported previously in ALD. The obtained results suggest that ALD can be diagnosed in skin specimens precluding major surgery for biopsy. They provide support to the hypothesis of Schaumburg et al. (1975) that ALD is a generalized metabolic disorder.", "contents": "Skin and conjunctival biopsies in adrenoleukodystrophy. Conjunctival and skin biopsies were performed in an 11 1/2 year-old caucasian male affected by adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). In Schwann cells surrounding myelinated axons in conjunctival and dermal nerve bundles, empty clefts and few arrays of lamellae were discovered. The vacuolization in the eccrine glands of the skin, another striking feature, has not been reported previously in ALD. The obtained results suggest that ALD can be diagnosed in skin specimens precluding major surgery for biopsy. They provide support to the hypothesis of Schaumburg et al. (1975) that ALD is a generalized metabolic disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:899729", "title": "Focal abnormalities in mitochondrial distribution in muscle. Two atypical cases of so-called \"central core disease\".", "content": "Describing two new cases of so-called Central Core Disease, the authors revealed certain atypical features: The cores were formed in central as well as in peripheral position; they were observed in some apparently type II fibers; typical \"structured\" and \"unstructured\" cores coexisted with \"reversed\" core. Starting from this pictures a cycle of core formation was imaginated supposing to be initiated as the consequence of abnormal functional interrelationship between muscular and neural components in early myogenesis.", "contents": "Focal abnormalities in mitochondrial distribution in muscle. Two atypical cases of so-called \"central core disease\". Describing two new cases of so-called Central Core Disease, the authors revealed certain atypical features: The cores were formed in central as well as in peripheral position; they were observed in some apparently type II fibers; typical \"structured\" and \"unstructured\" cores coexisted with \"reversed\" core. Starting from this pictures a cycle of core formation was imaginated supposing to be initiated as the consequence of abnormal functional interrelationship between muscular and neural components in early myogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:899730", "title": "Establishment and characterization of 5 human cell lines derived from a series of 50 primary intracranial tumors.", "content": "A series of 50 human primary intracranial tumors were cultivated in vitro in an attempt to establish cell lines with the trypsinization technique. During the in vitro adaptation period, cultures were maintained at high cell density to avoid rapid over-growth by connective tissue. Five lines were established from 5 tumors including 4 malignant gliomas (SA4, SA44, SA45, SA101) and 1 meningeal sarcoma (SA39). These 5 lines were compared for the following investigations and criteria: light and electron microscopy, chromosomal patterns, saturation density, plating efficiency, doubling time, synthesis of collagen, S-100 and GFA proteins, response to d b-c AMP and tumorigenicity into nude mice. For one or more of the characteristics mentioned above each line was distinct from the others. None of the growth parameters that serve to define the abnormal state in vitro correlated consistently with cellular tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice. The nature of lines derived from gliomas remain uncertain and the collagen synthesis in vitro is not sufficient to affirm that these lines are mesenchymal rather than glial.", "contents": "Establishment and characterization of 5 human cell lines derived from a series of 50 primary intracranial tumors. A series of 50 human primary intracranial tumors were cultivated in vitro in an attempt to establish cell lines with the trypsinization technique. During the in vitro adaptation period, cultures were maintained at high cell density to avoid rapid over-growth by connective tissue. Five lines were established from 5 tumors including 4 malignant gliomas (SA4, SA44, SA45, SA101) and 1 meningeal sarcoma (SA39). These 5 lines were compared for the following investigations and criteria: light and electron microscopy, chromosomal patterns, saturation density, plating efficiency, doubling time, synthesis of collagen, S-100 and GFA proteins, response to d b-c AMP and tumorigenicity into nude mice. For one or more of the characteristics mentioned above each line was distinct from the others. None of the growth parameters that serve to define the abnormal state in vitro correlated consistently with cellular tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice. The nature of lines derived from gliomas remain uncertain and the collagen synthesis in vitro is not sufficient to affirm that these lines are mesenchymal rather than glial."}
{"id": "PMID:899731", "title": "[Gliomesenchymal scar formation and senile retinoschisis (author's transl)].", "content": "In senile retinoschisis microfibrillary bundles and basement membrane material were observed within a nearly formed scar tissue on the inner side of the outer layer which were similar to the gliomesenchymal scar formations of the CNS.", "contents": "[Gliomesenchymal scar formation and senile retinoschisis (author's transl)]. In senile retinoschisis microfibrillary bundles and basement membrane material were observed within a nearly formed scar tissue on the inner side of the outer layer which were similar to the gliomesenchymal scar formations of the CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:899732", "title": "Glial and nerve cell changes in rats with porto-caval anastomosis.", "content": "Nuclear size and density were determined in brain regions with different glial--neurone composition in rats up to 35 weeks after porto-caval anastomosis. In the white matter, i.e. corpus callosum, both the total cell count and the percentage of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were unchanged. In the corpus striatum, where the glial/neurone ratio is about 1, the number of nuclei registered as astrocytes increased, and after 35 weeks astrocytes comprised 29% of glial cells (compared with 15% in controls). However, the number of oligodendrogial nuclei decreased simultaneously, leaving the total glial number unchanged. In the animals with longest experimental period there was a 15% loss of neurones. In a region with higher glial/neurone ratio, i.e. the Purkinje cell layer, the neurones showed a similar reduction, whereas the number of Bergmann astrocyte nuclei increased less than striatal astrocytes. A small group of animals with pronounced signs of encephalopathy had a higher loss of neurones and, furthermore, the glial number in corpus striatum and callosum was reduced, due to loss of oligodendrocytes. Despite the use of perfusion fixation, the size of astrocyte nuclei increased, this was reversible, as only slight changes were seen after 35 weeks. A possible explanation of the increase in astrocyte nuclear count and decrease in oligodendroglial count could be that nuclei normally considered to be oligodendroglial are transformed into nuclei with morphological characteristics of astrocytes.", "contents": "Glial and nerve cell changes in rats with porto-caval anastomosis. Nuclear size and density were determined in brain regions with different glial--neurone composition in rats up to 35 weeks after porto-caval anastomosis. In the white matter, i.e. corpus callosum, both the total cell count and the percentage of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were unchanged. In the corpus striatum, where the glial/neurone ratio is about 1, the number of nuclei registered as astrocytes increased, and after 35 weeks astrocytes comprised 29% of glial cells (compared with 15% in controls). However, the number of oligodendrogial nuclei decreased simultaneously, leaving the total glial number unchanged. In the animals with longest experimental period there was a 15% loss of neurones. In a region with higher glial/neurone ratio, i.e. the Purkinje cell layer, the neurones showed a similar reduction, whereas the number of Bergmann astrocyte nuclei increased less than striatal astrocytes. A small group of animals with pronounced signs of encephalopathy had a higher loss of neurones and, furthermore, the glial number in corpus striatum and callosum was reduced, due to loss of oligodendrocytes. Despite the use of perfusion fixation, the size of astrocyte nuclei increased, this was reversible, as only slight changes were seen after 35 weeks. A possible explanation of the increase in astrocyte nuclear count and decrease in oligodendroglial count could be that nuclei normally considered to be oligodendroglial are transformed into nuclei with morphological characteristics of astrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:899733", "title": "Meningioma and intracranial hemangiopericytoma. A comparative electron microscopic study.", "content": "Electron microscopic study of 2 intracranial hemangiopericytomas and 7 meningiomas revealed fundamental morphologic differences between the 2 neoplasms. The most significant finding in hemangiopericytoma was the presence of ultrastructure features suggesting leiomyoblastic differentiation. These included characteristic fusiform intracytoplasmic and submembranous dense bodies, abundant cytoplasmic filaments, elongated cells with blunt-ended nuclei and juxtanuclear polarization of organelles. This observation is considered highly significant as an indicator of the pericytic nature of this tumor. In addition, hemangiopericytoma cells sometimes were arranged in spirals around pools of basement membrane-like material, perhaps a manifestation of the biologic capability of the cells to synthetize such material. Meningioma cells displayed as their main feature an ability to produce surface membrane specializations including interdigitations, desmosomes, zonulae adhaerentes and gap functions. Sometimes the last 3 elements were linearly juxtaposed forming junctional complexes similar to those seen in certain epithelia. It is suggested that the characteristic whorls of meningioma are the result of cell interconnections arising from the specialized junctional attachments. Thus the distinctive morphology of the 2 neoplasms appears to derive from basic biologic properties of their elements.", "contents": "Meningioma and intracranial hemangiopericytoma. A comparative electron microscopic study. Electron microscopic study of 2 intracranial hemangiopericytomas and 7 meningiomas revealed fundamental morphologic differences between the 2 neoplasms. The most significant finding in hemangiopericytoma was the presence of ultrastructure features suggesting leiomyoblastic differentiation. These included characteristic fusiform intracytoplasmic and submembranous dense bodies, abundant cytoplasmic filaments, elongated cells with blunt-ended nuclei and juxtanuclear polarization of organelles. This observation is considered highly significant as an indicator of the pericytic nature of this tumor. In addition, hemangiopericytoma cells sometimes were arranged in spirals around pools of basement membrane-like material, perhaps a manifestation of the biologic capability of the cells to synthetize such material. Meningioma cells displayed as their main feature an ability to produce surface membrane specializations including interdigitations, desmosomes, zonulae adhaerentes and gap functions. Sometimes the last 3 elements were linearly juxtaposed forming junctional complexes similar to those seen in certain epithelia. It is suggested that the characteristic whorls of meningioma are the result of cell interconnections arising from the specialized junctional attachments. Thus the distinctive morphology of the 2 neoplasms appears to derive from basic biologic properties of their elements."}
{"id": "PMID:899734", "title": "The effect of undernutrition on spinal ganglion nerve cell size. A morphometric study on rat.", "content": "In previous investigations on rat it has been shown that prenatally instituted undernutrition leads to an irreversibly impaired calibre growth in sensory fibres of the peripheral as well as the central nervous system. A study was made on the increase in size of spinal ganglion nerve cells of normal and undernourished rats. Although the undernourished rats weighted only 50% of the controls no differences in spinal ganglion nerve cell size were found in the four age groups examined, i.e. rats 20, 60, 90 and 180 days of age.", "contents": "The effect of undernutrition on spinal ganglion nerve cell size. A morphometric study on rat. In previous investigations on rat it has been shown that prenatally instituted undernutrition leads to an irreversibly impaired calibre growth in sensory fibres of the peripheral as well as the central nervous system. A study was made on the increase in size of spinal ganglion nerve cells of normal and undernourished rats. Although the undernourished rats weighted only 50% of the controls no differences in spinal ganglion nerve cell size were found in the four age groups examined, i.e. rats 20, 60, 90 and 180 days of age."}
{"id": "PMID:899735", "title": "Sensory neuropathy produced in the cat with thallous acetate.", "content": "A method of poisoning cats with thallium is described. The chief functional disturbances in the nervous system are hypotonia and ataxia. The pathological changes are confined to the central and peripheral axons of primary sensory neurones and are of the 'dying back' type. No motor nerve fibre degeneration was found in this species. While extensive degeneration of sensory nerves was found, those in muscle were apparently unaffected. The significance of this anomalous finding is discussed in relation to the mechanism of the 'dying back' process.", "contents": "Sensory neuropathy produced in the cat with thallous acetate. A method of poisoning cats with thallium is described. The chief functional disturbances in the nervous system are hypotonia and ataxia. The pathological changes are confined to the central and peripheral axons of primary sensory neurones and are of the 'dying back' type. No motor nerve fibre degeneration was found in this species. While extensive degeneration of sensory nerves was found, those in muscle were apparently unaffected. The significance of this anomalous finding is discussed in relation to the mechanism of the 'dying back' process."}
{"id": "PMID:899736", "title": "Multiple system degeneration and involving thalamus, reticular formation, pallido-nigral, pallido-luysian and dentato-rubral systems. A case report.", "content": "An autopsy case of multiple system degeneration is characterized by the following; (1) progressive dementia and abnormal sleep patterns, followed by Parkinsonian symptoms with terminal akinetic mutism; (2) severe symmetrical degeneration in the thalamus, particularly nucl. medialis thalami, the reticular formation of the brain stem, also the pallidonigral, pallido-Luysian and dentato-rubral systems. As far as we known, there is no case in the literature, of combined system degeneration, which shows such a wide anatomical range of lesions as the present one. Clinico-pathological correlation between dementia and degeneration of the thalamus, and between abnormal sleep-consciousness mechanism and degeneration of the reticular formation are discussed. The extrapyramidal symptoms are discussed from the clinico-pathological aspect. In addition, peculiar eosinophilic bodies are described, which were most frequently found in the putamen.", "contents": "Multiple system degeneration and involving thalamus, reticular formation, pallido-nigral, pallido-luysian and dentato-rubral systems. A case report. An autopsy case of multiple system degeneration is characterized by the following; (1) progressive dementia and abnormal sleep patterns, followed by Parkinsonian symptoms with terminal akinetic mutism; (2) severe symmetrical degeneration in the thalamus, particularly nucl. medialis thalami, the reticular formation of the brain stem, also the pallidonigral, pallido-Luysian and dentato-rubral systems. As far as we known, there is no case in the literature, of combined system degeneration, which shows such a wide anatomical range of lesions as the present one. Clinico-pathological correlation between dementia and degeneration of the thalamus, and between abnormal sleep-consciousness mechanism and degeneration of the reticular formation are discussed. The extrapyramidal symptoms are discussed from the clinico-pathological aspect. In addition, peculiar eosinophilic bodies are described, which were most frequently found in the putamen."}
{"id": "PMID:899737", "title": "Spastic paraplegia with neurogenic amyotrophy manifesting ballooned axons in sural nerve.", "content": "A 21-year-old man had progressive symmetric, distal muscle atrophy and weakness, as well as spasticity of the limbs. Histologic examination of the sural nerve disclosed swollen axons containing membranous tubular profiles, ring tubules, large mitochondria with abnormal cristae, and glycogen like granules. Peripheral sensory nerve fibers also were affected. The pathologic features of the peripheral nerves were similar to those of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. Sural nerve biopsy may be useful in the study of pathologic processes in spastic paraplegia.", "contents": "Spastic paraplegia with neurogenic amyotrophy manifesting ballooned axons in sural nerve. A 21-year-old man had progressive symmetric, distal muscle atrophy and weakness, as well as spasticity of the limbs. Histologic examination of the sural nerve disclosed swollen axons containing membranous tubular profiles, ring tubules, large mitochondria with abnormal cristae, and glycogen like granules. Peripheral sensory nerve fibers also were affected. The pathologic features of the peripheral nerves were similar to those of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. Sural nerve biopsy may be useful in the study of pathologic processes in spastic paraplegia."}
{"id": "PMID:899738", "title": "Further observation on the fine structure of a colloid cyst of the third ventricle.", "content": "The fine structure of a surgically excised colloid cyst is described. The cyst was lined by ciliated and nonciliated columnar cells. The nonciliated cells contained secretory material and had a surface coating. In addition, a third type of smaller cell was seen wedged between the columnar cells and abutting on the basement membrane. These cells contained abundant free ribosomes and tonofilaments and displayed well developed desmosomes and half desmosomes. The cyst lining closely resembled the upper respiratory epithelium rather than neuroepithelium, thus supporting the contention that colloid cysts are derived from an endodermal source.", "contents": "Further observation on the fine structure of a colloid cyst of the third ventricle. The fine structure of a surgically excised colloid cyst is described. The cyst was lined by ciliated and nonciliated columnar cells. The nonciliated cells contained secretory material and had a surface coating. In addition, a third type of smaller cell was seen wedged between the columnar cells and abutting on the basement membrane. These cells contained abundant free ribosomes and tonofilaments and displayed well developed desmosomes and half desmosomes. The cyst lining closely resembled the upper respiratory epithelium rather than neuroepithelium, thus supporting the contention that colloid cysts are derived from an endodermal source."}
{"id": "PMID:899739", "title": "Experimental spongy degeneration in calves.", "content": "Experimental reproduction and ultrastructural findings of spongy degeneration of the central nervous system of hyperammonemic calves are described. Hyperammonemia was produced by intravenous infusion of ammonium acetate. Histologic findings were stereotyped in all calves and characterized by widespread vacuolation of white and grey matter of the brain spinal cord. Electron microscopy revealed widespread intramyelinic vacuoles, some expansion of extracellular spaces and swollen mitochondria. There were minimal changes in neurons, axons and glia, and little evidence of myelin breakdown. Hyperammonemia may be one of the pathogeneses involved in the CNS spongy degeneration in man and domestic animals effected with hepatocerebral diseases and some hereditary disorders.", "contents": "Experimental spongy degeneration in calves. Experimental reproduction and ultrastructural findings of spongy degeneration of the central nervous system of hyperammonemic calves are described. Hyperammonemia was produced by intravenous infusion of ammonium acetate. Histologic findings were stereotyped in all calves and characterized by widespread vacuolation of white and grey matter of the brain spinal cord. Electron microscopy revealed widespread intramyelinic vacuoles, some expansion of extracellular spaces and swollen mitochondria. There were minimal changes in neurons, axons and glia, and little evidence of myelin breakdown. Hyperammonemia may be one of the pathogeneses involved in the CNS spongy degeneration in man and domestic animals effected with hepatocerebral diseases and some hereditary disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:899740", "title": "Clofibrate-induced myopathy in the rat.", "content": "Rats were given daily injections of 0.2 or 0.5 g/kg chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate) for 9 to 46 days. Lower leg muscles were studied with light and electron microscopy. Daily treatment with 0.5 g/kg of the drug for 26--46 days caused myopathic changes.", "contents": "Clofibrate-induced myopathy in the rat. Rats were given daily injections of 0.2 or 0.5 g/kg chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate) for 9 to 46 days. Lower leg muscles were studied with light and electron microscopy. Daily treatment with 0.5 g/kg of the drug for 26--46 days caused myopathic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:899741", "title": "Post-irradiation pituitary sarcoma.", "content": "A fibrosarcoma developed in the pituitary fossa of a patient who had been irradiated 13 years previously for treatment of pituitary adenoma. The tumor was a large aggressively growing spindle cell neoplasm which eroded adjacent structures, causing increased intracranial pressure, and eventual cerebellar tonsillar herniation. In common with previously described post-irradiation sarcoma of the pituitary, this lesion developed in the path of irradiation after a long latent period, did not metastasize, and contained histologically recognizable benign appearing pituitary adenoma interspersed among the spindle cell tumor. The dose of radiation (5000 rads) also lay within the range associated with sarcomatous transformation.", "contents": "Post-irradiation pituitary sarcoma. A fibrosarcoma developed in the pituitary fossa of a patient who had been irradiated 13 years previously for treatment of pituitary adenoma. The tumor was a large aggressively growing spindle cell neoplasm which eroded adjacent structures, causing increased intracranial pressure, and eventual cerebellar tonsillar herniation. In common with previously described post-irradiation sarcoma of the pituitary, this lesion developed in the path of irradiation after a long latent period, did not metastasize, and contained histologically recognizable benign appearing pituitary adenoma interspersed among the spindle cell tumor. The dose of radiation (5000 rads) also lay within the range associated with sarcomatous transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:899742", "title": "Ascites tumour NK/Ly as a model of the growth of malignant lymphoma in the brains of mice.", "content": "The NK/Ly ascites tumour inoculated into the brain of a mouse is well adapted and grows, causing clinical symptoms similar to a primary tumour of the brain. The clinical and histological features of the cerebral growth of the NK/Ly tumor (Nemeth-Kellner Lymphoma, 1960) are discribed. These features entitle us to treat NK/Ly tumour growth, transplated into the brains of mice as a model of malignant lymphoma in the C.N.S.", "contents": "Ascites tumour NK/Ly as a model of the growth of malignant lymphoma in the brains of mice. The NK/Ly ascites tumour inoculated into the brain of a mouse is well adapted and grows, causing clinical symptoms similar to a primary tumour of the brain. The clinical and histological features of the cerebral growth of the NK/Ly tumor (Nemeth-Kellner Lymphoma, 1960) are discribed. These features entitle us to treat NK/Ly tumour growth, transplated into the brains of mice as a model of malignant lymphoma in the C.N.S."}
{"id": "PMID:899747", "title": "Experimentally induced round window membrane lesions.", "content": "This investigation confirmed previous studies indicating that the middle and inner ear of the guinea pig have a pronounced tendency to healing. Middle ear hemorrhage of surgical origin appears to stop quickly in the guinea pig. A surgically created perforation of the round window with or without removal of perilymphatic fluid by suction resulted in a spontaneous healing of the round window membrane in 12/13 animals. Perilymphatic hemorrhage, associated with short post-surgical interval was found in a substantial number of cases. The origin of the perilymphatic hemorrhage is doubtful. Degeneration of the organ of Corti was found in four ears in three animals and appeared to be correlated to the perilymphatic hemorrhage. Electrophysiological measurements appeared to correlate well with the anatomical findings for one animal with very small changes and for three animals with pronounced middle and inner ear pathology. In three additional animals less agreement was observed. In general these animals showed a more pronounced decrease of function than would be expected by the anatomy.", "contents": "Experimentally induced round window membrane lesions. This investigation confirmed previous studies indicating that the middle and inner ear of the guinea pig have a pronounced tendency to healing. Middle ear hemorrhage of surgical origin appears to stop quickly in the guinea pig. A surgically created perforation of the round window with or without removal of perilymphatic fluid by suction resulted in a spontaneous healing of the round window membrane in 12/13 animals. Perilymphatic hemorrhage, associated with short post-surgical interval was found in a substantial number of cases. The origin of the perilymphatic hemorrhage is doubtful. Degeneration of the organ of Corti was found in four ears in three animals and appeared to be correlated to the perilymphatic hemorrhage. Electrophysiological measurements appeared to correlate well with the anatomical findings for one animal with very small changes and for three animals with pronounced middle and inner ear pathology. In three additional animals less agreement was observed. In general these animals showed a more pronounced decrease of function than would be expected by the anatomy."}
{"id": "PMID:899748", "title": "Acoustic measures for detecting laryngeal pathology.", "content": "Perturbations in the fundamental pitch and in the peak amplitude of the acoustic signal derived with a contact microphone system were investigated for the purpose of developing useful measures for the detection of laryngeal pathology. Sixty-three patients with various laryngeal pathologies and 31 normal subjects were studied. In 14 cases high speed motion pictures of the larynx were taken in order to examine the physiological mechanisms giving rise to the perturbations in the acoustic signal. The collected acoustic data were statistically processed, and a \"critical ellipse\" was computed for each subject category. The significance of the concept of a \"normal standard\" was discussed. It was pointed out that the physiological mechanisms for the acoustic perturbations were rather complicated and that many physiological aspects may have to be taken into account. The need for basic physiological research in relation to pathologic speech production was emphasized.", "contents": "Acoustic measures for detecting laryngeal pathology. Perturbations in the fundamental pitch and in the peak amplitude of the acoustic signal derived with a contact microphone system were investigated for the purpose of developing useful measures for the detection of laryngeal pathology. Sixty-three patients with various laryngeal pathologies and 31 normal subjects were studied. In 14 cases high speed motion pictures of the larynx were taken in order to examine the physiological mechanisms giving rise to the perturbations in the acoustic signal. The collected acoustic data were statistically processed, and a \"critical ellipse\" was computed for each subject category. The significance of the concept of a \"normal standard\" was discussed. It was pointed out that the physiological mechanisms for the acoustic perturbations were rather complicated and that many physiological aspects may have to be taken into account. The need for basic physiological research in relation to pathologic speech production was emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:899749", "title": "Influence of temperature and decreased water content of inspired air on the ciliated bronchial epithelium. A physiological and electron microscopical study.", "content": "Experiments have been carried out on the bronchi and intrapulmonary airways of rats in vitro, to determine the physiological effects of air with water content (WC) of: 2.19 mg/1 (5% RH (relative humidity) 37 degrees C), 8.77 mg/1 (20% RH, 37 degrees C), 24.13 mg/1 (50% RH, 37 degrees C) and 30.71 mg/1 (70% RH, 37 degrees C) on ciliary beat frequency; and also, the morphological effect of air at temperatures of 30, 40 and 48 degrees at a constant WC of 28.0 mg/l on the ciliated epithelium. The results showed that (i) ciliary beat frequency decreased with decreasing WC and irreversible ciliostasis was reached sooner, the lower the WC value; (ii) ciliary beat frequency was not significantly affected above 24 mg/l; (iii) 45 min and 90 min exposure at 30 degrees C caused an enormous increase in the depth of the mucus film. The cilia and the epithelial cells did not differ from the controls at 40 degrees C; (iv) in airways exposed for 45 min at 48 degrees C, the cilia appeared to be in total disarray. Some were clustered together in whirling arrangements, while others were detached from their bases. The substructure and the cytoplasm of the cells on the surface and in the deeper layers, appeared to have been destroyed; (v) after 90 min at 48 degrees C, the damage to all structures had progressed. Only isolated tissue or cytoplasmic elements were perceptible.", "contents": "Influence of temperature and decreased water content of inspired air on the ciliated bronchial epithelium. A physiological and electron microscopical study. Experiments have been carried out on the bronchi and intrapulmonary airways of rats in vitro, to determine the physiological effects of air with water content (WC) of: 2.19 mg/1 (5% RH (relative humidity) 37 degrees C), 8.77 mg/1 (20% RH, 37 degrees C), 24.13 mg/1 (50% RH, 37 degrees C) and 30.71 mg/1 (70% RH, 37 degrees C) on ciliary beat frequency; and also, the morphological effect of air at temperatures of 30, 40 and 48 degrees at a constant WC of 28.0 mg/l on the ciliated epithelium. The results showed that (i) ciliary beat frequency decreased with decreasing WC and irreversible ciliostasis was reached sooner, the lower the WC value; (ii) ciliary beat frequency was not significantly affected above 24 mg/l; (iii) 45 min and 90 min exposure at 30 degrees C caused an enormous increase in the depth of the mucus film. The cilia and the epithelial cells did not differ from the controls at 40 degrees C; (iv) in airways exposed for 45 min at 48 degrees C, the cilia appeared to be in total disarray. Some were clustered together in whirling arrangements, while others were detached from their bases. The substructure and the cytoplasm of the cells on the surface and in the deeper layers, appeared to have been destroyed; (v) after 90 min at 48 degrees C, the damage to all structures had progressed. Only isolated tissue or cytoplasmic elements were perceptible."}
{"id": "PMID:899750", "title": "Firing pattern of motor units in the vocal muscle during phonation.", "content": "Electromyographic activity of the vocal muscle was analysed in 10 subjects during the phonation of different vowels and with different voice pitches. Analysis of the firing pattern of single or a few motor units was performed with the aid of an amplitude discriminator on the computer. The firing rate increases with increasing voice pitch (in the region co-ho the decrease of mean interspike interval with the slope 30-40 msec/octave was found). In the firing pattern of several motor units the periodicity was observed to be correlated with the voice pitch. The period of 8 msec corresponding H, 123 Hz, decreased to about 6 msec during phonation of do, 147 Hz. The periodicity was present both in units with pure prephonatory activity and in units which were active during phonation. It seems possible that the activity in the vocal muscle changes characteristically during the phonation of different vowels.", "contents": "Firing pattern of motor units in the vocal muscle during phonation. Electromyographic activity of the vocal muscle was analysed in 10 subjects during the phonation of different vowels and with different voice pitches. Analysis of the firing pattern of single or a few motor units was performed with the aid of an amplitude discriminator on the computer. The firing rate increases with increasing voice pitch (in the region co-ho the decrease of mean interspike interval with the slope 30-40 msec/octave was found). In the firing pattern of several motor units the periodicity was observed to be correlated with the voice pitch. The period of 8 msec corresponding H, 123 Hz, decreased to about 6 msec during phonation of do, 147 Hz. The periodicity was present both in units with pure prephonatory activity and in units which were active during phonation. It seems possible that the activity in the vocal muscle changes characteristically during the phonation of different vowels."}
{"id": "PMID:899751", "title": "[Surface of the olfactory region in man observed by scanning electron microscope].", "content": "This report describes the surface of the regio olfactoria of a 25-year-old man as observed in the scanning electron-microscope. Corresponding to the distal ends of the receptor cells, the surface displays various planes: (a) Upper-most is a film of mucus of varying thickness. (b) The olfactory hairs, which are arranged closely together, mostly in a parallel fashion in layers, dip into this mucus film. The long, distal parts of the olfactory hairs are of a rather uniform shape and form, together with the mucus film, a single functional unit. (c) Now follows a layer consisting of the short parts of the olfactory hairs. They branch from the olfactory vesiculae, mostly in a stellar fashion (5-12 on one vesicula) and arch themselves, after a short course, into the mucus film. (d) There then follows the plane of the olfactory vesiculae, mostly bulbous, partly club- and pyramidal in shape. (e) After that comes the plane of the microvilli receptors, which have about 100 or more villi on one cell. (f) Right at the bottom is the apical surface of the supporting cells, different in size, showing microvilli in a regularly arranged pattern. Because of the various planes of the surface of the olfactory region and because of the close situation of the long, distal parts of the olfactory hairs and their rather uniform shape, one could assume, from observations in the scanning electron microscope, that the olfactory-active molecules react immediately with the functional unit of mucus film and long distal parts of the olfactory hairs, so that for the different sense of smell, a quite different structure of the olfactory-active molecules must be assumed as a different shape of the distal ends of the olfactory receptors.", "contents": "[Surface of the olfactory region in man observed by scanning electron microscope]. This report describes the surface of the regio olfactoria of a 25-year-old man as observed in the scanning electron-microscope. Corresponding to the distal ends of the receptor cells, the surface displays various planes: (a) Upper-most is a film of mucus of varying thickness. (b) The olfactory hairs, which are arranged closely together, mostly in a parallel fashion in layers, dip into this mucus film. The long, distal parts of the olfactory hairs are of a rather uniform shape and form, together with the mucus film, a single functional unit. (c) Now follows a layer consisting of the short parts of the olfactory hairs. They branch from the olfactory vesiculae, mostly in a stellar fashion (5-12 on one vesicula) and arch themselves, after a short course, into the mucus film. (d) There then follows the plane of the olfactory vesiculae, mostly bulbous, partly club- and pyramidal in shape. (e) After that comes the plane of the microvilli receptors, which have about 100 or more villi on one cell. (f) Right at the bottom is the apical surface of the supporting cells, different in size, showing microvilli in a regularly arranged pattern. Because of the various planes of the surface of the olfactory region and because of the close situation of the long, distal parts of the olfactory hairs and their rather uniform shape, one could assume, from observations in the scanning electron microscope, that the olfactory-active molecules react immediately with the functional unit of mucus film and long distal parts of the olfactory hairs, so that for the different sense of smell, a quite different structure of the olfactory-active molecules must be assumed as a different shape of the distal ends of the olfactory receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:899752", "title": "The effect of high level sound on hearing sensitivity, cochlear sensorineuroepithelium and vasculature of the chinchilla.", "content": "Ten young chinchilla were tested for hearing and then exposed for 8 hours to a 110 dB (SPL) broad-band noise. Post-stimulation recovery was assessed daily until permanent threshold shifts were obtained. Cochlear tissues were prepared in order to allow viewing of sensory cells as well as the vascular supply of the cochlea. Findings included inconsistent displacement of the vestibular membrane, poor injection of a contrast medium into vessels, moderate outer hair cell loss and displaced inner hair cell nuclei. Small basal turn cell damage was accompanied by greater than expected losses for high frequency pure tones.", "contents": "The effect of high level sound on hearing sensitivity, cochlear sensorineuroepithelium and vasculature of the chinchilla. Ten young chinchilla were tested for hearing and then exposed for 8 hours to a 110 dB (SPL) broad-band noise. Post-stimulation recovery was assessed daily until permanent threshold shifts were obtained. Cochlear tissues were prepared in order to allow viewing of sensory cells as well as the vascular supply of the cochlea. Findings included inconsistent displacement of the vestibular membrane, poor injection of a contrast medium into vessels, moderate outer hair cell loss and displaced inner hair cell nuclei. Small basal turn cell damage was accompanied by greater than expected losses for high frequency pure tones."}
{"id": "PMID:899753", "title": "Comparative surface studies of ototoxic effects of various aminoglycoside antibiotics on the organ of Corti in the guinea pig. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "It was the purpose of this study to establish criteria for use in comparing the toxic effects of aminoglycosid antibiotics on the organ of Corti by means of scanning electron microscopy. Amikacin, Tobramycin and Gentamicin were administered twice a day subcutaneously for 10 days to healthy guinea pigs. One group of animals was sacrificed 1 day after completion of the treatment; the other group was allowed to survive 22 days. Depending upon the dosage of the administered drug, Amikacin (150 mg per kg body weight daily, corresponding to 10 times an average recommended human dose) caused pronounced outer hair cell damage even 1 day after the treatment was stopped. At this time Gentamicin and Tobramycin (150 mg per kg body weight daily, corresponding to 50 times an average human dose) showed less damage. After 22 days' survival, late toxic effects were found mainly in Gentamicin- and Tobramycin-treated animals. After 3 weeks, nearly total outer hair cell loss was found in the basal coil, while the 2nd and 3rd coils were often less severely damaged. At this time Amikacin-treated animals showed severe damage in all coils. 300 mg per kg body weight Amikacin (i.e. 20 times the average human dose) showed about the same toxic effect on sensory cells of the guinea pig as did 150 mg Gentamicin or Tobramycin per kg body weight. We are conscious of the fact that there are problems in correlating the weight of a drug and its probable toxic effect. In comparative animal experiments we consider it useful to standardize the time of exposure, the amount of drug administered (e.g. related to the human dose) and the survival time.", "contents": "Comparative surface studies of ototoxic effects of various aminoglycoside antibiotics on the organ of Corti in the guinea pig. A scanning electron microscopic study. It was the purpose of this study to establish criteria for use in comparing the toxic effects of aminoglycosid antibiotics on the organ of Corti by means of scanning electron microscopy. Amikacin, Tobramycin and Gentamicin were administered twice a day subcutaneously for 10 days to healthy guinea pigs. One group of animals was sacrificed 1 day after completion of the treatment; the other group was allowed to survive 22 days. Depending upon the dosage of the administered drug, Amikacin (150 mg per kg body weight daily, corresponding to 10 times an average recommended human dose) caused pronounced outer hair cell damage even 1 day after the treatment was stopped. At this time Gentamicin and Tobramycin (150 mg per kg body weight daily, corresponding to 50 times an average human dose) showed less damage. After 22 days' survival, late toxic effects were found mainly in Gentamicin- and Tobramycin-treated animals. After 3 weeks, nearly total outer hair cell loss was found in the basal coil, while the 2nd and 3rd coils were often less severely damaged. At this time Amikacin-treated animals showed severe damage in all coils. 300 mg per kg body weight Amikacin (i.e. 20 times the average human dose) showed about the same toxic effect on sensory cells of the guinea pig as did 150 mg Gentamicin or Tobramycin per kg body weight. We are conscious of the fact that there are problems in correlating the weight of a drug and its probable toxic effect. In comparative animal experiments we consider it useful to standardize the time of exposure, the amount of drug administered (e.g. related to the human dose) and the survival time."}
{"id": "PMID:899758", "title": "Socio-psychological factors and metabolic control in juvenile diabetes.", "content": "The influence of exogenous and environmental factors on metabolic control was studied in 58 insulin treated juvenile diabetics, 6-17 years of age. Duration of diabetes varied between 3-14 years and age at onset of diabetes between 1-13 years. The social situation as well as knowledge about and attitudes towards diabetes among the patients and their parents were estimated by interviews, questionnaires and special tests. The quality of the diet, exercise and insulin treatment was assessed. An index of diabetic control was calculated on the basis of the patients daily urinalysis made at home. Multiple regression analysis and a special statistical \"instrumental\" variable technique were used in an effort to analyse the correlations between all variables. The social situation of the diabetic children was comparable with that of other Swedish children, but many parents felt the economic burden of the diabetic treatment as a problem. Knowledge tests showed that 25% of the parents and 62% of the patients above 12 years had unsatisfactory knowledge about diabetes. However, 93% of the patients seemed to have predominantly positive attitudes towards the treatment. Severe psychological problems had occurred in 7 cases. Food habits were appropriate among 21% of the patients and 26% had very regular exercise customs. Physical exercise seemed to be the most important of the exogenous factors for the diabetic control (p less than 0.001). Among teenagers knowledge was positively correlated to positive attitudes which in turn were positively correlated to physical exercise. Instrumental variable technique gave further indications of a positive influence of knowledge on control, and the correlation between diabetic control on one hand and knowledge combined with positive attitudes on the other was significantly positive. The results emphasize the importance of assisting young diabetic patients and their families in their socio-psychological adaptation to the strains of diabetic therapy.", "contents": "Socio-psychological factors and metabolic control in juvenile diabetes. The influence of exogenous and environmental factors on metabolic control was studied in 58 insulin treated juvenile diabetics, 6-17 years of age. Duration of diabetes varied between 3-14 years and age at onset of diabetes between 1-13 years. The social situation as well as knowledge about and attitudes towards diabetes among the patients and their parents were estimated by interviews, questionnaires and special tests. The quality of the diet, exercise and insulin treatment was assessed. An index of diabetic control was calculated on the basis of the patients daily urinalysis made at home. Multiple regression analysis and a special statistical \"instrumental\" variable technique were used in an effort to analyse the correlations between all variables. The social situation of the diabetic children was comparable with that of other Swedish children, but many parents felt the economic burden of the diabetic treatment as a problem. Knowledge tests showed that 25% of the parents and 62% of the patients above 12 years had unsatisfactory knowledge about diabetes. However, 93% of the patients seemed to have predominantly positive attitudes towards the treatment. Severe psychological problems had occurred in 7 cases. Food habits were appropriate among 21% of the patients and 26% had very regular exercise customs. Physical exercise seemed to be the most important of the exogenous factors for the diabetic control (p less than 0.001). Among teenagers knowledge was positively correlated to positive attitudes which in turn were positively correlated to physical exercise. Instrumental variable technique gave further indications of a positive influence of knowledge on control, and the correlation between diabetic control on one hand and knowledge combined with positive attitudes on the other was significantly positive. The results emphasize the importance of assisting young diabetic patients and their families in their socio-psychological adaptation to the strains of diabetic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:899754", "title": "Metabolic disorder of otoconia after streptomycin intoxication.", "content": "Little is known about the origin or the metabolism of otoconia. Streptomycin sulfate was found to cause a decrease in their number on the otolithic membrane of the utricle and saccule in guinea pigs. The remaining otoconia on the otolithic membrane varied in shape and size and giant otoconia with multilayered arrangement were observed by means of a scanning electron microscope. These otoconia contained the normal amount of calcium in the form of standard calcium calcite crystal. The lost otoconia were found attached to the surface of some vestibular dark cells. Otoconia in this new position were irregular, shrunken or fragmented. Their calcium content, measured with an X-ray micro-analyzer, was variably diminished. The dark cells appeared to be actively engaged in absorption of calcium ions, from the attached otoconia. The dark cell is considered to be a receptacle for the disposal of otoconia.", "contents": "Metabolic disorder of otoconia after streptomycin intoxication. Little is known about the origin or the metabolism of otoconia. Streptomycin sulfate was found to cause a decrease in their number on the otolithic membrane of the utricle and saccule in guinea pigs. The remaining otoconia on the otolithic membrane varied in shape and size and giant otoconia with multilayered arrangement were observed by means of a scanning electron microscope. These otoconia contained the normal amount of calcium in the form of standard calcium calcite crystal. The lost otoconia were found attached to the surface of some vestibular dark cells. Otoconia in this new position were irregular, shrunken or fragmented. Their calcium content, measured with an X-ray micro-analyzer, was variably diminished. The dark cells appeared to be actively engaged in absorption of calcium ions, from the attached otoconia. The dark cell is considered to be a receptacle for the disposal of otoconia."}
{"id": "PMID:899759", "title": "Blood pressure in children and adolescents.", "content": "Blood pressure (BP) levels were recorded in 2223 male and 2205 female children and adolescents ranging in age from 7 to 18 years. In addition, 521 male adults (soldiers) ranging in age from 21 to 25 years were included in the study. Children and adolescents who participated in the survey were selected at random the Elementary and High Schools. The results of the study showed that a gradual increase occurred in the systolic, as well as in the diastolic component of blood pressure from 7 to 18 years of age. By contrast, there was no increase with age in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the young male adult subjects, who had BP measurements comparable to those observed in children. A child was characterized as hypertensive according to the criteria outlined by Master et al. Children with BP between the 90th and the 95th percentile were considered as suspect hypertensive, whereas those with BP exceeding the 95th percentile were considered definitely hypertensive. The overall incidence of hypertension in children in this survey was 3.1%.", "contents": "Blood pressure in children and adolescents. Blood pressure (BP) levels were recorded in 2223 male and 2205 female children and adolescents ranging in age from 7 to 18 years. In addition, 521 male adults (soldiers) ranging in age from 21 to 25 years were included in the study. Children and adolescents who participated in the survey were selected at random the Elementary and High Schools. The results of the study showed that a gradual increase occurred in the systolic, as well as in the diastolic component of blood pressure from 7 to 18 years of age. By contrast, there was no increase with age in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the young male adult subjects, who had BP measurements comparable to those observed in children. A child was characterized as hypertensive according to the criteria outlined by Master et al. Children with BP between the 90th and the 95th percentile were considered as suspect hypertensive, whereas those with BP exceeding the 95th percentile were considered definitely hypertensive. The overall incidence of hypertension in children in this survey was 3.1%."}
{"id": "PMID:899760", "title": "Endocrine aspects of trisomy 4p.", "content": "The main endocrinological parameters were investigated in two sisters affected with trisomy 4p. Our findings rule out any impairment of the endocrine system in this rare syndrome, even in those cases in which stunting of growth is more pronounced. The marked weight deficit in one of the two patients had no relationship to the chromosomal anomaly; it was determined by the association of a deficit of immunoglobulin with a Giardia Lamblia infestation.", "contents": "Endocrine aspects of trisomy 4p. The main endocrinological parameters were investigated in two sisters affected with trisomy 4p. Our findings rule out any impairment of the endocrine system in this rare syndrome, even in those cases in which stunting of growth is more pronounced. The marked weight deficit in one of the two patients had no relationship to the chromosomal anomaly; it was determined by the association of a deficit of immunoglobulin with a Giardia Lamblia infestation."}
{"id": "PMID:899755", "title": "Fine structure of the medial and descending vestibular nuclei in normal rats and after unilateral transection of the vestibular nerve.", "content": "Cells and neuropil are of similar structure in the descending and medial vestibular nuclei. Two cell types were found: small neurons and larger cells. Three  types of axon terminals have been defined: small and large terminals containing spherical vesicles (SV) and terminals with elongated vesicles (EV). Small SV terminals contact perikarya and dendrites, whereas large SV terminals contact fine dendritic branches. EV terminals contact neurons at perikarya and large as well as small dendritic profiles. SV terminals can be presynaptic to EV terminals. Vestibular nerve transection resulted in degeneration of small SV terminals which were found from the first to fifth postoperative day in the ipsilateral nuclei. Glycogen granules were found in various types of axon terminals bilaterally in the vestibular nuclei 3-5 days after right vestibular transection. They were not observed in normal animals or in degenerating vestibular afferent terminals.", "contents": "Fine structure of the medial and descending vestibular nuclei in normal rats and after unilateral transection of the vestibular nerve. Cells and neuropil are of similar structure in the descending and medial vestibular nuclei. Two cell types were found: small neurons and larger cells. Three  types of axon terminals have been defined: small and large terminals containing spherical vesicles (SV) and terminals with elongated vesicles (EV). Small SV terminals contact perikarya and dendrites, whereas large SV terminals contact fine dendritic branches. EV terminals contact neurons at perikarya and large as well as small dendritic profiles. SV terminals can be presynaptic to EV terminals. Vestibular nerve transection resulted in degeneration of small SV terminals which were found from the first to fifth postoperative day in the ipsilateral nuclei. Glycogen granules were found in various types of axon terminals bilaterally in the vestibular nuclei 3-5 days after right vestibular transection. They were not observed in normal animals or in degenerating vestibular afferent terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:899761", "title": "Continuous negative chest-wall pressure therapy for assisting ventilation in older children with progressive respiratory insufficiency.", "content": "Continuous negative chest-wall pressure (CNP) was used to assist ventilation in 14 children, 6 months to 14 years of age, who had progressive respiratory insufficiency caused by diffuse bilateral alveolar disease. Before the start of CNP therapy, each child had a respiratory rate greater than 50/min, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) less than 70 mmHg (FIO2 greater than or equal to 50%), and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) less than 45 mmHg. The mean intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt was 28.7 +/- 3.8%. Within 6 hours after therapy was started, PaO2 increased from 55.4 +/- 15.9 to 81.6 +/-17.7 mmHg (p less than 0.005). This improvement was sustained and within 24 hours permitted a decrease in fractional concentration inspired oxygen (FIO2) from 51.8 +/- 6.2 to 41.0 +/- 8.4% (p less than 0.001) and in respiratory rate from 78.1 +/-23.0 to 56.4 +/- 21.3 (p less than 0.01). There was a concomitant decrease in intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt. Four of the 14 patients developed pneumothorax that was successfully decompressed. Ten patients survived. These observations establish CNP therapy as an effective means of improving arterial oxygenation in spontaneously breathing older children. Of added significance, this mode of therapy eliminates the need for endotracheal intubation and prolonged use of muscle relaxants and sedatives. It also minimizes exposure to high FIO2, thereby minimizing the hazards of pulmonary oxygen toxicity.", "contents": "Continuous negative chest-wall pressure therapy for assisting ventilation in older children with progressive respiratory insufficiency. Continuous negative chest-wall pressure (CNP) was used to assist ventilation in 14 children, 6 months to 14 years of age, who had progressive respiratory insufficiency caused by diffuse bilateral alveolar disease. Before the start of CNP therapy, each child had a respiratory rate greater than 50/min, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) less than 70 mmHg (FIO2 greater than or equal to 50%), and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) less than 45 mmHg. The mean intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt was 28.7 +/- 3.8%. Within 6 hours after therapy was started, PaO2 increased from 55.4 +/- 15.9 to 81.6 +/-17.7 mmHg (p less than 0.005). This improvement was sustained and within 24 hours permitted a decrease in fractional concentration inspired oxygen (FIO2) from 51.8 +/- 6.2 to 41.0 +/- 8.4% (p less than 0.001) and in respiratory rate from 78.1 +/-23.0 to 56.4 +/- 21.3 (p less than 0.01). There was a concomitant decrease in intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt. Four of the 14 patients developed pneumothorax that was successfully decompressed. Ten patients survived. These observations establish CNP therapy as an effective means of improving arterial oxygenation in spontaneously breathing older children. Of added significance, this mode of therapy eliminates the need for endotracheal intubation and prolonged use of muscle relaxants and sedatives. It also minimizes exposure to high FIO2, thereby minimizing the hazards of pulmonary oxygen toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:899762", "title": "Atopic disease in seven-year-old children. Incidence in relation to family history.", "content": "The incidence of atopic disease and its relation to the family history was studied by questionnaire in 1325 children, 7 years of age. A higher incidence of bronchial asthma (2.7%) was found than in a previous Swedish study. The total incidence of atopic disease in the children was 15.1% with a higher level when there was a double parental history of such disease (42.6%) as compared with a single such history (19.8%). When both parents had an identical type of atopic disease, i.e. respiratory or skin, the incidence of atopic disease was higher (72.2%) than when non-identical types occurred in the parents (20.8%). The findings support theories of a polygenic transmission of atopic disease as well as a genetic influence on symptom specificity in such disease and may be of value in genetic counselling.", "contents": "Atopic disease in seven-year-old children. Incidence in relation to family history. The incidence of atopic disease and its relation to the family history was studied by questionnaire in 1325 children, 7 years of age. A higher incidence of bronchial asthma (2.7%) was found than in a previous Swedish study. The total incidence of atopic disease in the children was 15.1% with a higher level when there was a double parental history of such disease (42.6%) as compared with a single such history (19.8%). When both parents had an identical type of atopic disease, i.e. respiratory or skin, the incidence of atopic disease was higher (72.2%) than when non-identical types occurred in the parents (20.8%). The findings support theories of a polygenic transmission of atopic disease as well as a genetic influence on symptom specificity in such disease and may be of value in genetic counselling."}
{"id": "PMID:899757", "title": "Response of single Purkinje neurons in the flocculus of albino rabbits to caloric stimulation.", "content": "The response of Purkinje neurons of the flocculus to caloric stimulation was investigated in the Urethane-chlorarose anesthetized rabbit. Twenty-five of 37 flocculus neurons which responded to ipsilateral caloric stimulation showed an increase in firing response, while 12 neurons showed a decrease. Fifteen of 28 flocculus neurons which responded to contralateral caloric stimulation showed an increase, while the firing of 13 neurons was decreased. Forty-one percent of flocculus neurons responded to ipsilateral caloric stimulation, and 41% responded to caloric stimulation of both sides. Eighteen percent of flocculus neurons responded only to contralateral stimulation. The ipsilateral flocculus may thus be responsible for the major control of the primary vestibular signal flow in the cerebellum.", "contents": "Response of single Purkinje neurons in the flocculus of albino rabbits to caloric stimulation. The response of Purkinje neurons of the flocculus to caloric stimulation was investigated in the Urethane-chlorarose anesthetized rabbit. Twenty-five of 37 flocculus neurons which responded to ipsilateral caloric stimulation showed an increase in firing response, while 12 neurons showed a decrease. Fifteen of 28 flocculus neurons which responded to contralateral caloric stimulation showed an increase, while the firing of 13 neurons was decreased. Forty-one percent of flocculus neurons responded to ipsilateral caloric stimulation, and 41% responded to caloric stimulation of both sides. Eighteen percent of flocculus neurons responded only to contralateral stimulation. The ipsilateral flocculus may thus be responsible for the major control of the primary vestibular signal flow in the cerebellum."}
{"id": "PMID:899756", "title": "Normal values in a routine ENG test.", "content": "A total of 50 normal subjects were examined by electronystagmography for spontaneous and positional nystagmus. In this way the normal limit of the speed of the slow phase was determined to be 6.5 degrees/sec. By examining 15 of the subjects twice, the normal limit of the mean value of the two results was determined to be 4.5 degrees/sec. Forty-nine of the subjects were calorically tested, using 30 degrees and 44 degrees C stimulation. The results were calculated as indices expressing the degree of unilateral hypofunction and directional preponderance relative to the total caloric excitability. The results were evaluated for the duration of and for the maximum eye speed of the slow phase. The normal limits were determined as the mean value +/- twice the standard deviation. Our results indicate that a left-side hypofunction is a normal phenomenon and that duration and maximum eye speed of the slow phase reflect different aspects of the vestibular function.", "contents": "Normal values in a routine ENG test. A total of 50 normal subjects were examined by electronystagmography for spontaneous and positional nystagmus. In this way the normal limit of the speed of the slow phase was determined to be 6.5 degrees/sec. By examining 15 of the subjects twice, the normal limit of the mean value of the two results was determined to be 4.5 degrees/sec. Forty-nine of the subjects were calorically tested, using 30 degrees and 44 degrees C stimulation. The results were calculated as indices expressing the degree of unilateral hypofunction and directional preponderance relative to the total caloric excitability. The results were evaluated for the duration of and for the maximum eye speed of the slow phase. The normal limits were determined as the mean value +/- twice the standard deviation. Our results indicate that a left-side hypofunction is a normal phenomenon and that duration and maximum eye speed of the slow phase reflect different aspects of the vestibular function."}
{"id": "PMID:899763", "title": "On the source of lipase activity in gastric contents.", "content": "--A convenient assay procedure for determination of the activity of pharyngeal lipase (gastric content lipase), using a long chain triglyceride as substrate, is described. Lipase activity in extracts of rat tongue, salivas collected from the upper esophageal pouch from two human newborns with congenital esophageal atresia and in gastric content obtained from an infant with pyloric stenosis were studied. Optimal lipase activities of the three enzyme sources were found in the same pH-range. During hydrolysis the composition of the products formed were also similar. The data presented indicate that at least some of the lipase activity which is responsible for lipolysis in the stomach of the newborn, originates in pregastric tissues.", "contents": "On the source of lipase activity in gastric contents. --A convenient assay procedure for determination of the activity of pharyngeal lipase (gastric content lipase), using a long chain triglyceride as substrate, is described. Lipase activity in extracts of rat tongue, salivas collected from the upper esophageal pouch from two human newborns with congenital esophageal atresia and in gastric content obtained from an infant with pyloric stenosis were studied. Optimal lipase activities of the three enzyme sources were found in the same pH-range. During hydrolysis the composition of the products formed were also similar. The data presented indicate that at least some of the lipase activity which is responsible for lipolysis in the stomach of the newborn, originates in pregastric tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:899764", "title": "The foam stability test on gastric aspirate in the prediction of respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "To evaluate the usefulness of the foam stability test (FST) on gastric aspirate for predicting respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants, samples were collected at delivery or within 30 min from 194 infants less than or equal to 36 weeks gestation. Of 123 samples adequate for complete testing, 44 were positive at 1 : 2 dilution, 43 were positive only at dilutions less than 1 : 2 and 36 were negative at all dilutions. RDS was found in 2%, 21% and 25% of each group respectively. The FST on gastric aspirate at birth gives useful information only if positive at 1 : 2 when a very low incidence of RDS may be expected. However, a large proportion of infants with FST negative at 1 : 1 do not develop RDS, and hence the test is of limited value in screening for those with highest risk.", "contents": "The foam stability test on gastric aspirate in the prediction of respiratory distress syndrome. To evaluate the usefulness of the foam stability test (FST) on gastric aspirate for predicting respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants, samples were collected at delivery or within 30 min from 194 infants less than or equal to 36 weeks gestation. Of 123 samples adequate for complete testing, 44 were positive at 1 : 2 dilution, 43 were positive only at dilutions less than 1 : 2 and 36 were negative at all dilutions. RDS was found in 2%, 21% and 25% of each group respectively. The FST on gastric aspirate at birth gives useful information only if positive at 1 : 2 when a very low incidence of RDS may be expected. However, a large proportion of infants with FST negative at 1 : 1 do not develop RDS, and hence the test is of limited value in screening for those with highest risk."}
{"id": "PMID:899765", "title": "Effect of early and late cord clamping on the systolic time intervals of the newborn infant.", "content": "The effect of early and late cord clamping on the left ventricular performance of the newborn infant was assessed by measuring the systolic time intervals from the indirect carotid pulse tracings and simultaneous phonocardiogram and electrocardiogram. The study was performed in 13 normal, full-term infants sequentially at 20-105 min, 6-6 1/2 hrs, and 24-27 hrs of age. The umbilical cords were clamped early in 7 (E.C.) and clamped late in 6 infants (L.C.). The ratio of the pre-ejection period (PEP) to the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was found to be significantly higher in the L.C. infants (mean +/- S.E., 0.400 +/- 0.18, 0.433 +/- 0.018, 0.410 +/- 0.021) compared with those of the E.C. (0.334 +/- 0.010, 0.347 +/- 0.009, 0.361 +/- 0.007) with p values of less than 0.01, less than 0.005 and less than 0.05, respectively in the three examination periods. The higher PEP/LVET ratios in the L.C. infants were mainly attributable to a prolongation of the PEP. It is suggested that late cord clamping, by allowing a sizable placental transfusion, appeared to affect adversely the left ventricular performance of the neonate. Furthermore, it is suggested that in evaluating systolic time intervals of the neonate during the first days of life, the volumic state or status of placental transfusion should be taken into consideration as a determinant.", "contents": "Effect of early and late cord clamping on the systolic time intervals of the newborn infant. The effect of early and late cord clamping on the left ventricular performance of the newborn infant was assessed by measuring the systolic time intervals from the indirect carotid pulse tracings and simultaneous phonocardiogram and electrocardiogram. The study was performed in 13 normal, full-term infants sequentially at 20-105 min, 6-6 1/2 hrs, and 24-27 hrs of age. The umbilical cords were clamped early in 7 (E.C.) and clamped late in 6 infants (L.C.). The ratio of the pre-ejection period (PEP) to the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was found to be significantly higher in the L.C. infants (mean +/- S.E., 0.400 +/- 0.18, 0.433 +/- 0.018, 0.410 +/- 0.021) compared with those of the E.C. (0.334 +/- 0.010, 0.347 +/- 0.009, 0.361 +/- 0.007) with p values of less than 0.01, less than 0.005 and less than 0.05, respectively in the three examination periods. The higher PEP/LVET ratios in the L.C. infants were mainly attributable to a prolongation of the PEP. It is suggested that late cord clamping, by allowing a sizable placental transfusion, appeared to affect adversely the left ventricular performance of the neonate. Furthermore, it is suggested that in evaluating systolic time intervals of the neonate during the first days of life, the volumic state or status of placental transfusion should be taken into consideration as a determinant."}
{"id": "PMID:899766", "title": "Effect of age on human adipose tissue metabolism and hormonal responsiveness.", "content": "The effects of age and fat cell size on the metabolism of white human adipose tissue were analysed independently. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue specimens were obtained from children varying in age from 0-15 years and from adults (mean age +/- S.D.; 38.2 +/- 14.1 years). The basal rates of lipolysis and glucose incorporation into lipids were considerably higher in children than in adults even when differences in fat cell size had been taken into account. Lipolysis in response to a maximal concentration of noradrenalin was higher in fat cells from children. However, on a percentage basis the responsiveness to this agent was similar in children and adults. Irrespective of age, glucagon did not elicit a lipolytic response. Thus, it does not seem that the increased lipolysis known to occur in vivo in the neonatal period is due to a direct effect of glucagon on white adipose tissue. However, the overall lipolytic capacity is increased in fat cells from children.", "contents": "Effect of age on human adipose tissue metabolism and hormonal responsiveness. The effects of age and fat cell size on the metabolism of white human adipose tissue were analysed independently. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue specimens were obtained from children varying in age from 0-15 years and from adults (mean age +/- S.D.; 38.2 +/- 14.1 years). The basal rates of lipolysis and glucose incorporation into lipids were considerably higher in children than in adults even when differences in fat cell size had been taken into account. Lipolysis in response to a maximal concentration of noradrenalin was higher in fat cells from children. However, on a percentage basis the responsiveness to this agent was similar in children and adults. Irrespective of age, glucagon did not elicit a lipolytic response. Thus, it does not seem that the increased lipolysis known to occur in vivo in the neonatal period is due to a direct effect of glucagon on white adipose tissue. However, the overall lipolytic capacity is increased in fat cells from children."}
{"id": "PMID:899767", "title": "Screening for autosomal aberrations.", "content": "A method of screening for autosomal aberrations is important as an indication for chromosome analysis such as that used in sex-chromatin examination for sex chromosome aberrations. In our clinic, malformed patients with mental retardation and abnormal dermatoglyphic patterns are strong suspects for autosomal aberrations. Abnormal dermatoglyphic patterns are separated into two categories: (1) Absolutely abnormal--radial loop of 1st finger, radial loop of 4th finger, radial loop of 5th finger, arch over 6 fingers, arch tibial, loop tibial, and arch fibular; (2) Borderline abnormalities--high axial triradius (t' and t\"), simian crease, interdigital loop, and single crease of 5th finger. Of 416 cases showing malformation, retardation, and abnormal dermatoglyphics, 308 had autosomal aberrations, while 108 had normal karyotypes. In the group with autosomal aberrations, 279 patients (90.6%) had absolutely abnormal dermatoglyphics. In the group with normal karyotypes only 8 patients (7.4%) had absolutely normal dermatoglyphics, while most had abnormal dermatoglyphics in the borderline category. These clinical manifestations: absolutely abnormal dermatoglyphics, mental retardation, and malformations are therefore very useful in screening for autosomal aberrations.", "contents": "Screening for autosomal aberrations. A method of screening for autosomal aberrations is important as an indication for chromosome analysis such as that used in sex-chromatin examination for sex chromosome aberrations. In our clinic, malformed patients with mental retardation and abnormal dermatoglyphic patterns are strong suspects for autosomal aberrations. Abnormal dermatoglyphic patterns are separated into two categories: (1) Absolutely abnormal--radial loop of 1st finger, radial loop of 4th finger, radial loop of 5th finger, arch over 6 fingers, arch tibial, loop tibial, and arch fibular; (2) Borderline abnormalities--high axial triradius (t' and t\"), simian crease, interdigital loop, and single crease of 5th finger. Of 416 cases showing malformation, retardation, and abnormal dermatoglyphics, 308 had autosomal aberrations, while 108 had normal karyotypes. In the group with autosomal aberrations, 279 patients (90.6%) had absolutely abnormal dermatoglyphics. In the group with normal karyotypes only 8 patients (7.4%) had absolutely normal dermatoglyphics, while most had abnormal dermatoglyphics in the borderline category. These clinical manifestations: absolutely abnormal dermatoglyphics, mental retardation, and malformations are therefore very useful in screening for autosomal aberrations."}
{"id": "PMID:899768", "title": "Factors related to early termination of breast feeding. A retrospective study in Sweden.", "content": "In 1972, 298 mothers representative of the city of Uppsala in general breast fed their babies for only a brief period of time despite a clear wish to continue--36% up to 8 weeks. The most common reason for terminating breast feeding was that the \"milk dried up\" (66%). More precise reasons commonly mentioned were anxiety of all kinds, lack of motivation, stress, tiredness and work outside the home. It was further found that mothers who enjoyed their breast feeding, were well educated, were older than 25 years and belonged to social class 1, tended to breast feed longest.", "contents": "Factors related to early termination of breast feeding. A retrospective study in Sweden. In 1972, 298 mothers representative of the city of Uppsala in general breast fed their babies for only a brief period of time despite a clear wish to continue--36% up to 8 weeks. The most common reason for terminating breast feeding was that the \"milk dried up\" (66%). More precise reasons commonly mentioned were anxiety of all kinds, lack of motivation, stress, tiredness and work outside the home. It was further found that mothers who enjoyed their breast feeding, were well educated, were older than 25 years and belonged to social class 1, tended to breast feed longest."}
{"id": "PMID:899769", "title": "An epidemiological study of haemoglobin levels in infancy in Jerusalem. The effect of social factors and the relation to physical growth.", "content": "The infant population of a mixed middle and low social class community in a western neighbourhood of Jerusalem has been examined for haemoglobin, haematocrit weight and length at 9 months of age. The mean haemoglobin has been 11.1 g/100 ml, the mean haematocrit 36.1 and the mean MCHC 31.1%. In most cases the anemia has been mild. Statistically significant differences in the mean haemoglobin have been found by social class of father and sex of the child. No statistically significant association has been found between birth weight, weight and length at 9 months and mean weight increment per week between birth and 9 months of age and haemoglobin. Lower levels of Hb have been demonstrated in the males by categories of birth weight and categories of weight increment.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of haemoglobin levels in infancy in Jerusalem. The effect of social factors and the relation to physical growth. The infant population of a mixed middle and low social class community in a western neighbourhood of Jerusalem has been examined for haemoglobin, haematocrit weight and length at 9 months of age. The mean haemoglobin has been 11.1 g/100 ml, the mean haematocrit 36.1 and the mean MCHC 31.1%. In most cases the anemia has been mild. Statistically significant differences in the mean haemoglobin have been found by social class of father and sex of the child. No statistically significant association has been found between birth weight, weight and length at 9 months and mean weight increment per week between birth and 9 months of age and haemoglobin. Lower levels of Hb have been demonstrated in the males by categories of birth weight and categories of weight increment."}
{"id": "PMID:899770", "title": "Failure of determination of fetal lung maturation due to false-negative lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in a case of pierre robin syndrome.", "content": "A case is reported of a baby with Pierre Robin syndrome born at term with adequate lung maturity. The evaluation of fetal lung maturity before birth by means of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and foam test in the amniotic fluid revealed immaturity of the lungs. Examination of the tracheal aspirate following delivery, however, showed adequate lung maturity in the neonate.", "contents": "Failure of determination of fetal lung maturation due to false-negative lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in a case of pierre robin syndrome. A case is reported of a baby with Pierre Robin syndrome born at term with adequate lung maturity. The evaluation of fetal lung maturity before birth by means of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and foam test in the amniotic fluid revealed immaturity of the lungs. Examination of the tracheal aspirate following delivery, however, showed adequate lung maturity in the neonate."}
{"id": "PMID:899771", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of an aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum.", "content": "A patient with a small ventricular septal defect complicated by an aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum is reported. The aneurysm was diagnosed by left ventricular angiocardiography and, non-invasively, by echocardiography. The clinical significance of the anomaly is discussed in relation to the pertinent literature.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of an aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum. A patient with a small ventricular septal defect complicated by an aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum is reported. The aneurysm was diagnosed by left ventricular angiocardiography and, non-invasively, by echocardiography. The clinical significance of the anomaly is discussed in relation to the pertinent literature."}
{"id": "PMID:899772", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in the course of anaphylactoid purpura in children.", "content": "Serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE) were determined at frequent intervals in the course of anaphylactoid purpura (AP) in children. AP was cured without complications in 16 out of 26 cases, recurring in 7 cases. Melena was manifested in 9 cases and nephropathy in 5. The levels of IgA and IgM were elevated in AP, but serum IgG, IgD and IgE showed no significant changes. The serum level of IgM was significantly (p less than 0.0125) higher in patients with AP nephropathy than in those with recent AP. The elevated serum IgA and IgM levels are possibly related to the pathogenesis of AP and/or its renal involvement.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in the course of anaphylactoid purpura in children. Serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE) were determined at frequent intervals in the course of anaphylactoid purpura (AP) in children. AP was cured without complications in 16 out of 26 cases, recurring in 7 cases. Melena was manifested in 9 cases and nephropathy in 5. The levels of IgA and IgM were elevated in AP, but serum IgG, IgD and IgE showed no significant changes. The serum level of IgM was significantly (p less than 0.0125) higher in patients with AP nephropathy than in those with recent AP. The elevated serum IgA and IgM levels are possibly related to the pathogenesis of AP and/or its renal involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:899773", "title": "Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. I. Relation to ambient humidity and site of measurement and estimation of total transepidermal water loss.", "content": "Insensible water loss (IWL) is an important factor in the thermoregulation and water balance of the newborn infant. A method for direct measurement of the rate of evaporation from the skin surface has been developed. The method, which is based on determination of the vapour pressure gradient close to the skin surface, allows free evaporation. From measurements performed on 19 newborns placed in incubators, a linear relation was found between the evaporation rate (ER) and the humidity of the environment at a constant ambient temperature. A 40% lower ER was recorded at a high relative humidity (60%) than at a low one (20%) in the incubator. At measurements on different sites of the body, a high ER was observed on the face and peripheral parts of the extremities, while ER at other sites was relatively low. By determining ER from different parts of the body and calculating the areas of the corresponding surfaces, the total cutaneous insensible water loss for the infant in question could be obtained. The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) for the whole body surface area was calculated to be 8.1 g/m2h. On the basis of measurements performed it was found that the total cutaneous insensible water loss can be estimated with a reasonable degree of accuracy by recording ER from only three easily accessible measurement points.", "contents": "Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. I. Relation to ambient humidity and site of measurement and estimation of total transepidermal water loss. Insensible water loss (IWL) is an important factor in the thermoregulation and water balance of the newborn infant. A method for direct measurement of the rate of evaporation from the skin surface has been developed. The method, which is based on determination of the vapour pressure gradient close to the skin surface, allows free evaporation. From measurements performed on 19 newborns placed in incubators, a linear relation was found between the evaporation rate (ER) and the humidity of the environment at a constant ambient temperature. A 40% lower ER was recorded at a high relative humidity (60%) than at a low one (20%) in the incubator. At measurements on different sites of the body, a high ER was observed on the face and peripheral parts of the extremities, while ER at other sites was relatively low. By determining ER from different parts of the body and calculating the areas of the corresponding surfaces, the total cutaneous insensible water loss for the infant in question could be obtained. The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) for the whole body surface area was calculated to be 8.1 g/m2h. On the basis of measurements performed it was found that the total cutaneous insensible water loss can be estimated with a reasonable degree of accuracy by recording ER from only three easily accessible measurement points."}
{"id": "PMID:899774", "title": "Plasma-diazepam in infants after rectal administration in solution and by suppository.", "content": "Twenty infants aged 1-2 years who had previously had one attack of febrile convulsions were randomly given a single dose of diazepam rectally, either as a solution (0.7 mg/kg) or by suppository (5 mg). Plasma-diazepam levels were determined repeatedly during the first hour using gas chromatography. Rectal administration of diazepam in solution resulted in anticonvulsant plasma values within 4 +/- 1 min. Similar plasma levels were obtained only after 20-30 min in the group treated with suppositories. Diazepam in solution given rectally may therefore be useful in the acute treatment of febrile convulsions, while treatment by suppository would seem to be of little value in this respect. Moreover, diazepam in solution given rectally seems suitable for use at home in case of recurrent febrile convulsions. This treatment, however, cannot be recommended until the anticonvulsant effect and side-effects have been elucidated further.", "contents": "Plasma-diazepam in infants after rectal administration in solution and by suppository. Twenty infants aged 1-2 years who had previously had one attack of febrile convulsions were randomly given a single dose of diazepam rectally, either as a solution (0.7 mg/kg) or by suppository (5 mg). Plasma-diazepam levels were determined repeatedly during the first hour using gas chromatography. Rectal administration of diazepam in solution resulted in anticonvulsant plasma values within 4 +/- 1 min. Similar plasma levels were obtained only after 20-30 min in the group treated with suppositories. Diazepam in solution given rectally may therefore be useful in the acute treatment of febrile convulsions, while treatment by suppository would seem to be of little value in this respect. Moreover, diazepam in solution given rectally seems suitable for use at home in case of recurrent febrile convulsions. This treatment, however, cannot be recommended until the anticonvulsant effect and side-effects have been elucidated further."}
{"id": "PMID:899775", "title": "Genetic-environmental interactions in physical growth.", "content": "Variability in stature among young children is often ascribed to health and nutrition differences in malnourished populations and to genetic differences in well-nourished populations. Hence, it was hypothesized that parent-child correlations in malnourished Guatemalan populations would be markedly lower than those reported for European samples. Instead, it was found that parent-child and sibling correlations were similar in both kinds of populations. The simplest interpretation of these results is that variability in stature among malnourished children is as much as reflection of genetic differences as in developed nations. However, explanations can also be advanced which would attribute the higher than expected correlations to the environment. For instance, it could be that socioeconomic and nutritional status is correlated across generations. In other words, parents who had relatively better conditions as children are more likely to provide a better environment for their children. Consequently, the relative contribution of genetics and environment to variability in height is still unsettled. Nonetheless, it appears that variability in body size in malnourished populations, regardless of the relative importance of its causes, is a useful indicator of health and nutrition.", "contents": "Genetic-environmental interactions in physical growth. Variability in stature among young children is often ascribed to health and nutrition differences in malnourished populations and to genetic differences in well-nourished populations. Hence, it was hypothesized that parent-child correlations in malnourished Guatemalan populations would be markedly lower than those reported for European samples. Instead, it was found that parent-child and sibling correlations were similar in both kinds of populations. The simplest interpretation of these results is that variability in stature among malnourished children is as much as reflection of genetic differences as in developed nations. However, explanations can also be advanced which would attribute the higher than expected correlations to the environment. For instance, it could be that socioeconomic and nutritional status is correlated across generations. In other words, parents who had relatively better conditions as children are more likely to provide a better environment for their children. Consequently, the relative contribution of genetics and environment to variability in height is still unsettled. Nonetheless, it appears that variability in body size in malnourished populations, regardless of the relative importance of its causes, is a useful indicator of health and nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:899776", "title": "The effectiveness of phenobarbital in the prevention of recurrent febrile convulsions in children with and without a history of pre-, peri- and postnatal abnormalities.", "content": "Three hundred children who had an initial febrile convulsion were divided into two groups. In one group were children with a single brief generalized initial febrile seizure and no history of pre-, peri- or postnatal abnormalities which might suggest the possibility of brain damage and in the other group those with such abnormalities and/or a \"severe\" initial febrile convulsion. Daily phenobarbital produced a significant decrease in febrile seizure recurrences in both groups, as compared to children who received phenobarbital at the onset of fever and no phenobarbital prophylaxis. \"Intermitten\" phenobarbital given at the onset of fever did not produce a significant difference in recurrence rate as compared with no phenobarbital.", "contents": "The effectiveness of phenobarbital in the prevention of recurrent febrile convulsions in children with and without a history of pre-, peri- and postnatal abnormalities. Three hundred children who had an initial febrile convulsion were divided into two groups. In one group were children with a single brief generalized initial febrile seizure and no history of pre-, peri- or postnatal abnormalities which might suggest the possibility of brain damage and in the other group those with such abnormalities and/or a \"severe\" initial febrile convulsion. Daily phenobarbital produced a significant decrease in febrile seizure recurrences in both groups, as compared to children who received phenobarbital at the onset of fever and no phenobarbital prophylaxis. \"Intermitten\" phenobarbital given at the onset of fever did not produce a significant difference in recurrence rate as compared with no phenobarbital."}
{"id": "PMID:899777", "title": "Short colon malformation with imperforate anus.", "content": "Ten cases of a rare high anorectal malformation associated with short colon are presented. The significance of a large gas fluid level (occupying more than half of the abdominal cavity on invertogram) is stressed for pre-operative diagnosis. Terminal colostomy or ileostomy with disconnection of colo-vesical/colo-vaginal fistula has been considered the only adequate therapy. Associated congenital malformations have been responsible for high mortality in these patients.", "contents": "Short colon malformation with imperforate anus. Ten cases of a rare high anorectal malformation associated with short colon are presented. The significance of a large gas fluid level (occupying more than half of the abdominal cavity on invertogram) is stressed for pre-operative diagnosis. Terminal colostomy or ileostomy with disconnection of colo-vesical/colo-vaginal fistula has been considered the only adequate therapy. Associated congenital malformations have been responsible for high mortality in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:899778", "title": "Studies on maturity in newborn infants. IX. Further observations on the use of external characteristics in estimating gestational age.", "content": "A simple method for assessing maturity based on 8 external characteristics has previously been described. Some new results with the use of this method are now presented. The precision in estimating gestational age is sufficiently good, more than 95% of the infants were correctly estimated within +/- 3 weeks. Reducing the criteria to seven and thereby excluding the ophthalmoscopic examination did not significantly change the precision of the estimation. The examination based on external characteristics is a very simple and useful method for maturity assessment, even in sick newborn infants. Tables for transforming maturity score into gestational age are presented.", "contents": "Studies on maturity in newborn infants. IX. Further observations on the use of external characteristics in estimating gestational age. A simple method for assessing maturity based on 8 external characteristics has previously been described. Some new results with the use of this method are now presented. The precision in estimating gestational age is sufficiently good, more than 95% of the infants were correctly estimated within +/- 3 weeks. Reducing the criteria to seven and thereby excluding the ophthalmoscopic examination did not significantly change the precision of the estimation. The examination based on external characteristics is a very simple and useful method for maturity assessment, even in sick newborn infants. Tables for transforming maturity score into gestational age are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:899779", "title": "Treatment of septicaemia in the newborn infant: choice of initial antimicrobial drugs and the role of exchange transfusion.", "content": "The therapeutic success of antibiotics used at the beginning of treatment and the effect of exchange transfusion in cases of septicaemia were tested in 22 newborn infants. The clinical course of these patients was compared with the outcome of 11 newborn infants who received antibiotic treatment without exchange transfusion. The following results were obtained: 1) All 6 patients initially receiving antibiotics, which were ineffective in vitro, died. In this group of patients the incidence of septic organ involvements (meningitis, ventriculitis, peritonitis) was significantly increased. 2) Following exchange transfusion, an impressive clinical improvement was consistently observed. 3) In patients who had initially received effective antibiotics and exchange transfusion, the lethality was significantly lower than in patients without exchange transfusion. 4) Our bacteriological findings show that continuous monitoring of cultures from blood, CSF and stool is necessary to choose the most effective antibiotic in the prevailing nosocomical circumstances.", "contents": "Treatment of septicaemia in the newborn infant: choice of initial antimicrobial drugs and the role of exchange transfusion. The therapeutic success of antibiotics used at the beginning of treatment and the effect of exchange transfusion in cases of septicaemia were tested in 22 newborn infants. The clinical course of these patients was compared with the outcome of 11 newborn infants who received antibiotic treatment without exchange transfusion. The following results were obtained: 1) All 6 patients initially receiving antibiotics, which were ineffective in vitro, died. In this group of patients the incidence of septic organ involvements (meningitis, ventriculitis, peritonitis) was significantly increased. 2) Following exchange transfusion, an impressive clinical improvement was consistently observed. 3) In patients who had initially received effective antibiotics and exchange transfusion, the lethality was significantly lower than in patients without exchange transfusion. 4) Our bacteriological findings show that continuous monitoring of cultures from blood, CSF and stool is necessary to choose the most effective antibiotic in the prevailing nosocomical circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:899780", "title": "Pain cry in full-term asphyxiated newborn infants correlated with late findings.", "content": "115 pain-induced cries from 45 full-term newborn infants with pre- and perinatal asphyxia were analyzed by sound spectrographic methods. All the infants had signs of intrauterine asphyxia and Apgar score of 6 or less at 5 min. The mean birth weight was 3170 g. The pain cries were recorded before the age of 8 days, 83% of the cries before 3 days of age. The cry analysis was compared with the pain cries of 75 full-term, healthy newborn infants of corresponding birth weight and gestational age. The results showed significant differences between the cries of the asphyxiated newborn and the healthy infants. The duration of the phonation was shorter, the maximum and minimum pitch of the fundamental frequency was significantly higher. Bi-phonation and vibrato occurred more often, double harmonic break and glottal roll less often. An increase in rising, falling-rising and flat types of melody was observed. Retrospectively, the cries were more abnormal if the infant was found to be neurologically damaged at t he check-up at 2-8 years.", "contents": "Pain cry in full-term asphyxiated newborn infants correlated with late findings. 115 pain-induced cries from 45 full-term newborn infants with pre- and perinatal asphyxia were analyzed by sound spectrographic methods. All the infants had signs of intrauterine asphyxia and Apgar score of 6 or less at 5 min. The mean birth weight was 3170 g. The pain cries were recorded before the age of 8 days, 83% of the cries before 3 days of age. The cry analysis was compared with the pain cries of 75 full-term, healthy newborn infants of corresponding birth weight and gestational age. The results showed significant differences between the cries of the asphyxiated newborn and the healthy infants. The duration of the phonation was shorter, the maximum and minimum pitch of the fundamental frequency was significantly higher. Bi-phonation and vibrato occurred more often, double harmonic break and glottal roll less often. An increase in rising, falling-rising and flat types of melody was observed. Retrospectively, the cries were more abnormal if the infant was found to be neurologically damaged at t he check-up at 2-8 years."}
{"id": "PMID:899781", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity and immunoglobulin levels in light-for-date infants.", "content": "Cell-mediated immune response and circulating levels of immunoglobulins were studied in 75 full-term newborn babies. The results showed that though the immunoglobulin levels were not altered, cell-mediated immunity was significantly depressed in infants with birth weight less than 2 500 g and this may result in lowered resistance of infection.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity and immunoglobulin levels in light-for-date infants. Cell-mediated immune response and circulating levels of immunoglobulins were studied in 75 full-term newborn babies. The results showed that though the immunoglobulin levels were not altered, cell-mediated immunity was significantly depressed in infants with birth weight less than 2 500 g and this may result in lowered resistance of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:899782", "title": "Neonatal thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Neonatal thyrotoxicosis is a transient hyperthyroidism in infants of mothers with current or previous thyrotoxicosis. The pathogenesis have been accepted to be placental transfer of maternal thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins. Of two siblings from a previous thyrotoxic mother the first had marked symptoms of thyrotoxicosis but during the second pregnancy antithyroid treatment was given to the mother and though the child had high levels of thyroid hormones for 6 weeks it had only minimal symptoms of thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Neonatal thyrotoxicosis. Neonatal thyrotoxicosis is a transient hyperthyroidism in infants of mothers with current or previous thyrotoxicosis. The pathogenesis have been accepted to be placental transfer of maternal thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins. Of two siblings from a previous thyrotoxic mother the first had marked symptoms of thyrotoxicosis but during the second pregnancy antithyroid treatment was given to the mother and though the child had high levels of thyroid hormones for 6 weeks it had only minimal symptoms of thyrotoxicosis."}
{"id": "PMID:899783", "title": "Aneurysm of the nonpatent ductus arteriosus in the newborn.", "content": "Aneurysm of the nonpatent ductus arteriosus in the newborn is a rare, but potentially fatal condition. Of reported ductal aneurysm up to 1969, diagnosis was made at autopsy only. We report here to our knowledge for the first time on a two week old infant with correct preoperative angiographic diagnosis followed by a successful surgical cure.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the nonpatent ductus arteriosus in the newborn. Aneurysm of the nonpatent ductus arteriosus in the newborn is a rare, but potentially fatal condition. Of reported ductal aneurysm up to 1969, diagnosis was made at autopsy only. We report here to our knowledge for the first time on a two week old infant with correct preoperative angiographic diagnosis followed by a successful surgical cure."}
{"id": "PMID:899784", "title": "The Larsen syndrome and glial proliferation in the brain.", "content": "A case of the Larsen syndrome is reported in which postmortem examination of the brain revealed glial proliferation resembling tuberous sclerosis. The differential diagnosis of the syndrome and the possible significance of the lesions are discussed.", "contents": "The Larsen syndrome and glial proliferation in the brain. A case of the Larsen syndrome is reported in which postmortem examination of the brain revealed glial proliferation resembling tuberous sclerosis. The differential diagnosis of the syndrome and the possible significance of the lesions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899787", "title": "Primary cerebral melanomas. Report of six cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Six cases of primary malignant melanoma of the leptomeninges and brain are reported. Three were diagnosed histologically at surgery, three at autopsy. Four presented as solitary brain tumours which is unusual compared to other reported cases. In all six there was infiltration of the leptomeninges which must be regarded as the site of origin. Three of the cases have had a relatively long survival, two of them have died 2 years after the operation, and the third patient is still alive 18 months after surgery. It is suggested that the frequency of these tumours is underestimated on account of their resemblance to astroblastomas and poorly differentiated astrocytomas, and because biopsies are not always taken from small and atypical haematomas.", "contents": "Primary cerebral melanomas. Report of six cases and a review of the literature. Six cases of primary malignant melanoma of the leptomeninges and brain are reported. Three were diagnosed histologically at surgery, three at autopsy. Four presented as solitary brain tumours which is unusual compared to other reported cases. In all six there was infiltration of the leptomeninges which must be regarded as the site of origin. Three of the cases have had a relatively long survival, two of them have died 2 years after the operation, and the third patient is still alive 18 months after surgery. It is suggested that the frequency of these tumours is underestimated on account of their resemblance to astroblastomas and poorly differentiated astrocytomas, and because biopsies are not always taken from small and atypical haematomas."}
{"id": "PMID:899788", "title": "Fine structure of epithelial thymus cysts in dogs.", "content": "Epithelial thymus cysts in dogs were investigated by electron microscopy. Epithelial cells from one and the same cyst showed morphological differences. Regular columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells predominated. These had an elongated nucleus, poor in chromatin but with abundant cytoplasmic organelles, e.g. mitochondria, and a Golgi region with sacs and vacuoles. Other cells possesed a narrower, indented nucleus richer in chromatin, a cytoplasm with numerous tonofilaments and cell membranes showing interdigitations with other cell membranes. Some cysts displayed a pseudostratified epithelium. In these cells the same organelles were present as were seen in the cuboidal cells. Abundant cilia and microvilli were present in the lumenal cells. All these different morphological characteristics were considered to be different functional aspects of the same kind of thymus epithelial cell. The cells had a structure indicating a secretory-activity.", "contents": "Fine structure of epithelial thymus cysts in dogs. Epithelial thymus cysts in dogs were investigated by electron microscopy. Epithelial cells from one and the same cyst showed morphological differences. Regular columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells predominated. These had an elongated nucleus, poor in chromatin but with abundant cytoplasmic organelles, e.g. mitochondria, and a Golgi region with sacs and vacuoles. Other cells possesed a narrower, indented nucleus richer in chromatin, a cytoplasm with numerous tonofilaments and cell membranes showing interdigitations with other cell membranes. Some cysts displayed a pseudostratified epithelium. In these cells the same organelles were present as were seen in the cuboidal cells. Abundant cilia and microvilli were present in the lumenal cells. All these different morphological characteristics were considered to be different functional aspects of the same kind of thymus epithelial cell. The cells had a structure indicating a secretory-activity."}
{"id": "PMID:899789", "title": "Liver biopsies from psoriatics related to methotrexate therapy. 3. Findings in post-methotrexate liver biopsies from 160 psoriatics.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to report findings in post-MTX liver biopsies from 160 psoriatics treated with Methotrexate (MTX) in single biopsy and B. 68 patients with serial biopsies. At the time of liver biopsy the 92 patients had received a mehosis and six patients had fibrosis. Comparing these 7 patients with patients having normal liver histology (13 patients) revealed no statistically significant difference in cumulative doses of MTX, but a statistically significant higher admitted alcohol intake during MTX therapy (p less than 0.002) and an older age (p less than 0.01) in the patients with cirrhosis or fibrosis. in the 68 patients MTX had accumulated to a mean dose of 3940 mg (range 32k-8355 mg) at the time the latest liver biopsies were taken. Among the latest liver biopsies were 14 cirrhosis (21 per cent, 95 per cent confidence limits: 12-32 per cent) and 16 fibrosis (24 per cent, 95 per cent confidence limits: 14-35 per cent). The 14 patients with cirrhosis when compared to patients with normal histology (9 patients), had taken an equal total dose of MTX at the latest liver biopsy, but had consumed a statistically significant higher amount of alcohol (p less than 0.05) during MTX therapy and also tended to be older (p less than 0.006). Comparison of a material A and B indicates that the prevalence of cirrhosis and fibrosis among MTX treated psoriatics increases rapidly beyond a cumultative dose of two to four grams of MTX. No MTX treated psoriatics should thus be allowed to pass this dosage range without having a liver biopsy performed.", "contents": "Liver biopsies from psoriatics related to methotrexate therapy. 3. Findings in post-methotrexate liver biopsies from 160 psoriatics. The purpose of this paper is to report findings in post-MTX liver biopsies from 160 psoriatics treated with Methotrexate (MTX) in single biopsy and B. 68 patients with serial biopsies. At the time of liver biopsy the 92 patients had received a mehosis and six patients had fibrosis. Comparing these 7 patients with patients having normal liver histology (13 patients) revealed no statistically significant difference in cumulative doses of MTX, but a statistically significant higher admitted alcohol intake during MTX therapy (p less than 0.002) and an older age (p less than 0.01) in the patients with cirrhosis or fibrosis. in the 68 patients MTX had accumulated to a mean dose of 3940 mg (range 32k-8355 mg) at the time the latest liver biopsies were taken. Among the latest liver biopsies were 14 cirrhosis (21 per cent, 95 per cent confidence limits: 12-32 per cent) and 16 fibrosis (24 per cent, 95 per cent confidence limits: 14-35 per cent). The 14 patients with cirrhosis when compared to patients with normal histology (9 patients), had taken an equal total dose of MTX at the latest liver biopsy, but had consumed a statistically significant higher amount of alcohol (p less than 0.05) during MTX therapy and also tended to be older (p less than 0.006). Comparison of a material A and B indicates that the prevalence of cirrhosis and fibrosis among MTX treated psoriatics increases rapidly beyond a cumultative dose of two to four grams of MTX. No MTX treated psoriatics should thus be allowed to pass this dosage range without having a liver biopsy performed."}
{"id": "PMID:899790", "title": "Transthoracic aspiration biopsy. Cytological classification of aspirated malignant tumour cells.", "content": "On correlating our cytological classification of aspirated malignant tumour cells from intrathoracic lesions with the histological classification of the same lesions, agreement was found in 75 per cent. The cytological criteria used for the classification of the  differentiated types of tumour cells were convenient. It is proposed to utilize the cytological classification in the planning of an individualized tumour therapy in cases not accessible to pretreatment bioptic histological classification.", "contents": "Transthoracic aspiration biopsy. Cytological classification of aspirated malignant tumour cells. On correlating our cytological classification of aspirated malignant tumour cells from intrathoracic lesions with the histological classification of the same lesions, agreement was found in 75 per cent. The cytological criteria used for the classification of the  differentiated types of tumour cells were convenient. It is proposed to utilize the cytological classification in the planning of an individualized tumour therapy in cases not accessible to pretreatment bioptic histological classification."}
{"id": "PMID:899791", "title": "Spontaneous hypertension and hypertensive vascular disease in the NZB strain of mice.", "content": "NZB nice spontaneously develop a high blood pressure and hypertensive vascular disease in the heart and the kidney. Treatment with cyclophosphamide decreased the level of blood pressure; congenital athymic nude NZB mice failed to develop a high blood pressure. These findings suggest that thymus and the thymus-dependent immune reactions have pathogenic importance for the spontaneous hypertension in these mice.", "contents": "Spontaneous hypertension and hypertensive vascular disease in the NZB strain of mice. NZB nice spontaneously develop a high blood pressure and hypertensive vascular disease in the heart and the kidney. Treatment with cyclophosphamide decreased the level of blood pressure; congenital athymic nude NZB mice failed to develop a high blood pressure. These findings suggest that thymus and the thymus-dependent immune reactions have pathogenic importance for the spontaneous hypertension in these mice."}
{"id": "PMID:899792", "title": "Estimation of the parenchymal-cell content of the parathyroid gland, using density-gradient columns. Preliminary report.", "content": "The parenchymal cell mass was measured by the density-gradient technique. The results of this technique were compared with those obtained by an ocular semiquantitative method as described by Gilmour and Martin. In most parathyroid glands good correlation was found between the two methods. In contrast to the method of Gilmour and Martin the density-gradient technique is easy and rapid and therefore seems to be a more convenient tool in intraoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "Estimation of the parenchymal-cell content of the parathyroid gland, using density-gradient columns. Preliminary report. The parenchymal cell mass was measured by the density-gradient technique. The results of this technique were compared with those obtained by an ocular semiquantitative method as described by Gilmour and Martin. In most parathyroid glands good correlation was found between the two methods. In contrast to the method of Gilmour and Martin the density-gradient technique is easy and rapid and therefore seems to be a more convenient tool in intraoperative diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:899793", "title": "Age changes in the quantity of hematopoietic tissue.", "content": "The ratio between hematopoietic tissue and lipoid tissue was determined by histologic planimetry in bone marrow biopsies from 52 persons without bone or blood disorders, aged from 20 to 85 years. The ratio decreased significantly with increasing age, Equally in the two sexes. The ratio correlated significantly to the hemoglobin concentration in the blood.", "contents": "Age changes in the quantity of hematopoietic tissue. The ratio between hematopoietic tissue and lipoid tissue was determined by histologic planimetry in bone marrow biopsies from 52 persons without bone or blood disorders, aged from 20 to 85 years. The ratio decreased significantly with increasing age, Equally in the two sexes. The ratio correlated significantly to the hemoglobin concentration in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:899794", "title": "The lytic effect of lysolecithin on acholeplasmas and mycoplasmas.", "content": "Lysolecithin exhibits a lytic activity on acholeplasmas and mycoplasmas. The acholeplasmas studied, viz. Acholeplasma laidlawii A and B, were found less susceptible than were the mycoplasmas, viz. Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. pneumoniae. The sensitivity to lysis was found to differ according to species, growth temperature and number of organisms used. Variations in age of the population and the concentration of bivalent ions in the test medium had but little influence. The greatest lytic activity of lysolecithin was found at the optimal growth temperature and decreased with lowering of the temperature. This lytic activity was inversely proportional to the density of the cell suspensions used. The possible mechanism of the lytic effect of lysolecithin is discussed.", "contents": "The lytic effect of lysolecithin on acholeplasmas and mycoplasmas. Lysolecithin exhibits a lytic activity on acholeplasmas and mycoplasmas. The acholeplasmas studied, viz. Acholeplasma laidlawii A and B, were found less susceptible than were the mycoplasmas, viz. Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. pneumoniae. The sensitivity to lysis was found to differ according to species, growth temperature and number of organisms used. Variations in age of the population and the concentration of bivalent ions in the test medium had but little influence. The greatest lytic activity of lysolecithin was found at the optimal growth temperature and decreased with lowering of the temperature. This lytic activity was inversely proportional to the density of the cell suspensions used. The possible mechanism of the lytic effect of lysolecithin is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899796", "title": "Morphology and ultrastructure of Ureaplasma urealyticum in agar growth.", "content": "Colonies of Ureaplasma urealyticum serotype VI grown on agar were examined by thin sectioning technique. The arrangement of cells within the colonies was less dense and less stratified than that observed in most other mycoplasma colonies. Small, dense and pleomorphic cells were located mainly along the colony borderline towards the agar. Studies of cell morphology after 3, 10 and 15 days of growth revealed that such cells were younger than the less dense, mostly ovoid cells seen in the central area of colonies. The ultrastructure of individual cells was similar to that of Ureaplasma grown in liquid medium, as described earlier, featuring geometrical ribosome arrangements and extramembranous coat. Serial sections demonstrated the difficulties involved in discussing cell morphology on the basis of single thin sections. The advantages of the preparation method used for electron microscopy are discussed.", "contents": "Morphology and ultrastructure of Ureaplasma urealyticum in agar growth. Colonies of Ureaplasma urealyticum serotype VI grown on agar were examined by thin sectioning technique. The arrangement of cells within the colonies was less dense and less stratified than that observed in most other mycoplasma colonies. Small, dense and pleomorphic cells were located mainly along the colony borderline towards the agar. Studies of cell morphology after 3, 10 and 15 days of growth revealed that such cells were younger than the less dense, mostly ovoid cells seen in the central area of colonies. The ultrastructure of individual cells was similar to that of Ureaplasma grown in liquid medium, as described earlier, featuring geometrical ribosome arrangements and extramembranous coat. Serial sections demonstrated the difficulties involved in discussing cell morphology on the basis of single thin sections. The advantages of the preparation method used for electron microscopy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899797", "title": "Bovine myelin basic protein: immunochemical specificity examined by the macrophage migration inhibition test.", "content": "Guinea pigs were injected with saline or with one of the following antigens incorporated into Freund's complete adjuvant: Bovine myelin basic protein (MBP), lysozyme, carboxymethylated lysozyme, or a crude commercial calf thymus histone preparation. Examination of the migration of peritoneal cells from these animals in the presence (50 microgram/ml) or the absence of the antigens revealed, at most, a slight one-way form of cross-reactivity between MBP on the one hand and the histone preparation--and possibly also lysozyme--on the other. This was observed only with cells from animals injected with the two last-mentioned antigens. Cells from animals sensitized with either histone or lysozyme mixed with poly AU instead of Freund's complete adjuvant were also slightly inhibited in their migration by the bovine MBP. Cells from animals injected with complete Freund's adjuvant alone or with the purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) in poly AU did not react to MBP. Thus, in contrast to the high degree of internal cross-reactivity shown previously MBP shows a low degree of cross-reactivity with either ordered or unordered forms of some unrelated basic proteins.", "contents": "Bovine myelin basic protein: immunochemical specificity examined by the macrophage migration inhibition test. Guinea pigs were injected with saline or with one of the following antigens incorporated into Freund's complete adjuvant: Bovine myelin basic protein (MBP), lysozyme, carboxymethylated lysozyme, or a crude commercial calf thymus histone preparation. Examination of the migration of peritoneal cells from these animals in the presence (50 microgram/ml) or the absence of the antigens revealed, at most, a slight one-way form of cross-reactivity between MBP on the one hand and the histone preparation--and possibly also lysozyme--on the other. This was observed only with cells from animals injected with the two last-mentioned antigens. Cells from animals sensitized with either histone or lysozyme mixed with poly AU instead of Freund's complete adjuvant were also slightly inhibited in their migration by the bovine MBP. Cells from animals injected with complete Freund's adjuvant alone or with the purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) in poly AU did not react to MBP. Thus, in contrast to the high degree of internal cross-reactivity shown previously MBP shows a low degree of cross-reactivity with either ordered or unordered forms of some unrelated basic proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:899798", "title": "Influence of hydrocortisone on granulocyte function and glucose metabolism.", "content": "Examination has been made of the influence of hydrocortisone on the in vitro phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus by human neutrophils and the production of lactate and CO2 during phagocytosis of latex particles. In high concentrations, 0.5-2 mg per ml, hydrocortisone caused a significant reduction in the phagocytosis and the production of lactate. Neither the bactericidal activity nor the production of 14CO2 from (U-14C) glucose in phagocytizing leukocytes was influenced by these hydrocortisone concentrations.", "contents": "Influence of hydrocortisone on granulocyte function and glucose metabolism. Examination has been made of the influence of hydrocortisone on the in vitro phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus by human neutrophils and the production of lactate and CO2 during phagocytosis of latex particles. In high concentrations, 0.5-2 mg per ml, hydrocortisone caused a significant reduction in the phagocytosis and the production of lactate. Neither the bactericidal activity nor the production of 14CO2 from (U-14C) glucose in phagocytizing leukocytes was influenced by these hydrocortisone concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:899799", "title": "Neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis in vitro. Comparison of the response to casein and a bacterial chemotactic factor, and evaluation of an automatic method for counting cells on a membrane filter surface.", "content": "A method is described for evaluating neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis in vitro, using a modified reversible Boyden chamber. The variation in cell detachment from the attractant surface of the filter after the migration through the filter was shown to be eliminated by reversing the chambers during the incubation period. In unreversed chambers, the loss of cells from the bottom surface of the filter was much higher on attraction with casein than with a bacterial chemotactic factor (BCF). The finding of a different kinetic response to casein and to BCF may suggest differing affinity to various chemoattractants within circulating neutrophils. The results obtained after introducing an automatic quantitative image analysis system for the counting of the cells at the filter surface are found to be very well correlated to those with conventional direct microscope counting.", "contents": "Neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis in vitro. Comparison of the response to casein and a bacterial chemotactic factor, and evaluation of an automatic method for counting cells on a membrane filter surface. A method is described for evaluating neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis in vitro, using a modified reversible Boyden chamber. The variation in cell detachment from the attractant surface of the filter after the migration through the filter was shown to be eliminated by reversing the chambers during the incubation period. In unreversed chambers, the loss of cells from the bottom surface of the filter was much higher on attraction with casein than with a bacterial chemotactic factor (BCF). The finding of a different kinetic response to casein and to BCF may suggest differing affinity to various chemoattractants within circulating neutrophils. The results obtained after introducing an automatic quantitative image analysis system for the counting of the cells at the filter surface are found to be very well correlated to those with conventional direct microscope counting."}
{"id": "PMID:899800", "title": "Production of monospecific antisera against two vaccinia virus antigens.", "content": "Vaccinia virus antigen was prepared from infected rabbit lung fibroblast monolayers grown in Eagle's medium supplemented with serum obtained from the rabbit going to be used for immunization. Monospecific rabbit antisera against the L and S antigens were produced by immunization with immunoprecipitates cut out from the agarose after quantitative line immunoelectrophoresis using antigen produced in HeLa cells.", "contents": "Production of monospecific antisera against two vaccinia virus antigens. Vaccinia virus antigen was prepared from infected rabbit lung fibroblast monolayers grown in Eagle's medium supplemented with serum obtained from the rabbit going to be used for immunization. Monospecific rabbit antisera against the L and S antigens were produced by immunization with immunoprecipitates cut out from the agarose after quantitative line immunoelectrophoresis using antigen produced in HeLa cells."}
{"id": "PMID:899801", "title": "In vitro effects of Rubella virus, strain RA 27/3, on human lymphocytes. II. Specific antigen stimulation in relation to Rubella haemagglutination inhibition antibodies.", "content": "Investigation has been made of the specific in vitro stimulation of human lymphocytes by live or inactivated rubella virus of the strain RA 27/3. The thymidine incorporation of lymphocytes from blood donors with different serological immunity against rubella was measured following incubation with the viral antigens. UV-inactivated rubella virus caused a moderate degree of stimulation of lymphocytes from seropositive individuals. On the other hand, live rubella virus stimulated lymphocytes from donors with low titres of anti-rubella HI-antibodies but not lymphocytes from donors with high antibody titres. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro effects of Rubella virus, strain RA 27/3, on human lymphocytes. II. Specific antigen stimulation in relation to Rubella haemagglutination inhibition antibodies. Investigation has been made of the specific in vitro stimulation of human lymphocytes by live or inactivated rubella virus of the strain RA 27/3. The thymidine incorporation of lymphocytes from blood donors with different serological immunity against rubella was measured following incubation with the viral antigens. UV-inactivated rubella virus caused a moderate degree of stimulation of lymphocytes from seropositive individuals. On the other hand, live rubella virus stimulated lymphocytes from donors with low titres of anti-rubella HI-antibodies but not lymphocytes from donors with high antibody titres. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899802", "title": "Visual extrapolation of a line segment to the point of its intersection with a straight line. I.", "content": "A study is made of the capacity of fifty subjects to estimate the position of the point of intersection between a straight line and the visually extrapolated extension of a line segment at three different angles between the line and the segment: 30 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees. The results show systematic deviations in the estimation of acute angles. The point of intersection of the straight line and the segment is misperceived to be shifted inwards in the angle between them. It is also shown that the set of imaginary extensions of a line segment with a given length, until its intersection with the given straight line, is determined only by the angle between the straight line and the segment and does not depend on the distance between them. Various possible mechanisms which could determine the solution of the task facing the subjects are discussed.", "contents": "Visual extrapolation of a line segment to the point of its intersection with a straight line. I. A study is made of the capacity of fifty subjects to estimate the position of the point of intersection between a straight line and the visually extrapolated extension of a line segment at three different angles between the line and the segment: 30 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees. The results show systematic deviations in the estimation of acute angles. The point of intersection of the straight line and the segment is misperceived to be shifted inwards in the angle between them. It is also shown that the set of imaginary extensions of a line segment with a given length, until its intersection with the given straight line, is determined only by the angle between the straight line and the segment and does not depend on the distance between them. Various possible mechanisms which could determine the solution of the task facing the subjects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899803", "title": "Localization of disappearance of a light target during tracking eye movements. I.", "content": "A light target moving at a constant velocity in horizontal direction and disappearing at a locus determined by the experimenter is presented to the subjects in the experiments. The task of the subjects is to track its movement with their eyes and to determine the place of its disappearance using a scale fixed on the screen. Under these conditions they systematically mislocate the locus of disappearance in the direction of the eye movement. The mislocation is in linear dependence on the velocity of tracking and, moreover, it depends on the locus of disappearance of the target. The error is smaller when the target disappears at the end of tracking. The theory that mislocation is due to perception time is rejected.", "contents": "Localization of disappearance of a light target during tracking eye movements. I. A light target moving at a constant velocity in horizontal direction and disappearing at a locus determined by the experimenter is presented to the subjects in the experiments. The task of the subjects is to track its movement with their eyes and to determine the place of its disappearance using a scale fixed on the screen. Under these conditions they systematically mislocate the locus of disappearance in the direction of the eye movement. The mislocation is in linear dependence on the velocity of tracking and, moreover, it depends on the locus of disappearance of the target. The error is smaller when the target disappears at the end of tracking. The theory that mislocation is due to perception time is rejected."}
{"id": "PMID:899809", "title": "Influence of clonidine on cardiac vagal component of baroreceptor reflex in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "In normotensive (NR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) the cardiac vagal component of baroreceptor reflex was checked before and after intravenous infusion of clonidine (25-30 microgram/kg). 1) The decrease of heart rate due to the arterial baroreceptor reflex was the same in NR and in SHR. 2) Intravenous injection of clonidine produced much greater decrease of the heart rate in SHR than in NR. 3) After administration of clonidine the stimulation of arterial baroreceptors decreased the heart rate to the same low level in NR and SHR. In these conditions the maximal neurogenic slowing of the heart rate was probably achieved. 4) Atropine abolished almost completly heart rate change following baroreceptor stimulation or/and clonidine administration.", "contents": "Influence of clonidine on cardiac vagal component of baroreceptor reflex in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. In normotensive (NR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) the cardiac vagal component of baroreceptor reflex was checked before and after intravenous infusion of clonidine (25-30 microgram/kg). 1) The decrease of heart rate due to the arterial baroreceptor reflex was the same in NR and in SHR. 2) Intravenous injection of clonidine produced much greater decrease of the heart rate in SHR than in NR. 3) After administration of clonidine the stimulation of arterial baroreceptors decreased the heart rate to the same low level in NR and SHR. In these conditions the maximal neurogenic slowing of the heart rate was probably achieved. 4) Atropine abolished almost completly heart rate change following baroreceptor stimulation or/and clonidine administration."}
{"id": "PMID:899811", "title": "Right ventricular systolic sub-periods. Normal values.", "content": "Right ventricular systolic sub-periods were examined in the group of 18 healthy subjects, basing on simultaneous electrocardiographic, phonocardiographic and pulmonary artery pressure tracings. The values established were compared with corresponding left ventricular systolic periods and correlated with selected hemodynamic parameters. Following mean values of the right ventricular systolic sub-periods were found: Q -- 1. sound interval = 0.051 sec., systolic time = 0.404 sec., ejection period = 0.319 sec., pre-ejection period = 0.085 sec., and isovolumetric contraction time = 0.034 sec. Both the right ventricular systolic and ejection periods were significantly longer than the corresponding left ventricular systolic ones. The ratio: right ventricular pre-ejection period to ejection period was lower than that calculated for the left ventricle. Both the right ventricular systolic and ejection periods negatively correlated with heart rate, whereas the ratio: right ventricular isovolumetric contraction time to ejection period depended on pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary resistance and right ventricular work index.", "contents": "Right ventricular systolic sub-periods. Normal values. Right ventricular systolic sub-periods were examined in the group of 18 healthy subjects, basing on simultaneous electrocardiographic, phonocardiographic and pulmonary artery pressure tracings. The values established were compared with corresponding left ventricular systolic periods and correlated with selected hemodynamic parameters. Following mean values of the right ventricular systolic sub-periods were found: Q -- 1. sound interval = 0.051 sec., systolic time = 0.404 sec., ejection period = 0.319 sec., pre-ejection period = 0.085 sec., and isovolumetric contraction time = 0.034 sec. Both the right ventricular systolic and ejection periods were significantly longer than the corresponding left ventricular systolic ones. The ratio: right ventricular pre-ejection period to ejection period was lower than that calculated for the left ventricle. Both the right ventricular systolic and ejection periods negatively correlated with heart rate, whereas the ratio: right ventricular isovolumetric contraction time to ejection period depended on pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary resistance and right ventricular work index."}
{"id": "PMID:899810", "title": "Effect of thymoanaleptic agents on the course of experimental arterial hypertension and catecholamine content in tissues and urine.", "content": "Experimental hypertension was induced in rats by two methods. In the course of hypertension development the rats of experimental groups were treated with following tricyclic antidepressive agents: Imipramine, Opipramol, Amitriptylline and Nortriptylline injected in doses of 5.0 or 0.5 mg per 1 kg of body weight. Higher doses of the above drugs inhibited the development of hypertension, whereas the lower doses had no effect on arterial blood pressure.", "contents": "Effect of thymoanaleptic agents on the course of experimental arterial hypertension and catecholamine content in tissues and urine. Experimental hypertension was induced in rats by two methods. In the course of hypertension development the rats of experimental groups were treated with following tricyclic antidepressive agents: Imipramine, Opipramol, Amitriptylline and Nortriptylline injected in doses of 5.0 or 0.5 mg per 1 kg of body weight. Higher doses of the above drugs inhibited the development of hypertension, whereas the lower doses had no effect on arterial blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:899812", "title": "Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on some basic vital functions.", "content": "The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HOT) on the respiratory system and cardiovascular system in patients with ischaemia of lower extremities exposed repeatedly to hyperbaric oxygen for therapeutic reasons. Oxygen pressure of 2.4 ATA was used, the duration of exposure to 100% oxygen was 90 min on the average. Hyperbaric oxygen was applied every 2-3 days during 1 to 3 months. During the treatment airway resistance, pulmonary elastance, respiratory rate, respiratory volume, intraoesophageal pressure, closing volume and vital capacity were determined. Changes of heart rate caused by this treatment were recorded as well. A statistically significant increase of airway resistance, increased pulmonary elastance, decreased respiratory volume and respiratory rate, increased closing volume, decreased vital capacity and slowing down of heart rate were observed.", "contents": "Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on some basic vital functions. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HOT) on the respiratory system and cardiovascular system in patients with ischaemia of lower extremities exposed repeatedly to hyperbaric oxygen for therapeutic reasons. Oxygen pressure of 2.4 ATA was used, the duration of exposure to 100% oxygen was 90 min on the average. Hyperbaric oxygen was applied every 2-3 days during 1 to 3 months. During the treatment airway resistance, pulmonary elastance, respiratory rate, respiratory volume, intraoesophageal pressure, closing volume and vital capacity were determined. Changes of heart rate caused by this treatment were recorded as well. A statistically significant increase of airway resistance, increased pulmonary elastance, decreased respiratory volume and respiratory rate, increased closing volume, decreased vital capacity and slowing down of heart rate were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:899814", "title": "The effect of environmental temperature on thermoregulatory disturbances caused by hypoxaemic hypoxia in the guinea pig.", "content": "Unanaesthetized guinea-pigs, unadapted to cold, were used to study the effect of 20--30 min hypoxaemic hypoxia on the thermoregulatory responses to a moderately low ambient temperature. Hypoxia was produced by intravenous infusion of gaseous CO2. The rate of CO2 administration was adjusted to obtain oxygen uptake equivalent to 70% of the value found at neutral temperature. It was found that at 28 degrees C neither the internal nor the surface temperature changed significantly during hypoxia and oxygen uptake returned to its initial value 15--20 min after cessation of CO2 infusion. At 15 degreesC both the internal and surface temperature as well as oxygen uptake were reduced during hypoxia and they did not return to the initial level 60 min after cessation of CO2 infusion. The temperatures measur-d and oxygen uptake decreased further after each succesive period of CO2 infusion.", "contents": "The effect of environmental temperature on thermoregulatory disturbances caused by hypoxaemic hypoxia in the guinea pig. Unanaesthetized guinea-pigs, unadapted to cold, were used to study the effect of 20--30 min hypoxaemic hypoxia on the thermoregulatory responses to a moderately low ambient temperature. Hypoxia was produced by intravenous infusion of gaseous CO2. The rate of CO2 administration was adjusted to obtain oxygen uptake equivalent to 70% of the value found at neutral temperature. It was found that at 28 degrees C neither the internal nor the surface temperature changed significantly during hypoxia and oxygen uptake returned to its initial value 15--20 min after cessation of CO2 infusion. At 15 degreesC both the internal and surface temperature as well as oxygen uptake were reduced during hypoxia and they did not return to the initial level 60 min after cessation of CO2 infusion. The temperatures measur-d and oxygen uptake decreased further after each succesive period of CO2 infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:899813", "title": "Hyperglycaemic effect of glucagon after prolonged exhausting exercise in dogs.", "content": "The purpose of this work was to compare the hyperglycaemic effect of glucagon at rest and after prolonged exhausting exercise in dogs. The following doses of glucagon were administered in 10-minute i.v. infusions: 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 micgrogram-kg-1 min-1. Significant differences were demonstrated in the blood glucose level after glucagon administration in doses of 0.1 and 0-5 microgram-kg-1 min-1 at rest as well as after exercise, and glucagon-induced hyperglycaemia was always lower after exercise than at rest. Increasing of glucagon dose from 0.5 to 1.0 microgram-kg-1 min-1 was not followed by a similar increase of the hyperglycaemic response. In additional experiments glucagon was administered together with adrenaline using two combinations of doses: 0.1 micron g-kg-1min-1 of glucagon and 0.25 microgram-kg-1 min-1 of adrenaline or 1.0 microgram-kg-1 min-1 of glucogen and 1.0 microgram-kg-1 min-1 of adrenaline. The hyperglycaemic effects of glucagon and adrenaline were additive at rest and after exercise when low doses of both hormones were used. After prolonged exercise this additive effect was not found when the \"saturating\" doses of glucagon and adrenaline were used (1.0 microgram-kg-1 min-1). The results obtained suggest that the hyperglycaemic response to glucagon is decreased in dogs after prolonged excise. It seems that this can be partly explained by the changed reactivity of hepatic tissue to this horme after prolonged exercise.", "contents": "Hyperglycaemic effect of glucagon after prolonged exhausting exercise in dogs. The purpose of this work was to compare the hyperglycaemic effect of glucagon at rest and after prolonged exhausting exercise in dogs. The following doses of glucagon were administered in 10-minute i.v. infusions: 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 micgrogram-kg-1 min-1. Significant differences were demonstrated in the blood glucose level after glucagon administration in doses of 0.1 and 0-5 microgram-kg-1 min-1 at rest as well as after exercise, and glucagon-induced hyperglycaemia was always lower after exercise than at rest. Increasing of glucagon dose from 0.5 to 1.0 microgram-kg-1 min-1 was not followed by a similar increase of the hyperglycaemic response. In additional experiments glucagon was administered together with adrenaline using two combinations of doses: 0.1 micron g-kg-1min-1 of glucagon and 0.25 microgram-kg-1 min-1 of adrenaline or 1.0 microgram-kg-1 min-1 of glucogen and 1.0 microgram-kg-1 min-1 of adrenaline. The hyperglycaemic effects of glucagon and adrenaline were additive at rest and after exercise when low doses of both hormones were used. After prolonged exercise this additive effect was not found when the \"saturating\" doses of glucagon and adrenaline were used (1.0 microgram-kg-1 min-1). The results obtained suggest that the hyperglycaemic response to glucagon is decreased in dogs after prolonged excise. It seems that this can be partly explained by the changed reactivity of hepatic tissue to this horme after prolonged exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:899821", "title": "Anaerobic performance capacity in athletes.", "content": "Anaerobic performance characteristics of the whole body and at muscle tissue level were studied in 89 athletes and 31 reference subjects. The main parameters were vertical velocity during running up the stairs, maximal isometric force of leg extensor muscles, blood lactate concentration after maximal treadmill running test, percentage of fast twitch muscle fibers (% FT fibers), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in vastus lateralis muscle. These parameters tended to divide the athletes and their sport events into neuromuscular, anaerobic and aerobic types. The specific needs of the different sport events might have masked the expected characteristics of energy and power utilization. However, a high percentage of FT fibers might be a prerequisite for a successful athlete in certain neuromuscular-anaerobic type events (\"power events\"). The main parameters describing the anaerobic performance capacity of the whole body (vertical velocity, leg force, blood lactate) were found to be related to muscle fiber composition (% FT fibers). The running velocity rather than muscle strength seemed to be more influenced by activity of enzymes LDH and CPK.", "contents": "Anaerobic performance capacity in athletes. Anaerobic performance characteristics of the whole body and at muscle tissue level were studied in 89 athletes and 31 reference subjects. The main parameters were vertical velocity during running up the stairs, maximal isometric force of leg extensor muscles, blood lactate concentration after maximal treadmill running test, percentage of fast twitch muscle fibers (% FT fibers), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in vastus lateralis muscle. These parameters tended to divide the athletes and their sport events into neuromuscular, anaerobic and aerobic types. The specific needs of the different sport events might have masked the expected characteristics of energy and power utilization. However, a high percentage of FT fibers might be a prerequisite for a successful athlete in certain neuromuscular-anaerobic type events (\"power events\"). The main parameters describing the anaerobic performance capacity of the whole body (vertical velocity, leg force, blood lactate) were found to be related to muscle fiber composition (% FT fibers). The running velocity rather than muscle strength seemed to be more influenced by activity of enzymes LDH and CPK."}
{"id": "PMID:899816", "title": "Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in the course of radiation disease. Effect of premedication with metanabol on dynamics and kinetics of nitrazepam.", "content": "The effect of metanabol given to rats before irradiation (600 R) on exploring motility and cataleptic action of nitrazepam was investigated. The level of nitrazepam in the blood plasma and urine was determine. Most evident radioprotective effect of metanabol was found on 3rd day after irradiation. The drug inhibited the inhibited the increased response of the rats to the anticonvulsive action of nitrazepam and prevented the pharmacokinetic disturbances appearing in the course of radiation disease.", "contents": "Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in the course of radiation disease. Effect of premedication with metanabol on dynamics and kinetics of nitrazepam. The effect of metanabol given to rats before irradiation (600 R) on exploring motility and cataleptic action of nitrazepam was investigated. The level of nitrazepam in the blood plasma and urine was determine. Most evident radioprotective effect of metanabol was found on 3rd day after irradiation. The drug inhibited the inhibited the increased response of the rats to the anticonvulsive action of nitrazepam and prevented the pharmacokinetic disturbances appearing in the course of radiation disease."}
{"id": "PMID:899815", "title": "The effect of parasympathetic nervous system on hydrodynamics of intraocular fluids and distribution of electrolytes and amino acids.", "content": "Tonographic determinations Po and C), cannulation of the anterior chamber and measurements of the secreted aqueous humor volume by the method of posterior-anterior chamber perfusion with inulin solution were carried out in normal eyes, in eyes after parasympathetic denervation and during the action of a cholinergic neurotransmitter under the conditions of postdenervation hyperexcitability. Parasympathetic denervation of the eyeball was obtained by excision of the ciliary ganglion. Additonally, pharmacological blockade of the adrenergic neurons was applied. In the aqueous humor from the posterior and anterior chamber osmolality, as well as concentrations of sodium potassium, calcium, magnesium and total alpha-amino nitrogen were determined. The cholinergic effect on the volume of secreted aqueous humor and on the channels of its outflow was described. This effect was enhanced by the postdenervation hyperexcitability state, indicating a stimulating parasympathetic influence on the passage of electrolytes and amino acids into the intraocular fluids.", "contents": "The effect of parasympathetic nervous system on hydrodynamics of intraocular fluids and distribution of electrolytes and amino acids. Tonographic determinations Po and C), cannulation of the anterior chamber and measurements of the secreted aqueous humor volume by the method of posterior-anterior chamber perfusion with inulin solution were carried out in normal eyes, in eyes after parasympathetic denervation and during the action of a cholinergic neurotransmitter under the conditions of postdenervation hyperexcitability. Parasympathetic denervation of the eyeball was obtained by excision of the ciliary ganglion. Additonally, pharmacological blockade of the adrenergic neurons was applied. In the aqueous humor from the posterior and anterior chamber osmolality, as well as concentrations of sodium potassium, calcium, magnesium and total alpha-amino nitrogen were determined. The cholinergic effect on the volume of secreted aqueous humor and on the channels of its outflow was described. This effect was enhanced by the postdenervation hyperexcitability state, indicating a stimulating parasympathetic influence on the passage of electrolytes and amino acids into the intraocular fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:899817", "title": "Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in the course of radiation disease.", "content": "The effect of metanabol (1 mg per kg) applicated to rats during 10 days before irradiation (600 R) on pharmacodynamics and some indices of thioridazine kinetics was investigated. It was found that the increased cataleptic action of thioridazine (20 mg per kg), during radiation disease was inhibited ater metanabol premedication. The protective effect of metanabol was found to be due to shortening of the half-life time of thioridazine (from 5.5 h in irradiated to 2.38 h in irradiated premedicated animals) as well as to lowering of thioridazine content in the brain tissue.", "contents": "Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in the course of radiation disease. The effect of metanabol (1 mg per kg) applicated to rats during 10 days before irradiation (600 R) on pharmacodynamics and some indices of thioridazine kinetics was investigated. It was found that the increased cataleptic action of thioridazine (20 mg per kg), during radiation disease was inhibited ater metanabol premedication. The protective effect of metanabol was found to be due to shortening of the half-life time of thioridazine (from 5.5 h in irradiated to 2.38 h in irradiated premedicated animals) as well as to lowering of thioridazine content in the brain tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:899822", "title": "Differentiation of vasoconstrictor sensitivity caused by prostaglandin E in peripheral vascular beds of the rabbit.", "content": "The increase in perfusion pressure in the rabbit ear, hindleg and mesentery caused by close intra-arterial injection of noradrenaline (NA), and the contractile response to NA of the rabbit aortic strip were investigated with respect to their sentitivity to prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and to the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin. PGE1 (100-200 ng) potentiated the increases in perfusion pressure caused by NA in the perfused hindleg and mesentery, and the contractile response to NA of the aortic strip by 25-80%, but inhibited the increase in perfusion pressure by NA in the perfused ear by 35-100%. Indomethacin (3-5 X 10(-5) M) significantly decreased the pressor responses to NA in the hindleg (by 45%) and mesentery (by 55%). This inhibitory effect by indomethacin was completely reversed by PGE1. The responses to NA in the aortic strip and the perfused ear were unaffected by indomethacin. It is concluded that the process of vasoconstriction in the vascular beds of the rabbit displays qualitative differences concerning its sensitivity to added PGE1. Furthermore, the decreased pressor responses to NA observed in some of the rabbit vascular beds after indomethacin indicate that the sensitivity to NA in these tissues in fact is increased by endogenous prostaglandin-like substances (PLS). The current results thus suggest that endogenous PLS may regulate, at a local level, the vasoconstrictor sensitivity in the rabbit systemicresistance vessels.", "contents": "Differentiation of vasoconstrictor sensitivity caused by prostaglandin E in peripheral vascular beds of the rabbit. The increase in perfusion pressure in the rabbit ear, hindleg and mesentery caused by close intra-arterial injection of noradrenaline (NA), and the contractile response to NA of the rabbit aortic strip were investigated with respect to their sentitivity to prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and to the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin. PGE1 (100-200 ng) potentiated the increases in perfusion pressure caused by NA in the perfused hindleg and mesentery, and the contractile response to NA of the aortic strip by 25-80%, but inhibited the increase in perfusion pressure by NA in the perfused ear by 35-100%. Indomethacin (3-5 X 10(-5) M) significantly decreased the pressor responses to NA in the hindleg (by 45%) and mesentery (by 55%). This inhibitory effect by indomethacin was completely reversed by PGE1. The responses to NA in the aortic strip and the perfused ear were unaffected by indomethacin. It is concluded that the process of vasoconstriction in the vascular beds of the rabbit displays qualitative differences concerning its sensitivity to added PGE1. Furthermore, the decreased pressor responses to NA observed in some of the rabbit vascular beds after indomethacin indicate that the sensitivity to NA in these tissues in fact is increased by endogenous prostaglandin-like substances (PLS). The current results thus suggest that endogenous PLS may regulate, at a local level, the vasoconstrictor sensitivity in the rabbit systemicresistance vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:899823", "title": "The poor reactivity of retinal vessels to systemic administration of vasoactive agents in pentobarbital anesthetized rats.", "content": "The responsiveness of retinal vasculature to i.v. administration of several potent vasoactive agents was studied in pentobarbital anesthetized rats by taking fundus photographs. Since cerebral vasculature had been claimed to react in a similar manner but less liably than retinal vessels to some vasoactive substances, the findings were applied to the problem of reactivity of brain vessels. Sublethal doses of noradrenaline, adrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, angiotensin amide and arginine orlysine vasopressin caused no marked acute ( less than or equal to 2 min) vasoconstriction in retinal vessels. Nor did any of these agents or bradykinin elicit vasodilatation. The late vasoconstriction (greater than 2 min) found in succumbing animals was most likely unspecific, since it did not occur until severe toxic symptoms appeared. The findings support the concept that intracerebral vessels are quite resistant to the direct action of many vasoactive agents given i.v.", "contents": "The poor reactivity of retinal vessels to systemic administration of vasoactive agents in pentobarbital anesthetized rats. The responsiveness of retinal vasculature to i.v. administration of several potent vasoactive agents was studied in pentobarbital anesthetized rats by taking fundus photographs. Since cerebral vasculature had been claimed to react in a similar manner but less liably than retinal vessels to some vasoactive substances, the findings were applied to the problem of reactivity of brain vessels. Sublethal doses of noradrenaline, adrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, angiotensin amide and arginine orlysine vasopressin caused no marked acute ( less than or equal to 2 min) vasoconstriction in retinal vessels. Nor did any of these agents or bradykinin elicit vasodilatation. The late vasoconstriction (greater than 2 min) found in succumbing animals was most likely unspecific, since it did not occur until severe toxic symptoms appeared. The findings support the concept that intracerebral vessels are quite resistant to the direct action of many vasoactive agents given i.v."}
{"id": "PMID:899818", "title": "A programming unit for prolonged, cyclic stimulation.", "content": "A system is described allowing for automatization of prolonged frequently repeated stimulation with independent control of individual stimulation time and intervals between consecutive stimulations. Through a controlling system of electromagnetic relay it was possible to obtain bipolar mechanical isolation of the stimulator from the electrodes during intervals between sucessive stimulations which eliminated sompletely the possibility of uncontrolled stimulation of the preparation.", "contents": "A programming unit for prolonged, cyclic stimulation. A system is described allowing for automatization of prolonged frequently repeated stimulation with independent control of individual stimulation time and intervals between consecutive stimulations. Through a controlling system of electromagnetic relay it was possible to obtain bipolar mechanical isolation of the stimulator from the electrodes during intervals between sucessive stimulations which eliminated sompletely the possibility of uncontrolled stimulation of the preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:899819", "title": "Direct and reversible synchronization unit for one-channel magnetic record.", "content": "Some principles and the practical application of a system making possible direct and reversible synchronization of one-channel magnetic record are described. The system makes possible superimposition of a simple synchronizing impulse upon magnetically recorded physiological process. The system is provided with an electromagnetic synchronizing relay started either with external signal during magnetic recording of experimental procedures or reversibly with a signal programmed in advance. The contacts of the electromagnetic relay could be used for simultaneous control of various systems of data processing.", "contents": "Direct and reversible synchronization unit for one-channel magnetic record. Some principles and the practical application of a system making possible direct and reversible synchronization of one-channel magnetic record are described. The system makes possible superimposition of a simple synchronizing impulse upon magnetically recorded physiological process. The system is provided with an electromagnetic synchronizing relay started either with external signal during magnetic recording of experimental procedures or reversibly with a signal programmed in advance. The contacts of the electromagnetic relay could be used for simultaneous control of various systems of data processing."}
{"id": "PMID:899825", "title": "Effect of \"vein pump\" activation upon venous pressure and blood flow in human subcutaneous tissue.", "content": "The effect of \"vein pump\" activation upon superficial venous pressure and blood flow in human subcutaneous adipose tissue was studied in 6 normals and 2 patients with venous insufficiency. Blood flow in subcltaneous tissue was measured at the lateral malleolus by the local 133Xenon washout technique, with the subject placed in a supine position. During passive lowering of the leg blood flow decreased 50 per cent and total vascular resistance increased 136 per cent. Activation of the vein pump by continuously tipping the foot up and down caused a decrease in venous pressure of 5 mmHg in horizontal position. Venous pressure increased only by 8 mmHg when the leg was lowered during exercise. In this situation blood flow remained constant corresponding to an increase in vascular resistance of 42 per cent. However increasing venous pressure to 28 mmHg by venous stasis in the lowered leg during exercise caused an additional increase in vascular resistance of 82 per cent. In the patients with venous insufficiency exercise did not prevent the decrease in blood flow during lowering of the leg. Hence venous pressure elevation of 25 mmHg or more caused an additional increase in vascular resistance in subcutaneous tissue, \"vasoconstrictor response\". It is concluded that this \"vasoconstrictor response\" depends on a vasoconstrictor impulse transmission from veins to arterioles, veno-artertolar reflex.", "contents": "Effect of \"vein pump\" activation upon venous pressure and blood flow in human subcutaneous tissue. The effect of \"vein pump\" activation upon superficial venous pressure and blood flow in human subcutaneous adipose tissue was studied in 6 normals and 2 patients with venous insufficiency. Blood flow in subcltaneous tissue was measured at the lateral malleolus by the local 133Xenon washout technique, with the subject placed in a supine position. During passive lowering of the leg blood flow decreased 50 per cent and total vascular resistance increased 136 per cent. Activation of the vein pump by continuously tipping the foot up and down caused a decrease in venous pressure of 5 mmHg in horizontal position. Venous pressure increased only by 8 mmHg when the leg was lowered during exercise. In this situation blood flow remained constant corresponding to an increase in vascular resistance of 42 per cent. However increasing venous pressure to 28 mmHg by venous stasis in the lowered leg during exercise caused an additional increase in vascular resistance of 82 per cent. In the patients with venous insufficiency exercise did not prevent the decrease in blood flow during lowering of the leg. Hence venous pressure elevation of 25 mmHg or more caused an additional increase in vascular resistance in subcutaneous tissue, \"vasoconstrictor response\". It is concluded that this \"vasoconstrictor response\" depends on a vasoconstrictor impulse transmission from veins to arterioles, veno-artertolar reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:899820", "title": "A system of pre-forming of physiological processes for automatic frequency analysis.", "content": "The system described was designed for automatic frequency analysis during considerable amplitude oscillations as well as changes in the shape and interferences of the signal examined. The system was connected with ANOPS-101 digital computer.\u00bf", "contents": "A system of pre-forming of physiological processes for automatic frequency analysis. The system described was designed for automatic frequency analysis during considerable amplitude oscillations as well as changes in the shape and interferences of the signal examined. The system was connected with ANOPS-101 digital computer.\u00bf"}
{"id": "PMID:899826", "title": "Intrarenal distribution of blood flow and glomerular filtration during chronic unilateral ureteral obstruction.", "content": "Paired hydronephrotic (HN) and hypertrophic (HT) rat kidneys were studied after 6 days with complete unilateral ureteral obstruction without exposing the kidneys. Total HN renal blood flow (RBF), estimated by total microsphere (MS) uptake and from local 125I-antipyrine (Ap) uptake, averaged about 3/4 of control. HN kidney GFR was reduced to about 1/2 of control level as estimated from inulin clearance of HT kidney times the HN to HT ratio for mean single nephron filtration rate, determined by 14C-ferrocyanide. Whereas blood flow (Ap) was proportionately reduced in outer and inner cortex (OC and IC), fractional flow to the outer medulla (OM) was doubled as compared to controls (p less than 0.01). Filtration was well preserved in deep as compared to superficial glomeruli with a smaller deep nonfiltering fraction (p less than 0.02). Thus the results oppose the current concept that HN is characterized by disproportionate circulatory damage to IC and OM with little or no filtration in deep nephrons. In HT kidneys average RBF (MS) and GFR rose by about 1/2. Whereas total blood flow (Ap) rose proportionately in OC and IC, it remained at control level in OM, indicating dissociation between the total RBF and GFR and the effective blood flow to the OM zone.", "contents": "Intrarenal distribution of blood flow and glomerular filtration during chronic unilateral ureteral obstruction. Paired hydronephrotic (HN) and hypertrophic (HT) rat kidneys were studied after 6 days with complete unilateral ureteral obstruction without exposing the kidneys. Total HN renal blood flow (RBF), estimated by total microsphere (MS) uptake and from local 125I-antipyrine (Ap) uptake, averaged about 3/4 of control. HN kidney GFR was reduced to about 1/2 of control level as estimated from inulin clearance of HT kidney times the HN to HT ratio for mean single nephron filtration rate, determined by 14C-ferrocyanide. Whereas blood flow (Ap) was proportionately reduced in outer and inner cortex (OC and IC), fractional flow to the outer medulla (OM) was doubled as compared to controls (p less than 0.01). Filtration was well preserved in deep as compared to superficial glomeruli with a smaller deep nonfiltering fraction (p less than 0.02). Thus the results oppose the current concept that HN is characterized by disproportionate circulatory damage to IC and OM with little or no filtration in deep nephrons. In HT kidneys average RBF (MS) and GFR rose by about 1/2. Whereas total blood flow (Ap) rose proportionately in OC and IC, it remained at control level in OM, indicating dissociation between the total RBF and GFR and the effective blood flow to the OM zone."}
{"id": "PMID:899827", "title": "Regulation of salivary kallikrein secretion in submandibular gland.", "content": "Unstimulated pairs of rat submandibular glands were compared with regard to their wet weight, total protein content and kallikrein antigenic activity. Paired glands from the same animal were found to be comparable, whereas differences from one animal to another were considerable. One of two paired glands was extirpated and used as control, and the other was subsequently subjected to stimulation. Salivary secretion was induced parasympathomimetically (intraperitoneal injections of pilocarpine; perfusion with acetylcholine and electrical stimulation of the ductal nerve plexus near the gland hilus) or sympathomimetically (cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation with or without administration of alpha- or beta-adrenergic blocker; perfusion with epinephrine, norepinephrine or isoproterenol). The effect was studied by measuring the change in total gland kallikrein content and by quantitation of kallikrein in saliva. A small secretion of kallikrein was always observed. However, alpha-adrenergic stimulation was 40 and 1 500 fold more effective in releasing kallikrein than beta-adrenergic and parasympathomimetic stimulation, respectively. Also, significantly more kallikrein was released by beta-adrenergic than parasympathomimetic stimulation. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the observed depletion of kallikrein following alpha-adrenergic stimulation. No alteration in kallikrein localization was observed in stimulated glands.", "contents": "Regulation of salivary kallikrein secretion in submandibular gland. Unstimulated pairs of rat submandibular glands were compared with regard to their wet weight, total protein content and kallikrein antigenic activity. Paired glands from the same animal were found to be comparable, whereas differences from one animal to another were considerable. One of two paired glands was extirpated and used as control, and the other was subsequently subjected to stimulation. Salivary secretion was induced parasympathomimetically (intraperitoneal injections of pilocarpine; perfusion with acetylcholine and electrical stimulation of the ductal nerve plexus near the gland hilus) or sympathomimetically (cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation with or without administration of alpha- or beta-adrenergic blocker; perfusion with epinephrine, norepinephrine or isoproterenol). The effect was studied by measuring the change in total gland kallikrein content and by quantitation of kallikrein in saliva. A small secretion of kallikrein was always observed. However, alpha-adrenergic stimulation was 40 and 1 500 fold more effective in releasing kallikrein than beta-adrenergic and parasympathomimetic stimulation, respectively. Also, significantly more kallikrein was released by beta-adrenergic than parasympathomimetic stimulation. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the observed depletion of kallikrein following alpha-adrenergic stimulation. No alteration in kallikrein localization was observed in stimulated glands."}
{"id": "PMID:899828", "title": "Deuterium induced extinction of ADH-release in response to intracerebroventricular infusions of hypertonic NaCl and angiotensin.", "content": "Infusions (20 microliter/min) of hypertonic (0.3 M) NaCl and angiotensin II (1 ng/kg min-1) in isotonic (0.15 M) NaCl were made for 1 h in the hydrated goat during fully developed water diruesis. Either H2O or deuterium (D2O) WAS USED AS SOLVENT. A pronounced antidiuretic response, outlasting the infusion period by 30 min or more, was seen when the substances were dissolved in H2O. Only a weak inhibition of the water diuresis, which was extinguished during the infusion period, was obtained when D2O was used as the solvent. The infusion of 0.3 M NaCl/H2O invariably induced drinking in one of the goats, which, however, showed no drinking response to the infusions of 0.3 M NaCl/D2O. The possibility is discussed that D2O (perhaps by its inhibitory effect on (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity) reduced the sensitivity of juxtaventricular receptors regulating ADH-release and water intake.", "contents": "Deuterium induced extinction of ADH-release in response to intracerebroventricular infusions of hypertonic NaCl and angiotensin. Infusions (20 microliter/min) of hypertonic (0.3 M) NaCl and angiotensin II (1 ng/kg min-1) in isotonic (0.15 M) NaCl were made for 1 h in the hydrated goat during fully developed water diruesis. Either H2O or deuterium (D2O) WAS USED AS SOLVENT. A pronounced antidiuretic response, outlasting the infusion period by 30 min or more, was seen when the substances were dissolved in H2O. Only a weak inhibition of the water diuresis, which was extinguished during the infusion period, was obtained when D2O was used as the solvent. The infusion of 0.3 M NaCl/H2O invariably induced drinking in one of the goats, which, however, showed no drinking response to the infusions of 0.3 M NaCl/D2O. The possibility is discussed that D2O (perhaps by its inhibitory effect on (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity) reduced the sensitivity of juxtaventricular receptors regulating ADH-release and water intake."}
{"id": "PMID:899829", "title": "Shortlasting increase in the synthesis and utilization of noradrenaline due to Axotomy-induced irritation.", "content": "The synthesis and the utilization of noradrenaline in the caudal and cranial part of intact and sectioned rat spinal cords were determined at 20 h or for 30 min--2 h after an operation. The synthesis and the utilization of noradrenaline in the caudal part of spinal cords transected 20 h previously were retarded as compared to those in the cranial part of sectioned cords or in the caudal part of intact cords. The synthesis of noradrenaline was stimulated in the caudal part of the spinal cord when measured for 30 min after a transection. The utilization of noradrenaline in the spinal cord caudal to a transection was not decelerated during 2 h after an operation. Local application of lidocaine to the cord prior to the cut changed the synthesis and the utilization of noradrenaline in both parts of the spinal cord to values similar to those obtained 20 h after the operation. Transection of the spinal cord might stimulate the synthesis and the utilization of noradrenaline by a shortlasting mechanical irritation of neurons cut by the lesion.", "contents": "Shortlasting increase in the synthesis and utilization of noradrenaline due to Axotomy-induced irritation. The synthesis and the utilization of noradrenaline in the caudal and cranial part of intact and sectioned rat spinal cords were determined at 20 h or for 30 min--2 h after an operation. The synthesis and the utilization of noradrenaline in the caudal part of spinal cords transected 20 h previously were retarded as compared to those in the cranial part of sectioned cords or in the caudal part of intact cords. The synthesis of noradrenaline was stimulated in the caudal part of the spinal cord when measured for 30 min after a transection. The utilization of noradrenaline in the spinal cord caudal to a transection was not decelerated during 2 h after an operation. Local application of lidocaine to the cord prior to the cut changed the synthesis and the utilization of noradrenaline in both parts of the spinal cord to values similar to those obtained 20 h after the operation. Transection of the spinal cord might stimulate the synthesis and the utilization of noradrenaline by a shortlasting mechanical irritation of neurons cut by the lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:899830", "title": "Mechanical, electrical, and biochemical effects of hypoxia and substrate removal on spontaneously active vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "Effects of hypoxia and glucose-free solution on the isolated rat portal vein were studied. Decrease of extracellular PO2 below 50 mm Hg caused graded inhibition of spontaneous mechanical activity; below 7 mm Hg, inhibition was complete in most preparations. Contracture force of depolarized portal vein was less sensitive to decreases in PO2. Responses to noradrenaline at all concentrations were markedly depressed at extreme hypoxia. Sucrose-gap experiments showed that hypoxia reduced the spontaneous electrical spike discharge. Mean tissue contents of PCr, ATP and glycogen (expressed as glucose) were 3.02, 2.47 and 5.07 micromol/g cell wt. in spontaneously active control muscles and 1.07, 1.65 and 1.83 after 20 min anoxia. Physiological variations in PO2 may influence myogenic activity of vascular smooth muscle largely through an action at the membrane level and this mechanism may participate in local blood flow control. Caculations indicated that the graded response to hypoxia in the present in vitro experiments was not due to diffusion limitation. Spontaneous mechanical activity was relatively well maintained even after prolonged exposure to glucose-free solution, whereas the responses to K+ and noradrenaline were markedly suppressed. Electrophysiological recordings during spontaneous activity indicated desynchronization and impaired conduction. PCr and ATP were maintained at control levels and glycogen reduced by 50 per cent after 2 h in glucose-free medium. Indications of the use of amino acids (glutamate) as substrate under these conditions were obtained.", "contents": "Mechanical, electrical, and biochemical effects of hypoxia and substrate removal on spontaneously active vascular smooth muscle. Effects of hypoxia and glucose-free solution on the isolated rat portal vein were studied. Decrease of extracellular PO2 below 50 mm Hg caused graded inhibition of spontaneous mechanical activity; below 7 mm Hg, inhibition was complete in most preparations. Contracture force of depolarized portal vein was less sensitive to decreases in PO2. Responses to noradrenaline at all concentrations were markedly depressed at extreme hypoxia. Sucrose-gap experiments showed that hypoxia reduced the spontaneous electrical spike discharge. Mean tissue contents of PCr, ATP and glycogen (expressed as glucose) were 3.02, 2.47 and 5.07 micromol/g cell wt. in spontaneously active control muscles and 1.07, 1.65 and 1.83 after 20 min anoxia. Physiological variations in PO2 may influence myogenic activity of vascular smooth muscle largely through an action at the membrane level and this mechanism may participate in local blood flow control. Caculations indicated that the graded response to hypoxia in the present in vitro experiments was not due to diffusion limitation. Spontaneous mechanical activity was relatively well maintained even after prolonged exposure to glucose-free solution, whereas the responses to K+ and noradrenaline were markedly suppressed. Electrophysiological recordings during spontaneous activity indicated desynchronization and impaired conduction. PCr and ATP were maintained at control levels and glycogen reduced by 50 per cent after 2 h in glucose-free medium. Indications of the use of amino acids (glutamate) as substrate under these conditions were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:899831", "title": "Denervation stimulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake by the diaphragm in developing rats.", "content": "Effect of denervation on accumulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) by the the diaphragm was studied in 11-, 21-, 31-, and 51-day-old rats. In both innervated and denervated diphragms the accumulation steadily decreased with age. Denervation significantly enhanced accumulation at all ages, the relative increment being greater in older animals owing to the lower basal accumulation ratio for AIB. The denervation-induced stimulation was partially abolished by dactinomycin administration. The drug obviously inhibits the formation of new carrier sites at plasma membranes for AIB transport.", "contents": "Denervation stimulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake by the diaphragm in developing rats. Effect of denervation on accumulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) by the the diaphragm was studied in 11-, 21-, 31-, and 51-day-old rats. In both innervated and denervated diphragms the accumulation steadily decreased with age. Denervation significantly enhanced accumulation at all ages, the relative increment being greater in older animals owing to the lower basal accumulation ratio for AIB. The denervation-induced stimulation was partially abolished by dactinomycin administration. The drug obviously inhibits the formation of new carrier sites at plasma membranes for AIB transport."}
{"id": "PMID:899832", "title": "Oxygen consumption and lactate production of the rat portal vein in relation to its contractile activity.", "content": "Energy turnover in the isolated rat portal vein was investigated by measurement of oxygen consumption (JO2) and lactate production (JLA) under simultaneous recording of mechanical activity. In spontaneous activity under aerobic conditions and at optimal muscle length JO2 and JLA were 0.55 and 0.62 micromol/min X g, respectively, corresponding to an ATP-production of 4.3 micromol/min X G. When muscle length was changed, an approximately linear relation was found between energy turnover and mean isometric tension. The tension-indpendent part of ATP-production was 3.0 micromol/min X g. In Ca2+-free solution the metabolic rate was 20% lower still. JO2 was nearly equal in isometric contractions and in afterloaded isotonic contractions from the same initial muscle length. During a maximal tonic contracture in 5+-depolarized portal vein JO2 increased to about twice that in spontaneous activity. Changes in contracture force by variations in muscle length or in [Ca2+]0 were associated with identical linear relations between JO2 and active tension. This relation was less steep than the corresponding relation for spontaneous activity. The anaerobic lactate production of the portal vein was 2.7 times theaerobic leve. The accelerated glycolysis did not compensate for eliminated oxidative metabolism. Under substrate-free aerobic conditions no lactate was produced by the muscle and compared to the control situation JO2 declined more than could be accounted for by reduced mechanical activity alone. The metabolic turnover rate in relation to isometric tension is high in the rat portal vein compared to that of tonic vascular smooth muscle from larger vessels. This correlates with differences in dyanmic mechanical properties. At comaparable tension levels in the portal vein, the rate of cross-bridge turnover may be higher in spontaneous phasic activity than in sustained contracture.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption and lactate production of the rat portal vein in relation to its contractile activity. Energy turnover in the isolated rat portal vein was investigated by measurement of oxygen consumption (JO2) and lactate production (JLA) under simultaneous recording of mechanical activity. In spontaneous activity under aerobic conditions and at optimal muscle length JO2 and JLA were 0.55 and 0.62 micromol/min X g, respectively, corresponding to an ATP-production of 4.3 micromol/min X G. When muscle length was changed, an approximately linear relation was found between energy turnover and mean isometric tension. The tension-indpendent part of ATP-production was 3.0 micromol/min X g. In Ca2+-free solution the metabolic rate was 20% lower still. JO2 was nearly equal in isometric contractions and in afterloaded isotonic contractions from the same initial muscle length. During a maximal tonic contracture in 5+-depolarized portal vein JO2 increased to about twice that in spontaneous activity. Changes in contracture force by variations in muscle length or in [Ca2+]0 were associated with identical linear relations between JO2 and active tension. This relation was less steep than the corresponding relation for spontaneous activity. The anaerobic lactate production of the portal vein was 2.7 times theaerobic leve. The accelerated glycolysis did not compensate for eliminated oxidative metabolism. Under substrate-free aerobic conditions no lactate was produced by the muscle and compared to the control situation JO2 declined more than could be accounted for by reduced mechanical activity alone. The metabolic turnover rate in relation to isometric tension is high in the rat portal vein compared to that of tonic vascular smooth muscle from larger vessels. This correlates with differences in dyanmic mechanical properties. At comaparable tension levels in the portal vein, the rate of cross-bridge turnover may be higher in spontaneous phasic activity than in sustained contracture."}
{"id": "PMID:899839", "title": "Life-weariness, suicidal thoughts and suicidal attempts among women in Gothenburg, Sweden.", "content": "A representative sample of 800 Gothenburg women in the age group 38-54 years were investigated by psychiatric interview, completed by information from other sources. An assessment was made of the maximum degree of suicidal tendency during life according to a 5-degree scale. The observed incidence of suicidal attempts was 4.5%. A further 14.9% had at some time in their lives had suicidal ideas and in addition there were 22.3% who had the feeling that life was not worth living. Approximately 60% of the suicidal attempts resulted in psychiatric care. One fifth of the suicidal attempts did not lead to any contact with the health services.", "contents": "Life-weariness, suicidal thoughts and suicidal attempts among women in Gothenburg, Sweden. A representative sample of 800 Gothenburg women in the age group 38-54 years were investigated by psychiatric interview, completed by information from other sources. An assessment was made of the maximum degree of suicidal tendency during life according to a 5-degree scale. The observed incidence of suicidal attempts was 4.5%. A further 14.9% had at some time in their lives had suicidal ideas and in addition there were 22.3% who had the feeling that life was not worth living. Approximately 60% of the suicidal attempts resulted in psychiatric care. One fifth of the suicidal attempts did not lead to any contact with the health services."}
{"id": "PMID:899841", "title": "Predictive value of neuropathic traits.", "content": "The classic textbook concepts of neuropathic traits--enuresis, nail-biting, finger-sucking, sleep-walking, anxiety, nightmares, fear of darkness--have been anamnestically recorded in patients in a somatic hospital who were referred for psychiatric interview. More than 50% of the patients could report having had one or more such traits with an even distribution between males and females except for enuresis, which was recorded more frequently in males. The presence of such traits was correlated to adult mental health. No correlation was found between one single trait and later disorders. There was a positive correlation between two or more traits and neurotic states of anxiety or conversion neurosis, but no correlation with depressive disorders or psychosomatic diseases (after Alexander's concept).", "contents": "Predictive value of neuropathic traits. The classic textbook concepts of neuropathic traits--enuresis, nail-biting, finger-sucking, sleep-walking, anxiety, nightmares, fear of darkness--have been anamnestically recorded in patients in a somatic hospital who were referred for psychiatric interview. More than 50% of the patients could report having had one or more such traits with an even distribution between males and females except for enuresis, which was recorded more frequently in males. The presence of such traits was correlated to adult mental health. No correlation was found between one single trait and later disorders. There was a positive correlation between two or more traits and neurotic states of anxiety or conversion neurosis, but no correlation with depressive disorders or psychosomatic diseases (after Alexander's concept)."}
{"id": "PMID:899842", "title": "Female alcoholics. I. Ways of admission of the alcoholic patient. A study special reference to the alcoholic female.", "content": "The aim of this study has been to describe the different ways in which 100 alcoholics of each sex sought treatment, with special reference to the females. In addition, some psychiatric and social characteristics of the two groups of patients are presented. A significantly higher number of the females were admitted as a result of an acute complication: unconsciousness, suicide attempt, confusion, neurological disorders, etc., while the males generally sought treatment under less dramatic circumstances. As the patients selected were early cases, most had not been treated before, but in those with previous in-patient psychiatric treatment a diagnosis without an alcohol connection was significantly more common among the women. Drug abuse was considerably more frequent among the female as compared with the male alcoholics, and the specific lonely drinking pattern was also more common among the women. A striking difference between the sexes appeared with respect to partner: more than one-half of the married women had alcoholic husbands. The corresponding figure for the married men amounted to about 10%.", "contents": "Female alcoholics. I. Ways of admission of the alcoholic patient. A study special reference to the alcoholic female. The aim of this study has been to describe the different ways in which 100 alcoholics of each sex sought treatment, with special reference to the females. In addition, some psychiatric and social characteristics of the two groups of patients are presented. A significantly higher number of the females were admitted as a result of an acute complication: unconsciousness, suicide attempt, confusion, neurological disorders, etc., while the males generally sought treatment under less dramatic circumstances. As the patients selected were early cases, most had not been treated before, but in those with previous in-patient psychiatric treatment a diagnosis without an alcohol connection was significantly more common among the women. Drug abuse was considerably more frequent among the female as compared with the male alcoholics, and the specific lonely drinking pattern was also more common among the women. A striking difference between the sexes appeared with respect to partner: more than one-half of the married women had alcoholic husbands. The corresponding figure for the married men amounted to about 10%."}
{"id": "PMID:899844", "title": "Effect of chlorpromazine treatment on monoamine metabolite levels in cerebrospinal fluid of psychotic patients.", "content": "Levels of HVA, MOPEG and 5-HIAA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from psychotic men and women with a schizophrenic symptomatology were measured by mass fragmentography. Measurements were made before, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment with chlorpromazine (CPZ) which was given randomly in doses of 200, 400 or 600 mg per day. Before treatment there were positive correlations between the levels of HVA and 5-HIAA in both sexes. During CPZ treatment HVA was significantly elevated, whereas MOPEG and 5-HIAA were reduced. There was a tendency towards tolerance to CPZ's effect on HVA during treatment but a significant effect persisted after 4 weeks. No indication of tolerance to the effects on MOPEG or 5-hiaa was found. There were the same tendencies for the elevations of the HVA/MOPEG and HVA/5-HIAA ratios. The changes in HVA, MOPEG, 5-HIAA, HVA/MOPEG and HVA/5-HIAA were related to dose of CPZ in men but not in women. The bidirectional change of the different metabolites in CSF during CPZ treatment excluses a general and non-specific mechanism for the metabolite changes. The HVA elevation is in accordance with previous results in animals and man, and is presumably related to blockade of central dopamine receptors. Possible mechanisms for the effects on MOPEG and 5-HIAA are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of chlorpromazine treatment on monoamine metabolite levels in cerebrospinal fluid of psychotic patients. Levels of HVA, MOPEG and 5-HIAA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from psychotic men and women with a schizophrenic symptomatology were measured by mass fragmentography. Measurements were made before, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment with chlorpromazine (CPZ) which was given randomly in doses of 200, 400 or 600 mg per day. Before treatment there were positive correlations between the levels of HVA and 5-HIAA in both sexes. During CPZ treatment HVA was significantly elevated, whereas MOPEG and 5-HIAA were reduced. There was a tendency towards tolerance to CPZ's effect on HVA during treatment but a significant effect persisted after 4 weeks. No indication of tolerance to the effects on MOPEG or 5-hiaa was found. There were the same tendencies for the elevations of the HVA/MOPEG and HVA/5-HIAA ratios. The changes in HVA, MOPEG, 5-HIAA, HVA/MOPEG and HVA/5-HIAA were related to dose of CPZ in men but not in women. The bidirectional change of the different metabolites in CSF during CPZ treatment excluses a general and non-specific mechanism for the metabolite changes. The HVA elevation is in accordance with previous results in animals and man, and is presumably related to blockade of central dopamine receptors. Possible mechanisms for the effects on MOPEG and 5-HIAA are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899845", "title": "Season of birth and schizophrenia - an equatorial study.", "content": "Studies in the northern and southern hemispheres have generally demonstrated an association between shcizophrenia and winter birth. No previous study has been performed in an equatorial region. The present study investigated the distribution of births of 3,508 schizophrenic patients born in the Philippines. A 15% excess above expectation was found for patients born in the coldest 3-month period of the year (December-February). An excess of births in that period was found in both sexes and in each decade of birth examined. The hypothesis that schizophrenics have a greater sensitivity to those physiological factors which determine conception in the general population is not supported.", "contents": "Season of birth and schizophrenia - an equatorial study. Studies in the northern and southern hemispheres have generally demonstrated an association between shcizophrenia and winter birth. No previous study has been performed in an equatorial region. The present study investigated the distribution of births of 3,508 schizophrenic patients born in the Philippines. A 15% excess above expectation was found for patients born in the coldest 3-month period of the year (December-February). An excess of births in that period was found in both sexes and in each decade of birth examined. The hypothesis that schizophrenics have a greater sensitivity to those physiological factors which determine conception in the general population is not supported."}
{"id": "PMID:899846", "title": "Alcoholic females. II. Causes of death with reference to sex difference.", "content": "The aim of this study has been to explore and compare the mortality of 100 female and 100 male alcoholics, admitted to a department of alcoholic diseases in 1963-69. The patients were early cases and mortality was studied during an observation period of 6-12 years. A total of 18 women and 16 men died. As compared with the general population, mortality was 5.6 and 3.0 times higher than expected for the women and men, respectively. Among the women a significant excess mortality was found for accidents, suicides, diseases of the respiratory system, and especially cirrhosis of the liver. Mortality among the men was significantly higher than expected due to suicides, diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms, chronic alcoholism, and acute alcohol poisoning. The excess mortality from suicides found for both sexes was highest in the female group. Despite the hitherto rather small number of deaths in the two groups, the high frequency of cirrhosis of the liver among the women is striking.", "contents": "Alcoholic females. II. Causes of death with reference to sex difference. The aim of this study has been to explore and compare the mortality of 100 female and 100 male alcoholics, admitted to a department of alcoholic diseases in 1963-69. The patients were early cases and mortality was studied during an observation period of 6-12 years. A total of 18 women and 16 men died. As compared with the general population, mortality was 5.6 and 3.0 times higher than expected for the women and men, respectively. Among the women a significant excess mortality was found for accidents, suicides, diseases of the respiratory system, and especially cirrhosis of the liver. Mortality among the men was significantly higher than expected due to suicides, diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms, chronic alcoholism, and acute alcohol poisoning. The excess mortality from suicides found for both sexes was highest in the female group. Despite the hitherto rather small number of deaths in the two groups, the high frequency of cirrhosis of the liver among the women is striking."}
{"id": "PMID:899847", "title": "War stress and civilian Vietnamese. A study of psychological effects.", "content": "Psychological disturbance, measured by Macmillan's Health Opinion Survey, was assessed among 102 evacuees from a battlefront in South Vietnam. The amount of stress experienced was estimated by means of Cantril's Self-Anchoring Scale as well as by indicators of economic disadvantage associated with herbicide spraying and of family break-up by military service and casualties. Through comparative analysis with other groups in Vietnam and elsewhere, it is shown that the evacuees display a higher level of emotional disturbance than any group to whom they can be compared except for a sample of Vietnamese prisoners of war. The levels of disturbance exhibited by the evacuees are in turn correlated with indicators of various kinds and combinations of war stress. It is suggested that women who were bereft of a husband or son and who experienced economic reverses were especially vulnerable. The psychological response most characteristic of the evaucuated men and women has features similar to clinical depression, and it appears not to have been short-lived or transient.", "contents": "War stress and civilian Vietnamese. A study of psychological effects. Psychological disturbance, measured by Macmillan's Health Opinion Survey, was assessed among 102 evacuees from a battlefront in South Vietnam. The amount of stress experienced was estimated by means of Cantril's Self-Anchoring Scale as well as by indicators of economic disadvantage associated with herbicide spraying and of family break-up by military service and casualties. Through comparative analysis with other groups in Vietnam and elsewhere, it is shown that the evacuees display a higher level of emotional disturbance than any group to whom they can be compared except for a sample of Vietnamese prisoners of war. The levels of disturbance exhibited by the evacuees are in turn correlated with indicators of various kinds and combinations of war stress. It is suggested that women who were bereft of a husband or son and who experienced economic reverses were especially vulnerable. The psychological response most characteristic of the evaucuated men and women has features similar to clinical depression, and it appears not to have been short-lived or transient."}
{"id": "PMID:899848", "title": "Stress and the major psychiatric illnesses.", "content": "Sixty patients who had a major psychiatric breakdown following stress were studied. The mode of presentation of one group led to the suspicion of a reactive psychosis and comparison with the other group showed that in terms of the actual or threatened loss of an emotionally significant person, the temporal relationship between stress and illness and the distribution of vulnerable personalities, there was a significant difference between the groups. The sex ratio and frequency distribution for age were also suggestive. In view of the above and the known clinical course of the illness and comparison with the work of major workers in this field, it seems reasonable to believe that grounds exist for accepting the diagnosis of reactive psychoses in Sri Lanka.", "contents": "Stress and the major psychiatric illnesses. Sixty patients who had a major psychiatric breakdown following stress were studied. The mode of presentation of one group led to the suspicion of a reactive psychosis and comparison with the other group showed that in terms of the actual or threatened loss of an emotionally significant person, the temporal relationship between stress and illness and the distribution of vulnerable personalities, there was a significant difference between the groups. The sex ratio and frequency distribution for age were also suggestive. In view of the above and the known clinical course of the illness and comparison with the work of major workers in this field, it seems reasonable to believe that grounds exist for accepting the diagnosis of reactive psychoses in Sri Lanka."}
{"id": "PMID:899850", "title": "Immunoglobulins, psychopathology and prognosis in schizophrenia.", "content": "On admission, IgA, IgG and IgM concentrations were determined in 76 schizophrenics, and the correlations of these concentrations to the variables relating to psychopathology, background and prognosis were investigated in the present study, which is a part of a more extensive unpublished study. On the basis of factorization, the highest IgM concentrations were found in withdrawn schizophrenics and the lowest in paranoid schizophrenics. Of the background variables, the patient's present age had a positive correlation and his place of birth (rural-urban) a negative correlation to IgA concentrations, both being at a statistically significant level. IgA and IgM values higher than average at the beginning of treatment predicted a short hospital stay. Earlier, these patients had also needed little hospital care in relation to the duration of the disease. A hypothesis based on the results is presented, according to which a different way of reacting to stress may explain the differences in IgM concentrations in withdrawn and paranoid schizophrenics. The connection between prognosis and immunoglobulins was considered at least partially explainable on the grounds of age at the onset of the disease.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins, psychopathology and prognosis in schizophrenia. On admission, IgA, IgG and IgM concentrations were determined in 76 schizophrenics, and the correlations of these concentrations to the variables relating to psychopathology, background and prognosis were investigated in the present study, which is a part of a more extensive unpublished study. On the basis of factorization, the highest IgM concentrations were found in withdrawn schizophrenics and the lowest in paranoid schizophrenics. Of the background variables, the patient's present age had a positive correlation and his place of birth (rural-urban) a negative correlation to IgA concentrations, both being at a statistically significant level. IgA and IgM values higher than average at the beginning of treatment predicted a short hospital stay. Earlier, these patients had also needed little hospital care in relation to the duration of the disease. A hypothesis based on the results is presented, according to which a different way of reacting to stress may explain the differences in IgM concentrations in withdrawn and paranoid schizophrenics. The connection between prognosis and immunoglobulins was considered at least partially explainable on the grounds of age at the onset of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:899851", "title": "Aspects of suicide and parsuicide.", "content": "Five aspects of suicidal behaviour in Edinburgh from 1968 to 1974 were examined. The data referred to 478 suicidal deaths and to parasuicide (attempted suicide) admissions to the Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre (R.P.T.C.). Firstly: 28% of suicides were found to have had a parasuicide admission and there was some evidence of a slight excess of deaths in the years immediately following parasuicide. Secondly: among suicides preceded by parasuicide, those with a recent episode (within 2 years of death) were found to be essentially similar to those with a longer interval. Thirdly: a history of previous parasuicide at any time was found to be important in delineating two groups of suicide. Suicides with prior parasuicide died more often from poisoning with drugs and were more likely to have a history of psychiatric treatment; suicides without prior parasuicide died more often from poisoning with domestic gas or violent means, were older, of higher social class and less often married. Fourthly: parasuicides who killed themselves within 2 years of admission to the R.P.T.C. were compared with a group of (broadly nonsuicidal) parasuicides. And lastly: a scale predictive of repetition of parasuicidal behaviour was used in an attempt to distinguish parasuicides who killed themselves from those who did not. The scale did not discriminate between the two groups.", "contents": "Aspects of suicide and parsuicide. Five aspects of suicidal behaviour in Edinburgh from 1968 to 1974 were examined. The data referred to 478 suicidal deaths and to parasuicide (attempted suicide) admissions to the Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre (R.P.T.C.). Firstly: 28% of suicides were found to have had a parasuicide admission and there was some evidence of a slight excess of deaths in the years immediately following parasuicide. Secondly: among suicides preceded by parasuicide, those with a recent episode (within 2 years of death) were found to be essentially similar to those with a longer interval. Thirdly: a history of previous parasuicide at any time was found to be important in delineating two groups of suicide. Suicides with prior parasuicide died more often from poisoning with drugs and were more likely to have a history of psychiatric treatment; suicides without prior parasuicide died more often from poisoning with domestic gas or violent means, were older, of higher social class and less often married. Fourthly: parasuicides who killed themselves within 2 years of admission to the R.P.T.C. were compared with a group of (broadly nonsuicidal) parasuicides. And lastly: a scale predictive of repetition of parasuicidal behaviour was used in an attempt to distinguish parasuicides who killed themselves from those who did not. The scale did not discriminate between the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:899852", "title": "Primary peptic ulcer in childhood. Psychosocial, psychological and psychiatric aspects.", "content": "Twenty-five children with radiologically confirmed primary peptic ulcers were investigated. All patients suffered from duodenal ulcer and there was an unexpected female preponderance. The frequency of introverted personalities was greater in the patients than in the controls. Five patients suffered from psychiatric disorders, three had histories of suicidal attempts and three reported homosexual experiences. Six patients had nicknames. Eight patients had been operated on for appendicitis. The above parameters were negative in all control cases. The patients had lower mean IQ, worse adaptation to school, more anxious and overprotective parents, higher frequency of faddiness in food and lower frequency of nail-biting than the controls. The onset of symptoms was preceded by psychotraumatic events in eight cases. The findings suggest that the manifestation of the genetic background of duodenal ulcer is strongly influenced by environmental factors and factors associated with the personality of the patients.", "contents": "Primary peptic ulcer in childhood. Psychosocial, psychological and psychiatric aspects. Twenty-five children with radiologically confirmed primary peptic ulcers were investigated. All patients suffered from duodenal ulcer and there was an unexpected female preponderance. The frequency of introverted personalities was greater in the patients than in the controls. Five patients suffered from psychiatric disorders, three had histories of suicidal attempts and three reported homosexual experiences. Six patients had nicknames. Eight patients had been operated on for appendicitis. The above parameters were negative in all control cases. The patients had lower mean IQ, worse adaptation to school, more anxious and overprotective parents, higher frequency of faddiness in food and lower frequency of nail-biting than the controls. The onset of symptoms was preceded by psychotraumatic events in eight cases. The findings suggest that the manifestation of the genetic background of duodenal ulcer is strongly influenced by environmental factors and factors associated with the personality of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:899854", "title": "Vascular occlusion with a ferromagnetic particle suspension. An experimental investigation in rabbits.", "content": "Magnetically controlled iron thrombosis has been attempted in rabbits. A horseshoe magnet across the jugular vein could arrest injected iron particles in the blood stream so that a well localized, solid thrombus developed. The connection between the strength and orientation of the magnetic field and the force developed on the iron particles was also investigated.", "contents": "Vascular occlusion with a ferromagnetic particle suspension. An experimental investigation in rabbits. Magnetically controlled iron thrombosis has been attempted in rabbits. A horseshoe magnet across the jugular vein could arrest injected iron particles in the blood stream so that a well localized, solid thrombus developed. The connection between the strength and orientation of the magnetic field and the force developed on the iron particles was also investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:899855", "title": "Intravenous bolus of 125I labeled meglumine diatrizoate. Early extravascular distribution.", "content": "A mixture of 125I labeled meglumine diatrizoate and 131I labeled human serum albumin was injected into the femoral vein of 26 anesthetized male rats. Measurements of the activities in cardiac blood and in different tissues of the lower extremity and in the testis were performed at time intervals ranging from 5 s to 5 min after injection. The determination of tissue uptake and distribution volumes of diatrizoate showed widely differing accumulation of contrast medium. Over 50 per cent of the intravenous bolus of diatrizoate was extravascular at 40 s.", "contents": "Intravenous bolus of 125I labeled meglumine diatrizoate. Early extravascular distribution. A mixture of 125I labeled meglumine diatrizoate and 131I labeled human serum albumin was injected into the femoral vein of 26 anesthetized male rats. Measurements of the activities in cardiac blood and in different tissues of the lower extremity and in the testis were performed at time intervals ranging from 5 s to 5 min after injection. The determination of tissue uptake and distribution volumes of diatrizoate showed widely differing accumulation of contrast medium. Over 50 per cent of the intravenous bolus of diatrizoate was extravascular at 40 s."}
{"id": "PMID:899856", "title": "Angiography in pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder in a 20-year-old female is reported. This is the 36th reported case in the English language literature. The patient had classical symptoms of vesical pheochromocytoma with sudden onset of headache, palpitations, and blood pressure elevation during voiding. The provisional diagnosis was arrived at on clinical history, laboratory investigations, including the estimation of catecholamines and vanil mandelic acid (VMA). The diagnosis was confirmed and the tumor was exactly localized by means of angiography. The angiographic appearance of pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder is not pathognomonic and is similar to that previously described for adrenal pheochromocytoma. Angiography is, with adequate precautions, a safe and useful procedure for ruling out synchronous adrenal or extra-adrenal tumors and for exact localization of the bladder tumor.", "contents": "Angiography in pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder. Report of a case. A case of pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder in a 20-year-old female is reported. This is the 36th reported case in the English language literature. The patient had classical symptoms of vesical pheochromocytoma with sudden onset of headache, palpitations, and blood pressure elevation during voiding. The provisional diagnosis was arrived at on clinical history, laboratory investigations, including the estimation of catecholamines and vanil mandelic acid (VMA). The diagnosis was confirmed and the tumor was exactly localized by means of angiography. The angiographic appearance of pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder is not pathognomonic and is similar to that previously described for adrenal pheochromocytoma. Angiography is, with adequate precautions, a safe and useful procedure for ruling out synchronous adrenal or extra-adrenal tumors and for exact localization of the bladder tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:899857", "title": "Phlebographic appearances of the left renal and left testicular veins.", "content": "The normal phlebographic appearances of the left renal and left testicular veins are described, based upon the findings in 100 patients admitted because of confirmed or possible testicular tumor. The patients had no metastases demonstrated at foot lymphography, urography and phlebography of the inferior vena cava.", "contents": "Phlebographic appearances of the left renal and left testicular veins. The normal phlebographic appearances of the left renal and left testicular veins are described, based upon the findings in 100 patients admitted because of confirmed or possible testicular tumor. The patients had no metastases demonstrated at foot lymphography, urography and phlebography of the inferior vena cava."}
{"id": "PMID:899858", "title": "Arterial segmental vasoconstriction. Frequency and pathogenetic factors.", "content": "Frequency and pathogenetic factors involved in arterial segmental vasoconstriction observed in a series of 55 patients are analyzed. A large number presented peripheral nutritional disturbance and these included 5 patients with definite or highly possible Buerger's disease. The possibility that in certain patients segmental vasoconstriction may be an early sign of systemic or local arterial disease is discussed.", "contents": "Arterial segmental vasoconstriction. Frequency and pathogenetic factors. Frequency and pathogenetic factors involved in arterial segmental vasoconstriction observed in a series of 55 patients are analyzed. A large number presented peripheral nutritional disturbance and these included 5 patients with definite or highly possible Buerger's disease. The possibility that in certain patients segmental vasoconstriction may be an early sign of systemic or local arterial disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899860", "title": "Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible. Radiographic differential diagnosis from fibrous dysplasia.", "content": "Among 13 patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the lower jaw, clinical, radiologic and histologic difficulties were encountered in 5 cases, in the differential diagnosis from fibrous dysplasia. The radiologic, and in some measure the clinical and histologic features typical of the two diseases are described. Variations in the bone structure during the course of the disease, as well as periosteal new-bone formation, are characteristics of chronic osteomyelitis. When problems are encountered in differentiating between fibrous dysplasia with periodical pain and swelling, and osteomyelitis, repeated radiologic examinations are to be recommended.", "contents": "Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible. Radiographic differential diagnosis from fibrous dysplasia. Among 13 patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the lower jaw, clinical, radiologic and histologic difficulties were encountered in 5 cases, in the differential diagnosis from fibrous dysplasia. The radiologic, and in some measure the clinical and histologic features typical of the two diseases are described. Variations in the bone structure during the course of the disease, as well as periosteal new-bone formation, are characteristics of chronic osteomyelitis. When problems are encountered in differentiating between fibrous dysplasia with periodical pain and swelling, and osteomyelitis, repeated radiologic examinations are to be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:899861", "title": "Xerographic tomography.", "content": "Tomographic depiction using Xerox plates was compared with that of screen film tomography. The Xerox plates entail much higher demands as to the quality of tomographic blurring than screen film combinations. Circular or hypocycloid movements give rise to errors of depiction which are more disturbing in xerographic tomography due to the fact that the screen film combination has such properties as to be unable to record certain spurious signals present in the radiation relief, which appear in the higher-precision recording of the Xerox plates. This indicates that these plates are to be preferred if only the spurious signals can be eliminated. Suitable tomographic movements are described. To counteract the high radiation doses in xerotomography, it is suggested that specially constructed cassettes for simultaneous multisection tomography should be used.", "contents": "Xerographic tomography. Tomographic depiction using Xerox plates was compared with that of screen film tomography. The Xerox plates entail much higher demands as to the quality of tomographic blurring than screen film combinations. Circular or hypocycloid movements give rise to errors of depiction which are more disturbing in xerographic tomography due to the fact that the screen film combination has such properties as to be unable to record certain spurious signals present in the radiation relief, which appear in the higher-precision recording of the Xerox plates. This indicates that these plates are to be preferred if only the spurious signals can be eliminated. Suitable tomographic movements are described. To counteract the high radiation doses in xerotomography, it is suggested that specially constructed cassettes for simultaneous multisection tomography should be used."}
{"id": "PMID:899862", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in amniotic fluid.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a substance which is known to occur in high amounts in the fetal gut and also in certain tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, has been demonstrated in amniotic fluids from different stages of pregnancy. Radioimmunoassays of CEA in amniotic fluids of 91 normal pregnancies showed a decrease from a mean of 53 ng/ml at 19 weeks to 25 ng/ml at the end of gestation. The CEA activity in amniotic fluid was eluted in the same volume as a standard 125I-CEA on a Sephadex G200 column. Amniotic fluid therefore contains CEA similar in molecular weight to the CEA purified from liver metastases of colonic cancer. Among 17 cases of abnormal pregnancies, CEA elevations were observed in five with anomalous fetuses.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in amniotic fluid. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a substance which is known to occur in high amounts in the fetal gut and also in certain tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, has been demonstrated in amniotic fluids from different stages of pregnancy. Radioimmunoassays of CEA in amniotic fluids of 91 normal pregnancies showed a decrease from a mean of 53 ng/ml at 19 weeks to 25 ng/ml at the end of gestation. The CEA activity in amniotic fluid was eluted in the same volume as a standard 125I-CEA on a Sephadex G200 column. Amniotic fluid therefore contains CEA similar in molecular weight to the CEA purified from liver metastases of colonic cancer. Among 17 cases of abnormal pregnancies, CEA elevations were observed in five with anomalous fetuses."}
{"id": "PMID:899863", "title": "Hereditary angioneurotic oedema in Finland. Clinical, immunological and genealogical studies.", "content": "A total of 7 families with hereditary angioneurotic oedema (HANE) have been found in Finland. Six HANE patients have died from laryngeal oedema, 27 patients with diagnosed HANE are alive and 21 members have a haematological abnormality typical of HANE, i.e. a deficiency of the inhibitor of the activated first component of complement (C1-INH), but no manifest symptoms. The largest family has 363 living members, 303 of whom were investigated for C1-INH, C4 and C3. Fourteen patients had HANE, 18 relatives were symptomless but had C1-INH deficiency, and 3 members of the family had died from laryngeal oedema. In two families only one case of HANE was diagnosed, the parents in both cases being symptomless with normal C1-INH levels. All patients who had died from laryngeal oedema and 10 of the 27 HANE patients still alive had a typical triad of paroxysmal abdominal pain, peripheral oedema and laryngeal oedema. Six patients have had abdominal attacks alone, three peripheral oedema alone and two only laryngeal oedema. The age at onset of symptoms was 1-51 years. Three patients, who have received continuous methyltestosterone therapy, had hardly any symptoms during the treatment. Thirteen patients have received tranexamic acid, either during an attack or continuously, with positive effects in all except two. Cinnarizine treatment was beneficial in three out of four cases, both when given continuously or during an attack.", "contents": "Hereditary angioneurotic oedema in Finland. Clinical, immunological and genealogical studies. A total of 7 families with hereditary angioneurotic oedema (HANE) have been found in Finland. Six HANE patients have died from laryngeal oedema, 27 patients with diagnosed HANE are alive and 21 members have a haematological abnormality typical of HANE, i.e. a deficiency of the inhibitor of the activated first component of complement (C1-INH), but no manifest symptoms. The largest family has 363 living members, 303 of whom were investigated for C1-INH, C4 and C3. Fourteen patients had HANE, 18 relatives were symptomless but had C1-INH deficiency, and 3 members of the family had died from laryngeal oedema. In two families only one case of HANE was diagnosed, the parents in both cases being symptomless with normal C1-INH levels. All patients who had died from laryngeal oedema and 10 of the 27 HANE patients still alive had a typical triad of paroxysmal abdominal pain, peripheral oedema and laryngeal oedema. Six patients have had abdominal attacks alone, three peripheral oedema alone and two only laryngeal oedema. The age at onset of symptoms was 1-51 years. Three patients, who have received continuous methyltestosterone therapy, had hardly any symptoms during the treatment. Thirteen patients have received tranexamic acid, either during an attack or continuously, with positive effects in all except two. Cinnarizine treatment was beneficial in three out of four cases, both when given continuously or during an attack."}
{"id": "PMID:899864", "title": "Ultrasound as a complementary diagnostic method in deep vein thrombosis of the leg.", "content": "The ultrasound method for detection of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the leg has been used in a study comprising 47 patients. This method was compared in the same group with a clinical evaluation and was controlled by venography. Clinical evaluation gave a correct diagnosis in 28 (59.6%) of 47 patients, false positive or false negative in 19 (40.4%). With the ultrasound method, the correct diagnosis was made in 41 (87.2%) of 47 patients, false positive in 3 (6.4%) and false negative in 3 (6.4%). No cases were missed of thrombosis situated proximal to the popliteal vein. The method was less accurate in cases of thrombosis situated in or distal of the popliteal vein; the 3 patients in whom a false negative diagnosis was made, belonged to this group. Since the ultrasound method has been shown to give few false positive and false negative results, it should be suitable as a screening procedure in patients with symptoms suggestive of DVT.", "contents": "Ultrasound as a complementary diagnostic method in deep vein thrombosis of the leg. The ultrasound method for detection of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the leg has been used in a study comprising 47 patients. This method was compared in the same group with a clinical evaluation and was controlled by venography. Clinical evaluation gave a correct diagnosis in 28 (59.6%) of 47 patients, false positive or false negative in 19 (40.4%). With the ultrasound method, the correct diagnosis was made in 41 (87.2%) of 47 patients, false positive in 3 (6.4%) and false negative in 3 (6.4%). No cases were missed of thrombosis situated proximal to the popliteal vein. The method was less accurate in cases of thrombosis situated in or distal of the popliteal vein; the 3 patients in whom a false negative diagnosis was made, belonged to this group. Since the ultrasound method has been shown to give few false positive and false negative results, it should be suitable as a screening procedure in patients with symptoms suggestive of DVT."}
{"id": "PMID:899866", "title": "Membrane filtration in microscopical examination of urinary sediment.", "content": "Microscopical examination of the urinary sediment has been performed after membrane filtration and after routine centrifugation, and the results were compared. Various quantities of urine were filtered through a membrane with pore size of 3 micrometer, stained with Shorr stain and made translucent with xylol. All granular and cellular casts were counted on a trimmed membrane, 15 X 20 mm. The routine centrifugation was carried out on 10 ml urine at 1500 rpm for 3 min. Among 11 patients with glomerulonephrits and recurrent hematuria, casts were found in 9 after filtration but in only 2 after routine centrifugation. Casts were detected by the filter method in the urine after angiography of the kidneys in 8 of 12 patients, after centrifugation in only one of them. No casts were found in 6 patients with hematuria due to urological disorders and in 21 healthy persons. The diagnostic sensitivity of microscopical examination of urine was greatly increased by the filter method. This may be due to larger amount of urine examined by the filter method, but an additional cause may be that routine centrifugation destroys red cell casts.", "contents": "Membrane filtration in microscopical examination of urinary sediment. Microscopical examination of the urinary sediment has been performed after membrane filtration and after routine centrifugation, and the results were compared. Various quantities of urine were filtered through a membrane with pore size of 3 micrometer, stained with Shorr stain and made translucent with xylol. All granular and cellular casts were counted on a trimmed membrane, 15 X 20 mm. The routine centrifugation was carried out on 10 ml urine at 1500 rpm for 3 min. Among 11 patients with glomerulonephrits and recurrent hematuria, casts were found in 9 after filtration but in only 2 after routine centrifugation. Casts were detected by the filter method in the urine after angiography of the kidneys in 8 of 12 patients, after centrifugation in only one of them. No casts were found in 6 patients with hematuria due to urological disorders and in 21 healthy persons. The diagnostic sensitivity of microscopical examination of urine was greatly increased by the filter method. This may be due to larger amount of urine examined by the filter method, but an additional cause may be that routine centrifugation destroys red cell casts."}
{"id": "PMID:899867", "title": "Regulation of plasma aldosterone in anephric and non-nephrectomized patients during hemodialysis treatment.", "content": "The relationships between plasma aldosterone and changes in plasma potassium, plasma cortisol, plasma sodium, blood volume and body weight have been studied in 6 anephric and 11 non-nephrectomized patients on regular hemodialysis. In all patients, the plasma aldosterone concentration decreased during dialysis. In the anephric patients, a significant correlation (p less than 0.001) was demonstrated between the fall in plasma aldosterone and the fall in plasma potassium (total body potassium depletion). Measurements between consecutive hemodialyses, furthermore, showed a significant correlation (p less than 0.001) in anephric patients between total body potassium repletion (increasing plasma potassium) and the rise in plasma aldosterone. In contrast, the potassium and aldosterone changes did not correlate in the non-nephrectomized group. During dialysis, a decrease was found in all parameters, but no correlation was demonstrable in either group between the changes in plasma aldosterone and the fall in plasma cortisol, sodium, blood volume and body weight. The data in the anephric patients emphasize the important role of potassium in the regulation of aldosterone secretion.", "contents": "Regulation of plasma aldosterone in anephric and non-nephrectomized patients during hemodialysis treatment. The relationships between plasma aldosterone and changes in plasma potassium, plasma cortisol, plasma sodium, blood volume and body weight have been studied in 6 anephric and 11 non-nephrectomized patients on regular hemodialysis. In all patients, the plasma aldosterone concentration decreased during dialysis. In the anephric patients, a significant correlation (p less than 0.001) was demonstrated between the fall in plasma aldosterone and the fall in plasma potassium (total body potassium depletion). Measurements between consecutive hemodialyses, furthermore, showed a significant correlation (p less than 0.001) in anephric patients between total body potassium repletion (increasing plasma potassium) and the rise in plasma aldosterone. In contrast, the potassium and aldosterone changes did not correlate in the non-nephrectomized group. During dialysis, a decrease was found in all parameters, but no correlation was demonstrable in either group between the changes in plasma aldosterone and the fall in plasma cortisol, sodium, blood volume and body weight. The data in the anephric patients emphasize the important role of potassium in the regulation of aldosterone secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:899868", "title": "Nephrotoxicity in combined cephalothin and gentamicin therapy.", "content": "Thirty-two series of treatment with cephalothin and gentamicin for 5-10 days have been administered to 26 patients. An increase in serum creatinine occurred in 6 series. Important factors for the renal damage were elevated pretreatment serum creatinine, elevated serum gentamicin and probably a high serum cephalothin. In 2 patients the nephrotoxicity was fully reversible; the others died before a dicisive improvement in renal function could be expected. In 11 out of 28 treatment series there was a transient drop in serum potassium. Since the combination of cephalothin and gentamicin as the primary treatment of life-threatening infection has often proved effective, and since short-lasting treatment seems to entail only a minute risk of nephrotoxicity in patients with normal pretreatment serum creatinine, we still prefer this treatment in such cases.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity in combined cephalothin and gentamicin therapy. Thirty-two series of treatment with cephalothin and gentamicin for 5-10 days have been administered to 26 patients. An increase in serum creatinine occurred in 6 series. Important factors for the renal damage were elevated pretreatment serum creatinine, elevated serum gentamicin and probably a high serum cephalothin. In 2 patients the nephrotoxicity was fully reversible; the others died before a dicisive improvement in renal function could be expected. In 11 out of 28 treatment series there was a transient drop in serum potassium. Since the combination of cephalothin and gentamicin as the primary treatment of life-threatening infection has often proved effective, and since short-lasting treatment seems to entail only a minute risk of nephrotoxicity in patients with normal pretreatment serum creatinine, we still prefer this treatment in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:899869", "title": "Haemodynamics and renal function following injection of bumetanide.", "content": "Haemodynamics and renal function have been investigated in 12 patients with valvular heart disease before and after injection of 2 mg bumetanide in the right heart catheter. There were no significant changes in oxygen consumption, arteriovenous oxygen difference, cardiac index, heart beats per minute, stroke volume or right and left ventricular stroke work 35 min after the injection, whereas pulmonary and systemic arteriolar resistance showed a slight but insignificant reduction. Mean pulmonary capillary venous pressure, left ventricular end-diatolic pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure and mean pressure in the right atrium were highly significantly reduced after injection, systolic left ventricular pressure showing a significant but slight decrease. The creatinine and urea clearances increased considerably during the first 50 min after injection of bumetanide, but diminished during the second period to levels somewhat lower than the initial values. There was also a marked increase in the clearance of sodium potassium, calcium, magnisium and phosphate. It is concluded that bumetanide is a very potent diuretic which changes haemodynamic parameters towards normal values.", "contents": "Haemodynamics and renal function following injection of bumetanide. Haemodynamics and renal function have been investigated in 12 patients with valvular heart disease before and after injection of 2 mg bumetanide in the right heart catheter. There were no significant changes in oxygen consumption, arteriovenous oxygen difference, cardiac index, heart beats per minute, stroke volume or right and left ventricular stroke work 35 min after the injection, whereas pulmonary and systemic arteriolar resistance showed a slight but insignificant reduction. Mean pulmonary capillary venous pressure, left ventricular end-diatolic pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure and mean pressure in the right atrium were highly significantly reduced after injection, systolic left ventricular pressure showing a significant but slight decrease. The creatinine and urea clearances increased considerably during the first 50 min after injection of bumetanide, but diminished during the second period to levels somewhat lower than the initial values. There was also a marked increase in the clearance of sodium potassium, calcium, magnisium and phosphate. It is concluded that bumetanide is a very potent diuretic which changes haemodynamic parameters towards normal values."}
{"id": "PMID:899870", "title": "Treatment of advanced breast cancer with chemotherapeutics and inhibition of coagulation and fibrinolysis.", "content": "A case of advanced breast cancer with cerebral metastasis and pleurisy is reported in which irradiation and cytostatics had failed to retard progressive growth and spread of the tumour. Adjuvant therapy with heparin combined with the fibrinolytic inhibitor tranexamic acid was followed by regression of the cerebral metastasis as well as the pleurisy. When last seen one year later, the patient was free from symptoms.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced breast cancer with chemotherapeutics and inhibition of coagulation and fibrinolysis. A case of advanced breast cancer with cerebral metastasis and pleurisy is reported in which irradiation and cytostatics had failed to retard progressive growth and spread of the tumour. Adjuvant therapy with heparin combined with the fibrinolytic inhibitor tranexamic acid was followed by regression of the cerebral metastasis as well as the pleurisy. When last seen one year later, the patient was free from symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:899871", "title": "Toxicity of intravenous catheters tested in a human bone marrow culture system.", "content": "Nine brands of i.v. catheter were tested for toxicity in a human bone marrow culture system, and content and leaching of plasticizers determined. Three catheters showed toxicity to the culture system and three others leached di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate in appreciable amounts.", "contents": "Toxicity of intravenous catheters tested in a human bone marrow culture system. Nine brands of i.v. catheter were tested for toxicity in a human bone marrow culture system, and content and leaching of plasticizers determined. Three catheters showed toxicity to the culture system and three others leached di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate in appreciable amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:899872", "title": "Myocardial scintigraphy with 99mtechnetium stannous pyrophosphate in patients with possible acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Fifty-six patients with a preliminary diagnosis of possible acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were studied on the second or third day after onset of symptoms by 99mtechnetium stannous pyrophosphate myocardial imaging. The scintigraphy was positive in 25 (44.6%). The final clinical diagnoses upon discharge were: definite AMI in 11 with positive scintigraphy in 9 (82%), intermediate coronary syndrome (ICS) in 37 with positive scintigraphy in 15 (40.5%), postinfarction failure in 4 with positive scintigraphy in 1, no diagnosis of coronary heart disease in 4 patients with negative scintigraphy in all. Of the 37 patients with a final diagnosis of ICS, 25 were admitted to the Coronary Care Unit with chest pain as the only symptom. In this group the mean percentage increase in ASAT was significantly higher in 9 patients with positive scintigrams than in 16 with negative. It is therefore assumed that among patients with ICS, a positive scintigraphy may reflect a more serious myocardial injury than a negative scintigram. Of six patients with an acute tachyarrhythmia and ICS, scintigraphy was positive in the three with the most long-lasting or severe arrhythmmias. False negative scintigrams may be seen in some patients with definite AMI.", "contents": "Myocardial scintigraphy with 99mtechnetium stannous pyrophosphate in patients with possible acute myocardial infarction. Fifty-six patients with a preliminary diagnosis of possible acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were studied on the second or third day after onset of symptoms by 99mtechnetium stannous pyrophosphate myocardial imaging. The scintigraphy was positive in 25 (44.6%). The final clinical diagnoses upon discharge were: definite AMI in 11 with positive scintigraphy in 9 (82%), intermediate coronary syndrome (ICS) in 37 with positive scintigraphy in 15 (40.5%), postinfarction failure in 4 with positive scintigraphy in 1, no diagnosis of coronary heart disease in 4 patients with negative scintigraphy in all. Of the 37 patients with a final diagnosis of ICS, 25 were admitted to the Coronary Care Unit with chest pain as the only symptom. In this group the mean percentage increase in ASAT was significantly higher in 9 patients with positive scintigrams than in 16 with negative. It is therefore assumed that among patients with ICS, a positive scintigraphy may reflect a more serious myocardial injury than a negative scintigram. Of six patients with an acute tachyarrhythmia and ICS, scintigraphy was positive in the three with the most long-lasting or severe arrhythmmias. False negative scintigrams may be seen in some patients with definite AMI."}
{"id": "PMID:899873", "title": "Alcohol consumption and hematology.", "content": "A number of hematological variables have been investigated and followed during a hospital stay in a group of 34 non-cirrhotic male alcoholics after acute drinking bouts. The most prominent findings were a rise in reticulocytes, a fall in serum iron and a rise in WBC, especially with respect to the lymphocytes. HB and hematocrit values both fell during hospitalization, while ESR and serum haptoglobin rose. No change was observed in the platelet count. It is concluded that alcohol has marked effects on the hematological system even in subjects without serious liver damage. The results underline the importance of an adequate knowledge of the patient's alcohol habits in the investigation of obscure hematologic abnormalities.", "contents": "Alcohol consumption and hematology. A number of hematological variables have been investigated and followed during a hospital stay in a group of 34 non-cirrhotic male alcoholics after acute drinking bouts. The most prominent findings were a rise in reticulocytes, a fall in serum iron and a rise in WBC, especially with respect to the lymphocytes. HB and hematocrit values both fell during hospitalization, while ESR and serum haptoglobin rose. No change was observed in the platelet count. It is concluded that alcohol has marked effects on the hematological system even in subjects without serious liver damage. The results underline the importance of an adequate knowledge of the patient's alcohol habits in the investigation of obscure hematologic abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:899874", "title": "Bioavailability of D-propoxyphene, acetyl salicylic acid, and phenazone in a combination tablet (Doleron): interindividual variation and influence of food intake.", "content": "The influence of food intake on the bioavailability of three analgesic compounds--propoxyphene chloride, acetyl salicylic acid and phenazone--in a combination tablet, Doleron, has been examined in eight healthy volunteers. A single oral dose was given both on an empty stomach and together with a standardized breakfast meal. The plasma concentrations of propoxyphene, its major metabolite norpropoxyphene, salicylic acid and phenazone were determined by mass fragmentography, spectrofluorimetry and gas chromatography. Concomitant food intake had no consistent influence on the bioavailability of any of the components. Hence, doleron may be taken together with meals as well as between meals. Large interindividual variations in propoxyphene and phenazone concentrations were found, indicating that an optimal effect will not always be obtained by standard doses.", "contents": "Bioavailability of D-propoxyphene, acetyl salicylic acid, and phenazone in a combination tablet (Doleron): interindividual variation and influence of food intake. The influence of food intake on the bioavailability of three analgesic compounds--propoxyphene chloride, acetyl salicylic acid and phenazone--in a combination tablet, Doleron, has been examined in eight healthy volunteers. A single oral dose was given both on an empty stomach and together with a standardized breakfast meal. The plasma concentrations of propoxyphene, its major metabolite norpropoxyphene, salicylic acid and phenazone were determined by mass fragmentography, spectrofluorimetry and gas chromatography. Concomitant food intake had no consistent influence on the bioavailability of any of the components. Hence, doleron may be taken together with meals as well as between meals. Large interindividual variations in propoxyphene and phenazone concentrations were found, indicating that an optimal effect will not always be obtained by standard doses."}
{"id": "PMID:899875", "title": "Role of bran in normals. Serum levels of cholesterols, triglyceride, calcium and total 3 alpha-hydroxycholanic acid, and intestinal transit time.", "content": "After the intake of approximately 24 g wheat bran daily for 5 weeks, 25 trainee nurses showed no changes in the serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium or total 3 alpha-hydroxycholanic acid. On the other hand, the study revealed a reduced intestinal transit time with good correlation to an increased frequency of bowel movements. Average body weight fell significantly, by 0.4 kg. The daily caloric intake remained constant throughout the study period, whereas the calcium intake was significantly increased. Among the serum parameters and the dietary constituents, good correlation was found only between serum cholesterol and the dietary cholesterol content. In addition, an inverse relationship was demonstrated between the serum levels of cholesterol and total 3 alpha-hydroxycholanic acid. The significance of this observation is as yet unknown.", "contents": "Role of bran in normals. Serum levels of cholesterols, triglyceride, calcium and total 3 alpha-hydroxycholanic acid, and intestinal transit time. After the intake of approximately 24 g wheat bran daily for 5 weeks, 25 trainee nurses showed no changes in the serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium or total 3 alpha-hydroxycholanic acid. On the other hand, the study revealed a reduced intestinal transit time with good correlation to an increased frequency of bowel movements. Average body weight fell significantly, by 0.4 kg. The daily caloric intake remained constant throughout the study period, whereas the calcium intake was significantly increased. Among the serum parameters and the dietary constituents, good correlation was found only between serum cholesterol and the dietary cholesterol content. In addition, an inverse relationship was demonstrated between the serum levels of cholesterol and total 3 alpha-hydroxycholanic acid. The significance of this observation is as yet unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:899876", "title": "Proteinuria following renal arteriography. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients reacting with transitory, massive proteinuria after diagnostic renal arteriography with a commonly used non-ionic contrast medium, metrizoate, are described. One of them developed temporary renal failure; the concentration of urinary albumin reached 330 g/g creatinine. It is suggested that intratubular precipitation of proteins, obstructing urinary flow, might be one factor in the development of her renal failure.", "contents": "Proteinuria following renal arteriography. Report of two cases. Two patients reacting with transitory, massive proteinuria after diagnostic renal arteriography with a commonly used non-ionic contrast medium, metrizoate, are described. One of them developed temporary renal failure; the concentration of urinary albumin reached 330 g/g creatinine. It is suggested that intratubular precipitation of proteins, obstructing urinary flow, might be one factor in the development of her renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:899877", "title": "Tachycardia, hypertension and syncope. A case report.", "content": "A case of orthostatic syncope with tachycardia and hypertension is described. Initially the condition was interpreted as a dysfunction in the neurovascular orthostatic regulation, but extensive physiologic examinations failed to give a comprehensive explanation. A psychiatric examination demonstrated the condition eventually to be hysteriform and the patient was completely cured by psychotherapy.", "contents": "Tachycardia, hypertension and syncope. A case report. A case of orthostatic syncope with tachycardia and hypertension is described. Initially the condition was interpreted as a dysfunction in the neurovascular orthostatic regulation, but extensive physiologic examinations failed to give a comprehensive explanation. A psychiatric examination demonstrated the condition eventually to be hysteriform and the patient was completely cured by psychotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:899879", "title": "The effect of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on the renal handling of phosphate in parathyroidectomized man.", "content": "In a previous investigation by our group it was suggested that the stimulating effect of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-alpha-OH-D3) on the tubular reabsorption of phosphate is mediated via the parallel suppression of the parathyroid hormone (PTH). A direct effect of 1-alpha-OH-D3 on the renal tubule could however not be completely excluded. Therefore, the effect of 1-alpha-OH-D3 was studied in 5 totally parathyroidectomized patients, in whom concomitant suppression of PTH would not occur. TmP/GFR, i.e. the ratio between the maximal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TmP) and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), was used as an indicator of the renal handling of phosphate. Estimation of TmP/GFR was performed 1) when the patients were vitamin D depleted and hypocalcemic, and 2) after 14-27 days of treatment with 1-alpha-OH-D3 to obtain stable normocalcemia. In patients with absent parathyroid function, no effect of 1-alpha-OH-D3 on TmP/GFR could be demonstrated. It is therefore concluded that 1-alpha-OH-D3 exhbits no antiphosphaturic effect in the absence of PTH and that the previously demonstrated antiphosphaturic effect of 1-alpha-OH-D3 in man is mediated via a concomitant suppression of PTH.", "contents": "The effect of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on the renal handling of phosphate in parathyroidectomized man. In a previous investigation by our group it was suggested that the stimulating effect of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-alpha-OH-D3) on the tubular reabsorption of phosphate is mediated via the parallel suppression of the parathyroid hormone (PTH). A direct effect of 1-alpha-OH-D3 on the renal tubule could however not be completely excluded. Therefore, the effect of 1-alpha-OH-D3 was studied in 5 totally parathyroidectomized patients, in whom concomitant suppression of PTH would not occur. TmP/GFR, i.e. the ratio between the maximal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TmP) and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), was used as an indicator of the renal handling of phosphate. Estimation of TmP/GFR was performed 1) when the patients were vitamin D depleted and hypocalcemic, and 2) after 14-27 days of treatment with 1-alpha-OH-D3 to obtain stable normocalcemia. In patients with absent parathyroid function, no effect of 1-alpha-OH-D3 on TmP/GFR could be demonstrated. It is therefore concluded that 1-alpha-OH-D3 exhbits no antiphosphaturic effect in the absence of PTH and that the previously demonstrated antiphosphaturic effect of 1-alpha-OH-D3 in man is mediated via a concomitant suppression of PTH."}
{"id": "PMID:899880", "title": "Bone composition and parathyroid function in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The development of bone abnormalities has been studied in 24 patients with severe chronic renal failure. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was between 5 and 25 ml/min. The mean values of plasma calcium, degree of bone mineralization (P/Hypro) and bone mineral content (BMC) were subnormal, whereas the mean values of plasma phosphorus and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) were elevated. Analysis of the data revealed that the various parameters became increasingly pathological with decreasing renal function. Serum PTH correlated inversely with both GFR and plasma calcium. The decrease in bone P/Hypro with decreasing renal function could be explained by an inverse correlation to serum PTH. Plasma alkaline phosphatase correlated inversely to both bone P/Hypro and BMC. The present study on individual patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency shows that the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism correlates with a reduction in the degree of bone P/Hypro and suggests that significant bone changes appear when the GFR falls below 15 ml/min.", "contents": "Bone composition and parathyroid function in chronic renal failure. The development of bone abnormalities has been studied in 24 patients with severe chronic renal failure. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was between 5 and 25 ml/min. The mean values of plasma calcium, degree of bone mineralization (P/Hypro) and bone mineral content (BMC) were subnormal, whereas the mean values of plasma phosphorus and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) were elevated. Analysis of the data revealed that the various parameters became increasingly pathological with decreasing renal function. Serum PTH correlated inversely with both GFR and plasma calcium. The decrease in bone P/Hypro with decreasing renal function could be explained by an inverse correlation to serum PTH. Plasma alkaline phosphatase correlated inversely to both bone P/Hypro and BMC. The present study on individual patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency shows that the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism correlates with a reduction in the degree of bone P/Hypro and suggests that significant bone changes appear when the GFR falls below 15 ml/min."}
{"id": "PMID:899881", "title": "Bone, calcium, and hydroxyproline metabolism in hyperparathyroidism and after removal of parathyroid adenoma.", "content": "Several laboratory parameters have been followed before and after surgery in a 69-year-old woman with parathyroid adenoma and severe skeletal involvement. High preoperative levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone rapidly decreased postoperatively, accompanied by a similar fall in the peptide-bound hydroxyproline (HP) excretion in the urine. Renal clearance of free HP was high both pre- and postoperatively, probably because of renal damage associated with the disease. The high serum alkaline phosphatase levels increased slightly after the operation. The patient developed severe postoperative hypocalcaemia, and prolonged calcium supplement therapy was necessary. The results imply a clear correlation between the changes in Ca homeostasis and the breakdown rate of bone collagenous matrix. Postoperative hypocalcaemia was mainly due to the rapid change in the rates of bone formation and destruction.", "contents": "Bone, calcium, and hydroxyproline metabolism in hyperparathyroidism and after removal of parathyroid adenoma. Several laboratory parameters have been followed before and after surgery in a 69-year-old woman with parathyroid adenoma and severe skeletal involvement. High preoperative levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone rapidly decreased postoperatively, accompanied by a similar fall in the peptide-bound hydroxyproline (HP) excretion in the urine. Renal clearance of free HP was high both pre- and postoperatively, probably because of renal damage associated with the disease. The high serum alkaline phosphatase levels increased slightly after the operation. The patient developed severe postoperative hypocalcaemia, and prolonged calcium supplement therapy was necessary. The results imply a clear correlation between the changes in Ca homeostasis and the breakdown rate of bone collagenous matrix. Postoperative hypocalcaemia was mainly due to the rapid change in the rates of bone formation and destruction."}
{"id": "PMID:899882", "title": "Bone composition and vitamin D after P\u00f3lya gastrectomy.", "content": "With the aim of evaluating bone phosphorus/hydroxyproline ratio (P/Hypro) as an index of osteomalacia, this bone index and the bone mineral content (BMC) have been investigated together with other indices of calcium metabolism in 27 gastrectomized patients. None of the patients had clinically manifest bone symptoms. The mean values of bone P/Hypro, BMC, plasma calcium and plasma magnesium were subnormal; the mean values of serum parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and plasma alkaline phosphatase were elevated. Mean serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D) did not differ from normal. A significant positive correlation was found between bone P/Hypro and serum 25-OH-D, but no significant correlation between bone P/Hypro and BMC. Serum 25-OH-D and bone P/Hypro were significantly lower and serum iPTH was significantly higher in a subgroup of 12 patients with no regular supplementary intake of vitamin D. In conclusion, the gastrectomized patients had blood biochemical evidence of a mild vitamin D insufficiency and the low bone P/Hypro values can be explained by mild osteomalacic changes in bone.", "contents": "Bone composition and vitamin D after P\u00f3lya gastrectomy. With the aim of evaluating bone phosphorus/hydroxyproline ratio (P/Hypro) as an index of osteomalacia, this bone index and the bone mineral content (BMC) have been investigated together with other indices of calcium metabolism in 27 gastrectomized patients. None of the patients had clinically manifest bone symptoms. The mean values of bone P/Hypro, BMC, plasma calcium and plasma magnesium were subnormal; the mean values of serum parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and plasma alkaline phosphatase were elevated. Mean serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D) did not differ from normal. A significant positive correlation was found between bone P/Hypro and serum 25-OH-D, but no significant correlation between bone P/Hypro and BMC. Serum 25-OH-D and bone P/Hypro were significantly lower and serum iPTH was significantly higher in a subgroup of 12 patients with no regular supplementary intake of vitamin D. In conclusion, the gastrectomized patients had blood biochemical evidence of a mild vitamin D insufficiency and the low bone P/Hypro values can be explained by mild osteomalacic changes in bone."}
{"id": "PMID:899883", "title": "Intermittent melphalan and prednisolone therapy in plasma cell myeloma.", "content": "Thirty-two consecutive, previously untreated patients with plasma cell myeloma were treated with 4-day courses of melphalan (0.25 mg/kg/day) and prednisolone (2 mg/kg/day) every sixth week. The observation period ranged from 26 to 75 months and the total median survival time was 29 months. 75% of the patients responded to therapy and their median survival time was 42 months. Sex did not influence either the response rate or the survival time. Most patients were treated in an out-patient clinic and required a minimum of check-ups.", "contents": "Intermittent melphalan and prednisolone therapy in plasma cell myeloma. Thirty-two consecutive, previously untreated patients with plasma cell myeloma were treated with 4-day courses of melphalan (0.25 mg/kg/day) and prednisolone (2 mg/kg/day) every sixth week. The observation period ranged from 26 to 75 months and the total median survival time was 29 months. 75% of the patients responded to therapy and their median survival time was 42 months. Sex did not influence either the response rate or the survival time. Most patients were treated in an out-patient clinic and required a minimum of check-ups."}
{"id": "PMID:899884", "title": "Blood pressure and renin during treatment with pindolol.", "content": "Beta-receptor blocking drugs are known to decrease BP and plasma renin activity (PRA) in hypertensive patients. We treated 31 hypertensive patients with the beta-receptor blocking drug, pindolol, for 3 months. During the first month (mean daily dose 10 mg) and the second month (mean daily dose 14.2 mg) BP and PRA decreased. During the third month of pindolol therapy (mean daily dose 19.0 mg) 16 patients had an unexpected rise of BP towards control levels and PRA levels rose, too. The remaining 15 patients maintained a good antihypertensive drug effect and suppression of PRA. Pretreatment PRA was not related to BP reduction. The change in diastolic BP was not significantly related to that in PRA. The results indicate that low doses of pindolol,10-15 mg daily, will suffice in mild essential hypertension. An increasing frequency of partial drug resistance may be a result of unnecessarily high doses of pindolol.", "contents": "Blood pressure and renin during treatment with pindolol. Beta-receptor blocking drugs are known to decrease BP and plasma renin activity (PRA) in hypertensive patients. We treated 31 hypertensive patients with the beta-receptor blocking drug, pindolol, for 3 months. During the first month (mean daily dose 10 mg) and the second month (mean daily dose 14.2 mg) BP and PRA decreased. During the third month of pindolol therapy (mean daily dose 19.0 mg) 16 patients had an unexpected rise of BP towards control levels and PRA levels rose, too. The remaining 15 patients maintained a good antihypertensive drug effect and suppression of PRA. Pretreatment PRA was not related to BP reduction. The change in diastolic BP was not significantly related to that in PRA. The results indicate that low doses of pindolol,10-15 mg daily, will suffice in mild essential hypertension. An increasing frequency of partial drug resistance may be a result of unnecessarily high doses of pindolol."}
{"id": "PMID:899885", "title": "Renal glucosuria and aminoaciduria.", "content": "A follow-up examination of five patients in whom renal glucosuria had been diagnosed 7-15 years previously, showed that the condition was unchanged. There was no indication of hormonal abnormalities. Oral glucose tolerance test, with determination of insulin, growth hormone and free fatty acids, showed no difference between the patients and a group of normal subjects. The urinary excretion of insulin and albumin was normal, but two patients turned out to have an increased excretion of certain amino acids, aspartic acid in one and glutamic acid, citrulline and alanine in the other.", "contents": "Renal glucosuria and aminoaciduria. A follow-up examination of five patients in whom renal glucosuria had been diagnosed 7-15 years previously, showed that the condition was unchanged. There was no indication of hormonal abnormalities. Oral glucose tolerance test, with determination of insulin, growth hormone and free fatty acids, showed no difference between the patients and a group of normal subjects. The urinary excretion of insulin and albumin was normal, but two patients turned out to have an increased excretion of certain amino acids, aspartic acid in one and glutamic acid, citrulline and alanine in the other."}
{"id": "PMID:899887", "title": "Renal excretion of pyruvate, lactate and alpha-ketoglutarate in kidney donors before and after nephrectomy and in patients with terminal uremia.", "content": "The excretional patterns of lactate, pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate have been investigated in 7 patients with terminal uremia and in 10 kidney donors with normal renal function before and after unilateral nephrectomy. Methods for analysis of the three substances in urine were elaborated. In all patients, the levels of renal excretion of lactate and pyruvate were very low, and clearance values were independent of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). alpha-ketoglutarate clearance varied to some extent with renal function, but no correlation to GFR was found, and exceeded the GFR in uremic patients, indicating that the net result of renal handling of alpha-ketoglutarate may be a tubular secretion.", "contents": "Renal excretion of pyruvate, lactate and alpha-ketoglutarate in kidney donors before and after nephrectomy and in patients with terminal uremia. The excretional patterns of lactate, pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate have been investigated in 7 patients with terminal uremia and in 10 kidney donors with normal renal function before and after unilateral nephrectomy. Methods for analysis of the three substances in urine were elaborated. In all patients, the levels of renal excretion of lactate and pyruvate were very low, and clearance values were independent of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). alpha-ketoglutarate clearance varied to some extent with renal function, but no correlation to GFR was found, and exceeded the GFR in uremic patients, indicating that the net result of renal handling of alpha-ketoglutarate may be a tubular secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:899888", "title": "Relationship between changes in the content of acetylcholine and the activities of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in the hippocampus of the rat after septal lesions.", "content": "Changes in acetylcholine (ACh) content and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activity in the hippocampus were compared after various septal lesions. With the use of a multiple regression model it was shown that the time course of the ACh and enzymic level changes is concordant after total destruction of the septum, but not always after partial damage. Septal lesions produced an effect mainly on bound ACh. The results suggest that the activity of AChE and ChAc is not the rate-limiting factor of the ACh level in the hippocampus. The involvement of other hippocampal neurotransmitters acting through the high-affinity uptake of choline is supposed to play an important role in ACh content regulation.", "contents": "Relationship between changes in the content of acetylcholine and the activities of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in the hippocampus of the rat after septal lesions. Changes in acetylcholine (ACh) content and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activity in the hippocampus were compared after various septal lesions. With the use of a multiple regression model it was shown that the time course of the ACh and enzymic level changes is concordant after total destruction of the septum, but not always after partial damage. Septal lesions produced an effect mainly on bound ACh. The results suggest that the activity of AChE and ChAc is not the rate-limiting factor of the ACh level in the hippocampus. The involvement of other hippocampal neurotransmitters acting through the high-affinity uptake of choline is supposed to play an important role in ACh content regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:899889", "title": "Differential effects of dorsomedial prefrontal lesions on active and passive avoidance in young and adult rats.", "content": "In Experiment I, four weanling and four adult rats had dorsomedial prefrontal lesions administered prior to initial 2-way avoidance acquisition, while in Experiment II surgical procedures for eight subjects were interpolated between acquisition and a first generalization test along CS tonal frequency. Results indicated impairment of initial avoidance acquisition following lesions, which recovered after a 30-day interval, permitting generalization testing in extinction. When DM lesions were interpolated between acquisition and testing, the effects on avoidance responding were comparatively minimal, but after 30 days lesioned subjects could not reacquire criterion avoidance levels. In all generalization tests there was little evidence of frequency control in lesioned subjects compared to eight sham operated controls of each age. Age effects in both experiments were confined to somewhat greater deficits and less recovery of responding in the pups. Two additional experiments examined passive avoidance acquisition and retention in 144 rats of 18-20, 30-32 and 100+ days of age after dorsomedial prefrontal lesions administered either prior to (Experiment III) or following (Experiment IV) initial training and testing. These data suggested rather minimal lesion effects since variability in retention was readily attributed to age differences. Data were related to prefrontal deficits that are specific to age and task requirements.", "contents": "Differential effects of dorsomedial prefrontal lesions on active and passive avoidance in young and adult rats. In Experiment I, four weanling and four adult rats had dorsomedial prefrontal lesions administered prior to initial 2-way avoidance acquisition, while in Experiment II surgical procedures for eight subjects were interpolated between acquisition and a first generalization test along CS tonal frequency. Results indicated impairment of initial avoidance acquisition following lesions, which recovered after a 30-day interval, permitting generalization testing in extinction. When DM lesions were interpolated between acquisition and testing, the effects on avoidance responding were comparatively minimal, but after 30 days lesioned subjects could not reacquire criterion avoidance levels. In all generalization tests there was little evidence of frequency control in lesioned subjects compared to eight sham operated controls of each age. Age effects in both experiments were confined to somewhat greater deficits and less recovery of responding in the pups. Two additional experiments examined passive avoidance acquisition and retention in 144 rats of 18-20, 30-32 and 100+ days of age after dorsomedial prefrontal lesions administered either prior to (Experiment III) or following (Experiment IV) initial training and testing. These data suggested rather minimal lesion effects since variability in retention was readily attributed to age differences. Data were related to prefrontal deficits that are specific to age and task requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:899890", "title": "Effects of cardiac vagotomy on heart rate conditioned responses in cats.", "content": "Normal cats were bilaterally vagotomized at cardiac level and submitted to a classical defensive conditioning using excitatory, inhibitory and differential stimuli. That group was compared with a normal one. Both groups showed an anticipatory bradycardia to the noxious excitatory stimulus and a late deceleration to the inhibitory stimuli. The experimental group presented more variable and labile responses. Basal and intertrial heart rate decreased in normal but not in operated animals. The autonomic regulation of the conditioned bradycardia reflex is discussed according to the hypothesis that both active and passive fear reactions are fundamentally mediated by sympathetic activity.", "contents": "Effects of cardiac vagotomy on heart rate conditioned responses in cats. Normal cats were bilaterally vagotomized at cardiac level and submitted to a classical defensive conditioning using excitatory, inhibitory and differential stimuli. That group was compared with a normal one. Both groups showed an anticipatory bradycardia to the noxious excitatory stimulus and a late deceleration to the inhibitory stimuli. The experimental group presented more variable and labile responses. Basal and intertrial heart rate decreased in normal but not in operated animals. The autonomic regulation of the conditioned bradycardia reflex is discussed according to the hypothesis that both active and passive fear reactions are fundamentally mediated by sympathetic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:899891", "title": "Auditory intensity generalization after CER differentiation training.", "content": "Auditory intensity generalization was tested in 32 rats trained in CER (conditioned emotional response) differentiation between the 50- and 70-dB white noise intensities. All generalization gradients showed regular monotonicity across the noise intensity dimension independently on experience with the CS+ value prior to the differentiation training. Two kinds of peak shift were obtained. Stimuli further away from the CS? value and more intense than the CS+ inhibited the on-going food motivated behavior more strongly than the CS+ itself. Stimuli further away from the CS+ value and more intense than the CS? enhanced the on-going behavior more than the CS?. A method of statistical analysis indicated that individual gradients and group data corresponded to the same generalization functions.", "contents": "Auditory intensity generalization after CER differentiation training. Auditory intensity generalization was tested in 32 rats trained in CER (conditioned emotional response) differentiation between the 50- and 70-dB white noise intensities. All generalization gradients showed regular monotonicity across the noise intensity dimension independently on experience with the CS+ value prior to the differentiation training. Two kinds of peak shift were obtained. Stimuli further away from the CS? value and more intense than the CS+ inhibited the on-going food motivated behavior more strongly than the CS+ itself. Stimuli further away from the CS+ value and more intense than the CS? enhanced the on-going behavior more than the CS?. A method of statistical analysis indicated that individual gradients and group data corresponded to the same generalization functions."}
{"id": "PMID:899892", "title": "New aspects of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in humans investigated by sequential gamma camera cisternography, with data evaluation by the digital multichannel analyzer. 2nd part: pathology of cerebrospinal fluid flow in the subarachnoid space of the brain convexity.", "content": "The use of the sequential gamma camera technique with evaluation of the stored information in the digital analyzing system to investigate CSF dynamics quantitatively has given interesting new information about the circulation in the epicortical SA space. The streaming of I131HSA-labelled CSF in a protracted bolus or bulk was submitted to quantitative and temporal analysis by defining the activity maxima and their amounts as well as their times of appearance. Different modalities of activity evolution in various regions make it possible to define three main types of circulatory disturbance, which are: 1. Global epicortical inhibition, 2. circumscribed epicortical inhibition by a) restriction of the SA space, b) dilatation of the SA space, and 3. gamma cisternographic asymmetry, apparently due to restriction, with a fully functioning but dilated SA space and no real inhibition. The pathological conditions in the SA space leading to these different flow disturbance modalities are presented, and the necessity to perform quantitative and temporal analysis for definition of the functional flow conditions is emphasized.", "contents": "New aspects of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in humans investigated by sequential gamma camera cisternography, with data evaluation by the digital multichannel analyzer. 2nd part: pathology of cerebrospinal fluid flow in the subarachnoid space of the brain convexity. The use of the sequential gamma camera technique with evaluation of the stored information in the digital analyzing system to investigate CSF dynamics quantitatively has given interesting new information about the circulation in the epicortical SA space. The streaming of I131HSA-labelled CSF in a protracted bolus or bulk was submitted to quantitative and temporal analysis by defining the activity maxima and their amounts as well as their times of appearance. Different modalities of activity evolution in various regions make it possible to define three main types of circulatory disturbance, which are: 1. Global epicortical inhibition, 2. circumscribed epicortical inhibition by a) restriction of the SA space, b) dilatation of the SA space, and 3. gamma cisternographic asymmetry, apparently due to restriction, with a fully functioning but dilated SA space and no real inhibition. The pathological conditions in the SA space leading to these different flow disturbance modalities are presented, and the necessity to perform quantitative and temporal analysis for definition of the functional flow conditions is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:899893", "title": "Titanium clips in neurosurgery for elimination of artefacts in computer tomography (ct) a technical note.", "content": "To eliminate the occurrence of artefacts produced by clips on the CT images, the use of titranium clips is suggested. Tests in vitro and in vivo indicate that clips manufactured from 0.2 mm thick 99.9 per cent titanium do not cause artefacts. They are resistant to corrosion, nontoxic, effective, easy to handle, relatively cheap, and are visible on plain X-ray films.", "contents": "Titanium clips in neurosurgery for elimination of artefacts in computer tomography (ct) a technical note. To eliminate the occurrence of artefacts produced by clips on the CT images, the use of titranium clips is suggested. Tests in vitro and in vivo indicate that clips manufactured from 0.2 mm thick 99.9 per cent titanium do not cause artefacts. They are resistant to corrosion, nontoxic, effective, easy to handle, relatively cheap, and are visible on plain X-ray films."}
{"id": "PMID:899894", "title": "Suprascapular entrapment neuropathy.", "content": "The unusual syndrome of suprascapular entrapment neuropathy is described with reference to a 19-years-old girl. The most important symptom is pain in and around the shoulder, while wasting of the Spinati muscles is the cardial sign. Surgical decompression of the nerve relieves the pain immediately.", "contents": "Suprascapular entrapment neuropathy. The unusual syndrome of suprascapular entrapment neuropathy is described with reference to a 19-years-old girl. The most important symptom is pain in and around the shoulder, while wasting of the Spinati muscles is the cardial sign. Surgical decompression of the nerve relieves the pain immediately."}
{"id": "PMID:899895", "title": "Absent cervical pedicle.", "content": "Congenital defect of a cervical pedicle produces a rare clinical syndrome with a characteristic X-ray picture associated with vague clinical signs often accentuated after trauma. A careful analysis of the X-ray films, including oblique views, shows the congenital defect of the pedicle and the associated abnormalities which can all be attributed to a defect in the neural arch centre of chondrification. Further X-ray examinations including myelography with or without vertebral angiography as well as surgical exploration should be unnecessary. A case of absence of the right pedicle of the sixth cervical vertebra is described. The symptoms in this patient were not caused by the malformation, but by an associated enlarged seventh cervical transverse process which produced a thoracic outlet syndrome.", "contents": "Absent cervical pedicle. Congenital defect of a cervical pedicle produces a rare clinical syndrome with a characteristic X-ray picture associated with vague clinical signs often accentuated after trauma. A careful analysis of the X-ray films, including oblique views, shows the congenital defect of the pedicle and the associated abnormalities which can all be attributed to a defect in the neural arch centre of chondrification. Further X-ray examinations including myelography with or without vertebral angiography as well as surgical exploration should be unnecessary. A case of absence of the right pedicle of the sixth cervical vertebra is described. The symptoms in this patient were not caused by the malformation, but by an associated enlarged seventh cervical transverse process which produced a thoracic outlet syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:899897", "title": "[Ventricular fluid pressure measurement by microcatheter and pressure-controlled external fluid drainage (author's transl)].", "content": "Long term control of ventricular fluid pressure by means of a ventricular catheter offers the advantage of pressure-controlled external fluid drainage, especially in patients with space-occupying processes which lead to acute disturbances of the fluid circulation. In a measuring system with the possibility of drainage it is advisable to measure the VFP with a microcatheter. The microcatheter is introduced through the drainage catheter. Both catheters are placed in the anterior part of a lateral ventricle. Communication between the drainage system and the transducer is avoided. There is no necessity for frequent disinfection or changing of parts of the system during long term control of the patient. Any occlusion of the drainage system can be recognized immediately because the measuring procedure will not be interrupted by such an occlusion. In 201 patients the ventricular fluid pressure was recorded by the microcatheter method for a total of 1086 days. The infection rate was under 1%. With simultaneous external fluid drainage it rose to 2.2%. For patients with space--occupying processes of the posterior cranial fossa external drainage is recommended for 5--10 days postoperatively as a precaution against rises in CSF pressure.", "contents": "[Ventricular fluid pressure measurement by microcatheter and pressure-controlled external fluid drainage (author's transl)]. Long term control of ventricular fluid pressure by means of a ventricular catheter offers the advantage of pressure-controlled external fluid drainage, especially in patients with space-occupying processes which lead to acute disturbances of the fluid circulation. In a measuring system with the possibility of drainage it is advisable to measure the VFP with a microcatheter. The microcatheter is introduced through the drainage catheter. Both catheters are placed in the anterior part of a lateral ventricle. Communication between the drainage system and the transducer is avoided. There is no necessity for frequent disinfection or changing of parts of the system during long term control of the patient. Any occlusion of the drainage system can be recognized immediately because the measuring procedure will not be interrupted by such an occlusion. In 201 patients the ventricular fluid pressure was recorded by the microcatheter method for a total of 1086 days. The infection rate was under 1%. With simultaneous external fluid drainage it rose to 2.2%. For patients with space--occupying processes of the posterior cranial fossa external drainage is recommended for 5--10 days postoperatively as a precaution against rises in CSF pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:899898", "title": "Functional Queckensted's test in rheumatoid atlanto-axial luxation.", "content": "Queckenstedt's test was carried out in 15 patients with marked rheumatoid atlanto-axial luxation. The test was done when moving the neck stepwise between flexion and extension, and with the patient in both lateral and sitting positions. The test performed in the sitting position was termed the functional Queckenstedt's test. The flexed position of the neck and the sitting body position, either alone or in combination, were factors contributing to a manometric block. Six more block phenomena were recorded in the sitting compared with the lateral position. As the sensitivity of the test seemed unaffected by body position, this indicated an increased atlanto-axial luxation in the sitting position. This applied to the neutral as well as the flexed position of the neck. There was a fairly good correlation between neurological symptoms and signs and the functional Queckenstedt's test. The use of the test as an aid supplmentary to the clinical and roentgenological findings when deciding on the treatment of patients with rheumatoid atlanto-axial luxation is outlined.", "contents": "Functional Queckensted's test in rheumatoid atlanto-axial luxation. Queckenstedt's test was carried out in 15 patients with marked rheumatoid atlanto-axial luxation. The test was done when moving the neck stepwise between flexion and extension, and with the patient in both lateral and sitting positions. The test performed in the sitting position was termed the functional Queckenstedt's test. The flexed position of the neck and the sitting body position, either alone or in combination, were factors contributing to a manometric block. Six more block phenomena were recorded in the sitting compared with the lateral position. As the sensitivity of the test seemed unaffected by body position, this indicated an increased atlanto-axial luxation in the sitting position. This applied to the neutral as well as the flexed position of the neck. There was a fairly good correlation between neurological symptoms and signs and the functional Queckenstedt's test. The use of the test as an aid supplmentary to the clinical and roentgenological findings when deciding on the treatment of patients with rheumatoid atlanto-axial luxation is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:899912", "title": "Prostaglandins and the control of muscle tone in the ductus arteriosus.", "content": "Several lines of evidence implicate E-type PGs in the maintenance of patency of the foetal ductus arteriosus. The PGE mechanism is functional in man, sheep, rat and rabbit, but it is seemingly absent in guinea pig. The role of the PGs in the closure of the vessel at birth is uncertain. Work with different species suggests that as PO2 rises at birth the relaxant effect of PGEs on  the ductal muscle decreases. This decreased sensitivity may facilitate the oxygen triggered contraction. The calf ductus is an exception and its closure may be mediated by PGF2alpha. An important fact emerging from this review is that species may differ with regard to the occurrence and possible function of the PGs in the ductus arteriosus. The significance of these differences to the function of the oxygen-sensing mechanism remains a major question for future research.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and the control of muscle tone in the ductus arteriosus. Several lines of evidence implicate E-type PGs in the maintenance of patency of the foetal ductus arteriosus. The PGE mechanism is functional in man, sheep, rat and rabbit, but it is seemingly absent in guinea pig. The role of the PGs in the closure of the vessel at birth is uncertain. Work with different species suggests that as PO2 rises at birth the relaxant effect of PGEs on  the ductal muscle decreases. This decreased sensitivity may facilitate the oxygen triggered contraction. The calf ductus is an exception and its closure may be mediated by PGF2alpha. An important fact emerging from this review is that species may differ with regard to the occurrence and possible function of the PGs in the ductus arteriosus. The significance of these differences to the function of the oxygen-sensing mechanism remains a major question for future research."}
{"id": "PMID:899921", "title": "Renal handling of sodium, water and divalent ions in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "1) Fluid retention and ascites are rarely seen in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). In an attempt to clarify this clinical observation, renal handling of sodium, water and divalent ions was studied during extracellular volume expansion (ECVE) and maximal suppression of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion in 5 patients with PBC and 9 normal subjects. 2) Mean fractional excretion of sodium, water, phosphate and calculated fractional distal delivery of sodium were significantly greater in patients with PBC as compared with normal controls. Fractional CH20 for given fractional urine flow was similar in patients with PBC and normals. 3) The data suggest that patients with PBC have a greater diminution of proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium in response to ECVE than controls. This augmented elimination of salt during ECVE in patients with PBC may explain the rarity of ascites and edema in this type of cirrhosis.", "contents": "Renal handling of sodium, water and divalent ions in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. 1) Fluid retention and ascites are rarely seen in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). In an attempt to clarify this clinical observation, renal handling of sodium, water and divalent ions was studied during extracellular volume expansion (ECVE) and maximal suppression of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion in 5 patients with PBC and 9 normal subjects. 2) Mean fractional excretion of sodium, water, phosphate and calculated fractional distal delivery of sodium were significantly greater in patients with PBC as compared with normal controls. Fractional CH20 for given fractional urine flow was similar in patients with PBC and normals. 3) The data suggest that patients with PBC have a greater diminution of proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium in response to ECVE than controls. This augmented elimination of salt during ECVE in patients with PBC may explain the rarity of ascites and edema in this type of cirrhosis."}
{"id": "PMID:899922", "title": "Minor influence of parathyroid hormone on fractional tubular reabsorption of phosphate in chronic renal failure.", "content": "In untreated patients with chronic renal failure and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) between 10 and 25 ml/min the decrease in fractional tubular reabsorption of phosphate was correlated to the degree of secondary hyperparathyroidism. This correlation was not found in patients with GFR below 10 ml/min. During treatment with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol for 11 weeks: a) serum parathyroid hormone concentration decreased in all patients on average 60%, and was normal in 5 patients after treatment b) fractional tubular reabsorption of phosphate decreased significantly (on average 0.21) c) glomerular filtration rate decreased significantly (on average 27.5%). Since the reduction (or normalization) of serum parathyroid hormone concentration did not increase the fractional tubular reabsorption of phosphate, other (GFR-related) factors than parathyroid hormone play the major role for renal handling of phosphate in chronic renal failure when GFR is below 25 ml/min.", "contents": "Minor influence of parathyroid hormone on fractional tubular reabsorption of phosphate in chronic renal failure. In untreated patients with chronic renal failure and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) between 10 and 25 ml/min the decrease in fractional tubular reabsorption of phosphate was correlated to the degree of secondary hyperparathyroidism. This correlation was not found in patients with GFR below 10 ml/min. During treatment with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol for 11 weeks: a) serum parathyroid hormone concentration decreased in all patients on average 60%, and was normal in 5 patients after treatment b) fractional tubular reabsorption of phosphate decreased significantly (on average 0.21) c) glomerular filtration rate decreased significantly (on average 27.5%). Since the reduction (or normalization) of serum parathyroid hormone concentration did not increase the fractional tubular reabsorption of phosphate, other (GFR-related) factors than parathyroid hormone play the major role for renal handling of phosphate in chronic renal failure when GFR is below 25 ml/min."}
{"id": "PMID:899923", "title": "The maximal tubular reabsorption of phosphate in relation to serum parathyroid hormone.", "content": "The relation between the renal handling of phosphate and the serum concentration of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (i-PTH) was investigated in 15 patients with a very wide range of i-PTH, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), maximal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TmP) and TmP/GFR-ratio. The latter was used as an index of the renal handling of phosphate. Seven patients had well functioning kidney allografts (GFR 43.1-64.9 ml/min), while 8 had varying degrees of chronic nephropathy (GFR 2.3-26.7 ml/min). The TmP, i-PTH, 51Cr EDTA clearance, the extracellular volume and serum concentrations of calcium and standard bicarbonate were estimated. An inverse significant correlation was demonstrated between TmP/GFR and i-PTH (p less than 0.001), while none of the other investigated factors correlated thyroid hormone has a key role in the regulation of the tubular handling of phosphate in patients with impaired renal function.", "contents": "The maximal tubular reabsorption of phosphate in relation to serum parathyroid hormone. The relation between the renal handling of phosphate and the serum concentration of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (i-PTH) was investigated in 15 patients with a very wide range of i-PTH, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), maximal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TmP) and TmP/GFR-ratio. The latter was used as an index of the renal handling of phosphate. Seven patients had well functioning kidney allografts (GFR 43.1-64.9 ml/min), while 8 had varying degrees of chronic nephropathy (GFR 2.3-26.7 ml/min). The TmP, i-PTH, 51Cr EDTA clearance, the extracellular volume and serum concentrations of calcium and standard bicarbonate were estimated. An inverse significant correlation was demonstrated between TmP/GFR and i-PTH (p less than 0.001), while none of the other investigated factors correlated thyroid hormone has a key role in the regulation of the tubular handling of phosphate in patients with impaired renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:899931", "title": "Inhibition of parathyroid hormone secretion by isoproterenol.", "content": "Intravenous infusion of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol produced a fall in the serum concentration of parathyroid hormone. It also produced a pronounced fall in the serum phosphate concentration, and significant increases in blood glucose and serum insulin concentration and in pulse rate. The fall in serum parathyroid hormone was abolished by beta-adrenergic blockage with propranolol. Oral glucose loads produced a pronounced fall in serum phosphate concentration, comparable to the fall after isoproterenol infusion, but no significant changes in serum parathyroid hormone. It is concluded that the fall in serum parathyroid hormone after isoproterenol is due to a beta-adrenergic effect. It is unknown, if isoproterenol acts directly on the parathyroid hormone secreting cell, or the fall in serum parathyroid hormone is secondary to the effect of isoproterenol on other endocrine glands or the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Inhibition of parathyroid hormone secretion by isoproterenol. Intravenous infusion of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol produced a fall in the serum concentration of parathyroid hormone. It also produced a pronounced fall in the serum phosphate concentration, and significant increases in blood glucose and serum insulin concentration and in pulse rate. The fall in serum parathyroid hormone was abolished by beta-adrenergic blockage with propranolol. Oral glucose loads produced a pronounced fall in serum phosphate concentration, comparable to the fall after isoproterenol infusion, but no significant changes in serum parathyroid hormone. It is concluded that the fall in serum parathyroid hormone after isoproterenol is due to a beta-adrenergic effect. It is unknown, if isoproterenol acts directly on the parathyroid hormone secreting cell, or the fall in serum parathyroid hormone is secondary to the effect of isoproterenol on other endocrine glands or the cardiovascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:899932", "title": "Effect of parathyroid hormone and volume expansion on jejunal calcium, sodium, and water transport in the rat.", "content": "The effects of PTH on jejunal calcium, sodium, and water transport were studied in the rat in situ. In TPTx rats, as well as in normal rats, bovine PTH induced a decrease in net calcium, sodium, and water absorption. Additionally, lumen-to-plasma calcium flux was found decreased in both groups. Stimulation of endogenous PTH secretion by calcium-poor hyperoncotic albumin resulted in a similar decrease in net calcium, sodium, and water absorption. It is suggested that PTH has a direct inhibitory effect on jejunal calcium, sodium, and water absorption.", "contents": "Effect of parathyroid hormone and volume expansion on jejunal calcium, sodium, and water transport in the rat. The effects of PTH on jejunal calcium, sodium, and water transport were studied in the rat in situ. In TPTx rats, as well as in normal rats, bovine PTH induced a decrease in net calcium, sodium, and water absorption. Additionally, lumen-to-plasma calcium flux was found decreased in both groups. Stimulation of endogenous PTH secretion by calcium-poor hyperoncotic albumin resulted in a similar decrease in net calcium, sodium, and water absorption. It is suggested that PTH has a direct inhibitory effect on jejunal calcium, sodium, and water absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:899933", "title": "Influence of vitamin D on bicarbonate reabsorption.", "content": "The effects of acute administration of 25 hydroxycholecalciferol on bicarbonate reabsorption was studied in dogs. 25 hydroxycholecalciferol infused into the renal artery at a dose of 0.2 microgram/kg/hour led to a small but significant bilateral increase in bicarbonate reabsorption in intact dogs. 25 hydroxycholecalciferol had no effect on bicarbonate reabsorption in thyroparathyroidectomized dogs. The phosphaturia of bicarbonate administration was not altered by 25 hydroxycholecalciferol administration.", "contents": "Influence of vitamin D on bicarbonate reabsorption. The effects of acute administration of 25 hydroxycholecalciferol on bicarbonate reabsorption was studied in dogs. 25 hydroxycholecalciferol infused into the renal artery at a dose of 0.2 microgram/kg/hour led to a small but significant bilateral increase in bicarbonate reabsorption in intact dogs. 25 hydroxycholecalciferol had no effect on bicarbonate reabsorption in thyroparathyroidectomized dogs. The phosphaturia of bicarbonate administration was not altered by 25 hydroxycholecalciferol administration."}
{"id": "PMID:899947", "title": "Liver endoplasmic reticulum: target site of halocarbon metabolites.", "content": "Initial injury produced by exposure of rats to carbon tetrachloride, halothane, vinyl chloride or trichlorethylene appears to involve the endoplasmic reticulum. First, there is dispersion of the ergastoplasm, then vacuolization and degranulation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum with concomitant retraction of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum into tightly clumped tubular aggregates. In addition, membranes in these tubular aggregates seem to undergo supra-molecular disassembly. Along with this structural disorganization, functional capacity of the organelle diminishes. Activation of these halocarbons to toxic species by functional elements of the endoplasmic reticulum is indicated by the enhancement of their toxicity by pretreatment with chemicals which induce components of the mixed function oxidase system and by the formation of certain metabolites and/or covalently bound products. Insight into the molecular mechanisms of membrane injury brought about by these halocarbon hepatotoxins has been provided by the characterization of chemical changes produced, such as increased lipid diene conjugate content, and the patterns of enzyme deactivation.", "contents": "Liver endoplasmic reticulum: target site of halocarbon metabolites. Initial injury produced by exposure of rats to carbon tetrachloride, halothane, vinyl chloride or trichlorethylene appears to involve the endoplasmic reticulum. First, there is dispersion of the ergastoplasm, then vacuolization and degranulation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum with concomitant retraction of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum into tightly clumped tubular aggregates. In addition, membranes in these tubular aggregates seem to undergo supra-molecular disassembly. Along with this structural disorganization, functional capacity of the organelle diminishes. Activation of these halocarbons to toxic species by functional elements of the endoplasmic reticulum is indicated by the enhancement of their toxicity by pretreatment with chemicals which induce components of the mixed function oxidase system and by the formation of certain metabolites and/or covalently bound products. Insight into the molecular mechanisms of membrane injury brought about by these halocarbon hepatotoxins has been provided by the characterization of chemical changes produced, such as increased lipid diene conjugate content, and the patterns of enzyme deactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:899948", "title": "Mechanisms by which small molecules alter ionic permeability through lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "Small molecules may be particularly effective cytotoxic agents by way of altering ionic permeability in cell and organelle membranes. The mechanisms by which such molecules may acte on membrane permeability are examined here in light of the rather precise understanding of the mechanisms by which ionic permeability is induced and altered in lipid bilayer membranes. In particular, the influence of specific changes in membrane composition on the kinetics of direct and carrier mediated transport of ions are examined in detail and related to the electrical potentials originating from dipolar residues at the membrane surface.", "contents": "Mechanisms by which small molecules alter ionic permeability through lipid bilayer membranes. Small molecules may be particularly effective cytotoxic agents by way of altering ionic permeability in cell and organelle membranes. The mechanisms by which such molecules may acte on membrane permeability are examined here in light of the rather precise understanding of the mechanisms by which ionic permeability is induced and altered in lipid bilayer membranes. In particular, the influence of specific changes in membrane composition on the kinetics of direct and carrier mediated transport of ions are examined in detail and related to the electrical potentials originating from dipolar residues at the membrane surface."}
{"id": "PMID:899949", "title": "Altered drug permeability in mammalian cell mutants.", "content": "The properties of colchicine uptake into Chinese hamster ovary cells were examined and found to be consistent with an unmediated diffusion mode. This uptake was stimulated several fold by metabolic inhibitors. The activation energy of colchicine uptake was found to be 19 kcal per mole; a similar value was obtained in cells stimulated by cyanide. Drug resistant mutants with greatly reduced colchicine permeability have been isolated. They displayed a pleiotropic phenotype, being cross-resistant to a variety of unrelated compounds. The basis of this pleiotropy was due also to reduced drug permeability. Examination of the lipids and fatty acids of parental and mutant cell membranes revealed no major differences. However, a 170,000 dalton surface glycoprotein was observed to be associated with colchicine resistance. This glycoprotein was postulated to be a modulator of drug permeability. All these data are consistent with the concept that mammalian cells are able to regulate the permeation of drugs entering by an unmediated diffusion process.", "contents": "Altered drug permeability in mammalian cell mutants. The properties of colchicine uptake into Chinese hamster ovary cells were examined and found to be consistent with an unmediated diffusion mode. This uptake was stimulated several fold by metabolic inhibitors. The activation energy of colchicine uptake was found to be 19 kcal per mole; a similar value was obtained in cells stimulated by cyanide. Drug resistant mutants with greatly reduced colchicine permeability have been isolated. They displayed a pleiotropic phenotype, being cross-resistant to a variety of unrelated compounds. The basis of this pleiotropy was due also to reduced drug permeability. Examination of the lipids and fatty acids of parental and mutant cell membranes revealed no major differences. However, a 170,000 dalton surface glycoprotein was observed to be associated with colchicine resistance. This glycoprotein was postulated to be a modulator of drug permeability. All these data are consistent with the concept that mammalian cells are able to regulate the permeation of drugs entering by an unmediated diffusion process."}
{"id": "PMID:899950", "title": "Lectin receptors and lectin resistance in chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells previously selected in a single-step for resistance to one or two different lectins and assigned to individual phenotypic groups on the basis of their unique patterns of lectin resistance, have been examined for their lectin-binding abilites. The lectin-binding parameters of CHO cells were shown to be very complex in a detailes study of the binding of 125I-WGA to wild-type (WT) cells. On the basis of these results, standard assay conditions were established and comparative binding studies between the twenty-two WT and lectin-resistant (LecR) clones were performed. A general correlation of lectin resistance with decreased lectin-binding ability and of lectin sensitivity with increased lectin-binding ability was found, although several exceptions to this trend were observed.", "contents": "Lectin receptors and lectin resistance in chinese hamster ovary cells. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells previously selected in a single-step for resistance to one or two different lectins and assigned to individual phenotypic groups on the basis of their unique patterns of lectin resistance, have been examined for their lectin-binding abilites. The lectin-binding parameters of CHO cells were shown to be very complex in a detailes study of the binding of 125I-WGA to wild-type (WT) cells. On the basis of these results, standard assay conditions were established and comparative binding studies between the twenty-two WT and lectin-resistant (LecR) clones were performed. A general correlation of lectin resistance with decreased lectin-binding ability and of lectin sensitivity with increased lectin-binding ability was found, although several exceptions to this trend were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:899953", "title": "Interactions of acetylcholine receptors with organic mercury compounds.", "content": "Micromolar concentrations of methylmercury and several organic mercury fungicides were found to block binding of [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) to the ACh-receptor of the electric organ of the electric ray, Torpedo ocellata. The same compounds had little or no effect on the catalytic activity of ACh-esterase of the same tissue. [14C]Methyl-mercury bound to the purified ACh-receptor with high affinity (Kd=7micrometer) and there were 6.5 +/- 0.5 binding sites for each ACh-binding site. Binding of methylmercury was highly cooperative with a Hill coefficient of 2.6. This binding was irreversible by redialysis in methylmercury - free medium, however, the bound [14C]methylmercury was easily displaced from the receptor protein with micrometer concentrations of BAL or penicillamine. Methylmercury also blocked binding of [3H] nicotine and [3H]pilocarpine to the nicotinic and muscarinic ACh-receptors of the rat brain, respectively. The data suggest that the ACh-receptor may be a target for methylmercury and other organic mercury compounds.", "contents": "Interactions of acetylcholine receptors with organic mercury compounds. Micromolar concentrations of methylmercury and several organic mercury fungicides were found to block binding of [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) to the ACh-receptor of the electric organ of the electric ray, Torpedo ocellata. The same compounds had little or no effect on the catalytic activity of ACh-esterase of the same tissue. [14C]Methyl-mercury bound to the purified ACh-receptor with high affinity (Kd=7micrometer) and there were 6.5 +/- 0.5 binding sites for each ACh-binding site. Binding of methylmercury was highly cooperative with a Hill coefficient of 2.6. This binding was irreversible by redialysis in methylmercury - free medium, however, the bound [14C]methylmercury was easily displaced from the receptor protein with micrometer concentrations of BAL or penicillamine. Methylmercury also blocked binding of [3H] nicotine and [3H]pilocarpine to the nicotinic and muscarinic ACh-receptors of the rat brain, respectively. The data suggest that the ACh-receptor may be a target for methylmercury and other organic mercury compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:899955", "title": "Membrane water channels and SH-groups.", "content": "The transport of water across human red cell membranes is conmonly interpreted in terms of small aqueous channels. This interpretation is based largely on indirect evidence. In this report, two sets of experiments providing more direct evidence for this idea is presented. (1) The effect of various SH-reactive reagents on the movement of water was studied. Using these compounds we attempted to localize and characterize those membrane SH-groups which are important for water transport. (2) Experimental evidence which suggests that these channels are assembled from aggregates of specific membrane protein(s) is presented.", "contents": "Membrane water channels and SH-groups. The transport of water across human red cell membranes is conmonly interpreted in terms of small aqueous channels. This interpretation is based largely on indirect evidence. In this report, two sets of experiments providing more direct evidence for this idea is presented. (1) The effect of various SH-reactive reagents on the movement of water was studied. Using these compounds we attempted to localize and characterize those membrane SH-groups which are important for water transport. (2) Experimental evidence which suggests that these channels are assembled from aggregates of specific membrane protein(s) is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:899962", "title": "Phenytoin dosage in the elderly.", "content": "Measurement of serum-phenytoin concentrations in 17 elderly patients showed that levels of 40 mumol/l or more were not produced by daily doses of less than 300 mg/day, but that doses of 350 mg/day or more produced higher and potentially toxic levels. Determination of mean values for Vmax and Km for phenytoin gave values little different from those for younger patients. The implications of these findings for anticonvulsant therapy in the elderly are discussed.", "contents": "Phenytoin dosage in the elderly. Measurement of serum-phenytoin concentrations in 17 elderly patients showed that levels of 40 mumol/l or more were not produced by daily doses of less than 300 mg/day, but that doses of 350 mg/day or more produced higher and potentially toxic levels. Determination of mean values for Vmax and Km for phenytoin gave values little different from those for younger patients. The implications of these findings for anticonvulsant therapy in the elderly are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899963", "title": "The effect of ageing on drug absorption from the gut.", "content": "Single oral doses of aspirin and practolol were given to young and old subjects. The results of the plasma concentration-time curves were subjected to pharmacokinetic appraisal. There was no difference with either drug between the two age-groups in the mean absorption rate constant and the time at which maximum concentration in the plasma occurred. However, the amount of drug in the plasma of the elderly group was the same or higher than that in the younger group. It is concluded that ageing has no significant effect on the rate or amount of these drugs absorbed.", "contents": "The effect of ageing on drug absorption from the gut. Single oral doses of aspirin and practolol were given to young and old subjects. The results of the plasma concentration-time curves were subjected to pharmacokinetic appraisal. There was no difference with either drug between the two age-groups in the mean absorption rate constant and the time at which maximum concentration in the plasma occurred. However, the amount of drug in the plasma of the elderly group was the same or higher than that in the younger group. It is concluded that ageing has no significant effect on the rate or amount of these drugs absorbed."}
{"id": "PMID:899964", "title": "The difficulties of old people taking drugs.", "content": "There is considerable interest in the problems of the elderly taking drugs correctly and appropriately. A recent survey (Parkin et al. 1976) showed that these problems that have long been known in geriatric practice have now been noted by general physicians. This review was undertaken when an occupational therapist in a geriatric unit team noted that, although patients and their relatives were taught methods of dressing, toileting, shaving, bathing, eating, walking, transferring to a chair, wheelchair mobility and communication by the occupational therapist, physiotherapist and speech therapist, no advice or teaching was given concerning the accurate taking of the drugs prescribed. The results of a detailed investigation are reported elsewhere (Atkinson, Gibson & Andrews 1978). Repeatedly, patients ready for discharge were handed a batch of drugs by a nurse at the last possible moment, even while sitting by their luggage awaiting the ambulance. Following this, special attention was paid to problems such as intellectual impairment, loss of memory and confusion, poor sight, inability to handle containers, failure to take drugs and lack of patient-education. During ward rounds, particularly when a geriatric health visitor was present, attention was drawn to special topics such as the number of patients who inadvertently kill themselves and the numbers needing readmission due to failure to take drugs, overdosage or underdosage or mixing of drugs (Wade 1972). Ferguson Anderson's comment (1974) that 7.15% of hospital admissions are due to drug reactions was also noted.", "contents": "The difficulties of old people taking drugs. There is considerable interest in the problems of the elderly taking drugs correctly and appropriately. A recent survey (Parkin et al. 1976) showed that these problems that have long been known in geriatric practice have now been noted by general physicians. This review was undertaken when an occupational therapist in a geriatric unit team noted that, although patients and their relatives were taught methods of dressing, toileting, shaving, bathing, eating, walking, transferring to a chair, wheelchair mobility and communication by the occupational therapist, physiotherapist and speech therapist, no advice or teaching was given concerning the accurate taking of the drugs prescribed. The results of a detailed investigation are reported elsewhere (Atkinson, Gibson & Andrews 1978). Repeatedly, patients ready for discharge were handed a batch of drugs by a nurse at the last possible moment, even while sitting by their luggage awaiting the ambulance. Following this, special attention was paid to problems such as intellectual impairment, loss of memory and confusion, poor sight, inability to handle containers, failure to take drugs and lack of patient-education. During ward rounds, particularly when a geriatric health visitor was present, attention was drawn to special topics such as the number of patients who inadvertently kill themselves and the numbers needing readmission due to failure to take drugs, overdosage or underdosage or mixing of drugs (Wade 1972). Ferguson Anderson's comment (1974) that 7.15% of hospital admissions are due to drug reactions was also noted."}
{"id": "PMID:899965", "title": "Thyroid disease in a psychogeriatric population.", "content": "Over a six-year period, routine biochemical screening for thyroid disease was carried out on 662 patients aged 65 years and older, admitted to the psychogeriatric unit of a major psychiatric hospital. Hypothyroid values were found in 1.2% of the population (8 patients). Hyperthyroid values occurred in 0.76% (5 patients). The thyroid abnormality was considered a significant factor in the psychiatric presentation of only two patients and in both the thyroid disease was clinically apparent. Practical benefits obtained were so disappointing that they did not justify the practice of routine screening in this type of patient.", "contents": "Thyroid disease in a psychogeriatric population. Over a six-year period, routine biochemical screening for thyroid disease was carried out on 662 patients aged 65 years and older, admitted to the psychogeriatric unit of a major psychiatric hospital. Hypothyroid values were found in 1.2% of the population (8 patients). Hyperthyroid values occurred in 0.76% (5 patients). The thyroid abnormality was considered a significant factor in the psychiatric presentation of only two patients and in both the thyroid disease was clinically apparent. Practical benefits obtained were so disappointing that they did not justify the practice of routine screening in this type of patient."}
{"id": "PMID:899966", "title": "A simple method of measuring tremor using a variable-capacitance transducer.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive method of recording tremor, using a variable-capacitance transducer, is described. Technical details of the transducer are given, along with examples of tremor traces illustrating the transducer's ability to monitor parkinsonian patients during drug therapy.", "contents": "A simple method of measuring tremor using a variable-capacitance transducer. A simple, inexpensive method of recording tremor, using a variable-capacitance transducer, is described. Technical details of the transducer are given, along with examples of tremor traces illustrating the transducer's ability to monitor parkinsonian patients during drug therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:899967", "title": "A cheap electro-pneumatic high-low bed.", "content": "A cheap, simple high-low bed is described for use in wards without a compressed air supply. A main design feature is ease of operation to ensure that the bed is at the correct height for the patient and nurse and to waste as little as possible of the nurse's time.", "contents": "A cheap electro-pneumatic high-low bed. A cheap, simple high-low bed is described for use in wards without a compressed air supply. A main design feature is ease of operation to ensure that the bed is at the correct height for the patient and nurse and to waste as little as possible of the nurse's time."}
{"id": "PMID:899968", "title": "Progressive supranuclear palsy.", "content": "In the past four years, four patients with progressive supranuclear palsy have presented to the Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oxford, under the care of one of us (RAG). They were all females whose symptoms began in the sixth or seventh decade. They died from three to six years after the onset of symptoms. All had neuropathological studies which are described. The presenting characteristics included frequent falls, difficulty in walking, nuchal rigidity, abnormalities of gaze, pseudobulbar features and mild dementia. These are features particularly common in the elderly and it is suggested that the condition may be under-diagnosed.", "contents": "Progressive supranuclear palsy. In the past four years, four patients with progressive supranuclear palsy have presented to the Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oxford, under the care of one of us (RAG). They were all females whose symptoms began in the sixth or seventh decade. They died from three to six years after the onset of symptoms. All had neuropathological studies which are described. The presenting characteristics included frequent falls, difficulty in walking, nuchal rigidity, abnormalities of gaze, pseudobulbar features and mild dementia. These are features particularly common in the elderly and it is suggested that the condition may be under-diagnosed."}
{"id": "PMID:899969", "title": "Self-neglect.", "content": "Twenty-five patients suffering from gross self-neglect are described, the majority were discharged home and, while in hospital, appeared to have a good quality of life. These findings are at variance with previous reports.", "contents": "Self-neglect. Twenty-five patients suffering from gross self-neglect are described, the majority were discharged home and, while in hospital, appeared to have a good quality of life. These findings are at variance with previous reports."}
{"id": "PMID:899971", "title": "A histamine-induced decrease of action potential duration in cardiac muscle mediated by the H2 receptors.", "content": "The effects of histamine (10(-7)--10(-5) M) on the cardiac action potential have been studied in ventricular strips of guinea pig heart, electrically driven at a constant rate. A decrease of action potential was constantly observed at histamine concentrations above 10(-6) M. No significant variations of the other electrophysiological parameters were induced by the amine. The decrease in the duration of the action potential was blocked by burimamide at a concentration (10(-4) M) which induced only a slight changes in action potential outline. It is suggested that the shortening of the repolarization phase induced by histamine is due to the H2 receptor-mediated activation of the calcium inward current, which can increase the intracellular calcium concentration influencing the potassium permeability.", "contents": "A histamine-induced decrease of action potential duration in cardiac muscle mediated by the H2 receptors. The effects of histamine (10(-7)--10(-5) M) on the cardiac action potential have been studied in ventricular strips of guinea pig heart, electrically driven at a constant rate. A decrease of action potential was constantly observed at histamine concentrations above 10(-6) M. No significant variations of the other electrophysiological parameters were induced by the amine. The decrease in the duration of the action potential was blocked by burimamide at a concentration (10(-4) M) which induced only a slight changes in action potential outline. It is suggested that the shortening of the repolarization phase induced by histamine is due to the H2 receptor-mediated activation of the calcium inward current, which can increase the intracellular calcium concentration influencing the potassium permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:899972", "title": "Adrenaline-stimulated, aspirin-sensitive synthesis of histamine in the rat.", "content": "The intravenous injection of 10 microgram/kg of adrenaline raised total rat lung histamine from 5.3 +/- 0.7 microgram to 8.4 +/- 0.7 microgram and rat skin histamine from 624 +/- 51 microgram to 835 +/- 85 withing 5 min. These changes were no longer apparent after 10 min. Stomach histamine was raised by a statistically non-significant extent, intestinal histamine was unaffected. Blood drawn 2 min after the injection of adrenaline failed to show an increased content of histamine. Rats given 1 mg/kg of compound 48/80, had greatly elevated levels of histamine in blood, but exhibited no increase in lung histamine. This result, as well as the extent of the increase of histamine observed in skin, which cannot be accounted for in any other way, point towards stepped-up local synthesis as the origin of the effect of adrenaline. Aspirin (20 mg/kg, intravenously, 10 min prior to adrenaline), prevented increases of skin histamine. Evidence suggesting mast cells as the site of action of adrenaline, is discussed.", "contents": "Adrenaline-stimulated, aspirin-sensitive synthesis of histamine in the rat. The intravenous injection of 10 microgram/kg of adrenaline raised total rat lung histamine from 5.3 +/- 0.7 microgram to 8.4 +/- 0.7 microgram and rat skin histamine from 624 +/- 51 microgram to 835 +/- 85 withing 5 min. These changes were no longer apparent after 10 min. Stomach histamine was raised by a statistically non-significant extent, intestinal histamine was unaffected. Blood drawn 2 min after the injection of adrenaline failed to show an increased content of histamine. Rats given 1 mg/kg of compound 48/80, had greatly elevated levels of histamine in blood, but exhibited no increase in lung histamine. This result, as well as the extent of the increase of histamine observed in skin, which cannot be accounted for in any other way, point towards stepped-up local synthesis as the origin of the effect of adrenaline. Aspirin (20 mg/kg, intravenously, 10 min prior to adrenaline), prevented increases of skin histamine. Evidence suggesting mast cells as the site of action of adrenaline, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:899973", "title": "Mechanism for histamine H2-receptor induced cell-cycle changes in the bone marrow stem cell.", "content": "The treatment in vitro of mouse bone marrow cells with 4-methylhistamine triggered the hematopoietic stem cell (CFU-S) from the G0 state into the S-phase of the cell cycle. In contrast, 2-methylhistamine had no such effect. Metiamide antagonized the effects of low concentrations of 4-methylhistamine. Antagonism by metiamide was reversed by high concentrations of 4-methylhistamine. Imidazole, and activator of phosphodiesterase, also suppressed the cell-cycle effects of 4-methylhistamine. The latter findings suggests that cyclic nucleotides may mediate in the stem cell response to 4-methylhistamine. Blocking the metabolism of endogenous histamine with a combination of aminoguanidine and chloroquine also initiated DNA synthesis in the bone marrow stem cell. Metiamide antagonized the effects of the aminoguanidine/chloroquine combination. These experiments associate a histamine H2-receptor with the hematopoietic stem cell. They also suggest that, if available, endogenous histamine can initiate cell-cycle changes in the pluripotent bone marrow stem cell.", "contents": "Mechanism for histamine H2-receptor induced cell-cycle changes in the bone marrow stem cell. The treatment in vitro of mouse bone marrow cells with 4-methylhistamine triggered the hematopoietic stem cell (CFU-S) from the G0 state into the S-phase of the cell cycle. In contrast, 2-methylhistamine had no such effect. Metiamide antagonized the effects of low concentrations of 4-methylhistamine. Antagonism by metiamide was reversed by high concentrations of 4-methylhistamine. Imidazole, and activator of phosphodiesterase, also suppressed the cell-cycle effects of 4-methylhistamine. The latter findings suggests that cyclic nucleotides may mediate in the stem cell response to 4-methylhistamine. Blocking the metabolism of endogenous histamine with a combination of aminoguanidine and chloroquine also initiated DNA synthesis in the bone marrow stem cell. Metiamide antagonized the effects of the aminoguanidine/chloroquine combination. These experiments associate a histamine H2-receptor with the hematopoietic stem cell. They also suggest that, if available, endogenous histamine can initiate cell-cycle changes in the pluripotent bone marrow stem cell."}
{"id": "PMID:899974", "title": "Effect of some central nervous system acting drugs on rat brain and liver monoamine oxidase activity.", "content": "A number of central nervous system acting drugs were administered to male rats. At certain time intervals after the administration of these drugs, the rats were sacrificed. Liver and brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities were determined. The drugs employed were: ethyl alcohol, cognac, hexobarbital, diazepam, imipramine and chloralose. Results obtained indicated that the liver MAO activity was not altered by any of these drugs. Brain MAO activity, contrary to in vitro studies, was increased by alcohol and cognac. The increase was not due to a direct effect of alcohol on the enzyme activity, since the in vitro addition of equivalent concentrations of alcohol, as those calculated to be present in vivo, to brain homogenates resulted in a decrease rather than an increase in activity.", "contents": "Effect of some central nervous system acting drugs on rat brain and liver monoamine oxidase activity. A number of central nervous system acting drugs were administered to male rats. At certain time intervals after the administration of these drugs, the rats were sacrificed. Liver and brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities were determined. The drugs employed were: ethyl alcohol, cognac, hexobarbital, diazepam, imipramine and chloralose. Results obtained indicated that the liver MAO activity was not altered by any of these drugs. Brain MAO activity, contrary to in vitro studies, was increased by alcohol and cognac. The increase was not due to a direct effect of alcohol on the enzyme activity, since the in vitro addition of equivalent concentrations of alcohol, as those calculated to be present in vivo, to brain homogenates resulted in a decrease rather than an increase in activity."}
{"id": "PMID:899977", "title": "Alteration of Hepatic microsomal enzyme systems and the lethal action of non-steroidal anti-arthritic drugs in acute and chronic models of inflammation.", "content": "Depression of the hepatic microsomal enzyme system(s) in adjuvant-induced polyarthritis (AIP), a chronic inflammation model, has been confirmed indirectly by the enhancement of hexobarbital Na-induced sleeping time and extended for the first time to zoxazolamine-induced paralysis. In addition, barbital Na-induced anesthesia was increased during the course of AIP development, indicating that the CNS of these rats appears to be more sensitive to drug effects, since this barbiturate is excreted virtually unmetabolized. Most likely because of these effects, LD50 values for acetylsalicylic acid, phenylbutazone and indomethacin in AIP rats decreased in terms of mg/kg (increased toxicity) as the disease became more severe (Day 21) since they are known ultimately to be metabolized by the liver. On the other hand, the toxicity of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, meseclazone, was not altered significantly in AIP. This is most likely due to the fact that its near total conversion to 5-chlorosalicylic acid has been shown to occur by hydrolytic cleavage as it pases through the intestinal wall with litter hepatic involvement. Finally, carrageenan edema, a model of acute inflammation, did not affect barbiturate sleeping times of zoxazolamine paralysis, nor were any of these drugs studied more lethal in this disease state.", "contents": "Alteration of Hepatic microsomal enzyme systems and the lethal action of non-steroidal anti-arthritic drugs in acute and chronic models of inflammation. Depression of the hepatic microsomal enzyme system(s) in adjuvant-induced polyarthritis (AIP), a chronic inflammation model, has been confirmed indirectly by the enhancement of hexobarbital Na-induced sleeping time and extended for the first time to zoxazolamine-induced paralysis. In addition, barbital Na-induced anesthesia was increased during the course of AIP development, indicating that the CNS of these rats appears to be more sensitive to drug effects, since this barbiturate is excreted virtually unmetabolized. Most likely because of these effects, LD50 values for acetylsalicylic acid, phenylbutazone and indomethacin in AIP rats decreased in terms of mg/kg (increased toxicity) as the disease became more severe (Day 21) since they are known ultimately to be metabolized by the liver. On the other hand, the toxicity of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, meseclazone, was not altered significantly in AIP. This is most likely due to the fact that its near total conversion to 5-chlorosalicylic acid has been shown to occur by hydrolytic cleavage as it pases through the intestinal wall with litter hepatic involvement. Finally, carrageenan edema, a model of acute inflammation, did not affect barbiturate sleeping times of zoxazolamine paralysis, nor were any of these drugs studied more lethal in this disease state."}
{"id": "PMID:899978", "title": "Activity of various immunosuppressive drugs on tuberculin hypersensitivity reaction in chickens.", "content": "Drug induced immunosuppression of chicken immune response was studied in F1 hybrids of the CB and IC inbred lines. In tuberculin reaction complete inhibition of wattle swelling was induced by the administration of methotrexate, colcemid (1 mg/KBW), and 6-mercaptopurine. The cellular infiltration was substantially reduced in these cases. Cyclophosphamide and colcemid (0.1 mg/KBW) reduced partially the wattle swelling but had no apparent effect on the cellular infiltration. Acetinomycin D did not affect in measurable degree the wattle swelling. The histologic picture was in this case the same as in the control animals. The same drug administration schedule had less pronounced effect on anti-HSA antibody production. No anti-HSA antibody was found after the 500 mg/animal doses of 6-mercaptopurine. Significant reduction of anti-HSA titres was found after 50 mg/animal doses of 6-mercaptopurine, colcemid (1 mg/KBW), 25 MG/KBW or cyclophosphamide and after the methotrexate treatment.", "contents": "Activity of various immunosuppressive drugs on tuberculin hypersensitivity reaction in chickens. Drug induced immunosuppression of chicken immune response was studied in F1 hybrids of the CB and IC inbred lines. In tuberculin reaction complete inhibition of wattle swelling was induced by the administration of methotrexate, colcemid (1 mg/KBW), and 6-mercaptopurine. The cellular infiltration was substantially reduced in these cases. Cyclophosphamide and colcemid (0.1 mg/KBW) reduced partially the wattle swelling but had no apparent effect on the cellular infiltration. Acetinomycin D did not affect in measurable degree the wattle swelling. The histologic picture was in this case the same as in the control animals. The same drug administration schedule had less pronounced effect on anti-HSA antibody production. No anti-HSA antibody was found after the 500 mg/animal doses of 6-mercaptopurine. Significant reduction of anti-HSA titres was found after 50 mg/animal doses of 6-mercaptopurine, colcemid (1 mg/KBW), 25 MG/KBW or cyclophosphamide and after the methotrexate treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:899979", "title": "Smooth muscle sensitization induced by colchicine: is it an in vitro property of antitubulin agents?", "content": "Colchicine 0.1 microgram/ml induces a reversible increase of guinea-pig isolated ileum contractions (50 to 60% of maximal contractions) to acetylcholine, nicotine and PGE2. At 1 microgram/ml, it induces an irreversible increase of similar contractions to acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Low concentrations of indomethacin are able to reduce or even to abolish this increase. This smooth muscle sensitization could be related to the ability of colchicine to stimulate prostaglandin biosynthesis. Vinblastine has been described to induce a similar in vitro sensitization of guinea-pig isolated ileum. This effect might be also a non-specific property of antitubulin agents. The relationships between such an in vitro sensitization and the clinical effects of colchicine, including diarrhea, remain unclear.", "contents": "Smooth muscle sensitization induced by colchicine: is it an in vitro property of antitubulin agents? Colchicine 0.1 microgram/ml induces a reversible increase of guinea-pig isolated ileum contractions (50 to 60% of maximal contractions) to acetylcholine, nicotine and PGE2. At 1 microgram/ml, it induces an irreversible increase of similar contractions to acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Low concentrations of indomethacin are able to reduce or even to abolish this increase. This smooth muscle sensitization could be related to the ability of colchicine to stimulate prostaglandin biosynthesis. Vinblastine has been described to induce a similar in vitro sensitization of guinea-pig isolated ileum. This effect might be also a non-specific property of antitubulin agents. The relationships between such an in vitro sensitization and the clinical effects of colchicine, including diarrhea, remain unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:899998", "title": "Surgical management of intermittent claudication.", "content": "The distribution of claudication reflects the anatomic site of stenosis or occlusion. Palpable pedal pulses do not rule out proximal stenosis, nor do weak pulses certify leg pain as claudication. An initial conservative approach is not appropriate for patients with rest pain, ulcers, gangrene, rapid increase in discomfort or dangerous lesions involving major collateral vessels. Early surgical treatment is also advisable for patients whose occupations are in jeopardy. Complete arteriography is essential. Proximal disease must be corrected first.", "contents": "Surgical management of intermittent claudication. The distribution of claudication reflects the anatomic site of stenosis or occlusion. Palpable pedal pulses do not rule out proximal stenosis, nor do weak pulses certify leg pain as claudication. An initial conservative approach is not appropriate for patients with rest pain, ulcers, gangrene, rapid increase in discomfort or dangerous lesions involving major collateral vessels. Early surgical treatment is also advisable for patients whose occupations are in jeopardy. Complete arteriography is essential. Proximal disease must be corrected first."}
{"id": "PMID:899999", "title": "Giant cell arteritis and blindness.", "content": "The etiology of giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis, cranial arteritis) is still obscure. Polymyalgia rheumatica is probably a stage of the same disease. It causes systemic and localized symptoms, usually in patients older than 55 years, and is not uncommon as a cause of loss of vision. The sedimentation rate is unusually high. The diagnosis is defintively established by biopsy. The response to steroid therapy is dramatic.", "contents": "Giant cell arteritis and blindness. The etiology of giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis, cranial arteritis) is still obscure. Polymyalgia rheumatica is probably a stage of the same disease. It causes systemic and localized symptoms, usually in patients older than 55 years, and is not uncommon as a cause of loss of vision. The sedimentation rate is unusually high. The diagnosis is defintively established by biopsy. The response to steroid therapy is dramatic."}
{"id": "PMID:900000", "title": "The tonsillectomy-adenoidectomy dilemma.", "content": "Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in the U.S. Considerable controversy surrounds this operation because all previous studies have demonstrated experimental flaws that compromise the value of the findings. While an apparent immunologic deficit following T&A has been demonstrated, the clinical significance of this finding is unknown. Normal humoral antibody responses are found after surgery and no increase in clinically apparent viral infection has been shown. T&A consistently normalizes pharyngeal microflora.", "contents": "The tonsillectomy-adenoidectomy dilemma. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in the U.S. Considerable controversy surrounds this operation because all previous studies have demonstrated experimental flaws that compromise the value of the findings. While an apparent immunologic deficit following T&A has been demonstrated, the clinical significance of this finding is unknown. Normal humoral antibody responses are found after surgery and no increase in clinically apparent viral infection has been shown. T&A consistently normalizes pharyngeal microflora."}
{"id": "PMID:900001", "title": "When the patient wants facial cosmetic surgery.", "content": "Cosmetic facial surgery can improve appearance but it cannot make everyone beautiful (or handsome) or solve all problems. The patient must be well motivated and must comprehend the limitations of the procedures. Procedures useful in providing a more youthful appearance include blepharoplasty, browlift and face-lift. Sometimes all three are indicated. Chemical face peeling is used for correction of fine skin lines.", "contents": "When the patient wants facial cosmetic surgery. Cosmetic facial surgery can improve appearance but it cannot make everyone beautiful (or handsome) or solve all problems. The patient must be well motivated and must comprehend the limitations of the procedures. Procedures useful in providing a more youthful appearance include blepharoplasty, browlift and face-lift. Sometimes all three are indicated. Chemical face peeling is used for correction of fine skin lines."}
{"id": "PMID:900002", "title": "Identifying and treating the drug-misusing patient.", "content": "The drug misusers whom physicians encounter in private practice are not the stereotypes. Treatment of drug problems is possible on an outpatient basis if physicians are willing to extend their normal role. Overcoming negative feelings toward patients who misuse drugs, employing some basic counseling skills and being aware of the relatively uncomplicated medical procedures involved in therapy can enable the physician to treat certain types of drug misuse in his own office.", "contents": "Identifying and treating the drug-misusing patient. The drug misusers whom physicians encounter in private practice are not the stereotypes. Treatment of drug problems is possible on an outpatient basis if physicians are willing to extend their normal role. Overcoming negative feelings toward patients who misuse drugs, employing some basic counseling skills and being aware of the relatively uncomplicated medical procedures involved in therapy can enable the physician to treat certain types of drug misuse in his own office."}
{"id": "PMID:900012", "title": "Evaluation of the patient with chronic facial pain.", "content": "A major difficulty in the investigation of chronic facial pain has been a practical classification permitting the selection of appropriate diagnostic procedures to elucidate the etiology of the pain and to provide appropriate therapy. Categorization of facial pain syndromes into vascular, neuritic, muscular, rheumatic, traction and inflammatory and psychogenic groups provides a useful approach to the problem. Despite the utility of this method and advances in noninvasive diagnostic techniques, many pain syndromes remain refractory to full understanding and/or therapy and will test the physician's patience and perseverance.", "contents": "Evaluation of the patient with chronic facial pain. A major difficulty in the investigation of chronic facial pain has been a practical classification permitting the selection of appropriate diagnostic procedures to elucidate the etiology of the pain and to provide appropriate therapy. Categorization of facial pain syndromes into vascular, neuritic, muscular, rheumatic, traction and inflammatory and psychogenic groups provides a useful approach to the problem. Despite the utility of this method and advances in noninvasive diagnostic techniques, many pain syndromes remain refractory to full understanding and/or therapy and will test the physician's patience and perseverance."}
{"id": "PMID:900013", "title": "Alcohol in pharmaceutical products.", "content": "Alcohol is the diluent in more than 500 proprietary products and is found in concentrations up to 68 percent. This factor can pose significant problems in patient management; for example, problems can arise in the alcoholic patient under disulfiram therapy, in the patient with active peptic ulcer disease and in the patient under treatment with central nervous system depressants or other substances that interact with alcohol. The alcohol content raises difficulties with abstinence programs and adolescent alcohol abuse. A list of pharmaceutical products containing alcohol is included.", "contents": "Alcohol in pharmaceutical products. Alcohol is the diluent in more than 500 proprietary products and is found in concentrations up to 68 percent. This factor can pose significant problems in patient management; for example, problems can arise in the alcoholic patient under disulfiram therapy, in the patient with active peptic ulcer disease and in the patient under treatment with central nervous system depressants or other substances that interact with alcohol. The alcohol content raises difficulties with abstinence programs and adolescent alcohol abuse. A list of pharmaceutical products containing alcohol is included."}
{"id": "PMID:900014", "title": "Quieting a wire strander for the tire cord industry.", "content": "Evaluation of detailed noise and vibration measurements on a wire strander led to the identification of noise sources. The same data were used to optimize the selection of absorption materials while meeting the severe space limitations imposed by the equipment design. The acoustical treatment resulted in a 6-7 dBA noise reduction.", "contents": "Quieting a wire strander for the tire cord industry. Evaluation of detailed noise and vibration measurements on a wire strander led to the identification of noise sources. The same data were used to optimize the selection of absorption materials while meeting the severe space limitations imposed by the equipment design. The acoustical treatment resulted in a 6-7 dBA noise reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:900015", "title": "Effects of particle sizes and solubilities of lead sulphide dust on mill workers.", "content": "A total of 15 mill employees were sampled by means of personal samplers for total airborne lead and respirable air leads while working in a lead sulphide mill. Blood and urine samples were collected from the same workers during the period of the survey. Poor correlations were observed between the total air leads and blood leads for the total subgroups studied as well as between the respirable air leads and blood leads for the smokers. Tests simulating the acidity and retention of lead sulphide in the stomach confirmed the low solubility of this compound.", "contents": "Effects of particle sizes and solubilities of lead sulphide dust on mill workers. A total of 15 mill employees were sampled by means of personal samplers for total airborne lead and respirable air leads while working in a lead sulphide mill. Blood and urine samples were collected from the same workers during the period of the survey. Poor correlations were observed between the total air leads and blood leads for the total subgroups studied as well as between the respirable air leads and blood leads for the smokers. Tests simulating the acidity and retention of lead sulphide in the stomach confirmed the low solubility of this compound."}
{"id": "PMID:900016", "title": "Loudness Discrimination Index (LDI): a test for the early detection of noise susceptible individuals.", "content": "Work has been completed at the Environmental Acoustics Laboratory during the past year on developing an industrially feasible Loudness Discrimination Index (LDI) Test. Data obtained on experimental subjects who had been exposed to brief, high-level sound showed that the maximum Loudness Discrimination Index Shift (LDIS-Max.) is a valid and reliable indicator of temporary, noise-induced, hearing change. This test is better suited to industrial usage than the traditional TTS test. Suggestions for the implementation of LDI testing in the industrial setting are discussed.", "contents": "Loudness Discrimination Index (LDI): a test for the early detection of noise susceptible individuals. Work has been completed at the Environmental Acoustics Laboratory during the past year on developing an industrially feasible Loudness Discrimination Index (LDI) Test. Data obtained on experimental subjects who had been exposed to brief, high-level sound showed that the maximum Loudness Discrimination Index Shift (LDIS-Max.) is a valid and reliable indicator of temporary, noise-induced, hearing change. This test is better suited to industrial usage than the traditional TTS test. Suggestions for the implementation of LDI testing in the industrial setting are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900017", "title": "Chronic inhalation of cobalt oxide and cigarette smoke by hamsters.", "content": "Exposure of hamsters to CoO aerosol (10 g/L, 7 hrs./day, 5 days/week) caused pneumoconiosis but affected neither the life span nor the incidence of other than pneumoconiotic lesions. No carcinogenic effects of CoO were observed. While cigarette smoke exposures significantly increased the incidence of certain types of other than pneumoconiotic lesions including tumors, they also increased the life span of the smoke-exposed animals significantly. The latter phenomenon may account for the higher tumor incidence in the smoke-exposed animals. No effect of the smoke exposures on incidence and degree of pneumoconiosis was observed. The mean body weights of the smoke-exposed groups were significantly reduced.", "contents": "Chronic inhalation of cobalt oxide and cigarette smoke by hamsters. Exposure of hamsters to CoO aerosol (10 g/L, 7 hrs./day, 5 days/week) caused pneumoconiosis but affected neither the life span nor the incidence of other than pneumoconiotic lesions. No carcinogenic effects of CoO were observed. While cigarette smoke exposures significantly increased the incidence of certain types of other than pneumoconiotic lesions including tumors, they also increased the life span of the smoke-exposed animals significantly. The latter phenomenon may account for the higher tumor incidence in the smoke-exposed animals. No effect of the smoke exposures on incidence and degree of pneumoconiosis was observed. The mean body weights of the smoke-exposed groups were significantly reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:900020", "title": "An experimental laboratory system to evaluate the industrial fate of toxic volatile inorganic hydrides.", "content": "This paper reports the development of a gas sampling and static reactor system for identifying potentially toxic volatile byproducts from an industrial process and for characterizing their airborne stability at trace levels. The system has been applied in an exemplary manner to the analysis and fate of diborane and phosphine. The heart of the system consists of a static reactor to which pyrolysis products or other reactants can be added from a flow reactor. The static reactor can be resampled at any time. Methods for identifying and quantifying pyrolysis products by chromatography with multiple detectors and mass spectroscopy are included.", "contents": "An experimental laboratory system to evaluate the industrial fate of toxic volatile inorganic hydrides. This paper reports the development of a gas sampling and static reactor system for identifying potentially toxic volatile byproducts from an industrial process and for characterizing their airborne stability at trace levels. The system has been applied in an exemplary manner to the analysis and fate of diborane and phosphine. The heart of the system consists of a static reactor to which pyrolysis products or other reactants can be added from a flow reactor. The static reactor can be resampled at any time. Methods for identifying and quantifying pyrolysis products by chromatography with multiple detectors and mass spectroscopy are included."}
{"id": "PMID:900021", "title": "A solid sorbent personal sampling method for the simultaneous collection of nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide in air.", "content": "A sampling method is described for the collection of air samples containing both nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO) in the range of 0.5 to 5 ppm NO2 and 9 to 50 ppm NO. These two gases are trapped on a solid sorbent sampling tube which employs the collection of the NO2 on a triethanol-amine (TEA)-impregnated molecular sieve surface; the oxidation of NO to NO2 by a solid oxidizer; and the collection of the converted NO on another section of TEA sorbent. The trapped NO/NO2 on each TEA section is desorbed and the concentrations are determined spectrophotometrically. At all concentrations tested, the collection efficiency for NO2 averaged approximately 96%. The collection efficiencies for NO were as follows: at 9 ppm, 97%; at 11 ppm, 106%; at 24 ppm, 84%; and at 50 ppm, 67%.", "contents": "A solid sorbent personal sampling method for the simultaneous collection of nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide in air. A sampling method is described for the collection of air samples containing both nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO) in the range of 0.5 to 5 ppm NO2 and 9 to 50 ppm NO. These two gases are trapped on a solid sorbent sampling tube which employs the collection of the NO2 on a triethanol-amine (TEA)-impregnated molecular sieve surface; the oxidation of NO to NO2 by a solid oxidizer; and the collection of the converted NO on another section of TEA sorbent. The trapped NO/NO2 on each TEA section is desorbed and the concentrations are determined spectrophotometrically. At all concentrations tested, the collection efficiency for NO2 averaged approximately 96%. The collection efficiencies for NO were as follows: at 9 ppm, 97%; at 11 ppm, 106%; at 24 ppm, 84%; and at 50 ppm, 67%."}
{"id": "PMID:900022", "title": "Effect of chemical defoliation on leaf and bract content in raw cotton.", "content": "Chemical defoliants are applied to about 40% of the U.S. Cotton acreage as a harvest-aid practice prior to machine picking. Raw cottons derived from defoliated and nondefoliated fields were examined for content of bract and leaf trash Chemical defoliation lowered, but did not remove, leaf as a major trash component. The content of bract was unaffected by this harvest-aid practice. The histamine content in green leaf trash was 10X that found in nongreen leaf trash.", "contents": "Effect of chemical defoliation on leaf and bract content in raw cotton. Chemical defoliants are applied to about 40% of the U.S. Cotton acreage as a harvest-aid practice prior to machine picking. Raw cottons derived from defoliated and nondefoliated fields were examined for content of bract and leaf trash Chemical defoliation lowered, but did not remove, leaf as a major trash component. The content of bract was unaffected by this harvest-aid practice. The histamine content in green leaf trash was 10X that found in nongreen leaf trash."}
{"id": "PMID:900023", "title": "A new personal dosimeter for the monitoring of industrial pollutants.", "content": "A new passive sampling device (GASBADGE dosimeter) has been developed for personal/ambient monitoring of industrial air pollutants. Compact and convenient to use (no pump, wet chemicals, or length of stain estimation required, etc.), it may be either worn or used for area monitoring. The operating principle is based upon Fick's first law of diffusion. Analysis of the collection element after exposure yields the time-weighted (TWA) exposure concentration. Promising results have been obtained to date in controlled exposures with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Preliminary data also indicate the applicability of the GASBADGE dosimeter to the monitoring of a wide variety of organic vapors.", "contents": "A new personal dosimeter for the monitoring of industrial pollutants. A new passive sampling device (GASBADGE dosimeter) has been developed for personal/ambient monitoring of industrial air pollutants. Compact and convenient to use (no pump, wet chemicals, or length of stain estimation required, etc.), it may be either worn or used for area monitoring. The operating principle is based upon Fick's first law of diffusion. Analysis of the collection element after exposure yields the time-weighted (TWA) exposure concentration. Promising results have been obtained to date in controlled exposures with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Preliminary data also indicate the applicability of the GASBADGE dosimeter to the monitoring of a wide variety of organic vapors."}
{"id": "PMID:900025", "title": "Cotton dust sampling, III-estimation of statistical errors with vertical elutriators.", "content": "Cotton dust levels measured by vertical elutriators have been studied in terms of the variance components associated with statistical errors due to sampling equipment, location, time and repeated sampling. A thumb-rule is proposed for estimating sampling errors of three-hour vertical elutriator samples as a function of average dust level. Relative efficiency of three-hour samples is shown to be superior to that of six-hour samples at moderate dust levels (0.4-0.6 mg/m3) but inferior at low dust levels (0.1-0.2 mg/m3. Errors due to location and equipment are found insignificant from this particular study.", "contents": "Cotton dust sampling, III-estimation of statistical errors with vertical elutriators. Cotton dust levels measured by vertical elutriators have been studied in terms of the variance components associated with statistical errors due to sampling equipment, location, time and repeated sampling. A thumb-rule is proposed for estimating sampling errors of three-hour vertical elutriator samples as a function of average dust level. Relative efficiency of three-hour samples is shown to be superior to that of six-hour samples at moderate dust levels (0.4-0.6 mg/m3) but inferior at low dust levels (0.1-0.2 mg/m3. Errors due to location and equipment are found insignificant from this particular study."}
{"id": "PMID:900027", "title": "Cotton dust sampling, II--vertical elutriation.", "content": "Cotton dust sampling by vertical elutriation has existed since 1970. Early medical correlations using this method of sampling used median values instead of mean values because of unexpected high and low values. The methodology necessary to obtain consistent results is difficult to achieve and worthy of review.", "contents": "Cotton dust sampling, II--vertical elutriation. Cotton dust sampling by vertical elutriation has existed since 1970. Early medical correlations using this method of sampling used median values instead of mean values because of unexpected high and low values. The methodology necessary to obtain consistent results is difficult to achieve and worthy of review."}
{"id": "PMID:900028", "title": "Chromatographic determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in solvent mixtures. Bulk solvents and charcoal tube air samples may be analyzed. The procedure utilizes the unique separation characteristics of a gas chromatographic column containing a highly selective stationary liquid phase, N,N-bis (2-cyanoethyl) formamide. The interfering oxygenated solvents are extracted using 75 percent H2SO4. An 11-foot, 35 percent CEF column may be used to qualitatively analyze the lower boiling aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylenes). Total or specific aromatics are then quantitated using a 3-foot, 35 percent CEF column with an internal standard. Applications of liquid chromatographic concepts to this analysis were also investigated.", "contents": "Chromatographic determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. A gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in solvent mixtures. Bulk solvents and charcoal tube air samples may be analyzed. The procedure utilizes the unique separation characteristics of a gas chromatographic column containing a highly selective stationary liquid phase, N,N-bis (2-cyanoethyl) formamide. The interfering oxygenated solvents are extracted using 75 percent H2SO4. An 11-foot, 35 percent CEF column may be used to qualitatively analyze the lower boiling aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylenes). Total or specific aromatics are then quantitated using a 3-foot, 35 percent CEF column with an internal standard. Applications of liquid chromatographic concepts to this analysis were also investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:900032", "title": "Clinical experience with the Smeloff-Cutter aortic valve prosthesis: an 8-year follow-up study.", "content": "A total of 46 patients who survived aortic valve replacement with the present model Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis between 1968 and 1973 were followed up postoperatively. All patients received oral anticoagulant therapy. The average age at implantation was 44 +/- 13 (mean +/- standard deviation) years; 36 patients were male and 10 were female. The valve damage was caused by rheumatic disease in 19 (41 percent), infective endocarditis in 14 (30 percent), congenital heart disease in 7 (15 percent) and other factors in 6 (13 percent). Late death occurred in eight patients (17 percent). All available patients were followed up until December 1976. During the 8 years of follow-up study, seven patients, including four heroin addicts, had postoperative endocarditis (15 percent); five of the seven had cerebral involvement, possibly from septic emboli. Four patients were reoperated on; three had active endocarditis and one had a high transvalve pressure gradient. The mean follow-up time was 4.9 years per patient. Of the 38 living patients, 33 have functional improvement and are still being followed up. Only one patient had a bland embolism to a systemic artery. No ball variance or other types of material failure have been detected. Although the chronic aspects of valve disease remain after prosthetic valve replacement, the Smeloff-Cutter aortic prosthesis deserves strong consideration when selecting a rigid prosthesis for aortic valve replacement.", "contents": "Clinical experience with the Smeloff-Cutter aortic valve prosthesis: an 8-year follow-up study. A total of 46 patients who survived aortic valve replacement with the present model Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis between 1968 and 1973 were followed up postoperatively. All patients received oral anticoagulant therapy. The average age at implantation was 44 +/- 13 (mean +/- standard deviation) years; 36 patients were male and 10 were female. The valve damage was caused by rheumatic disease in 19 (41 percent), infective endocarditis in 14 (30 percent), congenital heart disease in 7 (15 percent) and other factors in 6 (13 percent). Late death occurred in eight patients (17 percent). All available patients were followed up until December 1976. During the 8 years of follow-up study, seven patients, including four heroin addicts, had postoperative endocarditis (15 percent); five of the seven had cerebral involvement, possibly from septic emboli. Four patients were reoperated on; three had active endocarditis and one had a high transvalve pressure gradient. The mean follow-up time was 4.9 years per patient. Of the 38 living patients, 33 have functional improvement and are still being followed up. Only one patient had a bland embolism to a systemic artery. No ball variance or other types of material failure have been detected. Although the chronic aspects of valve disease remain after prosthetic valve replacement, the Smeloff-Cutter aortic prosthesis deserves strong consideration when selecting a rigid prosthesis for aortic valve replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:900035", "title": "Significance of subendocardial S-T segment elevation caused by coronary stenosis in the dog. Epicardial S-T segment depression, local ischemia and subsequent necrosis.", "content": "A model of partial thickness ischemia has been developed using subendocardial S-T elevation without epicardial S-T elevation to detect partial thickness ischemia which is sufficient to cause subsequent necrosis. Subendocardial blood flow in this model (measured with radioactive microsphere techniques) may be reduced to 25 percent of normal (P less than 0.001) by coronary stenosis and tachycardia while subepicardial flow remains normal. Epicardial S-T depression seems to indicate reciprocally subendocardial S-T elevation as long as a layer of nonischemic epicardial muscle is present, but when ischemia becomes transmural, epicardial S-T elevation occurs. Regional pressure-flow relations were determined as distal coronary pressure was reduced at a constant aortic pressure, heart rate and cardiac output. These relations revealed remarkably effective autoregulation of epicardial blood flow concomitant with progressive subendocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Significance of subendocardial S-T segment elevation caused by coronary stenosis in the dog. Epicardial S-T segment depression, local ischemia and subsequent necrosis. A model of partial thickness ischemia has been developed using subendocardial S-T elevation without epicardial S-T elevation to detect partial thickness ischemia which is sufficient to cause subsequent necrosis. Subendocardial blood flow in this model (measured with radioactive microsphere techniques) may be reduced to 25 percent of normal (P less than 0.001) by coronary stenosis and tachycardia while subepicardial flow remains normal. Epicardial S-T depression seems to indicate reciprocally subendocardial S-T elevation as long as a layer of nonischemic epicardial muscle is present, but when ischemia becomes transmural, epicardial S-T elevation occurs. Regional pressure-flow relations were determined as distal coronary pressure was reduced at a constant aortic pressure, heart rate and cardiac output. These relations revealed remarkably effective autoregulation of epicardial blood flow concomitant with progressive subendocardial ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:900036", "title": "Evolution of regional ischemia distal to a proximal coronary stenosis: self-propagation of ischemia.", "content": "The temporal evolution of myocardial ischemia was studied in open chest dogs at constant preload, afterload and heart rate. In one group of animals, a variable circumflex arterial stenosis was used to maintain constant distal circumflex arterial hypotension (40 to 50 mm Hg). During a 3 hour period of stenosis, flow in the subendocardial fourth of the ischemic ventricular wall decreased from 0.22 to 0.09 ml/g per min (P less than 0.02), whereas subepicardial flow was not significantly changed. Local vascular resistance, therefore, doubled in the most ischemic area of myocardium. In a second group of animals in which proximal coronary stenosis was held constant and pressure varied, an ischemia-mediated increase in local vascular resistance was also demonstrated. In addition, a reciprocal relation was observed between changes in flow in the left anterior descending coronary region and changes in collateral flow to the region of the circumflex artery. A coronary steal mechanism and an ischemia-mediated resistance increase may be two means by which ischemia is self-propagating.", "contents": "Evolution of regional ischemia distal to a proximal coronary stenosis: self-propagation of ischemia. The temporal evolution of myocardial ischemia was studied in open chest dogs at constant preload, afterload and heart rate. In one group of animals, a variable circumflex arterial stenosis was used to maintain constant distal circumflex arterial hypotension (40 to 50 mm Hg). During a 3 hour period of stenosis, flow in the subendocardial fourth of the ischemic ventricular wall decreased from 0.22 to 0.09 ml/g per min (P less than 0.02), whereas subepicardial flow was not significantly changed. Local vascular resistance, therefore, doubled in the most ischemic area of myocardium. In a second group of animals in which proximal coronary stenosis was held constant and pressure varied, an ischemia-mediated increase in local vascular resistance was also demonstrated. In addition, a reciprocal relation was observed between changes in flow in the left anterior descending coronary region and changes in collateral flow to the region of the circumflex artery. A coronary steal mechanism and an ischemia-mediated resistance increase may be two means by which ischemia is self-propagating."}
{"id": "PMID:900038", "title": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic features of Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve.", "content": "Multicrystal real time-motion echocardiographic studies of 10 patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve are reported. Eight patients also underwent hemodynamic and angiographic study. All but one of the patients had inferior and leftward displacement of the tricuspid valve. In seven patients multiple echoes were obtained from the tricuspid valve, all seven manifested elongated tricuspid valve leaflets, and in six the leaflets were thickened. Excessive excursion of the tricuspid valve was noted in five patients and a \"whipping\" motion seen in three. Nonspecific findings in nine patients included an increased right ventricular dimension and systolic anterior septal motion. Thus, cross-sectional echocardiography provides distinctive diagnostic findings that are specific for Ebstein's anomaly.", "contents": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic features of Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. Multicrystal real time-motion echocardiographic studies of 10 patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve are reported. Eight patients also underwent hemodynamic and angiographic study. All but one of the patients had inferior and leftward displacement of the tricuspid valve. In seven patients multiple echoes were obtained from the tricuspid valve, all seven manifested elongated tricuspid valve leaflets, and in six the leaflets were thickened. Excessive excursion of the tricuspid valve was noted in five patients and a \"whipping\" motion seen in three. Nonspecific findings in nine patients included an increased right ventricular dimension and systolic anterior septal motion. Thus, cross-sectional echocardiography provides distinctive diagnostic findings that are specific for Ebstein's anomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:900039", "title": "Atrial defect size after Blalock-Hanlon atrioseptectomy.", "content": "In transposition of the great arteries, a Blalock-Hanlon closed atrial septectomy is performed to improve intracardiac mixing at the atrial level. Although the Blalock-Hanlon septectomy is a common surgical procedure in cyanotic congenital heart disease, it has not been adequately assessed pathologically. In 14 heart specimens from patients (aged 3 days to 19 years) with transposition of the great arteries and Blalock-Hanlon septectomy, the margins of the septectomy, fossa ovalis and atrial septum were identified. The total area of the septum and its defects was calculated using planimetry. The ratio of defect size to atrial septal area was expressed as percent communication, which ranged from 5 to 39 (mean 18) percent in eight specimens with intact limbus of the foramen ovale and 26 to 57 (mean 42) percent in six specimens in which the limbus had been excised. The finding that specimens in which the Blalock-Hanlon defect extended into the fossa ovalis had the largest total communication emphasizes that to obtain optimal bidirectional atrial mixing the surgeon should extend the Blalock-Hanlon procedure across the limbus into the foramen ovale.", "contents": "Atrial defect size after Blalock-Hanlon atrioseptectomy. In transposition of the great arteries, a Blalock-Hanlon closed atrial septectomy is performed to improve intracardiac mixing at the atrial level. Although the Blalock-Hanlon septectomy is a common surgical procedure in cyanotic congenital heart disease, it has not been adequately assessed pathologically. In 14 heart specimens from patients (aged 3 days to 19 years) with transposition of the great arteries and Blalock-Hanlon septectomy, the margins of the septectomy, fossa ovalis and atrial septum were identified. The total area of the septum and its defects was calculated using planimetry. The ratio of defect size to atrial septal area was expressed as percent communication, which ranged from 5 to 39 (mean 18) percent in eight specimens with intact limbus of the foramen ovale and 26 to 57 (mean 42) percent in six specimens in which the limbus had been excised. The finding that specimens in which the Blalock-Hanlon defect extended into the fossa ovalis had the largest total communication emphasizes that to obtain optimal bidirectional atrial mixing the surgeon should extend the Blalock-Hanlon procedure across the limbus into the foramen ovale."}
{"id": "PMID:900040", "title": "Results and complications of intraaortic balloon pumping in surgical and medical patients.", "content": "The intraaortic balloon was attempted for therapy in 94 patients and successfully placed in 86. The balloon catheter could not be passed through the femoral or iliac artery in 12 patients (13 percent) of the group; in 4 of these the balloon was inserted through an aortic arch graft. The medical indications were cardiogenic shock and preinfarction angina. Ten of the 14 patients in the group with shock survived when treated with an aortic balloon without emergency surgery. Indications for balloon pumping in the surgical group included inability to wean the patient from the pump-oxygenator, postoperative shock and prophylactic placement of the balloon for poor ventricular function. Inability to remove a patient from pump-oxygenator support was the most common surgical indication, and 47 percent of patients were long-term survivors. Only 1 of the 17 patients for whom balloon pumping was used prophylactically died. Complications occurred in 17 percent of the entire group of 86 patients although the rate for medical patients with cardiogenic shock was 50 percent. The most common complication was arterial insufficiency requiring removal of the balloon. Four patients had permanent damage to the legs from ischemia, one patient requiring bilateral amputation. The overall incidence of serious arterial obstruction was 10 percent. Other complications included balloon displacement with arterial obstruction and pericardial tamponade from anticoagulant agents resulting in death.", "contents": "Results and complications of intraaortic balloon pumping in surgical and medical patients. The intraaortic balloon was attempted for therapy in 94 patients and successfully placed in 86. The balloon catheter could not be passed through the femoral or iliac artery in 12 patients (13 percent) of the group; in 4 of these the balloon was inserted through an aortic arch graft. The medical indications were cardiogenic shock and preinfarction angina. Ten of the 14 patients in the group with shock survived when treated with an aortic balloon without emergency surgery. Indications for balloon pumping in the surgical group included inability to wean the patient from the pump-oxygenator, postoperative shock and prophylactic placement of the balloon for poor ventricular function. Inability to remove a patient from pump-oxygenator support was the most common surgical indication, and 47 percent of patients were long-term survivors. Only 1 of the 17 patients for whom balloon pumping was used prophylactically died. Complications occurred in 17 percent of the entire group of 86 patients although the rate for medical patients with cardiogenic shock was 50 percent. The most common complication was arterial insufficiency requiring removal of the balloon. Four patients had permanent damage to the legs from ischemia, one patient requiring bilateral amputation. The overall incidence of serious arterial obstruction was 10 percent. Other complications included balloon displacement with arterial obstruction and pericardial tamponade from anticoagulant agents resulting in death."}
{"id": "PMID:900042", "title": "Loeffler's endocarditis presenting as mitral and tricuspid stenosis.", "content": "Loeffler's endocarditis characteristically produces cardiac dysfunction by the combined effects of endocardial fibrosis with restriction to diastolic inflow and intracavitary thrombosis with partial cavity obiliteration. Although valve dysfunction may complicate this condition, it is rarely of primary hemodynamic significance. This report describes an unusual case in which mitral and tricuspid stenosis were the primary cardiac lesions. Because of the critical nature of the valve stenosis, surgical intervention was attempted despite evidence of left ventricular involvement. This case suggests than when significant valve dysfunction complicates Loeffler's endocarditis, surgical revision may be undertaken with at least temporary amelioration of the valve disorder and without apparent adverse effect on the underlying disease process.", "contents": "Loeffler's endocarditis presenting as mitral and tricuspid stenosis. Loeffler's endocarditis characteristically produces cardiac dysfunction by the combined effects of endocardial fibrosis with restriction to diastolic inflow and intracavitary thrombosis with partial cavity obiliteration. Although valve dysfunction may complicate this condition, it is rarely of primary hemodynamic significance. This report describes an unusual case in which mitral and tricuspid stenosis were the primary cardiac lesions. Because of the critical nature of the valve stenosis, surgical intervention was attempted despite evidence of left ventricular involvement. This case suggests than when significant valve dysfunction complicates Loeffler's endocarditis, surgical revision may be undertaken with at least temporary amelioration of the valve disorder and without apparent adverse effect on the underlying disease process."}
{"id": "PMID:900043", "title": "Echocardiographic study of malfunction of the Bjork-Shiley prosthetic heart valve in the mitral position.", "content": "This report presents an echocardiographic study of four cases of malfunction of the Bjork-Shiley prosthetic heart valve in the mitral position. The malfunction was proved in all patients by cardiac catheterization, observation at cardiac surgery or findings at postmortem examination. Two distinctive motion patterns of the malfunctioning valves were detected in the echocardiogram. One was a rounded and slowed pattern of opening and closure that correlated with the presence of abnormal clotting on the prosthesis (two patients). The other was an unusual \"hump\" during the opening phase that correlated with significant perivalve leak (two patients). These patterns along with other observations appears to be valuable in recognizing mitral valve Bjork-Shiley prosthetic malfunction with echocardiography.", "contents": "Echocardiographic study of malfunction of the Bjork-Shiley prosthetic heart valve in the mitral position. This report presents an echocardiographic study of four cases of malfunction of the Bjork-Shiley prosthetic heart valve in the mitral position. The malfunction was proved in all patients by cardiac catheterization, observation at cardiac surgery or findings at postmortem examination. Two distinctive motion patterns of the malfunctioning valves were detected in the echocardiogram. One was a rounded and slowed pattern of opening and closure that correlated with the presence of abnormal clotting on the prosthesis (two patients). The other was an unusual \"hump\" during the opening phase that correlated with significant perivalve leak (two patients). These patterns along with other observations appears to be valuable in recognizing mitral valve Bjork-Shiley prosthetic malfunction with echocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:900044", "title": "Chest pain and bilateral atrioventricular valve prolapse with normal coronary arteries in isolated corrected transposition of the great vessels. Clinical, angiographic and metabolic features.", "content": "A man evaluated for disabling chest pain was found to have isolated anatomically corrected transposition of the great vessels. Angiography demonstrated right and left atrioventricular (A-V) valve prolapse and normal coronary arteries. Atrial pacing produced chest pain, ischemic electrocardiographic changes, abnormal myocardial lactate metabolism and marked elevation of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; all of these changes returned to normal on termination of pacing. The association of corrected transposition and bilateral A-V valve prolapse and the possible causes of myocardial ischemia in this patient are discussed.", "contents": "Chest pain and bilateral atrioventricular valve prolapse with normal coronary arteries in isolated corrected transposition of the great vessels. Clinical, angiographic and metabolic features. A man evaluated for disabling chest pain was found to have isolated anatomically corrected transposition of the great vessels. Angiography demonstrated right and left atrioventricular (A-V) valve prolapse and normal coronary arteries. Atrial pacing produced chest pain, ischemic electrocardiographic changes, abnormal myocardial lactate metabolism and marked elevation of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; all of these changes returned to normal on termination of pacing. The association of corrected transposition and bilateral A-V valve prolapse and the possible causes of myocardial ischemia in this patient are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900045", "title": "Isolated ventricular discordance and complete atrioventricular canal in situs inversus. Report of successful surgical repair.", "content": "Isolated ventricular discordance is a very rare malformation, most often lethal in the first months of life. A patient with this lesion survived to age 9 years in spite of the coexistence of a complete form of atrioventricular (A-V) canal. Surgical repair with a Mustard procedure was associated with correction of the endocardial cushion defect. Situs inversus itself caused no problem. Although permanent complete A-V block occurred, the result has been satisfactory so far. This case is thought to be the first successful correction of this malformation.", "contents": "Isolated ventricular discordance and complete atrioventricular canal in situs inversus. Report of successful surgical repair. Isolated ventricular discordance is a very rare malformation, most often lethal in the first months of life. A patient with this lesion survived to age 9 years in spite of the coexistence of a complete form of atrioventricular (A-V) canal. Surgical repair with a Mustard procedure was associated with correction of the endocardial cushion defect. Situs inversus itself caused no problem. Although permanent complete A-V block occurred, the result has been satisfactory so far. This case is thought to be the first successful correction of this malformation."}
{"id": "PMID:900046", "title": "Mechanism of early \"pump\" failure of the ischemic heart: possible role of adenosine triphosphate depletion and inorganic phosphate accumulation.", "content": "A marked reduction in oxygen tension and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content accompanies the early \"pump\" failure of the ischemic heart. However, it appears to be unlikely that decreased ATP supplies for energy-consuming reactions in the myocardial cell cause the observed decrease in myocardial contractility because of the high ATP-affinity of the substrate-binding sites of known energy-consuming reactions in the heart. Furthermore, lack of chemical energy for the contractile proteins and known ion pumps would tend to promote rigor and not a decrease in contractility. Recent evidence suggests that ATP at concentrations greater than those needed to saturate the substrate-binding sites of energy-consuming reactions can exert modulatory effects on ion fluxes. These modulatory effects of ATP could allow a less severe decrease in ATP concentration to inhibit both calcium entry into the myocardial cell and calcium efflux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In addition, the large amounts of phosphate liberated from phosphocreatine and ATP could, by causing formation of insoluble calcium-phosphate precipitates, trap calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in the ischemic myocardium. These proposed explanations for the early \"pump\" failure in the ischemic heart, together with other theories such as intracell acidosis, appear to warrant further study.", "contents": "Mechanism of early \"pump\" failure of the ischemic heart: possible role of adenosine triphosphate depletion and inorganic phosphate accumulation. A marked reduction in oxygen tension and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content accompanies the early \"pump\" failure of the ischemic heart. However, it appears to be unlikely that decreased ATP supplies for energy-consuming reactions in the myocardial cell cause the observed decrease in myocardial contractility because of the high ATP-affinity of the substrate-binding sites of known energy-consuming reactions in the heart. Furthermore, lack of chemical energy for the contractile proteins and known ion pumps would tend to promote rigor and not a decrease in contractility. Recent evidence suggests that ATP at concentrations greater than those needed to saturate the substrate-binding sites of energy-consuming reactions can exert modulatory effects on ion fluxes. These modulatory effects of ATP could allow a less severe decrease in ATP concentration to inhibit both calcium entry into the myocardial cell and calcium efflux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In addition, the large amounts of phosphate liberated from phosphocreatine and ATP could, by causing formation of insoluble calcium-phosphate precipitates, trap calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in the ischemic myocardium. These proposed explanations for the early \"pump\" failure in the ischemic heart, together with other theories such as intracell acidosis, appear to warrant further study."}
{"id": "PMID:900055", "title": "Prediction of human nitrogen balance from food intake data.", "content": "Nitrogen balance data from 1,813 nitrogen balance days on adults and 141 nitrogen balance days with young children were compared with that predicted from food intake and body weight data using the equations developed by Miller and Payne. In addition, 14-day growth data from 378 infants were also compared with those predicted assuming a constant relationship between positive nitrogen balance and weight gain. The original Miller-Payne equations were found to predict with poor accuracy, and various modifications have been proposed which include changing of the exponent for body weight, addition of a factor for activity, lowering of the value for endogenous nitrogen losses, and attempting to allow for the nonlinear relationships at low levels of intake. New equations are proposed including these modifications which can significantly improve the accuracy of prediction of nitrogen balance and growth from food intake and body weight data.", "contents": "Prediction of human nitrogen balance from food intake data. Nitrogen balance data from 1,813 nitrogen balance days on adults and 141 nitrogen balance days with young children were compared with that predicted from food intake and body weight data using the equations developed by Miller and Payne. In addition, 14-day growth data from 378 infants were also compared with those predicted assuming a constant relationship between positive nitrogen balance and weight gain. The original Miller-Payne equations were found to predict with poor accuracy, and various modifications have been proposed which include changing of the exponent for body weight, addition of a factor for activity, lowering of the value for endogenous nitrogen losses, and attempting to allow for the nonlinear relationships at low levels of intake. New equations are proposed including these modifications which can significantly improve the accuracy of prediction of nitrogen balance and growth from food intake and body weight data."}
{"id": "PMID:900056", "title": "Comparison of glucose and fructose tolerance before and after starvation.", "content": "Glucose and fructose were studied in eight healthy volunteers who fasted twice for 4 days. Before and after the fasts each subject received a 4-hr glucose or fructose infusion providing 0.5 g/kg/hr. Glucose infusion during starvation resulted in a mean maximal plasma glucose rise of 401 +/- 21 mg/100 ml (+/- SEM) as compared to 119 +/- 10 mg/100 ml before starvation. Insulin/glucose ratios were lower than normal in fasted subjects. Fructose infusion during fasting produced a maximal plasma glucose rise of 91 +/- 9 mg/100 ml as opposed to 5+/-1 mg/100 ml before starvation. During fructose infusion in the fasted state, plasma fructose levels were higher than control and the rise in blood lactate and pyruvate was delayed, but finally lactate concentrations were above control values. The antiketotic effects of intravenous glucose and fructose were similar during fasting but fructose was significantly less potent in reducing free fatty acid levels. After starvation, urinary carbohydrate losses during glucose infusion were 5 times higher than those observed during fructose infusion. Thus, fructose utillization was less impaired during fasting than was glucose utilization, although fasting induced abnormalities in both glucose and fructose metabolism.", "contents": "Comparison of glucose and fructose tolerance before and after starvation. Glucose and fructose were studied in eight healthy volunteers who fasted twice for 4 days. Before and after the fasts each subject received a 4-hr glucose or fructose infusion providing 0.5 g/kg/hr. Glucose infusion during starvation resulted in a mean maximal plasma glucose rise of 401 +/- 21 mg/100 ml (+/- SEM) as compared to 119 +/- 10 mg/100 ml before starvation. Insulin/glucose ratios were lower than normal in fasted subjects. Fructose infusion during fasting produced a maximal plasma glucose rise of 91 +/- 9 mg/100 ml as opposed to 5+/-1 mg/100 ml before starvation. During fructose infusion in the fasted state, plasma fructose levels were higher than control and the rise in blood lactate and pyruvate was delayed, but finally lactate concentrations were above control values. The antiketotic effects of intravenous glucose and fructose were similar during fasting but fructose was significantly less potent in reducing free fatty acid levels. After starvation, urinary carbohydrate losses during glucose infusion were 5 times higher than those observed during fructose infusion. Thus, fructose utillization was less impaired during fasting than was glucose utilization, although fasting induced abnormalities in both glucose and fructose metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:900057", "title": "Intakes and serum levels of protein and iron for 70 elderly women.", "content": "Calculated protein and iron intakes, serum protein levels, and measurements of iron nutriture for elderly women were related to age, income, education, and type type of residence. Low or deficient levels of total serum protein and albumin were observed for 36 and 20% of the subjects and low hemoglobin and elevated total iron-binding capacity values were recorded for 19 and 40% of the subjects. Values below the acceptable standards for albumin and hemoglobin and above the acceptable range for total iron-binding capacity were greater for nursing home patients than for private home residents. Nutrition intervention appears to be a crucial part of correction of the deficient biochemical measurements which may result from malnutrition and/or pathological conditions.", "contents": "Intakes and serum levels of protein and iron for 70 elderly women. Calculated protein and iron intakes, serum protein levels, and measurements of iron nutriture for elderly women were related to age, income, education, and type type of residence. Low or deficient levels of total serum protein and albumin were observed for 36 and 20% of the subjects and low hemoglobin and elevated total iron-binding capacity values were recorded for 19 and 40% of the subjects. Values below the acceptable standards for albumin and hemoglobin and above the acceptable range for total iron-binding capacity were greater for nursing home patients than for private home residents. Nutrition intervention appears to be a crucial part of correction of the deficient biochemical measurements which may result from malnutrition and/or pathological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:900058", "title": "Effect of severe kwashiorkor on intellectual development among Nigerian children.", "content": "A study was conducted to investigated the intellectual sequelae of severe kwashiorkor among Nigerian children of school age. The design for the study had an experimental urban kwashiorkor (index) group and four control groups, namely, a sibling group, a lower class group, an upper class group, and a rural kwashiorkor group. Various psychological tests measuring specific intellectual abilities were administered to all of the subjects taking part in the study. The findings showed that the index group had lower levels of certain types of intellectual skill-specifically the higher cognitive skills-at school age than their siblings, and more so than other controls except their rural counterparts; males showed a tendency to be more affected by severe kwashiorkor with regard to mental development than their female counterparts; there was no relationship between scores in the psychological tests and the ages at which the index cases were admitted into hospital; the upper class was clearly superior in performance of the tests and also in measures of weight and head measurements when compared to all of the other groups; there was no relationship between head circumference and scores in the tests among subjects in the five groups.", "contents": "Effect of severe kwashiorkor on intellectual development among Nigerian children. A study was conducted to investigated the intellectual sequelae of severe kwashiorkor among Nigerian children of school age. The design for the study had an experimental urban kwashiorkor (index) group and four control groups, namely, a sibling group, a lower class group, an upper class group, and a rural kwashiorkor group. Various psychological tests measuring specific intellectual abilities were administered to all of the subjects taking part in the study. The findings showed that the index group had lower levels of certain types of intellectual skill-specifically the higher cognitive skills-at school age than their siblings, and more so than other controls except their rural counterparts; males showed a tendency to be more affected by severe kwashiorkor with regard to mental development than their female counterparts; there was no relationship between scores in the psychological tests and the ages at which the index cases were admitted into hospital; the upper class was clearly superior in performance of the tests and also in measures of weight and head measurements when compared to all of the other groups; there was no relationship between head circumference and scores in the tests among subjects in the five groups."}
{"id": "PMID:900059", "title": "The impact of infection on vitamin metabolism: an unexplored area.", "content": "Very little work has been done to answer the question: What is the effect of an infectious process on vitamin metabolism? The few studies that have been done would indicate that in the acute phase of an infection there is a redistribution of vitamins as well as other nutrients; these changes can be interpreted as indicating an adaptive and perhaps beneficial response of the host in meeting the challenges imposed by the infectious agent. It is accepted that chronic infection may lead to nutrient depletion, but it is not clear that in the normal healthy individual the administration of vitamins during an acute infections is of any benefit. One can certainly argue that during the infectious process the administration of vitamins and perhaps other nutrients could conceivably afford some protection were the infectious process to continue for some time. This raises other questions concerning the effects of chronic infection and whether or not they occur in well or malnourished individuals.", "contents": "The impact of infection on vitamin metabolism: an unexplored area. Very little work has been done to answer the question: What is the effect of an infectious process on vitamin metabolism? The few studies that have been done would indicate that in the acute phase of an infection there is a redistribution of vitamins as well as other nutrients; these changes can be interpreted as indicating an adaptive and perhaps beneficial response of the host in meeting the challenges imposed by the infectious agent. It is accepted that chronic infection may lead to nutrient depletion, but it is not clear that in the normal healthy individual the administration of vitamins during an acute infections is of any benefit. One can certainly argue that during the infectious process the administration of vitamins and perhaps other nutrients could conceivably afford some protection were the infectious process to continue for some time. This raises other questions concerning the effects of chronic infection and whether or not they occur in well or malnourished individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:900060", "title": "Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in children with bacterial meningitis.", "content": "A prospective study of bacterial meningitis in children was initiated two years ago. Serum sodium concentrations below 135 MEQ/liter were noted on admission in 72 of 124 (58.1 %) of patients enrolled in the study protocol. Low initial serum sodium concentration and prolonged depression in serum sodium despite fluid restriction correlated significanly (P less than 0.001 to 0.01) with the presence of neurologic sequelae of the disease. Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone as the cause of these electrolyte changes could be inferred by indirect measurement of serum and urine solute and volume data and was specifically documented, in patients enrolled most recently, by specific radioimmunoassay of antidiuretic hormone.", "contents": "Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in children with bacterial meningitis. A prospective study of bacterial meningitis in children was initiated two years ago. Serum sodium concentrations below 135 MEQ/liter were noted on admission in 72 of 124 (58.1 %) of patients enrolled in the study protocol. Low initial serum sodium concentration and prolonged depression in serum sodium despite fluid restriction correlated significanly (P less than 0.001 to 0.01) with the presence of neurologic sequelae of the disease. Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone as the cause of these electrolyte changes could be inferred by indirect measurement of serum and urine solute and volume data and was specifically documented, in patients enrolled most recently, by specific radioimmunoassay of antidiuretic hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:900061", "title": "Nutritional assessment and support during infection.", "content": "Protein malnutrition is one of the principal factors relating to morbidity and mortality during infection. Nutritional assessment is required to determine the severity of depletion and degree of hypermetabolism affecting this patient population. Simple anthropometric and 24-hr urine collections together with routine biochemical analyses can readily allow clinical assessment to occur. Optimal utilization of dietary intake is dependent on the degree of protein catabolism and energy expenditure in excess of the basal energy requirement. Urinary nitrogen excretion in 24-hr on a protein-free diet is especially valuable in aiding this assessment. This analysis together with urinary creatinine which provide important estimates of lean body mass and serial measures will allow estimates of the progression of malnutrition. In infected adults optimal protein intake to produce positive nitrogen balance is 1.5 to 2.0 g of protein/kg per day. This would appear to reflect the fact that 16% of the caloric expenditure comes from protein sources during injury. Since this value is approximately twice that seen during nonstress, the reutilization of body protein would appear to be decreased. Careful appreciation of the metabolic response during infection is necessary prior to consideration of the nutritional support plan. Knowledge regarding the phase of infection, severity of nutritional depletion, and degree of hypermetabolism will influence the attainable goals of nutritional support.", "contents": "Nutritional assessment and support during infection. Protein malnutrition is one of the principal factors relating to morbidity and mortality during infection. Nutritional assessment is required to determine the severity of depletion and degree of hypermetabolism affecting this patient population. Simple anthropometric and 24-hr urine collections together with routine biochemical analyses can readily allow clinical assessment to occur. Optimal utilization of dietary intake is dependent on the degree of protein catabolism and energy expenditure in excess of the basal energy requirement. Urinary nitrogen excretion in 24-hr on a protein-free diet is especially valuable in aiding this assessment. This analysis together with urinary creatinine which provide important estimates of lean body mass and serial measures will allow estimates of the progression of malnutrition. In infected adults optimal protein intake to produce positive nitrogen balance is 1.5 to 2.0 g of protein/kg per day. This would appear to reflect the fact that 16% of the caloric expenditure comes from protein sources during injury. Since this value is approximately twice that seen during nonstress, the reutilization of body protein would appear to be decreased. Careful appreciation of the metabolic response during infection is necessary prior to consideration of the nutritional support plan. Knowledge regarding the phase of infection, severity of nutritional depletion, and degree of hypermetabolism will influence the attainable goals of nutritional support."}
{"id": "PMID:900062", "title": "Total body protein catabolism in starved and infected rats.", "content": "The catabolic effects of starvation alone, or starvation in the presence of pneumococcal sepsis, were compared in rats whose skeletal muscle protein had been tagged 14 days earlier with 14C-phenylalanine. In a fed rat, protein catabolism (as estimated by expired 14CO2) is not constant throughout the day but is highest during the dark hours. Starvation is associated with accelerated protein catabolism and a gradual loss of periodicity. Infection increases the rate of catabolism still further and results in a complete loss of periodicity.", "contents": "Total body protein catabolism in starved and infected rats. The catabolic effects of starvation alone, or starvation in the presence of pneumococcal sepsis, were compared in rats whose skeletal muscle protein had been tagged 14 days earlier with 14C-phenylalanine. In a fed rat, protein catabolism (as estimated by expired 14CO2) is not constant throughout the day but is highest during the dark hours. Starvation is associated with accelerated protein catabolism and a gradual loss of periodicity. Infection increases the rate of catabolism still further and results in a complete loss of periodicity."}
{"id": "PMID:900063", "title": "Specific metabolic effects imposed by Streptococcus pneumoniae upon the response to femoral fracture in the rat.", "content": "The possible potentiation of an infection upon the metabolic consequences of trauma was tested in rats using a 2 X 2 block design which included control, femoral fracture, pneumococcal infection, and fracture plus infection groups. Infection introduced unique metabolic effects different from those of starvation, femoral fracture, or both together. Infection-induced effects included an accelerated conversion of 14C-alanine to glucose, higher serum haptoglobin, alpha2-macrofetoprotein, copper, and ceruloplasmin values, and lower serum iron, zinc, and transferrin concentrations. The first three of these infection-induced effects were diminished in rats with a femoral fracture. No measured effect of infection was increased in traumatized rats.", "contents": "Specific metabolic effects imposed by Streptococcus pneumoniae upon the response to femoral fracture in the rat. The possible potentiation of an infection upon the metabolic consequences of trauma was tested in rats using a 2 X 2 block design which included control, femoral fracture, pneumococcal infection, and fracture plus infection groups. Infection introduced unique metabolic effects different from those of starvation, femoral fracture, or both together. Infection-induced effects included an accelerated conversion of 14C-alanine to glucose, higher serum haptoglobin, alpha2-macrofetoprotein, copper, and ceruloplasmin values, and lower serum iron, zinc, and transferrin concentrations. The first three of these infection-induced effects were diminished in rats with a femoral fracture. No measured effect of infection was increased in traumatized rats."}
{"id": "PMID:900064", "title": "Failure of yellow fever immunization to produce a catabolic response in individuals fully adapted to a protein-sparing modified fast.", "content": "In previous studies, patients consuming a protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) did not develop the expected increase in nitrogen excretion following incidental infectious illness. To assess the catabolic response with a controlled infection in such patients, 17-D yellow fever vaccine was administered to four young obese adults after 3 weeks of this hypocaloric regimen (PSMF), essentially carbohydrate-free and providing 1.5 g protein/kg ideal body weight. Average daily nitrogen excretion from the third week of the PSMF was compared to values from the week following immunization. Contrary to the experience with malnourished children being nutritionally rehabilitated or young adults fed an adequate calorie, low (0.1 g/kg body weight) protein diet, neither urinary nitrogen excretion nor nitrogen balance was significantly affected in the study group. In three of the four subjects in the group, average nitrogen balance was positive in the week pre-and post-yellow fever immunization. In individuals fully adapted to a PSMF the metabolic consequences of mild infection on nitrogen metabolism were reduced. This may be because the usual catabolic hormones, glucocorticoid and glucagon, which are elicited by infection fail to increase nitrogen excretion in fasting or whenever dietary carbohydrate is excluded.", "contents": "Failure of yellow fever immunization to produce a catabolic response in individuals fully adapted to a protein-sparing modified fast. In previous studies, patients consuming a protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) did not develop the expected increase in nitrogen excretion following incidental infectious illness. To assess the catabolic response with a controlled infection in such patients, 17-D yellow fever vaccine was administered to four young obese adults after 3 weeks of this hypocaloric regimen (PSMF), essentially carbohydrate-free and providing 1.5 g protein/kg ideal body weight. Average daily nitrogen excretion from the third week of the PSMF was compared to values from the week following immunization. Contrary to the experience with malnourished children being nutritionally rehabilitated or young adults fed an adequate calorie, low (0.1 g/kg body weight) protein diet, neither urinary nitrogen excretion nor nitrogen balance was significantly affected in the study group. In three of the four subjects in the group, average nitrogen balance was positive in the week pre-and post-yellow fever immunization. In individuals fully adapted to a PSMF the metabolic consequences of mild infection on nitrogen metabolism were reduced. This may be because the usual catabolic hormones, glucocorticoid and glucagon, which are elicited by infection fail to increase nitrogen excretion in fasting or whenever dietary carbohydrate is excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:900065", "title": "Interaction of nutrition and infection: plans for future research.", "content": "Future research concerning the interactions between infectious disease and nutritional status must extend our available knowledge concerning these two major problem areas. Critical studies must be designed in animal models as well as in man. The effects of malnutrition on immune responsiveness must be studied. Key information is lacking with respect to the utilization of host energy and protein during infection. Alterations in body chemistry are especially important in protracted diarrheal and respiratory diseases of children. A concensus has not yet been reached concerning the optimal approach to iron nutritional needs during infection or to those of other trace nutrients including the vitamins. Research needs in each of these areas are listed.", "contents": "Interaction of nutrition and infection: plans for future research. Future research concerning the interactions between infectious disease and nutritional status must extend our available knowledge concerning these two major problem areas. Critical studies must be designed in animal models as well as in man. The effects of malnutrition on immune responsiveness must be studied. Key information is lacking with respect to the utilization of host energy and protein during infection. Alterations in body chemistry are especially important in protracted diarrheal and respiratory diseases of children. A concensus has not yet been reached concerning the optimal approach to iron nutritional needs during infection or to those of other trace nutrients including the vitamins. Research needs in each of these areas are listed."}
{"id": "PMID:900066", "title": "Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in flash fire victims: report of six simultaneous fire fatalities without elevated carboxyhemoglobin.", "content": "Eight people died in a traffic accident involving a tractor-trailer and ten autos. The accident caused a series of flash fires from ruptured gas tanks. Complete autopsies established that six of the victims died exclusively from thermal trauma; none showed an elevated blood carboxyhemoglobin concentration. Flash fire victims are exceptions to the axiom that elevation of blood carboxyhemoglobin is a sine qua non for concluding that a decedent recovered from the scene of a conflagration was alive in the fire.", "contents": "Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in flash fire victims: report of six simultaneous fire fatalities without elevated carboxyhemoglobin. Eight people died in a traffic accident involving a tractor-trailer and ten autos. The accident caused a series of flash fires from ruptured gas tanks. Complete autopsies established that six of the victims died exclusively from thermal trauma; none showed an elevated blood carboxyhemoglobin concentration. Flash fire victims are exceptions to the axiom that elevation of blood carboxyhemoglobin is a sine qua non for concluding that a decedent recovered from the scene of a conflagration was alive in the fire."}
{"id": "PMID:900067", "title": "A mathematical model of a blood-gas service.", "content": "A mathematical model depicting operation of a blood-gas workstation was developed by two systems analysts working closely with two clinical pathologists. This model was used to provide estimates of average as well as maximum turnaround times under various conditions of workload, specimen types (capillary vs. syringe), methodology (use of IL 513 vs. IL 313 for capillary samples), and reporting procedures (report each sample as analyzed vs. report after analysis of all samples in batch). These estimates have been validated against actual experience in our laboratory. Such an objective mathematical model can be used to plan optimal service.", "contents": "A mathematical model of a blood-gas service. A mathematical model depicting operation of a blood-gas workstation was developed by two systems analysts working closely with two clinical pathologists. This model was used to provide estimates of average as well as maximum turnaround times under various conditions of workload, specimen types (capillary vs. syringe), methodology (use of IL 513 vs. IL 313 for capillary samples), and reporting procedures (report each sample as analyzed vs. report after analysis of all samples in batch). These estimates have been validated against actual experience in our laboratory. Such an objective mathematical model can be used to plan optimal service."}
{"id": "PMID:900068", "title": "A rapid screening method for blood glucose estimation.", "content": "A rapid method for estimating glucose concentrations in serum and in fluoride-, iodoacetate-, heparin-, and EDTA-treated plasma and whole blood is described. The procedure requires about three minutes to perform and utilize a tungstic acid precipitant solution and urine glucose dipsticks. Test results correlate with those of a reference quantitative glucose method at levels from 25 to 500 mg/dl (1.38 to  27.5 mmol/l). Hemolysis, lipemia and bilirubin levels as high as 20 mg/dl (342 mmol/l) do not interfere with the procedure. The simplicity and adaptability of the method make it useful in emergency situations.", "contents": "A rapid screening method for blood glucose estimation. A rapid method for estimating glucose concentrations in serum and in fluoride-, iodoacetate-, heparin-, and EDTA-treated plasma and whole blood is described. The procedure requires about three minutes to perform and utilize a tungstic acid precipitant solution and urine glucose dipsticks. Test results correlate with those of a reference quantitative glucose method at levels from 25 to 500 mg/dl (1.38 to  27.5 mmol/l). Hemolysis, lipemia and bilirubin levels as high as 20 mg/dl (342 mmol/l) do not interfere with the procedure. The simplicity and adaptability of the method make it useful in emergency situations."}
{"id": "PMID:900069", "title": "Some additional bioethical questions related to hepatitis B antigen.", "content": "Dr. Baruch S. Blumberg has recently raised important questions concerning the bioethics of prevention and cure of hepatitis. This paper extends his inquiry with a view toward examining the full range of the complexity of such issues as the restriction of the use of blood infected with hepatitis B antigen, the screening and possible isolation of health care personnel found to be carriers, and the like. It pointed out that for issues like these, there is not only a conflict between personal liberties and the public interest but also a potential conflict of individual rights, a theme not treated fully by Blumberg. The complex issues that emerge when these two themes are considered together are examined in light of the work of the contemporary American philosopher, John Rawls. His theory permits one to consider these two ethical themes together in analyzing moral problems. In this light, a new strategy is proposed for addressing bioethical questions concerning hepatitis B antigen.", "contents": "Some additional bioethical questions related to hepatitis B antigen. Dr. Baruch S. Blumberg has recently raised important questions concerning the bioethics of prevention and cure of hepatitis. This paper extends his inquiry with a view toward examining the full range of the complexity of such issues as the restriction of the use of blood infected with hepatitis B antigen, the screening and possible isolation of health care personnel found to be carriers, and the like. It pointed out that for issues like these, there is not only a conflict between personal liberties and the public interest but also a potential conflict of individual rights, a theme not treated fully by Blumberg. The complex issues that emerge when these two themes are considered together are examined in light of the work of the contemporary American philosopher, John Rawls. His theory permits one to consider these two ethical themes together in analyzing moral problems. In this light, a new strategy is proposed for addressing bioethical questions concerning hepatitis B antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:900071", "title": "Isoantigens A, B, and H in morphologically normal mucosa and in carcinoma of the larynx.", "content": "A modified Coombs' mixed cell agglutination reaction was performed on biopsy specimens of 24 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Isoantigens A, B, and H(O) were absent in 15 cases, partially lost in eight, and completely retained in one case. In four cases the initial biopsy specimens were histologically benign yet negative for isoantigens. In subsequent biopsies these showed the presence of carcinoma. The morphologically normal-appearing squamous mucosa adjacent to a carcinoma was found to be devoid of isoantigens in ten cases. The investigation suggested that isoantigenic alteration as detected by mixed cell agglutination reaction was a sensitive sign, since it occurred in squamous mucosa prior to recognizable morphologic change for malignancy. The reaction may represent a functional dedifferentiation in cancerous tissue, analogous to but sometimes preceding morphologic dedifferentiation. The results were comparable to those in previous studies of neoplasms of various other anatomic sites.", "contents": "Isoantigens A, B, and H in morphologically normal mucosa and in carcinoma of the larynx. A modified Coombs' mixed cell agglutination reaction was performed on biopsy specimens of 24 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Isoantigens A, B, and H(O) were absent in 15 cases, partially lost in eight, and completely retained in one case. In four cases the initial biopsy specimens were histologically benign yet negative for isoantigens. In subsequent biopsies these showed the presence of carcinoma. The morphologically normal-appearing squamous mucosa adjacent to a carcinoma was found to be devoid of isoantigens in ten cases. The investigation suggested that isoantigenic alteration as detected by mixed cell agglutination reaction was a sensitive sign, since it occurred in squamous mucosa prior to recognizable morphologic change for malignancy. The reaction may represent a functional dedifferentiation in cancerous tissue, analogous to but sometimes preceding morphologic dedifferentiation. The results were comparable to those in previous studies of neoplasms of various other anatomic sites."}
{"id": "PMID:900073", "title": "Coronary embolism and myocardial infarction associated with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis.", "content": "Six cases of coronary embolism and myocardial infarction associated with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis were seen at the Mount Sinai Hospital over a ten-year period. Every patient had an underlying malignant neoplasm. The vegetations were found on aortic, mitral, tricuspid and pulmonic valves and were located on the free or closure margins. The clinical diagnosis of this condition is difficult because of simultaneous embolization to the brain, causing widespread neurologic symptoms, but could be made by electrocardiographic and serum enzyme studies. Myocardial infarction caused the deaths of three patients. The relationship between nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, hypercoagulability, and disseminated intravascular coagulation is discussed.", "contents": "Coronary embolism and myocardial infarction associated with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Six cases of coronary embolism and myocardial infarction associated with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis were seen at the Mount Sinai Hospital over a ten-year period. Every patient had an underlying malignant neoplasm. The vegetations were found on aortic, mitral, tricuspid and pulmonic valves and were located on the free or closure margins. The clinical diagnosis of this condition is difficult because of simultaneous embolization to the brain, causing widespread neurologic symptoms, but could be made by electrocardiographic and serum enzyme studies. Myocardial infarction caused the deaths of three patients. The relationship between nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, hypercoagulability, and disseminated intravascular coagulation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900074", "title": "Malignant vagal paraganglioma: report of a case and review of literature.", "content": "A case of malignant vagal paraganglioma is presented. The literature on the subject is briefly reviewed. This report brings to 48 the number of vagal paragangliomas now in the medical literature. Eight of these cases are found to be acceptable examples of malignant paraganglioma with evidence of lymph-node or distant metastases, and pertinent findings from these cases are summarized. Salient features of other cases showing extensive local or vascular invasion are also reviewed.", "contents": "Malignant vagal paraganglioma: report of a case and review of literature. A case of malignant vagal paraganglioma is presented. The literature on the subject is briefly reviewed. This report brings to 48 the number of vagal paragangliomas now in the medical literature. Eight of these cases are found to be acceptable examples of malignant paraganglioma with evidence of lymph-node or distant metastases, and pertinent findings from these cases are summarized. Salient features of other cases showing extensive local or vascular invasion are also reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:900075", "title": "Thromboembolism in Hageman trait.", "content": "The case of a patient with severe deficiency of Hageman factor (factor XII) in whom a thrombus embolized to arteries in a lower extremity is described. In addition to its action in intiating blood clotting through the intrinsic pathway, Hageman factor can influence kinin generation, fibrinolysis, and activation of complement. While individuals with Hageman factor deficiency have no hemorrhagic disorder, this case emphasizes the role factor XII may normally assume in clot dissolution.", "contents": "Thromboembolism in Hageman trait. The case of a patient with severe deficiency of Hageman factor (factor XII) in whom a thrombus embolized to arteries in a lower extremity is described. In addition to its action in intiating blood clotting through the intrinsic pathway, Hageman factor can influence kinin generation, fibrinolysis, and activation of complement. While individuals with Hageman factor deficiency have no hemorrhagic disorder, this case emphasizes the role factor XII may normally assume in clot dissolution."}
{"id": "PMID:900077", "title": "Movement disorders as a complication of acute hemiplegia of childhood.", "content": "We evaluate three cases of acute hemiplegia in childhood complicated by tremor and/or choreoathetosis. Each patient experienced the abrupt onset of hemiplegia thought to be localized to an insult involving the middle cerebral distribution without associated seizure, trauma, loss of consciousness or demonstrable cardiac, hematological or neoplastic causes. All three patients recovered most, if not all, strength on the affected side, but each was left with a disorder of movement involving the previously hemiplegic upper extremity. These disorders included resting and intention tremors, as well as choreoathetosis. Anticholinergic drugs failed in treating two patients, but biofeedback techniques were quite successful in one of the two patients so treated.", "contents": "Movement disorders as a complication of acute hemiplegia of childhood. We evaluate three cases of acute hemiplegia in childhood complicated by tremor and/or choreoathetosis. Each patient experienced the abrupt onset of hemiplegia thought to be localized to an insult involving the middle cerebral distribution without associated seizure, trauma, loss of consciousness or demonstrable cardiac, hematological or neoplastic causes. All three patients recovered most, if not all, strength on the affected side, but each was left with a disorder of movement involving the previously hemiplegic upper extremity. These disorders included resting and intention tremors, as well as choreoathetosis. Anticholinergic drugs failed in treating two patients, but biofeedback techniques were quite successful in one of the two patients so treated."}
{"id": "PMID:900078", "title": "The metabolic effects of excess noradrenaline secretion from a pheochromocytoma.", "content": "We report a 14-year-old boy with severe hypertension who was cured by surgical removal of a pheochromocytoma. The tumor was shown biochemically and morphologically to secrete predominantly noradrenaline. The metabolic effects noted in this patient were raised free fatty acid levels and depressed insulin levels, hyperreninemia, hypercalcemia, and hypercalciuria with normal parathyroid function. All these abnormalities returned to normal after removal of the tumor. It is suggested that these effects were mediated via beta-adrenergic stimulation of the excess noradrenaline.", "contents": "The metabolic effects of excess noradrenaline secretion from a pheochromocytoma. We report a 14-year-old boy with severe hypertension who was cured by surgical removal of a pheochromocytoma. The tumor was shown biochemically and morphologically to secrete predominantly noradrenaline. The metabolic effects noted in this patient were raised free fatty acid levels and depressed insulin levels, hyperreninemia, hypercalcemia, and hypercalciuria with normal parathyroid function. All these abnormalities returned to normal after removal of the tumor. It is suggested that these effects were mediated via beta-adrenergic stimulation of the excess noradrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:900082", "title": "Nine cases of sphingomyelin lipidosis, a new variant in Spanish-American Children. Juvenile variant of Niemann-Pick Disease with foamy and sea-blue histiocytes.", "content": "We describe nine Spanish-American children from five families with an unusual hereditary lipid storage disease. The family origins were in two small southern Colorado towns. The clinical course varied, but all of the children were found to bruise easily and to have splenomegaly, while most had hepatomegaly. Post-natal jaundice and hepatitis occurred in four. Impairment of vertical gaze and intellectual and neurologic deterioration occurred in most of the patients, with the onset of the disease, usually in childhood. The bone marrow in all patients examined contained both foamy and sea-blue histiocytes. Sphingomyelinase levels in skin fibroblast cultures were greatly decreased in seven of the eight cases evaluated. It is believed that these patients have a sphingomyelin lipidosis and represent a variant of the Niemann-Pick disease. Clinical and enzymatic findings are compared with those of other cases in the literature.", "contents": "Nine cases of sphingomyelin lipidosis, a new variant in Spanish-American Children. Juvenile variant of Niemann-Pick Disease with foamy and sea-blue histiocytes. We describe nine Spanish-American children from five families with an unusual hereditary lipid storage disease. The family origins were in two small southern Colorado towns. The clinical course varied, but all of the children were found to bruise easily and to have splenomegaly, while most had hepatomegaly. Post-natal jaundice and hepatitis occurred in four. Impairment of vertical gaze and intellectual and neurologic deterioration occurred in most of the patients, with the onset of the disease, usually in childhood. The bone marrow in all patients examined contained both foamy and sea-blue histiocytes. Sphingomyelinase levels in skin fibroblast cultures were greatly decreased in seven of the eight cases evaluated. It is believed that these patients have a sphingomyelin lipidosis and represent a variant of the Niemann-Pick disease. Clinical and enzymatic findings are compared with those of other cases in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:900083", "title": "Abnormal lipid accumulation within the small intestinal mucosa of children with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The lipid content of the proximal jejunum, as studied by light microscopy with lipid histochemical staining methods, is determined in 14 fasting children with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. The results show that four children had greatly increased amounts of lipid, while six others had a mildly to moderately increased amounts of lipid present. The amount of lipid present appears to correlate most closely with the quality of control of the diabetes. These results indicate either that the clearance of exogenous lipid is impaired or that there is an increased endogenous synthesis of lipid within the intestine of the diabetic child, especially in those under poor control.", "contents": "Abnormal lipid accumulation within the small intestinal mucosa of children with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. The lipid content of the proximal jejunum, as studied by light microscopy with lipid histochemical staining methods, is determined in 14 fasting children with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. The results show that four children had greatly increased amounts of lipid, while six others had a mildly to moderately increased amounts of lipid present. The amount of lipid present appears to correlate most closely with the quality of control of the diabetes. These results indicate either that the clearance of exogenous lipid is impaired or that there is an increased endogenous synthesis of lipid within the intestine of the diabetic child, especially in those under poor control."}
{"id": "PMID:900084", "title": "Reliability of salivary theophylline as a guide to plasma theophylline levels.", "content": "Simultaneous saliva and plasma theophylline levels in 12 chronic asthmatic children were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography following administration of a theophylline preparation. In five subjects, simultaneous plasma and salivary theophylline were measured one week later. A strongly positive correlation between plasma and salivary theophylline levels was found at all time periods tested. There was no substantial difference in the plasma-saliva theophylline ratio determined one week later. A predicted plasma level was compared with the observed value. The proportionality of predicted to observed plasma theophylline levels using either the entire study group mean plasma-saliva ratio or each individual's ratio was approximately 1.00 with 9% variability. When a previously reported plasma-saliva theophylline ratio was used for comparison, the predicted plasma theophylline was 15% above the observed plasma level.", "contents": "Reliability of salivary theophylline as a guide to plasma theophylline levels. Simultaneous saliva and plasma theophylline levels in 12 chronic asthmatic children were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography following administration of a theophylline preparation. In five subjects, simultaneous plasma and salivary theophylline were measured one week later. A strongly positive correlation between plasma and salivary theophylline levels was found at all time periods tested. There was no substantial difference in the plasma-saliva theophylline ratio determined one week later. A predicted plasma level was compared with the observed value. The proportionality of predicted to observed plasma theophylline levels using either the entire study group mean plasma-saliva ratio or each individual's ratio was approximately 1.00 with 9% variability. When a previously reported plasma-saliva theophylline ratio was used for comparison, the predicted plasma theophylline was 15% above the observed plasma level."}
{"id": "PMID:900085", "title": "The effect of early diagnosis and treatment in cystic fibrosis: a seven-year study of 16 sibling pairs.", "content": "Data on 16 sibling pairs with cystic fibrosis were analyzed to test the hypothesis that early treatment of this condition improves prognosis. Younger siblings' conditions were diagnosed before 1 year of age, usually before the onset of pulmonary disease. Older siblings' conditions were diagnosed after 1 year of age and after the onset of pulmonary disease. Although the sibling pairs received similar treatment, comparison at 7 years of age showed that the younger siblings had significantly better chest roentgenogram scores, total clinical scores, residual lung volumes, and ratios of residual volume to total lung volume. Younger siblings also required fewer hospital admissions to control their lung disease. The results suggest that, in general, early initiation of therapy is beneficial for patients with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "The effect of early diagnosis and treatment in cystic fibrosis: a seven-year study of 16 sibling pairs. Data on 16 sibling pairs with cystic fibrosis were analyzed to test the hypothesis that early treatment of this condition improves prognosis. Younger siblings' conditions were diagnosed before 1 year of age, usually before the onset of pulmonary disease. Older siblings' conditions were diagnosed after 1 year of age and after the onset of pulmonary disease. Although the sibling pairs received similar treatment, comparison at 7 years of age showed that the younger siblings had significantly better chest roentgenogram scores, total clinical scores, residual lung volumes, and ratios of residual volume to total lung volume. Younger siblings also required fewer hospital admissions to control their lung disease. The results suggest that, in general, early initiation of therapy is beneficial for patients with cystic fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:900086", "title": "Premature coronary atherosclerosis in a 5-year-old with corticosteroid-refractory nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "We report the case of a 5-year-old girl who died two years after onset of the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, which failed to respond to treatment with corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide. Severe atherosclerotic changes were noted in both coronary arteries. Prolonged hyperlipidemia in patients with long-standing nephrotic syndrome may represent a major risk factor predisposing to premature coronary atherosclerosis in children who are also destined to develop chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Premature coronary atherosclerosis in a 5-year-old with corticosteroid-refractory nephrotic syndrome. We report the case of a 5-year-old girl who died two years after onset of the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, which failed to respond to treatment with corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide. Severe atherosclerotic changes were noted in both coronary arteries. Prolonged hyperlipidemia in patients with long-standing nephrotic syndrome may represent a major risk factor predisposing to premature coronary atherosclerosis in children who are also destined to develop chronic renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:900087", "title": "Dermal and glomerular deposition of IgA in anaphylactoid purpura.", "content": "During the period of acute anaphylactoid purpura, skin biopsies were performed on 14 patients with purpuric and nonpurpuric skin. In addition, four patients had renal biopsies. Examination of the tissue by immunofluorescence to anti-human immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE, fibrin/fibrinogen, complement Clq, C4, and C3 demonstrated predominant IgA, C3, fibrin/fibrinogen in the purpuric skin and glomerulus, without Clq and C4. These immunohistochemical findings are characteristic of anaphylactoid purpura and suggest that IgA is involved in the pathogenesis of anaphylactoid purpura and may operate through the alternate pathway of the complement system.", "contents": "Dermal and glomerular deposition of IgA in anaphylactoid purpura. During the period of acute anaphylactoid purpura, skin biopsies were performed on 14 patients with purpuric and nonpurpuric skin. In addition, four patients had renal biopsies. Examination of the tissue by immunofluorescence to anti-human immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE, fibrin/fibrinogen, complement Clq, C4, and C3 demonstrated predominant IgA, C3, fibrin/fibrinogen in the purpuric skin and glomerulus, without Clq and C4. These immunohistochemical findings are characteristic of anaphylactoid purpura and suggest that IgA is involved in the pathogenesis of anaphylactoid purpura and may operate through the alternate pathway of the complement system."}
{"id": "PMID:900088", "title": "Systemic gas embolus: a discussion of its pathogenesis in the neonate, with a review of the literature.", "content": "We report, a term newborn infant with congenital vocal cord paralysis and congenital viral myocarditis. In her five days of life she developed a pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium, subcutaneous emphysema, and terminally a pneumothorax and systemic air embolus. This unusual case is used to develop a concept of the pathogenesis of extraventilatory air, and is also represented in diagrammatic form.", "contents": "Systemic gas embolus: a discussion of its pathogenesis in the neonate, with a review of the literature. We report, a term newborn infant with congenital vocal cord paralysis and congenital viral myocarditis. In her five days of life she developed a pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium, subcutaneous emphysema, and terminally a pneumothorax and systemic air embolus. This unusual case is used to develop a concept of the pathogenesis of extraventilatory air, and is also represented in diagrammatic form."}
{"id": "PMID:900089", "title": "Splenorenal fusion: heterotopia simulating a primary renal neoplasm.", "content": "We report an instance of splenic heterotopia arising within the left kidney of an otherwise normal female infant. Embryologic considerations suggest that fusion of nephrogenic mesoderm and splenic anlage in the second month of gestation accounts for the observed findings. Although splenic-mesonephric (splenogonadal) fusion is a well-characterized, although rare, malformation, we were unable to find any previous description of splenic-metanephric fusion.", "contents": "Splenorenal fusion: heterotopia simulating a primary renal neoplasm. We report an instance of splenic heterotopia arising within the left kidney of an otherwise normal female infant. Embryologic considerations suggest that fusion of nephrogenic mesoderm and splenic anlage in the second month of gestation accounts for the observed findings. Although splenic-mesonephric (splenogonadal) fusion is a well-characterized, although rare, malformation, we were unable to find any previous description of splenic-metanephric fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:900090", "title": "Renal failure as a presenting sign of diffuse sarcoidosis in an adolescent girl.", "content": "We report a renal failure due to sarcoid granulomatous infiltration of the kidney that was documented by renal biopsy in an adolescent black albino girl. Treatment with prednisone was associated with improvement in the clinical disease and the histologic picture on repeat biopsy. With cessation of prednisone there was clinical and histological relapse while reinstitution of prednisone therapy was again associated with improvement. Experience with this child, as well as that reported previously in seven similar adult patients, would indicate that prednisone is an effective drug to control this unusual problem.", "contents": "Renal failure as a presenting sign of diffuse sarcoidosis in an adolescent girl. We report a renal failure due to sarcoid granulomatous infiltration of the kidney that was documented by renal biopsy in an adolescent black albino girl. Treatment with prednisone was associated with improvement in the clinical disease and the histologic picture on repeat biopsy. With cessation of prednisone there was clinical and histological relapse while reinstitution of prednisone therapy was again associated with improvement. Experience with this child, as well as that reported previously in seven similar adult patients, would indicate that prednisone is an effective drug to control this unusual problem."}
{"id": "PMID:900092", "title": "Effects of glucagon and secretin on food- or morphine-induced motor activity of the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter.", "content": "The effects of glucagon and secretin on food- or morphine-induced motor activity of the distal colon, rectum, and internal anal sphincter were investigated in 12 healthy subjects. Intraluminal pressure changes were measured using a triple-lumen polyvinyl tube assembly with 3 side orifices. Glucagon, administered intravenously, caused significant inhibition of food- or morphine-induced motor activity of both the distal colon and rectum. In contrast, secretin did not suppress morphine-induced motor activity but did significantly inhibit food-stimulated motor activity of the distal colon. The inhibitory effect of secretin on motor activity of the rectum was insignificant. Morphine, but not food, elevated the pressure of the anal sphincter which was not effected by glucagon or secretin. Hyperglycemia, produced by the infusion of 5% glucose, had no effect on motor activity. These studies demonstrate that glucagon but not secretin, in the doses employed, inhibits morphine-induced motor wave activity of both the distal colon and rectum and that this inhibitory effect is not secondary to hyperglycemia. Furthermore, the rise in anal sphincter pressure is not affected by glucagon or secretin.", "contents": "Effects of glucagon and secretin on food- or morphine-induced motor activity of the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter. The effects of glucagon and secretin on food- or morphine-induced motor activity of the distal colon, rectum, and internal anal sphincter were investigated in 12 healthy subjects. Intraluminal pressure changes were measured using a triple-lumen polyvinyl tube assembly with 3 side orifices. Glucagon, administered intravenously, caused significant inhibition of food- or morphine-induced motor activity of both the distal colon and rectum. In contrast, secretin did not suppress morphine-induced motor activity but did significantly inhibit food-stimulated motor activity of the distal colon. The inhibitory effect of secretin on motor activity of the rectum was insignificant. Morphine, but not food, elevated the pressure of the anal sphincter which was not effected by glucagon or secretin. Hyperglycemia, produced by the infusion of 5% glucose, had no effect on motor activity. These studies demonstrate that glucagon but not secretin, in the doses employed, inhibits morphine-induced motor wave activity of both the distal colon and rectum and that this inhibitory effect is not secondary to hyperglycemia. Furthermore, the rise in anal sphincter pressure is not affected by glucagon or secretin."}
{"id": "PMID:900093", "title": "Rabbit ileal mucosa exposed to fatty acids, bile acids, and other secretagogues. Scanning electron microscopic appearances.", "content": "Segments of rabbit ileum were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after exposure to various compounds known to stimulate fluid secretion in the small intestine. After perfusion with ricinoleate (castor oil) at a 10 mM concentration, striking changes were observed at villus tips and on the apicolateral surfaces of villi; erosions at tips were confirmed by light microscopy of the same pieces of tissue examined by SEM. The appearances after ricinoleate were reversed in part during perfusion with control buffer for 2 hr. Statistical comparisons between control perfused, treated, and reversal tissues showed that the \"damage\" produced by ricinoleate, and its reversal, was significant statistically. Tissues treated with other intestinal secretagogues, oleic acid (10 mM), deoxycholic acid (4 mM), cholic acid (4 mM), dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (6 mM), and cholera toxin (1 microgram/ml) also showed surface changes by SEM. Fluid secretion, produced by an osmotic agent (mannitol) was not associated with \"damage.\" Changes in structure of the mucosal surface after exposure to intestinal secretagogues should be considered as one possible mechanism of impaired fluid transport.", "contents": "Rabbit ileal mucosa exposed to fatty acids, bile acids, and other secretagogues. Scanning electron microscopic appearances. Segments of rabbit ileum were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after exposure to various compounds known to stimulate fluid secretion in the small intestine. After perfusion with ricinoleate (castor oil) at a 10 mM concentration, striking changes were observed at villus tips and on the apicolateral surfaces of villi; erosions at tips were confirmed by light microscopy of the same pieces of tissue examined by SEM. The appearances after ricinoleate were reversed in part during perfusion with control buffer for 2 hr. Statistical comparisons between control perfused, treated, and reversal tissues showed that the \"damage\" produced by ricinoleate, and its reversal, was significant statistically. Tissues treated with other intestinal secretagogues, oleic acid (10 mM), deoxycholic acid (4 mM), cholic acid (4 mM), dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (6 mM), and cholera toxin (1 microgram/ml) also showed surface changes by SEM. Fluid secretion, produced by an osmotic agent (mannitol) was not associated with \"damage.\" Changes in structure of the mucosal surface after exposure to intestinal secretagogues should be considered as one possible mechanism of impaired fluid transport."}
{"id": "PMID:900094", "title": "Changes in site distribution of colorectal carcinoma in Connecticut, 1940-1973.", "content": "The proportion of colorectal cancer occurring above the rectosigmoid junction has been increasing over time. The 40,771 cases of colorectal carcinoma reported to the Connecticut Tumor Registry from 1940 through 1973 were analyzed to determine the incidence in the ascending colon, the transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, and the rectum. The numbers of cases, the proportion, and incidence rates of cancer in the ascending colon and sigmoid have increased over the 34 years. The increases were greatest among people over 65 years old. Only about half of colorectal cancer can now be identified with the rigid sigmoidoscope. Other tests must be used for early diagnosis of the increased numbers of cancers in the upper parts of the colon.", "contents": "Changes in site distribution of colorectal carcinoma in Connecticut, 1940-1973. The proportion of colorectal cancer occurring above the rectosigmoid junction has been increasing over time. The 40,771 cases of colorectal carcinoma reported to the Connecticut Tumor Registry from 1940 through 1973 were analyzed to determine the incidence in the ascending colon, the transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, and the rectum. The numbers of cases, the proportion, and incidence rates of cancer in the ascending colon and sigmoid have increased over the 34 years. The increases were greatest among people over 65 years old. Only about half of colorectal cancer can now be identified with the rigid sigmoidoscope. Other tests must be used for early diagnosis of the increased numbers of cancers in the upper parts of the colon."}
{"id": "PMID:900095", "title": "Doxycycline esophageal ulcers.", "content": "Two patients developed acute esophageal ulceration after ingestion of doxycycline hyclate. Despite vigorous investigation no evidence was found to support a viral etiology. The ulcers are postulated to result from close contact between the capsules and the esophageal mucosa.", "contents": "Doxycycline esophageal ulcers. Two patients developed acute esophageal ulceration after ingestion of doxycycline hyclate. Despite vigorous investigation no evidence was found to support a viral etiology. The ulcers are postulated to result from close contact between the capsules and the esophageal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:900096", "title": "Colonic mucosal atrophy induced by a liquid elemental diet in rats.", "content": "The weight, the total crypt cell population, and the proliferation parameters of the colon were estimated in rats during a 4-week administration of a liquid elemental diet (Vivonex standard). Both mitotic and DNA synthesis activity were decreased (P less than 0.01) in the colonic mucosa during the administration of the diet. The weight of the colon was electively decreased (P less than 0.01) from the first week of the treatment. After four weeks, a 75% decrease in the cell population of mucosal glands was observed. This showed that considerable atrophy of the colonic mucosa occurred under the effect of feeding the elemental diet. This atrophy was probably mediated by a reduction in the proliferative activity of the stem cells in the mucosal glands.", "contents": "Colonic mucosal atrophy induced by a liquid elemental diet in rats. The weight, the total crypt cell population, and the proliferation parameters of the colon were estimated in rats during a 4-week administration of a liquid elemental diet (Vivonex standard). Both mitotic and DNA synthesis activity were decreased (P less than 0.01) in the colonic mucosa during the administration of the diet. The weight of the colon was electively decreased (P less than 0.01) from the first week of the treatment. After four weeks, a 75% decrease in the cell population of mucosal glands was observed. This showed that considerable atrophy of the colonic mucosa occurred under the effect of feeding the elemental diet. This atrophy was probably mediated by a reduction in the proliferative activity of the stem cells in the mucosal glands."}
{"id": "PMID:900097", "title": "Effect of synthetic motilin on gastric motor activity in conscious dogs.", "content": "The effect of intravenous infusion of synthetic motilin on gastric motor activity was investigated by means of chronically implanted force transducers in 4 conscious dogs. Since the gastric motor pattern consisted of two major subpatterns, digestive and interdigestive motor activity, motilin was tested for its motor stimulating activity in both states. It was found that motilin had no influence upon gastric motor activity in the digestive state. However, during the interdigestive state, intravenous infusion of motilin in doses of 0.3-2.7 microgram/kg/hr induced motor activity similar to the naturally occurring interdigestive contractions in a dose-related fashion. Since motilin is released by duodenal alkalinization in the dog, it may be postulated that motilin is a substance to control the interdigestive contractions in the dog, although other reports describe motilin release by duodenal acidification and inhibition of gastric emptying in man. Endogenous stimuli leading to motilin release may be different among species. The present study clearly indicates that motilin induces a contractile pattern similar to that seen during the interdigestive state in conscious dogs.", "contents": "Effect of synthetic motilin on gastric motor activity in conscious dogs. The effect of intravenous infusion of synthetic motilin on gastric motor activity was investigated by means of chronically implanted force transducers in 4 conscious dogs. Since the gastric motor pattern consisted of two major subpatterns, digestive and interdigestive motor activity, motilin was tested for its motor stimulating activity in both states. It was found that motilin had no influence upon gastric motor activity in the digestive state. However, during the interdigestive state, intravenous infusion of motilin in doses of 0.3-2.7 microgram/kg/hr induced motor activity similar to the naturally occurring interdigestive contractions in a dose-related fashion. Since motilin is released by duodenal alkalinization in the dog, it may be postulated that motilin is a substance to control the interdigestive contractions in the dog, although other reports describe motilin release by duodenal acidification and inhibition of gastric emptying in man. Endogenous stimuli leading to motilin release may be different among species. The present study clearly indicates that motilin induces a contractile pattern similar to that seen during the interdigestive state in conscious dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:900098", "title": "Evaluation of biliary tract disease by diagnostic ultrasound.", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasound is useful in evaluation in biliary tract disease because it is independent of function, rapidly performed, and noninvasive. In most cases the presence or absence of obstruction as well as the etiology of the obstruction can be made.", "contents": "Evaluation of biliary tract disease by diagnostic ultrasound. Diagnostic ultrasound is useful in evaluation in biliary tract disease because it is independent of function, rapidly performed, and noninvasive. In most cases the presence or absence of obstruction as well as the etiology of the obstruction can be made."}
{"id": "PMID:900099", "title": "Duplication of the pylorus found concomitantly with achalasia: congenital or peptic etiology?", "content": "A patient is presented with true duplication of the pylorus and concomitant achalasia of the esophagus. This patient has never had peptic ulcer disease and is suspected to have a double pyloric anomaly as a congenital abnormality rather than the result of peptic disease and scarring.", "contents": "Duplication of the pylorus found concomitantly with achalasia: congenital or peptic etiology? A patient is presented with true duplication of the pylorus and concomitant achalasia of the esophagus. This patient has never had peptic ulcer disease and is suspected to have a double pyloric anomaly as a congenital abnormality rather than the result of peptic disease and scarring."}
{"id": "PMID:900101", "title": "Acute pancreatitis secondary to furosemide with associated hyperlipidemia.", "content": "A patient is described with acute pancreatitis which was probably caused by furosemide. Administration of furosemide on two separate occasions was associated with increases in serum amylase concentrations and recurrence of abdominal pain. This case is of further interest because of the presence of hyperlipemia in the absence of an underlying lipid abnormality. Following recovery from pancreatitis, the lipoprotein pattern evolved from type V to type III, type IIA, and finally to normal.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis secondary to furosemide with associated hyperlipidemia. A patient is described with acute pancreatitis which was probably caused by furosemide. Administration of furosemide on two separate occasions was associated with increases in serum amylase concentrations and recurrence of abdominal pain. This case is of further interest because of the presence of hyperlipemia in the absence of an underlying lipid abnormality. Following recovery from pancreatitis, the lipoprotein pattern evolved from type V to type III, type IIA, and finally to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:900102", "title": "Azathioprine-associated acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Azathioprine therapy in a patient with granulomatous ileocolitis was associated with an attack of acute pancreatitis, which was confirmed by laparotomy. Recurrence of pancreatitis occurred after rechallenge with a single dose of azathioprine.", "contents": "Azathioprine-associated acute pancreatitis. Azathioprine therapy in a patient with granulomatous ileocolitis was associated with an attack of acute pancreatitis, which was confirmed by laparotomy. Recurrence of pancreatitis occurred after rechallenge with a single dose of azathioprine."}
{"id": "PMID:900104", "title": "The development of carcinoma of the colon.", "content": "Carcinoma of the colon usually starts as a small nidus of malignant cells on the tip of adenomatous/villous polyps. The term \"early cancer of the colon\" is introduced as part of the concept that there are stages in the development of colon cancer and that it can and should be treated at an early stage. Removal of polyps at any point in their development up to the stage of early invasiveness represents the most favorable time for resection and cure.", "contents": "The development of carcinoma of the colon. Carcinoma of the colon usually starts as a small nidus of malignant cells on the tip of adenomatous/villous polyps. The term \"early cancer of the colon\" is introduced as part of the concept that there are stages in the development of colon cancer and that it can and should be treated at an early stage. Removal of polyps at any point in their development up to the stage of early invasiveness represents the most favorable time for resection and cure."}
{"id": "PMID:900105", "title": "Colonoscopic excision of large sessile polyps.", "content": "Experience with 80 consecutively-encountered large sessile colon polypoid lesions is reviewed in order to document the salient principles involved with safe and total endoscopic excision of certain of these lesions. The endoscopic physical characteristics of the polypoid lesion is the single most important factor in determining the method of removal of sessile polypoid lesions. Considerable experience with diagnostic colonoscopy and endoscopic removal of pedunculated and small sessile lesions is most important before considering the technic of piece-meal polypectomy for large sessile benign lesions.", "contents": "Colonoscopic excision of large sessile polyps. Experience with 80 consecutively-encountered large sessile colon polypoid lesions is reviewed in order to document the salient principles involved with safe and total endoscopic excision of certain of these lesions. The endoscopic physical characteristics of the polypoid lesion is the single most important factor in determining the method of removal of sessile polypoid lesions. Considerable experience with diagnostic colonoscopy and endoscopic removal of pedunculated and small sessile lesions is most important before considering the technic of piece-meal polypectomy for large sessile benign lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:900106", "title": "Use of biliary drainage in diagnosis of biliary tract disease.", "content": "Thirty-five patients with biliary-type symptoms and normal oral cholecystograms were found to have either cholesterol crystals, calcium bilirubinate pigment or leucocytes in gallbladder bile collected through duodenal drainage. All underwent cholecystectomy. The gallbladders all showed histological evidence of chronic cholecystitis and/or cholesterolosis. In addition, four gallbladders contained calculi. Cholecystectomy is recommended as treatment for a selected group of patients with duodenal bile crystals or pigment.", "contents": "Use of biliary drainage in diagnosis of biliary tract disease. Thirty-five patients with biliary-type symptoms and normal oral cholecystograms were found to have either cholesterol crystals, calcium bilirubinate pigment or leucocytes in gallbladder bile collected through duodenal drainage. All underwent cholecystectomy. The gallbladders all showed histological evidence of chronic cholecystitis and/or cholesterolosis. In addition, four gallbladders contained calculi. Cholecystectomy is recommended as treatment for a selected group of patients with duodenal bile crystals or pigment."}
{"id": "PMID:900108", "title": "Incidence of HBsAg, anti-HBs and subtypes ad and ay in a general hospital: correlation with clinical data and its significance as a public health problem.", "content": "During a period of four months, 9,418 individuals, comprising new hospital admissions, new employees and blood donors, were tested for HbsAg and 1,212 for anti-HBs. A high incidence of positivity for both was found in the different groups under investigation. Subtyping was carried out on acutely ill patients and carriers. Sbtype ay was common in acutely ill patients and among addicts and subtype ad in nonhepatitis patients and healthy carriers. The significance of these findings and possible measures for prevention of spread of the infection are discussed.", "contents": "Incidence of HBsAg, anti-HBs and subtypes ad and ay in a general hospital: correlation with clinical data and its significance as a public health problem. During a period of four months, 9,418 individuals, comprising new hospital admissions, new employees and blood donors, were tested for HbsAg and 1,212 for anti-HBs. A high incidence of positivity for both was found in the different groups under investigation. Subtyping was carried out on acutely ill patients and carriers. Sbtype ay was common in acutely ill patients and among addicts and subtype ad in nonhepatitis patients and healthy carriers. The significance of these findings and possible measures for prevention of spread of the infection are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900109", "title": "The influence of biliary infection on the postoperative course after biliary tract surgery.", "content": "A prospective clinicobacteriological study was undertaken in 167 patients undergoing biliary surgery so as to assess the possible influence of the endogenous preoperative biliary infection on postoperative morbidity. Bile cultures were positive in 33% (55 patients); in those undergoing cholecystectomy alone this finding was present in 23% while in those in whom a choledochotomy was also performed cultures were positive in 65%. The incidence of wound infection was found to be twice as high in those undergoin choledochotomy as in those undergoing cholecystectomy alone--37.8% vs. 18.5%. There was no appreciable difference in the rate of wound infection when a routine appendectomy was performed during biliary tract surgery. Among the 38 patients with wound infection, bile cultures were positive in 16. In 13 cases the offending organism in the wound was identical with that recovered from the bile coulture. This finding suggests an endogenous source for the wound infection. This study further indicated that wound infection is most likely to be encountered in patients with pathogenic organisms in the bile, in the aged and in those whose resistance to infection has been lowered by concomitant disease.", "contents": "The influence of biliary infection on the postoperative course after biliary tract surgery. A prospective clinicobacteriological study was undertaken in 167 patients undergoing biliary surgery so as to assess the possible influence of the endogenous preoperative biliary infection on postoperative morbidity. Bile cultures were positive in 33% (55 patients); in those undergoing cholecystectomy alone this finding was present in 23% while in those in whom a choledochotomy was also performed cultures were positive in 65%. The incidence of wound infection was found to be twice as high in those undergoin choledochotomy as in those undergoing cholecystectomy alone--37.8% vs. 18.5%. There was no appreciable difference in the rate of wound infection when a routine appendectomy was performed during biliary tract surgery. Among the 38 patients with wound infection, bile cultures were positive in 16. In 13 cases the offending organism in the wound was identical with that recovered from the bile coulture. This finding suggests an endogenous source for the wound infection. This study further indicated that wound infection is most likely to be encountered in patients with pathogenic organisms in the bile, in the aged and in those whose resistance to infection has been lowered by concomitant disease."}
{"id": "PMID:900110", "title": "Touch smear cytology for endoscopic diagnosis of gastric carcinoma.", "content": "A retrospective study was made on the accuracy of histology and touch smear cytology of the specimens obtained by endoscopic target biopsy. Sixty-five cases of small size excavated-type gastric carcinoma, including 27 cases of early carcinoma were studied. By histology alone, 89% of cases (58 cases) were diagnosed accurately, 85% (55 cases) by touch smear cytology alone and 95% (62 cases) by combined examination. By touch smear cytology, 10 out of 16 specimens were diagnosed as positive, although extensive necrosis of the specimens prevented histologic study. The study demonstrated that the floor as well as the edge and margin of the excavated lesion is an important target site for biopsy. Touch smear cytologic technic is an aid to the diagnosis of gastric malignancy.", "contents": "Touch smear cytology for endoscopic diagnosis of gastric carcinoma. A retrospective study was made on the accuracy of histology and touch smear cytology of the specimens obtained by endoscopic target biopsy. Sixty-five cases of small size excavated-type gastric carcinoma, including 27 cases of early carcinoma were studied. By histology alone, 89% of cases (58 cases) were diagnosed accurately, 85% (55 cases) by touch smear cytology alone and 95% (62 cases) by combined examination. By touch smear cytology, 10 out of 16 specimens were diagnosed as positive, although extensive necrosis of the specimens prevented histologic study. The study demonstrated that the floor as well as the edge and margin of the excavated lesion is an important target site for biopsy. Touch smear cytologic technic is an aid to the diagnosis of gastric malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:900111", "title": "Blocking of protein pancreatic secretion by maximal secretion infusion in the dog.", "content": "In conscious chronic gastric and pancreatic fistula dogs (Thomas cannula), secretin was perfused for three hours with a submaximal (GIH, 1.0 C.U./kg.) and a maximal dose (GIH, 8.0 c.u./kg.), according to the following schedule: 1. First hour submaximal stimulus; 2. second hour maximal stimulus; 3. third hour submaximal stimulus. The alkaline and protein components of pancreatic secretion were analyzed in 20-minute sample collections thoughout the three hours. The same protocol was followed in anesthetized dogs subjected to a mind line laparotomy. A biopsy of the pancreatic gland was taken before (control) and at the end of each perfused dose. The secretion showed a significant increase of protein concentration and output when passing from the maximal to the last submaximal secretin perfusion dose. These findings correlated well with the piling up of zymogen and prozymogen granules in the apical zone of the acinar cells during maximal secretin perfusion, with their subsequent discharge into the acinar lumen upon abrupt reversal to the initial secretin submaximal dose. The study confirms that secretin influences pancreatic protein secretion and indicates in addition, that pharmacologic doses of the hormone, have the capacity to block acinar cell zymogen granule release.", "contents": "Blocking of protein pancreatic secretion by maximal secretion infusion in the dog. In conscious chronic gastric and pancreatic fistula dogs (Thomas cannula), secretin was perfused for three hours with a submaximal (GIH, 1.0 C.U./kg.) and a maximal dose (GIH, 8.0 c.u./kg.), according to the following schedule: 1. First hour submaximal stimulus; 2. second hour maximal stimulus; 3. third hour submaximal stimulus. The alkaline and protein components of pancreatic secretion were analyzed in 20-minute sample collections thoughout the three hours. The same protocol was followed in anesthetized dogs subjected to a mind line laparotomy. A biopsy of the pancreatic gland was taken before (control) and at the end of each perfused dose. The secretion showed a significant increase of protein concentration and output when passing from the maximal to the last submaximal secretin perfusion dose. These findings correlated well with the piling up of zymogen and prozymogen granules in the apical zone of the acinar cells during maximal secretin perfusion, with their subsequent discharge into the acinar lumen upon abrupt reversal to the initial secretin submaximal dose. The study confirms that secretin influences pancreatic protein secretion and indicates in addition, that pharmacologic doses of the hormone, have the capacity to block acinar cell zymogen granule release."}
{"id": "PMID:900112", "title": "Assay of amylase and isoamylase activities in serum and urine. Modifications in methods and range of normal values.", "content": "Certain modifications are described in assay methods previously reported from this laboratory for total amylase and isoamylase activities. These modifications provided more consistent results and achieve superior separation of pancreatic and salivary type (P- and S-type) isoamylases. The estimated range of values in the serum and urine of normal subjects using the modified assay procedures is presented for total amylase as well as for P- and S-type isoamylases.", "contents": "Assay of amylase and isoamylase activities in serum and urine. Modifications in methods and range of normal values. Certain modifications are described in assay methods previously reported from this laboratory for total amylase and isoamylase activities. These modifications provided more consistent results and achieve superior separation of pancreatic and salivary type (P- and S-type) isoamylases. The estimated range of values in the serum and urine of normal subjects using the modified assay procedures is presented for total amylase as well as for P- and S-type isoamylases."}
{"id": "PMID:900115", "title": "Variability of splenomegaly in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Splenomegaly is an unusual finding in Crohn's disease and can be persistent or transient. In three febrile patients it was so prominent that the diagnosis of lymphoma was considered. In two additional patients the splenomegaly was an incidental finding. It is probably a nonspecific response to the basic disease in most cases, or occasionally a response to the chronic liver disease that can occur in inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Variability of splenomegaly in Crohn's disease. Splenomegaly is an unusual finding in Crohn's disease and can be persistent or transient. In three febrile patients it was so prominent that the diagnosis of lymphoma was considered. In two additional patients the splenomegaly was an incidental finding. It is probably a nonspecific response to the basic disease in most cases, or occasionally a response to the chronic liver disease that can occur in inflammatory bowel disease."}
{"id": "PMID:900119", "title": "Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: a validation study.", "content": "Data from five psychiatric populations and a community sample are presented on the CES-D, 20-item self-report depression symptom scale developed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies. Results show that the scale is a sensitive tool for detecting depressive symptoms and change in symptoms over time in psychiatric populations, and that it agrees quite well with more lengthy self-report scales used in clinical studies and with clinician interview ratings. Although a symptom scale cannot differentiate between diagnositc groups, the CES-D has demonstrated its validity as a screening tool for detecting depressive symptoms in psychiatric populations.", "contents": "Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: a validation study. Data from five psychiatric populations and a community sample are presented on the CES-D, 20-item self-report depression symptom scale developed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies. Results show that the scale is a sensitive tool for detecting depressive symptoms and change in symptoms over time in psychiatric populations, and that it agrees quite well with more lengthy self-report scales used in clinical studies and with clinician interview ratings. Although a symptom scale cannot differentiate between diagnositc groups, the CES-D has demonstrated its validity as a screening tool for detecting depressive symptoms in psychiatric populations."}
{"id": "PMID:900120", "title": "Epidemiology of mycobacterial lymphadenitis in an Idaho swine herd.", "content": "A study of Mycobacterium avium infected swine in an Idaho herd was made to obtain information on morbidity and to evaluate some control measures. Of 867 pigs slaughtered during a 30-day period in May and June, 1974, 100 carcasses were condemned or passed for cooking and 406 carcasses had lesions in one lymph node and were passed without restriction. Mycobacteriologic examinations were made on 33 pigs which were tuberculin tested. Mycobacterium avium was isolated from 21 of 26 tuberculin positive pigs and from 4 to 7 tuberculin negative pigs. Lymphocyte stimulation tests were completed for 12 pigs. Positive results were observed in 11 and M. avium was isolated from 7. Mycobacterium avium serotypes 1,2,4,8, and 9 were identified.", "contents": "Epidemiology of mycobacterial lymphadenitis in an Idaho swine herd. A study of Mycobacterium avium infected swine in an Idaho herd was made to obtain information on morbidity and to evaluate some control measures. Of 867 pigs slaughtered during a 30-day period in May and June, 1974, 100 carcasses were condemned or passed for cooking and 406 carcasses had lesions in one lymph node and were passed without restriction. Mycobacteriologic examinations were made on 33 pigs which were tuberculin tested. Mycobacterium avium was isolated from 21 of 26 tuberculin positive pigs and from 4 to 7 tuberculin negative pigs. Lymphocyte stimulation tests were completed for 12 pigs. Positive results were observed in 11 and M. avium was isolated from 7. Mycobacterium avium serotypes 1,2,4,8, and 9 were identified."}
{"id": "PMID:900121", "title": "Two more \"private\" polymorphisms of Amerindian tribes: LDHb GUA-1 and ACP1 B GUA-1 in the Guaymi in Panama.", "content": "A survey of Guaymi Indians of Panama for the occurrence of genetic variants of 25 proteins of the erythrocytes and sera have revealed, in addition to seven well-known genetic polymorphisms, four rare variants and two \"private polymorphisms,\" the latter involving erythrocyte acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. The significance of such private polymorphisms in tribal populations to the interpretation of rare variants in civilized populations is emphasized.", "contents": "Two more \"private\" polymorphisms of Amerindian tribes: LDHb GUA-1 and ACP1 B GUA-1 in the Guaymi in Panama. A survey of Guaymi Indians of Panama for the occurrence of genetic variants of 25 proteins of the erythrocytes and sera have revealed, in addition to seven well-known genetic polymorphisms, four rare variants and two \"private polymorphisms,\" the latter involving erythrocyte acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. The significance of such private polymorphisms in tribal populations to the interpretation of rare variants in civilized populations is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:900122", "title": "Maternal influence on plasma cholesterol variation.", "content": "Evidence for maternal effects on plasma cholesterol was found by comparing the variance between maternal and paternal half siblings obtained from 83 families of monozygotic twin pairs (424 children). Maternal effects accounted for about one-fifth of the total variance.", "contents": "Maternal influence on plasma cholesterol variation. Evidence for maternal effects on plasma cholesterol was found by comparing the variance between maternal and paternal half siblings obtained from 83 families of monozygotic twin pairs (424 children). Maternal effects accounted for about one-fifth of the total variance."}
{"id": "PMID:900123", "title": "Sizes of deciduous teeth in 47,XYY males.", "content": "Deciduous teeth of six 47,XYY males have been examined, and the tooth sizes were found to be larger than those of controls. We concluded that a factor or factors which influence excess dental growth in 47,XYY males are probably in effect before the age of a few months. The time needed for the achievement of final tooth growth excess seems to be limited to a 9--18 month period. It also became evident that excess dental growth of 47,XYY individuals is a developmentally stable process, and the Y chromosome apparently regulates quantitative variation of the teeth in normal males [2]. These observations on tooth sizes in 47,XYY males suggest a chromosomal influence on dental determination.", "contents": "Sizes of deciduous teeth in 47,XYY males. Deciduous teeth of six 47,XYY males have been examined, and the tooth sizes were found to be larger than those of controls. We concluded that a factor or factors which influence excess dental growth in 47,XYY males are probably in effect before the age of a few months. The time needed for the achievement of final tooth growth excess seems to be limited to a 9--18 month period. It also became evident that excess dental growth of 47,XYY individuals is a developmentally stable process, and the Y chromosome apparently regulates quantitative variation of the teeth in normal males [2]. These observations on tooth sizes in 47,XYY males suggest a chromosomal influence on dental determination."}
{"id": "PMID:900124", "title": "A study of fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetry in the sibs and parents of cleft lip propositi.", "content": "Fluctuating asymmetry was studied in cleft lip propositi and their normal sibs and parents. The traits examined were a-b ridge counts and fingerprint patterns. Propositi with a family history of this congenital malformation and their normal sibs and parents were significantly different from the controls for this type of asymmetry. Propositi without a family history and their normal sibs and parents were similar to the controls. These results support the hypothesis that familial and sporadic cases of congenital cleft lip are different entities and give evidence for a genetic mechanism in the parents and sibs of the familial cases that may account for this congenital disorder and, concomitantly, increased fluctuating asymmetry.", "contents": "A study of fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetry in the sibs and parents of cleft lip propositi. Fluctuating asymmetry was studied in cleft lip propositi and their normal sibs and parents. The traits examined were a-b ridge counts and fingerprint patterns. Propositi with a family history of this congenital malformation and their normal sibs and parents were significantly different from the controls for this type of asymmetry. Propositi without a family history and their normal sibs and parents were similar to the controls. These results support the hypothesis that familial and sporadic cases of congenital cleft lip are different entities and give evidence for a genetic mechanism in the parents and sibs of the familial cases that may account for this congenital disorder and, concomitantly, increased fluctuating asymmetry."}
{"id": "PMID:900125", "title": "Recombination, mutation, or constitutive expression at a Gm locus and familial hypergammaglobulinemia.", "content": "In a hypercholesterolemic Lebanese family, an uncommon Gm haplotype carrying an unexpected C gamma 1 gene was inherited by only one of 10 siblings. A new recombination during the maternal or paternal meiosis could explain its formation. According to this hypothesis, our data would be informative for the linkage relationship between the gamma-cistrons and the alpha 2-cistron. The latter might be located near the N-terminal side of the gamma-cistron linkage group, and the sequence of genes would be alpha 2, gamma 4, gamma 3, and gamma 1. A mutation could also effect the change from G1m(17) (codons AAA and AAG) TO G1m(3) (codons AGA and AGG). Another alternative is to postulate a constitutive expression of a C gamma 1 structural gene which, normally, would not be expressed. The uncommon derepression could be the consequence of uncommon cellular response to environmental, pathological or metabolic perturbation of a regulatory mechanism.", "contents": "Recombination, mutation, or constitutive expression at a Gm locus and familial hypergammaglobulinemia. In a hypercholesterolemic Lebanese family, an uncommon Gm haplotype carrying an unexpected C gamma 1 gene was inherited by only one of 10 siblings. A new recombination during the maternal or paternal meiosis could explain its formation. According to this hypothesis, our data would be informative for the linkage relationship between the gamma-cistrons and the alpha 2-cistron. The latter might be located near the N-terminal side of the gamma-cistron linkage group, and the sequence of genes would be alpha 2, gamma 4, gamma 3, and gamma 1. A mutation could also effect the change from G1m(17) (codons AAA and AAG) TO G1m(3) (codons AGA and AGG). Another alternative is to postulate a constitutive expression of a C gamma 1 structural gene which, normally, would not be expressed. The uncommon derepression could be the consequence of uncommon cellular response to environmental, pathological or metabolic perturbation of a regulatory mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:900133", "title": "Third-party reimbursement for clinical pharmacy services: philosophy and practice.", "content": "A step-by-step approach is outlined for obtaining third-party reimbursement for clinical pharmacy services separate from dispensing fees. The program is based on a patient-care philosophy rather than a cost-conscious philosophy. The steps in implementation of the program were: (1) a total commitment to the patient's health, (2) identification of patient needs that require clinical pharmacy expertise, (3) development of a patient training program, (4) presentation of a written proposal to the hospital administration, (5) presentation of the proposal to third-party agencies, (6) initiation of charges for the services, and (7) preparation of reports on the progress of the program. Third-party reimbursement covers pharmacist instruction of home therapy patients receiving antihemophilic factor, cytarabine, parenteral nutrition, calcitonin-salmon and injectable analgesics. Financial data based on one year's experience with the program show that savings far outweight the charges.", "contents": "Third-party reimbursement for clinical pharmacy services: philosophy and practice. A step-by-step approach is outlined for obtaining third-party reimbursement for clinical pharmacy services separate from dispensing fees. The program is based on a patient-care philosophy rather than a cost-conscious philosophy. The steps in implementation of the program were: (1) a total commitment to the patient's health, (2) identification of patient needs that require clinical pharmacy expertise, (3) development of a patient training program, (4) presentation of a written proposal to the hospital administration, (5) presentation of the proposal to third-party agencies, (6) initiation of charges for the services, and (7) preparation of reports on the progress of the program. Third-party reimbursement covers pharmacist instruction of home therapy patients receiving antihemophilic factor, cytarabine, parenteral nutrition, calcitonin-salmon and injectable analgesics. Financial data based on one year's experience with the program show that savings far outweight the charges."}
{"id": "PMID:900134", "title": "Third-party reimbursement for pharmacist instruction about antihemophilic factor.", "content": "The trial and evaluation of pharmacy education program to teach a 14-year-old hemophiliac to self-administer Factor VIII at home is described. The home therapy program realized a cost saving of $20,230 for this patient for the first year; school attendance increased 15%. The results of the trial were used to justify a professional fee from Blue Cross of Central Ohio for the pharmacist's educational services.", "contents": "Third-party reimbursement for pharmacist instruction about antihemophilic factor. The trial and evaluation of pharmacy education program to teach a 14-year-old hemophiliac to self-administer Factor VIII at home is described. The home therapy program realized a cost saving of $20,230 for this patient for the first year; school attendance increased 15%. The results of the trial were used to justify a professional fee from Blue Cross of Central Ohio for the pharmacist's educational services."}
{"id": "PMID:900135", "title": "Antimicrobial drug use monitoring by a hospital pharmacy.", "content": "An antimicrobial drug use monitoring program which also provides clinical pharmacy services in a 635-bed hospital is described. The program includes culture sensitivity monitoring, antimicrobial use monitoring, aminoglycoside monitoring, physician consultation and reporting of results to the medical staff. It requires 34 hours of pharmacist time per month, at an estimated annual cost of #4,100.", "contents": "Antimicrobial drug use monitoring by a hospital pharmacy. An antimicrobial drug use monitoring program which also provides clinical pharmacy services in a 635-bed hospital is described. The program includes culture sensitivity monitoring, antimicrobial use monitoring, aminoglycoside monitoring, physician consultation and reporting of results to the medical staff. It requires 34 hours of pharmacist time per month, at an estimated annual cost of #4,100."}
{"id": "PMID:900136", "title": "Information on antineoplastic drugs for nononcologist physicians.", "content": "A postcard questionnaire was used to evaluate drug information letters that were sent to physicians who administered injectable chemotherapy to a hospital's outpatients. During the eight-month study period, 282 questionnaires were sent out with patients and 86 (30%) were returned. Three drugs (doxorubicin, fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide) accounted for over 50% of all the drugs listed on the returned surveys. Responses indicating prior knowledge of side effects, route of administration and stability ranged from a low of 66% (stability information) to a high of 86% (route of administration). All of the responses for investigational drugs indicated that the physician thought the drug information received was helpful. More than 90% of the responses indicated that the information was helpful for commercially available drugs. Two-thirds of all responses from oncologists indicated that the information in the letters was helpful; a much higher percentage (98%) of nononcologists found the information helpful. Because of the positive response to the letters, the drug information service plans to expand and continue the program.", "contents": "Information on antineoplastic drugs for nononcologist physicians. A postcard questionnaire was used to evaluate drug information letters that were sent to physicians who administered injectable chemotherapy to a hospital's outpatients. During the eight-month study period, 282 questionnaires were sent out with patients and 86 (30%) were returned. Three drugs (doxorubicin, fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide) accounted for over 50% of all the drugs listed on the returned surveys. Responses indicating prior knowledge of side effects, route of administration and stability ranged from a low of 66% (stability information) to a high of 86% (route of administration). All of the responses for investigational drugs indicated that the physician thought the drug information received was helpful. More than 90% of the responses indicated that the information was helpful for commercially available drugs. Two-thirds of all responses from oncologists indicated that the information in the letters was helpful; a much higher percentage (98%) of nononcologists found the information helpful. Because of the positive response to the letters, the drug information service plans to expand and continue the program."}
{"id": "PMID:900137", "title": "The clinical pharmacist in emergency medicine.", "content": "The function of a pharmacist in emergency medicine, encompasing clinical practice, education and research, are described, and an evaluation of physicians' and nurses' attitudes toward pharmacist involvement in these areas is presented. In July 1974, a pharmacist joined the staff of a department of emergency health services in a medical center. In June 1976, a 14-item questionnaire was administered to physicians and nurses associated with the department. Seventy-two percent of the questionnaires were completed and returned. All respondents felt the pharmacist was an important component of the department and a benefit to its patient care and educational programs. Eighty-seven percent of the physicians stated that the pharmacist is capable of offering primary care to certain patients once the diagnosis has been made by a physician; 95% felt the role of the pharmacist is transferrable to other emergency room facilities and 83% were willing to have their patients charged for his services.", "contents": "The clinical pharmacist in emergency medicine. The function of a pharmacist in emergency medicine, encompasing clinical practice, education and research, are described, and an evaluation of physicians' and nurses' attitudes toward pharmacist involvement in these areas is presented. In July 1974, a pharmacist joined the staff of a department of emergency health services in a medical center. In June 1976, a 14-item questionnaire was administered to physicians and nurses associated with the department. Seventy-two percent of the questionnaires were completed and returned. All respondents felt the pharmacist was an important component of the department and a benefit to its patient care and educational programs. Eighty-seven percent of the physicians stated that the pharmacist is capable of offering primary care to certain patients once the diagnosis has been made by a physician; 95% felt the role of the pharmacist is transferrable to other emergency room facilities and 83% were willing to have their patients charged for his services."}
{"id": "PMID:900138", "title": "Amphetamine psychosis.", "content": "A case report of amphetamine psychosis in a 16-year-old female that closely resembled paranoid schizophrenia following the possible ingestion of a large quantity of amphetamine tablets is presented. The symptoms associated with amphetamine psychoses, the criteria used for differentiating amphetamine psychoses from schizophrenia, and the treatment of this drug-induced reaction are discussed. Treatment recommendation include the use of a dopamine antagonist such as haloperidol and the use of ascorbic acid to accelerate the renal elimination of amphetamines.", "contents": "Amphetamine psychosis. A case report of amphetamine psychosis in a 16-year-old female that closely resembled paranoid schizophrenia following the possible ingestion of a large quantity of amphetamine tablets is presented. The symptoms associated with amphetamine psychoses, the criteria used for differentiating amphetamine psychoses from schizophrenia, and the treatment of this drug-induced reaction are discussed. Treatment recommendation include the use of a dopamine antagonist such as haloperidol and the use of ascorbic acid to accelerate the renal elimination of amphetamines."}
{"id": "PMID:900143", "title": "Chronic renal vein thrombosis.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with demonstrated chronic renal vein thrombosis were studied. In seven, only small venous channels were involved; in 21, both small and large veins were thrombosed. A constellation of findings occurred with such frequency in these patients that we believe it virtually diagnostic of renal venous obstruction. These findings include the nephrotic syndrome, great variability in proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate, pulmonary embolization, sterile pyuria, hematuria, hyperchloremic acidosis, decreased renal tubular threshold for glucose and increased fibrin degradation products. These findings are an indication for definitive angiographic and biopsy procedures. Prolonged anticoagulant therapy was generally very effective.", "contents": "Chronic renal vein thrombosis. Twenty-eight patients with demonstrated chronic renal vein thrombosis were studied. In seven, only small venous channels were involved; in 21, both small and large veins were thrombosed. A constellation of findings occurred with such frequency in these patients that we believe it virtually diagnostic of renal venous obstruction. These findings include the nephrotic syndrome, great variability in proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate, pulmonary embolization, sterile pyuria, hematuria, hyperchloremic acidosis, decreased renal tubular threshold for glucose and increased fibrin degradation products. These findings are an indication for definitive angiographic and biopsy procedures. Prolonged anticoagulant therapy was generally very effective."}
{"id": "PMID:900147", "title": "Resolution of renal amyloidosis.", "content": "A patient with renal amyloidosis and the nephrotic syndrome consequent to extensive infected burns demonstrated both clinical resolution of the nephrotic syndrome and morphologic regression of the renal amyloid deposits over a six year period. The regression of the amyloid deposits was associated with several changes in the glomerular capillary wall resulting in a double capillary wall contour. This case indicates that deposits of amyloid in the kidney may regress and suggests a sequence of events in this resolution.", "contents": "Resolution of renal amyloidosis. A patient with renal amyloidosis and the nephrotic syndrome consequent to extensive infected burns demonstrated both clinical resolution of the nephrotic syndrome and morphologic regression of the renal amyloid deposits over a six year period. The regression of the amyloid deposits was associated with several changes in the glomerular capillary wall resulting in a double capillary wall contour. This case indicates that deposits of amyloid in the kidney may regress and suggests a sequence of events in this resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:900148", "title": "The effect of hepatitis B on plasma cholesterol and sterol balance.", "content": "A patient with hepatitis B was studied by cholesterol balance technics throughout 29 days of the incubation period, the entire preicteric phase (49 days) and 15 days into the icteric phase. As hepatic inflammation developed, the plasma cholesterol concentration declined, reaching 56 per cent of its base line level before the onset of jaundice. Fecal bile acids diminished slightly whereas fecal neutral steroids were unchanged. As jaundice developed, the plasma cholesterol level rose abruptly and fecal bile acid excretion decreased markedly. This report suggests that plasma cholesterol is diminished by hepatitis prior to the development of icterus. Cholesterol synthesis is probably decreased.", "contents": "The effect of hepatitis B on plasma cholesterol and sterol balance. A patient with hepatitis B was studied by cholesterol balance technics throughout 29 days of the incubation period, the entire preicteric phase (49 days) and 15 days into the icteric phase. As hepatic inflammation developed, the plasma cholesterol concentration declined, reaching 56 per cent of its base line level before the onset of jaundice. Fecal bile acids diminished slightly whereas fecal neutral steroids were unchanged. As jaundice developed, the plasma cholesterol level rose abruptly and fecal bile acid excretion decreased markedly. This report suggests that plasma cholesterol is diminished by hepatitis prior to the development of icterus. Cholesterol synthesis is probably decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:900149", "title": "The pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome. Functional and histologic studies.", "content": "We describe a patient with Bartter's snyndrome. In addition to the well-known characteristic findings by light microscopy, electron micrograms confirmed the presence of juxtaglomerular cell hyperplasia with polymorphous renin secretory granules and dense multivesicular bodies. Volume expansion by albumin infusion decreased plasma renin activity and aldosterone excretion, and improved the pressor response to exogenous angiotensin, suggesting that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was not autonomous but that a decreased extracellular volume might be a major defect in this patient. During hypotonic saline diuresis, moreover, fractional free water clearance per fractional distal sodium delivery, CH2O/CH2O + CNa, was markedly depressed in the patient when compared with the value in the controls. Evidence presented suggests that chronic extracellular volume depletion exists as a consequence of an impaired sodium transport in the ascending limb of Henle's loop.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome. Functional and histologic studies. We describe a patient with Bartter's snyndrome. In addition to the well-known characteristic findings by light microscopy, electron micrograms confirmed the presence of juxtaglomerular cell hyperplasia with polymorphous renin secretory granules and dense multivesicular bodies. Volume expansion by albumin infusion decreased plasma renin activity and aldosterone excretion, and improved the pressor response to exogenous angiotensin, suggesting that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was not autonomous but that a decreased extracellular volume might be a major defect in this patient. During hypotonic saline diuresis, moreover, fractional free water clearance per fractional distal sodium delivery, CH2O/CH2O + CNa, was markedly depressed in the patient when compared with the value in the controls. Evidence presented suggests that chronic extracellular volume depletion exists as a consequence of an impaired sodium transport in the ascending limb of Henle's loop."}
{"id": "PMID:900150", "title": "Severe pulmonary involvement in adult Gaucher's disease. Report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Three patients with \"adult\" Gaucher's disease with severe pulmonary involvement are described. The clinical course of these patients was characterized by hepatosplenomegaly in infancy, followed by the juvenile onset of dyspnea culminating in pulmonary failure and death. Pathologic examination of the lungs in these patients revealed not only massive infiltration of alveolar walls by Gaucher's cells but also clumps of these cells filling alveolar spaces and obliterating functional air exchanging tissue. The lack of neurologic involvement in these cases delineates them from the \"juvenile\" forms of Gaucher's disease whereas the malignant course and pulmonary involvement were atypical of the \"adult\" form. The severity of this type of Gaucher's disease makes it a good candidate for prenatal enzymatic diagnosis.", "contents": "Severe pulmonary involvement in adult Gaucher's disease. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Three patients with \"adult\" Gaucher's disease with severe pulmonary involvement are described. The clinical course of these patients was characterized by hepatosplenomegaly in infancy, followed by the juvenile onset of dyspnea culminating in pulmonary failure and death. Pathologic examination of the lungs in these patients revealed not only massive infiltration of alveolar walls by Gaucher's cells but also clumps of these cells filling alveolar spaces and obliterating functional air exchanging tissue. The lack of neurologic involvement in these cases delineates them from the \"juvenile\" forms of Gaucher's disease whereas the malignant course and pulmonary involvement were atypical of the \"adult\" form. The severity of this type of Gaucher's disease makes it a good candidate for prenatal enzymatic diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:900151", "title": "Rickets in adult cystic fibrosis with myopathy, pancreatic insufficiency and proximal renal tubular dysfunction.", "content": "Rickets is reported in a 19 year old white man with cystic fibrosis in whom pancreatic and hepatic involvement was advanced. There was evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism with proximal renal tubular acidosis, aminoaciduria, phosphaturia and hypophosphatemia. Treatment with oral pancreatic and parenteral vitamin D supplements led to full recovery of the rachitic syndrome and the proximal renal tubular dysfunction.", "contents": "Rickets in adult cystic fibrosis with myopathy, pancreatic insufficiency and proximal renal tubular dysfunction. Rickets is reported in a 19 year old white man with cystic fibrosis in whom pancreatic and hepatic involvement was advanced. There was evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism with proximal renal tubular acidosis, aminoaciduria, phosphaturia and hypophosphatemia. Treatment with oral pancreatic and parenteral vitamin D supplements led to full recovery of the rachitic syndrome and the proximal renal tubular dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:900153", "title": "The hazard of persistent cigarette smoking in later life.", "content": "Data derived from four major prospective epidemiological studies in the U.S. and Britain indicate that persistent cigarette smoking in later life carries an appreciable hazard. In two of these studies men aged over 65 years who smoked cigarettes had a significantly higher mortality from coronary heart disease than men who had ceased to smoke cigarettes, and in all four studies their overall mortality was significantly higher than that of ex-smokers. At 65-74 years the overall mortality of men still smoking cigarettes was higher by 24 percent or more than that of ex-smokers, and at 75-84 years it was higher by 12 to 18 percent. The absolute difference in overall mortality was 9 to 13/1000 per person-years in both age-groups. A comparison of data on men who had given up smoking at different ages suggests that while the benefit is greater if smoking is stopped earlier in life, men in their sixties and (especially in the case of heavy smokers) their early seventies may still increase their longevity by giving up smoking cigarettes.", "contents": "The hazard of persistent cigarette smoking in later life. Data derived from four major prospective epidemiological studies in the U.S. and Britain indicate that persistent cigarette smoking in later life carries an appreciable hazard. In two of these studies men aged over 65 years who smoked cigarettes had a significantly higher mortality from coronary heart disease than men who had ceased to smoke cigarettes, and in all four studies their overall mortality was significantly higher than that of ex-smokers. At 65-74 years the overall mortality of men still smoking cigarettes was higher by 24 percent or more than that of ex-smokers, and at 75-84 years it was higher by 12 to 18 percent. The absolute difference in overall mortality was 9 to 13/1000 per person-years in both age-groups. A comparison of data on men who had given up smoking at different ages suggests that while the benefit is greater if smoking is stopped earlier in life, men in their sixties and (especially in the case of heavy smokers) their early seventies may still increase their longevity by giving up smoking cigarettes."}
{"id": "PMID:900154", "title": "Duration of hospitalization for acute bacterial meningitis at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years, 1935-1972.", "content": "An analysis is presented of the duration of hospitalization of the patients with acute bacterial (purulent) meningitis which occurred at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972. Considerable differences in the length of stay in the hospital were noted depending on the bacterial etiology, whether the infection was present on admission or acquired within the hospital, and, of course, whether the patient survived or died. Most of the deaths occurred within the first few days after admission or after the diagnosis was first established, but even among fatal cases, the survival time differed depending on the etiology and site of acquisition of the infection. During the years after effective antibiotics became available the hospital stay of patients who survived after admission for meningococcal, influenzal, or pneumococcal meningitis was shorter than before. The same has not been true for meningitis caused by other gram-positive cocci, gram-negative rods, or mixed infections, probably reflecting the relative ineffectiveness of antimicrobial therapy in such patients.", "contents": "Duration of hospitalization for acute bacterial meningitis at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years, 1935-1972. An analysis is presented of the duration of hospitalization of the patients with acute bacterial (purulent) meningitis which occurred at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972. Considerable differences in the length of stay in the hospital were noted depending on the bacterial etiology, whether the infection was present on admission or acquired within the hospital, and, of course, whether the patient survived or died. Most of the deaths occurred within the first few days after admission or after the diagnosis was first established, but even among fatal cases, the survival time differed depending on the etiology and site of acquisition of the infection. During the years after effective antibiotics became available the hospital stay of patients who survived after admission for meningococcal, influenzal, or pneumococcal meningitis was shorter than before. The same has not been true for meningitis caused by other gram-positive cocci, gram-negative rods, or mixed infections, probably reflecting the relative ineffectiveness of antimicrobial therapy in such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:900156", "title": "Myo-inositol clearance in renal failure and in patients with normal kidney function.", "content": "In order to determine the mechanism of elevated serum inositol in renal failure, the clearance values of inositol and of creatinine were measured in patients with normal kidney function and in those whose renal function was impaired due to varying causes. Mean serum inositol level in controls was 5.6 microgram/ml, and in patients with renal failure 28.6 microgram/ml. In control patients, inositol clearance was 2.8 ml/min, and tubular reabsorption of inositol was found to be over 97 percent. The inositol clearance of patients in renal failure varied from 0.62 to 17 ml/min. The ratio inositol clearance/creatinine clearance was elevated in uremic patients. Total amounts of inositol excreted in the urine of uremic patients were consistently higher than those excreted by control patients. The elevated serum inositol levels seen in renal failure were therefore not primarily caused by inability of the diseased kidney to excrete inositol.", "contents": "Myo-inositol clearance in renal failure and in patients with normal kidney function. In order to determine the mechanism of elevated serum inositol in renal failure, the clearance values of inositol and of creatinine were measured in patients with normal kidney function and in those whose renal function was impaired due to varying causes. Mean serum inositol level in controls was 5.6 microgram/ml, and in patients with renal failure 28.6 microgram/ml. In control patients, inositol clearance was 2.8 ml/min, and tubular reabsorption of inositol was found to be over 97 percent. The inositol clearance of patients in renal failure varied from 0.62 to 17 ml/min. The ratio inositol clearance/creatinine clearance was elevated in uremic patients. Total amounts of inositol excreted in the urine of uremic patients were consistently higher than those excreted by control patients. The elevated serum inositol levels seen in renal failure were therefore not primarily caused by inability of the diseased kidney to excrete inositol."}
{"id": "PMID:900157", "title": "The presence of hepatic intramitochondrial crystalline inclusions in routine liver biopsies.", "content": "Electron microscope examination of the liver biopsies of 33 patients revealed the presence of intramitochondrial crystalline inclusions (IMCI) in ten of them. Three patients suffered from iron deficiency anemia, porphyria, and malignant melanoma, conditions not reported to be associated with IMCI. Comparison of the clinical and laboratory findings of patients with and without IMCI did not show significant difference, or a clue for clarifying the nature of this phenomenon. Although these inclusions were reported in normal individuals, the possibility that they are the result of liver damage is not excluded.", "contents": "The presence of hepatic intramitochondrial crystalline inclusions in routine liver biopsies. Electron microscope examination of the liver biopsies of 33 patients revealed the presence of intramitochondrial crystalline inclusions (IMCI) in ten of them. Three patients suffered from iron deficiency anemia, porphyria, and malignant melanoma, conditions not reported to be associated with IMCI. Comparison of the clinical and laboratory findings of patients with and without IMCI did not show significant difference, or a clue for clarifying the nature of this phenomenon. Although these inclusions were reported in normal individuals, the possibility that they are the result of liver damage is not excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:900152", "title": "The effect of near-maximal isometric stress on the presence and amplitude of fourth heart sounds.", "content": "Near-maximal isometric exercise (IHG) was employed to provoke new, or alter pre-existing fourth heart sounds (S4s) in ambulatory middle-aged normal subjects (N), hypertensive patients (HHD), and patients with coronary disease (CAD). S4 amplitudes and systolic time intervals (STIs) were measured blindly. No subjects without a resting S4 developed a new S4 during IHG. Increases and decreases of pre-existing S4 provoked by IHG were not statistically different among all groups. Among subjects matched for presence of S4, STIs during IHG showed significant shortening of the ejection time index and prolongation of Q-Im in the HHD group only. When the subjects who increased a resting S4 during IHG were compared with the subjects who decreased their resting S4 during IHG there were no significant differences in the responses of STIs. Thus, in these ambulatory, hypertensive patients, coronary patients, and normal subjects, near-maximal IHG did not induce new S4s and had variable effects on pre-existing S4s. Neither type of S4-response could be associated with corresponding changes in systolic time intervals.", "contents": "The effect of near-maximal isometric stress on the presence and amplitude of fourth heart sounds. Near-maximal isometric exercise (IHG) was employed to provoke new, or alter pre-existing fourth heart sounds (S4s) in ambulatory middle-aged normal subjects (N), hypertensive patients (HHD), and patients with coronary disease (CAD). S4 amplitudes and systolic time intervals (STIs) were measured blindly. No subjects without a resting S4 developed a new S4 during IHG. Increases and decreases of pre-existing S4 provoked by IHG were not statistically different among all groups. Among subjects matched for presence of S4, STIs during IHG showed significant shortening of the ejection time index and prolongation of Q-Im in the HHD group only. When the subjects who increased a resting S4 during IHG were compared with the subjects who decreased their resting S4 during IHG there were no significant differences in the responses of STIs. Thus, in these ambulatory, hypertensive patients, coronary patients, and normal subjects, near-maximal IHG did not induce new S4s and had variable effects on pre-existing S4s. Neither type of S4-response could be associated with corresponding changes in systolic time intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:900158", "title": "Case report: chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation due to occult carcinoma.", "content": "A patient with a relatively localized occult carcinoma of the lung and hemorrhage secondary to chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) which continued for eight months is described. Despite continuing DIC two major operations were performed without excessive blood loss. Preoperative heparinization, in vitro clotting of the arterial graft, and temporary postoperative reversal of systemic heparin were utilized for abdominal aortic aneurysm resection. Blood product replacement therapy facilitated an emergency laparotomy. The patient was also managed successfully for several months without anticoagulant therapy. A hypothesis that vascular thrombi are not a necessary prerequisite for DIC is proposed. This hypothesis is based on the absence of thrombi or evidence of ischemia in this patient and in others and is supported by experimental observations made by other investigators.", "contents": "Case report: chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation due to occult carcinoma. A patient with a relatively localized occult carcinoma of the lung and hemorrhage secondary to chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) which continued for eight months is described. Despite continuing DIC two major operations were performed without excessive blood loss. Preoperative heparinization, in vitro clotting of the arterial graft, and temporary postoperative reversal of systemic heparin were utilized for abdominal aortic aneurysm resection. Blood product replacement therapy facilitated an emergency laparotomy. The patient was also managed successfully for several months without anticoagulant therapy. A hypothesis that vascular thrombi are not a necessary prerequisite for DIC is proposed. This hypothesis is based on the absence of thrombi or evidence of ischemia in this patient and in others and is supported by experimental observations made by other investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:900155", "title": "Studies of the renin-renin substrate reaction in man; kinetic evidence for inhibition by serum.", "content": "Increasing evidence suggests that the renin-renin substrate reaction is regulated by factors other than the concentrations of enzyme and substrate. Partially purified human renin and renin substrate extracted from the plasma of each of eight human subjects were used to construct substrate-velocity curves comparing the rate of substrate cleavage in the whole serum of each individual with the rate in a corresponding system containing purified autologous substrate, or purified substrate plus a small amount of autologous serum. Linear regression analysis of the double reciprocal plots were used to compare the kinetic constants in paired experiments. Maximal reaction velocity (Vmax) was significantly lower (p greater than .05) when the reaction rate was measured in whole serum, in seven of the eight patients, while Km did not differ significantly, suggesting the presence of noncompetitive inhibition by human serum. The mean Michaelis constant in serum was 449 ng/ml while the average native substrate concentration of the five normal subjects was 629 ng/ml, an excess of less than twofold. The data suggest that plasma renin activity in man depends upon the concentrations of inhibitor and substrate, as well as upon the concentration of renin.", "contents": "Studies of the renin-renin substrate reaction in man; kinetic evidence for inhibition by serum. Increasing evidence suggests that the renin-renin substrate reaction is regulated by factors other than the concentrations of enzyme and substrate. Partially purified human renin and renin substrate extracted from the plasma of each of eight human subjects were used to construct substrate-velocity curves comparing the rate of substrate cleavage in the whole serum of each individual with the rate in a corresponding system containing purified autologous substrate, or purified substrate plus a small amount of autologous serum. Linear regression analysis of the double reciprocal plots were used to compare the kinetic constants in paired experiments. Maximal reaction velocity (Vmax) was significantly lower (p greater than .05) when the reaction rate was measured in whole serum, in seven of the eight patients, while Km did not differ significantly, suggesting the presence of noncompetitive inhibition by human serum. The mean Michaelis constant in serum was 449 ng/ml while the average native substrate concentration of the five normal subjects was 629 ng/ml, an excess of less than twofold. The data suggest that plasma renin activity in man depends upon the concentrations of inhibitor and substrate, as well as upon the concentration of renin."}
{"id": "PMID:900159", "title": "Case report: splenectomy in patients with Hodgkin's disease and marrow hypoplasia.", "content": "Two patients with Hodgkin's disease and hypoplastic bone marrow underwent splenectomy in an attempt to reverse pancytopenia and to improve chemotherapeutic tolerance. Although the peripheral blood counts were improved, the clinical course was not significantly affected. Infectious complications occurred. This suggests that the peripheral hematologic improvement following splenectomy may not reflect a true improvement in marrow tolerance.", "contents": "Case report: splenectomy in patients with Hodgkin's disease and marrow hypoplasia. Two patients with Hodgkin's disease and hypoplastic bone marrow underwent splenectomy in an attempt to reverse pancytopenia and to improve chemotherapeutic tolerance. Although the peripheral blood counts were improved, the clinical course was not significantly affected. Infectious complications occurred. This suggests that the peripheral hematologic improvement following splenectomy may not reflect a true improvement in marrow tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:900165", "title": "Use of a beta 2-sympathomimetic drug as a temporizing measure in the treatment of acute fetal distress.", "content": "Severe fetal distress in labor is an obstetric emergency which may result in the delivery of a severely asphyxiated baby or even death of the fetus. This problem may be compounded by a hurried mechanical vaginal delivery or by delay before a cesarean section can be performed. The rationale for using a beta sympathomimetric drug as a temporizing measure in the treatment of fetal distress to prevent deterioration in and even to improve the condition of the fetus before delivery is discussed. Six cases are described in which hexoprenaline (Ipradol), a beta2-selective sympathomimetic drug, has been administered as a 10 microgram intravenous bolus in the treatment of acute fetal distress in labor.", "contents": "Use of a beta 2-sympathomimetic drug as a temporizing measure in the treatment of acute fetal distress. Severe fetal distress in labor is an obstetric emergency which may result in the delivery of a severely asphyxiated baby or even death of the fetus. This problem may be compounded by a hurried mechanical vaginal delivery or by delay before a cesarean section can be performed. The rationale for using a beta sympathomimetric drug as a temporizing measure in the treatment of fetal distress to prevent deterioration in and even to improve the condition of the fetus before delivery is discussed. Six cases are described in which hexoprenaline (Ipradol), a beta2-selective sympathomimetic drug, has been administered as a 10 microgram intravenous bolus in the treatment of acute fetal distress in labor."}
{"id": "PMID:900166", "title": "Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in maternal and cord blood and in amniotic fluid.", "content": "Maternal and umbillical arterial and venous plasma and amniotic fluid testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Maternal plasma T was 690 +/- 80 pg. per milliliter (mean +/- S.E.) in early pregnancy (less than 20 weeks) and increased significantly (p = 0.0002) to 1,095 +/- 177 pg. per milliliter in late pregnancy (greater than 20 weeks). DHT was 113.0 +/- 18.8 pg. per milliliter in early pregnancy and 179.8 +/- 30.5 pg. per milliliter in late pregnancy. Both umbilical arterial (UA) and umbilical venous (UV) plasma T were significantly higher in 11 male infants (UA T = 135.6 +/- 16.5 pg. per milliliter; UV T = 227.5 +/- 40.8 pg. per milliliter) than in 12 female infants (UA T = 92.1 +/- 9.7 pg. per milliliter; UV T = 89.6 +/- 12.6 pg. per milliliter) (p = less than 0.05 and less than 0.005, respectively). UV DHT and UA DHT showed no significant difference between male and female neonates. In midtrimester pregnancy, amniotic fluid T (AFT) was 165.2 +/- 15.4 pg. per millitier in pregnancies with a male fetus and was significantly higher (p = less than 0.001) than in pregnancies with a female fetus (mean +/- S.E. = 27.6 +/- 2.6 pg. per millitier). In late pregnancy, AFT levels were similar to those of early pregnancy, but a considerable overlap in AFT between fetuses of both sexes was observed. DHT was not detectable in amniotic fluid. The results suggest the potential value of AFT for determining fetal sex in midtrimester pregnancy and confirm that maternal T and DHT increase during pregnancy and that cord T levels reflect fetal gonadal androgen synthesis.", "contents": "Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in maternal and cord blood and in amniotic fluid. Maternal and umbillical arterial and venous plasma and amniotic fluid testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Maternal plasma T was 690 +/- 80 pg. per milliliter (mean +/- S.E.) in early pregnancy (less than 20 weeks) and increased significantly (p = 0.0002) to 1,095 +/- 177 pg. per milliliter in late pregnancy (greater than 20 weeks). DHT was 113.0 +/- 18.8 pg. per milliliter in early pregnancy and 179.8 +/- 30.5 pg. per milliliter in late pregnancy. Both umbilical arterial (UA) and umbilical venous (UV) plasma T were significantly higher in 11 male infants (UA T = 135.6 +/- 16.5 pg. per milliliter; UV T = 227.5 +/- 40.8 pg. per milliliter) than in 12 female infants (UA T = 92.1 +/- 9.7 pg. per milliliter; UV T = 89.6 +/- 12.6 pg. per milliliter) (p = less than 0.05 and less than 0.005, respectively). UV DHT and UA DHT showed no significant difference between male and female neonates. In midtrimester pregnancy, amniotic fluid T (AFT) was 165.2 +/- 15.4 pg. per millitier in pregnancies with a male fetus and was significantly higher (p = less than 0.001) than in pregnancies with a female fetus (mean +/- S.E. = 27.6 +/- 2.6 pg. per millitier). In late pregnancy, AFT levels were similar to those of early pregnancy, but a considerable overlap in AFT between fetuses of both sexes was observed. DHT was not detectable in amniotic fluid. The results suggest the potential value of AFT for determining fetal sex in midtrimester pregnancy and confirm that maternal T and DHT increase during pregnancy and that cord T levels reflect fetal gonadal androgen synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:900167", "title": "Prolonged rupture of fetal membranes and decreased frequency of respiratory distress syndrome and patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants.", "content": "Observations were made on 153 preterm infants (25 to 34 weeks' gestation) in an attempt to answer the following questions: dose prolonged rupture of the fetal membranes (ROM) correlate with a decreased frequency of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and patent ductus arteriosus, and, if so, what is the duration of ROM required? An analysis of the data indicates that as the duration of ROM is lengthened the incidence of RDS and patent ductus arteriosus decreases. In fact, after 48 hours of prolonged ROM (PROM), there is a virtual absence of RDS. In addition, after 72 hours of PROM, the frequency of patient ductus arteriosus was markedly reduced to only 12 per cent (three of 25 infants). PROM beyond 24 hours was also associated with a significant decrease in deaths (p less than 0.05). Amnionitis occurred in 33 per cent of pregnancies with PROM greater than 48 hours; however, only one infant died of sepsis. These findings support the hypothesis put forth by the others 1-5 that PROM is indeed associated with a decreased frequenct of RDS in preterm infants. Moreover, our findings suggest that PROM greater than 72 hours is associated with a relatively low frequency of patent ductus arteriosus. The question is then raised that perhaps pregnancies less than or equal to 34 weeks' gestation with PROM should be allowed to continue for 72 hours in the absence of amnionitis.", "contents": "Prolonged rupture of fetal membranes and decreased frequency of respiratory distress syndrome and patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Observations were made on 153 preterm infants (25 to 34 weeks' gestation) in an attempt to answer the following questions: dose prolonged rupture of the fetal membranes (ROM) correlate with a decreased frequency of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and patent ductus arteriosus, and, if so, what is the duration of ROM required? An analysis of the data indicates that as the duration of ROM is lengthened the incidence of RDS and patent ductus arteriosus decreases. In fact, after 48 hours of prolonged ROM (PROM), there is a virtual absence of RDS. In addition, after 72 hours of PROM, the frequency of patient ductus arteriosus was markedly reduced to only 12 per cent (three of 25 infants). PROM beyond 24 hours was also associated with a significant decrease in deaths (p less than 0.05). Amnionitis occurred in 33 per cent of pregnancies with PROM greater than 48 hours; however, only one infant died of sepsis. These findings support the hypothesis put forth by the others 1-5 that PROM is indeed associated with a decreased frequenct of RDS in preterm infants. Moreover, our findings suggest that PROM greater than 72 hours is associated with a relatively low frequency of patent ductus arteriosus. The question is then raised that perhaps pregnancies less than or equal to 34 weeks' gestation with PROM should be allowed to continue for 72 hours in the absence of amnionitis."}
{"id": "PMID:900168", "title": "Management of carcinoma in situ of the cervix.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients with in situ and seven patients with microinvasive cervical carcinoma were reviewed. Thirty per cent of the patients with carcinoma in situ were 30 years old and under. The mean age for carcinoma in situ was 37.8 years; for microinvasion, 42.6 years; and for postconization residual carcinoma, 48.5 years. Forty per cent of the patients were para 0 or 1. There was a 13 per cent incidence of postconization complications. The incidence of residual carcinoma in 58 patients who underwent conization and subsequent hysterectomy was only 10.3 per cent. The residual carcinoma was present high in the endocervical canal of the hysterectomy specimen. None of the patients with microinvasion had residual carcinoma. A positive correlation was found between the anatomic extent of the lesion on the conization specimen and the incidence of residual carcinoma. We conclude that conization and careful follow-up frequently are effective therapy for treating cervical carcinoma in situ, thereby reducing the incidence of hysterectomy.", "contents": "Management of carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Sixty-eight patients with in situ and seven patients with microinvasive cervical carcinoma were reviewed. Thirty per cent of the patients with carcinoma in situ were 30 years old and under. The mean age for carcinoma in situ was 37.8 years; for microinvasion, 42.6 years; and for postconization residual carcinoma, 48.5 years. Forty per cent of the patients were para 0 or 1. There was a 13 per cent incidence of postconization complications. The incidence of residual carcinoma in 58 patients who underwent conization and subsequent hysterectomy was only 10.3 per cent. The residual carcinoma was present high in the endocervical canal of the hysterectomy specimen. None of the patients with microinvasion had residual carcinoma. A positive correlation was found between the anatomic extent of the lesion on the conization specimen and the incidence of residual carcinoma. We conclude that conization and careful follow-up frequently are effective therapy for treating cervical carcinoma in situ, thereby reducing the incidence of hysterectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:900169", "title": "Endogenous plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine in last-trimester pregnancy and labor.", "content": "Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations during labor and immediately after delivery were compared to those of the third trimester in 21 uncomplicated pregnancies of married primigravid women, 20 to 32 years old. Third-trimester catecholamine concentrations were similar to those of normal, nonpregnant subjects; samples were obtained under identical conditions. Compared to third-trimester levels, significant elevations of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine were found in three phases of labor (at 3 to 5 cm. and 9 to 10 cm. of cervical dilatation and immediately after delivery). Epinephrine values returned to normal within three to 21 minutes after delivery; norepinephrine values remained high or continued to rise in this time interval. Maternal analgesia and anesthesia influenced plasma catecholamine levels.", "contents": "Endogenous plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine in last-trimester pregnancy and labor. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations during labor and immediately after delivery were compared to those of the third trimester in 21 uncomplicated pregnancies of married primigravid women, 20 to 32 years old. Third-trimester catecholamine concentrations were similar to those of normal, nonpregnant subjects; samples were obtained under identical conditions. Compared to third-trimester levels, significant elevations of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine were found in three phases of labor (at 3 to 5 cm. and 9 to 10 cm. of cervical dilatation and immediately after delivery). Epinephrine values returned to normal within three to 21 minutes after delivery; norepinephrine values remained high or continued to rise in this time interval. Maternal analgesia and anesthesia influenced plasma catecholamine levels."}
{"id": "PMID:900170", "title": "Xeromammography: five years and 559 carcinomas.", "content": "This study encompasses five years and includes 559 cancers, diagnosed at the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. With current low-dose techniques, we have shown the efficacy of xeromammography, even in younger women. One third of the breast cancers, one third of the occult breast cancers, occurred in women under 50 years of age. Most important are the 161 occult cancers which were detected radiographically in these five years.", "contents": "Xeromammography: five years and 559 carcinomas. This study encompasses five years and includes 559 cancers, diagnosed at the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. With current low-dose techniques, we have shown the efficacy of xeromammography, even in younger women. One third of the breast cancers, one third of the occult breast cancers, occurred in women under 50 years of age. Most important are the 161 occult cancers which were detected radiographically in these five years."}
{"id": "PMID:900171", "title": "Correlation between climacteric symptoms and serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone.", "content": "Correlation between the climacteric symptoms and serum levels of estradiol. progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) was studied in 191 premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Significant correlation was obtained between the climacteric symptoms represented by the menopausal index of Kupperman and associates and serum levels of estradiol as well as LH in a subgroup of the premenopausal women, ages 35 to 39 years. The symptoms were shown to be significantly related in serum levels of LH and inversely related to estradiol. These results confirmed that climacteric symptoms, at least in premenopausal women 35 to 39 years of age, could result from a low output of ovarian estrogen and a high production of pituitary gonadotropin.", "contents": "Correlation between climacteric symptoms and serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Correlation between the climacteric symptoms and serum levels of estradiol. progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) was studied in 191 premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Significant correlation was obtained between the climacteric symptoms represented by the menopausal index of Kupperman and associates and serum levels of estradiol as well as LH in a subgroup of the premenopausal women, ages 35 to 39 years. The symptoms were shown to be significantly related in serum levels of LH and inversely related to estradiol. These results confirmed that climacteric symptoms, at least in premenopausal women 35 to 39 years of age, could result from a low output of ovarian estrogen and a high production of pituitary gonadotropin."}
{"id": "PMID:900173", "title": "Initial pelvic examination instruction: the effectiveness of three contemporary approaches.", "content": "Initial pelvic examination skills were taught to 38 second-year medical students who were assigned to one of three study groups. The cognitive posttest scores of all groups were nearly identical, but the students who had received training from professional simulated patients rated significantly better in psychomotor and interpersonal skills than did those who received simulated outpatient instruction by a gynecologist. Thirty-five per cent of the psychomotor and interpersonal ratings attained by the latter and 5 per cent of those attained by the former were marginal or inadequate. It was concluded that a program involving professional simulated patients is an effective method of teaching pelvic examination skills to beginning students.", "contents": "Initial pelvic examination instruction: the effectiveness of three contemporary approaches. Initial pelvic examination skills were taught to 38 second-year medical students who were assigned to one of three study groups. The cognitive posttest scores of all groups were nearly identical, but the students who had received training from professional simulated patients rated significantly better in psychomotor and interpersonal skills than did those who received simulated outpatient instruction by a gynecologist. Thirty-five per cent of the psychomotor and interpersonal ratings attained by the latter and 5 per cent of those attained by the former were marginal or inadequate. It was concluded that a program involving professional simulated patients is an effective method of teaching pelvic examination skills to beginning students."}
{"id": "PMID:900174", "title": "Serum levels of d-norgestrel, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone in women during and following ingestion of combination oral contraceptives containing dl-norgestrel.", "content": "Three formulations of dl-norgestrel were administered daily to groups of three women for five consecutive days. The serum levels of d-norgestrel were related to the dosage of dl-norgestrel ingested. Peak concentrations in the circulation of synthetic gestagen were attained a half hour to three hours after oral administration, followed by a rapid and sharp decline in levels until the next dose. Three women received 500 micrograms of dl-norgestrel and 50 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol for 21 days followed by six to seven days of no medication for two consecutive cycles. The gonadotropins remained suppressed for four to six days when therapy was discontinued. The daily concentrations of estradiol varied from less than 5 to 81 pg. per milliliter, and there was no difference in estrogen values during the nontreatment and treatment days. Due to the long half life of norgestrel, the one-week pill-free interval is not long enough for the complete recovery of the reproductive axis from the inhibition of oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Serum levels of d-norgestrel, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone in women during and following ingestion of combination oral contraceptives containing dl-norgestrel. Three formulations of dl-norgestrel were administered daily to groups of three women for five consecutive days. The serum levels of d-norgestrel were related to the dosage of dl-norgestrel ingested. Peak concentrations in the circulation of synthetic gestagen were attained a half hour to three hours after oral administration, followed by a rapid and sharp decline in levels until the next dose. Three women received 500 micrograms of dl-norgestrel and 50 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol for 21 days followed by six to seven days of no medication for two consecutive cycles. The gonadotropins remained suppressed for four to six days when therapy was discontinued. The daily concentrations of estradiol varied from less than 5 to 81 pg. per milliliter, and there was no difference in estrogen values during the nontreatment and treatment days. Due to the long half life of norgestrel, the one-week pill-free interval is not long enough for the complete recovery of the reproductive axis from the inhibition of oral contraceptives."}
{"id": "PMID:900175", "title": "False positive cervical cytology: an important reason for colposcopy.", "content": "Over an 18 month period, 352 patients with a report of abnormal cervical cytology ranging from mild dysplasia to invasive carcinoma were evaluated with colposcopy and, if indicated, directed biopsies. From the group, there were 26 women in which a lesion consistent with the cytologic diagnosis was not found in each of these cases, an error in the interpretation of the Papanicolaou smear, resulting in a false positive report, was suspected. The cytology was reviewed and the results were compared to the original reports. Twelve cases were reinterpreted as negative for cervical neoplasia. A similar review of the histology failed to reveal a previously missed lesion. Cervical conization in four patients and repeat cytology and colposcopy in 22 patients confirmed the false positive interpretations of the original cervical cytology. The importance of colposcopy as a means of recognizing false positive cytology and avoiding an unnecessary cervical conization is emphasized.", "contents": "False positive cervical cytology: an important reason for colposcopy. Over an 18 month period, 352 patients with a report of abnormal cervical cytology ranging from mild dysplasia to invasive carcinoma were evaluated with colposcopy and, if indicated, directed biopsies. From the group, there were 26 women in which a lesion consistent with the cytologic diagnosis was not found in each of these cases, an error in the interpretation of the Papanicolaou smear, resulting in a false positive report, was suspected. The cytology was reviewed and the results were compared to the original reports. Twelve cases were reinterpreted as negative for cervical neoplasia. A similar review of the histology failed to reveal a previously missed lesion. Cervical conization in four patients and repeat cytology and colposcopy in 22 patients confirmed the false positive interpretations of the original cervical cytology. The importance of colposcopy as a means of recognizing false positive cytology and avoiding an unnecessary cervical conization is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:900176", "title": "Plasma prolactin changes during the administration of human menopausal gonadotropins in nonovulatory women.", "content": "Plasma prolactin concentrations were determined in 16 nonovulatory women during treatment with human meonpausal gonadotropins (hMG). In eight patients with initially normal prolactin levels of less than 20 ng. per milliliter, a significant rise was noted at the end of hMG administration, this is thought to be a response to increased endogenous estrogen concentrations. A similar rise in plasma prolactin levels was seen in some but not all of the eight patients with initially elevated \"basal\" prolactin concentrations. Three of these hyperprolactinemic patients had radiographic evidence of a pituitary lesion--either a pituitary adenoma or a \"microadenoma\"--but the variance in prolactin response could not be explained on this basis. The two groups of normo- and hyper-prolactinemic patients showed no significant difference in the required dosage and duration or hMG treatment, plasma estradiol-17 beta response, and ovulatory and pregnancy outcome.", "contents": "Plasma prolactin changes during the administration of human menopausal gonadotropins in nonovulatory women. Plasma prolactin concentrations were determined in 16 nonovulatory women during treatment with human meonpausal gonadotropins (hMG). In eight patients with initially normal prolactin levels of less than 20 ng. per milliliter, a significant rise was noted at the end of hMG administration, this is thought to be a response to increased endogenous estrogen concentrations. A similar rise in plasma prolactin levels was seen in some but not all of the eight patients with initially elevated \"basal\" prolactin concentrations. Three of these hyperprolactinemic patients had radiographic evidence of a pituitary lesion--either a pituitary adenoma or a \"microadenoma\"--but the variance in prolactin response could not be explained on this basis. The two groups of normo- and hyper-prolactinemic patients showed no significant difference in the required dosage and duration or hMG treatment, plasma estradiol-17 beta response, and ovulatory and pregnancy outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:900177", "title": "Microbiological investigation of Bartholin's gland abscesses and cysts.", "content": "Percutaneous aspirates from intact Bartholin's gland cysts (12) and abscesses (34) were examined for bacteria and genital mycoplasmas. Aspirates from 10 of the 12 patients with Bartholin's gland cysts were sterile. Aspirates from the other two cysts contained organisms that are part of the vaginal microbial flora. Of the 34 abscesses, 24 (70.6 per cent) contained bacteria. Eight abscesses contained gram-negative rods in pure culture and four contained gonococci in pure culture. Twelve abscesses contained one or more vaginal organisms including anaerobic gram-negative rods (eight isolates), anaerobic gram-positive cocci (eight), Staphylococcus epidermidis (four), and microaerophilic streptococci (three). Although most of the patients had genital mycoplasmas isolated from vaginal cultures, Mycoplasma hominis was isolated from only one and Ureaplasma urealyticum from none of the aspirates.", "contents": "Microbiological investigation of Bartholin's gland abscesses and cysts. Percutaneous aspirates from intact Bartholin's gland cysts (12) and abscesses (34) were examined for bacteria and genital mycoplasmas. Aspirates from 10 of the 12 patients with Bartholin's gland cysts were sterile. Aspirates from the other two cysts contained organisms that are part of the vaginal microbial flora. Of the 34 abscesses, 24 (70.6 per cent) contained bacteria. Eight abscesses contained gram-negative rods in pure culture and four contained gonococci in pure culture. Twelve abscesses contained one or more vaginal organisms including anaerobic gram-negative rods (eight isolates), anaerobic gram-positive cocci (eight), Staphylococcus epidermidis (four), and microaerophilic streptococci (three). Although most of the patients had genital mycoplasmas isolated from vaginal cultures, Mycoplasma hominis was isolated from only one and Ureaplasma urealyticum from none of the aspirates."}
{"id": "PMID:900178", "title": "Mechanism of crystallization of purified human midcycle cervical mucus.", "content": "The crystallization phenomenon of human midcycle cervical mucus was studied with purified mucin and sodium chloride. The drying of the purified mucin in saline was subjected to stress by the use of an air curtain, and crystallization (fern pattern) was found to follow the stress. Lithium chloride and calcium chloride were not compatible with the mucin for the formation of fernlike crystals. When a dilute solution of mucin dissolved in saline was dried, a radial crystallization pattern was observed to emanate from a single crystal in the center. Upon closer examination, the pattern was observed to emanate from the corners of the crystal.", "contents": "Mechanism of crystallization of purified human midcycle cervical mucus. The crystallization phenomenon of human midcycle cervical mucus was studied with purified mucin and sodium chloride. The drying of the purified mucin in saline was subjected to stress by the use of an air curtain, and crystallization (fern pattern) was found to follow the stress. Lithium chloride and calcium chloride were not compatible with the mucin for the formation of fernlike crystals. When a dilute solution of mucin dissolved in saline was dried, a radial crystallization pattern was observed to emanate from a single crystal in the center. Upon closer examination, the pattern was observed to emanate from the corners of the crystal."}
{"id": "PMID:900179", "title": "Effect of pregnancy hormones on herpesvirus and other deoxyribonucleic acid viruses.", "content": "Clinical impressions and observations of genital herpesvirus infections indicate that lesions are more persistent and more severe during pregnancy. Several explanations are possible: an altered immune state, increased vascularity and blood flow, and/or increased viral infectivity due to increase in one or more hormones during pregnancy. Studies presented here were directed toward investigating the latter possibility. Herpesvirus, type 2, isolated from a genital lesion was titrated in WI-38 cells in the absence and presence of estriol, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human placental lactogen. Two other deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses, adenovirus type 7 and vaccinia virus, were included for control purposes. Although estriol significantly inhibited and hCG significantly enhanced the single-cycle production of herpesvirus, there was little or no effect on these hormones on adenovirus. Progesterone, after 48 hours but not after two hours of preincubation, inhibited production of herpesvirus and vaccinia virus but had no effect on aderiovirus. When end-point titers were measured after multiple cycles of viral growth, there were no differences in viral titers with any of the hormones, except for a slight reduction with estriol. Except for the uniform effect of progesterone on DNA viruses, hormonal effects on viral production cannot be generalized from experiments with one virus.", "contents": "Effect of pregnancy hormones on herpesvirus and other deoxyribonucleic acid viruses. Clinical impressions and observations of genital herpesvirus infections indicate that lesions are more persistent and more severe during pregnancy. Several explanations are possible: an altered immune state, increased vascularity and blood flow, and/or increased viral infectivity due to increase in one or more hormones during pregnancy. Studies presented here were directed toward investigating the latter possibility. Herpesvirus, type 2, isolated from a genital lesion was titrated in WI-38 cells in the absence and presence of estriol, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human placental lactogen. Two other deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses, adenovirus type 7 and vaccinia virus, were included for control purposes. Although estriol significantly inhibited and hCG significantly enhanced the single-cycle production of herpesvirus, there was little or no effect on these hormones on adenovirus. Progesterone, after 48 hours but not after two hours of preincubation, inhibited production of herpesvirus and vaccinia virus but had no effect on aderiovirus. When end-point titers were measured after multiple cycles of viral growth, there were no differences in viral titers with any of the hormones, except for a slight reduction with estriol. Except for the uniform effect of progesterone on DNA viruses, hormonal effects on viral production cannot be generalized from experiments with one virus."}
{"id": "PMID:900181", "title": "d-Norgestrel concentrations in maternal plasma, milk, and child plasma during administration of oral contraceptives to nursing women.", "content": "In order to correlate plasma and milk concentrations of d-norgestrel (d-Ng) in lactating women, three oral contraceptives, containing different amounts of this synthetic gestagen, were given to 15 fully lactating women, starting two months post partum. Plasma and milk samples were collected according to a special schedule. d-Ng concentrations in plasma and milk were measured by radioimmunoassay. When d-Ng was measured in milk, extraction was performed with petroleum ether and in the radioimmunoassay an internal standard was used. This method is evaluated in the present paper. The plasma: milk ratio of d-Ng was found to be about 100:15 and the amounts of d-Ng transferred with 600 ml. of milk per day were calculated to be 0.3 an 0.15 microgram with daily intakes of 250 and 150 microgram of d-Ng, respectively, corresponding to about 0.1 per cent of the given dose. When the women received 30 microgram of d-Ng daily, no d-Ng could be detected in the milk. In three of the breast-fed children the d-Ng concentration in plasma was measured. This concentration was found to be in the same range as would be expected after oral d-Ng medication to adults, allowing for body weight differences, indicating that d-Ng is metabolized and is not accumulated in the baby.", "contents": "d-Norgestrel concentrations in maternal plasma, milk, and child plasma during administration of oral contraceptives to nursing women. In order to correlate plasma and milk concentrations of d-norgestrel (d-Ng) in lactating women, three oral contraceptives, containing different amounts of this synthetic gestagen, were given to 15 fully lactating women, starting two months post partum. Plasma and milk samples were collected according to a special schedule. d-Ng concentrations in plasma and milk were measured by radioimmunoassay. When d-Ng was measured in milk, extraction was performed with petroleum ether and in the radioimmunoassay an internal standard was used. This method is evaluated in the present paper. The plasma: milk ratio of d-Ng was found to be about 100:15 and the amounts of d-Ng transferred with 600 ml. of milk per day were calculated to be 0.3 an 0.15 microgram with daily intakes of 250 and 150 microgram of d-Ng, respectively, corresponding to about 0.1 per cent of the given dose. When the women received 30 microgram of d-Ng daily, no d-Ng could be detected in the milk. In three of the breast-fed children the d-Ng concentration in plasma was measured. This concentration was found to be in the same range as would be expected after oral d-Ng medication to adults, allowing for body weight differences, indicating that d-Ng is metabolized and is not accumulated in the baby."}
{"id": "PMID:900182", "title": "Antenatal investigation of human fetal systolic time intervals.", "content": "A noninvasive method for measuring the antenatal human fetal systolic time intervals with the use of the transabdominal fetal electrocardiogram and Doppler cardiogram is described. Unique interactive computer routines were developed for rapid and accurate determination of the pre-ejection period (PEP), ventricular ejection time (VET), PEP/VET ratio, and fetal heart rate (FHR). Thirty normal patients were monitored between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation. A regression analysis of the fetal systolic time intervals and FHR against gestational age was done. PEP and PEP/VET ratio were significantly correlated to the gestational age, while VET and FHR were not.", "contents": "Antenatal investigation of human fetal systolic time intervals. A noninvasive method for measuring the antenatal human fetal systolic time intervals with the use of the transabdominal fetal electrocardiogram and Doppler cardiogram is described. Unique interactive computer routines were developed for rapid and accurate determination of the pre-ejection period (PEP), ventricular ejection time (VET), PEP/VET ratio, and fetal heart rate (FHR). Thirty normal patients were monitored between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation. A regression analysis of the fetal systolic time intervals and FHR against gestational age was done. PEP and PEP/VET ratio were significantly correlated to the gestational age, while VET and FHR were not."}
{"id": "PMID:900183", "title": "Presence of immunoassayable beta-endorphin in human amniotic fluid: elevation in cases of fetal distress.", "content": "Immunoassayable beta-endorphin is present in samples of amniotic fluid obtained in the last two weeks of pregnancy. Average concentration is approximately 300 pg. per milliliter. In all cases of suspected or recognized fetal distress, striking elevations of the beta-endorphin concentrations (twofold to 20-fold) were observed. The degree of elevation correlated with the degree of fetal distress.", "contents": "Presence of immunoassayable beta-endorphin in human amniotic fluid: elevation in cases of fetal distress. Immunoassayable beta-endorphin is present in samples of amniotic fluid obtained in the last two weeks of pregnancy. Average concentration is approximately 300 pg. per milliliter. In all cases of suspected or recognized fetal distress, striking elevations of the beta-endorphin concentrations (twofold to 20-fold) were observed. The degree of elevation correlated with the degree of fetal distress."}
{"id": "PMID:900193", "title": "Quantitative analysis in the oxytocin challenge test.", "content": "A quantitative analysis of the oxytocin challenge test (OCT) was carried out in 305 women to evaluate: (1) the intrauterine pressures evoked during the oxytocin infusion, (2) when fetal heart rate (FHR) decelerations are likely to occur, (3) the type and amount of decelerations which are significant, and (4) what clinical events and laboratory parameters correlate with the OCT. If contractions are evoked at a rate of three per 10 minutes, the pressure profile mimics normal labor. The first FHR deceleration is likely to occur between the second and third effective contraction. A deceleration/contraction ratio greater than or equal to 10% significantly forecasts an abnormal FHR during parturition and an increased chance of a cesarean section.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis in the oxytocin challenge test. A quantitative analysis of the oxytocin challenge test (OCT) was carried out in 305 women to evaluate: (1) the intrauterine pressures evoked during the oxytocin infusion, (2) when fetal heart rate (FHR) decelerations are likely to occur, (3) the type and amount of decelerations which are significant, and (4) what clinical events and laboratory parameters correlate with the OCT. If contractions are evoked at a rate of three per 10 minutes, the pressure profile mimics normal labor. The first FHR deceleration is likely to occur between the second and third effective contraction. A deceleration/contraction ratio greater than or equal to 10% significantly forecasts an abnormal FHR during parturition and an increased chance of a cesarean section."}
{"id": "PMID:900194", "title": "Endometriosis in 1,000 consecutive celiotomies: incidence and management.", "content": "A prospective study of the incidence of endometriosis encountered in consecutive pelvic explorations was carried out. When study cards were filled out immediately after operation, it was found that one half of the patients had endometriosis. The symptoms, indications for operation, and pelvic findings in patients with endometriosis were compared with those in patients not having endometriosis but with similar operative procedures. The location of the condition and the results of the operation were evaluated. Further comparisons were made as to subsequent symptoms, pregnancy, operations, and hormone requirements, and conclusions were drawn as to risks and benefits referable to the type of operation performed.", "contents": "Endometriosis in 1,000 consecutive celiotomies: incidence and management. A prospective study of the incidence of endometriosis encountered in consecutive pelvic explorations was carried out. When study cards were filled out immediately after operation, it was found that one half of the patients had endometriosis. The symptoms, indications for operation, and pelvic findings in patients with endometriosis were compared with those in patients not having endometriosis but with similar operative procedures. The location of the condition and the results of the operation were evaluated. Further comparisons were made as to subsequent symptoms, pregnancy, operations, and hormone requirements, and conclusions were drawn as to risks and benefits referable to the type of operation performed."}
{"id": "PMID:900195", "title": "The residual adnexa--asset or liability?", "content": "Nine hundred and twenty-two patients who had one or both adnexa conserved at the time of abdominal hysterectomy for benign diseases are presented. Thirteen patients (1.4%) have required subsequent re-exploration for adnexal pathology. Corpus luteum cysts were found in 10 (77%) of these patients. The primary pathology was found in the Fallopian tube in five patients (38%). No patient was found to have an ovarian malignancy in the short period of follow-up. Conservation of ovarian function is recommended in patients who have not undergone menopause.", "contents": "The residual adnexa--asset or liability? Nine hundred and twenty-two patients who had one or both adnexa conserved at the time of abdominal hysterectomy for benign diseases are presented. Thirteen patients (1.4%) have required subsequent re-exploration for adnexal pathology. Corpus luteum cysts were found in 10 (77%) of these patients. The primary pathology was found in the Fallopian tube in five patients (38%). No patient was found to have an ovarian malignancy in the short period of follow-up. Conservation of ovarian function is recommended in patients who have not undergone menopause."}
{"id": "PMID:900196", "title": "Conservative management of pre-eclamptic and eclamptic patients: a re-evaluation.", "content": "A philosophy of conservatism in regard to termination of gestations complicated by pregnancy-induced hypertension has been practiced at the University of Virginia Hospital for many years. The advent of improved methods to evaluate the intrauterine fetal status prompted retrospective review of 246 pre-eclamptic and 13 eclamptic patients managed during the antepartum period. Continuous magnesium sulfate infusion for periods up to 144 hours (265 grams) was the therapeutic measure used for prevention or control of convulsions. Average duration of predelivery hospitalization increased 8.7 days, and the incidence of neonates requiring intensive care increased 10.9% with the use of tests to evaluate intrauterine fetal status. Frequency of spontaneous onset of labor and vaginal delivery decreased 18.6%. The uncorrected perinatal mortality rate for all antepartum patients was 7.0%. The mortality rate for infants of mothers with superimposed, severe or convulsive disease was significantly less in pregnancies in which tests of fetoplacental status were employed (8.2%) compared to pregnancies in which they were not (15.2%). The only maternal death was a 41-year-old patient with severe pre-eclampus who suffered a cerebral vascular accident on the fifth hospital day. These data reiterate the value of conservative management with meticulous individualized care.", "contents": "Conservative management of pre-eclamptic and eclamptic patients: a re-evaluation. A philosophy of conservatism in regard to termination of gestations complicated by pregnancy-induced hypertension has been practiced at the University of Virginia Hospital for many years. The advent of improved methods to evaluate the intrauterine fetal status prompted retrospective review of 246 pre-eclamptic and 13 eclamptic patients managed during the antepartum period. Continuous magnesium sulfate infusion for periods up to 144 hours (265 grams) was the therapeutic measure used for prevention or control of convulsions. Average duration of predelivery hospitalization increased 8.7 days, and the incidence of neonates requiring intensive care increased 10.9% with the use of tests to evaluate intrauterine fetal status. Frequency of spontaneous onset of labor and vaginal delivery decreased 18.6%. The uncorrected perinatal mortality rate for all antepartum patients was 7.0%. The mortality rate for infants of mothers with superimposed, severe or convulsive disease was significantly less in pregnancies in which tests of fetoplacental status were employed (8.2%) compared to pregnancies in which they were not (15.2%). The only maternal death was a 41-year-old patient with severe pre-eclampus who suffered a cerebral vascular accident on the fifth hospital day. These data reiterate the value of conservative management with meticulous individualized care."}
{"id": "PMID:900197", "title": "Infertility and uterine contour.", "content": "Presented is a series of 190 primary infertility patients with patent Fallopian tubes and no obvious cause for infertility. Uterine contour was demonstrated by hysterosalpingogram and subsequently classified by Jarcho's classification of uterine abnormalities. An analysis of the results revealed a 74.21% incidence of uterine anomalies.", "contents": "Infertility and uterine contour. Presented is a series of 190 primary infertility patients with patent Fallopian tubes and no obvious cause for infertility. Uterine contour was demonstrated by hysterosalpingogram and subsequently classified by Jarcho's classification of uterine abnormalities. An analysis of the results revealed a 74.21% incidence of uterine anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:900198", "title": "Differential reactivity of the gravid uterine vasculatures: effects of norepinephrine.", "content": "Norepinephrine dose-conductance-response relationships were determined for the placental and nonplacental vasculatures of ewes between 95 and 130 days of gestation with the use of radioactive-labeled microspheres injected under flow meter guidance. The regression line for the placental circulation differed significantly from that for the nonplacental circulation (P less than 0.01). The decrease in nonplacental conductance was 30 to 45% of control greater than the decrease in placental conductance. These responses are consistent with the hypothesis that the site of placental vascular resistance is in vessels of larger caliber than those which are usually the primary site of resistance to blood flow.", "contents": "Differential reactivity of the gravid uterine vasculatures: effects of norepinephrine. Norepinephrine dose-conductance-response relationships were determined for the placental and nonplacental vasculatures of ewes between 95 and 130 days of gestation with the use of radioactive-labeled microspheres injected under flow meter guidance. The regression line for the placental circulation differed significantly from that for the nonplacental circulation (P less than 0.01). The decrease in nonplacental conductance was 30 to 45% of control greater than the decrease in placental conductance. These responses are consistent with the hypothesis that the site of placental vascular resistance is in vessels of larger caliber than those which are usually the primary site of resistance to blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:900199", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the cervix: histopathologic and clinical features.", "content": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the cervix and endocervix is an unusual lesion. It is cytologically evasive, diagnostically challenging, histologically variable, and therapeutically perplexing. During the period 1954 through 1971, 53 cases were diagnosed at the Medical College of Virginia, representing 3% of all invasive cervical carcinomas. Clinical material, therapy, and five-year survival statistics have been complied for each histologic type of adenocarcinoma. The average age of the patients was 53.8 years, and the most frequent complaint was abnormal uterine bleeding. Histologically, the majority had adenocarcinomas of the endocervical type. Others, in order of descending frequency, had endometrioid, clear cell, colloid, and adenoid cystic carcinomas. Patients treated for endometrioid carcinomas had the best five-year survival rates. Standardization of the diagnostic process and the use of modern radiation therapy have significantly improved survival. All patients having radiation plus operation or operation alone lived five years or more.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the cervix: histopathologic and clinical features. Primary adenocarcinoma of the cervix and endocervix is an unusual lesion. It is cytologically evasive, diagnostically challenging, histologically variable, and therapeutically perplexing. During the period 1954 through 1971, 53 cases were diagnosed at the Medical College of Virginia, representing 3% of all invasive cervical carcinomas. Clinical material, therapy, and five-year survival statistics have been complied for each histologic type of adenocarcinoma. The average age of the patients was 53.8 years, and the most frequent complaint was abnormal uterine bleeding. Histologically, the majority had adenocarcinomas of the endocervical type. Others, in order of descending frequency, had endometrioid, clear cell, colloid, and adenoid cystic carcinomas. Patients treated for endometrioid carcinomas had the best five-year survival rates. Standardization of the diagnostic process and the use of modern radiation therapy have significantly improved survival. All patients having radiation plus operation or operation alone lived five years or more."}
{"id": "PMID:900200", "title": "Epidural analgesia and its effects on the \"normal\" progress of labor.", "content": "The effects of epidural analgesia on the duration of labor have been a controversal subject since its increased use in recent years. A total of 598 patients receiving this form of analgesia were studied as to progress in labor and eventual outcome. The mean cervical changes during epidural analgesia with a single drug, bupivacaine, 0.125%, with epinephrine, 1:200,000, have been calculated. The labor curves are characterized by constant acceleration in dilatation without deceleration at approximately the same rate for nulliparous and multiparous patients after dilatation of 5 cm. has been reached. Examination of maternal and fetal profiles failed to demonstrate any consistent variables that produce abnormal labor.", "contents": "Epidural analgesia and its effects on the \"normal\" progress of labor. The effects of epidural analgesia on the duration of labor have been a controversal subject since its increased use in recent years. A total of 598 patients receiving this form of analgesia were studied as to progress in labor and eventual outcome. The mean cervical changes during epidural analgesia with a single drug, bupivacaine, 0.125%, with epinephrine, 1:200,000, have been calculated. The labor curves are characterized by constant acceleration in dilatation without deceleration at approximately the same rate for nulliparous and multiparous patients after dilatation of 5 cm. has been reached. Examination of maternal and fetal profiles failed to demonstrate any consistent variables that produce abnormal labor."}
{"id": "PMID:900209", "title": "A histopathologic review of 168 cases of preretinal membrane.", "content": "In 168 eyes with preretinal membranes studied histopathologically, five major distinct types of membranes were categorized: 61 glial, 28 fibrous, 22 cortical vitreous, 16 retinal pigment epithelium, 15 fibroinflammatory, 24 combinations, and one endothelial and melanomatous membrane each. The overall prevalence of preretinal membranes was 5.5% in 2,000 cases studied. Selected cases examined by electron microscopy were supportive of the origin of the cells in the preretinal membranes in the glial, fibrous, and retinal pigment epithelial types. Glial preretinal membranes occurred as the result of defects in the internal limiting membrane, such as retinal pits or holes, and from the optic nerve head in association with posterior vitreous detachment. Fibrous preretinal membranes were associated with proliferative retinopathy and long-standing retinal detachment. Studies of the cellular origin of these membranes were inconclusive. The cortical vitreous type of preretinal membrane was hypocellular and occurred in the absence of associated ocular abnormalities. Pigment epithelial preretinal membranes occurred in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.", "contents": "A histopathologic review of 168 cases of preretinal membrane. In 168 eyes with preretinal membranes studied histopathologically, five major distinct types of membranes were categorized: 61 glial, 28 fibrous, 22 cortical vitreous, 16 retinal pigment epithelium, 15 fibroinflammatory, 24 combinations, and one endothelial and melanomatous membrane each. The overall prevalence of preretinal membranes was 5.5% in 2,000 cases studied. Selected cases examined by electron microscopy were supportive of the origin of the cells in the preretinal membranes in the glial, fibrous, and retinal pigment epithelial types. Glial preretinal membranes occurred as the result of defects in the internal limiting membrane, such as retinal pits or holes, and from the optic nerve head in association with posterior vitreous detachment. Fibrous preretinal membranes were associated with proliferative retinopathy and long-standing retinal detachment. Studies of the cellular origin of these membranes were inconclusive. The cortical vitreous type of preretinal membrane was hypocellular and occurred in the absence of associated ocular abnormalities. Pigment epithelial preretinal membranes occurred in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment."}
{"id": "PMID:900210", "title": "The replica technique used to study superficial corneal epithelium in vivo.", "content": "We used 2.15 to 2.3% collodion in amyl acetate to form a replica of the corneal surface epithelium in vivo in seven rabbit eyes and ten human eyes. When it was peeled off the replica removed superficial epithelial cells in patches. The corneal epithelium regenerated within one week. Repeated applications at weekly intervals for three months produced no harmful long-term effects in five rabbit corneas as evaluated with slit-lamp biomicroscopy, histological methods, and vital staining of the endothelium. In ten human eyes, the technique was harmless and chemically cauterized the dendritic herpetic ulcers. We studied the replicas and cells by conventional histological methods and electron microscopy. The preservation of cells was fairly good even for ultrastructural study.", "contents": "The replica technique used to study superficial corneal epithelium in vivo. We used 2.15 to 2.3% collodion in amyl acetate to form a replica of the corneal surface epithelium in vivo in seven rabbit eyes and ten human eyes. When it was peeled off the replica removed superficial epithelial cells in patches. The corneal epithelium regenerated within one week. Repeated applications at weekly intervals for three months produced no harmful long-term effects in five rabbit corneas as evaluated with slit-lamp biomicroscopy, histological methods, and vital staining of the endothelium. In ten human eyes, the technique was harmless and chemically cauterized the dendritic herpetic ulcers. We studied the replicas and cells by conventional histological methods and electron microscopy. The preservation of cells was fairly good even for ultrastructural study."}
{"id": "PMID:900211", "title": "Late iris abscess after cataract extraction.", "content": "A 73-year-old woman underwent an uneventful intracapsular lens extraction. Two years later, an iris abscess, hypopyon, strong flare, corneal edema, and elevated intraocular pressure developed. Visual acuity diminished from 6/6 (20/20) with aphakic correction to hand movements. Gram-positive cocci sensitive to erythromycin and chloramphenicol were cultured from the anterior chamber. The hypopyon and the iris abscess reabsorbed because we administrated erythromycin at the beginning of the illness. Final visual acuity was 6/6 (20/20) and only a small hole remained in the iris at the site of the abscess. She was in good health four years later.", "contents": "Late iris abscess after cataract extraction. A 73-year-old woman underwent an uneventful intracapsular lens extraction. Two years later, an iris abscess, hypopyon, strong flare, corneal edema, and elevated intraocular pressure developed. Visual acuity diminished from 6/6 (20/20) with aphakic correction to hand movements. Gram-positive cocci sensitive to erythromycin and chloramphenicol were cultured from the anterior chamber. The hypopyon and the iris abscess reabsorbed because we administrated erythromycin at the beginning of the illness. Final visual acuity was 6/6 (20/20) and only a small hole remained in the iris at the site of the abscess. She was in good health four years later."}
{"id": "PMID:900212", "title": "A portable system for external photography.", "content": "A portable system for external photography combines a focusing lamp and movable flash unit with a wide focusing range. The system is arranged to operate from a single two-position trigger and may be hand-held or mounted on a slitlamp stand. It is designed for use in general ophthalmology in a multilaned office practice or bedside use in a hospital situation.", "contents": "A portable system for external photography. A portable system for external photography combines a focusing lamp and movable flash unit with a wide focusing range. The system is arranged to operate from a single two-position trigger and may be hand-held or mounted on a slitlamp stand. It is designed for use in general ophthalmology in a multilaned office practice or bedside use in a hospital situation."}
{"id": "PMID:900214", "title": "Immune complexes in the aqueous humor and serum.", "content": "The aqueous humor and serum of patients with various ocular diseases were analyzed for the occurrence of rheumatoid factor or immune complexes. Rheumatoid factor was detected by its direct agglutinating activity on IgG-coated particles (latex) and immune complexes were detected by their ability to inhibit exogenous rheumatoid factor or the subunit q of the first component of complement (Clq). Rheumatoid factor or inhibitory activity were found in the aqueous humor of nine of 11 patients with Fuchs' syndrome. In some patients who were examined two or three times, agglutination alternated with inhibition. Among 13 patients with endogeous uveitis, five had either agglutinating or inhibitory activities in their aqueous humor. The tests were also positive in the aqueous humor of three of seven patients with choroidal melanoma. A high titer of rheumatoid factor was found in the aqueous humor in an accidentally perforated eye that resulted in sympathetic ophthalmitis. No inhibitory or agglutinating activity was detected in the aqueous humor of 20 patients with senile immature cataract.", "contents": "Immune complexes in the aqueous humor and serum. The aqueous humor and serum of patients with various ocular diseases were analyzed for the occurrence of rheumatoid factor or immune complexes. Rheumatoid factor was detected by its direct agglutinating activity on IgG-coated particles (latex) and immune complexes were detected by their ability to inhibit exogenous rheumatoid factor or the subunit q of the first component of complement (Clq). Rheumatoid factor or inhibitory activity were found in the aqueous humor of nine of 11 patients with Fuchs' syndrome. In some patients who were examined two or three times, agglutination alternated with inhibition. Among 13 patients with endogeous uveitis, five had either agglutinating or inhibitory activities in their aqueous humor. The tests were also positive in the aqueous humor of three of seven patients with choroidal melanoma. A high titer of rheumatoid factor was found in the aqueous humor in an accidentally perforated eye that resulted in sympathetic ophthalmitis. No inhibitory or agglutinating activity was detected in the aqueous humor of 20 patients with senile immature cataract."}
{"id": "PMID:900215", "title": "Pattern dystrophy of the pigment epithelium.", "content": "Three generations of a family showed alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium along with mild visual disturbance. Younger members had granular pigment dispersed beneath the fovea while older members showed a reticular pigment pattern. The electro-oculogram was subnormal in most affected individuals, but visual fields, color vision, dark adaptation, and the electroretinogram were normal. The pigmentary changes in these patients are similar to those seen in other pigment epithelial dystrophies such as reticular dystrophy and butterfly-shaped dystrophy. Until these disorders can be separated pathophysiologically, we suggest the definition of a more inclusive clinical term, \"pattern dystrophies of the pigment epithelium.", "contents": "Pattern dystrophy of the pigment epithelium. Three generations of a family showed alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium along with mild visual disturbance. Younger members had granular pigment dispersed beneath the fovea while older members showed a reticular pigment pattern. The electro-oculogram was subnormal in most affected individuals, but visual fields, color vision, dark adaptation, and the electroretinogram were normal. The pigmentary changes in these patients are similar to those seen in other pigment epithelial dystrophies such as reticular dystrophy and butterfly-shaped dystrophy. Until these disorders can be separated pathophysiologically, we suggest the definition of a more inclusive clinical term, \"pattern dystrophies of the pigment epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:900216", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epithelialopathy.", "content": "Two patients with acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epithelialopathy also had cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and elevated protein levels. A 24-year-old white women had visual acuity of counting fingers in each eye. The cerebrospinal fluid contained 56 lymphocytes per cubic millimeter and a protein level of 48 mg/100 ml. When the retinopathy resolved, visual acuity returned to R.E.: 6/60 (20/200), AND L.E.: 6/9 (20/30). A 22-year-old white man had visual acuity of counting fingers bilaterally. The initial lumbar puncture showed 70 lymphocytes and a protein level of 76 mg/100 ml. A second cerebrospinal tab showed 64 lymphocytes and a protein level of 86 mg/100 ml. Final visual acuity was R.E.: 6/15 (20/50), and L.E.: 6/6 (20/20). Neither patient received treatment for this disorder. The findings of cerebrospinal fluid cells and elevated protein levels in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epithelialopathy probably represent a mild viral meningitis as part of a systemic viral infection that also involves the retinal pigment epithelium or choriocapillaris.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epithelialopathy. Two patients with acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epithelialopathy also had cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and elevated protein levels. A 24-year-old white women had visual acuity of counting fingers in each eye. The cerebrospinal fluid contained 56 lymphocytes per cubic millimeter and a protein level of 48 mg/100 ml. When the retinopathy resolved, visual acuity returned to R.E.: 6/60 (20/200), AND L.E.: 6/9 (20/30). A 22-year-old white man had visual acuity of counting fingers bilaterally. The initial lumbar puncture showed 70 lymphocytes and a protein level of 76 mg/100 ml. A second cerebrospinal tab showed 64 lymphocytes and a protein level of 86 mg/100 ml. Final visual acuity was R.E.: 6/15 (20/50), and L.E.: 6/6 (20/20). Neither patient received treatment for this disorder. The findings of cerebrospinal fluid cells and elevated protein levels in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epithelialopathy probably represent a mild viral meningitis as part of a systemic viral infection that also involves the retinal pigment epithelium or choriocapillaris."}
{"id": "PMID:900217", "title": "Isolated retinal hemorrhages associated with oral contraceptives.", "content": "Seven patients had isolated retinal hemorrhages without other systemic or ocular disease in a six-year period. Six patients were females, of whom five were taking oral contraceptives. The number of patients taking contraceptives and the fact that one patient had a similar episode earlier during pregnancy suggested a hormonal etiology. In the two patients we examined, we concluded that direct hormonal action causing vascular wall lesions was probably responsible for the pathology.", "contents": "Isolated retinal hemorrhages associated with oral contraceptives. Seven patients had isolated retinal hemorrhages without other systemic or ocular disease in a six-year period. Six patients were females, of whom five were taking oral contraceptives. The number of patients taking contraceptives and the fact that one patient had a similar episode earlier during pregnancy suggested a hormonal etiology. In the two patients we examined, we concluded that direct hormonal action causing vascular wall lesions was probably responsible for the pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:900218", "title": "Cilioretinal artery occlusion associated with oral contraceptives.", "content": "Visual acuity in a 17-year-old girl who took norethindrone with mestranol (Ortho-Novum) for eight months decreased to 6/9 (20/30) in the left eye. Ophthalmoscopically, retinal edema was temporal to the disk and white plaques were in each of two branches of cilioretinal artery. A superior centrocecal scotoma corresponding to the area of edema was present. After the patient discontinued use of the drug, visual acuity improved to 6/6 (20/20).", "contents": "Cilioretinal artery occlusion associated with oral contraceptives. Visual acuity in a 17-year-old girl who took norethindrone with mestranol (Ortho-Novum) for eight months decreased to 6/9 (20/30) in the left eye. Ophthalmoscopically, retinal edema was temporal to the disk and white plaques were in each of two branches of cilioretinal artery. A superior centrocecal scotoma corresponding to the area of edema was present. After the patient discontinued use of the drug, visual acuity improved to 6/6 (20/20)."}
{"id": "PMID:900219", "title": "Anterior tarsectomy reoperation for upper eyelid blepharoptosis or contour abnormalities.", "content": "In five cases, a simplified anterior tarsal resection corrected complicated upper eyelid blepharoptosis and contour abnormalities. One case of residual blepharoptosis after levator muscle resection was corrected by resecting an amount of tarsus equal to the desired amount of correction. Two cases of upper eyelid blepharoptosis resulting from overcorrected levator muscle recession were corrected in the same manner. In one case of residual segmental blepharoptosis of the upper eyelid causing a contour abnormality, we resected a segment of tarsus corresponding to the amount of blepharoptosis in the affected segment of the eyelid. In one patient who developed a contour abnormality after a Fasanella procedure with segmental blepharoptosis nasally and overcorrection temporally, a segment of tarsus resected nasally and inserted temporally created an even contour. Anterior tarsal resection is a simple method of revising the upper eyelid level of contour in situations where the upper eyelid anatomy has been distorted by previous surgery.", "contents": "Anterior tarsectomy reoperation for upper eyelid blepharoptosis or contour abnormalities. In five cases, a simplified anterior tarsal resection corrected complicated upper eyelid blepharoptosis and contour abnormalities. One case of residual blepharoptosis after levator muscle resection was corrected by resecting an amount of tarsus equal to the desired amount of correction. Two cases of upper eyelid blepharoptosis resulting from overcorrected levator muscle recession were corrected in the same manner. In one case of residual segmental blepharoptosis of the upper eyelid causing a contour abnormality, we resected a segment of tarsus corresponding to the amount of blepharoptosis in the affected segment of the eyelid. In one patient who developed a contour abnormality after a Fasanella procedure with segmental blepharoptosis nasally and overcorrection temporally, a segment of tarsus resected nasally and inserted temporally created an even contour. Anterior tarsal resection is a simple method of revising the upper eyelid level of contour in situations where the upper eyelid anatomy has been distorted by previous surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:900220", "title": "Sclerocornea associated with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.", "content": "A 2,000-g infant boy had many features of the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (prenatal growth deficiency and developmental retardation, microcephaly with unusual facies, hypospadias, and feeding difficulties) as well as sclerocornea. The association of this rare eye finding with this rare congenital syndrome is unique. Successful penetrating keratoplasty was performed in one eye at 8 months of age.", "contents": "Sclerocornea associated with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. A 2,000-g infant boy had many features of the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (prenatal growth deficiency and developmental retardation, microcephaly with unusual facies, hypospadias, and feeding difficulties) as well as sclerocornea. The association of this rare eye finding with this rare congenital syndrome is unique. Successful penetrating keratoplasty was performed in one eye at 8 months of age."}
{"id": "PMID:900221", "title": "Reversibility of corticosteroid-associated cataracts in children with the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "We reexamined the eyes of 39 nephrotic children to investigate further the relationship between oral corticosteroid therapy and posterior subcapsular cataract formation. The corticosteroid dosage was proportional to each patient's weight. Six children had posterior subcapsular cataracts an average of 16 months after the first examination. Nine patients had complete regression of their posterior subcapsular cataracts. We found no correlation between the age at onset of the nephrotic syndrome, the dosage or duration of corticosteroid therapy, or the renal biopsy findings and posterior subcapsular cataract formation. Cushingoid manifestations were significantly more common in the patients with posterior subcapsular cataracts. These patients may be more sensitive to the effects of corticosteroids than those who never had cataracts and those whose cataracts regressed.", "contents": "Reversibility of corticosteroid-associated cataracts in children with the nephrotic syndrome. We reexamined the eyes of 39 nephrotic children to investigate further the relationship between oral corticosteroid therapy and posterior subcapsular cataract formation. The corticosteroid dosage was proportional to each patient's weight. Six children had posterior subcapsular cataracts an average of 16 months after the first examination. Nine patients had complete regression of their posterior subcapsular cataracts. We found no correlation between the age at onset of the nephrotic syndrome, the dosage or duration of corticosteroid therapy, or the renal biopsy findings and posterior subcapsular cataract formation. Cushingoid manifestations were significantly more common in the patients with posterior subcapsular cataracts. These patients may be more sensitive to the effects of corticosteroids than those who never had cataracts and those whose cataracts regressed."}
{"id": "PMID:900222", "title": "Treatment of total hyphemas with urokinase.", "content": "Total hyphemas were created by aspirating the aqueous humor from the anterior chambers of rabbit eyes and then injecting human blood. Thirty-six of these eyes were then treated with urokinase. A control group of 26 eyes was treated with normal saline. Nine eyes with total hyphemas were left untreated. The untreated eyes had uniformly bad results with prolonged elevation of intraocular pressures, marked ciliary injection, and corneal vascularization. The normal saline control eyes cleared faster than the untreated eyes, probably because of the mechanical dissolution of the clot with irrigation or injection. However, these control eyes showed significantly poorer results than the enzyme-treated eyes. The eyes treated with urokinase, whether injected or irrigated, had a marked increase in the rate of absorption of clot and less fibrin formation in the anterior chamber. Intraocular pressures returned to normal much sooner in these eyes than in untreated eyes, and most corneas cleared completely.", "contents": "Treatment of total hyphemas with urokinase. Total hyphemas were created by aspirating the aqueous humor from the anterior chambers of rabbit eyes and then injecting human blood. Thirty-six of these eyes were then treated with urokinase. A control group of 26 eyes was treated with normal saline. Nine eyes with total hyphemas were left untreated. The untreated eyes had uniformly bad results with prolonged elevation of intraocular pressures, marked ciliary injection, and corneal vascularization. The normal saline control eyes cleared faster than the untreated eyes, probably because of the mechanical dissolution of the clot with irrigation or injection. However, these control eyes showed significantly poorer results than the enzyme-treated eyes. The eyes treated with urokinase, whether injected or irrigated, had a marked increase in the rate of absorption of clot and less fibrin formation in the anterior chamber. Intraocular pressures returned to normal much sooner in these eyes than in untreated eyes, and most corneas cleared completely."}
{"id": "PMID:900223", "title": "Coloboma in progressive hemifacial atrophy.", "content": "Over a seven-year period, a 22-year-old woman developed clinical linear scleroderma with associated ipsilateral coloboma of the upper eyelid, blepharoptosis, enophthalmos, and impairment of extraocular motility. Reconstructive surgery included correction of the enophthalmos by Silastic block implant, closure of the coloboma, and resection of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle for correction of the blepharoptosis.", "contents": "Coloboma in progressive hemifacial atrophy. Over a seven-year period, a 22-year-old woman developed clinical linear scleroderma with associated ipsilateral coloboma of the upper eyelid, blepharoptosis, enophthalmos, and impairment of extraocular motility. Reconstructive surgery included correction of the enophthalmos by Silastic block implant, closure of the coloboma, and resection of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle for correction of the blepharoptosis."}
{"id": "PMID:900224", "title": "Optic cupping caused by an intracranial aneurysm.", "content": "A 51-year-old woman had optic disk cupping from optic nerve compression by an intracranial aneurysm. Slit-lamp stereoscopic examination of the living eye immediately post mortem revealed an optic cup vertically oral, elongated superiorly, and indistinguishable from disk changes seen early in glaucoma. The histopathological changes differed from those in glaucoma by showing no glial atrophy. Instead, the cupping was caused by loss of axons in the prelaminar region of the nerve head and collapse of glial columns.", "contents": "Optic cupping caused by an intracranial aneurysm. A 51-year-old woman had optic disk cupping from optic nerve compression by an intracranial aneurysm. Slit-lamp stereoscopic examination of the living eye immediately post mortem revealed an optic cup vertically oral, elongated superiorly, and indistinguishable from disk changes seen early in glaucoma. The histopathological changes differed from those in glaucoma by showing no glial atrophy. Instead, the cupping was caused by loss of axons in the prelaminar region of the nerve head and collapse of glial columns."}
{"id": "PMID:900225", "title": "Histoplasma capsulatum in the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome.", "content": "I demonstrated Histoplasma capsulatum organisms in disciform macular lesions, as well as a peripapillary lesion and peripheral atrophic scars in both eyes and in the lung of a patient with no history of active histoplasmosis. Autopsy findings were compatible with those of the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome.", "contents": "Histoplasma capsulatum in the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. I demonstrated Histoplasma capsulatum organisms in disciform macular lesions, as well as a peripapillary lesion and peripheral atrophic scars in both eyes and in the lung of a patient with no history of active histoplasmosis. Autopsy findings were compatible with those of the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:900226", "title": "The inhibition of corneal vascularization in rabbits.", "content": "A single subconjunctival injection of 250 microgram of a partially purified extract of bovine aorta, administered immediately before or after silver nitrate injury to the cornea, markedly inhibited corneal vascularization in the rabbit eye. We believe the active molecule is a protease inhibitor that prevents the potential source of new vessels from proliferating and invading the diseased cornea.", "contents": "The inhibition of corneal vascularization in rabbits. A single subconjunctival injection of 250 microgram of a partially purified extract of bovine aorta, administered immediately before or after silver nitrate injury to the cornea, markedly inhibited corneal vascularization in the rabbit eye. We believe the active molecule is a protease inhibitor that prevents the potential source of new vessels from proliferating and invading the diseased cornea."}
{"id": "PMID:900227", "title": "Central areolar choroidal dystrophy.", "content": "Three members of a family with central areolar choroidal dystrophy showed the early and late stages of this disorder. The youngest affected was a 12-year-old girl who exhibited decreased vision, a red-green dyschromatopsia, and mild granularity of the macula with a diffuse foveal reflex. A discrete focal loss of choriocapillaris in the macula was seen on fluorescein angiography. This indicates that choriocapillaris atrophy is an early finding in this disease.", "contents": "Central areolar choroidal dystrophy. Three members of a family with central areolar choroidal dystrophy showed the early and late stages of this disorder. The youngest affected was a 12-year-old girl who exhibited decreased vision, a red-green dyschromatopsia, and mild granularity of the macula with a diffuse foveal reflex. A discrete focal loss of choriocapillaris in the macula was seen on fluorescein angiography. This indicates that choriocapillaris atrophy is an early finding in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:900228", "title": "Inhibition of neovascularization by an extract derived from vitreous.", "content": "An extract of the vitreous body, inhibited the growth of new blood vessels induced by tumors in the rabbit cornea. This extract was delivered by an inert, continuously releasing polymer. The average vessel growth rate in the region surrounding the polymer was 32% less in corneas containing the inhibitory substance than in control corneas.", "contents": "Inhibition of neovascularization by an extract derived from vitreous. An extract of the vitreous body, inhibited the growth of new blood vessels induced by tumors in the rabbit cornea. This extract was delivered by an inert, continuously releasing polymer. The average vessel growth rate in the region surrounding the polymer was 32% less in corneas containing the inhibitory substance than in control corneas."}
{"id": "PMID:900229", "title": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis (oriental sore) of the eyelid.", "content": "A 45-year-old American residing along the basin of the Mediterranean Sea developed a cutaneous lesion involving his right lower eyelid. He returned to the United States several months after it first appeared and sought treatment. On clinical examination the lesion was regarded as either a tumor or a cyst. It was excised, and on pathological examination a chronic granulomatous inflammatory lesion, containing innumerable Leishman-Donovan bodies, was found.", "contents": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis (oriental sore) of the eyelid. A 45-year-old American residing along the basin of the Mediterranean Sea developed a cutaneous lesion involving his right lower eyelid. He returned to the United States several months after it first appeared and sought treatment. On clinical examination the lesion was regarded as either a tumor or a cyst. It was excised, and on pathological examination a chronic granulomatous inflammatory lesion, containing innumerable Leishman-Donovan bodies, was found."}
{"id": "PMID:900230", "title": "The pathogenesis of reversible cupping in congenital glaucoma.", "content": "The pathogenesis of reversible cupping of the optic disk in congenital glaucoma was examined by two approaches. Human fetal, neonatal, and adult eyes were examined by histochemistry and electron microscopy to delineate the embryologic development of the optic nerve head. While the neural, glial, and vascular elements of the nerve head attain their adult configuration by midgestation, the connective tissues of the lamina cribrosa are incompletely developed at birth. The response of the optic disk cup to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) was observed in enucleated infant and adult eyes. While no disk changes were seen in adult eyes subjected to an IOP up to 90 mm Hg for 24 hours, enlargement of the disk cup in infant eyes was documented photographically and histologically after eight to 24 hours of IOP elevations to 50 mg Hg. Reversible cupping in congenital glaucoma can be best explained by compression or posterior movement of optic disk tissues--a result of the incomplete collagenous structural framework of the lamina cribrosa during late gestation and early neonatal life.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of reversible cupping in congenital glaucoma. The pathogenesis of reversible cupping of the optic disk in congenital glaucoma was examined by two approaches. Human fetal, neonatal, and adult eyes were examined by histochemistry and electron microscopy to delineate the embryologic development of the optic nerve head. While the neural, glial, and vascular elements of the nerve head attain their adult configuration by midgestation, the connective tissues of the lamina cribrosa are incompletely developed at birth. The response of the optic disk cup to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) was observed in enucleated infant and adult eyes. While no disk changes were seen in adult eyes subjected to an IOP up to 90 mm Hg for 24 hours, enlargement of the disk cup in infant eyes was documented photographically and histologically after eight to 24 hours of IOP elevations to 50 mg Hg. Reversible cupping in congenital glaucoma can be best explained by compression or posterior movement of optic disk tissues--a result of the incomplete collagenous structural framework of the lamina cribrosa during late gestation and early neonatal life."}
{"id": "PMID:900231", "title": "Fusobacterium in presumed Actinomyces canaliculitis.", "content": "Based on stained smears of material obtained from the canaliculus, three cases of canaliculitis were presumed to be caused by Actinomyces. Cultures of these cases showed Fusobacterium to be the probable infectious agent producing the disease.", "contents": "Fusobacterium in presumed Actinomyces canaliculitis. Based on stained smears of material obtained from the canaliculus, three cases of canaliculitis were presumed to be caused by Actinomyces. Cultures of these cases showed Fusobacterium to be the probable infectious agent producing the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:900233", "title": "Computed tomographic scanning in the management of retinoblastoma.", "content": "We used the computed tomographic scanner in the assessment of ten cases of retinoblastoma in children. With each patient the stage of the disease before operation could be more accurately defined and therefore more definite treatment could be undertaken.", "contents": "Computed tomographic scanning in the management of retinoblastoma. We used the computed tomographic scanner in the assessment of ten cases of retinoblastoma in children. With each patient the stage of the disease before operation could be more accurately defined and therefore more definite treatment could be undertaken."}
{"id": "PMID:900234", "title": "Clinical observations in 101 consecutive patients with Duane's retraction syndrome.", "content": "We retrospectively studied 101 consecutive patients with Duane's retraction syndrome. Eighty-five percent were unilaterally affected and 15% were bilaterally affected. More patients had straight eyes in primary position than esotropia or exotropia. On lateral version reflex testing the amount of underaction of the lateral and medial rectus muscles could be determined, and could be used to predict whether the patients' eyes were esotropic, exotropic, or straight in primary position. Almost all the patients showed an esotropia when looking to one side and either an exotropia or no deviation to the other side. The degree of the exotropia and the esotropia on opposite sides determined whether a head turn would be present and in what direction. On adduction, the palpebral fissure in the affected eye narrowed in one half the patients because of motion of both upper and lower eyelids, and in 40% because of motion of only one eyelid. When the lower eyelid elevated, it usually assumed a straight horizontal contour with peaking of the punctum lacrimalis (appearing as a small pyramid). The statistical predominance of females and left eyes was more significant among patients whose eyes were straight in primary position. All patients tested demonstrated stereopsis. Most of the amblyopic patients had anisometropia.", "contents": "Clinical observations in 101 consecutive patients with Duane's retraction syndrome. We retrospectively studied 101 consecutive patients with Duane's retraction syndrome. Eighty-five percent were unilaterally affected and 15% were bilaterally affected. More patients had straight eyes in primary position than esotropia or exotropia. On lateral version reflex testing the amount of underaction of the lateral and medial rectus muscles could be determined, and could be used to predict whether the patients' eyes were esotropic, exotropic, or straight in primary position. Almost all the patients showed an esotropia when looking to one side and either an exotropia or no deviation to the other side. The degree of the exotropia and the esotropia on opposite sides determined whether a head turn would be present and in what direction. On adduction, the palpebral fissure in the affected eye narrowed in one half the patients because of motion of both upper and lower eyelids, and in 40% because of motion of only one eyelid. When the lower eyelid elevated, it usually assumed a straight horizontal contour with peaking of the punctum lacrimalis (appearing as a small pyramid). The statistical predominance of females and left eyes was more significant among patients whose eyes were straight in primary position. All patients tested demonstrated stereopsis. Most of the amblyopic patients had anisometropia."}
{"id": "PMID:900235", "title": "Anterior segment ischemia after cyclocryotherapy.", "content": "The syndrome of anterior segment ischemia occurred in three patients as a complication of cyclocryotherapy for hemorrhagic glaucoma. Cryotherapy was applied with a retinal probe (2.5 mm in diameter) for 12 one-minute applications (-60 degrees or -80 degrees C) over the entire 360-degree circumference at the globe. The pathogenesis for this complication may be related, and unique, to chronic ocular ischemia associated with rubeosis iridis.", "contents": "Anterior segment ischemia after cyclocryotherapy. The syndrome of anterior segment ischemia occurred in three patients as a complication of cyclocryotherapy for hemorrhagic glaucoma. Cryotherapy was applied with a retinal probe (2.5 mm in diameter) for 12 one-minute applications (-60 degrees or -80 degrees C) over the entire 360-degree circumference at the globe. The pathogenesis for this complication may be related, and unique, to chronic ocular ischemia associated with rubeosis iridis."}
{"id": "PMID:900241", "title": "Implementing an Occupational Therapy Assistant training course for the Eastern Caribbean.", "content": "The Eastern Caribbean region is working toward providing rehabilitation services for all handicapped persons. With the realization that there will not be enough trained therapists in the West Indies for many years, it is hoped that the training of occupational therapy assistants will help fill the gap in rehabilitation services. Many compromises and adaptations needed to be made to make this program a reality. However, the lively enthusiasm and commitment of the first group of students in the OTA program helped to compensate for the lack of material wealth and resources.", "contents": "Implementing an Occupational Therapy Assistant training course for the Eastern Caribbean. The Eastern Caribbean region is working toward providing rehabilitation services for all handicapped persons. With the realization that there will not be enough trained therapists in the West Indies for many years, it is hoped that the training of occupational therapy assistants will help fill the gap in rehabilitation services. Many compromises and adaptations needed to be made to make this program a reality. However, the lively enthusiasm and commitment of the first group of students in the OTA program helped to compensate for the lack of material wealth and resources."}
{"id": "PMID:900245", "title": "Success in ambylopia therapy as a function of age: a literature survey.", "content": "It is frequently stated that amblyopia is not correctable after the age of 6 years. Many practitioners report marked success for older patients. To evaluate these conflicting reports, we analyzed the results from 23 published amblyopia studies. Our analysis indicates that substantial numbers of patients over age 6 were successfully treated. Success rates under age 6 were not significantly better than those in older patients when the criterion for success was achievement of 20/30 acuity or better. When a criterion of 4 lines improvement was used, success rates at all ages under 16 were quite similar; in patients 16 and over, success by this criterion was significantly less frequent, but even in this group success was achieved by 42% of the patients.", "contents": "Success in ambylopia therapy as a function of age: a literature survey. It is frequently stated that amblyopia is not correctable after the age of 6 years. Many practitioners report marked success for older patients. To evaluate these conflicting reports, we analyzed the results from 23 published amblyopia studies. Our analysis indicates that substantial numbers of patients over age 6 were successfully treated. Success rates under age 6 were not significantly better than those in older patients when the criterion for success was achievement of 20/30 acuity or better. When a criterion of 4 lines improvement was used, success rates at all ages under 16 were quite similar; in patients 16 and over, success by this criterion was significantly less frequent, but even in this group success was achieved by 42% of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:900246", "title": "Effects of topical anesthetics on phenylephrine-induced mydriasis.", "content": "Pupil responses to phenylephrine alone and to phenylephrine preceded by a topical anesthetic were recorded by means of an infrared pupillometer. In response to phenylephrine, pupils dilated more in eyes with pale irides. Dilation was greater if a topical anesthetic was applied before the mydriatic. Benoxinate, proparacaine, and tetracaine produced approximately equal degrees of enhancement of the mydriasis. One drop of 1% phenylephrine had only a small dilating effect on an eye when the fellow eye received the phenylephrine preceded by 0.5% proparacaine.", "contents": "Effects of topical anesthetics on phenylephrine-induced mydriasis. Pupil responses to phenylephrine alone and to phenylephrine preceded by a topical anesthetic were recorded by means of an infrared pupillometer. In response to phenylephrine, pupils dilated more in eyes with pale irides. Dilation was greater if a topical anesthetic was applied before the mydriatic. Benoxinate, proparacaine, and tetracaine produced approximately equal degrees of enhancement of the mydriasis. One drop of 1% phenylephrine had only a small dilating effect on an eye when the fellow eye received the phenylephrine preceded by 0.5% proparacaine."}
{"id": "PMID:900247", "title": "Displaying distortion in ophthalmic lenses.", "content": "A procedure is outlined for generating and displaying information about distortion in an ophthalmic lens. It involves a direct comparison of an object and its image as viewed at the entrance pupil of the eye. The same procedure may also be used to assess chromatic dispersion produced by the chromatic differences in magnification.", "contents": "Displaying distortion in ophthalmic lenses. A procedure is outlined for generating and displaying information about distortion in an ophthalmic lens. It involves a direct comparison of an object and its image as viewed at the entrance pupil of the eye. The same procedure may also be used to assess chromatic dispersion produced by the chromatic differences in magnification."}
{"id": "PMID:900248", "title": "In-office measurement of soft contact lenses.", "content": "The dimensions of soft contact lenses cannot be measured by methods used for hard lenses, so new techniques have had to be devised. This paper introduces standards and tolerances for the measurement of soft contact lenses. Previous methods of measuring these lenses are reviewed, and 2 new methods are described for measuring thickness and diameter. Instrument errors and the reliability of these methods are assessed.", "contents": "In-office measurement of soft contact lenses. The dimensions of soft contact lenses cannot be measured by methods used for hard lenses, so new techniques have had to be devised. This paper introduces standards and tolerances for the measurement of soft contact lenses. Previous methods of measuring these lenses are reviewed, and 2 new methods are described for measuring thickness and diameter. Instrument errors and the reliability of these methods are assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:900249", "title": "Assessment of stimulus field size for strabismic amblyopes.", "content": "Recently, small-screen measurements have suggested different types of visual loss in strabismic amblyopia. The present experiment examined the influence of field size on this conclusion for low- and high-frequency measurements. The original findings are believed to be independent of the grating field size, because (1) in the present study of 4 amblyopes, normal and amblyopic eyes were affected equally by increasing the number of cycles, and (2) the amblyopes' foveas did not have high-frequency discrimination superior to that of the eccentric area used for fixation.", "contents": "Assessment of stimulus field size for strabismic amblyopes. Recently, small-screen measurements have suggested different types of visual loss in strabismic amblyopia. The present experiment examined the influence of field size on this conclusion for low- and high-frequency measurements. The original findings are believed to be independent of the grating field size, because (1) in the present study of 4 amblyopes, normal and amblyopic eyes were affected equally by increasing the number of cycles, and (2) the amblyopes' foveas did not have high-frequency discrimination superior to that of the eccentric area used for fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:900250", "title": "Effect of scattered light on extent of border enhancement.", "content": "A contrast border, formed where 2 uniform fields of differing luminance meet, was viewed through filters containing a scattering agent. The filters resembled the cornea and crystalline lens in that the amount of light scattered increased exponentially toward the direction of the indicent light. The perceptually enhanced regions on both sides of the border were measured for various concentrations of the scattering agent. Measurements were obtained for several luminances of the brighter field, the darker field remaining constant. It was found that the width of the enhanced region, both on the bright and on the dark side of the border, increased approximately linearly with the logarithm of the amount of light scattered. The increase was of approximately the same order for all of the luminances tested.", "contents": "Effect of scattered light on extent of border enhancement. A contrast border, formed where 2 uniform fields of differing luminance meet, was viewed through filters containing a scattering agent. The filters resembled the cornea and crystalline lens in that the amount of light scattered increased exponentially toward the direction of the indicent light. The perceptually enhanced regions on both sides of the border were measured for various concentrations of the scattering agent. Measurements were obtained for several luminances of the brighter field, the darker field remaining constant. It was found that the width of the enhanced region, both on the bright and on the dark side of the border, increased approximately linearly with the logarithm of the amount of light scattered. The increase was of approximately the same order for all of the luminances tested."}
{"id": "PMID:900251", "title": "Training and practice effects in performance with low-vision aids: a preliminary study.", "content": "Reading speed and duration were measured for 24 low vision subjects, 12 learning to use closed circuit television and 12 learning to use optical aids. Reading speed and duration increased for both groups during 10 days of training and practice. Improvement occurred by steplike increases and plateaus. Visual acuity was not correlated with either performance measure; reading speed on the initial day of training was correlated with reading speed on the last day. The results have implications for both the prescription of aids and the training of low-vision patients.", "contents": "Training and practice effects in performance with low-vision aids: a preliminary study. Reading speed and duration were measured for 24 low vision subjects, 12 learning to use closed circuit television and 12 learning to use optical aids. Reading speed and duration increased for both groups during 10 days of training and practice. Improvement occurred by steplike increases and plateaus. Visual acuity was not correlated with either performance measure; reading speed on the initial day of training was correlated with reading speed on the last day. The results have implications for both the prescription of aids and the training of low-vision patients."}
{"id": "PMID:900252", "title": "Comparison of \"near retinoscopy\" and subjective refraction in adults.", "content": "Static retinoscopy can yield contaminated results because the central rays of the retinoscope beam are oblique with respect to the line of sight of the eye being examined. Additionally, it is difficult to obtain steady distant fixation by children and infants. A near-retinoscopy technique is described, and refractive errors obtained by subjective refraction and near retinoscopy on adults are compared to show that the latter technique yields reliable and valid measures of refraction.", "contents": "Comparison of \"near retinoscopy\" and subjective refraction in adults. Static retinoscopy can yield contaminated results because the central rays of the retinoscope beam are oblique with respect to the line of sight of the eye being examined. Additionally, it is difficult to obtain steady distant fixation by children and infants. A near-retinoscopy technique is described, and refractive errors obtained by subjective refraction and near retinoscopy on adults are compared to show that the latter technique yields reliable and valid measures of refraction."}
{"id": "PMID:900254", "title": "Monocular central-field occlusion for intractable diplopia.", "content": "This report describes several methods of degrading imagery through the central portion of a spectacle lens to provide a cosmetically acceptable means of obtaining single vision in the central field of patients with intractable diplopia. For 2 strabismic patients with annoying diplopia, we applied to 1 spectacle lens a centrally placed disc (about 1 inch diameter) consisting of (1) translucent tap,a (2) a +7 D Fresnel lens,b or (3) stippled, clear lacquer. For 1 patient, the lacquer was the most acceptable; for the other, the tape was best. We present here the case reports for these 2 patients, showing why they preferred different image-degrading methods and how these and other methods of central-field image degrading can be advantageous even when diplopia is present across most of the visual field.", "contents": "Monocular central-field occlusion for intractable diplopia. This report describes several methods of degrading imagery through the central portion of a spectacle lens to provide a cosmetically acceptable means of obtaining single vision in the central field of patients with intractable diplopia. For 2 strabismic patients with annoying diplopia, we applied to 1 spectacle lens a centrally placed disc (about 1 inch diameter) consisting of (1) translucent tap,a (2) a +7 D Fresnel lens,b or (3) stippled, clear lacquer. For 1 patient, the lacquer was the most acceptable; for the other, the tape was best. We present here the case reports for these 2 patients, showing why they preferred different image-degrading methods and how these and other methods of central-field image degrading can be advantageous even when diplopia is present across most of the visual field."}
{"id": "PMID:900255", "title": "A study of vision in cerebral palsy.", "content": "One hundred twenty-eight patients (most less than 13 years old) with various types of cerebral palsy were examined to assess visual acuity, refractive state, oculomotor functions, sensory fusion, and ocular health. Special procedures for examining these patients are described. Vision or ocular defects were found to be present in 86% of these cerebral palsy patients. Significant refractive errors and strabismus were the most common defects, being present in 50% or more of the patients. Ocular disease was relatively uncommon.", "contents": "A study of vision in cerebral palsy. One hundred twenty-eight patients (most less than 13 years old) with various types of cerebral palsy were examined to assess visual acuity, refractive state, oculomotor functions, sensory fusion, and ocular health. Special procedures for examining these patients are described. Vision or ocular defects were found to be present in 86% of these cerebral palsy patients. Significant refractive errors and strabismus were the most common defects, being present in 50% or more of the patients. Ocular disease was relatively uncommon."}
{"id": "PMID:900256", "title": "The successful professional woman: on being married to one.", "content": "Feminity and professionalism traditionally have been regarded as incompatible. From their own experience and that of colleagues and patients, the authors argue that female personhood is enriched by professional committment. In consequence, the woman with a career becomes a more stimulating spouse and parent. Problems of role differentiation and of time allocation stress the dual-career marriage, but coping with those stresses enhances personal growth and leads to a more rewarding marital relationship. The authors consider themselves the most fortunate of men.", "contents": "The successful professional woman: on being married to one. Feminity and professionalism traditionally have been regarded as incompatible. From their own experience and that of colleagues and patients, the authors argue that female personhood is enriched by professional committment. In consequence, the woman with a career becomes a more stimulating spouse and parent. Problems of role differentiation and of time allocation stress the dual-career marriage, but coping with those stresses enhances personal growth and leads to a more rewarding marital relationship. The authors consider themselves the most fortunate of men."}
{"id": "PMID:900257", "title": "Asylums revisited.", "content": "The authors revisited Erving Goffman's Asylum (Saint Elizabeths Hospital) and found both the \"institutionalization\" and \"secondary adjustment\" phenomena he described 20 years ago. However, they question whether secondary adjustments necessarily follows institutionalization. They also express doubt that institutionalization should be condemned automatically and suggest that it may in fact be the approach of choice for some patients.", "contents": "Asylums revisited. The authors revisited Erving Goffman's Asylum (Saint Elizabeths Hospital) and found both the \"institutionalization\" and \"secondary adjustment\" phenomena he described 20 years ago. However, they question whether secondary adjustments necessarily follows institutionalization. They also express doubt that institutionalization should be condemned automatically and suggest that it may in fact be the approach of choice for some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:900258", "title": "Outpatient treatment of schizophrenia.", "content": "The authors discuss the treatment of 575 schizophrenic patients over the past 15 years. They describe a shift the patients have experiences from reliance on inpatient treatment to heavy use of outpatient services. The have found that effective outpatient treatment for these patients involves a program of nearly continuous administration of neuroleptic medication combined with counseling and social and crisis services. A major component of the outpatient management of these schizophrenic patients is the education of the patients in how to regulate their own medication within a prescribed range. This educational component appears to add a measure of precision that enhances the safety and reliability of the treatment program.", "contents": "Outpatient treatment of schizophrenia. The authors discuss the treatment of 575 schizophrenic patients over the past 15 years. They describe a shift the patients have experiences from reliance on inpatient treatment to heavy use of outpatient services. The have found that effective outpatient treatment for these patients involves a program of nearly continuous administration of neuroleptic medication combined with counseling and social and crisis services. A major component of the outpatient management of these schizophrenic patients is the education of the patients in how to regulate their own medication within a prescribed range. This educational component appears to add a measure of precision that enhances the safety and reliability of the treatment program."}
{"id": "PMID:900259", "title": "The medical basis of psychiatry.", "content": "The authors state that the medical model represents the most useful and appropriate model available for the practice of psychiatry. They discuss the implications for psychiatry of the three essential features of the medical model: the concept of disease and diagnosis, the concept of etiology and treatment, and the nature of the doctor-patient relationship. They conclude that the adoption of the medical model for psychiatry would have profound implications for residency training, continuing education, delivery of care, standards of ethical and professional practice, dealings with third-party payers, and conflicts with other professions.", "contents": "The medical basis of psychiatry. The authors state that the medical model represents the most useful and appropriate model available for the practice of psychiatry. They discuss the implications for psychiatry of the three essential features of the medical model: the concept of disease and diagnosis, the concept of etiology and treatment, and the nature of the doctor-patient relationship. They conclude that the adoption of the medical model for psychiatry would have profound implications for residency training, continuing education, delivery of care, standards of ethical and professional practice, dealings with third-party payers, and conflicts with other professions."}
{"id": "PMID:900260", "title": "A comparison of videotaped and live patient interview examinations and written examination in psychiatry.", "content": "The authors scored the examination performance of 28 psychiatrists who were tested after conducting an interview with a real patient and after seeing a videotaped interview with an actor playing the role of either a psychotic or a neurotic patient. The also scored the performance of 15 of the same examinees who completed a written examination. Eighty-five percent of the examinees reported that the videotaped interview examination was a useful learning experience, and 81% said that it was a useful testing experience. The examiners' feelings varied regarding the use of the standardized videotaped format for certification and recertification of psychiatrists.", "contents": "A comparison of videotaped and live patient interview examinations and written examination in psychiatry. The authors scored the examination performance of 28 psychiatrists who were tested after conducting an interview with a real patient and after seeing a videotaped interview with an actor playing the role of either a psychotic or a neurotic patient. The also scored the performance of 15 of the same examinees who completed a written examination. Eighty-five percent of the examinees reported that the videotaped interview examination was a useful learning experience, and 81% said that it was a useful testing experience. The examiners' feelings varied regarding the use of the standardized videotaped format for certification and recertification of psychiatrists."}
{"id": "PMID:900261", "title": "Platelet MAO activity in schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses.", "content": "Previous reports have indicated that platelet MAO activity is low in some schizophrenic and other psychiatric patients. However, other studies have not been able to replicate this phenomenon. This study supportsthe previous observations of low enzyme activity in some chronic schizophrenic patients. The authors discuss the thesis that low platelet MAO activity may be a biochemical marker for vulnerability to psychiatric illness.", "contents": "Platelet MAO activity in schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses. Previous reports have indicated that platelet MAO activity is low in some schizophrenic and other psychiatric patients. However, other studies have not been able to replicate this phenomenon. This study supportsthe previous observations of low enzyme activity in some chronic schizophrenic patients. The authors discuss the thesis that low platelet MAO activity may be a biochemical marker for vulnerability to psychiatric illness."}
{"id": "PMID:900262", "title": "A psychodynamically oriented group training program for early childhood care givers.", "content": "A training program for enhancing the care-giving qualities of child-care workers was developed and implemented through semistructured groups for family day-care mothers. The authors describe the theoretical orientation, program goals, and the outcome for trainees and trainers. Most impressive was the group process and content, which indicated the effectiveness of psychodynamically oriented program for care givers--people who ordinarly would not be expected to integrate such an experience successfully.", "contents": "A psychodynamically oriented group training program for early childhood care givers. A training program for enhancing the care-giving qualities of child-care workers was developed and implemented through semistructured groups for family day-care mothers. The authors describe the theoretical orientation, program goals, and the outcome for trainees and trainers. Most impressive was the group process and content, which indicated the effectiveness of psychodynamically oriented program for care givers--people who ordinarly would not be expected to integrate such an experience successfully."}
{"id": "PMID:900263", "title": "Episodic dyscontrol and family dynamics.", "content": "The author describes characteristics of patients, primarily adolescents, who suffer from episodic violent behavior and their relations with their families. Typical family patterns include overly close alliances by the adolescent with one or both parents and transmission by parents of inconsistent values regarding aggression. Family therapy is the preferred treatment approach; treatment should be active, should initially focus on ways of handling dyscontrol episodes, and should emphasize that the patient is responsible for his or her actions.", "contents": "Episodic dyscontrol and family dynamics. The author describes characteristics of patients, primarily adolescents, who suffer from episodic violent behavior and their relations with their families. Typical family patterns include overly close alliances by the adolescent with one or both parents and transmission by parents of inconsistent values regarding aggression. Family therapy is the preferred treatment approach; treatment should be active, should initially focus on ways of handling dyscontrol episodes, and should emphasize that the patient is responsible for his or her actions."}
{"id": "PMID:900264", "title": "Plasma testosterone in homosexual and heterosexual women.", "content": "The authors measured plasma testosterone levels in 21 homosexual women and 19 age-matched heterosexual women. Although values for the two groups overlapped considerably, testosterone concentrations averaged 38% higher in homosexual than in heterosexual subjects. A statistically significant inverse correlation between age and testosterone level was found for heterosexual but not for homosexual women.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone in homosexual and heterosexual women. The authors measured plasma testosterone levels in 21 homosexual women and 19 age-matched heterosexual women. Although values for the two groups overlapped considerably, testosterone concentrations averaged 38% higher in homosexual than in heterosexual subjects. A statistically significant inverse correlation between age and testosterone level was found for heterosexual but not for homosexual women."}
{"id": "PMID:900265", "title": "A study of 100 physician psychiatric inpatients.", "content": "The author reviewed the case records of 100 physician inpatients in a private psychiatric hospital. He found that these physicians were more likely to have diagnoses of affective disorder and drug abuse than the general psychiatric hospital population, that their peak susceptibility occurred in their late 40s, that general practitioners and psychiatrists were overrepresented, and that female physicians were almost four times more vulnerable to suicide than male physicians. He describes some critical aspects of engaging the disabled physician in psychiatric hospitalization.", "contents": "A study of 100 physician psychiatric inpatients. The author reviewed the case records of 100 physician inpatients in a private psychiatric hospital. He found that these physicians were more likely to have diagnoses of affective disorder and drug abuse than the general psychiatric hospital population, that their peak susceptibility occurred in their late 40s, that general practitioners and psychiatrists were overrepresented, and that female physicians were almost four times more vulnerable to suicide than male physicians. He describes some critical aspects of engaging the disabled physician in psychiatric hospitalization."}
{"id": "PMID:900266", "title": "Focused psychiatric curriculum selection: student, psychiatrist, and nonpsychiatrist physician expectations.", "content": "The authors obtained curriculum needs analysis data from second-year medical students and compared these with data obtained from nonpsychiatrist physicians and psychiatrists. All groups felt that interviewing skills, the doctor-patient relationship, managing the dying patient, and evaluation of suicidal patients were important topics. All gave psychological testing, behavior modification, mental retardation, and psychoanalytic theory the lowest teaching priority. The students gave a higher rating to all topics than did the other groups. The authors suggest that this kind of analysis can facilitate curriculum selection and implementation.", "contents": "Focused psychiatric curriculum selection: student, psychiatrist, and nonpsychiatrist physician expectations. The authors obtained curriculum needs analysis data from second-year medical students and compared these with data obtained from nonpsychiatrist physicians and psychiatrists. All groups felt that interviewing skills, the doctor-patient relationship, managing the dying patient, and evaluation of suicidal patients were important topics. All gave psychological testing, behavior modification, mental retardation, and psychoanalytic theory the lowest teaching priority. The students gave a higher rating to all topics than did the other groups. The authors suggest that this kind of analysis can facilitate curriculum selection and implementation."}
{"id": "PMID:900267", "title": "Juvenile court versus child guidance referral: psychosocial and parental factors.", "content": "The authors compared the psychiatric symptoms, socioeconomic status, family structure, family size, and occurrence of treated parental mental illness in 136 children referred to a juvenile court and 82 children referred to a child guidance clinic. The prevalence of psychiatric and organic symptoms and treated parental psychopathology in both groups of children did not differ significantly. Juvenile court clinic children, however, tended to come from larger families and to lack a biological mother in the home. The authors explore explanations for the routing of sick children to the juvenile court rather than to a treatment facility.", "contents": "Juvenile court versus child guidance referral: psychosocial and parental factors. The authors compared the psychiatric symptoms, socioeconomic status, family structure, family size, and occurrence of treated parental mental illness in 136 children referred to a juvenile court and 82 children referred to a child guidance clinic. The prevalence of psychiatric and organic symptoms and treated parental psychopathology in both groups of children did not differ significantly. Juvenile court clinic children, however, tended to come from larger families and to lack a biological mother in the home. The authors explore explanations for the routing of sick children to the juvenile court rather than to a treatment facility."}
{"id": "PMID:900268", "title": "Fear of the mentally ill: empirical support for the common man's response.", "content": "The authors studied the hospital records of 400 hospitalized mentally ill patients for evidence of violent behavior leading to admission. They found that 36% of 321 admissions (excluding patients diagnosed as having a personality disorder or as drug-and/or alcohol-dependent) were preceded by some form of violent, fear-inspiring behavior. They suggest that mental health professionals deal with the general public's fear of the mentally ill on the basis of such findings rather than dismiss it as illogical.", "contents": "Fear of the mentally ill: empirical support for the common man's response. The authors studied the hospital records of 400 hospitalized mentally ill patients for evidence of violent behavior leading to admission. They found that 36% of 321 admissions (excluding patients diagnosed as having a personality disorder or as drug-and/or alcohol-dependent) were preceded by some form of violent, fear-inspiring behavior. They suggest that mental health professionals deal with the general public's fear of the mentally ill on the basis of such findings rather than dismiss it as illogical."}
{"id": "PMID:900269", "title": "Briquet's syndrome, hysterical personality, and the MMPI.", "content": "The authors compared the MMPI scores of 29 inpatients diagnosed by other authors as having hysterical personality and 21 outpatients diagnosed by the authors as having Briquet's syndrome. The two groups of patients differed significantly in age, on the MMPI lie scale, and on the MMPI hypochondriasis scale but not on any of the other MMPI scales. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for further defining the differences and similarities between hysterical personality and Briquet's syndrome.", "contents": "Briquet's syndrome, hysterical personality, and the MMPI. The authors compared the MMPI scores of 29 inpatients diagnosed by other authors as having hysterical personality and 21 outpatients diagnosed by the authors as having Briquet's syndrome. The two groups of patients differed significantly in age, on the MMPI lie scale, and on the MMPI hypochondriasis scale but not on any of the other MMPI scales. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for further defining the differences and similarities between hysterical personality and Briquet's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:900270", "title": "Psychiatric observations of state and local politicians.", "content": "The author, a psychiatrist and an elected official in a small town, compares his observations of local politicians with a mental health commissioner's observations of politicians at the state level. The author feels that local politicians tend to be more strongly oriented toward relatively altruistic public service. Several factors, including personal ambition and reduced public scrutiny, may contribute to the apparently greater selfishness of politicians at the state level.", "contents": "Psychiatric observations of state and local politicians. The author, a psychiatrist and an elected official in a small town, compares his observations of local politicians with a mental health commissioner's observations of politicians at the state level. The author feels that local politicians tend to be more strongly oriented toward relatively altruistic public service. Several factors, including personal ambition and reduced public scrutiny, may contribute to the apparently greater selfishness of politicians at the state level."}
{"id": "PMID:900283", "title": "ECT and ethical psychiatry.", "content": "The author discusses the right to receive ECT and describes voluntary and involuntary patients for whom the treatment seemed both ethical and humane. The right to refuse ECT must be respected in competent patients. However, problems arise when patients' decision-making ability is compromised by their illness. Informed consent questions include how much and what type of information patients should receive and how much those with disordered cognitive functioning can be expected to understand. The author believes that ECT should be fully voluntary whenever possible and that a court-appointed guardian should make such treatment decisions for incompetent patients.", "contents": "ECT and ethical psychiatry. The author discusses the right to receive ECT and describes voluntary and involuntary patients for whom the treatment seemed both ethical and humane. The right to refuse ECT must be respected in competent patients. However, problems arise when patients' decision-making ability is compromised by their illness. Informed consent questions include how much and what type of information patients should receive and how much those with disordered cognitive functioning can be expected to understand. The author believes that ECT should be fully voluntary whenever possible and that a court-appointed guardian should make such treatment decisions for incompetent patients."}
{"id": "PMID:900284", "title": "Shock treatment, brain damage, and memory loss: a neurological perspective.", "content": "The author reviews reports of neuropathology resulting from electroconvulsive therapy in experimental animals and humans. Although findings of petechial hemorrhage, gliosis, and neuronal loss were well established in the decade following the introduction of ECT, they have been generally ignored since then. ECT produces characteristic EEG changes and severe retrograde amnesia, as well as other more subtle effects on memory and learning. The author concludes that ECT results in brain disease and questions whether doctors should offer brain damage to their patients.", "contents": "Shock treatment, brain damage, and memory loss: a neurological perspective. The author reviews reports of neuropathology resulting from electroconvulsive therapy in experimental animals and humans. Although findings of petechial hemorrhage, gliosis, and neuronal loss were well established in the decade following the introduction of ECT, they have been generally ignored since then. ECT produces characteristic EEG changes and severe retrograde amnesia, as well as other more subtle effects on memory and learning. The author concludes that ECT results in brain disease and questions whether doctors should offer brain damage to their patients."}
{"id": "PMID:900286", "title": "Coexisting childhood schizophrenia and myasthenia gravis treated successfully with neostigmine bromide.", "content": "A 12-year-old boy who had suffered from severe schizophrenia for 8 years developed myasthenia gravis. Both disorders were treated simultaneously and successfully with neostigmine bromide. The authors suggest that these two disorders may in some cases be part of the same disease process and urge that physicians consider this possibility in patients with severe emotional problems and muscle weakness.", "contents": "Coexisting childhood schizophrenia and myasthenia gravis treated successfully with neostigmine bromide. A 12-year-old boy who had suffered from severe schizophrenia for 8 years developed myasthenia gravis. Both disorders were treated simultaneously and successfully with neostigmine bromide. The authors suggest that these two disorders may in some cases be part of the same disease process and urge that physicians consider this possibility in patients with severe emotional problems and muscle weakness."}
{"id": "PMID:900304", "title": "Accountability, public policy, and psychiatry.", "content": "The author identifies the direction of changes in health policy in the United States that need to be taken into account by the health professions in their dealings with government. She discusses three areas in which these changes will call for adjustment on the part of the medical profession and major health care institutions and defines the special challenge to psychiatry implicit in the changes. She concludes that the public's need for attention to the psychosocial aspects of health and the renewed interest in prevention present psychiatry with an opportunity to provide leadership in health care delivery.", "contents": "Accountability, public policy, and psychiatry. The author identifies the direction of changes in health policy in the United States that need to be taken into account by the health professions in their dealings with government. She discusses three areas in which these changes will call for adjustment on the part of the medical profession and major health care institutions and defines the special challenge to psychiatry implicit in the changes. She concludes that the public's need for attention to the psychosocial aspects of health and the renewed interest in prevention present psychiatry with an opportunity to provide leadership in health care delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:900305", "title": "Diagnosis: schizophrenia versus posterior aphasia.", "content": "Schizophrenia and posterior aphasia are easily cross-diagnosed, primarily because of similarities in verbal output, i.e., vagueness, looseness of association, and apparent confusion. Tape-recorded interviews with 8 posterior aphasics and 10 \"loose\" schizophrenics were transcribed and analyzed to provide guidelines for the clinician to differentiate the two conditions by monitoring verbal expression. Six major differentiating characteristics were identified. The authors present hypotheses that emphasize differing neuroanatomical loci and neuropsychological mechanisms to explain the differences in verbal output in schizophrenia and posterior aphasia.", "contents": "Diagnosis: schizophrenia versus posterior aphasia. Schizophrenia and posterior aphasia are easily cross-diagnosed, primarily because of similarities in verbal output, i.e., vagueness, looseness of association, and apparent confusion. Tape-recorded interviews with 8 posterior aphasics and 10 \"loose\" schizophrenics were transcribed and analyzed to provide guidelines for the clinician to differentiate the two conditions by monitoring verbal expression. Six major differentiating characteristics were identified. The authors present hypotheses that emphasize differing neuroanatomical loci and neuropsychological mechanisms to explain the differences in verbal output in schizophrenia and posterior aphasia."}
{"id": "PMID:900306", "title": "A study of treatment needs following sex therapy.", "content": "The authors describe 19 couples who returned for additional treatment after traditional short-term sex therapy. Eight couples required additional short-term sex therapy, and 11 couples were treated primarily with individual psychoanalytic psychotherapy or conjoint therapy for an extended period of time. The authors identify three reasons for return to therapy: 1) treatment overload, 2) severity of symptoms, and 3) presence of psychopathology relevant to the sexual dysfunction. They point out that pleasure, intimacy, and cooperation dysfunctions need to be worked through if sex therapy is to have lasting effects.", "contents": "A study of treatment needs following sex therapy. The authors describe 19 couples who returned for additional treatment after traditional short-term sex therapy. Eight couples required additional short-term sex therapy, and 11 couples were treated primarily with individual psychoanalytic psychotherapy or conjoint therapy for an extended period of time. The authors identify three reasons for return to therapy: 1) treatment overload, 2) severity of symptoms, and 3) presence of psychopathology relevant to the sexual dysfunction. They point out that pleasure, intimacy, and cooperation dysfunctions need to be worked through if sex therapy is to have lasting effects."}
{"id": "PMID:900307", "title": "On the course of anorexia nervosa.", "content": "The authors trace three phases in the course of anorexia nervosa and compare its physical and psychological symptoms with those of starvation. Phase I, which may occur months or years before the illness, usually includes precipitating events that result in loss of self-esteem and increased self-consciousness about physical appearance. During phase II patients develop the \"anorectic attitude,\" an unreasonable fear of eating, and show pride in their ability to lose weight. By phase III patients are forced by the severity of starvation symptoms to admit that they are ill. Although many of the physical symptoms of starvation and anorexia nervosa are similar, anorectic patients, in contrast to victims of starvation, show high initiative, the ability to suppress hunger, restless hyperactivity, and body image distortion.", "contents": "On the course of anorexia nervosa. The authors trace three phases in the course of anorexia nervosa and compare its physical and psychological symptoms with those of starvation. Phase I, which may occur months or years before the illness, usually includes precipitating events that result in loss of self-esteem and increased self-consciousness about physical appearance. During phase II patients develop the \"anorectic attitude,\" an unreasonable fear of eating, and show pride in their ability to lose weight. By phase III patients are forced by the severity of starvation symptoms to admit that they are ill. Although many of the physical symptoms of starvation and anorexia nervosa are similar, anorectic patients, in contrast to victims of starvation, show high initiative, the ability to suppress hunger, restless hyperactivity, and body image distortion."}
{"id": "PMID:900308", "title": "Teaching psychological medicine to family practice residents.", "content": "The authors describe the development of a curriculum focused on teaching residents in family practice how to recognize and deal with the psychological issues presented by patients and by their own reactions to patients. They describe how teachers in a medical school's divisions of family practice and psychosomatic and liaison psychiatry collaborated to develop an integrated training program and the changes this program effected in the attitudes and understanding of residents. They found that residents in this program shifted their emphasis from a narrow view of traditional medical diagnosis and treatment to a broader psycholgical-biological understanding of patients.", "contents": "Teaching psychological medicine to family practice residents. The authors describe the development of a curriculum focused on teaching residents in family practice how to recognize and deal with the psychological issues presented by patients and by their own reactions to patients. They describe how teachers in a medical school's divisions of family practice and psychosomatic and liaison psychiatry collaborated to develop an integrated training program and the changes this program effected in the attitudes and understanding of residents. They found that residents in this program shifted their emphasis from a narrow view of traditional medical diagnosis and treatment to a broader psycholgical-biological understanding of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:900309", "title": "Myths of \"shock therapy\".", "content": "The author discusses the myths of the ECT process--that shock and the convulsion are essential, memory loss and brain damage are inescapable, and little is known of the process--and assesses the fallacies in these ideas. Present views of the ECT process suggest that its mode of action in depression may best be described as a prolonged form of diencephalic stimulation, particularly useful to affect the hypothalamic dysfunctions that characterize depressive illness. The author emphasizes the need for further study of this treatment modality and for self-regulation by the profession.", "contents": "Myths of \"shock therapy\". The author discusses the myths of the ECT process--that shock and the convulsion are essential, memory loss and brain damage are inescapable, and little is known of the process--and assesses the fallacies in these ideas. Present views of the ECT process suggest that its mode of action in depression may best be described as a prolonged form of diencephalic stimulation, particularly useful to affect the hypothalamic dysfunctions that characterize depressive illness. The author emphasizes the need for further study of this treatment modality and for self-regulation by the profession."}
{"id": "PMID:900311", "title": "Therapeutic technique: treatment of a borderline adolescent girl.", "content": "This paper is a case presentation of an acting-out borderline adolescent girl, who had been exposed to three previous attempts at treatment. The clinical material gives evidence of diagnostic and dynamic understanding of the borderline syndrome. The treatment technique--confrontation--is elucidated with examples of its use.", "contents": "Therapeutic technique: treatment of a borderline adolescent girl. This paper is a case presentation of an acting-out borderline adolescent girl, who had been exposed to three previous attempts at treatment. The clinical material gives evidence of diagnostic and dynamic understanding of the borderline syndrome. The treatment technique--confrontation--is elucidated with examples of its use."}
{"id": "PMID:900312", "title": "Teaching psychotherapy by use of brief typescripts.", "content": "A typescript of a 10-minute segment of a taped therapeutic interview, coded by using a modification of the Gottshalk scales, quite clearly demonstrates the patient's current focal conflict. Recognition of the current focal conflict is thus taught, and this is used as an organizing principle in supervision of psychotherapy.", "contents": "Teaching psychotherapy by use of brief typescripts. A typescript of a 10-minute segment of a taped therapeutic interview, coded by using a modification of the Gottshalk scales, quite clearly demonstrates the patient's current focal conflict. Recognition of the current focal conflict is thus taught, and this is used as an organizing principle in supervision of psychotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:900313", "title": "Special problems of women in psychotherapy.", "content": "Feminist critics have failed to acknowledge the usefulness of Freud's neutral observations about female sexual development. This paper is an attempt to refute the prejudiced, incorrect view of the modern psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapist as sexist in orientation. Several detailed case examples are utilized to illustrate the interpretive treatment of excessive passivity in women patients with a variety of neurotic difficulties.", "contents": "Special problems of women in psychotherapy. Feminist critics have failed to acknowledge the usefulness of Freud's neutral observations about female sexual development. This paper is an attempt to refute the prejudiced, incorrect view of the modern psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapist as sexist in orientation. Several detailed case examples are utilized to illustrate the interpretive treatment of excessive passivity in women patients with a variety of neurotic difficulties."}
{"id": "PMID:900314", "title": "Family sequelae after a child's death due to cancer.", "content": "In a small study assessing the psychologic sequelae on disadvantaged families after a child's death from cancer, a high incidence of psychologic problems was found. The implication is that the coping mechanisms failed partially as a result of inadequate anticipatory griefing.", "contents": "Family sequelae after a child's death due to cancer. In a small study assessing the psychologic sequelae on disadvantaged families after a child's death from cancer, a high incidence of psychologic problems was found. The implication is that the coping mechanisms failed partially as a result of inadequate anticipatory griefing."}
{"id": "PMID:900315", "title": "Play, fantasy, and symbols: drama with emotionally disturbed children.", "content": "This paper discusses the developmental continuum of play and its relationship to drama. The functions of drama therapy as a form of child psychotherapy are illustrated through case material, focusing on wish fulfillment, psychic integration, reenactment of past traumatic experiences, transformation from passivity to activity, separation of fantasy and reality, fusion with the idealized or hated parent, defense and mastery. The value of drama therapy is not only in the abreaction it provides, but in the chance to articulate the fantasies through play, experience the working through of the conflicts, and connect the past to the present.", "contents": "Play, fantasy, and symbols: drama with emotionally disturbed children. This paper discusses the developmental continuum of play and its relationship to drama. The functions of drama therapy as a form of child psychotherapy are illustrated through case material, focusing on wish fulfillment, psychic integration, reenactment of past traumatic experiences, transformation from passivity to activity, separation of fantasy and reality, fusion with the idealized or hated parent, defense and mastery. The value of drama therapy is not only in the abreaction it provides, but in the chance to articulate the fantasies through play, experience the working through of the conflicts, and connect the past to the present."}
{"id": "PMID:900316", "title": "Ideological conflicts between clients and psychotherapists.", "content": "Clients come to psychotherapy with their own theories of how their problems are to be solved. These ideas fall into five categories: relationship rescue, will power, vindication, bromide, and spiritualistic theories. Many of the classic disputes which arise between clients and therapists can be attributed to differences in their theories of cure.", "contents": "Ideological conflicts between clients and psychotherapists. Clients come to psychotherapy with their own theories of how their problems are to be solved. These ideas fall into five categories: relationship rescue, will power, vindication, bromide, and spiritualistic theories. Many of the classic disputes which arise between clients and therapists can be attributed to differences in their theories of cure."}
{"id": "PMID:900317", "title": "A multimodality approach to inpatient treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.", "content": "A case of severely incapacitating obsessive-compulsive neurosis is treated in an inpatient setting for 13 weeks with a combination of insight-oriented, group, family, and behavioral therapies. The synergistic effects of these modalities and the therapeutic community are discussed. Stable changes are evident 2 1/2 years after admission.", "contents": "A multimodality approach to inpatient treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. A case of severely incapacitating obsessive-compulsive neurosis is treated in an inpatient setting for 13 weeks with a combination of insight-oriented, group, family, and behavioral therapies. The synergistic effects of these modalities and the therapeutic community are discussed. Stable changes are evident 2 1/2 years after admission."}
{"id": "PMID:900320", "title": "Maternal mortality in Michigan: an epidemiologic analysis, 1950-1971.", "content": "An analysis was performed of direct maternal mortality over 22 years (1950 through 1971) in the state of Michigan. The overall direct maternal mortality rate fell from 5.0/10,000 live births in 1950 to 1.5 in 1971. The rate among nonwhites was more than four times greater than among whites and the difference in relative risk did not narrow over the 22 years. Mortality rates increased with increasing maternal age but not with increasing parity. Nulliparous women had a significantly higher mortality rate than did parous women, particularly those over 25 years of age. when the white gravida of urban Wayne County were compared with the white gravida of 33 rural counties, no difference in direct maternal mortality rates could be attributed to rurality per se. Hemorrhage, infection, and toxemia were the leading causes of direct maternal death. The data suggest that hospitals with less active obstetrical services were associated with a higher risk of direct maternal mortality than were hospitals whose obstetrical services were more active. An increasing proportion of the direct maternal deaths was designated as preventable over the study period. It is believed that analyses of maternal mortality have led to improved perinatal and obstetrical care and that further advances require their continued support. (Am. J. Public Health 67:821-829, 1977)", "contents": "Maternal mortality in Michigan: an epidemiologic analysis, 1950-1971. An analysis was performed of direct maternal mortality over 22 years (1950 through 1971) in the state of Michigan. The overall direct maternal mortality rate fell from 5.0/10,000 live births in 1950 to 1.5 in 1971. The rate among nonwhites was more than four times greater than among whites and the difference in relative risk did not narrow over the 22 years. Mortality rates increased with increasing maternal age but not with increasing parity. Nulliparous women had a significantly higher mortality rate than did parous women, particularly those over 25 years of age. when the white gravida of urban Wayne County were compared with the white gravida of 33 rural counties, no difference in direct maternal mortality rates could be attributed to rurality per se. Hemorrhage, infection, and toxemia were the leading causes of direct maternal death. The data suggest that hospitals with less active obstetrical services were associated with a higher risk of direct maternal mortality than were hospitals whose obstetrical services were more active. An increasing proportion of the direct maternal deaths was designated as preventable over the study period. It is believed that analyses of maternal mortality have led to improved perinatal and obstetrical care and that further advances require their continued support. (Am. J. Public Health 67:821-829, 1977)"}
{"id": "PMID:900321", "title": "The impact of state maternal mortality study committees on maternal deaths in the United States.", "content": "State maternal mortality study committees have been widely credited with playing a prominent role in reducing maternal death rates in the United States. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared the rates of decline in maternal mortality ratios by decades from 1938-40 to 1968-70 for states with such committees to those without. Ratios were calculated from published vital statistics of the United States, and committee initiation dates were obtained from a previous survey. States with committees and those without had nearly equal declines during the first decade; however, states with committees had smaller declines during the latter two decades. Although these committees may have been an important factor in the decline in maternal mortality in the United States, vital statistics data do not document larger declines for states with committees.", "contents": "The impact of state maternal mortality study committees on maternal deaths in the United States. State maternal mortality study committees have been widely credited with playing a prominent role in reducing maternal death rates in the United States. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared the rates of decline in maternal mortality ratios by decades from 1938-40 to 1968-70 for states with such committees to those without. Ratios were calculated from published vital statistics of the United States, and committee initiation dates were obtained from a previous survey. States with committees and those without had nearly equal declines during the first decade; however, states with committees had smaller declines during the latter two decades. Although these committees may have been an important factor in the decline in maternal mortality in the United States, vital statistics data do not document larger declines for states with committees."}
{"id": "PMID:900322", "title": "Age-adjusted mortality indexes for small areas: applications to health planning.", "content": "This study compares four age-adjusted mortality indexes and their standard errors among United States counties using 1969-1971 mortality data. It is shown that the direct and indirect methods of age adjustment give nearly identical results (correlation coefficients over .97). Two other indexes which indirectly adjust for age are then compared with the usual indirect method: one is the relative mortality index and the other an index of productive years of life lost. The three indirect indexes are substantially different in the are groups emphasized. This results in substantial differences in those counties identified as having \"excess\" mortality. Implications of the results for health planning applications are discussed.", "contents": "Age-adjusted mortality indexes for small areas: applications to health planning. This study compares four age-adjusted mortality indexes and their standard errors among United States counties using 1969-1971 mortality data. It is shown that the direct and indirect methods of age adjustment give nearly identical results (correlation coefficients over .97). Two other indexes which indirectly adjust for age are then compared with the usual indirect method: one is the relative mortality index and the other an index of productive years of life lost. The three indirect indexes are substantially different in the are groups emphasized. This results in substantial differences in those counties identified as having \"excess\" mortality. Implications of the results for health planning applications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900323", "title": "Hemoglobin levels in children from a biracial southern community.", "content": "Hemoglobin levels were determined for 4,081 children, ages 2 1/2-14 years, from a biracial southern community. Back children had lower levels of hemoglobin than white children at every age interval with a mean difference of 0.64 gm/dl. This diffence persisted even when comparing children from similar socioeconomic level households. If black children maintain lower hemoglobin levels consistent with optimum health than do white children, then different hemoglobin standards may be warranted for each race.", "contents": "Hemoglobin levels in children from a biracial southern community. Hemoglobin levels were determined for 4,081 children, ages 2 1/2-14 years, from a biracial southern community. Back children had lower levels of hemoglobin than white children at every age interval with a mean difference of 0.64 gm/dl. This diffence persisted even when comparing children from similar socioeconomic level households. If black children maintain lower hemoglobin levels consistent with optimum health than do white children, then different hemoglobin standards may be warranted for each race."}
{"id": "PMID:900324", "title": "Consumer nutrition knowledge and self reported food shopping behavior.", "content": "In 1975 a national sample of consumers was questioned about their knowledge of nutrition, beliefs about food, and their shopping behavior. Findings indicate a particular need for education related to facts about iron, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins A and D. Consumers with low knowledge tended to have less education, lower income, and less prestigious occupations. Of these variables, educational achievement level had the strongest association to low nutrition knowledge. Using an index based on the three socioeconomic variables, low knowledge was more often present among the male and older shoppers, with age having the stronger association. Association of the three indices of nutrition knowledge, food beliefs, and reported shopping behavior were found to be positive and linear.", "contents": "Consumer nutrition knowledge and self reported food shopping behavior. In 1975 a national sample of consumers was questioned about their knowledge of nutrition, beliefs about food, and their shopping behavior. Findings indicate a particular need for education related to facts about iron, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins A and D. Consumers with low knowledge tended to have less education, lower income, and less prestigious occupations. Of these variables, educational achievement level had the strongest association to low nutrition knowledge. Using an index based on the three socioeconomic variables, low knowledge was more often present among the male and older shoppers, with age having the stronger association. Association of the three indices of nutrition knowledge, food beliefs, and reported shopping behavior were found to be positive and linear."}
{"id": "PMID:900325", "title": "Environmental health and safety in the academic setting.", "content": "The academic institution can be viewed as a community within a community, with many environmental concerns similar to those of a municipality: private water supplies, housing, food sanitation, injury control, occupational health, radiation protection, waste control, etc. The complexity of a university environmental health and safety (EHS) program is closely related to the size of the college or university, and the type of program carried on by the institution (e.g., teaching hospital, agrigultural experiment stations, amount and variety of research programs). This paper seeks to convey information about environmental health and safety programs in colleges and universities which will be of help to environmental regulatory agencies as they interact with academic institutions. Understanding internal organizations and policy matters will make environmental regulatory agencies more effective as they interact with academic institutions. The extent of regulatory change now impacting on academic institutions is also discussed.", "contents": "Environmental health and safety in the academic setting. The academic institution can be viewed as a community within a community, with many environmental concerns similar to those of a municipality: private water supplies, housing, food sanitation, injury control, occupational health, radiation protection, waste control, etc. The complexity of a university environmental health and safety (EHS) program is closely related to the size of the college or university, and the type of program carried on by the institution (e.g., teaching hospital, agrigultural experiment stations, amount and variety of research programs). This paper seeks to convey information about environmental health and safety programs in colleges and universities which will be of help to environmental regulatory agencies as they interact with academic institutions. Understanding internal organizations and policy matters will make environmental regulatory agencies more effective as they interact with academic institutions. The extent of regulatory change now impacting on academic institutions is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900332", "title": "Duodenoscopy and endoscopic pancreatography in patients with postive morphine prostigmine tests.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with abdominal pain and positive morphine prostigmine tests underwent duodenoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Sixteen demonstrated marked or moderate ampullary stenosis. The pancreatic duct was dilated in three and stenotic in four. Ampullary stenosis was confirmed in all patients who subsequently underwent sphincteroplasty. Only six patients had pancreatitis demonstrated by appropriate laboratory studies or at surgery. Relief of pain after sphincteroplasty was complete in ten patients during follow-up.", "contents": "Duodenoscopy and endoscopic pancreatography in patients with postive morphine prostigmine tests. Twenty-three patients with abdominal pain and positive morphine prostigmine tests underwent duodenoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Sixteen demonstrated marked or moderate ampullary stenosis. The pancreatic duct was dilated in three and stenotic in four. Ampullary stenosis was confirmed in all patients who subsequently underwent sphincteroplasty. Only six patients had pancreatitis demonstrated by appropriate laboratory studies or at surgery. Relief of pain after sphincteroplasty was complete in ten patients during follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:900333", "title": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the small intestine.", "content": "Eighteen cases of primary adenocarcinoma of the small intestine have been reviewed, which demonstrated the relative frequency of symptoms common to this disease. The clinical features, pathology, and treatment of small bowel adenocarcinoma have been presented and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Eighteen cases of primary adenocarcinoma of the small intestine have been reviewed, which demonstrated the relative frequency of symptoms common to this disease. The clinical features, pathology, and treatment of small bowel adenocarcinoma have been presented and the literature reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:900334", "title": "Electrical, contractile, and radiographic studies of the stomach after proximal gastric vagotomy.", "content": "The effects of proximal gastric vagotomy on the gastric electrical and contractile activities and on gastric emptying of solid food were studied in dogs. Proximal gastric vagotomy produced only minimal alteration of the electrical activity and did not significantly alter the response of the electrical and contractile activities to vagal stimulation (insulin) and local stimulation (food). Barium meal studies showed no delay in gastric emptying time after proximal gastric vagotomy but significant delay after truncal vagotomy. The findings support the clinical impression that gastric motility and empyting (solid) remain relatively normal after proximal gastric vagotomy.", "contents": "Electrical, contractile, and radiographic studies of the stomach after proximal gastric vagotomy. The effects of proximal gastric vagotomy on the gastric electrical and contractile activities and on gastric emptying of solid food were studied in dogs. Proximal gastric vagotomy produced only minimal alteration of the electrical activity and did not significantly alter the response of the electrical and contractile activities to vagal stimulation (insulin) and local stimulation (food). Barium meal studies showed no delay in gastric emptying time after proximal gastric vagotomy but significant delay after truncal vagotomy. The findings support the clinical impression that gastric motility and empyting (solid) remain relatively normal after proximal gastric vagotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:900335", "title": "Corrosive gastritis.", "content": "Cases of corrosive gastritis are relatively few in the literature. Fifteen patients with combined corrosive esophagogastritis are reported on herein. In the acute stage (with severe degree of esophagogastritis) feeding jejunostomy was recommended, whereas in the chronic stage (with gastric obstruction) posterior gastrojejunostomy was performed for all patients. Patients were classified into three grades depending on the extent of associated esophagitis. We conclude that corrosive gastritis is a possible associated complication of corrosive intake (particularly for suicide) and requires a latent period of time to be clinically evident.", "contents": "Corrosive gastritis. Cases of corrosive gastritis are relatively few in the literature. Fifteen patients with combined corrosive esophagogastritis are reported on herein. In the acute stage (with severe degree of esophagogastritis) feeding jejunostomy was recommended, whereas in the chronic stage (with gastric obstruction) posterior gastrojejunostomy was performed for all patients. Patients were classified into three grades depending on the extent of associated esophagitis. We conclude that corrosive gastritis is a possible associated complication of corrosive intake (particularly for suicide) and requires a latent period of time to be clinically evident."}
{"id": "PMID:900336", "title": "Congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct as a cause of primary bile duct stone.", "content": "Of the 101 patients with congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct, eighty-eight with adult-type cysts are reported on. The association of primary bile duct stone and adult-type cyst of this anomaly is discussed and found to be higher than previously recognized. In the cases without calculi, abnormal arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system is indicated to play an important role in the manifestation of the symptom. The anatomic and clinical features and the results of treatment for this type of cyst are reviewed.", "contents": "Congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct as a cause of primary bile duct stone. Of the 101 patients with congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct, eighty-eight with adult-type cysts are reported on. The association of primary bile duct stone and adult-type cyst of this anomaly is discussed and found to be higher than previously recognized. In the cases without calculi, abnormal arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system is indicated to play an important role in the manifestation of the symptom. The anatomic and clinical features and the results of treatment for this type of cyst are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:900337", "title": "Periappendicitis: Clinical reality or pathologic curiosity?", "content": "The data from a retrospective study of 224 patients with preoperative diagnosis of acute appendicitis are presented. Periappendicitis was subsequently diagnosed in 5.4 per cent of these patients. More than half of these patients with periappendicitis had other intraabdominal disease demonstrable at operation. The remaining patientw with periappendicitis were followed for two years, and long-term complications were not observed. It is concluded that periappendicitis does not represent an unrecognized nonappendiceal process that requires special management.", "contents": "Periappendicitis: Clinical reality or pathologic curiosity? The data from a retrospective study of 224 patients with preoperative diagnosis of acute appendicitis are presented. Periappendicitis was subsequently diagnosed in 5.4 per cent of these patients. More than half of these patients with periappendicitis had other intraabdominal disease demonstrable at operation. The remaining patientw with periappendicitis were followed for two years, and long-term complications were not observed. It is concluded that periappendicitis does not represent an unrecognized nonappendiceal process that requires special management."}
{"id": "PMID:900338", "title": "Incidence of hypoparathyroidism after radical surgery for thyroid carcinoma and autotransplantation of parathyroid glands.", "content": "Ninety-seven consecutive patients had radical surgery for thyroid carcinoma. Eighty-six of these had one or more parathyroids implanted into muscle tissue. At follow-up, ninety-one patients were normocalcemic without substitution, fifteen of those with only implanted glands. The results show that radical surgery can be performed with a low incidence of hypoparathyroidism, provided the parathyroids are carefully searched for and liberally implanted.", "contents": "Incidence of hypoparathyroidism after radical surgery for thyroid carcinoma and autotransplantation of parathyroid glands. Ninety-seven consecutive patients had radical surgery for thyroid carcinoma. Eighty-six of these had one or more parathyroids implanted into muscle tissue. At follow-up, ninety-one patients were normocalcemic without substitution, fifteen of those with only implanted glands. The results show that radical surgery can be performed with a low incidence of hypoparathyroidism, provided the parathyroids are carefully searched for and liberally implanted."}
{"id": "PMID:900339", "title": "Ultrasonic and fluorescent scanning: A combined noninvasive diagnostic approach to extrathyroidal neck lesions.", "content": "Thirteen patients with suspected extrathyroidal neck masses were investigated with the combination of fluorescent scanning and echography. Iodine content, the solid or cystic consistency of the lesion, and the position of the lesion with respect to the thyroid were determined preoperatively to estimate thyroidal origin and benignity or malignancy of the lesions. Pathologic diagnoses correlated well with these totally noninvasive studies of extrathyroidal neck masses.", "contents": "Ultrasonic and fluorescent scanning: A combined noninvasive diagnostic approach to extrathyroidal neck lesions. Thirteen patients with suspected extrathyroidal neck masses were investigated with the combination of fluorescent scanning and echography. Iodine content, the solid or cystic consistency of the lesion, and the position of the lesion with respect to the thyroid were determined preoperatively to estimate thyroidal origin and benignity or malignancy of the lesions. Pathologic diagnoses correlated well with these totally noninvasive studies of extrathyroidal neck masses."}
{"id": "PMID:900340", "title": "Nosocomial infection rates at a General Army Hospital.", "content": "An eighteen month study of the incidence of nosocomial infections was conducted at a 436 bed general army hospital. The overall rate of nosocomial infection was 1.48 per cent, with a monthly range of 0.42 to 2.30 per cent. Gynecology had the highest rate of 5.8 per cent. Escherichia coli, klebsiella, and Staphylococcus aureus were the major hospital pathogens. No emergence of unusual drug resistance was observed during the course of the study. Further studies should be conducted to establish guidelines of surveillance for nurse-epidemiologists in this type of hospital.", "contents": "Nosocomial infection rates at a General Army Hospital. An eighteen month study of the incidence of nosocomial infections was conducted at a 436 bed general army hospital. The overall rate of nosocomial infection was 1.48 per cent, with a monthly range of 0.42 to 2.30 per cent. Gynecology had the highest rate of 5.8 per cent. Escherichia coli, klebsiella, and Staphylococcus aureus were the major hospital pathogens. No emergence of unusual drug resistance was observed during the course of the study. Further studies should be conducted to establish guidelines of surveillance for nurse-epidemiologists in this type of hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:900341", "title": "The significance of aortoiliac atherosclerosis as assessed by Doppler ultrasound.", "content": "A simple, noninvasive method of assessing atherosclerotic aortoiliac obstruction is described using Doppler ultrasound with a concurrent electrocardiogram. The method is significantly more accurate than clinical examination. The pulse wave velocity profile at the common femoral artery is recorded with a nondirectional Doppler probe. The time delay from the R wave of the concurrent electrocardiogram to the ultrasound waveform peak and to a point half-way up the waveform upslope is measured. By evaluating the mean of ten such measurements at each point and then by taking the ratio of the former to the latter, a Proximal Damping Quotient (PDQ) may be derived. If the PDQ is greater than 1.4, significant proximal obstruction is probable. Conversely, a PDQ of less than 1.4 suggests a functionally clear aortoiliac segment. Any patient with a PDQ of less than 1.3 in whom reconstructive surgery is being correlated may thus be spared an aortogram and the affected limb may be investigated by femoral angiography alone. A low PDQ is supporting evidence of an adequate \"run-in\" to the distal segment when a distal arterial reconstruction is proposed. Similarly, if a femoro-femoral crossover graft is to be used, then significant aortoiliac atherosclerosis proximal to the donor femoral artery may be excluded without recourse to aortography.", "contents": "The significance of aortoiliac atherosclerosis as assessed by Doppler ultrasound. A simple, noninvasive method of assessing atherosclerotic aortoiliac obstruction is described using Doppler ultrasound with a concurrent electrocardiogram. The method is significantly more accurate than clinical examination. The pulse wave velocity profile at the common femoral artery is recorded with a nondirectional Doppler probe. The time delay from the R wave of the concurrent electrocardiogram to the ultrasound waveform peak and to a point half-way up the waveform upslope is measured. By evaluating the mean of ten such measurements at each point and then by taking the ratio of the former to the latter, a Proximal Damping Quotient (PDQ) may be derived. If the PDQ is greater than 1.4, significant proximal obstruction is probable. Conversely, a PDQ of less than 1.4 suggests a functionally clear aortoiliac segment. Any patient with a PDQ of less than 1.3 in whom reconstructive surgery is being correlated may thus be spared an aortogram and the affected limb may be investigated by femoral angiography alone. A low PDQ is supporting evidence of an adequate \"run-in\" to the distal segment when a distal arterial reconstruction is proposed. Similarly, if a femoro-femoral crossover graft is to be used, then significant aortoiliac atherosclerosis proximal to the donor femoral artery may be excluded without recourse to aortography."}
{"id": "PMID:900342", "title": "A clinicopathologic review of benign giant cell tumors of tendon sheaths in Ibadan, Nigeria.", "content": "Thirty-four patients (19 female, 15 male) with benign giant cell tumors of tendon sheaths were studied from the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Ages ranged from eleven to sixty years. The main presenting symptoms were swelling in ten patients and pain in five. Twelve patients gave history of trauma. Only three patients had bony erosion. Gross pathologic and histologic features of the giant cell tumors of the sheath are discussed. Two illustrative cases show the characteristic behavior of the lesion.", "contents": "A clinicopathologic review of benign giant cell tumors of tendon sheaths in Ibadan, Nigeria. Thirty-four patients (19 female, 15 male) with benign giant cell tumors of tendon sheaths were studied from the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Ages ranged from eleven to sixty years. The main presenting symptoms were swelling in ten patients and pain in five. Twelve patients gave history of trauma. Only three patients had bony erosion. Gross pathologic and histologic features of the giant cell tumors of the sheath are discussed. Two illustrative cases show the characteristic behavior of the lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:900343", "title": "Volvulus of the transverse colon.", "content": "Five cases of volvulus of the transverse colon are presented. Two distinct clinical types are noted and discussed, each with a significantly different mortality. The level of volvulus dictates the limitations of diagnostic aides and appropriate treatment.", "contents": "Volvulus of the transverse colon. Five cases of volvulus of the transverse colon are presented. Two distinct clinical types are noted and discussed, each with a significantly different mortality. The level of volvulus dictates the limitations of diagnostic aides and appropriate treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:900344", "title": "Jejunal loop interposition in patients with ileal conduit failure after pelvic exenteration.", "content": "Although the ileal conduit is currently the most widely used method for urinary diversion in patients undergoing pelvic exenteration, reports continue to accumulate indicating the frequency of long-term complications. Four patients with failure of ileal urinary diversion after pelvic exenteration for invasive pelvic malignancy are presented. All four patients had either multiple pelvic surgical procedures and/or pelvic radiation. Interposition of jejunum between the proximal ureters or renal pelvises and skin was performed with satisfactory results in all four. In patients with pelvic exenteration and failure of ileal urinary diversion this technic offers the following advantages over the conventional revision of the ileal conduit: (1) eliminates use of radiated small intestine which is subject to fistula formation and/or obstruction; (2) avoids the settling of the urinary conduit in the devitalized pelvic space with potential adhesions, fistula formation, or obstruction; (3) ensures proximal jejunal loop is away from area of potential tumor recurrence and field or previous or future radiotherapy; (4) eliminates the extensive dissection of the adherent ileal conduit and subsequent risk of avascular necrosis; and (5) bypasses the radiated fibrotic distal ureters.", "contents": "Jejunal loop interposition in patients with ileal conduit failure after pelvic exenteration. Although the ileal conduit is currently the most widely used method for urinary diversion in patients undergoing pelvic exenteration, reports continue to accumulate indicating the frequency of long-term complications. Four patients with failure of ileal urinary diversion after pelvic exenteration for invasive pelvic malignancy are presented. All four patients had either multiple pelvic surgical procedures and/or pelvic radiation. Interposition of jejunum between the proximal ureters or renal pelvises and skin was performed with satisfactory results in all four. In patients with pelvic exenteration and failure of ileal urinary diversion this technic offers the following advantages over the conventional revision of the ileal conduit: (1) eliminates use of radiated small intestine which is subject to fistula formation and/or obstruction; (2) avoids the settling of the urinary conduit in the devitalized pelvic space with potential adhesions, fistula formation, or obstruction; (3) ensures proximal jejunal loop is away from area of potential tumor recurrence and field or previous or future radiotherapy; (4) eliminates the extensive dissection of the adherent ileal conduit and subsequent risk of avascular necrosis; and (5) bypasses the radiated fibrotic distal ureters."}
{"id": "PMID:900345", "title": "Spontaneous hemorrhage due to pseudocysts of the pancreas.", "content": "Spontaneous hemorrhage caused by erosion of major arteries by a pseudocyst of the pancreas is a rare condition. We have encountered three cases, one involving the abdominal aorta and two the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. It is important to keep in mind that pseudocyst of the pancreas may cause massive gastrointestinal or intraabdominal bleeding. Operative treatment offers a better chance of survival than more conservative management.", "contents": "Spontaneous hemorrhage due to pseudocysts of the pancreas. Spontaneous hemorrhage caused by erosion of major arteries by a pseudocyst of the pancreas is a rare condition. We have encountered three cases, one involving the abdominal aorta and two the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. It is important to keep in mind that pseudocyst of the pancreas may cause massive gastrointestinal or intraabdominal bleeding. Operative treatment offers a better chance of survival than more conservative management."}
{"id": "PMID:900346", "title": "Nonsurgical pneumoperitoneum.", "content": "Free intraperitoneal air is not necessarily caused by a perforated viscus. The present study reviews the causes of pneumoperitoneum that do not necessitate laparotomy, and emphasizes the importance of obtaining a complete clinical history.", "contents": "Nonsurgical pneumoperitoneum. Free intraperitoneal air is not necessarily caused by a perforated viscus. The present study reviews the causes of pneumoperitoneum that do not necessitate laparotomy, and emphasizes the importance of obtaining a complete clinical history."}
{"id": "PMID:900347", "title": "Penetrating injuries of the appendix.", "content": "Although rare, penetrating injuries of the appendix pose an interesting finding at laparotomy. Associated penetrating gastrointestinal injuries are common. Four additional cases of trauma to the appendix from penetrating wounds are described.", "contents": "Penetrating injuries of the appendix. Although rare, penetrating injuries of the appendix pose an interesting finding at laparotomy. Associated penetrating gastrointestinal injuries are common. Four additional cases of trauma to the appendix from penetrating wounds are described."}
{"id": "PMID:900348", "title": "Subclavian placement of flow-directed thermodilution catheters. A rapid and safe technic.", "content": "A rapid and safe method for the placement of No 7 French flow-directed thermodilution catheters via an infraclavicular subclavian approach is described.", "contents": "Subclavian placement of flow-directed thermodilution catheters. A rapid and safe technic. A rapid and safe method for the placement of No 7 French flow-directed thermodilution catheters via an infraclavicular subclavian approach is described."}
{"id": "PMID:900349", "title": "Unhealed perineal wound: lavage with a pulsating water jet.", "content": "The use of the pulsating water jet lavage (Water Pik) in the care of the perineal wound is discussed. The relative case with which debridement of a difficult-to-locate perineal wound can be efficiently debrided and cared for by a patient on an ambulatory basis is stressed. This facilitates early patient hospital discharge and offers effective self-care to the patient.", "contents": "Unhealed perineal wound: lavage with a pulsating water jet. The use of the pulsating water jet lavage (Water Pik) in the care of the perineal wound is discussed. The relative case with which debridement of a difficult-to-locate perineal wound can be efficiently debrided and cared for by a patient on an ambulatory basis is stressed. This facilitates early patient hospital discharge and offers effective self-care to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:900350", "title": "Coarctation of the aorta and severe aortic insufficiency: What to repair first?", "content": "A new surgical approach is proposed for patients with coarctation of the aorta associated with severe aortic valvular insufficiency. The valvular lesion should be repaired first and the coarctation corrected during a second operation; both interventions should be done during the same hospital stay. We base our approach on the belief that improved coronary perfusion can be achieved when the aortic insufficiency is corrected first. The disadvantages of the opposite surgical approach, such as anticoagulation problems, renal underperfusion, and hypertensive complications are easily avoided.", "contents": "Coarctation of the aorta and severe aortic insufficiency: What to repair first? A new surgical approach is proposed for patients with coarctation of the aorta associated with severe aortic valvular insufficiency. The valvular lesion should be repaired first and the coarctation corrected during a second operation; both interventions should be done during the same hospital stay. We base our approach on the belief that improved coronary perfusion can be achieved when the aortic insufficiency is corrected first. The disadvantages of the opposite surgical approach, such as anticoagulation problems, renal underperfusion, and hypertensive complications are easily avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:900351", "title": "A simple technic for inserting a Scribner shunt in a stenotic artery.", "content": "A simple technic of limited segmental endarterectomy is described, which will often make possible the insertion of a Scribner shunt in a highly stenotic artery for temporary dialysis.", "contents": "A simple technic for inserting a Scribner shunt in a stenotic artery. A simple technic of limited segmental endarterectomy is described, which will often make possible the insertion of a Scribner shunt in a highly stenotic artery for temporary dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:900434", "title": "Stimulus deprivation in windowless rooms.", "content": "Enough evidence now exists to suggest that windowless environments in hospitals increase the risk to the patient for a number of reasons. These include a direct influence on his own physiological and psychological state, a lowering of the standard of care by an effect on hospital staff, and increased vulnerability to physical hazards. The psychological ill effects of the intensive therapy unit (ITU) environment on its occupants are well recognised. The aggravation of these effects by the construction of any further windowless units can no longer be regarded as acceptable.", "contents": "Stimulus deprivation in windowless rooms. Enough evidence now exists to suggest that windowless environments in hospitals increase the risk to the patient for a number of reasons. These include a direct influence on his own physiological and psychological state, a lowering of the standard of care by an effect on hospital staff, and increased vulnerability to physical hazards. The psychological ill effects of the intensive therapy unit (ITU) environment on its occupants are well recognised. The aggravation of these effects by the construction of any further windowless units can no longer be regarded as acceptable."}
{"id": "PMID:900435", "title": "Tracheal damage associated with cuffed tracheostomy tubes. Aspiration of gastric content as a cause of local damage in tracheotomised dogs.", "content": "Dogs were subjected to  tracheostomy and intubation with low pressure cuffed tracheostomy tubes. Various mixtures of bile, gastric secretion and 0-1 N Hydrochloric acid were injected into the trachea via a small catheter attached to the main tracheostomy cannula to simulate the effect of aspirated gastric contents. Bronchoscopic observations were made during the study to investigate the local effects of secretions pooling above the cuff, in contact with the tracheal wall. Gross pathological changes were observed when the animals were sacrificed at the end of the study. The constituents of a mixture of bile and gastric juice increased the severity of tracheal damage due to mechanical trauma and sepsis. Healing was delayed and the reparative process was abnormal. This experimental study indicates that the combination of bile and acid pepsin reaching the tracheal wall may also be a major factor which predisposes to the development of early and late tracheal injury.", "contents": "Tracheal damage associated with cuffed tracheostomy tubes. Aspiration of gastric content as a cause of local damage in tracheotomised dogs. Dogs were subjected to  tracheostomy and intubation with low pressure cuffed tracheostomy tubes. Various mixtures of bile, gastric secretion and 0-1 N Hydrochloric acid were injected into the trachea via a small catheter attached to the main tracheostomy cannula to simulate the effect of aspirated gastric contents. Bronchoscopic observations were made during the study to investigate the local effects of secretions pooling above the cuff, in contact with the tracheal wall. Gross pathological changes were observed when the animals were sacrificed at the end of the study. The constituents of a mixture of bile and gastric juice increased the severity of tracheal damage due to mechanical trauma and sepsis. Healing was delayed and the reparative process was abnormal. This experimental study indicates that the combination of bile and acid pepsin reaching the tracheal wall may also be a major factor which predisposes to the development of early and late tracheal injury."}
{"id": "PMID:900433", "title": "Etomidate in urological outpatient anaesthesia. A clinical evaluation.", "content": "Induction of anaesthesia with the new short acting agent etomidate has been studied in 200 patients undergoing urological outpatient procedures. These patients exhibited a similar pattern of recovery to those receiving 7 mg/kg propanidid but had greater cardiac and respiratory stability. However, there was a 25% incidence of pain which was reduced to 13-9% by increasing the rate of injection from 30 to 15 seconds. The incidence of involuntary movements was 29-7% which was reduced to 15% by the faster rate of injection. The omission of atropine premedication did not affect cardiac stability. Etomidate appears to have many desirable features as an induction agent except for a high incidence of pain on injection which is reduced by rapid injection.", "contents": "Etomidate in urological outpatient anaesthesia. A clinical evaluation. Induction of anaesthesia with the new short acting agent etomidate has been studied in 200 patients undergoing urological outpatient procedures. These patients exhibited a similar pattern of recovery to those receiving 7 mg/kg propanidid but had greater cardiac and respiratory stability. However, there was a 25% incidence of pain which was reduced to 13-9% by increasing the rate of injection from 30 to 15 seconds. The incidence of involuntary movements was 29-7% which was reduced to 15% by the faster rate of injection. The omission of atropine premedication did not affect cardiac stability. Etomidate appears to have many desirable features as an induction agent except for a high incidence of pain on injection which is reduced by rapid injection."}
{"id": "PMID:900436", "title": "The Eighteenth John Snow Memorial Lecture. The anaesthetist and the law.", "content": "The nature of the possible litigation, in which anaesthetists may be involved and the nature and manner of the preparation, which are necessary if he should be required to appear in court, are discussed.", "contents": "The Eighteenth John Snow Memorial Lecture. The anaesthetist and the law. The nature of the possible litigation, in which anaesthetists may be involved and the nature and manner of the preparation, which are necessary if he should be required to appear in court, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900438", "title": "Labour retarded with beta-agonist drugs. A therapeutic problem in emergency anaesthesia.", "content": "A case of prolapsed umbilical cord is recorded in which an overdose of orciprenaline was given to the mother. The physiological and pharmacological implications to the mother and fetus are discussed and a method of treatment is suggested.", "contents": "Labour retarded with beta-agonist drugs. A therapeutic problem in emergency anaesthesia. A case of prolapsed umbilical cord is recorded in which an overdose of orciprenaline was given to the mother. The physiological and pharmacological implications to the mother and fetus are discussed and a method of treatment is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:900437", "title": "Intramuscular ketamine with hyaluronidase. Nineteen daily anaesthetics administered to a child for radiotherapy.", "content": "Intra-muscular ketamine with hyaluronidase was used on nineteen occasions to provide anaesthesia for daily radiotherapy in a 22-month-old boy with a rhabdomysarcoma of the bladder. The technique produced a sharper, reliable recovery and allowed the child his normal fluid and caloric intake within 90 minutes.", "contents": "Intramuscular ketamine with hyaluronidase. Nineteen daily anaesthetics administered to a child for radiotherapy. Intra-muscular ketamine with hyaluronidase was used on nineteen occasions to provide anaesthesia for daily radiotherapy in a 22-month-old boy with a rhabdomysarcoma of the bladder. The technique produced a sharper, reliable recovery and allowed the child his normal fluid and caloric intake within 90 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:900439", "title": "Muscle fibrillation following thiopentone and pancuronium bromide. An association with metachromatic leucodystrophy.", "content": "A case is reported of muscle 'gibrillation' following the administration of thiopentone and pancuronium to a patient suffering from metachromic leucodystrophy and possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Muscle fibrillation following thiopentone and pancuronium bromide. An association with metachromatic leucodystrophy. A case is reported of muscle 'gibrillation' following the administration of thiopentone and pancuronium to a patient suffering from metachromic leucodystrophy and possible mechanisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900440", "title": "Physical distress suffered by terminal cancer patients in hospital.", "content": "The incidence severity, and degree of relief obtained from treatment has been estimated and evaluated in 117 patients suffering from terminal cancer.", "contents": "Physical distress suffered by terminal cancer patients in hospital. The incidence severity, and degree of relief obtained from treatment has been estimated and evaluated in 117 patients suffering from terminal cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:900441", "title": "Letter from Nepal. Rag and bottle updated.", "content": "Anaesthesia as it is practised in a small urban hospital in Nepal has been described. The people of Nepal have great surgical needs, and good, simple, anaesthesia is vital. Surgery is demanding on time and space; is it as vital as an 'under-fives clinic' or a preventative medicine programme? As the staff of the Shining Hospital decreases and as the Government Hospital takes over more acute surgery, I do not think so, and thus I am, temporarily, happy to be involved in the control and treatment of tuberculosis.", "contents": "Letter from Nepal. Rag and bottle updated. Anaesthesia as it is practised in a small urban hospital in Nepal has been described. The people of Nepal have great surgical needs, and good, simple, anaesthesia is vital. Surgery is demanding on time and space; is it as vital as an 'under-fives clinic' or a preventative medicine programme? As the staff of the Shining Hospital decreases and as the Government Hospital takes over more acute surgery, I do not think so, and thus I am, temporarily, happy to be involved in the control and treatment of tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:900461", "title": "Drug treatment of malignant hyperpyrexia.", "content": "Of the various drugs currently suggested for the treatment of malignant hyperpyrexia, dantrolene sodium was the most effective in reversing and inhibiting drug induced contractures in vitro, both in normal muscle and in muscle from patients who are susceptible to malignant hyperpyrexia. It is suggested that dantrolene sodium is the drug of choice for lowering the raised myoplasmic calcium concentrations in malignant hyperpyrexia.", "contents": "Drug treatment of malignant hyperpyrexia. Of the various drugs currently suggested for the treatment of malignant hyperpyrexia, dantrolene sodium was the most effective in reversing and inhibiting drug induced contractures in vitro, both in normal muscle and in muscle from patients who are susceptible to malignant hyperpyrexia. It is suggested that dantrolene sodium is the drug of choice for lowering the raised myoplasmic calcium concentrations in malignant hyperpyrexia."}
{"id": "PMID:900462", "title": "Methohexitone-induced convulsions in epileptics.", "content": "The risk of precipitating a convulsion in epileptic patients with methohexitone has been judged to vary widely. This article reports such complications arising during methohexitone-activated E.E.G. recording in a series of 48 epileptic patients from whom anticonvulsant medication was withheld. Two patients developed grand mal convulsions during induction with methohexitone 1-0%. Two others exhibited status epilepticus of the petit mal type and one of the myoclonic type, after stopping an infusion of 0-09% methohexitone. The specificity for methohexitone-induced convulsions in epileptics or crypto-epileptics is supported by a review of the literature.", "contents": "Methohexitone-induced convulsions in epileptics. The risk of precipitating a convulsion in epileptic patients with methohexitone has been judged to vary widely. This article reports such complications arising during methohexitone-activated E.E.G. recording in a series of 48 epileptic patients from whom anticonvulsant medication was withheld. Two patients developed grand mal convulsions during induction with methohexitone 1-0%. Two others exhibited status epilepticus of the petit mal type and one of the myoclonic type, after stopping an infusion of 0-09% methohexitone. The specificity for methohexitone-induced convulsions in epileptics or crypto-epileptics is supported by a review of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:900463", "title": "Thermographic assessment of peripheral arterial occlusion.", "content": "Infra-red thermography was used to confirm the observation that the temperature differences between corresponding areas of skin on opposing hands are normally minimal and to demonstrate that the skin temperature of the hand distal to an occluded radial or brachial artery was lower than that of the contra-lateral hand. Temperature differences between the two hands decreased with time and had disappeared by the time that recannulation of the occluded artery, gauged by the modified \"Allen\" test, had occurred. Thermography is a simple and noninvasive technique and provides a useful indicator of the incidence and progress of peripheral arterial occlusion such as that which may follow arterial cannulation.", "contents": "Thermographic assessment of peripheral arterial occlusion. Infra-red thermography was used to confirm the observation that the temperature differences between corresponding areas of skin on opposing hands are normally minimal and to demonstrate that the skin temperature of the hand distal to an occluded radial or brachial artery was lower than that of the contra-lateral hand. Temperature differences between the two hands decreased with time and had disappeared by the time that recannulation of the occluded artery, gauged by the modified \"Allen\" test, had occurred. Thermography is a simple and noninvasive technique and provides a useful indicator of the incidence and progress of peripheral arterial occlusion such as that which may follow arterial cannulation."}
{"id": "PMID:900464", "title": "Anaphylaxis to suxamethonium--a case report.", "content": "A case history is presented of a woman who developed very severe bronchospasm, hypotension, \"lobster-red\" erythema and later angio edema of the head and neck after induction of anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intradermal testing at a later date, showed immediate-type sensitivity to suxamethonium.  Reference is made to the other few reactions to suxamethonium reported in the world literature.", "contents": "Anaphylaxis to suxamethonium--a case report. A case history is presented of a woman who developed very severe bronchospasm, hypotension, \"lobster-red\" erythema and later angio edema of the head and neck after induction of anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intradermal testing at a later date, showed immediate-type sensitivity to suxamethonium.  Reference is made to the other few reactions to suxamethonium reported in the world literature."}
{"id": "PMID:900465", "title": "Teaching anaesthetics in the operating theatre.", "content": "During an anaesthetic procedure the anaesthetist's main concern is for the patient and his vigilance ensures that the patient is given the best care possible. When a trainee anaesthetist is administering an anaesthetic a tutor is often present to further improve the trainee's practical knowledge or technique. This report presents the results of an investigation of the typical patterns of trainee anaesthetist's behaviour when a tutor is either present or absent in order to establish whether the teaching which occurs in the operating theatre affects the pattern of activity and vigilance. Results indicate that the patterns of behaviour are unaffected by a tutor's presence, and that teaching anaesthetics in the operating theatre may be a legitimate activity which does not interfere with the trainee's prime function of patient care.", "contents": "Teaching anaesthetics in the operating theatre. During an anaesthetic procedure the anaesthetist's main concern is for the patient and his vigilance ensures that the patient is given the best care possible. When a trainee anaesthetist is administering an anaesthetic a tutor is often present to further improve the trainee's practical knowledge or technique. This report presents the results of an investigation of the typical patterns of trainee anaesthetist's behaviour when a tutor is either present or absent in order to establish whether the teaching which occurs in the operating theatre affects the pattern of activity and vigilance. Results indicate that the patterns of behaviour are unaffected by a tutor's presence, and that teaching anaesthetics in the operating theatre may be a legitimate activity which does not interfere with the trainee's prime function of patient care."}
{"id": "PMID:900466", "title": "\"Dextrostix: revisited.", "content": "A clinical trial compared blood glucose measurements obtained with reagent strips and the Eyetone Meter with those obtained on an AutoAnalyser. The blood glucose readings obtained with the Eyetone Meter were sufficiently accurate for clinical use in Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia.", "contents": "\"Dextrostix: revisited. A clinical trial compared blood glucose measurements obtained with reagent strips and the Eyetone Meter with those obtained on an AutoAnalyser. The blood glucose readings obtained with the Eyetone Meter were sufficiently accurate for clinical use in Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:900467", "title": "Prolonged apnoea due to suxamethonium in Chinese.", "content": "A Chinese patient was hypersensitive to a therapeutic dose of suxamethonium because of a genetically determined quantitative and qualitative abnormality of plasma pseudocholinesterase.", "contents": "Prolonged apnoea due to suxamethonium in Chinese. A Chinese patient was hypersensitive to a therapeutic dose of suxamethonium because of a genetically determined quantitative and qualitative abnormality of plasma pseudocholinesterase."}
{"id": "PMID:900468", "title": "A new laryngoscope.", "content": "A new laryngoscope incorporation a mechanism operated from the handle which facilitates endotracheal intubation in situations where an introducing stylet would normally be required.", "contents": "A new laryngoscope. A new laryngoscope incorporation a mechanism operated from the handle which facilitates endotracheal intubation in situations where an introducing stylet would normally be required."}
{"id": "PMID:900469", "title": "A laryngoscope for obstetrical use an obstetrical laryngoscope.", "content": "Rapid tracheal intubation, using the standard Macintosh laryngoscope, can be hindered in obstetrical patients by the handle of the laryngoscope hitting the patient's engorged breasts and the hand of the assistant applying cricoid pressure. To overcome these difficulties a variation of the laryngoscope is described. The right angle of the blade to the handle is opened by a further 20 degrees.", "contents": "A laryngoscope for obstetrical use an obstetrical laryngoscope. Rapid tracheal intubation, using the standard Macintosh laryngoscope, can be hindered in obstetrical patients by the handle of the laryngoscope hitting the patient's engorged breasts and the hand of the assistant applying cricoid pressure. To overcome these difficulties a variation of the laryngoscope is described. The right angle of the blade to the handle is opened by a further 20 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:900470", "title": "A scavenging device for the T-piece.", "content": "An inexpensive and convenient method of collecting waste gases from the open-tailed bag of a T-piece system is described.", "contents": "A scavenging device for the T-piece. An inexpensive and convenient method of collecting waste gases from the open-tailed bag of a T-piece system is described."}
{"id": "PMID:900512", "title": "[The cellular content of different structural components in the regional lymphe nodes of the man in different age groups (author's transl)].", "content": "It was observed that in man in the same ageing group is relatively constant the content of reticulum cells, middle and little lymphocytes in the cortex, primary and secundary follicles and medullar cords of the lymphe nodes. The age depended changes of the cell content in the lymphe node is visible in the increase of little and decrease of middle lymphocytes. The content of reticulum cells altered not during the life. The structural behaviour of the cell content is very important for the cellular immunity in man.", "contents": "[The cellular content of different structural components in the regional lymphe nodes of the man in different age groups (author's transl)]. It was observed that in man in the same ageing group is relatively constant the content of reticulum cells, middle and little lymphocytes in the cortex, primary and secundary follicles and medullar cords of the lymphe nodes. The age depended changes of the cell content in the lymphe node is visible in the increase of little and decrease of middle lymphocytes. The content of reticulum cells altered not during the life. The structural behaviour of the cell content is very important for the cellular immunity in man."}
{"id": "PMID:900513", "title": "Ultrastructure of the epidermal cells of the teleost Pimelodus maculatus Lac\u00e9p\u00e8de, 1803 (pisces).", "content": "By means of electronmicroscope technique were studied the cell types in the epidermis of the teleost Pimelodus maculatus LACEPEDE. The varied cells were described after their morphological aspect. The behaviour of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasmatic components, especially the microfilaments and the rough endoplasmatic reticulum, were discussed in the functionally manner of this cells. The relationship of the cell types to the mitotic cell cycle gave some interesting references.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the epidermal cells of the teleost Pimelodus maculatus Lac\u00e9p\u00e8de, 1803 (pisces). By means of electronmicroscope technique were studied the cell types in the epidermis of the teleost Pimelodus maculatus LACEPEDE. The varied cells were described after their morphological aspect. The behaviour of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasmatic components, especially the microfilaments and the rough endoplasmatic reticulum, were discussed in the functionally manner of this cells. The relationship of the cell types to the mitotic cell cycle gave some interesting references."}
{"id": "PMID:900514", "title": "Histopathological aberration in fish skeletal muscle during induced starvation.", "content": "Effects of induced starvation on the histology of the fish skeletal muscle, have been studied in the \"red muscle\" of Heteropneustes fossilis. The tissue has been studied at weekly intervals, for four weeks. The intrafibrillar as well as the interfibrillar nuclei exhibit different behaviour in the red and the white muscle fibre types. Loss of myofibrils, predominantly in the white fibres, is accompanied with an increase in the non-contractile extrafibrillar tissue.", "contents": "Histopathological aberration in fish skeletal muscle during induced starvation. Effects of induced starvation on the histology of the fish skeletal muscle, have been studied in the \"red muscle\" of Heteropneustes fossilis. The tissue has been studied at weekly intervals, for four weeks. The intrafibrillar as well as the interfibrillar nuclei exhibit different behaviour in the red and the white muscle fibre types. Loss of myofibrils, predominantly in the white fibres, is accompanied with an increase in the non-contractile extrafibrillar tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:900515", "title": "Morphology of the accessory reproductive glands of some male Indian chiropterans.", "content": "The accessory glands of seven species of male chiropterans are described. The unpaired prostate and paired Cowper's glands occur in all the species. The seminal vesicles are present only in Cynopterus and Taphozous. The ampullary glands occur in all the species except Cynopterus sphinx. The presence of solid rounded bodies is a characteristic feature of the seminal vesicles of Cynopterus sphinx. The urethral gland is present in all the species except Taphozous and Rhinopoma; utriculus prostaticus was not seen in any of the species investigated. The study reveals that the male accessory glands show great diversity and remarkable differences are seen even between closely related species.", "contents": "Morphology of the accessory reproductive glands of some male Indian chiropterans. The accessory glands of seven species of male chiropterans are described. The unpaired prostate and paired Cowper's glands occur in all the species. The seminal vesicles are present only in Cynopterus and Taphozous. The ampullary glands occur in all the species except Cynopterus sphinx. The presence of solid rounded bodies is a characteristic feature of the seminal vesicles of Cynopterus sphinx. The urethral gland is present in all the species except Taphozous and Rhinopoma; utriculus prostaticus was not seen in any of the species investigated. The study reveals that the male accessory glands show great diversity and remarkable differences are seen even between closely related species."}
{"id": "PMID:900516", "title": "[About the face value of the cleft of the articulus mandibulae (author's transl)].", "content": "The planimetry of negative replicas on the mandibular joints from older men has shown very important relations between the squamal discoidal and mandibular faces. The results were demonstrated in a table.", "contents": "[About the face value of the cleft of the articulus mandibulae (author's transl)]. The planimetry of negative replicas on the mandibular joints from older men has shown very important relations between the squamal discoidal and mandibular faces. The results were demonstrated in a table."}
{"id": "PMID:900517", "title": "Anatomical evidence of one-sided forelimb dominance in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "1. Differences in muscle and bone weight in the right and left forelimbs have been studied in twelve Rhesus monkeys. 2. There is anatomical evidence suggestive of one-sided limb dominance in nine animals, dominance being right sided in six animals and left sided in three animals. 3. The mean weights of all muscles and bones are greater on the dominant side except for the pectoralis major, the teres major and the clavicle. 4. The mean weight of the pectoralis major is greater on the non-dominant side and that of teres major and clavicle is equal on the two sides. The significance of these findings has been discussed in the light of observations in human adults and foetuses.", "contents": "Anatomical evidence of one-sided forelimb dominance in the rhesus monkey. 1. Differences in muscle and bone weight in the right and left forelimbs have been studied in twelve Rhesus monkeys. 2. There is anatomical evidence suggestive of one-sided limb dominance in nine animals, dominance being right sided in six animals and left sided in three animals. 3. The mean weights of all muscles and bones are greater on the dominant side except for the pectoralis major, the teres major and the clavicle. 4. The mean weight of the pectoralis major is greater on the non-dominant side and that of teres major and clavicle is equal on the two sides. The significance of these findings has been discussed in the light of observations in human adults and foetuses."}
{"id": "PMID:900518", "title": "Neurohistochemical evidence supporting an absence of adrenergic and cholinergic innervation in the human placenta and umbilical cord.", "content": "Neurohistochemical techniques were used to determine the distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in the human placenta and the umbilical cord adjacent to the chorion. These morphologic studies demonstrate the absence of neural elements in these sites. The significance of these findings to the placental innervation controversy is discussed.", "contents": "Neurohistochemical evidence supporting an absence of adrenergic and cholinergic innervation in the human placenta and umbilical cord. Neurohistochemical techniques were used to determine the distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in the human placenta and the umbilical cord adjacent to the chorion. These morphologic studies demonstrate the absence of neural elements in these sites. The significance of these findings to the placental innervation controversy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900519", "title": "Enzymatic isolation of osteoblasts from fetal rat calvaria.", "content": "A microanatomical study of the immature rat calvarium was performed in order to develop a method for the isolation of osteoblasts by enzymatic means. Although generalized osteogenesis was evident in fetal rats, differential growth patterns were observed beginning at 19 days in utero. Considerable portions of the endocranial periosteal bone surface were lined by flattened, less active cells; discrete areas also contained multinucleated osteoclasts. Cell counts of whole calvaria revealed that one fifth of the total cell population were osteoblasts, most of which were located in the central portions of the frontal and parietal bones. Prior excision of these segments permitted the subsequent removal of virtually all periosteal tissues. Cleaned 19-day fetal bones, incubated in crude collagenase for two hours, released about 40,000 cells/calvarium, consisting of 85-90% osteoblasts and lesser amounts of connective tissue and bone marrow elements. Because of the relatively small sizes of most extraneous cells, purity on a cell volume basis was approximately 95%. It is predicted this preparation will be useful in the investigation of certain aspects of osteoblastic function.", "contents": "Enzymatic isolation of osteoblasts from fetal rat calvaria. A microanatomical study of the immature rat calvarium was performed in order to develop a method for the isolation of osteoblasts by enzymatic means. Although generalized osteogenesis was evident in fetal rats, differential growth patterns were observed beginning at 19 days in utero. Considerable portions of the endocranial periosteal bone surface were lined by flattened, less active cells; discrete areas also contained multinucleated osteoclasts. Cell counts of whole calvaria revealed that one fifth of the total cell population were osteoblasts, most of which were located in the central portions of the frontal and parietal bones. Prior excision of these segments permitted the subsequent removal of virtually all periosteal tissues. Cleaned 19-day fetal bones, incubated in crude collagenase for two hours, released about 40,000 cells/calvarium, consisting of 85-90% osteoblasts and lesser amounts of connective tissue and bone marrow elements. Because of the relatively small sizes of most extraneous cells, purity on a cell volume basis was approximately 95%. It is predicted this preparation will be useful in the investigation of certain aspects of osteoblastic function."}
{"id": "PMID:900520", "title": "The origin, migration and fine morphology of human primordial germ cells.", "content": "Human primordial germ cells (PGCs) were observed ultrastructurally in stages from their endodermal to gonadal locations. Primitive PGCs in the hind-gut epithelium of the 4-week embryo, were recognized as well demarcated cells from the neighboring cells. At the time fo separation, the basal lamina of the epithelium was broken, then, through the gap so opened, the PGCs started to escape into the outer mesenchyme. In embryos at five weeks, PGCs were in the migration stage, and were found in the dorsal mesentery, at the coelomic angle and in the forming germinal ridge. In embryos at six weeks or later, almost all PGCS were accumulated in the gonad. The PGC was characterized by its large size and the large and round nucleus with conspicuous nucleolus, and by the presence of abundant glycogen particles and a considerable number of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated selectively on the plasma membrane of the PGC. The shape of PGC was irregular, often had pseudopodia in PGCs in the separation and migration stages, suggesting their amoeboid movement in vivo, but was generally round or elliptic in PGCs in the settlement stage. The PGC was usually surrounded by and in close association with adjacent somatic cells.", "contents": "The origin, migration and fine morphology of human primordial germ cells. Human primordial germ cells (PGCs) were observed ultrastructurally in stages from their endodermal to gonadal locations. Primitive PGCs in the hind-gut epithelium of the 4-week embryo, were recognized as well demarcated cells from the neighboring cells. At the time fo separation, the basal lamina of the epithelium was broken, then, through the gap so opened, the PGCs started to escape into the outer mesenchyme. In embryos at five weeks, PGCs were in the migration stage, and were found in the dorsal mesentery, at the coelomic angle and in the forming germinal ridge. In embryos at six weeks or later, almost all PGCS were accumulated in the gonad. The PGC was characterized by its large size and the large and round nucleus with conspicuous nucleolus, and by the presence of abundant glycogen particles and a considerable number of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated selectively on the plasma membrane of the PGC. The shape of PGC was irregular, often had pseudopodia in PGCs in the separation and migration stages, suggesting their amoeboid movement in vivo, but was generally round or elliptic in PGCs in the settlement stage. The PGC was usually surrounded by and in close association with adjacent somatic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:900521", "title": "Immunological and morphological effects of vasectomy in the rabbit.", "content": "Half of the rabbits developed antisperm antibodies (measured by either indirect immunofluorescence or sperm immobilization tests) after either a unilateral or bilateral vasectomy. The raised antibody levels, particularly six months or longer after vasectomy, often accompanied patchy orchitis. Seminiferous tubules from such animals exhibited sloughed, multinucleated, and immature germinal cells which were engulfed by phagocytic cells. Mononuclear infiltrates were occasionally present. The basal lamina infolded and thickened by means of supernumerary layers and appeared to be endocytosed by cells of the seminiferous tubules. Four months after vasectomy, numerous phagocytic cells were seen in migrate through the intact epithelium of zone 1 in the caput epididymidis, and were particularly prevalent in animals that exhibited testicular damage. These macrophages may serve to present sperm antigens to lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immunological and morphological effects of vasectomy in the rabbit. Half of the rabbits developed antisperm antibodies (measured by either indirect immunofluorescence or sperm immobilization tests) after either a unilateral or bilateral vasectomy. The raised antibody levels, particularly six months or longer after vasectomy, often accompanied patchy orchitis. Seminiferous tubules from such animals exhibited sloughed, multinucleated, and immature germinal cells which were engulfed by phagocytic cells. Mononuclear infiltrates were occasionally present. The basal lamina infolded and thickened by means of supernumerary layers and appeared to be endocytosed by cells of the seminiferous tubules. Four months after vasectomy, numerous phagocytic cells were seen in migrate through the intact epithelium of zone 1 in the caput epididymidis, and were particularly prevalent in animals that exhibited testicular damage. These macrophages may serve to present sperm antigens to lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:900522", "title": "Serous cysts of the aging guinea pig ovary. I. Light microscopy and origin.", "content": "Ovaries from guinea pigs of different ages have been examined by light microscopy. Serous cysts measuring between 1 mm and 2.5 cm are present in all animals over one year of age. The cysts are fewer in number and size at six months, are least developed at ten weeks and are not apparent in the near-term fetus. The cysts arise from the rete ovarii. They are lined with a simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium composed of cells bearing solitary cilia or tufts of cilia. The structure and origin of these cysts is discussed and compared with what is known of the human serous cystadenoma.", "contents": "Serous cysts of the aging guinea pig ovary. I. Light microscopy and origin. Ovaries from guinea pigs of different ages have been examined by light microscopy. Serous cysts measuring between 1 mm and 2.5 cm are present in all animals over one year of age. The cysts are fewer in number and size at six months, are least developed at ten weeks and are not apparent in the near-term fetus. The cysts arise from the rete ovarii. They are lined with a simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium composed of cells bearing solitary cilia or tufts of cilia. The structure and origin of these cysts is discussed and compared with what is known of the human serous cystadenoma."}
{"id": "PMID:900523", "title": "The embryonic development of theproctodeal gland of Coturnix coturnix japonica (Aves).", "content": "The embryogenesis of the proctodeal gland and development of the connective tissue of the associated lamina propria in the dorsal wall of the proctodeum of Common Coturnix (Coturnix c. japonica) were studied on embryos collected at 12-hour intervals from day 7 of incubation through hatching. Gland development began at 9.5 days from ectodermal-derived epithelial buds developing in the craniolateral region of the dorsal proctodeal epithelium. At 11 days, the epithelial buds had become solid convoluted epithelial cords which, by 11.5 days branced to form solid individual glandular units. Lumina of the unit were formed by degeneration and vacuolization of the central cells of these solid units. Squamous epithelial caps, several layers thick, separated the vacuolizing units from the proctodeal cavity at day 13; these caps subsequently thinned, bulged into the proctodeal cavity and, by day 16, began to disappear opening the lumen of the units to the proctodeal cavity. Sequential formation of epithelial buds, by region, was: craniolateral at 9.5 days, craniomedial expansion at 10.5 days followed, beginning at 11 days, by caudal expansion along entire dorsal proctodeal wall. Sequence of appearance of gland-associated connective tissue fibers was: 9.5 days, reticular fibers already present; 11 days, collagen fibers; 11.5 days elastic fibers. Serially reconstructed models of an individual glandular unit at hatching enabled classification of the unit as a simple branched alveolar gland.", "contents": "The embryonic development of theproctodeal gland of Coturnix coturnix japonica (Aves). The embryogenesis of the proctodeal gland and development of the connective tissue of the associated lamina propria in the dorsal wall of the proctodeum of Common Coturnix (Coturnix c. japonica) were studied on embryos collected at 12-hour intervals from day 7 of incubation through hatching. Gland development began at 9.5 days from ectodermal-derived epithelial buds developing in the craniolateral region of the dorsal proctodeal epithelium. At 11 days, the epithelial buds had become solid convoluted epithelial cords which, by 11.5 days branced to form solid individual glandular units. Lumina of the unit were formed by degeneration and vacuolization of the central cells of these solid units. Squamous epithelial caps, several layers thick, separated the vacuolizing units from the proctodeal cavity at day 13; these caps subsequently thinned, bulged into the proctodeal cavity and, by day 16, began to disappear opening the lumen of the units to the proctodeal cavity. Sequential formation of epithelial buds, by region, was: craniolateral at 9.5 days, craniomedial expansion at 10.5 days followed, beginning at 11 days, by caudal expansion along entire dorsal proctodeal wall. Sequence of appearance of gland-associated connective tissue fibers was: 9.5 days, reticular fibers already present; 11 days, collagen fibers; 11.5 days elastic fibers. Serially reconstructed models of an individual glandular unit at hatching enabled classification of the unit as a simple branched alveolar gland."}
{"id": "PMID:900524", "title": "Multinucleate ameloblasts in the rat incisor.", "content": "Cytological examination of the rat incisor enamel organ with the light and electron microscope revealed a small number of ameloblasts which contained two and sometimes three or more nuclei per cell. A multinucleate ameloblast usually contained two vertically apposed nuclei situated near the base of the cell. A narrow cytoplasmic band was interposed between adjacent nuclear envelopes. The apical nucleus was often the more elongated of the two nuclei and it fitted a convexity or a concavity within the more basally positioned nucleus. In serial sections examined with the electron microscope no connections were observed between the nuclei. In animals injected with 3H-thymidine instances of multinucleate ameloblasts were found within the advancing front of labeling where only one of the nuclei contained label. Finally, quantitative analysis by nuclear counting established that multinucleate ameloblasts were 60 times more frequent within the maturation zone as in the secretory zone of amelogenesis. As well, the numbers of multinucleate ameloblasts increased progressively in the course of the maturation stage. It was concluded that multinucleate ameloblasts increase with cell age and likely arise by the process of cell fusion.", "contents": "Multinucleate ameloblasts in the rat incisor. Cytological examination of the rat incisor enamel organ with the light and electron microscope revealed a small number of ameloblasts which contained two and sometimes three or more nuclei per cell. A multinucleate ameloblast usually contained two vertically apposed nuclei situated near the base of the cell. A narrow cytoplasmic band was interposed between adjacent nuclear envelopes. The apical nucleus was often the more elongated of the two nuclei and it fitted a convexity or a concavity within the more basally positioned nucleus. In serial sections examined with the electron microscope no connections were observed between the nuclei. In animals injected with 3H-thymidine instances of multinucleate ameloblasts were found within the advancing front of labeling where only one of the nuclei contained label. Finally, quantitative analysis by nuclear counting established that multinucleate ameloblasts were 60 times more frequent within the maturation zone as in the secretory zone of amelogenesis. As well, the numbers of multinucleate ameloblasts increased progressively in the course of the maturation stage. It was concluded that multinucleate ameloblasts increase with cell age and likely arise by the process of cell fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:900525", "title": "The free autografting of entire limb muscles in the cat: morphology.", "content": "Normal or pre-denervated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were sucessfully grafted in place of the contralateral EDL muscles in cats. Histological preparations of 57 grafts were examined at intervals from 4 to 170 days after transplantation. The morphological sequence of events in a cat muscle graft is similar to that in the rat except that the time course of regeneration is considerably slower. Surviving original muscle fibers form a thin rim at the periphery of the graft. Beneath this rim, the original muscle fibers undergo fragmentation, starting near the periphery and progressing toward the center. Regenerating muscle fibers take the place of the degenerated muscle fibers. In pre-denervated grafts, the last of the original muscle fibers in the center of the graft have broken down by 41 days whereas in normal muscle grafts the original muscle fibers in the central region persist until 50 days. The main difference between grafts of normal and pre-denervated muscles is the rate of breakdown of the original muscle fibers. Long term grafts of both groups are morphologically very similar.", "contents": "The free autografting of entire limb muscles in the cat: morphology. Normal or pre-denervated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were sucessfully grafted in place of the contralateral EDL muscles in cats. Histological preparations of 57 grafts were examined at intervals from 4 to 170 days after transplantation. The morphological sequence of events in a cat muscle graft is similar to that in the rat except that the time course of regeneration is considerably slower. Surviving original muscle fibers form a thin rim at the periphery of the graft. Beneath this rim, the original muscle fibers undergo fragmentation, starting near the periphery and progressing toward the center. Regenerating muscle fibers take the place of the degenerated muscle fibers. In pre-denervated grafts, the last of the original muscle fibers in the center of the graft have broken down by 41 days whereas in normal muscle grafts the original muscle fibers in the central region persist until 50 days. The main difference between grafts of normal and pre-denervated muscles is the rate of breakdown of the original muscle fibers. Long term grafts of both groups are morphologically very similar."}
{"id": "PMID:900526", "title": "Putative steroidogenic cells associated with the ductuli efferentes of the ground squirel (Citellus lateralis).", "content": "During a study on the fine structure of different regions of the reproductive tract of the ground squirrel, Citellus lateralis, cells possessing cytological features associated with steroid production were observed among the ductuli efferentes. Comparison of the morphology of these cells with that of Leydig and adrenocortical cells, demonstrated that they resembled Leydig cells in many anatomical details. Further evidence for the similarity of the cells associated with the ductuli efferentes to Leydig cells emerged during sexual regression, when both types of cells underwent the same regressive changes in organization and morphology. This suggests that the cells present among the ductuli efferentes are active in the synthesis of androgenic hormones, and possibly play a role in the endocrine control of reproduction in this species of ground squirrel.", "contents": "Putative steroidogenic cells associated with the ductuli efferentes of the ground squirel (Citellus lateralis). During a study on the fine structure of different regions of the reproductive tract of the ground squirrel, Citellus lateralis, cells possessing cytological features associated with steroid production were observed among the ductuli efferentes. Comparison of the morphology of these cells with that of Leydig and adrenocortical cells, demonstrated that they resembled Leydig cells in many anatomical details. Further evidence for the similarity of the cells associated with the ductuli efferentes to Leydig cells emerged during sexual regression, when both types of cells underwent the same regressive changes in organization and morphology. This suggests that the cells present among the ductuli efferentes are active in the synthesis of androgenic hormones, and possibly play a role in the endocrine control of reproduction in this species of ground squirrel."}
{"id": "PMID:900527", "title": "Morphology and histochemistry of the mandibular gland of the Australian brush-tail possum Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia).", "content": "A histological, ultrastructural and histochemical study of the mandibular gland of the Australian possum Trichosurus vulpecula revealed essentially similar features as those described earlier for the mandibular gland of the taxonomically relatively unrelated American opossum Didelphis. The secretory endpieces consist of a branched tubular part, composed of serous cells whose secretion granules contain neutral glycoproteins, and terminal acini, consisting of seromucous cells containing small amounts of sialomucins. Relatively short intercalated ducts lead to striated ducts of variable ultrastructural appearance. The striated ducts run in bundles in the center of each sublobule of the gland. The possible functional significance of the abundance and variability in ultrastructure of the striated ducts is discussed.", "contents": "Morphology and histochemistry of the mandibular gland of the Australian brush-tail possum Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia). A histological, ultrastructural and histochemical study of the mandibular gland of the Australian possum Trichosurus vulpecula revealed essentially similar features as those described earlier for the mandibular gland of the taxonomically relatively unrelated American opossum Didelphis. The secretory endpieces consist of a branched tubular part, composed of serous cells whose secretion granules contain neutral glycoproteins, and terminal acini, consisting of seromucous cells containing small amounts of sialomucins. Relatively short intercalated ducts lead to striated ducts of variable ultrastructural appearance. The striated ducts run in bundles in the center of each sublobule of the gland. The possible functional significance of the abundance and variability in ultrastructure of the striated ducts is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900528", "title": "Trigeminal nerve endings in gingiva, junctional epithelium and periodontal ligament of rat molars as demonstrated by autoradiography.", "content": "Tritiated-L-proline was injected into the right Gasserian ganglion of mature rats for incorporation into proteins being carried by rapid axonal transport to nerve endings. The distribution of the nerve endings in molar gingivae and periodontium was subsequently mapped in serial sections by autoradiography. We found that sensory nerve terminals are most prominent in two regions of the free gingiva: (1) In the junctional epithelium there is a rich innervation of the basal epithelial layer with many endings penetrating several cell layers. (2) In the crestal epithelium arborized endings are present, especially on the marginal side of the crest. In the attached gingiva a few terminals are found in the epithelium with more in the lamina propria; the latter appear to be encapsulated. The periodontal ligament is only moderately labeled with silver grains located over nerve bundles, over nerves associated with blood vessels, and over a few apparent endings in the apical region. In the cementum no labeled endings are seen. Labeling of Gasserian cell bodies primarily reveals specific intra-epithelial nerve endings in gingiva crest and junctional epithelium. The absence of major labeling of the periodontal ligament supports the view that many nerves in that region are derived from cell bodies in the mesencephalic nucleus.", "contents": "Trigeminal nerve endings in gingiva, junctional epithelium and periodontal ligament of rat molars as demonstrated by autoradiography. Tritiated-L-proline was injected into the right Gasserian ganglion of mature rats for incorporation into proteins being carried by rapid axonal transport to nerve endings. The distribution of the nerve endings in molar gingivae and periodontium was subsequently mapped in serial sections by autoradiography. We found that sensory nerve terminals are most prominent in two regions of the free gingiva: (1) In the junctional epithelium there is a rich innervation of the basal epithelial layer with many endings penetrating several cell layers. (2) In the crestal epithelium arborized endings are present, especially on the marginal side of the crest. In the attached gingiva a few terminals are found in the epithelium with more in the lamina propria; the latter appear to be encapsulated. The periodontal ligament is only moderately labeled with silver grains located over nerve bundles, over nerves associated with blood vessels, and over a few apparent endings in the apical region. In the cementum no labeled endings are seen. Labeling of Gasserian cell bodies primarily reveals specific intra-epithelial nerve endings in gingiva crest and junctional epithelium. The absence of major labeling of the periodontal ligament supports the view that many nerves in that region are derived from cell bodies in the mesencephalic nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:900529", "title": "Glycoprotein containing vesicles in the surface epithelial cells of the ascending colon of the rat.", "content": "Recently, radioautographic studies have shown that cell coat glycoproteins are transported to the cell surface by vesicles both in the amoeba (Flickinger, '75) and in the epithelial cells of the ascending colon of the mouse (Michaels and Leblond, '76). In the current morphological and cytochemical study of the surface epithelial cells of the rat ascending colon, it is shown that filamentous material, resembling the cell coat, is contained in saccules toward the mature face of the Golgi apparatus and vesicles close to the apparatus and near the terminal web. The vesicles are limited by a unit membrane composed of asymmetric osmiophilic leaflets and similar to the plasma membrane. When stained by the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique, silver was precipitated on the cell components containing the filamentous material indicating the presence of glycoproteins. Narrow invaginations from the cell surface that may correspond to vesicles undergoing exocytosis were also positive for glycoproteins. The distribution of the filamentous material that was glycoprotein positive parallels the pathway followed by material that had been found to be labeled with a tritiated glycoprotein precursor (3H-fucose) in the epithelial cells of the ascending colon of the mouse. It is suggested that the system of vesicles in the rat colon cells is acting in a manner similar to the vesicles in the mouse cells to transport cell coat glycoproteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface.", "contents": "Glycoprotein containing vesicles in the surface epithelial cells of the ascending colon of the rat. Recently, radioautographic studies have shown that cell coat glycoproteins are transported to the cell surface by vesicles both in the amoeba (Flickinger, '75) and in the epithelial cells of the ascending colon of the mouse (Michaels and Leblond, '76). In the current morphological and cytochemical study of the surface epithelial cells of the rat ascending colon, it is shown that filamentous material, resembling the cell coat, is contained in saccules toward the mature face of the Golgi apparatus and vesicles close to the apparatus and near the terminal web. The vesicles are limited by a unit membrane composed of asymmetric osmiophilic leaflets and similar to the plasma membrane. When stained by the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique, silver was precipitated on the cell components containing the filamentous material indicating the presence of glycoproteins. Narrow invaginations from the cell surface that may correspond to vesicles undergoing exocytosis were also positive for glycoproteins. The distribution of the filamentous material that was glycoprotein positive parallels the pathway followed by material that had been found to be labeled with a tritiated glycoprotein precursor (3H-fucose) in the epithelial cells of the ascending colon of the mouse. It is suggested that the system of vesicles in the rat colon cells is acting in a manner similar to the vesicles in the mouse cells to transport cell coat glycoproteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:900533", "title": "[Intra-hepatic post-traumatic cholestasis. Apropos of 22 cases].", "content": "The authors report 22 observations of patients showing an intra-hepatic cholestasis following a traumatism. The frequency of this complication amounted to about 1.5 p. 100. Among the mechanisms of this cholestasis some factors were kept in mind: 1. the severity of the traumatism; 2. the surgical act; 3. the use of massive transfusions, the polyvisceral complications of the traumatic shock, the infectious complications. The pathophysiology of this cholestasis seems to be in relation to an increase of the production of the conjugated bilirubin. This production is associated with a decrease of the biliary excretion depending essentially on hepatic intracellular injury, secondary to: the hemorragic shock, the anoxia, the surgical intervention, the infection. From these different factors, they draw practical conclusions as much in the diagnosis of cholestasis as in the therapeutics.", "contents": "[Intra-hepatic post-traumatic cholestasis. Apropos of 22 cases]. The authors report 22 observations of patients showing an intra-hepatic cholestasis following a traumatism. The frequency of this complication amounted to about 1.5 p. 100. Among the mechanisms of this cholestasis some factors were kept in mind: 1. the severity of the traumatism; 2. the surgical act; 3. the use of massive transfusions, the polyvisceral complications of the traumatic shock, the infectious complications. The pathophysiology of this cholestasis seems to be in relation to an increase of the production of the conjugated bilirubin. This production is associated with a decrease of the biliary excretion depending essentially on hepatic intracellular injury, secondary to: the hemorragic shock, the anoxia, the surgical intervention, the infection. From these different factors, they draw practical conclusions as much in the diagnosis of cholestasis as in the therapeutics."}
{"id": "PMID:900541", "title": "Contributions of changing rib cage--diaphragm interactions to the ventilatory depression of halothane anesthesia.", "content": "The ventilatory response to CO2 was subdivided into that portion due to increasing rib cage expansion, and that due to increased diaphragmatic descent. Five children were studied, awake, and anesthetized with halothane, 0.8-0.9%. During anesthesia there was a 67+/-8% reduction (mean+/-SE) in the slope of the response of overall ventilation to an increase in CO2. This was primarily due to an 89+/-8% reduction in the recruitment of rib cage ventilation (P less than .001). There was no significant change in the slope of the diaphragmatic response (anesthetized value 19+/-21% less than control), although the response curve was shifted to the right so that a higher CO2 concentration was needed to stimulate a given level of diaphragmatic excursion. Additional measurements of the inspiratory intercostal electromyogram in three adult subjects documented a rapid, profound depression of intercostal activity with halothane anesthesia that was associated with a marked decrease in rib cage ventilation. The authors conclude that a major component of the ventilatory depression associated with halothane anesthesia results from the preferential suppression of intercostal muscle function with relative sparing of diaphragmatic activity.", "contents": "Contributions of changing rib cage--diaphragm interactions to the ventilatory depression of halothane anesthesia. The ventilatory response to CO2 was subdivided into that portion due to increasing rib cage expansion, and that due to increased diaphragmatic descent. Five children were studied, awake, and anesthetized with halothane, 0.8-0.9%. During anesthesia there was a 67+/-8% reduction (mean+/-SE) in the slope of the response of overall ventilation to an increase in CO2. This was primarily due to an 89+/-8% reduction in the recruitment of rib cage ventilation (P less than .001). There was no significant change in the slope of the diaphragmatic response (anesthetized value 19+/-21% less than control), although the response curve was shifted to the right so that a higher CO2 concentration was needed to stimulate a given level of diaphragmatic excursion. Additional measurements of the inspiratory intercostal electromyogram in three adult subjects documented a rapid, profound depression of intercostal activity with halothane anesthesia that was associated with a marked decrease in rib cage ventilation. The authors conclude that a major component of the ventilatory depression associated with halothane anesthesia results from the preferential suppression of intercostal muscle function with relative sparing of diaphragmatic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:900536", "title": "[Increase of anaerobic infections. Prevalence of Bacteroides. Apropos of 17 cases in abdominal surgery].", "content": "Seventeen cases of anaerobic infections in abdominal surgery are reported. Predominance of bacteroides is evident (9/17), especially bacteroides fragilis. The clinical manifestations of bacteroides infections are severe: 7 septicemias and 2 parietal infections, being the cause of the death in four patients. Bacteroides infection develops preferently in an old patient, with severe disease, in colic surgery especially in emergency. Bacteroides are characterized by their polyresistance to antibiotics: beta-lactamins, except carbenicillin, and aminosids. Metronidazole is a powerful bactericidal agent with a very low toxicity, particularly active in the treatment of these affections, as well as clindamycin. If oral route is impossible, chloramphenicol, I.V. tetracyclin, and above all carbenicillin are able to be used with success.", "contents": "[Increase of anaerobic infections. Prevalence of Bacteroides. Apropos of 17 cases in abdominal surgery]. Seventeen cases of anaerobic infections in abdominal surgery are reported. Predominance of bacteroides is evident (9/17), especially bacteroides fragilis. The clinical manifestations of bacteroides infections are severe: 7 septicemias and 2 parietal infections, being the cause of the death in four patients. Bacteroides infection develops preferently in an old patient, with severe disease, in colic surgery especially in emergency. Bacteroides are characterized by their polyresistance to antibiotics: beta-lactamins, except carbenicillin, and aminosids. Metronidazole is a powerful bactericidal agent with a very low toxicity, particularly active in the treatment of these affections, as well as clindamycin. If oral route is impossible, chloramphenicol, I.V. tetracyclin, and above all carbenicillin are able to be used with success."}
{"id": "PMID:900542", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside increases Qs/Qt in dogs with regional atelectasis.", "content": "This study investigated the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on arterial oxygen tension (Pao2), pulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in the presence of atelectasis of one lung. Ten dogs were anesthetized, their tracheas intubated with a bronchial divider, and their lungs ventilated with IPPB with pure oxygen. Atelectasis of the left lung was produced by occluding the left side of the bronchial divider and ventilating the right lung. SNP was infused to decrease mean arterial blood pressure by 25%. Pao2 decreased from (mean value+/-1 SD) 134+/-75 to 77+/-23 torr (P less than 0.05) with SNP infusion. Qs/Qt increased from 30+/-7.0 to 39+/-6.0% (P less than 0.05), while cardiac output did not change significantly. PVR of the atelectatic lung decreased, while PVR of the ventilated lung was unchanged. The decrease in PVR in the atelectatic lung suggests that SNP decreases Pao2 and increases Qs/Qt by reversing the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. As a result, during SNP infusion, perfusion of the atelectatic lung was maintained while perfusion of the ventilated lung decreased.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside increases Qs/Qt in dogs with regional atelectasis. This study investigated the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on arterial oxygen tension (Pao2), pulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in the presence of atelectasis of one lung. Ten dogs were anesthetized, their tracheas intubated with a bronchial divider, and their lungs ventilated with IPPB with pure oxygen. Atelectasis of the left lung was produced by occluding the left side of the bronchial divider and ventilating the right lung. SNP was infused to decrease mean arterial blood pressure by 25%. Pao2 decreased from (mean value+/-1 SD) 134+/-75 to 77+/-23 torr (P less than 0.05) with SNP infusion. Qs/Qt increased from 30+/-7.0 to 39+/-6.0% (P less than 0.05), while cardiac output did not change significantly. PVR of the atelectatic lung decreased, while PVR of the ventilated lung was unchanged. The decrease in PVR in the atelectatic lung suggests that SNP decreases Pao2 and increases Qs/Qt by reversing the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. As a result, during SNP infusion, perfusion of the atelectatic lung was maintained while perfusion of the ventilated lung decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:900543", "title": "The anesthesia machine and circle system are not likely to be sources of bacterial contamination.", "content": "Patients who had upper respiratory tract gram-negative bacillary colonization and noncolonized patients were followed through surgical procedures to determine what bacterial organisms would be deposited in anesthesia apparatus. Anesthesia machines were cultured for bacteria in many locations before and after each surgical procedure. Six machines in routine operating room use were studied after use on six colonized patients and nine uncolonized patients. Sixteen corrugated tubes from unopened packages served as controls. The results indicated that the machines remained free of bacteria of patient origin. Levels of contamination were only slightly higher in the expiratory tubing, and the bacterial species most commonly recovered were environmental in origin. Even after periods of anesthetic administration as long as six hours in patients heavily colonized with gram-negative bacilli, contamination of the anesthesia apparatus with the colonizing organisms did not occur. Intentional contamination of a sterilized anesthesia machine with two gram-negative organisms confirmed the clinical observations. Analysis of oxygen and nitrous oxide gas sources for bacteria had negative results. Basic hygienic management of anesthesia machines will ensure safety from the standpoint of cross-infection.", "contents": "The anesthesia machine and circle system are not likely to be sources of bacterial contamination. Patients who had upper respiratory tract gram-negative bacillary colonization and noncolonized patients were followed through surgical procedures to determine what bacterial organisms would be deposited in anesthesia apparatus. Anesthesia machines were cultured for bacteria in many locations before and after each surgical procedure. Six machines in routine operating room use were studied after use on six colonized patients and nine uncolonized patients. Sixteen corrugated tubes from unopened packages served as controls. The results indicated that the machines remained free of bacteria of patient origin. Levels of contamination were only slightly higher in the expiratory tubing, and the bacterial species most commonly recovered were environmental in origin. Even after periods of anesthetic administration as long as six hours in patients heavily colonized with gram-negative bacilli, contamination of the anesthesia apparatus with the colonizing organisms did not occur. Intentional contamination of a sterilized anesthesia machine with two gram-negative organisms confirmed the clinical observations. Analysis of oxygen and nitrous oxide gas sources for bacteria had negative results. Basic hygienic management of anesthesia machines will ensure safety from the standpoint of cross-infection."}
{"id": "PMID:900565", "title": "Histoplasma capsulatum endocarditis: report of a case following heart surgery.", "content": "Clinical, laboratory, and pathologic features of a case of Histoplasma capsulatum endocarditis in a 57-year-old white male following an open mitral commissurotomy are presented. This is the second reported case of Histoplasma endocarditis following surgery. Treatment with amphotericin B failed in these two cases, though cases of Histoplasmosis endocarditis have been successfully treated. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized.", "contents": "Histoplasma capsulatum endocarditis: report of a case following heart surgery. Clinical, laboratory, and pathologic features of a case of Histoplasma capsulatum endocarditis in a 57-year-old white male following an open mitral commissurotomy are presented. This is the second reported case of Histoplasma endocarditis following surgery. Treatment with amphotericin B failed in these two cases, though cases of Histoplasmosis endocarditis have been successfully treated. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:900566", "title": "Intracranial hemorrhage and amphetamine usage. Review of the effects of amphetamines on the central nervous system.", "content": "A 25-year-old man died after an intravenous injection of 100 mg of methedrine. Postmortem studies showed visceral congestion, lung edema, pericardial petechiae, centrolobular necrosis of the liver, and diffuse subarachnoid blood, intracranial vasculitis and cerebritis in the absence of aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations or chronic hypertension. A review of the English-language literature produced 3 other cases of fatal amphetamine-induced intracranial hemorrhage and seven nonfatal cases. Some were the result of overdose, others of hypersensitivity. Angiographic evidence suggests that such hemorrhages result from the development of fibrinoid necrosis and the formation of microaneurysms in the small intracerebral vessels.", "contents": "Intracranial hemorrhage and amphetamine usage. Review of the effects of amphetamines on the central nervous system. A 25-year-old man died after an intravenous injection of 100 mg of methedrine. Postmortem studies showed visceral congestion, lung edema, pericardial petechiae, centrolobular necrosis of the liver, and diffuse subarachnoid blood, intracranial vasculitis and cerebritis in the absence of aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations or chronic hypertension. A review of the English-language literature produced 3 other cases of fatal amphetamine-induced intracranial hemorrhage and seven nonfatal cases. Some were the result of overdose, others of hypersensitivity. Angiographic evidence suggests that such hemorrhages result from the development of fibrinoid necrosis and the formation of microaneurysms in the small intracerebral vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:900569", "title": "Osteomyelitis following translumbar aortography.", "content": "Osteomyelitis of the lumbar spine occurred in a patient following translumbar aortography. Treatment included surgical drainage and systemic antibiotic therapy. Fever and progresive neurological dysfunction were relieved. There is controversy about the safety and efficacy of translumbar versus percutaneous transfemoral aortography. The translumbar route, is not the primary approach, is a reasonable alternative; bleeding complications are infrequent and infection is rare.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis following translumbar aortography. Osteomyelitis of the lumbar spine occurred in a patient following translumbar aortography. Treatment included surgical drainage and systemic antibiotic therapy. Fever and progresive neurological dysfunction were relieved. There is controversy about the safety and efficacy of translumbar versus percutaneous transfemoral aortography. The translumbar route, is not the primary approach, is a reasonable alternative; bleeding complications are infrequent and infection is rare."}
{"id": "PMID:900571", "title": "Effect of alcohol on the atrial fibrillation threshold in dogs.", "content": "The atrial fibrillation threshold was measured in 10 anesthetized dogs by delivering a series of impulses directly to the right atrium after infusion of 4.5 ml of 5% glucose per kilogram of body weight, and after 1.5 ml of absolute alcohol per kilogram in 3 ml/kg of 5% glucose. There were no changes in the atrial fibrillation threshold after glucose. The mean AFT before alcohol was 6.8 volts. Immediately after alcohol infusion, the arterial blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was 300.7 mg/100 ml, and the AFT increased to 9.75 volts (P less than 0.01); 20 minutes later the BAC was 181.2 mg/100 and the AFT 8.5 (P less than 0.02). There was no rebound decrease in AFT up to 65 minutes. The findings suggest that in anesthetized normal dogs, alcohol may have a direct mild antiarrhythmic effect on the atria. Atrial fibrillation in alcoholics may be due to alcohol indirectly through electrolyte, autonomic, or histologic changes.", "contents": "Effect of alcohol on the atrial fibrillation threshold in dogs. The atrial fibrillation threshold was measured in 10 anesthetized dogs by delivering a series of impulses directly to the right atrium after infusion of 4.5 ml of 5% glucose per kilogram of body weight, and after 1.5 ml of absolute alcohol per kilogram in 3 ml/kg of 5% glucose. There were no changes in the atrial fibrillation threshold after glucose. The mean AFT before alcohol was 6.8 volts. Immediately after alcohol infusion, the arterial blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was 300.7 mg/100 ml, and the AFT increased to 9.75 volts (P less than 0.01); 20 minutes later the BAC was 181.2 mg/100 and the AFT 8.5 (P less than 0.02). There was no rebound decrease in AFT up to 65 minutes. The findings suggest that in anesthetized normal dogs, alcohol may have a direct mild antiarrhythmic effect on the atria. Atrial fibrillation in alcoholics may be due to alcohol indirectly through electrolyte, autonomic, or histologic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:900572", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptives on resting blood flow in the leg.", "content": "Resting blood flow in the leg was measured twice per week by venous occlusion plethysmography, for two or more menstrual cycles in 11 normal female volunteers, 5 of whom were taking an oral contraceptive. Both groups showed a wide range of resting flow, with lowest values doubling or occasionally nearly trebling in any one menstrual cycle. In 1 subject a repeatable cyclic variation was found. The mean resting flow of the group taking oral contraceptives was found to be lower (0.1 less than P less than 0.2) and the range of flow values over the menstrual cycle smaller, than those of the subjects not using the pill. The lower flow values found for subjects on the pill suggests a possible mechanism linking use of oral contraceptives with the occurrence of venous thrombosis. However venous distensibilities estimated from plethysmographic observations indicate that the thrombogenic effect of low flow values may be offset by decreased distensibility, and hence it may be possible to maintain normal blood velocities.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptives on resting blood flow in the leg. Resting blood flow in the leg was measured twice per week by venous occlusion plethysmography, for two or more menstrual cycles in 11 normal female volunteers, 5 of whom were taking an oral contraceptive. Both groups showed a wide range of resting flow, with lowest values doubling or occasionally nearly trebling in any one menstrual cycle. In 1 subject a repeatable cyclic variation was found. The mean resting flow of the group taking oral contraceptives was found to be lower (0.1 less than P less than 0.2) and the range of flow values over the menstrual cycle smaller, than those of the subjects not using the pill. The lower flow values found for subjects on the pill suggests a possible mechanism linking use of oral contraceptives with the occurrence of venous thrombosis. However venous distensibilities estimated from plethysmographic observations indicate that the thrombogenic effect of low flow values may be offset by decreased distensibility, and hence it may be possible to maintain normal blood velocities."}
{"id": "PMID:900573", "title": "Diagnostic uses of intraatrial electrocardiography.", "content": "Many tachyarrhythmias present difficult diagnostic problems. In patients with underlying cardiac disease, serious hemodynamic derangements can be the sequelae of uncontrolled or improperly treated arrhythmias. Our experience, illustrated by the case presentations, confirm that intraatrial electrocardiography is a safe and reliable technique for elaborating difficult tachyarrhythmias that are not conclusively diagnosed by noninvasive ECG techniques. Because misinterpretation of tachycardias can lead to incorrect therapeutic decisions, the minimal risk of such a procedure is far surpassed by the information obtained, which allows for correct diagnosis and aids in guiding effective therapy. Although careful, critical analysis of ECG and rhythm strips frequently allows a proper diagnosis, occasions often arise when the rhythm cannot be accurately defined. In such instances an intraatrial lead electrocardiogram can be utilized and is invariably of diagnostic aid in resolving the relationship of the P wave to the QRS complexes, which is usually the important key to a tachyarrhythmia diagnosis.", "contents": "Diagnostic uses of intraatrial electrocardiography. Many tachyarrhythmias present difficult diagnostic problems. In patients with underlying cardiac disease, serious hemodynamic derangements can be the sequelae of uncontrolled or improperly treated arrhythmias. Our experience, illustrated by the case presentations, confirm that intraatrial electrocardiography is a safe and reliable technique for elaborating difficult tachyarrhythmias that are not conclusively diagnosed by noninvasive ECG techniques. Because misinterpretation of tachycardias can lead to incorrect therapeutic decisions, the minimal risk of such a procedure is far surpassed by the information obtained, which allows for correct diagnosis and aids in guiding effective therapy. Although careful, critical analysis of ECG and rhythm strips frequently allows a proper diagnosis, occasions often arise when the rhythm cannot be accurately defined. In such instances an intraatrial lead electrocardiogram can be utilized and is invariably of diagnostic aid in resolving the relationship of the P wave to the QRS complexes, which is usually the important key to a tachyarrhythmia diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:900577", "title": "Ventricular aneurysmectomy for the treatment of intractable angina pectoris.", "content": "Resection of a large postinfarctional ventricular aneurysm led to termination of intractable angina pectoris in one patient. The patient has been followed for 5 years and remains angina-free, even though aorto-coronary bypass surgery was not performed in this patient. The patient presented no evidence of congestive heart failure, arterial emboli, or cardiac arrhythmia before or after the surgery. Intractable angina alone in the absence of congestive heart failure, systemic embolism, and refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmia may constitute another indication for ventricular aneurysmectomy with or without concomitant aorto-coronary bypass surgery.", "contents": "Ventricular aneurysmectomy for the treatment of intractable angina pectoris. Resection of a large postinfarctional ventricular aneurysm led to termination of intractable angina pectoris in one patient. The patient has been followed for 5 years and remains angina-free, even though aorto-coronary bypass surgery was not performed in this patient. The patient presented no evidence of congestive heart failure, arterial emboli, or cardiac arrhythmia before or after the surgery. Intractable angina alone in the absence of congestive heart failure, systemic embolism, and refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmia may constitute another indication for ventricular aneurysmectomy with or without concomitant aorto-coronary bypass surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:900578", "title": "Post-traumatic middle cerebral artery occlusion: case report and review.", "content": "Occlusion of extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries following closed craniocervical trauma is well known. However occlusion of intracranial arteries following closed head injuries is infrequently reported. In fact only 25 cases of post-traumatic middle cerebral artery occlusion have been adequately documented. This entity bears re-emphasis not only because of its rarity but also because of its clinical similarity to other intracranial mass lesions.", "contents": "Post-traumatic middle cerebral artery occlusion: case report and review. Occlusion of extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries following closed craniocervical trauma is well known. However occlusion of intracranial arteries following closed head injuries is infrequently reported. In fact only 25 cases of post-traumatic middle cerebral artery occlusion have been adequately documented. This entity bears re-emphasis not only because of its rarity but also because of its clinical similarity to other intracranial mass lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:900579", "title": "Polymorphic variation in the amount of sialic acid attached to bovine transferrin.", "content": "In this paper family studies are presented which support the hypothesis of polymorphism in the process controlling sialic acid binding to bovine transferrin which modifies its phenotype as seen in starch gel electrophoresis. It has been shown that this polymorphism is controlled by locus Tfs with two alleles Tfs A and Tfs a. Tfs a/a animals have the abnormal phenotype with the two faster bands of the four bands of a normal transferrin allele being virtually absent. Tfs A/a and Tfs A/A are phenotypically normal. Limited evidence is presented which suggests that the Tf and Tfs loci are not linked.", "contents": "Polymorphic variation in the amount of sialic acid attached to bovine transferrin. In this paper family studies are presented which support the hypothesis of polymorphism in the process controlling sialic acid binding to bovine transferrin which modifies its phenotype as seen in starch gel electrophoresis. It has been shown that this polymorphism is controlled by locus Tfs with two alleles Tfs A and Tfs a. Tfs a/a animals have the abnormal phenotype with the two faster bands of the four bands of a normal transferrin allele being virtually absent. Tfs A/a and Tfs A/A are phenotypically normal. Limited evidence is presented which suggests that the Tf and Tfs loci are not linked."}
{"id": "PMID:900580", "title": "Ox erythrocyte agglutinability. 4. The effect of neuraminidase treatment on the agglutinability of cells and ghosts.", "content": "1. The inherited differential agglutinability of cattle erythrocytes is shown to be similarly expressed on ghosts and intact cells. 2. Removal of virtually all sialic acid by prolonged neuraminidase treatment does not alter the agglutinability status of ghosts prepared from either high or low agglutinable cells. Hence the differing sialic acid content of the two cell types is not responsible for the differential agglutinability. 3. The significance of these findings with respect to other well defined agglutination systems and current theories of membrane structure is discussed.", "contents": "Ox erythrocyte agglutinability. 4. The effect of neuraminidase treatment on the agglutinability of cells and ghosts. 1. The inherited differential agglutinability of cattle erythrocytes is shown to be similarly expressed on ghosts and intact cells. 2. Removal of virtually all sialic acid by prolonged neuraminidase treatment does not alter the agglutinability status of ghosts prepared from either high or low agglutinable cells. Hence the differing sialic acid content of the two cell types is not responsible for the differential agglutinability. 3. The significance of these findings with respect to other well defined agglutination systems and current theories of membrane structure is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900581", "title": "Gene frequencies of blood groups in Dutch swine breeds.", "content": "Gene frequencies of blood groups at 6 loci were estimated within two Dutch breeds of swine, Dutch Landrace and Dutch Large White. At all loci there were significant differences between breeds. The relationship of the two breeds with, respectively, the Germany Landrace breed and the German Large White breed could be confirmed by the gene frequencies.", "contents": "Gene frequencies of blood groups in Dutch swine breeds. Gene frequencies of blood groups at 6 loci were estimated within two Dutch breeds of swine, Dutch Landrace and Dutch Large White. At all loci there were significant differences between breeds. The relationship of the two breeds with, respectively, the Germany Landrace breed and the German Large White breed could be confirmed by the gene frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:900582", "title": "The distribution of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L.) in Finland in 1975.", "content": "The distribution of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L.) in Finland was surveyed in the light of an inquiry. The range presented is based on more than one thousand answers to a questionnaire. The extension further northward of this species during the past ten years was confirmed. The distributional areas of the hedgehog in Finland in 1952, 1965 and 1975 are presented in a cartogram. In southern Finland the number of the hedgehog has clearly decreased during the past ten years (1965-1975). Some possible reasons for the decline are discussed.", "contents": "The distribution of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L.) in Finland in 1975. The distribution of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L.) in Finland was surveyed in the light of an inquiry. The range presented is based on more than one thousand answers to a questionnaire. The extension further northward of this species during the past ten years was confirmed. The distributional areas of the hedgehog in Finland in 1952, 1965 and 1975 are presented in a cartogram. In southern Finland the number of the hedgehog has clearly decreased during the past ten years (1965-1975). Some possible reasons for the decline are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900583", "title": "Atopy and IgE in a pediatric allergy practice.", "content": "In children under six years of age referred to a pediatric allergy practice the usefulness of serum IgE assay was evaluated in relation to age, symptoms, nasal eosinophilia, skin tests and family history. In more than 60% of the children the initial symptom, usually rhinorrhea, had occurred before one year of age. In infancy the diagnosis was more difficult, gastrointestinal complaints were more frequent and nasal eosinophilia less frequent than in the older children. Many infants had positive skin tests to foods and to environmental allergens. There was a significant correlation between elevated serum IgE level and age, nasaeosinophilia, the number of positive skin tests and the probability of immunotherapy being prescribed. Although no clear diagnostic level is seen, an IgE level above 100 micron/ml at any age and an IgE level above 20 micron/ml in infants strongly suggest the possibility of atopic disease. However, a low IgE level does not exclude atopic disease.", "contents": "Atopy and IgE in a pediatric allergy practice. In children under six years of age referred to a pediatric allergy practice the usefulness of serum IgE assay was evaluated in relation to age, symptoms, nasal eosinophilia, skin tests and family history. In more than 60% of the children the initial symptom, usually rhinorrhea, had occurred before one year of age. In infancy the diagnosis was more difficult, gastrointestinal complaints were more frequent and nasal eosinophilia less frequent than in the older children. Many infants had positive skin tests to foods and to environmental allergens. There was a significant correlation between elevated serum IgE level and age, nasaeosinophilia, the number of positive skin tests and the probability of immunotherapy being prescribed. Although no clear diagnostic level is seen, an IgE level above 100 micron/ml at any age and an IgE level above 20 micron/ml in infants strongly suggest the possibility of atopic disease. However, a low IgE level does not exclude atopic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:900584", "title": "A new approach to the treatment of allergic nasopharyngitis.", "content": "Orally inhaled and nasally exhaled beclomethasone diproprionate (b.d.) under increased nasopharyngeal pressure was found beneficial in ameliorating symptoms of allergic nasopharyngitis. The most spectacular help was obtained by patients suffering from sinus headache. This treatment also was found to avert the flaring up of rhinitis, an occasional \"unmasking\" effect of orally inhaled b.d.", "contents": "A new approach to the treatment of allergic nasopharyngitis. Orally inhaled and nasally exhaled beclomethasone diproprionate (b.d.) under increased nasopharyngeal pressure was found beneficial in ameliorating symptoms of allergic nasopharyngitis. The most spectacular help was obtained by patients suffering from sinus headache. This treatment also was found to avert the flaring up of rhinitis, an occasional \"unmasking\" effect of orally inhaled b.d."}
{"id": "PMID:900585", "title": "Clinical evaluation of fenoterol aerosol in asthma.", "content": "Fenoterol and isoproterenol metered-dose inhalers were compared in 30 asthmatic patients by a double-blind, parallel-group study. FEV1 and FEF 25-75% values recorded after single doses on days 1, 45 and 90 of a three-month continuous treatment period showed that mean increases over baseline were significantly greater and lasted longer with fenoterol.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of fenoterol aerosol in asthma. Fenoterol and isoproterenol metered-dose inhalers were compared in 30 asthmatic patients by a double-blind, parallel-group study. FEV1 and FEF 25-75% values recorded after single doses on days 1, 45 and 90 of a three-month continuous treatment period showed that mean increases over baseline were significantly greater and lasted longer with fenoterol."}
{"id": "PMID:900592", "title": "Contact dermatitis caused by copper sulfate used as coloring material in commercial alcohol.", "content": "Copper sulfate added to commercial alcohol as a coloring agent caused contact dermatitis of the hands in 10 furniture polishers. Patch tests with 5% aqueous solution of copper sulfate were positive in all these patients but negative in 15 normal controls.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis caused by copper sulfate used as coloring material in commercial alcohol. Copper sulfate added to commercial alcohol as a coloring agent caused contact dermatitis of the hands in 10 furniture polishers. Patch tests with 5% aqueous solution of copper sulfate were positive in all these patients but negative in 15 normal controls."}
{"id": "PMID:900593", "title": "The human dander atopy. I. The prototype of auto-atopy.", "content": "Human dander is shown to be a true allergen giving skin reactions most frequently in atopic patients. The clinical importance of human dander is discussed and data of a group of patients atopic only to human dander are given. It seems probable that human dander is an auto allergen and that there are many more auto allergens to which the atopic organism produces IgE-type antibodies.", "contents": "The human dander atopy. I. The prototype of auto-atopy. Human dander is shown to be a true allergen giving skin reactions most frequently in atopic patients. The clinical importance of human dander is discussed and data of a group of patients atopic only to human dander are given. It seems probable that human dander is an auto allergen and that there are many more auto allergens to which the atopic organism produces IgE-type antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:900596", "title": "[Centrifugal analysis. History, general principles].", "content": "Three ideas were at the origin of the concept of rapid centrifugal analysis: automation, miniaturisation, suppleness. They led to the drawing up of a manuel for the development of a prototype including: simultaneity, miniaturisation, true time and reduction of data. The rapid centrifugal analyser may be described as a system of analysis based on the use of centrifugal force to add simultaneously in a discret way an aliquot of reagent to various aliquots of specimens and to displace the reactional mixtures in hollows equally distributed on the outer border of a rotor. The signals are detected optically. After showing the various forms of use of the rotors, the function of the module of analysis is described. The taking and treatment of data by the computer are described with special reference to their aspects in real time. Finally, a few applications are described.", "contents": "[Centrifugal analysis. History, general principles]. Three ideas were at the origin of the concept of rapid centrifugal analysis: automation, miniaturisation, suppleness. They led to the drawing up of a manuel for the development of a prototype including: simultaneity, miniaturisation, true time and reduction of data. The rapid centrifugal analyser may be described as a system of analysis based on the use of centrifugal force to add simultaneously in a discret way an aliquot of reagent to various aliquots of specimens and to displace the reactional mixtures in hollows equally distributed on the outer border of a rotor. The signals are detected optically. After showing the various forms of use of the rotors, the function of the module of analysis is described. The taking and treatment of data by the computer are described with special reference to their aspects in real time. Finally, a few applications are described."}
{"id": "PMID:900597", "title": "[Coordinate evaluation of three types of centrifugal analysers].", "content": "A coordinated evaluation effected under the control of French Society of Clinical Biochemistry has been with three centrifugal analysers. This evaluation involved two protocol patterns: --A type protocol: realized under ideal conditions. --B type protocol: realized under usual conditions. This study involved: --Evaluations of accuracy, reliability and thermostatisation, according to A type protocol. --Evaluation of contamination within the same transfer disc (Both A and B type). --Comparative survey of reliability performed every day, with the same transfer disc, through two months (B type). --Reliability analysis, through two years; the interest of this test in the control of the centrifugal systemes underlined (B type). --Comparative economical evaluation of the three centrifugal analysers, within two typical conditions.", "contents": "[Coordinate evaluation of three types of centrifugal analysers]. A coordinated evaluation effected under the control of French Society of Clinical Biochemistry has been with three centrifugal analysers. This evaluation involved two protocol patterns: --A type protocol: realized under ideal conditions. --B type protocol: realized under usual conditions. This study involved: --Evaluations of accuracy, reliability and thermostatisation, according to A type protocol. --Evaluation of contamination within the same transfer disc (Both A and B type). --Comparative survey of reliability performed every day, with the same transfer disc, through two months (B type). --Reliability analysis, through two years; the interest of this test in the control of the centrifugal systemes underlined (B type). --Comparative economical evaluation of the three centrifugal analysers, within two typical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:900598", "title": "[Practicality of centrifugal analysis].", "content": "The practicability of a method or of an apparatus is one of the \"figures of merit\" which are used by the clinical chemist to choose a method or an apparatus. Joined to the reliability and the efficiency, it has to be evaluated by different tests. Unfortunately, few reflections concern the definition of this criterion, which often is little discussed in the other divisions of the pure and applied chemistry. The clinical chemist is well suited to study and evaluate the practicability. The present paper attempts to define this criterion and to set the discussion of this question.", "contents": "[Practicality of centrifugal analysis]. The practicability of a method or of an apparatus is one of the \"figures of merit\" which are used by the clinical chemist to choose a method or an apparatus. Joined to the reliability and the efficiency, it has to be evaluated by different tests. Unfortunately, few reflections concern the definition of this criterion, which often is little discussed in the other divisions of the pure and applied chemistry. The clinical chemist is well suited to study and evaluate the practicability. The present paper attempts to define this criterion and to set the discussion of this question."}
{"id": "PMID:900599", "title": "[Determination of lactate with centrifugal analyser (Gemsaec) by lactate dehydrogenase in the presence of alanine aminotransferase].", "content": "An automated method for lactat determination on centrifugal analyser is described. The measurements have been done by end-point method during 300 seconds. A reagent blank is introduced in each run and its absorbance is deduced from those of the tests. The suitability of the method is assessed, particularly the sensitivity (detection limit) and the accuracy by checking the recovery. The results obtained by the automated and the manual method are well correlated.", "contents": "[Determination of lactate with centrifugal analyser (Gemsaec) by lactate dehydrogenase in the presence of alanine aminotransferase]. An automated method for lactat determination on centrifugal analyser is described. The measurements have been done by end-point method during 300 seconds. A reagent blank is introduced in each run and its absorbance is deduced from those of the tests. The suitability of the method is assessed, particularly the sensitivity (detection limit) and the accuracy by checking the recovery. The results obtained by the automated and the manual method are well correlated."}
{"id": "PMID:900600", "title": "[Determination of plasma creatinine with centrifugal analyser].", "content": "An automated kinetic method to determine creatinine in plasma with Jaff\u00e9 reaction (alkaline picrate reagent) using a Gemsaec analyser is studied in order to argue the precision and the accuracy. The analysis of the reaction rate of a primar standard solution and of different plasmas suggests that a rapid measure is requisite in order to avoid interferences from chromogens contained in plasma which develop a same but often slower and durabler coloration at the used wavelength. The method is compared to the manual procedure using adsorption on Lloyd's reagent.", "contents": "[Determination of plasma creatinine with centrifugal analyser]. An automated kinetic method to determine creatinine in plasma with Jaff\u00e9 reaction (alkaline picrate reagent) using a Gemsaec analyser is studied in order to argue the precision and the accuracy. The analysis of the reaction rate of a primar standard solution and of different plasmas suggests that a rapid measure is requisite in order to avoid interferences from chromogens contained in plasma which develop a same but often slower and durabler coloration at the used wavelength. The method is compared to the manual procedure using adsorption on Lloyd's reagent."}
{"id": "PMID:900601", "title": "[Automatic dosage of total urinary proteins with centrifugal analyser].", "content": "Automatic assay of urinary total proteins on a centrifugal analyser. The assay of urinary proteins is achieved opacimetrically after precipitation by trichloracetic acid. The addition of tensio-active agents lates the initiation of precipitation, helps the formation of a microprecipitate thus hold in suspension. The technique is linear from 0 to 2,5 g/l and for every albumin/globulins ratio between pure albumin and pure globulin.", "contents": "[Automatic dosage of total urinary proteins with centrifugal analyser]. Automatic assay of urinary total proteins on a centrifugal analyser. The assay of urinary proteins is achieved opacimetrically after precipitation by trichloracetic acid. The addition of tensio-active agents lates the initiation of precipitation, helps the formation of a microprecipitate thus hold in suspension. The technique is linear from 0 to 2,5 g/l and for every albumin/globulins ratio between pure albumin and pure globulin."}
{"id": "PMID:900602", "title": "[Practical experiment with a Gemsaec analyser for three and half years in a routine laboratory].", "content": "The Eni-Gemsaec Fast Analyser has proved to be most efficient for the performing of the daily routine: batch testing, profile testing and stat. testing. The system offers the greatest degree of versatility and flexibility, being thus the ideal tool for research. Methods for the determinations of urea, calcium and inorganic phosphate are presented. For the volume setting two Hamilton digital diluters, remotely controlled, have been adapted to the rotoloader.", "contents": "[Practical experiment with a Gemsaec analyser for three and half years in a routine laboratory]. The Eni-Gemsaec Fast Analyser has proved to be most efficient for the performing of the daily routine: batch testing, profile testing and stat. testing. The system offers the greatest degree of versatility and flexibility, being thus the ideal tool for research. Methods for the determinations of urea, calcium and inorganic phosphate are presented. For the volume setting two Hamilton digital diluters, remotely controlled, have been adapted to the rotoloader."}
{"id": "PMID:900603", "title": "Progress and future of centrifugal analysers.", "content": "Applications of centrifugal analysers to the field of clinical chemistry have been reviewed. Specific areas covered include recent developments in clinical enzymology with emphasis on aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Also included are newer methods for uric acid, bilirubins and applications of enzyme linked immunoassays and immunochemical nephelometric techniques. Studies are described of the optimization of the BCG dye-binding procedure for serum albumin using an early absorbance reading.", "contents": "Progress and future of centrifugal analysers. Applications of centrifugal analysers to the field of clinical chemistry have been reviewed. Specific areas covered include recent developments in clinical enzymology with emphasis on aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Also included are newer methods for uric acid, bilirubins and applications of enzyme linked immunoassays and immunochemical nephelometric techniques. Studies are described of the optimization of the BCG dye-binding procedure for serum albumin using an early absorbance reading."}
{"id": "PMID:900630", "title": "Smoking, socioeconomic status, and chronic respiratory disease.", "content": "Prevalence rates of chronic bronchitis and asthma and mean levels of ventilatory lung function were related to age, smoking habits, occupation, education, and income in 4,699 men and women living in Tecumseh, Michigan. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was higher and mean levels of 1-sec forced expiratory volume were lower in cigarette smokers than in other men and women, and heavy smokers were affected more than light smokers. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was higher and mean 1-sec forced expiratory volume was lower in blue collar workers than in white collar workers. Men and women with some college education had higher mean values for 1-sec forced expiratory volume than did those with less formal education, and the prevalence of chronic bronchitis was least among men with most education. Mean levels of 1-sec forced expiratory volume were slightly lower in those with the smallest incomes. There were no significant associations between the prevalence of asthma and smoking habits, occupation, education, or income. Most of the differences in the prevalence of chronic bronchitis and mean 1-sec forced expiratory volume in men and women of different occupational, educational, or income classes were due to differences in smoking habits. In comparison with smoking, poor occupational, educational, or economic circumstances had only a weak deleterious effect.", "contents": "Smoking, socioeconomic status, and chronic respiratory disease. Prevalence rates of chronic bronchitis and asthma and mean levels of ventilatory lung function were related to age, smoking habits, occupation, education, and income in 4,699 men and women living in Tecumseh, Michigan. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was higher and mean levels of 1-sec forced expiratory volume were lower in cigarette smokers than in other men and women, and heavy smokers were affected more than light smokers. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was higher and mean 1-sec forced expiratory volume was lower in blue collar workers than in white collar workers. Men and women with some college education had higher mean values for 1-sec forced expiratory volume than did those with less formal education, and the prevalence of chronic bronchitis was least among men with most education. Mean levels of 1-sec forced expiratory volume were slightly lower in those with the smallest incomes. There were no significant associations between the prevalence of asthma and smoking habits, occupation, education, or income. Most of the differences in the prevalence of chronic bronchitis and mean 1-sec forced expiratory volume in men and women of different occupational, educational, or income classes were due to differences in smoking habits. In comparison with smoking, poor occupational, educational, or economic circumstances had only a weak deleterious effect."}
{"id": "PMID:900631", "title": "Neonatal lung defense mechanisms: a study of the alveolar macrophage system in neonatal rabbits.", "content": "Abnormal function of the alveolar macrophage system may explain the enhanced susceptibility to pulmonary infection in human neonates. This hypothesis was investigated by infecting 1- to 14-day-old rabbits with aerosols of Staphylococcus aureus and then measuring in situ rates of bacterial ingestion, inactivation, and destruction in the lapine lung. The inhaled staphylococci were killed within the lungs of 1-day-old rabbits at a significantly slower rate than that for 7- and 14-day-old rabbits (P less than 0.05). Much of this decrease was due to diminished rates of bacterial ingestion by alveolar macrophages of younger animals. Staphylococci were also killed and destroyed less rapidly within these macrophages, but these differences could not be tested for significance.", "contents": "Neonatal lung defense mechanisms: a study of the alveolar macrophage system in neonatal rabbits. Abnormal function of the alveolar macrophage system may explain the enhanced susceptibility to pulmonary infection in human neonates. This hypothesis was investigated by infecting 1- to 14-day-old rabbits with aerosols of Staphylococcus aureus and then measuring in situ rates of bacterial ingestion, inactivation, and destruction in the lapine lung. The inhaled staphylococci were killed within the lungs of 1-day-old rabbits at a significantly slower rate than that for 7- and 14-day-old rabbits (P less than 0.05). Much of this decrease was due to diminished rates of bacterial ingestion by alveolar macrophages of younger animals. Staphylococci were also killed and destroyed less rapidly within these macrophages, but these differences could not be tested for significance."}
{"id": "PMID:900633", "title": "Relationship between mouth occlusion pressure and electrical activity of the diaphragm: effects of flow-resistive loading.", "content": "We determined the relationship between mouth occlusion pressure and diaphragmatic electromyography during CO2 rebreathing with and without inspiratory flow resistance. Diaphragmatic electromyography was measured as a moving time average; occlusion pressures were measured 150 msec after onset of an inspiratory effort against a closed airway (P.15). P.15 versus diaphragmatic electromyographic plots during CO2 rebreathing with and without inspiratory flow resistance were linear. In 3 subjects the slope of P.15 versus diaphragmatic electromyography was unchanged with inspiratory flow resistance whereas in 3 others the slope increased, indicating greater inspiratory force for a given degree of diaphragmatic activity. We concluded that under unloaded conditions P.15 is a reliable index of respiratory neural output but may no longer reflect only inspiratory motoneuron drive during mechanical loading.", "contents": "Relationship between mouth occlusion pressure and electrical activity of the diaphragm: effects of flow-resistive loading. We determined the relationship between mouth occlusion pressure and diaphragmatic electromyography during CO2 rebreathing with and without inspiratory flow resistance. Diaphragmatic electromyography was measured as a moving time average; occlusion pressures were measured 150 msec after onset of an inspiratory effort against a closed airway (P.15). P.15 versus diaphragmatic electromyographic plots during CO2 rebreathing with and without inspiratory flow resistance were linear. In 3 subjects the slope of P.15 versus diaphragmatic electromyography was unchanged with inspiratory flow resistance whereas in 3 others the slope increased, indicating greater inspiratory force for a given degree of diaphragmatic activity. We concluded that under unloaded conditions P.15 is a reliable index of respiratory neural output but may no longer reflect only inspiratory motoneuron drive during mechanical loading."}
{"id": "PMID:900634", "title": "The induction of pulmonary emphysema with human leukocyte elastase.", "content": "Purified human leukocyte elastase was injected into the tracheas of 46 hamsters. Thirteen animals died spontaneously within 1 week, with extensive lung hemorrhage. The elastin content of the lungs was only slightly less than control values 3 hours after injection. At 2 months, the lungs of the remaining animals showed mild, patchy emphysema and morphometric changes consistent with emphysema. These results contrasted with the effects of a similar elastolytic dose of pancreatic elastase administered to 26 other hamsters in that only one animal died spontaneously, the lung elastin content 3 hours after injection was substantially decreased, and severe emphysema was present 2 months later. Leukocyte elastase appears to be capable of causing emphysema; but unlike pancreatic elastase, leukocyte elastase produces emphysema that is mild, even at a dose sufficient to produce intense lung hemorrhage and a high mortality.", "contents": "The induction of pulmonary emphysema with human leukocyte elastase. Purified human leukocyte elastase was injected into the tracheas of 46 hamsters. Thirteen animals died spontaneously within 1 week, with extensive lung hemorrhage. The elastin content of the lungs was only slightly less than control values 3 hours after injection. At 2 months, the lungs of the remaining animals showed mild, patchy emphysema and morphometric changes consistent with emphysema. These results contrasted with the effects of a similar elastolytic dose of pancreatic elastase administered to 26 other hamsters in that only one animal died spontaneously, the lung elastin content 3 hours after injection was substantially decreased, and severe emphysema was present 2 months later. Leukocyte elastase appears to be capable of causing emphysema; but unlike pancreatic elastase, leukocyte elastase produces emphysema that is mild, even at a dose sufficient to produce intense lung hemorrhage and a high mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:900636", "title": "Pulmonary phycomycetoma in a patient with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Phycomycetes are ubiquitous saprophytic fungi sharing with other fungi a propensity for invasion and disease production in immunologically compromised hosts. Diabetes mellitus, in particular diabetic ketoacidosis, is a common clinical setting for phycomycosis. A pulmonary phycomycetoma was diagnosed in a diabetic patient from material obtained by bronchial brushing was treated successfully with a combination of surgery and amphotericin B.", "contents": "Pulmonary phycomycetoma in a patient with diabetes mellitus. Phycomycetes are ubiquitous saprophytic fungi sharing with other fungi a propensity for invasion and disease production in immunologically compromised hosts. Diabetes mellitus, in particular diabetic ketoacidosis, is a common clinical setting for phycomycosis. A pulmonary phycomycetoma was diagnosed in a diabetic patient from material obtained by bronchial brushing was treated successfully with a combination of surgery and amphotericin B."}
{"id": "PMID:900637", "title": "Nodular pulmonary infiltrates and septic arthritis associated with Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia.", "content": "A 58-year-old black man presented with left wrist pain, septicemia, and a chest roentgenographic pattern compatible with septic embolization. Yersinia enterocolitica was grown from joint fluid, blood, and sputum. This unusual constellation of clinical manifestations due to an organism rarely reported as the cause of human disease warrants reporting the case.", "contents": "Nodular pulmonary infiltrates and septic arthritis associated with Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia. A 58-year-old black man presented with left wrist pain, septicemia, and a chest roentgenographic pattern compatible with septic embolization. Yersinia enterocolitica was grown from joint fluid, blood, and sputum. This unusual constellation of clinical manifestations due to an organism rarely reported as the cause of human disease warrants reporting the case."}
{"id": "PMID:900638", "title": "The oxygen consumption of rabbit lung slices after pneumothorax.", "content": "We produced a pneumothorax on the left side in rabbits and measured the oxygen consumption of lung slices from previously collapsed left and non-collapsed right lung immediately after in vitro re-expansion. After re-expansion, the oxygen consumptions of the previously collapsed and non-collapsed lung were almost identical, 162 +/- 6.7 and 168.6 +/- 9.6 microliter of oxygen consumed per hour per mg of deoxyribonucleic acid (mean +/- SE), respectively. We concluded that 3 days of collapse does not impair the oxidative metabolism of re-expanded lung.", "contents": "The oxygen consumption of rabbit lung slices after pneumothorax. We produced a pneumothorax on the left side in rabbits and measured the oxygen consumption of lung slices from previously collapsed left and non-collapsed right lung immediately after in vitro re-expansion. After re-expansion, the oxygen consumptions of the previously collapsed and non-collapsed lung were almost identical, 162 +/- 6.7 and 168.6 +/- 9.6 microliter of oxygen consumed per hour per mg of deoxyribonucleic acid (mean +/- SE), respectively. We concluded that 3 days of collapse does not impair the oxidative metabolism of re-expanded lung."}
{"id": "PMID:900639", "title": "Contamination of a fiberoptic bronchoscope with Proteus species.", "content": "We have traced an episode of contamination of a fiberoptic bronchoscope with a Proteus species to an index patient. Bacterial cultures obtained by aspiration through the fiberoptic bronchoscope from 11 of 12 subsequent bronchoscopies in 8 additional patients grew a Proteus species with sensitivities similar to those of the initial isolate. Culture of the fiberoptic bronchoscopic specimen yielded an identical organism. There were no definitive ill effects in the patients. These findings necessitated a change in our fiberoptic bronchoscope disinfection protocol as well as development of culture surveillance mechanism to detect breaks in the cleaning procedure. The importance of this and avoiding potential outbreaks of fiberoptic bronchoscope-related infeciton is emphasized.", "contents": "Contamination of a fiberoptic bronchoscope with Proteus species. We have traced an episode of contamination of a fiberoptic bronchoscope with a Proteus species to an index patient. Bacterial cultures obtained by aspiration through the fiberoptic bronchoscope from 11 of 12 subsequent bronchoscopies in 8 additional patients grew a Proteus species with sensitivities similar to those of the initial isolate. Culture of the fiberoptic bronchoscopic specimen yielded an identical organism. There were no definitive ill effects in the patients. These findings necessitated a change in our fiberoptic bronchoscope disinfection protocol as well as development of culture surveillance mechanism to detect breaks in the cleaning procedure. The importance of this and avoiding potential outbreaks of fiberoptic bronchoscope-related infeciton is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:900640", "title": "Lung elasticity in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Detailed pulmonary function analysis was performed in 20 patients with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus and in 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects. No significant differences were found in comparisons of all lung function data obtained from these two groups. Even the parameters of lung recoil, which recently have been reported to be decreased in juvenile-onset diabetes, were within the normal range. These data indicate normal pulmonary function in patients with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, a finding that is in accordance with clinical experience.", "contents": "Lung elasticity in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. Detailed pulmonary function analysis was performed in 20 patients with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus and in 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects. No significant differences were found in comparisons of all lung function data obtained from these two groups. Even the parameters of lung recoil, which recently have been reported to be decreased in juvenile-onset diabetes, were within the normal range. These data indicate normal pulmonary function in patients with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, a finding that is in accordance with clinical experience."}
{"id": "PMID:900646", "title": "Ventilatory responses to threshold loaded respiration in man.", "content": "In postoperative patients one frequently observes respiratory difficulty in excess of what is indicated by physical alterations in respiratory mechanics. This would suggest that some patients lack normal compensatory mechanisms which respond to mechanical changes in the lung. It is entirely possible that inadequacy of compensatory mechanisms is present before surgery and predisposes patients to respiratory distress. In the clinical environment elaborate testing is precluded by the physical status of the patients. Thus, a noninvasive procedure has been designed to apply stress to the respiratory system in order to study the effect of stress at increasing levels of CO2. In this test a subject's respiration is measured as he rebreathes a mixture of 7% CO2 and 93% O2 from a closed system. On successive trials, fixed pressure inspiratory threshold loads are applied in sequence. With this type of load the increased work required to inspire a given volume depends only on the increased inspiratory pressure. In most normal subjects CO2 response was incrementally depressed when threshold loads were introduced. Patients with brain stem lesions showed a greater depression at higher loads. This may indicate a reduced ability to tolerate increased loads to breathing.", "contents": "Ventilatory responses to threshold loaded respiration in man. In postoperative patients one frequently observes respiratory difficulty in excess of what is indicated by physical alterations in respiratory mechanics. This would suggest that some patients lack normal compensatory mechanisms which respond to mechanical changes in the lung. It is entirely possible that inadequacy of compensatory mechanisms is present before surgery and predisposes patients to respiratory distress. In the clinical environment elaborate testing is precluded by the physical status of the patients. Thus, a noninvasive procedure has been designed to apply stress to the respiratory system in order to study the effect of stress at increasing levels of CO2. In this test a subject's respiration is measured as he rebreathes a mixture of 7% CO2 and 93% O2 from a closed system. On successive trials, fixed pressure inspiratory threshold loads are applied in sequence. With this type of load the increased work required to inspire a given volume depends only on the increased inspiratory pressure. In most normal subjects CO2 response was incrementally depressed when threshold loads were introduced. Patients with brain stem lesions showed a greater depression at higher loads. This may indicate a reduced ability to tolerate increased loads to breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:900649", "title": "Popliteal aneurysms.", "content": "A review of 64 popliteal aneurysms in 43 patients treated over a 14-year period revealed that thrombotic occlusion with ischemia and threatened limb loss was the most frequent complication (68%). Ten major amputations (23%) were necessary, four of which were the primary operations soon after admission. No limb loss occurred after operation in 11 patients with asymptomatic aneurysms. Direct revascularization was successful in 29 limbs (83%). Popliteal aneurysms should be resected, preferably in the asymptomatic stage, unless medical contraindications exist. Once thrombosis occurs, limb loss becomes a threatening likelihood.", "contents": "Popliteal aneurysms. A review of 64 popliteal aneurysms in 43 patients treated over a 14-year period revealed that thrombotic occlusion with ischemia and threatened limb loss was the most frequent complication (68%). Ten major amputations (23%) were necessary, four of which were the primary operations soon after admission. No limb loss occurred after operation in 11 patients with asymptomatic aneurysms. Direct revascularization was successful in 29 limbs (83%). Popliteal aneurysms should be resected, preferably in the asymptomatic stage, unless medical contraindications exist. Once thrombosis occurs, limb loss becomes a threatening likelihood."}
{"id": "PMID:900650", "title": "Colon and rectal carcinoma: clinical experience.", "content": "A 10 year clinical review of 220 patients treated for colorectal carcinoma is reported. Weight loss, abdominal pain and rectal bleeding were the leading signs and symptoms, occurring in 48.6%, 45.5%, and 42.7%, respectively. Patients treated in this series had more advanced disease, with a resectability for cure of only 37.7%. However, the overall five-year survival of 29.3% compared favorably with several other institutional reports. Earlier diagnosis and prompt treatment remain the major factors influencing ultimate survival.", "contents": "Colon and rectal carcinoma: clinical experience. A 10 year clinical review of 220 patients treated for colorectal carcinoma is reported. Weight loss, abdominal pain and rectal bleeding were the leading signs and symptoms, occurring in 48.6%, 45.5%, and 42.7%, respectively. Patients treated in this series had more advanced disease, with a resectability for cure of only 37.7%. However, the overall five-year survival of 29.3% compared favorably with several other institutional reports. Earlier diagnosis and prompt treatment remain the major factors influencing ultimate survival."}
{"id": "PMID:900651", "title": "Supramalleolar fracture of the ankle (Malgaigne's fracture).", "content": "A retrospective study of 26 cases of supramalleolar fracture is presented. Types II and III were most common. All but the one had accompanying fibular fracture. The incidence of open fracture was 41.7% (10/24). The most common mechanism of injury was a high energy impacting force in the direction of axial compression. The supramalleolar fracture was subgrouped into four types. Twenty patients were treated by closed reduction and cast immobilization for an average of five months, six by open reduction and internal fixation, and two by skeletal traction in the early course of treatment. Of the 21 patients who were followed for an average of 33 months, only seven were found to have satisfactory results and were free from complications. Fourteen patients were found to have complications.", "contents": "Supramalleolar fracture of the ankle (Malgaigne's fracture). A retrospective study of 26 cases of supramalleolar fracture is presented. Types II and III were most common. All but the one had accompanying fibular fracture. The incidence of open fracture was 41.7% (10/24). The most common mechanism of injury was a high energy impacting force in the direction of axial compression. The supramalleolar fracture was subgrouped into four types. Twenty patients were treated by closed reduction and cast immobilization for an average of five months, six by open reduction and internal fixation, and two by skeletal traction in the early course of treatment. Of the 21 patients who were followed for an average of 33 months, only seven were found to have satisfactory results and were free from complications. Fourteen patients were found to have complications."}
{"id": "PMID:900652", "title": "Spigelian hernia.", "content": "Six cases of spigelian hernia are reported, including three unusual ones: (1) the presence of an acutely inflamed appendix in the hernial sac; (2) a patient with multiple associated hernias; and (3) a woman with a strangulated spigelian hernia occurring with endometrial carcinoma. The anatomy, etiology, clinical features and management of these hernias are discussed.", "contents": "Spigelian hernia. Six cases of spigelian hernia are reported, including three unusual ones: (1) the presence of an acutely inflamed appendix in the hernial sac; (2) a patient with multiple associated hernias; and (3) a woman with a strangulated spigelian hernia occurring with endometrial carcinoma. The anatomy, etiology, clinical features and management of these hernias are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900653", "title": "Early repair of diaphragmatic hernia to correct associated anomalies.", "content": "The case of a seven-month-old infant is reported who had an eventration of the left hemidiaphragm associated with two bronchopulmonary foregut anomalies, duplication of the esophagus, and intralobar sequestration of the left upper lobe. The literature indicates that eventration of the diaphragm is associated with pulmonary sequestration in up to 50% of patients. Since the eventration itself obscures roentgenographic evidence of other foregut anomalies, the concomitant diagnosis and treatment of possible foregut anomalies is another justification for surgical repair of eventration of the diaphragm.", "contents": "Early repair of diaphragmatic hernia to correct associated anomalies. The case of a seven-month-old infant is reported who had an eventration of the left hemidiaphragm associated with two bronchopulmonary foregut anomalies, duplication of the esophagus, and intralobar sequestration of the left upper lobe. The literature indicates that eventration of the diaphragm is associated with pulmonary sequestration in up to 50% of patients. Since the eventration itself obscures roentgenographic evidence of other foregut anomalies, the concomitant diagnosis and treatment of possible foregut anomalies is another justification for surgical repair of eventration of the diaphragm."}
{"id": "PMID:900654", "title": "Giant recurrent desmoid tumor: a case report.", "content": "A case of giant recurrent intra-abdominal desmoid tumor is presented. A history of childbirth, antecedent surgery, multiple episodes of recurrence, resistance to excisional and radiation therapy, represent common features of desmoid tumors. The size of the recurrence (15.4 kg), the intra-abdominal presentation of the tumor, involvement of the chest wall and focal infiltration of the small bowel are unusual features of this case.", "contents": "Giant recurrent desmoid tumor: a case report. A case of giant recurrent intra-abdominal desmoid tumor is presented. A history of childbirth, antecedent surgery, multiple episodes of recurrence, resistance to excisional and radiation therapy, represent common features of desmoid tumors. The size of the recurrence (15.4 kg), the intra-abdominal presentation of the tumor, involvement of the chest wall and focal infiltration of the small bowel are unusual features of this case."}
{"id": "PMID:900655", "title": "Multiple nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.", "content": "A review of the literature and a case report of the multiple nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is presented. A new finding related to the skeletal system is reported; this is radiolucent deformities of the parietal bone.", "contents": "Multiple nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. A review of the literature and a case report of the multiple nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is presented. A new finding related to the skeletal system is reported; this is radiolucent deformities of the parietal bone."}
{"id": "PMID:900656", "title": "Hernia reduction en masse.", "content": "A case of hernia reduction en masse is reviewed. Discussion of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and operative approach suggests that the use of taxis in the reduction of incarcerated hernia should be tempered by awareness of potential complications including mass reduction. Diagnosis is by history with the persistence of intestinal obstruction after reduction is a key feature. A preperitoneal approach is recommended for facility of reduction, resection, and anatomic hernia repair.", "contents": "Hernia reduction en masse. A case of hernia reduction en masse is reviewed. Discussion of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and operative approach suggests that the use of taxis in the reduction of incarcerated hernia should be tempered by awareness of potential complications including mass reduction. Diagnosis is by history with the persistence of intestinal obstruction after reduction is a key feature. A preperitoneal approach is recommended for facility of reduction, resection, and anatomic hernia repair."}
{"id": "PMID:900660", "title": "[Sociocultural factors and nutrition (author's transl)].", "content": "A schematic review of some of the most significant sociocultural factors related to food intake throught life, either in developing or developed societies is presented. In both societies, sociocultural factors are of fundamental importance on the determination of feeding practices, thus its excess or deficit are of great relevance to physical growth, possibly mental development as well as on morbidty and mortality. In developing societies low social class and poor education are sinonimous of poor nutrition. However, if the whole population in developed societies are studied, it is proven once again that nutritional deficiencies do also exist among marginal groups of people, which are mainly produced by poor education, erroneous feeding practices, nutritional taboos during health and disease, byas and prejudices. It must follows that in these societies, relative large group of children are poorly fed during the critical periods of growth and development due to sociocultural factors. Only through the appropiate and enforced nutrition educational programs at all learning levels, primarw and higher education, as well as better and more complete nutritional curriculum at Medical and Public Health Schools could perhaps solve, the problem, or at least significant alleviated it. This is the hope.", "contents": "[Sociocultural factors and nutrition (author's transl)]. A schematic review of some of the most significant sociocultural factors related to food intake throught life, either in developing or developed societies is presented. In both societies, sociocultural factors are of fundamental importance on the determination of feeding practices, thus its excess or deficit are of great relevance to physical growth, possibly mental development as well as on morbidty and mortality. In developing societies low social class and poor education are sinonimous of poor nutrition. However, if the whole population in developed societies are studied, it is proven once again that nutritional deficiencies do also exist among marginal groups of people, which are mainly produced by poor education, erroneous feeding practices, nutritional taboos during health and disease, byas and prejudices. It must follows that in these societies, relative large group of children are poorly fed during the critical periods of growth and development due to sociocultural factors. Only through the appropiate and enforced nutrition educational programs at all learning levels, primarw and higher education, as well as better and more complete nutritional curriculum at Medical and Public Health Schools could perhaps solve, the problem, or at least significant alleviated it. This is the hope."}
{"id": "PMID:900661", "title": "[Height alterations and calcium metabolism after prolongated phenobarbital treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to know if small children subjected to a long-term treatment with phenobarbital can suffer some alterations in their lineal growth or in their osseous maturity in the same way as those showed by epileptical mother's sons, 85 patients between six months and three years old, who had suffered fit convulsions during a fever process, 20 of them subjected to antithermic treatment, and the 65 left who received a phenobarbital treatment in doses of 5 mg./kg./day have been controlled. In each child, at the beginning of the control and after 12 months, their height, diaphysial diameter and cortical thickness of the metacarpal bones, and bone age is valued. At the same time a calcium, phosphorous and phosphatase-alcaline control was done. The group who had received anti-convulsivants  drugs, showed a significant decrease in their lineal growth and in calcium concentration in blood. The control group didn't present any significant variation in any of the controls performed.", "contents": "[Height alterations and calcium metabolism after prolongated phenobarbital treatment (author's transl)]. In order to know if small children subjected to a long-term treatment with phenobarbital can suffer some alterations in their lineal growth or in their osseous maturity in the same way as those showed by epileptical mother's sons, 85 patients between six months and three years old, who had suffered fit convulsions during a fever process, 20 of them subjected to antithermic treatment, and the 65 left who received a phenobarbital treatment in doses of 5 mg./kg./day have been controlled. In each child, at the beginning of the control and after 12 months, their height, diaphysial diameter and cortical thickness of the metacarpal bones, and bone age is valued. At the same time a calcium, phosphorous and phosphatase-alcaline control was done. The group who had received anti-convulsivants  drugs, showed a significant decrease in their lineal growth and in calcium concentration in blood. The control group didn't present any significant variation in any of the controls performed."}
{"id": "PMID:900662", "title": "[Cerebral tumours in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "37 cases of cerebral hemispheric tumours are presented. These make up 23,1% of all the intracranial tumours observed over a period of 11 years in a Child Neurology Service. 19 cases were males and 18 females. Their ages were between 16 days and 7 1/2 years. Vomiting and headache were usually the first symptoms followed by seizures, frequently of the focal kind. Motor difficulties used to appear later. 69.6% of the cases presented a malfunctioning focus on the E.E.G. on the side of the tumor. The simple cranial X-Rays showed firstly widening of the fronto-parietal sutures, intracranial calcifications were seen in some of the cases with ependymonas and piloid astrocytoma in patients with Bourneville's disease. Pneumoencephalography as well as carotid angiography, radioisotope examination and computerized tomography gave us very positive results in the localization and determination of the size of the tumor. The ependymomas showed pathological vascularization regularly. The nature of the tumours corresponded to: 14 cases of ependymoma, 8 cases of astrocytoma I and II types, 1 case of astrocytoma of types III and IV, 3 cases of plexus papilloma, 2 cases of meningioma, 1 case of sarcoma of the basal ganglia, 1 case of teratoma, 3 cases of indifferentiated malignant tumours, 4 cases not proven. There was a 20% survival of patients five years later.", "contents": "[Cerebral tumours in infancy (author's transl)]. 37 cases of cerebral hemispheric tumours are presented. These make up 23,1% of all the intracranial tumours observed over a period of 11 years in a Child Neurology Service. 19 cases were males and 18 females. Their ages were between 16 days and 7 1/2 years. Vomiting and headache were usually the first symptoms followed by seizures, frequently of the focal kind. Motor difficulties used to appear later. 69.6% of the cases presented a malfunctioning focus on the E.E.G. on the side of the tumor. The simple cranial X-Rays showed firstly widening of the fronto-parietal sutures, intracranial calcifications were seen in some of the cases with ependymonas and piloid astrocytoma in patients with Bourneville's disease. Pneumoencephalography as well as carotid angiography, radioisotope examination and computerized tomography gave us very positive results in the localization and determination of the size of the tumor. The ependymomas showed pathological vascularization regularly. The nature of the tumours corresponded to: 14 cases of ependymoma, 8 cases of astrocytoma I and II types, 1 case of astrocytoma of types III and IV, 3 cases of plexus papilloma, 2 cases of meningioma, 1 case of sarcoma of the basal ganglia, 1 case of teratoma, 3 cases of indifferentiated malignant tumours, 4 cases not proven. There was a 20% survival of patients five years later."}
{"id": "PMID:900663", "title": "[Turner's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty cases of Turner's syndrome are presented. Ten cases showed cariotype XO, nine XO/XX and one case showed mosaicism with three cell lines one of which showed a ring chromosome (XO/XX/XXr). The clinical characteristics of syndrome and the associated malformations are appraised. Commentaries are made about ultimate height attained by this patients.", "contents": "[Turner's syndrome (author's transl)]. Twenty cases of Turner's syndrome are presented. Ten cases showed cariotype XO, nine XO/XX and one case showed mosaicism with three cell lines one of which showed a ring chromosome (XO/XX/XXr). The clinical characteristics of syndrome and the associated malformations are appraised. Commentaries are made about ultimate height attained by this patients."}
{"id": "PMID:900664", "title": "[Acute gastroenteritis. Clinical evolution without use of antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present a prospective study upon 193 cases of acute gastroenteritis in infants 1 to 24 months of age, giving special attention to clinical evolution of the disease without any use of therapy of either antibiotics or other antidiarrheal agents. Data on epidemiology and etiology of this series are similar to those previously reported by other authors. Mean duration of diarrhea was 2,5 days, whereas mean hospital stay was 7,5 days. The number of cases of prolonged diarrhea was 13, from which six were cases of lactose intolerance, six were cases of cow's milk protein intolerance and one was a case of intractable diarrhea. The little use fulness of antibiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea is commented and also a discussion is made of the different factors involved in the onset of the complications above mentioned.", "contents": "[Acute gastroenteritis. Clinical evolution without use of antibiotics (author's transl)]. Authors present a prospective study upon 193 cases of acute gastroenteritis in infants 1 to 24 months of age, giving special attention to clinical evolution of the disease without any use of therapy of either antibiotics or other antidiarrheal agents. Data on epidemiology and etiology of this series are similar to those previously reported by other authors. Mean duration of diarrhea was 2,5 days, whereas mean hospital stay was 7,5 days. The number of cases of prolonged diarrhea was 13, from which six were cases of lactose intolerance, six were cases of cow's milk protein intolerance and one was a case of intractable diarrhea. The little use fulness of antibiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea is commented and also a discussion is made of the different factors involved in the onset of the complications above mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:900665", "title": "[Pneumopericardium in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of pneumopericardium in a newborn affected of hyaline membrane disease, and undergoing assisted ventilaci\u00f3n is presented. Literature is reviewed. Physiopatology, morbidity, mortality, and predispossing factors are described. Knowledge of the clinical simptomatology is essential in order to perform the prompt pericardiocentesis, should cardiac tamponade be present.", "contents": "[Pneumopericardium in the newborn (author's transl)]. A case of pneumopericardium in a newborn affected of hyaline membrane disease, and undergoing assisted ventilaci\u00f3n is presented. Literature is reviewed. Physiopatology, morbidity, mortality, and predispossing factors are described. Knowledge of the clinical simptomatology is essential in order to perform the prompt pericardiocentesis, should cardiac tamponade be present."}
{"id": "PMID:900667", "title": "[Pyloric stenosis: An unfrequent complication (author's transl)].", "content": "We present one case of pyloric stenosis with hematemesis caused by a necrotizing gastritis that evolved to a gastric stenosis which had to be reoperated, having a favorable outcome.", "contents": "[Pyloric stenosis: An unfrequent complication (author's transl)]. We present one case of pyloric stenosis with hematemesis caused by a necrotizing gastritis that evolved to a gastric stenosis which had to be reoperated, having a favorable outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:900666", "title": "[Shwachman's syndrome: pancreatic exocrine insufficiency retarded growth, metaphyseal dysostosis and neutropenia (author's transl)].", "content": "A boy of 5 8/12 years of age affected with Shwachman's Syndrome is presented. He showed frequent respiratory infections that can be in order with a low account in T-lymphocytes found on immunological study. A cytoplasmic degenerative process was found after microscopical and ultrastructural vision of osteoid tissue, which is compatible with biochemical alterations.", "contents": "[Shwachman's syndrome: pancreatic exocrine insufficiency retarded growth, metaphyseal dysostosis and neutropenia (author's transl)]. A boy of 5 8/12 years of age affected with Shwachman's Syndrome is presented. He showed frequent respiratory infections that can be in order with a low account in T-lymphocytes found on immunological study. A cytoplasmic degenerative process was found after microscopical and ultrastructural vision of osteoid tissue, which is compatible with biochemical alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:900668", "title": "Fine-needle aspiration cytology in the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules.", "content": "Fifty consecutive patients were studied to assess the utility of fine-needle aspiration cytology for the diagnosis of hypofunctioning thyroid nodules. In two patients, cysts were evacuated and did not recur. Thirty-three patients underwent excisional biopsy; the aspiration biopsy result was not a criterion for surgery. Satisfactory aspiration specimens were obtained in 32 patients (97%). The diagnosis in nine aspiration specimens was malignant; of these seven (78%) were correct and there was one false-positive and one occult carcinoma unrelated to the clinically detected nodule. Five aspirations showed suspected malignancy; of these, two were carcinoma, one was an occult carcinoma, and two were benign. Eighteen aspirations were interpreted as benign; of these, 17 (94%) were correct and the one false-negative diagnosis was a well-differentiated follicular carcinoma. The procedure is useful in assessing the need for surgery in high-risk patients and in selecting patients for thyroid-suppression therapy.", "contents": "Fine-needle aspiration cytology in the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Fifty consecutive patients were studied to assess the utility of fine-needle aspiration cytology for the diagnosis of hypofunctioning thyroid nodules. In two patients, cysts were evacuated and did not recur. Thirty-three patients underwent excisional biopsy; the aspiration biopsy result was not a criterion for surgery. Satisfactory aspiration specimens were obtained in 32 patients (97%). The diagnosis in nine aspiration specimens was malignant; of these seven (78%) were correct and there was one false-positive and one occult carcinoma unrelated to the clinically detected nodule. Five aspirations showed suspected malignancy; of these, two were carcinoma, one was an occult carcinoma, and two were benign. Eighteen aspirations were interpreted as benign; of these, 17 (94%) were correct and the one false-negative diagnosis was a well-differentiated follicular carcinoma. The procedure is useful in assessing the need for surgery in high-risk patients and in selecting patients for thyroid-suppression therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:900669", "title": "Combined ultrasound and needle aspiration cytology in the assessment and management of hypofunctioning thyroid nodule.", "content": "We evaluated the efficacy of combining B-scan bistable and gray-scale ultrasound with needle aspiration cytology in assessing and managing solitary hypofunctioning solid and cystic nodules. Of the 150 cases surveyed, 90 had surgical follow-up histology for comparison to preoperative aspiration cytology results. Overall neoplasm rate in these 90 cases was 66%, increasing to 93% if colloid nodules were included. Adequate material for cytology preoperatively was obtained in 83 (92%). In cases with adequate preoperative needle aspiration cytology, there were 66 solid and 17 cystic or mixed lesions. Overall accuracy for differentiating benign from malignant nodules for solid lesions was 63 of 66 (95%), compared to 15 of 17 (88%) for predominantly cystic or mixed lesions. Of the 17 cases of proven carcinoma, correct preoperative cytology diagnosis for malignancy was obtained in 12 (71%). Malignancy was most often correctly diagnosed for solid papillary and metastatic cancer lesions. No false-positives were noted and atypical adenomas and H\u00fcrthle-cell adenomas have been correctly diagnosed. The simplicity and safety of these diagnostic procedures justify their use for \"selective\" surgery and particularly for those cases that have been initially assigned to conservative, nonsurgical therapy.", "contents": "Combined ultrasound and needle aspiration cytology in the assessment and management of hypofunctioning thyroid nodule. We evaluated the efficacy of combining B-scan bistable and gray-scale ultrasound with needle aspiration cytology in assessing and managing solitary hypofunctioning solid and cystic nodules. Of the 150 cases surveyed, 90 had surgical follow-up histology for comparison to preoperative aspiration cytology results. Overall neoplasm rate in these 90 cases was 66%, increasing to 93% if colloid nodules were included. Adequate material for cytology preoperatively was obtained in 83 (92%). In cases with adequate preoperative needle aspiration cytology, there were 66 solid and 17 cystic or mixed lesions. Overall accuracy for differentiating benign from malignant nodules for solid lesions was 63 of 66 (95%), compared to 15 of 17 (88%) for predominantly cystic or mixed lesions. Of the 17 cases of proven carcinoma, correct preoperative cytology diagnosis for malignancy was obtained in 12 (71%). Malignancy was most often correctly diagnosed for solid papillary and metastatic cancer lesions. No false-positives were noted and atypical adenomas and H\u00fcrthle-cell adenomas have been correctly diagnosed. The simplicity and safety of these diagnostic procedures justify their use for \"selective\" surgery and particularly for those cases that have been initially assigned to conservative, nonsurgical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:900670", "title": "Sites of conduction disease in aortic stenosis: significance of valve gradient and calcification.", "content": "Electrophysiologic studies were done in 32 patients with aortic stenosis. In 24 patients with intact A-V conduction, A-H intervals ranged from 55 to 145 msec and were prolonged in two. Two had split His bundle potentials. The H-V intervals ranged from 25 to 94 msec and were prolonged in 12. The mean H-V interval was 63 +/- 2.6 msec in 12 patients with calcific aortic stenosis compared with 50 +/- 4.9 msec in 12 without calcification (P less than 0.05). The mean H-V in 10 patients with aortic gradients greater than 40 mm Hg was 62 +/- 5.6 msec compared with 47 +/- 3.1 msec in nine with gradients less than 40 (P less than 0.05). In patients with aortic stenosis and A-V block, the site of the block was distal to the His bundle in three and within the His bundle in five. All eight had calcified valves. Aortic stenosis was commonly associated with latent and manifest conduction disease in the His bundle and the trifascicular conduction system. Conduction disease was more extensive with calcified valves and greater valve obstruction.", "contents": "Sites of conduction disease in aortic stenosis: significance of valve gradient and calcification. Electrophysiologic studies were done in 32 patients with aortic stenosis. In 24 patients with intact A-V conduction, A-H intervals ranged from 55 to 145 msec and were prolonged in two. Two had split His bundle potentials. The H-V intervals ranged from 25 to 94 msec and were prolonged in 12. The mean H-V interval was 63 +/- 2.6 msec in 12 patients with calcific aortic stenosis compared with 50 +/- 4.9 msec in 12 without calcification (P less than 0.05). The mean H-V in 10 patients with aortic gradients greater than 40 mm Hg was 62 +/- 5.6 msec compared with 47 +/- 3.1 msec in nine with gradients less than 40 (P less than 0.05). In patients with aortic stenosis and A-V block, the site of the block was distal to the His bundle in three and within the His bundle in five. All eight had calcified valves. Aortic stenosis was commonly associated with latent and manifest conduction disease in the His bundle and the trifascicular conduction system. Conduction disease was more extensive with calcified valves and greater valve obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:900671", "title": "Bartter's syndrome: urinary prostaglandin E-like material and kallikrein; indomethacin effects.", "content": "The urinary excretions of prostaglandin E-like material (iPGE) and kallikrein were measured in two children with Bartter's syndrome. Urinary iPGE excretion was three and 10 times greater than normal, and urinary kallikrein was five and 10 times greater than normal in the two subjects. Furthermore, excretions of iPGE and kallikrein were highly correlated (P less than 0.005) with each other before and during treatment with indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor. Indomethacin significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced urinary iPGE, urinary kallikrein, and plasma renin activity, while increasing the sensitivity to intravenous angiotensin II and the serum potassium to normal. The results confirm that renal prostaglandins may be involved in the pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome and suggest that renal prostaglandins and the kallikrein-kinin system are linked.", "contents": "Bartter's syndrome: urinary prostaglandin E-like material and kallikrein; indomethacin effects. The urinary excretions of prostaglandin E-like material (iPGE) and kallikrein were measured in two children with Bartter's syndrome. Urinary iPGE excretion was three and 10 times greater than normal, and urinary kallikrein was five and 10 times greater than normal in the two subjects. Furthermore, excretions of iPGE and kallikrein were highly correlated (P less than 0.005) with each other before and during treatment with indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor. Indomethacin significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced urinary iPGE, urinary kallikrein, and plasma renin activity, while increasing the sensitivity to intravenous angiotensin II and the serum potassium to normal. The results confirm that renal prostaglandins may be involved in the pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome and suggest that renal prostaglandins and the kallikrein-kinin system are linked."}
{"id": "PMID:900672", "title": "Liver involvement in the syndrome of mixed cryoglobulinemia.", "content": "A study of liver abnormalities in 36 patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia in the absence of underlying infectious, connective tissue, or lymphoproliferative disorders revealed clinical or biochemical evidence of liver dysfunction in 84%. Hepatomegaly was detected in 77%, splenomegaly in 54%, and abnormalities in bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, or serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase in 77%. Only four of the patients had overt liver disease. Of 15 biopsies from 12 patients, there was normal tissue structure in two, minimal nonspecific changes in one, portal fibrosis in three, chronic persistent hepatitis in one, chronic active hepatitis in two, chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis in four, and postnecrotic cirrhosis in two. These findings, together with the previously reported high incidence of serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, support the view that the syndrome of purpura, arthritis, and nephritis is often a consequence of immune-complex vasculitis secondary to HBV infection.", "contents": "Liver involvement in the syndrome of mixed cryoglobulinemia. A study of liver abnormalities in 36 patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia in the absence of underlying infectious, connective tissue, or lymphoproliferative disorders revealed clinical or biochemical evidence of liver dysfunction in 84%. Hepatomegaly was detected in 77%, splenomegaly in 54%, and abnormalities in bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, or serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase in 77%. Only four of the patients had overt liver disease. Of 15 biopsies from 12 patients, there was normal tissue structure in two, minimal nonspecific changes in one, portal fibrosis in three, chronic persistent hepatitis in one, chronic active hepatitis in two, chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis in four, and postnecrotic cirrhosis in two. These findings, together with the previously reported high incidence of serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, support the view that the syndrome of purpura, arthritis, and nephritis is often a consequence of immune-complex vasculitis secondary to HBV infection."}
{"id": "PMID:900673", "title": "Chronic excessive acetaminophen use and liver damage.", "content": "Severe, often fatal liver damage results from extreme overdosage with acetaminophen. In usual dosage, it is considered harmless. We describe three cases of toxic hepatitis associated with the chronic ingestion of excessive doses of acetaminophen. Each patient took approximately 5 to 8 g of acetaminophen per day during a period of several weeks. The transient elevations of serum hepatocellular enzyme concentrations and the histologic evidence of a toxic hepatitis suggest the liver damage was related to the use of acetaminophen. Alcohol abuse in one patient and negative nitrogen balance in another may have increased the susceptibility to acetaminophen toxicity. With the increasing popularity of acetaminophen for mild pain relief, hepatotoxicity from acute or chronic ingestion may be more common than previously recognized, especially in those patients with predisposing conditions.", "contents": "Chronic excessive acetaminophen use and liver damage. Severe, often fatal liver damage results from extreme overdosage with acetaminophen. In usual dosage, it is considered harmless. We describe three cases of toxic hepatitis associated with the chronic ingestion of excessive doses of acetaminophen. Each patient took approximately 5 to 8 g of acetaminophen per day during a period of several weeks. The transient elevations of serum hepatocellular enzyme concentrations and the histologic evidence of a toxic hepatitis suggest the liver damage was related to the use of acetaminophen. Alcohol abuse in one patient and negative nitrogen balance in another may have increased the susceptibility to acetaminophen toxicity. With the increasing popularity of acetaminophen for mild pain relief, hepatotoxicity from acute or chronic ingestion may be more common than previously recognized, especially in those patients with predisposing conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:900674", "title": "Chronic liver disease and acetaminophen.", "content": "A 59-year-old female patient with arthritis developed liver function abnormalities while taking therapeutic doses of acetaminophen. Liver biopsy showed evidence of acute and chronic liver damage. Rechallenge with acetaminophen induced abnormal liver functions almost immediately. The patient has been followed for 2 years since that challenge and remains asymptomatic. Biochemical tests of liver function have returned to normal.", "contents": "Chronic liver disease and acetaminophen. A 59-year-old female patient with arthritis developed liver function abnormalities while taking therapeutic doses of acetaminophen. Liver biopsy showed evidence of acute and chronic liver damage. Rechallenge with acetaminophen induced abnormal liver functions almost immediately. The patient has been followed for 2 years since that challenge and remains asymptomatic. Biochemical tests of liver function have returned to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:900675", "title": "Antibiotic treatment of renal carbuncle.", "content": "Renal carbuncles in seven young males were successfully treated with long-term administration of penicillinase-resistant antibiotics. Selective renal arteriography provided an accurate means of diagnosis and permitted a trial of medical therapy. All patients experienced a prompt and sustained clincial remission; surigical exploration was thus obviated in all but one instance, in which post-treatment radiographic changes persisted.", "contents": "Antibiotic treatment of renal carbuncle. Renal carbuncles in seven young males were successfully treated with long-term administration of penicillinase-resistant antibiotics. Selective renal arteriography provided an accurate means of diagnosis and permitted a trial of medical therapy. All patients experienced a prompt and sustained clincial remission; surigical exploration was thus obviated in all but one instance, in which post-treatment radiographic changes persisted."}
{"id": "PMID:900676", "title": "Nafcillin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid during treatment of staphylococcal infections.", "content": "The nafcillin concentration of simultaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum specimens from nine patients being treated with parenteral nafcillin for staphylococcal infection were measured. Marked variations in the ratio of CSF/serum nafcillin concentration were observed. However, the concentration of nafcillin in the CSF was greater than the minimum lethal concentration (MLC) for Staphylococcus aureus in eight of the nine patients. In five patients with CSF pleocytosis, the nafcillin concentration was three to 100 times the MLC. These results support the recommendation to use nafcillin in doses of at least 100 to 200 mg/kg body weight-day for treatment of meningitis caused by S. aureus.", "contents": "Nafcillin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid during treatment of staphylococcal infections. The nafcillin concentration of simultaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum specimens from nine patients being treated with parenteral nafcillin for staphylococcal infection were measured. Marked variations in the ratio of CSF/serum nafcillin concentration were observed. However, the concentration of nafcillin in the CSF was greater than the minimum lethal concentration (MLC) for Staphylococcus aureus in eight of the nine patients. In five patients with CSF pleocytosis, the nafcillin concentration was three to 100 times the MLC. These results support the recommendation to use nafcillin in doses of at least 100 to 200 mg/kg body weight-day for treatment of meningitis caused by S. aureus."}
{"id": "PMID:900677", "title": "Phenformin and hyperamylasemia in lactic acidosis.", "content": "All cases of lactic acidosis occurring during a 23-month period in a metropolitan teaching hospital were reviewed to ascertain the frequency of hyperamylasemia. Serum amylase activity had been measured in 12 of 26 patients and was elevated in eight (67%). Hyperamylasemia was not significantly more frequent in patients with phenformin-associated lactic acidosis than in patients with lactic acidosis who had not received phenformin. Serum amylase activity did not correlate with the severity of acidosis (arterial pH) or with renal function (serum creatinine).", "contents": "Phenformin and hyperamylasemia in lactic acidosis. All cases of lactic acidosis occurring during a 23-month period in a metropolitan teaching hospital were reviewed to ascertain the frequency of hyperamylasemia. Serum amylase activity had been measured in 12 of 26 patients and was elevated in eight (67%). Hyperamylasemia was not significantly more frequent in patients with phenformin-associated lactic acidosis than in patients with lactic acidosis who had not received phenformin. Serum amylase activity did not correlate with the severity of acidosis (arterial pH) or with renal function (serum creatinine)."}
{"id": "PMID:900678", "title": "Phenformin-associated pancreatitis.", "content": "Although phenformin has been previously reported to be associated with acute pancreatitis, little emphasis of this association has been made in the literature. We report the case of a 70-year-old diabetic man who developed acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis and severe lactic acidosis while taking phenformin. The patient was not taking any other medications, nor did he have any of the known metabolic conditions associated with pancreatitis. We review the four previously published cases of patients who developed acute pancreatitis while taking phenformin. Three of those patients also developed lactic acidosis, a well-known complication of phenformin therapy. Although phenformin has been reported to increase the serum amylase activity and to alter the content of the pancreatic secretions in response to various stimuli, the manner in which the drug might cause acute pancreatitis remains completely unknown.", "contents": "Phenformin-associated pancreatitis. Although phenformin has been previously reported to be associated with acute pancreatitis, little emphasis of this association has been made in the literature. We report the case of a 70-year-old diabetic man who developed acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis and severe lactic acidosis while taking phenformin. The patient was not taking any other medications, nor did he have any of the known metabolic conditions associated with pancreatitis. We review the four previously published cases of patients who developed acute pancreatitis while taking phenformin. Three of those patients also developed lactic acidosis, a well-known complication of phenformin therapy. Although phenformin has been reported to increase the serum amylase activity and to alter the content of the pancreatic secretions in response to various stimuli, the manner in which the drug might cause acute pancreatitis remains completely unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:900679", "title": "Influenza vaccine: recommendations of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Center for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Atlanta, Georgia.", "content": "The bivalent influenza vaccines for the 1977-1978 immunization period will contain inactivated influenza A and B viruses representing currently prevalent strains and will be available in \"split-virus\" and \"whole-virus\" preparations, which differ in side-effects and immunogenicity. Annual vaccination is recommended for adults and children of all ages with chronic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus or cardiac, pulmonary, or renal disease. Vaccination is also recommended for persons over age 65 years and persons in vital community services. Age-related doses are specified in a table, and side-effects and use in pregnancy are discussed in the text.", "contents": "Influenza vaccine: recommendations of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Center for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Atlanta, Georgia. The bivalent influenza vaccines for the 1977-1978 immunization period will contain inactivated influenza A and B viruses representing currently prevalent strains and will be available in \"split-virus\" and \"whole-virus\" preparations, which differ in side-effects and immunogenicity. Annual vaccination is recommended for adults and children of all ages with chronic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus or cardiac, pulmonary, or renal disease. Vaccination is also recommended for persons over age 65 years and persons in vital community services. Age-related doses are specified in a table, and side-effects and use in pregnancy are discussed in the text."}
{"id": "PMID:900680", "title": "Primary care residency training: the first five years.", "content": "The training of physicians for the delivery of primary care is becoming a national priority. The period of residency training is viewed by many as the focal point for educational change to meet this demand. The Residency Program in Social Medicine at Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center was begun in 1970 and offers primary care residency training toward board eligibility in internal medicine, pediatrics, or family practice. The pairing concept of scheduling guarantees the resident a continuity of care experience for his own panel of patients at the ambulatory site. The hospital and the ambulatory site share the cost of residents' salaries. Primary care curriculum for clinical and clinical-support areas, delivery-site design, and faculty-utilization models must all be uniquely suited to the training of the future primary care practitioner. Resident recruitment and selection and the involvement of residents in the management of the residency program are crucial features of program success and training for future practice.", "contents": "Primary care residency training: the first five years. The training of physicians for the delivery of primary care is becoming a national priority. The period of residency training is viewed by many as the focal point for educational change to meet this demand. The Residency Program in Social Medicine at Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center was begun in 1970 and offers primary care residency training toward board eligibility in internal medicine, pediatrics, or family practice. The pairing concept of scheduling guarantees the resident a continuity of care experience for his own panel of patients at the ambulatory site. The hospital and the ambulatory site share the cost of residents' salaries. Primary care curriculum for clinical and clinical-support areas, delivery-site design, and faculty-utilization models must all be uniquely suited to the training of the future primary care practitioner. Resident recruitment and selection and the involvement of residents in the management of the residency program are crucial features of program success and training for future practice."}
{"id": "PMID:900681", "title": "Bartter's syndrome results from an imbalance of vasoactive hormones.", "content": "Bartter's syndrome may result from a disturbance of the interrelations of three vasoactive hormonal systems: the kallikrein-kinin, renin-angiotensin, and prostaglandin systems. Although kinin and angiotensin have opposing effects on renal function, each hormone increases the levels of prostaglandins within the kidney. Elevated renal prostaglandin levels are primarily responsible for some of the major features of the syndrome. The effectiveness of indomethacin in the treatment of Bartter's syndrome derives in large part from the ability of the drug to inhibit prostaglandin production. Indomethacin also decreases the activity of the renin-angiotensin system and the excretion of renal kallikrein, perhaps related to inhibition of prostaglandin mechanisms that may participate in the release of renin and kallikrein. However, additional actions of indomethacin must be considered, such as an effect of the drug on a naturally occurring renin inhibitor.", "contents": "Bartter's syndrome results from an imbalance of vasoactive hormones. Bartter's syndrome may result from a disturbance of the interrelations of three vasoactive hormonal systems: the kallikrein-kinin, renin-angiotensin, and prostaglandin systems. Although kinin and angiotensin have opposing effects on renal function, each hormone increases the levels of prostaglandins within the kidney. Elevated renal prostaglandin levels are primarily responsible for some of the major features of the syndrome. The effectiveness of indomethacin in the treatment of Bartter's syndrome derives in large part from the ability of the drug to inhibit prostaglandin production. Indomethacin also decreases the activity of the renin-angiotensin system and the excretion of renal kallikrein, perhaps related to inhibition of prostaglandin mechanisms that may participate in the release of renin and kallikrein. However, additional actions of indomethacin must be considered, such as an effect of the drug on a naturally occurring renin inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:900687", "title": "[In favor of a scientific psychiatry. Attempted formalization and operative model].", "content": "In giving due consideration to the heterogeneous nature of psychiatry, and its several trends with their inability rightly to state the many varieties of mental disorders, we may well ask whether this department of knowledge may not now be directed into strictly scientific channels. In the present state of things, the conditions suitable for the research of a scientific modus operandi are now fulfilled. That it may be placed on a more scientific footing, psychiatry must not only be able to overcome the epistemological obstacles and take into account the latest elements brought in by contemporary epistemology; it must also give us modes and patterns brought forth from clinical experience and experimentation. Constant exchanges between scientifically critical and purely clinical data is leading us to a pattern or mode of increasingly generalised scope which is based on functional notions and which permits us to answer the question raised in the affirmative.", "contents": "[In favor of a scientific psychiatry. Attempted formalization and operative model]. In giving due consideration to the heterogeneous nature of psychiatry, and its several trends with their inability rightly to state the many varieties of mental disorders, we may well ask whether this department of knowledge may not now be directed into strictly scientific channels. In the present state of things, the conditions suitable for the research of a scientific modus operandi are now fulfilled. That it may be placed on a more scientific footing, psychiatry must not only be able to overcome the epistemological obstacles and take into account the latest elements brought in by contemporary epistemology; it must also give us modes and patterns brought forth from clinical experience and experimentation. Constant exchanges between scientifically critical and purely clinical data is leading us to a pattern or mode of increasingly generalised scope which is based on functional notions and which permits us to answer the question raised in the affirmative."}
{"id": "PMID:900693", "title": "The fine structure of microconidial germination and vegetative cells of Histoplasma capsulatum.", "content": "Aspects of the fine structure of germinating microconidia (spore less than 5 micron in diameter) and vegetative hyphal cells of Histoplasma capsulatum were examined by electron microscopy. When grown on a soil extract medium, three strains produced masses of smooth-walled conidia when the conidia were examined by light microscopy. Electron microscopy showed the presence of short tuberculations arising as part of the outer layer of the microconidial wall. Within 48 h of incubation at 25 degrees C, germination was initiated by the emergence of a short germ tube whose wall was derived from an inner layer(s) of the cell wall of the germinant. Germ tube formation was occasionally multipolar. Following the initiation of germination, organeller migration and septation, the microcondium rapidly lost its morphological identity. The cytoplasm of the vegetative hyphal cell was observed to contain typical fungal organelles. The septal area was characteristic of that of a ascomycetous fungus.", "contents": "The fine structure of microconidial germination and vegetative cells of Histoplasma capsulatum. Aspects of the fine structure of germinating microconidia (spore less than 5 micron in diameter) and vegetative hyphal cells of Histoplasma capsulatum were examined by electron microscopy. When grown on a soil extract medium, three strains produced masses of smooth-walled conidia when the conidia were examined by light microscopy. Electron microscopy showed the presence of short tuberculations arising as part of the outer layer of the microconidial wall. Within 48 h of incubation at 25 degrees C, germination was initiated by the emergence of a short germ tube whose wall was derived from an inner layer(s) of the cell wall of the germinant. Germ tube formation was occasionally multipolar. Following the initiation of germination, organeller migration and septation, the microcondium rapidly lost its morphological identity. The cytoplasm of the vegetative hyphal cell was observed to contain typical fungal organelles. The septal area was characteristic of that of a ascomycetous fungus."}
{"id": "PMID:900694", "title": "[Pathways of benzoic acid dissimilation in \"enterobacteriaceae\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The Enterobacteriaceae can be divided into two groups with respect to the benzoic acids metabolism. In the first group, benzoate and/or p-hydroxybenzoate are dissimilated through the beta-ketoadipate pathway and m-hydroxybenzoate through the gentisate pathway; in the second one, are clustered species which do not dissimilate these aromatic acids. The possible taxonomic significance of this divergence is discussed.", "contents": "[Pathways of benzoic acid dissimilation in \"enterobacteriaceae\" (author's transl)]. The Enterobacteriaceae can be divided into two groups with respect to the benzoic acids metabolism. In the first group, benzoate and/or p-hydroxybenzoate are dissimilated through the beta-ketoadipate pathway and m-hydroxybenzoate through the gentisate pathway; in the second one, are clustered species which do not dissimilate these aromatic acids. The possible taxonomic significance of this divergence is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900695", "title": "[Characteristics of \"Streptococcus mutans\" from endocarditis and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents (author's transl)].", "content": "Strains of Streptococcus mutans were isolated from blood cultures of ten patients with endocarditis. Nine of these patients had a typical clinical picture of subacute bacterial endocarditis, with fever, weakness, heart murmur and multiple positive blood cultures. All the patients had previous valvular heart diseases; only in three cases the initiating event involved some type of dental manipulations which where supposed as the source of infection. The major criteria for recognizing S. mutans were colony morphology on blood agar, characteristic extracellular polysaccharide production in 5% sucrose broth, acid formation in mannitol and sorbitol broth, and the failure of antigenic extracts of S. mutans to react with streptococcal group antisera. The susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was tested by the diffusimetric method with susceptibility disks. All the strains were susceptible to penicillin G, erythromycin, pristinamycin, lincomycin and tetracycline, and resistant to streptomycin and gentamicine.", "contents": "[Characteristics of \"Streptococcus mutans\" from endocarditis and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents (author's transl)]. Strains of Streptococcus mutans were isolated from blood cultures of ten patients with endocarditis. Nine of these patients had a typical clinical picture of subacute bacterial endocarditis, with fever, weakness, heart murmur and multiple positive blood cultures. All the patients had previous valvular heart diseases; only in three cases the initiating event involved some type of dental manipulations which where supposed as the source of infection. The major criteria for recognizing S. mutans were colony morphology on blood agar, characteristic extracellular polysaccharide production in 5% sucrose broth, acid formation in mannitol and sorbitol broth, and the failure of antigenic extracts of S. mutans to react with streptococcal group antisera. The susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was tested by the diffusimetric method with susceptibility disks. All the strains were susceptible to penicillin G, erythromycin, pristinamycin, lincomycin and tetracycline, and resistant to streptomycin and gentamicine."}
{"id": "PMID:900696", "title": "The effect of antibiotics on the infective viability of an alder (Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn.) crushed nodule inoculum.", "content": "The effect of various antibiotic substances, mainly penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol respectively, on the infective viability of an alder crushed nodule inoculum towards the host plant has been studied. Penicillin was inocuous in respect of both plant and nodule endophyte. Its use did not prevent the formation of nitrogen-fixing partnership. The other antibiotics tested showed a harmful effect either inhibiting infection (streptomycin) or causing death in most plants (tetracycline and chloramphenicol). The use of penicillin in isolation trials of the alder nodule endophyte is suggested.", "contents": "The effect of antibiotics on the infective viability of an alder (Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn.) crushed nodule inoculum. The effect of various antibiotic substances, mainly penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol respectively, on the infective viability of an alder crushed nodule inoculum towards the host plant has been studied. Penicillin was inocuous in respect of both plant and nodule endophyte. Its use did not prevent the formation of nitrogen-fixing partnership. The other antibiotics tested showed a harmful effect either inhibiting infection (streptomycin) or causing death in most plants (tetracycline and chloramphenicol). The use of penicillin in isolation trials of the alder nodule endophyte is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:900706", "title": "Long-term handling of open-angle glaucoma: tonography and other prognostic aids.", "content": "Data from 132 primary open-angle glaucoma cases and from 6 combined open and closed-angle cases, taken from a group of 254 cases with extensively documented material from 10 year or longer follow-up, are used to show that tonographic data are more helpful than other criteria in predicting which cases can be expected to show deterioration, although careful visual field testing and optic disc evaluation remain the ultimate guides.", "contents": "Long-term handling of open-angle glaucoma: tonography and other prognostic aids. Data from 132 primary open-angle glaucoma cases and from 6 combined open and closed-angle cases, taken from a group of 254 cases with extensively documented material from 10 year or longer follow-up, are used to show that tonographic data are more helpful than other criteria in predicting which cases can be expected to show deterioration, although careful visual field testing and optic disc evaluation remain the ultimate guides."}
{"id": "PMID:900707", "title": "Ectopic lacrimal gland in the orbit identified by computerized axial transverse tomography.", "content": "A case of ectopic lacrimal gland within the orbit causing progressive exophthalmos and visual loss is presented. The orbital mass, identified by computerized axial transverse tomography, had characteristics which were different from other orbital tumors identified to date by this technique.", "contents": "Ectopic lacrimal gland in the orbit identified by computerized axial transverse tomography. A case of ectopic lacrimal gland within the orbit causing progressive exophthalmos and visual loss is presented. The orbital mass, identified by computerized axial transverse tomography, had characteristics which were different from other orbital tumors identified to date by this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:900708", "title": "Angle-closure secondary to ciliary body swelling.", "content": "A 44-year-old man had unilateral closure of the anterior chamber angle associated with ciliary body swelling. He was treated with topical cycloplegics and corticosteroids. The shallow chamber deepended to equal the fellow eye in 6 days, and no recurrence has been noted.", "contents": "Angle-closure secondary to ciliary body swelling. A 44-year-old man had unilateral closure of the anterior chamber angle associated with ciliary body swelling. He was treated with topical cycloplegics and corticosteroids. The shallow chamber deepended to equal the fellow eye in 6 days, and no recurrence has been noted."}
{"id": "PMID:900709", "title": "Retinitis pigmentosa associated with nevus flammeus and unilateral glaucoma.", "content": "A 53-year-old white man was noted to have bilateral retinitis pigmentosa associated with a left nevus flammeus, a left choroidal hemangioma and unilateral glaucoma. No central nervous system manifestations of Sturge-Weber syndrome were noted. The association of retinitis pigmentosa and the nevus flammeus is probably a chance occurrence.", "contents": "Retinitis pigmentosa associated with nevus flammeus and unilateral glaucoma. A 53-year-old white man was noted to have bilateral retinitis pigmentosa associated with a left nevus flammeus, a left choroidal hemangioma and unilateral glaucoma. No central nervous system manifestations of Sturge-Weber syndrome were noted. The association of retinitis pigmentosa and the nevus flammeus is probably a chance occurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:900710", "title": "Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid.", "content": "An unusual case of sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid is described. Site of the lesion and noninvolvement of the lid margin or the skin suggest that it arose from meibomian glands. A complete excision and not partial biopsy of the suspected lesions is advised for histopathologic studies. It is suggested also that the specimen must be examined by an ophthalmic pathologist.", "contents": "Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. An unusual case of sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid is described. Site of the lesion and noninvolvement of the lid margin or the skin suggest that it arose from meibomian glands. A complete excision and not partial biopsy of the suspected lesions is advised for histopathologic studies. It is suggested also that the specimen must be examined by an ophthalmic pathologist."}
{"id": "PMID:900711", "title": "Toxicity of selected antibiotics in vitreous replacement fluid.", "content": "Experiments with rabbits demonstrated no toxic effects on the retina after vitrectomy when the infusion fluid contained either 20 microgram/ml chloramphenicol saline, 10 microgram/ml amikacin saline, 10 microgram/ml tobramycin saline, or 10 microgram/ml clindamycin saline. We found abnormal electroretinograms and abnormal histologic findings in eyes receiving vitreous replacement with these same drugs in higher concentrations.", "contents": "Toxicity of selected antibiotics in vitreous replacement fluid. Experiments with rabbits demonstrated no toxic effects on the retina after vitrectomy when the infusion fluid contained either 20 microgram/ml chloramphenicol saline, 10 microgram/ml amikacin saline, 10 microgram/ml tobramycin saline, or 10 microgram/ml clindamycin saline. We found abnormal electroretinograms and abnormal histologic findings in eyes receiving vitreous replacement with these same drugs in higher concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:900712", "title": "Histoplasma capsulatum in vessels of the choroid.", "content": "In a 3-year-old boy disseminated histoplasmosis was recognized from a liver biopsy. The patient died shortly afterwards and had foci of the disease in liver, spleen, and kidneys. Large numbers of yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum were found within histiocytes in other organs including the eye. This rare finding is remarkable in view of the search for Histoplasma capsulatum in the syndrome known as \"so-called histoplasmosis of the choroid.\"", "contents": "Histoplasma capsulatum in vessels of the choroid. In a 3-year-old boy disseminated histoplasmosis was recognized from a liver biopsy. The patient died shortly afterwards and had foci of the disease in liver, spleen, and kidneys. Large numbers of yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum were found within histiocytes in other organs including the eye. This rare finding is remarkable in view of the search for Histoplasma capsulatum in the syndrome known as \"so-called histoplasmosis of the choroid.\""}
{"id": "PMID:900713", "title": "Retinal pigment epitheliitis.", "content": "Sixty-one patients with retinal pigment epitheliitis were studied. Fifty-two eyes in 40 patients were followed for 2 years. Good central visual acuity was maintained in more than 80% of these eyes. The differential diagnosis of retinal pigment epitheliitis and the characteristic findings are described.", "contents": "Retinal pigment epitheliitis. Sixty-one patients with retinal pigment epitheliitis were studied. Fifty-two eyes in 40 patients were followed for 2 years. Good central visual acuity was maintained in more than 80% of these eyes. The differential diagnosis of retinal pigment epitheliitis and the characteristic findings are described."}
{"id": "PMID:900714", "title": "Idiopathic chorioretinal effusion: An analysis of extracellular fluids.", "content": "A case of nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment with choroidal detachment was seen 3 weeks after onset and was evaluated clinically with emphasis on the fluid contents from one eye. The right eye showed slight subretinal fluid and minimal RPE pigmentary mottling. The left eye was severely involved with a near flat anterior chamber, a 360 degrees peripheral serous retinal detachment with shifting fluid and 360 degrees choroidal separations. Fluorescein showed mottled retinal pigment epithelium changes in each eye. Cell free samples of the subretinal fluid were high in protein (16.5 gm/100 ml) with a near absence of the alpha-2 fraction. Epichoroidal fluid from the choroidal detachments exhibited a protein content and makeup similar to that of normal plasma. The concentration of protein in the cerebrospinal fluid was elevated (0.096 gm/100 ml) without evidence of inflammatory changes. Ultrastructural examinations of sclera revealed a normal structure. There was no indication of the cause of the elevated protein content of the subretinal and spinal fluids. Following subretinal and epichoroidal fluid evacuation, the patient was treated with systemic steroids. The retinal and choroidal separations subsided slowly over several months, leaving multiple retinal pigment epithelial pigmentary clumps with drusen-like centers. A more appropriate name for this entity is idiopathic chorioretinal effusion.", "contents": "Idiopathic chorioretinal effusion: An analysis of extracellular fluids. A case of nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment with choroidal detachment was seen 3 weeks after onset and was evaluated clinically with emphasis on the fluid contents from one eye. The right eye showed slight subretinal fluid and minimal RPE pigmentary mottling. The left eye was severely involved with a near flat anterior chamber, a 360 degrees peripheral serous retinal detachment with shifting fluid and 360 degrees choroidal separations. Fluorescein showed mottled retinal pigment epithelium changes in each eye. Cell free samples of the subretinal fluid were high in protein (16.5 gm/100 ml) with a near absence of the alpha-2 fraction. Epichoroidal fluid from the choroidal detachments exhibited a protein content and makeup similar to that of normal plasma. The concentration of protein in the cerebrospinal fluid was elevated (0.096 gm/100 ml) without evidence of inflammatory changes. Ultrastructural examinations of sclera revealed a normal structure. There was no indication of the cause of the elevated protein content of the subretinal and spinal fluids. Following subretinal and epichoroidal fluid evacuation, the patient was treated with systemic steroids. The retinal and choroidal separations subsided slowly over several months, leaving multiple retinal pigment epithelial pigmentary clumps with drusen-like centers. A more appropriate name for this entity is idiopathic chorioretinal effusion."}
{"id": "PMID:900716", "title": "Conjunctival biopsy in sarcoidosis: A simple, safe, and specific diagnostic procedure.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and specificity of granulomatous conjunctivitis in sarcoidosis. One hundred conjunctival biopsies were performed on patients with histologically confirmed sarcoidosis (60), pulmonary tuberculosis (25), and several nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the lung and eye (15). A positive biopsy was present in 33% of the patients with sarcoidosis, but in none of the other disease processes. Great care was taken to exclude the possibility of these granulomas being secondary to foreign body reaction or infection with tuberculosis or fungi. No predictive relationship could be established between eye symptoms or slit lamp findings in the conjunctiva and uveal tract, and the finding of positive conjunctival biopsies. Thus, it is suggested that this procedure, due to its ease, safety, and specificity, be the first biopsy performed in patients with clinical or chest x-ray abnormalities suggesting sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Conjunctival biopsy in sarcoidosis: A simple, safe, and specific diagnostic procedure. A prospective study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and specificity of granulomatous conjunctivitis in sarcoidosis. One hundred conjunctival biopsies were performed on patients with histologically confirmed sarcoidosis (60), pulmonary tuberculosis (25), and several nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the lung and eye (15). A positive biopsy was present in 33% of the patients with sarcoidosis, but in none of the other disease processes. Great care was taken to exclude the possibility of these granulomas being secondary to foreign body reaction or infection with tuberculosis or fungi. No predictive relationship could be established between eye symptoms or slit lamp findings in the conjunctiva and uveal tract, and the finding of positive conjunctival biopsies. Thus, it is suggested that this procedure, due to its ease, safety, and specificity, be the first biopsy performed in patients with clinical or chest x-ray abnormalities suggesting sarcoidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:900719", "title": "Simplified soft contact lens treatment in corneal diseases.", "content": "The advantages and disadvantages of the newly introduced Plano-T soft contact lens for the treatment of corneal diseases were evaluated. The physical characteristics, base curve, diameter, and thickness account for the fitting advantages which make it a versatile lens. The assumption that one lens fits almost any eye and that it may be used in most instances where a bandage lens is indicated proved correct, except for corneas of extreme measurements as in keratoconus. The results obtained compare very favorably with the results of the more conventional lathe cut lenses for the treatment of corneal diseases. Visual improvement does not seem as dramatic as in the latter, but some of the most common side effects are almost eliminated. Its physical characteristics and actions are reviewed. The corneal diseases for which it has been used are mentioned and the results discussed.", "contents": "Simplified soft contact lens treatment in corneal diseases. The advantages and disadvantages of the newly introduced Plano-T soft contact lens for the treatment of corneal diseases were evaluated. The physical characteristics, base curve, diameter, and thickness account for the fitting advantages which make it a versatile lens. The assumption that one lens fits almost any eye and that it may be used in most instances where a bandage lens is indicated proved correct, except for corneas of extreme measurements as in keratoconus. The results obtained compare very favorably with the results of the more conventional lathe cut lenses for the treatment of corneal diseases. Visual improvement does not seem as dramatic as in the latter, but some of the most common side effects are almost eliminated. Its physical characteristics and actions are reviewed. The corneal diseases for which it has been used are mentioned and the results discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900720", "title": "Voluntary nystagmus.", "content": "Voluntary nystagmus is a pendular, rapid, conjugate, primarily horizontal, benign nystagmus initiated and maintained by voluntary effort. The amplitude is variable, but always low. The rate is constant and rapid. Convergence is variable--apparently essential in some, nonessential in others, but related in all of our cases. This condition appears to have a familial component and is more common than originally thought. Voluntary nystagmus should be considered when dealing with any patient exhibiting nystagmus in order to minimize the possibility of misdiagnosis as occurred in one of our cases.", "contents": "Voluntary nystagmus. Voluntary nystagmus is a pendular, rapid, conjugate, primarily horizontal, benign nystagmus initiated and maintained by voluntary effort. The amplitude is variable, but always low. The rate is constant and rapid. Convergence is variable--apparently essential in some, nonessential in others, but related in all of our cases. This condition appears to have a familial component and is more common than originally thought. Voluntary nystagmus should be considered when dealing with any patient exhibiting nystagmus in order to minimize the possibility of misdiagnosis as occurred in one of our cases."}
{"id": "PMID:900721", "title": "Retinoblastoma simulating Coats' disease: a clinicopathologic report.", "content": "A case report of a male infant with leukocoria and a clinical picture of Coats' disease is presented. The correct diagnosis was suggested by contact B-scan ultrasonography, which demonstrated an exophytic mass with calcification compatible with retinoblastoma. The value of this technique in the differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma is discussed.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma simulating Coats' disease: a clinicopathologic report. A case report of a male infant with leukocoria and a clinical picture of Coats' disease is presented. The correct diagnosis was suggested by contact B-scan ultrasonography, which demonstrated an exophytic mass with calcification compatible with retinoblastoma. The value of this technique in the differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900722", "title": "Adenoacanthoma of lacrimal sac.", "content": "A case of adenoacanthoma of the lacrimal sac is presented. The problems of the site of origin and change of behavior of the tumor is discussed. Radical surgery with subsequent radiotherapy is advocated at an early stage to avoid local recurrence. Topical application of a chemotherapeutic agent may be worthwhile in small local recurrence.", "contents": "Adenoacanthoma of lacrimal sac. A case of adenoacanthoma of the lacrimal sac is presented. The problems of the site of origin and change of behavior of the tumor is discussed. Radical surgery with subsequent radiotherapy is advocated at an early stage to avoid local recurrence. Topical application of a chemotherapeutic agent may be worthwhile in small local recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:900723", "title": "Cryoextraction of cataract under general anesthesia.", "content": "Five hundred unselected cataracts were extracted under general anesthesia using Sudarsky cryoprobe. The technique has been described and the results tabulated. The visual results and complications and discussed in detail.", "contents": "Cryoextraction of cataract under general anesthesia. Five hundred unselected cataracts were extracted under general anesthesia using Sudarsky cryoprobe. The technique has been described and the results tabulated. The visual results and complications and discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:900724", "title": "Experiences with some modifications of cyclodialysis for aphakic glaucoma.", "content": "Continued attempts to improve the success rate with modifications of the cyclodialysis procedure have been made and described here. The results with a scleral pedicle insertion and with a long scleral incision parallel to the limbus were very poor. As a result of improvements in the technique of separating the ciliary body from the scleral spur by depressing the former mechanically and of using of meridional incision to avoid a scar barrier, I have returned to a modified Blaskovics procedure. Further use of this procedure with continued follow-up is planned. However, I invite you to try the various procedures described here, including Aviner's, so that we may find ways of improving our results with this potentially excellent operations, especially in aphakic glaucoma as primary procedures.", "contents": "Experiences with some modifications of cyclodialysis for aphakic glaucoma. Continued attempts to improve the success rate with modifications of the cyclodialysis procedure have been made and described here. The results with a scleral pedicle insertion and with a long scleral incision parallel to the limbus were very poor. As a result of improvements in the technique of separating the ciliary body from the scleral spur by depressing the former mechanically and of using of meridional incision to avoid a scar barrier, I have returned to a modified Blaskovics procedure. Further use of this procedure with continued follow-up is planned. However, I invite you to try the various procedures described here, including Aviner's, so that we may find ways of improving our results with this potentially excellent operations, especially in aphakic glaucoma as primary procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:900725", "title": "Inverted follicular keratosis clinically mimicking malignant melanoma.", "content": "A 70-year-old man had a rapid growth of a pigmented eyelid lesion, previously stationary for at least 50 years. Because of the suspicion of malignant melanoma, the lesion which resembled a cutaneous horn was excised. Histologic examination demonstrated a benign epithelial tumor, inverted follicular keratosis.", "contents": "Inverted follicular keratosis clinically mimicking malignant melanoma. A 70-year-old man had a rapid growth of a pigmented eyelid lesion, previously stationary for at least 50 years. Because of the suspicion of malignant melanoma, the lesion which resembled a cutaneous horn was excised. Histologic examination demonstrated a benign epithelial tumor, inverted follicular keratosis."}
{"id": "PMID:900726", "title": "The incidence of sickle trait in Blacks requiring filtering surgery.", "content": "Open-angle glaucoma in the blacks is generally thought to be a more malignant disease than in whites in terms of response to therapy and subsequent visual loss. An increased incidence of unsuspected sickle trait and undetected sickling may have contributed to these patients' optic nerve ischemia, progressive field loss and need for surgery. A homoglobin electrophoresis was done on 40 black patients who required filtering surgery for uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma. Only 2 of the 40 patients (5%) had sickle trait as determined by the hemoglobin electrophoresis. In a matched group of 40 controls, only 3 patients (7.5%) had sickle trait. Therefore, there does not appear to be an increased incidence of sickle trait in black patients requireing filtering surgery.", "contents": "The incidence of sickle trait in Blacks requiring filtering surgery. Open-angle glaucoma in the blacks is generally thought to be a more malignant disease than in whites in terms of response to therapy and subsequent visual loss. An increased incidence of unsuspected sickle trait and undetected sickling may have contributed to these patients' optic nerve ischemia, progressive field loss and need for surgery. A homoglobin electrophoresis was done on 40 black patients who required filtering surgery for uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma. Only 2 of the 40 patients (5%) had sickle trait as determined by the hemoglobin electrophoresis. In a matched group of 40 controls, only 3 patients (7.5%) had sickle trait. Therefore, there does not appear to be an increased incidence of sickle trait in black patients requireing filtering surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:900727", "title": "Gas-permeable cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) contact lenses.", "content": "Gas-permeable cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) contact lenses may often be worn succesfully by aphakic and other patients who are unable to wear hard contact lenses. The comfort characteristics of the CAB lenses are betweeen those of hard and soft contact lenses. They are much more permeable to O2 and CO2  than soft lenses and thus are less apt to cause edema. They are more flexible and more wettable than hard lenses. This study presents 50 patients who, having had to discontinue wearing hard contact lenses because of discomfort, diffuse central corneal edema, or visual problems, were fitted with CAB contact lenses. Thirty of the fifty were able to wear the CAB lenses successfully.", "contents": "Gas-permeable cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) contact lenses. Gas-permeable cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) contact lenses may often be worn succesfully by aphakic and other patients who are unable to wear hard contact lenses. The comfort characteristics of the CAB lenses are betweeen those of hard and soft contact lenses. They are much more permeable to O2 and CO2  than soft lenses and thus are less apt to cause edema. They are more flexible and more wettable than hard lenses. This study presents 50 patients who, having had to discontinue wearing hard contact lenses because of discomfort, diffuse central corneal edema, or visual problems, were fitted with CAB contact lenses. Thirty of the fifty were able to wear the CAB lenses successfully."}
{"id": "PMID:900728", "title": "Electron microscopy of epithelial downgrowth.", "content": "Four cases of epithelial downgrowth following cataract surgery were studied by electron microscopy. The invading epithelium was excised by posterior keratectomy, iridectomy, and vitrectomy. Diagnostic photocoagulation on the iris was performed before the operations in all cases. Multilayered epithelium on these tissues showed ultrastructural features similar to conjunctival epithelium, and in the cornea no intact endothelial cells were identified. A subepithelial connective tissue of varying grades of development was present between the downgrowth epithelium and Descemet's membrane. The basal epithelial cells on the vitreous contained numerous dense granules, and a thick basement membrane-like layer was found underneath. Changes attributable to photocoagulation included partial replacement of the iris pigment epithelium with macrophages, degeneration of blood vessels, and marked swelling and dissociation of collagen fibrils in the iris stroma due to splitting into longitudinal filamentous components. Identical changes of collagen fibrils could be reproduced in the rabbits iris after experimental photocoagulation.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of epithelial downgrowth. Four cases of epithelial downgrowth following cataract surgery were studied by electron microscopy. The invading epithelium was excised by posterior keratectomy, iridectomy, and vitrectomy. Diagnostic photocoagulation on the iris was performed before the operations in all cases. Multilayered epithelium on these tissues showed ultrastructural features similar to conjunctival epithelium, and in the cornea no intact endothelial cells were identified. A subepithelial connective tissue of varying grades of development was present between the downgrowth epithelium and Descemet's membrane. The basal epithelial cells on the vitreous contained numerous dense granules, and a thick basement membrane-like layer was found underneath. Changes attributable to photocoagulation included partial replacement of the iris pigment epithelium with macrophages, degeneration of blood vessels, and marked swelling and dissociation of collagen fibrils in the iris stroma due to splitting into longitudinal filamentous components. Identical changes of collagen fibrils could be reproduced in the rabbits iris after experimental photocoagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:900731", "title": "Miochol-induced transient cataract.", "content": "Acute transient lens opacity occurred in a patient with ruptured cornea following injection of Miochol into the anterior chamber. It is postulated that the lens changes were due to osmotic effect of the hypertonic Miochol solution.", "contents": "Miochol-induced transient cataract. Acute transient lens opacity occurred in a patient with ruptured cornea following injection of Miochol into the anterior chamber. It is postulated that the lens changes were due to osmotic effect of the hypertonic Miochol solution."}
{"id": "PMID:900735", "title": "Anticipatory guidance in elective ophthalmic surgery.", "content": "With respect to the preoperative ophthalmic patient, anticipatory guidance is a technique of informing the patient in a detailed way about all aspects of the upcoming intervention, including the need for surgery, the degree of pain and disability to be expected, type of anesthesia to be used, some information about the postoperative course, and the expected disability following surgery on either a temporary or a permanent basis. The purpose of anticipatory guidance is to permit the patient to make a better psychologic adaptation to a crisis situation and to relieve preoperative anxiety through information, resulting in easier postoperative recovery. In addition, anticipatory guidance and improved understanding between physician and patient may go far to reduce those misunderstandings that lead to malpractice actions subsequent to surgical procedures.", "contents": "Anticipatory guidance in elective ophthalmic surgery. With respect to the preoperative ophthalmic patient, anticipatory guidance is a technique of informing the patient in a detailed way about all aspects of the upcoming intervention, including the need for surgery, the degree of pain and disability to be expected, type of anesthesia to be used, some information about the postoperative course, and the expected disability following surgery on either a temporary or a permanent basis. The purpose of anticipatory guidance is to permit the patient to make a better psychologic adaptation to a crisis situation and to relieve preoperative anxiety through information, resulting in easier postoperative recovery. In addition, anticipatory guidance and improved understanding between physician and patient may go far to reduce those misunderstandings that lead to malpractice actions subsequent to surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:900736", "title": "Evaluation of DEXON suture in cataract surgery: a study using a finer gauge material.", "content": "Gauge 7-0 DEXON polyglycolic acid sutures were used in 25 cataract extractions. The suture material handled well, formed small knots, and gave excellent results in all cases. The fine gauge suture is well suited for use in intraocular surgery.", "contents": "Evaluation of DEXON suture in cataract surgery: a study using a finer gauge material. Gauge 7-0 DEXON polyglycolic acid sutures were used in 25 cataract extractions. The suture material handled well, formed small knots, and gave excellent results in all cases. The fine gauge suture is well suited for use in intraocular surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:900737", "title": "Unusual complication of orbital floor blow-out fracture repair.", "content": "An unusual complication of repair of orbital floor blow-out fracture is reported. The supramid plate eroded partially through the orbital floor into the maxillary sinus creating a springboard-like mechanism. When the pressure in the maxillary sinus increased, the posterior portion of the supramid plate was pushed upward. This motion of the plate displaced the eye forward and somewhat outward as well as upward. Following the resection of the portion of the plate protruding into the orbit, the symptoms disappeared.", "contents": "Unusual complication of orbital floor blow-out fracture repair. An unusual complication of repair of orbital floor blow-out fracture is reported. The supramid plate eroded partially through the orbital floor into the maxillary sinus creating a springboard-like mechanism. When the pressure in the maxillary sinus increased, the posterior portion of the supramid plate was pushed upward. This motion of the plate displaced the eye forward and somewhat outward as well as upward. Following the resection of the portion of the plate protruding into the orbit, the symptoms disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:900738", "title": "Trabeculectomy as treatment for glaucoma: a preliminary report.", "content": "This preliminary report concerns 22 patients (36 eyes with glaucoma) who had trabeculectomy. Results are successful in 32 eyes, failures in 4 eyes. Patients ranged in age from 10 years to 78 years and their clinical courses have been followed from 1 year to 2 1/2 years. Postoperative complications were minimal: a shallow chamber that spontaneously reformed; vitreous loss, which did not affect the outcome; and breakdown of the conjunctival flap, which resulted in loss of the bleb. The factors of age, sex, race (white and black) have no great significance, although more female patients formed blebs and had control of intraocular pressure without medication than did male patients. The bleb is believed to be primarily a filtering structure. The trabeculectomy appears to be an effective surgical approach to the treatment of glaucoma. The surgical technique is described.", "contents": "Trabeculectomy as treatment for glaucoma: a preliminary report. This preliminary report concerns 22 patients (36 eyes with glaucoma) who had trabeculectomy. Results are successful in 32 eyes, failures in 4 eyes. Patients ranged in age from 10 years to 78 years and their clinical courses have been followed from 1 year to 2 1/2 years. Postoperative complications were minimal: a shallow chamber that spontaneously reformed; vitreous loss, which did not affect the outcome; and breakdown of the conjunctival flap, which resulted in loss of the bleb. The factors of age, sex, race (white and black) have no great significance, although more female patients formed blebs and had control of intraocular pressure without medication than did male patients. The bleb is believed to be primarily a filtering structure. The trabeculectomy appears to be an effective surgical approach to the treatment of glaucoma. The surgical technique is described."}
{"id": "PMID:900739", "title": "Surgical revision of the oriental lid.", "content": "In many oriental upper lids the levator aponeurosis does not insert into the skin as it does in the occidental lid. The upper lid fold is therefore absent in these oriental eyes. In addition, epicanthus tarsalis is common in the oriental, and the caruncle is often hidden. In the revision of the oriental lid any one of a number of medial canthoplasty techniques may be used in conjunction with the surgical formation of an upper lid fold. A double Z-plasty for the epicanthus revision combined with the formation of the lid fold by attaching the levator aponeurosis to the skin is technically simple and yields cosmetically acceptable results.", "contents": "Surgical revision of the oriental lid. In many oriental upper lids the levator aponeurosis does not insert into the skin as it does in the occidental lid. The upper lid fold is therefore absent in these oriental eyes. In addition, epicanthus tarsalis is common in the oriental, and the caruncle is often hidden. In the revision of the oriental lid any one of a number of medial canthoplasty techniques may be used in conjunction with the surgical formation of an upper lid fold. A double Z-plasty for the epicanthus revision combined with the formation of the lid fold by attaching the levator aponeurosis to the skin is technically simple and yields cosmetically acceptable results."}
{"id": "PMID:900740", "title": "[Impedancemetric monitoring of sulphurated crenotherapy in tubal dysfunction (author's transl)].", "content": "A projection study of comparative impedancemetric curves at the beinning and the end of a course of treatment was carried out during two hydrotherapeutic seasons (1974 and 1975); out of 237 cases which were relevant, only 24.4 per cent showed any improvement in tympanometry following sulphurated crounotherapy, further confirmation of the fact that this therapy is slow acting, as was already known. The major importance of respiratory allergy (84.6 per cent) in this group of tubal dysfunction disorders may partially explain the poor results; discrepancies in some results obtained by comparing impedancemetry, the pneumophonic index and audiometry are more difficult to interpret according to various theories.", "contents": "[Impedancemetric monitoring of sulphurated crenotherapy in tubal dysfunction (author's transl)]. A projection study of comparative impedancemetric curves at the beinning and the end of a course of treatment was carried out during two hydrotherapeutic seasons (1974 and 1975); out of 237 cases which were relevant, only 24.4 per cent showed any improvement in tympanometry following sulphurated crounotherapy, further confirmation of the fact that this therapy is slow acting, as was already known. The major importance of respiratory allergy (84.6 per cent) in this group of tubal dysfunction disorders may partially explain the poor results; discrepancies in some results obtained by comparing impedancemetry, the pneumophonic index and audiometry are more difficult to interpret according to various theories."}
{"id": "PMID:900741", "title": "[Radiological examination of the eustachian tube. Radiomanometry technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiomanometry is a modified technique for visualisation of the auditory tube. The contrast material is injected through a perforated tympanic membrane with control of injection pressure. Three positions are recommended: sub-mento-vertical, Worms, and modified Stenvers. The normal aspect of the tube is described with variations. Some pathological obstructtions are demonstrated. However, it must be underlined that many tubes with abnormal manometric test were not abnormal at the radiological evaluation: fonctionnal aspect is more important than anatomical one in the inflammatory pathology of the tube.", "contents": "[Radiological examination of the eustachian tube. Radiomanometry technique (author's transl)]. Radiomanometry is a modified technique for visualisation of the auditory tube. The contrast material is injected through a perforated tympanic membrane with control of injection pressure. Three positions are recommended: sub-mento-vertical, Worms, and modified Stenvers. The normal aspect of the tube is described with variations. Some pathological obstructtions are demonstrated. However, it must be underlined that many tubes with abnormal manometric test were not abnormal at the radiological evaluation: fonctionnal aspect is more important than anatomical one in the inflammatory pathology of the tube."}
{"id": "PMID:900753", "title": "[Physiological exploration of the eustachian tube using labeled compounds. Applications in the control of treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Sequential scintigraphy enables the qualitative and quantitative study of the drainage function of the Eustachian tube. Use is made of serum albumin labeled with technetium 99 m. After reviewing the various methods employed in an exploration of the functions of the Eustachian tube, and in particular the drainage function, the writers explain the method in detail (indicator, detection system, examination procedure, normal scintigraphic aspects) while stressing the control factors (onset of passage, speed and intensity of passage, length of time for the appearance of a trace on the pharynx, eventual aspects of blocking) and giving the basic characteristics; persistant spotting of the drum, transient image of the tube, partial stoppage at the ostium, and traces along the pharynx. The role of swallowing and the position of the head appear to be essential. Results obtained in various disorders of the middle ear, accessory cavities, the tube and the cavum are given in the form of tables. The writers then indicate the principal merits of the method: demonstration of the pathological role of the Eustachian tube in a work-up of transmission deafness, with its impact on treatment, the role of a deficient drainage function in surgical failures, and control of the efficacy of treatment, in particular crenotherapy. A study of the drainage function of the Eustachian tube, as a complement to the function of equalizing pressure, in an essential factor in formulating indications and in establishing the prognosis for tympanoplasties.", "contents": "[Physiological exploration of the eustachian tube using labeled compounds. Applications in the control of treatment (author's transl)]. Sequential scintigraphy enables the qualitative and quantitative study of the drainage function of the Eustachian tube. Use is made of serum albumin labeled with technetium 99 m. After reviewing the various methods employed in an exploration of the functions of the Eustachian tube, and in particular the drainage function, the writers explain the method in detail (indicator, detection system, examination procedure, normal scintigraphic aspects) while stressing the control factors (onset of passage, speed and intensity of passage, length of time for the appearance of a trace on the pharynx, eventual aspects of blocking) and giving the basic characteristics; persistant spotting of the drum, transient image of the tube, partial stoppage at the ostium, and traces along the pharynx. The role of swallowing and the position of the head appear to be essential. Results obtained in various disorders of the middle ear, accessory cavities, the tube and the cavum are given in the form of tables. The writers then indicate the principal merits of the method: demonstration of the pathological role of the Eustachian tube in a work-up of transmission deafness, with its impact on treatment, the role of a deficient drainage function in surgical failures, and control of the efficacy of treatment, in particular crenotherapy. A study of the drainage function of the Eustachian tube, as a complement to the function of equalizing pressure, in an essential factor in formulating indications and in establishing the prognosis for tympanoplasties."}
{"id": "PMID:900755", "title": "[Impedance measurement in the diagnosis of otitis serosa. Description of a new test: star (author's transl)].", "content": "A new presentation is given providing an overview of impedance measurement and audiometric examinations and one that makes it possible to determine at a glance the functional status of the middle and inner ear (presence or otherwise of complete recruitment). In the impedance measurement diagnosis of otitis serosa it is also necessary to compare the state of the stapedial reflex with the tympanometric curve. In particular, attention is drawn to a new technique in which the amplitude of the stapedial reflex is measured at 10 dB above the trigger threshold of this reflex (Star). If this amplitude is greater than 2 Madsen units at sensivity  3, ther is not fluid in the middle ear. Finally, the impedance manometer can be used, according to Holmquis'ts technique, to monitor the permeability of the trans-tympanic drain and the recovery or otherwise of tubal permeability.", "contents": "[Impedance measurement in the diagnosis of otitis serosa. Description of a new test: star (author's transl)]. A new presentation is given providing an overview of impedance measurement and audiometric examinations and one that makes it possible to determine at a glance the functional status of the middle and inner ear (presence or otherwise of complete recruitment). In the impedance measurement diagnosis of otitis serosa it is also necessary to compare the state of the stapedial reflex with the tympanometric curve. In particular, attention is drawn to a new technique in which the amplitude of the stapedial reflex is measured at 10 dB above the trigger threshold of this reflex (Star). If this amplitude is greater than 2 Madsen units at sensivity  3, ther is not fluid in the middle ear. Finally, the impedance manometer can be used, according to Holmquis'ts technique, to monitor the permeability of the trans-tympanic drain and the recovery or otherwise of tubal permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:900756", "title": "[Costa's acrokerato-elastoidosis. Ultrastructural study (author's transl)].", "content": "Acrokerato-elastoidosis described by Costa is characterized by numerous little keratotic points and translucent horny wheals on the dorsal aspect of hands and (or) feets. The ultrastructural study shows lesions of the elastic tissue which is very rarefied with an abnormal structure, but also demonstrates alterations of the fibroblasts that contain dense granules at the periphery of their cytoplasm without elastic extracellular fibers, suggesting a trouble in the secretion or the excretion of the elastic material.", "contents": "[Costa's acrokerato-elastoidosis. Ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. Acrokerato-elastoidosis described by Costa is characterized by numerous little keratotic points and translucent horny wheals on the dorsal aspect of hands and (or) feets. The ultrastructural study shows lesions of the elastic tissue which is very rarefied with an abnormal structure, but also demonstrates alterations of the fibroblasts that contain dense granules at the periphery of their cytoplasm without elastic extracellular fibers, suggesting a trouble in the secretion or the excretion of the elastic material."}
{"id": "PMID:900758", "title": "[Physiopathology of acetylcholine delayed blanch in atopics. thermographic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Controversy subsists about interpretations of \"delayed cholinergic blanch\" in atopic dermatitis. A physical approach of this vasomotor phenomenon using infrared and cholesteric thermography and direct recording of skin temperature shows that the delayed blanch is hyperthermic and cannot be the effect of a paradoxal cholinergic vasoconstriction. In the light of the beta-adrenergic blockade theory of Szentivanyi a new physiopathological interpretation is proposed.", "contents": "[Physiopathology of acetylcholine delayed blanch in atopics. thermographic study (author's transl)]. Controversy subsists about interpretations of \"delayed cholinergic blanch\" in atopic dermatitis. A physical approach of this vasomotor phenomenon using infrared and cholesteric thermography and direct recording of skin temperature shows that the delayed blanch is hyperthermic and cannot be the effect of a paradoxal cholinergic vasoconstriction. In the light of the beta-adrenergic blockade theory of Szentivanyi a new physiopathological interpretation is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:900759", "title": "[IgG levels in the sera of melanoma patients (author's transl)].", "content": "397 sera from 185 melanoma patients have been tested. We classified our subjects into three groups, according to the stage of disease. An alteration of the level of IgG 4 sub-class was found and related to the extension of the disease. The percentage of abnormalities was more frequent in stage II and III (55 p. 100 and 53 p. 100) than in stage I (19 p. 100). High titers of IgG 4 subclass were essentially detected in advanced disease. The biological significance is discussed.", "contents": "[IgG levels in the sera of melanoma patients (author's transl)]. 397 sera from 185 melanoma patients have been tested. We classified our subjects into three groups, according to the stage of disease. An alteration of the level of IgG 4 sub-class was found and related to the extension of the disease. The percentage of abnormalities was more frequent in stage II and III (55 p. 100 and 53 p. 100) than in stage I (19 p. 100). High titers of IgG 4 subclass were essentially detected in advanced disease. The biological significance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:900767", "title": "[Papulo-vesicular endogenous eruptions induced by methyldopa and clofibrate (author's transl)].", "content": "3 induced eczemas during systemic drug administration are reported: 2 were caused by methyldopa, 1 by clofibrate. The relationship is established either by patch-tests or by administration of the drug.", "contents": "[Papulo-vesicular endogenous eruptions induced by methyldopa and clofibrate (author's transl)]. 3 induced eczemas during systemic drug administration are reported: 2 were caused by methyldopa, 1 by clofibrate. The relationship is established either by patch-tests or by administration of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:900768", "title": "[Epithelioma occurring on chronic leg ulcers (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report nine cases of epithelioma occuring on chronic leg ulcers of venous origin (6), or on fistula from chronic osteitis (3). Compared with the other trophic leg ulcers observed during the same period, the risk of malignant change approximatly is of 0,3 p. 100. It always concerns aged caucasian subjects (about 70 years old) and the evolution last long (5/20 years), except in one of the case. The first symptoms are hard, bleeding and exuberant granulation either on the edge of the ulcer, or on the ulcer itself. It is often necessary to repeat the biopsies to obtain histological corroboration of the diagnosis. Prognosis is severe (2 lung metastasis) and amputation seems to be the best treatment.", "contents": "[Epithelioma occurring on chronic leg ulcers (author's transl)]. The authors report nine cases of epithelioma occuring on chronic leg ulcers of venous origin (6), or on fistula from chronic osteitis (3). Compared with the other trophic leg ulcers observed during the same period, the risk of malignant change approximatly is of 0,3 p. 100. It always concerns aged caucasian subjects (about 70 years old) and the evolution last long (5/20 years), except in one of the case. The first symptoms are hard, bleeding and exuberant granulation either on the edge of the ulcer, or on the ulcer itself. It is often necessary to repeat the biopsies to obtain histological corroboration of the diagnosis. Prognosis is severe (2 lung metastasis) and amputation seems to be the best treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:900772", "title": "[Oncicola venezuelensis n. sp. (Archiacanthocephala-Oligacanthorhynchida), a parasite of the ocelot (Felis pardalis L.) (author's transl)].", "content": "Oncicola venezuelensis n. sp. is described from the Ocelot, Felis pardalis L. from Venezuela. It differs from other species of the genus mainly by it's longer lemnisci. The lemnisci have six nuclei. O. venezuelensis n. sp. is compared to the twenty one species of the genus Oncicola and the main distinctive characteristics are given.", "contents": "[Oncicola venezuelensis n. sp. (Archiacanthocephala-Oligacanthorhynchida), a parasite of the ocelot (Felis pardalis L.) (author's transl)]. Oncicola venezuelensis n. sp. is described from the Ocelot, Felis pardalis L. from Venezuela. It differs from other species of the genus mainly by it's longer lemnisci. The lemnisci have six nuclei. O. venezuelensis n. sp. is compared to the twenty one species of the genus Oncicola and the main distinctive characteristics are given."}
{"id": "PMID:900769", "title": "[Intermediary hosts of Dicrocoelium lanceolatum in Lebanon and Syria (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the biological cycle of the Trematoda Dicrocoelium lanceolatum in Lebanon and in Syria: two principal first hosts are the Gastropoda: Theba syriaca and Xerophila vestalis; the second intermediate host is the ant Formica (S.) rufibarbis var. clarorufibarbis very common near fresh water in herbous lands, over 1,000 m of altitude. The last host is the Sheep, the Cow and probably the Goat. A humain case is commented.", "contents": "[Intermediary hosts of Dicrocoelium lanceolatum in Lebanon and Syria (author's transl)]. The authors describe the biological cycle of the Trematoda Dicrocoelium lanceolatum in Lebanon and in Syria: two principal first hosts are the Gastropoda: Theba syriaca and Xerophila vestalis; the second intermediate host is the ant Formica (S.) rufibarbis var. clarorufibarbis very common near fresh water in herbous lands, over 1,000 m of altitude. The last host is the Sheep, the Cow and probably the Goat. A humain case is commented."}
{"id": "PMID:900771", "title": "[Pseudophysaloptera kahmanni n. sp. (Nematoda: Physalopteridae), a parasite of the stomach of the dormouse Eliomys quercinus ophiusae Thomas, 1925 (Rodentia: Gliridae) in Formentera (Balearic Islands) (author's transl)].", "content": "A new Nematode Physalopteridae, Pseudophysaloptera kahmanni n. sp., parasitizing the stomach of the dormouse Eliomys quercinus ophiusae Thomas, 1925 (Rodentia: Gliridae) in Formentera (Balearic Islands, Spain) is described. It is the first and only species of the genus Pseudophysaloptera Baylis, 1934 to be known parasitizing Rodents in the nature.", "contents": "[Pseudophysaloptera kahmanni n. sp. (Nematoda: Physalopteridae), a parasite of the stomach of the dormouse Eliomys quercinus ophiusae Thomas, 1925 (Rodentia: Gliridae) in Formentera (Balearic Islands) (author's transl)]. A new Nematode Physalopteridae, Pseudophysaloptera kahmanni n. sp., parasitizing the stomach of the dormouse Eliomys quercinus ophiusae Thomas, 1925 (Rodentia: Gliridae) in Formentera (Balearic Islands, Spain) is described. It is the first and only species of the genus Pseudophysaloptera Baylis, 1934 to be known parasitizing Rodents in the nature."}
{"id": "PMID:900773", "title": "[Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) bedfordi firmatus Parrot and Malbrant, 1945 and Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) bedfordi medius Kirk and Lewis, 1950 (Diptera, Phlebotomidae). Morphology of immature stages and bioecological accounts (author's transl)].", "content": "Immature stages of S. bedfordi firmatus and S. bedfordi medius have been obtained in laboratory culture. The morphological characters of egg, larva and pupa are studied, the duration of post-embryonic development and the conditions of colonization are specified.", "contents": "[Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) bedfordi firmatus Parrot and Malbrant, 1945 and Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) bedfordi medius Kirk and Lewis, 1950 (Diptera, Phlebotomidae). Morphology of immature stages and bioecological accounts (author's transl)]. Immature stages of S. bedfordi firmatus and S. bedfordi medius have been obtained in laboratory culture. The morphological characters of egg, larva and pupa are studied, the duration of post-embryonic development and the conditions of colonization are specified."}
{"id": "PMID:900779", "title": "[Research of the life cycle of a Paramphistomidae (Trematoda) of amphibians in Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "The intermediate hosts of Diplodiscus subclavatus are in Togo, Bulinus forskalii and Segmentorbis kinisaensis. The cercariae, amphistome, leave soon the rediae to achieve their development at the top of the hepatopancreas of the mollusc. The usual infestation of the definitive host occurs by penetration of cercariae into tadpoles with the water flood. Secondary ways of infestation keep up the prevalence near a high level.", "contents": "[Research of the life cycle of a Paramphistomidae (Trematoda) of amphibians in Africa (author's transl)]. The intermediate hosts of Diplodiscus subclavatus are in Togo, Bulinus forskalii and Segmentorbis kinisaensis. The cercariae, amphistome, leave soon the rediae to achieve their development at the top of the hepatopancreas of the mollusc. The usual infestation of the definitive host occurs by penetration of cercariae into tadpoles with the water flood. Secondary ways of infestation keep up the prevalence near a high level."}
{"id": "PMID:900794", "title": "Wound healing.", "content": "An account is given of the methods used and the results obtained in a series of experimental studies, carried out over the past 15 years, of the effects of various factors on the healing of abdominal wounds in animals. The factors examined include uraemia, jaundice, infections, and the technique of wound closure. The preliminary findings in a comparison now in progress of the results of one- and two-layer closure of laparotomy wounds in human patients are also given. The relative neglect of the study of wound healing in the past is emphasized and some aspects that are in urgent need of further investigation are mentioned.", "contents": "Wound healing. An account is given of the methods used and the results obtained in a series of experimental studies, carried out over the past 15 years, of the effects of various factors on the healing of abdominal wounds in animals. The factors examined include uraemia, jaundice, infections, and the technique of wound closure. The preliminary findings in a comparison now in progress of the results of one- and two-layer closure of laparotomy wounds in human patients are also given. The relative neglect of the study of wound healing in the past is emphasized and some aspects that are in urgent need of further investigation are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:900795", "title": "Hydronephrosis.", "content": "It is essential to distinguish between an obstructed and an unobstructed hydronephrosis as the management of the two types is quite different. Some of the radiographic and isotopic methods of distinguishing these two leave much to be desired and the place of dynamic studies is discussed. The aetiology of pelviureteric junction obstruction remains uncertain, but it is probable that one or more of several factors may be involved and these are discussed. The types of hydroenphrosis are classified as chronic, intermittent, unsuspected, equivocal, and reflux-induced.", "contents": "Hydronephrosis. It is essential to distinguish between an obstructed and an unobstructed hydronephrosis as the management of the two types is quite different. Some of the radiographic and isotopic methods of distinguishing these two leave much to be desired and the place of dynamic studies is discussed. The aetiology of pelviureteric junction obstruction remains uncertain, but it is probable that one or more of several factors may be involved and these are discussed. The types of hydroenphrosis are classified as chronic, intermittent, unsuspected, equivocal, and reflux-induced."}
{"id": "PMID:900796", "title": "Whole-muscle reimplantation with microneurovascular anastomoses. A functional and histological study.", "content": "Whole tibialis anterior muscles were removed from a number of dogs and were then reimplanted in the original sites. Microsurgical anastomoses of the major nerve, artery, and vein were performed. Biopsy revealed some minor regenerative changes in the muscle a few weeks after the operation. Electromyographic recordings 6-9 months after implantation showed near-complete functional recovery of the muscles. This was confirmed histologically. The study demonstrates not only that whole-muscle reimplantation is technically feasible but that a functionally satisfactory result may be expected.", "contents": "Whole-muscle reimplantation with microneurovascular anastomoses. A functional and histological study. Whole tibialis anterior muscles were removed from a number of dogs and were then reimplanted in the original sites. Microsurgical anastomoses of the major nerve, artery, and vein were performed. Biopsy revealed some minor regenerative changes in the muscle a few weeks after the operation. Electromyographic recordings 6-9 months after implantation showed near-complete functional recovery of the muscles. This was confirmed histologically. The study demonstrates not only that whole-muscle reimplantation is technically feasible but that a functionally satisfactory result may be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:900797", "title": "Effect of renal ischaemia in rats with obstructive jaundice.", "content": "The ability of kidneys to withstand renal ischaemia has been tested in jaundiced and non-jaundiced rats. No significant difference could be demonstrated between the two groups of animals except that renal weight increased greatly in the presence of jaundice. Both jaundiced and non-jaundiced animals showed a median lethal dose of renal ischaemia of approximately 120 min when renal function was tested by delayed opposite nephrectomy. It was shown that a recent laparotomy renders the kidney more susceptible to renal ischaemia.", "contents": "Effect of renal ischaemia in rats with obstructive jaundice. The ability of kidneys to withstand renal ischaemia has been tested in jaundiced and non-jaundiced rats. No significant difference could be demonstrated between the two groups of animals except that renal weight increased greatly in the presence of jaundice. Both jaundiced and non-jaundiced animals showed a median lethal dose of renal ischaemia of approximately 120 min when renal function was tested by delayed opposite nephrectomy. It was shown that a recent laparotomy renders the kidney more susceptible to renal ischaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:900799", "title": "Carcinoma of the large bowel in Uganda.", "content": "A personal series of 41 cases of carcinoma of the large bowel seen in Uganda during 7 years is presented. The relatively young age of the patients compared with the patients in Western countries is discussed. Diet probably played no role in the aetiology of the disease in this series. It is observed that in carcinoma of the rectum the lesion is usually low, necessitating resection of the rectum, which the patients frequently refuse.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the large bowel in Uganda. A personal series of 41 cases of carcinoma of the large bowel seen in Uganda during 7 years is presented. The relatively young age of the patients compared with the patients in Western countries is discussed. Diet probably played no role in the aetiology of the disease in this series. It is observed that in carcinoma of the rectum the lesion is usually low, necessitating resection of the rectum, which the patients frequently refuse."}
{"id": "PMID:900851", "title": "Therapeutic comparison of thiol compounds in severe paracetamol poisoning.", "content": "Twelve patients with toxic blood concentrations of paracetamol were treated with either cysteamine or amino-acid solution. None of the patients developed severe liver damage, although transient mild biochemical abnormalities developed in three. None of the patients treated with amino-acid solution had side effects due to therapy, whereas all those treated with cysteamine did. It is recommended that amino-acid solutions be used as a temporary measure in patients suspected of massive paracetamol overdose while awaiting estimation of blood paracetamol concentration.", "contents": "Therapeutic comparison of thiol compounds in severe paracetamol poisoning. Twelve patients with toxic blood concentrations of paracetamol were treated with either cysteamine or amino-acid solution. None of the patients developed severe liver damage, although transient mild biochemical abnormalities developed in three. None of the patients treated with amino-acid solution had side effects due to therapy, whereas all those treated with cysteamine did. It is recommended that amino-acid solutions be used as a temporary measure in patients suspected of massive paracetamol overdose while awaiting estimation of blood paracetamol concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:900852", "title": "Urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroid/creatinine ratios in early morning urine samples as an index of adrenal function.", "content": "Urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroid/creatinine ratios were determined in early morning urine samples from 113 females (age range 20-45 years) and 65 males (age range 22-45 years). Basal values in normal subjects fluctuated between 5 and 55 mumol/mol creatinine. In four patients in whom Cushing's syndrome was diagnosed, urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroid/creatinine ratios were greater than 85 mumol/mol creatinine. Administration of dexamethasone (0.5 mg/q.i.d.) to nine normal laboratory staff for two days resulted in a suppression of the urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroid/creatinine ratio to less than 50% of the mean basal value in all cases. This degree of suppression did not occur in two cases of Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal tumours.", "contents": "Urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroid/creatinine ratios in early morning urine samples as an index of adrenal function. Urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroid/creatinine ratios were determined in early morning urine samples from 113 females (age range 20-45 years) and 65 males (age range 22-45 years). Basal values in normal subjects fluctuated between 5 and 55 mumol/mol creatinine. In four patients in whom Cushing's syndrome was diagnosed, urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroid/creatinine ratios were greater than 85 mumol/mol creatinine. Administration of dexamethasone (0.5 mg/q.i.d.) to nine normal laboratory staff for two days resulted in a suppression of the urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroid/creatinine ratio to less than 50% of the mean basal value in all cases. This degree of suppression did not occur in two cases of Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:900853", "title": "A simple radioimmunoassay for plasma cortisol: comparison with the fluorimetric method of determination.", "content": "A quick and simple method for the radioimmunoassay of plasma cortisol is described. The mean morning plasma cortisol concentration in 43 normal subjects was 9.8 +/- 3.1 (S.D.) microgram/100 ml with a range of 5.0-19.5 microgram/100 ml. Mean midnight concentration in 24 normal subjects was 4.3 +/- 2.3 (S.D.) microgram/100 ml with a range of 1.4-9.6 microgram/100 ml. When compared with the fluorimetric method the mean results by radioimmunoassay of 154 routine specimens were 23% lower. In samples from unstimulated patients, regression analysis of results obtained by the two methods gave a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.93, regression line slope of 1.1, and intercept of 1.4 microgram. Mean radioimmunoassay results were 15% lower. When plasma cortisol concentration was above the normal range (greater than 30 microgram/100 ml) the regression line slope was 0.87, the intercept 17.9 microgram, r = 0.87 and mean radio immunoassay results were 37% lower. Plasma cortisol concentration in patients after insulin or Synacthen stimulation exhibited similar responses when measured by either method. Plasma cortisol concentration in normal subjects given metyrapone was lower when measured by radioimmunoassay (mean +/- S.D. = 8.7 +/- 2.7 microgram/100 ml) than when measured by fluorimetry (18.5 +/- 10.8 microgram/100 ml). The diagnostic usefulness of the two methods, ease of assay, and costs are compared.", "contents": "A simple radioimmunoassay for plasma cortisol: comparison with the fluorimetric method of determination. A quick and simple method for the radioimmunoassay of plasma cortisol is described. The mean morning plasma cortisol concentration in 43 normal subjects was 9.8 +/- 3.1 (S.D.) microgram/100 ml with a range of 5.0-19.5 microgram/100 ml. Mean midnight concentration in 24 normal subjects was 4.3 +/- 2.3 (S.D.) microgram/100 ml with a range of 1.4-9.6 microgram/100 ml. When compared with the fluorimetric method the mean results by radioimmunoassay of 154 routine specimens were 23% lower. In samples from unstimulated patients, regression analysis of results obtained by the two methods gave a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.93, regression line slope of 1.1, and intercept of 1.4 microgram. Mean radioimmunoassay results were 15% lower. When plasma cortisol concentration was above the normal range (greater than 30 microgram/100 ml) the regression line slope was 0.87, the intercept 17.9 microgram, r = 0.87 and mean radio immunoassay results were 37% lower. Plasma cortisol concentration in patients after insulin or Synacthen stimulation exhibited similar responses when measured by either method. Plasma cortisol concentration in normal subjects given metyrapone was lower when measured by radioimmunoassay (mean +/- S.D. = 8.7 +/- 2.7 microgram/100 ml) than when measured by fluorimetry (18.5 +/- 10.8 microgram/100 ml). The diagnostic usefulness of the two methods, ease of assay, and costs are compared."}
{"id": "PMID:900854", "title": "An investigation into the immunochemical properties of the isoenzymes of human alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "A study was carried out to investigate the immunochemical properties of the alkaline phosphatases present in liver, placenta, intestine, and kidney. Butanol extracts of the tissues were examined by antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis, and the immunoprecipitates formed by the enzymes were identified by use of a specific stain for alkaline phosphatase. The results obtained revealed three immuno-chemical types of alkaline phosphatase, designated L, P, and PI respectively. The distribution of these enzymes among the tissues examined was as follows: type L was the only enzyme detected in liver extract and type P the only one detected in placental extract. The extracts of intestine and kidney both contained two isoenzymes, one of which was type L and the other type PI.", "contents": "An investigation into the immunochemical properties of the isoenzymes of human alkaline phosphatase. A study was carried out to investigate the immunochemical properties of the alkaline phosphatases present in liver, placenta, intestine, and kidney. Butanol extracts of the tissues were examined by antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis, and the immunoprecipitates formed by the enzymes were identified by use of a specific stain for alkaline phosphatase. The results obtained revealed three immuno-chemical types of alkaline phosphatase, designated L, P, and PI respectively. The distribution of these enzymes among the tissues examined was as follows: type L was the only enzyme detected in liver extract and type P the only one detected in placental extract. The extracts of intestine and kidney both contained two isoenzymes, one of which was type L and the other type PI."}
{"id": "PMID:900855", "title": "A modification of the Trinder AutoAnalyzer method for glucose.", "content": "This paper describes the application of the sulphonated 2,4-dichlorophenol/glucose oxidase method of Barham and Trinder for the estimation of blood glucose to the AutoAnalyzer I and AutoAnalyzer II. Use has been made of the increased sensitivity achieved with this reagent to (1) increase sampling rates, with concomitant reduction in sample volume, (2) reduce the consumption of enzymes required, and (3) reduce carryover, all without significant loss of precision.", "contents": "A modification of the Trinder AutoAnalyzer method for glucose. This paper describes the application of the sulphonated 2,4-dichlorophenol/glucose oxidase method of Barham and Trinder for the estimation of blood glucose to the AutoAnalyzer I and AutoAnalyzer II. Use has been made of the increased sensitivity achieved with this reagent to (1) increase sampling rates, with concomitant reduction in sample volume, (2) reduce the consumption of enzymes required, and (3) reduce carryover, all without significant loss of precision."}
{"id": "PMID:900857", "title": "A simplified procedure for the isolation of bile acids from serum based on a batch extraction with the non-ionic resin--Amberlite XAD-7.", "content": "A simple and reproducible method using the non-ionic resin, Amberlite XAD-7, for the isolation of bile acids from serum by a batch procedure is described. Recoveries were greater than 95% for the non-sulphated bile acids and greater than 70% for the sulphate esters of bile acids. By using 1 g of resin, recoveries were independent of the mass (0.1-5 mumol) of the bile acid present. Up to 35 samples a day can be extracted without requiring dedication of the operator. When serum extracts were analysed by the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase procedure for estimation of bile acids, virtually all the background fluorescence was eliminated. These extracts were also suitable for gas liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "A simplified procedure for the isolation of bile acids from serum based on a batch extraction with the non-ionic resin--Amberlite XAD-7. A simple and reproducible method using the non-ionic resin, Amberlite XAD-7, for the isolation of bile acids from serum by a batch procedure is described. Recoveries were greater than 95% for the non-sulphated bile acids and greater than 70% for the sulphate esters of bile acids. By using 1 g of resin, recoveries were independent of the mass (0.1-5 mumol) of the bile acid present. Up to 35 samples a day can be extracted without requiring dedication of the operator. When serum extracts were analysed by the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase procedure for estimation of bile acids, virtually all the background fluorescence was eliminated. These extracts were also suitable for gas liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and radioimmunoassay."}
{"id": "PMID:900859", "title": "Human pancreatic alpha-amylase. I. Purification and characterization.", "content": "alpha-Amylase was extracted from human pancreas and purified by using ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography. The enzyme was shown to be homogenous by three different criteria: polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. The values of SO20,w, D20,w, v, and frictional ration of the enzyme were calculated to be 5.01S, 7.56D, 0.718 ml g-1 and 1.10, respectively. The molecular weight of the alpha-amylase was determined by three different methods: sedimentation velocity-diffusion, conventional sedimentation equilibrium and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was found to be 57,850; 50,100 and 53,200 g mole-1, respectively (average value 53,700). The amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined and compared with those of alpha-amylases from various other sources.", "contents": "Human pancreatic alpha-amylase. I. Purification and characterization. alpha-Amylase was extracted from human pancreas and purified by using ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography. The enzyme was shown to be homogenous by three different criteria: polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. The values of SO20,w, D20,w, v, and frictional ration of the enzyme were calculated to be 5.01S, 7.56D, 0.718 ml g-1 and 1.10, respectively. The molecular weight of the alpha-amylase was determined by three different methods: sedimentation velocity-diffusion, conventional sedimentation equilibrium and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was found to be 57,850; 50,100 and 53,200 g mole-1, respectively (average value 53,700). The amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined and compared with those of alpha-amylases from various other sources."}
{"id": "PMID:900862", "title": "Comparison of zeta sedimentation ratio with Westergren sedimentation rate.", "content": "Zeta sedimentation ratio (ZSR) is a simple, rapid and reproducible test which is not influenced by variables like sex and anemia. There is good correlation with Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation ratio (ESR) in normal and hospital population. Limitation of packing force affects the use of the procedure in polycythemia and in patients with ZSR greater than 80%.", "contents": "Comparison of zeta sedimentation ratio with Westergren sedimentation rate. Zeta sedimentation ratio (ZSR) is a simple, rapid and reproducible test which is not influenced by variables like sex and anemia. There is good correlation with Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation ratio (ESR) in normal and hospital population. Limitation of packing force affects the use of the procedure in polycythemia and in patients with ZSR greater than 80%."}
{"id": "PMID:900864", "title": "Acquired pyruvate kinase deficiency.", "content": "Pyruvate kinase (PK) is an enzyme of critical importance in the glycolytic pathway of the red cells, deficiency of which, whether congenital or acquired, results in a hemolytic anemia. Measurement of the enzyme is now rapid and simple utilizing preprepared substrate and reagents. Some caution must be taken, however, in both measurement and interpretation. Red cells must be separated from other blood cells, particularly granulocytes, since the PK of white cells is different from that of red cells and is present in much higher activity per cell. Sometimes the use of special techniques of measurement [low substrate concentration (phospho-enolpyruvate, known as PEP, 0.4 mM in place of 2 mM) or heating at 53 degrees C for 60 minutes, (to test thermostability)] are necessary to detect abnormal molecular characteristics of PK, particularly in the acquired form of deficiency. Evidence recently presented suggests that the acquired form of PK deficiency may sometimes be due to inhibitors which oxidize sulfhydril bonds in the enzyme or alter its substrate binding properties or other molecular characteristics.", "contents": "Acquired pyruvate kinase deficiency. Pyruvate kinase (PK) is an enzyme of critical importance in the glycolytic pathway of the red cells, deficiency of which, whether congenital or acquired, results in a hemolytic anemia. Measurement of the enzyme is now rapid and simple utilizing preprepared substrate and reagents. Some caution must be taken, however, in both measurement and interpretation. Red cells must be separated from other blood cells, particularly granulocytes, since the PK of white cells is different from that of red cells and is present in much higher activity per cell. Sometimes the use of special techniques of measurement [low substrate concentration (phospho-enolpyruvate, known as PEP, 0.4 mM in place of 2 mM) or heating at 53 degrees C for 60 minutes, (to test thermostability)] are necessary to detect abnormal molecular characteristics of PK, particularly in the acquired form of deficiency. Evidence recently presented suggests that the acquired form of PK deficiency may sometimes be due to inhibitors which oxidize sulfhydril bonds in the enzyme or alter its substrate binding properties or other molecular characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:900861", "title": "Release of enzymes from cells: transport and distribution within the extracellular space.", "content": "The distribution in the extracellular space of enzymes released from organ cells was investigated using three models: (1) comparison of enzyme activities in blood plasma and lymph of the ductus thoracicus (dog) and plasma and intestinal lymph (rat); (2) i.v. injection of heterologous, homologous and autologous enzymes in order to increase acutely the activities and to measure the rate constants for the distribution and elimination of the enzymes (rat); or (3) plasmapheresis in order to create an enzyme activity gradient from the interstitial space and to determine the rate constants for the reestablishment of the equilibrium between the extra and intravascular compartments (rat). The results suggest that the enzymes are mainly released into the interstitial fluid and transported via the lymph into the intravascular compartment. From there the enzymes diffuse back into the interstitial compartment and are eliminated by a yet unknown mechanism. Transport of enzymes across the capillary membranes in both directions depends on (1) the permeability of the capillary membranes, which varies from region to region and (2) the molecular seizes of the enzymes.", "contents": "Release of enzymes from cells: transport and distribution within the extracellular space. The distribution in the extracellular space of enzymes released from organ cells was investigated using three models: (1) comparison of enzyme activities in blood plasma and lymph of the ductus thoracicus (dog) and plasma and intestinal lymph (rat); (2) i.v. injection of heterologous, homologous and autologous enzymes in order to increase acutely the activities and to measure the rate constants for the distribution and elimination of the enzymes (rat); or (3) plasmapheresis in order to create an enzyme activity gradient from the interstitial space and to determine the rate constants for the reestablishment of the equilibrium between the extra and intravascular compartments (rat). The results suggest that the enzymes are mainly released into the interstitial fluid and transported via the lymph into the intravascular compartment. From there the enzymes diffuse back into the interstitial compartment and are eliminated by a yet unknown mechanism. Transport of enzymes across the capillary membranes in both directions depends on (1) the permeability of the capillary membranes, which varies from region to region and (2) the molecular seizes of the enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:900866", "title": "[Metastatic thyroid carcinoma with hyperthyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight years after subtotal thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma, a patient developped multiple metastasis in bones and liver with high radioiodine uptake. This patient had clinical and biological thyrotoxicosis with low iodine uptake in the cervical remaining thyroid tissue and TSH secretion was not stimulated by TRH. Administration of 240 millicuries of 131 I led to hypothyroidism, to clinical regression of liver metastasis and to disappearance of extra-cervical iodine uptake. Eleven similar case have been reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Metastatic thyroid carcinoma with hyperthyroidism (author's transl)]. Eight years after subtotal thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma, a patient developped multiple metastasis in bones and liver with high radioiodine uptake. This patient had clinical and biological thyrotoxicosis with low iodine uptake in the cervical remaining thyroid tissue and TSH secretion was not stimulated by TRH. Administration of 240 millicuries of 131 I led to hypothyroidism, to clinical regression of liver metastasis and to disappearance of extra-cervical iodine uptake. Eleven similar case have been reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:900868", "title": "[Water and electrolytes disorders in apudocarcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report an analytic study of hydroelectrolytic disorders in patients with APUD tumors. In most of the cases a diarrhea occurs. The type of this diarrhea is: -- a motrice diarrhea (in the great majority of carcinoid tumor and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid); -- a secretory diarrhea (W.D.H.A.): it is the case in gastrinoma (gastric hypersecretion), in secretinoma (pancreatic hypersecretion) and in vipoma (intestinal hypersecretion). The others disorders could be no diarrhea dependant (hyponatremia by ADH hypersecretion, hypercalcemia). The personal cases of the authors are: 12 medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, 19 enteraminoma and 2 others apudomas.", "contents": "[Water and electrolytes disorders in apudocarcinomas (author's transl)]. The authors report an analytic study of hydroelectrolytic disorders in patients with APUD tumors. In most of the cases a diarrhea occurs. The type of this diarrhea is: -- a motrice diarrhea (in the great majority of carcinoid tumor and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid); -- a secretory diarrhea (W.D.H.A.): it is the case in gastrinoma (gastric hypersecretion), in secretinoma (pancreatic hypersecretion) and in vipoma (intestinal hypersecretion). The others disorders could be no diarrhea dependant (hyponatremia by ADH hypersecretion, hypercalcemia). The personal cases of the authors are: 12 medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, 19 enteraminoma and 2 others apudomas."}
{"id": "PMID:900863", "title": "Enzymes in benign and malignant effusions.", "content": "A critical review of the work done in this area indicates that, of the available enzyme systems now used in clinical diagnosis, the LDH system is the only one of significant value in the examination of pleural and peritoneal effusions. In terms of differential diagnosis, estimation of pleural or peritoneal fluid LDH levels will enable the examiner to distinguish between poorly cellular vs. abundantly cellular effusions. In the abundantly cellular effusions, estimation of levels of LDH do not distinguish with any degree of accuracy between those effusions due to inflammatory processes vs. neoplastic processes. Results of studies of LDH isoenzymes are at variance and require more study.", "contents": "Enzymes in benign and malignant effusions. A critical review of the work done in this area indicates that, of the available enzyme systems now used in clinical diagnosis, the LDH system is the only one of significant value in the examination of pleural and peritoneal effusions. In terms of differential diagnosis, estimation of pleural or peritoneal fluid LDH levels will enable the examiner to distinguish between poorly cellular vs. abundantly cellular effusions. In the abundantly cellular effusions, estimation of levels of LDH do not distinguish with any degree of accuracy between those effusions due to inflammatory processes vs. neoplastic processes. Results of studies of LDH isoenzymes are at variance and require more study."}
{"id": "PMID:900865", "title": "Clinical significance of the isomorphic pattern of the isoenzymes of serum lactate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Five hundred patients with the isomorphic pattern of the isoenzymes of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were surveyed. The isomorphic pattern of LDH isoenzymes is defined as a significant increase of total LDH with normal or low percentage of individual fractions, but with the LDH1:2 ratio less than unity. Diagnoses were, in descending order of frequency, cardiorespiratory diseases, malignancy, fracture, diseases of the central nervous system, infection/inflammation, hepatic cirrhosis and/or alcoholism, trauma without fracture, infectious mononucleosis, hypothyroidism, uremia, necrosis, pseudomononucleosis, viremia and intestinal obstruction. Incidence of increased serum activity in individuals without evidence of disease or drug explanation was 3 percent. Low PaO2 was observed in 88 percent of the 67 patients in whom it was measured.", "contents": "Clinical significance of the isomorphic pattern of the isoenzymes of serum lactate dehydrogenase. Five hundred patients with the isomorphic pattern of the isoenzymes of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were surveyed. The isomorphic pattern of LDH isoenzymes is defined as a significant increase of total LDH with normal or low percentage of individual fractions, but with the LDH1:2 ratio less than unity. Diagnoses were, in descending order of frequency, cardiorespiratory diseases, malignancy, fracture, diseases of the central nervous system, infection/inflammation, hepatic cirrhosis and/or alcoholism, trauma without fracture, infectious mononucleosis, hypothyroidism, uremia, necrosis, pseudomononucleosis, viremia and intestinal obstruction. Incidence of increased serum activity in individuals without evidence of disease or drug explanation was 3 percent. Low PaO2 was observed in 88 percent of the 67 patients in whom it was measured."}
{"id": "PMID:900870", "title": "[Valuation of the methods of investigation in topographic diagnosis of Conn Adenoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Five case of primary aldosteronism are reported. The authors analyse the place of each method able to localize adenoma: arteriography, phlebography and scintigraphy. Even if adrenal gland phlebography is faithful, it can involve hemorrhage. Then it is quite sure that scintigraphy will be soon able to take her place. The surgical approach must be performed on both sides. The authors describe an original exposure of left adrenal gland through anterior incision.", "contents": "[Valuation of the methods of investigation in topographic diagnosis of Conn Adenoma (author's transl)]. Five case of primary aldosteronism are reported. The authors analyse the place of each method able to localize adenoma: arteriography, phlebography and scintigraphy. Even if adrenal gland phlebography is faithful, it can involve hemorrhage. Then it is quite sure that scintigraphy will be soon able to take her place. The surgical approach must be performed on both sides. The authors describe an original exposure of left adrenal gland through anterior incision."}
{"id": "PMID:900867", "title": "[Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) tissue distribution in the rat as measured by radioimmunoassay and by radioreceptorassay (author's transl)].", "content": "A new radioimmunoassay which allows the measurement of the rat vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, was performed. VIP is present in the whole digestive tract of rat, mainly between the duodenum and the colon. 1.5% of the total VIP is present in brain. The VIP-like immunoreactivity appears to correspond to biologically active molecule since a radioreceptorassay using liver plasma membranes as the target tissue, gives the same results as the radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "[Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) tissue distribution in the rat as measured by radioimmunoassay and by radioreceptorassay (author's transl)]. A new radioimmunoassay which allows the measurement of the rat vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, was performed. VIP is present in the whole digestive tract of rat, mainly between the duodenum and the colon. 1.5% of the total VIP is present in brain. The VIP-like immunoreactivity appears to correspond to biologically active molecule since a radioreceptorassay using liver plasma membranes as the target tissue, gives the same results as the radioimmunoassay."}
{"id": "PMID:900872", "title": "[Prolactin secretion and synthesis by human somatotropin adenomas: in vitro effect of somatostatin (SRIF) (author's transl)].", "content": "Human somatotropin secreting adenomas removed from acromegalic patients were submitted to organ culture for periods of up 1 to 4 hours and 1 to 2 weeks. Prolactin (PRL) secretion increased in most of the experiments during the different culture times while growth hormone (GH) secretion decreased slowly in some of them. After incorporation of 3H leucine, 3H GH and 3H PRL were obtained in short and long term organ culture giving evidence for \"de novo\" synthesis. SRIF inhibited PRL as well as GH secretion after 1 to 4 hours incubation.", "contents": "[Prolactin secretion and synthesis by human somatotropin adenomas: in vitro effect of somatostatin (SRIF) (author's transl)]. Human somatotropin secreting adenomas removed from acromegalic patients were submitted to organ culture for periods of up 1 to 4 hours and 1 to 2 weeks. Prolactin (PRL) secretion increased in most of the experiments during the different culture times while growth hormone (GH) secretion decreased slowly in some of them. After incorporation of 3H leucine, 3H GH and 3H PRL were obtained in short and long term organ culture giving evidence for \"de novo\" synthesis. SRIF inhibited PRL as well as GH secretion after 1 to 4 hours incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:900874", "title": "[Clinical and electrophysiological study of voice changes in thyrotoxicosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes in the voice are described in 10 thyrotoxic patients. The quality in tone is altered, and frequently, the volume of the voice is diminished. Electrophysiological studies of the speech and of the laryngeal motility have been performed. These changes, which seem to be relatively common, may result from a mild bulbar muscle dysfunction.", "contents": "[Clinical and electrophysiological study of voice changes in thyrotoxicosis (author's transl)]. Changes in the voice are described in 10 thyrotoxic patients. The quality in tone is altered, and frequently, the volume of the voice is diminished. Electrophysiological studies of the speech and of the laryngeal motility have been performed. These changes, which seem to be relatively common, may result from a mild bulbar muscle dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:900873", "title": "[Biological aspects of endemic goiter in the Pyrennes Atlantiques (author's transl)].", "content": "In an endemical goiterous area (Oloron Sainte-Marie 64, France) a thyroid investigation has been realised on a certain number of people having a goiter (G) and those without goiter (N.G.). Various explorations such as T4 D, R T3 U, TSH RIA, T3 RIA. Achilles' Reflex, cholesterol have shown no significant difference nor any abnormality inspite of a global deficit in iodine (35 ng/24 h). It can only be retained an absence in negative corelation T3 TSH (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "[Biological aspects of endemic goiter in the Pyrennes Atlantiques (author's transl)]. In an endemical goiterous area (Oloron Sainte-Marie 64, France) a thyroid investigation has been realised on a certain number of people having a goiter (G) and those without goiter (N.G.). Various explorations such as T4 D, R T3 U, TSH RIA, T3 RIA. Achilles' Reflex, cholesterol have shown no significant difference nor any abnormality inspite of a global deficit in iodine (35 ng/24 h). It can only be retained an absence in negative corelation T3 TSH (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:900875", "title": "[Plasma growth hormone in obese patients. Comparison of response to arginine and L-dopa (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study aimed at testing the hypothesis that l-dopa could obtain a better growth hormone (G.H.) stimulation than metabolic stimuli in obese patients. Arginine (30 g i-v) and l-dopa (1 g per os) were used in 12 obese, non diabetic, female in patients. No significant difference of plasma G.H. peak level (arginine : 11,3 ng/ml +/- 8.6. L-dopa : 9.2 +/- 5.6) appeared between these two types of stimulation", "contents": "[Plasma growth hormone in obese patients. Comparison of response to arginine and L-dopa (author's transl)]. The present study aimed at testing the hypothesis that l-dopa could obtain a better growth hormone (G.H.) stimulation than metabolic stimuli in obese patients. Arginine (30 g i-v) and l-dopa (1 g per os) were used in 12 obese, non diabetic, female in patients. No significant difference of plasma G.H. peak level (arginine : 11,3 ng/ml +/- 8.6. L-dopa : 9.2 +/- 5.6) appeared between these two types of stimulation"}
{"id": "PMID:900871", "title": "[Renin plasmatic activity and plasma aldosterone in three cases of pheochromocytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Renin Plasmatic Activity (R.P.A.) was increased in three cases of Pheochromocytoma Plasmatic aldosterone (A), measured in one patient, was high in the supine position and increased considerably in orthostatism. This was not observed with the R.P.A.7. Urine Tetra Hydroaldosterone (T.H.A.) was increased in two of the three patients and this increase corresponded to the Pheochromocytoma in which the V.M.A. concentrations were the highest. P.R.A., T.H.A. and V.M.A. regained normal values after surgery. We suggest that there is a certain parrallelism between the increase in the excretion of A. and the importance of the cat\u00e9cholamine release from the Pheocchromocytoma.", "contents": "[Renin plasmatic activity and plasma aldosterone in three cases of pheochromocytoma (author's transl)]. Renin Plasmatic Activity (R.P.A.) was increased in three cases of Pheochromocytoma Plasmatic aldosterone (A), measured in one patient, was high in the supine position and increased considerably in orthostatism. This was not observed with the R.P.A.7. Urine Tetra Hydroaldosterone (T.H.A.) was increased in two of the three patients and this increase corresponded to the Pheochromocytoma in which the V.M.A. concentrations were the highest. P.R.A., T.H.A. and V.M.A. regained normal values after surgery. We suggest that there is a certain parrallelism between the increase in the excretion of A. and the importance of the cat\u00e9cholamine release from the Pheocchromocytoma."}
{"id": "PMID:900876", "title": "[Value of the study of plasma estrogens in the exploration of gynecomastia. Apropos of 48 cases].", "content": "Starting from 48 cases of gynecomastia, the authors report the following findings: -- Impairment of the testis function, as assessed by a low plasma level of testosterone, is rare. -- Basal values of gonadotropins are generally normal. -- Increased oestrogen urinary excretion and blood level are rarely found but, when present, they tend to decrease at successive evaluations. -- In six cases, plasmatic oestradiol can be suppressed by dexamethasone; although the small number of cases does not allow a definite conclusion, one might suggest a predominant adrenal source of plasmatic oestradiol.", "contents": "[Value of the study of plasma estrogens in the exploration of gynecomastia. Apropos of 48 cases]. Starting from 48 cases of gynecomastia, the authors report the following findings: -- Impairment of the testis function, as assessed by a low plasma level of testosterone, is rare. -- Basal values of gonadotropins are generally normal. -- Increased oestrogen urinary excretion and blood level are rarely found but, when present, they tend to decrease at successive evaluations. -- In six cases, plasmatic oestradiol can be suppressed by dexamethasone; although the small number of cases does not allow a definite conclusion, one might suggest a predominant adrenal source of plasmatic oestradiol."}
{"id": "PMID:900877", "title": "[Determination of intra-uterine oxygen tension in rats after biovariectomy between the 7th and 12th day of gestation].", "content": "In pregnant female rat, oxygen tension was measured in vivo with an oxygen microelectrode and the following statistically significant data (Student's test) were obtained: -- not significant variability in four groups of six control rats; -- highly significant decrease of oxygen tension twenty-four hours after biovariectomy in four groups of six operated rats; -- in twelve operated and treated by substitutive hormonotherapy rats, pO2 was at the same level than in control rats; -- in eighteen operated rats, the oxygen tension measured after embryonic death was identical to control rats. These experiments clearly demonstrate twenty four hours after biovariectomy a decreased oxygen tension. Simultaneously to this decrease, a diminution of uterine blood flow takes place. This pO2 diminution should be dependent on decrease of ovarian hormones since the substitutive hormonotherapy prevents its appearance. A good explanation of this phenomenon is the high requirement of hypoxic embryo for oxygen; moreover after the embryonic death, the intra-uterine pO2 increases.", "contents": "[Determination of intra-uterine oxygen tension in rats after biovariectomy between the 7th and 12th day of gestation]. In pregnant female rat, oxygen tension was measured in vivo with an oxygen microelectrode and the following statistically significant data (Student's test) were obtained: -- not significant variability in four groups of six control rats; -- highly significant decrease of oxygen tension twenty-four hours after biovariectomy in four groups of six operated rats; -- in twelve operated and treated by substitutive hormonotherapy rats, pO2 was at the same level than in control rats; -- in eighteen operated rats, the oxygen tension measured after embryonic death was identical to control rats. These experiments clearly demonstrate twenty four hours after biovariectomy a decreased oxygen tension. Simultaneously to this decrease, a diminution of uterine blood flow takes place. This pO2 diminution should be dependent on decrease of ovarian hormones since the substitutive hormonotherapy prevents its appearance. A good explanation of this phenomenon is the high requirement of hypoxic embryo for oxygen; moreover after the embryonic death, the intra-uterine pO2 increases."}
{"id": "PMID:900883", "title": "Genetic variation in some Oxfordshire villages.", "content": "The patterns of serological polymorphic variety in a group of Oxfordshire populations are related to previously made demographic predictions that the different villages and social classes might be expected to be genetically homogeneous if movement were the main factor determining genetic structure. The predictions are largely fulfilled though there remains a residual pattern of variety which is detectable when all the systems tested are considered together by \"genetic distance\" examination, and in the case of the geographic variation this pattern reflects the comparative magnitude of the exchanges between the different villages.", "contents": "Genetic variation in some Oxfordshire villages. The patterns of serological polymorphic variety in a group of Oxfordshire populations are related to previously made demographic predictions that the different villages and social classes might be expected to be genetically homogeneous if movement were the main factor determining genetic structure. The predictions are largely fulfilled though there remains a residual pattern of variety which is detectable when all the systems tested are considered together by \"genetic distance\" examination, and in the case of the geographic variation this pattern reflects the comparative magnitude of the exchanges between the different villages."}
{"id": "PMID:900878", "title": "[Action of androgens and one anti-androgen on the genital ducts of young discoglosses. Early development of seminal vesicles and inhibition of mullerian ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "Young Discoglossus pictus Otth (Amphibian, Anura) received either male hormone (testosterone or testosterone propionate) or the anti-steroid anti-androgen cyproterone acetate. The male hormone had a masculinizing effect on the genital tract when observed four months later and, paradoxically, the anti-androgen had the same effect: -- Hypertrophy of the posterior segment of the Wolffian ducts yields seminal vesicles, whose wall is covered with a flat epithelium after androgen treatment. Cyproterone acetate treatment, however, results in the cytological differentiation of this epithelium. -- M\u00fcllerian ducts persist in a vestigial form. In this respect, the inhibitory action of cyproterone acetate is stronger than that of the male hormone.", "contents": "[Action of androgens and one anti-androgen on the genital ducts of young discoglosses. Early development of seminal vesicles and inhibition of mullerian ducts (author's transl)]. Young Discoglossus pictus Otth (Amphibian, Anura) received either male hormone (testosterone or testosterone propionate) or the anti-steroid anti-androgen cyproterone acetate. The male hormone had a masculinizing effect on the genital tract when observed four months later and, paradoxically, the anti-androgen had the same effect: -- Hypertrophy of the posterior segment of the Wolffian ducts yields seminal vesicles, whose wall is covered with a flat epithelium after androgen treatment. Cyproterone acetate treatment, however, results in the cytological differentiation of this epithelium. -- M\u00fcllerian ducts persist in a vestigial form. In this respect, the inhibitory action of cyproterone acetate is stronger than that of the male hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:900884", "title": "Inbreeding, marital movement, and genetic isolation of a rural Appalachian population.", "content": "Genealogical, marital, birthplace and age-at-marriage data were collected on a random sample of 275 reproducing couples from the population of a rural Appalachian county in north-eastern Tennessee. Genealogies covering the three extant generations provided the data for a surname isonymy analysis to determine the amount of inbreeding prevalent, while the marital, birthplace and age at marriage data were used to ascertain the components of marital movement, i.e., marital distance, orientation of marital movement, spatial exogamy, and \"diffusion\". The effective breeding population and effective immigration rate were calculated for the county population and these in turn were used to compute the coefficient of breeding isolation for the currently reproduction population. Our conclusions agree with those of an earlier genetic and demographic study on one segment of the same population. The more extensive demographic analysis illustrates the value of such studies as this for providing background for interpretations of genetic variation.", "contents": "Inbreeding, marital movement, and genetic isolation of a rural Appalachian population. Genealogical, marital, birthplace and age-at-marriage data were collected on a random sample of 275 reproducing couples from the population of a rural Appalachian county in north-eastern Tennessee. Genealogies covering the three extant generations provided the data for a surname isonymy analysis to determine the amount of inbreeding prevalent, while the marital, birthplace and age at marriage data were used to ascertain the components of marital movement, i.e., marital distance, orientation of marital movement, spatial exogamy, and \"diffusion\". The effective breeding population and effective immigration rate were calculated for the county population and these in turn were used to compute the coefficient of breeding isolation for the currently reproduction population. Our conclusions agree with those of an earlier genetic and demographic study on one segment of the same population. The more extensive demographic analysis illustrates the value of such studies as this for providing background for interpretations of genetic variation."}
{"id": "PMID:900885", "title": "The inbreeding coefficients of the Hadza.", "content": "A systematic tabulation is provided of the frequency of different types of inbreeding in the Hadza. Genealogical information was obtained for 931 individuals, alive and dead. Inbreeding was encountered with 165 individuals. There were 49 different types of inbred genealogy. No attempt was made to calculate an average inbreeding coefficient and the reasons for this are given in the text.", "contents": "The inbreeding coefficients of the Hadza. A systematic tabulation is provided of the frequency of different types of inbreeding in the Hadza. Genealogical information was obtained for 931 individuals, alive and dead. Inbreeding was encountered with 165 individuals. There were 49 different types of inbred genealogy. No attempt was made to calculate an average inbreeding coefficient and the reasons for this are given in the text."}
{"id": "PMID:900879", "title": "The two triiodothyronines (T3 and rT3). Thyroid biosynthesis of T3 and rT3 and peripheral metabolism of thyroxine (author's transl).", "content": "Thirty per cent of the iodine in thyroglobulin is present as iodothyronines. L-thyroxine (T4) represents 90-95% of hormonal iodine, 3,5,3'-triodo-L-thyronine (T3) contains at the most two per cent of it, 3,3'5'-triodo-L-thyronine (rT3) even less, as well as traces of 3,3'-diodo-L-thyronine. The plasma concentration of T4 is about 8 microgram per 100 ml, in the case of T3 it is 120 ng and 25 ng for rT3. The cell nucleus preferentially binds T3 and rT3 and there are also some specific mitochondrial proteins which possess a high affinity for T3. L-thyroxine is dehalogenated peripherically to T3, to take care of most of the requirements in T3. The enrichment of the plasma in rT3 has been shown to occur under various experimental and pathological conditoins. The blood level of T3 varies in inverse ratio to the level of rT3 and it shows that the peripheral formation of one is compensated for by the other. The excess of the prehormone T4 is metabolised as 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid (TetrAc); its level in the blood varies in the same way as the level of T3, in particular it decreases during starvation.", "contents": "The two triiodothyronines (T3 and rT3). Thyroid biosynthesis of T3 and rT3 and peripheral metabolism of thyroxine (author's transl). Thirty per cent of the iodine in thyroglobulin is present as iodothyronines. L-thyroxine (T4) represents 90-95% of hormonal iodine, 3,5,3'-triodo-L-thyronine (T3) contains at the most two per cent of it, 3,3'5'-triodo-L-thyronine (rT3) even less, as well as traces of 3,3'-diodo-L-thyronine. The plasma concentration of T4 is about 8 microgram per 100 ml, in the case of T3 it is 120 ng and 25 ng for rT3. The cell nucleus preferentially binds T3 and rT3 and there are also some specific mitochondrial proteins which possess a high affinity for T3. L-thyroxine is dehalogenated peripherically to T3, to take care of most of the requirements in T3. The enrichment of the plasma in rT3 has been shown to occur under various experimental and pathological conditoins. The blood level of T3 varies in inverse ratio to the level of rT3 and it shows that the peripheral formation of one is compensated for by the other. The excess of the prehormone T4 is metabolised as 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid (TetrAc); its level in the blood varies in the same way as the level of T3, in particular it decreases during starvation."}
{"id": "PMID:900880", "title": "[Kinetics of sodium thiosulfate-35S fixation and effect of some sulfur compounds on iodine-131 fixation in ray thyroid gland].", "content": "In order to invalidate or confirm the affirmation that non antithyroid sulphide molecules alter the measure of the thyroid fixation rate of iodine 131 we undertook on the rat: on one hand a kinetic study of thyroid fixation of sodium thiosulfate labelled with sulphur 35, which showed a very low captation not exceeding 0,01% of injected radioactivity; on the other hand the study of the effects of some sulphide molecules on thyroid fixation of iodine 131 in the rat: sodium thiosulfate, association of sodium thiosulfate + metalloidal sulphur + methionine, carbutamide and dimethylsulfoxyde in various kinds of dose administration and periods. None of the products used in our work conditions produced a significant decrease of the fixation rate of iodine 131. In three different experimental protocols (sulfur association and dimethylsulfoxide), we showed a significant light increase of the fixation rate.", "contents": "[Kinetics of sodium thiosulfate-35S fixation and effect of some sulfur compounds on iodine-131 fixation in ray thyroid gland]. In order to invalidate or confirm the affirmation that non antithyroid sulphide molecules alter the measure of the thyroid fixation rate of iodine 131 we undertook on the rat: on one hand a kinetic study of thyroid fixation of sodium thiosulfate labelled with sulphur 35, which showed a very low captation not exceeding 0,01% of injected radioactivity; on the other hand the study of the effects of some sulphide molecules on thyroid fixation of iodine 131 in the rat: sodium thiosulfate, association of sodium thiosulfate + metalloidal sulphur + methionine, carbutamide and dimethylsulfoxyde in various kinds of dose administration and periods. None of the products used in our work conditions produced a significant decrease of the fixation rate of iodine 131. In three different experimental protocols (sulfur association and dimethylsulfoxide), we showed a significant light increase of the fixation rate."}
{"id": "PMID:900886", "title": "Red cell enzyme polymorphisms in different populations of Afghanistan.", "content": "In four population groups of Afghanistan, the Pushtu, Tajik, Hazara, and Usbek, the red cell enzymes EsD, GPT, AcP, PGM1, ADA, AK, and 6PGD were studied. Significant differences in frequency occurred between the Hazara and others in 6PGD, PGM1, and AK system, and between the Pushtu and others in the ADA system.", "contents": "Red cell enzyme polymorphisms in different populations of Afghanistan. In four population groups of Afghanistan, the Pushtu, Tajik, Hazara, and Usbek, the red cell enzymes EsD, GPT, AcP, PGM1, ADA, AK, and 6PGD were studied. Significant differences in frequency occurred between the Hazara and others in 6PGD, PGM1, and AK system, and between the Pushtu and others in the ADA system."}
{"id": "PMID:900887", "title": "Genetic polymorphisms in Afghanistan.", "content": "The gene frequencies in samples of two language groups from Afghanistan, comprising 104 Pushtu and 179 Dari subjects living in Kabul, have been examined for 24 loci. Some systems suggest greater affinity to the west (e.g. the MS gene combination, the esterase D2 allele), some to the east (e.g. the K blood group), while others are intermediate between those of India and the Orient on the one hand, and Europe and the West on the other. In general, the gene frequency levels are much as would be expected from the geographical position of the country. The two language samples are essentially similar in gene frequency, so any earlier gene frequency differences that may have existed between the language groups are no longer distinguishable. However, the amount of heterozygosity shows that the Kabul population is not yet homogeneous and that the two endogamous linguistic groups remain disparate to some extent.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphisms in Afghanistan. The gene frequencies in samples of two language groups from Afghanistan, comprising 104 Pushtu and 179 Dari subjects living in Kabul, have been examined for 24 loci. Some systems suggest greater affinity to the west (e.g. the MS gene combination, the esterase D2 allele), some to the east (e.g. the K blood group), while others are intermediate between those of India and the Orient on the one hand, and Europe and the West on the other. In general, the gene frequency levels are much as would be expected from the geographical position of the country. The two language samples are essentially similar in gene frequency, so any earlier gene frequency differences that may have existed between the language groups are no longer distinguishable. However, the amount of heterozygosity shows that the Kabul population is not yet homogeneous and that the two endogamous linguistic groups remain disparate to some extent."}
{"id": "PMID:900882", "title": "Amenorrhoea, sterility and hyperprolactinaemia. Importance of complex movement tomographic x-ray study and follow-up of the sella turcica.", "content": "In a 24 y.o. woman complaining of primary amenorrhoea and infertility, hyperprolactinaemia and clearly enlarged sella turcica on standard x-rays in 1975 led to the diagnosis of a pituitary prolactin-producing adenoma, later confirmed surgically. Galactorrhoea never occurred spontaneously and could not be provoked at physical examination. In the course of a previous investigation in 1967, the standard x-ray of the sella turcica, although showing already a minor duplication of the anterior wall of the sella, had been misinterpreted as being normal. It is clear from the present observation that repeated, for example at yearly intervals, radiological examinations and prolactin determinations (not available before 1971) would allow an early diagnosis. It is furthermore stressed that a tomographic radiological examination using complex movement (spiral or hypocycloidal) should be mandatory in any case of amenorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia in order to assess or not the possible existence of a prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma. Indeed, dynamic studies of anterior pituitary secretions cannot allow a differential diagnosis between tumoural and functional hyperprolactinaemia.", "contents": "Amenorrhoea, sterility and hyperprolactinaemia. Importance of complex movement tomographic x-ray study and follow-up of the sella turcica. In a 24 y.o. woman complaining of primary amenorrhoea and infertility, hyperprolactinaemia and clearly enlarged sella turcica on standard x-rays in 1975 led to the diagnosis of a pituitary prolactin-producing adenoma, later confirmed surgically. Galactorrhoea never occurred spontaneously and could not be provoked at physical examination. In the course of a previous investigation in 1967, the standard x-ray of the sella turcica, although showing already a minor duplication of the anterior wall of the sella, had been misinterpreted as being normal. It is clear from the present observation that repeated, for example at yearly intervals, radiological examinations and prolactin determinations (not available before 1971) would allow an early diagnosis. It is furthermore stressed that a tomographic radiological examination using complex movement (spiral or hypocycloidal) should be mandatory in any case of amenorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia in order to assess or not the possible existence of a prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma. Indeed, dynamic studies of anterior pituitary secretions cannot allow a differential diagnosis between tumoural and functional hyperprolactinaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:900881", "title": "[46 XX karyotype men (author's transl)].", "content": "85 cases of this syndrom have been published since the original case in 1964. The main clinical symptoms are those of Klinefelter's disease from which it differs by the caryotype only. Azoospermie is the rule. 3 mechanisms can be implicated: Mosaic 46 XX/47 XY with secondary loss of Y chromosome; Translocation of a part of Y chromosome upon an autosome or Y chromosome; Autosomal mutant gene acting upon the masculinizing site of X chromosome and inducing the primitive development of the testis as the short arm and proximal part of the long arm of Y chromosome normally do. These mechanisms perhaps are distinct origins of a syndrom which clinic alone cannot dissociate.", "contents": "[46 XX karyotype men (author's transl)]. 85 cases of this syndrom have been published since the original case in 1964. The main clinical symptoms are those of Klinefelter's disease from which it differs by the caryotype only. Azoospermie is the rule. 3 mechanisms can be implicated: Mosaic 46 XX/47 XY with secondary loss of Y chromosome; Translocation of a part of Y chromosome upon an autosome or Y chromosome; Autosomal mutant gene acting upon the masculinizing site of X chromosome and inducing the primitive development of the testis as the short arm and proximal part of the long arm of Y chromosome normally do. These mechanisms perhaps are distinct origins of a syndrom which clinic alone cannot dissociate."}
{"id": "PMID:900888", "title": "A five-year follow-up study of bone mass in older people.", "content": "Bone mass was estimated in a simple random sample of older people from Edinburgh (215 men and 272 women aged 62-90 years), by measuring metacarpal cortical thickness and by measuring the optical density of the radius compared with that of a metal wedge on an X-ray. Information was also collected about diet, energy expenditure and anthropometric variables. The two bone mass estimations were moderately correlated (0-47 in men, 0-53 in women). Both showed decrease as age increased. Estimates of bone mass increased as body size or activity increased, but were unrelated to dietary intakes of calcium or vitamin D. Five years later the cortical thickness was remeasured in 111 men and 141 women. Loss of bone was not uniform, and some subjects actually showed a gain. The mean loss was 0-27 mm (SD 0-41) in men and 0-28 (SD 0-40) in women. This loss was unrelated to body size or to intake of calcium and vitamin D.", "contents": "A five-year follow-up study of bone mass in older people. Bone mass was estimated in a simple random sample of older people from Edinburgh (215 men and 272 women aged 62-90 years), by measuring metacarpal cortical thickness and by measuring the optical density of the radius compared with that of a metal wedge on an X-ray. Information was also collected about diet, energy expenditure and anthropometric variables. The two bone mass estimations were moderately correlated (0-47 in men, 0-53 in women). Both showed decrease as age increased. Estimates of bone mass increased as body size or activity increased, but were unrelated to dietary intakes of calcium or vitamin D. Five years later the cortical thickness was remeasured in 111 men and 141 women. Loss of bone was not uniform, and some subjects actually showed a gain. The mean loss was 0-27 mm (SD 0-41) in men and 0-28 (SD 0-40) in women. This loss was unrelated to body size or to intake of calcium and vitamin D."}
{"id": "PMID:900889", "title": "Evidence for a secular increase in human brain weight during the  past century.", "content": "7397 post-mortem records have been studied. These comphrhend all 20- to 50-year old men and women who had been autopsied in The London Hospital since 1907. Fresh brain weight, body weight and height were abstracted and analysed statistically according to sex and to year of birth, any person with a cerebral or skeletal abnormality having been excluded. Fresh brain weight in men increased gradually by an average of 0-66 g per year from a mean of 1372 g for those born in 1860 to 1424 g in 1940-a total of 52 g. The weight of the female brain increased by 0-28 g per year from 1242 g to 1265 g over the same period. No appreciable rise in fresh brain weight occurred in women until 1900, after which date the increase was of the same order in the two sexes. Evidence of secular increases in body height and in body weight is also given.", "contents": "Evidence for a secular increase in human brain weight during the  past century. 7397 post-mortem records have been studied. These comphrhend all 20- to 50-year old men and women who had been autopsied in The London Hospital since 1907. Fresh brain weight, body weight and height were abstracted and analysed statistically according to sex and to year of birth, any person with a cerebral or skeletal abnormality having been excluded. Fresh brain weight in men increased gradually by an average of 0-66 g per year from a mean of 1372 g for those born in 1860 to 1424 g in 1940-a total of 52 g. The weight of the female brain increased by 0-28 g per year from 1242 g to 1265 g over the same period. No appreciable rise in fresh brain weight occurred in women until 1900, after which date the increase was of the same order in the two sexes. Evidence of secular increases in body height and in body weight is also given."}
{"id": "PMID:900890", "title": "The blood groups and other heriditary blood factors of Yemenite and Kurdish Jews.", "content": "Blood specimens collected fro Yemenite and Kurdish Jews living in Israel were tested for 11 blood group systems 5 plasma protein systems and 9 systems of red-cell enzymes. The results of these tests were combined with those of tests on other Yemenite and Kurdish Jews, reported by Godber et al. (1973), the total data sorted according to the place of origin of the subjects or their parents in the Yemen Arab Republic and Kurdistan respectively. Gene frequencies were calculated for each of the local populations so defined. It is confirmed that the Yemenite Jews show a close relationship to the Yemenite Arabs, but those from the southern part of the Yemen Arab Republic have a higher frequency of African marker genes than those in the north. The Habbanite Jews have a similar rather high frequency of African genes (Bonn\u00e9 et al., 1970). The Kurdish Jews from Iran and northern-western Iraq show a moderate genetic resemblance to the indigenous Kurds of Iran, while those from south-eastern Iraq differ considerably, especially in their low frequency of A1, high B, high CDe (R1) and low cde (r).", "contents": "The blood groups and other heriditary blood factors of Yemenite and Kurdish Jews. Blood specimens collected fro Yemenite and Kurdish Jews living in Israel were tested for 11 blood group systems 5 plasma protein systems and 9 systems of red-cell enzymes. The results of these tests were combined with those of tests on other Yemenite and Kurdish Jews, reported by Godber et al. (1973), the total data sorted according to the place of origin of the subjects or their parents in the Yemen Arab Republic and Kurdistan respectively. Gene frequencies were calculated for each of the local populations so defined. It is confirmed that the Yemenite Jews show a close relationship to the Yemenite Arabs, but those from the southern part of the Yemen Arab Republic have a higher frequency of African marker genes than those in the north. The Habbanite Jews have a similar rather high frequency of African genes (Bonn\u00e9 et al., 1970). The Kurdish Jews from Iran and northern-western Iraq show a moderate genetic resemblance to the indigenous Kurds of Iran, while those from south-eastern Iraq differ considerably, especially in their low frequency of A1, high B, high CDe (R1) and low cde (r)."}
{"id": "PMID:900891", "title": "Variation in allele frequencies among caste groups of the Dhangars of Maharashtra, India: an analysis with Wright's Fst statistic.", "content": "Variations in allelle frequencies at 11 serological and biochemical loci among 21 endogamous Dhangar castes of Maharashtra, India, have been studied using Wright's FST statistic. Gene differentiation among these castes is only about 4 per cent at these polymorphic loci. The distributional form of FST is explicable by random genetic drift at this early stage of differentiation of these caste groups. The empirical relationship between the average allele frequencies and the ration of within to total gene diversity of the caste groups is also studied.", "contents": "Variation in allele frequencies among caste groups of the Dhangars of Maharashtra, India: an analysis with Wright's Fst statistic. Variations in allelle frequencies at 11 serological and biochemical loci among 21 endogamous Dhangar castes of Maharashtra, India, have been studied using Wright's FST statistic. Gene differentiation among these castes is only about 4 per cent at these polymorphic loci. The distributional form of FST is explicable by random genetic drift at this early stage of differentiation of these caste groups. The empirical relationship between the average allele frequencies and the ration of within to total gene diversity of the caste groups is also studied."}
{"id": "PMID:900892", "title": "Tissue factor activity of rabbit peritoneal macrophages: influence of immune stimulation.", "content": "Rabbit peritoneal macrophages exhibit a potent tissue factor activity able to trigger the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. This activity is elicited by the inflammatory reaction. Local injection of antigen in immunized animals leads to a lowering of the macrophage procoagulant activity. The mechanism of this phenomenon was investigated in cell culture. After a 24 hour culture, sticking macrophages as well as the culture supernatant exhibit a potent tissue factor activity, both closely related to the initial cell concentration. When the cells are collected from immunized rabbits the presence of the antigen in culture medium is able to significantly enhance the procoagulant activity of the supernatant. These data allow to propose a mechanism for the \"macrophage disappearance reaction\" and some related phenomena.", "contents": "Tissue factor activity of rabbit peritoneal macrophages: influence of immune stimulation. Rabbit peritoneal macrophages exhibit a potent tissue factor activity able to trigger the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. This activity is elicited by the inflammatory reaction. Local injection of antigen in immunized animals leads to a lowering of the macrophage procoagulant activity. The mechanism of this phenomenon was investigated in cell culture. After a 24 hour culture, sticking macrophages as well as the culture supernatant exhibit a potent tissue factor activity, both closely related to the initial cell concentration. When the cells are collected from immunized rabbits the presence of the antigen in culture medium is able to significantly enhance the procoagulant activity of the supernatant. These data allow to propose a mechanism for the \"macrophage disappearance reaction\" and some related phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:900893", "title": "High resistance induced by young live Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) to Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice.", "content": "Intravenous inoculation of \"young\" bacilli of Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin 14 days before challenge with Schistosoma mansoni highly protect the mice against this infection.", "contents": "High resistance induced by young live Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) to Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. Intravenous inoculation of \"young\" bacilli of Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin 14 days before challenge with Schistosoma mansoni highly protect the mice against this infection."}
{"id": "PMID:900894", "title": "Autoimmunity and absence of rheumatoid factors in experimental Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) equiperdum infections in the rabbit.", "content": "The serum levels of IgM and IgG have been shown to increase approximately 7 to 10 times during the development of Trupanosoma equiperdum infection in the rabbit. After separation of the 7 S and 19 S fractions by density gradient centrifugation, both fractions were found by complement fixation tests to contain anti-trypanosome antibodies. The 19 S fraction also contained autoantibodies reacting with tissue antigens of rabbit liver, kidney and heart. Results of passive haemagglutination and latex fixation tests could not confirm earlier reports of the presence of rheumatoid factors in infected rabbits.", "contents": "Autoimmunity and absence of rheumatoid factors in experimental Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) equiperdum infections in the rabbit. The serum levels of IgM and IgG have been shown to increase approximately 7 to 10 times during the development of Trupanosoma equiperdum infection in the rabbit. After separation of the 7 S and 19 S fractions by density gradient centrifugation, both fractions were found by complement fixation tests to contain anti-trypanosome antibodies. The 19 S fraction also contained autoantibodies reacting with tissue antigens of rabbit liver, kidney and heart. Results of passive haemagglutination and latex fixation tests could not confirm earlier reports of the presence of rheumatoid factors in infected rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:900895", "title": "Distribution of cells mediating delayed type hypersensitivity responses of mice to sheep red blood cells.", "content": "Jones-Mote type delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) was elicited in mice by intravenous (i.v.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in saline. The state of DTH was measured by means of a footpad swelling test. Splenectomy at different intervals after i.v. immunization with 3 X 10(5) SRBC abolished the generalized state of DTH almost completely, even when splenectomy was performed as late as 6 days after immunization. Excision of the popliteal lymph node on the fifth day after s.c. immunization with 3 X 10(6) SRBC prevented footpad swelling after administration of a challenge dose of SRBC. These experiments suggest that Jones-Mote type DTH responsiveness to SRBC remains dependent on the presence of the initially reactive lymphoid organ, provided the dose of antigen is too low to evoke the generation of DTH-reactive cells in other lymphoid organs.", "contents": "Distribution of cells mediating delayed type hypersensitivity responses of mice to sheep red blood cells. Jones-Mote type delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) was elicited in mice by intravenous (i.v.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in saline. The state of DTH was measured by means of a footpad swelling test. Splenectomy at different intervals after i.v. immunization with 3 X 10(5) SRBC abolished the generalized state of DTH almost completely, even when splenectomy was performed as late as 6 days after immunization. Excision of the popliteal lymph node on the fifth day after s.c. immunization with 3 X 10(6) SRBC prevented footpad swelling after administration of a challenge dose of SRBC. These experiments suggest that Jones-Mote type DTH responsiveness to SRBC remains dependent on the presence of the initially reactive lymphoid organ, provided the dose of antigen is too low to evoke the generation of DTH-reactive cells in other lymphoid organs."}
{"id": "PMID:900896", "title": "[Biological and immunological researches on snake venom. V. Application of the immunochemical technics to the titration of specific antibodies to the alpha toxin of Naja nigricollis venom (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to establish a simple method to titrate antitoxin antibodies in the antivenom sera, we suggest a new immunochemical technic. To a constant dose of a pure toxin extracted from a snake venom, increasing volumes of specific immune serum are added so as an excess of toxin remains free. This residual toxin is titrated by electroimmunodiffusion technic according to Laurell or by radial immunodiffusion method of Mancini. The experimental results in vitro are compared to those obtained in vivo. If a given volume of immune serum neutralize X microgram of toxin by the in vivo technic it will combine in vitro to 2 X or 1.2 X of the same toxin, respectively if we refer to electroimmunodiffusion or to radial immunodiffusion technic results.", "contents": "[Biological and immunological researches on snake venom. V. Application of the immunochemical technics to the titration of specific antibodies to the alpha toxin of Naja nigricollis venom (author's transl)]. In order to establish a simple method to titrate antitoxin antibodies in the antivenom sera, we suggest a new immunochemical technic. To a constant dose of a pure toxin extracted from a snake venom, increasing volumes of specific immune serum are added so as an excess of toxin remains free. This residual toxin is titrated by electroimmunodiffusion technic according to Laurell or by radial immunodiffusion method of Mancini. The experimental results in vitro are compared to those obtained in vivo. If a given volume of immune serum neutralize X microgram of toxin by the in vivo technic it will combine in vitro to 2 X or 1.2 X of the same toxin, respectively if we refer to electroimmunodiffusion or to radial immunodiffusion technic results."}
{"id": "PMID:900903", "title": "Cerebral hypnogenic centers.", "content": "Active cerebral processes can initiate and maintain sleep in mammals. Two distinct hypnogenic structures have been documented in the cat: the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla and a region in the basal preoptic area. Their electrical or pharmacological activation results in behavioral and EEG sleep. Both can be activated an inhibited in relation to circulatory or thermic homeostasis and to endocrine regulations, or in conditioned paradigms. Bilateral destruction or functional elimination of either hypnogenic region is followed by increased vigilance and insomnia. The tonic influence so revealed is increased by the serotonergic raphe nuclei of the pontine region, which is considered to be hypnotonic rather than hypnogenic. Postsynaptic inhibition of the ascending activating reticular system by the hypnogenic centers is involved in sleep onset and maintenance. Electrophysiological evidence is presented that indicates a mutual tonic inhibitory interaction between the brainstem arousal system and the preoptic hypnogenic center. Such reciprocal inhibitory interaction can facilitate the onset of sleep by a positive-feedback mechanism. In spite of the fact that this retroaction results in break of physiological equilibrium, it should be considered a homeostatic process aimed at maintaining the functional fitness of the forebrain neuronal circuits.", "contents": "Cerebral hypnogenic centers. Active cerebral processes can initiate and maintain sleep in mammals. Two distinct hypnogenic structures have been documented in the cat: the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla and a region in the basal preoptic area. Their electrical or pharmacological activation results in behavioral and EEG sleep. Both can be activated an inhibited in relation to circulatory or thermic homeostasis and to endocrine regulations, or in conditioned paradigms. Bilateral destruction or functional elimination of either hypnogenic region is followed by increased vigilance and insomnia. The tonic influence so revealed is increased by the serotonergic raphe nuclei of the pontine region, which is considered to be hypnotonic rather than hypnogenic. Postsynaptic inhibition of the ascending activating reticular system by the hypnogenic centers is involved in sleep onset and maintenance. Electrophysiological evidence is presented that indicates a mutual tonic inhibitory interaction between the brainstem arousal system and the preoptic hypnogenic center. Such reciprocal inhibitory interaction can facilitate the onset of sleep by a positive-feedback mechanism. In spite of the fact that this retroaction results in break of physiological equilibrium, it should be considered a homeostatic process aimed at maintaining the functional fitness of the forebrain neuronal circuits."}
{"id": "PMID:900898", "title": "Thymus development in amphibians: colonization by thymic endodermal rudiments by lymphoid stem-cells of mesenchymal origin in the urodele Pleurodeles waltlii Michah.", "content": "Pleurodeles waltlii thymus morphogenesis was studied by serial semi-thin sections and by electron microscopy. Thymus endodermal buds were first seen 9 days after fertilization. From 12 to 16 days, these rudiments are invaded by a small number of cells moving from the cephalic mesenchyme environment. These cells have the ultrastructural morphology of lymphoid stem-cells. Cytologic transitional forms from endodermal to lymphoid-like cells are never observed. These results clearly indicate that in amphibians the thymus lymphocytes are not derived from the initial endodermal rudiments.", "contents": "Thymus development in amphibians: colonization by thymic endodermal rudiments by lymphoid stem-cells of mesenchymal origin in the urodele Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. Pleurodeles waltlii thymus morphogenesis was studied by serial semi-thin sections and by electron microscopy. Thymus endodermal buds were first seen 9 days after fertilization. From 12 to 16 days, these rudiments are invaded by a small number of cells moving from the cephalic mesenchyme environment. These cells have the ultrastructural morphology of lymphoid stem-cells. Cytologic transitional forms from endodermal to lymphoid-like cells are never observed. These results clearly indicate that in amphibians the thymus lymphocytes are not derived from the initial endodermal rudiments."}
{"id": "PMID:900904", "title": "Metastic tumor of the brain: development of an experimental model.", "content": "The injection of a suspension of Walker 256 carcinoma cells into the carotid artery of rats produced a model of hematogenously spread cerebral metastases. Most animals died from massive extracerebral tumors of the head and jaw; brain tumors were present in only one-quarter. External carotid artery ligation prior to tumor inoculation did not increase the incidence of fatal brain tumor. When cyclophosphamide, 15 mg/kg, was injected as a single dose on the fourteenth day after tumor inoculation, most of the extracerebral tumor disappeared. Fifty percent of the animals so treated were cured of tumor, but 90% of the remainder died of large intracerebral tumors. Severe cytopathic changes resulting from cyclophosphamide were present in extracerebral or choroid plexus tumors but were mild or nonexistent in intracerebral tumors. These selective effects of cyclophosphamide suggest that water-soluble agents are less effective against tumor in the brain than against extracerebral tumors despite the fact that metastatic tumor breaks down the blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "Metastic tumor of the brain: development of an experimental model. The injection of a suspension of Walker 256 carcinoma cells into the carotid artery of rats produced a model of hematogenously spread cerebral metastases. Most animals died from massive extracerebral tumors of the head and jaw; brain tumors were present in only one-quarter. External carotid artery ligation prior to tumor inoculation did not increase the incidence of fatal brain tumor. When cyclophosphamide, 15 mg/kg, was injected as a single dose on the fourteenth day after tumor inoculation, most of the extracerebral tumor disappeared. Fifty percent of the animals so treated were cured of tumor, but 90% of the remainder died of large intracerebral tumors. Severe cytopathic changes resulting from cyclophosphamide were present in extracerebral or choroid plexus tumors but were mild or nonexistent in intracerebral tumors. These selective effects of cyclophosphamide suggest that water-soluble agents are less effective against tumor in the brain than against extracerebral tumors despite the fact that metastatic tumor breaks down the blood-brain barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:900900", "title": "[Nuclear proteins of stimulated lymphocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "Lymphocytes activated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) change from a resting state (GO) to an actively growing one (G1). To investigate the role of growth regulatory protein in this process we have determined the patterns of synthesis of acidic (non-histone, NHCP) and basic (histone) nuclear chromatin proteins, and of cytoplasmic proteins during PHA activation of human lymphocytes, Protein fractions isolated from a mixture of stimulated (pulse-labelled with 14C leucine) and unstimulated (labelled with 3H-leucine) lymphocytes were separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the ratio of 14C/3H determined on 1 mm gel slices. Several peaks of increased synthesis of specific peptides are detected in all fractions within 12 h of activation. When activation is blocked by an amino acid deficiency, the pattern of label upon release of the inhibition by addition of the missing amino acid is different from that of uninhibited lymphcytes.", "contents": "[Nuclear proteins of stimulated lymphocytes (author's transl)]. Lymphocytes activated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) change from a resting state (GO) to an actively growing one (G1). To investigate the role of growth regulatory protein in this process we have determined the patterns of synthesis of acidic (non-histone, NHCP) and basic (histone) nuclear chromatin proteins, and of cytoplasmic proteins during PHA activation of human lymphocytes, Protein fractions isolated from a mixture of stimulated (pulse-labelled with 14C leucine) and unstimulated (labelled with 3H-leucine) lymphocytes were separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the ratio of 14C/3H determined on 1 mm gel slices. Several peaks of increased synthesis of specific peptides are detected in all fractions within 12 h of activation. When activation is blocked by an amino acid deficiency, the pattern of label upon release of the inhibition by addition of the missing amino acid is different from that of uninhibited lymphcytes."}
{"id": "PMID:900899", "title": "[Haptenic function and metabolism of the disaccharides of the glomerular basement membrane in heterologous nephrotoxic antibody-induced glomerulonephritis in rats].", "content": "The disaccharide unit Glc-gal-hyl represents 6% of dry weight of the rat glomerular basement membrane. It has been shown to be a haptenic determinant of this membrane. It appears to be one of the targets of the lesions induced by nephrotoxic antibodies in the rat: the urinary excretion of Glc-gal-hyl (as well as of Gal-hyl and Hyl which may derive from Glc-gal-hyl by degradation) during the autologous phase of the rat glomerulonephritis is significantly increased. Simultaneously the biosynthesis of Glc-gal-hyl, as measured by the glomerular glucosyltransferase activity, is elevated by 72%.", "contents": "[Haptenic function and metabolism of the disaccharides of the glomerular basement membrane in heterologous nephrotoxic antibody-induced glomerulonephritis in rats]. The disaccharide unit Glc-gal-hyl represents 6% of dry weight of the rat glomerular basement membrane. It has been shown to be a haptenic determinant of this membrane. It appears to be one of the targets of the lesions induced by nephrotoxic antibodies in the rat: the urinary excretion of Glc-gal-hyl (as well as of Gal-hyl and Hyl which may derive from Glc-gal-hyl by degradation) during the autologous phase of the rat glomerulonephritis is significantly increased. Simultaneously the biosynthesis of Glc-gal-hyl, as measured by the glomerular glucosyltransferase activity, is elevated by 72%."}
{"id": "PMID:900901", "title": "[Kinetics of reappearance of suppressed allotypes in multiheterozygous rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "Heterozygous rabbits of genotype a1n81f73g74/a2n82f71g75 were injected at birth with anti-al antiserum. The suppression of the VHa1 allotype resulted in a similar concommitant suppression of the constant region allotypes coded by genes of the same allogroup as a1. After 3 to 4 months the suppressed allotypes were re-expressed in measurable amounts. At 6 months in the 3 suppressed animals, the proportion of suppressed allotypes (S) to the non-suppressed ones (NS) was higher among colostrum and serum IgA (50% S, 50% NS) than among IgG for IgM. Among these two latter classes the proportion S/(S + NS) remained low (about 15% S, 85% NS) over an 18 month period in two out of three suppressed rabbits. In the third one, the proportion S/(S + NS) among IgG molecules increased to increasing concentration of S allotypes is not compensated by a decrease in concentrations of NS allotypes. The study of these phenomena could bring a better understanding of mechanisms involved in regulation of Ig synthesis and in allotype suppression.", "contents": "[Kinetics of reappearance of suppressed allotypes in multiheterozygous rabbits (author's transl)]. Heterozygous rabbits of genotype a1n81f73g74/a2n82f71g75 were injected at birth with anti-al antiserum. The suppression of the VHa1 allotype resulted in a similar concommitant suppression of the constant region allotypes coded by genes of the same allogroup as a1. After 3 to 4 months the suppressed allotypes were re-expressed in measurable amounts. At 6 months in the 3 suppressed animals, the proportion of suppressed allotypes (S) to the non-suppressed ones (NS) was higher among colostrum and serum IgA (50% S, 50% NS) than among IgG for IgM. Among these two latter classes the proportion S/(S + NS) remained low (about 15% S, 85% NS) over an 18 month period in two out of three suppressed rabbits. In the third one, the proportion S/(S + NS) among IgG molecules increased to increasing concentration of S allotypes is not compensated by a decrease in concentrations of NS allotypes. The study of these phenomena could bring a better understanding of mechanisms involved in regulation of Ig synthesis and in allotype suppression."}
{"id": "PMID:900905", "title": "Episodic nocturnal wanderings responsive to anticonvulsant drug therapy.", "content": "Six patients between the ages of 17 and 32 years presented with unusual sleep-walking epidodes characterized by screaming or unintelligible vocalizations; complex, often violent automatisms; and ambulation. Two or more attacks could occur in a single night and were most common in the early morning hours. Family and personal histories did not show epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, or (with 1 exception) previous somnambulism. Electrographic investigation revealed that all patients had normal waking-sleep cycles but that 4 of them had epileptiform abnormalities on their electroencephalograms. All patients were treated with either phenytoin or carbamazepine, with cessation of the abnormal nocturnal behavior during follow-up periods ranging from 9 to 48 months. This syndrome appears to be distinct from more typical non-rapid eye movement dyssomnias and suggests an atypical form of epilepsy.", "contents": "Episodic nocturnal wanderings responsive to anticonvulsant drug therapy. Six patients between the ages of 17 and 32 years presented with unusual sleep-walking epidodes characterized by screaming or unintelligible vocalizations; complex, often violent automatisms; and ambulation. Two or more attacks could occur in a single night and were most common in the early morning hours. Family and personal histories did not show epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, or (with 1 exception) previous somnambulism. Electrographic investigation revealed that all patients had normal waking-sleep cycles but that 4 of them had epileptiform abnormalities on their electroencephalograms. All patients were treated with either phenytoin or carbamazepine, with cessation of the abnormal nocturnal behavior during follow-up periods ranging from 9 to 48 months. This syndrome appears to be distinct from more typical non-rapid eye movement dyssomnias and suggests an atypical form of epilepsy."}
{"id": "PMID:900906", "title": "Peripheral nerve abnormality in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Biopsy specimens of sural nerve from 10 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), of whom only 1 was severely disabled, were assessed by morphometric techniques and compared to nerves from age-matched controls. The frequency of abnormal teased fibers was increased in MS nerve, with many internodes showing at least a 50% reduction in myelin thickness. Myelinated nerve fiber densities were not significantly different in MS and control nerves. Regression analysis of axonal area on number of myelin lamellae indicated a generalized reduction of myelin lamellae in this disorder. It is suggested that peripheral myelin may be involved in multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve abnormality in multiple sclerosis. Biopsy specimens of sural nerve from 10 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), of whom only 1 was severely disabled, were assessed by morphometric techniques and compared to nerves from age-matched controls. The frequency of abnormal teased fibers was increased in MS nerve, with many internodes showing at least a 50% reduction in myelin thickness. Myelinated nerve fiber densities were not significantly different in MS and control nerves. Regression analysis of axonal area on number of myelin lamellae indicated a generalized reduction of myelin lamellae in this disorder. It is suggested that peripheral myelin may be involved in multiple sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:900902", "title": "[Inflammation and host resistance against tumours. I. Delayed growth of Lewis tumour and inhibition of lung metastasis in mice having an inflammatory reaction distant from the inoculation site of tumour cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Following the inflammatory reaction induced in mice by subcutaneous implantation into the dorsal area of talc embeded in a calcium phosphate gel, the growth of the Lewis tumour was found to be delayed. This delay was observed even with inocula 1,000 times higher than the minimum required for the development in tumours in all animals. When 10(6) tumour cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the footpad, in contrast with normal animals, no metastases were found in the lungs if inflammatory reactions were induced 4 days before or 1 day after the inoculation of tumour cells.", "contents": "[Inflammation and host resistance against tumours. I. Delayed growth of Lewis tumour and inhibition of lung metastasis in mice having an inflammatory reaction distant from the inoculation site of tumour cells (author's transl)]. Following the inflammatory reaction induced in mice by subcutaneous implantation into the dorsal area of talc embeded in a calcium phosphate gel, the growth of the Lewis tumour was found to be delayed. This delay was observed even with inocula 1,000 times higher than the minimum required for the development in tumours in all animals. When 10(6) tumour cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the footpad, in contrast with normal animals, no metastases were found in the lungs if inflammatory reactions were induced 4 days before or 1 day after the inoculation of tumour cells."}
{"id": "PMID:900907", "title": "\"Inverse latent\" macro square-wave jerks and macro saccadic oscillations.", "content": "A patient recovering from an acute encephalopathy demonstrated several ocular motor disturbances reflecting cerebellar and brainstem dysfunction. Two of these, macro square-wave jerks and macro saccadic oscillations, have never been reported in the same patient. The macro square-wave jerks disappeared with monocular viewing, a previously undescribed \"inverse latent\" characteristic.", "contents": "\"Inverse latent\" macro square-wave jerks and macro saccadic oscillations. A patient recovering from an acute encephalopathy demonstrated several ocular motor disturbances reflecting cerebellar and brainstem dysfunction. Two of these, macro square-wave jerks and macro saccadic oscillations, have never been reported in the same patient. The macro square-wave jerks disappeared with monocular viewing, a previously undescribed \"inverse latent\" characteristic."}
{"id": "PMID:900908", "title": "Fisher's syndrome: a pharmacological study of the pupils.", "content": "A pharmacological study was performed in the involved pupils to demonstrate the site of lesion in a patient with Fisher's syndrome who showed marked ptosis, complete external ophthalmoplegia, pupillary involvement with anisocoria, facial paresis, ataxia, areflexia, and albuminocytological dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid. The instillation of 2.5% methacholine produced mild constriction of one pupil. This response was not detectable in the recovery stage. The instillation of 1.25% l-epinephrine produced marked bilateral dilation of the pupils, in both the early and recovery stages. Instillation of 5% tyramine produced pupillary dilation as in the normal pupil. The response to 5% cocaine, tested only in the recovery stage, was weak in one pupil. These results imply that the pupillary involvement was due to peripheral involvement of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The lesion in the sympathetic nervous system was preganglionic, but in the parasympathetic nervous system the precise localization could not be determined.", "contents": "Fisher's syndrome: a pharmacological study of the pupils. A pharmacological study was performed in the involved pupils to demonstrate the site of lesion in a patient with Fisher's syndrome who showed marked ptosis, complete external ophthalmoplegia, pupillary involvement with anisocoria, facial paresis, ataxia, areflexia, and albuminocytological dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid. The instillation of 2.5% methacholine produced mild constriction of one pupil. This response was not detectable in the recovery stage. The instillation of 1.25% l-epinephrine produced marked bilateral dilation of the pupils, in both the early and recovery stages. Instillation of 5% tyramine produced pupillary dilation as in the normal pupil. The response to 5% cocaine, tested only in the recovery stage, was weak in one pupil. These results imply that the pupillary involvement was due to peripheral involvement of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The lesion in the sympathetic nervous system was preganglionic, but in the parasympathetic nervous system the precise localization could not be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:900909", "title": "Absence of tonic electromyographic activity during sleep in normal and spastic nonmimetic skeletal muscles in man.", "content": "An electromyographic study of nonmimetic skeletal muscles was carried out in 8 normal adults and 4 patients with spastic hemiparesis during all stages of sleep for a total of 21 nights. All normal subjects showed absence of tonic electromyographic activity in all nonmimetic skeletal muscles in all stages of sleep. Also, during quiet, relaxed wakefulness, tonic muscle discharges disappeared in the normal subjects. Three patients with upper motor neuron spasticity demonstrated results during sleep similar to those obtained in the normal subjects. In the fourth patient, tonic muscle discharges persisted into stage 2 non-REM sleep, disappeared within 30 to 240 seconds following the onset of stage 2 sleep, and were absent during stages 3 and 4 sleep and REM  sleep.", "contents": "Absence of tonic electromyographic activity during sleep in normal and spastic nonmimetic skeletal muscles in man. An electromyographic study of nonmimetic skeletal muscles was carried out in 8 normal adults and 4 patients with spastic hemiparesis during all stages of sleep for a total of 21 nights. All normal subjects showed absence of tonic electromyographic activity in all nonmimetic skeletal muscles in all stages of sleep. Also, during quiet, relaxed wakefulness, tonic muscle discharges disappeared in the normal subjects. Three patients with upper motor neuron spasticity demonstrated results during sleep similar to those obtained in the normal subjects. In the fourth patient, tonic muscle discharges persisted into stage 2 non-REM sleep, disappeared within 30 to 240 seconds following the onset of stage 2 sleep, and were absent during stages 3 and 4 sleep and REM  sleep."}
{"id": "PMID:900910", "title": "Altered synaptic organization in facial nucleus following facial nerve regeneration: an electrophysiological study in man.", "content": "Seven patients with postfacial palsy contracture and mass contractions were investigated electrophysiologically. In 3 patients the early blink reflex showed an unusually high amplitude, which can be attributed to enhanced excitability of facial motor neurons. In 5 patients the early blink reflex had acquired a crossed character. It is assumed that changes in organization of the facial nucleus contribute to the altered function of reinnervated facial muscles.", "contents": "Altered synaptic organization in facial nucleus following facial nerve regeneration: an electrophysiological study in man. Seven patients with postfacial palsy contracture and mass contractions were investigated electrophysiologically. In 3 patients the early blink reflex showed an unusually high amplitude, which can be attributed to enhanced excitability of facial motor neurons. In 5 patients the early blink reflex had acquired a crossed character. It is assumed that changes in organization of the facial nucleus contribute to the altered function of reinnervated facial muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:900915", "title": "Comparative pharmacology of cefaclor and cephalexin.", "content": "Two cephalosporin antibiotics, cefaclor and cephalexin, were administered orally to healthy, adult male volunteers for comparison of their pharmacological properties. In doses of 250 mg orally, cefaclor produced a peak serum concentration of 6.01 +/- 0.55 (standard deviation [SD]) mug/ml compared with 9.43 +/- 2.36 mug/ml for cephalexin (P < 0.01). The half-lives were 0.58 +/- 0.07 (SD) h and 0.80 +/- 0.12 (SD) h, and elimination constants were 1.22 +/- 0.15 and 0.88 +/- 0.13 h(-1) for cefaclor and cephalexin, respectively (P < 0.001). Neither drug showed accumulation over the dosing period, and both were well tolerated.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacology of cefaclor and cephalexin. Two cephalosporin antibiotics, cefaclor and cephalexin, were administered orally to healthy, adult male volunteers for comparison of their pharmacological properties. In doses of 250 mg orally, cefaclor produced a peak serum concentration of 6.01 +/- 0.55 (standard deviation [SD]) mug/ml compared with 9.43 +/- 2.36 mug/ml for cephalexin (P < 0.01). The half-lives were 0.58 +/- 0.07 (SD) h and 0.80 +/- 0.12 (SD) h, and elimination constants were 1.22 +/- 0.15 and 0.88 +/- 0.13 h(-1) for cefaclor and cephalexin, respectively (P < 0.001). Neither drug showed accumulation over the dosing period, and both were well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:900916", "title": "Comparative ototoxicity of amikacin and gentamicin in cats.", "content": "The ototoxic potentials of two aminoglycoside antibiotics, amikacin and gentamicin, were compared in cats, using several otoxicity assessment techniques. Daily subcutaneous doses of 90 and 45 mg of amikacin per kg and 18 and 9 mg of gentamicin per kg (approximately six and three times the daily human dose) were administered to cats for extended periods of time until cochlear or vestibular dysfunction developed. Renal tissue damage and serum and perilymph antibiotic concentrations were also monitored. Amikacin selectively produced an impairment of cochlear function after an approximate cumulative dose of 3,600 mg/kg obtained after 41 days at 90 mg/kg per day or 78 days at 45 mg/kg per day, as determined by electrophysiological assessment. Gentamicin caused an impairment of vestibular function after an approximate cumulative dose of 700 mg/kg obtained after 42 days at 18 mg/kg per day or 68 days at 9 mg/kg per day, as determined by ataxia and impaired righting reflex. Gentamicin also moderately reduced electrophysiological cochlear responses and appeared to cause histological renal tissue change more frequently than did amikacin.", "contents": "Comparative ototoxicity of amikacin and gentamicin in cats. The ototoxic potentials of two aminoglycoside antibiotics, amikacin and gentamicin, were compared in cats, using several otoxicity assessment techniques. Daily subcutaneous doses of 90 and 45 mg of amikacin per kg and 18 and 9 mg of gentamicin per kg (approximately six and three times the daily human dose) were administered to cats for extended periods of time until cochlear or vestibular dysfunction developed. Renal tissue damage and serum and perilymph antibiotic concentrations were also monitored. Amikacin selectively produced an impairment of cochlear function after an approximate cumulative dose of 3,600 mg/kg obtained after 41 days at 90 mg/kg per day or 78 days at 45 mg/kg per day, as determined by electrophysiological assessment. Gentamicin caused an impairment of vestibular function after an approximate cumulative dose of 700 mg/kg obtained after 42 days at 18 mg/kg per day or 68 days at 9 mg/kg per day, as determined by ataxia and impaired righting reflex. Gentamicin also moderately reduced electrophysiological cochlear responses and appeared to cause histological renal tissue change more frequently than did amikacin."}
{"id": "PMID:900917", "title": "In vitro uptake of gentamicin by rat renal cortical tissue.", "content": "The mechanism of gentamicin uptake in vitro by renal cortical slices of rat kidney was investigated. The cortical-slice-uptake ratio of gentamicin concentration in 1.0 g of tissue water to that of 1.0 ml of incubation medium (SW/M) was 1.44 +/- 0.04. The uptake of gentamicin was inhibited by 2 x 10(-5) M dinitrophenol (SW/M = 1.03 +/- 0.04) and by anoxia (SW/M = 1.01 +/- 0.04). The results indicate that aerobic phosphorylation is required to transport gentamicin into the cells. The uptake of p-aminohippurate and tetraethylammonium chloride by renal cortical slices was not affected by gentamicin.", "contents": "In vitro uptake of gentamicin by rat renal cortical tissue. The mechanism of gentamicin uptake in vitro by renal cortical slices of rat kidney was investigated. The cortical-slice-uptake ratio of gentamicin concentration in 1.0 g of tissue water to that of 1.0 ml of incubation medium (SW/M) was 1.44 +/- 0.04. The uptake of gentamicin was inhibited by 2 x 10(-5) M dinitrophenol (SW/M = 1.03 +/- 0.04) and by anoxia (SW/M = 1.01 +/- 0.04). The results indicate that aerobic phosphorylation is required to transport gentamicin into the cells. The uptake of p-aminohippurate and tetraethylammonium chloride by renal cortical slices was not affected by gentamicin."}
{"id": "PMID:900918", "title": "Enzymatic and immunological characterization of a new cephalosporinase from Enterobacter aerogenes.", "content": "A hospital strain of Enterobacter aerogenes (MULB 250) isolated from a urinary tract infection was found to be cephalosporin and ampicillin resistant and carbenicillin susceptible. The beta-lactamase produced by this strain was extracted and purified by means of affinity chromatography, using a cephalosporin C-bound Sepharose 4B column. The purified enzyme was tested for hydrolysis of penicillin and various cephalosporins. The K(m) value is 11.8 muM for benzyl penicillin and 130 muM for cephalosporin C. The isoelectric point of the enzyme is 9.3, and its molecular weight is 29,500 +/- 1,000. Rabbit antiserum obtained against this MULB 250 beta-lactamase showed no cross-reaction with other penicillinases or cephalosporinases in neutralization tests. Comparisons of results obtained with other beta-lactamases, particularly from Enterobacter cloacae P99, indicate that the Enterobacter MULB 250 enzyme presents a typical cephalosporinase profile. As far as we know, this type of enzyme is relatively rare.", "contents": "Enzymatic and immunological characterization of a new cephalosporinase from Enterobacter aerogenes. A hospital strain of Enterobacter aerogenes (MULB 250) isolated from a urinary tract infection was found to be cephalosporin and ampicillin resistant and carbenicillin susceptible. The beta-lactamase produced by this strain was extracted and purified by means of affinity chromatography, using a cephalosporin C-bound Sepharose 4B column. The purified enzyme was tested for hydrolysis of penicillin and various cephalosporins. The K(m) value is 11.8 muM for benzyl penicillin and 130 muM for cephalosporin C. The isoelectric point of the enzyme is 9.3, and its molecular weight is 29,500 +/- 1,000. Rabbit antiserum obtained against this MULB 250 beta-lactamase showed no cross-reaction with other penicillinases or cephalosporinases in neutralization tests. Comparisons of results obtained with other beta-lactamases, particularly from Enterobacter cloacae P99, indicate that the Enterobacter MULB 250 enzyme presents a typical cephalosporinase profile. As far as we know, this type of enzyme is relatively rare."}
{"id": "PMID:900919", "title": "Neutrophil toxicity of amphotericin B.", "content": "The toxicity of amphotericin B (AmB) for neutrophils and the protective effect of serum cholesterol were investigated. Neutrophils were exposed in vitro to varying concentrations of AmB. As judged by trypan blue exclusion, neutrophil viability decreased by 40% (P < 0.001) within 30 min of incubation in sterol-free buffer containing 5 mug of AmB per ml. In the presence of 4 mg of cholesterol per 100 ml in buffer, the AmB concentration could be increased to 50 mug/ml before significant (P < 0.01) neutrophil toxicity occurred. Hexose monophosphate shunt activity of neutrophils incubated in serum or cholesterol-containing buffer with 10 mug of AmB per ml was normal. These results suggest that serum contains a protective factor, probably cholesterol, which protects neutrophils in vitro from the toxic effects of AmB.", "contents": "Neutrophil toxicity of amphotericin B. The toxicity of amphotericin B (AmB) for neutrophils and the protective effect of serum cholesterol were investigated. Neutrophils were exposed in vitro to varying concentrations of AmB. As judged by trypan blue exclusion, neutrophil viability decreased by 40% (P < 0.001) within 30 min of incubation in sterol-free buffer containing 5 mug of AmB per ml. In the presence of 4 mg of cholesterol per 100 ml in buffer, the AmB concentration could be increased to 50 mug/ml before significant (P < 0.01) neutrophil toxicity occurred. Hexose monophosphate shunt activity of neutrophils incubated in serum or cholesterol-containing buffer with 10 mug of AmB per ml was normal. These results suggest that serum contains a protective factor, probably cholesterol, which protects neutrophils in vitro from the toxic effects of AmB."}
{"id": "PMID:900920", "title": "Maternal-fetal pharmacology of cefatrizine in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy.", "content": "To evaluate maternal-fetal pharmacology of cefatrizine (BL-S 640), a new oral cephalosporin, a single oral 1,000-mg dose was administered to 33 gravidas (8 to 20 weeks' gestation) at varying intervals within 46 h of an elective therapeutic abortion by hysterectomy or intra-amniotic prostaglandin F(2a) induction. Mean maternal serum concentrations at 1, 2, 4, and 8 h were 3.7, 7.9, 6.5, and 1.6 mug/ml; beyond a 3-h peak, a half-life of 2.4 h was determined. Cefatrizine placental half-life was 4.4 h. None of the 11 fetuses from a prostaglandin F(2a) abortion revealed cefatrizine activity; in contrast, 17 of 22 fetuses from a surgical abortion demonstrated cefatrizine concentrations in two or more samples. Fetal cefatrizine levels were less than 3 mug/g or mug/ml in kidney and urine, less than 2 mug/ml in serum and bile, and less than 2.5 mug/g in lung. After a single maternal dose, cefatrizine has a wide distribution in the fetus in the first half of gestation.", "contents": "Maternal-fetal pharmacology of cefatrizine in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. To evaluate maternal-fetal pharmacology of cefatrizine (BL-S 640), a new oral cephalosporin, a single oral 1,000-mg dose was administered to 33 gravidas (8 to 20 weeks' gestation) at varying intervals within 46 h of an elective therapeutic abortion by hysterectomy or intra-amniotic prostaglandin F(2a) induction. Mean maternal serum concentrations at 1, 2, 4, and 8 h were 3.7, 7.9, 6.5, and 1.6 mug/ml; beyond a 3-h peak, a half-life of 2.4 h was determined. Cefatrizine placental half-life was 4.4 h. None of the 11 fetuses from a prostaglandin F(2a) abortion revealed cefatrizine activity; in contrast, 17 of 22 fetuses from a surgical abortion demonstrated cefatrizine concentrations in two or more samples. Fetal cefatrizine levels were less than 3 mug/g or mug/ml in kidney and urine, less than 2 mug/ml in serum and bile, and less than 2.5 mug/g in lung. After a single maternal dose, cefatrizine has a wide distribution in the fetus in the first half of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:900921", "title": "Rosamicin in urethral and vaginal secretions and tissues in dogs and rats.", "content": "In animal studies we investigated the distribution of rosamicin in plasma and urethral and vaginal tissues in rats as well as in urethral and vaginal secretions in dogs. We found concentration ratios between urethral secretion and plasma of 1.9 and between vaginal secretion and plasma of 2.4. The rosamicin concentrations in urethral and vaginal tissue significantly exceeded the levels of all other tissues investigated. Because rosamicin could be valuable for the treatment of bacterial urethritis and the colonization of the vaginal introitus with fecal bacteria in women, it should be investigated clinically in this respect.", "contents": "Rosamicin in urethral and vaginal secretions and tissues in dogs and rats. In animal studies we investigated the distribution of rosamicin in plasma and urethral and vaginal tissues in rats as well as in urethral and vaginal secretions in dogs. We found concentration ratios between urethral secretion and plasma of 1.9 and between vaginal secretion and plasma of 2.4. The rosamicin concentrations in urethral and vaginal tissue significantly exceeded the levels of all other tissues investigated. Because rosamicin could be valuable for the treatment of bacterial urethritis and the colonization of the vaginal introitus with fecal bacteria in women, it should be investigated clinically in this respect."}
{"id": "PMID:900922", "title": "Simple method for elimination of aminoglycosides from serum to permit bioassay of other antimicrobial agents.", "content": "Cellulose phosphate powder can be added to serum to selectively bind aminoglycosides by ionic interaction without binding or inactivation of the penicillins, the cephalosporins, clindamycin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, or trimethoprim. This simple, rapid technique permits the measurement of non-aminoglycoside antibiotics in the presence of aminoglycosides.", "contents": "Simple method for elimination of aminoglycosides from serum to permit bioassay of other antimicrobial agents. Cellulose phosphate powder can be added to serum to selectively bind aminoglycosides by ionic interaction without binding or inactivation of the penicillins, the cephalosporins, clindamycin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, or trimethoprim. This simple, rapid technique permits the measurement of non-aminoglycoside antibiotics in the presence of aminoglycosides."}
{"id": "PMID:900923", "title": "Correlation of netilmicin agar dilution and disk diffusion susceptibilities.", "content": "A study of 283 isolates of gram-negative bacilli revealed a good correlation (r = -0.74) between disk diffusion zones of inhibition and agar dilution minimal inhibitory concentrations. Regression analysis suggested that strains with zone sizes =/<11 mm should be considered resistant, but 34 of 45 strains resistant by minimal inhibitory concentration (including 27 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa) would have been called susceptible using this break point.", "contents": "Correlation of netilmicin agar dilution and disk diffusion susceptibilities. A study of 283 isolates of gram-negative bacilli revealed a good correlation (r = -0.74) between disk diffusion zones of inhibition and agar dilution minimal inhibitory concentrations. Regression analysis suggested that strains with zone sizes =/<11 mm should be considered resistant, but 34 of 45 strains resistant by minimal inhibitory concentration (including 27 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa) would have been called susceptible using this break point."}
{"id": "PMID:900924", "title": "In vitro susceptibility studies with cefaclor and cephalexin.", "content": "The in vitro activity of cefaclor and cephalexin against clinical isolates of four bacterial genera was compared. Both agents had a similar range of activity, but cefaclor was significantly more active by weight than cephalexin for most isolates tested.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility studies with cefaclor and cephalexin. The in vitro activity of cefaclor and cephalexin against clinical isolates of four bacterial genera was compared. Both agents had a similar range of activity, but cefaclor was significantly more active by weight than cephalexin for most isolates tested."}
{"id": "PMID:900925", "title": "Susceptibility of organisms in the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex to antituberculous and other antimicrobial agents.", "content": "Of 21 antimicrobial agents tested in vitro, amikacin was the most predictably active against clinical isolates belonging to the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex; however, only 50% of strains studied were susceptible to clinically attainable concentrations of the drug.", "contents": "Susceptibility of organisms in the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex to antituberculous and other antimicrobial agents. Of 21 antimicrobial agents tested in vitro, amikacin was the most predictably active against clinical isolates belonging to the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex; however, only 50% of strains studied were susceptible to clinically attainable concentrations of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:900926", "title": "Cytotoxicity and cell cycle specificity of homoharringtonine.", "content": "The plant alkaloid, homoharringtonine, isolated from Cephalotaxus harringtonia is cytotoxic to HeLa, KB, and L cells growing in monolayer cell cultures. This effect appears to be cell-cycle specific. In synchronized KB cells, protein synthesis was preferentially inhibited in the G(1) and G(2) phases (70 and 45% inhibition, respectively) as might be expected for a protein-synthesis inhibitor.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity and cell cycle specificity of homoharringtonine. The plant alkaloid, homoharringtonine, isolated from Cephalotaxus harringtonia is cytotoxic to HeLa, KB, and L cells growing in monolayer cell cultures. This effect appears to be cell-cycle specific. In synchronized KB cells, protein synthesis was preferentially inhibited in the G(1) and G(2) phases (70 and 45% inhibition, respectively) as might be expected for a protein-synthesis inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:900956", "title": "Ulceration and necrosis of the gastric wall after highly selective vagotomy.", "content": "With reference to the case-histories of nine patients with necrosis of the gastric wall and to other data culled from the literature, the hypothesis is advanced that occasionally the gastric ulcer may be the result of ischemia of the lesser curvature caused by the devascularization which is part of the HSV procedure, and that such an ulcer and necrosis of the gastric wall are both consequences of ischemia, differing only in degree.", "contents": "Ulceration and necrosis of the gastric wall after highly selective vagotomy. With reference to the case-histories of nine patients with necrosis of the gastric wall and to other data culled from the literature, the hypothesis is advanced that occasionally the gastric ulcer may be the result of ischemia of the lesser curvature caused by the devascularization which is part of the HSV procedure, and that such an ulcer and necrosis of the gastric wall are both consequences of ischemia, differing only in degree."}
{"id": "PMID:900957", "title": "Mortality of operations on gallbladder and bile ducts performed in a training hospital.", "content": "A study was made of the mortality rate from 990 operations on the gallbladder and bile ducts performed over a period of six years. The aim was to settle the question whether this mortality rate was affected adversely by the fact that the operation was performed in a training hospital. This was found not to be the case.", "contents": "Mortality of operations on gallbladder and bile ducts performed in a training hospital. A study was made of the mortality rate from 990 operations on the gallbladder and bile ducts performed over a period of six years. The aim was to settle the question whether this mortality rate was affected adversely by the fact that the operation was performed in a training hospital. This was found not to be the case."}
{"id": "PMID:900958", "title": "Hepatic dearterialization for carcinoid syndrome due to liver metastases.", "content": "The cases are described of three patients with a carcinoid syndrome resulting from hepatic metastases of a carcinoid in the distal ileal tract. Treatment consisted in resection of the primary tumor and of the regional lymph-node metastases, combined with dearterialization of the liver. Apart from rapidly transient disorders of hepatic function, no postoperative complications occurred. Dearterialization should be regarded as a palliative operation and would appear to be beneficial. Optimally effective dearterialization may be achieved with the aid of peroperative angiography after the standard procedure. This will reveal any collaterals and anatomical variants that remain to be occluded. Postoperative mitigation of symptoms is the best parameter for evaluation of the efficacy of the dearterialization.", "contents": "Hepatic dearterialization for carcinoid syndrome due to liver metastases. The cases are described of three patients with a carcinoid syndrome resulting from hepatic metastases of a carcinoid in the distal ileal tract. Treatment consisted in resection of the primary tumor and of the regional lymph-node metastases, combined with dearterialization of the liver. Apart from rapidly transient disorders of hepatic function, no postoperative complications occurred. Dearterialization should be regarded as a palliative operation and would appear to be beneficial. Optimally effective dearterialization may be achieved with the aid of peroperative angiography after the standard procedure. This will reveal any collaterals and anatomical variants that remain to be occluded. Postoperative mitigation of symptoms is the best parameter for evaluation of the efficacy of the dearterialization."}
{"id": "PMID:900959", "title": "Althesin (alphadione, CT 1341) a 'new' induction agent for anesthesia.", "content": "Althesin (alphadione) is a hypnotic agent introduced in the U.K. a few years ago by the firm of Glaxo. It is mixture of two steroids: alphaxalone 9 mg per ml and alphadolone 3 mg per ml, in solution in cremophore EL. After a concise review of the history of steroid anesthetics, the pharmacology of the new product is described. In a personal investigation, Althesin was used to induce anesthesia in 100 patients. The dose equivalent with thiopentone was determined first. It was found to amount to 52 microliter per kg corresponding to 3 mg per kg of thiopentone. A separate form was completed for each individual patient, to record the side effects, if any. The pulse and blood pressure were checked once a minute after the induction (for 5 minutes). In 8 patients the following parameters were recorded: plethysmogram, ECG, central venous pressure, pulse rhythm arterial pressure, stroke volume and cardiac output. Compared with thiopentone, Althesin is not significantly worse, but neither does it present any advantages where the circulatory parameters determined are concerned. In view of this and the recent publication concerning hypersensitivity  reactions, we have ceased to use this hypnotic agent in our department.", "contents": "Althesin (alphadione, CT 1341) a 'new' induction agent for anesthesia. Althesin (alphadione) is a hypnotic agent introduced in the U.K. a few years ago by the firm of Glaxo. It is mixture of two steroids: alphaxalone 9 mg per ml and alphadolone 3 mg per ml, in solution in cremophore EL. After a concise review of the history of steroid anesthetics, the pharmacology of the new product is described. In a personal investigation, Althesin was used to induce anesthesia in 100 patients. The dose equivalent with thiopentone was determined first. It was found to amount to 52 microliter per kg corresponding to 3 mg per kg of thiopentone. A separate form was completed for each individual patient, to record the side effects, if any. The pulse and blood pressure were checked once a minute after the induction (for 5 minutes). In 8 patients the following parameters were recorded: plethysmogram, ECG, central venous pressure, pulse rhythm arterial pressure, stroke volume and cardiac output. Compared with thiopentone, Althesin is not significantly worse, but neither does it present any advantages where the circulatory parameters determined are concerned. In view of this and the recent publication concerning hypersensitivity  reactions, we have ceased to use this hypnotic agent in our department."}
{"id": "PMID:900960", "title": "Spontaneous evacuation of an intestinal segment.", "content": "The case is reported of a man aged 73 years who evacuated an intestinal segment of 40 cm per anum. The resulting defect was bridged by a serosal canal of some 15 cm, perforation peritonitis did not occur.", "contents": "Spontaneous evacuation of an intestinal segment. The case is reported of a man aged 73 years who evacuated an intestinal segment of 40 cm per anum. The resulting defect was bridged by a serosal canal of some 15 cm, perforation peritonitis did not occur."}
{"id": "PMID:900961", "title": "Perforated perivaterian duodenal diverticulitis.", "content": "A case is described of gangrenous inflammation of a duodenal diverticulum, into the posterior wall of which, the common bile duct and pancreatic duct were found to open. Treatment consisted of resection of the necrotic diverticulum and restoration of continuity between the papilla of Vater and bowel by means of a pedicle graft from the anterior wall of the duodenum.", "contents": "Perforated perivaterian duodenal diverticulitis. A case is described of gangrenous inflammation of a duodenal diverticulum, into the posterior wall of which, the common bile duct and pancreatic duct were found to open. Treatment consisted of resection of the necrotic diverticulum and restoration of continuity between the papilla of Vater and bowel by means of a pedicle graft from the anterior wall of the duodenum."}
{"id": "PMID:900962", "title": "Lunatomalacia and its treatment with replacement by a silastic prosthesis.", "content": "In 11 patients with lunatomalacia, the lunate bone was replaced by a Silastic prosthesis. Follow-up periods varied from 7 to 25 months. Clincal results were good in 10 cases, 8 patients were satisfied with the outcome of the operation.", "contents": "Lunatomalacia and its treatment with replacement by a silastic prosthesis. In 11 patients with lunatomalacia, the lunate bone was replaced by a Silastic prosthesis. Follow-up periods varied from 7 to 25 months. Clincal results were good in 10 cases, 8 patients were satisfied with the outcome of the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:900963", "title": "Spontaneous regression of plane warts after inflammation: clinical and histologic studies in 25 cases.", "content": "Based on clinical and histological studies in 25 patients, we have confirmed that plane warts show a characteristic phenomenon of spontaneous regression totally distinct from that described in common warts. This regression developed during various treatments in nine cases, and in 16 cases, it occurred spontaneously. In all the patients, there was a sudden and systemic onset of inflammation in every flat wart. Within two to six weeks, all the warts completely involuted. Histologically, there were variable degrees of epidermal changes depending on the stage of inflammation. However, a mononuclear cell infiltration with epidermal invasion was demonstrated in every biopsy specimen. This evidence further supports the earlier concept that this regressive phenomenon of plane warts is mediated by cellular immunity. It represents a natural experimental model of rejection of tumors induced by papovavirus in humans.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of plane warts after inflammation: clinical and histologic studies in 25 cases. Based on clinical and histological studies in 25 patients, we have confirmed that plane warts show a characteristic phenomenon of spontaneous regression totally distinct from that described in common warts. This regression developed during various treatments in nine cases, and in 16 cases, it occurred spontaneously. In all the patients, there was a sudden and systemic onset of inflammation in every flat wart. Within two to six weeks, all the warts completely involuted. Histologically, there were variable degrees of epidermal changes depending on the stage of inflammation. However, a mononuclear cell infiltration with epidermal invasion was demonstrated in every biopsy specimen. This evidence further supports the earlier concept that this regressive phenomenon of plane warts is mediated by cellular immunity. It represents a natural experimental model of rejection of tumors induced by papovavirus in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:900964", "title": "Recovery processes during regression of plane warts.", "content": "The regressing process of plane warts can be divided into two phases: initial changes of wart virus-infected cells that later result in degeneration of warts, and recovery phase in which degenerating warts are rejected from the level of the basal layer followed by regeneration of normal epidermal cells from the surrounding epidermis. Electron microscopic observations of recovery phase of wart regression showed (1) the epidermal lesion was clearly divided into degenerating wart possessing altered viruses and regerating epidermis; (2) melanocytes were demonstrated in degenerating warts; and (3) a new granular layer was evident beneath regressing wart in late recovery. Throughout the recovery process, infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages was observed only in regenerating epidermis.", "contents": "Recovery processes during regression of plane warts. The regressing process of plane warts can be divided into two phases: initial changes of wart virus-infected cells that later result in degeneration of warts, and recovery phase in which degenerating warts are rejected from the level of the basal layer followed by regeneration of normal epidermal cells from the surrounding epidermis. Electron microscopic observations of recovery phase of wart regression showed (1) the epidermal lesion was clearly divided into degenerating wart possessing altered viruses and regerating epidermis; (2) melanocytes were demonstrated in degenerating warts; and (3) a new granular layer was evident beneath regressing wart in late recovery. Throughout the recovery process, infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages was observed only in regenerating epidermis."}
{"id": "PMID:900965", "title": "Flat warts undergoing involution: histopathological findings.", "content": "Patients with multiple flat warts were observed during the period of involution, shortly before regression of the warts. The histopathological process was characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration around subpapillary blood vessels, exocytosis of mononuclear cells into the epidermis, and a spectrum of degenerative epidermal changes that culminated in focal areas of necrosis within the epidermis. Lesions near the end stage of involution did not show the histopathologic features of flat warts. The mononuclear cell-associated injury to the epidermis resembles that seen in delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses and suggests that regression of flat warts may be due to a cell-mediated rejection reaction.", "contents": "Flat warts undergoing involution: histopathological findings. Patients with multiple flat warts were observed during the period of involution, shortly before regression of the warts. The histopathological process was characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration around subpapillary blood vessels, exocytosis of mononuclear cells into the epidermis, and a spectrum of degenerative epidermal changes that culminated in focal areas of necrosis within the epidermis. Lesions near the end stage of involution did not show the histopathologic features of flat warts. The mononuclear cell-associated injury to the epidermis resembles that seen in delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses and suggests that regression of flat warts may be due to a cell-mediated rejection reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:900966", "title": "Solar urticaria treatment by inducing tolerance to artificial radiation and natural light.", "content": "Solar urticaria was treated by means of repeated exposures of the skin to fluorescent lamps or natural sunlight. Repeated exposures over a period of hours induce a state of tolerance in the skin so that urticaria fails to develop. The state of tolerance can be maintained with regular daily exposures, and treatment can lead to complete symptomatic relief. Determination of the action spectrum for urticaria is advisable in order to choose the correct fluorescent lamp for treatment.", "contents": "Solar urticaria treatment by inducing tolerance to artificial radiation and natural light. Solar urticaria was treated by means of repeated exposures of the skin to fluorescent lamps or natural sunlight. Repeated exposures over a period of hours induce a state of tolerance in the skin so that urticaria fails to develop. The state of tolerance can be maintained with regular daily exposures, and treatment can lead to complete symptomatic relief. Determination of the action spectrum for urticaria is advisable in order to choose the correct fluorescent lamp for treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:900967", "title": "Atopic dermatitis and tuberculin  reactivitiy.", "content": "Transient suppression of already established tuberculin reactivity by a wide-spread, allergic contact dermatitis as well as by primary irritant contact dermatitis has been recently reported. Similar transient suppression of tuberculin reactivity by the eczematous inflammation of atopic dermatitis is now shown to occur. Thus, when the dermatitis is active, atopic dermatitis patients show diminished tuberculin reactivity. While they are in remission, however, a significant increase of their tuberculin reactivity occurs. Before the onset of dermatitis, their tuberculin reactivity was normal. Healed patients showed normal tuberculin reactivity. The presence of dermatitis may play an important role in the diminished cell-mediated immunity in atopic dermatitis.", "contents": "Atopic dermatitis and tuberculin  reactivitiy. Transient suppression of already established tuberculin reactivity by a wide-spread, allergic contact dermatitis as well as by primary irritant contact dermatitis has been recently reported. Similar transient suppression of tuberculin reactivity by the eczematous inflammation of atopic dermatitis is now shown to occur. Thus, when the dermatitis is active, atopic dermatitis patients show diminished tuberculin reactivity. While they are in remission, however, a significant increase of their tuberculin reactivity occurs. Before the onset of dermatitis, their tuberculin reactivity was normal. Healed patients showed normal tuberculin reactivity. The presence of dermatitis may play an important role in the diminished cell-mediated immunity in atopic dermatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:900968", "title": "Beta carotene therapy for erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases.", "content": "We treated with high doses of oral beta carotene (Solatene) (15 to 180 mg/day) 133 patients suffering from erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), 27 patients with polymorphous light eruption, six patients with solar urticaria, three patients with hydroa aestivale, one patient with porphyria cutanea tarda, and two patients with actinic reticuloid to relieve the photosensitivity associated with these diseases. Eighty-four percent of the patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria increased by a factor of 3 or more their ability to tolerate sunlight. On the other hand, only nine of the patients with polymorphous light eruption, and one fifth of the patients with all of the other forms of photosensitivity treated showed similar improvement. We conclude that beta carotene is an effective treatment for EPP, but that other forms of photosensitivity will need empirical therapeutic study with beta carotene to determine the range of effectiveness, if any, of this compound in conditions other than EPP.", "contents": "Beta carotene therapy for erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases. We treated with high doses of oral beta carotene (Solatene) (15 to 180 mg/day) 133 patients suffering from erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), 27 patients with polymorphous light eruption, six patients with solar urticaria, three patients with hydroa aestivale, one patient with porphyria cutanea tarda, and two patients with actinic reticuloid to relieve the photosensitivity associated with these diseases. Eighty-four percent of the patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria increased by a factor of 3 or more their ability to tolerate sunlight. On the other hand, only nine of the patients with polymorphous light eruption, and one fifth of the patients with all of the other forms of photosensitivity treated showed similar improvement. We conclude that beta carotene is an effective treatment for EPP, but that other forms of photosensitivity will need empirical therapeutic study with beta carotene to determine the range of effectiveness, if any, of this compound in conditions other than EPP."}
{"id": "PMID:900969", "title": "Immunosuppressants and prednisone in pemphigus vulgaris: therapeutic results obtained in 63 patients between 1961 and 1975.", "content": "Evaluation of the treatment in 63 patients with pemphigus vulgaris showed that six patients (9.5%) died of the consequences of high-dosage prednisone treatment, while 24 patients (38.1%) were free of lesions and not receiving treatment. Immunosuppressants (methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine) are of value in patients with severe pemphigus vulgaris since they often reduce the maintenance dose of prednisone required after high-dosage prednisone treatment. Immunosuppressants are of even greater value in patients in the early, stable stage of pemphigus vulgaris. Of 16 such patients initially treated with a combination of an immunosuppressant and maintenance doses of prednisone not exceeding 40 mg on alternate days, 13 at no time required treatment with higher doses of prednisone. The good results obtained with this method emphasize the importance of diagnosing and treating pemphigus vulgaris in its early stage.", "contents": "Immunosuppressants and prednisone in pemphigus vulgaris: therapeutic results obtained in 63 patients between 1961 and 1975. Evaluation of the treatment in 63 patients with pemphigus vulgaris showed that six patients (9.5%) died of the consequences of high-dosage prednisone treatment, while 24 patients (38.1%) were free of lesions and not receiving treatment. Immunosuppressants (methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine) are of value in patients with severe pemphigus vulgaris since they often reduce the maintenance dose of prednisone required after high-dosage prednisone treatment. Immunosuppressants are of even greater value in patients in the early, stable stage of pemphigus vulgaris. Of 16 such patients initially treated with a combination of an immunosuppressant and maintenance doses of prednisone not exceeding 40 mg on alternate days, 13 at no time required treatment with higher doses of prednisone. The good results obtained with this method emphasize the importance of diagnosing and treating pemphigus vulgaris in its early stage."}
{"id": "PMID:900970", "title": "Multiple osteolytic lesions in a patient with mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Skeletal lesions that were clinically significant and roentgenographically demonstrable developed in a patient with mycosis fungoides. Biopsy specimens from skin plaques and tumors and from a tibial tumor mass revealed an infiltrate of similar-appearing cells that were compatible with mycosis cells. Bone marrow involvement is not unusual in patients with mycosis fungoides with extracutaneous disease, but destruction of cortical bone in mycosis fungoides, as demonstrated by the patient in this report, is rare.", "contents": "Multiple osteolytic lesions in a patient with mycosis fungoides. Skeletal lesions that were clinically significant and roentgenographically demonstrable developed in a patient with mycosis fungoides. Biopsy specimens from skin plaques and tumors and from a tibial tumor mass revealed an infiltrate of similar-appearing cells that were compatible with mycosis cells. Bone marrow involvement is not unusual in patients with mycosis fungoides with extracutaneous disease, but destruction of cortical bone in mycosis fungoides, as demonstrated by the patient in this report, is rare."}
{"id": "PMID:900971", "title": "Bony lesions in systemic mastocytosis: scintigraphic evaluation.", "content": "Bone, bone marrow and gallium citrate Ga 67 scans were performed on a patient with systemic mastocytosis and bony involvement to evaluate their diagnostic value in such patients. The bone scan revealed increased tracer concentration in the involved areas. These abnormalities were less prominent than those on the roentgenograms, suggesting that only a part of the roentgenographic abnormalities were associated with reactive bone formation. Bone scanning may be less sensitive than roentgenograms to detect the full extent of the bony lesions of systemic mastocytosis. The bone marrow scan revealed a normal central marrow with peripheral marrow expansion. Possibly, the central marrow infiltration by mast cells was sufficient to interfere with its hemopoietic function to a degree that made it necessary to reactivate peripheral marrow tissue. There was no significant 67Ga accumulation in the bony lesions of systemic mastocytosis.", "contents": "Bony lesions in systemic mastocytosis: scintigraphic evaluation. Bone, bone marrow and gallium citrate Ga 67 scans were performed on a patient with systemic mastocytosis and bony involvement to evaluate their diagnostic value in such patients. The bone scan revealed increased tracer concentration in the involved areas. These abnormalities were less prominent than those on the roentgenograms, suggesting that only a part of the roentgenographic abnormalities were associated with reactive bone formation. Bone scanning may be less sensitive than roentgenograms to detect the full extent of the bony lesions of systemic mastocytosis. The bone marrow scan revealed a normal central marrow with peripheral marrow expansion. Possibly, the central marrow infiltration by mast cells was sufficient to interfere with its hemopoietic function to a degree that made it necessary to reactivate peripheral marrow tissue. There was no significant 67Ga accumulation in the bony lesions of systemic mastocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:900972", "title": "Nodular primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis.", "content": "An 83-year-old woman had nodular primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis. Several anetodermic, bullous-appearing lesions were observed. Biopsy showed massive amyloid deposition with destruction of elastic and collagen fibers, but no bullous formation. It was concluded that the amyloid deposition induced anetodermic changes creating the clinical appearance of bullae.", "contents": "Nodular primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis. An 83-year-old woman had nodular primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis. Several anetodermic, bullous-appearing lesions were observed. Biopsy showed massive amyloid deposition with destruction of elastic and collagen fibers, but no bullous formation. It was concluded that the amyloid deposition induced anetodermic changes creating the clinical appearance of bullae."}
{"id": "PMID:900973", "title": "Apocrine cystadenoma of the penile shaft.", "content": "What is to our knowledge the first apocrine cystadenoma reported on the penile shaft is described. Of 96 previously reported apocrine cystadenomas, more than 90% were located on the face, ears, or scalp; the remainder occurred on the chest, axilla, or prepuce. Apocrine cystadenoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of solitary blue, gray, or flesh-colored cystic nodules in those areas.", "contents": "Apocrine cystadenoma of the penile shaft. What is to our knowledge the first apocrine cystadenoma reported on the penile shaft is described. Of 96 previously reported apocrine cystadenomas, more than 90% were located on the face, ears, or scalp; the remainder occurred on the chest, axilla, or prepuce. Apocrine cystadenoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of solitary blue, gray, or flesh-colored cystic nodules in those areas."}
{"id": "PMID:900974", "title": "Localized mycosis fungoides with prominent epidermotropism: Woringer-Kolopp disease.", "content": "A patient had a single, large, sharply demarcated lesion on one leg. Under the mistaken diagnosis of malignant melanoma in situ, the lesion was excised and the area grafted in 1956. There has been no recurrence in the past 20 years. Histologic reevaluation led to a diagnosis of mycosis fungoides with pronounced epidermotropism of the cellular infiltrate. This case has close clinical and histologic resemblance with three cases published in Europe and regarded as a special form of reticulosis as first described by Woringer and Kolopp. Mycosis fungoides with marked epidermotropism is not always a benign localized disease but may be widespread and lead to death.", "contents": "Localized mycosis fungoides with prominent epidermotropism: Woringer-Kolopp disease. A patient had a single, large, sharply demarcated lesion on one leg. Under the mistaken diagnosis of malignant melanoma in situ, the lesion was excised and the area grafted in 1956. There has been no recurrence in the past 20 years. Histologic reevaluation led to a diagnosis of mycosis fungoides with pronounced epidermotropism of the cellular infiltrate. This case has close clinical and histologic resemblance with three cases published in Europe and regarded as a special form of reticulosis as first described by Woringer and Kolopp. Mycosis fungoides with marked epidermotropism is not always a benign localized disease but may be widespread and lead to death."}
{"id": "PMID:900990", "title": "[Regression of haemangiomata in infants after x-ray treatment and mock-radiation (author's transl)].", "content": "In the years 1966-1969 100 haemangiomata which had developed in early childhood were prospectively investigated in a randomised study. Half of them were treated by soft X-ray radiation, the other half underwent mock-radiation as a control. 54% of the original group could be examined after 6 years. The results showed that the ratio of cure was similar in the both groups. The skin pattern of the incompletely cured haemangiomata was also comparable. The biological rule of regression of haemangiomata in early childhood seems not to be influenced by X-ray treatment. It is striking that X-ray treatment in dark-skinned children leads to a better therapy-result than in fair-skinned ones.", "contents": "[Regression of haemangiomata in infants after x-ray treatment and mock-radiation (author's transl)]. In the years 1966-1969 100 haemangiomata which had developed in early childhood were prospectively investigated in a randomised study. Half of them were treated by soft X-ray radiation, the other half underwent mock-radiation as a control. 54% of the original group could be examined after 6 years. The results showed that the ratio of cure was similar in the both groups. The skin pattern of the incompletely cured haemangiomata was also comparable. The biological rule of regression of haemangiomata in early childhood seems not to be influenced by X-ray treatment. It is striking that X-ray treatment in dark-skinned children leads to a better therapy-result than in fair-skinned ones."}
{"id": "PMID:900991", "title": "[Comparative investigations of depigmented and melanomatous lesions in gray horses of the lipizzaner breed (author's transl)].", "content": "The morphological substrates of pigmented and depigmented skin as well as the structural characteristics of spontaneously developing melanomas were revealed by clinical, light- and electron microscopic methods in gray horses (Lipizzaner breed) from the Vienna Spanish Riding School. On clinical investigations in a group of 31 older horses (more than 10 years old) 20 exhibited melanomas, whereas 23 younger animals (less than 10 years of age) had no evidence for visuable melanotic tumors. Concomitantly with the progressive graying of the hair a depigmentation of the skin was frequently observed. Light and electron microscopic studies of skin biopsies revealed that in pigmented areas melanin is produced by DOPA-positive melanocytes and stored in form of large single melanosomes within keratinocytes. In depigmented areas melanocytes and melanosomes are completely lacking, but a high number of indeterminated cells is present in the basal layer. Melanotic tumors from the root of the tail, the lips, the perianal region, the sholder and intestinal lymph nodes exhibited either encapsulated nodules or diffusely infiltrating melanomatous structures similar to blue nevi in the dermis. Junctional activity could never be observed. A differentiation between melanin-producing tumor cells and melanophages was difficult in light microscopy but possible according to ultrastructural characteristics.", "contents": "[Comparative investigations of depigmented and melanomatous lesions in gray horses of the lipizzaner breed (author's transl)]. The morphological substrates of pigmented and depigmented skin as well as the structural characteristics of spontaneously developing melanomas were revealed by clinical, light- and electron microscopic methods in gray horses (Lipizzaner breed) from the Vienna Spanish Riding School. On clinical investigations in a group of 31 older horses (more than 10 years old) 20 exhibited melanomas, whereas 23 younger animals (less than 10 years of age) had no evidence for visuable melanotic tumors. Concomitantly with the progressive graying of the hair a depigmentation of the skin was frequently observed. Light and electron microscopic studies of skin biopsies revealed that in pigmented areas melanin is produced by DOPA-positive melanocytes and stored in form of large single melanosomes within keratinocytes. In depigmented areas melanocytes and melanosomes are completely lacking, but a high number of indeterminated cells is present in the basal layer. Melanotic tumors from the root of the tail, the lips, the perianal region, the sholder and intestinal lymph nodes exhibited either encapsulated nodules or diffusely infiltrating melanomatous structures similar to blue nevi in the dermis. Junctional activity could never be observed. A differentiation between melanin-producing tumor cells and melanophages was difficult in light microscopy but possible according to ultrastructural characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:900992", "title": "[On eosinophilic hepatopathy in eosinophilic reticular hyperplasia of the skin (author's transl)].", "content": "An eosinophilic pattern of hepatopathy is described and discussed in a female patient with atopic eczema and with eosinophilic reticular hyperplasia of the skin (combined with marked blood eosinophilia). Contrary to the hitherto known opinion a participation of intern organs in the case of reticular hyperplasia seems to be possible.", "contents": "[On eosinophilic hepatopathy in eosinophilic reticular hyperplasia of the skin (author's transl)]. An eosinophilic pattern of hepatopathy is described and discussed in a female patient with atopic eczema and with eosinophilic reticular hyperplasia of the skin (combined with marked blood eosinophilia). Contrary to the hitherto known opinion a participation of intern organs in the case of reticular hyperplasia seems to be possible."}
{"id": "PMID:900993", "title": "[Inhibition of ultraviolet irradiation response of human skin by topical phlogostatic compounds (author's transl)].", "content": "By adaption of the model of UV dermatitis in human skin a test procedure has been developed, which facilitates realistic assessment of topical contrainflammatory activity of steroidal as well as non-steroidal compounds. Six typical skin drug agents exhibited reaction inhibition effects (percent of theoretical maximum) as follows: hydrocortisone = 7%, bufexamac = 11%, oxyphenbutazone = 15%, indometacin = 21%, flumethasone pivalate = 43%, fluocinolone acetonide = 44%.", "contents": "[Inhibition of ultraviolet irradiation response of human skin by topical phlogostatic compounds (author's transl)]. By adaption of the model of UV dermatitis in human skin a test procedure has been developed, which facilitates realistic assessment of topical contrainflammatory activity of steroidal as well as non-steroidal compounds. Six typical skin drug agents exhibited reaction inhibition effects (percent of theoretical maximum) as follows: hydrocortisone = 7%, bufexamac = 11%, oxyphenbutazone = 15%, indometacin = 21%, flumethasone pivalate = 43%, fluocinolone acetonide = 44%."}
{"id": "PMID:900994", "title": "Plasma levels of triamcinolone acetonide as determined by radioimmunoassay after topical application.", "content": "In this paper a method for the radioimmunological determination of triamcinolone acetonide (TAAc) in plasma is described. The antiserum used in the radioimmunological determinations showed high specifity for TAAc; the minimal detectable amount was 0.2 ng. The course of the plasma concentration-time curve of TAAc after intravenous injection into rats was analysed. The concentration of TAAc in the blood of the patients after topical application of the drug is very low. No detectable amount of TAAc was found in the blood of out-patients. Hospitalized patients treated with TAAc under plastic occlusion showed plasma levels ranging from 0.8 to 3.4 ng/ml. This level remained constant throughout the treatment.", "contents": "Plasma levels of triamcinolone acetonide as determined by radioimmunoassay after topical application. In this paper a method for the radioimmunological determination of triamcinolone acetonide (TAAc) in plasma is described. The antiserum used in the radioimmunological determinations showed high specifity for TAAc; the minimal detectable amount was 0.2 ng. The course of the plasma concentration-time curve of TAAc after intravenous injection into rats was analysed. The concentration of TAAc in the blood of the patients after topical application of the drug is very low. No detectable amount of TAAc was found in the blood of out-patients. Hospitalized patients treated with TAAc under plastic occlusion showed plasma levels ranging from 0.8 to 3.4 ng/ml. This level remained constant throughout the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:900996", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic and X ray microanalysis study of the mineral deposits in pseudoxanthoma elasticum.", "content": "A skin biopsy of a 37 year old man with typical lesions of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (P.E.) associated with angioid streaks (Groenbald-Strandberg Syndrom) was examined with a scanning E.M. (SEM) and a SEM provided with a X ray micro-analyser. The SEM provided with X ray microanalyser enabled us to see the correspondence between the crystalline deposits and a calcium salt. The potassium, sodium and magnesium analysis of the specimen permits us to verify that the P.E. dermis is rich in K and poor in Mg.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic and X ray microanalysis study of the mineral deposits in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. A skin biopsy of a 37 year old man with typical lesions of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (P.E.) associated with angioid streaks (Groenbald-Strandberg Syndrom) was examined with a scanning E.M. (SEM) and a SEM provided with a X ray micro-analyser. The SEM provided with X ray microanalyser enabled us to see the correspondence between the crystalline deposits and a calcium salt. The potassium, sodium and magnesium analysis of the specimen permits us to verify that the P.E. dermis is rich in K and poor in Mg."}
{"id": "PMID:900995", "title": "[Comparative histological and autoradiographic investigations on benign oral leukoplakias (author's transl)].", "content": "Proliferation was studied in 18 patients with benign oral leukoplakias of the buccal mucosa by in vitro labelling with 3H-TdR. Identical investigations were performed in clinically normal mucosa of the same patients. Significant differences were found between the LI of both groups. On the other hand the total of labelled cells per 100 micron length of the basal membrane was approximately equal in leukoplakias and normal mucosa. In the majority of cases the LI was increased in leukoplakic regions whereas the number of labelled suprabasal cells was lowered compared to normal. These findings are supposed to be a consequence of shifting of epithelial keratinization to the lower stratum spinosum. From that results an increased proliferation in the basal cell layer.", "contents": "[Comparative histological and autoradiographic investigations on benign oral leukoplakias (author's transl)]. Proliferation was studied in 18 patients with benign oral leukoplakias of the buccal mucosa by in vitro labelling with 3H-TdR. Identical investigations were performed in clinically normal mucosa of the same patients. Significant differences were found between the LI of both groups. On the other hand the total of labelled cells per 100 micron length of the basal membrane was approximately equal in leukoplakias and normal mucosa. In the majority of cases the LI was increased in leukoplakic regions whereas the number of labelled suprabasal cells was lowered compared to normal. These findings are supposed to be a consequence of shifting of epithelial keratinization to the lower stratum spinosum. From that results an increased proliferation in the basal cell layer."}
{"id": "PMID:900997", "title": "[Zinc distribution disorder in psoriasis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 64 patients with psoriasis and in 54 persons without any skin disease the amount of zinc was estimated in plasma and in the erythrocytes using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The findings showed an elevated plasma level and a lower zinc content of blood erythrocytes in psoriasis. Both values were statistically significant. No relation was found between these changes and the percentage skin surface covered by psoriatic lesions. The disturbed distribution of zinc in psoriasis may be due to disturbances if histidine metabolism or to changes of the permeability of the cell membranes associated with this skin disease.", "contents": "[Zinc distribution disorder in psoriasis (author's transl)]. In 64 patients with psoriasis and in 54 persons without any skin disease the amount of zinc was estimated in plasma and in the erythrocytes using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The findings showed an elevated plasma level and a lower zinc content of blood erythrocytes in psoriasis. Both values were statistically significant. No relation was found between these changes and the percentage skin surface covered by psoriatic lesions. The disturbed distribution of zinc in psoriasis may be due to disturbances if histidine metabolism or to changes of the permeability of the cell membranes associated with this skin disease."}
{"id": "PMID:900998", "title": "A multiclass, multiresidue analytical method for pesticides in water.", "content": "A procedure is reported for the multiclass, multiresidue analysis of pesticides in water. Compounds are extracted from water with methylene chloride, and the extract is concentrated by an evaporative technique utilizing reduced pressure and low temperature. Compounds are segregated into groups using a column of partially deactivated silica gel and sequential elution with four different solvent systems. Carbamate residues, converted to their 2,4-dinitrophenyl ether derivatives, are gas chromatographed via electron capture detection as are the parent compounds of the organohalogen compounds. Organophosphorus compounds are determined by gas chromatography using a flame photometric detector. Recovery studies were conducted on 42 halogenated compounds, 38 organophosphorus compounds, and 7 carbamates. Fifty-eight of 87 compounds tested produced recoveries in excess of 80%; another 13 compounds yielded recoveries exceeding 60%, while the recoveries on the remaining 16 compounds fell below 60%.", "contents": "A multiclass, multiresidue analytical method for pesticides in water. A procedure is reported for the multiclass, multiresidue analysis of pesticides in water. Compounds are extracted from water with methylene chloride, and the extract is concentrated by an evaporative technique utilizing reduced pressure and low temperature. Compounds are segregated into groups using a column of partially deactivated silica gel and sequential elution with four different solvent systems. Carbamate residues, converted to their 2,4-dinitrophenyl ether derivatives, are gas chromatographed via electron capture detection as are the parent compounds of the organohalogen compounds. Organophosphorus compounds are determined by gas chromatography using a flame photometric detector. Recovery studies were conducted on 42 halogenated compounds, 38 organophosphorus compounds, and 7 carbamates. Fifty-eight of 87 compounds tested produced recoveries in excess of 80%; another 13 compounds yielded recoveries exceeding 60%, while the recoveries on the remaining 16 compounds fell below 60%."}
{"id": "PMID:900999", "title": "Urinary excretion of paranitrophenol and alkyl phosphates following ingestion of methyl or ethyl parathion by human subjects.", "content": "Nitrophenolic and alkyl phosphate metabolites of methyl and ethyl parathion in the urine of human subjects soon after doses of 1 to 4 mg have been ingested. Particular alkyl phosphates can serve as specific indices of absorption of the respective parathions. Paranitrophenol and diethyl thiophosphate are rapidly eliminated in the urine, while excretions of dimethyl phosphate, and particularly diethyl phosphate, are more protracted. Cumulative excretions of paranitrophenol and alkyl phosphates exhibit sufficient dose-dependence at convenient intervals following parathion ingestion to encourage use of metabolite measurements in estimating occupational absorption of the parathion insecticides.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of paranitrophenol and alkyl phosphates following ingestion of methyl or ethyl parathion by human subjects. Nitrophenolic and alkyl phosphate metabolites of methyl and ethyl parathion in the urine of human subjects soon after doses of 1 to 4 mg have been ingested. Particular alkyl phosphates can serve as specific indices of absorption of the respective parathions. Paranitrophenol and diethyl thiophosphate are rapidly eliminated in the urine, while excretions of dimethyl phosphate, and particularly diethyl phosphate, are more protracted. Cumulative excretions of paranitrophenol and alkyl phosphates exhibit sufficient dose-dependence at convenient intervals following parathion ingestion to encourage use of metabolite measurements in estimating occupational absorption of the parathion insecticides."}
{"id": "PMID:901000", "title": "Airborne and surface residues of parathion and its conversion products in a treated plum orchard environment.", "content": "Airborne pesticide residues were collected both within and downwind from a parathion-treated plum orchard by high volume sampling through XAD-4 macroreticular resin. Levels of paraoxon in excess of 100 ng/m3 were found in orchard air, along with parathion, during the early days of two 21-day sampling studies. Paraoxon:parathion ratios in the orchard air were relatively constant, averaging ca. 0.5 for days 1 to 21 following treatment. Likely sources of airborne paraoxon include vaporization and dislodgement from soil and leaf surfaces, and chemical conversion of parathion in the air. Support for the latter came from observation of an increased paraoxon:parathion ration in air samples collected downwind from the orchard. Atmospheric conversion of parathion to paraoxon, accelerated by sunlight, was indicated by both field and laboratory studies. Overall dissipation of parathion from the orchard air, soil, and leaf tissue proceeded to a considerable extent through breakdown to paraozon under the dry climatic conditions of these studies. Eventual conversion to the relatively stable breakdown product, p-nitrophenol, was indicated from analysis of air in the orchard vicinity.", "contents": "Airborne and surface residues of parathion and its conversion products in a treated plum orchard environment. Airborne pesticide residues were collected both within and downwind from a parathion-treated plum orchard by high volume sampling through XAD-4 macroreticular resin. Levels of paraoxon in excess of 100 ng/m3 were found in orchard air, along with parathion, during the early days of two 21-day sampling studies. Paraoxon:parathion ratios in the orchard air were relatively constant, averaging ca. 0.5 for days 1 to 21 following treatment. Likely sources of airborne paraoxon include vaporization and dislodgement from soil and leaf surfaces, and chemical conversion of parathion in the air. Support for the latter came from observation of an increased paraoxon:parathion ration in air samples collected downwind from the orchard. Atmospheric conversion of parathion to paraoxon, accelerated by sunlight, was indicated by both field and laboratory studies. Overall dissipation of parathion from the orchard air, soil, and leaf tissue proceeded to a considerable extent through breakdown to paraozon under the dry climatic conditions of these studies. Eventual conversion to the relatively stable breakdown product, p-nitrophenol, was indicated from analysis of air in the orchard vicinity."}
{"id": "PMID:901001", "title": "Partial saturation of rat liver Cd-binding proteins by Cd2+ in vivo.", "content": "Liver Cd-binding proteins (Cd-BP) were isolated from rats chronically treated with 109Cd-labeled CdCl2 for ten days. Fractions purified using Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-Sephadex were characterized and found to be similar to those isolated by other investigators. Cd-binding was not saturated in any of the preparations and significant amounts of Cu and Zn were also found bound to the proteins. The percentage of saturation of Cd-BP1, and Cd-BP2 was independently determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and spectroscopy at 254 nm. These results indicate that the fraction of binding sites unoccupied by Cd on Cd-BP approaches 20% in vivo.", "contents": "Partial saturation of rat liver Cd-binding proteins by Cd2+ in vivo. Liver Cd-binding proteins (Cd-BP) were isolated from rats chronically treated with 109Cd-labeled CdCl2 for ten days. Fractions purified using Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-Sephadex were characterized and found to be similar to those isolated by other investigators. Cd-binding was not saturated in any of the preparations and significant amounts of Cu and Zn were also found bound to the proteins. The percentage of saturation of Cd-BP1, and Cd-BP2 was independently determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and spectroscopy at 254 nm. These results indicate that the fraction of binding sites unoccupied by Cd on Cd-BP approaches 20% in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:901002", "title": "Toxicity of dieldrin to bobwhite quail in relation to sex and reproductive status.", "content": "In a study of dieldrin toxicity to breeding and nonbreeding bob-white quail (Colinus virginianus), breeding birds of both sexes on long photoperiods were more susceptible to dieldrin poisoning than nonbreeding birds, although some differences were not statistically significant at the .10 level. Shortened photoperiods caused gonadal regression, weight loss, and additional mortalities among dieldrin-treated birds previously in breeding condition. Dieldrin did not influence food consumption, body weight, or egg production until about a week or less before death of individual birds. Dieldrin brain residues were higher among birds that died during the study than among survivors sacrificed at its termination. Among those that died, neither dieldrin treatment level, reproductive status, nor sex seemed related to brain residue levels. Nevertheless, within those factors, levels were slightly higher in the birds that died later in the test.", "contents": "Toxicity of dieldrin to bobwhite quail in relation to sex and reproductive status. In a study of dieldrin toxicity to breeding and nonbreeding bob-white quail (Colinus virginianus), breeding birds of both sexes on long photoperiods were more susceptible to dieldrin poisoning than nonbreeding birds, although some differences were not statistically significant at the .10 level. Shortened photoperiods caused gonadal regression, weight loss, and additional mortalities among dieldrin-treated birds previously in breeding condition. Dieldrin did not influence food consumption, body weight, or egg production until about a week or less before death of individual birds. Dieldrin brain residues were higher among birds that died during the study than among survivors sacrificed at its termination. Among those that died, neither dieldrin treatment level, reproductive status, nor sex seemed related to brain residue levels. Nevertheless, within those factors, levels were slightly higher in the birds that died later in the test."}
{"id": "PMID:901003", "title": "Tri-O-tolyl phosphate neurotoxicity: lack of evidence for autoimmunologic involvement.", "content": "Studies on the involvement of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of tri-O-tolyl phosphate (TOTP) induced neurotoxicity in chickens were conducted. Immunosuppressive therapy including gamma-radiation and drug treatments was utilized to determine its effects on the neurotoxic syndrome. Whole-body gamma-irradiation up to 1020 roentgens failed to show any consistent protection from the TOTP induced paralysis. Therapy involving prednisone alone or in combination with 6-mercaptopurine and antilymphocyte serum likewise indicated no protection. Stimulation of humoral and cellular immunity by TOTP was investigated. Complement fixation, precipitation tests, splenic migration inhibition, and skin tests did not indicate stimulation of autoimmunity toward nervous tissue or liver. The present investigation was unable to demonstrate primary involvement of an autoimmune nature in the neurotoxicity produced by TOTP in the chicken.", "contents": "Tri-O-tolyl phosphate neurotoxicity: lack of evidence for autoimmunologic involvement. Studies on the involvement of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of tri-O-tolyl phosphate (TOTP) induced neurotoxicity in chickens were conducted. Immunosuppressive therapy including gamma-radiation and drug treatments was utilized to determine its effects on the neurotoxic syndrome. Whole-body gamma-irradiation up to 1020 roentgens failed to show any consistent protection from the TOTP induced paralysis. Therapy involving prednisone alone or in combination with 6-mercaptopurine and antilymphocyte serum likewise indicated no protection. Stimulation of humoral and cellular immunity by TOTP was investigated. Complement fixation, precipitation tests, splenic migration inhibition, and skin tests did not indicate stimulation of autoimmunity toward nervous tissue or liver. The present investigation was unable to demonstrate primary involvement of an autoimmune nature in the neurotoxicity produced by TOTP in the chicken."}
{"id": "PMID:901004", "title": "The chronic toxicity of 3-chloro-4-methyl benzamine HCl to birds.", "content": "3-Chloro-4-methyl benzamine HCl (DRC-1339), an avian toxicant, was fed to five species of birds for periods up to 120 days. The 30-day LC50 of uniformly treated feed for starlings was 4.7 ppm and the 90-day LC50 was 1.0 ppm. The 28-day LC50 for coturnix was 18 ppm. The 30-day LC50 for pigeons was less than 100 ppm. Pheasants fed diets containing 2% DRC-1339 baits diluted to a rate of 286 ppm of DRC-1339 died within 22 days. Bobwhite quail fed similar diets suffered some mortality at levels as low as 2.9 ppm, but most survived 10 times this dosage level for the 120-day test period. Application of the Kenaga \"Index of Chronicity\", resulted in the conclusion that DRC-1339 was cumulatively toxic to birds. Reproduction in coturnix was adversely affectd by treatments at 10 ppm of DRC-1339 and above. Reproduction in pigeons was adversely affectd by a treatment of 25 ppm. In coturnix, DRC-1339 caused an increased incidence of egg breakage and decreased both egg and live chick production. In pigeons, DRC-1339 caused an increase in the proportion of infertile eggs. Reproductive ability to first generation offspring was not affected when parent coturnix and pigeons were fed DRC-1339. These data emphasize the need for care in the use of DRC-1339. The bait should be used only as registered and care exercised in storage and disposal of unused baits to avoid poisoning of nontarget species.", "contents": "The chronic toxicity of 3-chloro-4-methyl benzamine HCl to birds. 3-Chloro-4-methyl benzamine HCl (DRC-1339), an avian toxicant, was fed to five species of birds for periods up to 120 days. The 30-day LC50 of uniformly treated feed for starlings was 4.7 ppm and the 90-day LC50 was 1.0 ppm. The 28-day LC50 for coturnix was 18 ppm. The 30-day LC50 for pigeons was less than 100 ppm. Pheasants fed diets containing 2% DRC-1339 baits diluted to a rate of 286 ppm of DRC-1339 died within 22 days. Bobwhite quail fed similar diets suffered some mortality at levels as low as 2.9 ppm, but most survived 10 times this dosage level for the 120-day test period. Application of the Kenaga \"Index of Chronicity\", resulted in the conclusion that DRC-1339 was cumulatively toxic to birds. Reproduction in coturnix was adversely affectd by treatments at 10 ppm of DRC-1339 and above. Reproduction in pigeons was adversely affectd by a treatment of 25 ppm. In coturnix, DRC-1339 caused an increased incidence of egg breakage and decreased both egg and live chick production. In pigeons, DRC-1339 caused an increase in the proportion of infertile eggs. Reproductive ability to first generation offspring was not affected when parent coturnix and pigeons were fed DRC-1339. These data emphasize the need for care in the use of DRC-1339. The bait should be used only as registered and care exercised in storage and disposal of unused baits to avoid poisoning of nontarget species."}
{"id": "PMID:901005", "title": "Mercury and the estuarine marsh clam, Rangia cuneata Gray. I. Toxicity.", "content": "Mercury is relatively toxic to Rangia when exposed to initial high concentrations (1 to 6 ppm) followed by low sustained levels (0.013 to 0.432 ppm). Acclimation to low salinity (2 o/ooS) lessens the toxic effect of mercury. Actual concentrations of mercury causing 50% mortality (LC50) in 96 hr are 122 ppb in 2 o/ooS and 58 ppb in 15 o/ooS. Rangia's ability to survive acute mercury exposure (0.87 +/- 0.15 ppm) is enhanced by low level (8.56 +/- 2.54 ppb) contamination followed by a brief period (9 days) in clean sea water.", "contents": "Mercury and the estuarine marsh clam, Rangia cuneata Gray. I. Toxicity. Mercury is relatively toxic to Rangia when exposed to initial high concentrations (1 to 6 ppm) followed by low sustained levels (0.013 to 0.432 ppm). Acclimation to low salinity (2 o/ooS) lessens the toxic effect of mercury. Actual concentrations of mercury causing 50% mortality (LC50) in 96 hr are 122 ppb in 2 o/ooS and 58 ppb in 15 o/ooS. Rangia's ability to survive acute mercury exposure (0.87 +/- 0.15 ppm) is enhanced by low level (8.56 +/- 2.54 ppb) contamination followed by a brief period (9 days) in clean sea water."}
{"id": "PMID:901006", "title": "Dislodgeable residues of ethion in Florida citrus and relationships to weather variables.", "content": "Five different treatments of ethion on Valencia orange trees were compared for decay rates and for ethion monoxon and ethion dioxon production under different environmental conditions. The oxon metabolite levels observed were low and always below the residue level of ethion itself. There were no significant differences in the decay rates of ethion between treatments. A model of ethion decay utilizing environmental variables as a time base is presented. This model explains 94% of the variation observed in ethion decay during very wet and very dry periods in Florida. The application of these results and general experimental approach to worker safety reentry standards is discussed.", "contents": "Dislodgeable residues of ethion in Florida citrus and relationships to weather variables. Five different treatments of ethion on Valencia orange trees were compared for decay rates and for ethion monoxon and ethion dioxon production under different environmental conditions. The oxon metabolite levels observed were low and always below the residue level of ethion itself. There were no significant differences in the decay rates of ethion between treatments. A model of ethion decay utilizing environmental variables as a time base is presented. This model explains 94% of the variation observed in ethion decay during very wet and very dry periods in Florida. The application of these results and general experimental approach to worker safety reentry standards is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901007", "title": "Mercury induced cardiovascular abnormalities in the chicken.", "content": "Juvenile chickens were either chronically exposed to 300 microgram/ml of Hg in the drinking water (chronic dosage--CD) or acutely exposed to either 3 mg of Hg/kg body wt (acute low dosage--ALD) or 12 mg of Hg/kg body wt (acute high dosage--AHD) administered intramuscularly for five consecutive days. Only the CD and AHD treatments retarded normal growth. Relative heart weights were increased by the CD treatment, decreased by the AHD treatment, and remained unchanged during the ALD treatment. Relative aorta weights were increased by the CD treatment but decreased by the AHD treatment. ECG analyses revealed a consistent decrease in the amplitude of the R-S and T waves with the greatest effects present in the acute (ALD and AHD) treatments. Histological examination revealed that Hg caused myocardial histopathological changes characterized as a myocarditis with polymorphonuclear and lymphocytic infiltration and fatty degeneration. It is concluded tha Hg causes cardiovascular disturbances in chickens even when administered at levels which do not inhibit normal growth.", "contents": "Mercury induced cardiovascular abnormalities in the chicken. Juvenile chickens were either chronically exposed to 300 microgram/ml of Hg in the drinking water (chronic dosage--CD) or acutely exposed to either 3 mg of Hg/kg body wt (acute low dosage--ALD) or 12 mg of Hg/kg body wt (acute high dosage--AHD) administered intramuscularly for five consecutive days. Only the CD and AHD treatments retarded normal growth. Relative heart weights were increased by the CD treatment, decreased by the AHD treatment, and remained unchanged during the ALD treatment. Relative aorta weights were increased by the CD treatment but decreased by the AHD treatment. ECG analyses revealed a consistent decrease in the amplitude of the R-S and T waves with the greatest effects present in the acute (ALD and AHD) treatments. Histological examination revealed that Hg caused myocardial histopathological changes characterized as a myocarditis with polymorphonuclear and lymphocytic infiltration and fatty degeneration. It is concluded tha Hg causes cardiovascular disturbances in chickens even when administered at levels which do not inhibit normal growth."}
{"id": "PMID:901008", "title": "Shell thinning and reproductive impairment in black ducks after cessation of DDE dosage.", "content": "Captive black ducks (anas rubripes) were fed dietary DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] at 10 ppm (dry weight; about 2 ppm on a natural diet basis) for 2 breeding seasons, then untreated feed for 2 succeeding years. Residues of DDE in the carcasses of adults declined 90% during the 2-year clean-up period. Following 2 years of dietary DDE, mean residues in eggs reached 64.9 ppm. Even after 2 years on clean feed, DDE residues in the eggs averaged 6.2 ppm or 9.5% of the mean DDE level reached after 2 years on treated feed. Shells of eggs from treated hens were about 20% thinner than shells of eggs from controls. Stoppage of DDE dosage resulted in progressively thicker shells, yet even after 2 years on untreated feed hens laid eggs with shells about 10% thinner than control hens. After DDE was removed from the diet, DDE residues in the eggs decreased, shell thickness increased, and reproductive success improved. Hens previously exposed to DDE, but then fed clean feed for 2 years, still produced significantly fewer surviving ducklings than did control hens.", "contents": "Shell thinning and reproductive impairment in black ducks after cessation of DDE dosage. Captive black ducks (anas rubripes) were fed dietary DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] at 10 ppm (dry weight; about 2 ppm on a natural diet basis) for 2 breeding seasons, then untreated feed for 2 succeeding years. Residues of DDE in the carcasses of adults declined 90% during the 2-year clean-up period. Following 2 years of dietary DDE, mean residues in eggs reached 64.9 ppm. Even after 2 years on clean feed, DDE residues in the eggs averaged 6.2 ppm or 9.5% of the mean DDE level reached after 2 years on treated feed. Shells of eggs from treated hens were about 20% thinner than shells of eggs from controls. Stoppage of DDE dosage resulted in progressively thicker shells, yet even after 2 years on untreated feed hens laid eggs with shells about 10% thinner than control hens. After DDE was removed from the diet, DDE residues in the eggs decreased, shell thickness increased, and reproductive success improved. Hens previously exposed to DDE, but then fed clean feed for 2 years, still produced significantly fewer surviving ducklings than did control hens."}
{"id": "PMID:901009", "title": "Photochemical transformation of the DDT and methoxychlor degradation products, DDE and DMDE, by sunlight.", "content": "DDE and DMDE, degradation products of the pesticides DDT and methoxychlor, rapidly undergo an unusual photoisomerization in solution when exposed to sunlight. The isomerization involves the exchange of a vinyl chlorine and an ortho aromatic hydrogen. Other photoproducts identified were corresponding benzophenones and 1,1-diaryl-2-chloroethylenes. Quantum yields for the reactions were measured and then used to compute sunlight photolysis half-lives for DMDE and DDE. Although both compounds absorb only the short-wavelength ultraviolet component of sunlight, their photolysis was found to be surprisingly rapid. During summer at latitude 40 degrees N, the photolysis half-lives near the surface of a water body are one hour and one day for dissolved DMDE and DDE, respectively. Photolysis of the DDE photoisomers is about an order of magnitude slower than that of DDE, suggesting that they may accumulate under environmental conditions. The DDE photoisomers photocyclize to form chlorinated dibenzofulvene and dichlorofluorenone. Neither DDE nor its photoisomers photoreact in solution to form PCB's. The environmental significance of these results is discussed, and its is suggested that the persistence of DDE in inland surface waters may be related to its tendency to sorb onto sediments and biota where not light is present.", "contents": "Photochemical transformation of the DDT and methoxychlor degradation products, DDE and DMDE, by sunlight. DDE and DMDE, degradation products of the pesticides DDT and methoxychlor, rapidly undergo an unusual photoisomerization in solution when exposed to sunlight. The isomerization involves the exchange of a vinyl chlorine and an ortho aromatic hydrogen. Other photoproducts identified were corresponding benzophenones and 1,1-diaryl-2-chloroethylenes. Quantum yields for the reactions were measured and then used to compute sunlight photolysis half-lives for DMDE and DDE. Although both compounds absorb only the short-wavelength ultraviolet component of sunlight, their photolysis was found to be surprisingly rapid. During summer at latitude 40 degrees N, the photolysis half-lives near the surface of a water body are one hour and one day for dissolved DMDE and DDE, respectively. Photolysis of the DDE photoisomers is about an order of magnitude slower than that of DDE, suggesting that they may accumulate under environmental conditions. The DDE photoisomers photocyclize to form chlorinated dibenzofulvene and dichlorofluorenone. Neither DDE nor its photoisomers photoreact in solution to form PCB's. The environmental significance of these results is discussed, and its is suggested that the persistence of DDE in inland surface waters may be related to its tendency to sorb onto sediments and biota where not light is present."}
{"id": "PMID:901010", "title": "Acute toxicities of Cd2+, Cr+6 Hg2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ to estuarine macrofauna.", "content": "Static acute toxicity bioassays were conducted at 20 degrees C and 20 o/33 salinity with CdCl2-2 1/2 H20, K2CrO4, HgCl2, NiCl2-6H2O, and ZnCl2 using adults of starfish, Asterias forbesi; sandworm, Nereis virens; hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus; softshell clam, Mya arenaria; mudsnail, Nassarius obsoletus; and mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, a fish. Concentrations (mg/L metal) fatal to 50% of the organisms in 168 hr ranged from 0.004 (clam) to 0.8 (mummichog) for mercury; 0.7 (clam, worm, crab and starfish) to 40.0 (mummichog) for cadimium; 0.2 (crab) to 52.0 (mummichog) for zinc; 0.7 (sandworm) to 44.0 (mummichog) for hexavalent chromium; and 13.0 (starfish) to 150.0 (mummichog) for nickel. Biocidal action was restricted to a relatively narrow range for all species-metals combinations tested: i.e., mean LC-75/LC-25 rations for individual metals at 168 hr ranged between 2.82 (Zn) and 6.02 (Cd); for individual species this ratio extended from 2.76 (fish) to 4.46 (clam). It appears that acute toxicity evaluation of potentially hazardous metals in saline environments requires utilization of at least several representative species from divergent taxonomic and ecological niches.", "contents": "Acute toxicities of Cd2+, Cr+6 Hg2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ to estuarine macrofauna. Static acute toxicity bioassays were conducted at 20 degrees C and 20 o/33 salinity with CdCl2-2 1/2 H20, K2CrO4, HgCl2, NiCl2-6H2O, and ZnCl2 using adults of starfish, Asterias forbesi; sandworm, Nereis virens; hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus; softshell clam, Mya arenaria; mudsnail, Nassarius obsoletus; and mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, a fish. Concentrations (mg/L metal) fatal to 50% of the organisms in 168 hr ranged from 0.004 (clam) to 0.8 (mummichog) for mercury; 0.7 (clam, worm, crab and starfish) to 40.0 (mummichog) for cadimium; 0.2 (crab) to 52.0 (mummichog) for zinc; 0.7 (sandworm) to 44.0 (mummichog) for hexavalent chromium; and 13.0 (starfish) to 150.0 (mummichog) for nickel. Biocidal action was restricted to a relatively narrow range for all species-metals combinations tested: i.e., mean LC-75/LC-25 rations for individual metals at 168 hr ranged between 2.82 (Zn) and 6.02 (Cd); for individual species this ratio extended from 2.76 (fish) to 4.46 (clam). It appears that acute toxicity evaluation of potentially hazardous metals in saline environments requires utilization of at least several representative species from divergent taxonomic and ecological niches."}
{"id": "PMID:901011", "title": "Partition distribution of insecticides as a critical factor affecting their rates of absorption from water and relative toxicities to fish.", "content": "Loaches, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor), a common fish in Taiwan, were treated with DDT, dieldrin, and monocrotophos by continuous exposure in aqueous solutions (or suspensions) and by injection. DDT and dieldrin were 150 and 220 times more toxic, respectively, than monocrotophos, to the fish exposed in aqueous solutions (24-hr LC50), but only 1/9 and 1/4 as toxic as monocrotophos by injection (24-hr LD50). Results of GLC analyses indicate that, at the end of 24-hr exposure, 96.5% of DDT, 92.7% of dieldrin, and 14.3% of monocrotophos were absorbed by loaches from aqueous solutions. The initial rates of absorption for DDT and dieldrin were about 10 to 20 times faster than that for monocrotophos. The large differences in relative toxicity may be due to partition distribution which in turn caused differences in absorption, as DDT and dieldrin are lipophilic and monocrotophos is hydrophilic. Statistical analysis of the relationship between fish toxicities and partition coefficients supports the present finding. The coefficient of correlation is 0.70 between parition coefficients (benzene/water) and toxicities to fish (rainbow trout) of 12 organophosphorus insecticides, 0.74 between coefficients and corrected fish toxicities, and 0.96 between partition coefficients and corrected fish toxicities for organophosphates only. Results of analyses are significant at less than 1% probability level. Similar correlation was also obtained between partition coefficients for hexane/water and toxicities of 8 organophosphorus and 5 organochlorine insecticides to rainbow trout.", "contents": "Partition distribution of insecticides as a critical factor affecting their rates of absorption from water and relative toxicities to fish. Loaches, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor), a common fish in Taiwan, were treated with DDT, dieldrin, and monocrotophos by continuous exposure in aqueous solutions (or suspensions) and by injection. DDT and dieldrin were 150 and 220 times more toxic, respectively, than monocrotophos, to the fish exposed in aqueous solutions (24-hr LC50), but only 1/9 and 1/4 as toxic as monocrotophos by injection (24-hr LD50). Results of GLC analyses indicate that, at the end of 24-hr exposure, 96.5% of DDT, 92.7% of dieldrin, and 14.3% of monocrotophos were absorbed by loaches from aqueous solutions. The initial rates of absorption for DDT and dieldrin were about 10 to 20 times faster than that for monocrotophos. The large differences in relative toxicity may be due to partition distribution which in turn caused differences in absorption, as DDT and dieldrin are lipophilic and monocrotophos is hydrophilic. Statistical analysis of the relationship between fish toxicities and partition coefficients supports the present finding. The coefficient of correlation is 0.70 between parition coefficients (benzene/water) and toxicities to fish (rainbow trout) of 12 organophosphorus insecticides, 0.74 between coefficients and corrected fish toxicities, and 0.96 between partition coefficients and corrected fish toxicities for organophosphates only. Results of analyses are significant at less than 1% probability level. Similar correlation was also obtained between partition coefficients for hexane/water and toxicities of 8 organophosphorus and 5 organochlorine insecticides to rainbow trout."}
{"id": "PMID:901012", "title": "Lead accumulation rates in tissues of the estuarine teleost fish, Gillichthys mirabilis: salinity and temperature effects.", "content": "Tissue-specific lead accumulation rates were determined in the estuarine teleost fish, Gillichthys mirabilis, as a function of four variables; sea water lead concentration, duration of exposure to lead, salinity, and temperature. Distinct tissue-specific accumulation rates were found. Spleen, gills, fins, and intestine accumulated the greatest amounts of lead; liver and muscle accumulated the least lead. Decay of lead from tissues of lead-exposed fish was observed only for gills, fins, and intestine, tissues which all possess an outer or inner covering of mucus. Our data suggest that the rapid turnover of lead in these mucus-covered tissues is a result of lead complexing with mucus and subsequent loss of lead when the mucus layer is sloughed off. In spleen and vertebrae, lead levels continued to rise in fish returned to natural (unspiked) sea water from lead-spiked sea water. The rate of lead accumulation was dependent on both the holding salinity and the temperature. Fish held at high temperature accumulated lead more rapidly than fish held at low temperature. The rate of lead accumulation was inversely proportional to the salinity of the medium. Both of these environmental effects on lead accumlation rates could be significant in estaurine habitats where lead concentrations, salinity, and temperature are all apt to vary seasonally.", "contents": "Lead accumulation rates in tissues of the estuarine teleost fish, Gillichthys mirabilis: salinity and temperature effects. Tissue-specific lead accumulation rates were determined in the estuarine teleost fish, Gillichthys mirabilis, as a function of four variables; sea water lead concentration, duration of exposure to lead, salinity, and temperature. Distinct tissue-specific accumulation rates were found. Spleen, gills, fins, and intestine accumulated the greatest amounts of lead; liver and muscle accumulated the least lead. Decay of lead from tissues of lead-exposed fish was observed only for gills, fins, and intestine, tissues which all possess an outer or inner covering of mucus. Our data suggest that the rapid turnover of lead in these mucus-covered tissues is a result of lead complexing with mucus and subsequent loss of lead when the mucus layer is sloughed off. In spleen and vertebrae, lead levels continued to rise in fish returned to natural (unspiked) sea water from lead-spiked sea water. The rate of lead accumulation was dependent on both the holding salinity and the temperature. Fish held at high temperature accumulated lead more rapidly than fish held at low temperature. The rate of lead accumulation was inversely proportional to the salinity of the medium. Both of these environmental effects on lead accumlation rates could be significant in estaurine habitats where lead concentrations, salinity, and temperature are all apt to vary seasonally."}
{"id": "PMID:901013", "title": "Lead effects on tissue and whole organism respiration of the estuarine teleost fish, Gillichthys mirabilis.", "content": "Oxygen consumption rates of whole fish and isolated gill tissue were measured using specimens fo Gillichthys mirabilis exposed to lead-dosed sea water for varying periods of time. Whole organism oxygen consumption was significantly higher in lead-exposed fish than in those held for equivalent periods of time in non-leaded sea water. In vitro gil respiration rates were virtually identical for control and lead-exposed fish. Lead-exposed fish were also extremely more active in the aquaria than the control group. These findings suggest that lead-induced metabolic changes may derive more from lead effects on central nervous system coordination of activity and metabolism than from direct effects of lead on intermediary metabolism enzymes in each cell.", "contents": "Lead effects on tissue and whole organism respiration of the estuarine teleost fish, Gillichthys mirabilis. Oxygen consumption rates of whole fish and isolated gill tissue were measured using specimens fo Gillichthys mirabilis exposed to lead-dosed sea water for varying periods of time. Whole organism oxygen consumption was significantly higher in lead-exposed fish than in those held for equivalent periods of time in non-leaded sea water. In vitro gil respiration rates were virtually identical for control and lead-exposed fish. Lead-exposed fish were also extremely more active in the aquaria than the control group. These findings suggest that lead-induced metabolic changes may derive more from lead effects on central nervous system coordination of activity and metabolism than from direct effects of lead on intermediary metabolism enzymes in each cell."}
{"id": "PMID:901014", "title": "Mass fragmentgraphic determination of diisopropyl napthalene and phenyl xylylethane, and the environmental contamination from them.", "content": "The water or sea contamination of diisopropyl naphthalene and phenyl xylylethane in hydrocarbons, which have appeared as alternatives for polychlorobiphenyls, was examined in some areas of Japan. A mass fragmentgraphic technique was applied for rapid determination of trace amounts. In sea mud, 0.019 to 0.16 ppm of diisopropyl naphthalene was found, and a few ppm in fish, but no phenyl xylylethane was detected in any samples. The necessity for continuous survey for contamination by new chemicals and the availability of the mass fragmentgraphic method for difficult microdetermination by gas chromatography, using an electron capture detector, are emphasized.", "contents": "Mass fragmentgraphic determination of diisopropyl napthalene and phenyl xylylethane, and the environmental contamination from them. The water or sea contamination of diisopropyl naphthalene and phenyl xylylethane in hydrocarbons, which have appeared as alternatives for polychlorobiphenyls, was examined in some areas of Japan. A mass fragmentgraphic technique was applied for rapid determination of trace amounts. In sea mud, 0.019 to 0.16 ppm of diisopropyl naphthalene was found, and a few ppm in fish, but no phenyl xylylethane was detected in any samples. The necessity for continuous survey for contamination by new chemicals and the availability of the mass fragmentgraphic method for difficult microdetermination by gas chromatography, using an electron capture detector, are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:901027", "title": "Rheumatoid synovial cells from intact joints. Morphology, growth, and polykaryocytosis.", "content": "Synovial cell lines were isolated by instillation of trypsin or chymotrypsin into intact knee joints of patients with persistent rheumatoid effusions resistant to conventional therapy. Morphology and growth in the primary phase were compared with rheumatoid cells isolated from excised synovium and nonrheumatoid synovial cells obtained from intact joints of cadavers or amputated limbs. Cell populations from all sources included varying proportions of macrophage-like and fibroblast-like cells, with only 1-3% multinucleated cells. In medium supplemented with calf serum alone, rheumatoid cells from intact joints showed negligible changes in morphology. However, in the presence of nonrheumatoid, autologous rheumatoid or homologous rheumatoid serum a rapid increase occurred in size of the macrophage-like cells and numbers of polykaryocytes, including some giant syncytial cells. These effects were directly proportional to serum concentration and were identical in fresh or heat-inactivated serum. In most of these rheumatoid cell lines no multiplication occurred, regardless of serum type or concentration. In rheumatoid synovial cells from excised synovium, human serum induced both polykaryocytosis and rapid growth of fibroblasts. Nonrheumatoid synovial cells grew rapidly but few polykaryocytes developed, mostly with less than 6 nuclei. Evidence of viral infection in rheumatoid synovial cells was sought by electron microscopy after stimulation of polykaryocytosis by human serum. In one of the cultures many cells were found with intranuclear particles possessing characteristics of the adenovirus group.", "contents": "Rheumatoid synovial cells from intact joints. Morphology, growth, and polykaryocytosis. Synovial cell lines were isolated by instillation of trypsin or chymotrypsin into intact knee joints of patients with persistent rheumatoid effusions resistant to conventional therapy. Morphology and growth in the primary phase were compared with rheumatoid cells isolated from excised synovium and nonrheumatoid synovial cells obtained from intact joints of cadavers or amputated limbs. Cell populations from all sources included varying proportions of macrophage-like and fibroblast-like cells, with only 1-3% multinucleated cells. In medium supplemented with calf serum alone, rheumatoid cells from intact joints showed negligible changes in morphology. However, in the presence of nonrheumatoid, autologous rheumatoid or homologous rheumatoid serum a rapid increase occurred in size of the macrophage-like cells and numbers of polykaryocytes, including some giant syncytial cells. These effects were directly proportional to serum concentration and were identical in fresh or heat-inactivated serum. In most of these rheumatoid cell lines no multiplication occurred, regardless of serum type or concentration. In rheumatoid synovial cells from excised synovium, human serum induced both polykaryocytosis and rapid growth of fibroblasts. Nonrheumatoid synovial cells grew rapidly but few polykaryocytes developed, mostly with less than 6 nuclei. Evidence of viral infection in rheumatoid synovial cells was sought by electron microscopy after stimulation of polykaryocytosis by human serum. In one of the cultures many cells were found with intranuclear particles possessing characteristics of the adenovirus group."}
{"id": "PMID:901028", "title": "Local synovial synthesis of oligoclonal measles virus antibodies and of smooth muscle antibodies in a case of atypical rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A patient with atypical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and local synovial synthesis of oligoclonal IgG in an arthritic knee joint is described. Measles virus-specific antibodies isolated from the synovial fluid (SF) were carried by oligoclonal IgG proteins but constituted only a fraction of the total oligoclonal IgG of the SF. Smooth muscle antibodies were markedly increased in the SF compared with the serum and were associated with an electrophoretically restricted fraction of IgG. The results indicate that a local synovial synthesis of measles virus-specific antibodies and of smooth muscle antibodies occurred within the affected joint in our patient.", "contents": "Local synovial synthesis of oligoclonal measles virus antibodies and of smooth muscle antibodies in a case of atypical rheumatoid arthritis. A patient with atypical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and local synovial synthesis of oligoclonal IgG in an arthritic knee joint is described. Measles virus-specific antibodies isolated from the synovial fluid (SF) were carried by oligoclonal IgG proteins but constituted only a fraction of the total oligoclonal IgG of the SF. Smooth muscle antibodies were markedly increased in the SF compared with the serum and were associated with an electrophoretically restricted fraction of IgG. The results indicate that a local synovial synthesis of measles virus-specific antibodies and of smooth muscle antibodies occurred within the affected joint in our patient."}
{"id": "PMID:901029", "title": "Carpal instability in rheumatoid arthritis and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Pathogenesis and roentgen appearance.", "content": "The roentgen appearance and pathogenesis of carpal instability are described in an evaluation of patients and cadavers with rheumatoid arthritis and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Dorsiflexion (16%) and palmar flexion (8%) instability occurs in rheumatoid arthritis, particularly in patients with moderate to advanced disease. Navicular-lunate dissociation frequently accompanies dorsiflexion instability and results from involvement of the interosseous ligament between the two bones by rheumatoid pannus. Carpal instability and navicular-lunate dissociation also accompany pyrophosphate arthropathy, resulting from calcific deposition and cystic degeneration of ligamentous structures.", "contents": "Carpal instability in rheumatoid arthritis and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Pathogenesis and roentgen appearance. The roentgen appearance and pathogenesis of carpal instability are described in an evaluation of patients and cadavers with rheumatoid arthritis and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Dorsiflexion (16%) and palmar flexion (8%) instability occurs in rheumatoid arthritis, particularly in patients with moderate to advanced disease. Navicular-lunate dissociation frequently accompanies dorsiflexion instability and results from involvement of the interosseous ligament between the two bones by rheumatoid pannus. Carpal instability and navicular-lunate dissociation also accompany pyrophosphate arthropathy, resulting from calcific deposition and cystic degeneration of ligamentous structures."}
{"id": "PMID:901030", "title": "Comparative study of tibial (single) and tibiofemoral (double) osteotomy for osteoarthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Osteotomies on 101 knees in 79 patients were assessed either prospectively or retrospectively. High tibial osteotomy was performed in 54 knees (27 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 27 with osteoarthrosis (OA)) and double (tibiofemoral) osteotomy in 47 knees (25 RA and 22 OA), and were assessed prospectively in 46 and retrospectively in 55. Using a subjective assessment, 65% showed some improvement--70% of the single and 60% of the double osteotomies. Of the four groups (OA single or double, RA single or double), OA knees having a single osteotomy improved most frequently (74%), and OA knees having a double osteotomy least frequently (50%). Significant improvements in pain score and angular deformity were recorded. The mean range of movement of the operated knee was significantly reduced, and was particularly evident in those knees having a double osteotomy. We conclude that double osteotomies tend to have a higher incidence of complications, including impaired movement, and are not more efficient in relieving pain than single osteotomies in either OA or RA.", "contents": "Comparative study of tibial (single) and tibiofemoral (double) osteotomy for osteoarthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteotomies on 101 knees in 79 patients were assessed either prospectively or retrospectively. High tibial osteotomy was performed in 54 knees (27 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 27 with osteoarthrosis (OA)) and double (tibiofemoral) osteotomy in 47 knees (25 RA and 22 OA), and were assessed prospectively in 46 and retrospectively in 55. Using a subjective assessment, 65% showed some improvement--70% of the single and 60% of the double osteotomies. Of the four groups (OA single or double, RA single or double), OA knees having a single osteotomy improved most frequently (74%), and OA knees having a double osteotomy least frequently (50%). Significant improvements in pain score and angular deformity were recorded. The mean range of movement of the operated knee was significantly reduced, and was particularly evident in those knees having a double osteotomy. We conclude that double osteotomies tend to have a higher incidence of complications, including impaired movement, and are not more efficient in relieving pain than single osteotomies in either OA or RA."}
{"id": "PMID:901031", "title": "The painful heel. Comparative study in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, and generalized osteoarthrosis.", "content": "This study presents the frequency of severe and mild talalgias in unselected, consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, and generalized osteoarthosis. Achilles tendinitis and plantar fasciitis caused a severe talalgia and they were observed mainly in males with Reiter's syndrome or ankylosing spondylitis. On the other hand, sub-Achilles bursitis more frequently affected women with rheumatoid arthritis and rarely gave rise to severe talalgias. The simple calcaneal spur was associated with generalized osteoarthrosis and its frequency increased with age. This condition was not related to talalgias. Finally, clinical and radiological involvement of the subtalar and midtarsal joints were observed mainly in rheumatoid arthritis and occasionally caused apes valgoplanus.", "contents": "The painful heel. Comparative study in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, and generalized osteoarthrosis. This study presents the frequency of severe and mild talalgias in unselected, consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, and generalized osteoarthosis. Achilles tendinitis and plantar fasciitis caused a severe talalgia and they were observed mainly in males with Reiter's syndrome or ankylosing spondylitis. On the other hand, sub-Achilles bursitis more frequently affected women with rheumatoid arthritis and rarely gave rise to severe talalgias. The simple calcaneal spur was associated with generalized osteoarthrosis and its frequency increased with age. This condition was not related to talalgias. Finally, clinical and radiological involvement of the subtalar and midtarsal joints were observed mainly in rheumatoid arthritis and occasionally caused apes valgoplanus."}
{"id": "PMID:901032", "title": "Pericardial effusion and mitral valve involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Echocardiographic study.", "content": "Echocardiography was used in 30 women and 2 men with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in order to determine the incidence and severity of pericardial effusion and mitral valve involvement. 31 patients showed normal thickness of the mitral valve leaflets, only one patient showed irregular thickening of the leaflets suggesting the presence of vegetations. Mitral valve motions were normal in all patients. These results indicate that myocardial and valvular involvement in SLE is usually not severe enough to result in haemodynamic abnormalities. Pericardial effusion was found in 2 patients who were symptom free, whereas 4 of the patients with a past history suggestive of pericarditis showed no echocardiographic evidence of pericardial effusion. These suggest the transient nature of pericarditis in SLE, and the value of echocardiography as a diagnostic tool in detecting clinically inapparent lupus pericarditis.", "contents": "Pericardial effusion and mitral valve involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Echocardiographic study. Echocardiography was used in 30 women and 2 men with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in order to determine the incidence and severity of pericardial effusion and mitral valve involvement. 31 patients showed normal thickness of the mitral valve leaflets, only one patient showed irregular thickening of the leaflets suggesting the presence of vegetations. Mitral valve motions were normal in all patients. These results indicate that myocardial and valvular involvement in SLE is usually not severe enough to result in haemodynamic abnormalities. Pericardial effusion was found in 2 patients who were symptom free, whereas 4 of the patients with a past history suggestive of pericarditis showed no echocardiographic evidence of pericardial effusion. These suggest the transient nature of pericarditis in SLE, and the value of echocardiography as a diagnostic tool in detecting clinically inapparent lupus pericarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:901033", "title": "Eosinophilic fasciitis. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Eosinophilic fasciitis is a recently described rheumatic disease, some 20 cases having been reported in abstract form. Previous descriptions have stressed the localized nature of skin involvement, the absence of visceral changes or Raynaud's phenomenon, an association with hypergammaglobulinaemia and eosinophilia, and a good response to corticosteroid therapy. The most conspicuous feature of this entity has been a massive thickening of the subcutaneous fascia, when an adequate (skin down to muscle) biopsy has been performed. We report another case conforming to these general features, with the exception that Raynaud's phenomenon was a prominent symptom. A critical review of the literature suggests that eosinophilic fasciitis should tentatively be regarded as a variant of scleroderma.", "contents": "Eosinophilic fasciitis. Case report and review of the literature. Eosinophilic fasciitis is a recently described rheumatic disease, some 20 cases having been reported in abstract form. Previous descriptions have stressed the localized nature of skin involvement, the absence of visceral changes or Raynaud's phenomenon, an association with hypergammaglobulinaemia and eosinophilia, and a good response to corticosteroid therapy. The most conspicuous feature of this entity has been a massive thickening of the subcutaneous fascia, when an adequate (skin down to muscle) biopsy has been performed. We report another case conforming to these general features, with the exception that Raynaud's phenomenon was a prominent symptom. A critical review of the literature suggests that eosinophilic fasciitis should tentatively be regarded as a variant of scleroderma."}
{"id": "PMID:901034", "title": "Discordance for ankylosing spondylitis in monozygotic twins.", "content": "Three monozygotic twin pairs, each over the age of 45 years, with ankylosing spondylitis are described. In two pairs there is discordance for this disease and in the third pair there is a marked difference in the severity of this disease. These findings provide evidence that environmental factors are necessary not only for the initial development of ankylosing spondylitis, but possibly also for determining its future severity.", "contents": "Discordance for ankylosing spondylitis in monozygotic twins. Three monozygotic twin pairs, each over the age of 45 years, with ankylosing spondylitis are described. In two pairs there is discordance for this disease and in the third pair there is a marked difference in the severity of this disease. These findings provide evidence that environmental factors are necessary not only for the initial development of ankylosing spondylitis, but possibly also for determining its future severity."}
{"id": "PMID:901035", "title": "Sulphated glycosaminoglycan synthesis in normal and osteoarthrotic hip cartilage.", "content": "The in vitro sulphated glycosaminoglycan metabolism and uronate content of human aged and osteoarthrotic hip articular cartilages have been examined. Cartilages were sampled from nonfibrillated weight-bearing areas and cultured in Dulbecco Modified Eagle's medium with 35SO4. Uptake of 35SO4 was corrected for total sulphate concentration and related to uronate levels after papain digestion and dialysis. The levels of uronate in these tissues varied between 0 - 96% and 2 - 26% dry weight and did not correlate with either osteoarthrotic grading or sulphated glycosaminoglycan metabolism, irrespective of the source. Glycosaminoglycan metabolism of intact hip articular cartilage from clinically defined osteoarthrotics appears, from these results, to be comparable to that derived from nonsymptomatic hip joints from individuals of similar age. Sodium salicylate was found to depress sulphated glycosaminoglycan metabolism in osteoarthrotic cartilage.", "contents": "Sulphated glycosaminoglycan synthesis in normal and osteoarthrotic hip cartilage. The in vitro sulphated glycosaminoglycan metabolism and uronate content of human aged and osteoarthrotic hip articular cartilages have been examined. Cartilages were sampled from nonfibrillated weight-bearing areas and cultured in Dulbecco Modified Eagle's medium with 35SO4. Uptake of 35SO4 was corrected for total sulphate concentration and related to uronate levels after papain digestion and dialysis. The levels of uronate in these tissues varied between 0 - 96% and 2 - 26% dry weight and did not correlate with either osteoarthrotic grading or sulphated glycosaminoglycan metabolism, irrespective of the source. Glycosaminoglycan metabolism of intact hip articular cartilage from clinically defined osteoarthrotics appears, from these results, to be comparable to that derived from nonsymptomatic hip joints from individuals of similar age. Sodium salicylate was found to depress sulphated glycosaminoglycan metabolism in osteoarthrotic cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:901036", "title": "Plasma uric acid and plasma albumin in healthy subjects.", "content": "In healthy male subjects there was a positive correlation between plasma uric acid and plasma albumin (r = 0 - 43, P less than 0 - 005, n = 49) when repeated measurements of both variables were used for each subject. Changes in plasma albumin induced by in vivo ultrafiltration were not accompanied by changes in plasma uric acid. The correlation of plasma uric acid with plasma albumin cannot be attributed to protein binding of urate. The two variables are probably related indirectly through a common association with an unknown factor or factors.", "contents": "Plasma uric acid and plasma albumin in healthy subjects. In healthy male subjects there was a positive correlation between plasma uric acid and plasma albumin (r = 0 - 43, P less than 0 - 005, n = 49) when repeated measurements of both variables were used for each subject. Changes in plasma albumin induced by in vivo ultrafiltration were not accompanied by changes in plasma uric acid. The correlation of plasma uric acid with plasma albumin cannot be attributed to protein binding of urate. The two variables are probably related indirectly through a common association with an unknown factor or factors."}
{"id": "PMID:901037", "title": "Effect of D(-)penicillamine on chronic experimental arthritis in rabbits.", "content": "Preliminary observations on the effect of D(-)penicillamine on chronic antigen-induced experimental arthritis in rabbits are reported. Daily oral administration of penicillamine, at a dose equivalent to that usually administered to rheumatoid arthritis patients, diminished the arthritis in 2 out of 3 animals as assessed by both measurement of joint circumference and histological examination.", "contents": "Effect of D(-)penicillamine on chronic experimental arthritis in rabbits. Preliminary observations on the effect of D(-)penicillamine on chronic antigen-induced experimental arthritis in rabbits are reported. Daily oral administration of penicillamine, at a dose equivalent to that usually administered to rheumatoid arthritis patients, diminished the arthritis in 2 out of 3 animals as assessed by both measurement of joint circumference and histological examination."}
{"id": "PMID:901038", "title": "Effect of excising Freund's adjuvant granuloma on subsequent development of experimental allergic arthritis.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant. Several weeks later the granuloma which developed was excised one day before joint challenge with antigen. The subsequent development of experimental allergic arthritis (EAA) was not affected, which argues against the chronicity of the disease being maintained by continuous recruitment of mycobacterial debris to EAA joints.", "contents": "Effect of excising Freund's adjuvant granuloma on subsequent development of experimental allergic arthritis. Rabbits were immunized with antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant. Several weeks later the granuloma which developed was excised one day before joint challenge with antigen. The subsequent development of experimental allergic arthritis (EAA) was not affected, which argues against the chronicity of the disease being maintained by continuous recruitment of mycobacterial debris to EAA joints."}
{"id": "PMID:901040", "title": "Reflux control following gastroplasty.", "content": "A Belsey gastroplasty was performed on 135 patients, 132 of whom were available for follow-up. Despite a low incidence (1.5%) of anatomical recurrence, the operation failed to control reflux effectively, and the incidence of continued reflux is 44.6%. Because of this failure to control reflux, a Nissen fundoplication has been added to the gastroplasty tube. In a group of 78 patients, radiological recurrence has occurred in 1 patient, with no patient experiencing symptoms of reflux. Manometric comparison between the Belsey and Nissen gastroplasty shows more effective tone elevation of the high pressure zone and a more effective decrease in disordered motor activity of the lower esophagus.", "contents": "Reflux control following gastroplasty. A Belsey gastroplasty was performed on 135 patients, 132 of whom were available for follow-up. Despite a low incidence (1.5%) of anatomical recurrence, the operation failed to control reflux effectively, and the incidence of continued reflux is 44.6%. Because of this failure to control reflux, a Nissen fundoplication has been added to the gastroplasty tube. In a group of 78 patients, radiological recurrence has occurred in 1 patient, with no patient experiencing symptoms of reflux. Manometric comparison between the Belsey and Nissen gastroplasty shows more effective tone elevation of the high pressure zone and a more effective decrease in disordered motor activity of the lower esophagus."}
{"id": "PMID:901041", "title": "Life-threatening hemorrhage from inadvertent cervical arteriotomy.", "content": "Catastrophic hemorrhage followed accidental puncture of the carotid artery or its branches during attempted preoperative insertion of flow-directed balloon-tipped pulmonary artery catheters in 2 patients who underwent open cardiac procedures. Direct repair of two carotid artery lacerations was necessary in 1 patient; the second patient slowly resorbed a large extrapleural hematoma without surgical intervention. This experience suggests that patients experiencing such seemingly innocuous but potentially disastrous arterial injuries should not be heparinized, and that any procedure involving cardiopulmonary bypass should be postponed for several days to allow safe healing of the laceration.", "contents": "Life-threatening hemorrhage from inadvertent cervical arteriotomy. Catastrophic hemorrhage followed accidental puncture of the carotid artery or its branches during attempted preoperative insertion of flow-directed balloon-tipped pulmonary artery catheters in 2 patients who underwent open cardiac procedures. Direct repair of two carotid artery lacerations was necessary in 1 patient; the second patient slowly resorbed a large extrapleural hematoma without surgical intervention. This experience suggests that patients experiencing such seemingly innocuous but potentially disastrous arterial injuries should not be heparinized, and that any procedure involving cardiopulmonary bypass should be postponed for several days to allow safe healing of the laceration."}
{"id": "PMID:901042", "title": "Subclavian steal syndrome in the pediatric age group.", "content": "Four pediatric patients with subclavian steal syndrome (SSS) are described. One patient with congenital SSS had persistence of the lesion following surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta due to a gradient across a hypoplastic aortic arch. In 3 patients SSS developed on an acquired basis as a sequel to corrective operation, for coarctation in 1 patient, and interrupted aortic arch in 2 patients. Contributory factors included hypoplasia of the aortic arch, anatomical variation of the origin of the vertebral artery, and discrete recoarctation involving the ostium of the subclavian artery. Treatment was by vertebral artery ligation in 3 patients and by prosthetic patch arterioplasty in the patient with recoarctation. The 4 patients remain asymptomatic on follow-up of 16 to 25 months.", "contents": "Subclavian steal syndrome in the pediatric age group. Four pediatric patients with subclavian steal syndrome (SSS) are described. One patient with congenital SSS had persistence of the lesion following surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta due to a gradient across a hypoplastic aortic arch. In 3 patients SSS developed on an acquired basis as a sequel to corrective operation, for coarctation in 1 patient, and interrupted aortic arch in 2 patients. Contributory factors included hypoplasia of the aortic arch, anatomical variation of the origin of the vertebral artery, and discrete recoarctation involving the ostium of the subclavian artery. Treatment was by vertebral artery ligation in 3 patients and by prosthetic patch arterioplasty in the patient with recoarctation. The 4 patients remain asymptomatic on follow-up of 16 to 25 months."}
{"id": "PMID:901043", "title": "Low-cost daily pacemaker monitoring system.", "content": "To reduce the cost of pacemaker monitoring, we developed an inexpensive cardiac pacemaker interval monitor that detects electromagnetic radiation of the electrical pulse generated by an implanted pacemaker. The pulse interval is timed by logic systems and a piezoelectric crystal. Pulse interval is computed to the nearest 0.1 msec. The device is battery powered and can be used at home by the patient to monitor pulse interval daily with little cost after the initial expenditure. The unit may also be used by the physician to detect the stability or constancy of random variation of the pulse interval. From a daily record of measurements of the pulse interval, limits are set by the physician to predict impending battery exhaustion. Eight patients have been monitored for up to 24 months.", "contents": "Low-cost daily pacemaker monitoring system. To reduce the cost of pacemaker monitoring, we developed an inexpensive cardiac pacemaker interval monitor that detects electromagnetic radiation of the electrical pulse generated by an implanted pacemaker. The pulse interval is timed by logic systems and a piezoelectric crystal. Pulse interval is computed to the nearest 0.1 msec. The device is battery powered and can be used at home by the patient to monitor pulse interval daily with little cost after the initial expenditure. The unit may also be used by the physician to detect the stability or constancy of random variation of the pulse interval. From a daily record of measurements of the pulse interval, limits are set by the physician to predict impending battery exhaustion. Eight patients have been monitored for up to 24 months."}
{"id": "PMID:901044", "title": "Early and late results in pulmonary atresia.", "content": "The early and long-term results following surgical treatment of 24 infants with pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum were reviewed. Pulmonary valvotomy was the operation most often performed, and we came to realize that this was effective when the preoperative right ventricular angiogram had shown an open conus up to the atretic valve. By contrast, no infant without a patent conus survived pulmonary valvotomy. We suggest that this subgroup of patients (8 of the 24 in this series) should have a systemic-pulmonary shunt followed later by reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. Diminutive right ventricles will grow and dilate if a reasonable passageway is formed from right ventricle to pulmonary artery. Thus the long-term results have been excellent when this has been carried out, with normal right ventricular pressures and appearance on angiography in 7 patients followed up to 13 years.", "contents": "Early and late results in pulmonary atresia. The early and long-term results following surgical treatment of 24 infants with pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum were reviewed. Pulmonary valvotomy was the operation most often performed, and we came to realize that this was effective when the preoperative right ventricular angiogram had shown an open conus up to the atretic valve. By contrast, no infant without a patent conus survived pulmonary valvotomy. We suggest that this subgroup of patients (8 of the 24 in this series) should have a systemic-pulmonary shunt followed later by reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. Diminutive right ventricles will grow and dilate if a reasonable passageway is formed from right ventricle to pulmonary artery. Thus the long-term results have been excellent when this has been carried out, with normal right ventricular pressures and appearance on angiography in 7 patients followed up to 13 years."}
{"id": "PMID:901045", "title": "Simplified management of chylothorax in neonates and infants.", "content": "A simplified method for managing chylothorax in neonates and infants is presented. Use of an elemental diet markedly reduces the volume of the chyle leak while supporting total caloric intake. Either prolonged drainage or reexploration often can be avoided by the use of the described regimen.", "contents": "Simplified management of chylothorax in neonates and infants. A simplified method for managing chylothorax in neonates and infants is presented. Use of an elemental diet markedly reduces the volume of the chyle leak while supporting total caloric intake. Either prolonged drainage or reexploration often can be avoided by the use of the described regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:901046", "title": "Local nerve block anesthesia for peroral endoscopy.", "content": "Local glossopharyngeal and superior laryngeal nerve block anesthesia for peroral endoscopy was performed on 500 patients (313 bronchoscopies, 162 esophagoscopies, 25 combined bronchoesophagoscopies). The technique allows easy insertion of rigid and flexible scopes or awake tracheal intubation of conscious patients. Glossopharyngeal nerve block causes temporary abolition of the gag reflex and loss of tactile sensation over the posterior third of the tongue and the lateral and posterior wall of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. Superior laryngeal nerve block results in loss of tactile sensation over the posterior surface of the epiglottis and the mucosa of the larynx and upper trachea. Ten of the 500 patients (2%) had an inadequate glossopharyngeal block, and 4 of the 313 patients who had a bronchoscopic examination had an inadequate superior laryngeal block. In the remaining patients, excellent anesthesia was obtained with good patient acceptance and minimal morbidity.", "contents": "Local nerve block anesthesia for peroral endoscopy. Local glossopharyngeal and superior laryngeal nerve block anesthesia for peroral endoscopy was performed on 500 patients (313 bronchoscopies, 162 esophagoscopies, 25 combined bronchoesophagoscopies). The technique allows easy insertion of rigid and flexible scopes or awake tracheal intubation of conscious patients. Glossopharyngeal nerve block causes temporary abolition of the gag reflex and loss of tactile sensation over the posterior third of the tongue and the lateral and posterior wall of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. Superior laryngeal nerve block results in loss of tactile sensation over the posterior surface of the epiglottis and the mucosa of the larynx and upper trachea. Ten of the 500 patients (2%) had an inadequate glossopharyngeal block, and 4 of the 313 patients who had a bronchoscopic examination had an inadequate superior laryngeal block. In the remaining patients, excellent anesthesia was obtained with good patient acceptance and minimal morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:901047", "title": "Chronic interstitial pneumonitis with fibrosis after long-term therapy with nitrofurantoin.", "content": "Nitrofurantoin has been used widely as a urinary antiseptic. That it may cause pulmonary infiltration, and even fibrosis, has not been recognized universally. The literature contains 24 cases of interstitial pneumonitis with fibrosis. The results of treatment are summarized, and a new case is reported in detail.", "contents": "Chronic interstitial pneumonitis with fibrosis after long-term therapy with nitrofurantoin. Nitrofurantoin has been used widely as a urinary antiseptic. That it may cause pulmonary infiltration, and even fibrosis, has not been recognized universally. The literature contains 24 cases of interstitial pneumonitis with fibrosis. The results of treatment are summarized, and a new case is reported in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:901048", "title": "Subxiphoid anterior mediastinal exploration.", "content": "A new surgical technique for anterior mediastinal exploration is described. The technique involves application of a Carlens mediastinoscope by means of a subxiphoid incision. The procedure provides complete exploration of the anterior mediastinal compartment and allows the surgeon to obtain a positive biopsy of the tumor or its lymph node metastases without sternotomy.", "contents": "Subxiphoid anterior mediastinal exploration. A new surgical technique for anterior mediastinal exploration is described. The technique involves application of a Carlens mediastinoscope by means of a subxiphoid incision. The procedure provides complete exploration of the anterior mediastinal compartment and allows the surgeon to obtain a positive biopsy of the tumor or its lymph node metastases without sternotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:901050", "title": "[Direct fetal electrocardiography].", "content": "The advancement in bioelectronics applied to medicine has made possible to carry out, with a high degree of fidelity, the study of the electrical events of the fetal heart. One of the methods in use is the direct or internal method, which offers the advantage of enabling the clear recognition of the different phases of the electrocardiogram, even during labor. An analysis of some parameters of the direct fetal electrocardiogram was carried on in normal term fetuses and whose mothers were in good health, and the parturition was normal. The parameters studied were: heart rate, P-R interval duration, the P wave, the QRS complex, the ventricular activation time, the P-R segment behaviour, intraventricular conduction, and RS-T and T wave changes. The first five items were submitted to statistical analysis for the calculation of the mean value, standard deviation and standard error. The practical application of the results is discussed in terms of deductive approach to the direct fetal electrocardiogram. It is concluded that the method is valuable for the prompt recognition of fetal distress mainly during labor.", "contents": "[Direct fetal electrocardiography]. The advancement in bioelectronics applied to medicine has made possible to carry out, with a high degree of fidelity, the study of the electrical events of the fetal heart. One of the methods in use is the direct or internal method, which offers the advantage of enabling the clear recognition of the different phases of the electrocardiogram, even during labor. An analysis of some parameters of the direct fetal electrocardiogram was carried on in normal term fetuses and whose mothers were in good health, and the parturition was normal. The parameters studied were: heart rate, P-R interval duration, the P wave, the QRS complex, the ventricular activation time, the P-R segment behaviour, intraventricular conduction, and RS-T and T wave changes. The first five items were submitted to statistical analysis for the calculation of the mean value, standard deviation and standard error. The practical application of the results is discussed in terms of deductive approach to the direct fetal electrocardiogram. It is concluded that the method is valuable for the prompt recognition of fetal distress mainly during labor."}
{"id": "PMID:901051", "title": "[Plasma catecholamines; values in normal subjects and its use the localization of pheochromocytoma].", "content": "The results of plasma catacholamines obtained from a group of 79 healthy subjects, 35 females and 44 males varied from 2.4 to 26.5 ng/100 ml of plasma. There was no statistical difference due to sex or age. The value of plasma catacholamines in blood samples taken from catheterizations of inferior vena cava in patients with Pheochromocytoma was useful in the localization of the neoplasia in 4 cases which were studied. The maximum values coincide with the side or site of the localization of the neoplasia in the 4 cases. The clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was suspected in the other three cases which were not catheterized and in those in which the clinical suspicion was evident. One of these cases was operated on and the tumor was found in the right adrenal gland. The other two patients have refused catheterization as well as the exploratory surgery. One of these is controlled with adequate medication while the other has refused all treatment.", "contents": "[Plasma catecholamines; values in normal subjects and its use the localization of pheochromocytoma]. The results of plasma catacholamines obtained from a group of 79 healthy subjects, 35 females and 44 males varied from 2.4 to 26.5 ng/100 ml of plasma. There was no statistical difference due to sex or age. The value of plasma catacholamines in blood samples taken from catheterizations of inferior vena cava in patients with Pheochromocytoma was useful in the localization of the neoplasia in 4 cases which were studied. The maximum values coincide with the side or site of the localization of the neoplasia in the 4 cases. The clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was suspected in the other three cases which were not catheterized and in those in which the clinical suspicion was evident. One of these cases was operated on and the tumor was found in the right adrenal gland. The other two patients have refused catheterization as well as the exploratory surgery. One of these is controlled with adequate medication while the other has refused all treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:901052", "title": "[Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the treatment of essential hypertension with a beta-adrenergic blocker: sotalol].", "content": "The administration of beta blockers has been useful in the treatment of essential hypertension. The anti-hypertensive effect of the beta-blocker sotalol was evaluated in 28 patients with essential hypertension. In all of the patients a determination of urinary aldosterone and plasma renin activity, before and after, three months of treatment with sotalol was done. In the pre-treatment tests, five patients (18%) had elevated renin values, in 13 (6%) renin was normal, and in 10 (36%) the renin activity in plasma was low. Treatment with sotalol caused normalization or significant lowering of diastolic pressure in the majority of cases with high or normal plasma renin. Patients with low plasma renin activity had less satisfactory results with the drug. Since there was no correlation between the lowering of arterial pressure and the degree of depletion of renin, we can conclude that anti-hypertensive mechanism of sotalol does not come from the decrease in secretion of renin. However our results suggest that patients with high renin respond better to treatment with sotalol, than cases with low renin levels.", "contents": "[Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the treatment of essential hypertension with a beta-adrenergic blocker: sotalol]. The administration of beta blockers has been useful in the treatment of essential hypertension. The anti-hypertensive effect of the beta-blocker sotalol was evaluated in 28 patients with essential hypertension. In all of the patients a determination of urinary aldosterone and plasma renin activity, before and after, three months of treatment with sotalol was done. In the pre-treatment tests, five patients (18%) had elevated renin values, in 13 (6%) renin was normal, and in 10 (36%) the renin activity in plasma was low. Treatment with sotalol caused normalization or significant lowering of diastolic pressure in the majority of cases with high or normal plasma renin. Patients with low plasma renin activity had less satisfactory results with the drug. Since there was no correlation between the lowering of arterial pressure and the degree of depletion of renin, we can conclude that anti-hypertensive mechanism of sotalol does not come from the decrease in secretion of renin. However our results suggest that patients with high renin respond better to treatment with sotalol, than cases with low renin levels."}
{"id": "PMID:901059", "title": "Interactions between alcohol and other drugs on open-field and temperature measurements in gerbils.", "content": "Open-field activity and rectal temperature were measured in mongolian gerbils treated with alcholol (1 and 2 g/kg) only and when alcohol was combined with bemegride (20 and 40 mg/kg), DH-524 (20 mg/kg), or d-amphetamine (8 mg/kg). None of the purported antagonists normalized the alcholol-produced changes in the open-field test, nor did they reverse the alcohol-induced hypothermia. However, alcohol offered protection against bemegride-induced convulsion and death. When compared with pervious data (1) it is suggested that alcohol is differentiated from pentobarbital and diazepam on the basis of their interactional effects with bemegride.", "contents": "Interactions between alcohol and other drugs on open-field and temperature measurements in gerbils. Open-field activity and rectal temperature were measured in mongolian gerbils treated with alcholol (1 and 2 g/kg) only and when alcohol was combined with bemegride (20 and 40 mg/kg), DH-524 (20 mg/kg), or d-amphetamine (8 mg/kg). None of the purported antagonists normalized the alcholol-produced changes in the open-field test, nor did they reverse the alcohol-induced hypothermia. However, alcohol offered protection against bemegride-induced convulsion and death. When compared with pervious data (1) it is suggested that alcohol is differentiated from pentobarbital and diazepam on the basis of their interactional effects with bemegride."}
{"id": "PMID:901060", "title": "Alcohol-discrimination in gerbils: interactions with bemegride, DH-524, Amphetamine, and delta9-THC.", "content": "Male gerbils were trained to discriminate the effects of an injection of alcohol (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/kg) from the nondrug condition in a T-shaped maze. The formation of the discrimination was related to the training dose used, the high dose (2 g/kg) being the most rapidly discriminable condition. After having reached a criterion of performing 8 correct first-trial choices out of 10 consecutive training sessions the animals were tested for possible generalization or antagonism with bemegride, DH-524, d-amphetamine or delta9-THC. The results suggested that neither of these drugs substituted for alcohol, nor did the drugs reverse or antagonize the alcohol-discrimination, i.e. the gerbils choose the nondrug associated position of the T-maze after single injections of the test-drugs whereas combinations of alcohol and the test-drugs resulted in responding appropriate for the alcohol-(training)-condition.", "contents": "Alcohol-discrimination in gerbils: interactions with bemegride, DH-524, Amphetamine, and delta9-THC. Male gerbils were trained to discriminate the effects of an injection of alcohol (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/kg) from the nondrug condition in a T-shaped maze. The formation of the discrimination was related to the training dose used, the high dose (2 g/kg) being the most rapidly discriminable condition. After having reached a criterion of performing 8 correct first-trial choices out of 10 consecutive training sessions the animals were tested for possible generalization or antagonism with bemegride, DH-524, d-amphetamine or delta9-THC. The results suggested that neither of these drugs substituted for alcohol, nor did the drugs reverse or antagonize the alcohol-discrimination, i.e. the gerbils choose the nondrug associated position of the T-maze after single injections of the test-drugs whereas combinations of alcohol and the test-drugs resulted in responding appropriate for the alcohol-(training)-condition."}
{"id": "PMID:901061", "title": "Some aspects of the pharmacology of butibufen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.", "content": "The anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of butibufen, a non-steroidal compound, were assessed by a battery of standard tests. It activity as an anti-inflammatory agent was equivalent to ibuprofen and phenylbutazone. Butibufen was within the potency range of ibuprofen as an antipyretic and analgesic agent and greater than that of acetylsalicylic acid. The compound possesses the advantage of a low order to toxicity. Its ulcerogenicity was much lower than that of phenylbutazone. Therefore, butibufen appears to offer potential safety and efficacy in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.", "contents": "Some aspects of the pharmacology of butibufen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. The anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of butibufen, a non-steroidal compound, were assessed by a battery of standard tests. It activity as an anti-inflammatory agent was equivalent to ibuprofen and phenylbutazone. Butibufen was within the potency range of ibuprofen as an antipyretic and analgesic agent and greater than that of acetylsalicylic acid. The compound possesses the advantage of a low order to toxicity. Its ulcerogenicity was much lower than that of phenylbutazone. Therefore, butibufen appears to offer potential safety and efficacy in the treatment of rheumatic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:901062", "title": "Pharmacology of a new non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory agent: 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz [b, e] oxepin-2-acetic acid (HP 549).", "content": "HP 549 is an orally effective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with moderate analgesic and antipyretic activity. It is active in adjuvant-induced polyarthritis when given prophylactically or therapeutically. HP 549 also inhibits carrageenan-induced paw edema in the rat, an activity which is not altered by adrenalectomy. The analgesic activity of HP 549 was demonstrated in phenylquinone writhing. However, HP 549 produced variable results in the Randall-Selitto analgesia test. The anti-pyretic activity of HP 549 appears to be weak. HP 549, unlike other pharmacologically active anti-inflammatory drugs, does not produce gastric irritation at effective doses and is 45 times less ulcerogenic than indomethacin. Also the acute therapeutic indices for HP 549 are more favorable than for indomethacin.", "contents": "Pharmacology of a new non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory agent: 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz [b, e] oxepin-2-acetic acid (HP 549). HP 549 is an orally effective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with moderate analgesic and antipyretic activity. It is active in adjuvant-induced polyarthritis when given prophylactically or therapeutically. HP 549 also inhibits carrageenan-induced paw edema in the rat, an activity which is not altered by adrenalectomy. The analgesic activity of HP 549 was demonstrated in phenylquinone writhing. However, HP 549 produced variable results in the Randall-Selitto analgesia test. The anti-pyretic activity of HP 549 appears to be weak. HP 549, unlike other pharmacologically active anti-inflammatory drugs, does not produce gastric irritation at effective doses and is 45 times less ulcerogenic than indomethacin. Also the acute therapeutic indices for HP 549 are more favorable than for indomethacin."}
{"id": "PMID:901069", "title": "An analysis of the characteristics of the adrenergic neurone blocking action of dimethylphenylpiperazinium.", "content": "An analysis of the characteristics of the adrenergic neurone blocking action of 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) was undertaken using rat isolated vasa deferentia. DMPP (1 X 10(-6) to 1.5 X 10(-5) g/ml) reduced progressively the contractile response to transmural stimulation (TMS) in a dose-dependent manner without inhibiting the response to exogenous norepinephrine. The DMPP-induced inhibition was not reversed by washing but could be antagonized by dexamphetamine in a concentration which did not by itself affect the response to TMS. Among other sympathomimetic amines tested, it was seen that methamphetamine, ephedrine, phenylpropranolamine and mephentermine were effective in antagonizing DMPP-induce inhibition. High calcium (5 mM) reversed but did not prevent the DMPP-induced inhibition. DMPP reduced preferentially responses to high frequencies of stimulation without affecting those to low.", "contents": "An analysis of the characteristics of the adrenergic neurone blocking action of dimethylphenylpiperazinium. An analysis of the characteristics of the adrenergic neurone blocking action of 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) was undertaken using rat isolated vasa deferentia. DMPP (1 X 10(-6) to 1.5 X 10(-5) g/ml) reduced progressively the contractile response to transmural stimulation (TMS) in a dose-dependent manner without inhibiting the response to exogenous norepinephrine. The DMPP-induced inhibition was not reversed by washing but could be antagonized by dexamphetamine in a concentration which did not by itself affect the response to TMS. Among other sympathomimetic amines tested, it was seen that methamphetamine, ephedrine, phenylpropranolamine and mephentermine were effective in antagonizing DMPP-induce inhibition. High calcium (5 mM) reversed but did not prevent the DMPP-induced inhibition. DMPP reduced preferentially responses to high frequencies of stimulation without affecting those to low."}
{"id": "PMID:901070", "title": "Effect of chronic treatment with propranolol on blood pressure and cardiovascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Young SHR were treated with propranolol (16 or 64 mg/kg per day) from 6 up to 14 weeks of age. Systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in SHR treated with propranolol (64 mg/kg) than in untreated SHR; no effect was seen in SHR treated with 16 mg/kg. The hemodynamic characteristics of the hindquarter vascular beds did not significantly differ between untreated and propranolol-treated SHR. Adult SHR were given propranolol (64 mg/kg per day) from 5 up to 8 months of age. Moderate reduction of systolic blood pressure was observed from 2 to 3 months of propranolol treatment. The cardiovascular pressor response to noradrenaline decreased in propranolol-treated SHR, while the decreased responsiveness was not found after pithing.", "contents": "Effect of chronic treatment with propranolol on blood pressure and cardiovascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Young SHR were treated with propranolol (16 or 64 mg/kg per day) from 6 up to 14 weeks of age. Systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in SHR treated with propranolol (64 mg/kg) than in untreated SHR; no effect was seen in SHR treated with 16 mg/kg. The hemodynamic characteristics of the hindquarter vascular beds did not significantly differ between untreated and propranolol-treated SHR. Adult SHR were given propranolol (64 mg/kg per day) from 5 up to 8 months of age. Moderate reduction of systolic blood pressure was observed from 2 to 3 months of propranolol treatment. The cardiovascular pressor response to noradrenaline decreased in propranolol-treated SHR, while the decreased responsiveness was not found after pithing."}
{"id": "PMID:901071", "title": "Sensitivity of different segments of rabbit aorta to acetylcholine and isoproterenol.", "content": "In order to determine whether or not reserpine-induced supersensitivity was affected or reflected in differences in sensitivities to acetylcholine and isoproterenol in different segments of the rabbit aorta, segments of aorta, taken at two different distances from the arch, were tested for their sensitivities to these two agonists. Sensitivity and maximum responses to acetylcholine were lower in the more distal segment. Sensitivity to isoproterenol of the segments was not different while the maximum responses were lower in the more distal segment. Reserpine-induced supersensitivity to both agonists was similar in both aortic segments.", "contents": "Sensitivity of different segments of rabbit aorta to acetylcholine and isoproterenol. In order to determine whether or not reserpine-induced supersensitivity was affected or reflected in differences in sensitivities to acetylcholine and isoproterenol in different segments of the rabbit aorta, segments of aorta, taken at two different distances from the arch, were tested for their sensitivities to these two agonists. Sensitivity and maximum responses to acetylcholine were lower in the more distal segment. Sensitivity to isoproterenol of the segments was not different while the maximum responses were lower in the more distal segment. Reserpine-induced supersensitivity to both agonists was similar in both aortic segments."}
{"id": "PMID:901072", "title": "Mechanism of the hypotensive action of prazosin.", "content": "The mechanism of action of prazosin was studied in anesthetized rats by comparison with the peripherally-acting anti-hypertensive agents, indoramin, hydralazine and diazoxide. Hydralazine and diazoxide retained full hypotensive potency after ganglionic blockade with pentolinium or alpha adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine. Hydralzaine and diazoxide also attenuated angiotensin II pressor responses. In contrast, the hypotensive activity of prazosin was completely abolished, and that of indoramin was almost abolished by either pentolinium or phentolamine pre-treatment. Neither prazosin nor indoramin caused impairment of angiotensin II responsivity, but each was shown to possess alpha adrenoceptor blocking properties. Both agents antagonized the pressor action of norepinephrine and reversed responses to epinephrine. Thus, while hydralazine and diazoxide act directly upon the vasculature by mechanisms independent of sympathetic vasomotor tone, prazosin, like indoramin, acts as an alpha adrenoceptor blocking agent.", "contents": "Mechanism of the hypotensive action of prazosin. The mechanism of action of prazosin was studied in anesthetized rats by comparison with the peripherally-acting anti-hypertensive agents, indoramin, hydralazine and diazoxide. Hydralazine and diazoxide retained full hypotensive potency after ganglionic blockade with pentolinium or alpha adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine. Hydralzaine and diazoxide also attenuated angiotensin II pressor responses. In contrast, the hypotensive activity of prazosin was completely abolished, and that of indoramin was almost abolished by either pentolinium or phentolamine pre-treatment. Neither prazosin nor indoramin caused impairment of angiotensin II responsivity, but each was shown to possess alpha adrenoceptor blocking properties. Both agents antagonized the pressor action of norepinephrine and reversed responses to epinephrine. Thus, while hydralazine and diazoxide act directly upon the vasculature by mechanisms independent of sympathetic vasomotor tone, prazosin, like indoramin, acts as an alpha adrenoceptor blocking agent."}
{"id": "PMID:901073", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on the responses of resistance and capacitance vessels to noradrenaline in working skeletal muscles in the dog (1) (2).", "content": "The effect of indomethacin upon the responses of resistance and capacitance vessels to noradrenaline (NA) in working skeletal muscles of the dog's hind leg was investigated. Responses of the resistance and the capacitance vessels of NA (0,1-0,5 microgram/kg injected into the femoral artery--i.f.a) were reflected as the changes in peripheral vascular resistance and in tissue volume respectively, and determined during and following exercise before and after indomethacin (1-1,5 mg/kg i.f.a.). Muscular exercise was induced by sciatic nerve stimulation of 6 min duration. The results show that indomethacin potentiates constrictor effects of NA in both pre-and postcapillary sections of the muscular vascular bed during and following exercise. An augmentation of NA effects is significantly greater in the capacitance than in the resistance vessels. Potentiated constrictor responses to NA are also maintained longer in the capacitance than in the resistance segment during the postexercise period. The results suggest that endogenous prostaglandings are involved in a local vascular response to exercise within both pre-and postcapillary segments of the muscular vascular bed. Their role in the capacitance vessels of the limb may be related to a local inhibiton of sympathetic activity, reduction of postcapillary resistance and facilitation of the venous outflow.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on the responses of resistance and capacitance vessels to noradrenaline in working skeletal muscles in the dog (1) (2). The effect of indomethacin upon the responses of resistance and capacitance vessels to noradrenaline (NA) in working skeletal muscles of the dog's hind leg was investigated. Responses of the resistance and the capacitance vessels of NA (0,1-0,5 microgram/kg injected into the femoral artery--i.f.a) were reflected as the changes in peripheral vascular resistance and in tissue volume respectively, and determined during and following exercise before and after indomethacin (1-1,5 mg/kg i.f.a.). Muscular exercise was induced by sciatic nerve stimulation of 6 min duration. The results show that indomethacin potentiates constrictor effects of NA in both pre-and postcapillary sections of the muscular vascular bed during and following exercise. An augmentation of NA effects is significantly greater in the capacitance than in the resistance vessels. Potentiated constrictor responses to NA are also maintained longer in the capacitance than in the resistance segment during the postexercise period. The results suggest that endogenous prostaglandings are involved in a local vascular response to exercise within both pre-and postcapillary segments of the muscular vascular bed. Their role in the capacitance vessels of the limb may be related to a local inhibiton of sympathetic activity, reduction of postcapillary resistance and facilitation of the venous outflow."}
{"id": "PMID:901074", "title": "Comparison of the antiarrhythmic activity of quinidine and quinine.", "content": "A comparison was made between the effects of quinidine and quinine on experimental arrhythmias and on cardiac electrophysiologic parameters. Both drugs raised ventricular fibrillation thresholds, reversed aconitine-induced atrial fibrillation, decreased ouabain-induced abnormal ventricular beats, and increased atrial refractory periods and His-Purkinje conduction time. In contrast, only quinidine antagonized acetylcholine-induced atrial fibrillation. In addition, quinidine increased ventricular fibrillation thresholds and atrial refractory periods for a longer time period than quinine. These observations are discussed in terms of choosing an appropriate model for testing new compounds with suspected quinidine-like activity.", "contents": "Comparison of the antiarrhythmic activity of quinidine and quinine. A comparison was made between the effects of quinidine and quinine on experimental arrhythmias and on cardiac electrophysiologic parameters. Both drugs raised ventricular fibrillation thresholds, reversed aconitine-induced atrial fibrillation, decreased ouabain-induced abnormal ventricular beats, and increased atrial refractory periods and His-Purkinje conduction time. In contrast, only quinidine antagonized acetylcholine-induced atrial fibrillation. In addition, quinidine increased ventricular fibrillation thresholds and atrial refractory periods for a longer time period than quinine. These observations are discussed in terms of choosing an appropriate model for testing new compounds with suspected quinidine-like activity."}
{"id": "PMID:901075", "title": "Effects of atropine on paraoxon-induced alterations in brain acetylcholine.", "content": "Rats were treated acutely (one day) and chronically (seven days) with atropine, paraoxon, or both, and brain levels of acetylcholine (ACh) were determined to elucidate possible mechanisms underlying adaptation to chronic cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition. In acutely treated animals, atropine had no effect on free ACh, but decreased bound ACh levels. Conversely, paraoxon increased both free and bound ACh. Atropine pretreatment totally prevented the paraoxon-induced rise in free and bound ACh. In chronically treated animals, atropine decreased total ACh content after the initial injection, with no further changes upon subsequent administration. ACh levels increased during the first three days of paraoxon treatment, but latter injections (days 4-7) did not produce further alterations. Daily pretreatment with atropine prevented the paroxon-induced increase in ACh levels on days 1-3, but could not prevent the paraoxon-induced rise in ACh on days 4-7.  Results are discussed in terms of a possible neurotransmitter accumulation, occurring under conditions of chronic ChE inhibition, that may regulate the mobilization, storage, and release of ACh.", "contents": "Effects of atropine on paraoxon-induced alterations in brain acetylcholine. Rats were treated acutely (one day) and chronically (seven days) with atropine, paraoxon, or both, and brain levels of acetylcholine (ACh) were determined to elucidate possible mechanisms underlying adaptation to chronic cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition. In acutely treated animals, atropine had no effect on free ACh, but decreased bound ACh levels. Conversely, paraoxon increased both free and bound ACh. Atropine pretreatment totally prevented the paraoxon-induced rise in free and bound ACh. In chronically treated animals, atropine decreased total ACh content after the initial injection, with no further changes upon subsequent administration. ACh levels increased during the first three days of paraoxon treatment, but latter injections (days 4-7) did not produce further alterations. Daily pretreatment with atropine prevented the paroxon-induced increase in ACh levels on days 1-3, but could not prevent the paraoxon-induced rise in ACh on days 4-7.  Results are discussed in terms of a possible neurotransmitter accumulation, occurring under conditions of chronic ChE inhibition, that may regulate the mobilization, storage, and release of ACh."}
{"id": "PMID:901076", "title": "N-(4-Acetamidophenyl)-anti-tricyclo [4.2.2.025-] deca-3, 9-diene-7, 8-endodicarboximide (1)--a chemically novel anticonvulsant.", "content": "The present report describes the activity of a dicarboximide in various test procedures in mice believed to define the therapeutic efficacy to compounds as antiepileptic agents. Comparative studies with diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and trimethadione have shown the profile of activity, potency and duration of action of the dicarboximide to closely resemble diphenylhydantoin. This dicarboximide is chemically novel in relation to presently employed therapeutic agents and could offer promise as a new class of agents with potential value in the treatment of convulsive disorders.", "contents": "N-(4-Acetamidophenyl)-anti-tricyclo [4.2.2.025-] deca-3, 9-diene-7, 8-endodicarboximide (1)--a chemically novel anticonvulsant. The present report describes the activity of a dicarboximide in various test procedures in mice believed to define the therapeutic efficacy to compounds as antiepileptic agents. Comparative studies with diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and trimethadione have shown the profile of activity, potency and duration of action of the dicarboximide to closely resemble diphenylhydantoin. This dicarboximide is chemically novel in relation to presently employed therapeutic agents and could offer promise as a new class of agents with potential value in the treatment of convulsive disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:901077", "title": "Effect of sexual steroid hormones and of clomiphene on the behavioral response to L-dopa in mice.", "content": "The scope of the present work was to ascertain the effects of some steroid hormones on the behavioral response of mice to L-Dopa. The drugs considered were: testosterone, mesterolone, cyproterone, estradiol, progesterone and clomiphene. The male sex steroids, having either androgen or antiandrogen properties, were able to potentiate the behavioral effect of L-Dopa in mice, while female sex steroids failed to demonstrate this activity. Clomiphene proved to be the most active in enhancing the behavioral effects of L-Dopa in mice.", "contents": "Effect of sexual steroid hormones and of clomiphene on the behavioral response to L-dopa in mice. The scope of the present work was to ascertain the effects of some steroid hormones on the behavioral response of mice to L-Dopa. The drugs considered were: testosterone, mesterolone, cyproterone, estradiol, progesterone and clomiphene. The male sex steroids, having either androgen or antiandrogen properties, were able to potentiate the behavioral effect of L-Dopa in mice, while female sex steroids failed to demonstrate this activity. Clomiphene proved to be the most active in enhancing the behavioral effects of L-Dopa in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:901078", "title": "The effect of cocaine and D-amphetamine on punished responding.", "content": "Various dosages of d-amphetamine (0.1, 0.5, 2.5 mg/kg) and of cocaine (5.0, 20, 40 mg/kg) were administered i.p. to each of 7 rats trained in an experimentally induced conflict procedure. Sessions were 1 hr in duration and consisted of five 12 min periods; responding was reinforced with food on a F124 sec schedule of reinforcement during each period; however, in periods 2 and 4 each response was followed by the application of footshock. Significant increase in responding did not occur in any period following any of the pretreatments. Cocaine (5.0, 20 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.5, 2.5 mg/kg) significantly decreased responding in both punished and unpunished periods. Following these treatments the rate of responding in punished and unpunished components was not significantly different. This suggest that psychomotor stimulants may not selectively increase anxiety, at least at dosages which are not at the same time anorexic.", "contents": "The effect of cocaine and D-amphetamine on punished responding. Various dosages of d-amphetamine (0.1, 0.5, 2.5 mg/kg) and of cocaine (5.0, 20, 40 mg/kg) were administered i.p. to each of 7 rats trained in an experimentally induced conflict procedure. Sessions were 1 hr in duration and consisted of five 12 min periods; responding was reinforced with food on a F124 sec schedule of reinforcement during each period; however, in periods 2 and 4 each response was followed by the application of footshock. Significant increase in responding did not occur in any period following any of the pretreatments. Cocaine (5.0, 20 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.5, 2.5 mg/kg) significantly decreased responding in both punished and unpunished periods. Following these treatments the rate of responding in punished and unpunished components was not significantly different. This suggest that psychomotor stimulants may not selectively increase anxiety, at least at dosages which are not at the same time anorexic."}
{"id": "PMID:901081", "title": "Electrocardiogram in evaluation of resistance to antihypertensive therapy.", "content": "The effect of blood pressure control on the evolution of electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy was investigated 50 patients with hypertension who were followed up for an average period of nine years. Blood pressure response to treatment was determined both from casual office readings and from weekly averages of twice daily home readings. Changes in the ECG, judged from both alteration in QRS voltage and in ST-T segment, were related to the degree of arterial pressure control. Usually, both home and office arterial pressure responded similarly to antihypertensive therapy, but when there was a difference, electrocardiographic changes correlated best with home prssure averages. Reduction in maximum precordial QRS voltage (Sv1+Rv5-6) correlated best with changes in home systolic pressure (r = .460; P less than .001), but correlation with diastolic pressure variation either at home or in the office did not attain statistical significance (P greater than .10). The present data stress the importance of home pressure measurements in the management of some patients with hypertension and provide evidence that casual office readings may sometimes misjudge the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy.", "contents": "Electrocardiogram in evaluation of resistance to antihypertensive therapy. The effect of blood pressure control on the evolution of electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy was investigated 50 patients with hypertension who were followed up for an average period of nine years. Blood pressure response to treatment was determined both from casual office readings and from weekly averages of twice daily home readings. Changes in the ECG, judged from both alteration in QRS voltage and in ST-T segment, were related to the degree of arterial pressure control. Usually, both home and office arterial pressure responded similarly to antihypertensive therapy, but when there was a difference, electrocardiographic changes correlated best with home prssure averages. Reduction in maximum precordial QRS voltage (Sv1+Rv5-6) correlated best with changes in home systolic pressure (r = .460; P less than .001), but correlation with diastolic pressure variation either at home or in the office did not attain statistical significance (P greater than .10). The present data stress the importance of home pressure measurements in the management of some patients with hypertension and provide evidence that casual office readings may sometimes misjudge the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:901082", "title": "Hypercalcemia and primary hyperparathyroidism. Prevalence in patients receiving thiazides as detected in a health screen.", "content": "Twenty patients being treated with thiazides were found among 95 subjects (21%) with hyercalcemia verified in repeated determinations in a health screening of 15,903 persons. There were 1,034 patients treated with thiazides in this total health screening. The prevalence of hypercalcemia in the patients treated with thiazides in this total health screening. The prevalence of hypercalcemia in the patients treated with thiazide (1.9%) was considerably higher than the prevalence of hypercalcemia found in the entire health-screened population (0.6%). The thiazide treatment was withdrawn in the 20 hypercalcemic subjects after an examination, and the patients were observed at intervals during a follow-up period of one year. The necks of 14 were explored during or after the follow-up period because of an initial serum calcium level greater than 3.0 mmole/liter or persistent hypercalcemia. Parathyroid adenomas were seen in all patients receiving surgery. Single adenomas predominated in surgical findings. The finding of the present high number of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism may be associated with elevated blood pressure resulting in thiazide treatment after detection.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia and primary hyperparathyroidism. Prevalence in patients receiving thiazides as detected in a health screen. Twenty patients being treated with thiazides were found among 95 subjects (21%) with hyercalcemia verified in repeated determinations in a health screening of 15,903 persons. There were 1,034 patients treated with thiazides in this total health screening. The prevalence of hypercalcemia in the patients treated with thiazides in this total health screening. The prevalence of hypercalcemia in the patients treated with thiazide (1.9%) was considerably higher than the prevalence of hypercalcemia found in the entire health-screened population (0.6%). The thiazide treatment was withdrawn in the 20 hypercalcemic subjects after an examination, and the patients were observed at intervals during a follow-up period of one year. The necks of 14 were explored during or after the follow-up period because of an initial serum calcium level greater than 3.0 mmole/liter or persistent hypercalcemia. Parathyroid adenomas were seen in all patients receiving surgery. Single adenomas predominated in surgical findings. The finding of the present high number of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism may be associated with elevated blood pressure resulting in thiazide treatment after detection."}
{"id": "PMID:901083", "title": "Adult hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Familial variant.", "content": "We describe here a family with hemolytic-uremic syndrome culminating in renal failure and severe hypertension in the involved male adults. Members of this family developed a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, progressive renal failure, the onset of elevation of blood pressure, and an untimely death in young adulthood. One affected family member has survived the initial crisis. The family history presents further evidence for an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance of hemolytic-uremic syndrome with presentation in adulthood.", "contents": "Adult hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Familial variant. We describe here a family with hemolytic-uremic syndrome culminating in renal failure and severe hypertension in the involved male adults. Members of this family developed a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, progressive renal failure, the onset of elevation of blood pressure, and an untimely death in young adulthood. One affected family member has survived the initial crisis. The family history presents further evidence for an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance of hemolytic-uremic syndrome with presentation in adulthood."}
{"id": "PMID:901084", "title": "Infertility in patients with hyperprolactinemia from a pituitary adenoma. Effect of transsphenoidal pituitary adenectomy.", "content": "Four patients with infertility caused by a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma underwent transsphenoidal pituitary adenectomy. Preoperatively, in three patients prolactin level was elevated and gonadotropin levels were depressed. In one patient, prolactin level was elevated, and gonadotropin levels were normal, although no rise in gonadotropin levels was noted after clomiphene citrate therapy. In another patient growth hormone level was elevated. Pituitary function was otherwise normal in all patients. The patients underwent transsphenoidal pituitary adenectomy and postoperatively the first three showed normal prolactin and growth hormone levels. The fourth has not yet been reevaluated. Spontaneous pregnancy occurred in all four patients without manipulation shortly after surgery. We suggest that transsphenoidal pituitary adenectomy is a successful and low-risk approach to infertility secondary to prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomata.", "contents": "Infertility in patients with hyperprolactinemia from a pituitary adenoma. Effect of transsphenoidal pituitary adenectomy. Four patients with infertility caused by a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma underwent transsphenoidal pituitary adenectomy. Preoperatively, in three patients prolactin level was elevated and gonadotropin levels were depressed. In one patient, prolactin level was elevated, and gonadotropin levels were normal, although no rise in gonadotropin levels was noted after clomiphene citrate therapy. In another patient growth hormone level was elevated. Pituitary function was otherwise normal in all patients. The patients underwent transsphenoidal pituitary adenectomy and postoperatively the first three showed normal prolactin and growth hormone levels. The fourth has not yet been reevaluated. Spontaneous pregnancy occurred in all four patients without manipulation shortly after surgery. We suggest that transsphenoidal pituitary adenectomy is a successful and low-risk approach to infertility secondary to prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomata."}
{"id": "PMID:901085", "title": "Hepatic dysfunction in acute measles infection of adults.", "content": "Hepatitis has rarely been recognized as a complication of acute measles infection. Two adult patients are reported in whom abnormal liver function was a prominent clinical feature during acute measles infection. Hepatic function returned to normal in both patients as the measles infection resolved. Hepatitis may be a salient clinical manifestation of acute measles infection of adults.", "contents": "Hepatic dysfunction in acute measles infection of adults. Hepatitis has rarely been recognized as a complication of acute measles infection. Two adult patients are reported in whom abnormal liver function was a prominent clinical feature during acute measles infection. Hepatic function returned to normal in both patients as the measles infection resolved. Hepatitis may be a salient clinical manifestation of acute measles infection of adults."}
{"id": "PMID:901086", "title": "Treatment of fungal meningitis with miconazole.", "content": "Twelve patients with fungal meningitis (ten cases were due to Coccidioides immitis, two were from Cryptococcus neoformans) were treated with brief courses of intravenous (IV) miconazole. Eleven patients, including patients with severe, chronic disease, had been treated unsuccessfully with amphotericin B. Four patients also received miconazole injected directly into the CSF. The drug was well tolerated by any route, with mild reversible side effects. After IV administration the miconazole concentration in the CSF rarely exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the infecting organism. Intra-CSF administration of 20 mg generally produced levels above the MIC for 24 hours. Five of ten  patients with coccidiodial meningitis responded clinically. Of these five, four received only IV miconazole; three relapsed after therapy was stopped. Miconazole appears promising as a treatment of fungal meningitis, but trials of longer duration might prevent relapse.", "contents": "Treatment of fungal meningitis with miconazole. Twelve patients with fungal meningitis (ten cases were due to Coccidioides immitis, two were from Cryptococcus neoformans) were treated with brief courses of intravenous (IV) miconazole. Eleven patients, including patients with severe, chronic disease, had been treated unsuccessfully with amphotericin B. Four patients also received miconazole injected directly into the CSF. The drug was well tolerated by any route, with mild reversible side effects. After IV administration the miconazole concentration in the CSF rarely exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the infecting organism. Intra-CSF administration of 20 mg generally produced levels above the MIC for 24 hours. Five of ten  patients with coccidiodial meningitis responded clinically. Of these five, four received only IV miconazole; three relapsed after therapy was stopped. Miconazole appears promising as a treatment of fungal meningitis, but trials of longer duration might prevent relapse."}
{"id": "PMID:901087", "title": "Cough. A comprehensive review.", "content": "An understanding of the anatomic, physiologic, and pathophysiologic aspects of cough is necessary to appropriately diagnose and treat patients with cough. In the majority of persons, cough that is acute and self-limiting is usually secondary to a viral upper respiratory tract infection; cough that is chronic and persistent is usually due to chronic bronchitis or postnasal drip. In the remaining persons, to determine the cause of cough, it is necessary to systematically consider anatomic locations were receptors and afferent nervous pathways are located. Definitive treatment of cough depends on determining its precise cause and then initiating specific therapy for the underlying disorder. Only when the cause of cough remains unknown or when cough performs no useful function and its complications represent a potential hazard to the patient, should symptomatic treatment be considered. Combination cough preparations should not be prescribed.", "contents": "Cough. A comprehensive review. An understanding of the anatomic, physiologic, and pathophysiologic aspects of cough is necessary to appropriately diagnose and treat patients with cough. In the majority of persons, cough that is acute and self-limiting is usually secondary to a viral upper respiratory tract infection; cough that is chronic and persistent is usually due to chronic bronchitis or postnasal drip. In the remaining persons, to determine the cause of cough, it is necessary to systematically consider anatomic locations were receptors and afferent nervous pathways are located. Definitive treatment of cough depends on determining its precise cause and then initiating specific therapy for the underlying disorder. Only when the cause of cough remains unknown or when cough performs no useful function and its complications represent a potential hazard to the patient, should symptomatic treatment be considered. Combination cough preparations should not be prescribed."}
{"id": "PMID:901088", "title": "Disseminated Herpesvirus hominis 2 infection following drug overdose.", "content": "Fatal disseminated herpesvirus hominis type 2 infection developed in a 24-year-old woman with psychiatric disease. The primary site of virus entry appeared to be the upper respiratory tract, although the cervix and anus could have been primary sites. Dissemination of infection was facilitated by steroid therapy. An endotracheal tube may have increased spread to the lower respiratory tract and an intrauterine device may have aided spread to the uterus. Intranuclear inclusion body-bearing cells in the respiratory secretions should alert the clinician to possible herpesvirus disease, local and disseminated, even in the nonimmunecompromised patient.", "contents": "Disseminated Herpesvirus hominis 2 infection following drug overdose. Fatal disseminated herpesvirus hominis type 2 infection developed in a 24-year-old woman with psychiatric disease. The primary site of virus entry appeared to be the upper respiratory tract, although the cervix and anus could have been primary sites. Dissemination of infection was facilitated by steroid therapy. An endotracheal tube may have increased spread to the lower respiratory tract and an intrauterine device may have aided spread to the uterus. Intranuclear inclusion body-bearing cells in the respiratory secretions should alert the clinician to possible herpesvirus disease, local and disseminated, even in the nonimmunecompromised patient."}
{"id": "PMID:901089", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism and benign monoclonal gammopathy.", "content": "Three patients had primary hyperparathyroidism and monoclonal serum immunoglobulins. Although multiple myeloma was suspected in each case, subsequent evaluation was consistent with a \"benign monoclonal gammopathy\". Parathyroid adenomas were removed from two patients. The three patients are presented and compared to the four other cases that have been reported previously. The association between primary hyperparathyroidism and benign monoclonal gammopathy is discussed in terms of possible pathogenetic mechanisms. Primary hyperparathyroidism should be suspected in patients with hypercalcemia and benigh monoclonal gammopathy, as well as in other conditions, like multiple myeloma, that are known to be associated with hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism and benign monoclonal gammopathy. Three patients had primary hyperparathyroidism and monoclonal serum immunoglobulins. Although multiple myeloma was suspected in each case, subsequent evaluation was consistent with a \"benign monoclonal gammopathy\". Parathyroid adenomas were removed from two patients. The three patients are presented and compared to the four other cases that have been reported previously. The association between primary hyperparathyroidism and benign monoclonal gammopathy is discussed in terms of possible pathogenetic mechanisms. Primary hyperparathyroidism should be suspected in patients with hypercalcemia and benigh monoclonal gammopathy, as well as in other conditions, like multiple myeloma, that are known to be associated with hypercalcemia."}
{"id": "PMID:901090", "title": "Prothrombin complex concentrate.", "content": "A hemophilliac with a factor VIII inhibitor was bleeding massively from an extensive surgical wound. After ten days of unsuccessful management by conservative measures, he was given a single infusion of prothrombin complex concentrate (Konyne). Bleeding stopped immediately and the wound healed without further recurrence of bleeding. Although the activated partial thromboplastin time shortened following the infusion, the exact physiologic mechanism whereby these concentrates bypass the need for factor VIII clotting activity is unknown.", "contents": "Prothrombin complex concentrate. A hemophilliac with a factor VIII inhibitor was bleeding massively from an extensive surgical wound. After ten days of unsuccessful management by conservative measures, he was given a single infusion of prothrombin complex concentrate (Konyne). Bleeding stopped immediately and the wound healed without further recurrence of bleeding. Although the activated partial thromboplastin time shortened following the infusion, the exact physiologic mechanism whereby these concentrates bypass the need for factor VIII clotting activity is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:901091", "title": "Acute renal failure after use of diesel fuel as shampoo.", "content": "After washing his hair with diesel fuel a 28-year-old patient developed acute renal failure (ARF) and oliguria requiring hemodialysis. The patient recuperated completely. In the absence of other causal factors, we believe that the absorption of the diesel fuel components, either through the respiratory tract or through the skin can be considered to be the cause of the ARF. In spite of the extended everyday use of petroleum distillation products, cases of acute intoxication are infrequent. Even rarer are cases in which these products occasion ARF.", "contents": "Acute renal failure after use of diesel fuel as shampoo. After washing his hair with diesel fuel a 28-year-old patient developed acute renal failure (ARF) and oliguria requiring hemodialysis. The patient recuperated completely. In the absence of other causal factors, we believe that the absorption of the diesel fuel components, either through the respiratory tract or through the skin can be considered to be the cause of the ARF. In spite of the extended everyday use of petroleum distillation products, cases of acute intoxication are infrequent. Even rarer are cases in which these products occasion ARF."}
{"id": "PMID:901092", "title": "Allergic laryngospasm on initiating oral propranolol therapy.", "content": "A 29-year-old woman suffered acute laryngospasm on taking the initial dose of propranolol hydrocholoride for the treatment of hypertension associated with a hyperdynamic circulatory state. Hypersensitivity to the tartrazine additive used as a stabilizing agent in oral propranolol appeared the likely cause of anaphylaxis, although a direct hypersensitivity to propranolol itself could not be excluded.", "contents": "Allergic laryngospasm on initiating oral propranolol therapy. A 29-year-old woman suffered acute laryngospasm on taking the initial dose of propranolol hydrocholoride for the treatment of hypertension associated with a hyperdynamic circulatory state. Hypersensitivity to the tartrazine additive used as a stabilizing agent in oral propranolol appeared the likely cause of anaphylaxis, although a direct hypersensitivity to propranolol itself could not be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:901093", "title": "Mitral valve prolapse and conduction defects in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.", "content": "A case of type 3 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with associated mitral valve prolapse, right bundle-branch block, and left anterior fascicular block was studied, including His bundle electrocardiography and echocardiography. Mitral valve prolapse and HV prolongation were reported. The present study suggests that the basic underlying collagen defect in this syndrome is responsible for these findings, and that the association may be more widespread in the syndrome than currently acknowledged. The possibility also is considered that the connective tissue abnormalities of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome involving the heart may be the cause of some cases of idiopathic conduction system disease or valvular insufficiency.", "contents": "Mitral valve prolapse and conduction defects in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. A case of type 3 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with associated mitral valve prolapse, right bundle-branch block, and left anterior fascicular block was studied, including His bundle electrocardiography and echocardiography. Mitral valve prolapse and HV prolongation were reported. The present study suggests that the basic underlying collagen defect in this syndrome is responsible for these findings, and that the association may be more widespread in the syndrome than currently acknowledged. The possibility also is considered that the connective tissue abnormalities of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome involving the heart may be the cause of some cases of idiopathic conduction system disease or valvular insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:901094", "title": "Life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias in delirium tremens.", "content": "Ventricular irritability and ventricular fibrillation developed in an alcoholic patient who had withdrawal seizures and delirium tremens; he was successfully resuscitated. Potassium and magnesium level were low; therefore replacement of these electrolytes was carried out, as well as intravenous administration of lidocaine hydrochloride; however, ventricular tachycardia developed again and required countershock. No further arrhythmias occurred after additional potassium chloride and procainamide hydrochloride therapy was given. Hypokalemia and possibly hypomagnesemia are implicated as important factors in the development of ventricular ectopy. Delirium tremens is a potential medical emergency, and in the presence of low potassium and/or magnesium levels, or ventricular irritability, patients with this condition should be treated expectantly in an intensive care unit, with close monitoring and aggressive therapy for life-threatening arrhythmias.", "contents": "Life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias in delirium tremens. Ventricular irritability and ventricular fibrillation developed in an alcoholic patient who had withdrawal seizures and delirium tremens; he was successfully resuscitated. Potassium and magnesium level were low; therefore replacement of these electrolytes was carried out, as well as intravenous administration of lidocaine hydrochloride; however, ventricular tachycardia developed again and required countershock. No further arrhythmias occurred after additional potassium chloride and procainamide hydrochloride therapy was given. Hypokalemia and possibly hypomagnesemia are implicated as important factors in the development of ventricular ectopy. Delirium tremens is a potential medical emergency, and in the presence of low potassium and/or magnesium levels, or ventricular irritability, patients with this condition should be treated expectantly in an intensive care unit, with close monitoring and aggressive therapy for life-threatening arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:901095", "title": "Factitious Bartter's syndrome.", "content": "A 29-year-old man had a six-month history of fatigue and hypokalemia. Gastrointestinal losses of potassium were not judged significant. The patient denied ingestion of licorice, large quantities of laxatives, or diuretics. Clinical and laboratory findings were consistent with Bartter's syndrome in the adult. Normal blood pressure, hypokalemic alkalosis, and hyperaldosteronism, with insensitivity to the pressor effect of angiotensin infusion, were present. Another major finding in Bartter's syndrome, juxtaglomerular hyperplasia, was not demonstrated because plans for renal biopsy were cancelled when thiazide was detected in the urine, utilizing chemical extraction and spectrophotometry. Surreptitious ingestion of diuretics must be excluded in any adult patient in whom a diagnosis of Bartter's syndrome is considered.", "contents": "Factitious Bartter's syndrome. A 29-year-old man had a six-month history of fatigue and hypokalemia. Gastrointestinal losses of potassium were not judged significant. The patient denied ingestion of licorice, large quantities of laxatives, or diuretics. Clinical and laboratory findings were consistent with Bartter's syndrome in the adult. Normal blood pressure, hypokalemic alkalosis, and hyperaldosteronism, with insensitivity to the pressor effect of angiotensin infusion, were present. Another major finding in Bartter's syndrome, juxtaglomerular hyperplasia, was not demonstrated because plans for renal biopsy were cancelled when thiazide was detected in the urine, utilizing chemical extraction and spectrophotometry. Surreptitious ingestion of diuretics must be excluded in any adult patient in whom a diagnosis of Bartter's syndrome is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:901096", "title": "Hepatorenal syndrome. Recovery after peritoneovenous shunt.", "content": "The renal failure in the hepatorenal syndrome is unusual because the kidneys are histologically normal and the renal failure may be \"functional.\" Hemodynamic studies indicate that increased renal vascular resistance and decreased renal blood flow may be the primary abnormalities leading to renal failure in some cases. This report describes a patient whose renal failure resolved after placement of a peritoneovenous shunt. A major advantage of this device is that it can be inserted with the patient under local anesthesia with minimal surgical risk. Further studies are needed to define the role of the peritoneovenous shunt in the hepatorenal syndrome.", "contents": "Hepatorenal syndrome. Recovery after peritoneovenous shunt. The renal failure in the hepatorenal syndrome is unusual because the kidneys are histologically normal and the renal failure may be \"functional.\" Hemodynamic studies indicate that increased renal vascular resistance and decreased renal blood flow may be the primary abnormalities leading to renal failure in some cases. This report describes a patient whose renal failure resolved after placement of a peritoneovenous shunt. A major advantage of this device is that it can be inserted with the patient under local anesthesia with minimal surgical risk. Further studies are needed to define the role of the peritoneovenous shunt in the hepatorenal syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:901097", "title": "Primary acquired hypogammaglobulinemia and regional enteritis.", "content": "We had a patient with primary acquired hypogammaglobulinemia (PAH), nodular lymphoid hyperplasia, giardiasis, and the subsequent development of regional enteritis (RE). The case is of interest because the development of regional enteritis in a patient with PAH has not been previously reported, to our knowledge. The interaction of hypogammaglobulinemia and RE is discussed from an immunologic point of view. The report adds RE to the many known bowel diseases associated with PAH.", "contents": "Primary acquired hypogammaglobulinemia and regional enteritis. We had a patient with primary acquired hypogammaglobulinemia (PAH), nodular lymphoid hyperplasia, giardiasis, and the subsequent development of regional enteritis (RE). The case is of interest because the development of regional enteritis in a patient with PAH has not been previously reported, to our knowledge. The interaction of hypogammaglobulinemia and RE is discussed from an immunologic point of view. The report adds RE to the many known bowel diseases associated with PAH."}
{"id": "PMID:901098", "title": "Heroin-associated rhabdomyolysis with cardiac involvement.", "content": "A heroin addict had rhabdomyolysis with cardiac involvement. The patient was admitted with edema of the right leg and oliguria. Admission diagnoses were right illofemoral thrombophlebitis, acute renal failure, and heroin addiction. Urinalysis was strongly positive for \"blood\" in the absence of hemolysis or marked hematocyturia, and a diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was made. Peritoneal dialysis succeeded in lowering blood urea nitrogen and serum potassium levels, but the patient died on the fourth hospital day. Postmortem examination disclosed focal myocardial myolysis, diffuse rhabdomyolysis of the right soleus muscle, and acute renal tubular necrosis. Direct toxicity or hypersensitivity to heroin or an adulterant is considered in the pathogenesis of myolysis.", "contents": "Heroin-associated rhabdomyolysis with cardiac involvement. A heroin addict had rhabdomyolysis with cardiac involvement. The patient was admitted with edema of the right leg and oliguria. Admission diagnoses were right illofemoral thrombophlebitis, acute renal failure, and heroin addiction. Urinalysis was strongly positive for \"blood\" in the absence of hemolysis or marked hematocyturia, and a diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was made. Peritoneal dialysis succeeded in lowering blood urea nitrogen and serum potassium levels, but the patient died on the fourth hospital day. Postmortem examination disclosed focal myocardial myolysis, diffuse rhabdomyolysis of the right soleus muscle, and acute renal tubular necrosis. Direct toxicity or hypersensitivity to heroin or an adulterant is considered in the pathogenesis of myolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:901125", "title": "[Incidence of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in sheep].", "content": "Out a total number of 19 mycoplasma strain from diseased sheeps, 5 strains were used for further investigations. The 5 strains were differentiated as Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. The relation between mycoplasma findings and the disease is discussed.", "contents": "[Incidence of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in sheep]. Out a total number of 19 mycoplasma strain from diseased sheeps, 5 strains were used for further investigations. The 5 strains were differentiated as Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. The relation between mycoplasma findings and the disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901126", "title": "[Binding relationships of fatty acids in lipid A of lipopolysaccharides from Pasteurella multocida].", "content": "Each glucosamine disaccharide of lipid A from Pasteurella multocida contains 2 mols myristic acid and 4 mols hydroxymyristic acid. 3-hydroxymyristic acid was identified as fatty acid with amide linkage. Every 2 mols of glucosamine have linked to them 1 mol myristic acid, 3-hydroxymyristic acid, and 3-myristoxymyristic acid. The results so far obtained reflected the structure of lipid A of enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "[Binding relationships of fatty acids in lipid A of lipopolysaccharides from Pasteurella multocida]. Each glucosamine disaccharide of lipid A from Pasteurella multocida contains 2 mols myristic acid and 4 mols hydroxymyristic acid. 3-hydroxymyristic acid was identified as fatty acid with amide linkage. Every 2 mols of glucosamine have linked to them 1 mol myristic acid, 3-hydroxymyristic acid, and 3-myristoxymyristic acid. The results so far obtained reflected the structure of lipid A of enterobacteriaceae."}
{"id": "PMID:901127", "title": "[Antiglobulin test -- preparation and evaluation of antiglobulin sera].", "content": "After demonstrating the principle of antiglobulin reaction, preparation and evaluation of antiglobulin sera as well as the procedure of the antiglobulin test (agT) are described. Possible error sources are indicated and a central preparation of a highquality antiglobulin serum and its examination by government authorities is suggested,", "contents": "[Antiglobulin test -- preparation and evaluation of antiglobulin sera]. After demonstrating the principle of antiglobulin reaction, preparation and evaluation of antiglobulin sera as well as the procedure of the antiglobulin test (agT) are described. Possible error sources are indicated and a central preparation of a highquality antiglobulin serum and its examination by government authorities is suggested,"}
{"id": "PMID:901128", "title": "[Studies on muscle-meat quality in swine. 1. Incidence of poor quality as well as influence of slaughtering and refrigeration].", "content": "The pork quality of M. longissimus dorsi of 1,010 pigs for slaughter in one pork production unit was determined on 17 slaughter days. Measurements taken for that purpose included pH 45 minutes post mortem, pork brightness 24 hours post mortem, and drip loss 24 hours post mortem. The following results were recorded: 1. Quality gaps in terms of PSE pork were recorded from 21.9 per cent of the pork samples stored under cold store conditions. 2. The percentage of cutlet pieces was reduced considerably (10.9 per cent) by shock cooling (-10 degrees C to -18 degrees C over 1.5 to 2.5 hours). This shows the importance of cooling. 3. The differences recorded between mean values were attributable mainly to nonsystematised environmental conditions, with such variation having been effective not only on the day of slaughter. 4. Close correlations were found to exist between drip loss and pH-value as well as between drip loss and pork brightness, while the relationships were less close between pH-value and brightness.", "contents": "[Studies on muscle-meat quality in swine. 1. Incidence of poor quality as well as influence of slaughtering and refrigeration]. The pork quality of M. longissimus dorsi of 1,010 pigs for slaughter in one pork production unit was determined on 17 slaughter days. Measurements taken for that purpose included pH 45 minutes post mortem, pork brightness 24 hours post mortem, and drip loss 24 hours post mortem. The following results were recorded: 1. Quality gaps in terms of PSE pork were recorded from 21.9 per cent of the pork samples stored under cold store conditions. 2. The percentage of cutlet pieces was reduced considerably (10.9 per cent) by shock cooling (-10 degrees C to -18 degrees C over 1.5 to 2.5 hours). This shows the importance of cooling. 3. The differences recorded between mean values were attributable mainly to nonsystematised environmental conditions, with such variation having been effective not only on the day of slaughter. 4. Close correlations were found to exist between drip loss and pH-value as well as between drip loss and pork brightness, while the relationships were less close between pH-value and brightness."}
{"id": "PMID:901129", "title": "[Influence of Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella-multocida endotoxin on the blood-coagulation-analytic parameter after experimental administration in calves].", "content": "Experimental administration to calves of Pasteurella multocida or the application of an endotoxin preparation of the strain produced continuous decline of thrombocytes, disorders in thrombocytic functions, and the development of hypofibrinogenaemia. The changes recorded as well as the clinical symptoms and pathologico-anatomic findings are interpreted as endotoxin shock.", "contents": "[Influence of Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella-multocida endotoxin on the blood-coagulation-analytic parameter after experimental administration in calves]. Experimental administration to calves of Pasteurella multocida or the application of an endotoxin preparation of the strain produced continuous decline of thrombocytes, disorders in thrombocytic functions, and the development of hypofibrinogenaemia. The changes recorded as well as the clinical symptoms and pathologico-anatomic findings are interpreted as endotoxin shock."}
{"id": "PMID:901130", "title": "[Studies on Salmonellosis in the calf. 5. Clinical testing of Smd-Salmonella-dublin vaccine for oral administration].", "content": "The oral vaccine, prepared on the basis of streptomycindependent mutants for administration to control S.-dublin infection, was clinically tested on 2,210 calves of 22 herds. The experimentally obtained findings regarding good tolerance and sufficient effectiveness of oral live vaccines were thus confirmed under field conditions. Good effectiveness of the oral vaccine was reflected in the recorded decline of clinical salmonellosis cases and of calf losses due to salmonellosis, and it was established also by bacteriological identification of S. dublin in faecal samples, histological sections, and material obtained from emergency slaughter carcasses. A comparison between this oral vaccine and \"Mellavax\" an imported vaccine for subcutaneous adminstration with good effectiveness, revealed superiority of the oral vaccine by almost all criteria of action. Particular importance was attributed to the significant reduction of the number of Salmonella-excreting animals (faeces) following oral immunisation. The oral vaccine against Dublin salmonellosis of calf was disembargoed for production in 1975 under the name of \"Salmonella-dublin Live Vaccine Dessau\".", "contents": "[Studies on Salmonellosis in the calf. 5. Clinical testing of Smd-Salmonella-dublin vaccine for oral administration]. The oral vaccine, prepared on the basis of streptomycindependent mutants for administration to control S.-dublin infection, was clinically tested on 2,210 calves of 22 herds. The experimentally obtained findings regarding good tolerance and sufficient effectiveness of oral live vaccines were thus confirmed under field conditions. Good effectiveness of the oral vaccine was reflected in the recorded decline of clinical salmonellosis cases and of calf losses due to salmonellosis, and it was established also by bacteriological identification of S. dublin in faecal samples, histological sections, and material obtained from emergency slaughter carcasses. A comparison between this oral vaccine and \"Mellavax\" an imported vaccine for subcutaneous adminstration with good effectiveness, revealed superiority of the oral vaccine by almost all criteria of action. Particular importance was attributed to the significant reduction of the number of Salmonella-excreting animals (faeces) following oral immunisation. The oral vaccine against Dublin salmonellosis of calf was disembargoed for production in 1975 under the name of \"Salmonella-dublin Live Vaccine Dessau\"."}
{"id": "PMID:901131", "title": "[Bordetella-bronchiseptica pneumonia in the swine].", "content": "Bordetella have been frequently detectable from lesioned lung material of swine as well as from the upper respiratory tracts of clinically intact animals. Pneumonia, different in extent, was produced in primarily specific pathogen free pigs by intratracheal and intranasal application of eight Bordetella isolates. Moderate to medium manifestations of focal pneumonia with scattered speckles developed, with severity depending on dosage and mode of infection. Histologically, they were characterised by vascular lesions and fibroblastic proliferation. This type of pneumonia thus was differentiated by the above characteristics from pneumonia caused by heamophils and Pasteurellae. Under conditions of natural exposure, Bordetella pneumonia can be expected to develop primarily due to defective host-patasite relationship. Bordetellae, in this context, are considered only conditionally pathogenic. Bordetellal infection will have to be taken into consideration in differential diagnosis whenever checks are made on pigs in industrialised units.", "contents": "[Bordetella-bronchiseptica pneumonia in the swine]. Bordetella have been frequently detectable from lesioned lung material of swine as well as from the upper respiratory tracts of clinically intact animals. Pneumonia, different in extent, was produced in primarily specific pathogen free pigs by intratracheal and intranasal application of eight Bordetella isolates. Moderate to medium manifestations of focal pneumonia with scattered speckles developed, with severity depending on dosage and mode of infection. Histologically, they were characterised by vascular lesions and fibroblastic proliferation. This type of pneumonia thus was differentiated by the above characteristics from pneumonia caused by heamophils and Pasteurellae. Under conditions of natural exposure, Bordetella pneumonia can be expected to develop primarily due to defective host-patasite relationship. Bordetellae, in this context, are considered only conditionally pathogenic. Bordetellal infection will have to be taken into consideration in differential diagnosis whenever checks are made on pigs in industrialised units."}
{"id": "PMID:901132", "title": "Psychopathology in adopted and nonadopted daughters of alcoholics.", "content": "This report completes a series of studies conducted in Denmark comparing drinking patterns and psychopathology in adopted and nonadopted children of alcoholics. Sons of alcoholics had higher rates of alcoholism than controls, whether raised by their alcoholic parents or by foster parents. They did not have more psychopathology otherwise. Daughters of alcoholics, adopted and nonadopted, had a higher rate of alcoholism than was the expected frequency in the general population, but so did controls in the adopted group; neither group had higher rates of other psychopathology, eg, depression. However, daughters of alcoholics raised by their biological parents had significantly more depression.", "contents": "Psychopathology in adopted and nonadopted daughters of alcoholics. This report completes a series of studies conducted in Denmark comparing drinking patterns and psychopathology in adopted and nonadopted children of alcoholics. Sons of alcoholics had higher rates of alcoholism than controls, whether raised by their alcoholic parents or by foster parents. They did not have more psychopathology otherwise. Daughters of alcoholics, adopted and nonadopted, had a higher rate of alcoholism than was the expected frequency in the general population, but so did controls in the adopted group; neither group had higher rates of other psychopathology, eg, depression. However, daughters of alcoholics raised by their biological parents had significantly more depression."}
{"id": "PMID:901133", "title": "Family structure and the mental health of children. Concurrent and longitudinal community-wide studies.", "content": "This study provides a map of variations of families and some of the core relationships between types of family and the mental health of children. Family types in a poor, black urban community were defined in terms of the adults present at home. The resulting taxonomy is based on two populations: half of the community's 1964 first-grade children and families and the entire 1966 first-grade children and families. Eighty-six family types were found, falling into ten major classes. Family type was found to be strongly related over time to the child's social adaptational status (SAS) and his or her psychological well-being. The results suggest that (1) mother alone families entail the highest risk in terms of social maladaptation and psychological well-being of the child; (2) the presence of certain second adults has important ameliorative functions--mother/grandmother families being nearly as effective as mother/father families, with mother/stepfather families similar to mother alone in regard to risk; and (3) the absence of the father was less important than the aloneness of the mother in relation to risk.", "contents": "Family structure and the mental health of children. Concurrent and longitudinal community-wide studies. This study provides a map of variations of families and some of the core relationships between types of family and the mental health of children. Family types in a poor, black urban community were defined in terms of the adults present at home. The resulting taxonomy is based on two populations: half of the community's 1964 first-grade children and families and the entire 1966 first-grade children and families. Eighty-six family types were found, falling into ten major classes. Family type was found to be strongly related over time to the child's social adaptational status (SAS) and his or her psychological well-being. The results suggest that (1) mother alone families entail the highest risk in terms of social maladaptation and psychological well-being of the child; (2) the presence of certain second adults has important ameliorative functions--mother/grandmother families being nearly as effective as mother/father families, with mother/stepfather families similar to mother alone in regard to risk; and (3) the absence of the father was less important than the aloneness of the mother in relation to risk."}
{"id": "PMID:901134", "title": "An outcome study of group therapy.", "content": "Outcome research in a group therapy program was conducted with therapists in training who had little prior experience with group therapy. Significantly greater improvement over an initial three-month period was found for treated patients when compared with control patients on a multivariate combination of five outcome criteria. Some, but not all, of the five separate criteria indicated such a difference. Only slight, nondifferentiating improvement was found for target symptoms. Significantly greater improvement over the three-month period on the multivariate combination was also found for treated patients who had begun therapy during the second year of the program when compared with treated patients who had begun therapy during the first year of the program. Finally, significant improvement over the three-month period on the multivariate combination was found for both treated and control patients.", "contents": "An outcome study of group therapy. Outcome research in a group therapy program was conducted with therapists in training who had little prior experience with group therapy. Significantly greater improvement over an initial three-month period was found for treated patients when compared with control patients on a multivariate combination of five outcome criteria. Some, but not all, of the five separate criteria indicated such a difference. Only slight, nondifferentiating improvement was found for target symptoms. Significantly greater improvement over the three-month period on the multivariate combination was also found for treated patients who had begun therapy during the second year of the program when compared with treated patients who had begun therapy during the first year of the program. Finally, significant improvement over the three-month period on the multivariate combination was found for both treated and control patients."}
{"id": "PMID:901135", "title": "Ward treatment milieu and posthospital functioning.", "content": "Two units of seven and 14 state hospital wards were used in a study to explore possible relationships between some socio-cultural aspects of ward environments and outcome of treatment as assessed by time out of the hospital after discharge. Confounding variables such as pretreatment characteristics, length of hospitalization, and community of discharge make conclusions from many such studies tenuous. Methods were derived and are here described in detail that reduce the influence of some of these variables. Within unit 2 (14 wards), a vector of social structure that differentiated the wards and consisted of two highly correlated factors on the Ward Atmosphere Scale was found to be significantly associated with outcome. Those wards seen by both patients and staff as lower in the allowance of expression of anger and aggression and higher in order and organization (only staff's perception) had better outcomes. The wards of unit 1 were homogeneous both in outcome and in staff and patients' assessments of order and organization and freedom to express anger and aggression.", "contents": "Ward treatment milieu and posthospital functioning. Two units of seven and 14 state hospital wards were used in a study to explore possible relationships between some socio-cultural aspects of ward environments and outcome of treatment as assessed by time out of the hospital after discharge. Confounding variables such as pretreatment characteristics, length of hospitalization, and community of discharge make conclusions from many such studies tenuous. Methods were derived and are here described in detail that reduce the influence of some of these variables. Within unit 2 (14 wards), a vector of social structure that differentiated the wards and consisted of two highly correlated factors on the Ward Atmosphere Scale was found to be significantly associated with outcome. Those wards seen by both patients and staff as lower in the allowance of expression of anger and aggression and higher in order and organization (only staff's perception) had better outcomes. The wards of unit 1 were homogeneous both in outcome and in staff and patients' assessments of order and organization and freedom to express anger and aggression."}
{"id": "PMID:901136", "title": "Seasonality of schizophrenic births in the United States.", "content": "The birth months of persons later diagnosed as schizophrenic were studied. Data were collected from 19 states on 53,584 schizophrenics born between 1920 and 1955. The controls were the general births in the same states for the same years. A highly significant peak in schizophrenic births was found from December to May, most marked in March and April. The seasonality was stronger in New England and the Midwest than in the South. Previous studies of schizophrenic births are also reviewed. The cumulative evidence would appear to establish more firmly a winter and spring seasonality of schizophrenic births in northern Europe and the eastern United States. Selection of patients, nutritional factors, environmental factors, genetic factors, and infectious agents are discussed as possible etiological explanations.", "contents": "Seasonality of schizophrenic births in the United States. The birth months of persons later diagnosed as schizophrenic were studied. Data were collected from 19 states on 53,584 schizophrenics born between 1920 and 1955. The controls were the general births in the same states for the same years. A highly significant peak in schizophrenic births was found from December to May, most marked in March and April. The seasonality was stronger in New England and the Midwest than in the South. Previous studies of schizophrenic births are also reviewed. The cumulative evidence would appear to establish more firmly a winter and spring seasonality of schizophrenic births in northern Europe and the eastern United States. Selection of patients, nutritional factors, environmental factors, genetic factors, and infectious agents are discussed as possible etiological explanations."}
{"id": "PMID:901137", "title": "Anorexia nervosa. An affective disorder?", "content": "Follow-up data on 26 patients hospitalized during adolescence for anorexia nervosa are presented. The mean length of follow-up was 4.9 years. There were no mortalities. Only one patient at the time of follow-up was still possibly anorexic. However, a substantial number of the patients did have other eating difficulties. Most striking was the clinical psychopathology present at follow-up, particularly the incidence of affective disorder. A large number of patients manifested depressive symptomatology in both the premorbid and the postmorbid states, as well as at the time of follow-up. A family history of affective disorder was particularly common in the mothers of the anorexic patients. Data from this study are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a strong relationship between anorexia nervosa and affective disorder.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa. An affective disorder? Follow-up data on 26 patients hospitalized during adolescence for anorexia nervosa are presented. The mean length of follow-up was 4.9 years. There were no mortalities. Only one patient at the time of follow-up was still possibly anorexic. However, a substantial number of the patients did have other eating difficulties. Most striking was the clinical psychopathology present at follow-up, particularly the incidence of affective disorder. A large number of patients manifested depressive symptomatology in both the premorbid and the postmorbid states, as well as at the time of follow-up. A family history of affective disorder was particularly common in the mothers of the anorexic patients. Data from this study are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a strong relationship between anorexia nervosa and affective disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:901138", "title": "Water intoxication, psychosis, and inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.", "content": "A review of the literature and the three presented cases indicate that multiple factors are often involved in the development of water intoxication in the psychotic. Although the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormones (SIADH) is one of these factors, it is usually associated with other causes of the SIADH. Evidence is lacking that the SIADH is an essential feature of a psychotic illness.", "contents": "Water intoxication, psychosis, and inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. A review of the literature and the three presented cases indicate that multiple factors are often involved in the development of water intoxication in the psychotic. Although the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormones (SIADH) is one of these factors, it is usually associated with other causes of the SIADH. Evidence is lacking that the SIADH is an essential feature of a psychotic illness."}
{"id": "PMID:901139", "title": "Psychologic and neuroendocrine response to methylphenidate.", "content": "The value of neuroendocrine techniques for providing information regarding the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders is largely dependent on clarification of the relationships among psychologic state, neural activity, and neuroendocrine regulation. This study presents a strategy for examining the interface between neurochemical activity, psychologic state, and neuroendocrine regulation. Psychologic state and serum growth hormone (GH) and cortisol were monitored following administration of methylphenidate hydrochloride, a drug that appears to preferentially affect central dopamine regulation. While individuals varied in both their endocrine and psychologic responses to methylphenidate, the general effects were GH elevation, euphoria, and activation with elation, the most pronounced psychologic effect. Subjects who showed GH elevation became elated while those who did not show a GH response did not become elated. Elation and GH release following administration of methylphenidate may be mediated by the same neurochemical events.", "contents": "Psychologic and neuroendocrine response to methylphenidate. The value of neuroendocrine techniques for providing information regarding the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders is largely dependent on clarification of the relationships among psychologic state, neural activity, and neuroendocrine regulation. This study presents a strategy for examining the interface between neurochemical activity, psychologic state, and neuroendocrine regulation. Psychologic state and serum growth hormone (GH) and cortisol were monitored following administration of methylphenidate hydrochloride, a drug that appears to preferentially affect central dopamine regulation. While individuals varied in both their endocrine and psychologic responses to methylphenidate, the general effects were GH elevation, euphoria, and activation with elation, the most pronounced psychologic effect. Subjects who showed GH elevation became elated while those who did not show a GH response did not become elated. Elation and GH release following administration of methylphenidate may be mediated by the same neurochemical events."}
{"id": "PMID:901157", "title": "[Extraneural metastasizing oligodendroglioma (author's transl)].", "content": "A 40-year-old man suffered from a right parietal oligodendroglioma. Two months after the onset of clinical symptoms complete removal of the tumor was attempted. At second craniotomy four years later the tumor was found to invade the falx cerebri. The patient died seven years after the first admission to the hospital. Necropsy revealed the right parietal oligodendroglioma invading the sagittal sinus and the left hemisphere as well as metastases in the lung, the lymph-nodes, the vertebra, and the femur.", "contents": "[Extraneural metastasizing oligodendroglioma (author's transl)]. A 40-year-old man suffered from a right parietal oligodendroglioma. Two months after the onset of clinical symptoms complete removal of the tumor was attempted. At second craniotomy four years later the tumor was found to invade the falx cerebri. The patient died seven years after the first admission to the hospital. Necropsy revealed the right parietal oligodendroglioma invading the sagittal sinus and the left hemisphere as well as metastases in the lung, the lymph-nodes, the vertebra, and the femur."}
{"id": "PMID:901158", "title": "[Comparative investigation of somatosensory spinal and cortical evoked potentials in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Somatosensory spinal (spinEP) and primary cortical evoked responses (ssEP) to median and tibial nerve stimulation (at forefinger, wrist, and ankle respectively) were investigated by means of summation techniques in 23 normal children aged 6 to 14 years. Amplitude recovery functions of cervical spinEP were tested by paired stimuli and short tetanic stimulation at the wrist; spinEP amplitudes were unchanged for stimulus intervals down to 5 ms. The amplitudes of the cervical spinEP after strong stimuli to the finger were only a quarter as great as those obtained by stimulation of the wrist at motor threshold strength. In one patient with the Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome cervical spinEP were absent for stimuli on the side of position sense impairment, but were unaffected for stimuli on the side of dissociated sensory loss. The normal latencies of spinEP (to the onset of the negative potential) and ssEP (to first negative peak) are presented as functions of body height. The difference between these two latencies yielded a central latency from the lower cervical spinal cord of about 9--10 ms. The spinal afferent conduction velocity, calculated from the difference between the lumbar and cervical latencies after tibial nerve stimulation at the ankle, was found to be 74m/s.", "contents": "[Comparative investigation of somatosensory spinal and cortical evoked potentials in children (author's transl)]. Somatosensory spinal (spinEP) and primary cortical evoked responses (ssEP) to median and tibial nerve stimulation (at forefinger, wrist, and ankle respectively) were investigated by means of summation techniques in 23 normal children aged 6 to 14 years. Amplitude recovery functions of cervical spinEP were tested by paired stimuli and short tetanic stimulation at the wrist; spinEP amplitudes were unchanged for stimulus intervals down to 5 ms. The amplitudes of the cervical spinEP after strong stimuli to the finger were only a quarter as great as those obtained by stimulation of the wrist at motor threshold strength. In one patient with the Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome cervical spinEP were absent for stimuli on the side of position sense impairment, but were unaffected for stimuli on the side of dissociated sensory loss. The normal latencies of spinEP (to the onset of the negative potential) and ssEP (to first negative peak) are presented as functions of body height. The difference between these two latencies yielded a central latency from the lower cervical spinal cord of about 9--10 ms. The spinal afferent conduction velocity, calculated from the difference between the lumbar and cervical latencies after tibial nerve stimulation at the ankle, was found to be 74m/s."}
{"id": "PMID:901159", "title": "[Psychophysiologic processes in pyrovasy (fire walking) (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Using the model of pyrovasy (fire walking) we investigated human psychophysiologic processes, possible 'paranormal' human efficiency, and the scientific principles connected with the latter. The introduction is a field study description of the historical background and the cultic character of pyrovasy as a religious rite of invulnerability. 2. The psychophysical process during the ceremony of fire walking was investigated neurologically and psychiatrically with polygraphic recordings from four Greek fire walkers in a Greek village. 3. We did not find any pathognostically relevant results. The conditions of pyrovasy were also simulated in a thermophysical laboratory experiment. All results of the investigation support the hypothesis that fire walking lies within the scope of human efficiency. 4. The hypalgesia experienced during pyrovasy has, among other things, a psychologic component with specific effects on the physical regulation of temperature, and is also partly due to a special technique of walking.", "contents": "[Psychophysiologic processes in pyrovasy (fire walking) (author's transl)]. 1. Using the model of pyrovasy (fire walking) we investigated human psychophysiologic processes, possible 'paranormal' human efficiency, and the scientific principles connected with the latter. The introduction is a field study description of the historical background and the cultic character of pyrovasy as a religious rite of invulnerability. 2. The psychophysical process during the ceremony of fire walking was investigated neurologically and psychiatrically with polygraphic recordings from four Greek fire walkers in a Greek village. 3. We did not find any pathognostically relevant results. The conditions of pyrovasy were also simulated in a thermophysical laboratory experiment. All results of the investigation support the hypothesis that fire walking lies within the scope of human efficiency. 4. The hypalgesia experienced during pyrovasy has, among other things, a psychologic component with specific effects on the physical regulation of temperature, and is also partly due to a special technique of walking."}
{"id": "PMID:901160", "title": "[Cortical blindness, clinical, psychologic, and localizatory findings (author's transl)].", "content": "Description and evaluation of a case in which both occipital lobes of the brain and adjacent temporal and parietal areas were heavily damaged by malignant meningiomas. Loss of simple and complex visual functions resulted. During a 5-year period the clinical, neurologic, ophthalmologic, and psychologic findings could be completed by self-observation by the highly intelligent patient and compared with findings from three operations. Postmortal neuropathologic analysis  showed loss of both left and right areas 17 and 18 and of right area 19. The localizations of elementary and complex visual functions in the brain are discussed.", "contents": "[Cortical blindness, clinical, psychologic, and localizatory findings (author's transl)]. Description and evaluation of a case in which both occipital lobes of the brain and adjacent temporal and parietal areas were heavily damaged by malignant meningiomas. Loss of simple and complex visual functions resulted. During a 5-year period the clinical, neurologic, ophthalmologic, and psychologic findings could be completed by self-observation by the highly intelligent patient and compared with findings from three operations. Postmortal neuropathologic analysis  showed loss of both left and right areas 17 and 18 and of right area 19. The localizations of elementary and complex visual functions in the brain are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901170", "title": "Choledochoduodenostomy in the treatment of benign biliary tract disease.", "content": "Recurrent surgical interventions on the biliary system for benign biliary tract diseases carry high morbidity and mortality. Choledochoduodenostomy creates a large and easily performed biliodigestive anastomosis enabling good drainage of the biliary system. Among 27 patients undergoing choledochoduodenostomy for benign biliary tract diseases, recurrent cholangitis occurred in only one patient, in whom a stenosed anastomosis was probably the culprit. The other patients have been free of abdominal complaints, cholangitis, or pancreatitis for follow-up periods of from six months to eight years. There was no operative mortality; morbidity was 45%, but hospital stay averaged only 14.7 days. The traditional objections to this procedure do not seem valid where choledochoduodenostomy is rightly indicated, the common bile duct is dilated, and a wide enough anastomosis is constructed. Our favorable results mark choledochoduodenostomy as a safe, simple, and effective procedure in the management of benign biliary tract disease, particularly in the high risk patient.", "contents": "Choledochoduodenostomy in the treatment of benign biliary tract disease. Recurrent surgical interventions on the biliary system for benign biliary tract diseases carry high morbidity and mortality. Choledochoduodenostomy creates a large and easily performed biliodigestive anastomosis enabling good drainage of the biliary system. Among 27 patients undergoing choledochoduodenostomy for benign biliary tract diseases, recurrent cholangitis occurred in only one patient, in whom a stenosed anastomosis was probably the culprit. The other patients have been free of abdominal complaints, cholangitis, or pancreatitis for follow-up periods of from six months to eight years. There was no operative mortality; morbidity was 45%, but hospital stay averaged only 14.7 days. The traditional objections to this procedure do not seem valid where choledochoduodenostomy is rightly indicated, the common bile duct is dilated, and a wide enough anastomosis is constructed. Our favorable results mark choledochoduodenostomy as a safe, simple, and effective procedure in the management of benign biliary tract disease, particularly in the high risk patient."}
{"id": "PMID:901171", "title": "Primary intrahepatic gallstones.", "content": "Caroli's disease is characterized by congenital segmental dilation of the intrahepatic bile ducts producing a variety of symptoms and, usually, primary intrahepatic gallstones. We are reporting five new cases of Caroli's disease in addition to the 91 reported in the literature. The diagnosis is made by intrahepatic cholangiography; techniques are emphasized. The diagnoses were confirmed by the surgical specimen of the left lobe of the liver in cases 1 and 2, by autopsy in case 3, and by intrahepatic cholangiogram in cases 4 and 5. The treatment resulted in leftsided lobectomy of liver in cases 1 and 2. Cholecystectomy, removal of common duct stones, choledochoduodenostomy or, preferably Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy, were done in cases 3, 4, and 5. Two patients died more than five years after their original surgery, and three are alive at six months, six, and 13 years, respectively. This is a more encouraging outcome than is usually reported.", "contents": "Primary intrahepatic gallstones. Caroli's disease is characterized by congenital segmental dilation of the intrahepatic bile ducts producing a variety of symptoms and, usually, primary intrahepatic gallstones. We are reporting five new cases of Caroli's disease in addition to the 91 reported in the literature. The diagnosis is made by intrahepatic cholangiography; techniques are emphasized. The diagnoses were confirmed by the surgical specimen of the left lobe of the liver in cases 1 and 2, by autopsy in case 3, and by intrahepatic cholangiogram in cases 4 and 5. The treatment resulted in leftsided lobectomy of liver in cases 1 and 2. Cholecystectomy, removal of common duct stones, choledochoduodenostomy or, preferably Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy, were done in cases 3, 4, and 5. Two patients died more than five years after their original surgery, and three are alive at six months, six, and 13 years, respectively. This is a more encouraging outcome than is usually reported."}
{"id": "PMID:901172", "title": "Pancreatic pseudocysts communicating with the stomach: demonstration by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography.", "content": "The use of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) provides important information in the management of pancreatic pseudocysts unavailable by other methods. When the pseudocysts communicate with a hollow viscus, the surgeon is better able to deal with the problem if aware of this fact prior to operative intervention. A pancreatic pseudocyst communicating with the stomach was demonstrated by ERP in each of four patients. One of these patients had pancreatic ascites and the other had left-sided pleural effusion, and both were treated successfully by distal pancreatectomy. The other two patients responded to nonoperative treatment. This report emphasizes the potential diagonstic value of ERP in determining the presence and the fate of pseudocysts.", "contents": "Pancreatic pseudocysts communicating with the stomach: demonstration by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. The use of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) provides important information in the management of pancreatic pseudocysts unavailable by other methods. When the pseudocysts communicate with a hollow viscus, the surgeon is better able to deal with the problem if aware of this fact prior to operative intervention. A pancreatic pseudocyst communicating with the stomach was demonstrated by ERP in each of four patients. One of these patients had pancreatic ascites and the other had left-sided pleural effusion, and both were treated successfully by distal pancreatectomy. The other two patients responded to nonoperative treatment. This report emphasizes the potential diagonstic value of ERP in determining the presence and the fate of pseudocysts."}
{"id": "PMID:901173", "title": "Inguinal herniorrhaphy under local anesthesia. A prospective study of 100 consecutive patients with emphasis of perioperative morbidity and patient acceptance.", "content": "For various reasons, repair of inguinal hernias under local anesthesia is not well accepted. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of local anesthesia in inguinal hernia repairs. One hundred consecutive inguinal herniorrhaphies are reported. The selection of patients, surgical technique, and incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications are reported. Patient acceptance and their immediate postoperative course are also described. The study demonstrates that inguinal hernias can be easily repaired under local anesthesia, complications are minimal, and patient acceptance, excellent. We strongly recommend thath this form of anesthesia be used in the \"routine\" repair of inguinal hernias in cooperative patients.", "contents": "Inguinal herniorrhaphy under local anesthesia. A prospective study of 100 consecutive patients with emphasis of perioperative morbidity and patient acceptance. For various reasons, repair of inguinal hernias under local anesthesia is not well accepted. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of local anesthesia in inguinal hernia repairs. One hundred consecutive inguinal herniorrhaphies are reported. The selection of patients, surgical technique, and incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications are reported. Patient acceptance and their immediate postoperative course are also described. The study demonstrates that inguinal hernias can be easily repaired under local anesthesia, complications are minimal, and patient acceptance, excellent. We strongly recommend thath this form of anesthesia be used in the \"routine\" repair of inguinal hernias in cooperative patients."}
{"id": "PMID:901174", "title": "Patency of venous grafts in small veins: influence of aspirin and warfarin sodium.", "content": "Venous autografts were prepared in jugular veins of rabbits as a test model to determine the usefulness of antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents (aspirin and warfarin sodium) alone or in combination for maintaining patency in the reconstruction of small veins. Graft patency was determined by periodic venography and postmortem examination. The grafts clotted in all of the untreated controls, five of six animals receiving aspirin, and three of four receiving warfarin, but in none of the animals receiving the combination of aspirin and warfarin.", "contents": "Patency of venous grafts in small veins: influence of aspirin and warfarin sodium. Venous autografts were prepared in jugular veins of rabbits as a test model to determine the usefulness of antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents (aspirin and warfarin sodium) alone or in combination for maintaining patency in the reconstruction of small veins. Graft patency was determined by periodic venography and postmortem examination. The grafts clotted in all of the untreated controls, five of six animals receiving aspirin, and three of four receiving warfarin, but in none of the animals receiving the combination of aspirin and warfarin."}
{"id": "PMID:901176", "title": "Total hip arthroplasty: an editiorial comment.", "content": "Total hip arthroplasty has become an accepted method of management of severe painful problems of the hip. It has undergone some dramatic changes, the major thrust now being to more nearly match the mechanical characteristics of the implant to the bone and cartilage they replace.", "contents": "Total hip arthroplasty: an editiorial comment. Total hip arthroplasty has become an accepted method of management of severe painful problems of the hip. It has undergone some dramatic changes, the major thrust now being to more nearly match the mechanical characteristics of the implant to the bone and cartilage they replace."}
{"id": "PMID:901177", "title": "Status of total shoulder arthroplasty.", "content": "Some patients with degenerative, rheumatoid, and traumatic diseases of the glenohumeral joint require treatment primarily to relieve pain. In the absence of complete knowledge of basic mechanical requirements, clinical trials with both constrained and resurfacing prosthesis were initiated. Three types of constrained prostheses were placed in 23 patients. Pain relief was satisfactory, but six reoperations were necessary and motion greater than 90 degrees was rarely achieved. Twenty-five prostheses that were used to replace the glenohumeral articulation, but were not stable by virtue of design, were implanted. Again, pain relief was excellent; mechanical problems were not present, and motion was almost always greater than 90 degrees. Achieving stability by capsular-muscle cuff repair has not been as great a problem as anticipated. These results suggest that more emphasis should be placed on repair of the glenohumeral stabilizing structures than on their replacement.", "contents": "Status of total shoulder arthroplasty. Some patients with degenerative, rheumatoid, and traumatic diseases of the glenohumeral joint require treatment primarily to relieve pain. In the absence of complete knowledge of basic mechanical requirements, clinical trials with both constrained and resurfacing prosthesis were initiated. Three types of constrained prostheses were placed in 23 patients. Pain relief was satisfactory, but six reoperations were necessary and motion greater than 90 degrees was rarely achieved. Twenty-five prostheses that were used to replace the glenohumeral articulation, but were not stable by virtue of design, were implanted. Again, pain relief was excellent; mechanical problems were not present, and motion was almost always greater than 90 degrees. Achieving stability by capsular-muscle cuff repair has not been as great a problem as anticipated. These results suggest that more emphasis should be placed on repair of the glenohumeral stabilizing structures than on their replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:901178", "title": "Total replacement of the elbow joint.", "content": "Total replacement of the elbow joint has been performed on 86 elbows at the Mayo Clinic, all but 15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Mayo design, which replaces both radiohumeral and humeroulnar joints, was used in 41 elbows, almost all in rheumatoid patients, with 71% good results. The Coonrad hinge with polyethylene bushings was used in 34 elbows; it was successful in 64% of rheumatoid patients, but failed in 46% of posttraumatic patients with bone loss. Previous designs have failed because of humeral loosening. Total elbow replacement is a technique still to be perfected in medical centers before general release.", "contents": "Total replacement of the elbow joint. Total replacement of the elbow joint has been performed on 86 elbows at the Mayo Clinic, all but 15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Mayo design, which replaces both radiohumeral and humeroulnar joints, was used in 41 elbows, almost all in rheumatoid patients, with 71% good results. The Coonrad hinge with polyethylene bushings was used in 34 elbows; it was successful in 64% of rheumatoid patients, but failed in 46% of posttraumatic patients with bone loss. Previous designs have failed because of humeral loosening. Total elbow replacement is a technique still to be perfected in medical centers before general release."}
{"id": "PMID:901179", "title": "New concepts in arthroplasty of the hand and wrist.", "content": "Clinical trials with cemented polyethyiene and metal total joint arthroplasties were initiated in 1973. Replacements have been developed for the wrist, carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb and fingers, and the proximal interphalangeal joints of the fingers. Results, evaluated by pain relief and joint stability, were excellent at all sites. Motion, however, averaged only 50% of normal. Significant problems included abnormal posture in the wrist, roentgenographic evidence of loosening in the finger metacarpophalangeals, extensor lag in the metacarpophalangeal of the thumb, and lack of motion in the proximal interphalangeal joint of the finger.", "contents": "New concepts in arthroplasty of the hand and wrist. Clinical trials with cemented polyethyiene and metal total joint arthroplasties were initiated in 1973. Replacements have been developed for the wrist, carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb and fingers, and the proximal interphalangeal joints of the fingers. Results, evaluated by pain relief and joint stability, were excellent at all sites. Motion, however, averaged only 50% of normal. Significant problems included abnormal posture in the wrist, roentgenographic evidence of loosening in the finger metacarpophalangeals, extensor lag in the metacarpophalangeal of the thumb, and lack of motion in the proximal interphalangeal joint of the finger."}
{"id": "PMID:901180", "title": "Current status of total knee arthroplasty.", "content": "Total knee arthroplasty has become an acceptable method of surgical management for severe, disabling gonarthropathy. The three major biomechanical classifications of total knee prostheses are minimally constrained, partially constrained, and fully constrained. The major indication for total knew arthroplasty is pain, followed in a much lower frequency by instability, loss of motion, and deformity. The principal contraindications for the various types relate solely to the residual or restorable ligamentous stability of the knee and the degree of bone loss. In general, the greater the instability and bone loss, the more constrained the prosthesis must be Theoretically, loosening rates increase with increasing shear stresses, which are generally highest with the most constrained prostheses. The major complications are sepsis, loosening, and instability. Various prostheses have incorporated patellofemoral resurfacing as the final dimension in producing a total knee arthroplasty. Knee arthroplasty is very effective in preserving functional knee motion, with relief of pain as an alternative to arthrodesis.", "contents": "Current status of total knee arthroplasty. Total knee arthroplasty has become an acceptable method of surgical management for severe, disabling gonarthropathy. The three major biomechanical classifications of total knee prostheses are minimally constrained, partially constrained, and fully constrained. The major indication for total knew arthroplasty is pain, followed in a much lower frequency by instability, loss of motion, and deformity. The principal contraindications for the various types relate solely to the residual or restorable ligamentous stability of the knee and the degree of bone loss. In general, the greater the instability and bone loss, the more constrained the prosthesis must be Theoretically, loosening rates increase with increasing shear stresses, which are generally highest with the most constrained prostheses. The major complications are sepsis, loosening, and instability. Various prostheses have incorporated patellofemoral resurfacing as the final dimension in producing a total knee arthroplasty. Knee arthroplasty is very effective in preserving functional knee motion, with relief of pain as an alternative to arthrodesis."}
{"id": "PMID:901181", "title": "Total ankle joint replacement.", "content": "The ankle is an inherently stable, kinematically simple joint that bears tremendous compression forces with relative ease because of a large load-bearing surface area. Disabling disease of the ankle is less common than at the hip or knee joints, but is not rare. Ankle arthrodesis seems less than ideal as a technique of surgical treatment. Total ankle joint replacement seems to be a clinically possible alternative on the basis of experience with 76 procedures performed during a 31-month period. Continuing clinical experience is resulting in more gratifying results by the avoidance of technical errors and better selection of patients.", "contents": "Total ankle joint replacement. The ankle is an inherently stable, kinematically simple joint that bears tremendous compression forces with relative ease because of a large load-bearing surface area. Disabling disease of the ankle is less common than at the hip or knee joints, but is not rare. Ankle arthrodesis seems less than ideal as a technique of surgical treatment. Total ankle joint replacement seems to be a clinically possible alternative on the basis of experience with 76 procedures performed during a 31-month period. Continuing clinical experience is resulting in more gratifying results by the avoidance of technical errors and better selection of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:901182", "title": "Can and should the ethics of a cottage industry survive?", "content": "In an era of rapidly escalating costs of health care, government and the consumer can be expected to play an increasingly active role in determining the character of health care systems. In this setting, professional behavior will become increasingly conspicuous. In reviewing a physician's responsibilities to his patient, to his community, and to himself, emphasis is placed on the pivotal qualities of integrity, selflessness, professional commitment, communication, and continued intellectual and personal growth. Underscroing this a code of ethics that is flexible, comprehensive, and sensitive to the needs of contemporary society.", "contents": "Can and should the ethics of a cottage industry survive? In an era of rapidly escalating costs of health care, government and the consumer can be expected to play an increasingly active role in determining the character of health care systems. In this setting, professional behavior will become increasingly conspicuous. In reviewing a physician's responsibilities to his patient, to his community, and to himself, emphasis is placed on the pivotal qualities of integrity, selflessness, professional commitment, communication, and continued intellectual and personal growth. Underscroing this a code of ethics that is flexible, comprehensive, and sensitive to the needs of contemporary society."}
{"id": "PMID:901183", "title": "Detecting complications of direct arterial surgery: the role of intraoperative arteriography.", "content": "Intraoperative arteriography was carried out using a specially constructed operating table and long x-ray film changer that permitted rapid serial exposure of the arterial reconstruction and the distal arteries. During a ten-year period, this method was applied in 1,810 arterial reconstructions, with technical problems being detected in 82 (4.6%) of these patients. The incidence of problems was highest in patients undergoing endarterectomy, where 16.7% of the patients were found to have either residual debris in the cleared segment or areas of stenosis. When bypass grafts were used, technical problems were found in 2.2% of patients and included embolism or thrombosis, graft torsion in vein grafts, stenosis of the distal anastomosis, and the creation of an intimal flap. In the entire series, five patients needed reoperation in the early postoperative period. In three of these, the operative arteriograms had been initially misread.", "contents": "Detecting complications of direct arterial surgery: the role of intraoperative arteriography. Intraoperative arteriography was carried out using a specially constructed operating table and long x-ray film changer that permitted rapid serial exposure of the arterial reconstruction and the distal arteries. During a ten-year period, this method was applied in 1,810 arterial reconstructions, with technical problems being detected in 82 (4.6%) of these patients. The incidence of problems was highest in patients undergoing endarterectomy, where 16.7% of the patients were found to have either residual debris in the cleared segment or areas of stenosis. When bypass grafts were used, technical problems were found in 2.2% of patients and included embolism or thrombosis, graft torsion in vein grafts, stenosis of the distal anastomosis, and the creation of an intimal flap. In the entire series, five patients needed reoperation in the early postoperative period. In three of these, the operative arteriograms had been initially misread."}
{"id": "PMID:901184", "title": "Axillary lymph node biopsy.", "content": "We describe a technique that facilitates excisional biopsy of the axillary lymph nodes. The arm is suspended anterior to the chest in an adducted position that displaces the pectoralis major muscle medially and positions the axillary lymph nodes immediately deep to the hair-bearing area of the skin. This position permits biopsy of the lymph nodes with a relatively short incision and a minimum of dissection.", "contents": "Axillary lymph node biopsy. We describe a technique that facilitates excisional biopsy of the axillary lymph nodes. The arm is suspended anterior to the chest in an adducted position that displaces the pectoralis major muscle medially and positions the axillary lymph nodes immediately deep to the hair-bearing area of the skin. This position permits biopsy of the lymph nodes with a relatively short incision and a minimum of dissection."}
{"id": "PMID:901185", "title": "Coronary-subclavian steal.", "content": "Of 450 patients undergoing internal mammary artery grafts for coronary artery bypass, proximal subclavian artery stenosis with reversal of flow in the internal mammary and vertebral arteries (\"coronary-subclavian steal\") subsequently developed in two patients. Carotid-subclavian bypass successfully reestablished antegrade blood flow in the ipsilateral internal mammary and vertebral arteries in both patients. Arch aortography is indicated preoperatively in myocardial revascularization patients in the presence of cerebrovascular symptoms, upper extremity blood pressure gradients, and carotid or subclavian bruits. Should subclavian artery stenosis develop subsequent to myocardial revascularization, carotid-subclavian or acillary-axillary bypass can effectively restore antegrade blood flow and reverse the coronary-subclavian steal.", "contents": "Coronary-subclavian steal. Of 450 patients undergoing internal mammary artery grafts for coronary artery bypass, proximal subclavian artery stenosis with reversal of flow in the internal mammary and vertebral arteries (\"coronary-subclavian steal\") subsequently developed in two patients. Carotid-subclavian bypass successfully reestablished antegrade blood flow in the ipsilateral internal mammary and vertebral arteries in both patients. Arch aortography is indicated preoperatively in myocardial revascularization patients in the presence of cerebrovascular symptoms, upper extremity blood pressure gradients, and carotid or subclavian bruits. Should subclavian artery stenosis develop subsequent to myocardial revascularization, carotid-subclavian or acillary-axillary bypass can effectively restore antegrade blood flow and reverse the coronary-subclavian steal."}
{"id": "PMID:901186", "title": "Carotid embolization presenting as total monocular blindness.", "content": "Blindness suddenly developed in the right eye of a 55-year-old man. There had been no antecedent illness suggestive of cardiovascular disease. Funduscopic examination eight hours later showed findings consistent with central retinal artery thrombosis. After an arteriogram showed an ulcerated plaque at the bifurcation of the right common carotid artery, the patient underwent thromboendarterectomy. The specimen contained an ulcer, presumably the nidus of an embolus to the central retinal artery. The patient's vision did not recover. This case demonstrates that, although it is rare, total monocular blindness may be caused by a large embolus from a carotid artery plaque.", "contents": "Carotid embolization presenting as total monocular blindness. Blindness suddenly developed in the right eye of a 55-year-old man. There had been no antecedent illness suggestive of cardiovascular disease. Funduscopic examination eight hours later showed findings consistent with central retinal artery thrombosis. After an arteriogram showed an ulcerated plaque at the bifurcation of the right common carotid artery, the patient underwent thromboendarterectomy. The specimen contained an ulcer, presumably the nidus of an embolus to the central retinal artery. The patient's vision did not recover. This case demonstrates that, although it is rare, total monocular blindness may be caused by a large embolus from a carotid artery plaque."}
{"id": "PMID:901187", "title": "Gray-scale ultrasound: utility preoperatively and postoperatively in a patient with obstructive jaundice.", "content": "We present a case of obstructing calculi of the common bile duct diagnosed by ultrasonography. Postoperatively, a sterile abscess due to bile leakage at the distal common bile duct developed, and was also diagnosed by ultrasound Ultrasonography was useful in following the course of clearing of the bile collection. Preoperative ultrasound evaluation of the jaundiced patient should be followed by postoperative sonography, especially if complications occur.", "contents": "Gray-scale ultrasound: utility preoperatively and postoperatively in a patient with obstructive jaundice. We present a case of obstructing calculi of the common bile duct diagnosed by ultrasonography. Postoperatively, a sterile abscess due to bile leakage at the distal common bile duct developed, and was also diagnosed by ultrasound Ultrasonography was useful in following the course of clearing of the bile collection. Preoperative ultrasound evaluation of the jaundiced patient should be followed by postoperative sonography, especially if complications occur."}
{"id": "PMID:901188", "title": "Pancreatic fistula: management guided by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.", "content": "A patient with a persistent external pancreatic fistula was studied by endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The ERCP demonstrated the probable site of the fistula and a high-grade, main pancreatic ductal stricture. This information prompted early, successful surgical correction of the pancreatic fistula by drainage into a Roux-en Y jejunal loop.", "contents": "Pancreatic fistula: management guided by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. A patient with a persistent external pancreatic fistula was studied by endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The ERCP demonstrated the probable site of the fistula and a high-grade, main pancreatic ductal stricture. This information prompted early, successful surgical correction of the pancreatic fistula by drainage into a Roux-en Y jejunal loop."}
{"id": "PMID:901189", "title": "Multiple lipomas of the ileum with volvulus.", "content": "We describe a patient with symptomatic multiple lipomas with volvulus. He complained of gradually increased abdominal pain and distention. Preoperative roentgenograms showed many rounded filling defects of the small intestine. Operation was performed to reduce intestinal obstruction and ileal resection was performed. The dilated ileum was rotated 720 degree clockwise and it contained 115 submucosal and 26 subserosal lipomas. Histologically, the lipomas were benign and consisted of well-developed fat tissue. The patient's postoperative course was satisfactory, and neither residual lipoma nor recurrence were found at barium enema examination two years after operation.", "contents": "Multiple lipomas of the ileum with volvulus. We describe a patient with symptomatic multiple lipomas with volvulus. He complained of gradually increased abdominal pain and distention. Preoperative roentgenograms showed many rounded filling defects of the small intestine. Operation was performed to reduce intestinal obstruction and ileal resection was performed. The dilated ileum was rotated 720 degree clockwise and it contained 115 submucosal and 26 subserosal lipomas. Histologically, the lipomas were benign and consisted of well-developed fat tissue. The patient's postoperative course was satisfactory, and neither residual lipoma nor recurrence were found at barium enema examination two years after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:901191", "title": "[Age and individual characteristics in the structure of the celiac trunk in man].", "content": "The individual and developmental features of the structure of the celiac trunk were studied in 155 human corpses of either sex, age and habitus. The method used was the dissection preceded by the injection of vessels with roentgen-contrast masses and roentgenography. The individual and developmental features of the level of branching the celiac trunk off from the abdominal part of the aorta have been revealed, as well as the angle of its branching, the length and diameter of the celiac trunk and the form of its ramification.", "contents": "[Age and individual characteristics in the structure of the celiac trunk in man]. The individual and developmental features of the structure of the celiac trunk were studied in 155 human corpses of either sex, age and habitus. The method used was the dissection preceded by the injection of vessels with roentgen-contrast masses and roentgenography. The individual and developmental features of the level of branching the celiac trunk off from the abdominal part of the aorta have been revealed, as well as the angle of its branching, the length and diameter of the celiac trunk and the form of its ramification."}
{"id": "PMID:901194", "title": "[Adaptation of the limb bones of inbred rats to physical stress following 60 days of hypokinesia].", "content": "Under study were the alterations in the extremity bones of inbred animals during 60-day-long hypokinesia. Variations of the correction of hypokinesia by physical loadings associated with the linear kind of animals were found and tested. Hypokinesia was shown to have inhibiting effects on the morphometrical parameters of flat (scapula, pelvic) and tubular (humeral, femoral, tibial) bones, the calcium and phosphorus content in blood serum being increased. Interlinear distinctions of the parameters studied under hypokinesia were revealed. The physical loading given against the background of restricted mobility normalizes the growth of bones, the level of calcium and phosphorus in the blood serum. The correction degree is dependent on the linear kind of animals speaking in favour of genotypical nature of adaptation of bones to physical loadings during hypokinesia.", "contents": "[Adaptation of the limb bones of inbred rats to physical stress following 60 days of hypokinesia]. Under study were the alterations in the extremity bones of inbred animals during 60-day-long hypokinesia. Variations of the correction of hypokinesia by physical loadings associated with the linear kind of animals were found and tested. Hypokinesia was shown to have inhibiting effects on the morphometrical parameters of flat (scapula, pelvic) and tubular (humeral, femoral, tibial) bones, the calcium and phosphorus content in blood serum being increased. Interlinear distinctions of the parameters studied under hypokinesia were revealed. The physical loading given against the background of restricted mobility normalizes the growth of bones, the level of calcium and phosphorus in the blood serum. The correction degree is dependent on the linear kind of animals speaking in favour of genotypical nature of adaptation of bones to physical loadings during hypokinesia."}
{"id": "PMID:901195", "title": "[Influence of preliminary conditioning to gravitational overloading and subsequent exposure to a series of extreme factors on the intra-organ blood flow of the intestine].", "content": "The intraorganic blood circulation bed of the intestine was studied in 21 rabbits subjected to training to gravitation stresses (according to special schedules) and then to maximum endurable gravitation stresses, hypokinesia for 4 weeks and repeated stresses of the direction and character similar to those at the beginning of the experiment. The direction of stresses was different: head--pelvis, pelvis--head, chest--back. Injection of the intestine blood vessels with the Gerota's mass followed by clearing after A. M. Malygin, histological staining after Van Gieson and method of luxmetry were used. Preliminary training to stresses considerably prevented anatomical alterations in blood vessels of the intestinal coats. The most favourable morphological picture was observed in the cases when the stress was of ventro-dorsal direction. Blood vessels of the large intestine were more inert in their transformation than those of the small intestine coats.", "contents": "[Influence of preliminary conditioning to gravitational overloading and subsequent exposure to a series of extreme factors on the intra-organ blood flow of the intestine]. The intraorganic blood circulation bed of the intestine was studied in 21 rabbits subjected to training to gravitation stresses (according to special schedules) and then to maximum endurable gravitation stresses, hypokinesia for 4 weeks and repeated stresses of the direction and character similar to those at the beginning of the experiment. The direction of stresses was different: head--pelvis, pelvis--head, chest--back. Injection of the intestine blood vessels with the Gerota's mass followed by clearing after A. M. Malygin, histological staining after Van Gieson and method of luxmetry were used. Preliminary training to stresses considerably prevented anatomical alterations in blood vessels of the intestinal coats. The most favourable morphological picture was observed in the cases when the stress was of ventro-dorsal direction. Blood vessels of the large intestine were more inert in their transformation than those of the small intestine coats."}
{"id": "PMID:901197", "title": "[Structure of the tunica vaginalis of the human testis and its microcirculatory bed during the pubertal period].", "content": "The microvascularization of the layers of the tunica vaginalis propria testis in juveniles and youths is different in morphological parameters which is responsible for their participation in metabolic processes. The distribution of vessel diameters is based on the regularity of random variation. The number of classes for each link of the microcirculatory bed in the tunics studied practically coincide. In any microvascular part of the parietal and visceral layers of the vaginal tunic of the testis a class (a leading functional group of vessels) may be established which has substantially greater density than that of other classes of the variation line presented. The results of morphometry show the prevalence of the venular portion over the arterial one in each of the layers under study. However, the difference between the venular and arterial portions of the microcirculatory bed is more considerable in the parietal layer which is sure to influence the degree of its outflow from the microvascular system.", "contents": "[Structure of the tunica vaginalis of the human testis and its microcirculatory bed during the pubertal period]. The microvascularization of the layers of the tunica vaginalis propria testis in juveniles and youths is different in morphological parameters which is responsible for their participation in metabolic processes. The distribution of vessel diameters is based on the regularity of random variation. The number of classes for each link of the microcirculatory bed in the tunics studied practically coincide. In any microvascular part of the parietal and visceral layers of the vaginal tunic of the testis a class (a leading functional group of vessels) may be established which has substantially greater density than that of other classes of the variation line presented. The results of morphometry show the prevalence of the venular portion over the arterial one in each of the layers under study. However, the difference between the venular and arterial portions of the microcirculatory bed is more considerable in the parietal layer which is sure to influence the degree of its outflow from the microvascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:901198", "title": "[Anatomy of the connective tissue framework of adult human lymph nodes].", "content": "The morphometrical investigation of thin histological sections taken from the profound inferior cervical, apical axillary, superior and inferior tracheobronchial and ulnar lymph nodes of adult man has demonstrated the amount of the connective tissue in the nodes to be increased with age. At the same time, the amount of parenchyma in the node is somewhat decreased, the correlation between the medullary and cortical substance being also changed. There are some sex differences in the connective tissue construction. The amount of the connective tissue in the lymph node in men is 2-3% more than that in women. Women have more adipose tissue than men. The developmental transformation and seasonal changes in the connective tissue correlate with the cytoarchitectonics of lymph nodes and the changes of their parenchyma.", "contents": "[Anatomy of the connective tissue framework of adult human lymph nodes]. The morphometrical investigation of thin histological sections taken from the profound inferior cervical, apical axillary, superior and inferior tracheobronchial and ulnar lymph nodes of adult man has demonstrated the amount of the connective tissue in the nodes to be increased with age. At the same time, the amount of parenchyma in the node is somewhat decreased, the correlation between the medullary and cortical substance being also changed. There are some sex differences in the connective tissue construction. The amount of the connective tissue in the lymph node in men is 2-3% more than that in women. Women have more adipose tissue than men. The developmental transformation and seasonal changes in the connective tissue correlate with the cytoarchitectonics of lymph nodes and the changes of their parenchyma."}
{"id": "PMID:901200", "title": "[Ultrastructure of collagen fibers and basic substance of the human dermis].", "content": "Histological and histochemical methods and fluorescent and rastral electron microscopy were used for complex investigation of intercellular connective tissue components of the human skin derm (collagenous and elastin fibres, basic substance). The structure of collagenous fibres in different levels of their organization was studied. The structure of periods and differently directed combination of fibrils in the fibre were revealed by different methods. Five types of ruthenies--positive structures in the basic substance and fibres--were found. A supposition is made and substantiated that two interconnected and diverse mechanisms take part in sustaining the structure--function integrity of the collagenous fibre. One of them prevents from rapprochement of fibrils (different direction of fibres, amorphous substance) and the other connect them (adhesive properties of the amorphous substance).", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of collagen fibers and basic substance of the human dermis]. Histological and histochemical methods and fluorescent and rastral electron microscopy were used for complex investigation of intercellular connective tissue components of the human skin derm (collagenous and elastin fibres, basic substance). The structure of collagenous fibres in different levels of their organization was studied. The structure of periods and differently directed combination of fibrils in the fibre were revealed by different methods. Five types of ruthenies--positive structures in the basic substance and fibres--were found. A supposition is made and substantiated that two interconnected and diverse mechanisms take part in sustaining the structure--function integrity of the collagenous fibre. One of them prevents from rapprochement of fibrils (different direction of fibres, amorphous substance) and the other connect them (adhesive properties of the amorphous substance)."}
{"id": "PMID:901201", "title": "[Structural aspects of the decrease in several renal functions in old rats].", "content": "The proliferation, size and ultrastructure of the renal cells was studied in 32-38-month-old rats. At this age no dividing epithelial cells were found and their size was enlarged (in proximal areas of the nephrons by 30,2%, in the collecting tubes by 22%). The decreased rate of glomerular filtration in aged rats in dependent on the disturbance of hemodynamics in the glomerular capillaries, for which, to certain extent, the hypofunction of the rhenin-secreting complex is responsible. The reduction of microvilli, hypoplasia of the basal folds, changes in the orientation and size of the mitochondria are considered to be the structural basis of the decreased reabsorbtion in the proximal part of the nephron. In the distal part of the nephron the organization of the plasmalemmal-mitochondrial sodium pump is disturbed. In the collecting tube the number of dark cells becomes less, they shrink and disintegrate, which is considered to be responsible for disorders in the function of the hydrogen ions secretion. The decreased level of the physiological regeneration of cells is likely to underlie the disorders in renal functions in aged rats. The lack of proliferation gradually results in a deficiency of epithelial cells, their hypertrophy, functional stress and wear.", "contents": "[Structural aspects of the decrease in several renal functions in old rats]. The proliferation, size and ultrastructure of the renal cells was studied in 32-38-month-old rats. At this age no dividing epithelial cells were found and their size was enlarged (in proximal areas of the nephrons by 30,2%, in the collecting tubes by 22%). The decreased rate of glomerular filtration in aged rats in dependent on the disturbance of hemodynamics in the glomerular capillaries, for which, to certain extent, the hypofunction of the rhenin-secreting complex is responsible. The reduction of microvilli, hypoplasia of the basal folds, changes in the orientation and size of the mitochondria are considered to be the structural basis of the decreased reabsorbtion in the proximal part of the nephron. In the distal part of the nephron the organization of the plasmalemmal-mitochondrial sodium pump is disturbed. In the collecting tube the number of dark cells becomes less, they shrink and disintegrate, which is considered to be responsible for disorders in the function of the hydrogen ions secretion. The decreased level of the physiological regeneration of cells is likely to underlie the disorders in renal functions in aged rats. The lack of proliferation gradually results in a deficiency of epithelial cells, their hypertrophy, functional stress and wear."}
{"id": "PMID:901202", "title": "[Changes in the lymphoid organs of rats during space flight].", "content": "The thymus, spleen and inguinal lymphatic nodes of rats flown for 19.5 and 22.5 days on board of the Earth artificial satellites Cosmos-605 and Cosmos-782 were examined histologically. It was shown that prolonged space flights brought about accidental involution of lymph organs due to a decrease of the lymphocytes amount. It is suggested that hypoplasia of lymph organs resulted from stress effects of space flight factors. The mass disintegration of lymphocytes and accumulation of nuclear detritus in the thymus as well as neutrophil infiltration of the spleen can be attributed to the acute stress of the reentry and weightlessness--1 g transition stages. It is emphasized that inhibition of erythroid hemopoiesis in the spleen cannot be ascribed to stress effects of space flight factors. Possible contribution of the changes found in lymph organs to the immunological state of the animal body is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the lymphoid organs of rats during space flight]. The thymus, spleen and inguinal lymphatic nodes of rats flown for 19.5 and 22.5 days on board of the Earth artificial satellites Cosmos-605 and Cosmos-782 were examined histologically. It was shown that prolonged space flights brought about accidental involution of lymph organs due to a decrease of the lymphocytes amount. It is suggested that hypoplasia of lymph organs resulted from stress effects of space flight factors. The mass disintegration of lymphocytes and accumulation of nuclear detritus in the thymus as well as neutrophil infiltration of the spleen can be attributed to the acute stress of the reentry and weightlessness--1 g transition stages. It is emphasized that inhibition of erythroid hemopoiesis in the spleen cannot be ascribed to stress effects of space flight factors. Possible contribution of the changes found in lymph organs to the immunological state of the animal body is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901203", "title": "[Adaptive-compensatory reaction of the brain to irradiation].", "content": "In totally irradiated chick and rat embryos, young chicks and rats structural functional activity of the subcellular reparative processes in the brain cortex was studied. The animals were given an irradiation dose of 600 and 1,200 rad. In embryo-genesis and in early postnatal period, the adaptive compensatory response in shown after X-ray irradiation to be characterized by subcellular changes and organell hypertrophy of the neurons in the CNS accompanied by disturbances in metabolic and synthesis processes. Ultrastructural regeneration goes side by side with the destructive processes in them.", "contents": "[Adaptive-compensatory reaction of the brain to irradiation]. In totally irradiated chick and rat embryos, young chicks and rats structural functional activity of the subcellular reparative processes in the brain cortex was studied. The animals were given an irradiation dose of 600 and 1,200 rad. In embryo-genesis and in early postnatal period, the adaptive compensatory response in shown after X-ray irradiation to be characterized by subcellular changes and organell hypertrophy of the neurons in the CNS accompanied by disturbances in metabolic and synthesis processes. Ultrastructural regeneration goes side by side with the destructive processes in them."}
{"id": "PMID:901204", "title": "[Effect of adrenomimetics and sympatholytics on the adrenergic neural fibers and mast cells of the dura mater].", "content": "The effect of noradrenaline, dophamine and rausedyle on the adrenergic nervous apparatus and on the labrocytes of the dura mater in white rats was studied by means of Falk's and Glenner's methods and under light electron microscopy. The adrenergic nerve fibres and labrocytes are stated to respond to the injection of adrenomimetic and sympathomimetic drugs with increase or decrease of deposited monoamines on the background of corresponding clinical and vessel phenomena. The data obtained makes it possible to consider the adrenergic nerve fibres and labrocytes to be a single adrenergic apparatus of the dura mater.", "contents": "[Effect of adrenomimetics and sympatholytics on the adrenergic neural fibers and mast cells of the dura mater]. The effect of noradrenaline, dophamine and rausedyle on the adrenergic nervous apparatus and on the labrocytes of the dura mater in white rats was studied by means of Falk's and Glenner's methods and under light electron microscopy. The adrenergic nerve fibres and labrocytes are stated to respond to the injection of adrenomimetic and sympathomimetic drugs with increase or decrease of deposited monoamines on the background of corresponding clinical and vessel phenomena. The data obtained makes it possible to consider the adrenergic nerve fibres and labrocytes to be a single adrenergic apparatus of the dura mater."}
{"id": "PMID:901205", "title": "[Perspectives of using the probability principles for the study of the problems of normal and pathological morphology].", "content": "On the literature available and the author's data the prospects on application of probability principles for the study of certain problems of normal and pathological morphology are discussed. Short consideration is given from the theory of probability and information with theoretical grounds for their possible application in morphology. From this standpoint some problems of morphological bases of homeostasis, adaptation, compensation and pathological processes are reviewed. Certain points of the probability theory of atherosclerotic morphogenesis and informative characteristic of malignization in stratified epithelium of laryngeal mucosa illustrate the article. General principles for further development of quantitative morphology are shortly elucidated.", "contents": "[Perspectives of using the probability principles for the study of the problems of normal and pathological morphology]. On the literature available and the author's data the prospects on application of probability principles for the study of certain problems of normal and pathological morphology are discussed. Short consideration is given from the theory of probability and information with theoretical grounds for their possible application in morphology. From this standpoint some problems of morphological bases of homeostasis, adaptation, compensation and pathological processes are reviewed. Certain points of the probability theory of atherosclerotic morphogenesis and informative characteristic of malignization in stratified epithelium of laryngeal mucosa illustrate the article. General principles for further development of quantitative morphology are shortly elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:901206", "title": "[Histochemistry of glucosephosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase of the neural cells of chick embryo].", "content": "A high intensity of the reactions to lactate dehydrogenase and glucous-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was demonstrated histochemically in the neural anlage of the chick embryos after 15, 20, 24, 30, 44, 48 and 72 hours of incubation. At early stages of the development cranio-caudal gradient of enzymatic reactions was distinctly traced. A high intensity of the reactions was observed in certain cells of the neural groove in 24-hours' embryos and in the neural tube of 48-hours' embryos. These cells are supposed to develop into neuroblasts.", "contents": "[Histochemistry of glucosephosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase of the neural cells of chick embryo]. A high intensity of the reactions to lactate dehydrogenase and glucous-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was demonstrated histochemically in the neural anlage of the chick embryos after 15, 20, 24, 30, 44, 48 and 72 hours of incubation. At early stages of the development cranio-caudal gradient of enzymatic reactions was distinctly traced. A high intensity of the reactions was observed in certain cells of the neural groove in 24-hours' embryos and in the neural tube of 48-hours' embryos. These cells are supposed to develop into neuroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:901207", "title": "[Study of the central representation of the posterior nerve of the lateral line in dwarf sheatfish].", "content": "Applying the axon-terminal degeneration method, the representation of the lateral line posterior nerve in acustico-lateral area of the dwarf sheatfish medulla oblongata was studied. The connections of the lateral line posterior nerve were demonstrated to be topically organized within the medial nucleus of the acustico-lateral area, however, within the limits of the nucleus the projections were not evenly distributed. The greatest degree of localization of the degenerated terminals was revealed in the dorsolateral area of the medial nucleus on the ipsilateral side, where previously, under adequate stimulation of the organs on the lateral line of the dwarf sheatfish, the greatest amount of responses was registered.", "contents": "[Study of the central representation of the posterior nerve of the lateral line in dwarf sheatfish]. Applying the axon-terminal degeneration method, the representation of the lateral line posterior nerve in acustico-lateral area of the dwarf sheatfish medulla oblongata was studied. The connections of the lateral line posterior nerve were demonstrated to be topically organized within the medial nucleus of the acustico-lateral area, however, within the limits of the nucleus the projections were not evenly distributed. The greatest degree of localization of the degenerated terminals was revealed in the dorsolateral area of the medial nucleus on the ipsilateral side, where previously, under adequate stimulation of the organs on the lateral line of the dwarf sheatfish, the greatest amount of responses was registered."}
{"id": "PMID:901208", "title": "[Problem of thickening of the adrenal cortex in acute thermal stress].", "content": "The problem was studied on albino rats: five rats served as controls; five--were overheated in a thermochamber at 45 degrees C up to the state of motor excitation (the first series); five--up to the heat stroke (the second series). By means of cytometry it was statistically stated that the cross section area of the fascicular zone spongiocytes of the adrenal cortex in the first series decreased by 14,77% in comparison with the control. The cross section area of the adrenocorticocytes of the reticular zone in the animals of the second series decreased by 7,91%. The vascular reaction of the adrenal cortex in the animals of the first series was manifested in hyperemia, which increased in animals of the second series. Hence, the adrenal cortex thickness is the result of blood congestion rather than derived from real hypertrophy; an abrupt vasodilatation disturbs the parallelism in spongiocytes arrangement, that gives a semblance that the thickness of the reticular cortex zone goes at the expense of the fascicular zone.", "contents": "[Problem of thickening of the adrenal cortex in acute thermal stress]. The problem was studied on albino rats: five rats served as controls; five--were overheated in a thermochamber at 45 degrees C up to the state of motor excitation (the first series); five--up to the heat stroke (the second series). By means of cytometry it was statistically stated that the cross section area of the fascicular zone spongiocytes of the adrenal cortex in the first series decreased by 14,77% in comparison with the control. The cross section area of the adrenocorticocytes of the reticular zone in the animals of the second series decreased by 7,91%. The vascular reaction of the adrenal cortex in the animals of the first series was manifested in hyperemia, which increased in animals of the second series. Hence, the adrenal cortex thickness is the result of blood congestion rather than derived from real hypertrophy; an abrupt vasodilatation disturbs the parallelism in spongiocytes arrangement, that gives a semblance that the thickness of the reticular cortex zone goes at the expense of the fascicular zone."}
{"id": "PMID:901209", "title": "[Effect of acute and chronic hypoxia on the structure of the neural elements of the brain].", "content": "In rats subjected to the effect of 10 000 m \"altitude\" for 2 h, numerous nerve cells in different areas of the brain (cortex of both cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, optic thalamus, hippocamp, pons varolii) had morphological features peculiar to a reversible and irreversible dystrophic process. Similar changes were not observed in the brain of rats subjected to the effect of 9000 m \"altitude\" for one hour. Nerve cells in all brain areas are rich in substance of Nissl. In the rats adapted to hypoxia, as in the rats from the first experiment, the nerve cells are enlarged in their dimentions, the substnace of Nissl in their cytoplasm is seem increased. The destructive changes in neurons are scarce. Many neurons of the cortex have signs pointing to an increased activity of nucleus and nucleolus. Satallitosis and quantitative augmentation of glial cells is noted.", "contents": "[Effect of acute and chronic hypoxia on the structure of the neural elements of the brain]. In rats subjected to the effect of 10 000 m \"altitude\" for 2 h, numerous nerve cells in different areas of the brain (cortex of both cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, optic thalamus, hippocamp, pons varolii) had morphological features peculiar to a reversible and irreversible dystrophic process. Similar changes were not observed in the brain of rats subjected to the effect of 9000 m \"altitude\" for one hour. Nerve cells in all brain areas are rich in substance of Nissl. In the rats adapted to hypoxia, as in the rats from the first experiment, the nerve cells are enlarged in their dimentions, the substnace of Nissl in their cytoplasm is seem increased. The destructive changes in neurons are scarce. Many neurons of the cortex have signs pointing to an increased activity of nucleus and nucleolus. Satallitosis and quantitative augmentation of glial cells is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:901210", "title": "[State of the nerve cells of the cat spinal ganglia transplanted into the mesentery].", "content": "The survival of the mature differentiated neurons from the spinal ganglia under the conditions of autotransplantation into the colon mesentery of the cat was studied in chronic experiments. For two months, one-third of the neurons from the peripheral parts of the grafts survived and, as the normal ones, had a pseudounipolar form. However, their initial glomeruli had excessive overgrowth in the form of perivascular plexus, in its formation both the main axonal segment with its fine lateral branches and the finest offshoots from the neuronal bodies take part. These regenerating nerve fibres together with growth cones make terminals in the form of buttons, rings and loops. Such terminal structures in the capsular plexus around the neurons and in numerous Nageotte's cells present receptor terminals which are abundantly produced under the condition of the spinal ganglia transplantation.", "contents": "[State of the nerve cells of the cat spinal ganglia transplanted into the mesentery]. The survival of the mature differentiated neurons from the spinal ganglia under the conditions of autotransplantation into the colon mesentery of the cat was studied in chronic experiments. For two months, one-third of the neurons from the peripheral parts of the grafts survived and, as the normal ones, had a pseudounipolar form. However, their initial glomeruli had excessive overgrowth in the form of perivascular plexus, in its formation both the main axonal segment with its fine lateral branches and the finest offshoots from the neuronal bodies take part. These regenerating nerve fibres together with growth cones make terminals in the form of buttons, rings and loops. Such terminal structures in the capsular plexus around the neurons and in numerous Nageotte's cells present receptor terminals which are abundantly produced under the condition of the spinal ganglia transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:901211", "title": "[Effect of gravitational loads (+Gx) of the training schedule on the structure of the main arteries of dogs].", "content": "In dogs subjected to gravitational overloadings (+Gx) according to a special training schedule the wall structure of the main arteries (carotid, humeral, femoral and aorta) was studied by histological methods. The amount of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) in the venous blood plasma and in the adrenal tissue was the index of the sympathoadrenal system condition. It was demonstrated that in trained animals the tolerance threshold to continuously increasing overloadings (+Gx) rose. It was accompanied by an elevated amount of catecholamines in blood and the adrenals In the walls of the main arteries studied a moderate hyperelastosis and a slight collagenization of the adventitia was noted. All parts of the microcirculatory bed were moderately dilated, which favoured a better blood outflow. The data obtained demonstrate adaptational changes, which can be interpreted as indices of training and reliability of the organism.", "contents": "[Effect of gravitational loads (+Gx) of the training schedule on the structure of the main arteries of dogs]. In dogs subjected to gravitational overloadings (+Gx) according to a special training schedule the wall structure of the main arteries (carotid, humeral, femoral and aorta) was studied by histological methods. The amount of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) in the venous blood plasma and in the adrenal tissue was the index of the sympathoadrenal system condition. It was demonstrated that in trained animals the tolerance threshold to continuously increasing overloadings (+Gx) rose. It was accompanied by an elevated amount of catecholamines in blood and the adrenals In the walls of the main arteries studied a moderate hyperelastosis and a slight collagenization of the adventitia was noted. All parts of the microcirculatory bed were moderately dilated, which favoured a better blood outflow. The data obtained demonstrate adaptational changes, which can be interpreted as indices of training and reliability of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:901212", "title": "[Intracortical and juxtamedullary nephrons of the kidney during postnatal ontogenesis in rats].", "content": "Intracortical and juxtacortical nephrons from the kidney of the male rats (Wistar) at the age of 5-30 days were isolated by means of microdissection technique. In the rat kidney, besides superficial and juxtamedullar nephrons there are 5 more populations of the intercortical nephrons. The development of these nephrons during postnatal rat ontogenesis is accompanied by a considerable increase both of their general length and the length of their segments. Correlation changes between different nephronal segments during the first month of life is determined by their uneven development, that is seen in a relative decrease of the distal segment, a considerable increase of the nephronal loop, its distal segment in particular, at a practically constant length of the proximal segment.", "contents": "[Intracortical and juxtamedullary nephrons of the kidney during postnatal ontogenesis in rats]. Intracortical and juxtacortical nephrons from the kidney of the male rats (Wistar) at the age of 5-30 days were isolated by means of microdissection technique. In the rat kidney, besides superficial and juxtamedullar nephrons there are 5 more populations of the intercortical nephrons. The development of these nephrons during postnatal rat ontogenesis is accompanied by a considerable increase both of their general length and the length of their segments. Correlation changes between different nephronal segments during the first month of life is determined by their uneven development, that is seen in a relative decrease of the distal segment, a considerable increase of the nephronal loop, its distal segment in particular, at a practically constant length of the proximal segment."}
{"id": "PMID:901213", "title": "[Body constitution of growing inbred animals under hypo-, normo- and hyperkinetic conditions].", "content": "The work was carried out in inbred mice C57BL/6, CBA, CC57Br/M strains, interstrain hybrids of the first generation FF1 and in rats of August and Wistar strains. Only one-month-old male animals, which were kept for two months under the conditions of hypo-, normo- and hyperkinesia were used in the study. Statistically significant relation between underloading, overloading and habitus changes was demonstrated. It was stated that habitus changes under the conditions of hypo-, normo- and hyperkinesia were genetically determined. Hereditary predisposition of the reactionary norm and the phenomenon of heterosis manifest themselves under different motor regimens.", "contents": "[Body constitution of growing inbred animals under hypo-, normo- and hyperkinetic conditions]. The work was carried out in inbred mice C57BL/6, CBA, CC57Br/M strains, interstrain hybrids of the first generation FF1 and in rats of August and Wistar strains. Only one-month-old male animals, which were kept for two months under the conditions of hypo-, normo- and hyperkinesia were used in the study. Statistically significant relation between underloading, overloading and habitus changes was demonstrated. It was stated that habitus changes under the conditions of hypo-, normo- and hyperkinesia were genetically determined. Hereditary predisposition of the reactionary norm and the phenomenon of heterosis manifest themselves under different motor regimens."}
{"id": "PMID:901214", "title": "[Influence of considerable athletic training on the foot condition of young athletes at a boarding school with a cross-section of sports].", "content": "The present day sport inevitably causes enormous physical loading on the locomotor system of the sportsman, and in particular on his foot. To obtain best results in any sport is closely connected with participation of children in systematic purposive training, therefore a necessity arises to study the influence of different time-limited loadings on the locomotor system--foot of young sportsmen. The work represents the data on changes of different parameters of the foot under time-limited loading for 18-30 h per week of the children attending a boarding-school of sporting type, which is a new type of going in for sports for children and teen-agers. We have stated that at the age of 10-11 years some undesirable changes in the longitudinal foot vault (its flattening) are observed, especially in children going in for skiing or gymnastics. Inclusion in training lessons special exercises contributing to fixation of the foot muscular ligamentous system prevents it, to a great extent from overloading and undesirable anatomical disturbances.", "contents": "[Influence of considerable athletic training on the foot condition of young athletes at a boarding school with a cross-section of sports]. The present day sport inevitably causes enormous physical loading on the locomotor system of the sportsman, and in particular on his foot. To obtain best results in any sport is closely connected with participation of children in systematic purposive training, therefore a necessity arises to study the influence of different time-limited loadings on the locomotor system--foot of young sportsmen. The work represents the data on changes of different parameters of the foot under time-limited loading for 18-30 h per week of the children attending a boarding-school of sporting type, which is a new type of going in for sports for children and teen-agers. We have stated that at the age of 10-11 years some undesirable changes in the longitudinal foot vault (its flattening) are observed, especially in children going in for skiing or gymnastics. Inclusion in training lessons special exercises contributing to fixation of the foot muscular ligamentous system prevents it, to a great extent from overloading and undesirable anatomical disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:901215", "title": "[Effect of ski racing on the skeleton of the hands and feet of young sportsmen].", "content": "To evaluate the influence of skiing races on the locomotor system of young skiers, a group of 32 sportsmen at the age of 12 years, who attend a sporting school, was examined roentgenologically. Ten children of the same age who do not go in for sports were taken as controls and examined in the same way. One hundred and sixty-eight roentgenograms were prepared and measurements were made. The data obtained were biometrically processed with a computer. The analysis of the results revealed that the hand and foot skeletal bones of the young sportsmen were much longer than those of the controls. Thickness of the growth zones of some bones prevail in young skiers. To reveal specific peculiarities of the skeletal changes in the locomotor system of children we calculated indices for hands and feet. The indices expressed in figures make it clear that more specific changes are seen in the hand bones and especially in the foot bones of the young skiers. All these changes are of progressive character.", "contents": "[Effect of ski racing on the skeleton of the hands and feet of young sportsmen]. To evaluate the influence of skiing races on the locomotor system of young skiers, a group of 32 sportsmen at the age of 12 years, who attend a sporting school, was examined roentgenologically. Ten children of the same age who do not go in for sports were taken as controls and examined in the same way. One hundred and sixty-eight roentgenograms were prepared and measurements were made. The data obtained were biometrically processed with a computer. The analysis of the results revealed that the hand and foot skeletal bones of the young sportsmen were much longer than those of the controls. Thickness of the growth zones of some bones prevail in young skiers. To reveal specific peculiarities of the skeletal changes in the locomotor system of children we calculated indices for hands and feet. The indices expressed in figures make it clear that more specific changes are seen in the hand bones and especially in the foot bones of the young skiers. All these changes are of progressive character."}
{"id": "PMID:901216", "title": "[Influence of dynamic and static loads on femoral growth in white rats].", "content": "The aim of the work was to elucidate experimentally the influence of different in intencity and character physical loadings on the growth of the femoral bones in 110 albino rats. A positive, but not synonymous, influence of dynamic and static loadings on the growth of the femoral bones in the experimental animals was proved. Long-lasting dynamic loadings stimulate the increment of mass, length and massivity of the femoral bones in the albino rats, the phenomenon was especially prominent in the experimental group under training regimen every other day. Static loading contributes to the femoral bone growth only at the first stage of the experiment. Prolonged static loading inhibits the growth of the femoral bones throughout all the parameters studied.", "contents": "[Influence of dynamic and static loads on femoral growth in white rats]. The aim of the work was to elucidate experimentally the influence of different in intencity and character physical loadings on the growth of the femoral bones in 110 albino rats. A positive, but not synonymous, influence of dynamic and static loadings on the growth of the femoral bones in the experimental animals was proved. Long-lasting dynamic loadings stimulate the increment of mass, length and massivity of the femoral bones in the albino rats, the phenomenon was especially prominent in the experimental group under training regimen every other day. Static loading contributes to the femoral bone growth only at the first stage of the experiment. Prolonged static loading inhibits the growth of the femoral bones throughout all the parameters studied."}
{"id": "PMID:901217", "title": "[Age dynamics and correlation of pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery parameters].", "content": "In 70 cadavers of the persons at the age of 15-92 external and internal diameters and radiuses, wall thickness, cross section area of the pulmonary stem and the left pulmonary arteries were measured. Increase of all the parameters with age was stated. For each size regressing equations were introduced. By means of dispersion analysis the effect of the age factor on the diameters and thickness of the vessel walls was determined. Radius/cross section relations of the pulmonary stem and those of both pulmonary arteries were studied. Indices of the relative vessel wall thickness were calculated and their comparison with the arteries of the systemic circulation was done.", "contents": "[Age dynamics and correlation of pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery parameters]. In 70 cadavers of the persons at the age of 15-92 external and internal diameters and radiuses, wall thickness, cross section area of the pulmonary stem and the left pulmonary arteries were measured. Increase of all the parameters with age was stated. For each size regressing equations were introduced. By means of dispersion analysis the effect of the age factor on the diameters and thickness of the vessel walls was determined. Radius/cross section relations of the pulmonary stem and those of both pulmonary arteries were studied. Indices of the relative vessel wall thickness were calculated and their comparison with the arteries of the systemic circulation was done."}
{"id": "PMID:901218", "title": "[Classification of cerebral arteries].", "content": "Proceeding from the requirements of neurosurgical clinic, the author substantiates the necessity of a new classification of the brain arteries and suggests a scheme according to which all the brain arteries are divided into intracerebral and extracerebral. The latter, in their turn, are subdivided into intracranial, cranial and extracranial. Extracranial arteries, due to their topofraphic differences, the author suggests to sub-divide into the arteries of the upper thoracic and cervical regions.", "contents": "[Classification of cerebral arteries]. Proceeding from the requirements of neurosurgical clinic, the author substantiates the necessity of a new classification of the brain arteries and suggests a scheme according to which all the brain arteries are divided into intracerebral and extracerebral. The latter, in their turn, are subdivided into intracranial, cranial and extracranial. Extracranial arteries, due to their topofraphic differences, the author suggests to sub-divide into the arteries of the upper thoracic and cervical regions."}
{"id": "PMID:901219", "title": "[Fascial-cellular sheath of the superior mesenteric artery and its branches].", "content": "Fascial-adipose tissue sheaths of the superior mesentery artery consist of: a proper fibrous tunic separated by a paravasal fissura from the external layer of the arterial wall; an adipose tissue coupling with vascular and nervous plexus--around the vessels, and a fascial case which isolates the adipose tissue coupling from the surrounding adipose tissue. The fascial case is more dense around the trunk and less dense around the branches of the superior mesentery artery. The work presents the data of the development of the fascial-adipose tissue sheaths and their age-dependent changes which result in a considerable exhaustion of these sheaths at an old age, in deposition of adipose tissue between the fascial plates. The thickness of the fascial-adipose tissue sheath of the superior mesentery artery varies, depending on age, from 5 to 12 mm. It is considerably more developed than similar fascial-adipose tissue sheaths of the celiac trunk and the inferior mesentery artery, is of great applied importance for novocain blockade of the paraarterial nervous plexus.", "contents": "[Fascial-cellular sheath of the superior mesenteric artery and its branches]. Fascial-adipose tissue sheaths of the superior mesentery artery consist of: a proper fibrous tunic separated by a paravasal fissura from the external layer of the arterial wall; an adipose tissue coupling with vascular and nervous plexus--around the vessels, and a fascial case which isolates the adipose tissue coupling from the surrounding adipose tissue. The fascial case is more dense around the trunk and less dense around the branches of the superior mesentery artery. The work presents the data of the development of the fascial-adipose tissue sheaths and their age-dependent changes which result in a considerable exhaustion of these sheaths at an old age, in deposition of adipose tissue between the fascial plates. The thickness of the fascial-adipose tissue sheath of the superior mesentery artery varies, depending on age, from 5 to 12 mm. It is considerably more developed than similar fascial-adipose tissue sheaths of the celiac trunk and the inferior mesentery artery, is of great applied importance for novocain blockade of the paraarterial nervous plexus."}
{"id": "PMID:901220", "title": "[Standard linear x-ray densitometry as a method of intravital determination of the mineral saturation of bone tissue].", "content": "The method of standard linear roentgenodensitometry represented in the work in comparison with other methods of photo- and densitometry eliminates, to a certain extent, the influence of many side factors affecting the investigation results and allows to establish a real intravital content of phosphorous calcium salts in the bone tissue. The method in question gives an objective quantitative information on the condition of mineral saturation in the human skeleton, can and must find a wide application both for elucidation of the limits of, so called, normal mineral saturation of human bones at different ages and to study bone system adaptation for different environment influences.", "contents": "[Standard linear x-ray densitometry as a method of intravital determination of the mineral saturation of bone tissue]. The method of standard linear roentgenodensitometry represented in the work in comparison with other methods of photo- and densitometry eliminates, to a certain extent, the influence of many side factors affecting the investigation results and allows to establish a real intravital content of phosphorous calcium salts in the bone tissue. The method in question gives an objective quantitative information on the condition of mineral saturation in the human skeleton, can and must find a wide application both for elucidation of the limits of, so called, normal mineral saturation of human bones at different ages and to study bone system adaptation for different environment influences."}
{"id": "PMID:901221", "title": "[Retrograde changes in the giant pyramids of the motor area of the isolated cortex].", "content": "Retrograde changes in the giant pyramids of the layer V in the motor area of the cortex isolated neuronally at different dates after operation were followed by Nissl method. The cortex isolation was surgically performed by sectioning projection fibres which connect the cortex with subcortical structures after M. M. Hananashvily method (1961). Characteristic retrograde changes appeared in the giant pyramids on the third postoperative day: moderate swelling of cellular bodies, chromatolysis and nuclear displacement towards the periphery. In the following days the retrograde changes progressed rapidly and by the 10th day resulted in a partial destruction of the giant pyramids. One month later in the layer V, only separate cellular shadows were visible; from one month to one year period the giant pyramids in the layer V disappeared completely. Neurons of other layers in this area, as well as small and middle size neurons of the layer V are preserved and show no signs of pathological changes.", "contents": "[Retrograde changes in the giant pyramids of the motor area of the isolated cortex]. Retrograde changes in the giant pyramids of the layer V in the motor area of the cortex isolated neuronally at different dates after operation were followed by Nissl method. The cortex isolation was surgically performed by sectioning projection fibres which connect the cortex with subcortical structures after M. M. Hananashvily method (1961). Characteristic retrograde changes appeared in the giant pyramids on the third postoperative day: moderate swelling of cellular bodies, chromatolysis and nuclear displacement towards the periphery. In the following days the retrograde changes progressed rapidly and by the 10th day resulted in a partial destruction of the giant pyramids. One month later in the layer V, only separate cellular shadows were visible; from one month to one year period the giant pyramids in the layer V disappeared completely. Neurons of other layers in this area, as well as small and middle size neurons of the layer V are preserved and show no signs of pathological changes."}
{"id": "PMID:901222", "title": "[\"Mixed\" follicles in the rat thyroid gland (electron microscopic findings)].", "content": "The thyroid gland of the rats 3, 5, 7, 11 days and 1 month old has been studied by electron microscopy method. Mixed follicles with walls consisting of usual thyrocytes and unusual stratified epithelium have been observed. Particularly large cells containing glycogen are described in stratified zones. Structural relation of basal cells with marginal cells has been traced. Mitosis of basal cells has been demonstrated. The origin of mixed follicles is discussed and some doubts arise as to their ultimobranchial nature.", "contents": "[\"Mixed\" follicles in the rat thyroid gland (electron microscopic findings)]. The thyroid gland of the rats 3, 5, 7, 11 days and 1 month old has been studied by electron microscopy method. Mixed follicles with walls consisting of usual thyrocytes and unusual stratified epithelium have been observed. Particularly large cells containing glycogen are described in stratified zones. Structural relation of basal cells with marginal cells has been traced. Mitosis of basal cells has been demonstrated. The origin of mixed follicles is discussed and some doubts arise as to their ultimobranchial nature."}
{"id": "PMID:901225", "title": "[Methods of intravital study of the microcirculatory bed and assessment of vital dye transport in the pericardium].", "content": "The method of vital microscopy was used to obtain new data on the features of blood microcirculation in different links of the vascular bed in the pericardium. The work of dynamic structures of microcirculation pathways controlling processes of redistribution of blood streams is shown such as arteriolar anastomoses, zones of branching of resistance microvessels, the pathways of magistralization of the capillary blood stream, venular anastomoses and microvalves. By means of calorimetric study of the serous fluid obtained from the pericardium cavity, after a preliminary intravenous injection of the vital dye a quantitative evaluation of the transcapillary transport of the dye was made under conditions of a normal and altered permiability.", "contents": "[Methods of intravital study of the microcirculatory bed and assessment of vital dye transport in the pericardium]. The method of vital microscopy was used to obtain new data on the features of blood microcirculation in different links of the vascular bed in the pericardium. The work of dynamic structures of microcirculation pathways controlling processes of redistribution of blood streams is shown such as arteriolar anastomoses, zones of branching of resistance microvessels, the pathways of magistralization of the capillary blood stream, venular anastomoses and microvalves. By means of calorimetric study of the serous fluid obtained from the pericardium cavity, after a preliminary intravenous injection of the vital dye a quantitative evaluation of the transcapillary transport of the dye was made under conditions of a normal and altered permiability."}
{"id": "PMID:901227", "title": "[Blood vessels and tissue structures of the pituitary in the presence of ischemia].", "content": "Modelling of the brain ischemic hypoxia, the hypophysis including, by ligation of the left internal carotid artery in dogs results in weight enlargement of the hypophysis, marked edema of the parenchyma, discomplexity of the cellular elements of the anterior pituitary lobe with morphological signs of hypofunctional condition of the increting cells in the organ studied. Ischemic hypoxia produces lumen augmentation of blood vessels in some areas of the anterior pituitary lobe with resulting increased circulatory capacity in the anterior pituitary lobe. Comparing with the data available in the literature, we conclude that blood circulation manifests a nonspecific reaction to different hypoxic models, while cellular reaction is more specific.", "contents": "[Blood vessels and tissue structures of the pituitary in the presence of ischemia]. Modelling of the brain ischemic hypoxia, the hypophysis including, by ligation of the left internal carotid artery in dogs results in weight enlargement of the hypophysis, marked edema of the parenchyma, discomplexity of the cellular elements of the anterior pituitary lobe with morphological signs of hypofunctional condition of the increting cells in the organ studied. Ischemic hypoxia produces lumen augmentation of blood vessels in some areas of the anterior pituitary lobe with resulting increased circulatory capacity in the anterior pituitary lobe. Comparing with the data available in the literature, we conclude that blood circulation manifests a nonspecific reaction to different hypoxic models, while cellular reaction is more specific."}
{"id": "PMID:901228", "title": "[Demonstration of the noradrenaline-and adrenaline-secreting cells of the adrenal medulla in laboratory animals and man].", "content": "A comparative study of four histochemical methods of estimation of noradrenaline- and adrenaline-secreting cells in the adrenal medulla of laboratory animals and man was carried out at different terms after death and depending on the temperature of tissue storage before their histochemical treatment. It was stated that light histochemical method of Honor\u00e9 and luminescent method of El-Badawi and Schenk are highly specific and make it possible to estimate the amount and location of catecholamines in the adrenal medulla of man and animals. The advantage of honor\u00e9s method is that it allows to differentiate, at light level, noradrenaline-secreting cells from adrenaline-secreting ones and consider their structural peculiarities. /ence, this method can be recommended for differential study of catecholamines in the adrenal medulla of laboratory animals and man.", "contents": "[Demonstration of the noradrenaline-and adrenaline-secreting cells of the adrenal medulla in laboratory animals and man]. A comparative study of four histochemical methods of estimation of noradrenaline- and adrenaline-secreting cells in the adrenal medulla of laboratory animals and man was carried out at different terms after death and depending on the temperature of tissue storage before their histochemical treatment. It was stated that light histochemical method of Honor\u00e9 and luminescent method of El-Badawi and Schenk are highly specific and make it possible to estimate the amount and location of catecholamines in the adrenal medulla of man and animals. The advantage of honor\u00e9s method is that it allows to differentiate, at light level, noradrenaline-secreting cells from adrenaline-secreting ones and consider their structural peculiarities. /ence, this method can be recommended for differential study of catecholamines in the adrenal medulla of laboratory animals and man."}
{"id": "PMID:901229", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the ovaries of chickens following exposure to x-rays].", "content": "Changes in the ovaries of chicken embryos (17th day of incubation) and in 2-day-old chickens at different terms (2, 24, 72 h) were studied by light and electron microscopic methods after x-ray irradiation in the doses of 606 and 1200 rad. In oocytes of 17 embryos x-ray irradiation acts as an additional factor, enhancing and increasing the degree of chromatin condensation and producing earlier appearance of pachynema stage. In the ovarian oocytes, at diplonema stage, in 2-day-old chickens after irradiation, condensation of chromosomal substance is observed; in this case, irradiation produces a reverse action to that of normal despiralization. Ultrastructural changes in cellular organelles, in nuclear membrane, in particular, depend on the degree of oocyte differentiation and the irradiation dose applied. Within the terms of investigation, x-ray irradiation does not produce any considerable ultrastructural changes in the oocytes, but its disturbes the contacts between them and follicular cells, which is supposed to be the cause of oocyte destruction.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the ovaries of chickens following exposure to x-rays]. Changes in the ovaries of chicken embryos (17th day of incubation) and in 2-day-old chickens at different terms (2, 24, 72 h) were studied by light and electron microscopic methods after x-ray irradiation in the doses of 606 and 1200 rad. In oocytes of 17 embryos x-ray irradiation acts as an additional factor, enhancing and increasing the degree of chromatin condensation and producing earlier appearance of pachynema stage. In the ovarian oocytes, at diplonema stage, in 2-day-old chickens after irradiation, condensation of chromosomal substance is observed; in this case, irradiation produces a reverse action to that of normal despiralization. Ultrastructural changes in cellular organelles, in nuclear membrane, in particular, depend on the degree of oocyte differentiation and the irradiation dose applied. Within the terms of investigation, x-ray irradiation does not produce any considerable ultrastructural changes in the oocytes, but its disturbes the contacts between them and follicular cells, which is supposed to be the cause of oocyte destruction."}
{"id": "PMID:901230", "title": "[Rib duplication].", "content": "Fluorographic examination under roentgenographic control of 400,000 persons revealed rib doubling to be the rarest anomaly--3 cases (approximately, one case per 133,000 examined) and semi-doubling ribs--2 cases (1:200,000); in literature only one case of the right third rib doubling (P. V. Yashunin, 1936) is described. Our cases of rib doubling are: the third, left; the fourth, left and the only case of neighbouring ribs doubling--the first and second, left; semi-doubling: the third, left (demonstrated) and the fifth, left.", "contents": "[Rib duplication]. Fluorographic examination under roentgenographic control of 400,000 persons revealed rib doubling to be the rarest anomaly--3 cases (approximately, one case per 133,000 examined) and semi-doubling ribs--2 cases (1:200,000); in literature only one case of the right third rib doubling (P. V. Yashunin, 1936) is described. Our cases of rib doubling are: the third, left; the fourth, left and the only case of neighbouring ribs doubling--the first and second, left; semi-doubling: the third, left (demonstrated) and the fifth, left."}
{"id": "PMID:901231", "title": "[Morphofunctional basis of joint typology].", "content": "Everincreasing needs of practice (medical, sporting, etc.) demand to reconsider the existing articular classification according to their similarity to geometric \"rotation bodies\". Every joint can be regarded as highly-, moderately- and stiffly-mobile, according to the degree of relative shift of the connected links. Swing correlation of the opposite movements makes it possible to demonstrate the existance of ordinary joints, as well as joints with a preferable movement which exceeds considerably average normal swing. Kinematic expression of the articular type is a maximum swing of passive movings in it. Morphologic base of the type is the degree of curvature and congruence of the articular surfaces, location and form of the movement restrictors in the bone, size and differentiation of ligaments, \"passive insufficiency\" level of muscles-antagonists. Percentage correlation of every articular type depends on age.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional basis of joint typology]. Everincreasing needs of practice (medical, sporting, etc.) demand to reconsider the existing articular classification according to their similarity to geometric \"rotation bodies\". Every joint can be regarded as highly-, moderately- and stiffly-mobile, according to the degree of relative shift of the connected links. Swing correlation of the opposite movements makes it possible to demonstrate the existance of ordinary joints, as well as joints with a preferable movement which exceeds considerably average normal swing. Kinematic expression of the articular type is a maximum swing of passive movings in it. Morphologic base of the type is the degree of curvature and congruence of the articular surfaces, location and form of the movement restrictors in the bone, size and differentiation of ligaments, \"passive insufficiency\" level of muscles-antagonists. Percentage correlation of every articular type depends on age."}
{"id": "PMID:901232", "title": "[Patterns in changes in the dimensions of the nucleoli of human cardiac neurons during postnatal ontogenesis].", "content": "Morphometric studies of the neuronal nucleoli from the hearts of 157 healthy persons at different age, revealed certain regularities in their size changes, which demonstrate a strict quantitative organization--bilogical \"quantumness\"--of intranuclear synthesis processes and excretory processes into cytoplasm. Five more stable aliquot, as well as less stable, intermediate nucleolus volumes were demonstrated, their percentage content depending on the degree of differentiation, activity and cardiac neurons aging during postnatal ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Patterns in changes in the dimensions of the nucleoli of human cardiac neurons during postnatal ontogenesis]. Morphometric studies of the neuronal nucleoli from the hearts of 157 healthy persons at different age, revealed certain regularities in their size changes, which demonstrate a strict quantitative organization--bilogical \"quantumness\"--of intranuclear synthesis processes and excretory processes into cytoplasm. Five more stable aliquot, as well as less stable, intermediate nucleolus volumes were demonstrated, their percentage content depending on the degree of differentiation, activity and cardiac neurons aging during postnatal ontogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:901233", "title": "[Development of collateral circulation following an experimental gunshot wound to the shoulder].", "content": "Peculiarities in the development of collateral blood circulation and skin temperature of the foreleg were studied in two series of experiments (38 dogs) after gunshot wound of the humeral area, lesion of vessel-nervous bundle (first series) and humeral artery resection with section of medial and ulnar nerves (second series). In animals of the first series, the blood circulation was states to restore within a month at the expense of the arteries of the posterior humeral muscles, mainly. Further circulatroy improvement develops due to anastomoses in the anterior humeral muscles, as well as some intrasystemic roundabout ways in humeral area and shoulder girdle. Three months later, the humeral vessels network increases, it does not prevent, however, trophic ulceration of the ulnar skin. Skin temperature of the distal extremital parts raised to normal by 19--20 day of the experiment. The animals from the second series demonstrated retarded development of the roundabout ways in the operated extremities during the whole follow-up period (180 days). Skin temperature was lowered during the first 3--4 days, gradually reached the temperature of the contralateral extremity.", "contents": "[Development of collateral circulation following an experimental gunshot wound to the shoulder]. Peculiarities in the development of collateral blood circulation and skin temperature of the foreleg were studied in two series of experiments (38 dogs) after gunshot wound of the humeral area, lesion of vessel-nervous bundle (first series) and humeral artery resection with section of medial and ulnar nerves (second series). In animals of the first series, the blood circulation was states to restore within a month at the expense of the arteries of the posterior humeral muscles, mainly. Further circulatroy improvement develops due to anastomoses in the anterior humeral muscles, as well as some intrasystemic roundabout ways in humeral area and shoulder girdle. Three months later, the humeral vessels network increases, it does not prevent, however, trophic ulceration of the ulnar skin. Skin temperature of the distal extremital parts raised to normal by 19--20 day of the experiment. The animals from the second series demonstrated retarded development of the roundabout ways in the operated extremities during the whole follow-up period (180 days). Skin temperature was lowered during the first 3--4 days, gradually reached the temperature of the contralateral extremity."}
{"id": "PMID:901235", "title": "[Use of colchicine in studying the proliferative activity of chicken embryos].", "content": "Manifestation of mitotic activity of colchicin in 4- and 5-day-old chick embryos was studied under different modes of colchicin injection into the eggs. Three methods were tested: colchicin solution was injected into the serous-amniotic cavity (1) and into the yolk sac (2) and also by dripping on the serous membrane over the enbryo (3). Perfect metastatic effect was observed only when colchicin was used in concentration of 1 X 10(-4) g/ml and injected by the third mehtod. Increase in the solution volume over 0.1 ml resulted in a greater percentage of embryo death. Lack of a definite inhibitory action after colchicin injection into the serous-amniotic cavity might be explained by decrease of the substance concentration as a result of its dilution by the cavity fluid. A complete lack of blocked mitoses in the embryo tissues after colchicin injection into the yolk sac can be explained, according to the authors, by the presence, in the yolk, of a great number of ovoflavins capable to inhibit mitotic activity of colchicin.", "contents": "[Use of colchicine in studying the proliferative activity of chicken embryos]. Manifestation of mitotic activity of colchicin in 4- and 5-day-old chick embryos was studied under different modes of colchicin injection into the eggs. Three methods were tested: colchicin solution was injected into the serous-amniotic cavity (1) and into the yolk sac (2) and also by dripping on the serous membrane over the enbryo (3). Perfect metastatic effect was observed only when colchicin was used in concentration of 1 X 10(-4) g/ml and injected by the third mehtod. Increase in the solution volume over 0.1 ml resulted in a greater percentage of embryo death. Lack of a definite inhibitory action after colchicin injection into the serous-amniotic cavity might be explained by decrease of the substance concentration as a result of its dilution by the cavity fluid. A complete lack of blocked mitoses in the embryo tissues after colchicin injection into the yolk sac can be explained, according to the authors, by the presence, in the yolk, of a great number of ovoflavins capable to inhibit mitotic activity of colchicin."}
{"id": "PMID:901236", "title": "[Quantitative assessment of catecholamine fluorescence detected by the Falck method].", "content": "While using Falck's method, a number of simple and handy additional ways were suggested to carry on quantitative estimation of the fluorescence change of noradrenergic and dopaminergic terminals in a number of nuclei of the central nervous system. A device was used, which allows to obtain samples of brain of a given size and in a definite plane. The method we used makes it possible to treat simultaneously a great number of material at all the stages of work. Fluorescence intensity was measured by means of fluorometric device with the stop of a large diameter. Tests with the substances lowering the content of catecholamines showed that at the content of catecholamine less than 60% one can observe linear dependance between fluorescence intensity and the content of catecholamine in tissues. In the sphere of high concentrations such linearity does not exist.", "contents": "[Quantitative assessment of catecholamine fluorescence detected by the Falck method]. While using Falck's method, a number of simple and handy additional ways were suggested to carry on quantitative estimation of the fluorescence change of noradrenergic and dopaminergic terminals in a number of nuclei of the central nervous system. A device was used, which allows to obtain samples of brain of a given size and in a definite plane. The method we used makes it possible to treat simultaneously a great number of material at all the stages of work. Fluorescence intensity was measured by means of fluorometric device with the stop of a large diameter. Tests with the substances lowering the content of catecholamines showed that at the content of catecholamine less than 60% one can observe linear dependance between fluorescence intensity and the content of catecholamine in tissues. In the sphere of high concentrations such linearity does not exist."}
{"id": "PMID:901237", "title": "[Interrelationship between the enterochromaffin and several connective tissue cells in the wall of the small intestine following sensitization with an organotropic antigen].", "content": "The problem of main cell elements in the intestinal mucosa and their interrelations at different terms of sensibilization (7, 14, 21, days), anaphylactic shock and during post-shock period (3, 7, 14, 21 days) are considered in the work. Some data on quantitative interrelations of enterchromaffine cells, macrophages, labrocytes and plasma cells in the control animals are presented. The amount macrophages under the organotropic sensibilization and during post-shock period increases, their functional activity is growing; the quantity of enterochromaffine cells correlates with that of labrocytes; the amount of plasma cells increases under sensibilization and decreases during the post-shock period.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between the enterochromaffin and several connective tissue cells in the wall of the small intestine following sensitization with an organotropic antigen]. The problem of main cell elements in the intestinal mucosa and their interrelations at different terms of sensibilization (7, 14, 21, days), anaphylactic shock and during post-shock period (3, 7, 14, 21 days) are considered in the work. Some data on quantitative interrelations of enterchromaffine cells, macrophages, labrocytes and plasma cells in the control animals are presented. The amount macrophages under the organotropic sensibilization and during post-shock period increases, their functional activity is growing; the quantity of enterochromaffine cells correlates with that of labrocytes; the amount of plasma cells increases under sensibilization and decreases during the post-shock period."}
{"id": "PMID:901238", "title": "[Development of senile plaques in the human brain].", "content": "In 100 persons, the development of senile plaques in 8 different parts of the brain was studied by means of Bielschowsky, Miagawa-Alexandrovskaja, phase contrast and morphometric methods. Appearance, within an unchanged brain tissue of a fine fibrillar structure, of a ball-shaped body (average diameter of 8.9 mcm) with a marked peripheral radiancy is believed by the author to be the first morphological stage of the senile plaque formation. Around this central focus, brain tissue necrosis separated from the normal brain tissue by a demarcation zone further develops. At final stages, desintegration and resolving of the central focus, and then of the whole senile plaque is observed.", "contents": "[Development of senile plaques in the human brain]. In 100 persons, the development of senile plaques in 8 different parts of the brain was studied by means of Bielschowsky, Miagawa-Alexandrovskaja, phase contrast and morphometric methods. Appearance, within an unchanged brain tissue of a fine fibrillar structure, of a ball-shaped body (average diameter of 8.9 mcm) with a marked peripheral radiancy is believed by the author to be the first morphological stage of the senile plaque formation. Around this central focus, brain tissue necrosis separated from the normal brain tissue by a demarcation zone further develops. At final stages, desintegration and resolving of the central focus, and then of the whole senile plaque is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:901251", "title": "[Fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries].", "content": "Thirty-two cases of fibrous-muscular dysplasial of renal arteries (including one autopsy case) were studied. Sections of renal arteries removed at reconstructive operations from patients suffering from renovascular hypertension were examined. Two morphological variants of the process were distinguished: medial dysplasia (perimedial fibroplasia, medial fibroplasia, and dissecting aneurysm) and intimal proliferation. Morphologically, fibrous-muscular dysplasia is a manifestation of proliferation of smooth muscle cell which appears to have various forms and stages. Diagnostically, fibrous-muscular dysplasia should be differentiated from atherosclerosis, nonspecific arteritis, proliferation of the intima due to hypovolemia, and perivascular sclerosis of different etiologies.", "contents": "[Fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries]. Thirty-two cases of fibrous-muscular dysplasial of renal arteries (including one autopsy case) were studied. Sections of renal arteries removed at reconstructive operations from patients suffering from renovascular hypertension were examined. Two morphological variants of the process were distinguished: medial dysplasia (perimedial fibroplasia, medial fibroplasia, and dissecting aneurysm) and intimal proliferation. Morphologically, fibrous-muscular dysplasia is a manifestation of proliferation of smooth muscle cell which appears to have various forms and stages. Diagnostically, fibrous-muscular dysplasia should be differentiated from atherosclerosis, nonspecific arteritis, proliferation of the intima due to hypovolemia, and perivascular sclerosis of different etiologies."}
{"id": "PMID:901252", "title": "[Wound healing as an autoregulatory process].", "content": "A hypothesis of autoregulation of the reparative growth of the connective tissue based on the inverse relationship between degradation and collagen biosynthesis is suggested. At the ultrastructural level such homeostatic mechanism is realized in two stages: (1) resorption by macrophages of collagenic fibrillae of the tissue necrotized as a result of trauma and inflammation, induction of collagen genesis by cell contacts between macrophages and fibroblasts, enhanced fibrillogenesis; (2) the inhibiting effect of collagen fibers of a mature tissue contacting with fibroblasts on collagen biosynthesis with simultaneous induction of fibroclasia.", "contents": "[Wound healing as an autoregulatory process]. A hypothesis of autoregulation of the reparative growth of the connective tissue based on the inverse relationship between degradation and collagen biosynthesis is suggested. At the ultrastructural level such homeostatic mechanism is realized in two stages: (1) resorption by macrophages of collagenic fibrillae of the tissue necrotized as a result of trauma and inflammation, induction of collagen genesis by cell contacts between macrophages and fibroblasts, enhanced fibrillogenesis; (2) the inhibiting effect of collagen fibers of a mature tissue contacting with fibroblasts on collagen biosynthesis with simultaneous induction of fibroclasia."}
{"id": "PMID:901253", "title": "[Histogenesis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans].", "content": "In order to specify the histogenetic appurtenance of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance, the ultrastructure of cells from three tumors was studied. The similarity between the ultrastructure of the tumor cells and normal fibroblasts suggests the fibroblastic origin of the tumor.", "contents": "[Histogenesis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]. In order to specify the histogenetic appurtenance of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance, the ultrastructure of cells from three tumors was studied. The similarity between the ultrastructure of the tumor cells and normal fibroblasts suggests the fibroblastic origin of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:901254", "title": "[Ultrastructure of leiomyoma of the ciliary body].", "content": "Leiomyoma of the ciliary body of the eye was studied with the help of optical microscope at the ultrastructural level. The tumour was characterized by 4 types of cells: micro immature myoblasts, macro differentiated myoblasts, dystrophically changed muscle cells with lipofuscin inclusions, and fibroblasto-like cells. At the luminous level the differentiation of pigmental granules of melanin and lipifuscin was impeded. At the ultrastructural level they had different morphology, and therefore the differential diagnosis of a slightly pigmented melanoma and leiomyoma is possible.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of leiomyoma of the ciliary body]. Leiomyoma of the ciliary body of the eye was studied with the help of optical microscope at the ultrastructural level. The tumour was characterized by 4 types of cells: micro immature myoblasts, macro differentiated myoblasts, dystrophically changed muscle cells with lipofuscin inclusions, and fibroblasto-like cells. At the luminous level the differentiation of pigmental granules of melanin and lipifuscin was impeded. At the ultrastructural level they had different morphology, and therefore the differential diagnosis of a slightly pigmented melanoma and leiomyoma is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:901255", "title": "[Mitotic division of the nuclei of the human heart myocytes after healing of myocardial infarct].", "content": "Mitoses of nuclei of myocytes of the left ventricle of the heart observed in two elderly people who had died of extensive relapsing infarction are described. All the mitoses were pathological (delaying and dispersing of chromosomes in metaphase multipolar mitosis) and apparently they were completed by formation of multiple micronuclei.", "contents": "[Mitotic division of the nuclei of the human heart myocytes after healing of myocardial infarct]. Mitoses of nuclei of myocytes of the left ventricle of the heart observed in two elderly people who had died of extensive relapsing infarction are described. All the mitoses were pathological (delaying and dispersing of chromosomes in metaphase multipolar mitosis) and apparently they were completed by formation of multiple micronuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:901256", "title": "[Rare congenital heart valve defects].", "content": "The article contains excerpts from case records and autopsy protocols for two children who had died of congenital valvular heart diseases. Both were full-term infants, with good weight who initially developed normally. During the first month of life, however, they developed respiratory disease which provoked the development of decompensation of the malformed heart. Moreover, both patients showed clinical signs of congestion not only in the greater circulation but in the lesser circulation as well. The latter was conditioned by anatomic features of the valvular defects. In the first case all the valves of the heart turned out to be malformed, in the second case there was observed a combination of Ebstein's anomaly with corrected transposition of the ventricles and major vessels of the heart and as a result the right ventricle with a malformed tricuspid valve was found to be on the place of the left ventricle.", "contents": "[Rare congenital heart valve defects]. The article contains excerpts from case records and autopsy protocols for two children who had died of congenital valvular heart diseases. Both were full-term infants, with good weight who initially developed normally. During the first month of life, however, they developed respiratory disease which provoked the development of decompensation of the malformed heart. Moreover, both patients showed clinical signs of congestion not only in the greater circulation but in the lesser circulation as well. The latter was conditioned by anatomic features of the valvular defects. In the first case all the valves of the heart turned out to be malformed, in the second case there was observed a combination of Ebstein's anomaly with corrected transposition of the ventricles and major vessels of the heart and as a result the right ventricle with a malformed tricuspid valve was found to be on the place of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:901257", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid in the healthy preterm newborn infant].", "content": "The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition was studied in 54 premature infants. The pregnancy was normal and the delivery normal and non traumatic in all of them, and the 5 minutes Apgar score ranged from 6 to 9. No abnormalities were found on physical examination including neurological examination. Blood cell countings and blood gasometry were normal. CSF composition was studied as to: total cell count and total protein, glucose, bilirrubin and hemoglobin concentrations. Data found permit to stablish as physiologic the following values: leucocytes, until 16 per cumm; erithrocytes, until 1,280 per cumm; total protein content until 300 mgm/100 ml; bilirrubin until 80 micrometer/1; hemoglobin until 8 micrometer/1; glucose, two thirds of the concentration found in the blood. Protein, bilirrubin and hemoglobin are significantly increased as compared to values found for the CSF of 79 fullterm normal newborn babies evaluated previously. Hemoglobin was not detected in the CSF of any full term newborn baby. The differences found are probably due to a less efficient blood-CSF barrier in premature infants as compared to full-term newborn babies.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid in the healthy preterm newborn infant]. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition was studied in 54 premature infants. The pregnancy was normal and the delivery normal and non traumatic in all of them, and the 5 minutes Apgar score ranged from 6 to 9. No abnormalities were found on physical examination including neurological examination. Blood cell countings and blood gasometry were normal. CSF composition was studied as to: total cell count and total protein, glucose, bilirrubin and hemoglobin concentrations. Data found permit to stablish as physiologic the following values: leucocytes, until 16 per cumm; erithrocytes, until 1,280 per cumm; total protein content until 300 mgm/100 ml; bilirrubin until 80 micrometer/1; hemoglobin until 8 micrometer/1; glucose, two thirds of the concentration found in the blood. Protein, bilirrubin and hemoglobin are significantly increased as compared to values found for the CSF of 79 fullterm normal newborn babies evaluated previously. Hemoglobin was not detected in the CSF of any full term newborn baby. The differences found are probably due to a less efficient blood-CSF barrier in premature infants as compared to full-term newborn babies."}
{"id": "PMID:901258", "title": "[Megadolichobasilar anomaly: apropos of 5 cases diagnosed angiographically].", "content": "After brief considerations on the symptomatology and ethiopathogeny of megadolichobasilar, five cases of this vascular anomaly are presented. Agreeing with the majority of the papers on the subject, the age of the patients was between the fourth and the sixth decades, all of them presenting arterial hypertension of long duration and advanced atherosclerosis; the neurological findings were varied, having in common the fact of an abrupt (ictal) beggining. The angiographic study of the vertebrobasilar system was basic in the diagnosis in every case.", "contents": "[Megadolichobasilar anomaly: apropos of 5 cases diagnosed angiographically]. After brief considerations on the symptomatology and ethiopathogeny of megadolichobasilar, five cases of this vascular anomaly are presented. Agreeing with the majority of the papers on the subject, the age of the patients was between the fourth and the sixth decades, all of them presenting arterial hypertension of long duration and advanced atherosclerosis; the neurological findings were varied, having in common the fact of an abrupt (ictal) beggining. The angiographic study of the vertebrobasilar system was basic in the diagnosis in every case."}
{"id": "PMID:901259", "title": "[Neurosurgical aspects of fronto-ethmoidal osteomas; report of 6 cases and review of the literature].", "content": "The cases of six patients with fronto-ethmoidal osteomas which have produced intracranial complications are reported. The patients have been divided in two groups depending on their clinical aspects, from cranio-facial deformities to exophtalmus, rinorrhea, pneumocephalus, meningitis and mucocele. A review of the literature is made and the importance of such lesions is stressed together with a critical analysis of the methods proposed for their surgical treatment. The results obtained with a frontal approach and a plastic closure of the dura were uniformelly good with restoration of functions in all patients.", "contents": "[Neurosurgical aspects of fronto-ethmoidal osteomas; report of 6 cases and review of the literature]. The cases of six patients with fronto-ethmoidal osteomas which have produced intracranial complications are reported. The patients have been divided in two groups depending on their clinical aspects, from cranio-facial deformities to exophtalmus, rinorrhea, pneumocephalus, meningitis and mucocele. A review of the literature is made and the importance of such lesions is stressed together with a critical analysis of the methods proposed for their surgical treatment. The results obtained with a frontal approach and a plastic closure of the dura were uniformelly good with restoration of functions in all patients."}
{"id": "PMID:901260", "title": "[Status epilepticus in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; therapeutic aspects].", "content": "Therapeutic aspects of convulsive and non convulsive status epilepticus observed in fourteen patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were studied. A temporal relationship between the status epilepticus onset and the beginning of treatment with chlonazepam and diphenylhydantoin was observed; these drugs withdrawal was followed by suppression of symptoms. The possibility of treating status epilepticus by altering the orally administered therapy and leaving parenteral therapy for such cases with progressive impairment of consciousness and/or neuvoregetative disorders was indicated.", "contents": "[Status epilepticus in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; therapeutic aspects]. Therapeutic aspects of convulsive and non convulsive status epilepticus observed in fourteen patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were studied. A temporal relationship between the status epilepticus onset and the beginning of treatment with chlonazepam and diphenylhydantoin was observed; these drugs withdrawal was followed by suppression of symptoms. The possibility of treating status epilepticus by altering the orally administered therapy and leaving parenteral therapy for such cases with progressive impairment of consciousness and/or neuvoregetative disorders was indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:901261", "title": "[Frequency of potential anastomoses in the posterior communicating branches of the circle of Willis].", "content": "This neuroanatomic study has been performed to establish the frequency of potencials anastomosis in the posterior portion of the cerebral arterial circle in 87 brains from northeasterner brazilians without any aparent clinical manifestations of neural dysfunction. The fetal pattern of the posterior communicating branch was present in the 46% (40/87) of the cases. The frequency with regard to side was the following: 21,8% (19/87) on the right side; 12,8% (12/87) on the left side and 10,4% (9/87) bilateral. The bilateral and unilateral potencials anastomosis at level of the posterior communicating branches, with fetal pattern or with gross caliber (Padget, 19483), were present in the 71,2% (62/87) of the arterial circles. The bilateral potencials anastomosis were formed by two posterior communicating branches with fetal pattern in the 10,4% (9/87) of the cases, by two of those vessels of gross caliber in the 11,5% (10/87) of the circles, and by one fetal posterior communicating branch, and one contralateral posterior communicating branch of gross caliber in the 13,8% (12/87) of the cases. Unilateral potencials anastomosis constituted by fetal posterior communicating branch (21,8%) or by posterior communicating branch with gross caliber (13,8%) ocurred in the 35,6% (31/87) of the arterial circles.", "contents": "[Frequency of potential anastomoses in the posterior communicating branches of the circle of Willis]. This neuroanatomic study has been performed to establish the frequency of potencials anastomosis in the posterior portion of the cerebral arterial circle in 87 brains from northeasterner brazilians without any aparent clinical manifestations of neural dysfunction. The fetal pattern of the posterior communicating branch was present in the 46% (40/87) of the cases. The frequency with regard to side was the following: 21,8% (19/87) on the right side; 12,8% (12/87) on the left side and 10,4% (9/87) bilateral. The bilateral and unilateral potencials anastomosis at level of the posterior communicating branches, with fetal pattern or with gross caliber (Padget, 19483), were present in the 71,2% (62/87) of the arterial circles. The bilateral potencials anastomosis were formed by two posterior communicating branches with fetal pattern in the 10,4% (9/87) of the cases, by two of those vessels of gross caliber in the 11,5% (10/87) of the circles, and by one fetal posterior communicating branch, and one contralateral posterior communicating branch of gross caliber in the 13,8% (12/87) of the cases. Unilateral potencials anastomosis constituted by fetal posterior communicating branch (21,8%) or by posterior communicating branch with gross caliber (13,8%) ocurred in the 35,6% (31/87) of the arterial circles."}
{"id": "PMID:901262", "title": "[Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid: normal values].", "content": "Determinating the total protein contents by the Meulemans method and using strips of celulose acetate \"Cellogel\" for electrophoresis the authors have studied the CSF of 19 patients between 10 and 54 years old. Total proteins was found between 10 and 28 mg%. The proteins were separated in six fractions with the following results: pre\u00e9-albumin 4.3%; albumin 54.8%; alpha1-globulin 5.9%; alpha2 globulin 8.3%; beta-globulins 15.5% and delta-globulins 11.2%.", "contents": "[Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid: normal values]. Determinating the total protein contents by the Meulemans method and using strips of celulose acetate \"Cellogel\" for electrophoresis the authors have studied the CSF of 19 patients between 10 and 54 years old. Total proteins was found between 10 and 28 mg%. The proteins were separated in six fractions with the following results: pre\u00e9-albumin 4.3%; albumin 54.8%; alpha1-globulin 5.9%; alpha2 globulin 8.3%; beta-globulins 15.5% and delta-globulins 11.2%."}
{"id": "PMID:901263", "title": "[Myotubular or centronuclear myopathy; report of a case and review of the literature].", "content": "A case of centronuclear or myotubular myopathy in a 13-year-old boy who was admitted with hypotonia and congenital ptosis is reported. Clinical, electromyographic and pathologic studies are discussed. A review of the electron microscopic features and comparison with out findings is included. Review of the literature disclosed near 50 cases of centronuclear myopathy. The diferential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Myotubular or centronuclear myopathy; report of a case and review of the literature]. A case of centronuclear or myotubular myopathy in a 13-year-old boy who was admitted with hypotonia and congenital ptosis is reported. Clinical, electromyographic and pathologic studies are discussed. A review of the electron microscopic features and comparison with out findings is included. Review of the literature disclosed near 50 cases of centronuclear myopathy. The diferential diagnosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901264", "title": "[Idiopathic arterial occlusive disease (moyamoya); report of 4 cases].", "content": "Four cases of the occlusive arterial disease \"moyamoya\" type, are reported with comments on the clinical, roentgenological and embriological aspects. The clinical onset in all four cases was of isquemic type, in spite of different ages (2 adult male, one young adult female, 1 child female). Some particular symptoms are analysed, mainly the constant complaint of episodes in which the patient is, suddendly, extremely tired. The causes of this episodes are thought to be due to suddendly lowering of the cerebral perfusion in the disease. The importance of the radiological appearance is emphasyzed. The plain roentgenographic films, the site of the occlusion, the associated vascular malformations, the collateral circulation and the site of the vascular nest, are discussed. Some embriologic aspects of the etiology including the variable time onset of the pathologic process are also discussed.", "contents": "[Idiopathic arterial occlusive disease (moyamoya); report of 4 cases]. Four cases of the occlusive arterial disease \"moyamoya\" type, are reported with comments on the clinical, roentgenological and embriological aspects. The clinical onset in all four cases was of isquemic type, in spite of different ages (2 adult male, one young adult female, 1 child female). Some particular symptoms are analysed, mainly the constant complaint of episodes in which the patient is, suddendly, extremely tired. The causes of this episodes are thought to be due to suddendly lowering of the cerebral perfusion in the disease. The importance of the radiological appearance is emphasyzed. The plain roentgenographic films, the site of the occlusion, the associated vascular malformations, the collateral circulation and the site of the vascular nest, are discussed. Some embriologic aspects of the etiology including the variable time onset of the pathologic process are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901265", "title": "[Subdural abscess at the level of the cauda equina; report of a case].", "content": "A case of staphylococcal subdural abscess at cauda equina level region in a 42 year old male patient is reported. The neurological signs presented in this condition are discussed briefly and it is pointed out the importance of laminectomy associated to antibiotic treatment to achieve good outcome.", "contents": "[Subdural abscess at the level of the cauda equina; report of a case]. A case of staphylococcal subdural abscess at cauda equina level region in a 42 year old male patient is reported. The neurological signs presented in this condition are discussed briefly and it is pointed out the importance of laminectomy associated to antibiotic treatment to achieve good outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:901266", "title": "A systematic method of drawing corneal pathologic conditions.", "content": "We describe a method of indicating corneal pathologic conditions in the patient record by color-coded frontal and slit sketches. The practice improves biomicroscopic skill, provides an easily reviewed record of the disease's course, helps monitor observations of ophthalmologists in training, and creates a standardized method of notation.", "contents": "A systematic method of drawing corneal pathologic conditions. We describe a method of indicating corneal pathologic conditions in the patient record by color-coded frontal and slit sketches. The practice improves biomicroscopic skill, provides an easily reviewed record of the disease's course, helps monitor observations of ophthalmologists in training, and creates a standardized method of notation."}
{"id": "PMID:901267", "title": "Retinal arterial occlusive disease in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed an unusual form of occlusive retinal arterial disease. The most prominent clinical features of this disorder were deposition of yellow-white material in retinal arterial walls and evidence of multifocal retinal arterial occlusion. Fluorescein angiographic findings included nonperfusion of the obstructed arteries and the retinal capillary beds fed by them, and fluorescein leakage at the sites of involvement of the retinal arteries. This ocular complication of SLE is presumably a manifestation of the widespread systemic vascular problems seen in this disorder. It may be more common in patients with lupus involving the CNS.", "contents": "Retinal arterial occlusive disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed an unusual form of occlusive retinal arterial disease. The most prominent clinical features of this disorder were deposition of yellow-white material in retinal arterial walls and evidence of multifocal retinal arterial occlusion. Fluorescein angiographic findings included nonperfusion of the obstructed arteries and the retinal capillary beds fed by them, and fluorescein leakage at the sites of involvement of the retinal arteries. This ocular complication of SLE is presumably a manifestation of the widespread systemic vascular problems seen in this disorder. It may be more common in patients with lupus involving the CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:901268", "title": "Isolated inferior oblique paresis.", "content": "The clinical features of eight patients with inferior oblique palsy are described and the differential diagnosis discussed. Six of the eight patients were treated by unilateral superior oblique tenotomy; the conditions of all six improved postoperatively.", "contents": "Isolated inferior oblique paresis. The clinical features of eight patients with inferior oblique palsy are described and the differential diagnosis discussed. Six of the eight patients were treated by unilateral superior oblique tenotomy; the conditions of all six improved postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:901269", "title": "Ultrastructural abnormalities in a Marfan's syndrome lens.", "content": "The surface ultrastructure of the posterior of the Marfan's syndrome lens was studied by scanning electron microscopy. All aspects of the architecture and construction of the capsule, the zonules and their insertions, the epithelium, and the lens fibers showed a sharp deviation from normal. The capsular fibrils were abnormally large and grossly granular. The zonular fibrils, similar in size and granularity to those of the capsule, contained numerous large aggregates and showed a lack of parallel orientation. The epithelial cells displayed a coarser than normal surface granularity and a lack of regularity of form and orientation. The cortical and nuclear lens fibers displayed a relatively normal surface pattern but showed poorly defined borders and interdigitating processes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural abnormalities in a Marfan's syndrome lens. The surface ultrastructure of the posterior of the Marfan's syndrome lens was studied by scanning electron microscopy. All aspects of the architecture and construction of the capsule, the zonules and their insertions, the epithelium, and the lens fibers showed a sharp deviation from normal. The capsular fibrils were abnormally large and grossly granular. The zonular fibrils, similar in size and granularity to those of the capsule, contained numerous large aggregates and showed a lack of parallel orientation. The epithelial cells displayed a coarser than normal surface granularity and a lack of regularity of form and orientation. The cortical and nuclear lens fibers displayed a relatively normal surface pattern but showed poorly defined borders and interdigitating processes."}
{"id": "PMID:901270", "title": "Revision of filtration surgery.", "content": "Forty-one procedures were performed to revise malfunctioning filtering blebs in 37 eyes. Thirty-two procedures were undertaken on underfiltering blebs, seven on overfiltering blebs, and two on normally functioning but otherwise unsatisfactory blebs. Revision procedures were successful in 24 of 32 underfiltering blebs, four of seven overfiltering blebs, and one of two normally functioning but unsatisfactory blebs.", "contents": "Revision of filtration surgery. Forty-one procedures were performed to revise malfunctioning filtering blebs in 37 eyes. Thirty-two procedures were undertaken on underfiltering blebs, seven on overfiltering blebs, and two on normally functioning but otherwise unsatisfactory blebs. Revision procedures were successful in 24 of 32 underfiltering blebs, four of seven overfiltering blebs, and one of two normally functioning but unsatisfactory blebs."}
{"id": "PMID:901271", "title": "No-touch technique for intraocular malignant melanomas.", "content": "Large variations in intraocular pressure occur during enucleation, scleral depression, 32P testing, and vigorous rubbing of an eye. Data from animal studies show that during a critical phase of an intraocular malignant melanoma, ocular massage significantly decreased longevity due to increased metastastic disease. We report \"no-touch\" technique to prevent tumor spread from occurring secondary to ocular manipulation during enucleation. This technique avoids IOP elevations above 50 mm Hg before freezing completely around the tumor, thereby preventing flow of fluid and blood to or from the tumor prior to the manipulation necessary for enucleation. Theoretically, the patient with an ocular tumor should be warned against vigorous rubbing of his eyes and hard lid squeezes or diagnostic techniques that elevate IOP. The ophthalmologist should perform enucleation with gentieness and avoid pressure on the globe. Patients who are being followed up with a suspected ocular tumor should be warned not to rub or vigorously squeeze their eyelids.", "contents": "No-touch technique for intraocular malignant melanomas. Large variations in intraocular pressure occur during enucleation, scleral depression, 32P testing, and vigorous rubbing of an eye. Data from animal studies show that during a critical phase of an intraocular malignant melanoma, ocular massage significantly decreased longevity due to increased metastastic disease. We report \"no-touch\" technique to prevent tumor spread from occurring secondary to ocular manipulation during enucleation. This technique avoids IOP elevations above 50 mm Hg before freezing completely around the tumor, thereby preventing flow of fluid and blood to or from the tumor prior to the manipulation necessary for enucleation. Theoretically, the patient with an ocular tumor should be warned against vigorous rubbing of his eyes and hard lid squeezes or diagnostic techniques that elevate IOP. The ophthalmologist should perform enucleation with gentieness and avoid pressure on the globe. Patients who are being followed up with a suspected ocular tumor should be warned not to rub or vigorously squeeze their eyelids."}
{"id": "PMID:901272", "title": "Short fascial strip--what next?", "content": "A surgical technique has been developed that effectively utilizes a short fascial strip to obtain the required length needed for frontalis fixation. The technique is simple and the tensile strength adequate.", "contents": "Short fascial strip--what next? A surgical technique has been developed that effectively utilizes a short fascial strip to obtain the required length needed for frontalis fixation. The technique is simple and the tensile strength adequate."}
{"id": "PMID:901273", "title": "Topical antibiotic therapy of staphylococcal keratitis.", "content": "The in vivo antibacterial effectiveness in the rabbit cornea of a number of commercially available ophthalmic antibiotic preparations was determined against a single strain of penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a human corneal ulcer. Each antibiotic was instilled topically at hourly intervals, and the number of residual viable organisms in the cornea subsequently was ascertained. In vivo measurements demonstrated that five antibiotics--neomycin sulfate, gentamicin sulfate, erythromycin, tetracycline hydrochloride, and chlortetracycline hydrochloride--were equally effective in suppressing growth of the strain of S aureus studied. Therapeutic results were the same whether the corneal epithelium was present of absent for each of the drugs studied. With one exception (chloramphenicol), there was excellent correlation between in vivo and in vitro findings.", "contents": "Topical antibiotic therapy of staphylococcal keratitis. The in vivo antibacterial effectiveness in the rabbit cornea of a number of commercially available ophthalmic antibiotic preparations was determined against a single strain of penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a human corneal ulcer. Each antibiotic was instilled topically at hourly intervals, and the number of residual viable organisms in the cornea subsequently was ascertained. In vivo measurements demonstrated that five antibiotics--neomycin sulfate, gentamicin sulfate, erythromycin, tetracycline hydrochloride, and chlortetracycline hydrochloride--were equally effective in suppressing growth of the strain of S aureus studied. Therapeutic results were the same whether the corneal epithelium was present of absent for each of the drugs studied. With one exception (chloramphenicol), there was excellent correlation between in vivo and in vitro findings."}
{"id": "PMID:901276", "title": "Validity of tympanometry for middle ear effusions.", "content": "The findings on paracentesis and aspiration of the middle ear were compared with preoperative tympanometry. From the results obtained, it was found that if tympanometry alone is used to determine the presence or absence of fluid the best discriminant is a compliance of 0.21 or a gradient of 0.04 equivalent volume units. The average failure rate with either or these criteria is 20%. A numerical estimate of the validity of tympanometry may be made for individual cases.", "contents": "Validity of tympanometry for middle ear effusions. The findings on paracentesis and aspiration of the middle ear were compared with preoperative tympanometry. From the results obtained, it was found that if tympanometry alone is used to determine the presence or absence of fluid the best discriminant is a compliance of 0.21 or a gradient of 0.04 equivalent volume units. The average failure rate with either or these criteria is 20%. A numerical estimate of the validity of tympanometry may be made for individual cases."}
{"id": "PMID:901277", "title": "Effects of nasal packing on eustachian tube function.", "content": "Eustachian tube function was assessed by tympanometry in 47 patients (94 ears) with anterior nasal packing placed after nasal surgery and in 12 patients (24 ears) requiring anterior and posterior packing for epistaxis. Twenty-four of the 94 ears (25.5%) in patients with anterior packing exhibited reductions in middle ear pressure (greater than or equal to --100 mm H2O), whereas 12 of 13 ears (92.3%) ipsilateral to and six of 11 ears (45.4%) contralateral to the posterior pack demonstrated comparable reductions in middle ear pressure. The observation that posterior packing is associated with a greater incidence of eustachian tube dysfunction than anterior packing suggests that the mechanism of this dysfunction may be related to stasis in the peritubal lymphatic plexus rather than to nasal obstruction per se.", "contents": "Effects of nasal packing on eustachian tube function. Eustachian tube function was assessed by tympanometry in 47 patients (94 ears) with anterior nasal packing placed after nasal surgery and in 12 patients (24 ears) requiring anterior and posterior packing for epistaxis. Twenty-four of the 94 ears (25.5%) in patients with anterior packing exhibited reductions in middle ear pressure (greater than or equal to --100 mm H2O), whereas 12 of 13 ears (92.3%) ipsilateral to and six of 11 ears (45.4%) contralateral to the posterior pack demonstrated comparable reductions in middle ear pressure. The observation that posterior packing is associated with a greater incidence of eustachian tube dysfunction than anterior packing suggests that the mechanism of this dysfunction may be related to stasis in the peritubal lymphatic plexus rather than to nasal obstruction per se."}
{"id": "PMID:901278", "title": "Positive Hennebert's sign in Meniere's disease.", "content": "A positive Hennebert's sign was found in 24 of 81 (30%) of ears with Meniere's disease and in none of 22 cases of vestibular schwannoma or 100 normal controls. Negative pressure applied to the external auditory canal was the required stimulus in 14 of 24 (58%) ears. The character of induced eye motion was variable, although horizontal nystagmus was found in 22 of 24 (92%) ears. A positive Hennebert's sign is seen in a variety of labyrinthine lesions and gives corroborative evidence for a cochlear site of hearing impairment with hydrops and vestibulofibrosis are the underlying pathophysiologic condition.", "contents": "Positive Hennebert's sign in Meniere's disease. A positive Hennebert's sign was found in 24 of 81 (30%) of ears with Meniere's disease and in none of 22 cases of vestibular schwannoma or 100 normal controls. Negative pressure applied to the external auditory canal was the required stimulus in 14 of 24 (58%) ears. The character of induced eye motion was variable, although horizontal nystagmus was found in 22 of 24 (92%) ears. A positive Hennebert's sign is seen in a variety of labyrinthine lesions and gives corroborative evidence for a cochlear site of hearing impairment with hydrops and vestibulofibrosis are the underlying pathophysiologic condition."}
{"id": "PMID:901279", "title": "Composite hyoid sternohyoid muscle grafts in humans. Its use in reconstruction of subglottic stenosis and the anterior tracheal wall.", "content": "Successful results were achieved in three of four human cases of glottic, subglottic, and tracheal stenosis by using composite hyoid bone-muscle pedicle. A technique is used to create and interposition the grafts to widen the lumen and to provide structural support. The vital composite hyoid bone-muscle graft interposition technique offers a promising method for the solution of difficult cases of glottic, subglottic, and tracheal stenosis. Abandonment of previous long-term dilations is recommended in favor of early surgical restoration of a widened airway.", "contents": "Composite hyoid sternohyoid muscle grafts in humans. Its use in reconstruction of subglottic stenosis and the anterior tracheal wall. Successful results were achieved in three of four human cases of glottic, subglottic, and tracheal stenosis by using composite hyoid bone-muscle pedicle. A technique is used to create and interposition the grafts to widen the lumen and to provide structural support. The vital composite hyoid bone-muscle graft interposition technique offers a promising method for the solution of difficult cases of glottic, subglottic, and tracheal stenosis. Abandonment of previous long-term dilations is recommended in favor of early surgical restoration of a widened airway."}
{"id": "PMID:901280", "title": "Simplified protocol for treatment of malar fractures. Based on a 1,220-case, eight-year experience.", "content": "A simplified protocol of approach has evolved from the treatment of approximately 1,200 malar fractures in an eight-year period in the private practice of one of us (R.S.M.) and at the Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center. The method begins with the Gillies incison for reduction and routinely uses internal wire pin fixation tailored to the mechanical requirements of the malar fracture. It advances only if necessary to brow and infraorbital incisions, direct wiring, orbital exploration, or Caldwell-Luc. Antrostomy with antral packing. Occasionally, a transcutaneous wire or small bone screw may be inserted for headcap or halo vector traction if indicated by the judgment of the surgeon. The internal wire pin protocol has produced hundreds of satisfactory reductions and fixations of malar fractures in our experience, with shortened operating time and reduced complications. It has been installed as the primary method of treatment for this type of facial fracture in a residency program that has many of these patients.", "contents": "Simplified protocol for treatment of malar fractures. Based on a 1,220-case, eight-year experience. A simplified protocol of approach has evolved from the treatment of approximately 1,200 malar fractures in an eight-year period in the private practice of one of us (R.S.M.) and at the Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center. The method begins with the Gillies incison for reduction and routinely uses internal wire pin fixation tailored to the mechanical requirements of the malar fracture. It advances only if necessary to brow and infraorbital incisions, direct wiring, orbital exploration, or Caldwell-Luc. Antrostomy with antral packing. Occasionally, a transcutaneous wire or small bone screw may be inserted for headcap or halo vector traction if indicated by the judgment of the surgeon. The internal wire pin protocol has produced hundreds of satisfactory reductions and fixations of malar fractures in our experience, with shortened operating time and reduced complications. It has been installed as the primary method of treatment for this type of facial fracture in a residency program that has many of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:901281", "title": "Effect of ethacrynic acid on the stria vascularis.", "content": "The stria vascularis of young albino guinea pigs was examined by scanning electron microscopy at intervals of 30, 60, and 240 minutes after the intracardiac administration of ethacrynic acid (70 mg/kg). Results from this study showed that the appearance of large intercellular spaces in the intermediate region of the stria vascularis was due to acute separation of these cells rather than atrophy, as described by previous investigators. It was probable that these spaces were due to an accumulation of extracellular fluid. In some marginal cells, extrusions of cytoplasm into the endolymphatic space were noted in the 240-minute group of animals. The importance of these extrusions is not apparent at this time.", "contents": "Effect of ethacrynic acid on the stria vascularis. The stria vascularis of young albino guinea pigs was examined by scanning electron microscopy at intervals of 30, 60, and 240 minutes after the intracardiac administration of ethacrynic acid (70 mg/kg). Results from this study showed that the appearance of large intercellular spaces in the intermediate region of the stria vascularis was due to acute separation of these cells rather than atrophy, as described by previous investigators. It was probable that these spaces were due to an accumulation of extracellular fluid. In some marginal cells, extrusions of cytoplasm into the endolymphatic space were noted in the 240-minute group of animals. The importance of these extrusions is not apparent at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:901282", "title": "Intradermal sutures in facial lacerations. Comparative study of clear monofilament nylon and polyglycolic acid.", "content": "A blind study comparing the clinical inflammatory response of intradermal clear monofilament nylon sutures with polyglycolic acid sutures was carried out on 106 patients with facial lacerations. There were no clinically apparent infections in either group of sutures. Intradermal monofilament nylon was associated with significantly less inflammatory response than similarly placed polyglycolic acid sutures. The lesser inflammatory response, the tolerance to infection, and the greatly prolonged tensile strength of monofilament nylon are factors that lend support to its being the superior intradermal suture in facial lacerations.", "contents": "Intradermal sutures in facial lacerations. Comparative study of clear monofilament nylon and polyglycolic acid. A blind study comparing the clinical inflammatory response of intradermal clear monofilament nylon sutures with polyglycolic acid sutures was carried out on 106 patients with facial lacerations. There were no clinically apparent infections in either group of sutures. Intradermal monofilament nylon was associated with significantly less inflammatory response than similarly placed polyglycolic acid sutures. The lesser inflammatory response, the tolerance to infection, and the greatly prolonged tensile strength of monofilament nylon are factors that lend support to its being the superior intradermal suture in facial lacerations."}
{"id": "PMID:901283", "title": "Thyroid surgery in children and teenagers.", "content": "From 1961 to 1976 62 patients under age 20 underwent thyroidectomy for various thyroid disorders. Twenty-four thyroid lobectomies and eight subtotal or near-total thyroidectomies were performed for benign nodular goiter. Eight near-total thyroidectomies and two thyroid lobectomies were performed for carcinoma. Two patients also had a radical neck dissection. Twenty patients with hyperthyroidism underwent near-total thyroidectomy. Postoperative complications occurred in six patients-all with hyperthyroidism. Operative mortality was zero. Two indications for thyroidectomy in our series were nodular goiter (to rule out carcinoma), and hyperthyroidism (that was not well-controlled medically or where surgery was chosen as primary therapy). In patients with nodular goiters that required surgery, a minimal complication rate occurred. By contrast, surgery for hyperthyroidism was associated with a high postoperative complication rate, six of 20 patients or 30%, which must be anticipated by the surgeon.", "contents": "Thyroid surgery in children and teenagers. From 1961 to 1976 62 patients under age 20 underwent thyroidectomy for various thyroid disorders. Twenty-four thyroid lobectomies and eight subtotal or near-total thyroidectomies were performed for benign nodular goiter. Eight near-total thyroidectomies and two thyroid lobectomies were performed for carcinoma. Two patients also had a radical neck dissection. Twenty patients with hyperthyroidism underwent near-total thyroidectomy. Postoperative complications occurred in six patients-all with hyperthyroidism. Operative mortality was zero. Two indications for thyroidectomy in our series were nodular goiter (to rule out carcinoma), and hyperthyroidism (that was not well-controlled medically or where surgery was chosen as primary therapy). In patients with nodular goiters that required surgery, a minimal complication rate occurred. By contrast, surgery for hyperthyroidism was associated with a high postoperative complication rate, six of 20 patients or 30%, which must be anticipated by the surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:901284", "title": "Cervical adenopathy secondary to toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Toxoplasmosis is not a rare disease. Infestation occurs in 75% of the general world population and in 35% of the US population. Lymphadenopathy, primarily of the cervical type, is one of the most common signs of acquired toxoplasmosis. During the past 15 years a great number of reports have appeared in the medical literature regarding toxoplasmosis. However, it seems that most clinicians do not consider this disease as a possibility when they encounter patients with unexplained cervical adenopathy in whom the usual tests for infectious mononucleosis are negative. In fact, the majority of such patients come to the operating room with a suspected diagnosis of malignant neoplasm, particularly of malignant lymphoma. Thus, a great deal of unnecessary anxiety is generated and, at times, unnecessary surgery is performed. These may be avoidable. A total of 38 cases of acquired toxoplasmosis manifested by lymphadenopathy (82% in the cervical region) are analyzed with respect to symptomatology, differential diagnosis, clinical and laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Toxoplasmosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with cervical tumors.", "contents": "Cervical adenopathy secondary to toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis is not a rare disease. Infestation occurs in 75% of the general world population and in 35% of the US population. Lymphadenopathy, primarily of the cervical type, is one of the most common signs of acquired toxoplasmosis. During the past 15 years a great number of reports have appeared in the medical literature regarding toxoplasmosis. However, it seems that most clinicians do not consider this disease as a possibility when they encounter patients with unexplained cervical adenopathy in whom the usual tests for infectious mononucleosis are negative. In fact, the majority of such patients come to the operating room with a suspected diagnosis of malignant neoplasm, particularly of malignant lymphoma. Thus, a great deal of unnecessary anxiety is generated and, at times, unnecessary surgery is performed. These may be avoidable. A total of 38 cases of acquired toxoplasmosis manifested by lymphadenopathy (82% in the cervical region) are analyzed with respect to symptomatology, differential diagnosis, clinical and laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Toxoplasmosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with cervical tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:901285", "title": "Massive hemorrhage from perforated thyroid complicating tracheostomy. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of unusual hemorrhagic complication of tracheostomy involved perforation of the thyroid gland as the cause of hemorrhagic episodes. In one case, massive hemorrhage complicated the postoperative course of a 62-year-old man with dissecting aortic aneurysm. In the other, fatal hemorrhage occurred after tracheostomy through the thyroid gland in a 6-month-old boy. A major branch of the thyroid artery was ruptured adjacent to the tracheostomy wound. This is the sixth reported case of fatal hemorrhage from perforation of thyroid artery after tracheostomy, to our knowledge.", "contents": "Massive hemorrhage from perforated thyroid complicating tracheostomy. Report of two cases. Two cases of unusual hemorrhagic complication of tracheostomy involved perforation of the thyroid gland as the cause of hemorrhagic episodes. In one case, massive hemorrhage complicated the postoperative course of a 62-year-old man with dissecting aortic aneurysm. In the other, fatal hemorrhage occurred after tracheostomy through the thyroid gland in a 6-month-old boy. A major branch of the thyroid artery was ruptured adjacent to the tracheostomy wound. This is the sixth reported case of fatal hemorrhage from perforation of thyroid artery after tracheostomy, to our knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:901291", "title": "Value of the isolated tensor tympani muscle reflex elicited by electric lingual stimulation.", "content": "A bilateral reflex contraction of the isolated tensor tympani muscle has been obtained in man by bipolar electric stimulation of the edge of the tongue (DC generator). The avoidance of the elevated and variable body electric resistance and of the variable contact resistance from the hand to the ground plate, represents an appreciable improvement of this method in comparison with the unipolar method described in a earlier paper. A further improvement has also been achieved by applying the electric stimulus to one inferior aspect of the tongue near the floor of the mouth, nearer to the lingual nerve. An analysis has been subsequently conducted in normal subjects and in patients affected by pathologies of the tympano-ossicular system; otosclerosis, tympanosclerosis, unilateral complete suprastapedial facial paralysis, interrumption of the ossicular chain; in cases of interruption of the afferent arc: section of the unilateral lingual nerve; involvement of its central portion: cerebello-pontine angle tumour, brain stem tumour. A chiasma-like central nervous pattern is suggested.", "contents": "Value of the isolated tensor tympani muscle reflex elicited by electric lingual stimulation. A bilateral reflex contraction of the isolated tensor tympani muscle has been obtained in man by bipolar electric stimulation of the edge of the tongue (DC generator). The avoidance of the elevated and variable body electric resistance and of the variable contact resistance from the hand to the ground plate, represents an appreciable improvement of this method in comparison with the unipolar method described in a earlier paper. A further improvement has also been achieved by applying the electric stimulus to one inferior aspect of the tongue near the floor of the mouth, nearer to the lingual nerve. An analysis has been subsequently conducted in normal subjects and in patients affected by pathologies of the tympano-ossicular system; otosclerosis, tympanosclerosis, unilateral complete suprastapedial facial paralysis, interrumption of the ossicular chain; in cases of interruption of the afferent arc: section of the unilateral lingual nerve; involvement of its central portion: cerebello-pontine angle tumour, brain stem tumour. A chiasma-like central nervous pattern is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:901292", "title": "Cochlear events and whole-nerve action potentials.", "content": "For proper interpretation of electrocochleographic recordings, it is essential to know how the activity of primary auditory neurons is reflected by the whole-nerve action potential (AP). It is easy to show theoretically that for stimulation with tone bursts the latency of the AP decreases with increasing stimulus intensity as a result of cochlear frequency selectivity. It is less easy to show that the phenomenon of saturation as shown by primary auditory neurons is almost equally important in this respect. The proof centers around a peculiar property: theoretically, latency effects will be absent when the input-output relation of auditory neurons can be described by a power law. APs evoked by clicks also show latency changes as a result of variations in stimulus level. These changes can also be interpreted as the result of frequency selectivity and saturation. Here the main factor is that the whole-nerve AP reflects the activity of neurons sensitive to high frequencies far better than those sensitive to low frequencies.", "contents": "Cochlear events and whole-nerve action potentials. For proper interpretation of electrocochleographic recordings, it is essential to know how the activity of primary auditory neurons is reflected by the whole-nerve action potential (AP). It is easy to show theoretically that for stimulation with tone bursts the latency of the AP decreases with increasing stimulus intensity as a result of cochlear frequency selectivity. It is less easy to show that the phenomenon of saturation as shown by primary auditory neurons is almost equally important in this respect. The proof centers around a peculiar property: theoretically, latency effects will be absent when the input-output relation of auditory neurons can be described by a power law. APs evoked by clicks also show latency changes as a result of variations in stimulus level. These changes can also be interpreted as the result of frequency selectivity and saturation. Here the main factor is that the whole-nerve AP reflects the activity of neurons sensitive to high frequencies far better than those sensitive to low frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:901294", "title": "Auditory nerve and brain stem responses to sound stimuli at various frequencies.", "content": "The responses of the auditory nerve and brain stem auditory nuclei have been recorded with ear lobe and scalp electrodes in response to unfiltered click stimuli which excite mainly high-frequency nerve fibers. In order to overcome this limitation, normal subjects and patients with hearing loss were stimulated with third-octave filtered clicks with center frequencies of 250, 500 and 1 000 Hz. Analysis of the responses suggests that these lower-frequency stimuli excite lower-frequency cochlear nerve fibers. It is concluded that low-frequency filtered clicks can be used to complement unfiltered clicks in order to obtain a more complete objective audiogram.", "contents": "Auditory nerve and brain stem responses to sound stimuli at various frequencies. The responses of the auditory nerve and brain stem auditory nuclei have been recorded with ear lobe and scalp electrodes in response to unfiltered click stimuli which excite mainly high-frequency nerve fibers. In order to overcome this limitation, normal subjects and patients with hearing loss were stimulated with third-octave filtered clicks with center frequencies of 250, 500 and 1 000 Hz. Analysis of the responses suggests that these lower-frequency stimuli excite lower-frequency cochlear nerve fibers. It is concluded that low-frequency filtered clicks can be used to complement unfiltered clicks in order to obtain a more complete objective audiogram."}
{"id": "PMID:901293", "title": "Clinical electrocochleography in the diagnosis and management of Mene\u00e8re's disorder.", "content": "Patients with a fluctuating hearing loss, episodic vertigo and tinnitus with no known aetiological cause were investigated as cases of Meni\u00e8re's disorder. Transtympanic electrocochleography was found to be helpful in reaching the diagnosis of an inner ear disorder. In 65% of the patients, a large DC potential was recorded which caused an apparent widening of the summating potential/action potential (SP/AP) waveform. This potential was thought to be an SP which enhanced relative to the AP component, and believed to be related directly to the presence of endolymphatic hydrops. A method is described which 'scores' the clinical history with respect to certainty of the diagnosis of Meie\u00e8re's disorder. It was found that the more certain cases, with high scores, were statistically more likely to show an abnormal SP/AP waveform. The results of endolymphatic sac surgery were also assessed over 1 year in 28 cases, and it was found that those patients whose ECochG had revealed an abnormal SP/AP waveform prior to surgery benefitted in a statistically significant manner more from the operation.", "contents": "Clinical electrocochleography in the diagnosis and management of Mene\u00e8re's disorder. Patients with a fluctuating hearing loss, episodic vertigo and tinnitus with no known aetiological cause were investigated as cases of Meni\u00e8re's disorder. Transtympanic electrocochleography was found to be helpful in reaching the diagnosis of an inner ear disorder. In 65% of the patients, a large DC potential was recorded which caused an apparent widening of the summating potential/action potential (SP/AP) waveform. This potential was thought to be an SP which enhanced relative to the AP component, and believed to be related directly to the presence of endolymphatic hydrops. A method is described which 'scores' the clinical history with respect to certainty of the diagnosis of Meie\u00e8re's disorder. It was found that the more certain cases, with high scores, were statistically more likely to show an abnormal SP/AP waveform. The results of endolymphatic sac surgery were also assessed over 1 year in 28 cases, and it was found that those patients whose ECochG had revealed an abnormal SP/AP waveform prior to surgery benefitted in a statistically significant manner more from the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:901300", "title": "alpha-chain sequence of newt haemoglobin (Taricha granulosa).", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the alpha-chain of the major haemoglobin of a newt, T. granulosa, has been determined. The chain is 142 residues long and has an extra methionine at its N-terminus when compared with human alpha-chain. Most of the tryptic peptides were sequenced by a combination of the subtractive Edman method and by deduction from the compositions of overlapping fragments produced by various enzymic treatments. The sequence of two 'core' regions was obtained by automatic sequencing of large peptides produced by trypsin cleavage at arginine residues only after blockage of lysine residues by citraconylation; by cleavage between aspartic acid and proline residues with 70% formic acid, and by cyanogen bromide cleavage at methionine residues. The sequence of T. granulosa alpha-chain is compared with those of representative species from the other classes of vertebrates. The differences in alpha-chain between the classes of vertebrates are compared with the differences in this protein between an equal number of orders of mammals. This comparison allows us to conclude that the major functional and conformational features of alpha-chain have been conserved since the divergence of the classes of jawed vertebrates.", "contents": "alpha-chain sequence of newt haemoglobin (Taricha granulosa). The amino acid sequence of the alpha-chain of the major haemoglobin of a newt, T. granulosa, has been determined. The chain is 142 residues long and has an extra methionine at its N-terminus when compared with human alpha-chain. Most of the tryptic peptides were sequenced by a combination of the subtractive Edman method and by deduction from the compositions of overlapping fragments produced by various enzymic treatments. The sequence of two 'core' regions was obtained by automatic sequencing of large peptides produced by trypsin cleavage at arginine residues only after blockage of lysine residues by citraconylation; by cleavage between aspartic acid and proline residues with 70% formic acid, and by cyanogen bromide cleavage at methionine residues. The sequence of T. granulosa alpha-chain is compared with those of representative species from the other classes of vertebrates. The differences in alpha-chain between the classes of vertebrates are compared with the differences in this protein between an equal number of orders of mammals. This comparison allows us to conclude that the major functional and conformational features of alpha-chain have been conserved since the divergence of the classes of jawed vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:901301", "title": "Studies on metatherian sex chromosomes. III. The use of tritiated uridine-induced chromosome aberrations to distinguish active and inactive X chromosomes.", "content": "The paternal X inactivation system of kangaroos has been investigated in this study by using tritiated uridine-induced chromosome aberrations to distinguish the active from the inactive X. Previous work in eutherian mammals has demonstrated that constitutive heterochromatic chromosome regions are less susceptible to breakage by tritiated uridine than euchromatic regions. The results of a comparison between the paternal X chromosome of a wallaroo X red kangaroo hybrid female and the two X chromosomes of a red kangaroo female suggested that the facultative heterochromatin of the X is also less susceptible to breakage by this treatment. However there were significantly more breaks of the paternal X in fibroblasts than in lymphocytes of the hybrid female, which agrees with biochemical findings suggesting activation of the paternal X in fibroblasts. Our results strengthen the suggestion of other workers that the reduced number of aberrations in heterochromatin occurs because such breaks occur principally when the DNA and labelled RNA are in apposition during transcription. Some evidence was found of an apparent toxicity effect of the tritiated uridine solution on the cells.", "contents": "Studies on metatherian sex chromosomes. III. The use of tritiated uridine-induced chromosome aberrations to distinguish active and inactive X chromosomes. The paternal X inactivation system of kangaroos has been investigated in this study by using tritiated uridine-induced chromosome aberrations to distinguish the active from the inactive X. Previous work in eutherian mammals has demonstrated that constitutive heterochromatic chromosome regions are less susceptible to breakage by tritiated uridine than euchromatic regions. The results of a comparison between the paternal X chromosome of a wallaroo X red kangaroo hybrid female and the two X chromosomes of a red kangaroo female suggested that the facultative heterochromatin of the X is also less susceptible to breakage by this treatment. However there were significantly more breaks of the paternal X in fibroblasts than in lymphocytes of the hybrid female, which agrees with biochemical findings suggesting activation of the paternal X in fibroblasts. Our results strengthen the suggestion of other workers that the reduced number of aberrations in heterochromatin occurs because such breaks occur principally when the DNA and labelled RNA are in apposition during transcription. Some evidence was found of an apparent toxicity effect of the tritiated uridine solution on the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:901296", "title": "A test-retest reliability study on clinical measurement of masking level differences.", "content": "Measurement of binaural release from masking was studied in 30 normal and 10 hearing-impaired subjects to determine the test-retest reliability of masking level differences measured with a clinically feasible technique on generally available clinical equipment. The instrumentation/methodology was found to elicit reliable, consistent, rapid measurements for both 500-Hz and speech (spondaic) stimuli which were comparable with those generally reported in the literature as laboratory-conducted experiments.", "contents": "A test-retest reliability study on clinical measurement of masking level differences. Measurement of binaural release from masking was studied in 30 normal and 10 hearing-impaired subjects to determine the test-retest reliability of masking level differences measured with a clinically feasible technique on generally available clinical equipment. The instrumentation/methodology was found to elicit reliable, consistent, rapid measurements for both 500-Hz and speech (spondaic) stimuli which were comparable with those generally reported in the literature as laboratory-conducted experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:901302", "title": "Studies on metatherian sex chromosomes. IV. X linkage of PGK-A with paternal X inactivation confirmed in erythrocytes of grey kangaroos by pedigree analysis.", "content": "Pedigree and population data are presented for erythrocyte phosphoglycerate kinase A (PGK-A) allozymes in the two species of grey kangaroo. The pedigree data confirm the hypothesis that PGK-A is X linked, the paternally derived X chromosomes being inactive in nucleated erythroblast precursors of the enucleate erythrocytes in females. The existence of different allozyme variants in eastern and western grey kangaroos further supports their division into separate species.", "contents": "Studies on metatherian sex chromosomes. IV. X linkage of PGK-A with paternal X inactivation confirmed in erythrocytes of grey kangaroos by pedigree analysis. Pedigree and population data are presented for erythrocyte phosphoglycerate kinase A (PGK-A) allozymes in the two species of grey kangaroo. The pedigree data confirm the hypothesis that PGK-A is X linked, the paternally derived X chromosomes being inactive in nucleated erythroblast precursors of the enucleate erythrocytes in females. The existence of different allozyme variants in eastern and western grey kangaroos further supports their division into separate species."}
{"id": "PMID:901303", "title": "Heterozygosity of the sheep: Polymorphism of 'malic enzyme', isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+), catalase and esterase.", "content": "In contrast to other reports, it is found that the sheep has approximately as much enzyme variation as man. Most of the genetically interpretable enzyme variation in heart, liver, kidney and muscle from 52 sheep (Merinos or Merino crosses) is in the NADP-dependent dehydrogenases [two 'malic enzymes' and the supernatant isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)] and in the esterases. Ten different loci for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases are electrophoretically monomorphic, as are five different NADH diaphorases from heart muscle and 15 different major proteins from skeletal muscle. It is highly statistically significant that NADP-dependent dehydrogenases and esterases are polymorphic but representatives of several other major classes of enzymes are not. The physiological significance of this polymorphism may be related to the role of these enzymes in growth and detoxication, sheep having been selected by man for faster growth, of wool or of carcass, and for grazing a wide variety of plants.", "contents": "Heterozygosity of the sheep: Polymorphism of 'malic enzyme', isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+), catalase and esterase. In contrast to other reports, it is found that the sheep has approximately as much enzyme variation as man. Most of the genetically interpretable enzyme variation in heart, liver, kidney and muscle from 52 sheep (Merinos or Merino crosses) is in the NADP-dependent dehydrogenases [two 'malic enzymes' and the supernatant isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)] and in the esterases. Ten different loci for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases are electrophoretically monomorphic, as are five different NADH diaphorases from heart muscle and 15 different major proteins from skeletal muscle. It is highly statistically significant that NADP-dependent dehydrogenases and esterases are polymorphic but representatives of several other major classes of enzymes are not. The physiological significance of this polymorphism may be related to the role of these enzymes in growth and detoxication, sheep having been selected by man for faster growth, of wool or of carcass, and for grazing a wide variety of plants."}
{"id": "PMID:901298", "title": "The effects of microphone spacing on auditory localization.", "content": "The localization ability of 10 normally hearing adults was determined under varying microphone separations and varying sound source azimuths. The stimuli (white noise busts) were prerecorded, after being transduced through 'body' hearing aids and then played to the subjects over headphones. Results indicated that there was an improvement in localization ability for all azimuth conditions when the microphones were spaced wider than 12.7 cm apart (15.2-30.5 cm). The smaller the separations (5.5-12.7 cm), the poorer the localization. Localization was always poorer at 30 degrees azimuth (the smallest used) than at any of the other azimuths (0 degree, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees right and left), regardless of microphone spacing. Implications are made about the relation of these findings to the use of binaural body aids on infants and young children.", "contents": "The effects of microphone spacing on auditory localization. The localization ability of 10 normally hearing adults was determined under varying microphone separations and varying sound source azimuths. The stimuli (white noise busts) were prerecorded, after being transduced through 'body' hearing aids and then played to the subjects over headphones. Results indicated that there was an improvement in localization ability for all azimuth conditions when the microphones were spaced wider than 12.7 cm apart (15.2-30.5 cm). The smaller the separations (5.5-12.7 cm), the poorer the localization. Localization was always poorer at 30 degrees azimuth (the smallest used) than at any of the other azimuths (0 degree, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees right and left), regardless of microphone spacing. Implications are made about the relation of these findings to the use of binaural body aids on infants and young children."}
{"id": "PMID:901304", "title": "A thermodynamic assessment of possible substrates for sulphate-reducing bacteria.", "content": "A thermodynamic feasibility study was applied as a means of predicting suitable energy-yielding substrates for growth of sulphate-reducing microorganisms. The average free energy release per electron pair for a substrate-sulphate oxidoreduction may be more or less than the energy requirement for ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi. Substrates were divided into two groups on this thermodynamic basis and the division was shown to accord with previous experimental reports; those substrates which released an average of at least 8-4 kcal per electron pair (35-2 kJ per electron pair) were able to support growth whilst those releasing less than 8-4 kcal were unable to do so. It is proposed that the thermodynamic assessment could be applied to a wide range of possible substrates to predict the likelihood of their serving as sole substrates for growth of these organisms. The literature concerning the use of hydrocarbons by sulphate reducers is confused and indefinite, but inclines toward the idea that use of long-chain hydrocarbons by these organisms is possible. In contrast, however, thermodynamic analysis showed that the highest energy release is from the short-chain alkynes.", "contents": "A thermodynamic assessment of possible substrates for sulphate-reducing bacteria. A thermodynamic feasibility study was applied as a means of predicting suitable energy-yielding substrates for growth of sulphate-reducing microorganisms. The average free energy release per electron pair for a substrate-sulphate oxidoreduction may be more or less than the energy requirement for ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi. Substrates were divided into two groups on this thermodynamic basis and the division was shown to accord with previous experimental reports; those substrates which released an average of at least 8-4 kcal per electron pair (35-2 kJ per electron pair) were able to support growth whilst those releasing less than 8-4 kcal were unable to do so. It is proposed that the thermodynamic assessment could be applied to a wide range of possible substrates to predict the likelihood of their serving as sole substrates for growth of these organisms. The literature concerning the use of hydrocarbons by sulphate reducers is confused and indefinite, but inclines toward the idea that use of long-chain hydrocarbons by these organisms is possible. In contrast, however, thermodynamic analysis showed that the highest energy release is from the short-chain alkynes."}
{"id": "PMID:901299", "title": "Factors in the appreciation of a prosthetic rehabilitation.", "content": "6 months after the prescription of a hearing aid, the appreciation of the aid was judged in a group of 160 patients by a questionnaire. The analysis of the answers in combination with the audiometric features is reported. The answers given in a questionnaire have a good interrelation and agree with the score given for the aid. The audiometric features also showed a good correlation for every one but only a weak relation was found with the subjects' appreciations of the aid. The implications of this hearing aid evaluation for the improvement of the fitting procedure are discussed.", "contents": "Factors in the appreciation of a prosthetic rehabilitation. 6 months after the prescription of a hearing aid, the appreciation of the aid was judged in a group of 160 patients by a questionnaire. The analysis of the answers in combination with the audiometric features is reported. The answers given in a questionnaire have a good interrelation and agree with the score given for the aid. The audiometric features also showed a good correlation for every one but only a weak relation was found with the subjects' appreciations of the aid. The implications of this hearing aid evaluation for the improvement of the fitting procedure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901305", "title": "Dithionite reduction in the presence of a tetrapyrrole-containing fraction from the desulfoviridin of Desulfovibrio gigas.", "content": "Low-molecular-weight fractions obtained from the desulfoviridin of D. gigas and from the growth medium of Desulfovibrio sp. 10455 promoted the reduction of sodium dithionite to sulphide in the presence of reduced methylviologen. These fractions contained a tetrapyrrole of the isobacteriochlorin type which was not complexed with iron, nor was it complexed with protein. The observations are discussed in relation to the function of sulphite reductases in the sulphate-reducing bacteria.", "contents": "Dithionite reduction in the presence of a tetrapyrrole-containing fraction from the desulfoviridin of Desulfovibrio gigas. Low-molecular-weight fractions obtained from the desulfoviridin of D. gigas and from the growth medium of Desulfovibrio sp. 10455 promoted the reduction of sodium dithionite to sulphide in the presence of reduced methylviologen. These fractions contained a tetrapyrrole of the isobacteriochlorin type which was not complexed with iron, nor was it complexed with protein. The observations are discussed in relation to the function of sulphite reductases in the sulphate-reducing bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:901295", "title": "Re-examination of the effects of periodic and aperiodic stimulation on the auditory-evoked vertex response.", "content": "It has been hypothesized that aperiodic stimulation will produce larger auditory-evoked vertex responses than periodic stimulation. Attentiveness toward an acoustic stimulus by human subjects has been shown in the past to enhance the auditory-evoked response. The unpredictability of aperiodic intersignal intervals has been assumed by previous investigators to produce more attentive listening behaviour and has therefore been used clinically to obtain 'enhanced' evoked responses. In order to examine this question further, auditory-evoked vertex responses were obtained with variable-interval (aperiodic) and with fixed-interval (periodic) schedules of stimulus presentation that had geometric mean intersignal intervals of 5 or 10 s. The evoked responses were obtained from normally-hearing adults while they were engaged in a counting task and while they were reading. Tone bursts were presented at 30 and 60 dB sensation level. No significant differences in peak-to-peak amplitude measures of components with latencies shorter than 300 ms could be attributed to aperiodic stimulation. When the time-base on the signal averager was extended to include components with latencies longer than 300 ms, no significant changes in component amplitudes could be attibuted to aperiodic stimulation, even though peak-to peak amplitudes during an attentive state (counting) were nearly double those obtained during an inattentive state (reading). It was concluded that aperiodicity in intersignal intervals is not a useful technique to employ in order to produce larger and more identifiable evoked responses for clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "Re-examination of the effects of periodic and aperiodic stimulation on the auditory-evoked vertex response. It has been hypothesized that aperiodic stimulation will produce larger auditory-evoked vertex responses than periodic stimulation. Attentiveness toward an acoustic stimulus by human subjects has been shown in the past to enhance the auditory-evoked response. The unpredictability of aperiodic intersignal intervals has been assumed by previous investigators to produce more attentive listening behaviour and has therefore been used clinically to obtain 'enhanced' evoked responses. In order to examine this question further, auditory-evoked vertex responses were obtained with variable-interval (aperiodic) and with fixed-interval (periodic) schedules of stimulus presentation that had geometric mean intersignal intervals of 5 or 10 s. The evoked responses were obtained from normally-hearing adults while they were engaged in a counting task and while they were reading. Tone bursts were presented at 30 and 60 dB sensation level. No significant differences in peak-to-peak amplitude measures of components with latencies shorter than 300 ms could be attributed to aperiodic stimulation. When the time-base on the signal averager was extended to include components with latencies longer than 300 ms, no significant changes in component amplitudes could be attibuted to aperiodic stimulation, even though peak-to peak amplitudes during an attentive state (counting) were nearly double those obtained during an inattentive state (reading). It was concluded that aperiodicity in intersignal intervals is not a useful technique to employ in order to produce larger and more identifiable evoked responses for clinical diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:901306", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the smaller subunit of conglutin gamma, a storage globulin of Lupinus angustifolius.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the smaller subunit of conglutin gamma, the simplest of the three globulins from the seeds of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Uniwhite, has been determined. The subunit was homogeneous and contained 154 amino acid residues, including five sulphur-containing amino acids--a considerably higher content than is found in most other legume storage proteins. There was no indication of the complexity experienced in studies of many other legume storage proteins. This is perhaps the first sequence of a subunit of a legume storage protein to be determined.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the smaller subunit of conglutin gamma, a storage globulin of Lupinus angustifolius. The amino acid sequence of the smaller subunit of conglutin gamma, the simplest of the three globulins from the seeds of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Uniwhite, has been determined. The subunit was homogeneous and contained 154 amino acid residues, including five sulphur-containing amino acids--a considerably higher content than is found in most other legume storage proteins. There was no indication of the complexity experienced in studies of many other legume storage proteins. This is perhaps the first sequence of a subunit of a legume storage protein to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:901307", "title": "Sulphur-selenium studies in sheep. I. The effects of varying dietary sulphate and selenomethionine on sulphur, nitrogen and selenium metabolism in sheep.", "content": "Sulphur, selenium and nitrogen metabolism were studied in Merino wethers fed for 35-day periods on semipurified diets in which the sulphur content was increased to either 0-07 or 0-20% by the addition of sodium sulphate. At both levels of sulphur, additions of selenium as DL-selenomethionine increased the basal level of selenium (0-02 microgram/g) to 0-06, 0-09 and 0-67 microgram/g. Both levels of dietary sulphur supported positive sulphur balances but a reduction in sulphur intake per se resulted in a significant depression in dry matter digestibility (P less than 0-05), apparent nitrogen digestibility (P less than 0-05), nitrogen balance (P less than 0-01), sulphur balance (P less than 0-05) and plasma sulphate-sulphur (P less than 0-05) and wool (P less than 0-01) selenium levels. Selenium balance was not affected by differences in sulphate-sulphur intake. Selenium balances (P less than 0-001), plus the selenium levels in plasma (P less than 0-001), and wool (P less than 0-001) were significantly different at the different levels of selenium supplementation. A positive selenium balance was achieved when the selenium intake was approximately 37 microgram/day, regardless of sulphur treatment. The validity of using plasma and/or wool selenium levels as indices of the selenium status of sheep is questioned.", "contents": "Sulphur-selenium studies in sheep. I. The effects of varying dietary sulphate and selenomethionine on sulphur, nitrogen and selenium metabolism in sheep. Sulphur, selenium and nitrogen metabolism were studied in Merino wethers fed for 35-day periods on semipurified diets in which the sulphur content was increased to either 0-07 or 0-20% by the addition of sodium sulphate. At both levels of sulphur, additions of selenium as DL-selenomethionine increased the basal level of selenium (0-02 microgram/g) to 0-06, 0-09 and 0-67 microgram/g. Both levels of dietary sulphur supported positive sulphur balances but a reduction in sulphur intake per se resulted in a significant depression in dry matter digestibility (P less than 0-05), apparent nitrogen digestibility (P less than 0-05), nitrogen balance (P less than 0-01), sulphur balance (P less than 0-05) and plasma sulphate-sulphur (P less than 0-05) and wool (P less than 0-01) selenium levels. Selenium balance was not affected by differences in sulphate-sulphur intake. Selenium balances (P less than 0-001), plus the selenium levels in plasma (P less than 0-001), and wool (P less than 0-001) were significantly different at the different levels of selenium supplementation. A positive selenium balance was achieved when the selenium intake was approximately 37 microgram/day, regardless of sulphur treatment. The validity of using plasma and/or wool selenium levels as indices of the selenium status of sheep is questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:901297", "title": "Does pop music cause hearing damage?", "content": "Relatively few investigations have so far reported on the hearing in pop musicians. In summary, these have shown a sensorineural hearing loss in 5%. This study was carried out on 83 professionals working with pop music. Depending upon how hearing loss is defined, we found a sensorineural loss in 13-30% of the pop musicians. Hearing losses were slight. It appears that the risk for hearing damage for the audience is small. A limit for presentation of the music at 95 dB (A) is suggested as a compromise satisfying both audiologists and audience.", "contents": "Does pop music cause hearing damage? Relatively few investigations have so far reported on the hearing in pop musicians. In summary, these have shown a sensorineural hearing loss in 5%. This study was carried out on 83 professionals working with pop music. Depending upon how hearing loss is defined, we found a sensorineural loss in 13-30% of the pop musicians. Hearing losses were slight. It appears that the risk for hearing damage for the audience is small. A limit for presentation of the music at 95 dB (A) is suggested as a compromise satisfying both audiologists and audience."}
{"id": "PMID:901308", "title": "Biotin deficiency and the development of the fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chickens: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "The structure of the tissue from the liver, kidneys, pancreas and adrenal glands of 4-week-old chickens showing symptoms of the fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) was compared with that of normal tissue and related to the amount of biotin present in the liver tissue. These birds were reared with different levels of dietary biotin and were stressed by removal of food before being killed. Birds with less than 1-5 microgram biotin/g liver were considered to be deficient in biotin. In the stressed birds the severity of FLKS increased with decreasing levels of biotin. No lesions were found in the liver and kidney tissue of the birds with severe FLKS. Large quantities of fat were accumulated in the hepatocytes and intercellular spaces of the liver tissue, but the cell contents were not disorganized. In the kidney, conspicuous fat accumulation occurred in the proximal convoluted tubule cells and some ultrastructural disorganization of the cell contents was evident. No structural changes were found in the tissue of the pancreas or the adrenal glands of chickens suffering from severe FLKS.", "contents": "Biotin deficiency and the development of the fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chickens: an ultrastructural study. The structure of the tissue from the liver, kidneys, pancreas and adrenal glands of 4-week-old chickens showing symptoms of the fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) was compared with that of normal tissue and related to the amount of biotin present in the liver tissue. These birds were reared with different levels of dietary biotin and were stressed by removal of food before being killed. Birds with less than 1-5 microgram biotin/g liver were considered to be deficient in biotin. In the stressed birds the severity of FLKS increased with decreasing levels of biotin. No lesions were found in the liver and kidney tissue of the birds with severe FLKS. Large quantities of fat were accumulated in the hepatocytes and intercellular spaces of the liver tissue, but the cell contents were not disorganized. In the kidney, conspicuous fat accumulation occurred in the proximal convoluted tubule cells and some ultrastructural disorganization of the cell contents was evident. No structural changes were found in the tissue of the pancreas or the adrenal glands of chickens suffering from severe FLKS."}
{"id": "PMID:901309", "title": "Measurement of extracellular fluid volume and blood volume in sheep.", "content": "Methods are described for the simultaneous measurement of extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and plasma volume (PV) in sheep using dilution of 82Br (as sodium bromide) and 131I-labelled ovine gamma globulin. Following injection of 82Br (100 micronCi), equilibrium in blood was reached after 3 h at which time only 4% of the injected dose was in rumen water. The ECFV was measured as the mean of the 2- and 3-h bromide space after correction for the relative water content of plasma, the Gibbs-Donnan factor and the loss of 82Br into red blood cells. 131I-labelled ovine gamma globulin (20 micronCi) was injected after the 3-h 82 Br space was obtained and blood samples were taken at 10, 20, 30 and 40 min. In 16 determinations in 11 sheep (25-47 kg body weight) the mean (+/- s.e.m.) ECFV was 9112 +/- 289 ml (or 245 +/- 9 ml/kg). The mean PV for 16 observations in 11 sheep measured together with ECFV was 1597 +/- 62 ml (or 42-8 +/- 1-8 ml/kg). Although there was no relationship between body weight and PV there was a significant correlation between ECFV and body weight and also significant negative correlations between body weight and ECFV or PV when these were expressed as a function of body weight. The variation in ECFV measured on four occasions over 7-10 days in four sheep was 3-5% (range 2-6-4-6%). For PV measured in two animals on two consecutive days at the same time as ECFV the coefficient of variation was 1-5 and 2-1%. Acute sodium depletion (250-670 mmol) by parotid duct cannulation in three sheep resulted in a fall in ECFV which would account for only 15-20% of the sodium deficit. The remainder is presumably derived from ruminal sodium stores.", "contents": "Measurement of extracellular fluid volume and blood volume in sheep. Methods are described for the simultaneous measurement of extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and plasma volume (PV) in sheep using dilution of 82Br (as sodium bromide) and 131I-labelled ovine gamma globulin. Following injection of 82Br (100 micronCi), equilibrium in blood was reached after 3 h at which time only 4% of the injected dose was in rumen water. The ECFV was measured as the mean of the 2- and 3-h bromide space after correction for the relative water content of plasma, the Gibbs-Donnan factor and the loss of 82Br into red blood cells. 131I-labelled ovine gamma globulin (20 micronCi) was injected after the 3-h 82 Br space was obtained and blood samples were taken at 10, 20, 30 and 40 min. In 16 determinations in 11 sheep (25-47 kg body weight) the mean (+/- s.e.m.) ECFV was 9112 +/- 289 ml (or 245 +/- 9 ml/kg). The mean PV for 16 observations in 11 sheep measured together with ECFV was 1597 +/- 62 ml (or 42-8 +/- 1-8 ml/kg). Although there was no relationship between body weight and PV there was a significant correlation between ECFV and body weight and also significant negative correlations between body weight and ECFV or PV when these were expressed as a function of body weight. The variation in ECFV measured on four occasions over 7-10 days in four sheep was 3-5% (range 2-6-4-6%). For PV measured in two animals on two consecutive days at the same time as ECFV the coefficient of variation was 1-5 and 2-1%. Acute sodium depletion (250-670 mmol) by parotid duct cannulation in three sheep resulted in a fall in ECFV which would account for only 15-20% of the sodium deficit. The remainder is presumably derived from ruminal sodium stores."}
{"id": "PMID:901310", "title": "Effect of heat acclimatization on testicular enzymes involved in androgen biosynthesis via the 5-ene pathway.", "content": "The metabolism of 3beta-hydroxy-5-ene steroids by testicular homogenates of heat-acclimatized and control mice was investigated in vitro. Acclimatization was achieved by keeping the animals in a hot room (33-35 degrees C, 25-40% R.H.) for 5 weeks. The control animals were kept in a temperate environment (20-22 degrees C, 30-50% R.H.). Some of the heat-acclimatized animals were supplied with additional water in a trough placed inside each cage (HAII mice). This source of water was used by the mice mainly for body cooling. A pronounced decrease in body weight and testis weight, and a smaller decrease in the weight of seminal vesicles which was associated with atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and hyperplasia of the Leydig cells was characteristic of heat-acclimatized mice with only drinking water available (HAI), but not of HAII mice. Although body cooling abolished the adverse physiological response described, it did not prevent specific changes in enzyme activity associated with androgen production. There was increased activity of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and isomerase, and of 5-ene-17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. These data offer partial explanation for the lower peripheral blood testosterone level observed in some species of heat-acclimatized mammals.", "contents": "Effect of heat acclimatization on testicular enzymes involved in androgen biosynthesis via the 5-ene pathway. The metabolism of 3beta-hydroxy-5-ene steroids by testicular homogenates of heat-acclimatized and control mice was investigated in vitro. Acclimatization was achieved by keeping the animals in a hot room (33-35 degrees C, 25-40% R.H.) for 5 weeks. The control animals were kept in a temperate environment (20-22 degrees C, 30-50% R.H.). Some of the heat-acclimatized animals were supplied with additional water in a trough placed inside each cage (HAII mice). This source of water was used by the mice mainly for body cooling. A pronounced decrease in body weight and testis weight, and a smaller decrease in the weight of seminal vesicles which was associated with atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and hyperplasia of the Leydig cells was characteristic of heat-acclimatized mice with only drinking water available (HAI), but not of HAII mice. Although body cooling abolished the adverse physiological response described, it did not prevent specific changes in enzyme activity associated with androgen production. There was increased activity of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and isomerase, and of 5-ene-17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. These data offer partial explanation for the lower peripheral blood testosterone level observed in some species of heat-acclimatized mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:901311", "title": "Determination of the relatedness of the soluble surface proteins of Trypanosoma brucei and Paramecium aurelia.", "content": "The soluble surface proteins isolated by Cross (1975) from Trypanosoma brucei are compared to those which occur on Paramecium aurelia. Calculations based on the amino acid residue data and the molecular weights of these surface antigens indicate that there is a considerable degree of similarity between the T. brucei and the P. aurelia proteins, and that in neither case can simple mutation be responsible for the differences of molecules within each family of antigens. The analyses are consistent with the suggestion that the P. aurelia system can serve as a model for the phenomenon of phase transformation (relapse syndrome) which occurs in trypanosomiasis.", "contents": "Determination of the relatedness of the soluble surface proteins of Trypanosoma brucei and Paramecium aurelia. The soluble surface proteins isolated by Cross (1975) from Trypanosoma brucei are compared to those which occur on Paramecium aurelia. Calculations based on the amino acid residue data and the molecular weights of these surface antigens indicate that there is a considerable degree of similarity between the T. brucei and the P. aurelia proteins, and that in neither case can simple mutation be responsible for the differences of molecules within each family of antigens. The analyses are consistent with the suggestion that the P. aurelia system can serve as a model for the phenomenon of phase transformation (relapse syndrome) which occurs in trypanosomiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:901312", "title": "The effect of thymectomy in guinea pigs on the lymphocyte content of central lymph.", "content": "The number of lymphocytes discharged from the mesenteric lymphatic duct was measured over several days of continuous lymph drainage in adult guinea pigs which had been thymectomised at birth or as young adults. The reduced output of lymphocytes during the first few days of lymph drainage from neonatally thymectomised guinea pigs indicated that removal of the thymus at birth produced a deficiency in the mobilizable lymphocyte pool. Adult thymectomy led to a decrease in the mobilizable lymphocyte pool which did not become apparent until 35 days after removal of the thymus. This indicated that the production of lymphocytes by the thymus is important in the guinea pig for maintaining adequate numbers of recirculating lymphocytes during adult life. The concentration of lymphocytes was reduced in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs which had been thymectomised at birth. In female guinea pigs this lymphopenia was accompanied by an increase in the number of lymphocytes bearing Kurloff bodies. The concentration of lymphocytes in bone marrow was not significantly altered following neonatal thymectomy.", "contents": "The effect of thymectomy in guinea pigs on the lymphocyte content of central lymph. The number of lymphocytes discharged from the mesenteric lymphatic duct was measured over several days of continuous lymph drainage in adult guinea pigs which had been thymectomised at birth or as young adults. The reduced output of lymphocytes during the first few days of lymph drainage from neonatally thymectomised guinea pigs indicated that removal of the thymus at birth produced a deficiency in the mobilizable lymphocyte pool. Adult thymectomy led to a decrease in the mobilizable lymphocyte pool which did not become apparent until 35 days after removal of the thymus. This indicated that the production of lymphocytes by the thymus is important in the guinea pig for maintaining adequate numbers of recirculating lymphocytes during adult life. The concentration of lymphocytes was reduced in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs which had been thymectomised at birth. In female guinea pigs this lymphopenia was accompanied by an increase in the number of lymphocytes bearing Kurloff bodies. The concentration of lymphocytes in bone marrow was not significantly altered following neonatal thymectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:901313", "title": "Endogenous histamine in rabbit thoracic aorta.", "content": "A sensitive automated assay was developed for the determination of histamine. The endogenous histamine content of intact rabbit thoracic aorta, and of its separated adventitial and medial layers was determined. The histamine content of the intact aorta was found to be only partially sensitive to compound 48/80. The isolated aorta accumulated labelled histamine against a concentration gradient. The uptake was abolished by cooling to 1 degree, but was unaffected by oxygen lack. The uptake process was sensitive to a variety of agents including extraneuronal catecholamine uptake inhibitors (deoxycorticosterone acetate, normetanephrine) as well as inhibitors of catecholamine and histamine metabolism (tranylcypromine, hydrallazine). The uptake was not affected by amodiaquin, a histamine N-methyl-transferase inhibitor, by the metabolites 1,4-methylhistamine or imidazole acetic acid, by compound 48/80 or by the basic amino acid arginine.", "contents": "Endogenous histamine in rabbit thoracic aorta. A sensitive automated assay was developed for the determination of histamine. The endogenous histamine content of intact rabbit thoracic aorta, and of its separated adventitial and medial layers was determined. The histamine content of the intact aorta was found to be only partially sensitive to compound 48/80. The isolated aorta accumulated labelled histamine against a concentration gradient. The uptake was abolished by cooling to 1 degree, but was unaffected by oxygen lack. The uptake process was sensitive to a variety of agents including extraneuronal catecholamine uptake inhibitors (deoxycorticosterone acetate, normetanephrine) as well as inhibitors of catecholamine and histamine metabolism (tranylcypromine, hydrallazine). The uptake was not affected by amodiaquin, a histamine N-methyl-transferase inhibitor, by the metabolites 1,4-methylhistamine or imidazole acetic acid, by compound 48/80 or by the basic amino acid arginine."}
{"id": "PMID:901314", "title": "Antibody to togaviruses in the Northern Territory and adjoining areas of Australia.", "content": "Antibody to flaviviruses Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) and Kunjin and to alphaviruses Ross River and Sindbis were found in many Aboriginal children and adults bled in central Australia in 1974 after several cases of MVE occurred there as part of a widespread epidemic. Antibody was also detected in sera taken in the period 1968 to 1973, but in a much lower proportion, suggesting both that the 1974 epidemic had caused frequent sub-clinical infection and that infection had occurred in the arid centre of Australia outside years of known togavirus activity. Evidence of frequent togavirus infection was found in sera from various species from monsoonal northern areas of Northern Territory and Western Australia, compatible with previous suggestions that togaviruses are enzootic or frequently epizootic in those areas.", "contents": "Antibody to togaviruses in the Northern Territory and adjoining areas of Australia. Antibody to flaviviruses Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) and Kunjin and to alphaviruses Ross River and Sindbis were found in many Aboriginal children and adults bled in central Australia in 1974 after several cases of MVE occurred there as part of a widespread epidemic. Antibody was also detected in sera taken in the period 1968 to 1973, but in a much lower proportion, suggesting both that the 1974 epidemic had caused frequent sub-clinical infection and that infection had occurred in the arid centre of Australia outside years of known togavirus activity. Evidence of frequent togavirus infection was found in sera from various species from monsoonal northern areas of Northern Territory and Western Australia, compatible with previous suggestions that togaviruses are enzootic or frequently epizootic in those areas."}
{"id": "PMID:901315", "title": "Lymphocyte-like cells of the tunicate, Pyura stolonifera: binding of lectins, morphological and functional studies.", "content": "In vitro investigations were carried out to determine whether lymphocyte-like (small round) cells of the tunicate Pyura stolonifera react to allogeneic cells and mitogens in a manner comparable to that of vertebrate immunocytes. The lymphocyte-like cells possessed receptors for concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin and soybean lectin as shown by binding of radioiodinated lectins in scintillation counting and autoradiographic assays. This binding did not induce mitogenesis. Mixtures of cells of P. stolonifera individuals taken from the same or distinct localities did not show enhanced DNA synthesis when assayed at time intervals ranging from 3 to 10 days. The small round cells of this and other tunicates are not completely similar to vertebrate lymphocytes in morphology. Our observations support the concept that these cells are not directly homologous to immunologically competent vertebrate lymphocytes, but may serve as haemopoietic stem cells as proposed by other (Endean, 1954; Freeman, 1970).", "contents": "Lymphocyte-like cells of the tunicate, Pyura stolonifera: binding of lectins, morphological and functional studies. In vitro investigations were carried out to determine whether lymphocyte-like (small round) cells of the tunicate Pyura stolonifera react to allogeneic cells and mitogens in a manner comparable to that of vertebrate immunocytes. The lymphocyte-like cells possessed receptors for concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin and soybean lectin as shown by binding of radioiodinated lectins in scintillation counting and autoradiographic assays. This binding did not induce mitogenesis. Mixtures of cells of P. stolonifera individuals taken from the same or distinct localities did not show enhanced DNA synthesis when assayed at time intervals ranging from 3 to 10 days. The small round cells of this and other tunicates are not completely similar to vertebrate lymphocytes in morphology. Our observations support the concept that these cells are not directly homologous to immunologically competent vertebrate lymphocytes, but may serve as haemopoietic stem cells as proposed by other (Endean, 1954; Freeman, 1970)."}
{"id": "PMID:901316", "title": "Semi-automated catecholamine assay.", "content": "Three semi-automated procedures are described for the estimation of the catecholamine contents of urine, tissue and plasma samples. The three procedures are based on the fluorometric tri-hydroxyindole assay which has been modified for automatic analysis. These techniques offer several advantages over currently available assays in that they are more convenient, provide for faster analysis rate and give increased sensitivity. The results of the present studies in which the catecholamine contents of urine, tissue and plasma samples were determined using the semi-automated assay provided a range of values which was identical to that obtained using other methods.", "contents": "Semi-automated catecholamine assay. Three semi-automated procedures are described for the estimation of the catecholamine contents of urine, tissue and plasma samples. The three procedures are based on the fluorometric tri-hydroxyindole assay which has been modified for automatic analysis. These techniques offer several advantages over currently available assays in that they are more convenient, provide for faster analysis rate and give increased sensitivity. The results of the present studies in which the catecholamine contents of urine, tissue and plasma samples were determined using the semi-automated assay provided a range of values which was identical to that obtained using other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:901317", "title": "The effect of aspirin pretreatment on the sweating response of older female subjects.", "content": "Seven healthy female volunteers (aged 50 to 67 years) have been subjected to a thermal stress and their sweat rates evaluated using hygrosensors on five different locations on their body surface. It was found that the sweating rate was highest on the forehead in all but one of the subjects with the chest being the next most prominent site for the response. Five of the subjects were restudied after aspirin pretreatment. In the presence of this drug, resting body temperature was lowered, sweating occurred at a lower oral temperature and the mean sweating rate at a standardized body temperature was significantly higher. These findings are consistent with aspirin's known pharmacological actions, although in this study the increased sweating rate have been demonstrated in afebrile subjects.", "contents": "The effect of aspirin pretreatment on the sweating response of older female subjects. Seven healthy female volunteers (aged 50 to 67 years) have been subjected to a thermal stress and their sweat rates evaluated using hygrosensors on five different locations on their body surface. It was found that the sweating rate was highest on the forehead in all but one of the subjects with the chest being the next most prominent site for the response. Five of the subjects were restudied after aspirin pretreatment. In the presence of this drug, resting body temperature was lowered, sweating occurred at a lower oral temperature and the mean sweating rate at a standardized body temperature was significantly higher. These findings are consistent with aspirin's known pharmacological actions, although in this study the increased sweating rate have been demonstrated in afebrile subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:901318", "title": "Lack of genetic differentiation between domestic dogs and dingoes at a further 16 loci.", "content": "Clarke, Ryan and Czuppon (1975) failed to detect electrophoretic differences between domestic dogs and dingoes at 14 loci. We have found that domestic dogs and dingoes are monomorphic for the same electrophoretic alleles at a further 15 loci, and polymorphic for the same alleles at a 30th locus.", "contents": "Lack of genetic differentiation between domestic dogs and dingoes at a further 16 loci. Clarke, Ryan and Czuppon (1975) failed to detect electrophoretic differences between domestic dogs and dingoes at 14 loci. We have found that domestic dogs and dingoes are monomorphic for the same electrophoretic alleles at a further 15 loci, and polymorphic for the same alleles at a 30th locus."}
{"id": "PMID:901319", "title": "Bovine nasal granuloma (atopic rhinitis) in Victoria. Experimental reproduction by the production of immediate type hypersensitivity in the nasal mucosa.", "content": "The Australian type of bovine nasal granuloma (bovine atopic rhinitis) was reproduced clinically, grossly and histopathologically in 7 of 9 experimental cattle by subjecting them to repeated acute episodes of immediate-type hypersensitivity on their nasal mucosa over periods of several months.", "contents": "Bovine nasal granuloma (atopic rhinitis) in Victoria. Experimental reproduction by the production of immediate type hypersensitivity in the nasal mucosa. The Australian type of bovine nasal granuloma (bovine atopic rhinitis) was reproduced clinically, grossly and histopathologically in 7 of 9 experimental cattle by subjecting them to repeated acute episodes of immediate-type hypersensitivity on their nasal mucosa over periods of several months."}
{"id": "PMID:901320", "title": "The use of bovine PPD tuberculin the single caudal fold test to detect tuberculosis in beef cattle.", "content": "The efficiency of 2 different doses of bovine PPD tuberculin was compared using the caudal fold test for the detection of tuberculosis in beef cattle. Two matched groups of 98 cattle were selected on the basis of their reactivity to HCSM tuberculin. Cattle in each group were tested with a singl 0.1 ml dose of bovine PPD tuberculin containing either 0.1 mg or 0.2mg bovine PPD respectively. Two further groups of 100 young stock from a herd with an incidence of tuberculosis of less than 0.1% were selected as controls. Tests were interpreted subjectively by palpation and observation and objectively by caliper measurement at 48, 72 and 96h. All cattle were examined post mortem for the presence of visible lesions. The 0.2 mg dose of PPD detected 95% tuberculous cattle and caused false-positive reactions in 19% of cattle without lesions. The 0.1 mg dose detected 80% of tuberculous cattle and caused 11% false-positive reactions. No visible lesions of tuberculosis were found in either of the control groups although 11% reacted to 0.2 mg and 5% to 0.1 mg bovine PPD at 72h. The optimum time for reading tuberculin tests was found to be in the period 48 to 72h after the injection of bovine PPD and subjective interpretation was more efficient than caliper measurement as a means of detection of tuberculous cattle. The 0.2 mg dose of bovine PPD was found to be more specific than HCSM tuberculin.", "contents": "The use of bovine PPD tuberculin the single caudal fold test to detect tuberculosis in beef cattle. The efficiency of 2 different doses of bovine PPD tuberculin was compared using the caudal fold test for the detection of tuberculosis in beef cattle. Two matched groups of 98 cattle were selected on the basis of their reactivity to HCSM tuberculin. Cattle in each group were tested with a singl 0.1 ml dose of bovine PPD tuberculin containing either 0.1 mg or 0.2mg bovine PPD respectively. Two further groups of 100 young stock from a herd with an incidence of tuberculosis of less than 0.1% were selected as controls. Tests were interpreted subjectively by palpation and observation and objectively by caliper measurement at 48, 72 and 96h. All cattle were examined post mortem for the presence of visible lesions. The 0.2 mg dose of PPD detected 95% tuberculous cattle and caused false-positive reactions in 19% of cattle without lesions. The 0.1 mg dose detected 80% of tuberculous cattle and caused 11% false-positive reactions. No visible lesions of tuberculosis were found in either of the control groups although 11% reacted to 0.2 mg and 5% to 0.1 mg bovine PPD at 72h. The optimum time for reading tuberculin tests was found to be in the period 48 to 72h after the injection of bovine PPD and subjective interpretation was more efficient than caliper measurement as a means of detection of tuberculous cattle. The 0.2 mg dose of bovine PPD was found to be more specific than HCSM tuberculin."}
{"id": "PMID:901321", "title": "Anergy to tuberculin in beef cattle.", "content": "Various aspects associated with anergy to tuberculin were investigated in a total of 75 tuberculous cattle. Forty-six (59%) had single lesions and 32 (41%) had multiple lesions. Forty-three (55.1%) had lesions in the lungs or associated lymph nodes and 23 (29.5%) showed multiple involvement of these tissues. Nine anergic cattle had generalised tuberculosis. Histological examination of lesions from 38 animals showed that the majority were of the progressive type. When bovine PPD tuberculin was used more cattle were anergic to the 0.1 mg than to the 0.2 mg dose and fewer tuberculous cattle were detected with either dose if tests were read at 96 h rather than 72h. Other factors thought to contribute to anergy are discussed with special reference to its relative importance in cattle with pulmonary infection.", "contents": "Anergy to tuberculin in beef cattle. Various aspects associated with anergy to tuberculin were investigated in a total of 75 tuberculous cattle. Forty-six (59%) had single lesions and 32 (41%) had multiple lesions. Forty-three (55.1%) had lesions in the lungs or associated lymph nodes and 23 (29.5%) showed multiple involvement of these tissues. Nine anergic cattle had generalised tuberculosis. Histological examination of lesions from 38 animals showed that the majority were of the progressive type. When bovine PPD tuberculin was used more cattle were anergic to the 0.1 mg than to the 0.2 mg dose and fewer tuberculous cattle were detected with either dose if tests were read at 96 h rather than 72h. Other factors thought to contribute to anergy are discussed with special reference to its relative importance in cattle with pulmonary infection."}
{"id": "PMID:901322", "title": "Ataxia and paralysis associated with bovine ephemeral fever infection.", "content": "Three adult cattle that had been ataxic for 5 to 7 months and a bull that had been paralysed for 24 days following bovine ephemeral fever infection were studied clinically and pathologically. Severe bilaterally symmetrical Wallerian degeneration was demonstrated in the spinal cords of all 4 cattle; in 3 animals an area of primary damage was present in the first cervical segment of the cord and in the other animal it was at the level of the lumbar cord. Pressure on the cord resulting from trauma was considered to be the most likely aetiology because of the similarity of the lesion to other syndromes causing pressure on the cord and the absence of the usual inflammatory changes seen with infectious agents.", "contents": "Ataxia and paralysis associated with bovine ephemeral fever infection. Three adult cattle that had been ataxic for 5 to 7 months and a bull that had been paralysed for 24 days following bovine ephemeral fever infection were studied clinically and pathologically. Severe bilaterally symmetrical Wallerian degeneration was demonstrated in the spinal cords of all 4 cattle; in 3 animals an area of primary damage was present in the first cervical segment of the cord and in the other animal it was at the level of the lumbar cord. Pressure on the cord resulting from trauma was considered to be the most likely aetiology because of the similarity of the lesion to other syndromes causing pressure on the cord and the absence of the usual inflammatory changes seen with infectious agents."}
{"id": "PMID:901323", "title": "Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo outbreak in a Victorian dairy herd and associated infection in man.", "content": "Leptospirosis associated with probable L. hardjo infection was investigated in a dairy herd in a coastal district of Western Victoria. Thirty-six  of 110 cows suffered leptospiruria and mastitis characterised by flaccid udders and abnormal milk. One of two media used enabled the isolation of the organism from infected guinea pigs inoculated with fresh urine. Microscopic agglutination titres to L. hardjo were elevated during the outbreak. There was an associated human infection.", "contents": "Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo outbreak in a Victorian dairy herd and associated infection in man. Leptospirosis associated with probable L. hardjo infection was investigated in a dairy herd in a coastal district of Western Victoria. Thirty-six  of 110 cows suffered leptospiruria and mastitis characterised by flaccid udders and abnormal milk. One of two media used enabled the isolation of the organism from infected guinea pigs inoculated with fresh urine. Microscopic agglutination titres to L. hardjo were elevated during the outbreak. There was an associated human infection."}
{"id": "PMID:901324", "title": "The oral toxicity for sheep of triterpene acids isolated from Lantana camara.", "content": "Toxic Lantana camara taxa growing in Queensland all contain the triterpene acids lantadene A, reduced lantadene A and lantadene B. These when dosed as pure compounds orally to sheep were similarly toxic at 65 to 75, 42 to 80 and 200 to 300 mg/kg body weight respectively, causing jaundice, photosensitisation, kidney and liver lesions typical of natural and experimental lantana poisoning. Because of its comparative toxicity and abundance lantadene A is the most significant toxic principle in the plant. Reduced lantadene A because of its low concentration in the leaves (5% of lantadene A) and lantadene B because of its significantly lower toxicity are thus unlikely to be of much importance in the poisoning of ruminants following consumption of the plant. In addition, the structural features of both lantadene A and B molecules given to sheep by the oral route do not conform to the chemical structures previously reported to be required for liver damaging action of the verbenaceous triterpenes administered to rabbits by the intraperitoneal route.", "contents": "The oral toxicity for sheep of triterpene acids isolated from Lantana camara. Toxic Lantana camara taxa growing in Queensland all contain the triterpene acids lantadene A, reduced lantadene A and lantadene B. These when dosed as pure compounds orally to sheep were similarly toxic at 65 to 75, 42 to 80 and 200 to 300 mg/kg body weight respectively, causing jaundice, photosensitisation, kidney and liver lesions typical of natural and experimental lantana poisoning. Because of its comparative toxicity and abundance lantadene A is the most significant toxic principle in the plant. Reduced lantadene A because of its low concentration in the leaves (5% of lantadene A) and lantadene B because of its significantly lower toxicity are thus unlikely to be of much importance in the poisoning of ruminants following consumption of the plant. In addition, the structural features of both lantadene A and B molecules given to sheep by the oral route do not conform to the chemical structures previously reported to be required for liver damaging action of the verbenaceous triterpenes administered to rabbits by the intraperitoneal route."}
{"id": "PMID:901325", "title": "Regulatory veterinary medicine in a changing environment.", "content": "There is an increasing need for the veterinary profession to meet the new challenges brought about by increased and intensified livestock production. These challenges consist of control and eradication of diseases, the humane treatment of animals and the prevention of transmission of disease from animals or animal products to man. Examples are given of the contribution which regulatory medicine activities have made to the prevention/control/eradication of screw worm, foot-and-mouth disease, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, Newcastle disease, bovine brucellosis, hog cholera, and certain other diseases in North America.", "contents": "Regulatory veterinary medicine in a changing environment. There is an increasing need for the veterinary profession to meet the new challenges brought about by increased and intensified livestock production. These challenges consist of control and eradication of diseases, the humane treatment of animals and the prevention of transmission of disease from animals or animal products to man. Examples are given of the contribution which regulatory medicine activities have made to the prevention/control/eradication of screw worm, foot-and-mouth disease, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, Newcastle disease, bovine brucellosis, hog cholera, and certain other diseases in North America."}
{"id": "PMID:901331", "title": "Infertility in the horse associated with chromosomal abnormalities.", "content": "Reproductive failure was studied in 12 phenotypically normal mares (9 Arabian, 3 Quarter horses, 1 Appaloosa and 1 pony). Karyotyping was performed using lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood by density gradient procedures, followed by standard culture methods for karyotyping. Nine mares had karyotypes of 63,XO; 1 had 63,XO/64,XX; 1 had 63,XO/64,XY and 1 had 64,XY. All mares had small, firm ovaries that when removed and examined from 4 mares, lacked germ cells and consisted of undifferentiated ovarian stroma.", "contents": "Infertility in the horse associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Reproductive failure was studied in 12 phenotypically normal mares (9 Arabian, 3 Quarter horses, 1 Appaloosa and 1 pony). Karyotyping was performed using lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood by density gradient procedures, followed by standard culture methods for karyotyping. Nine mares had karyotypes of 63,XO; 1 had 63,XO/64,XX; 1 had 63,XO/64,XY and 1 had 64,XY. All mares had small, firm ovaries that when removed and examined from 4 mares, lacked germ cells and consisted of undifferentiated ovarian stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:901332", "title": "Anoxia in the bovine foetus.", "content": "Laparohysterotomies were performed, under local analgesia, on 18 plurigravid Herefore cattle and the response of their foetuses to anoxia was examined. All control and 4 of 6 foetuses subjected to 4 minutes of anoxia survived whereas all others died when the umbilical cord was clamped for 6 or 8 minutes. Death mostly occurred just before or soon after delivery, which was undertaken immediately following release of the umbilical clamp. In 2 cases, however, the calves survived for at least 2 days before being slaughtered when death appeared imminent. During the intervening period both animals failed to suck although one was able to stand temporarily following the oral administration of glucose and milk. Studies on the blood-gas and acid-base status of the foetuses while the umbilical cord was clamped revealed a decline in pH, pO2 and standard bicarbonate levels, the development of a base deficit and an increase in pCO2 and lactate levels. Clamping of the umbilical cord usually resulted in some foetal movement and the release of meconium. Clamping of the imbilical cord also caused an almost immediate fall in the pulse rate, which gradually increased after several minutes and became irregular and weak. Post-mortem examination of foetuses or calves dying from anoxia revealed haemorrhages throughout the body, these always being found on the heart, usually in the thymus and spleen, and occasionally in other sites throughout the body.", "contents": "Anoxia in the bovine foetus. Laparohysterotomies were performed, under local analgesia, on 18 plurigravid Herefore cattle and the response of their foetuses to anoxia was examined. All control and 4 of 6 foetuses subjected to 4 minutes of anoxia survived whereas all others died when the umbilical cord was clamped for 6 or 8 minutes. Death mostly occurred just before or soon after delivery, which was undertaken immediately following release of the umbilical clamp. In 2 cases, however, the calves survived for at least 2 days before being slaughtered when death appeared imminent. During the intervening period both animals failed to suck although one was able to stand temporarily following the oral administration of glucose and milk. Studies on the blood-gas and acid-base status of the foetuses while the umbilical cord was clamped revealed a decline in pH, pO2 and standard bicarbonate levels, the development of a base deficit and an increase in pCO2 and lactate levels. Clamping of the umbilical cord usually resulted in some foetal movement and the release of meconium. Clamping of the imbilical cord also caused an almost immediate fall in the pulse rate, which gradually increased after several minutes and became irregular and weak. Post-mortem examination of foetuses or calves dying from anoxia revealed haemorrhages throughout the body, these always being found on the heart, usually in the thymus and spleen, and occasionally in other sites throughout the body."}
{"id": "PMID:901333", "title": "An abattoir survey of bull genitalia.", "content": "This paper describes a survey of 504 bull genitalia collected after slaughter at 3 Western Australian abattoirs over 18 months. Details of the gross pathology, histopathology, and microbiology of the genitalia, and physical dimensions of the testicles are presented. The major breeds represented were Hereford (30%), Shorthorn (16%), Friesian (14.3%), and Aberdeen Angus (13.9%). The mean age of 263 bulls (52.6%) was 4.4 years. The mean length and breadth of 469 paired testicles was 10.8 cm and 6.9 cm respectively. Pathological conditions of the testicles were present in 61/469 (13%) bulls and in the epididymides of 37/469 (7.9%) bulls. Campylobacter fetus was isolated from 20 (4%) bulls, Tritrichomonas foetus was isolated from 6 (1.2%) bulls, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus was isolated from 14/158 (8.9%) bulls. Histories were supplied by stock owners for 307 (60.9%) bulls and these did not relate well to the findings of the survey. The findings of this survey were compared, in particular, to similar studies carried out in Australia.", "contents": "An abattoir survey of bull genitalia. This paper describes a survey of 504 bull genitalia collected after slaughter at 3 Western Australian abattoirs over 18 months. Details of the gross pathology, histopathology, and microbiology of the genitalia, and physical dimensions of the testicles are presented. The major breeds represented were Hereford (30%), Shorthorn (16%), Friesian (14.3%), and Aberdeen Angus (13.9%). The mean age of 263 bulls (52.6%) was 4.4 years. The mean length and breadth of 469 paired testicles was 10.8 cm and 6.9 cm respectively. Pathological conditions of the testicles were present in 61/469 (13%) bulls and in the epididymides of 37/469 (7.9%) bulls. Campylobacter fetus was isolated from 20 (4%) bulls, Tritrichomonas foetus was isolated from 6 (1.2%) bulls, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus was isolated from 14/158 (8.9%) bulls. Histories were supplied by stock owners for 307 (60.9%) bulls and these did not relate well to the findings of the survey. The findings of this survey were compared, in particular, to similar studies carried out in Australia."}
{"id": "PMID:901334", "title": "Incidence of neurofibroma in cattle in abattoirs in New South Wales.", "content": "The incidence of neurofibroma in slaughtered cattle in New South Wales during a four-year period is reported. Most of the cases were in adult Hereford females over 5 years old. In 24 of the herds to which neurofibroma cases were traced there was evidence that the disease had previously occurred in the herd. However, the data does not indicate close familial relationship among cases of neurofibroma.", "contents": "Incidence of neurofibroma in cattle in abattoirs in New South Wales. The incidence of neurofibroma in slaughtered cattle in New South Wales during a four-year period is reported. Most of the cases were in adult Hereford females over 5 years old. In 24 of the herds to which neurofibroma cases were traced there was evidence that the disease had previously occurred in the herd. However, the data does not indicate close familial relationship among cases of neurofibroma."}
{"id": "PMID:901335", "title": "Renal coccidiosis of the horse associated with Klossiella equi.", "content": "Klossiella equi in the kidney of a horse is described. Gametocytic and sporogonic stages were observed in the epithelium of the collecting tubules in association with schizonts in the glomeruli and proximal convoluted tubules. The condition was asymptomatic and caused only minor renal damage and inflammation.", "contents": "Renal coccidiosis of the horse associated with Klossiella equi. Klossiella equi in the kidney of a horse is described. Gametocytic and sporogonic stages were observed in the epithelium of the collecting tubules in association with schizonts in the glomeruli and proximal convoluted tubules. The condition was asymptomatic and caused only minor renal damage and inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:901377", "title": "Myocardial blood flow distribution in miniature pigs during exercise.", "content": "Total and regional myocardial blood flow was measured in miniature pigs at rest and during two levels of treadmill exercise, including maximal exercise. Exercise increased the myocardial blood flow in a linear manner with heart rate (r = 0.87). At rest the endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio was significantly greater than unity with flow favoring the endocardium. Exercise failed to appreciably alter the distribution of coronary blood flow. Thus the myocardium was capable of further dilatation and perfusion of blood without compromising endocardial flow even during the most severe level of exercise when maximal heart rates were attained.", "contents": "Myocardial blood flow distribution in miniature pigs during exercise. Total and regional myocardial blood flow was measured in miniature pigs at rest and during two levels of treadmill exercise, including maximal exercise. Exercise increased the myocardial blood flow in a linear manner with heart rate (r = 0.87). At rest the endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio was significantly greater than unity with flow favoring the endocardium. Exercise failed to appreciably alter the distribution of coronary blood flow. Thus the myocardium was capable of further dilatation and perfusion of blood without compromising endocardial flow even during the most severe level of exercise when maximal heart rates were attained."}
{"id": "PMID:901382", "title": "Ultrastructural and enzyme-histochemical studies of the prostate of the dog under the effect of estradiol.", "content": "The prostate of 4 mature pure bred Beagles 12 months old was studied 3 weeks following a single i.m. injection of 1 mg estradiol/kg body weight by means of histochemistry (acid and alcaline phosphatase) and electron microscopy. Four 11 months old Beagles served as controls. Estradiol leads to a variable reaction of glandular epithelium. There is an atrophy of active secretory cells, probably due to an inhibition of the release of ICSH by the anterior pituitary lobe, that in turn leads to a deficiency of androgens. The residual secretory function is not sufficient for normal synthesis of secretory granules, recognizable through the decrease in electron density of secretory granules and the extensive loss of activity of acid phosphatase. Under physiologic conditions it corresponds in its localization to the amount of secretory granules lying in the apical portion of the cytoplasm. The basal reserve cells show an ambivalence. Normally under the predominant influence of androgen they do not show any metaplasia, but they differentiate into the secretorely active epithelial cell. Without stimulation by androgens, estradiol leads to a basal cell proliferation with squamous metaplasia particularly in the dorso-lateral lobes close to the urethra. The activity of alcaline phosphatase shows a minor decrease in the capillary endothelium under estradiol. With increasing maturation of the metaplastic squamous epithelium the activity of alcaline phosphatase increases in the upper cell layer.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and enzyme-histochemical studies of the prostate of the dog under the effect of estradiol. The prostate of 4 mature pure bred Beagles 12 months old was studied 3 weeks following a single i.m. injection of 1 mg estradiol/kg body weight by means of histochemistry (acid and alcaline phosphatase) and electron microscopy. Four 11 months old Beagles served as controls. Estradiol leads to a variable reaction of glandular epithelium. There is an atrophy of active secretory cells, probably due to an inhibition of the release of ICSH by the anterior pituitary lobe, that in turn leads to a deficiency of androgens. The residual secretory function is not sufficient for normal synthesis of secretory granules, recognizable through the decrease in electron density of secretory granules and the extensive loss of activity of acid phosphatase. Under physiologic conditions it corresponds in its localization to the amount of secretory granules lying in the apical portion of the cytoplasm. The basal reserve cells show an ambivalence. Normally under the predominant influence of androgen they do not show any metaplasia, but they differentiate into the secretorely active epithelial cell. Without stimulation by androgens, estradiol leads to a basal cell proliferation with squamous metaplasia particularly in the dorso-lateral lobes close to the urethra. The activity of alcaline phosphatase shows a minor decrease in the capillary endothelium under estradiol. With increasing maturation of the metaplastic squamous epithelium the activity of alcaline phosphatase increases in the upper cell layer."}
{"id": "PMID:901383", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the pulmonary artery.", "content": "Primary sarcomas of the large vessels are rare. They are observed most commonly in the pulmonary artery. Up to now 28 cases of primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery have been described in the literature. The clinical features of this disease which presents considerable diagnostic difficulties are dominated by signs of cor pulmonale. In the present paper a primary chondrosarcoma of the pulmonary artery is presented.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the pulmonary artery. Primary sarcomas of the large vessels are rare. They are observed most commonly in the pulmonary artery. Up to now 28 cases of primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery have been described in the literature. The clinical features of this disease which presents considerable diagnostic difficulties are dominated by signs of cor pulmonale. In the present paper a primary chondrosarcoma of the pulmonary artery is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:901379", "title": "A comparative study on the influence of dopamine and metaproterenol on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in cats.", "content": "The influence of 3-4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) on the VFT of the cat heart was checked with different doses in comparison to metaproterenol (Alupent). In the therapeutical doses dopamine has no significant influence on the VFT in contrast to metaproterenol. The clinical relevance of our findings seems to be that dopamine can be applied in therapeutical doses without running the risk of inducing serious cardiac arrhythmia.", "contents": "A comparative study on the influence of dopamine and metaproterenol on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in cats. The influence of 3-4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) on the VFT of the cat heart was checked with different doses in comparison to metaproterenol (Alupent). In the therapeutical doses dopamine has no significant influence on the VFT in contrast to metaproterenol. The clinical relevance of our findings seems to be that dopamine can be applied in therapeutical doses without running the risk of inducing serious cardiac arrhythmia."}
{"id": "PMID:901380", "title": "Angiocardiographic volume determination of the reindeer left ventricle.", "content": "A simplified single-plane angiocardiographic method for the measurement of the left ventricular volumes in the reindeer heart has been developed, on the assumption that the left ventricle forms half a revolution ellipsoid. On the basis of a study of 30 ventricular casts the following formulae were constructed for the calculation of the left ventricular volume (VLV) in end-diastole (D) and end-systole (S): VLVD = 0.60 k3a2l - 3.9 and VVLS = 0.40 k3a2l - 12 where k = magnification factor of the x-ray system, a = cross-sectional diameter of the ventricle and 1 = longitudinal diameter of the ventricle. The method was tested on the casts by comparison with biplane integration and with the single-plane ellipsoid method. In addition to this, a comparison was made in vivo by simultaneous stroke volume determination by angiocardiography and the oxygen Fick, and a good agreement was observed.", "contents": "Angiocardiographic volume determination of the reindeer left ventricle. A simplified single-plane angiocardiographic method for the measurement of the left ventricular volumes in the reindeer heart has been developed, on the assumption that the left ventricle forms half a revolution ellipsoid. On the basis of a study of 30 ventricular casts the following formulae were constructed for the calculation of the left ventricular volume (VLV) in end-diastole (D) and end-systole (S): VLVD = 0.60 k3a2l - 3.9 and VVLS = 0.40 k3a2l - 12 where k = magnification factor of the x-ray system, a = cross-sectional diameter of the ventricle and 1 = longitudinal diameter of the ventricle. The method was tested on the casts by comparison with biplane integration and with the single-plane ellipsoid method. In addition to this, a comparison was made in vivo by simultaneous stroke volume determination by angiocardiography and the oxygen Fick, and a good agreement was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:901378", "title": "The effect of hemodilution on regional myocardial function in the presence of coronary stenosis.", "content": "Hemodilution decreases blood viscosity and circulatory input impedance and thus reduces afterload. Its use in treatment of LV power failure has been advocated, but the safe limits of isovolemic hemodilution are not known. Compensation of the reduced O2-capacity of the blood was therefore studied with normal and impaired coronary reserve. In 20 dogs the LAD was stenosed to a degree just not affecting the supplied region and central and coronary hemodynamics were studied. Regional myocardial function was assessed by ultrasound transit time between transducers implanted in the LV wall. Lowering the hematocrit to 15% by isovolumic exchange of blood for Dextran 60 increased CVP (18%), PAP (47%), LAP (64%), LVedP (46%), CO (67%), and flow to the intact area (LCA: 211%). Flow in the stenosed LAD increased slightly. Enddiastolic length (EDL) of LAD dependent muscle segments rose to 120% and their contraction amplitude deltaL was decreased by 46%. Whereas non-ischemic segments showed compensatory rise in deltaL (38%) at almost constant EDL (+9%). After release of the LAD stenosis EDL and deltaL returned to normal. During progressive anemia myocardial O2-demand is not adequately met if coronary reserve capacity is depleted. Reversion of hypokinesia after removal of the stenosis shows unimpaired myocardial function at a hematocrit as low as 15% provided the coronary circulation is intact.", "contents": "The effect of hemodilution on regional myocardial function in the presence of coronary stenosis. Hemodilution decreases blood viscosity and circulatory input impedance and thus reduces afterload. Its use in treatment of LV power failure has been advocated, but the safe limits of isovolemic hemodilution are not known. Compensation of the reduced O2-capacity of the blood was therefore studied with normal and impaired coronary reserve. In 20 dogs the LAD was stenosed to a degree just not affecting the supplied region and central and coronary hemodynamics were studied. Regional myocardial function was assessed by ultrasound transit time between transducers implanted in the LV wall. Lowering the hematocrit to 15% by isovolumic exchange of blood for Dextran 60 increased CVP (18%), PAP (47%), LAP (64%), LVedP (46%), CO (67%), and flow to the intact area (LCA: 211%). Flow in the stenosed LAD increased slightly. Enddiastolic length (EDL) of LAD dependent muscle segments rose to 120% and their contraction amplitude deltaL was decreased by 46%. Whereas non-ischemic segments showed compensatory rise in deltaL (38%) at almost constant EDL (+9%). After release of the LAD stenosis EDL and deltaL returned to normal. During progressive anemia myocardial O2-demand is not adequately met if coronary reserve capacity is depleted. Reversion of hypokinesia after removal of the stenosis shows unimpaired myocardial function at a hematocrit as low as 15% provided the coronary circulation is intact."}
{"id": "PMID:901386", "title": "Electron microscopy of a ciliated cell in the human stomach.", "content": "A ciliated cell was observed electron microscopically in a pyloric gland with intestinal metaplasia. This specimen was obtained from the gastric antrum of a 61-year-old man suffering from gastric cancer. The cell had flask-like contour and possessed numerous cilia protruding from the free surface of a deeply indented cytoplasm into the glandular lumen. Most cilia were similar in structure to normal kinocilia and had nine peripheral doublets and two central microtubules (9 + 2 configuration). Some cilia, however, showed varying configurations, such as 9 + 0,9 + 3, or 9 + 4. The occurrence of ciliated cell in human stomach may be related to the disturbance of cellular differentiation of the gastric primordial cells during metaplastic change.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of a ciliated cell in the human stomach. A ciliated cell was observed electron microscopically in a pyloric gland with intestinal metaplasia. This specimen was obtained from the gastric antrum of a 61-year-old man suffering from gastric cancer. The cell had flask-like contour and possessed numerous cilia protruding from the free surface of a deeply indented cytoplasm into the glandular lumen. Most cilia were similar in structure to normal kinocilia and had nine peripheral doublets and two central microtubules (9 + 2 configuration). Some cilia, however, showed varying configurations, such as 9 + 0,9 + 3, or 9 + 4. The occurrence of ciliated cell in human stomach may be related to the disturbance of cellular differentiation of the gastric primordial cells during metaplastic change."}
{"id": "PMID:901381", "title": "The influence of the size of acute ischaemic myocardial lesions on coronary reserve and left ventricular function in the dog.", "content": "Acute ischaemic lesions of 5 and 15% of the left ventricular mass were produced in 10 dogs by ligations of branches of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Under maximal coronary dilatation by Dipyridamole and at constant aortic pressure, an ischaemic lesion of 15% caused reductions of blood flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery of 50% (p less than 0.05), , the R. circumflexus of 36% and of total myocardial blood flow (Argon method) by 44% (p less than 0.02). Parameters of left ventricular function, dp/dtmax and Vmax fell by 26 and 27% respectively (p less than 0.02). Ischaemic lesions of 5% LV mass were detected by 133 Xenon clearance estimations, but had no effect on any of the other variables measured. There was good agreement between estimations of total myocardial blood flow (Argon) and direct measurement of coronary flow with electromagnetic flowmeters (r = 0.957).", "contents": "The influence of the size of acute ischaemic myocardial lesions on coronary reserve and left ventricular function in the dog. Acute ischaemic lesions of 5 and 15% of the left ventricular mass were produced in 10 dogs by ligations of branches of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Under maximal coronary dilatation by Dipyridamole and at constant aortic pressure, an ischaemic lesion of 15% caused reductions of blood flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery of 50% (p less than 0.05), , the R. circumflexus of 36% and of total myocardial blood flow (Argon method) by 44% (p less than 0.02). Parameters of left ventricular function, dp/dtmax and Vmax fell by 26 and 27% respectively (p less than 0.02). Ischaemic lesions of 5% LV mass were detected by 133 Xenon clearance estimations, but had no effect on any of the other variables measured. There was good agreement between estimations of total myocardial blood flow (Argon) and direct measurement of coronary flow with electromagnetic flowmeters (r = 0.957)."}
{"id": "PMID:901409", "title": "Metabolism of arginine in lactating rat mammary gland.", "content": "Significant activities of the four enzymes needed to convert arginine into proline and glutamate (arginase, ornithine aminotransferase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase) develop co-ordinately in lactating rat mammary glands in proportion to the increased production of milk. No enzymes were detected to carry out the reactions of proline oxidation or reduction of glutamate to pyrroline-5-carboxylate. Minces of the gland converted ornithine into proline and into glutamate plus glutamine. These conversions increased during the cycle of lactation in proportion to the increased milk production and to the content of the necessary enzymes. The minced gland did not convert labelled ornithine into citrulline, confirming the absence from the gland of a functioning urea cycle, and did not convert labelled proline or glutamate into ornithine. A metabolic flow of labelled arginine to proline and glutamate in mammary gland was confirmed in intact animals with experiments during which the specific radioactivity of proline in plasma remained below that of the proline being formed from labelled arginine within the gland. It was concluded that arginase in this tissue had a metabolic role in the biosynthesis of extra proline and glutamate needed for synthesis of milk proteins.", "contents": "Metabolism of arginine in lactating rat mammary gland. Significant activities of the four enzymes needed to convert arginine into proline and glutamate (arginase, ornithine aminotransferase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase) develop co-ordinately in lactating rat mammary glands in proportion to the increased production of milk. No enzymes were detected to carry out the reactions of proline oxidation or reduction of glutamate to pyrroline-5-carboxylate. Minces of the gland converted ornithine into proline and into glutamate plus glutamine. These conversions increased during the cycle of lactation in proportion to the increased milk production and to the content of the necessary enzymes. The minced gland did not convert labelled ornithine into citrulline, confirming the absence from the gland of a functioning urea cycle, and did not convert labelled proline or glutamate into ornithine. A metabolic flow of labelled arginine to proline and glutamate in mammary gland was confirmed in intact animals with experiments during which the specific radioactivity of proline in plasma remained below that of the proline being formed from labelled arginine within the gland. It was concluded that arginase in this tissue had a metabolic role in the biosynthesis of extra proline and glutamate needed for synthesis of milk proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:901410", "title": "The pathway for the conversion of dihydroagnosterol into cholesterol in rat liver.", "content": "Dihydroagnosterol is demethylated by a rat liver homogenate to give 4,4'-dimethylcholesta 7,9-dienol and then cholesta-7,9-dienol. The cholesta-7,9-dienol is isomerized to cholesta-8,14-dienol, which is converted into cholesterol by the normal pathway.", "contents": "The pathway for the conversion of dihydroagnosterol into cholesterol in rat liver. Dihydroagnosterol is demethylated by a rat liver homogenate to give 4,4'-dimethylcholesta 7,9-dienol and then cholesta-7,9-dienol. The cholesta-7,9-dienol is isomerized to cholesta-8,14-dienol, which is converted into cholesterol by the normal pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:901411", "title": "Faster synthesis and slower degradation of liver protein during developmental growth.", "content": "A study is presented of the liver protein gain during the early stages of postnatal development. Fractional rates of protein synthesis and degradation were determined in vivo in livers of 4-day-old mice. At this age, liver protein accumulated at a rate of 18% per day. Synthesis was measured after the injection of massive amounts of radioactive leucine. Degradation was extimated as the balance between synthesis and accumulation of stable liver proteins, or from the disappearance of radioactivity from liver protein previously labelled by the administration of NaH14CO3. We found that the neonatal livers: (1) synthesize 139% as much protein per unit time and unit mass as adult tissue, which is accounted for by a higher ribosome concentration (synthesis per mg of RNA was the same); (2) retain 39% of the newly synthesized protein as stable liver components (compared with 48% in adult mice); (3) degrade protein at 56% of the rate in the adult liver. This lower rate of degradation is quantitatively the most significant difference between the growing and non-growing liver.", "contents": "Faster synthesis and slower degradation of liver protein during developmental growth. A study is presented of the liver protein gain during the early stages of postnatal development. Fractional rates of protein synthesis and degradation were determined in vivo in livers of 4-day-old mice. At this age, liver protein accumulated at a rate of 18% per day. Synthesis was measured after the injection of massive amounts of radioactive leucine. Degradation was extimated as the balance between synthesis and accumulation of stable liver proteins, or from the disappearance of radioactivity from liver protein previously labelled by the administration of NaH14CO3. We found that the neonatal livers: (1) synthesize 139% as much protein per unit time and unit mass as adult tissue, which is accounted for by a higher ribosome concentration (synthesis per mg of RNA was the same); (2) retain 39% of the newly synthesized protein as stable liver components (compared with 48% in adult mice); (3) degrade protein at 56% of the rate in the adult liver. This lower rate of degradation is quantitatively the most significant difference between the growing and non-growing liver."}
{"id": "PMID:901412", "title": "Formation of vitamin A in a freshwater fish. Isolation of retinoic acid.", "content": "The intestines of freshly caught Saccobranchus fossilis (a freshwater fish that contains dehydroretinol) became free from carotenoids and from vitamin A when the fish were starved for about 20 days. When beta-carotene was administered to such fish, retinoic acid could be isolated from the intestines after approx. 4h. When lutein was administered to such fish, dehydroretinol and 3-hydroxyretinol could be isolated from the intestines after approx. 5h.", "contents": "Formation of vitamin A in a freshwater fish. Isolation of retinoic acid. The intestines of freshly caught Saccobranchus fossilis (a freshwater fish that contains dehydroretinol) became free from carotenoids and from vitamin A when the fish were starved for about 20 days. When beta-carotene was administered to such fish, retinoic acid could be isolated from the intestines after approx. 4h. When lutein was administered to such fish, dehydroretinol and 3-hydroxyretinol could be isolated from the intestines after approx. 5h."}
{"id": "PMID:901413", "title": "Permeability of the mitochondrial membrane to bicarbonate ions.", "content": "Osmotic-swelling techniques show that HCO3- enters mitochondria by an electrogenic process, effectively HCO3- uniport, under non-energized conditions. This mode of translocation accounts for previous reports of non-entry of HCO3- in experiments with energy-linked Ca2+ uptake. The effects of HCO3- on mitochondrial respiration are reported and discussed.", "contents": "Permeability of the mitochondrial membrane to bicarbonate ions. Osmotic-swelling techniques show that HCO3- enters mitochondria by an electrogenic process, effectively HCO3- uniport, under non-energized conditions. This mode of translocation accounts for previous reports of non-entry of HCO3- in experiments with energy-linked Ca2+ uptake. The effects of HCO3- on mitochondrial respiration are reported and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901414", "title": "Sulpholipid formation in rat submandibular gland.", "content": "The sulphotransferase activity of rat submandibular gland differs markedly from that of testis, kidney and brain. The addition of lipid acceptors and Mn2+ (or Mg2+), which have been shown to enhance sulpholipid formation from adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate in other tissues, has either no effect or inhibits the transfer process.", "contents": "Sulpholipid formation in rat submandibular gland. The sulphotransferase activity of rat submandibular gland differs markedly from that of testis, kidney and brain. The addition of lipid acceptors and Mn2+ (or Mg2+), which have been shown to enhance sulpholipid formation from adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate in other tissues, has either no effect or inhibits the transfer process."}
{"id": "PMID:901415", "title": "Decline in ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis with loss of viability during the early hours of imbibition of rye (Secale cereale L.) embryos.", "content": "A decline in protein synthesis and slow germination accompanies loss of viability in embryos of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains. Associated with this, incorporation of precursors into all the major classes of RNA is decreased and the processing of precursor rRNA to 25S and 18S RNA is retarded. Embryos that just reach 0% viability still synthesize some low-molecular-weight non-nucleolar material, although they do not synthesize protein. It is suggested that early-synthesized RNA could play a major part in determining the extent of protein synthesis at early germination, and thereby regulate the rate at which germination can proceed.", "contents": "Decline in ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis with loss of viability during the early hours of imbibition of rye (Secale cereale L.) embryos. A decline in protein synthesis and slow germination accompanies loss of viability in embryos of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains. Associated with this, incorporation of precursors into all the major classes of RNA is decreased and the processing of precursor rRNA to 25S and 18S RNA is retarded. Embryos that just reach 0% viability still synthesize some low-molecular-weight non-nucleolar material, although they do not synthesize protein. It is suggested that early-synthesized RNA could play a major part in determining the extent of protein synthesis at early germination, and thereby regulate the rate at which germination can proceed."}
{"id": "PMID:901416", "title": "The synthesis of hippurate from benzoate and glycine by rat liver mitochondria. Submitochondrial localization and kinetics.", "content": "1. Rat liver mitochondria make hippurate at up to 4 nmol/min per mg of protein. The rate of synthesis supported by oxidation of glutamate with exogenous Pi present is identical with that supported by ATP plus oligomycin. Lower rates were obtained with other respiratory substrates, and when glutamate was used without Pi. 2. A matrix localization for hippurate synthesis is indicated by the latency of benzoyl-CoA synthetase and glycine N-acyltransferase to their extramitochondrial substrates, failure of exogenous benzoyl-CoA to inhibit incorporation of [14C]hippurate and inhibition of hippurate synthesis supported by ATP, but not glutamate, by carboxyatractyloside. 3. The relative activities of the individual enzymes and the mitochondrial content of benzoyl-CoA in the presence and absence of glycine suggest that hippurate synthesis is rate-limited by formation of benzoyl-CoA. 4. The increases in rates of ATP hydrolysis and of O2 consumption on the addition of benzoate and glycine were in good agreement with those required to support hippurate synthesis. The increase in respiration indicates that State-4 respiration [Chance & Williams (1957) Adv. Enzymol 17, 65-134] is not used, with these conditions, for ATP synthesis.", "contents": "The synthesis of hippurate from benzoate and glycine by rat liver mitochondria. Submitochondrial localization and kinetics. 1. Rat liver mitochondria make hippurate at up to 4 nmol/min per mg of protein. The rate of synthesis supported by oxidation of glutamate with exogenous Pi present is identical with that supported by ATP plus oligomycin. Lower rates were obtained with other respiratory substrates, and when glutamate was used without Pi. 2. A matrix localization for hippurate synthesis is indicated by the latency of benzoyl-CoA synthetase and glycine N-acyltransferase to their extramitochondrial substrates, failure of exogenous benzoyl-CoA to inhibit incorporation of [14C]hippurate and inhibition of hippurate synthesis supported by ATP, but not glutamate, by carboxyatractyloside. 3. The relative activities of the individual enzymes and the mitochondrial content of benzoyl-CoA in the presence and absence of glycine suggest that hippurate synthesis is rate-limited by formation of benzoyl-CoA. 4. The increases in rates of ATP hydrolysis and of O2 consumption on the addition of benzoate and glycine were in good agreement with those required to support hippurate synthesis. The increase in respiration indicates that State-4 respiration [Chance & Williams (1957) Adv. Enzymol 17, 65-134] is not used, with these conditions, for ATP synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:901417", "title": "Plasma amino acid concentrations in pregnant rats and in 21-day foetuses.", "content": "Plasma amino acid concentrations were determined in virgin female rats, in pregnant rats (12 and 21 days after impregnation) and in 21-day foetuses. The total amino acid concentration in plasma decreases significantly with pregnancy, being lower at 12 than at 21 days. Alanine, glutamine+glutamate and other 'gluconeogenic' amino acids decrease dramatically by mid-term, but regain their original concentrations at the end of the pregnancy. With most other amino acids, mainly the essential ones, the trend is towards lower concentrations which are maintained throughout pregnancy. These data agree with known nitrogen-conservation schemes in pregnancy and with the important demands on amino acids provoked by foetal growth. In the 21-day foetuses, concentrations of individual amino acids are considerably higher than in their mothers, with high plasma foetal/maternal concentration ratios, especially for lysine, phenylalanine and hydroxy-proline, suggesting active protein biosynthesis and turnover. All other amino acids also have high concentration ratios, presumably owing to their requirement by the foetuses for growth. Alanine, glutamine+glutamate, asparagine+aspartate, glycine, serine and threonine form a lower proportion of the total amino acids in foetuses than in the virgin controls or pregnant rats, probably owing to their role primarily in energy metabolism in the adults. The results indicate that at this phase of foetal growth, the placental amino acid uptake is considerable and seems to be higher than immediately before birth.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid concentrations in pregnant rats and in 21-day foetuses. Plasma amino acid concentrations were determined in virgin female rats, in pregnant rats (12 and 21 days after impregnation) and in 21-day foetuses. The total amino acid concentration in plasma decreases significantly with pregnancy, being lower at 12 than at 21 days. Alanine, glutamine+glutamate and other 'gluconeogenic' amino acids decrease dramatically by mid-term, but regain their original concentrations at the end of the pregnancy. With most other amino acids, mainly the essential ones, the trend is towards lower concentrations which are maintained throughout pregnancy. These data agree with known nitrogen-conservation schemes in pregnancy and with the important demands on amino acids provoked by foetal growth. In the 21-day foetuses, concentrations of individual amino acids are considerably higher than in their mothers, with high plasma foetal/maternal concentration ratios, especially for lysine, phenylalanine and hydroxy-proline, suggesting active protein biosynthesis and turnover. All other amino acids also have high concentration ratios, presumably owing to their requirement by the foetuses for growth. Alanine, glutamine+glutamate, asparagine+aspartate, glycine, serine and threonine form a lower proportion of the total amino acids in foetuses than in the virgin controls or pregnant rats, probably owing to their role primarily in energy metabolism in the adults. The results indicate that at this phase of foetal growth, the placental amino acid uptake is considerable and seems to be higher than immediately before birth."}
{"id": "PMID:901418", "title": "Decreased liver cytochrome P-450 in rats caused by norethindrone or ethynyloestradiol.", "content": "1. 19-Nor-17alpha-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yne-3,17-diol (ethynyloestradiol) or 17beta-hydroxy-19-nor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (norethindrone) but not 17alpha-ethyl-17beta-hydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-one (norethandrolone) caused a time-dependent loss of cytochrome P-450 when incubated in vitro with rat liver microsomal fractions and NADPH-generating systems. 2. The enzyme system catalysing the norethindrone-mediated loss of cytochrome P-450 had many characteristics of the microsomal mixed-function oxidases. It required NADPH and air, and was inhibited by Co. However, it was unaffected by 1 mM-compound SKF 525A. 3. In microsomal fractions from phenobarbitone-pretreated rats the norethindrone-mediated loss of cytochrome P-450 was increased relative to controls. The norethindrone-mediated cytochrome P-450 loss was less pronounced when the animals were pretreated with 3beta-hydroxy-pregn-5-en-2-one 16alpha-carbonitrile (pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile). Pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene rendered the animals resistant to the norethindrone effect. 4. Administration in vivo [100mg/kg, intraperitoneally] of norethindrone or ethinyl oestradiol also produced a time-dependent loss of liver cytochrome P-450. Norethandrolone had a similar, though much less-marked, effect. All three steroids lead to an induction of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase and an accumulation of porphyrins in the liver. 5. The loss of cytochrome P-450 and the accumulation of porphyrins in the liver 2 h after the administration of norethindrone to female rats was similar to that seen in males. 6. Rats pretreated with phenobarbitone and given norethindrone or ethynyloestradiol (100mg/kg, intraperitoneally) formed green pigments in their livers. These had characteristics similar to the green pigments produced in the livers of rats after the administration of 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide. No green pigments could be extracted from the livers of control rats or those given norethandrolone, oestradiol or progesterone.", "contents": "Decreased liver cytochrome P-450 in rats caused by norethindrone or ethynyloestradiol. 1. 19-Nor-17alpha-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yne-3,17-diol (ethynyloestradiol) or 17beta-hydroxy-19-nor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (norethindrone) but not 17alpha-ethyl-17beta-hydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-one (norethandrolone) caused a time-dependent loss of cytochrome P-450 when incubated in vitro with rat liver microsomal fractions and NADPH-generating systems. 2. The enzyme system catalysing the norethindrone-mediated loss of cytochrome P-450 had many characteristics of the microsomal mixed-function oxidases. It required NADPH and air, and was inhibited by Co. However, it was unaffected by 1 mM-compound SKF 525A. 3. In microsomal fractions from phenobarbitone-pretreated rats the norethindrone-mediated loss of cytochrome P-450 was increased relative to controls. The norethindrone-mediated cytochrome P-450 loss was less pronounced when the animals were pretreated with 3beta-hydroxy-pregn-5-en-2-one 16alpha-carbonitrile (pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile). Pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene rendered the animals resistant to the norethindrone effect. 4. Administration in vivo [100mg/kg, intraperitoneally] of norethindrone or ethinyl oestradiol also produced a time-dependent loss of liver cytochrome P-450. Norethandrolone had a similar, though much less-marked, effect. All three steroids lead to an induction of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase and an accumulation of porphyrins in the liver. 5. The loss of cytochrome P-450 and the accumulation of porphyrins in the liver 2 h after the administration of norethindrone to female rats was similar to that seen in males. 6. Rats pretreated with phenobarbitone and given norethindrone or ethynyloestradiol (100mg/kg, intraperitoneally) formed green pigments in their livers. These had characteristics similar to the green pigments produced in the livers of rats after the administration of 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide. No green pigments could be extracted from the livers of control rats or those given norethandrolone, oestradiol or progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:901419", "title": "The role of tubular reabsorption in the renal excretion of bile acids.", "content": "1. The renal excretion of bile acids was studied in an isolated rat kidney preparation perfused with a protein-free medium. 2. Tubular reabsorption exceeded 95% for both non-sulphated and sulphated bile acids at filtered loads of less than 30 nmol/min. 3. At low filtered loads the reabsorption of taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate was almost complete. Efficient reabsorption of taurochenodeoxycholate was maintained over a wider range of filtered loads than for taurocholate. These observations suggest that active transport may occur. 4. At high filtered loads saturation of reabsorption of taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate did not occur, which indicates that passive diffusion is involved in reabsorption. 5. Active proximal-tubular secretion of bile acids was not demonstrated in competition experiments with p-aminohippurate. 6. The fractional reabsorption of taurocholate, chenodeoxycholate 3,7-disulphate and chenodeoxycholate 7-monosulphate was decreased by the addition of taurochenodeoxycholate to the perfusate, so that their renal excretion was enhanced. This interaction between the bile acids for reabsorption may explain the different composition of bile acids in urine compared with that in plasma in cholestasis in man. 7. Conjugated bilirubin decreased the fractional reabsorption of both taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate at low filtered loads (less than 30 nmol/min) but not at high filtered loads (400 nmol/min).", "contents": "The role of tubular reabsorption in the renal excretion of bile acids. 1. The renal excretion of bile acids was studied in an isolated rat kidney preparation perfused with a protein-free medium. 2. Tubular reabsorption exceeded 95% for both non-sulphated and sulphated bile acids at filtered loads of less than 30 nmol/min. 3. At low filtered loads the reabsorption of taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate was almost complete. Efficient reabsorption of taurochenodeoxycholate was maintained over a wider range of filtered loads than for taurocholate. These observations suggest that active transport may occur. 4. At high filtered loads saturation of reabsorption of taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate did not occur, which indicates that passive diffusion is involved in reabsorption. 5. Active proximal-tubular secretion of bile acids was not demonstrated in competition experiments with p-aminohippurate. 6. The fractional reabsorption of taurocholate, chenodeoxycholate 3,7-disulphate and chenodeoxycholate 7-monosulphate was decreased by the addition of taurochenodeoxycholate to the perfusate, so that their renal excretion was enhanced. This interaction between the bile acids for reabsorption may explain the different composition of bile acids in urine compared with that in plasma in cholestasis in man. 7. Conjugated bilirubin decreased the fractional reabsorption of both taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate at low filtered loads (less than 30 nmol/min) but not at high filtered loads (400 nmol/min)."}
{"id": "PMID:901420", "title": "Inhibition of carbon dioxide fixation by lead acetate in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "These studies were undertaken to determine the mechanism by which intravenously administered lead salts inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis. Within 1 h after the intravenous administration of lead acetate (10 mg), there is 97% inhibition of CO2 fixation in isolated rat liver mitochondria. This effect is concentration-dependent. The induction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity observed with starvation was also inhibited by intravenously administered lead acetate, but the activities of pyruvate kinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase were unaffected, as was the oxidation of palmitate and palmitoyl-CoA by mitochondria from Pb2+-treated animals. The addition of reduced glutathione to mitochondria from Pb2+-treated animals had no effect on the inhibited CO2 fixation. ATP concentrations in mitochondria from Pb2+-treated animals are decreased and the dose-response relationships for the effect of Pb2+ on CO2 fixation and ATP concentrations correspond. We conclude that the decrease in mitochondrial ATP in Pb2+-treated animals is probably responsible for the marked inhibition ov CO2 fixation, and hence the impairment of gluconeogenesis from alanine, lactate and pyruvate observed by others.", "contents": "Inhibition of carbon dioxide fixation by lead acetate in rat liver mitochondria. These studies were undertaken to determine the mechanism by which intravenously administered lead salts inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis. Within 1 h after the intravenous administration of lead acetate (10 mg), there is 97% inhibition of CO2 fixation in isolated rat liver mitochondria. This effect is concentration-dependent. The induction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity observed with starvation was also inhibited by intravenously administered lead acetate, but the activities of pyruvate kinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase were unaffected, as was the oxidation of palmitate and palmitoyl-CoA by mitochondria from Pb2+-treated animals. The addition of reduced glutathione to mitochondria from Pb2+-treated animals had no effect on the inhibited CO2 fixation. ATP concentrations in mitochondria from Pb2+-treated animals are decreased and the dose-response relationships for the effect of Pb2+ on CO2 fixation and ATP concentrations correspond. We conclude that the decrease in mitochondrial ATP in Pb2+-treated animals is probably responsible for the marked inhibition ov CO2 fixation, and hence the impairment of gluconeogenesis from alanine, lactate and pyruvate observed by others."}
{"id": "PMID:901421", "title": "Role of pyridoxal phosphate in mammalian polyamine biosynthesis. Lack of requirement for mammalian S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity.", "content": "1. Polyamine concentrations were decreased in rats fed on a diet deficient in vitamin B-6. 2. Ornithine decarboxylase activity was decreased by vitamin B-6 deficiency when assayed in tissue extracts without addition of pyridoxal phosphate, but was greater than in control extracts when pyridoxal phosphate was present in saturating amounts. 3. In contrast, the activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase was not enhanced by pyridoxal phosphate addition even when dialysed extracts were prepared from tissues of young rats suckled by mothers fed on the vitamin B-6-deficient diet. 4. S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activities were increased by administration of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (1,1'-[(methylethanediylidine)dinitrilo]diguanidine) to similar extents in both control and vitamin B-6-deficient animals. 5. The spectrum of highly purified liver S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase did not indicate the presence of pyridoxal phosphate. After inactivation of the enzyme by reaction with NaB3H4, radioactivity was incorporated into the enzyme, but was not present as a reduced derivative of pyridoxal phosphate. 6. It is concluded that the decreased concentrations of polyamines in rats fed on a diet containing vitamin B-6 may be due to decreased activity or ornithine decarboxylase or may be caused by an unknown mechanism responding to growth retardation produced by the vitamin deficiency. In either case, measurements of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase activity under optimum conditions in vitro do not correlate with the polyamine concentrations in vivo.", "contents": "Role of pyridoxal phosphate in mammalian polyamine biosynthesis. Lack of requirement for mammalian S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity. 1. Polyamine concentrations were decreased in rats fed on a diet deficient in vitamin B-6. 2. Ornithine decarboxylase activity was decreased by vitamin B-6 deficiency when assayed in tissue extracts without addition of pyridoxal phosphate, but was greater than in control extracts when pyridoxal phosphate was present in saturating amounts. 3. In contrast, the activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase was not enhanced by pyridoxal phosphate addition even when dialysed extracts were prepared from tissues of young rats suckled by mothers fed on the vitamin B-6-deficient diet. 4. S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activities were increased by administration of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (1,1'-[(methylethanediylidine)dinitrilo]diguanidine) to similar extents in both control and vitamin B-6-deficient animals. 5. The spectrum of highly purified liver S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase did not indicate the presence of pyridoxal phosphate. After inactivation of the enzyme by reaction with NaB3H4, radioactivity was incorporated into the enzyme, but was not present as a reduced derivative of pyridoxal phosphate. 6. It is concluded that the decreased concentrations of polyamines in rats fed on a diet containing vitamin B-6 may be due to decreased activity or ornithine decarboxylase or may be caused by an unknown mechanism responding to growth retardation produced by the vitamin deficiency. In either case, measurements of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase activity under optimum conditions in vitro do not correlate with the polyamine concentrations in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:901422", "title": "Polyamines and their biosynthetic enzymes in Ehrlich ascites-carcinoma cells. Modification of tumour polyamine pattern by diamines.", "content": "1. Ehrlich ascites-carcinoma cells contained relatively high concentrations of spermidine and spermine, but the putrescine content of the washed cells was less than 10% of that of higher polyamines. 2. Ascites-tumour cells likewise exhibited high activities of L-ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17), S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50), spermidine synthase (EC 2.5.1.16) and spermine synthase. 3. During the first days after the inoculation, the polyamine pattern of the ascites cells was characterized by a high molar ratio of spermidine to spermine, which markedly decreased on aging of the cells. 4. Various diamines injected into mice bearing ascites cells rapidly and powerfully decreased ornithine decarboxylase activity in the carcinoma cells, apparently through a mechanism that was not a direct inhibition of the enzyme in vitro. Cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane) and 1,6-diaminohexane were the most potent inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase among the amines tested. 5. Chronic treatment of the mice with diamines resulted in a virtually complete disappearance of ornithine decarboxylase activity, and after 24h a significant decline in spermidine accumulation. 6. Cadaverine appeared to be an especially suitable compound for use as an inhibitor of the synthesis of higher polyamines, at least in Ehrlich ascites cells, since this diamine also acted as a competitive inhibitor for putrescine in the spermidine synthase reaction without being incorporated into the higher polyamines.", "contents": "Polyamines and their biosynthetic enzymes in Ehrlich ascites-carcinoma cells. Modification of tumour polyamine pattern by diamines. 1. Ehrlich ascites-carcinoma cells contained relatively high concentrations of spermidine and spermine, but the putrescine content of the washed cells was less than 10% of that of higher polyamines. 2. Ascites-tumour cells likewise exhibited high activities of L-ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17), S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50), spermidine synthase (EC 2.5.1.16) and spermine synthase. 3. During the first days after the inoculation, the polyamine pattern of the ascites cells was characterized by a high molar ratio of spermidine to spermine, which markedly decreased on aging of the cells. 4. Various diamines injected into mice bearing ascites cells rapidly and powerfully decreased ornithine decarboxylase activity in the carcinoma cells, apparently through a mechanism that was not a direct inhibition of the enzyme in vitro. Cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane) and 1,6-diaminohexane were the most potent inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase among the amines tested. 5. Chronic treatment of the mice with diamines resulted in a virtually complete disappearance of ornithine decarboxylase activity, and after 24h a significant decline in spermidine accumulation. 6. Cadaverine appeared to be an especially suitable compound for use as an inhibitor of the synthesis of higher polyamines, at least in Ehrlich ascites cells, since this diamine also acted as a competitive inhibitor for putrescine in the spermidine synthase reaction without being incorporated into the higher polyamines."}
{"id": "PMID:901423", "title": "Enzymes metabolizing delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate in rat tissues.", "content": "The direction and capacity for the metabolism of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate in a number of rat tissues ere investigated by measuring the activities of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase and proline oxidase. Each of these enzymes catalyzed unidirectional reactions in which delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate was either the substrate or product. Delta1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activities that were much higher than any previously reported were obtained by avoiding its inactivation in the cold. delta1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, previously said to act on both D- and L-isomers of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, acted only on the L-isomer. Proline oxidase could not be measured in two adult tissues, in which an inhibitor appeared after birth. The activity of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase significantly paralleled that of ornithine aminotransferase in 23 tissues, showing a widespread potential for proline synthesis from ornithine. An independently distributed potential in fewer tissues for proline degradation to alpha-oxoglutarate was shown by the significantly similar tissue distributions of proline oxidase. Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Reverse metabolism of glutamate or proline to ornithine would be atypical in rat tissues with these distributions of unidirectional enzyme reactions.", "contents": "Enzymes metabolizing delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate in rat tissues. The direction and capacity for the metabolism of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate in a number of rat tissues ere investigated by measuring the activities of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase and proline oxidase. Each of these enzymes catalyzed unidirectional reactions in which delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate was either the substrate or product. Delta1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activities that were much higher than any previously reported were obtained by avoiding its inactivation in the cold. delta1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, previously said to act on both D- and L-isomers of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, acted only on the L-isomer. Proline oxidase could not be measured in two adult tissues, in which an inhibitor appeared after birth. The activity of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase significantly paralleled that of ornithine aminotransferase in 23 tissues, showing a widespread potential for proline synthesis from ornithine. An independently distributed potential in fewer tissues for proline degradation to alpha-oxoglutarate was shown by the significantly similar tissue distributions of proline oxidase. Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Reverse metabolism of glutamate or proline to ornithine would be atypical in rat tissues with these distributions of unidirectional enzyme reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:901593", "title": "HLA and recurrent episodic arthropathy associated with rubella vaccination.", "content": "The frequencies of 21 HLA antigens in 33 patients who developed recurrent, episodic arthropathy after receiving the HPV-77 DK-12 rubella vaccine have been determined and compared with those of a control population. Trends toward increased frequencies of HLA antigens B12 (P = 0.02) and B14 (P = 0.04) and of the haplotype A2, B12 (P = 0.01) did not reach significance when corrections for the number of antigen determinations were included in the statistical analysis. These data show that the syndrome of recurrent arthropathy following rubella vaccination is genetically distinct from the connective tissue diseases associated with HLA-B27.", "contents": "HLA and recurrent episodic arthropathy associated with rubella vaccination. The frequencies of 21 HLA antigens in 33 patients who developed recurrent, episodic arthropathy after receiving the HPV-77 DK-12 rubella vaccine have been determined and compared with those of a control population. Trends toward increased frequencies of HLA antigens B12 (P = 0.02) and B14 (P = 0.04) and of the haplotype A2, B12 (P = 0.01) did not reach significance when corrections for the number of antigen determinations were included in the statistical analysis. These data show that the syndrome of recurrent arthropathy following rubella vaccination is genetically distinct from the connective tissue diseases associated with HLA-B27."}
{"id": "PMID:901595", "title": "Idiopathic or traumatic olecranon bursitis. Clinical features and bursal fluid analysis.", "content": "Thirty cases of idiopathic olecranon bursitis were studied. Most had previous local trauma. The process was unilateral and often associated with nontender pitting edema in cases of short duration. Ten patients exhibited a bony spur at the olecranon process, and amorphous calcific deposits were seen in 6. The bursal fluid was hemorrhagic with a xanthochromic supernatant, and the mucin clot test was poor or fair. Leukocyte count averaged 878/mm3, predominantly mononuclears. Many cells contained inclusion bodies. Glucose, total protein, and complement (C3) concentration averaged 80, 60, and 60% of the respective serum values.", "contents": "Idiopathic or traumatic olecranon bursitis. Clinical features and bursal fluid analysis. Thirty cases of idiopathic olecranon bursitis were studied. Most had previous local trauma. The process was unilateral and often associated with nontender pitting edema in cases of short duration. Ten patients exhibited a bony spur at the olecranon process, and amorphous calcific deposits were seen in 6. The bursal fluid was hemorrhagic with a xanthochromic supernatant, and the mucin clot test was poor or fair. Leukocyte count averaged 878/mm3, predominantly mononuclears. Many cells contained inclusion bodies. Glucose, total protein, and complement (C3) concentration averaged 80, 60, and 60% of the respective serum values."}
{"id": "PMID:901594", "title": "Secretion of plasminogen activator by rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial cells in culture.", "content": "The secretion of plasminogen activator by human synovial cultures established from explants was studied. Thirteen cultures established from patients with rheumatoid disease were hyposecretors of plasminogen activator. Seven cultures derived from patients with nonrheumatoid joint disorders all secreted high levels of this enzyme. Rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid cells contained comparable levels of intracellular activator. It is suggested that the secretion of plasminogen activator is a function of normal synovium and that a defect in this function in the rheumatoid synovium perpetuates the inflammatory process.", "contents": "Secretion of plasminogen activator by rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial cells in culture. The secretion of plasminogen activator by human synovial cultures established from explants was studied. Thirteen cultures established from patients with rheumatoid disease were hyposecretors of plasminogen activator. Seven cultures derived from patients with nonrheumatoid joint disorders all secreted high levels of this enzyme. Rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid cells contained comparable levels of intracellular activator. It is suggested that the secretion of plasminogen activator is a function of normal synovium and that a defect in this function in the rheumatoid synovium perpetuates the inflammatory process."}
{"id": "PMID:901596", "title": "Pathogenesis of cervical discovertebral destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A review of 20 cases of rheumatoid arthritis strongly supported the concept that the cervico-disco-vertebral destruction seen radiologically is a consequence of cervical instability caused by apophyseal arthritis and ligamentous laxity. It is postulated that such instability results in chronic trauma to the discovertebral joints leading to destruction of the disc cartilage and vertebral endplates. \"Rheumatoid inflammation\" of the disc has previously been described, but it is uncertain that such inflammation in the disc is the primary cause of these destructive lesions.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of cervical discovertebral destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. A review of 20 cases of rheumatoid arthritis strongly supported the concept that the cervico-disco-vertebral destruction seen radiologically is a consequence of cervical instability caused by apophyseal arthritis and ligamentous laxity. It is postulated that such instability results in chronic trauma to the discovertebral joints leading to destruction of the disc cartilage and vertebral endplates. \"Rheumatoid inflammation\" of the disc has previously been described, but it is uncertain that such inflammation in the disc is the primary cause of these destructive lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:901598", "title": "Therapeutic studies in NZB/NZW F1 mice. V. Comparison of cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide (Cy) has been demonstrated to be effective in treating autoimmune disease in NZB/NZW F1 mice. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of chlorambucil (Chlor) with that of a known effective drug (Cy) in the treatment of murine lupus. NZB/W female mice were treated with Cy, Chlor, or nothing on a once-a-month dosage schedule. The age of onset of proteinuria, the severity of glomerular lesions, and the median survival were compared among the three treatment groups. Cy was found to be superior to Chlor and controls in all measures.", "contents": "Therapeutic studies in NZB/NZW F1 mice. V. Comparison of cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil. Cyclophosphamide (Cy) has been demonstrated to be effective in treating autoimmune disease in NZB/NZW F1 mice. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of chlorambucil (Chlor) with that of a known effective drug (Cy) in the treatment of murine lupus. NZB/W female mice were treated with Cy, Chlor, or nothing on a once-a-month dosage schedule. The age of onset of proteinuria, the severity of glomerular lesions, and the median survival were compared among the three treatment groups. Cy was found to be superior to Chlor and controls in all measures."}
{"id": "PMID:901597", "title": "Yersinia-related arthritis in the Pacific Northwest.", "content": "Serologic evidence of Yersinia enterocolitica infection was sought by agglutination testing in serum samples from several populations, including Haida Indians, Red Cross blood donors, and Caucasian patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Reiter's syndrome. No evidence was found to indicate that yersinial infection was etiologically related to Haida spondylitis or Reiter's syndrome. Four of 28 patients with acute arthritis were diagnosed from serologic evidence as having Yersinia-related arthritis.", "contents": "Yersinia-related arthritis in the Pacific Northwest. Serologic evidence of Yersinia enterocolitica infection was sought by agglutination testing in serum samples from several populations, including Haida Indians, Red Cross blood donors, and Caucasian patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Reiter's syndrome. No evidence was found to indicate that yersinial infection was etiologically related to Haida spondylitis or Reiter's syndrome. Four of 28 patients with acute arthritis were diagnosed from serologic evidence as having Yersinia-related arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:901613", "title": "A new three-dimensional postmortem method to study the topography of atherosclerosis using profilometry.", "content": "The examination of high resolution casts of atherosclerotic arteries with a surface profile projector provides a 3-dimensional method for the measurement of atherosclerotic lesions. Lesions recorded on casts are found to predict gross and microscopic pathology. The contrast and magnification provided afford a continuum of atherosclerotic grades from the microscopic to macroscopic range. Lesion size and grade can be related to the geometry of the arterial lumen.", "contents": "A new three-dimensional postmortem method to study the topography of atherosclerosis using profilometry. The examination of high resolution casts of atherosclerotic arteries with a surface profile projector provides a 3-dimensional method for the measurement of atherosclerotic lesions. Lesions recorded on casts are found to predict gross and microscopic pathology. The contrast and magnification provided afford a continuum of atherosclerotic grades from the microscopic to macroscopic range. Lesion size and grade can be related to the geometry of the arterial lumen."}
{"id": "PMID:901614", "title": "Cortisol and lysosomal stability in normal and atheromatous rats.", "content": "The effect of cortisol on lysosomal stability has been studied in rats fed atherogenic and normal diets. beta-Glucuronidase has been taken as a lysosomal marker enzyme. Cortisol did not significantly alter total lysosomal enzyme activity in the liver or aorta or the activity present in the hepatic nuclear fraction. However, the hormone significantly increased activity in the intact lysosome and decreased soluble activity. The ratio of soluble activity (released from the lysosomes) to activity present in the intact lysosome showed that hepatic lysosomal stability was significantly increased in rats on cortisol. Cortisol tends to restore the decreased stability observed in atheromatous rats back to that in normal rats. The rate of release of enzyme from hepatic and aortic lysosomes was reduced by cortisol in both normal and atheromatous rats. Activity of serum lysosomal enzyme was also significantly lower in rats receiving cortisol. Cortisol subsequently added in vitro after the animals had been fed a normal or an atherogenic diet caused a significant in vitro decrease in the amount of enzyme released from hepatic lysosomes. The in vitro release of enzyme from lysosomes in normal rat liver progressively fell with increasing concentration of cortisol form 10(-5)--10(-4) M. Further increase in concentration up to 5 X 10(-4) M did not significantly alter enzyme release. Since cortisol was administered as its hemisuccinate the effect of succinate on lysosomal stability was also studied. It stabilized lysosomes, but the effect was much less than with cortisol.", "contents": "Cortisol and lysosomal stability in normal and atheromatous rats. The effect of cortisol on lysosomal stability has been studied in rats fed atherogenic and normal diets. beta-Glucuronidase has been taken as a lysosomal marker enzyme. Cortisol did not significantly alter total lysosomal enzyme activity in the liver or aorta or the activity present in the hepatic nuclear fraction. However, the hormone significantly increased activity in the intact lysosome and decreased soluble activity. The ratio of soluble activity (released from the lysosomes) to activity present in the intact lysosome showed that hepatic lysosomal stability was significantly increased in rats on cortisol. Cortisol tends to restore the decreased stability observed in atheromatous rats back to that in normal rats. The rate of release of enzyme from hepatic and aortic lysosomes was reduced by cortisol in both normal and atheromatous rats. Activity of serum lysosomal enzyme was also significantly lower in rats receiving cortisol. Cortisol subsequently added in vitro after the animals had been fed a normal or an atherogenic diet caused a significant in vitro decrease in the amount of enzyme released from hepatic lysosomes. The in vitro release of enzyme from lysosomes in normal rat liver progressively fell with increasing concentration of cortisol form 10(-5)--10(-4) M. Further increase in concentration up to 5 X 10(-4) M did not significantly alter enzyme release. Since cortisol was administered as its hemisuccinate the effect of succinate on lysosomal stability was also studied. It stabilized lysosomes, but the effect was much less than with cortisol."}
{"id": "PMID:901615", "title": "Aortic surface coat scanning electron-microscopic modifications after short-term hypercholesterolic diet, visualized in rabbits by con A-haemocyanin reaction.", "content": "Modifications of the aortic endothelial surface coat have been visualized at SEM with the use of the Con A-haemocyanin method. After fifteen days of an atherogenic diet, a strong increase of the reactive coat was evident in areas near the orifice of the collateral branches. In other areas, the reaction appeared to be intensely diminished.", "contents": "Aortic surface coat scanning electron-microscopic modifications after short-term hypercholesterolic diet, visualized in rabbits by con A-haemocyanin reaction. Modifications of the aortic endothelial surface coat have been visualized at SEM with the use of the Con A-haemocyanin method. After fifteen days of an atherogenic diet, a strong increase of the reactive coat was evident in areas near the orifice of the collateral branches. In other areas, the reaction appeared to be intensely diminished."}
{"id": "PMID:901616", "title": "Serum and tissue lipids and glomerulonephritis in the spontaneously hypercholesterolemic (SHC) rat, with a note on the effects of gonadectomy.", "content": "A spontaneously hypercholesterolemic male rat, found in the Sprague-Dawley strain, was mated with normocholesterolemic females of the same strain: the male offspring were hypercholesterolemic. By selecting rats according to their plasma cholesterol levels and repeated brother-sister mating, progeny became progressively more hypercholesterolemic--especially the males--when fed a basal low-cholesterol diet. These rats were tentatively given the short name of SHC and have at present been bred to the F14 generation. Hypercholesterolemia in male SHC rats proceeded in two stages: plasma cholesterol rose only slightly during the first stage up to the age of about 10 weeks and then increased progressively in the subsequent stage. Female SHC rats developed a high degree of hypercholesterolemia from the age of 10 months. SHC rats maintained on the basal diet were not obese, but their kidneys and livers enlarged. Histological examination showed that glomerulonephritis developed in the kidney of male SHC rats by the age of 9 months. The liver of these rats was not fatty and contained rather less lipid than usually found in the normal Sprague-Dawley rat. Male and female SHC rats were subjected to gonadectomy at the age of 4 weeks, and were then maintained on the basal diet for 18 weeks. Blood cholesterol was higher throughout the experiment in ovariectomized female SHC rats than in controls, and the renal lesion was correspondingly worse. However, gonadectomy in male SHC rats had no effect on the disease.", "contents": "Serum and tissue lipids and glomerulonephritis in the spontaneously hypercholesterolemic (SHC) rat, with a note on the effects of gonadectomy. A spontaneously hypercholesterolemic male rat, found in the Sprague-Dawley strain, was mated with normocholesterolemic females of the same strain: the male offspring were hypercholesterolemic. By selecting rats according to their plasma cholesterol levels and repeated brother-sister mating, progeny became progressively more hypercholesterolemic--especially the males--when fed a basal low-cholesterol diet. These rats were tentatively given the short name of SHC and have at present been bred to the F14 generation. Hypercholesterolemia in male SHC rats proceeded in two stages: plasma cholesterol rose only slightly during the first stage up to the age of about 10 weeks and then increased progressively in the subsequent stage. Female SHC rats developed a high degree of hypercholesterolemia from the age of 10 months. SHC rats maintained on the basal diet were not obese, but their kidneys and livers enlarged. Histological examination showed that glomerulonephritis developed in the kidney of male SHC rats by the age of 9 months. The liver of these rats was not fatty and contained rather less lipid than usually found in the normal Sprague-Dawley rat. Male and female SHC rats were subjected to gonadectomy at the age of 4 weeks, and were then maintained on the basal diet for 18 weeks. Blood cholesterol was higher throughout the experiment in ovariectomized female SHC rats than in controls, and the renal lesion was correspondingly worse. However, gonadectomy in male SHC rats had no effect on the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:901617", "title": "Relationship of advanced atherosclerosis lesions to fibrous plaques in 19 location-race groups.", "content": "Aortas and coronary arteries from 23,000 autopsies of 19 location-race groups (L/R) were graded for % surface fatty streaks (FS), fibrous plaques (FP) and advanced lesions (AL = calcified, hemorrhagic, ulcerated, or thrombotic). Cases were classed by age (24-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-69), sex, L/R, broad cause of death category (C/D; athero = related to atherosclerosis; basal = all other), and % surface raised lesions (RL = FP + AL). AL was converted to \"advanced among lesions\" (AaR = AL divided RL) because AaR was found on the average within each subgroup of subjects to hold a nearly constant ratio to RL (i.e. AaR : RL = K, an empirical constant). This ratio was different for each age (older greater than younger), C/D (athero greater than basal), and sex (M greater than F) subgroup and for coronary vs. aorta, thus requiring 5 X 2 X 2 X 2 = 40 values of K to describe the pools of subjects. The values of K were essentially same for all 19 location-race groups. If it be assumed that advanced lesions arise only be evolution from fibrous plaques, then the speed of this evolution up to each specified age is measured by K, in the sense that at a particular age larger K implies faster evolution. On the average, the rate of evolution in this sense was found to be the same in all location-race groups. Within groups a large variability of K among individuals was found, and this variation remains unexplained. However, across location-race boundaries no such variability was found, and this implies that the magnitude of K is not under control of geographically variable factors.", "contents": "Relationship of advanced atherosclerosis lesions to fibrous plaques in 19 location-race groups. Aortas and coronary arteries from 23,000 autopsies of 19 location-race groups (L/R) were graded for % surface fatty streaks (FS), fibrous plaques (FP) and advanced lesions (AL = calcified, hemorrhagic, ulcerated, or thrombotic). Cases were classed by age (24-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-69), sex, L/R, broad cause of death category (C/D; athero = related to atherosclerosis; basal = all other), and % surface raised lesions (RL = FP + AL). AL was converted to \"advanced among lesions\" (AaR = AL divided RL) because AaR was found on the average within each subgroup of subjects to hold a nearly constant ratio to RL (i.e. AaR : RL = K, an empirical constant). This ratio was different for each age (older greater than younger), C/D (athero greater than basal), and sex (M greater than F) subgroup and for coronary vs. aorta, thus requiring 5 X 2 X 2 X 2 = 40 values of K to describe the pools of subjects. The values of K were essentially same for all 19 location-race groups. If it be assumed that advanced lesions arise only be evolution from fibrous plaques, then the speed of this evolution up to each specified age is measured by K, in the sense that at a particular age larger K implies faster evolution. On the average, the rate of evolution in this sense was found to be the same in all location-race groups. Within groups a large variability of K among individuals was found, and this variation remains unexplained. However, across location-race boundaries no such variability was found, and this implies that the magnitude of K is not under control of geographically variable factors."}
{"id": "PMID:901618", "title": "Effect of cholesterol feeding on arterial lipolytic activity in the rabbit.", "content": "Two trioleoyl glycerol hydrolases, one of lysosomal origin as determined by a high correlation with the lysosomal marker enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and one having the characteristics of lipoprotein lipase, were measured at varying stages of lesion development in the aortas of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Both lipases were greatly enhanced in atheromatous aortas and were linearly related to lesion severity as measured by total aortic cholesterol. Lipoprotein lipase activities of myocardium and of plasma of cholesterol-fed rabbits were also significantly increased relative to controls. The data suggest that lipoprotein lipase might be a factor regulating cholesterol deposition in the aorta.", "contents": "Effect of cholesterol feeding on arterial lipolytic activity in the rabbit. Two trioleoyl glycerol hydrolases, one of lysosomal origin as determined by a high correlation with the lysosomal marker enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and one having the characteristics of lipoprotein lipase, were measured at varying stages of lesion development in the aortas of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Both lipases were greatly enhanced in atheromatous aortas and were linearly related to lesion severity as measured by total aortic cholesterol. Lipoprotein lipase activities of myocardium and of plasma of cholesterol-fed rabbits were also significantly increased relative to controls. The data suggest that lipoprotein lipase might be a factor regulating cholesterol deposition in the aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:901619", "title": "Inhibition of cholesterol esterification in rabbit aorta by prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Cholesterol esterification in the arterial wall was investigated with cell-free preparations of intima-media from control rabbits and rabbits rendered atherosclerotic by feeding a diet containing 1% cholesterol. In the presence of 2 mM ATP and 0.1 mM CoA, the major activity for esterification of [4-14C] cholesterol added in vitro was found in the 12,000 g and 105,000 g pellets. In control animals, the activity in the latter pellet was twice that in the former. After cholesterol-feeding for 6 months, the activity increased 5-fold in the 105,000 g pellet and 2-fold in the 12,000 g pellet of the atherosclerotic intima-media. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in concentrations between 2 and 12 X 10(-7) M exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of the esterifying activity in both particulate preparations. The inhibition was 97% at PGE2 concentrations greater than 1.2 X 10(-6) M in preparations from control animals. Inhibition by PGE2 in preparations from atherosclerotic rabbits was also observed. These results suggest a possible regulatory role of PGE2 in cholesterol esterification in the arterial wall.", "contents": "Inhibition of cholesterol esterification in rabbit aorta by prostaglandin E2. Cholesterol esterification in the arterial wall was investigated with cell-free preparations of intima-media from control rabbits and rabbits rendered atherosclerotic by feeding a diet containing 1% cholesterol. In the presence of 2 mM ATP and 0.1 mM CoA, the major activity for esterification of [4-14C] cholesterol added in vitro was found in the 12,000 g and 105,000 g pellets. In control animals, the activity in the latter pellet was twice that in the former. After cholesterol-feeding for 6 months, the activity increased 5-fold in the 105,000 g pellet and 2-fold in the 12,000 g pellet of the atherosclerotic intima-media. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in concentrations between 2 and 12 X 10(-7) M exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of the esterifying activity in both particulate preparations. The inhibition was 97% at PGE2 concentrations greater than 1.2 X 10(-6) M in preparations from control animals. Inhibition by PGE2 in preparations from atherosclerotic rabbits was also observed. These results suggest a possible regulatory role of PGE2 in cholesterol esterification in the arterial wall."}
{"id": "PMID:901620", "title": "The effect of sex hormones on glycosaminoglycan content of canine aorta and coronary arteries.", "content": "Hyaluronate (HA), heparan sulfate (HS), dermatan sulfate (DS) and isomeric chondroitin sulfates (CS) were measured in vascular walls of 9-10 months old normal and hypophysectomized female beagles treated with sex hormones. Following hypophysectomy the animals were maintained for 8 weeks without any hormonal replacement therapy and then they were exposed for 3 weeks to parenteral treatment with sex hormones. One group received twice weekly 25 mg testosterone, another group was given the same amount of progesterone, and a third group received on day 1 and day 14, estrogens in 2 injections, consisting of a mixture of 10 mg short-acting estradiol-17-phenylpropionate and 2.5 mg long-acting estradiol benzoate. After 11 weeks all animals were sacrificed, coronary arteries and aortas were immediately removed and the latter were divided into three segments: arch, thoracic and abdominal. Removal of the pituitary led to a reduction of the HA content in the aortic arch and thoracic segment, but coronary arteries and abdominal aorta were not affected. The main consequence of hypophysectomy both in the entire aorta and in coronary arteries was a sharp reduction of the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. All three hormones produced a modest rise in the HS content of coronary arteries. A more definite response was seen in the thoracic aorta where each of the three hormones raised the low DS content to normal levels. Concerning the effect of sex hromones on aortic GAG other than DS, TESTOSTERONE RAISED THE CS content towards normal in thoracic and abdominal segments, while estrogen by doubling the normal HA concentration was particularly potent in the abdominal aorta. It is conceivable that the different sensitivity of various segments of aorta and coronary arteries to sex (and other) hormones in terms of regulating GAG metabolism may prove to be of relevance to the uneven distribution of lesions in degenerative vascular disease.", "contents": "The effect of sex hormones on glycosaminoglycan content of canine aorta and coronary arteries. Hyaluronate (HA), heparan sulfate (HS), dermatan sulfate (DS) and isomeric chondroitin sulfates (CS) were measured in vascular walls of 9-10 months old normal and hypophysectomized female beagles treated with sex hormones. Following hypophysectomy the animals were maintained for 8 weeks without any hormonal replacement therapy and then they were exposed for 3 weeks to parenteral treatment with sex hormones. One group received twice weekly 25 mg testosterone, another group was given the same amount of progesterone, and a third group received on day 1 and day 14, estrogens in 2 injections, consisting of a mixture of 10 mg short-acting estradiol-17-phenylpropionate and 2.5 mg long-acting estradiol benzoate. After 11 weeks all animals were sacrificed, coronary arteries and aortas were immediately removed and the latter were divided into three segments: arch, thoracic and abdominal. Removal of the pituitary led to a reduction of the HA content in the aortic arch and thoracic segment, but coronary arteries and abdominal aorta were not affected. The main consequence of hypophysectomy both in the entire aorta and in coronary arteries was a sharp reduction of the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. All three hormones produced a modest rise in the HS content of coronary arteries. A more definite response was seen in the thoracic aorta where each of the three hormones raised the low DS content to normal levels. Concerning the effect of sex hromones on aortic GAG other than DS, TESTOSTERONE RAISED THE CS content towards normal in thoracic and abdominal segments, while estrogen by doubling the normal HA concentration was particularly potent in the abdominal aorta. It is conceivable that the different sensitivity of various segments of aorta and coronary arteries to sex (and other) hormones in terms of regulating GAG metabolism may prove to be of relevance to the uneven distribution of lesions in degenerative vascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:901621", "title": "Failure to produce atherosclerosis in Macaca radiata on a high-methionine, high-fat, pyridoxine-deficient diet.", "content": "Accelerated atherosclerotic lesions are observed in genetic defects characterised by marked homocystinaemia as a result of low levels of cystathionine synthase, a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme. Attempts were therefore made to induce atherosclerosis in Macaca radiata, maintained on a high-protein, high-methionine and high-fat diet by inducing pyridoxine deficiency with deoxypyridoxine. Pyridoxine deficient monkeys failed to show any biochemical or pathological evidence of atherosclerosis, despite a significant decrease in the activity of hepatic cystathionine synthase.", "contents": "Failure to produce atherosclerosis in Macaca radiata on a high-methionine, high-fat, pyridoxine-deficient diet. Accelerated atherosclerotic lesions are observed in genetic defects characterised by marked homocystinaemia as a result of low levels of cystathionine synthase, a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme. Attempts were therefore made to induce atherosclerosis in Macaca radiata, maintained on a high-protein, high-methionine and high-fat diet by inducing pyridoxine deficiency with deoxypyridoxine. Pyridoxine deficient monkeys failed to show any biochemical or pathological evidence of atherosclerosis, despite a significant decrease in the activity of hepatic cystathionine synthase."}
{"id": "PMID:901622", "title": "The effect of centrifugal force on glycosaminoglycan production by aortic smooth muscle cells in culture.", "content": "Cultured smooth muscle cells from pig aorta subjected to centrifugation (48 h at 45 g over a 72-h period) increased their production of glycosaminoglycans by approximately 50%. The sulphated components, heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate, showed a relatively greater increase than hyaluronic acid (66-34%). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that mechanical stress, such as hypertension, leads to increased accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the aortic wall and that secondary trapping of lipoproteins by sulphated glycosaminoglycans produces atherosclerotic plaques.", "contents": "The effect of centrifugal force on glycosaminoglycan production by aortic smooth muscle cells in culture. Cultured smooth muscle cells from pig aorta subjected to centrifugation (48 h at 45 g over a 72-h period) increased their production of glycosaminoglycans by approximately 50%. The sulphated components, heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate, showed a relatively greater increase than hyaluronic acid (66-34%). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that mechanical stress, such as hypertension, leads to increased accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the aortic wall and that secondary trapping of lipoproteins by sulphated glycosaminoglycans produces atherosclerotic plaques."}
{"id": "PMID:901623", "title": "Linoleic acid and susceptibility to fatal ventricular fibrillation in rats.", "content": "The effect of linoleic acid on the induction of fatal ventricular fibrillation by intravenous CaCl2 (10%), was studied in rats fed for a month from weaning on a diet with either a high or low content of linoleic acid. Studies were performed in the basal state and after pretreatment with noradrenaline, which increased the sensitivity to CaCl2 equally in animals from both diet groups. Despite considerable differences in the linoleic acid levels in the plasma and myocardium, the two groups did not differ in the incidence of fatal ventricular fibrillation. Our conclusions concerning the effect of linoleic acid on cardiac arrhythmias, and sudden death in particular, are compared with those from other studies.", "contents": "Linoleic acid and susceptibility to fatal ventricular fibrillation in rats. The effect of linoleic acid on the induction of fatal ventricular fibrillation by intravenous CaCl2 (10%), was studied in rats fed for a month from weaning on a diet with either a high or low content of linoleic acid. Studies were performed in the basal state and after pretreatment with noradrenaline, which increased the sensitivity to CaCl2 equally in animals from both diet groups. Despite considerable differences in the linoleic acid levels in the plasma and myocardium, the two groups did not differ in the incidence of fatal ventricular fibrillation. Our conclusions concerning the effect of linoleic acid on cardiac arrhythmias, and sudden death in particular, are compared with those from other studies."}
{"id": "PMID:901624", "title": "The effect of insulin and glucose on sterol synthesis in cultured rat arterial smooth muscle cells.", "content": "The smooth muscle cell plays an important role in the process of atherogenesis, proliferating in the arterial intima and becoming filled with lipid during the course of the disease. In these experiments the effect of insulin and glucose on sterol synthesis in cultured rat arterial smooth muscle cells was studied. Arterial smooth muscle cells were cultured from pieces of intima and inner media of young rat aortas. The cells were grown in Petri dishes in culture medium with foetal calf serum and when confluent were exposed to insulin or glucose for 24 hours. Insulin in concentrations of 10 micromicron-100 millimicron per ml stimulated the incorporation of sodium [2-(14)C]acetate into non-saponifiable lipids and digitonin precipitable sterols. However, insulin had no effect on the incorporation of labelled mevalonate into cell sterols. Increasing concentrations of glucose in the medium up to 140 mM had had no effect on the incorporation of isotope into sterols, but higher concentrations of glucose caused cell damage and sterol synthesis was markedly depressed. These results may have relevance to the development of atherosclerosis in diabetes and obesity.", "contents": "The effect of insulin and glucose on sterol synthesis in cultured rat arterial smooth muscle cells. The smooth muscle cell plays an important role in the process of atherogenesis, proliferating in the arterial intima and becoming filled with lipid during the course of the disease. In these experiments the effect of insulin and glucose on sterol synthesis in cultured rat arterial smooth muscle cells was studied. Arterial smooth muscle cells were cultured from pieces of intima and inner media of young rat aortas. The cells were grown in Petri dishes in culture medium with foetal calf serum and when confluent were exposed to insulin or glucose for 24 hours. Insulin in concentrations of 10 micromicron-100 millimicron per ml stimulated the incorporation of sodium [2-(14)C]acetate into non-saponifiable lipids and digitonin precipitable sterols. However, insulin had no effect on the incorporation of labelled mevalonate into cell sterols. Increasing concentrations of glucose in the medium up to 140 mM had had no effect on the incorporation of isotope into sterols, but higher concentrations of glucose caused cell damage and sterol synthesis was markedly depressed. These results may have relevance to the development of atherosclerosis in diabetes and obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:901625", "title": "Effect of BM 15.075 on lipoprotein concentrations in different types of hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "content": "The four-week lipoprotein lowering effect of 0.2 g t.i.d. of BM 15.075 and of 0.5 g t.i.d. of clofibrate was studied in 29 subjects with different types of hyperlipoproteinaemia in a single blind crossover fashion. BM 15.075 decreased very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol concentration in all types of hyperlipoproteinaemia the effect being dependent on initial lipoprotein concentrations. BM 15.075 decreased VLDL triglyceride concentrations on average 20% more than did clofibrate. BM 15.075 decreased low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol concentrations in Type IIA and IIB but did not significantly affect this lipoprotein lipid in type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. Regression analysis showed that the drug tended to decrease LDL cholesterol if initial concentrations were above 157 mg/100 ml and to increase initially lower levels. No significant differences between BM 15.075 and clofibrate was found in the effect of LDL cholesterol. High density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were not influenced by BM 15.075. No subjective side effects were noted on BM 15.075. S-ASAT increased and alcaline phosphatases decreased on both treatments.", "contents": "Effect of BM 15.075 on lipoprotein concentrations in different types of hyperlipoproteinaemia. The four-week lipoprotein lowering effect of 0.2 g t.i.d. of BM 15.075 and of 0.5 g t.i.d. of clofibrate was studied in 29 subjects with different types of hyperlipoproteinaemia in a single blind crossover fashion. BM 15.075 decreased very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol concentration in all types of hyperlipoproteinaemia the effect being dependent on initial lipoprotein concentrations. BM 15.075 decreased VLDL triglyceride concentrations on average 20% more than did clofibrate. BM 15.075 decreased low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol concentrations in Type IIA and IIB but did not significantly affect this lipoprotein lipid in type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. Regression analysis showed that the drug tended to decrease LDL cholesterol if initial concentrations were above 157 mg/100 ml and to increase initially lower levels. No significant differences between BM 15.075 and clofibrate was found in the effect of LDL cholesterol. High density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were not influenced by BM 15.075. No subjective side effects were noted on BM 15.075. S-ASAT increased and alcaline phosphatases decreased on both treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:901626", "title": "Increased pulmonary residual volume in patients with hyperlipoproteinemias.", "content": "A syndrome, characterized by pulmonary hyperdistension (increased residual volume, closing capacity and Motley index), was observed in patients with hyperlipoproteinemias without without other known causes of pulmonary disease. This syndrome is mostly asymptomatic;hyperdistension is of variable degree and not directly correlated to plasma lipid levels. It is partially reversible after reduction of lipidemia. The cause of this syndrome is not known. It may explain a decreased pulmonary working capacity in asymptomatic hyperlipidemic patients.", "contents": "Increased pulmonary residual volume in patients with hyperlipoproteinemias. A syndrome, characterized by pulmonary hyperdistension (increased residual volume, closing capacity and Motley index), was observed in patients with hyperlipoproteinemias without without other known causes of pulmonary disease. This syndrome is mostly asymptomatic;hyperdistension is of variable degree and not directly correlated to plasma lipid levels. It is partially reversible after reduction of lipidemia. The cause of this syndrome is not known. It may explain a decreased pulmonary working capacity in asymptomatic hyperlipidemic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:901627", "title": "Failure of regression of atherosclerosis in dogs with moderate cholesterolemia.", "content": "Controversy exists as to whether regression occurs in atherosclerotic plaques in response to serum cholesterol reduction. In the present study, using sequential observation of canine atherosclerosis, we attempted regression in hypothyroid dogs. Animals with established lesions prior to a regression attempt were placed on a 0.05% cholesterol diet and observed up to 60 months. Weighted average cholesterols ranged from 235 to 587 mg/100 ml during the regression attempt. A control fed for the entire period of the experiment, 75 months, had an average weighted cholesterol of 435 mg/100 ml. We failed to obtain regression of atherosclerotic plaques in spite of reduction of serum cholesterol from high to moderate levels. The lesions in the experimental animals contained less lipid and more collagen and calcium than occurred in the control. Complicated plaques with aneurysm formation, stenosis of the distal aorta, and gangrene of the tail were also noted.", "contents": "Failure of regression of atherosclerosis in dogs with moderate cholesterolemia. Controversy exists as to whether regression occurs in atherosclerotic plaques in response to serum cholesterol reduction. In the present study, using sequential observation of canine atherosclerosis, we attempted regression in hypothyroid dogs. Animals with established lesions prior to a regression attempt were placed on a 0.05% cholesterol diet and observed up to 60 months. Weighted average cholesterols ranged from 235 to 587 mg/100 ml during the regression attempt. A control fed for the entire period of the experiment, 75 months, had an average weighted cholesterol of 435 mg/100 ml. We failed to obtain regression of atherosclerotic plaques in spite of reduction of serum cholesterol from high to moderate levels. The lesions in the experimental animals contained less lipid and more collagen and calcium than occurred in the control. Complicated plaques with aneurysm formation, stenosis of the distal aorta, and gangrene of the tail were also noted."}
{"id": "PMID:901628", "title": "Inhibition of spontaneously developing arteriosclerosis in female breeder rats by adrenalectomy.", "content": "In order to determine whether the adrenal glands play a primary or secondary role in the pathogenesis of the spontaneous arteriosclerosis which occurs in repeatedly bred rats, sexually mature female, Sprague-Dawley rats were adrenalectomized and maintained during four successive pregnancies. Some of the breeders were treated with deoxycorticosterone (DOCA) and 0.5% saline. The adrenalectomized breeders did not develop arteriosclerosis, beta cell degranulations, or those which has accesory or regenerated adrenal glandular tissue. Surprisingly, intact DOCA-treated breeders also showed inhibition of arterial disease but they did have fatty livers and beta cell degranulation. Body and organ weights, serum enzymes, lipids, glucose, BUN, and corticosterone were elevated in breeder rats but not to such high levels as is usual in repeatedly bred rats. These findings demonstrate that the presence of the adrenal glands is essential for the pathogenesis of the spontaneous arteriosclerosis, fatty liver, and beta cell degranulation which occurs in repeatedly bred, female rats.", "contents": "Inhibition of spontaneously developing arteriosclerosis in female breeder rats by adrenalectomy. In order to determine whether the adrenal glands play a primary or secondary role in the pathogenesis of the spontaneous arteriosclerosis which occurs in repeatedly bred rats, sexually mature female, Sprague-Dawley rats were adrenalectomized and maintained during four successive pregnancies. Some of the breeders were treated with deoxycorticosterone (DOCA) and 0.5% saline. The adrenalectomized breeders did not develop arteriosclerosis, beta cell degranulations, or those which has accesory or regenerated adrenal glandular tissue. Surprisingly, intact DOCA-treated breeders also showed inhibition of arterial disease but they did have fatty livers and beta cell degranulation. Body and organ weights, serum enzymes, lipids, glucose, BUN, and corticosterone were elevated in breeder rats but not to such high levels as is usual in repeatedly bred rats. These findings demonstrate that the presence of the adrenal glands is essential for the pathogenesis of the spontaneous arteriosclerosis, fatty liver, and beta cell degranulation which occurs in repeatedly bred, female rats."}
{"id": "PMID:901629", "title": "Limb blood flow in treated hyperlipoproteinaemic patients with peripheral vascular disease. A preliminary report.", "content": "Fourteen patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia and peripheral vascular disease have been investigated to determine the effect on limb blood flow of hypolipidaemic therapy. Satisfactory lowering of serum lipoprotein levels was achieved in the treated group. There was a significant deterioration in peak reactive blood flow measurements in the placebo group compared with the treated group. Treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemia may, therefore, be of value in preventing the progression of peripheral atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Limb blood flow in treated hyperlipoproteinaemic patients with peripheral vascular disease. A preliminary report. Fourteen patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia and peripheral vascular disease have been investigated to determine the effect on limb blood flow of hypolipidaemic therapy. Satisfactory lowering of serum lipoprotein levels was achieved in the treated group. There was a significant deterioration in peak reactive blood flow measurements in the placebo group compared with the treated group. Treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemia may, therefore, be of value in preventing the progression of peripheral atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:901630", "title": "Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. Part 15. Randomized butter and randomized lard.", "content": "Randomized lard and butter oil were conpared with native lard and butter oil for their effects on cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. In each experiment there was also a group fed corn oil. The diets contained 2% cholesterol and 6% fat and were fed for eight weeks. Randomization of either butter or lard had virtually no effect as regards their atherogenic potential when fed as part of a diet containing 2% cholesterol. The corn oil-containing diet was less atherogenic than any of the other fats.", "contents": "Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. Part 15. Randomized butter and randomized lard. Randomized lard and butter oil were conpared with native lard and butter oil for their effects on cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. In each experiment there was also a group fed corn oil. The diets contained 2% cholesterol and 6% fat and were fed for eight weeks. Randomization of either butter or lard had virtually no effect as regards their atherogenic potential when fed as part of a diet containing 2% cholesterol. The corn oil-containing diet was less atherogenic than any of the other fats."}
{"id": "PMID:901631", "title": "Permeability in atherosclerosis: fluorescence test in green light with trypan blue.", "content": "A new microscopic fluorescence method for trypan blue at 570 nm has been used to follow the entry of albumin into the atheromatous rabbit aorta. Permeability into the inner aortic wall increases before the onset of gross lesions and seems just to precede intraendothelial deposition of lipid. Thereafter, permeability of the inner wall progressively increases until streaks or small plaques develop. These raised lesions stain and fluoresce variably, some intensely so while others are almost unreactive. This variability might reflect the difference between progressive and quiescent lesions. However, a zone of increased permeability surrounds many raised lesions, suggesting that the edge is a major site of growth and progression.", "contents": "Permeability in atherosclerosis: fluorescence test in green light with trypan blue. A new microscopic fluorescence method for trypan blue at 570 nm has been used to follow the entry of albumin into the atheromatous rabbit aorta. Permeability into the inner aortic wall increases before the onset of gross lesions and seems just to precede intraendothelial deposition of lipid. Thereafter, permeability of the inner wall progressively increases until streaks or small plaques develop. These raised lesions stain and fluoresce variably, some intensely so while others are almost unreactive. This variability might reflect the difference between progressive and quiescent lesions. However, a zone of increased permeability surrounds many raised lesions, suggesting that the edge is a major site of growth and progression."}
{"id": "PMID:901632", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens and other genetic markers in ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel diseases.", "content": "Of 118 Dutch patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis (AS) 81-4% were found to be positive for the HLA antigen B27. The B27 frequency proved to be significantly higher in patients in whom the disease had an early onset. In addition to B27, another HLA antigen may be associated with AS; the antigen Bw 16 was found to be significantly increased in B27 negative AS patients. HLA phenotype frequencies were also determined in 109 patients with idiopathic inflammatory bwel disease (IBD). In fifty-eight ulcerative colitis (UC) patients a raised incidence of A 11 was noticed. In fifty-one patients with Crohn's disease (CD) the antigen B18 showed an increased frequency. Both deviations were statistically significant. In thirty-nine patients suffering from both AS and IBD 50% proved to be B27 positive, which is significantly diffrent from B27 frequency in patients with AS alone. In the B27 negative patients with AS and IBD and increased frequency of Bw16 was also shown.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens and other genetic markers in ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Of 118 Dutch patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis (AS) 81-4% were found to be positive for the HLA antigen B27. The B27 frequency proved to be significantly higher in patients in whom the disease had an early onset. In addition to B27, another HLA antigen may be associated with AS; the antigen Bw 16 was found to be significantly increased in B27 negative AS patients. HLA phenotype frequencies were also determined in 109 patients with idiopathic inflammatory bwel disease (IBD). In fifty-eight ulcerative colitis (UC) patients a raised incidence of A 11 was noticed. In fifty-one patients with Crohn's disease (CD) the antigen B18 showed an increased frequency. Both deviations were statistically significant. In thirty-nine patients suffering from both AS and IBD 50% proved to be B27 positive, which is significantly diffrent from B27 frequency in patients with AS alone. In the B27 negative patients with AS and IBD and increased frequency of Bw16 was also shown."}
{"id": "PMID:901633", "title": "[Isolation of viruses from urban sewage: comparison of methods].", "content": "A comparison has been made among some methods (concentration on aluminium hydroxide precipitates, polymer two-phase separation, cellulose membrane filtration, direct inoculation) for virus isolation from raw sewage. The concentration on aluminium hydroxide has given significantly better results than the other methods. No significant differences have been noted between the two-phase separation and direct inoculation method. The membrane filtration method has given no positive result. All isolated viruses belonged to the adenovirus group.", "contents": "[Isolation of viruses from urban sewage: comparison of methods]. A comparison has been made among some methods (concentration on aluminium hydroxide precipitates, polymer two-phase separation, cellulose membrane filtration, direct inoculation) for virus isolation from raw sewage. The concentration on aluminium hydroxide has given significantly better results than the other methods. No significant differences have been noted between the two-phase separation and direct inoculation method. The membrane filtration method has given no positive result. All isolated viruses belonged to the adenovirus group."}
{"id": "PMID:901634", "title": "[Presence and etio-epidemiological significance of halophilic vibriones in various material].", "content": "In this work data of isolation of halophilic vibrios from coastal water of central Tyrrhenian sea are reported, and the epidemiological significance of such strains is discussed. V. Parahaemolyticus was identified in 8 out of 20 samples of sea water. V. alginolyticus was identified in 8 out of 26 samples of fishes and mussels examined and in 8 out of 20 sea water samples. Halophilic vibrios had not been isolated from 12 samples of sewage water and from 27 healthy or pathological human stool samples. From 6 different samples (sewage water and human stools included) bacteriophages active against V. parahaemolyticus were isolated. This study demonstrates that in our geographical area V. parahaemolyticus is present. The pathogenicity of such strains cannot be demonstrated because of the lack of available experimental models in vitro and/or in vivo. It is also impossible to assume their etiological r\u00f4le in human pathology, due to the absence of specific epidemics or single cases in our country.", "contents": "[Presence and etio-epidemiological significance of halophilic vibriones in various material]. In this work data of isolation of halophilic vibrios from coastal water of central Tyrrhenian sea are reported, and the epidemiological significance of such strains is discussed. V. Parahaemolyticus was identified in 8 out of 20 samples of sea water. V. alginolyticus was identified in 8 out of 26 samples of fishes and mussels examined and in 8 out of 20 sea water samples. Halophilic vibrios had not been isolated from 12 samples of sewage water and from 27 healthy or pathological human stool samples. From 6 different samples (sewage water and human stools included) bacteriophages active against V. parahaemolyticus were isolated. This study demonstrates that in our geographical area V. parahaemolyticus is present. The pathogenicity of such strains cannot be demonstrated because of the lack of available experimental models in vitro and/or in vivo. It is also impossible to assume their etiological r\u00f4le in human pathology, due to the absence of specific epidemics or single cases in our country."}
{"id": "PMID:901635", "title": "\"Immunosubtraction\" electrophoresis: a simple method for identifying specific proteins producing the cellulose acetate electrophoretogram.", "content": "To identify the proteins that are responsible for the electrophoretic pattern on cellulose acetate, we propose a method based on the precipitation of various individual proteins at the beginning of the electrophoretic run. Any non antibody proteins in the monospecific antisera were removed with a preliminary electrophoretic fractionation of the antiserum. Using this method, we could remove a band or a zone from the pattern, leaving the rest of the pattern unaltered. This permitted us not only to locate a protein in the pattern, but also to better interpret the electrophoretogram. The method requires no special apparatus and it is fast and cheap.", "contents": "\"Immunosubtraction\" electrophoresis: a simple method for identifying specific proteins producing the cellulose acetate electrophoretogram. To identify the proteins that are responsible for the electrophoretic pattern on cellulose acetate, we propose a method based on the precipitation of various individual proteins at the beginning of the electrophoretic run. Any non antibody proteins in the monospecific antisera were removed with a preliminary electrophoretic fractionation of the antiserum. Using this method, we could remove a band or a zone from the pattern, leaving the rest of the pattern unaltered. This permitted us not only to locate a protein in the pattern, but also to better interpret the electrophoretogram. The method requires no special apparatus and it is fast and cheap."}
{"id": "PMID:901636", "title": "Serum zinc levels, lymphocyte counts and functions in pediatric Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Serum zinc levels, total lymphocyte counts, cutaneous reactivity to three intradermal antigens and the in vitro lymphoblastic transformation response to PHA were evaluated in 24 children with Hodgkin's disease and 20 control cases. Serum zinc level was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer M 103) in Hodgkin's cases and found to be significantly decreased in the whole group of patients and reached the lowest level in LD type and the IVth stage of disease. The overall response to PHA was reduced in Hodgkin's cases. It was significantly low in the group of LD subtype. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were also markedly decreased in the IV stage and MC, LP subtypes of Hodgkin's patients. Our preliminary results disclosed a relationship between serum zinc level and the lymphocyte abnormalities in Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Serum zinc levels, lymphocyte counts and functions in pediatric Hodgkin's disease. Serum zinc levels, total lymphocyte counts, cutaneous reactivity to three intradermal antigens and the in vitro lymphoblastic transformation response to PHA were evaluated in 24 children with Hodgkin's disease and 20 control cases. Serum zinc level was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer M 103) in Hodgkin's cases and found to be significantly decreased in the whole group of patients and reached the lowest level in LD type and the IVth stage of disease. The overall response to PHA was reduced in Hodgkin's cases. It was significantly low in the group of LD subtype. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were also markedly decreased in the IV stage and MC, LP subtypes of Hodgkin's patients. Our preliminary results disclosed a relationship between serum zinc level and the lymphocyte abnormalities in Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:901637", "title": "[Immunohistological aspects of nephropathy with minimal lesions].", "content": "Renal biopsies from 32 patients, whose light microscopy showed a pattern of minimal changes nephropathy, have been submitted to immunohistological examination. On the basis of immunofluorescence pattern we separated the cases into three groups: the first group (12 cases) was characterized by absence of any glomerular deposit. The second group (9 cases) showed focal and segmental deposits of IgM and sometimes C3 on capillary walls. In the third group (11 cases) we observed slight deposits of IgM and sometimes C3 \"comma like\" over glomerular structures in all glomeruli. The site of these last deposits was sometimes mesangium and sometimes the capillary walls. The results of immunohistological examinations gave no information about the pathogenetic mechanisms of minimal changes nephropathy. We observed that the patients enclosed in the second group had a worse clinical prognosis, compared with the other two groups.", "contents": "[Immunohistological aspects of nephropathy with minimal lesions]. Renal biopsies from 32 patients, whose light microscopy showed a pattern of minimal changes nephropathy, have been submitted to immunohistological examination. On the basis of immunofluorescence pattern we separated the cases into three groups: the first group (12 cases) was characterized by absence of any glomerular deposit. The second group (9 cases) showed focal and segmental deposits of IgM and sometimes C3 on capillary walls. In the third group (11 cases) we observed slight deposits of IgM and sometimes C3 \"comma like\" over glomerular structures in all glomeruli. The site of these last deposits was sometimes mesangium and sometimes the capillary walls. The results of immunohistological examinations gave no information about the pathogenetic mechanisms of minimal changes nephropathy. We observed that the patients enclosed in the second group had a worse clinical prognosis, compared with the other two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:901638", "title": "HLA-A3 linked C3 deficiency in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Many workers claim variations in quantity of functional activity of several components in the complement system in M.S. patients. Studies were performed in 58 M.S. patients, typing for HLA-SD specifities and C'3 complement component. We have been able to confirm a significant correlation between the hypocomplementaemic group (31.03%) with HLA-A3. In this connection we present some considerations on complement system and M.S.", "contents": "HLA-A3 linked C3 deficiency in multiple sclerosis. Many workers claim variations in quantity of functional activity of several components in the complement system in M.S. patients. Studies were performed in 58 M.S. patients, typing for HLA-SD specifities and C'3 complement component. We have been able to confirm a significant correlation between the hypocomplementaemic group (31.03%) with HLA-A3. In this connection we present some considerations on complement system and M.S."}
{"id": "PMID:901639", "title": "[Studies of diseases caused by hepatitis B virus on the island of Favignana].", "content": "731 serum samples were drawn from inhabitants of Favignana (Egadi Islands, total population 3,000). Presence of HBsAg and anti HBs was tested by R.I.A. Although only two cases of B Virus Hepatitis had been observed in the last 3 years, the overall positivity for HBsAg was 4.8% and for anti HBs 31.6%, showing a distribution by age and sex comparable to that observed in similar studies. The rather high prevalence of HBsAg in males over 70 deserves further investigations.", "contents": "[Studies of diseases caused by hepatitis B virus on the island of Favignana]. 731 serum samples were drawn from inhabitants of Favignana (Egadi Islands, total population 3,000). Presence of HBsAg and anti HBs was tested by R.I.A. Although only two cases of B Virus Hepatitis had been observed in the last 3 years, the overall positivity for HBsAg was 4.8% and for anti HBs 31.6%, showing a distribution by age and sex comparable to that observed in similar studies. The rather high prevalence of HBsAg in males over 70 deserves further investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:901640", "title": "[Detection of Australia antigen (HBsAg) in an institution for the mentally retarded and its staff].", "content": "The Authors investigated HBsAg in an institution for the mentally retarded. The high incidence (8.7%) in the patients and in some categories of the hospital attendants, was related with the poor hygienic conditions of the institution. Moreover it was found an endemic spread of hepatitis between the patients.", "contents": "[Detection of Australia antigen (HBsAg) in an institution for the mentally retarded and its staff]. The Authors investigated HBsAg in an institution for the mentally retarded. The high incidence (8.7%) in the patients and in some categories of the hospital attendants, was related with the poor hygienic conditions of the institution. Moreover it was found an endemic spread of hepatitis between the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:901641", "title": "[Coxsackie B virus infection and cardiopathies].", "content": "Neutralizing antibody activity against Coxsackie virus group B, types 1-6, was determined on paired serum samples taken from 16 hospitalized patients affected by acute heart diseases of suspected viral origin. Serum samples were also taken from 4 additional cases of pleuropericarditis observed in the course of a small outbreak of Coxsackie B2 infection. Serological evidence of virus infection was based on the occurrence of the following conditions: a) twofold or greater variation of virus neutralizing antibody; b) antibody titers equal to or greater than 1:256. Evidence of Coxsackie B2 virus infection was found in 12 patients, while Coxsackievirus B1, B3, B5 and B6 infection, respectively, could be associated with 4 cases. The advisability of performing serological examination for Coxsackie group B viruses antibodies in patients with heart diseases of suspected viral origin is emphasized.", "contents": "[Coxsackie B virus infection and cardiopathies]. Neutralizing antibody activity against Coxsackie virus group B, types 1-6, was determined on paired serum samples taken from 16 hospitalized patients affected by acute heart diseases of suspected viral origin. Serum samples were also taken from 4 additional cases of pleuropericarditis observed in the course of a small outbreak of Coxsackie B2 infection. Serological evidence of virus infection was based on the occurrence of the following conditions: a) twofold or greater variation of virus neutralizing antibody; b) antibody titers equal to or greater than 1:256. Evidence of Coxsackie B2 virus infection was found in 12 patients, while Coxsackievirus B1, B3, B5 and B6 infection, respectively, could be associated with 4 cases. The advisability of performing serological examination for Coxsackie group B viruses antibodies in patients with heart diseases of suspected viral origin is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:901642", "title": "[Blastogenetic activity of medullary blood serum of patients with various blood diseases].", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 24 patients were cultured in vitro in the presence of autologous peripheral serum and bone marrow blood serum, with and without PHA stimulation. Bone marrow serum showed a well defined effect, in the absence of PHA stimulation, on lymphocytes from 4 patients (2 affected by acute leukaemia, 1 by megaloblastic anemia and 1 by benign idiopathic paraproteinaemia), and a less defined effect on lymphocytes from 2 donors (1 affected by iron deficiency anemia and 1 by thalassemia minor). No difference attributable to the source of blood serum was observed in PHA stimulated cultures. These results do not allow defined statements. Peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in vitro were affected by bone marrow blood serum only in some subjects. A clear cut correlation between this effect and the clinical features of our patients was not evident.", "contents": "[Blastogenetic activity of medullary blood serum of patients with various blood diseases]. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 24 patients were cultured in vitro in the presence of autologous peripheral serum and bone marrow blood serum, with and without PHA stimulation. Bone marrow serum showed a well defined effect, in the absence of PHA stimulation, on lymphocytes from 4 patients (2 affected by acute leukaemia, 1 by megaloblastic anemia and 1 by benign idiopathic paraproteinaemia), and a less defined effect on lymphocytes from 2 donors (1 affected by iron deficiency anemia and 1 by thalassemia minor). No difference attributable to the source of blood serum was observed in PHA stimulated cultures. These results do not allow defined statements. Peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in vitro were affected by bone marrow blood serum only in some subjects. A clear cut correlation between this effect and the clinical features of our patients was not evident."}
{"id": "PMID:901673", "title": "Beta blockade in essential hypertension: an analysis of response to oxprenolol.", "content": "The data from 40 patients with essential hypertension treated with oxprenolol alone have been used to analyse the falls of blood pressure and heart rate. Blood pressure and heart rate did not fall further as the daily dose was increased above 160 mg. The range of fall in mean pressure was from 0 to 40 mmHg and there was no clear separation into response groups. Pressure falls were unrelated to sex, age, initial heart rate, increase in heart rate on standing, the fall of heart rate with the drug, or the initial height of blood pressure. In the absence of predicting factors the use of oxprenolol, and, by deduction, other beta blocking agents, in hypertension remains empirical, but the simplification of the dose range allows the response to oxprenolol to be determined quickly.", "contents": "Beta blockade in essential hypertension: an analysis of response to oxprenolol. The data from 40 patients with essential hypertension treated with oxprenolol alone have been used to analyse the falls of blood pressure and heart rate. Blood pressure and heart rate did not fall further as the daily dose was increased above 160 mg. The range of fall in mean pressure was from 0 to 40 mmHg and there was no clear separation into response groups. Pressure falls were unrelated to sex, age, initial heart rate, increase in heart rate on standing, the fall of heart rate with the drug, or the initial height of blood pressure. In the absence of predicting factors the use of oxprenolol, and, by deduction, other beta blocking agents, in hypertension remains empirical, but the simplification of the dose range allows the response to oxprenolol to be determined quickly."}
{"id": "PMID:901674", "title": "Metoprolol--a new cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent for treatment of tachyarrhythmias.", "content": "The antiarrhythmic effect of the cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent metoprolol, given intravenously, was studied in 44 patients with various tachyarrhythmias, including patients with congestive heart failure and signs of digitalis intoxication. All patients with atrial tachycardia (12 cases) reverted to normal sinus rhythm. In 3 out of 18 patients with atrial fibrillation, sinus rhythm was restored, and in the others there was a significant reduction in ventricular rate. In 6 of 10 patients with ventricular ectopic beats, and 1 of 2 patients with ventricular tachycardia, the ectopic rhythm was abolished. The drug was well tolerated, without any significant changes in blood pressure, even by patients with signs of digitalis intoxication and varying degrees of pulmonary or peripheral circulatory congestion. Metoprolol is of clinical value for treatment of tachyarrhythmias, especially those of supraventricular origin.", "contents": "Metoprolol--a new cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent for treatment of tachyarrhythmias. The antiarrhythmic effect of the cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent metoprolol, given intravenously, was studied in 44 patients with various tachyarrhythmias, including patients with congestive heart failure and signs of digitalis intoxication. All patients with atrial tachycardia (12 cases) reverted to normal sinus rhythm. In 3 out of 18 patients with atrial fibrillation, sinus rhythm was restored, and in the others there was a significant reduction in ventricular rate. In 6 of 10 patients with ventricular ectopic beats, and 1 of 2 patients with ventricular tachycardia, the ectopic rhythm was abolished. The drug was well tolerated, without any significant changes in blood pressure, even by patients with signs of digitalis intoxication and varying degrees of pulmonary or peripheral circulatory congestion. Metoprolol is of clinical value for treatment of tachyarrhythmias, especially those of supraventricular origin."}
{"id": "PMID:901675", "title": "Mitral valve closure index. Echocardiographic index of severity of mitral stenosis.", "content": "A new echocardiographic index of mitral valve diastolic closure, based on the rate of diastolic apposition of the anterior and posterior mitral leaflet echoes, was measured in 40 patients with mitral stenosis. This mitral valve closure index correlated highly significantly with the mitral valve orifice area (calculated from the Gorlin formula) (r = 0-87). Correlation between the diastolic closure rate (based) on the EF slope) and the calculated valve area was poor (r = 0-37). It is proposed that the mitral valve closure index excludes movement extraneous to the mitral apparatus and expresses the actual rate of valve closure, thus avoiding some of the factors known to contribute to the poor specificity of the diastolic closure rate. The better correlation of the mitral valve closure index with the calculated valve orifice area makes it possible to assess the severity of mitral stenosis by echocardiogram with greater accuracy and confidence.", "contents": "Mitral valve closure index. Echocardiographic index of severity of mitral stenosis. A new echocardiographic index of mitral valve diastolic closure, based on the rate of diastolic apposition of the anterior and posterior mitral leaflet echoes, was measured in 40 patients with mitral stenosis. This mitral valve closure index correlated highly significantly with the mitral valve orifice area (calculated from the Gorlin formula) (r = 0-87). Correlation between the diastolic closure rate (based) on the EF slope) and the calculated valve area was poor (r = 0-37). It is proposed that the mitral valve closure index excludes movement extraneous to the mitral apparatus and expresses the actual rate of valve closure, thus avoiding some of the factors known to contribute to the poor specificity of the diastolic closure rate. The better correlation of the mitral valve closure index with the calculated valve orifice area makes it possible to assess the severity of mitral stenosis by echocardiogram with greater accuracy and confidence."}
{"id": "PMID:901676", "title": "Diagnosis of ventriculo-arterial discordance (transposition of the great arteries) by contrast echocardiography.", "content": "The constant anatomical relation of the aortic arch and the pulmonary artery bifurcation permits echocardiographic differentiation of the two great arteries when viewed from the suprasternal notch. When this technique was employed with contrast echocardiography in 12 infants, 6 of whom had ventriculo-arterial discordance (transposition of the great arteries), it was possible to establish with certainty in all but 1 case which great artery was most directly connected to the systemic venous return.", "contents": "Diagnosis of ventriculo-arterial discordance (transposition of the great arteries) by contrast echocardiography. The constant anatomical relation of the aortic arch and the pulmonary artery bifurcation permits echocardiographic differentiation of the two great arteries when viewed from the suprasternal notch. When this technique was employed with contrast echocardiography in 12 infants, 6 of whom had ventriculo-arterial discordance (transposition of the great arteries), it was possible to establish with certainty in all but 1 case which great artery was most directly connected to the systemic venous return."}
{"id": "PMID:901677", "title": "Echocardiography of primitive ventricle.", "content": "The angiocardiographic, echocardiographic, and, where available, the necropsy findings were correlated in 32 cases of primitive ventricle. Single probe echocardiography was shown to be a reliable and accurate technique for diagnosis of primitive ventricle; the ventricular and atrioventricular valve appearances were characteristic, and the outlet chamber was usually recognised when present, though it was not possible to say whether it was rigt or left sided. Abnormalities of the atrioventricular valves were more accurately shown by echocardiography than by angiocardiography though the two techniques were shown to be complementary in the overall diagnostic process.", "contents": "Echocardiography of primitive ventricle. The angiocardiographic, echocardiographic, and, where available, the necropsy findings were correlated in 32 cases of primitive ventricle. Single probe echocardiography was shown to be a reliable and accurate technique for diagnosis of primitive ventricle; the ventricular and atrioventricular valve appearances were characteristic, and the outlet chamber was usually recognised when present, though it was not possible to say whether it was rigt or left sided. Abnormalities of the atrioventricular valves were more accurately shown by echocardiography than by angiocardiography though the two techniques were shown to be complementary in the overall diagnostic process."}
{"id": "PMID:901678", "title": "What should we call the 'crista'?", "content": "Review of published work concerning congenital cardiac anomalies reveals that at least four different structures have been described as the crista supraventricular, in addition to the structure which in the normally formed right ventricle separates pulmonary and tricuspid valves. Possibility of further confusion arises since at least two different structures have been described under the name 'septal band'. We suggest that this potentially confusing situation will be best resolved by reserving the term 'crista' for description of the muscle mass between inflow and outflow portions of the right ventricle when there are no additional outflow tract anomalies. We then suggest that at least three separate structures warrant description in hearts with outflow tract anomalies. The first separates the semilunar valves, the second separates a semilunar valve from an atrioventricular valve, and the third is an extensive septal trabeculation of the right ventricle. Our suggested terms for these structures are the infundibular septum, ventriculo-infundibular fold, and trabecula septomarginalis, respectively. However, we believe that such terms would be better decided and agreed upon within an internationally formulated 'Nomina Cardiologica', a terminology as yet lacking in congenital heart disease.", "contents": "What should we call the 'crista'? Review of published work concerning congenital cardiac anomalies reveals that at least four different structures have been described as the crista supraventricular, in addition to the structure which in the normally formed right ventricle separates pulmonary and tricuspid valves. Possibility of further confusion arises since at least two different structures have been described under the name 'septal band'. We suggest that this potentially confusing situation will be best resolved by reserving the term 'crista' for description of the muscle mass between inflow and outflow portions of the right ventricle when there are no additional outflow tract anomalies. We then suggest that at least three separate structures warrant description in hearts with outflow tract anomalies. The first separates the semilunar valves, the second separates a semilunar valve from an atrioventricular valve, and the third is an extensive septal trabeculation of the right ventricle. Our suggested terms for these structures are the infundibular septum, ventriculo-infundibular fold, and trabecula septomarginalis, respectively. However, we believe that such terms would be better decided and agreed upon within an internationally formulated 'Nomina Cardiologica', a terminology as yet lacking in congenital heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:901679", "title": "Normal internal calibres of ostia of great arteries and of aortic isthmus in infants and children.", "content": "In order to obtain reference data, useful in paediatric cardiology and paediatric cardiovascular surgery, internal diameters of the ostia of the great arteries, of the  aortic isthmus, and of the descending aorta were determined with the aid of calibrated probes in 46 necropsy specimens of normal hearts with great vessels. Age range was from 25 weeks of gestational age up to 9 years post partum. The method used proved to be as accurate as echocardiography in vivo. The data revealed linear correlations between body length and calibres of aortic and pulmonary ostia. The correlation between the calibres of the pulmonary and the aortic ostia was also a linear one with the pulmonary ostium being slightly larger than the aortic ostium. From the cross-sectional areas of the aortic isthmus and of the descending aorta an isthmus index was calculated which indicates the presence (and degree) or absence of a narrowing (tubular hypoplasia) of the aortic isthmus. Results show that narrowing of the aortic isthmus is inconstantly present in infants younger than 10 weeks, whereas it is always absent in infants and children older than 10 weeks. No dependence of narrowing of the aortic isthmus on developmental age attained at birth has been found.", "contents": "Normal internal calibres of ostia of great arteries and of aortic isthmus in infants and children. In order to obtain reference data, useful in paediatric cardiology and paediatric cardiovascular surgery, internal diameters of the ostia of the great arteries, of the  aortic isthmus, and of the descending aorta were determined with the aid of calibrated probes in 46 necropsy specimens of normal hearts with great vessels. Age range was from 25 weeks of gestational age up to 9 years post partum. The method used proved to be as accurate as echocardiography in vivo. The data revealed linear correlations between body length and calibres of aortic and pulmonary ostia. The correlation between the calibres of the pulmonary and the aortic ostia was also a linear one with the pulmonary ostium being slightly larger than the aortic ostium. From the cross-sectional areas of the aortic isthmus and of the descending aorta an isthmus index was calculated which indicates the presence (and degree) or absence of a narrowing (tubular hypoplasia) of the aortic isthmus. Results show that narrowing of the aortic isthmus is inconstantly present in infants younger than 10 weeks, whereas it is always absent in infants and children older than 10 weeks. No dependence of narrowing of the aortic isthmus on developmental age attained at birth has been found."}
{"id": "PMID:901680", "title": "Hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease in children. Detection by radioactive nitrogen (13N) inhalation and injection.", "content": "Regional lung function has been studied in 16 children with intracardiac shunts and a variety of associated cardiac anomalies using radioactive nitrogen (13N) and a gamma camera-computer system. The distribution and washout of inhaled 13N were usually normal. The distribution of intravenously injected 13N was often abnormal and could be related to local anatomy. The most important finding was delayed clearance by ventilation of intravenously injected 13N in children with an abnormally raised pulmonary/systemic vascular resistance ratio (Rp/Rs) at cardiac catheterisation. The regional localisation of this ventilation-perfusion imbalance could be related in several children to the probable distribution of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease, predicted either from local anatomy shown at cardiac catheterisation or from the abnormal distribution of pulmonary perfusion. Abnormalities present on breathing air may be partially reversed on breathing 100 per cent oxygen.", "contents": "Hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease in children. Detection by radioactive nitrogen (13N) inhalation and injection. Regional lung function has been studied in 16 children with intracardiac shunts and a variety of associated cardiac anomalies using radioactive nitrogen (13N) and a gamma camera-computer system. The distribution and washout of inhaled 13N were usually normal. The distribution of intravenously injected 13N was often abnormal and could be related to local anatomy. The most important finding was delayed clearance by ventilation of intravenously injected 13N in children with an abnormally raised pulmonary/systemic vascular resistance ratio (Rp/Rs) at cardiac catheterisation. The regional localisation of this ventilation-perfusion imbalance could be related in several children to the probable distribution of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease, predicted either from local anatomy shown at cardiac catheterisation or from the abnormal distribution of pulmonary perfusion. Abnormalities present on breathing air may be partially reversed on breathing 100 per cent oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:901681", "title": "Multifocal atrial tachycardia in two neonates.", "content": "Two neonates with rapid and irregular pulse rate had an uncommon form of atrial tachycardia. The irregular heart rate was first detected during fetal monitoring. Postnatal electrocardiograms were compatible with the diagnosis of multifocal atrial tachycardia or chaotic atrial rhythm. Both patients were treated with digoxin and the rhythm gradually reverted to sinus. This may represent the first description of multifocal atrial tachycardia in the newborn.", "contents": "Multifocal atrial tachycardia in two neonates. Two neonates with rapid and irregular pulse rate had an uncommon form of atrial tachycardia. The irregular heart rate was first detected during fetal monitoring. Postnatal electrocardiograms were compatible with the diagnosis of multifocal atrial tachycardia or chaotic atrial rhythm. Both patients were treated with digoxin and the rhythm gradually reverted to sinus. This may represent the first description of multifocal atrial tachycardia in the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:901683", "title": "Studies of correlation between progression of coronary artery disease, as assessed by coronary arteriography, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, ejection fraction, and employability.", "content": "The occupational status of a group of 100 male patients, 35 to 68 years of age, with chronic ischaemic heart disease was studied, and related to the severity and distribution of coronary artery stenosis seen on the arteriograms and to left ventricular function. In this series of patients 31 per cent were working, 31 per cent were recorded as temporarily sick, and 38 per cent as permanently disabled. It appears that while the type of previous occupation and physical activity associated with the job were of importance, there was no correlation between employability on the one hand and severity and distribution of coronary artery disease on the other. 'Blue-collar' workers had a higher rate of unemployment than those in 'white collar' occupations, but this could not be explained by differences in severity of coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Studies of correlation between progression of coronary artery disease, as assessed by coronary arteriography, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, ejection fraction, and employability. The occupational status of a group of 100 male patients, 35 to 68 years of age, with chronic ischaemic heart disease was studied, and related to the severity and distribution of coronary artery stenosis seen on the arteriograms and to left ventricular function. In this series of patients 31 per cent were working, 31 per cent were recorded as temporarily sick, and 38 per cent as permanently disabled. It appears that while the type of previous occupation and physical activity associated with the job were of importance, there was no correlation between employability on the one hand and severity and distribution of coronary artery disease on the other. 'Blue-collar' workers had a higher rate of unemployment than those in 'white collar' occupations, but this could not be explained by differences in severity of coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:901684", "title": "Longitudinal survey of ischaemic heart disease in randomly selected sample of older population.", "content": "A group of 215 men and 272 women aged 62 to 90 forming a randomly-selected sample of the older population was studied by cardiovascular survey methods and followed for 5 years. The 5-year mortality of 28 per cent was related to age and was higher in men. Ischaemic heart disease was the certified cause of 28 per cent of the deaths. Mortality was greater in those with systolic hypertension. Among electrocardiographic features ST depression, T inversion, and atrial fibrillation increased overall and ischaemic heart disease mortality independently of their association with age. A positive response to an angina and infarct questionnaire was poorly related to subsequent mortality. Re-examination of 72 per cent of 5-year survivors was possible. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower and the frequency of electrocardiographic abnormalities, particularly left axis deviation, left ventricular hypertrophy, and ST and T wave changes, was increased.", "contents": "Longitudinal survey of ischaemic heart disease in randomly selected sample of older population. A group of 215 men and 272 women aged 62 to 90 forming a randomly-selected sample of the older population was studied by cardiovascular survey methods and followed for 5 years. The 5-year mortality of 28 per cent was related to age and was higher in men. Ischaemic heart disease was the certified cause of 28 per cent of the deaths. Mortality was greater in those with systolic hypertension. Among electrocardiographic features ST depression, T inversion, and atrial fibrillation increased overall and ischaemic heart disease mortality independently of their association with age. A positive response to an angina and infarct questionnaire was poorly related to subsequent mortality. Re-examination of 72 per cent of 5-year survivors was possible. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower and the frequency of electrocardiographic abnormalities, particularly left axis deviation, left ventricular hypertrophy, and ST and T wave changes, was increased."}
{"id": "PMID:901686", "title": "Early diastolic murmurs in end-stage renal failure.", "content": "An early diastolic murmur thought to indicate functional aortic regurgitation was heard in 7 of 74 consecutive patients with end-stage renal failure assessed for chronic intermittent haemodialysis and transplantation. In all 7 cases the murmur was transient and related to episodes of hypertension and fluid overload and disappeared on correction of these factors. In a further 2 patients aortic regurgitation resulted from a structural abnormality of the aortic valve. Thus, an early diastolic murmur is not uncommon in this situation and does not necessarily indicate organic aortic valve disease which might preclude selection for haemodialysis and transplantation.", "contents": "Early diastolic murmurs in end-stage renal failure. An early diastolic murmur thought to indicate functional aortic regurgitation was heard in 7 of 74 consecutive patients with end-stage renal failure assessed for chronic intermittent haemodialysis and transplantation. In all 7 cases the murmur was transient and related to episodes of hypertension and fluid overload and disappeared on correction of these factors. In a further 2 patients aortic regurgitation resulted from a structural abnormality of the aortic valve. Thus, an early diastolic murmur is not uncommon in this situation and does not necessarily indicate organic aortic valve disease which might preclude selection for haemodialysis and transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:901687", "title": "Removal of AC interference from the electrocardiogram.", "content": "A method is described for the removal of AC interference from the electrocardiogram in monitors which do not have isolated inputs. The patient's leads are connected to an isolation amplifier which provides isolation between the input and the output and has a high common mode rejection ratio. The output from the isolation amplifier is taken to the electrocardiographic monitor. The isolation amplifier not only provides additional patient safety but also reduces the level of AC interference without interfering with any frequency components in the electrocardiogram.", "contents": "Removal of AC interference from the electrocardiogram. A method is described for the removal of AC interference from the electrocardiogram in monitors which do not have isolated inputs. The patient's leads are connected to an isolation amplifier which provides isolation between the input and the output and has a high common mode rejection ratio. The output from the isolation amplifier is taken to the electrocardiographic monitor. The isolation amplifier not only provides additional patient safety but also reduces the level of AC interference without interfering with any frequency components in the electrocardiogram."}
{"id": "PMID:901688", "title": "Ruptured bronchial artery aneurysm mimicking aortic dissection.", "content": "A patient is presented in whom rupture of a bronchial artery aneurysm produced a clinical picture indistinguishable from an aortic dissection. This case emphasises the importance of considering alternative diagnoses when a patient presents with symptoms typical of a particular condition.", "contents": "Ruptured bronchial artery aneurysm mimicking aortic dissection. A patient is presented in whom rupture of a bronchial artery aneurysm produced a clinical picture indistinguishable from an aortic dissection. This case emphasises the importance of considering alternative diagnoses when a patient presents with symptoms typical of a particular condition."}
{"id": "PMID:901689", "title": "Prinzmetal's angina.", "content": "A 23-year-old man had Prinzmetal's variant angina. After strenuous exercise and isoprenaline infusion the electrocardiogram remained normal and the patient asymptomatic. Coronary angiography gave normal results which remained normal after administration of ergometrine. An injection of methacholine induced an attack.", "contents": "Prinzmetal's angina. A 23-year-old man had Prinzmetal's variant angina. After strenuous exercise and isoprenaline infusion the electrocardiogram remained normal and the patient asymptomatic. Coronary angiography gave normal results which remained normal after administration of ergometrine. An injection of methacholine induced an attack."}
{"id": "PMID:901690", "title": "Endocarditis as a manifestation of Chlamydia B infection (psittacosis).", "content": "A case of Chlamydia B (psittacosis) endocarditis is described in a patient with no known previous valve disease. After mitral valve replacement a fall in Chlamydia B antibody titre occurred. At repeat mitral valve replacement five months later for a paravalve leak no evidence of continuing endocarditis was present. Direct confirmation of infection in the patient's apparently healthy budgerigar was obtained. Aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Endocarditis as a manifestation of Chlamydia B infection (psittacosis). A case of Chlamydia B (psittacosis) endocarditis is described in a patient with no known previous valve disease. After mitral valve replacement a fall in Chlamydia B antibody titre occurred. At repeat mitral valve replacement five months later for a paravalve leak no evidence of continuing endocarditis was present. Direct confirmation of infection in the patient's apparently healthy budgerigar was obtained. Aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901695", "title": "Indirect blood pressure and heart rate measured quickly without observer bias using a semi-automatic machine (auto-manometer)--response to isometric exercise in normal healthy males and its modification by beta-adrenoceptor blockade.", "content": "1 In a double-blind crossover study, six volunteers performed sustained handgrip at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction before and 90 min following oral administration of 0.25 and 100 mg metoprolol tartrate, a beta1 selective adrenoceptor blocking agent. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured with the Auto-Manometer, an electronic semi-automatic device based on the principles of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine sphygmomanometer. It eliminates observer and digital bias completely, and also records heart rate at the same time as blood pressure is recorded. 2 Resting heart rate fell 15% after 25 mg, 21% after 100 mg and was unchanged after placebo. Systolic blood pressure fell 6% on both doses and was unchanged on placebo. Diastolic pressure did not change with any of the doses. 3 At 1 min of handgrip, heart rate was significantly lower after 25 and 100 mg than before drug or after placebo. There was no difference between the blood pressure levels attained before or after any of the dose levels. The rise of heart rate tended to be somewhat dampened after 100 mg only. The rise in blood pressure was unchanged after any dose compared with before.", "contents": "Indirect blood pressure and heart rate measured quickly without observer bias using a semi-automatic machine (auto-manometer)--response to isometric exercise in normal healthy males and its modification by beta-adrenoceptor blockade. 1 In a double-blind crossover study, six volunteers performed sustained handgrip at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction before and 90 min following oral administration of 0.25 and 100 mg metoprolol tartrate, a beta1 selective adrenoceptor blocking agent. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured with the Auto-Manometer, an electronic semi-automatic device based on the principles of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine sphygmomanometer. It eliminates observer and digital bias completely, and also records heart rate at the same time as blood pressure is recorded. 2 Resting heart rate fell 15% after 25 mg, 21% after 100 mg and was unchanged after placebo. Systolic blood pressure fell 6% on both doses and was unchanged on placebo. Diastolic pressure did not change with any of the doses. 3 At 1 min of handgrip, heart rate was significantly lower after 25 and 100 mg than before drug or after placebo. There was no difference between the blood pressure levels attained before or after any of the dose levels. The rise of heart rate tended to be somewhat dampened after 100 mg only. The rise in blood pressure was unchanged after any dose compared with before."}
{"id": "PMID:901696", "title": "Eye symptoms in patients taking propranolol and other hypotensive agents.", "content": "1 Four hundred and eighty-three hypertensive patients being treated with propranolol or other hypotensive drugs were questioned about symptoms of gritty feelings, sore or red eyes, photophobia and use of eye drops. 2 Between 11.6% and 29.8% gave positive answers but there was no difference between the different drug regimes. The complaint of 'red eyes' was more common in smokers.", "contents": "Eye symptoms in patients taking propranolol and other hypotensive agents. 1 Four hundred and eighty-three hypertensive patients being treated with propranolol or other hypotensive drugs were questioned about symptoms of gritty feelings, sore or red eyes, photophobia and use of eye drops. 2 Between 11.6% and 29.8% gave positive answers but there was no difference between the different drug regimes. The complaint of 'red eyes' was more common in smokers."}
{"id": "PMID:901697", "title": "Intravenous fluids in medical in-patients.", "content": "1 Data from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program were reviewed to determine the proportion of patients receiving intravenous fluids in the participating hospitals. 2 Wide differences between hospitals in the United States and four other countries were observed: i.v. fluids being given to 54% of patients in one American hospital and only 7% of patients in an Israeli one. A two-fold difference in the frequency of i.v. fluid use in two otherwise comparable Scottish teaching hospitals was observed. This difference was not due to observed patient characteristics, did not arise from selection bias or observational differences between the two hospitals and was unlikely to have arisen by chance. 3 It is concluded that the findings were due to different policies on the part of the attending physicians. Although the study could not be used to evaluate the beneficial effects of the administered fluids, adverse effects were common (15% of recipients) and in some instances potentially serious. Adverse effects were reported more frequently after infusion of 5% dextrose (13% of recipients) than after isotonic saline (7%) perhaps because of the low pH of the former solution.", "contents": "Intravenous fluids in medical in-patients. 1 Data from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program were reviewed to determine the proportion of patients receiving intravenous fluids in the participating hospitals. 2 Wide differences between hospitals in the United States and four other countries were observed: i.v. fluids being given to 54% of patients in one American hospital and only 7% of patients in an Israeli one. A two-fold difference in the frequency of i.v. fluid use in two otherwise comparable Scottish teaching hospitals was observed. This difference was not due to observed patient characteristics, did not arise from selection bias or observational differences between the two hospitals and was unlikely to have arisen by chance. 3 It is concluded that the findings were due to different policies on the part of the attending physicians. Although the study could not be used to evaluate the beneficial effects of the administered fluids, adverse effects were common (15% of recipients) and in some instances potentially serious. Adverse effects were reported more frequently after infusion of 5% dextrose (13% of recipients) than after isotonic saline (7%) perhaps because of the low pH of the former solution."}
{"id": "PMID:901698", "title": "Determinants of anticoagulant control in patients receiving warfarin.", "content": "1 A hospital-based drug information system has been used to assess the time for which patients treated with warfarin were outside the range of Thrombotest values 5-10% and 5-15% and to examine possible contributory factors in situations where anticoagulation fell outside these ranges. 2 Anticoagulant control varied with the age of the patient and with concomitant drug therapy but not with patient sex or indication of anticoagulation. 3 Most patients were 'under-anticoagulated' at some stage but patients over 70 years spent significantly longer in the 5-10% range than those in the age range 30-59 years and Thrombotest values of less than 5% were found predominantly in the older group. 4 Patients given drugs known to interact with warfarin spent least time in the defined Thrombotest ranges. Those on drugs known to potentiate warfarin effect had significantly lower Thrombotest values than the other patients studied.", "contents": "Determinants of anticoagulant control in patients receiving warfarin. 1 A hospital-based drug information system has been used to assess the time for which patients treated with warfarin were outside the range of Thrombotest values 5-10% and 5-15% and to examine possible contributory factors in situations where anticoagulation fell outside these ranges. 2 Anticoagulant control varied with the age of the patient and with concomitant drug therapy but not with patient sex or indication of anticoagulation. 3 Most patients were 'under-anticoagulated' at some stage but patients over 70 years spent significantly longer in the 5-10% range than those in the age range 30-59 years and Thrombotest values of less than 5% were found predominantly in the older group. 4 Patients given drugs known to interact with warfarin spent least time in the defined Thrombotest ranges. Those on drugs known to potentiate warfarin effect had significantly lower Thrombotest values than the other patients studied."}
{"id": "PMID:901699", "title": "Age as a determinant of sensitivity to warfarin.", "content": "1 Parallel human and rat studies were carried out to confirm the previous suggestion of an increased sensitivity to warfarin in old age. 2 The anticoagulant response to warfarin was found to be greater in the elderly groups despite, in the case of the patient study, the elderly subjects being given a smaller weight-related dose. 3 At the same plasma warfarin concentrations there was greater inhibition of vitamin K-dependent clotting factor synthesis in the elderly. There was no difference in the rate of clotting factor degradation in the two age groups. 4 There was no appreciable difference in warfarin pharmacokinetics (plasma half-life, apparent volume of distribution, plasma clearance, plasma protein binding or plasma warfarin alcohol levels) in the two age groups. 5 There appeared to be no major age-related differences in warfarin pharmacokinetics and the increased effect of warfarin in the elderly seemed to result from an increased intrinsic sensitivity to warfarin.", "contents": "Age as a determinant of sensitivity to warfarin. 1 Parallel human and rat studies were carried out to confirm the previous suggestion of an increased sensitivity to warfarin in old age. 2 The anticoagulant response to warfarin was found to be greater in the elderly groups despite, in the case of the patient study, the elderly subjects being given a smaller weight-related dose. 3 At the same plasma warfarin concentrations there was greater inhibition of vitamin K-dependent clotting factor synthesis in the elderly. There was no difference in the rate of clotting factor degradation in the two age groups. 4 There was no appreciable difference in warfarin pharmacokinetics (plasma half-life, apparent volume of distribution, plasma clearance, plasma protein binding or plasma warfarin alcohol levels) in the two age groups. 5 There appeared to be no major age-related differences in warfarin pharmacokinetics and the increased effect of warfarin in the elderly seemed to result from an increased intrinsic sensitivity to warfarin."}
{"id": "PMID:901700", "title": "Digoxin measurements in general practice.", "content": "1 As part of a prospective study on the use of digoxin in a general practice, plasma digoxin concentrations were measured in all patients receiving the drug. 2 A low mean plasma digoxin concentration was observed, suggesting a cautious approach to digitalization. 3 The correlation between plasma digoxin concentration and signs or symptoms commonly used in the assessment of digoxin effect was poor. 4 It was concluded that the measurement of plasma digoxin could be of assistance in a variety of clinical settings within a general practice.", "contents": "Digoxin measurements in general practice. 1 As part of a prospective study on the use of digoxin in a general practice, plasma digoxin concentrations were measured in all patients receiving the drug. 2 A low mean plasma digoxin concentration was observed, suggesting a cautious approach to digitalization. 3 The correlation between plasma digoxin concentration and signs or symptoms commonly used in the assessment of digoxin effect was poor. 4 It was concluded that the measurement of plasma digoxin could be of assistance in a variety of clinical settings within a general practice."}
{"id": "PMID:901701", "title": "Some effects of injected hyoscine butylbromide: a versatile class experiment in human pharmacology.", "content": "1 An experiment with hyoscine butylbromide has been used to demonstrate how drug effects differ in intensity and time course after intravenous (20 mg) and subcutaneous (40 mg) injection with and without massage of the injection site. It also demonstrates how objective and subjective observations may be related, and gives students practice in the interpretation of experimental data. 2 The experiment takes about 2 h, and the effects of the drug have worn off completely after about 3 hours. 3 The structure of the discussion of the experiment and its results with the students are described to draw attention to the questions that can be asked of the data. The results obtained with 41 subjects are summarized to illustrate this discussion. 4 Various ways of modifying the experiment to suit other teaching objectives are mentioned. The need to consult the local Ethics Committee before undertaking experiments on students is emphasized.", "contents": "Some effects of injected hyoscine butylbromide: a versatile class experiment in human pharmacology. 1 An experiment with hyoscine butylbromide has been used to demonstrate how drug effects differ in intensity and time course after intravenous (20 mg) and subcutaneous (40 mg) injection with and without massage of the injection site. It also demonstrates how objective and subjective observations may be related, and gives students practice in the interpretation of experimental data. 2 The experiment takes about 2 h, and the effects of the drug have worn off completely after about 3 hours. 3 The structure of the discussion of the experiment and its results with the students are described to draw attention to the questions that can be asked of the data. The results obtained with 41 subjects are summarized to illustrate this discussion. 4 Various ways of modifying the experiment to suit other teaching objectives are mentioned. The need to consult the local Ethics Committee before undertaking experiments on students is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:901702", "title": "Amphetamines, growth hormone and narcolepsy.", "content": "1 Plasma amphetamine and growth hormone levels have been measured in eight normal and twenty-six narcoleptic subjects following a single dose of (+)-amphetamine (20 mg) or (-)-amphetamine (20 mg) by mouth. 2 Peak plasma levels and the shape of the plasma amphetamine-time curve were similar with both isomers in normal and narcoleptic subjects. 3 In most normal subjects both (+)-and (-)-amphetamine (20 mg) caused an increase in the plasma concentration of growth hormone. The two isomers were approximately equipotent in this respect. Neither (+)- nor (-)-amphetamine (20 mg) caused an increase in plasma growth hormone concentration in narcoleptics. 4 Following amphetamine (30 mg), two of six narcoleptic subjects had an increase in plasma growth hormone concentration. 5 Levodopa (250 mg) with (-)-alpha-methyldopa hydrazine 25 mg (Sinemet) by mouth, caused a rise in plasma growth hormone concentration in most normal subjects. The magnitude of the Sinemet-induced rise in plasma growth hormone concentration in narcoleptics was less than in normal subjects.", "contents": "Amphetamines, growth hormone and narcolepsy. 1 Plasma amphetamine and growth hormone levels have been measured in eight normal and twenty-six narcoleptic subjects following a single dose of (+)-amphetamine (20 mg) or (-)-amphetamine (20 mg) by mouth. 2 Peak plasma levels and the shape of the plasma amphetamine-time curve were similar with both isomers in normal and narcoleptic subjects. 3 In most normal subjects both (+)-and (-)-amphetamine (20 mg) caused an increase in the plasma concentration of growth hormone. The two isomers were approximately equipotent in this respect. Neither (+)- nor (-)-amphetamine (20 mg) caused an increase in plasma growth hormone concentration in narcoleptics. 4 Following amphetamine (30 mg), two of six narcoleptic subjects had an increase in plasma growth hormone concentration. 5 Levodopa (250 mg) with (-)-alpha-methyldopa hydrazine 25 mg (Sinemet) by mouth, caused a rise in plasma growth hormone concentration in most normal subjects. The magnitude of the Sinemet-induced rise in plasma growth hormone concentration in narcoleptics was less than in normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:901703", "title": "Plasma prednisolone levels in man following administration in plain and enteric-coated forms.", "content": "1 Prednisolone plasma levels were measured in seven patients by a competitive protein binding method after administration of prednisolone (20 mg) by mouth as plain or enteric-coated tablets. 2 The mean peak plasma prednisolone concentration after the enteric-coated preparation, 199 ng ml-1, was significantly lower than after the plain tablet, 268 ng ml-1, and occurred later, at 4.69 h compared with 1.72 h. The bioavailability of the two preparations was similar. 3 It is concluded that, although the plasma concentration versus time profiles are different, the absorption of prednisolone from plain and enteric-coated preparations is equal.", "contents": "Plasma prednisolone levels in man following administration in plain and enteric-coated forms. 1 Prednisolone plasma levels were measured in seven patients by a competitive protein binding method after administration of prednisolone (20 mg) by mouth as plain or enteric-coated tablets. 2 The mean peak plasma prednisolone concentration after the enteric-coated preparation, 199 ng ml-1, was significantly lower than after the plain tablet, 268 ng ml-1, and occurred later, at 4.69 h compared with 1.72 h. The bioavailability of the two preparations was similar. 3 It is concluded that, although the plasma concentration versus time profiles are different, the absorption of prednisolone from plain and enteric-coated preparations is equal."}
{"id": "PMID:901704", "title": "The absorption and elimination of ICI 74,917 in man.", "content": "1 The pharmacokinetics of ICI 74,917 were studied in both asthmatic patients and normal volunteers. 2 The tritiated compound was administered to the lungs by inhalation from an aerosol and a bronchoscope, and by intravenous, oral and buccal routes. Radioactivity was measured in plasma, urine, faeces, sputum and exhaled air. 3 After bronchoscopic administration 63% of the available dose was absorbed; after aerosol administration 8% was absorbed from the lung and more than 50% swallowed. 5 Intravenous studies indicated that the drug is excreted in the bile and urine in the ratio 2:1. 5 Minimal oral and no buccal absorption occurred. 6 There was no evidence of tritium exchange or drug metabolism. 7 The mean terminal half-life following administration by all route was 16.1 hours. However, the majority of the dose was rapidly excreted. 8 Aerosol administration is the method of choice for the clinical use of ICI 74,917.", "contents": "The absorption and elimination of ICI 74,917 in man. 1 The pharmacokinetics of ICI 74,917 were studied in both asthmatic patients and normal volunteers. 2 The tritiated compound was administered to the lungs by inhalation from an aerosol and a bronchoscope, and by intravenous, oral and buccal routes. Radioactivity was measured in plasma, urine, faeces, sputum and exhaled air. 3 After bronchoscopic administration 63% of the available dose was absorbed; after aerosol administration 8% was absorbed from the lung and more than 50% swallowed. 5 Intravenous studies indicated that the drug is excreted in the bile and urine in the ratio 2:1. 5 Minimal oral and no buccal absorption occurred. 6 There was no evidence of tritium exchange or drug metabolism. 7 The mean terminal half-life following administration by all route was 16.1 hours. However, the majority of the dose was rapidly excreted. 8 Aerosol administration is the method of choice for the clinical use of ICI 74,917."}
{"id": "PMID:901705", "title": "Vascular reactions to histamine and compound 48/80 in human skin: suppression by a histamine H2-receptor blocking agent.", "content": "1 The ability of a specific competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, to inhibit vascular responses to histamine in human skin provides new evidence that skin blood vessels possess histamine H2 receptors. 2 Simultaneous systemic administration of cimetidine and chlorpheniramine (an H1-receptor antagonist) was more effective than either drug alone in inhibition of the erythematous reaction both to exogenous histamine, and endogenous histamine secreted by skin mast cells in response to compound 48/80. 3 These results suggest that combined therapy of histamine-mediated skin diseases included urticaria and dermatitis using a combination of H1- and H2-histamine receptor antagonists may be more effective than either class of drug alone.", "contents": "Vascular reactions to histamine and compound 48/80 in human skin: suppression by a histamine H2-receptor blocking agent. 1 The ability of a specific competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, to inhibit vascular responses to histamine in human skin provides new evidence that skin blood vessels possess histamine H2 receptors. 2 Simultaneous systemic administration of cimetidine and chlorpheniramine (an H1-receptor antagonist) was more effective than either drug alone in inhibition of the erythematous reaction both to exogenous histamine, and endogenous histamine secreted by skin mast cells in response to compound 48/80. 3 These results suggest that combined therapy of histamine-mediated skin diseases included urticaria and dermatitis using a combination of H1- and H2-histamine receptor antagonists may be more effective than either class of drug alone."}
{"id": "PMID:901733", "title": "Fluorimetric assay of cephradine, cephalexin and cephaloglycin.", "content": "1 A simple, rapid and reproducible fluorimetric assay for cephradine, cephalexin and cephaloglycin is described. 2 The method involves addition of formaldehyde which catalyses the formation of fluorescent derivatives. 3 The structural similarities between the side chains of these antibiotics and their identical excitation and emission spectra suggest that they may be forming similar fluorescent derivatives.", "contents": "Fluorimetric assay of cephradine, cephalexin and cephaloglycin. 1 A simple, rapid and reproducible fluorimetric assay for cephradine, cephalexin and cephaloglycin is described. 2 The method involves addition of formaldehyde which catalyses the formation of fluorescent derivatives. 3 The structural similarities between the side chains of these antibiotics and their identical excitation and emission spectra suggest that they may be forming similar fluorescent derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:901734", "title": "Plasma, bone, hip capsule, synovial and drain fluid concentrations of lincomycin during total hip replacement.", "content": "1 Lincomycin (600 mg) was given 6 h preoperatively by intramuscular injection, as an intravenous infusion over 30 min and for 72 h postoperatively in twelve patients having total hip replacement. 2 The plasma, bone, hip capsule, synovial and drain fluid concentrations of lincomycin were almost always above the M.I.C. of lincomycin against penicillinase producing Staphylococcus aureus. 3 There was a good correlation between the estimated concentrations of lincomycin in bone by the grinding and agitation methods of analysis. 4 Two patients developed pseudomembranous colitis after parenteral lincomycin.", "contents": "Plasma, bone, hip capsule, synovial and drain fluid concentrations of lincomycin during total hip replacement. 1 Lincomycin (600 mg) was given 6 h preoperatively by intramuscular injection, as an intravenous infusion over 30 min and for 72 h postoperatively in twelve patients having total hip replacement. 2 The plasma, bone, hip capsule, synovial and drain fluid concentrations of lincomycin were almost always above the M.I.C. of lincomycin against penicillinase producing Staphylococcus aureus. 3 There was a good correlation between the estimated concentrations of lincomycin in bone by the grinding and agitation methods of analysis. 4 Two patients developed pseudomembranous colitis after parenteral lincomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:901735", "title": "Lignocaine kinetics in cardiac patients and aged subjects.", "content": "1 The pharmacokinetics following long term intravenous infusion of lignocaine to cardiac patients have been examined. 2 Plasma levels and half-lives of lignocaine and monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) showed wide inter-patient variability. 3 Toxicity reactions to therapy were associated with elevated lignocaine and/or MEGX plasma levels. 4 In a separate study the effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of lignocaine was examined using bolus doses (50 mg) of the drug to young and aged subjects. 5 Elderly subjects had significantly longer half-lives for lignocaine compared to younger individuals although no change in plasma clearance occurred. 6 The drug appeared to distribute differently in the aged as reflected by significantly increased apparent volumes of distribution. 7 The 24 h urinary recovery of the major metabolite (total 4-hydroxyxylidine) showed a significant reduction in the elderly when compared to the young. 8 The clinical significance of these studies with respect to lignocaine therapy has been discussed.", "contents": "Lignocaine kinetics in cardiac patients and aged subjects. 1 The pharmacokinetics following long term intravenous infusion of lignocaine to cardiac patients have been examined. 2 Plasma levels and half-lives of lignocaine and monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) showed wide inter-patient variability. 3 Toxicity reactions to therapy were associated with elevated lignocaine and/or MEGX plasma levels. 4 In a separate study the effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of lignocaine was examined using bolus doses (50 mg) of the drug to young and aged subjects. 5 Elderly subjects had significantly longer half-lives for lignocaine compared to younger individuals although no change in plasma clearance occurred. 6 The drug appeared to distribute differently in the aged as reflected by significantly increased apparent volumes of distribution. 7 The 24 h urinary recovery of the major metabolite (total 4-hydroxyxylidine) showed a significant reduction in the elderly when compared to the young. 8 The clinical significance of these studies with respect to lignocaine therapy has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901736", "title": "Comparison of quinidine plasma concentration curves following oral administration of some short- and long-acting formulations.", "content": "1 The time-course of quinidine plasma concentrations and selected kinetic parameters were studied in healthy male volunteers given single oral doses of four different quinidine formulations. Comparison was made with quinidine sulphate in a rapidly dissolving form. 2 Plasma half-lives did not significantly differ among treatments. 3 Quinidine polygalacturonate appears to be equivalent to quinidine sulphate in respect to both the absorption and elimination kinetics. When both quinidine bisulphate (Kinidin Durules) and quinidine arabogalactansulphate (Longacor) were administered plasma levels peaked significantly later than after quinidine sulphate. However, while the former seems to be absorbed to the same extent as quinidine sulphate, the latter exhibits lower bioavailability in respect to all other preparations.", "contents": "Comparison of quinidine plasma concentration curves following oral administration of some short- and long-acting formulations. 1 The time-course of quinidine plasma concentrations and selected kinetic parameters were studied in healthy male volunteers given single oral doses of four different quinidine formulations. Comparison was made with quinidine sulphate in a rapidly dissolving form. 2 Plasma half-lives did not significantly differ among treatments. 3 Quinidine polygalacturonate appears to be equivalent to quinidine sulphate in respect to both the absorption and elimination kinetics. When both quinidine bisulphate (Kinidin Durules) and quinidine arabogalactansulphate (Longacor) were administered plasma levels peaked significantly later than after quinidine sulphate. However, while the former seems to be absorbed to the same extent as quinidine sulphate, the latter exhibits lower bioavailability in respect to all other preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:901737", "title": "Effect of clofibrate on glucose tolerance in maturity onset diabetes.", "content": "1 Fourteen maturity onset diabetics showed improvement of glucose tolerance while on treatment with clofibrate. Fasting blood glucose levels were reduced by 20% after treatment for 14 and 28 days. 2 The effect was found to be independent of concurrent treatment with oral hypoglycaemic drugs. 3 Plasma insulin levels were also lower during clofibrate treatment. 4 Clofibrate may prove to be a useful adjunct to the treatment of maturity onset diabetes.", "contents": "Effect of clofibrate on glucose tolerance in maturity onset diabetes. 1 Fourteen maturity onset diabetics showed improvement of glucose tolerance while on treatment with clofibrate. Fasting blood glucose levels were reduced by 20% after treatment for 14 and 28 days. 2 The effect was found to be independent of concurrent treatment with oral hypoglycaemic drugs. 3 Plasma insulin levels were also lower during clofibrate treatment. 4 Clofibrate may prove to be a useful adjunct to the treatment of maturity onset diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:901738", "title": "Ciclazindol and mazindol on glucose uptake into human isolated skeletal muscle: no interaction of mazindol with methysergide.", "content": "1 Ciclazindol, like mazindol, produced a significant concentration-dependent increase in glucose-uptake into human skeletal muscle in both the presence and absence of insulin. 2 Methysergide, which inhibits the action of fenfluramine on glucose-uptake into skeletal muscle, did not influence the effect of mazindol.", "contents": "Ciclazindol and mazindol on glucose uptake into human isolated skeletal muscle: no interaction of mazindol with methysergide. 1 Ciclazindol, like mazindol, produced a significant concentration-dependent increase in glucose-uptake into human skeletal muscle in both the presence and absence of insulin. 2 Methysergide, which inhibits the action of fenfluramine on glucose-uptake into skeletal muscle, did not influence the effect of mazindol."}
{"id": "PMID:901739", "title": "Phase 1 tolerability and searching dose studies with 4-isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine (C.9333-Go/CGP 4540), a new anthelmintic.", "content": "1 Phase 1 and 2 studies were carried out in thirteen volunteers and thirty patients with hookworm anaemia with a new anthelmintic, 4-isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine (C.9333-Go/CGP 4540). Single and multiple doses were administered by mouth under careful supervision by the staff of the clinical pharmacology unit. 2 4-Isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine (C.9333-Go/CGP 4540) was well tolerated in volunteers up to a single dose of 1750 mg and in patients up to 3000 mg in divided doses. Side effects were rare, transient and mild. One patient had moderate giddiness for 24 h after the compound. The laboratory investigations did not show any adverse effects on organ functions. Transient non-specific changes in the T-wave were occasionally observed in the e.c.g. 3 Multiple doses (125 mg, 250 mg or 1000 mg X 3) of the compound were highly effective in eradicating hookworm infection, as judged by almost 100% reduction in faecal egg counts and significant recovery of parasites from 24 h stool samples. The compound also showed activity against A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and E. vermicularis. The compound appears to be promising and more studies, in a field situation, are desirable.", "contents": "Phase 1 tolerability and searching dose studies with 4-isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine (C.9333-Go/CGP 4540), a new anthelmintic. 1 Phase 1 and 2 studies were carried out in thirteen volunteers and thirty patients with hookworm anaemia with a new anthelmintic, 4-isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine (C.9333-Go/CGP 4540). Single and multiple doses were administered by mouth under careful supervision by the staff of the clinical pharmacology unit. 2 4-Isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine (C.9333-Go/CGP 4540) was well tolerated in volunteers up to a single dose of 1750 mg and in patients up to 3000 mg in divided doses. Side effects were rare, transient and mild. One patient had moderate giddiness for 24 h after the compound. The laboratory investigations did not show any adverse effects on organ functions. Transient non-specific changes in the T-wave were occasionally observed in the e.c.g. 3 Multiple doses (125 mg, 250 mg or 1000 mg X 3) of the compound were highly effective in eradicating hookworm infection, as judged by almost 100% reduction in faecal egg counts and significant recovery of parasites from 24 h stool samples. The compound also showed activity against A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and E. vermicularis. The compound appears to be promising and more studies, in a field situation, are desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:901740", "title": "The effect of quadruple chemotherapy on the peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "1 Quadruple chemotherapy with cytotoxic drugs in advanced (Stage IIIB) Hodgkin's disease causes a fall in the blood lymphocyte count with recovery 1 month after stopping treatment. 2 No selective effect on the T or B lymphocyte populations was shown.", "contents": "The effect of quadruple chemotherapy on the peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in Hodgkin's disease. 1 Quadruple chemotherapy with cytotoxic drugs in advanced (Stage IIIB) Hodgkin's disease causes a fall in the blood lymphocyte count with recovery 1 month after stopping treatment. 2 No selective effect on the T or B lymphocyte populations was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:901741", "title": "Serum concentrations of lithium after three proprietary preparations of lithium carbonate (Priadel, Phasal and Camcolit).", "content": "1 The serum lithium concentration was measured before dosing, and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 22, and 24 h after three proprietary preparations of lithium carbonate (Camcolit, Phasal or Priadel). 2 A total of twenty-eight studies were performed on eleven patients. In seven studies the patients received Camcolit, in ten studies patients received Priadel and in eleven the patients took Phasal. 3 The dose of each preparation was adjusted during a 10 week run-in period to maintain the serum lithium within the normal therapeutic range (0.6-1.2 mmol/1). Five patients received one lithium preparation, one patient received three lithium preparations and five patients received four lithium preparations consecutively. 4 After a single daily dose of Phasal and Priadel, the serum lithium remained within the therapeutic range for 24 h. 5 After a single daily dose of Camcolit, the serum lithium remained within the therapeutic range for only 12 h. 6 After three doses of Camcolit (given at 0.800 h, 12.00 h, and 18.00 h) each day, the serum lithium was maintained in the therapeutic range for 24 h.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of lithium after three proprietary preparations of lithium carbonate (Priadel, Phasal and Camcolit). 1 The serum lithium concentration was measured before dosing, and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 22, and 24 h after three proprietary preparations of lithium carbonate (Camcolit, Phasal or Priadel). 2 A total of twenty-eight studies were performed on eleven patients. In seven studies the patients received Camcolit, in ten studies patients received Priadel and in eleven the patients took Phasal. 3 The dose of each preparation was adjusted during a 10 week run-in period to maintain the serum lithium within the normal therapeutic range (0.6-1.2 mmol/1). Five patients received one lithium preparation, one patient received three lithium preparations and five patients received four lithium preparations consecutively. 4 After a single daily dose of Phasal and Priadel, the serum lithium remained within the therapeutic range for 24 h. 5 After a single daily dose of Camcolit, the serum lithium remained within the therapeutic range for only 12 h. 6 After three doses of Camcolit (given at 0.800 h, 12.00 h, and 18.00 h) each day, the serum lithium was maintained in the therapeutic range for 24 h."}
{"id": "PMID:901749", "title": "Characterization of chromatin modified with ethyl acetimidate.", "content": "Thymus chromatin was extensively modified with ethyl acetimidate, substituting up to 90% of the lysyl residues of the histones while retaining the positive charge of the basic amino acid. Physiochemical and immunochemical characterization of this derivative chromatin indicates a high degree of retention of the native structure of the nucleoprotein even after extensive modification. The alterations which are detected are most simply interpreted as resulting from a weakening of the interactions of histone H1 with DNA in the modified chromatin. The near-native character of amidinated chromatin contrasts with the more extensive structural alterations observed in acetylated chromatin. Our data demonstrate the suitability of this reagent for mapping available lysyl residues in this and other nucleoproteins and suggest that the related bisimido esters may be reagents of choice for cross-linking of chromatin histones.", "contents": "Characterization of chromatin modified with ethyl acetimidate. Thymus chromatin was extensively modified with ethyl acetimidate, substituting up to 90% of the lysyl residues of the histones while retaining the positive charge of the basic amino acid. Physiochemical and immunochemical characterization of this derivative chromatin indicates a high degree of retention of the native structure of the nucleoprotein even after extensive modification. The alterations which are detected are most simply interpreted as resulting from a weakening of the interactions of histone H1 with DNA in the modified chromatin. The near-native character of amidinated chromatin contrasts with the more extensive structural alterations observed in acetylated chromatin. Our data demonstrate the suitability of this reagent for mapping available lysyl residues in this and other nucleoproteins and suggest that the related bisimido esters may be reagents of choice for cross-linking of chromatin histones."}
{"id": "PMID:901750", "title": "Binding studies on anti-fructofuranan mouse myeloma immunoglobulins A47N, A4, U61, and E109.", "content": "Four murine myeloma immunoglobulins, A4, A47N, U61, and E109, have been studied for their binding affinities with inulin and a series of oligosaccharides derived from inulin. The results indicate that the combining site of these immunoglobulins shows highest complementarity for a trifructofuranosyl sequence (A4 and A47N) and a tetrafructofuranosyl sequence (U61 and E109). The size of the combining area of the immunoglobulin E109 derived from the antigenic determinant (approximately 15 X 14 X 10 A) agrees well with the size observed on a hypothetical space model of the Fv portion of E109 (Potter, M., Rudikoff, S., Padlan, E. A., and Vrana, M. (1976), Antibodies in Human Diagnosis and Therapy, Haber, E., and Krause, R.M., Ed., New York, N.Y., Raven Press).", "contents": "Binding studies on anti-fructofuranan mouse myeloma immunoglobulins A47N, A4, U61, and E109. Four murine myeloma immunoglobulins, A4, A47N, U61, and E109, have been studied for their binding affinities with inulin and a series of oligosaccharides derived from inulin. The results indicate that the combining site of these immunoglobulins shows highest complementarity for a trifructofuranosyl sequence (A4 and A47N) and a tetrafructofuranosyl sequence (U61 and E109). The size of the combining area of the immunoglobulin E109 derived from the antigenic determinant (approximately 15 X 14 X 10 A) agrees well with the size observed on a hypothetical space model of the Fv portion of E109 (Potter, M., Rudikoff, S., Padlan, E. A., and Vrana, M. (1976), Antibodies in Human Diagnosis and Therapy, Haber, E., and Krause, R.M., Ed., New York, N.Y., Raven Press)."}
{"id": "PMID:901751", "title": "Malate dehydrogenase isolated from extremely halophilic bacteria of the Dead Sea. 1. Purification and molecular characterization.", "content": "The complete purification of malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) from extremely halophilic bacteria of the Dead Sea is described. The purification procedure includes (a) precipitation by ammonium sulfate, (b) fractionation on Sepharose 4B using a decreasing concentration gradient of ammonium sulfate, (c) gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-100, (d) chromatography on hydroxylapatite, and (e) affinity chromatography on 8-(6-aminohexyl)amino-NAD+-Sepharose at 4.26 M NaCl. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the native and denatured enzyme were measured, and the extinction coefficient at 280 nm in 4.26 M NaCl was found to be 0.803 cm2mg-1. The amino acid composition analysis showed an excess of 10.4 mol % of acidic amino acids. The apparent specific \"volume\" phi' of the active enzyme at 4.26 M NaCl was found to be 0.680 +/- 0.015 mL/g. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was found to be 84 000 +/- 4000 determined in 4.26 M NaCl from equilibrium sedimentation data. The molecular weight of the subunits is 39 000 as measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, the native enzyme is composed of two subunits.", "contents": "Malate dehydrogenase isolated from extremely halophilic bacteria of the Dead Sea. 1. Purification and molecular characterization. The complete purification of malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) from extremely halophilic bacteria of the Dead Sea is described. The purification procedure includes (a) precipitation by ammonium sulfate, (b) fractionation on Sepharose 4B using a decreasing concentration gradient of ammonium sulfate, (c) gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-100, (d) chromatography on hydroxylapatite, and (e) affinity chromatography on 8-(6-aminohexyl)amino-NAD+-Sepharose at 4.26 M NaCl. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the native and denatured enzyme were measured, and the extinction coefficient at 280 nm in 4.26 M NaCl was found to be 0.803 cm2mg-1. The amino acid composition analysis showed an excess of 10.4 mol % of acidic amino acids. The apparent specific \"volume\" phi' of the active enzyme at 4.26 M NaCl was found to be 0.680 +/- 0.015 mL/g. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was found to be 84 000 +/- 4000 determined in 4.26 M NaCl from equilibrium sedimentation data. The molecular weight of the subunits is 39 000 as measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, the native enzyme is composed of two subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:901754", "title": "Oxidation of corticosteroids to steroidal carboxylic acids by an enzyme preparation from hamster liver.", "content": "Enzyme activity which catalyzes the oxidation of 11-deoxycorticosterone to 21-oic acids accompanies the \"detritiating\" enzyme (isomerase) of hamster liver recently isolated by Martin, K. O., et al. ((1977) Biochemistry 16 (preceding paper in this issue)). The metabolites isolated were 20alpha- and 20beta-hydroxy-3-oxo-pregn-4-en-21-oic acid and 3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-21-oic acid. When 21-hydroxy[4-14C, 21-3H]pregn-4-en-3,20-dione was the substrate, about half of the tritium was retained in position 20 of the hydroxy acids. The system which catalyzes the conversion of the ketol side chain of corticosteroids to acid metabolites appears to be a cluster of closely related enzymes. As a result of these studies, we believe that the hamster liver enzyme preparation provides a useful model system for studies on the biosynthesis of acid metabolites of the corticosteroids in man.", "contents": "Oxidation of corticosteroids to steroidal carboxylic acids by an enzyme preparation from hamster liver. Enzyme activity which catalyzes the oxidation of 11-deoxycorticosterone to 21-oic acids accompanies the \"detritiating\" enzyme (isomerase) of hamster liver recently isolated by Martin, K. O., et al. ((1977) Biochemistry 16 (preceding paper in this issue)). The metabolites isolated were 20alpha- and 20beta-hydroxy-3-oxo-pregn-4-en-21-oic acid and 3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-21-oic acid. When 21-hydroxy[4-14C, 21-3H]pregn-4-en-3,20-dione was the substrate, about half of the tritium was retained in position 20 of the hydroxy acids. The system which catalyzes the conversion of the ketol side chain of corticosteroids to acid metabolites appears to be a cluster of closely related enzymes. As a result of these studies, we believe that the hamster liver enzyme preparation provides a useful model system for studies on the biosynthesis of acid metabolites of the corticosteroids in man."}
{"id": "PMID:901757", "title": "Trypsin-like neutral protease associated with soluble elastin.", "content": "Isolation of tropoelastin is complicated by the presence of a neutral protease closely associated with tropoelastin that is capable of sequentially degrading tropoelastin to small peptides. Substrate and inhibitor specificities of this neutral protease associated with purified tropoelastin were examined. The enzyme displayed proteolytic activity against casein, and esterase activity was detected when assayed against N-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester but not against tert-butyl-oxycarbonyl-L-alanine p-nitrophenyl ester. No appreciable elastinolytic activity was detectable against either insoluble sodium dodecyl sulfate treated elastin or maleylated tropoelastin. The enzyme was not inhibited by the chymotrypsin inhibitor toluenesulfonylphenylalanine chloromethyl ketone. The enzyme was inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and, to various degrees, by metal chelators. Tosyllysyl chloromethyl ketone, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, and Aprotinin (pancreatic trypsin inhibitor--Kunitz type), all inhibitors of trypsin-like enzymes, were very effective inhibitors, as were soybean trypsin inhibitor and human alpha-1-antitrypsin. The data suggest that the tropoelastin-associated enzyme is a neutral serine protease with trypsin-like specificity.", "contents": "Trypsin-like neutral protease associated with soluble elastin. Isolation of tropoelastin is complicated by the presence of a neutral protease closely associated with tropoelastin that is capable of sequentially degrading tropoelastin to small peptides. Substrate and inhibitor specificities of this neutral protease associated with purified tropoelastin were examined. The enzyme displayed proteolytic activity against casein, and esterase activity was detected when assayed against N-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester but not against tert-butyl-oxycarbonyl-L-alanine p-nitrophenyl ester. No appreciable elastinolytic activity was detectable against either insoluble sodium dodecyl sulfate treated elastin or maleylated tropoelastin. The enzyme was not inhibited by the chymotrypsin inhibitor toluenesulfonylphenylalanine chloromethyl ketone. The enzyme was inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and, to various degrees, by metal chelators. Tosyllysyl chloromethyl ketone, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, and Aprotinin (pancreatic trypsin inhibitor--Kunitz type), all inhibitors of trypsin-like enzymes, were very effective inhibitors, as were soybean trypsin inhibitor and human alpha-1-antitrypsin. The data suggest that the tropoelastin-associated enzyme is a neutral serine protease with trypsin-like specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:901758", "title": "Lateral diffusion in phospholipid multibilayers measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching.", "content": "The method of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching has been used to measure the temperature dependence of the lateral diffusion coefficients (D) of two fluorescent lipid analogues in phospholipid multibilayers of various compositions. The probes employed were 3,3-dioctadecyloxocarbocyanine (diO-C18(3) and N-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole phosphatidylethanolamine (NBD-PE). In fluid egg phosphatidylcholine multibilayers at 25 degrees C, D was about 4 X 10(-8) cm2/s for NBD-PE and 1.5 X 10(-7) cm2/s for diO-C18(3) and was moderately temperature dependent (2-fold change over 10 degrees C). Equimolar cholesterol reduced D for NBD-PE in these multibilayers by a factor of 2. A greater than 100-fold decrease in D was detected in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine multibilayers at approximately 23 degree C, which coincides with the gel-to-liquid-crystalline transition temperature, Tm (D  5 X 10(-8) cm2/s at T greater than Tm to D less than 5 X 10(-10) cm2/s at T less than Tm). Equimolar cholesterol abolished this transition behavior, raising D below Tm and decreasing D above Tm. These results confirm and extend previous studies of lateral diffusion employing magnetic resonance and other optical techniques and give additional confidence in the fluorescence methods.", "contents": "Lateral diffusion in phospholipid multibilayers measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. The method of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching has been used to measure the temperature dependence of the lateral diffusion coefficients (D) of two fluorescent lipid analogues in phospholipid multibilayers of various compositions. The probes employed were 3,3-dioctadecyloxocarbocyanine (diO-C18(3) and N-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole phosphatidylethanolamine (NBD-PE). In fluid egg phosphatidylcholine multibilayers at 25 degrees C, D was about 4 X 10(-8) cm2/s for NBD-PE and 1.5 X 10(-7) cm2/s for diO-C18(3) and was moderately temperature dependent (2-fold change over 10 degrees C). Equimolar cholesterol reduced D for NBD-PE in these multibilayers by a factor of 2. A greater than 100-fold decrease in D was detected in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine multibilayers at approximately 23 degree C, which coincides with the gel-to-liquid-crystalline transition temperature, Tm (D  5 X 10(-8) cm2/s at T greater than Tm to D less than 5 X 10(-10) cm2/s at T less than Tm). Equimolar cholesterol abolished this transition behavior, raising D below Tm and decreasing D above Tm. These results confirm and extend previous studies of lateral diffusion employing magnetic resonance and other optical techniques and give additional confidence in the fluorescence methods."}
{"id": "PMID:901763", "title": "Kinetics of association of amphotericin B with vesicles.", "content": "Amphotericin B associates with vesicles prepared from phosphatidylcholines. The influence of lipid composition on the initial rate of amphotericin B association with vesicles was examined using stopped-flow kinetic measurements. A relationship was found between the tightness of packing of phosphatidylcholine molecules in the vesicles and the initial rate of amphotericin B association. Shortening of the fatty acyl chain length of saturated phosphatidylcholines and increasing the number of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains of unsaturated phosphatidylcholines enhance the initial rate, whereas addition of cholesterol of the bilayers reduces the rate. The initial rate of association with phosphatidylcholine-sterol vesicles follows the order, thiocholesterol greater than androst-5-en-3beta-ol greater than epicholesterol greater than ergosterol greater than cholesterol and is thus inversely related to the order of phospholipid-sterol affinity, as revealed by permeability, surface area, and magnetic resonance measurements. These data suggest that the initial rate of amphotericin B uptake into vesicles depends on competition between lipid-lipid and amphotericin-lipid interactions.", "contents": "Kinetics of association of amphotericin B with vesicles. Amphotericin B associates with vesicles prepared from phosphatidylcholines. The influence of lipid composition on the initial rate of amphotericin B association with vesicles was examined using stopped-flow kinetic measurements. A relationship was found between the tightness of packing of phosphatidylcholine molecules in the vesicles and the initial rate of amphotericin B association. Shortening of the fatty acyl chain length of saturated phosphatidylcholines and increasing the number of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains of unsaturated phosphatidylcholines enhance the initial rate, whereas addition of cholesterol of the bilayers reduces the rate. The initial rate of association with phosphatidylcholine-sterol vesicles follows the order, thiocholesterol greater than androst-5-en-3beta-ol greater than epicholesterol greater than ergosterol greater than cholesterol and is thus inversely related to the order of phospholipid-sterol affinity, as revealed by permeability, surface area, and magnetic resonance measurements. These data suggest that the initial rate of amphotericin B uptake into vesicles depends on competition between lipid-lipid and amphotericin-lipid interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:901765", "title": "Equilibria involved in prothrombin- and blood-clotting factor X-membrane binding.", "content": "The study of prothrombin- and factor X-membrane interaction by light-scattering intensity measurements at 90 degrees is reported. This technique, which uses a fluorometer as a light-scattering photometer, can be applied to measurement of free and membrane-bound protein concentrations, from which equilibrium constants can be obtained. The following equilibria adequately describe the observed properties of prothrombin-membrane interaction (formula: see text) where P and PL are protein and phospholipid, PiCa and PLjCa are the calcium complexes, P'iCa is the protein after undergoing a calcium dependent transition, and P'-PLi+j+mCa is the protein-membrane complex. Several lines of evidence indicate that i, j, and m are interrelated and m decreases to 0 when i and j are saturated. In agreement with this, direct calcium binding measurements indicate m values of 3.2 +/- 1.5 and 1.1 +/- 1.5 at 0.5 and 1.2 mM calcium, respectively. The total number of functional calcium ions in the complex (i + j + m) is 6 to 9 based on Hill coefficients for the reactions and direct calcium binding measurements. In reaction 3, the maximum stoichiometry of calcium per acidic phospholipid is 1:2. While the details of factor X-membrane binding were not determined in quite as great detail, the equilibria (identified) appear the same but a major difference is the calcium concentration needed to initiate protein-membrane binding.", "contents": "Equilibria involved in prothrombin- and blood-clotting factor X-membrane binding. The study of prothrombin- and factor X-membrane interaction by light-scattering intensity measurements at 90 degrees is reported. This technique, which uses a fluorometer as a light-scattering photometer, can be applied to measurement of free and membrane-bound protein concentrations, from which equilibrium constants can be obtained. The following equilibria adequately describe the observed properties of prothrombin-membrane interaction (formula: see text) where P and PL are protein and phospholipid, PiCa and PLjCa are the calcium complexes, P'iCa is the protein after undergoing a calcium dependent transition, and P'-PLi+j+mCa is the protein-membrane complex. Several lines of evidence indicate that i, j, and m are interrelated and m decreases to 0 when i and j are saturated. In agreement with this, direct calcium binding measurements indicate m values of 3.2 +/- 1.5 and 1.1 +/- 1.5 at 0.5 and 1.2 mM calcium, respectively. The total number of functional calcium ions in the complex (i + j + m) is 6 to 9 based on Hill coefficients for the reactions and direct calcium binding measurements. In reaction 3, the maximum stoichiometry of calcium per acidic phospholipid is 1:2. While the details of factor X-membrane binding were not determined in quite as great detail, the equilibria (identified) appear the same but a major difference is the calcium concentration needed to initiate protein-membrane binding."}
{"id": "PMID:901766", "title": "Interaction of prothrombin and blood-clotting factor X with membranes of varying composition.", "content": "The interaction of prothrombin and factor X with membranes of widely varying composition is reported. These protein-membrane interactions require the presence of acidic phospholipid; phosphatidylserine is the most effective from the standpoint of protein-membrane affinity. The maximum protein binding capacity is proportional to the phosphatidylserine content of the membrane up to about 15% and the stoichiometry is 9.2 +/- 1.3 phosphatidylserine residues per prothrombin molecule and 5.2 +/- 1.5 per factor X molecular. The protein apparently causes clustering of the phosphatidylserine residues in these membranes of low phosphatidylserine content. Above about 20% phosphatidylserine, the factor limiting protein-membrane interaction appears to be protein packing density on the membrane surface. The maximum protein binding capacity at 50% phosphatidylserine is 1.2 g of protein per g of phospholipid. Phosphatidic acid is similar to phosphatidylserine in its ability to bind these proteins except for somewhat larger dissociation constants. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol are less effective in all respects for promoting these protein-membrane interactions. Small amounts of phosphatidylserine mixed with these latter phospholipids, however, have a major effect on protein-membrane binding so that the dissociaction constants are more characteristic of membranes of high phosphatidylserine content.", "contents": "Interaction of prothrombin and blood-clotting factor X with membranes of varying composition. The interaction of prothrombin and factor X with membranes of widely varying composition is reported. These protein-membrane interactions require the presence of acidic phospholipid; phosphatidylserine is the most effective from the standpoint of protein-membrane affinity. The maximum protein binding capacity is proportional to the phosphatidylserine content of the membrane up to about 15% and the stoichiometry is 9.2 +/- 1.3 phosphatidylserine residues per prothrombin molecule and 5.2 +/- 1.5 per factor X molecular. The protein apparently causes clustering of the phosphatidylserine residues in these membranes of low phosphatidylserine content. Above about 20% phosphatidylserine, the factor limiting protein-membrane interaction appears to be protein packing density on the membrane surface. The maximum protein binding capacity at 50% phosphatidylserine is 1.2 g of protein per g of phospholipid. Phosphatidic acid is similar to phosphatidylserine in its ability to bind these proteins except for somewhat larger dissociation constants. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol are less effective in all respects for promoting these protein-membrane interactions. Small amounts of phosphatidylserine mixed with these latter phospholipids, however, have a major effect on protein-membrane binding so that the dissociaction constants are more characteristic of membranes of high phosphatidylserine content."}
{"id": "PMID:901767", "title": "Structure of the prothrombin- and blood clotting factor X-membrane complexes.", "content": "The configuration of the prothrombin- and factor X-membrane complexes was investigated by the technique of quasielastic light scattering. It is concluded that the fragment 1 region of prothrombin is located at one end of the prothrombin molecule and that the membrane binding site is at the tip of the fragment 1 region. Prothrombin binds to the surface of the membrane with no detected penetration into the lipophilic region of the membrane. The remainder of the prothrombin molecule extends radially from the membrane surface with maximum protrusion into solution. Factor X also binds to the membrane at one end of the molecule and extends into solution. Based on the evidence presented here and in other communications [Nelsestuen, G. L., and Lim, T. K. (1977), Biochemistry 16, and Nelsestuen, G. L., and Broderius, M. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (respectively the first and second in a series of three papers in this issue)] a model for prothrombin-membrane interaction is given. Quasielastic light scattering appears to be a valuable new method for studying protein-membrane interactions.", "contents": "Structure of the prothrombin- and blood clotting factor X-membrane complexes. The configuration of the prothrombin- and factor X-membrane complexes was investigated by the technique of quasielastic light scattering. It is concluded that the fragment 1 region of prothrombin is located at one end of the prothrombin molecule and that the membrane binding site is at the tip of the fragment 1 region. Prothrombin binds to the surface of the membrane with no detected penetration into the lipophilic region of the membrane. The remainder of the prothrombin molecule extends radially from the membrane surface with maximum protrusion into solution. Factor X also binds to the membrane at one end of the molecule and extends into solution. Based on the evidence presented here and in other communications [Nelsestuen, G. L., and Lim, T. K. (1977), Biochemistry 16, and Nelsestuen, G. L., and Broderius, M. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (respectively the first and second in a series of three papers in this issue)] a model for prothrombin-membrane interaction is given. Quasielastic light scattering appears to be a valuable new method for studying protein-membrane interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:901768", "title": "Characterization of bovine factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor).", "content": "Factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor) was isolated from bovine plasma by ammonium fractionation followed by heparin-agarose, carboxymethylcellulose, and arginine-agarose column chromatography. It was separated from factor XII in the final step by chromatography on benzamidine-agarose. Factor XIIa has a molecular weight of approximately 74 000 and is composed of a heavy and light chain held together by a disulfide bond(s). The amino-terminal sequence of the heavy chain is Thr-Pro-Pro-Trp--Lys-Gly-Pro-Lys-Lys-His-Lys-Leu- which is the same as the precursor protein. The carobyl-terminal residue in this polypeptide chain is arginine. The amino-terminal sequence of the light chain is Val-Val-Gly-Gly-Leu-Val-Ala-Leu-Pro-Gly-Ala-?-Pro-Tyr-Ile-. This latter sequence is homologous with the amino-terminal sequence of a number of plasma serine proteases when compared with the chain containing the active-site serine residue. These data suggest that factor XII is converted to factor XIIa by the cleavage of a specific internal arginyl-valine peptide bond. Factor XIIa, in contrast to factor XII, has hydrolase activity toward arginine-containing substrates and is readily inhibited by antithrombinIII and diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate. The inhibitors, in each case, are bound to the light chain of factor XIIa which contains the active-site serine residue.", "contents": "Characterization of bovine factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor). Factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor) was isolated from bovine plasma by ammonium fractionation followed by heparin-agarose, carboxymethylcellulose, and arginine-agarose column chromatography. It was separated from factor XII in the final step by chromatography on benzamidine-agarose. Factor XIIa has a molecular weight of approximately 74 000 and is composed of a heavy and light chain held together by a disulfide bond(s). The amino-terminal sequence of the heavy chain is Thr-Pro-Pro-Trp--Lys-Gly-Pro-Lys-Lys-His-Lys-Leu- which is the same as the precursor protein. The carobyl-terminal residue in this polypeptide chain is arginine. The amino-terminal sequence of the light chain is Val-Val-Gly-Gly-Leu-Val-Ala-Leu-Pro-Gly-Ala-?-Pro-Tyr-Ile-. This latter sequence is homologous with the amino-terminal sequence of a number of plasma serine proteases when compared with the chain containing the active-site serine residue. These data suggest that factor XII is converted to factor XIIa by the cleavage of a specific internal arginyl-valine peptide bond. Factor XIIa, in contrast to factor XII, has hydrolase activity toward arginine-containing substrates and is readily inhibited by antithrombinIII and diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate. The inhibitors, in each case, are bound to the light chain of factor XIIa which contains the active-site serine residue."}
{"id": "PMID:901769", "title": "Activation of bovine factor VII (proconvertin) by factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor).", "content": "Bovine factor VII (proconvertin) is a plasma glycoprotein that participates in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. It has a molecular weight of 45 500 and is composed of a single polypeptide chain with an amino-terminal alanine residue. Factor VII is readily converted to factor VIIa by factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor) employing an enzyme to substrate weight ratio of 1:50. Factor VIIa is composed of a light and a heavy chain held together by a disulfide bond(s). The heavy chain, which is formed from the carboxyl-terminal region of the precursor, contains an amino-terminal sequence of Ile-Val-Gly-Gly-. The heavy chain also contains the active-site sequence of -Phe-Cys-Ala-Gly-Tyr-Thr-Asp-Gly-Thr-Lys-Asp-Ala-Cys-Lys-Gly-Asp-Ser-Gly-Gly-Pro-His-. This sequence is homologous with the active-site region of a number of plasma serine proteases. These data indicate that factor VII is a typical precursor of a serine protease which is converted to an enzyme by factor XIIa by the cleavage of a single, internal peptide bond.", "contents": "Activation of bovine factor VII (proconvertin) by factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor). Bovine factor VII (proconvertin) is a plasma glycoprotein that participates in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. It has a molecular weight of 45 500 and is composed of a single polypeptide chain with an amino-terminal alanine residue. Factor VII is readily converted to factor VIIa by factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor) employing an enzyme to substrate weight ratio of 1:50. Factor VIIa is composed of a light and a heavy chain held together by a disulfide bond(s). The heavy chain, which is formed from the carboxyl-terminal region of the precursor, contains an amino-terminal sequence of Ile-Val-Gly-Gly-. The heavy chain also contains the active-site sequence of -Phe-Cys-Ala-Gly-Tyr-Thr-Asp-Gly-Thr-Lys-Asp-Ala-Cys-Lys-Gly-Asp-Ser-Gly-Gly-Pro-His-. This sequence is homologous with the active-site region of a number of plasma serine proteases. These data indicate that factor VII is a typical precursor of a serine protease which is converted to an enzyme by factor XIIa by the cleavage of a single, internal peptide bond."}
{"id": "PMID:901770", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of a lambda pseudo operator.", "content": "The chemical and enzymatic syntheses of bacteriophage lambda pseudo operator DNA are described. The 17 base-paired duplex contains the DNA which has been proposed as the binding site for cI repressor protein. The synthetic duplex is twofold symmetric and represents the best possible nucleotide summation of the six proposed operator sites in the leftward and rightward operators. However, it does not correspond exactly to any single proposed operator sequence. The chemical synthesis includes the deoxyoligonucleotides d(T-A-T-C-A-C), d(C-G-C-C-G-G-T-G-A-T-A), d(T-A-T-C-A-C-C), and d(G-G-C-G-G-T-G-A-T-A). These deoxyoligonucleotides were joined with T4 DNA ligase to form d(T-A-T-C-A-C-C-G-C-C-G-G-T-G-A-T-A) and d(T-A-T-C-A-C-C-G-G-C-G-G-T-G-A-T-A). The cI repressor protein was found to bind to the duplex formed from these two segments.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of a lambda pseudo operator. The chemical and enzymatic syntheses of bacteriophage lambda pseudo operator DNA are described. The 17 base-paired duplex contains the DNA which has been proposed as the binding site for cI repressor protein. The synthetic duplex is twofold symmetric and represents the best possible nucleotide summation of the six proposed operator sites in the leftward and rightward operators. However, it does not correspond exactly to any single proposed operator sequence. The chemical synthesis includes the deoxyoligonucleotides d(T-A-T-C-A-C), d(C-G-C-C-G-G-T-G-A-T-A), d(T-A-T-C-A-C-C), and d(G-G-C-G-G-T-G-A-T-A). These deoxyoligonucleotides were joined with T4 DNA ligase to form d(T-A-T-C-A-C-C-G-C-C-G-G-T-G-A-T-A) and d(T-A-T-C-A-C-C-G-G-C-G-G-T-G-A-T-A). The cI repressor protein was found to bind to the duplex formed from these two segments."}
{"id": "PMID:901771", "title": "Properties of an altered RNA polymerase II activity from an alpha-amanitin-resistant mouse cell line.", "content": "alpha-Amanitin-resistant clones were selected in the mouse lymphoblastoid cell line L5178Y. One resistant clone, named A169b, was recloned and the properties of its DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were examined. The RNA polymerase II activity from A169b differs from the parental cell line in that approximately half the activity is resistant to 0.5 microgram/mL alpha-amanitin, while the parental enzyme is 50% inhibited at 0.005 microgram/mL. The enzymes from A169b and the parental line were purified free of polymerase III and their properties compared. The two preparations were identical in their apparent affinities for the four nucleoside triphosphates, in their salt and divalent cation preferences, and in their preference for denatured over native DNA. They differed in their response to alpha-amanitin. The apparent K1 for the parental enzyme was 3.5 X 10(-9) M; plots of 1/V vs. alpha-amanitin concentration gave a biphasic curve with A169b enzyme. The two apparent K1 values were 4.1 X 10(-9) and 2.1 X 10(-6) M. In addition, the enzyme from A169b showed a twofold higher activity on poly [d(AT)] as template, compared to native DNA, than that of the parental enzyme. Other template preferences may be affected, but differences were marginal. These results indicate that mutation to alpha-amanitin resistance may alter other enzymatic parameters; such mutations may be helpful in elucidating structure-function relationships in these complex enzymes.", "contents": "Properties of an altered RNA polymerase II activity from an alpha-amanitin-resistant mouse cell line. alpha-Amanitin-resistant clones were selected in the mouse lymphoblastoid cell line L5178Y. One resistant clone, named A169b, was recloned and the properties of its DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were examined. The RNA polymerase II activity from A169b differs from the parental cell line in that approximately half the activity is resistant to 0.5 microgram/mL alpha-amanitin, while the parental enzyme is 50% inhibited at 0.005 microgram/mL. The enzymes from A169b and the parental line were purified free of polymerase III and their properties compared. The two preparations were identical in their apparent affinities for the four nucleoside triphosphates, in their salt and divalent cation preferences, and in their preference for denatured over native DNA. They differed in their response to alpha-amanitin. The apparent K1 for the parental enzyme was 3.5 X 10(-9) M; plots of 1/V vs. alpha-amanitin concentration gave a biphasic curve with A169b enzyme. The two apparent K1 values were 4.1 X 10(-9) and 2.1 X 10(-6) M. In addition, the enzyme from A169b showed a twofold higher activity on poly [d(AT)] as template, compared to native DNA, than that of the parental enzyme. Other template preferences may be affected, but differences were marginal. These results indicate that mutation to alpha-amanitin resistance may alter other enzymatic parameters; such mutations may be helpful in elucidating structure-function relationships in these complex enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:901773", "title": "Synthesis and properties of nucleoside 5'-phosphoazidates derived from guanosine and adenosine nucleotides: effective on elongation factors G and Tu dependent reactions.", "content": "A new type of nucleoside poly (5'-phosphate) analogue, nucleoside 5\"-phosphoazidate, with an azido group on the terminal phosphate of GTP, ATP, GDP, GMP, AND AMP, has been synthesized by nucleophilic displacement of the corresponding activated nucleosides by azide ion in yields of 25-45%. Guanosine 5-phosphoazidates is readily photolyzed by ultraviolet light; the corresponding adenosine derivative photolyzes more slowly. Guanosine 5'-O-(2-azidodiphosphate) and guanosine 5\"-O-(3-azidotrophosphate) are competitive inhibitors of the formation of the ribosome-EF-G-GDP-fusidic acid complex and of the ribosome-EF-G GTPase. The dissociation constants of the former reaction are calculated to be 27 and 7 micrometer, respectively, or 270 and 73 times that of GDP. In the latter reaction, which is conducted in the absence of fusidic acid, the Ki values are 330 and 28 micrometer, respectively, or 12 and 1 times that of GDP. Guanosine 5\"-O-(2-azidodiphosphate) and guanosine 5'-O-(3-azidotriphosphate) also complete with GTP in the formation of the binary complex. EF-Tu-GTP, with respective Kd values of 750 and 75 relative to GTP.", "contents": "Synthesis and properties of nucleoside 5'-phosphoazidates derived from guanosine and adenosine nucleotides: effective on elongation factors G and Tu dependent reactions. A new type of nucleoside poly (5'-phosphate) analogue, nucleoside 5\"-phosphoazidate, with an azido group on the terminal phosphate of GTP, ATP, GDP, GMP, AND AMP, has been synthesized by nucleophilic displacement of the corresponding activated nucleosides by azide ion in yields of 25-45%. Guanosine 5-phosphoazidates is readily photolyzed by ultraviolet light; the corresponding adenosine derivative photolyzes more slowly. Guanosine 5'-O-(2-azidodiphosphate) and guanosine 5\"-O-(3-azidotrophosphate) are competitive inhibitors of the formation of the ribosome-EF-G-GDP-fusidic acid complex and of the ribosome-EF-G GTPase. The dissociation constants of the former reaction are calculated to be 27 and 7 micrometer, respectively, or 270 and 73 times that of GDP. In the latter reaction, which is conducted in the absence of fusidic acid, the Ki values are 330 and 28 micrometer, respectively, or 12 and 1 times that of GDP. Guanosine 5\"-O-(2-azidodiphosphate) and guanosine 5'-O-(3-azidotriphosphate) also complete with GTP in the formation of the binary complex. EF-Tu-GTP, with respective Kd values of 750 and 75 relative to GTP."}
{"id": "PMID:901781", "title": "Differential scanning calorimetry and enzymic activity of rat liver microsomes in the presence and absence of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "The thermal transitions of rat liver microsomes and isolated lipids were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry. Endothermic transitions at approximately-5 degrees C and between approximately18 degrees and 40 degrees C were detected in the membranes and at approximately-10 degrees C and between approximately 10 degress and 20 degrees C in the extracted lipids. Interaction with delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol of microsomal membranes and of extracted lipids influences the thermotrophic behaviour as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry and eliminates the break in the Arrhenius plot of the enzymic activity of O-demethylase.", "contents": "Differential scanning calorimetry and enzymic activity of rat liver microsomes in the presence and absence of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol. The thermal transitions of rat liver microsomes and isolated lipids were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry. Endothermic transitions at approximately-5 degrees C and between approximately18 degrees and 40 degrees C were detected in the membranes and at approximately-10 degrees C and between approximately 10 degress and 20 degrees C in the extracted lipids. Interaction with delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol of microsomal membranes and of extracted lipids influences the thermotrophic behaviour as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry and eliminates the break in the Arrhenius plot of the enzymic activity of O-demethylase."}
{"id": "PMID:901782", "title": "The interaction of hepatocyte plasma membranes with an azide derivative of procaine.", "content": "A photoreactive derivative of procaine, p-azidobenzoyldiethylaminoethanol hydrochloride, has been synthesized and used as a site-directed probe to label hepatocyte plasma membranes. The procaine derivative was shown to have membrane binding and Ca2+ displacement characteristics quite similar to that of procaine. Photolysis of the derivative in the presence of hepatocyte plasma membranes resulted in the covalent incorporation of the probe into both the protein and lipid fractions. Analysis of the labeled membranes by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that one membrane protein was significantly labeled with a molecular weight of 21 400 in addition to membrane lipids. Both binding and labeling could be inhibited in the presence of an excess of procaine. The labeled membrane components may be involved in the binding of Ca2+ to the membrane system.", "contents": "The interaction of hepatocyte plasma membranes with an azide derivative of procaine. A photoreactive derivative of procaine, p-azidobenzoyldiethylaminoethanol hydrochloride, has been synthesized and used as a site-directed probe to label hepatocyte plasma membranes. The procaine derivative was shown to have membrane binding and Ca2+ displacement characteristics quite similar to that of procaine. Photolysis of the derivative in the presence of hepatocyte plasma membranes resulted in the covalent incorporation of the probe into both the protein and lipid fractions. Analysis of the labeled membranes by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that one membrane protein was significantly labeled with a molecular weight of 21 400 in addition to membrane lipids. Both binding and labeling could be inhibited in the presence of an excess of procaine. The labeled membrane components may be involved in the binding of Ca2+ to the membrane system."}
{"id": "PMID:901783", "title": "Refinement of the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure.", "content": "Certain molecular packing criteria previously employed in a quantitative analysis of lipid micelles and bilayers are here extended to biological membranes. The inclusion of both thermodynamic and packing considerations point to a highly complex self-assembly mechanism in which the organization of lipids and proteins is highly coupled, with far reaching consequences as regards the structure and function of biological membranes.", "contents": "Refinement of the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure. Certain molecular packing criteria previously employed in a quantitative analysis of lipid micelles and bilayers are here extended to biological membranes. The inclusion of both thermodynamic and packing considerations point to a highly complex self-assembly mechanism in which the organization of lipids and proteins is highly coupled, with far reaching consequences as regards the structure and function of biological membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:901784", "title": "Intra- and intermolecular cross-linking of membrane proteins in intact erythrocytes and ghosts by SH-oxidizing agents.", "content": "In intact human erythrocytes, SH-oxidizing agents exclusively cross-link spectrin via disulfide bonds. In ghosts, additional dimerization of the major intrinsic protein, band 3, is observed. After blockade of intracellular GSH the agents dimerize band 3 in the intact cell too, indicating that GSH may prevent band 3 dimerization under physiological conditions. The oxidizing agents reversibly oxidize 80% of the membrane SH-groups, suggesting that these groups are arranged close enough to each other to form disulfide bonds. This arrangement may protect other cell cell structures against free radicals or oxidative stress.", "contents": "Intra- and intermolecular cross-linking of membrane proteins in intact erythrocytes and ghosts by SH-oxidizing agents. In intact human erythrocytes, SH-oxidizing agents exclusively cross-link spectrin via disulfide bonds. In ghosts, additional dimerization of the major intrinsic protein, band 3, is observed. After blockade of intracellular GSH the agents dimerize band 3 in the intact cell too, indicating that GSH may prevent band 3 dimerization under physiological conditions. The oxidizing agents reversibly oxidize 80% of the membrane SH-groups, suggesting that these groups are arranged close enough to each other to form disulfide bonds. This arrangement may protect other cell cell structures against free radicals or oxidative stress."}
{"id": "PMID:901785", "title": "Membranes undergoing phase transitions are preferentially hydrolyzed by beta-bungarotoxin.", "content": "beta-Bungarotoxin preferentially hydrolyzes choline phospholipids (dilauroyl, dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl) at their respective gel to liquid crystalline phase transition temperatures. Cholesterol markedly reduces the rate of phospholipid hydrolysis; at 0.33 mol percent cholesterol:phospholipid, the toxin's phospholipase activity is completely inhibited.", "contents": "Membranes undergoing phase transitions are preferentially hydrolyzed by beta-bungarotoxin. beta-Bungarotoxin preferentially hydrolyzes choline phospholipids (dilauroyl, dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl) at their respective gel to liquid crystalline phase transition temperatures. Cholesterol markedly reduces the rate of phospholipid hydrolysis; at 0.33 mol percent cholesterol:phospholipid, the toxin's phospholipase activity is completely inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:901786", "title": "Cation diffusion selectivity in a pore model. The phosphatidylcholine/water lamellar phase.", "content": "The diffusion coefficients D (cm2/s), of four monovalent cations K+, Na+, Rb+ and Cs+ and of Ca2+ have been measured in phosphatidylcholine/water lamellar phase as a function of phase hydration and temperature and in the presence of divalent cations. Diffusion rates vary strongly with phase hydration, between 10(-7) and 10(-6) cm2/s for monovalent and 10(-8) and 10(-7) for Ca2+. The activation energies obtained are relatively small (5--10 kcal/mol). As the phase water content increases, a series of diffusion sequences is obtained, corresponding to the sequences predicted by Eisenman's theory of alkali ion equilibrium selectivity. This diffusional selectivity, which depends exclusively upon non-equilibrium parameters (mobility) within the hydrophilic path is discussed in respect to current theories of pore selectivity.", "contents": "Cation diffusion selectivity in a pore model. The phosphatidylcholine/water lamellar phase. The diffusion coefficients D (cm2/s), of four monovalent cations K+, Na+, Rb+ and Cs+ and of Ca2+ have been measured in phosphatidylcholine/water lamellar phase as a function of phase hydration and temperature and in the presence of divalent cations. Diffusion rates vary strongly with phase hydration, between 10(-7) and 10(-6) cm2/s for monovalent and 10(-8) and 10(-7) for Ca2+. The activation energies obtained are relatively small (5--10 kcal/mol). As the phase water content increases, a series of diffusion sequences is obtained, corresponding to the sequences predicted by Eisenman's theory of alkali ion equilibrium selectivity. This diffusional selectivity, which depends exclusively upon non-equilibrium parameters (mobility) within the hydrophilic path is discussed in respect to current theories of pore selectivity."}
{"id": "PMID:901787", "title": "Monte Carlo studies of the hydrocarbon region of lipid bilayers.", "content": "We present the results of a Monte Carlo study of systems of hydrocarbon chains attached to a plane interface and interacting through hard core repulsive forces only. The chain-order parameters which we find in our studies are compared to experimental results (NMR and ESR). The role of \"kink\" states and the relevance of our studies to theoretical models are also discussed.", "contents": "Monte Carlo studies of the hydrocarbon region of lipid bilayers. We present the results of a Monte Carlo study of systems of hydrocarbon chains attached to a plane interface and interacting through hard core repulsive forces only. The chain-order parameters which we find in our studies are compared to experimental results (NMR and ESR). The role of \"kink\" states and the relevance of our studies to theoretical models are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901793", "title": "Mechanism of the inhibition by RNA of the RNA polymerases of Histoplasma capsulatum.", "content": "4 S RNA isolated from the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum inhibited the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of the yeast phase of this fungus. Inhibition was specific for initiation, and resulted from binding of the RNA to the enzyme. Among a variety of synthetic polynucleotides tested, only poly(G) and oligo(dG) were effective inhibitors, suggesting a role for guanines or guanine-rich sequences of RNA in the inhibition reaction.", "contents": "Mechanism of the inhibition by RNA of the RNA polymerases of Histoplasma capsulatum. 4 S RNA isolated from the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum inhibited the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of the yeast phase of this fungus. Inhibition was specific for initiation, and resulted from binding of the RNA to the enzyme. Among a variety of synthetic polynucleotides tested, only poly(G) and oligo(dG) were effective inhibitors, suggesting a role for guanines or guanine-rich sequences of RNA in the inhibition reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:901794", "title": "A molecular orbital investigation of the conformation of transfer RNA.", "content": "The PCILO method has been used for a theoretical exploration of the conformational properties of tRNAPhe with respect to the phosphodiester torsion angles. The computations were based on the utilisation of the dinucleoside triphosphate model and took into account the different combinations of sugar puckers and different conformations about the C4'-C5' bond. The dependence of the (omega'-omega) conformational energy maps upon these factors was specified. A detailed comparison is carried out between the theoretical results and experimental data on the crystal structure of tRNAPhe produced by four different groups of investigators.", "contents": "A molecular orbital investigation of the conformation of transfer RNA. The PCILO method has been used for a theoretical exploration of the conformational properties of tRNAPhe with respect to the phosphodiester torsion angles. The computations were based on the utilisation of the dinucleoside triphosphate model and took into account the different combinations of sugar puckers and different conformations about the C4'-C5' bond. The dependence of the (omega'-omega) conformational energy maps upon these factors was specified. A detailed comparison is carried out between the theoretical results and experimental data on the crystal structure of tRNAPhe produced by four different groups of investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:901796", "title": "Fetal utilization of maternally derived ketone bodies for lipogenesis in the rat.", "content": "When D-beta-[3-14C]hydroxybutyrate was injected via the femoral vein into pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats at 21 days of gestation, D-beta-[3-14C]hydroxybutyrate was enzymatically detected in fetal plasma within 5 min. The time course of the incorporation of DL-beta-[3-14C]hydroxybutyrate into fetal lipids was studied. Lipid extracts of brown adipose tissue exhibited the greatest relative incorporation followed by pancreas, liver and lung. Less radioactivity was incorporated into brain and placenta. The incorporation into fetal lipids was several-fold greater than into maternal lipids. The labelling of the individual phospholipids was similar in the different tissues with phosphatidylcholine accounting for more than 50%. 75% of the radioactivity in brown adipose tissue was in the triacylglycerol fraction. In brain, liver and placenta, approximately half of the neutral lipid radioactivity was in cholesterol. Experiments in which D-beta-[3-14C]hydroxybutyrate was directly injected into fetuses in utero confirmed that this substrate was directly used by the fetuses without maternal intervention. These studies demonstrate that the rat placenta is permeable to beta-hydroxybutyrate and suggest that this ketone body is rapidly used by the fetus for the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol.", "contents": "Fetal utilization of maternally derived ketone bodies for lipogenesis in the rat. When D-beta-[3-14C]hydroxybutyrate was injected via the femoral vein into pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats at 21 days of gestation, D-beta-[3-14C]hydroxybutyrate was enzymatically detected in fetal plasma within 5 min. The time course of the incorporation of DL-beta-[3-14C]hydroxybutyrate into fetal lipids was studied. Lipid extracts of brown adipose tissue exhibited the greatest relative incorporation followed by pancreas, liver and lung. Less radioactivity was incorporated into brain and placenta. The incorporation into fetal lipids was several-fold greater than into maternal lipids. The labelling of the individual phospholipids was similar in the different tissues with phosphatidylcholine accounting for more than 50%. 75% of the radioactivity in brown adipose tissue was in the triacylglycerol fraction. In brain, liver and placenta, approximately half of the neutral lipid radioactivity was in cholesterol. Experiments in which D-beta-[3-14C]hydroxybutyrate was directly injected into fetuses in utero confirmed that this substrate was directly used by the fetuses without maternal intervention. These studies demonstrate that the rat placenta is permeable to beta-hydroxybutyrate and suggest that this ketone body is rapidly used by the fetus for the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:901797", "title": "A novel packing of the hydrocarbon chains in lipids. The low temperature phases of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-glycerol.", "content": "The system dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol-water displays several phases in the temperature-concentration range explored in this work. All the phases are lamellar; they differ by the organization of the hydrocarbon chains. In the high temperature phase the conformation of the chains is liquid-like. In the low temperature phases the chains are stiff and parallel and they interdigitate (in other words the CH3 ends of the chains of one layer are near to the polar groups of the opposite layer). Moreover, several types of packings of the stiff chains are observed which differ by the symmetry of the two-dimensional lattices. The observed lattices are p6, cmm and pgg.", "contents": "A novel packing of the hydrocarbon chains in lipids. The low temperature phases of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-glycerol. The system dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol-water displays several phases in the temperature-concentration range explored in this work. All the phases are lamellar; they differ by the organization of the hydrocarbon chains. In the high temperature phase the conformation of the chains is liquid-like. In the low temperature phases the chains are stiff and parallel and they interdigitate (in other words the CH3 ends of the chains of one layer are near to the polar groups of the opposite layer). Moreover, several types of packings of the stiff chains are observed which differ by the symmetry of the two-dimensional lattices. The observed lattices are p6, cmm and pgg."}
{"id": "PMID:901799", "title": "Carotenoid biosynthesis in Rhodomicrobium vannielii. Experiments with nicotine and 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylammonium chloride (CPTA).", "content": "Nicotine and 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylammonium chloride (CPTA) each inhibit production of the normal carotenoids of Rhodomicrobium vannielii (Rhodospirillaceae), especially rhodopin, beta-carotene and spirillixanthin, and cause the accumulation of lycopene. The inhibition of hydration of the C-1,2 double bond as well as cyclization is in agreement with proposals that these two reactions involve similar mechanisms. After removal of nicotine, cells reincubated in buffer solution or in the presence of diphenylamine convert accumulated lycopene into rhodopin. Under other conditions rhodopis is synthesized, on removal of nicotine, not from accumulated lycopene but from early precursors. The pathway of rhodopin and spirilloxanthin biosynthesis in Rm. vannielii is discussed briefly, and the possible involvement of enzyme aggregates in carotenoid biosynthesis is considered.", "contents": "Carotenoid biosynthesis in Rhodomicrobium vannielii. Experiments with nicotine and 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylammonium chloride (CPTA). Nicotine and 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylammonium chloride (CPTA) each inhibit production of the normal carotenoids of Rhodomicrobium vannielii (Rhodospirillaceae), especially rhodopin, beta-carotene and spirillixanthin, and cause the accumulation of lycopene. The inhibition of hydration of the C-1,2 double bond as well as cyclization is in agreement with proposals that these two reactions involve similar mechanisms. After removal of nicotine, cells reincubated in buffer solution or in the presence of diphenylamine convert accumulated lycopene into rhodopin. Under other conditions rhodopis is synthesized, on removal of nicotine, not from accumulated lycopene but from early precursors. The pathway of rhodopin and spirilloxanthin biosynthesis in Rm. vannielii is discussed briefly, and the possible involvement of enzyme aggregates in carotenoid biosynthesis is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:901800", "title": "Lipid metabolism in inositol-deficient yeast, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. The influence of temperature and anaerobiosis on the cellular lipid composition.", "content": "Saccharomyces carlsbergensis ATCC 9080 was grown at temperatures of 9, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C, respectively. At all temperatures inositol-deficient cells contain less phosphatidylinositol than supplemented cells. Total acylglycerols increase in supplemented cells as the temperature decreases whereas in deficient cells total acylglycerols are higher at 35 degrees C than at 9 degrees C. Temperature has little influence on the fatty acid composition of the supplemented as well as on that of the deficient cells. Under anaerobic growth conditions two major effects of inositol deficiency observed under aerobic conditions, i.e. accumulation of cellular triacylglycerols and increased production of acetoin, do not occur. Other effects of inositol deficiency, such as increased glucose utilization, increase of ethanol production, decrease of phosphatidylinositol and aggregation of cells, are observed under anaerobic conditions as well as under aerobic conditions.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in inositol-deficient yeast, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. The influence of temperature and anaerobiosis on the cellular lipid composition. Saccharomyces carlsbergensis ATCC 9080 was grown at temperatures of 9, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C, respectively. At all temperatures inositol-deficient cells contain less phosphatidylinositol than supplemented cells. Total acylglycerols increase in supplemented cells as the temperature decreases whereas in deficient cells total acylglycerols are higher at 35 degrees C than at 9 degrees C. Temperature has little influence on the fatty acid composition of the supplemented as well as on that of the deficient cells. Under anaerobic growth conditions two major effects of inositol deficiency observed under aerobic conditions, i.e. accumulation of cellular triacylglycerols and increased production of acetoin, do not occur. Other effects of inositol deficiency, such as increased glucose utilization, increase of ethanol production, decrease of phosphatidylinositol and aggregation of cells, are observed under anaerobic conditions as well as under aerobic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:901803", "title": "Reversible changes in circular dichroism spectra of cattle rhodopsin and isorhodopsin.", "content": "When the disk membrane of rod outer segment is treated with detergents, the alpha-band CD of rhodopsin decreases and the gamma-band CD increases. This tendency of CD change is most prominent in the purified rhodopsin in cholic acid obtained by the ammonium sulfate fractionation of disk membranes, and the gamma-band CD is three times larger than the alpha-band CD. The beta-band CD of rhodopsin is only slightly influenced by detergents. The gamma-band of isorhodopsin shows two CD bands, one negative and one positive. Both in rhodopsin and isorhodopsin the gamma-band CD is lost by light irradiation. It is supposed that both chromophore retinal and aromatic amino acid residues of opsin are responsible for the gamma-band CD. When ammonium sulfate is added to the sonicated disk membranes suspended in cholic acid solution, the alpha-band CD of rhodopsin decreases to about a third and the gamma-band CD increases remarkably. The CD spectrum goes back to the original one on eliminating ammonium sulfate from the solution with dialysis. However, the purified rhodopsin recovers native CD spectrum on addition of lipids extracted from disk membranes. The retinal-opsin interaction that induces optical activity depends upon the property of a local environment formed by lipid and detergent.", "contents": "Reversible changes in circular dichroism spectra of cattle rhodopsin and isorhodopsin. When the disk membrane of rod outer segment is treated with detergents, the alpha-band CD of rhodopsin decreases and the gamma-band CD increases. This tendency of CD change is most prominent in the purified rhodopsin in cholic acid obtained by the ammonium sulfate fractionation of disk membranes, and the gamma-band CD is three times larger than the alpha-band CD. The beta-band CD of rhodopsin is only slightly influenced by detergents. The gamma-band of isorhodopsin shows two CD bands, one negative and one positive. Both in rhodopsin and isorhodopsin the gamma-band CD is lost by light irradiation. It is supposed that both chromophore retinal and aromatic amino acid residues of opsin are responsible for the gamma-band CD. When ammonium sulfate is added to the sonicated disk membranes suspended in cholic acid solution, the alpha-band CD of rhodopsin decreases to about a third and the gamma-band CD increases remarkably. The CD spectrum goes back to the original one on eliminating ammonium sulfate from the solution with dialysis. However, the purified rhodopsin recovers native CD spectrum on addition of lipids extracted from disk membranes. The retinal-opsin interaction that induces optical activity depends upon the property of a local environment formed by lipid and detergent."}
{"id": "PMID:901807", "title": "Reinvestigation of extremely acidic proteins in bovine brain.", "content": "Analysis of bovine brain extract by disc electrophoresis on a 20% polyacrylamide gel indicated the existence of three extremely acidic proteins. These proteins were isolated by column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-75. The isolated proteins (PAP I-a, PAP I-b and PAP II) were homogeneous in various methods including 7.5% and 20% gel electrophoresis or gel chromatography, and share, in the extract, 85% of the total of the acidic proteins that migrate with the bromophenol blue marker in 7.5% gels. Their physicochemical properties, including molecular weight, ultraviolet absorption spectra or amino acid composition were similar, especially those between PAP I-a and PAP I-b where a part of primary structure appeared to be common in their tryptic peptide maps. These two proteins were identified to be the nervous system specific protein S 100 by immunochemical and electrophoresis methods as well as by amino acid analysis, and the other protein PAP II was revealed to be a calcium-binding protein. The existence and properties of the isolated proteins are discussed with relation to the heterogeneity problem of S 100 protein.", "contents": "Reinvestigation of extremely acidic proteins in bovine brain. Analysis of bovine brain extract by disc electrophoresis on a 20% polyacrylamide gel indicated the existence of three extremely acidic proteins. These proteins were isolated by column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-75. The isolated proteins (PAP I-a, PAP I-b and PAP II) were homogeneous in various methods including 7.5% and 20% gel electrophoresis or gel chromatography, and share, in the extract, 85% of the total of the acidic proteins that migrate with the bromophenol blue marker in 7.5% gels. Their physicochemical properties, including molecular weight, ultraviolet absorption spectra or amino acid composition were similar, especially those between PAP I-a and PAP I-b where a part of primary structure appeared to be common in their tryptic peptide maps. These two proteins were identified to be the nervous system specific protein S 100 by immunochemical and electrophoresis methods as well as by amino acid analysis, and the other protein PAP II was revealed to be a calcium-binding protein. The existence and properties of the isolated proteins are discussed with relation to the heterogeneity problem of S 100 protein."}
{"id": "PMID:901808", "title": "Lactoperoxidase-coupled iodination of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins.", "content": "The peptide compositions of rabbit skeletal- and canine cardiac-muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations have been compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The cardiac preparations contain many proteins in addition to the 105 000 dalton peptide which has been previously identified as the Ca2+ stimulated ATPase. Four peptide components iodinated in the presence of either free or Sepharose 4B-bound lactoperoxidase have molecular weights of 130 000 (component I), 105 000 (component II), 52 000 (component III) and 47 000 (component IV). Comparison of the labelling patterns in the presence of the detergent Triton X-100 suggests that components I, III and IV have part of their peptide internally located. Although part of component II is externally accessible to free lactoperoxidase, its iodination is decreased by Triton X-100. Iodination of phospholamban, the 22 000 dalton substrate for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, was not observed under the conditions investigated.", "contents": "Lactoperoxidase-coupled iodination of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins. The peptide compositions of rabbit skeletal- and canine cardiac-muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations have been compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The cardiac preparations contain many proteins in addition to the 105 000 dalton peptide which has been previously identified as the Ca2+ stimulated ATPase. Four peptide components iodinated in the presence of either free or Sepharose 4B-bound lactoperoxidase have molecular weights of 130 000 (component I), 105 000 (component II), 52 000 (component III) and 47 000 (component IV). Comparison of the labelling patterns in the presence of the detergent Triton X-100 suggests that components I, III and IV have part of their peptide internally located. Although part of component II is externally accessible to free lactoperoxidase, its iodination is decreased by Triton X-100. Iodination of phospholamban, the 22 000 dalton substrate for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, was not observed under the conditions investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:901809", "title": "Second derivative spectrophotometry as an effective tool for examining phenylalanine residues in proteins.", "content": "The second derivative absorption spectra of N-acetyl ethyl esters of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, as models of the aromatic amino acid residues in proteins, were measured. The second derivative spectra of tyrosine and tryptophan were found to have no influence on the spectrum of phenylalanine over the range of 245 to 270 nm, where characteristic absorbance bands of phenylalanine were observed. Thus the second derivative spectrum is a good tool for examining the optical properties of phenylalanine residues in proteins.", "contents": "Second derivative spectrophotometry as an effective tool for examining phenylalanine residues in proteins. The second derivative absorption spectra of N-acetyl ethyl esters of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, as models of the aromatic amino acid residues in proteins, were measured. The second derivative spectra of tyrosine and tryptophan were found to have no influence on the spectrum of phenylalanine over the range of 245 to 270 nm, where characteristic absorbance bands of phenylalanine were observed. Thus the second derivative spectrum is a good tool for examining the optical properties of phenylalanine residues in proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:901810", "title": "A spectrum of partially carboxylated prothrombins in the plasmas of coumarin-treated patients.", "content": "Prothrombin has been purified from the plasmas of normal human donors and from patients ingesting coumarins. Equimolar amounts of normal prothrombin or coumadin-induced prothrombin were incubated with phospholipid micelles in the presence of Ca2+. Subsequent gel filtration of the incubation mixtures demonstrated that all of the normal prothrombin was bound to the phospholipid; only half of the coumadin-induced prothrombin was bound. Normal prothrombin contains approximately 10 mol of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of prothrombin. The coumadin-induced prothrombin which was bound to phospholipid contains approximately 6.5 mol of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of prothrombin while that which failed to bind to phospholipid has only 2.8 mol of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of zymogen. Thus, partially carboxylated prothrombins exist in the plasmas of coumarin-treated patients. Furthermore, there is a striking electrophoretic heterogeneity in the prothrombin preparations from the plasmas of the coumadin-treated patients. This most likely results from a wide spectrum of abnormal prothrombins with varying quantities of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of zymogen.", "contents": "A spectrum of partially carboxylated prothrombins in the plasmas of coumarin-treated patients. Prothrombin has been purified from the plasmas of normal human donors and from patients ingesting coumarins. Equimolar amounts of normal prothrombin or coumadin-induced prothrombin were incubated with phospholipid micelles in the presence of Ca2+. Subsequent gel filtration of the incubation mixtures demonstrated that all of the normal prothrombin was bound to the phospholipid; only half of the coumadin-induced prothrombin was bound. Normal prothrombin contains approximately 10 mol of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of prothrombin. The coumadin-induced prothrombin which was bound to phospholipid contains approximately 6.5 mol of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of prothrombin while that which failed to bind to phospholipid has only 2.8 mol of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of zymogen. Thus, partially carboxylated prothrombins exist in the plasmas of coumarin-treated patients. Furthermore, there is a striking electrophoretic heterogeneity in the prothrombin preparations from the plasmas of the coumadin-treated patients. This most likely results from a wide spectrum of abnormal prothrombins with varying quantities of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of zymogen."}
{"id": "PMID:901811", "title": "Purification and partial amino acid sequence of the cyanogen bromide fragments of muconolactone isomerase from Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "Muconolactone isomerase is shown to be resistant to proteolytic cleavage by trypsin. Cyanogen bromide cleavage at the methionine residues of the polypeptide is at least 95% complete. Six cyanogen bromide fragments are separated on DEAE-cellulose. One fragment is shown by amino acid analysis and carboxyl-terminal analysis to be an incomplete cleavage product. The five remaining fragments represent the entire polypeptide and have been ordered with respect to the entire muconolactone isomerase sequence. Approximately 50% of the polypeptide sequence could be determined from these fragments by the dansyl-Edman technique. The possible evolutionarily homologous origins of muconolactone isomerase and two analogous isomerases, carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase and sigma5-3-ketosteroid isomerase, are discussed.", "contents": "Purification and partial amino acid sequence of the cyanogen bromide fragments of muconolactone isomerase from Pseudomonas putida. Muconolactone isomerase is shown to be resistant to proteolytic cleavage by trypsin. Cyanogen bromide cleavage at the methionine residues of the polypeptide is at least 95% complete. Six cyanogen bromide fragments are separated on DEAE-cellulose. One fragment is shown by amino acid analysis and carboxyl-terminal analysis to be an incomplete cleavage product. The five remaining fragments represent the entire polypeptide and have been ordered with respect to the entire muconolactone isomerase sequence. Approximately 50% of the polypeptide sequence could be determined from these fragments by the dansyl-Edman technique. The possible evolutionarily homologous origins of muconolactone isomerase and two analogous isomerases, carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase and sigma5-3-ketosteroid isomerase, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901812", "title": "Chemical characterization of a new haemoglobin variant haemoglobin J Cubujuqui (alpha2141(HC3)Arg replaced by Ser beta2).", "content": "Haemoglobin J Cubujuqui (alpha2141(HC3)Arg replaced by Ser beta2) was found during a screening for abnormal haemoglobins carried out in Costa Rica. This variant is clinically silent, although its substitution is in one of the residues involved in the stabilization of the deoxy form of the haemoglobin molecule.", "contents": "Chemical characterization of a new haemoglobin variant haemoglobin J Cubujuqui (alpha2141(HC3)Arg replaced by Ser beta2). Haemoglobin J Cubujuqui (alpha2141(HC3)Arg replaced by Ser beta2) was found during a screening for abnormal haemoglobins carried out in Costa Rica. This variant is clinically silent, although its substitution is in one of the residues involved in the stabilization of the deoxy form of the haemoglobin molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:901813", "title": "A phytohemagglutinin from Sunn hemp seeds (Crotalaria juncea). II. Purification by a high capacity biospecific affinity adsorbent and its physicochemical properties.", "content": "A galactose-specific lectin from seeds of Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea) has been purified by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate followed by biospecific affinity chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing. The adsorbent was prepared by coupling galactose to Sepharose 6B activated with divinyl sulfone. The lectin was homogeneous as judged by ultracentrifugation and by electrophoresis in cellulose acetate strips and in polyacrylamide gradient gel. Its isoelectric point is pH 8.8 and the molecular weight is about 120 000. It is a glycoprotein containing 9.8% also carbohydrate (mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, fucose, and xylose). The lectin contains 3.2 mol Ca2+, 2.2 mol Mg2+ and 0.2 mol Mn2+ per 120 000 g. No sulphur-containing amino acids were detected.", "contents": "A phytohemagglutinin from Sunn hemp seeds (Crotalaria juncea). II. Purification by a high capacity biospecific affinity adsorbent and its physicochemical properties. A galactose-specific lectin from seeds of Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea) has been purified by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate followed by biospecific affinity chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing. The adsorbent was prepared by coupling galactose to Sepharose 6B activated with divinyl sulfone. The lectin was homogeneous as judged by ultracentrifugation and by electrophoresis in cellulose acetate strips and in polyacrylamide gradient gel. Its isoelectric point is pH 8.8 and the molecular weight is about 120 000. It is a glycoprotein containing 9.8% also carbohydrate (mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, fucose, and xylose). The lectin contains 3.2 mol Ca2+, 2.2 mol Mg2+ and 0.2 mol Mn2+ per 120 000 g. No sulphur-containing amino acids were detected."}
{"id": "PMID:901814", "title": "Isolation and identification of a trypsin-resistant fragment of human serum albumin with bilirubin- and drug-binding properties.", "content": "Extensive digestion of human serum albumin with trypsin at pH 8.8 yields essentially one main fragment which is resistant to further tryptic degradation. The fragment has been characterized by amino acid analysis, N- and C-terminal analyses, cyanogen bromide digestion, electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation and gelfiltration, and circular dichroism measurements. The results indicate that the main fragment consists of the amino acids 182-585. Repeated digestion did not degrade the isolated fragment further. The fragment mainly retains the secondary and tertiary structure of intact human serum albumin as well as its capacity to bind bilirubin and diazepam. The localization of the binding sites for these substances is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of a trypsin-resistant fragment of human serum albumin with bilirubin- and drug-binding properties. Extensive digestion of human serum albumin with trypsin at pH 8.8 yields essentially one main fragment which is resistant to further tryptic degradation. The fragment has been characterized by amino acid analysis, N- and C-terminal analyses, cyanogen bromide digestion, electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation and gelfiltration, and circular dichroism measurements. The results indicate that the main fragment consists of the amino acids 182-585. Repeated digestion did not degrade the isolated fragment further. The fragment mainly retains the secondary and tertiary structure of intact human serum albumin as well as its capacity to bind bilirubin and diazepam. The localization of the binding sites for these substances is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901817", "title": "[Photochemoluminescence of tryptophan-containing peptides and proteins during photooxidation. VI. Kinetic patterns of eosin sensitized photochemoluminescence of solutions of human serum albumin].", "content": "Regulariteis of sensitized photochemoluminescence of serum albumine solutions have been studied. The dependence of luminescence intensity on the dye cancentration is of an extremal character; at low concentrations it is determined by the Lambert--Beer law; at high concentrations quenching processes proceed. The shape of kinetic curves of after-luminescence and rise of luminescence is studied. Photochemoluminescence intensity is in a direct proportion to the irradiation intensity. Luminescence is found to be determined by the photodissociation of triptophanile groups of protein. On the basis of experimental and calculated data it is concluded that during sensitization the secondary processes are similar those which proceed under UV-irradiation; the differences lie in the primary processes of the free radical formation.", "contents": "[Photochemoluminescence of tryptophan-containing peptides and proteins during photooxidation. VI. Kinetic patterns of eosin sensitized photochemoluminescence of solutions of human serum albumin]. Regulariteis of sensitized photochemoluminescence of serum albumine solutions have been studied. The dependence of luminescence intensity on the dye cancentration is of an extremal character; at low concentrations it is determined by the Lambert--Beer law; at high concentrations quenching processes proceed. The shape of kinetic curves of after-luminescence and rise of luminescence is studied. Photochemoluminescence intensity is in a direct proportion to the irradiation intensity. Luminescence is found to be determined by the photodissociation of triptophanile groups of protein. On the basis of experimental and calculated data it is concluded that during sensitization the secondary processes are similar those which proceed under UV-irradiation; the differences lie in the primary processes of the free radical formation."}
{"id": "PMID:901819", "title": "[Gel-permeating chromatography of interacting multi-component systems. I. Study of protein isomerization by the method of gel-permeation chromatography. II. Method of determining the kinetic constant of isomerization].", "content": "A technique is suggested of determining the isomerization constants by means of gel-permeation chromatography. Chromatograms of proteins and expressions for statistical moments of their distribution along the chromatographic column obtained in the authors previous work [1], are used. A necessary condition for optimal setup of the GPCh experiments is found. Fulfilment of this condition provides a maximal accuracy of determination of the isomerization constants.", "contents": "[Gel-permeating chromatography of interacting multi-component systems. I. Study of protein isomerization by the method of gel-permeation chromatography. II. Method of determining the kinetic constant of isomerization]. A technique is suggested of determining the isomerization constants by means of gel-permeation chromatography. Chromatograms of proteins and expressions for statistical moments of their distribution along the chromatographic column obtained in the authors previous work [1], are used. A necessary condition for optimal setup of the GPCh experiments is found. Fulfilment of this condition provides a maximal accuracy of determination of the isomerization constants."}
{"id": "PMID:901824", "title": "[Changes in the concentration of free radicals in the organs of rats during experimental chemotherapy of Gu\u00e9rin tumor].", "content": "Kinetic description of the changes of free radical concentration in Geren tumour tissue and in the tissues of liver, lungs, brain at chemotherapeutic application of licopine, selenium and cyclophosphane was obtained by ESR method. Licopine application decreases free radical concentration in the tumour (after the stage of a short-time rise). Similar effects during some periods of the action of carotinoids and of a valuable inhibitor of oxidation--selenium, as well as the citostatics of cyclophosphane allow to suggest that the application of the drug of vitamine A group is expedient in tumour therapy.", "contents": "[Changes in the concentration of free radicals in the organs of rats during experimental chemotherapy of Gu\u00e9rin tumor]. Kinetic description of the changes of free radical concentration in Geren tumour tissue and in the tissues of liver, lungs, brain at chemotherapeutic application of licopine, selenium and cyclophosphane was obtained by ESR method. Licopine application decreases free radical concentration in the tumour (after the stage of a short-time rise). Similar effects during some periods of the action of carotinoids and of a valuable inhibitor of oxidation--selenium, as well as the citostatics of cyclophosphane allow to suggest that the application of the drug of vitamine A group is expedient in tumour therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:901825", "title": "[Effect of ultrasonic energy on serum thyronine levels].", "content": "Changes of total iodine (T.I.) and protein-bound iodine (P.B.I.) content in the blood serum of male rats exposed to ultrasound of different intensity (0.2; 0.6 and 1.0 W/cm2) are described and examined at different time intervals after the exposure. Increased content of T.I. and P.B.I. in the blood serum was observed, chronic group included. The above effect is suggested to result from activated secretion of serotonins to the perypheric blood channel. It is connected with an increased amount of thyreotropic hormone in blood at a decreased content of tyronins in the thyroid gland, and with the effect of discoupling of oxidative phosphorylation induced by ultrasound in the liver mitochondria at a decreased consumption of oxygen.", "contents": "[Effect of ultrasonic energy on serum thyronine levels]. Changes of total iodine (T.I.) and protein-bound iodine (P.B.I.) content in the blood serum of male rats exposed to ultrasound of different intensity (0.2; 0.6 and 1.0 W/cm2) are described and examined at different time intervals after the exposure. Increased content of T.I. and P.B.I. in the blood serum was observed, chronic group included. The above effect is suggested to result from activated secretion of serotonins to the perypheric blood channel. It is connected with an increased amount of thyreotropic hormone in blood at a decreased content of tyronins in the thyroid gland, and with the effect of discoupling of oxidative phosphorylation induced by ultrasound in the liver mitochondria at a decreased consumption of oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:901820", "title": "[Relationship between hydrogen isotope turnover in tropomyosin and the ionization state of side groups].", "content": "The influence of side group charge of tropomyosin (TM) on hydrogen-deuterium exchange kinetics in wet TM films is shown to depend solely on the change in alpha-helix conformational motility with the charge. For TM films cast from alkaline solutions the less is the positive charge of basic side groups, the higher is found to be conformational motility of both flexible and rigid alpha-helical regions of TM molecules. For TM films cast from acid solutions the conformational motility of the both types of alpha-helices is shown to be the lowest and independent on the charge.", "contents": "[Relationship between hydrogen isotope turnover in tropomyosin and the ionization state of side groups]. The influence of side group charge of tropomyosin (TM) on hydrogen-deuterium exchange kinetics in wet TM films is shown to depend solely on the change in alpha-helix conformational motility with the charge. For TM films cast from alkaline solutions the less is the positive charge of basic side groups, the higher is found to be conformational motility of both flexible and rigid alpha-helical regions of TM molecules. For TM films cast from acid solutions the conformational motility of the both types of alpha-helices is shown to be the lowest and independent on the charge."}
{"id": "PMID:901823", "title": "[Comparison of discrete models of charge transfer in thin membranes. III. Unstable conditions, large polarizing voltages].", "content": "The validity of one-jump approach to ion transfer through thin membranes is discussed. The detailed analysis is carried out for the transport scheme with slow conformational processes in the membrane volume. It is shown that there exists some difference between stationary and nonstationary values of the transfer coefficient. The second essential feature of this scheme is the appearance of a slight minimum on the relaxation curve with high voltages in the membrane system.", "contents": "[Comparison of discrete models of charge transfer in thin membranes. III. Unstable conditions, large polarizing voltages]. The validity of one-jump approach to ion transfer through thin membranes is discussed. The detailed analysis is carried out for the transport scheme with slow conformational processes in the membrane volume. It is shown that there exists some difference between stationary and nonstationary values of the transfer coefficient. The second essential feature of this scheme is the appearance of a slight minimum on the relaxation curve with high voltages in the membrane system."}
{"id": "PMID:901828", "title": "[Biophysical properties of elastic artery smooth muscle].", "content": "The electrical and contractile responses of smooth muscle cells of the rabbit a. pulmonalis and pigeon a. carotis were investigated using extracellular stimulation through sucrose gap and intracellular recording of electrotonic potentials at different distances from the sucrose partitition. Neither spontaneous nor evoked electrical and contractile activities were registered in normal Krebs solution. Current-voltage relations of these muscle cells showed marked rectification. The amplitude of anelectrotonic potentials decreased exponentially with the distance from sucrose partitition, while the time to reach the half-amplitude of the electrotonic potentials was linear function of the distance. These facts indicate that cable equations can be applied to these muscles. The space constant calculated for the rabbit a. pulmonalis was equal to 1.2 mm and that for the pigeon a. carotis--to 1.0 mm. Results of these experiments strongly suggest the existence of low resistance pathways between arterial muscle cells.", "contents": "[Biophysical properties of elastic artery smooth muscle]. The electrical and contractile responses of smooth muscle cells of the rabbit a. pulmonalis and pigeon a. carotis were investigated using extracellular stimulation through sucrose gap and intracellular recording of electrotonic potentials at different distances from the sucrose partitition. Neither spontaneous nor evoked electrical and contractile activities were registered in normal Krebs solution. Current-voltage relations of these muscle cells showed marked rectification. The amplitude of anelectrotonic potentials decreased exponentially with the distance from sucrose partitition, while the time to reach the half-amplitude of the electrotonic potentials was linear function of the distance. These facts indicate that cable equations can be applied to these muscles. The space constant calculated for the rabbit a. pulmonalis was equal to 1.2 mm and that for the pigeon a. carotis--to 1.0 mm. Results of these experiments strongly suggest the existence of low resistance pathways between arterial muscle cells."}
{"id": "PMID:901829", "title": "[Organization of the background activity of rabbit visual cortex neurons].", "content": "Algorithm of calculation of consitent approximation to real entropy and redundancy which helps to understand the connection of two or more related states was realized by means of electronic computer BECM-6. Different laws of changes of information estimates dependeing on the number of approximation and the pitch of temporary quantum of messages corresponded to every type of cell impulsation of rabbits' visual cortex--arrhithimical, grouping and regular. The connections between the laws of impulse succession organization and some of its parameters were revealed. The results of studying the models of casual and deterministic pulse trains were compared.", "contents": "[Organization of the background activity of rabbit visual cortex neurons]. Algorithm of calculation of consitent approximation to real entropy and redundancy which helps to understand the connection of two or more related states was realized by means of electronic computer BECM-6. Different laws of changes of information estimates dependeing on the number of approximation and the pitch of temporary quantum of messages corresponded to every type of cell impulsation of rabbits' visual cortex--arrhithimical, grouping and regular. The connections between the laws of impulse succession organization and some of its parameters were revealed. The results of studying the models of casual and deterministic pulse trains were compared."}
{"id": "PMID:901830", "title": "[Integral characteristics of the eletrical generator of the human heart].", "content": "Integral characteristics of the cardiac electrical generator, namely the dipole moment vector, position of the moving electrical center and the complexity parameter (relative quadrupolar potential), are presented for a group of healthy middle-aged men. The characteristics are determined as a result of mathematical processing of electrical potential distribution on the torso surface and geometrical parameters of this surface in a digital computer. The values of the surface potentials and coordinates were obtained by means of experimental measurements using a special automatized measuring system for investigating the cardiac electrical field. Main qualitative properties of the integral characteristics and their possible diagnostic significance are discussed.", "contents": "[Integral characteristics of the eletrical generator of the human heart]. Integral characteristics of the cardiac electrical generator, namely the dipole moment vector, position of the moving electrical center and the complexity parameter (relative quadrupolar potential), are presented for a group of healthy middle-aged men. The characteristics are determined as a result of mathematical processing of electrical potential distribution on the torso surface and geometrical parameters of this surface in a digital computer. The values of the surface potentials and coordinates were obtained by means of experimental measurements using a special automatized measuring system for investigating the cardiac electrical field. Main qualitative properties of the integral characteristics and their possible diagnostic significance are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901832", "title": "[Torsion movements of the human eye. III. Rapid phase of torsion].", "content": "Kinematic characteristics of torsional saccades and their peculiarities were investigated. The torsional saccades were found to occur simultaniously in both eyes and had the same size and duration. It was shown that the peak velocity and the duration of the saccades depend on their amplitudes. The number of the saccades decreased and their sizes increased when the head tilts were faster. In the case intervals between the saccades decreased up to 20-30 ms. The likeness of the torsional movements and rotatory nistagmus was discussed.", "contents": "[Torsion movements of the human eye. III. Rapid phase of torsion]. Kinematic characteristics of torsional saccades and their peculiarities were investigated. The torsional saccades were found to occur simultaniously in both eyes and had the same size and duration. It was shown that the peak velocity and the duration of the saccades depend on their amplitudes. The number of the saccades decreased and their sizes increased when the head tilts were faster. In the case intervals between the saccades decreased up to 20-30 ms. The likeness of the torsional movements and rotatory nistagmus was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901833", "title": "[Resolving capacity of the human auditory analyzer].", "content": "Resolution of human auditory analyser to tine-impulse signals in the noise has been studied AX method was put in the basis of the experiment. Signals were the sinusoid intercepts. Relationships between probability of erroneous distinguishing of the signals and untuning, signal/noise and number of periods in the frequency range from 150 to 4800 Hz. It has been shown that the accepting auditory properties are invariants to the time transformations, the wave number of the sinusoid being the determining characteristics of the stimulus. A concept of frequency--time band of the auditory system is introduced. Its width according to the experimental data depends on the signal/noise ratio.", "contents": "[Resolving capacity of the human auditory analyzer]. Resolution of human auditory analyser to tine-impulse signals in the noise has been studied AX method was put in the basis of the experiment. Signals were the sinusoid intercepts. Relationships between probability of erroneous distinguishing of the signals and untuning, signal/noise and number of periods in the frequency range from 150 to 4800 Hz. It has been shown that the accepting auditory properties are invariants to the time transformations, the wave number of the sinusoid being the determining characteristics of the stimulus. A concept of frequency--time band of the auditory system is introduced. Its width according to the experimental data depends on the signal/noise ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:901838", "title": "[Decrease in the electrical stability of lipid membranes following UV-irradiation].", "content": "The influence of UV-irradiation on the electrical stability of black lipid membranes (BLM) prepared from mitochondrial lipids has been studied. The breakdown voltage of BLM is shown to decrease as a result of photoperoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid chains of phospholipids. It appears reasonable to assume that the UV-radiation induces the dielectric breakdown and alteration of functions of cell membranes (i.e. UV-uncoupling of oxidative phorylation in mitochondria).", "contents": "[Decrease in the electrical stability of lipid membranes following UV-irradiation]. The influence of UV-irradiation on the electrical stability of black lipid membranes (BLM) prepared from mitochondrial lipids has been studied. The breakdown voltage of BLM is shown to decrease as a result of photoperoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid chains of phospholipids. It appears reasonable to assume that the UV-radiation induces the dielectric breakdown and alteration of functions of cell membranes (i.e. UV-uncoupling of oxidative phorylation in mitochondria)."}
{"id": "PMID:901840", "title": "[Potential difference across the membrane of subcellular particles. V. Generation of potential differences by mitochondria and submitochondrial particles under anaerobic conditions].", "content": "It is shown by the mehtod of penetrating ions that Site O and I of the respiratory chain of submitochondrial particles are able to generate a membrane potential of the normal value under anaerobic conditons. When succinate is an electron donor and ferricyanide-an acceptor (Site II), the oxygen addition sharply increases the membrane potential at pH above 7.5 and does not change or even decreases it in reaction conditions more acid than pH 6.5. The generation of the membrane potential at low pH and in the absence of oxygen is predicted by the chemielectric hypothesis and cannot be explained by the chemiosmotic one. Mitochondria usually generate the membrane potential without O2 at pH 7.5 in the presence of ferricyanide when the substrate concentration exceeds 5 mM.", "contents": "[Potential difference across the membrane of subcellular particles. V. Generation of potential differences by mitochondria and submitochondrial particles under anaerobic conditions]. It is shown by the mehtod of penetrating ions that Site O and I of the respiratory chain of submitochondrial particles are able to generate a membrane potential of the normal value under anaerobic conditons. When succinate is an electron donor and ferricyanide-an acceptor (Site II), the oxygen addition sharply increases the membrane potential at pH above 7.5 and does not change or even decreases it in reaction conditions more acid than pH 6.5. The generation of the membrane potential at low pH and in the absence of oxygen is predicted by the chemielectric hypothesis and cannot be explained by the chemiosmotic one. Mitochondria usually generate the membrane potential without O2 at pH 7.5 in the presence of ferricyanide when the substrate concentration exceeds 5 mM."}
{"id": "PMID:901842", "title": "[Determination of the quantity of useful information in the spike responses of nerve cells].", "content": "The new method for quantitative estimation of useful information in the nerve cells responses is suggested. This modification of Charkevich method is based on the calculation of aposterior probabilities of events. The method is applied for the calculation of amount of useful information in the nerve cells responses. It is shown that the quantity of useful information in the nerve cells responses is increased in the course of adaptation processes.", "contents": "[Determination of the quantity of useful information in the spike responses of nerve cells]. The new method for quantitative estimation of useful information in the nerve cells responses is suggested. This modification of Charkevich method is based on the calculation of aposterior probabilities of events. The method is applied for the calculation of amount of useful information in the nerve cells responses. It is shown that the quantity of useful information in the nerve cells responses is increased in the course of adaptation processes."}
{"id": "PMID:901849", "title": "Biofeedback heart rate training during exercise.", "content": "Eighteen healthy human subjects participated in weekly sessions of five 10-minute trials of walking on a treadmill at 2.5 mph and 6% grade. Eight experimental subjects received beat-to-beat heart rate biofeedback during the exercise and were instructed to try to lower their heart rates; ten control subjects did not receive feedback. By the end of 5 weeks (25 trials), the experimental group showed a significantly lower mean heart rate (96.8 vs. 108.6 bpm), systolic blood pressure (114.0 vs. 131.3 mmHg), and rate--pressure product (11.0 X 10(3) vs. 14.3 X 10(3) bpm-mmHg) during exercise than the control group. These differences were maintained after crossover of the feedback provision for five more weeks.", "contents": "Biofeedback heart rate training during exercise. Eighteen healthy human subjects participated in weekly sessions of five 10-minute trials of walking on a treadmill at 2.5 mph and 6% grade. Eight experimental subjects received beat-to-beat heart rate biofeedback during the exercise and were instructed to try to lower their heart rates; ten control subjects did not receive feedback. By the end of 5 weeks (25 trials), the experimental group showed a significantly lower mean heart rate (96.8 vs. 108.6 bpm), systolic blood pressure (114.0 vs. 131.3 mmHg), and rate--pressure product (11.0 X 10(3) vs. 14.3 X 10(3) bpm-mmHg) during exercise than the control group. These differences were maintained after crossover of the feedback provision for five more weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:901843", "title": "[Activity of reticulospinal neurons during the scratch reflex].", "content": "The activity of reticulo-spinal (RS) neurons was recorded in thalamic and decerebrate cats during actual and \"fictition\" scratching. Most RS neurons were silent during scratching, but some exhibitied a distinct modulation of their discharge related to the rhythmical activity of motoneurons. They were excited during the flexor phase and inhibited during the extensor phase of the cycle. The pattern of modulation was identical both in actual and in \"fictitions\" scratching.", "contents": "[Activity of reticulospinal neurons during the scratch reflex]. The activity of reticulo-spinal (RS) neurons was recorded in thalamic and decerebrate cats during actual and \"fictition\" scratching. Most RS neurons were silent during scratching, but some exhibitied a distinct modulation of their discharge related to the rhythmical activity of motoneurons. They were excited during the flexor phase and inhibited during the extensor phase of the cycle. The pattern of modulation was identical both in actual and in \"fictitions\" scratching."}
{"id": "PMID:901850", "title": "Baroreflex sensitivity during operant blood pressure conditioning.", "content": "Baroreflex sensitivity was measured in baboons operantly conditioned to increase their diastolic blood pressure in daily, 12-hr sessions, by using the extent of increases in interpulse interval per unit of increase in systolic pressure after intravenous phenylephrine injection as an index of baroreflex sensitivity. Following training, baroreflex sensitivity increases averaging 32% were observed before and after the 12-hr conditioning sessions. During the conditioning sessions, however, consistent diastolic blood pressure elevations averaging 17% (14 mmHg) were accompanied by significant decreases in baroreflex sensitivity averaging 44% relative to the increased \"before\" and \"after\" sensitivity levels. The results suggest that changes in baroreflex sensitivity participate in operantly conditioned blood pressure changes.", "contents": "Baroreflex sensitivity during operant blood pressure conditioning. Baroreflex sensitivity was measured in baboons operantly conditioned to increase their diastolic blood pressure in daily, 12-hr sessions, by using the extent of increases in interpulse interval per unit of increase in systolic pressure after intravenous phenylephrine injection as an index of baroreflex sensitivity. Following training, baroreflex sensitivity increases averaging 32% were observed before and after the 12-hr conditioning sessions. During the conditioning sessions, however, consistent diastolic blood pressure elevations averaging 17% (14 mmHg) were accompanied by significant decreases in baroreflex sensitivity averaging 44% relative to the increased \"before\" and \"after\" sensitivity levels. The results suggest that changes in baroreflex sensitivity participate in operantly conditioned blood pressure changes."}
{"id": "PMID:901851", "title": "Effects of cognitively induced anxiety on hand temperature.", "content": "This study explored the relationship of cognitively induced anxiety and hand temperature reduction in a nonclinical sample. Forty college students were randomly assigned to either the Anxiety Group or the Pleasant Group. Following a baseline period, individuals in the Anxiety Group discussed with the experimenter topics which were anxiety-producing for them. Individuals in the Pleasant Group discussed topics of a pleasant nature. During these discussions, hand temperatures were recorded from the palmar surface of the third finger on the dominant hand. Data analysis indicated that hand temperature decreases were significant only in subjects discussing anxiety-producing topics.", "contents": "Effects of cognitively induced anxiety on hand temperature. This study explored the relationship of cognitively induced anxiety and hand temperature reduction in a nonclinical sample. Forty college students were randomly assigned to either the Anxiety Group or the Pleasant Group. Following a baseline period, individuals in the Anxiety Group discussed with the experimenter topics which were anxiety-producing for them. Individuals in the Pleasant Group discussed topics of a pleasant nature. During these discussions, hand temperatures were recorded from the palmar surface of the third finger on the dominant hand. Data analysis indicated that hand temperature decreases were significant only in subjects discussing anxiety-producing topics."}
{"id": "PMID:901852", "title": "The use of myoelectric feedback in teaching facial expression to the blind.", "content": "Five blind subjects were provided with an auditory \"mirror\" of their facial activity by transducing myoelectric signals from facial muscles into sound. Expressions of happiness, surprise, and anger were defined primarily by involvement of the zygomaticus, the frontalis, and the corrugator, respectively. These muscles were connected through separate voltage-controlled oscilllators to separate loudspeakers, such that each muscle activated a different speaker. Motion pictures taken before and after training were assembled in random order and were shown to preselected judges who attempted to identify the expressions. The judges were correct significantly more often on the posttraining expressions. Appropriateness and adequacy of expressions, as rated by the judges, also improved significantly as a result of training.", "contents": "The use of myoelectric feedback in teaching facial expression to the blind. Five blind subjects were provided with an auditory \"mirror\" of their facial activity by transducing myoelectric signals from facial muscles into sound. Expressions of happiness, surprise, and anger were defined primarily by involvement of the zygomaticus, the frontalis, and the corrugator, respectively. These muscles were connected through separate voltage-controlled oscilllators to separate loudspeakers, such that each muscle activated a different speaker. Motion pictures taken before and after training were assembled in random order and were shown to preselected judges who attempted to identify the expressions. The judges were correct significantly more often on the posttraining expressions. Appropriateness and adequacy of expressions, as rated by the judges, also improved significantly as a result of training."}
{"id": "PMID:901853", "title": "Biofeedback in the treatment of long-term temporomandibular joint pain: an outcome study.", "content": "Eleven patients with long-term pain related to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) were trained in tension awareness and relaxation using feedback of muscle tension level in the masseter through a digital display. At a follow-up examination 4-15 months after the termination of treatment, 8 of the 11 patients were totally symptom-free or significantly better; 1 patient was slightly better, and there was no effect for 2 patients. Possible reasons for failure and sex differences are discussed.", "contents": "Biofeedback in the treatment of long-term temporomandibular joint pain: an outcome study. Eleven patients with long-term pain related to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) were trained in tension awareness and relaxation using feedback of muscle tension level in the masseter through a digital display. At a follow-up examination 4-15 months after the termination of treatment, 8 of the 11 patients were totally symptom-free or significantly better; 1 patient was slightly better, and there was no effect for 2 patients. Possible reasons for failure and sex differences are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901856", "title": "Self-regulation of hemispheric asymmetry.", "content": "This study was performed to determine if individuals could demonstrate self-regulation of average EEG power of one hemisphere in comparison to the other. Temporal EEG was recorded from 8 males and 6 females. After a practice session, the subjects were instructed to increase or decrease the practice session, the subjects were instructed to increase or decrease the ratio of left to right temporal EEG. The subjects were given on-line feedback in the form of a graph presented via a computer display screen. The study demonstrated a significant ability of the subjects to change differentially the hemispheric power ratios upon instruction.", "contents": "Self-regulation of hemispheric asymmetry. This study was performed to determine if individuals could demonstrate self-regulation of average EEG power of one hemisphere in comparison to the other. Temporal EEG was recorded from 8 males and 6 females. After a practice session, the subjects were instructed to increase or decrease the practice session, the subjects were instructed to increase or decrease the ratio of left to right temporal EEG. The subjects were given on-line feedback in the form of a graph presented via a computer display screen. The study demonstrated a significant ability of the subjects to change differentially the hemispheric power ratios upon instruction."}
{"id": "PMID:901857", "title": "Biofeedback, self-control, and self-management.", "content": "A common goal of biofeedback is self-control of physiologic responses. The conceptions and paradigms of the literature on self-control of motoric and cognitive responses were surveyed to provide a basis for the self-control of physiologic responses. An operational definition of self-control was advanced, and self-control was placed in the framework of a general self-management strategy which included discrimination and maintenance components.", "contents": "Biofeedback, self-control, and self-management. A common goal of biofeedback is self-control of physiologic responses. The conceptions and paradigms of the literature on self-control of motoric and cognitive responses were surveyed to provide a basis for the self-control of physiologic responses. An operational definition of self-control was advanced, and self-control was placed in the framework of a general self-management strategy which included discrimination and maintenance components."}
{"id": "PMID:901858", "title": "Biofeedback-assisted EMG relaxation for urinary retention and incontinence: a case report.", "content": "A 27-year-old woman with chronic urinary retention and incontinence since infancy was treated for 8 months with frontal electromyographic relaxation training. Urinary control and sensations of bladder fullness were obtained for the first time in the patient's history. Residual urine readings showed marked improvement. Application of EMG biofeedback to other bladder disorders is discussed.", "contents": "Biofeedback-assisted EMG relaxation for urinary retention and incontinence: a case report. A 27-year-old woman with chronic urinary retention and incontinence since infancy was treated for 8 months with frontal electromyographic relaxation training. Urinary control and sensations of bladder fullness were obtained for the first time in the patient's history. Residual urine readings showed marked improvement. Application of EMG biofeedback to other bladder disorders is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901876", "title": "Technique for in situ perfusion of the guinea pig placenta.", "content": "A simple technique is described for perfusing the guinea pig placenta in situ through the umbilical circulation. Flow rates, perfusion pressures, and transplacental electrical potential gradients were maintained for the duration of the perfusions (1--2h) at values reported for the exteriorised fetus. Terminally, the placentae were shown to be uniformly perfused and of normal weight.", "contents": "Technique for in situ perfusion of the guinea pig placenta. A simple technique is described for perfusing the guinea pig placenta in situ through the umbilical circulation. Flow rates, perfusion pressures, and transplacental electrical potential gradients were maintained for the duration of the perfusions (1--2h) at values reported for the exteriorised fetus. Terminally, the placentae were shown to be uniformly perfused and of normal weight."}
{"id": "PMID:901877", "title": "The effect of prenatal fructose infusions upon metabolic condition of the newborn.", "content": "Changes of total blood sugars, glucose, fructose, lactate, pyruvate, acid-base balance and free fatty acids were followed in 15 healthy newborns whose mothers received fructose infusions during labour. The results were compared with 20 control newborns and with 10 newborns after prenatal glucose infusions. The levels of total blood sugars during 24 h after infusions remained higher after fructose than in 2 other groups. The values of lactate and pyruvate increased, but the lactate/pyruvate ratio remained unchanged. The free fatty acids were lower than in the control group. Results show that fructose is not a suitable source of energy for the human fetus even under normal conditions.", "contents": "The effect of prenatal fructose infusions upon metabolic condition of the newborn. Changes of total blood sugars, glucose, fructose, lactate, pyruvate, acid-base balance and free fatty acids were followed in 15 healthy newborns whose mothers received fructose infusions during labour. The results were compared with 20 control newborns and with 10 newborns after prenatal glucose infusions. The levels of total blood sugars during 24 h after infusions remained higher after fructose than in 2 other groups. The values of lactate and pyruvate increased, but the lactate/pyruvate ratio remained unchanged. The free fatty acids were lower than in the control group. Results show that fructose is not a suitable source of energy for the human fetus even under normal conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:901878", "title": "Development of perirenal adipose tissue in the neonatal lamb: effects of dietary safflower oil.", "content": "Perirenal adipose tissue development was investigated in lambs from birth until 17 days of age. Changes in the morphology, the lipid, protein, RNA and DNA content, the adipocyte number and size, and the rate of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis of the perirenal fat-pads are reported. During the first 9 days after birth the tissue lost the morphological characteristics of brown adipose tissue and acquired those of white adipose tissue. As there was no change in either the number of adipocytes or the DNA content of the fat-pads between birth and 9 days of age it is concluded that there was a differentiation of brown into white adipocytes. Over 80% of the increase in tissue weight between birth and 17 days of age was due to lipid deposition. Administration of safflower oil to the lambs had no apparent effect on the change from brown to white fat, but it markedly reduced the rate of lipid deposition between days 9 and 17 post partum.", "contents": "Development of perirenal adipose tissue in the neonatal lamb: effects of dietary safflower oil. Perirenal adipose tissue development was investigated in lambs from birth until 17 days of age. Changes in the morphology, the lipid, protein, RNA and DNA content, the adipocyte number and size, and the rate of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis of the perirenal fat-pads are reported. During the first 9 days after birth the tissue lost the morphological characteristics of brown adipose tissue and acquired those of white adipose tissue. As there was no change in either the number of adipocytes or the DNA content of the fat-pads between birth and 9 days of age it is concluded that there was a differentiation of brown into white adipocytes. Over 80% of the increase in tissue weight between birth and 17 days of age was due to lipid deposition. Administration of safflower oil to the lambs had no apparent effect on the change from brown to white fat, but it markedly reduced the rate of lipid deposition between days 9 and 17 post partum."}
{"id": "PMID:901879", "title": "Incorporation in vivo of 1-14C-palmitic acid into placental and fetal liver lipids of the rabbit.", "content": "The incorporation of free fatty acid into the placental and fetal liver lipids of rabbits was studied after fetal injections of albumin-bound 1-14C-palmitic acid. The fetuses were killed either 5--10 or 10--20 min after the injection. The placentas and livers were extracted for lipids and the specific activities of triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), free fatty acids (FFA), monoglycerides (MG) and diglycerides (DG) measured. The lipids of the liver and placenta took up 17.0 and 3.6% of the dose, respectively, and of that liver TG accounted for 74% and the placental TG 34% of the label in each tissue. Most of the remaining counts were in the PL fraction with the rest more or less evely distributed between the FFA, DG and MG fractions. No activity was recorded in the cholesterol esters. The placental TG, PL, DG and MG specific activities reached the same level as that of the placental FFA, while in the liver these esters had higher specific activities (than the liver FFA). The liver TG, DG and PL had higher specific activities when compared with those of the placenta. The specific activity of the placental FFA was lower at 10--20 min than at 5--10 min; the opposite was seen for the placental TG. No time-related changes were seen in the liver lipids. It is concluded that (i) both placenta and fetal liver incorporate FFA into glycerides and PL; (ii) the liver incorporates FFA more rapidly and to a greater extent than the placenta; (iii) most of the FFA is incorporated into TG and to a lesser extent (PL; (iv) in both organs hydrolysis of PL or TG occurs. These results are discussed with reference to placental transport of FFA and fetal fat metabolism.", "contents": "Incorporation in vivo of 1-14C-palmitic acid into placental and fetal liver lipids of the rabbit. The incorporation of free fatty acid into the placental and fetal liver lipids of rabbits was studied after fetal injections of albumin-bound 1-14C-palmitic acid. The fetuses were killed either 5--10 or 10--20 min after the injection. The placentas and livers were extracted for lipids and the specific activities of triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), free fatty acids (FFA), monoglycerides (MG) and diglycerides (DG) measured. The lipids of the liver and placenta took up 17.0 and 3.6% of the dose, respectively, and of that liver TG accounted for 74% and the placental TG 34% of the label in each tissue. Most of the remaining counts were in the PL fraction with the rest more or less evely distributed between the FFA, DG and MG fractions. No activity was recorded in the cholesterol esters. The placental TG, PL, DG and MG specific activities reached the same level as that of the placental FFA, while in the liver these esters had higher specific activities (than the liver FFA). The liver TG, DG and PL had higher specific activities when compared with those of the placenta. The specific activity of the placental FFA was lower at 10--20 min than at 5--10 min; the opposite was seen for the placental TG. No time-related changes were seen in the liver lipids. It is concluded that (i) both placenta and fetal liver incorporate FFA into glycerides and PL; (ii) the liver incorporates FFA more rapidly and to a greater extent than the placenta; (iii) most of the FFA is incorporated into TG and to a lesser extent (PL; (iv) in both organs hydrolysis of PL or TG occurs. These results are discussed with reference to placental transport of FFA and fetal fat metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:901880", "title": "Factors affecting materno-fetal transfer of iron in the rat.", "content": "Materno-fetal transfer of iron was studied in the rat under various conditions affecting maternal iron kinetics. A low maternal plasma iron turnover rate (PITR), whether due to a low serum iron concentration or a reduced plasma volume, was associated with a decrease in the amount of iron transported to the fetuses. Conversely, a high PITR due to iron overload and a high serum iron concentration, produced a marked increase in the amount of iron received by the fetuses. No such increase was observed in fetuses of mothers made anemic by bleeding or phenylhydrazine, in whom both the PITR and erythropoietic activity were increased, persumably due to maternal competition for iron. The amount of iron crossing to the fetuses, therefore, is affected by the interplay of two conflicting factors: the PITR and maternal needs for iron, as dictated by the level of erythropoietic activity.", "contents": "Factors affecting materno-fetal transfer of iron in the rat. Materno-fetal transfer of iron was studied in the rat under various conditions affecting maternal iron kinetics. A low maternal plasma iron turnover rate (PITR), whether due to a low serum iron concentration or a reduced plasma volume, was associated with a decrease in the amount of iron transported to the fetuses. Conversely, a high PITR due to iron overload and a high serum iron concentration, produced a marked increase in the amount of iron received by the fetuses. No such increase was observed in fetuses of mothers made anemic by bleeding or phenylhydrazine, in whom both the PITR and erythropoietic activity were increased, persumably due to maternal competition for iron. The amount of iron crossing to the fetuses, therefore, is affected by the interplay of two conflicting factors: the PITR and maternal needs for iron, as dictated by the level of erythropoietic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:901882", "title": "Symptomatic neonatal plethora.", "content": "Blood volume and clinical data are reported on 8 premature and 3 full-term infants who presented with symptoms apparently due to polycythemia or hypervolemia. These cases termed 'symptomatic neonatal plethora' were caused by large placental transfusions associated with delayed clamping of the umbilical cord. Tachypnea, mild cyanosis, plethoric skin color, and neurological depression persisted on average for 30 h after birth. Chest X-rays showed mild cardiomegaly, pulmonary congestion and edema, and pleural effusions. Although the course was in general benign, phlebotomy was considered to be indicated in three infants to treat progressive clinical deterioration. The symptomatology and blood volume on these infants were compared with infants in an ongoing study with controlled time of cord clamping. Neonatal plethora must be considered as one cause of 'transient tachypnea of the newborn'.", "contents": "Symptomatic neonatal plethora. Blood volume and clinical data are reported on 8 premature and 3 full-term infants who presented with symptoms apparently due to polycythemia or hypervolemia. These cases termed 'symptomatic neonatal plethora' were caused by large placental transfusions associated with delayed clamping of the umbilical cord. Tachypnea, mild cyanosis, plethoric skin color, and neurological depression persisted on average for 30 h after birth. Chest X-rays showed mild cardiomegaly, pulmonary congestion and edema, and pleural effusions. Although the course was in general benign, phlebotomy was considered to be indicated in three infants to treat progressive clinical deterioration. The symptomatology and blood volume on these infants were compared with infants in an ongoing study with controlled time of cord clamping. Neonatal plethora must be considered as one cause of 'transient tachypnea of the newborn'."}
{"id": "PMID:901883", "title": "Phenobarbital-induced brain growth retardation in artificially reared rat pups.", "content": "Phenobarbital was administered daily to rat pups during the period of their brain growth spurt. A new technique for artificially rearing rat pups, using chronic intragastric feeding cannulas, was used to prevent drug-induced undernutrition. Rats, receiving neonatal phenobarbital, experienced a marked interruption of early brain growth, although their body weights reflected normal growth.", "contents": "Phenobarbital-induced brain growth retardation in artificially reared rat pups. Phenobarbital was administered daily to rat pups during the period of their brain growth spurt. A new technique for artificially rearing rat pups, using chronic intragastric feeding cannulas, was used to prevent drug-induced undernutrition. Rats, receiving neonatal phenobarbital, experienced a marked interruption of early brain growth, although their body weights reflected normal growth."}
{"id": "PMID:901884", "title": "The fibrinolytic pathway in the human fetus.", "content": "The fibrinolytic pathway and the protease inhibitors in 12 to 24-and 24-to 36-week-old fetuses were examined and compared with full-term newborns. The activity of the fibrinolytic system, as well as the values of the protease inhibitors approach the normal values progressively with the embryonic maturation.", "contents": "The fibrinolytic pathway in the human fetus. The fibrinolytic pathway and the protease inhibitors in 12 to 24-and 24-to 36-week-old fetuses were examined and compared with full-term newborns. The activity of the fibrinolytic system, as well as the values of the protease inhibitors approach the normal values progressively with the embryonic maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:901899", "title": "A study of conduction velocity in nonmyelinated nerve fibers.", "content": "By treating a nonmyelinated nerve fiber as a continuous cable consisting of three distinct zones (Resting, transitional, and excited), the following mathematical expression was derived: (formula: see text) where v is the conduction velocity, d the diameter of the fiber, R the resistance of the membrane of unit area at the peak of excitation, rho the resistivity of the  medium inside the fiber, and C the capacity of membrane per unit area. The validity of this expression was demonstrated by using squid giant nerve fibers intracellularly perfused with dilute salt solutions. The relationship between these results and previous theories and experiments on conduction velocity is discussed.", "contents": "A study of conduction velocity in nonmyelinated nerve fibers. By treating a nonmyelinated nerve fiber as a continuous cable consisting of three distinct zones (Resting, transitional, and excited), the following mathematical expression was derived: (formula: see text) where v is the conduction velocity, d the diameter of the fiber, R the resistance of the membrane of unit area at the peak of excitation, rho the resistivity of the  medium inside the fiber, and C the capacity of membrane per unit area. The validity of this expression was demonstrated by using squid giant nerve fibers intracellularly perfused with dilute salt solutions. The relationship between these results and previous theories and experiments on conduction velocity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901900", "title": "Calcium diffusion in transient and steady states in muscle.", "content": "Rates of diffusion through the extracellular space of thin sheets of myocardium from the right ventricular outflow tract of kittens were estimated at 23 degrees C for 45Ca2+ and an inert reference tracer, [14C]sucrose. The myocardial sheets were mounted in an Ussing chamber and equilibrated with Tyrode solution with varied calcium concentrations, Cao. The tracers were added to one side and their concentrations on the other side measured at 5-15-min intervals for 6 h. The apparent tracer diffusion coefficient for sucrose was 1.11 +/- 0.06 X 10(-6) cm2s-1 (mean +/- SEM, n = 74), 22% of the free diffusion coefficient; the lag time before reaching a steady state provided estimates of the intratissue volume of distribution or diffusion space of 0.41 +/- 0.15 ml/ml tissue (n = 74), a value compatible with expectations for extracellular fluid space. Over the range of Cao from 0.02 to 9.0 mM, the intratissue apparent diffusion coefficient for Ca, DCa, averaged 1.65 +/- 0.10 X 10(-6) cm2s-1, n = 74, which is 21% of the free DoCa, and was not influenced by Cao. Because transsarcolemmal Ca permeation is slow, DCa is the diffusion coefficient in the extracellular region. The paired ratios DCa/Ds averaged 1.32 +/- 0.05 (n = 67) for all levels of Cao but at physiologic or higher Cao averaged 1.45 +/- 0.07 (n = 39), close to the ratio of free diffusion coefficients, 1.53. Equations distinguishing transient from steady state diffusion were fitted to the data, showing that the apparent distribution volume of \"binding sites\" external to the diffusion pathway diminished at higher Cao in a fashion suggesting that a least two different Ca2+ binding sites were present.", "contents": "Calcium diffusion in transient and steady states in muscle. Rates of diffusion through the extracellular space of thin sheets of myocardium from the right ventricular outflow tract of kittens were estimated at 23 degrees C for 45Ca2+ and an inert reference tracer, [14C]sucrose. The myocardial sheets were mounted in an Ussing chamber and equilibrated with Tyrode solution with varied calcium concentrations, Cao. The tracers were added to one side and their concentrations on the other side measured at 5-15-min intervals for 6 h. The apparent tracer diffusion coefficient for sucrose was 1.11 +/- 0.06 X 10(-6) cm2s-1 (mean +/- SEM, n = 74), 22% of the free diffusion coefficient; the lag time before reaching a steady state provided estimates of the intratissue volume of distribution or diffusion space of 0.41 +/- 0.15 ml/ml tissue (n = 74), a value compatible with expectations for extracellular fluid space. Over the range of Cao from 0.02 to 9.0 mM, the intratissue apparent diffusion coefficient for Ca, DCa, averaged 1.65 +/- 0.10 X 10(-6) cm2s-1, n = 74, which is 21% of the free DoCa, and was not influenced by Cao. Because transsarcolemmal Ca permeation is slow, DCa is the diffusion coefficient in the extracellular region. The paired ratios DCa/Ds averaged 1.32 +/- 0.05 (n = 67) for all levels of Cao but at physiologic or higher Cao averaged 1.45 +/- 0.07 (n = 39), close to the ratio of free diffusion coefficients, 1.53. Equations distinguishing transient from steady state diffusion were fitted to the data, showing that the apparent distribution volume of \"binding sites\" external to the diffusion pathway diminished at higher Cao in a fashion suggesting that a least two different Ca2+ binding sites were present."}
{"id": "PMID:901901", "title": "An osmometer model for changes in the buoyant density of chromaffin granules.", "content": "We present a model for the structure of isolated bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin granules derived from the dependence of granule density on the osmotic pressure of the suspension medium at 2 degrees C. The granule consists of a flexible, inelastic membrane bounding an osmotically active core. The core consists of a solution space and a separate, nonosmotic phase. Since the granule behaves like a \"perfect\" osmometer over a wide range of osmolarities, we conclude that (a) within these limits, the core consists of a constant amount of condensed material and a constant number of particles in solution, (b) from the constraints of the osmometer model, the osmolality inside the granule must equal the osmolality outside. Therefore the high concentrations of catecholamines (greater than 0.7 M) and ATP (greater than 0.18 M) measured biochemically cannot be dissolved in the core solution as separate molecules, but must be condensed into larger aggregates. These results are supported by electron micrographic examination of the effect of osmotic pressure changes on granule morphology.", "contents": "An osmometer model for changes in the buoyant density of chromaffin granules. We present a model for the structure of isolated bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin granules derived from the dependence of granule density on the osmotic pressure of the suspension medium at 2 degrees C. The granule consists of a flexible, inelastic membrane bounding an osmotically active core. The core consists of a solution space and a separate, nonosmotic phase. Since the granule behaves like a \"perfect\" osmometer over a wide range of osmolarities, we conclude that (a) within these limits, the core consists of a constant amount of condensed material and a constant number of particles in solution, (b) from the constraints of the osmometer model, the osmolality inside the granule must equal the osmolality outside. Therefore the high concentrations of catecholamines (greater than 0.7 M) and ATP (greater than 0.18 M) measured biochemically cannot be dissolved in the core solution as separate molecules, but must be condensed into larger aggregates. These results are supported by electron micrographic examination of the effect of osmotic pressure changes on granule morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:901902", "title": "Hydrodynamic theory of swimming of flagellated microorganisms.", "content": "A theory of the type commonly used in polymer hydrodynamics is developed to calculate swimming properties of flagellated microorganisms. The overall shape of the particle is modeled as an array of spherical beads which act, at the same time, as frictional elements. The fluid velocity field is obtained as a function of the forces acting at each bead through Oseen-type, hydrodynamic interaction tensors. From the force and torque equilibrium conditions, such quantities as swimming velocity, angular velocity, and efficiency can be calculated. Application is made to a spherical body propelled by a helical flagellum. A recent theory by Lighthill, and earlier formulations based on tangential and normal frictional coefficients of a curved cylinder, CT and CN, are analyzed along with our theory. Although all the theories predict similar qualitative characteristics, such as optimal efficiency and the effect of fluid viscosity, they lead to rather different numerical values. In agreement with Lighthill, we found the formalisms based on CN and CT coefficients to be somewhat inaccurate, and head-flagellum interactions are shown to play an important role.", "contents": "Hydrodynamic theory of swimming of flagellated microorganisms. A theory of the type commonly used in polymer hydrodynamics is developed to calculate swimming properties of flagellated microorganisms. The overall shape of the particle is modeled as an array of spherical beads which act, at the same time, as frictional elements. The fluid velocity field is obtained as a function of the forces acting at each bead through Oseen-type, hydrodynamic interaction tensors. From the force and torque equilibrium conditions, such quantities as swimming velocity, angular velocity, and efficiency can be calculated. Application is made to a spherical body propelled by a helical flagellum. A recent theory by Lighthill, and earlier formulations based on tangential and normal frictional coefficients of a curved cylinder, CT and CN, are analyzed along with our theory. Although all the theories predict similar qualitative characteristics, such as optimal efficiency and the effect of fluid viscosity, they lead to rather different numerical values. In agreement with Lighthill, we found the formalisms based on CN and CT coefficients to be somewhat inaccurate, and head-flagellum interactions are shown to play an important role."}
{"id": "PMID:901903", "title": "Effects of internal and external cations and of ATP on sodium-calcium and calcium-calcium exchange in squid axons.", "content": "Calcium-45 efflux was measured in squid axons whose internal solute concentration was controlled by internal dialysis. Most of the Ca efflux requires either external Na (Na-Ca exchange) or external Ca plus in alkali metal ion (Ca-Ca exchange; cf. Blaustein & Russell, 1975). Both Na-Ca and Ca-Ca exchange are apparently mediated by a single mechanism because both are inhibited by Sr and Mn, and because addition of Na to an external medium optimal for Ca-Ca exchange inhibits Ca efflux. The transport involves simultaneous (as opposed to sequential) ion counterflow because the fractional saturation by internal Ca (Cai) does not affect the external Na (Nao) activation kinetics; also, Nao promotes Ca efflux whether or not an alkali metal ion is present inside, whereas Ca-Ca exchange requires alkali metal ions both internally and externally (i.e., internal and external sites must be appropriately loaded simultaneously). ATP increases the affinity of the transport mechanism for both Cai and Nao, but it does not affect the maximal transport rate at saturating [Ca2+]i and [Na+]o; this suggest that ATP may be acting as a catalyst of modulator, and not as an energy source. Hill plots of the Nao activation data yield slopes congruent to 3 for both ATP-depleted and ATP-fueled axons, compatible with a 3 Na+-for-1 Ca2+ exchange. With this stoichiometry, the Na electrochemical gradient alone could provide sufficient energy to maintain ionized [Ca2+]i in the physiological range (about 10(-7) M).", "contents": "Effects of internal and external cations and of ATP on sodium-calcium and calcium-calcium exchange in squid axons. Calcium-45 efflux was measured in squid axons whose internal solute concentration was controlled by internal dialysis. Most of the Ca efflux requires either external Na (Na-Ca exchange) or external Ca plus in alkali metal ion (Ca-Ca exchange; cf. Blaustein & Russell, 1975). Both Na-Ca and Ca-Ca exchange are apparently mediated by a single mechanism because both are inhibited by Sr and Mn, and because addition of Na to an external medium optimal for Ca-Ca exchange inhibits Ca efflux. The transport involves simultaneous (as opposed to sequential) ion counterflow because the fractional saturation by internal Ca (Cai) does not affect the external Na (Nao) activation kinetics; also, Nao promotes Ca efflux whether or not an alkali metal ion is present inside, whereas Ca-Ca exchange requires alkali metal ions both internally and externally (i.e., internal and external sites must be appropriately loaded simultaneously). ATP increases the affinity of the transport mechanism for both Cai and Nao, but it does not affect the maximal transport rate at saturating [Ca2+]i and [Na+]o; this suggest that ATP may be acting as a catalyst of modulator, and not as an energy source. Hill plots of the Nao activation data yield slopes congruent to 3 for both ATP-depleted and ATP-fueled axons, compatible with a 3 Na+-for-1 Ca2+ exchange. With this stoichiometry, the Na electrochemical gradient alone could provide sufficient energy to maintain ionized [Ca2+]i in the physiological range (about 10(-7) M)."}
{"id": "PMID:901904", "title": "Analysis of various indefinite self-associations.", "content": "Two methods have been developed for the analysis of four types of indefinite self-associations. Unlike previous treatments by others, the procedures can be applied to nonideal cases. The two methods were first tested with simulated data, and it was found that one could indeed distinguish between the four types of indefinite self-associations. For a more realistic test, sedimentation equilibrium experiments were performed on solutions of beta-lactoglobulin A at 16 degrees C in 0.15 ionic strength acetate buffer, pH 4.65. The self-association of the beta-lactoglobulin A was best described by either method as a sequential indefinite self-association having two equilibrium constants and one second virial coefficient.", "contents": "Analysis of various indefinite self-associations. Two methods have been developed for the analysis of four types of indefinite self-associations. Unlike previous treatments by others, the procedures can be applied to nonideal cases. The two methods were first tested with simulated data, and it was found that one could indeed distinguish between the four types of indefinite self-associations. For a more realistic test, sedimentation equilibrium experiments were performed on solutions of beta-lactoglobulin A at 16 degrees C in 0.15 ionic strength acetate buffer, pH 4.65. The self-association of the beta-lactoglobulin A was best described by either method as a sequential indefinite self-association having two equilibrium constants and one second virial coefficient."}
{"id": "PMID:901905", "title": "Theory of the delocalized binding of Mg(II) to DNA: preliminary analysis for low binding levels.", "content": "A simple theoretical equation for the binding of Mg2+ to DNA in the presence of excess 1:1 salt is derived from a model that does not specify discrete binding sites but rather allows the associated metal ions to move freely near the surface of the DNA polyion. Use of a numerical value for the free volume, determined uniquely, in a separate communication, by a free energy minimization, leads to predicted values for the Mg2+ binding constant that are in essential agreement with measured values taken from the literature.", "contents": "Theory of the delocalized binding of Mg(II) to DNA: preliminary analysis for low binding levels. A simple theoretical equation for the binding of Mg2+ to DNA in the presence of excess 1:1 salt is derived from a model that does not specify discrete binding sites but rather allows the associated metal ions to move freely near the surface of the DNA polyion. Use of a numerical value for the free volume, determined uniquely, in a separate communication, by a free energy minimization, leads to predicted values for the Mg2+ binding constant that are in essential agreement with measured values taken from the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:901906", "title": "On the binding of Mg2+ and Mn2+ to tRNA.", "content": "In this paper previous binding studies of Mg2+ and Mn2+ ions to tRNA's are reconsidered. Binding data of some representative examples are interpreted including interactions between charges located on the macroion. Both curved and bell-shaped Scatchard plots can be accounted for quantitatively if corrections are made for electrostatic interactions and, if necessary, for the effect of conformational changes on these interactions. It appears that there is no need to invoke more than one class of binding sites on tRNA's, meaning that the experimental binding data can be described using the same intrinsic pK value for all phosphate groups.", "contents": "On the binding of Mg2+ and Mn2+ to tRNA. In this paper previous binding studies of Mg2+ and Mn2+ ions to tRNA's are reconsidered. Binding data of some representative examples are interpreted including interactions between charges located on the macroion. Both curved and bell-shaped Scatchard plots can be accounted for quantitatively if corrections are made for electrostatic interactions and, if necessary, for the effect of conformational changes on these interactions. It appears that there is no need to invoke more than one class of binding sites on tRNA's, meaning that the experimental binding data can be described using the same intrinsic pK value for all phosphate groups."}
{"id": "PMID:901907", "title": "The effect of carbon monoxide on haem-facilitated oxygen diffusion.", "content": "The aim of this paper is to quantify the effect of small quantities of carbon monoxide on the facilitated diffusion of oxygen by haemoglobin in the steady state. It is the first phase in the study of a mathematical model for carbon monoxide poisoning. Here we extend the Wyman model for facilitated diffusion to the case in which there are two ligands. The equations are solved using an asymptotic technique developed by Murray. We obtain accurate analytic approximations for the biologically important quantities of the problem for various percentages of carbon monoxide. These are the concentrations of free oxygen, haemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin and carboxyhaemoglobin, and hence the saturation of the protein and the facilitated oxygen flux. The major effect of very small quantities of carbon monoxide on the oxygen flux is shown.", "contents": "The effect of carbon monoxide on haem-facilitated oxygen diffusion. The aim of this paper is to quantify the effect of small quantities of carbon monoxide on the facilitated diffusion of oxygen by haemoglobin in the steady state. It is the first phase in the study of a mathematical model for carbon monoxide poisoning. Here we extend the Wyman model for facilitated diffusion to the case in which there are two ligands. The equations are solved using an asymptotic technique developed by Murray. We obtain accurate analytic approximations for the biologically important quantities of the problem for various percentages of carbon monoxide. These are the concentrations of free oxygen, haemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin and carboxyhaemoglobin, and hence the saturation of the protein and the facilitated oxygen flux. The major effect of very small quantities of carbon monoxide on the oxygen flux is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:901908", "title": "On the analysis of chemical relaxation amplitudes.", "content": "The calculation of chemical relaxation amplitudes for a reaction mechanism involving an arbitrary number of thermodynamically independent steps is discussed. A formalism is developed which considerably reduces the computational labor required to derive expressions relating experimental amplitudes to thermodynamic functions and specific signal changes of elementary steps. The treatment includes the case of strong kinetic coupling between all reactions. The results are of particular interest in regard to the numerical fitting of amplitude data to an assumed mechanism.", "contents": "On the analysis of chemical relaxation amplitudes. The calculation of chemical relaxation amplitudes for a reaction mechanism involving an arbitrary number of thermodynamically independent steps is discussed. A formalism is developed which considerably reduces the computational labor required to derive expressions relating experimental amplitudes to thermodynamic functions and specific signal changes of elementary steps. The treatment includes the case of strong kinetic coupling between all reactions. The results are of particular interest in regard to the numerical fitting of amplitude data to an assumed mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:901909", "title": "Limiting laws and counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions. IV. The approach to the limit and the extraordinary stability of the charge fraction.", "content": "The limiting laws for polyelectrolyte solutions developed in previous papers of this series have been amply confirmed by measurement. A surprising result of the accumulated data is that the limiting polyelectrolyte charge fraction (fraction of fixed charges uncompensated by condensed counterions in the limit of zero concentration), persists up to concentrations of 0.1 M or even higher. Here the theory is extended in a simple manner to finite concentrations, and the stability of the charge fraction is found to be firmly based on consequences of the long-range polyelectrolyte field. The associated counterions are assumed to translate freely in a region centered on the contour axis of the polyion. The numerical value of the free volume is determined self-consistently from the axial charge density of the polyelectrolyte and is used as the general framework within which specific binding effects are treated.", "contents": "Limiting laws and counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions. IV. The approach to the limit and the extraordinary stability of the charge fraction. The limiting laws for polyelectrolyte solutions developed in previous papers of this series have been amply confirmed by measurement. A surprising result of the accumulated data is that the limiting polyelectrolyte charge fraction (fraction of fixed charges uncompensated by condensed counterions in the limit of zero concentration), persists up to concentrations of 0.1 M or even higher. Here the theory is extended in a simple manner to finite concentrations, and the stability of the charge fraction is found to be firmly based on consequences of the long-range polyelectrolyte field. The associated counterions are assumed to translate freely in a region centered on the contour axis of the polyion. The numerical value of the free volume is determined self-consistently from the axial charge density of the polyelectrolyte and is used as the general framework within which specific binding effects are treated."}
{"id": "PMID:901910", "title": "M\u00f6ssbauer and susceptibility experiments on different compounds of Fe3+-myoglobin.", "content": "The static magnetic susceptibilities of different ferric high spin and low spin compounds of myoglobin (Mb(H2O), Mb(H2O) frozen under high pressure, MbF, MbCN) were measured in the temperature region between 4.2 K and 130 K. M\u00f6ssbauer absorption experiments on Mb(H2O) and MbF were performed at different temperatures between 4.2 K and 180 K and in small magnetizing fields H less than or equal to 1 kOe. The evaluation of our experimental data was performed with a Hamiltonian describing of 3d-configuration of the ferric iron by taking into account the Coulomb repulsion of the five electrons within the 3d-shell, the crystal electric field of C2v-symmetry, and the spine-orbit coupling. The Hamiltonian contains the splitting energies of the five antibonding d-orbitals (dxy, dx2, dy2, dx2-y2, dz2) as parameters. The values of these energies were obtained by a least squares fitting procedure using our magnetic susceptibility data together with the g-factors taken from the literature. In the case of MbF the energy difference between the two lowest Kramers doublets was also determined from present M\u00f6ssbauer data. The results of the susceptibility and the M\u00f6ssbauer data are in good agreement. The splitting energies of the 3d-orbitals can be correlated to the distances between the iron and its nearest neighbours. The different positions of the iron in the compounds investigated are discussed.", "contents": "M\u00f6ssbauer and susceptibility experiments on different compounds of Fe3+-myoglobin. The static magnetic susceptibilities of different ferric high spin and low spin compounds of myoglobin (Mb(H2O), Mb(H2O) frozen under high pressure, MbF, MbCN) were measured in the temperature region between 4.2 K and 130 K. M\u00f6ssbauer absorption experiments on Mb(H2O) and MbF were performed at different temperatures between 4.2 K and 180 K and in small magnetizing fields H less than or equal to 1 kOe. The evaluation of our experimental data was performed with a Hamiltonian describing of 3d-configuration of the ferric iron by taking into account the Coulomb repulsion of the five electrons within the 3d-shell, the crystal electric field of C2v-symmetry, and the spine-orbit coupling. The Hamiltonian contains the splitting energies of the five antibonding d-orbitals (dxy, dx2, dy2, dx2-y2, dz2) as parameters. The values of these energies were obtained by a least squares fitting procedure using our magnetic susceptibility data together with the g-factors taken from the literature. In the case of MbF the energy difference between the two lowest Kramers doublets was also determined from present M\u00f6ssbauer data. The results of the susceptibility and the M\u00f6ssbauer data are in good agreement. The splitting energies of the 3d-orbitals can be correlated to the distances between the iron and its nearest neighbours. The different positions of the iron in the compounds investigated are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901911", "title": "Investigation of two deoxygenated haemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy.", "content": "Haemoglobin Haptoglobin complexes formed when [Hp+]/[Hb]= 1/1 and [Hp]/[Hb] =2/1 were investigated by 57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy. Both samples gave a spectrum consisting of a single quadrupole doublet. The temperature dependence of the quadrupole splitting was also identical for both samples. This proves that in both samples the nearest neighbour environment of the iron atom must be the same. A comparison with earlier investigations on myoglobin and haemoglobin indicates that the electronic structure of iron in the HbHp-complexes is similar to that in myoglobin.", "contents": "Investigation of two deoxygenated haemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy. Haemoglobin Haptoglobin complexes formed when [Hp+]/[Hb]= 1/1 and [Hp]/[Hb] =2/1 were investigated by 57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy. Both samples gave a spectrum consisting of a single quadrupole doublet. The temperature dependence of the quadrupole splitting was also identical for both samples. This proves that in both samples the nearest neighbour environment of the iron atom must be the same. A comparison with earlier investigations on myoglobin and haemoglobin indicates that the electronic structure of iron in the HbHp-complexes is similar to that in myoglobin."}
{"id": "PMID:901912", "title": "Application of radiationless energy transfer for distance measurements across membranes. Transition Probabilities for radiationless energy transfer within several assemblies of donors and acceptors at stationary distances.", "content": "For several 2-or 3-dimensional configurations of stationary donors and acceptors on or near a spherical membrane shell the transition probabilities for radiationless energy transfer are calculated, using F\u00f6rster's approximation obtained for Coulombic dipole-dipole interaction of the transition moments. It turns out that the difference in the refractive indices for membrane (lipid) and bulk phase (water) has only a small influence on the transition probabilities. Furthermore, the curvature of biological cell surfaces can be neglected, but affects the energy transfer across small vesicles. The ratio thickness/radius of small vesicles can be determined by measuring fluorescence quenching of excited donors by acceptors on the other side of the membrane.", "contents": "Application of radiationless energy transfer for distance measurements across membranes. Transition Probabilities for radiationless energy transfer within several assemblies of donors and acceptors at stationary distances. For several 2-or 3-dimensional configurations of stationary donors and acceptors on or near a spherical membrane shell the transition probabilities for radiationless energy transfer are calculated, using F\u00f6rster's approximation obtained for Coulombic dipole-dipole interaction of the transition moments. It turns out that the difference in the refractive indices for membrane (lipid) and bulk phase (water) has only a small influence on the transition probabilities. Furthermore, the curvature of biological cell surfaces can be neglected, but affects the energy transfer across small vesicles. The ratio thickness/radius of small vesicles can be determined by measuring fluorescence quenching of excited donors by acceptors on the other side of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:901914", "title": "An error in interpretation of double-reciprocal plots and Scatchard plots in the studies of binding of fluorescent probes to proteins, and alternative proposals for determining binding parameters.", "content": "One of the objects of experiments in which fluorochrome is added to suspensions of cell membranes is to determine the parameters n and Kp, the capacity of unit mass of protein to bind fluorochrome and the dissociation constant, respectively. Currently, these are estimated from Scatchard plots, construction of which first requires that observed fluorescence intensity be converted to moles of bound fluorochrome. This in turn is said to be possible by analysis of the intercept of a plot of reciprocal fluorescence intensity against reciprocal protein concentration. However, analysis of the classical mass action equilibrium equation, upon which the foregoing procedures are said to be based, reveals that the intercept of the double-reciprocal plot always underestimates the desired value. The error is formalized and shown to increase without bound with fluorochrome concentration. The error in turn leads to erroneous assessment of n and Kp. Alternative methods for calculating the desired parameters are proposed, based on direct plots of fluorescence intensity.", "contents": "An error in interpretation of double-reciprocal plots and Scatchard plots in the studies of binding of fluorescent probes to proteins, and alternative proposals for determining binding parameters. One of the objects of experiments in which fluorochrome is added to suspensions of cell membranes is to determine the parameters n and Kp, the capacity of unit mass of protein to bind fluorochrome and the dissociation constant, respectively. Currently, these are estimated from Scatchard plots, construction of which first requires that observed fluorescence intensity be converted to moles of bound fluorochrome. This in turn is said to be possible by analysis of the intercept of a plot of reciprocal fluorescence intensity against reciprocal protein concentration. However, analysis of the classical mass action equilibrium equation, upon which the foregoing procedures are said to be based, reveals that the intercept of the double-reciprocal plot always underestimates the desired value. The error is formalized and shown to increase without bound with fluorochrome concentration. The error in turn leads to erroneous assessment of n and Kp. Alternative methods for calculating the desired parameters are proposed, based on direct plots of fluorescence intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:901915", "title": "Kinetics of reactivation of rabbit muscle aldolase after denaturation and dissociation in various solvent media.", "content": "The denaturation of aldolase from rabbit muscle in various solvents leads to significant qualitative and quantitative differences with respect to the structural disintegration of the enzyme. The differences refer to the quaternary structure and to the conformation which is changed only slightly in MgCl2 while in guanidine-HCl or urea at pH approximately 2 the molecule is close to the state of the random coil. Using the enzymic activity as a quantitative measure for the refolding process, the reaction order and the rate constants of the processes of structure formation (vi leads to N*) are found to be identical. This observation suggests a common intermediate D in the process of renaturation after denaturation and dissociation in the different solvent media. D may be considered an intermediate state with a defined number of nucleation centers whose rapid formation is predetermined by the aminoacid sequence. As taken from the first order kinetics in the given range of enzyme concentration, transconformation reactions are rate limiting in the obligatory pathway of refolding. At low enzyme concentrations second order steps gain importance which indicates that the enzymic activity is significantly modified by the formation of the native quaternary structure.", "contents": "Kinetics of reactivation of rabbit muscle aldolase after denaturation and dissociation in various solvent media. The denaturation of aldolase from rabbit muscle in various solvents leads to significant qualitative and quantitative differences with respect to the structural disintegration of the enzyme. The differences refer to the quaternary structure and to the conformation which is changed only slightly in MgCl2 while in guanidine-HCl or urea at pH approximately 2 the molecule is close to the state of the random coil. Using the enzymic activity as a quantitative measure for the refolding process, the reaction order and the rate constants of the processes of structure formation (vi leads to N*) are found to be identical. This observation suggests a common intermediate D in the process of renaturation after denaturation and dissociation in the different solvent media. D may be considered an intermediate state with a defined number of nucleation centers whose rapid formation is predetermined by the aminoacid sequence. As taken from the first order kinetics in the given range of enzyme concentration, transconformation reactions are rate limiting in the obligatory pathway of refolding. At low enzyme concentrations second order steps gain importance which indicates that the enzymic activity is significantly modified by the formation of the native quaternary structure."}
{"id": "PMID:901916", "title": "Studies of nonlinear electrical effects of model membranes.", "content": "The structure of lipid bilayer membranes in investigated by analysis of the harmonics generated by electrical ac excitation with dc bias. For the detection of nonlinear effects this method is complementary to current relaxation experiments and may be suitable for gating current measurements at nerve membranes.", "contents": "Studies of nonlinear electrical effects of model membranes. The structure of lipid bilayer membranes in investigated by analysis of the harmonics generated by electrical ac excitation with dc bias. For the detection of nonlinear effects this method is complementary to current relaxation experiments and may be suitable for gating current measurements at nerve membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:901928", "title": "Symbiosis and the evolution of prokaryotes.", "content": "It is postulated, with support from kinetic modelling, that a succession of symbioses was the major process of evolution during the early stages of life. The process became less effective with the passage of time, while evolution by the natural selection of variants became more effective. The postulate may contribute usefully to discussions on the evolution of biochemical complexity and the structure of cells.", "contents": "Symbiosis and the evolution of prokaryotes. It is postulated, with support from kinetic modelling, that a succession of symbioses was the major process of evolution during the early stages of life. The process became less effective with the passage of time, while evolution by the natural selection of variants became more effective. The postulate may contribute usefully to discussions on the evolution of biochemical complexity and the structure of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:901929", "title": "The functional approach in biology.", "content": "The concepts of structural and functional approaches are analysed. The existence of a logical limit to the domain of applicability of the structural approach is indicated. Some sources of possible failure of the structural method in biology are pointed out. Two fundamental characteristics of biological systems, inductive development and inductive functioning, necessitating the functional approach are discussed.", "contents": "The functional approach in biology. The concepts of structural and functional approaches are analysed. The existence of a logical limit to the domain of applicability of the structural approach is indicated. Some sources of possible failure of the structural method in biology are pointed out. Two fundamental characteristics of biological systems, inductive development and inductive functioning, necessitating the functional approach are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901930", "title": "Electric field control of lipase membrane activity.", "content": "Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3., from Pseudomonas sp.) was entrapped in collagen membrane containing liquid crystal (4-methoxybenzilidene-4'-n-butylaniline). The activity of the lipase-liquid crystal membrane at an applied voltage of 4 V was 3.4 compared to a membrane tested without imposition of an external electric field. A linear relationship was observed between the activity of the lipase-liquid crystal membrane and the current. The apparent Michaelis constant (K'm) of the lipase-liquid crystal membrane under electric field was identical to that of the membrane under ordinary condition. Activation of the lipase-liquid crystal membrane was observed repeatedly, i.e., activation in the presence of an electric field and reversion to a basal level upon removal of the field occurred cyclically. Activity control of immobilized enzymes is desirable for switching devices of a bioreactor. Possible mechanisms of the lipase activation by electric field are discussed.", "contents": "Electric field control of lipase membrane activity. Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3., from Pseudomonas sp.) was entrapped in collagen membrane containing liquid crystal (4-methoxybenzilidene-4'-n-butylaniline). The activity of the lipase-liquid crystal membrane at an applied voltage of 4 V was 3.4 compared to a membrane tested without imposition of an external electric field. A linear relationship was observed between the activity of the lipase-liquid crystal membrane and the current. The apparent Michaelis constant (K'm) of the lipase-liquid crystal membrane under electric field was identical to that of the membrane under ordinary condition. Activation of the lipase-liquid crystal membrane was observed repeatedly, i.e., activation in the presence of an electric field and reversion to a basal level upon removal of the field occurred cyclically. Activity control of immobilized enzymes is desirable for switching devices of a bioreactor. Possible mechanisms of the lipase activation by electric field are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901935", "title": "Source of hydrogen peroxide and of chemiluminescence observed in activated human platelet preparations.", "content": "Human platelet suspensions can be observed to produce small amounts of H2O2 (0.04 nmoles H2O2/min/2.5 X 10(5) cells/cu mm) and measurable chemiluminescence when exposed to target particles for phagocytosis, such as latex spherules. Both H2O2 production and chemiluminescence are characteristic of phagocytosing polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and analysis of the purified platelets indicates contamination by PMN at the level of 0.2%. The amount of H2O2 produced and the chemiluminescence observed can be duplicated by adding latex spheres to a preparation of PMN at a concentration equivalent to the contaminant in the platelet preparations. We conclude that the H2O2 produced and chemiluminescence observed from activated platelets is due to the presence of small amounts of contaminating PMN. These studies emphasize the importance of controlling for PMN contamination in studies of platelet biochemistry and physiology.", "contents": "Source of hydrogen peroxide and of chemiluminescence observed in activated human platelet preparations. Human platelet suspensions can be observed to produce small amounts of H2O2 (0.04 nmoles H2O2/min/2.5 X 10(5) cells/cu mm) and measurable chemiluminescence when exposed to target particles for phagocytosis, such as latex spherules. Both H2O2 production and chemiluminescence are characteristic of phagocytosing polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and analysis of the purified platelets indicates contamination by PMN at the level of 0.2%. The amount of H2O2 produced and the chemiluminescence observed can be duplicated by adding latex spheres to a preparation of PMN at a concentration equivalent to the contaminant in the platelet preparations. We conclude that the H2O2 produced and chemiluminescence observed from activated platelets is due to the presence of small amounts of contaminating PMN. These studies emphasize the importance of controlling for PMN contamination in studies of platelet biochemistry and physiology."}
{"id": "PMID:901938", "title": "Increased glutathione peroxidase activity in alpha-thalassemia.", "content": "Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity was found to be greatly elevated in members of a family with alpha-thalassemia. Eleven other families with proven alpha-thalassemia were investigated, and all but one subject with hemoglobin H disease had increased red cell GSHPx. Most persons with alpha-thalassemia trait also had increased activity of red cell GSHPx. In contrast, only very modest increases in glutathione peroxidase activity were observed in subjects with various forms of beta-thalassemia.", "contents": "Increased glutathione peroxidase activity in alpha-thalassemia. Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity was found to be greatly elevated in members of a family with alpha-thalassemia. Eleven other families with proven alpha-thalassemia were investigated, and all but one subject with hemoglobin H disease had increased red cell GSHPx. Most persons with alpha-thalassemia trait also had increased activity of red cell GSHPx. In contrast, only very modest increases in glutathione peroxidase activity were observed in subjects with various forms of beta-thalassemia."}
{"id": "PMID:901939", "title": "Neutrophil life span in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.", "content": "We have studied neutrophil intravascular life span in six patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH); four had normal neutrophil counts when studied and two were neutropenic. Five patients had enough circulating neutrophils to isolate for tests in vitro. Lysis of labeled neutrophils was greatly increased, compared to that of normal volunteers, when these neutrophils were incubated with acidified fresh serum as a source of active complement plus serum containing antineutrophil antibodies (from three different sources). Despite the in vitro lesion, however, each of these patients had a normal neutrophil intravascular life span as measured by the 32P-diisopropylfluorophosphate technique. One neutropenic patient, who had a normal neutrophil life span, had a shift of cells from the circulating to marginated pool of sufficient degree to cause the neutropenia. A second (severely) neutropenic patient was found to have developed extreme marrow hypoplasia, also explaining the neutropenia. Thus, in contrast to the shortened red cell life span, we have been unable to find a shortened neutrophil life span in PNH.", "contents": "Neutrophil life span in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. We have studied neutrophil intravascular life span in six patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH); four had normal neutrophil counts when studied and two were neutropenic. Five patients had enough circulating neutrophils to isolate for tests in vitro. Lysis of labeled neutrophils was greatly increased, compared to that of normal volunteers, when these neutrophils were incubated with acidified fresh serum as a source of active complement plus serum containing antineutrophil antibodies (from three different sources). Despite the in vitro lesion, however, each of these patients had a normal neutrophil intravascular life span as measured by the 32P-diisopropylfluorophosphate technique. One neutropenic patient, who had a normal neutrophil life span, had a shift of cells from the circulating to marginated pool of sufficient degree to cause the neutropenia. A second (severely) neutropenic patient was found to have developed extreme marrow hypoplasia, also explaining the neutropenia. Thus, in contrast to the shortened red cell life span, we have been unable to find a shortened neutrophil life span in PNH."}
{"id": "PMID:901940", "title": "Treatment of hypoplastic anemia in mice with placental transplants.", "content": "A genetic mutation in mice (W/Wv) causes an autosomal recessive disease characterized by hypoplastic anemia which lasts throughout life. Double-dominant W/Wv anemic mice were sublethally irradiated to facilitate repopulation of marrow with transplanted cells and were injected intravenously with suspensions of 5-10 million placental cells of 15 days gestation derived from normal, isogeneic donors. Red cell counts fell promptly after irradiation and then rose progressively over a period of weeks, reaching normal levels of the nonmutant. Mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin electrophoresis patterns of red cells in recipient W/Wv mice resembled those of normal donor animals. The therapeutic effect lasted for the duration of the observation period, in some instances over 9 mo. W/Wv mice that were administered Hanks' solution or fetal blood, instead of placental transplants, remained anemic. Late gestation placentas (18 days) were also ineffective.", "contents": "Treatment of hypoplastic anemia in mice with placental transplants. A genetic mutation in mice (W/Wv) causes an autosomal recessive disease characterized by hypoplastic anemia which lasts throughout life. Double-dominant W/Wv anemic mice were sublethally irradiated to facilitate repopulation of marrow with transplanted cells and were injected intravenously with suspensions of 5-10 million placental cells of 15 days gestation derived from normal, isogeneic donors. Red cell counts fell promptly after irradiation and then rose progressively over a period of weeks, reaching normal levels of the nonmutant. Mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin electrophoresis patterns of red cells in recipient W/Wv mice resembled those of normal donor animals. The therapeutic effect lasted for the duration of the observation period, in some instances over 9 mo. W/Wv mice that were administered Hanks' solution or fetal blood, instead of placental transplants, remained anemic. Late gestation placentas (18 days) were also ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:901941", "title": "Culture in vitro of isolated guinea pig megakaryocytes: recovery, survival, morphologic changes, and maturation.", "content": "Isolated guinea pig megakaryocytes were maintained in liquid cultures for up to 4 days. Megakaryocytes were incubated in siliconized glass vials in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium with 5%-10% guinea pig serum and 2.3% bovine serum albumin. Cultured megakaryocytes did not adhere to glass vials and were almost entirely recovered by aspiration. No reproduction or cell division of megakaryocytes occurred. A small decline in viability occurred promptly on placing the freshly isolated cells in culture medium and could be attributed to reexposure to calcium. On incubation there was little further cell death. Up to 2 days in culture the megakaryocytes remained morphologically intact and appeared similar to megakaryocytes in situ. Megakaryocytes matured in culture with a loss of cytoplasmic basophilia, an increase in granule content, and progressive changes in nuclear configuration. The most mature megakaryocytes developed pseudopod formation but large-scale platelet liberation was not seen. The ability to culture megakaryocytes in vitro will allow more extensive biochemical and physiologic studies of this cell than previously possible.", "contents": "Culture in vitro of isolated guinea pig megakaryocytes: recovery, survival, morphologic changes, and maturation. Isolated guinea pig megakaryocytes were maintained in liquid cultures for up to 4 days. Megakaryocytes were incubated in siliconized glass vials in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium with 5%-10% guinea pig serum and 2.3% bovine serum albumin. Cultured megakaryocytes did not adhere to glass vials and were almost entirely recovered by aspiration. No reproduction or cell division of megakaryocytes occurred. A small decline in viability occurred promptly on placing the freshly isolated cells in culture medium and could be attributed to reexposure to calcium. On incubation there was little further cell death. Up to 2 days in culture the megakaryocytes remained morphologically intact and appeared similar to megakaryocytes in situ. Megakaryocytes matured in culture with a loss of cytoplasmic basophilia, an increase in granule content, and progressive changes in nuclear configuration. The most mature megakaryocytes developed pseudopod formation but large-scale platelet liberation was not seen. The ability to culture megakaryocytes in vitro will allow more extensive biochemical and physiologic studies of this cell than previously possible."}
{"id": "PMID:901942", "title": "Properties of a factor increasing monocytopoiesis (FIM) occurring in serum during the early phase of an inflammatory reaction.", "content": "A factor increasing monocytopoiesis (FIM) has been demonstrated during the onset of an acute inflammatory reaction caused by an intraperitoneal injection of polystyrene latex particles. It is protein in nature, does not contain a carbohydrate moiety essential for its function, and is very probably not a glycoprotein. The molecular weight of FIM lies between 18,000 and 24,000 daltons (determined with both ultrafiltration membranes and gel filtration on Sephadex G100). The monocytosis induced by FIM is dose dependent. FIM is thermolabile, having a half-time of about 20 min at 37 degrees C in serum; temperature inactivation can be delayed by the addition of epsilon-aminocaproic acid, the half-time at 37 degrees C then being about 45 min. In vitro treatment of normal murine blood with the inducers of the inflammatory reaction does not result in FIM activity in the serum. FIM dose not have chemotactic activity toward macrophages, is not a clotting factor, is not a biologically active fragment of the complement system, and has no colony-stimulating or-enhancing activity in the vitro bone marrow colony assay. On the basis of these results, a mechanism is postulated for the humoral regulation of monocytopoiesis.", "contents": "Properties of a factor increasing monocytopoiesis (FIM) occurring in serum during the early phase of an inflammatory reaction. A factor increasing monocytopoiesis (FIM) has been demonstrated during the onset of an acute inflammatory reaction caused by an intraperitoneal injection of polystyrene latex particles. It is protein in nature, does not contain a carbohydrate moiety essential for its function, and is very probably not a glycoprotein. The molecular weight of FIM lies between 18,000 and 24,000 daltons (determined with both ultrafiltration membranes and gel filtration on Sephadex G100). The monocytosis induced by FIM is dose dependent. FIM is thermolabile, having a half-time of about 20 min at 37 degrees C in serum; temperature inactivation can be delayed by the addition of epsilon-aminocaproic acid, the half-time at 37 degrees C then being about 45 min. In vitro treatment of normal murine blood with the inducers of the inflammatory reaction does not result in FIM activity in the serum. FIM dose not have chemotactic activity toward macrophages, is not a clotting factor, is not a biologically active fragment of the complement system, and has no colony-stimulating or-enhancing activity in the vitro bone marrow colony assay. On the basis of these results, a mechanism is postulated for the humoral regulation of monocytopoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:901943", "title": "Microaggregate counts in frozen-preserved erythrocytes: effects of washing in three blood processors and filtration.", "content": "Since microaggregates have been implicated in posttransfusion pulmonary insufficiency, their elimination has become an active concern in blood transfusion. Various types of filters, as well as frozen-preserved erythrocytes, have been used to provide blood relatively low in microaggregates. We have counted particles in frozen-stored blood before deglycerolization, after washing in each of three cell processing systems, and after filtration through a 40-micrometer filter. Washing frozen erythrocytes reduced the total particle counts by an average of 89%. Slight differences were found among the three blood processors with respect to particle removal. Passing washed blood through a 40-micrometer filter did not result in significant further reduction in particle counts. Hence, the use of such filters in a frozen-preserved blood system is not warranted.", "contents": "Microaggregate counts in frozen-preserved erythrocytes: effects of washing in three blood processors and filtration. Since microaggregates have been implicated in posttransfusion pulmonary insufficiency, their elimination has become an active concern in blood transfusion. Various types of filters, as well as frozen-preserved erythrocytes, have been used to provide blood relatively low in microaggregates. We have counted particles in frozen-stored blood before deglycerolization, after washing in each of three cell processing systems, and after filtration through a 40-micrometer filter. Washing frozen erythrocytes reduced the total particle counts by an average of 89%. Slight differences were found among the three blood processors with respect to particle removal. Passing washed blood through a 40-micrometer filter did not result in significant further reduction in particle counts. Hence, the use of such filters in a frozen-preserved blood system is not warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:901948", "title": "[Culture of leukocytes of patients with hairy cell leukaemia in the diffusion chamber (author's transl)].", "content": "Peripheral blood cells from patients with hairy cell leukaemia were cultured in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally. Proliferation of hairy cells could be observed in all patients. Granulo-, erythro- and monocytopoiesis showed no difference of proliferation and differentiation as compared to normal persons. This demonstrates that the presence of hairy cells in the culture did not influence the growth pattern of the residual haemopoiesis. From this result it can be additionally supposed that patients have a regular content of haemopoietic stem cells in peripheral blood. However the growth of lymphocytes and plasmacells showed a significant difference compared with normal persons. The cause is unknown as yet.", "contents": "[Culture of leukocytes of patients with hairy cell leukaemia in the diffusion chamber (author's transl)]. Peripheral blood cells from patients with hairy cell leukaemia were cultured in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally. Proliferation of hairy cells could be observed in all patients. Granulo-, erythro- and monocytopoiesis showed no difference of proliferation and differentiation as compared to normal persons. This demonstrates that the presence of hairy cells in the culture did not influence the growth pattern of the residual haemopoiesis. From this result it can be additionally supposed that patients have a regular content of haemopoietic stem cells in peripheral blood. However the growth of lymphocytes and plasmacells showed a significant difference compared with normal persons. The cause is unknown as yet."}
{"id": "PMID:901949", "title": "[Haematological features of anorexia nervosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine patients with anorexia nervosa were studied, who had varying degrees of bone marrow failure ranging from a slight neutropenia to severe pancytopenia. In addition to routine laboratory work bone marrow biopsies were performed at admission and during the course of disease. In four of those patients erythropoietin excretion per 24 hours was measured by the bioassay in the polycythemic mouse at least twice during the course of treatment. At admission most bone marrow showed a marked although varying hypocellularity with grossly apparant background gelatinous material, which appeared to consist of acid mucopolysaccharides. Leukopenia and the changes of the bone marrow morphology reversed to normal after refeeding. Erythropoietin excretion was only elevated in patients who were anemic and returned to normal when the haematocrit reached normal levels. It seems therefore unlikely that an impaired production of erythropoietin or other postulated humoral factors cause the haemopoietic changes in anorexia nervosa. A direct effect of fat or carbohydrate depletion and/or of the increased mucopolysaccharides upon the proliferation of the haemopoietic cells can be suggested, but is an entirely speculative preposition.", "contents": "[Haematological features of anorexia nervosa (author's transl)]. Nine patients with anorexia nervosa were studied, who had varying degrees of bone marrow failure ranging from a slight neutropenia to severe pancytopenia. In addition to routine laboratory work bone marrow biopsies were performed at admission and during the course of disease. In four of those patients erythropoietin excretion per 24 hours was measured by the bioassay in the polycythemic mouse at least twice during the course of treatment. At admission most bone marrow showed a marked although varying hypocellularity with grossly apparant background gelatinous material, which appeared to consist of acid mucopolysaccharides. Leukopenia and the changes of the bone marrow morphology reversed to normal after refeeding. Erythropoietin excretion was only elevated in patients who were anemic and returned to normal when the haematocrit reached normal levels. It seems therefore unlikely that an impaired production of erythropoietin or other postulated humoral factors cause the haemopoietic changes in anorexia nervosa. A direct effect of fat or carbohydrate depletion and/or of the increased mucopolysaccharides upon the proliferation of the haemopoietic cells can be suggested, but is an entirely speculative preposition."}
{"id": "PMID:901950", "title": "[Erythropoietin in serum and urine in man upon hypoxic stimulation and hypoxic stimulation after pretreatment with fluoxymesterone (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of the androgen fluoxymesterone (Flu) upon the hypoxic stimulus of erythropoietin (ESF) production was studied in 8 male and 3 female normal human subjects. After 4 weeks Flu pretreatment (40 mg/day/m2 body surface in men and 10 mg in women) hypoxic stimulation corresponding a maximum of 4000 m altitude was employed. After Flu pretreatment serum ESF titers increased by 80%, ESF excretion by 490%, and ESF clearance by 200% compared to hypoxic stimulation alone. The increase in serum ESF titers after Flu plus hypoxic stimulation employing only 25% of the Flu dose in females was higher than in males. ESF excretion, however, was lower in females than in males. Whereas Flu causes a marked increase in ESF production, ESF clearance is even more enhanced. As in the case of other serum proteins not only glomerular filtration, but also tubular processes may be involved in the excretion of ESF. Since results are available after a short term experiment of 24 h the double stimulation (androgen + hypoxia) may be recommended for clinical trials in men testing the ESF stimulating effect of androgens and anabolic hormones.", "contents": "[Erythropoietin in serum and urine in man upon hypoxic stimulation and hypoxic stimulation after pretreatment with fluoxymesterone (author's transl)]. The effect of the androgen fluoxymesterone (Flu) upon the hypoxic stimulus of erythropoietin (ESF) production was studied in 8 male and 3 female normal human subjects. After 4 weeks Flu pretreatment (40 mg/day/m2 body surface in men and 10 mg in women) hypoxic stimulation corresponding a maximum of 4000 m altitude was employed. After Flu pretreatment serum ESF titers increased by 80%, ESF excretion by 490%, and ESF clearance by 200% compared to hypoxic stimulation alone. The increase in serum ESF titers after Flu plus hypoxic stimulation employing only 25% of the Flu dose in females was higher than in males. ESF excretion, however, was lower in females than in males. Whereas Flu causes a marked increase in ESF production, ESF clearance is even more enhanced. As in the case of other serum proteins not only glomerular filtration, but also tubular processes may be involved in the excretion of ESF. Since results are available after a short term experiment of 24 h the double stimulation (androgen + hypoxia) may be recommended for clinical trials in men testing the ESF stimulating effect of androgens and anabolic hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:901951", "title": "Providing library services in a time of fiscal crisis: alternatives.", "content": "The nature of the fiscal crisis in health science libraries in the United States is in part due to the style of management in these libraries, in part due to the lack of user identification, in part due to the lack of economically valid fees for service, and in part due to the success of the Biomedical Communications Network. These issues are discussed in terms of how they might be approached. A pragmatic stance is advocated for practitioners, the MLA, the NLM, and library schools to jointly address the questions raised.", "contents": "Providing library services in a time of fiscal crisis: alternatives. The nature of the fiscal crisis in health science libraries in the United States is in part due to the style of management in these libraries, in part due to the lack of user identification, in part due to the lack of economically valid fees for service, and in part due to the success of the Biomedical Communications Network. These issues are discussed in terms of how they might be approached. A pragmatic stance is advocated for practitioners, the MLA, the NLM, and library schools to jointly address the questions raised."}
{"id": "PMID:901952", "title": "Analysis of interlibrary requests by hospital libraries for photocopied journal articles.", "content": "A study of the 1975 borrowing requests made by all hospital libraries in central western Massachusetts showed that there were 4,368 requests for articles contained in 1,071 different periodical titles. The numbers of requests per title ranged from eighty-nine for one title to one for each of 123 titles. A graph of the data showed a geometric progression, and the Bradford constants for this dispersion averaged 1.28. The percentage of total requests related to the age of requested issues varied from 62.48% for items not over five years old and 78.15% for issues not over ten years, to 95.57% for materials not over thirty years old. Bradford constants averaged 2.13. Of the thirty most requested periodical titles, sixteen were published in foreign countries, as follows: England--ten; Netherlands--three; Australia--one; Canada--one; and Sweden--one. The study's significance included its total coverage of a relatively large and isolated region, its focus upon the records of requesting rather than lending libraries, and its analysis of interlibrary rather than in-house activities.", "contents": "Analysis of interlibrary requests by hospital libraries for photocopied journal articles. A study of the 1975 borrowing requests made by all hospital libraries in central western Massachusetts showed that there were 4,368 requests for articles contained in 1,071 different periodical titles. The numbers of requests per title ranged from eighty-nine for one title to one for each of 123 titles. A graph of the data showed a geometric progression, and the Bradford constants for this dispersion averaged 1.28. The percentage of total requests related to the age of requested issues varied from 62.48% for items not over five years old and 78.15% for issues not over ten years, to 95.57% for materials not over thirty years old. Bradford constants averaged 2.13. Of the thirty most requested periodical titles, sixteen were published in foreign countries, as follows: England--ten; Netherlands--three; Australia--one; Canada--one; and Sweden--one. The study's significance included its total coverage of a relatively large and isolated region, its focus upon the records of requesting rather than lending libraries, and its analysis of interlibrary rather than in-house activities."}
{"id": "PMID:901953", "title": "Departmental libraries: why do they exist?", "content": "In response to an increasing concern on the part of the library staff over the role of the departmental libraries at The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center of The Pennsylvania State University, a questionnaire was developed by the George T. Harrel Library and sent to departmental libraries. From the analyzed responses, the authors were able to define the role of departmental libraries in a medical school/hospital situation, to analyze the Hershey Medical Center situation in an objective manner, to outline areas of possible cooperation between the main and departmental libraries, and to delineate some trends which appear to result from inadequate finding of a central library. Overall, the library found that departmental libraries at Hershey are currently maintaining collections consistent with the functional role of a departmental library.", "contents": "Departmental libraries: why do they exist? In response to an increasing concern on the part of the library staff over the role of the departmental libraries at The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center of The Pennsylvania State University, a questionnaire was developed by the George T. Harrel Library and sent to departmental libraries. From the analyzed responses, the authors were able to define the role of departmental libraries in a medical school/hospital situation, to analyze the Hershey Medical Center situation in an objective manner, to outline areas of possible cooperation between the main and departmental libraries, and to delineate some trends which appear to result from inadequate finding of a central library. Overall, the library found that departmental libraries at Hershey are currently maintaining collections consistent with the functional role of a departmental library."}
{"id": "PMID:901954", "title": "Improving library effectiveness through a sociophysical analysis.", "content": "A library's environment as an inviting place to study, read, and relax is an important function often overlooked or avoided. A nursing school library was underutilized and had an unacceptable of lost materials. A study undertaken to determine the setting's impact on all the library's intended functions showed that the physical environment seriously hampered many activities. A change in the library's arrangement offered users a more functional area for all types of library activities. Statistics show that the library is now more fully utilized, with an impressive decline in losses. The majority of students and faculty report more positive feelings toward the library and the librarian.", "contents": "Improving library effectiveness through a sociophysical analysis. A library's environment as an inviting place to study, read, and relax is an important function often overlooked or avoided. A nursing school library was underutilized and had an unacceptable of lost materials. A study undertaken to determine the setting's impact on all the library's intended functions showed that the physical environment seriously hampered many activities. A change in the library's arrangement offered users a more functional area for all types of library activities. Statistics show that the library is now more fully utilized, with an impressive decline in losses. The majority of students and faculty report more positive feelings toward the library and the librarian."}
{"id": "PMID:901965", "title": "Frontiers for prevention.", "content": "Developing a balanced approach to today's health problems means paying greater attention to the strategy of prevention. This strategy should encompass environmental measures, self-care activities, and health education; it should carefully weigh the prospective costs and benefits of proposed preventive measures; and it should see that such measures are tailored to the needs of the various specific groups within the general population.", "contents": "Frontiers for prevention. Developing a balanced approach to today's health problems means paying greater attention to the strategy of prevention. This strategy should encompass environmental measures, self-care activities, and health education; it should carefully weigh the prospective costs and benefits of proposed preventive measures; and it should see that such measures are tailored to the needs of the various specific groups within the general population."}
{"id": "PMID:901967", "title": "IUD use effectiveness in an urban Guatemalan clinic.", "content": "Contraceptive continuation rates-the rates at which people continue to use a particular contraceptive method-can be a great help in determining whether a family planning program is effective or whether new contraceptive methods should be introduced. Until now, very little systematic work has been done to study contraceptive continuation rates in Latin America. The present article reports the results of one of the few existing studies on this subject, which examined the IUD experiences of women admitted to a large family planning clinic in Guatemala City. The study showed that these experiences compared favorably with the IUD experience of groups previously studied in Costa Rica, Taiwan, and the United States.", "contents": "IUD use effectiveness in an urban Guatemalan clinic. Contraceptive continuation rates-the rates at which people continue to use a particular contraceptive method-can be a great help in determining whether a family planning program is effective or whether new contraceptive methods should be introduced. Until now, very little systematic work has been done to study contraceptive continuation rates in Latin America. The present article reports the results of one of the few existing studies on this subject, which examined the IUD experiences of women admitted to a large family planning clinic in Guatemala City. The study showed that these experiences compared favorably with the IUD experience of groups previously studied in Costa Rica, Taiwan, and the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:901968", "title": "Use of the bifurcated needle for BCG vaccination of newborns.", "content": "The bifurcated needle vaccination method used successfully against smallpox is a relatively simple technique that can be administered by personnel with only basic preparation and a minimum of training. This fact suggests that it could prove useful in campaigns of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis--especially for vaccination of newborns. With this end in mind, two studies were carried out in Santiago, Chile, to examine previously reported difficulties with the method and to assess its potential as an alternative to the best current method, that of intradermal inoculation. These studies indicated that previously reported variations in the results achieved by different vaccinators could be markedly reduced. However, they also found that the bifurcated needle method did not cause a sufficiently large dose of vaccine to enter the subject--even when fifteen needle strokes and a highly concentrated vaccine (160 mg per ml) were employed. It was thus concluded that although modification of the needle or other changes might ultimately yield satisfactory results, the bifurcated needle technique cannot yet be recommended for BCG vaccination of newborns.", "contents": "Use of the bifurcated needle for BCG vaccination of newborns. The bifurcated needle vaccination method used successfully against smallpox is a relatively simple technique that can be administered by personnel with only basic preparation and a minimum of training. This fact suggests that it could prove useful in campaigns of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis--especially for vaccination of newborns. With this end in mind, two studies were carried out in Santiago, Chile, to examine previously reported difficulties with the method and to assess its potential as an alternative to the best current method, that of intradermal inoculation. These studies indicated that previously reported variations in the results achieved by different vaccinators could be markedly reduced. However, they also found that the bifurcated needle method did not cause a sufficiently large dose of vaccine to enter the subject--even when fifteen needle strokes and a highly concentrated vaccine (160 mg per ml) were employed. It was thus concluded that although modification of the needle or other changes might ultimately yield satisfactory results, the bifurcated needle technique cannot yet be recommended for BCG vaccination of newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:901969", "title": "Isolation of serotype hardjo and other leptospirae from armadillos in Argentina.", "content": "A serologic, bacteriologic, and histopathologic examination for leptospires was carried out on 89 armadillos (Chaetophractus villosus) from Argentina. Forty-seven per cent of the serum samples yielded positive results when tested by microscopic-agglutination. Predominant agglutination reactions were to the Hebdomadis and Bataviae serogroups. A total of 15 Leptospira isolations (from 16.8 per cent of the animals tested) were obtained from kidney tisse. Nine of the isolates were identified as belonging to the Bataviae group serotypes argentiniensis, paidjan, or bataviae; three other isolates proved to be the Canicola group serotype canicola; two others were Leptospira biflexa strains; and the last isolate was found to be serotype hardjo of the Hebdomadis group. The latter finding represents the first isolation of serotype hardjo from this animal species. Histopathologic examination of kidneys from 11 of the animals yielding pathogenic leptospires permitted a diagnosis of interstitial nephritis. This intersitial nephritis, presenting the characteristic picture of lymphoid infiltration, appeared intense in two animals, moderate in five others, and only slight in the remaining four. These histopathologic findings of chronic nephritis, combined with the high positive serologic and cultural isolation rates, suggest that the armadillo is an important natural reservoir-host for pathogenic leptospirae.", "contents": "Isolation of serotype hardjo and other leptospirae from armadillos in Argentina. A serologic, bacteriologic, and histopathologic examination for leptospires was carried out on 89 armadillos (Chaetophractus villosus) from Argentina. Forty-seven per cent of the serum samples yielded positive results when tested by microscopic-agglutination. Predominant agglutination reactions were to the Hebdomadis and Bataviae serogroups. A total of 15 Leptospira isolations (from 16.8 per cent of the animals tested) were obtained from kidney tisse. Nine of the isolates were identified as belonging to the Bataviae group serotypes argentiniensis, paidjan, or bataviae; three other isolates proved to be the Canicola group serotype canicola; two others were Leptospira biflexa strains; and the last isolate was found to be serotype hardjo of the Hebdomadis group. The latter finding represents the first isolation of serotype hardjo from this animal species. Histopathologic examination of kidneys from 11 of the animals yielding pathogenic leptospires permitted a diagnosis of interstitial nephritis. This intersitial nephritis, presenting the characteristic picture of lymphoid infiltration, appeared intense in two animals, moderate in five others, and only slight in the remaining four. These histopathologic findings of chronic nephritis, combined with the high positive serologic and cultural isolation rates, suggest that the armadillo is an important natural reservoir-host for pathogenic leptospirae."}
{"id": "PMID:901970", "title": "Role of the nurse in primary health care.", "content": "One of the principal goals to which the Ministers of Health of the Americas have committed their peoples through the Ten-Year Health Plan adopted at Santiago in 1972 is the extension of health services in some form to every man, woman and child in the Hemisphere by the end of the decade. The nurse is in a unique position to contribute to the attainment of this objective. Recognizing the need to redefine the nurse's role in regard to the delivery of primary health care, PAHO/WHO, in collaboration with the  Government of Costa Rica and the College of Nurses in that country, recently sponsored a Seminar on New Dimensions of the Nurse's Role in the Delivery of Primary Health Care. Held in San Jos\u00e9 from 27 October to 3 November 1976, this meeting brought together 19 professional nurses and 17 physicians from a total of 13 countries. The final report is transcribed below.", "contents": "Role of the nurse in primary health care. One of the principal goals to which the Ministers of Health of the Americas have committed their peoples through the Ten-Year Health Plan adopted at Santiago in 1972 is the extension of health services in some form to every man, woman and child in the Hemisphere by the end of the decade. The nurse is in a unique position to contribute to the attainment of this objective. Recognizing the need to redefine the nurse's role in regard to the delivery of primary health care, PAHO/WHO, in collaboration with the  Government of Costa Rica and the College of Nurses in that country, recently sponsored a Seminar on New Dimensions of the Nurse's Role in the Delivery of Primary Health Care. Held in San Jos\u00e9 from 27 October to 3 November 1976, this meeting brought together 19 professional nurses and 17 physicians from a total of 13 countries. The final report is transcribed below."}
{"id": "PMID:901972", "title": "Electron density and atomic number determination by computed tomography. Part I: Methods and limitations. Part II: A study of colloid cysts.", "content": "The feasibility of extracting electron density and effective atomic number from measurements of tissue in vitro and in vivo has previously been reported. The method requires scans to be obtained at two different beam energies. Optimization of these energies at 40 keV and 80 keV could enable a variation of 1 part in 400 of effective atomic number to be detected. The method is subject to certain limitations related to accuracy and sensitivity. The effect of varying the concentrations of certain atoms has been modelled demonstrating the limits below which variation in effective atomic number is unlikely to be detectable at acceptable radiation doses. A series of 12 patients with colloid cysts has been considered. All were treated by bilateral ventriculo-cisternostomy from one to 23 years ago. Nine of these patients, and the colloid cyst of one patient who died before treatment could be instituted, have been subjected to double energy scanning. The results suggest that the high attenuation values observed in colloid cysts are due to increased electron density and not to any increase in high atomic number elements. The cysts do not appear to change in size or content over long periods.", "contents": "Electron density and atomic number determination by computed tomography. Part I: Methods and limitations. Part II: A study of colloid cysts. The feasibility of extracting electron density and effective atomic number from measurements of tissue in vitro and in vivo has previously been reported. The method requires scans to be obtained at two different beam energies. Optimization of these energies at 40 keV and 80 keV could enable a variation of 1 part in 400 of effective atomic number to be detected. The method is subject to certain limitations related to accuracy and sensitivity. The effect of varying the concentrations of certain atoms has been modelled demonstrating the limits below which variation in effective atomic number is unlikely to be detectable at acceptable radiation doses. A series of 12 patients with colloid cysts has been considered. All were treated by bilateral ventriculo-cisternostomy from one to 23 years ago. Nine of these patients, and the colloid cyst of one patient who died before treatment could be instituted, have been subjected to double energy scanning. The results suggest that the high attenuation values observed in colloid cysts are due to increased electron density and not to any increase in high atomic number elements. The cysts do not appear to change in size or content over long periods."}
{"id": "PMID:901973", "title": "Mixed connective tissue disease--clinical and radiological aspects of 20 cases.", "content": "The clinical and radiological features of 20 cases of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), a newly defined disorder, are described. MCTD shares a number of abnormalities with other collagen diseases, notably diffuse systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, patients with MCTD have a specific circulating antibody to extractable nuclear antigen (ENA). Most of the cases described exhibited multi-system involvement with radiological changes in the skeleton, chest, and gastro-intestinal tract. Twelve of the 20 cases had an erosive arthritis. This finding has not been previously noted in the radiological literature.", "contents": "Mixed connective tissue disease--clinical and radiological aspects of 20 cases. The clinical and radiological features of 20 cases of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), a newly defined disorder, are described. MCTD shares a number of abnormalities with other collagen diseases, notably diffuse systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, patients with MCTD have a specific circulating antibody to extractable nuclear antigen (ENA). Most of the cases described exhibited multi-system involvement with radiological changes in the skeleton, chest, and gastro-intestinal tract. Twelve of the 20 cases had an erosive arthritis. This finding has not been previously noted in the radiological literature."}
{"id": "PMID:901975", "title": "Verification and recording of radiotherapy treatments using a small computer.", "content": "A small computer has been interfaced to a linear accelerator used for routine radiotherapy. The objectives are to assess the rate and magnitude of some of the mistakes which may occur, to prevent these where possible and to assist radiographers with record keeping. In this paper we describe our approach to the problem, the apparatus used, the computer program, and the results of several years of operating experience while the system was continually being developed. On one linear accelerator, we estimate that an error has been prevented roughly once in every 500 field parameters set. The most common error is in setting the diaphragms and a detailed analysis is given of possible reasons. Doses in monitor units are recorded automatically and a running total of cumulative dose is maintained; plans for the printing of the dose in rads at selected points are discussed.", "contents": "Verification and recording of radiotherapy treatments using a small computer. A small computer has been interfaced to a linear accelerator used for routine radiotherapy. The objectives are to assess the rate and magnitude of some of the mistakes which may occur, to prevent these where possible and to assist radiographers with record keeping. In this paper we describe our approach to the problem, the apparatus used, the computer program, and the results of several years of operating experience while the system was continually being developed. On one linear accelerator, we estimate that an error has been prevented roughly once in every 500 field parameters set. The most common error is in setting the diaphragms and a detailed analysis is given of possible reasons. Doses in monitor units are recorded automatically and a running total of cumulative dose is maintained; plans for the printing of the dose in rads at selected points are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:901976", "title": "A model for treating post-irradiation nausea and vomiting in man: the action of insulin in abolishing radiation-induced delay in gastric emptying in the rat.", "content": "Radiation-induced delay in gastric emptying in rats, which may be comparable to radiation-induced nausea and vomiting in man, can be successfully treated with insulin. Biphasic insulin, given in the appropriate dose for the radiation exposure, restored the rate of emptying to normal and was used instead of soluble insulin which made the stomach empty quicker than normal. Some of the evidence suggests that this effect of insulin is related to its action on carbohydrate metabolism, but there was no simple correlation between the hypoglycaemic action of insulin and its effect on stomach emptying. A complete explanation for this action of insulin cannot be given at this stage but the possible involvement of intestinal hormones, such as enteroglucagon is discussed. It is suggested that the use of insulin to treat radiation-induced nausea and vomiting in man should be considered.", "contents": "A model for treating post-irradiation nausea and vomiting in man: the action of insulin in abolishing radiation-induced delay in gastric emptying in the rat. Radiation-induced delay in gastric emptying in rats, which may be comparable to radiation-induced nausea and vomiting in man, can be successfully treated with insulin. Biphasic insulin, given in the appropriate dose for the radiation exposure, restored the rate of emptying to normal and was used instead of soluble insulin which made the stomach empty quicker than normal. Some of the evidence suggests that this effect of insulin is related to its action on carbohydrate metabolism, but there was no simple correlation between the hypoglycaemic action of insulin and its effect on stomach emptying. A complete explanation for this action of insulin cannot be given at this stage but the possible involvement of intestinal hormones, such as enteroglucagon is discussed. It is suggested that the use of insulin to treat radiation-induced nausea and vomiting in man should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:901977", "title": "RBE of neutrons generated by 50 MeV deuterons on beryllium for control of artificial pulmonary metastases of a mouse fibrosarcoma.", "content": "Artificial pulmonary metastases of a mouse fibrosarcoma were produced by the intravenous injection of 10(4) cells admixed with 2 X 10(6) plastic microspheres into mice preconditioned with 600 rad whole-body irradiation 24 hours earlier. Four days after injection of tumour cells, mice were irradiated with neutrons generated by 50 MeV deuterons on Be at the Texas A & M Variable Energy Cyclotron or with 137Cs gamma rays. One, three or six fractions of radiation were delivered on a three-hour fractionation schedule. Surviving lung metastases were scored macroscopically 16 days after irradiation. The data indicate that: (1) the RBE (n/gamma) was in the range 1.6-2.6 depending on the size of dose per fraction; (2) the slopes of the gamma-ray curves decreased with increasing fraction number (i.e. decreasing fraction size); (3) the slopes of the neutron curves decreased only slightly with increasing fraction number (and decreasing fraction size); (4) no additional sparing was achieved by further fractionating doses of neutrons of 300 rad or less.", "contents": "RBE of neutrons generated by 50 MeV deuterons on beryllium for control of artificial pulmonary metastases of a mouse fibrosarcoma. Artificial pulmonary metastases of a mouse fibrosarcoma were produced by the intravenous injection of 10(4) cells admixed with 2 X 10(6) plastic microspheres into mice preconditioned with 600 rad whole-body irradiation 24 hours earlier. Four days after injection of tumour cells, mice were irradiated with neutrons generated by 50 MeV deuterons on Be at the Texas A & M Variable Energy Cyclotron or with 137Cs gamma rays. One, three or six fractions of radiation were delivered on a three-hour fractionation schedule. Surviving lung metastases were scored macroscopically 16 days after irradiation. The data indicate that: (1) the RBE (n/gamma) was in the range 1.6-2.6 depending on the size of dose per fraction; (2) the slopes of the gamma-ray curves decreased with increasing fraction number (i.e. decreasing fraction size); (3) the slopes of the neutron curves decreased only slightly with increasing fraction number (and decreasing fraction size); (4) no additional sparing was achieved by further fractionating doses of neutrons of 300 rad or less."}
{"id": "PMID:901978", "title": "Some long-term effects of negative pions in mice exposed to partial body irradiation.", "content": "The long-term effects of partial body exposure of one-day-old mice given either 60Co gamma rays or negative pions have been studied. Both radiations produced considerable life-shortening; for pions 6.8 +/- 1.5% of life is lost per 100 rad and for gamma rays the value is 5.7 +/- 0.5% per 100 rad. The RBE of pions for ten weeks of life-shortening is about 1.3 compared with 60Co gamma rays, although at lower doses the RBE may be higher reaching about two for six weeks of life shortening. The incidence rate of tumours at any particular age was greater in mice irradiated with pions at the peak and in those given higher doses of gamma rays than in the controls.", "contents": "Some long-term effects of negative pions in mice exposed to partial body irradiation. The long-term effects of partial body exposure of one-day-old mice given either 60Co gamma rays or negative pions have been studied. Both radiations produced considerable life-shortening; for pions 6.8 +/- 1.5% of life is lost per 100 rad and for gamma rays the value is 5.7 +/- 0.5% per 100 rad. The RBE of pions for ten weeks of life-shortening is about 1.3 compared with 60Co gamma rays, although at lower doses the RBE may be higher reaching about two for six weeks of life shortening. The incidence rate of tumours at any particular age was greater in mice irradiated with pions at the peak and in those given higher doses of gamma rays than in the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:901994", "title": "Study of cardiac arrhythmias and other forms of conduction abnormality in newborn infants.", "content": "In an unselected population of 2030 newborn infants studied by electrocardiography (ECG) between April 1975 and April 1977, 35 were found to have arrhythmias or other cardiac conduction abnormalities. Further investigation by means of 24-hour ECG monitoring showed that apparently serious tachyarrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia and slow heart rates associated with sinoatrial block, may be present without clinical disturbance in some newborn babies. Six infants had both bradycardia and tachycardia in the 24-hour recording, although the screening ECG had shown only one of these abnormalities. The alarming ECG appearance of some of the arrhythmias suggested a possible aetiological link with some unexplained sudden infant deaths: a multicentre study could determine this more readily and is therefore recommended.", "contents": "Study of cardiac arrhythmias and other forms of conduction abnormality in newborn infants. In an unselected population of 2030 newborn infants studied by electrocardiography (ECG) between April 1975 and April 1977, 35 were found to have arrhythmias or other cardiac conduction abnormalities. Further investigation by means of 24-hour ECG monitoring showed that apparently serious tachyarrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia and slow heart rates associated with sinoatrial block, may be present without clinical disturbance in some newborn babies. Six infants had both bradycardia and tachycardia in the 24-hour recording, although the screening ECG had shown only one of these abnormalities. The alarming ECG appearance of some of the arrhythmias suggested a possible aetiological link with some unexplained sudden infant deaths: a multicentre study could determine this more readily and is therefore recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:901995", "title": "Cardiac conduction disorders in six infants with \"near-miss\" sudden infant deaths.", "content": "Cardiac conduction disorders caused sudden serious illnesses in six infants that might have been fatal if diagnosis and treatment had been delayed. These cases provide circumstantial evidence to support a link between cardiac conduction disorders and some sudden infant deaths. A further potential long-term effect of these disorders is illustrated in one child in whom psychomotor retardation seemed to develop after an episode of cerebral hypoxia that was probably by an arrhythmia associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Cardiac conduction disorders may be detected by routine neonatal ECG screening, and it may therefore be appropriate to start prophylactic antiarrhythmic treatment in certain children before clinical signs develop.", "contents": "Cardiac conduction disorders in six infants with \"near-miss\" sudden infant deaths. Cardiac conduction disorders caused sudden serious illnesses in six infants that might have been fatal if diagnosis and treatment had been delayed. These cases provide circumstantial evidence to support a link between cardiac conduction disorders and some sudden infant deaths. A further potential long-term effect of these disorders is illustrated in one child in whom psychomotor retardation seemed to develop after an episode of cerebral hypoxia that was probably by an arrhythmia associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Cardiac conduction disorders may be detected by routine neonatal ECG screening, and it may therefore be appropriate to start prophylactic antiarrhythmic treatment in certain children before clinical signs develop."}
{"id": "PMID:901996", "title": "Comparison of the antilipolytic effect of metoprolol, acebutolol, and propranolol in man.", "content": "Metoprolol and acebutolol, two supposedly cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, were tested in 11 healthy men against propranolol, a non-selective drug, for their effect on plasma free fatty acid concentrations before and after insulin. The fasting concentrations of free fatty acid were significantly reduced after acebutolol and propranolol, and their return to normal after insulin was delayed. Metoprolol had no significant effect on free fatty acid levels either before or after insulin. Although both selective and non-selective beta-blocking drugs should be expected to delay the return of free fatty acid values to normal after insulin, in contrast to propranolol and acebutolol, metoprolol had no such effect. This suggests that metoprolol may not be as effective as the other two drugs in controlling lipid metabolism during long-term treatment with beta-adrenoceptor antagonists.", "contents": "Comparison of the antilipolytic effect of metoprolol, acebutolol, and propranolol in man. Metoprolol and acebutolol, two supposedly cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, were tested in 11 healthy men against propranolol, a non-selective drug, for their effect on plasma free fatty acid concentrations before and after insulin. The fasting concentrations of free fatty acid were significantly reduced after acebutolol and propranolol, and their return to normal after insulin was delayed. Metoprolol had no significant effect on free fatty acid levels either before or after insulin. Although both selective and non-selective beta-blocking drugs should be expected to delay the return of free fatty acid values to normal after insulin, in contrast to propranolol and acebutolol, metoprolol had no such effect. This suggests that metoprolol may not be as effective as the other two drugs in controlling lipid metabolism during long-term treatment with beta-adrenoceptor antagonists."}
{"id": "PMID:901997", "title": "Staging breast cancer: role of bone scanning.", "content": "Bone scans using technetium-99m phosphate complexes and a rectilinear scanner were carried out on 192 women with primary operable breast cancer four to six weeks after operation. The lymph node status of all these patients was assessed histologically from triple node biopsy specimens. Only nine patients had positive scans, although 94 patients had histological evidence that the tumour had already spread beyond the confines of the breast. Bone scanning, although accurate as a prognostic guide, is helpful only in a very few cases, and serves mainly to confirm prognostic information obtained more simply and less extensively by histological examination of lymph node biopsy specimens.", "contents": "Staging breast cancer: role of bone scanning. Bone scans using technetium-99m phosphate complexes and a rectilinear scanner were carried out on 192 women with primary operable breast cancer four to six weeks after operation. The lymph node status of all these patients was assessed histologically from triple node biopsy specimens. Only nine patients had positive scans, although 94 patients had histological evidence that the tumour had already spread beyond the confines of the breast. Bone scanning, although accurate as a prognostic guide, is helpful only in a very few cases, and serves mainly to confirm prognostic information obtained more simply and less extensively by histological examination of lymph node biopsy specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:901998", "title": "Blood glucose control and glomerular capillary basement membrane thickening in experimental diabetes.", "content": "Glomerular capillary basement membrane thickness (BMT) was measured in 23 rats which had had streptozocin-induced diabetes for 14 months and in 12 age-matched controls. Diabetic rats were randomly allocated to different groups, either receiving no treatment or treated with a low carbohydrate diet or insulin, or both. Control rats were randomly allocated to a normal or low carbohydrate diet. Among the diabetic rats mean plasma glucose concentrations for the groups ranged from 27-4 mmol/l (494 mg/100 ml) in the untreated rats to 9-8 mmol/l (177 mg/100 ml) in those receiving both a low carbohydrate diet and insulin. A highly significant positive relation was found between BMT and plasma glucose concentration for individual rats. When BMT was corrected for body weight a similar relation was observed.", "contents": "Blood glucose control and glomerular capillary basement membrane thickening in experimental diabetes. Glomerular capillary basement membrane thickness (BMT) was measured in 23 rats which had had streptozocin-induced diabetes for 14 months and in 12 age-matched controls. Diabetic rats were randomly allocated to different groups, either receiving no treatment or treated with a low carbohydrate diet or insulin, or both. Control rats were randomly allocated to a normal or low carbohydrate diet. Among the diabetic rats mean plasma glucose concentrations for the groups ranged from 27-4 mmol/l (494 mg/100 ml) in the untreated rats to 9-8 mmol/l (177 mg/100 ml) in those receiving both a low carbohydrate diet and insulin. A highly significant positive relation was found between BMT and plasma glucose concentration for individual rats. When BMT was corrected for body weight a similar relation was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:902005", "title": "Improving drug compliance after hospital discharge.", "content": "The effect of counselling on medication errors was assessed in 165 elderly patients after leaving hospital. Counselling was effective, with counselled patients making under one-third of the errors made by uncounselled patients. Three types of memory aid were tried to supplement counselling. The pill wheel increased errors, a tablet identification card was unhelpful, and only a tear-off daily calendar seemed to improve results modestly. Counselling was virtually as effective in improving compliance in poorly orientated patients. A designated member of staff should spend about 15 minutes with each elderly patient before discharge to ensure that the discharge drug regimen is fully understood and remembered, that old tablets are destroyed and that other people's tablets are not taken.", "contents": "Improving drug compliance after hospital discharge. The effect of counselling on medication errors was assessed in 165 elderly patients after leaving hospital. Counselling was effective, with counselled patients making under one-third of the errors made by uncounselled patients. Three types of memory aid were tried to supplement counselling. The pill wheel increased errors, a tablet identification card was unhelpful, and only a tear-off daily calendar seemed to improve results modestly. Counselling was virtually as effective in improving compliance in poorly orientated patients. A designated member of staff should spend about 15 minutes with each elderly patient before discharge to ensure that the discharge drug regimen is fully understood and remembered, that old tablets are destroyed and that other people's tablets are not taken."}
{"id": "PMID:902006", "title": "Presentation of rheumatoid arthritis and its relation to prognosis.", "content": "A review of published reports in an attempt to relate the way rheumatoid arthritis presents to its manner of progression and prognosis has provided few positive answers. Certain, but not all, studies indicate that cases with an acute explosive onset do better than those of more insidious onset, but the latter have almost certainly lasted longer by the time they come under medical supervision. Cases of monarthritis and palindromic (remittent) arthritis do better than polyarthritic and persistent cases, but true diagnosis of the former is often uncertain. Undoubtedly persistent high-titre seropositivity and nodule formation are bad prognostic pointers. A plea is made for a more intensive study of the early case: if any therapeutic agent now or in the future can reverse the inflammatory process this is surely the time it is most likely to do so. This is the curable end of what is now an incurable disease.", "contents": "Presentation of rheumatoid arthritis and its relation to prognosis. A review of published reports in an attempt to relate the way rheumatoid arthritis presents to its manner of progression and prognosis has provided few positive answers. Certain, but not all, studies indicate that cases with an acute explosive onset do better than those of more insidious onset, but the latter have almost certainly lasted longer by the time they come under medical supervision. Cases of monarthritis and palindromic (remittent) arthritis do better than polyarthritic and persistent cases, but true diagnosis of the former is often uncertain. Undoubtedly persistent high-titre seropositivity and nodule formation are bad prognostic pointers. A plea is made for a more intensive study of the early case: if any therapeutic agent now or in the future can reverse the inflammatory process this is surely the time it is most likely to do so. This is the curable end of what is now an incurable disease."}
{"id": "PMID:902042", "title": "Composition of the domestic water supply and the incidence of fractures and encephalopathy in patients on home dialysis.", "content": "Of the 202 patients undergoing home dialysis in the Trent region, 11 developed dialysis encephalopathy, 21 suffered spontaneous fractures, and 36 who had undergone dialysis for over four years had neither of these complications. Because the incidence of complications seemed to be unevenly distributed the water supplies were analysed. Water supplied to the homes of the patients with fractures or encephalopathy contained significantly less calcium and fluorine and significantly more aluminium and manganese than that piped to patients without these complications. The high aluminium concentrations in the bone of patients with encephalopathy was confirmed, but aluminium concentrations in the brains from three patients with encephalopathy were not increased. Patients who undergo dialysis in areas where water contains high aluminium concentrations should be supplied with deionisers.", "contents": "Composition of the domestic water supply and the incidence of fractures and encephalopathy in patients on home dialysis. Of the 202 patients undergoing home dialysis in the Trent region, 11 developed dialysis encephalopathy, 21 suffered spontaneous fractures, and 36 who had undergone dialysis for over four years had neither of these complications. Because the incidence of complications seemed to be unevenly distributed the water supplies were analysed. Water supplied to the homes of the patients with fractures or encephalopathy contained significantly less calcium and fluorine and significantly more aluminium and manganese than that piped to patients without these complications. The high aluminium concentrations in the bone of patients with encephalopathy was confirmed, but aluminium concentrations in the brains from three patients with encephalopathy were not increased. Patients who undergo dialysis in areas where water contains high aluminium concentrations should be supplied with deionisers."}
{"id": "PMID:902043", "title": "Fulminant Wilson's disease with haemolysis and renal failure: copper studies and assessment of dialysis regimens.", "content": "Two girls, aged 12 and 17 years, presented with hepatocellular dysfunction and severe haemolysis due to Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration). This was accompanied by acute renal failure. In the absence of renal function sufficient for the urinary excretion of penicillamine, studies were performed to assess the potential of peritoneal dialysis, ascites removal by ultrafiltration-reinfusion, and haemodialysis as alternative excretory pathways for copper. The greatest amount of copper, as judged by rising bath concentrations, seemed to be eliminated with haemodialysis. But this was accompanied by a progressive increase in serum copper concentrations with rapid clinical and biochemical deterioration leading to death within 48 hours. A small amount of copper was lost with ascites removal. Significant amounts of copper were removed during peritoneal dialysis (36 mumol/day (2287 microgram/day)), although a clinical response was not evident before haemodialysis was introduced. The administration of penicillamine orally, intravenously, or intraperitoneally produced no measurable increase in copper excretion into the peritoneal dialysate. Hence peritoneal dialysis alone appears to offer the greatest potential benefit with regard to both eliminating copper and altering the course of this fulminant form of Wilson's disease.", "contents": "Fulminant Wilson's disease with haemolysis and renal failure: copper studies and assessment of dialysis regimens. Two girls, aged 12 and 17 years, presented with hepatocellular dysfunction and severe haemolysis due to Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration). This was accompanied by acute renal failure. In the absence of renal function sufficient for the urinary excretion of penicillamine, studies were performed to assess the potential of peritoneal dialysis, ascites removal by ultrafiltration-reinfusion, and haemodialysis as alternative excretory pathways for copper. The greatest amount of copper, as judged by rising bath concentrations, seemed to be eliminated with haemodialysis. But this was accompanied by a progressive increase in serum copper concentrations with rapid clinical and biochemical deterioration leading to death within 48 hours. A small amount of copper was lost with ascites removal. Significant amounts of copper were removed during peritoneal dialysis (36 mumol/day (2287 microgram/day)), although a clinical response was not evident before haemodialysis was introduced. The administration of penicillamine orally, intravenously, or intraperitoneally produced no measurable increase in copper excretion into the peritoneal dialysate. Hence peritoneal dialysis alone appears to offer the greatest potential benefit with regard to both eliminating copper and altering the course of this fulminant form of Wilson's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:902044", "title": "Accidental percutaneous hexachlorophane intoxication in children.", "content": "Eighteen children with normal skin were accidentally intoxicated by a talc powder containing 6% hexachlorophane. Four died and two remained paraplegic. The clinical picture was intracranial hypertension, eight patients developing signs of spinal cord damage. The condition seemed to result from massive intramyelinic oedema. In the spinal cord vascular disturbances may occur as mechanical complications of oedema, giving rise to permanent sequelae.", "contents": "Accidental percutaneous hexachlorophane intoxication in children. Eighteen children with normal skin were accidentally intoxicated by a talc powder containing 6% hexachlorophane. Four died and two remained paraplegic. The clinical picture was intracranial hypertension, eight patients developing signs of spinal cord damage. The condition seemed to result from massive intramyelinic oedema. In the spinal cord vascular disturbances may occur as mechanical complications of oedema, giving rise to permanent sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:902045", "title": "Minoxidil for severe hypertension after failure of other hypotensive drugs.", "content": "Forty-four patients with severe hypertension who were resistant to treatment with more conventional hypotensive drugs or could not tolerate the side effects were treated with minoxidil, a potent peripheral vasodilator. A beta-blocking drug and a diuretic were used routinely to control, respectively, the tachycardia and fluid retention caused by minoxidil. During treatment the outpatient supine blood pressure fell from a mean of 221/134 mm Hg to 162/98 mm Hg. Eleven patients required additional or alternative hypotensive agents before blood pressure was adequately controlled. Side effects were minor, although the invariable hirsuties caused by minoxidil was unacceptable to three women. The possibility of cardiotoxic effects, raised by early studies in dogs, has not been excluded, and therefore this drug should be used only in patients with severe hypertension. In such patients minoxidil appears to be most effective.", "contents": "Minoxidil for severe hypertension after failure of other hypotensive drugs. Forty-four patients with severe hypertension who were resistant to treatment with more conventional hypotensive drugs or could not tolerate the side effects were treated with minoxidil, a potent peripheral vasodilator. A beta-blocking drug and a diuretic were used routinely to control, respectively, the tachycardia and fluid retention caused by minoxidil. During treatment the outpatient supine blood pressure fell from a mean of 221/134 mm Hg to 162/98 mm Hg. Eleven patients required additional or alternative hypotensive agents before blood pressure was adequately controlled. Side effects were minor, although the invariable hirsuties caused by minoxidil was unacceptable to three women. The possibility of cardiotoxic effects, raised by early studies in dogs, has not been excluded, and therefore this drug should be used only in patients with severe hypertension. In such patients minoxidil appears to be most effective."}
{"id": "PMID:902055", "title": "Arterial embolism in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation.", "content": "In 262 patients with thyrotoxicosis and atrial fibrillation there were 26 episodes of arterial embolism (17 cerebral and nine elsewhere) in 21 patients. Twelve incidents occurred with active thyrotoxicosis, three on reversion to sinus rhythm, and 11 after the patients were euthyroid. This important complication is more common than is realised, and most patients should be put on prophylactic anticoagulants when first seen with atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "Arterial embolism in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation. In 262 patients with thyrotoxicosis and atrial fibrillation there were 26 episodes of arterial embolism (17 cerebral and nine elsewhere) in 21 patients. Twelve incidents occurred with active thyrotoxicosis, three on reversion to sinus rhythm, and 11 after the patients were euthyroid. This important complication is more common than is realised, and most patients should be put on prophylactic anticoagulants when first seen with atrial fibrillation."}
{"id": "PMID:902088", "title": "Immunohistochemical studies of Wolfgram proteins in central nervous system of neurological mutant mice.", "content": "Immunohistochemical localization of Wolfgram proteins has been studied by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique with Wolfgram protein W1 antibodies in the nervous system of myelin deficient mutant mice: Jimpy, MSD and Quaking. In all these mutants, the myelinated fibers and the oligodendroglial cells (few in number) in the corpus callosum and the white matter of the cerebellum folium show a positive reaction to protein W1. These observations are in accordance with the immunological studies showing that the two major Wolfgram proteins, W1 and W2, of mutant mice have immunological similarities with that of the controls.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical studies of Wolfgram proteins in central nervous system of neurological mutant mice. Immunohistochemical localization of Wolfgram proteins has been studied by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique with Wolfgram protein W1 antibodies in the nervous system of myelin deficient mutant mice: Jimpy, MSD and Quaking. In all these mutants, the myelinated fibers and the oligodendroglial cells (few in number) in the corpus callosum and the white matter of the cerebellum folium show a positive reaction to protein W1. These observations are in accordance with the immunological studies showing that the two major Wolfgram proteins, W1 and W2, of mutant mice have immunological similarities with that of the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:902089", "title": "Dorsal noradrenergic bundle lesions fail to disrupt self-stimulation from the region of locus coeruleus.", "content": "Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) from the region of the locus coeruleus (LC) was not attenuated by ipsilateral dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNB) lesions. Bilateral DNB lesions also failed to affect LC ICSS, whereas the same lesions, in the same animals, resulted in a marked enhancement of lateral hypothalamic (LHA) ICSS responding. Behavioral, neuroanatomical and fluorescent histochemical data confirmed destruction of the DNB, thus suggesting that the dorsal noradrenergic system is not necessary for ICSS from the region of the LC.", "contents": "Dorsal noradrenergic bundle lesions fail to disrupt self-stimulation from the region of locus coeruleus. Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) from the region of the locus coeruleus (LC) was not attenuated by ipsilateral dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNB) lesions. Bilateral DNB lesions also failed to affect LC ICSS, whereas the same lesions, in the same animals, resulted in a marked enhancement of lateral hypothalamic (LHA) ICSS responding. Behavioral, neuroanatomical and fluorescent histochemical data confirmed destruction of the DNB, thus suggesting that the dorsal noradrenergic system is not necessary for ICSS from the region of the LC."}
{"id": "PMID:902090", "title": "Neuronal activity with cardiac rhythm in the nucleus of the solitary tract in cats and dogs. I. Different discharge patterns related to the cardiac cycle.", "content": "In anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats and dogs, extracellular recordings were made of the spontaneous activities of 28 single neurones with cardiac rhythm. It was confirmed by histological examination that the neurones were situated in the mediodorsal portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Different discharge patterns in relation to the heart cycle were demonstrated using R-deflection triggered histograms. Most of the neurones discharged with systolic bursts. In the cat, about half the neurones showed two to three activity peaks in the histograms which could occur at any time of the heart cycle. The height of the various peaks sometimes changed in different ways in the course of the respiratory cycle. It can be concluded that different cardiovascular afferents converge to single neurones. In some neurones it could be shown by elimination of the vagus nerves that the pulse-rhythmical discharge pattern was induced mainly by vagal inputs, mainly by glossopharyngeal inputs or by inputs from both nerves. Two-thirds of the neurones discharging with systolic bursts could be enhanced by increasing the arterial blood pressure. In some of these neurones a proportionality between the number of impulses per heart cycle and the mean arterial blood pressure was found.", "contents": "Neuronal activity with cardiac rhythm in the nucleus of the solitary tract in cats and dogs. I. Different discharge patterns related to the cardiac cycle. In anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats and dogs, extracellular recordings were made of the spontaneous activities of 28 single neurones with cardiac rhythm. It was confirmed by histological examination that the neurones were situated in the mediodorsal portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Different discharge patterns in relation to the heart cycle were demonstrated using R-deflection triggered histograms. Most of the neurones discharged with systolic bursts. In the cat, about half the neurones showed two to three activity peaks in the histograms which could occur at any time of the heart cycle. The height of the various peaks sometimes changed in different ways in the course of the respiratory cycle. It can be concluded that different cardiovascular afferents converge to single neurones. In some neurones it could be shown by elimination of the vagus nerves that the pulse-rhythmical discharge pattern was induced mainly by vagal inputs, mainly by glossopharyngeal inputs or by inputs from both nerves. Two-thirds of the neurones discharging with systolic bursts could be enhanced by increasing the arterial blood pressure. In some of these neurones a proportionality between the number of impulses per heart cycle and the mean arterial blood pressure was found."}
{"id": "PMID:902091", "title": "Neuronal activity with cardiac rhythm in the nucleus of the solitary tract in cats and dogs. II. Activity modulation in relation to the respiratory cycle.", "content": "In anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats and dogs extracellular recordings were made of the spontaneous activities of 28 single neurones with cardiac rhythm. Histological exmaination confirmed that the neurones were situated in the mediodorsal portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract. The neurones, which had already been analysed in respect to their pulse-rhythmical pattern27, were investigated by means of inspiration triggered histograms. The neurones could be grouped according to the respiratory modulations of their activities. Increased activities occurred during (a) the rise of the respiratory blood pressure wave, (b) the respiratory rest period, and (c) the inspiration. Three neurones did not exhibit respiratory modulation. The respiratory modulations of groups a and b were most probably caused by changing inputs from cardiovascular receptors in the course of respiration. It could be shown by adequate stimulation and elimination of the vagus nerves that the neurones of group c were influenced by lung inflation receptors as well as by cardiovascular receptors.", "contents": "Neuronal activity with cardiac rhythm in the nucleus of the solitary tract in cats and dogs. II. Activity modulation in relation to the respiratory cycle. In anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats and dogs extracellular recordings were made of the spontaneous activities of 28 single neurones with cardiac rhythm. Histological exmaination confirmed that the neurones were situated in the mediodorsal portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract. The neurones, which had already been analysed in respect to their pulse-rhythmical pattern27, were investigated by means of inspiration triggered histograms. The neurones could be grouped according to the respiratory modulations of their activities. Increased activities occurred during (a) the rise of the respiratory blood pressure wave, (b) the respiratory rest period, and (c) the inspiration. Three neurones did not exhibit respiratory modulation. The respiratory modulations of groups a and b were most probably caused by changing inputs from cardiovascular receptors in the course of respiration. It could be shown by adequate stimulation and elimination of the vagus nerves that the neurones of group c were influenced by lung inflation receptors as well as by cardiovascular receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:902093", "title": "Somatotopic and columnar organization in the corticotectal projection of the rat somatic sensory cortex.", "content": "Single injections of tritiated amino acids into the first somatic sensory area (SI) of the rat neocortex result in axoplasmically transported labeling of the stratum griseum intermidiale and stratum griseum profundum of the ipsilateral superior colliculus. The terminal labeling in these layers takes the form of multiple, column-like patches. The SI projection is somatotopically organized with the face and head representations projecting to an extensive anterolateral part of the colliculus and the limb representations projecting to a restricted posterolateral part. Injections of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus result in retrograde labelling of corticotectal cells in the superficial part of layer VB of SI and of the second somatic sensory area (SII).", "contents": "Somatotopic and columnar organization in the corticotectal projection of the rat somatic sensory cortex. Single injections of tritiated amino acids into the first somatic sensory area (SI) of the rat neocortex result in axoplasmically transported labeling of the stratum griseum intermidiale and stratum griseum profundum of the ipsilateral superior colliculus. The terminal labeling in these layers takes the form of multiple, column-like patches. The SI projection is somatotopically organized with the face and head representations projecting to an extensive anterolateral part of the colliculus and the limb representations projecting to a restricted posterolateral part. Injections of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus result in retrograde labelling of corticotectal cells in the superficial part of layer VB of SI and of the second somatic sensory area (SII)."}
{"id": "PMID:902094", "title": "The postnatal development of the caudate nucleus: a Golgi and electron microscopic study of kittens.", "content": "This study used light and electron microscopy to describe changes in the synaptic organization of developing caudate nucleus and to quantitate postnatal synaptogenesis in this region. Observation at the light microscopic level focus on the perinatal period and suggest an early maturation of spiny interneurons of the caudate nucleus. Golgi impregnation of these cells at early postnatal ages (birth to 7 days) reveals 3-5 primary dendrites which radiate from the cell body and extend for distances of 8-16 micron before branching. Secondary dendritic branches contain spines and extend, with further branching, for additional distances of 60-160 micron. The dendritic fields of neighboring caudate neurons overlap and the axons which arise from these cells course and branch within the dendritic fields. Examination of perinatal caudate neuropil (birth to 5 days) by electron microscopy reveals an extensive and well-developed axodendritic connectivity. Axonal profiles form multiple synapses en passant along single dendrites and dendritic spines or on several adjacent dendritic branches. At these ages, terminals contain few synaptic vesicles and synaptic junctions are slightly asymmetrical. By the fifteenth postnatal day, boutons are filled with vesicles, junctional complexes are distinctly asymmetrical, and axondendritic connectivity has been modified by the increase of dendritic spines and branchlets. Thus, the basic pattern underlying the organization of synapses  in the mature caudate nucleus, is established within the first week postpartum and subsequent changes are primarily quantitative.", "contents": "The postnatal development of the caudate nucleus: a Golgi and electron microscopic study of kittens. This study used light and electron microscopy to describe changes in the synaptic organization of developing caudate nucleus and to quantitate postnatal synaptogenesis in this region. Observation at the light microscopic level focus on the perinatal period and suggest an early maturation of spiny interneurons of the caudate nucleus. Golgi impregnation of these cells at early postnatal ages (birth to 7 days) reveals 3-5 primary dendrites which radiate from the cell body and extend for distances of 8-16 micron before branching. Secondary dendritic branches contain spines and extend, with further branching, for additional distances of 60-160 micron. The dendritic fields of neighboring caudate neurons overlap and the axons which arise from these cells course and branch within the dendritic fields. Examination of perinatal caudate neuropil (birth to 5 days) by electron microscopy reveals an extensive and well-developed axodendritic connectivity. Axonal profiles form multiple synapses en passant along single dendrites and dendritic spines or on several adjacent dendritic branches. At these ages, terminals contain few synaptic vesicles and synaptic junctions are slightly asymmetrical. By the fifteenth postnatal day, boutons are filled with vesicles, junctional complexes are distinctly asymmetrical, and axondendritic connectivity has been modified by the increase of dendritic spines and branchlets. Thus, the basic pattern underlying the organization of synapses  in the mature caudate nucleus, is established within the first week postpartum and subsequent changes are primarily quantitative."}
{"id": "PMID:902095", "title": "Effects of hippocampal electrical stimulation on longterm memory and on cholinergic mechanisms in three inbred strains of mice.", "content": "Two sets of experiments have been carried out in an attempt to determine the role of hippocampal cholinergic mechanisms in a long-term memory storage. Three inbred strains of mice were presented with two different learning tasks in order to estimate their long-term retention abilities as well as changes in this ability after a post-trial hippocampal stimulation. In parallel experiments the enzymes involved in acetylcholine metabolism were studied under different experimental conditions. Our results indicate: (a) The capacity for long-term memory of the BALB/c line is much greater than that of either the C57BL/6 or C57BR strain. (b) Hippocampal post-trial electrical stimulation leads to an improvement of this capacity in the BALB/c strain. This phenomenon is less pronounced in C57BL/6 and non-existent in C57BR mice. (c) Choline acetyltransferase activity in the hippocampus is significantly higher in BALB/c than in the other two strains. In BALB/c this enzyme activity is greatly changed by the post-trial stimulation whereas in the C57BL/L strain only a slight variation of enzyme activity is observed. No modification occurs in C57BR. The results suggest that the more active acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme in the hippocampus of BALB/c may be related to a greater acetylcholine availability, thus favoring the establishment of a long-term memory, perhaps by releasing greater amounts of acetylcholine in the hippocampus immmediately after the learning session. The electrical stimulation of the hippocampus acts to magnify or accelerate this phenomenon. It is suggested that the efficiency of the stimulation would be related to the genetically determined higher cholinergic activity of the hippocampus.", "contents": "Effects of hippocampal electrical stimulation on longterm memory and on cholinergic mechanisms in three inbred strains of mice. Two sets of experiments have been carried out in an attempt to determine the role of hippocampal cholinergic mechanisms in a long-term memory storage. Three inbred strains of mice were presented with two different learning tasks in order to estimate their long-term retention abilities as well as changes in this ability after a post-trial hippocampal stimulation. In parallel experiments the enzymes involved in acetylcholine metabolism were studied under different experimental conditions. Our results indicate: (a) The capacity for long-term memory of the BALB/c line is much greater than that of either the C57BL/6 or C57BR strain. (b) Hippocampal post-trial electrical stimulation leads to an improvement of this capacity in the BALB/c strain. This phenomenon is less pronounced in C57BL/6 and non-existent in C57BR mice. (c) Choline acetyltransferase activity in the hippocampus is significantly higher in BALB/c than in the other two strains. In BALB/c this enzyme activity is greatly changed by the post-trial stimulation whereas in the C57BL/L strain only a slight variation of enzyme activity is observed. No modification occurs in C57BR. The results suggest that the more active acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme in the hippocampus of BALB/c may be related to a greater acetylcholine availability, thus favoring the establishment of a long-term memory, perhaps by releasing greater amounts of acetylcholine in the hippocampus immmediately after the learning session. The electrical stimulation of the hippocampus acts to magnify or accelerate this phenomenon. It is suggested that the efficiency of the stimulation would be related to the genetically determined higher cholinergic activity of the hippocampus."}
{"id": "PMID:902096", "title": "Diazepam blockade of repetitive action potentials in skeletal muscle fibres. A model of its membrane action.", "content": "Diazepam inconcentrations of 10(-6) and 10(-5) M effectively blocks trains of action potentials (AP) in individual rat diaphragm muscle fibres 'in vitro'. Single APs, evoked and recorded intracellularly with double microelectrodes, were not affected by diazepam. Trains of APs, evoked in diaphragm fibers in a SO42-- -medium (Cl-- -free), were not affected by diazepam. Diazepam decreased the dependence of the membrane resting potential of muscle cells in chloride media on elevated external potassium whereas no effect was observed in SO42-- --Cl-- -free saline. Similar to in the rat diaphragm, diazepam blocked the trains of AP of individual muscle fibres in the frog sartorius muscle (Cl-- -medium). Diazepam did not affect the spontaneous fibrillatory APs recorded extracellularly from rat gastrocnemius muscles 10 days after denervation. Diazepam apparently increases the resting permeability of the muscle fibre memebrane for chloride ions. In the presence of the drug, the higher permeability for Cl- diminishes the depolarization caused by the potassium released and accumulated in the vicinity of the membrane in the course of AP. The muscle fibre membrane thus does not respond by repetitive activity when partially depolarized and only one AP can be evoked when diazepam is present. It is suggested that similar changes in Cl-- permeability may occur in brain excitable structures after diazepam administration and may account for some of the therapeutic effects of the drug.", "contents": "Diazepam blockade of repetitive action potentials in skeletal muscle fibres. A model of its membrane action. Diazepam inconcentrations of 10(-6) and 10(-5) M effectively blocks trains of action potentials (AP) in individual rat diaphragm muscle fibres 'in vitro'. Single APs, evoked and recorded intracellularly with double microelectrodes, were not affected by diazepam. Trains of APs, evoked in diaphragm fibers in a SO42-- -medium (Cl-- -free), were not affected by diazepam. Diazepam decreased the dependence of the membrane resting potential of muscle cells in chloride media on elevated external potassium whereas no effect was observed in SO42-- --Cl-- -free saline. Similar to in the rat diaphragm, diazepam blocked the trains of AP of individual muscle fibres in the frog sartorius muscle (Cl-- -medium). Diazepam did not affect the spontaneous fibrillatory APs recorded extracellularly from rat gastrocnemius muscles 10 days after denervation. Diazepam apparently increases the resting permeability of the muscle fibre memebrane for chloride ions. In the presence of the drug, the higher permeability for Cl- diminishes the depolarization caused by the potassium released and accumulated in the vicinity of the membrane in the course of AP. The muscle fibre membrane thus does not respond by repetitive activity when partially depolarized and only one AP can be evoked when diazepam is present. It is suggested that similar changes in Cl-- permeability may occur in brain excitable structures after diazepam administration and may account for some of the therapeutic effects of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:902106", "title": "Purification of viable ciliated cuboidal ependymal cells from rat brain.", "content": "Trypsinization of coronal sections of rat brain, followed by incubation with the chelating agent, ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), results in selective release of ciliated cuboidal ependymal cells which may be further purified by centrifugal methods. The isolated cells are motile, viable, and exhibit ultrastructure comparable to that in situ.", "contents": "Purification of viable ciliated cuboidal ependymal cells from rat brain. Trypsinization of coronal sections of rat brain, followed by incubation with the chelating agent, ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), results in selective release of ciliated cuboidal ependymal cells which may be further purified by centrifugal methods. The isolated cells are motile, viable, and exhibit ultrastructure comparable to that in situ."}
{"id": "PMID:902107", "title": "Quantitative aspects of the synaptic organization of the superior colliculus in control and dark-reared rabbits.", "content": "Fine structural and quantitative aspects of the synaptic organization of the superior colliculus of the rabbit were studied. The synaptic density, the frequency of the distinct types of terminals, the length of the contact zones, the percentage of serial contacts and the number of synaptic vesicles per terminal were estimated in control, dark-reared and dark-reared-recovered animals. The ultrastructure of the synaptic terminals and the complex interconnectivity correspond to that described for other species. The depth distribution of terminals with round synaptic vesicles agrees quite well with the distribution of cortical and retinal afferents found in lesion experiments. Dark-rearing has little effect on the quantitative organization of the synaptic terminals. In contrast with previous observations in the visual cortex of the same animals37 no changes in the density of synaptic vesicles is observed in the superior colliculus after long term dark-rearing.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of the synaptic organization of the superior colliculus in control and dark-reared rabbits. Fine structural and quantitative aspects of the synaptic organization of the superior colliculus of the rabbit were studied. The synaptic density, the frequency of the distinct types of terminals, the length of the contact zones, the percentage of serial contacts and the number of synaptic vesicles per terminal were estimated in control, dark-reared and dark-reared-recovered animals. The ultrastructure of the synaptic terminals and the complex interconnectivity correspond to that described for other species. The depth distribution of terminals with round synaptic vesicles agrees quite well with the distribution of cortical and retinal afferents found in lesion experiments. Dark-rearing has little effect on the quantitative organization of the synaptic terminals. In contrast with previous observations in the visual cortex of the same animals37 no changes in the density of synaptic vesicles is observed in the superior colliculus after long term dark-rearing."}
{"id": "PMID:902108", "title": "Development of kitten hippocampal neurons.", "content": "Cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of kittens were studied using an in vitro slice preparation. Good quality intracellular records were obtained from over 100 cells from kittens 2 days to 4 weeks of age. Cell resistance was high in 2-day-old animals and decreased over the following 4 weeks. Both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials were seen in all animals. EPSPs were only weakly effective in triggering spikes in the youngest kittens, but were greatly potentiated by repetitive stimulation at 3-10/sec; IPSPs caused a potent blockade of cell discharge in even the youngest preparations. Stimulation of the orthodromic input pathway led to a complex series of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic events which was not seen in the adult. In the 2- and 4-week-old kittens, a cell type with physiological properties different from the predominant pyramidal cell began to appear in recordings from the CA1 region. Technical difficulties inherent in in vivo recordings from neonatal animals were considerably less with the in vitro technique. Careful developmental studies may now be pursued in the slice at the single cell synaptic level.", "contents": "Development of kitten hippocampal neurons. Cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of kittens were studied using an in vitro slice preparation. Good quality intracellular records were obtained from over 100 cells from kittens 2 days to 4 weeks of age. Cell resistance was high in 2-day-old animals and decreased over the following 4 weeks. Both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials were seen in all animals. EPSPs were only weakly effective in triggering spikes in the youngest kittens, but were greatly potentiated by repetitive stimulation at 3-10/sec; IPSPs caused a potent blockade of cell discharge in even the youngest preparations. Stimulation of the orthodromic input pathway led to a complex series of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic events which was not seen in the adult. In the 2- and 4-week-old kittens, a cell type with physiological properties different from the predominant pyramidal cell began to appear in recordings from the CA1 region. Technical difficulties inherent in in vivo recordings from neonatal animals were considerably less with the in vitro technique. Careful developmental studies may now be pursued in the slice at the single cell synaptic level."}
{"id": "PMID:902132", "title": "Evaluation of control populations: body weight and rate of gain in Japanese quail.", "content": "1. Two control populations of quail of different origin were maintained by cyclical mating, one for 4 and the other for 6 generations. Means, heritabilities, genetic and phenotypic correlations of body weights at 1, 14 and 35 d and rates of gain from 1 to 14 d and from 14 to 35 d did not show any trend of change with generation. 2. The variability between generations was greater in the characters having intermediate and lower values of heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations than in those with higher values.", "contents": "Evaluation of control populations: body weight and rate of gain in Japanese quail. 1. Two control populations of quail of different origin were maintained by cyclical mating, one for 4 and the other for 6 generations. Means, heritabilities, genetic and phenotypic correlations of body weights at 1, 14 and 35 d and rates of gain from 1 to 14 d and from 14 to 35 d did not show any trend of change with generation. 2. The variability between generations was greater in the characters having intermediate and lower values of heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations than in those with higher values."}
{"id": "PMID:902133", "title": "The sparing action of inorganic sulphate on sulphur amino acids in practical broiler diets: preliminary trials with young chicks.", "content": "1. In three trials marked responses to Na2SO4 were obtained, both in terms of growth rate and of food/gain ratio. In a fourth trial the chicks responded to graded additions of synthetic methionine but not to inorganic sulphate. 2. The response of the chicks to Na2SO4 depended on the amount of sulphur amino acids in the diets, being absent or difficult to demonstrate in severely deficient diets or in those adequately supplemented, respectively. 3. Sodium sulphate cannot replace more than about 0-05% supplementary methionine. 4. Usually the efficacy of Na2SO4 in improving performance appeared to range from 40% to 60% that of synthetic methionine.", "contents": "The sparing action of inorganic sulphate on sulphur amino acids in practical broiler diets: preliminary trials with young chicks. 1. In three trials marked responses to Na2SO4 were obtained, both in terms of growth rate and of food/gain ratio. In a fourth trial the chicks responded to graded additions of synthetic methionine but not to inorganic sulphate. 2. The response of the chicks to Na2SO4 depended on the amount of sulphur amino acids in the diets, being absent or difficult to demonstrate in severely deficient diets or in those adequately supplemented, respectively. 3. Sodium sulphate cannot replace more than about 0-05% supplementary methionine. 4. Usually the efficacy of Na2SO4 in improving performance appeared to range from 40% to 60% that of synthetic methionine."}
{"id": "PMID:902134", "title": "The sparing action of inorganic sulphage on sulphur amino acids in practical broiler diets: the capacity of sodium sulphate to replace some of the supplementary methionine in diets of chicks up to 5 weeks of age.", "content": "1. Graded responses, in terms of both weight gain and food/gain ratios, were obtained to increasing increments of Na2SO4 added to diets containing suboptimal amounts of sulphur amino acids. 2. In most cases the relative efficiency of Na2SO4 ranged from 25% to 55% of that of synthetic methionine, when the former replaced 0-04 to 0-05 percentage units of the latter. This efficiency tended to be higher during the 3 to 5 than the 1 to 3 weeks of age periods. 3. The addition of either methionine or Na2SO4 decreased relative food consumption, which was apparently increased by suboptimal contentrations of dietary sulphur (as a compensatory response).", "contents": "The sparing action of inorganic sulphage on sulphur amino acids in practical broiler diets: the capacity of sodium sulphate to replace some of the supplementary methionine in diets of chicks up to 5 weeks of age. 1. Graded responses, in terms of both weight gain and food/gain ratios, were obtained to increasing increments of Na2SO4 added to diets containing suboptimal amounts of sulphur amino acids. 2. In most cases the relative efficiency of Na2SO4 ranged from 25% to 55% of that of synthetic methionine, when the former replaced 0-04 to 0-05 percentage units of the latter. This efficiency tended to be higher during the 3 to 5 than the 1 to 3 weeks of age periods. 3. The addition of either methionine or Na2SO4 decreased relative food consumption, which was apparently increased by suboptimal contentrations of dietary sulphur (as a compensatory response)."}
{"id": "PMID:902139", "title": "The ulstrastructure of the extracellular phase of bone as observed in frozen thin sections.", "content": "The fine structure of the extracellular phase of avian medullary bone and embryonic chick femur was examined in thin sections prepared by ultracryotomy and ultramicroincineration. Since contact with solutions was completely avoided, little or no loss or dislocation of mineral constituents could occur. Amorphous bone mineral (ABM) was present in two forms: as 15-30 nm spheres and as a structure-free haze. Removal of all organic material by low temperature ashing left the ABM intact. Crystals were usually associated with the ABM. In newly ossifying regions clusters or nodules of randomly oriented crystals and ABM appeared to coalesce when they reached approximately 1 micron in diameter. In highly calcified regions crystals appeared to be oriented along collagen fibers. ABM did not appear to be associated with collagen. Unmineralized collagen was visible in osteoid after staining with dry OsO4 vapor and it appeared to be diverted around nodules. Structures which resembled matrix vesicles were present. Selected area electron diffraction patterns indicated the presence of hydroxyapatite.", "contents": "The ulstrastructure of the extracellular phase of bone as observed in frozen thin sections. The fine structure of the extracellular phase of avian medullary bone and embryonic chick femur was examined in thin sections prepared by ultracryotomy and ultramicroincineration. Since contact with solutions was completely avoided, little or no loss or dislocation of mineral constituents could occur. Amorphous bone mineral (ABM) was present in two forms: as 15-30 nm spheres and as a structure-free haze. Removal of all organic material by low temperature ashing left the ABM intact. Crystals were usually associated with the ABM. In newly ossifying regions clusters or nodules of randomly oriented crystals and ABM appeared to coalesce when they reached approximately 1 micron in diameter. In highly calcified regions crystals appeared to be oriented along collagen fibers. ABM did not appear to be associated with collagen. Unmineralized collagen was visible in osteoid after staining with dry OsO4 vapor and it appeared to be diverted around nodules. Structures which resembled matrix vesicles were present. Selected area electron diffraction patterns indicated the presence of hydroxyapatite."}
{"id": "PMID:902140", "title": "A micromethod for the determination of fluoride in blood plasma and saliva.", "content": "A simple and accurate technique for the determination of fluoride (F-) in capillary-sampled blood is presented. The method is based on the known addition-slope determination technique using the fluoride electrode. No calibration curve or calibration of the electrode is required. A standard deviation of 1.3-5.6% in the range 300-10 ng F/ml was given by 259 duplicate determinations on human plasma. Measurements of parotid saliva showed that it was possible to analayze fluoride concentrations as low as 4 ng F/ml with good reproducibility. The results also show that a 150 microliter sample is sufficient for fluoride determination with high accurary. This method can easily be used in clinical laboratory.", "contents": "A micromethod for the determination of fluoride in blood plasma and saliva. A simple and accurate technique for the determination of fluoride (F-) in capillary-sampled blood is presented. The method is based on the known addition-slope determination technique using the fluoride electrode. No calibration curve or calibration of the electrode is required. A standard deviation of 1.3-5.6% in the range 300-10 ng F/ml was given by 259 duplicate determinations on human plasma. Measurements of parotid saliva showed that it was possible to analayze fluoride concentrations as low as 4 ng F/ml with good reproducibility. The results also show that a 150 microliter sample is sufficient for fluoride determination with high accurary. This method can easily be used in clinical laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:902141", "title": "Phosphatase content of rat calvaria after in vivo administration of vitamin D3 metabolites.", "content": "The effects of acute or chronic administration of small doses (130 pmol) of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on rat calvaria acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were investigated in weanling male albino Wistar rats raised on a vitamin D-deficient, low-calcium diet. The results indicate that each of these active metabolites has a different effect on calvarial phosphatase activities. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol causes a significant increase, and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol a decrease in the enzymatic activity. In animals treated with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol these activities are lower after one injection, but after seven daily doses they are not different from those of ethanol-injected control rats. The observed changes do not seem to be related to changes in serum calcium and/or phosphorus concentrations.", "contents": "Phosphatase content of rat calvaria after in vivo administration of vitamin D3 metabolites. The effects of acute or chronic administration of small doses (130 pmol) of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on rat calvaria acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were investigated in weanling male albino Wistar rats raised on a vitamin D-deficient, low-calcium diet. The results indicate that each of these active metabolites has a different effect on calvarial phosphatase activities. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol causes a significant increase, and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol a decrease in the enzymatic activity. In animals treated with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol these activities are lower after one injection, but after seven daily doses they are not different from those of ethanol-injected control rats. The observed changes do not seem to be related to changes in serum calcium and/or phosphorus concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:902142", "title": "Proliferation of osteoclasts in rat bone following bleeding and femoral fractures.", "content": "There is a significant transient increase in the number of osteoclasts in intact bone after bleedings and fractures in rats. This rise in the osteoclast population might be due to an increased parathyroid activity released by the trauma, but other factors may be involved. Both bleedings and ractures in rats are followed by hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Proliferation of osteoclasts in rat bone following bleeding and femoral fractures. There is a significant transient increase in the number of osteoclasts in intact bone after bleedings and fractures in rats. This rise in the osteoclast population might be due to an increased parathyroid activity released by the trauma, but other factors may be involved. Both bleedings and ractures in rats are followed by hypercalcemia."}
{"id": "PMID:902143", "title": "The role of synthetic and bone extracted Ca-phospholipid-PO4 complexes in hydroxyapatite formation.", "content": "The calcium-phospholipid-phosphate (Ca-PL-PO4) complex isolated from young bone has been shown to initiate hydroxyapatite formation from a metastable calcium phosphate solution. The action of the complex was compared to that of the acidic phospholipids: phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidic acid. These phospholipids first remove calcium, and a small amount of phosphate from the metastable solution forming a material similar to the complex isolated from bone, and then form hydroxyapatite. The rate of hydroxyapatite proliferation, once phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol are converted to Ca-PL-PO4 complexes, is the same as the rate observed for comparable weights of the complex isolated from bone. It is suggested that the complex isolated from bone was formed in a manner similar to the complexes in our in vitro experiments. Finally, our evidence supports the possibility that a similar complex is responsible for the initial mineralization in matrix vesicles.", "contents": "The role of synthetic and bone extracted Ca-phospholipid-PO4 complexes in hydroxyapatite formation. The calcium-phospholipid-phosphate (Ca-PL-PO4) complex isolated from young bone has been shown to initiate hydroxyapatite formation from a metastable calcium phosphate solution. The action of the complex was compared to that of the acidic phospholipids: phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidic acid. These phospholipids first remove calcium, and a small amount of phosphate from the metastable solution forming a material similar to the complex isolated from bone, and then form hydroxyapatite. The rate of hydroxyapatite proliferation, once phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol are converted to Ca-PL-PO4 complexes, is the same as the rate observed for comparable weights of the complex isolated from bone. It is suggested that the complex isolated from bone was formed in a manner similar to the complexes in our in vitro experiments. Finally, our evidence supports the possibility that a similar complex is responsible for the initial mineralization in matrix vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:902144", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans in congenital pseudarthrosis.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies on cells and matrices of congenital pseudarthrosis of the femur of a 5.5-year-old male revealed three areas with different morphological features; a fibrous area, a cartilaginous area and an osseous area. Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from each of the three areas and characterized by the degradation with chondroitinases. Although chondroitin sulfate was the major component in all regions, a significant amount of dermatan sulfate occurred in the fibrous area. A small amount of hyaluronic acid was found in both fibrous and osseous areas. These suggest that the peculiar composition of glycosaminoglycans in the affected part may account for some clinical aspects of the disease which resists treatment.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans in congenital pseudarthrosis. Light and electron microscopic studies on cells and matrices of congenital pseudarthrosis of the femur of a 5.5-year-old male revealed three areas with different morphological features; a fibrous area, a cartilaginous area and an osseous area. Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from each of the three areas and characterized by the degradation with chondroitinases. Although chondroitin sulfate was the major component in all regions, a significant amount of dermatan sulfate occurred in the fibrous area. A small amount of hyaluronic acid was found in both fibrous and osseous areas. These suggest that the peculiar composition of glycosaminoglycans in the affected part may account for some clinical aspects of the disease which resists treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:902145", "title": "Maintenance of a calcemic response to parathyroid hormone in D-deficient rats by the prevention of severe hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Parathyroid gland transplanted rats and hypophysectomized rats were raised from weaning on a diet without vitamin D and low in calcium (0.02%) for 4 weeks. At the enn of this period the animals of both experimental groups, when compared to their respective controls (i.e., sham-operated animals for parathyroid-transplanted ones, and hypophysectomized plus bovine growth hormone-supplemented ones for hypophysectomized rats) were characterized by (a) moderate or absent secondary hyperparathyroidism; (b) near normal bone calcium content; and (c) a maintained responsiveness to the calcemic effect of parathyroid extract (PTE). The PTE action is a bone effect that does not require the presence of the kidneys and is not related to changes in serum calcium and/or phosphorus concentrations. These results indicate that when severe hyperparathyroidism is prevented, the sensitivity of bone to the calcemic action of PTE can be maintained in D-deficient calcium-deprived rats. They also suggest that in these animals the main factor leading to resistance to PTH is the state of severe chronic hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Maintenance of a calcemic response to parathyroid hormone in D-deficient rats by the prevention of severe hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroid gland transplanted rats and hypophysectomized rats were raised from weaning on a diet without vitamin D and low in calcium (0.02%) for 4 weeks. At the enn of this period the animals of both experimental groups, when compared to their respective controls (i.e., sham-operated animals for parathyroid-transplanted ones, and hypophysectomized plus bovine growth hormone-supplemented ones for hypophysectomized rats) were characterized by (a) moderate or absent secondary hyperparathyroidism; (b) near normal bone calcium content; and (c) a maintained responsiveness to the calcemic effect of parathyroid extract (PTE). The PTE action is a bone effect that does not require the presence of the kidneys and is not related to changes in serum calcium and/or phosphorus concentrations. These results indicate that when severe hyperparathyroidism is prevented, the sensitivity of bone to the calcemic action of PTE can be maintained in D-deficient calcium-deprived rats. They also suggest that in these animals the main factor leading to resistance to PTH is the state of severe chronic hyperparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:902146", "title": "Quantitative analyses of osteoclast changes in resorbing bone organ cultures.", "content": "The stimulation of bone resorption, assessed by the release of 45Ca from prelabeled bones, was associated with an increase in number of osteoclasts per bone section in parathyroid hormone (PTH)-treated bones, but not in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated bones. By contrast the number of nuclei per osteoclast increased following LPS treatment, but was not affected by PTH. LPS-treated bones had more multinucleated cells, some having as many as 27 nuclei per osteoclast. More osteoclasts were adjacent to the bone collar in bones treated with LPS or PTH than in control bones. In LPS-treated bones this area also contained the largest osteoclasts, as determined by the greatest number of nuclei per osteoclast. The results suggest that LPS and PTH stimulate osteoclastic resorption by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Quantitative analyses of osteoclast changes in resorbing bone organ cultures. The stimulation of bone resorption, assessed by the release of 45Ca from prelabeled bones, was associated with an increase in number of osteoclasts per bone section in parathyroid hormone (PTH)-treated bones, but not in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated bones. By contrast the number of nuclei per osteoclast increased following LPS treatment, but was not affected by PTH. LPS-treated bones had more multinucleated cells, some having as many as 27 nuclei per osteoclast. More osteoclasts were adjacent to the bone collar in bones treated with LPS or PTH than in control bones. In LPS-treated bones this area also contained the largest osteoclasts, as determined by the greatest number of nuclei per osteoclast. The results suggest that LPS and PTH stimulate osteoclastic resorption by different mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:902147", "title": "Effects of increased earth gravity and estrone treatment on intact and healing avian radii.", "content": "Estrone, 0.4 mg administered daily for 7 days to developing chicks at 2 weeks post hatching, increased total mass and accelerated the rate of growth of the diaphyseal and proximal epiphyseal diameters of intact radii. Fractured radii of animals subjected to the same hormonal treatment displayed decreased bone weight but increased rate of growth of the proximal epiphyseal diameters and longer but thinner and lighter calluses. Two-week-old chicks, which had received no estrone, when exposed to a week-long 2g environment showed decreased intact bone weight and, with the exception of length of fracture callus, a reduction of all measured parameters of fractured bones. Estrone treatments of 0.4 mg administered daily to hypergravity-exposed animals over a week-long period resulted in greater length of fracture callus and increased rate of growth of the proximal epiphyseal diameter of both intact and fractured bones. The same treatments decreased weight and linear growth of fractured bones and width and weight of the fracture callus.", "contents": "Effects of increased earth gravity and estrone treatment on intact and healing avian radii. Estrone, 0.4 mg administered daily for 7 days to developing chicks at 2 weeks post hatching, increased total mass and accelerated the rate of growth of the diaphyseal and proximal epiphyseal diameters of intact radii. Fractured radii of animals subjected to the same hormonal treatment displayed decreased bone weight but increased rate of growth of the proximal epiphyseal diameters and longer but thinner and lighter calluses. Two-week-old chicks, which had received no estrone, when exposed to a week-long 2g environment showed decreased intact bone weight and, with the exception of length of fracture callus, a reduction of all measured parameters of fractured bones. Estrone treatments of 0.4 mg administered daily to hypergravity-exposed animals over a week-long period resulted in greater length of fracture callus and increased rate of growth of the proximal epiphyseal diameter of both intact and fractured bones. The same treatments decreased weight and linear growth of fractured bones and width and weight of the fracture callus."}
{"id": "PMID:902148", "title": "Preliminary studies on the binding of plasma albumin to bone tissue.", "content": "The extractability of 125I-labelled plasma albumin from bone pieces and from powdered bone has been compared after both in vivo and in vitro incorporation. The results show that albumin is more readily extracted from bone pieces than from bone powder which implies that tissue disruption exposes additional protein adsorption sites. It is suggested that incorporation of plasma albumin into calcified matrix during bone formation occurs mainly as a result of its strong interaction with bone mineral.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on the binding of plasma albumin to bone tissue. The extractability of 125I-labelled plasma albumin from bone pieces and from powdered bone has been compared after both in vivo and in vitro incorporation. The results show that albumin is more readily extracted from bone pieces than from bone powder which implies that tissue disruption exposes additional protein adsorption sites. It is suggested that incorporation of plasma albumin into calcified matrix during bone formation occurs mainly as a result of its strong interaction with bone mineral."}
{"id": "PMID:902149", "title": "Effect of propranolol on renin release in the dog.", "content": "Infusion of d,l-propranolol in both anesthetized and conscious dogs caused decreases in heart rate (HR), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone. There was no consistent change in mean arterial blood pressure, plasma renin substrate concentration, packed cell volume, plasma potassium, or plasma sodium concentration following the infusion of propranolol. In five conscious animals, infusion of propranolol (1 mg/kg followed by 0.47-0.65 mg kg-1 h-1) reduced HR from 117.6 +/- 4.0 beats per minute (mean +/- SE) during control periods of 73.2 +/- 2.0 beats per minute (P less than 0.005) 90 min after the start of infusion. PRA decreased from 9.97 +/- 1.79 ng ml-1 h-1 during control periods to reach 1.50 +/- 0.42 ng ml-1 h-1 (P less than 0.005) at the end of the 90-min infusions. Plasma aldosterone also decreased during this time from 17.60 +/- 1.93 ng% during control periods to reach 6.64 +/- 0.98 ng% (P less than 0.005). The data suggest that propranolol at the dose administered suppresses renin and aldosterone secretion in unstimulated dogs. They suggest also that beta-receptor activity contributes to basal renin release.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on renin release in the dog. Infusion of d,l-propranolol in both anesthetized and conscious dogs caused decreases in heart rate (HR), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone. There was no consistent change in mean arterial blood pressure, plasma renin substrate concentration, packed cell volume, plasma potassium, or plasma sodium concentration following the infusion of propranolol. In five conscious animals, infusion of propranolol (1 mg/kg followed by 0.47-0.65 mg kg-1 h-1) reduced HR from 117.6 +/- 4.0 beats per minute (mean +/- SE) during control periods of 73.2 +/- 2.0 beats per minute (P less than 0.005) 90 min after the start of infusion. PRA decreased from 9.97 +/- 1.79 ng ml-1 h-1 during control periods to reach 1.50 +/- 0.42 ng ml-1 h-1 (P less than 0.005) at the end of the 90-min infusions. Plasma aldosterone also decreased during this time from 17.60 +/- 1.93 ng% during control periods to reach 6.64 +/- 0.98 ng% (P less than 0.005). The data suggest that propranolol at the dose administered suppresses renin and aldosterone secretion in unstimulated dogs. They suggest also that beta-receptor activity contributes to basal renin release."}
{"id": "PMID:902150", "title": "Effect of norepinephrine on intramyocardial distribution of blood flow in normal and ischemic myocardium.", "content": "Using labelled microspheres, the effect of norepinephrine (NE) infusions (15 microgram and 30 microgram/min) on coronary blood flow and its intramyocardial distribution during ischemia was studied. The results reported here show that in the ischemic myocardium, the ratio of endocardial to epicardial flow was 0.67. This value became 1.0 in dogs receiving NE at a dose of 30 microgram/min. Since an adrenergic discharge is known to accompany angina in man, these data suggest that an imbalance between the endocardial and epicardial blood flow might not be present in this clinical condition.", "contents": "Effect of norepinephrine on intramyocardial distribution of blood flow in normal and ischemic myocardium. Using labelled microspheres, the effect of norepinephrine (NE) infusions (15 microgram and 30 microgram/min) on coronary blood flow and its intramyocardial distribution during ischemia was studied. The results reported here show that in the ischemic myocardium, the ratio of endocardial to epicardial flow was 0.67. This value became 1.0 in dogs receiving NE at a dose of 30 microgram/min. Since an adrenergic discharge is known to accompany angina in man, these data suggest that an imbalance between the endocardial and epicardial blood flow might not be present in this clinical condition."}
{"id": "PMID:902152", "title": "Effects of acetylcholine mustard aziridinium ion and its choline analogue on choline transport into synaptosomes.", "content": "A compound thought to be choline mustard aziridimium ion was found previously in our laboratory to inhibit choline transport into human erythrocytes. Experiments with synaptosomes prepared from brain of rat now show that the aziridinium ion of choline mustard hydrochloride inhibited high- and low-affinity choline transport, with the inhibitory effect being about 10 times less than that of hemicholinium-3. Acetylcholine mustard aziridinium ion also inhibited the transport of choline, but it was less potent than its choline analogue. Studies with choline mustard aziridinium ion may yield important information about the transport of substances into the presynaptic nerve terminal.", "contents": "Effects of acetylcholine mustard aziridinium ion and its choline analogue on choline transport into synaptosomes. A compound thought to be choline mustard aziridimium ion was found previously in our laboratory to inhibit choline transport into human erythrocytes. Experiments with synaptosomes prepared from brain of rat now show that the aziridinium ion of choline mustard hydrochloride inhibited high- and low-affinity choline transport, with the inhibitory effect being about 10 times less than that of hemicholinium-3. Acetylcholine mustard aziridinium ion also inhibited the transport of choline, but it was less potent than its choline analogue. Studies with choline mustard aziridinium ion may yield important information about the transport of substances into the presynaptic nerve terminal."}
{"id": "PMID:902153", "title": "A new chronically cannulated carotid artery preparation for determination of drug half-lives in quinea pig.", "content": "A reliable procedure for implanting a cannula into the carotid artery of the guinea pig is described. The gaseous anaesthetic used provided excellent control, rapid recovery, and caused no fatalities. There was no evidence of postoperative infection and patency of the cannula could be maintained for 21 days after surgery. There was no indication of postoperative trauma and removal of blood appeared to be painless. Efficacy of the preparation was demonstrated by repeated removal of 3-ml volumes of blood for the determination of the half-life of phenobarbital acutely in five animals and chronically in three guinea pigs treated with the drug for 14 days. Administration of phenobarbital twice daily (20 or 50 mg/kg, ip) for 1 week increased its clearance rate fivefold. Treatment for an additional week produced a further increase in phenobarbital clearance. The cannulated guinea pig preparation described should allow determination of the pharmacokinetics of many drugs in this species.", "contents": "A new chronically cannulated carotid artery preparation for determination of drug half-lives in quinea pig. A reliable procedure for implanting a cannula into the carotid artery of the guinea pig is described. The gaseous anaesthetic used provided excellent control, rapid recovery, and caused no fatalities. There was no evidence of postoperative infection and patency of the cannula could be maintained for 21 days after surgery. There was no indication of postoperative trauma and removal of blood appeared to be painless. Efficacy of the preparation was demonstrated by repeated removal of 3-ml volumes of blood for the determination of the half-life of phenobarbital acutely in five animals and chronically in three guinea pigs treated with the drug for 14 days. Administration of phenobarbital twice daily (20 or 50 mg/kg, ip) for 1 week increased its clearance rate fivefold. Treatment for an additional week produced a further increase in phenobarbital clearance. The cannulated guinea pig preparation described should allow determination of the pharmacokinetics of many drugs in this species."}
{"id": "PMID:902154", "title": "Reduction of intrinsic sinoatrial frequency and norepinephrine response of the exercised rat.", "content": "Physical training is associated with a reduction of intrinsic sinoatrial activity; the present study examined the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in this reduction. Six groups of rats were studied for 10 weeks: inactive control; treadmill exercised; parasympathetic receptor blockade with atropine; exercise plus atropine; parasympathetic receptor stimulation with carbachol; and exercise plus carbachol. In vivo ISF (cardiac frequency 20 min after injection of propranolol and atropine) was measured at 3-week intervals. At the end of 10 weeks the right atrium was excised, in vitro measurements were made of ISF, and chronotropic dose-response curves to acetylcholine and norepinephrine were established. In vivo, ISF was reduced with time, the greatest reduction being found in the exercise plus atropine group; the treadmill-exercised and the atropine-treated groups also had a greater reduction than the control group. In vitro, no differences were observed in acetylcholine responses. The maximum norepinephrine chronotropic response was reduced in the treadmill-exercised and the exercise plus atropine groups. The maximum norepinephrine-induced frequency correlated with the in vitro ISF (r = 0.75). Thus, ISF was reduced with training, but this effect was independent of parasympathetic activity. The properties of the sinoatrial node which set ISF also influenced the maximum norepinephrine response.", "contents": "Reduction of intrinsic sinoatrial frequency and norepinephrine response of the exercised rat. Physical training is associated with a reduction of intrinsic sinoatrial activity; the present study examined the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in this reduction. Six groups of rats were studied for 10 weeks: inactive control; treadmill exercised; parasympathetic receptor blockade with atropine; exercise plus atropine; parasympathetic receptor stimulation with carbachol; and exercise plus carbachol. In vivo ISF (cardiac frequency 20 min after injection of propranolol and atropine) was measured at 3-week intervals. At the end of 10 weeks the right atrium was excised, in vitro measurements were made of ISF, and chronotropic dose-response curves to acetylcholine and norepinephrine were established. In vivo, ISF was reduced with time, the greatest reduction being found in the exercise plus atropine group; the treadmill-exercised and the atropine-treated groups also had a greater reduction than the control group. In vitro, no differences were observed in acetylcholine responses. The maximum norepinephrine chronotropic response was reduced in the treadmill-exercised and the exercise plus atropine groups. The maximum norepinephrine-induced frequency correlated with the in vitro ISF (r = 0.75). Thus, ISF was reduced with training, but this effect was independent of parasympathetic activity. The properties of the sinoatrial node which set ISF also influenced the maximum norepinephrine response."}
{"id": "PMID:902156", "title": "Study of reversibility of effects of hypoxia in airway smooth muscle.", "content": "We have shown in the past that hypoxia impairs contractile activity in tracheal smooth muscle (TSM). This was associated with partial uncoupling of mitochondria. It remained to be determined whether these changes were reversible. The TSM model was felt to be superior to the isolated mitochondria since it was likely to be free from artefacts inherent in procedures involving homogenisation and extraction. We report here that the oxygen uptake rates of the isolated, mechanically active TSM were increased in the posthypoxia recovery period when compared with the prehypoxia active muscle. Mechanical recovery was complete.", "contents": "Study of reversibility of effects of hypoxia in airway smooth muscle. We have shown in the past that hypoxia impairs contractile activity in tracheal smooth muscle (TSM). This was associated with partial uncoupling of mitochondria. It remained to be determined whether these changes were reversible. The TSM model was felt to be superior to the isolated mitochondria since it was likely to be free from artefacts inherent in procedures involving homogenisation and extraction. We report here that the oxygen uptake rates of the isolated, mechanically active TSM were increased in the posthypoxia recovery period when compared with the prehypoxia active muscle. Mechanical recovery was complete."}
{"id": "PMID:902157", "title": "Isometric and isotonic contractions in airway smooth muscle.", "content": "Canine tracheal smooth muscle was used as an in vitro model of smooth muscle in intrapulmonary airways to determine whether active tension curves derived from isometric and isotonic muscles are similar, and thus resemble striated muscle in this respect. Isometric, isotonic after-loaded, and isotonic free-loaded contractions elicited at different lengths and loads, were analysed. The data demonstrate that length-tension (L-T) diagrams were different in these various types of contractions for electrically and carbachol driven tracheal smooth muscles strips. In general, at any given length active tension is less in isotonic and free-loaded modes of contraction as compared with isometric. We conclude that the ability to actively develop tension at a given length in airway smooth muscle depends on the mode of contraction.", "contents": "Isometric and isotonic contractions in airway smooth muscle. Canine tracheal smooth muscle was used as an in vitro model of smooth muscle in intrapulmonary airways to determine whether active tension curves derived from isometric and isotonic muscles are similar, and thus resemble striated muscle in this respect. Isometric, isotonic after-loaded, and isotonic free-loaded contractions elicited at different lengths and loads, were analysed. The data demonstrate that length-tension (L-T) diagrams were different in these various types of contractions for electrically and carbachol driven tracheal smooth muscles strips. In general, at any given length active tension is less in isotonic and free-loaded modes of contraction as compared with isometric. We conclude that the ability to actively develop tension at a given length in airway smooth muscle depends on the mode of contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:902159", "title": "Epileptiform seizures in domestic fowl. VI. Plasma phenobarbital concentrations and anticonvulsant activity.", "content": "The relationship between plasma phenobarbital concentrations and anticonvulsant activity was determined against seizures induced in epileptic chickens by intermittent photic stimulation (IPS). Intraperitoneally administered phenobarbital produced a plasma-concentration-dependent reduction in both the incidence and severity of seizures. Complete protection against IPS-induced seizures was observed for a period of 6 h after acute phenobarbital administration during which the mean plasma phenobarbital concentrations were between 16.2 +/- 0.91 and 13.6 +/- 1.0 microgram/lm. Plasma phenobarbital concentrations below 3.6 +/- 0.06 microgram/ml had no measurable effect.", "contents": "Epileptiform seizures in domestic fowl. VI. Plasma phenobarbital concentrations and anticonvulsant activity. The relationship between plasma phenobarbital concentrations and anticonvulsant activity was determined against seizures induced in epileptic chickens by intermittent photic stimulation (IPS). Intraperitoneally administered phenobarbital produced a plasma-concentration-dependent reduction in both the incidence and severity of seizures. Complete protection against IPS-induced seizures was observed for a period of 6 h after acute phenobarbital administration during which the mean plasma phenobarbital concentrations were between 16.2 +/- 0.91 and 13.6 +/- 1.0 microgram/lm. Plasma phenobarbital concentrations below 3.6 +/- 0.06 microgram/ml had no measurable effect."}
{"id": "PMID:902161", "title": "The effects of glucose and insulin on contraction of the isolated diaphragm.", "content": "High glucose concentrations (55 mM) were found to suppress the isometric contraction tension of rat diaphragm. The effect appears to be due to the resulting transmembrane osmotic gradient in spite of the fact that glucose uptake by the diaphragm is fairly rapid. Insulin can reverse the effect of hypertonic glucose to a considerable extent. The problems of estimating intracellular glucose concentration in the isolated muscle are considered. Estimates of intracellular glucose taking into account extracellular space and extracellular diffusion gradients were made using a two-compartment model. Calculations based on the model show that in the presence of insulin, intracellular glucose increases from about 1 to 19 mumol/ml of muscle fibre. The mean transmembrane glucose concentration gradient dcreases from 41 to 18 mumol/ml. With the use of the model it appears possible to relate most of the observed effect of glucose and insulin on isometric contraction to their influence on the osmotic gradient across the muscle fibre membrane. Insulin appears to have some additional effects on muscles suppressed by hypertonic solutions which are not accounted for by this mechanism.", "contents": "The effects of glucose and insulin on contraction of the isolated diaphragm. High glucose concentrations (55 mM) were found to suppress the isometric contraction tension of rat diaphragm. The effect appears to be due to the resulting transmembrane osmotic gradient in spite of the fact that glucose uptake by the diaphragm is fairly rapid. Insulin can reverse the effect of hypertonic glucose to a considerable extent. The problems of estimating intracellular glucose concentration in the isolated muscle are considered. Estimates of intracellular glucose taking into account extracellular space and extracellular diffusion gradients were made using a two-compartment model. Calculations based on the model show that in the presence of insulin, intracellular glucose increases from about 1 to 19 mumol/ml of muscle fibre. The mean transmembrane glucose concentration gradient dcreases from 41 to 18 mumol/ml. With the use of the model it appears possible to relate most of the observed effect of glucose and insulin on isometric contraction to their influence on the osmotic gradient across the muscle fibre membrane. Insulin appears to have some additional effects on muscles suppressed by hypertonic solutions which are not accounted for by this mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:902162", "title": "The effect of hypoxia on prostaglandin output and on tone in isolated coronary arteries.", "content": "The relationship between bath Po2, intramural prostaglandin synthesis, and vessel tone in isolated coronary arteries of cattle was studied. The basal output of prostaglandin under 95% O2-5% CO2 (580 mmHg) was elevated markedly when the Po2 was decreased to 47 mmHg but extreme hypoxia (9 mmHg) sharply curtailed output. The coronary vessels responded to 47 mmHg with relaxation but they contracted when the Po2 was decreased further to 9 mmHg. Known inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis attenuated both the hypoxia-induced relaxations and contractions. Analysis of the effects of extreme hypoxia and of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on tone indicated that both suppress prostaglandin production. It is concluded that coronary prostaglandin synthesis is accelerated by hypoxia unless the oxygen deprivation is so severe as to limit the availability of oxygen for synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of hypoxia on prostaglandin output and on tone in isolated coronary arteries. The relationship between bath Po2, intramural prostaglandin synthesis, and vessel tone in isolated coronary arteries of cattle was studied. The basal output of prostaglandin under 95% O2-5% CO2 (580 mmHg) was elevated markedly when the Po2 was decreased to 47 mmHg but extreme hypoxia (9 mmHg) sharply curtailed output. The coronary vessels responded to 47 mmHg with relaxation but they contracted when the Po2 was decreased further to 9 mmHg. Known inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis attenuated both the hypoxia-induced relaxations and contractions. Analysis of the effects of extreme hypoxia and of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on tone indicated that both suppress prostaglandin production. It is concluded that coronary prostaglandin synthesis is accelerated by hypoxia unless the oxygen deprivation is so severe as to limit the availability of oxygen for synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:902163", "title": "A pharmacological study of SRS-A on the bovine cutaneous vasculature.", "content": "Bovine slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) is capable of producing dose-dependent vascular permeability changes in the skin of calves. The wheals are well-defined indurations, similar to wheals induced by histamine but different from those induced by prostaglandin (PG) E2. Three proposed SRS-A receptor blockers (i.e., FPL 55712, PR-D-92-EA, and sodium meclofenamate) were studied with respect to their antagonism of wheals induced by SRS-A, histamine, and PGE2. PR-D-92-EA and FPL 55712 antagonized SRS-A, and also histamine and PGE2 at high concentrations. Meclofenamate was ineffective against SRS-A but antagonized histamine and PGE2 at higher concentrations. The significance of these results, especially with respect to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, is discussed.", "contents": "A pharmacological study of SRS-A on the bovine cutaneous vasculature. Bovine slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) is capable of producing dose-dependent vascular permeability changes in the skin of calves. The wheals are well-defined indurations, similar to wheals induced by histamine but different from those induced by prostaglandin (PG) E2. Three proposed SRS-A receptor blockers (i.e., FPL 55712, PR-D-92-EA, and sodium meclofenamate) were studied with respect to their antagonism of wheals induced by SRS-A, histamine, and PGE2. PR-D-92-EA and FPL 55712 antagonized SRS-A, and also histamine and PGE2 at high concentrations. Meclofenamate was ineffective against SRS-A but antagonized histamine and PGE2 at higher concentrations. The significance of these results, especially with respect to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902164", "title": "Muscarinic feedback inhibition of acetylcholine release from the myenteric plexus in the quinea pig ileum and its status after chronic exposure to morphine.", "content": "Atropine (10(-8)-10(-6) M) produced a dose-related increase in the release of ACh from the electrically stimulated longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation. This increase in release was frequency dependent, being greater at low frequencies of stimulation where the pulse release of ACh was greater than at high frequencies. The muscarinic agonist oxotremorine (up to 100 micrometer) did not inhibit ACh release although 100 micrometer oxotremorine did antagonize the ability of atropine to increase release. The effect of chronic exposure to morphine, both in vivo and in vitro, on the reactivity of muscarinic receptors mediating this increase was examined. Neither the control rate of ACh release nor the dose-response curve for atropine were altered by (a) an 8-day morphine injection schedule, and (b) exposure of the tissue to morphine in the bath for 90 min. The results of this study support the existence of a muscarinic feedback mechanism which controls ACh release from the myenteric plexus. Chronic exposure to morphine does not produce specific changes in the muscarinic receptor mediating this inhibition.", "contents": "Muscarinic feedback inhibition of acetylcholine release from the myenteric plexus in the quinea pig ileum and its status after chronic exposure to morphine. Atropine (10(-8)-10(-6) M) produced a dose-related increase in the release of ACh from the electrically stimulated longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation. This increase in release was frequency dependent, being greater at low frequencies of stimulation where the pulse release of ACh was greater than at high frequencies. The muscarinic agonist oxotremorine (up to 100 micrometer) did not inhibit ACh release although 100 micrometer oxotremorine did antagonize the ability of atropine to increase release. The effect of chronic exposure to morphine, both in vivo and in vitro, on the reactivity of muscarinic receptors mediating this increase was examined. Neither the control rate of ACh release nor the dose-response curve for atropine were altered by (a) an 8-day morphine injection schedule, and (b) exposure of the tissue to morphine in the bath for 90 min. The results of this study support the existence of a muscarinic feedback mechanism which controls ACh release from the myenteric plexus. Chronic exposure to morphine does not produce specific changes in the muscarinic receptor mediating this inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:902165", "title": "Purification of rabbit transcobalamin II by labile ligand affinity chromatography.", "content": "Rabbit transcobalamin II has been purified to homogeneity from serum containing 5-30 nmol unsaturated transcobalamin II. The method described consists of labile ligand affinity chromatography and G-200 Sephadex gel filtration. The recovery of pure protein was about 80%.", "contents": "Purification of rabbit transcobalamin II by labile ligand affinity chromatography. Rabbit transcobalamin II has been purified to homogeneity from serum containing 5-30 nmol unsaturated transcobalamin II. The method described consists of labile ligand affinity chromatography and G-200 Sephadex gel filtration. The recovery of pure protein was about 80%."}
{"id": "PMID:902166", "title": "Calcium-linked changes in myocardial metabolism in the isolated perfused rat heart.", "content": "Rat hearts were perfused for 40 min with aerobic medium containing different concentrations of calcium (0-5 mM) and their abilities to take up and oxidize glucose, and to produce lactate and glycerol were examined in addition to measuring glycogen, lipids, cyclic AMP, and high energy phosphate stores. Increasing the concentration of calcium was found to decrease myocardial glycogen but increase glucose uptake, glucose oxidation, and lactate release. A decrease in myocardial triglycerides and an increase in free fatty acid contents as well as glycerol release without any changes in cholesterol and phospholipid contents were observed upon increasing the concentration of external calcium. In comparison with the hearts perfused with Ca2+-free medium, the levels of creatine phosphate and ATP were lower and that of ADP higher in hearts perfused with medium containing 5 mM calcium. No differences in AMP and cyclic AMP contents were seen among hearts perfused with different concentrations of calcium. The contractile activity initially increased upon increasing the concentration of calcium from 1.25 to 5 mM and then declined towards the control level. The hearts were unable to generate contractile force in the absence of calcium, whereas the contractile force decreased and then began to recover upon perfusing the hearts with 0.31 mM calcium. These results indicate that elevated levels of intracellular calcium stimulate glycogenolytic, glycolytic, and lipolytic processes in myocardium directly.", "contents": "Calcium-linked changes in myocardial metabolism in the isolated perfused rat heart. Rat hearts were perfused for 40 min with aerobic medium containing different concentrations of calcium (0-5 mM) and their abilities to take up and oxidize glucose, and to produce lactate and glycerol were examined in addition to measuring glycogen, lipids, cyclic AMP, and high energy phosphate stores. Increasing the concentration of calcium was found to decrease myocardial glycogen but increase glucose uptake, glucose oxidation, and lactate release. A decrease in myocardial triglycerides and an increase in free fatty acid contents as well as glycerol release without any changes in cholesterol and phospholipid contents were observed upon increasing the concentration of external calcium. In comparison with the hearts perfused with Ca2+-free medium, the levels of creatine phosphate and ATP were lower and that of ADP higher in hearts perfused with medium containing 5 mM calcium. No differences in AMP and cyclic AMP contents were seen among hearts perfused with different concentrations of calcium. The contractile activity initially increased upon increasing the concentration of calcium from 1.25 to 5 mM and then declined towards the control level. The hearts were unable to generate contractile force in the absence of calcium, whereas the contractile force decreased and then began to recover upon perfusing the hearts with 0.31 mM calcium. These results indicate that elevated levels of intracellular calcium stimulate glycogenolytic, glycolytic, and lipolytic processes in myocardium directly."}
{"id": "PMID:902167", "title": "Improved cold tolerance and its mechanism in cold-acclimated rats by high fat diet feeding.", "content": "Cold tolerance and metabolic responses to cold were studied in cold-acclimated rats on high fat diet (CAHF). Cold tolerance at-5 degrees C was assessed by fall of colonic temperature of clipped rats after 18 h of fasting. Rate of fall in colonic temperature was greatest in warm-acclimated control rats (WAST), slowest in cold-acclimated rats on standard diet (CAST), and remained unchanged in CAHF during cold exposure for 240 min. Increment in blood free fatty acid (FFA) concentration 80 min after cold exposure was greatest in WAST, less in CAST, and least in CAHF. Blood glucose decreased similarly in WAST and CAST after cold exposure, while it remained unchanged in CAHF. Blood beta-hydroxybutyrate also increased similarly in WAST and CAST, while it did not change in CAHF. Nonshivering thermogenesis tested by noradrenaline was greatest in CAHF, followed by CAST and WAST. Shivering induced by cold exposure was less pronounced in CAST than in WAST and did not develop in CAHF; changes in colonic temperature were inversely related to the extent of shivering during cold exposure for 90 min. These results suggest that an integrating effect of cold and high fat diet could improve cold tolerance much more than cold acclimation itself, possibly through enhanced nonshivering thermogenesis caused by metabolic modifications such as increased lipid use and gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Improved cold tolerance and its mechanism in cold-acclimated rats by high fat diet feeding. Cold tolerance and metabolic responses to cold were studied in cold-acclimated rats on high fat diet (CAHF). Cold tolerance at-5 degrees C was assessed by fall of colonic temperature of clipped rats after 18 h of fasting. Rate of fall in colonic temperature was greatest in warm-acclimated control rats (WAST), slowest in cold-acclimated rats on standard diet (CAST), and remained unchanged in CAHF during cold exposure for 240 min. Increment in blood free fatty acid (FFA) concentration 80 min after cold exposure was greatest in WAST, less in CAST, and least in CAHF. Blood glucose decreased similarly in WAST and CAST after cold exposure, while it remained unchanged in CAHF. Blood beta-hydroxybutyrate also increased similarly in WAST and CAST, while it did not change in CAHF. Nonshivering thermogenesis tested by noradrenaline was greatest in CAHF, followed by CAST and WAST. Shivering induced by cold exposure was less pronounced in CAST than in WAST and did not develop in CAHF; changes in colonic temperature were inversely related to the extent of shivering during cold exposure for 90 min. These results suggest that an integrating effect of cold and high fat diet could improve cold tolerance much more than cold acclimation itself, possibly through enhanced nonshivering thermogenesis caused by metabolic modifications such as increased lipid use and gluconeogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:902168", "title": "Reduced hyperglycemic action of glucagon in cold-acclimated rats, especially in venous drainage from brown adipose tissue.", "content": "Glucagon infusion at a rate of 2 microgram/min for 30 min into warm-acclimated rats induced a marked rise of glucose concentration in venous blood both in the external jugular vein and in Sulzer's vein from the interscapular brown adipose tissue. In cold-acclimated rats the increase in the concentration of glucose was significantly reduced in the former vein and abolished in the latter one. These results suggest an enhanced use of glucose in the brown adipose tissue in cold-acclimated animals under the influence of glucagon.", "contents": "Reduced hyperglycemic action of glucagon in cold-acclimated rats, especially in venous drainage from brown adipose tissue. Glucagon infusion at a rate of 2 microgram/min for 30 min into warm-acclimated rats induced a marked rise of glucose concentration in venous blood both in the external jugular vein and in Sulzer's vein from the interscapular brown adipose tissue. In cold-acclimated rats the increase in the concentration of glucose was significantly reduced in the former vein and abolished in the latter one. These results suggest an enhanced use of glucose in the brown adipose tissue in cold-acclimated animals under the influence of glucagon."}
{"id": "PMID:902169", "title": "Substance P selectively blocks excitation of Renshaw cell by acetylcholine.", "content": "In cats, under Dial anaesthesia, Renshaw cells were excited by microiontophoretic applications of acetylcholine (ACh), aspartate, and glutamate. Substance P, in small doses (10-30 nA), selectively abolished the responses to ACh, leaving the discharges evoked by the amino acids unchanged or enhanced. Higher doses (greater than 50 nA) depressed all responses, but those evoked by amino acids went down last and recovered sooner. By contrast, neither synaptic responses to ventral root stimulation nor spontaneous discharges were affected by substance P, presumably owing to the high efficacy of synaptic transmission and the presence of diffusion barriers around junctional sites.", "contents": "Substance P selectively blocks excitation of Renshaw cell by acetylcholine. In cats, under Dial anaesthesia, Renshaw cells were excited by microiontophoretic applications of acetylcholine (ACh), aspartate, and glutamate. Substance P, in small doses (10-30 nA), selectively abolished the responses to ACh, leaving the discharges evoked by the amino acids unchanged or enhanced. Higher doses (greater than 50 nA) depressed all responses, but those evoked by amino acids went down last and recovered sooner. By contrast, neither synaptic responses to ventral root stimulation nor spontaneous discharges were affected by substance P, presumably owing to the high efficacy of synaptic transmission and the presence of diffusion barriers around junctional sites."}
{"id": "PMID:902170", "title": "Actions of microiontophoretically applied ibotenate on cat spinal interneurones.", "content": "Microiontophoretic applications of ibotenate, an amino acid analogue of glutamate, evoked biphasic responses from single dorsal horn interneurones of the cat spinal cord, i.e., an initial increase in the firing rate followed by a sustained depression of spontaneous firing. A reduced cell sensitivity to excitatory amino acids or peripheral field stimulation was also found during the ibotenate-induced depression. These effects were not produced by glutamate, quisqualate, or kainate, although occasional transient reductions of spontaneous cell firing were observed after application of glutamate. It is suggested that ibotenate might act on inhibitory as well as excitatory receptors of cat spinal interneurons.", "contents": "Actions of microiontophoretically applied ibotenate on cat spinal interneurones. Microiontophoretic applications of ibotenate, an amino acid analogue of glutamate, evoked biphasic responses from single dorsal horn interneurones of the cat spinal cord, i.e., an initial increase in the firing rate followed by a sustained depression of spontaneous firing. A reduced cell sensitivity to excitatory amino acids or peripheral field stimulation was also found during the ibotenate-induced depression. These effects were not produced by glutamate, quisqualate, or kainate, although occasional transient reductions of spontaneous cell firing were observed after application of glutamate. It is suggested that ibotenate might act on inhibitory as well as excitatory receptors of cat spinal interneurons."}
{"id": "PMID:902171", "title": "Antagonism of conditioned salivation in conscious dogs by antihypertensive drugs.", "content": "Methyldopate (methyldopa (ethyl ester)), carbidopa, clonidine, and ST-91 were evaluated for their effects on conditioned salivation in unanesthetized dogs. Clonidine produced dose-dependent inhibition of salivation 20 min after an intravenous injection. At equivalent and larger doses, ST-91, a clonidine analog which does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, was ineffective  in inhibiting conditioned salivation, suggesting that central rather than peripheral mechanisms are involved in clonidine-induced inhibition of salivation. Methyldopate also produced a dose-dependent inhibition of salivation in dogs. The mechanism involved in methyldopa-induced inhibition of salivation may involve both central and peripheral mechanisms because carbidopa, an inhibitor (like methyldopa) of peripheral aromatic decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28), significantly inhibited salivation.", "contents": "Antagonism of conditioned salivation in conscious dogs by antihypertensive drugs. Methyldopate (methyldopa (ethyl ester)), carbidopa, clonidine, and ST-91 were evaluated for their effects on conditioned salivation in unanesthetized dogs. Clonidine produced dose-dependent inhibition of salivation 20 min after an intravenous injection. At equivalent and larger doses, ST-91, a clonidine analog which does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, was ineffective  in inhibiting conditioned salivation, suggesting that central rather than peripheral mechanisms are involved in clonidine-induced inhibition of salivation. Methyldopate also produced a dose-dependent inhibition of salivation in dogs. The mechanism involved in methyldopa-induced inhibition of salivation may involve both central and peripheral mechanisms because carbidopa, an inhibitor (like methyldopa) of peripheral aromatic decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28), significantly inhibited salivation."}
{"id": "PMID:902172", "title": "Simulation of oviductal ovum transport.", "content": "The present note describes a Monte Carlo simulation of ovum transport in the rabbit oviduct. Ova execute a random walk through a one-dimensional oviduct and the jump probabilities at each point are obtained from in vitro electrical recordings of smooth muscle activity. Simulated transport are compared with experimental findings at 18 and 66-68 h after human chorionic gonadotropin injection.", "contents": "Simulation of oviductal ovum transport. The present note describes a Monte Carlo simulation of ovum transport in the rabbit oviduct. Ova execute a random walk through a one-dimensional oviduct and the jump probabilities at each point are obtained from in vitro electrical recordings of smooth muscle activity. Simulated transport are compared with experimental findings at 18 and 66-68 h after human chorionic gonadotropin injection."}
{"id": "PMID:902190", "title": "Myocardial infarction, hyperthyroidism and normal coronary arteries: report of two cases.", "content": "Myocardial infarction is uncommon in persons with hyperthyroidism and also uncommon in the absence of demonstrable coronary artery disease. Cardiac catheterization and selective coronary angiography were performed in two men following apparent myocardial infarctions. Both patients were 33 years of age, thyrotoxic and angiographically free of coronary artery abnormalities.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction, hyperthyroidism and normal coronary arteries: report of two cases. Myocardial infarction is uncommon in persons with hyperthyroidism and also uncommon in the absence of demonstrable coronary artery disease. Cardiac catheterization and selective coronary angiography were performed in two men following apparent myocardial infarctions. Both patients were 33 years of age, thyrotoxic and angiographically free of coronary artery abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:902191", "title": "Hypertension in a family practice.", "content": "The performance of an urban Canadian family practice in the detection, evaluation, treatment, control and follow-up of hypertension for a 10-year period 1965-74 was reviewed. Vigorous case-finding and treatment were followed by good control of hypertension in 67% of cases and a significant decrease in mortality from stroke and congestive heart failure. It is strongly suggested that the proper location for dealing with hypertension is the primary-care practice and that the general practitioner deserves greater assistance from clinical specialists, health foundations and ministries of health in attacking this problem.", "contents": "Hypertension in a family practice. The performance of an urban Canadian family practice in the detection, evaluation, treatment, control and follow-up of hypertension for a 10-year period 1965-74 was reviewed. Vigorous case-finding and treatment were followed by good control of hypertension in 67% of cases and a significant decrease in mortality from stroke and congestive heart failure. It is strongly suggested that the proper location for dealing with hypertension is the primary-care practice and that the general practitioner deserves greater assistance from clinical specialists, health foundations and ministries of health in attacking this problem."}
{"id": "PMID:902205", "title": "Athletic aids: fact or fiction?", "content": "A major problem facing physicians involved in the daily care of amateur athletes in international competition is that of so-called doping. While there are many substances used that might be considered ineffectual or physiologic, the two main categories of substances considered as doping agents are stimulants and anabolic steroids. No substance is as yet known that will improve an athlete's performance. Often such substances are taken in error rather than in a misguided attempt to improve one's ability. These substances can be dangerous and, because of this, doping rules were established basically to protect the athlete. Anabolic steroids are particularly dangerous; they usually are taken by those engaged in lifting or throwing sports in an attempt to improve performance by increasing muscle bulk. There is as yet no scientific proof that performance is improved. Dope testing for stimulants should be carried out in a quantitative rather than qualitative manner so that the athlete who has taken a small amount of a so-called stimulant (such as an asthma or common cold preparation) would not be excluded from competition. Rigid testing for anabolic steroids should be continued.", "contents": "Athletic aids: fact or fiction? A major problem facing physicians involved in the daily care of amateur athletes in international competition is that of so-called doping. While there are many substances used that might be considered ineffectual or physiologic, the two main categories of substances considered as doping agents are stimulants and anabolic steroids. No substance is as yet known that will improve an athlete's performance. Often such substances are taken in error rather than in a misguided attempt to improve one's ability. These substances can be dangerous and, because of this, doping rules were established basically to protect the athlete. Anabolic steroids are particularly dangerous; they usually are taken by those engaged in lifting or throwing sports in an attempt to improve performance by increasing muscle bulk. There is as yet no scientific proof that performance is improved. Dope testing for stimulants should be carried out in a quantitative rather than qualitative manner so that the athlete who has taken a small amount of a so-called stimulant (such as an asthma or common cold preparation) would not be excluded from competition. Rigid testing for anabolic steroids should be continued."}
{"id": "PMID:902206", "title": "Experience of the Canadian medical team at the 21st Olympiad.", "content": "The Canadian medical team at the 21st Olympiad--11 therapists, 8 physicians and 2 nurses--was larger than necessary, partly because the Canadian athletes were not affected by the stresses of competition in a foreign land and partly because many used the medical facilities established by le comit\u00e9 organisateur des Jeux olympiques. There were few injuries of a serious nature or of lasting consequence among the Canadian athletes; only 10 of the 475 athletes were withdrawn from competition on the advice of the medical staff. On the average the athletes had two visits to a physician and five treatments by a therapist. Track and field competitors accounted for the largest number of visits to the therapy clinic, and musculoskeletal problems were the most frequent type. Most of the treatment consisted of local supportive measures.", "contents": "Experience of the Canadian medical team at the 21st Olympiad. The Canadian medical team at the 21st Olympiad--11 therapists, 8 physicians and 2 nurses--was larger than necessary, partly because the Canadian athletes were not affected by the stresses of competition in a foreign land and partly because many used the medical facilities established by le comit\u00e9 organisateur des Jeux olympiques. There were few injuries of a serious nature or of lasting consequence among the Canadian athletes; only 10 of the 475 athletes were withdrawn from competition on the advice of the medical staff. On the average the athletes had two visits to a physician and five treatments by a therapist. Track and field competitors accounted for the largest number of visits to the therapy clinic, and musculoskeletal problems were the most frequent type. Most of the treatment consisted of local supportive measures."}
{"id": "PMID:902207", "title": "Hemoglobin values: comparative survey of the 1976 Canadian Olympic team.", "content": "In view of the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport, the hemoglobin concentration in whole blood may indicate readiness for maximal physical performance. Hemoglobin concentrations were determined in members of the 1976 Canadian Olympic team and compared with those of the 1975 Canadian general population and with published data for the 1968 Australian and Dutch Olympic teams. The mean hemoglobin concentrations of the 123 male and 64 female Canadian Olympic athletes were 14.7 +/- 1.0 and 12.9 +/- 0.7 g/dL, respectively. Both male and female Canadian Olympic athletes had significantly lower (P less than 0.01) values than the other three groups. The suboptimal hemoglobin concentrations may be related to inadequate dietary intake of protein and iron.", "contents": "Hemoglobin values: comparative survey of the 1976 Canadian Olympic team. In view of the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport, the hemoglobin concentration in whole blood may indicate readiness for maximal physical performance. Hemoglobin concentrations were determined in members of the 1976 Canadian Olympic team and compared with those of the 1975 Canadian general population and with published data for the 1968 Australian and Dutch Olympic teams. The mean hemoglobin concentrations of the 123 male and 64 female Canadian Olympic athletes were 14.7 +/- 1.0 and 12.9 +/- 0.7 g/dL, respectively. Both male and female Canadian Olympic athletes had significantly lower (P less than 0.01) values than the other three groups. The suboptimal hemoglobin concentrations may be related to inadequate dietary intake of protein and iron."}
{"id": "PMID:902208", "title": "Epiphyseal injuries in the growing athlete.", "content": "The epiphyses and epiphyseal plates are vital structures in the bone development of the growing athlete. The epiphyseal plate is two to five times weaker than the surrounding fibrous tissue in children and adolescents; consequently a force causing a ligamentous tear in adults is likely to cause an epiphyseal plate injury in growing children. Two types of epiphyseal injury that are common in the growing athlete are (a) separation across the epiphyseal plate, which is usually produced by a direct blow to the joint area or by a strong muscular contraction, and (b) traumatic epiphysitis, the more common of the two, which is usually caused by strong, repetitive contraction of a muscle attached to a traction epiphysis. Each epiphyseal site has specific anatomic features and the forces causing injury differ slightly at each site. An improperly treated separation of an intra-articular pressure epiphysis can have a disastrous effect on the proper functioning of the normally well-fitted articulation of bone ends in the joint. Consequently, proper diagnosis and treatment are essential. Traumatic epiphysitis can result in chronic inflammation or fragmentation, or both, if the condition is not arrested. Therefore the athlete must discontinue the activities that are causing the trauma until the inflammation is completely arrested. Absolute rest may even be required.", "contents": "Epiphyseal injuries in the growing athlete. The epiphyses and epiphyseal plates are vital structures in the bone development of the growing athlete. The epiphyseal plate is two to five times weaker than the surrounding fibrous tissue in children and adolescents; consequently a force causing a ligamentous tear in adults is likely to cause an epiphyseal plate injury in growing children. Two types of epiphyseal injury that are common in the growing athlete are (a) separation across the epiphyseal plate, which is usually produced by a direct blow to the joint area or by a strong muscular contraction, and (b) traumatic epiphysitis, the more common of the two, which is usually caused by strong, repetitive contraction of a muscle attached to a traction epiphysis. Each epiphyseal site has specific anatomic features and the forces causing injury differ slightly at each site. An improperly treated separation of an intra-articular pressure epiphysis can have a disastrous effect on the proper functioning of the normally well-fitted articulation of bone ends in the joint. Consequently, proper diagnosis and treatment are essential. Traumatic epiphysitis can result in chronic inflammation or fragmentation, or both, if the condition is not arrested. Therefore the athlete must discontinue the activities that are causing the trauma until the inflammation is completely arrested. Absolute rest may even be required."}
{"id": "PMID:902209", "title": "Physiotherapeutic treatment of athletic injuries to the muscle--tendon complex of the leg.", "content": "An overview is presented of the most common soft-tissue injuries of the leg in athletes. A simple classification is made on the basis of cause, location of the injury and severity. These injuries can be classified into direct and indirect types. Direct injuries, which are usually the result of one episode of trauma, can be classified further into three grades of severity. Treatment is based on the severity of the injury and its location in the muscle--tendon complex. Indirect muscle--tendon injuries are the result of repetitive subacute microtrauma to the muscle--tendon complex or injury to the structures associated with muscle function (bursa, tendon sheath or fascia). Appropriate treatment regimens are suggested.", "contents": "Physiotherapeutic treatment of athletic injuries to the muscle--tendon complex of the leg. An overview is presented of the most common soft-tissue injuries of the leg in athletes. A simple classification is made on the basis of cause, location of the injury and severity. These injuries can be classified into direct and indirect types. Direct injuries, which are usually the result of one episode of trauma, can be classified further into three grades of severity. Treatment is based on the severity of the injury and its location in the muscle--tendon complex. Indirect muscle--tendon injuries are the result of repetitive subacute microtrauma to the muscle--tendon complex or injury to the structures associated with muscle function (bursa, tendon sheath or fascia). Appropriate treatment regimens are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:902210", "title": "[Major hockey injuries: a three-year study].", "content": "In a major junior hockey team there were 238 injuries in 257 games during the three seasons of 1973-76 (mean number of injuries per game, 0.926). Incapacity from these injuries resulted in a loss of 345 practices and 299 games (mean number per injury, 1.45 and 1.26, respectively). The site of the game, whether at home or out of town, and the period in which the injury occurred did not seem to be important. Risk of injury seemed to be greatest in the defensive zone. Forwards were the most often injured, their injuries accounting for 45.8% of the total; defensive players were next most often hurt (31.9%). The age of the injured players ranged from 16 to 19 years, those 19 years old predominating (42.0%).There were 91 injuries of the lower limb (38.2% of the total), the knee being the site most frequently injured (31 injuries; 34.1% of the 91), and 74 injuries of the upper limb, the shoulder being the site most frequently injured (25 injuries; 33.8% of the 74). The main causes of injury were a blow by the puck (frequency, 21.0%), a check (18.5%), a blow by a stick (14.7%) and a fight (13.4%).", "contents": "[Major hockey injuries: a three-year study]. In a major junior hockey team there were 238 injuries in 257 games during the three seasons of 1973-76 (mean number of injuries per game, 0.926). Incapacity from these injuries resulted in a loss of 345 practices and 299 games (mean number per injury, 1.45 and 1.26, respectively). The site of the game, whether at home or out of town, and the period in which the injury occurred did not seem to be important. Risk of injury seemed to be greatest in the defensive zone. Forwards were the most often injured, their injuries accounting for 45.8% of the total; defensive players were next most often hurt (31.9%). The age of the injured players ranged from 16 to 19 years, those 19 years old predominating (42.0%).There were 91 injuries of the lower limb (38.2% of the total), the knee being the site most frequently injured (31 injuries; 34.1% of the 91), and 74 injuries of the upper limb, the shoulder being the site most frequently injured (25 injuries; 33.8% of the 74). The main causes of injury were a blow by the puck (frequency, 21.0%), a check (18.5%), a blow by a stick (14.7%) and a fight (13.4%)."}
{"id": "PMID:902211", "title": "The general practitioner as sports physician.", "content": "General practitioners must become more knowledgeable about sports medicine in order both to treat the injured athlete and to provide better rehabilitative treatment and advice on fitness and exercise to other patients. Close involvement with young amateur athletes also helps to keep the older physician \"in tune\" with the younger generation. Finances remain a major problem for amateur sporting events and sports medicine groups, as well as for the individual physician volunteering his time.", "contents": "The general practitioner as sports physician. General practitioners must become more knowledgeable about sports medicine in order both to treat the injured athlete and to provide better rehabilitative treatment and advice on fitness and exercise to other patients. Close involvement with young amateur athletes also helps to keep the older physician \"in tune\" with the younger generation. Finances remain a major problem for amateur sporting events and sports medicine groups, as well as for the individual physician volunteering his time."}
{"id": "PMID:902213", "title": "Diagnostic irradiation of women during the reproductive period.", "content": "The date of onset of the last menstrual period should be given on radiographic requisitions for all women of reproductive age. Every effort should be made to avoid unnecessary irradiation of any woman who might be pregnant. Radiation damage in the first 2 weeks of pregnancy, however, should be \"all or none\", resulting in either a miscarriage or a normal child. Diagnostic radiology procedures are not indications for therapeutic abortion. Ultrasound has now replaced ionizing radiation in most examinations of the fetus and placenta. Pelvimetry should be done only when the decision to do a cesarean section hinges on precise knowledge of measurements of the bony pelvis. On the rare occasion when a radiograph of the fetus is necessary the woman should be prone for the examination. All such examinations are best ordered after consultation with a radiologist. Radiography of distant areas with the beam directed away from the woman's abdomen can be done without concern at any stage of pregnancy.", "contents": "Diagnostic irradiation of women during the reproductive period. The date of onset of the last menstrual period should be given on radiographic requisitions for all women of reproductive age. Every effort should be made to avoid unnecessary irradiation of any woman who might be pregnant. Radiation damage in the first 2 weeks of pregnancy, however, should be \"all or none\", resulting in either a miscarriage or a normal child. Diagnostic radiology procedures are not indications for therapeutic abortion. Ultrasound has now replaced ionizing radiation in most examinations of the fetus and placenta. Pelvimetry should be done only when the decision to do a cesarean section hinges on precise knowledge of measurements of the bony pelvis. On the rare occasion when a radiograph of the fetus is necessary the woman should be prone for the examination. All such examinations are best ordered after consultation with a radiologist. Radiography of distant areas with the beam directed away from the woman's abdomen can be done without concern at any stage of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:902229", "title": "The effect of photon irradiation on blood-brain barrier permeability to methotrexate in mice.", "content": "Methotrexate was administered by intraperitoneal injection (100 mg/kg) to unirradiated mice, and to mice receiving varying doses of cranial irradiation. The animals were sacrificed 24 hours after injection, and methotrexate assays were performed on brain tissue. No methotrexate was detected in the brains of the unirradiated animals. Detectable levels of methotrexate were present after 2000 rad cranial irradiation, but not after 500 rad, 1000 rad, or 1500 rad. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of photon irradiation on blood-brain barrier permeability to methotrexate in mice. Methotrexate was administered by intraperitoneal injection (100 mg/kg) to unirradiated mice, and to mice receiving varying doses of cranial irradiation. The animals were sacrificed 24 hours after injection, and methotrexate assays were performed on brain tissue. No methotrexate was detected in the brains of the unirradiated animals. Detectable levels of methotrexate were present after 2000 rad cranial irradiation, but not after 500 rad, 1000 rad, or 1500 rad. The implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902230", "title": "Pathoradiologic correlation of pulmonary candidiasis in immunosuppressed patients.", "content": "The diagnosis of pulmonary candidiasis can only be made with certainty when tissue invasion by the organism is demonstrated histologically. In order to ascertain whether characteristic radiographic patterns are seen in patients with pulmonary candidiasis, antemortem radiographic abnormalities were correlated with autopsy findings in 25 immunosuppressed patients who had histoinvasive pulmonary candidiasis. Pathological analysis enabled division of patients by route of infection into hematogenous and endobronchial groups, characterized by disseminated nodules and patchy bronchopneumonia, respectively. However, no specific radiographic patterns emerged in either patient group due to the small size of lesions and the high frequency of other pulmonary infections, edema, and hemorrhage. Since the radiographic patterns described for other opportunistic fungi do not appear to apply to this organism, a decision to institute antifungal therapy should not await evolution of radiographic changes.", "contents": "Pathoradiologic correlation of pulmonary candidiasis in immunosuppressed patients. The diagnosis of pulmonary candidiasis can only be made with certainty when tissue invasion by the organism is demonstrated histologically. In order to ascertain whether characteristic radiographic patterns are seen in patients with pulmonary candidiasis, antemortem radiographic abnormalities were correlated with autopsy findings in 25 immunosuppressed patients who had histoinvasive pulmonary candidiasis. Pathological analysis enabled division of patients by route of infection into hematogenous and endobronchial groups, characterized by disseminated nodules and patchy bronchopneumonia, respectively. However, no specific radiographic patterns emerged in either patient group due to the small size of lesions and the high frequency of other pulmonary infections, edema, and hemorrhage. Since the radiographic patterns described for other opportunistic fungi do not appear to apply to this organism, a decision to institute antifungal therapy should not await evolution of radiographic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:902231", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in treated and nontreated cancer patients.", "content": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) exhibited by peripheral blood leukocytes was used as a criterion for assessing immune competence of groups of noncancerous individuals and of treated and untreated cancer patients. The results show that, as a group, leukocytes of nontreated cancer patients exhibited significantly lower ADCC than that exhibited by leukocytes of noncancerous individuals. However, the ADCC of leukocytes from cancer patients under treatment approximated that of normals. Thus, using ADCC as criterion, the results indicate that as a group, cancer patients under treatment tend to exhibit restored immune competence.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in treated and nontreated cancer patients. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) exhibited by peripheral blood leukocytes was used as a criterion for assessing immune competence of groups of noncancerous individuals and of treated and untreated cancer patients. The results show that, as a group, leukocytes of nontreated cancer patients exhibited significantly lower ADCC than that exhibited by leukocytes of noncancerous individuals. However, the ADCC of leukocytes from cancer patients under treatment approximated that of normals. Thus, using ADCC as criterion, the results indicate that as a group, cancer patients under treatment tend to exhibit restored immune competence."}
{"id": "PMID:902233", "title": "High-dose rate intracavitary radiation therapy for advanced head and neck tumors.", "content": "Fifty-seven treatments were performed on 27 head and neck pateints with recurrent or residual tumors on a high dose rate, remote controlled afterloading unit: There were 16 cases of maxillary sinus tumors, 6 epipharynx, 3 alveolar ridge, 1 hard palate and 1 floor of mouth. All patients have been followed up more than 2 years except one. Five patients are alive without local recurrence for more than 2 years. In 13 patients local tumors disappeared once and normal mucosa covered the tumor sites. Two patients died from local bleeding. In six patients this method failed to destroy tumors. Our prupose was palliative local control: therefore, in two-thirds of cases treated we were successful with this easy method of nonfractionated acute intracavitary radiation. This result is favorable, considering that all cases treated here were failures following full dose external radiation, although the treatment had to be repeated more than twice in 15 cases. Relief of symptoms is excellent when this therapy is used.", "contents": "High-dose rate intracavitary radiation therapy for advanced head and neck tumors. Fifty-seven treatments were performed on 27 head and neck pateints with recurrent or residual tumors on a high dose rate, remote controlled afterloading unit: There were 16 cases of maxillary sinus tumors, 6 epipharynx, 3 alveolar ridge, 1 hard palate and 1 floor of mouth. All patients have been followed up more than 2 years except one. Five patients are alive without local recurrence for more than 2 years. In 13 patients local tumors disappeared once and normal mucosa covered the tumor sites. Two patients died from local bleeding. In six patients this method failed to destroy tumors. Our prupose was palliative local control: therefore, in two-thirds of cases treated we were successful with this easy method of nonfractionated acute intracavitary radiation. This result is favorable, considering that all cases treated here were failures following full dose external radiation, although the treatment had to be repeated more than twice in 15 cases. Relief of symptoms is excellent when this therapy is used."}
{"id": "PMID:902232", "title": "Treatment of lung cancer by radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER): clinical and immunological studies.", "content": "Fifty-one patients with advanced lung cancer were divided at random into two groups. One group of 29 patients received the methanol extraction residue (MER) of Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in addition to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. The other group of 22 patients was treated by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy alone. The immune status of the patients was evaluated by skin tests to three recall antigens and KLH and by in vitro lymphocyte stimulation to PHA and three recall antigens. The immune status of both groups was similar before and after conventional treatment. The cutaneous reactivity, as well as the in vitro lymphocyte reactivity, became stronger in the MER-treated group, as compared with the control group. The MER-treated patients had less distant metastases. In a comparable clinical stage the survival in the MER treated group was slightly but not significantly better. This study has shown that MER stimulates the immune response, can be well tolerated and has few side effects. Therefore, MER treatment of patients with minimal tumor load can ethically be done with hope of obtaining better results.", "contents": "Treatment of lung cancer by radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER): clinical and immunological studies. Fifty-one patients with advanced lung cancer were divided at random into two groups. One group of 29 patients received the methanol extraction residue (MER) of Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in addition to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. The other group of 22 patients was treated by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy alone. The immune status of the patients was evaluated by skin tests to three recall antigens and KLH and by in vitro lymphocyte stimulation to PHA and three recall antigens. The immune status of both groups was similar before and after conventional treatment. The cutaneous reactivity, as well as the in vitro lymphocyte reactivity, became stronger in the MER-treated group, as compared with the control group. The MER-treated patients had less distant metastases. In a comparable clinical stage the survival in the MER treated group was slightly but not significantly better. This study has shown that MER stimulates the immune response, can be well tolerated and has few side effects. Therefore, MER treatment of patients with minimal tumor load can ethically be done with hope of obtaining better results."}
{"id": "PMID:902234", "title": "Lymphopenia caused by cranial irradiation in children receiving craniospinal radiotherapy.", "content": "The peripheral blood changes were studied in 67 children who received craniospinal irradiation for posterior fossa tumors. At the completion of a cranial dose of about 3500 rad to the whole brain port, the lymphocytes were reduced to 858/mm3 rom 3084/mm3 preoperatively. The counts of the remaining leukocytes stayed at a level somewhat higher than preoperatively; the eosinophils rose to 288/mm3 from 125/mm3. With the initiation of the spinal field irradiation, which included a large proportion of the total bone marrow, the numbers of all the leukocytes decreased rapidly; the observed leukopenia was mainly secondary to neutropenia. A mechanism that was operating to restore the number of leukocytes became manifest immediately after the completion of radiotherapy, though the number of lymphocytes had not been totally restored to the preoperative level 6 years later. Irradiation of the lymphocytes that circulate through the vascular bed can explain the lymphopenia observed during cranial radiotherapy. Mild leukopenia observed in patients receiving radiotherapy through a relatively small port may be secondary to lymphopenia, and this does not necessarily indicate impaired bone marrow reserves.", "contents": "Lymphopenia caused by cranial irradiation in children receiving craniospinal radiotherapy. The peripheral blood changes were studied in 67 children who received craniospinal irradiation for posterior fossa tumors. At the completion of a cranial dose of about 3500 rad to the whole brain port, the lymphocytes were reduced to 858/mm3 rom 3084/mm3 preoperatively. The counts of the remaining leukocytes stayed at a level somewhat higher than preoperatively; the eosinophils rose to 288/mm3 from 125/mm3. With the initiation of the spinal field irradiation, which included a large proportion of the total bone marrow, the numbers of all the leukocytes decreased rapidly; the observed leukopenia was mainly secondary to neutropenia. A mechanism that was operating to restore the number of leukocytes became manifest immediately after the completion of radiotherapy, though the number of lymphocytes had not been totally restored to the preoperative level 6 years later. Irradiation of the lymphocytes that circulate through the vascular bed can explain the lymphopenia observed during cranial radiotherapy. Mild leukopenia observed in patients receiving radiotherapy through a relatively small port may be secondary to lymphopenia, and this does not necessarily indicate impaired bone marrow reserves."}
{"id": "PMID:902235", "title": "A light and electron microscopic study of a hemangiopericytoma of the prostate with local extension.", "content": "A case of primary hemangiopericytoma of the prostate is reported. The patient presented with obstructive uropathy and was diagnosed as \"benign prostatic hypertrophy.\" A transurethral resection was done and was diagnosed as \"cellular leiomyoma.\" Obstructive symptoms recurred and skin and pubic bone involvement appeared 2 months later. Light and electron microscopy of the repeat transurethral resection and biopsy of the perineal mass confirmed the diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma of the prostate.", "contents": "A light and electron microscopic study of a hemangiopericytoma of the prostate with local extension. A case of primary hemangiopericytoma of the prostate is reported. The patient presented with obstructive uropathy and was diagnosed as \"benign prostatic hypertrophy.\" A transurethral resection was done and was diagnosed as \"cellular leiomyoma.\" Obstructive symptoms recurred and skin and pubic bone involvement appeared 2 months later. Light and electron microscopy of the repeat transurethral resection and biopsy of the perineal mass confirmed the diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma of the prostate."}
{"id": "PMID:902236", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXII. Karyotypic changes in malignant melanoma.", "content": "Detailed karyotypic analysis with G- and C-banding has been performed on cells of four malignant melanomas. The modal number in two cases was in the hypodiploid range, the chromosome numbers varying from 39 to 43. These two tumors had 5 to 13 marker chromosomes. The other two tumors were in the polyploid range, with modal numbers of 63 to 157 chromosomes. The cells had a minimum of 11 and a maximum of 40 marker chromosomes. Chromosome no. 1 was more frequently involved in aberrations than any other chromosome. The most common breakpoints on this chromosome were 1q21, 1q25 and 1q32. Frequent breakpoints were also noticed in the centromeric region in various chromosomes. In chromosome no. 1, however, the centromeric area does not seem to be involved. The more common breakpoints on the various chromosomes were 1q21, 1q25, 1q32, 5p13, 9q13, 11q23, 12q13. No common markers were noticed among these four cases of melanoma, but are noticed in unrelated tumors.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXII. Karyotypic changes in malignant melanoma. Detailed karyotypic analysis with G- and C-banding has been performed on cells of four malignant melanomas. The modal number in two cases was in the hypodiploid range, the chromosome numbers varying from 39 to 43. These two tumors had 5 to 13 marker chromosomes. The other two tumors were in the polyploid range, with modal numbers of 63 to 157 chromosomes. The cells had a minimum of 11 and a maximum of 40 marker chromosomes. Chromosome no. 1 was more frequently involved in aberrations than any other chromosome. The most common breakpoints on this chromosome were 1q21, 1q25 and 1q32. Frequent breakpoints were also noticed in the centromeric region in various chromosomes. In chromosome no. 1, however, the centromeric area does not seem to be involved. The more common breakpoints on the various chromosomes were 1q21, 1q25, 1q32, 5p13, 9q13, 11q23, 12q13. No common markers were noticed among these four cases of melanoma, but are noticed in unrelated tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:902237", "title": "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity in patients with malignant disease.", "content": "One hundred patients with malignant disease were screened for leukocyte alkaline phosphate (LAP) activity. The new observation made was that patients with malignant disease demonstrate significantly lower levels of LAP than in normal controls. The low LAP activity is present irrespective of primary tumor category, \"activity\" of disease, or type of therapy. The pattern of metastases may influence LAP activity, in that patients with liver metastases tended to have higher LAP levels. In spite of low baseline LAP levels in patients with malignant disease, the development of secondary infection is associated with elevated LAP levels.", "contents": "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity in patients with malignant disease. One hundred patients with malignant disease were screened for leukocyte alkaline phosphate (LAP) activity. The new observation made was that patients with malignant disease demonstrate significantly lower levels of LAP than in normal controls. The low LAP activity is present irrespective of primary tumor category, \"activity\" of disease, or type of therapy. The pattern of metastases may influence LAP activity, in that patients with liver metastases tended to have higher LAP levels. In spite of low baseline LAP levels in patients with malignant disease, the development of secondary infection is associated with elevated LAP levels."}
{"id": "PMID:902238", "title": "Flow microfluorometry and transrectal fine-needle biopsy in the classification of human prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Flow microfluorometry (FMF) and transrectal fine-needle biopsy were used for obtaining DNA histograms from 50 patients suffering from various prostatic lesions. Based on the cytomorphological pattern, the material was classified as benign prostatic hyperplasia (29 cases), suspected carcinoma (1 case), well-differentiated carcinoma (6 cases), moderately differentiated carcinoma (12 cases) and poorly differentiated carcinoma (2 cases). The biopsy material was prepared for FMF analysis according to a new detergent technique. It was observed that increasing anaplasia paralleled an increasing occurrence of cell populations in the tetraploid and octoploid DNA region. According to the DNA histograms the moderately differentiated carcinomas could be divided into two groups: one with no or a few tetraploid cells (similar to the well-differentiated carcinomas), and another with a high percentage of tetraploid and octoploid cells (similar to the poorly differentiated carcinomas). FMF analysis in combination with fine-needle biopsy is therefore proposed as a valuable addition to the cytomorphological classification of human prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Flow microfluorometry and transrectal fine-needle biopsy in the classification of human prostatic carcinoma. Flow microfluorometry (FMF) and transrectal fine-needle biopsy were used for obtaining DNA histograms from 50 patients suffering from various prostatic lesions. Based on the cytomorphological pattern, the material was classified as benign prostatic hyperplasia (29 cases), suspected carcinoma (1 case), well-differentiated carcinoma (6 cases), moderately differentiated carcinoma (12 cases) and poorly differentiated carcinoma (2 cases). The biopsy material was prepared for FMF analysis according to a new detergent technique. It was observed that increasing anaplasia paralleled an increasing occurrence of cell populations in the tetraploid and octoploid DNA region. According to the DNA histograms the moderately differentiated carcinomas could be divided into two groups: one with no or a few tetraploid cells (similar to the well-differentiated carcinomas), and another with a high percentage of tetraploid and octoploid cells (similar to the poorly differentiated carcinomas). FMF analysis in combination with fine-needle biopsy is therefore proposed as a valuable addition to the cytomorphological classification of human prostatic carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:902239", "title": "Clinicopathologic features of unsuspected regional lymph node metastases in prostatic adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Histologic features of the primary tumor and their effects on the incidence of unsuspected pelvic lymph node metastases have been studied in a prospective series of 62 patients with clinical stage B1, B2, or C prostatic adenocarcinoma who underwent pelvic lymph node removal. Twenty-one patients (34%) proved to have unsuspected nodal metastases. Differentiation of the primary tumor and extent of involvement of the prostate by carcinoma were the only two features that correlated significantly with the incidence of pelvic nodal metastases, 56% of those with undifferentiated tumors had metastases. Thirty-one of these patients underwent total prostatectomy; an average of only 46% of the sections of prostate contained tumor in the patients without metastases but an average of 65% of the sections were involved by carcinoma in those patients who did have nodal metastases.", "contents": "Clinicopathologic features of unsuspected regional lymph node metastases in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Histologic features of the primary tumor and their effects on the incidence of unsuspected pelvic lymph node metastases have been studied in a prospective series of 62 patients with clinical stage B1, B2, or C prostatic adenocarcinoma who underwent pelvic lymph node removal. Twenty-one patients (34%) proved to have unsuspected nodal metastases. Differentiation of the primary tumor and extent of involvement of the prostate by carcinoma were the only two features that correlated significantly with the incidence of pelvic nodal metastases, 56% of those with undifferentiated tumors had metastases. Thirty-one of these patients underwent total prostatectomy; an average of only 46% of the sections of prostate contained tumor in the patients without metastases but an average of 65% of the sections were involved by carcinoma in those patients who did have nodal metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:902240", "title": "Study on the ratio of lymphocytes to epithelial cells in thymoma.", "content": "In order to quantify the lymphocyte to epithelial cell ratio (L/E ratio of the thymoma, actual counting was performed. The L/E ratio was investigated in 25 specimens of 22 cases (22 initial tumors and 3 recurrent tumors). L/E ratios ranged from 0.27 to 4.10, and the mean value was 1.93 +/- 0.21. The mean L/E ratio of histologically malignant group was lower than that of the benign group. In the three recurrent cases, L/E ratios of the recurrent tumor decreased in all cases. It was concluded that the epithelial element increases with the adva", "contents": "Study on the ratio of lymphocytes to epithelial cells in thymoma. In order to quantify the lymphocyte to epithelial cell ratio (L/E ratio of the thymoma, actual counting was performed. The L/E ratio was investigated in 25 specimens of 22 cases (22 initial tumors and 3 recurrent tumors). L/E ratios ranged from 0.27 to 4.10, and the mean value was 1.93 +/- 0.21. The mean L/E ratio of histologically malignant group was lower than that of the benign group. In the three recurrent cases, L/E ratios of the recurrent tumor decreased in all cases. It was concluded that the epithelial element increases with the adva"}
{"id": "PMID:902241", "title": "Breast cancer incidence according to weight and height in two cities of the Netherlands and in Aichi prefecture, Japan.", "content": "A study was made in the cities of Rotterdam and The Hague, the Netherlands, and in Aichi prefecture, Japan, to assess the effect of weight and height (and their combinations) on the age-specific incidence of breast cancer. It is based on a comparison between 1006 cases of breast cancer and 4201 women from the general population, 33-69 years old. The results suggest that about one-half of the differences in incidence between the regions in Holland and Japan can be attributed to differences in body weight and height. In breast cancer patients in Rotterdam and The Hague those with metastases in axillary involvement. A hormonal factor related to body weight and/or height might be responsible for the increased incidence and the more rapid course of breast cancer in women with a large body mass.", "contents": "Breast cancer incidence according to weight and height in two cities of the Netherlands and in Aichi prefecture, Japan. A study was made in the cities of Rotterdam and The Hague, the Netherlands, and in Aichi prefecture, Japan, to assess the effect of weight and height (and their combinations) on the age-specific incidence of breast cancer. It is based on a comparison between 1006 cases of breast cancer and 4201 women from the general population, 33-69 years old. The results suggest that about one-half of the differences in incidence between the regions in Holland and Japan can be attributed to differences in body weight and height. In breast cancer patients in Rotterdam and The Hague those with metastases in axillary involvement. A hormonal factor related to body weight and/or height might be responsible for the increased incidence and the more rapid course of breast cancer in women with a large body mass."}
{"id": "PMID:902242", "title": "Non-epithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx: a clinicopathologyic study. VIII. Adipose tissue tumors (lipoma and liposarcoma).", "content": "In a study of 256 non-epithelial neoplasms involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx, only two lesions were classified as adipose tissue tumors (one lipoma and one liposarcoma). The lipoma was found incidentally when tissue removed from the maxillary sinus was studied histologically, the patient having been treated with a Caldwell-Luc procedure for maxillary sinusitis. The liposarcoma produced a large mass involving the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, ethmoid area, hard palate and maxillary, temporal and sphenoid bones. The tumor extended into the cranial cavity and eventually led to the patient's death. The problems involved in histologically differentiating liposarcomas from other lesions are discussed. Even though adipose tissue tumors are among the most common soft tissue neoplasms, these lesions rarely occur in the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx.", "contents": "Non-epithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx: a clinicopathologyic study. VIII. Adipose tissue tumors (lipoma and liposarcoma). In a study of 256 non-epithelial neoplasms involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx, only two lesions were classified as adipose tissue tumors (one lipoma and one liposarcoma). The lipoma was found incidentally when tissue removed from the maxillary sinus was studied histologically, the patient having been treated with a Caldwell-Luc procedure for maxillary sinusitis. The liposarcoma produced a large mass involving the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, ethmoid area, hard palate and maxillary, temporal and sphenoid bones. The tumor extended into the cranial cavity and eventually led to the patient's death. The problems involved in histologically differentiating liposarcomas from other lesions are discussed. Even though adipose tissue tumors are among the most common soft tissue neoplasms, these lesions rarely occur in the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx."}
{"id": "PMID:902243", "title": "Serum vitamin B12 and transcobalamin abnormalities in patients with cancer.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-nine patients with non-hematologic malignancy were studied to define the incidence of vitamin B12-related abnormalities and correlate them with clinical findings. Based on vitamin B12-binding patterns, the following relatively distinct groups were defined: (A) 50% had normal results; (B) 6% had very high transcobalamin (TC) I and vitamin B12 levels as reported in isolated instances previously: most had hepatic metastases and early death, and all had definite metastatic disease; (C) 11% had high vitamin B12 levels with little or no unsaturated TC I elevation: most also had hepatic and other metastases and early death; (D) 23% had high vitamin B12-binding capacity with normal TC I and vitamin B12 levels: there were no distinguishing features for this group other than an increased proportion of black patients; and (E)  10%  had low vitamin B12 levels, in many cases not associated with vitamin B12 deficiency or other known causes of low serum levels. Thus, high serum vitamin B12 level, with or without unsaturated TC I elevation, usually implies a poor prognosis in a patient with cancer. However, while most such patients have hepatic and other metastases, hepatic involvement was not universal nor did most patients with hepatic disease have high vitamin B12 levels. High serum TC I thus is not always due to increased granulocytic proliferation or to hepatic tumor, and alternative mechanisms for TC I accumulation should be sought.", "contents": "Serum vitamin B12 and transcobalamin abnormalities in patients with cancer. One hundred and thirty-nine patients with non-hematologic malignancy were studied to define the incidence of vitamin B12-related abnormalities and correlate them with clinical findings. Based on vitamin B12-binding patterns, the following relatively distinct groups were defined: (A) 50% had normal results; (B) 6% had very high transcobalamin (TC) I and vitamin B12 levels as reported in isolated instances previously: most had hepatic metastases and early death, and all had definite metastatic disease; (C) 11% had high vitamin B12 levels with little or no unsaturated TC I elevation: most also had hepatic and other metastases and early death; (D) 23% had high vitamin B12-binding capacity with normal TC I and vitamin B12 levels: there were no distinguishing features for this group other than an increased proportion of black patients; and (E)  10%  had low vitamin B12 levels, in many cases not associated with vitamin B12 deficiency or other known causes of low serum levels. Thus, high serum vitamin B12 level, with or without unsaturated TC I elevation, usually implies a poor prognosis in a patient with cancer. However, while most such patients have hepatic and other metastases, hepatic involvement was not universal nor did most patients with hepatic disease have high vitamin B12 levels. High serum TC I thus is not always due to increased granulocytic proliferation or to hepatic tumor, and alternative mechanisms for TC I accumulation should be sought."}
{"id": "PMID:902244", "title": "Transthoracic needle biopsy of mediastinal and hilar lesions.", "content": "Fifty patients, from 5 weeks to 7) years of age, were subjected to transthoracic thin needle biopsy of their mediastinal or hilar masses from May 1975 to May 1976. The material aspirated was satisfactory for cytological examination in 41 patients (82%). The cytological diagnosis could be made in 36 patients (72%) and could be confirmed by histological examination in 12 patients, and by the clinical course of the disease in 16 patients, while 7 patients are lost to follow-up. A false negative diagnosis was probably made in one patient. The complication rate was low, mainly pneumothorax (in eight patients) and hemoptysis (in six patients) of little clinical significance. The main drawback of the method seems to be its inability to provide enough material for reliable diagnosis of benign lesions.", "contents": "Transthoracic needle biopsy of mediastinal and hilar lesions. Fifty patients, from 5 weeks to 7) years of age, were subjected to transthoracic thin needle biopsy of their mediastinal or hilar masses from May 1975 to May 1976. The material aspirated was satisfactory for cytological examination in 41 patients (82%). The cytological diagnosis could be made in 36 patients (72%) and could be confirmed by histological examination in 12 patients, and by the clinical course of the disease in 16 patients, while 7 patients are lost to follow-up. A false negative diagnosis was probably made in one patient. The complication rate was low, mainly pneumothorax (in eight patients) and hemoptysis (in six patients) of little clinical significance. The main drawback of the method seems to be its inability to provide enough material for reliable diagnosis of benign lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:902245", "title": "An experimental study of mummification pertinent to the antiquity of cancer.", "content": "The relatively recent description in scientific literature of many types of cancer suggests their infrequency until the relatively recent past, a view supported by the paucity of diagnoses of malignancies in ancient remains. While overall life span was short in antiquity, many individuals did live to the \"cancer age,\" as there is ample evidence of a variety of degenerative disorders. It has been suggested that tumors are not well enough preserved for diagnosis, and tumors experimentally mummified and rehydrated were evaluated as to their preservation. It was found that cancers were actually better preserved than normal tissues. The absence of tumors in ancient tissues must be considered a reflection of a markedly lower incidence than in the modern population of the Lnited States, in which cancer accounts for approximately 17% of all deaths. It is suggested that this increase in cancer is due to factors in the modern industrialized environment.", "contents": "An experimental study of mummification pertinent to the antiquity of cancer. The relatively recent description in scientific literature of many types of cancer suggests their infrequency until the relatively recent past, a view supported by the paucity of diagnoses of malignancies in ancient remains. While overall life span was short in antiquity, many individuals did live to the \"cancer age,\" as there is ample evidence of a variety of degenerative disorders. It has been suggested that tumors are not well enough preserved for diagnosis, and tumors experimentally mummified and rehydrated were evaluated as to their preservation. It was found that cancers were actually better preserved than normal tissues. The absence of tumors in ancient tissues must be considered a reflection of a markedly lower incidence than in the modern population of the Lnited States, in which cancer accounts for approximately 17% of all deaths. It is suggested that this increase in cancer is due to factors in the modern industrialized environment."}
{"id": "PMID:902246", "title": "Selection of chemotherapy for metastatic mammary cancer by effect on cesium-131 uptake.", "content": "Cesium-131 was administered intravenously to 39 patients with superficial metastases of mammary carcinoma and the concentration in tumor was compared with that in normal tissue by application of a detector in vivo, before and after 1 to 5 days of chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (CP), 5-fluorouracil (FU), or diethylstilbestrol. A change of the cesium concentration ratio (tumor/normal tissue) greater than 15% after brief treatment correctly predicted the therapeutic effect after 1 to 39 months on the tumors that were tested in 30 of 33 tests. No reliable correlation could be made in the remaining 21 tests in which the change of ratio was less than 15%. The concentration of cesium-131 in the skin, fat, and skeletal muscle of mice was not appreciably altered by treatment for 5 days with CP or FU.", "contents": "Selection of chemotherapy for metastatic mammary cancer by effect on cesium-131 uptake. Cesium-131 was administered intravenously to 39 patients with superficial metastases of mammary carcinoma and the concentration in tumor was compared with that in normal tissue by application of a detector in vivo, before and after 1 to 5 days of chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (CP), 5-fluorouracil (FU), or diethylstilbestrol. A change of the cesium concentration ratio (tumor/normal tissue) greater than 15% after brief treatment correctly predicted the therapeutic effect after 1 to 39 months on the tumors that were tested in 30 of 33 tests. No reliable correlation could be made in the remaining 21 tests in which the change of ratio was less than 15%. The concentration of cesium-131 in the skin, fat, and skeletal muscle of mice was not appreciably altered by treatment for 5 days with CP or FU."}
{"id": "PMID:902247", "title": "Adriamycin, 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU, NSC 409962) and cyclophosphamide therapy of drug-resistant metastatic breast carcinoma.", "content": "Thirty-two evaluable patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast received chemotherapy consisting of BCNU plus cyclophosphamide followed in 18 hours by Adriamycin. Treatments were repeated every 4 weeks. Complete or partial responses were observed in 14 patients (43.7%) and in 12 of 27 drug-resistant patients (44.4%). An additional 26% of patients had objective improvement, for an overall objective response rate of 70.4% in drug-resistant patients. Skin, lymph node, and soft tissue metastases more frequently responded to therapy, while hepatic, peritoneal, and osseous metastases responded with an intermediate frequency. Pulmonary, pleural, and central nervous system metastases did not respond to therapy. The median duration of complete and partial responses was 6.8 months, and the median survival of these patients was 9.6 months. Overall, the median survival of all patients in this study was 6.5 months. The dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression, particularly granulocytopenia. Congestive heart failure and stomatitis were rare. This combination of drugs is a reasonably well-tolerated regimen for treating advanced breast carcinoma in an ambulatory setting, and produces a high rate of objective antitumor response of moderate duration.", "contents": "Adriamycin, 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU, NSC 409962) and cyclophosphamide therapy of drug-resistant metastatic breast carcinoma. Thirty-two evaluable patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast received chemotherapy consisting of BCNU plus cyclophosphamide followed in 18 hours by Adriamycin. Treatments were repeated every 4 weeks. Complete or partial responses were observed in 14 patients (43.7%) and in 12 of 27 drug-resistant patients (44.4%). An additional 26% of patients had objective improvement, for an overall objective response rate of 70.4% in drug-resistant patients. Skin, lymph node, and soft tissue metastases more frequently responded to therapy, while hepatic, peritoneal, and osseous metastases responded with an intermediate frequency. Pulmonary, pleural, and central nervous system metastases did not respond to therapy. The median duration of complete and partial responses was 6.8 months, and the median survival of these patients was 9.6 months. Overall, the median survival of all patients in this study was 6.5 months. The dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression, particularly granulocytopenia. Congestive heart failure and stomatitis were rare. This combination of drugs is a reasonably well-tolerated regimen for treating advanced breast carcinoma in an ambulatory setting, and produces a high rate of objective antitumor response of moderate duration."}
{"id": "PMID:902248", "title": "Induction of epithelial neoplasms by local application of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine and N-nitrosobis(2-acetoxypropyl)amine.", "content": "The local carcinogenic effect of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) and N-nitrosobis(2-acetoxypropyl)amine (BAP) in Syrian golden hamsters was elucidated by weekly application to the cheek pouch, lip and vaginal epithelium. The tumor type and incidence in BHP- and BAP-treated hamsters, respectively, was as follows: trichoepitheliomas of the lip, 80 and 90%; cheek pouch papillomas, 10 and 0%, and vaginal papillomas, 80 and 70%. Other lesions were recorded in the perineum, rectum and external urethral ostium and could have been due to a local effect of these nitrosamines. In addition, internal organ tumors were observed with each compound and were possibly caused by absorption of the carcinogens.", "contents": "Induction of epithelial neoplasms by local application of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine and N-nitrosobis(2-acetoxypropyl)amine. The local carcinogenic effect of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) and N-nitrosobis(2-acetoxypropyl)amine (BAP) in Syrian golden hamsters was elucidated by weekly application to the cheek pouch, lip and vaginal epithelium. The tumor type and incidence in BHP- and BAP-treated hamsters, respectively, was as follows: trichoepitheliomas of the lip, 80 and 90%; cheek pouch papillomas, 10 and 0%, and vaginal papillomas, 80 and 70%. Other lesions were recorded in the perineum, rectum and external urethral ostium and could have been due to a local effect of these nitrosamines. In addition, internal organ tumors were observed with each compound and were possibly caused by absorption of the carcinogens."}
{"id": "PMID:902249", "title": "Carcinogenic activity of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide, a food additive, in mice and rats.", "content": "The carcinogenicity of a food additive, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2), was studied in Wistar rats and CDF1 mice. The rats developed mammary tumors; the first appearing 9 months after the start of the experiment. In mice fed AF-2 diet, squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach was observed in the 11th month. Some mice had metastases in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and peritoneal cavity.", "contents": "Carcinogenic activity of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide, a food additive, in mice and rats. The carcinogenicity of a food additive, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2), was studied in Wistar rats and CDF1 mice. The rats developed mammary tumors; the first appearing 9 months after the start of the experiment. In mice fed AF-2 diet, squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach was observed in the 11th month. Some mice had metastases in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and peritoneal cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:902250", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative separation of a series of phorbol-ester tumor promoters by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method using a micro-particulate silica column and gradient elution was developed that separated 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) from 20-oxo-TPA; 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol (TP); 13-O-acetylphorbol (PA), and from the diterpene alcohol, phorbol (P). A series of other phorbol-ester tumor promoters were also separated via HPLC. Spectrophotometric determination at 232 nm allowed detection sensitivities of 0.05 microgram of TPA. When tritiated TPA was applied to mouse skin, the majority of the tritiated product recovered was TPA, indicating only minimal metabolism of TPA and no need for metabolic activation for tumor promotion.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative separation of a series of phorbol-ester tumor promoters by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method using a micro-particulate silica column and gradient elution was developed that separated 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) from 20-oxo-TPA; 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol (TP); 13-O-acetylphorbol (PA), and from the diterpene alcohol, phorbol (P). A series of other phorbol-ester tumor promoters were also separated via HPLC. Spectrophotometric determination at 232 nm allowed detection sensitivities of 0.05 microgram of TPA. When tritiated TPA was applied to mouse skin, the majority of the tritiated product recovered was TPA, indicating only minimal metabolism of TPA and no need for metabolic activation for tumor promotion."}
{"id": "PMID:902251", "title": "Membrane glycoprotein changes in primary mammary tumors associated with autonomous growth.", "content": "Primary and transplanted mammary tumors of the GR mouse were explanted in tissue culture and grown in the presence of radioactive fucose. Labelled membrane glycopeptides were isolated and compared by cochromatography with differentially labelled glycopeptides from normal mammary gland tissue. Differences with controls in the glycopeptide elution profiles were observed in autonomous, hormone-independent tumors but were absent in histologically similar tumors which required a continuous hormonal stimulus for growth. The results suggest that alterations in membrane glycopeptides are associated with the capacity of autonomous, hormone-independent growth of murine adenocarcinoma cells.", "contents": "Membrane glycoprotein changes in primary mammary tumors associated with autonomous growth. Primary and transplanted mammary tumors of the GR mouse were explanted in tissue culture and grown in the presence of radioactive fucose. Labelled membrane glycopeptides were isolated and compared by cochromatography with differentially labelled glycopeptides from normal mammary gland tissue. Differences with controls in the glycopeptide elution profiles were observed in autonomous, hormone-independent tumors but were absent in histologically similar tumors which required a continuous hormonal stimulus for growth. The results suggest that alterations in membrane glycopeptides are associated with the capacity of autonomous, hormone-independent growth of murine adenocarcinoma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:902252", "title": "Decrease in the incidence of malignant ileo-caecal immunocytoma in LOU/C rats after surgical removal of the ileo-caecal lymph nodes.", "content": "Malignant ileo-caecal immunocytomata, which secrete immunoglobulin, frequently arise spontaneously in LOU/C/Wsl rats. The tumors are confined to the ileo-caecal region and could originate either in the wall of the caecum or in the ileo-caecal lymph nodes. After excision of the ileo-caecal lymph nodes, the incidence of the type of tumor was found to be reduced significantly. The results strongly suggest that the first cells to undergo malignant transformation are located in the ileo-caecal nodes.", "contents": "Decrease in the incidence of malignant ileo-caecal immunocytoma in LOU/C rats after surgical removal of the ileo-caecal lymph nodes. Malignant ileo-caecal immunocytomata, which secrete immunoglobulin, frequently arise spontaneously in LOU/C/Wsl rats. The tumors are confined to the ileo-caecal region and could originate either in the wall of the caecum or in the ileo-caecal lymph nodes. After excision of the ileo-caecal lymph nodes, the incidence of the type of tumor was found to be reduced significantly. The results strongly suggest that the first cells to undergo malignant transformation are located in the ileo-caecal nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:902253", "title": "A novel class of antitumour agents. III. Morphological findings in treated cells.", "content": "The findings of intracellular light-reflecting droplets and clotted mitoses after incubation of Walker and HeLa cells, human lymphocytes and rat fibroblasts with the synthetic amino steroid, 2beta, 16beta-dipiperidino-5alpha-androstane-3-alpha,17beta-diol dipivalate (DAP) were examined in detail. An interaction of DAP with the cellular membranes in all stages of cell life, with the exception of the Go-phase, is postulated.", "contents": "A novel class of antitumour agents. III. Morphological findings in treated cells. The findings of intracellular light-reflecting droplets and clotted mitoses after incubation of Walker and HeLa cells, human lymphocytes and rat fibroblasts with the synthetic amino steroid, 2beta, 16beta-dipiperidino-5alpha-androstane-3-alpha,17beta-diol dipivalate (DAP) were examined in detail. An interaction of DAP with the cellular membranes in all stages of cell life, with the exception of the Go-phase, is postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:902254", "title": "Effect of split doses of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on DNA repair synthesis in cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "DNA repair was measured in human fibroblasts, mouse C3H 10 T 1/2 fibroblsts and rat hepatocytes by the non-semi-conservative incorporation of [3H]-TdR during DNA repair synthesis using liquid scintillation techniques. Confluent monolayers of these cells grown on cover slips were exposed to split doses (125 or 250 microgram/ml) of the mutagenic and carcinogenic alkylating agent MNU and DNA repair synthesis compared with that produced by a single dose (500 microgram/ml). No significant difference in DNA repair capacity was detected in the three cell lines treated with a single dose or split doses of MNU.", "contents": "Effect of split doses of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on DNA repair synthesis in cultured mammalian cells. DNA repair was measured in human fibroblasts, mouse C3H 10 T 1/2 fibroblsts and rat hepatocytes by the non-semi-conservative incorporation of [3H]-TdR during DNA repair synthesis using liquid scintillation techniques. Confluent monolayers of these cells grown on cover slips were exposed to split doses (125 or 250 microgram/ml) of the mutagenic and carcinogenic alkylating agent MNU and DNA repair synthesis compared with that produced by a single dose (500 microgram/ml). No significant difference in DNA repair capacity was detected in the three cell lines treated with a single dose or split doses of MNU."}
{"id": "PMID:902255", "title": "Relationship of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity to benzo(a)pyrene-metabolizing activity of cells in culture.", "content": "The basal level of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity was high in cultures of low passage hamster embryo (HE) cells but AHH inducibility by benz(a)-anthracene (BA) was low; in R72/3 rat liver cells, basal activity was low and inducibility was high. The metabolism of 3H--benzo(a)pyrene was similar in cultures of BA-induced R72/3 cells and uninduced HE cells. Thus, low AHH inducibility may not always be an indication of the cells' absolute hydrocarbonmetabolizing capacity.", "contents": "Relationship of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity to benzo(a)pyrene-metabolizing activity of cells in culture. The basal level of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity was high in cultures of low passage hamster embryo (HE) cells but AHH inducibility by benz(a)-anthracene (BA) was low; in R72/3 rat liver cells, basal activity was low and inducibility was high. The metabolism of 3H--benzo(a)pyrene was similar in cultures of BA-induced R72/3 cells and uninduced HE cells. Thus, low AHH inducibility may not always be an indication of the cells' absolute hydrocarbonmetabolizing capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:902256", "title": "Micrometastases formation: a probabilistic model.", "content": "A mathematical model of the process of metastases is formulated in which the hematogenous metastatic process from a solid tumor is considered to consist of a series of stages. A mathematical expression is obtained for the probability that no metastases will have been established by a characteristic time interval after tumor initiation. The murine T241 fibrosarcoma that rapidly and reproduceably produces pulmonary metastases was studied. Estimates of parameters required for the expression of probability of metastases formation were derived experimentally. The probability remains close to one for a characteristic time at which point it drops to zero. This indicates that at least in this experimental system there is a predictable critical time period beyond which micrometastases are virtually certain to have been formed.", "contents": "Micrometastases formation: a probabilistic model. A mathematical model of the process of metastases is formulated in which the hematogenous metastatic process from a solid tumor is considered to consist of a series of stages. A mathematical expression is obtained for the probability that no metastases will have been established by a characteristic time interval after tumor initiation. The murine T241 fibrosarcoma that rapidly and reproduceably produces pulmonary metastases was studied. Estimates of parameters required for the expression of probability of metastases formation were derived experimentally. The probability remains close to one for a characteristic time at which point it drops to zero. This indicates that at least in this experimental system there is a predictable critical time period beyond which micrometastases are virtually certain to have been formed."}
{"id": "PMID:902257", "title": "Effect of excess thymidine on the growth of human melanoma cells transplanted in thymus deficient nude mice.", "content": "The effect of thymidine (TdR) on the growth of a human melanoma transplanted in nude mice has been studied. It was found that the injection of 1 g/kg/h of TdR for at least 72 h is sufficient to suppress the growth of the melanoma cells. This inhibition lasts for the duration of the treatment, and causes no apparent toxicity to the host. Nude mice treated for 6--9 days with TdR survived 158 days after melanoma transplant versus 126 days for the controls.", "contents": "Effect of excess thymidine on the growth of human melanoma cells transplanted in thymus deficient nude mice. The effect of thymidine (TdR) on the growth of a human melanoma transplanted in nude mice has been studied. It was found that the injection of 1 g/kg/h of TdR for at least 72 h is sufficient to suppress the growth of the melanoma cells. This inhibition lasts for the duration of the treatment, and causes no apparent toxicity to the host. Nude mice treated for 6--9 days with TdR survived 158 days after melanoma transplant versus 126 days for the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:902258", "title": "Role of staging in childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by a high incidence of leukemic transformation. A retrospective analysis of this incidence in 227 children is provided. In an attempt to identify factors associated with this phenomenon, the extent of disease in 30 recently diagnosed patients was determined by means of a modified Ann Arbor staging system. Concurrently, the staging system was utilized for the delivery of a new treatment program: chemotherapy was administered to all patients, and those with stage I and II disease also received radiation therapy to sites of bulk tumor. An overall disease-free survival of 75% was achieved. No patient with stage I disease converted to acute leukemia. The data suggest that the major utility of staging is the delineation of anatomic sites of bulk tumor. The chemotherapeutic program utilized in these patients is outlined.", "contents": "Role of staging in childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by a high incidence of leukemic transformation. A retrospective analysis of this incidence in 227 children is provided. In an attempt to identify factors associated with this phenomenon, the extent of disease in 30 recently diagnosed patients was determined by means of a modified Ann Arbor staging system. Concurrently, the staging system was utilized for the delivery of a new treatment program: chemotherapy was administered to all patients, and those with stage I and II disease also received radiation therapy to sites of bulk tumor. An overall disease-free survival of 75% was achieved. No patient with stage I disease converted to acute leukemia. The data suggest that the major utility of staging is the delineation of anatomic sites of bulk tumor. The chemotherapeutic program utilized in these patients is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:902260", "title": "Validity of the Ann Arbor staging classification for the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "The Ann Arbor staging classification has proved to be valuable for Hodgkin's disease. When proposed in 1971 it was thought that it could also be applied to the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The diversity of the non-Hodgkin's groups, the continued evolution of histopathologic classifications, and the great frequency of advanced disease in the lymphocytic subgroups make the Ann Arbor classification of only limited value for the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "contents": "Validity of the Ann Arbor staging classification for the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The Ann Arbor staging classification has proved to be valuable for Hodgkin's disease. When proposed in 1971 it was thought that it could also be applied to the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The diversity of the non-Hodgkin's groups, the continued evolution of histopathologic classifications, and the great frequency of advanced disease in the lymphocytic subgroups make the Ann Arbor classification of only limited value for the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:902261", "title": "Clinical and surgical (laparotomy) evaluation of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "A consecutive unselected series of 423 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas was staged prospectively at the Stanford Medical Center between June 1971 and June 1976. The histopathologic classification of Rappaport was used exclusively. Staging laparotomies were performed in 197 of the patients, but another 226 patients were excluded from the staging procedure for a variety of reasons, including stage IV involvement, poor surgical risk, and diagnostic celiotomy before referral to Stanford. Gastrointestinal, splenic, bone marrow, hepatic, and mesenteric lymph node involvement was very common in these patients, whereas systemic symptoms and mediastinal sites of disease were less frequently noted. After staging laparotomy, 15 patients (8%) were downstaged to a lesser extent of involvement while 62 (31%) were upstaged, primarily from clinical stage III to pathologic stage IV. Correlations were made between clinical and pathologic staging and the sites of involvement were compared between those with nodular and those with diffuse lymphomas. The accuracy of diagnostic radiologic procedures was also assessed. Although it is valuable in sequentially determining the extent of subdiaphragmatic involvement by lymphomas, we believe that staging laparotomy should still be regarded as a research procedure which will be undertaken only as indicated in centers of clinical research.", "contents": "Clinical and surgical (laparotomy) evaluation of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. A consecutive unselected series of 423 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas was staged prospectively at the Stanford Medical Center between June 1971 and June 1976. The histopathologic classification of Rappaport was used exclusively. Staging laparotomies were performed in 197 of the patients, but another 226 patients were excluded from the staging procedure for a variety of reasons, including stage IV involvement, poor surgical risk, and diagnostic celiotomy before referral to Stanford. Gastrointestinal, splenic, bone marrow, hepatic, and mesenteric lymph node involvement was very common in these patients, whereas systemic symptoms and mediastinal sites of disease were less frequently noted. After staging laparotomy, 15 patients (8%) were downstaged to a lesser extent of involvement while 62 (31%) were upstaged, primarily from clinical stage III to pathologic stage IV. Correlations were made between clinical and pathologic staging and the sites of involvement were compared between those with nodular and those with diffuse lymphomas. The accuracy of diagnostic radiologic procedures was also assessed. Although it is valuable in sequentially determining the extent of subdiaphragmatic involvement by lymphomas, we believe that staging laparotomy should still be regarded as a research procedure which will be undertaken only as indicated in centers of clinical research."}
{"id": "PMID:902262", "title": "Sequential staging in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "The results of staging in 170 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have been reviewed; all patients were subjected to a series of sequential procedures, including lymphangiography, bone marrow biopsy, and liver biopsy (performed percutaneously, by peritoneoscopy, or by laparotomy). A high incidence of involvement of bone marrow, liver, and abdominal nodes was found in patients with nodular types of lymphoma and in those with diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma, with less than or equal to 20% remaining in stage I or II at the completion of staging in each of these subgroups. Only in patients with histiocytic lymphoma was there an appreciable percentage (31%) remaining in the stage I-II categories after staging. In this study, 75 patients remained in stage III or less after completing the non-surgical phase of staging, and laparotomy was utilized in only 50 patients (30%). At laparotomy, involvement of the liver or the mesenteric or portal lymph nodes was found in 81% of patients with a positive lymphangiogram but in only 18% of those with a negative lymphangiogram.", "contents": "Sequential staging in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The results of staging in 170 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have been reviewed; all patients were subjected to a series of sequential procedures, including lymphangiography, bone marrow biopsy, and liver biopsy (performed percutaneously, by peritoneoscopy, or by laparotomy). A high incidence of involvement of bone marrow, liver, and abdominal nodes was found in patients with nodular types of lymphoma and in those with diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma, with less than or equal to 20% remaining in stage I or II at the completion of staging in each of these subgroups. Only in patients with histiocytic lymphoma was there an appreciable percentage (31%) remaining in the stage I-II categories after staging. In this study, 75 patients remained in stage III or less after completing the non-surgical phase of staging, and laparotomy was utilized in only 50 patients (30%). At laparotomy, involvement of the liver or the mesenteric or portal lymph nodes was found in 81% of patients with a positive lymphangiogram but in only 18% of those with a negative lymphangiogram."}
{"id": "PMID:902263", "title": "Determination of the linkages of disaccharides containing a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy sugar unit by solvent effects in circular dichroism.", "content": "The circular dichroism spectra of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy sugars in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (F6Pr-2-ol) solutions show a positive band in the n-pi region (209 nm) in contrast to a negative c.d. band in water solution. This difference is interpreted as an indication of a change in the average orientation of the hydroxyl groups adjacent to the amide group. C.d. spectra of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy sugars having a methyl group at O-1 and O-3 confirm this interpretation and suggest that the c.d. spectrum of a disaccharide in F6Pr-2-ol reflects strongly the disaccharide linkage. Large differences in the c.d. spectra of (1 leads to 4) and (1 leads to 6)-linked disaccharides in this solvent lead to rules for distinguishing the linkages of the disaccharides.", "contents": "Determination of the linkages of disaccharides containing a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy sugar unit by solvent effects in circular dichroism. The circular dichroism spectra of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy sugars in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (F6Pr-2-ol) solutions show a positive band in the n-pi region (209 nm) in contrast to a negative c.d. band in water solution. This difference is interpreted as an indication of a change in the average orientation of the hydroxyl groups adjacent to the amide group. C.d. spectra of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy sugars having a methyl group at O-1 and O-3 confirm this interpretation and suggest that the c.d. spectrum of a disaccharide in F6Pr-2-ol reflects strongly the disaccharide linkage. Large differences in the c.d. spectra of (1 leads to 4) and (1 leads to 6)-linked disaccharides in this solvent lead to rules for distinguishing the linkages of the disaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:902265", "title": "Synthesis of beta-L-fucopyranosyl phosphate and L-fucofuranosyl phosphates by the MacDonald procedure.", "content": "Fusion of beta-L-fucopyranose tetraacetate with phosphoric acid for 1 min at 50 degrees gives a 9:1 anomeric mixture of the alpha- and beta-pyranosyl phosphates. Longer fusion times give the alpha-anomer exclusively. The L-fucofuranose tetraacetates were synthesized for the first time by acetolysis of methyl-2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-L-fucofuranoside. Fusion of the furanose tetraacetates with phosphoric acid gave a mixture of the fucofuranosyl phosphates in which the beta-anomer predominated (beta/alpha= 2.4). Anomeric pairs in the fucofuranose series appear to be distinguishable by the chemical shift of the C-6 methyl protons, as already shown by Sinclair and Sleeter in the pyranose series.", "contents": "Synthesis of beta-L-fucopyranosyl phosphate and L-fucofuranosyl phosphates by the MacDonald procedure. Fusion of beta-L-fucopyranose tetraacetate with phosphoric acid for 1 min at 50 degrees gives a 9:1 anomeric mixture of the alpha- and beta-pyranosyl phosphates. Longer fusion times give the alpha-anomer exclusively. The L-fucofuranose tetraacetates were synthesized for the first time by acetolysis of methyl-2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-L-fucofuranoside. Fusion of the furanose tetraacetates with phosphoric acid gave a mixture of the fucofuranosyl phosphates in which the beta-anomer predominated (beta/alpha= 2.4). Anomeric pairs in the fucofuranose series appear to be distinguishable by the chemical shift of the C-6 methyl protons, as already shown by Sinclair and Sleeter in the pyranose series."}
{"id": "PMID:902266", "title": "Structure of the D-galactan isolated from garlic (Allium sativum) bulbs.", "content": "Hot-water extraction of defatted garlic-bulbs yielded a mixture of polysaccharides containing a D-galactan, a D-galacturonan, an L-arabinan, a D-glucan, and a D-fructan. A trace of L-rhamnose was also detected in the polysaccharide hydrolyzate. The pectic acid was partially removed by precipitation with aqueous calcium chloride; from the remaining polysaccharide mixture, a pure D-galactan containing 97.3% of D-galactose was isolated by fractional precipitation and repeated chromatography through a column of DEAE-cellulose. Methanolysis and hydrolysis of the permethylated D-galactan yielded 2,3,4,6-tetra-, 2,3,6-tri-, and 2,3,di-O-methyl-D-galactose in the molar proportions of 1:2:1. On periodate oxidation, the D-galactan reduced 1.18 molar equivalents of the oxidant per D-galactosyl residue, and liberated one molar equivalent of formic acid per 4.13 D-galactosyl residues. Smith degradation of the D-galactan was also conducted. From these results, a structure has been assigned to the repeating unit of the D-galactan.", "contents": "Structure of the D-galactan isolated from garlic (Allium sativum) bulbs. Hot-water extraction of defatted garlic-bulbs yielded a mixture of polysaccharides containing a D-galactan, a D-galacturonan, an L-arabinan, a D-glucan, and a D-fructan. A trace of L-rhamnose was also detected in the polysaccharide hydrolyzate. The pectic acid was partially removed by precipitation with aqueous calcium chloride; from the remaining polysaccharide mixture, a pure D-galactan containing 97.3% of D-galactose was isolated by fractional precipitation and repeated chromatography through a column of DEAE-cellulose. Methanolysis and hydrolysis of the permethylated D-galactan yielded 2,3,4,6-tetra-, 2,3,6-tri-, and 2,3,di-O-methyl-D-galactose in the molar proportions of 1:2:1. On periodate oxidation, the D-galactan reduced 1.18 molar equivalents of the oxidant per D-galactosyl residue, and liberated one molar equivalent of formic acid per 4.13 D-galactosyl residues. Smith degradation of the D-galactan was also conducted. From these results, a structure has been assigned to the repeating unit of the D-galactan."}
{"id": "PMID:902274", "title": "Structural studies of water-soluble glycoproteins from Cannabis sativa L.", "content": "Two carbohydrate-protein fractions, isolated from Cannabis sativa L. by extraction with water and chromatography of DEAE-cellulose, contained arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose. The structure of the carbohydrate moieties was investigated by methylation analysis and Smith degradation. A high percentage of end-groups indicates a large degree of branching, glucose and galactose being the main branch-points, linked at C-3 and C6. The hexoses are also present as unbranched residues in the chain, largely as (1 leads to 3)- and (1 leads to 4)-linked units and as end-groups. Arabinofuranosyl units constitute the main part of the non-reducing end-groups, and are also present as part of the chain. The polysaccharide chains are probably linked to protein through the hydroxyl group of hydroxyproline.", "contents": "Structural studies of water-soluble glycoproteins from Cannabis sativa L. Two carbohydrate-protein fractions, isolated from Cannabis sativa L. by extraction with water and chromatography of DEAE-cellulose, contained arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid, 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose. The structure of the carbohydrate moieties was investigated by methylation analysis and Smith degradation. A high percentage of end-groups indicates a large degree of branching, glucose and galactose being the main branch-points, linked at C-3 and C6. The hexoses are also present as unbranched residues in the chain, largely as (1 leads to 3)- and (1 leads to 4)-linked units and as end-groups. Arabinofuranosyl units constitute the main part of the non-reducing end-groups, and are also present as part of the chain. The polysaccharide chains are probably linked to protein through the hydroxyl group of hydroxyproline."}
{"id": "PMID:902275", "title": "Characterization of the chondroitin sulfate produced by B16 mouse melanoma cells.", "content": "The mucopolysaccharides produced by B16 mouse melanoma cells have been isolated in milligram quantities from the spent media in which the cells were grown in the presence of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose-t and [35S]-sulfate. The mucopolysaccharides obtained by precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride from the Pronase digest of the media were further purified by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and treatment with nucleases. The major components were identified as chondroitin-4-sulfates by identification of the hexosamine as 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose, and by digestibility with hyaluronidases, chondroitinase AC, and chondro-4-sulfatase. The o.r.d. curve and i.r. spectra of these components also confirmed their similarity to chondroitin-4-sulfate from cartilage. The molecular weight of the polysaccharide chains was estimated to be in the range 90,000-120,000 by sedimentation equilibrium analysis.", "contents": "Characterization of the chondroitin sulfate produced by B16 mouse melanoma cells. The mucopolysaccharides produced by B16 mouse melanoma cells have been isolated in milligram quantities from the spent media in which the cells were grown in the presence of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose-t and [35S]-sulfate. The mucopolysaccharides obtained by precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride from the Pronase digest of the media were further purified by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and treatment with nucleases. The major components were identified as chondroitin-4-sulfates by identification of the hexosamine as 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose, and by digestibility with hyaluronidases, chondroitinase AC, and chondro-4-sulfatase. The o.r.d. curve and i.r. spectra of these components also confirmed their similarity to chondroitin-4-sulfate from cartilage. The molecular weight of the polysaccharide chains was estimated to be in the range 90,000-120,000 by sedimentation equilibrium analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:902276", "title": "Structural identification of isomeric O-trimethylsilyl derivatives of some hexuronic acids.", "content": "The structures of the isomeric products obtained on trimethylsilylation of naturally occurring hexuronic acids and their sodium salts and lactones have been established by the application of n.m.r. (for anomeric configuration) and mass spectrometry (for ring size). The equilibria of some of the hexuronic acids in methyl sulphoxide involved a larger proportion of furanoid forms than those in water or pyridine. The proportion of furanoses was also increased by the addition of hexamethyldisilazane. Kinetic evidence indicated that two molecules of each hexuronic acid interacted autocatalytically during mutarotation.", "contents": "Structural identification of isomeric O-trimethylsilyl derivatives of some hexuronic acids. The structures of the isomeric products obtained on trimethylsilylation of naturally occurring hexuronic acids and their sodium salts and lactones have been established by the application of n.m.r. (for anomeric configuration) and mass spectrometry (for ring size). The equilibria of some of the hexuronic acids in methyl sulphoxide involved a larger proportion of furanoid forms than those in water or pyridine. The proportion of furanoses was also increased by the addition of hexamethyldisilazane. Kinetic evidence indicated that two molecules of each hexuronic acid interacted autocatalytically during mutarotation."}
{"id": "PMID:902277", "title": "An enzyme-P.M.R.-spectroscopic determination of the enantiomers of galactose.", "content": "The action of D-galactose oxidase on D-galactose in the presence of oxygen afforded meso-galacto-hexodialdose quantitatively, which allowed p.m.r.-spectroscopic determination of the D enantiomer in a DL mixture. In the spectrum of the products obtained from the enzymic treatment of a mixture of D- and L-galactose, the magnitude of the aldehydrol signals derived solely from the oxidised D enantiomer, relative to those of the anomeric signals, provided the fractional content of the D enantiomer. This simple, accurate, and convenient procedure was applied to the hydrolysate of a seaweed galactan, which was also analyzed, for comparative purposes, by the fermentation technique employing D-galactose-adapted Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "contents": "An enzyme-P.M.R.-spectroscopic determination of the enantiomers of galactose. The action of D-galactose oxidase on D-galactose in the presence of oxygen afforded meso-galacto-hexodialdose quantitatively, which allowed p.m.r.-spectroscopic determination of the D enantiomer in a DL mixture. In the spectrum of the products obtained from the enzymic treatment of a mixture of D- and L-galactose, the magnitude of the aldehydrol signals derived solely from the oxidised D enantiomer, relative to those of the anomeric signals, provided the fractional content of the D enantiomer. This simple, accurate, and convenient procedure was applied to the hydrolysate of a seaweed galactan, which was also analyzed, for comparative purposes, by the fermentation technique employing D-galactose-adapted Saccharomyces cerevisiae."}
{"id": "PMID:902278", "title": "Molecular and metabolic heterogeneity of liver glycogen.", "content": "On refeeding after starvation, the resynthesis of rabbit-liver glycogen proceeds inhomogeneously and over-produces material of low molecular weight. The fate of radioactivity incorporated into glycogen from D-glucose-14C can be explained if glycogen of high molecular weight is synthesised on a protein backbone. Confirmation of this view is given by the effect upon glycogen of reagents that break disulphide bonds; these cause loss of the polysaccharide of high molecular weight. Buoyant densities of glycogens are found to be independent of molecular weight and even of extensive degradation. It is concluded that glycogen synthesis proceeds by two routes; one results in the production of polysaccharide of high molecular weight which has a protein backbone capable of forming disulphide bonds, and another results in the production of polysaccharide of low molecular weight which has either no protein backbone or a protein backbone that is incapable of forming disulphide bridges. Apart from size, the two species are physicochemically indistinguishable.", "contents": "Molecular and metabolic heterogeneity of liver glycogen. On refeeding after starvation, the resynthesis of rabbit-liver glycogen proceeds inhomogeneously and over-produces material of low molecular weight. The fate of radioactivity incorporated into glycogen from D-glucose-14C can be explained if glycogen of high molecular weight is synthesised on a protein backbone. Confirmation of this view is given by the effect upon glycogen of reagents that break disulphide bonds; these cause loss of the polysaccharide of high molecular weight. Buoyant densities of glycogens are found to be independent of molecular weight and even of extensive degradation. It is concluded that glycogen synthesis proceeds by two routes; one results in the production of polysaccharide of high molecular weight which has a protein backbone capable of forming disulphide bonds, and another results in the production of polysaccharide of low molecular weight which has either no protein backbone or a protein backbone that is incapable of forming disulphide bridges. Apart from size, the two species are physicochemically indistinguishable."}
{"id": "PMID:902301", "title": "Light-induced alterations in cell shape and pigment displacement in chromatophores of the sea urchin Centrostephanus longispinus.", "content": "Alteration in cell shape of the ligh-sensitive chromatophores of Centrostephanus longispinus are described. Upon illumination a centrifugal pigment movement starts within extremely thin filopodia which radiate from the cell body. With continued pigment migration the cellular processes increase in length and diameter and give the cell an irregular stellate appearance. Pigment movement within the cellular processes is discontinuous in space and time and may occur independently in single filopodia. The motion of single granules shows characteristic features of a saltatory movement.", "contents": "Light-induced alterations in cell shape and pigment displacement in chromatophores of the sea urchin Centrostephanus longispinus. Alteration in cell shape of the ligh-sensitive chromatophores of Centrostephanus longispinus are described. Upon illumination a centrifugal pigment movement starts within extremely thin filopodia which radiate from the cell body. With continued pigment migration the cellular processes increase in length and diameter and give the cell an irregular stellate appearance. Pigment movement within the cellular processes is discontinuous in space and time and may occur independently in single filopodia. The motion of single granules shows characteristic features of a saltatory movement."}
{"id": "PMID:902302", "title": "Effect of glucagon on the secretory process in the rat exocrine pancreas.", "content": "Glucagon was infused into conscious rats in doses of 10 to 80 microgram/h for periods up to 24 h. The effect on the secretory process of the exocrine pancreas was studied in vitro using isolated pancreatic lobules. A pronounced inhibition of the rate of protein synthesis and discharge of stored and newly synthesized proteins combined with increased enzyme content in the pancreas were observed after 30 min infusion. This effect was absent after longer infusion periods of up to six hours. After 12 to 24 h infusions a marked degranulation and decrease in enzyme content was observed. While the rate of protein synthesis was not significantly enhanced, both the basal and stimulated discharge of enzymes from the pancreas were increased. The results suggest a biphasic response of the pancreas to prolonged glucagon infusion.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon on the secretory process in the rat exocrine pancreas. Glucagon was infused into conscious rats in doses of 10 to 80 microgram/h for periods up to 24 h. The effect on the secretory process of the exocrine pancreas was studied in vitro using isolated pancreatic lobules. A pronounced inhibition of the rate of protein synthesis and discharge of stored and newly synthesized proteins combined with increased enzyme content in the pancreas were observed after 30 min infusion. This effect was absent after longer infusion periods of up to six hours. After 12 to 24 h infusions a marked degranulation and decrease in enzyme content was observed. While the rate of protein synthesis was not significantly enhanced, both the basal and stimulated discharge of enzymes from the pancreas were increased. The results suggest a biphasic response of the pancreas to prolonged glucagon infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:902304", "title": "The pineal gland of the mole (talpa europaea L.). IV. Effect of pronase on material present in cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum of pinealocytes.", "content": "The effect of a proteolytic enzyme, pronase, on material present in cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum of mole pinealocytes demonstrates their proteinaceous nature.", "contents": "The pineal gland of the mole (talpa europaea L.). IV. Effect of pronase on material present in cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum of pinealocytes. The effect of a proteolytic enzyme, pronase, on material present in cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum of mole pinealocytes demonstrates their proteinaceous nature."}
{"id": "PMID:902305", "title": "The fine structure of myelinated nerve cell bodies in the bulbus olfactorius of man.", "content": "In the bulbus olfactorius of man numerous myelinated nerve cell bodies occur in the stratum plexiforme internum and stratum granulosum internum. In many respects they resemble the neighbouring granule cells: small chromatin clumps border on more than half of the circumference of the nucleus, the thin cytoplasmic rim contains abundant polysomes and sometimes pigment complexes with numerous light vacuoles, the cells often show a process which extends up to the stratum glomerulosum, the perikarya are devoid of synaptic contacts whereas the proximal segment of the peripheral processes display rare contacts. The myelin sheath varies in thickness consisting of 2 to 24 lamellae with distances between the major dense lines ranging from 9.3 to 11.3 nm. The myelin sheath may enclose the cell body completely or partially and accompany the proximal segment of the process arising from the perikaryon. On partially enveloped perikarya, the myelin lamellae end in formations like those of the node of Ranvier, though often less regularly. Within the compact myelin sheath all of its lamellae may be distended for a short distance by glial cytoplasm as in the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures of peripheral nerve fibres. Adjacent to the outermost myelin lamella myelinated axons and cell bodies, tentatively identified as oligodendrocytes, as well as granule cells may be closely joined.", "contents": "The fine structure of myelinated nerve cell bodies in the bulbus olfactorius of man. In the bulbus olfactorius of man numerous myelinated nerve cell bodies occur in the stratum plexiforme internum and stratum granulosum internum. In many respects they resemble the neighbouring granule cells: small chromatin clumps border on more than half of the circumference of the nucleus, the thin cytoplasmic rim contains abundant polysomes and sometimes pigment complexes with numerous light vacuoles, the cells often show a process which extends up to the stratum glomerulosum, the perikarya are devoid of synaptic contacts whereas the proximal segment of the peripheral processes display rare contacts. The myelin sheath varies in thickness consisting of 2 to 24 lamellae with distances between the major dense lines ranging from 9.3 to 11.3 nm. The myelin sheath may enclose the cell body completely or partially and accompany the proximal segment of the process arising from the perikaryon. On partially enveloped perikarya, the myelin lamellae end in formations like those of the node of Ranvier, though often less regularly. Within the compact myelin sheath all of its lamellae may be distended for a short distance by glial cytoplasm as in the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures of peripheral nerve fibres. Adjacent to the outermost myelin lamella myelinated axons and cell bodies, tentatively identified as oligodendrocytes, as well as granule cells may be closely joined."}
{"id": "PMID:902306", "title": "The coxal glands of geophilomorpha (chilopoda): organs of osmoregulation.", "content": "The organs terminating at the coxal pores of the tug-legs of Geophilomorpha are not repugnatorial glands, but possess typical transport epithelia with deep apical and basal infolding of the cell membranes, between which numerous large mitochondria are located. Many transport vesicles are found in the basal region but fewer in the apical cytoplasm. The apex is characterized by bundles of longitudinally oriented microtubules, sparse endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Single neurosecretory axons with synaptoid areas are scattered among the cells. It is suggested that the coxal organs have a diuretic function in moist habitats and an antidiuretic effect in arid environments. The \"switch-over\" is evidently controlled by a neuroendocrine mechanism.", "contents": "The coxal glands of geophilomorpha (chilopoda): organs of osmoregulation. The organs terminating at the coxal pores of the tug-legs of Geophilomorpha are not repugnatorial glands, but possess typical transport epithelia with deep apical and basal infolding of the cell membranes, between which numerous large mitochondria are located. Many transport vesicles are found in the basal region but fewer in the apical cytoplasm. The apex is characterized by bundles of longitudinally oriented microtubules, sparse endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Single neurosecretory axons with synaptoid areas are scattered among the cells. It is suggested that the coxal organs have a diuretic function in moist habitats and an antidiuretic effect in arid environments. The \"switch-over\" is evidently controlled by a neuroendocrine mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:902307", "title": "An ultra-structural study of the gills of Echinus esculentus.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the gills of Echinus esculentus is described using transmission electron microscopy. The gills are covered by typical epithelial cells overlying a collagenous basement membrane. The coelomic lumen of the gills is thrown into a series of irregular grooves and ridges which are formed by long narrow cells from each of which projects a single cilium. There is a layer of muscle cells lying underneath these cells adjacent to the basement membrane. They are innervated by axons containing large granular vesicles and the significance of this innervation is discussed in terms of neuromuscular junctions in general within the echinoderms. This study shows that the main function of the gills is excretory and describes three apparent systems whereby excretory products and necrotic coelomocytes are removed.", "contents": "An ultra-structural study of the gills of Echinus esculentus. The ultrastructure of the gills of Echinus esculentus is described using transmission electron microscopy. The gills are covered by typical epithelial cells overlying a collagenous basement membrane. The coelomic lumen of the gills is thrown into a series of irregular grooves and ridges which are formed by long narrow cells from each of which projects a single cilium. There is a layer of muscle cells lying underneath these cells adjacent to the basement membrane. They are innervated by axons containing large granular vesicles and the significance of this innervation is discussed in terms of neuromuscular junctions in general within the echinoderms. This study shows that the main function of the gills is excretory and describes three apparent systems whereby excretory products and necrotic coelomocytes are removed."}
{"id": "PMID:902308", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for the existence of steroid synthesizing cells in the ovary of the starfish. Asterias rubens (echinodermata).", "content": "The ultrastructure of cells showing characteristic features of steroid producing cells in the ovaries of the starfish. Asterias rubens, is described. The correlation between the appearance of these cells and steroid biosynthesis in ovarian tissue of A. rubens is discussed. The importance of the discovery of these cells in view of the biosynthesis of steroids and the phylogeny of Echinodermata is mentioned.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for the existence of steroid synthesizing cells in the ovary of the starfish. Asterias rubens (echinodermata). The ultrastructure of cells showing characteristic features of steroid producing cells in the ovaries of the starfish. Asterias rubens, is described. The correlation between the appearance of these cells and steroid biosynthesis in ovarian tissue of A. rubens is discussed. The importance of the discovery of these cells in view of the biosynthesis of steroids and the phylogeny of Echinodermata is mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:902309", "title": "Interommatidial hair receptor axons extending into the ventral nerve cord in the cricket Gryllus campestris.", "content": "In the cricket, Gryllus campestris, a branch of the nervus tegumentarius runs to the distal part of the optic lobe. This branch contains the axons of interommatidial hair receptors. The axon terminations extend forward into the trito- and deutocerebrum, and into the subesophageal- and prothoracic ganglia as shown with the cobalt sulfide staining technique. The possible relevance of these connections is discussed.", "contents": "Interommatidial hair receptor axons extending into the ventral nerve cord in the cricket Gryllus campestris. In the cricket, Gryllus campestris, a branch of the nervus tegumentarius runs to the distal part of the optic lobe. This branch contains the axons of interommatidial hair receptors. The axon terminations extend forward into the trito- and deutocerebrum, and into the subesophageal- and prothoracic ganglia as shown with the cobalt sulfide staining technique. The possible relevance of these connections is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902310", "title": "An amazing sequence arrangement at the 5' ends of adenovirus 2 messenger RNA.", "content": "The 5' terminal sequences of several adenovirus 2 (Ad2) mRNAs, isolated late in infection, are complementary to sequences within the Ad2 genome which are remote from the DNA from which the main coding sequence of each mRNA is transcribed. This has been observed by forming RNA displacement loops (R loops) between Ad2 DNA and unfractionated polysomal RNA from infected cells. The 5' terminal sequences of mRNAs in R loops, variously located between positions 36 and 92, form complex secondary hybrids with single-stranded DNA from restriction endonuclease fragments containing sequences to the left of position 36 on the Ad2 genome. The structures visualized in the electron microscope show that short sequences coded at map positions 16.6, 19.6 and 26.6 on the R strand are joined to form a leader sequence of 150-200 nucleotides at the 5' end of many late mRNAs. A late mRNA which maps to the left of position 16.6 shows a different pattern of second site hybridization. It contains sequences from 4.9-6.0 linked directly to those from 9.6-10.9. These findings imply a new mechanism for the biosynthesis of Ad2 mRNA in mammalian cells.", "contents": "An amazing sequence arrangement at the 5' ends of adenovirus 2 messenger RNA. The 5' terminal sequences of several adenovirus 2 (Ad2) mRNAs, isolated late in infection, are complementary to sequences within the Ad2 genome which are remote from the DNA from which the main coding sequence of each mRNA is transcribed. This has been observed by forming RNA displacement loops (R loops) between Ad2 DNA and unfractionated polysomal RNA from infected cells. The 5' terminal sequences of mRNAs in R loops, variously located between positions 36 and 92, form complex secondary hybrids with single-stranded DNA from restriction endonuclease fragments containing sequences to the left of position 36 on the Ad2 genome. The structures visualized in the electron microscope show that short sequences coded at map positions 16.6, 19.6 and 26.6 on the R strand are joined to form a leader sequence of 150-200 nucleotides at the 5' end of many late mRNAs. A late mRNA which maps to the left of position 16.6 shows a different pattern of second site hybridization. It contains sequences from 4.9-6.0 linked directly to those from 9.6-10.9. These findings imply a new mechanism for the biosynthesis of Ad2 mRNA in mammalian cells."}
{"id": "PMID:902312", "title": "Synthesis of histone messenger RNA of HeLa cells during the cell cycle.", "content": "Hybridization of HeLa cell RNA to the DNA of a recombinant phage containing sea urchin histone genes shows that histone mRNA of HeLa cells is synthesized throughout the entire cell cycle. Furthermore, histone messenger is synthesized in cells treated with cytosine arabinoside, an inhibitor of DNA duplication. Although histone RNA is found in the nucleus, the amount of cytoplasmic histone messenger is drastically reduced, in agreement with previous work. The absence of coupling between histone mRNA synthesis and DNA duplication shows that the regulatory process which determines the presence or absence of histone mRNA in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells is not at the transcriptional level.", "contents": "Synthesis of histone messenger RNA of HeLa cells during the cell cycle. Hybridization of HeLa cell RNA to the DNA of a recombinant phage containing sea urchin histone genes shows that histone mRNA of HeLa cells is synthesized throughout the entire cell cycle. Furthermore, histone messenger is synthesized in cells treated with cytosine arabinoside, an inhibitor of DNA duplication. Although histone RNA is found in the nucleus, the amount of cytoplasmic histone messenger is drastically reduced, in agreement with previous work. The absence of coupling between histone mRNA synthesis and DNA duplication shows that the regulatory process which determines the presence or absence of histone mRNA in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells is not at the transcriptional level."}
{"id": "PMID:902313", "title": "Discrete sizes of replication intermediates in Drosophila cells.", "content": "The size of DNA replication intermediates from Drosophila cells pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine for 30-120 sec was determined by electrophoresis in formamide-polyacrylamide gels. Replication intermediates were formed in three discrete size classes, with median lengths of 61, 125 and 240 nucleotides. Replication intermediates in the 125 nucleotide size class occurred most frequently. Two of the three size classes may contain discrete species of replication intermediates about 90-400 nucleotides long. The data also suggested that some larger replication intermediates accumulate in pulse-labeled cells. We concluded that 61 nucleotide molecules give rise to 125 and 240 nucleotide molecules, which then form high molecular weight DNA. Mechanisms for forming these replication intermediates are discussed.", "contents": "Discrete sizes of replication intermediates in Drosophila cells. The size of DNA replication intermediates from Drosophila cells pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine for 30-120 sec was determined by electrophoresis in formamide-polyacrylamide gels. Replication intermediates were formed in three discrete size classes, with median lengths of 61, 125 and 240 nucleotides. Replication intermediates in the 125 nucleotide size class occurred most frequently. Two of the three size classes may contain discrete species of replication intermediates about 90-400 nucleotides long. The data also suggested that some larger replication intermediates accumulate in pulse-labeled cells. We concluded that 61 nucleotide molecules give rise to 125 and 240 nucleotide molecules, which then form high molecular weight DNA. Mechanisms for forming these replication intermediates are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902314", "title": "Linkage of markers controlling consecutive biochemical steps in CHO cells as demonstrated by chromosome transfer.", "content": "Using the technology of metaphase chromosome transfer, evidence has been obtained in CHO cells that genes controlling enzymes in a common pathway in folate metabolism are closely linked. MtxRI and MtxRIII are co-dominant mutations which affect the structure and level of dihydrofolate reductase. Gat- is a glycine-, adenosine- and thymidine-requiring auxotrophic mutant with a lesion in folylpolyglutamate synthetase, an enzyme responsible for addition of glutamates to folate residues. GlyB- is an auxotrophic glycine-requiring mutant whose phenotype may be reversed by folinic acid. Using purified metaphase chromosomes, the MtxR genes were co-transferred into recipient cells with the auxotrophic markers, as demonstrated by the isolation of transferents when two of the phenotypes, either Mtx and Gat, or Mtx and GlyB, were selected at the same time. When recipient cells were selected for Gat+ or GlyB+ alone, the transferents carried the MtxR markers. The GlyA mutation, another glycine-requiring auxotrophic change, is not co-transferred with methotrexate resistance. Because of previous evidence that only a small fragment is involved in  chromosomal transfer experiments, these results seem to provide the first indication that some genes which control enzymes on a common metabolic pathway in eucaryotes are closely linked or are at least syntenic.", "contents": "Linkage of markers controlling consecutive biochemical steps in CHO cells as demonstrated by chromosome transfer. Using the technology of metaphase chromosome transfer, evidence has been obtained in CHO cells that genes controlling enzymes in a common pathway in folate metabolism are closely linked. MtxRI and MtxRIII are co-dominant mutations which affect the structure and level of dihydrofolate reductase. Gat- is a glycine-, adenosine- and thymidine-requiring auxotrophic mutant with a lesion in folylpolyglutamate synthetase, an enzyme responsible for addition of glutamates to folate residues. GlyB- is an auxotrophic glycine-requiring mutant whose phenotype may be reversed by folinic acid. Using purified metaphase chromosomes, the MtxR genes were co-transferred into recipient cells with the auxotrophic markers, as demonstrated by the isolation of transferents when two of the phenotypes, either Mtx and Gat, or Mtx and GlyB, were selected at the same time. When recipient cells were selected for Gat+ or GlyB+ alone, the transferents carried the MtxR markers. The GlyA mutation, another glycine-requiring auxotrophic change, is not co-transferred with methotrexate resistance. Because of previous evidence that only a small fragment is involved in  chromosomal transfer experiments, these results seem to provide the first indication that some genes which control enzymes on a common metabolic pathway in eucaryotes are closely linked or are at least syntenic."}
{"id": "PMID:902315", "title": "Viral DNA sequences from incomplete particles of human adenovirus type 7.", "content": "Large pools of empty viral capsids accumulate in cells infected by subgroup B human adenoviruses. Such infected cells also yield DNA-containing incomplete particles in larger quantities than cells infected with serotypes representing other adenovirus subgroups. DNA isolated from carefully purified classes of Ad7 incomplete particles was analyzed by restriction endonuclease cleavage, gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. At least 90% of the DNA molecules in each sample consisted of sequences that extended from the left end of the viral genome map by variable lengths toward the right end. The average length of DNA is linearly related to the average buoyant density of the  incomplete particles from which the DNA is isolated. The results indicate that each capsid contains one DNA molecule. There is also a specific association of the left end of the viral genome with assembled or assembling capsids. The characteristic distributions of Ad7 incomplete particles may result from intracellular pools of assembly intermediates in which the incompletely packaged DNA has been fragmented in vivo or by shear during preparative procedures.", "contents": "Viral DNA sequences from incomplete particles of human adenovirus type 7. Large pools of empty viral capsids accumulate in cells infected by subgroup B human adenoviruses. Such infected cells also yield DNA-containing incomplete particles in larger quantities than cells infected with serotypes representing other adenovirus subgroups. DNA isolated from carefully purified classes of Ad7 incomplete particles was analyzed by restriction endonuclease cleavage, gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. At least 90% of the DNA molecules in each sample consisted of sequences that extended from the left end of the viral genome map by variable lengths toward the right end. The average length of DNA is linearly related to the average buoyant density of the  incomplete particles from which the DNA is isolated. The results indicate that each capsid contains one DNA molecule. There is also a specific association of the left end of the viral genome with assembled or assembling capsids. The characteristic distributions of Ad7 incomplete particles may result from intracellular pools of assembly intermediates in which the incompletely packaged DNA has been fragmented in vivo or by shear during preparative procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:902317", "title": "Decrease in adhesion of cells cultured in polyunsaturated fatty acids.", "content": "The addition of long chain unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids) to BHK cells reduces the cell to substrate adhesion, causes morphological changes and alters the cellular growth properties. The new characteristics are similar to those of transformed cells. The data indicate that the effects are probably due to actual changes in the surface membrane lipids and not due to prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Decrease in adhesion of cells cultured in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The addition of long chain unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids) to BHK cells reduces the cell to substrate adhesion, causes morphological changes and alters the cellular growth properties. The new characteristics are similar to those of transformed cells. The data indicate that the effects are probably due to actual changes in the surface membrane lipids and not due to prostaglandin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:902318", "title": "Continuous protein synthesis is required to maintain the probability of entry into S phase.", "content": "\"Normal fibroblast\" lines such as 3T3 cells arrest in the G0/G1 compartment of the cell cycle when starved of serum. Following readdition of serum and after a lag of 14 hr, the cells enter S phase with first-order kinetics. Cell cycle progress after stimulation is thus consistent with the existence of a single, rate-limiting random event (or transition) in G1 as proposed by Smith and Martin (1973). The addition of low concentrations of cycloheximide (33-100 ng/ml) at any time after the end of the lag phase brings about a rapid reduction (within 1-2 hr) of the rate constant for entry into S phase by an amount that is proportional to the inhibition of leucine incorporation. This suggests that the transition probability depends upon the continuous synthesis of a protein with a short half-life, or on some other unstable substance whose concentration is geared to the rate of translation. More importantly at present, the results indicate that the rate-limiting transition occurs within 2 hr of the start of DNA synthesis. When the same low concentrations of cycloheximide are added at the time of serum stimulation, they also lead to a marked elongation of the lag phase which again is related to the inhibitor concentration. This result is surprising since the lag is independent of serum concentration which itself influences the rate of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Continuous protein synthesis is required to maintain the probability of entry into S phase. \"Normal fibroblast\" lines such as 3T3 cells arrest in the G0/G1 compartment of the cell cycle when starved of serum. Following readdition of serum and after a lag of 14 hr, the cells enter S phase with first-order kinetics. Cell cycle progress after stimulation is thus consistent with the existence of a single, rate-limiting random event (or transition) in G1 as proposed by Smith and Martin (1973). The addition of low concentrations of cycloheximide (33-100 ng/ml) at any time after the end of the lag phase brings about a rapid reduction (within 1-2 hr) of the rate constant for entry into S phase by an amount that is proportional to the inhibition of leucine incorporation. This suggests that the transition probability depends upon the continuous synthesis of a protein with a short half-life, or on some other unstable substance whose concentration is geared to the rate of translation. More importantly at present, the results indicate that the rate-limiting transition occurs within 2 hr of the start of DNA synthesis. When the same low concentrations of cycloheximide are added at the time of serum stimulation, they also lead to a marked elongation of the lag phase which again is related to the inhibitor concentration. This result is surprising since the lag is independent of serum concentration which itself influences the rate of protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:902319", "title": "Further mapping of late adenovirus genes by cell-free translation of RNA selected by hybridization to specific DNA fragments.", "content": "RNA isolated from the cytoplasm of human cells at late times after infection by adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) has been fractionated by hybridization to fragments of Ad2 DNA which were produced by digestion with the restriction endonucleases Hpa I, Eco RI, Bam HI and Hind III. Cell-free translation of these partially purified mRNAs indicates that the genes for the late Ad2 proteins lie within the following intervals on the conventional Ad2 map: 15K (4.4-17.0 map units), IX and IVa2 (7.5-17.0), IIIa (29.1-40.9), III and V (29.1-57.0), pVIII (40.9-57.0), pVI and II (40.9-70.7), 100K (59.0-83.4), pVIII (70.7-83.4) and IV (85.0-100). In addition to the primary hybridization of the late Ad2 mRNAs to the regions indicated above, most late Ad2 mRNAs (except those for 15K, IX and IVa2) exhibited some hybridization to a secondary site between 17.0 and 29.1 map units.", "contents": "Further mapping of late adenovirus genes by cell-free translation of RNA selected by hybridization to specific DNA fragments. RNA isolated from the cytoplasm of human cells at late times after infection by adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) has been fractionated by hybridization to fragments of Ad2 DNA which were produced by digestion with the restriction endonucleases Hpa I, Eco RI, Bam HI and Hind III. Cell-free translation of these partially purified mRNAs indicates that the genes for the late Ad2 proteins lie within the following intervals on the conventional Ad2 map: 15K (4.4-17.0 map units), IX and IVa2 (7.5-17.0), IIIa (29.1-40.9), III and V (29.1-57.0), pVIII (40.9-57.0), pVI and II (40.9-70.7), 100K (59.0-83.4), pVIII (70.7-83.4) and IV (85.0-100). In addition to the primary hybridization of the late Ad2 mRNAs to the regions indicated above, most late Ad2 mRNAs (except those for 15K, IX and IVa2) exhibited some hybridization to a secondary site between 17.0 and 29.1 map units."}
{"id": "PMID:902321", "title": "Two adenovirus mRNAs have a common 5' terminal leader sequence encoded at least 10 kb upstream from their main coding regions.", "content": "The messenger RNAs encoding two late adenovirus serotype 2 (Ad2) proteins, fiber and 100K, were purified by hybridization to restriction endonuclease fragments of Ad2 DNA followed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing 98% formamide. The 5' terminal oligonucleotides generated by RNAase T1 digestion of the messengers were selected by dihydroxyboryl-cellulose chromatography. Both mRNAs gave an identical 5'-undecanucleotide with the general structure 7mG5'ppp5'AmC(m)U(C4,U3)G. This undecanucleotide could be removed by mild RNAase treatment from the mRNA after hybridization to DNA fragments containing the main coding sequence of the messenger. In contrast, a small region defined by Bal I-E (14.7-21) protects this undecanucleotide from RNase. A second region contained within both Hind III-B (17-31.5) and Hpa I-F (25.5-27.9), although unable to protect the undecanucleotide, hybridizes to both fiber and 100K mRNAs and protects a similar sequence of 100-150 nucleotides. These observations suggest that both mRNAs contain a long common sequence, complementary to at least two different sites on the Ad2 genome remote from the start of these two genes. The implications of these findings are discussed, and a general mechanism is presented for the biosynthesis of mRNAs from larger precursor molecules, based on intramolecular ligation.", "contents": "Two adenovirus mRNAs have a common 5' terminal leader sequence encoded at least 10 kb upstream from their main coding regions. The messenger RNAs encoding two late adenovirus serotype 2 (Ad2) proteins, fiber and 100K, were purified by hybridization to restriction endonuclease fragments of Ad2 DNA followed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing 98% formamide. The 5' terminal oligonucleotides generated by RNAase T1 digestion of the messengers were selected by dihydroxyboryl-cellulose chromatography. Both mRNAs gave an identical 5'-undecanucleotide with the general structure 7mG5'ppp5'AmC(m)U(C4,U3)G. This undecanucleotide could be removed by mild RNAase treatment from the mRNA after hybridization to DNA fragments containing the main coding sequence of the messenger. In contrast, a small region defined by Bal I-E (14.7-21) protects this undecanucleotide from RNase. A second region contained within both Hind III-B (17-31.5) and Hpa I-F (25.5-27.9), although unable to protect the undecanucleotide, hybridizes to both fiber and 100K mRNAs and protects a similar sequence of 100-150 nucleotides. These observations suggest that both mRNAs contain a long common sequence, complementary to at least two different sites on the Ad2 genome remote from the start of these two genes. The implications of these findings are discussed, and a general mechanism is presented for the biosynthesis of mRNAs from larger precursor molecules, based on intramolecular ligation."}
{"id": "PMID:902358", "title": "The capillary and sarcolemmal barriers in the heart. An exploration of labeled water permeability.", "content": "Although the exchange of labeled water between blood and tissue in the heart has usually been assumed to be flow-limited, the outflow patterns of labeled water, relative to intravascular references, in a multiple indicator dilution experiment, have appeared to be anomalous in terms of the models used to explain the transport of less permeable substances. Data showing a change in the shape of the labeled water outflow curve after vasodilation and after the infusion of toxic doses of 2,4-dinitrophenol led us to propose a new model for labeled water permeation which includes barriers at both the capillary wall and the sarcolemmal membrane. This model explains adequately the form of the outflow curve, provides parameters related to the permeability at the two barriers, and gives an estimate of the ratio of the intracellular to interstitial space. Dinitrophenol infused intra-arterially in a dose sufficient to cause S-T elevation in the electrocardiogram is found to reduce the sarcolemmal water permeability by an order of magnitude, but to have no effect on capillary water permeability. We conclude that water transport in the heart is barrier-limited at both the capillary and sarcolemmal membranes and that sarcolemmal water permeability is probably mediated at least in part by a structure sensitive to the effects of dinitrophenol, presumably a protein channel. Since the outflow patterns of inert gases resemble that of labeled water, it is possible that oxygen distribution is also barrier-limited.", "contents": "The capillary and sarcolemmal barriers in the heart. An exploration of labeled water permeability. Although the exchange of labeled water between blood and tissue in the heart has usually been assumed to be flow-limited, the outflow patterns of labeled water, relative to intravascular references, in a multiple indicator dilution experiment, have appeared to be anomalous in terms of the models used to explain the transport of less permeable substances. Data showing a change in the shape of the labeled water outflow curve after vasodilation and after the infusion of toxic doses of 2,4-dinitrophenol led us to propose a new model for labeled water permeation which includes barriers at both the capillary wall and the sarcolemmal membrane. This model explains adequately the form of the outflow curve, provides parameters related to the permeability at the two barriers, and gives an estimate of the ratio of the intracellular to interstitial space. Dinitrophenol infused intra-arterially in a dose sufficient to cause S-T elevation in the electrocardiogram is found to reduce the sarcolemmal water permeability by an order of magnitude, but to have no effect on capillary water permeability. We conclude that water transport in the heart is barrier-limited at both the capillary and sarcolemmal membranes and that sarcolemmal water permeability is probably mediated at least in part by a structure sensitive to the effects of dinitrophenol, presumably a protein channel. Since the outflow patterns of inert gases resemble that of labeled water, it is possible that oxygen distribution is also barrier-limited."}
{"id": "PMID:902361", "title": "Detection and localization of multiple epicardial electrical generators by a two-dipole ranging technique.", "content": "The ability of a numerical procedure to detect and to localize two experimentally induced, epicardial dipolar generators was tested in 24 isolated, perfused rabbit heart preparations, suspended in an electrolyte-filled spherical tank. Electrocardiograms were recorded from 32 electrodes on the surface of the test chamber before and after placement of each of two epicardial burns. The second lesion was located either 180 degrees, 90 degrees, or 45 degrees from the first. Signals were processed by iterative routines that computed the location of one or two independent dipoles that best reconstruced the observed surface potentials. The computed single dipole acounting for 99.68% of root mean sequare (RMS) surface potential recorded after the first burn was located 0.26 +/- 0.10 cm from the centroid of the lesion. Potentials recorded after the second lesions were fit with two dipoles that accounted for 99.36 +/- 1.51% of RMS surface potentials and that were located 0.42 +/- 0.26 cm and 0.57 +/- 0.49 cm from the centers of the corresponding burn. Seventy-one percent of computed dipoles were located within the visible perimeter of the burn. Thus, two simultaneously active dipolar sources can be detected and accurately localized by rigorous study of the generated electrical field.", "contents": "Detection and localization of multiple epicardial electrical generators by a two-dipole ranging technique. The ability of a numerical procedure to detect and to localize two experimentally induced, epicardial dipolar generators was tested in 24 isolated, perfused rabbit heart preparations, suspended in an electrolyte-filled spherical tank. Electrocardiograms were recorded from 32 electrodes on the surface of the test chamber before and after placement of each of two epicardial burns. The second lesion was located either 180 degrees, 90 degrees, or 45 degrees from the first. Signals were processed by iterative routines that computed the location of one or two independent dipoles that best reconstruced the observed surface potentials. The computed single dipole acounting for 99.68% of root mean sequare (RMS) surface potential recorded after the first burn was located 0.26 +/- 0.10 cm from the centroid of the lesion. Potentials recorded after the second lesions were fit with two dipoles that accounted for 99.36 +/- 1.51% of RMS surface potentials and that were located 0.42 +/- 0.26 cm and 0.57 +/- 0.49 cm from the centers of the corresponding burn. Seventy-one percent of computed dipoles were located within the visible perimeter of the burn. Thus, two simultaneously active dipolar sources can be detected and accurately localized by rigorous study of the generated electrical field."}
{"id": "PMID:902366", "title": "Purification of high molecular weight forms of renin from hog kidney.", "content": "To elucidate the possible regulatory function of high molecular weight renins in blood pressure control, studies were initiated to purify and characterize the high molecular weight enzyme. To avoid the destructive effect of acidification during affinity chromatographic elution, pepstatin-aminobutyl-agarose gel was used from which renin could be eluted at a neutral pH in 2 M urea. Three additional steps of conventional chromatography after the affinity technique produced two types of high molecular weight renins in electrophoretically homogeneous forms. Big renin with a molecular weight of 61,000 has a specific activity approximately 20% of the fully active small molecular weight renin (mol wt 40,000). Big big renins with molecular weights of 140,000 were discovered and purified in two homogeneous forms with specific activities less than 1% of the fully active renin. The possibility of zymogen-enzyme relationship involving the big big, the big, and the fully small molecular weight renins is discussed.", "contents": "Purification of high molecular weight forms of renin from hog kidney. To elucidate the possible regulatory function of high molecular weight renins in blood pressure control, studies were initiated to purify and characterize the high molecular weight enzyme. To avoid the destructive effect of acidification during affinity chromatographic elution, pepstatin-aminobutyl-agarose gel was used from which renin could be eluted at a neutral pH in 2 M urea. Three additional steps of conventional chromatography after the affinity technique produced two types of high molecular weight renins in electrophoretically homogeneous forms. Big renin with a molecular weight of 61,000 has a specific activity approximately 20% of the fully active small molecular weight renin (mol wt 40,000). Big big renins with molecular weights of 140,000 were discovered and purified in two homogeneous forms with specific activities less than 1% of the fully active renin. The possibility of zymogen-enzyme relationship involving the big big, the big, and the fully small molecular weight renins is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902367", "title": "Purification of human angiotensinogen.", "content": "A four-step method for the purification of human angiotensinogen has been devised. The four steps are: (1) removal of albumin by affinity chromatography on blue dextran-Sepharose, (2) chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, (3) chromatography on hydroxylapatite, and (4) chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. This method is capable of producing 8 mg of purified angiotensinogen from 150 ml of plasma with 33% overall recovery of renin-releasable angiotensin I. The angiotensinogen appears homogeneous by immunochemical and ultracentrifugal techniques. The N-terminal amino acids have been determined to be alanine and aspartic acid or asparagine.", "contents": "Purification of human angiotensinogen. A four-step method for the purification of human angiotensinogen has been devised. The four steps are: (1) removal of albumin by affinity chromatography on blue dextran-Sepharose, (2) chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, (3) chromatography on hydroxylapatite, and (4) chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. This method is capable of producing 8 mg of purified angiotensinogen from 150 ml of plasma with 33% overall recovery of renin-releasable angiotensin I. The angiotensinogen appears homogeneous by immunochemical and ultracentrifugal techniques. The N-terminal amino acids have been determined to be alanine and aspartic acid or asparagine."}
{"id": "PMID:902368", "title": "A direct radioimmunoassay for human renin substrate and identification of multiple substrate types in plasma.", "content": "Plasma renin substrate, a widely measured parameter of the renin reaction, is quantitated indirectly by the measurement of liberated angiotensin I upon exhaustive incubation of plasma with added renin. To overcome methodological problems of this assay system, we have developed a direct radioimmunoassay for this plasma protein using renin substrate purified from pooled plasma of normotensive subjects as the antigen. Comparison of substrate quantitated by the two assay systems (direct and indirect) indicates a 1:1 correlation with the exception of certain subjects with elevated substrate levels induced by estrogen therapy. To study the possibility of multiple substrate forms, we have made a comparison of substrate quantitated by both radioimmunoassays in conjunction with electrophoresis of plasma on polyacrylamide gel. One major form of substrate with a retardation factor (Rf) = 0.60 was found in normotensive and essential hypertensive subjects which gave a 1:1 correspondence on quantitation by the two methods. In contrast, six of 16 women on oral contraceptives demonstrated three forms of substrate (Rf = 0.16, 0.35, and 0.60) on electrophoresis. Substrate with Rf = 0.16 and 0.35 did not cross-react with the antiserum prepared against substrate from normotensive subjects, implying structural differences in these proteins.", "contents": "A direct radioimmunoassay for human renin substrate and identification of multiple substrate types in plasma. Plasma renin substrate, a widely measured parameter of the renin reaction, is quantitated indirectly by the measurement of liberated angiotensin I upon exhaustive incubation of plasma with added renin. To overcome methodological problems of this assay system, we have developed a direct radioimmunoassay for this plasma protein using renin substrate purified from pooled plasma of normotensive subjects as the antigen. Comparison of substrate quantitated by the two assay systems (direct and indirect) indicates a 1:1 correlation with the exception of certain subjects with elevated substrate levels induced by estrogen therapy. To study the possibility of multiple substrate forms, we have made a comparison of substrate quantitated by both radioimmunoassays in conjunction with electrophoresis of plasma on polyacrylamide gel. One major form of substrate with a retardation factor (Rf) = 0.60 was found in normotensive and essential hypertensive subjects which gave a 1:1 correspondence on quantitation by the two methods. In contrast, six of 16 women on oral contraceptives demonstrated three forms of substrate (Rf = 0.16, 0.35, and 0.60) on electrophoresis. Substrate with Rf = 0.16 and 0.35 did not cross-react with the antiserum prepared against substrate from normotensive subjects, implying structural differences in these proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:902370", "title": "Partial purification of human renin.", "content": "An affinity gel for the purification of renin was prepared by coupling pepstatin to aminohexylagarose gel. Partially purified human renin (Haas et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 110, 534-543, 1965) was purified further by affinity chromatography on the pepstatin-aminohexyl-agarose gel, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column, and ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column. Separation from a protease permitted further purification without progressive loss of activity. Three peaks of enzymatically active renin were obtained after the DEAE-cellulose chromatography, with specific activities ranging from 206 to 166 and 85 Goldblatt units/mg protein, respectively. The specific activity of 206 GU units/mg represents a 103,000-fold purification compared to the renin present in the first crude extract.", "contents": "Partial purification of human renin. An affinity gel for the purification of renin was prepared by coupling pepstatin to aminohexylagarose gel. Partially purified human renin (Haas et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 110, 534-543, 1965) was purified further by affinity chromatography on the pepstatin-aminohexyl-agarose gel, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column, and ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column. Separation from a protease permitted further purification without progressive loss of activity. Three peaks of enzymatically active renin were obtained after the DEAE-cellulose chromatography, with specific activities ranging from 206 to 166 and 85 Goldblatt units/mg protein, respectively. The specific activity of 206 GU units/mg represents a 103,000-fold purification compared to the renin present in the first crude extract."}
{"id": "PMID:902371", "title": "Hormonal control of plasma renin substrate; (angiotensinogen).", "content": "The effect of ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and dexamethasone (Dex) upon plasma renin substrate (PRS) was studied in rats in relation to sexual maturation and pituitary function. Normal adult rats had large increases in PRS when given either EE2 or Dex. Prepubescent (25-day-old) rats also had a substantial increase in PRS following Dex, but no increase in PRS after EE2. In adult rats, hypophysectomy prevented the rise in PRS due to EE2 but did not prevent the increase in PRS due to Dex. Hepatic estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors were measured in immature and adult rats. Immature rats had markedly reduced concentration of hepatic estrogen receptors (16%), compared with adults. In contrast, glucocorticoid receptor concentration was not significantly different between immature and adult rats. The results indicate that the effect of estrogens and glucocorticoids upon PRS are mediated by pathways that are separable at the hormone receptor level.", "contents": "Hormonal control of plasma renin substrate; (angiotensinogen). The effect of ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and dexamethasone (Dex) upon plasma renin substrate (PRS) was studied in rats in relation to sexual maturation and pituitary function. Normal adult rats had large increases in PRS when given either EE2 or Dex. Prepubescent (25-day-old) rats also had a substantial increase in PRS following Dex, but no increase in PRS after EE2. In adult rats, hypophysectomy prevented the rise in PRS due to EE2 but did not prevent the increase in PRS due to Dex. Hepatic estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors were measured in immature and adult rats. Immature rats had markedly reduced concentration of hepatic estrogen receptors (16%), compared with adults. In contrast, glucocorticoid receptor concentration was not significantly different between immature and adult rats. The results indicate that the effect of estrogens and glucocorticoids upon PRS are mediated by pathways that are separable at the hormone receptor level."}
{"id": "PMID:902372", "title": "Inhibition of the in vitro renin reaction by circulating neutral lipids.", "content": "We have previously reported that the addition of plasma from normotensive human subjects to renin-renin substrate inhibits the in vitro rate of angiotensin generation. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a renin-inhibiting factor could be identified in human plasma. Neutral lipids and phospholipids were extracted from plasma of seven normotensive control subjects. During 30-, 60-, and 180-minute incubations, neutral lipids inhibited the reaction between human renin and homologous renin substrate (P less than 0.01). Phospholipids did not affect the rate of angiotensin generation (P less than 0.05). The neutral lipid extract was further separated on silica gel chromatographic plates, and several fractions inhibited renin (P less than 0.01) Addition of each of six synthetic neutral lipids to renin-renin substrate did not affect the rate of angiotensin generation. In conclusion, several neutral lipid fractions extracted from human plasma inhibit the in vitro renin reaction.", "contents": "Inhibition of the in vitro renin reaction by circulating neutral lipids. We have previously reported that the addition of plasma from normotensive human subjects to renin-renin substrate inhibits the in vitro rate of angiotensin generation. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a renin-inhibiting factor could be identified in human plasma. Neutral lipids and phospholipids were extracted from plasma of seven normotensive control subjects. During 30-, 60-, and 180-minute incubations, neutral lipids inhibited the reaction between human renin and homologous renin substrate (P less than 0.01). Phospholipids did not affect the rate of angiotensin generation (P less than 0.05). The neutral lipid extract was further separated on silica gel chromatographic plates, and several fractions inhibited renin (P less than 0.01) Addition of each of six synthetic neutral lipids to renin-renin substrate did not affect the rate of angiotensin generation. In conclusion, several neutral lipid fractions extracted from human plasma inhibit the in vitro renin reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:902373", "title": "No evidence for product inhibition of the renin-angiotensinogen reaction in the rat.", "content": "The influence of the product of the renin-angiotensinogen reaction, the des-angiotensin I-substrate (des-AI-substrate) on the renin-angiotensinogen reaction has been studied. Des-AI-substrate was prepared from purified rat angiotensinogen by reaction with immobilized renin. The des-AI-substrate had no inhibitory effect on the reaction of partially purified rat renin with rat angiotensinogen at concentrations corresponding to 0.225 or 0.45 micrometer angiotensinogen.", "contents": "No evidence for product inhibition of the renin-angiotensinogen reaction in the rat. The influence of the product of the renin-angiotensinogen reaction, the des-angiotensin I-substrate (des-AI-substrate) on the renin-angiotensinogen reaction has been studied. Des-AI-substrate was prepared from purified rat angiotensinogen by reaction with immobilized renin. The des-AI-substrate had no inhibitory effect on the reaction of partially purified rat renin with rat angiotensinogen at concentrations corresponding to 0.225 or 0.45 micrometer angiotensinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:902375", "title": "New vistas for the study of structural and functional dynamics of the heart, lungs, and circulation by noninvasive numerical tomographic vivisection.", "content": "Major segments of the biologic sciences and the practice of medicine are based on study and knowledge of the relationships of anatomic structure to biologic function. Traditionally, this knowledge has been gained by indirect means, inference, or by direct surgical vivisection or postmortem examination. The revolutionary capability of nondestructive, operator interactive, mathematical vivisection provided by synchronous cylindrical scanning tomography to obtain similar information non-invasively and painlessly will provide these data to the internist for individual patients. Furthermore, this information will be in a computerized format which can be subjected to myriad types of objective measurements and display. These developments promise beneficial effects of clinical diagnosis and health care which may approach those associated with the discoveries of the biomedical investigative and clinical diagnostic value of X-rays and cardiac catheterization.", "contents": "New vistas for the study of structural and functional dynamics of the heart, lungs, and circulation by noninvasive numerical tomographic vivisection. Major segments of the biologic sciences and the practice of medicine are based on study and knowledge of the relationships of anatomic structure to biologic function. Traditionally, this knowledge has been gained by indirect means, inference, or by direct surgical vivisection or postmortem examination. The revolutionary capability of nondestructive, operator interactive, mathematical vivisection provided by synchronous cylindrical scanning tomography to obtain similar information non-invasively and painlessly will provide these data to the internist for individual patients. Furthermore, this information will be in a computerized format which can be subjected to myriad types of objective measurements and display. These developments promise beneficial effects of clinical diagnosis and health care which may approach those associated with the discoveries of the biomedical investigative and clinical diagnostic value of X-rays and cardiac catheterization."}
{"id": "PMID:902377", "title": "Comparative hemodynamic effects of inotropic and vasodilator drugs in severe heart failure.", "content": "In 12 patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF) due to ischemic heart disease or nonischemic cardiomyopathy the hemodynamic response to intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside (N) was compared to that of dobutamine (D) 10 microgram/kg/min. D and N produced comparable increases in cardiac output (CO) (2.8 to 5.8 L/min and 2.9 to 5.0 L/min, respectively), but, compared to N, D caused a higher arterial pressure (99.3 vs 86.2 mm Hg, P less than 0.01) and heart rate (102.5 vs 95.3, P less than 0.05) and less reduction in pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) (28.9 to 20.2 mm Hg vs 29.1 to 16.6 mm Hg, P less than 0.05). In five additional patients N and D were studied separately and then were infused together. The combination resulted in a higher CO, lower PWP and greater reduction in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances than either drug alone. Brachial arterial infusion of nitroprusside produced prominent forearm vasodilation in a dose less than 10% of the systemic dose, whereas vasodilation with dobutamine was only modest even when 50% of the systemic dose was infused. Therefore, potent inotropic and vasodilator drugs produce similar and additive augmentation to left ventricular performance in heart failure. Reduction in vascular resistance with dobutamine probably is largely of reflex origin, but the vasodilation itself may be an important determinant of the rise in cardiac output.", "contents": "Comparative hemodynamic effects of inotropic and vasodilator drugs in severe heart failure. In 12 patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF) due to ischemic heart disease or nonischemic cardiomyopathy the hemodynamic response to intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside (N) was compared to that of dobutamine (D) 10 microgram/kg/min. D and N produced comparable increases in cardiac output (CO) (2.8 to 5.8 L/min and 2.9 to 5.0 L/min, respectively), but, compared to N, D caused a higher arterial pressure (99.3 vs 86.2 mm Hg, P less than 0.01) and heart rate (102.5 vs 95.3, P less than 0.05) and less reduction in pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) (28.9 to 20.2 mm Hg vs 29.1 to 16.6 mm Hg, P less than 0.05). In five additional patients N and D were studied separately and then were infused together. The combination resulted in a higher CO, lower PWP and greater reduction in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances than either drug alone. Brachial arterial infusion of nitroprusside produced prominent forearm vasodilation in a dose less than 10% of the systemic dose, whereas vasodilation with dobutamine was only modest even when 50% of the systemic dose was infused. Therefore, potent inotropic and vasodilator drugs produce similar and additive augmentation to left ventricular performance in heart failure. Reduction in vascular resistance with dobutamine probably is largely of reflex origin, but the vasodilation itself may be an important determinant of the rise in cardiac output."}
{"id": "PMID:902378", "title": "The influence of heart rate on pulmonary arterial-left ventricular pressure relationships at end-diastole.", "content": "Increased resistance to blood flow stemming from structural and functional abnormalities of the lungs may cause pressure in the pulmonary artery to exceed that in the left ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole. This study explores the possible contribution of heart rate to the diastolic pressure gradient observed in the presence of acutely induced hypoxia. Pulmonary hemodynamics were examined in mongrel dogs with chronic atrioventricular dissociation with and without hypoxia at two different heart rates and during sequential increments in heart rate while the animals breathed room air. Studies during sequential pacing indicate that heart rate was of greater importance than blood flow in determining the magnitude of the gradient. Heart rate has to be considered when the causes of pulmonary hypertension and the effects of drugs or other agents on the pulmonary circulation are being investigated.", "contents": "The influence of heart rate on pulmonary arterial-left ventricular pressure relationships at end-diastole. Increased resistance to blood flow stemming from structural and functional abnormalities of the lungs may cause pressure in the pulmonary artery to exceed that in the left ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole. This study explores the possible contribution of heart rate to the diastolic pressure gradient observed in the presence of acutely induced hypoxia. Pulmonary hemodynamics were examined in mongrel dogs with chronic atrioventricular dissociation with and without hypoxia at two different heart rates and during sequential increments in heart rate while the animals breathed room air. Studies during sequential pacing indicate that heart rate was of greater importance than blood flow in determining the magnitude of the gradient. Heart rate has to be considered when the causes of pulmonary hypertension and the effects of drugs or other agents on the pulmonary circulation are being investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:902379", "title": "Postextrasystolic compliance of the left ventricle.", "content": "The effects of a single premature contraction (PC) on left ventricular diastolic distensibility was studied in man, in the conscious chronically instrumented dog, and in the isolated (isovolumic) blood perfused dog heart. In the isolated dog heart at a constant volume, there was no difference in end-diastolic pressure when control diastolic pressure was compared to that following a PC. In man and conscious dogs, there was no difference between the overall pressure-volume or pressure-length plots when control diastolic data were compared to data from the diastole immediately following a PC (no change in the modulus of chamber stiffness). In the intact circulation of man dog, increased filling during the post PC pause causes the ventricle to operate higher on the steep (stiffer) portion of its pressure-volume or pressure-length curve (decrease in preload-dependent compliance). Thus, although a PC does not alter the modulus of chamber stiffness, a preload-dependent change in compliance may occur during post PC diastole.", "contents": "Postextrasystolic compliance of the left ventricle. The effects of a single premature contraction (PC) on left ventricular diastolic distensibility was studied in man, in the conscious chronically instrumented dog, and in the isolated (isovolumic) blood perfused dog heart. In the isolated dog heart at a constant volume, there was no difference in end-diastolic pressure when control diastolic pressure was compared to that following a PC. In man and conscious dogs, there was no difference between the overall pressure-volume or pressure-length plots when control diastolic data were compared to data from the diastole immediately following a PC (no change in the modulus of chamber stiffness). In the intact circulation of man dog, increased filling during the post PC pause causes the ventricle to operate higher on the steep (stiffer) portion of its pressure-volume or pressure-length curve (decrease in preload-dependent compliance). Thus, although a PC does not alter the modulus of chamber stiffness, a preload-dependent change in compliance may occur during post PC diastole."}
{"id": "PMID:902380", "title": "Individualized values for the disappearance rate parameter (Kd) in the enzymatic estimation of infarct size. A critique.", "content": "A mathematical model to measure infarct size from serial estimates of CPK has been developed by Shell et al. Norris et al. have recently introduced a modification of this method by calculating an individualized disappearance rate parameter (Kd) from the uniformly monoexponential portion of the CPK vs time curve. This modification is based on the assumption that when CPK is decaying monoexponentially, the amount of CPK appearing in the circulation is zero. This paper presents a mathematical analysis which shows that the method of Norris et al. is theoretically unsound, as the CPK appearance function may be significantly different from zero and yet CPK vs time may still be monoexponential. Their method may lead to erroneous results in the calculation of infarct size.", "contents": "Individualized values for the disappearance rate parameter (Kd) in the enzymatic estimation of infarct size. A critique. A mathematical model to measure infarct size from serial estimates of CPK has been developed by Shell et al. Norris et al. have recently introduced a modification of this method by calculating an individualized disappearance rate parameter (Kd) from the uniformly monoexponential portion of the CPK vs time curve. This modification is based on the assumption that when CPK is decaying monoexponentially, the amount of CPK appearing in the circulation is zero. This paper presents a mathematical analysis which shows that the method of Norris et al. is theoretically unsound, as the CPK appearance function may be significantly different from zero and yet CPK vs time may still be monoexponential. Their method may lead to erroneous results in the calculation of infarct size."}
{"id": "PMID:902381", "title": "Estimation of the probability of exercise-induced ischemia by quantitative ECG analysis.", "content": "In order to improve the value of exercise tests for the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) a system for on-line computer processing of the Frank lead exercise ECG was developed. Data were analyzed from 95 patients with CAD and 129 ostensibly healthy men. All subjects had a normal ECG at rest. Visual ECG interpretation during exercise yielded a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 95%. A large number of QRS and ST measurements were compared by discriminant function analysis in a group of 86 normal subjects and 52 patients (designated training group). Best results were obtained with a combination of two ST amplitudes from lead X: sensitivity, 85%, specificity, 90%. This was confirmed in a test group of 43 patients and 43 normal subjects. The results of the discriminant function were expressed as the likelihood ratio for an abnormal or normal ST segment at a given heart rate, a figure which provides a quantitative assessment of the degree of exercise-induces ischemia. This is a more realistic approach than classification into normal or abnormal since persons with and without CAD fall along the same continuous spectrum.", "contents": "Estimation of the probability of exercise-induced ischemia by quantitative ECG analysis. In order to improve the value of exercise tests for the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) a system for on-line computer processing of the Frank lead exercise ECG was developed. Data were analyzed from 95 patients with CAD and 129 ostensibly healthy men. All subjects had a normal ECG at rest. Visual ECG interpretation during exercise yielded a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 95%. A large number of QRS and ST measurements were compared by discriminant function analysis in a group of 86 normal subjects and 52 patients (designated training group). Best results were obtained with a combination of two ST amplitudes from lead X: sensitivity, 85%, specificity, 90%. This was confirmed in a test group of 43 patients and 43 normal subjects. The results of the discriminant function were expressed as the likelihood ratio for an abnormal or normal ST segment at a given heart rate, a figure which provides a quantitative assessment of the degree of exercise-induces ischemia. This is a more realistic approach than classification into normal or abnormal since persons with and without CAD fall along the same continuous spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:902383", "title": "Sudden death after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic abnormalities.", "content": "In order to try to determine the mechanism of sudded death in patients after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot, electrocardiographic, intracardiac electrophysiologic, and clinical data of 51 children who had postoperative intracardiac electrophysiologic studies were reviewed. Ninety-four percent had developed right bundle branch block (RBBB) and 16 percent had additional left anterior hemiblock (LAH). Two had had transient complete A-V block (CAVB) and one had permanent CAVB. Six had a first degree A-V block and nine had premature ventricular contractions (PVC). Nine patients were found to have prolonged intra-atrial conduction times, four prolonged A-V nodal conduction, four prolonged His-Purkinje conduction, and five prolonged corrected sinus node recovery times. Patients with first degree A-V block or LAH did not have an increased incidence of abnormalities on electrophysiologic study. No patient with RBBB and LAH developed complete A-V block or died. Three of the nine patients with PVCs died, one of intractable ventricular fibrillation and two suddenly, presumably of dysrhythmia. All three had significant congestive heart failure. Although late complete A-V block occurs and should be watched for, ventricular dysrhythmias in patients with PVCs may be the cause of most sudden deaths after tetralogy repair. We currently are treating all of our postoperative tetralogy patients who have PVCs with quinidine or propranolol.", "contents": "Sudden death after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic abnormalities. In order to try to determine the mechanism of sudded death in patients after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot, electrocardiographic, intracardiac electrophysiologic, and clinical data of 51 children who had postoperative intracardiac electrophysiologic studies were reviewed. Ninety-four percent had developed right bundle branch block (RBBB) and 16 percent had additional left anterior hemiblock (LAH). Two had had transient complete A-V block (CAVB) and one had permanent CAVB. Six had a first degree A-V block and nine had premature ventricular contractions (PVC). Nine patients were found to have prolonged intra-atrial conduction times, four prolonged A-V nodal conduction, four prolonged His-Purkinje conduction, and five prolonged corrected sinus node recovery times. Patients with first degree A-V block or LAH did not have an increased incidence of abnormalities on electrophysiologic study. No patient with RBBB and LAH developed complete A-V block or died. Three of the nine patients with PVCs died, one of intractable ventricular fibrillation and two suddenly, presumably of dysrhythmia. All three had significant congestive heart failure. Although late complete A-V block occurs and should be watched for, ventricular dysrhythmias in patients with PVCs may be the cause of most sudden deaths after tetralogy repair. We currently are treating all of our postoperative tetralogy patients who have PVCs with quinidine or propranolol."}
{"id": "PMID:902385", "title": "Doppler echocardiography. Use of a graphical display system.", "content": "Pulsed Doppler echocardiography (PDE) is a technique for evaluating blood flow characteristics at specific locations within the heart and great vessels. Because this method assesses blood flow rather than cardiac structures, PDE complements the findings of M-mode echocardiography. A new on-line graphical method for displaying pulsed Doppler information provides 1) a printed, permanent record of flow information, 2) precise timing of blood flow events, and 3) information on the direction of flow in the heart and great vessels.", "contents": "Doppler echocardiography. Use of a graphical display system. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography (PDE) is a technique for evaluating blood flow characteristics at specific locations within the heart and great vessels. Because this method assesses blood flow rather than cardiac structures, PDE complements the findings of M-mode echocardiography. A new on-line graphical method for displaying pulsed Doppler information provides 1) a printed, permanent record of flow information, 2) precise timing of blood flow events, and 3) information on the direction of flow in the heart and great vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:902386", "title": "A new, noninvasive technique for inducing post-extrasystolic potentiation during echocardiography.", "content": "Left ventricular function was evaluated in 34 patients with the echocardiogram, and an external mechanical cardiac stimulator was used to induce a ventricular premature contraction (VPC) noninvasively. Extent of post-extrasystolic potentiation (PESP) was determined by comparing systolic dimensional shortening and ejection fraction of the sinus beat preceding the VPC to that of the potentiated beat which followed it. Using this technique, a VPC could be introduced into the cardiac cycle of 30 of the 34 patients, six of whom were free of obvious cardiac disease and 24 of whom had valvular, coronary or myopathic heart disease. The only complication observed was mild breast ecchymosis in a female patient. Systolic dimensional shortening and ejection fraction increased from control values by an average of 21% and 17% respectively, with a range of 0-100%. The degree of PESP was very reproducible in repeat studies and when the same patients were subsequently evaluated during a spontaneously occurring or catheter-induced VPC. The technique can safely and reliably induce post-extrasystolic potentiation during echocardiography and is a potentially important adjunct to the noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular function.", "contents": "A new, noninvasive technique for inducing post-extrasystolic potentiation during echocardiography. Left ventricular function was evaluated in 34 patients with the echocardiogram, and an external mechanical cardiac stimulator was used to induce a ventricular premature contraction (VPC) noninvasively. Extent of post-extrasystolic potentiation (PESP) was determined by comparing systolic dimensional shortening and ejection fraction of the sinus beat preceding the VPC to that of the potentiated beat which followed it. Using this technique, a VPC could be introduced into the cardiac cycle of 30 of the 34 patients, six of whom were free of obvious cardiac disease and 24 of whom had valvular, coronary or myopathic heart disease. The only complication observed was mild breast ecchymosis in a female patient. Systolic dimensional shortening and ejection fraction increased from control values by an average of 21% and 17% respectively, with a range of 0-100%. The degree of PESP was very reproducible in repeat studies and when the same patients were subsequently evaluated during a spontaneously occurring or catheter-induced VPC. The technique can safely and reliably induce post-extrasystolic potentiation during echocardiography and is a potentially important adjunct to the noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:902387", "title": "Prediction of the normal blood volume. Relation of blood volume to body habitus.", "content": "Predictions of blood volume (BV) assume the existence of a constant ratio between BV and body weight or surface area (SA). We examined the validity of this assumption by calculating BV from plasma volume and body hematocrit in 160 normal volunteers whose weights ranged from -38.7 to 210.8% of desirable weight (assessed by a modification of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Desirable Weight tables). BV is not a constant fraction of body weight or SA in this population. Its prediction from such constant ratios results in a large error of estimate which is systematically biased with respect to height and weight. BV prediction from the observed regressions of the parameter on weight and SA reduces the error substantially but remains biased with respect to height. BV prediction from the subject's degree of deviation from desirable weight affords a smaller error of estimate which is apparently free from systematic bias.", "contents": "Prediction of the normal blood volume. Relation of blood volume to body habitus. Predictions of blood volume (BV) assume the existence of a constant ratio between BV and body weight or surface area (SA). We examined the validity of this assumption by calculating BV from plasma volume and body hematocrit in 160 normal volunteers whose weights ranged from -38.7 to 210.8% of desirable weight (assessed by a modification of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Desirable Weight tables). BV is not a constant fraction of body weight or SA in this population. Its prediction from such constant ratios results in a large error of estimate which is systematically biased with respect to height and weight. BV prediction from the observed regressions of the parameter on weight and SA reduces the error substantially but remains biased with respect to height. BV prediction from the subject's degree of deviation from desirable weight affords a smaller error of estimate which is apparently free from systematic bias."}
{"id": "PMID:902388", "title": "The Starr-Edwards model 6000 valve. A fifteen-year follow-up of the first successful mitral prosthesis.", "content": "The Starr-Edwards model 6000 mitral valve was the first successful mitral prosthesis. A fifteen year follow-up of 110 patients undergoing isolated mitral valve replacement with this prosthesis from 1960 to 1966 is presented. There were 22 (20%) operative and 37 (42%) late deaths at a mean of 8.6 years postoperatively. Preoperative variables leading to late death and thromboembolism are analyzed. Seventeen of 25 operative survivors had improvement in their NYHA Functional Class status and eight other remained unchanged an average of 13.1 years after surgery. There are 5000 patients world-wide currently relying on this prosthesis. Despite a high rate of thromboembolism in the past, elective replacement is not recommended except in selected patients.", "contents": "The Starr-Edwards model 6000 valve. A fifteen-year follow-up of the first successful mitral prosthesis. The Starr-Edwards model 6000 mitral valve was the first successful mitral prosthesis. A fifteen year follow-up of 110 patients undergoing isolated mitral valve replacement with this prosthesis from 1960 to 1966 is presented. There were 22 (20%) operative and 37 (42%) late deaths at a mean of 8.6 years postoperatively. Preoperative variables leading to late death and thromboembolism are analyzed. Seventeen of 25 operative survivors had improvement in their NYHA Functional Class status and eight other remained unchanged an average of 13.1 years after surgery. There are 5000 patients world-wide currently relying on this prosthesis. Despite a high rate of thromboembolism in the past, elective replacement is not recommended except in selected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:902389", "title": "Inhalation imaging with oxygen-15 labeled carbon dioxide for detection and quantitation of left-to-right shunts.", "content": "Quantitation of left-to-right shunts was determined noninvasively from the pulmonary clearance pattern of inhaled 15oxygen-labeled carbon dioxide (C15O2). After a single breath inhalation of C15O2, counts over the lungs were obtained from sequential 0.5 sec positron camera images. In 21 patients without left-to-right shunts, counts declined exponentially due to the washout of C15O2 by the pulmonary blood flow. In 22 patients with left-to-right shunts, this monoexponential pulmonary clearance pattern was interrupted by an abnormal upward deviation, indicating tracer recirculation through the shunt to the lungs. Following surgical shung closure in 10 patients, pulmonary C15O2 clearance patterns became normal in nine and showed a small residual left-to-right shunt in one. Shunt size was derived from the ratio of the height of the recirculation curve to the height of the initial inhalation peak. These values significantly correlated with shunt size as determined by oximetry (r = 0.83).", "contents": "Inhalation imaging with oxygen-15 labeled carbon dioxide for detection and quantitation of left-to-right shunts. Quantitation of left-to-right shunts was determined noninvasively from the pulmonary clearance pattern of inhaled 15oxygen-labeled carbon dioxide (C15O2). After a single breath inhalation of C15O2, counts over the lungs were obtained from sequential 0.5 sec positron camera images. In 21 patients without left-to-right shunts, counts declined exponentially due to the washout of C15O2 by the pulmonary blood flow. In 22 patients with left-to-right shunts, this monoexponential pulmonary clearance pattern was interrupted by an abnormal upward deviation, indicating tracer recirculation through the shunt to the lungs. Following surgical shung closure in 10 patients, pulmonary C15O2 clearance patterns became normal in nine and showed a small residual left-to-right shunt in one. Shunt size was derived from the ratio of the height of the recirculation curve to the height of the initial inhalation peak. These values significantly correlated with shunt size as determined by oximetry (r = 0.83)."}
{"id": "PMID:902390", "title": "Lung hypoplasia in congenital pulmonary valve stenosis.", "content": "The pulmonary function of ten adult patients with congenital pulmonary valvular stenosis was investigated. The patients clearly showed smaller lungs than healthy control subjects of equivalent age and height; lung elastic recoil pressure was normal at any given percentage of measured total lung capacity, indicating that postnatal parenchymal damage is not the cause of the small lungs. The lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was reduced, reflecting the anatomical alterations of the pulmonary vascular bed. Finally, the maximal flow-static recoil curves showed a fixed (not dynamic) reduction of airway dimensions: the critical transmural pressure in the collapsible flow-limiting segment (Ptm') was normal, but the conductance of the S segment was lowered. These abnormalities most likely reflect inadequate development of the lung and suggest that pulmonary blood pressure may be an important determinant of lung growth in the postnatal period.", "contents": "Lung hypoplasia in congenital pulmonary valve stenosis. The pulmonary function of ten adult patients with congenital pulmonary valvular stenosis was investigated. The patients clearly showed smaller lungs than healthy control subjects of equivalent age and height; lung elastic recoil pressure was normal at any given percentage of measured total lung capacity, indicating that postnatal parenchymal damage is not the cause of the small lungs. The lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was reduced, reflecting the anatomical alterations of the pulmonary vascular bed. Finally, the maximal flow-static recoil curves showed a fixed (not dynamic) reduction of airway dimensions: the critical transmural pressure in the collapsible flow-limiting segment (Ptm') was normal, but the conductance of the S segment was lowered. These abnormalities most likely reflect inadequate development of the lung and suggest that pulmonary blood pressure may be an important determinant of lung growth in the postnatal period."}
{"id": "PMID:902391", "title": "A study of instruments in preparation for a blood pressure survey of children.", "content": "In preparation for the measurement of blood pressure in children of a total geographic community, several preliminary studies of the validity and reliability of various methods and instruments for indirect blood pressure measurements were performed. These studies included Graeco-Latin Square designs, examination of children in a field setting, and assessments of the replicability of reading automatically recorded blood pressures. Each of the studies was designed to monitor the validity and replicability of instruments, methods, and observers. Controlling for subject, we compute biases due to instrument, method and observer and, where possible, eliminated them in the enusing studies. One automatic instrument, the Physiometrics recorder, was selected and used in conducting epidemiologic studies where it complements the measurements by the mercury sphygmomanometer.", "contents": "A study of instruments in preparation for a blood pressure survey of children. In preparation for the measurement of blood pressure in children of a total geographic community, several preliminary studies of the validity and reliability of various methods and instruments for indirect blood pressure measurements were performed. These studies included Graeco-Latin Square designs, examination of children in a field setting, and assessments of the replicability of reading automatically recorded blood pressures. Each of the studies was designed to monitor the validity and replicability of instruments, methods, and observers. Controlling for subject, we compute biases due to instrument, method and observer and, where possible, eliminated them in the enusing studies. One automatic instrument, the Physiometrics recorder, was selected and used in conducting epidemiologic studies where it complements the measurements by the mercury sphygmomanometer."}
{"id": "PMID:902392", "title": "Coronary neovascularity and fistula formation: a sign of mural thrombus.", "content": "Fifteen patients have shown neovascularity in the left heart during selective coronary arteriography, with associated fistulous communication to a cardiac chamber in ten. In nine the abnormalities were adjacent to and within ventricular mural thrombi, associated with ventricular aneurysms in seven and congestive cardiomyopathy in two. In six patients with mitral stenosis and atrial fibrillation the angiographic changes related to left atrial thrombi. Histologic study of two atrial thrombi showed revascularization patterns in keeping both with the angiographic findings and with an intermediate stage in the evolution of mural thrombus. Though myxomas can produce a similar appearance, clinical and additional angiographic features should permit differentiation in most instances between this infrequent tumor and the far more common mural thrombus.", "contents": "Coronary neovascularity and fistula formation: a sign of mural thrombus. Fifteen patients have shown neovascularity in the left heart during selective coronary arteriography, with associated fistulous communication to a cardiac chamber in ten. In nine the abnormalities were adjacent to and within ventricular mural thrombi, associated with ventricular aneurysms in seven and congestive cardiomyopathy in two. In six patients with mitral stenosis and atrial fibrillation the angiographic changes related to left atrial thrombi. Histologic study of two atrial thrombi showed revascularization patterns in keeping both with the angiographic findings and with an intermediate stage in the evolution of mural thrombus. Though myxomas can produce a similar appearance, clinical and additional angiographic features should permit differentiation in most instances between this infrequent tumor and the far more common mural thrombus."}
{"id": "PMID:902393", "title": "De subitaneis mortibus. XXVI. Fatal electrical instabiltiy of the heart associated with benign congenital polycystic tumor of the atrioventricular node.", "content": "Benign congenital polycystic tumors of the atrioventricular (A-V) node are an unusual but not very rare cause of heart block. Two such cases are presented and discussed in conjunction with the reported experience of other. The tumor is always within and only very near the A-V node, seldom involves more than the proximal end of the His bundle, and has not been reported to occur in the sinus node. Although sudden death has been reported in conjunction with these tumors, a surprising number of other patients have lived to old age and died of causes unrelated to the A-V nodal tumor. As a corollary it is important to consider a diagnosis of A-V nodal tumor in any patient of any age who presents with otherwise unexplained heart block or syncope. From accumulated experience it appears that such patients do not tolerate electronic pacing safely and some possible explanations for this are discussed. Escape rhythm in all reported cases has been characterized by QRS complexes which are narrow and a ventricular rate which is from half to two-thirds of the sinus rate. Reasons why an A-V junctional rhythm which is 66% of sinus rate may be especially stable are discussed.", "contents": "De subitaneis mortibus. XXVI. Fatal electrical instabiltiy of the heart associated with benign congenital polycystic tumor of the atrioventricular node. Benign congenital polycystic tumors of the atrioventricular (A-V) node are an unusual but not very rare cause of heart block. Two such cases are presented and discussed in conjunction with the reported experience of other. The tumor is always within and only very near the A-V node, seldom involves more than the proximal end of the His bundle, and has not been reported to occur in the sinus node. Although sudden death has been reported in conjunction with these tumors, a surprising number of other patients have lived to old age and died of causes unrelated to the A-V nodal tumor. As a corollary it is important to consider a diagnosis of A-V nodal tumor in any patient of any age who presents with otherwise unexplained heart block or syncope. From accumulated experience it appears that such patients do not tolerate electronic pacing safely and some possible explanations for this are discussed. Escape rhythm in all reported cases has been characterized by QRS complexes which are narrow and a ventricular rate which is from half to two-thirds of the sinus rate. Reasons why an A-V junctional rhythm which is 66% of sinus rate may be especially stable are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902394", "title": "Inhibition of bipolar demand pacemaker by diaphragmatic myopotentials.", "content": "This report describes inhibition of a normally functioning bipolar demand pulse generator by diaphragmatic myopotentials. Transient pacemaker suppression occurred repeatedly with deep respiration, straining, the Valsalva maneuver, coughing, sneezing and laughing. When the magnet was applied, none of these maneuvers inhibited the pacemaker. Extensive investigations ruled out an intermittent electrode problem such as a wire fracture or insulation break. Sensing of diaphragmatic myopotentials should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained pacemaker pauses.", "contents": "Inhibition of bipolar demand pacemaker by diaphragmatic myopotentials. This report describes inhibition of a normally functioning bipolar demand pulse generator by diaphragmatic myopotentials. Transient pacemaker suppression occurred repeatedly with deep respiration, straining, the Valsalva maneuver, coughing, sneezing and laughing. When the magnet was applied, none of these maneuvers inhibited the pacemaker. Extensive investigations ruled out an intermittent electrode problem such as a wire fracture or insulation break. Sensing of diaphragmatic myopotentials should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained pacemaker pauses."}
{"id": "PMID:902406", "title": "Zinc, iron, copper, and magnesium concentrations in tissues of rats fed various amounts of zinc.", "content": "An experiment was conducted with rats to determine the effects on the tissue concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mg of feeding various amounts of zinc. The rats were pair-fed one of the following diets for four weeks: Diet A, a zinc-deficient diet; a diet containing the recommended amoun of zinc (diet A plus 55 microgram of zinc per gram of diet), or diet A plus 550 microgram zinc per gram of diet. Concentrations of these elements in various tissues were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after wet digestion. Feeding the rats zinc-supplemented diets resulted in increased zinc in blood, heart, kidney, and liver, and a marked decrease of iron in kidney and liver. Concentrations of the other two elements were unchanged in all tissues. Thus, the effect of zinc in decreasing iron concentrations in liver, observed by several investigators when rats were fed toxic amounts of zinc, also occurs when zinc is administered in normal or subtoxic amounts.", "contents": "Zinc, iron, copper, and magnesium concentrations in tissues of rats fed various amounts of zinc. An experiment was conducted with rats to determine the effects on the tissue concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mg of feeding various amounts of zinc. The rats were pair-fed one of the following diets for four weeks: Diet A, a zinc-deficient diet; a diet containing the recommended amoun of zinc (diet A plus 55 microgram of zinc per gram of diet), or diet A plus 550 microgram zinc per gram of diet. Concentrations of these elements in various tissues were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after wet digestion. Feeding the rats zinc-supplemented diets resulted in increased zinc in blood, heart, kidney, and liver, and a marked decrease of iron in kidney and liver. Concentrations of the other two elements were unchanged in all tissues. Thus, the effect of zinc in decreasing iron concentrations in liver, observed by several investigators when rats were fed toxic amounts of zinc, also occurs when zinc is administered in normal or subtoxic amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:902407", "title": "High-pressure liquid-chromatographic method for determination of gentamicin in plasma.", "content": "A rapid, specific method for measuring gentamicin in plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography was developed. After deproteinization, gentamicin in the supernate was dansylated and extracted into ethyl acetate. The organic extract was chromatographed on a microparticulate reversed-phase column, which was eluted with aqueous acetonitrile. Use of the dansyl derivative enables fluorometry, for more sensitive quantitation. Various factors that could affect the assay sensitivity were investigated. With 0.2-ml plasma samples, the method can accurately measure as little as 1 mg of gentamicin per liter. We encountered no interferences from plasma supplemented with various drugs or plasma of patients who were on therapy with other drugs. This method can also separate gentamicin C1 from C1a and C2, all of which are present in various ratios in commercial dosage forms. This method is also applicable to gentamicin determination in urine.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid-chromatographic method for determination of gentamicin in plasma. A rapid, specific method for measuring gentamicin in plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography was developed. After deproteinization, gentamicin in the supernate was dansylated and extracted into ethyl acetate. The organic extract was chromatographed on a microparticulate reversed-phase column, which was eluted with aqueous acetonitrile. Use of the dansyl derivative enables fluorometry, for more sensitive quantitation. Various factors that could affect the assay sensitivity were investigated. With 0.2-ml plasma samples, the method can accurately measure as little as 1 mg of gentamicin per liter. We encountered no interferences from plasma supplemented with various drugs or plasma of patients who were on therapy with other drugs. This method can also separate gentamicin C1 from C1a and C2, all of which are present in various ratios in commercial dosage forms. This method is also applicable to gentamicin determination in urine."}
{"id": "PMID:902408", "title": "Application of a method for correcting an observed regression between change and initial value for the bias caused by random errors in the initial value.", "content": "When studying the correlation between the change of a variable during treatment and the value before treatment, random errors (errors of measurement as well as intra-individual biological variation) may yield seriously biased results. In the present work a method to adjust for this bias is presented. The method was applied to data from blood coagulation factor and plasma protein analyses in chronic alcoholics before and after one week of abstinence. It was found that many of the significant correlations were lost when the data were adjusted.", "contents": "Application of a method for correcting an observed regression between change and initial value for the bias caused by random errors in the initial value. When studying the correlation between the change of a variable during treatment and the value before treatment, random errors (errors of measurement as well as intra-individual biological variation) may yield seriously biased results. In the present work a method to adjust for this bias is presented. The method was applied to data from blood coagulation factor and plasma protein analyses in chronic alcoholics before and after one week of abstinence. It was found that many of the significant correlations were lost when the data were adjusted."}
{"id": "PMID:902409", "title": "Estimation of maprotiline in serum by gas-chromatography, with use of a nitrogen-specific detector.", "content": "We describe a gas-chromatographic procedure for estimating therapeutic concentrations of maprotiline, a new tetracyclic antidepressant, in serum by use of a nitrogen-specific detector. Desmethyldoxepin, a secondary amine similar in structure to maprotiline, is added as a mass internal standard to the specimen before extraction, to obviate the need for accurate measurements of volumes during extraction and analysis. Both maprotiline and the internal standard are converted to acetyl derivatives, to avoid the adsorption of secondary amines on the column. A highly selective liquid phase is used, which allows a very good separation of desmethyldoxepin, maprotiline, desmethylmaprotiline, and the interferences from serum and reagents.", "contents": "Estimation of maprotiline in serum by gas-chromatography, with use of a nitrogen-specific detector. We describe a gas-chromatographic procedure for estimating therapeutic concentrations of maprotiline, a new tetracyclic antidepressant, in serum by use of a nitrogen-specific detector. Desmethyldoxepin, a secondary amine similar in structure to maprotiline, is added as a mass internal standard to the specimen before extraction, to obviate the need for accurate measurements of volumes during extraction and analysis. Both maprotiline and the internal standard are converted to acetyl derivatives, to avoid the adsorption of secondary amines on the column. A highly selective liquid phase is used, which allows a very good separation of desmethyldoxepin, maprotiline, desmethylmaprotiline, and the interferences from serum and reagents."}
{"id": "PMID:902410", "title": "Calorimetry of cholinesterase activity in serum.", "content": "Cholinesterase activity in human serum was measured calorimetrically and compared to values obtained with the spectrophotometric method of Rappaport et al. [Clin. Chim. Acta 4, 227 (1959)]. The response of the calorimeter upon mixing serum with acetylcholine corresponded to the cholinesterase activity of the serum, the thermogram peak height being linearly related to enzyme activity at serum dilution volumes at which interference heat was negligible. The interference heat contributed by the dilution mixing characteristics of serum, studied separately, was found to be similar for heat-denatured, aged, or lyophilized samples. In all cases, heat of mixing was negligible when 1 ml of serum in buffer (2/3 by vol) was mixed with 1 ml of buffer. When this amount of serum was assayed with acetylcholine, cholinesterase activities of 2 and 3 kU/liter were recorded as thermograms with peak heights of 2.3 and 3.5 cm, respectively.", "contents": "Calorimetry of cholinesterase activity in serum. Cholinesterase activity in human serum was measured calorimetrically and compared to values obtained with the spectrophotometric method of Rappaport et al. [Clin. Chim. Acta 4, 227 (1959)]. The response of the calorimeter upon mixing serum with acetylcholine corresponded to the cholinesterase activity of the serum, the thermogram peak height being linearly related to enzyme activity at serum dilution volumes at which interference heat was negligible. The interference heat contributed by the dilution mixing characteristics of serum, studied separately, was found to be similar for heat-denatured, aged, or lyophilized samples. In all cases, heat of mixing was negligible when 1 ml of serum in buffer (2/3 by vol) was mixed with 1 ml of buffer. When this amount of serum was assayed with acetylcholine, cholinesterase activities of 2 and 3 kU/liter were recorded as thermograms with peak heights of 2.3 and 3.5 cm, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:902411", "title": "Performance characteristics of rules for internal quality control: probabilities for false rejection and error detection.", "content": "When assessing the performance of an internal quality control system, it is useful to determine the probability for false rejections (pfr) and the probability for error detection (ped). These performance characteristics are estimated here by use of a computer stimulation procedure. The control rules studied include those commonly employed with Shewhart-type control charts, a cumulative sum rule, and rules applicable when a series of control measurements are treated as a single control observation. The error situations studied include an increase in random error, a systematic shift, a systematic drift, and mixtures of these. The probability for error detection is very dependent on the number of control observations and the choice of control rules. No one rule is best for detecting all errors, thus combinations of rules are desirable. Some appropriate combinations are suggested and their performance characteristics are presented.", "contents": "Performance characteristics of rules for internal quality control: probabilities for false rejection and error detection. When assessing the performance of an internal quality control system, it is useful to determine the probability for false rejections (pfr) and the probability for error detection (ped). These performance characteristics are estimated here by use of a computer stimulation procedure. The control rules studied include those commonly employed with Shewhart-type control charts, a cumulative sum rule, and rules applicable when a series of control measurements are treated as a single control observation. The error situations studied include an increase in random error, a systematic shift, a systematic drift, and mixtures of these. The probability for error detection is very dependent on the number of control observations and the choice of control rules. No one rule is best for detecting all errors, thus combinations of rules are desirable. Some appropriate combinations are suggested and their performance characteristics are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:902412", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for digoxin with a fully automated continuous-flow system.", "content": "We describe a fully automated continuous-flow radioimmunoassay for digoxin with use of a Technicon AutoAnalyzer system. It makes use of antibodies linked to magnetizable particles; a magnet separates the bound and free fractions. The precise dispensing of reagents by the AutoAnalyzer system permits a small incubation volume (about 160 microliter) and the reproducible timing enables non-equilibrium conditions to be used. Thus a single sample is assayed in 15 min, with a sample throughput of 30/h. The standard curve ranges from 0.5 to 8.0 microgram/liter and is most precise between 1 and 3 microgram/liter, the between-assay coefficient of variation being less than 3%. There is no significant carryover between samples of high and low concentration, and results by the method correlate closely (r = 0.969) with those by an established manual assay in which charcoal separation is used.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for digoxin with a fully automated continuous-flow system. We describe a fully automated continuous-flow radioimmunoassay for digoxin with use of a Technicon AutoAnalyzer system. It makes use of antibodies linked to magnetizable particles; a magnet separates the bound and free fractions. The precise dispensing of reagents by the AutoAnalyzer system permits a small incubation volume (about 160 microliter) and the reproducible timing enables non-equilibrium conditions to be used. Thus a single sample is assayed in 15 min, with a sample throughput of 30/h. The standard curve ranges from 0.5 to 8.0 microgram/liter and is most precise between 1 and 3 microgram/liter, the between-assay coefficient of variation being less than 3%. There is no significant carryover between samples of high and low concentration, and results by the method correlate closely (r = 0.969) with those by an established manual assay in which charcoal separation is used."}
{"id": "PMID:902413", "title": "Protective effect of glycerol against the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity of lyophilized quality-control serum.", "content": "We studied the effectiveness of glycerol or ethylene glycol in preventing the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity of lyophilized or refrigerated quality-control serum after reconstitution or repeated freezing and thawing. Control serum reconstituted completely from the lyophilized state with subsequent storage at -20 degrees C showed a considerable decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity immediately after thawing, and a gradual increase in activity on allowing it to stand at room temperature. Adding glycerol or ethylene glycol to the reconstituted serum obviated these changes in activity, glycerol being more effective than ethylene glycol. Reconstituted serum with added glycerol maintained maximum activity before refrigeration during either storage for 30 days or on repeated freezing and thawing. Practical applications of this glycerol-supplemented control serum are discussed.", "contents": "Protective effect of glycerol against the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity of lyophilized quality-control serum. We studied the effectiveness of glycerol or ethylene glycol in preventing the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity of lyophilized or refrigerated quality-control serum after reconstitution or repeated freezing and thawing. Control serum reconstituted completely from the lyophilized state with subsequent storage at -20 degrees C showed a considerable decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity immediately after thawing, and a gradual increase in activity on allowing it to stand at room temperature. Adding glycerol or ethylene glycol to the reconstituted serum obviated these changes in activity, glycerol being more effective than ethylene glycol. Reconstituted serum with added glycerol maintained maximum activity before refrigeration during either storage for 30 days or on repeated freezing and thawing. Practical applications of this glycerol-supplemented control serum are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902414", "title": "Creatine kinase and its isoenzymes in the serum of women during pregnancy and the peripartum period.", "content": "In serum obtained from 28 women before, during, and after normal labor and delivery, creatine kinase activity was seen to be distinctly elevated immediately after labor and 24 h later, but had returned to normal six weeks later. In most cases the increase was due to the MM isoenzyme and was attributed to skeletal-muscle damage associated with labor. In 15 cases, the BB isoenzyme was observed, and in three patients the MB isoenzyme. Cord blood, which contains all three isoenzymes, may be the source of the MB and BB isoenzymes. Uterine muscle contains exclusively BB isoenzyme, and therefore uterine muscle damage is a likely source of the serum BB isoenzyme. The relationship among these isoenzymes in serum after delivery must be recognized, to avoid misdiagnosing myocardial infarction at this critical time.", "contents": "Creatine kinase and its isoenzymes in the serum of women during pregnancy and the peripartum period. In serum obtained from 28 women before, during, and after normal labor and delivery, creatine kinase activity was seen to be distinctly elevated immediately after labor and 24 h later, but had returned to normal six weeks later. In most cases the increase was due to the MM isoenzyme and was attributed to skeletal-muscle damage associated with labor. In 15 cases, the BB isoenzyme was observed, and in three patients the MB isoenzyme. Cord blood, which contains all three isoenzymes, may be the source of the MB and BB isoenzymes. Uterine muscle contains exclusively BB isoenzyme, and therefore uterine muscle damage is a likely source of the serum BB isoenzyme. The relationship among these isoenzymes in serum after delivery must be recognized, to avoid misdiagnosing myocardial infarction at this critical time."}
{"id": "PMID:902415", "title": "Combined Shewhart-cusum control chart for improved quality control in clinical chemistry.", "content": "We describe the adaptation of the decision limit cumulative sum method (cusum) to internal quality control in clinical chemistry. With the decision limit method, the cusum is interpreted against a numerical limit, rather than by use of a V-mask. The method can be readily implemented in computerized quality-control systems or manually on controls charts. We emphasize the manual application here and demonstrate how the technique can be implemented on existing Shewhart or Levey-Jennings control charts. This permits both cusum and Shewhart control rules to be used simultaneously on a single control chart and also minimizes the data calculations necessary for the cusum method. Computer simulation studies are used to determine the performance characteristics of several different cusum rules, alone and in combination with a Shewhart rule. These studies indicate that improvements in existing quality-control systems should be possible by addition of this simple cusum method and by use of a combined Shewhart-cusum control chart. This should be particularly advantageous when  introducing the cusum method in laboratories with manual quality-control systems.", "contents": "Combined Shewhart-cusum control chart for improved quality control in clinical chemistry. We describe the adaptation of the decision limit cumulative sum method (cusum) to internal quality control in clinical chemistry. With the decision limit method, the cusum is interpreted against a numerical limit, rather than by use of a V-mask. The method can be readily implemented in computerized quality-control systems or manually on controls charts. We emphasize the manual application here and demonstrate how the technique can be implemented on existing Shewhart or Levey-Jennings control charts. This permits both cusum and Shewhart control rules to be used simultaneously on a single control chart and also minimizes the data calculations necessary for the cusum method. Computer simulation studies are used to determine the performance characteristics of several different cusum rules, alone and in combination with a Shewhart rule. These studies indicate that improvements in existing quality-control systems should be possible by addition of this simple cusum method and by use of a combined Shewhart-cusum control chart. This should be particularly advantageous when  introducing the cusum method in laboratories with manual quality-control systems."}
{"id": "PMID:902416", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for MM and BB isoenzymes of creatine kinase substantiated by clinical application.", "content": "We have developed a radioimmunoassay technique that is highly specific for measuring the MM isoenzyme of creatine kinase. The specificity of the radioimmunoassay for the BB isoenzyme was poor. In patients with treated Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy or untreated hypothyroidism, the MM isoenzyme, but not the BB isoenzyme value, was consistently above above normal. In the radioimmunoassay for the BB isoenzyme the antisera might cross react with other materials and the inactivated isoenzyme, but not with MM or MB isoenzymes.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for MM and BB isoenzymes of creatine kinase substantiated by clinical application. We have developed a radioimmunoassay technique that is highly specific for measuring the MM isoenzyme of creatine kinase. The specificity of the radioimmunoassay for the BB isoenzyme was poor. In patients with treated Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy or untreated hypothyroidism, the MM isoenzyme, but not the BB isoenzyme value, was consistently above above normal. In the radioimmunoassay for the BB isoenzyme the antisera might cross react with other materials and the inactivated isoenzyme, but not with MM or MB isoenzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:902417", "title": "Effect of incubation with Mg2+ on the measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity.", "content": "Human serum incubated with 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (860 mmol/liter) and magnesium ion (270 mumol/liter) at pH 10.35 showed greater alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity than if an equal amount of magnesium ion was added at the time of measurement. The apparent increase is due in part to a slight lability of serum alkaline phosphatase in 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, which is prevented by the inclusion of magnesium. For some sera, however, a portion of this increased activity is real rather than artifactual. Use of serum rather than 4-nitrophenylphosphate to initiate the reaction produced relatively low activities and, in some cases, markedly nonlinear (increasing) rate progress curves. The behavior of some commercial lyophilized control sera differed significantly from that of patients' sera, in particular exhibiting a marked lability in the presence of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Incubation of these labile materials with Mg2+ slightly improved their stability; addition of Zn2+ plus Mg2+ markedly stimulated and completely protected their alkaline phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Effect of incubation with Mg2+ on the measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity. Human serum incubated with 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (860 mmol/liter) and magnesium ion (270 mumol/liter) at pH 10.35 showed greater alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity than if an equal amount of magnesium ion was added at the time of measurement. The apparent increase is due in part to a slight lability of serum alkaline phosphatase in 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, which is prevented by the inclusion of magnesium. For some sera, however, a portion of this increased activity is real rather than artifactual. Use of serum rather than 4-nitrophenylphosphate to initiate the reaction produced relatively low activities and, in some cases, markedly nonlinear (increasing) rate progress curves. The behavior of some commercial lyophilized control sera differed significantly from that of patients' sera, in particular exhibiting a marked lability in the presence of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Incubation of these labile materials with Mg2+ slightly improved their stability; addition of Zn2+ plus Mg2+ markedly stimulated and completely protected their alkaline phosphatase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:902418", "title": "Direct potentiometric measurement of sodium and potassium in whole blood.", "content": "I compared results for sodium and potassium in whole blood and plasma as measured with a newly available potentiometric analyzer, the \"Orion SS-30\". No significant difference was found for either sodium or potassium in 207 such comparisons. With use of the flowing, high mixing-velocity liquid junction of the Orion SS-30, the residual liquid junction potential due to blood cells was found to be less than 0.1 mV and to be independent of the hematocrit. This is in contrast to the hematocrit-dependent residual liquid junction potential of approximately 0.6 mV noted by others at normal hematocrit values with the open capillary liquid junctions now commonly used in pH instruments. I also found that the potassium concentration can increase significantly during the mixing of whole blood, and such samples should be mixed gently, if at all. Evidently sodium and potassium can be accutately and easily measured directly in heparinized blood.", "contents": "Direct potentiometric measurement of sodium and potassium in whole blood. I compared results for sodium and potassium in whole blood and plasma as measured with a newly available potentiometric analyzer, the \"Orion SS-30\". No significant difference was found for either sodium or potassium in 207 such comparisons. With use of the flowing, high mixing-velocity liquid junction of the Orion SS-30, the residual liquid junction potential due to blood cells was found to be less than 0.1 mV and to be independent of the hematocrit. This is in contrast to the hematocrit-dependent residual liquid junction potential of approximately 0.6 mV noted by others at normal hematocrit values with the open capillary liquid junctions now commonly used in pH instruments. I also found that the potassium concentration can increase significantly during the mixing of whole blood, and such samples should be mixed gently, if at all. Evidently sodium and potassium can be accutately and easily measured directly in heparinized blood."}
{"id": "PMID:902419", "title": "Adaptation to the centrifugal analyzer of an enzymatic method for the measurement of lactate in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "A fully enzymatic method for measurement of l(+)-lactate has been adapted for use with a centrifugal analyzer. The procedure is based on a two-point fixed-time kinetic approach for elimination of static interferences, and commercially available reagents are used. Specimen collection and preservation are simplified by the use of standard evacuated tubes containing sodium fluoride. Under these conditions lactate is stable for as long as seven days at 4 degrees C, and deproteinization is unnecessary. The method is extremely simple and ideally suited for emergency and routine use. Determinations may be performed on plasma or cerebrospinal fluid. Sensitivity and precision are excellent, linearity extends to 8.0 mmol/liter, and results compare well with those obtained using the manual enzymatic procedure.", "contents": "Adaptation to the centrifugal analyzer of an enzymatic method for the measurement of lactate in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. A fully enzymatic method for measurement of l(+)-lactate has been adapted for use with a centrifugal analyzer. The procedure is based on a two-point fixed-time kinetic approach for elimination of static interferences, and commercially available reagents are used. Specimen collection and preservation are simplified by the use of standard evacuated tubes containing sodium fluoride. Under these conditions lactate is stable for as long as seven days at 4 degrees C, and deproteinization is unnecessary. The method is extremely simple and ideally suited for emergency and routine use. Determinations may be performed on plasma or cerebrospinal fluid. Sensitivity and precision are excellent, linearity extends to 8.0 mmol/liter, and results compare well with those obtained using the manual enzymatic procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:902420", "title": "Simplified radioimmunoassay of urinary drugs of abuse adsorbed on ion-exchange papers.", "content": "A convenient screening procedure for presence of drugs of abuse in urine consists of two steps: adsorption of the drugs from urine onto a paper loaded with cation-exchange resin and detection of the adsorbed drugs by direct radioimmunoassay. The first step can be performed in the field, the second in a central laboratory. Storage and transport to the laboratory are simplified because specimens adsorbed on dried paper are stable and can be sent in letter-mail. In the laboratory, a small disc of the ion-exchange paper is exposed to antigen and antibody, rinsed, and tested for radioactivity. Discs treated with positive urines are more radioactive than discs from negative urines.", "contents": "Simplified radioimmunoassay of urinary drugs of abuse adsorbed on ion-exchange papers. A convenient screening procedure for presence of drugs of abuse in urine consists of two steps: adsorption of the drugs from urine onto a paper loaded with cation-exchange resin and detection of the adsorbed drugs by direct radioimmunoassay. The first step can be performed in the field, the second in a central laboratory. Storage and transport to the laboratory are simplified because specimens adsorbed on dried paper are stable and can be sent in letter-mail. In the laboratory, a small disc of the ion-exchange paper is exposed to antigen and antibody, rinsed, and tested for radioactivity. Discs treated with positive urines are more radioactive than discs from negative urines."}
{"id": "PMID:902421", "title": "Presence of creatine kinase BB isoenzyme in some patients with prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "We have observed creatine kinase isoenzyme BB in the sera of nine of 19 patients with Stage D carcinoma of the prostate. Its presence does not seem to correlate with acid phosphatase activity in serum or the presence of bone metastases as indicated by increased alkaline phosphatase activity in serum. Only three of the nine patients with BB isoenzyme activity detectable in their serum had abnormal values for total creatine kinase activity, but all had abnormal values for alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. All 10 patients with no BB isoenzyme detectable had abnormal acid phosphatase values; however, only seven had increased alkaline phosphatase values and only one had increased creatine kinase activity.", "contents": "Presence of creatine kinase BB isoenzyme in some patients with prostatic carcinoma. We have observed creatine kinase isoenzyme BB in the sera of nine of 19 patients with Stage D carcinoma of the prostate. Its presence does not seem to correlate with acid phosphatase activity in serum or the presence of bone metastases as indicated by increased alkaline phosphatase activity in serum. Only three of the nine patients with BB isoenzyme activity detectable in their serum had abnormal values for total creatine kinase activity, but all had abnormal values for alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. All 10 patients with no BB isoenzyme detectable had abnormal acid phosphatase values; however, only seven had increased alkaline phosphatase values and only one had increased creatine kinase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:902450", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of bendroflumethiazide.", "content": "Bendroflumethiazide (bft), 10 mg, was administered orally to 9 healthy volunteers. The concentrations of the diuretic in plasma and urine were determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Peak plasma levels (86 +/- 18 ng/ml) of bft were reached at 2 +/- 0.4 hr. The concentration declined with a mean t1/2 of 3.0 hr. The apparent volume of distribution averaged 1.48 L/kg. The major part of the drug was eliminated via nonrenal mechanisms, the nonrenal clearance being estimated to 269 +/- 77 ml/min and renal clearance to 105 +/- 24 ml/min. Urinary recovery of the thiazide averaged 30%.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of bendroflumethiazide. Bendroflumethiazide (bft), 10 mg, was administered orally to 9 healthy volunteers. The concentrations of the diuretic in plasma and urine were determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Peak plasma levels (86 +/- 18 ng/ml) of bft were reached at 2 +/- 0.4 hr. The concentration declined with a mean t1/2 of 3.0 hr. The apparent volume of distribution averaged 1.48 L/kg. The major part of the drug was eliminated via nonrenal mechanisms, the nonrenal clearance being estimated to 269 +/- 77 ml/min and renal clearance to 105 +/- 24 ml/min. Urinary recovery of the thiazide averaged 30%."}
{"id": "PMID:902451", "title": "Effects of furosemide on glomerular filtration rate and clearance of practolol, digoxin, cephaloridine, and gentamicin.", "content": "Furosemide was shown to decrease inulin clearance in 20 of 27 normal subjects. The depression in inulin clearance occurred in both water-loaded and non-water-loaded subjects. The renal clearance of practolol, but not digoxin, was reduced when furosemide was given. The average total plasma clearances of gentamicin and of cephaloridine over a 6-hr period were decreased after furosemide. The reduced clearances of the antibiotics were associated with higher plasma levels, the increase in antibiotic concentration being as much as 100% at 1 hr after an intravenous bolus injection.", "contents": "Effects of furosemide on glomerular filtration rate and clearance of practolol, digoxin, cephaloridine, and gentamicin. Furosemide was shown to decrease inulin clearance in 20 of 27 normal subjects. The depression in inulin clearance occurred in both water-loaded and non-water-loaded subjects. The renal clearance of practolol, but not digoxin, was reduced when furosemide was given. The average total plasma clearances of gentamicin and of cephaloridine over a 6-hr period were decreased after furosemide. The reduced clearances of the antibiotics were associated with higher plasma levels, the increase in antibiotic concentration being as much as 100% at 1 hr after an intravenous bolus injection."}
{"id": "PMID:902452", "title": "Effects of probenecid on furosemide kinetics and natriuresis in man.", "content": "Furosemide kinetics were studied in 4 normal subjects after single intravenous injections (1 mg/kg). One experiment was done after pretreatment with probenecid. The apparent volume of furosemide distribution was unchanged after probenecid (10.9 L). The mean plasma clearance fell from 155 to 85 ml/min and the mean plasma t1/2 rose from 36 to 61 min. Renal clearance of furosemide fell below 50% of control after probenecid, but the kidney remained the main route of its excretion (75% of the dose appeared in the urine). In another experiment in 4 subjects an infusion of furosemide was sustained following a loading dose to maintain a constant plasma level. After a control period, probenecid was given orally. This resulted in a decrease in renal excretion of furosemide with a simultaneous rise in its plasma concentration. Despite the rising plasma furosemide concentration, however, there was a diminution in both urine flow and the excreted fraction of filtered sodium, which suggested some reduction of diuretic action. In doses commonly used, probenecid reduces renal elimination of furosemide in man with only a mild impairment of its diuretic activity. This suggests that furosemide is eliminated predominantly by way of proximal tubular secretion and that tubular rather than plasma concentration is the main determinant of its diuretic effect.", "contents": "Effects of probenecid on furosemide kinetics and natriuresis in man. Furosemide kinetics were studied in 4 normal subjects after single intravenous injections (1 mg/kg). One experiment was done after pretreatment with probenecid. The apparent volume of furosemide distribution was unchanged after probenecid (10.9 L). The mean plasma clearance fell from 155 to 85 ml/min and the mean plasma t1/2 rose from 36 to 61 min. Renal clearance of furosemide fell below 50% of control after probenecid, but the kidney remained the main route of its excretion (75% of the dose appeared in the urine). In another experiment in 4 subjects an infusion of furosemide was sustained following a loading dose to maintain a constant plasma level. After a control period, probenecid was given orally. This resulted in a decrease in renal excretion of furosemide with a simultaneous rise in its plasma concentration. Despite the rising plasma furosemide concentration, however, there was a diminution in both urine flow and the excreted fraction of filtered sodium, which suggested some reduction of diuretic action. In doses commonly used, probenecid reduces renal elimination of furosemide in man with only a mild impairment of its diuretic activity. This suggests that furosemide is eliminated predominantly by way of proximal tubular secretion and that tubular rather than plasma concentration is the main determinant of its diuretic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:902453", "title": "Influence of probenecid and spironolactone on furosemide kinetics and dynamics in man.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following administration of furosemide (40 mg intravenously) have been studied before and after treatment with probenecid (0.5 gm orally every 6 hr for 3 days) and spironolactone (200-mg initial oral dose followed by 50 mg every 6 hr for 3 days) in 6 normal male subjects. Urine losses during each study period were replaced with saline-dextrose-KCl intravenously. The study was performed with the use of a Latin-square design. Probenecid pretreatment induced significant reductions in renal clearance of furosemide by 78%, the extrarenal clearance by 56%, and the volume of distribution by 52%. As a consequence, furosemide half-life was increased by 54%. Probenecid significantly reduced the rate of sodium excretion at all plasma concentrations of furosemide, but the ratio between urinary furosemide concentration and urinary sodium concentration was not altered. Since the proportion of furosemide excreted unchanged in the urine was not markedly changed, total diuretic response was not influenced by probenecid. There was no evidence of any pharmacokinetic interaction between spironolactone and furosemide. The relationship of furosemide kinetics to dynamics observed in these studies confirms that, in man, the diuretic response is determined by drug that reaches the renal tubule rather than the drug level in plasma.", "contents": "Influence of probenecid and spironolactone on furosemide kinetics and dynamics in man. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following administration of furosemide (40 mg intravenously) have been studied before and after treatment with probenecid (0.5 gm orally every 6 hr for 3 days) and spironolactone (200-mg initial oral dose followed by 50 mg every 6 hr for 3 days) in 6 normal male subjects. Urine losses during each study period were replaced with saline-dextrose-KCl intravenously. The study was performed with the use of a Latin-square design. Probenecid pretreatment induced significant reductions in renal clearance of furosemide by 78%, the extrarenal clearance by 56%, and the volume of distribution by 52%. As a consequence, furosemide half-life was increased by 54%. Probenecid significantly reduced the rate of sodium excretion at all plasma concentrations of furosemide, but the ratio between urinary furosemide concentration and urinary sodium concentration was not altered. Since the proportion of furosemide excreted unchanged in the urine was not markedly changed, total diuretic response was not influenced by probenecid. There was no evidence of any pharmacokinetic interaction between spironolactone and furosemide. The relationship of furosemide kinetics to dynamics observed in these studies confirms that, in man, the diuretic response is determined by drug that reaches the renal tubule rather than the drug level in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:902454", "title": "Patterns of plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of salicylate in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Intersubject differences in the volume of distribution, whole body clearance, and steady-state plasma concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) were studied in a series of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy control subjects. The measurement of the plasma concentration of SA 12 hr after an oral dose of 1.2 gm aspirin appears predictive of the success of long-term dosage of aspirin. Concentrations below 5 microgram/ml in this single-dose test were associated with failure to achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations of SA (above 150 microgram/ml during long-term therapy with approximately 4.8 gm aspirin per day. Conversely, plasma concentrations above 10 microgram/ml in the single-dose test were associated with levels above 150 microgram/ml during long-term therapy. The volume of distribution of SA correlated poorly with body weight (r = 0.51, p less than 0.01) and did not correlate significantly with plasma albumin levels. Corticosteroids appear to induce the metabolism of SA and most subjects dosed with oral corticosteroids and aspirin 4.8 gm/day did not attain plasma levels of SA above 150 microgram/ml. The clearance of SA was greater in male than in female patients. The difference appears to be of clinical significance since fewer men than women achieved therapeutic plasma concentrations of SA.", "contents": "Patterns of plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of salicylate in rheumatoid arthritis. Intersubject differences in the volume of distribution, whole body clearance, and steady-state plasma concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) were studied in a series of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy control subjects. The measurement of the plasma concentration of SA 12 hr after an oral dose of 1.2 gm aspirin appears predictive of the success of long-term dosage of aspirin. Concentrations below 5 microgram/ml in this single-dose test were associated with failure to achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations of SA (above 150 microgram/ml during long-term therapy with approximately 4.8 gm aspirin per day. Conversely, plasma concentrations above 10 microgram/ml in the single-dose test were associated with levels above 150 microgram/ml during long-term therapy. The volume of distribution of SA correlated poorly with body weight (r = 0.51, p less than 0.01) and did not correlate significantly with plasma albumin levels. Corticosteroids appear to induce the metabolism of SA and most subjects dosed with oral corticosteroids and aspirin 4.8 gm/day did not attain plasma levels of SA above 150 microgram/ml. The clearance of SA was greater in male than in female patients. The difference appears to be of clinical significance since fewer men than women achieved therapeutic plasma concentrations of SA."}
{"id": "PMID:902455", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of [3H]-vincristine in man.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of aromatically labeled tritiated vincristine (VCR) was examined in 4 patients. Clearance of radioactivity from the blood was triphasic with half-life t1/2 values of 0.85, 7.4, and 164 min. The initial phases probably represent distribution and binding to formed blood elements which exceeded 50% of the administered dose by 20 min. Excretion of radioactivity was principally fecal, with 33% recovered in the feces by 24 hr and 69% by 72 hr. Considerably less radioactivity (12%) was excreted in the urine over the 72-hr period. Approximately 40% of fecally excreted and 46% of urinary excreted radiolabel represented metabolites, which suggests that at least 34% of the VCR dose was excreted as metabolies. Plasma metabolites represented from less than 1% to 30% or more of radioactivity in plasma. Ultraviolet spectral analysis of all metabolites revealed preservation of the intact VCR dimer, which suggests that metabolism involves alteration of side groups.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of [3H]-vincristine in man. The pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of aromatically labeled tritiated vincristine (VCR) was examined in 4 patients. Clearance of radioactivity from the blood was triphasic with half-life t1/2 values of 0.85, 7.4, and 164 min. The initial phases probably represent distribution and binding to formed blood elements which exceeded 50% of the administered dose by 20 min. Excretion of radioactivity was principally fecal, with 33% recovered in the feces by 24 hr and 69% by 72 hr. Considerably less radioactivity (12%) was excreted in the urine over the 72-hr period. Approximately 40% of fecally excreted and 46% of urinary excreted radiolabel represented metabolites, which suggests that at least 34% of the VCR dose was excreted as metabolies. Plasma metabolites represented from less than 1% to 30% or more of radioactivity in plasma. Ultraviolet spectral analysis of all metabolites revealed preservation of the intact VCR dimer, which suggests that metabolism involves alteration of side groups."}
{"id": "PMID:902456", "title": "Codeine kinetics as determined by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to determine several pharmacokinetic parameters of codeine in man, including the relative bioavailability after oral and intramuscular administration. The study followed a crossover design in 6 healthy, young (18 to 21 yr), male volunteers. Three subjects received 65 mg codeine phosphate orally in an analgesic mixture which also contained aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine. At the same time a similar group received an equivalent dose of codeine phosphate in a single intramuscular injection. Two weeks later the study was repeated so that each group received the alternate treatment. Plasma samples were collected at various times after drug administration, and codeine concentrations were determined by a specific RIA procedure. The procedure can detect less than 50 pg of codeine. Following intramuscular administration, peak plasma concentrations (194 to 340 ng/ml) were observed between 0.25 to 1 hr; after oral dosing, peak codeine plasma concentrations (102 to 140 ng/ml) appeared within 0.75 to 1 hr. The mean plasma t1/2 and volume of distribution of codeine following intramuscular injection were 3.32 hr and 5.1 L/kg, respectively. Oral, relative to intramuscular, bioavailability of codeine, based on areas under the codeine plasma curves, was 42% to 71% (mean, 53%).", "contents": "Codeine kinetics as determined by radioimmunoassay. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to determine several pharmacokinetic parameters of codeine in man, including the relative bioavailability after oral and intramuscular administration. The study followed a crossover design in 6 healthy, young (18 to 21 yr), male volunteers. Three subjects received 65 mg codeine phosphate orally in an analgesic mixture which also contained aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine. At the same time a similar group received an equivalent dose of codeine phosphate in a single intramuscular injection. Two weeks later the study was repeated so that each group received the alternate treatment. Plasma samples were collected at various times after drug administration, and codeine concentrations were determined by a specific RIA procedure. The procedure can detect less than 50 pg of codeine. Following intramuscular administration, peak plasma concentrations (194 to 340 ng/ml) were observed between 0.25 to 1 hr; after oral dosing, peak codeine plasma concentrations (102 to 140 ng/ml) appeared within 0.75 to 1 hr. The mean plasma t1/2 and volume of distribution of codeine following intramuscular injection were 3.32 hr and 5.1 L/kg, respectively. Oral, relative to intramuscular, bioavailability of codeine, based on areas under the codeine plasma curves, was 42% to 71% (mean, 53%)."}
{"id": "PMID:902457", "title": "Procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide kinetics investigated simultaneously with stable isotope methodology.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of procainamide (PA) and N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) were compared in 3 normal subjects after simultaneous intraveous injection of PA and NAPA-13C. The distribution kinetics of both compounds were modeled with a 3-compartment mamillary system, and it was found that their steady-state distribution volumes were not significantly different, averaging 1.41 L/kg for PA and 1.46 L/kg for NAPA. However, the intercompartmental clearances of NAPA were slower than those of PA. In these normal subjects, the average elimination t1/2 and total elimination clearance for PA were 2.5 hr and 589.8 ml/min, and for NAPA were 6.2 hr and 233.7 ml/min. Mean renal clearances of PA (346.7 ml/min) and of NAPA (199.5 ml/min) exceeded the usual rate of glomerular filtration, which suggests that both compounds are eliminated in part by renal tubular secretion. All subjects were phenotypic rapid acetylators of isoniazid and converted approximately one fourth of the administered PA dose to NAPA-12C. The fate of 15.4% of the administered PA and 14.5% of the administered NAPA-13C was not determined.", "contents": "Procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide kinetics investigated simultaneously with stable isotope methodology. The pharmacokinetics of procainamide (PA) and N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) were compared in 3 normal subjects after simultaneous intraveous injection of PA and NAPA-13C. The distribution kinetics of both compounds were modeled with a 3-compartment mamillary system, and it was found that their steady-state distribution volumes were not significantly different, averaging 1.41 L/kg for PA and 1.46 L/kg for NAPA. However, the intercompartmental clearances of NAPA were slower than those of PA. In these normal subjects, the average elimination t1/2 and total elimination clearance for PA were 2.5 hr and 589.8 ml/min, and for NAPA were 6.2 hr and 233.7 ml/min. Mean renal clearances of PA (346.7 ml/min) and of NAPA (199.5 ml/min) exceeded the usual rate of glomerular filtration, which suggests that both compounds are eliminated in part by renal tubular secretion. All subjects were phenotypic rapid acetylators of isoniazid and converted approximately one fourth of the administered PA dose to NAPA-12C. The fate of 15.4% of the administered PA and 14.5% of the administered NAPA-13C was not determined."}
{"id": "PMID:902458", "title": "Glutethimide and 4-OH glutethimide: pharmacokinetics and effect on performance in man.", "content": "The relationship between the plasma concentration of glutethimide (G) and the change from baseline of the standard error of the mean (deltaSDE) of a tracking test was determined in 7 volunteers. There was excellent positive correlation (r = 0.91) between log G and log deltaSDE and good correlation between log  G and deltaSDE (r = 0.77). The metabolite, 4 hydroxyglutethimide, did not contribute significantly to the effect of G administered in therapeutic doses. No trend in performance versus level was found with 5 other tests (finger tapping, card sorting, digit substitution, subtraction, and subjective perception of drowsiness). Although the numbers were small, when the volunteers were divided into smokers (3) and nonsmokers (4) G decreased tracking ability to a greater extent in smokers than in nonsmokers.", "contents": "Glutethimide and 4-OH glutethimide: pharmacokinetics and effect on performance in man. The relationship between the plasma concentration of glutethimide (G) and the change from baseline of the standard error of the mean (deltaSDE) of a tracking test was determined in 7 volunteers. There was excellent positive correlation (r = 0.91) between log G and log deltaSDE and good correlation between log  G and deltaSDE (r = 0.77). The metabolite, 4 hydroxyglutethimide, did not contribute significantly to the effect of G administered in therapeutic doses. No trend in performance versus level was found with 5 other tests (finger tapping, card sorting, digit substitution, subtraction, and subjective perception of drowsiness). Although the numbers were small, when the volunteers were divided into smokers (3) and nonsmokers (4) G decreased tracking ability to a greater extent in smokers than in nonsmokers."}
{"id": "PMID:902459", "title": "Prediction of the lithium ratio in man by means of an in vitro test.", "content": "The movement of the lithium ion (Li+) across the membrane of intact erythrocytes incubated in vitro was assessed under two different experimental conditions in which such transfer occurred primarily due to the activity of a lithium-sodium countertransport system. The 13 subjects on whom the in vitro procedures were done subsequently received lithium carbonate for 14 to 56 days, and the extent of accumulation of Li+ by erythrocytes in vivo was measured. While both in vitro procedures yielded data that correlated with the extent of accumulation of Li+ by erythrocytes in vivo, a system measuring the efflux of Li+ from Li+-loaded cells produced a much higher correlation (0.976). The magnitude of this correlation suggests that this in vitro system can be used for further investigations into the relevance of the erythrocyte accumulation of Li+ to the pathogenesis and treatment of affective disorders.", "contents": "Prediction of the lithium ratio in man by means of an in vitro test. The movement of the lithium ion (Li+) across the membrane of intact erythrocytes incubated in vitro was assessed under two different experimental conditions in which such transfer occurred primarily due to the activity of a lithium-sodium countertransport system. The 13 subjects on whom the in vitro procedures were done subsequently received lithium carbonate for 14 to 56 days, and the extent of accumulation of Li+ by erythrocytes in vivo was measured. While both in vitro procedures yielded data that correlated with the extent of accumulation of Li+ by erythrocytes in vivo, a system measuring the efflux of Li+ from Li+-loaded cells produced a much higher correlation (0.976). The magnitude of this correlation suggests that this in vitro system can be used for further investigations into the relevance of the erythrocyte accumulation of Li+ to the pathogenesis and treatment of affective disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:902460", "title": "Activation of monooxygenases in human liver by 7,8-benzoflavone.", "content": "Addition of 10(-4) M 7,8-benzoflavone to homogenates of human liver samples obtained by autopsy or surgical biopsy increased the rate of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation up to 11-fold. 7,8-Benzoflavone also increased the rates of hydroxylation of zoxazolamine and antipyrine at 10(-4) M but inhibited these reactions at 10(-6) M. The effects of 7,8-benzoflavone on the hydroxylation of benzo[a]pyrene and zoxazolamine in microsomes from human liver were similar to those in homogenates. Addition of 7,8-benzoflavone to homogenates of surgical biopsy samples of human liver had little or no effect on the rates of oxidative metabolism of 7-ethoxycoumarin, coumarin, and hexobarbital. Marked individuality for the activating and inhibiting effects of 7,8-benzoflavone was observed in different liver samples. This individuality may result both from the presence of multiple monooxygenases in varying amounts and proportions in the different liver samples and from a selective effect of 7,8-benzoflavone on certain of the monooxygenases.", "contents": "Activation of monooxygenases in human liver by 7,8-benzoflavone. Addition of 10(-4) M 7,8-benzoflavone to homogenates of human liver samples obtained by autopsy or surgical biopsy increased the rate of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation up to 11-fold. 7,8-Benzoflavone also increased the rates of hydroxylation of zoxazolamine and antipyrine at 10(-4) M but inhibited these reactions at 10(-6) M. The effects of 7,8-benzoflavone on the hydroxylation of benzo[a]pyrene and zoxazolamine in microsomes from human liver were similar to those in homogenates. Addition of 7,8-benzoflavone to homogenates of surgical biopsy samples of human liver had little or no effect on the rates of oxidative metabolism of 7-ethoxycoumarin, coumarin, and hexobarbital. Marked individuality for the activating and inhibiting effects of 7,8-benzoflavone was observed in different liver samples. This individuality may result both from the presence of multiple monooxygenases in varying amounts and proportions in the different liver samples and from a selective effect of 7,8-benzoflavone on certain of the monooxygenases."}
{"id": "PMID:902484", "title": "Changes in the P-wave terminal segment correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.", "content": "A statistically highly significant correlation exists between the values of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and the dimensions of the terminal segment of the P wave in the electrocardiographic V 1 lead. Values lower than -0.03 mmsec were found only in patients with pathologically elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. In a group of 94 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction, pathologically low values were found in 43% of the patients on the first day of the disease; on the fifth day of disease the frequency of pathological values of PTF---V 1 sank statistically significantly. A gradual decrease in the values of PTF---V 1 is a sign of bad prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Changes in the terminal segment of the P wave, at preserved sinus rhythm, can be read off any electrocardiographic curve. Their evaluation offers valuable information about changes in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, when facilities for catheterization of the patient are not available. This possibility constitutes the main practical value of the method described.", "contents": "Changes in the P-wave terminal segment correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. A statistically highly significant correlation exists between the values of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and the dimensions of the terminal segment of the P wave in the electrocardiographic V 1 lead. Values lower than -0.03 mmsec were found only in patients with pathologically elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. In a group of 94 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction, pathologically low values were found in 43% of the patients on the first day of the disease; on the fifth day of disease the frequency of pathological values of PTF---V 1 sank statistically significantly. A gradual decrease in the values of PTF---V 1 is a sign of bad prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Changes in the terminal segment of the P wave, at preserved sinus rhythm, can be read off any electrocardiographic curve. Their evaluation offers valuable information about changes in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, when facilities for catheterization of the patient are not available. This possibility constitutes the main practical value of the method described."}
{"id": "PMID:902485", "title": "Parasystole associated with fixed coupling ventricular ectopic activity.", "content": "In 5 patients ventricular parasystole and fixed coupling ectopic beats were recorded. In two cases ventricular parasystole and bigeminism acted intermittently. In one case the spontaneous transition from ventricular parasystole into parasystolic tachycardia with \"reverse coupling\" and finally to ventricular bigeminy could be illustrated. In all these cases ventricular parasystole and fixed coupling extrasystolic activity seems to be a close related mechanism. In other two cases there was a mathematical relationship between the sinus and parasystolic discharge rate which explained the periodic fixed coupling of ectopic beats. In one of these cases His bundle electrography was helpful in documenting the ventricular origin of ectopic beats.", "contents": "Parasystole associated with fixed coupling ventricular ectopic activity. In 5 patients ventricular parasystole and fixed coupling ectopic beats were recorded. In two cases ventricular parasystole and bigeminism acted intermittently. In one case the spontaneous transition from ventricular parasystole into parasystolic tachycardia with \"reverse coupling\" and finally to ventricular bigeminy could be illustrated. In all these cases ventricular parasystole and fixed coupling extrasystolic activity seems to be a close related mechanism. In other two cases there was a mathematical relationship between the sinus and parasystolic discharge rate which explained the periodic fixed coupling of ectopic beats. In one of these cases His bundle electrography was helpful in documenting the ventricular origin of ectopic beats."}
{"id": "PMID:902486", "title": "Reproduction of twelve routinely used ECG leads from three orthogonal ones.", "content": "The paper presents the results of the reproduction of routinely used leads from three corrected orthogonal leads in the system SVEC III modified by L. I. Titomir. Simultaneously with routine and reproduced leads, the differences among them were recorded at every instant of time. In the reproduction for each proband and each lead an individual selection of vector parameters for the given lead was performed. This method was applied in the examination of 150 probands, including 121 patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and 29 healthy subjects. A comparison of routine with reproduced leads showed that in both healthy subjects and patients with MI the limb leads were well reproducible; reproduction of thoracic leads was poorer, especially in patients with MI. Greatest reproduction errors occurred in leads V2 and V3. In 12.5% of patients with anterior-wall infarct, the diagnostically highly important indicators, pathological Q and informative T waves, were not reproduced. The authors assume that in isolated anterior-wall MI, which manifests itself solely in leads V2 and V3, diagnostic errors occur when only three corrected orthogonal leads are used.", "contents": "Reproduction of twelve routinely used ECG leads from three orthogonal ones. The paper presents the results of the reproduction of routinely used leads from three corrected orthogonal leads in the system SVEC III modified by L. I. Titomir. Simultaneously with routine and reproduced leads, the differences among them were recorded at every instant of time. In the reproduction for each proband and each lead an individual selection of vector parameters for the given lead was performed. This method was applied in the examination of 150 probands, including 121 patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and 29 healthy subjects. A comparison of routine with reproduced leads showed that in both healthy subjects and patients with MI the limb leads were well reproducible; reproduction of thoracic leads was poorer, especially in patients with MI. Greatest reproduction errors occurred in leads V2 and V3. In 12.5% of patients with anterior-wall infarct, the diagnostically highly important indicators, pathological Q and informative T waves, were not reproduced. The authors assume that in isolated anterior-wall MI, which manifests itself solely in leads V2 and V3, diagnostic errors occur when only three corrected orthogonal leads are used."}
{"id": "PMID:902487", "title": "Sex chromatin in cardiovascular diseases in elderly and senile women.", "content": "In women aged 60--79 years the author determined the frequency of sex chromatin in epithelial cells of buccal mucosa. A higher frequency was found in women with cardiovascular diseases, especially with arterial hypertension and acute disturbances of coronary of cerebral circulation. The role of hormonal factors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases in elderly women is discussed.", "contents": "Sex chromatin in cardiovascular diseases in elderly and senile women. In women aged 60--79 years the author determined the frequency of sex chromatin in epithelial cells of buccal mucosa. A higher frequency was found in women with cardiovascular diseases, especially with arterial hypertension and acute disturbances of coronary of cerebral circulation. The role of hormonal factors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases in elderly women is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902488", "title": "Brain and kidney renin-angiotensin activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Renin activity in peripheral plasma (PRA), renal cortex and brain tissue (cortex, stem, medulla oblongata) homogenates was studied in a bioassay after Serebrovskaya's modification of the method of Pickens. Fourty-nine spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and 26 normotensive Wistar rats (NWR) were used. The results show that: 1) In spite of very high systolic blood pressure, PRA in SHR is in normal ranges; 2) Renin activity exists not only in the brain of NWR, but in the brain of SHR as well. 3) Renin activity in the different parts of the brain is not equal both in NWR and in SHR. 4) Renin activity in the cortex, the stem and the medulla oblongata of SHR is in normal ranges. 5) Renin activity in the medulla is higher than in other areas of the brain, both in NWR and in SHR, the difference being statistically significant in the latter. 6) No perceptible interrelation between arterial blood pressure, PRA, renal renin activity and renin activity in the cortex, and in the stem of the brain was established. It is suggested that higher renin activity in the medulla oblongata might be considered as an indication of the importance of the brain renin-angiotensin system, and its function in the cerebral (neural) regulation of the cardiovascular system. A causal connection between the renal and the brain renin-angiotensin systems, and the onset and maintenance of hypertension is assumed.", "contents": "Brain and kidney renin-angiotensin activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Renin activity in peripheral plasma (PRA), renal cortex and brain tissue (cortex, stem, medulla oblongata) homogenates was studied in a bioassay after Serebrovskaya's modification of the method of Pickens. Fourty-nine spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and 26 normotensive Wistar rats (NWR) were used. The results show that: 1) In spite of very high systolic blood pressure, PRA in SHR is in normal ranges; 2) Renin activity exists not only in the brain of NWR, but in the brain of SHR as well. 3) Renin activity in the different parts of the brain is not equal both in NWR and in SHR. 4) Renin activity in the cortex, the stem and the medulla oblongata of SHR is in normal ranges. 5) Renin activity in the medulla is higher than in other areas of the brain, both in NWR and in SHR, the difference being statistically significant in the latter. 6) No perceptible interrelation between arterial blood pressure, PRA, renal renin activity and renin activity in the cortex, and in the stem of the brain was established. It is suggested that higher renin activity in the medulla oblongata might be considered as an indication of the importance of the brain renin-angiotensin system, and its function in the cerebral (neural) regulation of the cardiovascular system. A causal connection between the renal and the brain renin-angiotensin systems, and the onset and maintenance of hypertension is assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:902489", "title": "Measurement of systolic time intervals through non-invasive polygraphic techniques in healthy subjects and in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Comparison of results obtained by conventional and computer assisted means.", "content": "Computer processing of carotidograms is an incontestable methodical asset. Electronic detection of systolic time intervals excludes human errors, makes possible evaluation of a greater number of systoles, and reduces the effect of nonlinearities of recording. The proposed computerized system saves tedious manual calculations and can yield results with mutual correlations within a short period of time.", "contents": "Measurement of systolic time intervals through non-invasive polygraphic techniques in healthy subjects and in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Comparison of results obtained by conventional and computer assisted means. Computer processing of carotidograms is an incontestable methodical asset. Electronic detection of systolic time intervals excludes human errors, makes possible evaluation of a greater number of systoles, and reduces the effect of nonlinearities of recording. The proposed computerized system saves tedious manual calculations and can yield results with mutual correlations within a short period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:902490", "title": "Intramitochondrial calcification and myocardial inclusions in the rabbit due to anoxic hypoxia.", "content": "Intramitochondrial calcium granules and calcification of the mitochondrial cristae were examined in myocardial cells of rabbits in acute anoxic hypoxia, under normal circulation. The alterations were noted first after 2 hours of hypoxia, and became progressively larger and more ubiquitous with increasing periods of anoxic hypoxia. After 8 hours or longer hypoxia intramitochondrial \"cristalloids\" were found in some mitochondria.", "contents": "Intramitochondrial calcification and myocardial inclusions in the rabbit due to anoxic hypoxia. Intramitochondrial calcium granules and calcification of the mitochondrial cristae were examined in myocardial cells of rabbits in acute anoxic hypoxia, under normal circulation. The alterations were noted first after 2 hours of hypoxia, and became progressively larger and more ubiquitous with increasing periods of anoxic hypoxia. After 8 hours or longer hypoxia intramitochondrial \"cristalloids\" were found in some mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:902491", "title": "Left ventricular end-diastolic volume during supine exercise in patients with healed myocardial infarction.", "content": "Eighteen men with myocardial infarction in their history and without signs of heart failure were investigated at rest and during standard supine exercise. In nine patients aneurysma or diskinesis of the left ventricular wall were found. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume was determined from the wash-out of 133Xe injected into the left ventricle by means of precordial scintillation counting. During exercise the cardiac index rose owing to acceleration of the heart rate, whereas the stroke index remained unchanged, and the left ventricular work and stroke indices increased. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, elevated at rest, reached high values during exercise. The left ventricular end-diastolic and residual volumes decreased during exercise in most patients, and simultaneously the systolic ejection fraction increased. In patients with aneurysma or diskinesis the end-diastolic volume both at rest and during exercise does not differ from EDV of other patients. Six patients developed angina pectoris during exercise, but their haemodynamics did not differ significantly. It is concluded that the left ventricle in patients with advanced coronary heart disease and previous myocardial infarction shows the signs rather of diminished compliance than of heart failure during adequate exercise and still possesses some functional reserves.", "contents": "Left ventricular end-diastolic volume during supine exercise in patients with healed myocardial infarction. Eighteen men with myocardial infarction in their history and without signs of heart failure were investigated at rest and during standard supine exercise. In nine patients aneurysma or diskinesis of the left ventricular wall were found. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume was determined from the wash-out of 133Xe injected into the left ventricle by means of precordial scintillation counting. During exercise the cardiac index rose owing to acceleration of the heart rate, whereas the stroke index remained unchanged, and the left ventricular work and stroke indices increased. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, elevated at rest, reached high values during exercise. The left ventricular end-diastolic and residual volumes decreased during exercise in most patients, and simultaneously the systolic ejection fraction increased. In patients with aneurysma or diskinesis the end-diastolic volume both at rest and during exercise does not differ from EDV of other patients. Six patients developed angina pectoris during exercise, but their haemodynamics did not differ significantly. It is concluded that the left ventricle in patients with advanced coronary heart disease and previous myocardial infarction shows the signs rather of diminished compliance than of heart failure during adequate exercise and still possesses some functional reserves."}
{"id": "PMID:902493", "title": "Management of Reye's syndrome. A rational approach to a complex problem.", "content": "Five patients suffering from progressive Reye's syndrome were aggressively treated in our ICU. Our protocol consisted of endotracheal intubation, curarization, mechanical ventilation, hypothermia to 31 degrees C, and fluid restriction. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored and remained below 10-20 torr in all patients except one in whom ICP rose only once (for a few minutes) to 27 torr. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure was monitored in 4 patients and was maintained at 4-5 torr. Duration of active intervention as outlined above was 3-4 days. All 5 patients started with clinical stage IV and EEG grade IV or worse. Four patients had complete recovery and one died. In this group of patients, high ICP was not a feature of the disease. We recommend that use of mannitol for active dehydration be reserved for cases with proven rise in ICP, in which case hemodynamics should be carefully monitored.", "contents": "Management of Reye's syndrome. A rational approach to a complex problem. Five patients suffering from progressive Reye's syndrome were aggressively treated in our ICU. Our protocol consisted of endotracheal intubation, curarization, mechanical ventilation, hypothermia to 31 degrees C, and fluid restriction. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored and remained below 10-20 torr in all patients except one in whom ICP rose only once (for a few minutes) to 27 torr. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure was monitored in 4 patients and was maintained at 4-5 torr. Duration of active intervention as outlined above was 3-4 days. All 5 patients started with clinical stage IV and EEG grade IV or worse. Four patients had complete recovery and one died. In this group of patients, high ICP was not a feature of the disease. We recommend that use of mannitol for active dehydration be reserved for cases with proven rise in ICP, in which case hemodynamics should be carefully monitored."}
{"id": "PMID:902492", "title": "First annual Herbert S. Shubin Memorial Lecture. Acute circulatory failure (shock) associated with cardiogenic pulmonary edema.", "content": "Our findings confirm that acute pulmonary edema, when caused by left ventricular failure, represents a form of acute perfusion failure (shock) with metabolic acidemia, lactacidemia, and a reduction in forward blood flow. It is associated with a marked increase in peripheral resistance and an increase in venous capacitance. Most importantly, acute pulmonary edema is associated with a reduction in the intravascular blood volume. Acute pulmonary edema is not fundamentally different from other types of shock in which the shock state is initiated by one primary defect, and during the course of its progression, other primary mechanisms are called into action. In the instance of acute cardiogenic edema, the primary defect is cardiac pump failure and the secondary defects include hypovolemia and distributive defects associated with arterial vasoconstriction and expanded venous capacitance. Furosemide reverses acute pulmonary edema by increasing rather than decreasing intravascular blood volume with consequent improvement in the distributive and hypovolemic defects. Under extreme conditions, the volume defect in acute pulmonary edema may be so great that the patient presents with primary hypovolemia. The utilization of volume repletion is warranted under these circumstances.", "contents": "First annual Herbert S. Shubin Memorial Lecture. Acute circulatory failure (shock) associated with cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Our findings confirm that acute pulmonary edema, when caused by left ventricular failure, represents a form of acute perfusion failure (shock) with metabolic acidemia, lactacidemia, and a reduction in forward blood flow. It is associated with a marked increase in peripheral resistance and an increase in venous capacitance. Most importantly, acute pulmonary edema is associated with a reduction in the intravascular blood volume. Acute pulmonary edema is not fundamentally different from other types of shock in which the shock state is initiated by one primary defect, and during the course of its progression, other primary mechanisms are called into action. In the instance of acute cardiogenic edema, the primary defect is cardiac pump failure and the secondary defects include hypovolemia and distributive defects associated with arterial vasoconstriction and expanded venous capacitance. Furosemide reverses acute pulmonary edema by increasing rather than decreasing intravascular blood volume with consequent improvement in the distributive and hypovolemic defects. Under extreme conditions, the volume defect in acute pulmonary edema may be so great that the patient presents with primary hypovolemia. The utilization of volume repletion is warranted under these circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:902494", "title": "Relation between lowered colloid osmotic pressure, respiratory failure, and death.", "content": "Plasma colloid osmotic pressure was measured each day in 84 intensive care unit patients. Probit analysis demonstrated a direct relationship between colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and survival. The COP associated with a 50% survival rate was 15.0 torr. COP was higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors without respiratory failure and in patients who recovered from respiratory failure. We conclude that lowered COP is associated with an elevated mortality rate. However, the relationship to death is not explained by the relationship to respiratory failure.", "contents": "Relation between lowered colloid osmotic pressure, respiratory failure, and death. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure was measured each day in 84 intensive care unit patients. Probit analysis demonstrated a direct relationship between colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and survival. The COP associated with a 50% survival rate was 15.0 torr. COP was higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors without respiratory failure and in patients who recovered from respiratory failure. We conclude that lowered COP is associated with an elevated mortality rate. However, the relationship to death is not explained by the relationship to respiratory failure."}
{"id": "PMID:902500", "title": "Modern approach to the patient with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "This presentation has described the modern approach to the patient presenting with chest pain suspected as acute myocardial infarction. Noninvasive and invasive methods have been applied to estimate the extent of the myocardial damage and to monitor the electrical, hemodynamic and metabolic changes during the acute phase. In addition to the use of standard analgesics and antiarrhythmics, measurement of the determinants of left ventricular function by noninvasive and invasive techniques provides a physiologic basis for administration of available pharmacologic agents that can alter the afterload, contractile state, preload, heart rate, metabolic state and infarct size. Information from the Swan-Ganz catheter can describe hemodynamic categories that can be optimally managed by regulation of the left ventricular filling pressure. Patients managed in this manner can be identified for early hospital discharge at 7-10 days. Other patients less than 50 years of age or those experiencing recurrent arrhythmias, ischemic pain or evidence of left ventricular dysfunction may be candidates for coronary arteriography and left ventricular angiography before hospital discharge.", "contents": "Modern approach to the patient with acute myocardial infarction. This presentation has described the modern approach to the patient presenting with chest pain suspected as acute myocardial infarction. Noninvasive and invasive methods have been applied to estimate the extent of the myocardial damage and to monitor the electrical, hemodynamic and metabolic changes during the acute phase. In addition to the use of standard analgesics and antiarrhythmics, measurement of the determinants of left ventricular function by noninvasive and invasive techniques provides a physiologic basis for administration of available pharmacologic agents that can alter the afterload, contractile state, preload, heart rate, metabolic state and infarct size. Information from the Swan-Ganz catheter can describe hemodynamic categories that can be optimally managed by regulation of the left ventricular filling pressure. Patients managed in this manner can be identified for early hospital discharge at 7-10 days. Other patients less than 50 years of age or those experiencing recurrent arrhythmias, ischemic pain or evidence of left ventricular dysfunction may be candidates for coronary arteriography and left ventricular angiography before hospital discharge."}
{"id": "PMID:902495", "title": "The role and function of an Australian intensive care unit.", "content": "A detailed report on the activities of a major Australasian ICU is presented. An adequate team of specially trained medical and nursing staff is required to function efficiently. Despite a linear increase in admissions and a broadening scope of references, mortality  has remained constant. Practice of Intensive Care Medicine must not be confined solely to special units. Involvement in other hospital areas is described.", "contents": "The role and function of an Australian intensive care unit. A detailed report on the activities of a major Australasian ICU is presented. An adequate team of specially trained medical and nursing staff is required to function efficiently. Despite a linear increase in admissions and a broadening scope of references, mortality  has remained constant. Practice of Intensive Care Medicine must not be confined solely to special units. Involvement in other hospital areas is described."}
{"id": "PMID:902509", "title": "Neurological complications of osteopetrosis.", "content": "The clinical course of twins with osteopetrosis has provided a catalogue of the neurological complications that may occur with the disorder. Such a list has not previously been compiled: (1) Hydrocephalus - probably due to outflow obstruction in the posterior fossa. (2) Sagittal sinus thrombosis - due to bony encroachment, or to hematological causes. (3) Exophthalmos - due to bony encroachment in the orbit. (4) Foraminal occlusion at the base of the skull, producing compromise of cranial nerves and vessels. (5) Paraparesis - cause unknown, perhaps due to spinal stenosis. (6) Anemia - myelophthisic, although a hemolytic component due to hypersplenism has been identified, as well.", "contents": "Neurological complications of osteopetrosis. The clinical course of twins with osteopetrosis has provided a catalogue of the neurological complications that may occur with the disorder. Such a list has not previously been compiled: (1) Hydrocephalus - probably due to outflow obstruction in the posterior fossa. (2) Sagittal sinus thrombosis - due to bony encroachment, or to hematological causes. (3) Exophthalmos - due to bony encroachment in the orbit. (4) Foraminal occlusion at the base of the skull, producing compromise of cranial nerves and vessels. (5) Paraparesis - cause unknown, perhaps due to spinal stenosis. (6) Anemia - myelophthisic, although a hemolytic component due to hypersplenism has been identified, as well."}
{"id": "PMID:902510", "title": "Hypothalamic tumors in children. Their diagnosis and management.", "content": "17 intrinsic hypothalamic tumors in infancy and childhood occurring between 1963 and 1973 were analyzed in detail because of the consistent mode of approach to diagnosis, therapy and follow-up care. Careful examination of the symptom-time sequence and location provided anatomical-clinical correlations and was even suggestive of the probable histologic type of lesion present. The postoperative and long-term management problems have led to significant conclusions. The best results were obtained with those patients who underwent craniotomy and biopsy, followed by irradiation therapy.", "contents": "Hypothalamic tumors in children. Their diagnosis and management. 17 intrinsic hypothalamic tumors in infancy and childhood occurring between 1963 and 1973 were analyzed in detail because of the consistent mode of approach to diagnosis, therapy and follow-up care. Careful examination of the symptom-time sequence and location provided anatomical-clinical correlations and was even suggestive of the probable histologic type of lesion present. The postoperative and long-term management problems have led to significant conclusions. The best results were obtained with those patients who underwent craniotomy and biopsy, followed by irradiation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:902511", "title": "Ependymomas of childhood. II. Electron-microscopic study.", "content": "Electron-microscopic study of various histological types of ependymoma has shown three basic types of cells. One type of cells has features typical of normal ependymal cells, the second type consists of cells resembling normal or reactive astrocytes, and the third type of cells is undifferentiated. The three types of cells are present in various proportions in every tumor. Generally speaking, the astrocyte-like cells are more frequently encountered than the ependymol cells. The undifferentiated cells are seen, in small numbers, in all forms of ependymoma but they are the dominant cell type in the ependymoblastomas.", "contents": "Ependymomas of childhood. II. Electron-microscopic study. Electron-microscopic study of various histological types of ependymoma has shown three basic types of cells. One type of cells has features typical of normal ependymal cells, the second type consists of cells resembling normal or reactive astrocytes, and the third type of cells is undifferentiated. The three types of cells are present in various proportions in every tumor. Generally speaking, the astrocyte-like cells are more frequently encountered than the ependymol cells. The undifferentiated cells are seen, in small numbers, in all forms of ependymoma but they are the dominant cell type in the ependymoblastomas."}
{"id": "PMID:902512", "title": "Craniolacunia in newborn with myelomeningocele.", "content": "Plain skull films were taken within 7 days of birth in 34 newborn with myelomeningocele. There appears to be a correlation between hydrocephalus or Arnold-Chiari malformation and the severity of craniolacunia. Craniolacunia was observed in 28 cases (82%). The incidence of craniolacunia in myelomeningocele in this series is higher than in previous reports. One of the reasons is that plain skull films of newborn with myelomeningocele are usually not taken early at birth. We would like to emphasize that plain skull films be taken early at birth in newborn with myelomeningocele and that the presence of craniolacunia be considered as being associated with hydrocephalus and the Arnold-Chiari malformation.", "contents": "Craniolacunia in newborn with myelomeningocele. Plain skull films were taken within 7 days of birth in 34 newborn with myelomeningocele. There appears to be a correlation between hydrocephalus or Arnold-Chiari malformation and the severity of craniolacunia. Craniolacunia was observed in 28 cases (82%). The incidence of craniolacunia in myelomeningocele in this series is higher than in previous reports. One of the reasons is that plain skull films of newborn with myelomeningocele are usually not taken early at birth. We would like to emphasize that plain skull films be taken early at birth in newborn with myelomeningocele and that the presence of craniolacunia be considered as being associated with hydrocephalus and the Arnold-Chiari malformation."}
{"id": "PMID:902513", "title": "Congenital meningioma.", "content": "The clinical, operative and autopsy findings associated with a huge meningioma in an 8-month-old boy are described. Especially noteworthy are the patient's age, the size of the tumour and the poorness of neurological symptoms.", "contents": "Congenital meningioma. The clinical, operative and autopsy findings associated with a huge meningioma in an 8-month-old boy are described. Especially noteworthy are the patient's age, the size of the tumour and the poorness of neurological symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:902515", "title": "Congenital brain defect masked by subdural fluid collection.", "content": "Two rare cases of subdural fluid collection are reported. In these cases, the subdural space was in direct communication with the lateral ventricle through the congenital brain defects. The subdural fluid was formed by the cerebrospinal fluid which passed from the lateral ventricle through the brain defects. The difficulty to diagnose these cases from the usual subdural hygroma is emphasized.", "contents": "Congenital brain defect masked by subdural fluid collection. Two rare cases of subdural fluid collection are reported. In these cases, the subdural space was in direct communication with the lateral ventricle through the congenital brain defects. The subdural fluid was formed by the cerebrospinal fluid which passed from the lateral ventricle through the brain defects. The difficulty to diagnose these cases from the usual subdural hygroma is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:902517", "title": "[Capsular arthroplasty of the elbow joint for the treatment of recurrent dislocation. Personal results in comparison with case reports in literature. Indication--methods--after care].", "content": "Four cases of recurrent dislocation of the elbow joint are reported. Instability of the postero-lateral ligaments were found in all patients, both clinically and during operation. In one case there was also instability of the medial ligament. Lateral instability is regarded as the primary lesion responsible for recurrent dislocation. Intraarticular pathological lesions such as osteochondral fractures were also diagnosed in our patients. All were treated by a capsuloligamentous repair as proposed by Osborne and Cotterill [8]. Based on follow-ups of 2 to nearly 5 years no recurrences were seen. The patients were free of pain with a nearly full range of motion. Considering the results reported in the literature of cases treated by the same method, the authors are convinced that the operation repairs the essential lesion.", "contents": "[Capsular arthroplasty of the elbow joint for the treatment of recurrent dislocation. Personal results in comparison with case reports in literature. Indication--methods--after care]. Four cases of recurrent dislocation of the elbow joint are reported. Instability of the postero-lateral ligaments were found in all patients, both clinically and during operation. In one case there was also instability of the medial ligament. Lateral instability is regarded as the primary lesion responsible for recurrent dislocation. Intraarticular pathological lesions such as osteochondral fractures were also diagnosed in our patients. All were treated by a capsuloligamentous repair as proposed by Osborne and Cotterill [8]. Based on follow-ups of 2 to nearly 5 years no recurrences were seen. The patients were free of pain with a nearly full range of motion. Considering the results reported in the literature of cases treated by the same method, the authors are convinced that the operation repairs the essential lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:902518", "title": "[Habitual scapholunar dissociation].", "content": "The authors discuss a rare form of wrist injury, involving scapholunar dissociation, which is manifested by subluxation of the scaphoid bone. The radiologic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects are described. The authors also represent a case of their own where the subluxation of the scaphoid bone became habitual.", "contents": "[Habitual scapholunar dissociation]. The authors discuss a rare form of wrist injury, involving scapholunar dissociation, which is manifested by subluxation of the scaphoid bone. The radiologic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects are described. The authors also represent a case of their own where the subluxation of the scaphoid bone became habitual."}
{"id": "PMID:902520", "title": "[Dysphagia as a symptom of idiopathic fibrous mediastinitis].", "content": "A case of idiopathic chronic fibrous mediastinitis accompanied only by dysphagia is reported. Symptoms, etiology, and differential diagnosis are discussed with reference to the literature reviewed. The various conservative and operative methods of treatment are presented. In this case, attempts to mobilize the oesophagus were unsuccessful. Therefore, the oesophagus was bypassed via the colon.", "contents": "[Dysphagia as a symptom of idiopathic fibrous mediastinitis]. A case of idiopathic chronic fibrous mediastinitis accompanied only by dysphagia is reported. Symptoms, etiology, and differential diagnosis are discussed with reference to the literature reviewed. The various conservative and operative methods of treatment are presented. In this case, attempts to mobilize the oesophagus were unsuccessful. Therefore, the oesophagus was bypassed via the colon."}
{"id": "PMID:902521", "title": "[Delayed surgery in acute pancreatitis].", "content": "In 32 patients with acute pancreatitis, delayed operation was performed between 13 and 44 days after onset of the illness. The indications for the operation were development of a palpable mass together with clinical deterioation and other complications. In all patients we found a necrotizing pancreatitis and/or abscesses of the pancreas. The surgical procedure consisted of digital removal of necrotic tissue (sequestrotomy) and/or abscess incision in 20 patients, of left-sided resection in 11 patients and partial duodenopancreatectomy in 1 patient. Twenty-three patients survived, 9 died.", "contents": "[Delayed surgery in acute pancreatitis]. In 32 patients with acute pancreatitis, delayed operation was performed between 13 and 44 days after onset of the illness. The indications for the operation were development of a palpable mass together with clinical deterioation and other complications. In all patients we found a necrotizing pancreatitis and/or abscesses of the pancreas. The surgical procedure consisted of digital removal of necrotic tissue (sequestrotomy) and/or abscess incision in 20 patients, of left-sided resection in 11 patients and partial duodenopancreatectomy in 1 patient. Twenty-three patients survived, 9 died."}
{"id": "PMID:902522", "title": "[Management of upper-bile-duct occlusions using the Rodney Smith method].", "content": "This is a report on 10 cases of hepaticojejunostomy (Rodney Smith) with a sutureless technique. The method is very easy and the diameter of anastomosis is more than 5 mm.", "contents": "[Management of upper-bile-duct occlusions using the Rodney Smith method]. This is a report on 10 cases of hepaticojejunostomy (Rodney Smith) with a sutureless technique. The method is very easy and the diameter of anastomosis is more than 5 mm."}
{"id": "PMID:902523", "title": "[Pseudotumor of the urinary bladder and intestino-vesical fistula in ileitis regionalis (Crohn's disease) and diverticulitis. Surgical tactic and technic].", "content": "Pseudotumor of the urinary bladder and intestino-vesical fistula caused by regional ileitis (Crohn's disease) and diverticulitis require radical en bloc resection. The authors present their own procedure.", "contents": "[Pseudotumor of the urinary bladder and intestino-vesical fistula in ileitis regionalis (Crohn's disease) and diverticulitis. Surgical tactic and technic]. Pseudotumor of the urinary bladder and intestino-vesical fistula caused by regional ileitis (Crohn's disease) and diverticulitis require radical en bloc resection. The authors present their own procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:902524", "title": "[Experiences with the Erlangen magnetic closure system].", "content": "At the surgical hospital of the University of Erlangen/N\u00fcrnberg a magnetic closure system was developed for colostomies and ileostomies, which can give continence. Since November 1974 113 magnetic systems have been implanted. We have good results in 31% of the patients, less good results in 16%, and bad results in 53%. The authors demonstrate faults in the indication for the operation and faults in the surgical technique which lead to bad results. Avoiding these faults continence in 70% of patients can be achieved. In no case was the magnetic closure system the reason for bad results.", "contents": "[Experiences with the Erlangen magnetic closure system]. At the surgical hospital of the University of Erlangen/N\u00fcrnberg a magnetic closure system was developed for colostomies and ileostomies, which can give continence. Since November 1974 113 magnetic systems have been implanted. We have good results in 31% of the patients, less good results in 16%, and bad results in 53%. The authors demonstrate faults in the indication for the operation and faults in the surgical technique which lead to bad results. Avoiding these faults continence in 70% of patients can be achieved. In no case was the magnetic closure system the reason for bad results."}
{"id": "PMID:902525", "title": "[Progresses in the treatment of skull-brain injuries in childhood].", "content": "In a group of children with severe head injury it was possible to lower the rate of mortality in a comparable group of injured children. Besides consistent neuroradiologic diagnosis and the possibility of immediate neurosurgical intervention, improvement of intensive therapy by monitoring of intracranial pressure and rehabilitation at an early stage brought about significant progress.", "contents": "[Progresses in the treatment of skull-brain injuries in childhood]. In a group of children with severe head injury it was possible to lower the rate of mortality in a comparable group of injured children. Besides consistent neuroradiologic diagnosis and the possibility of immediate neurosurgical intervention, improvement of intensive therapy by monitoring of intracranial pressure and rehabilitation at an early stage brought about significant progress."}
{"id": "PMID:902533", "title": "[Course of immunoglobulins G and M in seriously burned patients].", "content": "IgM and IgM levels were measured in 108 burn patients. A marked decrease was evident in these immunoglobulins. The initial fall of IgG can be attributed to the loss of serum via the body surface, i.e. burn blisters. The loss of IgM may be taken as indication of the catabolic phase. Quantitative substitution was possible in almost all cases.", "contents": "[Course of immunoglobulins G and M in seriously burned patients]. IgM and IgM levels were measured in 108 burn patients. A marked decrease was evident in these immunoglobulins. The initial fall of IgG can be attributed to the loss of serum via the body surface, i.e. burn blisters. The loss of IgM may be taken as indication of the catabolic phase. Quantitative substitution was possible in almost all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:902534", "title": "[Factor XIII deficiency in burns].", "content": "In 34 patients with severe burn injuries platelets, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and factor XIII were measured daily. Half of the patients were administered 15 000 IE of heparin per 24 hours. In the first 4 days there was a rapid fall of factor XIII to a value of approximately 30%. Values remained very low during the whole observation period of up to 20 days. However, in patients treated with heparin, values tended to be 10--15% higher. After an initial decline on the tenth day, the platelets had risen to the lowest normal level. Platelets were identical in both groups. The causes for the changes in these haemostasis parameters, their significance, and possible consequences of therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Factor XIII deficiency in burns]. In 34 patients with severe burn injuries platelets, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and factor XIII were measured daily. Half of the patients were administered 15 000 IE of heparin per 24 hours. In the first 4 days there was a rapid fall of factor XIII to a value of approximately 30%. Values remained very low during the whole observation period of up to 20 days. However, in patients treated with heparin, values tended to be 10--15% higher. After an initial decline on the tenth day, the platelets had risen to the lowest normal level. Platelets were identical in both groups. The causes for the changes in these haemostasis parameters, their significance, and possible consequences of therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902536", "title": "[Value of triple diagnosis for the surgical treatment of breast carcinoma]ms.", "content": "A special documentation in clinical examination of the breast with palpation, mammography, and aspiration cytology (triple-diagnosis) has been used since 1973. In 102 cases of breast cancer, the cytologic examination was, done before operation, in 54% of the cancer cases of primary modified radical mastectomy could be performed without waiting for the frozen section result.", "contents": "[Value of triple diagnosis for the surgical treatment of breast carcinoma]ms. A special documentation in clinical examination of the breast with palpation, mammography, and aspiration cytology (triple-diagnosis) has been used since 1973. In 102 cases of breast cancer, the cytologic examination was, done before operation, in 54% of the cancer cases of primary modified radical mastectomy could be performed without waiting for the frozen section result."}
{"id": "PMID:902537", "title": "[Drainage-dependent continence disorder after deep resection of the anterior rectum].", "content": "Anorectal continence following low anterior resection in 37 controlled patients from the University Hospitals of Innsbruck, Department of Surgery, in the years 1970 to 1974 is described. Of these 37 patients, 10% were partially incontinent for from 18 to 24 months. It is pointed out that the partial incontinence of these patients is due to the extensive perirectal-perianal drainage. The low anterior resection can be called continence-saving, if a too extensive perirectal-perianal drainage is avoided and the criteria of the operation are considered.", "contents": "[Drainage-dependent continence disorder after deep resection of the anterior rectum]. Anorectal continence following low anterior resection in 37 controlled patients from the University Hospitals of Innsbruck, Department of Surgery, in the years 1970 to 1974 is described. Of these 37 patients, 10% were partially incontinent for from 18 to 24 months. It is pointed out that the partial incontinence of these patients is due to the extensive perirectal-perianal drainage. The low anterior resection can be called continence-saving, if a too extensive perirectal-perianal drainage is avoided and the criteria of the operation are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:902542", "title": "Treatment of sessile villous and tubulovillous adenomas of the rectum: experience of St. Mark's Hospital. 1963-1972.", "content": "Between 1963 and 1972, 121 new patients were treated at St. Mark's Hospital for a sessile villous or tubulovillous adenoma of the rectum. Thirty patients (25 per cent) were found to have simultaneous neoplastic lesions in the large intestine. Sphincter-preserving operations were performed whenever possible, and the various methods of treatment used are analyzed. Fourteen patients (11.6 per cent) had postoperative complications, and three patients died. Twenty-six patients are know to have had further benign tumor at the same site during the follow-up period.", "contents": "Treatment of sessile villous and tubulovillous adenomas of the rectum: experience of St. Mark's Hospital. 1963-1972. Between 1963 and 1972, 121 new patients were treated at St. Mark's Hospital for a sessile villous or tubulovillous adenoma of the rectum. Thirty patients (25 per cent) were found to have simultaneous neoplastic lesions in the large intestine. Sphincter-preserving operations were performed whenever possible, and the various methods of treatment used are analyzed. Fourteen patients (11.6 per cent) had postoperative complications, and three patients died. Twenty-six patients are know to have had further benign tumor at the same site during the follow-up period."}
{"id": "PMID:902544", "title": "Ileostomates in Israel.", "content": "A survey of 47 Israeli ileostomates known to the Israel Ostomy Association was performed. The outstanding features are 1) a low (5 per cent) referral rate of patients with inflammatory bowel disease for procto colectomy and ileostomy; 2) a high (64-85 per cent) incidence of cutaneous problems; 3) a low rate of rehabilitation, as measured by return to previous occupation, sexual life and social adjustment. However, our 47 ostomates were operated on 14 institutions in five countries and live in a subtropical climate-factors that may negatively affect the outcome. Since the study, the situation has improved.", "contents": "Ileostomates in Israel. A survey of 47 Israeli ileostomates known to the Israel Ostomy Association was performed. The outstanding features are 1) a low (5 per cent) referral rate of patients with inflammatory bowel disease for procto colectomy and ileostomy; 2) a high (64-85 per cent) incidence of cutaneous problems; 3) a low rate of rehabilitation, as measured by return to previous occupation, sexual life and social adjustment. However, our 47 ostomates were operated on 14 institutions in five countries and live in a subtropical climate-factors that may negatively affect the outcome. Since the study, the situation has improved."}
{"id": "PMID:902546", "title": "Prophylactic oophorectomy in conjunction with large-bowl resection for cancer: report of two cases.", "content": "This report, based on eight cases of our own and a review of the literature, indicates that colonic cancer metastatic to the ovaries has many unusual features and an extremley high mortality rate. Prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy in conjunction with large-bowel resection for cancer in women of all ages is strongly advised to decrease morbidity and improve the quality of survival.", "contents": "Prophylactic oophorectomy in conjunction with large-bowl resection for cancer: report of two cases. This report, based on eight cases of our own and a review of the literature, indicates that colonic cancer metastatic to the ovaries has many unusual features and an extremley high mortality rate. Prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy in conjunction with large-bowel resection for cancer in women of all ages is strongly advised to decrease morbidity and improve the quality of survival."}
{"id": "PMID:902547", "title": "Malignant appendiceal carcinoid with intussusception of the base manifesting as a cecal tumor: report of a case.", "content": "A case of an appendiceal carcinoid tumor with regional lymph-node metastases is presented. The size of the tumor was remarkable, as the appendix was infiltrated throughout its length. The proximal part of the appendix was intussuscepted into the cecum. Preoperatively, the lesion was diagnosed as a polypoid tumor of the cecum. A primary right hemicolectomy was carried out.", "contents": "Malignant appendiceal carcinoid with intussusception of the base manifesting as a cecal tumor: report of a case. A case of an appendiceal carcinoid tumor with regional lymph-node metastases is presented. The size of the tumor was remarkable, as the appendix was infiltrated throughout its length. The proximal part of the appendix was intussuscepted into the cecum. Preoperatively, the lesion was diagnosed as a polypoid tumor of the cecum. A primary right hemicolectomy was carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:902550", "title": "Herniation through the foramen of Winslow: report of a case.", "content": "Herniation into the lesser omental sac through the foramen of Winslow is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction. A successfully managed case is presented. The clinical history and physical findings are reviewed, and radiographic findings are discussed. The proper interpretation of these findings should suggest the diagnosis. Treatment is prompt surgical correction, and various technical maneuvers that may be necessary are outlined.", "contents": "Herniation through the foramen of Winslow: report of a case. Herniation into the lesser omental sac through the foramen of Winslow is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction. A successfully managed case is presented. The clinical history and physical findings are reviewed, and radiographic findings are discussed. The proper interpretation of these findings should suggest the diagnosis. Treatment is prompt surgical correction, and various technical maneuvers that may be necessary are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:902552", "title": "Retrorectal abscess with neurologic involvement of the lower extremities: report of a case.", "content": "A case of retrorectal abscess with neurologic involvement of both lower extremities is presented. The authors believe that an adequate description of this entity is necessary for the clinician, insofar as rectal suppurations rarely cause neurologic symptoms. The clinician must be alert for the possibility of the presence of various presacral tumors, whose treatment and prognosis present much graver problems.", "contents": "Retrorectal abscess with neurologic involvement of the lower extremities: report of a case. A case of retrorectal abscess with neurologic involvement of both lower extremities is presented. The authors believe that an adequate description of this entity is necessary for the clinician, insofar as rectal suppurations rarely cause neurologic symptoms. The clinician must be alert for the possibility of the presence of various presacral tumors, whose treatment and prognosis present much graver problems."}
{"id": "PMID:902553", "title": "The use of a curved uterine vulsellum for removal of rectal foreign bodies: report of a case.", "content": "Removal of retained foreign bodies can be a tedious process, requireing considerable skill and ingenuity on the part of the surgeon. Employment of a curved, double-pronged, uterine vulsellum can be useful in simplifying removal of certain of these objects. A method which can be employed on an outpatient basis is described. When this method fails, suitable cooperation by the patient is lacking, or there is evidence of serious rectal injury or perforation, hospitalization for appropriate treatment under general or regional anesthesia is indicated.", "contents": "The use of a curved uterine vulsellum for removal of rectal foreign bodies: report of a case. Removal of retained foreign bodies can be a tedious process, requireing considerable skill and ingenuity on the part of the surgeon. Employment of a curved, double-pronged, uterine vulsellum can be useful in simplifying removal of certain of these objects. A method which can be employed on an outpatient basis is described. When this method fails, suitable cooperation by the patient is lacking, or there is evidence of serious rectal injury or perforation, hospitalization for appropriate treatment under general or regional anesthesia is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:902555", "title": "Concomitant administration of haloperidol and lithium carbonate in acute mania.", "content": "Prospective and retrospective studies of 55 psychotic patients treated concomitantly with oral haloperidol and lithium carbonate did not reveal any evidence of permanent brain damage or persistent dyskinesias; adverse reactions were transient and without sequelae. Results in these patients afford further evidence that combined use of haloperidol and lithium is safe and effective in the treatment of mania. Careful management is essential to minimize the risk of serious adverse reaction.", "contents": "Concomitant administration of haloperidol and lithium carbonate in acute mania. Prospective and retrospective studies of 55 psychotic patients treated concomitantly with oral haloperidol and lithium carbonate did not reveal any evidence of permanent brain damage or persistent dyskinesias; adverse reactions were transient and without sequelae. Results in these patients afford further evidence that combined use of haloperidol and lithium is safe and effective in the treatment of mania. Careful management is essential to minimize the risk of serious adverse reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:902556", "title": "Alcoholics and high-low sensory input: a pilot study.", "content": "It is hypothesized that alcoholics possess a perceptual-neurophysiological sensitivity which renders them vulnerable to the effects of information or stimulus overload: the resort to alcohol, therefore, may represent an adaptive attempt to restore physiologic homeostasis through the pharmacologic \"dampening\" properties of this drug. Twelve alcoholic subjects were assigned to three different levels of audio-visual sensory stimulation (no, medium, high) and three different doses of alcohol (placebo, low, high) according to a balanced incomplete block design. The results indicated trend level and significant interactions between alcohol and sensory level effects on craving intensity and systolic blood pressure, respectively, as well as a number of other intriguing findings. Should the findings of this pilot study be replicated, they will have important implications for the understanding of alcoholism.", "contents": "Alcoholics and high-low sensory input: a pilot study. It is hypothesized that alcoholics possess a perceptual-neurophysiological sensitivity which renders them vulnerable to the effects of information or stimulus overload: the resort to alcohol, therefore, may represent an adaptive attempt to restore physiologic homeostasis through the pharmacologic \"dampening\" properties of this drug. Twelve alcoholic subjects were assigned to three different levels of audio-visual sensory stimulation (no, medium, high) and three different doses of alcohol (placebo, low, high) according to a balanced incomplete block design. The results indicated trend level and significant interactions between alcohol and sensory level effects on craving intensity and systolic blood pressure, respectively, as well as a number of other intriguing findings. Should the findings of this pilot study be replicated, they will have important implications for the understanding of alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:902557", "title": "The medication clinic in the spectrum of children's services.", "content": "The use of stimulant drugs for control of hyperactivity in children led one mental health center to centralize the procedure in a medication clinic. A number of benefits were derived from monitoring the children through routine folow up visits. One of the retrospective findings over a three-year period was the low incidence and prevalence rates of medicated hyperactive youngsters in a high volume children's service.", "contents": "The medication clinic in the spectrum of children's services. The use of stimulant drugs for control of hyperactivity in children led one mental health center to centralize the procedure in a medication clinic. A number of benefits were derived from monitoring the children through routine folow up visits. One of the retrospective findings over a three-year period was the low incidence and prevalence rates of medicated hyperactive youngsters in a high volume children's service."}
{"id": "PMID:902558", "title": "Brain death.", "content": "Brain death occurs whenever there is involvement of higher centers such as Cerebral Cortex and Thalamus (unresponsiveness and deep coma) and Brainstem and Basal ganglionic structures (loss of spontaneous respiration all cranial nerve, and postural reflexes). Involvement of Spinal Cord is less constant. Drug intoxication should be excluded. An electroencephalogram may be done but what is paramount is the physician's clinical judgment. The medico-legal implications of brain death is less complicated than it is generally presumed to be. It is extablishment of the legality of brain death concept that is crucial. This allows the physician to use his judgment to implement the law.", "contents": "Brain death. Brain death occurs whenever there is involvement of higher centers such as Cerebral Cortex and Thalamus (unresponsiveness and deep coma) and Brainstem and Basal ganglionic structures (loss of spontaneous respiration all cranial nerve, and postural reflexes). Involvement of Spinal Cord is less constant. Drug intoxication should be excluded. An electroencephalogram may be done but what is paramount is the physician's clinical judgment. The medico-legal implications of brain death is less complicated than it is generally presumed to be. It is extablishment of the legality of brain death concept that is crucial. This allows the physician to use his judgment to implement the law."}
{"id": "PMID:902559", "title": "Electrocardiographic findings in patients undergoing amitriptyline treatment.", "content": "Fifteen depressed patients were treated with amitriptyline in a dosage ranging from 75 mg to 200 mg/day for a minimum of three weeks, two of which were at a fixed dosage. Plasma samples were drawn 12 to 16 hours after the bedtime dose of medication for determination of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline. Electrocardiograms were taken prior to treatment and after three weeks of drug treatment. The only abnormality noted prior to treatment was bradycardia in one patient. After treatment, two patients exhibited nonspecific T-wave abnormalities. Otherwise, the electrocardiograms were unremarkable. A significant increase in heart rate (p less than 0.001) was noted. The mean increase in rate was sixteen beats per minute. Those patients having a rate change greater than sixteen beats per minute had significantly higher amitriptyline levels (p less than 0.05), and total tricyclic antidepressant levels (p less than 0.05), than those patients having a mean rate increase less than sixteen. While tricyclic antidepressants can produce multiple cardiac effects, the risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality is relatively low in patients undergoing tricyclic antidepressant treatment with moderate dosages.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic findings in patients undergoing amitriptyline treatment. Fifteen depressed patients were treated with amitriptyline in a dosage ranging from 75 mg to 200 mg/day for a minimum of three weeks, two of which were at a fixed dosage. Plasma samples were drawn 12 to 16 hours after the bedtime dose of medication for determination of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline. Electrocardiograms were taken prior to treatment and after three weeks of drug treatment. The only abnormality noted prior to treatment was bradycardia in one patient. After treatment, two patients exhibited nonspecific T-wave abnormalities. Otherwise, the electrocardiograms were unremarkable. A significant increase in heart rate (p less than 0.001) was noted. The mean increase in rate was sixteen beats per minute. Those patients having a rate change greater than sixteen beats per minute had significantly higher amitriptyline levels (p less than 0.05), and total tricyclic antidepressant levels (p less than 0.05), than those patients having a mean rate increase less than sixteen. While tricyclic antidepressants can produce multiple cardiac effects, the risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality is relatively low in patients undergoing tricyclic antidepressant treatment with moderate dosages."}
{"id": "PMID:902560", "title": "Psychotic pica, nicotinism, and complicated myocardial infarction.", "content": "The authors report a case of a schizophrenic patient who repeatedly consumed a wide variety of inedible materials, including significant quantities of tobacco. The phenomenology of this behavior, as well as its psychiatric and medical complications are discussed. It is probable that chronic nicotinism contributed to this patient's refractoriness to psychiatric treatment and to his eventual cardiovascular crisis. The occurrence of pica as a manifestation of severe psychopathology was vividly described by the early pioneers of neuropsychiatry, but has received little attention in recent psychiatric literature. This is in marked contrast to the syndrome of psychogenic water intoxication which continues to be reported frequently. The majority of descriptions of pica have dealt with its occurrence in children, in pregnant women, and as a societal practice in certain cultures studied from a medico-anthropologic point of view. The toxic organic brain syndrome caused by chronic ingestion of nicotine-containing products has also been neglected in psychiatric publications. Descriptions of the neuropsychiatric complications of subacute and chronic nicotinism have been restricted to textbooks of toxicology, where greater emphasis has been given to the acute effects of large quantities of nicotine, often in forms other than tobacco. The following case illustrates the near-fatal practice of tobacco pica in a psychotic patient and dramatically demonstrates the systemic and central nervous system effects of nicotinism.", "contents": "Psychotic pica, nicotinism, and complicated myocardial infarction. The authors report a case of a schizophrenic patient who repeatedly consumed a wide variety of inedible materials, including significant quantities of tobacco. The phenomenology of this behavior, as well as its psychiatric and medical complications are discussed. It is probable that chronic nicotinism contributed to this patient's refractoriness to psychiatric treatment and to his eventual cardiovascular crisis. The occurrence of pica as a manifestation of severe psychopathology was vividly described by the early pioneers of neuropsychiatry, but has received little attention in recent psychiatric literature. This is in marked contrast to the syndrome of psychogenic water intoxication which continues to be reported frequently. The majority of descriptions of pica have dealt with its occurrence in children, in pregnant women, and as a societal practice in certain cultures studied from a medico-anthropologic point of view. The toxic organic brain syndrome caused by chronic ingestion of nicotine-containing products has also been neglected in psychiatric publications. Descriptions of the neuropsychiatric complications of subacute and chronic nicotinism have been restricted to textbooks of toxicology, where greater emphasis has been given to the acute effects of large quantities of nicotine, often in forms other than tobacco. The following case illustrates the near-fatal practice of tobacco pica in a psychotic patient and dramatically demonstrates the systemic and central nervous system effects of nicotinism."}
{"id": "PMID:902561", "title": "Catatonia and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Catatonia has generally been assumed by many physicians to be a subtype of schizophrenia. Numerous cases have been reported in the literature associating catatonia with other psychiatric and also medical illnesses. The present report describes a patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) who presented in a catatonic state. A brief differential diagnosis of catatonia is also included.", "contents": "Catatonia and systemic lupus erythematosus. Catatonia has generally been assumed by many physicians to be a subtype of schizophrenia. Numerous cases have been reported in the literature associating catatonia with other psychiatric and also medical illnesses. The present report describes a patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) who presented in a catatonic state. A brief differential diagnosis of catatonia is also included."}
{"id": "PMID:902562", "title": "Spontaneous improvement in \"normal\" pressure hydrocephalus.", "content": "A patient is presented with \"normal\" pressure hydrocephalus including dementia, incontinence, and apraxic gait. He had a normal lumbar CSF pressure, hydrocephalus with lack of air over the convexities on pneumoencephalography, and ventricular filling with prolonged retention on cisternography. He did not receive a shunt and, nevertheless, showed spontaneous improvement in his mental function over the next few years. This cases emphasizes the necessity for a controlled study of shunting for \"normal\" pressure hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Spontaneous improvement in \"normal\" pressure hydrocephalus. A patient is presented with \"normal\" pressure hydrocephalus including dementia, incontinence, and apraxic gait. He had a normal lumbar CSF pressure, hydrocephalus with lack of air over the convexities on pneumoencephalography, and ventricular filling with prolonged retention on cisternography. He did not receive a shunt and, nevertheless, showed spontaneous improvement in his mental function over the next few years. This cases emphasizes the necessity for a controlled study of shunting for \"normal\" pressure hydrocephalus."}
{"id": "PMID:902564", "title": "Masking of tardive dyskinesia with four times-a-day administration of chlorpromazine.", "content": "Two chronic schizophrenic out-patients with tardive dyskinesia were treated with chlorpromazine in 2 regimens -- once-daily and four times-daily -- using a cross-over design. Two \"blind\" raters evaluated the severity of symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, pseudoparkinsonism and schizophrenia on rating scales every week during the 14-week-trial period. Results showed that the intensity of dyskinesia was significantly lower, and that of pseudoparkinsonism higher (but not significantly) with Q.I.D. than with O.D. medication. Symptoms of schizophrenia did not vary in severity appreciably with the two frequencies of drug intake. It is suggested that multiple-dose administration of a phenothiazine maintains a steady level of dopamine blockade throughout the day and thus masks the manifestations of tardive dyskinesia.", "contents": "Masking of tardive dyskinesia with four times-a-day administration of chlorpromazine. Two chronic schizophrenic out-patients with tardive dyskinesia were treated with chlorpromazine in 2 regimens -- once-daily and four times-daily -- using a cross-over design. Two \"blind\" raters evaluated the severity of symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, pseudoparkinsonism and schizophrenia on rating scales every week during the 14-week-trial period. Results showed that the intensity of dyskinesia was significantly lower, and that of pseudoparkinsonism higher (but not significantly) with Q.I.D. than with O.D. medication. Symptoms of schizophrenia did not vary in severity appreciably with the two frequencies of drug intake. It is suggested that multiple-dose administration of a phenothiazine maintains a steady level of dopamine blockade throughout the day and thus masks the manifestations of tardive dyskinesia."}
{"id": "PMID:902567", "title": "Corneal topography.", "content": "This paper explores the many aspects of the nature and measurement of the corneal surface. Its structure and the factors that influence it are described. The traditional techniques of keratometry are summarized and there is an emphasis on new experimental methods of determining corneal topography including moir\u00e9, holographic interferometric and profile techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of these procedures are considered.", "contents": "Corneal topography. This paper explores the many aspects of the nature and measurement of the corneal surface. Its structure and the factors that influence it are described. The traditional techniques of keratometry are summarized and there is an emphasis on new experimental methods of determining corneal topography including moir\u00e9, holographic interferometric and profile techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of these procedures are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:902568", "title": "On the individual pressure tolerance of the glaucomatous eye.", "content": "The individual pressure tolerance of any eye can be determined by taking account of the age, the values of the mean arterial pressure APm, the C/D ratio and the degree of deterioration of the visual field. The method developed opens the way to new possibilities in anti-glaucomatous therapy by making it possible to know the value of the maximum pressure (IPT) which can be supported by the eye under treatment. That treatment must succeed in reducing the value Pi to below the value IPT, if it is to be hoped that the evolution of the glaucoma will be stopped.", "contents": "On the individual pressure tolerance of the glaucomatous eye. The individual pressure tolerance of any eye can be determined by taking account of the age, the values of the mean arterial pressure APm, the C/D ratio and the degree of deterioration of the visual field. The method developed opens the way to new possibilities in anti-glaucomatous therapy by making it possible to know the value of the maximum pressure (IPT) which can be supported by the eye under treatment. That treatment must succeed in reducing the value Pi to below the value IPT, if it is to be hoped that the evolution of the glaucoma will be stopped."}
{"id": "PMID:902569", "title": "Spheroidal degeneration of the cornea. Prevalence and association with other eye diseases.", "content": "A sample of 2,427 South African Negroes of the Pondo tribe was specifically examined for spheroidal degeneration of the cornea (S.D.C.). The prevalence of S.D.C. was 7.0% for the whole sample. It was twice as prevalent in men (9.9%) as in women (4.3%) and the prevalence increased with age over 50 for both sexes. The risk of having developed Stage II and III S.D.C. increased with age for men but not for women. The risk of having developed Stage III S.D.C. was not related to age or sex. No significant associations were found between S.D.C. and pterygium, cortical or nuclear cataract and glaucoma (all types and absolute glaucoma). There was a significant association between S.D.C. and pseudocapsular exfoliation for elderly men but elderly men with arcus senilis were less likely to have developed S.D.C. Poor corneal nutrition or metabolism are possible aetiological factors in the progression of S.D.C. to Stages II and III.", "contents": "Spheroidal degeneration of the cornea. Prevalence and association with other eye diseases. A sample of 2,427 South African Negroes of the Pondo tribe was specifically examined for spheroidal degeneration of the cornea (S.D.C.). The prevalence of S.D.C. was 7.0% for the whole sample. It was twice as prevalent in men (9.9%) as in women (4.3%) and the prevalence increased with age over 50 for both sexes. The risk of having developed Stage II and III S.D.C. increased with age for men but not for women. The risk of having developed Stage III S.D.C. was not related to age or sex. No significant associations were found between S.D.C. and pterygium, cortical or nuclear cataract and glaucoma (all types and absolute glaucoma). There was a significant association between S.D.C. and pseudocapsular exfoliation for elderly men but elderly men with arcus senilis were less likely to have developed S.D.C. Poor corneal nutrition or metabolism are possible aetiological factors in the progression of S.D.C. to Stages II and III."}
{"id": "PMID:902584", "title": "[Patient's understanding of their illness and patient-doctor relationship in the out-patient clinic (author's transl)].", "content": "96 randomised outpatients of the Medical University Policlinic at Basle were interviewed at their first medical examination: 88 patients were told their diagnosis. Afterwards 76 were able to name the diagnosis correctly, with 55% showing good, 26% mediocre and 19% insufficient understanding of their illness. This understanding was influenced by profession, age and sex. With the aid of 25 medical terms familiar to a layman, basic medical knowledge of the patient was tested. Half of the questions were answered correctly, with a good correlation between understanding of the disease and basic medical knowledge. Half the patients complained of having insufficient comprehension of the medical explanation of their illness, the main reason being the use of latin terms by the doctors. Better medical information of the public, and conscientious and comprehensive explanation of the illness by the doctor are obviously essential conditions for the better understanding of his disease by the patient.", "contents": "[Patient's understanding of their illness and patient-doctor relationship in the out-patient clinic (author's transl)]. 96 randomised outpatients of the Medical University Policlinic at Basle were interviewed at their first medical examination: 88 patients were told their diagnosis. Afterwards 76 were able to name the diagnosis correctly, with 55% showing good, 26% mediocre and 19% insufficient understanding of their illness. This understanding was influenced by profession, age and sex. With the aid of 25 medical terms familiar to a layman, basic medical knowledge of the patient was tested. Half of the questions were answered correctly, with a good correlation between understanding of the disease and basic medical knowledge. Half the patients complained of having insufficient comprehension of the medical explanation of their illness, the main reason being the use of latin terms by the doctors. Better medical information of the public, and conscientious and comprehensive explanation of the illness by the doctor are obviously essential conditions for the better understanding of his disease by the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:902585", "title": "[New aspects of the pathogenesis and treatment of haemorrhoids (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood flow out of the corpus cavernosum recti (which has an arterial blood supply) was studied by injection of veins in the anorectal region. Venous flow occurred across the sphinctre and proved of considerable significance in the pathogenesis of haemorrhoids. An understanding of the pathomorphological changes in the three stages of haemorrhoid development made appropriate therapeutic consequences possible.", "contents": "[New aspects of the pathogenesis and treatment of haemorrhoids (author's transl)]. Blood flow out of the corpus cavernosum recti (which has an arterial blood supply) was studied by injection of veins in the anorectal region. Venous flow occurred across the sphinctre and proved of considerable significance in the pathogenesis of haemorrhoids. An understanding of the pathomorphological changes in the three stages of haemorrhoid development made appropriate therapeutic consequences possible."}
{"id": "PMID:902586", "title": "[Spontaneous platelet aggregation associated with administration of sex hormones in men and women (author's transl)].", "content": "Spontaneous platelet aggregation was measured by an identical rheological method in 19 women and 17 men. Eight of the women (average age 26 years, range 19-56) were at the time on oral contraceptives (group A), the other eleven (average age 26, range 19-50 years) served as controls (group B), as did 17 men (group C) of similar age (average 28, range 22-50 years). Mean maximal aggregation amplitude was significantly greater in group A than B and C (P less than 0.05 and less than 0.025, respectively), which makes it probable that there was a greater tendency to aggregation of the blood platelets under the influence of the oral contraceptive.", "contents": "[Spontaneous platelet aggregation associated with administration of sex hormones in men and women (author's transl)]. Spontaneous platelet aggregation was measured by an identical rheological method in 19 women and 17 men. Eight of the women (average age 26 years, range 19-56) were at the time on oral contraceptives (group A), the other eleven (average age 26, range 19-50 years) served as controls (group B), as did 17 men (group C) of similar age (average 28, range 22-50 years). Mean maximal aggregation amplitude was significantly greater in group A than B and C (P less than 0.05 and less than 0.025, respectively), which makes it probable that there was a greater tendency to aggregation of the blood platelets under the influence of the oral contraceptive."}
{"id": "PMID:902587", "title": "[Regional suppurative lymphadenitis after BCG vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "In the first half of 1975 there occurred in the Federal Republic of Germany an unusual rise in the incidence of suppurative inguinal lymphadenitis after BCG vaccination of newborns, in immediate time relation with change of the vaccine by its manufacturers, Behringwerke. The attenuated daughter strain G\u00f6teborg had been replaced by the effective but also rather aggressive strain Copenhagen 1331. The complication rate was 1.5% in West Berlin. Clinical course, operative technique as well as microbiological and histomorphological features of these cases were analyzed in a joint study. Since it is likely that, after re-admission of the Copenhagen vaccine, such complications may again occur despite reduced micro-organism count, vaccination of newborns should in future be restricted to those at risk.", "contents": "[Regional suppurative lymphadenitis after BCG vaccination (author's transl)]. In the first half of 1975 there occurred in the Federal Republic of Germany an unusual rise in the incidence of suppurative inguinal lymphadenitis after BCG vaccination of newborns, in immediate time relation with change of the vaccine by its manufacturers, Behringwerke. The attenuated daughter strain G\u00f6teborg had been replaced by the effective but also rather aggressive strain Copenhagen 1331. The complication rate was 1.5% in West Berlin. Clinical course, operative technique as well as microbiological and histomorphological features of these cases were analyzed in a joint study. Since it is likely that, after re-admission of the Copenhagen vaccine, such complications may again occur despite reduced micro-organism count, vaccination of newborns should in future be restricted to those at risk."}
{"id": "PMID:902590", "title": "[Agranulocytosis due to cotrimoxazole in a seven-year-old boy (author's transl)].", "content": "A seven-year-old boy presented with agranulocytosis after receiving cotrimoxazole for eight days. Three years previously he had had another episode of untoward reaction to the drug with transient, mild leucocytopenia. But four periods of cotrimoxazole treatment in the intervening years had been tolerated without complications. There was no improvement in the critical state of the child while on broadspectrum antibiotics, until granulocytes reappeared in peripheral blood. This reaction to cotrimoxazole, although extremely rare, requires serial white blood cell and granulocyte counts during repeated and prolonged cotrimoxazole administration, if signs or symptoms of infection persist.", "contents": "[Agranulocytosis due to cotrimoxazole in a seven-year-old boy (author's transl)]. A seven-year-old boy presented with agranulocytosis after receiving cotrimoxazole for eight days. Three years previously he had had another episode of untoward reaction to the drug with transient, mild leucocytopenia. But four periods of cotrimoxazole treatment in the intervening years had been tolerated without complications. There was no improvement in the critical state of the child while on broadspectrum antibiotics, until granulocytes reappeared in peripheral blood. This reaction to cotrimoxazole, although extremely rare, requires serial white blood cell and granulocyte counts during repeated and prolonged cotrimoxazole administration, if signs or symptoms of infection persist."}
{"id": "PMID:902589", "title": "[Percutaneous puncture of the femoral vein for haemodialysis: report of 5000 punctures (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the Seldinger technique, a total of 5306 percutaneous femoral vein catheterisations were performed in the course of ten years. Two-catheter venovenous dialysis was performed 2357 times and single-needle technique 592 times. There were five important complications: severe retroperitoneal bleeding after perforation of the external iliac vein three times, fatal bleeding from the femoral artery once, and reversible damage to the femoral nerve once. The results indicate that for every 1000 percutaneous femoral-vein catheterisations one must expect one severe complication. However, by using the correct catheter technique, especially careful manipulation of the wire, complications can be largely avoided.", "contents": "[Percutaneous puncture of the femoral vein for haemodialysis: report of 5000 punctures (author's transl)]. Using the Seldinger technique, a total of 5306 percutaneous femoral vein catheterisations were performed in the course of ten years. Two-catheter venovenous dialysis was performed 2357 times and single-needle technique 592 times. There were five important complications: severe retroperitoneal bleeding after perforation of the external iliac vein three times, fatal bleeding from the femoral artery once, and reversible damage to the femoral nerve once. The results indicate that for every 1000 percutaneous femoral-vein catheterisations one must expect one severe complication. However, by using the correct catheter technique, especially careful manipulation of the wire, complications can be largely avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:902596", "title": "[Progress in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction by determining isoenzyme CK-MB with inhibitory antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "Sensitivity and value of the quantitative measurement of the isoenzyme creatine kinase-MB by means inhibitory antibodies were studied in a number of experiments. The results indicate that concentrations of more than 3 U/1 are abnormal: they were found only in patients with myocardial cell damage but not after intramuscular injection or physical exercise. Determining CK-MB apparently offers a better way of assessing low or moderate increases of total CK activity than, e.g., the CK/GOT ratio. The method should therefore be introduced into clinical diagnosis. But the question of whether CK-MB measurement can differentiate between myocardial infarction and reversible myocardial cell damage remains unanswered: it is not 100% specific for myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Progress in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction by determining isoenzyme CK-MB with inhibitory antibodies (author's transl)]. Sensitivity and value of the quantitative measurement of the isoenzyme creatine kinase-MB by means inhibitory antibodies were studied in a number of experiments. The results indicate that concentrations of more than 3 U/1 are abnormal: they were found only in patients with myocardial cell damage but not after intramuscular injection or physical exercise. Determining CK-MB apparently offers a better way of assessing low or moderate increases of total CK activity than, e.g., the CK/GOT ratio. The method should therefore be introduced into clinical diagnosis. But the question of whether CK-MB measurement can differentiate between myocardial infarction and reversible myocardial cell damage remains unanswered: it is not 100% specific for myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:902597", "title": "[Low-dose heparin and acetyl-salicylic acid after elective operations on the hip joint (author's transl)].", "content": "3.6 g acetylsalicylic lysin was injected into 30 patients daily after operative replacement of the hip-joint. Pulmonary embolism and (or) deep-vein thrombosis were diagnosed in 19 patients. Low-dose heparin (3 X 5000 IU/24 h) significantly reduced the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis (ten of thirty patients: P less than 0.05) compared with the acetylsalicylic acid group. The results demonstrate not only the inadequate thrombosis prophylaxis provided by acetylsalicylic acid, but also that low-dose heparin prophylaxis in these specially at risk patients is of limited efficacy.", "contents": "[Low-dose heparin and acetyl-salicylic acid after elective operations on the hip joint (author's transl)]. 3.6 g acetylsalicylic lysin was injected into 30 patients daily after operative replacement of the hip-joint. Pulmonary embolism and (or) deep-vein thrombosis were diagnosed in 19 patients. Low-dose heparin (3 X 5000 IU/24 h) significantly reduced the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis (ten of thirty patients: P less than 0.05) compared with the acetylsalicylic acid group. The results demonstrate not only the inadequate thrombosis prophylaxis provided by acetylsalicylic acid, but also that low-dose heparin prophylaxis in these specially at risk patients is of limited efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:902598", "title": "[Hyperreninism without hyperaldosteronism in diuretic abuse: a report of a case with identification of mefruside and ethacrynic acid in urine (author's transl)].", "content": "A 46-year-old nurse had been hospitalized 16 times during the preceding five years because of episodes of excessive hypokalaemia. On admission to hospital there was hypokalaemia, polyuria, excessive plasma renin activity but no increased aldosterone secretion rate. Diuretic abuse was confirmed by gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry of mefruside and ethacrynic acid in the patient's urine. Apart from other interesting aspects of this case there was the demonstration of hyperreninism without hyperaldo-steronism. The stimulating effect of renin on aldosterone secretion was obviously lower than the inhibiting effect of hypokalaemia. The general term \"renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system\" is, therefore, misleading because it mentions only one pathway of aldosterone regulation. The combination of hypokalaemia, polyuria, hyperreninism without hyperaldosteronism is apparently the principal but not widely recognised feature of diuretic abuse.", "contents": "[Hyperreninism without hyperaldosteronism in diuretic abuse: a report of a case with identification of mefruside and ethacrynic acid in urine (author's transl)]. A 46-year-old nurse had been hospitalized 16 times during the preceding five years because of episodes of excessive hypokalaemia. On admission to hospital there was hypokalaemia, polyuria, excessive plasma renin activity but no increased aldosterone secretion rate. Diuretic abuse was confirmed by gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry of mefruside and ethacrynic acid in the patient's urine. Apart from other interesting aspects of this case there was the demonstration of hyperreninism without hyperaldo-steronism. The stimulating effect of renin on aldosterone secretion was obviously lower than the inhibiting effect of hypokalaemia. The general term \"renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system\" is, therefore, misleading because it mentions only one pathway of aldosterone regulation. The combination of hypokalaemia, polyuria, hyperreninism without hyperaldosteronism is apparently the principal but not widely recognised feature of diuretic abuse."}
{"id": "PMID:902604", "title": "[Digitalis effects on the electrocardiogramm: ergometric studies in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapeutically effective doses of beta-acetyldigoxin in healthy subjects produced no or only minor S-T depression both at rest and under maximal cycle-ergometry, in individual instances the S-T segment never being depressed by more than 0.1 mV. On the other hand, similar exercise in patients with latent coronary insufficiency produced marked, significantly and dose-dependent S-T segment depressions under increasing digitalisation within the therapeutic range, and in some of the patients there was also decreased exercise tolerance before anginal symptoms. It is concluded that the so-called digitalis effect is definitely of diagnostic significance in the recognition of latent coronary insufficiency, contrary to previously held belief.", "contents": "[Digitalis effects on the electrocardiogramm: ergometric studies in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease (author's transl)]. Therapeutically effective doses of beta-acetyldigoxin in healthy subjects produced no or only minor S-T depression both at rest and under maximal cycle-ergometry, in individual instances the S-T segment never being depressed by more than 0.1 mV. On the other hand, similar exercise in patients with latent coronary insufficiency produced marked, significantly and dose-dependent S-T segment depressions under increasing digitalisation within the therapeutic range, and in some of the patients there was also decreased exercise tolerance before anginal symptoms. It is concluded that the so-called digitalis effect is definitely of diagnostic significance in the recognition of latent coronary insufficiency, contrary to previously held belief."}
{"id": "PMID:902605", "title": "[Fetoscopy under ultrasound control (author's transl)].", "content": "Under local anaesthesia and ultrasound control (beta-mode; Vidoson) the fetoscope was introduced into the amniotic cavity in 23 women, 13-20 weeks pregnant. Used before planned surgical abortion the method decisively reduced the dangers of damage to the fetus. In 21 women introduction of the fetoscope was without problem, but twice obesity made it difficult. Placental surface, umbilical cord, fetal head and fetal limbs were more commonly seen than other fetal parts. In one instance fetoscopy made it possible to exclude Mohr's syndrome. Preliminary attempts to obtain fetal blood by puncture of placental vessels under fetoscopy were successful. The described technique seems highly promising. Further experience will demonstrate whether it is without danger and simple enough to be used routinely in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies.", "contents": "[Fetoscopy under ultrasound control (author's transl)]. Under local anaesthesia and ultrasound control (beta-mode; Vidoson) the fetoscope was introduced into the amniotic cavity in 23 women, 13-20 weeks pregnant. Used before planned surgical abortion the method decisively reduced the dangers of damage to the fetus. In 21 women introduction of the fetoscope was without problem, but twice obesity made it difficult. Placental surface, umbilical cord, fetal head and fetal limbs were more commonly seen than other fetal parts. In one instance fetoscopy made it possible to exclude Mohr's syndrome. Preliminary attempts to obtain fetal blood by puncture of placental vessels under fetoscopy were successful. The described technique seems highly promising. Further experience will demonstrate whether it is without danger and simple enough to be used routinely in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:902606", "title": "[Abnormal myocardial blood flow pattern after non-transmural infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "While coronary angiography was within normal limits in three patients with recurrent severe attacks of angina and non-transmural postero-lateral wall myocardial infarction, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy demonstrated an abnormal distribution pattern. In addition to recanalised thrombosis, embolism or spasm, abnormalities in the microcirculation are possible causes of the discrepancy between the coronary arteriogram and the scintigram. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is of particular diagnostic significance in this group of patients with coronary heart disease but normal coronary angiography. Treatment in the presence of this finding consists of administration of platelet-aggregation inhibitors.", "contents": "[Abnormal myocardial blood flow pattern after non-transmural infarction (author's transl)]. While coronary angiography was within normal limits in three patients with recurrent severe attacks of angina and non-transmural postero-lateral wall myocardial infarction, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy demonstrated an abnormal distribution pattern. In addition to recanalised thrombosis, embolism or spasm, abnormalities in the microcirculation are possible causes of the discrepancy between the coronary arteriogram and the scintigram. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is of particular diagnostic significance in this group of patients with coronary heart disease but normal coronary angiography. Treatment in the presence of this finding consists of administration of platelet-aggregation inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:902635", "title": "[Cutaneous iontophoresis of hyaluronidase in the treatment of hemorrhages in hemophilic patients].", "content": "After a surgery of the theoretical background of iontophoretic technic and the physico-chemical properties of hyaluronidases, a clinical application is presented, based on over 500 hemophilic patients treated percutaneously, in cases both of hemarthrosis and hematomas. The results are presented and discussed. The conclusion is that hyaluronidase iontophoresis is useful and should be performed together with the other measures for the prevention and the treatment of the damages produced by hemorrhages in hemophilic patients.", "contents": "[Cutaneous iontophoresis of hyaluronidase in the treatment of hemorrhages in hemophilic patients]. After a surgery of the theoretical background of iontophoretic technic and the physico-chemical properties of hyaluronidases, a clinical application is presented, based on over 500 hemophilic patients treated percutaneously, in cases both of hemarthrosis and hematomas. The results are presented and discussed. The conclusion is that hyaluronidase iontophoresis is useful and should be performed together with the other measures for the prevention and the treatment of the damages produced by hemorrhages in hemophilic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:902636", "title": "Blood biochemical alterations during recovery from competitive marathon running.", "content": "The occurrence of possible prolonged alterations in plasma levels of cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, selected energy metabolites, and water and electrolyte balance was assessed in six highly trained male marathon runners by measuring blood biochemical constituents on the 10th day before and for the three days following the running of a marathon. Post-race changes in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and protein levels indicated that a hemodilution had occurred, possibly as a result of elevated sodium levels. Epinephrine remained elevated until the second day. Cortisol was depressed on the first and third post-race days while variable levels were observed on the second day. No prolonged alterations were noted in norepinephrine, FFA, glycerol, triglycerides, glucose, lactate, and pyruvate.", "contents": "Blood biochemical alterations during recovery from competitive marathon running. The occurrence of possible prolonged alterations in plasma levels of cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, selected energy metabolites, and water and electrolyte balance was assessed in six highly trained male marathon runners by measuring blood biochemical constituents on the 10th day before and for the three days following the running of a marathon. Post-race changes in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and protein levels indicated that a hemodilution had occurred, possibly as a result of elevated sodium levels. Epinephrine remained elevated until the second day. Cortisol was depressed on the first and third post-race days while variable levels were observed on the second day. No prolonged alterations were noted in norepinephrine, FFA, glycerol, triglycerides, glucose, lactate, and pyruvate."}
{"id": "PMID:902637", "title": "Failure of noise  exposure to modify temporal patterns of plasma cortisol in man.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to assess the modification in the temporal pattern of plasma cortisol levels during exposure to noises of different intensities, frequencies and durations. Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured from 08.00 h to 15.00 h at 10 min intervals in eight subjects on a control day and one or two exposure days. Noise exposures induced no significant increase in plasma cortisol concentration. It is concluded that noise, at \"safe\" levels for human hearing conservation, when not associated with other potentially noxious stimuli does not cause hyperactivity of the pituitary-adrenocortical system. These results do not tally with those from animal studies where noise is known to activate corticotrophin (ACTH) secretion.", "contents": "Failure of noise  exposure to modify temporal patterns of plasma cortisol in man. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the modification in the temporal pattern of plasma cortisol levels during exposure to noises of different intensities, frequencies and durations. Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured from 08.00 h to 15.00 h at 10 min intervals in eight subjects on a control day and one or two exposure days. Noise exposures induced no significant increase in plasma cortisol concentration. It is concluded that noise, at \"safe\" levels for human hearing conservation, when not associated with other potentially noxious stimuli does not cause hyperactivity of the pituitary-adrenocortical system. These results do not tally with those from animal studies where noise is known to activate corticotrophin (ACTH) secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:902638", "title": "Effect of glucose ingestion on energy substrate utilization during prolonged muscular exercise.", "content": "The distribution of substrates utilized during prolonged exercise was investigated in normal human volunteers with an without ingestion of 100 g exogenous glucose. The energy provided by protein oxidation was derived from urinary nitrogen excretion and the total energy provided by carbohydrates and lipids was calculated from respiratory quotient (RQ) determinations. The contribution of exogenous glucose to the energy supply was determined by an original procedure using \"naturally labeled 13C-glucose\" as metabolic tracer. Protein oxidation provided between 1 and 2% of the total energy requirement; this amount was not affected by glucose ingestion. In the absence of exogenous glucose ingestion, carbohydrate were progressively replaced by lipids as source of energy. Exogenous glucose contributed markedly to total carbohydrate oxidation and decreased the percentage of energy derived from lipids. In addition, ingestion of exogenous glucose resulted in a significant economy of endogenous carbohydrates and permitted to prolong the duration of exercise.", "contents": "Effect of glucose ingestion on energy substrate utilization during prolonged muscular exercise. The distribution of substrates utilized during prolonged exercise was investigated in normal human volunteers with an without ingestion of 100 g exogenous glucose. The energy provided by protein oxidation was derived from urinary nitrogen excretion and the total energy provided by carbohydrates and lipids was calculated from respiratory quotient (RQ) determinations. The contribution of exogenous glucose to the energy supply was determined by an original procedure using \"naturally labeled 13C-glucose\" as metabolic tracer. Protein oxidation provided between 1 and 2% of the total energy requirement; this amount was not affected by glucose ingestion. In the absence of exogenous glucose ingestion, carbohydrate were progressively replaced by lipids as source of energy. Exogenous glucose contributed markedly to total carbohydrate oxidation and decreased the percentage of energy derived from lipids. In addition, ingestion of exogenous glucose resulted in a significant economy of endogenous carbohydrates and permitted to prolong the duration of exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:902640", "title": "Muscle amino acid arylpeptidases and their serum changes with exercise.", "content": "Activities of serum amino acid arylpeptidases were determined in five groups of healthy male adults at rest and after various exercise types using the following substrates: Ala-, Leu-, Phe-, Tyr-, Gly- and Pro-4-Nitroanilide. The exercise-induced changes were compared to the activities of the respective enzymes in resting leg muscles. A regression function was found, showing a close correlation between the mentioned parameters in all groups. The influence of haemoconcentration and intravascular hemolysis on the postexercise measured activities was of no consequence.", "contents": "Muscle amino acid arylpeptidases and their serum changes with exercise. Activities of serum amino acid arylpeptidases were determined in five groups of healthy male adults at rest and after various exercise types using the following substrates: Ala-, Leu-, Phe-, Tyr-, Gly- and Pro-4-Nitroanilide. The exercise-induced changes were compared to the activities of the respective enzymes in resting leg muscles. A regression function was found, showing a close correlation between the mentioned parameters in all groups. The influence of haemoconcentration and intravascular hemolysis on the postexercise measured activities was of no consequence."}
{"id": "PMID:902639", "title": "Regional blood flow in response to exercise in conscious dogs.", "content": "Regional blood flow was measured with the microsphere method in conscious dogs under resting conditions and during moderate exercise on the treadmill. With respect to total organ blood flow, exercise induced a marked increase in blood flow to the calf muscles and to the myocardium, and a significant decrease in the arterial blood supply to the liver. Slight changes in blood flow to the other organs under study (various skeletal muscles, skin, brain, kidneys, intestine) were not significant. Study of the blood flow distribution within the myocardium showed a slight decrease of the ratio of subendocardial to subepicardial blood flow in the left ventricular free wall in response to exercise, and within the brain there was a relative increase in the blood flow to the cerebellum.", "contents": "Regional blood flow in response to exercise in conscious dogs. Regional blood flow was measured with the microsphere method in conscious dogs under resting conditions and during moderate exercise on the treadmill. With respect to total organ blood flow, exercise induced a marked increase in blood flow to the calf muscles and to the myocardium, and a significant decrease in the arterial blood supply to the liver. Slight changes in blood flow to the other organs under study (various skeletal muscles, skin, brain, kidneys, intestine) were not significant. Study of the blood flow distribution within the myocardium showed a slight decrease of the ratio of subendocardial to subepicardial blood flow in the left ventricular free wall in response to exercise, and within the brain there was a relative increase in the blood flow to the cerebellum."}
{"id": "PMID:902641", "title": "Comparison of supine and sitting body position during a triangular exercise test. I. Experiences in healthy subjects.", "content": "A comparison of haemodynamic parameters is performed during a triangular exercise test on bicycle ergometer in respect of studying the influence of supine and sitting body position. At the maximal symptom-limited work load reached the heart rate is on the average 9.2% higher, the arterial systolic pressure 16.1% and the cardiac output 17.2% less in the sitting body position (P less than 0.001). On the opposite the pulmonary artery pressure during work is of slightly but not significantly higher level in the sitting position than in the supine. This phenomenon is explained by a prevailing of the beta-adrenergic tonus in our untrained subjects, while total sympathetic stimulation seems to be comparable in both body positions.", "contents": "Comparison of supine and sitting body position during a triangular exercise test. I. Experiences in healthy subjects. A comparison of haemodynamic parameters is performed during a triangular exercise test on bicycle ergometer in respect of studying the influence of supine and sitting body position. At the maximal symptom-limited work load reached the heart rate is on the average 9.2% higher, the arterial systolic pressure 16.1% and the cardiac output 17.2% less in the sitting body position (P less than 0.001). On the opposite the pulmonary artery pressure during work is of slightly but not significantly higher level in the sitting position than in the supine. This phenomenon is explained by a prevailing of the beta-adrenergic tonus in our untrained subjects, while total sympathetic stimulation seems to be comparable in both body positions."}
{"id": "PMID:902643", "title": "Effects of fatiguing isometric and isotonic exercise on resisted and unresisted reaction time components.", "content": "Fractionated resisted and unresisted RT for a knee-extension task was assessed on 12 male subjects over a 10-day treatment period. The first 4 days were baseline days and were designed to stabilize all RT values as well as strength measures. For the next 6 days the subjects were alternately administered isometric and isotonic exercise designed to fatigue the quadriceps musculature. Although significant strength decrements were manifested for both isometric exercise (57%) and isotonic exercise (35%), no changes were shown in the unresisted fractionated RT components. Conversely all resisted RT changes were manifested in the muscular component suggesting a peripheral site for neuromuscular fatigue.", "contents": "Effects of fatiguing isometric and isotonic exercise on resisted and unresisted reaction time components. Fractionated resisted and unresisted RT for a knee-extension task was assessed on 12 male subjects over a 10-day treatment period. The first 4 days were baseline days and were designed to stabilize all RT values as well as strength measures. For the next 6 days the subjects were alternately administered isometric and isotonic exercise designed to fatigue the quadriceps musculature. Although significant strength decrements were manifested for both isometric exercise (57%) and isotonic exercise (35%), no changes were shown in the unresisted fractionated RT components. Conversely all resisted RT changes were manifested in the muscular component suggesting a peripheral site for neuromuscular fatigue."}
{"id": "PMID:902644", "title": "[Evaluation of changes in pulse rate caused by stimuli (author's transl)].", "content": "Short acoustical stimuli induce a biphasic reaction in pulse rate. After an initial increase in frequency, pulse rate decreases below the value calculated before stimulation. This decrease is followed by a slow increase towards the baseline value. As described by other authors the maximum occurs at the 4th heart beat after onset of stimuli. It could be pointed out that the occurrence of the maximum is related to the pulse rate measured before the stimuli. The higher this rate, the \"later\" the maximum occurs if it is expressed in beats after stimulation. A new mode of evaluation which is independent of pulse rate pointed out that the time between stimulus and maximum is constant. It is proposed to use the evaluation described here in order to allow a most exact location of the extreme values. For experiments with very small variability of pulse rate the evaluation used till now will be sufficient, but only if the mean pulse rate and it's standard deviation before stimulation is mentioned.", "contents": "[Evaluation of changes in pulse rate caused by stimuli (author's transl)]. Short acoustical stimuli induce a biphasic reaction in pulse rate. After an initial increase in frequency, pulse rate decreases below the value calculated before stimulation. This decrease is followed by a slow increase towards the baseline value. As described by other authors the maximum occurs at the 4th heart beat after onset of stimuli. It could be pointed out that the occurrence of the maximum is related to the pulse rate measured before the stimuli. The higher this rate, the \"later\" the maximum occurs if it is expressed in beats after stimulation. A new mode of evaluation which is independent of pulse rate pointed out that the time between stimulus and maximum is constant. It is proposed to use the evaluation described here in order to allow a most exact location of the extreme values. For experiments with very small variability of pulse rate the evaluation used till now will be sufficient, but only if the mean pulse rate and it's standard deviation before stimulation is mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:902645", "title": "A portable heart rate distribution recorder for studying daily physical activity.", "content": "This paper provides a brief description of a new 8-register heartbeat integrator for recording the heart rate over a long period (24-h or more) in order to assess daily physical activity in children and adults. This compact, rugged device records the cardiac beat to beat interval in seven registers, ranging from 40--225 H4/min. An eight register, the so called \"quality level\"; (range 225--300 Hr/min) is added to count all non-physiological pulses resulting from muscle noise, etc. To test for validity this system was evaluated simultaneously against two established systems; a manual acoustic monitoring system and a heart rate recording system. Comparison of the results demonstrated good agreement. Integrator influences on the normal daily activity behaviour of the children (age 5 yrs.) was checked with the pedometer method. It was found that wearing of the heartbeat integrator did not appreciably influenced the normal behaviour of the children.", "contents": "A portable heart rate distribution recorder for studying daily physical activity. This paper provides a brief description of a new 8-register heartbeat integrator for recording the heart rate over a long period (24-h or more) in order to assess daily physical activity in children and adults. This compact, rugged device records the cardiac beat to beat interval in seven registers, ranging from 40--225 H4/min. An eight register, the so called \"quality level\"; (range 225--300 Hr/min) is added to count all non-physiological pulses resulting from muscle noise, etc. To test for validity this system was evaluated simultaneously against two established systems; a manual acoustic monitoring system and a heart rate recording system. Comparison of the results demonstrated good agreement. Integrator influences on the normal daily activity behaviour of the children (age 5 yrs.) was checked with the pedometer method. It was found that wearing of the heartbeat integrator did not appreciably influenced the normal behaviour of the children."}
{"id": "PMID:902649", "title": "Effect of hyperoxia on performance capacity of firemen.", "content": "We examined the effect of O2-enriched air upon performance capacity and some physiological and psychological variables. Eight firemen were studied during seven bouts of 2 min treadmill-running while breathing air with 21 or 40% oxygen. The duration of the resting periods between the working bouts was chosed by the subjects themselves, with the instructions to rest as short as possible. Total resting time decreased by 29% and total amount of air used by 6%, under the 40% oxygen condition. There were no differences in 1) minute ventilation during working periods (when the subjects breathed 40% oxygen respiratory rate decreased whereas tidalvolume increased), 2) heart rate reached during working periods, 3) subjective feelings of fatigue as indicated by the subjects at the end of every working period. Advantages of the use of O2-enriched air by firemen are discussed and it is concluded that breathing air with 40% oxygen does not mean an extra physiological or psychological load for the organism. Finally, possible factors that made a subject decide to start again are discussed and the importance of the respiratory rate in this decision is indicated.", "contents": "Effect of hyperoxia on performance capacity of firemen. We examined the effect of O2-enriched air upon performance capacity and some physiological and psychological variables. Eight firemen were studied during seven bouts of 2 min treadmill-running while breathing air with 21 or 40% oxygen. The duration of the resting periods between the working bouts was chosed by the subjects themselves, with the instructions to rest as short as possible. Total resting time decreased by 29% and total amount of air used by 6%, under the 40% oxygen condition. There were no differences in 1) minute ventilation during working periods (when the subjects breathed 40% oxygen respiratory rate decreased whereas tidalvolume increased), 2) heart rate reached during working periods, 3) subjective feelings of fatigue as indicated by the subjects at the end of every working period. Advantages of the use of O2-enriched air by firemen are discussed and it is concluded that breathing air with 40% oxygen does not mean an extra physiological or psychological load for the organism. Finally, possible factors that made a subject decide to start again are discussed and the importance of the respiratory rate in this decision is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:902650", "title": "Validity and reliability of pedometers in habitual activity research.", "content": "In 12--18 year old boys actual steprate on a treadmill was compared to the scores of two types of mechanical pedometers (Russian and German), attached to the waist. Both types show deviations from actual steprate in running at speeds of 8 and 10 km - h-1 of ca. 5% (+/- 9%). In walking or running at 6 km - h-1 and in running at 14 km - h-1 both types give an overestimation of ca. 8.5% (+/- 8%). In walking at a speed of 2 and 4 km - h-1 the scores are not reliable because of the big standard deviation of ca. 34%. Oxygen uptake (ml - kg-1) and heart rate (beats - min-1) increase more in running than in walking, actual steprate (steps - min-1) however increases less in running compared to walking. If pedometers register only during running they reflect actual steprate fairly good and give a good estimation of the change in oxygen uptake as speed gathers.", "contents": "Validity and reliability of pedometers in habitual activity research. In 12--18 year old boys actual steprate on a treadmill was compared to the scores of two types of mechanical pedometers (Russian and German), attached to the waist. Both types show deviations from actual steprate in running at speeds of 8 and 10 km - h-1 of ca. 5% (+/- 9%). In walking or running at 6 km - h-1 and in running at 14 km - h-1 both types give an overestimation of ca. 8.5% (+/- 8%). In walking at a speed of 2 and 4 km - h-1 the scores are not reliable because of the big standard deviation of ca. 34%. Oxygen uptake (ml - kg-1) and heart rate (beats - min-1) increase more in running than in walking, actual steprate (steps - min-1) however increases less in running compared to walking. If pedometers register only during running they reflect actual steprate fairly good and give a good estimation of the change in oxygen uptake as speed gathers."}
{"id": "PMID:902652", "title": "Signal characteristics of EMG during fatigue.", "content": "Electromyographic (EMG) activity of m. rectus femoris muscle was registered from young male and female subjects during maintained isometric knee extension at 60% of maximal voluntary contraction. The following EMG parameters were analyzed for the entire fatigue time: integrated EMG (IEMG),  averaged motor unit potential (AMUP) and power spectral density function (PSDF). The results indicated a slight but continuous rise of IEMG during the fatigue period. AMUP showed sensitivity to fatigue with increase in amplitude, rise time, and number of spikes counted. PSDF was also easily affected by  fatigue so that the total power density curve was shifted towards lower frequencies with a high frequency decay. The mean power frequency decreased linearily as a function of fatigue time. The findings suggest that in addition to natural recruitment of new motor units the fatigue is characterized by marked reduction in the conduction velocities of action potential along the used muscle fibers.", "contents": "Signal characteristics of EMG during fatigue. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of m. rectus femoris muscle was registered from young male and female subjects during maintained isometric knee extension at 60% of maximal voluntary contraction. The following EMG parameters were analyzed for the entire fatigue time: integrated EMG (IEMG),  averaged motor unit potential (AMUP) and power spectral density function (PSDF). The results indicated a slight but continuous rise of IEMG during the fatigue period. AMUP showed sensitivity to fatigue with increase in amplitude, rise time, and number of spikes counted. PSDF was also easily affected by  fatigue so that the total power density curve was shifted towards lower frequencies with a high frequency decay. The mean power frequency decreased linearily as a function of fatigue time. The findings suggest that in addition to natural recruitment of new motor units the fatigue is characterized by marked reduction in the conduction velocities of action potential along the used muscle fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:902653", "title": "A comparison of three W170 protocols.", "content": "This study compared the W170 scores of 9 male subjects in kgm/kg X min resultant from the following protocols: 2 X 6 min workloads (3 min rest between each bout), 3 X 4 min workloads (1 1/2 min rest between each bout), and 4 X 3 min workloads (1 min rest between each bout). Each subject experienced 2 preliminary rides in order to overcome the problems of learning and habituation and the order of the 3 experimental treatments was randomly assigned to each subject. An analysis of variance repeated measures design revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the 3 protocols at the 0.05 level. The scores for the three W170 protocols correlated -0.084, 0.040, and -0.142 with VO2 max in ml/kg X min. The correlation coefficient between actual VO2 max in ml/kg X min and that predicted from the Astrand-Ryhming nomogram was 0.723.", "contents": "A comparison of three W170 protocols. This study compared the W170 scores of 9 male subjects in kgm/kg X min resultant from the following protocols: 2 X 6 min workloads (3 min rest between each bout), 3 X 4 min workloads (1 1/2 min rest between each bout), and 4 X 3 min workloads (1 min rest between each bout). Each subject experienced 2 preliminary rides in order to overcome the problems of learning and habituation and the order of the 3 experimental treatments was randomly assigned to each subject. An analysis of variance repeated measures design revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the 3 protocols at the 0.05 level. The scores for the three W170 protocols correlated -0.084, 0.040, and -0.142 with VO2 max in ml/kg X min. The correlation coefficient between actual VO2 max in ml/kg X min and that predicted from the Astrand-Ryhming nomogram was 0.723."}
{"id": "PMID:902654", "title": "Influence of water temperature on thermal, circulatory and respiratory responses to muscular work.", "content": "Different muscular exercises have been executed on a bicycle ergometer during immersion in water, the temperature of which varied between 20 and 40 degrees C. During submaximal works, O2 consumption was not modified by the temperature of the water. On the other hand, body temperature (rectal and muscular) are clearly influenced by environment. The temperature of the quadriceps varies from 37.7-38.5 degrees C when the bath temperature rises from 20-40 degrees C during the same work intensity corresponding to 1/3 of the individual maximal work capacity. The rectal temperature was always lower about 0.5 degrees C. Ventilation and heart rate underwent modifications which were significantly accentuated in hot water. Maximal O2 consumption does not reach its highest level in cold water. The low muscular temperature observed in these conditions seems to limit the aerobic metabolism and the working of the muscles. Maximal O2 consumption then rises in parallel with the increase in bath temperature and in body temperatures. In very hot water however (40 degrees C), when rectal temperature rises unduly, the circulatory demand linked to thermolysis becomes excessive, and maximal O2 consumption decreases.", "contents": "Influence of water temperature on thermal, circulatory and respiratory responses to muscular work. Different muscular exercises have been executed on a bicycle ergometer during immersion in water, the temperature of which varied between 20 and 40 degrees C. During submaximal works, O2 consumption was not modified by the temperature of the water. On the other hand, body temperature (rectal and muscular) are clearly influenced by environment. The temperature of the quadriceps varies from 37.7-38.5 degrees C when the bath temperature rises from 20-40 degrees C during the same work intensity corresponding to 1/3 of the individual maximal work capacity. The rectal temperature was always lower about 0.5 degrees C. Ventilation and heart rate underwent modifications which were significantly accentuated in hot water. Maximal O2 consumption does not reach its highest level in cold water. The low muscular temperature observed in these conditions seems to limit the aerobic metabolism and the working of the muscles. Maximal O2 consumption then rises in parallel with the increase in bath temperature and in body temperatures. In very hot water however (40 degrees C), when rectal temperature rises unduly, the circulatory demand linked to thermolysis becomes excessive, and maximal O2 consumption decreases."}
{"id": "PMID:902655", "title": "[Behavior of physiological parameters and performance in a compensatory tracking task from the standpoint of aptitude judgements (author's transl)].", "content": "Activation behavior and performance were examined in twenty five subjects participated in a compensatory tracking task. The employed physiological parameters were useful for demonstration of interindividual differences in the activation behavior, personality characteristics are considered. Groups were formed according to the level of heart rate, arrhythmia, respiratory rate and level of performance. It was shown that exists a relation between activation level and performance. With regard to the relation between activation and performance may be derived psychophysiological aptitude judgements.", "contents": "[Behavior of physiological parameters and performance in a compensatory tracking task from the standpoint of aptitude judgements (author's transl)]. Activation behavior and performance were examined in twenty five subjects participated in a compensatory tracking task. The employed physiological parameters were useful for demonstration of interindividual differences in the activation behavior, personality characteristics are considered. Groups were formed according to the level of heart rate, arrhythmia, respiratory rate and level of performance. It was shown that exists a relation between activation level and performance. With regard to the relation between activation and performance may be derived psychophysiological aptitude judgements."}
{"id": "PMID:902656", "title": "Relationship of triceps surae torques to photographed tibia-calcaneum angles in man (II).", "content": "A previous paper described an apparatus and method for giving the relationship between triceps surae torque and the tibia-calcaneum angle. As a first approximation we took the angle between the calcaneum and the foot-plate as being invariable in all subjects, when the torque was zero. The aim of the present work is to measure the inter-individual variations of the angle. 1. Guide-marks are selected on the skin; showing the axes of the calcaneum and of the leg. Metal rods indicate the axes thus defined and the true angle between the leg and the calcaneum is measured by photography. The curves drawn from these true angles differ from the preceding curves by 0 degrees to 10 degrees for normal children and +12 degrees to -15 degrees for cerebral palsied children. 2. The photographic method verifies the exactitude of the trigonometrical method of correcting angles that we proposed in the previous paper.", "contents": "Relationship of triceps surae torques to photographed tibia-calcaneum angles in man (II). A previous paper described an apparatus and method for giving the relationship between triceps surae torque and the tibia-calcaneum angle. As a first approximation we took the angle between the calcaneum and the foot-plate as being invariable in all subjects, when the torque was zero. The aim of the present work is to measure the inter-individual variations of the angle. 1. Guide-marks are selected on the skin; showing the axes of the calcaneum and of the leg. Metal rods indicate the axes thus defined and the true angle between the leg and the calcaneum is measured by photography. The curves drawn from these true angles differ from the preceding curves by 0 degrees to 10 degrees for normal children and +12 degrees to -15 degrees for cerebral palsied children. 2. The photographic method verifies the exactitude of the trigonometrical method of correcting angles that we proposed in the previous paper."}
{"id": "PMID:902657", "title": "To what extent is the tibia-calcaneum angle a reliable measurement of the triceps surae length? Radiological correction of the torque-angle curve (III).", "content": "Previous papers gave some methods for the reliable measurement of the tibia-calcaneum angle. It is of common use to evaluate the physical properties of triceps surae on the basis of torque-angle curves. However this method is reliable only if each tibia-calcaneum angle corresponds to a defined distance between the insertions of the muscle in subjects of the same height. Evidence is given by radiological measurements that this correspondance is correct in normal children. However, this is no longer true in certain cerebral palsied children because of abnormal translation of the calcaneum and/or abnormal ratio of bone sizes. In this case the torque-angle curves do not define properly the torque-length curves. A method of correction is given. This correction may be as high as 15 degrees.", "contents": "To what extent is the tibia-calcaneum angle a reliable measurement of the triceps surae length? Radiological correction of the torque-angle curve (III). Previous papers gave some methods for the reliable measurement of the tibia-calcaneum angle. It is of common use to evaluate the physical properties of triceps surae on the basis of torque-angle curves. However this method is reliable only if each tibia-calcaneum angle corresponds to a defined distance between the insertions of the muscle in subjects of the same height. Evidence is given by radiological measurements that this correspondance is correct in normal children. However, this is no longer true in certain cerebral palsied children because of abnormal translation of the calcaneum and/or abnormal ratio of bone sizes. In this case the torque-angle curves do not define properly the torque-length curves. A method of correction is given. This correction may be as high as 15 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:902659", "title": "The relationship of level of habitual activity to measures of leanness-fatness, physical working capacity, strength and motor ability in 17 and 18 year-old males.", "content": "The relationships between physical working capacity (PWC), level of habitual activity, relative leanness-fatness, isometric strength and motor ability have been examined in 85 17 and 18 year-old school boys. Level of habitual activity was found to be significantly related to PWC and to the strength and motor ability scores, whilst relative leanness-fatness was not significantly related to any of the other variables studied. Some of the apparent association between PWC and the strength and motor ability scores was due to a common dependence on body size, but the relationship between PWC and four performance variables remained significant when the influence of differences in size of the subjects was removed. It is suggested that differences in the level of habitual activity of post adolescent male school boys influence the physical working capacity but not relative leanness-fatness. The association between level of habitual activity and strength and motor ability scores suggests that the latter variables may possibly influence the level of habitual activity in this type of subject.", "contents": "The relationship of level of habitual activity to measures of leanness-fatness, physical working capacity, strength and motor ability in 17 and 18 year-old males. The relationships between physical working capacity (PWC), level of habitual activity, relative leanness-fatness, isometric strength and motor ability have been examined in 85 17 and 18 year-old school boys. Level of habitual activity was found to be significantly related to PWC and to the strength and motor ability scores, whilst relative leanness-fatness was not significantly related to any of the other variables studied. Some of the apparent association between PWC and the strength and motor ability scores was due to a common dependence on body size, but the relationship between PWC and four performance variables remained significant when the influence of differences in size of the subjects was removed. It is suggested that differences in the level of habitual activity of post adolescent male school boys influence the physical working capacity but not relative leanness-fatness. The association between level of habitual activity and strength and motor ability scores suggests that the latter variables may possibly influence the level of habitual activity in this type of subject."}
{"id": "PMID:902660", "title": "Familial trisomy 9p and spinal muscular atrophy: clinical, cytogenetic and embryological findings.", "content": "The pre- and postnatal clinical, cytogenetic and embryological findings in a family suffering from trisomy 9p and spinal muscular atrophy are presented. The clinical picture of the \"trisomy 9p\" -syndrome is delineated. Concurrence of autosomal aberration and spinal muscular atrophy, probably of the Werdnig-Hoffmann type, is discussed.", "contents": "Familial trisomy 9p and spinal muscular atrophy: clinical, cytogenetic and embryological findings. The pre- and postnatal clinical, cytogenetic and embryological findings in a family suffering from trisomy 9p and spinal muscular atrophy are presented. The clinical picture of the \"trisomy 9p\" -syndrome is delineated. Concurrence of autosomal aberration and spinal muscular atrophy, probably of the Werdnig-Hoffmann type, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902661", "title": "Uric acid infarctions in the kidneys of newborn infants. A study on the changing incidence and on oxypurine ratios.", "content": "Among 1115 newborns who died during 1957--1976, 136 (12.2%) showed macroscopic renal uric acid infarctions. The incidence depended on the age of the infants and their fluid supply during the first days of life. After introduction of parenteral alkali-glucose infusion in the treatment of perinatal complications, the incidence of renal uric acid infarctions decreased from 19.3% to less than 1.0%. Analysis of the oxypurines in the renal uric acid infarctions of three newborns revealed high percentages of hypoxanthine (31.1%, 21.8% and 11.0%) along with the uric acid. Hypoxanthine ratios above 15% retrospectively point to chronic hypoxia of the newborn.", "contents": "Uric acid infarctions in the kidneys of newborn infants. A study on the changing incidence and on oxypurine ratios. Among 1115 newborns who died during 1957--1976, 136 (12.2%) showed macroscopic renal uric acid infarctions. The incidence depended on the age of the infants and their fluid supply during the first days of life. After introduction of parenteral alkali-glucose infusion in the treatment of perinatal complications, the incidence of renal uric acid infarctions decreased from 19.3% to less than 1.0%. Analysis of the oxypurines in the renal uric acid infarctions of three newborns revealed high percentages of hypoxanthine (31.1%, 21.8% and 11.0%) along with the uric acid. Hypoxanthine ratios above 15% retrospectively point to chronic hypoxia of the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:902662", "title": "Use of saliva in monitoring carbamazepine medication in epileptic children.", "content": "In 17 children on carbamazepine medication alone and 15 children on combined drug regimens, carbamazepine levels were determined in paired samples of serum and mixed saliva by enzyme immunoassay. Carbamazepine levels in serum and saliva were highly correlated in within-patient and between patient series (r = 0.87--0.94). Salivary levels were altered to a minor and clinically insignificant degree by stimulation of saliva flow. Mean saliva/serum ratios, calculated from drug concentrations in saliva specimens collected without and with stimulation were 0.44--0.45 and 0.41--0.43, respectively. The saliva/serum ratio was independent of the serum carbamazepine level and was not affected by concomitant drug medication. The data indicate that measuring salivary levels by enzyme immunoassay is suitable for predicting serum carbamazepine levels. Thus, measurement of carbamazepine levels in mixed saliva samples obtained by a noninvasive technique is recommended for routine monitoring of carbamazepine medication in epileptic children.", "contents": "Use of saliva in monitoring carbamazepine medication in epileptic children. In 17 children on carbamazepine medication alone and 15 children on combined drug regimens, carbamazepine levels were determined in paired samples of serum and mixed saliva by enzyme immunoassay. Carbamazepine levels in serum and saliva were highly correlated in within-patient and between patient series (r = 0.87--0.94). Salivary levels were altered to a minor and clinically insignificant degree by stimulation of saliva flow. Mean saliva/serum ratios, calculated from drug concentrations in saliva specimens collected without and with stimulation were 0.44--0.45 and 0.41--0.43, respectively. The saliva/serum ratio was independent of the serum carbamazepine level and was not affected by concomitant drug medication. The data indicate that measuring salivary levels by enzyme immunoassay is suitable for predicting serum carbamazepine levels. Thus, measurement of carbamazepine levels in mixed saliva samples obtained by a noninvasive technique is recommended for routine monitoring of carbamazepine medication in epileptic children."}
{"id": "PMID:902663", "title": "Quantitative determination of lactose, maltose, and sucrose in urine.", "content": "A simple method for determination of lactose, maltose and sucrose in urine is described. The principle of the method consists of enzymatic splitting of these disaccharides and specific measurement the resulting glucose by the Beckman Glucose-Analyzer. The precision and accuracy of the method have been evaluated and its clinical application is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of lactose, maltose, and sucrose in urine. A simple method for determination of lactose, maltose and sucrose in urine is described. The principle of the method consists of enzymatic splitting of these disaccharides and specific measurement the resulting glucose by the Beckman Glucose-Analyzer. The precision and accuracy of the method have been evaluated and its clinical application is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902664", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in childhood.", "content": "Using a combination of L-phenylalanine inhibition and heat inactivation, the serum alkaline phosphatase (AP)  in 2 to 13 year old children without evidence of hepatobiliary, osseous, or intestinal disease was separated in three fractions; i.e. L-phenylalanine sensitive AP (LPSAP), heat-stable non-L-phenylalanine sensitive AP (heat-stable non-LPSAP) and heat sensitive non-L-phenylalanine sensitive AP (heat-sensitive non-LPSAP). The activities of total AP and the different fractions were measured using optimized test conditions. LPSAP, (mainly intestinal AP), accounts for approximately 12% of the total serum AP activity, heat-stable non-LPSAP (mainly hepatobiliary AP) for approximately 9%, and heat-sensitive non-LPSAP (mainly bone AP) for approximately 77%. To give a better differentiation between bone and liver AP, the percentage ratios of heat-stable non-LPSAP/non-LPSAP (Q value), and heat-stable non-LPSAP/total AP, were determined. Both quotients showed a significant negative correlation with total AP, which has to be taken into account in the interpretation of the results of isoenzyme determinations of serum AP activity. The above semiquantitative separation of AP isoenzymes can be readily done in a routine clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in childhood. Using a combination of L-phenylalanine inhibition and heat inactivation, the serum alkaline phosphatase (AP)  in 2 to 13 year old children without evidence of hepatobiliary, osseous, or intestinal disease was separated in three fractions; i.e. L-phenylalanine sensitive AP (LPSAP), heat-stable non-L-phenylalanine sensitive AP (heat-stable non-LPSAP) and heat sensitive non-L-phenylalanine sensitive AP (heat-sensitive non-LPSAP). The activities of total AP and the different fractions were measured using optimized test conditions. LPSAP, (mainly intestinal AP), accounts for approximately 12% of the total serum AP activity, heat-stable non-LPSAP (mainly hepatobiliary AP) for approximately 9%, and heat-sensitive non-LPSAP (mainly bone AP) for approximately 77%. To give a better differentiation between bone and liver AP, the percentage ratios of heat-stable non-LPSAP/non-LPSAP (Q value), and heat-stable non-LPSAP/total AP, were determined. Both quotients showed a significant negative correlation with total AP, which has to be taken into account in the interpretation of the results of isoenzyme determinations of serum AP activity. The above semiquantitative separation of AP isoenzymes can be readily done in a routine clinical laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:902665", "title": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: renin and steroid values during treatment.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (Aldo), 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and testosterone (T), together with urine sodium, pregnanetriol, 17-oxosteroids and the 11-oxygenation index (11-OH) were estimated in 23 patients (age 5.7--18 yrs.) with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency during glucocorticoid treatment. Elevated PRA levels (1400--17200 ng Al/l/hr) were found in 13 out of 15 patients with a history of salt loss. Three non-salt losers showed high PRA levels and in the remaining 5 the levels were in the upper normal range (540--900 ng Al/l/hr). Plasma Aldo levels were normal (25--620 pmol/l) in 18 patients and slightly elevated (690--2360 pmol/l) in 5. While these results indicate persistent impairment of sodium homeostasis in CAH patients, no significant correlations between log. PRA, log. Aldo and urinary sodium excretion were found. Mid-day 17-OHP levels ranged from 9 to 117 nmol/l and T from 0.3 to 18.0 nmol/l. Neither the 17-OHP nor the T results correlated well with the clinical assessment of therapeutic control. The results of the urinary steroid determinations showed better agreement with the clinical assessment of treatment and the 17-oxosteroid, pregnanetriol and 11-OH index results appeared to be better discriminants between good and poor control. Twelve of the patients with a history of early salt loss were reinvestigated after one month's treatment with oral 9 alpha-flurohydrocortisone (0.05 mg/day). PRA was reduced in 7 patients and 17-OHP fell in 10 patients. No consistent changes were found in Aldo, T, or urinary sodium and steroid excretion during this low-dose mineralocorticoid treatment.", "contents": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: renin and steroid values during treatment. Plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (Aldo), 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and testosterone (T), together with urine sodium, pregnanetriol, 17-oxosteroids and the 11-oxygenation index (11-OH) were estimated in 23 patients (age 5.7--18 yrs.) with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency during glucocorticoid treatment. Elevated PRA levels (1400--17200 ng Al/l/hr) were found in 13 out of 15 patients with a history of salt loss. Three non-salt losers showed high PRA levels and in the remaining 5 the levels were in the upper normal range (540--900 ng Al/l/hr). Plasma Aldo levels were normal (25--620 pmol/l) in 18 patients and slightly elevated (690--2360 pmol/l) in 5. While these results indicate persistent impairment of sodium homeostasis in CAH patients, no significant correlations between log. PRA, log. Aldo and urinary sodium excretion were found. Mid-day 17-OHP levels ranged from 9 to 117 nmol/l and T from 0.3 to 18.0 nmol/l. Neither the 17-OHP nor the T results correlated well with the clinical assessment of therapeutic control. The results of the urinary steroid determinations showed better agreement with the clinical assessment of treatment and the 17-oxosteroid, pregnanetriol and 11-OH index results appeared to be better discriminants between good and poor control. Twelve of the patients with a history of early salt loss were reinvestigated after one month's treatment with oral 9 alpha-flurohydrocortisone (0.05 mg/day). PRA was reduced in 7 patients and 17-OHP fell in 10 patients. No consistent changes were found in Aldo, T, or urinary sodium and steroid excretion during this low-dose mineralocorticoid treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:902667", "title": "A case of progressive external ophthalmoplegia (Kiloh-Nevin type) with abnormal mitochondria. Clinical, histochemical and ultrastructural findings.", "content": "A case of progressive external ophthalmoplegia is described, in which the onset of the illness was at 28--30 years, with fatigability and muscular pains in the lower limbs as presenting symptoms. At 36--37 years weakness of the mimic muscles also appeared and fatigability and muscular pains spread to the upper limbs: EMG examination showed signs of light myopathic involvement of the shoulder-girdle muscles, so that a muscular biopsy was performed (right deltoid). Histoenzymologic studies showed the presence of generally atrophic dark fibres, which can be brought about to red-ragged fibres. Ultrastructural study showed bizarrely shaped mitochondria, with dense matrix and circular and confluent cristae, which were found in fibres with plenty of indifferent sarcoplasm and with anomalies in myofibrils. No mitochondrial inclusions were seen.", "contents": "A case of progressive external ophthalmoplegia (Kiloh-Nevin type) with abnormal mitochondria. Clinical, histochemical and ultrastructural findings. A case of progressive external ophthalmoplegia is described, in which the onset of the illness was at 28--30 years, with fatigability and muscular pains in the lower limbs as presenting symptoms. At 36--37 years weakness of the mimic muscles also appeared and fatigability and muscular pains spread to the upper limbs: EMG examination showed signs of light myopathic involvement of the shoulder-girdle muscles, so that a muscular biopsy was performed (right deltoid). Histoenzymologic studies showed the presence of generally atrophic dark fibres, which can be brought about to red-ragged fibres. Ultrastructural study showed bizarrely shaped mitochondria, with dense matrix and circular and confluent cristae, which were found in fibres with plenty of indifferent sarcoplasm and with anomalies in myofibrils. No mitochondrial inclusions were seen."}
{"id": "PMID:902668", "title": "An experimental permeabilization of the blood-brain barrier by electric field application.", "content": "This work investigates the method of 'transcerebral electrolysis' in rabbits previously used by other authors (e.g. G. Bourguignon). The observation of the animal, with EEG record, and the macroscopic and microscopic studies, have allowed to precise the physical parameters which do not damage the brain functions: current intensity of not more than 5 mA, applied on large electrodes. In this manner, without traumatization of the brain, the blood-brain barrier allows passage of many substances (dyes, tracers, drugs) and this permeability remains for several days.", "contents": "An experimental permeabilization of the blood-brain barrier by electric field application. This work investigates the method of 'transcerebral electrolysis' in rabbits previously used by other authors (e.g. G. Bourguignon). The observation of the animal, with EEG record, and the macroscopic and microscopic studies, have allowed to precise the physical parameters which do not damage the brain functions: current intensity of not more than 5 mA, applied on large electrodes. In this manner, without traumatization of the brain, the blood-brain barrier allows passage of many substances (dyes, tracers, drugs) and this permeability remains for several days."}
{"id": "PMID:902669", "title": "Cough syncope: the possible relation to hydrocephalus ex vacuo.", "content": "Pneumoencephalographic data in five male patients with cough syncope were compared to those from age-matched patients with syncope from other causes. The 3rd ventricle width was significantly larger in patients with cough syncope than in the control group (p less than 0.01). Theoretically, the most plausible role of hydrocephalus ex vacuo in cough syncope may be: either it causes increased sensitivity to changes normally encountered during coughing, or--which seems less likely--it may abolish mechanisms normally restraining cough.", "contents": "Cough syncope: the possible relation to hydrocephalus ex vacuo. Pneumoencephalographic data in five male patients with cough syncope were compared to those from age-matched patients with syncope from other causes. The 3rd ventricle width was significantly larger in patients with cough syncope than in the control group (p less than 0.01). Theoretically, the most plausible role of hydrocephalus ex vacuo in cough syncope may be: either it causes increased sensitivity to changes normally encountered during coughing, or--which seems less likely--it may abolish mechanisms normally restraining cough."}
{"id": "PMID:902672", "title": "Hypotensive effects of sodium volume depletion and 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II in relation to plasma renin in hypertensive patients.", "content": "The hypotensive effect of acute sodium volume depletion, produced by chlorthalidone and a low sodium diet, was inversely related to the plasma renin concentration (PRC) in 13 hypertensive patients of varying aetiology (r = 0.61; p less than 0.05); weight reduction induced by this therapy was not related to PRC (r = 0.12; p greater than 0.1). The angiotensin II antagonist 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II failed to reduce arterial pressure when the patients ingested 130 mEq sodium per day, but pressure fell when it was infused during sodium volume depletion, except when PRC remained low; the changes in pressure were related to the plasma renin level (r = 0.78; p less than o.005). The combined hypotensive response to acute sodium volume depletion and to angiotensin II blockade during sodium volume depletion was not related to PRC (r = 0.15; p greater than 0.1). The results demonstrate that acute sodium volume depletion caused similar weight loss in patients with high and low PRC values, and it would have had similar hypotensive effects but for angiotensin-induced vasoconstriction in the high renin patients. Since 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II also reduced arterial pressure in 6 patients during chronic diuretic therapy, angiotensin II must still induce vasoconstriction in these circumstances.", "contents": "Hypotensive effects of sodium volume depletion and 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II in relation to plasma renin in hypertensive patients. The hypotensive effect of acute sodium volume depletion, produced by chlorthalidone and a low sodium diet, was inversely related to the plasma renin concentration (PRC) in 13 hypertensive patients of varying aetiology (r = 0.61; p less than 0.05); weight reduction induced by this therapy was not related to PRC (r = 0.12; p greater than 0.1). The angiotensin II antagonist 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II failed to reduce arterial pressure when the patients ingested 130 mEq sodium per day, but pressure fell when it was infused during sodium volume depletion, except when PRC remained low; the changes in pressure were related to the plasma renin level (r = 0.78; p less than o.005). The combined hypotensive response to acute sodium volume depletion and to angiotensin II blockade during sodium volume depletion was not related to PRC (r = 0.15; p greater than 0.1). The results demonstrate that acute sodium volume depletion caused similar weight loss in patients with high and low PRC values, and it would have had similar hypotensive effects but for angiotensin-induced vasoconstriction in the high renin patients. Since 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II also reduced arterial pressure in 6 patients during chronic diuretic therapy, angiotensin II must still induce vasoconstriction in these circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:902673", "title": "Distribution, elimination and effect of furosemide in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure.", "content": "After furosemide 40 mg i. v. its plasma concentration was significantly higher during an 8-hour period in 6 patients with left sided heart failure than in 8 normal subjects. The plasma clearance was significantly lower in the patients than in the normal subjects--1.23 and 2.34 ml/kg/min, respectively. The apparently smaller volume of distribution in the cardiac patients (0.140 1/kg and 0.181 1/kg, respectively) was not significantly different. In the group of normal subjects, whose ages ranged from 27 to 74 years, no correlation was found between age and either plasma clearance or volume of distribution. In all the patients, the renal clearance of furosemide rose from the first to the second hour after the injection (average +/- SD)--39 +/- 17 and 77 +/- 51 ml/min. In normal subjects, the average values did not change--116 +/- 79 and 117 +/- 54 ml/min. The urinary excretion of furosemide and a metabolite (probably a glucuronide) was measured in 16 individuals. 24-hour urines from all the subjects investigated contained between 20 and 30 mg unchanged furosemide (average 25.2 mg). In addition, between 2.7 and 11.2 mg (average 6.7 mg) furosemide was excreted as the metabolite in five patients who had been treated with furosemide for at least the preceding 6 months. An average of 0.8 +/- 0.8 mg of the metabolite was found in 11 subjects who had not previously been treated with furosemide.", "contents": "Distribution, elimination and effect of furosemide in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure. After furosemide 40 mg i. v. its plasma concentration was significantly higher during an 8-hour period in 6 patients with left sided heart failure than in 8 normal subjects. The plasma clearance was significantly lower in the patients than in the normal subjects--1.23 and 2.34 ml/kg/min, respectively. The apparently smaller volume of distribution in the cardiac patients (0.140 1/kg and 0.181 1/kg, respectively) was not significantly different. In the group of normal subjects, whose ages ranged from 27 to 74 years, no correlation was found between age and either plasma clearance or volume of distribution. In all the patients, the renal clearance of furosemide rose from the first to the second hour after the injection (average +/- SD)--39 +/- 17 and 77 +/- 51 ml/min. In normal subjects, the average values did not change--116 +/- 79 and 117 +/- 54 ml/min. The urinary excretion of furosemide and a metabolite (probably a glucuronide) was measured in 16 individuals. 24-hour urines from all the subjects investigated contained between 20 and 30 mg unchanged furosemide (average 25.2 mg). In addition, between 2.7 and 11.2 mg (average 6.7 mg) furosemide was excreted as the metabolite in five patients who had been treated with furosemide for at least the preceding 6 months. An average of 0.8 +/- 0.8 mg of the metabolite was found in 11 subjects who had not previously been treated with furosemide."}
{"id": "PMID:902674", "title": "Recording of drug prescriptions in the county of J\u00e4mtland, Sweden. I. Methodological aspects.", "content": "Prescribed drugs dispensed to 13% (17000) of the inhabitants in the county of J\u00e4mtland, Sweden, have been continuously recorded since 1970. Individual patients in the investigation are fully identifiable by their identity number as used in Sweden, so patients exposed to a particular drug or group of drugs can be reached subsequently, e. g. for studies of the incidence and nature of side effects. The following information is coded at the local pharmacies: prescribing physician, dispensing pharmacy, year and week of dispensation, name, amount and price of drug, dosage, type of prescription record. In a five year period the drop-out rate has decreased from 9% in 1970 to 4% in 1974. Every year at least one drug is prescribed for approximately 60% of the population. During the five year period 74% of the male and 80% of the female population purchased prescription drugs. The representative nature of the data is discussed, as well as their value in detection of irrational drug usage and ascertaining any particular patient's drug history.", "contents": "Recording of drug prescriptions in the county of J\u00e4mtland, Sweden. I. Methodological aspects. Prescribed drugs dispensed to 13% (17000) of the inhabitants in the county of J\u00e4mtland, Sweden, have been continuously recorded since 1970. Individual patients in the investigation are fully identifiable by their identity number as used in Sweden, so patients exposed to a particular drug or group of drugs can be reached subsequently, e. g. for studies of the incidence and nature of side effects. The following information is coded at the local pharmacies: prescribing physician, dispensing pharmacy, year and week of dispensation, name, amount and price of drug, dosage, type of prescription record. In a five year period the drop-out rate has decreased from 9% in 1970 to 4% in 1974. Every year at least one drug is prescribed for approximately 60% of the population. During the five year period 74% of the male and 80% of the female population purchased prescription drugs. The representative nature of the data is discussed, as well as their value in detection of irrational drug usage and ascertaining any particular patient's drug history."}
{"id": "PMID:902675", "title": "Recording of drug prescriptions in the county of J\u00e4mtland, Sweden. II. Drug exposure of pregnant women in relation to course and outcome of pregnancy.", "content": "Prescription data have been analysed in order to study drug exposure of women before, during and after pregnancy as compared to non-pregnant controls. During full term pregnancy (n = 341) drug exposure increased markedly, mostly due to prescription of drugs such as iron and vitamins. Excluding these drugs, the increase was statistically significant only for one third of the women whose case records revealed some intercurrent disease during pregnancy. Women whose pregnancy ended in a spontaneous abortion (n = 29) did not differ significantly from controls in terms of drug exposure before, during or after pregnancy. In an induced abortion group (n = 60), drug exposure was more pronounced before pregnancy than in the other pregnant patients or controls. On comparing the drug history obtained from delivery records with that obtained in this study it was found that only diuretics and urinary tract chemotherapeutics had been noted fairly consistently in the former records.", "contents": "Recording of drug prescriptions in the county of J\u00e4mtland, Sweden. II. Drug exposure of pregnant women in relation to course and outcome of pregnancy. Prescription data have been analysed in order to study drug exposure of women before, during and after pregnancy as compared to non-pregnant controls. During full term pregnancy (n = 341) drug exposure increased markedly, mostly due to prescription of drugs such as iron and vitamins. Excluding these drugs, the increase was statistically significant only for one third of the women whose case records revealed some intercurrent disease during pregnancy. Women whose pregnancy ended in a spontaneous abortion (n = 29) did not differ significantly from controls in terms of drug exposure before, during or after pregnancy. In an induced abortion group (n = 60), drug exposure was more pronounced before pregnancy than in the other pregnant patients or controls. On comparing the drug history obtained from delivery records with that obtained in this study it was found that only diuretics and urinary tract chemotherapeutics had been noted fairly consistently in the former records."}
{"id": "PMID:902676", "title": "Plasma and intracellular kinetics of lithium after oral administration of various lithium salts.", "content": "Five healthy volunteers were treated orally with lithium carbonate, sulphate, or chloride. There were no significant differences in area under time-concentration curves, half-lives, total body clearance or apparent distribution volumes between the various salts, either in plasma or in the RBC compartment. The carbonate salt did show a higher RBC/plasma distribution ratio than the other salts, which might possibly imply greater therapeutic effectiveness of this salt. Some considerations on the tolerability of various lithium salts are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma and intracellular kinetics of lithium after oral administration of various lithium salts. Five healthy volunteers were treated orally with lithium carbonate, sulphate, or chloride. There were no significant differences in area under time-concentration curves, half-lives, total body clearance or apparent distribution volumes between the various salts, either in plasma or in the RBC compartment. The carbonate salt did show a higher RBC/plasma distribution ratio than the other salts, which might possibly imply greater therapeutic effectiveness of this salt. Some considerations on the tolerability of various lithium salts are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902677", "title": "The effect of an antacid on the bioavailability of indomethacin.", "content": "The biovailability of indomethacin from two indomethacin-antacid (aluminum hydroxide magnesium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide) combinations was compared with the bioavailability of oral indomethacin. Relative bioavailability was estimated by three methods: comparison of plasma concentrations at various times, comparison of areas under plasma concentration time curves, and comparison of the amount of drug excreted unchanged in the urine. A double blind three-way crossover study was conducted in twelve healthy volunteers. The combination with the slightly smaller amount of antacid (preparation A) showed significantly decreased bioavailability by all three methods in comparison with indomethacin alone (preparation C). The combination with the larger amount of antacid (preparation B) was also less bioavailable than preparation C. This effect was significantly only for the comparison of areas under curves and not for plasma levels, although the mean plasma levels produced by preparation B at all times were lower than those for preparation C. These findings suggest that aluminum hydroxide magnesium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide decrease the bioavailability of indomethacin.", "contents": "The effect of an antacid on the bioavailability of indomethacin. The biovailability of indomethacin from two indomethacin-antacid (aluminum hydroxide magnesium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide) combinations was compared with the bioavailability of oral indomethacin. Relative bioavailability was estimated by three methods: comparison of plasma concentrations at various times, comparison of areas under plasma concentration time curves, and comparison of the amount of drug excreted unchanged in the urine. A double blind three-way crossover study was conducted in twelve healthy volunteers. The combination with the slightly smaller amount of antacid (preparation A) showed significantly decreased bioavailability by all three methods in comparison with indomethacin alone (preparation C). The combination with the larger amount of antacid (preparation B) was also less bioavailable than preparation C. This effect was significantly only for the comparison of areas under curves and not for plasma levels, although the mean plasma levels produced by preparation B at all times were lower than those for preparation C. These findings suggest that aluminum hydroxide magnesium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide decrease the bioavailability of indomethacin."}
{"id": "PMID:902678", "title": "Dose-dependence of the pharmacokinetics of quinidine.", "content": "Quinidine was administrated orally to five healthy male volunteers. Doses of 0.2 g t.i.d., 0.3 g t.i.d. and 0.4 g t.i.d. were given for five days with at least four weeks between each test period. The plasma concentration of quinidine was measured before the morning dose on Days 2-5 of treatment, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after the morning dose on the 5th day. There was not a linear relationship between the increase in dose and the increase in plasma concentration of quinidine. A dose increase of 50% from 0.6 to 0.9 g quinidine sulphate per day resulted in an increase in steady state concentration of 94%. A further 33% increase in dose, from 0.9 to 1.2 g daily, resulted in a 55% increase in the steady state concentration of quinidine. The results demonstrate dose-dependent pharmacokinetics for quinidine. Possible explanations for the nonlinear pharmacokinetics are discussed.", "contents": "Dose-dependence of the pharmacokinetics of quinidine. Quinidine was administrated orally to five healthy male volunteers. Doses of 0.2 g t.i.d., 0.3 g t.i.d. and 0.4 g t.i.d. were given for five days with at least four weeks between each test period. The plasma concentration of quinidine was measured before the morning dose on Days 2-5 of treatment, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after the morning dose on the 5th day. There was not a linear relationship between the increase in dose and the increase in plasma concentration of quinidine. A dose increase of 50% from 0.6 to 0.9 g quinidine sulphate per day resulted in an increase in steady state concentration of 94%. A further 33% increase in dose, from 0.9 to 1.2 g daily, resulted in a 55% increase in the steady state concentration of quinidine. The results demonstrate dose-dependent pharmacokinetics for quinidine. Possible explanations for the nonlinear pharmacokinetics are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902679", "title": "Genetic control of two different types of antibody responses to oxazolone.", "content": "The genetic control of antibody responses induced by contact sensitization with oxazolone and immunization with an oxazolone-mouse serum albumin conjugate was studied in inbred, H-2 congenic and nude mice. Both types of antibody responses are T cell-dependent and regulated by immune response genes mapping at the I-B subregion of the H-2 complex. The relative magnitude of antibody responses induced by the two methods of immunization is governed by a gene or genes mapping at the I-B subregion of the H-2 complex. Presentation of antigen by these two methods gives H-2-dependent distributions of high and low responsiveness which are exactly opposite. Non-H-2 genes affect the overall level of antibody response but not the relative magnitude of the responses.", "contents": "Genetic control of two different types of antibody responses to oxazolone. The genetic control of antibody responses induced by contact sensitization with oxazolone and immunization with an oxazolone-mouse serum albumin conjugate was studied in inbred, H-2 congenic and nude mice. Both types of antibody responses are T cell-dependent and regulated by immune response genes mapping at the I-B subregion of the H-2 complex. The relative magnitude of antibody responses induced by the two methods of immunization is governed by a gene or genes mapping at the I-B subregion of the H-2 complex. Presentation of antigen by these two methods gives H-2-dependent distributions of high and low responsiveness which are exactly opposite. Non-H-2 genes affect the overall level of antibody response but not the relative magnitude of the responses."}
{"id": "PMID:902680", "title": "Study of two different subpopulations of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in a rabbit with experimental auto-immune myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Two different subpopulations of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies were studied during the evolution of experimental autoimmune myasthenia in one rabbit immunized with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor. The results show that the subpopulation of antibodies directed against the toxin-binding site of the receptor might play a role in the appearance of the paralysis observed in this particular case.", "contents": "Study of two different subpopulations of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in a rabbit with experimental auto-immune myasthenia gravis. Two different subpopulations of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies were studied during the evolution of experimental autoimmune myasthenia in one rabbit immunized with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor. The results show that the subpopulation of antibodies directed against the toxin-binding site of the receptor might play a role in the appearance of the paralysis observed in this particular case."}
{"id": "PMID:902682", "title": "Genetic variation in antibody response and natural killer cell activity against a Moloney virus-induced lymphoma (YAC).", "content": "Antibody formation against the Moloney virus-determined surface antigen (MCSA) was found to be under genetic control. In the (A X C57BL)F1 cross one dominant gene played a major role, resulting in bimodal distribution of the antibody response. This gene showed no linkage to H-2, IgG heavy chain immunoglobulin allotype, the coat color markers B and C, and five different isozyme markers representing chromosome numbers 1, 4, 7, 8 and 9. Antibody response to MCSA was not correlated with antibody titers against the virion proteins, confirming that MCSA was an independent entity. There was no relationship between the segregation of natural killer cell activity and antibody response in a [(A X C57BL) X A] backcross population.", "contents": "Genetic variation in antibody response and natural killer cell activity against a Moloney virus-induced lymphoma (YAC). Antibody formation against the Moloney virus-determined surface antigen (MCSA) was found to be under genetic control. In the (A X C57BL)F1 cross one dominant gene played a major role, resulting in bimodal distribution of the antibody response. This gene showed no linkage to H-2, IgG heavy chain immunoglobulin allotype, the coat color markers B and C, and five different isozyme markers representing chromosome numbers 1, 4, 7, 8 and 9. Antibody response to MCSA was not correlated with antibody titers against the virion proteins, confirming that MCSA was an independent entity. There was no relationship between the segregation of natural killer cell activity and antibody response in a [(A X C57BL) X A] backcross population."}
{"id": "PMID:902683", "title": "Rat bile as a convenient source of secretory IgA and free secretory component.", "content": "Rat hepatic bile contains three proteins as major constituents: secretory IgA (SIgA), free secretory component (FSC) and albumin. Traces of alpha-macroglobulin, transferrin, IgG and IgM are also detectable. The bile duct daily pours between 5-12 mg each of SIgA and FSC into the rat duodenum. The origin and function of these proteins in bile may represent important clues in the understanding of the SIgA system.", "contents": "Rat bile as a convenient source of secretory IgA and free secretory component. Rat hepatic bile contains three proteins as major constituents: secretory IgA (SIgA), free secretory component (FSC) and albumin. Traces of alpha-macroglobulin, transferrin, IgG and IgM are also detectable. The bile duct daily pours between 5-12 mg each of SIgA and FSC into the rat duodenum. The origin and function of these proteins in bile may represent important clues in the understanding of the SIgA system."}
{"id": "PMID:902684", "title": "Differential effect of various 6-hydroxydopa treatments on the development of central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons.", "content": "6-Hydroxydopamine or 6-hydroxydopa injected systemically into newborn rats produced marked changes in the development of central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline concentration was elevated in the brain stem, particularly in the pons, and decreased in the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord while in the cerebellum, the effects were dependent on the mode of administration. The changes produced by 6-hydroxydopa in brain regional noradrenaline were related to the dose injected at birth. Similar modifications in the development of central noradrenergic neurons were found in the offspring of rats which had received 6-hydroxydopa at 16 days of gestation. The involvement of peripheral sympathetic neurons varied with the compound used and the form of its administration. Thus, 6-hydroxydopamine produced a permanent although partial peripheral sympathectomy, an effect which was less evident following multiple injections of 6-hydroxydopa after birth and almost minimal after a single injection. The prenatal administration of 6-hydroxydopa did not alter peripheral sympathetic neurons. It is concluded that with the appropriate treatment schedule, it is possible to lesion selectively the noradrenergic neurons in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Differential effect of various 6-hydroxydopa treatments on the development of central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons. 6-Hydroxydopamine or 6-hydroxydopa injected systemically into newborn rats produced marked changes in the development of central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline concentration was elevated in the brain stem, particularly in the pons, and decreased in the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord while in the cerebellum, the effects were dependent on the mode of administration. The changes produced by 6-hydroxydopa in brain regional noradrenaline were related to the dose injected at birth. Similar modifications in the development of central noradrenergic neurons were found in the offspring of rats which had received 6-hydroxydopa at 16 days of gestation. The involvement of peripheral sympathetic neurons varied with the compound used and the form of its administration. Thus, 6-hydroxydopamine produced a permanent although partial peripheral sympathectomy, an effect which was less evident following multiple injections of 6-hydroxydopa after birth and almost minimal after a single injection. The prenatal administration of 6-hydroxydopa did not alter peripheral sympathetic neurons. It is concluded that with the appropriate treatment schedule, it is possible to lesion selectively the noradrenergic neurons in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:902685", "title": "Effects of the phenothiazine analog, EN-313, on ventricular arrhythmias in the dog.", "content": "Effects of the phenothiazine analog, EN-313, on ventricular electrical activity were studied using isolated blood-superfused canine Purkinje fibers and conscious dogs with sustained ventricular arrhythmias following a 2-stage ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, EN-313, less than 3 mg/kg, i.v., had no significant effect on transmembrane potentials of Purkinje fibers. At 3 mg/kg, EN-313 significantly decreased maximum upstroke velocity of phase 0 depolarization and action potential duration. In conscious dogs, EN-313 (1-3 mg/kg i.v.; 10-20 mg/kg p.o.) reduced arrhythmias that occured larger than or equal to 24 h after coronary artery ligation. No excessive changes in electrocardiographic parameters were observed following EN-313. These studies demonstrate that EN-313 suppresses ventricular arrhythmias in doses which have little effect on cellular electrophysiologic properties of normal Purkinje fibers and suggest that EN-313 should be useful in treating cardiac arrhythmias arising as a result of coronary occlusion.", "contents": "Effects of the phenothiazine analog, EN-313, on ventricular arrhythmias in the dog. Effects of the phenothiazine analog, EN-313, on ventricular electrical activity were studied using isolated blood-superfused canine Purkinje fibers and conscious dogs with sustained ventricular arrhythmias following a 2-stage ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, EN-313, less than 3 mg/kg, i.v., had no significant effect on transmembrane potentials of Purkinje fibers. At 3 mg/kg, EN-313 significantly decreased maximum upstroke velocity of phase 0 depolarization and action potential duration. In conscious dogs, EN-313 (1-3 mg/kg i.v.; 10-20 mg/kg p.o.) reduced arrhythmias that occured larger than or equal to 24 h after coronary artery ligation. No excessive changes in electrocardiographic parameters were observed following EN-313. These studies demonstrate that EN-313 suppresses ventricular arrhythmias in doses which have little effect on cellular electrophysiologic properties of normal Purkinje fibers and suggest that EN-313 should be useful in treating cardiac arrhythmias arising as a result of coronary occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:902686", "title": "Time-response curves for barium and noradrenaline in vas deferens of castrated rat.", "content": "Time-response curves for barium chloride and noradrenaline were obtained in the isolated vas deferens of 30-day castrated rats. The contractions induced by a maximal dose of barium chloride reached a peak after about 20-30 sec and then decreased to a lower level (fade). 5 min after drug addition the response had faded to about 20% of the peak contraction while in normal preparations it decreased to about 55%. When calcium was removed from the nutrient solution, both peak and 5-min effects of sequential doses were reduced, and fell progressively at a faster rate than in normal preparations. When Ca2+ concentration was increased from 1.8 mM up to 36.0 mM, fading was abolished. The data were analyzed on the basis of receptor changes involving the translocation of calcium in smooth muscle.", "contents": "Time-response curves for barium and noradrenaline in vas deferens of castrated rat. Time-response curves for barium chloride and noradrenaline were obtained in the isolated vas deferens of 30-day castrated rats. The contractions induced by a maximal dose of barium chloride reached a peak after about 20-30 sec and then decreased to a lower level (fade). 5 min after drug addition the response had faded to about 20% of the peak contraction while in normal preparations it decreased to about 55%. When calcium was removed from the nutrient solution, both peak and 5-min effects of sequential doses were reduced, and fell progressively at a faster rate than in normal preparations. When Ca2+ concentration was increased from 1.8 mM up to 36.0 mM, fading was abolished. The data were analyzed on the basis of receptor changes involving the translocation of calcium in smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:902687", "title": "Effect of anticonvulsants on seizures developing in the course of daily administration of pentetrazol to rats.", "content": "Progressive behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) changes were examined following daily administration of pentetrazol (PTZ) to rats. A dose (40 mg/kg/day i.p.) of PTZ which, on the first day, induced clonic convulsions with spike and wave complexes, over several days progressively increased its effect and finally induced 'violent convulsions' with EEG seizures of high frequency components. In rats showing these violent convulsions, the PTZ convulsive threshold was decreased and, even after a 4- to 10-month resting period, the violent convulsion was elicited with the same dose of PTZ. Trimethadione and phenobarbital in doses blocking clonic convulsion in normal rats, did not suppress these violent convulsions. Higher doses of the two drugs were necessary to suppress the violent convulsion. Diphenylhydantoin did not suppress either type of convulsions. It is suggested that the progressive development of seizure by PTZ is a kindling effect and that a part of the neuronal mechanisms by which the violent convulsion occurs is involved in the mechanisms underlying the clonic convulsion.", "contents": "Effect of anticonvulsants on seizures developing in the course of daily administration of pentetrazol to rats. Progressive behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) changes were examined following daily administration of pentetrazol (PTZ) to rats. A dose (40 mg/kg/day i.p.) of PTZ which, on the first day, induced clonic convulsions with spike and wave complexes, over several days progressively increased its effect and finally induced 'violent convulsions' with EEG seizures of high frequency components. In rats showing these violent convulsions, the PTZ convulsive threshold was decreased and, even after a 4- to 10-month resting period, the violent convulsion was elicited with the same dose of PTZ. Trimethadione and phenobarbital in doses blocking clonic convulsion in normal rats, did not suppress these violent convulsions. Higher doses of the two drugs were necessary to suppress the violent convulsion. Diphenylhydantoin did not suppress either type of convulsions. It is suggested that the progressive development of seizure by PTZ is a kindling effect and that a part of the neuronal mechanisms by which the violent convulsion occurs is involved in the mechanisms underlying the clonic convulsion."}
{"id": "PMID:902688", "title": "Effect of bradykinin on the renal medullary osmotic gradient in water diuresis.", "content": "The effect of bradykinin on the renal medullary osmotic gradient was evaluated in anesthetized dogs which were undergoing water diuresis and which received a unilateral renal arterial infusion of bradykinin. The effect of the peptide on the medullary osmotic gradient was determined by analysis of medullary tissue electrolyte and urea concentrations and by analysis of changes in urine osmolality induced by vasopressin. Bradykinin decreased the total osmolality per kg H2O in tissue from inner medulla and papilla (-18.7 +/- 6% and -19.3 +/- 8%) and increased fractional water excretion (3.8 +/- 1.3%). Furthermore, a direct relationship between changes in free water clearance and changes in papillary tissue, osmolality was found. Finally, the increase in urine osmolality after ADH was significantly less in vasodilated than in control kidneys. These results indicate that bradykinin can diminish the medullary osmotic gradient during water diuresis in the dog. Thus, a bradykinin-induced increase in free water clearance may be accounted for by other than an inhibition of proximal tubular sodium reabsorption.", "contents": "Effect of bradykinin on the renal medullary osmotic gradient in water diuresis. The effect of bradykinin on the renal medullary osmotic gradient was evaluated in anesthetized dogs which were undergoing water diuresis and which received a unilateral renal arterial infusion of bradykinin. The effect of the peptide on the medullary osmotic gradient was determined by analysis of medullary tissue electrolyte and urea concentrations and by analysis of changes in urine osmolality induced by vasopressin. Bradykinin decreased the total osmolality per kg H2O in tissue from inner medulla and papilla (-18.7 +/- 6% and -19.3 +/- 8%) and increased fractional water excretion (3.8 +/- 1.3%). Furthermore, a direct relationship between changes in free water clearance and changes in papillary tissue, osmolality was found. Finally, the increase in urine osmolality after ADH was significantly less in vasodilated than in control kidneys. These results indicate that bradykinin can diminish the medullary osmotic gradient during water diuresis in the dog. Thus, a bradykinin-induced increase in free water clearance may be accounted for by other than an inhibition of proximal tubular sodium reabsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:902689", "title": "Antiarrhythmic and electrophysiological effects of CH-200.", "content": "A new antiarrhythmic drug CH-200, 5-phenacyl-thieno[3,2-c]yridinium, was compared with procainamide and lidocaine in a two-stage coronary ligation arrhythmia model for its efficacy and electrophysiological properties. CH-200 suppressed arrhythmia in beagle dogs more effectively than did procainamide and lidocaine. The antiarrhythmic effects of CH-200 and procainamide developed slowly and lasted longer than those of lidocaine. Electrophysiological studies with CH-200 showed that it decreased max dV/dt of the action potential. This effect was dependent on the heart rate: the higher the rate, the stronger the effect. CH-200, procainamide and lidocaine prolonged the effective refractory period and this effect seemed to be responsible for suppressing the arrhythmia after coronary ligation. CH-200 and procainamide increased the frequency of ventricular pacemaker activity, while lidocaine decreased it. These effects appear to be unimportant for the antiarrhythmic effects.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic and electrophysiological effects of CH-200. A new antiarrhythmic drug CH-200, 5-phenacyl-thieno[3,2-c]yridinium, was compared with procainamide and lidocaine in a two-stage coronary ligation arrhythmia model for its efficacy and electrophysiological properties. CH-200 suppressed arrhythmia in beagle dogs more effectively than did procainamide and lidocaine. The antiarrhythmic effects of CH-200 and procainamide developed slowly and lasted longer than those of lidocaine. Electrophysiological studies with CH-200 showed that it decreased max dV/dt of the action potential. This effect was dependent on the heart rate: the higher the rate, the stronger the effect. CH-200, procainamide and lidocaine prolonged the effective refractory period and this effect seemed to be responsible for suppressing the arrhythmia after coronary ligation. CH-200 and procainamide increased the frequency of ventricular pacemaker activity, while lidocaine decreased it. These effects appear to be unimportant for the antiarrhythmic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:902690", "title": "Some possibilities for prostaglandin mediation in the contractile response to ATP of the guinea-pig digestive tract.", "content": "Several contractile responses of longitudinal muscles of the guinea-pig digestive tract to exogenously applied ATP (10-300 micrometer), including \"rebound\" contractions, were inhibited by indomethacin (3-20 micrometer) or polyphloretin phosphate (10-100 microgram/ml). Relaxations to ATP  in stomach and large intestinal muscles were increased by these drugs. Prostaglandin release might therefore contribute to the contractile responses of the guinea-pig digestive tract to ATP.", "contents": "Some possibilities for prostaglandin mediation in the contractile response to ATP of the guinea-pig digestive tract. Several contractile responses of longitudinal muscles of the guinea-pig digestive tract to exogenously applied ATP (10-300 micrometer), including \"rebound\" contractions, were inhibited by indomethacin (3-20 micrometer) or polyphloretin phosphate (10-100 microgram/ml). Relaxations to ATP  in stomach and large intestinal muscles were increased by these drugs. Prostaglandin release might therefore contribute to the contractile responses of the guinea-pig digestive tract to ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:902700", "title": "The interaction of erythropoietin with fetal liver cells. II. Inhibition of the erythropoietin effect by interferon.", "content": "To investigate the effect of interferon on the proliferation of normal erythroid precursor cells, various interferon preparations were added to mouse fetal liver cells cultured in a liquid microculture system. The effect of interferon was studied using cellular tritiated thymidine incorporation both in the presence and in the absence of erythropoietin. Interferon was found to suppress cellular tritiated thymidine incorporation. The suppression was directly related to the antiviral activity and was not found when control preparations were used. The mechanism of suppression seemed to involve a direct effect on the cells which was dependent of erythropoietin. These studies suggest that the viral inhibitory effects of interferon may also be accompanied by effects on normal cellular proliferation.", "contents": "The interaction of erythropoietin with fetal liver cells. II. Inhibition of the erythropoietin effect by interferon. To investigate the effect of interferon on the proliferation of normal erythroid precursor cells, various interferon preparations were added to mouse fetal liver cells cultured in a liquid microculture system. The effect of interferon was studied using cellular tritiated thymidine incorporation both in the presence and in the absence of erythropoietin. Interferon was found to suppress cellular tritiated thymidine incorporation. The suppression was directly related to the antiviral activity and was not found when control preparations were used. The mechanism of suppression seemed to involve a direct effect on the cells which was dependent of erythropoietin. These studies suggest that the viral inhibitory effects of interferon may also be accompanied by effects on normal cellular proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:902701", "title": "Effects of fibroblasts on the growth of erythroid progenitor cells in vitro.", "content": "The effect of embryo fibroblasts on the growth of erythroid colony-forming cells in vitro (CFU-e) from mouse bone marrow was investigated. First, the maintenance of CFU-e number in suspension culture was assayed. CFU-e recovered from suspension culture fell rapidly to values below 30% of the initial number. When erythropoietin (EP) was added, the initial decline during the first day was followed by a rise to 80%. In cultures supplemented with irradiated fibroblasts, the number of CFU-e did not show an abortive fall, but there was a slight increase during 3 days of culturing. The influence of fibroblasts on the colony-forming ability of CFU-e was studied in a semisolid culture system composed of an agar underlayer and a methylcellulose overlayer. The number of erythroid colonies scored after 5 days of culture in the presence of different levels of EP was proportional to the number of added fibroblasts and the colony size (depending on the number of fibroblasts) increased to macroscopic dimensions. Fibroblasts alone, without EP, induced colony formation by CFU-e if added in concentrations of 1 X 10(5) or higher. EP was not detectable in medium conditioned by the fibroblasts. These data indicate that fibroblasts may stimulate erythroid colony formation (in the absence of EP) and enhance the colony-forming ability of CFU-e in the presence of EP. From these results, it is suggested that fibroblasts exert proliferation activating effects on CFU-e target cells.", "contents": "Effects of fibroblasts on the growth of erythroid progenitor cells in vitro. The effect of embryo fibroblasts on the growth of erythroid colony-forming cells in vitro (CFU-e) from mouse bone marrow was investigated. First, the maintenance of CFU-e number in suspension culture was assayed. CFU-e recovered from suspension culture fell rapidly to values below 30% of the initial number. When erythropoietin (EP) was added, the initial decline during the first day was followed by a rise to 80%. In cultures supplemented with irradiated fibroblasts, the number of CFU-e did not show an abortive fall, but there was a slight increase during 3 days of culturing. The influence of fibroblasts on the colony-forming ability of CFU-e was studied in a semisolid culture system composed of an agar underlayer and a methylcellulose overlayer. The number of erythroid colonies scored after 5 days of culture in the presence of different levels of EP was proportional to the number of added fibroblasts and the colony size (depending on the number of fibroblasts) increased to macroscopic dimensions. Fibroblasts alone, without EP, induced colony formation by CFU-e if added in concentrations of 1 X 10(5) or higher. EP was not detectable in medium conditioned by the fibroblasts. These data indicate that fibroblasts may stimulate erythroid colony formation (in the absence of EP) and enhance the colony-forming ability of CFU-e in the presence of EP. From these results, it is suggested that fibroblasts exert proliferation activating effects on CFU-e target cells."}
{"id": "PMID:902702", "title": "Factors regulating yolk sac hematopoiesis in diffusion chambers: various types of sera, cyclophosphamide, irradiation and long-term culture.", "content": "A series of studies were conducted using suspensions of murine 10 1/2 day yolk sac cells, cultured in diffusion chambers (DC), to evaluate the effects of several variables on cell growth and differentiation. The variables evaluated were: treatment of chamber recipients with cyclophosphamide (Cy) or sublethal total body irradiation (TBI), culture medium supplementation with different sera, and long-term culture. The growth of cells in Cy- and TBI-groups was parallel to that of the control group (C) until day 7 of culture. Thereafter, cells in the chambers of each group proliferated at a different rate. Whereas, cell growth in Cy-hosts was significantly greater than in C-hosts, growth of TBI-hosts was less than that in C-hosts. Horse serum supported chamber cellularity better than syngeneic mouse serum or fetal calf serum. Long-term cultures showed an increase in cell numbers until day 56, followed by a steady decrease to day 70, reaching a new level that was maintained until day 98. By day 14 of culture, and throughout the long-term culture study, there was no difference in the pattern of differentiation of DC cultured yolk sac cells. Regardless of the type of host treatment or culture medium the cells harvested were macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes.", "contents": "Factors regulating yolk sac hematopoiesis in diffusion chambers: various types of sera, cyclophosphamide, irradiation and long-term culture. A series of studies were conducted using suspensions of murine 10 1/2 day yolk sac cells, cultured in diffusion chambers (DC), to evaluate the effects of several variables on cell growth and differentiation. The variables evaluated were: treatment of chamber recipients with cyclophosphamide (Cy) or sublethal total body irradiation (TBI), culture medium supplementation with different sera, and long-term culture. The growth of cells in Cy- and TBI-groups was parallel to that of the control group (C) until day 7 of culture. Thereafter, cells in the chambers of each group proliferated at a different rate. Whereas, cell growth in Cy-hosts was significantly greater than in C-hosts, growth of TBI-hosts was less than that in C-hosts. Horse serum supported chamber cellularity better than syngeneic mouse serum or fetal calf serum. Long-term cultures showed an increase in cell numbers until day 56, followed by a steady decrease to day 70, reaching a new level that was maintained until day 98. By day 14 of culture, and throughout the long-term culture study, there was no difference in the pattern of differentiation of DC cultured yolk sac cells. Regardless of the type of host treatment or culture medium the cells harvested were macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:902703", "title": "Hydroxyurea (HU) in experimental hematology. I. Characterization of in vitro and in vivo effects on progenitor and transit cells.", "content": "The lethal effect of hydroxyurea (HU) on normal and regenerating mouse bone marrow was examined in vivo and in vitro. Progenitor cells (DCPC) were assayed by their capacity to form granulocytes and macrophages in 7-day diffusion chamber (DC) cultures. Dose-response experiments showed that a plateau effect was obtained in vitro for HU concentrations above 1 mM, killing about 40% of regenerating progenitor cells or normal proliferative granulocytes. Similarly, a plateau effect was found for doses exceeding about 15 mg i.p., when lethal effects on 3-4 day DC cultures were measured. Time-response studies in vitro showed that about 60% of maximum killing was achieved after only 10 min, with a levelling off of the effect for exposure times between 1 and 3 h. Total depression of 3H-thymidine incorporation in DC cultures was achieved in less than 0.5 h, and subsided within 4-6 h, after one i.p. injection of 23 mg HU. HU had no appreciable effect on DCPC of adult normal marrow, but killed 15% of agar colony-forming cells.", "contents": "Hydroxyurea (HU) in experimental hematology. I. Characterization of in vitro and in vivo effects on progenitor and transit cells. The lethal effect of hydroxyurea (HU) on normal and regenerating mouse bone marrow was examined in vivo and in vitro. Progenitor cells (DCPC) were assayed by their capacity to form granulocytes and macrophages in 7-day diffusion chamber (DC) cultures. Dose-response experiments showed that a plateau effect was obtained in vitro for HU concentrations above 1 mM, killing about 40% of regenerating progenitor cells or normal proliferative granulocytes. Similarly, a plateau effect was found for doses exceeding about 15 mg i.p., when lethal effects on 3-4 day DC cultures were measured. Time-response studies in vitro showed that about 60% of maximum killing was achieved after only 10 min, with a levelling off of the effect for exposure times between 1 and 3 h. Total depression of 3H-thymidine incorporation in DC cultures was achieved in less than 0.5 h, and subsided within 4-6 h, after one i.p. injection of 23 mg HU. HU had no appreciable effect on DCPC of adult normal marrow, but killed 15% of agar colony-forming cells."}
{"id": "PMID:902704", "title": "Hydroxyurea (HU) in experimental hematology. II. Similarities and dissimilarities between HU and 3H-thymidine killing.", "content": "The lethal effects of hydroxyurea (HU) and 3H-thymidine (3H-dT) on mouse hematopoietic cells were compared after various experimental procedures. The aim was to explore the relative efficiency of these two methods in analyzing the kinetic properties of progenitor cells. Both methods indicated that 40-50% of progenitor cells assayed with diffusion chamber culture (DCPC) were in S phase 3 days after cyclophosphamide treatment. Effects of HU, but not 3H-dT, were altered by neostigmine triggering of normal DCPC into cell cycle. On the other hand, cooling marrow cells before exposure to HU or 3H-dT largely abrogated the effect of HU, but not of 3H-dT. Blood-borne DCPC were not in cycle according to the HU effect. Separated blood DCPC were apparently in cycle, as judged with 3H-dT, but the Isopaque-Ficoll separation procedure rendered normal marrow DCPC susceptible to 3H-dT killing. When marrow cells were cultured in DC the HU technique appeared to be suitable for evaluation of modulation of progenitor cell (CFU-S or CFU-C) proliferation, whereas our previous experiments have shown that the 3H-dT technique is a convenient method to assess the initial triggering of CFU-S into cycle in DC culture.", "contents": "Hydroxyurea (HU) in experimental hematology. II. Similarities and dissimilarities between HU and 3H-thymidine killing. The lethal effects of hydroxyurea (HU) and 3H-thymidine (3H-dT) on mouse hematopoietic cells were compared after various experimental procedures. The aim was to explore the relative efficiency of these two methods in analyzing the kinetic properties of progenitor cells. Both methods indicated that 40-50% of progenitor cells assayed with diffusion chamber culture (DCPC) were in S phase 3 days after cyclophosphamide treatment. Effects of HU, but not 3H-dT, were altered by neostigmine triggering of normal DCPC into cell cycle. On the other hand, cooling marrow cells before exposure to HU or 3H-dT largely abrogated the effect of HU, but not of 3H-dT. Blood-borne DCPC were not in cycle according to the HU effect. Separated blood DCPC were apparently in cycle, as judged with 3H-dT, but the Isopaque-Ficoll separation procedure rendered normal marrow DCPC susceptible to 3H-dT killing. When marrow cells were cultured in DC the HU technique appeared to be suitable for evaluation of modulation of progenitor cell (CFU-S or CFU-C) proliferation, whereas our previous experiments have shown that the 3H-dT technique is a convenient method to assess the initial triggering of CFU-S into cycle in DC culture."}
{"id": "PMID:902705", "title": "In vivo synchronization of haemopoietic stem cells with hydroxyurea.", "content": "Four injections of hydroxyurea 1 mg/g body weight, given to normal mice 31, 24, 10 and 7 h before sampling bone marrow, reduced CFU-S content of femoral marrow to 30% of normal in Balb/c female and to 10% of normal in C57 B1 male mice. Over 80% of the surviving CFU-S were in the S phase of cycle, as judged from their sensitivity to killing by hydroxyurea or ARA-C.", "contents": "In vivo synchronization of haemopoietic stem cells with hydroxyurea. Four injections of hydroxyurea 1 mg/g body weight, given to normal mice 31, 24, 10 and 7 h before sampling bone marrow, reduced CFU-S content of femoral marrow to 30% of normal in Balb/c female and to 10% of normal in C57 B1 male mice. Over 80% of the surviving CFU-S were in the S phase of cycle, as judged from their sensitivity to killing by hydroxyurea or ARA-C."}
{"id": "PMID:902706", "title": "Pulse cytophotometric investigations concerning ploidy and proliferation pattern of invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix uteri.", "content": "Tumor cell suspensions from 100 biopsies of squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix uteri were investigated by impulse cytophotometry (ICP) after staining with pepsin-ethidium bromide. We estimated the ploidy pattern by comparing the ICP curves with normal diploid material. The originally linearly classified curves were transformed in a logarithmical manner. We found 48 diploid populations and 42 polyploid populations, among them 19 tetraploid tumors. In these the 4c-peak was the highest. In 10 cases there were aneuploid stem lines, mainly lying between 2c and 4c; 2 curves had a hypertetraploid pattern. Helpful for interpretation of the whole curve is the introduction of an index: the \"relative mean DNA-content\" (DNA). In 15 diploid tumors we found a low proliferating rate, characterized by low 4c-peaks. For interpretation of polyploid cell cycles a completed nomenclature of cell cycle phases was introduced. Comparing our material with chromosome analyses in laterature we found more polyploid, e.g. tetraploid tumors. It can be assumed that the estimation of ploidy pattern solely by DNA measurements has another meaning than by chromosome analyses. The higher ploid peaks in DNA distribution curves (e.g. ICP-karyograms) represent not only true polyploid nuclei but also nuclei which are in a blocked premitotic resting phase (G2 for 4c; G'2 for 8c and so on). The ICP is a valuable method for estimating biological pecularities of tumor cell suspensions.", "contents": "Pulse cytophotometric investigations concerning ploidy and proliferation pattern of invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix uteri. Tumor cell suspensions from 100 biopsies of squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix uteri were investigated by impulse cytophotometry (ICP) after staining with pepsin-ethidium bromide. We estimated the ploidy pattern by comparing the ICP curves with normal diploid material. The originally linearly classified curves were transformed in a logarithmical manner. We found 48 diploid populations and 42 polyploid populations, among them 19 tetraploid tumors. In these the 4c-peak was the highest. In 10 cases there were aneuploid stem lines, mainly lying between 2c and 4c; 2 curves had a hypertetraploid pattern. Helpful for interpretation of the whole curve is the introduction of an index: the \"relative mean DNA-content\" (DNA). In 15 diploid tumors we found a low proliferating rate, characterized by low 4c-peaks. For interpretation of polyploid cell cycles a completed nomenclature of cell cycle phases was introduced. Comparing our material with chromosome analyses in laterature we found more polyploid, e.g. tetraploid tumors. It can be assumed that the estimation of ploidy pattern solely by DNA measurements has another meaning than by chromosome analyses. The higher ploid peaks in DNA distribution curves (e.g. ICP-karyograms) represent not only true polyploid nuclei but also nuclei which are in a blocked premitotic resting phase (G2 for 4c; G'2 for 8c and so on). The ICP is a valuable method for estimating biological pecularities of tumor cell suspensions."}
{"id": "PMID:902707", "title": "Prevention of 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced extrahepatic short-term effects by 3-methylcholanthrene.", "content": "It is well known that simultaneous application of polycyclic carcinogenic hydrocarbons, especially 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) inhibits or prevents tumorigenesis induced by carcinogenic aromatic amines or azo dyes. Short-term tests showed a mitogenic effect upon adrenal cortex 48 hours following a single dose of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) among other carcinogenic substances. 6 mg/kg body weight given simultaneously prevent the proliferative response of the adrenals by AAF (60 mg/kg b.w.) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. These different effects can be assumed to depend on the production of carcinogenic derivatives or their non-production. Therefore, the positive adrenal reaction by other substances tested is probably also provoked by carcinogenic compounds. The lack of responsiveness by MC may reflect a fundamental change of AAF metabolism. The mode of action is unknown. Possible explanations are discussed.", "contents": "Prevention of 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced extrahepatic short-term effects by 3-methylcholanthrene. It is well known that simultaneous application of polycyclic carcinogenic hydrocarbons, especially 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) inhibits or prevents tumorigenesis induced by carcinogenic aromatic amines or azo dyes. Short-term tests showed a mitogenic effect upon adrenal cortex 48 hours following a single dose of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) among other carcinogenic substances. 6 mg/kg body weight given simultaneously prevent the proliferative response of the adrenals by AAF (60 mg/kg b.w.) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. These different effects can be assumed to depend on the production of carcinogenic derivatives or their non-production. Therefore, the positive adrenal reaction by other substances tested is probably also provoked by carcinogenic compounds. The lack of responsiveness by MC may reflect a fundamental change of AAF metabolism. The mode of action is unknown. Possible explanations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902708", "title": "[Studies on the cytotoxicity of poly-L-arginine, poly-L-lysine and DEAE-dextran in L-cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts].", "content": "Cellular insulin uptake is influenced by poly-L-arginine, poly-L-lysine and DEAE-dextran. In this study it is asked for the mechanisms of these influences as well as for the cytotoxicity of different concentrations of these substances. The experiments aim to contribute to the knowledge on toxic concentrations of polycations.", "contents": "[Studies on the cytotoxicity of poly-L-arginine, poly-L-lysine and DEAE-dextran in L-cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts]. Cellular insulin uptake is influenced by poly-L-arginine, poly-L-lysine and DEAE-dextran. In this study it is asked for the mechanisms of these influences as well as for the cytotoxicity of different concentrations of these substances. The experiments aim to contribute to the knowledge on toxic concentrations of polycations."}
{"id": "PMID:902709", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic studies on untreated and transformed mouse embryo fibroblast cell cultures.", "content": "Cultures of CBA T6T6 mouse embryo cells were transformed by 20-methylcholanthrene (MC) treatment in vitro. Untreated and MC treated cells and reexplanted cells of tumours originating from MC treated cells were compared by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The 3 cultures showed considerable differences in the situation of the cells compared to each other, as well as in the number and shape of the surface formations.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic studies on untreated and transformed mouse embryo fibroblast cell cultures. Cultures of CBA T6T6 mouse embryo cells were transformed by 20-methylcholanthrene (MC) treatment in vitro. Untreated and MC treated cells and reexplanted cells of tumours originating from MC treated cells were compared by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The 3 cultures showed considerable differences in the situation of the cells compared to each other, as well as in the number and shape of the surface formations."}
{"id": "PMID:902714", "title": "The secularization of U.S. Catholic birth control practices.", "content": "Except for sterilization, Catholic and non-Catholic contraceptive practices are now quite similar. Within several years, even sterilization will probably be adopted by the same proportions of Catholics as non-Catholics, and the rhythm method is destined to be of historical interest only. The wide gulf between official Catholic doctrine and the birth control behavior of Catholics can only deepen in the next few years.", "contents": "The secularization of U.S. Catholic birth control practices. Except for sterilization, Catholic and non-Catholic contraceptive practices are now quite similar. Within several years, even sterilization will probably be adopted by the same proportions of Catholics as non-Catholics, and the rhythm method is destined to be of historical interest only. The wide gulf between official Catholic doctrine and the birth control behavior of Catholics can only deepen in the next few years."}
{"id": "PMID:902715", "title": "Paths to fertility reduction: the 'policy cube'.", "content": "This article has enumerated several policy paths now used or proposed for dealing with rapid population growth in developing countries; has identified three standards by which such options can be appraised; has appraised policies against standards, and has embodied that process in a 'policy cube' to represent the trade-offs involved. In a rapidly evolving field like population policy, everything is subject to change--paths, criteria and scores--but the underlying process of selection has a certain constancy. If not this set, then another--but the problem remains. It is in that spirit of continuing discourse that this effort is offered.", "contents": "Paths to fertility reduction: the 'policy cube'. This article has enumerated several policy paths now used or proposed for dealing with rapid population growth in developing countries; has identified three standards by which such options can be appraised; has appraised policies against standards, and has embodied that process in a 'policy cube' to represent the trade-offs involved. In a rapidly evolving field like population policy, everything is subject to change--paths, criteria and scores--but the underlying process of selection has a certain constancy. If not this set, then another--but the problem remains. It is in that spirit of continuing discourse that this effort is offered."}
{"id": "PMID:902717", "title": "[Effect of neuroleptics on the retraining of rats to change the direction of the avoidance response in a Y-shaped maze].", "content": "The ability of rats to alter the direction of avoidance response in a Y-shaped labyrinth was determined. Chlorpromazine (1 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) facilitated re-training of the animals but produced lengthening of the latent reaction periods. Smaller doses of chlorpromazine (0.5 mg/kg) and of haloperidol (0.05 mg/kg) improved the ability of rats to alter the direction of avoidance and did not affect the latency of responses. Such an action of the neuroleptics exerted mainly on animals initially difficultly amenable to re-training.", "contents": "[Effect of neuroleptics on the retraining of rats to change the direction of the avoidance response in a Y-shaped maze]. The ability of rats to alter the direction of avoidance response in a Y-shaped labyrinth was determined. Chlorpromazine (1 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) facilitated re-training of the animals but produced lengthening of the latent reaction periods. Smaller doses of chlorpromazine (0.5 mg/kg) and of haloperidol (0.05 mg/kg) improved the ability of rats to alter the direction of avoidance and did not affect the latency of responses. Such an action of the neuroleptics exerted mainly on animals initially difficultly amenable to re-training."}
{"id": "PMID:902720", "title": "[Assessment of the safety of nonachlazin during long term administration].", "content": "Tests were set up on rats, guinea pigs and dogs to look into the cronic toxicity of nonachlazine, an effective antianginal agent, used for a space of 6 months in doses of 10 and 35 mg/kg, by far superior to the ones effectively employed clinically. The results of hematological, morphological and biochemical investigations bear evidence to a low toxicity of nonachlozine, which gives good reason to presume the drug to be safe for the use in medical practice.", "contents": "[Assessment of the safety of nonachlazin during long term administration]. Tests were set up on rats, guinea pigs and dogs to look into the cronic toxicity of nonachlazine, an effective antianginal agent, used for a space of 6 months in doses of 10 and 35 mg/kg, by far superior to the ones effectively employed clinically. The results of hematological, morphological and biochemical investigations bear evidence to a low toxicity of nonachlozine, which gives good reason to presume the drug to be safe for the use in medical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:902722", "title": "[Effect of apressin on the mechanism regulating vascular tone].", "content": "Acute experiments with anesthetized and decerebrate cats brought evidence that in a dose of 1 mg/kg apressin first increases by 50 per cent the centrogenically-produced pressor vascular reactions and then (30-60 min thereafter) suppresses pressor responses. Apressin (in a dose of 3-5 mg/kg) appreciably weakens the intensity of the pressor vascular reactions and increases the efferent outflow in the renal nerve. In doses of 1-10 mg/kg it does not affect the transmission of excitation in the superior cervical sympathic ganglion and in the solar plexus nodes. In tests with the crossed circulation apressin in doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg produces a marked depression of vascular reactions and a drop of the perfusion pressure in the vessels of the hind extremity perfused with the autoblood and a rising intensity of these reactions along with a greater resistance of the hind extremity vessels, perfused with the donor's blood.", "contents": "[Effect of apressin on the mechanism regulating vascular tone]. Acute experiments with anesthetized and decerebrate cats brought evidence that in a dose of 1 mg/kg apressin first increases by 50 per cent the centrogenically-produced pressor vascular reactions and then (30-60 min thereafter) suppresses pressor responses. Apressin (in a dose of 3-5 mg/kg) appreciably weakens the intensity of the pressor vascular reactions and increases the efferent outflow in the renal nerve. In doses of 1-10 mg/kg it does not affect the transmission of excitation in the superior cervical sympathic ganglion and in the solar plexus nodes. In tests with the crossed circulation apressin in doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg produces a marked depression of vascular reactions and a drop of the perfusion pressure in the vessels of the hind extremity perfused with the autoblood and a rising intensity of these reactions along with a greater resistance of the hind extremity vessels, perfused with the donor's blood."}
{"id": "PMID:902723", "title": "[Assessment of the influence of pharmacologic substances on pressor vasomotor reflexes in anesthetized animals].", "content": "Causes accounting for differing results of experiments during studies on the effects of morphine and chlordiazepoxide upon the intensity of pressor vasomotor reflexes provoked by an electric stimulation of afferent fibers in the tibial nerve were investigated in tests set up on urethan and chloralose anesthetized animals. With this purpose in view the relationship between the amplitude of the vasomotor reflexes and the intensity of electric stimulation, as well as the nature of the drugs action upon the vasomotor reflexes, depending on the stimulation parameters adopted during their registration, were studied. The intensity and the nature of changes of the pressor vasomotor reflexes are shown to depend not only on the properties of the test drugs, but also upon the intensity of electric stimulation employed in the experiment during registration of the reflexes. The most adequate procedure for investigating the effect of pharmaceutics on the intensity of vasomotor reflexes, e. g. a study into the influence exerted by drugs on the threshold of the reflexes origination, is proposed.", "contents": "[Assessment of the influence of pharmacologic substances on pressor vasomotor reflexes in anesthetized animals]. Causes accounting for differing results of experiments during studies on the effects of morphine and chlordiazepoxide upon the intensity of pressor vasomotor reflexes provoked by an electric stimulation of afferent fibers in the tibial nerve were investigated in tests set up on urethan and chloralose anesthetized animals. With this purpose in view the relationship between the amplitude of the vasomotor reflexes and the intensity of electric stimulation, as well as the nature of the drugs action upon the vasomotor reflexes, depending on the stimulation parameters adopted during their registration, were studied. The intensity and the nature of changes of the pressor vasomotor reflexes are shown to depend not only on the properties of the test drugs, but also upon the intensity of electric stimulation employed in the experiment during registration of the reflexes. The most adequate procedure for investigating the effect of pharmaceutics on the intensity of vasomotor reflexes, e. g. a study into the influence exerted by drugs on the threshold of the reflexes origination, is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:902724", "title": "[Role of the dopaminergic structures of the kidney in the renal effects of euphyllin].", "content": "Reserpine and galoperidol are shown to exercise blocking effect with regard to the diuretic and saluretic action of the xanthine-euphylline. Galoperiod prevented an accretion of the total renal blood flow induced by euphylline. Preliminary introduction to rats of alpha-methyl-DOPA and 1-DOPA abolished the blocking action of reserpine on the renal effects of euphylline. The renal influence of euphylline is mediated through dopamine-ergic structures, which are non-identical to adrenostructures. Dopamine is not merely a precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine, but performs functions of its own in the organism.", "contents": "[Role of the dopaminergic structures of the kidney in the renal effects of euphyllin]. Reserpine and galoperidol are shown to exercise blocking effect with regard to the diuretic and saluretic action of the xanthine-euphylline. Galoperiod prevented an accretion of the total renal blood flow induced by euphylline. Preliminary introduction to rats of alpha-methyl-DOPA and 1-DOPA abolished the blocking action of reserpine on the renal effects of euphylline. The renal influence of euphylline is mediated through dopamine-ergic structures, which are non-identical to adrenostructures. Dopamine is not merely a precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine, but performs functions of its own in the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:902725", "title": "[Experimental anti-androgenic activity of 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide (niftholide) in rats and guinea pigs].", "content": "In experiments on rats and guinea pigs is shown the capability of the synthetized nesteroid antiandrogen--4-nitro-3-trifluormethylisobutyranilide (niftholide) to block the stimulating effect of exogenous and endogenous testosteon on the prostate, seminal vesicles and levator ani muscle. The results of histological and morphometric investigations bear proof to inhibition of the hypertrophic reaction of theprostatic epithelium in response to introduction of the androgen. It is inferred that antiandrogenic effect of niftholide with respect to testerone manifests itself on the level of the target-organs.", "contents": "[Experimental anti-androgenic activity of 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide (niftholide) in rats and guinea pigs]. In experiments on rats and guinea pigs is shown the capability of the synthetized nesteroid antiandrogen--4-nitro-3-trifluormethylisobutyranilide (niftholide) to block the stimulating effect of exogenous and endogenous testosteon on the prostate, seminal vesicles and levator ani muscle. The results of histological and morphometric investigations bear proof to inhibition of the hypertrophic reaction of theprostatic epithelium in response to introduction of the androgen. It is inferred that antiandrogenic effect of niftholide with respect to testerone manifests itself on the level of the target-organs."}
{"id": "PMID:902735", "title": "[Effect of serotonin and monoamine oxidase inhibitors on corneal anesthesia produced by celnovocaine and novocaine].", "content": "In experiments on guinea pigs it is shown that a preliminary intraperitoneal administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) -- transamine (10 mg/kg) or malic acid benzyldihydrazide (50 mg/kg) antagonizes the local anesthetic action of celnovocaine (CC) and novocaine (NC). An analogous effect is also observed following instillation of transamine (a 0.1% solution) and malic acid benzyldihydrazide (a 0.23% solution) into the eye 10 minutes before administration of the anesthetic. Instillation of a 0.1% serotonin creatinine sulphate solution also antagonizes anesthesia produced by CC and NC, while MAOI potentiates the effect of serotonin.", "contents": "[Effect of serotonin and monoamine oxidase inhibitors on corneal anesthesia produced by celnovocaine and novocaine]. In experiments on guinea pigs it is shown that a preliminary intraperitoneal administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) -- transamine (10 mg/kg) or malic acid benzyldihydrazide (50 mg/kg) antagonizes the local anesthetic action of celnovocaine (CC) and novocaine (NC). An analogous effect is also observed following instillation of transamine (a 0.1% solution) and malic acid benzyldihydrazide (a 0.23% solution) into the eye 10 minutes before administration of the anesthetic. Instillation of a 0.1% serotonin creatinine sulphate solution also antagonizes anesthesia produced by CC and NC, while MAOI potentiates the effect of serotonin."}
{"id": "PMID:902734", "title": "[Effect of arecoline, phenamine and ethimizol on the distribution of electroencephalographic frequency characteristics].", "content": "The influence of arecoline, amphethamine and aethimizol upon the nature of frequency distribution on the electrogram of the midbrain reticular formation, dorsal hippocampus and the large hemispheres cortex was studied on rabbits undergoing chronic experiments with a unipolar lead of biopotentials. It is shown that, when observed visually, intravenous administration of arecoline (0.025-0.05 mg/kg), amphethamine (1 mg/kg) and aethimizol 3 mg/kg) causes similar changes on the electroencephalogram, i.e. the reaction of activation. However, the frequency analysis of the EEG within the range of 1.5 to 100 Hz showed the influence of each one of the above drugs on the nature of frequency distribution of these structures on the EG  to be dissimilar. The unidirectional character distinguishing the effects of arecoline, amphethamine and aethimizol is conditioned by their common system stimulating action on the central nervous system, this manifesting itself in the reactions of activation. On the other hand, the differences in the re-distribution of the EEG frequency characteristics occurring under the influence of each of these drugs are due to the engagement of dissimilar mechanisms of the intracentral regulation in each individual case.", "contents": "[Effect of arecoline, phenamine and ethimizol on the distribution of electroencephalographic frequency characteristics]. The influence of arecoline, amphethamine and aethimizol upon the nature of frequency distribution on the electrogram of the midbrain reticular formation, dorsal hippocampus and the large hemispheres cortex was studied on rabbits undergoing chronic experiments with a unipolar lead of biopotentials. It is shown that, when observed visually, intravenous administration of arecoline (0.025-0.05 mg/kg), amphethamine (1 mg/kg) and aethimizol 3 mg/kg) causes similar changes on the electroencephalogram, i.e. the reaction of activation. However, the frequency analysis of the EEG within the range of 1.5 to 100 Hz showed the influence of each one of the above drugs on the nature of frequency distribution of these structures on the EG  to be dissimilar. The unidirectional character distinguishing the effects of arecoline, amphethamine and aethimizol is conditioned by their common system stimulating action on the central nervous system, this manifesting itself in the reactions of activation. On the other hand, the differences in the re-distribution of the EEG frequency characteristics occurring under the influence of each of these drugs are due to the engagement of dissimilar mechanisms of the intracentral regulation in each individual case."}
{"id": "PMID:902730", "title": "[Toxicologic study of the antianemia preparation dextrafer].", "content": "Experiments were conduced with a twofold purpose, viz--to determine the medium lethal dose of the preparation and to study the dextrafer distribution in tissues of rabbits after its single or repeated intravenous infusion. The medium lethal dose of the drug was found to be 250 time greater than its maximal therapeutic dose. Morphological and histochemical observations showed dextrafer to have no toxic effect on the rabbits' tissues over a period of 2 years after its single intravenous infusion.", "contents": "[Toxicologic study of the antianemia preparation dextrafer]. Experiments were conduced with a twofold purpose, viz--to determine the medium lethal dose of the preparation and to study the dextrafer distribution in tissues of rabbits after its single or repeated intravenous infusion. The medium lethal dose of the drug was found to be 250 time greater than its maximal therapeutic dose. Morphological and histochemical observations showed dextrafer to have no toxic effect on the rabbits' tissues over a period of 2 years after its single intravenous infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:902736", "title": "[Comparative effect of pyrazidol and imizin on the ECG and other indices of cardiac activity].", "content": "With enteral administration to dogs of equitherapeutic doses (pyrazidol-25 mg/kg, imizin-15 mg/kg) pyrazidol did not provoke myocardial ischemia caused by imizin (imipramin). ECG changes in rats following introduction of pyrazidol and imizin show the latter to call forth more marked upsets on the level of the cardio-vascular system than does pyrazidol. In a concentration of 3-10-6 g/ml the latter lengthens the refractory period of an isolated rabbit's cardiac auricle by 12.6 per cent on an average, while imizin in the same concentration does it by 34 per cent. In acute tests on cats pyrazidol produces a less pronounced hypotension than does imizin.", "contents": "[Comparative effect of pyrazidol and imizin on the ECG and other indices of cardiac activity]. With enteral administration to dogs of equitherapeutic doses (pyrazidol-25 mg/kg, imizin-15 mg/kg) pyrazidol did not provoke myocardial ischemia caused by imizin (imipramin). ECG changes in rats following introduction of pyrazidol and imizin show the latter to call forth more marked upsets on the level of the cardio-vascular system than does pyrazidol. In a concentration of 3-10-6 g/ml the latter lengthens the refractory period of an isolated rabbit's cardiac auricle by 12.6 per cent on an average, while imizin in the same concentration does it by 34 per cent. In acute tests on cats pyrazidol produces a less pronounced hypotension than does imizin."}
{"id": "PMID:902738", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandin A1 on systemic and regional hemodynamics in dogs].", "content": "Intravenous administration of prostaglandin A1--PGA1 (10 gamma/kg) brings down arterial pressure, increases the rate of cardiac contractions, of cardiac output and myocardial contractility. Despite elevated pressure in the pulmonary artery the overall pulmonary resistance decreases without any substantial intensification of the right ventricle output. The mean circulation volume in the common carotid and superior mesenteric arteries shows but a momentary increase under the effect of PGA1. This is attended by a more significant and protracted rise of the circulation volume in the femoral and renal arteries, the maximum increase amounting to 140 and 39 per cent, respectively.", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandin A1 on systemic and regional hemodynamics in dogs]. Intravenous administration of prostaglandin A1--PGA1 (10 gamma/kg) brings down arterial pressure, increases the rate of cardiac contractions, of cardiac output and myocardial contractility. Despite elevated pressure in the pulmonary artery the overall pulmonary resistance decreases without any substantial intensification of the right ventricle output. The mean circulation volume in the common carotid and superior mesenteric arteries shows but a momentary increase under the effect of PGA1. This is attended by a more significant and protracted rise of the circulation volume in the femoral and renal arteries, the maximum increase amounting to 140 and 39 per cent, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:902737", "title": "[Effect of isadrine and anapriline on permeability of myocardial histo-hematic barriers in conditions of acute ischemia].", "content": "When reproducing ischemia of the myocardium in acute experiments on rabbits and in tests with the isolated rabbit's heart an elevated permeability of the myocardial histo-blood barriers (HBB) to sodium sulphacyl in the region of ischemia and its boundary zone was established. Upon introduction of isadrine (2 mg/kg and 2-10-6 M) and anapriline (1 and 2.5 mg/kg; 2-10-6 and 10-5M) the permeability of the HBB to sodium sulphacyl within the ischemia zone and in areas of the myocardium contiguous to it diminished. The permeability of the myocardial HBB  in the intact zone did not change under the effect of the drugs. In in vitro experiments with erythrocytes by using the fluorescent test and methods for determination of the osmotic resistance the drugs were found to display the membranotropic activity. From the in vitro tests it follows that anapriline and isadrine exercise no antiprotease action.", "contents": "[Effect of isadrine and anapriline on permeability of myocardial histo-hematic barriers in conditions of acute ischemia]. When reproducing ischemia of the myocardium in acute experiments on rabbits and in tests with the isolated rabbit's heart an elevated permeability of the myocardial histo-blood barriers (HBB) to sodium sulphacyl in the region of ischemia and its boundary zone was established. Upon introduction of isadrine (2 mg/kg and 2-10-6 M) and anapriline (1 and 2.5 mg/kg; 2-10-6 and 10-5M) the permeability of the HBB to sodium sulphacyl within the ischemia zone and in areas of the myocardium contiguous to it diminished. The permeability of the myocardial HBB  in the intact zone did not change under the effect of the drugs. In in vitro experiments with erythrocytes by using the fluorescent test and methods for determination of the osmotic resistance the drugs were found to display the membranotropic activity. From the in vitro tests it follows that anapriline and isadrine exercise no antiprotease action."}
{"id": "PMID:902739", "title": "[Effect of diethyphen on cerebral vessel tonus and on general arterial pressure].", "content": "The investigation was carried out on anesthetized cats under controlled respiration. The tonicity of cranial vessels was judged about by the perfusion pressure figures in the system of intra- and extra-cranial vessels. With its intravenous and intracarotid administration diaethiphenum lowered the one of intra- and extra-cranial vessels. An intravenous introduction of its high doses was followed also by a fall of the total arterial pressure. An effect on the brain vasculature similar to that of diaethiphenum is also produced by diethylstibestrol.", "contents": "[Effect of diethyphen on cerebral vessel tonus and on general arterial pressure]. The investigation was carried out on anesthetized cats under controlled respiration. The tonicity of cranial vessels was judged about by the perfusion pressure figures in the system of intra- and extra-cranial vessels. With its intravenous and intracarotid administration diaethiphenum lowered the one of intra- and extra-cranial vessels. An intravenous introduction of its high doses was followed also by a fall of the total arterial pressure. An effect on the brain vasculature similar to that of diaethiphenum is also produced by diethylstibestrol."}
{"id": "PMID:902740", "title": "[Effect of papaverine, kallikrein and salsoline on carbohydrate metabolism indices and catecholamine content in blood vessel walls].", "content": "In tests conducted with cats salsolin brings down considerably the catecholamines concentration in the vascular wall. Papaverine and kallicrein raise the level of epinephrine and reduce the concentration of norepinephrine. With its one-time administration papaverine promotes accumulation of pyruvate and citrate in tissues of the most vessels. Kallicrein forces down the level of lactate and appreciably increases the concentration of pyruvate in the vascular tissue.", "contents": "[Effect of papaverine, kallikrein and salsoline on carbohydrate metabolism indices and catecholamine content in blood vessel walls]. In tests conducted with cats salsolin brings down considerably the catecholamines concentration in the vascular wall. Papaverine and kallicrein raise the level of epinephrine and reduce the concentration of norepinephrine. With its one-time administration papaverine promotes accumulation of pyruvate and citrate in tissues of the most vessels. Kallicrein forces down the level of lactate and appreciably increases the concentration of pyruvate in the vascular tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:902742", "title": "[Effect of antidotes on the rate of absorption of 2,4-dinitrophenol from the digestive tract into the blood].", "content": "An investigation of the rate of the 2,4-dinitrophenol absorption from the digestive tract into the blood with the use of an antidote and its components (activated charcoal, tannin, magnesium oxide), stach water and paraffin oil demonstrated the activated charcoal and magnesium oxide to be the best antidotes among the ones studied. The antidote exerts a somewhat less marked, but still quite a strong action.", "contents": "[Effect of antidotes on the rate of absorption of 2,4-dinitrophenol from the digestive tract into the blood]. An investigation of the rate of the 2,4-dinitrophenol absorption from the digestive tract into the blood with the use of an antidote and its components (activated charcoal, tannin, magnesium oxide), stach water and paraffin oil demonstrated the activated charcoal and magnesium oxide to be the best antidotes among the ones studied. The antidote exerts a somewhat less marked, but still quite a strong action."}
{"id": "PMID:902741", "title": "[Effect of adrenaline and acetylcholine on carbohydrate metabolism indices and catecholamine balance in vessel walls].", "content": "In tests conducted with cats subject to studies was the influence of epinephrine and acetylcholine, used in various doses, on the level of \"key\" metabolites of the carbohydrate metabolism and upon the catecholamines content in the vascular walls at the time of the maximum bioelectric and motor responses to the vasomotor agent. It is shown that on administration of a small dose of acetylcholine there supervenes a characteristic redistribution of the study substrates of the carbohydrate metabolism, similar to the one observed after introduction of epinephrine in the same dose. It is suggested that the acetylcholine (1.5 gamma/kg) vasodilation of the blood vessels occurs through mediation of the beta-adrenergic mechanisms. The appearance of changes in the content of carbohydrate metabolites varying in their direction and intensity and occurring under the effect of different acetylcholine doses gives ground to presume the existence of alternative mechanisms accounting for regulation of vasodilatation.", "contents": "[Effect of adrenaline and acetylcholine on carbohydrate metabolism indices and catecholamine balance in vessel walls]. In tests conducted with cats subject to studies was the influence of epinephrine and acetylcholine, used in various doses, on the level of \"key\" metabolites of the carbohydrate metabolism and upon the catecholamines content in the vascular walls at the time of the maximum bioelectric and motor responses to the vasomotor agent. It is shown that on administration of a small dose of acetylcholine there supervenes a characteristic redistribution of the study substrates of the carbohydrate metabolism, similar to the one observed after introduction of epinephrine in the same dose. It is suggested that the acetylcholine (1.5 gamma/kg) vasodilation of the blood vessels occurs through mediation of the beta-adrenergic mechanisms. The appearance of changes in the content of carbohydrate metabolites varying in their direction and intensity and occurring under the effect of different acetylcholine doses gives ground to presume the existence of alternative mechanisms accounting for regulation of vasodilatation."}
{"id": "PMID:902744", "title": "[Efficacy of vitamin E and sodium selenite in experimental hepatic dystrophy].", "content": "Experiments staged in albino rats with acute dystrophy induced by carbon tetrachloride evidenced that vitamin \"E\" (10 mg per 100 g of the animals mass) used in combination with sodium selenite (2 gamma per 100 g) help lessen the poisoning, avert the death of the animals and accelerate restoration of the liver function. These drugs normalize the production and secretion of bile, stimulate the synthesis of primary bile acids and their conjugation with taurine and glycine, exercising beneficial influence on the pigmental function of the liver and on the cholesterol excretion.", "contents": "[Efficacy of vitamin E and sodium selenite in experimental hepatic dystrophy]. Experiments staged in albino rats with acute dystrophy induced by carbon tetrachloride evidenced that vitamin \"E\" (10 mg per 100 g of the animals mass) used in combination with sodium selenite (2 gamma per 100 g) help lessen the poisoning, avert the death of the animals and accelerate restoration of the liver function. These drugs normalize the production and secretion of bile, stimulate the synthesis of primary bile acids and their conjugation with taurine and glycine, exercising beneficial influence on the pigmental function of the liver and on the cholesterol excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:902743", "title": "[Effect of diuretics on catecholamine stimulation of sodium reabsorption in the rat kidney].", "content": "To analyze the mechanism of the catecholamines activation of the tubular sodium transport the response of the rat's kidney to epinephrine under the action of some diuretics was investigated. Triamteren, an inhibitor of the lumenal membrane permeability to sodium, considerably weakened the stimulating effect of epinephrine on the sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules. Etacrynic acid which blocks one of the components in the system of active sodium transport in the tubular epithelium cells did not influence the activating effect of epinephrine. Strophanthin K, an inhibitor of the (Na+-K+)-activated ATP-ase completely prevented any accretion of the tubular sodium reabsorption under the effect of epinephrine. It is inferred that catecholamines can act directly on some components of the system reabsorbin sodium in renal tubules of the rat.", "contents": "[Effect of diuretics on catecholamine stimulation of sodium reabsorption in the rat kidney]. To analyze the mechanism of the catecholamines activation of the tubular sodium transport the response of the rat's kidney to epinephrine under the action of some diuretics was investigated. Triamteren, an inhibitor of the lumenal membrane permeability to sodium, considerably weakened the stimulating effect of epinephrine on the sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules. Etacrynic acid which blocks one of the components in the system of active sodium transport in the tubular epithelium cells did not influence the activating effect of epinephrine. Strophanthin K, an inhibitor of the (Na+-K+)-activated ATP-ase completely prevented any accretion of the tubular sodium reabsorption under the effect of epinephrine. It is inferred that catecholamines can act directly on some components of the system reabsorbin sodium in renal tubules of the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:902745", "title": "[Effect of aminazin, phenobarbital and their combination on the activity of the liver hydroxylase system and on their individual pharmacological effects].", "content": "Administration of phenobarbital to male-rats for 4 days induced the appearance of P-450 cytochrome in the liver and intensified the activity of the hydroxylase system, more specifically with respect to hexobarbital than to amidopyrine. The cataleptic effect of chlorpromazine was then running low. A 4-day long administration of chlorpromazine failed to increase the P-450 cytochrome content, but did change the hydroxylating activity of the microsomes in favour of the amidopyrine metabolism. With joint introduction of chlorpromazine and phenobarbital the intensity of the amidopyrine hydroxylation increased to a greater extent.", "contents": "[Effect of aminazin, phenobarbital and their combination on the activity of the liver hydroxylase system and on their individual pharmacological effects]. Administration of phenobarbital to male-rats for 4 days induced the appearance of P-450 cytochrome in the liver and intensified the activity of the hydroxylase system, more specifically with respect to hexobarbital than to amidopyrine. The cataleptic effect of chlorpromazine was then running low. A 4-day long administration of chlorpromazine failed to increase the P-450 cytochrome content, but did change the hydroxylating activity of the microsomes in favour of the amidopyrine metabolism. With joint introduction of chlorpromazine and phenobarbital the intensity of the amidopyrine hydroxylation increased to a greater extent."}
{"id": "PMID:902747", "title": "[Morphological and histochemical changes in rat gastric mucosa during acute chlorophos poisoning].", "content": "In male albino rats of the Wistar line which received during 21 days chlorophos (PNR) in doses of 1/2, 1/5 and 1/10 DL50 marked morphological and histochemical changes were uncovered in the glandular cells of the fundus of the stomach. The intensity of these changes was proportional to the doses of the pesticide.", "contents": "[Morphological and histochemical changes in rat gastric mucosa during acute chlorophos poisoning]. In male albino rats of the Wistar line which received during 21 days chlorophos (PNR) in doses of 1/2, 1/5 and 1/10 DL50 marked morphological and histochemical changes were uncovered in the glandular cells of the fundus of the stomach. The intensity of these changes was proportional to the doses of the pesticide."}
{"id": "PMID:902746", "title": "[Effect of pyrazidole on changes in blood sugar concentration caused by adrenaline and serotonin in intact and adrenalectomized animals].", "content": "The effect produced by pyrazidol, a new tricyclic antidepressant, on changes in the blood sugar concentration caused by epinephrine and serotonin was investigated. Pyrazidol appreciably intensifies the effect of serotonin in intact and adrenalectomized animals. Under the influence of pyrazidol the action of epinephrine in intact animals also gains in strength, while in adrenalectomized animals pyrazidol lessens the hyperglycemic effect of epinephrine. Since the introduction of cortisol to adrenalectomized animals restores the effect of pyrazidol it is suggested that the influence of pyrazidol on the blood sugar concentration is accomplished with participation of glucocorticoids.", "contents": "[Effect of pyrazidole on changes in blood sugar concentration caused by adrenaline and serotonin in intact and adrenalectomized animals]. The effect produced by pyrazidol, a new tricyclic antidepressant, on changes in the blood sugar concentration caused by epinephrine and serotonin was investigated. Pyrazidol appreciably intensifies the effect of serotonin in intact and adrenalectomized animals. Under the influence of pyrazidol the action of epinephrine in intact animals also gains in strength, while in adrenalectomized animals pyrazidol lessens the hyperglycemic effect of epinephrine. Since the introduction of cortisol to adrenalectomized animals restores the effect of pyrazidol it is suggested that the influence of pyrazidol on the blood sugar concentration is accomplished with participation of glucocorticoids."}
{"id": "PMID:902748", "title": "[Cytogenetic study of the mutagenic properties of the repellents dimethyl phthalate and phenoxyacetic acid N,N-diethylamide].", "content": "Animal experiments ascertained that the repellent N,N-diethylamide of phenoxyacetic acid (P-203) increases the frequency of chromosomal aberration in the bone marrow cells of mice following its intraperitoneal introduction and also in the cells of a regenerating liver of rats after its repeated skin application. Dimethylphthalate displayed a mutagenic action only with respect to the rats' hepatocytes when applied repeatedly to the skin.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic study of the mutagenic properties of the repellents dimethyl phthalate and phenoxyacetic acid N,N-diethylamide]. Animal experiments ascertained that the repellent N,N-diethylamide of phenoxyacetic acid (P-203) increases the frequency of chromosomal aberration in the bone marrow cells of mice following its intraperitoneal introduction and also in the cells of a regenerating liver of rats after its repeated skin application. Dimethylphthalate displayed a mutagenic action only with respect to the rats' hepatocytes when applied repeatedly to the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:902750", "title": "[Metabolism of the neuroleptic azabutyrone in the human body].", "content": "Thin-layer and gas chromatography, spectrophotometry and mass-spectrometry were employed in studying metabolism of the neuroleptic azabutyron in man. It was ascertained that azabutyron is eliminated from the human organism in 24 hours unchanged (10 per cent of the dose administered). The main ways of its metabolism are oxidative N-dealkylation, reduction of the carboxylic group in the molecule, N-oxidation and conjugation of the drug.", "contents": "[Metabolism of the neuroleptic azabutyrone in the human body]. Thin-layer and gas chromatography, spectrophotometry and mass-spectrometry were employed in studying metabolism of the neuroleptic azabutyron in man. It was ascertained that azabutyron is eliminated from the human organism in 24 hours unchanged (10 per cent of the dose administered). The main ways of its metabolism are oxidative N-dealkylation, reduction of the carboxylic group in the molecule, N-oxidation and conjugation of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:902749", "title": "[Toxicological properties of benzanthrone and its derivatives in relation to their chemical structure].", "content": "The paper presents a comparative study covering toxicological characteristics of benznthrone, brombenzanthrone, dibrombenzanthrone, methoxybenzanthrone, dibenzanronyl, dibenanthrone (violanthrone). The mentioned compounds were found to have a low acute and marked subchronic toxicity manifesting itself in the damaging action on the blood and liver. Here the reaction of the lympho-histiocytic elements along with the appearance of plasmatic and mast cells is typical. In the series of the study compounds most toxic are benzanthrone and its bromine-derivatives. Incorporation of a methoxy-group in the benzanthrone molecule and conjugation of two benzanthrone molecules help lessen the toxic action.", "contents": "[Toxicological properties of benzanthrone and its derivatives in relation to their chemical structure]. The paper presents a comparative study covering toxicological characteristics of benznthrone, brombenzanthrone, dibrombenzanthrone, methoxybenzanthrone, dibenzanronyl, dibenanthrone (violanthrone). The mentioned compounds were found to have a low acute and marked subchronic toxicity manifesting itself in the damaging action on the blood and liver. Here the reaction of the lympho-histiocytic elements along with the appearance of plasmatic and mast cells is typical. In the series of the study compounds most toxic are benzanthrone and its bromine-derivatives. Incorporation of a methoxy-group in the benzanthrone molecule and conjugation of two benzanthrone molecules help lessen the toxic action."}
{"id": "PMID:902751", "title": "[Role of ATP in the mechanism of serotonin absorption by lung tissue].", "content": "Tests set up on the isolated perfused lungs of albino rats and on intact dogs demonstrated that the serotonin absorption by the pulmonary tissue is attended by a drop of the ATP amount in the lungs. The exogenous ATP has no essential effect on the serotonin absorption by the pulmonary tissue, its considerable quantities being metabolized in the pulmonary capillaries.", "contents": "[Role of ATP in the mechanism of serotonin absorption by lung tissue]. Tests set up on the isolated perfused lungs of albino rats and on intact dogs demonstrated that the serotonin absorption by the pulmonary tissue is attended by a drop of the ATP amount in the lungs. The exogenous ATP has no essential effect on the serotonin absorption by the pulmonary tissue, its considerable quantities being metabolized in the pulmonary capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:902757", "title": "An approach to the synthesis of C18 tri-insaturated fatty acids.", "content": "New approaches for the synthesis of cis, trans, trans, octadeca-9,11,13-trienoic acid (I) and its trans, trans, cis isomer (II), starting from the easily available propargyl alcohol are described.", "contents": "An approach to the synthesis of C18 tri-insaturated fatty acids. New approaches for the synthesis of cis, trans, trans, octadeca-9,11,13-trienoic acid (I) and its trans, trans, cis isomer (II), starting from the easily available propargyl alcohol are described."}
{"id": "PMID:902752", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of sulfamonomethoxine and ite N-methylglucamine salt in rats].", "content": "Tests conducted with albino rats demonstrated that after intramuscular administration of N-methylglucaminic salt of sulphamonomethoxine there are built up higher concentrations of the compound in the blood and organs than with its enteral introduction. The maximal sulphamonomethoxine concentrations in rats with the compound administered by mouth are observed in 3-6 hours and with its intramuscular injection--over a space of 30 minutes-1 hour. Doubling the dose of injectable sulphamonomethoxine resulted in a higher content of the compound in the organism of rats by comparison with its administration by mouth.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of sulfamonomethoxine and ite N-methylglucamine salt in rats]. Tests conducted with albino rats demonstrated that after intramuscular administration of N-methylglucaminic salt of sulphamonomethoxine there are built up higher concentrations of the compound in the blood and organs than with its enteral introduction. The maximal sulphamonomethoxine concentrations in rats with the compound administered by mouth are observed in 3-6 hours and with its intramuscular injection--over a space of 30 minutes-1 hour. Doubling the dose of injectable sulphamonomethoxine resulted in a higher content of the compound in the organism of rats by comparison with its administration by mouth."}
{"id": "PMID:902759", "title": "Biotransformation of trithiozine. III - Isolation and identification of further metabolites in rat urine.", "content": "The metabolism of a new antisecretory and antiulcer drug, trithiozine (I.S.F. 2001, T), was studied in 4 hr rat urine samples after i.p. administration. After extraction at pH 7 with chloroform, the urine was either incubated with beta-glucuronidase or acidified to pH 2 and subsequently extracted with chloroform. The organic layers were evaporated to dryness and the residues used for TLC analysis. The neutral extracts revealed five spots, not present in control rat urine, corresponding to the unchanged drug T and to four metabolites. Two of the metabolites had been previously identified as the 4-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (TBO) and the 4-(3,4,5-trimethoxythiobenzoyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine-S-oxide (TO). Three other metabolites were found in the extracts after beta-glucuronidase incubation. TLC, U.V. and M.S. data were consistent with the structure 4-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxythiobenzoyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (HT), the corresponding S-oxide (HO) and the 4-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (HBO). The acidic extracts revealed two spots structurally identified as the 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (TBA) and the previous HBO. On the basis of present knowledge, a possible metabolic pathway of T is reported, consisting in a rapid metabolic oxidation on the sulfur atom and a slower demethylation on the para methoxy group. The presence of TBA is indicative of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of TBO. The intense and long-lasting inhibitory effect of T on gastric secretion is tentatively correlated with the pharmacological activities of some of its metabolites.", "contents": "Biotransformation of trithiozine. III - Isolation and identification of further metabolites in rat urine. The metabolism of a new antisecretory and antiulcer drug, trithiozine (I.S.F. 2001, T), was studied in 4 hr rat urine samples after i.p. administration. After extraction at pH 7 with chloroform, the urine was either incubated with beta-glucuronidase or acidified to pH 2 and subsequently extracted with chloroform. The organic layers were evaporated to dryness and the residues used for TLC analysis. The neutral extracts revealed five spots, not present in control rat urine, corresponding to the unchanged drug T and to four metabolites. Two of the metabolites had been previously identified as the 4-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (TBO) and the 4-(3,4,5-trimethoxythiobenzoyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine-S-oxide (TO). Three other metabolites were found in the extracts after beta-glucuronidase incubation. TLC, U.V. and M.S. data were consistent with the structure 4-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxythiobenzoyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (HT), the corresponding S-oxide (HO) and the 4-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (HBO). The acidic extracts revealed two spots structurally identified as the 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (TBA) and the previous HBO. On the basis of present knowledge, a possible metabolic pathway of T is reported, consisting in a rapid metabolic oxidation on the sulfur atom and a slower demethylation on the para methoxy group. The presence of TBA is indicative of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of TBO. The intense and long-lasting inhibitory effect of T on gastric secretion is tentatively correlated with the pharmacological activities of some of its metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:902753", "title": "[Urinary excretion of dioxidine and quinoxidine in experiments on mice].", "content": "By using spectrochromatography the dioxidine and quinoxidine passage with urine, depending upon their doses and the method of introduction, was studied in tests on mice. On its enteral or subcutaneous introduction dioxidine is found in the urine within a period of 7-to 24 hours (depending upon the dose administered). With its maximum concentration it is definable within 1 hour. The animals' urine showed no presence of quinoxidine. In mice receiving quinoxidine the urine is found to contain the product of its disacetylization-dioxidine. The dynamics of the dioxidine excretion with urine in mice receiving quinoxidine is in line with regularities common to the passage of dioxidine following its administration to mice.", "contents": "[Urinary excretion of dioxidine and quinoxidine in experiments on mice]. By using spectrochromatography the dioxidine and quinoxidine passage with urine, depending upon their doses and the method of introduction, was studied in tests on mice. On its enteral or subcutaneous introduction dioxidine is found in the urine within a period of 7-to 24 hours (depending upon the dose administered). With its maximum concentration it is definable within 1 hour. The animals' urine showed no presence of quinoxidine. In mice receiving quinoxidine the urine is found to contain the product of its disacetylization-dioxidine. The dynamics of the dioxidine excretion with urine in mice receiving quinoxidine is in line with regularities common to the passage of dioxidine following its administration to mice."}
{"id": "PMID:902760", "title": "Synthesis and biological activities of some 7-(1,2,4-oxadiazolylacetylamino) cephalosporins.", "content": "The synthesis and the physico-chemical properties of cephalosporin derivatives carrying an (1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)- or (1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)acetylamino moiety in position 7 are described. The effects of the presence of an amino or hydroxyl group on the oxadiazole ring are examined. Selected heterocyclicthiomethyl substituents are also introduced in the 3 position of the cephalosporin nucleus. In vitro antimicrobial activity and effectiveness in protecting against bacterial infection in the mouse are evaluated. Only compound (V b) was found to have slight activity when compared with cephalosporins in clinical use.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activities of some 7-(1,2,4-oxadiazolylacetylamino) cephalosporins. The synthesis and the physico-chemical properties of cephalosporin derivatives carrying an (1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)- or (1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)acetylamino moiety in position 7 are described. The effects of the presence of an amino or hydroxyl group on the oxadiazole ring are examined. Selected heterocyclicthiomethyl substituents are also introduced in the 3 position of the cephalosporin nucleus. In vitro antimicrobial activity and effectiveness in protecting against bacterial infection in the mouse are evaluated. Only compound (V b) was found to have slight activity when compared with cephalosporins in clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:902754", "title": "[Method of determining the permeability of skin blood vessels].", "content": "In tests with rats a photometric method of registering the passage of a dye-stuff from the blood into the dermal tissue was used. By the character of the photometric curve one may judge the vascular wall permeability.", "contents": "[Method of determining the permeability of skin blood vessels]. In tests with rats a photometric method of registering the passage of a dye-stuff from the blood into the dermal tissue was used. By the character of the photometric curve one may judge the vascular wall permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:902761", "title": "[Synthesis of dithienyldisulfides].", "content": "The synthesis of 2,2'-dithienyldisulfides, variously substituted in position 3 and/or 5 with --NO2, --NHCOCH3, --SO2NH2 groups and of 2,2'-dinitro-3,3'-dithienyldisulfide is described. The antitumor activity of these compounds was tested.", "contents": "[Synthesis of dithienyldisulfides]. The synthesis of 2,2'-dithienyldisulfides, variously substituted in position 3 and/or 5 with --NO2, --NHCOCH3, --SO2NH2 groups and of 2,2'-dinitro-3,3'-dithienyldisulfide is described. The antitumor activity of these compounds was tested."}
{"id": "PMID:902782", "title": "The extramural role of the NIH as a research support agency.", "content": "An investigation of the role of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) biomedical research activity is reported, based on counts of research support acknowledgments in 264 biomedical journals covered by the Science Citation Index in 1973. Overall, NIH research support was acknowledged in approximately 25% of the clinical papers and almost 50% of the biomedical research papers. At all levels, NIH support appears to be twice as large as that of all other federal agencies combined. Each of the major institutes of NIH shows a dual pattern of research support, with a specific peak in the appropriate clinical areas and a second peak of supported research in an area of basic research activity.", "contents": "The extramural role of the NIH as a research support agency. An investigation of the role of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) biomedical research activity is reported, based on counts of research support acknowledgments in 264 biomedical journals covered by the Science Citation Index in 1973. Overall, NIH research support was acknowledged in approximately 25% of the clinical papers and almost 50% of the biomedical research papers. At all levels, NIH support appears to be twice as large as that of all other federal agencies combined. Each of the major institutes of NIH shows a dual pattern of research support, with a specific peak in the appropriate clinical areas and a second peak of supported research in an area of basic research activity."}
{"id": "PMID:902783", "title": "Excretion in mammals: role of the renal pelvis in the modification of the urinary concentration and composition.", "content": "The mammalian renal pelvis has previously been regarded as having no physiological function other than that of a receptacle for the urine before it moves through the ureter. It has long been known that the renal pelvis in mammals shows elaborate extensions that bring the urine in intimate contact with outer and inner medullary tissue. The epithelium covering these areas is of a type that indicates that transport of solutes and water can take place across it. Physiological studies have shown that urea and water readily move across the renal papillary epithelium. The pronounced ability of ruminants to conserve urea when placed on a low protein diet coincides with a highly developed renal pelvis with specialized fornices and secondary pouches. It is suggested that urea conservation in low protein animals takes place partly in the renal pelvic extensions where urea is returned to the blood. A hypothesis is also proposed for the concentrating mechanism in which recycling of urea from the pelvic urine across the papillary epithelium plays an important role.", "contents": "Excretion in mammals: role of the renal pelvis in the modification of the urinary concentration and composition. The mammalian renal pelvis has previously been regarded as having no physiological function other than that of a receptacle for the urine before it moves through the ureter. It has long been known that the renal pelvis in mammals shows elaborate extensions that bring the urine in intimate contact with outer and inner medullary tissue. The epithelium covering these areas is of a type that indicates that transport of solutes and water can take place across it. Physiological studies have shown that urea and water readily move across the renal papillary epithelium. The pronounced ability of ruminants to conserve urea when placed on a low protein diet coincides with a highly developed renal pelvis with specialized fornices and secondary pouches. It is suggested that urea conservation in low protein animals takes place partly in the renal pelvic extensions where urea is returned to the blood. A hypothesis is also proposed for the concentrating mechanism in which recycling of urea from the pelvic urine across the papillary epithelium plays an important role."}
{"id": "PMID:902828", "title": "[Detection of pseudo-porphyria cutanea tarda in 100 hemodialyzed patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study, 100 hemodialyzed patients were examined for pseudo-porphyria cutanea tarda, which was first described in 1975. Pseudo-porphyria cutanea tarda was found in 16%. Our main concern was the analysis of the etiological factors; none of the hypotheses so far put forward--a medicinal agent, an hepatic disorder, or some factor relating to the material used in the dialysis--has been confirmed. On the other hand, this condition occurred in patients with the longest interval since dialysis, and who were more often than not completely anuretic. These facts would seem to indicate that this is part of a premature ageing process which is common in these patients.", "contents": "[Detection of pseudo-porphyria cutanea tarda in 100 hemodialyzed patients (author's transl)]. In this study, 100 hemodialyzed patients were examined for pseudo-porphyria cutanea tarda, which was first described in 1975. Pseudo-porphyria cutanea tarda was found in 16%. Our main concern was the analysis of the etiological factors; none of the hypotheses so far put forward--a medicinal agent, an hepatic disorder, or some factor relating to the material used in the dialysis--has been confirmed. On the other hand, this condition occurred in patients with the longest interval since dialysis, and who were more often than not completely anuretic. These facts would seem to indicate that this is part of a premature ageing process which is common in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:902829", "title": "Systemic retinoid therapy of systematized verrucous epidermal nevus (with 1 colour plate).", "content": "In a patient with systematized verrucous epidermal nevus, marked improvement was obtained with oral administration of a new aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359). Mild cheilitis and thinning of scalp hair were the only side effects obser Withved. continuous treatment the good result was maintained for 10 months. Further investigation is needed to determine, whether long-term oral administration of this new drug is feasible.", "contents": "Systemic retinoid therapy of systematized verrucous epidermal nevus (with 1 colour plate). In a patient with systematized verrucous epidermal nevus, marked improvement was obtained with oral administration of a new aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359). Mild cheilitis and thinning of scalp hair were the only side effects obser Withved. continuous treatment the good result was maintained for 10 months. Further investigation is needed to determine, whether long-term oral administration of this new drug is feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:902830", "title": "Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma: a rare skin lesion with diverse histological features.", "content": "A case of painful eccrine angiomatous hamartoma of the wrist in a 10-year-old girl is presented. It was located in the reticular dermis and contained abnormal tubules resembling eccrine secretory coils and thin vascular channels dispersed in the collagenous tissue of the dermis. Some eccrine ducts showed dilatation. The noteworthy features of this case were the absence of hyperhidrosis over the lesion, and the presence of focal neural infiltration by the tubular structures. Electron microscopy showed mostly clear cells and occasional dark cells lining the tubular structures. This case supports the theory of abnormal induction of heterotypic dependency with resultant malformation of adnexal as well as mesenchymal elements.", "contents": "Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma: a rare skin lesion with diverse histological features. A case of painful eccrine angiomatous hamartoma of the wrist in a 10-year-old girl is presented. It was located in the reticular dermis and contained abnormal tubules resembling eccrine secretory coils and thin vascular channels dispersed in the collagenous tissue of the dermis. Some eccrine ducts showed dilatation. The noteworthy features of this case were the absence of hyperhidrosis over the lesion, and the presence of focal neural infiltration by the tubular structures. Electron microscopy showed mostly clear cells and occasional dark cells lining the tubular structures. This case supports the theory of abnormal induction of heterotypic dependency with resultant malformation of adnexal as well as mesenchymal elements."}
{"id": "PMID:902831", "title": "[Different behavior of human melanoma cells from primary tumor and metastases in vitro].", "content": "The morphologic differences of two melanoma cell cultures from a primary melanoma and a metastasis are described. Though both cultures looked very similar at the beginning, they developed into totally different forms. Long, thin spindle-shaped cells containing an optically dense plasma grew in the cultured from the primary melanoma during its whole life span and the epithelioid cells of metastasis culture separated itself into different subcultures. The cells of both subcultures detached from the bottom of the culture flasks after 15 days of growth and began to spread again 7 days later with two very different forms. This transformation was observed three more times at monthly intervals. The possible relationship between these morphological alterations and the ability of the melanoma cells to produce metastases as well as the usefulness of melanoma cell cultures for immunodiagnostic purposes are discussed.", "contents": "[Different behavior of human melanoma cells from primary tumor and metastases in vitro]. The morphologic differences of two melanoma cell cultures from a primary melanoma and a metastasis are described. Though both cultures looked very similar at the beginning, they developed into totally different forms. Long, thin spindle-shaped cells containing an optically dense plasma grew in the cultured from the primary melanoma during its whole life span and the epithelioid cells of metastasis culture separated itself into different subcultures. The cells of both subcultures detached from the bottom of the culture flasks after 15 days of growth and began to spread again 7 days later with two very different forms. This transformation was observed three more times at monthly intervals. The possible relationship between these morphological alterations and the ability of the melanoma cells to produce metastases as well as the usefulness of melanoma cell cultures for immunodiagnostic purposes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902832", "title": "[Operative therapy of hyperhidrosis axillaris (author's transl)].", "content": "Development and problems connected with the surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis are considered. 32 patients were operated according to  the method of Pr\u00e9aux. The results are good, both cosmetically and with regard to the diminution of the excessive sweat production.", "contents": "[Operative therapy of hyperhidrosis axillaris (author's transl)]. Development and problems connected with the surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis are considered. 32 patients were operated according to  the method of Pr\u00e9aux. The results are good, both cosmetically and with regard to the diminution of the excessive sweat production."}
{"id": "PMID:902838", "title": "Distribution of HLA antigens in patients with mycosis fungoides.", "content": "19 patients with plaque-style mycosis fungoides have undergone determination of HLA antigen distribution. Deviations from the expected distribution frequency occurred with the antigens of the W19 group comprising A29, W30, W31 and W32 and of B8 and A1. The W19 group deviation was statistically significant (chi2 = 9.7 p value less than 0.005). The significance of this observation in relation to reported immunological abnormalities in mycosis fungoides is discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of HLA antigens in patients with mycosis fungoides. 19 patients with plaque-style mycosis fungoides have undergone determination of HLA antigen distribution. Deviations from the expected distribution frequency occurred with the antigens of the W19 group comprising A29, W30, W31 and W32 and of B8 and A1. The W19 group deviation was statistically significant (chi2 = 9.7 p value less than 0.005). The significance of this observation in relation to reported immunological abnormalities in mycosis fungoides is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902839", "title": "A peripheral vascular syndrome overlapping with systemic lupus erythematosus. Recurrent venous thrombosis and hemorrhagic capillary proliferation with circulating anticoagulants and false-positive seroreactions for syphilis.", "content": "Three women and five men with chronic biological false-positive seroreactions for syphilis and circulating anticoagulants exhibited a vascular syndrome consisting of recurrent deep venous thrombosis of the extremities and necrotizing purpura with painful superfacial starlike ulcers around the ankles. The skin biopsies revealed a unique picture of massive proliferation of hemorrhagic dermal capillaries without a significant inflammatory reaction. Some virus infection may function as a trigger of this peripheral vascular syndrome, because 6 of the 8 patients had a preceding pneumonia with pleural vascular effusion. Considering that the three women had clinical and laboratory evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) this syndrome may be related to SLE.", "contents": "A peripheral vascular syndrome overlapping with systemic lupus erythematosus. Recurrent venous thrombosis and hemorrhagic capillary proliferation with circulating anticoagulants and false-positive seroreactions for syphilis. Three women and five men with chronic biological false-positive seroreactions for syphilis and circulating anticoagulants exhibited a vascular syndrome consisting of recurrent deep venous thrombosis of the extremities and necrotizing purpura with painful superfacial starlike ulcers around the ankles. The skin biopsies revealed a unique picture of massive proliferation of hemorrhagic dermal capillaries without a significant inflammatory reaction. Some virus infection may function as a trigger of this peripheral vascular syndrome, because 6 of the 8 patients had a preceding pneumonia with pleural vascular effusion. Considering that the three women had clinical and laboratory evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) this syndrome may be related to SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:902842", "title": "Poikiloderma-like cutaneous amyloidosis. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Cases of cutaneous amyloidosis which exhibit poikiloderma-like changes are extremely rare. There are at least two clinical forms of poikiloderma-like cutaneous amyloidosis (PCA): (1) the ordinary type, and (2) PCA syndrome. The PCA syndrome includes poikilodermatous skin manifestations whicm may appear early in life and lichenoid papules, both with cutaneous amyloid deposits, frequently associated with light sensitivity and short stature, occasionally with palmoplantar keratosis and blister formation. We carried out an examination of a 5-year-old girl who was compatible with the syndrome.", "contents": "Poikiloderma-like cutaneous amyloidosis. Report of a case and review of the literature. Cases of cutaneous amyloidosis which exhibit poikiloderma-like changes are extremely rare. There are at least two clinical forms of poikiloderma-like cutaneous amyloidosis (PCA): (1) the ordinary type, and (2) PCA syndrome. The PCA syndrome includes poikilodermatous skin manifestations whicm may appear early in life and lichenoid papules, both with cutaneous amyloid deposits, frequently associated with light sensitivity and short stature, occasionally with palmoplantar keratosis and blister formation. We carried out an examination of a 5-year-old girl who was compatible with the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:902843", "title": "Psoriasis in North India. Geographical variations.", "content": "Analysis of 162 psoriasis patients revealed a distinct male preponderance with a sex ratio of 2.5:1. The mean age of males (31.44) was 6 years higher than that of females (25.73). More than half the patients were in their 3rd to 4th decade and the mean age of onset was lower among the females than the males by approximately 5 years. Two-thirds had onset before the age of 30 years. Familial occurrence was recorded in 13.6% of the cases. Itching appeared to be a prominent feature and only a fourth of the total patients showed traditionally quoted worsening in colder months. The scalp and the extremities were the commonest sites of involvement and a large majority (74%) showed nail changes of one type or another. Psoriatic arthropathy and especially mutilating arthritis were rare.", "contents": "Psoriasis in North India. Geographical variations. Analysis of 162 psoriasis patients revealed a distinct male preponderance with a sex ratio of 2.5:1. The mean age of males (31.44) was 6 years higher than that of females (25.73). More than half the patients were in their 3rd to 4th decade and the mean age of onset was lower among the females than the males by approximately 5 years. Two-thirds had onset before the age of 30 years. Familial occurrence was recorded in 13.6% of the cases. Itching appeared to be a prominent feature and only a fourth of the total patients showed traditionally quoted worsening in colder months. The scalp and the extremities were the commonest sites of involvement and a large majority (74%) showed nail changes of one type or another. Psoriatic arthropathy and especially mutilating arthritis were rare."}
{"id": "PMID:902844", "title": "Immunological properties in staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis.", "content": "The analysis of host defenses in 4 patients with staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis revealed normal serum immunoglobulin levels, but a deficiency in cell-mediated immunity as detected by the tuberculin reactions. We suspected that the transient deficiency of cell-mediated immunity may have contributed to the development of this disease.", "contents": "Immunological properties in staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis. The analysis of host defenses in 4 patients with staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis revealed normal serum immunoglobulin levels, but a deficiency in cell-mediated immunity as detected by the tuberculin reactions. We suspected that the transient deficiency of cell-mediated immunity may have contributed to the development of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:902947", "title": "[Enzymatic assessment of the area of necrosis. I. Diagnosis and quantitative evaluation of acute myocardial infarct by means of MB creatine kinase isoenzyme. Comparison with deduced from creatine kinase activity].", "content": "On the purpose of specifying more and more the peculiarity of the isoenzymes MBCK in regard to enzyme CK, in the diagnosis as well as in the quantitative evaluation of myocardial infarction, we examined 34 patients hospitalized in U.C.I.C. The curves of the MBCK and CK were obtained through samples taken every 2-3 hours still the 12th hour, after the enzymatic concentration have exceeded the normal level and successively every 4 hours till the enzymatic activity regains its limits. The values of I.S.MBCK and I.S.CK were compared and we obtained two correlations based on the enteric work (r = 0.79) or on selected cases (r = 0.96). We conclude, for the major practicality and usefulness of measurement of MBCK in the evaluation of size, because this measurement can be obtained on the total enumeration of cases of myocardial infarction, not takine into consideration all those factors which could produce an increase of CK; moreover the MBCK is able to show the extension of myocardial infarction that would not be detectable with CK.", "contents": "[Enzymatic assessment of the area of necrosis. I. Diagnosis and quantitative evaluation of acute myocardial infarct by means of MB creatine kinase isoenzyme. Comparison with deduced from creatine kinase activity]. On the purpose of specifying more and more the peculiarity of the isoenzymes MBCK in regard to enzyme CK, in the diagnosis as well as in the quantitative evaluation of myocardial infarction, we examined 34 patients hospitalized in U.C.I.C. The curves of the MBCK and CK were obtained through samples taken every 2-3 hours still the 12th hour, after the enzymatic concentration have exceeded the normal level and successively every 4 hours till the enzymatic activity regains its limits. The values of I.S.MBCK and I.S.CK were compared and we obtained two correlations based on the enteric work (r = 0.79) or on selected cases (r = 0.96). We conclude, for the major practicality and usefulness of measurement of MBCK in the evaluation of size, because this measurement can be obtained on the total enumeration of cases of myocardial infarction, not takine into consideration all those factors which could produce an increase of CK; moreover the MBCK is able to show the extension of myocardial infarction that would not be detectable with CK."}
{"id": "PMID:902949", "title": "[Mobitz type II 2d degree atrioventricular block. Clinical and electrophysiological study].", "content": "His Bundle Electrogram (HBE) was recorded in 20 patients with Mobitz type II block. All patients were clinically evaluated and a history of syncope was carefully investigated. These patients were prospectively followed (mean follow up: 20,4 months). ECG showed LBBB in 9 patients, RBBB + LAHI in 6, RBBB + LPH in 3, LAH in 1, left axis deviation in 1. In all patients HBE revealed prolungation of H-Q interval and localization of block within the His-Purkinje system (within H in 4) distal to H in 16.  In 9 patients intermittent complete heart block localized within the H-P system was documented during HBE recording. 15 patients (75%) experienced syncopal attacks. All patients underwent implantation of permanent demand pace-maker, without further episodes of syncope. Since the site of block is the most important determinant of prognosis, in all patients with Mobitz type II block, whether or not symptoms are present, prophylactic implantation of pace-maker is indicated, because high incidence of progression to complete heart block, with potential risk of Adams-Stokes syndrome and sudden death.", "contents": "[Mobitz type II 2d degree atrioventricular block. Clinical and electrophysiological study]. His Bundle Electrogram (HBE) was recorded in 20 patients with Mobitz type II block. All patients were clinically evaluated and a history of syncope was carefully investigated. These patients were prospectively followed (mean follow up: 20,4 months). ECG showed LBBB in 9 patients, RBBB + LAHI in 6, RBBB + LPH in 3, LAH in 1, left axis deviation in 1. In all patients HBE revealed prolungation of H-Q interval and localization of block within the His-Purkinje system (within H in 4) distal to H in 16.  In 9 patients intermittent complete heart block localized within the H-P system was documented during HBE recording. 15 patients (75%) experienced syncopal attacks. All patients underwent implantation of permanent demand pace-maker, without further episodes of syncope. Since the site of block is the most important determinant of prognosis, in all patients with Mobitz type II block, whether or not symptoms are present, prophylactic implantation of pace-maker is indicated, because high incidence of progression to complete heart block, with potential risk of Adams-Stokes syndrome and sudden death."}
{"id": "PMID:902951", "title": "[Agenesis of the pulmonary valve associated with interventricular defect].", "content": "The association between ventricular septal defect and pulmonary valve atresia is a rare congenital disease, which can provoke the compression of bronchioles, that make a high mortality rate possible in the first years of life. If this syndrome is tolerated, using a convenient medical therapy, it is possible to wait for a more suitable age for a complete correction, which must provide, besides V.S.D. closing, pulmonary valvular substitution by porcine aortic heterograft. The authors also report on their own experience of five cases surgically treated and studied from a pre- and postoperative hemodinamic point of view.", "contents": "[Agenesis of the pulmonary valve associated with interventricular defect]. The association between ventricular septal defect and pulmonary valve atresia is a rare congenital disease, which can provoke the compression of bronchioles, that make a high mortality rate possible in the first years of life. If this syndrome is tolerated, using a convenient medical therapy, it is possible to wait for a more suitable age for a complete correction, which must provide, besides V.S.D. closing, pulmonary valvular substitution by porcine aortic heterograft. The authors also report on their own experience of five cases surgically treated and studied from a pre- and postoperative hemodinamic point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:902957", "title": "Metabolic changes associated with gastric stimulation.", "content": "The oxidation of radioactively labeled substrates showed a preferential utilization of butyrate over glucose or pyruvate by the in vitro frog gastric mucosa. The preference for butyrate was maintained in theophylline-stimulated tissues, but dinitrophenol stimulation of respiration resulted in a shift toward glucose metabolism. These results are interpreted as showing that theophylline-stimulated respiration is not driven by increases in cellular ADP and therefore is not a response to increased energy utilization. The preferential utilization of butyrate was also observed in rabbit gastric tubules, indicating that it is not species-specific. Stimulation of respiration by butyrate was shown to correlate with butyrate oxidation. These results are consistent with, but do not prove, the hypothesis that specific substrates stimulate acid secretion and respiration via their metabolism. Experiments using amytal and menadione showed that ATP and phosphocreatine are not sufficient energy sources for gastric secretion, and a specific amytal-sensitive reaction is postulated. This specific reaction and the substrates which supply it are seen to serve as rate-limiting reactions for acid secretion.", "contents": "Metabolic changes associated with gastric stimulation. The oxidation of radioactively labeled substrates showed a preferential utilization of butyrate over glucose or pyruvate by the in vitro frog gastric mucosa. The preference for butyrate was maintained in theophylline-stimulated tissues, but dinitrophenol stimulation of respiration resulted in a shift toward glucose metabolism. These results are interpreted as showing that theophylline-stimulated respiration is not driven by increases in cellular ADP and therefore is not a response to increased energy utilization. The preferential utilization of butyrate was also observed in rabbit gastric tubules, indicating that it is not species-specific. Stimulation of respiration by butyrate was shown to correlate with butyrate oxidation. These results are consistent with, but do not prove, the hypothesis that specific substrates stimulate acid secretion and respiration via their metabolism. Experiments using amytal and menadione showed that ATP and phosphocreatine are not sufficient energy sources for gastric secretion, and a specific amytal-sensitive reaction is postulated. This specific reaction and the substrates which supply it are seen to serve as rate-limiting reactions for acid secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:902960", "title": "[The problem of the lost intrauterine contraceptive device (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 18 patients who were treated in hospital during the last 4 years because of a lost intrauterine contraceptive device. Carbon dioxide hysteroscopy was found to be a more advantageous diagnostic procedure in the search than radiography. In 14 cases, the intrauterine contraceptive device was grasped and removed under hysteroscopic control. In 4 cases the uterine cavity was empty on hysteroscopy. The device had perforated into the uterine muscle or into the peritoneal cavity. These 4 cases are reported in detail.", "contents": "[The problem of the lost intrauterine contraceptive device (author's transl)]. Report on 18 patients who were treated in hospital during the last 4 years because of a lost intrauterine contraceptive device. Carbon dioxide hysteroscopy was found to be a more advantageous diagnostic procedure in the search than radiography. In 14 cases, the intrauterine contraceptive device was grasped and removed under hysteroscopic control. In 4 cases the uterine cavity was empty on hysteroscopy. The device had perforated into the uterine muscle or into the peritoneal cavity. These 4 cases are reported in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:902961", "title": "[The possible maternal risk of tocolytic therapy with fenoterol (partusisten) (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on two patients with postpartum pulmonary oedema and shock-syndrome subsequent to prepartum tocolytic therapy with Fenoterol in higher dosages. The possible pathogenetic interactions and the differential diagnosis of this status are discussed. Conclusions are drawn for the clinical use of tocolytic drugs.", "contents": "[The possible maternal risk of tocolytic therapy with fenoterol (partusisten) (author's transl)]. Report on two patients with postpartum pulmonary oedema and shock-syndrome subsequent to prepartum tocolytic therapy with Fenoterol in higher dosages. The possible pathogenetic interactions and the differential diagnosis of this status are discussed. Conclusions are drawn for the clinical use of tocolytic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:902962", "title": "[Preventing complications due to dilatation by intracervical application of a prostaglandin-gel (author's transl)].", "content": "Mechanical injuries by dilatating the cervix uteri for artificial abortion may lead to intra- and postoperative complications; of these cervical insufficiency during subsequent pregnancy is of main importance. In order to prevent this complication 160 patients in the 8th to 18th week of pregnancy, who were going to have a legal abortion, were treated with a gel consisting of 3--5 mg Prostaglandin F2alpha which was applicated in the cervix uteri. In more than 90% of these cases a mechanical dilatation was not necessary afterwards. Generally the cervix uteri was softened and dilatated to Hegar 12. 32% of the patients had a spontaneous abortion. Therefore only a curettage without a dilatation had to be performed. Complications due to the application of the gel did not occur. The combined application of the gel with the extraamnial instillation of Prostaglandin for artificial abortion during the second trimenon reduced by half the period of indwelling of the intrauterine foley-catheter and therewith the risk of infection as well as the period of labour pains. Further possible ways of applicating the Prostaglandin gel in gynecology and obstetrics concern missed abortion, intrauterine death, and cervical dystocia during delivery.", "contents": "[Preventing complications due to dilatation by intracervical application of a prostaglandin-gel (author's transl)]. Mechanical injuries by dilatating the cervix uteri for artificial abortion may lead to intra- and postoperative complications; of these cervical insufficiency during subsequent pregnancy is of main importance. In order to prevent this complication 160 patients in the 8th to 18th week of pregnancy, who were going to have a legal abortion, were treated with a gel consisting of 3--5 mg Prostaglandin F2alpha which was applicated in the cervix uteri. In more than 90% of these cases a mechanical dilatation was not necessary afterwards. Generally the cervix uteri was softened and dilatated to Hegar 12. 32% of the patients had a spontaneous abortion. Therefore only a curettage without a dilatation had to be performed. Complications due to the application of the gel did not occur. The combined application of the gel with the extraamnial instillation of Prostaglandin for artificial abortion during the second trimenon reduced by half the period of indwelling of the intrauterine foley-catheter and therewith the risk of infection as well as the period of labour pains. Further possible ways of applicating the Prostaglandin gel in gynecology and obstetrics concern missed abortion, intrauterine death, and cervical dystocia during delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:902963", "title": "[Reconstruction of fallopian tubes using microsurgical technics (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of reconstructive tubal surgery improved significantly since microsurgical technics were introduced. Nowadays microsurgery is the procedure of choice for salpingolysis, salpingostomy, reanastomosis reversal of sterilisation and conservative repair of an ectopic pregnancy. Successful reversals of sterilisation demonstrate the advantage of the microsurgical technics in the best way. Tubal sterilisation isn't irreversible any longer but it still should be recommended as a definitive method. Because of the high technical effort reversal of sterilisation can be done in exceptional cases only. In young women the possibility of a reversal must be considered and a sterilisation operation should be done in an adequate and careful way.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of fallopian tubes using microsurgical technics (author's transl)]. The results of reconstructive tubal surgery improved significantly since microsurgical technics were introduced. Nowadays microsurgery is the procedure of choice for salpingolysis, salpingostomy, reanastomosis reversal of sterilisation and conservative repair of an ectopic pregnancy. Successful reversals of sterilisation demonstrate the advantage of the microsurgical technics in the best way. Tubal sterilisation isn't irreversible any longer but it still should be recommended as a definitive method. Because of the high technical effort reversal of sterilisation can be done in exceptional cases only. In young women the possibility of a reversal must be considered and a sterilisation operation should be done in an adequate and careful way."}
{"id": "PMID:902964", "title": "[The problem of limited treatment of carcinoma of the breast. Documentation of the results on 400 operative specimens (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of limited treatment without compulsory lymphadenectomy in carcinoma of the breast in only well documented for primary tumors in which the infiltrative size of the primary tumor is with certainly below one centimeter. In contra-distinction to this situation primary tumors of more than 2 cm. in size are characterized by macrometastases and metastases in the regional lymph nodes as well as intramammory lymphogenous spread by contiguity. Compared to the classical concept of indirect hemotogenous spread from the physiologic lymphatic drainage system via the deep veins of the neck, the validity of limited treatment can be seen in the operative specimen in the appropriate cases. Histology shows spread of the type of lymphohemotogenous shunts.", "contents": "[The problem of limited treatment of carcinoma of the breast. Documentation of the results on 400 operative specimens (author's transl)]. The value of limited treatment without compulsory lymphadenectomy in carcinoma of the breast in only well documented for primary tumors in which the infiltrative size of the primary tumor is with certainly below one centimeter. In contra-distinction to this situation primary tumors of more than 2 cm. in size are characterized by macrometastases and metastases in the regional lymph nodes as well as intramammory lymphogenous spread by contiguity. Compared to the classical concept of indirect hemotogenous spread from the physiologic lymphatic drainage system via the deep veins of the neck, the validity of limited treatment can be seen in the operative specimen in the appropriate cases. Histology shows spread of the type of lymphohemotogenous shunts."}
{"id": "PMID:902965", "title": "[The development of the perinatal mortality at the university department for women in Innsbruck from 1969 to 1975 (author's transl)].", "content": "In a retrospective study the development of the perinatal mortality at the University Hospital for Women in Inssbruck was reviewed. Among a total of 14,839 deliveries, 323 perinatal deaths according to the WHO definition were reviewed. The years from 1969 to 1971 prior to the introduction of intensive monitoring and the years 1972 to 1975 after the introduction of monitoring were compared. The perinatal mortality was reduced from 27.7 per 1000 in 1969 to 13.7 per 1000 in 1975. The decrease was due to intensive monitoring during labour. The Caesarean Section rate rose from 3.17% in 1969 to 8.53% in 1975. The increase was mainly due to fetal indications. Conditions which were of special obstetric interest in the context of intensive antenatal care were especially reviewed. It was surprising the preeclampsia accounted for the same number of perinatal deaths in the second portion of our review as in the first. Prematurity accounted for 60--70% of the perinatal mortality and received the focus of the efforts to reduce the perinatal mortality. The perinatal mortality of infants with a birth weight of less than 2500 grams was reduced from 224.0 per thousand in 1969 to 140.0 per thousand in 1975. This result was obtained by excellent co-operation with the pediatricians. The rate of premature deliveries remained unchanged at between 8 to 9% inspite of all efforts. The possible causes for this phenomenon are discussed. The perinatal mortality was higher in cases who had antenatal care by obstetricians and general practitioners not affiliated with the University Department. The timely referral of high risk cases to a regional perinatal centre is stressed again.", "contents": "[The development of the perinatal mortality at the university department for women in Innsbruck from 1969 to 1975 (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study the development of the perinatal mortality at the University Hospital for Women in Inssbruck was reviewed. Among a total of 14,839 deliveries, 323 perinatal deaths according to the WHO definition were reviewed. The years from 1969 to 1971 prior to the introduction of intensive monitoring and the years 1972 to 1975 after the introduction of monitoring were compared. The perinatal mortality was reduced from 27.7 per 1000 in 1969 to 13.7 per 1000 in 1975. The decrease was due to intensive monitoring during labour. The Caesarean Section rate rose from 3.17% in 1969 to 8.53% in 1975. The increase was mainly due to fetal indications. Conditions which were of special obstetric interest in the context of intensive antenatal care were especially reviewed. It was surprising the preeclampsia accounted for the same number of perinatal deaths in the second portion of our review as in the first. Prematurity accounted for 60--70% of the perinatal mortality and received the focus of the efforts to reduce the perinatal mortality. The perinatal mortality of infants with a birth weight of less than 2500 grams was reduced from 224.0 per thousand in 1969 to 140.0 per thousand in 1975. This result was obtained by excellent co-operation with the pediatricians. The rate of premature deliveries remained unchanged at between 8 to 9% inspite of all efforts. The possible causes for this phenomenon are discussed. The perinatal mortality was higher in cases who had antenatal care by obstetricians and general practitioners not affiliated with the University Department. The timely referral of high risk cases to a regional perinatal centre is stressed again."}
{"id": "PMID:902966", "title": "[Continuous monitoring of direct intra-arterial blood pressure in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood pressure was monitored continuously and intraarteriously for 24 hours in healthy and pre-eclampsia pregnant women. The monitoring system almost excluded sources of error. The 24-hours-rhythm revealed a blood pressure decrease of about 20 Torr systolically and diastolically between 2.00 a.m. and 5.00 a.m. in normal pregnancy. This decrease after midnight was diminished in mild cases of pre-eclampsia. Hypertensive peaks were present after midnight in severe pre-eclamptic toxemia even under medication. Measuring of the blood pressure in pre-eclampsia patients during nighttime from 0.00 a.m. until 5.00 a.m. seems to be advisable in order to identify unstabilized hypertensive peaks.", "contents": "[Continuous monitoring of direct intra-arterial blood pressure in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies (author's transl)]. Blood pressure was monitored continuously and intraarteriously for 24 hours in healthy and pre-eclampsia pregnant women. The monitoring system almost excluded sources of error. The 24-hours-rhythm revealed a blood pressure decrease of about 20 Torr systolically and diastolically between 2.00 a.m. and 5.00 a.m. in normal pregnancy. This decrease after midnight was diminished in mild cases of pre-eclampsia. Hypertensive peaks were present after midnight in severe pre-eclamptic toxemia even under medication. Measuring of the blood pressure in pre-eclampsia patients during nighttime from 0.00 a.m. until 5.00 a.m. seems to be advisable in order to identify unstabilized hypertensive peaks."}
{"id": "PMID:902967", "title": "[Acute gastro-intestinal hemorrhage from a duodenal ulcer during labour and delivery (author's transl)].", "content": "A 38 year old gravida 3, para 3, was delivered by Caesarean Section because of acute gastro-intestinal bleeding and a duodenal ulcer was treated by hemostatic sutures at the same time. An elective gastrectomy was performed twelve months later. Severe gastro-intestinal hemorrhage during labour and delivery is rare. There are no hard rules for the timing of early diagnostic localization and identification of the source of the bleeding and for the choice of timing of a surgical procedure. This problem is more difficult when the source of the bleedings is rare and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are hampered by concomitant conditions such as the overriding considerations for the maternal and fetal welfare in our case.", "contents": "[Acute gastro-intestinal hemorrhage from a duodenal ulcer during labour and delivery (author's transl)]. A 38 year old gravida 3, para 3, was delivered by Caesarean Section because of acute gastro-intestinal bleeding and a duodenal ulcer was treated by hemostatic sutures at the same time. An elective gastrectomy was performed twelve months later. Severe gastro-intestinal hemorrhage during labour and delivery is rare. There are no hard rules for the timing of early diagnostic localization and identification of the source of the bleeding and for the choice of timing of a surgical procedure. This problem is more difficult when the source of the bleedings is rare and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are hampered by concomitant conditions such as the overriding considerations for the maternal and fetal welfare in our case."}
{"id": "PMID:902968", "title": "[Surface tension properties of the amniotic fluid obtained by serial puncture in normal pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "Serial amniotic fluid samples were obtained in the last trimester of pregnancy during the course of 12 uneventful pregnancies. The surface tension properties of the amniotic fluid samples were measured in the surface (Wilhelmy) balance. Eight pregnancies showed a normal pattern of surface activity parameters, whereas in four pregnancies the pattern was abnormal. The pattern of surface activity parameters is shown individually for each of the 12 pregnancies and the possible reasons for individual variations are discussed.", "contents": "[Surface tension properties of the amniotic fluid obtained by serial puncture in normal pregnancies (author's transl)]. Serial amniotic fluid samples were obtained in the last trimester of pregnancy during the course of 12 uneventful pregnancies. The surface tension properties of the amniotic fluid samples were measured in the surface (Wilhelmy) balance. Eight pregnancies showed a normal pattern of surface activity parameters, whereas in four pregnancies the pattern was abnormal. The pattern of surface activity parameters is shown individually for each of the 12 pregnancies and the possible reasons for individual variations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:902969", "title": "[Vaginalcytology and late pregnancy (determination of term, fetal monitoring, correlation with hormon patterns) (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"before term\" pattern allows to exclude over-maturity with probability of 95--100%. The \"at term\" pattern lets expect spontaneous labour in next five days just so with great probability. We attribute no importance to cytology as a method of control for high risk pregnancies. At last we didn't find any correlation with statistical methods between the alterations of the cell patterns some days before delivery and values of hormons.", "contents": "[Vaginalcytology and late pregnancy (determination of term, fetal monitoring, correlation with hormon patterns) (author's transl)]. The \"before term\" pattern allows to exclude over-maturity with probability of 95--100%. The \"at term\" pattern lets expect spontaneous labour in next five days just so with great probability. We attribute no importance to cytology as a method of control for high risk pregnancies. At last we didn't find any correlation with statistical methods between the alterations of the cell patterns some days before delivery and values of hormons."}
{"id": "PMID:902970", "title": "[Singleton breech deliveries in the obstetric departments of a rural area (author's transl)].", "content": "The management of singleton breech deliveries in a referral hospital of an exclusively rural area is described. Since many cases are referred during labour after an attempted domiciliary delivery a primary vaginal delivery with extended indications for Caesarean Section is the general plan of management. Between 1971 and 1976, one hundred and seventy seven singleton breech deliveries were performed. 50 of these were premature with birth weights of less than 2500 grams. 127 had birth weights over 2500 grams. The Caesarean Section rate was 11.3%. The overall perinatal mortality was 11.92% (21 cases), the perinatal mortality for premature deliveries was 11.29% (20 cases), the perinatal mortality for term singleton breech deliveries was 0.56% (1 case).", "contents": "[Singleton breech deliveries in the obstetric departments of a rural area (author's transl)]. The management of singleton breech deliveries in a referral hospital of an exclusively rural area is described. Since many cases are referred during labour after an attempted domiciliary delivery a primary vaginal delivery with extended indications for Caesarean Section is the general plan of management. Between 1971 and 1976, one hundred and seventy seven singleton breech deliveries were performed. 50 of these were premature with birth weights of less than 2500 grams. 127 had birth weights over 2500 grams. The Caesarean Section rate was 11.3%. The overall perinatal mortality was 11.92% (21 cases), the perinatal mortality for premature deliveries was 11.29% (20 cases), the perinatal mortality for term singleton breech deliveries was 0.56% (1 case)."}
{"id": "PMID:902985", "title": "[Biochemical polymorphism in the northern fur seal, Callorhinus usinus, from 3 regions of the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean].", "content": "Polymorphism for the number of the blood proteins (transferrin, alkaline phosphatase, haptoglobin, plasma esterase and erythrocyte esterase) have been exposed by means of starch gel electrophoresis of northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus from three regions: Pelagic of Commander Islands (n = 164), Rockery of Robben Island (Sakhalin population, n = 308), winter todder region to the east of Honshu Island (n = 110). The reliable differences have been exposed between fur seals of the Commander and Sakhalin populations by the gene frequencies Tf and Es pl. Fur seals from winter todder region turned out to be closer to Commander population, that to the Robben one. However, originality of gene frequencies of locus Ap (alkaline phosphatase), revealed from the todder region animals, is difficult to explain by the mixture of the Commander and Robben population only. Perhaps, this originality is caused by the influence of Pribylov population. It is established that hemoglobin of northern fur seal consists of two components (Hb I + Hb II). Individual variability of hemoglobin results in the variation of the colour intensity of the \"slow\" component (Hb II).", "contents": "[Biochemical polymorphism in the northern fur seal, Callorhinus usinus, from 3 regions of the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean]. Polymorphism for the number of the blood proteins (transferrin, alkaline phosphatase, haptoglobin, plasma esterase and erythrocyte esterase) have been exposed by means of starch gel electrophoresis of northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus from three regions: Pelagic of Commander Islands (n = 164), Rockery of Robben Island (Sakhalin population, n = 308), winter todder region to the east of Honshu Island (n = 110). The reliable differences have been exposed between fur seals of the Commander and Sakhalin populations by the gene frequencies Tf and Es pl. Fur seals from winter todder region turned out to be closer to Commander population, that to the Robben one. However, originality of gene frequencies of locus Ap (alkaline phosphatase), revealed from the todder region animals, is difficult to explain by the mixture of the Commander and Robben population only. Perhaps, this originality is caused by the influence of Pribylov population. It is established that hemoglobin of northern fur seal consists of two components (Hb I + Hb II). Individual variability of hemoglobin results in the variation of the colour intensity of the \"slow\" component (Hb II)."}
{"id": "PMID:902986", "title": "[Determination of the genetic kinship between nematode species of the genus Trichinella].", "content": "By crossing four Trichinella species the degree of their genetic relationship is detected. The closest relationship is determined between T. nelsoni and T. spiralis, and the remotest--between T. nativa and T. spiralis. Hybridization proceeds more successfully if Trichinella younger generation is used as a maternal organism than that in reciprocal combination.", "contents": "[Determination of the genetic kinship between nematode species of the genus Trichinella]. By crossing four Trichinella species the degree of their genetic relationship is detected. The closest relationship is determined between T. nelsoni and T. spiralis, and the remotest--between T. nativa and T. spiralis. Hybridization proceeds more successfully if Trichinella younger generation is used as a maternal organism than that in reciprocal combination."}
{"id": "PMID:902987", "title": "[Functions of the late genes 13, 17, 18 and 19 in pi8 phage].", "content": "Genes of the right arm of the pi80 phage chromosome were characterized by studying lytic and antigenic activities and replication ability of mutant phages and by electron microscopic examination of their lysates. It is shown that the genes 14, 15 and 16 are early, and the genes 17, 18 and 19 are late. The functions of four genes are determined. The gene 13 is responsible for antigenic activity and for phage host-cell specificity; the gene 17 is a regulator of the late functions; the gene 18 product affects the cell membrane; the gene 19 controls the synthesis of phage endolysine. It is suggested to redesignate the pi80 phage genes 13, 17, 18 and 19 by the letters J, Q, S and R respectively, because these genes fulfil the same functions as the lambda genes J, Q, S and R.", "contents": "[Functions of the late genes 13, 17, 18 and 19 in pi8 phage]. Genes of the right arm of the pi80 phage chromosome were characterized by studying lytic and antigenic activities and replication ability of mutant phages and by electron microscopic examination of their lysates. It is shown that the genes 14, 15 and 16 are early, and the genes 17, 18 and 19 are late. The functions of four genes are determined. The gene 13 is responsible for antigenic activity and for phage host-cell specificity; the gene 17 is a regulator of the late functions; the gene 18 product affects the cell membrane; the gene 19 controls the synthesis of phage endolysine. It is suggested to redesignate the pi80 phage genes 13, 17, 18 and 19 by the letters J, Q, S and R respectively, because these genes fulfil the same functions as the lambda genes J, Q, S and R."}
{"id": "PMID:902988", "title": "[Isolation and study of int-mutants of pi81 bacteriophage].", "content": "Int mutants of the lambdoid bacteriophage pi81 were isolated. With mapping of deletion the location of Int gene on the genetic map of prophage pi81 was was determined. Complementation of int function of prophages lambda and pi81 was demonstrated in the formation of stable lysogenics.", "contents": "[Isolation and study of int-mutants of pi81 bacteriophage]. Int mutants of the lambdoid bacteriophage pi81 were isolated. With mapping of deletion the location of Int gene on the genetic map of prophage pi81 was was determined. Complementation of int function of prophages lambda and pi81 was demonstrated in the formation of stable lysogenics."}
{"id": "PMID:902989", "title": "[Koryaks of Kamchatka. The genetic characteristics and formation of a gene pool].", "content": "Investigation of korak population of Kamchatka is carried out for 10 non-linked blood groups loci, serum proteins, PTC taste and ABH antigens secretion. The korak population enters in the system of Middle Asian mongoloids for the genetical characteristics studied. Koraks occupy an intermediate position between Siberian and Far East populations in their genetic pecularities, revealing the most close genetical similarity with Siberian population. The main contribution in the genofond of ancient korak athnic community is carried by neolytic inhabitants of Siberia.", "contents": "[Koryaks of Kamchatka. The genetic characteristics and formation of a gene pool]. Investigation of korak population of Kamchatka is carried out for 10 non-linked blood groups loci, serum proteins, PTC taste and ABH antigens secretion. The korak population enters in the system of Middle Asian mongoloids for the genetical characteristics studied. Koraks occupy an intermediate position between Siberian and Far East populations in their genetic pecularities, revealing the most close genetical similarity with Siberian population. The main contribution in the genofond of ancient korak athnic community is carried by neolytic inhabitants of Siberia."}
{"id": "PMID:902990", "title": "[Aneuploidy and polyploidy in the bone marrow cells of minks of different genotypes, ages and fertility].", "content": "An analysis of aneuploidy and polyploidy in bone marrow cells of female minks of different genotype and age has shown that in young minks with unsatisfactory reproductive characteristics, and in old females, the frequency of aneuploid and polyploid cells is significantly higher as compared to that in minks having a good reproductive capacity. The increase in aneuploidy level takes place mainly in the form of hypoploidy, and an increase of the frequency of polyploid cells is accompanied by a parellel increase of the proportion of cells with a low degree of ploidy. A correlation between frequencies of appearance of aneuploid and polyploid cells in minks is observed (r = 0.69 +/- 0.27). On the basis of original and bibliographic data, a hypothesis on a genetically determined instability of karyotype in mutant minks is argumented.", "contents": "[Aneuploidy and polyploidy in the bone marrow cells of minks of different genotypes, ages and fertility]. An analysis of aneuploidy and polyploidy in bone marrow cells of female minks of different genotype and age has shown that in young minks with unsatisfactory reproductive characteristics, and in old females, the frequency of aneuploid and polyploid cells is significantly higher as compared to that in minks having a good reproductive capacity. The increase in aneuploidy level takes place mainly in the form of hypoploidy, and an increase of the frequency of polyploid cells is accompanied by a parellel increase of the proportion of cells with a low degree of ploidy. A correlation between frequencies of appearance of aneuploid and polyploid cells in minks is observed (r = 0.69 +/- 0.27). On the basis of original and bibliographic data, a hypothesis on a genetically determined instability of karyotype in mutant minks is argumented."}
{"id": "PMID:903030", "title": "The occurrence of babesiasis affecting small terrestrial mammals and the importance of this zoonosis in Europe.", "content": "A short survey is given of the occurrence of babesiasis affecting small terrestrial mammals in some parts of Europe. Results obtained in studies of 7,038 small terrestrial mammals (42 species) from Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, show the distribution of Babesia microti in these countries. The authors found babesias in the following host species: Neomys anomalus, Clethrionomys glareolus. Microtus arvalis, M. agrestis, Apodemus agratius, A. flavicollis, A. sylvaticus and Mus musculus. The average incidence was very low-0.2% and varied in individual countries from negative to 0.7%. Problems of the natural foci of B. microti in Central Europe and discussed and hitherto recorded cases of Babesia infections in man are summarised. The epidemiological importance of the unspecific mammal hosts of B. microti is emphasised and the necessity of surveillance of this zoonosis in Europe is pointed out.", "contents": "The occurrence of babesiasis affecting small terrestrial mammals and the importance of this zoonosis in Europe. A short survey is given of the occurrence of babesiasis affecting small terrestrial mammals in some parts of Europe. Results obtained in studies of 7,038 small terrestrial mammals (42 species) from Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, show the distribution of Babesia microti in these countries. The authors found babesias in the following host species: Neomys anomalus, Clethrionomys glareolus. Microtus arvalis, M. agrestis, Apodemus agratius, A. flavicollis, A. sylvaticus and Mus musculus. The average incidence was very low-0.2% and varied in individual countries from negative to 0.7%. Problems of the natural foci of B. microti in Central Europe and discussed and hitherto recorded cases of Babesia infections in man are summarised. The epidemiological importance of the unspecific mammal hosts of B. microti is emphasised and the necessity of surveillance of this zoonosis in Europe is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:903031", "title": "Attempts at transfer of immunity against Eimeria tenella in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The spleen lymphocytes obtained from chickens immue against E. tenella were not able to prevent development of E. tenella when applied to chicken kideny cell cultures or intraperitoneally to isogenous healthy chickens. Only when both, lymphocytes and E. tenella sporozoites were injected simultaneously to peritoneal cavity of healthy chickens, the production of oocysts was negligible. Spleen lymphocytes of chickens probably do not play an important role in the immunity against Eimeria tenella coccidiosis.", "contents": "Attempts at transfer of immunity against Eimeria tenella in vitro and in vivo. The spleen lymphocytes obtained from chickens immue against E. tenella were not able to prevent development of E. tenella when applied to chicken kideny cell cultures or intraperitoneally to isogenous healthy chickens. Only when both, lymphocytes and E. tenella sporozoites were injected simultaneously to peritoneal cavity of healthy chickens, the production of oocysts was negligible. Spleen lymphocytes of chickens probably do not play an important role in the immunity against Eimeria tenella coccidiosis."}
{"id": "PMID:903032", "title": "A new cestode of charadriiformes-Wardium chaunense sp. n. (Hymenolepididae) from Gallinago gallinago (L.) from Chukotka.", "content": "A description and differential diagnosis of Wardium chaunense sp. n. from the common snipe, Gallinago gallinago (L). from Chaun lowland (North-West Chukotka) are presented. This cestode differs from other related species of this genus in the form of rostellar hooks and form and armament of cirrus.", "contents": "A new cestode of charadriiformes-Wardium chaunense sp. n. (Hymenolepididae) from Gallinago gallinago (L.) from Chukotka. A description and differential diagnosis of Wardium chaunense sp. n. from the common snipe, Gallinago gallinago (L). from Chaun lowland (North-West Chukotka) are presented. This cestode differs from other related species of this genus in the form of rostellar hooks and form and armament of cirrus."}
{"id": "PMID:903039", "title": "Familial progressive bulbar-spinal muscular atrophy: case report with muscle biopsy study.", "content": "A case of familial progressive bulbar and spinal muscular atrophy was presented. The patient was a 59-year-old male with chief complaints of gait disturbance and nasal voice. His illness started at the age of 39 and very slowly progressed over 20 years. The clinical symptoms and signs were characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy due to lower motor neuron disease in the brain stem below the lower pons and the spinal cord. The electromyograms and muscle biopsy findings are basically neurogenic. In spite of the bulbar signs, the course of the disease is extremely slow. The diagnostic criteria was proposed after reviewing eight other cases reported in the literature.", "contents": "Familial progressive bulbar-spinal muscular atrophy: case report with muscle biopsy study. A case of familial progressive bulbar and spinal muscular atrophy was presented. The patient was a 59-year-old male with chief complaints of gait disturbance and nasal voice. His illness started at the age of 39 and very slowly progressed over 20 years. The clinical symptoms and signs were characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy due to lower motor neuron disease in the brain stem below the lower pons and the spinal cord. The electromyograms and muscle biopsy findings are basically neurogenic. In spite of the bulbar signs, the course of the disease is extremely slow. The diagnostic criteria was proposed after reviewing eight other cases reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:903040", "title": "An autopsy case of cycloserine poisoning.", "content": "Cycloserine was given to a 29-year-old girl with pulmonary tuberculosis for 500 days (total dose 250 g). Following this treatment, she began to show several psychiatric and neurologic symptoms and died. Histopathologically, deletion of the nerve cells in the cerebrum was diffusely observed, especially in the IIIrd layer of the frontal and temporal cortex and patchy demyelinations were found in the white matter of the parietal lobe. Characteristic findings were the change of small blood vessels and deletion of the nerve cell around the area of vessels in the hypothalamus, putamen and pallidum. The same changes of the blood vessels were found in the internal capsule. In the cerebellum, shrinkage of Purkinje cells and increase of Bergmann's glia were observed.", "contents": "An autopsy case of cycloserine poisoning. Cycloserine was given to a 29-year-old girl with pulmonary tuberculosis for 500 days (total dose 250 g). Following this treatment, she began to show several psychiatric and neurologic symptoms and died. Histopathologically, deletion of the nerve cells in the cerebrum was diffusely observed, especially in the IIIrd layer of the frontal and temporal cortex and patchy demyelinations were found in the white matter of the parietal lobe. Characteristic findings were the change of small blood vessels and deletion of the nerve cell around the area of vessels in the hypothalamus, putamen and pallidum. The same changes of the blood vessels were found in the internal capsule. In the cerebellum, shrinkage of Purkinje cells and increase of Bergmann's glia were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:903041", "title": "Corticocerebellothalamic degeneration with chromatolytic neuronal swelling: a light and electron microscopic case study.", "content": "A 50-year-old woman showing psychoorganic syndrome, cerebellar symptoms, choreatic involuntary movements, Romberg's sign and epileptic fits over a period of 14 years, was neuropathologically studied. The calcarine and postcentral cortex, the medio-dorsal nucleus of the thalamus and the cerebellar cortex were affected with neuronal loss and astrocytic gliosis. Neurons in various regions showed chromatolytic neuronal swelling. Ultrastructurally, these chromatolytic neurons contained a large hollow core with numerous mitochondria, dispersed rough endoplasmic reticulum, degenerated cisternal structures and a few neurofilaments. Some neuronal mitochondria showed membranous trans-somal bridges composed of about 60 A parallel filaments with a spacing of about 80 A.", "contents": "Corticocerebellothalamic degeneration with chromatolytic neuronal swelling: a light and electron microscopic case study. A 50-year-old woman showing psychoorganic syndrome, cerebellar symptoms, choreatic involuntary movements, Romberg's sign and epileptic fits over a period of 14 years, was neuropathologically studied. The calcarine and postcentral cortex, the medio-dorsal nucleus of the thalamus and the cerebellar cortex were affected with neuronal loss and astrocytic gliosis. Neurons in various regions showed chromatolytic neuronal swelling. Ultrastructurally, these chromatolytic neurons contained a large hollow core with numerous mitochondria, dispersed rough endoplasmic reticulum, degenerated cisternal structures and a few neurofilaments. Some neuronal mitochondria showed membranous trans-somal bridges composed of about 60 A parallel filaments with a spacing of about 80 A."}
{"id": "PMID:903042", "title": "Histopathological changes of chronic alcoholism.", "content": "The brains of six cases of chronic alcoholics without arteriosclerosis and the other diseases were examined histopathologically. The results obtained were as follows: there were chronic nerve cell sclerosis and deletion with slightly increased glial cells in the cortex of the cerebrum, hypothalamus, mamillary body, amygdal body, dentate endplate of Ammon's horn and cerebellum. Increased vascularity was observed in the cortex of the cerebrum, while no increased vascularity was found in the mamillary bodies. In many areas, widening of Virchow-Robin spaces were observed. The above-described findings were common changes in the brains in our six cases and they might have been induced by alcoholic effect on the brain tissue for a long time. Chronic nerve cell sclerosis in many areas, especially the diencephalon and limbic system, might have a deep relation to the character change of chronic alcoholics.", "contents": "Histopathological changes of chronic alcoholism. The brains of six cases of chronic alcoholics without arteriosclerosis and the other diseases were examined histopathologically. The results obtained were as follows: there were chronic nerve cell sclerosis and deletion with slightly increased glial cells in the cortex of the cerebrum, hypothalamus, mamillary body, amygdal body, dentate endplate of Ammon's horn and cerebellum. Increased vascularity was observed in the cortex of the cerebrum, while no increased vascularity was found in the mamillary bodies. In many areas, widening of Virchow-Robin spaces were observed. The above-described findings were common changes in the brains in our six cases and they might have been induced by alcoholic effect on the brain tissue for a long time. Chronic nerve cell sclerosis in many areas, especially the diencephalon and limbic system, might have a deep relation to the character change of chronic alcoholics."}
{"id": "PMID:903043", "title": "Electron microscopic study of experimental thallotoxicosis.", "content": "To adult male rats 2 mg per rat of thallium acetate: CH3 COOT1 was given orally daily for six months. Clinically, the experimental rats revealed only alopecia and showed no neurological signs. Pathological findings were noted in muscle and cerebrum. Marked changes were observed in muscles and were as follows: swelling and vacuolation of mitochondria, destruction of cristae, ruptures of mitochondrial membranes, degeneration of sarcoplasmic reticulum and destruction of myofilaments. In the cerebrum, there were vacuolation of mitochondria, dilatation of Golgi cisterns in hypothalamus and thalamus. Sciatic nerve, liver and kidney were intact. From this, we consider that T1+ ions selectively affect the muscle and its mitochondria.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of experimental thallotoxicosis. To adult male rats 2 mg per rat of thallium acetate: CH3 COOT1 was given orally daily for six months. Clinically, the experimental rats revealed only alopecia and showed no neurological signs. Pathological findings were noted in muscle and cerebrum. Marked changes were observed in muscles and were as follows: swelling and vacuolation of mitochondria, destruction of cristae, ruptures of mitochondrial membranes, degeneration of sarcoplasmic reticulum and destruction of myofilaments. In the cerebrum, there were vacuolation of mitochondria, dilatation of Golgi cisterns in hypothalamus and thalamus. Sciatic nerve, liver and kidney were intact. From this, we consider that T1+ ions selectively affect the muscle and its mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:903044", "title": "On Kibarashi-gui (binge eating).", "content": "The authors presented 16 cases that displayed episodes of pathological over-eating, i.e. kibarashi-gui (binge eating). The cases were divided into three groups, and symptomatology of the eating bouts and associated psychiatric symptoms were described. Constellations of symptoms differed from group to group. The first group, Group A, was concluded as the pure kibarashi-gui (binge eaters), and Group B can be regarded as a variant of anorexia nervosa. Discussion was focused on the similarities and differences between kibarashi-gui and anorexia nervosa. Kibarashi-gui is explained as a defeat of self-control or competition. Discussions on the origin of the sex difference of eating disorder were done. And, the concept of slimness or beauty in women was assumed as the most important factor in eating disorders.", "contents": "On Kibarashi-gui (binge eating). The authors presented 16 cases that displayed episodes of pathological over-eating, i.e. kibarashi-gui (binge eating). The cases were divided into three groups, and symptomatology of the eating bouts and associated psychiatric symptoms were described. Constellations of symptoms differed from group to group. The first group, Group A, was concluded as the pure kibarashi-gui (binge eaters), and Group B can be regarded as a variant of anorexia nervosa. Discussion was focused on the similarities and differences between kibarashi-gui and anorexia nervosa. Kibarashi-gui is explained as a defeat of self-control or competition. Discussions on the origin of the sex difference of eating disorder were done. And, the concept of slimness or beauty in women was assumed as the most important factor in eating disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:903046", "title": "Quantitative evidence of a silent gene Po of human red cell acid phosphatase in south Polish population.", "content": "The distribution of red cell acid phosphatase types in 3244 unrelated Polish adults is reported. Gene frequencies Pa = 0.3594, Pb = 0.5643 and Pc = 0.0763 were obtained. In a forensic case of disputed paternity an apparent mother/child incompatibility respect to red cell acid phosphatase was found, the mother appearing as type B and the child as type A. Determination of acid phosphatase activity suggested the presence of a silent gene Po. The phosphatase levels were about half the values expected as determined in 237 adults representing the different phenotypes.", "contents": "Quantitative evidence of a silent gene Po of human red cell acid phosphatase in south Polish population. The distribution of red cell acid phosphatase types in 3244 unrelated Polish adults is reported. Gene frequencies Pa = 0.3594, Pb = 0.5643 and Pc = 0.0763 were obtained. In a forensic case of disputed paternity an apparent mother/child incompatibility respect to red cell acid phosphatase was found, the mother appearing as type B and the child as type A. Determination of acid phosphatase activity suggested the presence of a silent gene Po. The phosphatase levels were about half the values expected as determined in 237 adults representing the different phenotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:903047", "title": "The mechanism of adipocere formation. II. Separation and identification of oxo fatty acids in adipocere.", "content": "Two kinds of oxo fatty acids were found to be present in the adipocere. One of them was identified as 10-oxohexadecanoic acid and the other was as 10-oxo-octadecanoic acid. The chemical identity of these compounds was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The adipocere contained about 1.3 to 1.6% oxo fatty acid of total fatty acids.", "contents": "The mechanism of adipocere formation. II. Separation and identification of oxo fatty acids in adipocere. Two kinds of oxo fatty acids were found to be present in the adipocere. One of them was identified as 10-oxohexadecanoic acid and the other was as 10-oxo-octadecanoic acid. The chemical identity of these compounds was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The adipocere contained about 1.3 to 1.6% oxo fatty acid of total fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:903053", "title": "[Analysis of pancreatic function. Determination of fecal chymotrypsin and the secretin-pancreozymin test. Comparative study].", "content": "Fecal chymotrypsin determination and secretin-pancreozymin test with volume-loss corrected were carried out intra-individually on 57 clinically normal test subjects and 51 patients with chronic pancreatic disease. A good correlation could be established in every case between the chymotrypsin activity in stool and the chymotrypsin output in the duodenal aspirate. False-positive chymotrypsin activity was not to be found in healthy subjects. On the other hand, however, the chymotrypsin activity in stool compared with the result of the secretin-pancreozymin test was found to be false negative in 21% of all patients with chronic pancreatic disease (some or all parameters pathological). In patients with a clear deficiency in the exocrine function of pancreas (all parameters pathological) the chymotrypsin activity was nevertheless seen to be false-negative in only 9.9% of the cases. Thus the fecal chymotrypsin determination can be used as screening test for the clearly reduced pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.", "contents": "[Analysis of pancreatic function. Determination of fecal chymotrypsin and the secretin-pancreozymin test. Comparative study]. Fecal chymotrypsin determination and secretin-pancreozymin test with volume-loss corrected were carried out intra-individually on 57 clinically normal test subjects and 51 patients with chronic pancreatic disease. A good correlation could be established in every case between the chymotrypsin activity in stool and the chymotrypsin output in the duodenal aspirate. False-positive chymotrypsin activity was not to be found in healthy subjects. On the other hand, however, the chymotrypsin activity in stool compared with the result of the secretin-pancreozymin test was found to be false negative in 21% of all patients with chronic pancreatic disease (some or all parameters pathological). In patients with a clear deficiency in the exocrine function of pancreas (all parameters pathological) the chymotrypsin activity was nevertheless seen to be false-negative in only 9.9% of the cases. Thus the fecal chymotrypsin determination can be used as screening test for the clearly reduced pancreatic exocrine insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:903048", "title": "Accidental fatal drug poisoning with particular erference to dextropropoxyphene.", "content": "A rapid increase in fatal accidental dextropropoxyphene poisonings which is proportional to the increased use of the drug is reported. In 30 accidental poisonings dextropropoxyphene was responsible for 50% of the cases, and is the most common accidental medical poisoning at the present time. This is probably due to the unappreciated narrow margin between therapeutic and fatal dose and the simultaneous intake of alcohol which increases the resorbtion speed from the gastro-intestinal tract. In Denmark a slow-release preparation is frequently used. which is especially dangerous because of repeated dosage by the patient attempting to induce the therapeutic effect more quickly.", "contents": "Accidental fatal drug poisoning with particular erference to dextropropoxyphene. A rapid increase in fatal accidental dextropropoxyphene poisonings which is proportional to the increased use of the drug is reported. In 30 accidental poisonings dextropropoxyphene was responsible for 50% of the cases, and is the most common accidental medical poisoning at the present time. This is probably due to the unappreciated narrow margin between therapeutic and fatal dose and the simultaneous intake of alcohol which increases the resorbtion speed from the gastro-intestinal tract. In Denmark a slow-release preparation is frequently used. which is especially dangerous because of repeated dosage by the patient attempting to induce the therapeutic effect more quickly."}
{"id": "PMID:903054", "title": "[Carcinoma of the bladder].", "content": "Tumors of the bladder are second in frequency of all genito-urinary neoplasms. Because of their malignancy, the difficulties of early recognition and the advanced age of the patients they constitute one of the most difficult urologic problem. The most important medical check up is the demonstration of erythrocytes and malignant cells in the urine. The former can be easy established by the Sangur-test, the latter must be diagnosed by specialists.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the bladder]. Tumors of the bladder are second in frequency of all genito-urinary neoplasms. Because of their malignancy, the difficulties of early recognition and the advanced age of the patients they constitute one of the most difficult urologic problem. The most important medical check up is the demonstration of erythrocytes and malignant cells in the urine. The former can be easy established by the Sangur-test, the latter must be diagnosed by specialists."}
{"id": "PMID:903050", "title": "Suicide by injection of snake venom.", "content": "An unusual suicide is described where the deceased, a schizophrenic young man in perfect physical health, deliberately injected himself subcutaneously with snake venom, by means of a syringe. The circumstances, autopsy findings and laboratory investigations are recorded.", "contents": "Suicide by injection of snake venom. An unusual suicide is described where the deceased, a schizophrenic young man in perfect physical health, deliberately injected himself subcutaneously with snake venom, by means of a syringe. The circumstances, autopsy findings and laboratory investigations are recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:903055", "title": "[Bandage in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency].", "content": "Bandage treatment in the phlebologic sector may be very successful, yet is seems to be practiced still in too few cases. Mostly bed-rest and treatment in hospital are preferred, methods which include the danger of a beginning deep phlebothrombosis. Propagation of more frequent application of bandages and systematic use of bandage treatment seems necessary, followed by systematic use of elastic stockings, to reduce the number of recidives. Indications of the different bandages and their method of application are discussed.", "contents": "[Bandage in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency]. Bandage treatment in the phlebologic sector may be very successful, yet is seems to be practiced still in too few cases. Mostly bed-rest and treatment in hospital are preferred, methods which include the danger of a beginning deep phlebothrombosis. Propagation of more frequent application of bandages and systematic use of bandage treatment seems necessary, followed by systematic use of elastic stockings, to reduce the number of recidives. Indications of the different bandages and their method of application are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903051", "title": "Left ventricular subendocardial haemorrhages. A study of their morphology, pathogenesis and prognosis.", "content": "181 medicolegal and clinicopathological autopsy cases with subendocardial haemorrhages were studied with special reference to the primary conditions which might have triggered the haemorrhages, the time interval between the onset of these conditions and death, the gross and microscopic appearances of the subendocardium and other parts of the heart and the cause of death. There was a wide panorama of conditions associated with subendocardial haemorrhages: Trauma, poisoning, eilepsy, surgical and obstetric shock, intracranial diseases and others with the same sudden onset of a process which caused general hypoxia. Death occurred immediately or up to 24 days after the trauma or onset of the primary condition. The subendocardial haemorrhages were associated with myocytic necrosis, inflammatory reaction and vascular lesions in the entire myocardium. The subendocardial regions and the apexes of the papillar muscles were the most common sites of manifestations of the general hypoxic cardiovascular injury. The morphological alterations correlated well with the time lapse after the onset of the associated condition. In 27 cases, or 15 per cent, death was attributed to cardiovascular disturbances, presumably caused by the lesions described. In the rest of the cases, cardiovascular disturbances were not clinically registered due to the short time of survival, or were transient or absent, despite the presence of widely spread cardiovascular lesions. It is suggested that in cases with clinically transient or asymptomatic recent hypoxic cardiovascular lesions there is a possibility for a silent progression of the pathological process in chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Left ventricular subendocardial haemorrhages. A study of their morphology, pathogenesis and prognosis. 181 medicolegal and clinicopathological autopsy cases with subendocardial haemorrhages were studied with special reference to the primary conditions which might have triggered the haemorrhages, the time interval between the onset of these conditions and death, the gross and microscopic appearances of the subendocardium and other parts of the heart and the cause of death. There was a wide panorama of conditions associated with subendocardial haemorrhages: Trauma, poisoning, eilepsy, surgical and obstetric shock, intracranial diseases and others with the same sudden onset of a process which caused general hypoxia. Death occurred immediately or up to 24 days after the trauma or onset of the primary condition. The subendocardial haemorrhages were associated with myocytic necrosis, inflammatory reaction and vascular lesions in the entire myocardium. The subendocardial regions and the apexes of the papillar muscles were the most common sites of manifestations of the general hypoxic cardiovascular injury. The morphological alterations correlated well with the time lapse after the onset of the associated condition. In 27 cases, or 15 per cent, death was attributed to cardiovascular disturbances, presumably caused by the lesions described. In the rest of the cases, cardiovascular disturbances were not clinically registered due to the short time of survival, or were transient or absent, despite the presence of widely spread cardiovascular lesions. It is suggested that in cases with clinically transient or asymptomatic recent hypoxic cardiovascular lesions there is a possibility for a silent progression of the pathological process in chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:903049", "title": "Muscular dystrophy in mice after chronic subcutaneous treatment with cannabinoids.", "content": "Swiss male albino mice were treated subcutaneously with the main cannabinoids (CBN, CBD, delta9-THC) at the dosage of 1 mg/kg per day for 30 days, and with the crude resin. At the end of the treatment, after supramaximal stimulation of the sciatic nerve, a significant decrease of both maximal twitch and tetanus tensions was observed in delta9-THC-treated animals; CBD and resin treatment produced some decrease in active tension, while CBN treatment induced an enhancement of the contractile strength. Histology showed lesions interpretable as due to muscular dystrophy. Analysis of protein and hydroxyproline muscular content showed a marked reduction in protein in all treated animals, with a corresponding high increase in hydroxyproline content.", "contents": "Muscular dystrophy in mice after chronic subcutaneous treatment with cannabinoids. Swiss male albino mice were treated subcutaneously with the main cannabinoids (CBN, CBD, delta9-THC) at the dosage of 1 mg/kg per day for 30 days, and with the crude resin. At the end of the treatment, after supramaximal stimulation of the sciatic nerve, a significant decrease of both maximal twitch and tetanus tensions was observed in delta9-THC-treated animals; CBD and resin treatment produced some decrease in active tension, while CBN treatment induced an enhancement of the contractile strength. Histology showed lesions interpretable as due to muscular dystrophy. Analysis of protein and hydroxyproline muscular content showed a marked reduction in protein in all treated animals, with a corresponding high increase in hydroxyproline content."}
{"id": "PMID:903058", "title": "[Hemodynamic studies on liver circulation with special reference to the hepatic artery].", "content": "Hepatic and systemic hemodynamics were studied in the rat under different experimental conditions. It could be demonstrated that the hepatic arterial blood flow in normal as well as in sick liver of animals is well regulated: for example by means of the venovasomotorical reaction (portoarterial interaction) and systemically by autoregulation. There exists an inverse correlation between arterial and portalvenous liver blood flow: As portal liver blood flow decreases hepatic arterial flow increases. Especially a marked increase of hepatic artery flow was found after portocaval end-to-side anastomosis. Yet, the hepatic artery flow improvement after portocaval shunt could not compensate the diverted portalvenous blood supply at all. In states of portal hypertension with a relevant portocaval collateral circulation, also after surgical portocaval shunt, the systemic circulation becomes more hyperdynamic. There also exists a remarkable relation between the extent of portocaval shunt flow to circulating blood volume, cardiac output and circulation time. Some correlates of the experimental findings with the altered hemodynamics in human liver cirrhosis were found and discussed from the viewpoint of portocaval shunt surgery in man.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic studies on liver circulation with special reference to the hepatic artery]. Hepatic and systemic hemodynamics were studied in the rat under different experimental conditions. It could be demonstrated that the hepatic arterial blood flow in normal as well as in sick liver of animals is well regulated: for example by means of the venovasomotorical reaction (portoarterial interaction) and systemically by autoregulation. There exists an inverse correlation between arterial and portalvenous liver blood flow: As portal liver blood flow decreases hepatic arterial flow increases. Especially a marked increase of hepatic artery flow was found after portocaval end-to-side anastomosis. Yet, the hepatic artery flow improvement after portocaval shunt could not compensate the diverted portalvenous blood supply at all. In states of portal hypertension with a relevant portocaval collateral circulation, also after surgical portocaval shunt, the systemic circulation becomes more hyperdynamic. There also exists a remarkable relation between the extent of portocaval shunt flow to circulating blood volume, cardiac output and circulation time. Some correlates of the experimental findings with the altered hemodynamics in human liver cirrhosis were found and discussed from the viewpoint of portocaval shunt surgery in man."}
{"id": "PMID:903059", "title": "[Effect of benzbromarone in 100mg and 50mg doses on healthy subjects].", "content": "After oral application of 100mg of Benzbromarone a significant decrease of the uric acid concentration in the serum up to the 14th day after beginning of the treatment to a mean value of 1,7 mg/100 ml is achieved; while the application of 50 mg of Benzbromarone reduces the uric acid concentration only to a value of 3,4 mg/100 ml. Thereby the differences amounts to about 1,7 mg/100 ml. The urate elimination increases after 100 as well as after 50 mg of Benzbromarone. Only initially an increased uric acid elimination could be observed. In the further course the uric acid elimination remains increased despite reduced serum concentrations.", "contents": "[Effect of benzbromarone in 100mg and 50mg doses on healthy subjects]. After oral application of 100mg of Benzbromarone a significant decrease of the uric acid concentration in the serum up to the 14th day after beginning of the treatment to a mean value of 1,7 mg/100 ml is achieved; while the application of 50 mg of Benzbromarone reduces the uric acid concentration only to a value of 3,4 mg/100 ml. Thereby the differences amounts to about 1,7 mg/100 ml. The urate elimination increases after 100 as well as after 50 mg of Benzbromarone. Only initially an increased uric acid elimination could be observed. In the further course the uric acid elimination remains increased despite reduced serum concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:903060", "title": "[The gastroenterological center].", "content": "Because of the possibility of direct optical and bioptical approach, endoscopy and surgery are related from the very beginning. Endoscopy developed and practiced mainly by gastroenterologically orientated internists, has already permanently influenced surgical procedure, because of advances in the diagnostic field such as early recognition of carcinoma, emergency endoscopy in cases of bleeding and the retrograde presentation of the biliary and pancreatic system. In a certain sense, the development of operative endoscopy with polypectomy, papillotomy and the elimination of sources of bleeding by the use of laser light, indicates that the dividing line between conservative and operative medicine has become blurred. This factor gives rise to reflection concerning the division of roles between internal medicine and surgery in the endoscopic field and probably also in a broader sense. Whether this classical split between conservative and operative medicine will maintain itself in the future is uncertain. It is possible that an organ related medicine will develop, determined by methods which will demand from the future physician a greater knowledge and ability within a narrower field. A conclusive statement on this point however, cannot be made today. Much depends on the local relationships and it would no doubt be a mistake to hope too much for any planning.", "contents": "[The gastroenterological center]. Because of the possibility of direct optical and bioptical approach, endoscopy and surgery are related from the very beginning. Endoscopy developed and practiced mainly by gastroenterologically orientated internists, has already permanently influenced surgical procedure, because of advances in the diagnostic field such as early recognition of carcinoma, emergency endoscopy in cases of bleeding and the retrograde presentation of the biliary and pancreatic system. In a certain sense, the development of operative endoscopy with polypectomy, papillotomy and the elimination of sources of bleeding by the use of laser light, indicates that the dividing line between conservative and operative medicine has become blurred. This factor gives rise to reflection concerning the division of roles between internal medicine and surgery in the endoscopic field and probably also in a broader sense. Whether this classical split between conservative and operative medicine will maintain itself in the future is uncertain. It is possible that an organ related medicine will develop, determined by methods which will demand from the future physician a greater knowledge and ability within a narrower field. A conclusive statement on this point however, cannot be made today. Much depends on the local relationships and it would no doubt be a mistake to hope too much for any planning."}
{"id": "PMID:903061", "title": "[Current ulcer surgery from the internist's view point: vagotomy versus resection].", "content": "The internist is usually not concerned with the successfully operated ulcer patient now free of symptoms, but primarily with the sequels which follow the surgical intervention more or less immediately or many years later. In the resecting procedures these are stomal ulcer and dumping, weight loss, osteoporosis, iron deficiency anemia and stump carcinoma, in vagotomy ulcer recurrency, diarrhea, dumping symptomatology and an increased incidence of cholelithiasis. Of the currently practiced procedures parietal cell vagotomy seems to offer the best results in duodenal ulcer patients although long-term follow-up examinations are not yet available.", "contents": "[Current ulcer surgery from the internist's view point: vagotomy versus resection]. The internist is usually not concerned with the successfully operated ulcer patient now free of symptoms, but primarily with the sequels which follow the surgical intervention more or less immediately or many years later. In the resecting procedures these are stomal ulcer and dumping, weight loss, osteoporosis, iron deficiency anemia and stump carcinoma, in vagotomy ulcer recurrency, diarrhea, dumping symptomatology and an increased incidence of cholelithiasis. Of the currently practiced procedures parietal cell vagotomy seems to offer the best results in duodenal ulcer patients although long-term follow-up examinations are not yet available."}
{"id": "PMID:903063", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis in urology].", "content": "In recent years ultrasonography has been established as a reliable diagnostic method in various urological disorders. The first and most important indication is the differentiation between renal cysts and solid tumors. But ultrasound is suitable, too, for the diagnosis of haematomas, abscesses and hydronephrosis in the postoperative period and for the evaluation of renal transplants to detect early signs of rejection. Ultrasound allows the examination of patients with renal insufficiency and of patients with unilateral absence of contrast medium excretion in urography, because it is independent of contrast medium and renal function. In these patients as well as in traumatized patients ultrasound can be used as a bed-side method. Furthermore, it is possible to diagnose retroperitoneal tumors causing obstruction, megaureter, and tumors of the bladder. For the diagnosis of the prostate the rectal application of an ultrasonic transducer seems to be the best method. With an ultrasonic Doppler probe the diagnosis of testicular torsion is possible on ground of the absence of intratesticular arterial pulsation. Finally the possibility of ultrasonic targeted percutaneous puncture of the kidneys, tumors and cysts as a diagnostic and occasionally therapeutic approach has to be mentioned.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis in urology]. In recent years ultrasonography has been established as a reliable diagnostic method in various urological disorders. The first and most important indication is the differentiation between renal cysts and solid tumors. But ultrasound is suitable, too, for the diagnosis of haematomas, abscesses and hydronephrosis in the postoperative period and for the evaluation of renal transplants to detect early signs of rejection. Ultrasound allows the examination of patients with renal insufficiency and of patients with unilateral absence of contrast medium excretion in urography, because it is independent of contrast medium and renal function. In these patients as well as in traumatized patients ultrasound can be used as a bed-side method. Furthermore, it is possible to diagnose retroperitoneal tumors causing obstruction, megaureter, and tumors of the bladder. For the diagnosis of the prostate the rectal application of an ultrasonic transducer seems to be the best method. With an ultrasonic Doppler probe the diagnosis of testicular torsion is possible on ground of the absence of intratesticular arterial pulsation. Finally the possibility of ultrasonic targeted percutaneous puncture of the kidneys, tumors and cysts as a diagnostic and occasionally therapeutic approach has to be mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:903064", "title": "[Chronic pancreatitis--conservative versus surgical treatment under prognostic aspects].", "content": "Because of the differently selected groups of patients due to a narrow indication for pancreatic surgery, a direct comparison of the results of conservative and surgical therapy is not possible. A follow-up survey of 348 patients with proven chronic pancreatitis showed that patients suffering from uncomplicated pancreatitis should be treated conservatively as long as possible, for 70% (77 out of 109) will improve. In 2/3 of our patients with chronic pancreatitis, surgical treatment became necessary. As to the recurrence of pancreatitis and the lethality, resecting techniques were more successful (72%: 107 out of 148) than the non-resecting ones (61%: out of 91). The cooperation of the patient is crucial for the prognostic outcome regardless of the kind of treatment; especially the elimination of alcohol intake is essential. The most important accompanying or/and succeeding disease is diabetes mellitus, which impairs the long term prognosis especially because of the hazard of postoperative irreversible hypoglycemia. Optimal treatment of patients with chronic pancreatitis can only be accomplished on an individual basis and on the basis of a close cooperation of internists and surgeons.", "contents": "[Chronic pancreatitis--conservative versus surgical treatment under prognostic aspects]. Because of the differently selected groups of patients due to a narrow indication for pancreatic surgery, a direct comparison of the results of conservative and surgical therapy is not possible. A follow-up survey of 348 patients with proven chronic pancreatitis showed that patients suffering from uncomplicated pancreatitis should be treated conservatively as long as possible, for 70% (77 out of 109) will improve. In 2/3 of our patients with chronic pancreatitis, surgical treatment became necessary. As to the recurrence of pancreatitis and the lethality, resecting techniques were more successful (72%: 107 out of 148) than the non-resecting ones (61%: out of 91). The cooperation of the patient is crucial for the prognostic outcome regardless of the kind of treatment; especially the elimination of alcohol intake is essential. The most important accompanying or/and succeeding disease is diabetes mellitus, which impairs the long term prognosis especially because of the hazard of postoperative irreversible hypoglycemia. Optimal treatment of patients with chronic pancreatitis can only be accomplished on an individual basis and on the basis of a close cooperation of internists and surgeons."}
{"id": "PMID:903066", "title": "[Pancoast's tumor. Symptoms, diagnosis and therapy].", "content": "Pancoast-tumor is a rare form of malignant tumor in the superior pulmonary sulcus. In our clinic out of 910 operated bronchial carcinomas 18 were Pancoast-tumors. The clinical findings with tumor of the apical lobe of the lung, shoulder-arm pain, Horner syndrome, rib destruction as well as neurological findings are discussed. The proper treatment consists of radical resection of the affected lobe, cranial thoracic wall and affected nerve tissue. The prognosis depends on the extension and lymph node metastases. Only early diagnosis, radical tumor-resection and postoperative radiation can improve prognosis and survival time.", "contents": "[Pancoast's tumor. Symptoms, diagnosis and therapy]. Pancoast-tumor is a rare form of malignant tumor in the superior pulmonary sulcus. In our clinic out of 910 operated bronchial carcinomas 18 were Pancoast-tumors. The clinical findings with tumor of the apical lobe of the lung, shoulder-arm pain, Horner syndrome, rib destruction as well as neurological findings are discussed. The proper treatment consists of radical resection of the affected lobe, cranial thoracic wall and affected nerve tissue. The prognosis depends on the extension and lymph node metastases. Only early diagnosis, radical tumor-resection and postoperative radiation can improve prognosis and survival time."}
{"id": "PMID:903070", "title": "[Psychodynamic of depressions].", "content": "Chronic depressive reactions are seen especially in patients who cannot react adequately in the face of loss, because for psychological reasons they cannot give expression to their unhappiness. Examples are the abnormal grief reactions following severe loss, and also reactions to experiences which appear outwardly trivial, but which nevertheless are damaging to self-esteem. Inability to show dissatisfaction and inhibition of one's own aggressive tendencies are characteristic of depressive neurosis. The analysis of the relevant factors, which is important for differential diagnosis, and above all in treatment, should take into account the current personal and social situation of the individual, his earlier psychological development, his constitution, any supervening physical disorder, and the influence of environmental and cultural forces.", "contents": "[Psychodynamic of depressions]. Chronic depressive reactions are seen especially in patients who cannot react adequately in the face of loss, because for psychological reasons they cannot give expression to their unhappiness. Examples are the abnormal grief reactions following severe loss, and also reactions to experiences which appear outwardly trivial, but which nevertheless are damaging to self-esteem. Inability to show dissatisfaction and inhibition of one's own aggressive tendencies are characteristic of depressive neurosis. The analysis of the relevant factors, which is important for differential diagnosis, and above all in treatment, should take into account the current personal and social situation of the individual, his earlier psychological development, his constitution, any supervening physical disorder, and the influence of environmental and cultural forces."}
{"id": "PMID:903072", "title": "[Electromyographic rest-activity. Unusual forms of spontaneous discharge in healthy and sick skeletal muscle].", "content": "The forms of spontaneous activity termed as \"benign fibrillation potentials\" and \"benign positive sharp waves\" differ from the denervation potentials of the same wave form in the discharge pattern. Fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves due to a denervation process show a characteristic rhythmical discharge sequence. \"Benign fibrillation potentials\" and \"benign positive sharp waves\", on the other hand, display a big difference in the duration of the time intervals between successive waves. It is important to be aware of the frequent occurrence of these benign fibrillations in normal muscles, in order to avoid erroneously diagnosing a denervation process. As in the case of malign fasciculations, \"proximal fasciculations\" generally occur in lesions of the proximal segment of the lower motoneuron, and have the same diagnostic significance. Unlike malign fasciculations, however, they do not originate in the region of the terminal nerve branches, but at the site of the lesion in question. Local reduction in the stimulus threshold and in the accommodation ensure that a spontaneous impulse will occur. \"Low frequency bizarre discharges\" and \"periods of grouped and serial-discharges\" occur mainly in the late phase of a neuromuscular disease and are found especially after traumatic lesions or lesions due to entrapment. We are able to demonstrate that the \"low-frequency bizarre discharges\" are of myogenic origin, whereas the \"periods of grouped and serial-discharges\" more than likely originate in the course of the peripheral motoneuron from an active focus.", "contents": "[Electromyographic rest-activity. Unusual forms of spontaneous discharge in healthy and sick skeletal muscle]. The forms of spontaneous activity termed as \"benign fibrillation potentials\" and \"benign positive sharp waves\" differ from the denervation potentials of the same wave form in the discharge pattern. Fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves due to a denervation process show a characteristic rhythmical discharge sequence. \"Benign fibrillation potentials\" and \"benign positive sharp waves\", on the other hand, display a big difference in the duration of the time intervals between successive waves. It is important to be aware of the frequent occurrence of these benign fibrillations in normal muscles, in order to avoid erroneously diagnosing a denervation process. As in the case of malign fasciculations, \"proximal fasciculations\" generally occur in lesions of the proximal segment of the lower motoneuron, and have the same diagnostic significance. Unlike malign fasciculations, however, they do not originate in the region of the terminal nerve branches, but at the site of the lesion in question. Local reduction in the stimulus threshold and in the accommodation ensure that a spontaneous impulse will occur. \"Low frequency bizarre discharges\" and \"periods of grouped and serial-discharges\" occur mainly in the late phase of a neuromuscular disease and are found especially after traumatic lesions or lesions due to entrapment. We are able to demonstrate that the \"low-frequency bizarre discharges\" are of myogenic origin, whereas the \"periods of grouped and serial-discharges\" more than likely originate in the course of the peripheral motoneuron from an active focus."}
{"id": "PMID:903073", "title": "[Therapy of gastroesophageal reflux].", "content": "In spite of numerous experimental and clinical studies the pathogenesis of the disease resulting from pathological gastroesophageal reflux is yet unsettled. The importance of hiatus hernia has been questioned. The disturbed function of the lower esophageal sphincter does not always explain the occurrence of increased gastroesophageal reflux. there is no correlation between symptoms (pyrosis) and the typical esophageal mucosal changes which are best demonstrated by means of endoscopy. Guided biopsy is usually not necessary. Medical therapy consists in application of antacids, most effectively in combination with alginic acid. Further help can be expected from stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter with metoclopramide and/or cholinergic drugs. Further measures are elevation of the head of the bed (30 degrees), reduction of body weight if necessary (to reduce intraabdominal pressure) and a high protein, low fat diet. Operative intervention (fundoplicatio) is  rarely indicated, mostly in case of stricture.", "contents": "[Therapy of gastroesophageal reflux]. In spite of numerous experimental and clinical studies the pathogenesis of the disease resulting from pathological gastroesophageal reflux is yet unsettled. The importance of hiatus hernia has been questioned. The disturbed function of the lower esophageal sphincter does not always explain the occurrence of increased gastroesophageal reflux. there is no correlation between symptoms (pyrosis) and the typical esophageal mucosal changes which are best demonstrated by means of endoscopy. Guided biopsy is usually not necessary. Medical therapy consists in application of antacids, most effectively in combination with alginic acid. Further help can be expected from stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter with metoclopramide and/or cholinergic drugs. Further measures are elevation of the head of the bed (30 degrees), reduction of body weight if necessary (to reduce intraabdominal pressure) and a high protein, low fat diet. Operative intervention (fundoplicatio) is  rarely indicated, mostly in case of stricture."}
{"id": "PMID:903074", "title": "[Oral kallikrein-therapy of asthenozoospermia].", "content": "Over a period of 7 weeks 51 men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia were treated with Kallikrein (600 Kallikrein units per day). A statistically significant improvement of sperm motility was observed with a maximum 1 month after the therapy. The conception rate was 31%. Stimulation of sperm motility may be caused by a positive effect on spermatogenesis, by an improvement of the nutritional functions of the tubulus apparatus and by an improvement of sperm maturation in the eqididymis.", "contents": "[Oral kallikrein-therapy of asthenozoospermia]. Over a period of 7 weeks 51 men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia were treated with Kallikrein (600 Kallikrein units per day). A statistically significant improvement of sperm motility was observed with a maximum 1 month after the therapy. The conception rate was 31%. Stimulation of sperm motility may be caused by a positive effect on spermatogenesis, by an improvement of the nutritional functions of the tubulus apparatus and by an improvement of sperm maturation in the eqididymis."}
{"id": "PMID:903075", "title": "Prolactinemia during hemodialysis: lack of correlation with sodium, potassium and renin-aldosterone system.", "content": "The present investigation was carried out on 17 male patients, 2 of whom nephrectomized, affected by terminal renal failure on regular 4 h dialysis three times a week. Plasma prolactin (PRL), aldosterone (PA) and renin activity (PRA) were determined by radioimmunoassay before, and after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd h of hemodialysis. High levels of PRL were found in 9 nonnephrectomized patients; during the 1st and 2nd h of dialysis means values of PRL showed a slight tendency to increase, whilst during the 3rd h values decreased to predialysis concentrations. In one case a fall in PRL levels immediately after nephrectomy was observed but in another patient who came to our attention after surgery, PRL was significantly increased with values higher than those usually found in nonnephrectomized patients. PRA was elevated in 10 patients and showed no significant modifications during hemodialysis. PAC was high in 8 patients and decreased significantly during hemodialysis. A drop in sodium and potassium levels and a decrease in body weight during dialysis were also observed. These results suggest that in uremia the high levels of PRL are not consequent to hydroelectrolyte disorders or to a condition of hyperaldosteronism, since these parameters present a different pattern during hemodialysis.", "contents": "Prolactinemia during hemodialysis: lack of correlation with sodium, potassium and renin-aldosterone system. The present investigation was carried out on 17 male patients, 2 of whom nephrectomized, affected by terminal renal failure on regular 4 h dialysis three times a week. Plasma prolactin (PRL), aldosterone (PA) and renin activity (PRA) were determined by radioimmunoassay before, and after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd h of hemodialysis. High levels of PRL were found in 9 nonnephrectomized patients; during the 1st and 2nd h of dialysis means values of PRL showed a slight tendency to increase, whilst during the 3rd h values decreased to predialysis concentrations. In one case a fall in PRL levels immediately after nephrectomy was observed but in another patient who came to our attention after surgery, PRL was significantly increased with values higher than those usually found in nonnephrectomized patients. PRA was elevated in 10 patients and showed no significant modifications during hemodialysis. PAC was high in 8 patients and decreased significantly during hemodialysis. A drop in sodium and potassium levels and a decrease in body weight during dialysis were also observed. These results suggest that in uremia the high levels of PRL are not consequent to hydroelectrolyte disorders or to a condition of hyperaldosteronism, since these parameters present a different pattern during hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:903076", "title": "Effects of thyroidectomy and thyroxine on plasma growth hormone and insulin levels in rats.", "content": "Plasma growth hormone and insulin levels were measured in normal, thyroidectomized (TX), and TX rats treated with 1-thyroxine (1-T4) or rat-growth hormone (r-GH). Although normal growth was observed 5 days after surgery, a decrease of circulating levels of GH was evidenced as early as 5 days after the operation. However, the plasma insulin levels were not affected by the 5th, 10th and 15th day of thyroidectomy. With a more prolonged thyroid hormone deprivation, the plasma insulin levels of TX rats remained lower than those of age-paired controls. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with 0.05 micron 1-T4 for 10 days induced growth and an increase in circulating GH levels, but had no effect on the low levels of plasma insulin of TX rats. Treatment of TX animals with 0.10 or 0.20 micron 1-T4, or 100 micron r-GH during 10 days caused plasma insulin levels to shift toward the values of their weight-paired controls. However, treatment of hypophysectomized (HX) rats with 0.20 micron T4 during 8 days did not change the circulating levels of plasma insulin. It is suggested that thyroid hormone deprivation results in a decrease of circulating levels of insulin secondary to a deficiency in growth hormone secretion. In addition, normal GH secretion appears to be required for normal pancreatic insulin secretion to occur.", "contents": "Effects of thyroidectomy and thyroxine on plasma growth hormone and insulin levels in rats. Plasma growth hormone and insulin levels were measured in normal, thyroidectomized (TX), and TX rats treated with 1-thyroxine (1-T4) or rat-growth hormone (r-GH). Although normal growth was observed 5 days after surgery, a decrease of circulating levels of GH was evidenced as early as 5 days after the operation. However, the plasma insulin levels were not affected by the 5th, 10th and 15th day of thyroidectomy. With a more prolonged thyroid hormone deprivation, the plasma insulin levels of TX rats remained lower than those of age-paired controls. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with 0.05 micron 1-T4 for 10 days induced growth and an increase in circulating GH levels, but had no effect on the low levels of plasma insulin of TX rats. Treatment of TX animals with 0.10 or 0.20 micron 1-T4, or 100 micron r-GH during 10 days caused plasma insulin levels to shift toward the values of their weight-paired controls. However, treatment of hypophysectomized (HX) rats with 0.20 micron T4 during 8 days did not change the circulating levels of plasma insulin. It is suggested that thyroid hormone deprivation results in a decrease of circulating levels of insulin secondary to a deficiency in growth hormone secretion. In addition, normal GH secretion appears to be required for normal pancreatic insulin secretion to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:903080", "title": "Creating a mental health consultation package for community agencies.", "content": "The author designed a consultation package for a community mental health center consultant to present to the relevant agencies and organizations in the community. The consultation package is designed to create a series of regularly scheduled voluntary group meetings that center on the discussion of a case or a particular topic. The package also includes a written agreement, an evaluation procedure, and a six- to eight-month free trial period. The steps for establishing a new consultative relationship and developing a consultation network are also outlined. By using those steps and the package, the author and his colleagues have successfully established consultation services with schools, with the welfare, probation, and police departments, and with organizations of physicians, nurses, and clergy.", "contents": "Creating a mental health consultation package for community agencies. The author designed a consultation package for a community mental health center consultant to present to the relevant agencies and organizations in the community. The consultation package is designed to create a series of regularly scheduled voluntary group meetings that center on the discussion of a case or a particular topic. The package also includes a written agreement, an evaluation procedure, and a six- to eight-month free trial period. The steps for establishing a new consultative relationship and developing a consultation network are also outlined. By using those steps and the package, the author and his colleagues have successfully established consultation services with schools, with the welfare, probation, and police departments, and with organizations of physicians, nurses, and clergy."}
{"id": "PMID:903081", "title": "A community mental health center's consultation service in a general hospital.", "content": "A community mental health center operates a psychiatric consultation program as an integral part of the medical emergency service of a 550-bed general hospital. A major advantage of the system is that it allows the hospital to provide immediate comprehensive services--psychiatric as well as medical--to emergency patients. The consultation program also accepts referrals of hospitalized medical patients with apparent emotional problems and referrals of patients from such sources outside the hospital as pediatricians, clergymen, and other community agencies.", "contents": "A community mental health center's consultation service in a general hospital. A community mental health center operates a psychiatric consultation program as an integral part of the medical emergency service of a 550-bed general hospital. A major advantage of the system is that it allows the hospital to provide immediate comprehensive services--psychiatric as well as medical--to emergency patients. The consultation program also accepts referrals of hospitalized medical patients with apparent emotional problems and referrals of patients from such sources outside the hospital as pediatricians, clergymen, and other community agencies."}
{"id": "PMID:903082", "title": "Psychiatric nursing consultation in a university medical center.", "content": "A program of psychiatric nursing consultation was established at a large university medical center in response to requests from nonpsychiatric nurses; they generally felt that patient evaluations provided by the psychiatry liaison service did not have specific application to nursing care. The program is operated by two part-time coordinators who train and supervise the nurse-consultants through monthly group sessions and individual supervision. One aim is to set up ongoing consultative meetings with nursing staffs who request help rather than providing only one-time or crisis consultation. During the program's first year, 146 consultations were given, and an average of 9.5 nursing units received consultation services each month.", "contents": "Psychiatric nursing consultation in a university medical center. A program of psychiatric nursing consultation was established at a large university medical center in response to requests from nonpsychiatric nurses; they generally felt that patient evaluations provided by the psychiatry liaison service did not have specific application to nursing care. The program is operated by two part-time coordinators who train and supervise the nurse-consultants through monthly group sessions and individual supervision. One aim is to set up ongoing consultative meetings with nursing staffs who request help rather than providing only one-time or crisis consultation. During the program's first year, 146 consultations were given, and an average of 9.5 nursing units received consultation services each month."}
{"id": "PMID:903083", "title": "State laws mandating mental health insurance coverage.", "content": "Insurance companies and administrators of group insurance plans have accepted the premise that coverage for mental illness must be different from coverage for other health problems, and thus insurers continue to limit their liability through various exclusions and restrictions. For several years providers and consumers of services have worked for the enactment of state laws that mandate or regulate certain kinds of coverage for mental illness; as of January 1, 1977, a total of 22 states had such statutes. The author presents a state-by-state summary of the provisions. He also classifies many of the provisions into six categories and discusses the probable basis for their enactment.", "contents": "State laws mandating mental health insurance coverage. Insurance companies and administrators of group insurance plans have accepted the premise that coverage for mental illness must be different from coverage for other health problems, and thus insurers continue to limit their liability through various exclusions and restrictions. For several years providers and consumers of services have worked for the enactment of state laws that mandate or regulate certain kinds of coverage for mental illness; as of January 1, 1977, a total of 22 states had such statutes. The author presents a state-by-state summary of the provisions. He also classifies many of the provisions into six categories and discusses the probable basis for their enactment."}
{"id": "PMID:903084", "title": "The readmitted drug patient: evidence of failure or gradual success?", "content": "A comparison was made of the drug-involvement levels and sociocriminal histories at the time of first admission and at readmission of 94 male drug addicts who had initially undergone detoxification and 24 others who had undergone detoxification plus rehabilitation. Results showed only minimal change in the amount and number of drugs used at each admission. However, the period of drug use before seeking help was shorter, there were fewer criminal charges, and more patients were employed at the time of readmission in both groups, especially the rehabilitation group. The authors suggest that treatment is somewhat effective even for the readdicted patient and that readmission to drug treatment is evidence of continued gradual treatment progress rather than of failure.", "contents": "The readmitted drug patient: evidence of failure or gradual success? A comparison was made of the drug-involvement levels and sociocriminal histories at the time of first admission and at readmission of 94 male drug addicts who had initially undergone detoxification and 24 others who had undergone detoxification plus rehabilitation. Results showed only minimal change in the amount and number of drugs used at each admission. However, the period of drug use before seeking help was shorter, there were fewer criminal charges, and more patients were employed at the time of readmission in both groups, especially the rehabilitation group. The authors suggest that treatment is somewhat effective even for the readdicted patient and that readmission to drug treatment is evidence of continued gradual treatment progress rather than of failure."}
{"id": "PMID:903124", "title": "Biochemical factors in Schizophrenia.", "content": "Many false trials have been followed over the years in attempts to associate schizophrenia with biochemical anomalies. Recently it has been found that there is a close correlation between the efficacy of certain neuroleptic agents in the management of the disease and their ability to block CNS receptor sites activated by dopamine. It is suggested that this may be a clue to one of many genetic bases of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Biochemical factors in Schizophrenia. Many false trials have been followed over the years in attempts to associate schizophrenia with biochemical anomalies. Recently it has been found that there is a close correlation between the efficacy of certain neuroleptic agents in the management of the disease and their ability to block CNS receptor sites activated by dopamine. It is suggested that this may be a clue to one of many genetic bases of schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:903142", "title": "Dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Carcinoma in situ is defined as the early stage of cancer and must therefore be initiated by an as yet unknown carcinogen(s). Progression of the lesion to invasive carcinoma is reported to occur in a high proportion of nontreated cases. Reserve cell proliferations are frequently associated with both dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, and it is suggested that these are the cells from which both lesions arise. Dysplasia may result from both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic stimuli. Since dysplasia usually either regresses or remains stabilized over a prolonged period, it is suggested that it is more frequently associated with noncarcinogenic stimuli. Microinvasive carcinoma is limited to lesions with no more than 5 mm. of stromal invasion as measured from the surface. Confluence of growth and lymphatic-like space invasion should not interdict the diagnosis. Microinvasive carcinoma thus defined rarely gives rise to lymph node metastasis or eventuates in death. The diagnosis cannot be made from punch biopsy specimens. Only if pathologists adhere to a standard nomenclature can follow-up studies be used successfully to identify the natural behavior of each type of lesion in this spectrum.", "contents": "Dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Carcinoma in situ is defined as the early stage of cancer and must therefore be initiated by an as yet unknown carcinogen(s). Progression of the lesion to invasive carcinoma is reported to occur in a high proportion of nontreated cases. Reserve cell proliferations are frequently associated with both dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, and it is suggested that these are the cells from which both lesions arise. Dysplasia may result from both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic stimuli. Since dysplasia usually either regresses or remains stabilized over a prolonged period, it is suggested that it is more frequently associated with noncarcinogenic stimuli. Microinvasive carcinoma is limited to lesions with no more than 5 mm. of stromal invasion as measured from the surface. Confluence of growth and lymphatic-like space invasion should not interdict the diagnosis. Microinvasive carcinoma thus defined rarely gives rise to lymph node metastasis or eventuates in death. The diagnosis cannot be made from punch biopsy specimens. Only if pathologists adhere to a standard nomenclature can follow-up studies be used successfully to identify the natural behavior of each type of lesion in this spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:903143", "title": "Precancerous lesions of the endometrium.", "content": "The existence of precancerous lesions of the endometrium is well established, but differences in terminology and difficulties in the interpretation of published studies have complicated quantitation of the malignant potential of the descibed subtypes. Clinical investigations, cellular studies, chromosome and DNA analyses, and animal experiments suggest that the malignant potential of cystic hyperplasia is low in contrast to that of the more complex types of hyperplasia. The significance of atypical secretory hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and endometrial polyps in the evolution of endometrial cancer has not been investigated adequately. Artifactual crowding of glands due to fragmentation and benign processes such as the epithelial regeneration in late menstrual endometrium and the Arias-Stella reaction should not be confused with precancerous changes. A classification of precancerous lesions is presented and the need for adoption of a uniform terminology for future investigations and communication with gynecologists is emphasized.", "contents": "Precancerous lesions of the endometrium. The existence of precancerous lesions of the endometrium is well established, but differences in terminology and difficulties in the interpretation of published studies have complicated quantitation of the malignant potential of the descibed subtypes. Clinical investigations, cellular studies, chromosome and DNA analyses, and animal experiments suggest that the malignant potential of cystic hyperplasia is low in contrast to that of the more complex types of hyperplasia. The significance of atypical secretory hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and endometrial polyps in the evolution of endometrial cancer has not been investigated adequately. Artifactual crowding of glands due to fragmentation and benign processes such as the epithelial regeneration in late menstrual endometrium and the Arias-Stella reaction should not be confused with precancerous changes. A classification of precancerous lesions is presented and the need for adoption of a uniform terminology for future investigations and communication with gynecologists is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:903144", "title": "Effects of oral and intrauterine administration of contraceptives on the uterus.", "content": "Combined regimen contraceptive steroids produce precocious endometrial secretion, followed by involution leading to a suppressed endometrium with small tubular glands and failure of spiral arterioles to develop; decidua-like stromal changes are dose related as is dilatation of venules. Thrombosis of the latter, perhaps estrogen mediated, leads to local tissue infarction and is the proximate cause of \"breakthrough bleeding\". Sequential regimen contraceptive steroids lead to retarded endometrial secretion, failure of spiral arterioles to develop, and a weak decidua-like stromal transformation. Contraceptive steroids occasionally produce polypoid lesions of the endocervix with atypical microglandular hyperplasia. There are conflicting reports about the effects of contraceptive steroids on the squamous epithelium of the exocervix, but they neither protect against cancer nor cause it in the usually accepted sense. Uterine leiomyomas may exhibit increased cellularity and bizarre, hyperchromatic nuclei or mutinucleation in women receiving contraceptive steroids. Both polyethylene and metal-containing intrauterine devices may initiate inflammatory responses in the endometrium varying from mild to severe, related to the time the device has been in contact with the mucosa. Salpingitis and ectopic pregnancy are increased in frequency in device users.", "contents": "Effects of oral and intrauterine administration of contraceptives on the uterus. Combined regimen contraceptive steroids produce precocious endometrial secretion, followed by involution leading to a suppressed endometrium with small tubular glands and failure of spiral arterioles to develop; decidua-like stromal changes are dose related as is dilatation of venules. Thrombosis of the latter, perhaps estrogen mediated, leads to local tissue infarction and is the proximate cause of \"breakthrough bleeding\". Sequential regimen contraceptive steroids lead to retarded endometrial secretion, failure of spiral arterioles to develop, and a weak decidua-like stromal transformation. Contraceptive steroids occasionally produce polypoid lesions of the endocervix with atypical microglandular hyperplasia. There are conflicting reports about the effects of contraceptive steroids on the squamous epithelium of the exocervix, but they neither protect against cancer nor cause it in the usually accepted sense. Uterine leiomyomas may exhibit increased cellularity and bizarre, hyperchromatic nuclei or mutinucleation in women receiving contraceptive steroids. Both polyethylene and metal-containing intrauterine devices may initiate inflammatory responses in the endometrium varying from mild to severe, related to the time the device has been in contact with the mucosa. Salpingitis and ectopic pregnancy are increased in frequency in device users."}
{"id": "PMID:903145", "title": "Ovarian epithelial tumors of borderline malignancy (carcinomas of low malignant potential).", "content": "Ovarian epithelial neoplasms that have morphologic features intermediate between those of clearly benign and unquestionably malignant lesions are currently classified as tumors of borderline malignancy (carcinomas of low malignant potential). Patients with stage I lesions of this type have an excellent prognosis following conservative surgery. Survival rates are remarkably good even when extraovarian spread has developed. The clinicopathologic features and histologic criteria for the diagnosis of borderline tumors of serous and mucinous cell types are detailed in this presentation.", "contents": "Ovarian epithelial tumors of borderline malignancy (carcinomas of low malignant potential). Ovarian epithelial neoplasms that have morphologic features intermediate between those of clearly benign and unquestionably malignant lesions are currently classified as tumors of borderline malignancy (carcinomas of low malignant potential). Patients with stage I lesions of this type have an excellent prognosis following conservative surgery. Survival rates are remarkably good even when extraovarian spread has developed. The clinicopathologic features and histologic criteria for the diagnosis of borderline tumors of serous and mucinous cell types are detailed in this presentation."}
{"id": "PMID:903146", "title": "Bilateral Brenner tumors: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Although the first Brenner tumor was reported in 1898 by MacNaughton-Jones, it was not until 1907 that Fritz Brenner described the tumor that bears his name. Since then more than 500 cases have been reported with bilaterality ranging from 3.7 to 8.0 per cent. However, this percentage is probably high. The tumor was originally thought to arise from follicular epithelium. Several other etiologies of the Brenner tumor have been suggested, including celomic surface epithelium, Walthard rests, teratoma, urothelium, and rete ovarii. The majority of Brenner tumors are inert, but there have been reports suggesting endocrine activity. The question of malignant transformation of the Brenner tumor has gained attention since Von Numers described the first malignant Brenner tumor in 1945. The determination of malignancy of these tumors has been hampered by vague histologic criteria for malignancy. The confusion surrounding the histogenesis, hormonal capabilities, and malignant potential of the Brenner tumor has persisted. A case report of bilateral Brenner tumors of the ovaries is presented as well as a review of the literature with emphasis on the bilaterality of Brenner tumors.", "contents": "Bilateral Brenner tumors: a case report and review of the literature. Although the first Brenner tumor was reported in 1898 by MacNaughton-Jones, it was not until 1907 that Fritz Brenner described the tumor that bears his name. Since then more than 500 cases have been reported with bilaterality ranging from 3.7 to 8.0 per cent. However, this percentage is probably high. The tumor was originally thought to arise from follicular epithelium. Several other etiologies of the Brenner tumor have been suggested, including celomic surface epithelium, Walthard rests, teratoma, urothelium, and rete ovarii. The majority of Brenner tumors are inert, but there have been reports suggesting endocrine activity. The question of malignant transformation of the Brenner tumor has gained attention since Von Numers described the first malignant Brenner tumor in 1945. The determination of malignancy of these tumors has been hampered by vague histologic criteria for malignancy. The confusion surrounding the histogenesis, hormonal capabilities, and malignant potential of the Brenner tumor has persisted. A case report of bilateral Brenner tumors of the ovaries is presented as well as a review of the literature with emphasis on the bilaterality of Brenner tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:903147", "title": "Mucocele of the appendix secondary to obstruction by endometriosis.", "content": "A mucocele of the appendix secondary to obstruction by endometriosis is reported and the relevant literature reviewed. The theories of the pathogenesis of appendiceal mucocele are reviewed and discussed. To our knowledge, no similar, well documented case has been reported.", "contents": "Mucocele of the appendix secondary to obstruction by endometriosis. A mucocele of the appendix secondary to obstruction by endometriosis is reported and the relevant literature reviewed. The theories of the pathogenesis of appendiceal mucocele are reviewed and discussed. To our knowledge, no similar, well documented case has been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:903148", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia involving the mucous glands of the nasal cavity.", "content": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia was found in maxillary sinus mucous glands of an 83 year old woman who had undergone a radical maxillectomy for basal cell carcinoma 10 days earlier. Previously recognized as an ulcerating lesion involving salivary glands in the oral cavity, this benign reactive process may also occur in the mucous glands of the nasal cavity and sinuses and can simulate squamous cell or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Ischemia appears to be pathogenetic.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia involving the mucous glands of the nasal cavity. Necrotizing sialometaplasia was found in maxillary sinus mucous glands of an 83 year old woman who had undergone a radical maxillectomy for basal cell carcinoma 10 days earlier. Previously recognized as an ulcerating lesion involving salivary glands in the oral cavity, this benign reactive process may also occur in the mucous glands of the nasal cavity and sinuses and can simulate squamous cell or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Ischemia appears to be pathogenetic."}
{"id": "PMID:903150", "title": "A case of 9p- syndrome.", "content": "An 8-month-old female child with the 9p- karyotype: 46,XX,del(9) (p22) is presented, being the first case from among Oriental people. She has many clinical features similar to those described in Caucasian cases.", "contents": "A case of 9p- syndrome. An 8-month-old female child with the 9p- karyotype: 46,XX,del(9) (p22) is presented, being the first case from among Oriental people. She has many clinical features similar to those described in Caucasian cases."}
{"id": "PMID:903151", "title": "Small structural changes of chromosome 8. Two cases with evidence for deletion.", "content": "Two patients are described whose clinical features are interpreted as resulting from simple deletion of, respectively, bands p12 and q242 of chromosome 8.", "contents": "Small structural changes of chromosome 8. Two cases with evidence for deletion. Two patients are described whose clinical features are interpreted as resulting from simple deletion of, respectively, bands p12 and q242 of chromosome 8."}
{"id": "PMID:903152", "title": "Chromosomes 1 in 14 ovarian cancers. Heterochromatin variants and structural changes.", "content": "Structurally rearranged chromosomes 1 were found in 9 out of 14 ovarian carcinomas and may also have been present in three others. In the remaining two, pericentric inversions involving the heterochromatic regions of chromosomes 1 were seen, and were also identified in one of the chromosomes 1 in the patient's normal cells (lymphocytes). Altogether, heterochromatin variants (variation in size and/or the presence of a pericentric inversion) were seen in the tumour cells of eight cases, and one or both types of variation were identified in the normal cells of six of these. The possibility of an association between the presence of chromosome 1 heterochromatin variants as a constitutional anomaly, a liability to ovarian (and perhaps other forms of) cancer and structural changes involving the chromosomes 1 in the tumour cells is considered.", "contents": "Chromosomes 1 in 14 ovarian cancers. Heterochromatin variants and structural changes. Structurally rearranged chromosomes 1 were found in 9 out of 14 ovarian carcinomas and may also have been present in three others. In the remaining two, pericentric inversions involving the heterochromatic regions of chromosomes 1 were seen, and were also identified in one of the chromosomes 1 in the patient's normal cells (lymphocytes). Altogether, heterochromatin variants (variation in size and/or the presence of a pericentric inversion) were seen in the tumour cells of eight cases, and one or both types of variation were identified in the normal cells of six of these. The possibility of an association between the presence of chromosome 1 heterochromatin variants as a constitutional anomaly, a liability to ovarian (and perhaps other forms of) cancer and structural changes involving the chromosomes 1 in the tumour cells is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:903153", "title": "Classification of qh regions in human chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 by C-banding.", "content": "We present a classification for secondary constriction (qh) regions with C-banding technique in chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 by means of comparing them to the short arm of chromosome 16. It is simple and convenient and can be used routinely. It can be incorporated into the modified Paris nomenclature system.", "contents": "Classification of qh regions in human chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 by C-banding. We present a classification for secondary constriction (qh) regions with C-banding technique in chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 by means of comparing them to the short arm of chromosome 16. It is simple and convenient and can be used routinely. It can be incorporated into the modified Paris nomenclature system."}
{"id": "PMID:903154", "title": "A girl with mosaicism for a dicentric X chromosome (45,X/46,X,dic(X) (Xqter to p22::p22 to qter)).", "content": "A 12-year-old girl was examined for growth retardation and a few very discrete dysmorphologic stigmata of Turner's syndrome; the genitalia were infantile yet both ovaries possessed functioning follicles. R- and C-banding techniques and Brdu treatment demonstrated a 45,X formula in 95% of lymphocytes, with 5% presenting a 46,X,dic(X) formula. Cytogenetic and clinical problems raised by this observation are discussed in relation to data from the literature.", "contents": "A girl with mosaicism for a dicentric X chromosome (45,X/46,X,dic(X) (Xqter to p22::p22 to qter)). A 12-year-old girl was examined for growth retardation and a few very discrete dysmorphologic stigmata of Turner's syndrome; the genitalia were infantile yet both ovaries possessed functioning follicles. R- and C-banding techniques and Brdu treatment demonstrated a 45,X formula in 95% of lymphocytes, with 5% presenting a 46,X,dic(X) formula. Cytogenetic and clinical problems raised by this observation are discussed in relation to data from the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:903155", "title": "Activation of mouse ribosomal RNA genes at the 2-cell stage.", "content": "The Ag-AS method, developed by Goodpasture and Bloom (1975) strains transcriptionally active nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) on the chromosomes and in the interphase nuclei. Metaphases and interphase nuclei of early mouse embryos (unfertilized eggs, pronucleus stages, 2-, 4-, 8-cell stages, and morulae) were subjected to silver-staining. First staining of a single chromosome bearing an NOR was observed at the 2-cell stage. At the 4-cell stage 4--6 chromosomes, and at the 8-cell stage invariably all the 6 chromosomes known to bear NORs, respond positively to silver-staining. These results indicate that during mouse embryogenesis ribosomal RNA genes start to function at the 2-cell stage. The polar body does not respond to silver-staining, which supports the view that the polar body genome remains inactive.", "contents": "Activation of mouse ribosomal RNA genes at the 2-cell stage. The Ag-AS method, developed by Goodpasture and Bloom (1975) strains transcriptionally active nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) on the chromosomes and in the interphase nuclei. Metaphases and interphase nuclei of early mouse embryos (unfertilized eggs, pronucleus stages, 2-, 4-, 8-cell stages, and morulae) were subjected to silver-staining. First staining of a single chromosome bearing an NOR was observed at the 2-cell stage. At the 4-cell stage 4--6 chromosomes, and at the 8-cell stage invariably all the 6 chromosomes known to bear NORs, respond positively to silver-staining. These results indicate that during mouse embryogenesis ribosomal RNA genes start to function at the 2-cell stage. The polar body does not respond to silver-staining, which supports the view that the polar body genome remains inactive."}
{"id": "PMID:903156", "title": "Partial trisomy 6p due to familial translocation t(6;20)(p21;p13). A new syndrome?", "content": "Cytogenetic findings in a case of partial trisomy 6p due to a translocation t(6;20)(p21;p13) and eleven balanced translocation heterozygotes are described. The clinical data of the proposita are compared with those of five other published cases. A partial trisomy 6p syndrome is postulated, characterized by: low birth weight, psychomotor retardation, craniofacial abnormalities (such as high prominent forehead, large fontanel, wide sagittal suture, blepharoptosis, low-set and/or malformed ears), congenital heart malformation, small kidneys, and proteinuria. Linkage studies have shown that the breakpoint in chromosome 6 involved in this translocation is close to the HLA gene cluster.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 6p due to familial translocation t(6;20)(p21;p13). A new syndrome? Cytogenetic findings in a case of partial trisomy 6p due to a translocation t(6;20)(p21;p13) and eleven balanced translocation heterozygotes are described. The clinical data of the proposita are compared with those of five other published cases. A partial trisomy 6p syndrome is postulated, characterized by: low birth weight, psychomotor retardation, craniofacial abnormalities (such as high prominent forehead, large fontanel, wide sagittal suture, blepharoptosis, low-set and/or malformed ears), congenital heart malformation, small kidneys, and proteinuria. Linkage studies have shown that the breakpoint in chromosome 6 involved in this translocation is close to the HLA gene cluster."}
{"id": "PMID:903157", "title": "Role of clozapine in the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities in human bone-marrow cells in vivo and in cultured lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "Bone-marrow chromosomes were examined from 38 mentally and physically retarded and two psychiatric patients who were being treated with a variety of neuropharmacologic drugs. Twenty of these patients used clozapine (Leponex). The clastogenic effects of clozapine in vitro were studied in the lymphocyte cultures of three patients--one free of hematologic disease and two who 6 months earlier had had agranulocytosis attributed to the use of clozapine. The mean frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities in the bone-marrow cells of patients who used clozapine was significantly increased (P less than 0.05). The two patients who had had agranulocytosis had a greater frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities in their cultured lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro than the patient free of hematologic disease. A clone with a 13/14 chromosome translocation was detected in one of the patients. As all patients received a number of drugs during the in vivo and in vitro studies no definite conclusions could be drawn regarding the role played by clozapine in the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities.", "contents": "Role of clozapine in the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities in human bone-marrow cells in vivo and in cultured lymphocytes in vitro. Bone-marrow chromosomes were examined from 38 mentally and physically retarded and two psychiatric patients who were being treated with a variety of neuropharmacologic drugs. Twenty of these patients used clozapine (Leponex). The clastogenic effects of clozapine in vitro were studied in the lymphocyte cultures of three patients--one free of hematologic disease and two who 6 months earlier had had agranulocytosis attributed to the use of clozapine. The mean frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities in the bone-marrow cells of patients who used clozapine was significantly increased (P less than 0.05). The two patients who had had agranulocytosis had a greater frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities in their cultured lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro than the patient free of hematologic disease. A clone with a 13/14 chromosome translocation was detected in one of the patients. As all patients received a number of drugs during the in vivo and in vitro studies no definite conclusions could be drawn regarding the role played by clozapine in the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:903158", "title": "Beckman's scoring method and racial admixture in normal individuals.", "content": "The effect of Black admixture is studied on the characteristics of Beckman's scoring method. There is a significant cline on the mean scoring value for the interdigital area IV as the proportion of Negro ancestries increases (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "Beckman's scoring method and racial admixture in normal individuals. The effect of Black admixture is studied on the characteristics of Beckman's scoring method. There is a significant cline on the mean scoring value for the interdigital area IV as the proportion of Negro ancestries increases (p less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:903159", "title": "A demographic approach to population structure in Gyoda and Hasuda, Japan.", "content": "The mean inbreeding coefficients for Gyoda and Hasuda cities were 0.00295 for 600 couples and 0.00320 for 621 couples, respectively. The mean inbreeding coefficient decreased and the mean marital distance increased with a more recent year of marriage. The mean distances and its standard deviations between birthplaces of mates, father-offspring, mother-offspring, and sibs are 53.95 +/- 159.30 km, 43.38 +/- 174.29 km, 37.61 +/- 131.32 km and 9.42 +/- 66.39 km, respectively for the Gyoda population. These values are 98.49 +/- 270.77 km, 87.60 +/- 249.91 km, 60.05 +/- 193.63 km, and 16.36 +/- 64.64 km, respectively for the Hasuda population. The dimensionality of migration seems to be one.", "contents": "A demographic approach to population structure in Gyoda and Hasuda, Japan. The mean inbreeding coefficients for Gyoda and Hasuda cities were 0.00295 for 600 couples and 0.00320 for 621 couples, respectively. The mean inbreeding coefficient decreased and the mean marital distance increased with a more recent year of marriage. The mean distances and its standard deviations between birthplaces of mates, father-offspring, mother-offspring, and sibs are 53.95 +/- 159.30 km, 43.38 +/- 174.29 km, 37.61 +/- 131.32 km and 9.42 +/- 66.39 km, respectively for the Gyoda population. These values are 98.49 +/- 270.77 km, 87.60 +/- 249.91 km, 60.05 +/- 193.63 km, and 16.36 +/- 64.64 km, respectively for the Hasuda population. The dimensionality of migration seems to be one."}
{"id": "PMID:903162", "title": "Familial balanced reciprocal translocation t(1;16) (q12;p13) ascertained because of multiple abortions in a carrier.", "content": "A familial balanced reciprocal translocation was ascertained through a female carrier whose last three pregnancies ended in missed abortions. Five translocation carriers were detected in three generations among 9 family members investigated. The translocation could be the cause for the abortions of the proposita and her cousin's wife.", "contents": "Familial balanced reciprocal translocation t(1;16) (q12;p13) ascertained because of multiple abortions in a carrier. A familial balanced reciprocal translocation was ascertained through a female carrier whose last three pregnancies ended in missed abortions. Five translocation carriers were detected in three generations among 9 family members investigated. The translocation could be the cause for the abortions of the proposita and her cousin's wife."}
{"id": "PMID:903163", "title": "Frequency of the gene for cystic fibrosis with a view of replacement and recognition effects and reproduction by homozygotes.", "content": "The apparent frequency of the recessive autosomal allele for cystic fibrosis (cf) is too high to be satisfactorily explained by mutation equilibrium. However, higher reproductive fitness by heterozygotes (expressed by t greater than 0) or higher gametic viability of the cf allele (expressed by a greater than 0.5) can provide reasonable explanations of the present frequency. Furthermore, birth replacement in families with CF children (RPE) can account for the estimated historical values of t. Today, however, t is probably at or approaching zero as a result of discontinuation of RPE. In the future we can look for an imperceptibly slow decrease in the incidence of CF. Reproduction by CF females will not cause an increase in incidence; it will only slightly slow the rate of decrease.", "contents": "Frequency of the gene for cystic fibrosis with a view of replacement and recognition effects and reproduction by homozygotes. The apparent frequency of the recessive autosomal allele for cystic fibrosis (cf) is too high to be satisfactorily explained by mutation equilibrium. However, higher reproductive fitness by heterozygotes (expressed by t greater than 0) or higher gametic viability of the cf allele (expressed by a greater than 0.5) can provide reasonable explanations of the present frequency. Furthermore, birth replacement in families with CF children (RPE) can account for the estimated historical values of t. Today, however, t is probably at or approaching zero as a result of discontinuation of RPE. In the future we can look for an imperceptibly slow decrease in the incidence of CF. Reproduction by CF females will not cause an increase in incidence; it will only slightly slow the rate of decrease."}
{"id": "PMID:903164", "title": "Renal tubular abnormalities in a patient with the phenotypic appearance of C-trisomy mosaicism.", "content": "In 1971, SINHA et al. described a patient with isochromosomes arising from a C-group autosome. This patient had the phenotypic appearance of C-trisomy mosaicism. Six years later she presented with complaints of polydipsia and polyuria and was documented to have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis. The abnormal cell line of the patient had disappeared at the time of this observation.", "contents": "Renal tubular abnormalities in a patient with the phenotypic appearance of C-trisomy mosaicism. In 1971, SINHA et al. described a patient with isochromosomes arising from a C-group autosome. This patient had the phenotypic appearance of C-trisomy mosaicism. Six years later she presented with complaints of polydipsia and polyuria and was documented to have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis. The abnormal cell line of the patient had disappeared at the time of this observation."}
{"id": "PMID:903165", "title": "Esterase D phenotypes in psoriasis vulgaris, atopic diseases and healthy controls.", "content": "Esterase D phenotypes have been determined in 162 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, 181 patients with atopic diseases and 110 healthy controls. All these samples are from the area of Rheinland-Pfalz (West Germany). The two patient samples show somewhat higher frequencies of Es D 1 and lower of Es D 2-1 phenotypes as compared to controls. These differences are, however, statistically not significant. The Es D1 frequency in controls (0.9045) is in accordance with those reported from other European populations.", "contents": "Esterase D phenotypes in psoriasis vulgaris, atopic diseases and healthy controls. Esterase D phenotypes have been determined in 162 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, 181 patients with atopic diseases and 110 healthy controls. All these samples are from the area of Rheinland-Pfalz (West Germany). The two patient samples show somewhat higher frequencies of Es D 1 and lower of Es D 2-1 phenotypes as compared to controls. These differences are, however, statistically not significant. The Es D1 frequency in controls (0.9045) is in accordance with those reported from other European populations."}
{"id": "PMID:903167", "title": "The acetylator polymorphism in four populations of Afghanistan.", "content": "Studies of the acetylator polymorphism in Pushtoons, Tajiks, Hazaras and Usbeks living in Afghanistan revealed a lower frequency of the allele ACS in the last two populations. The results were compared with those of other populations. The importance of this polymorphism for therapy and a possible relation to the use of alkaloids in form of spices and drugs is discussed.", "contents": "The acetylator polymorphism in four populations of Afghanistan. Studies of the acetylator polymorphism in Pushtoons, Tajiks, Hazaras and Usbeks living in Afghanistan revealed a lower frequency of the allele ACS in the last two populations. The results were compared with those of other populations. The importance of this polymorphism for therapy and a possible relation to the use of alkaloids in form of spices and drugs is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903168", "title": "Gene differentiation in three tribes of American Indians.", "content": "The amount of gene differentiation in the subdivided populations of three American Indian tribes, the Papago, Makiritare and Yanomama were studied and found to vary from 2 to 7%. These results indicate that only small fractions of the total gene differences are attributable to between subpopulations and the remaining 93-98% to within subpopulations.", "contents": "Gene differentiation in three tribes of American Indians. The amount of gene differentiation in the subdivided populations of three American Indian tribes, the Papago, Makiritare and Yanomama were studied and found to vary from 2 to 7%. These results indicate that only small fractions of the total gene differences are attributable to between subpopulations and the remaining 93-98% to within subpopulations."}
{"id": "PMID:903169", "title": "Development of an attached strain from a continuous insect cell line.", "content": "A continuous attached cell strain has been developed from the IPRI-CF-124 line of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. This was done by discarding suspended cells at each passage, rinsing attached cells with 0.05% trypsin and using only the strongly attached cells for subculturing. The method is very effective in that the proportion of attached cells increased from 6% in the parent cell line to 97% in the new cell strain after 20 passages. The attachment and growth properties are stable after storage of cells in liquid nitrogen. The new cell strain is designated IPRI-CF-124T and has a population doubling time comparable to that of the parent cell line.", "contents": "Development of an attached strain from a continuous insect cell line. A continuous attached cell strain has been developed from the IPRI-CF-124 line of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. This was done by discarding suspended cells at each passage, rinsing attached cells with 0.05% trypsin and using only the strongly attached cells for subculturing. The method is very effective in that the proportion of attached cells increased from 6% in the parent cell line to 97% in the new cell strain after 20 passages. The attachment and growth properties are stable after storage of cells in liquid nitrogen. The new cell strain is designated IPRI-CF-124T and has a population doubling time comparable to that of the parent cell line."}
{"id": "PMID:903170", "title": "Comparative studies on human skin fibroblasts: life span and lipid metabolism in medium containing fetal bovine or human serum.", "content": "Three strains of human skin fibroblasts were cultivated in nutrient medium supplemented either with human serum or fetal bovine serum, and growth and lipid synthesis were compared. Rates of cellular growth were similar in both kinds of medium, but the replicative life spans of all three strains were curtailed significantly in human-serum medium. Incorporation of label into the major classes of neutral lipids from [14C]acetate and 3H2O was increased also in human-serum medium. Since human serum contained higher concentrations of cholesterol known to reduce endogenous cholesterol synthesis, these results were unexpected. Nonlipid factors in human serum may account for the shortened cellular life spans and increased lipogenesis and perhaps for the potential to develop atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Comparative studies on human skin fibroblasts: life span and lipid metabolism in medium containing fetal bovine or human serum. Three strains of human skin fibroblasts were cultivated in nutrient medium supplemented either with human serum or fetal bovine serum, and growth and lipid synthesis were compared. Rates of cellular growth were similar in both kinds of medium, but the replicative life spans of all three strains were curtailed significantly in human-serum medium. Incorporation of label into the major classes of neutral lipids from [14C]acetate and 3H2O was increased also in human-serum medium. Since human serum contained higher concentrations of cholesterol known to reduce endogenous cholesterol synthesis, these results were unexpected. Nonlipid factors in human serum may account for the shortened cellular life spans and increased lipogenesis and perhaps for the potential to develop atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:903171", "title": "Effects of perinatal estrogen on mouse mammary response to corticoids in vitro.", "content": "Effects of three adrenal corticoids on in vitro mammary differentiation were compared in neonatally estrogenized (E) and uninjected control (N) BALB/c Crgl female mice. E mice were injected with 10 microgram of 17 beta-estradiol on each of the first 5 days of life. At 4 weeks of age, all mice were pretreated with 1 microgram  17beta-estradiol and 1 mg progesterone for 9 consecutive days. Groups of 10 or more entire mammary glands then were organ-cultured for 5 days at 37 degree C on chemically defined medium in 95% O2/5% CO2 with various combinations of hormones: mammotropin (M), somatotropin (S), insulin (I), thyroxine (T); and corticosterone (B), aldosterone (A), or cortisol (F). Differentiation followed a quantitative pattern of MSIT less than BMSIT less than AMSIT less than FMSIT for both E and N tissues. E tissues formed more alveoli and more lobules in vitro than N tissues with each of the corticoids tested. These findings may have pathologic significance.", "contents": "Effects of perinatal estrogen on mouse mammary response to corticoids in vitro. Effects of three adrenal corticoids on in vitro mammary differentiation were compared in neonatally estrogenized (E) and uninjected control (N) BALB/c Crgl female mice. E mice were injected with 10 microgram of 17 beta-estradiol on each of the first 5 days of life. At 4 weeks of age, all mice were pretreated with 1 microgram  17beta-estradiol and 1 mg progesterone for 9 consecutive days. Groups of 10 or more entire mammary glands then were organ-cultured for 5 days at 37 degree C on chemically defined medium in 95% O2/5% CO2 with various combinations of hormones: mammotropin (M), somatotropin (S), insulin (I), thyroxine (T); and corticosterone (B), aldosterone (A), or cortisol (F). Differentiation followed a quantitative pattern of MSIT less than BMSIT less than AMSIT less than FMSIT for both E and N tissues. E tissues formed more alveoli and more lobules in vitro than N tissues with each of the corticoids tested. These findings may have pathologic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:903172", "title": "In vitro development of plants from microspores of rice.", "content": "Rice (Oryza sativa L., 2n=24) anthers containing microspores in the early-uninucleate to first-mitosis stages were induced successfully to develop into plants in vitro through an intermediary step of callus formation. Callus initiation occurred with highest frequency in anthers containing mid-uninucleate imcrospores. The callus derived from different stages of microspore development differed in the potential to differentiate into plants. The plants regenerated from pollen callus were predominantly haploid or diploid; polyploid and aneuploid plants were relatively infrequent. The first division of the uninucleate microspores was asymmetrical, resulting in the formation of large vegetative and small generative nuclei. The vegetative nucleus divided repeatedly and assumed the major role in the formation of callus, whereas the generative nucleus degenerated rapidly. Simultaneous division of the two nuclei was observed in a few pollen grains. Nuclear fusion during the very initial stages of pollen development was postulated to account for the occurrence of the diploid and polyploid plants.", "contents": "In vitro development of plants from microspores of rice. Rice (Oryza sativa L., 2n=24) anthers containing microspores in the early-uninucleate to first-mitosis stages were induced successfully to develop into plants in vitro through an intermediary step of callus formation. Callus initiation occurred with highest frequency in anthers containing mid-uninucleate imcrospores. The callus derived from different stages of microspore development differed in the potential to differentiate into plants. The plants regenerated from pollen callus were predominantly haploid or diploid; polyploid and aneuploid plants were relatively infrequent. The first division of the uninucleate microspores was asymmetrical, resulting in the formation of large vegetative and small generative nuclei. The vegetative nucleus divided repeatedly and assumed the major role in the formation of callus, whereas the generative nucleus degenerated rapidly. Simultaneous division of the two nuclei was observed in a few pollen grains. Nuclear fusion during the very initial stages of pollen development was postulated to account for the occurrence of the diploid and polyploid plants."}
{"id": "PMID:903173", "title": "Intestinal absorption of botulinum toxins of different molecular sizes in rats.", "content": "During a period of 10 to 12 h after injection of type B 16S (L) toxin into the ligated duodenum of rats, 0.01 to 0.1% of the total toxicity administered was found in the lymph drawn by cannulation of the thoracic duct. The recovery was 50 to 100 times higher than that of the rat given type B 12S (M) or 7S (S) toxin. During the same period, 0.6 to 1.5% of the specific antigens were recovered, regardless of the molecular size of the toxin that had been administered. In lymph of the B-L or B-M toxin recipient, the toxic and nontoxic components were detected in comparable quantities, indicating that the undissociated progenitor toxin molecule is absorbed through the intestinal wall. Although the toxic component had lost its toxic activity, the two components of B-M toxin appearing in lymph reassembled to reconstruct the 12S molecule, whereas those of B-L toxin did not, although the toxic component was still active. Type B-L, B-M, and B-S toxins showed similar stabilities to in vitro exposure to rat lymph (pH 8.2), but B-L toxin showed a considerably higher stability to intestinal juice (pH 7.0) than did B-M toxin. Thus, the toxicity of lymph of rats administered botulinum toxin intraduodenally depends not upon the rate of absorption, but largely upon the stability in the intestine.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of botulinum toxins of different molecular sizes in rats. During a period of 10 to 12 h after injection of type B 16S (L) toxin into the ligated duodenum of rats, 0.01 to 0.1% of the total toxicity administered was found in the lymph drawn by cannulation of the thoracic duct. The recovery was 50 to 100 times higher than that of the rat given type B 12S (M) or 7S (S) toxin. During the same period, 0.6 to 1.5% of the specific antigens were recovered, regardless of the molecular size of the toxin that had been administered. In lymph of the B-L or B-M toxin recipient, the toxic and nontoxic components were detected in comparable quantities, indicating that the undissociated progenitor toxin molecule is absorbed through the intestinal wall. Although the toxic component had lost its toxic activity, the two components of B-M toxin appearing in lymph reassembled to reconstruct the 12S molecule, whereas those of B-L toxin did not, although the toxic component was still active. Type B-L, B-M, and B-S toxins showed similar stabilities to in vitro exposure to rat lymph (pH 8.2), but B-L toxin showed a considerably higher stability to intestinal juice (pH 7.0) than did B-M toxin. Thus, the toxicity of lymph of rats administered botulinum toxin intraduodenally depends not upon the rate of absorption, but largely upon the stability in the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:903174", "title": "Effect of warfarin on the induction and course of experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis.", "content": "The effect of warfarin treatment on an experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis was studied. Warfarin was found to affect both the induction and course of the infection of catheter-induced endocardial vegetations. In warfarin-treated rabbits, larger bacterial inocula were needed to induce an infection, and the degree of infection of the vegetations was also significantly lower, eventually resulting in the total elimination of the bacteria from the vegetations. Thus, warfarin treatment seems to have an inhibitory effect on the induction and development of an S. epidermidis infection of the endocardium. The results differ from previous findings in studies done with Streptococcus anguis, where warfarin was found to have no effect on the induction or course of the infection of endocardial vegetations, which suggests that different mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of endocarditis caused by these two species of bacteria.", "contents": "Effect of warfarin on the induction and course of experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis. The effect of warfarin treatment on an experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis was studied. Warfarin was found to affect both the induction and course of the infection of catheter-induced endocardial vegetations. In warfarin-treated rabbits, larger bacterial inocula were needed to induce an infection, and the degree of infection of the vegetations was also significantly lower, eventually resulting in the total elimination of the bacteria from the vegetations. Thus, warfarin treatment seems to have an inhibitory effect on the induction and development of an S. epidermidis infection of the endocardium. The results differ from previous findings in studies done with Streptococcus anguis, where warfarin was found to have no effect on the induction or course of the infection of endocardial vegetations, which suggests that different mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of endocarditis caused by these two species of bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:903175", "title": "Regulation of invertase of Actinomyces viscosus.", "content": "The regulation of diethylaminoethyl-partially purified invertase (EC 3.2.1.26; beta-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase) from the 37,000 X g-soluble intracellular fluid of Actinomyces viscosus serotype 2 strain M-100 was studied. Glycolytic intermediates, mono-, di-, and triphosphate nucleotides, inorganic phosphate, and various divalent cations were tested for regulatory effects. Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) were found to act as noncompetitive inhibitors of invertase. The Ki values for F6P and FDP were found to be 3.4 and 5.1 mM, respectively. The Hill coefficient for sucrose was 1.03 and remained unchanged in the presence of varying amounts of F6P or FDP.", "contents": "Regulation of invertase of Actinomyces viscosus. The regulation of diethylaminoethyl-partially purified invertase (EC 3.2.1.26; beta-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase) from the 37,000 X g-soluble intracellular fluid of Actinomyces viscosus serotype 2 strain M-100 was studied. Glycolytic intermediates, mono-, di-, and triphosphate nucleotides, inorganic phosphate, and various divalent cations were tested for regulatory effects. Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) were found to act as noncompetitive inhibitors of invertase. The Ki values for F6P and FDP were found to be 3.4 and 5.1 mM, respectively. The Hill coefficient for sucrose was 1.03 and remained unchanged in the presence of varying amounts of F6P or FDP."}
{"id": "PMID:903176", "title": "Chemiluminescence response of human leukocytes: influence of medium components on light production.", "content": "Light-producing reactions have been reported to occur after phagocytosis of opsonized particles by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Such chemiluminescence appears to be related to the generation of singlet oxygen, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals, which have also been implicated as microbicidal agents. In examining the influences of various medium components on leukocyte chemiluminescence, we have observed that the amount of light measured is increased by addition of soluble protein, the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophane, or excess zymosan to the reaction medium. These agents appear to produce their effect not by increasing the rate of phagocytosis, but by providing substrate for secondary light-producing reactions. Polystyrene particles do not provide a suitable substrate for such secondary light-producing reactions. This is evidenced by the failure of ingested latex to stimulate high levels of chemiluminescence in the cellular system and their failure to augment light production in two noncellular chemiluminescent reactions. Some of the light generated in the cellular chemiluminescence response may derive from secondary reactions, which occur outside of the phagocyte. Support for this phenomenon is provided by two experiments. In one, addition of supplementary, nonopsonized zymosan to the reaction, after phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan is complete, resulted in an increased level of chemiluminescence. In another, addition of nonopsonized zymosan, together with latex particles, resulted in a significant increase in chemiluminescence. The results of the latter experiment also support our hypothesis that latex does not provide an appropriate substrate for secondary light-producing reactions. These observations suggest that leukocytes activated by phagocytosis generate electronically activated radicals which act intra- and extracellularly and that the amino acids tyrosine and trytophane may provide one substrate through which these agents act.", "contents": "Chemiluminescence response of human leukocytes: influence of medium components on light production. Light-producing reactions have been reported to occur after phagocytosis of opsonized particles by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Such chemiluminescence appears to be related to the generation of singlet oxygen, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals, which have also been implicated as microbicidal agents. In examining the influences of various medium components on leukocyte chemiluminescence, we have observed that the amount of light measured is increased by addition of soluble protein, the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophane, or excess zymosan to the reaction medium. These agents appear to produce their effect not by increasing the rate of phagocytosis, but by providing substrate for secondary light-producing reactions. Polystyrene particles do not provide a suitable substrate for such secondary light-producing reactions. This is evidenced by the failure of ingested latex to stimulate high levels of chemiluminescence in the cellular system and their failure to augment light production in two noncellular chemiluminescent reactions. Some of the light generated in the cellular chemiluminescence response may derive from secondary reactions, which occur outside of the phagocyte. Support for this phenomenon is provided by two experiments. In one, addition of supplementary, nonopsonized zymosan to the reaction, after phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan is complete, resulted in an increased level of chemiluminescence. In another, addition of nonopsonized zymosan, together with latex particles, resulted in a significant increase in chemiluminescence. The results of the latter experiment also support our hypothesis that latex does not provide an appropriate substrate for secondary light-producing reactions. These observations suggest that leukocytes activated by phagocytosis generate electronically activated radicals which act intra- and extracellularly and that the amino acids tyrosine and trytophane may provide one substrate through which these agents act."}
{"id": "PMID:903177", "title": "Recovery of Streptococcus mutans after amino acid deprivation.", "content": "The recovery of Streptococcus mutans FA-1 in a complete, chemically defined medium was examined after 1, 3, and 6 h of essential amino acid deprivation. Amino acids could be divided into two groups based on their effect on the relative rates of recovery: those amino acids (leucine and cystine) that are precursors of protein only, and amino acids (glutamate/glutamine or lysine) that are incorporated into both protein and cell wall peptidoglycan. Culture turbidity, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, protein and cell wall peptidoglycan measurements indicated rapid recovery after leucine/cystine starvation periods. However, a 6-h leucine/cystine deprivation resulted in a slower exponential rate of growth (180-min doubling time compared to the normal doubling time of 85 to 90 min) after recovery. Glutamate/glutamine starvation, on the contrary, resulted in greatly extended recovery periods, especially after 3- and 6-h amino acid deprivations. Macromolecular synthesis was most severely affected by 6-h glutamate/glutamine starvation and required 6 to 10 h for recovery of an exponential rate. A delay in the recovery of deoxyribonucleic acid and cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis beyond that of the other macromolecules was observed after 1 and 3 h of deprivation with either leucine/cystine or glutamate/glutamine. However, after a 6-h amino acid deprivation, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis recovered more rapidly than that of the other macromolecules studied. The results are discussed in terms of the nutritional environment of the oral cavity and its effect on the growth and survival of S. mutans.", "contents": "Recovery of Streptococcus mutans after amino acid deprivation. The recovery of Streptococcus mutans FA-1 in a complete, chemically defined medium was examined after 1, 3, and 6 h of essential amino acid deprivation. Amino acids could be divided into two groups based on their effect on the relative rates of recovery: those amino acids (leucine and cystine) that are precursors of protein only, and amino acids (glutamate/glutamine or lysine) that are incorporated into both protein and cell wall peptidoglycan. Culture turbidity, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, protein and cell wall peptidoglycan measurements indicated rapid recovery after leucine/cystine starvation periods. However, a 6-h leucine/cystine deprivation resulted in a slower exponential rate of growth (180-min doubling time compared to the normal doubling time of 85 to 90 min) after recovery. Glutamate/glutamine starvation, on the contrary, resulted in greatly extended recovery periods, especially after 3- and 6-h amino acid deprivations. Macromolecular synthesis was most severely affected by 6-h glutamate/glutamine starvation and required 6 to 10 h for recovery of an exponential rate. A delay in the recovery of deoxyribonucleic acid and cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis beyond that of the other macromolecules was observed after 1 and 3 h of deprivation with either leucine/cystine or glutamate/glutamine. However, after a 6-h amino acid deprivation, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis recovered more rapidly than that of the other macromolecules studied. The results are discussed in terms of the nutritional environment of the oral cavity and its effect on the growth and survival of S. mutans."}
{"id": "PMID:903178", "title": "Effective immunity to dental caries: passive transfer to rats to antibodies to Streptococcus mutans elicits protection.", "content": "Rat dams, given intravenous injections of heat-killed Streptococcus mutans 6715, mutant C211 demonstrated significant agglutinin activity to the homologous S. mutans in colostrum, milk, and serum. This antibody activity was associated with the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class. High titers of anti-S. mutans antibody associated with the IgG class were also exhibited in the sera and saliva of the offspring that suckled these dams. After challenge with the homologous, live S. mutans, these offspring developed significantly fewer caries on all molar surfaces than did nonimmunized infected controls. A secretory immune response (manifested by the presence of specific IgA antibody to S. mutans in colostrum and milk) was elicited (i) in rat dams locally injected, in the region of the mammary gland, with heat-killed S. mutans antigen, and (ii) in other rat dams that were provided formalin-killed S. mutans in their drinking water. Offspring suckling these dams were challenged with virulent S. mutans before weaning and developed significantly fewer caries than did their infected controls. These findings clearly suggest that passively derived IgG or IgA antibodies to S. mutans are protective against dental caries.", "contents": "Effective immunity to dental caries: passive transfer to rats to antibodies to Streptococcus mutans elicits protection. Rat dams, given intravenous injections of heat-killed Streptococcus mutans 6715, mutant C211 demonstrated significant agglutinin activity to the homologous S. mutans in colostrum, milk, and serum. This antibody activity was associated with the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class. High titers of anti-S. mutans antibody associated with the IgG class were also exhibited in the sera and saliva of the offspring that suckled these dams. After challenge with the homologous, live S. mutans, these offspring developed significantly fewer caries on all molar surfaces than did nonimmunized infected controls. A secretory immune response (manifested by the presence of specific IgA antibody to S. mutans in colostrum and milk) was elicited (i) in rat dams locally injected, in the region of the mammary gland, with heat-killed S. mutans antigen, and (ii) in other rat dams that were provided formalin-killed S. mutans in their drinking water. Offspring suckling these dams were challenged with virulent S. mutans before weaning and developed significantly fewer caries than did their infected controls. These findings clearly suggest that passively derived IgG or IgA antibodies to S. mutans are protective against dental caries."}
{"id": "PMID:903179", "title": "Binding of soluble form of fibroblast surface protein, fibronectin, to collagen.", "content": "Fibronectin, a plasma protein immunologically identical with a major surface protein of normal fibroblasts, was found to bind to collagen and gelatin. A solid phase enzyme immunoassay was used for the binding tests. Collagen, gelatin or various control proteins were adsorbed to a plastic surface. Binding of fibronectin was detected using purified fibronectin antibodies conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. Circulating fibronectin and fibronectin obtained from fibroblast cultures both showed specific binding to collagen and gelatin. Preparative affinity chromatography of plasma on gelatin coupled to Sepharose gave electrophoretically and immunologically pure fibronectin in high yields. Malignantly transformed fibroblasts lack surface fibronectin. Our findings suggest the possibility that this results in a lack of anchorage to the surrounding intercellular matrix, which could contribute to the malignant growth behavior.", "contents": "Binding of soluble form of fibroblast surface protein, fibronectin, to collagen. Fibronectin, a plasma protein immunologically identical with a major surface protein of normal fibroblasts, was found to bind to collagen and gelatin. A solid phase enzyme immunoassay was used for the binding tests. Collagen, gelatin or various control proteins were adsorbed to a plastic surface. Binding of fibronectin was detected using purified fibronectin antibodies conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. Circulating fibronectin and fibronectin obtained from fibroblast cultures both showed specific binding to collagen and gelatin. Preparative affinity chromatography of plasma on gelatin coupled to Sepharose gave electrophoretically and immunologically pure fibronectin in high yields. Malignantly transformed fibroblasts lack surface fibronectin. Our findings suggest the possibility that this results in a lack of anchorage to the surrounding intercellular matrix, which could contribute to the malignant growth behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:903180", "title": "The effect of azathioprine on host cell infiltration and growth of a murine fibrosarcoma.", "content": "Azathioprine (AZ) was injected into C57 Black mice before or after IM implantation of the syngeneic fibrosarcoma FS6, and observations were made on tumour growth and on the cellular composition of the fibrosarcomas. When multiple injections were given to the tumour-bearing host the tumours regressed. The percentage of tumour-associated macrophages remained essentially stable as regression occurred whereas the percentage of theta-antigen-positive cells increased. In the case of single IP injections of AZ, changes in the cellular composition of tumours were seen only when AZ was given 1-72 h before implantation but not when it was given after implantation. Compared with controls there was a 2- to 3-week delay in the appearance of large numbers of tumour-associated macrophages. The percentage of theta-antigen-positive cells within the tumours mass was elevated 7 days post AZ treatment but the level declined to control values between days 10 and 13. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the dependency of the macrophage content of this tumour upon the development of an immune response towards the tumour.", "contents": "The effect of azathioprine on host cell infiltration and growth of a murine fibrosarcoma. Azathioprine (AZ) was injected into C57 Black mice before or after IM implantation of the syngeneic fibrosarcoma FS6, and observations were made on tumour growth and on the cellular composition of the fibrosarcomas. When multiple injections were given to the tumour-bearing host the tumours regressed. The percentage of tumour-associated macrophages remained essentially stable as regression occurred whereas the percentage of theta-antigen-positive cells increased. In the case of single IP injections of AZ, changes in the cellular composition of tumours were seen only when AZ was given 1-72 h before implantation but not when it was given after implantation. Compared with controls there was a 2- to 3-week delay in the appearance of large numbers of tumour-associated macrophages. The percentage of theta-antigen-positive cells within the tumours mass was elevated 7 days post AZ treatment but the level declined to control values between days 10 and 13. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the dependency of the macrophage content of this tumour upon the development of an immune response towards the tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:903181", "title": "A proliferation gradient in three-dimensional colonies of cultured human glioma cells.", "content": "The growth of colonies of human glioma cells cultured in agarose has been studied. The mitotic activity and the fraction of cells which incorporated tritiated thymidine decreased nearly exponentially with the depth in the colonies, the shape and inclination of the proliferation gradient being independent of the colony diameter. This explains why the volume doubling times were rather similar for colonies of different sizes. It is also shown that the stability of the gradient during growth gave rise to nearly exponential growth, although a large part of the centrally situated cells were out of the cell cycle or had a reduced proliferative rate. The incorporation of tritiated thymidine into labelled cells was similar in the peripheral and the central regions as evaluated from grain counting. This indicated that the length of the S-phase was constant.", "contents": "A proliferation gradient in three-dimensional colonies of cultured human glioma cells. The growth of colonies of human glioma cells cultured in agarose has been studied. The mitotic activity and the fraction of cells which incorporated tritiated thymidine decreased nearly exponentially with the depth in the colonies, the shape and inclination of the proliferation gradient being independent of the colony diameter. This explains why the volume doubling times were rather similar for colonies of different sizes. It is also shown that the stability of the gradient during growth gave rise to nearly exponential growth, although a large part of the centrally situated cells were out of the cell cycle or had a reduced proliferative rate. The incorporation of tritiated thymidine into labelled cells was similar in the peripheral and the central regions as evaluated from grain counting. This indicated that the length of the S-phase was constant."}
{"id": "PMID:903182", "title": "Inhibition of the growth of lymphoid tumours in syngeneic athymic (nude) mice.", "content": "A comparison of the growth of a number of BALB/c tumours in BALB/c, BALB/c.nu/ + (heterozygous nude) and BALB/c.nu (homozygous) nude mice has shown that a majority of BALB/c lymphoid tumours grow at a significantly reduced rate in BALB/c.nu mice. The three non-lymphoid BALB/c tumours (carcinomas and sarcomas) tested and a minority of lymphoid tumours, however, grew as well, or better, in the BALB/c.nu mice. Furthermore a correlation, without exception to date, has emerged from a comparison between the susceptibility of a tumour cell line to in vitro lysis by spleen cells from syngeneic nude mice and its growth in vivo in syngeneic nude mice. Only those lymphoid tumour cell lines lysed in vitro show the reduced growth rate in syngeneic nude as compared to syngeneic normal mice. Tumour cell lines, both lymphoid and non-lymphoid, which are resistant to in vitro lysis do not show the reduced in vivo growth rate in syngeneic nude mice. Both the in vivo and in vitro effect can be partially abolished by irradiating the nude mice prior to use,  suggesting that a radiation-sensitive non-T-cell surveillance of lymphoid tumours is operating in nude mice. While the identity of the antigens is still unknown, the specificity of the phenomena suggest that C-type RNA oncogenic viral determined antigens are involved.", "contents": "Inhibition of the growth of lymphoid tumours in syngeneic athymic (nude) mice. A comparison of the growth of a number of BALB/c tumours in BALB/c, BALB/c.nu/ + (heterozygous nude) and BALB/c.nu (homozygous) nude mice has shown that a majority of BALB/c lymphoid tumours grow at a significantly reduced rate in BALB/c.nu mice. The three non-lymphoid BALB/c tumours (carcinomas and sarcomas) tested and a minority of lymphoid tumours, however, grew as well, or better, in the BALB/c.nu mice. Furthermore a correlation, without exception to date, has emerged from a comparison between the susceptibility of a tumour cell line to in vitro lysis by spleen cells from syngeneic nude mice and its growth in vivo in syngeneic nude mice. Only those lymphoid tumour cell lines lysed in vitro show the reduced growth rate in syngeneic nude as compared to syngeneic normal mice. Tumour cell lines, both lymphoid and non-lymphoid, which are resistant to in vitro lysis do not show the reduced in vivo growth rate in syngeneic nude mice. Both the in vivo and in vitro effect can be partially abolished by irradiating the nude mice prior to use,  suggesting that a radiation-sensitive non-T-cell surveillance of lymphoid tumours is operating in nude mice. While the identity of the antigens is still unknown, the specificity of the phenomena suggest that C-type RNA oncogenic viral determined antigens are involved."}
{"id": "PMID:903183", "title": "Sequential evaluation of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity responses to recall and to lymphoid cell line antigens in Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to standard recall antigens (candidin, mumps and PPD), to crude membrane extracts of a cell line derived from Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) and to cell line derived from normal lymphocytes (F265) were sequentially evaluated in 44 patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. Sixteen patients (36%) manifested delayed hypersensitivity responses to the standard antigens and seven (16%) to the Raji membrane extract at presentation. Following successful chemotherapy, there was prompt and significant improvement of reactivity to both the standard and Raji antigens (p greater than 0.001), suggesting that the initial impairment of delayed hypersensitivity was most likely related to tumor burden. By 9 months after treatment, all patients in sustained remission expressed reactivity to Raji and 21 of 22 to the standard antigens. None of the patients skin-tested with the F265 extract at presentation gave a positive response and only one subsequently expressed reactivity after remission was induced. On relapse, reactivity to the standard antigens was more readily lost (4 of 11) then reactivity to the Raji extract (1 of 7). Pretreatment delayed hypersensitivity to the standard antigens also correlated better with long-term survival than to pretreatment responses to Raji. It remains to be determined whether the antigens expressed in the Raji extract are indeed tumor-specific or related to Epstein-Barr virus.", "contents": "Sequential evaluation of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity responses to recall and to lymphoid cell line antigens in Burkitt's lymphoma. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to standard recall antigens (candidin, mumps and PPD), to crude membrane extracts of a cell line derived from Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) and to cell line derived from normal lymphocytes (F265) were sequentially evaluated in 44 patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. Sixteen patients (36%) manifested delayed hypersensitivity responses to the standard antigens and seven (16%) to the Raji membrane extract at presentation. Following successful chemotherapy, there was prompt and significant improvement of reactivity to both the standard and Raji antigens (p greater than 0.001), suggesting that the initial impairment of delayed hypersensitivity was most likely related to tumor burden. By 9 months after treatment, all patients in sustained remission expressed reactivity to Raji and 21 of 22 to the standard antigens. None of the patients skin-tested with the F265 extract at presentation gave a positive response and only one subsequently expressed reactivity after remission was induced. On relapse, reactivity to the standard antigens was more readily lost (4 of 11) then reactivity to the Raji extract (1 of 7). Pretreatment delayed hypersensitivity to the standard antigens also correlated better with long-term survival than to pretreatment responses to Raji. It remains to be determined whether the antigens expressed in the Raji extract are indeed tumor-specific or related to Epstein-Barr virus."}
{"id": "PMID:903184", "title": "Tumor necrosis and cell detachment.", "content": "Cell detachment from and around Walker 256 tumors grown in rats is quantitated by a standardized in vitro shaking procedure. The volume of cells detached from cancers of similar size is virtually the same in tumors growing in the liver, the spleen, in intramuscular and in subcutaneous sites. In cystic tumors, greater volumes are detached from the innermost regions of the walls adjacent to necrotic material than from the outermost parts. More liver perenchymal cells are shaken free of liver adjacent to a tumor interface than from regions 0.5 and 1.0 cm distant from it. Detachment of tumor and liver cells is also enhanced by prior incubation of tissue samples with necrotic extracts. It is suggested that the necrotic regions of tumors, and products derived from them, facilitate the detachment of tumor cells and cells composing the normal tissues surrounding them, thereby potentially promoting metastasis and invasion.", "contents": "Tumor necrosis and cell detachment. Cell detachment from and around Walker 256 tumors grown in rats is quantitated by a standardized in vitro shaking procedure. The volume of cells detached from cancers of similar size is virtually the same in tumors growing in the liver, the spleen, in intramuscular and in subcutaneous sites. In cystic tumors, greater volumes are detached from the innermost regions of the walls adjacent to necrotic material than from the outermost parts. More liver perenchymal cells are shaken free of liver adjacent to a tumor interface than from regions 0.5 and 1.0 cm distant from it. Detachment of tumor and liver cells is also enhanced by prior incubation of tissue samples with necrotic extracts. It is suggested that the necrotic regions of tumors, and products derived from them, facilitate the detachment of tumor cells and cells composing the normal tissues surrounding them, thereby potentially promoting metastasis and invasion."}
{"id": "PMID:903186", "title": "Asbestos and lung cancer: an analysis of the epidemiological evidence on the asbestos-smoking interaction.", "content": "Three simple models for the asbestos-smoking interaction on human lung cancer production are considered. In the first model the excess incidence of lung cancer independently due to asbestos and to smoking adds together when both agents are present (additive model). In the second the addition of each one of the two agents produces an effect (increase in lung cancer incidence) which is proportional to the effect of the other (multiplicative model). In the third, asbestos can only increase lung cancer incidence in the presence of smoking. As previously found by other investigators, the additive model appears the least plausible in the light of the data from two published epidemiological studies. A discrimination between the other two models is attempted through a detailed analysis of the five published epidemiological studies today available which provide information on occupational asbestos exposure, smoking habits and lung cancer risk. Although the data do not allow a definitive discrimination, the multiplicative model appears to be more plausible, being also consistent with a multi-stage carcinogenic mechanism and with evidence from animal (rat) experiments. It is relevant both for biology and for public health that in this model asbestos and smoking are regarded as independently capable of producing lung cancer in humans and that they act synergistically when exposure to both occurs.", "contents": "Asbestos and lung cancer: an analysis of the epidemiological evidence on the asbestos-smoking interaction. Three simple models for the asbestos-smoking interaction on human lung cancer production are considered. In the first model the excess incidence of lung cancer independently due to asbestos and to smoking adds together when both agents are present (additive model). In the second the addition of each one of the two agents produces an effect (increase in lung cancer incidence) which is proportional to the effect of the other (multiplicative model). In the third, asbestos can only increase lung cancer incidence in the presence of smoking. As previously found by other investigators, the additive model appears the least plausible in the light of the data from two published epidemiological studies. A discrimination between the other two models is attempted through a detailed analysis of the five published epidemiological studies today available which provide information on occupational asbestos exposure, smoking habits and lung cancer risk. Although the data do not allow a definitive discrimination, the multiplicative model appears to be more plausible, being also consistent with a multi-stage carcinogenic mechanism and with evidence from animal (rat) experiments. It is relevant both for biology and for public health that in this model asbestos and smoking are regarded as independently capable of producing lung cancer in humans and that they act synergistically when exposure to both occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:903187", "title": "Increased ferritin synthesis and release by Hodgkin's disease peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with all stages of untreated Hodgkin's disease and from normal healthy adults were shown to synthesize and release ferritin in vitro. Ferritin synthesis was confirmed by immunoelectrophoresis, double immunodiffusion and autoradiography. Hodgkin's disease lymphocytes synthesized ferritin 4.2 times faster and released it 2.4 times faster than did normal lymphocytes, whereas total protein synthesis was faster in normal lymphocytes. Patients with nodular sclerosis and perhaps those with absence of fever had the highest synthetic rates; however no relationship was observed between relative rates of lymphocyte ferritin synthesis and sex, age, anatomical stage and presence of splenic or hepatic involvement by tumor. Addition of iron to normal human lymphocytes produced little or no change in ferritin synthesis. These data indicate that part of the intracellular ferritin detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease and from normal individuals resulted from de novo synthesis rather than from uptake and storage of serum ferritin, and suggests that elevated ferritin levels detected in the serum and tumor tissue of Hodgkin's disease patients originate from lymphocytes.", "contents": "Increased ferritin synthesis and release by Hodgkin's disease peripheral blood lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with all stages of untreated Hodgkin's disease and from normal healthy adults were shown to synthesize and release ferritin in vitro. Ferritin synthesis was confirmed by immunoelectrophoresis, double immunodiffusion and autoradiography. Hodgkin's disease lymphocytes synthesized ferritin 4.2 times faster and released it 2.4 times faster than did normal lymphocytes, whereas total protein synthesis was faster in normal lymphocytes. Patients with nodular sclerosis and perhaps those with absence of fever had the highest synthetic rates; however no relationship was observed between relative rates of lymphocyte ferritin synthesis and sex, age, anatomical stage and presence of splenic or hepatic involvement by tumor. Addition of iron to normal human lymphocytes produced little or no change in ferritin synthesis. These data indicate that part of the intracellular ferritin detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease and from normal individuals resulted from de novo synthesis rather than from uptake and storage of serum ferritin, and suggests that elevated ferritin levels detected in the serum and tumor tissue of Hodgkin's disease patients originate from lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:903188", "title": "Spontaneous human lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor target cells. II. Is the complement receptor necessarily present on the killer cells?", "content": "The effect of various lymphocyte depletion techniques on SLMC effector cell activity against the cell line K562 could be attributed to the effects that these procedures had on the proportions of Fc/C3 receptor-bearing cells in the preparations. depletion of cytotoxic activity by removal of Fc receptor-bearing cells could be augmented by the presence of complement on the 7S-EA indicator cells used for rosette depletion. Two methods of assessing the presence of surface receptors on cytotoxic cells are presented: (1) linear regression analysis of spontaneous cytotoxicity plotted as a function of the proportions of receptor-bearing cells remaining after various depletion techniques; and (2) the use of a mathmatical formula to estimate the proportion of cytotoxic cells with any particular receptor, based on the effects of receptor-bearing cell depletion. Linear regression analysis of cytotoxicity vs the proportions of SRBC, Fc or C3 receptor-bearing cells demonstrated that all cytotoxic cells had the Fc receptor, but that cytotoxicity could still occur in the absence of cells with the C3 receptor. This indicated that the C3 receptor is not necessary for the demonstration of SLMC activity. The mathematical formula to predict cytotoxicity after depletion of C3 receptor-bearing lymphocytes showed, however, that a significant proportion of the Fc receptor-positive killer cells were also C3 receptor-positive. No direct evidence was found to support a role for T cells in SLMC, although E rosette depletion resulted in lower than expected cytotoxicity in view of the number of Fc receptor-bearing cells remaining in the preparation.", "contents": "Spontaneous human lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor target cells. II. Is the complement receptor necessarily present on the killer cells? The effect of various lymphocyte depletion techniques on SLMC effector cell activity against the cell line K562 could be attributed to the effects that these procedures had on the proportions of Fc/C3 receptor-bearing cells in the preparations. depletion of cytotoxic activity by removal of Fc receptor-bearing cells could be augmented by the presence of complement on the 7S-EA indicator cells used for rosette depletion. Two methods of assessing the presence of surface receptors on cytotoxic cells are presented: (1) linear regression analysis of spontaneous cytotoxicity plotted as a function of the proportions of receptor-bearing cells remaining after various depletion techniques; and (2) the use of a mathmatical formula to estimate the proportion of cytotoxic cells with any particular receptor, based on the effects of receptor-bearing cell depletion. Linear regression analysis of cytotoxicity vs the proportions of SRBC, Fc or C3 receptor-bearing cells demonstrated that all cytotoxic cells had the Fc receptor, but that cytotoxicity could still occur in the absence of cells with the C3 receptor. This indicated that the C3 receptor is not necessary for the demonstration of SLMC activity. The mathematical formula to predict cytotoxicity after depletion of C3 receptor-bearing lymphocytes showed, however, that a significant proportion of the Fc receptor-positive killer cells were also C3 receptor-positive. No direct evidence was found to support a role for T cells in SLMC, although E rosette depletion resulted in lower than expected cytotoxicity in view of the number of Fc receptor-bearing cells remaining in the preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:903189", "title": "Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice against non-lymphoid tumor cells and some normal cells.", "content": "Lymphocytes from normal mice were found to have cell-mediated cytotoxicity, in a short-term 51Cr release assay, against a variety of non-lymphoid tumor cells as well as against lymphomas. Some of the non-lymphoid tumors were as susceptible to natural cytotoxicity as the standardly used lymphoid lines. Some tissue culture cell lines and in vivo passaged tumor lines were susceptible to lysis, as were some primary virus-induced lymphomas. Tumor which arose in nude mice, which have high levels of natural cytotoxic activity, were all resistant to lysis. In addition to the susceptibility of transformed cells to natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity, some untransformed cultured cells and cells from normal tissues were targets for this mechanism. Low levels of cytotoxicity were seen with normal thymus cells, bone-marrow cells, and short term cultures of macrophages, whereas normal spleen and lymph-node cells were completely resistant to lysis. These results indicate a broader spectrum for mouse natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactivity than has been previously recognized.", "contents": "Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice against non-lymphoid tumor cells and some normal cells. Lymphocytes from normal mice were found to have cell-mediated cytotoxicity, in a short-term 51Cr release assay, against a variety of non-lymphoid tumor cells as well as against lymphomas. Some of the non-lymphoid tumors were as susceptible to natural cytotoxicity as the standardly used lymphoid lines. Some tissue culture cell lines and in vivo passaged tumor lines were susceptible to lysis, as were some primary virus-induced lymphomas. Tumor which arose in nude mice, which have high levels of natural cytotoxic activity, were all resistant to lysis. In addition to the susceptibility of transformed cells to natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity, some untransformed cultured cells and cells from normal tissues were targets for this mechanism. Low levels of cytotoxicity were seen with normal thymus cells, bone-marrow cells, and short term cultures of macrophages, whereas normal spleen and lymph-node cells were completely resistant to lysis. These results indicate a broader spectrum for mouse natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactivity than has been previously recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:903190", "title": "Soluble tumor antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation: effects of serum from normal and tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "The effect of serum from mice bearing methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas on the lympho-proliferative responses of their spleen and lymph-node cells to 3 M KCl-solubilized tumor antigens has been investigated. Low concentrations of serum (less than or equal to 2.5%) collected throughout the course of tumor growth were inhibitory. Normal sera collected from age-matched control mice were often slightly inhibitory, but to a significantly lesser extent at identical serum concentrations. The inhibitory effect of tumor-bearing serum was not limited to homologous tumors, but was also observed when cross-reacting syngeneic tumor antigens or serum from animals bearing other syngeneic tumors were added to the assay mixture. At the low concentrations used, tumor-bearing sera inhibited only tumor-antigen-induced proliferation, and not proliferation induced by T cell mitogens. The inhibitory effects of tumor-bearing sera on lympho-proliferative responses to soluble tumor antigens appear to be similar to the inhibition seen as \"serum blocking\" in other assays of tumor immunity.", "contents": "Soluble tumor antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation: effects of serum from normal and tumor-bearing mice. The effect of serum from mice bearing methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas on the lympho-proliferative responses of their spleen and lymph-node cells to 3 M KCl-solubilized tumor antigens has been investigated. Low concentrations of serum (less than or equal to 2.5%) collected throughout the course of tumor growth were inhibitory. Normal sera collected from age-matched control mice were often slightly inhibitory, but to a significantly lesser extent at identical serum concentrations. The inhibitory effect of tumor-bearing serum was not limited to homologous tumors, but was also observed when cross-reacting syngeneic tumor antigens or serum from animals bearing other syngeneic tumors were added to the assay mixture. At the low concentrations used, tumor-bearing sera inhibited only tumor-antigen-induced proliferation, and not proliferation induced by T cell mitogens. The inhibitory effects of tumor-bearing sera on lympho-proliferative responses to soluble tumor antigens appear to be similar to the inhibition seen as \"serum blocking\" in other assays of tumor immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:903191", "title": "The binding of benzo(alpha)pyrene and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to subnuclear fractions of AKR mouse embryo cells in culture.", "content": "The marked localization of a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo(alpha)pyrene, and its metabolites and a carcinogenic alkylating agent, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, to a specific subnuclear fraction (fraction I) from AKR-2B mouse embryo cells in culture is described. Fraction I is isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation of sheared nuclei from cells exposed to the carcinogens. The association of tritiated benzo(alpha)-pyrene to fraction I consisted of loosely associated radioactivity which is extractable by organic solvents, and of tightly bound (termed \"covalently\" bound) radioactivity which is not extractable by organic solvents. Increases in the extent of metabolism of benzo(alpha)pyrene and in the amount of \"covalently\" bound radioactivity occur with increasing periods of incubation of the cells with the labelled carcinogen. This observation, together with the fact that these increases are dramatically reduced by inhibiting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism (using the inhibitor 7,8-benzo-flavone), suggests that a time-dependent metabolism of benzo(alpha)pyrene is required for \"covalent\" binding to muclear material. Data are presented suggesting that a two-step reaction may be involved in the binding of benzo(alpha)pyrene to subnuclear macromolecules. The fraction I localization of such structurally diverse chemical carcinogens as benzo(alpha)pyrene and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine suggests that this fraction may localize all species of chemical carcinogens and that this localization may be involved in the chemically induced malignant transformation of cells.", "contents": "The binding of benzo(alpha)pyrene and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to subnuclear fractions of AKR mouse embryo cells in culture. The marked localization of a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo(alpha)pyrene, and its metabolites and a carcinogenic alkylating agent, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, to a specific subnuclear fraction (fraction I) from AKR-2B mouse embryo cells in culture is described. Fraction I is isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation of sheared nuclei from cells exposed to the carcinogens. The association of tritiated benzo(alpha)-pyrene to fraction I consisted of loosely associated radioactivity which is extractable by organic solvents, and of tightly bound (termed \"covalently\" bound) radioactivity which is not extractable by organic solvents. Increases in the extent of metabolism of benzo(alpha)pyrene and in the amount of \"covalently\" bound radioactivity occur with increasing periods of incubation of the cells with the labelled carcinogen. This observation, together with the fact that these increases are dramatically reduced by inhibiting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism (using the inhibitor 7,8-benzo-flavone), suggests that a time-dependent metabolism of benzo(alpha)pyrene is required for \"covalent\" binding to muclear material. Data are presented suggesting that a two-step reaction may be involved in the binding of benzo(alpha)pyrene to subnuclear macromolecules. The fraction I localization of such structurally diverse chemical carcinogens as benzo(alpha)pyrene and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine suggests that this fraction may localize all species of chemical carcinogens and that this localization may be involved in the chemically induced malignant transformation of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:903192", "title": "Morphology and pathogenesis of tumors of the thymus and stomach in Sprague-Dawley rats following intragastric administration of methyl nitrosourea (MNU).", "content": "Intragastric intubation of MNU (20 mg/kg twice weekly for 9 weeks) into young Srague-Dawley rats resulted in a 100% incidence of thymic lymphomas and gastric carcinomas in animals surviving more than 14 weeks. Progressive thymic atrophy followed the successive MNU administration culminating in marked lymphoid depletion by the 5th week of MNU treatment. At 6 weeks, repopulation of the thymus with lymphoblastic cells was observed, which progressed to thymic neoplasia. The first thymic lymphoma appeared at the 6th week. By the 15th week all rats were either moribund or had succumbed to anoxia caused by pleural effusions associated with thymic neoplasia. Twenty-six of 31 thymic tumors were classified as lymphocytic lymphomas, 2 as histiocytic, 1 as mixed lymphocytic-histiocytic, 1 as bimorphic and 1 as an epithelial thymoma. All but 2 lymphomas were restricted to the thymus. Of these 2 (both histiocytic lymphomas), 1 involved the spleen, liver and abdominal lymph nodes and the other infiltrated locally into cervical and thoracic regions. Significant thymic enlargement occurred only after MNU treatment was stopped (MNU acting as an anti-cancer drug). The gastric carcinomas were restricted to the non-glandular portion of the stomach and developed as a final step following ulceration, hyperplasia and neoplastic transformation. The short latency period and the high incidence of thymic neoplasms represent valuable criteria for future use of this model for pathomorphogenetic as well as immuno- and chemotherapeutic investigations.", "contents": "Morphology and pathogenesis of tumors of the thymus and stomach in Sprague-Dawley rats following intragastric administration of methyl nitrosourea (MNU). Intragastric intubation of MNU (20 mg/kg twice weekly for 9 weeks) into young Srague-Dawley rats resulted in a 100% incidence of thymic lymphomas and gastric carcinomas in animals surviving more than 14 weeks. Progressive thymic atrophy followed the successive MNU administration culminating in marked lymphoid depletion by the 5th week of MNU treatment. At 6 weeks, repopulation of the thymus with lymphoblastic cells was observed, which progressed to thymic neoplasia. The first thymic lymphoma appeared at the 6th week. By the 15th week all rats were either moribund or had succumbed to anoxia caused by pleural effusions associated with thymic neoplasia. Twenty-six of 31 thymic tumors were classified as lymphocytic lymphomas, 2 as histiocytic, 1 as mixed lymphocytic-histiocytic, 1 as bimorphic and 1 as an epithelial thymoma. All but 2 lymphomas were restricted to the thymus. Of these 2 (both histiocytic lymphomas), 1 involved the spleen, liver and abdominal lymph nodes and the other infiltrated locally into cervical and thoracic regions. Significant thymic enlargement occurred only after MNU treatment was stopped (MNU acting as an anti-cancer drug). The gastric carcinomas were restricted to the non-glandular portion of the stomach and developed as a final step following ulceration, hyperplasia and neoplastic transformation. The short latency period and the high incidence of thymic neoplasms represent valuable criteria for future use of this model for pathomorphogenetic as well as immuno- and chemotherapeutic investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:903193", "title": "ADCC effector cells in a murine adenocarcinoma. I. Evidence for blood-borne bone-marrow-derived monocytes.", "content": "The origin and identity of effector cells for anti-body-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and/or growth inhibition (ADCC) found in the murine mammary adenocarcinoma T1699 were investigated. Non-phagocytic, non-adherent ADCC effector cells were identified in bone marrow, peripheral blood and the host fraction of the tumor but not from lymphoid organs. These cells were shown to be distinct from the specific growth-inhibitory \"armed monocytes\" also identified in situ. The ADCC effector cells possess low levels of EA Fc receptors and appear to express a macrophage-associated antigen. Both the bone-marrow and the in situ effector cells became phagocytic after overnight incubation, providing further evidence for the monocyte-macrophage lineage of these cells. The results suggest that bone-marrow-derived blood-borne monocytes are the principal ADCC effector cells localizing in the mammary adenocarcinoma T1699. The parallels between tumor-induced immunity and cellular resistance to infectious agents involving hypersensitivity reactions and blood-borne monocytes are discussed.", "contents": "ADCC effector cells in a murine adenocarcinoma. I. Evidence for blood-borne bone-marrow-derived monocytes. The origin and identity of effector cells for anti-body-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and/or growth inhibition (ADCC) found in the murine mammary adenocarcinoma T1699 were investigated. Non-phagocytic, non-adherent ADCC effector cells were identified in bone marrow, peripheral blood and the host fraction of the tumor but not from lymphoid organs. These cells were shown to be distinct from the specific growth-inhibitory \"armed monocytes\" also identified in situ. The ADCC effector cells possess low levels of EA Fc receptors and appear to express a macrophage-associated antigen. Both the bone-marrow and the in situ effector cells became phagocytic after overnight incubation, providing further evidence for the monocyte-macrophage lineage of these cells. The results suggest that bone-marrow-derived blood-borne monocytes are the principal ADCC effector cells localizing in the mammary adenocarcinoma T1699. The parallels between tumor-induced immunity and cellular resistance to infectious agents involving hypersensitivity reactions and blood-borne monocytes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903194", "title": "An analysis of the G-banded chromosomes of the golden hamster.", "content": "Chromosomes from 20 G-banded karyotypes of golden hamster cheek pouch cells were precisely measured to determine total lengths and arm ratios. Mean values were used to establish an idiogram which may serve as the basis for a standard hamster karyotype.", "contents": "An analysis of the G-banded chromosomes of the golden hamster. Chromosomes from 20 G-banded karyotypes of golden hamster cheek pouch cells were precisely measured to determine total lengths and arm ratios. Mean values were used to establish an idiogram which may serve as the basis for a standard hamster karyotype."}
{"id": "PMID:903202", "title": "Inferior vena cava ligation versus the Mobin-Uddin filter for prevention of recurrent pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Sixty-nine patients (37.5%) presented recurrent pulmonary embolic phenomena. Of these, 62 patients underwent interruption of the inferior vena cava by total surgical ligature (11 patients) or partial interruption by means of a transvenous Mobin-Uddin umbrella filter (51 patients). The mortality was 0.9% in the ligature group and zero in the Mobin-Uddin filter group. Eight patients developed mild to moderate late sequelae in the inferior extremities following ligature. No sequelae were observed following the filter method. None of the patients treated by either form of inferior vena caval interruption developed evidence of recurrent pulmonary embolism. In our opinion, pulmonary perfusion isotopic scanning is the most accessible and reliable method for the diagnosis and follow-up of recurrent pulmonary embolic disease. The Mobin-Uddin inferior vena cava filter is an effective device for the control of recurrent pulmonary embolism, relatively easy to apply and highly satisfactory for the management of the seriously ill patient.", "contents": "Inferior vena cava ligation versus the Mobin-Uddin filter for prevention of recurrent pulmonary embolism. Sixty-nine patients (37.5%) presented recurrent pulmonary embolic phenomena. Of these, 62 patients underwent interruption of the inferior vena cava by total surgical ligature (11 patients) or partial interruption by means of a transvenous Mobin-Uddin umbrella filter (51 patients). The mortality was 0.9% in the ligature group and zero in the Mobin-Uddin filter group. Eight patients developed mild to moderate late sequelae in the inferior extremities following ligature. No sequelae were observed following the filter method. None of the patients treated by either form of inferior vena caval interruption developed evidence of recurrent pulmonary embolism. In our opinion, pulmonary perfusion isotopic scanning is the most accessible and reliable method for the diagnosis and follow-up of recurrent pulmonary embolic disease. The Mobin-Uddin inferior vena cava filter is an effective device for the control of recurrent pulmonary embolism, relatively easy to apply and highly satisfactory for the management of the seriously ill patient."}
{"id": "PMID:903204", "title": "Amebic peritonitis.", "content": "Fifteen cases with generalized amebic peritonitis have been described. Early surgical intervention combined with intensive resuscitation and specific chemotherapy has given good results. Mortality associated with colonic perforation may be reduced by performing staged procedures. Chances of survival may be improved through early diagnosis by suspecting an amebic cause in cases of generalized peritonitis in endemic areas.", "contents": "Amebic peritonitis. Fifteen cases with generalized amebic peritonitis have been described. Early surgical intervention combined with intensive resuscitation and specific chemotherapy has given good results. Mortality associated with colonic perforation may be reduced by performing staged procedures. Chances of survival may be improved through early diagnosis by suspecting an amebic cause in cases of generalized peritonitis in endemic areas."}
{"id": "PMID:903205", "title": "Intraperitoneal rupture of amebic liver abscess.", "content": "The traditional management of amebic liver abscess which has ruptured into the peritoneal cavity has been conservative and 70% to 90% fatal. Laparotomy with complete toilet of the abscess and the peritoneal cavity has shown encouraging results. A comparative study of the management of 36 cases of intraperitoneal rupture of amebic liver abscess was carried out. Twenty-one cases were treated by laparotomy with 85.5% survival. Mortality for 15 cases treated conservatively was 80%. We believe that intraperitoneal rupture of amebic liver abscess can now be treated by laparotomy with much better results than were possible before the advent of drugs such as metronidazole.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal rupture of amebic liver abscess. The traditional management of amebic liver abscess which has ruptured into the peritoneal cavity has been conservative and 70% to 90% fatal. Laparotomy with complete toilet of the abscess and the peritoneal cavity has shown encouraging results. A comparative study of the management of 36 cases of intraperitoneal rupture of amebic liver abscess was carried out. Twenty-one cases were treated by laparotomy with 85.5% survival. Mortality for 15 cases treated conservatively was 80%. We believe that intraperitoneal rupture of amebic liver abscess can now be treated by laparotomy with much better results than were possible before the advent of drugs such as metronidazole."}
{"id": "PMID:903206", "title": "Beneficial effect of omental wrapping of unsafe intestinal anastomoses. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "The effect of omental wrapping on the safety of intestinal anastomosis was studied experimentally in 12 dogs. In six animals serving as controls, complete division of the small intestine and immediate restoration of continuity was carried out, after rendering the intestinal segment ischemic by ligating the mesenteric vessels for a distance of 10 cm. In a second group of animals, the ischemic anastomosis was wrapped with a pedicled strip of omentum. Gangrene and peritonitis developed in all animals of the control group, whereas the omental graft afforded complete protection against leakage from the devascularized anastomosis and peritonitis in the test animals.", "contents": "Beneficial effect of omental wrapping of unsafe intestinal anastomoses. An experimental study in dogs. The effect of omental wrapping on the safety of intestinal anastomosis was studied experimentally in 12 dogs. In six animals serving as controls, complete division of the small intestine and immediate restoration of continuity was carried out, after rendering the intestinal segment ischemic by ligating the mesenteric vessels for a distance of 10 cm. In a second group of animals, the ischemic anastomosis was wrapped with a pedicled strip of omentum. Gangrene and peritonitis developed in all animals of the control group, whereas the omental graft afforded complete protection against leakage from the devascularized anastomosis and peritonitis in the test animals."}
{"id": "PMID:903207", "title": "Renal toxicity. Tobramycin and gentamicin.", "content": "The new aminoglycoside, tobramycin sulfate, has been shown to be effective against the same microorganisms for which gentamicin is currently employed. This study compares the effects of these two antibiotics on renal function and ultrastructure in guinea pigs. Significant differences in the blood urea nitrogen of treated and nontreated groups, as well as between the gentamicin- and tobramycin-treated groups were observed. Gentamicin produced greater, more rapid elevations of the blood urea nitrogen, although all elevations were reversible. The ultrastructural pathology produced by tobramycin was similar to that previously described for gentamicin.", "contents": "Renal toxicity. Tobramycin and gentamicin. The new aminoglycoside, tobramycin sulfate, has been shown to be effective against the same microorganisms for which gentamicin is currently employed. This study compares the effects of these two antibiotics on renal function and ultrastructure in guinea pigs. Significant differences in the blood urea nitrogen of treated and nontreated groups, as well as between the gentamicin- and tobramycin-treated groups were observed. Gentamicin produced greater, more rapid elevations of the blood urea nitrogen, although all elevations were reversible. The ultrastructural pathology produced by tobramycin was similar to that previously described for gentamicin."}
{"id": "PMID:903208", "title": "Ureterocolostomy. An antireflux technique.", "content": "A new antireflux ureterocolonic urinary conduit was developed and evaluated in sheep. It combined the principles of the Wallace conjoined ureterointestinal conduit with the Lich extravesical ureteroneocystostomy. The procedure accomplished the following with a single anastomotic technique: (i) joined both ureters to the intestinal stump; (ii) provided constant ureteral orifice position in the antimesenteric butt of the intestinal segment; (iii) eliminated the blind intestinal stump; (iv) prevented intestinoureteral reflux; and (v) allowed an average of 12 times the normal urinary flow rate before exceeding mean human midureteral peristaltic pressure. The projected long term animal experiments and the sound urologic surgery principles involved indicate that the procedure may soon have clinical application.", "contents": "Ureterocolostomy. An antireflux technique. A new antireflux ureterocolonic urinary conduit was developed and evaluated in sheep. It combined the principles of the Wallace conjoined ureterointestinal conduit with the Lich extravesical ureteroneocystostomy. The procedure accomplished the following with a single anastomotic technique: (i) joined both ureters to the intestinal stump; (ii) provided constant ureteral orifice position in the antimesenteric butt of the intestinal segment; (iii) eliminated the blind intestinal stump; (iv) prevented intestinoureteral reflux; and (v) allowed an average of 12 times the normal urinary flow rate before exceeding mean human midureteral peristaltic pressure. The projected long term animal experiments and the sound urologic surgery principles involved indicate that the procedure may soon have clinical application."}
{"id": "PMID:903210", "title": "The effect of caffeine on uretheral motility.", "content": "An in vivo ureteral perfusion technique combined with a recently described methodology was used to study the effects of caffeine on ureteral motility patterns. Effects of the drug on the disused ureteric stump were also noted. The results showed a dose-related inhibition to complete cessation of peristalsis. Proposed mechanisms of caffeine effect on the ureter are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of caffeine on uretheral motility. An in vivo ureteral perfusion technique combined with a recently described methodology was used to study the effects of caffeine on ureteral motility patterns. Effects of the drug on the disused ureteric stump were also noted. The results showed a dose-related inhibition to complete cessation of peristalsis. Proposed mechanisms of caffeine effect on the ureter are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903209", "title": "Studies on the neurophysiology of the vas deferens.", "content": "In order to investigate the mechanism of sperm transport along the genital ducts, intraluminal pressure of isolated segments of the vas deferens was recorded in vivo. Responses to filling and mechanical as well as pharmacologic and electric stimulation of the autonomic nervous system were monitored. Contraction waves were initated in response to the stretch of filling and from mechanical stimulation. Pharmacologic response was variable. Low doses of alpha-adrenergic stimulant produced an increase in frequency of the contraction wave. Large doses of the same drug induced stroking contraction of the entire vas. alpha-Blocking drugs did not alter the rhythmic activity of the vas. beta-Adrenergic stimulation blocked peristaltic activity while administration of parasympathomimetic drugs increased the force of contraction. Electric stimulation of the hypogastric nerve produced strong sustained contractions. These data suggest that, whenever stretched, the vas deferens responds by regular peristaltic waves of low amplitude. These peristaltic waves can be enhanced by sympathomimetics or electric stimulation of the sympathetic system. The contents of the vas are propulsed into the urethra through strong rhythmic contractions of the entire vas.", "contents": "Studies on the neurophysiology of the vas deferens. In order to investigate the mechanism of sperm transport along the genital ducts, intraluminal pressure of isolated segments of the vas deferens was recorded in vivo. Responses to filling and mechanical as well as pharmacologic and electric stimulation of the autonomic nervous system were monitored. Contraction waves were initated in response to the stretch of filling and from mechanical stimulation. Pharmacologic response was variable. Low doses of alpha-adrenergic stimulant produced an increase in frequency of the contraction wave. Large doses of the same drug induced stroking contraction of the entire vas. alpha-Blocking drugs did not alter the rhythmic activity of the vas. beta-Adrenergic stimulation blocked peristaltic activity while administration of parasympathomimetic drugs increased the force of contraction. Electric stimulation of the hypogastric nerve produced strong sustained contractions. These data suggest that, whenever stretched, the vas deferens responds by regular peristaltic waves of low amplitude. These peristaltic waves can be enhanced by sympathomimetics or electric stimulation of the sympathetic system. The contents of the vas are propulsed into the urethra through strong rhythmic contractions of the entire vas."}
{"id": "PMID:903211", "title": "Changes in canine bladder perfusion with distension.", "content": "Using a radioisotope-labeled microsphere technique, canine bladder perfusion was investigated. Blood flow was measured in in flaccid and distended conditions. A slight decrease in total bladder blood flow was recorded. There was a relative decrease in bladder mucosal flow with distension. There was no difference in perfusion of dome versus trigone.", "contents": "Changes in canine bladder perfusion with distension. Using a radioisotope-labeled microsphere technique, canine bladder perfusion was investigated. Blood flow was measured in in flaccid and distended conditions. A slight decrease in total bladder blood flow was recorded. There was a relative decrease in bladder mucosal flow with distension. There was no difference in perfusion of dome versus trigone."}
{"id": "PMID:903212", "title": "Prostatic tissue and secretion concentrations of rosamicin and erythromycin. Experimental studies in the dog.", "content": "In dogs with normal and infected prostate glands, a new antibacterial substance, rosamicin, chemically a lipid soluble basic macrolide similar to erythromycin but with a better activity against Gram-negative bacteria, was tested, and compared to erythromycin in normal dogs. The two antibiotics were administered by constant intravenous infusion for 4 hr and their concentrations in plasma, urine, prostatic tissue, and secretion were determined by bioassay technique. Rosamicin was highly concentrated in the secretion of both the normal and the infected prostate gland, although in the latter the antibiotic levels were significantly lower. Erythromycin was significantly less concentrated than rosamicin in the prostatic secretion from normal prostates and was also less concentrated in normal prostatic tissue. Inasmuch as rosamicin has an improved antibacterial spectrum, which is well suited for the treatment of bacterial prostatitis, it should be investigated in this respect.", "contents": "Prostatic tissue and secretion concentrations of rosamicin and erythromycin. Experimental studies in the dog. In dogs with normal and infected prostate glands, a new antibacterial substance, rosamicin, chemically a lipid soluble basic macrolide similar to erythromycin but with a better activity against Gram-negative bacteria, was tested, and compared to erythromycin in normal dogs. The two antibiotics were administered by constant intravenous infusion for 4 hr and their concentrations in plasma, urine, prostatic tissue, and secretion were determined by bioassay technique. Rosamicin was highly concentrated in the secretion of both the normal and the infected prostate gland, although in the latter the antibiotic levels were significantly lower. Erythromycin was significantly less concentrated than rosamicin in the prostatic secretion from normal prostates and was also less concentrated in normal prostatic tissue. Inasmuch as rosamicin has an improved antibacterial spectrum, which is well suited for the treatment of bacterial prostatitis, it should be investigated in this respect."}
{"id": "PMID:903213", "title": "Abnormalities in pelvic visceral nerves. A basis for neurogenic bladder in the diabetic Chinese hamster.", "content": "In order to determine whether bladder dysfunction and hydronephrosis in diabetic Chinese hamsters are associated with nerve pathology, the pelvic visceral nerves of diabetic and normal hamsters were examined with histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced in the nerves and on smooth muscle fibers in the urinary bladder of diabetic hamsters when compared to controls. Depression of enzyme staining was most marked in those hamsters with the most severe hydronephrosis. Frequent examples of aberrant myelination were found in the pelvic plexus and urinary bladder of diabetics. Many of these myelinated fibers exhibited wide periaxonal spaces lined by unusual processes of Schwann cells. An increase in the number of microtubules in axons and circular profiles of Schwann cells, which failed to enclose axons, gave evidence of axonal degeneration or Schwann cell injury in diabetic nerves. These findings suggest that pathologic changes in pelvic visceral nerves may underlie urinary bladder dysfunction in the diabetic Chinese hamster.", "contents": "Abnormalities in pelvic visceral nerves. A basis for neurogenic bladder in the diabetic Chinese hamster. In order to determine whether bladder dysfunction and hydronephrosis in diabetic Chinese hamsters are associated with nerve pathology, the pelvic visceral nerves of diabetic and normal hamsters were examined with histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced in the nerves and on smooth muscle fibers in the urinary bladder of diabetic hamsters when compared to controls. Depression of enzyme staining was most marked in those hamsters with the most severe hydronephrosis. Frequent examples of aberrant myelination were found in the pelvic plexus and urinary bladder of diabetics. Many of these myelinated fibers exhibited wide periaxonal spaces lined by unusual processes of Schwann cells. An increase in the number of microtubules in axons and circular profiles of Schwann cells, which failed to enclose axons, gave evidence of axonal degeneration or Schwann cell injury in diabetic nerves. These findings suggest that pathologic changes in pelvic visceral nerves may underlie urinary bladder dysfunction in the diabetic Chinese hamster."}
{"id": "PMID:903214", "title": "Evaluation of methods for perfusing rat testes.", "content": "Organ perfusion methods offer a number of advantages in biologic studies but require full characterization before application. Two new methods for perfusing rat testes were characterized and compared with recirculating hemicorpus system. These preparations, selective and isolated testicular perfusion, are nonrecirculating and consequently, allow direct measurement of testosterone secretion. In both systems, testosterone production was a fuction of the dose of human chorionic gonadotropin in the perfusion medium up to 1000 mIU per ml which appeared to be inhibitory. The isolated testis method, in comparison with the selective, is more sensitive to human chorionic gonadotropin, requires less perfusion medium, maintains normal blood flow rates and water content, and is associated with no ischemia at commencement of perfusion. However, this system does not retain normal levels of ATP and GTP after 3 hr of perfusion. Whereas both procedures may be used for studies of testosterone secretion and androgen receptors, the inability to maintain testicular ATP and GTP levels indicates that present methods are not suitable for study of processes dependent upon high energy phosphate metabolism.", "contents": "Evaluation of methods for perfusing rat testes. Organ perfusion methods offer a number of advantages in biologic studies but require full characterization before application. Two new methods for perfusing rat testes were characterized and compared with recirculating hemicorpus system. These preparations, selective and isolated testicular perfusion, are nonrecirculating and consequently, allow direct measurement of testosterone secretion. In both systems, testosterone production was a fuction of the dose of human chorionic gonadotropin in the perfusion medium up to 1000 mIU per ml which appeared to be inhibitory. The isolated testis method, in comparison with the selective, is more sensitive to human chorionic gonadotropin, requires less perfusion medium, maintains normal blood flow rates and water content, and is associated with no ischemia at commencement of perfusion. However, this system does not retain normal levels of ATP and GTP after 3 hr of perfusion. Whereas both procedures may be used for studies of testosterone secretion and androgen receptors, the inability to maintain testicular ATP and GTP levels indicates that present methods are not suitable for study of processes dependent upon high energy phosphate metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:903216", "title": "Inhibition of urease by miscellaneous ions and compounds. Implications for the therapy of infection-induced urolithiasis.", "content": "One hundred forty-eight drugs and other organic and inorganic substances were screened for their ability to inhibit the enzyme urease in an in  vitro system modeled on infected urine. The reported urease-inhibiting properties of ascorbic acid, tetracyclines, and sulfanilamide were not confirmed. At least 50 per cent inhibition was observed in the presence of kanamvcin, hydroxguanidine, benzoquinone, 1,2-naphthaquinone-4-sulfonate, chloramine-T, N-bromoacetamide, copper, mercury, and fluoride. It is, however, unlikely that therapeutically effective concentrations can be attained in urine without giving dosages likely to result in toxic effects. Hydroxyurea, at the dose level used in cytotoxic therapy, may be expected to produce effective inhibition of bacterial urease in the urinary tract, providing renal function is unimpaired and providing urinary volume does not exceed 1 liter per 24 hr. Acetohydroxamic acid is potentially the most useful drug for the treatment of infection-induced urinary stone disease available at present.", "contents": "Inhibition of urease by miscellaneous ions and compounds. Implications for the therapy of infection-induced urolithiasis. One hundred forty-eight drugs and other organic and inorganic substances were screened for their ability to inhibit the enzyme urease in an in  vitro system modeled on infected urine. The reported urease-inhibiting properties of ascorbic acid, tetracyclines, and sulfanilamide were not confirmed. At least 50 per cent inhibition was observed in the presence of kanamvcin, hydroxguanidine, benzoquinone, 1,2-naphthaquinone-4-sulfonate, chloramine-T, N-bromoacetamide, copper, mercury, and fluoride. It is, however, unlikely that therapeutically effective concentrations can be attained in urine without giving dosages likely to result in toxic effects. Hydroxyurea, at the dose level used in cytotoxic therapy, may be expected to produce effective inhibition of bacterial urease in the urinary tract, providing renal function is unimpaired and providing urinary volume does not exceed 1 liter per 24 hr. Acetohydroxamic acid is potentially the most useful drug for the treatment of infection-induced urinary stone disease available at present."}
{"id": "PMID:903217", "title": "Inhibitory effects of urinary macromolecules on the crystallization of calcium oxalate.", "content": "Protective (inhibitory) effects of human urinary macromolecules on the crystallization of calcium oxalate were found when these urinary macromolecules were added to water or to salt solutions, which mimic human urine with respect to the concentrations of the most abundant small molecular weight species. The aspects of calcium oxalate crystallization affected by urinary macromolecules were: (i) an inhibition of nucleation (increased metastable limit), (ii) an inhibition of the crystallization rate, (iii) a decrease in the supersaturation level, and (iv) a decrease in adhesion of crystals to container surfaces.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of urinary macromolecules on the crystallization of calcium oxalate. Protective (inhibitory) effects of human urinary macromolecules on the crystallization of calcium oxalate were found when these urinary macromolecules were added to water or to salt solutions, which mimic human urine with respect to the concentrations of the most abundant small molecular weight species. The aspects of calcium oxalate crystallization affected by urinary macromolecules were: (i) an inhibition of nucleation (increased metastable limit), (ii) an inhibition of the crystallization rate, (iii) a decrease in the supersaturation level, and (iv) a decrease in adhesion of crystals to container surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:903234", "title": "[Conjugal psoriasis and its relation to histocompatibility antigens. A family study].", "content": "The higher risk of the occurrence of psoriasis vulgaris in the progeny of conjugal psoriasis marriages was repeatedly reported. In this paper a family, where the parents and both the children are suffering from psoriasis is described. The disease occurs also in some of the blood relatives of the father and mother. The occurrence of the disease and the segregation of the HLA antigens was followed in the kinship. It seems that a genetic factor linked to the HLA system influences the developement of psoriasis vulgaris.", "contents": "[Conjugal psoriasis and its relation to histocompatibility antigens. A family study]. The higher risk of the occurrence of psoriasis vulgaris in the progeny of conjugal psoriasis marriages was repeatedly reported. In this paper a family, where the parents and both the children are suffering from psoriasis is described. The disease occurs also in some of the blood relatives of the father and mother. The occurrence of the disease and the segregation of the HLA antigens was followed in the kinship. It seems that a genetic factor linked to the HLA system influences the developement of psoriasis vulgaris."}
{"id": "PMID:903235", "title": "[Tinea nigra plantaris].", "content": "A second case of tinea nigra occuring in Germany is recorded. The patient was a 33 year old women, who supposedly acquired the infection in Israel, which was not diagnosed until two years after the onset. Scrapings from a dark macule on her sole yielded Cladosporium werneckii. The lesion cleared with topical treatment of a keratinolytic ointment and a haloprogin-cream.", "contents": "[Tinea nigra plantaris]. A second case of tinea nigra occuring in Germany is recorded. The patient was a 33 year old women, who supposedly acquired the infection in Israel, which was not diagnosed until two years after the onset. Scrapings from a dark macule on her sole yielded Cladosporium werneckii. The lesion cleared with topical treatment of a keratinolytic ointment and a haloprogin-cream."}
{"id": "PMID:903236", "title": "[Fibrous papules of the nose--a clinical and histologic entity?].", "content": "Twelve patients with 19 fibrous papules of the nose were studied. Usually the papules appear domeshaped and are flesh colored or reddish-brown. The majority of the lesions are asymptomatic and firm, a few of them are soft. The microscopic changes of the fibrous papules of the nose were usually those of fibromas or angiofibromas with increased cellularity of the upper parts of the cutis. The cell shape varied greatly and included dendritic, stellated and strap-shaped forms as well as multinucleated giant cells, similar to those of juvenile melanomatas. It is considered that the fibrous papule of the nose is a special form of regressive nevus cells.", "contents": "[Fibrous papules of the nose--a clinical and histologic entity?]. Twelve patients with 19 fibrous papules of the nose were studied. Usually the papules appear domeshaped and are flesh colored or reddish-brown. The majority of the lesions are asymptomatic and firm, a few of them are soft. The microscopic changes of the fibrous papules of the nose were usually those of fibromas or angiofibromas with increased cellularity of the upper parts of the cutis. The cell shape varied greatly and included dendritic, stellated and strap-shaped forms as well as multinucleated giant cells, similar to those of juvenile melanomatas. It is considered that the fibrous papule of the nose is a special form of regressive nevus cells."}
{"id": "PMID:903237", "title": "[A case of circumcision tuberculosis].", "content": "A case of primary tuberculous complex following ritual circumcision is described. Long-lasting ulceration of lymph nodes required tuberculostatic therapy.", "contents": "[A case of circumcision tuberculosis]. A case of primary tuberculous complex following ritual circumcision is described. Long-lasting ulceration of lymph nodes required tuberculostatic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:903273", "title": "Histochemical studies of noradrenergic innervation of the liver in untreated and daunomycin-pretreated guinea-pigs.", "content": "The pattern of noradrenergic innervation of guinea-pig hepatic tissue was examined by using the fluorescence method of Falk et al. (1962). The distribution of monoaminergic nerve fibers in untreated animals was clearly evident at the level of the portal vein, the hepatic artery and the bile duct. The hepatic artery was the most densely innervated. Mast cells and Kupffer cells had no connection with the adrenergic fibres. In daunomycin-pretreated animals, the hepatic cells appeared to be deep red in colour owing to the presence of the antibiotic. Some noradrenergic nervous fibres, never previously described, were unexpectedly distinguishable in the liver parenchyma against the background red colour of daunomycin-pretreated tissue. They appeared to be contiguous to the hepatocytes and were of different shapes: comma-like, V-like, or like a string of pearls. The nature and the functional role of these elements is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical studies of noradrenergic innervation of the liver in untreated and daunomycin-pretreated guinea-pigs. The pattern of noradrenergic innervation of guinea-pig hepatic tissue was examined by using the fluorescence method of Falk et al. (1962). The distribution of monoaminergic nerve fibers in untreated animals was clearly evident at the level of the portal vein, the hepatic artery and the bile duct. The hepatic artery was the most densely innervated. Mast cells and Kupffer cells had no connection with the adrenergic fibres. In daunomycin-pretreated animals, the hepatic cells appeared to be deep red in colour owing to the presence of the antibiotic. Some noradrenergic nervous fibres, never previously described, were unexpectedly distinguishable in the liver parenchyma against the background red colour of daunomycin-pretreated tissue. They appeared to be contiguous to the hepatocytes and were of different shapes: comma-like, V-like, or like a string of pearls. The nature and the functional role of these elements is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903282", "title": "Atypical staphylococcal mastitis in a dairy herd.", "content": "A herd of cattle with a history of increased prevalence of clinical and nonclinical mastitis was investigated. Bacteriologic analysis of milk samples indicated approximately 50% of the herd was producing milk containing coagulase-positive staphylococci. Of these staphylococcal isolates, 55% had characteristics consistent with those of human strains of staphylococci, based on hemolysin production and phage patterns. Human beings in contact with the herd were nasal carriers of these staphylococci, which produced a granulartype coagulase reaction in bovine plasma, rather than the usually expected clot-type reaction. In the herd, the staphylococci caused mainly nonclinical mastitis, which was largely unresponsive to antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Atypical staphylococcal mastitis in a dairy herd. A herd of cattle with a history of increased prevalence of clinical and nonclinical mastitis was investigated. Bacteriologic analysis of milk samples indicated approximately 50% of the herd was producing milk containing coagulase-positive staphylococci. Of these staphylococcal isolates, 55% had characteristics consistent with those of human strains of staphylococci, based on hemolysin production and phage patterns. Human beings in contact with the herd were nasal carriers of these staphylococci, which produced a granulartype coagulase reaction in bovine plasma, rather than the usually expected clot-type reaction. In the herd, the staphylococci caused mainly nonclinical mastitis, which was largely unresponsive to antibiotic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:903283", "title": "Effect of three anthelmintics on weight gain of feedlot cattle.", "content": "Three groups of 50 heavy feedlot steers were treated with 1 of 3 anthelmintics (haloxon, tramisol, or thiabendazole). One group of 50 steers was not treated and served as a control. The initial degree of infection with gastrointestinal nematodes was light and decreased during the course of the study. There were no significant differences in weight gains among any of the groups at the end of a 113-day feeding period.", "contents": "Effect of three anthelmintics on weight gain of feedlot cattle. Three groups of 50 heavy feedlot steers were treated with 1 of 3 anthelmintics (haloxon, tramisol, or thiabendazole). One group of 50 steers was not treated and served as a control. The initial degree of infection with gastrointestinal nematodes was light and decreased during the course of the study. There were no significant differences in weight gains among any of the groups at the end of a 113-day feeding period."}
{"id": "PMID:903284", "title": "Suspected infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) in Oregon cattle.", "content": "Suspected infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) in a herd of 436 cattle in Douglas County, Oregon, resulted in 79 deaths during a 2-week period. Although Clostridium novyi could not be isolated from hepatic lesions, the clinical course of the disease, gross and histopathologic findings, and fluorescent antibody identification of C novyi in various tissues were suggestive of the disease. The epizootic was preceded by a long drought, during which grazing conditions were sparse. A few days before the 1st dead animal was found, the drought was relieved by about 10 cm (4 in) of rainfall, resulting in the growth of young succulent grass. The cattle, attempting to eat this new grass lying close to the ground, consumed large quantities of soil. It was speculated that the soil contained C novyi and that the proliferation of these ingested organisms in necrotic tissue cuased by Fasciola hepatica resulted in fatal toxemia.", "contents": "Suspected infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) in Oregon cattle. Suspected infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) in a herd of 436 cattle in Douglas County, Oregon, resulted in 79 deaths during a 2-week period. Although Clostridium novyi could not be isolated from hepatic lesions, the clinical course of the disease, gross and histopathologic findings, and fluorescent antibody identification of C novyi in various tissues were suggestive of the disease. The epizootic was preceded by a long drought, during which grazing conditions were sparse. A few days before the 1st dead animal was found, the drought was relieved by about 10 cm (4 in) of rainfall, resulting in the growth of young succulent grass. The cattle, attempting to eat this new grass lying close to the ground, consumed large quantities of soil. It was speculated that the soil contained C novyi and that the proliferation of these ingested organisms in necrotic tissue cuased by Fasciola hepatica resulted in fatal toxemia."}
{"id": "PMID:903285", "title": "Phycomycosis associated with encephalitis caused by Haemophilus somnus in a heifer.", "content": "Numerous fungal hyphae resembling those of a phycomycete were found in thrombi, vessel walls, and areas of inflammatory cell infiltration within a large focus of necrosis in the brainstem of a 2-year-old heifer. Haemophilus somnus and Pasteurella multocida were isolated from the same lesion. Antemortem hyperglycemia was also demonstrated.", "contents": "Phycomycosis associated with encephalitis caused by Haemophilus somnus in a heifer. Numerous fungal hyphae resembling those of a phycomycete were found in thrombi, vessel walls, and areas of inflammatory cell infiltration within a large focus of necrosis in the brainstem of a 2-year-old heifer. Haemophilus somnus and Pasteurella multocida were isolated from the same lesion. Antemortem hyperglycemia was also demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:903289", "title": "Myodegeneration associated with selenium-vitamin E deficiency in a pregnant heifer.", "content": "One of group of pregnant Holstein-Friesian heifers became recumbent the day after it was transported approximately 100 km. The heifer died after 10 days of recumbency, in spite of symptomatic treatment, which included an injection of a selenium-vitamin E (Se-E) preparation on day 5. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity was 21,000 IU/L on day 3 and 6,290 IU/L on day 9. Gross and histopathologic findins were characteristic of Se-E deficiency. Hepatic selenium content on day 10 was low (0.13 ppm) in spite of the Se-E injection given earlier.", "contents": "Myodegeneration associated with selenium-vitamin E deficiency in a pregnant heifer. One of group of pregnant Holstein-Friesian heifers became recumbent the day after it was transported approximately 100 km. The heifer died after 10 days of recumbency, in spite of symptomatic treatment, which included an injection of a selenium-vitamin E (Se-E) preparation on day 5. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity was 21,000 IU/L on day 3 and 6,290 IU/L on day 9. Gross and histopathologic findins were characteristic of Se-E deficiency. Hepatic selenium content on day 10 was low (0.13 ppm) in spite of the Se-E injection given earlier."}
{"id": "PMID:903290", "title": "Bromide intoxication of horses, goats, and cattle.", "content": "During the summer and fall of 1973, a few horses, goats, and cattle in the Napa Valley of California became intoxicated by bromide via the ingestion of volunteer oat hay that had been cut from a field treated with methyl bromide, a soil fumigant. The bromide content of the hay ranged from 6,00 to 8,400 ppm. Signs of intoxication were lethargy, weakness, and ataxia. Animals experimentally fed the contaminated hay developed signs of intoxication between the 7th and 9th days.", "contents": "Bromide intoxication of horses, goats, and cattle. During the summer and fall of 1973, a few horses, goats, and cattle in the Napa Valley of California became intoxicated by bromide via the ingestion of volunteer oat hay that had been cut from a field treated with methyl bromide, a soil fumigant. The bromide content of the hay ranged from 6,00 to 8,400 ppm. Signs of intoxication were lethargy, weakness, and ataxia. Animals experimentally fed the contaminated hay developed signs of intoxication between the 7th and 9th days."}
{"id": "PMID:903291", "title": "Disseminated septic meningitis in a mare.", "content": "Physical, neurologic, and clinicopathologic findings in a 3-year-old female Morgan horse with anorexia and nasal discharge suggested suppurative meningitis. Necropsy findings substantiated the tentative diagnosis. Actinomyces sp was cultured from a meningeal abscess surrounding the pituitary gland and from resolving lung abscesses.", "contents": "Disseminated septic meningitis in a mare. Physical, neurologic, and clinicopathologic findings in a 3-year-old female Morgan horse with anorexia and nasal discharge suggested suppurative meningitis. Necropsy findings substantiated the tentative diagnosis. Actinomyces sp was cultured from a meningeal abscess surrounding the pituitary gland and from resolving lung abscesses."}
{"id": "PMID:903342", "title": "Airborne mold survey--Edmonton.", "content": "An outdoor airborne mold survey was recently carried out in the Edmonton area revealing some previously unrecognized molds, especially Rhodotorula. Hormodendrum was by far the commonest mold identified and was present all year round. It was also revealing that outdoor molds were quite prevalent in the Edmonton area throughout all seasons of the year but certainly more prevalent in the spring and early summer months. It would seem wise to have outdoor mold surveys done periodically in one's own area of practice when one is using immunotherapy with them.", "contents": "Airborne mold survey--Edmonton. An outdoor airborne mold survey was recently carried out in the Edmonton area revealing some previously unrecognized molds, especially Rhodotorula. Hormodendrum was by far the commonest mold identified and was present all year round. It was also revealing that outdoor molds were quite prevalent in the Edmonton area throughout all seasons of the year but certainly more prevalent in the spring and early summer months. It would seem wise to have outdoor mold surveys done periodically in one's own area of practice when one is using immunotherapy with them."}
{"id": "PMID:903344", "title": "Effect of triiodothyronine on bronchial asthma. II.", "content": "Triiodothyronine (T3) administration to patients suffering from chronic bronchial asthma or patients suffering from nasopharyngeal allergy was reported to ameliorate the attacks. Twelve patients aged less than 35 years suffering from chronic bronchial asthma for more than 5 years, who were maintained on usual anti-asthmatic drugs with the exception of steroids and chromoglycate and who were not the subject of repeated attacks of bronchitis were chosen for the study. Each patient was given T3 orally as 40 micron/day divided into two doses, for a period of 60 days. The drug increased the peak flow in all cases. The increase averaged 24.6% +/- 8.48 (P less than 0.001). Three cases reported marked improvement and four were able to reduce the dose of anti-asthmatic drugs. There was no significant change in the pulse rate, ECG, body weight, blood pressure, or appetite. One patient complained of insomnia and another of increased anxiety. It is possible that T3 exerts its beneficial effect through correcting the level of C-AMP, which is known to be low in asthmatics, through improvement of body mechanism for antibody formation, or through other unidentified mechanisms.", "contents": "Effect of triiodothyronine on bronchial asthma. II. Triiodothyronine (T3) administration to patients suffering from chronic bronchial asthma or patients suffering from nasopharyngeal allergy was reported to ameliorate the attacks. Twelve patients aged less than 35 years suffering from chronic bronchial asthma for more than 5 years, who were maintained on usual anti-asthmatic drugs with the exception of steroids and chromoglycate and who were not the subject of repeated attacks of bronchitis were chosen for the study. Each patient was given T3 orally as 40 micron/day divided into two doses, for a period of 60 days. The drug increased the peak flow in all cases. The increase averaged 24.6% +/- 8.48 (P less than 0.001). Three cases reported marked improvement and four were able to reduce the dose of anti-asthmatic drugs. There was no significant change in the pulse rate, ECG, body weight, blood pressure, or appetite. One patient complained of insomnia and another of increased anxiety. It is possible that T3 exerts its beneficial effect through correcting the level of C-AMP, which is known to be low in asthmatics, through improvement of body mechanism for antibody formation, or through other unidentified mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:903345", "title": "Isolation of reconstitutively active succinate dehydrogenase in highly purified state.", "content": "Existing procedures for the isolation of mammalian succinate dehydrogenase yield preparations of high purity or retain reconstitution activity, but not both. A new procedure is described for the isolation in good yield of virtually homogeneous preparations with full reconstitution activity, and retaining iron-sulfur center 3 and the \"low Km\" reaction site of ferricyanide. On reincorporation of the soluble enzyme into alkali-treated membranes, the same high turnover number (approximately 21,000/min at 38 degrees) is obtained in catalytic assays as with intact inner membrane preparations.", "contents": "Isolation of reconstitutively active succinate dehydrogenase in highly purified state. Existing procedures for the isolation of mammalian succinate dehydrogenase yield preparations of high purity or retain reconstitution activity, but not both. A new procedure is described for the isolation in good yield of virtually homogeneous preparations with full reconstitution activity, and retaining iron-sulfur center 3 and the \"low Km\" reaction site of ferricyanide. On reincorporation of the soluble enzyme into alkali-treated membranes, the same high turnover number (approximately 21,000/min at 38 degrees) is obtained in catalytic assays as with intact inner membrane preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:903346", "title": "Resolution of some components of adenylate cyclase necessary for catalytic activity.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase activity in a Lubrol 12A9 extract of wild type S49 lymphoma plasma membranes is completely inactivated by incubation at 37 degrees for 20 min. Activity is restored by mixing this heated extract of wild type membranes with an unheated detergent extract of membranes from a variant clone that lacks measureable adenylate cyclase activity (AC-). The factor(s) donated by the AC- extract is labile to heating at 30 degrees (t1/2 = 3 min) or to treatment with N-ethylmaleimide or trypsin. The factor(s) donated by the heated wild type extract is also sensitive to proteases or N-ethylmaleimide. This extract displays more complex inactivation kinetics at 50 degrees, consistent with the existence of separate factors necessary for the stimulatory effects of NaF and guanyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate. We suggest that at least two proteins are necessary for adenylate cyclase activity and that one of these is retained in the phenotypically adenylate cyclase-deficient variant.", "contents": "Resolution of some components of adenylate cyclase necessary for catalytic activity. Adenylate cyclase activity in a Lubrol 12A9 extract of wild type S49 lymphoma plasma membranes is completely inactivated by incubation at 37 degrees for 20 min. Activity is restored by mixing this heated extract of wild type membranes with an unheated detergent extract of membranes from a variant clone that lacks measureable adenylate cyclase activity (AC-). The factor(s) donated by the AC- extract is labile to heating at 30 degrees (t1/2 = 3 min) or to treatment with N-ethylmaleimide or trypsin. The factor(s) donated by the heated wild type extract is also sensitive to proteases or N-ethylmaleimide. This extract displays more complex inactivation kinetics at 50 degrees, consistent with the existence of separate factors necessary for the stimulatory effects of NaF and guanyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate. We suggest that at least two proteins are necessary for adenylate cyclase activity and that one of these is retained in the phenotypically adenylate cyclase-deficient variant."}
{"id": "PMID:903350", "title": "Glycosyl moiety of the lima bean lectin.", "content": "Pronase digestion of the lima bean lectin (Phaseolus lunatus (alpha-D-GalNAc greater than alpha-D-Gal)) afforded a glycopeptide of molecular weight 1380. Amino acid and carbohydrate analysis showed the glycopeptide to contain fucose, mannose, glucosamine, and aspartic acid in the molar ratios, 0.8:4.4:1.9:1.0. Methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and sequential degradation by specific glycosidases permit the formulation of a tentative structure:.", "contents": "Glycosyl moiety of the lima bean lectin. Pronase digestion of the lima bean lectin (Phaseolus lunatus (alpha-D-GalNAc greater than alpha-D-Gal)) afforded a glycopeptide of molecular weight 1380. Amino acid and carbohydrate analysis showed the glycopeptide to contain fucose, mannose, glucosamine, and aspartic acid in the molar ratios, 0.8:4.4:1.9:1.0. Methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and sequential degradation by specific glycosidases permit the formulation of a tentative structure:."}
{"id": "PMID:903351", "title": "Lectins as probes of chromatin structure. Binding of concanavalin A to purified rat liver chromatin.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A) binds specifically to rat liver chromatin. The extent of binding is directly proportional to both chromatin and concanavalin A concentration. It is reversible and inhibited by specific sugars for which concanavalin A has a binding site. Scatchard analysis reveals the presence of one type of Con A-binding site, with an apparent dissociation constant of 3 X 10(-7) M. A maximum of 10 pmol of Con A binds to 10 microgram of chromatin, indicating an average of one binding site/1400 base pairs of DNA. To identify the polypeptide chains which contain Con A-binding sites, chromosomal proteins were separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Con A receptors were localized by incubating the gel in 125I-Con A and subsequent autoradiography. Three major polypeptide bands which bind Con A were identified among the nonhistone chromosomal proteins. The apparent molecular weights of these glycoproteins are 135,000, 125,000, and 69,000. We suggest that lectins may serve as probes for the study of the organization of specific components in chromatin.", "contents": "Lectins as probes of chromatin structure. Binding of concanavalin A to purified rat liver chromatin. Concanavalin A (Con A) binds specifically to rat liver chromatin. The extent of binding is directly proportional to both chromatin and concanavalin A concentration. It is reversible and inhibited by specific sugars for which concanavalin A has a binding site. Scatchard analysis reveals the presence of one type of Con A-binding site, with an apparent dissociation constant of 3 X 10(-7) M. A maximum of 10 pmol of Con A binds to 10 microgram of chromatin, indicating an average of one binding site/1400 base pairs of DNA. To identify the polypeptide chains which contain Con A-binding sites, chromosomal proteins were separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Con A receptors were localized by incubating the gel in 125I-Con A and subsequent autoradiography. Three major polypeptide bands which bind Con A were identified among the nonhistone chromosomal proteins. The apparent molecular weights of these glycoproteins are 135,000, 125,000, and 69,000. We suggest that lectins may serve as probes for the study of the organization of specific components in chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:903352", "title": "In vivo metabolism of ceramides in rat brain. Fatty acid replacement and esterification of ceramide.", "content": "Three double-labeled ceramides, [1-14C]lignoceroyl D-erythro-[1-3H]sphingosine, [1-14C]palmitoyl D-erythro-[1-3H]sphingosine and D-[1-14C]cerebronoyl D-erythro-[3-3H]-sphingosine, were prepared and injected separately into the brains of 18-day-old rats. The animals were killed after 2 h and various sphingolipids were isolated and purified. These lipids were further fractionated into subgroups depending on their fatty acid content (nonhydroxy or alpha-hydroxy, shorter chain or longer chain), 3H/14C ratios obtained in ceramides, cerebrosides, and sphingomyelins containing different fatty acids from the injected material were much higher than the initial ratio. This observation indicates that a replacement of the fatty acid occurred in the injected ceramide. Comparison of the 3H/14C ratios of the cerebrosides and sphingomyelin in a specific fatty acid group with the ratios of the corresponding ceramide indicated that most of these lipids were derived directly from the ceramide. The 3H/14C ratio of the hydroxycerebroside obtained from cerebronyl sphingosine-injected brain was nearly twice the ratio of the injected material. In addition to these lipids, considerable radioactivity was incorporated into an unknown nonpolar material in the brains which had been injected with [1-14C]lignoceroyl or [1-14C]palmitoyl [1-3H]sphingosine. This material was tentatively identified as ceramide fatty acid ester. The 3H/14C ratio of the ester was identical to that of the injected material.", "contents": "In vivo metabolism of ceramides in rat brain. Fatty acid replacement and esterification of ceramide. Three double-labeled ceramides, [1-14C]lignoceroyl D-erythro-[1-3H]sphingosine, [1-14C]palmitoyl D-erythro-[1-3H]sphingosine and D-[1-14C]cerebronoyl D-erythro-[3-3H]-sphingosine, were prepared and injected separately into the brains of 18-day-old rats. The animals were killed after 2 h and various sphingolipids were isolated and purified. These lipids were further fractionated into subgroups depending on their fatty acid content (nonhydroxy or alpha-hydroxy, shorter chain or longer chain), 3H/14C ratios obtained in ceramides, cerebrosides, and sphingomyelins containing different fatty acids from the injected material were much higher than the initial ratio. This observation indicates that a replacement of the fatty acid occurred in the injected ceramide. Comparison of the 3H/14C ratios of the cerebrosides and sphingomyelin in a specific fatty acid group with the ratios of the corresponding ceramide indicated that most of these lipids were derived directly from the ceramide. The 3H/14C ratio of the hydroxycerebroside obtained from cerebronyl sphingosine-injected brain was nearly twice the ratio of the injected material. In addition to these lipids, considerable radioactivity was incorporated into an unknown nonpolar material in the brains which had been injected with [1-14C]lignoceroyl or [1-14C]palmitoyl [1-3H]sphingosine. This material was tentatively identified as ceramide fatty acid ester. The 3H/14C ratio of the ester was identical to that of the injected material."}
{"id": "PMID:903354", "title": "Effect of glucagon on pinocytosis by the yolk sac of the rat.", "content": "The uptake of macromolecular markers by fluid pinocytosis in the rat yolk sac was inhibited by glucagon, with half-maximal effect at a hormone concentration of approximately 3 X 10(-8) M. Glucagon had no effect on the cellular distribution of the marker subsequent to its uptake. Rates of uptake promptly returned to normal when the yolk sacs were transferred from a glucagon-containing to a glucagon-free medium. Epinephrine also inhibited, but only at much higher concentrations. The effect of the latter was augmented by theophylline. Insulin (10(-6) M) had no effect when added alone or with an inhibitory level of glucagon (10(-7) M). The presumption that the hormone effect was mediated by cyclic AMP was supported by the findings that the cellular levels of cyclic AMP were elevated in the presence of glucagon and that dibutyryl cyclic AMP could replace glucagon as an effective inhibitor. The conclusion that the hormone effect was on uptake rather than on subsequent regurgitation was based on the linearity of accumulation in both the presence and absence of glucagon and the inability of glucagon to stimulate loss of invertase from preloaded cells. Colchicine and vinblastine also inhibited uptake. This finding and those of others which are discussed suggest the possibility that effects of cyclic nucleotides on certain cell functions may involve their regulation of microtubular status.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon on pinocytosis by the yolk sac of the rat. The uptake of macromolecular markers by fluid pinocytosis in the rat yolk sac was inhibited by glucagon, with half-maximal effect at a hormone concentration of approximately 3 X 10(-8) M. Glucagon had no effect on the cellular distribution of the marker subsequent to its uptake. Rates of uptake promptly returned to normal when the yolk sacs were transferred from a glucagon-containing to a glucagon-free medium. Epinephrine also inhibited, but only at much higher concentrations. The effect of the latter was augmented by theophylline. Insulin (10(-6) M) had no effect when added alone or with an inhibitory level of glucagon (10(-7) M). The presumption that the hormone effect was mediated by cyclic AMP was supported by the findings that the cellular levels of cyclic AMP were elevated in the presence of glucagon and that dibutyryl cyclic AMP could replace glucagon as an effective inhibitor. The conclusion that the hormone effect was on uptake rather than on subsequent regurgitation was based on the linearity of accumulation in both the presence and absence of glucagon and the inability of glucagon to stimulate loss of invertase from preloaded cells. Colchicine and vinblastine also inhibited uptake. This finding and those of others which are discussed suggest the possibility that effects of cyclic nucleotides on certain cell functions may involve their regulation of microtubular status."}
{"id": "PMID:903355", "title": "Purification and characterization of a thiol:protein disulfide oxidoreductase from bovine liver.", "content": "A thiol:protein disulfide oxidoreductase which degrades insulin into its A and B chains has been purified to homogeneity from bovine liver. The initial extraction procedure used 1% Triton X-100, which increased the soluble insulin degrading activity 100 to 800% as a result of solubilizing a membrane-associated enzyme. The criteria for homogeneity of the isolated protein include sodium dodecyl sulfate and disc gel electrophoresis. Characterization of the homogeneous protein by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation indicates that a single protein is present which has a mass of 60,000 daltons. A single amino-terminal end group and molecular weight estimation by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis indicated that the thiol:protein disulfide oxidoreductase consists of a single polypeptide chain. The pure enzyme was also examined by gel filtration chromatography and has an apparent molecular weight of 92,000. The amino acid composition and carbohydrate content were also determined. The carbohydrate analysis demonstrated the presence of D-mannose, D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid which comprise a total of 12% by weight of the isolated protein.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a thiol:protein disulfide oxidoreductase from bovine liver. A thiol:protein disulfide oxidoreductase which degrades insulin into its A and B chains has been purified to homogeneity from bovine liver. The initial extraction procedure used 1% Triton X-100, which increased the soluble insulin degrading activity 100 to 800% as a result of solubilizing a membrane-associated enzyme. The criteria for homogeneity of the isolated protein include sodium dodecyl sulfate and disc gel electrophoresis. Characterization of the homogeneous protein by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation indicates that a single protein is present which has a mass of 60,000 daltons. A single amino-terminal end group and molecular weight estimation by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis indicated that the thiol:protein disulfide oxidoreductase consists of a single polypeptide chain. The pure enzyme was also examined by gel filtration chromatography and has an apparent molecular weight of 92,000. The amino acid composition and carbohydrate content were also determined. The carbohydrate analysis demonstrated the presence of D-mannose, D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid which comprise a total of 12% by weight of the isolated protein."}
{"id": "PMID:903356", "title": "Cystine requirement of continuous human lymphoid cell lines of normal and leukemic origin.", "content": "A number of continuous, human lymphoid cell lines from healthy and leukemic donors have been studied. Those from healthy individuals were found to be cystine prototrophs (cys+), while those from leukemic donors were observed to be cystine auxotrophs (cys-). The former can grow in either cystine or cystathionine-containing media. The latter grow only in cystine-containing medium. The former contain readily measurable levels of cystathionase, the last enzyme in the mammalian cysteine biosynthetic pathway, while the latter contain much less of this activity. The apparent molecular weight, overall charge, pH versus activity, Km, and [pyridoxal phosphate] versus activity properties of the enzyme from both cell types were indistinguishable. No soluble cystathionase inhibitor could be detected in cys- cell lines. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that those leukemic cell lines studied synthesize less active cystathionase protein than their cys+ counterparts and that this difference in enzyme production underlies the differential growth properties in cystathionine-containing medium.", "contents": "Cystine requirement of continuous human lymphoid cell lines of normal and leukemic origin. A number of continuous, human lymphoid cell lines from healthy and leukemic donors have been studied. Those from healthy individuals were found to be cystine prototrophs (cys+), while those from leukemic donors were observed to be cystine auxotrophs (cys-). The former can grow in either cystine or cystathionine-containing media. The latter grow only in cystine-containing medium. The former contain readily measurable levels of cystathionase, the last enzyme in the mammalian cysteine biosynthetic pathway, while the latter contain much less of this activity. The apparent molecular weight, overall charge, pH versus activity, Km, and [pyridoxal phosphate] versus activity properties of the enzyme from both cell types were indistinguishable. No soluble cystathionase inhibitor could be detected in cys- cell lines. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that those leukemic cell lines studied synthesize less active cystathionase protein than their cys+ counterparts and that this difference in enzyme production underlies the differential growth properties in cystathionine-containing medium."}
{"id": "PMID:903358", "title": "Studies on bovine adrenal estrogen sulfotransferase. Inhibition and possible involvement of adenine-estrogen stacking.", "content": "The inhibition of bovine adrenal estrogen sulfotransferase has been studied utilizing representative androgens and estrogens with structural changes in rings A, B, and D. These investigations have shown oxygen functions in positions 3, 16, or 17 to be required for the binding of estrogens or androgens to the enzyme. 5alpha-Androstanes (all transfused rings) are weak noncompetitive inhibitors and bind more tightly than the 5beta isomers (cis-fused A and B rings). The competitive inhibition observed with the estrogens does not require a free 3-phenolic hydroxyl, however, groups larger than 3-methoxy limit binding. While the product, estrone sulfate, is not inhibitory, phosphate esters on positions 3- or 17beta or a sulfate moiety on the 17beta-hydroxyl group of estrogens slightly inhibit the enzyme. The stacking of adenine (in adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphosulfate) with the A ring of estrogens is postulated for the enzyme-bound transition state. This structure, which facilitates the hydrogen bonding between the 6-amino group of adenine and the 4-nitro, 4-bromo, or 6-keto substituents on estrogens, readily explains the unusual substrate and inhibitory properties of these compounds. Certain of these estrogen derivatives, which possess little or no hormonal activity, are efficient inhibitors of estrogen sulotransferase.", "contents": "Studies on bovine adrenal estrogen sulfotransferase. Inhibition and possible involvement of adenine-estrogen stacking. The inhibition of bovine adrenal estrogen sulfotransferase has been studied utilizing representative androgens and estrogens with structural changes in rings A, B, and D. These investigations have shown oxygen functions in positions 3, 16, or 17 to be required for the binding of estrogens or androgens to the enzyme. 5alpha-Androstanes (all transfused rings) are weak noncompetitive inhibitors and bind more tightly than the 5beta isomers (cis-fused A and B rings). The competitive inhibition observed with the estrogens does not require a free 3-phenolic hydroxyl, however, groups larger than 3-methoxy limit binding. While the product, estrone sulfate, is not inhibitory, phosphate esters on positions 3- or 17beta or a sulfate moiety on the 17beta-hydroxyl group of estrogens slightly inhibit the enzyme. The stacking of adenine (in adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphosulfate) with the A ring of estrogens is postulated for the enzyme-bound transition state. This structure, which facilitates the hydrogen bonding between the 6-amino group of adenine and the 4-nitro, 4-bromo, or 6-keto substituents on estrogens, readily explains the unusual substrate and inhibitory properties of these compounds. Certain of these estrogen derivatives, which possess little or no hormonal activity, are efficient inhibitors of estrogen sulotransferase."}
{"id": "PMID:903359", "title": "Hydrogen isotope effects in the cyclization of D-glucose 6-phosphate by myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase.", "content": "myo-Inositol-1-phosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) from rat testis, Acer pseudoplatanus L. cell culture and Oryza sativa L. cell culture, converted D-[5-3H]glucose 6-phosphate to myo-[2-3H]inositol 1-phosphate at rates ranging from 0.21 to 0.48 that of unlabeled substrate. D-[3-3H]- and D-[4-3H]glucose 6-phosphate were converted at approximately the same rate as that of unlabeled substrate. In the case of testis enzyme, storage as a frozen solution further lowered the rate with D-[5-3H]glucose 6-phosphate as substrate. When the reaction was run in [3H]water, no 3H appeared in myo-inositol 1-phosphate but a small amount was recovered in substrate isolated from the final reaction mixture. These data support the involvement of carbon 5 of D-glucose 6-phosphate in the mechanism proposed for this conversion.", "contents": "Hydrogen isotope effects in the cyclization of D-glucose 6-phosphate by myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase. myo-Inositol-1-phosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) from rat testis, Acer pseudoplatanus L. cell culture and Oryza sativa L. cell culture, converted D-[5-3H]glucose 6-phosphate to myo-[2-3H]inositol 1-phosphate at rates ranging from 0.21 to 0.48 that of unlabeled substrate. D-[3-3H]- and D-[4-3H]glucose 6-phosphate were converted at approximately the same rate as that of unlabeled substrate. In the case of testis enzyme, storage as a frozen solution further lowered the rate with D-[5-3H]glucose 6-phosphate as substrate. When the reaction was run in [3H]water, no 3H appeared in myo-inositol 1-phosphate but a small amount was recovered in substrate isolated from the final reaction mixture. These data support the involvement of carbon 5 of D-glucose 6-phosphate in the mechanism proposed for this conversion."}
{"id": "PMID:903361", "title": "Formation of alpha-1,2-mannosyl-mannose by an enzyme preparation from rabbit liver.", "content": "Rabbit liver microsomes catalyzed the formation of 2-O-alpha-D-mannosyl-D-mannose when incubated with GDP-mannose and free D-mannose. Formation of the disaccharide required the addition of divalent metal ions and was inhibited by EDTA and guanosine nucleotides. An enzyme present in the microsomal preparation transferred mannose from GDP-mannose to an endogenous lipid and to exogenous dolichol-P resulting in the formation of a product tentatively identified as dolichol-P-mannose. Formation of the mannosyl-lipid was also metal ion-dependent and was inhibited by EDTA and guanosine nucleotides. A second enzyme in the preparation catalyzed mannosyl transfer from dolichol-P-mannose to free mannose resulting in the formation of 2-O-alpha-D-mannosyl-D-mannose. Transfer from the mannosyl-lipid required the addition of Triton X-100 but was metal ion-independent. The time course of the transfer of mannose from GDP-mannose to the endogenous lipid and to the exogenous saccharide acceptor suggested that the mannosyl-lipid was an intermediate in the formation of the mannobiose. Other evidence, such as similar requirements for divalent metals, inhibition by guanosine nucleotides, and acceptor specificity, also supported the involvement of a mannosyl-lipid as an intermediate in the formation of alpha-1,2-mannosyl-mannose linkages by rabbit liver microsomes.", "contents": "Formation of alpha-1,2-mannosyl-mannose by an enzyme preparation from rabbit liver. Rabbit liver microsomes catalyzed the formation of 2-O-alpha-D-mannosyl-D-mannose when incubated with GDP-mannose and free D-mannose. Formation of the disaccharide required the addition of divalent metal ions and was inhibited by EDTA and guanosine nucleotides. An enzyme present in the microsomal preparation transferred mannose from GDP-mannose to an endogenous lipid and to exogenous dolichol-P resulting in the formation of a product tentatively identified as dolichol-P-mannose. Formation of the mannosyl-lipid was also metal ion-dependent and was inhibited by EDTA and guanosine nucleotides. A second enzyme in the preparation catalyzed mannosyl transfer from dolichol-P-mannose to free mannose resulting in the formation of 2-O-alpha-D-mannosyl-D-mannose. Transfer from the mannosyl-lipid required the addition of Triton X-100 but was metal ion-independent. The time course of the transfer of mannose from GDP-mannose to the endogenous lipid and to the exogenous saccharide acceptor suggested that the mannosyl-lipid was an intermediate in the formation of the mannobiose. Other evidence, such as similar requirements for divalent metals, inhibition by guanosine nucleotides, and acceptor specificity, also supported the involvement of a mannosyl-lipid as an intermediate in the formation of alpha-1,2-mannosyl-mannose linkages by rabbit liver microsomes."}
{"id": "PMID:903362", "title": "Determination of the primary structure of cholera toxin B subunit.", "content": "The primary structure of cholera toxin B subunit, responsible for the binding of the toxin to cell surface ganglioside Gm1, has been determined as: Thr-Pro-Gln-Asn-Ile-Thr-Asp-Leu-Cys-Ala-Glu-Tyr-His-Asn-Thr-Gln-Ile-His-Thr-Leu-Asn-Asn-Lys-Ile-Phe-Ser-Tyr-Thr-Glu-Ser-Leu-Ala-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Met-Ala-Ile-Ile-Thr-Phe-Lys-Asn-Gly-Ala-Thr-Phe-Glu-Val-Glu-Val-Pro-Gly-Ser-Gln-His-Ile-Asp-Ser-Gln-Lys-Lys-Ala-Ile-Glu-Arg-Met-Lys-Asn-Thr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Ala-Tyr-Leu-Thr-Glu-Ala-Lys-Val-Glu-Lys-Leu-Cys-Val-Trp-Asn-Asn-Lys-Thr-Pro-His-Ala-Ile-Ala-Ala-Ile-Ser-Met-Ala-Asn The number and the sequence of amino acid residues has been established by separation and analyses of the peptides obtained through enzymatic and chemical cleavage of the B subunit. The chymotryptic peptides from the citraconylated B subunit proved to be useful in the alignment of the tryptic peptide.", "contents": "Determination of the primary structure of cholera toxin B subunit. The primary structure of cholera toxin B subunit, responsible for the binding of the toxin to cell surface ganglioside Gm1, has been determined as: Thr-Pro-Gln-Asn-Ile-Thr-Asp-Leu-Cys-Ala-Glu-Tyr-His-Asn-Thr-Gln-Ile-His-Thr-Leu-Asn-Asn-Lys-Ile-Phe-Ser-Tyr-Thr-Glu-Ser-Leu-Ala-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Met-Ala-Ile-Ile-Thr-Phe-Lys-Asn-Gly-Ala-Thr-Phe-Glu-Val-Glu-Val-Pro-Gly-Ser-Gln-His-Ile-Asp-Ser-Gln-Lys-Lys-Ala-Ile-Glu-Arg-Met-Lys-Asn-Thr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Ala-Tyr-Leu-Thr-Glu-Ala-Lys-Val-Glu-Lys-Leu-Cys-Val-Trp-Asn-Asn-Lys-Thr-Pro-His-Ala-Ile-Ala-Ala-Ile-Ser-Met-Ala-Asn The number and the sequence of amino acid residues has been established by separation and analyses of the peptides obtained through enzymatic and chemical cleavage of the B subunit. The chymotryptic peptides from the citraconylated B subunit proved to be useful in the alignment of the tryptic peptide."}
{"id": "PMID:903363", "title": "Covalent structure of the beta chain of cholera enterotoxin.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the beta chain of cholera enterotoxin was determined: NH2-Thr-Pro-Gln-Asn-Ile-Thr-Asp-Leu-Cys-Ala-Glu-Tyr-His-Asn-Thr-Gln-Ile-His-Thr-Leu-Asn-Asn-Lys-Ile-Phe-Ser-Tyr-Thr-Glu-Ser-Leu-Ala-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Met-Ala-Ile-Ile-Thr-Phe-Lys-Asn-Gly-Ala-Thr-Phe-Gln-Val-Glu-Val-Pro-Gly-Ser-Gln-His-Ile-Asp-Ser-Gln-Lys-Lys-Ala-Ile-Glu-Arg-Met-Lys-Asn-Thr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Ala-Tyr-Leu-Thr-Glu-Ala-Lys-Val-Glu-Lys-Leu-Cys-Val-Trp-Asn-Asn-Lys-Thr-Pro-His-Ala-Ile-Ala-Ala-Ile-Ser-Met- Ala-Asn-COOH. The sequence was obtained from automated sequence analysis of intact beta chain, cyanogen bromide fragments, and a fragment generated by cleavage at a single tryptophan with 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3-bromoindolenine as well as from manual sequence analysis of tryptic peptides using 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl-monitored Edman methodology. The tryptic peptides accounted for all 103 residues established for the complete primary structure.", "contents": "Covalent structure of the beta chain of cholera enterotoxin. The complete amino acid sequence of the beta chain of cholera enterotoxin was determined: NH2-Thr-Pro-Gln-Asn-Ile-Thr-Asp-Leu-Cys-Ala-Glu-Tyr-His-Asn-Thr-Gln-Ile-His-Thr-Leu-Asn-Asn-Lys-Ile-Phe-Ser-Tyr-Thr-Glu-Ser-Leu-Ala-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Met-Ala-Ile-Ile-Thr-Phe-Lys-Asn-Gly-Ala-Thr-Phe-Gln-Val-Glu-Val-Pro-Gly-Ser-Gln-His-Ile-Asp-Ser-Gln-Lys-Lys-Ala-Ile-Glu-Arg-Met-Lys-Asn-Thr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Ala-Tyr-Leu-Thr-Glu-Ala-Lys-Val-Glu-Lys-Leu-Cys-Val-Trp-Asn-Asn-Lys-Thr-Pro-His-Ala-Ile-Ala-Ala-Ile-Ser-Met- Ala-Asn-COOH. The sequence was obtained from automated sequence analysis of intact beta chain, cyanogen bromide fragments, and a fragment generated by cleavage at a single tryptophan with 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3-bromoindolenine as well as from manual sequence analysis of tryptic peptides using 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl-monitored Edman methodology. The tryptic peptides accounted for all 103 residues established for the complete primary structure."}
{"id": "PMID:903367", "title": "An electron microscope study of the interaction between fructose diphosphate aldolase and actin-containing filaments.", "content": "The interaction of fructose diphosphate aldolase with F-actin, F-actin-tropomyosin, and F-actin-tropomyosin-troponin has been studied by using negative staining. In the absence of troponin, minor aggregates of aldolase and the F-actin filaments are formed. A well-ordered lattice structure is only formed in the case of the fully reconstituted filament when the filament-to-filament spacing is 18nm, and the cross-bridge spacing is 38.7 nm. Evidence is presented that the lattice is due to an interaction between troponin and aldolase. The minimum subunit structure of troponin, still capable of giving rise to a lattice, is the troponin-IT complex, which indicates that troponin-C is not involved in aldolase binding.", "contents": "An electron microscope study of the interaction between fructose diphosphate aldolase and actin-containing filaments. The interaction of fructose diphosphate aldolase with F-actin, F-actin-tropomyosin, and F-actin-tropomyosin-troponin has been studied by using negative staining. In the absence of troponin, minor aggregates of aldolase and the F-actin filaments are formed. A well-ordered lattice structure is only formed in the case of the fully reconstituted filament when the filament-to-filament spacing is 18nm, and the cross-bridge spacing is 38.7 nm. Evidence is presented that the lattice is due to an interaction between troponin and aldolase. The minimum subunit structure of troponin, still capable of giving rise to a lattice, is the troponin-IT complex, which indicates that troponin-C is not involved in aldolase binding."}
{"id": "PMID:903368", "title": "A mode of formation of tubular myelin from lamellar bodies in the lung.", "content": "A mechanism is suggested by which the membranes of lamellar bodies are converted to tubular myelin (TM) in the lung. It is argued that a simple corrugation of the membranous sheets can produce the TM formation. Such corrugation would occur in response to simple stresses acting on the lamellar body membranes. The intersections of the tubular figures are formed by fusion of adjacent corners in the corrugations. This results in a more stable hydrophobic bonding of phospholipid molecules. Strong supportive evidence for the mechanism is given by electron micrographs of TM formations.", "contents": "A mode of formation of tubular myelin from lamellar bodies in the lung. A mechanism is suggested by which the membranes of lamellar bodies are converted to tubular myelin (TM) in the lung. It is argued that a simple corrugation of the membranous sheets can produce the TM formation. Such corrugation would occur in response to simple stresses acting on the lamellar body membranes. The intersections of the tubular figures are formed by fusion of adjacent corners in the corrugations. This results in a more stable hydrophobic bonding of phospholipid molecules. Strong supportive evidence for the mechanism is given by electron micrographs of TM formations."}
{"id": "PMID:903369", "title": "The proliferative response of hepatic peroxidomes of neonatal rats to treatment with SU-13 437 (nafenopin).", "content": "The repeated administration of the hypolipidemic agent Su-13 437 (nafenopin) to neonatal rats roughly doubled the number of peroxisomes in the liver tissue and caused a sixfold volumetric expansion of the peroxisomal compartment. During the proliferative response, the size-distribution of the peroxisomes was reversibly altered, enlarged particles appearing in numbers varying according to the dose given. By means of a new method for quantitative autoradiography, it was shown that (a) the concentration of silver grains over peroxisomes was comparable to that found over the endoplasmic reticulum; (b) the peak incorporation of [3H]arginine into the peroxisomes was dealyed in comparison with that into the endoplasmic reticulum; (c) the label, once incorporated into the expanding peroxisomal compartment, displayed the same shift to large particles as did the whole population. These results are compatible with the biosynthetic pathway for peroxisomal catalase proposed earlier (cf. reference 12), and with the notion that the drug-induced size-shift might have resulted from progressive growth of a particular class of peroxisomes formed in the presence of the agent. Evidence is presented to show that during the recovery period the larger peroxisomes are removed preferentially.", "contents": "The proliferative response of hepatic peroxidomes of neonatal rats to treatment with SU-13 437 (nafenopin). The repeated administration of the hypolipidemic agent Su-13 437 (nafenopin) to neonatal rats roughly doubled the number of peroxisomes in the liver tissue and caused a sixfold volumetric expansion of the peroxisomal compartment. During the proliferative response, the size-distribution of the peroxisomes was reversibly altered, enlarged particles appearing in numbers varying according to the dose given. By means of a new method for quantitative autoradiography, it was shown that (a) the concentration of silver grains over peroxisomes was comparable to that found over the endoplasmic reticulum; (b) the peak incorporation of [3H]arginine into the peroxisomes was dealyed in comparison with that into the endoplasmic reticulum; (c) the label, once incorporated into the expanding peroxisomal compartment, displayed the same shift to large particles as did the whole population. These results are compatible with the biosynthetic pathway for peroxisomal catalase proposed earlier (cf. reference 12), and with the notion that the drug-induced size-shift might have resulted from progressive growth of a particular class of peroxisomes formed in the presence of the agent. Evidence is presented to show that during the recovery period the larger peroxisomes are removed preferentially."}
{"id": "PMID:903370", "title": "The probable role of phosphatidyl cholines in the tannic acid enhancement of cytomembrane electron contrast.", "content": "Unsaturated natural and synthetic phosphatidyl cholines (PCs), when treated with tannic acid and OsO4, demonstrated a substantial increase in contrast as compared to PC treated only with OsO4. This was not observed when phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PEA) was similarly exposed to tannic acid. The increased electron density observed in the lamellar organization of the PC phospholipids was limited to the hydrophilic layers corresponding to the polar regions of the phospholipid molecules. The repeating periods of lamellae were identical in PC, treated with both tannic acid and OsO4, and when treated only with OsO4. In each case, this approximated 45 A. The enhancement of membrane contrast by tannic acid in the presence of OsO4 is interpreted as being at least in part due to its multivalent capacity, binding to reactive sites on choline, as well as with OsO4.", "contents": "The probable role of phosphatidyl cholines in the tannic acid enhancement of cytomembrane electron contrast. Unsaturated natural and synthetic phosphatidyl cholines (PCs), when treated with tannic acid and OsO4, demonstrated a substantial increase in contrast as compared to PC treated only with OsO4. This was not observed when phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PEA) was similarly exposed to tannic acid. The increased electron density observed in the lamellar organization of the PC phospholipids was limited to the hydrophilic layers corresponding to the polar regions of the phospholipid molecules. The repeating periods of lamellae were identical in PC, treated with both tannic acid and OsO4, and when treated only with OsO4. In each case, this approximated 45 A. The enhancement of membrane contrast by tannic acid in the presence of OsO4 is interpreted as being at least in part due to its multivalent capacity, binding to reactive sites on choline, as well as with OsO4."}
{"id": "PMID:903371", "title": "Flagellar elongation and shortening in Chlamydomonas. III. structures attached to the tips of flagellar microtubules and their relationship to the directionality of flagellar microtubule assembly.", "content": "Two structures on the distal ends of Chlamydomonas flagellar microtubules are described. One of these, the central microbutule cap, attaches the distal ends of the central pair microtubules to the tip of the flagellar membrane. In addition, filaments, called distal filaments, are observed attached to the ends of the A-tubules of the outer doublet microtubules. Inasmuch as earlier studies suggested that flagellar elongation in vivo occurs principally by the distal addition of sublnits and because it has been shown that brain tubulin assembles in vitro primarily onto the distal ends of both central and outer doublet microtubules, the presence of the cap and distal filaments was quantitated during flagellar resorption and elongation. The results showed that the cap remains attached to the central microtubules throughout flagellar resorption and elongation. The cap was also found to block the in vitro assembly of neurotubules onto the distal ends of the central microtubules. Conversely, the distal filaments apparently do not block the assembly of neurotubules onto the ends of the outer doublets. During flagellar elongation, the distal ends of the outer doublets are often found to form sheets of protofilaments similar to those observed on the elongating ends of neurotubules being assembled in vitro. These results suggest that the outer doublet microtubules elongate by the distal addition of subunits, whereas the two central microtubules assemble by the addition of subunits to the proximal ends.", "contents": "Flagellar elongation and shortening in Chlamydomonas. III. structures attached to the tips of flagellar microtubules and their relationship to the directionality of flagellar microtubule assembly. Two structures on the distal ends of Chlamydomonas flagellar microtubules are described. One of these, the central microbutule cap, attaches the distal ends of the central pair microtubules to the tip of the flagellar membrane. In addition, filaments, called distal filaments, are observed attached to the ends of the A-tubules of the outer doublet microtubules. Inasmuch as earlier studies suggested that flagellar elongation in vivo occurs principally by the distal addition of sublnits and because it has been shown that brain tubulin assembles in vitro primarily onto the distal ends of both central and outer doublet microtubules, the presence of the cap and distal filaments was quantitated during flagellar resorption and elongation. The results showed that the cap remains attached to the central microtubules throughout flagellar resorption and elongation. The cap was also found to block the in vitro assembly of neurotubules onto the distal ends of the central microtubules. Conversely, the distal filaments apparently do not block the assembly of neurotubules onto the ends of the outer doublets. During flagellar elongation, the distal ends of the outer doublets are often found to form sheets of protofilaments similar to those observed on the elongating ends of neurotubules being assembled in vitro. These results suggest that the outer doublet microtubules elongate by the distal addition of subunits, whereas the two central microtubules assemble by the addition of subunits to the proximal ends."}
{"id": "PMID:903372", "title": "Fibroblast-collagen interactions in the formation of the secondary stroma of the chick cornea.", "content": "Fibroblasts invade the primary corneal stroma of the 6-day-old chick embryo eye. The way in which these cells build the secondary stroma has been studied by microscope examination of the stroma during the subsequent 8 Days. Eyes were embedded in low viscosity nitrocellulose, and 30-micrometer tangential sections of cornea were cut and stained with azan (giving blue collagen and red cells). These sections were sufficiently thick to include enough cells and collagen for stromal organization to be visible under Nomarski optics. Three days after invasion, the fibroblasts extend along collagen bundles in the posterior region of the stroma; surprisingly, fibroblasts near the epithelium are more rounded. The collagen itself is organized in orthogonal bundles rather than in sheets. Measurements show that posterior bundles increase in size with time while anterior stroma si similar in diameter to primary stroma. These observations confirm that the epithelium continues to deposit primary stroma up to at least the 14th day. They show, moreover, that fibroblasts deposit collagen fibrils on extant stroma and that the farther a bundle is from the epithelium, and hence the longer the period since it was first laid down, the wider it is likely to be. Analysis of the results and existing data on hyaluronic acid levels in the stroma suggests that Bowman's membrane, the region of anterior stroma that remains uncolonized by cells, is, during this period at least, primary stroma laid down but as yet unswollen.", "contents": "Fibroblast-collagen interactions in the formation of the secondary stroma of the chick cornea. Fibroblasts invade the primary corneal stroma of the 6-day-old chick embryo eye. The way in which these cells build the secondary stroma has been studied by microscope examination of the stroma during the subsequent 8 Days. Eyes were embedded in low viscosity nitrocellulose, and 30-micrometer tangential sections of cornea were cut and stained with azan (giving blue collagen and red cells). These sections were sufficiently thick to include enough cells and collagen for stromal organization to be visible under Nomarski optics. Three days after invasion, the fibroblasts extend along collagen bundles in the posterior region of the stroma; surprisingly, fibroblasts near the epithelium are more rounded. The collagen itself is organized in orthogonal bundles rather than in sheets. Measurements show that posterior bundles increase in size with time while anterior stroma si similar in diameter to primary stroma. These observations confirm that the epithelium continues to deposit primary stroma up to at least the 14th day. They show, moreover, that fibroblasts deposit collagen fibrils on extant stroma and that the farther a bundle is from the epithelium, and hence the longer the period since it was first laid down, the wider it is likely to be. Analysis of the results and existing data on hyaluronic acid levels in the stroma suggests that Bowman's membrane, the region of anterior stroma that remains uncolonized by cells, is, during this period at least, primary stroma laid down but as yet unswollen."}
{"id": "PMID:903373", "title": "Adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. Ultrastructural characteristics of intercellular contacts and cell membrane differentiations.", "content": "Primary monolayer cultures were obtained in 60-mm petri dishes by incubating 3 X 10(6) isolated hepatocytes at 37 degrees C in Dulbecco's medium supplemented with 17% fetal calf serum. The ultrastructure of monolayer cells was examined after various incubation periods. Within 4 h of plating, the isolated spherical cells adhere to the plastic surface, establish their first contacts by numerous intertwined microvilli, and form new hemidesmosomes. After 12 h of culture, wide branched trabeculae of flattened polyhedral cells extend in all directions. Finally, after 24 h of culture, bile canaliculi are reconstituted, and a biliary polarity is recovered: the Golgi elements, which are scattered throughout the cytoplasm in the isolated cells, are reassembled in front of the newly formed bile canalculi, symmetrically in the adjacent cells; lysosomes are concentrated in that region, and microtubules reappear. Concomitantly, plasma membrane differentiations, namely desmosomes and tight junctions, develop. Tight junctions sealing the bile ducts constitute a barrier to the passage of ruthenium red and horseradish peroxidase. De novo formation of these junctions was studied by the freeze-etching technique: 10-nm particles compose a network of anastomosed linear arrays in the vicinity of the bile canaliculi; in the next step of differentiation, the particles fuse, form short ridge segments and finally continuous branched smooth strands, characteristic of the mature tight junction.", "contents": "Adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. Ultrastructural characteristics of intercellular contacts and cell membrane differentiations. Primary monolayer cultures were obtained in 60-mm petri dishes by incubating 3 X 10(6) isolated hepatocytes at 37 degrees C in Dulbecco's medium supplemented with 17% fetal calf serum. The ultrastructure of monolayer cells was examined after various incubation periods. Within 4 h of plating, the isolated spherical cells adhere to the plastic surface, establish their first contacts by numerous intertwined microvilli, and form new hemidesmosomes. After 12 h of culture, wide branched trabeculae of flattened polyhedral cells extend in all directions. Finally, after 24 h of culture, bile canaliculi are reconstituted, and a biliary polarity is recovered: the Golgi elements, which are scattered throughout the cytoplasm in the isolated cells, are reassembled in front of the newly formed bile canalculi, symmetrically in the adjacent cells; lysosomes are concentrated in that region, and microtubules reappear. Concomitantly, plasma membrane differentiations, namely desmosomes and tight junctions, develop. Tight junctions sealing the bile ducts constitute a barrier to the passage of ruthenium red and horseradish peroxidase. De novo formation of these junctions was studied by the freeze-etching technique: 10-nm particles compose a network of anastomosed linear arrays in the vicinity of the bile canaliculi; in the next step of differentiation, the particles fuse, form short ridge segments and finally continuous branched smooth strands, characteristic of the mature tight junction."}
{"id": "PMID:903374", "title": "Lectin-binding sites on the plasma membranes of rabbit spermatozoa. Changes in surface receptors during epididymal Maturation and after ejaculation.", "content": "MODIFICATIONS IN RABBIT SPERM PLASMA MEMBRANES DURING EPIDIDYMAL PASSAGE AND AFTER EJACULATION WERE INVESTIGATED BY USED OF THREE LECTINS: concanavalin A (Con A); Ricinus communis I (RCA(I)); and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). During sperm passage from caput to cauda epididymis, agglutination by WGA drastically decreased, and agglutination by RCA(I) slightly decreased, although agglutination by Con A remained approximately unchanged. After ejaculation, spermatozoa were agglutinated to a similar degree or slightly less by Con A, WGA, and RCA(I), compared to cauda epididymal spermatozoa. Ultrastructural examination of sperm lectin-binding sites with ferritin- lectin conjugates revealed differences in the densities of lectin receptors in various sperm regions, and changes in the same regions during epididymal passage and after ejaculation. Ferritin-RCA(I) showed abrupt changes in lectin site densities between acrosomal and postacrosomal regions of sperm heads. The relative amounts of ferritin-RCA(I) bound to heads of caput epididymal or ejaculated spermatozoa. Tail regions were labeled by ferritin RCA(I) almost equally on caput and cauda epididymal spermatozoa, but the middle-piece region of ejaculated spermatozoa was slightly more densely labeled than the principal-piece region, and these two regions on ejaculated spermatozoa were labeled less than on caput and cuada epididymal spermatozoa. Ferritin-WGA densely labeled the acrosomal region of caput epididymal spermatozoa, although labeling of cauda epidiymal spermatozoa was relatively sparse except in the apical area of the acrosomal region. Ejaculated spermatozoa bound only a few molecules of ferritin-WGA, even at the highest conjugate concentrations used. Caput epididymal, but not cauda epididymal or ejaculated spermatozoa, bound ferritin-WGA in the tail regions. Dramatic differences in labeling densities during epididymal passage and after ejaculation were not found with ferritin-Con A.", "contents": "Lectin-binding sites on the plasma membranes of rabbit spermatozoa. Changes in surface receptors during epididymal Maturation and after ejaculation. MODIFICATIONS IN RABBIT SPERM PLASMA MEMBRANES DURING EPIDIDYMAL PASSAGE AND AFTER EJACULATION WERE INVESTIGATED BY USED OF THREE LECTINS: concanavalin A (Con A); Ricinus communis I (RCA(I)); and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). During sperm passage from caput to cauda epididymis, agglutination by WGA drastically decreased, and agglutination by RCA(I) slightly decreased, although agglutination by Con A remained approximately unchanged. After ejaculation, spermatozoa were agglutinated to a similar degree or slightly less by Con A, WGA, and RCA(I), compared to cauda epididymal spermatozoa. Ultrastructural examination of sperm lectin-binding sites with ferritin- lectin conjugates revealed differences in the densities of lectin receptors in various sperm regions, and changes in the same regions during epididymal passage and after ejaculation. Ferritin-RCA(I) showed abrupt changes in lectin site densities between acrosomal and postacrosomal regions of sperm heads. The relative amounts of ferritin-RCA(I) bound to heads of caput epididymal or ejaculated spermatozoa. Tail regions were labeled by ferritin RCA(I) almost equally on caput and cauda epididymal spermatozoa, but the middle-piece region of ejaculated spermatozoa was slightly more densely labeled than the principal-piece region, and these two regions on ejaculated spermatozoa were labeled less than on caput and cuada epididymal spermatozoa. Ferritin-WGA densely labeled the acrosomal region of caput epididymal spermatozoa, although labeling of cauda epidiymal spermatozoa was relatively sparse except in the apical area of the acrosomal region. Ejaculated spermatozoa bound only a few molecules of ferritin-WGA, even at the highest conjugate concentrations used. Caput epididymal, but not cauda epididymal or ejaculated spermatozoa, bound ferritin-WGA in the tail regions. Dramatic differences in labeling densities during epididymal passage and after ejaculation were not found with ferritin-Con A."}
{"id": "PMID:903377", "title": "A retarded rate of DNA replication and normal level of DNA repair in Werner's syndrome fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "We investigated the cloning efficiency, DNA repair, and the rate of DNA replication in the skin fibroblasts from patients with Werner's syndrome (WS) of an autosomal recessive premature aging disease. Five WS strains exhibited normal levels of sensitivity toward X-ray and UV killings and repair of X-ray induced single strand breaks of DNA (rejoining) and UV damage to DNA (unscheduled DNA synthesis). The sedimentation of newly synthesizing DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients demonstrated a characteristic feature that only the elongation rate of DNA chains, estimated by the molecular weight increase, was significantly slower during early passages in WS cells than in normal Hayflick Phase II fibroblasts. In addition, plating efficiencies as well as the replicative potentials of five WS strains were more limited than those of normal cells under the identical culture conditions. It seems therefore that at least in the WS cells tested, the slow rate of DNA replication may be more related to the shortened lifespan and enhanced cell death, as manifestation of premature senescence at the cellular level, than be the DNA repair ability.", "contents": "A retarded rate of DNA replication and normal level of DNA repair in Werner's syndrome fibroblasts in culture. We investigated the cloning efficiency, DNA repair, and the rate of DNA replication in the skin fibroblasts from patients with Werner's syndrome (WS) of an autosomal recessive premature aging disease. Five WS strains exhibited normal levels of sensitivity toward X-ray and UV killings and repair of X-ray induced single strand breaks of DNA (rejoining) and UV damage to DNA (unscheduled DNA synthesis). The sedimentation of newly synthesizing DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients demonstrated a characteristic feature that only the elongation rate of DNA chains, estimated by the molecular weight increase, was significantly slower during early passages in WS cells than in normal Hayflick Phase II fibroblasts. In addition, plating efficiencies as well as the replicative potentials of five WS strains were more limited than those of normal cells under the identical culture conditions. It seems therefore that at least in the WS cells tested, the slow rate of DNA replication may be more related to the shortened lifespan and enhanced cell death, as manifestation of premature senescence at the cellular level, than be the DNA repair ability."}
{"id": "PMID:903378", "title": "Increased messenger RNA from protein synthesis inhibited human fibroblasts.", "content": "Numerous reports have demonstrated that specific protein synthesis in response to specific inducers is markedly stimulated by a simultaneous brief exposure to protein synthesis inhibitors such as cycloheximide. This phenomenon is known as \"superinduction\" and is most often attributed to the accumulation of cytoplasmic messenger RNA during the inhibition period. Messenger RNA, as defined by rapid labeling, oligo (dt)-cellulose binding, and cell free protein synthesis stimulation was measured in cycloheximide treated human fibroblasts. In spite of a consistent 40% decrease in total polysomal 3H-uridine labeled RNA, a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in extractable mRNA was observed. These data provide direct evidence that protein synthesis inhibition stimulates the appearance of cytoplasmic mRNA and/or completely blocks its degradation and, are consistent with the hypothesis that mRNA accumulation partly underlies the superinduction phenomena.", "contents": "Increased messenger RNA from protein synthesis inhibited human fibroblasts. Numerous reports have demonstrated that specific protein synthesis in response to specific inducers is markedly stimulated by a simultaneous brief exposure to protein synthesis inhibitors such as cycloheximide. This phenomenon is known as \"superinduction\" and is most often attributed to the accumulation of cytoplasmic messenger RNA during the inhibition period. Messenger RNA, as defined by rapid labeling, oligo (dt)-cellulose binding, and cell free protein synthesis stimulation was measured in cycloheximide treated human fibroblasts. In spite of a consistent 40% decrease in total polysomal 3H-uridine labeled RNA, a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in extractable mRNA was observed. These data provide direct evidence that protein synthesis inhibition stimulates the appearance of cytoplasmic mRNA and/or completely blocks its degradation and, are consistent with the hypothesis that mRNA accumulation partly underlies the superinduction phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:903380", "title": "Selective lethal effect of thymidine on human and mouse tumor cells.", "content": "Human cell lines derived from a melanoma and a colon carcinoma, and cultures of human melanocytes and intestinal epithelial cells, as well as a mouse mesenchymal non-neoplastic cell line and a malignant subline of the same have been quantitatively studied in tissue culture for their sensitivity to thymidine. All three tumor lines produced solid tumors when injected into nude thymus-deficient mice. No tumors were obtained by injecting cells of the human normal long-term cultures or the non-neoplastic mouse line. The tumor-producing lines showed a greater sensitivity to the lethal effects of high concentrations of thymidine than their non-tumor-producing counterparts. Less than 23% of the tumor cells survived 72 hours in the presence of 1 mg/ml of thymidine, in contrast to 60% or more of the non-tumor cells. Colony formation was much more inhibited by thymidine and the differential between normal and tumor cells was even more pronounced. Tumor cells which also were treated for 72 hours with 1 mg/ml of thymidine and then plated in fresh medium formed very few colonies. If the plating efficiency of the untreated controls is considered as 100%, 4.3% or less of the treated tumor cells formed colonies, in contrast to 33% or more of the non-tumor cells.", "contents": "Selective lethal effect of thymidine on human and mouse tumor cells. Human cell lines derived from a melanoma and a colon carcinoma, and cultures of human melanocytes and intestinal epithelial cells, as well as a mouse mesenchymal non-neoplastic cell line and a malignant subline of the same have been quantitatively studied in tissue culture for their sensitivity to thymidine. All three tumor lines produced solid tumors when injected into nude thymus-deficient mice. No tumors were obtained by injecting cells of the human normal long-term cultures or the non-neoplastic mouse line. The tumor-producing lines showed a greater sensitivity to the lethal effects of high concentrations of thymidine than their non-tumor-producing counterparts. Less than 23% of the tumor cells survived 72 hours in the presence of 1 mg/ml of thymidine, in contrast to 60% or more of the non-tumor cells. Colony formation was much more inhibited by thymidine and the differential between normal and tumor cells was even more pronounced. Tumor cells which also were treated for 72 hours with 1 mg/ml of thymidine and then plated in fresh medium formed very few colonies. If the plating efficiency of the untreated controls is considered as 100%, 4.3% or less of the treated tumor cells formed colonies, in contrast to 33% or more of the non-tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:903383", "title": "Responses of protein synthesis and degradation in growth control of WI-38 cells.", "content": "The overall rates of protein synthesis and degradation in perfusion-grown WI-38 cells were followed in the three days after a stepdown in the serum concentration of the culture medium, from 10% to 0.3%. Within three hours after the stepdown, the rate of protein synthesis had decreased and the rate of protein degradation had increased, the combined result being the cessation of protein accumulation. The degradation rate returned over the next three days to its original value, but a zero rate of accumulation was retained because the synthesis rate continued to decline. The rate of DNA synthesis remained constant for six hours after the stepdown. It then declined steadily until reaching a minimum about eight hours later. The results show that extracellular control of protein accumulation depends on adjustments in both protein synthesis and protein degradation, and that the adjustments take place rapidly. This behavior suggests that the cell cycle is arrested after a stepdown because post-mitotic cells are unable to accumulate additional protein. However, an alternative interpretation of the data is that at least part of the changed accumulation is the result, rather than the cause, of the cycle arrest, and that the arrest is caused by other, more specific, reactions than those of general protein metabolism.", "contents": "Responses of protein synthesis and degradation in growth control of WI-38 cells. The overall rates of protein synthesis and degradation in perfusion-grown WI-38 cells were followed in the three days after a stepdown in the serum concentration of the culture medium, from 10% to 0.3%. Within three hours after the stepdown, the rate of protein synthesis had decreased and the rate of protein degradation had increased, the combined result being the cessation of protein accumulation. The degradation rate returned over the next three days to its original value, but a zero rate of accumulation was retained because the synthesis rate continued to decline. The rate of DNA synthesis remained constant for six hours after the stepdown. It then declined steadily until reaching a minimum about eight hours later. The results show that extracellular control of protein accumulation depends on adjustments in both protein synthesis and protein degradation, and that the adjustments take place rapidly. This behavior suggests that the cell cycle is arrested after a stepdown because post-mitotic cells are unable to accumulate additional protein. However, an alternative interpretation of the data is that at least part of the changed accumulation is the result, rather than the cause, of the cycle arrest, and that the arrest is caused by other, more specific, reactions than those of general protein metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:903384", "title": "Cell surface glycosaminoglycans: identification and organization in cultured human embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "A morphologically detectable cell coat, composed of glycoprotein, glycolipid, and glycosaminoglycan, is present on the external surface of most vertebrate cells. We have investigated the composition and organization of glycosaminoglycans in the cell coat of cultured human embryo fibroblasts by labeling cells with 3H-glucosamine and Na235SO4 and subsequently treating cultures with specific enzymes. Components released were identified by chromatography and specific enzymatic digestion. In situ incubation with leech hyaluronidase (4 microgram/ml) removed only hyaluronic acid from the cell surface whereas testicular hyaluronidase (0.5 mg/ml) removed both hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. Trypsin (0.1 mg/ml) released a large mass of glycopeptides in addition to hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate. The affinity of the cell coat for the cationic dye, ruthenium red, was reduced by leech hyaluronidase treatment. Sequential enzyme digestions of the cell surface showed that hyaluronic acid could be removed without the concomitant or subsequent release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, suggesting that the hyaluronic acid is not a structural backbone for glycosaminoglycan complexes of the external cell surface.", "contents": "Cell surface glycosaminoglycans: identification and organization in cultured human embryo fibroblasts. A morphologically detectable cell coat, composed of glycoprotein, glycolipid, and glycosaminoglycan, is present on the external surface of most vertebrate cells. We have investigated the composition and organization of glycosaminoglycans in the cell coat of cultured human embryo fibroblasts by labeling cells with 3H-glucosamine and Na235SO4 and subsequently treating cultures with specific enzymes. Components released were identified by chromatography and specific enzymatic digestion. In situ incubation with leech hyaluronidase (4 microgram/ml) removed only hyaluronic acid from the cell surface whereas testicular hyaluronidase (0.5 mg/ml) removed both hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. Trypsin (0.1 mg/ml) released a large mass of glycopeptides in addition to hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate. The affinity of the cell coat for the cationic dye, ruthenium red, was reduced by leech hyaluronidase treatment. Sequential enzyme digestions of the cell surface showed that hyaluronic acid could be removed without the concomitant or subsequent release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, suggesting that the hyaluronic acid is not a structural backbone for glycosaminoglycan complexes of the external cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:903385", "title": "Proliferative response of human diploid fibroblasts to intermittent light exposure.", "content": "Three- to four-hour exposure to fluorescent light, one to three times weekly, reproducibly enhanced the proliferation rate of human diploid fibroblasts. This enhancement was observed in WI-38 and a line from whole embryo mince at late population doubling level (PDL) as well as in a line from adult skin at early PDL. Single or multiple exposures of short duration stimulated proliferation, whereas exposures of long duration were cytotoxic. This proliferative response is reversible, and is mediated through the culture medium, Dulbecco Vogt's supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Apparently light produces some mitogenic substance(s) in the culture medium that accumulates in the cells and is toxic or growth-stimulatory depending on its concentration per cell. Another possibility is that light produces in the medium both cytotoxic and growth-stimulatory substances.", "contents": "Proliferative response of human diploid fibroblasts to intermittent light exposure. Three- to four-hour exposure to fluorescent light, one to three times weekly, reproducibly enhanced the proliferation rate of human diploid fibroblasts. This enhancement was observed in WI-38 and a line from whole embryo mince at late population doubling level (PDL) as well as in a line from adult skin at early PDL. Single or multiple exposures of short duration stimulated proliferation, whereas exposures of long duration were cytotoxic. This proliferative response is reversible, and is mediated through the culture medium, Dulbecco Vogt's supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Apparently light produces some mitogenic substance(s) in the culture medium that accumulates in the cells and is toxic or growth-stimulatory depending on its concentration per cell. Another possibility is that light produces in the medium both cytotoxic and growth-stimulatory substances."}
{"id": "PMID:903394", "title": "Parathyroid hormone and the hypercalcemia of immobilization.", "content": "Serial measurements of serum calcium and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) were performed in two young patients with hypercalcemia of immobilization. Serum PTH was elevated in both patients. With mobilization, both serum PTH and serum calcium returned to normal levels and remained so during six months of follow-up. The hyperparathyroidism of immobilization is an unexplained, reversible disorder that should be treated by medical measures and aggresive attempts at early mobilization.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone and the hypercalcemia of immobilization. Serial measurements of serum calcium and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) were performed in two young patients with hypercalcemia of immobilization. Serum PTH was elevated in both patients. With mobilization, both serum PTH and serum calcium returned to normal levels and remained so during six months of follow-up. The hyperparathyroidism of immobilization is an unexplained, reversible disorder that should be treated by medical measures and aggresive attempts at early mobilization."}
{"id": "PMID:903400", "title": "Absence of hCG-like activity in the blood of women fitted with intra-uterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Blood was obtained at various stages of the menstrual cycle from 201 women fitted with intra-uterine contraceptive devices (IUDs), and plasma levels of hCG were determined by radioimmunoassay. Urine samples were obtained from 117 of these women and tested, before and after sephadex gel filtration, in a haemagglutination inhibition test for pregnancy (Pregnosticon). Plasma hCG was undetectable (less than 25 MLU/ml) in all but one of the 201 women and, in this instance, the hCG-assay appeared to be measuring a midcycle peak of LH, as evidenced by high plasma FSH levels. All unextracted urines gave negative results in the Pregnosticon test but, after extraction, 18 of the 117 urines gave positive reactions, most of these being from women at midcycle or in the luteal phase. We conclude that the IUD does not permit the development of the embryo to a point where it is capable of secreting measurable amounts of hCG. Recent claims to the contrary are probably due to  cross-reaction of LH or non-specific interference in the assays used for measuring hCG.", "contents": "Absence of hCG-like activity in the blood of women fitted with intra-uterine contraceptive devices. Blood was obtained at various stages of the menstrual cycle from 201 women fitted with intra-uterine contraceptive devices (IUDs), and plasma levels of hCG were determined by radioimmunoassay. Urine samples were obtained from 117 of these women and tested, before and after sephadex gel filtration, in a haemagglutination inhibition test for pregnancy (Pregnosticon). Plasma hCG was undetectable (less than 25 MLU/ml) in all but one of the 201 women and, in this instance, the hCG-assay appeared to be measuring a midcycle peak of LH, as evidenced by high plasma FSH levels. All unextracted urines gave negative results in the Pregnosticon test but, after extraction, 18 of the 117 urines gave positive reactions, most of these being from women at midcycle or in the luteal phase. We conclude that the IUD does not permit the development of the embryo to a point where it is capable of secreting measurable amounts of hCG. Recent claims to the contrary are probably due to  cross-reaction of LH or non-specific interference in the assays used for measuring hCG."}
{"id": "PMID:903404", "title": "Failure of triiodothyronine to inhibit TSH-mediated thyroid hormone release in man.", "content": "We studied the effect of short-term triiodothyronine administration on thyroid gland responsivity to exogenous thyrotropin in four euthyroid human subjects. Thyroidal iodine release and serum thyroxine during daily im injections of bovine TSH were not significantly inhibited, despite a four-fold elevation in serum T3 concentrations. This negative finding contrasts with earlier positive reports of a regulatory \"short-loop\" effect of elevated circulating T3 on the thyroid gland. This difference may be due either to the use in previous murine or in vitro studies of non-physiologic, high doses of exogenous T3, or failure to control the withdrawal of the trophic effect of endogenous TSH in man on the subsequent glandular response.", "contents": "Failure of triiodothyronine to inhibit TSH-mediated thyroid hormone release in man. We studied the effect of short-term triiodothyronine administration on thyroid gland responsivity to exogenous thyrotropin in four euthyroid human subjects. Thyroidal iodine release and serum thyroxine during daily im injections of bovine TSH were not significantly inhibited, despite a four-fold elevation in serum T3 concentrations. This negative finding contrasts with earlier positive reports of a regulatory \"short-loop\" effect of elevated circulating T3 on the thyroid gland. This difference may be due either to the use in previous murine or in vitro studies of non-physiologic, high doses of exogenous T3, or failure to control the withdrawal of the trophic effect of endogenous TSH in man on the subsequent glandular response."}
{"id": "PMID:903405", "title": "Potentiation of insulin action: a probable mechanism for the anti-diabetic action of sulfonylurea drugs.", "content": "Insulin action was assessed by measuring insulin-mediated glucose disposal (KI) in 13 non-ketotic diabetic patients both before treatment and after normalization of plasma glucose by diet (5 patients) or sulfonylurea (glipizide) therapy (8 patients). While the KI of the diet-treated group was unchanged by therapy, that of the glipizide-treated group was significantly increased. The data show that chronic glipizide therapy is associated with a potentiation of insulin action, which may account for the major anti-diabetic effect of this drug.", "contents": "Potentiation of insulin action: a probable mechanism for the anti-diabetic action of sulfonylurea drugs. Insulin action was assessed by measuring insulin-mediated glucose disposal (KI) in 13 non-ketotic diabetic patients both before treatment and after normalization of plasma glucose by diet (5 patients) or sulfonylurea (glipizide) therapy (8 patients). While the KI of the diet-treated group was unchanged by therapy, that of the glipizide-treated group was significantly increased. The data show that chronic glipizide therapy is associated with a potentiation of insulin action, which may account for the major anti-diabetic effect of this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:903406", "title": "A methodological study of factors affecting the judgment of misarticulated /s/.", "content": "Two studies involving judgments of /s/ misarticulation are described. The first involved simultaneous audio and video recordings of three clinically different /s/ misarticulating children. Their recorded /s/ productions, embedded in 54 sentences with varying phonetic contexts, were judged on an acceptable/unacceptable/questionable basis. There was a large proportion of judgments in the questionable category, relatively low interjudge reliability, and few clear enhancing contexts. To better define the problems inherent in using recorded /s/ misarticulations, a second study was undertaken in which six specially chosen /s/ defective and eight normally speaking subjects spoke a set of 12 sentences containing a total of 24 /s/ target words. These productions were judged dichotomously as correct/incorrect under live conditions and from tape recorded conditions. Both normal and /s/ defectives were easily and reliably detected under live speaking conditions; judgments from tape recordings showed a reduction in reliability of judgment and reduced ability to detect the /s/ defective speakers' errors. Examination of the recorded /s/ defective productions revealed that certain phonetic contexts, especially adjacent apical stops, appeared to encourage judgments of correct /s/ productions. Thd discussion includes suggestion concerning techniques for sampling and judging /s/ misarticulations.", "contents": "A methodological study of factors affecting the judgment of misarticulated /s/. Two studies involving judgments of /s/ misarticulation are described. The first involved simultaneous audio and video recordings of three clinically different /s/ misarticulating children. Their recorded /s/ productions, embedded in 54 sentences with varying phonetic contexts, were judged on an acceptable/unacceptable/questionable basis. There was a large proportion of judgments in the questionable category, relatively low interjudge reliability, and few clear enhancing contexts. To better define the problems inherent in using recorded /s/ misarticulations, a second study was undertaken in which six specially chosen /s/ defective and eight normally speaking subjects spoke a set of 12 sentences containing a total of 24 /s/ target words. These productions were judged dichotomously as correct/incorrect under live conditions and from tape recorded conditions. Both normal and /s/ defectives were easily and reliably detected under live speaking conditions; judgments from tape recordings showed a reduction in reliability of judgment and reduced ability to detect the /s/ defective speakers' errors. Examination of the recorded /s/ defective productions revealed that certain phonetic contexts, especially adjacent apical stops, appeared to encourage judgments of correct /s/ productions. Thd discussion includes suggestion concerning techniques for sampling and judging /s/ misarticulations."}
{"id": "PMID:903407", "title": "The effects of examiner race on the articulation responses of black school-aged children.", "content": "Ninety 6-, 7-, and 8-year-old black children were administered the Watts Articulation Test for Screening by a white examiner and by a black examiner. The subjects' obtained significantly better articulation scores when the test was administered by the white examiner than when it was administered by the black examiner. Age of subjects and the interactions of age and sex, and of examiner age and sex were found to be significant.", "contents": "The effects of examiner race on the articulation responses of black school-aged children. Ninety 6-, 7-, and 8-year-old black children were administered the Watts Articulation Test for Screening by a white examiner and by a black examiner. The subjects' obtained significantly better articulation scores when the test was administered by the white examiner than when it was administered by the black examiner. Age of subjects and the interactions of age and sex, and of examiner age and sex were found to be significant."}
{"id": "PMID:903408", "title": "Generalization of an operant remediation program for syntax with language delayed children.", "content": "Generalization of the Monterey Behavioral Sciences Institute operant language program was assessed. Six male and three female children (4 years, 4 months to 6 years, 3 months) receiving language remediation were randomly assigned to (I) the Monterey program for the syntactic structure \"is interrogative\" (including the home carryover phase) plus an extended transfer program devised by the investigators (II) the Monterey \"is interrogative\" program alone (including the home carryover), or (III) a control activity (articulation training). Language samples evoked by a variety of language tasks were collected outside the treatment settling preceding and following treatment. Standard within-clinic measures indicated that groups I and II improved a significant, equal amount. However, the extraclinic language measures showed that group I demonstrated significantly greater improvement than group II; neither group II nor group III showed significant extraclinic improvement. Extraclinic generalization occurred, therefore, only for the group receiving the special extended transfer training.", "contents": "Generalization of an operant remediation program for syntax with language delayed children. Generalization of the Monterey Behavioral Sciences Institute operant language program was assessed. Six male and three female children (4 years, 4 months to 6 years, 3 months) receiving language remediation were randomly assigned to (I) the Monterey program for the syntactic structure \"is interrogative\" (including the home carryover phase) plus an extended transfer program devised by the investigators (II) the Monterey \"is interrogative\" program alone (including the home carryover), or (III) a control activity (articulation training). Language samples evoked by a variety of language tasks were collected outside the treatment settling preceding and following treatment. Standard within-clinic measures indicated that groups I and II improved a significant, equal amount. However, the extraclinic language measures showed that group I demonstrated significantly greater improvement than group II; neither group II nor group III showed significant extraclinic improvement. Extraclinic generalization occurred, therefore, only for the group receiving the special extended transfer training."}
{"id": "PMID:903409", "title": "Diagnosis and intervention of adult articulation errors based on distinctive feature theory and the Mysak feedback model of therapy.", "content": "This article explores the applicability of distinctive feature theory to the phonological problems of high school and college students and to a feedback model of therapy. Results suggest that high school and college students with numerous substitutions have phonological errors that can be accounted for on a distinctive feature basis. Therefore, diagnosis of such students should include a distinctive feature analysis. Pilot data also indicate that a client can be taught to differentiate between correct and incorrect features rather than correct and error phonemes, and that distinctive feature theory is applicable to a feedback model of therapy.", "contents": "Diagnosis and intervention of adult articulation errors based on distinctive feature theory and the Mysak feedback model of therapy. This article explores the applicability of distinctive feature theory to the phonological problems of high school and college students and to a feedback model of therapy. Results suggest that high school and college students with numerous substitutions have phonological errors that can be accounted for on a distinctive feature basis. Therefore, diagnosis of such students should include a distinctive feature analysis. Pilot data also indicate that a client can be taught to differentiate between correct and incorrect features rather than correct and error phonemes, and that distinctive feature theory is applicable to a feedback model of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:903410", "title": "The effect of task variables on speech during oral anesthesia.", "content": "A normal, adult female performed a variety of speech tasks before and after a series of nerve-block injections that anesthetized the oral cavity. The tasks included diadokokinesis, imitation of unfamiliar Swedish phonemes, production of one-, two-, three-, and four-syllable words, and of two prose passages. Four experienced judges scored misarticulations. Intelligibility was determined in a series of listening studies involving college students. The highest percentage of misarticulations occurred on the single-syllable word list and the most complex prose passage. There were virtually no misarticulations on the two- or three-syllable words. Intelligibility tended to covary with articulation, but the specific nature of the relationship depended on the particular speech task. A misarticulation was especially likely to result in unintelligibility on the most difficult passage, although not all unintelligible words on that passage were attributable to phonemic errors.", "contents": "The effect of task variables on speech during oral anesthesia. A normal, adult female performed a variety of speech tasks before and after a series of nerve-block injections that anesthetized the oral cavity. The tasks included diadokokinesis, imitation of unfamiliar Swedish phonemes, production of one-, two-, three-, and four-syllable words, and of two prose passages. Four experienced judges scored misarticulations. Intelligibility was determined in a series of listening studies involving college students. The highest percentage of misarticulations occurred on the single-syllable word list and the most complex prose passage. There were virtually no misarticulations on the two- or three-syllable words. Intelligibility tended to covary with articulation, but the specific nature of the relationship depended on the particular speech task. A misarticulation was especially likely to result in unintelligibility on the most difficult passage, although not all unintelligible words on that passage were attributable to phonemic errors."}
{"id": "PMID:903411", "title": "Simultaneous communication with autistic and other severely dysfunctional nonverbal children.", "content": "Despite its widespread application, the teaching of speech does not appear to be effective with all autistic and other severely dysfunctional, nonverbal children. A body of recent evidence points to the peculiarities in the information processing of these children and to the importance of gestures as aids or alternatives to speech. The present study reports on the use of simultaneous communication (gestures plus speech) with five such children. The fact that four of the five children showed marked gains in their ability to communicate over a 5-week period raises some theoretical and methodological issues pertinent to the treatment of autistic and autistic-like children and to our general understanding of the processes involved in nonverbal communication.", "contents": "Simultaneous communication with autistic and other severely dysfunctional nonverbal children. Despite its widespread application, the teaching of speech does not appear to be effective with all autistic and other severely dysfunctional, nonverbal children. A body of recent evidence points to the peculiarities in the information processing of these children and to the importance of gestures as aids or alternatives to speech. The present study reports on the use of simultaneous communication (gestures plus speech) with five such children. The fact that four of the five children showed marked gains in their ability to communicate over a 5-week period raises some theoretical and methodological issues pertinent to the treatment of autistic and autistic-like children and to our general understanding of the processes involved in nonverbal communication."}
{"id": "PMID:903413", "title": "The distribution of 3H-leucine labeled protein in the retinula cells of the crayfish retina.", "content": "The synthesis and distribution of 3H-leucine labeled protein was studied under conditions of diurnal lighting in the retinula cells of the crayfish retina with both light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Times ranging from two minutes to seven days after an intracardiac injection were analyzed. Quantification of the electron microscopic autoradiograms revealed that labeling of the cytoplasm was greater than the rhabdome at 2, 5, and 30 minutes and reached a peak at 12 hours. The rhabdome showed increasing activity after 5, 30, and 60 minutes, also reaching a peak at 12 hours. Radioactive label in cytoplasmic multivesicular bodies was higher than activity measured in either the total cytoplasm or rhabdome at all times except two minutes. Two temporally different microvillar labeling patterns were seen under diurnal lighting conditions. (1) Microvilli forming the slightly enlarged distal tip of the rhabdome retained their radioactivity at 1, 3, and 7 days, when labeling of the rest of the rhabdome microvilli was decreasing. (2) In the remainder of the microvilli, labeling at 1 and 12 hours appeared as a gradient which declined toward the proximal end of the rhabdome. This gradient subsequently reversed itself, showing heavier proximal labeling at three days. In a second experiment, labeling patterns in light and dark adapted rhabdomes were compared. In the dark, a distinct gradient of activity was observed with radioactivity concentrated distally and declining toward the proximal end of the rhabdome. A more even distribution of label was present in the light adapted eye, but a slight distal-proximal gradient was still present. The dark adapted rhabdomes had more radioactivity per unit area than those exposed to light.", "contents": "The distribution of 3H-leucine labeled protein in the retinula cells of the crayfish retina. The synthesis and distribution of 3H-leucine labeled protein was studied under conditions of diurnal lighting in the retinula cells of the crayfish retina with both light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Times ranging from two minutes to seven days after an intracardiac injection were analyzed. Quantification of the electron microscopic autoradiograms revealed that labeling of the cytoplasm was greater than the rhabdome at 2, 5, and 30 minutes and reached a peak at 12 hours. The rhabdome showed increasing activity after 5, 30, and 60 minutes, also reaching a peak at 12 hours. Radioactive label in cytoplasmic multivesicular bodies was higher than activity measured in either the total cytoplasm or rhabdome at all times except two minutes. Two temporally different microvillar labeling patterns were seen under diurnal lighting conditions. (1) Microvilli forming the slightly enlarged distal tip of the rhabdome retained their radioactivity at 1, 3, and 7 days, when labeling of the rest of the rhabdome microvilli was decreasing. (2) In the remainder of the microvilli, labeling at 1 and 12 hours appeared as a gradient which declined toward the proximal end of the rhabdome. This gradient subsequently reversed itself, showing heavier proximal labeling at three days. In a second experiment, labeling patterns in light and dark adapted rhabdomes were compared. In the dark, a distinct gradient of activity was observed with radioactivity concentrated distally and declining toward the proximal end of the rhabdome. A more even distribution of label was present in the light adapted eye, but a slight distal-proximal gradient was still present. The dark adapted rhabdomes had more radioactivity per unit area than those exposed to light."}
{"id": "PMID:903414", "title": "The parasagittal zonation within the olivocerebellar projection. I. Climbing fiber distribution in the vermis of cat cerebellum.", "content": "After lesions of inferior olive, survival times of 5 to 12 days and Nauta staining, degeneration is present in white matter and central cerebellar nuclei and Deiters' nucleus. Shorter survival times from 40 to 60 hours and Fink-Heimer impregnantion reveal degenerating climbing fiber terminals in the molecular layer. With 3H-leucine autoradiography and survival times of three to seven days the entire trajectory of the climbing fibers can be traced. Olivocerebellar fibers cross in the brain stem and terminate contralaterally in cortex and central nuclei. Occasional labeling of mossy fiber terminals is explained by involvement of reticular nuclei. Small parts of the inferior olive connect with narrow longitudinal zones in the cortex through compartments in the white matter. The corresponding distribution of olivocerebellar fibers and Purkinje cell axons over these compartments suggests that the organization of the olivocerebellar and corticonuclear projection is essentially similar. Collaterals always terminate in the central cerebellar nucleus which receives a corticonuclear projection from the zone in which the parent fibers terminate. Caudal medial accessory olive projects to medial vermal zone A and to fastigial nucleus, subnucleus beta projecting to lobule VII and caudal fastigial nucleus. Caudal dorsal accessory olive projects to lateral vermal zone B in lobules I-VI, Deiters' nucleus and dorsomedial subnucleus of interposed nucleus. The caudal principal olive (dorsal cap, ventrolateral outgrowth receiving visual and vestibular input) projects to flocculo-nodular lobe.", "contents": "The parasagittal zonation within the olivocerebellar projection. I. Climbing fiber distribution in the vermis of cat cerebellum. After lesions of inferior olive, survival times of 5 to 12 days and Nauta staining, degeneration is present in white matter and central cerebellar nuclei and Deiters' nucleus. Shorter survival times from 40 to 60 hours and Fink-Heimer impregnantion reveal degenerating climbing fiber terminals in the molecular layer. With 3H-leucine autoradiography and survival times of three to seven days the entire trajectory of the climbing fibers can be traced. Olivocerebellar fibers cross in the brain stem and terminate contralaterally in cortex and central nuclei. Occasional labeling of mossy fiber terminals is explained by involvement of reticular nuclei. Small parts of the inferior olive connect with narrow longitudinal zones in the cortex through compartments in the white matter. The corresponding distribution of olivocerebellar fibers and Purkinje cell axons over these compartments suggests that the organization of the olivocerebellar and corticonuclear projection is essentially similar. Collaterals always terminate in the central cerebellar nucleus which receives a corticonuclear projection from the zone in which the parent fibers terminate. Caudal medial accessory olive projects to medial vermal zone A and to fastigial nucleus, subnucleus beta projecting to lobule VII and caudal fastigial nucleus. Caudal dorsal accessory olive projects to lateral vermal zone B in lobules I-VI, Deiters' nucleus and dorsomedial subnucleus of interposed nucleus. The caudal principal olive (dorsal cap, ventrolateral outgrowth receiving visual and vestibular input) projects to flocculo-nodular lobe."}
{"id": "PMID:903416", "title": "Interlaminer connections of rat visual cortex: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Thermal lesions were made in layers I, II, and upper par of layer III of rat visual cortex. The distribution of degenerating axons and axon terminals in layers IV, V, and VI was studied using electron microscopic techniques. Following supragranular thermal lesions, the majority of degenerating axon terminals were found in layer V, with extension into the adjacent part of layer VI. Neural profiles postsynaptic to degenerating axon terminals were found in these layers in the following distribution: 81.7% on spines of small to medium size dendrites; 18.2% on dendrite shafts; and less than 1% on neuronal perikarya. Few degenerating terminals were found on or near apical dendrites. Degenerating terminals were identified on shafts of stellate-type dendrites found in upper part of layer V. Degenerating axons oriented parallel to the cortical surface were found most often in deep layer IV and upper layer V. Degenerating axons were also seen in axon bundles coursing vertically through layer IV. Approximately 10% of the terminals within a grid square have undergone degeneration; no clustering of degenerating terminals was found in vertical or transverse sections through layers V and VI. We suggest that most axon terminals arising from pyramidal neurons in layers II and upper III synapse with spines and shafts of dendrite branches originating from pyramidal neurons in layer V and perhaps VI.", "contents": "Interlaminer connections of rat visual cortex: an ultrastructural study. Thermal lesions were made in layers I, II, and upper par of layer III of rat visual cortex. The distribution of degenerating axons and axon terminals in layers IV, V, and VI was studied using electron microscopic techniques. Following supragranular thermal lesions, the majority of degenerating axon terminals were found in layer V, with extension into the adjacent part of layer VI. Neural profiles postsynaptic to degenerating axon terminals were found in these layers in the following distribution: 81.7% on spines of small to medium size dendrites; 18.2% on dendrite shafts; and less than 1% on neuronal perikarya. Few degenerating terminals were found on or near apical dendrites. Degenerating terminals were identified on shafts of stellate-type dendrites found in upper part of layer V. Degenerating axons oriented parallel to the cortical surface were found most often in deep layer IV and upper layer V. Degenerating axons were also seen in axon bundles coursing vertically through layer IV. Approximately 10% of the terminals within a grid square have undergone degeneration; no clustering of degenerating terminals was found in vertical or transverse sections through layers V and VI. We suggest that most axon terminals arising from pyramidal neurons in layers II and upper III synapse with spines and shafts of dendrite branches originating from pyramidal neurons in layer V and perhaps VI."}
{"id": "PMID:903417", "title": "Some visual and other connections to the cerebellum of the pigeon.", "content": "By anatomical techniques it has been shown that folia VIc-IXc of the pigeon cerebellum receive inputs from the following groups of neurons: the medial and lateral pontine nuclei, the superficial synencephalic nucleus, the medial spiriform nucleus, the inferior olive, and the deep cerebellar nuclei. From all but the last of these, the projection is mainly crossed, though the uncrossed component from the lateral pontine nucleus is not insubstantial. The input from the superficial synencephalic nucleus provides a direct pathway from the retina to the cerebellum (folia VIc, VII, VIII and IXc). Less direct visual pathways reach the cerebellum via the following routes: (i) the superficial synencephalic nucleus projects ipsilaterally to the lateral pontine nucleus and sparsely to the inferior olive; (ii) the tectum projects ipsilaterally to the lateral and medial pontine nuclei, though the latter connection is sparse. In electrophysiological experiments, the importance of the tecto-pontine component of the projection has been demonstrated by cooling the tectum while recording visual responses from the cerebellum. The visual receptive fields of pontine cells have been analysed. They vary in extent from 10 degrees to the whole monocular field. They respond best to moving targets, preferring speeds of 20 to 60 degrees/second, and are usually direction-selective.", "contents": "Some visual and other connections to the cerebellum of the pigeon. By anatomical techniques it has been shown that folia VIc-IXc of the pigeon cerebellum receive inputs from the following groups of neurons: the medial and lateral pontine nuclei, the superficial synencephalic nucleus, the medial spiriform nucleus, the inferior olive, and the deep cerebellar nuclei. From all but the last of these, the projection is mainly crossed, though the uncrossed component from the lateral pontine nucleus is not insubstantial. The input from the superficial synencephalic nucleus provides a direct pathway from the retina to the cerebellum (folia VIc, VII, VIII and IXc). Less direct visual pathways reach the cerebellum via the following routes: (i) the superficial synencephalic nucleus projects ipsilaterally to the lateral pontine nucleus and sparsely to the inferior olive; (ii) the tectum projects ipsilaterally to the lateral and medial pontine nuclei, though the latter connection is sparse. In electrophysiological experiments, the importance of the tecto-pontine component of the projection has been demonstrated by cooling the tectum while recording visual responses from the cerebellum. The visual receptive fields of pontine cells have been analysed. They vary in extent from 10 degrees to the whole monocular field. They respond best to moving targets, preferring speeds of 20 to 60 degrees/second, and are usually direction-selective."}
{"id": "PMID:903418", "title": "Retinofugal projections in the lepidosirenid lungfishes.", "content": "Autoradiographic and silver methods indicate that the African and South American lungfishes, Protopterus and Lepidosiren, lack ipsilateral retinal projections. Contralaterally, the retina projects to the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, to four discrete areas located in the lateral neuropil of the thalamus, to a superficial pretectal neuropil, to the upper half of the tectal neutropil, and to a laterally situated basal optic neuropil located in the rostral tegmentum. The overall pattern of the primary retinofugal projections is markedly similar to that of amphibians which suggests that lungfishes may be more closely related to amphibians than to actinopterygian fishes. Neotenic trends in both lepidosirenid lungfishes and urodeles may be expressions of parallelism, hence Latimeria and Neoceratodus must be examined to resolve this phylogenetic problem. A 300-fold range in the size of the eye, indicated by the number of ganglion cells present, occurs among lungfishes, salamanders and frogs. This variation may have implications for recognizing the morphological expression of selection operating on the visual systems of lepidosirenids and amphibians.", "contents": "Retinofugal projections in the lepidosirenid lungfishes. Autoradiographic and silver methods indicate that the African and South American lungfishes, Protopterus and Lepidosiren, lack ipsilateral retinal projections. Contralaterally, the retina projects to the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, to four discrete areas located in the lateral neuropil of the thalamus, to a superficial pretectal neuropil, to the upper half of the tectal neutropil, and to a laterally situated basal optic neuropil located in the rostral tegmentum. The overall pattern of the primary retinofugal projections is markedly similar to that of amphibians which suggests that lungfishes may be more closely related to amphibians than to actinopterygian fishes. Neotenic trends in both lepidosirenid lungfishes and urodeles may be expressions of parallelism, hence Latimeria and Neoceratodus must be examined to resolve this phylogenetic problem. A 300-fold range in the size of the eye, indicated by the number of ganglion cells present, occurs among lungfishes, salamanders and frogs. This variation may have implications for recognizing the morphological expression of selection operating on the visual systems of lepidosirenids and amphibians."}
{"id": "PMID:903419", "title": "The connections of the trigeminal and facial motor nuclei in the brain of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) as revealed by anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The connections of the rostral and caudal parts of the trigeminal and facial motor nuclei in the carp were studied with the horseradish peroxidase technique. Following ionophoretic peroxidase injections in these motor nuclei, retrogradely labeled cells were observed together with anterogradely labeled motor cell processes. Several cellular areas in thalamus, cerebellum and medulla oblongata were shown to project to the V and VII motor nuclei. Labeled cells were found in the inferior lobe and the glomerular complex of the thalamus. In the medulla oblongata, cells in the descending trigeminal nucleus, reticular nuclei and motor nuclei other than those injected were labeled. Besides these conspicuous projections several smaller connections were also found. These findings are discussed on their significance to respiratory function. Anterogradely labeled cellular processes constitute a relatively simple network of fiber connections between the various motor nuclei and the reticular nuclei of the brainstem. This apparently dendritic system of the bulbar motor complex shows a certain degree of similarity to the structure of the motor system in the spinal cord, and might play a role in the coordinated control of the muscular system.", "contents": "The connections of the trigeminal and facial motor nuclei in the brain of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) as revealed by anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The connections of the rostral and caudal parts of the trigeminal and facial motor nuclei in the carp were studied with the horseradish peroxidase technique. Following ionophoretic peroxidase injections in these motor nuclei, retrogradely labeled cells were observed together with anterogradely labeled motor cell processes. Several cellular areas in thalamus, cerebellum and medulla oblongata were shown to project to the V and VII motor nuclei. Labeled cells were found in the inferior lobe and the glomerular complex of the thalamus. In the medulla oblongata, cells in the descending trigeminal nucleus, reticular nuclei and motor nuclei other than those injected were labeled. Besides these conspicuous projections several smaller connections were also found. These findings are discussed on their significance to respiratory function. Anterogradely labeled cellular processes constitute a relatively simple network of fiber connections between the various motor nuclei and the reticular nuclei of the brainstem. This apparently dendritic system of the bulbar motor complex shows a certain degree of similarity to the structure of the motor system in the spinal cord, and might play a role in the coordinated control of the muscular system."}
{"id": "PMID:903420", "title": "Commissural connections of the dentate area in the rat.", "content": "The commissural connections of the area dentata were investigated with the Fink-Heimer silver impregnation method and the commissural terminals in the hilus of the fascia dentata further studied by electron microscopy of anterograde degeneration. The commissural endings in the molecular layer were found to terminate as previously reported by others. In addition it was shown that the hilus also receives a significant commissural input. The commissural afferents to both the molecular layer and the hilus terminate along the full rostro-caudal extent of the area dentata, but with varying densities. The degeneration in the molecular layer is maximal dorso-rostrally and declines in the caudo-ventral direction, whereas the degeneration in the hilus varies inversely. The commissural terminals in the hilus make asymmetrical contacts with dendritic spines and to a lesser extent with dendritic stems. Dark, but otherwise apparently normal terminals with the features of mossy fiber boutons, were encountered in low numbers in both decommissurated and control animals. The commissural projection to the dentate area originates in the opposite hilus and possibly the adjacent part of CA3 (CA3c). Fibers from middle dorso-basal levels of the hilus to the opposite molecular layer are distributed more rostrally than ventrally relative to the level of the source of the fibers.", "contents": "Commissural connections of the dentate area in the rat. The commissural connections of the area dentata were investigated with the Fink-Heimer silver impregnation method and the commissural terminals in the hilus of the fascia dentata further studied by electron microscopy of anterograde degeneration. The commissural endings in the molecular layer were found to terminate as previously reported by others. In addition it was shown that the hilus also receives a significant commissural input. The commissural afferents to both the molecular layer and the hilus terminate along the full rostro-caudal extent of the area dentata, but with varying densities. The degeneration in the molecular layer is maximal dorso-rostrally and declines in the caudo-ventral direction, whereas the degeneration in the hilus varies inversely. The commissural terminals in the hilus make asymmetrical contacts with dendritic spines and to a lesser extent with dendritic stems. Dark, but otherwise apparently normal terminals with the features of mossy fiber boutons, were encountered in low numbers in both decommissurated and control animals. The commissural projection to the dentate area originates in the opposite hilus and possibly the adjacent part of CA3 (CA3c). Fibers from middle dorso-basal levels of the hilus to the opposite molecular layer are distributed more rostrally than ventrally relative to the level of the source of the fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:903423", "title": "Development of outer segments and synapses in the rabbit retina.", "content": "The peripheral retina of rabbits aged 0 to 60 days was studied by electron microscopy. Ribbon and conventional synaptogenesis was studied with serial sections, and the density of synapses of the inner plexiform layer was measured on large (1,500 micrometer 2) montages. Photoreceptor and bipolar ribbon synapses seem to develop similarly in that processes of the prospective dyad or triad contact the presynaptic ribbon-containing terminal one at a time. No statistically significant difference in the lengths of ribbon lamellae was found at 11 and 30 days. Conventional synapses appear to result from the aggregation of synaptic vesicles on one side of junctions that first existed as symmetrical membrane densities without vesicles. The length of the synaptic membrane specialization constant between 0 and 30 days. The density of inner plexiform layer conventional synapses remains at a low and roughly constant level from 0 to 9 days, after which there is an abrupt increase to a plateau at about 20 days. After nine days the density of ribbon synapses also increases, with an initially steep time course similar to that of conventional synapses. All subcategories of synapse studied (amacrine-to-amacrine, amacrine-to-bipolar, serial, and reciprocal) participate in the general increase between 9 and 20 days. Functional circuits of the inner plexiform layer thus seem to be assembled primarily during the second and third weeks of life.", "contents": "Development of outer segments and synapses in the rabbit retina. The peripheral retina of rabbits aged 0 to 60 days was studied by electron microscopy. Ribbon and conventional synaptogenesis was studied with serial sections, and the density of synapses of the inner plexiform layer was measured on large (1,500 micrometer 2) montages. Photoreceptor and bipolar ribbon synapses seem to develop similarly in that processes of the prospective dyad or triad contact the presynaptic ribbon-containing terminal one at a time. No statistically significant difference in the lengths of ribbon lamellae was found at 11 and 30 days. Conventional synapses appear to result from the aggregation of synaptic vesicles on one side of junctions that first existed as symmetrical membrane densities without vesicles. The length of the synaptic membrane specialization constant between 0 and 30 days. The density of inner plexiform layer conventional synapses remains at a low and roughly constant level from 0 to 9 days, after which there is an abrupt increase to a plateau at about 20 days. After nine days the density of ribbon synapses also increases, with an initially steep time course similar to that of conventional synapses. All subcategories of synapse studied (amacrine-to-amacrine, amacrine-to-bipolar, serial, and reciprocal) participate in the general increase between 9 and 20 days. Functional circuits of the inner plexiform layer thus seem to be assembled primarily during the second and third weeks of life."}
{"id": "PMID:903424", "title": "Maturation of function in the developing rabbit retina.", "content": "Retinas isolated from rabbits aged less than eight hours to adult were maintained in a flowing physiological medium. The electroretinogram or activity of single ganglion cells were recorded, and receptive fields were studied using stimulation of the retina with focused light. Retinal activity was stable for at least eight hours of incubation. Retinal ganglion cells are electrophysiologically active on the first day of life. They generate spontaneous bursts of action potentials at rates of 10 to 30 spikes/sec, separated by silent intervals of one to six minutes. Maintained trains of action potentials follow elevation of the concentration of K+ in the incubating medium to 10 mM. Ganglion cells are also stimulated by acetylcholine, with apparent thresholds equal to or lower than those of ganglion cells in adult retinas. The first response of the retina to light is a small cornea-negative transretinal potential at day 6, presumably  PIII of the electroretinogram. Responses of the ganglion cells are seen at eight days, but the responses are weak and adapt quickly to repeated stimulation. Many unresponsive cells are present. By ten days 60% of ganglion cells respond to light, and examples of mature receptive fields are present. Immature receptive fields at ten days fall into two rough classes, one characterized by a large responsive area with no antagonistic surround, and a second in which the surround can suppress the response to illumination of the center but can not itself cause a discharge. Immature fields are progressively replaced by mature ones, and by 20 days the qualitative organization of receptive fields is indistinguishable from adult.", "contents": "Maturation of function in the developing rabbit retina. Retinas isolated from rabbits aged less than eight hours to adult were maintained in a flowing physiological medium. The electroretinogram or activity of single ganglion cells were recorded, and receptive fields were studied using stimulation of the retina with focused light. Retinal activity was stable for at least eight hours of incubation. Retinal ganglion cells are electrophysiologically active on the first day of life. They generate spontaneous bursts of action potentials at rates of 10 to 30 spikes/sec, separated by silent intervals of one to six minutes. Maintained trains of action potentials follow elevation of the concentration of K+ in the incubating medium to 10 mM. Ganglion cells are also stimulated by acetylcholine, with apparent thresholds equal to or lower than those of ganglion cells in adult retinas. The first response of the retina to light is a small cornea-negative transretinal potential at day 6, presumably  PIII of the electroretinogram. Responses of the ganglion cells are seen at eight days, but the responses are weak and adapt quickly to repeated stimulation. Many unresponsive cells are present. By ten days 60% of ganglion cells respond to light, and examples of mature receptive fields are present. Immature receptive fields at ten days fall into two rough classes, one characterized by a large responsive area with no antagonistic surround, and a second in which the surround can suppress the response to illumination of the center but can not itself cause a discharge. Immature fields are progressively replaced by mature ones, and by 20 days the qualitative organization of receptive fields is indistinguishable from adult."}
{"id": "PMID:903425", "title": "Cytoarchitecture of the tectum mesencephali in two types of siluroid teleosts.", "content": "The cytoarchitecture of the tectum mesencephali in the siluroid teleosts Bagrus and Ictalurus was studied by means of the Golgi method. These animals are known to have a restricted visual system and it seemed important to study whether this fact would affect the existence or the shape of the main neuron types which have been described for highly visual teleosts. It had been shown for a variety of teleosts that the retinotectal axons and terminals occupy almost exclusively the stratum opticum and the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. The thickness of these strata in Bagrus and Ictalurus was found to be reduced. However, the main types of especially the vertically oriented neurons, such as the pyramidal, fusiform, large pyriform and periventricular neurons which have been described for highly visual species of teleosts, were also found in Bagrus and Ictalurus. Although their shape was somewhat distorted, these neurons, nevertheless, showed processes distributed to the same tectal layers as in highly visual teleosts and are accessible to horizontally distributed fiber systems such as marginal, telencephalotectal and commissural tectal fibers, as well as the retinotectal fibers. Nonvisual inputs appear to be considerably involved in the maintenance of the main neuron types in the siluroid tectum. For example, the pyramidal neuron's apical dendritic tree, which receives the excitatory input from the marginal fibers, is as well developed in siluroids as in highly visual teleosts.", "contents": "Cytoarchitecture of the tectum mesencephali in two types of siluroid teleosts. The cytoarchitecture of the tectum mesencephali in the siluroid teleosts Bagrus and Ictalurus was studied by means of the Golgi method. These animals are known to have a restricted visual system and it seemed important to study whether this fact would affect the existence or the shape of the main neuron types which have been described for highly visual teleosts. It had been shown for a variety of teleosts that the retinotectal axons and terminals occupy almost exclusively the stratum opticum and the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. The thickness of these strata in Bagrus and Ictalurus was found to be reduced. However, the main types of especially the vertically oriented neurons, such as the pyramidal, fusiform, large pyriform and periventricular neurons which have been described for highly visual species of teleosts, were also found in Bagrus and Ictalurus. Although their shape was somewhat distorted, these neurons, nevertheless, showed processes distributed to the same tectal layers as in highly visual teleosts and are accessible to horizontally distributed fiber systems such as marginal, telencephalotectal and commissural tectal fibers, as well as the retinotectal fibers. Nonvisual inputs appear to be considerably involved in the maintenance of the main neuron types in the siluroid tectum. For example, the pyramidal neuron's apical dendritic tree, which receives the excitatory input from the marginal fibers, is as well developed in siluroids as in highly visual teleosts."}
{"id": "PMID:903426", "title": "Anatomical and neurobehavioral investigations concerning the thalamo-cortical organization of the rat's visual system.", "content": "The organization of thalamic afferents to the rat's visual cortex was investigated autoradiographically and through the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) following infections into striate and peristriate cortex. The results revealed that Nucleus lateralis posterior (NLP) projects to a large peristriate cortical field that includes areas 18A, 7, and the anterior portion of area 18, and to a circumscribed temporal area corresponding to Krieg's ('46a,b) area 20. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) was shown to project to two spatially discontinuous cortical areas. The largest geniculate receiving area is partially coextensive with Krieg's area 17, but an extension of this projection posterior and medial to the striate cortex was found. In addition, a geniculate projection to a restricted field located in the lateral peristriate cortex was identified. Concurrent investigations were designed to assess the pattern discrimination abilities of rats prepared with striate cortical ablations, lesions in NLP and combined striate-cortical and thalamic ablations. Comparison of these animals with normal control subjects revealed that the striate cortex in the rat (as in the cat [Doty, '71; Sprague et al., '77] and the tree shrew [Killackey and Diamond, '71; Ware et al., '74]) is not necessary for successful pattern discrimination, and that the geniculo-striate and NLP-extra-striate projection systems are both involved in mediating the visual discriminative abilities of the rat. The results add species generality to the concept that the central connections to the visual cortex are characterized by parallel-conducting thalamic channels and contribute to the growing number of demonstrations that the extra-striate cortex and associated thalamic cell groups contribute significantly to the process of visual-pattern recognition.", "contents": "Anatomical and neurobehavioral investigations concerning the thalamo-cortical organization of the rat's visual system. The organization of thalamic afferents to the rat's visual cortex was investigated autoradiographically and through the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) following infections into striate and peristriate cortex. The results revealed that Nucleus lateralis posterior (NLP) projects to a large peristriate cortical field that includes areas 18A, 7, and the anterior portion of area 18, and to a circumscribed temporal area corresponding to Krieg's ('46a,b) area 20. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) was shown to project to two spatially discontinuous cortical areas. The largest geniculate receiving area is partially coextensive with Krieg's area 17, but an extension of this projection posterior and medial to the striate cortex was found. In addition, a geniculate projection to a restricted field located in the lateral peristriate cortex was identified. Concurrent investigations were designed to assess the pattern discrimination abilities of rats prepared with striate cortical ablations, lesions in NLP and combined striate-cortical and thalamic ablations. Comparison of these animals with normal control subjects revealed that the striate cortex in the rat (as in the cat [Doty, '71; Sprague et al., '77] and the tree shrew [Killackey and Diamond, '71; Ware et al., '74]) is not necessary for successful pattern discrimination, and that the geniculo-striate and NLP-extra-striate projection systems are both involved in mediating the visual discriminative abilities of the rat. The results add species generality to the concept that the central connections to the visual cortex are characterized by parallel-conducting thalamic channels and contribute to the growing number of demonstrations that the extra-striate cortex and associated thalamic cell groups contribute significantly to the process of visual-pattern recognition."}
{"id": "PMID:903427", "title": "Orientation of slit pupil and visual streak in the eye of the cat.", "content": "The orientation of the visual streak of the cat's retina was compared to that of the long axis of the slit pupil in the same eye. In five paralyzed, anesthetized cats, the retinal projection to the superior colliculus was mapped with electrophysiological techniques. The orientation of the visual streak was estimated from the projection in visual space of the collicular region of high magnification which corresponds to the central projection of the streak. The angle by which the streak was tilted from absolute horizontal was always within one or two degree of the angle by which the pupil axis was tilted from absolute vertical. This relationship was confirmed in three of the animals in which small retinal lesions were placed a known distance from the histologically determined axis of the streak. From the visual coordinates of these lesions, an independent estimate of the streak's orientation was obtained. In each case, the tilt of streak axis from horizontal differed by no more than 0.5 degrees from the tilt of the pupil axis from vertical. The results support the hypothesis that planes containing the long axis of the cat's slit pupil are perpendicular to planes containing the long axis of the visual streak of the same eye.", "contents": "Orientation of slit pupil and visual streak in the eye of the cat. The orientation of the visual streak of the cat's retina was compared to that of the long axis of the slit pupil in the same eye. In five paralyzed, anesthetized cats, the retinal projection to the superior colliculus was mapped with electrophysiological techniques. The orientation of the visual streak was estimated from the projection in visual space of the collicular region of high magnification which corresponds to the central projection of the streak. The angle by which the streak was tilted from absolute horizontal was always within one or two degree of the angle by which the pupil axis was tilted from absolute vertical. This relationship was confirmed in three of the animals in which small retinal lesions were placed a known distance from the histologically determined axis of the streak. From the visual coordinates of these lesions, an independent estimate of the streak's orientation was obtained. In each case, the tilt of streak axis from horizontal differed by no more than 0.5 degrees from the tilt of the pupil axis from vertical. The results support the hypothesis that planes containing the long axis of the cat's slit pupil are perpendicular to planes containing the long axis of the visual streak of the same eye."}
{"id": "PMID:903428", "title": "The nucleus corporis pontobulbaris of the North American opossum.", "content": "The nucleus of the pontobulbar body (PBu) in the North American opossum is located, for the most part, adjacent to the motor root of the trigeminal nerve. Material prepared by degeneration and autoradiographic methods shows that the PBu receives projections from the facial motor-sensory cortex, red nucleus, spinal cord and cerebellum. The latter fibers probably take origin within the fastigial nucleus. Each of the afferent connections ends in a restricuted part of the PBu, but there is considerable overlap. Use of the horseradish peroxidase technique reveals that the PBu projects to the spinal cerebellum (anterior lobe, pyramis and paramedian lobules), to visual-auditory areas of the vermis and to the lobus simplex as well as to crus I and II of the hemispheres. Although there is some topography to such projections, it is not sharply defined and many regions of the PBu contain labelled neurons after injections of horseradish peroxidase into widely separate areas of the cerebellar cortex. Because of its embryogenesis and position, the PBu is often considered part of the dorsolateral basilar pons. It appears from our material, however, that the organization of PBu afferent and efferent connections is different from that of the adjacent basilar pons, and arguments for considering the PBu a separate precerebellar nucleus are presented.", "contents": "The nucleus corporis pontobulbaris of the North American opossum. The nucleus of the pontobulbar body (PBu) in the North American opossum is located, for the most part, adjacent to the motor root of the trigeminal nerve. Material prepared by degeneration and autoradiographic methods shows that the PBu receives projections from the facial motor-sensory cortex, red nucleus, spinal cord and cerebellum. The latter fibers probably take origin within the fastigial nucleus. Each of the afferent connections ends in a restricuted part of the PBu, but there is considerable overlap. Use of the horseradish peroxidase technique reveals that the PBu projects to the spinal cerebellum (anterior lobe, pyramis and paramedian lobules), to visual-auditory areas of the vermis and to the lobus simplex as well as to crus I and II of the hemispheres. Although there is some topography to such projections, it is not sharply defined and many regions of the PBu contain labelled neurons after injections of horseradish peroxidase into widely separate areas of the cerebellar cortex. Because of its embryogenesis and position, the PBu is often considered part of the dorsolateral basilar pons. It appears from our material, however, that the organization of PBu afferent and efferent connections is different from that of the adjacent basilar pons, and arguments for considering the PBu a separate precerebellar nucleus are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:903430", "title": "Neurons in layer I of the developing occipital cortex of the rat.", "content": "This paper describes the neurons in layer I of the rat occipital cortex, and traces postnatal changes in the numbers and morphology of the different cell types therein. Golgi-Cox and Nissl material from adults and from 0.5,2,4,6,8,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,18,20,24,28 and 35 day-old rats, was utilized. Horizontal, vertical and classical non-pyramidal cells without axons were recognized. Horizontal cells included foetal horizontal cells (Retzius-Cajal cells) and persisting horizontal cells. The former were fully differentiated and numerous at birth and were bipolar, with dendrite and axon extending from opposite poles, and fine ascending (vertical) branches. Some such cells possessed two axons. Almost all degenerated and disappeared over the first two to three postnatal weeks. An analogy with Rohon-Beard cells is drawn and it is suggested that these cells receive an early input which is subsequently withdrawn and/or concentrated on cells in deeper layers. There is no evidence of transformation of foetal to persisting horizontal cells, which are not numerous and most commonly give rise to two dendrites from opposite perikaryal poles. Vertical cells, with spinous dendrites and descending axons, differentiate and reach adult numbers by the end of the first postnatal week. Classical non-pyramidal cells include spinous and spine-free varieties, resemble those in deeper layers, and are mature by the end of the third postnatal week. In the upper stratum of layer I are small numbers of cells without axons.", "contents": "Neurons in layer I of the developing occipital cortex of the rat. This paper describes the neurons in layer I of the rat occipital cortex, and traces postnatal changes in the numbers and morphology of the different cell types therein. Golgi-Cox and Nissl material from adults and from 0.5,2,4,6,8,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,18,20,24,28 and 35 day-old rats, was utilized. Horizontal, vertical and classical non-pyramidal cells without axons were recognized. Horizontal cells included foetal horizontal cells (Retzius-Cajal cells) and persisting horizontal cells. The former were fully differentiated and numerous at birth and were bipolar, with dendrite and axon extending from opposite poles, and fine ascending (vertical) branches. Some such cells possessed two axons. Almost all degenerated and disappeared over the first two to three postnatal weeks. An analogy with Rohon-Beard cells is drawn and it is suggested that these cells receive an early input which is subsequently withdrawn and/or concentrated on cells in deeper layers. There is no evidence of transformation of foetal to persisting horizontal cells, which are not numerous and most commonly give rise to two dendrites from opposite perikaryal poles. Vertical cells, with spinous dendrites and descending axons, differentiate and reach adult numbers by the end of the first postnatal week. Classical non-pyramidal cells include spinous and spine-free varieties, resemble those in deeper layers, and are mature by the end of the third postnatal week. In the upper stratum of layer I are small numbers of cells without axons."}
{"id": "PMID:903433", "title": "Adenylate cyclase of human fat cell ghosts. Stimulation of enzyme activity by prostaglandins.", "content": "It has been shown that the human fat cell adenylate cyclase is activated by prostaglandins. Of the prostaglandins tested the E-type by causing about a 3-fold increase of enzyme activity, was more effective than the F-prostaglandins. Prostaglandin A2 had no stimulatory effect. Activation by prostaglandin E1 was not influenced by beta-adrenergic blockade in contrast to stimulation by epinephrine. Pretreatment of fat cells with trypsin resulted in an abolishment of PTH-sensitivity, but had no effect on prostaglandin responsiveness. These results suggest that the human fat cell adenylate cyclase is coupled to at least three distinct types of hormone receptors.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase of human fat cell ghosts. Stimulation of enzyme activity by prostaglandins. It has been shown that the human fat cell adenylate cyclase is activated by prostaglandins. Of the prostaglandins tested the E-type by causing about a 3-fold increase of enzyme activity, was more effective than the F-prostaglandins. Prostaglandin A2 had no stimulatory effect. Activation by prostaglandin E1 was not influenced by beta-adrenergic blockade in contrast to stimulation by epinephrine. Pretreatment of fat cells with trypsin resulted in an abolishment of PTH-sensitivity, but had no effect on prostaglandin responsiveness. These results suggest that the human fat cell adenylate cyclase is coupled to at least three distinct types of hormone receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:903434", "title": "Compositional homology of membrane-protein systems and membrane-associated proteins: comparison with milk fat globule membrane and \"membrane\"-derived xanthine oxidase.", "content": "Amino acid compositions of the milk fat globule membrane protein and plasma membrane protein from other sources, as well as the compositions of milk fat globule membrane-derived xanthine oxidase and selected plasma membranes-associated proteins were compared by statistical difference index. Additionally, the average hydrophobicity of xanthine oxidase and selected membrane proteins were compared. These comparisons indicate high orders of apparent compositional homology between the various plasma membranes and membrane-associated proteins. Because the biological functions of membrane proteins are widely diverse, it is speculated that their \"relatedness\" may reflect on evolutionary convergence to similar amino acid compositions, necessitated by their in situ environment--the lipoidal bilayer. However, compositional relatedness should not imply sequential homology.", "contents": "Compositional homology of membrane-protein systems and membrane-associated proteins: comparison with milk fat globule membrane and \"membrane\"-derived xanthine oxidase. Amino acid compositions of the milk fat globule membrane protein and plasma membrane protein from other sources, as well as the compositions of milk fat globule membrane-derived xanthine oxidase and selected plasma membranes-associated proteins were compared by statistical difference index. Additionally, the average hydrophobicity of xanthine oxidase and selected membrane proteins were compared. These comparisons indicate high orders of apparent compositional homology between the various plasma membranes and membrane-associated proteins. Because the biological functions of membrane proteins are widely diverse, it is speculated that their \"relatedness\" may reflect on evolutionary convergence to similar amino acid compositions, necessitated by their in situ environment--the lipoidal bilayer. However, compositional relatedness should not imply sequential homology."}
{"id": "PMID:903435", "title": "Effect of prepartum milk removal on quantitative morphology of bovine lactogenesis.", "content": "The effect of prepartum milking on bovine mammary histology and milk composition was studied in five Holstein cows. One udder half was milked twice daily starting 10 days before the estimated calving date. On udder half was not milked until 2 days postpartum when all quarters were milked and two tissue samples per quarter were taken for morphological analyses. Lactose, casein, and fat concentrations differed from prepartum-milked to postpartum-milked quarters (.82, -1.44, and 3.29%). Quarters milked prepartum were more developed: mature epithelium 24.8%, immature epithelium - 8.9%, total epithelium 15.6%, stroma -24.8%, and alveolar lumen 8.5%. Most alveolar cells in prepartum-milked halves had prominent rounded basal nuclei, hypertrophied secretory vesicles, and a mixed array of lipid droplets. Cells within alveoli were morphologically similar. Secretory epithelial cells from postpartum-milked glands had irregular randomly located nuclei, indistinct Golgi, variable lipid content, and less cytoplasm. These differences demonstrate the importance of prepartum-product removal on secretory cell development and subsequent milk production.", "contents": "Effect of prepartum milk removal on quantitative morphology of bovine lactogenesis. The effect of prepartum milking on bovine mammary histology and milk composition was studied in five Holstein cows. One udder half was milked twice daily starting 10 days before the estimated calving date. On udder half was not milked until 2 days postpartum when all quarters were milked and two tissue samples per quarter were taken for morphological analyses. Lactose, casein, and fat concentrations differed from prepartum-milked to postpartum-milked quarters (.82, -1.44, and 3.29%). Quarters milked prepartum were more developed: mature epithelium 24.8%, immature epithelium - 8.9%, total epithelium 15.6%, stroma -24.8%, and alveolar lumen 8.5%. Most alveolar cells in prepartum-milked halves had prominent rounded basal nuclei, hypertrophied secretory vesicles, and a mixed array of lipid droplets. Cells within alveoli were morphologically similar. Secretory epithelial cells from postpartum-milked glands had irregular randomly located nuclei, indistinct Golgi, variable lipid content, and less cytoplasm. These differences demonstrate the importance of prepartum-product removal on secretory cell development and subsequent milk production."}
{"id": "PMID:903468", "title": "A comparative evaluation of techniques for rapid and efficient in vivo labeling of red cells with [99mTc] pertechnetate.", "content": "Red blood cells (RBCs) labeled in vivo with 99mTcO4- have recently been recommended for blood-pool imaging, but the optimum conditions for in vivo labeling of RBCs have not been clearly defined. We therefore evaluated several stannous-ion preparations and stannous-ion concentrations to determine which provided the best labeling. The effect of the time interval between the Sn(II) and 99mTcO4- injections and the effect of carrier technetium on labeling efficiency were also studied. Maximal in vivo labeling efficiency was obtained using an intravenous dose of 10 microgram Sn(II)/kg followed 5-30 min later by an injection of 99mTcO4-. Neither the chelated form of stannous ion used in these studies nor the amount of carrier present had a significant effect on labeling efficiency. The biologic half-time of Tc-99m RBCs labeled in vivo was similar to that of Tc-99m RBCs labeled in vitro. In vivo labeling is a rapid and efficient method for the preparation of Tc-99m RBCs.", "contents": "A comparative evaluation of techniques for rapid and efficient in vivo labeling of red cells with [99mTc] pertechnetate. Red blood cells (RBCs) labeled in vivo with 99mTcO4- have recently been recommended for blood-pool imaging, but the optimum conditions for in vivo labeling of RBCs have not been clearly defined. We therefore evaluated several stannous-ion preparations and stannous-ion concentrations to determine which provided the best labeling. The effect of the time interval between the Sn(II) and 99mTcO4- injections and the effect of carrier technetium on labeling efficiency were also studied. Maximal in vivo labeling efficiency was obtained using an intravenous dose of 10 microgram Sn(II)/kg followed 5-30 min later by an injection of 99mTcO4-. Neither the chelated form of stannous ion used in these studies nor the amount of carrier present had a significant effect on labeling efficiency. The biologic half-time of Tc-99m RBCs labeled in vivo was similar to that of Tc-99m RBCs labeled in vitro. In vivo labeling is a rapid and efficient method for the preparation of Tc-99m RBCs."}
{"id": "PMID:903469", "title": "The measurement of 3-o-methyldopamine in urine and plasma by a rapid and specific radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Antiserum against 3-O-methyldopamine (MD) was produced in rabbits immunized with MD hapten conjugated to hemocyanin. The antiserum was used to develop a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for MD. As little as 0.5 ng of MD in 0.1 ml can be detected. The major catecholamines and the phenolic aromatic amines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, octopamine, and tyramine) and their metabolites (normetanephrine, metanephrine, homovanillic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methxymandelic acid) did not bind significantly to the antibody. The RIA of MD was used to assay the endogenous level of MD in urine and plasma of hospitalized children. In children (7 mo to 13 yr), average concentration of MD in plasma was found to be 0.47 +/- 0.11 ng/ml, and in urine 0.15 +/- 0.05 microgram/mg of creatinine (45.0 +/- 16.3 microgram/24 hr). In children with neuroblastoma, there was a 3- to 10-fold increase in urinary excretion and plasma level of 3-O-methyldopamine. In adults, the average urine and plasma levels were found to be 87.4 +/- 3.4 microgram/24 hr and 0.6 +/- 0.2 ng/ml. The diagnostic applicability of the RIA of MD is discussed.", "contents": "The measurement of 3-o-methyldopamine in urine and plasma by a rapid and specific radioimmunoassay. Antiserum against 3-O-methyldopamine (MD) was produced in rabbits immunized with MD hapten conjugated to hemocyanin. The antiserum was used to develop a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for MD. As little as 0.5 ng of MD in 0.1 ml can be detected. The major catecholamines and the phenolic aromatic amines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, octopamine, and tyramine) and their metabolites (normetanephrine, metanephrine, homovanillic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methxymandelic acid) did not bind significantly to the antibody. The RIA of MD was used to assay the endogenous level of MD in urine and plasma of hospitalized children. In children (7 mo to 13 yr), average concentration of MD in plasma was found to be 0.47 +/- 0.11 ng/ml, and in urine 0.15 +/- 0.05 microgram/mg of creatinine (45.0 +/- 16.3 microgram/24 hr). In children with neuroblastoma, there was a 3- to 10-fold increase in urinary excretion and plasma level of 3-O-methyldopamine. In adults, the average urine and plasma levels were found to be 87.4 +/- 3.4 microgram/24 hr and 0.6 +/- 0.2 ng/ml. The diagnostic applicability of the RIA of MD is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903478", "title": "Technetium-99m glucoheptonate in brain-tumor detection: an important advance in radiotracer techniques.", "content": "We have compared [Tc-99m] sodium pertechnetate with Tc-99m glucoheptonate in 52 patients studied for various brain lesions. Flow studies as well as delayed scans were performed in all. Especially in primary and metastatic lesions of the posterior fossa, the diagnostic yield was improved by the delayed glucoheptonate (GH) scans. In contrast, no advantage of GH over pertechnetate could be detected in the study of infarcts or other ischemic lesions. Various hypotheses are discussed to explain the observed differences in behavior between the two tracers.", "contents": "Technetium-99m glucoheptonate in brain-tumor detection: an important advance in radiotracer techniques. We have compared [Tc-99m] sodium pertechnetate with Tc-99m glucoheptonate in 52 patients studied for various brain lesions. Flow studies as well as delayed scans were performed in all. Especially in primary and metastatic lesions of the posterior fossa, the diagnostic yield was improved by the delayed glucoheptonate (GH) scans. In contrast, no advantage of GH over pertechnetate could be detected in the study of infarcts or other ischemic lesions. Various hypotheses are discussed to explain the observed differences in behavior between the two tracers."}
{"id": "PMID:903479", "title": "Assessment of regional cerebral blood flow by continuous carotid infusion of krypton-81m.", "content": "In order to obtain functional images of brain perfusion, we exploited a new concept, which is to take advantage of the short half-life of a radioactive tracer. Under continuous intracarotid infusion of a solution of Kr-81m (T1/2 = 13 sec; produced from its parent, 4.6-hr Rb-81), this tracer will never reach equilibrium within the brain because of the rapid radioactive decay. Its distribution will therefore reflect regional arrival of the nuclide, indicating regional cerebral blood flow rather than volume. During continuous infusion of Kr-81m, perfusion images can be obtained by simply collecting counts with a gamma camera and recording on Polaroid film. The procedure is readily repeatable in order to get images in multiple veiws or to follow minute-by-minute changes of cerebral perfusion.", "contents": "Assessment of regional cerebral blood flow by continuous carotid infusion of krypton-81m. In order to obtain functional images of brain perfusion, we exploited a new concept, which is to take advantage of the short half-life of a radioactive tracer. Under continuous intracarotid infusion of a solution of Kr-81m (T1/2 = 13 sec; produced from its parent, 4.6-hr Rb-81), this tracer will never reach equilibrium within the brain because of the rapid radioactive decay. Its distribution will therefore reflect regional arrival of the nuclide, indicating regional cerebral blood flow rather than volume. During continuous infusion of Kr-81m, perfusion images can be obtained by simply collecting counts with a gamma camera and recording on Polaroid film. The procedure is readily repeatable in order to get images in multiple veiws or to follow minute-by-minute changes of cerebral perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:903480", "title": "Oblique views in lung perfusion scanning: clinical utility and limitations.", "content": "Over 300 perfusion lung scans were reviewed to assess the clinical utility of routinely performed anterior and posterior oblique projections. The characteristics of normal anterior and posterior oblique views were analyzed and compared with lateral projections. The four oblique images contributed materially toward characterization of perfusion defects in 63% of all abnormal studies; the contribution of posterior obliques was 48%, anterior obliques, 15%. For scans displaying at least one focal defect, oblique views were of benefit in over 70% of cases, with posterior obliques accounting for 55%. Oblique views contributed little when perfusion abnormalities involved both lung fields diffusely. The posterior oblique projection was of more value than the anterior oblique because of its ability to clarify lower-lobe abnormalities significantly. A scanning artifact in the posterior oblique views, due to attenuation of the near lung activity by scapula and shoulder-girdle musculature, was seen in 90% of normal studies.", "contents": "Oblique views in lung perfusion scanning: clinical utility and limitations. Over 300 perfusion lung scans were reviewed to assess the clinical utility of routinely performed anterior and posterior oblique projections. The characteristics of normal anterior and posterior oblique views were analyzed and compared with lateral projections. The four oblique images contributed materially toward characterization of perfusion defects in 63% of all abnormal studies; the contribution of posterior obliques was 48%, anterior obliques, 15%. For scans displaying at least one focal defect, oblique views were of benefit in over 70% of cases, with posterior obliques accounting for 55%. Oblique views contributed little when perfusion abnormalities involved both lung fields diffusely. The posterior oblique projection was of more value than the anterior oblique because of its ability to clarify lower-lobe abnormalities significantly. A scanning artifact in the posterior oblique views, due to attenuation of the near lung activity by scapula and shoulder-girdle musculature, was seen in 90% of normal studies."}
{"id": "PMID:903481", "title": "Anatomic patterns of Ga-67 distribution in localized and diffuse peritoneal inflammation: case report.", "content": "Radiogallium imaging may be useful in identifying localized and diffuse peritoneal disease. The posterior peritoneal reflections can be delineated, providing further anatomical differentiation of disease processes in the peritoneum. This may allow separation of peritoneal from retroperitoneal disorders.", "contents": "Anatomic patterns of Ga-67 distribution in localized and diffuse peritoneal inflammation: case report. Radiogallium imaging may be useful in identifying localized and diffuse peritoneal disease. The posterior peritoneal reflections can be delineated, providing further anatomical differentiation of disease processes in the peritoneum. This may allow separation of peritoneal from retroperitoneal disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:903482", "title": "Detection of bronchopleural-subarachnoid fistula by radionuclide myelography: case report.", "content": "Radionuclide myeloscintigraphy has previously been used to demonstrate subarachnoid fistulae. In the present case a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma developed spontaneous pneumocephalus postoperatively. Chest radiographs showed an air-fluid level in the postoperative area. Various diagnostic tests were used, but only a radionuclide myeloscintigram showed the presence of a bronchopleural-subarachnoid fistula.", "contents": "Detection of bronchopleural-subarachnoid fistula by radionuclide myelography: case report. Radionuclide myeloscintigraphy has previously been used to demonstrate subarachnoid fistulae. In the present case a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma developed spontaneous pneumocephalus postoperatively. Chest radiographs showed an air-fluid level in the postoperative area. Various diagnostic tests were used, but only a radionuclide myeloscintigram showed the presence of a bronchopleural-subarachnoid fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:903483", "title": "Sensitivity of radionuclide isotope brain scan in cerebral melioidosis: case report.", "content": "Melioidosis, an unusual infectious disease formerly confined to the Orient, is being seen with increasing frequency in the United States. We present a report of a patient who had recently traveled in the Far East and subsequently developed pulmonary melioidosis complicated by a fatal encephalitis. Although the radionuclide brain scan was markedly abnormal, computed tomographic studies were minimally abnormal on one occasion and within normal limits on another. The radionuclide brain scan appears to have greater sensitivity in diagnosis of early encephalitis and, therefore, may be the more valuable of the two studies in the diagnosis of this disorder.", "contents": "Sensitivity of radionuclide isotope brain scan in cerebral melioidosis: case report. Melioidosis, an unusual infectious disease formerly confined to the Orient, is being seen with increasing frequency in the United States. We present a report of a patient who had recently traveled in the Far East and subsequently developed pulmonary melioidosis complicated by a fatal encephalitis. Although the radionuclide brain scan was markedly abnormal, computed tomographic studies were minimally abnormal on one occasion and within normal limits on another. The radionuclide brain scan appears to have greater sensitivity in diagnosis of early encephalitis and, therefore, may be the more valuable of the two studies in the diagnosis of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:903484", "title": "Radiopharmaceuticals XXVII. 18F-labeled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose as a radiopharmaceutical for measuring regional myocardial glucose metabolism in vivo: tissue distribution and imaging studies in animals.", "content": "18F-2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (18FDG) is rapidly extracted by the mouse heart, and the radioactivity in heart (3-4% per organ) remains relatively constant for 2 hr post injection. The brain uptake (2-3% per organ) remained relatively constant throughout the time course of the study. Liver, lungs, kidneys, small intestine, and blood all showed a rapid clearance of radioactivity after injection of 18FDG. At 120 min the heart-to-lung ratio was 12 and heart-to-liver ratio was 32. Urinary excretion of activity was approximately 16% of the injected dose at 60 min. The uptake of radioactivity by dog heart following the intravenous administration of 18FDG was 2.8-4.1% at 60 min and 2.4% at 135 min; it was regionally distributed, the areas of highest activity being the left ventricle and the interventricular septum. The brain activity was 2.1-3.5% at 120 min, with a ratio of gray matter-to-white matter of 2-3:1. Urinary excretion in dogs was 16% and 50% of the injected dose at 60 and 135 min. The chemical form of the activity in the urine, although unidentified, was not 18F-. Cross-sectional images of the myocardium of the dog after intravenous injection of 18FDG were obtained using emission tomography.", "contents": "Radiopharmaceuticals XXVII. 18F-labeled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose as a radiopharmaceutical for measuring regional myocardial glucose metabolism in vivo: tissue distribution and imaging studies in animals. 18F-2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (18FDG) is rapidly extracted by the mouse heart, and the radioactivity in heart (3-4% per organ) remains relatively constant for 2 hr post injection. The brain uptake (2-3% per organ) remained relatively constant throughout the time course of the study. Liver, lungs, kidneys, small intestine, and blood all showed a rapid clearance of radioactivity after injection of 18FDG. At 120 min the heart-to-lung ratio was 12 and heart-to-liver ratio was 32. Urinary excretion of activity was approximately 16% of the injected dose at 60 min. The uptake of radioactivity by dog heart following the intravenous administration of 18FDG was 2.8-4.1% at 60 min and 2.4% at 135 min; it was regionally distributed, the areas of highest activity being the left ventricle and the interventricular septum. The brain activity was 2.1-3.5% at 120 min, with a ratio of gray matter-to-white matter of 2-3:1. Urinary excretion in dogs was 16% and 50% of the injected dose at 60 and 135 min. The chemical form of the activity in the urine, although unidentified, was not 18F-. Cross-sectional images of the myocardium of the dog after intravenous injection of 18FDG were obtained using emission tomography."}
{"id": "PMID:903485", "title": "Technetium-99m-labeled n-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl) iminodiacetic acid (tc-99m HIDA): a new radiopharmaceutical for hepatobiliary imaging studies.", "content": "An easily formulated, stable kit preparation of technetium-99m HIDA, suitable for use in humans, was developed and tested in mice and dogs. The tracer was cleared rapidly from the blood and excreted predominantly by the liver in both species. In dogs, the hepatobiliary clearance of Tc-99m HIDA was significantly greater than that of C-14 HIDA and Sn-113 HIDA. The LD50 for HIDA in mice, 168 mg/kg, exceeded the average human dose by a factor of 1000 on a per-weight basis. Blood clearance curves for Tc-99m HIDA in 12 normal subjects were biexponential with half-times of 4.6 +/- 1.0 min and 31.5 +/- 7.0 min, and cumulative 90-min urine samples contained 14.2 +/- 1.8% of the injected dose. Images in normal subjects and nonjaundiced patients showed rapid concentration of tracer by the liver and activity was present within the biliary system in 10-20 min. In jaundiced patients, the tracer blood clearance was delayed and urinary excretion increased, but intestinal activity, indicating biliary patency, was imaged in those patients without complete focal obstruction of the common duct. Technetium-99m HIDA is a nontoxic radiopharmaceutical useful for clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.", "contents": "Technetium-99m-labeled n-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl) iminodiacetic acid (tc-99m HIDA): a new radiopharmaceutical for hepatobiliary imaging studies. An easily formulated, stable kit preparation of technetium-99m HIDA, suitable for use in humans, was developed and tested in mice and dogs. The tracer was cleared rapidly from the blood and excreted predominantly by the liver in both species. In dogs, the hepatobiliary clearance of Tc-99m HIDA was significantly greater than that of C-14 HIDA and Sn-113 HIDA. The LD50 for HIDA in mice, 168 mg/kg, exceeded the average human dose by a factor of 1000 on a per-weight basis. Blood clearance curves for Tc-99m HIDA in 12 normal subjects were biexponential with half-times of 4.6 +/- 1.0 min and 31.5 +/- 7.0 min, and cumulative 90-min urine samples contained 14.2 +/- 1.8% of the injected dose. Images in normal subjects and nonjaundiced patients showed rapid concentration of tracer by the liver and activity was present within the biliary system in 10-20 min. In jaundiced patients, the tracer blood clearance was delayed and urinary excretion increased, but intestinal activity, indicating biliary patency, was imaged in those patients without complete focal obstruction of the common duct. Technetium-99m HIDA is a nontoxic radiopharmaceutical useful for clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:903542", "title": "Left fascicular hemiblocks in the elderly.", "content": "A three-year follow-up study was made of 45 elderly subjects with left anterior hemiblock, either alone or associated with right bundle-branch block. In the LAH + RBBB group, there was a higher mortality rate and frequent evolution toward complete A-V block. The prognostic significance of left fascicular hemiblocks is discussed.", "contents": "Left fascicular hemiblocks in the elderly. A three-year follow-up study was made of 45 elderly subjects with left anterior hemiblock, either alone or associated with right bundle-branch block. In the LAH + RBBB group, there was a higher mortality rate and frequent evolution toward complete A-V block. The prognostic significance of left fascicular hemiblocks is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903543", "title": "Temporal arteritis.", "content": "Temporal arteritis (granulomatous inflammation) usually involves the temporal and ophthalmic arteries, but may be part of a more widespread inflammation of the medium and large vessels. The patient usually presents with an associated group of constitutional symptoms (fever, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, anemia) and rheumatic complaints (polymyalgia rheumatic complaints (polymyalgia rheumatica). The diagnosis should be considered in any patient over 55 years old in whom these symptoms develop or in whom there is evidence of recent onset of headache, visual loss of localized arterial involvement. The diagnosis is also to be considered when the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is over 50 mm/hr, and the presence of arteritis is confirmed by temporalartery biopsy findings. Visual loss may occur in 50 percent of affected patients; other serious complications are less common. A strong clinical suspicion of temporal arteritis will permit diagnosis of the more uncommon and atypical presentations of the syndrome. Although cases of temporal arteritis may be self-limited, treatment is imperative because of the threat of blindness. Patients respond well to steroid (prednisone) therapy, which should be maintained for a prolonged period.", "contents": "Temporal arteritis. Temporal arteritis (granulomatous inflammation) usually involves the temporal and ophthalmic arteries, but may be part of a more widespread inflammation of the medium and large vessels. The patient usually presents with an associated group of constitutional symptoms (fever, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, anemia) and rheumatic complaints (polymyalgia rheumatic complaints (polymyalgia rheumatica). The diagnosis should be considered in any patient over 55 years old in whom these symptoms develop or in whom there is evidence of recent onset of headache, visual loss of localized arterial involvement. The diagnosis is also to be considered when the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is over 50 mm/hr, and the presence of arteritis is confirmed by temporalartery biopsy findings. Visual loss may occur in 50 percent of affected patients; other serious complications are less common. A strong clinical suspicion of temporal arteritis will permit diagnosis of the more uncommon and atypical presentations of the syndrome. Although cases of temporal arteritis may be self-limited, treatment is imperative because of the threat of blindness. Patients respond well to steroid (prednisone) therapy, which should be maintained for a prolonged period."}
{"id": "PMID:903544", "title": "Regression of metastatic hypernephroma.", "content": "A 71-year-old woman had massive pulmonary metastases from a right hypernephroma, as shown by a chest roentgenogram. Nine days after nephrectomy, there was no roentgenographic evidence of such metastases. This represents the most rapid regression of clear-cell pulmonary metastases ever reported. Metastases reappeared six months postoperatively and the patient died of widespread metastatic disease 18 months after nephrectomy. The unpredictable behavior of metastatic hypernephroma is discussed.", "contents": "Regression of metastatic hypernephroma. A 71-year-old woman had massive pulmonary metastases from a right hypernephroma, as shown by a chest roentgenogram. Nine days after nephrectomy, there was no roentgenographic evidence of such metastases. This represents the most rapid regression of clear-cell pulmonary metastases ever reported. Metastases reappeared six months postoperatively and the patient died of widespread metastatic disease 18 months after nephrectomy. The unpredictable behavior of metastatic hypernephroma is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903546", "title": "Precordialgia as a manifestation of vertebrobasilar insufficiency.", "content": "In 6 patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI), precordialgia and autonomic-nervous-system manifestation such as diaphoresis and tachycardia were associated with the symptoms of VBI. Investigation ruled out cardiac and gastrointestinal causes. Possible mechanisms are discussed on the basis of intermitent ischemia of the central autonomic centers supplied by the posterior circulation.", "contents": "Precordialgia as a manifestation of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. In 6 patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI), precordialgia and autonomic-nervous-system manifestation such as diaphoresis and tachycardia were associated with the symptoms of VBI. Investigation ruled out cardiac and gastrointestinal causes. Possible mechanisms are discussed on the basis of intermitent ischemia of the central autonomic centers supplied by the posterior circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:903547", "title": "Treatment of the aged mentally ill: further unmasking of the effects of a diagnosis of chronic brain syndrome.", "content": "Six elderly persons with a diagnosis of \"chronic brain syndrome,\" who resided in a home for the aged, received bi-weekly sensory stimulation and group therapy for three months. This pilot project demonstrated that the symptoms used to classify \"chronic brain syndrome\" are flexible and can improve with such treatment. Not only does this cast doubt on the accuracy of this diagnosis are used, but it provides further evidence of the utility of such treatment for this type of patient. Since group therapy and sensory stimulation over a relatively short period can result in clinical and testable improvement, the diagnosis of \"chronic brain syndrome\" in the elderly should not be allowed to preclude the provision of appropriate psychiatric therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of the aged mentally ill: further unmasking of the effects of a diagnosis of chronic brain syndrome. Six elderly persons with a diagnosis of \"chronic brain syndrome,\" who resided in a home for the aged, received bi-weekly sensory stimulation and group therapy for three months. This pilot project demonstrated that the symptoms used to classify \"chronic brain syndrome\" are flexible and can improve with such treatment. Not only does this cast doubt on the accuracy of this diagnosis are used, but it provides further evidence of the utility of such treatment for this type of patient. Since group therapy and sensory stimulation over a relatively short period can result in clinical and testable improvement, the diagnosis of \"chronic brain syndrome\" in the elderly should not be allowed to preclude the provision of appropriate psychiatric therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:903548", "title": "The changing attitudes of physicians toward prolonging life.", "content": "This follow-up survey of physicians' attitudes and practices reveals a changing approach toward the care of terminal patients. It shows that: 1) communication with dying patients is becoming more open, 2) support for the omission of life-prolonging treatments is increasing, and 3) opposition to the use of death-hastening measures remains strong. It indicates that the physician's experience with terminal patients and the setting of his practice influence his attitude towards these patients and the approach to treatment.", "contents": "The changing attitudes of physicians toward prolonging life. This follow-up survey of physicians' attitudes and practices reveals a changing approach toward the care of terminal patients. It shows that: 1) communication with dying patients is becoming more open, 2) support for the omission of life-prolonging treatments is increasing, and 3) opposition to the use of death-hastening measures remains strong. It indicates that the physician's experience with terminal patients and the setting of his practice influence his attitude towards these patients and the approach to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:903549", "title": "Fractures of the radial head in the geriatric patient: case report.", "content": "Fractures of the radial head and neck occur frequently. Although reports in the literature advocate both operative and nonoperative modes of treatment, the trend is toward the nonoperative approach. In many instances this yields results that are comparable, if not superior, to those obtained by surgical intervention-as in the 62-year-old man who is the subject of the case report.", "contents": "Fractures of the radial head in the geriatric patient: case report. Fractures of the radial head and neck occur frequently. Although reports in the literature advocate both operative and nonoperative modes of treatment, the trend is toward the nonoperative approach. In many instances this yields results that are comparable, if not superior, to those obtained by surgical intervention-as in the 62-year-old man who is the subject of the case report."}
{"id": "PMID:903556", "title": "Research in orthokeratology. Part VI: statistical and clinical analyses.", "content": "In this paper, the rationale, statistical methods and results of this study are given. Specifically, it is shown that contact lenses produce clinical effects on the eye which are statistically significant. Moreover, the orthokeratology procedure was found to produce more corneal and refractive change than conventional contact lens wear. Variability and predictability of data are discussed along with pertinent clinical considerations. Certain factors and their influence on corneal change are examined and quantified.", "contents": "Research in orthokeratology. Part VI: statistical and clinical analyses. In this paper, the rationale, statistical methods and results of this study are given. Specifically, it is shown that contact lenses produce clinical effects on the eye which are statistically significant. Moreover, the orthokeratology procedure was found to produce more corneal and refractive change than conventional contact lens wear. Variability and predictability of data are discussed along with pertinent clinical considerations. Certain factors and their influence on corneal change are examined and quantified."}
{"id": "PMID:903557", "title": "The EOG ratio and its evaluation of retinal function.", "content": "The evaluation of 116 normal ratios with a 10 ft. lambert ganzfield illumination confirmed that ratios over 200% can be considered as normal. Individual variation led to the proposed classification of 175% to 200% as being low or suspicious. Ratios below 175% are abnormal and are useful in establishing the diagnosis of pathology.", "contents": "The EOG ratio and its evaluation of retinal function. The evaluation of 116 normal ratios with a 10 ft. lambert ganzfield illumination confirmed that ratios over 200% can be considered as normal. Individual variation led to the proposed classification of 175% to 200% as being low or suspicious. Ratios below 175% are abnormal and are useful in establishing the diagnosis of pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:903558", "title": "Visual consideration and correction for respiratory protective masks.", "content": "The visual consideration in the selection of respiratory protective masks and the visual correction required by the wearer are discussed. Included is a list of manufacturers and suppliers of protective masks that have been designed for the mounting of corrective lenses inside the mask.", "contents": "Visual consideration and correction for respiratory protective masks. The visual consideration in the selection of respiratory protective masks and the visual correction required by the wearer are discussed. Included is a list of manufacturers and suppliers of protective masks that have been designed for the mounting of corrective lenses inside the mask."}
{"id": "PMID:903559", "title": "Aberrant ocular parasympathetic innervation: an explanation to an unusual pupillary response.", "content": "A case has been reported where drinking fluid elicited pupil constriction on one side and dilation on the other. An attempt to give a neurological explanation to this abnormal pupil response is presented. It is postulated that aberrant parasympathetic fibers from the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve will reach the eyeball via the pterygopalatine ganglion.", "contents": "Aberrant ocular parasympathetic innervation: an explanation to an unusual pupillary response. A case has been reported where drinking fluid elicited pupil constriction on one side and dilation on the other. An attempt to give a neurological explanation to this abnormal pupil response is presented. It is postulated that aberrant parasympathetic fibers from the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve will reach the eyeball via the pterygopalatine ganglion."}
{"id": "PMID:903560", "title": "The effect of a visual training program on juvenile delinquency.", "content": "In order to demonstrate a relationship between visually related learning disabilities and juvenile deliquency, a study was conducted on institutionalized youth at Lookout Mountain School, an educational facility for committed delinquents. Complete visual testing was done, and visual therapy provided if deemed necessary. Data from the evaluations showed the most marked visual deficiencies to be in order of severity, accommodative flexibility, saccadic fixations, visual memory, No. 17B recovery, pursuits, No16B recovery No10 recovery. Recidivism was reduced in the group receiving visual therapy from 18% to 4%. A case study of educational and visual remediation on one student is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of a visual training program on juvenile delinquency. In order to demonstrate a relationship between visually related learning disabilities and juvenile deliquency, a study was conducted on institutionalized youth at Lookout Mountain School, an educational facility for committed delinquents. Complete visual testing was done, and visual therapy provided if deemed necessary. Data from the evaluations showed the most marked visual deficiencies to be in order of severity, accommodative flexibility, saccadic fixations, visual memory, No. 17B recovery, pursuits, No16B recovery No10 recovery. Recidivism was reduced in the group receiving visual therapy from 18% to 4%. A case study of educational and visual remediation on one student is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903573", "title": "[Intimate mechanism of premature separation of the normally inserted placenta].", "content": "Retro-placental haemorrhage comes from rupture of patent utero-placental arteries which are neither sclerosed nor thrombosed. This applies whether the form of haemorrhage is minor (simple depression found when the placenta is examined) or grave with utero-placental apoplexy (with complete detachment of the placenta and syndrome of shock). The method by which the arteries rupture depend on the intensity and excessive duration of uterine contractions: --moderate; normal uterine contractions give rise to a prolonged blockage of the return circulation, whereas the arterial flow has not stopped. Rupture occurs because the distended utero-placental arterial wall bursts under the insult of raised pressure during the uterine contraction; --intense; these anomalies come from total blockage, both veinous and arterial, and the arterial rupture is due to anoxaemic necrosis of the utero-placental arterial wall. The rupture of the utero-placental arterial wall, which is normally very fragile because it has no elasticity in its musculature, gives the explanation for the histogenesis of retro-placental haemorrhages.", "contents": "[Intimate mechanism of premature separation of the normally inserted placenta]. Retro-placental haemorrhage comes from rupture of patent utero-placental arteries which are neither sclerosed nor thrombosed. This applies whether the form of haemorrhage is minor (simple depression found when the placenta is examined) or grave with utero-placental apoplexy (with complete detachment of the placenta and syndrome of shock). The method by which the arteries rupture depend on the intensity and excessive duration of uterine contractions: --moderate; normal uterine contractions give rise to a prolonged blockage of the return circulation, whereas the arterial flow has not stopped. Rupture occurs because the distended utero-placental arterial wall bursts under the insult of raised pressure during the uterine contraction; --intense; these anomalies come from total blockage, both veinous and arterial, and the arterial rupture is due to anoxaemic necrosis of the utero-placental arterial wall. The rupture of the utero-placental arterial wall, which is normally very fragile because it has no elasticity in its musculature, gives the explanation for the histogenesis of retro-placental haemorrhages."}
{"id": "PMID:903575", "title": "[X chromosome with deletion of the long arm].", "content": "The authors review cases published in the literature having had a case of chromosome abnormality due to deletion of the long arm of an X. There are very few such cases. After they had indexed the somatic and chromosomal results that have been revealed, they conclude that, with the exception of dysmorphias, it is not possible to correlate the lesions that have been found with the localisation on the chromosome X. These lesions are very minor when the long arm is missing, which is contrary to the lesions that are found when the short arm has been lost. The authors draw attention to the value of modern methods of chromosome localisation. By them, marking of the break in the band 21 of the long arm as well as the diagnosis of late replication of chromosome X is made possible. A bibliography is given.", "contents": "[X chromosome with deletion of the long arm]. The authors review cases published in the literature having had a case of chromosome abnormality due to deletion of the long arm of an X. There are very few such cases. After they had indexed the somatic and chromosomal results that have been revealed, they conclude that, with the exception of dysmorphias, it is not possible to correlate the lesions that have been found with the localisation on the chromosome X. These lesions are very minor when the long arm is missing, which is contrary to the lesions that are found when the short arm has been lost. The authors draw attention to the value of modern methods of chromosome localisation. By them, marking of the break in the band 21 of the long arm as well as the diagnosis of late replication of chromosome X is made possible. A bibliography is given."}
{"id": "PMID:903576", "title": "[Detection of cancer of the fallopian tube by intra-uterine cytology. Apropos of a case].", "content": "The authors present a case of cancer of the Fallopian tube and the finding of malignant cells obtained from the cavity of the uterus. There was little in the clinical findings and the only positive sign was free post-menopausal bleeding on account of which a full assessment was undertaken. By using the Gravlee sound passed through the cervical canal the uterine cavity was washed out and this gave the opportunity of finding malignant cells when curettage had only shown benign polyps. At operation a cancer of the left ampulla which was encircling the ovary on the same side was removed.", "contents": "[Detection of cancer of the fallopian tube by intra-uterine cytology. Apropos of a case]. The authors present a case of cancer of the Fallopian tube and the finding of malignant cells obtained from the cavity of the uterus. There was little in the clinical findings and the only positive sign was free post-menopausal bleeding on account of which a full assessment was undertaken. By using the Gravlee sound passed through the cervical canal the uterine cavity was washed out and this gave the opportunity of finding malignant cells when curettage had only shown benign polyps. At operation a cancer of the left ampulla which was encircling the ovary on the same side was removed."}
{"id": "PMID:903577", "title": "[Necrotizing colitis after total hysterectomy].", "content": "After an uneventful hysterectomy for fibroids carried out in a woman of 48 years of age peritonitis developed on the 5th post-operative day. It was due to necrosing sigmoiditis which occurred in spite of normal bowel action having been resumed on the 3rd post-operative day. This is a rare but usually very severe post-operative complication. Immediate operation saved the patient but she had to have two further operative procedures.", "contents": "[Necrotizing colitis after total hysterectomy]. After an uneventful hysterectomy for fibroids carried out in a woman of 48 years of age peritonitis developed on the 5th post-operative day. It was due to necrosing sigmoiditis which occurred in spite of normal bowel action having been resumed on the 3rd post-operative day. This is a rare but usually very severe post-operative complication. Immediate operation saved the patient but she had to have two further operative procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:903578", "title": "[Cholestasis in pregnancy].", "content": "It has been possible by seeing twenty cases of cholestasis in pregnancy to define certain characteristics of the condition. This pathology of pregnancy is frequently associated with twin pregnancy. The prognosis for the fetus is especially affected by prematurity. There is no evidence of small-for-dates babies, but the neonate gains weight slowly. Anaemia and jaundice in the neonates are common. The treatment of threatened premature labour using beta-mimetic drug is useful and of no danger to the mother.", "contents": "[Cholestasis in pregnancy]. It has been possible by seeing twenty cases of cholestasis in pregnancy to define certain characteristics of the condition. This pathology of pregnancy is frequently associated with twin pregnancy. The prognosis for the fetus is especially affected by prematurity. There is no evidence of small-for-dates babies, but the neonate gains weight slowly. Anaemia and jaundice in the neonates are common. The treatment of threatened premature labour using beta-mimetic drug is useful and of no danger to the mother."}
{"id": "PMID:903579", "title": "[Neonatal listeriosis. Apropos of 53 cases].", "content": "53 cases of neonatal listeriosis were seen during the last five years at the Intensive Care Unit for newborn infants (Pr Minkowski) and the Neonatal Center (P. Varangot) of the Port-Royal Maternity Hospital. The significant decline in mortality to 22 p. 100, when compared with previous years, was attributed to improvements in the diagnosis during the first hours of life and the contribution of artificial ventilation. The most frequent initial clinical sign was respiratory distress (58 p. 100) whereas meningitis was relatively rare (11 p. 100). Discoloration of the amniotic fluid and a fever in the mother at the time of delivery, were also important diagnostic clues. The macroscopic examination of the placenta and particularly placental smears containing listeria monocytogenes (15 of the specimens) as well as the hematological alterations, particularly an increase of the fibrinogen level above 3-4 g/1 during the first 48 hous of life (72 p. 100 of the cases) contributed to an early diagnosis.", "contents": "[Neonatal listeriosis. Apropos of 53 cases]. 53 cases of neonatal listeriosis were seen during the last five years at the Intensive Care Unit for newborn infants (Pr Minkowski) and the Neonatal Center (P. Varangot) of the Port-Royal Maternity Hospital. The significant decline in mortality to 22 p. 100, when compared with previous years, was attributed to improvements in the diagnosis during the first hours of life and the contribution of artificial ventilation. The most frequent initial clinical sign was respiratory distress (58 p. 100) whereas meningitis was relatively rare (11 p. 100). Discoloration of the amniotic fluid and a fever in the mother at the time of delivery, were also important diagnostic clues. The macroscopic examination of the placenta and particularly placental smears containing listeria monocytogenes (15 of the specimens) as well as the hematological alterations, particularly an increase of the fibrinogen level above 3-4 g/1 during the first 48 hous of life (72 p. 100 of the cases) contributed to an early diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:903580", "title": "[Surgical treatment of trophoblastic diseases].", "content": "Early diagnosis of a developing hydatidiform mole gives an opportunity to evacuate this by intrauterine suction. This atraumatic procedure which is sure in its outcome has considerably lowered the indications for curettage, for hysterectomy and for hysterotomies. On the other hand, when trophoblastic disease persists chemotherapy is indicated so long as the indications are strictly grounded on biological criteria. The real indication for surgery is found when an isolated focus is resistant to medical treatment.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of trophoblastic diseases]. Early diagnosis of a developing hydatidiform mole gives an opportunity to evacuate this by intrauterine suction. This atraumatic procedure which is sure in its outcome has considerably lowered the indications for curettage, for hysterectomy and for hysterotomies. On the other hand, when trophoblastic disease persists chemotherapy is indicated so long as the indications are strictly grounded on biological criteria. The real indication for surgery is found when an isolated focus is resistant to medical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:903589", "title": "Total wrist arthroplasty: a preliminary report.", "content": "Evaluation of 26 Meuli total wrist arthroplasties in 22 patients 7 to 17 months after operation revealed that 92 percent (24 wrists) were relieved of pain. Postoperative motion averaged 32 degrees of dorsiflexion. 27 degrees of palmar flexion, 2 degrees of radial deviation, and 23 degrees of ulnar deviation. Failure of the prosthetic design to place the center of rotation properly in the capitate resulted in a tendency toward flexion and ulnar deviation deformities. Reoperation was required in nine (35 percent) of the 26 wrists. After reoperation of these nine wrists, 77 percent (20 wrists) of the total group had good or excellent results, 11.5 percent (three wrists) fair, and 11.5 percent (three wrists) poor.", "contents": "Total wrist arthroplasty: a preliminary report. Evaluation of 26 Meuli total wrist arthroplasties in 22 patients 7 to 17 months after operation revealed that 92 percent (24 wrists) were relieved of pain. Postoperative motion averaged 32 degrees of dorsiflexion. 27 degrees of palmar flexion, 2 degrees of radial deviation, and 23 degrees of ulnar deviation. Failure of the prosthetic design to place the center of rotation properly in the capitate resulted in a tendency toward flexion and ulnar deviation deformities. Reoperation was required in nine (35 percent) of the 26 wrists. After reoperation of these nine wrists, 77 percent (20 wrists) of the total group had good or excellent results, 11.5 percent (three wrists) fair, and 11.5 percent (three wrists) poor."}
{"id": "PMID:903590", "title": "Silicone-rubber interposition arthroplasty of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.", "content": "Since 1969, a slightly modified silicone-rubber neurosurgical burr-hole cover has been used for a type of interposition arthroplasty of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. The short stem of the device fits into a hole burred into the distal surface of the trapezium. The flat surface of the device covers the distal surface of the trapezium. Forty-nine operations were done on 42 patients, 35 women and seven men. The age range of the patients was 34 years to 72 years, with an average of 55 years. The average follow-up time was 31 months. Forty results were rated as excellent. There were two failures due to breakage of the device, and in both cases the breakage was due to a technical error.", "contents": "Silicone-rubber interposition arthroplasty of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. Since 1969, a slightly modified silicone-rubber neurosurgical burr-hole cover has been used for a type of interposition arthroplasty of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. The short stem of the device fits into a hole burred into the distal surface of the trapezium. The flat surface of the device covers the distal surface of the trapezium. Forty-nine operations were done on 42 patients, 35 women and seven men. The age range of the patients was 34 years to 72 years, with an average of 55 years. The average follow-up time was 31 months. Forty results were rated as excellent. There were two failures due to breakage of the device, and in both cases the breakage was due to a technical error."}
{"id": "PMID:903591", "title": "An appropriate treatment for postoperative Z-formed deformity of the duplicated thumb.", "content": "The Z-shaped deformity of the remaining thumb, often one of the sequelae to treatment of congenital duplicated thumb, may be due to a scar contracture, poorly functioning thenar muscles, and an abnormal insertion of the long flexor and extensor tendons. The deformity occurred in 14 of 49 patients treated for duplication of the thumb. A rotation flap instead of a Z-plasty was used to release the scar contracture, the flexor tendon was detached and reinserted on the ulnar side, and the radial half of the extensor tendon was removed.", "contents": "An appropriate treatment for postoperative Z-formed deformity of the duplicated thumb. The Z-shaped deformity of the remaining thumb, often one of the sequelae to treatment of congenital duplicated thumb, may be due to a scar contracture, poorly functioning thenar muscles, and an abnormal insertion of the long flexor and extensor tendons. The deformity occurred in 14 of 49 patients treated for duplication of the thumb. A rotation flap instead of a Z-plasty was used to release the scar contracture, the flexor tendon was detached and reinserted on the ulnar side, and the radial half of the extensor tendon was removed."}
{"id": "PMID:903592", "title": "Experience with distraction lengthening of digital rays in congenital anomalies.", "content": "To improve function and appearance of the hands in 11 children with congenital hypoplasia or aplasia of the digits, the method of distraction lengthening of remaining metacarpal structures was used. Four illustrative cases are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Experience with distraction lengthening of digital rays in congenital anomalies. To improve function and appearance of the hands in 11 children with congenital hypoplasia or aplasia of the digits, the method of distraction lengthening of remaining metacarpal structures was used. Four illustrative cases are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:903593", "title": "Irreducible dorsal dislocation of the distal interphalangeal joint of the finger.", "content": "Two patients with irreducible dislocation of the distal interphalangeal joint underwent surgical exploration. In each patient the volar plate, having been disrupted proximally, was trapped between the joint surfaces, preventing closed reduction.", "contents": "Irreducible dorsal dislocation of the distal interphalangeal joint of the finger. Two patients with irreducible dislocation of the distal interphalangeal joint underwent surgical exploration. In each patient the volar plate, having been disrupted proximally, was trapped between the joint surfaces, preventing closed reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:903603", "title": "The quantitative histologic distribution of pyridoxal phosphate in the rat stomach, effects of drugs influencing secretion.", "content": "The quantitative histologic distribution of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), the coenzyme of histidine decarboxylase in the biosynthesis of histamine as well as the coenzyme of other enzyme systems, was established in the rat glandular stomach in different secretory states. This was accomplished by analyzing PLP with an improved fluorometric microprocedure in histologically identified fresh-frozen microtome tissue sections cut serially through the stomach wall of fed and 24-hr fasted rats, and of the latter injected with drugs that stimulate (histamine, theophylline and urecholine) or inhibit (atropine) secretion. In fasted compared with fed rats, and in fasted rats injected with histamine (low dose) or theophylline, compared with saline injected controls, the PLP level was reduced not only in the chief cell region where PLP is utilized in histamine production, but also in the parietal and mucous neck cell region, indicating PLP function in other enzyme systems in these sites. No change in PLP level occurred when histamine was injected at a high dose known to suppress histidine decarboxylase activity. Administration of urecholine or atropine had negligible effect on the PLP levels, indicating a lack of vagal stimulatory or inhibitory influence.", "contents": "The quantitative histologic distribution of pyridoxal phosphate in the rat stomach, effects of drugs influencing secretion. The quantitative histologic distribution of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), the coenzyme of histidine decarboxylase in the biosynthesis of histamine as well as the coenzyme of other enzyme systems, was established in the rat glandular stomach in different secretory states. This was accomplished by analyzing PLP with an improved fluorometric microprocedure in histologically identified fresh-frozen microtome tissue sections cut serially through the stomach wall of fed and 24-hr fasted rats, and of the latter injected with drugs that stimulate (histamine, theophylline and urecholine) or inhibit (atropine) secretion. In fasted compared with fed rats, and in fasted rats injected with histamine (low dose) or theophylline, compared with saline injected controls, the PLP level was reduced not only in the chief cell region where PLP is utilized in histamine production, but also in the parietal and mucous neck cell region, indicating PLP function in other enzyme systems in these sites. No change in PLP level occurred when histamine was injected at a high dose known to suppress histidine decarboxylase activity. Administration of urecholine or atropine had negligible effect on the PLP levels, indicating a lack of vagal stimulatory or inhibitory influence."}
{"id": "PMID:903604", "title": "Psychological differentiation, event uncertainty, and heart rate.", "content": "Psychological differentiation and uncertainty about receiving a painful noise were examined for their effects on heart rate during the anticipatory, impact and recovery phases of the tone presentation. Psychologically differentiated and nondifferentiated subjects were randomly assigned to three event uncertainty conditions (5 percent, 50 percent, 95 percent probability of noise). Subjects were informed of the probability of receiving the noise, as well as the time of occurrence as indicated by a sequentially numbered visual display. Subjects received the noise on the second of the experiment's two trials. Cognitive style and event uncertainty interacted during the anticipatory phase--i.e., differentiated subjects showed a monotonic increase in heart rate with increasing probability of receiving the noise that represents preparation for instrumental activity. Results are consistent with the theory that meaningful personality-stress relationships may be obtained when examining stimulus-oriented dispositions.", "contents": "Psychological differentiation, event uncertainty, and heart rate. Psychological differentiation and uncertainty about receiving a painful noise were examined for their effects on heart rate during the anticipatory, impact and recovery phases of the tone presentation. Psychologically differentiated and nondifferentiated subjects were randomly assigned to three event uncertainty conditions (5 percent, 50 percent, 95 percent probability of noise). Subjects were informed of the probability of receiving the noise, as well as the time of occurrence as indicated by a sequentially numbered visual display. Subjects received the noise on the second of the experiment's two trials. Cognitive style and event uncertainty interacted during the anticipatory phase--i.e., differentiated subjects showed a monotonic increase in heart rate with increasing probability of receiving the noise that represents preparation for instrumental activity. Results are consistent with the theory that meaningful personality-stress relationships may be obtained when examining stimulus-oriented dispositions."}
{"id": "PMID:903605", "title": "Physiologic reactions to social challenge in persons evidencing the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern.", "content": "Physiologic measures were recorded in Type A1 (n = 10) and Type B (n = 14) subjects while they engaged in a reaction-time task after receiving instructions emphasizing the need for rapid and accurate performance. Although resting levels were not significantly different, Type A's responded with significantly greater increases than B's in both heart rate and systolic blood pressure, suggesting greater sympathetic arousal. A significant baseline difference between the Types in heart rate variability was also observed suggesting greater lability in sympathetic-parasympathetic function in Type A's. No differences between the Types were obtained for either galvanic skin potential (GSP) or speed of reaction. It is suggested that the paradigm used in the present study offers an inexpensive and efficient means by which cardiovascular reactivity in Type A's and B's may be explored in other and larger groups of subjects.", "contents": "Physiologic reactions to social challenge in persons evidencing the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. Physiologic measures were recorded in Type A1 (n = 10) and Type B (n = 14) subjects while they engaged in a reaction-time task after receiving instructions emphasizing the need for rapid and accurate performance. Although resting levels were not significantly different, Type A's responded with significantly greater increases than B's in both heart rate and systolic blood pressure, suggesting greater sympathetic arousal. A significant baseline difference between the Types in heart rate variability was also observed suggesting greater lability in sympathetic-parasympathetic function in Type A's. No differences between the Types were obtained for either galvanic skin potential (GSP) or speed of reaction. It is suggested that the paradigm used in the present study offers an inexpensive and efficient means by which cardiovascular reactivity in Type A's and B's may be explored in other and larger groups of subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:903606", "title": "Occupational incidence rates of mental health disorders.", "content": "This study attempted to provide occupational health professionals with an empirical basis for identifying and selecting specific occupations for further research into the relationship between job stress and worker health. Specifically, this involved an examination of the admission records of community mental health centers throughout one state (Tennessee) to determine the incidence rate of diagnosed mental health disorders for 130 major occupations (i.e., occupations employing 1,000 or more workers in the state). These occupations were then rank-ordered by incidence rate to provide a general scheme for evaluating the relative frequency of mental health disorders among the select occupations. The results indicated a disproportionate incidence of mental health anomalies among the hospital/health care professions. Some tentative explanations of this finding are presented, and suggestions are made for future research efforts.", "contents": "Occupational incidence rates of mental health disorders. This study attempted to provide occupational health professionals with an empirical basis for identifying and selecting specific occupations for further research into the relationship between job stress and worker health. Specifically, this involved an examination of the admission records of community mental health centers throughout one state (Tennessee) to determine the incidence rate of diagnosed mental health disorders for 130 major occupations (i.e., occupations employing 1,000 or more workers in the state). These occupations were then rank-ordered by incidence rate to provide a general scheme for evaluating the relative frequency of mental health disorders among the select occupations. The results indicated a disproportionate incidence of mental health anomalies among the hospital/health care professions. Some tentative explanations of this finding are presented, and suggestions are made for future research efforts."}
{"id": "PMID:903615", "title": "Microassay using radioiodinated protein A from Staphylococcus aureus for antibodies bound to cell surface antigens of adherent tumor cells.", "content": "A new microassay which utilizes radioiodinated staphylococcal protein A (SpA) to detect antibodies bound to cell surface antigens (CSA) was developed for monolayers of viable cultured tumor cells. Optimal detection of bound antibodies occurred at 37 degrees C with incubation periods of one hour each for antiserum and 131I-SpA. Labelling target cells with 125I-iododeoxyuridine facilitated expression of results relative to tumor cell number or protein concentration. Quantitation of antibody depended on CSA (tumor cells) and 131I-SpA being in excess of antibody; under these conditions, 0.25 ng of cell surface bound antibody could be detected readily. Initial studies utilized cultured human neurobodies in human serum which bound to CSA were removed by absorption with glutaraldehyde-insolubilized fetal calf serum (FCS) suggesting that FCS or FCS-like determinants can be CSA. Rabbit antisera, after extensive absorption, bound to cultured neuroblastoma and lung adenocarcinoma cells in a cell type specific pattern. These experiments demonstrated the value of this assay in quantitating anti-CSA antibodies and in serological analysis of tumor CSA.", "contents": "Microassay using radioiodinated protein A from Staphylococcus aureus for antibodies bound to cell surface antigens of adherent tumor cells. A new microassay which utilizes radioiodinated staphylococcal protein A (SpA) to detect antibodies bound to cell surface antigens (CSA) was developed for monolayers of viable cultured tumor cells. Optimal detection of bound antibodies occurred at 37 degrees C with incubation periods of one hour each for antiserum and 131I-SpA. Labelling target cells with 125I-iododeoxyuridine facilitated expression of results relative to tumor cell number or protein concentration. Quantitation of antibody depended on CSA (tumor cells) and 131I-SpA being in excess of antibody; under these conditions, 0.25 ng of cell surface bound antibody could be detected readily. Initial studies utilized cultured human neurobodies in human serum which bound to CSA were removed by absorption with glutaraldehyde-insolubilized fetal calf serum (FCS) suggesting that FCS or FCS-like determinants can be CSA. Rabbit antisera, after extensive absorption, bound to cultured neuroblastoma and lung adenocarcinoma cells in a cell type specific pattern. These experiments demonstrated the value of this assay in quantitating anti-CSA antibodies and in serological analysis of tumor CSA."}
{"id": "PMID:903616", "title": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for aprindine.", "content": "We have developed a radioimmunoassay for aprindine, a new antiarrhythmic drug used in the treatment of ventricular disorders. The antibodies were produced by immunization of New-zealand rabbits with aprindine coupled to human serum albumin. Their biochemical characteristics have been determined. Tritiated aprindine was used as radioactive competitor. The cross-reactivity with several metabolites of aprindine was studied too. Finally, the results obtained by RIA in plasma and tissues of dogs were compared to those obtained by gas-chromatography.", "contents": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for aprindine. We have developed a radioimmunoassay for aprindine, a new antiarrhythmic drug used in the treatment of ventricular disorders. The antibodies were produced by immunization of New-zealand rabbits with aprindine coupled to human serum albumin. Their biochemical characteristics have been determined. Tritiated aprindine was used as radioactive competitor. The cross-reactivity with several metabolites of aprindine was studied too. Finally, the results obtained by RIA in plasma and tissues of dogs were compared to those obtained by gas-chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:903617", "title": "Production of large amounts of antibodies, complement, and leukocytes in ascitic fluids of guinea pigs.", "content": "A method is described for the production in guinea pigs of large amounts of ascitic fluid containing non-specific IgG, antiprotein antibodies, complement, other serum proteins and leukocytes. The method is an adaptation of a procedure previously applied to mice. A major difference is the extended schedule of inoculations required for the induction of ascites in guinea pigs; a requirement for boosting with antigen intradermally while repeatedly inoculating adjuvant intraperitoneally; and the much larger quantities obtained. The average yield of ascitic fluid, when antigen was not used, was 113 ml per animal, and the average yield of IgG was 0.87 g. With antigen (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) the average yields were 143 ml and 1.6 g of antibody per guinea pig. Complement titers were 41 to 74% of those in serum. The number of leukocytes per ml of ascites ranged from 7 X 10(6) to 20 X 10(6). The method should be useful for the production of large amounts of leukocytes, antibodies and other serum proteins from a small colony of laboratory animals. In addition, cells can be obtained without the need to sacrifice the animal.", "contents": "Production of large amounts of antibodies, complement, and leukocytes in ascitic fluids of guinea pigs. A method is described for the production in guinea pigs of large amounts of ascitic fluid containing non-specific IgG, antiprotein antibodies, complement, other serum proteins and leukocytes. The method is an adaptation of a procedure previously applied to mice. A major difference is the extended schedule of inoculations required for the induction of ascites in guinea pigs; a requirement for boosting with antigen intradermally while repeatedly inoculating adjuvant intraperitoneally; and the much larger quantities obtained. The average yield of ascitic fluid, when antigen was not used, was 113 ml per animal, and the average yield of IgG was 0.87 g. With antigen (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) the average yields were 143 ml and 1.6 g of antibody per guinea pig. Complement titers were 41 to 74% of those in serum. The number of leukocytes per ml of ascites ranged from 7 X 10(6) to 20 X 10(6). The method should be useful for the production of large amounts of leukocytes, antibodies and other serum proteins from a small colony of laboratory animals. In addition, cells can be obtained without the need to sacrifice the animal."}
{"id": "PMID:903618", "title": "Agarose medium turbidimetric assay for cross reacting antigens.", "content": "Appropriate concentrations of carrageenan and antibody to carrageenan were mixed in a medium consisting of 0.1% agarose in 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4 at 37 degrees C. The kinetics of precipitation were followed by turbidimetric analysis with a double beam Unicam spectrophotometer set at 420 nm. Addition of agarose enhanced the antigen--antibody reaction as judged by turbidity and served as a stabilizing medium permitting extended periods of continuous monitoring. The initial rate of precipitation was found to vary linearly with the concentration of antigen in the antibody excess zone. Both the critical rate of precipitation and final optical density were characteristic of the specific antigen-antibody reaction. These two parameters are used to quantitate the extent of a cross-reaction and to calculate an index of homology for the cross-reacting antigen to the homologous antigen.", "contents": "Agarose medium turbidimetric assay for cross reacting antigens. Appropriate concentrations of carrageenan and antibody to carrageenan were mixed in a medium consisting of 0.1% agarose in 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4 at 37 degrees C. The kinetics of precipitation were followed by turbidimetric analysis with a double beam Unicam spectrophotometer set at 420 nm. Addition of agarose enhanced the antigen--antibody reaction as judged by turbidity and served as a stabilizing medium permitting extended periods of continuous monitoring. The initial rate of precipitation was found to vary linearly with the concentration of antigen in the antibody excess zone. Both the critical rate of precipitation and final optical density were characteristic of the specific antigen-antibody reaction. These two parameters are used to quantitate the extent of a cross-reaction and to calculate an index of homology for the cross-reacting antigen to the homologous antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:903665", "title": "Apatite crystals in pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a combined study using electron microscopy and selected area diffraction analysis.", "content": "Calcium deposits in elastic fibers of involved skin of patients suffering from pseudoxanthoma elasticum have previously been reported. In the present work, the crystalline structure and composition were studied. Involved skin was obtained from 5 patients. Bright-field and dark-field electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction of the calcium deposits were applied. The study demonstrates calcium apatite crystals.", "contents": "Apatite crystals in pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a combined study using electron microscopy and selected area diffraction analysis. Calcium deposits in elastic fibers of involved skin of patients suffering from pseudoxanthoma elasticum have previously been reported. In the present work, the crystalline structure and composition were studied. Involved skin was obtained from 5 patients. Bright-field and dark-field electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction of the calcium deposits were applied. The study demonstrates calcium apatite crystals."}
{"id": "PMID:903666", "title": "[3H]Thymidine labeling of dermal endothelial cells in scleroderma.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to estimate [3H] thymidine labeling of endothelial cells of skin capillaries in localized scleroderma (LS) and systemic scleroderma (SS). Skin specimens from 14 patients with SS, 5 with LS, and 9 matched controls were studied by in vitro autoradiography. Capillaries from patients with SS showed a statistically significant increase in endothelial cell labeling when compared to vessels from controls (p less than 0.0005).", "contents": "[3H]Thymidine labeling of dermal endothelial cells in scleroderma. The purpose of this study was to estimate [3H] thymidine labeling of endothelial cells of skin capillaries in localized scleroderma (LS) and systemic scleroderma (SS). Skin specimens from 14 patients with SS, 5 with LS, and 9 matched controls were studied by in vitro autoradiography. Capillaries from patients with SS showed a statistically significant increase in endothelial cell labeling when compared to vessels from controls (p less than 0.0005)."}
{"id": "PMID:903668", "title": "Biologic changes due to long-wave ultraviolet irradiation on human skin: ultrastructural study.", "content": "Alteration of the skin induced by single and repeated long-wave ultraviolet (UVA) exposures was studied. Following a single exposure to relatively large doses of UVA, pronounced dermal damage was observed. In the papillary dermis, superficial dermal vessels showed widely open endothelial gaps and extravasation of blood cells. Marked changes of fibroblasts were also seen in the superficial dermis. In the reticular dermis, extravascular fibrin deposition was seen. After repeated exposures to UVA the formation of cross-banded filamentous aggregations (\"Zebra bodies\") was observed in the superficial and reticular dermis. These were often found in amorphous masses surrounding the blood vessels. These striking dermal alterations were absent in skin irradiated by solar stimulating radiation and in control skin. Dyskeratotic \"sunburn cells\" were occasionally seen in the epidermis after single as well as repeated exposures to UVA. The number of these cells was less than that seen after a single exposure to solar simulating radiation.", "contents": "Biologic changes due to long-wave ultraviolet irradiation on human skin: ultrastructural study. Alteration of the skin induced by single and repeated long-wave ultraviolet (UVA) exposures was studied. Following a single exposure to relatively large doses of UVA, pronounced dermal damage was observed. In the papillary dermis, superficial dermal vessels showed widely open endothelial gaps and extravasation of blood cells. Marked changes of fibroblasts were also seen in the superficial dermis. In the reticular dermis, extravascular fibrin deposition was seen. After repeated exposures to UVA the formation of cross-banded filamentous aggregations (\"Zebra bodies\") was observed in the superficial and reticular dermis. These were often found in amorphous masses surrounding the blood vessels. These striking dermal alterations were absent in skin irradiated by solar stimulating radiation and in control skin. Dyskeratotic \"sunburn cells\" were occasionally seen in the epidermis after single as well as repeated exposures to UVA. The number of these cells was less than that seen after a single exposure to solar simulating radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:903670", "title": "Flux of fatty acids during epidermal differentiation.", "content": "Fetal rat skin prior to cornification (18 days of gestation) was prelabeled with [14C] linoleic acid in vitro and subsequently allowed to differentiate and cornify in organ culture. During 48 hr in culture total epidermal 14C fatty acids and 14C dienes decreased in phospholipids and increased in triglycerides and sterol esters as granular layers and stratum corneum formed. During the second 24-hr period, there was no net loss in 14C fatty acids from the epidermis, suggesting that the changes in phospholipid and neutral esters represented translocations of fatty acids within the cornifying cells. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that fatty acids liberated by hydrolysis of phospholipids are salvaged by reesterfication as neutral lipid esters during epidermal cornification.", "contents": "Flux of fatty acids during epidermal differentiation. Fetal rat skin prior to cornification (18 days of gestation) was prelabeled with [14C] linoleic acid in vitro and subsequently allowed to differentiate and cornify in organ culture. During 48 hr in culture total epidermal 14C fatty acids and 14C dienes decreased in phospholipids and increased in triglycerides and sterol esters as granular layers and stratum corneum formed. During the second 24-hr period, there was no net loss in 14C fatty acids from the epidermis, suggesting that the changes in phospholipid and neutral esters represented translocations of fatty acids within the cornifying cells. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that fatty acids liberated by hydrolysis of phospholipids are salvaged by reesterfication as neutral lipid esters during epidermal cornification."}
{"id": "PMID:903671", "title": "Experimental endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. Therapy with carbenicillin and gentamicin.", "content": "Rabbits with left-sided endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were treated with a high dose (7.5 mg/kg) of gentamicin for six days, a low dose (5 mg/kg) of gentamicin for six days or two weeks, carbenicillin (400 mg/kg) for six days or two weeks, or a combination of the lower dose of gentamicin and carbenicillin (400 mg/kg) for six days or two weeks. Sterilization of cardiac vegetations was accomplished more effectively in rabbits given the higher dose of gentamicin for six days (44% with sterilized vegetations) or combination therapy for 14 days (64%) than in rabbits given the lower dose of gentamicin or carbenicillin alone for two weeks (23.5% and none, respectively). Combination therapy for two weeks prevented relapse in all of six treated rabbits that were followed after treatment; in contrast, all four animals treated with carbenicillin and four of six animals treated with the lower dose of gentamicin relapsed after two weeks of treatment. Levels of creatinine in serum became elevated in four of nine rabbits that received gentamicin along for two weeks. Therapeutic success was associated with a synergistic antibiotic combination, a peak bactericidal titer in serum of greater than or equal to 1:16, and a high level of gentamicin in serum.", "contents": "Experimental endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. Therapy with carbenicillin and gentamicin. Rabbits with left-sided endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were treated with a high dose (7.5 mg/kg) of gentamicin for six days, a low dose (5 mg/kg) of gentamicin for six days or two weeks, carbenicillin (400 mg/kg) for six days or two weeks, or a combination of the lower dose of gentamicin and carbenicillin (400 mg/kg) for six days or two weeks. Sterilization of cardiac vegetations was accomplished more effectively in rabbits given the higher dose of gentamicin for six days (44% with sterilized vegetations) or combination therapy for 14 days (64%) than in rabbits given the lower dose of gentamicin or carbenicillin alone for two weeks (23.5% and none, respectively). Combination therapy for two weeks prevented relapse in all of six treated rabbits that were followed after treatment; in contrast, all four animals treated with carbenicillin and four of six animals treated with the lower dose of gentamicin relapsed after two weeks of treatment. Levels of creatinine in serum became elevated in four of nine rabbits that received gentamicin along for two weeks. Therapeutic success was associated with a synergistic antibiotic combination, a peak bactericidal titer in serum of greater than or equal to 1:16, and a high level of gentamicin in serum."}
{"id": "PMID:903672", "title": "Characteristics of 11 rabies virus isolates in mice: titers and relative invasiveness of virus, incubation period of infection, and survival of mice with sequelae.", "content": "Mice were inoculated intracerebrally or in the footpad with 11 salivary gland suspensions from rabid foxes, skunks, and bobcats. The 11 isolates differed in their ratios of intracerebral titer to footpad titer, a result indicating that the \"invasiveness\" of different isolates varies markedly. The degree of invasiveness could not be correlated with the species of animal. The inoculation of the less invasive isolates resulted in an appreciable number of permanently paralyzed animals (survivors with sequelae). These animals had high titers of neutralizing antibody in serum but no neutralizing antibody in the brain, a finding suggesting that virus had invaded only the peripheral nervous system or the spinal ganglia. Pathological examination of the paralyzed mice and normal mice confirmed this finding.", "contents": "Characteristics of 11 rabies virus isolates in mice: titers and relative invasiveness of virus, incubation period of infection, and survival of mice with sequelae. Mice were inoculated intracerebrally or in the footpad with 11 salivary gland suspensions from rabid foxes, skunks, and bobcats. The 11 isolates differed in their ratios of intracerebral titer to footpad titer, a result indicating that the \"invasiveness\" of different isolates varies markedly. The degree of invasiveness could not be correlated with the species of animal. The inoculation of the less invasive isolates resulted in an appreciable number of permanently paralyzed animals (survivors with sequelae). These animals had high titers of neutralizing antibody in serum but no neutralizing antibody in the brain, a finding suggesting that virus had invaded only the peripheral nervous system or the spinal ganglia. Pathological examination of the paralyzed mice and normal mice confirmed this finding."}
{"id": "PMID:903673", "title": "Persistence in humans of antibody to subtypes of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus after immunization with attenuated (TC-83) VEE virus vaccine.", "content": "We studied the persistence of antibody to Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus subtypes in sera of 20 volunteers inoculated seven or nine years previously with attenuated TC-83 VEE virus vaccine. Serological patterns were compared with those of 10 other persons from whom samples of serum were obtained 28 days after vaccination with TC-83 virus. Vaccines had no other known exposure to a group A arbovirus. Titers of neutralizing antibody of greater than or equal to 1:10 were measured against the homologous TC-83 strain of virus in all long- and short-term vaccinees. In both groups of vaccinees the percentage of antibody-positive persons and their geometric mean titers of antibody to the epizootic subtypes I-A, I-B, and I-C were higher than titers to the enzootic subtypes I-D, I-E, II, III, and IV. However, proportionally fewer long-term vaccinees  than short-term vaccinees had detectable neutralizing antibody reactive with enzootic strains. These results reveal long-lasting circulation of neutralizing antibody to TC-83 virus and closely related epizootic variants in 95%-100% of vaccinees. The relatively lower rate of antibody conversion and the loss of antibody to more antigenically remote enzootic subtypes of VEE virus suggest that vaccinees may be less well protected against infection by these strains.", "contents": "Persistence in humans of antibody to subtypes of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus after immunization with attenuated (TC-83) VEE virus vaccine. We studied the persistence of antibody to Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus subtypes in sera of 20 volunteers inoculated seven or nine years previously with attenuated TC-83 VEE virus vaccine. Serological patterns were compared with those of 10 other persons from whom samples of serum were obtained 28 days after vaccination with TC-83 virus. Vaccines had no other known exposure to a group A arbovirus. Titers of neutralizing antibody of greater than or equal to 1:10 were measured against the homologous TC-83 strain of virus in all long- and short-term vaccinees. In both groups of vaccinees the percentage of antibody-positive persons and their geometric mean titers of antibody to the epizootic subtypes I-A, I-B, and I-C were higher than titers to the enzootic subtypes I-D, I-E, II, III, and IV. However, proportionally fewer long-term vaccinees  than short-term vaccinees had detectable neutralizing antibody reactive with enzootic strains. These results reveal long-lasting circulation of neutralizing antibody to TC-83 virus and closely related epizootic variants in 95%-100% of vaccinees. The relatively lower rate of antibody conversion and the loss of antibody to more antigenically remote enzootic subtypes of VEE virus suggest that vaccinees may be less well protected against infection by these strains."}
{"id": "PMID:903674", "title": "Emergence of variant forms of Staphylococcus aureus after exposure to gentamicin and infectivity of the variants in experimental animals.", "content": "Exposure of a large inoculum of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro to concentrations of gentamicin that exceeded the minimal bactericidal concentration regularly resulted in the emergence of aminoglycoside-resistant bacterial variants. Variants lacked typical properties that are associated with S. aureus: they produced small, nonhemolytic colonies that were mostly coagulase-, deoxyribonuclease-, and mannitol-negative. In some instances phage type also differed from that of the parent forms. Animal models of subcutaneous and intravenous infection were studied with use of parent and variant forms of S. aureus. Subcutaneous injection of variants into rats readily produced abscesses, and intravenous inoculation into mice caused pyelonephritis, although in each experimental model in which equivalent bacterial inocula were used, parents produced more extensive disease. These data show that variants of S. aureus cause infection in experimental animals, although these variants appear to be somewhat less virulent than the parents from which they are derived. Preliminary studies in our laboratory have also shown that gentamicin-resistant variants of gram-negative bacilli can be induced by a single in vitro exposure to gentamicin. The virulence of these organisms and their role in antibiotic-susceptibility patterns of hospital flora warrant further investigation.", "contents": "Emergence of variant forms of Staphylococcus aureus after exposure to gentamicin and infectivity of the variants in experimental animals. Exposure of a large inoculum of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro to concentrations of gentamicin that exceeded the minimal bactericidal concentration regularly resulted in the emergence of aminoglycoside-resistant bacterial variants. Variants lacked typical properties that are associated with S. aureus: they produced small, nonhemolytic colonies that were mostly coagulase-, deoxyribonuclease-, and mannitol-negative. In some instances phage type also differed from that of the parent forms. Animal models of subcutaneous and intravenous infection were studied with use of parent and variant forms of S. aureus. Subcutaneous injection of variants into rats readily produced abscesses, and intravenous inoculation into mice caused pyelonephritis, although in each experimental model in which equivalent bacterial inocula were used, parents produced more extensive disease. These data show that variants of S. aureus cause infection in experimental animals, although these variants appear to be somewhat less virulent than the parents from which they are derived. Preliminary studies in our laboratory have also shown that gentamicin-resistant variants of gram-negative bacilli can be induced by a single in vitro exposure to gentamicin. The virulence of these organisms and their role in antibiotic-susceptibility patterns of hospital flora warrant further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:903675", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin during pregnancy.", "content": "Levels of ampicillin in plasma and urine were studied in 26 pregnant women during the 8 hr following an oral as well as an intravenous dose. Identical doses were given to the same women after pregnancy, and the resulting plasma and urine levels were compared. Assays were performed by means of a disk agar diffusion method. Renal plasma clearance was calculated. Plasma levels were significantly lower during pregnancy than after. The difference was unrelated to body weight and length of gestation but was associated with a significant increase in distribution volume and renal plasma clearance in pregnant women. Recovery of ampicillin in urine during 8 hr was identical during pregnancy and after. It is suggested that pregnant women require higher doses of ampicillin per kg of body weight than nonpregnant women in order to achieve similar concentrations in plasma. The experimental design used in the present study is suitable for evaluation of pharmacokinetics in pregnancy.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin during pregnancy. Levels of ampicillin in plasma and urine were studied in 26 pregnant women during the 8 hr following an oral as well as an intravenous dose. Identical doses were given to the same women after pregnancy, and the resulting plasma and urine levels were compared. Assays were performed by means of a disk agar diffusion method. Renal plasma clearance was calculated. Plasma levels were significantly lower during pregnancy than after. The difference was unrelated to body weight and length of gestation but was associated with a significant increase in distribution volume and renal plasma clearance in pregnant women. Recovery of ampicillin in urine during 8 hr was identical during pregnancy and after. It is suggested that pregnant women require higher doses of ampicillin per kg of body weight than nonpregnant women in order to achieve similar concentrations in plasma. The experimental design used in the present study is suitable for evaluation of pharmacokinetics in pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:903676", "title": "Maternal-fetal transfer of cefazolin in the first twenty weeks of pregnancy.", "content": "Maternal-fetal transfer of cefazolin was investigated with use of a single 14-mg/kg intramuscular dose administered to 40 gravidas before elective hysterectomy. The half-life of cefazolin in maternal serum was 1.5 hr with mean concentrations at 2 and 4 hr of 39 and 16 microgram/ml, respectively. By microbiological assay, cefazolin was not detected in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, lung, liver, or kidney of the fetus but was present in concentrations of 1-11 microgram/ml in 12 of 27 individual samples of fetal serum from 0.75 to 10.66 hr. Cefazolin appeared in fetal urine from 2.17 to 19.5 hr at levels of less than 5 microgram/ml with a half-life of 5.4 hr. Cefazolin was present in the amniotic fluid of fetuses older than 14 weeks in concentrations of less than 1 microgram/ml from 9 to 21.75 hr. After administration of a single dose to the mother early in pregnancy, the fetal distribution of cefazolin is limited to the body fluids.", "contents": "Maternal-fetal transfer of cefazolin in the first twenty weeks of pregnancy. Maternal-fetal transfer of cefazolin was investigated with use of a single 14-mg/kg intramuscular dose administered to 40 gravidas before elective hysterectomy. The half-life of cefazolin in maternal serum was 1.5 hr with mean concentrations at 2 and 4 hr of 39 and 16 microgram/ml, respectively. By microbiological assay, cefazolin was not detected in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, lung, liver, or kidney of the fetus but was present in concentrations of 1-11 microgram/ml in 12 of 27 individual samples of fetal serum from 0.75 to 10.66 hr. Cefazolin appeared in fetal urine from 2.17 to 19.5 hr at levels of less than 5 microgram/ml with a half-life of 5.4 hr. Cefazolin was present in the amniotic fluid of fetuses older than 14 weeks in concentrations of less than 1 microgram/ml from 9 to 21.75 hr. After administration of a single dose to the mother early in pregnancy, the fetal distribution of cefazolin is limited to the body fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:903677", "title": "Prevention of virus-induced cerebellar diseases by defective-interfering lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "Defective-interfering (DI) lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) prevented disease in the central nervous system produced by standard LCMV. Standard LCMV injected into Lewis rats two days after birth produced a disorder distinguishable clinically by weight loss and ataxia and histologically by infiltration of mononuclear cells and necrosis of the cerebellum. Concurrent injection of DI LCMV with standard LCMV prevented the disease and markedly reduced the synthesis of standard LCMV and of viral antigens in the brain. Because inhibition of viral synthesis occurred early (day 3) after infection and because no interferon activity could be demonstrated, it was concluded that the interference effect was likely due to DI virus-mediated homologous interference. Other experiments showed that DI LCMV blocked viral antigen synthesis in culture. The curtailed production of viral antigens and cytolytic standard virus by DI virus may play a role in control of acute and persistent viral infections.", "contents": "Prevention of virus-induced cerebellar diseases by defective-interfering lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Defective-interfering (DI) lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) prevented disease in the central nervous system produced by standard LCMV. Standard LCMV injected into Lewis rats two days after birth produced a disorder distinguishable clinically by weight loss and ataxia and histologically by infiltration of mononuclear cells and necrosis of the cerebellum. Concurrent injection of DI LCMV with standard LCMV prevented the disease and markedly reduced the synthesis of standard LCMV and of viral antigens in the brain. Because inhibition of viral synthesis occurred early (day 3) after infection and because no interferon activity could be demonstrated, it was concluded that the interference effect was likely due to DI virus-mediated homologous interference. Other experiments showed that DI LCMV blocked viral antigen synthesis in culture. The curtailed production of viral antigens and cytolytic standard virus by DI virus may play a role in control of acute and persistent viral infections."}
{"id": "PMID:903678", "title": "Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from the feces of naturally infected cats.", "content": "Feces of 1,000 cats from a humane shelter in Columbus, Ohio, were examined microscopically for oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii and by inoculation into mice. From the first 541 cats examined, oocysts of Toxoplasma were found in the feces of seven cats but in none of the remaining 459 cats. Results of the dye test in these seven cats showed titers of antibody of less than 1:2 in four cats, and of 1:8, 1:6, and 1:32 in the remaining three cats. The pathogenicity and infectivity of oocysts and cysts of all seven strains were compared in mice after oral and intraperitoneal inoculations. Oocysts and cysts were more pathogenic when administered by the oral route than by the intraperitoneal route. The cysts were less pathogenic than the oocysts. Excellent cross-immunity between six of these seven feline strains and the M-7741 strain was deomonstrated in cats by the fact that oocysts were not shed in feces of cats challenged with cysts of homologous or heterologous strains.", "contents": "Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from the feces of naturally infected cats. Feces of 1,000 cats from a humane shelter in Columbus, Ohio, were examined microscopically for oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii and by inoculation into mice. From the first 541 cats examined, oocysts of Toxoplasma were found in the feces of seven cats but in none of the remaining 459 cats. Results of the dye test in these seven cats showed titers of antibody of less than 1:2 in four cats, and of 1:8, 1:6, and 1:32 in the remaining three cats. The pathogenicity and infectivity of oocysts and cysts of all seven strains were compared in mice after oral and intraperitoneal inoculations. Oocysts and cysts were more pathogenic when administered by the oral route than by the intraperitoneal route. The cysts were less pathogenic than the oocysts. Excellent cross-immunity between six of these seven feline strains and the M-7741 strain was deomonstrated in cats by the fact that oocysts were not shed in feces of cats challenged with cysts of homologous or heterologous strains."}
{"id": "PMID:903693", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic radioenzymatic assay for plasma catecholamines.", "content": "A new assay method for plasma CA's requiring only 50 microliter has been developed, which uses HPLC. The NE, D, and E compounds found in plasma are radioactively o-methylated with 3H-SAM by the reaction of COMT. The reaction is terminated and a standard mixture of nonradioactive o-methylated analogues of NE, D, and E is addded to act as a carrier. Following separation by HPLC, the NMN, 3-MOT, and MN radioactive peaks are collected which represent NE, D, and E, respectively. Then MNM and MN are oxidized to vanillin, and 3-MOT is acetylated. The products are subsequently separated by solvent extraction. This is necessary in order to avoid high radioactive blanks and to allow quantitation of the radioactivity by liquid scintillation spectrometry. The mean supine levels of NE, D, and E in normal subjects were respectively 182, 33, and 87 pg/ml of plasma. Similar assays on patients with pheochromocytoma revealed 797, 80, and 470 pg/ml.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic radioenzymatic assay for plasma catecholamines. A new assay method for plasma CA's requiring only 50 microliter has been developed, which uses HPLC. The NE, D, and E compounds found in plasma are radioactively o-methylated with 3H-SAM by the reaction of COMT. The reaction is terminated and a standard mixture of nonradioactive o-methylated analogues of NE, D, and E is addded to act as a carrier. Following separation by HPLC, the NMN, 3-MOT, and MN radioactive peaks are collected which represent NE, D, and E, respectively. Then MNM and MN are oxidized to vanillin, and 3-MOT is acetylated. The products are subsequently separated by solvent extraction. This is necessary in order to avoid high radioactive blanks and to allow quantitation of the radioactivity by liquid scintillation spectrometry. The mean supine levels of NE, D, and E in normal subjects were respectively 182, 33, and 87 pg/ml of plasma. Similar assays on patients with pheochromocytoma revealed 797, 80, and 470 pg/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:903697", "title": "A new method for the hydrolysis of conjugated catecholamines.", "content": "A new method of hydrolysis of conjugated CA's in plasma and urine has been developed. It is based on the lyophilization of dilute perchloric acid solutions of plasma and urine. The hydrolysis of the CA conjugates was more complete by this method than by the standard method by enzymatic hydrolysis. The identity of the products was verified by TLC. DA, undetectable in 95% of normal subjects, was found to exist almost exclusively in the conjugated form, averaging 0.74 +/- 0.17 (S.E.) ng/ml. Free and conjugated NE and E in human plasma were 0.23 +/- 0.03 and 0.32 +/- 0.27 ng/ml, respectively. The new and simple method of hydrolysis of conjugated CA's may help in the search for the physiological meaning of the conjugation.", "contents": "A new method for the hydrolysis of conjugated catecholamines. A new method of hydrolysis of conjugated CA's in plasma and urine has been developed. It is based on the lyophilization of dilute perchloric acid solutions of plasma and urine. The hydrolysis of the CA conjugates was more complete by this method than by the standard method by enzymatic hydrolysis. The identity of the products was verified by TLC. DA, undetectable in 95% of normal subjects, was found to exist almost exclusively in the conjugated form, averaging 0.74 +/- 0.17 (S.E.) ng/ml. Free and conjugated NE and E in human plasma were 0.23 +/- 0.03 and 0.32 +/- 0.27 ng/ml, respectively. The new and simple method of hydrolysis of conjugated CA's may help in the search for the physiological meaning of the conjugation."}
{"id": "PMID:903698", "title": "A radioreceptor assay for serum insulin.", "content": "A method is described for the measurement of insulin in serum by RRA with normal human sRRA. The sensitivity of the assay is similar to that of a commonly used immunoassay. There is no detectable interference from somatomedin or NSILA, whereas proinsulin has only about 5% of the activity of insulin in the assay. There is a high degree of correlation between the results of immunoassay and the RRA over the physiological range of serum insulin. However, the greater ability to differentiate between insulin and proinsulin, together with greater ability of receptor binding to exclude altered (biologically inactive) insulin, present advantages of this assay over the RIA, which may be significant in abnormal situations.", "contents": "A radioreceptor assay for serum insulin. A method is described for the measurement of insulin in serum by RRA with normal human sRRA. The sensitivity of the assay is similar to that of a commonly used immunoassay. There is no detectable interference from somatomedin or NSILA, whereas proinsulin has only about 5% of the activity of insulin in the assay. There is a high degree of correlation between the results of immunoassay and the RRA over the physiological range of serum insulin. However, the greater ability to differentiate between insulin and proinsulin, together with greater ability of receptor binding to exclude altered (biologically inactive) insulin, present advantages of this assay over the RIA, which may be significant in abnormal situations."}
{"id": "PMID:903699", "title": "Effects of iron deficiency on the absorption and distribution of lead and cadmium in rats.", "content": "In order to evaluate the effects of iron deficiency on the absorption of pollutant metals, an iron-deficient diet was fed to young rats until their tissue-iron stores were depleted. Prior to the development of anemia, the iron-deficient rats and littermate controls were administered an intragastric gavage of lead-210 or cadmium-109 and were killed 48 hr later. The body burden of lead was approximately 6 times greater, and that of cadmium approximately 7 times greater, in iron-deficient rats than in the controls. No consistent effects were observed on concentrations of serum total lipids or serum proteins nor on protein electrophoretic patterns in rats with a deficit in iron stores.", "contents": "Effects of iron deficiency on the absorption and distribution of lead and cadmium in rats. In order to evaluate the effects of iron deficiency on the absorption of pollutant metals, an iron-deficient diet was fed to young rats until their tissue-iron stores were depleted. Prior to the development of anemia, the iron-deficient rats and littermate controls were administered an intragastric gavage of lead-210 or cadmium-109 and were killed 48 hr later. The body burden of lead was approximately 6 times greater, and that of cadmium approximately 7 times greater, in iron-deficient rats than in the controls. No consistent effects were observed on concentrations of serum total lipids or serum proteins nor on protein electrophoretic patterns in rats with a deficit in iron stores."}
{"id": "PMID:903700", "title": "Postsurgical granulocyte dysfunction: studies in healthy kidney donors.", "content": "In order to determine whether surgical trauma affects granulocyte function, we performed sequential studies of granulocyte phagocytic and bactericidal function, chemotaxis, and adherence on 25 otherwise healthy subjects undergoing donor nephrectomy for kidney transplantation. All values were normal prior to surgery, and bacterial killing and phagocytosis were unaffected by surgery. Granulocyte chemotaxis and adherence were significantly impaired immediately following surgery, returning to normal in 24 hr. Anesthesia alone did not affect chemotaxis. Generation of chemoattractants from postoperative plasma was normal, and inhibitors of chemotaxis could not be demonstrated, suggesting an intrinsic cellular defect. We suggest that these postoperative abnormalities of granulocyte chemotaxis and adherence may contribute to the high incidence of infectious complications following surgery.", "contents": "Postsurgical granulocyte dysfunction: studies in healthy kidney donors. In order to determine whether surgical trauma affects granulocyte function, we performed sequential studies of granulocyte phagocytic and bactericidal function, chemotaxis, and adherence on 25 otherwise healthy subjects undergoing donor nephrectomy for kidney transplantation. All values were normal prior to surgery, and bacterial killing and phagocytosis were unaffected by surgery. Granulocyte chemotaxis and adherence were significantly impaired immediately following surgery, returning to normal in 24 hr. Anesthesia alone did not affect chemotaxis. Generation of chemoattractants from postoperative plasma was normal, and inhibitors of chemotaxis could not be demonstrated, suggesting an intrinsic cellular defect. We suggest that these postoperative abnormalities of granulocyte chemotaxis and adherence may contribute to the high incidence of infectious complications following surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:903701", "title": "Mechanical trauma in leukocytes.", "content": "Mechanical and surface traumas in cardiopulmonary bypass circuits alter the function and morphology of human leukocytes. The effect of controlled in vitro shear stess (0 to 2,000 dynes/cm2, 2 to 10 min, 37 degrees C) on electronic cell count, morphology, adhesiveness, and phosphatase cytochemical staining was studied on whole blood from normal donors. Electronic cell counts droppped significantly after shear stress exposure (25% at 600 dynes/cm2 for 10 min). The frequency of disrupted leukocytes in blood smears increased with shear stress above 150 dynes/cm2, and aggregates of the disrupted cells appeared after exposure to higher shear stresses (450 dynes/cm2, 10 min). Cytochemical staining of the alkaline phosphatase in the granules of intact neutrophils was significantly reduced by the application of shear stress (150 dynes/cm2 for 10 min, or greater), but staining of acid phosphatase-containing granules was almost unaffected. Increased cell retention in columns of nylon fibers suggests that increased leukocyte adhesiveness results from exposure to shear stress. Thus exposure to shear stress may alter or disrupt leukocyte morphology and function at values somewhat lower than the 1,500 dynes/cm2 for 2 min which is required to hemolyze erythrocytes.", "contents": "Mechanical trauma in leukocytes. Mechanical and surface traumas in cardiopulmonary bypass circuits alter the function and morphology of human leukocytes. The effect of controlled in vitro shear stess (0 to 2,000 dynes/cm2, 2 to 10 min, 37 degrees C) on electronic cell count, morphology, adhesiveness, and phosphatase cytochemical staining was studied on whole blood from normal donors. Electronic cell counts droppped significantly after shear stress exposure (25% at 600 dynes/cm2 for 10 min). The frequency of disrupted leukocytes in blood smears increased with shear stress above 150 dynes/cm2, and aggregates of the disrupted cells appeared after exposure to higher shear stresses (450 dynes/cm2, 10 min). Cytochemical staining of the alkaline phosphatase in the granules of intact neutrophils was significantly reduced by the application of shear stress (150 dynes/cm2 for 10 min, or greater), but staining of acid phosphatase-containing granules was almost unaffected. Increased cell retention in columns of nylon fibers suggests that increased leukocyte adhesiveness results from exposure to shear stress. Thus exposure to shear stress may alter or disrupt leukocyte morphology and function at values somewhat lower than the 1,500 dynes/cm2 for 2 min which is required to hemolyze erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:903702", "title": "Age-dependent separation of erythrocytes by preparative electrophoresis.", "content": "Human and rat erythrocytes have been fractionated according to charge by density-gradient electrophoresis. Some 1 to 2 ml, or about 10(10) of packed cells, can be electrophoresed up a stabilizing sucrose gradient, and require 3 to 4 hr for effective fractionation. The fastest migrating erythrocytes were the least fragile, were larger, incorporated the most 59Fe, and contained more glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. These findings are consistent with the most negatively charged erythrocytes being the youngest cells, agreeing with other separative procedures based on density, phase partitioning, or serial osmotic hemolysis.", "contents": "Age-dependent separation of erythrocytes by preparative electrophoresis. Human and rat erythrocytes have been fractionated according to charge by density-gradient electrophoresis. Some 1 to 2 ml, or about 10(10) of packed cells, can be electrophoresed up a stabilizing sucrose gradient, and require 3 to 4 hr for effective fractionation. The fastest migrating erythrocytes were the least fragile, were larger, incorporated the most 59Fe, and contained more glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. These findings are consistent with the most negatively charged erythrocytes being the youngest cells, agreeing with other separative procedures based on density, phase partitioning, or serial osmotic hemolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:903703", "title": "A glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase Gd (-) Castilla variant characterized by mild deficiency associated with drug-induced hemolytic anemia.", "content": "Erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency is an X-chromosome-linked hereditary trait which is common in many ethnic groups. A deficiency of G-6-PD in red cells is often associated with hemolytic anemia. This report defines a new variant designated as Gd (-) Castilla, which is associated with drug-induced hemolysis. The red cell G-6-PD activity of the variant subject is about 20% of normal. The variant enzyme is thermolabile in vitro and it has faster than normal anodal electrophoretic mobility and normal substrate affinity. The hemolytic problem of the subject might be correlated to sensitivity to NADPH inhibition and molecular instability of the variant enzyme.", "contents": "A glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase Gd (-) Castilla variant characterized by mild deficiency associated with drug-induced hemolytic anemia. Erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency is an X-chromosome-linked hereditary trait which is common in many ethnic groups. A deficiency of G-6-PD in red cells is often associated with hemolytic anemia. This report defines a new variant designated as Gd (-) Castilla, which is associated with drug-induced hemolysis. The red cell G-6-PD activity of the variant subject is about 20% of normal. The variant enzyme is thermolabile in vitro and it has faster than normal anodal electrophoretic mobility and normal substrate affinity. The hemolytic problem of the subject might be correlated to sensitivity to NADPH inhibition and molecular instability of the variant enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:903708", "title": "Catabolism of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester in genetically obese rats.", "content": "The catabolism of chylomicrons was investigated in genetically obese rats and their nonobese littermates, and was compared with catabolism in older Sprague-Dawley rats with body weights similar to the obese rats and their younger controls. Labeled thoracic-duct lymph was collected from donor rats and the catabolism of the labeled chylomicrons was studied after a single intravenous injection or during steady intravenous infusion in unanesthetized, nonfasting, recipient rats. In the genetically obese rats clearances from the plasma of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester were less than in their nonobese littermates. Fractional clearance rates were reduced for both triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester but triacylglycerol turnover rate (mg min(-1)) was greater than controls. Chylomicron triacylglycerol clearance was more efficient than cholesteryl ester clearance so that radioactivity remaining in the plasma was relatively depleted in triacylglycerol. The large-bodied old Sprague-Dawley rats showed no reduction in clearance of chylomicron radioactivity in comparison with younger controls. These results suggest that hyperlipidemia in genetically obese rats may be due in part to an accumulation of chylomicron remnants in the plasma. Flotation characteristics of plasma lipoproteins in the obese rats were consistent with this interpretation. However, separate experiments showed that genetically obese, fasting rats also accumulated more triacylglycerol in the plasma after injection of Triton WR 1339. The enlarged plasma triacylglycerol pool appears to derive from a mixture of hepatic and intestinal triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins which, together, overload their common removal mechanism. Addition of cholesterol to the diets of the obese rats exacerbated their hyperlipemia and hepatic steatosis whereas their nonobese littermates and the large-bodied Sprague-Dawley rats were unaffected.", "contents": "Catabolism of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester in genetically obese rats. The catabolism of chylomicrons was investigated in genetically obese rats and their nonobese littermates, and was compared with catabolism in older Sprague-Dawley rats with body weights similar to the obese rats and their younger controls. Labeled thoracic-duct lymph was collected from donor rats and the catabolism of the labeled chylomicrons was studied after a single intravenous injection or during steady intravenous infusion in unanesthetized, nonfasting, recipient rats. In the genetically obese rats clearances from the plasma of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester were less than in their nonobese littermates. Fractional clearance rates were reduced for both triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester but triacylglycerol turnover rate (mg min(-1)) was greater than controls. Chylomicron triacylglycerol clearance was more efficient than cholesteryl ester clearance so that radioactivity remaining in the plasma was relatively depleted in triacylglycerol. The large-bodied old Sprague-Dawley rats showed no reduction in clearance of chylomicron radioactivity in comparison with younger controls. These results suggest that hyperlipidemia in genetically obese rats may be due in part to an accumulation of chylomicron remnants in the plasma. Flotation characteristics of plasma lipoproteins in the obese rats were consistent with this interpretation. However, separate experiments showed that genetically obese, fasting rats also accumulated more triacylglycerol in the plasma after injection of Triton WR 1339. The enlarged plasma triacylglycerol pool appears to derive from a mixture of hepatic and intestinal triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins which, together, overload their common removal mechanism. Addition of cholesterol to the diets of the obese rats exacerbated their hyperlipemia and hepatic steatosis whereas their nonobese littermates and the large-bodied Sprague-Dawley rats were unaffected."}
{"id": "PMID:903709", "title": "Effect of ethynylestradiol on biliary excretion of bile acids, phosphatidylcolines, and cholesterol in the bile fistula rat.", "content": "The effects of ethynylestradiol on endogenous bile acids, their capacity to conjugate and excrete intravenously infused cholic acid, the concentrations of biliary cholesterol and lecithin, and the individual molecular species of phosphatidylcholine have been determined in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Endogenous biliary bile acids were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Eleven bile acids were identified and several minor bile acids, primarily muricholates, could not be completely characterized. After 5 days of treatment with ethynylestradiol (1 mg/kg per day), the percentage of cholic acid decreased and the percentage of 6beta-hydroxylated bile acids, including several monounsaturated species, increased. Ethynylestradiol caused a decrease in bile acid-independent bile flow. Intravenous infusion of cholic acid at a high concentration caused cholestasis in control animals but, after ethynylestradiol treatment, cholestasis developed during the infusion of a much lower concentration of cholate, indicating a lowered threshhold for bile acid-induced cholestasis. In the treated rats, there was a slight increase in excretion of unconjugated endogenous bile acids, and a striking impairment of conjugation of intravenously administered cholic acid. One of the few sex-related differences observed was an increased concentration of biliary phospholipids in untreated male rats. Both phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations in the bile were higher in the treated animals. The molar percentage of cholesterol was always 1-2%, but it was slightly higher in treated animals, especially males. Ethynylestradiol treatment also affected biliary phospholipid by causing a marked increase of phosphatidylcholine species containing palmitic and oleic acid residues and a decrease of species containing stearic and linoleic acid residues. There was no increase in biliary excretion of long chain polyunsaturated species, which might have indicated damage to membranes, in response to ethynylestradiol either alone or with cholic acid infusion. Some of these ethynylestradiol-induced changes in biliary bile acid and lipid excretion are probably peculiar to the rat, but others, such as the increase in molar percentage of cholesterol and cholestasis, may be relevant to disorders in man, especially cholesterol gallstones and idiopathic cholestasis of pregnancy.", "contents": "Effect of ethynylestradiol on biliary excretion of bile acids, phosphatidylcolines, and cholesterol in the bile fistula rat. The effects of ethynylestradiol on endogenous bile acids, their capacity to conjugate and excrete intravenously infused cholic acid, the concentrations of biliary cholesterol and lecithin, and the individual molecular species of phosphatidylcholine have been determined in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Endogenous biliary bile acids were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Eleven bile acids were identified and several minor bile acids, primarily muricholates, could not be completely characterized. After 5 days of treatment with ethynylestradiol (1 mg/kg per day), the percentage of cholic acid decreased and the percentage of 6beta-hydroxylated bile acids, including several monounsaturated species, increased. Ethynylestradiol caused a decrease in bile acid-independent bile flow. Intravenous infusion of cholic acid at a high concentration caused cholestasis in control animals but, after ethynylestradiol treatment, cholestasis developed during the infusion of a much lower concentration of cholate, indicating a lowered threshhold for bile acid-induced cholestasis. In the treated rats, there was a slight increase in excretion of unconjugated endogenous bile acids, and a striking impairment of conjugation of intravenously administered cholic acid. One of the few sex-related differences observed was an increased concentration of biliary phospholipids in untreated male rats. Both phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations in the bile were higher in the treated animals. The molar percentage of cholesterol was always 1-2%, but it was slightly higher in treated animals, especially males. Ethynylestradiol treatment also affected biliary phospholipid by causing a marked increase of phosphatidylcholine species containing palmitic and oleic acid residues and a decrease of species containing stearic and linoleic acid residues. There was no increase in biliary excretion of long chain polyunsaturated species, which might have indicated damage to membranes, in response to ethynylestradiol either alone or with cholic acid infusion. Some of these ethynylestradiol-induced changes in biliary bile acid and lipid excretion are probably peculiar to the rat, but others, such as the increase in molar percentage of cholesterol and cholestasis, may be relevant to disorders in man, especially cholesterol gallstones and idiopathic cholestasis of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:903710", "title": "Metabolism of 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid in normal subjects with an intact enterohepatic circulation.", "content": "The formation of cholic acid from 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (THCA) was studied in two normal subjects. [3H]THCA and [14C]cholic acid were administered intravenously by simultaneous injection and the specific activities (percent injected amount/mumol) of [3H]- and [14C]cholic acid were measured in bile samples collected over a 5-day period. If the administered [3H]-THCA is rapidly and completely metabolized into cholic acid, the areas under the specific activity curves of [3H]- and [14C]cholic acid should be identical. In these two subjects, the area under the [3H]cholic acid specific activity decay curves was only 18.4% and 9.0% less than the area under the [14C]cholic acid specific activity decay curves. Thus, there is rapid and nearly complete metabolism of intravenously administered [3H]THCA into cholic acid.", "contents": "Metabolism of 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid in normal subjects with an intact enterohepatic circulation. The formation of cholic acid from 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (THCA) was studied in two normal subjects. [3H]THCA and [14C]cholic acid were administered intravenously by simultaneous injection and the specific activities (percent injected amount/mumol) of [3H]- and [14C]cholic acid were measured in bile samples collected over a 5-day period. If the administered [3H]-THCA is rapidly and completely metabolized into cholic acid, the areas under the specific activity curves of [3H]- and [14C]cholic acid should be identical. In these two subjects, the area under the [3H]cholic acid specific activity decay curves was only 18.4% and 9.0% less than the area under the [14C]cholic acid specific activity decay curves. Thus, there is rapid and nearly complete metabolism of intravenously administered [3H]THCA into cholic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:903711", "title": "An improved assay of gangliosides separated by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "There were no differences in the recoveries of ganglioside sialic acid from silica gel G thin-layer chromatograms when they were sprayed with resorcinol reagent varying in normality between 3 and 10. However, both the temperature at and the time for which the plates were heated after spraying did affect the recoveries, which can reach 100% when the plates are heated for 6 min at 135degreesC.", "contents": "An improved assay of gangliosides separated by thin-layer chromatography. There were no differences in the recoveries of ganglioside sialic acid from silica gel G thin-layer chromatograms when they were sprayed with resorcinol reagent varying in normality between 3 and 10. However, both the temperature at and the time for which the plates were heated after spraying did affect the recoveries, which can reach 100% when the plates are heated for 6 min at 135degreesC."}
{"id": "PMID:903712", "title": "A more sensitive and stable colorimetric determination of free fatty acids in blood.", "content": "A sensitive method is proposed for the colorimetric determination of free fatty acids (FFA). Diphenylcarbazide containing diphenylcarbazone is used as the color developing reagent instead of diethyldithiocarbamate which was employed in the previous method (1965). J. Lipid Res. 6: 16-20). The present method was successfully applied to the determination of FFA present in as little as 40 microliter of whole blood.", "contents": "A more sensitive and stable colorimetric determination of free fatty acids in blood. A sensitive method is proposed for the colorimetric determination of free fatty acids (FFA). Diphenylcarbazide containing diphenylcarbazone is used as the color developing reagent instead of diethyldithiocarbamate which was employed in the previous method (1965). J. Lipid Res. 6: 16-20). The present method was successfully applied to the determination of FFA present in as little as 40 microliter of whole blood."}
{"id": "PMID:903742", "title": "Short-term memory in the pigeon: delayed-pair-comparison procedures and some results.", "content": "A discrete-trials, delayed-pair-comparison procedure was developed to study visual short-term memory for tilted lines. In four experiments, pigeons' responses on left or right keys were reinforced with food depending on whether a comparison stimulus was or was not the same as a standard stimulus presented earlier in the same trial. In Experimental I, recall was an increasing function of the exposure time of the to-be-remembered stimulus and was a decreasing function of the retention interval. In Experiment II, retroactive interference was investigated: recall was poorer after a retention interval during which was presented either a tilted line or contextual stimuli in the form of the illuminated experimental chamber. In Experiment III, a subject was required to engage, throughout the retention interval, in one or the other of two different behaviors, depending on which of two stimuli a subject was to remember. This mnemonic strategy vastly improved recall after 15- and 20-second retention intervals. In Experiment IV, the opposite end of the performance continuum was studied: by combining the effects of a larger stimulus set and the effects of what presumably was an increased memory load, performance was reduced to approximately chance levels after retention intervals shorter than 1 second.", "contents": "Short-term memory in the pigeon: delayed-pair-comparison procedures and some results. A discrete-trials, delayed-pair-comparison procedure was developed to study visual short-term memory for tilted lines. In four experiments, pigeons' responses on left or right keys were reinforced with food depending on whether a comparison stimulus was or was not the same as a standard stimulus presented earlier in the same trial. In Experimental I, recall was an increasing function of the exposure time of the to-be-remembered stimulus and was a decreasing function of the retention interval. In Experiment II, retroactive interference was investigated: recall was poorer after a retention interval during which was presented either a tilted line or contextual stimuli in the form of the illuminated experimental chamber. In Experiment III, a subject was required to engage, throughout the retention interval, in one or the other of two different behaviors, depending on which of two stimuli a subject was to remember. This mnemonic strategy vastly improved recall after 15- and 20-second retention intervals. In Experiment IV, the opposite end of the performance continuum was studied: by combining the effects of a larger stimulus set and the effects of what presumably was an increased memory load, performance was reduced to approximately chance levels after retention intervals shorter than 1 second."}
{"id": "PMID:903743", "title": "Interlocking schedules: the relationship between response and time requirements.", "content": "Rats were exposed to an interlocking fixed-ratio 150 fixed-interval 5-minute schedule of food reinforcement and then to yoked variable-ratio schedules in which individual ratios corresponded exactly to the ratios of responses to reinforcement obtained on the interlocking schedule. After additional training with the interlocking schedule, the rats were exposed to yoked variable-interval schedules in which intervals corresponded to the intervals between successive reinforcements obtained on the second interlocking schedule. Response rates were highest in the yoked VR condition and lowest in the yoked VI, while intermediate rates characterized the interlocking schedule. Break-run patterns of responding were generated by the interlocking schedule for all subjects, while both the yoked VR and VI schedules produced comparatively stable local rates of responding. These results indicate that responding is sensitive to the interlocking schedule's inverse relationship between reinforcement frequency and responses per reinforcement.", "contents": "Interlocking schedules: the relationship between response and time requirements. Rats were exposed to an interlocking fixed-ratio 150 fixed-interval 5-minute schedule of food reinforcement and then to yoked variable-ratio schedules in which individual ratios corresponded exactly to the ratios of responses to reinforcement obtained on the interlocking schedule. After additional training with the interlocking schedule, the rats were exposed to yoked variable-interval schedules in which intervals corresponded to the intervals between successive reinforcements obtained on the second interlocking schedule. Response rates were highest in the yoked VR condition and lowest in the yoked VI, while intermediate rates characterized the interlocking schedule. Break-run patterns of responding were generated by the interlocking schedule for all subjects, while both the yoked VR and VI schedules produced comparatively stable local rates of responding. These results indicate that responding is sensitive to the interlocking schedule's inverse relationship between reinforcement frequency and responses per reinforcement."}
{"id": "PMID:903745", "title": "Keys to the diagnosis of occult urologic disease in children.", "content": "All physicians who care for children should be aware of the many indications for further urologic examination. A straightforward algorithmic approach to urologic diagnosis is not possible. The physician must individualize and carefully weight the indications for the often-times expensive and uncomfortable tests that are required for urologic diagnosis. The reward is ample when a significant correctable lesion is recognized early enough for salvage on the basis of seemingly unrelated signs or symptoms.", "contents": "Keys to the diagnosis of occult urologic disease in children. All physicians who care for children should be aware of the many indications for further urologic examination. A straightforward algorithmic approach to urologic diagnosis is not possible. The physician must individualize and carefully weight the indications for the often-times expensive and uncomfortable tests that are required for urologic diagnosis. The reward is ample when a significant correctable lesion is recognized early enough for salvage on the basis of seemingly unrelated signs or symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:903746", "title": "Starting the person with diabetes on insulin in the outpatient setting: a teaching guide for physicians and nurses.", "content": "When a physician decides that a diabetic patient requires insulin treatment, more teaching is necessary than when initiating most other medications. It has been found advantageous, in treating persons with diabetes mellitus who are not severely compromised metabolically, to introduce them in an outpatient setting to the administration of insulin. The objective of this article as a teaching guide is to enable the health-care provider to cover all essential points clearly and effectively in a minimal period of time and thereby allow the patient to confidently inject himself/herself properly, and to become a member of the team that is managing and controlling his/her disease. This paper deals only with the use of insulin in the diabetic patient. It is recognized that other aspects of patient care and patient education must be addressed concurrently in the total care of the patient with diabetes.", "contents": "Starting the person with diabetes on insulin in the outpatient setting: a teaching guide for physicians and nurses. When a physician decides that a diabetic patient requires insulin treatment, more teaching is necessary than when initiating most other medications. It has been found advantageous, in treating persons with diabetes mellitus who are not severely compromised metabolically, to introduce them in an outpatient setting to the administration of insulin. The objective of this article as a teaching guide is to enable the health-care provider to cover all essential points clearly and effectively in a minimal period of time and thereby allow the patient to confidently inject himself/herself properly, and to become a member of the team that is managing and controlling his/her disease. This paper deals only with the use of insulin in the diabetic patient. It is recognized that other aspects of patient care and patient education must be addressed concurrently in the total care of the patient with diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:903747", "title": "The problem patient as perceived by family physicians.", "content": "Views of family physicians, in training and in practice, were obtained on problem patients. Both groups identified problem patients by the presence of vague complaints of a functional nature and the presence of psychiatric symptoms. Views of problem patients did not change with age of physician or length of time since training. Neither group identified problem patients by the type of physician-patient relationship, a finding that probably contributes to increased difficulties with this group of patients.", "contents": "The problem patient as perceived by family physicians. Views of family physicians, in training and in practice, were obtained on problem patients. Both groups identified problem patients by the presence of vague complaints of a functional nature and the presence of psychiatric symptoms. Views of problem patients did not change with age of physician or length of time since training. Neither group identified problem patients by the type of physician-patient relationship, a finding that probably contributes to increased difficulties with this group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:903748", "title": "The elderly in family practice: an evaluation of the geriatric visiting nurse.", "content": "The Geriatric Visiting Nurse (GVN) is a health-care professional who, assisted by a checklist, screens patients in their homes, carries out basic tests, and facilitates effective follow-up of patients. Utilization of the GVN in a rural Well-Elderly Clinic associated with the University of Iowa Department of Family Practice is described, and the GVN's participation in the clinic is compared with the screening services provided for physicians by geriatric nurses in advanced communities in various countries. Subject to careful planning, the GVN can play an important role in case-finding, and can, when incorporated into the family practice team, promote efficient utilization of the physician's time.", "contents": "The elderly in family practice: an evaluation of the geriatric visiting nurse. The Geriatric Visiting Nurse (GVN) is a health-care professional who, assisted by a checklist, screens patients in their homes, carries out basic tests, and facilitates effective follow-up of patients. Utilization of the GVN in a rural Well-Elderly Clinic associated with the University of Iowa Department of Family Practice is described, and the GVN's participation in the clinic is compared with the screening services provided for physicians by geriatric nurses in advanced communities in various countries. Subject to careful planning, the GVN can play an important role in case-finding, and can, when incorporated into the family practice team, promote efficient utilization of the physician's time."}
{"id": "PMID:903749", "title": "The Residency Assistance Program in family practice.", "content": "The Residency Assistance Program in family practice was inaugurated in September 1975 as a plan to mobilize and finance the matching of consultant expertise in family practice residency education with program directors desiring to improve the quality of their residency programs through consultative assistance. The Residency Assistance Program is administered by a Project Board composed of representatives of four national family practice organizations. A panel of 30 consultants, carefully selected by the Project Board, are prepared for rendering effective consultative services through intensive training in consultative skills. They operate under the guidance of concensually developed standards for quality graduate education in family practice. Consultations are only scheduled at the written request of a residency program director. The confidential, nonpunitive, and voluntary nature of a Residency Assistancy Program consultation is carefully guarded, because it is felt that these qualities enhance the information-sharing, collaborative problem-solving nature of the consultative process. This paper describes the development, features, and operational process of this Program.", "contents": "The Residency Assistance Program in family practice. The Residency Assistance Program in family practice was inaugurated in September 1975 as a plan to mobilize and finance the matching of consultant expertise in family practice residency education with program directors desiring to improve the quality of their residency programs through consultative assistance. The Residency Assistance Program is administered by a Project Board composed of representatives of four national family practice organizations. A panel of 30 consultants, carefully selected by the Project Board, are prepared for rendering effective consultative services through intensive training in consultative skills. They operate under the guidance of concensually developed standards for quality graduate education in family practice. Consultations are only scheduled at the written request of a residency program director. The confidential, nonpunitive, and voluntary nature of a Residency Assistancy Program consultation is carefully guarded, because it is felt that these qualities enhance the information-sharing, collaborative problem-solving nature of the consultative process. This paper describes the development, features, and operational process of this Program."}
{"id": "PMID:903750", "title": "The content of family practice: a family medicine resident's 2 1/2-year experience with the E-book.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to present the content of office family practice problems seen over a 2 1/2-year residency period and to afford comparison with the well-known Virginia Study. It illustrates the usefulness of the diagnostic E-Book, with which all the data were collected and preserved. Over a 2 1/2-year period, the author cared for 592 patients in the family practice office. The ratio of one physician to 592 patients compares to the Virginia Study's one physician to approximately 745 patients. A total of 1,640 problems were coded in the E-Book. In this study 55 problems/physician/month were seen, whereas in the Virginia Study approximately 177 problems/physician/month were noted. Respiratory illnesses were the most common diagnostic category in both studies. Among specific problems, obesity ranked first at Hershey, with afebrile colds second, hypertension and Beta streptococcal pharyngitis third, and smoking fourth. Obesity and smoking were ranked considerably lower in the Virginia Study, whereas \"health maintenance examinations\" were ranked number one. Finally, for age-sex practice profiles, the present data revealed two peak age groups for both sexes, whereas the Virginia work noted only one peak age range.", "contents": "The content of family practice: a family medicine resident's 2 1/2-year experience with the E-book. The purpose of this paper is to present the content of office family practice problems seen over a 2 1/2-year residency period and to afford comparison with the well-known Virginia Study. It illustrates the usefulness of the diagnostic E-Book, with which all the data were collected and preserved. Over a 2 1/2-year period, the author cared for 592 patients in the family practice office. The ratio of one physician to 592 patients compares to the Virginia Study's one physician to approximately 745 patients. A total of 1,640 problems were coded in the E-Book. In this study 55 problems/physician/month were seen, whereas in the Virginia Study approximately 177 problems/physician/month were noted. Respiratory illnesses were the most common diagnostic category in both studies. Among specific problems, obesity ranked first at Hershey, with afebrile colds second, hypertension and Beta streptococcal pharyngitis third, and smoking fourth. Obesity and smoking were ranked considerably lower in the Virginia Study, whereas \"health maintenance examinations\" were ranked number one. Finally, for age-sex practice profiles, the present data revealed two peak age groups for both sexes, whereas the Virginia work noted only one peak age range."}
{"id": "PMID:903751", "title": "Interpreting educational concepts for the teaching family physician: some parallels between patient care and undergraduate clinical education.", "content": "Three of the most widely used concepts in education, objectives, curriculum, and evaluation, have direct parallels in primary care. This parallelism suggests an approach which may help family physicians both in understanding these educational concepts and in applying them with judgment. By drawing specific attention to the parallels and by the use of examples drawn both from clinical practice and from teaching, the author hopes to encourage physicians to view their teaching as an analog of clinical skills that are already familiar to them. This approach is applied to the problem of accommodating to individual differences in students, the most difficult obstacle to the proper application of educational concepts.", "contents": "Interpreting educational concepts for the teaching family physician: some parallels between patient care and undergraduate clinical education. Three of the most widely used concepts in education, objectives, curriculum, and evaluation, have direct parallels in primary care. This parallelism suggests an approach which may help family physicians both in understanding these educational concepts and in applying them with judgment. By drawing specific attention to the parallels and by the use of examples drawn both from clinical practice and from teaching, the author hopes to encourage physicians to view their teaching as an analog of clinical skills that are already familiar to them. This approach is applied to the problem of accommodating to individual differences in students, the most difficult obstacle to the proper application of educational concepts."}
{"id": "PMID:903752", "title": "Referral patterns in an individual family practice.", "content": "This retrospective study of referral patterns in an individual private practice demonstrates that the family physician provides a definitive care for the large majority of patient problems in everyday practice and does not function primarily as a triage officer. Ninety-seven percent of all patient contacts, both ambulatory and in-hospital, were managed by the individual physician and his staff. Two-and-one-half percent of patient contacts required consultation with local specialists, and only .5 percent required referral to a tertiary care center. These results are compared with other large-scale population studies of the \"ecology\" of medical care and with other recent studies of referral patterns in family practice.", "contents": "Referral patterns in an individual family practice. This retrospective study of referral patterns in an individual private practice demonstrates that the family physician provides a definitive care for the large majority of patient problems in everyday practice and does not function primarily as a triage officer. Ninety-seven percent of all patient contacts, both ambulatory and in-hospital, were managed by the individual physician and his staff. Two-and-one-half percent of patient contacts required consultation with local specialists, and only .5 percent required referral to a tertiary care center. These results are compared with other large-scale population studies of the \"ecology\" of medical care and with other recent studies of referral patterns in family practice."}
{"id": "PMID:903753", "title": "Effective patient scheduling.", "content": "Patient appointments and scheduling of patients and physicians are the first step in any health-care delivery system. This paper deals with the conventional method usually found in preprinted appointment books, and the \"wave\" method. A method of testing this system is any practice environment is described, together with the comparative benefits of the wave method over the conventional method of scheduling. This paper also exemplifies one kind of research that can be accomplished in the private, ambulatory sector of medicine.", "contents": "Effective patient scheduling. Patient appointments and scheduling of patients and physicians are the first step in any health-care delivery system. This paper deals with the conventional method usually found in preprinted appointment books, and the \"wave\" method. A method of testing this system is any practice environment is described, together with the comparative benefits of the wave method over the conventional method of scheduling. This paper also exemplifies one kind of research that can be accomplished in the private, ambulatory sector of medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:903754", "title": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 5: Implications of filing family folders by area of residence.", "content": "A discussion of the advantages of filing family folders by geographic location is presented in addition to several methods for determination of socioeconomic status. Advantages of current filing techniques at the University of Rochester-Highland Hospital Family Medicine Program are detailed. Examples are given of the use of such information to estimate health-care utilization as determined by factors of distance from practice, socioeconomic status, natural barriers, and family size.", "contents": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 5: Implications of filing family folders by area of residence. A discussion of the advantages of filing family folders by geographic location is presented in addition to several methods for determination of socioeconomic status. Advantages of current filing techniques at the University of Rochester-Highland Hospital Family Medicine Program are detailed. Examples are given of the use of such information to estimate health-care utilization as determined by factors of distance from practice, socioeconomic status, natural barriers, and family size."}
{"id": "PMID:903755", "title": "Joint pain of recent onset.", "content": "A joint pain of recent onset is a common and often challenging problem to the family physician. The many etiologies of acute arthritis require a systematic approach to a careful definition of the problem which is essential to safe and effective therapy. The proper evaluation of joint pain of recent onset requires a detailed history and physical examination as well as a rationally selected battery of laboratory studies. This paper provides the busy physician with a specific approach to the diagnosis of acute joint pain as the basis for precise management.", "contents": "Joint pain of recent onset. A joint pain of recent onset is a common and often challenging problem to the family physician. The many etiologies of acute arthritis require a systematic approach to a careful definition of the problem which is essential to safe and effective therapy. The proper evaluation of joint pain of recent onset requires a detailed history and physical examination as well as a rationally selected battery of laboratory studies. This paper provides the busy physician with a specific approach to the diagnosis of acute joint pain as the basis for precise management."}
{"id": "PMID:903764", "title": "A prolonged, voltage-dependent calcium permeability revealed by tetraethylammonium in the soma and axon of Aplysia giant neuron.", "content": "The soma but not the axon of the giant neuron, R2, of Aplysia can generate an all-or none Ca spike in Na-free or TTX-containing medium (Junge and Miller, 1974). Extracellular axonal recordings made at several distances from the soma provide evidence that the transition in ability to fire a spike in Na-free medium occurs within the first 250 micrometer of the axon. Application of 25 mM TEA-Br to the bathing medium causes a more than tenfold increase in the duration of the somatic action potential. The duration of the axonal action potential in TEA decreases with distance from the soma. At distances greater than 3 mm from the soma this concentration of TEA causes little or no increase in the duration of the axon spike. The effect of 25 mM TEA on both the soma and proximal axon is blocked reversibly by 30 mM CoCl2 or 1 mM CdCl2. The duration of the somatic action potential in TEA increases with an increase in Ca concentration of the bath. At a constant concentration of Na, the voltage level of the somatic plateau increases with Ca concentration in the manner predicted for a Ca electrode. In the presence of 11 mM Ca2+ the potential of the plateau is relatively insensitive to Na concentration. The TEA plateau in R2 reveals a prolonged voltage-dependent permeability to Ca. The duration of the plateau may indicate the degree of Ca activation during a spike.", "contents": "A prolonged, voltage-dependent calcium permeability revealed by tetraethylammonium in the soma and axon of Aplysia giant neuron. The soma but not the axon of the giant neuron, R2, of Aplysia can generate an all-or none Ca spike in Na-free or TTX-containing medium (Junge and Miller, 1974). Extracellular axonal recordings made at several distances from the soma provide evidence that the transition in ability to fire a spike in Na-free medium occurs within the first 250 micrometer of the axon. Application of 25 mM TEA-Br to the bathing medium causes a more than tenfold increase in the duration of the somatic action potential. The duration of the axonal action potential in TEA decreases with distance from the soma. At distances greater than 3 mm from the soma this concentration of TEA causes little or no increase in the duration of the axon spike. The effect of 25 mM TEA on both the soma and proximal axon is blocked reversibly by 30 mM CoCl2 or 1 mM CdCl2. The duration of the somatic action potential in TEA increases with an increase in Ca concentration of the bath. At a constant concentration of Na, the voltage level of the somatic plateau increases with Ca concentration in the manner predicted for a Ca electrode. In the presence of 11 mM Ca2+ the potential of the plateau is relatively insensitive to Na concentration. The TEA plateau in R2 reveals a prolonged voltage-dependent permeability to Ca. The duration of the plateau may indicate the degree of Ca activation during a spike."}
{"id": "PMID:903765", "title": "The role of the electrosensory system in postural control of the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia virescens.", "content": "The role of the electrosensory inputs in postural control was examined in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia virescens. These fish exhibit tonic postural tilt in response to a tilted plexiglas substrate in both transverse and longitudinal planes (rolling and head-up pitching responses, respectively), but not to electrically \"transparent\" agar substrate. The fish's pitching and rolling responses were abolished when the electrosensory inputs from the trunk were bilaterally eliminated even though the fish's visual and mechanosensory lateral-line systems remained intact. Unilateral lesion abolished the rolling response but not the pitching response. These results demonstrate the functional role of the electrosensory system in postural control, in addition to its known role in social communication and in object location, and the underlying neuronal mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "The role of the electrosensory system in postural control of the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia virescens. The role of the electrosensory inputs in postural control was examined in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia virescens. These fish exhibit tonic postural tilt in response to a tilted plexiglas substrate in both transverse and longitudinal planes (rolling and head-up pitching responses, respectively), but not to electrically \"transparent\" agar substrate. The fish's pitching and rolling responses were abolished when the electrosensory inputs from the trunk were bilaterally eliminated even though the fish's visual and mechanosensory lateral-line systems remained intact. Unilateral lesion abolished the rolling response but not the pitching response. These results demonstrate the functional role of the electrosensory system in postural control, in addition to its known role in social communication and in object location, and the underlying neuronal mechanism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903766", "title": "Excitation of the common inhibitory motor neuron: a possible role in the startle reflex of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana.", "content": "The responses of the widespread common inhibitory motor neuron (CI) to tactile stimulation of the cercus and the abdomen and electrical stimulation of the cercal nerve and the abdominal connectives are investigated. Tactile stimulation produces high frequency (greater than 500 impulses/s) spike discharge in CI with the onset of CI activity preceding the discharge of the excitatory motor neurons. Electrical stimulation of the connectives demonstrates a monosynaptic connection between at least one intermediate sized fiber (conduction velocity =3.7 m/s) in the abdominal connective and the ipsilateral CIs in the meso-and metathoracic ganglia. Electrical stimulation of the cercal nerve suggests a disynaptic path from cercal nerve to CI. Arguments are presented for a cercal afferent-to-CI reflex and the possible functional role of early excitation of CI is discussed.", "contents": "Excitation of the common inhibitory motor neuron: a possible role in the startle reflex of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The responses of the widespread common inhibitory motor neuron (CI) to tactile stimulation of the cercus and the abdomen and electrical stimulation of the cercal nerve and the abdominal connectives are investigated. Tactile stimulation produces high frequency (greater than 500 impulses/s) spike discharge in CI with the onset of CI activity preceding the discharge of the excitatory motor neurons. Electrical stimulation of the connectives demonstrates a monosynaptic connection between at least one intermediate sized fiber (conduction velocity =3.7 m/s) in the abdominal connective and the ipsilateral CIs in the meso-and metathoracic ganglia. Electrical stimulation of the cercal nerve suggests a disynaptic path from cercal nerve to CI. Arguments are presented for a cercal afferent-to-CI reflex and the possible functional role of early excitation of CI is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903767", "title": "Effect of denervation on the permeability of acetylcholine-activated channels to organic cations.", "content": "Experiments were perfomed on chronically denervated frog sartorius muscles to determine the permeability of the acetylcholine-activated channels to organic cations. The membrane voltage response to bath-applied acetylcholine was measured with the moving electrode when the muscles were bathed in normal Ringer and in Ringer in which all of the Na+ had been replaced with an organic cation. The magnitude of the maximum voltage response was used to estimate the permeability of the channel to the organic cation. These results were compared with those which have been reported for innervated frog sartorius muscles (Maeno, Edwards, and Anraku, 1977). It is concluded that the permeability to a wide range of organic cations is virtually identical for the extrajunctional channels which develop following denervation and the channels with are localized at the junctional region of innervated muscles.", "contents": "Effect of denervation on the permeability of acetylcholine-activated channels to organic cations. Experiments were perfomed on chronically denervated frog sartorius muscles to determine the permeability of the acetylcholine-activated channels to organic cations. The membrane voltage response to bath-applied acetylcholine was measured with the moving electrode when the muscles were bathed in normal Ringer and in Ringer in which all of the Na+ had been replaced with an organic cation. The magnitude of the maximum voltage response was used to estimate the permeability of the channel to the organic cation. These results were compared with those which have been reported for innervated frog sartorius muscles (Maeno, Edwards, and Anraku, 1977). It is concluded that the permeability to a wide range of organic cations is virtually identical for the extrajunctional channels which develop following denervation and the channels with are localized at the junctional region of innervated muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:903768", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in motor neurone disease.", "content": "Eight patients with classical motor neurone disease, and eight control patients with neurological disease and matched for degree of wasting, were studied. Both groups had abnormal glucose tolerance, but the patients with motor neurone disease had a significantly lower insulin response both to oral glucose loading and to intravenous tolbutamide. These results suggest that in patients with motor neurone disease there is an impaired synthesis or release of insulin due to islet cell damage. Blood pyruvate and lactate, and cerebrospinal fluid pyruvate, lactate, and citrate, did not differ significantly from the control group. Blood citrate levels were significantly higher in patients with motor neurone disease compared with the controls. Triglyceride levels were raised in patients with motor neurone disease compared to the control patients. This may be secondary to the increased citrate levels.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in motor neurone disease. Eight patients with classical motor neurone disease, and eight control patients with neurological disease and matched for degree of wasting, were studied. Both groups had abnormal glucose tolerance, but the patients with motor neurone disease had a significantly lower insulin response both to oral glucose loading and to intravenous tolbutamide. These results suggest that in patients with motor neurone disease there is an impaired synthesis or release of insulin due to islet cell damage. Blood pyruvate and lactate, and cerebrospinal fluid pyruvate, lactate, and citrate, did not differ significantly from the control group. Blood citrate levels were significantly higher in patients with motor neurone disease compared with the controls. Triglyceride levels were raised in patients with motor neurone disease compared to the control patients. This may be secondary to the increased citrate levels."}
{"id": "PMID:903769", "title": "Diagnostic yield of the analysis of the pattern of electrical activity of muscle and of individual motor unit potentials in neurogenic involvement.", "content": "The pattern of electrical activity and the properties of individual motor unit potentials were analysed in the flexor muscles of the forearm of 15 patients with motor neurone disease and 15 patients with a lesion of the brachial plexus. The best diagnostic yield from the pattern of electrical activity was obtained when the force was 30% of maximum: The number of spikes (turns/15 s) was diminished in 70% of the patients; none showed the increase in turns characteristic of myopathy. The decrease in the number of turns was often associated with an increased incidence of long time intervals between turns and with an increased amplitude between turns. The mean duration of individual motor unit potentials was prolonged in 78% of the patients; none showed the decrease in mean duration characteristic of myopathy. Prolongation of the mean duration of motor unit potentials produced by cooling of normal muscle, led to a decrease in the number of turns. This suggested that the diminished number of turns in neurogenic involvement was due mainly to the prolonged duration of motor unit potentials.", "contents": "Diagnostic yield of the analysis of the pattern of electrical activity of muscle and of individual motor unit potentials in neurogenic involvement. The pattern of electrical activity and the properties of individual motor unit potentials were analysed in the flexor muscles of the forearm of 15 patients with motor neurone disease and 15 patients with a lesion of the brachial plexus. The best diagnostic yield from the pattern of electrical activity was obtained when the force was 30% of maximum: The number of spikes (turns/15 s) was diminished in 70% of the patients; none showed the increase in turns characteristic of myopathy. The decrease in the number of turns was often associated with an increased incidence of long time intervals between turns and with an increased amplitude between turns. The mean duration of individual motor unit potentials was prolonged in 78% of the patients; none showed the decrease in mean duration characteristic of myopathy. Prolongation of the mean duration of motor unit potentials produced by cooling of normal muscle, led to a decrease in the number of turns. This suggested that the diminished number of turns in neurogenic involvement was due mainly to the prolonged duration of motor unit potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:903770", "title": "Axonal dysfunction in the neuropathy of diabetes mellitus: a quantitative electrophysiological study.", "content": "The extent of axonal dysfunction in a group of patients with diabetes mellitus has been investigated using recently introduced quantitative techniques of electromyography. In 40 diabetic patients, estimates of motor unit numbers in the extensor digitorum brevis muscles and measurements of the parameters of electrically evoked motor unit potentials therein are presented, along with significant correlations between these parameters and motor nerve conduction velocities and distal motor latencies in the lateral popliteal nerves. The results indicate that axonal dysfunction and concomitant collateral reinnervation are prominent and integral features of the neuropathy of diabetes mellitus. Axonal dysfunction is present in proportion to and parallels the severity of the demyelinative lesion. It is also extensive in patients without clinical evidence of neuropathy in whom the accompanying collateral reinnervation is of sufficient magnitude to mask the clinical signs of motor involvement.", "contents": "Axonal dysfunction in the neuropathy of diabetes mellitus: a quantitative electrophysiological study. The extent of axonal dysfunction in a group of patients with diabetes mellitus has been investigated using recently introduced quantitative techniques of electromyography. In 40 diabetic patients, estimates of motor unit numbers in the extensor digitorum brevis muscles and measurements of the parameters of electrically evoked motor unit potentials therein are presented, along with significant correlations between these parameters and motor nerve conduction velocities and distal motor latencies in the lateral popliteal nerves. The results indicate that axonal dysfunction and concomitant collateral reinnervation are prominent and integral features of the neuropathy of diabetes mellitus. Axonal dysfunction is present in proportion to and parallels the severity of the demyelinative lesion. It is also extensive in patients without clinical evidence of neuropathy in whom the accompanying collateral reinnervation is of sufficient magnitude to mask the clinical signs of motor involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:903771", "title": "Effect of diphenylhydantoin on gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and succinate activity in rat Purkinje cells.", "content": "A study has been made of the effect of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) upon the levels of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and succinic dehydrogenase in rat Purkinje cells. DPH was administered over 26 days in chronic experiments using controls receiving the same injection vehicle without DPH. Animals in this group received daily 1.25 mg/kg body weight, 12.5 mg/kg body weight, and 50 mg/kg body weight DPH. Acute experiments were carried out over the course of not more than four days, three groups of animals receiving 75 mg/kg body weight, 87.5 mg/kg body weight, and 100 mg/kg body weight DPH. No effect upon succinic dehydrogenase could be demonstrated at any dose level. There was a significant progressive loss of GABA with increasing dosage of DPH.", "contents": "Effect of diphenylhydantoin on gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and succinate activity in rat Purkinje cells. A study has been made of the effect of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) upon the levels of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and succinic dehydrogenase in rat Purkinje cells. DPH was administered over 26 days in chronic experiments using controls receiving the same injection vehicle without DPH. Animals in this group received daily 1.25 mg/kg body weight, 12.5 mg/kg body weight, and 50 mg/kg body weight DPH. Acute experiments were carried out over the course of not more than four days, three groups of animals receiving 75 mg/kg body weight, 87.5 mg/kg body weight, and 100 mg/kg body weight DPH. No effect upon succinic dehydrogenase could be demonstrated at any dose level. There was a significant progressive loss of GABA with increasing dosage of DPH."}
{"id": "PMID:903772", "title": "Conditioning of H reflex by a preceding subthreshold tendon reflex stimulus.", "content": "The soleus H reflex excitability cycle has been studied using, as conditioning stimulus, a mechanical tap, subthreshold for the tendon reflex, which was applied either on the Achilles tendon, the short biceps tendon, or the quadriceps tendon. In all cases there was an early facilitation followed by a longlasting inhibition of the test H reflex. The same results were obtained in patients with a complete spinal cord section. Wherever the site of the conditioning stimulation, these modifications disappeared after ischaemia of the leg. It is concluded that the effects observed are due to the activation by the tendon tap of the Ia nerve fibres from the soleus muscle, and that the longlasting inhibition is probably due to a transmitter depletion.", "contents": "Conditioning of H reflex by a preceding subthreshold tendon reflex stimulus. The soleus H reflex excitability cycle has been studied using, as conditioning stimulus, a mechanical tap, subthreshold for the tendon reflex, which was applied either on the Achilles tendon, the short biceps tendon, or the quadriceps tendon. In all cases there was an early facilitation followed by a longlasting inhibition of the test H reflex. The same results were obtained in patients with a complete spinal cord section. Wherever the site of the conditioning stimulation, these modifications disappeared after ischaemia of the leg. It is concluded that the effects observed are due to the activation by the tendon tap of the Ia nerve fibres from the soleus muscle, and that the longlasting inhibition is probably due to a transmitter depletion."}
{"id": "PMID:903773", "title": "Critical cerebral blood flow for production of hemiparesis after unilateral carotid occlusion in the gerbil.", "content": "Transient cerebral ischaemia, produced by temporary unilateral common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion, was studied in the gerbil by means of chronically implanted hydrogen electrodes. Unilateral CCA occlusion produced behavioural signs of neurological deficit only when regional cerebral blood flow values in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere fell below a critical range of 0.20-0.22 ml/gm brain/min. Postischaemic poor perfusion (no-reflow) was an infrequent observation after removal of CCA occlusion.", "contents": "Critical cerebral blood flow for production of hemiparesis after unilateral carotid occlusion in the gerbil. Transient cerebral ischaemia, produced by temporary unilateral common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion, was studied in the gerbil by means of chronically implanted hydrogen electrodes. Unilateral CCA occlusion produced behavioural signs of neurological deficit only when regional cerebral blood flow values in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere fell below a critical range of 0.20-0.22 ml/gm brain/min. Postischaemic poor perfusion (no-reflow) was an infrequent observation after removal of CCA occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:903774", "title": "Oculopharyngeal myopathy with distal and cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Two patients are described with distinctive clinical features including an insidious onset, slow progression, bilateral ptosis, weakness of facial muscles, dysphagia, muscle atrophy, and weakness with a distal distribution in the extremities, and cardiomopathy with conduction system disorders. Electromyographic studies and muscle biopsy showed features highly suggestive of a myopathic disorder. One case is considered to be sporadic. The other seems to be a familial disorder, because of the presence of a mild atrioventricular block and right incomplete bundle branch block in the patient's son and the presence of eyelid ptosis in his sister. This may be a variant of oculopharyngeal myopathy with distal and cardiomyopathy. It will be necessary to perform long-term follow-up studies in these families.", "contents": "Oculopharyngeal myopathy with distal and cardiomyopathy. Two patients are described with distinctive clinical features including an insidious onset, slow progression, bilateral ptosis, weakness of facial muscles, dysphagia, muscle atrophy, and weakness with a distal distribution in the extremities, and cardiomopathy with conduction system disorders. Electromyographic studies and muscle biopsy showed features highly suggestive of a myopathic disorder. One case is considered to be sporadic. The other seems to be a familial disorder, because of the presence of a mild atrioventricular block and right incomplete bundle branch block in the patient's son and the presence of eyelid ptosis in his sister. This may be a variant of oculopharyngeal myopathy with distal and cardiomyopathy. It will be necessary to perform long-term follow-up studies in these families."}
{"id": "PMID:903775", "title": "Cerebral dominance for language in cerebral palsy.", "content": "A test of cerebral dominance for language was administered to 51 cerebral palsied adults. The test consisted of dichotically presented words and in normal speaking adults had previously demonstrated very marked right ear superiority, interpreted as left cerebral dominance. The group of cerebral palsied subjects did not show the predicted right ear superiority. This finding may represent a chance maldistribution of side of cerebral injury within the 51 subjects. If substantiated, however, it would suggest either that the cortical damage in cerebral palsy is commonly widespread or else that the inherent left cerebral dominance of neonates is less tenacious than is generally assumed.", "contents": "Cerebral dominance for language in cerebral palsy. A test of cerebral dominance for language was administered to 51 cerebral palsied adults. The test consisted of dichotically presented words and in normal speaking adults had previously demonstrated very marked right ear superiority, interpreted as left cerebral dominance. The group of cerebral palsied subjects did not show the predicted right ear superiority. This finding may represent a chance maldistribution of side of cerebral injury within the 51 subjects. If substantiated, however, it would suggest either that the cortical damage in cerebral palsy is commonly widespread or else that the inherent left cerebral dominance of neonates is less tenacious than is generally assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:903776", "title": "Electrophysiological studies in familial spastic paraplegia.", "content": "Motor and sensory conduction studies have been performed in 10 patients from three families with uncomplicated familial spastic paraplegia whose ages ranged from 4 to 41 years. In all cases the values fell within the control range. The findings may be contrasted with those in Friedreich's ataxia and some other spinocerebellar degenerations in which peripheral nerve abnormalities are present.", "contents": "Electrophysiological studies in familial spastic paraplegia. Motor and sensory conduction studies have been performed in 10 patients from three families with uncomplicated familial spastic paraplegia whose ages ranged from 4 to 41 years. In all cases the values fell within the control range. The findings may be contrasted with those in Friedreich's ataxia and some other spinocerebellar degenerations in which peripheral nerve abnormalities are present."}
{"id": "PMID:903777", "title": "Effects of postural changes of the upper limb on reflex transmission in the lower limb. Cervicolumbar reflex interactions in man.", "content": "The influence of passive changes in upper limb position on the excitability of three myotatic arc reflexes (soleus, quadriceps, and biceps femoris) of the lower limb has been explored on 42 volunteers. The results indicate that the excitability of the three myotatic arcs can be influenced at a distance by postural modifications of the upper limb. When the ipsilateral upper limb is forwards or the contralateral backwards, a facilitation of both soleus and quadriceps tendon reflexes is observed while the biceps femoris reflexes are reduced. This pattern of facilitation and inhibition is reversed when the ipsilateral upper limb is backwards or the contralateral forwards. The facilitations as well as inhibitions of proximal myotatic arc reflexes are quantitatively more marked than that of the soleus reflex. Facilitation and inhibition are not linearly related to the angle of the arm with the trunk. Effects begin at a considerable angle, become maximal at 45 degrees, and progressively disappear for greater values. It is suggested that the distinct pattern of facilitation and inhibition which is exerted in reciprocal fashion on extensor and flexor motor nuclei might depend on the long propriospinal neurones connecting cervical and lumbar enlargements.", "contents": "Effects of postural changes of the upper limb on reflex transmission in the lower limb. Cervicolumbar reflex interactions in man. The influence of passive changes in upper limb position on the excitability of three myotatic arc reflexes (soleus, quadriceps, and biceps femoris) of the lower limb has been explored on 42 volunteers. The results indicate that the excitability of the three myotatic arcs can be influenced at a distance by postural modifications of the upper limb. When the ipsilateral upper limb is forwards or the contralateral backwards, a facilitation of both soleus and quadriceps tendon reflexes is observed while the biceps femoris reflexes are reduced. This pattern of facilitation and inhibition is reversed when the ipsilateral upper limb is backwards or the contralateral forwards. The facilitations as well as inhibitions of proximal myotatic arc reflexes are quantitatively more marked than that of the soleus reflex. Facilitation and inhibition are not linearly related to the angle of the arm with the trunk. Effects begin at a considerable angle, become maximal at 45 degrees, and progressively disappear for greater values. It is suggested that the distinct pattern of facilitation and inhibition which is exerted in reciprocal fashion on extensor and flexor motor nuclei might depend on the long propriospinal neurones connecting cervical and lumbar enlargements."}
{"id": "PMID:903778", "title": "Incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into neutral lipids and sn-glycerol-3-phosphate in muscle from Duchenne muscular dystrophy and control patients.", "content": "Muscle biopsy tissue from patients suffering from a wide range of neuromuscular disorders, normal muscle removed during regular orthopaedic procedures, and muscle from aborted human fetuses of 12--20 weeks gestation was dissected into fibre-bundles and incubated at 37 degrees C with [U-14C]glucose at a final concentration of 4 mM. Extracts made: (i) after 30 min were used to determine content and radioactivity of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, and (ii) after 160 min for separation of lipid species. Dystrophic muscle from 8 patients with typical Duchenne dystrophy converted significantly more glucose than normal muscle (11 samples) into neutral lipids, but less into polar lipids. Of total lipid radioactivity a mean value of 66% was found in neutral lipid in the Duchenne group, while in various control groups this proportion was about 40%. The disparity observed was the result of greater incorporation of glucose label into triglycerides, chiefly in the glycerol moiety of the Duchenne group lipids, and was some 3 times greater than normal. Other muscle disease groups also showed slightly raised levels of incorporation but these were not statistically significant in the present series of results. The content and radioactivity of glycerol phosphate in muscle from 15 patients with Duchenne dystrophy were also significantly higher than in normal muscle. These findings are discussed in relation to glucose metabolism in muscle and the energy cost of transforming glucose into triglyceride.", "contents": "Incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into neutral lipids and sn-glycerol-3-phosphate in muscle from Duchenne muscular dystrophy and control patients. Muscle biopsy tissue from patients suffering from a wide range of neuromuscular disorders, normal muscle removed during regular orthopaedic procedures, and muscle from aborted human fetuses of 12--20 weeks gestation was dissected into fibre-bundles and incubated at 37 degrees C with [U-14C]glucose at a final concentration of 4 mM. Extracts made: (i) after 30 min were used to determine content and radioactivity of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, and (ii) after 160 min for separation of lipid species. Dystrophic muscle from 8 patients with typical Duchenne dystrophy converted significantly more glucose than normal muscle (11 samples) into neutral lipids, but less into polar lipids. Of total lipid radioactivity a mean value of 66% was found in neutral lipid in the Duchenne group, while in various control groups this proportion was about 40%. The disparity observed was the result of greater incorporation of glucose label into triglycerides, chiefly in the glycerol moiety of the Duchenne group lipids, and was some 3 times greater than normal. Other muscle disease groups also showed slightly raised levels of incorporation but these were not statistically significant in the present series of results. The content and radioactivity of glycerol phosphate in muscle from 15 patients with Duchenne dystrophy were also significantly higher than in normal muscle. These findings are discussed in relation to glucose metabolism in muscle and the energy cost of transforming glucose into triglyceride."}
{"id": "PMID:903779", "title": "Blood flow and uptake of glucose and amino acids in ischemic muscle.", "content": "In order to examine muscle ischemia, muscle blood flow in the rat hindlimb was decreased by vessel ligation. Amino acid uptake, studied with [14C]alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, was decreased in ischemic Type I (soleus) muscle. Glucose uptake, studied with [14C]deoxyglucose, was increased in Type I muscle. These changes were temporally associated with histologic changes of ischemia in soleus muscle. Denervation, atrophy, and hypertrophy also produced uptake changes with these techniques, and although more prominent in soleus, the changes were also seen in Type II muscle.", "contents": "Blood flow and uptake of glucose and amino acids in ischemic muscle. In order to examine muscle ischemia, muscle blood flow in the rat hindlimb was decreased by vessel ligation. Amino acid uptake, studied with [14C]alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, was decreased in ischemic Type I (soleus) muscle. Glucose uptake, studied with [14C]deoxyglucose, was increased in Type I muscle. These changes were temporally associated with histologic changes of ischemia in soleus muscle. Denervation, atrophy, and hypertrophy also produced uptake changes with these techniques, and although more prominent in soleus, the changes were also seen in Type II muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:903780", "title": "Acute tissue response to cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "The Mongolian gerbil, because of the uniqueness of the anatomical features of its circle of Willis, has become an increasingly useful model in the study of cerebrovascular disease. The present work defines acute changes at the ultrastructural level following ischemic insult. The pathomorphological responses include initial astrocytic involvement and, when the degree of insult is increased, a progression of morphological changes is evident in neuronal and other parenchymal elements. Animals with vessels occluded for more than 3 hr without neurological signs suggestive of ischemia exhibited limited perivascular edema. Contralateral changes (perivascular astrocytic) were observed in the basal ganglia at 24 hr in animals with neurological deficit. Astrocytic and basal ganglia susceptibility to ischemia was consistent with previous findings in primate models. An additional association was found in that limited edematous involvement could exist in animals without neurological deficit but neuronal changes were only present in animals with signs of ischemic neurological deficit.", "contents": "Acute tissue response to cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. An ultrastructural study. The Mongolian gerbil, because of the uniqueness of the anatomical features of its circle of Willis, has become an increasingly useful model in the study of cerebrovascular disease. The present work defines acute changes at the ultrastructural level following ischemic insult. The pathomorphological responses include initial astrocytic involvement and, when the degree of insult is increased, a progression of morphological changes is evident in neuronal and other parenchymal elements. Animals with vessels occluded for more than 3 hr without neurological signs suggestive of ischemia exhibited limited perivascular edema. Contralateral changes (perivascular astrocytic) were observed in the basal ganglia at 24 hr in animals with neurological deficit. Astrocytic and basal ganglia susceptibility to ischemia was consistent with previous findings in primate models. An additional association was found in that limited edematous involvement could exist in animals without neurological deficit but neuronal changes were only present in animals with signs of ischemic neurological deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:903781", "title": "Canine globoid cell leukodystrophy. Part 1. Further ultrastructural study of the typical lesion.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes of typical lesions in canine globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) have been studied. The globoid cells were located in the cerebral parenchyma as well as in the perivascular Virchow--Robin space. Features suggestive of a passage of the globoid cells from the cerebral parenchyma to the Virchow--Robin space were also observed through the interruptions in the basal lamina. The globoid cells had numerous thin pseudopods and contained various cytoplasmic inclusions which have been described previously. Detailed studies of these inclusions suggest that they represented aggregates of filamentous or linear sub-unit structures. Typical oligodendroglial cells were found on only a few occasions. Both globoid cells and oligodendroglia contained myelin debris, dense bodies and honey-comb like inclusions composed of numerous small myelin figures. In a few instances, crystalline polygonal inclusions identical to those found in the globoid cells, were found in the cytoplasm of the cells which were, with reasonable certainty, identifiable as oligodendroglia. In less affected areas where myelin was still present, degenerating oligodendroglia, with or without recognizable inclusions, were frequently encountered. Astrocytes and endothelial cells contained concentric lamellar inclusions and dense bodies but did not contain the tubular inclusions as seen in globoid cells. The possible significance of the ultrastructural features in regard to the pathogenesis of the GLD have been discussed.", "contents": "Canine globoid cell leukodystrophy. Part 1. Further ultrastructural study of the typical lesion. The ultrastructural changes of typical lesions in canine globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) have been studied. The globoid cells were located in the cerebral parenchyma as well as in the perivascular Virchow--Robin space. Features suggestive of a passage of the globoid cells from the cerebral parenchyma to the Virchow--Robin space were also observed through the interruptions in the basal lamina. The globoid cells had numerous thin pseudopods and contained various cytoplasmic inclusions which have been described previously. Detailed studies of these inclusions suggest that they represented aggregates of filamentous or linear sub-unit structures. Typical oligodendroglial cells were found on only a few occasions. Both globoid cells and oligodendroglia contained myelin debris, dense bodies and honey-comb like inclusions composed of numerous small myelin figures. In a few instances, crystalline polygonal inclusions identical to those found in the globoid cells, were found in the cytoplasm of the cells which were, with reasonable certainty, identifiable as oligodendroglia. In less affected areas where myelin was still present, degenerating oligodendroglia, with or without recognizable inclusions, were frequently encountered. Astrocytes and endothelial cells contained concentric lamellar inclusions and dense bodies but did not contain the tubular inclusions as seen in globoid cells. The possible significance of the ultrastructural features in regard to the pathogenesis of the GLD have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903782", "title": "Numbers of Hirano bodies in the hippocampus of normal and demented people with Alzheimer's disease.", "content": "Hirano bodies were counted in the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus in the brains of 34 demented patients with Alzheimer's disease or senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and 24 non-demented subjects of 60 years and over who had been psychometrically assessed. Hirano bodies were also counted in an additional 27 people between the ages of 18 and 59 who had not been assessed but were thought to be intellectually normal. Hirano bodies were found at all ages, but in normal subjects they were significantly more numerous from the age of 60 onwards. Demented subjects of 60 years and over with Alzheimer's disease had significantly more Hirano bodies than normal subjects in the same age range.", "contents": "Numbers of Hirano bodies in the hippocampus of normal and demented people with Alzheimer's disease. Hirano bodies were counted in the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus in the brains of 34 demented patients with Alzheimer's disease or senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and 24 non-demented subjects of 60 years and over who had been psychometrically assessed. Hirano bodies were also counted in an additional 27 people between the ages of 18 and 59 who had not been assessed but were thought to be intellectually normal. Hirano bodies were found at all ages, but in normal subjects they were significantly more numerous from the age of 60 onwards. Demented subjects of 60 years and over with Alzheimer's disease had significantly more Hirano bodies than normal subjects in the same age range."}
{"id": "PMID:903783", "title": "Evidence for inorganic phosphate binding at nodes of Ranvier in peripheral nerves.", "content": "Ferric ion is bound to different sites at nodes of Ranvier, depending on how the nerves are prepared. By immersing fresh, unfixed nerves in phosphate buffer, cacodylate buffer, or physiological saline prior to staining with ferric ion and ferrocyanide, it can be shown that binding of ferric ion to the extracellular nodal gap substance requires pretreatment with inorganic phosphate. This implies that phosphate anions are bound to the gap substance where they may then promote precipitation of ferric ion. These results call for a re-evaluation of data that depend on ferric ion binding to nodes of Ranvier. They also open the possibility that affinity for anions in general, or phosphate in particular, may be a significant feature of extracellular molecules present at nodes.", "contents": "Evidence for inorganic phosphate binding at nodes of Ranvier in peripheral nerves. Ferric ion is bound to different sites at nodes of Ranvier, depending on how the nerves are prepared. By immersing fresh, unfixed nerves in phosphate buffer, cacodylate buffer, or physiological saline prior to staining with ferric ion and ferrocyanide, it can be shown that binding of ferric ion to the extracellular nodal gap substance requires pretreatment with inorganic phosphate. This implies that phosphate anions are bound to the gap substance where they may then promote precipitation of ferric ion. These results call for a re-evaluation of data that depend on ferric ion binding to nodes of Ranvier. They also open the possibility that affinity for anions in general, or phosphate in particular, may be a significant feature of extracellular molecules present at nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:903784", "title": "Motor neurone disease with neurofibrillary tangles in a Brazilian woman.", "content": "The occurrence of neurofibrillary tangles in both the cerebral cortex and brain stem is typically seen in the Guam type of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but is exceedingly rare in the classical form of the disease. Only 3 cases of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with such histopathologic features have so far been reported, all in the United States. A 49-year-old Brazilian woman had an 18-month history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis involving predominantly the left-sided extremities with prominent bulbar signs. Autopysi disclosed moderate to severe loss of motor neurones in the hypoglossal nuclei and anterior spinal horns, absence of pyramidal tract demyelination, depigmentation of the substantia nigra and numerous neurofibrillary tangles in the hypothalamic region, parahippocampal gyrus, reticular substance of the mesencephalon and pons and in some brain stem nuclei. The topographical distribution of these changes was closely similar to that of Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "contents": "Motor neurone disease with neurofibrillary tangles in a Brazilian woman. The occurrence of neurofibrillary tangles in both the cerebral cortex and brain stem is typically seen in the Guam type of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but is exceedingly rare in the classical form of the disease. Only 3 cases of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with such histopathologic features have so far been reported, all in the United States. A 49-year-old Brazilian woman had an 18-month history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis involving predominantly the left-sided extremities with prominent bulbar signs. Autopysi disclosed moderate to severe loss of motor neurones in the hypoglossal nuclei and anterior spinal horns, absence of pyramidal tract demyelination, depigmentation of the substantia nigra and numerous neurofibrillary tangles in the hypothalamic region, parahippocampal gyrus, reticular substance of the mesencephalon and pons and in some brain stem nuclei. The topographical distribution of these changes was closely similar to that of Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:903785", "title": "Statistical variation of nerve conduction velocity. An analysis in normal subjects and uraemic patients.", "content": "The maximal nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of 6 sensory nerves (N. radialis, suralis and peronaeus superficialis, bilaterally) was determined in 88 normals and 59 uraemic patients. When the effect upon nerve conduction velocity of age and temperature was removed through partial correlations, it became possible to verify the negative correlation between the height of the patient and NCV. This explained as much as 35% of the remaining variance in males. There were also other significant differences in the nerve functions between the sexes. A set of \"statistical corrections\" (grouping of NCV's according to the subject's sex, computing of the average NCV's of an individual, and height-, age- and temperature normalization of single or mean NCV values) substantially decreased the variability of NCV. At the same time, the sensitivity of NCV measurement in the early diagnosis of nerve dysfunction caused by uraemia was increased. It is suggested that the results of NCV measurements should not only be reported as rough, absolute data, but also as normative values, taking into account the known physiological determinants.", "contents": "Statistical variation of nerve conduction velocity. An analysis in normal subjects and uraemic patients. The maximal nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of 6 sensory nerves (N. radialis, suralis and peronaeus superficialis, bilaterally) was determined in 88 normals and 59 uraemic patients. When the effect upon nerve conduction velocity of age and temperature was removed through partial correlations, it became possible to verify the negative correlation between the height of the patient and NCV. This explained as much as 35% of the remaining variance in males. There were also other significant differences in the nerve functions between the sexes. A set of \"statistical corrections\" (grouping of NCV's according to the subject's sex, computing of the average NCV's of an individual, and height-, age- and temperature normalization of single or mean NCV values) substantially decreased the variability of NCV. At the same time, the sensitivity of NCV measurement in the early diagnosis of nerve dysfunction caused by uraemia was increased. It is suggested that the results of NCV measurements should not only be reported as rough, absolute data, but also as normative values, taking into account the known physiological determinants."}
{"id": "PMID:903786", "title": "Abnormally combined myelinated and unmyelinated nerves in dystrophic mice.", "content": "Abnormally combined M- and U-nerves were observed in the peripheral nerves of C57BL dystrophic mice. They were counted in the sciatic nerves of the dystrophic mice 3 times more frequently than in control mice. The myelin disappeared beyond the nodes of Ranvier just as in the dysmyelination of dystrophic mice. Some of the U-axons inside the myelin were enveloped by Schwann cell cytoplasm while others were not. The myelinated U-axons contained cored vesicles, dilated endoplasmic reticulum and degenerate mitochondria. These abnormalities might cause disordered function and be related to the pathophysiology of murine muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Abnormally combined myelinated and unmyelinated nerves in dystrophic mice. Abnormally combined M- and U-nerves were observed in the peripheral nerves of C57BL dystrophic mice. They were counted in the sciatic nerves of the dystrophic mice 3 times more frequently than in control mice. The myelin disappeared beyond the nodes of Ranvier just as in the dysmyelination of dystrophic mice. Some of the U-axons inside the myelin were enveloped by Schwann cell cytoplasm while others were not. The myelinated U-axons contained cored vesicles, dilated endoplasmic reticulum and degenerate mitochondria. These abnormalities might cause disordered function and be related to the pathophysiology of murine muscular dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:903787", "title": "The relationship between surface potentials and the number of active motor units.", "content": "One of the assumptions inherent in a technique recently devised for enumerating motor units in human muscles is that the surface potentials from active motor units summate in a linear fashion. We present an electrical model of a muscle which predicts that a linear relationship between the number of active units and the electrical response recorded at the surface overlying the muscle would not be expected. The extent of the non-linearity, and hence the error in the calculation of the number of motor units in a given muscle, depends upon the ratio between the mean conductance of the motor units themselves and that of the external conduction pathway through which the electrical signal is fed (Gu/Ge). The extent of non-linearity is assessed experimentally in human hypothenar muscles using a \"collision\" technique. The average underestimate introduced into the calculation of the number of motor units in this particular case was concluded to be 26%. The value of Gu/Ge derived from these experiments, in 2 subjects, was checked by simulating an intramuscular action potential and determining the attenuation at the surface. The 2 independently obtained values were sufficiently close to suggest that the model may be a valid one. We conclude that caution should be employed in the interpretation of experiments which purport to determine the number of motor units in a muscle by means of surface recordings.", "contents": "The relationship between surface potentials and the number of active motor units. One of the assumptions inherent in a technique recently devised for enumerating motor units in human muscles is that the surface potentials from active motor units summate in a linear fashion. We present an electrical model of a muscle which predicts that a linear relationship between the number of active units and the electrical response recorded at the surface overlying the muscle would not be expected. The extent of the non-linearity, and hence the error in the calculation of the number of motor units in a given muscle, depends upon the ratio between the mean conductance of the motor units themselves and that of the external conduction pathway through which the electrical signal is fed (Gu/Ge). The extent of non-linearity is assessed experimentally in human hypothenar muscles using a \"collision\" technique. The average underestimate introduced into the calculation of the number of motor units in this particular case was concluded to be 26%. The value of Gu/Ge derived from these experiments, in 2 subjects, was checked by simulating an intramuscular action potential and determining the attenuation at the surface. The 2 independently obtained values were sufficiently close to suggest that the model may be a valid one. We conclude that caution should be employed in the interpretation of experiments which purport to determine the number of motor units in a muscle by means of surface recordings."}
{"id": "PMID:903788", "title": "Remyelination in the spinal cord of the cat following intraspinal injections of lysolecithin.", "content": "Intraspinal injections of small volumes of lysolecithin were made in the cat. These produced a local area of primary demyelination at the site of injection and all the demyelinated axons were subsequently remyelinated either by oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells. In general the type of remyelination depended on the position of the axon relative to the point of injection; those near the centre of the lesion were remyelinated by Schwann cells while those at the edges were remyelinated by oligodendrocytes. At the very centre of the lesion there was fairly extensive axonal degeneration. Oligodendrocyte-remyelinated axons were enclosed within astrocyte processes which were usually covered by basement membrane on the surface next to Schwann cells. The pattern of remyelination in the cat was compared with similar lesions in the rat and it was concluded that the more vigorous astrocytic response in the cat was responsible for the differences observed in the lesions in the 2 species.", "contents": "Remyelination in the spinal cord of the cat following intraspinal injections of lysolecithin. Intraspinal injections of small volumes of lysolecithin were made in the cat. These produced a local area of primary demyelination at the site of injection and all the demyelinated axons were subsequently remyelinated either by oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells. In general the type of remyelination depended on the position of the axon relative to the point of injection; those near the centre of the lesion were remyelinated by Schwann cells while those at the edges were remyelinated by oligodendrocytes. At the very centre of the lesion there was fairly extensive axonal degeneration. Oligodendrocyte-remyelinated axons were enclosed within astrocyte processes which were usually covered by basement membrane on the surface next to Schwann cells. The pattern of remyelination in the cat was compared with similar lesions in the rat and it was concluded that the more vigorous astrocytic response in the cat was responsible for the differences observed in the lesions in the 2 species."}
{"id": "PMID:903789", "title": "Metabolic changes during glucose tolerance tests in migraine attacks.", "content": "(1) Intravenous glucose tolerance tests have been carried out on 6 migraine sufferers on two occasions. The first study was carried out during a migraine attack and the second was performed in an attack-free period. The patients had fasted overnight and the investigations were carried out in the morning. Samples of venous blood were taken for measurement of concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, ketone-bodies, insulin and growth hormone. (2) an impaired tolerance to glucose was found during the migraine attacks compared with the control studies. Elevated ketone and FFA levels were found during the attacks and may have accounted for the glucose intolerance. The elevation of plasma FFA levels during the migraine attacks paralleled changes in blood glycerol concentrations suggesting increased lipolysis during the attacks. Growth hormone and cortisol were raised and insulin was depressed during attacks. (3) Our observations, in which the patients acted as their own controls, imply increased lipolysis during migraine attacks and are in contrast to previously reported studies. The patterns of metabolic and hormonal changes are consistent with a stress response during the attacks and the significance in relation to the causation of the attacks is discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic changes during glucose tolerance tests in migraine attacks. (1) Intravenous glucose tolerance tests have been carried out on 6 migraine sufferers on two occasions. The first study was carried out during a migraine attack and the second was performed in an attack-free period. The patients had fasted overnight and the investigations were carried out in the morning. Samples of venous blood were taken for measurement of concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, ketone-bodies, insulin and growth hormone. (2) an impaired tolerance to glucose was found during the migraine attacks compared with the control studies. Elevated ketone and FFA levels were found during the attacks and may have accounted for the glucose intolerance. The elevation of plasma FFA levels during the migraine attacks paralleled changes in blood glycerol concentrations suggesting increased lipolysis during the attacks. Growth hormone and cortisol were raised and insulin was depressed during attacks. (3) Our observations, in which the patients acted as their own controls, imply increased lipolysis during migraine attacks and are in contrast to previously reported studies. The patterns of metabolic and hormonal changes are consistent with a stress response during the attacks and the significance in relation to the causation of the attacks is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903790", "title": "Early changes in the Schwann cells in experimental allergic neuritis.", "content": "Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) was induced in guinea-pigs by intradermal injection of rabbit peripheral nerve emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Both sciatic nerves were obtained between 12--24 hr after clinical symptoms were evident. Several fascicles from each nerve were isolated for histochemical studies with NADH-diaphorase (NADH) and acid phosphatase (AP) applied to teased nerve fibres. Small pieces were processed for electron microscopy, and a fascicle was teased after staining with osmium tetroxide. In isolated nerve fibres stained with histochemical techniques myelin lesions of segmental character were found closely related to inflammatory cells; Schwann cell cytoplasm in contact with mononuclear cells showing a heavy enzymatic activity (NADH and AP). Under polarized light, the underliying myelin showed focal loss of birefringence. Some electron-microscopic pictures suggested active myelin breakdown by mononuclear cells. The possibility of primary Schwann cell damage by mononuclear cells with subsequent demyelination is discussed.", "contents": "Early changes in the Schwann cells in experimental allergic neuritis. Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) was induced in guinea-pigs by intradermal injection of rabbit peripheral nerve emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Both sciatic nerves were obtained between 12--24 hr after clinical symptoms were evident. Several fascicles from each nerve were isolated for histochemical studies with NADH-diaphorase (NADH) and acid phosphatase (AP) applied to teased nerve fibres. Small pieces were processed for electron microscopy, and a fascicle was teased after staining with osmium tetroxide. In isolated nerve fibres stained with histochemical techniques myelin lesions of segmental character were found closely related to inflammatory cells; Schwann cell cytoplasm in contact with mononuclear cells showing a heavy enzymatic activity (NADH and AP). Under polarized light, the underliying myelin showed focal loss of birefringence. Some electron-microscopic pictures suggested active myelin breakdown by mononuclear cells. The possibility of primary Schwann cell damage by mononuclear cells with subsequent demyelination is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903791", "title": "The Landry-Guillain-barr\u00e9 syndrome. Complications, prognosis and natural history in 123 cases.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-three patients, 68 males and 55 females in whom acute polyradiculitis Guillain-Barr\u00e9 appeared at an age of between 1,6 and 76 years were re-examined after 0.9 to 12.3 years. The initial symptoms, the signs during the acute phase, in particular the cranial nerve signs and central nervous signs, as well as findings in the cerebrospinal fluid and complications are described. Three patients died during the acute phase. At follow-up only 57% of the patients were completely cured. In 22% motor signs, mainly distal in the lower extremities were found. Only 6 of these patients however were handicapped. Twenty-two patients had loss of one or more tendon reflexes, in general the ankle jerk. Only 6 showed very slight central nervous system signs. Eleven of 55 follow-up cases had pathological findings in needle electromyography. A disturbance of conduction velocity or distal latency was also found in several adults and children without residual clinical signs. The time span between the maximum of the initial signs and the beginning of recovery seemed to be particularly long in patients who showed residual signs on follow-up. These patients also seemed frequently to have had a severe tetraparesis in the initial phase. We could not confirm the therapeutic effect of cortisone or ACTH in our patients: amongst the 30 adults treated with cortisone 6 (20%) had residual signs at follow-up, whilst 5 (25%) of the 22 untreated ones had similar findings.", "contents": "The Landry-Guillain-barr\u00e9 syndrome. Complications, prognosis and natural history in 123 cases. One hundred and twenty-three patients, 68 males and 55 females in whom acute polyradiculitis Guillain-Barr\u00e9 appeared at an age of between 1,6 and 76 years were re-examined after 0.9 to 12.3 years. The initial symptoms, the signs during the acute phase, in particular the cranial nerve signs and central nervous signs, as well as findings in the cerebrospinal fluid and complications are described. Three patients died during the acute phase. At follow-up only 57% of the patients were completely cured. In 22% motor signs, mainly distal in the lower extremities were found. Only 6 of these patients however were handicapped. Twenty-two patients had loss of one or more tendon reflexes, in general the ankle jerk. Only 6 showed very slight central nervous system signs. Eleven of 55 follow-up cases had pathological findings in needle electromyography. A disturbance of conduction velocity or distal latency was also found in several adults and children without residual clinical signs. The time span between the maximum of the initial signs and the beginning of recovery seemed to be particularly long in patients who showed residual signs on follow-up. These patients also seemed frequently to have had a severe tetraparesis in the initial phase. We could not confirm the therapeutic effect of cortisone or ACTH in our patients: amongst the 30 adults treated with cortisone 6 (20%) had residual signs at follow-up, whilst 5 (25%) of the 22 untreated ones had similar findings."}
{"id": "PMID:903792", "title": "Concomitance of basophilia, ribonucleic acid and acid phosphatase activity in regenerating muscle fibres.", "content": "Regenerating fibres from tibialis anterior muscles of mice and hamsters transplanted as minced fragments for 7 and 9 days respectively were compared for basophilia, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and acid phosphatase activity with fibres in muscles of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, limb--girdle dystrophy and dermatomyositis. Normal muscles of mice, hamsters and humans were used as controls. In normal muscle fibres basophilia and RNA activity were restricted to the nuclei and acid phosphatase activity was occasionally observed in the nuclei, endomysial connective tissue and around muscle spindles. Diseased human muscle fibres were rich in acid phosphatase activity, the enzyme being most prominent in degenerating and basophilic fibres. When examined in serial sections, all basophilic fibres showed RNA and acid phosphatase activity. Similarly, all regenerating fibres in minced transplants which were basophilic to haematoxylin contained high RNA and acid phosphatase activity. It is suggested that basophilia in diseased human muscle fibres represents regeneration and that the lysosomes, as defined by acid phosphatase activity in these fibres, may be promoting their growth and differentiation by facilitating greater nucleocytoplasmic communication which ultimately could lead to protein synthesis.", "contents": "Concomitance of basophilia, ribonucleic acid and acid phosphatase activity in regenerating muscle fibres. Regenerating fibres from tibialis anterior muscles of mice and hamsters transplanted as minced fragments for 7 and 9 days respectively were compared for basophilia, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and acid phosphatase activity with fibres in muscles of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, limb--girdle dystrophy and dermatomyositis. Normal muscles of mice, hamsters and humans were used as controls. In normal muscle fibres basophilia and RNA activity were restricted to the nuclei and acid phosphatase activity was occasionally observed in the nuclei, endomysial connective tissue and around muscle spindles. Diseased human muscle fibres were rich in acid phosphatase activity, the enzyme being most prominent in degenerating and basophilic fibres. When examined in serial sections, all basophilic fibres showed RNA and acid phosphatase activity. Similarly, all regenerating fibres in minced transplants which were basophilic to haematoxylin contained high RNA and acid phosphatase activity. It is suggested that basophilia in diseased human muscle fibres represents regeneration and that the lysosomes, as defined by acid phosphatase activity in these fibres, may be promoting their growth and differentiation by facilitating greater nucleocytoplasmic communication which ultimately could lead to protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:903793", "title": "Dendritic bottlenecks of crustacean motoneurons.", "content": "Cobalt-labelled fast flexor motoneurons of the crayfish (Procambarus) were studied by electron microscopy after treatment with diaminobenzidine. The neurons were traced into the abdominal ganglion to locations at which they made contacts with the lateral giant fibres of the nerve cord. Fine secondary dendritic branches extended from the primary dendrites of the fast flexor motoneurons to the lateral giant fibre. These fine branches had bottlenecks at various places along their lenghts and also at their junctions with primary dendrites. Chemical synapses occurred at the bottlenecks and at other locations on the fine branches. It is postulated that chemical synapses at dendritic bottlenecks could act to modify the effectiveness of the excitatory drive provided by the lateral giant fibres to the fast flexor motoneurons, most likely by 'gating' electrical signals conveyed by the fine dendrites.", "contents": "Dendritic bottlenecks of crustacean motoneurons. Cobalt-labelled fast flexor motoneurons of the crayfish (Procambarus) were studied by electron microscopy after treatment with diaminobenzidine. The neurons were traced into the abdominal ganglion to locations at which they made contacts with the lateral giant fibres of the nerve cord. Fine secondary dendritic branches extended from the primary dendrites of the fast flexor motoneurons to the lateral giant fibre. These fine branches had bottlenecks at various places along their lenghts and also at their junctions with primary dendrites. Chemical synapses occurred at the bottlenecks and at other locations on the fine branches. It is postulated that chemical synapses at dendritic bottlenecks could act to modify the effectiveness of the excitatory drive provided by the lateral giant fibres to the fast flexor motoneurons, most likely by 'gating' electrical signals conveyed by the fine dendrites."}
{"id": "PMID:903794", "title": "The ultrastructure of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in the optic nerve of urodele amphibians (A. punctatum, T. pyrrhogaster, T. viridescens).", "content": "Recent ultrastructural studies which indicate a single types of glia cell in the amphibian optic nerve are contradicted by the results of the present investigation demonstrating three types of glial cells in the optic nerve of adult newts T. viridescens and T. pyrrbogaster, and the neotenous salamander A. punctatum. Well differentiated astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia are the principal glial constituents with cytological characteristics corresponding to glial elements in the optic nerve of mammals. Immature astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are also present in the nerve indicating continuing production of cells from neuro-ectodermal precursors. Astrocytes constitute approximately 80% of the total. Processes of the large multipolar elements divide axons into bundles and extend to the pial surface to form the glia limitans. A distinct inter-species variability (6--17%) in oligodendrocytes is apparently related to differences in the incidence of myelinated axons. Microglia are the least numerous element constituting only 2--6%. They arise, in part, from monocytic cells near the pial surface.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in the optic nerve of urodele amphibians (A. punctatum, T. pyrrhogaster, T. viridescens). Recent ultrastructural studies which indicate a single types of glia cell in the amphibian optic nerve are contradicted by the results of the present investigation demonstrating three types of glial cells in the optic nerve of adult newts T. viridescens and T. pyrrbogaster, and the neotenous salamander A. punctatum. Well differentiated astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia are the principal glial constituents with cytological characteristics corresponding to glial elements in the optic nerve of mammals. Immature astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are also present in the nerve indicating continuing production of cells from neuro-ectodermal precursors. Astrocytes constitute approximately 80% of the total. Processes of the large multipolar elements divide axons into bundles and extend to the pial surface to form the glia limitans. A distinct inter-species variability (6--17%) in oligodendrocytes is apparently related to differences in the incidence of myelinated axons. Microglia are the least numerous element constituting only 2--6%. They arise, in part, from monocytic cells near the pial surface."}
{"id": "PMID:903795", "title": "The effects of postganglionic axotomy and nerve growth factor on the superior cervical ganglia of developing mice.", "content": "Sectioning of the two major outflows from the superior cervical ganglia in two week mice results in a marked drop in the number of neurons within one week of operation and a smaller drop over the following two weeks. In animals receiving daily injections of nerve growth factor (NGF), the effect of axotomy is modified. One week after axotomy, the number of neurons in the axotomized ganglia is approximately the same in NGF treated animals as in the control, sham operated ganglia. Over the next two weeks, however, the cell death that results from axotomy is no longer prevented by treatment with NGF. The normal, hyperplastic response to NGF appears to occur independently of the cell reaction caused by axotomy.", "contents": "The effects of postganglionic axotomy and nerve growth factor on the superior cervical ganglia of developing mice. Sectioning of the two major outflows from the superior cervical ganglia in two week mice results in a marked drop in the number of neurons within one week of operation and a smaller drop over the following two weeks. In animals receiving daily injections of nerve growth factor (NGF), the effect of axotomy is modified. One week after axotomy, the number of neurons in the axotomized ganglia is approximately the same in NGF treated animals as in the control, sham operated ganglia. Over the next two weeks, however, the cell death that results from axotomy is no longer prevented by treatment with NGF. The normal, hyperplastic response to NGF appears to occur independently of the cell reaction caused by axotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:903796", "title": "Cell division in the developing sympathetic nervous system.", "content": "Cell division in the rat superior cervical and stellate ganglia has been followed from 6 days before birth until 14 days after birth by [3H] thymidine autoradiography. Neuronal division ceased at the postnatal day 4 in superior cervical ganglia and postnatal day 3 in stellate ganglia, whereas division of non-neuronal cells continued throughout the entire period studied. Dividing cells in both ganglia were predominantly neuronal before birth and non-neuronal after the postnatal day 3. Nerve growth factor treatment resulted in an increase in the number of neurons in the ganglia when given either over the first four postnatal days while neuronal division was still occurring or from postnatal days 6--8 after neuronal division had ceased. The increase in neuron numbers was not due to increased neuronal division and was apparently due to an increased survival rate of differentiated neurons. An increase in the rate of division of non-neuronal cells accompained the administration of nerve growth factor.", "contents": "Cell division in the developing sympathetic nervous system. Cell division in the rat superior cervical and stellate ganglia has been followed from 6 days before birth until 14 days after birth by [3H] thymidine autoradiography. Neuronal division ceased at the postnatal day 4 in superior cervical ganglia and postnatal day 3 in stellate ganglia, whereas division of non-neuronal cells continued throughout the entire period studied. Dividing cells in both ganglia were predominantly neuronal before birth and non-neuronal after the postnatal day 3. Nerve growth factor treatment resulted in an increase in the number of neurons in the ganglia when given either over the first four postnatal days while neuronal division was still occurring or from postnatal days 6--8 after neuronal division had ceased. The increase in neuron numbers was not due to increased neuronal division and was apparently due to an increased survival rate of differentiated neurons. An increase in the rate of division of non-neuronal cells accompained the administration of nerve growth factor."}
{"id": "PMID:903797", "title": "Responses of single cells in cat visual cortex to prolonged stimulus movement: neural correlates of visual aftereffects.", "content": "1. The activity of single cortical cells in area 17 of anesthetized and unanesthetized cats was recorded in response to prolonged stimulation with moving stimuli. 2. Under the appropriate conditions, all cells observed showed a progressive response decrement during the stimulation period, regardless of cell classification, i.e., simple, complex, or hypercomplex. 3. The observed response decrement was shown to be largely cortical in origin and could be adequately described with an exponential function of the form R = Rf +(R1-Rf)e-t/T. Time constants derived from such calculations yielded values ranging from 1.92 to 12.45 s under conditions of optimal-stimulation. 4. Most cells showed poststimulation effects, usually a brief period of reduced responsiveness that recovered exponentially. Recovery was essentially complete in about 5-35 s. 5. The degree to which stimuli were effective at inducing response was shown to have significant effects on the magnitude of the response decrement. 6. Several cells showed neural patterns of response and recovery that suggested the operation of intracortical inhibitory mechanisms. 7. A simple two-process model that adequately describes the behavior of all the studied cells is presented. 8. Because the properties of the cells studied correlate well with human psychophysical measures of contour and movement adaptation and recovery, a causal relationship to similar neural mechanisms in humans is suggested.", "contents": "Responses of single cells in cat visual cortex to prolonged stimulus movement: neural correlates of visual aftereffects. 1. The activity of single cortical cells in area 17 of anesthetized and unanesthetized cats was recorded in response to prolonged stimulation with moving stimuli. 2. Under the appropriate conditions, all cells observed showed a progressive response decrement during the stimulation period, regardless of cell classification, i.e., simple, complex, or hypercomplex. 3. The observed response decrement was shown to be largely cortical in origin and could be adequately described with an exponential function of the form R = Rf +(R1-Rf)e-t/T. Time constants derived from such calculations yielded values ranging from 1.92 to 12.45 s under conditions of optimal-stimulation. 4. Most cells showed poststimulation effects, usually a brief period of reduced responsiveness that recovered exponentially. Recovery was essentially complete in about 5-35 s. 5. The degree to which stimuli were effective at inducing response was shown to have significant effects on the magnitude of the response decrement. 6. Several cells showed neural patterns of response and recovery that suggested the operation of intracortical inhibitory mechanisms. 7. A simple two-process model that adequately describes the behavior of all the studied cells is presented. 8. Because the properties of the cells studied correlate well with human psychophysical measures of contour and movement adaptation and recovery, a causal relationship to similar neural mechanisms in humans is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:903798", "title": "Neuronal organization of crayfish escape behavior: inhibition of giant motoneuron via a disynaptic pathway from other motoneurons.", "content": "1. A circuit that produces a 70-100 ms IPSP in the crayfish giant motoneuron is described. The IPSP is produced by a disynaptic pathway from the nongiant fast flexor motoneurons to the motor giant. 2. An inhibitory interneuron in the pathway has been identified. Its axon runs at least the entire length of the abdominal nervous system. The inhibitory interneuron is excited bilaterally in all abdominal ganglia except the last and bilaterally inhibits the motor giants thoughout the abdominal CNS. 3. Evidence for a monosynaptic connection between the interneuron and the motor giant includes short latency, stability during repetitive stimulation, gradual decrement in high-Mg2+ solutions, and persistence in high-Ca2+ solutions. Similar but less complete evidence suggests a monosynaptic connection from the fast flexor motoneurons to the inhibitory interneuron. 4. A single impulse in the inhibitor can produce a prolonged IPSP in the motor giant. The inhibitor did not display trains of impulses and was not spontaneously active. 5. The inhibitory interneuron appears to be highly specific; no other outputs were observed. 6. Direct stimulation of axons in the connectives suggests that four pairs of inhibitory interneurons converge on the motor giants; at least two pairs are activated by the fast flexor motoneurons. 7. This circuit limits the burst duration of the motor giant and may function to protect the motor giant's depression-prone neuromuscular junction.", "contents": "Neuronal organization of crayfish escape behavior: inhibition of giant motoneuron via a disynaptic pathway from other motoneurons. 1. A circuit that produces a 70-100 ms IPSP in the crayfish giant motoneuron is described. The IPSP is produced by a disynaptic pathway from the nongiant fast flexor motoneurons to the motor giant. 2. An inhibitory interneuron in the pathway has been identified. Its axon runs at least the entire length of the abdominal nervous system. The inhibitory interneuron is excited bilaterally in all abdominal ganglia except the last and bilaterally inhibits the motor giants thoughout the abdominal CNS. 3. Evidence for a monosynaptic connection between the interneuron and the motor giant includes short latency, stability during repetitive stimulation, gradual decrement in high-Mg2+ solutions, and persistence in high-Ca2+ solutions. Similar but less complete evidence suggests a monosynaptic connection from the fast flexor motoneurons to the inhibitory interneuron. 4. A single impulse in the inhibitor can produce a prolonged IPSP in the motor giant. The inhibitor did not display trains of impulses and was not spontaneously active. 5. The inhibitory interneuron appears to be highly specific; no other outputs were observed. 6. Direct stimulation of axons in the connectives suggests that four pairs of inhibitory interneurons converge on the motor giants; at least two pairs are activated by the fast flexor motoneurons. 7. This circuit limits the burst duration of the motor giant and may function to protect the motor giant's depression-prone neuromuscular junction."}
{"id": "PMID:903802", "title": "Somatotopic projections of mystacial vibrissae on cerebral cortex of cats.", "content": "1. Using classical evoked-potential techniques and 100-micron deflections of one vibrissa, at least three loci of potentials were identified in cats' cortices. 2. The relationships of these loci to cortical landmarks and to each other varied sufficiently to prevent specification of homologies between animals. 3. Attempts to differentiate the loci on functional criteria were unsuccessful. The areal extent of each locus appeared similar and there was evidence of a specific somatotopic pattern within each locus; in each locus different vibrissae were represented at different cortical points. 4. Latencies differed slightly between the loci, being shortest at the most rostral site and longest at the caudal site. In all loci, off-center latencies were longer, but this difference was detected only after complete maps of all three loci were produced. 5. The focus of potentials for an individual vibrissa was radically different, depending on the parameter measured (negative peak, positive peak, and latency). The focus of potentials could also be shifted by changing the velocity or direction of the stimulus. 6. The effects of these stimulus parameters on the cortical map suggest that a cortical focus represents more than simply a point on the skin surface.", "contents": "Somatotopic projections of mystacial vibrissae on cerebral cortex of cats. 1. Using classical evoked-potential techniques and 100-micron deflections of one vibrissa, at least three loci of potentials were identified in cats' cortices. 2. The relationships of these loci to cortical landmarks and to each other varied sufficiently to prevent specification of homologies between animals. 3. Attempts to differentiate the loci on functional criteria were unsuccessful. The areal extent of each locus appeared similar and there was evidence of a specific somatotopic pattern within each locus; in each locus different vibrissae were represented at different cortical points. 4. Latencies differed slightly between the loci, being shortest at the most rostral site and longest at the caudal site. In all loci, off-center latencies were longer, but this difference was detected only after complete maps of all three loci were produced. 5. The focus of potentials for an individual vibrissa was radically different, depending on the parameter measured (negative peak, positive peak, and latency). The focus of potentials could also be shifted by changing the velocity or direction of the stimulus. 6. The effects of these stimulus parameters on the cortical map suggest that a cortical focus represents more than simply a point on the skin surface."}
{"id": "PMID:903803", "title": "The outcome from severe head injury with early diagnosis and intensive management.", "content": "In the belief that secondary cerebral compression, hypoxia, and ischemia materially influence the outcome from severe head injury, a standardized protocol was followed in 160 patients, with emphasis on early diagnosis and evacuation of intracranial mass lesions by craniotomy, artificial ventilation, control of increased intracranial pressure, and aggressive medical therapy. Of these patients, 36% made a good recovery, 24% were moderately disabled, 8% were severely disabled, 2% were vegetative, and 30% died. The mortality rate compares favorably with outcomes in similar patients reported from other centers and there has been no increase in the numbers of severely disabled or vegetative patients. It is proposed that vigorous surgical and medical therapy, by preventing or reversing secondary cerebral insults, enables some patients who would have died to make a good recovery without increasing the proportion of severely disabled patients.", "contents": "The outcome from severe head injury with early diagnosis and intensive management. In the belief that secondary cerebral compression, hypoxia, and ischemia materially influence the outcome from severe head injury, a standardized protocol was followed in 160 patients, with emphasis on early diagnosis and evacuation of intracranial mass lesions by craniotomy, artificial ventilation, control of increased intracranial pressure, and aggressive medical therapy. Of these patients, 36% made a good recovery, 24% were moderately disabled, 8% were severely disabled, 2% were vegetative, and 30% died. The mortality rate compares favorably with outcomes in similar patients reported from other centers and there has been no increase in the numbers of severely disabled or vegetative patients. It is proposed that vigorous surgical and medical therapy, by preventing or reversing secondary cerebral insults, enables some patients who would have died to make a good recovery without increasing the proportion of severely disabled patients."}
{"id": "PMID:903804", "title": "Significance of intracranial hypertension in severe head injury.", "content": "Measurements of intracranial pressure (ICP) were begun within hours of injury in 160 patients with severe brain trauma, and continued in the intensive care unit. Some degree of increased ICP (greater than 10 mm Hg) was present on admission in most cases (82%), and in all but two of the 62 patients with intracranial mass lesions requiring surgical decompression; ICP was over 20 mm Hg on admission in 44% of cases, and over 40 mm Hg in 10%. In patients with mass lesions only very high ICP (greater than 40 mm Hg) on admission was significantly associated with a poor neurological picture and outcome from injury, while in patients with diffuse brain injury any increase in ICP above 10 mm Hg was associated with a poorer neurological status and a worse outcome. Despite intensive measures aimed at prevention of intracranial hypertension, ICP rose over 20 mm Hg during the monitoring period in 64 of the 160 patients (40%). Postoperative increases in ICP over 20 mm Hg (mean) were seen in 52% of the patients who had had intracranial masses evacuated, and could not be controlled by therapy in half of these cases. Even in patients without mass lesions, ICP rose above 20 mm Hg in a third of the cases, despite artificial ventilation and steroid therapy. Of the 48 patients who died, severe intracranial hypertension was the primary cause of death in nearly half and even moderately increased ICP (greater than 20 mm Hg) was associated with higher morbidity in patients with mass lesions and those with diffuse brain injury. Measurement of ICP should be included in management of patients with severe head injury.", "contents": "Significance of intracranial hypertension in severe head injury. Measurements of intracranial pressure (ICP) were begun within hours of injury in 160 patients with severe brain trauma, and continued in the intensive care unit. Some degree of increased ICP (greater than 10 mm Hg) was present on admission in most cases (82%), and in all but two of the 62 patients with intracranial mass lesions requiring surgical decompression; ICP was over 20 mm Hg on admission in 44% of cases, and over 40 mm Hg in 10%. In patients with mass lesions only very high ICP (greater than 40 mm Hg) on admission was significantly associated with a poor neurological picture and outcome from injury, while in patients with diffuse brain injury any increase in ICP above 10 mm Hg was associated with a poorer neurological status and a worse outcome. Despite intensive measures aimed at prevention of intracranial hypertension, ICP rose over 20 mm Hg during the monitoring period in 64 of the 160 patients (40%). Postoperative increases in ICP over 20 mm Hg (mean) were seen in 52% of the patients who had had intracranial masses evacuated, and could not be controlled by therapy in half of these cases. Even in patients without mass lesions, ICP rose above 20 mm Hg in a third of the cases, despite artificial ventilation and steroid therapy. Of the 48 patients who died, severe intracranial hypertension was the primary cause of death in nearly half and even moderately increased ICP (greater than 20 mm Hg) was associated with higher morbidity in patients with mass lesions and those with diffuse brain injury. Measurement of ICP should be included in management of patients with severe head injury."}
{"id": "PMID:903805", "title": "Experimental cerebral concussion. Part 1: An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Cerebral concussion was produced in rats by an iron pendulum hitting the external occipital protuberance. This resulted in loss of consciousness lasting from 3 to 10 minutes with prompt recovery and no focal neurological signs. The energy absorbed by the head at the impact was calculated to be about 1450 gm/cm. Light microscopic survey showed only minor pathological changes. However, electron microscopic observation revealed considerable alteration which began at 30 minutes, reached a peak at 1 hour, and disappeared at 24 hours after concussion. The salient changes included severe swelling of the neuronal mitochondria at the point of impact (occipital cortex), and extracellular edema at the site of contre coup (frontal lobe). Topographically, the most severe alteration was seen in structures at the craniospinal junction (medulla oblongata and upper cervical cord), consisting of both mitochondrial and edematous changes. Although there was no visible opening of the capillary interendothelial junctions, extravasated ferritin particles were accumulated in the edematous regions, indicating a transient increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "Experimental cerebral concussion. Part 1: An electron microscopic study. Cerebral concussion was produced in rats by an iron pendulum hitting the external occipital protuberance. This resulted in loss of consciousness lasting from 3 to 10 minutes with prompt recovery and no focal neurological signs. The energy absorbed by the head at the impact was calculated to be about 1450 gm/cm. Light microscopic survey showed only minor pathological changes. However, electron microscopic observation revealed considerable alteration which began at 30 minutes, reached a peak at 1 hour, and disappeared at 24 hours after concussion. The salient changes included severe swelling of the neuronal mitochondria at the point of impact (occipital cortex), and extracellular edema at the site of contre coup (frontal lobe). Topographically, the most severe alteration was seen in structures at the craniospinal junction (medulla oblongata and upper cervical cord), consisting of both mitochondrial and edematous changes. Although there was no visible opening of the capillary interendothelial junctions, extravasated ferritin particles were accumulated in the edematous regions, indicating a transient increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:903806", "title": "The physiological basis of intracranial pressure change with progressive epidural brain compression. An experimental evaluation in cats.", "content": "Sequential cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure-volume studies were carried out in seven cats during the expansion at a constant rate of an epidural balloon. The same studies were performed in three control cats. Beginning after 20 minutes of inflation and continuing to the point of pupillary dilatation there was a progressive increase in the pressure-volume index (volume required to change intracranial pressure (ICP) by tenfold). During the course of balloon inflation, there was also a progressive increase in CSF elastance (instantaneous ICP change per unit change in CSE volume). At the point of pupillary dilatation there was a marked, abrupt increase in the pressure-volume index and an equally dramatic decrease in CSF elastance. The CSF outflow resistance increased to a variable extent during balloon inflation. The plot of the CSF pressure versus balloon volume (the mass lesion pressure-volume curve) was of the classical configuration with an initial relatively flat segment and a final steep segment. A hypothesis is presented that interprets the shape of the mass lesion pressure-volume curve in terms of changes occurring in the elastic properties of the tissues surrounding the CSF space and the volume of the CSF space. It is proposed that this hypothesis will explain most of the commonly observed variations in CSF pressure. Confusion regarding the ICP-volume relationships has arisen because of lack of specificity regarding which anatomical spaces are being perturbed.", "contents": "The physiological basis of intracranial pressure change with progressive epidural brain compression. An experimental evaluation in cats. Sequential cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure-volume studies were carried out in seven cats during the expansion at a constant rate of an epidural balloon. The same studies were performed in three control cats. Beginning after 20 minutes of inflation and continuing to the point of pupillary dilatation there was a progressive increase in the pressure-volume index (volume required to change intracranial pressure (ICP) by tenfold). During the course of balloon inflation, there was also a progressive increase in CSF elastance (instantaneous ICP change per unit change in CSE volume). At the point of pupillary dilatation there was a marked, abrupt increase in the pressure-volume index and an equally dramatic decrease in CSF elastance. The CSF outflow resistance increased to a variable extent during balloon inflation. The plot of the CSF pressure versus balloon volume (the mass lesion pressure-volume curve) was of the classical configuration with an initial relatively flat segment and a final steep segment. A hypothesis is presented that interprets the shape of the mass lesion pressure-volume curve in terms of changes occurring in the elastic properties of the tissues surrounding the CSF space and the volume of the CSF space. It is proposed that this hypothesis will explain most of the commonly observed variations in CSF pressure. Confusion regarding the ICP-volume relationships has arisen because of lack of specificity regarding which anatomical spaces are being perturbed."}
{"id": "PMID:903807", "title": "Anterior cervical discectomy without bone graft. Report of 71 cases.", "content": "Anterior cervical discectomy without bone grafting may become the procedure of choice for acute cervical disc protrusions. This operation was performed on 71 patients, all of whom were followed from 1 to 6 years. Complications were minor in nature. The results were excellent and sustained.", "contents": "Anterior cervical discectomy without bone graft. Report of 71 cases. Anterior cervical discectomy without bone grafting may become the procedure of choice for acute cervical disc protrusions. This operation was performed on 71 patients, all of whom were followed from 1 to 6 years. Complications were minor in nature. The results were excellent and sustained."}
{"id": "PMID:903808", "title": "Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome and cervical spondylosis.", "content": "Six patients with a rapidly progressive myelopathy of the Brown-S\u00e9quard type are presented (two in detail). Their clinical history, results of laboratory investigations, and surgical exploration revealed cervical spondylosis as the sole cause of this syndrome. We believe that a rapidly progressive myelopathy of Brown-S\u00e9quard type even in younger individuals, is often a presenting clinical feature of cervical spondylosis.", "contents": "Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome and cervical spondylosis. Six patients with a rapidly progressive myelopathy of the Brown-S\u00e9quard type are presented (two in detail). Their clinical history, results of laboratory investigations, and surgical exploration revealed cervical spondylosis as the sole cause of this syndrome. We believe that a rapidly progressive myelopathy of Brown-S\u00e9quard type even in younger individuals, is often a presenting clinical feature of cervical spondylosis."}
{"id": "PMID:903809", "title": "The effect of norepinephrine on the spinal cord circulation and its possible implications in the pathogenesis of acute spinal trauma.", "content": "The effect of intra-arterially administered norepinephrine (NE) upon spinal cord blood flow (SCBF), before and after disruption of the blood-cord barrier was studied in dogs. Barrier disruption was accomplished with an intra-arterial bolus injection of 2.5 M urea. Multiple ligations of branches of the posterior aorta and cannula placements ensured that the urea was directed to the lumbar and sacral segments of the cord. The SCBF was measured by the hydrogen clearance method. Intra-arterial urea by itself had no significant effect on SCBF. The intra-arterial infusion of NE (12 microgram/min and 30 microgram/min) was without overall effect on SCBF. However, if the blood-cord barrier had been previously disrupted with hypertonic urea, both concentrations of NE resulted in large reductions in SCBF. No such reductions in SCBF were seen with blood-cord barrier disruption and NE if the animals had been pre-treated with the alpha-blocker, phenoxybenzamine (1.5 mg/kg). Some aspects of the possible involvement of NE in the pathophysiology of acute spinal injury are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of norepinephrine on the spinal cord circulation and its possible implications in the pathogenesis of acute spinal trauma. The effect of intra-arterially administered norepinephrine (NE) upon spinal cord blood flow (SCBF), before and after disruption of the blood-cord barrier was studied in dogs. Barrier disruption was accomplished with an intra-arterial bolus injection of 2.5 M urea. Multiple ligations of branches of the posterior aorta and cannula placements ensured that the urea was directed to the lumbar and sacral segments of the cord. The SCBF was measured by the hydrogen clearance method. Intra-arterial urea by itself had no significant effect on SCBF. The intra-arterial infusion of NE (12 microgram/min and 30 microgram/min) was without overall effect on SCBF. However, if the blood-cord barrier had been previously disrupted with hypertonic urea, both concentrations of NE resulted in large reductions in SCBF. No such reductions in SCBF were seen with blood-cord barrier disruption and NE if the animals had been pre-treated with the alpha-blocker, phenoxybenzamine (1.5 mg/kg). Some aspects of the possible involvement of NE in the pathophysiology of acute spinal injury are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903810", "title": "Objective clinical assessment of motor function after experimental spinal cord injury in the rat.", "content": "A new method was developed for the clinical assessment of motor function in rats after experimental spinal cord injury. The method consists of placing the animal on an inclined plane which can be adjusted to provide a slope of varying grade, and then assessing the maximum angle of the plane at which the animal can maintain its position without falling. The method was used to quantitate motor function in normal rats and in rats subjected to myelectomy, and consistently showed major differences between the two groups. The method has many positive features: the plane is easy to construct and of low cost; and the test is rapid, non-invasive, repeatable, and consistent.", "contents": "Objective clinical assessment of motor function after experimental spinal cord injury in the rat. A new method was developed for the clinical assessment of motor function in rats after experimental spinal cord injury. The method consists of placing the animal on an inclined plane which can be adjusted to provide a slope of varying grade, and then assessing the maximum angle of the plane at which the animal can maintain its position without falling. The method was used to quantitate motor function in normal rats and in rats subjected to myelectomy, and consistently showed major differences between the two groups. The method has many positive features: the plane is easy to construct and of low cost; and the test is rapid, non-invasive, repeatable, and consistent."}
{"id": "PMID:903812", "title": "Ocular bobbing with superior cerebellar artery aneurysm. Case report.", "content": "A teen-age girl became comatose after the sudden onset of headache. Initial angiography did not reveal the site of bleeding. The subsequent onset of ocular bobbing directed attention to the region of the pons. Repeated angiography showed an aneurysm of the superior cerebellar artery. At surgery, the fundus of the aneurysm was adherent to the pons and there was a small hematoma within the pons. Ocular bobbing is rare, but is most commonly seen in association with destructive lesions of the pontine tegmentum, and is a useful localizing sign.", "contents": "Ocular bobbing with superior cerebellar artery aneurysm. Case report. A teen-age girl became comatose after the sudden onset of headache. Initial angiography did not reveal the site of bleeding. The subsequent onset of ocular bobbing directed attention to the region of the pons. Repeated angiography showed an aneurysm of the superior cerebellar artery. At surgery, the fundus of the aneurysm was adherent to the pons and there was a small hematoma within the pons. Ocular bobbing is rare, but is most commonly seen in association with destructive lesions of the pontine tegmentum, and is a useful localizing sign."}
{"id": "PMID:903813", "title": "Pituitary apoplexy producing internal carotid artery occlusion. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of pituitary apoplexy occurring several hours after carotid angiography. The event was associated with stupor, focal headache, and left hemiparesis. Repeat angiography demonstrated intracranial occlusion of the right internal carotid artery. At surgery, a hemorrhagic pituitary adenoma was found to be compressing the internal carotid artery, and the removal of the tumor resulted in restoration of flow. The mechanism, presenting symptoms and signs, and treatment of pituitary apoplexy causing compression of a major vessel are discussed.", "contents": "Pituitary apoplexy producing internal carotid artery occlusion. Case report. The authors report a case of pituitary apoplexy occurring several hours after carotid angiography. The event was associated with stupor, focal headache, and left hemiparesis. Repeat angiography demonstrated intracranial occlusion of the right internal carotid artery. At surgery, a hemorrhagic pituitary adenoma was found to be compressing the internal carotid artery, and the removal of the tumor resulted in restoration of flow. The mechanism, presenting symptoms and signs, and treatment of pituitary apoplexy causing compression of a major vessel are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903814", "title": "Vermian agenesis and unsegmented midbrain tectum. Case report.", "content": "A male infant had spells of tachypnea leading to apnea. He had vermian agenesis and and unsegmented midbrain tectum. This identifies the time of teratogenesis at about embryonic stage XVII to XVII (40 days gestation).", "contents": "Vermian agenesis and unsegmented midbrain tectum. Case report. A male infant had spells of tachypnea leading to apnea. He had vermian agenesis and and unsegmented midbrain tectum. This identifies the time of teratogenesis at about embryonic stage XVII to XVII (40 days gestation)."}
{"id": "PMID:903815", "title": "Dysplastic gangliocytoma (Lhermitte-Duclos disease) of the cerebellum. Case report.", "content": "A case of dysplastic gangliocytoma, or Lhermitte-Duclos disease, of the cerebellum is reported. The patient was the seventh reported survivor of this rare disease. A review of the known biology of the disease allows some optimism. The treatment of choice appears to be surgical resection only.", "contents": "Dysplastic gangliocytoma (Lhermitte-Duclos disease) of the cerebellum. Case report. A case of dysplastic gangliocytoma, or Lhermitte-Duclos disease, of the cerebellum is reported. The patient was the seventh reported survivor of this rare disease. A review of the known biology of the disease allows some optimism. The treatment of choice appears to be surgical resection only."}
{"id": "PMID:903816", "title": "Operative approach to persistent trigeminal artery producing facial pain and diplopia. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported of persistent trigeminal artery producing intermittent facial pain, the last episode being associated with diplopia. The trigeminal and abducent nerves were attached to the trigeminal artery by a congenital membrane. Blood supply to the vertebrobasilar system was via the persistent vessel. A new operative approach along the petrous-temporal ridge is described.", "contents": "Operative approach to persistent trigeminal artery producing facial pain and diplopia. Case report. A case is reported of persistent trigeminal artery producing intermittent facial pain, the last episode being associated with diplopia. The trigeminal and abducent nerves were attached to the trigeminal artery by a congenital membrane. Blood supply to the vertebrobasilar system was via the persistent vessel. A new operative approach along the petrous-temporal ridge is described."}
{"id": "PMID:903817", "title": "Localization of velum interpositum AVM with metrizamide ventriculography and simultaneous stereoangiography. Case report.", "content": "The combination of metrizamide (Amipaque) ventriculography and vertebral angiography with stereoradiography provided precise localization of an arteriovenous malformation of the velum interpositum and an associated hematoma in the lateral ventricles that had not been detected by computerized tomography. This dual technique is recommended for precise localization of suspected intra- or periventricular lesions before surgery.", "contents": "Localization of velum interpositum AVM with metrizamide ventriculography and simultaneous stereoangiography. Case report. The combination of metrizamide (Amipaque) ventriculography and vertebral angiography with stereoradiography provided precise localization of an arteriovenous malformation of the velum interpositum and an associated hematoma in the lateral ventricles that had not been detected by computerized tomography. This dual technique is recommended for precise localization of suspected intra- or periventricular lesions before surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:903818", "title": "Spinal cord vascular malformations with symptoms during menstruation. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients had the initial complaint of fluctuating paraparesis, which was most evident at menstruation. One patient had a semimonthly fluctuating deficit. Spinal cord compression and ischemia, secondary to the vascular mass, were considered the most likely mechanisms. Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle may have had a contributory effect. Fluctuating spinal cord deficits associated with a consistent portion of the menstrual cycle should alert the physician to the possibility of an arteriovenous malformation of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Spinal cord vascular malformations with symptoms during menstruation. Report of two cases. Two patients had the initial complaint of fluctuating paraparesis, which was most evident at menstruation. One patient had a semimonthly fluctuating deficit. Spinal cord compression and ischemia, secondary to the vascular mass, were considered the most likely mechanisms. Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle may have had a contributory effect. Fluctuating spinal cord deficits associated with a consistent portion of the menstrual cycle should alert the physician to the possibility of an arteriovenous malformation of the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:903819", "title": "Sarcoidosis of the pineal gland. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of sarcoidosis of the pineal gland with no other organ manifestation of the disease. The tumor was successfully removed by a direct surgical approach.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis of the pineal gland. Case report. The authors report a case of sarcoidosis of the pineal gland with no other organ manifestation of the disease. The tumor was successfully removed by a direct surgical approach."}
{"id": "PMID:903820", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the skull. Case report.", "content": "A case of giant aneurysmal bone cyst of the skull is reported. Treatment was by total excision in three-staged surgery. The patient made a good recovery.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the skull. Case report. A case of giant aneurysmal bone cyst of the skull is reported. Treatment was by total excision in three-staged surgery. The patient made a good recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:903821", "title": "Influence of diet composition on nitrogen balance and body composition in meal-eating and nibbling rats.", "content": "A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the influence of meal frequency on nitrogen balance and body composition of rats. Rats were either fed 2 hours per 24 or 48 hours (meal-eaters), or pair-fed to meal-eaters with an automated feeding machine (nibblers). Rats weighing approximately 250 g initially, were fed 10%, 20%, or 30% casein, high-carbohydrate diets or a 20% casein high-fat diet for 7 to 8 weeks. Meal-eaters gained essentially the same amount of body weight as the nibblers. Meal-feeding once per 24 or 48 hours did not adversely influence nitrogen balance or the body composition of the rats. In one experiment, smaller rats, weighing approximately 150 g initially, were utilized. Meal-eaters again, retained as much nitrogen as nibblers, and contained less body fat than the nibblers. In these studies, meal-eating did not cause a depression in nitrogen retention or an increase in body fat deposition in rats.", "contents": "Influence of diet composition on nitrogen balance and body composition in meal-eating and nibbling rats. A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the influence of meal frequency on nitrogen balance and body composition of rats. Rats were either fed 2 hours per 24 or 48 hours (meal-eaters), or pair-fed to meal-eaters with an automated feeding machine (nibblers). Rats weighing approximately 250 g initially, were fed 10%, 20%, or 30% casein, high-carbohydrate diets or a 20% casein high-fat diet for 7 to 8 weeks. Meal-eaters gained essentially the same amount of body weight as the nibblers. Meal-feeding once per 24 or 48 hours did not adversely influence nitrogen balance or the body composition of the rats. In one experiment, smaller rats, weighing approximately 150 g initially, were utilized. Meal-eaters again, retained as much nitrogen as nibblers, and contained less body fat than the nibblers. In these studies, meal-eating did not cause a depression in nitrogen retention or an increase in body fat deposition in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:903822", "title": "Anemia of lead intoxication: a role for copper.", "content": "Lead-induced anemia in rats, which is of a microcytic, hypochromic type, has been shown to be a result of an interference with the metabolism of copper and iron. In this complex interaction, copper may be the target upon which ingested lead has its antagonistic effect on hematopoiesis. The depressions in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels resulting from exposure to lead may occur secondarily to the effects of a lead-induced copper deficiency on iron mobilization and utilization. The metabolic fault induced by lead is seen in a reduction of serum iron, elevation of serum iron binding capacity, and increase in liver iron, all manifestations of systemic effects related to an interference with copper metabolism. These results relate many of the characteristics of the lead-induced anemia to those found in the copper-deficiency anemia.", "contents": "Anemia of lead intoxication: a role for copper. Lead-induced anemia in rats, which is of a microcytic, hypochromic type, has been shown to be a result of an interference with the metabolism of copper and iron. In this complex interaction, copper may be the target upon which ingested lead has its antagonistic effect on hematopoiesis. The depressions in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels resulting from exposure to lead may occur secondarily to the effects of a lead-induced copper deficiency on iron mobilization and utilization. The metabolic fault induced by lead is seen in a reduction of serum iron, elevation of serum iron binding capacity, and increase in liver iron, all manifestations of systemic effects related to an interference with copper metabolism. These results relate many of the characteristics of the lead-induced anemia to those found in the copper-deficiency anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:903823", "title": "Oxidative deterioration of the muscle proteins during nutritional muscular dystrophy in chicks.", "content": "Nutritional muscular dystrophy in the chick results from the simultaneous deficiency of vitamin E and cystine. Being a biological antioxidant, vitamin E might be functional in maintaining a proper redox state of the sulfur-containing amino acid in the proteins. The analyses of protein-bound sulfhydryls and disulfides at onset of muscular dystrophy in young chicks were carried out. The ratio of disulfide to sulfhydryls increased two- to three-fold in dystrophic muscle as compared to that in the control muscle proteins. Dystrophic and normal muscle proteins also were subjected to SDS-gel electrophoresis. Proteins of low molecular weight, supposedly derived from proteolysis, were present in the gels of the dystrophic muscle and absent in those of normal muscle extracts. As a result of these studies, a chemical model has been proposed to explain the oxidative deterioration of proteins in nutritional muscular dystrophy due to vitamin E deficiency.", "contents": "Oxidative deterioration of the muscle proteins during nutritional muscular dystrophy in chicks. Nutritional muscular dystrophy in the chick results from the simultaneous deficiency of vitamin E and cystine. Being a biological antioxidant, vitamin E might be functional in maintaining a proper redox state of the sulfur-containing amino acid in the proteins. The analyses of protein-bound sulfhydryls and disulfides at onset of muscular dystrophy in young chicks were carried out. The ratio of disulfide to sulfhydryls increased two- to three-fold in dystrophic muscle as compared to that in the control muscle proteins. Dystrophic and normal muscle proteins also were subjected to SDS-gel electrophoresis. Proteins of low molecular weight, supposedly derived from proteolysis, were present in the gels of the dystrophic muscle and absent in those of normal muscle extracts. As a result of these studies, a chemical model has been proposed to explain the oxidative deterioration of proteins in nutritional muscular dystrophy due to vitamin E deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:903824", "title": "Effect of dietary vitamin E and aging on tissue lipofuscin pigment concentration in mice.", "content": "This study reports a re-investigation of the effect of dietary vitamin E upon tissue organic solvent soluble lipofuscin pigment concentrations. Female weanling mice were fed a vitamin E deficient, vitamin E or N,N'-diphenyl-phenylenediamine (DPPD) supplemented diet up to 18 months of age. Lipofuscin concentrations were measured by a quantitative method which is based on fluorescence spectroscopy. Of all tissues measured (uterus, lung, spleen, kidney, liver, heart and brain), only the liver responded and showed lower pigment concentrations due to vitamin E treatment. In addition, in the liver, up to 12 months of age, vitamin E supplementation resulted in gradually decreasing pigment concentrations, but by 18 months of age, pigment concentrations were increased by 5 to 10 times in all diet groups. The effect of DPPD was similar to vitamin E. Tissue lipofuscin pigment concentrations in 18-month-old mice were lowest in the uterus and highest in the heart. The data indicate the possibility of a turnover of the organic solvent soluble lipofuscin pigments in the liver.", "contents": "Effect of dietary vitamin E and aging on tissue lipofuscin pigment concentration in mice. This study reports a re-investigation of the effect of dietary vitamin E upon tissue organic solvent soluble lipofuscin pigment concentrations. Female weanling mice were fed a vitamin E deficient, vitamin E or N,N'-diphenyl-phenylenediamine (DPPD) supplemented diet up to 18 months of age. Lipofuscin concentrations were measured by a quantitative method which is based on fluorescence spectroscopy. Of all tissues measured (uterus, lung, spleen, kidney, liver, heart and brain), only the liver responded and showed lower pigment concentrations due to vitamin E treatment. In addition, in the liver, up to 12 months of age, vitamin E supplementation resulted in gradually decreasing pigment concentrations, but by 18 months of age, pigment concentrations were increased by 5 to 10 times in all diet groups. The effect of DPPD was similar to vitamin E. Tissue lipofuscin pigment concentrations in 18-month-old mice were lowest in the uterus and highest in the heart. The data indicate the possibility of a turnover of the organic solvent soluble lipofuscin pigments in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:903826", "title": "Fetal and maternal vitamin A levels in tissues of hypervitaminotic A rats and rabbits.", "content": "Pregnant rats and rabbits were given excess vitamin A, in the form of retinyl acetate or retinoic acid, for the 3-day period just prior to palatal closure in the fetuses. Twenty-four hours later, the various forms of vitamin A, and their levels, were determined in fetal liver and carcass and in maternal liver and serum by thin-layer chromatography. The predominant forms of vitamin A found in both fetal and maternal tissues were retinyl palmitate, retinol and retinoic acid. In both species, the tissues from the groups treated with retinoic acid contained levels of vitamin A similar to those found in control tissues. After retinyl acetate treatment in the rat, both of the maternal tissues studied had elevated vitamin A, whereas in the rabbit only maternal liver levels increased. In the groups treated with retinyl acetate, the ratio of the vitamin A levels in fetal liver: maternal serum reflected a species difference: the ratio was lower than the control value in the rabbit and higher than controls in the rat. Radiotracer studies in the rat, using either 3H-retinol or 14C-retinoic acid, demonstrated vitamin A transport across the placenta, with vitamin A concentrating in the fetal liver.", "contents": "Fetal and maternal vitamin A levels in tissues of hypervitaminotic A rats and rabbits. Pregnant rats and rabbits were given excess vitamin A, in the form of retinyl acetate or retinoic acid, for the 3-day period just prior to palatal closure in the fetuses. Twenty-four hours later, the various forms of vitamin A, and their levels, were determined in fetal liver and carcass and in maternal liver and serum by thin-layer chromatography. The predominant forms of vitamin A found in both fetal and maternal tissues were retinyl palmitate, retinol and retinoic acid. In both species, the tissues from the groups treated with retinoic acid contained levels of vitamin A similar to those found in control tissues. After retinyl acetate treatment in the rat, both of the maternal tissues studied had elevated vitamin A, whereas in the rabbit only maternal liver levels increased. In the groups treated with retinyl acetate, the ratio of the vitamin A levels in fetal liver: maternal serum reflected a species difference: the ratio was lower than the control value in the rabbit and higher than controls in the rat. Radiotracer studies in the rat, using either 3H-retinol or 14C-retinoic acid, demonstrated vitamin A transport across the placenta, with vitamin A concentrating in the fetal liver."}
{"id": "PMID:903828", "title": "Effect of aspartame and aspartate loading upon plasma and erythrocyte free amino acid levels in normal adult volunteers.", "content": "Aspartame is a dipeptide (L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanyl-methyl ester) with a sweeting potential 180 to 200 times that of sucrose. Questions have been raised about potential toxic effects of its constituent amino acids, aspartate and phenylalanine when the compound is ingested in large amounts. Plasma and erythrocyte amino acid levels were measured in 12 normal subjects after administration of either Aspartame (34 mg/kg) or equimolar quantities of aspartate (13 mg/kg) in a crossover design. No changes in either plasma or erythrocyte aspartate levels were noted at any time after either Aspartame or aspartate ingestion. Plasma phenylalanine levels decrease slightly after aspartate loading, and increased from fasting levels (4.9 +/- 1 mumoles/100 ml) to 10.7 +/- 1.9 mumoles/100 ml about 45 to 60 minutes after Aspartame loading. Phenylalanine levels returned to baseline by 4 hours. Erythrocyte phenylalanine levels showed similar changes.", "contents": "Effect of aspartame and aspartate loading upon plasma and erythrocyte free amino acid levels in normal adult volunteers. Aspartame is a dipeptide (L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanyl-methyl ester) with a sweeting potential 180 to 200 times that of sucrose. Questions have been raised about potential toxic effects of its constituent amino acids, aspartate and phenylalanine when the compound is ingested in large amounts. Plasma and erythrocyte amino acid levels were measured in 12 normal subjects after administration of either Aspartame (34 mg/kg) or equimolar quantities of aspartate (13 mg/kg) in a crossover design. No changes in either plasma or erythrocyte aspartate levels were noted at any time after either Aspartame or aspartate ingestion. Plasma phenylalanine levels decrease slightly after aspartate loading, and increased from fasting levels (4.9 +/- 1 mumoles/100 ml) to 10.7 +/- 1.9 mumoles/100 ml about 45 to 60 minutes after Aspartame loading. Phenylalanine levels returned to baseline by 4 hours. Erythrocyte phenylalanine levels showed similar changes."}
{"id": "PMID:903829", "title": "Some carbohydrates found in pollen and pollen substitutes are toxic to honey bees.", "content": "Carbohydrates in some pollen substitutes (galactose, lactose, raffinose, stachyose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and pectin) were toxic to caged adult Apis mellifera L. These toxins can be diluted to safe levels by sucrose. Collected nectar apparently dilutes the toxic sugars in pollen thus permitting assimilation of essential nutrients from pollen.", "contents": "Some carbohydrates found in pollen and pollen substitutes are toxic to honey bees. Carbohydrates in some pollen substitutes (galactose, lactose, raffinose, stachyose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and pectin) were toxic to caged adult Apis mellifera L. These toxins can be diluted to safe levels by sucrose. Collected nectar apparently dilutes the toxic sugars in pollen thus permitting assimilation of essential nutrients from pollen."}
{"id": "PMID:903830", "title": "Ketogenic response to medium-chain triglyceride load in the rat.", "content": "We studied ketonemia induced in rats by a single oral load of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) (C8:0 50.5%, C10:0 48.0%, C12:0 1.0%). Medium-chain fatty acids, rather than being incorporated into the lipids synthesized by the liver, are oxidized there, with high production of ketone bodies. Severe and long-lasting hyperketonemia developed rapidly. With increased MCT loads, ketonemia also increased, although not linearly. The level of the hyperketonemia seemed equal in the two sexes. Ingestion of MCT by fasting rats caused an additional rise in ketonemia. Long-chain triglycerides were not ketogenic, since their constituent fatty acids are incorporated into lipids and are thus less subject to oxidation. Lipids induce less severe ketonemia in genetically obese rats than in normal-weight rats.", "contents": "Ketogenic response to medium-chain triglyceride load in the rat. We studied ketonemia induced in rats by a single oral load of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) (C8:0 50.5%, C10:0 48.0%, C12:0 1.0%). Medium-chain fatty acids, rather than being incorporated into the lipids synthesized by the liver, are oxidized there, with high production of ketone bodies. Severe and long-lasting hyperketonemia developed rapidly. With increased MCT loads, ketonemia also increased, although not linearly. The level of the hyperketonemia seemed equal in the two sexes. Ingestion of MCT by fasting rats caused an additional rise in ketonemia. Long-chain triglycerides were not ketogenic, since their constituent fatty acids are incorporated into lipids and are thus less subject to oxidation. Lipids induce less severe ketonemia in genetically obese rats than in normal-weight rats."}
{"id": "PMID:903831", "title": "A strain specific increase in blood glycerol level of the carbohydrate-sensitive BHE rat.", "content": "A strain-specific, elevated serum free glycerol has been found in stock diet fed, carbohydrate-sensitive, hyperlipemic BHE rats. This suggests that considerably more peripheral lipolysis is taking place in the nonfasting BHE rat than in its Wistar counterpart. This observation further suggests that the BHE rat may exhibit metabolic changes in the fed state that are similar to those found in normal fasting rats. Individual, serum free glycerol levels were not correlated with individual serum insulin values. In the nonfasted BHE rats, serum free glycerol concentrations were found to be sufficiently high to initiate gluconeogenesis or to contribute to a maximal rate of triglyceride synthesis.", "contents": "A strain specific increase in blood glycerol level of the carbohydrate-sensitive BHE rat. A strain-specific, elevated serum free glycerol has been found in stock diet fed, carbohydrate-sensitive, hyperlipemic BHE rats. This suggests that considerably more peripheral lipolysis is taking place in the nonfasting BHE rat than in its Wistar counterpart. This observation further suggests that the BHE rat may exhibit metabolic changes in the fed state that are similar to those found in normal fasting rats. Individual, serum free glycerol levels were not correlated with individual serum insulin values. In the nonfasted BHE rats, serum free glycerol concentrations were found to be sufficiently high to initiate gluconeogenesis or to contribute to a maximal rate of triglyceride synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:903833", "title": "Effects of thiamin deficiency on acetylcholine levels and utilization in vivo in rat brain.", "content": "Cerebral regional acetylcholine (ACh) levels and utilization were studied in vivo in thiamin deficient (TD), pair-fed asymptomatic (PFC) and ad libitum fed control (ALC) rats. ACh levels in the cortex, corpus striatum, midbrain, diencephalon and brainstem of TD rats were comparable to those observed in the control groups. However, ACh utilization was slightly to moderately (10-41%) decreased in cortex, midbrain, diencephalon and brainstem. The decrease was significantly different in the midbrain of TD rats as compared to PFC and ALC rats.", "contents": "Effects of thiamin deficiency on acetylcholine levels and utilization in vivo in rat brain. Cerebral regional acetylcholine (ACh) levels and utilization were studied in vivo in thiamin deficient (TD), pair-fed asymptomatic (PFC) and ad libitum fed control (ALC) rats. ACh levels in the cortex, corpus striatum, midbrain, diencephalon and brainstem of TD rats were comparable to those observed in the control groups. However, ACh utilization was slightly to moderately (10-41%) decreased in cortex, midbrain, diencephalon and brainstem. The decrease was significantly different in the midbrain of TD rats as compared to PFC and ALC rats."}
{"id": "PMID:903835", "title": "Formation of methionine from alpha-amino-n-butyric acid and 5'-methylthioadenosine in the rat.", "content": "Adult rats may utilize two metabolites of methionine for the biosynthesis of this essential amino acid. In separate experiments methionine, labeled with 14C or with 35S was observed in plasma and urine following the administration of [2-14C]-alpha-amino-n-butyric acid or [35S]-5'-methylthioadenosine by stomach tube. Although alpha-amino-n-butyric acid (ABA) or homoserine, alone or with dietary sodium sulfate, choline, and/or S-methylcysteine, was not utilized for growth, weight loss in weanling rats was decreased by dietary cysteine when fed as an additive to a basal methionine-free, cysteine-free, labile methyl-free, sulfur-free diet. Following the addition of 10 mg ABA and 28 mg 5'-methylthioadenosine/day to the basal diet, growth response was equivalent to that occurring in rats receiving 27 mg of methionine/day with the basal diet. The implications of these findings for adaptation to protein restriction and a discussion of equilibrium and steady state conditions related to the increase in methionine content in the blood are presented.", "contents": "Formation of methionine from alpha-amino-n-butyric acid and 5'-methylthioadenosine in the rat. Adult rats may utilize two metabolites of methionine for the biosynthesis of this essential amino acid. In separate experiments methionine, labeled with 14C or with 35S was observed in plasma and urine following the administration of [2-14C]-alpha-amino-n-butyric acid or [35S]-5'-methylthioadenosine by stomach tube. Although alpha-amino-n-butyric acid (ABA) or homoserine, alone or with dietary sodium sulfate, choline, and/or S-methylcysteine, was not utilized for growth, weight loss in weanling rats was decreased by dietary cysteine when fed as an additive to a basal methionine-free, cysteine-free, labile methyl-free, sulfur-free diet. Following the addition of 10 mg ABA and 28 mg 5'-methylthioadenosine/day to the basal diet, growth response was equivalent to that occurring in rats receiving 27 mg of methionine/day with the basal diet. The implications of these findings for adaptation to protein restriction and a discussion of equilibrium and steady state conditions related to the increase in methionine content in the blood are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:903836", "title": "Effect of folacin deficiency on folacin-binding proteins in the rat.", "content": "The effect of experimental folacin deficiency on the uptake and distribution of radioactive folic acid in the rat was investigated. Less radioactivity was taken up by livers of deficient rats than controls 24 hours after intraperitoneal injection of [3H]-folic acid, although more radioactivity was incorporated by the brain and kidneys of deficient rats. The distribution of radioactivity among the three folacin-binding proteins of rat liver cytosol and the binding protein of mitochondria was also studied. In deficiency, very little radioactivity was incorporated into cytosol binding proteins I and II, while more radioactivity was incorporated into cytosol binding protein II and the mitochondrial binding protein. A decrease in the endogenous folacin associated with all protein-bound and free forms was seen in deficiency with the major decrease coming at the expense of unbound folacin, and cytosol binding protein I. This latter protein may have a primary storage role in the liver.", "contents": "Effect of folacin deficiency on folacin-binding proteins in the rat. The effect of experimental folacin deficiency on the uptake and distribution of radioactive folic acid in the rat was investigated. Less radioactivity was taken up by livers of deficient rats than controls 24 hours after intraperitoneal injection of [3H]-folic acid, although more radioactivity was incorporated by the brain and kidneys of deficient rats. The distribution of radioactivity among the three folacin-binding proteins of rat liver cytosol and the binding protein of mitochondria was also studied. In deficiency, very little radioactivity was incorporated into cytosol binding proteins I and II, while more radioactivity was incorporated into cytosol binding protein II and the mitochondrial binding protein. A decrease in the endogenous folacin associated with all protein-bound and free forms was seen in deficiency with the major decrease coming at the expense of unbound folacin, and cytosol binding protein I. This latter protein may have a primary storage role in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:903840", "title": "Psychological problems in an industrial setting.", "content": "A study was undertaken to identify psychological problems reported by workers in an industrial setting and the degree to which these problems (1) affected an individual's ability to carry out work and home responsibilities and (2) were related to physical and psychophysiological disorders. In addition, an analysis was made of various medical-psychiatric services that were needed to provide comprehensive understanding of individual health problems and good case management.", "contents": "Psychological problems in an industrial setting. A study was undertaken to identify psychological problems reported by workers in an industrial setting and the degree to which these problems (1) affected an individual's ability to carry out work and home responsibilities and (2) were related to physical and psychophysiological disorders. In addition, an analysis was made of various medical-psychiatric services that were needed to provide comprehensive understanding of individual health problems and good case management."}
{"id": "PMID:903842", "title": "Mortality by cause among stationary engineers and stationary firemen.", "content": "Causes of death among 1,113 stationary engineers and firemen identified from union death benefit listings were analyzed to determine if there were conditions occurring with unusual frequency suggestive of exposure to hazards in the work environment. The relative frequencies of specific disease conditions in the study group were compared to the experience of the general population by the method of proportionate mortality. Deaths from cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx and cancer of the rectum occurred twice as often as expected, each result being statistically significant at the 5% level. Lung cancer deaths were 20% higher than expected overall, and consistently excessive in each of four geographic subdivisions of the United States. Mortality from coronary heart disease was elevated in each region, particularly at ages under 55. No increase in the relative frequency of deaths from nonmalignant respiratory disease was found nor were fatal accidents more frequent than expected. Some of the findings may be important in view of potential exposure to carbon monoxide and several carcinogenic materials for these occupational groups.", "contents": "Mortality by cause among stationary engineers and stationary firemen. Causes of death among 1,113 stationary engineers and firemen identified from union death benefit listings were analyzed to determine if there were conditions occurring with unusual frequency suggestive of exposure to hazards in the work environment. The relative frequencies of specific disease conditions in the study group were compared to the experience of the general population by the method of proportionate mortality. Deaths from cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx and cancer of the rectum occurred twice as often as expected, each result being statistically significant at the 5% level. Lung cancer deaths were 20% higher than expected overall, and consistently excessive in each of four geographic subdivisions of the United States. Mortality from coronary heart disease was elevated in each region, particularly at ages under 55. No increase in the relative frequency of deaths from nonmalignant respiratory disease was found nor were fatal accidents more frequent than expected. Some of the findings may be important in view of potential exposure to carbon monoxide and several carcinogenic materials for these occupational groups."}
{"id": "PMID:903843", "title": "Ocular medical surveillance on microwave and laser workers.", "content": "Results of over 800 medical surveillance ocular examinations on microwave and laser workers were evaluated using multiple regression analysis techniques. No lenticular or retinal defects were noted that could be attributed to work with either microwave or laser radiation. Increased incidences of minute lenticular defects were noted with increasing age. A high variability in the recording of such defects at different locations was attributed to differences in the subjective evaluation of individual examiners. It was concluded that periodic medical surveillance as conducted on the microwave and laser workers under study was nonproductive and suggestions were made to limit medical surveillance for these worker groups to preassignment, postaccident exposure, and termination eye examinations.", "contents": "Ocular medical surveillance on microwave and laser workers. Results of over 800 medical surveillance ocular examinations on microwave and laser workers were evaluated using multiple regression analysis techniques. No lenticular or retinal defects were noted that could be attributed to work with either microwave or laser radiation. Increased incidences of minute lenticular defects were noted with increasing age. A high variability in the recording of such defects at different locations was attributed to differences in the subjective evaluation of individual examiners. It was concluded that periodic medical surveillance as conducted on the microwave and laser workers under study was nonproductive and suggestions were made to limit medical surveillance for these worker groups to preassignment, postaccident exposure, and termination eye examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:903844", "title": "Pulmonary problems associated with the use of polytetrafluoroethylene.", "content": "The experience of a group of nine men employed in a manufacturing plant, who developed attacks of illness during the course of working with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), is reported. The cause was presumed to be the inhalation of fumes from PTFE-contaminated cigarettes. Eight of the nine employees reported chest pain, shortness of breath, and cough. One had documented pulmonary edema. In view of the potential seriousness of the respiratory complications reported by use and by others we raise the question whether \"polymerfume fever\" is an adequate or appropriate term to apply to the human inhalation reaction to pyrolysis products of PTFE. Under some conditions of PTFE use, special precautions need to be taken, in addition to those usually recommended, to prevent exposure of to this substance.", "contents": "Pulmonary problems associated with the use of polytetrafluoroethylene. The experience of a group of nine men employed in a manufacturing plant, who developed attacks of illness during the course of working with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), is reported. The cause was presumed to be the inhalation of fumes from PTFE-contaminated cigarettes. Eight of the nine employees reported chest pain, shortness of breath, and cough. One had documented pulmonary edema. In view of the potential seriousness of the respiratory complications reported by use and by others we raise the question whether \"polymerfume fever\" is an adequate or appropriate term to apply to the human inhalation reaction to pyrolysis products of PTFE. Under some conditions of PTFE use, special precautions need to be taken, in addition to those usually recommended, to prevent exposure of to this substance."}
{"id": "PMID:903846", "title": "Interaction between rod and cone signals studied with temporal sine wave stimulation.", "content": "If a temporal stimulus is presented through the cones, the threshold for a rod stimulus may be influenced even if the cone stimulus remains subthreshold. We have used sinusoidal stimulation to study the process underlying this rod-cone interaction. A first-order model is proposed consisting of a single threshold mechanism preceded by linear summation of rod and cone signals with a pure latency difference. Two deviations from this model are described. First, occasional additivity failures appear; second, if the phase difference characteristic is corrected for latency, the remaining part cannot be explained in terms of the de Lange curves of the rod and cone systems.", "contents": "Interaction between rod and cone signals studied with temporal sine wave stimulation. If a temporal stimulus is presented through the cones, the threshold for a rod stimulus may be influenced even if the cone stimulus remains subthreshold. We have used sinusoidal stimulation to study the process underlying this rod-cone interaction. A first-order model is proposed consisting of a single threshold mechanism preceded by linear summation of rod and cone signals with a pure latency difference. Two deviations from this model are described. First, occasional additivity failures appear; second, if the phase difference characteristic is corrected for latency, the remaining part cannot be explained in terms of the de Lange curves of the rod and cone systems."}
{"id": "PMID:903855", "title": "Effect of shear mixing on in vitro drug release of capsule formulations containing lubricants.", "content": "The influence of shear mixing on the in vitro dissolution properties of several experimental capsule formulations containing lubricants was investigated. The studies were carried out in 2.8-liter laboratory V-blender equipped with a high-speed intensifier bar, using nitrofurantoin and procainamide hydrochloride as active drugs, powdered lactose and starch as excipients, and magnesium stearate and magnesium lauryl sulfate as lubricants. These studies revealed a pronounced inhibitory effect on drug dissolution due to shear in powder mixtures containing magnesium stearate; even at the maximum lubricant level of only 2%, high mixing markedly altered the in vitro dissolution rate. In systems with magnesium lauryl sulfate, the shear effect was less pronounced (nitrofurantoin blends) or absent (procainamide hydrochloride blends). The poor dissolution characteristics noted with magnesium stearate--shear combinations seem to result from the formation of a hydrophobic film around the powder mass, preventing wetting and deaggregation.", "contents": "Effect of shear mixing on in vitro drug release of capsule formulations containing lubricants. The influence of shear mixing on the in vitro dissolution properties of several experimental capsule formulations containing lubricants was investigated. The studies were carried out in 2.8-liter laboratory V-blender equipped with a high-speed intensifier bar, using nitrofurantoin and procainamide hydrochloride as active drugs, powdered lactose and starch as excipients, and magnesium stearate and magnesium lauryl sulfate as lubricants. These studies revealed a pronounced inhibitory effect on drug dissolution due to shear in powder mixtures containing magnesium stearate; even at the maximum lubricant level of only 2%, high mixing markedly altered the in vitro dissolution rate. In systems with magnesium lauryl sulfate, the shear effect was less pronounced (nitrofurantoin blends) or absent (procainamide hydrochloride blends). The poor dissolution characteristics noted with magnesium stearate--shear combinations seem to result from the formation of a hydrophobic film around the powder mass, preventing wetting and deaggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:903856", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of methotrexate in presence of its degradation products.", "content": "Two high-pressure liquid chromatographic methods are described for the quantitative determination of methotrexate in the presence of its contaminants and degradation products. Method 1 takes less than 15 min and is recommended for routine assays of methotrexate in commercial products. Method 2 takes about 35 min and is the method of choice to detect and quantitate large amounts of degradation products. Quantitation to a level of 1 microgram of methotrexate/ml is feasible by these methods and thus provides potential applicability for the analysis of methotrexate in biological fluids.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of methotrexate in presence of its degradation products. Two high-pressure liquid chromatographic methods are described for the quantitative determination of methotrexate in the presence of its contaminants and degradation products. Method 1 takes less than 15 min and is recommended for routine assays of methotrexate in commercial products. Method 2 takes about 35 min and is the method of choice to detect and quantitate large amounts of degradation products. Quantitation to a level of 1 microgram of methotrexate/ml is feasible by these methods and thus provides potential applicability for the analysis of methotrexate in biological fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:903857", "title": "Flow rates and repose  angles of wet-processed granulations.", "content": "The equation of McDougall and Evans was found not to apply to granulations. The functional relationships among volumetric powder flow rates, angles of repose, and particle size were demonstrated to exhibit maxima (rather than minima) in five common pharmaceutical granulations produced by wet processing. The angular behavior of granules (such as the experienced range of angles) is explained via supported stacking geometries, and the shallow maxima in the angle of repose versus granule diameter was derived from this model.", "contents": "Flow rates and repose  angles of wet-processed granulations. The equation of McDougall and Evans was found not to apply to granulations. The functional relationships among volumetric powder flow rates, angles of repose, and particle size were demonstrated to exhibit maxima (rather than minima) in five common pharmaceutical granulations produced by wet processing. The angular behavior of granules (such as the experienced range of angles) is explained via supported stacking geometries, and the shallow maxima in the angle of repose versus granule diameter was derived from this model."}
{"id": "PMID:903858", "title": "Smooth muscle relaxant properties and vasomotor actions of 2-amino-1-p-nitrophenylpropane-1,3-diol.", "content": "Experiments with the guinea pig ileum, trachea, and vas deferens, the rat fundal strip, the rabbit jejunum and aortic strip, and the toad heart indicated that 2-amino-1-p-nitrophenylpropane-1,3-diol, the hydrolytic product of chloramphenicol, inhibited smooth muscles. Its action was direct and not through any mediators. After intravenous administration, the compound produced vasodepression followed by an overshooting rise of blood pressure. Vasodepression was not mediated by adrenergic, cholinergic, or histaminergic mechanisms. Hypertension was a sympathomimetic effect. Muscle relaxant and cardiovascular effects of the compound were similar to those of chloramphenicol, although it had no antibacterial effect.", "contents": "Smooth muscle relaxant properties and vasomotor actions of 2-amino-1-p-nitrophenylpropane-1,3-diol. Experiments with the guinea pig ileum, trachea, and vas deferens, the rat fundal strip, the rabbit jejunum and aortic strip, and the toad heart indicated that 2-amino-1-p-nitrophenylpropane-1,3-diol, the hydrolytic product of chloramphenicol, inhibited smooth muscles. Its action was direct and not through any mediators. After intravenous administration, the compound produced vasodepression followed by an overshooting rise of blood pressure. Vasodepression was not mediated by adrenergic, cholinergic, or histaminergic mechanisms. Hypertension was a sympathomimetic effect. Muscle relaxant and cardiovascular effects of the compound were similar to those of chloramphenicol, although it had no antibacterial effect."}
{"id": "PMID:903859", "title": "Constituents of West African medicinal plants XIX: Funiferine N-oxide, a new alkaloid from Tiliacora funifera (Menispermaceae).", "content": "A phytochemical investigation of the roots of Tiliacora funifera (Menispermaceae) resulted in the isolation and identification of funiferine N-oxide, a new bis(benzylisoquinoline) alkaloid.", "contents": "Constituents of West African medicinal plants XIX: Funiferine N-oxide, a new alkaloid from Tiliacora funifera (Menispermaceae). A phytochemical investigation of the roots of Tiliacora funifera (Menispermaceae) resulted in the isolation and identification of funiferine N-oxide, a new bis(benzylisoquinoline) alkaloid."}
{"id": "PMID:903860", "title": "Cardiovascular actions of three harmala alkaloids: harmine, harmaline, and harmalol.", "content": "Each of three harmala alkaloids, harmine, harmaline, and harmalol, decreased heart rate and increased pulse pressure, peak aortic flow, and myocardial contractile force in intact normotensive anesthetized dogs. Harmine reduced systemic arterial blood pressure and total peripheral vascular resistance; harmaline-evoked decreases were frequently followed by a secondary increase; and the effects of harmalol on these two parameters were inconsistent. A direct negative chronotropic effect of harmala alkaloids was suggested by observations of bradycardia in the isolated perfused rat heart and in the intact dog; neither vagotomy nor atropinization affected harmala alkaloid-induced bradycardia in the dog. Reduction in femoral vascular resistance by the alkaloids was not apparently due to activation of cholinergic, beta-adrenergic, or histamine (H1) receptors.", "contents": "Cardiovascular actions of three harmala alkaloids: harmine, harmaline, and harmalol. Each of three harmala alkaloids, harmine, harmaline, and harmalol, decreased heart rate and increased pulse pressure, peak aortic flow, and myocardial contractile force in intact normotensive anesthetized dogs. Harmine reduced systemic arterial blood pressure and total peripheral vascular resistance; harmaline-evoked decreases were frequently followed by a secondary increase; and the effects of harmalol on these two parameters were inconsistent. A direct negative chronotropic effect of harmala alkaloids was suggested by observations of bradycardia in the isolated perfused rat heart and in the intact dog; neither vagotomy nor atropinization affected harmala alkaloid-induced bradycardia in the dog. Reduction in femoral vascular resistance by the alkaloids was not apparently due to activation of cholinergic, beta-adrenergic, or histamine (H1) receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:903862", "title": "Kinetics of indomethacin degradation II: Presence of alkali plus surfactant.", "content": "The kinetics of indomethacin were studied in the presence of the surfactants ethoxylated lanolin, polysorbate 80, and cetrimonium bromide under alkaline conditions at 30.3 degrees. The degradation followed apparent first-order kinetics. Plots of kobs versus surfactants; concentrations were curved with negative slopes for nonionic surfactants; but with the ionic surfactant, the plots showed a marked positive change in kobs as the surfactant concentration passed through the critical micelle concentration. Literature model systems adequately explained the data for nonionic surfactants but not for the ionic surfactant. A new set of equations was derived for each case using electrochemical potentials. The experimental data for all three surfactants fit the derived equations quite well.", "contents": "Kinetics of indomethacin degradation II: Presence of alkali plus surfactant. The kinetics of indomethacin were studied in the presence of the surfactants ethoxylated lanolin, polysorbate 80, and cetrimonium bromide under alkaline conditions at 30.3 degrees. The degradation followed apparent first-order kinetics. Plots of kobs versus surfactants; concentrations were curved with negative slopes for nonionic surfactants; but with the ionic surfactant, the plots showed a marked positive change in kobs as the surfactant concentration passed through the critical micelle concentration. Literature model systems adequately explained the data for nonionic surfactants but not for the ionic surfactant. A new set of equations was derived for each case using electrochemical potentials. The experimental data for all three surfactants fit the derived equations quite well."}
{"id": "PMID:903863", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic--mass spectrometric determination of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in human plasma following marijuana smoking.", "content": "A method was developed for analyzing delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (I), a psychotomimetic constituent found in marijuana smoke. The developed method utilizes a high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) gradient elution program to separate I from the other major cannabinoids in marijuana smoke. To achieve the sensitivity required to detect I in human plasma following marijuana smoking, a mass spectrometric quantification method was developed to analyze the HPLC eluant. To 1 ml of human plasma was added a known amount of internal standard, trideuterated I. This stable isotope provided a check on extraction efficiency, a marker for UV monitoring of the HPLC effluent and subsequent collection, and a convenient mass for mass spectrometric quantification. An ion-counting technique was used in conjunction with the peak matching accessory of the mass spectrometer to provide for a rapid comparison between molecular ions of I and the internal standard. The method was linear, accurate, and reproducible over the concentration range expected for I in plasma following marijuana smoking; 2.5 ng/ml was the lower practical limit of detection. Plasma from 11 male subjects was analyzed by the method at appropriate intervals up to 24 hr after the smoking of a marijuana cigarette containing 10.8 mg of I. Results demonstrated that levels of I could be determined accurately in the plasma of marijuana smokers in the 1-hr period following smoking.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic--mass spectrometric determination of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in human plasma following marijuana smoking. A method was developed for analyzing delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (I), a psychotomimetic constituent found in marijuana smoke. The developed method utilizes a high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) gradient elution program to separate I from the other major cannabinoids in marijuana smoke. To achieve the sensitivity required to detect I in human plasma following marijuana smoking, a mass spectrometric quantification method was developed to analyze the HPLC eluant. To 1 ml of human plasma was added a known amount of internal standard, trideuterated I. This stable isotope provided a check on extraction efficiency, a marker for UV monitoring of the HPLC effluent and subsequent collection, and a convenient mass for mass spectrometric quantification. An ion-counting technique was used in conjunction with the peak matching accessory of the mass spectrometer to provide for a rapid comparison between molecular ions of I and the internal standard. The method was linear, accurate, and reproducible over the concentration range expected for I in plasma following marijuana smoking; 2.5 ng/ml was the lower practical limit of detection. Plasma from 11 male subjects was analyzed by the method at appropriate intervals up to 24 hr after the smoking of a marijuana cigarette containing 10.8 mg of I. Results demonstrated that levels of I could be determined accurately in the plasma of marijuana smokers in the 1-hr period following smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:903864", "title": "Evaluation and optimal combination of TLC systems for qualitative identification I: sulfonamides.", "content": "A mathematical criterion for the evaluation of chromatographic analysis procedures is given by the information content as derived from Shannon's equation. This information content yields a numerical value representative of the merits of each chromatographic separation and thus allows selection of the optimal systems. In most cases, however, one analysis is not sufficient to allow the qualitative identification of the sample. Therefore, several chromatographic systems are combined. Two approaches allow the desired combination; one either calculates the information content of several procedures as one mathematical value or classifies the systems according to mutual resemblance by numerical taxonomy techniques. From the resulting groups of dissimilar systems, one optimal system can be chosen per group according to the information content. The results obtained by these mathematical procedures are illustrated with a practical example: the selection and evaluation of systems for the TLC analysis of sulfonamides.", "contents": "Evaluation and optimal combination of TLC systems for qualitative identification I: sulfonamides. A mathematical criterion for the evaluation of chromatographic analysis procedures is given by the information content as derived from Shannon's equation. This information content yields a numerical value representative of the merits of each chromatographic separation and thus allows selection of the optimal systems. In most cases, however, one analysis is not sufficient to allow the qualitative identification of the sample. Therefore, several chromatographic systems are combined. Two approaches allow the desired combination; one either calculates the information content of several procedures as one mathematical value or classifies the systems according to mutual resemblance by numerical taxonomy techniques. From the resulting groups of dissimilar systems, one optimal system can be chosen per group according to the information content. The results obtained by these mathematical procedures are illustrated with a practical example: the selection and evaluation of systems for the TLC analysis of sulfonamides."}
{"id": "PMID:903865", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXIX: Elimination kinetics and anticoagulant activity of (S)-(-)-warfarin in rats before and after chronic administration.", "content": "The kinetics of elimination and the anticoagulant effect of (S)-(-)-warfarin were determined in adult male rats before and after daily drug administration for 13 days. There was a small but statistically significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in the body clearance of (S)-(-)-warfarin (from 4.84 to 4.37 ml/hr/kg) and an increase in the serum free fraction of racemic warfarin (added to serum in vitro) from 0.00850 to 0.0107 (p less than 0.05). The concentration of (S)-(-)-warfarin in serum at which the synthesis rate of prothrombin complex activity is one-half of the pre-warfarin rate increased from 0.532 to 0.655 microgram/ml on the average (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXIX: Elimination kinetics and anticoagulant activity of (S)-(-)-warfarin in rats before and after chronic administration. The kinetics of elimination and the anticoagulant effect of (S)-(-)-warfarin were determined in adult male rats before and after daily drug administration for 13 days. There was a small but statistically significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in the body clearance of (S)-(-)-warfarin (from 4.84 to 4.37 ml/hr/kg) and an increase in the serum free fraction of racemic warfarin (added to serum in vitro) from 0.00850 to 0.0107 (p less than 0.05). The concentration of (S)-(-)-warfarin in serum at which the synthesis rate of prothrombin complex activity is one-half of the pre-warfarin rate increased from 0.532 to 0.655 microgram/ml on the average (p less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:903866", "title": "Photosensitization by drugs.", "content": "UV irradiation (365 nm) of air-saturated methanol solutions of 20 drugs absorbing in the 300--400 nm region gave rise to oxygen uptake, as determined with a polarographic oxygen electrode. The drugs were tested for photosensitizing capability by either a Type I (free radical) or a Type II (single molecular oxygen) mechanism. This testing was done by the inclusion of either acrylamide or 2,5-dimethylfuran in the irradiated drug solution, with observation of the subsequent polymerization or oxidation, respectively. Phenothiazine and thiazide derivatives appear capable of photosensitization by both mechanisms; promethazine, trifluoperazine, and furosemide show relatively high reactivity. Diazepam (weak), hexachlorophene, aminacrine, pyrilamine, tetracycline, demeclocycline, quinine, and anthracene (strong) react only by a Type II mechanism, with a photosensitizing efficiency increasing in the order given. A correlation appears to exist with reports of in vivo photosensitivity.", "contents": "Photosensitization by drugs. UV irradiation (365 nm) of air-saturated methanol solutions of 20 drugs absorbing in the 300--400 nm region gave rise to oxygen uptake, as determined with a polarographic oxygen electrode. The drugs were tested for photosensitizing capability by either a Type I (free radical) or a Type II (single molecular oxygen) mechanism. This testing was done by the inclusion of either acrylamide or 2,5-dimethylfuran in the irradiated drug solution, with observation of the subsequent polymerization or oxidation, respectively. Phenothiazine and thiazide derivatives appear capable of photosensitization by both mechanisms; promethazine, trifluoperazine, and furosemide show relatively high reactivity. Diazepam (weak), hexachlorophene, aminacrine, pyrilamine, tetracycline, demeclocycline, quinine, and anthracene (strong) react only by a Type II mechanism, with a photosensitizing efficiency increasing in the order given. A correlation appears to exist with reports of in vivo photosensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:903867", "title": "Isolation and identification of morphine 3- and 6-glucuronides, morphine 3,6-diglucuronide, morphine 3-ethereal sulfate, normorphine, and normorphine 6-glucuronide as morphine metabolites in humans.", "content": "Morphine metabolites were isolated with column chromatography on a resin and neutral aluminum oxide and TLC from the urine of morphine-dependent subjects maintained on morphine sulfate at a dose of 240 mg/day. These metabolites were characterized as morphine 3-glucuronide, morphine 6-glucuronide, morphine 3,6-diglucuronide, morphine 3-ethereal sulfate, normorphine, normorphine 6-glucuronide, and, possibly, normorphine 3-glucuronide by free phenol and glucuronide tests, enzymatic hydrolysis, GLC, TLC, UV spectroscopy, and GLC--mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of morphine 3- and 6-glucuronides, morphine 3,6-diglucuronide, morphine 3-ethereal sulfate, normorphine, and normorphine 6-glucuronide as morphine metabolites in humans. Morphine metabolites were isolated with column chromatography on a resin and neutral aluminum oxide and TLC from the urine of morphine-dependent subjects maintained on morphine sulfate at a dose of 240 mg/day. These metabolites were characterized as morphine 3-glucuronide, morphine 6-glucuronide, morphine 3,6-diglucuronide, morphine 3-ethereal sulfate, normorphine, normorphine 6-glucuronide, and, possibly, normorphine 3-glucuronide by free phenol and glucuronide tests, enzymatic hydrolysis, GLC, TLC, UV spectroscopy, and GLC--mass spectrometry."}
{"id": "PMID:903868", "title": "Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals V: Disposition of sulfathiazole in tissue, urine, and plasma of sheep following intravenous administration.", "content": "The plasma, urine, and tissue sulfathiazole concentrations were determined at various times following intravenous administration to 12 sheep. The plasma and urine data were consistent with a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, with an elimination half-life of 1.1 hr and a volume of distribution of 0.39 liter/kg. Sulfathiazole was eliminated by excretion of unchanged drug in urine (67%) and by formation of two metabolites. The data obtained from eight tissue sites were consistent with the one-compartment pharmacokinetic model presented and confirmed that tissue residues of sulfathiazole can be calculated from serum and urine drug concentration.", "contents": "Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals V: Disposition of sulfathiazole in tissue, urine, and plasma of sheep following intravenous administration. The plasma, urine, and tissue sulfathiazole concentrations were determined at various times following intravenous administration to 12 sheep. The plasma and urine data were consistent with a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, with an elimination half-life of 1.1 hr and a volume of distribution of 0.39 liter/kg. Sulfathiazole was eliminated by excretion of unchanged drug in urine (67%) and by formation of two metabolites. The data obtained from eight tissue sites were consistent with the one-compartment pharmacokinetic model presented and confirmed that tissue residues of sulfathiazole can be calculated from serum and urine drug concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:903869", "title": "Cascarosides A and B.", "content": "Electron-impact and field desorption mass spectrometry, together with NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopy, were used to confirm that cascarosides A and B are C-10 isomers of 8-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)barbaloin. Several batches of cascarosides A and B were prepared and oxidatively hydrolyzed to aloe-emodin. The results are discussed in relation to the assay for cascara given in the European Pharmacopoeia, 1971.", "contents": "Cascarosides A and B. Electron-impact and field desorption mass spectrometry, together with NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopy, were used to confirm that cascarosides A and B are C-10 isomers of 8-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)barbaloin. Several batches of cascarosides A and B were prepared and oxidatively hydrolyzed to aloe-emodin. The results are discussed in relation to the assay for cascara given in the European Pharmacopoeia, 1971."}
{"id": "PMID:903870", "title": "Evaluation of immunosuppressive potential of cryogenine using developing and established adjuvant arthritis in rats.", "content": "Both developing (Days --1-+12 relative to inoculation) and established (Days +18-+29) stages of Mycobacterium butyricum adjuvant-induced polyarthritis in rats were treated orally with cryogenine (100 mg/kg/day), a prototype anti-inflammatory (phenylbutazone, 100 mg/kg/day), or a prototype immunosuppressive (cyclophosphamide, 6 mg/kg/day). During developing adjuvant arthritis, cryogenine and phenylbutazone significantly reduced the nonimmune-mediated inflammation in the inoculated hindpaw. Neither cryogenine nor phenylbutazone provided protection against the development of the delayed-onset, immune-mediated inflammation and the reduction in growth rate seen after Day +12 in unmedicated rats. Cyclophosphamide failed to reduce the nonimmune-mediated inflammation, but it provided significant protection against both the delayed-onset, immune-mediated inflammation and the reduced growth rate. During established adjuvant arthritis, cryogenine and phenylbutazone were effective against the established inflammation, while cyclophosphamide was ineffective. These results confirm the known anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities of phenylbutazone and cyclophosphamide, respectively, and indicate that cryogenine lacks immunosuppressive capability at the effective anti-inflammatory dosage level used.", "contents": "Evaluation of immunosuppressive potential of cryogenine using developing and established adjuvant arthritis in rats. Both developing (Days --1-+12 relative to inoculation) and established (Days +18-+29) stages of Mycobacterium butyricum adjuvant-induced polyarthritis in rats were treated orally with cryogenine (100 mg/kg/day), a prototype anti-inflammatory (phenylbutazone, 100 mg/kg/day), or a prototype immunosuppressive (cyclophosphamide, 6 mg/kg/day). During developing adjuvant arthritis, cryogenine and phenylbutazone significantly reduced the nonimmune-mediated inflammation in the inoculated hindpaw. Neither cryogenine nor phenylbutazone provided protection against the development of the delayed-onset, immune-mediated inflammation and the reduction in growth rate seen after Day +12 in unmedicated rats. Cyclophosphamide failed to reduce the nonimmune-mediated inflammation, but it provided significant protection against both the delayed-onset, immune-mediated inflammation and the reduced growth rate. During established adjuvant arthritis, cryogenine and phenylbutazone were effective against the established inflammation, while cyclophosphamide was ineffective. These results confirm the known anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities of phenylbutazone and cyclophosphamide, respectively, and indicate that cryogenine lacks immunosuppressive capability at the effective anti-inflammatory dosage level used."}
{"id": "PMID:903871", "title": "Calcium-prostaglandin aggregation and its effect on prostaglandin uptake by isolated rabbit intestine.", "content": "A quantitative estimate of the role of calcium ions on the lipid--water partition coefficients of prostaglandin E1 and dinoprost suggested the possibility of prostaglandin molecules and calcium ions aggregating in a 14:1 ratio to produce a lipid-soluble aggregate. The aggregation is postulated to be a characteristic of prostaglandin molecules as compared to simple fatty acids, e.g., 1-octanoic acid, which, in the presence of calcium, behave differently than the prostaglandins. The uptake of prostaglandins by the mucosal surface of the rabbit intestine increased in the presence of calcium. For example, at 25 mM calcium, prostaglandin E1 was transported at approximately twice the rate as in the system containing no calcium. The uptake rate of dinoprost was estimated to be three times faster with 10 mM calcium than in the absence of calcium. Therefore, it is proposed that a carrier-mediated diffusion process, for both the prostaglandin molecules and calciumi ions, takes place in the uptake mechanism. Diffusion coefficients ranging from 0.48 X 10(-5) to 7.19 X 10(-5) cm2/sec and permeability coefficients ranging from 1.04 X 10(-2) to 15.6 X 10(-2) cm/sec were estimated for all systems studied.", "contents": "Calcium-prostaglandin aggregation and its effect on prostaglandin uptake by isolated rabbit intestine. A quantitative estimate of the role of calcium ions on the lipid--water partition coefficients of prostaglandin E1 and dinoprost suggested the possibility of prostaglandin molecules and calcium ions aggregating in a 14:1 ratio to produce a lipid-soluble aggregate. The aggregation is postulated to be a characteristic of prostaglandin molecules as compared to simple fatty acids, e.g., 1-octanoic acid, which, in the presence of calcium, behave differently than the prostaglandins. The uptake of prostaglandins by the mucosal surface of the rabbit intestine increased in the presence of calcium. For example, at 25 mM calcium, prostaglandin E1 was transported at approximately twice the rate as in the system containing no calcium. The uptake rate of dinoprost was estimated to be three times faster with 10 mM calcium than in the absence of calcium. Therefore, it is proposed that a carrier-mediated diffusion process, for both the prostaglandin molecules and calciumi ions, takes place in the uptake mechanism. Diffusion coefficients ranging from 0.48 X 10(-5) to 7.19 X 10(-5) cm2/sec and permeability coefficients ranging from 1.04 X 10(-2) to 15.6 X 10(-2) cm/sec were estimated for all systems studied."}
{"id": "PMID:903872", "title": "Thermal decomposition of amorphous beta-lactam antibacterials.", "content": "Thermal decomposition rates for amorphous samples of penicillin G potassium, cephalothin sodium, cefamandole sodium, and cefamandole nafate were determined as a function of water content and temperature. Even when rigorously dry, amorphous cephalosporins were at least one order of magnitude less stable than the corresponding unsolvated crystalline form. Absorbed water generally increased both the number of decomposition products and the net decomposition rate. Reaction kinetics were usually apparent first order, but an anomalously high effective reaction order was observed in several systems. Nonlinear Arrhenius plots were observed, and a qualitative model based on molecular relaxation in glayses is proposed. Although decomposition rates at 25 degrees were small for dry samples, even slight decomposition produced visually detectable changes. Thus, the unsolvated crystalline form was noticeably more stable, even at 25 degrees.", "contents": "Thermal decomposition of amorphous beta-lactam antibacterials. Thermal decomposition rates for amorphous samples of penicillin G potassium, cephalothin sodium, cefamandole sodium, and cefamandole nafate were determined as a function of water content and temperature. Even when rigorously dry, amorphous cephalosporins were at least one order of magnitude less stable than the corresponding unsolvated crystalline form. Absorbed water generally increased both the number of decomposition products and the net decomposition rate. Reaction kinetics were usually apparent first order, but an anomalously high effective reaction order was observed in several systems. Nonlinear Arrhenius plots were observed, and a qualitative model based on molecular relaxation in glayses is proposed. Although decomposition rates at 25 degrees were small for dry samples, even slight decomposition produced visually detectable changes. Thus, the unsolvated crystalline form was noticeably more stable, even at 25 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:903873", "title": "Colorimetric assay of quinine and quinidine in raw materials, formulations, and biological fluids.", "content": "The two characteristic erythroquinine and thalleioquin tests for quinine and quinidine were studied to optimize the experimental conditions for quantitative analysis. Both methods were quantitatively sensitive for either quinine or quinidine in a concentration range of 0.1--10 microgram/ml with the erythroquinine method and of 3--50 microgram/ml with the thalleioquin method. A TLC--colorimetric method also is described for the assay of quinine and quinidine in the presence of cinchonine, cinchonidine, and other cinchona alkaloids. The results were compared with those obtained with a spectrophotometric method.", "contents": "Colorimetric assay of quinine and quinidine in raw materials, formulations, and biological fluids. The two characteristic erythroquinine and thalleioquin tests for quinine and quinidine were studied to optimize the experimental conditions for quantitative analysis. Both methods were quantitatively sensitive for either quinine or quinidine in a concentration range of 0.1--10 microgram/ml with the erythroquinine method and of 3--50 microgram/ml with the thalleioquin method. A TLC--colorimetric method also is described for the assay of quinine and quinidine in the presence of cinchonine, cinchonidine, and other cinchona alkaloids. The results were compared with those obtained with a spectrophotometric method."}
{"id": "PMID:903874", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of tetracyclines in urine.", "content": "The quantitation of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline was accomplished by high-pressure liquid chromatography using an anion-exchange column. The tetracyclines were extracted from urine as their calcium complexes. Concentrations as low as 12 microgram of oxytetracycline/ml and 4 microgram of tetracycline and chlortetracycline/ml were quantitated accurately. The relative standard deviation of the method varied from 0 to 5%.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of tetracyclines in urine. The quantitation of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline was accomplished by high-pressure liquid chromatography using an anion-exchange column. The tetracyclines were extracted from urine as their calcium complexes. Concentrations as low as 12 microgram of oxytetracycline/ml and 4 microgram of tetracycline and chlortetracycline/ml were quantitated accurately. The relative standard deviation of the method varied from 0 to 5%."}
{"id": "PMID:903875", "title": "Drug interactions with isoniazid metabolism in rats.", "content": "14C-Isoniazid (20 mg/kg po or iv) was administered alone or in combination with aspirin (100 mg/kg po), rifampin (30 mg/kg po), ethambutol (100 mg/kg po), or ethanol (3 g/kg po) to rats. In another experiment, phenobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg/day ip) was administered for 3 days prior to isoniazid. Aspirin and ethanol retarted the rate of isoniazid absorption from the GI tract. None of the drugs significantly altered the 14C-elimination rate from the blood over the first 4 hr. A tissue distribution study showed that changes in the blood levels produced by ethanol were reflected in the other tissues. When isoniazid was given intravenously, ethanol increased the amount of carbon-14 excreted in urine up to 24 hr after dosing; no other changes were observed in the total carbon-14 recovered in urine. Aspirin inhibited the conjugation of isonicotinic acid with glycine. Ethanol increased N-acetylisoniazid excretion and decreased isonicotinic acid excretion. None of the other treatments had more than a slight effect on isoniazid metabolism. Acute doses of isoniazid failed to produce any signs of hepatotoxicity, as judged by measurement of serum transaminase levels. The data do not suggest that any of the drugs studied are likely to potentiate the hepatotoxicity of isoniazid when administered acutely. Isoniazid metabolism in rats differed quantitatively from that reported for humans.", "contents": "Drug interactions with isoniazid metabolism in rats. 14C-Isoniazid (20 mg/kg po or iv) was administered alone or in combination with aspirin (100 mg/kg po), rifampin (30 mg/kg po), ethambutol (100 mg/kg po), or ethanol (3 g/kg po) to rats. In another experiment, phenobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg/day ip) was administered for 3 days prior to isoniazid. Aspirin and ethanol retarted the rate of isoniazid absorption from the GI tract. None of the drugs significantly altered the 14C-elimination rate from the blood over the first 4 hr. A tissue distribution study showed that changes in the blood levels produced by ethanol were reflected in the other tissues. When isoniazid was given intravenously, ethanol increased the amount of carbon-14 excreted in urine up to 24 hr after dosing; no other changes were observed in the total carbon-14 recovered in urine. Aspirin inhibited the conjugation of isonicotinic acid with glycine. Ethanol increased N-acetylisoniazid excretion and decreased isonicotinic acid excretion. None of the other treatments had more than a slight effect on isoniazid metabolism. Acute doses of isoniazid failed to produce any signs of hepatotoxicity, as judged by measurement of serum transaminase levels. The data do not suggest that any of the drugs studied are likely to potentiate the hepatotoxicity of isoniazid when administered acutely. Isoniazid metabolism in rats differed quantitatively from that reported for humans."}
{"id": "PMID:903876", "title": "Selective estimation of aconitine in presence of aconine and benzoylaconine.", "content": "A selective and simple colorimetric method is presented for the estimation of aconitine in drugs in the presence of aconine and benzoylaconine. The method is based on the formation of an iron hydroxamate complex through the acetate ester group to which the biological activity is due. The color is measured at 530 nm (5--250 microgram/ml). Under the experimental conditions, neither the benzoyl group of benzoylaconine nor aconine is involved in the process of hydroxylaminolysis.", "contents": "Selective estimation of aconitine in presence of aconine and benzoylaconine. A selective and simple colorimetric method is presented for the estimation of aconitine in drugs in the presence of aconine and benzoylaconine. The method is based on the formation of an iron hydroxamate complex through the acetate ester group to which the biological activity is due. The color is measured at 530 nm (5--250 microgram/ml). Under the experimental conditions, neither the benzoyl group of benzoylaconine nor aconine is involved in the process of hydroxylaminolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:903877", "title": "Synthesis and antituberculosis activity of thiocarboxamide derivatives of Schiff bases.", "content": "Synthesis of some N-(4-thiocarboxamidobenzylidene)arylamines and N-(substituted benzylidene)-p-thiocarboxamidoanilines from various arylaldehydes and arylamines is described. Fourteen representative compounds were tested in vitro on the ground H37RV.", "contents": "Synthesis and antituberculosis activity of thiocarboxamide derivatives of Schiff bases. Synthesis of some N-(4-thiocarboxamidobenzylidene)arylamines and N-(substituted benzylidene)-p-thiocarboxamidoanilines from various arylaldehydes and arylamines is described. Fourteen representative compounds were tested in vitro on the ground H37RV."}
{"id": "PMID:903878", "title": "Phytochemical investigation of Adenium obesum Forskal (Apocynaceae): isolation and identification of cytotoxic agents.", "content": "An ethanol extract of Adenium obesum exhibited cytotoxic activity against the human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx test system. Constituents in the active extract were identified as the cardenolides somalin, hongheloside A, 16-acetylstrospeside, and honghelin and the flavonol 3,3'-bis(O-methyl)quercetin. Their identities were proven by IR, UV, proton magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry; elemental analyses; preparation of derivatives; and melting-point determinations. An inactive triterpene, dihydroifflaionic acid, and an inactive flavonol, 3-O-methylkaempferol, also were isolated and identified.", "contents": "Phytochemical investigation of Adenium obesum Forskal (Apocynaceae): isolation and identification of cytotoxic agents. An ethanol extract of Adenium obesum exhibited cytotoxic activity against the human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx test system. Constituents in the active extract were identified as the cardenolides somalin, hongheloside A, 16-acetylstrospeside, and honghelin and the flavonol 3,3'-bis(O-methyl)quercetin. Their identities were proven by IR, UV, proton magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry; elemental analyses; preparation of derivatives; and melting-point determinations. An inactive triterpene, dihydroifflaionic acid, and an inactive flavonol, 3-O-methylkaempferol, also were isolated and identified."}
{"id": "PMID:903879", "title": "Perfusion and molecular modification of idoxuridine to alter its cerebrospinal fluid metabolism.", "content": "Two methods to deter the rapid intrathecal degradation of idoxuridine were investigated: (a) rapid drug perfusion through the ventricular system, and (b) modification of the molecule to its uronic acid derivative, 2'-deoxy-5-iodo-5'-uridinecarboxylic acid, to make it less susceptible to enzymatic digestion. Perfusion of idoxuridine through the ventricular system (ventriculocisternal) of dogs at 0.97 ml/min saturated the metabolic pathway so that the outflow solution yielded a single spot (Rf 0.76) on TLC indicative of the intact molecule. The 125I-labeled uronic acid was synthesized from the 125I-labeled parent compound, and the labeled compounds were compared after their individual intracisternal injection in dogs. Since there was no difference in the disappearance rates, the stability of the uronic acid was, in fact, no greater than that of the parent compound in vivo. Ventricular perfusion of idoxuridine, however, seems a suitable means for increasing the amount of active drug delivered to central nervous system tumors and viral infections.", "contents": "Perfusion and molecular modification of idoxuridine to alter its cerebrospinal fluid metabolism. Two methods to deter the rapid intrathecal degradation of idoxuridine were investigated: (a) rapid drug perfusion through the ventricular system, and (b) modification of the molecule to its uronic acid derivative, 2'-deoxy-5-iodo-5'-uridinecarboxylic acid, to make it less susceptible to enzymatic digestion. Perfusion of idoxuridine through the ventricular system (ventriculocisternal) of dogs at 0.97 ml/min saturated the metabolic pathway so that the outflow solution yielded a single spot (Rf 0.76) on TLC indicative of the intact molecule. The 125I-labeled uronic acid was synthesized from the 125I-labeled parent compound, and the labeled compounds were compared after their individual intracisternal injection in dogs. Since there was no difference in the disappearance rates, the stability of the uronic acid was, in fact, no greater than that of the parent compound in vivo. Ventricular perfusion of idoxuridine, however, seems a suitable means for increasing the amount of active drug delivered to central nervous system tumors and viral infections."}
{"id": "PMID:903880", "title": "Synthesis of 10alpha-methoxy-delta8,9-lysergaldehyde from elymoclavine.", "content": "A new synthesis is described for 10alpha-methoxy-delta8,9-lysergaldehyde involving the oxidation of elymoclavine with manganese dioxide in methanol. Lysergol and agroclavine provide no reaction under the same conditions.", "contents": "Synthesis of 10alpha-methoxy-delta8,9-lysergaldehyde from elymoclavine. A new synthesis is described for 10alpha-methoxy-delta8,9-lysergaldehyde involving the oxidation of elymoclavine with manganese dioxide in methanol. Lysergol and agroclavine provide no reaction under the same conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:903881", "title": "Direct complexometric titration of calcium phosphates.", "content": "Calcium was determined in calcium phosphate samples by dissolving the sample in hydrochloric acid, adding hydroxynaphthol blue indicator and triethanolamine, adjusting the pH to 12.3--12.5 with potassium hydroxide solution, and titrating with standard disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution. Time can be saved and the formation of a precipitate (which dissolves readily during the titration) can be avoided by adding at least 85% of the amount of complexing agent required for titration before adjusting the pH.", "contents": "Direct complexometric titration of calcium phosphates. Calcium was determined in calcium phosphate samples by dissolving the sample in hydrochloric acid, adding hydroxynaphthol blue indicator and triethanolamine, adjusting the pH to 12.3--12.5 with potassium hydroxide solution, and titrating with standard disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution. Time can be saved and the formation of a precipitate (which dissolves readily during the titration) can be avoided by adding at least 85% of the amount of complexing agent required for titration before adjusting the pH."}
{"id": "PMID:903882", "title": "Mass fragmentographic determination of plasma etomidate concentrations.", "content": "The intravenous anesthetic etomidate was measured in human plasma by mass fragmentography. The method is accurate, sensitive, and specific. Results of the analyses indicate that after a single 0.3-mg/kg iv dose of etomidate, there are at least three phases in its disappearance from human plasma. Detectable plasma concentrations exist for more than 6 hr after injection.", "contents": "Mass fragmentographic determination of plasma etomidate concentrations. The intravenous anesthetic etomidate was measured in human plasma by mass fragmentography. The method is accurate, sensitive, and specific. Results of the analyses indicate that after a single 0.3-mg/kg iv dose of etomidate, there are at least three phases in its disappearance from human plasma. Detectable plasma concentrations exist for more than 6 hr after injection."}
{"id": "PMID:903883", "title": "Antitumor agents from Jatropha macrorhiza (Euphorbiaceae) III: acetylaleuritolic acid.", "content": "The triterpene acetylaleuritolic acid was isolated from Jatropha macrorhiza (Euphorbiaceae) and showed tumor-inhibitory properties toward the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia test system. The compound was identified by means of IR, PMR, and mass spectrometry and by its transformation into the known methyl acetyloleanolate.", "contents": "Antitumor agents from Jatropha macrorhiza (Euphorbiaceae) III: acetylaleuritolic acid. The triterpene acetylaleuritolic acid was isolated from Jatropha macrorhiza (Euphorbiaceae) and showed tumor-inhibitory properties toward the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia test system. The compound was identified by means of IR, PMR, and mass spectrometry and by its transformation into the known methyl acetyloleanolate."}
{"id": "PMID:903884", "title": "Anthelmintic dihydroquinoxalino[2,3-b]quinoxalines.", "content": "A series of dihydroquinoxalino[2,3-b]quinoxalines was synthesized and tested for anthelmintic activity in a model assay. The most promising compound, 5,12-diacetyl-5,12-dihydroquinoxalino[2,3-b]quinoxaline, was orally effective in sheep at a dose of 200 mg/kg against a broad range of helminths.", "contents": "Anthelmintic dihydroquinoxalino[2,3-b]quinoxalines. A series of dihydroquinoxalino[2,3-b]quinoxalines was synthesized and tested for anthelmintic activity in a model assay. The most promising compound, 5,12-diacetyl-5,12-dihydroquinoxalino[2,3-b]quinoxaline, was orally effective in sheep at a dose of 200 mg/kg against a broad range of helminths."}
{"id": "PMID:903885", "title": "Molecular connectivity and steric parameters.", "content": "The possible relationship between molecular connectivity indexes, mchi, and Es, a thermodynamically derived parameter used to estimate steric effects in organic reactions and sometimes used in biological structure-activity relationships, was investigated. The extended chi terms, 2chi, 3chi, and 4chi, were correlated significantly to Es (r = 0.961). Aralkyl esters deviated from the correlations, possibly due to intramolecular interactions.", "contents": "Molecular connectivity and steric parameters. The possible relationship between molecular connectivity indexes, mchi, and Es, a thermodynamically derived parameter used to estimate steric effects in organic reactions and sometimes used in biological structure-activity relationships, was investigated. The extended chi terms, 2chi, 3chi, and 4chi, were correlated significantly to Es (r = 0.961). Aralkyl esters deviated from the correlations, possibly due to intramolecular interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:903886", "title": "Indolizine derivatives with biological activity II: N'-Substituted hydrazides of 2-methyl-3-indolizinecarboxylic acid.", "content": "Synthesis and study of the antimonoamine oxidase activity of some N'-substituted hydrazides of 2-methyl-3-indolizinecarboxylic acid are reported. The activities were generally of about the same order as those of the corresponding hydrazides of 2-indolizinecarboxylic acid.", "contents": "Indolizine derivatives with biological activity II: N'-Substituted hydrazides of 2-methyl-3-indolizinecarboxylic acid. Synthesis and study of the antimonoamine oxidase activity of some N'-substituted hydrazides of 2-methyl-3-indolizinecarboxylic acid are reported. The activities were generally of about the same order as those of the corresponding hydrazides of 2-indolizinecarboxylic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:903892", "title": "Ganglion cell discharge and proximal negativity in the pigeon retina.", "content": "1. Proximal negativity has been compared with the spike responses and membrane responses of pigeon ganglion cells. 2. Spike discharge peaks develop during the rising phase of proximal negativity. 3. Proximal negativity is never directional, even when recorded concurrently with directional ganglion cells. 4. To  moving stimuli, on-centre cells respond in association with the leading edge of the stimulus, off-centre cells with the trailing edge, and on-off cells with the leading and trailing edges. Proximal negativity is produced in association with the leading and trailing edges. 5. Quasi-intracellular records show that discharge peaks occur in association with depolarizing potentials. The synaptic responses of on-off cells bear a closer resemblance to the proximal negative response than do the responses of on-centre cells, off-centre cells, or directional cells.", "contents": "Ganglion cell discharge and proximal negativity in the pigeon retina. 1. Proximal negativity has been compared with the spike responses and membrane responses of pigeon ganglion cells. 2. Spike discharge peaks develop during the rising phase of proximal negativity. 3. Proximal negativity is never directional, even when recorded concurrently with directional ganglion cells. 4. To  moving stimuli, on-centre cells respond in association with the leading edge of the stimulus, off-centre cells with the trailing edge, and on-off cells with the leading and trailing edges. Proximal negativity is produced in association with the leading and trailing edges. 5. Quasi-intracellular records show that discharge peaks occur in association with depolarizing potentials. The synaptic responses of on-off cells bear a closer resemblance to the proximal negative response than do the responses of on-centre cells, off-centre cells, or directional cells."}
{"id": "PMID:903893", "title": "Responses of directional ganglion cells in the pigeon retina.", "content": "1. Extracellular single-unit records were taken from ganglion cells in the pigeon retina, and average response histograms were recorded, with base line spike counts. 2. Movements in the preferred direction in directional cells produce discharge peaks. Movements in the null direction produce spike deletion suggesting there is an inhibitory patch offset from the field centre, towards the start of the null sweep. 3. Bi-directional responses can be obtained from the preferred side of the field centre; bi-directional inhibition can be obtained at the null side. Scans orthogonal to the null-preferred direction passing through the inhibitory patch can produce deletions. 4. The latency of deletions from the inhibitory patch is slightly greater than of excitation from the field centre, judged by flashed or moving stimuli.", "contents": "Responses of directional ganglion cells in the pigeon retina. 1. Extracellular single-unit records were taken from ganglion cells in the pigeon retina, and average response histograms were recorded, with base line spike counts. 2. Movements in the preferred direction in directional cells produce discharge peaks. Movements in the null direction produce spike deletion suggesting there is an inhibitory patch offset from the field centre, towards the start of the null sweep. 3. Bi-directional responses can be obtained from the preferred side of the field centre; bi-directional inhibition can be obtained at the null side. Scans orthogonal to the null-preferred direction passing through the inhibitory patch can produce deletions. 4. The latency of deletions from the inhibitory patch is slightly greater than of excitation from the field centre, judged by flashed or moving stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:903894", "title": "Rapid desensitization of acetylcholine receptors of eel electroplaques following iontophoretic application of agonist compounds.", "content": "1. The electrical potential difference across the innervated membrane of the electroplaque of Electrophorus electricus was measured with an intracellular micro-electrode while an extracellular double-barrelled micropipette was used to apply acetylcholine and carbamylcholine iontophoretically very close to the point of insertion of the recording electrode. 2. The average depolarizing response to brief (several msec) pulses of carbamylcholine decayed 22 times more slowly than the response to acetylcholine. Treatment of the electroplaque with eserine or neostigmine prolonged the acetylcholine responses. 3. When a steady current of acetylcholine was applied for  several seconds, the membrane first depolarized, then partially repolarized. Usually no repolarization was seen during long pulses of carbamylcholine or long pulses of acetylcholine in the presence of eserine or neostigmine. 4. During long conditioning pulses of acetylcholine or carbamylcholine, the responses to brief test pulses of acetylcholine showed a progressive decline in amplitude, but recovered after termination of the conditioning pulse. Desensitization half-times as short as 0-6 sec were observed, making these results similar to those obtained in the frog motor end-plate.", "contents": "Rapid desensitization of acetylcholine receptors of eel electroplaques following iontophoretic application of agonist compounds. 1. The electrical potential difference across the innervated membrane of the electroplaque of Electrophorus electricus was measured with an intracellular micro-electrode while an extracellular double-barrelled micropipette was used to apply acetylcholine and carbamylcholine iontophoretically very close to the point of insertion of the recording electrode. 2. The average depolarizing response to brief (several msec) pulses of carbamylcholine decayed 22 times more slowly than the response to acetylcholine. Treatment of the electroplaque with eserine or neostigmine prolonged the acetylcholine responses. 3. When a steady current of acetylcholine was applied for  several seconds, the membrane first depolarized, then partially repolarized. Usually no repolarization was seen during long pulses of carbamylcholine or long pulses of acetylcholine in the presence of eserine or neostigmine. 4. During long conditioning pulses of acetylcholine or carbamylcholine, the responses to brief test pulses of acetylcholine showed a progressive decline in amplitude, but recovered after termination of the conditioning pulse. Desensitization half-times as short as 0-6 sec were observed, making these results similar to those obtained in the frog motor end-plate."}
{"id": "PMID:903895", "title": "Slow mechanism for sodium permeability inactivation in myelinated nerve fibre of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "1. Single myelinated nerve fibres were isolated and the nodal currents were recorded under potential clamp conditions. The effect of membrane potential on the Na permeability (PNa) mechanism was analysed. 2. The available PNa increased slowly during negative polarization of the membrane. The time course of this change was about 10(3) times slower than the time course of the mechanism for the usual PNa inactivation (h-system). The slow PNa changes could be distinguished from changes in h because of the difference in rate. 3. The slow PNa variation was independent of the state of the h-system and was largely due to a slow inactivation system, which empirically could be described as separate from the other permeability variables. 4. In the steady state the slow inactivation appeared almost absent at a holding potential of -120 mV, whereas it was 30% complete at the resting potential (-70 mV) and 80% complete at a holding potential of -20 mV. 5. Changes in the slow inactivation system showed an approximately exponential time course. At 10-12 degrees C the time constant was about 3 sec with U = -70 mV, 7 sec with U = -100 mV and 1-5 sec with U = -127 mV. 6. High Ca shifted the steady state slow inactivation curve in the positive direction along the potential axis.", "contents": "Slow mechanism for sodium permeability inactivation in myelinated nerve fibre of Xenopus laevis. 1. Single myelinated nerve fibres were isolated and the nodal currents were recorded under potential clamp conditions. The effect of membrane potential on the Na permeability (PNa) mechanism was analysed. 2. The available PNa increased slowly during negative polarization of the membrane. The time course of this change was about 10(3) times slower than the time course of the mechanism for the usual PNa inactivation (h-system). The slow PNa changes could be distinguished from changes in h because of the difference in rate. 3. The slow PNa variation was independent of the state of the h-system and was largely due to a slow inactivation system, which empirically could be described as separate from the other permeability variables. 4. In the steady state the slow inactivation appeared almost absent at a holding potential of -120 mV, whereas it was 30% complete at the resting potential (-70 mV) and 80% complete at a holding potential of -20 mV. 5. Changes in the slow inactivation system showed an approximately exponential time course. At 10-12 degrees C the time constant was about 3 sec with U = -70 mV, 7 sec with U = -100 mV and 1-5 sec with U = -127 mV. 6. High Ca shifted the steady state slow inactivation curve in the positive direction along the potential axis."}
{"id": "PMID:903896", "title": "Reduction of multiaxonal innervation at the neuromuscular junction of the rat during development.", "content": "1. A study was made of the functional and structural changes that occur during the decrease in multiaxonal innervation of neonate rat muscle fibres 2-14 days after birth. 2. In day 8 to day 14 animals there was a constant daily loss in the average number of functionally transmitting axons/muscle fibre measured electrophysiologically. An investigation of synaptic transmission during this period revealed that the loss of functional contact from the supernumerary axons was not preceded by any sign of failing terminal conduction or a gradual decrease in transmission efficacy but rather appeared to occur abruptly. 3. Neonate end-plates showing signs of abnormal ultrastructure were observed during the period of synapse elimination. Some axon terminals had a high cytoplasmic density and condensation of synaptic vesicles. Signs of Schwann cell encroachment into the synaptic cleft were readily found and large areas of post-junctional membrane apposed only by Schwann cell were evident. 4. It is suggested that the mechanics of the process of synapse elimination in neonates is similar to that occurring during degeneration in the denervated adult. Transmission failure occurs abruptly at the supernumerary endings and they are disposed of by the Schwann cell.", "contents": "Reduction of multiaxonal innervation at the neuromuscular junction of the rat during development. 1. A study was made of the functional and structural changes that occur during the decrease in multiaxonal innervation of neonate rat muscle fibres 2-14 days after birth. 2. In day 8 to day 14 animals there was a constant daily loss in the average number of functionally transmitting axons/muscle fibre measured electrophysiologically. An investigation of synaptic transmission during this period revealed that the loss of functional contact from the supernumerary axons was not preceded by any sign of failing terminal conduction or a gradual decrease in transmission efficacy but rather appeared to occur abruptly. 3. Neonate end-plates showing signs of abnormal ultrastructure were observed during the period of synapse elimination. Some axon terminals had a high cytoplasmic density and condensation of synaptic vesicles. Signs of Schwann cell encroachment into the synaptic cleft were readily found and large areas of post-junctional membrane apposed only by Schwann cell were evident. 4. It is suggested that the mechanics of the process of synapse elimination in neonates is similar to that occurring during degeneration in the denervated adult. Transmission failure occurs abruptly at the supernumerary endings and they are disposed of by the Schwann cell."}
{"id": "PMID:903897", "title": "An X-ray diffraction study of the cross-circulated canine heart.", "content": "1. The equatorial X-ray diffraction pattern was recorded from a papillary muscle of a cross-circulated canine heart at different phases of the cardiac cycle. The intensity ratio of the 1, 0 and the 1, 1 reflexions (I1, o/I1,1) was 0-79 in the systolic phase and 1-19 in the diastolic phase. 2. Using the intensity ratio obtained, the approximate proportion of the myosin projections present in the vicinity of the thin filaments was calculated. This was 70-71% in the systolic phase and 51-52% in the diastolic phase of the total myosin projections. 3. The peak systolic tension was roughly proportional to the proportion of the projections present in the vicinity of the thin filaments during systole. 4. The projections which stayed in the vicinity of the thin filaments during diastole did not produce significant contractile force.", "contents": "An X-ray diffraction study of the cross-circulated canine heart. 1. The equatorial X-ray diffraction pattern was recorded from a papillary muscle of a cross-circulated canine heart at different phases of the cardiac cycle. The intensity ratio of the 1, 0 and the 1, 1 reflexions (I1, o/I1,1) was 0-79 in the systolic phase and 1-19 in the diastolic phase. 2. Using the intensity ratio obtained, the approximate proportion of the myosin projections present in the vicinity of the thin filaments was calculated. This was 70-71% in the systolic phase and 51-52% in the diastolic phase of the total myosin projections. 3. The peak systolic tension was roughly proportional to the proportion of the projections present in the vicinity of the thin filaments during systole. 4. The projections which stayed in the vicinity of the thin filaments during diastole did not produce significant contractile force."}
{"id": "PMID:903898", "title": "Nasal field loss in kittens reared with convergent squint: neurophysiological and morphological studies of the lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "1. Recordings of single cells were made in layers A and A1 of the lateral geniculate nucleus of kittens raised with convergent squint in one eye, and morphological studies of cells representing the different parts of the visual fields in these layers were also made from histological sections.2. For the normal eye, cells receiving inputs from the nasal and temporal visual fields were evenly represented up to the periphery, whereas for the squinting eye, no cells which permitted quantitative studies of receptive field properties could be found in the periphery of the nasal field.3. The loss of nasal field, represented by the loss of functional cells in the LGN layer A1 fed by the squinting eye, depended on the severity of the squint. The greater the angle of convergent squint, the greater the loss of nasal field represented by the loss of functional cells.4. The cells fed by the squinting eye's temporal visual field retained their brisk function, although minor modifications in the receptive field organisation were apparent.5. The mean perikaryal size was smaller and the cell-density higher for cells in layers fed by the squinting eye. As found for the functional loss of cells, the shrinkage of perikaryal size and the increase of cell-density was smallest in the zones fed by the temporal visual field, and greatest in the zones fed by the peripheral nasal visual field.6. The functional and morphological changes in the cells in the LGN, which receive inputs from the nasal field of the squinting eye, are attributed to part of the temporal retina being hidden behind the bridge of the nose. It is proposed that this is a consequence of disuse atrophy, due to lack of stimulation during the sensitive period of development.", "contents": "Nasal field loss in kittens reared with convergent squint: neurophysiological and morphological studies of the lateral geniculate nucleus. 1. Recordings of single cells were made in layers A and A1 of the lateral geniculate nucleus of kittens raised with convergent squint in one eye, and morphological studies of cells representing the different parts of the visual fields in these layers were also made from histological sections.2. For the normal eye, cells receiving inputs from the nasal and temporal visual fields were evenly represented up to the periphery, whereas for the squinting eye, no cells which permitted quantitative studies of receptive field properties could be found in the periphery of the nasal field.3. The loss of nasal field, represented by the loss of functional cells in the LGN layer A1 fed by the squinting eye, depended on the severity of the squint. The greater the angle of convergent squint, the greater the loss of nasal field represented by the loss of functional cells.4. The cells fed by the squinting eye's temporal visual field retained their brisk function, although minor modifications in the receptive field organisation were apparent.5. The mean perikaryal size was smaller and the cell-density higher for cells in layers fed by the squinting eye. As found for the functional loss of cells, the shrinkage of perikaryal size and the increase of cell-density was smallest in the zones fed by the temporal visual field, and greatest in the zones fed by the peripheral nasal visual field.6. The functional and morphological changes in the cells in the LGN, which receive inputs from the nasal field of the squinting eye, are attributed to part of the temporal retina being hidden behind the bridge of the nose. It is proposed that this is a consequence of disuse atrophy, due to lack of stimulation during the sensitive period of development."}
{"id": "PMID:903899", "title": "Nasal field loss in cats reared with convergent squint: behavioural studies.", "content": "1. The extent of the monocular visual field in cats reared with convergent squint in one eye was determined by a behavioural perimetry technique. 2. Significant reduction in the extent of the visual field was found in the squinting eyes. 3. The visual field defect is a graded one, located mainly in the nasal field, but in some cats extending into the temporal visual field. The defect includes a zone of absolute loss of response to stimuli at the extreme nasal field, adjacent areas of partial response and areas of 100% response in the periphery of the temporal field. 4. A direct relationship was found between the angle of horizontal deviation of the squinting eye and the amount of visual field loss: i.e. the larger the angle of squint, the greater the loss of nasal field. 5. It is suggested that the process leading to a loss in nasal visual field is independent of the loss of visual acuity in squinting cats, since the latter is not related to the angle of squint. 6. The significant loss in nasal visual field found by behavioural experiments in cats reared with a convergent squint thus correlates with comparable deficits found in the physiology and morphology of the lateral geniculate nucleus (Ikeda, Plant & Tremain, 1977), although the behaviourally determined loss of nasal field is greater than would be expected from the study of the response of the LGN neurones.", "contents": "Nasal field loss in cats reared with convergent squint: behavioural studies. 1. The extent of the monocular visual field in cats reared with convergent squint in one eye was determined by a behavioural perimetry technique. 2. Significant reduction in the extent of the visual field was found in the squinting eyes. 3. The visual field defect is a graded one, located mainly in the nasal field, but in some cats extending into the temporal visual field. The defect includes a zone of absolute loss of response to stimuli at the extreme nasal field, adjacent areas of partial response and areas of 100% response in the periphery of the temporal field. 4. A direct relationship was found between the angle of horizontal deviation of the squinting eye and the amount of visual field loss: i.e. the larger the angle of squint, the greater the loss of nasal field. 5. It is suggested that the process leading to a loss in nasal visual field is independent of the loss of visual acuity in squinting cats, since the latter is not related to the angle of squint. 6. The significant loss in nasal visual field found by behavioural experiments in cats reared with a convergent squint thus correlates with comparable deficits found in the physiology and morphology of the lateral geniculate nucleus (Ikeda, Plant & Tremain, 1977), although the behaviourally determined loss of nasal field is greater than would be expected from the study of the response of the LGN neurones."}
{"id": "PMID:903900", "title": "Active Na-K transport and the rate of ouabain binding. The effect of insulin and other stimuli on skeletal muscle and adipocytes.", "content": "1. The effect of stimulation or inhibition of active Na-K transport on [(3)H]ouabain binding has been investigated in isolated soleus muscles and adipocytes.2. In rat soleus muscle, the ouabain-sensitive component of (42)K influx was stimulated by insulin (100 m-u/ml.), adrenaline (6 x 10(-6)M), and by pre-incubation with veratrine (10(-5)M) or in a K-free buffer. In all of these instances, the rate of ouabain binding was increased by 41-113%. Conversely, pre-treatment with tetracaine (0.2 mM) decreased the (42)K-influx and diminished the rate of [(3)H]ouabain binding by 36%.3. Neither insulin, adrenaline or tetracaine produced any detectable change in the total number of ouabain-binding sites (as measured under equilibrium conditions) in rat soleus muscle.4. In mouse and guinea-pig soleus muscle and in fat cells isolated from rats, insulin also increased the rate of [(3)H]ouabain binding without producing any significant change in the total number of ouabain-binding sites.5. Both in soleus muscle and the epididymal fat pad of the rat, there was a linear correlation between (42)K influx and the initial rate of [(3)H]ouabain binding.6. It is concluded that the rate of ouabain binding is determined significantly by the rate of active Na-K transport, but within the time intervals studied (4-6 hr) stimulation or inhibition of the Na pump does not lead to any appreciable change in the total number of Na pumps. It seems unlikely that the stimulation of active Na-K transport by insulin or adrenaline is due to unmasking or de novo synthesis of Na pumps.", "contents": "Active Na-K transport and the rate of ouabain binding. The effect of insulin and other stimuli on skeletal muscle and adipocytes. 1. The effect of stimulation or inhibition of active Na-K transport on [(3)H]ouabain binding has been investigated in isolated soleus muscles and adipocytes.2. In rat soleus muscle, the ouabain-sensitive component of (42)K influx was stimulated by insulin (100 m-u/ml.), adrenaline (6 x 10(-6)M), and by pre-incubation with veratrine (10(-5)M) or in a K-free buffer. In all of these instances, the rate of ouabain binding was increased by 41-113%. Conversely, pre-treatment with tetracaine (0.2 mM) decreased the (42)K-influx and diminished the rate of [(3)H]ouabain binding by 36%.3. Neither insulin, adrenaline or tetracaine produced any detectable change in the total number of ouabain-binding sites (as measured under equilibrium conditions) in rat soleus muscle.4. In mouse and guinea-pig soleus muscle and in fat cells isolated from rats, insulin also increased the rate of [(3)H]ouabain binding without producing any significant change in the total number of ouabain-binding sites.5. Both in soleus muscle and the epididymal fat pad of the rat, there was a linear correlation between (42)K influx and the initial rate of [(3)H]ouabain binding.6. It is concluded that the rate of ouabain binding is determined significantly by the rate of active Na-K transport, but within the time intervals studied (4-6 hr) stimulation or inhibition of the Na pump does not lead to any appreciable change in the total number of Na pumps. It seems unlikely that the stimulation of active Na-K transport by insulin or adrenaline is due to unmasking or de novo synthesis of Na pumps."}
{"id": "PMID:903901", "title": "The influence of food intake and ambient temperature on the rate of thyroxine utilization.", "content": "Young growing pigs of both sexes were subjected to changes in (1) energy intake, (2) ambient temperature, and (3) bulk of food. The rate of disappearance of injected 125I-labelled thyroxine from the plasma (K) was measured. An analysis of variance revealed that the effect attributable to changes in the energy content of the food intake was statistically significant (P less 0-01). A change in ambient temperature had no statistically significant effect on K, nor did a change in the bulk of food when energy intake was constant (P less than 0-05).", "contents": "The influence of food intake and ambient temperature on the rate of thyroxine utilization. Young growing pigs of both sexes were subjected to changes in (1) energy intake, (2) ambient temperature, and (3) bulk of food. The rate of disappearance of injected 125I-labelled thyroxine from the plasma (K) was measured. An analysis of variance revealed that the effect attributable to changes in the energy content of the food intake was statistically significant (P less 0-01). A change in ambient temperature had no statistically significant effect on K, nor did a change in the bulk of food when energy intake was constant (P less than 0-05)."}
{"id": "PMID:903902", "title": "Endocytosis and immunoglobulin transport across the small intestine of the new-born pig.", "content": "1. Measurements of porcine and human IgG transport across the small intestine of the new-born pig have been made in vivo and related to the amount of endocytosis taking place.2. The amount of immunoglobulins transported, following intraduodenal administration to conscious animals, is directly related to the degree of endocytosis which these proteins produce. Administration of protein in amounts sufficient to cause a maximal endocytotic response causes saturation of the protein transporting process.3. Absorption of small amounts of human IgG from the small intestine can be accelerated by the addition of sow colostrum or porcine IgG in quantities sufficient to stimulate endocytosis. These effects disappear when the amount of human IgG administered is itself sufficient to fully stimulate endocytosis.4. Preferential transport of porcine over human IgG can be demonstrated when both are given as a single solution to individual pigs. The degree of preference is, however, small in relation to the total amount of immunoglobulin transported.5. The initial formation of endocytotic vacuoles in the pig intestine seems, unlike the situation in rats and mice, to provide a major route for the trans-cellular movement of macromolecules including immunoglobulins. Present evidence suggests that, though sow colostrum can on occasion stimulate such transport, it does so merely by acting as a protein-containing solution to increase the amount of endocytosis taking place.", "contents": "Endocytosis and immunoglobulin transport across the small intestine of the new-born pig. 1. Measurements of porcine and human IgG transport across the small intestine of the new-born pig have been made in vivo and related to the amount of endocytosis taking place.2. The amount of immunoglobulins transported, following intraduodenal administration to conscious animals, is directly related to the degree of endocytosis which these proteins produce. Administration of protein in amounts sufficient to cause a maximal endocytotic response causes saturation of the protein transporting process.3. Absorption of small amounts of human IgG from the small intestine can be accelerated by the addition of sow colostrum or porcine IgG in quantities sufficient to stimulate endocytosis. These effects disappear when the amount of human IgG administered is itself sufficient to fully stimulate endocytosis.4. Preferential transport of porcine over human IgG can be demonstrated when both are given as a single solution to individual pigs. The degree of preference is, however, small in relation to the total amount of immunoglobulin transported.5. The initial formation of endocytotic vacuoles in the pig intestine seems, unlike the situation in rats and mice, to provide a major route for the trans-cellular movement of macromolecules including immunoglobulins. Present evidence suggests that, though sow colostrum can on occasion stimulate such transport, it does so merely by acting as a protein-containing solution to increase the amount of endocytosis taking place."}
{"id": "PMID:903903", "title": "Mechanism of milk secretion: milk composition in relation to potential difference across the mammary epithelium.", "content": "1. In conscious lactating goats a significant correlation was found between blood-milk potential difference (p.d.) and milk [lactose] such that in goats with a lower milk [lactose], milk was more negative with respect to blood.2. When mannose was substituted for glucose in the substrate mixture of isolated perfused goat mammary glands, milk yield and milk [lactose] fell while milk [Na] and [K] increased; in parallel experiments the blood-milk p.d. changed such that milk became more negative with respect to blood. These changes were reversed following the addition of glucose.3. When milk was made hypertonic by the addition of hyperosmotic sucrose or lactose solutions, water entered milk osmotically and milk became electrically less negative or even positive with respect to blood in goats, cows and guinea-pigs.4. No effect on p.d. was apparent following the addition of isosmotic sucrose to milk in goats.5. When milk was held in the teat of goats by a pneumatic cuff around the base of the teat, no effect on p.d. was apparent when hyperosmotic sucrose was introduced into this teat pouch.6. It is suggested that waterflow-induced potentials (the streaming potential and the transport number effect) can be induced across the mammary epithelium.7. In goats exogenous oxytocin lowered milk [lactose] and blood-milk p.d. became less negative with respect to blood.8. In non-lactating and mastitic glands of goats the blood-milk p.d. was within 0.5-2.5 mV of zero.9. The effects of oxytocin, and the low p.d. in non-lactating and mastitic glands, are compatible with the view that in such circumstances there is a paracellular pathway across the mammary epithelium which partially short-circuits the two sides.10. It is suggested that, with water being drawn osmotically into milk to dilute newly formed lactose, waterflow-induced potentials may be responsible for establishing the normal p.d. across the apical membrane of the secretary cell, thereby keeping milk [K] and [Na] lower than in intracellular fluid.", "contents": "Mechanism of milk secretion: milk composition in relation to potential difference across the mammary epithelium. 1. In conscious lactating goats a significant correlation was found between blood-milk potential difference (p.d.) and milk [lactose] such that in goats with a lower milk [lactose], milk was more negative with respect to blood.2. When mannose was substituted for glucose in the substrate mixture of isolated perfused goat mammary glands, milk yield and milk [lactose] fell while milk [Na] and [K] increased; in parallel experiments the blood-milk p.d. changed such that milk became more negative with respect to blood. These changes were reversed following the addition of glucose.3. When milk was made hypertonic by the addition of hyperosmotic sucrose or lactose solutions, water entered milk osmotically and milk became electrically less negative or even positive with respect to blood in goats, cows and guinea-pigs.4. No effect on p.d. was apparent following the addition of isosmotic sucrose to milk in goats.5. When milk was held in the teat of goats by a pneumatic cuff around the base of the teat, no effect on p.d. was apparent when hyperosmotic sucrose was introduced into this teat pouch.6. It is suggested that waterflow-induced potentials (the streaming potential and the transport number effect) can be induced across the mammary epithelium.7. In goats exogenous oxytocin lowered milk [lactose] and blood-milk p.d. became less negative with respect to blood.8. In non-lactating and mastitic glands of goats the blood-milk p.d. was within 0.5-2.5 mV of zero.9. The effects of oxytocin, and the low p.d. in non-lactating and mastitic glands, are compatible with the view that in such circumstances there is a paracellular pathway across the mammary epithelium which partially short-circuits the two sides.10. It is suggested that, with water being drawn osmotically into milk to dilute newly formed lactose, waterflow-induced potentials may be responsible for establishing the normal p.d. across the apical membrane of the secretary cell, thereby keeping milk [K] and [Na] lower than in intracellular fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:903904", "title": "Dorsal horn cells that respond to stimulation of distant dorsal roots.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to find if there were post-synaptic effects produced by impulses in the long ranging primary afferents, which had been shown by Wall & Werman (1976) to extend from upper lumbar dorsal roots to the sacral segments. Dorsal rootlets were stimulated in decerebrate low-spinal adult cats.1. The dorsal root potential and ventral root reflex were recorded on S1 root filaments, in response to stimulation of dorsal rootlets extending from L1 to S1. With increasing distance between stimulating and recording segments, these potentials became smaller and more delayed. In two animals, there was no response at S1 to stimulation of L1 and L2 dorsal roots.2. In all animals, stimulation of L3 or L4 dorsal roots produced cell responses in dorsal horn segments L7 or S1. The density of such cells was variable, from animal to animal. Responding cells were mainly concentrated laterally in the dorsal horn.3. The latency and response variability of L7-S1, dorsal horn cells to L3-L4 stimulation was consistent with at least some of them being fired monosynaptically.4. Cells that respond to stimulation of one distant rootlet respond to many closer rootlets as well.5. The receptive fields of L7-S1 dorsal horn cells, responsive to stimulation of L3-L4 rootlets, were typical of those generally found in the L7-S1 segments, and were at some distance from the L4 dermatome. Only twenty cells had receptive fields which extended into the dermatome of the rootlets stimulated.6. It was established that some L4 cells respond to S1 dorsal root stimulation, just as the main study had shown that S1 responds to L4.7. It is concluded that substantial numbers of dorsal horn cells, including cells with many types of cutaneous receptive field, respond to two classes of synaptic in-put: one effective in firing the cell upon natural cutaneous stimulation, and one relatively ineffective, capable of driving the cell only when stimulated electrically and thus carrying a synchronous volley from a number of highly convergent axons. The contribution of this secondary afferent channel to normal and pathological cord physiology has now to be determined.", "contents": "Dorsal horn cells that respond to stimulation of distant dorsal roots. Experiments were carried out to find if there were post-synaptic effects produced by impulses in the long ranging primary afferents, which had been shown by Wall & Werman (1976) to extend from upper lumbar dorsal roots to the sacral segments. Dorsal rootlets were stimulated in decerebrate low-spinal adult cats.1. The dorsal root potential and ventral root reflex were recorded on S1 root filaments, in response to stimulation of dorsal rootlets extending from L1 to S1. With increasing distance between stimulating and recording segments, these potentials became smaller and more delayed. In two animals, there was no response at S1 to stimulation of L1 and L2 dorsal roots.2. In all animals, stimulation of L3 or L4 dorsal roots produced cell responses in dorsal horn segments L7 or S1. The density of such cells was variable, from animal to animal. Responding cells were mainly concentrated laterally in the dorsal horn.3. The latency and response variability of L7-S1, dorsal horn cells to L3-L4 stimulation was consistent with at least some of them being fired monosynaptically.4. Cells that respond to stimulation of one distant rootlet respond to many closer rootlets as well.5. The receptive fields of L7-S1 dorsal horn cells, responsive to stimulation of L3-L4 rootlets, were typical of those generally found in the L7-S1 segments, and were at some distance from the L4 dermatome. Only twenty cells had receptive fields which extended into the dermatome of the rootlets stimulated.6. It was established that some L4 cells respond to S1 dorsal root stimulation, just as the main study had shown that S1 responds to L4.7. It is concluded that substantial numbers of dorsal horn cells, including cells with many types of cutaneous receptive field, respond to two classes of synaptic in-put: one effective in firing the cell upon natural cutaneous stimulation, and one relatively ineffective, capable of driving the cell only when stimulated electrically and thus carrying a synchronous volley from a number of highly convergent axons. The contribution of this secondary afferent channel to normal and pathological cord physiology has now to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:903905", "title": "Collecting duct dlow rate as a determinant of equilibration between urine and renal papilla in the rat in the presence of a maximal antidiuretic hormone concentration.", "content": "1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was infused into normal male rats at a rate of 60 muu./min. 100 g body wt., to maintain an effectively constant maximal circulating level. Four groups of rats were used; they were water-loaded by receiving together with the ADH, I.V. infusions of hypotonic dextrose (2.5 g/100 ml.) at different rates (1.0, 4.5, 9.0 and 12 ml./hr, respectively), over an infusion period of 4 hr.2. Urine flow rate increased in all groups, the rate and extent of the increase being related to the volume rate of infusion. The differences in urine flow rates between the four groups were due almost entirely to increases in free water clearance, with no consistent differences in osmolal clearance between the groups. At the end of the 4 hr infusion period, osmolal clearances were closely similar in the four groups.3. Papillary and medullary tissue solute concentrations were progressively reduced at the higher rates of infusion. The changes were due to small increases in the water content, together with a profound decrease in urea concentration and a smaller decrease in sodium concentration. However, papillary osmolality was consistently higher than urine osmolality at the three highest rates of dextrose infusion.4. As urine flow rate increased, there was a progressive reduction in the degree of osmotic equilibration between the final urine and the papillary tip. For urea, however, the degree of equilibration remained high.5. It is concluded that, in the rat, the rate of flow per se, along the collecting duct, is an important determinant of final urine concentration; even if there is an osmotic driving force for water re-absorption in the renal medulla, and the collecting duct walls are permeable to water, osmotic equilibration is restricted by tubular flow rate.", "contents": "Collecting duct dlow rate as a determinant of equilibration between urine and renal papilla in the rat in the presence of a maximal antidiuretic hormone concentration. 1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was infused into normal male rats at a rate of 60 muu./min. 100 g body wt., to maintain an effectively constant maximal circulating level. Four groups of rats were used; they were water-loaded by receiving together with the ADH, I.V. infusions of hypotonic dextrose (2.5 g/100 ml.) at different rates (1.0, 4.5, 9.0 and 12 ml./hr, respectively), over an infusion period of 4 hr.2. Urine flow rate increased in all groups, the rate and extent of the increase being related to the volume rate of infusion. The differences in urine flow rates between the four groups were due almost entirely to increases in free water clearance, with no consistent differences in osmolal clearance between the groups. At the end of the 4 hr infusion period, osmolal clearances were closely similar in the four groups.3. Papillary and medullary tissue solute concentrations were progressively reduced at the higher rates of infusion. The changes were due to small increases in the water content, together with a profound decrease in urea concentration and a smaller decrease in sodium concentration. However, papillary osmolality was consistently higher than urine osmolality at the three highest rates of dextrose infusion.4. As urine flow rate increased, there was a progressive reduction in the degree of osmotic equilibration between the final urine and the papillary tip. For urea, however, the degree of equilibration remained high.5. It is concluded that, in the rat, the rate of flow per se, along the collecting duct, is an important determinant of final urine concentration; even if there is an osmotic driving force for water re-absorption in the renal medulla, and the collecting duct walls are permeable to water, osmotic equilibration is restricted by tubular flow rate."}
{"id": "PMID:903906", "title": "Separation of sodium and calcium currents in the somatic membrane of mollusc neurones.", "content": "1. Characteristics of the transmembrane ionic currents under controlled changes in ionic composition of extra- and intracellular medium were studied in isolated neurones from the ganglia of molluscs, Helix pomatia, Limnea stagnalis and Planorbis corneus. The neurones were investigated by a new technique which allows for dialysis of their interior and for clamping of the potential at the surface membrane without using micro-electrodes.2. Replacement of K ions by Tris inside the neurones eliminated the outward K current so that the actual time course of the inward current could be measured. The latter was separated into two additive components, one of which was carried by Na ions and the other one by Ca ions.3. Both inward currents were unaltered by tetrodotoxin (TTX); however, Ca current could be separately blocked by externally applied Cd ions (K(d) = 7.2 x 10(-5)M) and by the use of fluoride as an intracellular anion.4. No reversal of Na inward current could be achieved in neurones dialysed with Na-free solution, indicating the absence of outward current carrying ions through the corresponding channels. With 5 mM-Na inside the cell, the equilibrium potential was close to the value predicted by the Nernst equilibrium.5. A non-specific outward current could be detected in K-free cells at membrane potentials exceeding 20-40 mV. Its time course was proportional to 1 - exp (-t/tau(ns)). Cd ions depressed this current. The presence of the non-specific outward current made an exact measurement of the equilibrium potential for the Ca inward current impossible.6. The kinetics of Na inward currents could be described by m(3)h and those of the Ca current by m(2)h law. The corresponding values for V(m) = 0 are: tau(m)(Na) = 1.1 +/- 0.5 msec, tau(m)(Ca) = 2.4 +/- 1.0 msec, tau(h)(Na) = 7.9 +/- 2.0 msec. The inactivation of Ca current included two first-order kinetic processes with tau(h1) = 50 +/- 10 msec and tau(h) = 320 +/- 30 msec.7. The data presented are considered to be a proof of the existence of separate systems of Na and Ca ion-conducting channels in the nerve cell membrane.", "contents": "Separation of sodium and calcium currents in the somatic membrane of mollusc neurones. 1. Characteristics of the transmembrane ionic currents under controlled changes in ionic composition of extra- and intracellular medium were studied in isolated neurones from the ganglia of molluscs, Helix pomatia, Limnea stagnalis and Planorbis corneus. The neurones were investigated by a new technique which allows for dialysis of their interior and for clamping of the potential at the surface membrane without using micro-electrodes.2. Replacement of K ions by Tris inside the neurones eliminated the outward K current so that the actual time course of the inward current could be measured. The latter was separated into two additive components, one of which was carried by Na ions and the other one by Ca ions.3. Both inward currents were unaltered by tetrodotoxin (TTX); however, Ca current could be separately blocked by externally applied Cd ions (K(d) = 7.2 x 10(-5)M) and by the use of fluoride as an intracellular anion.4. No reversal of Na inward current could be achieved in neurones dialysed with Na-free solution, indicating the absence of outward current carrying ions through the corresponding channels. With 5 mM-Na inside the cell, the equilibrium potential was close to the value predicted by the Nernst equilibrium.5. A non-specific outward current could be detected in K-free cells at membrane potentials exceeding 20-40 mV. Its time course was proportional to 1 - exp (-t/tau(ns)). Cd ions depressed this current. The presence of the non-specific outward current made an exact measurement of the equilibrium potential for the Ca inward current impossible.6. The kinetics of Na inward currents could be described by m(3)h and those of the Ca current by m(2)h law. The corresponding values for V(m) = 0 are: tau(m)(Na) = 1.1 +/- 0.5 msec, tau(m)(Ca) = 2.4 +/- 1.0 msec, tau(h)(Na) = 7.9 +/- 2.0 msec. The inactivation of Ca current included two first-order kinetic processes with tau(h1) = 50 +/- 10 msec and tau(h) = 320 +/- 30 msec.7. The data presented are considered to be a proof of the existence of separate systems of Na and Ca ion-conducting channels in the nerve cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:903907", "title": "Responses of visual, somatosensory, and auditory neurones in the golden hamster's superior colliculus.", "content": "1. The response characteristics of visual, somatosensory, and auditory neurones in the golden hamster's superior colliculus were investigated.2. As has been noted for other mammalian species, a distinct difference between the functional organizations of the superficial and deeper layers of the superior colliculus was observed.3. Neurones in the superficial layers were exclusively visual, with small receptive-fields, and generally did not show response decrements with repeated stimulation. The sizes of the receptive-fields did not vary appreciably as a function of retinal eccentricity.4. In the deeper layers, visual receptive-fields were large, or could not be accurately delimited, and response habituation was often evident. In addition, many cells in the deeper layers of the colliculus responded only to somatosensory stimuli. Far fewer cells, which appeared to be confined to the caudal portions of the colliculus, responded to auditory stimuli. Polymodal cells were also encountered.5. Selectivity to opposing directions of movement was tested for ninety-four visual cells. Using a ;null' criterion, 27.7% of these cells were judged to be directionally selective. A distribution of the preferred directions of these cells showed a significant preference for movement with an upper-nasal component. With a statistical criterion, 60.6% of these cells were considered to show a significant asymmetry in responding to movement in opposing directions.6. Directional selectivity was also tested for ninety-two cells following acute, unilateral, lesions of the visual cortex. For the eighty cells recorded, homolateral to the ablated cortex, 27.5% were judged as directionally selective using the statistical criterion, while 12.5% were selective with the ;null' criterion. Of the twelve cells isolated in the colliculus, contralateral to the lesions, seven were judged as directionally selective with the statistical, and three with the ;null' criterion.7. The effects of visual cortical lesions upon directional selectivity appeared to be confined to cells in the superficial layers of the colliculus. It was suggested that directional selectivity of many cells in the superficial layers of the tectum of the hamster is organized cortically.8. A clear spatial correspondence was observed for the receptive-fields of visual, somatosensory, and auditory neurones.9. As has been suggested for other species, the hamster's superior colliculus appears to play an important role in orienting the animal toward visual, somatosensory, and auditory stimuli.", "contents": "Responses of visual, somatosensory, and auditory neurones in the golden hamster's superior colliculus. 1. The response characteristics of visual, somatosensory, and auditory neurones in the golden hamster's superior colliculus were investigated.2. As has been noted for other mammalian species, a distinct difference between the functional organizations of the superficial and deeper layers of the superior colliculus was observed.3. Neurones in the superficial layers were exclusively visual, with small receptive-fields, and generally did not show response decrements with repeated stimulation. The sizes of the receptive-fields did not vary appreciably as a function of retinal eccentricity.4. In the deeper layers, visual receptive-fields were large, or could not be accurately delimited, and response habituation was often evident. In addition, many cells in the deeper layers of the colliculus responded only to somatosensory stimuli. Far fewer cells, which appeared to be confined to the caudal portions of the colliculus, responded to auditory stimuli. Polymodal cells were also encountered.5. Selectivity to opposing directions of movement was tested for ninety-four visual cells. Using a ;null' criterion, 27.7% of these cells were judged to be directionally selective. A distribution of the preferred directions of these cells showed a significant preference for movement with an upper-nasal component. With a statistical criterion, 60.6% of these cells were considered to show a significant asymmetry in responding to movement in opposing directions.6. Directional selectivity was also tested for ninety-two cells following acute, unilateral, lesions of the visual cortex. For the eighty cells recorded, homolateral to the ablated cortex, 27.5% were judged as directionally selective using the statistical criterion, while 12.5% were selective with the ;null' criterion. Of the twelve cells isolated in the colliculus, contralateral to the lesions, seven were judged as directionally selective with the statistical, and three with the ;null' criterion.7. The effects of visual cortical lesions upon directional selectivity appeared to be confined to cells in the superficial layers of the colliculus. It was suggested that directional selectivity of many cells in the superficial layers of the tectum of the hamster is organized cortically.8. A clear spatial correspondence was observed for the receptive-fields of visual, somatosensory, and auditory neurones.9. As has been suggested for other species, the hamster's superior colliculus appears to play an important role in orienting the animal toward visual, somatosensory, and auditory stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:903908", "title": "The effect of lung inflation on the control of respiratory frequency in the neonate.", "content": "1. We have measured the relationship between tidal volume (V(T)) and the duration of inspiration (T(i)) and expiration (T(e)) for individual breaths (30 in each steady state).2. Ten pre-term and ten term infants were studied during steady state while breathing 21% O(2), then 21% O(2) plus 2 and 4% CO(2).3. In all infants, the average T(i) at the various chemical drives was remarkably constant, and did not decrease as the tidal volume increased. However, at any given level of respiratory drive, there was a slightly positive correlation of V(T) with T(i) and T(e) in 95% of the cases.4. In four pre-term and two term infants, T(e) increased with increasing respiratory drive. In these infants, therefore, instantaneous respiratory frequency (1/(T(i) + T(e))) actually decreased as lung volume increased.5. We suggest that T(i) is independent of V(T) within the range of volumes studied (up to 2 times the resting V(T)) and that changes in instantaneous respiratory frequency (1/(T(i) + T(e))) result from changes in T(e).", "contents": "The effect of lung inflation on the control of respiratory frequency in the neonate. 1. We have measured the relationship between tidal volume (V(T)) and the duration of inspiration (T(i)) and expiration (T(e)) for individual breaths (30 in each steady state).2. Ten pre-term and ten term infants were studied during steady state while breathing 21% O(2), then 21% O(2) plus 2 and 4% CO(2).3. In all infants, the average T(i) at the various chemical drives was remarkably constant, and did not decrease as the tidal volume increased. However, at any given level of respiratory drive, there was a slightly positive correlation of V(T) with T(i) and T(e) in 95% of the cases.4. In four pre-term and two term infants, T(e) increased with increasing respiratory drive. In these infants, therefore, instantaneous respiratory frequency (1/(T(i) + T(e))) actually decreased as lung volume increased.5. We suggest that T(i) is independent of V(T) within the range of volumes studied (up to 2 times the resting V(T)) and that changes in instantaneous respiratory frequency (1/(T(i) + T(e))) result from changes in T(e)."}
{"id": "PMID:903909", "title": "Training induced adaptation of skeletal muscle and metabolism during submaximal exercise.", "content": "1. Six subjects were trained using a one-leg bicycle exercise for 2 months. The untrained leg served as control. After the training period, muscle oxidative capacity, determined as succinate dehydrogenase activity, was 27% higher in the trained (as opposed to the control) leg (P < 0.05).2. When the subjects in this situation performed a 1 h two-legged submaximal bicycle exercise bout (150-225 W), determinations of V(O2) of the single leg (leg blood flow x (A-V)(O2) difference) revealed that they appeared to choose to work harder with their trained than with their untrained leg, so as to make the relative loads for the two legs the same.3. Determinations of O(2) and CO(2) on femoral arterial and venous blood demonstrated that the R.Q. was lower in the trained as compared to the untrained leg, 0.91 cf. 0.96 (10 min) and 0.91 cf. 0.94 (50 min) (P < 0.05).4. That metabolism of fat was more pronounced in the trained leg was further supported by the finding of a significant net uptake of free fatty acids in this leg only. Moreover, a lower release of lactate from the trained leg was demonstrated.5. It is suggested that the shift towards a more pronounced metabolism of fat in the trained leg is a function of an increased muscle oxidative capacity.", "contents": "Training induced adaptation of skeletal muscle and metabolism during submaximal exercise. 1. Six subjects were trained using a one-leg bicycle exercise for 2 months. The untrained leg served as control. After the training period, muscle oxidative capacity, determined as succinate dehydrogenase activity, was 27% higher in the trained (as opposed to the control) leg (P < 0.05).2. When the subjects in this situation performed a 1 h two-legged submaximal bicycle exercise bout (150-225 W), determinations of V(O2) of the single leg (leg blood flow x (A-V)(O2) difference) revealed that they appeared to choose to work harder with their trained than with their untrained leg, so as to make the relative loads for the two legs the same.3. Determinations of O(2) and CO(2) on femoral arterial and venous blood demonstrated that the R.Q. was lower in the trained as compared to the untrained leg, 0.91 cf. 0.96 (10 min) and 0.91 cf. 0.94 (50 min) (P < 0.05).4. That metabolism of fat was more pronounced in the trained leg was further supported by the finding of a significant net uptake of free fatty acids in this leg only. Moreover, a lower release of lactate from the trained leg was demonstrated.5. It is suggested that the shift towards a more pronounced metabolism of fat in the trained leg is a function of an increased muscle oxidative capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:903910", "title": "The morphology of spinocervical tract neurones revealed by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "1. The morphology of physiologically identified spinocervical tract neurones was studied using the intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase in anaesthetized cats.2. Thirty-six spinocervical tract neurones were reconstructed from serial sections of the lumbosacral spinal cord, cut in either the transverse or longitudinal planes.3. Horseradish peroxidase provided a more complete picture of the dendrites of spinocervical tract neurones than earlier experiments using Procion Yellow injection (Brown, House, Rose & Snow, 1976a). The longitudinal (rostro-caudal) spread of dendrites from an individual cell was much greater in the present material; neurones in the medial parts of the dorsal horn had dendrites extending for about 500 mum from the soma (1 mm total spread) and neurones in the lateral horn had dendrites extending for about 1 mm from the soma (2 mm total spread). However, the conclusions of the earlier work, on the medio-lateral and dorso-ventral extents of dendritic trees, together with the shapes of dendritic trees viewed as reconstructions in the transverse plane, have been confirmed. Dendrites of spinocervical tract cells barely entered lamina II of Rexed: they often ran in the longitudinal direction along the border between laminae II and III for several hundred mum. Dendritic spines were observed on many spinocervical tract neurones.4. Horseradish peroxidase reaction product stained up to 2.5 cm of the axon of spinocervical tract neurones. Axons usually pursued a tortuous path through the grey matter close to the cell body, giving off up to six collaterals before entering the ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus. In the funiculus, further collaterals often arose at distances of up to 5.5 mm from the soma; these collaterals ran back into the dorsal horn. Collaterals could be traced sometimes to presumed terminal boutons. The majority of collateral terminal arborizations was between the level of the cell body and 500 mum ventral to it (in laminae IV and V). They were, however, in the same medio-lateral and rostro-caudal region as the dendritic tree of the parent cell.5. It is concluded that the spinocervical tract must now be considered as having a segmental function, in addition to its function of forwarding information towards the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "The morphology of spinocervical tract neurones revealed by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. 1. The morphology of physiologically identified spinocervical tract neurones was studied using the intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase in anaesthetized cats.2. Thirty-six spinocervical tract neurones were reconstructed from serial sections of the lumbosacral spinal cord, cut in either the transverse or longitudinal planes.3. Horseradish peroxidase provided a more complete picture of the dendrites of spinocervical tract neurones than earlier experiments using Procion Yellow injection (Brown, House, Rose & Snow, 1976a). The longitudinal (rostro-caudal) spread of dendrites from an individual cell was much greater in the present material; neurones in the medial parts of the dorsal horn had dendrites extending for about 500 mum from the soma (1 mm total spread) and neurones in the lateral horn had dendrites extending for about 1 mm from the soma (2 mm total spread). However, the conclusions of the earlier work, on the medio-lateral and dorso-ventral extents of dendritic trees, together with the shapes of dendritic trees viewed as reconstructions in the transverse plane, have been confirmed. Dendrites of spinocervical tract cells barely entered lamina II of Rexed: they often ran in the longitudinal direction along the border between laminae II and III for several hundred mum. Dendritic spines were observed on many spinocervical tract neurones.4. Horseradish peroxidase reaction product stained up to 2.5 cm of the axon of spinocervical tract neurones. Axons usually pursued a tortuous path through the grey matter close to the cell body, giving off up to six collaterals before entering the ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus. In the funiculus, further collaterals often arose at distances of up to 5.5 mm from the soma; these collaterals ran back into the dorsal horn. Collaterals could be traced sometimes to presumed terminal boutons. The majority of collateral terminal arborizations was between the level of the cell body and 500 mum ventral to it (in laminae IV and V). They were, however, in the same medio-lateral and rostro-caudal region as the dendritic tree of the parent cell.5. It is concluded that the spinocervical tract must now be considered as having a segmental function, in addition to its function of forwarding information towards the cerebral cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:903913", "title": "Monomethylthio analogues of 1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane.", "content": "Regiospecific syntheses of the three monomethylthio analogues of 1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane are described. The three isomeric amines were evaluated for potential psychotomimetic potency using the rabbit hyperthermia assay. Enantiomeric compositions and time-concentration curves in rat brains were determined following intraperitoneal administration of each compound. The biological data are contrasted with the corresponding results obtained with the potent human psychotogen 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM).", "contents": "Monomethylthio analogues of 1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane. Regiospecific syntheses of the three monomethylthio analogues of 1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane are described. The three isomeric amines were evaluated for potential psychotomimetic potency using the rabbit hyperthermia assay. Enantiomeric compositions and time-concentration curves in rat brains were determined following intraperitoneal administration of each compound. The biological data are contrasted with the corresponding results obtained with the potent human psychotogen 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM)."}
{"id": "PMID:903914", "title": "Synthesis and evaluation of alpha-hydroxythiol esters as antitumor agents and glyoxalase I inhibitors.", "content": "Synthesis of a series of alpha-hydroxythiol esters made available, for the first time, product-like molecules that were evaluated as inhibitors of the enzyme glyoxalase I and as potential antitumor agents. All the alpha-hydroxythiol esters tested were competitive inhibitors of the enzyme, albeit weak; however, the relative [I]50 values suggested information about the active site. Antileukemic activity in L1210 lymphoid leukemia indicated no significant activity by these alpha-hydroxythiol esters.", "contents": "Synthesis and evaluation of alpha-hydroxythiol esters as antitumor agents and glyoxalase I inhibitors. Synthesis of a series of alpha-hydroxythiol esters made available, for the first time, product-like molecules that were evaluated as inhibitors of the enzyme glyoxalase I and as potential antitumor agents. All the alpha-hydroxythiol esters tested were competitive inhibitors of the enzyme, albeit weak; however, the relative [I]50 values suggested information about the active site. Antileukemic activity in L1210 lymphoid leukemia indicated no significant activity by these alpha-hydroxythiol esters."}
{"id": "PMID:903915", "title": "Potential antitumor agents. 25. Azalogues of the 4'-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulfonanilides.", "content": "Tumor inhibition inhibition produced by isomeric, nitro-substituted 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfonanilide analogues of low base strength (pKa=4.79-5.72) might result from in vivo reduction to the corresponding, higher pKa (7.15-9.80), tumor active amines. The aza analogues,-N=in place of -C(NO2)=, have been prepared as nonclassical bioisosteres and screened in the L1210 system. Significant L1210 inhibition produced by isomeric 3- and 4-azalogues, of similar base strength to the corresponding nitro-substituted derivatives, demonstrates that weakly basic analogues can provide biologic activity when there is no prospect of in vivo reduction to more strongly basic products. Obligatory reduction of nitro function, for biologic activity, need not be postulated in this drug series.", "contents": "Potential antitumor agents. 25. Azalogues of the 4'-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulfonanilides. Tumor inhibition inhibition produced by isomeric, nitro-substituted 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfonanilide analogues of low base strength (pKa=4.79-5.72) might result from in vivo reduction to the corresponding, higher pKa (7.15-9.80), tumor active amines. The aza analogues,-N=in place of -C(NO2)=, have been prepared as nonclassical bioisosteres and screened in the L1210 system. Significant L1210 inhibition produced by isomeric 3- and 4-azalogues, of similar base strength to the corresponding nitro-substituted derivatives, demonstrates that weakly basic analogues can provide biologic activity when there is no prospect of in vivo reduction to more strongly basic products. Obligatory reduction of nitro function, for biologic activity, need not be postulated in this drug series."}
{"id": "PMID:903916", "title": "Synthesis of nitrosourea derivatives of sucrose as central nervous system anticancer agents.", "content": "Nitrosourea derivatives of sucrose have been synthesized for the purpose of obtaining anticancer agents with activity against brain cancer. Two such compounds, 6,6'-dideoxy-6,6'-di(3-methyl-3-nitrosoureido) sucrose (13) and 1', 6,6'-trideoxy-1',6,6-tri(3-methyl-3-nitrosoureido) sucrose (14), and their respective acetylated derivatives 15 and 16 have been prepared from sucrose. Compounds 13 and 14 have demonstrated antitumor activity against both L1210 leukemia and ependymoblastoma brain tumor in mice.", "contents": "Synthesis of nitrosourea derivatives of sucrose as central nervous system anticancer agents. Nitrosourea derivatives of sucrose have been synthesized for the purpose of obtaining anticancer agents with activity against brain cancer. Two such compounds, 6,6'-dideoxy-6,6'-di(3-methyl-3-nitrosoureido) sucrose (13) and 1', 6,6'-trideoxy-1',6,6-tri(3-methyl-3-nitrosoureido) sucrose (14), and their respective acetylated derivatives 15 and 16 have been prepared from sucrose. Compounds 13 and 14 have demonstrated antitumor activity against both L1210 leukemia and ependymoblastoma brain tumor in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:903917", "title": "Synthesis and antimineralocorticoid activities of some 6-substituted 7 alpha-carboalkoxy steroidal spirolactones.", "content": "Several analogues of the previously reported steroidal spirolactone 1a were synthesized. These analogues bear C-6 substituents and include the 6beta-deuterio (1c), the 6beta-bromo (1d), the 6beta-methyl (1e), and the 6alpha-methyl (7) compounds. The 6beta-hydroxy compound 1b, a human and animal metabolite of 1a, was also synthesized. On subcutaneous administration to adrenalectomized rats, all these compounds exhibited the ability to block the effects of administered deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) (MED less than or equal to 0.58 mg). Only 7 failed to show anti-DCA effects at the standard test level on oral administration. None was significantly superior in potency to the parent compound 1a.", "contents": "Synthesis and antimineralocorticoid activities of some 6-substituted 7 alpha-carboalkoxy steroidal spirolactones. Several analogues of the previously reported steroidal spirolactone 1a were synthesized. These analogues bear C-6 substituents and include the 6beta-deuterio (1c), the 6beta-bromo (1d), the 6beta-methyl (1e), and the 6alpha-methyl (7) compounds. The 6beta-hydroxy compound 1b, a human and animal metabolite of 1a, was also synthesized. On subcutaneous administration to adrenalectomized rats, all these compounds exhibited the ability to block the effects of administered deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) (MED less than or equal to 0.58 mg). Only 7 failed to show anti-DCA effects at the standard test level on oral administration. None was significantly superior in potency to the parent compound 1a."}
{"id": "PMID:903918", "title": "Compounds with gastric antisecretory activity. 1. Phenoxyalkylamines.", "content": "A series of 0-alkylphenoxyalkylamines, derived from classical H1 antagonists, has been found to inhibit histamine-induced gastric acid secretion. The most potent compound was trans-1-[2[2-[2-(1-adamantyl)vinyl] phenoxy] ethyl]pyrrolidine (54). The 0-acylphenol 23 required for the preparation of 54 was obtained by the novel reaction of 1-bromoadamantane (21) with 4-hydroxycoumarin (20) using diethyl phosphonate as solvent. The product 22 was then hydrolyzed under basic conditions to give 23 in high yield. 54 was not an H2 antagonist and its mode of action remains unknown. The compound had no significant anticholinergic, antiinflammatory, anticonvulsant, sedative, or H1-antihistaminic activity.", "contents": "Compounds with gastric antisecretory activity. 1. Phenoxyalkylamines. A series of 0-alkylphenoxyalkylamines, derived from classical H1 antagonists, has been found to inhibit histamine-induced gastric acid secretion. The most potent compound was trans-1-[2[2-[2-(1-adamantyl)vinyl] phenoxy] ethyl]pyrrolidine (54). The 0-acylphenol 23 required for the preparation of 54 was obtained by the novel reaction of 1-bromoadamantane (21) with 4-hydroxycoumarin (20) using diethyl phosphonate as solvent. The product 22 was then hydrolyzed under basic conditions to give 23 in high yield. 54 was not an H2 antagonist and its mode of action remains unknown. The compound had no significant anticholinergic, antiinflammatory, anticonvulsant, sedative, or H1-antihistaminic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:903919", "title": "Antifilarial agents. 1,2-Cyclobutanediamines as analogues of diethylcarbamazine. Status of structure-activity relationships among diethylcarbamazine analogues.", "content": "cis-and trans-1,2-cyclobutanediamines bearing appropriate N-methyl and N-acyl substituents were prepared as analogues of diethylcarbamazine (DEC). None displayed activity against Litomosoides carinii in the gerbil despite substantial structural and sterochemical similarities to the parent drug. The inactivity of these drugs is rationalized in terms of eclipsed pharmacophore configurations and the increased population of unfavorable rotational conformations made possible by the exocyclic position of both pharmacophores. To provide perspective for these conclusions, the literature on DEC analogues is briefly summarized and structure-activity data are discussed in terms of critical structural factors associated with microfilaricidal activity. Generalizations on structural principles governing activity are advanced which encompass test results for the large majority of DEC analogues.", "contents": "Antifilarial agents. 1,2-Cyclobutanediamines as analogues of diethylcarbamazine. Status of structure-activity relationships among diethylcarbamazine analogues. cis-and trans-1,2-cyclobutanediamines bearing appropriate N-methyl and N-acyl substituents were prepared as analogues of diethylcarbamazine (DEC). None displayed activity against Litomosoides carinii in the gerbil despite substantial structural and sterochemical similarities to the parent drug. The inactivity of these drugs is rationalized in terms of eclipsed pharmacophore configurations and the increased population of unfavorable rotational conformations made possible by the exocyclic position of both pharmacophores. To provide perspective for these conclusions, the literature on DEC analogues is briefly summarized and structure-activity data are discussed in terms of critical structural factors associated with microfilaricidal activity. Generalizations on structural principles governing activity are advanced which encompass test results for the large majority of DEC analogues."}
{"id": "PMID:903920", "title": "Antifilarial agents. 3-Aminopyrrolidine and 1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives as analogues of diethylcarbamazine.", "content": "3-Aminopyrrolidines bearing acyl substituents on either nitrogen and N-acylated 1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes are potent microfilaricides in the Litomosoides carinii gerbil test system but have no effect on adult worms. The high activity of the pyrrolidine derivatives establishes that diethylcarbamazine (DEC) like antifilarial activity does not require that both pharmacophores be incorporated into one ring. Results with the 1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes establish that an axial conformation of the alkyl substituent corresponding to the equatorial N-methyl group of diethylcarbamazine is fully consistent with high activity. Other conformational consideration pertinent to DEC analogues are discussed.", "contents": "Antifilarial agents. 3-Aminopyrrolidine and 1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives as analogues of diethylcarbamazine. 3-Aminopyrrolidines bearing acyl substituents on either nitrogen and N-acylated 1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes are potent microfilaricides in the Litomosoides carinii gerbil test system but have no effect on adult worms. The high activity of the pyrrolidine derivatives establishes that diethylcarbamazine (DEC) like antifilarial activity does not require that both pharmacophores be incorporated into one ring. Results with the 1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes establish that an axial conformation of the alkyl substituent corresponding to the equatorial N-methyl group of diethylcarbamazine is fully consistent with high activity. Other conformational consideration pertinent to DEC analogues are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903921", "title": "Quinoline derivatives as antiallergy agents. 2. Fused-ring quinaldic acids.", "content": "A series of compounds containing two or more 4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-2-carboxylic acid units fused to a central aromatic nucleus was synthesized and tested in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay for potential antiallergy activity. Most of the compounds of this series showed significant activity in the PCA assay. Three of these compounds. 11d, 13f, and 21, were more than 250 times as active as the standard drug, cromolyn sodium. The synthesis and biological activity are discussed.", "contents": "Quinoline derivatives as antiallergy agents. 2. Fused-ring quinaldic acids. A series of compounds containing two or more 4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-2-carboxylic acid units fused to a central aromatic nucleus was synthesized and tested in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay for potential antiallergy activity. Most of the compounds of this series showed significant activity in the PCA assay. Three of these compounds. 11d, 13f, and 21, were more than 250 times as active as the standard drug, cromolyn sodium. The synthesis and biological activity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903922", "title": "Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. 2. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-chloroindolecarboxylic acids.", "content": "The Vilsmeier and the Arndt-Eistert reactions have been employed for the synthesis of 1-phenyl-2-chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4). The antiinflammatory activity of 2-chloroindole-3-carboxylic acid (1), 1- methyl-2-chloroindole-3-carboxylic acid (2), 1-phenyl-2-chloroindole-3-carboxylic acid (3), and 4 was compared with the activity of indomethacin in the carrageenin rat edema. The best results are given by compounds 1 and 2 bearing H or CH3 at position 1 and COOH at position 3.", "contents": "Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. 2. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-chloroindolecarboxylic acids. The Vilsmeier and the Arndt-Eistert reactions have been employed for the synthesis of 1-phenyl-2-chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4). The antiinflammatory activity of 2-chloroindole-3-carboxylic acid (1), 1- methyl-2-chloroindole-3-carboxylic acid (2), 1-phenyl-2-chloroindole-3-carboxylic acid (3), and 4 was compared with the activity of indomethacin in the carrageenin rat edema. The best results are given by compounds 1 and 2 bearing H or CH3 at position 1 and COOH at position 3."}
{"id": "PMID:903923", "title": "Lysergic acid diethylamide. Photoelectron ionization potentials as indices of behavioral activity.", "content": "The photoelectron spectrum of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reveals five ionization potentials (IP's) between 7.25 and 9.75 eV arising from the aromatic (pi) portion of the molecule and IP's of 8.4 eV arising from the tertiary amine and 8.5-9.0 and 9.1 eV arising from the amide group. Comparisons of the IP's of LSD, and of phenethylamines and tryptamines reported by us elsewhere, with activities of these compounds in rat and human behavioral tests show that increasing activity is paralleled by decreasing IP.", "contents": "Lysergic acid diethylamide. Photoelectron ionization potentials as indices of behavioral activity. The photoelectron spectrum of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reveals five ionization potentials (IP's) between 7.25 and 9.75 eV arising from the aromatic (pi) portion of the molecule and IP's of 8.4 eV arising from the tertiary amine and 8.5-9.0 and 9.1 eV arising from the amide group. Comparisons of the IP's of LSD, and of phenethylamines and tryptamines reported by us elsewhere, with activities of these compounds in rat and human behavioral tests show that increasing activity is paralleled by decreasing IP."}
{"id": "PMID:903944", "title": "Physician conduct and other factors that affect consumer satisfaction with medical care.", "content": "Major dimensions of consumer perceptions regarding physicians and medical care services were identified using factor analysis of survey data, as follows: accessibility, availability of family doctors, availability of hospitals/specialists, completeness of facilities, continuity of care, and physician conduct (art and technical aspects of quality). Scores for these dimensions and multivariate statistical methods were used to predict general satisfaction ratings for a cross section of adults and for groups differing in age, education, health status, and sex. Physician conduct was clearly the most important factor in relation to general satisfaction with care for the total sample and for all groups studied. Other factors also were important, suggesting that more than one interpretation of general satisfaction scores should be considered when consumer satisfaction surveys are used to support the planning of educational programs in medicine and the delivery of services.", "contents": "Physician conduct and other factors that affect consumer satisfaction with medical care. Major dimensions of consumer perceptions regarding physicians and medical care services were identified using factor analysis of survey data, as follows: accessibility, availability of family doctors, availability of hospitals/specialists, completeness of facilities, continuity of care, and physician conduct (art and technical aspects of quality). Scores for these dimensions and multivariate statistical methods were used to predict general satisfaction ratings for a cross section of adults and for groups differing in age, education, health status, and sex. Physician conduct was clearly the most important factor in relation to general satisfaction with care for the total sample and for all groups studied. Other factors also were important, suggesting that more than one interpretation of general satisfaction scores should be considered when consumer satisfaction surveys are used to support the planning of educational programs in medicine and the delivery of services."}
{"id": "PMID:903945", "title": "Comparisons of medical student experiences in rural and university settings.", "content": "This paper is a report of the results of the Patient Encounter Project, which was designed to document all clinical experiences of medical students (N = 36) for seven months in the Rural Physician Associate Program (RPAP) and to compare these experiences with those of a control group of third-year students (N = 26) enrolled in the regular curriculum during the same time period at the University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis. The purpose of RPAP is to provide education and clinical experience in rural health care for a limited number of third-year medical students for nine to 12 months and to encourage the eventual practice of medicine in a rural setting. Subjects completed one standardized form for every clinical encounter with a patient throughout the seven months' data collection period. Statistical differences between the two groups were found on all variables but one, including the numbers and kinds of clinical problems encountered, the skills reported, levels of responsibility, continuity of patient care, and types of patients.", "contents": "Comparisons of medical student experiences in rural and university settings. This paper is a report of the results of the Patient Encounter Project, which was designed to document all clinical experiences of medical students (N = 36) for seven months in the Rural Physician Associate Program (RPAP) and to compare these experiences with those of a control group of third-year students (N = 26) enrolled in the regular curriculum during the same time period at the University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis. The purpose of RPAP is to provide education and clinical experience in rural health care for a limited number of third-year medical students for nine to 12 months and to encourage the eventual practice of medicine in a rural setting. Subjects completed one standardized form for every clinical encounter with a patient throughout the seven months' data collection period. Statistical differences between the two groups were found on all variables but one, including the numbers and kinds of clinical problems encountered, the skills reported, levels of responsibility, continuity of patient care, and types of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:903946", "title": "Venomous animals and their victims: a program for sophomore medical students.", "content": "As Americans increase their outdoor activities, the possibility of contact with venomous animals becomes greater. At the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences a program has been developed for sophomore medical students to help meet this potential health threat. Lectures are given on the recognition and general biology of dangerous reptiles and anthropods, the nature of animal venoms, immunological aspects of envenomation, and the treatment of bites and stings. Both first-aid and clinical management are included. Laboratory demonstrations consist of both live and preserved specimens of venomous animals. Live specimens of reptiles, as well as informed curators, are provided by the Little Rock Zoological Gardens in what may be a unique cooperative effort between a medical school and a zoo. The program has been judged to be a success on the basis of the response of the medical students.", "contents": "Venomous animals and their victims: a program for sophomore medical students. As Americans increase their outdoor activities, the possibility of contact with venomous animals becomes greater. At the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences a program has been developed for sophomore medical students to help meet this potential health threat. Lectures are given on the recognition and general biology of dangerous reptiles and anthropods, the nature of animal venoms, immunological aspects of envenomation, and the treatment of bites and stings. Both first-aid and clinical management are included. Laboratory demonstrations consist of both live and preserved specimens of venomous animals. Live specimens of reptiles, as well as informed curators, are provided by the Little Rock Zoological Gardens in what may be a unique cooperative effort between a medical school and a zoo. The program has been judged to be a success on the basis of the response of the medical students."}
{"id": "PMID:903947", "title": "Evaluation of the Arizona Medical Student Exchange Program.", "content": "In this article the authors describe and present an evaluation of the Arizona Medical Student Exchange Program of the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education. The program is designed to help defray the cost that an Arizona student faces in attending an out-of-state medical school by paying, in the student's behalf, the difference between the resident and nonresident tuition at the out-of-state school. Furthermore, the accepting medical school is paid an additional sum as an inducement to accepts more Arizona students in the future. The program's goal is to increase the number of graduating physicians who will return to practice in Arizona, especially in areas of medical need. While the program apparently has been successful in increasing the number of Arizona students studying medicine and the number of physicians returning to the state--both to metropolitan areas and to areas of medical need--these increases have not kept pace with Arizona's growing population.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Arizona Medical Student Exchange Program. In this article the authors describe and present an evaluation of the Arizona Medical Student Exchange Program of the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education. The program is designed to help defray the cost that an Arizona student faces in attending an out-of-state medical school by paying, in the student's behalf, the difference between the resident and nonresident tuition at the out-of-state school. Furthermore, the accepting medical school is paid an additional sum as an inducement to accepts more Arizona students in the future. The program's goal is to increase the number of graduating physicians who will return to practice in Arizona, especially in areas of medical need. While the program apparently has been successful in increasing the number of Arizona students studying medicine and the number of physicians returning to the state--both to metropolitan areas and to areas of medical need--these increases have not kept pace with Arizona's growing population."}
{"id": "PMID:903948", "title": "An administrative and curricular model for behavioral science teaching.", "content": "Various models of faculty organization for teaching behavioral science in medical schools have been advanced. Three of these are reviewed and compared with regard to their effects of curricular structure and content. Some significant variations on existing models are described in the context of a behavioral science curriculum in a new medical college. Several recurrent issues are addressed: How shall behavioral scientists be organized for maximum curricular effectiveness? How shall a curriculum be organized and administered to provide comprehensive yet integrated presentation of a broad spectrum of behavioral science knowledge and skills? What might constitute a model curriculum in the behavioral sciences? A basic science curriculum is described which spans the first two years of medical education, introducing students to fundamental concepts, behavioral skills, human development, behavioral pathology, and special topic seminars.", "contents": "An administrative and curricular model for behavioral science teaching. Various models of faculty organization for teaching behavioral science in medical schools have been advanced. Three of these are reviewed and compared with regard to their effects of curricular structure and content. Some significant variations on existing models are described in the context of a behavioral science curriculum in a new medical college. Several recurrent issues are addressed: How shall behavioral scientists be organized for maximum curricular effectiveness? How shall a curriculum be organized and administered to provide comprehensive yet integrated presentation of a broad spectrum of behavioral science knowledge and skills? What might constitute a model curriculum in the behavioral sciences? A basic science curriculum is described which spans the first two years of medical education, introducing students to fundamental concepts, behavioral skills, human development, behavioral pathology, and special topic seminars."}
{"id": "PMID:903949", "title": "Pelvic examination instruction and the doctor-patient relationship.", "content": "Nonphysician women instructors from a women's health center taught the pelvic examination to second-year Harvard Medical School medical students. They demonstrated the procedure and acted as subjects for the students' examinations. In addition to teaching standard techniques, the instructors showed how the patient could be offered explanation of the procedure and information about her health during the performance of the examination. The exercises are described in terms of their implications for teaching the doctor-patient relationship during physical examination instruction. The following aspects are discussed: the use of nonphysicians as \"practical instructors,\" improving attitudes toward women and promoting patient autonomy, and redefining aspects of the student-patient relationship in clinical training.", "contents": "Pelvic examination instruction and the doctor-patient relationship. Nonphysician women instructors from a women's health center taught the pelvic examination to second-year Harvard Medical School medical students. They demonstrated the procedure and acted as subjects for the students' examinations. In addition to teaching standard techniques, the instructors showed how the patient could be offered explanation of the procedure and information about her health during the performance of the examination. The exercises are described in terms of their implications for teaching the doctor-patient relationship during physical examination instruction. The following aspects are discussed: the use of nonphysicians as \"practical instructors,\" improving attitudes toward women and promoting patient autonomy, and redefining aspects of the student-patient relationship in clinical training."}
{"id": "PMID:903950", "title": "A sophomore physical diagnosis course in an outpatient setting.", "content": "A program designed to teach sophomore medical students physical diagnosis in an outpatient setting was evaluated as an alternative to an inpatient-oriented course. A comparison of the ability of 12 students trained in an outpatient setting to examine hospitalized patients with that of students trained in the traditional inpatient-oriented program revealed no difference between the two groups. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the clinical status of the patient and the clinical setting have little impact on students' acquisition of physical diagnosis skills. Thus, the ambulatory care setting can provide an effective alternative for inpatient-oriented physical diagnosis programs. This finding has implications for curriculum planners who are seeking ways to restructure fundamental courses that emphasize development of primary care skills.", "contents": "A sophomore physical diagnosis course in an outpatient setting. A program designed to teach sophomore medical students physical diagnosis in an outpatient setting was evaluated as an alternative to an inpatient-oriented course. A comparison of the ability of 12 students trained in an outpatient setting to examine hospitalized patients with that of students trained in the traditional inpatient-oriented program revealed no difference between the two groups. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the clinical status of the patient and the clinical setting have little impact on students' acquisition of physical diagnosis skills. Thus, the ambulatory care setting can provide an effective alternative for inpatient-oriented physical diagnosis programs. This finding has implications for curriculum planners who are seeking ways to restructure fundamental courses that emphasize development of primary care skills."}
{"id": "PMID:903963", "title": "Internal and external application of photodynamic sensitizers on squid giant axons.", "content": "Squid giant axons were photosensitized by dyes applied internally or externally in air saturated solutions and photochemically modified by visible light. For most dyes the modifications included an irreversible block of sodium channels, a destruction of inactivation in some of the unblocked channels, and a slowing of inactivation. Internal application was up to 100-fold more effective in blocking sodium channels than external application, suggesting a site of block nearer the internal surface. Rose Bengal sensitized channel block and destruction of inactivation when applied internally, but sensitized only channel block when applied externally. In contrast, externally applied Eosin Y sensitized a clear slowing of inactivation plus channel block. Beta-carotene, an effective agent for quenching photochemically generated excited singlet oxygen, inhibited most of the modification sensitized by internally applied Methylene blue but not by Rose Bengal or Merocyanine 540.", "contents": "Internal and external application of photodynamic sensitizers on squid giant axons. Squid giant axons were photosensitized by dyes applied internally or externally in air saturated solutions and photochemically modified by visible light. For most dyes the modifications included an irreversible block of sodium channels, a destruction of inactivation in some of the unblocked channels, and a slowing of inactivation. Internal application was up to 100-fold more effective in blocking sodium channels than external application, suggesting a site of block nearer the internal surface. Rose Bengal sensitized channel block and destruction of inactivation when applied internally, but sensitized only channel block when applied externally. In contrast, externally applied Eosin Y sensitized a clear slowing of inactivation plus channel block. Beta-carotene, an effective agent for quenching photochemically generated excited singlet oxygen, inhibited most of the modification sensitized by internally applied Methylene blue but not by Rose Bengal or Merocyanine 540."}
{"id": "PMID:903964", "title": "Comparison between the size of granular vesicles in intact cells and vesicles obtained by fragmentation of biomembranes.", "content": "Preparations of biomembranes, consisting of membrane vesicles, were analyzed with the analytical ultracentrifuge. Under certain conditions depending on the speed of rotation and the temperature, a sedimentation profile was observed that was highly characteristic for membranous material. From the sedimentation coefficients obtained, we calculated particle weights for the various well-defined membrane components. In certain types of preparations the particle weights of two adjacent components differed on average by a factor of 2. When vesicles obtained by fragmentation of biomembranes were compared with the granular vesicles present in intact cells, the accordance in diameters was striking. This may indicate that the size of vesicles is determined by purely physical factors.", "contents": "Comparison between the size of granular vesicles in intact cells and vesicles obtained by fragmentation of biomembranes. Preparations of biomembranes, consisting of membrane vesicles, were analyzed with the analytical ultracentrifuge. Under certain conditions depending on the speed of rotation and the temperature, a sedimentation profile was observed that was highly characteristic for membranous material. From the sedimentation coefficients obtained, we calculated particle weights for the various well-defined membrane components. In certain types of preparations the particle weights of two adjacent components differed on average by a factor of 2. When vesicles obtained by fragmentation of biomembranes were compared with the granular vesicles present in intact cells, the accordance in diameters was striking. This may indicate that the size of vesicles is determined by purely physical factors."}
{"id": "PMID:903966", "title": "Some proposed improvements in the scanning ion microprobe.", "content": "Three improvements, which we have investigated, promise to lead to a scanning ion microprobe with a space resolution of about 15 nm. The improvements are: (1) use of a field-evaporation (EHD) ion source with liquid gallium to give a brightness exceeding 10(10) A m-2 sr-1 at 21 KeV, (2) a high efficiency (10%) collecting system for secondary ions, and (3) enhancement of the secondary-ion yield by cesium deposition. With this instrument, tracing with stable isotopes would offer a number of advantages over autoradiography.", "contents": "Some proposed improvements in the scanning ion microprobe. Three improvements, which we have investigated, promise to lead to a scanning ion microprobe with a space resolution of about 15 nm. The improvements are: (1) use of a field-evaporation (EHD) ion source with liquid gallium to give a brightness exceeding 10(10) A m-2 sr-1 at 21 KeV, (2) a high efficiency (10%) collecting system for secondary ions, and (3) enhancement of the secondary-ion yield by cesium deposition. With this instrument, tracing with stable isotopes would offer a number of advantages over autoradiography."}
{"id": "PMID:903967", "title": "Anatomical observations on the ending of the human thoracic duct.", "content": "Fifty-one cadavers of human adults of both sexes were examined for the ramifications and site of opening of the cervical segment of the thoracic duct. It was found that the duct opened into veins of the neck through either one (84.31%) or two branches (15.69%). The most frequent site of opening was in the junction of the left internal jugular vein with the subclavian vein (18 individuals), but another frequent site (15 individuals) was in the internal jugular vein. The duct opened at the angle formed by the internal jugular vein and the internal posterior jugular vein in five individuals, and at a variety of the other locations in the remaining cadavers. These results are compared with the findings of previous investigators.", "contents": "Anatomical observations on the ending of the human thoracic duct. Fifty-one cadavers of human adults of both sexes were examined for the ramifications and site of opening of the cervical segment of the thoracic duct. It was found that the duct opened into veins of the neck through either one (84.31%) or two branches (15.69%). The most frequent site of opening was in the junction of the left internal jugular vein with the subclavian vein (18 individuals), but another frequent site (15 individuals) was in the internal jugular vein. The duct opened at the angle formed by the internal jugular vein and the internal posterior jugular vein in five individuals, and at a variety of the other locations in the remaining cadavers. These results are compared with the findings of previous investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:903968", "title": "Role of acid phosphatase in the breakdown of yolk platelets in developing amphibian embryos.", "content": "Yolk platelets in differentiating embryonic amphibian cells degrade by a membranous \"unraveling\" or \"delamination\" process. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated at the peripheries of those platelets which were in the process of degrading and thus this lytic enzyme appears to be involved in the breakdown process. We believe that this relationship provides a means by which early cells obtain the nutrients necessary for early differentiation.", "contents": "Role of acid phosphatase in the breakdown of yolk platelets in developing amphibian embryos. Yolk platelets in differentiating embryonic amphibian cells degrade by a membranous \"unraveling\" or \"delamination\" process. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated at the peripheries of those platelets which were in the process of degrading and thus this lytic enzyme appears to be involved in the breakdown process. We believe that this relationship provides a means by which early cells obtain the nutrients necessary for early differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:903969", "title": "The relation between size of motoneurons and their position in the cat spinal cord.", "content": "Experiments were performed to test whether motoneurons in the plantaris and medial gastrocnemius muscles of the cat are arranged in the spinal cord according to their sizes. It was found that motoneurons are randomly distributed with respect to size in their motor nuclei. Evidence is also presented that motoneuron density in these pools is irregular, and that there is considerable variability of position of medial gastrocnemius and plantaris motor pools from animal to animal.", "contents": "The relation between size of motoneurons and their position in the cat spinal cord. Experiments were performed to test whether motoneurons in the plantaris and medial gastrocnemius muscles of the cat are arranged in the spinal cord according to their sizes. It was found that motoneurons are randomly distributed with respect to size in their motor nuclei. Evidence is also presented that motoneuron density in these pools is irregular, and that there is considerable variability of position of medial gastrocnemius and plantaris motor pools from animal to animal."}
{"id": "PMID:903983", "title": "The concept of cellular evolution.", "content": "A central evolutionary question is whether the eucaryotic cytoplasm represents a line of descent that is separate from the typical bacterial line. It is argued on the basis of differences between their respective translation mechanisms that the two lines do represent separate phylogenetic trees in the sense that each line of descent independently evolved to a level of organization that could be called procaryotic. The two lines of descent, nevertheless shared a common ancestor, that was far simpler than the procaryote. This primitive entity is called a progenote, to recognize the possibility that it had not yet completed evolving the link between genotype and phenotype. This concept changes considerably the view one takes toward cellular evolution.", "contents": "The concept of cellular evolution. A central evolutionary question is whether the eucaryotic cytoplasm represents a line of descent that is separate from the typical bacterial line. It is argued on the basis of differences between their respective translation mechanisms that the two lines do represent separate phylogenetic trees in the sense that each line of descent independently evolved to a level of organization that could be called procaryotic. The two lines of descent, nevertheless shared a common ancestor, that was far simpler than the procaryote. This primitive entity is called a progenote, to recognize the possibility that it had not yet completed evolving the link between genotype and phenotype. This concept changes considerably the view one takes toward cellular evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:903986", "title": "Polymerization of alanine in the presence of a non-swelling montmorillonite.", "content": "Alanine, starting from alanine-adenylate, has been polymerized in the presence of non-swelling Al-montmorillonite. The yield of polymerization is much lower than that obtained in the presence of swelling Na-montmorillonite. The possibility that the changing interlayer spacing in Na-montmorillonite might be responsible for its catalytic properties, is discussed.", "contents": "Polymerization of alanine in the presence of a non-swelling montmorillonite. Alanine, starting from alanine-adenylate, has been polymerized in the presence of non-swelling Al-montmorillonite. The yield of polymerization is much lower than that obtained in the presence of swelling Na-montmorillonite. The possibility that the changing interlayer spacing in Na-montmorillonite might be responsible for its catalytic properties, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:903987", "title": "Evolutionary adaptability of biological macromolecules.", "content": "The degree of gradualism with which tertiary structure and function of protein changes with stepwise changes in primary structure (assumed to be influenced by redundancy of weak bonding) is both a precondition for and consequence of evolution. The resulting selection for degree of gradualism has implications for a number of structural and functional properties of modern proteins as well as for the significance of neutral (so-called non-Darwinian) phenomena in relation to selection.", "contents": "Evolutionary adaptability of biological macromolecules. The degree of gradualism with which tertiary structure and function of protein changes with stepwise changes in primary structure (assumed to be influenced by redundancy of weak bonding) is both a precondition for and consequence of evolution. The resulting selection for degree of gradualism has implications for a number of structural and functional properties of modern proteins as well as for the significance of neutral (so-called non-Darwinian) phenomena in relation to selection."}
{"id": "PMID:903989", "title": "Cytologic evaluation of breast fluid in the detection of breast disease.", "content": "The availability and cell content of aspirated breast fluid from 1,706 women were evaluated to determine the usefulness of breast fluid cytology as an indicator of breast disease. A newly developed aspirator was used to obtain cells adequate for diagnosis from approximately 50% of the women tested. Fluids were most readily available from women between the ages of 30 and 50 years. Although abnormal cytologies were observed in all age groups, the relative proportion of abnormal specimens as well as the degree of abnormality increased as a function of age. More women over 40 years of age with a high risk of breast cancer had cells classified in the more abnormal categories than did women in the normal risk group. To localize otherwise occult lesions, contrast ductography was performed on all women with very abnormal ductal cells. Women with atypical hyperplastic cytologies most commonly had benign and premalignant breast disease at subsequent biopsy. Of 27 women with fluids classified as suspected carcinomas 18 (66%) had small carcinomas. These observations strongly suggested that the presence of atypical cells in aspirated breast fluids has important clinical application for early detection of breast cancer. One limitation of cytology was that the technique rarely detected carcinomas greater than 1 cm.", "contents": "Cytologic evaluation of breast fluid in the detection of breast disease. The availability and cell content of aspirated breast fluid from 1,706 women were evaluated to determine the usefulness of breast fluid cytology as an indicator of breast disease. A newly developed aspirator was used to obtain cells adequate for diagnosis from approximately 50% of the women tested. Fluids were most readily available from women between the ages of 30 and 50 years. Although abnormal cytologies were observed in all age groups, the relative proportion of abnormal specimens as well as the degree of abnormality increased as a function of age. More women over 40 years of age with a high risk of breast cancer had cells classified in the more abnormal categories than did women in the normal risk group. To localize otherwise occult lesions, contrast ductography was performed on all women with very abnormal ductal cells. Women with atypical hyperplastic cytologies most commonly had benign and premalignant breast disease at subsequent biopsy. Of 27 women with fluids classified as suspected carcinomas 18 (66%) had small carcinomas. These observations strongly suggested that the presence of atypical cells in aspirated breast fluids has important clinical application for early detection of breast cancer. One limitation of cytology was that the technique rarely detected carcinomas greater than 1 cm."}
{"id": "PMID:903991", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibition in patients with Ewing's sarcoma by 3-M potassium chloride extracts of fresh and tissue-cultured Ewing's sarcomas.", "content": "Leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assays were performed to detect cell-mediated immune reactions against tumor-associated antigens (TAA) of Ewing's sarcoma. With the use of crude antigen preparations obtained by 3M KCl extractions of fresh Ewing's sarcoma or of tissue culture cells derived from a pleural effusion of a Ewing's sarcoma patient, assays were performed with leukocytes from these patients, patients with other cancers, and normal donors. The results demonstrated approximately 60% or greater positive LMI reactivity in Ewing's sarcoma patients, as compared to less than 10% reactivity of normal donors, with the use of extracts of either fresh or tissue-cultured Ewing's sarcoma cells. A lower proportion of positive reactivity was observed in patients with breast and lung cancer. Further specificity tests indicated that a smaller proportion of patients with Ewing's sarcoma had LMI reactivity with KCl extracts of tissue-cultured cells derived from breast cancer of fresh lung cancer cells than did patients with the homologous disease. The results indicate that many patients with Ewing's sarcoma have cell-mediated immunity toward TAA on Ewing's sarcomas. Inasmuch as all the LMI assay were performed with allogeneic extracts, the data also suggested that different Ewing's sarcomas possess common antigens and that some breast and lung cancers may share some TAA with Ewing's sarcoma.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibition in patients with Ewing's sarcoma by 3-M potassium chloride extracts of fresh and tissue-cultured Ewing's sarcomas. Leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assays were performed to detect cell-mediated immune reactions against tumor-associated antigens (TAA) of Ewing's sarcoma. With the use of crude antigen preparations obtained by 3M KCl extractions of fresh Ewing's sarcoma or of tissue culture cells derived from a pleural effusion of a Ewing's sarcoma patient, assays were performed with leukocytes from these patients, patients with other cancers, and normal donors. The results demonstrated approximately 60% or greater positive LMI reactivity in Ewing's sarcoma patients, as compared to less than 10% reactivity of normal donors, with the use of extracts of either fresh or tissue-cultured Ewing's sarcoma cells. A lower proportion of positive reactivity was observed in patients with breast and lung cancer. Further specificity tests indicated that a smaller proportion of patients with Ewing's sarcoma had LMI reactivity with KCl extracts of tissue-cultured cells derived from breast cancer of fresh lung cancer cells than did patients with the homologous disease. The results indicate that many patients with Ewing's sarcoma have cell-mediated immunity toward TAA on Ewing's sarcomas. Inasmuch as all the LMI assay were performed with allogeneic extracts, the data also suggested that different Ewing's sarcomas possess common antigens and that some breast and lung cancers may share some TAA with Ewing's sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:903992", "title": "Cancer in asbestos-mining and other areas of Quebec.", "content": "Employing incidence data from the Quebec Tumor Registry, we examined the relative risks of cancer of all sites for the years 1969-73 in the asbestos-mining, rural, and metropolitan counties of Quebec Province, Canada. Generally, rates for males exceeded those for females, and the relative risks in the asbestos-mining counties for 7-10 different sites of cancer, all of low incidence, were from 1.50 to 8.08 times those of other rural counties of the Province for both sexes. Metropolitan counties exhibited equally high risk for many of these sites. We discovered higher risks among males in asbestos-mining counties for cancer of the pleura, peritoneum, lip, tongue, salivary gland, mouth, and small intestine and higher risks among females for cancer of the pleura, lip, kidney, salivary gland, and for melanoma. Because of the likelihood of a long latent period for asbestos-related cancers, the risks we observed were possibly the product of since-altered occupational and environmental conditions existing 20-30 years ago in the asbestos-mining areas. The similarities in risks for most cancers in asbestos-mining and urban areas were noteworthy.", "contents": "Cancer in asbestos-mining and other areas of Quebec. Employing incidence data from the Quebec Tumor Registry, we examined the relative risks of cancer of all sites for the years 1969-73 in the asbestos-mining, rural, and metropolitan counties of Quebec Province, Canada. Generally, rates for males exceeded those for females, and the relative risks in the asbestos-mining counties for 7-10 different sites of cancer, all of low incidence, were from 1.50 to 8.08 times those of other rural counties of the Province for both sexes. Metropolitan counties exhibited equally high risk for many of these sites. We discovered higher risks among males in asbestos-mining counties for cancer of the pleura, peritoneum, lip, tongue, salivary gland, mouth, and small intestine and higher risks among females for cancer of the pleura, lip, kidney, salivary gland, and for melanoma. Because of the likelihood of a long latent period for asbestos-related cancers, the risks we observed were possibly the product of since-altered occupational and environmental conditions existing 20-30 years ago in the asbestos-mining areas. The similarities in risks for most cancers in asbestos-mining and urban areas were noteworthy."}
{"id": "PMID:903993", "title": "Associations of cancer site and type with occupation and industry from the Third National Cancer Survey Interview.", "content": "From the Third National Cancer Survey (TNCS) Interview Study of 7,518 incident cases, lifetime histories of occupations and industries were studied for associations with specific cancer sites and types while controlling for age, sex, race, education, use of cigarettes or alcohol, and geographic location. Lung cancer patients were found more often than expected among several categories including trucking, air transportation, wholesaling, painting, building construction, building maintenance, and manufacturing (furniture, transportation equipment, and food products). Controlling for cigarette smoking did not change these associations. Leukemia and multiple myeloma were associated with sales personnel of both sexes, whereas lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease were excessive among women working in the medical industry. Other associations included rectal cancer with several retail industries; prostate cancer with ministers, farmers, plumbers, and coal miners; malignant melanoma with school teachers; and invasive cervical cancer with women working in hotels and restaurants. Breast cancer patients were more common among women who were teachers or other professionals and who worked in business and finance (even after controlling for education). Many other findings are presented in detailed tables. Results are reported mainly as a research resource for use by other investigators doing work in this field. Suggestions are given for future studies.", "contents": "Associations of cancer site and type with occupation and industry from the Third National Cancer Survey Interview. From the Third National Cancer Survey (TNCS) Interview Study of 7,518 incident cases, lifetime histories of occupations and industries were studied for associations with specific cancer sites and types while controlling for age, sex, race, education, use of cigarettes or alcohol, and geographic location. Lung cancer patients were found more often than expected among several categories including trucking, air transportation, wholesaling, painting, building construction, building maintenance, and manufacturing (furniture, transportation equipment, and food products). Controlling for cigarette smoking did not change these associations. Leukemia and multiple myeloma were associated with sales personnel of both sexes, whereas lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease were excessive among women working in the medical industry. Other associations included rectal cancer with several retail industries; prostate cancer with ministers, farmers, plumbers, and coal miners; malignant melanoma with school teachers; and invasive cervical cancer with women working in hotels and restaurants. Breast cancer patients were more common among women who were teachers or other professionals and who worked in business and finance (even after controlling for education). Many other findings are presented in detailed tables. Results are reported mainly as a research resource for use by other investigators doing work in this field. Suggestions are given for future studies."}
{"id": "PMID:903994", "title": "Virus-like particles in placentas from normal individuals and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Nineteen human placentas, obtained from 9 normal women and 10 women with diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), were extensively examined by electron microscopy for the presence of virus-like particles. Free and budding viral forms were found in the placentas of 4 of the normal women and 3 of the women with SLE. In every case, these virus-like particles were found in the basal infoldings of the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the chorionic villi. These particles could be distinguished from typical mammalian type C viruses by the absence of a space between the envelope and the nucleocapsid.", "contents": "Virus-like particles in placentas from normal individuals and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nineteen human placentas, obtained from 9 normal women and 10 women with diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), were extensively examined by electron microscopy for the presence of virus-like particles. Free and budding viral forms were found in the placentas of 4 of the normal women and 3 of the women with SLE. In every case, these virus-like particles were found in the basal infoldings of the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the chorionic villi. These particles could be distinguished from typical mammalian type C viruses by the absence of a space between the envelope and the nucleocapsid."}
{"id": "PMID:903995", "title": "Cell kinetics in vivo and in vitro for C3H/He spontaneous mammary tumors.", "content": "Cell kinetics in spontaneous C3H/HeJ mammary tumors of retired-breeder mice was studied by in vivo and in vitro techniques. The [3H]TdR labeling index (LI), the DNA synthesis time (TS), and the primer-dependent DNA polymerase assay LI [an in vitro estimate of tumor growth fraction (GF)] were compared to similar measurements made in vivo. These measurements as well as the calculated cell kinetic parameters derived from these data were not different in in vivo and in vitro studies. Furthermore, the cell kinetic parameters in tumors classified histologically as type A or type B mammary tumors were also similar. Although considerable variation in volume doubling times (Td's), [3H]TdR LI's, potential doubling times, cell cycle times (Tc's), and cell loss was found, Ts's were similar in all mammary tumors. No correlation between tumor volume or tumor weight and cell kinetic parameters was seen. However, the most slowly growing tumors (i.e., tumors with the longest Td's) tended to have the lowest [3H]TdR LI's, the longest Tc's, and the highest cell loss factors. No correlation was found between the GF and Td. However, tumors with the most rapidly proliferating cell populations tended to have the highest GF's.", "contents": "Cell kinetics in vivo and in vitro for C3H/He spontaneous mammary tumors. Cell kinetics in spontaneous C3H/HeJ mammary tumors of retired-breeder mice was studied by in vivo and in vitro techniques. The [3H]TdR labeling index (LI), the DNA synthesis time (TS), and the primer-dependent DNA polymerase assay LI [an in vitro estimate of tumor growth fraction (GF)] were compared to similar measurements made in vivo. These measurements as well as the calculated cell kinetic parameters derived from these data were not different in in vivo and in vitro studies. Furthermore, the cell kinetic parameters in tumors classified histologically as type A or type B mammary tumors were also similar. Although considerable variation in volume doubling times (Td's), [3H]TdR LI's, potential doubling times, cell cycle times (Tc's), and cell loss was found, Ts's were similar in all mammary tumors. No correlation between tumor volume or tumor weight and cell kinetic parameters was seen. However, the most slowly growing tumors (i.e., tumors with the longest Td's) tended to have the lowest [3H]TdR LI's, the longest Tc's, and the highest cell loss factors. No correlation was found between the GF and Td. However, tumors with the most rapidly proliferating cell populations tended to have the highest GF's."}
{"id": "PMID:903996", "title": "Immune responses to mouse neuroblastoma C1300. I. Preliminary observations on cell-mediated immune responses.", "content": "In vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) for [3H]proline-labeled target cells was demonstrated with the use of unfractionated populations of regional lymph node, spleen, and peritoneal cells (RLNC's, SPC's, PC's, respectively) from C57BL/6 and strain A mice. Syngeneic and allogeneic hosts were immunized sc or ip with C1300 tumor or syngeneic SPC's. The syngeneic and allogeneic host effector lymphoid cells showed various degrees of cytotoxicity for C1300 target cells 3-9 days after one immunization with C1300, whereas the effector lymphoid cells of hosts immunized with syngeneic SPC's generally showed less CMC for C1300 and frequently increased the growth of C1300 target cells when compared to C1300 targets plus media controls. Effector cells obtained from lymphoid organs in the region nearest the immunization (i.e., RLNC from sc-inoculated hosts) demonstrated significantly more CMC than did effector cells from more remote lymphoid organs. The PC's and SPC's of C1300 ip hyperimmunized allogeneic hosts produced greater CMC than did those of mice immunized once. This was not observed if syngeneic C1300 or SPC's were used as hyperimmunizing antigens. The CMC of nonimmunized host effector lymphoid cells for syngeneic labeled target cells was demonstrated.", "contents": "Immune responses to mouse neuroblastoma C1300. I. Preliminary observations on cell-mediated immune responses. In vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) for [3H]proline-labeled target cells was demonstrated with the use of unfractionated populations of regional lymph node, spleen, and peritoneal cells (RLNC's, SPC's, PC's, respectively) from C57BL/6 and strain A mice. Syngeneic and allogeneic hosts were immunized sc or ip with C1300 tumor or syngeneic SPC's. The syngeneic and allogeneic host effector lymphoid cells showed various degrees of cytotoxicity for C1300 target cells 3-9 days after one immunization with C1300, whereas the effector lymphoid cells of hosts immunized with syngeneic SPC's generally showed less CMC for C1300 and frequently increased the growth of C1300 target cells when compared to C1300 targets plus media controls. Effector cells obtained from lymphoid organs in the region nearest the immunization (i.e., RLNC from sc-inoculated hosts) demonstrated significantly more CMC than did effector cells from more remote lymphoid organs. The PC's and SPC's of C1300 ip hyperimmunized allogeneic hosts produced greater CMC than did those of mice immunized once. This was not observed if syngeneic C1300 or SPC's were used as hyperimmunizing antigens. The CMC of nonimmunized host effector lymphoid cells for syngeneic labeled target cells was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:903998", "title": "In vitro reactivity of macrophages and lymphocytes from ultraviolet-irradiated mice.", "content": "In these experiments we examined the ability of lymphocytes and macrophages from UV-treated mice of the inbred strain C3H/HeN(MTV-) to respond in vitro to nonspecific stimuli. Spleen and lymph node cells from UV-treated mice exhibited blastogenic responses to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide that were equal to those of lymphoid cells from normal animals. Neither the induction of peritoneal exudate cells by inflammatory agents nor the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was affected by UV irradiation. Furthermore, no reduction occurred in the in vitro tumoricidal capacity of peritoneal macrophages from UV-treated mice after in vitro activation with xenogeneic lymphokines or endotoxin. We concluded that chronic UV irradiation does not lead to a generalized suppression of the immune system in mice.", "contents": "In vitro reactivity of macrophages and lymphocytes from ultraviolet-irradiated mice. In these experiments we examined the ability of lymphocytes and macrophages from UV-treated mice of the inbred strain C3H/HeN(MTV-) to respond in vitro to nonspecific stimuli. Spleen and lymph node cells from UV-treated mice exhibited blastogenic responses to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide that were equal to those of lymphoid cells from normal animals. Neither the induction of peritoneal exudate cells by inflammatory agents nor the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was affected by UV irradiation. Furthermore, no reduction occurred in the in vitro tumoricidal capacity of peritoneal macrophages from UV-treated mice after in vitro activation with xenogeneic lymphokines or endotoxin. We concluded that chronic UV irradiation does not lead to a generalized suppression of the immune system in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:903999", "title": "Analysis of thymidine kinase activity and glucocorticoid-binding capacity in the thymuses of healthy and tumor-bearing chickens.", "content": "Thymidine kinase activity in the lymphoid organs of healthy and tumor-bearing chickens was studied after hydrocortisone or dexamethasone treatment. Glucocorticoid hormones (10 mg/100 g body wt) administered twice in 48 hours resulted in an 80% decrease in thymidine kinase activity in the thymuses of healthy chickens, whereas birds with transplantable MC 29 chicken hepatoma failed to respond to the hormones. In the bursae of Fabricius of healthy or tumor-bearing chickens, thymidine kinase activity did not change considerably after administration of hydrocortisone or dexamethasone. The steroid-binding capacity in cellfree systems prepared from thymuses of tumor-bearing birds was significantly decreased. Thus the difference in steroid-binding capacity between thymuses of healthy and tumor-bearing chickens correlated well with, and could account for, the failure of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone to reduce the thymidine kinase level in tumor-bearing birds.", "contents": "Analysis of thymidine kinase activity and glucocorticoid-binding capacity in the thymuses of healthy and tumor-bearing chickens. Thymidine kinase activity in the lymphoid organs of healthy and tumor-bearing chickens was studied after hydrocortisone or dexamethasone treatment. Glucocorticoid hormones (10 mg/100 g body wt) administered twice in 48 hours resulted in an 80% decrease in thymidine kinase activity in the thymuses of healthy chickens, whereas birds with transplantable MC 29 chicken hepatoma failed to respond to the hormones. In the bursae of Fabricius of healthy or tumor-bearing chickens, thymidine kinase activity did not change considerably after administration of hydrocortisone or dexamethasone. The steroid-binding capacity in cellfree systems prepared from thymuses of tumor-bearing birds was significantly decreased. Thus the difference in steroid-binding capacity between thymuses of healthy and tumor-bearing chickens correlated well with, and could account for, the failure of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone to reduce the thymidine kinase level in tumor-bearing birds."}
{"id": "PMID:904000", "title": "Maintenance of ectopic chorionic gonadotropin and alpha subunit secretion by a human lung cancer cell line (ChaGo) transplanted into nude mice.", "content": "ChaGo cells, derived from a human primary carcinoma of the lung, were successfully transplanted into nude mice without any change in morphologic characteristics over four generations and with continued ectopic secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and HCG alpha subunit (HCG-alpha). The concentration of free HCG-alpha was 1,100-fold higher than that of complete HCG in the original ChaGo culture medium but only 35-fold higher in nude mouse plasma, possibly due to slower metabolic clearance of complete HCG. Tumor weights correlated with plasma HCG-alpha but not with HCG. Tumor-bearing mice had significantly heavier uteri than did control mice.", "contents": "Maintenance of ectopic chorionic gonadotropin and alpha subunit secretion by a human lung cancer cell line (ChaGo) transplanted into nude mice. ChaGo cells, derived from a human primary carcinoma of the lung, were successfully transplanted into nude mice without any change in morphologic characteristics over four generations and with continued ectopic secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and HCG alpha subunit (HCG-alpha). The concentration of free HCG-alpha was 1,100-fold higher than that of complete HCG in the original ChaGo culture medium but only 35-fold higher in nude mouse plasma, possibly due to slower metabolic clearance of complete HCG. Tumor weights correlated with plasma HCG-alpha but not with HCG. Tumor-bearing mice had significantly heavier uteri than did control mice."}
{"id": "PMID:904001", "title": "Cellular and humoral immunity to leukemia cells in BCG-induced growth control of a murine leukemia.", "content": "The antitumor effects of weekly iv injections of 1.0 mg BCG and/or sc injections of 10(7) irradiated leukemia cells were studied in an isogeneic, transplantable lymphoid leukemia in the C57BL/6 mouse. The injections were started at day 1 after ip inoculation of 10(5) leukemia cells. BCG prolonged the survival time of most animals and cured 22%. BCG plus irradiated cells cured only about 10% of the mice, and irradiated cells alone had no curative effect. Individual tumor-bearing mice in the various experimental groups were examined with respect to ascites tumor cell number; complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies in sera; direct and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity to tumor cells of lymphoid cells from peritoneal fluid, the spleen, and peripheral lymph nodes; and the cytology of ascites, the spleen, and lymph nodes. Only the antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (ADLMC) was correlated with the ascites tumor cell number, since the ADLMC was high only in mice with a tumor cell number less than that of the controls. Furthermore, since mice with a low tumor cell number had predominantly only lymphocytes as the nonmalignant cell type in their peritoneal fluid, ADLMC may have had an important role in BCG-induced control of tumor growth.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral immunity to leukemia cells in BCG-induced growth control of a murine leukemia. The antitumor effects of weekly iv injections of 1.0 mg BCG and/or sc injections of 10(7) irradiated leukemia cells were studied in an isogeneic, transplantable lymphoid leukemia in the C57BL/6 mouse. The injections were started at day 1 after ip inoculation of 10(5) leukemia cells. BCG prolonged the survival time of most animals and cured 22%. BCG plus irradiated cells cured only about 10% of the mice, and irradiated cells alone had no curative effect. Individual tumor-bearing mice in the various experimental groups were examined with respect to ascites tumor cell number; complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies in sera; direct and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity to tumor cells of lymphoid cells from peritoneal fluid, the spleen, and peripheral lymph nodes; and the cytology of ascites, the spleen, and lymph nodes. Only the antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (ADLMC) was correlated with the ascites tumor cell number, since the ADLMC was high only in mice with a tumor cell number less than that of the controls. Furthermore, since mice with a low tumor cell number had predominantly only lymphocytes as the nonmalignant cell type in their peritoneal fluid, ADLMC may have had an important role in BCG-induced control of tumor growth."}
{"id": "PMID:904002", "title": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in X-irradiation-induced adenocarcinoma of the rat small bowel. I. Measurement of target cell destruction by release of radioiodinated membrane proteins: brief communication.", "content": "A cell-mediated immune response as denoted by lymphocyte cytotoxicity was detected in Holtzman rats with X-irradiation-induced adenocarcinomas of the small bowel. Cytotoxicity was measured by target cell destruction as determined by release of intracellular 51Cr or radioiodinated (125I) membrane proteins. The radioiodination assay possessed an important advantage over the 51Cr technique in that the radiolabel was spontaneously lost slowly, thus permitting long-term studies.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in X-irradiation-induced adenocarcinoma of the rat small bowel. I. Measurement of target cell destruction by release of radioiodinated membrane proteins: brief communication. A cell-mediated immune response as denoted by lymphocyte cytotoxicity was detected in Holtzman rats with X-irradiation-induced adenocarcinomas of the small bowel. Cytotoxicity was measured by target cell destruction as determined by release of intracellular 51Cr or radioiodinated (125I) membrane proteins. The radioiodination assay possessed an important advantage over the 51Cr technique in that the radiolabel was spontaneously lost slowly, thus permitting long-term studies."}
{"id": "PMID:904003", "title": "Cytotoxicity inhibition assay: cryopreservation and standardization: brief communication.", "content": "The cytotoxicity inhibition assay is an extremely useful tool for examination of the specificity of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. With this demonstration of cryopreservation of the attacker, target, and inhibitor cells, a powerful new tool is available for the standardization of this assay to better examine the specificity of cytotoxicity assays. Not only can cryopreservation be used to standardize the assay within a single laboratory, but also reagents may now be exchanged between laboratories to better understand the differences in cell-mediated cytotoxicity as observed by different investigators.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity inhibition assay: cryopreservation and standardization: brief communication. The cytotoxicity inhibition assay is an extremely useful tool for examination of the specificity of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. With this demonstration of cryopreservation of the attacker, target, and inhibitor cells, a powerful new tool is available for the standardization of this assay to better examine the specificity of cytotoxicity assays. Not only can cryopreservation be used to standardize the assay within a single laboratory, but also reagents may now be exchanged between laboratories to better understand the differences in cell-mediated cytotoxicity as observed by different investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:904004", "title": "Construction of a DBA/2.Fv-2r congenic strain. Apparent lethality of the homozygous Fv-2r genotype: brief communication.", "content": "From the (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 cross, 13 serial backcrosses to the DBA/2 parental mouse strain were bred with selection by progeny testing in each generation for the Fv-2s/Fv-2r heterozygous genotype. Intercrossing heterozygotes of the 13th backcross generation produced no Fv-2r/Fv-2r homozygotes. Homozygosity for the Fv-2r allele thus appeared to be lethal on a DBA/2 background and in the absence of protector gene(s) of the C57BL strain.", "contents": "Construction of a DBA/2.Fv-2r congenic strain. Apparent lethality of the homozygous Fv-2r genotype: brief communication. From the (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 cross, 13 serial backcrosses to the DBA/2 parental mouse strain were bred with selection by progeny testing in each generation for the Fv-2s/Fv-2r heterozygous genotype. Intercrossing heterozygotes of the 13th backcross generation produced no Fv-2r/Fv-2r homozygotes. Homozygosity for the Fv-2r allele thus appeared to be lethal on a DBA/2 background and in the absence of protector gene(s) of the C57BL strain."}
{"id": "PMID:904005", "title": "Traditional admissions variables as predictors of minority students' performance in medical school. A cause for concern.", "content": "This study explored the relationship between traditional admissions criteria, performance in the first semester of medical school, and performance on the National Board of Medical Examiners' (NBME) Examination, Part 1 for minority medical students, non-minority medical students, and the two groups combined. Correlational analysis and step-wise multiple regression procedures were used as the analysis techniques. A different pattern of admissions variables related to National Board Part 1 performance for the two groups. The General Information section of the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) contributed the most variance for the minority student group. MCAT-Science contributed the most variance for the non-minority student group. MCATs accounted for a substantial portion of the variance on the National Board examination.", "contents": "Traditional admissions variables as predictors of minority students' performance in medical school. A cause for concern. This study explored the relationship between traditional admissions criteria, performance in the first semester of medical school, and performance on the National Board of Medical Examiners' (NBME) Examination, Part 1 for minority medical students, non-minority medical students, and the two groups combined. Correlational analysis and step-wise multiple regression procedures were used as the analysis techniques. A different pattern of admissions variables related to National Board Part 1 performance for the two groups. The General Information section of the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) contributed the most variance for the minority student group. MCAT-Science contributed the most variance for the non-minority student group. MCATs accounted for a substantial portion of the variance on the National Board examination."}
{"id": "PMID:904006", "title": "A description of Walter Reed Army Medical Center's in-patient psychiatric service population 1973 to 1975.", "content": "A three-year evaluation of demographic and diagnostic patterns in a large Army psychiatric in-patient facility is described. Active duty personnel accounted for 83.6 percent of patient episodes. No simple catchment area could be defined for this facility. Active duty patient episodes tended to be with younger, junior enlisted men whose sicknesses were most frequently diagnosed as schizophrenia. The diseases of blacks were diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenia more frequently than in whites. Latent schizophrenia or undifferentiated schizophrenia were diagnosed more frequently in whites than in blacks. The illnesses of active duty female military personnel were more frequently diagnosed as neurotic than as schizophrenic. Of the patient episodes during the three-year period, 12.1 percent were about dependents. They were usually the wives of older, senior enlisted men or senior officers and they stayed an average of 12 days in the hospital. On the other hand, 4.3 percent of the patient episodes were about retired personnel. They came from Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) as did their dependents, and the most frequent diagnosis was alcoholism. Their median stay was 15 days. Subsequent studies will attempt to further clarify these initial findings.", "contents": "A description of Walter Reed Army Medical Center's in-patient psychiatric service population 1973 to 1975. A three-year evaluation of demographic and diagnostic patterns in a large Army psychiatric in-patient facility is described. Active duty personnel accounted for 83.6 percent of patient episodes. No simple catchment area could be defined for this facility. Active duty patient episodes tended to be with younger, junior enlisted men whose sicknesses were most frequently diagnosed as schizophrenia. The diseases of blacks were diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenia more frequently than in whites. Latent schizophrenia or undifferentiated schizophrenia were diagnosed more frequently in whites than in blacks. The illnesses of active duty female military personnel were more frequently diagnosed as neurotic than as schizophrenic. Of the patient episodes during the three-year period, 12.1 percent were about dependents. They were usually the wives of older, senior enlisted men or senior officers and they stayed an average of 12 days in the hospital. On the other hand, 4.3 percent of the patient episodes were about retired personnel. They came from Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) as did their dependents, and the most frequent diagnosis was alcoholism. Their median stay was 15 days. Subsequent studies will attempt to further clarify these initial findings."}
{"id": "PMID:904007", "title": "Diploid/tetraploid mosaicism in the offspring of a 46XX/47XXX mosaic mother.", "content": "A 10\u00bd-year-old boy with an IQ of 71, short stature, and isolated growth hormone deficiency was found to have diploid/tetraploid mosaicism. He was born to a 46xx/47xxx mosaic mother. The mother was found to be moderately mentally retarded but showed no other abnormalities. A review of literature pertinent to this case is presented.", "contents": "Diploid/tetraploid mosaicism in the offspring of a 46XX/47XXX mosaic mother. A 10\u00bd-year-old boy with an IQ of 71, short stature, and isolated growth hormone deficiency was found to have diploid/tetraploid mosaicism. He was born to a 46xx/47xxx mosaic mother. The mother was found to be moderately mentally retarded but showed no other abnormalities. A review of literature pertinent to this case is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:904008", "title": "Polycystic kidney disease at Howard University Hospital.", "content": "Adult polycystic kidney disease treatment at Howard University Hospital is summarized. The cases are taken from autopsies performed between January 1955 and November 1975 and from the Hospital's dialysis population. Polycystic kidney disease was identified in six adults and four infants. Only two dialysis patients were clinically thought to have the disease. A review of the major clinical features of the disease is presented.", "contents": "Polycystic kidney disease at Howard University Hospital. Adult polycystic kidney disease treatment at Howard University Hospital is summarized. The cases are taken from autopsies performed between January 1955 and November 1975 and from the Hospital's dialysis population. Polycystic kidney disease was identified in six adults and four infants. Only two dialysis patients were clinically thought to have the disease. A review of the major clinical features of the disease is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:904010", "title": "Pleural effusion in sickle cell disease.", "content": "Pneumococcal and mycoplasma infection of the lung or pleura, infarction of lung or pleura, local abscess below the diaphragm, and heart, kidney, or pancreas involvement are among the many causes of pleural effusion. Several of these have an increased likelihood of occurrence in sickle cell disease as a direct consequence of sicklemia or of the functional asplenia which develops. A patient is presented in whom many of these considerations arose.", "contents": "Pleural effusion in sickle cell disease. Pneumococcal and mycoplasma infection of the lung or pleura, infarction of lung or pleura, local abscess below the diaphragm, and heart, kidney, or pancreas involvement are among the many causes of pleural effusion. Several of these have an increased likelihood of occurrence in sickle cell disease as a direct consequence of sicklemia or of the functional asplenia which develops. A patient is presented in whom many of these considerations arose."}
{"id": "PMID:904009", "title": "Thyroid diseases in black patients.", "content": "During the 26-year period, January 1, 1950 to December 31, 1975, inclusively, there were 680 thyroidectomies for clinical evidence of primary thyroid disease performed at the Howard University Hospital (0.6 percent of routine surgicals). There were 595 female and 85 male patients (ratio 7:1). All of the patients were black. In the 680 cases, the incidence of carcinoma was 4.6 percent, adenoma 11.3 percent, nodular goiter 51.9 percent, diffuse hyperplasia 21.3 percent, various thyroiditis 7.1 percent, and miscellaneous conditions 3.8 percent. A statistical analysis, together with a brief review of the literature on each entity, will be presented.", "contents": "Thyroid diseases in black patients. During the 26-year period, January 1, 1950 to December 31, 1975, inclusively, there were 680 thyroidectomies for clinical evidence of primary thyroid disease performed at the Howard University Hospital (0.6 percent of routine surgicals). There were 595 female and 85 male patients (ratio 7:1). All of the patients were black. In the 680 cases, the incidence of carcinoma was 4.6 percent, adenoma 11.3 percent, nodular goiter 51.9 percent, diffuse hyperplasia 21.3 percent, various thyroiditis 7.1 percent, and miscellaneous conditions 3.8 percent. A statistical analysis, together with a brief review of the literature on each entity, will be presented."}
{"id": "PMID:904011", "title": "Aspirin for reducing cancer metastases?", "content": "Distant metastases are the principal cause of death from cancer. Many animal experiments in the last 25 years have shown consistently that distant metastases can be significantly reduced by anticoagulants and fibrinolytic agents. Since aspirin inhibits platelet function and increases fibrinolytic activity in humans, it may be effective in preventing metastases in cancer patients. It is suggested that aspirin be offered as an option to cancer patients who are at risk for distant metastases.", "contents": "Aspirin for reducing cancer metastases? Distant metastases are the principal cause of death from cancer. Many animal experiments in the last 25 years have shown consistently that distant metastases can be significantly reduced by anticoagulants and fibrinolytic agents. Since aspirin inhibits platelet function and increases fibrinolytic activity in humans, it may be effective in preventing metastases in cancer patients. It is suggested that aspirin be offered as an option to cancer patients who are at risk for distant metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:904013", "title": "The use of the Zickel device for a malunited subtrochanteric femur fracture.", "content": "Surgical treatment of adult subtrochanteric femur fractures by internal fixation, using the Jewett nail, has been associated with a high degree of major complications. Jewett nail failures in these fractures can produce functionally disabling varus deformities. The Zickel device is an effective means of providing internal fixation following subtrochanteric osteotomy. A case is presented in which the Zickel device was effectively used.", "contents": "The use of the Zickel device for a malunited subtrochanteric femur fracture. Surgical treatment of adult subtrochanteric femur fractures by internal fixation, using the Jewett nail, has been associated with a high degree of major complications. Jewett nail failures in these fractures can produce functionally disabling varus deformities. The Zickel device is an effective means of providing internal fixation following subtrochanteric osteotomy. A case is presented in which the Zickel device was effectively used."}
{"id": "PMID:904014", "title": "Centralized vs. decentralized child mental health services.", "content": "One of the basic tenets of the Community Mental Health Center movement is that services should be provided in the consumers' community. Various centers across the country have attempted to do this in either a centralized or decentralized fashion. Historically, most health services have been provided centrally, a good example being the traditional general hospital with its centralized medical services. Over the years, some of these services have become decentralized to take the form of local health centers, health maintenance organizations, community clinics, etc, and now various large mental health centers are also being broken down into smaller community units. An example of each type of mental health facility is delineated here.", "contents": "Centralized vs. decentralized child mental health services. One of the basic tenets of the Community Mental Health Center movement is that services should be provided in the consumers' community. Various centers across the country have attempted to do this in either a centralized or decentralized fashion. Historically, most health services have been provided centrally, a good example being the traditional general hospital with its centralized medical services. Over the years, some of these services have become decentralized to take the form of local health centers, health maintenance organizations, community clinics, etc, and now various large mental health centers are also being broken down into smaller community units. An example of each type of mental health facility is delineated here."}
{"id": "PMID:904015", "title": "Some problems of sexual growth in adolescent underprivileged unwed black girls.", "content": "The adolescent female experiences many problems associated with sexual growth. These are greatly compounded in underprivileged black girls, particularly the unwed. Meharry Medical College has established comprehensive programs for the management of special health problems involving adolescent girls. This study presents an overview and statistical study of the psychological and psychosocial forces that confront these underprivileged girls.", "contents": "Some problems of sexual growth in adolescent underprivileged unwed black girls. The adolescent female experiences many problems associated with sexual growth. These are greatly compounded in underprivileged black girls, particularly the unwed. Meharry Medical College has established comprehensive programs for the management of special health problems involving adolescent girls. This study presents an overview and statistical study of the psychological and psychosocial forces that confront these underprivileged girls."}
{"id": "PMID:904017", "title": "Bereavement: the role of the family physician.", "content": "Much has been written regarding attitudes of patients, families, and physicians in managing death and subsequent grief reactions. Here at Howard University College of Medicine, we are constantly aware of our educational responsibility to insure that our students and residents achieve certain levels of awareness, acquire certain basic and specific information, and be afforded an opportunity to ventilate and discuss issues of death, dying, and bereavement as they relate to their current or future encounters with patients and their families. We are specifically interested in the roles and responsibilities of the family physician.", "contents": "Bereavement: the role of the family physician. Much has been written regarding attitudes of patients, families, and physicians in managing death and subsequent grief reactions. Here at Howard University College of Medicine, we are constantly aware of our educational responsibility to insure that our students and residents achieve certain levels of awareness, acquire certain basic and specific information, and be afforded an opportunity to ventilate and discuss issues of death, dying, and bereavement as they relate to their current or future encounters with patients and their families. We are specifically interested in the roles and responsibilities of the family physician."}
{"id": "PMID:904016", "title": "An approach to the evaluation of hemostasis.", "content": "Effective hemostasis may be adequately and quickly evaluated using tests that are readily available in the usual hospital laboratory. This evaluation includes peripheral smear for platelet morphology and number, platelet count, bleeding time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and clot retraction. Normal results of these tests exclude all but the mildest disturbances of hemostasis.", "contents": "An approach to the evaluation of hemostasis. Effective hemostasis may be adequately and quickly evaluated using tests that are readily available in the usual hospital laboratory. This evaluation includes peripheral smear for platelet morphology and number, platelet count, bleeding time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and clot retraction. Normal results of these tests exclude all but the mildest disturbances of hemostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:904018", "title": "Vagotomy for relief of pain in some upper gastrointestinal neoplasms.", "content": "At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, upper gastrointestinal neoplasms are usually seen very late when they have become unresectable. The resectable upper gastrointestinal neoplasms seen in this institution are less than ten percent of all the cases seen. The reasons for such delay before presentation are ignorance and fear of hospitals.Following an editorial by Merendino,(1) a study was conducted on ten patients who had inoperable upper gastrointestinal neoplasms. Even though the assessment of pain sensation has many variables, and there is a significant suggestive effect in any pain-relieving procedure, it is felt that vagotomy combined with any indicated diversion procedures definitely reduces the pain associated with terminal upper gastrointestinal neoplasms, while not affecting patient mortality.", "contents": "Vagotomy for relief of pain in some upper gastrointestinal neoplasms. At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, upper gastrointestinal neoplasms are usually seen very late when they have become unresectable. The resectable upper gastrointestinal neoplasms seen in this institution are less than ten percent of all the cases seen. The reasons for such delay before presentation are ignorance and fear of hospitals.Following an editorial by Merendino,(1) a study was conducted on ten patients who had inoperable upper gastrointestinal neoplasms. Even though the assessment of pain sensation has many variables, and there is a significant suggestive effect in any pain-relieving procedure, it is felt that vagotomy combined with any indicated diversion procedures definitely reduces the pain associated with terminal upper gastrointestinal neoplasms, while not affecting patient mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:904019", "title": "High pressure injection injury of the hand.", "content": "Attention is called to the importance of prompt and adequate treatment of high pressure injection injury of the hand.", "contents": "High pressure injection injury of the hand. Attention is called to the importance of prompt and adequate treatment of high pressure injection injury of the hand."}
{"id": "PMID:904022", "title": "Localization of minor protein components of the head of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "The bacteriophage T4 capsid contains a number of minor proteins that are required for head assembly but whose detailed function and position in the head are unknown. We have found that by systematically varying the conditions of extraction, some of these minor proteins can be removed while the main capsid structure is left substantially intact. Electron microscopic examination of the residual capsids showed that the extraction of the product of gene 20 is correlated with the loss of a plug that distinguishes one vertex position (presumably the tail attachment site) from the others. Extraction of the product of gene 24 is correlated with the loss of the other 11 (nonproximal) vertexes of the capsid. We further show that antibody to P24 binds specifically to the nonproximal vertexes of both T4 preheads and T4 phages. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that P20 is located at or near the tail attachment site of the capsid, whereas P24 forms the 11 nonproximal vertexes of preheads and P24 forms the nonproximal vertexes of the mature head.", "contents": "Localization of minor protein components of the head of bacteriophage T4. The bacteriophage T4 capsid contains a number of minor proteins that are required for head assembly but whose detailed function and position in the head are unknown. We have found that by systematically varying the conditions of extraction, some of these minor proteins can be removed while the main capsid structure is left substantially intact. Electron microscopic examination of the residual capsids showed that the extraction of the product of gene 20 is correlated with the loss of a plug that distinguishes one vertex position (presumably the tail attachment site) from the others. Extraction of the product of gene 24 is correlated with the loss of the other 11 (nonproximal) vertexes of the capsid. We further show that antibody to P24 binds specifically to the nonproximal vertexes of both T4 preheads and T4 phages. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that P20 is located at or near the tail attachment site of the capsid, whereas P24 forms the 11 nonproximal vertexes of preheads and P24 forms the nonproximal vertexes of the mature head."}
{"id": "PMID:904023", "title": "Role of the T5 gene D15 nuclease in the generation of nicked bacteriophage T5 DNA.", "content": "The processing of newly replicated concatameric T5 DNA into both single stranded DNA changed of unit length and single-stranded fragments of sizes comparable to those found in mature T5 virion DNA occurs in the absence of late T5 protein synthesis. The formation of unit-length, single-stranded DNA chains does not require the early T5 gene D15 nuclease: however, the subsequent formation of the single-stranded fragments does require that the D15 nuclease be functional. A reexamination of the properties of the purified D15 nuclease under a variety of conditions showed that, in addition to functioning as a 5' leads to 3' exonuclease, the enzyme can also introduce endonucleolytic scissions into mature T5 DNA in a reaction that requires duplex T5 DNA and preexisting, single-stranded interruptions.", "contents": "Role of the T5 gene D15 nuclease in the generation of nicked bacteriophage T5 DNA. The processing of newly replicated concatameric T5 DNA into both single stranded DNA changed of unit length and single-stranded fragments of sizes comparable to those found in mature T5 virion DNA occurs in the absence of late T5 protein synthesis. The formation of unit-length, single-stranded DNA chains does not require the early T5 gene D15 nuclease: however, the subsequent formation of the single-stranded fragments does require that the D15 nuclease be functional. A reexamination of the properties of the purified D15 nuclease under a variety of conditions showed that, in addition to functioning as a 5' leads to 3' exonuclease, the enzyme can also introduce endonucleolytic scissions into mature T5 DNA in a reaction that requires duplex T5 DNA and preexisting, single-stranded interruptions."}
{"id": "PMID:904024", "title": "Physical map of the bacteriophage T5 genome based on the cleavage products of the restriction endonucleases SalI, SmaI, BamI, and HpaI.", "content": "A physical map of the bacteriophage T5 genome was constructed by ordering the fragments produced by cleavage of T5 DNA with the restriction endonucleases SalI (4 fragments), SmaI (4 fragments), BamI (5 fragments), and HpaI (28 fragments). The following techniques were used to order the fragments. (i) Digestion of DNA from T5 heat-stable deletion mutants was used to identify fragments located in the deletable region. (ii) Fragments near the ends of the T5 DNA molecule were located by treating T5 DNA with lambda exonuclease before restriction endonuclease cleavage. (iii) Fragments spanning other restriction endonuclease cleavage sites were identified by combined digestion of T5 DNA with two restriction endonucleases. (iv) The general location of some fragments was determined by isolating individual restriction fragments from agarose gels and redigesting the isolated fragments with a second restriction enzyme. (v) Treatment of restriction digests with lambda exonuclease before digestion with a second restriction enzyme was used to identify fragments near, but not spanning, restriction cleavage sites. (vi) Exonucleases III treatment of T5 DNA before restriction endonuclease cleavage was used to locate fragments spanning or near the natural T5 single-chain interruptions. (vii) Analysis of the products of incomplete restriction endonuclease cleavage was used to identify adjacent fragments.", "contents": "Physical map of the bacteriophage T5 genome based on the cleavage products of the restriction endonucleases SalI, SmaI, BamI, and HpaI. A physical map of the bacteriophage T5 genome was constructed by ordering the fragments produced by cleavage of T5 DNA with the restriction endonucleases SalI (4 fragments), SmaI (4 fragments), BamI (5 fragments), and HpaI (28 fragments). The following techniques were used to order the fragments. (i) Digestion of DNA from T5 heat-stable deletion mutants was used to identify fragments located in the deletable region. (ii) Fragments near the ends of the T5 DNA molecule were located by treating T5 DNA with lambda exonuclease before restriction endonuclease cleavage. (iii) Fragments spanning other restriction endonuclease cleavage sites were identified by combined digestion of T5 DNA with two restriction endonucleases. (iv) The general location of some fragments was determined by isolating individual restriction fragments from agarose gels and redigesting the isolated fragments with a second restriction enzyme. (v) Treatment of restriction digests with lambda exonuclease before digestion with a second restriction enzyme was used to identify fragments near, but not spanning, restriction cleavage sites. (vi) Exonucleases III treatment of T5 DNA before restriction endonuclease cleavage was used to locate fragments spanning or near the natural T5 single-chain interruptions. (vii) Analysis of the products of incomplete restriction endonuclease cleavage was used to identify adjacent fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:904025", "title": "Properties of the nonlethal recombinational repair x and y mutants of bacteriophage T4. II. DNA synthesis.", "content": "The bacteriophage T4 recombination-deficient mutants x and y exhibited decreased rates of DNA synthesis as compared to wild-type T4. Mutant-induced DNA synthesis was more sensitive to mitomycin C than was wild-type synthesis. However, DNA synthesis in mutant- and wild-type-infected cells exhibited the same sensitivity to UV light and X-irradiation. When high-specific-activity label was administered at various times postinfection, mutant DNA synthesis resembled that of wild type for 12 min. after which time mutant-induced incorporation was greatly decreased and sensitive to mitomycin C as compared to that of the wild type. Rifampin and chloramphenicol studies indicated that the gene products necessary for synthesis measured at 15 min postinfection, including those of x+ and y+ were transcribed within 2 min and translated within 8 min postinfection. Administration of chloramphenicol to mutant x- or mutant y-infected cells exactly 8 min postinfection, however, allowed for increased synthesis at 15 min that was sensitive to mitomycin C. Cells coinfected with T4+ and T4x or T4x and T4y retained a reduced mutant-type synthesis, whereas cells coinfected with T4+ and T4y exhibited a synthesis more closely resembling that of wild type.", "contents": "Properties of the nonlethal recombinational repair x and y mutants of bacteriophage T4. II. DNA synthesis. The bacteriophage T4 recombination-deficient mutants x and y exhibited decreased rates of DNA synthesis as compared to wild-type T4. Mutant-induced DNA synthesis was more sensitive to mitomycin C than was wild-type synthesis. However, DNA synthesis in mutant- and wild-type-infected cells exhibited the same sensitivity to UV light and X-irradiation. When high-specific-activity label was administered at various times postinfection, mutant DNA synthesis resembled that of wild type for 12 min. after which time mutant-induced incorporation was greatly decreased and sensitive to mitomycin C as compared to that of the wild type. Rifampin and chloramphenicol studies indicated that the gene products necessary for synthesis measured at 15 min postinfection, including those of x+ and y+ were transcribed within 2 min and translated within 8 min postinfection. Administration of chloramphenicol to mutant x- or mutant y-infected cells exactly 8 min postinfection, however, allowed for increased synthesis at 15 min that was sensitive to mitomycin C. Cells coinfected with T4+ and T4x or T4x and T4y retained a reduced mutant-type synthesis, whereas cells coinfected with T4+ and T4y exhibited a synthesis more closely resembling that of wild type."}
{"id": "PMID:904026", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of H-1 parvovirus replication. IV. Crystal development and structure with the temperature-sensitive mutant ts1.", "content": "Electron microscopy was used to study the development and structure of viral crystals of ts1, a temperature-sensitive mutant of H-1 parvovirus. At early times postinfection, at the restrictive temperature, empty H-1 capsids aggregated to form conspicuous noncrystalline conglomerates in human NB cell nuclei; these particles did not associate with euchromatin as in wild-type H-1 infections. Later on, the capsid aggregated appeared to form polycrystals exhibiting rod-like, hexagonal, and cubic patterns that were interconvertible using a goniometer specimen stage. The unit cell of this crystal was cubic, consisted of 16 empty particles, and measured 50 nm on each side. Full particles made at the permissive temperature were never observed under restrictive conditions. Experiments in which cultures were shifted form the permissive to the restrictive temperature showed that full virions were not incorporated into crystals. The crystals dissociated into individual particles when changes were made from restrictive to permissive conditions. Correlations between the formation of crystals at the restrictive temperature, their dissociation into capsid components after shifting from the restrictive to the permissive state, and the extent of host cell damage were also observed. Possible roles of cellular functions in regulating ts1 H-1 polycrystal assembly and dissociation are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of H-1 parvovirus replication. IV. Crystal development and structure with the temperature-sensitive mutant ts1. Electron microscopy was used to study the development and structure of viral crystals of ts1, a temperature-sensitive mutant of H-1 parvovirus. At early times postinfection, at the restrictive temperature, empty H-1 capsids aggregated to form conspicuous noncrystalline conglomerates in human NB cell nuclei; these particles did not associate with euchromatin as in wild-type H-1 infections. Later on, the capsid aggregated appeared to form polycrystals exhibiting rod-like, hexagonal, and cubic patterns that were interconvertible using a goniometer specimen stage. The unit cell of this crystal was cubic, consisted of 16 empty particles, and measured 50 nm on each side. Full particles made at the permissive temperature were never observed under restrictive conditions. Experiments in which cultures were shifted form the permissive to the restrictive temperature showed that full virions were not incorporated into crystals. The crystals dissociated into individual particles when changes were made from restrictive to permissive conditions. Correlations between the formation of crystals at the restrictive temperature, their dissociation into capsid components after shifting from the restrictive to the permissive state, and the extent of host cell damage were also observed. Possible roles of cellular functions in regulating ts1 H-1 polycrystal assembly and dissociation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904027", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of H-1 parvovirus replication. V. Immunocytochemical demonstration of separate chromatin-associated and inclusion-associated antigens.", "content": "Electron microscopy and immunocytochrome c staining were used to define the phenotypes of several temperature-sensitive (ts) H-1 mutants. They were classified into three separate groups based on the properties of their capsids at the restrictive temperature (rT): (class 1) ts2 did not assemble capsids but produced spherical and irregular amorphous inclusions; (class 2) ts1 and ts7 exclusively synthesized empty particles which all aggregated and crystallized; and (class 3) ts8 and ts10 formed noncrystalline aggregates of empty virions, but many individual full, as well as empty, capsids were associated with euchromatin. Synthesis of progeny DNA and hemagglutinin at rT were normal for class 3 mutants, but defective for those in classes 1 and 2. The immunospecific staining patterns of these mutants indicated that the H-1 capsid proteins probably form two separate intranuclear antigens: (i) a thermostable chromatin-associated antigen present in proteins that have not formed capsids and are concentrated on heterochromatin and nucleolar-associated chromatin and (ii) a thermolabile inclusion-associated antigen found in the proteins of assembled empty capsids that compose H-1 inclusions.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of H-1 parvovirus replication. V. Immunocytochemical demonstration of separate chromatin-associated and inclusion-associated antigens. Electron microscopy and immunocytochrome c staining were used to define the phenotypes of several temperature-sensitive (ts) H-1 mutants. They were classified into three separate groups based on the properties of their capsids at the restrictive temperature (rT): (class 1) ts2 did not assemble capsids but produced spherical and irregular amorphous inclusions; (class 2) ts1 and ts7 exclusively synthesized empty particles which all aggregated and crystallized; and (class 3) ts8 and ts10 formed noncrystalline aggregates of empty virions, but many individual full, as well as empty, capsids were associated with euchromatin. Synthesis of progeny DNA and hemagglutinin at rT were normal for class 3 mutants, but defective for those in classes 1 and 2. The immunospecific staining patterns of these mutants indicated that the H-1 capsid proteins probably form two separate intranuclear antigens: (i) a thermostable chromatin-associated antigen present in proteins that have not formed capsids and are concentrated on heterochromatin and nucleolar-associated chromatin and (ii) a thermolabile inclusion-associated antigen found in the proteins of assembled empty capsids that compose H-1 inclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:904028", "title": "Defective Friend spleen focus-forming virus: interfering properties and isolation free from standard leukemia-inducing helper virus.", "content": "Defective Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) is able to interfere with the ability of its naturally occurring leukemia-inducing helper virus (LLV-F) to induce XC plaque formation in several different strains of mouse embryo cells. This interference has been observed by using two different SFFV preparations, one contained in an NB-tropic stock of Friend virus (FV) complex, and the second present in a C57BL-adapted strain of FV complex containing an associated B-tropic LLV-F helper. The LLV-F in NB-tropic FV complex effectively induced XC plaques in C57BL/6 (Fv-1(bb); Fv-2(rr)) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) only in the absence of coinfecting SFFV, indicating that Fv-2-associated resistance to SFFV-induced focus formation in vivo does not necessarily extend to the restriction of SFFV function(s) in vitro (i.e., in Fv-2(rr) C57BL MEF). SFFV interference appears to be an intracellular event since LLV-F can adsorb onto, penetrate, and rescue defective murine sarcoma virus (MSV) from transformed 3T3FL S(+)L(-) cells with equal efficiency in the presence and absence of SFFV. However, significantly fewer LLV-infected S(+)L(-) cells released LLV-F progeny if SFFV was present. These observations suggest that Friend SFFV may be classified as a defective, interfering (DI) particle. Further support for this conclusion has come from studies designed to investigate two physical properties of defective SFFV particles. SFFV layered onto a 0 to 20% sucrose sedimentation gradient was recovered as a symmetrical band of virus that sedimented more slowly than standard LLV-F particles. Pooled SFFV-containing gradient samples contained visualizable type C virus particles and occasionally small amounts of detectable LLV-F. In an attempt to determine the buoyant density of sedimentation gradient-purified SFFV, pooled SFFV samples were layered onto a 25 to 50% sucrose equilibrium density gradient and were centrifuged to equilibrium. Greater than 50% of the infectious SFFV originally layered onto this gradient was recovered and seen as a narrow symmetrical band with peak SFFV infectivity at a sucrose density of 1.14 g/ml. The observed difference between SFFV and LLV-F buoyant densities appears to be related to an inherent physical property of each virus. Mixtures of these two viruses express the buoyant density of that virus population which is in excess in fabricated FV complexes probably due to the formation of SFFV-LLV aggregates. Finally, gradient-purified SFFV failed to induce XC plaques in MEF and did not function to rescue MSV as expected since SFFV itself is replication defective.", "contents": "Defective Friend spleen focus-forming virus: interfering properties and isolation free from standard leukemia-inducing helper virus. Defective Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) is able to interfere with the ability of its naturally occurring leukemia-inducing helper virus (LLV-F) to induce XC plaque formation in several different strains of mouse embryo cells. This interference has been observed by using two different SFFV preparations, one contained in an NB-tropic stock of Friend virus (FV) complex, and the second present in a C57BL-adapted strain of FV complex containing an associated B-tropic LLV-F helper. The LLV-F in NB-tropic FV complex effectively induced XC plaques in C57BL/6 (Fv-1(bb); Fv-2(rr)) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) only in the absence of coinfecting SFFV, indicating that Fv-2-associated resistance to SFFV-induced focus formation in vivo does not necessarily extend to the restriction of SFFV function(s) in vitro (i.e., in Fv-2(rr) C57BL MEF). SFFV interference appears to be an intracellular event since LLV-F can adsorb onto, penetrate, and rescue defective murine sarcoma virus (MSV) from transformed 3T3FL S(+)L(-) cells with equal efficiency in the presence and absence of SFFV. However, significantly fewer LLV-infected S(+)L(-) cells released LLV-F progeny if SFFV was present. These observations suggest that Friend SFFV may be classified as a defective, interfering (DI) particle. Further support for this conclusion has come from studies designed to investigate two physical properties of defective SFFV particles. SFFV layered onto a 0 to 20% sucrose sedimentation gradient was recovered as a symmetrical band of virus that sedimented more slowly than standard LLV-F particles. Pooled SFFV-containing gradient samples contained visualizable type C virus particles and occasionally small amounts of detectable LLV-F. In an attempt to determine the buoyant density of sedimentation gradient-purified SFFV, pooled SFFV samples were layered onto a 25 to 50% sucrose equilibrium density gradient and were centrifuged to equilibrium. Greater than 50% of the infectious SFFV originally layered onto this gradient was recovered and seen as a narrow symmetrical band with peak SFFV infectivity at a sucrose density of 1.14 g/ml. The observed difference between SFFV and LLV-F buoyant densities appears to be related to an inherent physical property of each virus. Mixtures of these two viruses express the buoyant density of that virus population which is in excess in fabricated FV complexes probably due to the formation of SFFV-LLV aggregates. Finally, gradient-purified SFFV failed to induce XC plaques in MEF and did not function to rescue MSV as expected since SFFV itself is replication defective."}
{"id": "PMID:904029", "title": "Bunyamwera virus-induced polypeptide synthesis.", "content": "Bunyamwera virus-induced polypeptide synthesis in BSC-1 cell has been studied using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Four virus-induced polypeptides were identified. Their molecular weights were 200 X 10(6) (L), 128 X 10(6) (G1), 31 X 10(6) (G2), and 23 X 10(6) (N). Pulse-chase experiments, short labeling experiments, and experiments using amino acid analogs failed to show evidence of polypeptides processing by proteolytic cleavage. Analysis of the kinetics of synthesis of these polypeptides showed that a clear division into early and late categories could be made, the onset of synthesis of polypeptide N and L rapidly reached a peak and then declined. Polypeptides G1 and G2 were made for several hours; their rate of synthesis then declined. All four polypeptides then continued to be made in relatively small amounts for many hours.", "contents": "Bunyamwera virus-induced polypeptide synthesis. Bunyamwera virus-induced polypeptide synthesis in BSC-1 cell has been studied using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Four virus-induced polypeptides were identified. Their molecular weights were 200 X 10(6) (L), 128 X 10(6) (G1), 31 X 10(6) (G2), and 23 X 10(6) (N). Pulse-chase experiments, short labeling experiments, and experiments using amino acid analogs failed to show evidence of polypeptides processing by proteolytic cleavage. Analysis of the kinetics of synthesis of these polypeptides showed that a clear division into early and late categories could be made, the onset of synthesis of polypeptide N and L rapidly reached a peak and then declined. Polypeptides G1 and G2 were made for several hours; their rate of synthesis then declined. All four polypeptides then continued to be made in relatively small amounts for many hours."}
{"id": "PMID:904030", "title": "Phosphorylated protein component present in influenza virions.", "content": "The nucleoprotein of the WSN strain of influenza was found to be phosphorylated in vitro. The phosphate-protein bond was stable to hot trichloroacetic acid, RNase, DNase, succinic acid, and succinic acid-hydroxylamine, but sensitive to hydrolysis by bacterial alkaline phosphatase. This suggested that the nucleoprotein is in the form of a phosphomonoester. Acid hydrolysis of the isolated nucleoprotein followed by thin-layer electrophoresis identified the phosphorylated amino acid residue as phosphoserine.", "contents": "Phosphorylated protein component present in influenza virions. The nucleoprotein of the WSN strain of influenza was found to be phosphorylated in vitro. The phosphate-protein bond was stable to hot trichloroacetic acid, RNase, DNase, succinic acid, and succinic acid-hydroxylamine, but sensitive to hydrolysis by bacterial alkaline phosphatase. This suggested that the nucleoprotein is in the form of a phosphomonoester. Acid hydrolysis of the isolated nucleoprotein followed by thin-layer electrophoresis identified the phosphorylated amino acid residue as phosphoserine."}
{"id": "PMID:904031", "title": "Evidence of a repetitive sequence in vaccinia virus DNA.", "content": "Analysis of vaccinia DNA by reassociation kinetics revealed that 7% of the genome contains a sequence repeated 10 times. This sequence does not contain any host cell DNA, is viral specific, and is found in virions passed at either high or low multiplicities of infection.", "contents": "Evidence of a repetitive sequence in vaccinia virus DNA. Analysis of vaccinia DNA by reassociation kinetics revealed that 7% of the genome contains a sequence repeated 10 times. This sequence does not contain any host cell DNA, is viral specific, and is found in virions passed at either high or low multiplicities of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:904033", "title": "Further characterization of the complementation group B temperature-sensitive mutant of respiratory syncytial virus.", "content": "ts-2, a temperature-sensitive and plaque morphology mutant of respiratory syncytial virus and sole representative of complementation group B, was compared with members of the other complementation groups of respiratory syncytial virus (group A [ts-1] and group C [ts-7]). ts-2 was found to be 10- to 1,000-fold more restricted in growth and ability to spread at restrictive temperatures (37, 38, and 39 degrees C) than at the permissive temperature (32 degrees C). In temperature shift-up experiments, the ts defect of ts-1 and other members of complementation group A was found to effect a late function that was required for at least 13 h in the replicative cycle. The ts lesion of ts-7 affected a function early in the replication cycle. In contrast, ts-2 was not temperature sensitive when studied by the shift-up technique. The discrepancy between the ts plaque property and failure to detect temperature sensitivity during the shift-up experiment was resolved when it was shown that ts-2 had a defect in adsorption or penetration or both at the restrictive temperature. Clonal analysis of revertant ts-2 showed a coordinate restoration of ts+ phenotype ans syncytium-forming capacity. It appears that ts-2 has a defect in a protein that is involved in adsorption and/or penetration of virus and is also responsible for cell fusion activity.", "contents": "Further characterization of the complementation group B temperature-sensitive mutant of respiratory syncytial virus. ts-2, a temperature-sensitive and plaque morphology mutant of respiratory syncytial virus and sole representative of complementation group B, was compared with members of the other complementation groups of respiratory syncytial virus (group A [ts-1] and group C [ts-7]). ts-2 was found to be 10- to 1,000-fold more restricted in growth and ability to spread at restrictive temperatures (37, 38, and 39 degrees C) than at the permissive temperature (32 degrees C). In temperature shift-up experiments, the ts defect of ts-1 and other members of complementation group A was found to effect a late function that was required for at least 13 h in the replicative cycle. The ts lesion of ts-7 affected a function early in the replication cycle. In contrast, ts-2 was not temperature sensitive when studied by the shift-up technique. The discrepancy between the ts plaque property and failure to detect temperature sensitivity during the shift-up experiment was resolved when it was shown that ts-2 had a defect in adsorption or penetration or both at the restrictive temperature. Clonal analysis of revertant ts-2 showed a coordinate restoration of ts+ phenotype ans syncytium-forming capacity. It appears that ts-2 has a defect in a protein that is involved in adsorption and/or penetration of virus and is also responsible for cell fusion activity."}
{"id": "PMID:904032", "title": "Adenovirus type 12 DNA sequences in primary hamster tumors.", "content": "In five out of six primary hamster tumors induced by adenovirus type 12, less than 55% of the adenovirus type 12 genome is present. Various fragments of the integrated viral DNA were present in non-equimolar amounts.", "contents": "Adenovirus type 12 DNA sequences in primary hamster tumors. In five out of six primary hamster tumors induced by adenovirus type 12, less than 55% of the adenovirus type 12 genome is present. Various fragments of the integrated viral DNA were present in non-equimolar amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:904035", "title": "Struvite staghorn calculi in crossed fused ectopia.", "content": "Two patients with a struvite staghorn calculus in crossed fused renal ectopia are described. The susceptibility of these patients to urinary tract infection is discussed as is the anomalous extrarenal arterial vasculature to the ectopic and non-ectopic kidneys. Both patients were treated successfully with anatrophic nephrolithotomy and each has remained free of recurrent calculous disease to date.", "contents": "Struvite staghorn calculi in crossed fused ectopia. Two patients with a struvite staghorn calculus in crossed fused renal ectopia are described. The susceptibility of these patients to urinary tract infection is discussed as is the anomalous extrarenal arterial vasculature to the ectopic and non-ectopic kidneys. Both patients were treated successfully with anatrophic nephrolithotomy and each has remained free of recurrent calculous disease to date."}
{"id": "PMID:904036", "title": "Therapeutic renal infarction.", "content": "Pre-nephrectomy therapeutic renal infarction by injecting gelfoam into the renal artery was done in 10 patients with hypernephroma. This technique facilitates nephrectomy and decreases blood loss. A post-infarction syndrome characterized by flank pain, fever and nausea occurred in most patients. In addition, a dialysis patient underwent bilateral renal infarction with improvement of blood pressure control. Distal embolization of gelfoam occurred in this patient, resulting in significant gangrene of 1 foot.", "contents": "Therapeutic renal infarction. Pre-nephrectomy therapeutic renal infarction by injecting gelfoam into the renal artery was done in 10 patients with hypernephroma. This technique facilitates nephrectomy and decreases blood loss. A post-infarction syndrome characterized by flank pain, fever and nausea occurred in most patients. In addition, a dialysis patient underwent bilateral renal infarction with improvement of blood pressure control. Distal embolization of gelfoam occurred in this patient, resulting in significant gangrene of 1 foot."}
{"id": "PMID:904037", "title": "Replacement of the damaged or neoplastic ureter by ileum.", "content": "Ileum was used as a ureteral replacement in 12 patients, 7 of whom had solitary kidneys. The conditions that necessitated an operation included renal pelvic and ureteral complications of calculi, a variety of traumatic ureteral injuries, retroperitoneal fibrosis and ureteral neoplasms. Renal function has been well preserved and electrolyte imbalance has been minimal.", "contents": "Replacement of the damaged or neoplastic ureter by ileum. Ileum was used as a ureteral replacement in 12 patients, 7 of whom had solitary kidneys. The conditions that necessitated an operation included renal pelvic and ureteral complications of calculi, a variety of traumatic ureteral injuries, retroperitoneal fibrosis and ureteral neoplasms. Renal function has been well preserved and electrolyte imbalance has been minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:904038", "title": "Terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy: an experimental study and its clinical application.", "content": "Terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy is a technique to enhance the blood supply and, thereby, decrease the complication rate with stomas. An animal study and experience with 20 patients with long-term followup support this contention.", "contents": "Terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy: an experimental study and its clinical application. Terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy is a technique to enhance the blood supply and, thereby, decrease the complication rate with stomas. An animal study and experience with 20 patients with long-term followup support this contention."}
{"id": "PMID:904039", "title": "Ureterosigmoidostomy after pelvic irradiation.", "content": "The records of 34 patients who underwent ureterosigmoidostomy after pelvic irradiation were reviewed and the incidence of complications was found to be similar to that in other series of ureterosigmoidostomy without prior irradiation. No difference was established between the use of linac or cobalt 60 therapy in relation to postoperative complications. No conclusions could be reached concerning the effect of the preoperative dose of radiotherapy on the operation because of the small number of patients but it did appear that the incidence of postoperative complications was great after doses in excess of 5,000 rads. Ureterosigmoidostomy after pelvic irradiation is considered to be a feasible procedure with doses of less than 5,000 rads.", "contents": "Ureterosigmoidostomy after pelvic irradiation. The records of 34 patients who underwent ureterosigmoidostomy after pelvic irradiation were reviewed and the incidence of complications was found to be similar to that in other series of ureterosigmoidostomy without prior irradiation. No difference was established between the use of linac or cobalt 60 therapy in relation to postoperative complications. No conclusions could be reached concerning the effect of the preoperative dose of radiotherapy on the operation because of the small number of patients but it did appear that the incidence of postoperative complications was great after doses in excess of 5,000 rads. Ureterosigmoidostomy after pelvic irradiation is considered to be a feasible procedure with doses of less than 5,000 rads."}
{"id": "PMID:904040", "title": "Solitary cystic lymphangioma of the retroperitoneum.", "content": "We present 2 cases of solitary cystic lymphangioma of the retroperitoneum. The non-specific clinical picture is demonstrated again but the pathologic features of both tumors are characteristic. Surgical treatment was successful in both instances.", "contents": "Solitary cystic lymphangioma of the retroperitoneum. We present 2 cases of solitary cystic lymphangioma of the retroperitoneum. The non-specific clinical picture is demonstrated again but the pathologic features of both tumors are characteristic. Surgical treatment was successful in both instances."}
{"id": "PMID:904041", "title": "Circle tube cystostomy drainage.", "content": "An unfavorable experience with the adaptation of the circle tube for cystostomy drainage is presented. The primary disadvantage is the dissatisfaction of patients with the presence of 2 tubes emerging from the lower abdomen.", "contents": "Circle tube cystostomy drainage. An unfavorable experience with the adaptation of the circle tube for cystostomy drainage is presented. The primary disadvantage is the dissatisfaction of patients with the presence of 2 tubes emerging from the lower abdomen."}
{"id": "PMID:904042", "title": "Cystostomy drainage: its efficacy in preventing residual urine and infection.", "content": "Residual urine volume was measured in patients with cystostomy drainage by injecting phenolsulfonphthalein in saline solution through the tube. Subsequent drainage yielded an average volume of 25 ml. residual urine. The cause for the presence of residual urine and its consequences--promotion of infection--are discussed.", "contents": "Cystostomy drainage: its efficacy in preventing residual urine and infection. Residual urine volume was measured in patients with cystostomy drainage by injecting phenolsulfonphthalein in saline solution through the tube. Subsequent drainage yielded an average volume of 25 ml. residual urine. The cause for the presence of residual urine and its consequences--promotion of infection--are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904043", "title": "Transurethral external sphincterotomy and its effect on potency.", "content": "A series of 43 male patients who underwent external sphincterotomy because of vesicosphincteric dysfunction is reviewed. There were 6 patients who subsequently noticed absence or a marked decrease in erectile ability. Various factors are considered that might have affected potency, and the theoretical reasons for this occurrence and subsequent recovery are discussed.", "contents": "Transurethral external sphincterotomy and its effect on potency. A series of 43 male patients who underwent external sphincterotomy because of vesicosphincteric dysfunction is reviewed. There were 6 patients who subsequently noticed absence or a marked decrease in erectile ability. Various factors are considered that might have affected potency, and the theoretical reasons for this occurrence and subsequent recovery are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904044", "title": "Post-traumatic priapism.", "content": "Review of 7 cases of post-traumatic priapism indicated that, despite the type of initial therapy, all patients expressed dissatisfaction with the total efforts, although erections were resumed. A surgical effort directed at drainage of fluid collections and correction of the ruptured tunic seems warranted and may aid the patients in further sexual activities.", "contents": "Post-traumatic priapism. Review of 7 cases of post-traumatic priapism indicated that, despite the type of initial therapy, all patients expressed dissatisfaction with the total efforts, although erections were resumed. A surgical effort directed at drainage of fluid collections and correction of the ruptured tunic seems warranted and may aid the patients in further sexual activities."}
{"id": "PMID:904045", "title": "Prostatic involvement by transitional cell carcinoma: pathogenesis, patterns and prognosis.", "content": "Prostatic involvement by transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder includes a spectrum of histologic patterns. Ductal only or ductal and acinar involvement occurs with or without stromal invasion. Stromal invasion may exist without glandular involvement. Invasive prostatic patterns are most frequent in the setting of high stage invasive bladder tumors and 5-year survival rates for these patients are low. Non-invasive in situ prostatic patterns are usually associated with low stage bladder tumors and 5-year survival approaches that predicted from radical cystectomy for low stage bladder tumor alone. When an invasive pattern is associated with a low stage bladder tumor the 5-year survival rate is determined by the prostatic lesion and is low. Although the survival rate is severely jeopardized by stromal prostatic invasion the prognosis is not hopeless. Preoperative radiotherapy followed by cystoprostatourethrectomy can be expected to produce a 20 per cent 5-year survival rate.", "contents": "Prostatic involvement by transitional cell carcinoma: pathogenesis, patterns and prognosis. Prostatic involvement by transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder includes a spectrum of histologic patterns. Ductal only or ductal and acinar involvement occurs with or without stromal invasion. Stromal invasion may exist without glandular involvement. Invasive prostatic patterns are most frequent in the setting of high stage invasive bladder tumors and 5-year survival rates for these patients are low. Non-invasive in situ prostatic patterns are usually associated with low stage bladder tumors and 5-year survival approaches that predicted from radical cystectomy for low stage bladder tumor alone. When an invasive pattern is associated with a low stage bladder tumor the 5-year survival rate is determined by the prostatic lesion and is low. Although the survival rate is severely jeopardized by stromal prostatic invasion the prognosis is not hopeless. Preoperative radiotherapy followed by cystoprostatourethrectomy can be expected to produce a 20 per cent 5-year survival rate."}
{"id": "PMID:904046", "title": "Adaptation of swivel valve and closed drainage system to a standard resectoscope sheath.", "content": "A central 3-way swivel valve and a drainage outlet have been adapted to a standard resectoscope sheath. The modifications to the sheath enable the resectionist to operate with the advantages of a closed drainage system.", "contents": "Adaptation of swivel valve and closed drainage system to a standard resectoscope sheath. A central 3-way swivel valve and a drainage outlet have been adapted to a standard resectoscope sheath. The modifications to the sheath enable the resectionist to operate with the advantages of a closed drainage system."}
{"id": "PMID:904047", "title": "Pressure studies and dynamics of ileal conduits in children.", "content": "The pressures generated in the ileal conduits of 20 children and their relation to conduit ureteral reflux are investigated. The resting pressure in the ileal conduits was generally low but peaks of high pressure were observed occasionally. Reflux occurred mostly at low pressure. Whether reflux occurred at any one moment depended on the position of the peristaltic wave in the ureter at that time. There was no consistent relationship between the conduit pressures and deterioration of the upper renal tract.", "contents": "Pressure studies and dynamics of ileal conduits in children. The pressures generated in the ileal conduits of 20 children and their relation to conduit ureteral reflux are investigated. The resting pressure in the ileal conduits was generally low but peaks of high pressure were observed occasionally. Reflux occurred mostly at low pressure. Whether reflux occurred at any one moment depended on the position of the peristaltic wave in the ureter at that time. There was no consistent relationship between the conduit pressures and deterioration of the upper renal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:904048", "title": "Functional striated sphincter component at the bladder neck: clinical implications.", "content": "Anatomical proximal extension of the striated urethral sphincter muscle towards the bladder neck was assessed functionally in normal male subjects and in patients with upper motor neuron lesions. Synchronous cystosphincterometric studies were performed and urethral pressure responses were studied (contraction complexes) at the vesicourethral junction, the supramontane prostatic urethra and the membranous urethra to repeated bulbocavernosus stimuli. All subjects demonstrated positive responses at the membranous urethra. Contraction complexes with amplitudes of less magnitude were elicited at the vesicourethral junction and at the supramontane prostatic urethra in 48 and 71 per cent of the total number of subjects, respectively. The functional significance of the striated muscle component at the bladder neck in patients with detrusor-striated sphincter dyssynergia is described.", "contents": "Functional striated sphincter component at the bladder neck: clinical implications. Anatomical proximal extension of the striated urethral sphincter muscle towards the bladder neck was assessed functionally in normal male subjects and in patients with upper motor neuron lesions. Synchronous cystosphincterometric studies were performed and urethral pressure responses were studied (contraction complexes) at the vesicourethral junction, the supramontane prostatic urethra and the membranous urethra to repeated bulbocavernosus stimuli. All subjects demonstrated positive responses at the membranous urethra. Contraction complexes with amplitudes of less magnitude were elicited at the vesicourethral junction and at the supramontane prostatic urethra in 48 and 71 per cent of the total number of subjects, respectively. The functional significance of the striated muscle component at the bladder neck in patients with detrusor-striated sphincter dyssynergia is described."}
{"id": "PMID:904049", "title": "Electroencephalography and bladder innervation.", "content": "Combined electroencephalography and cystometry provides the only method presently available to analyze central micturition reflex disturbances. When these techniques are used in sleep cystometry they provide a rational method to evaluate nocturnal enuresis.", "contents": "Electroencephalography and bladder innervation. Combined electroencephalography and cystometry provides the only method presently available to analyze central micturition reflex disturbances. When these techniques are used in sleep cystometry they provide a rational method to evaluate nocturnal enuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:904050", "title": "The use of sacral nerve blocks in the evaluation and treatment of neurologic bladder disease.", "content": "We describe the use of sacral nerve blocks in conjunction with air cystometry and sphincter electromyography to determine the functional innervation of the bladder and sphincters. This technique has aided in the selection of patients for sacral rhizotomy. Phenol sacral nerve blocks have been used successfully in treating hyperactive bladder disease and intractable perineal pain.", "contents": "The use of sacral nerve blocks in the evaluation and treatment of neurologic bladder disease. We describe the use of sacral nerve blocks in conjunction with air cystometry and sphincter electromyography to determine the functional innervation of the bladder and sphincters. This technique has aided in the selection of patients for sacral rhizotomy. Phenol sacral nerve blocks have been used successfully in treating hyperactive bladder disease and intractable perineal pain."}
{"id": "PMID:904051", "title": "Rare urologic pathology presenting as abdominal masses in children.", "content": "The key to correct diagnosis of abdominal masses in children is awareness of all the possibilities. Three children with abdominal masses of uncommon urologic origin are described. The lesions were adrenal cortical carcinoma, a pancake pelvic kidney and a non-functioning hydronephrotic segment of a horseshoe kidney. Management of these patients is discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Rare urologic pathology presenting as abdominal masses in children. The key to correct diagnosis of abdominal masses in children is awareness of all the possibilities. Three children with abdominal masses of uncommon urologic origin are described. The lesions were adrenal cortical carcinoma, a pancake pelvic kidney and a non-functioning hydronephrotic segment of a horseshoe kidney. Management of these patients is discussed and the literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:904052", "title": "Diffuse xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children: an unrecognized variant.", "content": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in childhood has been thought to exist only in focal form. We encountered 2 cases of diffuse xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children and have found 3 others reported in the literature, making it necessary to change this concept. The essential radiologic and pathologic differences between focal and diffuse xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis are reviewed.", "contents": "Diffuse xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children: an unrecognized variant. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in childhood has been thought to exist only in focal form. We encountered 2 cases of diffuse xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children and have found 3 others reported in the literature, making it necessary to change this concept. The essential radiologic and pathologic differences between focal and diffuse xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:904054", "title": "Variations in the bladder exstrophy complex associated with large omphalocele.", "content": "Two newborns with a large omphalocele associated with the bladder exstrophy complex are presented. In 1 case the omphalocele was combined with a musculoskeletal defect and imperforate anus with an anovulvar fistula. The other patient had a musculoskeletal deformity and a duplicated bladder with exstrophy. Surgical treatment was successful in both cases.", "contents": "Variations in the bladder exstrophy complex associated with large omphalocele. Two newborns with a large omphalocele associated with the bladder exstrophy complex are presented. In 1 case the omphalocele was combined with a musculoskeletal defect and imperforate anus with an anovulvar fistula. The other patient had a musculoskeletal deformity and a duplicated bladder with exstrophy. Surgical treatment was successful in both cases."}
{"id": "PMID:904055", "title": "Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood.", "content": "Ten boys with paratesticular embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma were treated in a 44-year period. Two prognostically distinct stages of the disease and appropriate treatments are described. Children with non-infiltrating tumors (stage IA) are curable (3 patients are alive and free of tumor after 8 to 44 years) and radical orchiectomy with adjunctive radiation or, preferably, chemotherapy is adequate for these patients. Conversely, in those children with infiltrative tumors retroperitoneal nodal metastases invariably develop. Early retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy with adjuvant radiation and multidrug cyclic chemotherapy is life-saving (3 are alive and free of tumor after 2 1/2 to 4 years). However, delayed recognition and treatment of retroperitoneal disease, despite agressive therapy, is frequently disappointing--2 of 4 patients died after 2 and 6 years; another, who had advanced disease, is lost to followup and also is presumed dead and 1 is alive and free of tumor after 6 1/2 years.", "contents": "Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. Ten boys with paratesticular embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma were treated in a 44-year period. Two prognostically distinct stages of the disease and appropriate treatments are described. Children with non-infiltrating tumors (stage IA) are curable (3 patients are alive and free of tumor after 8 to 44 years) and radical orchiectomy with adjunctive radiation or, preferably, chemotherapy is adequate for these patients. Conversely, in those children with infiltrative tumors retroperitoneal nodal metastases invariably develop. Early retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy with adjuvant radiation and multidrug cyclic chemotherapy is life-saving (3 are alive and free of tumor after 2 1/2 to 4 years). However, delayed recognition and treatment of retroperitoneal disease, despite agressive therapy, is frequently disappointing--2 of 4 patients died after 2 and 6 years; another, who had advanced disease, is lost to followup and also is presumed dead and 1 is alive and free of tumor after 6 1/2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:904056", "title": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis.", "content": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis is an uncommon infection of the renal parenchyma found most often in diabetic patients. The fortieth case of emphysematous pyelonephritis is reported and a plan for management is proposed based on differentiating this condition from gas-forming infections of the perinephric space and the renal collecting system.", "contents": "Emphysematous pyelonephritis. Emphysematous pyelonephritis is an uncommon infection of the renal parenchyma found most often in diabetic patients. The fortieth case of emphysematous pyelonephritis is reported and a plan for management is proposed based on differentiating this condition from gas-forming infections of the perinephric space and the renal collecting system."}
{"id": "PMID:904058", "title": "Late return of renal function after correction of chronic obstruction.", "content": "A 57-year-old man presented with renal failure secondary to bilateral interstitial nephritis and left hydronephrosis owing to a calculus in the renal pelvis, creatinine clearance being 2.4 cc per minute. Renal function did not improve after left pyelolithotomy and hemodialysis was instituted. No demonstrable change in renal function could be detected until 10 weeks postoperatively when creatinine clearance was 25 cc per minute.", "contents": "Late return of renal function after correction of chronic obstruction. A 57-year-old man presented with renal failure secondary to bilateral interstitial nephritis and left hydronephrosis owing to a calculus in the renal pelvis, creatinine clearance being 2.4 cc per minute. Renal function did not improve after left pyelolithotomy and hemodialysis was instituted. No demonstrable change in renal function could be detected until 10 weeks postoperatively when creatinine clearance was 25 cc per minute."}
{"id": "PMID:904059", "title": "Renal vein thrombosis in a newborn: a case report with emphasis on pathological and radiological features.", "content": "A case of renal vein thrombosis in a newborn is presented. Trauma during pregnancy is suggested as an etiological factor. In contradistinction to most cases reported the newborn showed no signs of acute illness except for a palpable abdominal mass. Therefore, surgical intervention was delayed for 10 months but this did not impair the infant's growth and well-being.", "contents": "Renal vein thrombosis in a newborn: a case report with emphasis on pathological and radiological features. A case of renal vein thrombosis in a newborn is presented. Trauma during pregnancy is suggested as an etiological factor. In contradistinction to most cases reported the newborn showed no signs of acute illness except for a palpable abdominal mass. Therefore, surgical intervention was delayed for 10 months but this did not impair the infant's growth and well-being."}
{"id": "PMID:904060", "title": "Aspergillus mycetoma of the renal pelvis associated with ureteropelvic junction obstruction.", "content": "A case of aspergillosis of the kidney is described that could not be attributed to any of the factors that classically predispose to fungal infection (immunosuppressive, antibiotic or steroid therapy and diabetes). The patient did have severe obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction, which we believe caused stasis of urine and, in turn, the propagation of a colony of Aspergillus.", "contents": "Aspergillus mycetoma of the renal pelvis associated with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. A case of aspergillosis of the kidney is described that could not be attributed to any of the factors that classically predispose to fungal infection (immunosuppressive, antibiotic or steroid therapy and diabetes). The patient did have severe obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction, which we believe caused stasis of urine and, in turn, the propagation of a colony of Aspergillus."}
{"id": "PMID:904062", "title": "Hypernephroma of the right kidney with inferior vena caval and right atrial thrombosis: case study and successful removal.", "content": "A case is described in which a neoplastic thrombus extending into the right atrium was removed through a renal vein incision. This procedure can be performed provided the tumor has not infiltrated the walls of the vena cava. The risk of embolic dissemination and cardiocirculatory complications is decreased.", "contents": "Hypernephroma of the right kidney with inferior vena caval and right atrial thrombosis: case study and successful removal. A case is described in which a neoplastic thrombus extending into the right atrium was removed through a renal vein incision. This procedure can be performed provided the tumor has not infiltrated the walls of the vena cava. The risk of embolic dissemination and cardiocirculatory complications is decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:904063", "title": "Successful extraction of intracardiac tumor thrombus of renal carcinoma.", "content": "Successful management of a patient with an intracardiac tumor thrombus of renal carcinoma is described. Important considerations in the management include precise localization of the upper limits of the tumor thrombus preoperatively, early ligation of the renal artery, control of the circulation through the inferior vena cava by temporary occlusion of the vena cava below the renal veins, the left renal vein and the hepatic circulation, and a team approach, using the expertise of the urologist and the cardiac surgeon, as well as cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "Successful extraction of intracardiac tumor thrombus of renal carcinoma. Successful management of a patient with an intracardiac tumor thrombus of renal carcinoma is described. Important considerations in the management include precise localization of the upper limits of the tumor thrombus preoperatively, early ligation of the renal artery, control of the circulation through the inferior vena cava by temporary occlusion of the vena cava below the renal veins, the left renal vein and the hepatic circulation, and a team approach, using the expertise of the urologist and the cardiac surgeon, as well as cardiopulmonary bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:904064", "title": "Spontaneous closure of ureterocolic fistula secondary to diverticulitis.", "content": "An 88-year-old woman with spontaneous closure of a ureterocolic fistula secondary to sigmoid diverticulitis is described. Initially, the patient was subjected to proximal transverse colostomy to divert the fecal stream. She was rehospitalized for a sigmoid colectomy, and left ureteral catheterization as well as a retrograde pyelogram showed spontaneous closure of the ureterocolic fistula. A review of the literature reveals that specific involvement of the ureter secondary to inflammatory bowel disease is rare. Most of the cases reported previously have alluded to active and radical measures. We do not recommend a radical resection in the acute stage, especially when the tissue planes may be obliterated owing to inflammation and difficulty in structure identification may lead to inadvertent injury.", "contents": "Spontaneous closure of ureterocolic fistula secondary to diverticulitis. An 88-year-old woman with spontaneous closure of a ureterocolic fistula secondary to sigmoid diverticulitis is described. Initially, the patient was subjected to proximal transverse colostomy to divert the fecal stream. She was rehospitalized for a sigmoid colectomy, and left ureteral catheterization as well as a retrograde pyelogram showed spontaneous closure of the ureterocolic fistula. A review of the literature reveals that specific involvement of the ureter secondary to inflammatory bowel disease is rare. Most of the cases reported previously have alluded to active and radical measures. We do not recommend a radical resection in the acute stage, especially when the tissue planes may be obliterated owing to inflammation and difficulty in structure identification may lead to inadvertent injury."}
{"id": "PMID:904066", "title": "Vesical endometriosis in a postmenopausal woman: a case report.", "content": "A case of endometriosis of the bladder extending into the bowel in a postmenopausal woman is reported. The origin of the tissue is mere conjecture. Five years before the onset of bleeding the patient had had an abdominal hysterectomy that may have seeded the adjacent vesical and small bowel tissue. It is hypothesized that the exogenous estrogen stimulated this tissue until it penetrated the bladder mucosa.", "contents": "Vesical endometriosis in a postmenopausal woman: a case report. A case of endometriosis of the bladder extending into the bowel in a postmenopausal woman is reported. The origin of the tissue is mere conjecture. Five years before the onset of bleeding the patient had had an abdominal hysterectomy that may have seeded the adjacent vesical and small bowel tissue. It is hypothesized that the exogenous estrogen stimulated this tissue until it penetrated the bladder mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:904067", "title": "Malacoplakia associated with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.", "content": "Malacoplakia is an uncommon granulomatous condition, usually involving the bladder but occasionally affecting other organs. A case of malacoplakia associated with transitional cell papillary carcinoma of the bladder is reported. This association has not been documented previously.", "contents": "Malacoplakia associated with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. Malacoplakia is an uncommon granulomatous condition, usually involving the bladder but occasionally affecting other organs. A case of malacoplakia associated with transitional cell papillary carcinoma of the bladder is reported. This association has not been documented previously."}
{"id": "PMID:904068", "title": "Focal infarction of the testicle in a child simulating testicular tumor.", "content": "Enlargement of an undescended testicle in a 6 1/2-month-old-child resulted in radical orchiectomy. Pathological diagnosis was focal infarction of the testicle. This disorder must be considered in the differential diagnosis of testicular enlargement in the infant and child.", "contents": "Focal infarction of the testicle in a child simulating testicular tumor. Enlargement of an undescended testicle in a 6 1/2-month-old-child resulted in radical orchiectomy. Pathological diagnosis was focal infarction of the testicle. This disorder must be considered in the differential diagnosis of testicular enlargement in the infant and child."}
{"id": "PMID:904069", "title": "Sarcoidosis and testicular neoplasm: an unusual association.", "content": "A case of sarcoidosis of the mediastinal lymph nodes with concomitant teratoembryonal carcinoma of the testis is presented. It is important to differentiate these entities from mediastinal metastases of testicular tumors and testicular sarcoidosis, respectively. We favor mediastinal biopsy in appropriate cases, in addition to testicular exploration.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis and testicular neoplasm: an unusual association. A case of sarcoidosis of the mediastinal lymph nodes with concomitant teratoembryonal carcinoma of the testis is presented. It is important to differentiate these entities from mediastinal metastases of testicular tumors and testicular sarcoidosis, respectively. We favor mediastinal biopsy in appropriate cases, in addition to testicular exploration."}
{"id": "PMID:904070", "title": "Secondary testicular tumors.", "content": "A case of bilateral testicular metastases from carcinoma of the colon is reported. A review of the literature on secondary testicular tumors reveals their rarity and speculation is made as to the routes of metastases.", "contents": "Secondary testicular tumors. A case of bilateral testicular metastases from carcinoma of the colon is reported. A review of the literature on secondary testicular tumors reveals their rarity and speculation is made as to the routes of metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:904071", "title": "Case report: dermatomyositis of the scrotum.", "content": "Necrotic lesions of the scrotum usually result from infectious processes, vascular occlusion or trauma. The first case of necrotic non-purulent skin changes associated with dermatomyositis is reported.", "contents": "Case report: dermatomyositis of the scrotum. Necrotic lesions of the scrotum usually result from infectious processes, vascular occlusion or trauma. The first case of necrotic non-purulent skin changes associated with dermatomyositis is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:904072", "title": "Scrotal panniculitis in the prepuberal male patient.", "content": "A case of unilateral panniculitis with fat necrosis of subcutaneous scrotal fat tissue is reported. The typical presentation is that of unilateral or bilateral swelling, pain and a palpably tender mass in the scrotum located beneath the testicle. Conservative, non-operative treatment is successful.", "contents": "Scrotal panniculitis in the prepuberal male patient. A case of unilateral panniculitis with fat necrosis of subcutaneous scrotal fat tissue is reported. The typical presentation is that of unilateral or bilateral swelling, pain and a palpably tender mass in the scrotum located beneath the testicle. Conservative, non-operative treatment is successful."}
{"id": "PMID:904073", "title": "Androgen therapy of a varicocele.", "content": "A case of asthenospermia and decreased semen volume with consequent infertility is reported. The patient had large bilateral varicoceles but refused an operation. Significant improvement of volume and motility occurred after treatment with fluoxymesterone and pregnancy was achieved.", "contents": "Androgen therapy of a varicocele. A case of asthenospermia and decreased semen volume with consequent infertility is reported. The patient had large bilateral varicoceles but refused an operation. Significant improvement of volume and motility occurred after treatment with fluoxymesterone and pregnancy was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:904074", "title": "Pheochromocytoma of the spermatic cord: a case report.", "content": "A case of pheochromocytoma arising from the left spermatic cord in a 52-year-old man is presented. The tumor had been present for about 10 years without hormonal symptoms. A diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was presumed because of a marked elevation of blood pressure at operation.", "contents": "Pheochromocytoma of the spermatic cord: a case report. A case of pheochromocytoma arising from the left spermatic cord in a 52-year-old man is presented. The tumor had been present for about 10 years without hormonal symptoms. A diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was presumed because of a marked elevation of blood pressure at operation."}
{"id": "PMID:904126", "title": "A study of cognitive and technical skill deterioration among trained paramedics.", "content": "Thirty trained paramedics were studied to measure cognitive and technical skill deterioration 6 to 30 months after completion of their individual training programs. The group of 30 paramedics included those with six months and those with one year of training. The purpose of the study was to identify areas in need of continuing education and to see if the rate of skill deterioration correlated with the time from completion of the training program. The trained paramedics were given the same final written and technical skill examination they had taken at the end of their training and the individuals' two scores were compared. The skills requiring the most technical knowledge deteriorated the fastest. Also, basic skills, despite frequent use in the field, had deteriorated. The amount of skill deterioration was greatest among the group of trained paramedics that had completed their training 30 months prior to this study.", "contents": "A study of cognitive and technical skill deterioration among trained paramedics. Thirty trained paramedics were studied to measure cognitive and technical skill deterioration 6 to 30 months after completion of their individual training programs. The group of 30 paramedics included those with six months and those with one year of training. The purpose of the study was to identify areas in need of continuing education and to see if the rate of skill deterioration correlated with the time from completion of the training program. The trained paramedics were given the same final written and technical skill examination they had taken at the end of their training and the individuals' two scores were compared. The skills requiring the most technical knowledge deteriorated the fastest. Also, basic skills, despite frequent use in the field, had deteriorated. The amount of skill deterioration was greatest among the group of trained paramedics that had completed their training 30 months prior to this study."}
{"id": "PMID:904127", "title": "Comparative analysis of emergency department treatment of patients with chest pain.", "content": "A vital function of the emergency physician is separating patients with chest pain who require intensive immediate treatment from those who require minimal care. The care of 701 patients presenting with chest pain in two Baltimore hospitals was evaluated using medical record data and follow-up questionnaires to discharged patients. Twenty per cent were admitted. There was a significant difference between the two hospitals in admission rates. Thirty-five per cent of the discharged patients felt no better two weeks after emergency department discharge. Plans for further research include a study to clarify the difference in admission rates and the characteristics of individuals who remained symptomatic at two weeks.", "contents": "Comparative analysis of emergency department treatment of patients with chest pain. A vital function of the emergency physician is separating patients with chest pain who require intensive immediate treatment from those who require minimal care. The care of 701 patients presenting with chest pain in two Baltimore hospitals was evaluated using medical record data and follow-up questionnaires to discharged patients. Twenty per cent were admitted. There was a significant difference between the two hospitals in admission rates. Thirty-five per cent of the discharged patients felt no better two weeks after emergency department discharge. Plans for further research include a study to clarify the difference in admission rates and the characteristics of individuals who remained symptomatic at two weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:904128", "title": "Patterns in the number of patients seen hourly in a community hospital emergency department.", "content": "The hourly and daily patient load data from Tri-City Hospital was analyzed using statistical and graphic analysis for the period between April 1, 1976 and October 31, 1976. This analysis revealed repetitive patterns in the patient load data, both in the daily data, with a seven-day cycle peaking on Saturday or Sunday, and the intraday data with a bimodal daily cycle with peaks between 10:00 am and 1:00 pm, followed by a high evening peak between 7:00 pm and 8:00 pm. Methods were introduced which, by simple calculation, can determine these cycles and those deviant days that exceed the norm early in the day.", "contents": "Patterns in the number of patients seen hourly in a community hospital emergency department. The hourly and daily patient load data from Tri-City Hospital was analyzed using statistical and graphic analysis for the period between April 1, 1976 and October 31, 1976. This analysis revealed repetitive patterns in the patient load data, both in the daily data, with a seven-day cycle peaking on Saturday or Sunday, and the intraday data with a bimodal daily cycle with peaks between 10:00 am and 1:00 pm, followed by a high evening peak between 7:00 pm and 8:00 pm. Methods were introduced which, by simple calculation, can determine these cycles and those deviant days that exceed the norm early in the day."}
{"id": "PMID:904244", "title": "[Statistical methods in medicine: in instruction, consultancy and research (author's transl)].", "content": "This survey covers the use of statistical methods in three areas of medicine: (1) the obligatory instruction of students in statistics, (2) the statistical consulting of clinicians and their candidates for a doctor's degree and (3) the modification and creation of statistical methods by the statisticians in the departments of medical statistics and documentation. Moreover some factors are discussed that reduce the effectiveness of statistical consulting, may it be service, advisory work or collaboration. Other sections of this paper cover the calamity of utilization and evaluation of old clinical records, the avoidance of fallacies and of errors committed by the inappropriate and incorrect application of statistical methods in medicine. Supplementary questions are given as a \"first help\" in tackling problems in medicine.", "contents": "[Statistical methods in medicine: in instruction, consultancy and research (author's transl)]. This survey covers the use of statistical methods in three areas of medicine: (1) the obligatory instruction of students in statistics, (2) the statistical consulting of clinicians and their candidates for a doctor's degree and (3) the modification and creation of statistical methods by the statisticians in the departments of medical statistics and documentation. Moreover some factors are discussed that reduce the effectiveness of statistical consulting, may it be service, advisory work or collaboration. Other sections of this paper cover the calamity of utilization and evaluation of old clinical records, the avoidance of fallacies and of errors committed by the inappropriate and incorrect application of statistical methods in medicine. Supplementary questions are given as a \"first help\" in tackling problems in medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:904245", "title": "[Diagnostic procedures in hereditary fructose intolerance (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to diagnose hereditary fructose intolerance up to now, there were only the dangerous fructose-load and the biochemical evidence of this metabolic defect from biopsies of liver, intestine or kidney. Since there are no screening tests nor tests for heterocygote carriers or prenatal diagnostic procedures, we tested a simple method to determine serum activities of the two enzymes concerned in this defect (fructose-1-phosphate aldolase, fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase). Even in completely healthy children we could measure both activities in a good range. Children with known liver lesion caused other than HFI had significantly increased activities of both enzymes. In 4 cases with HFI we could not measure any activity of fructose-1-phosphate aldolase and a decreased activity of fructose-1,6-di-phosphate aldolase in serum, despite an apparently damaged liver. We propose to define those two serum activities in any case of an obscure liver lesion, frequent vomiting and postprandial hypoglycemia in early childhood, in order to exclude HFI or to demonstrate its possible presence.", "contents": "[Diagnostic procedures in hereditary fructose intolerance (author's transl)]. In order to diagnose hereditary fructose intolerance up to now, there were only the dangerous fructose-load and the biochemical evidence of this metabolic defect from biopsies of liver, intestine or kidney. Since there are no screening tests nor tests for heterocygote carriers or prenatal diagnostic procedures, we tested a simple method to determine serum activities of the two enzymes concerned in this defect (fructose-1-phosphate aldolase, fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase). Even in completely healthy children we could measure both activities in a good range. Children with known liver lesion caused other than HFI had significantly increased activities of both enzymes. In 4 cases with HFI we could not measure any activity of fructose-1-phosphate aldolase and a decreased activity of fructose-1,6-di-phosphate aldolase in serum, despite an apparently damaged liver. We propose to define those two serum activities in any case of an obscure liver lesion, frequent vomiting and postprandial hypoglycemia in early childhood, in order to exclude HFI or to demonstrate its possible presence."}
{"id": "PMID:904246", "title": "[The role of inter-alpha-trypsin-inhibitor (concentration of serum of childhood) (author's transl)].", "content": "The feeble monovalent, humoral protease inhibitor inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor has to be regarded as inhibitogen for different secretory, low-molecular, polyvalent inhibitors. Kallikreine acts as inhibitor-releasing enzyme. The inhibitor levels in the serum were determined for children of different ages. Contrary to adult patients not showing a lack of inhibitogen as consequence of the disease, inhibitogen insufficiencies are rather frequent, particularly for prematures and newborns with respiratory distress and inflammatory diseases. Obviously, in early childhood the production of inhibitogen is not yet in full progress. In case of increased inhibitor consumption or excessive kallikrein consumption this condition results in an inhibitogen insufficiency.", "contents": "[The role of inter-alpha-trypsin-inhibitor (concentration of serum of childhood) (author's transl)]. The feeble monovalent, humoral protease inhibitor inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor has to be regarded as inhibitogen for different secretory, low-molecular, polyvalent inhibitors. Kallikreine acts as inhibitor-releasing enzyme. The inhibitor levels in the serum were determined for children of different ages. Contrary to adult patients not showing a lack of inhibitogen as consequence of the disease, inhibitogen insufficiencies are rather frequent, particularly for prematures and newborns with respiratory distress and inflammatory diseases. Obviously, in early childhood the production of inhibitogen is not yet in full progress. In case of increased inhibitor consumption or excessive kallikrein consumption this condition results in an inhibitogen insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:904249", "title": "[Individual reaction to stress with former concentration camp immates (author's transl)].", "content": "The individual disposition to react to different stressors to play an important role in an extreme stress situation, i.e. the incarceration in concentration camps. Ten to fourteen years after their liberation, 219 former concentration camp inmates now living in Bavaria, New York and Israel were given semi-structured interviews. Since no statistically significant correlations between psychic and somatic complaints and incarceration could be found, we computed a factor analysis on illness dimensions. We found high correlations between these and the stress induced by concentration camp incarceration. An important answer to the above mentioned questions was the fact that there was no homogeneous reaction syndrome, such as it has always been described in the literature on concentration camp syndromes. We found four patterns of delayed reaction to stress. According to the contribution of somatic and psychic complaints, the factors were named as follows: 1. psycho-physical syndrome, 2. internal disease, 3. gynaecological illness, 4. psychic (social) syndrome. Personality factors played an important role in the development of these syndromes, because they modified the degree of stress endured. Personality factors were shown to be dependent on life history. The importance of these results for mastering stressors is being discussed.", "contents": "[Individual reaction to stress with former concentration camp immates (author's transl)]. The individual disposition to react to different stressors to play an important role in an extreme stress situation, i.e. the incarceration in concentration camps. Ten to fourteen years after their liberation, 219 former concentration camp inmates now living in Bavaria, New York and Israel were given semi-structured interviews. Since no statistically significant correlations between psychic and somatic complaints and incarceration could be found, we computed a factor analysis on illness dimensions. We found high correlations between these and the stress induced by concentration camp incarceration. An important answer to the above mentioned questions was the fact that there was no homogeneous reaction syndrome, such as it has always been described in the literature on concentration camp syndromes. We found four patterns of delayed reaction to stress. According to the contribution of somatic and psychic complaints, the factors were named as follows: 1. psycho-physical syndrome, 2. internal disease, 3. gynaecological illness, 4. psychic (social) syndrome. Personality factors played an important role in the development of these syndromes, because they modified the degree of stress endured. Personality factors were shown to be dependent on life history. The importance of these results for mastering stressors is being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904279", "title": "[State of rat liver and spleen DNA after space flight on the \"Cosmos-605\" satellite].", "content": "The effect of space flight on the content of nucleic acids and the structure of DNA in the rat liver and spleen was studied. The 22-day exposure did not influence the DNA content in tissues, whereas the RNA content decreased by 14% and 19% in the liver and spleen, respectively. The flight did not induce changes like one-stranded or paired breakages in the DNA structure. Studies of the liver showed a minor trend towards a fall of elastic viscosity of the DNA supermolecular structure (difference between the flight and control rats was statistically insignificant). The above changes in the state of nucleic acids in the liver and spleen were transient.", "contents": "[State of rat liver and spleen DNA after space flight on the \"Cosmos-605\" satellite]. The effect of space flight on the content of nucleic acids and the structure of DNA in the rat liver and spleen was studied. The 22-day exposure did not influence the DNA content in tissues, whereas the RNA content decreased by 14% and 19% in the liver and spleen, respectively. The flight did not induce changes like one-stranded or paired breakages in the DNA structure. Studies of the liver showed a minor trend towards a fall of elastic viscosity of the DNA supermolecular structure (difference between the flight and control rats was statistically insignificant). The above changes in the state of nucleic acids in the liver and spleen were transient."}
{"id": "PMID:904278", "title": "[Medical provisions for the immediate post-flight period following long space flights].", "content": "At the final stage of long-term space flights first aid should be rendered in a specific way in cases of critical situations. Resuscitation and anesthesiology measures should be applied, if necessary, after study of flight-induced changes in the vital organs and systems. The paper describes the most important factors that should determine the tactics of resuscitation-anesthesiology support of the immediate postflight stage, if theoretically feasible acute life-endangering states develop. It also presents substantiated correction of routine clinical protocols of resuscitation aid.", "contents": "[Medical provisions for the immediate post-flight period following long space flights]. At the final stage of long-term space flights first aid should be rendered in a specific way in cases of critical situations. Resuscitation and anesthesiology measures should be applied, if necessary, after study of flight-induced changes in the vital organs and systems. The paper describes the most important factors that should determine the tactics of resuscitation-anesthesiology support of the immediate postflight stage, if theoretically feasible acute life-endangering states develop. It also presents substantiated correction of routine clinical protocols of resuscitation aid."}
{"id": "PMID:904280", "title": "[Effect of long-term space flight on protein biosynthesis in different rat tissues and organs].", "content": "Protein synthesis in the heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, kidneys, skeletal muscles and testes of the 22-day Cosmos-605 flight and synchronous rats was studied with the aif of 14C-amino acid incorporation. On the 2nd postflight day both flight and synchronous rats showed an increased synthesis of heart sarcoplasmatic proteins. On the 26th postflight day the rate of incorporation was normal. On the 2nd and 26th days the synthesis of myofibrillar proteins in the m. quadriceps femoris was inhibited in flight animals postflight day the rate of incorporation was normal. On the 2nd and 26th days the syn-only. On the 2nd and 26th days the liver of the flight and synchronous rats showed qualitatively similar changes in protein metabolism of subcellular structures. No changes in the protein synthesis of other organs tested were detected.", "contents": "[Effect of long-term space flight on protein biosynthesis in different rat tissues and organs]. Protein synthesis in the heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, kidneys, skeletal muscles and testes of the 22-day Cosmos-605 flight and synchronous rats was studied with the aif of 14C-amino acid incorporation. On the 2nd postflight day both flight and synchronous rats showed an increased synthesis of heart sarcoplasmatic proteins. On the 26th postflight day the rate of incorporation was normal. On the 2nd and 26th days the synthesis of myofibrillar proteins in the m. quadriceps femoris was inhibited in flight animals postflight day the rate of incorporation was normal. On the 2nd and 26th days the syn-only. On the 2nd and 26th days the liver of the flight and synchronous rats showed qualitatively similar changes in protein metabolism of subcellular structures. No changes in the protein synthesis of other organs tested were detected."}
{"id": "PMID:904282", "title": "[Clinico-biochemical aspects of human adaptation in central Antarctica as applied to the problems of space biology and medicine].", "content": "The paper presents the results of clinical, physiological and biochemical examination of 27 polar explorer--members of the 17th Soviet Antartic Expedition at the Vostok station. It gives data on the morbidity rate and describes the development of the asthenic-neurotic syndrome. On the basis of studies of catecholamines and serotonin, the role of the sympatho-adrenal system in the human adaptation to the harsh environments of the Central Antarctica has been shown.", "contents": "[Clinico-biochemical aspects of human adaptation in central Antarctica as applied to the problems of space biology and medicine]. The paper presents the results of clinical, physiological and biochemical examination of 27 polar explorer--members of the 17th Soviet Antartic Expedition at the Vostok station. It gives data on the morbidity rate and describes the development of the asthenic-neurotic syndrome. On the basis of studies of catecholamines and serotonin, the role of the sympatho-adrenal system in the human adaptation to the harsh environments of the Central Antarctica has been shown."}
{"id": "PMID:904283", "title": "[Effect of a constant magnetic field of ultra-high intensity on the morphologic composition of peripheral blood].", "content": "An exposure of mice to a constant magnetic field (CMF) of 9.9, 25.4 and 39.4 kersted produced changes in the leucocyte and reticulocyte counts and caused no changes in the red blood cell count and hemoglobin. The changes noted during and after the exposure were of a cyclic pattern. During a 24-hour exposure of animals to a CMF of 39.4 kersted a short-term increase in the reticulocyte and leucocyte counts and a concomitant decrease of the neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were noted. Afterwards the reticulocyte count decreased and increased again by the end of the exposure. Following a 3-hour exposure to CMFs of the above intensities the changes persisted for 20-35 days. Normally the parameters increased during the 1-2 days of the exposure and decreased thereafter. The level of changes was not correlated with the CMF intensity. The increase in the reticulocyte count during and exposure to a CMF of 39.4 kersted was identical to that during an exposure to a CMF of I kersted.", "contents": "[Effect of a constant magnetic field of ultra-high intensity on the morphologic composition of peripheral blood]. An exposure of mice to a constant magnetic field (CMF) of 9.9, 25.4 and 39.4 kersted produced changes in the leucocyte and reticulocyte counts and caused no changes in the red blood cell count and hemoglobin. The changes noted during and after the exposure were of a cyclic pattern. During a 24-hour exposure of animals to a CMF of 39.4 kersted a short-term increase in the reticulocyte and leucocyte counts and a concomitant decrease of the neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were noted. Afterwards the reticulocyte count decreased and increased again by the end of the exposure. Following a 3-hour exposure to CMFs of the above intensities the changes persisted for 20-35 days. Normally the parameters increased during the 1-2 days of the exposure and decreased thereafter. The level of changes was not correlated with the CMF intensity. The increase in the reticulocyte count during and exposure to a CMF of 39.4 kersted was identical to that during an exposure to a CMF of I kersted."}
{"id": "PMID:904281", "title": "[Cytochemical study of proteins and RNA in individual spinal cord motor neurons and intervertebral ganglion neurons of rats following space flight].", "content": "By the methods of quantitative cytochemistry the content of RNA cytoplasmatic protein was measured in motoneurons of anterior horns of the spinal cord and neurons of spinal ganglia of rats after their 22-day space flight. The exposure did not alter the content of RNA in motoneurons of the anterior horns of the spinal cord and reduced the value in large neurons of spinal ganglia. The flight diminished significantly the protein content in the cytoplasm of motoneurons and neurons of spinal ganglia as compared with the preflight level. On the 27th postflight day the RNA content in motoneurons of the anterior horns of the spinal cord increased and that in neurons of spinal ganglia did not differ from the preflight level. On the 27th postflight day the protein content in the cytoplasm of motoneurons returned to the preflight level and remained decreased in the cytoplasms of large neurons of spinal ganglia.", "contents": "[Cytochemical study of proteins and RNA in individual spinal cord motor neurons and intervertebral ganglion neurons of rats following space flight]. By the methods of quantitative cytochemistry the content of RNA cytoplasmatic protein was measured in motoneurons of anterior horns of the spinal cord and neurons of spinal ganglia of rats after their 22-day space flight. The exposure did not alter the content of RNA in motoneurons of the anterior horns of the spinal cord and reduced the value in large neurons of spinal ganglia. The flight diminished significantly the protein content in the cytoplasm of motoneurons and neurons of spinal ganglia as compared with the preflight level. On the 27th postflight day the RNA content in motoneurons of the anterior horns of the spinal cord increased and that in neurons of spinal ganglia did not differ from the preflight level. On the 27th postflight day the protein content in the cytoplasm of motoneurons returned to the preflight level and remained decreased in the cytoplasms of large neurons of spinal ganglia."}
{"id": "PMID:904285", "title": "[Cataractogenic effect of protons with energies of 25 and 50 MeV].", "content": "The frequency of cataract formation in mice was studied during their exposure to protons of 25 and meV and X-rays of 200 kV at doses of 100-600 rad. The frequency of cataract formation was a function of the irradiation dose and postirradiation time. The frequency of occurrence and intensity of development of radiation-induced cataracts was related to the dose rate. No qualitative differences in the clinical picture of the formation and development of cataracts indlced by protons or by X-rays were noted. The RBE coefficients of 25 and 50 meV protons approximated a unit.", "contents": "[Cataractogenic effect of protons with energies of 25 and 50 MeV]. The frequency of cataract formation in mice was studied during their exposure to protons of 25 and meV and X-rays of 200 kV at doses of 100-600 rad. The frequency of cataract formation was a function of the irradiation dose and postirradiation time. The frequency of occurrence and intensity of development of radiation-induced cataracts was related to the dose rate. No qualitative differences in the clinical picture of the formation and development of cataracts indlced by protons or by X-rays were noted. The RBE coefficients of 25 and 50 meV protons approximated a unit."}
{"id": "PMID:904287", "title": "[Personality characteristics of pilots and navigators].", "content": "One of the pathways of improving the psychological selection of the flying personnel is to study properties of the personality responsible for flying tasks. It is important to form an ideal of personality properties of the pilot and navigator. With this purpose a special set of psychological methods allowing a comprehensive study of the personality was used. The results helped to identify personality properties typical of pilots and navigators and to suggest that high achievements in the professional activity of pilots and navigators are associated with their personality characteristics and correct selection of the flying specialty.", "contents": "[Personality characteristics of pilots and navigators]. One of the pathways of improving the psychological selection of the flying personnel is to study properties of the personality responsible for flying tasks. It is important to form an ideal of personality properties of the pilot and navigator. With this purpose a special set of psychological methods allowing a comprehensive study of the personality was used. The results helped to identify personality properties typical of pilots and navigators and to suggest that high achievements in the professional activity of pilots and navigators are associated with their personality characteristics and correct selection of the flying specialty."}
{"id": "PMID:904294", "title": "Measurement of guinea pig body surface area.", "content": "The body surface area (BSA) of 50 adult 2/N guinea pigs of both sexes and varying age was measured by the skinning and paper weight technique, or calculated from two equations in which the animals' weight (W) alone or the weight and length (L) were known. The equations BSA = W2/3 x 8.054 and BSA = W0.425 x L0.725 X 3.545 were developed by the method of least squares. The differences between the values obtained by measurement and those obtained by either of the calculation methods were not statistically significant. Differences because of sex and age were also not significant.", "contents": "Measurement of guinea pig body surface area. The body surface area (BSA) of 50 adult 2/N guinea pigs of both sexes and varying age was measured by the skinning and paper weight technique, or calculated from two equations in which the animals' weight (W) alone or the weight and length (L) were known. The equations BSA = W2/3 x 8.054 and BSA = W0.425 x L0.725 X 3.545 were developed by the method of least squares. The differences between the values obtained by measurement and those obtained by either of the calculation methods were not statistically significant. Differences because of sex and age were also not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:904295", "title": "Long term bile collection in the rat.", "content": "Bile was collected from the rat continuously, over an extended period, using an externalized cannula brought through an intrascapular incision. The cannula was protected by a 30-cm, 16-gauge stainless steel tube attached to the skin through the incision. The rat was housed in a 10.2 x 10.2 x 12.7 cm cage at a lever higher than the collection vial to aid in drainage of bile. A hole in the vial cap permitted the cannula to turn freely as the rat moved about the cage. This method allowed bile to be collected conveniently over long periods of time with minimal restraint of the animal.", "contents": "Long term bile collection in the rat. Bile was collected from the rat continuously, over an extended period, using an externalized cannula brought through an intrascapular incision. The cannula was protected by a 30-cm, 16-gauge stainless steel tube attached to the skin through the incision. The rat was housed in a 10.2 x 10.2 x 12.7 cm cage at a lever higher than the collection vial to aid in drainage of bile. A hole in the vial cap permitted the cannula to turn freely as the rat moved about the cage. This method allowed bile to be collected conveniently over long periods of time with minimal restraint of the animal."}
{"id": "PMID:904292", "title": "[Dynamics of cyclic and acyclic locomotion by the crew of \"Soyuz-18\" after a 63-day space flight].", "content": "After the 63-day flight Soyuz-18 crewmembers P. I. Klimuk and V. I. Sevastyanov performed different types of walking, long and high jumps. During the exercises the coordination structure, bioelectric activity of anterior and posterior groups of calf and femoral muscles, distribution of loads along three coordinate axes in the center of body gravity and support reactions of feet were investigated. The study demonstrated certain stages in the recovery processes, duration of the readaptation period, dependence of the level of locomotion disorders upon the inflight exercises. The investigation showed a better condition of the locomotion functions of Soyuz-18 crewmembers as compared with those of Soyuz-9 and Soyuz-17 cosmonauts. The study also helped to determine how to arrange the readaptation period.", "contents": "[Dynamics of cyclic and acyclic locomotion by the crew of \"Soyuz-18\" after a 63-day space flight]. After the 63-day flight Soyuz-18 crewmembers P. I. Klimuk and V. I. Sevastyanov performed different types of walking, long and high jumps. During the exercises the coordination structure, bioelectric activity of anterior and posterior groups of calf and femoral muscles, distribution of loads along three coordinate axes in the center of body gravity and support reactions of feet were investigated. The study demonstrated certain stages in the recovery processes, duration of the readaptation period, dependence of the level of locomotion disorders upon the inflight exercises. The investigation showed a better condition of the locomotion functions of Soyuz-18 crewmembers as compared with those of Soyuz-9 and Soyuz-17 cosmonauts. The study also helped to determine how to arrange the readaptation period."}
{"id": "PMID:904304", "title": "Effect of syntactic order on serial-recall performance of hearing-impaired and normal-hearing subjects.", "content": "Previous research on the effect of syntactic order on the memory performance of hearing-impaired subjects has indicated that in contrast to normal-hearing subjects the deaf do not make use of the syntactic order of a word string to facilitate retention and recall. The present study used an immediate serial recall paradigm rather than a paired associate paradigm requiring longer term retention. Using this paradigm, 10 normal-hearing, 10 hearing-impaired subjects trained with manual communication, and 10 hearing-impaired trained with oral communication were presented with word strings of four, six, and eight words in length. One set of word strings was syntactically well formed while another was randomly ordered. The subjects were presented the stimuli over nine trials. An analysis of the number of errors for each list length and order condition revealed facilitation due to syntactic order at the eight-word length for all subjects and at the six-word length for the hearing-impaired populations. An error analysis further supported the use of syntactic order by the hearing impaired to facilitate their retention of the word strings. Two ways of resolving the conflict between these results and prior results showing no facilitation are presented. The first recognizes the possible use of an order of mention strategy and its effect upon performance in these two studies. The second notes the differences in the involvement of semantic versus syntactic information in the tasks used in these studies.", "contents": "Effect of syntactic order on serial-recall performance of hearing-impaired and normal-hearing subjects. Previous research on the effect of syntactic order on the memory performance of hearing-impaired subjects has indicated that in contrast to normal-hearing subjects the deaf do not make use of the syntactic order of a word string to facilitate retention and recall. The present study used an immediate serial recall paradigm rather than a paired associate paradigm requiring longer term retention. Using this paradigm, 10 normal-hearing, 10 hearing-impaired subjects trained with manual communication, and 10 hearing-impaired trained with oral communication were presented with word strings of four, six, and eight words in length. One set of word strings was syntactically well formed while another was randomly ordered. The subjects were presented the stimuli over nine trials. An analysis of the number of errors for each list length and order condition revealed facilitation due to syntactic order at the eight-word length for all subjects and at the six-word length for the hearing-impaired populations. An error analysis further supported the use of syntactic order by the hearing impaired to facilitate their retention of the word strings. Two ways of resolving the conflict between these results and prior results showing no facilitation are presented. The first recognizes the possible use of an order of mention strategy and its effect upon performance in these two studies. The second notes the differences in the involvement of semantic versus syntactic information in the tasks used in these studies."}
{"id": "PMID:904305", "title": "Auditory/vibratory perception of syllabic structure in words by profoundly hearing-impaired children.", "content": "Sixty monosyllabic, disyllabic, and trisyllabic words were recorded and presented at different times through earphones and vibrators to 20 normal-hearing adults and to 20 profoundly hearing-impaired children to evaluate their perception of number of syllables. Vibratory perception by the profoundly hearing-impaired and normal-hearing subjects and auditory perception by the profoundly hearing-impaired subjects all were similar. Their responses could be predicted by counting the number of prominent energy bursts displayed on the screen of a storage oscilloscope. The subjects' responses obtained under these conditions differed considerably from normal auditory perception, which could be predicted by \"dictionary criteria\" for syllabification. These findings suggest the need for a special perceptual viewpoint in teaching stress or prosody to profoundly hearing-impaired children.", "contents": "Auditory/vibratory perception of syllabic structure in words by profoundly hearing-impaired children. Sixty monosyllabic, disyllabic, and trisyllabic words were recorded and presented at different times through earphones and vibrators to 20 normal-hearing adults and to 20 profoundly hearing-impaired children to evaluate their perception of number of syllables. Vibratory perception by the profoundly hearing-impaired and normal-hearing subjects and auditory perception by the profoundly hearing-impaired subjects all were similar. Their responses could be predicted by counting the number of prominent energy bursts displayed on the screen of a storage oscilloscope. The subjects' responses obtained under these conditions differed considerably from normal auditory perception, which could be predicted by \"dictionary criteria\" for syllabification. These findings suggest the need for a special perceptual viewpoint in teaching stress or prosody to profoundly hearing-impaired children."}
{"id": "PMID:904306", "title": "Tympanometric asymmetry.", "content": "Tympanometric asymmetry was investigated in 17 normal adult subjects. Experimental variables included transmission quantity, probe frequency, direction of pressure change, and type of probe tip. Tympanograms were characterized by systematic asymmetries that appeared to be related predominantly to middle-ear effects, although ear canal effects probably contributed to the asymmetries as well. Implications for the standardization of measurement procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Tympanometric asymmetry. Tympanometric asymmetry was investigated in 17 normal adult subjects. Experimental variables included transmission quantity, probe frequency, direction of pressure change, and type of probe tip. Tympanograms were characterized by systematic asymmetries that appeared to be related predominantly to middle-ear effects, although ear canal effects probably contributed to the asymmetries as well. Implications for the standardization of measurement procedures are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904307", "title": "Interactions among tympanometric variables.", "content": "To gain a better understanding of tympanometric results that have been difficult to interpret, such as asymmetrical and W-shaped tympanograms, acoustic susceptance and conductance tympanograms were measured from subjects with normal hearing and from subjects with well-defined middle ear pathology. Acoustic reactance, resistance, and impedance were computed and predicted from the measured data. Asymmetrical tympanograms derive in large part from the marked asymmetry in acoustic resistance as a function of ear canal pressure. W-shaped tympanograms result from interactions between reactance and resistance that occur when the two quantities assume similar absolute values or when reactance is mass controlled. A criterion for distinguishing between W-shaped tympanograms that are normal from those that are abnormal is discussed.", "contents": "Interactions among tympanometric variables. To gain a better understanding of tympanometric results that have been difficult to interpret, such as asymmetrical and W-shaped tympanograms, acoustic susceptance and conductance tympanograms were measured from subjects with normal hearing and from subjects with well-defined middle ear pathology. Acoustic reactance, resistance, and impedance were computed and predicted from the measured data. Asymmetrical tympanograms derive in large part from the marked asymmetry in acoustic resistance as a function of ear canal pressure. W-shaped tympanograms result from interactions between reactance and resistance that occur when the two quantities assume similar absolute values or when reactance is mass controlled. A criterion for distinguishing between W-shaped tympanograms that are normal from those that are abnormal is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904308", "title": "Development of the California Consonant Test.", "content": "A 100-item, multiple-choice test for consonant identification labeled the California Consonant Test (CCT) has been developed expressly for use with hearing-impaired patients. A computer-assisted analysis was obtained for the test responses of 550 patients with sensorineural hearing loss. The test seems highly sensitive to configurations of high-tone loss, but the correlation with degree of loss, especially in the instance of flat configurations, is somewhat low (-0.40). Test-retest correlation is 0.96. A correlation of 0.35 with a W-22 list indicates that the two tests are measuring different aspects of speech reception. In addition to its usefulness in identifying consonant confusions for rehabilitation purposes, the CCT may prove helpful in ranking hearing aids. For the latter purpose, two 50-item subforms, designed for equivalence, have been under observation for possible use when time is a critical factor. Repetitions of the 100-item list offer greater stability, however.", "contents": "Development of the California Consonant Test. A 100-item, multiple-choice test for consonant identification labeled the California Consonant Test (CCT) has been developed expressly for use with hearing-impaired patients. A computer-assisted analysis was obtained for the test responses of 550 patients with sensorineural hearing loss. The test seems highly sensitive to configurations of high-tone loss, but the correlation with degree of loss, especially in the instance of flat configurations, is somewhat low (-0.40). Test-retest correlation is 0.96. A correlation of 0.35 with a W-22 list indicates that the two tests are measuring different aspects of speech reception. In addition to its usefulness in identifying consonant confusions for rehabilitation purposes, the CCT may prove helpful in ranking hearing aids. For the latter purpose, two 50-item subforms, designed for equivalence, have been under observation for possible use when time is a critical factor. Repetitions of the 100-item list offer greater stability, however."}
{"id": "PMID:904309", "title": "Influence of reading level difficulty on the disfluencies of normal children.", "content": "This study assessed the effect of increasing the difficulty of reading material on the frequency and type of disfluency in the oral reading of normally fluent elementary school children. Eighty children participated in the study. Ten boys and 10 girls each, from Grades 3, 4, 5, and 6, read five 200-word passages, corresponding to one grade below their school placement, the grade of their school placement, and one, two, and three grades above their school placement. Results indicated a significant increase in total moments of disfluency and four specific types of disfluency as the difficulty of reading material increased. The data revealed a tendency for \"stuttering\" disfluencies to increase more in frequency than \"normal\" nonfluencies. Results are discussed with respect to theoretical and experimental implications.", "contents": "Influence of reading level difficulty on the disfluencies of normal children. This study assessed the effect of increasing the difficulty of reading material on the frequency and type of disfluency in the oral reading of normally fluent elementary school children. Eighty children participated in the study. Ten boys and 10 girls each, from Grades 3, 4, 5, and 6, read five 200-word passages, corresponding to one grade below their school placement, the grade of their school placement, and one, two, and three grades above their school placement. Results indicated a significant increase in total moments of disfluency and four specific types of disfluency as the difficulty of reading material increased. The data revealed a tendency for \"stuttering\" disfluencies to increase more in frequency than \"normal\" nonfluencies. Results are discussed with respect to theoretical and experimental implications."}
{"id": "PMID:904310", "title": "An acoustic-perceptual method for the quantitative evaluation of hypernasality.", "content": "A computer implementation is proposed as a method for assessing the quality of an individual's speech from a perceptual and communicative point of view. The input to this procedure is a standardized set of speech samples (vowels and selected consonants) designed to permit an evaluation of the speaker's phonology. The output is a numerical specification of the functional adequacy of the target values of the phonetic segments under analysis. The computer program consists of three parts: a simulated auditory analyzer, the output of which is a spectral representation of each test item; an algorithm that computes a psychoacoustically based measure of distinctiveness or perceptual distance for each pair of test spectra, and a routine for comparing, in terms of this measure, the test items with the corresponding reference items drawn from a population of normal speakers or a recording made before patient intervention.", "contents": "An acoustic-perceptual method for the quantitative evaluation of hypernasality. A computer implementation is proposed as a method for assessing the quality of an individual's speech from a perceptual and communicative point of view. The input to this procedure is a standardized set of speech samples (vowels and selected consonants) designed to permit an evaluation of the speaker's phonology. The output is a numerical specification of the functional adequacy of the target values of the phonetic segments under analysis. The computer program consists of three parts: a simulated auditory analyzer, the output of which is a spectral representation of each test item; an algorithm that computes a psychoacoustically based measure of distinctiveness or perceptual distance for each pair of test spectra, and a routine for comparing, in terms of this measure, the test items with the corresponding reference items drawn from a population of normal speakers or a recording made before patient intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:904311", "title": "Short-term memory scan in normal individuals and individuals with aphasia.", "content": "Ten matched pairs of normal adults and adults with aphasia participated in a short-term memory, visual recognition paradigm wherein each determined whether or not a probe digit appeared in a subset of digits previously presented. Reaction times, measured in milliseconds from onset of probe digits until completion of visual-motor responses, were analyzed as a function of increasing subset size (two, four, and six digits) and the positive versus the negative response condition. Reaction times were significantly slower for the subjects with aphasia. Both groups of subjects demonstrated linear increases in reaction time across levels of subset size. For both groups, increases in reaction time were similar in the positive vs the negative-response conditions. Resulting parallel slopes suggested that both groups of subjects used a serial exhaustive scan of short-time memory. Results from this study did not support results obtained by others in previous studies which may have been confounded by group differences in visual retention spans.", "contents": "Short-term memory scan in normal individuals and individuals with aphasia. Ten matched pairs of normal adults and adults with aphasia participated in a short-term memory, visual recognition paradigm wherein each determined whether or not a probe digit appeared in a subset of digits previously presented. Reaction times, measured in milliseconds from onset of probe digits until completion of visual-motor responses, were analyzed as a function of increasing subset size (two, four, and six digits) and the positive versus the negative response condition. Reaction times were significantly slower for the subjects with aphasia. Both groups of subjects demonstrated linear increases in reaction time across levels of subset size. For both groups, increases in reaction time were similar in the positive vs the negative-response conditions. Resulting parallel slopes suggested that both groups of subjects used a serial exhaustive scan of short-time memory. Results from this study did not support results obtained by others in previous studies which may have been confounded by group differences in visual retention spans."}
{"id": "PMID:904312", "title": "Reliability of performance for dichotic listening using two response modes.", "content": "Stop consonant-vowel syllables were presented dichotically to eight normal-hearing adult females over eight weekly sessions under two response conditions: a two-choice forced mode and a one-choice preferred mode. Total number of correct responses and right-ear advantage did not vary significantly across sessions for either response mode. Ear laterality, measured using percent of error, did not vary between response modes. Substantial differences were found between subjects in accuracy and ear laterality, but individuals tended to perform consistently across sessions.", "contents": "Reliability of performance for dichotic listening using two response modes. Stop consonant-vowel syllables were presented dichotically to eight normal-hearing adult females over eight weekly sessions under two response conditions: a two-choice forced mode and a one-choice preferred mode. Total number of correct responses and right-ear advantage did not vary significantly across sessions for either response mode. Ear laterality, measured using percent of error, did not vary between response modes. Substantial differences were found between subjects in accuracy and ear laterality, but individuals tended to perform consistently across sessions."}
{"id": "PMID:904313", "title": "Nonindependence of feature processing in initial consonants.", "content": "Mutual dependence in the processing of manner and place of articulation was investigated in two experiments. The first study assessed the location of the voiced-voiceless boundary as a function of place of articulation, and the second investigated the location of the labial-alveolar boundary as a function of manner class. In both experiments, the location of the phonetic boundary systematically varied as a function of the nontarget feature value. These results indicate that the processing of phonetic feature information occurs in parallel, with decisions about one feature influencing the particular value assigned to another feature.", "contents": "Nonindependence of feature processing in initial consonants. Mutual dependence in the processing of manner and place of articulation was investigated in two experiments. The first study assessed the location of the voiced-voiceless boundary as a function of place of articulation, and the second investigated the location of the labial-alveolar boundary as a function of manner class. In both experiments, the location of the phonetic boundary systematically varied as a function of the nontarget feature value. These results indicate that the processing of phonetic feature information occurs in parallel, with decisions about one feature influencing the particular value assigned to another feature."}
{"id": "PMID:904314", "title": "Mastery of verb tense markers by normal and learning-disabled children.", "content": "Sixty learning-disabled children with a mean age of 7-11 and 60 children in regular classes with a mean age of 7-10 were given a tense marker test to elicit future, present, and past tense markers for 50 verbs organized into 10 categories based on the operation required to form the past tense. Results indicated that both normal and learning-disabled children had achieved control of future, present, and /-d/ and /-t/ past tense markers. Neither group has mastered the /-ed/ nor seven categories of irregular past tense markers. Children in regular classes showed significantly higher correct responses across 10 categories of past tense items. Analysis of error patterns indicated that learning disabled children used a different pattern of responses and a different set of rules to mark past tense. This study shows the need for data on the linguistic status of normally developing children above the age of seven, if we are to make any inferences about the performance of children whose development is deviate.", "contents": "Mastery of verb tense markers by normal and learning-disabled children. Sixty learning-disabled children with a mean age of 7-11 and 60 children in regular classes with a mean age of 7-10 were given a tense marker test to elicit future, present, and past tense markers for 50 verbs organized into 10 categories based on the operation required to form the past tense. Results indicated that both normal and learning-disabled children had achieved control of future, present, and /-d/ and /-t/ past tense markers. Neither group has mastered the /-ed/ nor seven categories of irregular past tense markers. Children in regular classes showed significantly higher correct responses across 10 categories of past tense items. Analysis of error patterns indicated that learning disabled children used a different pattern of responses and a different set of rules to mark past tense. This study shows the need for data on the linguistic status of normally developing children above the age of seven, if we are to make any inferences about the performance of children whose development is deviate."}
{"id": "PMID:904315", "title": "Order effect of acoustic segments of VC and CV syllables on stop and vowel identification.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of the vocalic transition relative to other acoustic cues in the perception of both CV and VC syllables. Subjects identified stops, /p, t, k, b, d, g/ and vowels, /i, u, 3/ from the aperiodic, aperiodic + vocalic transition, vocalic transition, and vocalic transition + vowel segments edited from VC and CV syllables. The major findings were as follows: (1) no significant difference was found in consonant identification scores between aperiodic, aperiodic + vocalic transition, and vocalic transition segments in CV syllables compared to those in VC syllables; (2) consonant identifications from vocalic transition + vowel segments in VC syllables were significantly greater than those from vocalic transition + vowel segments in CV syllables; (3) no significant difference was found in vowel identification scores between aperiodic + vocalic transition, vocalic transition + vowel, and vocalic transition segments in CV syllables compared to those in VC syllables; and (4) vowel identifications from aperiodic segments were significantly greater in CV syllables than in VC syllables. The results revealed a significant right-to-left perceptual advantage for both vowels and consonants. The findings for consonant identification emphasize the importance of the temporal order relationship between the vocalic transition and steady-state vowels in the perceptual process.", "contents": "Order effect of acoustic segments of VC and CV syllables on stop and vowel identification. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of the vocalic transition relative to other acoustic cues in the perception of both CV and VC syllables. Subjects identified stops, /p, t, k, b, d, g/ and vowels, /i, u, 3/ from the aperiodic, aperiodic + vocalic transition, vocalic transition, and vocalic transition + vowel segments edited from VC and CV syllables. The major findings were as follows: (1) no significant difference was found in consonant identification scores between aperiodic, aperiodic + vocalic transition, and vocalic transition segments in CV syllables compared to those in VC syllables; (2) consonant identifications from vocalic transition + vowel segments in VC syllables were significantly greater than those from vocalic transition + vowel segments in CV syllables; (3) no significant difference was found in vowel identification scores between aperiodic + vocalic transition, vocalic transition + vowel, and vocalic transition segments in CV syllables compared to those in VC syllables; and (4) vowel identifications from aperiodic segments were significantly greater in CV syllables than in VC syllables. The results revealed a significant right-to-left perceptual advantage for both vowels and consonants. The findings for consonant identification emphasize the importance of the temporal order relationship between the vocalic transition and steady-state vowels in the perceptual process."}
{"id": "PMID:904316", "title": "Respiratory tracking of dichotically presented tonal amplitudes.", "content": "This study investigated the possible existence of a lateralized auditory sensorimotor integration system between amplitude modulations of a tone and respiratory movements controlling them. A dichotic pursuit auditory tracking paradigm was utilized that has previously implicated a lateralized sensorimotor system for lingual and mandibular control of frequency modulated acoustic stimuli. Thirty-two normal right-handed subjects tracked a continuously varying pure tone, the target, randomly fluctuating from 65 to 95 dB SPL, and presented to one ear, with another tone, the cursor, controlled by inhalation/exhalation movements (lung volume changes) and presented to the other ear. Target and cursor tones were counterbalanced for right and left ear presentation across 40 one-minute trials. Results failed to show a statistically significant laterality effect. Significant interactions revealed an advantage for cursor/RE, target/LE laterality presentation during the second half of each 20-trial block, and a predominant within trial REA. Tracking efficiency was far below that observed for upper articulator control of the cursor. A tentative conclusion is that the particular subpart of the speech musculature used in the tracking paradigm is more relevant to a lateralized sensorimotor integration system than the compliance between the sensory result of the movement, re: speech production and the movement pattern itself.", "contents": "Respiratory tracking of dichotically presented tonal amplitudes. This study investigated the possible existence of a lateralized auditory sensorimotor integration system between amplitude modulations of a tone and respiratory movements controlling them. A dichotic pursuit auditory tracking paradigm was utilized that has previously implicated a lateralized sensorimotor system for lingual and mandibular control of frequency modulated acoustic stimuli. Thirty-two normal right-handed subjects tracked a continuously varying pure tone, the target, randomly fluctuating from 65 to 95 dB SPL, and presented to one ear, with another tone, the cursor, controlled by inhalation/exhalation movements (lung volume changes) and presented to the other ear. Target and cursor tones were counterbalanced for right and left ear presentation across 40 one-minute trials. Results failed to show a statistically significant laterality effect. Significant interactions revealed an advantage for cursor/RE, target/LE laterality presentation during the second half of each 20-trial block, and a predominant within trial REA. Tracking efficiency was far below that observed for upper articulator control of the cursor. A tentative conclusion is that the particular subpart of the speech musculature used in the tracking paradigm is more relevant to a lateralized sensorimotor integration system than the compliance between the sensory result of the movement, re: speech production and the movement pattern itself."}
{"id": "PMID:904317", "title": "The acoustic reflex and temporary threshold shift: temporal characteristics.", "content": "One ear of each of seven normal-hearing subjects was exposed to a continuous 1000-Hz tone at 110 dB SPL for three minutes. During exposure, a broad-band noise at 100 dB SPL was presented to the contralateral ear. The noise was either continuous or pulsed. Four pulsed conditions employed repetition periods of 360, 180, 90, or 9 msec with a 50% duty cycle. A control condition in which no noise was presented was also included. Temporary threshold shift was measured at selected postexposure times at the frequency one-half octave above the exposure frequency. TTS2 was greatest for the control condition and least for the 360- and 180-msec conditions. Results are discussed in relation to the dynamics of the acoustic reflex, particularly reflex relaxation, reflex adaptation, and reflex temporal summation.", "contents": "The acoustic reflex and temporary threshold shift: temporal characteristics. One ear of each of seven normal-hearing subjects was exposed to a continuous 1000-Hz tone at 110 dB SPL for three minutes. During exposure, a broad-band noise at 100 dB SPL was presented to the contralateral ear. The noise was either continuous or pulsed. Four pulsed conditions employed repetition periods of 360, 180, 90, or 9 msec with a 50% duty cycle. A control condition in which no noise was presented was also included. Temporary threshold shift was measured at selected postexposure times at the frequency one-half octave above the exposure frequency. TTS2 was greatest for the control condition and least for the 360- and 180-msec conditions. Results are discussed in relation to the dynamics of the acoustic reflex, particularly reflex relaxation, reflex adaptation, and reflex temporal summation."}
{"id": "PMID:904318", "title": "Analytic study of the Tadoma method: background and preliminary results.", "content": "Certain deaf-blind persons have been taught, through the Tadoma method of speechreading, to use vibrotactile cues from the face and neck to understand speech. This paper reports the results of preliminary tests of the speechreading ability of one adult Tadoma user. The tests were of four major types: (1) discrimination of speech stimuli; (2) recognition of words in isolation and in sentences; (3) interpretation of prosodic and syntactic features in sentences; and (4) comprehension of written (Braille) and oral speech. Words in highly contextual environments were much better perceived than were words in low-context environments. Many of the word errors involved phonemic substitutions which shared articulatory features with the target phonemes, with a higher error rate for vowels than consonants. Relative to performance on word-recognition tests, performance on some of the discrimination tests was worse than expected. Perception of sentences appeared to be mildly sensitive to rate of talking and to speaker differences. Results of the tests on perception of prosodic and syntactic features, while inconclusive, indicate that many of the features tested were not used in interpreting sentences. On an English comprehension test, a higher score was obtained for items administered in Braille than through oral presentation.", "contents": "Analytic study of the Tadoma method: background and preliminary results. Certain deaf-blind persons have been taught, through the Tadoma method of speechreading, to use vibrotactile cues from the face and neck to understand speech. This paper reports the results of preliminary tests of the speechreading ability of one adult Tadoma user. The tests were of four major types: (1) discrimination of speech stimuli; (2) recognition of words in isolation and in sentences; (3) interpretation of prosodic and syntactic features in sentences; and (4) comprehension of written (Braille) and oral speech. Words in highly contextual environments were much better perceived than were words in low-context environments. Many of the word errors involved phonemic substitutions which shared articulatory features with the target phonemes, with a higher error rate for vowels than consonants. Relative to performance on word-recognition tests, performance on some of the discrimination tests was worse than expected. Perception of sentences appeared to be mildly sensitive to rate of talking and to speaker differences. Results of the tests on perception of prosodic and syntactic features, while inconclusive, indicate that many of the features tested were not used in interpreting sentences. On an English comprehension test, a higher score was obtained for items administered in Braille than through oral presentation."}
{"id": "PMID:904319", "title": "Criteria for stuttering.", "content": "Judges are able to differentiate stuttered from nonstuttered speech samples using written transcriptions. These decisions clearly are associated with the presence of certain types of disfluency which have been identified previously as the essential features of stuttering.", "contents": "Criteria for stuttering. Judges are able to differentiate stuttered from nonstuttered speech samples using written transcriptions. These decisions clearly are associated with the presence of certain types of disfluency which have been identified previously as the essential features of stuttering."}
{"id": "PMID:904348", "title": "Radiation-induced carcinoma of the lung--the St. Lawrence tragedy.", "content": "This paper reviews the problem of radiation-induced carcinoma of the lung in the fluorspar mines of Newfoundland. Seventy-eight workers have died from this disease since commercial operation commenced in 1933. In 1959 the source of the radiation was identified as radon, and its daughter nucleotides present as contaminants in water seeping into the mines. Heavy smoking is probably a synergistic cocarcinogen. The histology in this group of patients with radiation-induced lung cancers is unusual, since squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 90 percent of all cases. There have been four patients with second primary lung cancers. Radical radiotherapy has been the primary mode of treatment based on the reluctance of the miners to undergo operation. Surprisingly good results have been obtained, with an average survival time of 34 months after treatment. Institution of improved ventilation has reduced radiation to safe levels, but an estimated 120 miners from the pre-1960 era are still at risk.", "contents": "Radiation-induced carcinoma of the lung--the St. Lawrence tragedy. This paper reviews the problem of radiation-induced carcinoma of the lung in the fluorspar mines of Newfoundland. Seventy-eight workers have died from this disease since commercial operation commenced in 1933. In 1959 the source of the radiation was identified as radon, and its daughter nucleotides present as contaminants in water seeping into the mines. Heavy smoking is probably a synergistic cocarcinogen. The histology in this group of patients with radiation-induced lung cancers is unusual, since squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 90 percent of all cases. There have been four patients with second primary lung cancers. Radical radiotherapy has been the primary mode of treatment based on the reluctance of the miners to undergo operation. Surprisingly good results have been obtained, with an average survival time of 34 months after treatment. Institution of improved ventilation has reduced radiation to safe levels, but an estimated 120 miners from the pre-1960 era are still at risk."}
{"id": "PMID:904349", "title": "Results of surgical treatment in Stage I lung cancer.", "content": "One hundred fifteen patients underwent resection for Stage I non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Each of these patients was evaluated carefully for extent of disease and classified as having a Stage I cancer only after the resected specimen was reviewed histologically and all regional nodes in the mediastinum were assessed. There were no deaths following operation. At 1 year of follow-up 75 of 81 patients (93 percent) were alive, and at 3 years, 77 percent were alive and free of disease. No patient had local recurrence and none was lost to follow-up. Patient with correctly staged early lung cancers have an excellent survival rate at 2 and 3 years with surgery alone. Merits of various adjuvant programs in this group of patients can be assessed correctly only if follow-up periods are prolonged and the numbers of patients evaluated are large.", "contents": "Results of surgical treatment in Stage I lung cancer. One hundred fifteen patients underwent resection for Stage I non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Each of these patients was evaluated carefully for extent of disease and classified as having a Stage I cancer only after the resected specimen was reviewed histologically and all regional nodes in the mediastinum were assessed. There were no deaths following operation. At 1 year of follow-up 75 of 81 patients (93 percent) were alive, and at 3 years, 77 percent were alive and free of disease. No patient had local recurrence and none was lost to follow-up. Patient with correctly staged early lung cancers have an excellent survival rate at 2 and 3 years with surgery alone. Merits of various adjuvant programs in this group of patients can be assessed correctly only if follow-up periods are prolonged and the numbers of patients evaluated are large."}
{"id": "PMID:904351", "title": "Early pleural decortication for thoracic empyema in immunosuppressed patients.", "content": "Patients with empyema and impaired immune response often remain in a toxic condition after tube thoracostomy because the infection is not localized and walled off satisfactorily. Consequently, the reported mortality rate is extremely high. Despite the expectation of a high mortality rate from thoracotomy and d\u00e9bridement in this category of critically ill patients, we were forced to perform pleural decortication in eight patients after lesser procedures had failed. They were immunodeficient because of (1) high-dose steroids (HDS) for sagittal sinus thrombosis, (2) HDS for systemic lupus erythematosus, (3) HDS for chronic myelogenous leukemia and myelofibrosis, (4) HDS for multiple myeloma, (5) hemolytic anemia with pulmonary infiltrates, (6) chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease, (7) diabetes mellitus with Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease, and (8) diabetes mellitus with chronic glomerulonephritis. Six of the eight patients survived and were discharged with completely healed incisions 3 to 6 weeks after operation. This compares well with the survival rates reported by others. Although risky, the over-all survival rate may be better with thoracotomy and decortication than with prolonged tube drainage and open drainage in immunodeficient patients with empyema, and the period of morbidity is shortened considerably.", "contents": "Early pleural decortication for thoracic empyema in immunosuppressed patients. Patients with empyema and impaired immune response often remain in a toxic condition after tube thoracostomy because the infection is not localized and walled off satisfactorily. Consequently, the reported mortality rate is extremely high. Despite the expectation of a high mortality rate from thoracotomy and d\u00e9bridement in this category of critically ill patients, we were forced to perform pleural decortication in eight patients after lesser procedures had failed. They were immunodeficient because of (1) high-dose steroids (HDS) for sagittal sinus thrombosis, (2) HDS for systemic lupus erythematosus, (3) HDS for chronic myelogenous leukemia and myelofibrosis, (4) HDS for multiple myeloma, (5) hemolytic anemia with pulmonary infiltrates, (6) chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease, (7) diabetes mellitus with Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease, and (8) diabetes mellitus with chronic glomerulonephritis. Six of the eight patients survived and were discharged with completely healed incisions 3 to 6 weeks after operation. This compares well with the survival rates reported by others. Although risky, the over-all survival rate may be better with thoracotomy and decortication than with prolonged tube drainage and open drainage in immunodeficient patients with empyema, and the period of morbidity is shortened considerably."}
{"id": "PMID:904352", "title": "The surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergillomas.", "content": "During a 4 year period 11 patients underwent 12 operations for pulmonary aspergillomas. The usual reason for operation was hemoptysis--massive or moderate. There was one death after operation and two complications. One patient since has an aspergilloma on the opposite side and has recurrent hemoptysis. There may be an increasing incidence of aspergillomas secondary to a larger number of open negative tuberculosis patients in the population. The mortality rate from operation is under 10 percent, and the complications in the saprophytic infestation are few. Surgery is the preferred treatment for the good-risk patient.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergillomas. During a 4 year period 11 patients underwent 12 operations for pulmonary aspergillomas. The usual reason for operation was hemoptysis--massive or moderate. There was one death after operation and two complications. One patient since has an aspergilloma on the opposite side and has recurrent hemoptysis. There may be an increasing incidence of aspergillomas secondary to a larger number of open negative tuberculosis patients in the population. The mortality rate from operation is under 10 percent, and the complications in the saprophytic infestation are few. Surgery is the preferred treatment for the good-risk patient."}
{"id": "PMID:904353", "title": "Unusual manifestation of Coccidioides immitis infection.", "content": "Cavitary pulmonary disease secondary to coccidioidomycosis occurs in endemic areas of the southwestern United States. Significant hemoptysis requiring pulmonary resection may develop in patients with cavitary lesions. In rare instances hemoptysis may be due to the development of a fungus ball within the cavity, and such mycetomas may contain spherule and mycelial forms of Coccidioides immitis. A patient with a documented coccidioidal cavity who had hemoptysis is described in this report. Chest radiograph revealed a fungus ball within a left lower lobe cavity. The patient underwent left lower lobectomy and recovered without complications. Examination of the resected left lower lobe disclosed a cavity containing a fungus ball comprised of mycelial and spherule forms of Coccidioides immitis. A review of the literature found three reports of biphasic growth of this condition within a coccidioidomycosis cavity and two additional cases of radiographically diagnosed coccidioidal mycetoma. Discussion of the potentially contagious nature, the medical and surgical management, and the prognosis of coccidioidal mycetoma form the basis of this report.", "contents": "Unusual manifestation of Coccidioides immitis infection. Cavitary pulmonary disease secondary to coccidioidomycosis occurs in endemic areas of the southwestern United States. Significant hemoptysis requiring pulmonary resection may develop in patients with cavitary lesions. In rare instances hemoptysis may be due to the development of a fungus ball within the cavity, and such mycetomas may contain spherule and mycelial forms of Coccidioides immitis. A patient with a documented coccidioidal cavity who had hemoptysis is described in this report. Chest radiograph revealed a fungus ball within a left lower lobe cavity. The patient underwent left lower lobectomy and recovered without complications. Examination of the resected left lower lobe disclosed a cavity containing a fungus ball comprised of mycelial and spherule forms of Coccidioides immitis. A review of the literature found three reports of biphasic growth of this condition within a coccidioidomycosis cavity and two additional cases of radiographically diagnosed coccidioidal mycetoma. Discussion of the potentially contagious nature, the medical and surgical management, and the prognosis of coccidioidal mycetoma form the basis of this report."}
{"id": "PMID:904355", "title": "Primary plasmacytoma of the atrium. Report of a case with successful surgical management.", "content": "A 44-year-old woman with a superior caval syndrome was found to have an isolated plasmacytoma of the right atrium causing partial obstruction of the superior and inferior vena cavae. The tumor was excised locally, and after operation, irradiation was given. There has been no local recurrence or systemic disease demonstrated after 30 months. This is the first reported surgical excision of an intracardiac plasmacytoma.", "contents": "Primary plasmacytoma of the atrium. Report of a case with successful surgical management. A 44-year-old woman with a superior caval syndrome was found to have an isolated plasmacytoma of the right atrium causing partial obstruction of the superior and inferior vena cavae. The tumor was excised locally, and after operation, irradiation was given. There has been no local recurrence or systemic disease demonstrated after 30 months. This is the first reported surgical excision of an intracardiac plasmacytoma."}
{"id": "PMID:904358", "title": "Effects of methoxamine on the coronary circulation during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Effects of perfusion pressure augmentation with methoxamine on transmural distribution and adequacy of coronary blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass were investigated. Flow in normal, nonworking canine hearts was measured with tracer microspheres and electromagnetic flow probes while heart rate, myocardial oxygen consumption, left ventricular contractility and epicardial ST-segment stability were monitored. Measurements during normotensive cardiopulmonary bypass were compared with values during intraoperative hypotension and subsequent normotension achieved following methoxamine infusion. Total and regional coronary blood flow returned to levels not different from normotensive controls after methoxamine infusion with a redistribution of flow to the subendocardium. We conclude that elevating perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass with methoxamine infusion increases total coronary and subendocardial blood flow by means of peripheral and selective subepicardial alpha adrenergic vasoconstriction.", "contents": "Effects of methoxamine on the coronary circulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Effects of perfusion pressure augmentation with methoxamine on transmural distribution and adequacy of coronary blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass were investigated. Flow in normal, nonworking canine hearts was measured with tracer microspheres and electromagnetic flow probes while heart rate, myocardial oxygen consumption, left ventricular contractility and epicardial ST-segment stability were monitored. Measurements during normotensive cardiopulmonary bypass were compared with values during intraoperative hypotension and subsequent normotension achieved following methoxamine infusion. Total and regional coronary blood flow returned to levels not different from normotensive controls after methoxamine infusion with a redistribution of flow to the subendocardium. We conclude that elevating perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass with methoxamine infusion increases total coronary and subendocardial blood flow by means of peripheral and selective subepicardial alpha adrenergic vasoconstriction."}
{"id": "PMID:904359", "title": "Surgical correction of a case of common atrium with anomalous systemic and pulmonary venous drainage.", "content": "A case of common atrium with anomalous systemic and pulmonary venous connections and pulmonary stenosis is described. Surgical correction was performed by pulmonary valvotomy and the insertion of an intra-atrial pericardial baffle. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of surgical correction of total anomalous connections of both systemic and pulmonary veins. The embryologic development of this condition is discussed.", "contents": "Surgical correction of a case of common atrium with anomalous systemic and pulmonary venous drainage. A case of common atrium with anomalous systemic and pulmonary venous connections and pulmonary stenosis is described. Surgical correction was performed by pulmonary valvotomy and the insertion of an intra-atrial pericardial baffle. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of surgical correction of total anomalous connections of both systemic and pulmonary veins. The embryologic development of this condition is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904360", "title": "Management of bilateral ductus arteriosus in complex cyanotic heart disease.", "content": "Bilateral ductus arteriosus (BDA) usually is associated with complex cyanotic heart disease. Since pulmonary valve atresia often is part of the complex, hypoxia may necessitate emergency cardiac catheterization and surgery for these critically ill newborn infants. Optimum management depends on accurate delineation of the intracardiac and great vessel anatomy. Since the ductus arteriosus has a tendency to close spontaneously, the true anatomy of the fourth to sixth aortic arch connections should be determined on the first catheterization. An over-all plan for future care by the medical-surgical team should have been made at the time of the initial surgical procedure. The case histories of four newborn infants with BDA associated with cyanotic heart diseases are reported. The anatomy and basic embryology of the fourth to sixth arch system is reviewed and recommendations for long-term management are given.", "contents": "Management of bilateral ductus arteriosus in complex cyanotic heart disease. Bilateral ductus arteriosus (BDA) usually is associated with complex cyanotic heart disease. Since pulmonary valve atresia often is part of the complex, hypoxia may necessitate emergency cardiac catheterization and surgery for these critically ill newborn infants. Optimum management depends on accurate delineation of the intracardiac and great vessel anatomy. Since the ductus arteriosus has a tendency to close spontaneously, the true anatomy of the fourth to sixth aortic arch connections should be determined on the first catheterization. An over-all plan for future care by the medical-surgical team should have been made at the time of the initial surgical procedure. The case histories of four newborn infants with BDA associated with cyanotic heart diseases are reported. The anatomy and basic embryology of the fourth to sixth arch system is reviewed and recommendations for long-term management are given."}
{"id": "PMID:904361", "title": "Modified Shumacker operation for correction of transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "Correction of the transposition of the great arteries can be accomplished with a modified Shumacker operation. This procedure has been demonstrated in cadavers to have many advantages over the techniques used by Mustard and by Angelini and Sandiford. At present these two operations provide the best clinical results in correction of transposition of the great arteries. The details of the modified Shumacker technique are described and the different advantages of this technique are discussed.", "contents": "Modified Shumacker operation for correction of transposition of the great arteries. Correction of the transposition of the great arteries can be accomplished with a modified Shumacker operation. This procedure has been demonstrated in cadavers to have many advantages over the techniques used by Mustard and by Angelini and Sandiford. At present these two operations provide the best clinical results in correction of transposition of the great arteries. The details of the modified Shumacker technique are described and the different advantages of this technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904362", "title": "Correction of type B interrupted aortic arch with ventricllar septal defect in infancy.", "content": "The successful correction of a Type B interrupted aortic arch (IAA) with simultaneous closure of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) in a 6-month-old infant is described. With the use of profound hypothermia and limited cardiopulmonary bypass, a flap of pulmonary artery, together with the persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA), was dissected free and sutured so as to form a tube which then was anastomosed to the ascending aorta. The ventricular septal defect and the pulmonary arteriotomy then were closed. Cardiac catheterization 5 months later demonstrated a satisfactory reconstruction with no gradient between the ascending and descending aorta.", "contents": "Correction of type B interrupted aortic arch with ventricllar septal defect in infancy. The successful correction of a Type B interrupted aortic arch (IAA) with simultaneous closure of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) in a 6-month-old infant is described. With the use of profound hypothermia and limited cardiopulmonary bypass, a flap of pulmonary artery, together with the persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA), was dissected free and sutured so as to form a tube which then was anastomosed to the ascending aorta. The ventricular septal defect and the pulmonary arteriotomy then were closed. Cardiac catheterization 5 months later demonstrated a satisfactory reconstruction with no gradient between the ascending and descending aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:904363", "title": "Hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Experience with an operation to establish functionally normal circulation.", "content": "A new operation to establish functionally normal circulation was performed in five neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. With a limited period of cardiopulmonary bypass, deep hypothermia, and circulatory arrest, the patent ductus arteriosus was ligated. The atrial septum was excised and the atrium was repartitioned with a pericardial baffle so that pulmonary veins were in continuity with the tricuspid valve and right ventricle. The pulmonary artery was divided above the sinuses of Valsalva, and the proximal end was connected to the aortic arch with a tubular Dacron prosthesis. The distal end of the pulmonary artery was brought in continuity with the right atrium by way of a second Dacron conduit. The right ventricle thereby became the systemic ventricle and blood passed through the lungs vis a tergo. Circulation was supported temporarily, but all of the patients died from inadequate right ventricular performance or compromised coronary blood flow. This experience is presented to stimulate thought and some hope for babies with a uniformly fatal cardiac anomaly.", "contents": "Hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Experience with an operation to establish functionally normal circulation. A new operation to establish functionally normal circulation was performed in five neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. With a limited period of cardiopulmonary bypass, deep hypothermia, and circulatory arrest, the patent ductus arteriosus was ligated. The atrial septum was excised and the atrium was repartitioned with a pericardial baffle so that pulmonary veins were in continuity with the tricuspid valve and right ventricle. The pulmonary artery was divided above the sinuses of Valsalva, and the proximal end was connected to the aortic arch with a tubular Dacron prosthesis. The distal end of the pulmonary artery was brought in continuity with the right atrium by way of a second Dacron conduit. The right ventricle thereby became the systemic ventricle and blood passed through the lungs vis a tergo. Circulation was supported temporarily, but all of the patients died from inadequate right ventricular performance or compromised coronary blood flow. This experience is presented to stimulate thought and some hope for babies with a uniformly fatal cardiac anomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:904364", "title": "Anatomic correction of transposition of the great arteries without significant ventricular septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus.", "content": "A case of transposition of the great arteries without a significant ventricular septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus was treated when the patient was 5 months of age by retransposition of the great arteries and coronary arterial supply to the appropriate ventricle. The patient has done well for 13 months, despite the late occurrence of aortic regurgitation.", "contents": "Anatomic correction of transposition of the great arteries without significant ventricular septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus. A case of transposition of the great arteries without a significant ventricular septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus was treated when the patient was 5 months of age by retransposition of the great arteries and coronary arterial supply to the appropriate ventricle. The patient has done well for 13 months, despite the late occurrence of aortic regurgitation."}
{"id": "PMID:904365", "title": "In situ placement of a valved conduit at the pulmonary annulus.", "content": "The technique of repair of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is described. The porcine valved conduit (Hancock) was placed so that the valve was in the \"anatomic\" position, avoiding compression by the sternum. There was a mild gradient (15 mm. Hg) at a cardiac index of 4 L. per minute per square meter across the porcine valve itself, measured at the postoperative catheterization. The valve orifice diameter was only 15 mm., which is considerably less than the 22 mm. valve annulus. The possible merits of this procedure over the conventionally placed valved conduit and over an outflow tract patch are discussed.", "contents": "In situ placement of a valved conduit at the pulmonary annulus. The technique of repair of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is described. The porcine valved conduit (Hancock) was placed so that the valve was in the \"anatomic\" position, avoiding compression by the sternum. There was a mild gradient (15 mm. Hg) at a cardiac index of 4 L. per minute per square meter across the porcine valve itself, measured at the postoperative catheterization. The valve orifice diameter was only 15 mm., which is considerably less than the 22 mm. valve annulus. The possible merits of this procedure over the conventionally placed valved conduit and over an outflow tract patch are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904367", "title": "Effects of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, chromium and lead) on a freshwater snail: Biomphalaria glabrata Say (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia).", "content": "This study concerns the effects of heavy metals (cadmium, copper and chromium) on the mortality and fecundity of the adults of Biomphalaria glabrata and the viability of their embryos. Embryos were also tested for lead. The concentrations used ranged from 0 ppm to 4.0 ppm for Cd2+ and Cu2+ and from 0 to 1.4 ppm for Cr6+. Cadmium and copper were far more toxic than chromium. Fertility was abolished by 0.1 ppm of cadmium and copper and fecundity was severely affected by chromium. Some evident sublethal effects were observed. Survival of the hatchlings treated with chromium was of the same order of magnitude as that of the controls and sexual maturity did not show any delay. Forty-one percent of the embryos kept at concentrations of 0.1 ppm Pb2+ completed their development in 51 days, that is, with a delay of 37 days. The hatchlings at 0.1 ppm died after 15 days. The advantages of using freshwater pulmonates as a toxicity test are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, chromium and lead) on a freshwater snail: Biomphalaria glabrata Say (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). This study concerns the effects of heavy metals (cadmium, copper and chromium) on the mortality and fecundity of the adults of Biomphalaria glabrata and the viability of their embryos. Embryos were also tested for lead. The concentrations used ranged from 0 ppm to 4.0 ppm for Cd2+ and Cu2+ and from 0 to 1.4 ppm for Cr6+. Cadmium and copper were far more toxic than chromium. Fertility was abolished by 0.1 ppm of cadmium and copper and fecundity was severely affected by chromium. Some evident sublethal effects were observed. Survival of the hatchlings treated with chromium was of the same order of magnitude as that of the controls and sexual maturity did not show any delay. Forty-one percent of the embryos kept at concentrations of 0.1 ppm Pb2+ completed their development in 51 days, that is, with a delay of 37 days. The hatchlings at 0.1 ppm died after 15 days. The advantages of using freshwater pulmonates as a toxicity test are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904368", "title": "Susceptibility of Planorbarius metidjensis from Portugal and Spain to Schistosoma bovis from Salamanca, Spain.", "content": "The susceptibility of Planorbarius metidjensis from Portugal and Salamanca (Spain) to Schistosoma bovis from Salamanca was studied. The degree of susceptibility as measured by positivity rate, number of cercariae, pre-patent period and survival rate, showed that P. metidjensis from Portugal and Spain are very susceptible to S. bovis from Salamanca. The role of P. metidjensis as a host of S. haematobium is questioned and further studies are shown to be necessary. To determine if the disease exists in Portugal, the bovine and snail populations on the border with Salmanaca and Algarve are beginning to be screened.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Planorbarius metidjensis from Portugal and Spain to Schistosoma bovis from Salamanca, Spain. The susceptibility of Planorbarius metidjensis from Portugal and Salamanca (Spain) to Schistosoma bovis from Salamanca was studied. The degree of susceptibility as measured by positivity rate, number of cercariae, pre-patent period and survival rate, showed that P. metidjensis from Portugal and Spain are very susceptible to S. bovis from Salamanca. The role of P. metidjensis as a host of S. haematobium is questioned and further studies are shown to be necessary. To determine if the disease exists in Portugal, the bovine and snail populations on the border with Salmanaca and Algarve are beginning to be screened."}
{"id": "PMID:904369", "title": "Synaptic activation of Helix ganglion cells by barium ions.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on Helix suboesophageal ganglion cells by use of microelectrodes in order to study the effects of barium ions applied in 1-8 mM concentration. The overall effect of barium ions consisted in a marked depolarization, the thresholds of the ganglion cells, however, were quite different. In case of the most sensitive cells, bursting transformation and paroxysmal depolarization shifts occurred. A minor part of the neurons responded to barium ions with interruption of the spike generation which, in most cases, was accompanied by hyperpolarization. For a considerable part of the cells, the application of barium ions resulted in appearance of repetitive EPSP's and, infrequently, IPSP's. This was ascribed to excitatory effects exerted on the presynaptic terminals. It is concluded that barium ions have at least 2 points of attack in the ganglion: 1, on the soma membrane of the neurones, and 2, on the presynaptic terminals controlling them.", "contents": "Synaptic activation of Helix ganglion cells by barium ions. Experiments were carried out on Helix suboesophageal ganglion cells by use of microelectrodes in order to study the effects of barium ions applied in 1-8 mM concentration. The overall effect of barium ions consisted in a marked depolarization, the thresholds of the ganglion cells, however, were quite different. In case of the most sensitive cells, bursting transformation and paroxysmal depolarization shifts occurred. A minor part of the neurons responded to barium ions with interruption of the spike generation which, in most cases, was accompanied by hyperpolarization. For a considerable part of the cells, the application of barium ions resulted in appearance of repetitive EPSP's and, infrequently, IPSP's. This was ascribed to excitatory effects exerted on the presynaptic terminals. It is concluded that barium ions have at least 2 points of attack in the ganglion: 1, on the soma membrane of the neurones, and 2, on the presynaptic terminals controlling them."}
{"id": "PMID:904397", "title": "Management of malignancy of the temporal bone.", "content": "An analysis was made of 31 patients with malignancy of the temporal bone treated at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary between 1959 and 1975. Treatment modalities included: partial temporal bone resection, subtotal temporal bone resection, total temporal bone resection, radical mastoidectomy followed by radiation therapy, radiation therapy alone, and chemotherapy. When tumor was limited to the external ear canal, partial temporal bone resection was effective in 10 out of 11 patients. When tumor involved the middle ear, subtotal temporal bone resection cured 3 out of 5 patients, and radical mastoidectomy followed by radiation therapy cured 5 out of 12 patients. Total temporal bone resection and chemotherapy failed to cure a patient each, but radiation therapy alone was successful in controlling tumor in one patient.", "contents": "Management of malignancy of the temporal bone. An analysis was made of 31 patients with malignancy of the temporal bone treated at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary between 1959 and 1975. Treatment modalities included: partial temporal bone resection, subtotal temporal bone resection, total temporal bone resection, radical mastoidectomy followed by radiation therapy, radiation therapy alone, and chemotherapy. When tumor was limited to the external ear canal, partial temporal bone resection was effective in 10 out of 11 patients. When tumor involved the middle ear, subtotal temporal bone resection cured 3 out of 5 patients, and radical mastoidectomy followed by radiation therapy cured 5 out of 12 patients. Total temporal bone resection and chemotherapy failed to cure a patient each, but radiation therapy alone was successful in controlling tumor in one patient."}
{"id": "PMID:904398", "title": "Problems of diagnosis in the evaluation of mediastinal sarcoidosis.", "content": "The diagnosis of sarcoidosis can be established when the case meets the criteria of clinical course, radiologic findings, and supportive histology. When there is variation from the established criteria and the clinical course of age, systemic evidence of disease or the radiologic findings of unilateral or solitary adenopathy are encountered, then ongoing evaluation is necessary to identify a possible second disease existence. Cases have been presented which indicate some problem requiring further investigative studies before acceptance of the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Problems of diagnosis in the evaluation of mediastinal sarcoidosis. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis can be established when the case meets the criteria of clinical course, radiologic findings, and supportive histology. When there is variation from the established criteria and the clinical course of age, systemic evidence of disease or the radiologic findings of unilateral or solitary adenopathy are encountered, then ongoing evaluation is necessary to identify a possible second disease existence. Cases have been presented which indicate some problem requiring further investigative studies before acceptance of the diagnosis of sarcoidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:904399", "title": "Thymic cysts in the neck.", "content": "The etiologic considerations in head and neck lesions rarely include the diagnosis of thymic cysts. A correlative summary of three new cases was analyzed with respect to the already existing body of data. A classification of thymic cysts, their embryogenesis, clinical signs, and appropriate pre-operative studies were stressed. The gross and microscopic histopathology was reviewed with the conclusion that in many instances normal thymus was included in the surgical specimen. Given our increasing knowledge regarding thymic function, it was stressed that heightened awareness of this clinical entity should enable preservation of the normal thymus gland.", "contents": "Thymic cysts in the neck. The etiologic considerations in head and neck lesions rarely include the diagnosis of thymic cysts. A correlative summary of three new cases was analyzed with respect to the already existing body of data. A classification of thymic cysts, their embryogenesis, clinical signs, and appropriate pre-operative studies were stressed. The gross and microscopic histopathology was reviewed with the conclusion that in many instances normal thymus was included in the surgical specimen. Given our increasing knowledge regarding thymic function, it was stressed that heightened awareness of this clinical entity should enable preservation of the normal thymus gland."}
{"id": "PMID:904400", "title": "Allergy in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease related fluctuating hearing loss preliminary findings in a double-blind crossover clinical study.", "content": "Several clinical reports suggest allergy as a causative or associated factor in the etiology of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's Disease or endolymphatic hydrops. The A.A.O.O. subcommittee reported in 1972 its criteria for a therapeutic improvement in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's Disease. This important report allows for clinical studies to proceed in a scientific manner using the subcommittee's criteria to evaluate the results. In an ongoing study utilizing a double-blind crossover technique, fourteen M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's patients have been evaluated for allergies utilizing the Rinkle and Lee techniques for inhalent and food allergies. Several cases directly relate symptoms to specific food ingestion and were given challenge food tests.", "contents": "Allergy in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease related fluctuating hearing loss preliminary findings in a double-blind crossover clinical study. Several clinical reports suggest allergy as a causative or associated factor in the etiology of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's Disease or endolymphatic hydrops. The A.A.O.O. subcommittee reported in 1972 its criteria for a therapeutic improvement in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's Disease. This important report allows for clinical studies to proceed in a scientific manner using the subcommittee's criteria to evaluate the results. In an ongoing study utilizing a double-blind crossover technique, fourteen M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's patients have been evaluated for allergies utilizing the Rinkle and Lee techniques for inhalent and food allergies. Several cases directly relate symptoms to specific food ingestion and were given challenge food tests."}
{"id": "PMID:904401", "title": "Surgical management of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease with the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt: A five-year study.", "content": "The majority of individuals with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's Disease can be successfully managed by medical means; however, there are some patients who become refractory to this form of therapy. It is this group of patients who are candidates for some type of surgical procedure. This paper reviews 109 patients who underwent 112 endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt procedures for the control of their M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's Disease. Medical therapy, indications for surgery, surgical technique, results, and complications are covered in detail.", "contents": "Surgical management of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease with the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt: A five-year study. The majority of individuals with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's Disease can be successfully managed by medical means; however, there are some patients who become refractory to this form of therapy. It is this group of patients who are candidates for some type of surgical procedure. This paper reviews 109 patients who underwent 112 endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt procedures for the control of their M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's Disease. Medical therapy, indications for surgery, surgical technique, results, and complications are covered in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:904402", "title": "Endolymphatic sac surgery.", "content": "There is a disturbing variation in the reported success rate in Endolymphatic Sac Surgery in the literature. Relatively long-term (24 months to 10 years) follow-ups are given in a series of 66 patients in this paper. Results reveal only a 55% long-term relief of vertigo in these patients. Only 30% of this series of cases had any improvement in cochlear function. There was a definite trend towards recurrence of vertigo in the longer follow-up cases. It is concluded that Endolymphatic Sac Surgery still is important in the treatment of idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops, but is of questionable value early in the course of the disease. Total removal of the endolymphatic system remains the best single surgical approach in a large number of patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8r's disease.", "contents": "Endolymphatic sac surgery. There is a disturbing variation in the reported success rate in Endolymphatic Sac Surgery in the literature. Relatively long-term (24 months to 10 years) follow-ups are given in a series of 66 patients in this paper. Results reveal only a 55% long-term relief of vertigo in these patients. Only 30% of this series of cases had any improvement in cochlear function. There was a definite trend towards recurrence of vertigo in the longer follow-up cases. It is concluded that Endolymphatic Sac Surgery still is important in the treatment of idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops, but is of questionable value early in the course of the disease. Total removal of the endolymphatic system remains the best single surgical approach in a large number of patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8r's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:904403", "title": "The deviated nose-its correction.", "content": "The deviated nose remains a challenge to any rhinoplastic surgeon. The authors approach this problem via a one-stage septorhinoplasty based on the fundamental anatomic deformity present. The technique involves taking the nose apart, realigning the building blocks, and carefully splinting of the nose for proper realigning.", "contents": "The deviated nose-its correction. The deviated nose remains a challenge to any rhinoplastic surgeon. The authors approach this problem via a one-stage septorhinoplasty based on the fundamental anatomic deformity present. The technique involves taking the nose apart, realigning the building blocks, and carefully splinting of the nose for proper realigning."}
{"id": "PMID:904404", "title": "Carcinoma in thyroglossal duct remnants.", "content": "Two cases of carcinoma arising in thyroglossal duct remnants are reported to add to the previously documented 78 cases in the literature. This rare lesion, which occurs is less than 1% of thyroglossal duct abnormalities, pathologically and clinically is similar to primary tumors arising in the thyroid gland. Papillary adenocarcinomas constitute 75-85% of all cases reported and most are confined to the duct remnant itself with metastasis being infrequently recorded. Therapy consists of wide excision of the tumor-bearing tissue (Sistrunk procedure) in those cases localized to the duct remnant itself. In instances where metastasis or additional lesions are detected in the thyroid gland, thyroid ablation and neck dissections are indicated. Additional modalities such as suppressive thyroid therapy, radioactive iodine, and external radiation have been employed. Distant metastasis is rare and the long-term prognosis is very favorable.", "contents": "Carcinoma in thyroglossal duct remnants. Two cases of carcinoma arising in thyroglossal duct remnants are reported to add to the previously documented 78 cases in the literature. This rare lesion, which occurs is less than 1% of thyroglossal duct abnormalities, pathologically and clinically is similar to primary tumors arising in the thyroid gland. Papillary adenocarcinomas constitute 75-85% of all cases reported and most are confined to the duct remnant itself with metastasis being infrequently recorded. Therapy consists of wide excision of the tumor-bearing tissue (Sistrunk procedure) in those cases localized to the duct remnant itself. In instances where metastasis or additional lesions are detected in the thyroid gland, thyroid ablation and neck dissections are indicated. Additional modalities such as suppressive thyroid therapy, radioactive iodine, and external radiation have been employed. Distant metastasis is rare and the long-term prognosis is very favorable."}
{"id": "PMID:904405", "title": "Anatomical variations of the stylohyoid complex and their clinical significance.", "content": "Anatomical variations of the styloid process and its ligaments may be responsible in some patients for vague symptoms referrable to the throat and neck. On occasions, they result in some diagnostic and therapeutic quandaries. The anatomy is reviewed and five case reports used to illustrate typical and unusual problems.", "contents": "Anatomical variations of the stylohyoid complex and their clinical significance. Anatomical variations of the styloid process and its ligaments may be responsible in some patients for vague symptoms referrable to the throat and neck. On occasions, they result in some diagnostic and therapeutic quandaries. The anatomy is reviewed and five case reports used to illustrate typical and unusual problems."}
{"id": "PMID:904406", "title": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: a new clinical entity.", "content": "A six-year-old black male presented to the Otolaryngology service with fever, sore throat and an inflammatory mass in the left neck. Forty-eight hours later he developed the full blown clinical picture of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS). This is a relatively new clinical entity, well known in Japan, but only recently described in the English literature. The following case report and discussion will serve to alert the otolaryngologist to this disease.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: a new clinical entity. A six-year-old black male presented to the Otolaryngology service with fever, sore throat and an inflammatory mass in the left neck. Forty-eight hours later he developed the full blown clinical picture of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS). This is a relatively new clinical entity, well known in Japan, but only recently described in the English literature. The following case report and discussion will serve to alert the otolaryngologist to this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:904408", "title": "Presbycusis: what is it?", "content": "The history and current misusage of the term presbycusis is discussed and current knowledge of pathology associated with presbycusis and aging are reviewed. A study involving retrospective analysis of audiometric data and clinical information on three groups was performed. Results suggest that a group of individuals previously identified as \"presbycusic\" probably represent undiagnosed cases of familial or genetic related hearing loss. We urge as thorough an identification of correct diagnosis as possible, thus reserving the term \"presbycusis\" for those rare, soley age-related cases of sensorineural loss.", "contents": "Presbycusis: what is it? The history and current misusage of the term presbycusis is discussed and current knowledge of pathology associated with presbycusis and aging are reviewed. A study involving retrospective analysis of audiometric data and clinical information on three groups was performed. Results suggest that a group of individuals previously identified as \"presbycusic\" probably represent undiagnosed cases of familial or genetic related hearing loss. We urge as thorough an identification of correct diagnosis as possible, thus reserving the term \"presbycusis\" for those rare, soley age-related cases of sensorineural loss."}
{"id": "PMID:904407", "title": "Morphologic analysis of tympanic membrane grafts.", "content": "Many materials are presently used for repair of tympanic membrane defects. Since the microscopic organization of these tissues may play a role with respect to the suitability of replacement of one with the other, a comparative electron microscopic study of temporalis fascia, fresh and preserved amniotic membrane was undertaken. An effort was made to determine the similarities and differences of these tissues and our clinical experience with their use is presented.", "contents": "Morphologic analysis of tympanic membrane grafts. Many materials are presently used for repair of tympanic membrane defects. Since the microscopic organization of these tissues may play a role with respect to the suitability of replacement of one with the other, a comparative electron microscopic study of temporalis fascia, fresh and preserved amniotic membrane was undertaken. An effort was made to determine the similarities and differences of these tissues and our clinical experience with their use is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:904409", "title": "Oncocytic lesions of the larynx.", "content": "True laryngeal adenomas are considered extremely rare and some doubt their existence. Laryngeal lesions having oncocytes as the predominant cell type have been described in the literature under a variety of different names: oncocytoma, oncocytic papillary cystadenoma, papillary cystadenoma, oxyphilic granular cells adenoma, etc. The oncocytes originate from changes in normal acinic and ductal cells. The significance of these changes is controversial. Whether the oncocytic laryngeal lesions represent true neoplasms or are degenerative in nature remains to be determined. We present clinical and histopathological details of four cases of oncocytic lesions of the larynx and compare their histology with microscopic findings in 30 cases filed as laryngeal cysts at the Minneapolis V.A. and University of Minnesota Hospitals. While the controversy regarding the neoplastic versus degenerative etiology of these lesions could not be resolved from a histopathological standpoint, their clinical behavior is that of a benign neoplasm. We review the literature on the subject and suggest a course of treatment for these lesions.", "contents": "Oncocytic lesions of the larynx. True laryngeal adenomas are considered extremely rare and some doubt their existence. Laryngeal lesions having oncocytes as the predominant cell type have been described in the literature under a variety of different names: oncocytoma, oncocytic papillary cystadenoma, papillary cystadenoma, oxyphilic granular cells adenoma, etc. The oncocytes originate from changes in normal acinic and ductal cells. The significance of these changes is controversial. Whether the oncocytic laryngeal lesions represent true neoplasms or are degenerative in nature remains to be determined. We present clinical and histopathological details of four cases of oncocytic lesions of the larynx and compare their histology with microscopic findings in 30 cases filed as laryngeal cysts at the Minneapolis V.A. and University of Minnesota Hospitals. While the controversy regarding the neoplastic versus degenerative etiology of these lesions could not be resolved from a histopathological standpoint, their clinical behavior is that of a benign neoplasm. We review the literature on the subject and suggest a course of treatment for these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:904410", "title": "The homograft myringoplasty and the lamina propria of the tympanic membrane.", "content": "The lamina propria of the tympanic membrane is composed of a unique system of radial and nonradial fibers which contribute importantly to its function. Over 1000 patients have undergone operations for the transplantation of the homograft tympanic membrane. Animal experiments have been presented to determine whether or not the fiber system of the lamina propria of the tympanic membrane is preserved in the homograft tympanic membrane. In conjunction with this, a small series of experiments was conducted to determine the appearance of the fiber system in perforations that heal spontaneously. Current knowledge concerning the function of the fiber network is discussed. The results of the present study indicate that the lamina propria fiber network is at least partially preserved in the homograft tympanic membrane and that the fiber network of the lamina propria is not reconstituted in spontaneously healed tympanic membranes.", "contents": "The homograft myringoplasty and the lamina propria of the tympanic membrane. The lamina propria of the tympanic membrane is composed of a unique system of radial and nonradial fibers which contribute importantly to its function. Over 1000 patients have undergone operations for the transplantation of the homograft tympanic membrane. Animal experiments have been presented to determine whether or not the fiber system of the lamina propria of the tympanic membrane is preserved in the homograft tympanic membrane. In conjunction with this, a small series of experiments was conducted to determine the appearance of the fiber system in perforations that heal spontaneously. Current knowledge concerning the function of the fiber network is discussed. The results of the present study indicate that the lamina propria fiber network is at least partially preserved in the homograft tympanic membrane and that the fiber network of the lamina propria is not reconstituted in spontaneously healed tympanic membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:904412", "title": "Unrelated sensorineural hearing loss in patients with otosclerosis. A report of three cases.", "content": "Although it is generally accepted that 20% or more of patients with clinically manifest otosclerosis have a concomitant sensorineural hearing loss, it is still debated whether otosclerosis is the cause of the neural loss. Three cases are presented of other causes of sensorineural loss in otosclerotic patients who underwent stapes surgery. One of these cases, the Mondini malformation, is discussed in detail.", "contents": "Unrelated sensorineural hearing loss in patients with otosclerosis. A report of three cases. Although it is generally accepted that 20% or more of patients with clinically manifest otosclerosis have a concomitant sensorineural hearing loss, it is still debated whether otosclerosis is the cause of the neural loss. Three cases are presented of other causes of sensorineural loss in otosclerotic patients who underwent stapes surgery. One of these cases, the Mondini malformation, is discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:904413", "title": "Temporal bone histopathology of Paget's disease with sensorineural hearing loss and narrowing of the internal auditory canal.", "content": "A temporal bone report is presented of a patient with progressive sensorineural hearing loss and advanced Paget's disease involving the skull. The histopathology reveals Pagetic bone invading the internal auditory canal and compressing the cochlear division of the VIIIth cranial nerve resulting in severe neural degeneration. There are no other histopathologic abnormalities present in the cochlea to explain the hearing loss. A low-frequency conductive hearing loss was also present, but no histopathologic correlate could be identified.", "contents": "Temporal bone histopathology of Paget's disease with sensorineural hearing loss and narrowing of the internal auditory canal. A temporal bone report is presented of a patient with progressive sensorineural hearing loss and advanced Paget's disease involving the skull. The histopathology reveals Pagetic bone invading the internal auditory canal and compressing the cochlear division of the VIIIth cranial nerve resulting in severe neural degeneration. There are no other histopathologic abnormalities present in the cochlea to explain the hearing loss. A low-frequency conductive hearing loss was also present, but no histopathologic correlate could be identified."}
{"id": "PMID:904414", "title": "Neurilemmoma of the auricle: a case report.", "content": "A report of a case of a solitary benign neurilemmoma of the auricle is presented. It is believed to be the first such documented case. Its nature, histology, and differential diagnosis is reviewed. It is suggested that \"neurogenic tumors\" be added on to the current classification of auricular masses.", "contents": "Neurilemmoma of the auricle: a case report. A report of a case of a solitary benign neurilemmoma of the auricle is presented. It is believed to be the first such documented case. Its nature, histology, and differential diagnosis is reviewed. It is suggested that \"neurogenic tumors\" be added on to the current classification of auricular masses."}
{"id": "PMID:904415", "title": "Luetic hearing loss.", "content": "Luetic hearing loss has been noted with increasing frequency in recent years. Four cases of luetic hearing loss seen at Walter Reed General Hospital from 1974 to 1975 are presented and discussed. Symptoms and pathology of luetic involvement of the inner ear are also presented. Serum FTA-ABS and TPI, in addition to VDRL, must be routinely obtained during the workup of hearing loss. CSF FTA-ABS should be obtained if serum FTA-ABS and TPI are positive.  Reversibility may be dependent on early detection of luetic hearing loss and treatment with high doses of antibiotics and steroids.", "contents": "Luetic hearing loss. Luetic hearing loss has been noted with increasing frequency in recent years. Four cases of luetic hearing loss seen at Walter Reed General Hospital from 1974 to 1975 are presented and discussed. Symptoms and pathology of luetic involvement of the inner ear are also presented. Serum FTA-ABS and TPI, in addition to VDRL, must be routinely obtained during the workup of hearing loss. CSF FTA-ABS should be obtained if serum FTA-ABS and TPI are positive.  Reversibility may be dependent on early detection of luetic hearing loss and treatment with high doses of antibiotics and steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:904416", "title": "Supernumerary nasal tooth.", "content": "A tooth presenting in the nasal cavity is an unusual phenomenon. Supernumerary teeth usually occur in the upper incisor area. Other locations may be the maxillary third molar and the mandibular bicuspid areas. Nasal teeth are a rare form of supernumerary teeth. They may be asymptomatic or may present with nasal obstruction and infection. They may be removed through a nasal approach.", "contents": "Supernumerary nasal tooth. A tooth presenting in the nasal cavity is an unusual phenomenon. Supernumerary teeth usually occur in the upper incisor area. Other locations may be the maxillary third molar and the mandibular bicuspid areas. Nasal teeth are a rare form of supernumerary teeth. They may be asymptomatic or may present with nasal obstruction and infection. They may be removed through a nasal approach."}
{"id": "PMID:904417", "title": "\"Practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery--how I do it\". Modifications of the Fomon technique in the approach to the lower lobule.", "content": "The advantages of the Fomon technique modifications in rhinoplasty are outlined. The importance of these adaptations is emphasized.", "contents": "\"Practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery--how I do it\". Modifications of the Fomon technique in the approach to the lower lobule. The advantages of the Fomon technique modifications in rhinoplasty are outlined. The importance of these adaptations is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:904418", "title": "[A study of cardiac dynamics during multistage exercise tests performed on a bycicle ergometer (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analysed the behaviour of the mechanical systole (electromechanical systole; tension time, left ventricular ejection time), as well as of the diastole (both cardiac and hemodynamic diastole) during exercise tests performed on a bycicle ergometer, with 40, 80, 120 watt workloads. The mechanical systole--as well as its components--duration is influenced, during exercise test, by both heart rate and stroke volume--pulse pressure being assumed as an indirect index of the latter. The study of the correlation between the two above mentioned parameters has a great importance in evaluating the cardiac pump efficiency both in health and disease. The study of the behaviour of diastole is likewise very important, as it provides useful information concerning: a) the length of the cardiac muscle post-exercise recovery phase; b) the coronary available perfusion time; c) the Windkessel (arterial bellows) emptying time. Moreover, the blood pressure fall rate in diastole is an useful indirect measure of the peripheral resistance changes during muscular work. A statistical analysis is made and the correlation coefficients and the regression equations between the various parameters are defined.", "contents": "[A study of cardiac dynamics during multistage exercise tests performed on a bycicle ergometer (author's transl)]. The authors analysed the behaviour of the mechanical systole (electromechanical systole; tension time, left ventricular ejection time), as well as of the diastole (both cardiac and hemodynamic diastole) during exercise tests performed on a bycicle ergometer, with 40, 80, 120 watt workloads. The mechanical systole--as well as its components--duration is influenced, during exercise test, by both heart rate and stroke volume--pulse pressure being assumed as an indirect index of the latter. The study of the correlation between the two above mentioned parameters has a great importance in evaluating the cardiac pump efficiency both in health and disease. The study of the behaviour of diastole is likewise very important, as it provides useful information concerning: a) the length of the cardiac muscle post-exercise recovery phase; b) the coronary available perfusion time; c) the Windkessel (arterial bellows) emptying time. Moreover, the blood pressure fall rate in diastole is an useful indirect measure of the peripheral resistance changes during muscular work. A statistical analysis is made and the correlation coefficients and the regression equations between the various parameters are defined."}
{"id": "PMID:904419", "title": "[Chronic bronchitis in a fire-proof material plant].", "content": "The prevalence of chronic bronchitis has been evaluated in a group of refractory material workers. Diagnosis was made on the basis of symptoms, signs and functional and radiologic evidence of the typical changes of the disease. The relationship with age, length of working activity and cigarette smoking habit were also investigated. It can be concluded that, in the examined people, chronic bronchitis was better attributable to the working exposure to dust, than to the age or smoking habit.", "contents": "[Chronic bronchitis in a fire-proof material plant]. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis has been evaluated in a group of refractory material workers. Diagnosis was made on the basis of symptoms, signs and functional and radiologic evidence of the typical changes of the disease. The relationship with age, length of working activity and cigarette smoking habit were also investigated. It can be concluded that, in the examined people, chronic bronchitis was better attributable to the working exposure to dust, than to the age or smoking habit."}
{"id": "PMID:904421", "title": "[Epidemiological study of chronic bronchitis in a population of workers in a fertilizer factory].", "content": "The authors investigated the influence of working conditions--with particular reference to dust and fluorite pollution--on the epidemiology of chronic bronchitis in 197 subjects working in a fertilizer producing plant in Krakow (Poland). The investigation included history, respiratory function tests (VC, TVC), height and weight measurement, rhinolaryngologic examination, nasal mucosa cytology and physical examination. The environmental survey included measurements of the dust respirable fraction and fluorite concentration in the  air. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was found to increase with the length of working activity and to be much higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Furthermore, in subjects working at the sites with the worst environmental situations it proved to be twice as high as in the remainders. Likewise higher proved to be the prevalence of laryngitis and sinusitis. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was found to be much higher in workmen with more marked spirometric changes. In subjects affected with chronic bronchitis alterations of the nasal mucosa epithelium were also found.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study of chronic bronchitis in a population of workers in a fertilizer factory]. The authors investigated the influence of working conditions--with particular reference to dust and fluorite pollution--on the epidemiology of chronic bronchitis in 197 subjects working in a fertilizer producing plant in Krakow (Poland). The investigation included history, respiratory function tests (VC, TVC), height and weight measurement, rhinolaryngologic examination, nasal mucosa cytology and physical examination. The environmental survey included measurements of the dust respirable fraction and fluorite concentration in the  air. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was found to increase with the length of working activity and to be much higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Furthermore, in subjects working at the sites with the worst environmental situations it proved to be twice as high as in the remainders. Likewise higher proved to be the prevalence of laryngitis and sinusitis. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was found to be much higher in workmen with more marked spirometric changes. In subjects affected with chronic bronchitis alterations of the nasal mucosa epithelium were also found."}
{"id": "PMID:904498", "title": "The need for medical statistics in the training of health personnel.", "content": "Medical statistics is essential in the training of all categories of health workers and early involvement with the subject is advocated during the training of these health personnel. Four important areas of the application of statistical methods have been defined, namely, (1) the study of specific rates, (2) evaluation of clinical trial of drugs, (3) the assessment of factors affecting health or disease, and (4) the establishment of new avenues of medical research. Using examples from the training of the undergraduate medical student, the midwife and the family planning field health worker, different aspects of medical statistics should be emphasized at different levels of learning depending on the professional or academic needs of the trainee health worker.", "contents": "The need for medical statistics in the training of health personnel. Medical statistics is essential in the training of all categories of health workers and early involvement with the subject is advocated during the training of these health personnel. Four important areas of the application of statistical methods have been defined, namely, (1) the study of specific rates, (2) evaluation of clinical trial of drugs, (3) the assessment of factors affecting health or disease, and (4) the establishment of new avenues of medical research. Using examples from the training of the undergraduate medical student, the midwife and the family planning field health worker, different aspects of medical statistics should be emphasized at different levels of learning depending on the professional or academic needs of the trainee health worker."}
{"id": "PMID:904499", "title": "Specialist training and medical research in developing countries of tropical Africa: a case for the establishment of postgraduate medical schools.", "content": "Developing countries like developed ones need highly skilled medical personnel, referred to as 'specialists'. In the case of developing countries, the training of these specialists abroad is expensive to the sponsoring governments, imposes a lot of hardship on the doctors and, above all, the course-content of such training takes little or no cognizance of the environment in which these doctors would later practise. The developing countries also cannot afford the loss of years in valuable services which the training abroad entails. Attempts are now being made to train specialists wholly or partly at home, in some developing countries. The approach is still not much divorced from what obtains in Britain and North America, that is, one of being trained on the job, with the onus for self-education being placed on the prospective students. Such students in most developing countries of tropical Africa have little or no facilities for further education outside their places of work. It is proposed that purpose-designed postgraduate medical schools may provide a temporary solution to specialist training in developing countries of tropical Africa. Such schools would in addition provide highly skilled medical service as well as obviate the need and the expense for the setting up of government sponsored medical research and training institutes.", "contents": "Specialist training and medical research in developing countries of tropical Africa: a case for the establishment of postgraduate medical schools. Developing countries like developed ones need highly skilled medical personnel, referred to as 'specialists'. In the case of developing countries, the training of these specialists abroad is expensive to the sponsoring governments, imposes a lot of hardship on the doctors and, above all, the course-content of such training takes little or no cognizance of the environment in which these doctors would later practise. The developing countries also cannot afford the loss of years in valuable services which the training abroad entails. Attempts are now being made to train specialists wholly or partly at home, in some developing countries. The approach is still not much divorced from what obtains in Britain and North America, that is, one of being trained on the job, with the onus for self-education being placed on the prospective students. Such students in most developing countries of tropical Africa have little or no facilities for further education outside their places of work. It is proposed that purpose-designed postgraduate medical schools may provide a temporary solution to specialist training in developing countries of tropical Africa. Such schools would in addition provide highly skilled medical service as well as obviate the need and the expense for the setting up of government sponsored medical research and training institutes."}
{"id": "PMID:904500", "title": "Is EPA's radium-226 drinking water standard justified?", "content": "The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) proposed drinking water standard for radium-226 (226Ra) of 5 pCi/l is evaluated according to its health basis and carcinogenic implications. Proposed health risks of 226Ra in drinking water by other leading theoreticians (Evans, Gofman-Tamplin and Peterson) are also considered in light of the EPA proposal. It is concluded that the EPA proposal to raise the standard for 226Ra in drinking water is not justified on the basis of present knowledge of 226Ra carcinogenic effects.", "contents": "Is EPA's radium-226 drinking water standard justified? The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) proposed drinking water standard for radium-226 (226Ra) of 5 pCi/l is evaluated according to its health basis and carcinogenic implications. Proposed health risks of 226Ra in drinking water by other leading theoreticians (Evans, Gofman-Tamplin and Peterson) are also considered in light of the EPA proposal. It is concluded that the EPA proposal to raise the standard for 226Ra in drinking water is not justified on the basis of present knowledge of 226Ra carcinogenic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:904501", "title": "Atheroma as a neoplastic disease.", "content": "An hypothesis is proposed that atheroma may be classified as a leiomyosarcoma derived from the tunica media of an artery. The notion that atheroma is a neoplastic disease provides a simple explanation for a highly complex phenomenon; the pathogenesis of artherosclerosis. According to this hypothesis some smooth-muscle cells in the media undergo malignant transformation, which is manifested by excessive production of hyaluronidase and other glycosaminoglycan hydrolases. This enzymic system frees cells from their bonds and allows them to proliferate. The enzymes also evoke a fibroblast hyperplasia which is followed by a protective collagenization producing a local area of increased resistance to the hydrolases. This accounts for the sclerosing aspect of the disease. Several other features of atherosclerosis are a result of the neoplastic nature of the disease.", "contents": "Atheroma as a neoplastic disease. An hypothesis is proposed that atheroma may be classified as a leiomyosarcoma derived from the tunica media of an artery. The notion that atheroma is a neoplastic disease provides a simple explanation for a highly complex phenomenon; the pathogenesis of artherosclerosis. According to this hypothesis some smooth-muscle cells in the media undergo malignant transformation, which is manifested by excessive production of hyaluronidase and other glycosaminoglycan hydrolases. This enzymic system frees cells from their bonds and allows them to proliferate. The enzymes also evoke a fibroblast hyperplasia which is followed by a protective collagenization producing a local area of increased resistance to the hydrolases. This accounts for the sclerosing aspect of the disease. Several other features of atherosclerosis are a result of the neoplastic nature of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:904503", "title": "General types of relationships between the development of the organism and the development of the subsystems of the organism.", "content": "There are elementary and complex types (combined elementary types): of temporospatial relations between the pattern of development of the organism and the patterns of development of individual subsystems; of influences exercised by the development of the organism upon the development of the subsystems of the organism; of influences exercised by the development of individual subsystems upon individual development; of temporospatial relations between the stability of the line of individual development and the stability of the line of development of individual subsystems; of mutual influence between the stability and variation of the line of individual development, on the one hand, and the stability and variation of the line of development of the individual subsystems, on the other.", "contents": "General types of relationships between the development of the organism and the development of the subsystems of the organism. There are elementary and complex types (combined elementary types): of temporospatial relations between the pattern of development of the organism and the patterns of development of individual subsystems; of influences exercised by the development of the organism upon the development of the subsystems of the organism; of influences exercised by the development of individual subsystems upon individual development; of temporospatial relations between the stability of the line of individual development and the stability of the line of development of individual subsystems; of mutual influence between the stability and variation of the line of individual development, on the one hand, and the stability and variation of the line of development of the individual subsystems, on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:904502", "title": "Schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia: is schizophrenia also a \"denervation hypersensitivity\"?", "content": "In human beings, amphetamine can induce both schizophreniform psychosis and oral-facial dyskinesia resembling tardive dyskinesia, while neuroleptic agents reduce the manifestations of both conditions. This suggests that such psychosis and movement disorder may occur by the same or very similar mechanisms. It is thought that tardive dyskinesia may result from neuroleptic-induced denervation hypersensitivity to dopamine. The author cites evidence suggesting that amphetamine may act on dopaminergic pathways in the CNS to produce a denervation hypersensitivity like that caused by neuroleptic agents. Clinical evidence compatible with a denervation hypersensitivity hypothesis of schizophrenia is then discussed.", "contents": "Schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia: is schizophrenia also a \"denervation hypersensitivity\"? In human beings, amphetamine can induce both schizophreniform psychosis and oral-facial dyskinesia resembling tardive dyskinesia, while neuroleptic agents reduce the manifestations of both conditions. This suggests that such psychosis and movement disorder may occur by the same or very similar mechanisms. It is thought that tardive dyskinesia may result from neuroleptic-induced denervation hypersensitivity to dopamine. The author cites evidence suggesting that amphetamine may act on dopaminergic pathways in the CNS to produce a denervation hypersensitivity like that caused by neuroleptic agents. Clinical evidence compatible with a denervation hypersensitivity hypothesis of schizophrenia is then discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904504", "title": "The selective induction of cellular damage within neoplasia in situ; a putative role for sympathomimetic agents.", "content": "Cancerous cells can be selectively injured within a host by various means. The effects generally appear to be manifested indirectly, and are consistent with the concept that uptake from the plasma of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) by malignant tissue leads to an increase in uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Certain lipolytic agents are already known to cause selective damage to cancerous growths in situ. The employment of appropriate sympathomimetic agents to accentuate the nocturnal rise in plasma NEFA concentrations may permit the management and control of a variety of human neoplasia.", "contents": "The selective induction of cellular damage within neoplasia in situ; a putative role for sympathomimetic agents. Cancerous cells can be selectively injured within a host by various means. The effects generally appear to be manifested indirectly, and are consistent with the concept that uptake from the plasma of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) by malignant tissue leads to an increase in uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Certain lipolytic agents are already known to cause selective damage to cancerous growths in situ. The employment of appropriate sympathomimetic agents to accentuate the nocturnal rise in plasma NEFA concentrations may permit the management and control of a variety of human neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:904526", "title": "Three instructive cases of tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) envenomation--and how a radioimmunoassay proved the diagnosis.", "content": "Three unusual cases are described, in which, in separate incidents, young snake bite victims were found comatose. Tiger snake vemon was detected by radioimmunoassay in the urine and serum, and in one case on the clothing of these children. Gross myoglobinuria was present in all cases. The three cases demonstrate clearly the myolytic potential of tiger snake venom if specific treatment (administration of antivenom) is delayed. Extreme elevation of serum enzyme levels was found in the two victims who survived. Evidence was obtained that the major neurotoxin of tiger snake venom is absorbed at least partly via the lymphatics and that some is excreted in the urine.", "contents": "Three instructive cases of tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) envenomation--and how a radioimmunoassay proved the diagnosis. Three unusual cases are described, in which, in separate incidents, young snake bite victims were found comatose. Tiger snake vemon was detected by radioimmunoassay in the urine and serum, and in one case on the clothing of these children. Gross myoglobinuria was present in all cases. The three cases demonstrate clearly the myolytic potential of tiger snake venom if specific treatment (administration of antivenom) is delayed. Extreme elevation of serum enzyme levels was found in the two victims who survived. Evidence was obtained that the major neurotoxin of tiger snake venom is absorbed at least partly via the lymphatics and that some is excreted in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:904527", "title": "Improved quality of packed cells.", "content": "Improved viability, quality, oxygen delivery capacity and metabolic activity of packed cells was obtained when blood was collected into (CP2D) citrate-phosphate anticoagulant with extra dextrose and, after separation of plasma, stored in an adenine-enhanced electrolyte solution. The system has been incorporated into clinical transfusion practice.", "contents": "Improved quality of packed cells. Improved viability, quality, oxygen delivery capacity and metabolic activity of packed cells was obtained when blood was collected into (CP2D) citrate-phosphate anticoagulant with extra dextrose and, after separation of plasma, stored in an adenine-enhanced electrolyte solution. The system has been incorporated into clinical transfusion practice."}
{"id": "PMID:904528", "title": "Chronic illness and country living.", "content": "A household health survey of an entire rural shire in the Central Western Region of New South Wales was conducted by the Health Commission of New South Wales, Regional Health Office in Bathurst along with the Central Western Regional Advisory Council during April-May, 1976, to determine the prevalence of chronic illness. Approximately 1,056 dwellings were located in the Oberon Shire by the interviewers; household interviews were obtained from 789 of them. Slightly more than 42% of the survey population reportedly had one or more chronic illnesses. Types of chronic illness associated with diseases of the respiratory and circulatory systems were most prevalent which leads one to speculate about clean, fresh, country air and the simple, easy-going, lifestyle of farming communities.", "contents": "Chronic illness and country living. A household health survey of an entire rural shire in the Central Western Region of New South Wales was conducted by the Health Commission of New South Wales, Regional Health Office in Bathurst along with the Central Western Regional Advisory Council during April-May, 1976, to determine the prevalence of chronic illness. Approximately 1,056 dwellings were located in the Oberon Shire by the interviewers; household interviews were obtained from 789 of them. Slightly more than 42% of the survey population reportedly had one or more chronic illnesses. Types of chronic illness associated with diseases of the respiratory and circulatory systems were most prevalent which leads one to speculate about clean, fresh, country air and the simple, easy-going, lifestyle of farming communities."}
{"id": "PMID:904529", "title": "An unusual snake bite story.", "content": "The case is reported of a seven-year-old girl who was bitten by a tiger snake and sustained severe liver, skeletal muscle and myocardial muscle damage as a result of envenomation. She recovered after treatment with polyvalent snake bite antivenom preceded by promethazine.", "contents": "An unusual snake bite story. The case is reported of a seven-year-old girl who was bitten by a tiger snake and sustained severe liver, skeletal muscle and myocardial muscle damage as a result of envenomation. She recovered after treatment with polyvalent snake bite antivenom preceded by promethazine."}
{"id": "PMID:904531", "title": "[Alteration of potassium metabolism by cardiac glycosides in suicidal intoxications (author's transl)].", "content": "The potassium concentrations in erythrocytes, serum and urine were continously determined in 3 patients who had taken acetyldigoxin (45 to 100 tablets Novodigal \u00e0 0,2 mg) in order to commit suicide. In the first 3 to 8 hours after ingestion of digitalis the potassium concentration in serum increased while the potassium concentration of erythrocytes declined a little. The elimination of potassium with the urine remained still normal. After this period of time the potassium concentration in serum and in erythrocytes considerably fell, simultaneously large amounts of potassium were excreted with the urine. It was not until after 14 days that the potassium metabolism normalized.", "contents": "[Alteration of potassium metabolism by cardiac glycosides in suicidal intoxications (author's transl)]. The potassium concentrations in erythrocytes, serum and urine were continously determined in 3 patients who had taken acetyldigoxin (45 to 100 tablets Novodigal \u00e0 0,2 mg) in order to commit suicide. In the first 3 to 8 hours after ingestion of digitalis the potassium concentration in serum increased while the potassium concentration of erythrocytes declined a little. The elimination of potassium with the urine remained still normal. After this period of time the potassium concentration in serum and in erythrocytes considerably fell, simultaneously large amounts of potassium were excreted with the urine. It was not until after 14 days that the potassium metabolism normalized."}
{"id": "PMID:904532", "title": "[Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB and CK/GOT-ratio in the differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "In 56 patients with certain transmural myocardial infarction the reliability of myocard specific creatine kinase isoenzyme MB is compared with the usual estimation of creatine kinase activity in serum and the use of CK/GOT activity quotient. In measurements at different times CK-MB proves to be more reliable than other laboratory parameters: during the first 24 hours after hospital admission CK-MB indicates the infarct and correlates with ECG alterations in practically all cases. In 11 patients with CK-activity increase over 100 U/l of extracardial origin, myocardial involvement can be excluded by measuring CK-MB-activity. Formation of CK/GOT quotient shows erroneously an infarction in about half the cases.", "contents": "[Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB and CK/GOT-ratio in the differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. In 56 patients with certain transmural myocardial infarction the reliability of myocard specific creatine kinase isoenzyme MB is compared with the usual estimation of creatine kinase activity in serum and the use of CK/GOT activity quotient. In measurements at different times CK-MB proves to be more reliable than other laboratory parameters: during the first 24 hours after hospital admission CK-MB indicates the infarct and correlates with ECG alterations in practically all cases. In 11 patients with CK-activity increase over 100 U/l of extracardial origin, myocardial involvement can be excluded by measuring CK-MB-activity. Formation of CK/GOT quotient shows erroneously an infarction in about half the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:904533", "title": "[Concomitant infarction of the right ventricle in patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "In 56 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction hemodynamic parameters were studied. 21 patients proved to suffer from anterior infarction and 35 patients an inferior infarction. By clinical as well as by hemodynamic findings 10 patients out of the group of the 35 patients with inferior infarction were suspect of having a concomitant infarction of the right ventricle. As it is known from literature and documented by the present results this is not a rarity. Failure of the right ventricle is the main cause of death in these patients.", "contents": "[Concomitant infarction of the right ventricle in patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. In 56 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction hemodynamic parameters were studied. 21 patients proved to suffer from anterior infarction and 35 patients an inferior infarction. By clinical as well as by hemodynamic findings 10 patients out of the group of the 35 patients with inferior infarction were suspect of having a concomitant infarction of the right ventricle. As it is known from literature and documented by the present results this is not a rarity. Failure of the right ventricle is the main cause of death in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:904534", "title": "[Familial sinuatrial and atrioventricular arrhythmia causing an emergency case (author's transl)].", "content": "An acute life endangering bradycardy-tachycardy-syndrome in a 37 years old female could be referred to a rare familiar sinuatrial and atrioventricular arrhythmia with an inherited autosomal dominant trait. The patient's mother, three brothers, one sister and four children showed arrhythmias ranging from sinusbradycardia to second degree heart block. There was an obvious coincidence between intellectual retardation and the extent of the cardiac arrhythmia. Familial arrhythmias should be considered in instances of sudden death or rhythm disorders in young individuals.", "contents": "[Familial sinuatrial and atrioventricular arrhythmia causing an emergency case (author's transl)]. An acute life endangering bradycardy-tachycardy-syndrome in a 37 years old female could be referred to a rare familiar sinuatrial and atrioventricular arrhythmia with an inherited autosomal dominant trait. The patient's mother, three brothers, one sister and four children showed arrhythmias ranging from sinusbradycardia to second degree heart block. There was an obvious coincidence between intellectual retardation and the extent of the cardiac arrhythmia. Familial arrhythmias should be considered in instances of sudden death or rhythm disorders in young individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:904535", "title": "[Artrial septal defect in the adult (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical and hemodynamic findings of 96 adult patients with ostium secundum defect are presented. There are no interrelationships between the extent of symptoms and clinical state on one side and heart size, shuntvolume and other hemodynamic parameters on the other hand. Our observations do not allow firm conclusions as the the natural course of the affection. It can be stated however, that this congenital cardiac malformation can be associated with a normal life exspectancy and without severe symptoms for decades. Hence we see problems as to the indication of the surgical closure of the defect, since not much is known about the longstanding usefulness of surgery in respect to a possible prolongation of life exspectancy and diminuition of morbidity. We therefore are of the opinion that - until such data are available - the indication for surgery should not be guided by prospective nonproved assumption but by the clinical state of the patient and the severity of his symptoms.", "contents": "[Artrial septal defect in the adult (author's transl)]. The clinical and hemodynamic findings of 96 adult patients with ostium secundum defect are presented. There are no interrelationships between the extent of symptoms and clinical state on one side and heart size, shuntvolume and other hemodynamic parameters on the other hand. Our observations do not allow firm conclusions as the the natural course of the affection. It can be stated however, that this congenital cardiac malformation can be associated with a normal life exspectancy and without severe symptoms for decades. Hence we see problems as to the indication of the surgical closure of the defect, since not much is known about the longstanding usefulness of surgery in respect to a possible prolongation of life exspectancy and diminuition of morbidity. We therefore are of the opinion that - until such data are available - the indication for surgery should not be guided by prospective nonproved assumption but by the clinical state of the patient and the severity of his symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:904540", "title": "[Renal vein thrombosis: a complication of the nephrotic syndrome? (author's transl)].", "content": "The nephrotic syndrome is complicated by an increased thromboembolic risk. This is related to changes in one or more factors of the Virchow triad (vessel wall, blood flow, coagulation). The hypercoagulability may be enhanced by iatrogenic manipulations as for instance vessel punctures, application of steroids and diuretics. The preferential location of thrombus formation are the veins of the leg, pelvis, kidney, and the cerebral sinuses. In contrast the \"primary\" renal vein thrombosis has long been considered not as a complication of the nephrotic syndrome but as its cause. In the meantime there have been accumulated histological, experimental and clinical facts showing the nephrotic syndrome causative for the renal vein thrombosis. This is revealed too by our own cases.", "contents": "[Renal vein thrombosis: a complication of the nephrotic syndrome? (author's transl)]. The nephrotic syndrome is complicated by an increased thromboembolic risk. This is related to changes in one or more factors of the Virchow triad (vessel wall, blood flow, coagulation). The hypercoagulability may be enhanced by iatrogenic manipulations as for instance vessel punctures, application of steroids and diuretics. The preferential location of thrombus formation are the veins of the leg, pelvis, kidney, and the cerebral sinuses. In contrast the \"primary\" renal vein thrombosis has long been considered not as a complication of the nephrotic syndrome but as its cause. In the meantime there have been accumulated histological, experimental and clinical facts showing the nephrotic syndrome causative for the renal vein thrombosis. This is revealed too by our own cases."}
{"id": "PMID:904541", "title": "[Efficiency of patients with chronic renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "In 77 patients with chronic renal failure - all were conservative treated - exercise-tests were performed with the bicycle and in 67 cases spiro-ergometric tests. We found a correlation between the decrease of hemoglobin and the decrease of efficiency and a linear function between the decrease of hemoglobin and the increase of creatinin in serum. There was no direct correlation between the increase of creatinin and the decrease of efficiency. The efficiency, measured in Watt, and the oxygen pulse correlated. More patients with hypertonia exceeded the level of 70 of the quotient heart volume/oxygen pulse but those with normal pressure. The efficiency was reduced in general: only 13,4% obtained 100 Watt, 28,4% 75 Watt and the rest of 58,2% were of bad efficiency and performed only 50 Watt or less.", "contents": "[Efficiency of patients with chronic renal failure (author's transl)]. In 77 patients with chronic renal failure - all were conservative treated - exercise-tests were performed with the bicycle and in 67 cases spiro-ergometric tests. We found a correlation between the decrease of hemoglobin and the decrease of efficiency and a linear function between the decrease of hemoglobin and the increase of creatinin in serum. There was no direct correlation between the increase of creatinin and the decrease of efficiency. The efficiency, measured in Watt, and the oxygen pulse correlated. More patients with hypertonia exceeded the level of 70 of the quotient heart volume/oxygen pulse but those with normal pressure. The efficiency was reduced in general: only 13,4% obtained 100 Watt, 28,4% 75 Watt and the rest of 58,2% were of bad efficiency and performed only 50 Watt or less."}
{"id": "PMID:904542", "title": "[Filtration and irradiation of the dialysis fluid to prevent bacteriemia during hemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "For prevention of bacteriemia caused by contaminated dialysis fluid it is necessary to protect the dialysator by decontamination of the fluid immediately before entering the dialysator. Using filters with a pore size of 0.2 micrometer or 0.45 micrometer sterile samples of dialysis fluid could be obtained, but flow rate and pressure of the fluid could not be kept constant, when the resistance of the filter increased during use. With UV-lamps no problems concerning flow rate or pressure were encountered, but really satisfying results emerged only in laboratory experiments. This was due to causes which can be influenced by technical improvements of the irradiation unit, while the use of filters implies additional measures at the monitor unit to control flow rate and pressure. The success of the applied antimicrobial techniques should be monitored for not inducing a false conviction of safety.", "contents": "[Filtration and irradiation of the dialysis fluid to prevent bacteriemia during hemodialysis (author's transl)]. For prevention of bacteriemia caused by contaminated dialysis fluid it is necessary to protect the dialysator by decontamination of the fluid immediately before entering the dialysator. Using filters with a pore size of 0.2 micrometer or 0.45 micrometer sterile samples of dialysis fluid could be obtained, but flow rate and pressure of the fluid could not be kept constant, when the resistance of the filter increased during use. With UV-lamps no problems concerning flow rate or pressure were encountered, but really satisfying results emerged only in laboratory experiments. This was due to causes which can be influenced by technical improvements of the irradiation unit, while the use of filters implies additional measures at the monitor unit to control flow rate and pressure. The success of the applied antimicrobial techniques should be monitored for not inducing a false conviction of safety."}
{"id": "PMID:904547", "title": "[Behavior modification and obesity (author's transl)].", "content": "Good results were obtained treating 49 obese patients with an elaborated selfcontrol behavior modification program. This program was an addition to the normal program of the obesity clinic of the 2. Medizinische Klinik der Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf. The normal program contains some principles of behavior modification but less accentuated. After the initial 12 weeks of controlled training patients tried to reduce weight further decreasing external control. Only few patients were able to loose additional pounds during this period of 8 weeks. At the end of the initial 12 weeks patients had asked for another control before the vacational season, but only 10 out of 49 appeared at the control sessions 9 months after the program's start. If an additional behavior modification program is considered for incorporation into an already existing weight reduction clinic, additional costs and expected results have to be checked. Durative success of behavior modification techniques in weight loss programs has still to be submitted to proof.", "contents": "[Behavior modification and obesity (author's transl)]. Good results were obtained treating 49 obese patients with an elaborated selfcontrol behavior modification program. This program was an addition to the normal program of the obesity clinic of the 2. Medizinische Klinik der Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf. The normal program contains some principles of behavior modification but less accentuated. After the initial 12 weeks of controlled training patients tried to reduce weight further decreasing external control. Only few patients were able to loose additional pounds during this period of 8 weeks. At the end of the initial 12 weeks patients had asked for another control before the vacational season, but only 10 out of 49 appeared at the control sessions 9 months after the program's start. If an additional behavior modification program is considered for incorporation into an already existing weight reduction clinic, additional costs and expected results have to be checked. Durative success of behavior modification techniques in weight loss programs has still to be submitted to proof."}
{"id": "PMID:904548", "title": "[Secondary failures in modern therapy of diabetes mellitus with blood glucose lowering sulfonamides (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of the case histories of 914 diabetics exclusively treated with blood glucose lowering sulfonamides in a university clinic outpatient station yielded an annual secondary failure rate of 5-10 p.c. Cumulative incidence calculations showed a continuous increase of secondary failure depending on the duration of treatment. Thus less than 20 p.c. of the diabetics have a chance of a satisfactory long-term therapy after 10 years of treatment. Any dependency of secondary failure from age at onset of diabetes could not be proved. Both \"old\" and \"new\" sulfonamide derivatives were equally subject to secondary failure. Changing the treatment from a therapy using grammscale derivatives to any of the modern milligramm-scale substances has been more or less equally \"successfull\" but lastly unsatisfactory. Diabetics with secondary failure show more overweight than patients with positive long-term treatment", "contents": "[Secondary failures in modern therapy of diabetes mellitus with blood glucose lowering sulfonamides (author's transl)]. The analysis of the case histories of 914 diabetics exclusively treated with blood glucose lowering sulfonamides in a university clinic outpatient station yielded an annual secondary failure rate of 5-10 p.c. Cumulative incidence calculations showed a continuous increase of secondary failure depending on the duration of treatment. Thus less than 20 p.c. of the diabetics have a chance of a satisfactory long-term therapy after 10 years of treatment. Any dependency of secondary failure from age at onset of diabetes could not be proved. Both \"old\" and \"new\" sulfonamide derivatives were equally subject to secondary failure. Changing the treatment from a therapy using grammscale derivatives to any of the modern milligramm-scale substances has been more or less equally \"successfull\" but lastly unsatisfactory. Diabetics with secondary failure show more overweight than patients with positive long-term treatment"}
{"id": "PMID:904549", "title": "[Treatment of primary hyperlipoproteinemia type IIb and IV. Comparison of the lipid lowering effect of phenformin, clofibrate, and a combination of both (author's transl)].", "content": "22 outpatients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia type IIb and IV were treated in periods of eight weeks as follows: placebo; 0,15 g phenformin/day; 0,15 g phenformin + 1,5 g clofibrate/day; 1,5 g clofibrate/day; placebo. Compared to the first placeboperiode the serumtriglycerides were significantly lowered by phenformin (about 26%), by the combined treatment with phenformin + clofibrate (60%) and by clofibrate (51%) after eight weeks of treatment. The serumcholesterol was significantly lowered by phenformin (10%) and by the combined treatment with phenformin and clofibrate (14%), but not significantly by clofibrate (8%). After eight weeks of treatment with phenformin alone or in combination with clofibrate the body weight decreased significantly (1,9% or 1,4%). These changes in body weight were not related to changes in blood lipids. In conclusion, the combined treatment with 0,15 g clofibrate/day was more effective in lowering increased serum lipids than the treatment with phenformin or clofibrate alone.", "contents": "[Treatment of primary hyperlipoproteinemia type IIb and IV. Comparison of the lipid lowering effect of phenformin, clofibrate, and a combination of both (author's transl)]. 22 outpatients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia type IIb and IV were treated in periods of eight weeks as follows: placebo; 0,15 g phenformin/day; 0,15 g phenformin + 1,5 g clofibrate/day; 1,5 g clofibrate/day; placebo. Compared to the first placeboperiode the serumtriglycerides were significantly lowered by phenformin (about 26%), by the combined treatment with phenformin + clofibrate (60%) and by clofibrate (51%) after eight weeks of treatment. The serumcholesterol was significantly lowered by phenformin (10%) and by the combined treatment with phenformin and clofibrate (14%), but not significantly by clofibrate (8%). After eight weeks of treatment with phenformin alone or in combination with clofibrate the body weight decreased significantly (1,9% or 1,4%). These changes in body weight were not related to changes in blood lipids. In conclusion, the combined treatment with 0,15 g clofibrate/day was more effective in lowering increased serum lipids than the treatment with phenformin or clofibrate alone."}
{"id": "PMID:904590", "title": "Backscatter factors in the mammographic energy range.", "content": "Backscatter factors for kVps and half-value layers typical of mammographic beams have been determined as a function of beam diameter and half-value layer. The method utilized thin TLD-100 chips with the scattering medium alternately present and absent. Results indicate that the field-size dependence of the backscatter factor for lower half-value layers is less than that shown in the British Journal of Radiology Supplement 11.", "contents": "Backscatter factors in the mammographic energy range. Backscatter factors for kVps and half-value layers typical of mammographic beams have been determined as a function of beam diameter and half-value layer. The method utilized thin TLD-100 chips with the scattering medium alternately present and absent. Results indicate that the field-size dependence of the backscatter factor for lower half-value layers is less than that shown in the British Journal of Radiology Supplement 11."}
{"id": "PMID:904592", "title": "Corrections to absorbed dose calculations for tissue inhomogeneities.", "content": "Traditional methods for correcting for the presence of tissue inhomogeneities may produce errors as great as 10% at points within or closese to the inhomogeneities. Measurements were made in phantoms containing aluminum or cork inhomogeneities. Agreement between measured and predicted results was usually within 2%-3%.", "contents": "Corrections to absorbed dose calculations for tissue inhomogeneities. Traditional methods for correcting for the presence of tissue inhomogeneities may produce errors as great as 10% at points within or closese to the inhomogeneities. Measurements were made in phantoms containing aluminum or cork inhomogeneities. Agreement between measured and predicted results was usually within 2%-3%."}
{"id": "PMID:904594", "title": "Use of electron filters to improve the buildup characteristics of large fields from cobalt-60 beams.", "content": "It has been shown that for Cobalt-60 units capable of producing large fields (up to 40 X 40 cm2)at 80 cm, the dose distribution in the buildup region is quite different from that observed with small fields. First, the maximum dose occurs at 1-2 mm instead of 5 mm; and second, the maximum does in some extreme cases is 15%-20% higher than the dose at 5 mm. Thus, the dose is decreased by more than 15%-20% by 3 mm of tissue, suggesting severe electron contamination. In this report, it is shown that this contamination can be best removed by a filter of thickness 0.4 g/cm2 of medium atomic number, placed some 25 cm from the source inside the collimator. For existing units, positioning the filter inside the collimator is not practical. Acceptable results, however, can be obtained by placing the filter just below the collimator.", "contents": "Use of electron filters to improve the buildup characteristics of large fields from cobalt-60 beams. It has been shown that for Cobalt-60 units capable of producing large fields (up to 40 X 40 cm2)at 80 cm, the dose distribution in the buildup region is quite different from that observed with small fields. First, the maximum dose occurs at 1-2 mm instead of 5 mm; and second, the maximum does in some extreme cases is 15%-20% higher than the dose at 5 mm. Thus, the dose is decreased by more than 15%-20% by 3 mm of tissue, suggesting severe electron contamination. In this report, it is shown that this contamination can be best removed by a filter of thickness 0.4 g/cm2 of medium atomic number, placed some 25 cm from the source inside the collimator. For existing units, positioning the filter inside the collimator is not practical. Acceptable results, however, can be obtained by placing the filter just below the collimator."}
{"id": "PMID:904596", "title": "Energy dependence of correction factors for the Victoreen Model 666 Portable Radiographic Health Survey System.", "content": "The energy dependence for each of three models of Victoreen 666 ionization chambers is characterized through an examination of the correction factors determined over the diagnostic x-ray range (0.4-4.9 mm A1 HVL) for many samples of each model. The results of an analysis of variance performed for each chamber model on the correction factors are reported as mean correction factors for the x-ray beams evaluated, with a relative standard error of less than 0.6% in all cases. Energy-dependence curves for the three chamber models are given, and their use is described.", "contents": "Energy dependence of correction factors for the Victoreen Model 666 Portable Radiographic Health Survey System. The energy dependence for each of three models of Victoreen 666 ionization chambers is characterized through an examination of the correction factors determined over the diagnostic x-ray range (0.4-4.9 mm A1 HVL) for many samples of each model. The results of an analysis of variance performed for each chamber model on the correction factors are reported as mean correction factors for the x-ray beams evaluated, with a relative standard error of less than 0.6% in all cases. Energy-dependence curves for the three chamber models are given, and their use is described."}
{"id": "PMID:904591", "title": "Validity of computer simulation of blood vessel imaging in angiography.", "content": "The computer-simulation technique for imaging of vessels in angiography is being recognized as a useful tool for the study of the effect of physical parameters on the vessel image. We have examined the validity of this technique by comparing the computed image distribution directly with experimental results. The imput x-ray pattern of a blood vessel phantom, the LSF of the focal spot, and the LSF of a screen-film  system were measured. From the data obtained, the final image distributions of the phantom were computed and compared with the experimentally determined distributions. A high-precision device for the alignment and positioning of the vessel phantom was employed in the experiments. Results indicate that computer simulation can correctly predict the image distribution of the blood vessel phantom.", "contents": "Validity of computer simulation of blood vessel imaging in angiography. The computer-simulation technique for imaging of vessels in angiography is being recognized as a useful tool for the study of the effect of physical parameters on the vessel image. We have examined the validity of this technique by comparing the computed image distribution directly with experimental results. The imput x-ray pattern of a blood vessel phantom, the LSF of the focal spot, and the LSF of a screen-film  system were measured. From the data obtained, the final image distributions of the phantom were computed and compared with the experimentally determined distributions. A high-precision device for the alignment and positioning of the vessel phantom was employed in the experiments. Results indicate that computer simulation can correctly predict the image distribution of the blood vessel phantom."}
{"id": "PMID:904595", "title": "Electrical constancy check for remote-reading op-amp radiation dosimeters.", "content": "A constancy check is described for dosimeters using fast op-amp electrometers with remote ionization chambers. The check's usefulness is reported, as are capacitance values for some commercial ion chambers.", "contents": "Electrical constancy check for remote-reading op-amp radiation dosimeters. A constancy check is described for dosimeters using fast op-amp electrometers with remote ionization chambers. The check's usefulness is reported, as are capacitance values for some commercial ion chambers."}
{"id": "PMID:904593", "title": "Dosimetric considerations of symmetric and asymmetric 60Co teletherapy split fields.", "content": "Split fields are commonly used for a variety of treatments for which local shielding is desired; a single field is split into two fields by means of lead blocks placed in the beam. The condition for assuming independence of the two fields is investigated by using the area over perimeter calculational method and comparing this to experimental depth-dose data measured in a water phantom using a Shonka ionization chamber. Two principal variations affecting dose distributions are examined: block width and position of the block expressed as the fractional perpendicular distance between the central ray of the overall field and the center of the block. An intercomparison between calculation and experimental data shows that the right and left sides of the split field behave as independent fields giving TAR values in agreement with experimental data to within +/-1%. If the fields are asymmetric and if the larger field is less than 70% of the total area including the blocked part, then the dosimetry should be based on average TARs, off-center ratios, and backscatter factors for the two fields. If the larger area is greater than 70% of the total area, then the treatment time can be calculated from the larger field only.", "contents": "Dosimetric considerations of symmetric and asymmetric 60Co teletherapy split fields. Split fields are commonly used for a variety of treatments for which local shielding is desired; a single field is split into two fields by means of lead blocks placed in the beam. The condition for assuming independence of the two fields is investigated by using the area over perimeter calculational method and comparing this to experimental depth-dose data measured in a water phantom using a Shonka ionization chamber. Two principal variations affecting dose distributions are examined: block width and position of the block expressed as the fractional perpendicular distance between the central ray of the overall field and the center of the block. An intercomparison between calculation and experimental data shows that the right and left sides of the split field behave as independent fields giving TAR values in agreement with experimental data to within +/-1%. If the fields are asymmetric and if the larger field is less than 70% of the total area including the blocked part, then the dosimetry should be based on average TARs, off-center ratios, and backscatter factors for the two fields. If the larger area is greater than 70% of the total area, then the treatment time can be calculated from the larger field only."}
{"id": "PMID:904597", "title": "Energy dependence of correction factors for some Victoreen Model 570 Condensor R-Meter medium-energy chambers.", "content": "The energy dependence of each of six models of medium-energy Victoreen 570 Condenser R-Meter chambers was determined by measurement of the exposure correction factors over the diagnostic x-ray beam-quality range (0.4-4.1 mm A1 HVL) for several samples of each model. The results of an analysis of variance performed by model on the correction factors are reported as mean correction factors for the x-ray beams evaluated, with a relative standard error less than 0.8% in all cases. Energy-dependence curves for the six chamber models are given; their use is described.", "contents": "Energy dependence of correction factors for some Victoreen Model 570 Condensor R-Meter medium-energy chambers. The energy dependence of each of six models of medium-energy Victoreen 570 Condenser R-Meter chambers was determined by measurement of the exposure correction factors over the diagnostic x-ray beam-quality range (0.4-4.1 mm A1 HVL) for several samples of each model. The results of an analysis of variance performed by model on the correction factors are reported as mean correction factors for the x-ray beams evaluated, with a relative standard error less than 0.8% in all cases. Energy-dependence curves for the six chamber models are given; their use is described."}
{"id": "PMID:904598", "title": "A new type of grid.", "content": "A new type of grid is discussed. It is anticipated that it will have the same primary transmission as and will eliminate scatter more efficiently than a conventional linear grid of equal thickness and lead content. The construction of the new type of grid is similar to a conventional one except that the lead strips are arranged in zigzag rather than linear pattern. Geometrically ideal \"zigzag\" and linear grids were constructed and their performance tested. The scatter transmitted by the ideal zigzag grid was one-half that of the comparable ideal linear grid. The implications regarding the improved scatter-eliminating capabilities of a practical zigzag grid are discussed.", "contents": "A new type of grid. A new type of grid is discussed. It is anticipated that it will have the same primary transmission as and will eliminate scatter more efficiently than a conventional linear grid of equal thickness and lead content. The construction of the new type of grid is similar to a conventional one except that the lead strips are arranged in zigzag rather than linear pattern. Geometrically ideal \"zigzag\" and linear grids were constructed and their performance tested. The scatter transmitted by the ideal zigzag grid was one-half that of the comparable ideal linear grid. The implications regarding the improved scatter-eliminating capabilities of a practical zigzag grid are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904616", "title": "Ribosomal proteins of mouse kidney: normal status and during compensatory renal hypertrophy.", "content": "Ribosomes were isolated from normal and growing kidney and the protein complement was examined by a two-dimensional gel electrophoretic procedure. Proteins were resolved in the first dimension on the basis of charge and, in the second dimension, on the basis of molecular weight. 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits from normal kidney contained respectively 42 and 31 proteins. 80S ribosomes contained 23 proteins not found with either sub-unit. Nineteen of these proteins were removed from the ribosomes when isolated ribosomes were washed in a high salt buffer. Six proteins of the 80S ribosome corresponded to proteins associated with both sub-units. 80S ribosomal proteins were also studied during compensatory renal hypertrophy after 4-96 h of induced growth. The protein complement displayed by electrophoresis was identical to the pattern seen from normal renal cells.", "contents": "Ribosomal proteins of mouse kidney: normal status and during compensatory renal hypertrophy. Ribosomes were isolated from normal and growing kidney and the protein complement was examined by a two-dimensional gel electrophoretic procedure. Proteins were resolved in the first dimension on the basis of charge and, in the second dimension, on the basis of molecular weight. 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits from normal kidney contained respectively 42 and 31 proteins. 80S ribosomes contained 23 proteins not found with either sub-unit. Nineteen of these proteins were removed from the ribosomes when isolated ribosomes were washed in a high salt buffer. Six proteins of the 80S ribosome corresponded to proteins associated with both sub-units. 80S ribosomal proteins were also studied during compensatory renal hypertrophy after 4-96 h of induced growth. The protein complement displayed by electrophoresis was identical to the pattern seen from normal renal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:904617", "title": "Characterization of cytoplasmic arginine-rich basic protein of Guerin epithelioma.", "content": "Arginine-rich basic protein from cytoplasma of Guerin epitheliomas has been isolated and characterized. It contains five amino acids: arginine, lysine, glycine, alanine and glutamic acid which make together 74% of all amino acid residues. The protein has a cationic character with an isoelectric point of 8.2. No carbohydrate component was found in this protein. The significance of arginine-rich basic protein in the cytoplasma of Guerin epithelioma is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Characterization of cytoplasmic arginine-rich basic protein of Guerin epithelioma. Arginine-rich basic protein from cytoplasma of Guerin epitheliomas has been isolated and characterized. It contains five amino acids: arginine, lysine, glycine, alanine and glutamic acid which make together 74% of all amino acid residues. The protein has a cationic character with an isoelectric point of 8.2. No carbohydrate component was found in this protein. The significance of arginine-rich basic protein in the cytoplasma of Guerin epithelioma is discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:904618", "title": "The ostrich (Struthio camelus) egg-white lysozyme.", "content": "The purification of Ostrich (Struthio camelus) egg-white lysozyme is reported. The quantitative amino acid composition, the molecular weight, the N-terminal sequence (34 amino acids) as well as kinetic studies allow to range this enzyme among the goose type lysozymes.", "contents": "The ostrich (Struthio camelus) egg-white lysozyme. The purification of Ostrich (Struthio camelus) egg-white lysozyme is reported. The quantitative amino acid composition, the molecular weight, the N-terminal sequence (34 amino acids) as well as kinetic studies allow to range this enzyme among the goose type lysozymes."}
{"id": "PMID:904620", "title": "Essential arginine residues in beef kidney D-aspartate oxidase (a preliminary report).", "content": "Partially purified D-aspartate oxidase from beef kidney has been tested in the presence of butanedione or phenylglyoxal, which specifically modify the arginine molecule. The results obtained clearly indicate that arginine residues are involved in the binding of the substrate to the active site of the enzyme.", "contents": "Essential arginine residues in beef kidney D-aspartate oxidase (a preliminary report). Partially purified D-aspartate oxidase from beef kidney has been tested in the presence of butanedione or phenylglyoxal, which specifically modify the arginine molecule. The results obtained clearly indicate that arginine residues are involved in the binding of the substrate to the active site of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:904622", "title": "Studies of interaction of immune RNA with normal spleen cells.", "content": "Normal mouse spleen cells incorporate in vitro radioactively labeled immune RNA. At saturation, 10(6) cells incorporate about 6 X 10(16) daltons of this RNA. Immune RNA is incorporated in two times greater amounts than control RNA. Maximum incorporation is observed in the first few minutes of incubation. Immune RNA incorporated by spleen cells is present both in cytoplasm and nuclei. Protamine sulphate has stimulatory effect on immune RNA incorporation. Actinomycin D does not affect incorporation of immune RNA.", "contents": "Studies of interaction of immune RNA with normal spleen cells. Normal mouse spleen cells incorporate in vitro radioactively labeled immune RNA. At saturation, 10(6) cells incorporate about 6 X 10(16) daltons of this RNA. Immune RNA is incorporated in two times greater amounts than control RNA. Maximum incorporation is observed in the first few minutes of incubation. Immune RNA incorporated by spleen cells is present both in cytoplasm and nuclei. Protamine sulphate has stimulatory effect on immune RNA incorporation. Actinomycin D does not affect incorporation of immune RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:904635", "title": "[Dietary management of familial Hypercholesterolemia in Children and adolescents -- a feasibility study (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficacy of a fat-modified, low-cholesterol diet was studied in 38 children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia on an out-patient basis, and the results compared with those achieved with dietary treatment in hospital. On an out-patient basis, a 10% reduction of plasma cholesterol levels was achieved and maintained. However, no patient showed normalization of plasma cholesterol levels. During hospitalisation, the mean plasma cholesterol levels fell by 24%, beta-cholesterol levels by 27%. This resulted in normal plasma lipids in almost half of the patients. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of intensive dietary management in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia. Long-term results on an out-patient basis could probably be improved by early nutrition education and an improved supply of suitable dietary foods.", "contents": "[Dietary management of familial Hypercholesterolemia in Children and adolescents -- a feasibility study (author's transl)]. The efficacy of a fat-modified, low-cholesterol diet was studied in 38 children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia on an out-patient basis, and the results compared with those achieved with dietary treatment in hospital. On an out-patient basis, a 10% reduction of plasma cholesterol levels was achieved and maintained. However, no patient showed normalization of plasma cholesterol levels. During hospitalisation, the mean plasma cholesterol levels fell by 24%, beta-cholesterol levels by 27%. This resulted in normal plasma lipids in almost half of the patients. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of intensive dietary management in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia. Long-term results on an out-patient basis could probably be improved by early nutrition education and an improved supply of suitable dietary foods."}
{"id": "PMID:904636", "title": "[Screening of newborns for argininosuccinase deficiency. First experiences in Austria (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1973, the screening for argininosuccinase deficiency was taken up by the Austrian Metabolic Disorder Screening Program using Murphey's enzyme auxotroph test. Amongst 293802 tested newborn infants, two cases of this disorder could be identified, which under protein restricted diet had a normal development until now. Inhibition zones due to antibiotic or desinfectant contamination do not disturb test evaluation in contrast to the bacterial inhibition assay (Guthrie test). The frequency of \"false positive\" results is small (0.05%) as well as additional work for this test procedure. So screening for argininosuccinase deficiency seems to be a useful completion of a neonatal blood screening program.", "contents": "[Screening of newborns for argininosuccinase deficiency. First experiences in Austria (author's transl)]. In 1973, the screening for argininosuccinase deficiency was taken up by the Austrian Metabolic Disorder Screening Program using Murphey's enzyme auxotroph test. Amongst 293802 tested newborn infants, two cases of this disorder could be identified, which under protein restricted diet had a normal development until now. Inhibition zones due to antibiotic or desinfectant contamination do not disturb test evaluation in contrast to the bacterial inhibition assay (Guthrie test). The frequency of \"false positive\" results is small (0.05%) as well as additional work for this test procedure. So screening for argininosuccinase deficiency seems to be a useful completion of a neonatal blood screening program."}
{"id": "PMID:904637", "title": "[Evaluation of diagnostic parameters in chronic recurrent urinary tract infections in children. IV. The isotopic renogram (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of isotopic renograms (ING) (n = 73) and renal concentration capacity tests (n = 65) performed at the same time before and during therapy of recurrences have been compared. In 43 children with chronic urinary tract infections. ING done prior to chemotherapy showed pathologic findings in 65% of children with bacteriuria. A significant correlation between normal and pathologic findings of ING and renal concentration capacity tests has been found. Impaired (normal) renal concentration capacity lead to pathologic (normal) ING in 74% of cases. 94% of children with a pathologic ING either had bacteriuria children with pyelonephritis (n = 19) the ING was pathologic, whereas in all children with cystitis (n = 8) it was normal. During therapy the ING became normal before the impaired renal concentration capacity returned to normal.", "contents": "[Evaluation of diagnostic parameters in chronic recurrent urinary tract infections in children. IV. The isotopic renogram (author's transl)]. The results of isotopic renograms (ING) (n = 73) and renal concentration capacity tests (n = 65) performed at the same time before and during therapy of recurrences have been compared. In 43 children with chronic urinary tract infections. ING done prior to chemotherapy showed pathologic findings in 65% of children with bacteriuria. A significant correlation between normal and pathologic findings of ING and renal concentration capacity tests has been found. Impaired (normal) renal concentration capacity lead to pathologic (normal) ING in 74% of cases. 94% of children with a pathologic ING either had bacteriuria children with pyelonephritis (n = 19) the ING was pathologic, whereas in all children with cystitis (n = 8) it was normal. During therapy the ING became normal before the impaired renal concentration capacity returned to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:904638", "title": "[Somatomedin and growth hormone in patients with retarded growth and atrophy due to congenital heart disease or malabsorption (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum somatomedin activity was found to be very low in cases of growth retardation and malnutrition due to congenital heart disease and to malabsorption, respectively. Growth hormone levels in these cases were slightly elevated. The possible role of low somatomedin activity in the origin of growth retardation due to organic diseases is discussed.", "contents": "[Somatomedin and growth hormone in patients with retarded growth and atrophy due to congenital heart disease or malabsorption (author's transl)]. Serum somatomedin activity was found to be very low in cases of growth retardation and malnutrition due to congenital heart disease and to malabsorption, respectively. Growth hormone levels in these cases were slightly elevated. The possible role of low somatomedin activity in the origin of growth retardation due to organic diseases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904639", "title": "[Renal failure in an infant due to bilateral ureter obstruction by Candida albicans pyelonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "In the course of Candida albicans pyelonephritis an infant devleoped acute renal failure as a result of bezoar production with bilateral obstruction of the ureters. As on the one hand \"obstructive\" Candida pyelonephritis is not a well-recognised cause of renal failure, and on the other a noticeable increase in the number of cases of serious Candida infection with pyelonephritis can be observed during antibiotic and immmunosuppressive therapy, it seems worthwhile to report this case.", "contents": "[Renal failure in an infant due to bilateral ureter obstruction by Candida albicans pyelonephritis (author's transl)]. In the course of Candida albicans pyelonephritis an infant devleoped acute renal failure as a result of bezoar production with bilateral obstruction of the ureters. As on the one hand \"obstructive\" Candida pyelonephritis is not a well-recognised cause of renal failure, and on the other a noticeable increase in the number of cases of serious Candida infection with pyelonephritis can be observed during antibiotic and immmunosuppressive therapy, it seems worthwhile to report this case."}
{"id": "PMID:904640", "title": "[Mixed tuberculous and pneumococcal meningitis after splenectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A 16 year old boy, splenectomized at the age of 11 years, after an accident, died of a recurring pyogen meningitis. The bacteriologic diagnosis of the CSF culture revealed a mixed pneumococcal-tuberculous infection. Splenectomy is discussed with regard to a disturbed immediated and delayed immunresponse.", "contents": "[Mixed tuberculous and pneumococcal meningitis after splenectomy (author's transl)]. A 16 year old boy, splenectomized at the age of 11 years, after an accident, died of a recurring pyogen meningitis. The bacteriologic diagnosis of the CSF culture revealed a mixed pneumococcal-tuberculous infection. Splenectomy is discussed with regard to a disturbed immediated and delayed immunresponse."}
{"id": "PMID:904642", "title": "[Localizationstudies in female patients with recurrent urinary tract infection. I. Patients without ureterovesical reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "In 16 girls and 12 women with recurrent urinary tract infection without  ureterovesical reflux we performed 75 bladder washout-tests. 52 (72%) tests indicated a vesical, 19 (27%) of supravesical bacteriuria. The 16 girls had less often (18%) supravesical bacteriurias than the 12 women (58%). If follows that in the absence of reflux, ascension of bacteria from the bladder to the upper tract is a relatively frequent phenomenon, the pathogenic importance of which is not yet clear. Clinical manifestations and urographic aspect correlated rather poorly with the results of the bladder-washout-test.", "contents": "[Localizationstudies in female patients with recurrent urinary tract infection. I. Patients without ureterovesical reflux (author's transl)]. In 16 girls and 12 women with recurrent urinary tract infection without  ureterovesical reflux we performed 75 bladder washout-tests. 52 (72%) tests indicated a vesical, 19 (27%) of supravesical bacteriuria. The 16 girls had less often (18%) supravesical bacteriurias than the 12 women (58%). If follows that in the absence of reflux, ascension of bacteria from the bladder to the upper tract is a relatively frequent phenomenon, the pathogenic importance of which is not yet clear. Clinical manifestations and urographic aspect correlated rather poorly with the results of the bladder-washout-test."}
{"id": "PMID:904643", "title": "[Localizationstudies in female patients with recurrent urinary tract infection. II. Patients with ureterovesical reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "In 17 girls and 5 women with urinary tract infection and low-pressure reflux we performed 23 bladder-washout-tests. 12 were interpreted as supravesical, 11 as vesical bacteriurias. All patients with vesical bacteriurias had a normal IVP. The majority of patients with supravesical bacteriurias had clubbing and scarring. The possibility of interpreting the supravesical bacteriurias as a sign for pyelitis rather than pyelonephritis is discussed.", "contents": "[Localizationstudies in female patients with recurrent urinary tract infection. II. Patients with ureterovesical reflux (author's transl)]. In 17 girls and 5 women with urinary tract infection and low-pressure reflux we performed 23 bladder-washout-tests. 12 were interpreted as supravesical, 11 as vesical bacteriurias. All patients with vesical bacteriurias had a normal IVP. The majority of patients with supravesical bacteriurias had clubbing and scarring. The possibility of interpreting the supravesical bacteriurias as a sign for pyelitis rather than pyelonephritis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904644", "title": "[Localizationstudies in female patients with recurrent urinary tract infection. III. Patients after successfull antireflux-operation (author's transl)].", "content": "In 14 girls and 5 women with recurrent urinary tract infections after successfull antireflux-operation we performed 72 bladder-wash-out-tests. Whereas preoperatively 50% of the patients had a supravesical bacteriuria, only 25% had it postoperatively. Most of the postoperativ vesical and supravesical bacteriurias were interpreted as reinfections. The demonstrated postoperativ ascension of bacteria in the upper urinary tract in spite of successfull surgical treatment cannot be taken as an argument against operation. The postoperative supravesical bacteriurias are less frequent and have less morbidity than the prepoerative supravesical infections.", "contents": "[Localizationstudies in female patients with recurrent urinary tract infection. III. Patients after successfull antireflux-operation (author's transl)]. In 14 girls and 5 women with recurrent urinary tract infections after successfull antireflux-operation we performed 72 bladder-wash-out-tests. Whereas preoperatively 50% of the patients had a supravesical bacteriuria, only 25% had it postoperatively. Most of the postoperativ vesical and supravesical bacteriurias were interpreted as reinfections. The demonstrated postoperativ ascension of bacteria in the upper urinary tract in spite of successfull surgical treatment cannot be taken as an argument against operation. The postoperative supravesical bacteriurias are less frequent and have less morbidity than the prepoerative supravesical infections."}
{"id": "PMID:904645", "title": "[Behaviour therapy of autoagression with the Lesch-Nyhan-syndrome ( author's transl)].", "content": "Successful behaviour therapeutic treatment of autoagression in a child with Lesch-Nyhan-Syndrome was combined with the establishment of alternative behaviour at the same time. Treatment applying negative stimuli could be avoided.", "contents": "[Behaviour therapy of autoagression with the Lesch-Nyhan-syndrome ( author's transl)]. Successful behaviour therapeutic treatment of autoagression in a child with Lesch-Nyhan-Syndrome was combined with the establishment of alternative behaviour at the same time. Treatment applying negative stimuli could be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:904646", "title": "[Cell mediated and humoral immunity against glomerular basement membranes in children with glomerular diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "43 patients with glomerular disease and 15 healthy children from 2-15 years of age were examined for the presence of cell mediated immunity against enzymatically solubilized glomerular basement membranes. Peripheral lymphocytes of 3 patients with acute hemorrhagic glomerulonephritis, 10 children with chronic glomerulonephritis and 2 children with congenital nephrotic syndrome showed positive reactivity in form of rosette formation. The application of the test for differential diagnosis between different glomerular diseases is discussed.", "contents": "[Cell mediated and humoral immunity against glomerular basement membranes in children with glomerular diseases (author's transl)]. 43 patients with glomerular disease and 15 healthy children from 2-15 years of age were examined for the presence of cell mediated immunity against enzymatically solubilized glomerular basement membranes. Peripheral lymphocytes of 3 patients with acute hemorrhagic glomerulonephritis, 10 children with chronic glomerulonephritis and 2 children with congenital nephrotic syndrome showed positive reactivity in form of rosette formation. The application of the test for differential diagnosis between different glomerular diseases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904647", "title": "[Items on physical examination and general anamnesis in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Proposed items on physical examination and general anamnesis in pediatrics to be included in the first part of the medical examination are discussed. Students should learn principles of examination and geneneral anamnesis relevant to the supervision of growth and development during childhood.", "contents": "[Items on physical examination and general anamnesis in pediatrics (author's transl)]. Proposed items on physical examination and general anamnesis in pediatrics to be included in the first part of the medical examination are discussed. Students should learn principles of examination and geneneral anamnesis relevant to the supervision of growth and development during childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:904648", "title": "Microdosimetry and chromosome aberrations: effects of 230 keV neutrons on Vicia faba chromosomes.", "content": "Physical energy deposition events have been related to sub-nuclear cytological events (chromosomal changes) in metaphases sequentially accumulated from the latter part of the cell cycle of Vicia faba. 230 keV neutrons produce about 0.4 recoil protons per late interphase nucleus per rad with the majority of protons traveling 1 to 2 microns from their origin, depositing energy at around 90 keV per micron. The frequency of induced abberrations is basically linear with dose, though varying through consecutive cell sampling periods because of differential induced mitotic delay. Distributions of chromosomal aberrations and total cytological events are overdispersed in relation to the Poisson distribution indicating that some proton recoils produce multiple events. When gaps and aberrations within chromosomes and multiple aberrations between chromosomes, are considered as discrete events, distributions follow Poisson expectations. About 40% of proton recoils result in observable cytological change. The highly energetic proton recoils (approximately 90 keV per micron) which can induce multiple events are the ones most likely to produce effects which result in cell death. The sphere of influence of the proton recoils is probably adequately estimated from their range (approximately 1 to 2 micron) since it seems compatible with the spatial proximity of the initial components of the resultant chromosome aberrations.", "contents": "Microdosimetry and chromosome aberrations: effects of 230 keV neutrons on Vicia faba chromosomes. Physical energy deposition events have been related to sub-nuclear cytological events (chromosomal changes) in metaphases sequentially accumulated from the latter part of the cell cycle of Vicia faba. 230 keV neutrons produce about 0.4 recoil protons per late interphase nucleus per rad with the majority of protons traveling 1 to 2 microns from their origin, depositing energy at around 90 keV per micron. The frequency of induced abberrations is basically linear with dose, though varying through consecutive cell sampling periods because of differential induced mitotic delay. Distributions of chromosomal aberrations and total cytological events are overdispersed in relation to the Poisson distribution indicating that some proton recoils produce multiple events. When gaps and aberrations within chromosomes and multiple aberrations between chromosomes, are considered as discrete events, distributions follow Poisson expectations. About 40% of proton recoils result in observable cytological change. The highly energetic proton recoils (approximately 90 keV per micron) which can induce multiple events are the ones most likely to produce effects which result in cell death. The sphere of influence of the proton recoils is probably adequately estimated from their range (approximately 1 to 2 micron) since it seems compatible with the spatial proximity of the initial components of the resultant chromosome aberrations."}
{"id": "PMID:904650", "title": "Mutagenesis at the ouabain-resistance locus in human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "The variables affecting the frequency of ouabain-resistant mutant clones have been studied in a strain of foetal lung fibroblasts. Optimum mutant recovery was obtained when cells were selected in 10(-6) M ouabain at a cell density of 2 X 10(4) cells/cm 2 (10(6) cell per 100-mm dish). The spontaneous mutation rate was estimated to be 4 X 10(-8) per cell generation. Treatment with the mutagens ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), N-methyl-N' -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and UV light increased the frequency of mutant colonies by an order of magnitude. The maximum number of mutants after mutagenesis with EMS occurred after two population doublings of growth in non-selective medium prior to selection and depended on the dose of EMS. Ouabain-resistance is a useful marker for studies of quantitative mutagenesis in human cells.", "contents": "Mutagenesis at the ouabain-resistance locus in human diploid fibroblasts. The variables affecting the frequency of ouabain-resistant mutant clones have been studied in a strain of foetal lung fibroblasts. Optimum mutant recovery was obtained when cells were selected in 10(-6) M ouabain at a cell density of 2 X 10(4) cells/cm 2 (10(6) cell per 100-mm dish). The spontaneous mutation rate was estimated to be 4 X 10(-8) per cell generation. Treatment with the mutagens ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), N-methyl-N' -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and UV light increased the frequency of mutant colonies by an order of magnitude. The maximum number of mutants after mutagenesis with EMS occurred after two population doublings of growth in non-selective medium prior to selection and depended on the dose of EMS. Ouabain-resistance is a useful marker for studies of quantitative mutagenesis in human cells."}
{"id": "PMID:904651", "title": "Analyses of differential sensitivities of synchronized HeLa S3 cells to radiations and chemical carcinogens during the cell cycle. Part IV. X-rays.", "content": "Radiation-induction and rejoining of single-strand breaks (SSBs) in the DNA of synchronized HeLa S3 cells were investigated by alkaline sucrose density gradients. We could not find any significant differences in the extent of SSBs induced in cellular DNA and in the extent of their rejoining throughout the cell cycle, including mitosis. The cyclic variation curve of the content of non-protein sylfhydryls (NPSH) during the cell cycle is similar to that of X-ray survivals except in mitosis, although there was no close correlation between the content of apparent total sulfhydryls (APSH) and X-ray survivals. Radiation-induced mutants resistant to 8-azaguanine (8AG) occurred in higher frequency in the radio-sensitive G1-S boundary phase than in the radio-resistant G1, S and early G2 phases. Further, the pre-irradiation treatment with 50 mM cysteamine prevented reproductive death and induction of 8AG-resistant mutants by X-rays throughout the cell cycle. These findings seem to indicate that there is a close correlation between the extent of lethal radiation damage to the cells and their mutability, and that sulfhydryls may play an important role as a factor governing cellular radio-sensitivity.", "contents": "Analyses of differential sensitivities of synchronized HeLa S3 cells to radiations and chemical carcinogens during the cell cycle. Part IV. X-rays. Radiation-induction and rejoining of single-strand breaks (SSBs) in the DNA of synchronized HeLa S3 cells were investigated by alkaline sucrose density gradients. We could not find any significant differences in the extent of SSBs induced in cellular DNA and in the extent of their rejoining throughout the cell cycle, including mitosis. The cyclic variation curve of the content of non-protein sylfhydryls (NPSH) during the cell cycle is similar to that of X-ray survivals except in mitosis, although there was no close correlation between the content of apparent total sulfhydryls (APSH) and X-ray survivals. Radiation-induced mutants resistant to 8-azaguanine (8AG) occurred in higher frequency in the radio-sensitive G1-S boundary phase than in the radio-resistant G1, S and early G2 phases. Further, the pre-irradiation treatment with 50 mM cysteamine prevented reproductive death and induction of 8AG-resistant mutants by X-rays throughout the cell cycle. These findings seem to indicate that there is a close correlation between the extent of lethal radiation damage to the cells and their mutability, and that sulfhydryls may play an important role as a factor governing cellular radio-sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:904652", "title": "Comparative sensitivities of meiotic prophase stages in male mice to chromosome damage by acute X-and chronic gamma-irradiation.", "content": "Radiation-induced multivalents, fragments and bivalent separation were studied at metaphase I in mouse spermatocytes. These cells had been irradiated with 200 rad X-rays as spermatogonia or in different stages of prophase. Radiation sensitivity increased towards the latter end of prophase with respect to multivalents and fragments. These results were compared with protracted gamma-irradiation throughout prophase.", "contents": "Comparative sensitivities of meiotic prophase stages in male mice to chromosome damage by acute X-and chronic gamma-irradiation. Radiation-induced multivalents, fragments and bivalent separation were studied at metaphase I in mouse spermatocytes. These cells had been irradiated with 200 rad X-rays as spermatogonia or in different stages of prophase. Radiation sensitivity increased towards the latter end of prophase with respect to multivalents and fragments. These results were compared with protracted gamma-irradiation throughout prophase."}
{"id": "PMID:904653", "title": "Photoreactivation of thymine dimers in UV-irradiated human cells: unique dependence on culture conditions.", "content": "UV-irradiated human fibroblasts in tissue culture were exposed to photoreactivating light in an attempt to demonstrate a light-dependent loss of thymine dimers from the acid-insoluble fraction of the DNA. The only experimental conditions in which this phenomenon was observed was if the cells were grown for at least 10 days in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's minimum essential medium. Such cells lost a maximum of between 10-30% of the thymine dimers from their DNA during illumination for 1 h. When cells were grown in a variety of other media the phenomenon was not observed. The present experiments do not discriminate between true enzymatic photoreactivation and a medium dependent photosensitization phenomenon that is not enzymatic in nature.", "contents": "Photoreactivation of thymine dimers in UV-irradiated human cells: unique dependence on culture conditions. UV-irradiated human fibroblasts in tissue culture were exposed to photoreactivating light in an attempt to demonstrate a light-dependent loss of thymine dimers from the acid-insoluble fraction of the DNA. The only experimental conditions in which this phenomenon was observed was if the cells were grown for at least 10 days in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's minimum essential medium. Such cells lost a maximum of between 10-30% of the thymine dimers from their DNA during illumination for 1 h. When cells were grown in a variety of other media the phenomenon was not observed. The present experiments do not discriminate between true enzymatic photoreactivation and a medium dependent photosensitization phenomenon that is not enzymatic in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:904659", "title": "Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures.", "content": "To determine which preoperative factors might affect the development of cardiac complications after major noncardiac operations, we prospectively studied 1001 patients over 40 years of age. By multivariate discriminant analysis, we identified nine independent significant correlates of life-threatening and fatal cardiac complications: preoperative third heart sound or jugular venous distention; myocardial infarction in the preceding six months; more than five premature ventricular contractions per minute documented at any time before operation; rhythm other than sinus or presence of premature atrial contractions on preoperative electrocardiogram; age over 70 years; intraperitoneal, intrathoracic or aortic operation; emergency operation; important valvular aortic stenosis; and poor general medical condition. Patients could be separated into four classes of significantly different risk. Ten of the 19 postoperative cardiac fatalities occurred in the 18 patients at highest risk. If validated by prospective application, the multifactorial index may allow preoperative estimation of cardiac risk independent of direct surgical risk.", "contents": "Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. To determine which preoperative factors might affect the development of cardiac complications after major noncardiac operations, we prospectively studied 1001 patients over 40 years of age. By multivariate discriminant analysis, we identified nine independent significant correlates of life-threatening and fatal cardiac complications: preoperative third heart sound or jugular venous distention; myocardial infarction in the preceding six months; more than five premature ventricular contractions per minute documented at any time before operation; rhythm other than sinus or presence of premature atrial contractions on preoperative electrocardiogram; age over 70 years; intraperitoneal, intrathoracic or aortic operation; emergency operation; important valvular aortic stenosis; and poor general medical condition. Patients could be separated into four classes of significantly different risk. Ten of the 19 postoperative cardiac fatalities occurred in the 18 patients at highest risk. If validated by prospective application, the multifactorial index may allow preoperative estimation of cardiac risk independent of direct surgical risk."}
{"id": "PMID:904660", "title": "In vitro cell-mediated immunity of cerebrospinal-fluid lymphocytes to myelin basic protein in primary demyelinating diseases.", "content": "In an attempt to characterize the immunologic reactivity of cerebrospinal-fluid lymphocytes in demyelinating diseases, we compared the myelin-basic-protein-induced in vitro responses of these cells to peripheral blood lymphocytes from the same subjects with a variety of neurologic diseases. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and progressive multiple sclerosis had increased reactivity as compared to those of normal volunteers (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Cerebrospinal-fluid lymphocytes from patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and acute and progressive (but not stable) multiple sclerosis were more reactive than cells from subjects with other neurologic diseases (P less than 0.005, P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Cerebrospinal-fluid lymphocytes manifested a greater reactivity than peripheral blood lymphocytes in acute and progressive multiple sclerosis but not in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. These findings demonstrate that lymphocytic cells reactive to myelin basic protein are present in the spinal fluid during active demyelinating disease; and that these cells may be more reactive than peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "contents": "In vitro cell-mediated immunity of cerebrospinal-fluid lymphocytes to myelin basic protein in primary demyelinating diseases. In an attempt to characterize the immunologic reactivity of cerebrospinal-fluid lymphocytes in demyelinating diseases, we compared the myelin-basic-protein-induced in vitro responses of these cells to peripheral blood lymphocytes from the same subjects with a variety of neurologic diseases. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and progressive multiple sclerosis had increased reactivity as compared to those of normal volunteers (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Cerebrospinal-fluid lymphocytes from patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and acute and progressive (but not stable) multiple sclerosis were more reactive than cells from subjects with other neurologic diseases (P less than 0.005, P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Cerebrospinal-fluid lymphocytes manifested a greater reactivity than peripheral blood lymphocytes in acute and progressive multiple sclerosis but not in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. These findings demonstrate that lymphocytic cells reactive to myelin basic protein are present in the spinal fluid during active demyelinating disease; and that these cells may be more reactive than peripheral blood lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:904668", "title": "Effect of hypophosphatemia on myocardial performance in man.", "content": "Severe hypophosphatemia is associated in man with low intracellular stores of ATP and a set of specific cellular dysfunctions. To investigate whether hypophosphatemia affects myocardial performance, we measured cardiac output by thermodilution and calculated stroke work in seven patients with severe hypophosphatemia before, during and after repletion with an intravenous potassium phosphate solution. Mean left ventricular stroke work for these patients increased from 49.57 to 71.71 g-m per beat (P less than 0.01) at the same or higher afterload whereas pulmonary-artery wedge pressure fell from a mean value of 10.1 to 6.7 torr (P less than 0.02). Return of serum phosphate to normal, therefore, improved myocardial stroke work independently of the Starling effect. The mechanism of this improvement in contractile force is unknown but may be related to intracellular availability of ATP.", "contents": "Effect of hypophosphatemia on myocardial performance in man. Severe hypophosphatemia is associated in man with low intracellular stores of ATP and a set of specific cellular dysfunctions. To investigate whether hypophosphatemia affects myocardial performance, we measured cardiac output by thermodilution and calculated stroke work in seven patients with severe hypophosphatemia before, during and after repletion with an intravenous potassium phosphate solution. Mean left ventricular stroke work for these patients increased from 49.57 to 71.71 g-m per beat (P less than 0.01) at the same or higher afterload whereas pulmonary-artery wedge pressure fell from a mean value of 10.1 to 6.7 torr (P less than 0.02). Return of serum phosphate to normal, therefore, improved myocardial stroke work independently of the Starling effect. The mechanism of this improvement in contractile force is unknown but may be related to intracellular availability of ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:904684", "title": "Structure of a dinucleoside phosphate--drug complex as model for nucleic acid--drug interaction.", "content": "The crystal structure of a 3:2 complex of the frameshift mutagen proflavine with the dinucleoside phosphate cytidylyl-3'5'-guanosine has been determined. The complex has one drug molecule intercalated between Watson--Crick base pairs of the nucleotide duplex. The other two proflavine molecules are bound to the exterior of the miniature double helix. The orientation of the base pairs in this miniature double helix has aspects similar to that found in RNA 11.", "contents": "Structure of a dinucleoside phosphate--drug complex as model for nucleic acid--drug interaction. The crystal structure of a 3:2 complex of the frameshift mutagen proflavine with the dinucleoside phosphate cytidylyl-3'5'-guanosine has been determined. The complex has one drug molecule intercalated between Watson--Crick base pairs of the nucleotide duplex. The other two proflavine molecules are bound to the exterior of the miniature double helix. The orientation of the base pairs in this miniature double helix has aspects similar to that found in RNA 11."}
{"id": "PMID:904685", "title": "Orientation of cell-surface antigens in the lipid bilayer of lymphocyte plasma membrane.", "content": "Human HLA-A, B, C and Ia antigens were labelled by lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination of the inner surface of lymphocyte plasma membrane and thus are transmembrane proteins. In contrast, membrane-bound human IgM and mouse IgM, IgD and Thy-1 antigen were not labelled on the inner membrane surface.", "contents": "Orientation of cell-surface antigens in the lipid bilayer of lymphocyte plasma membrane. Human HLA-A, B, C and Ia antigens were labelled by lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination of the inner surface of lymphocyte plasma membrane and thus are transmembrane proteins. In contrast, membrane-bound human IgM and mouse IgM, IgD and Thy-1 antigen were not labelled on the inner membrane surface."}
{"id": "PMID:904692", "title": "Femoral vasodilatation produced by piribedil (ET495) and its metabolite S584 in the hindleg of the dog.", "content": "On local injection into the innervated hindleg of the dog piribedil, like apomorphine, produced a vasodilatation blocked by haloperidol. S584, the catechol metabolite of piribedil, produced a vasodilatation which was not blocked by haloperidol. Neither propranolol nor atropine influenced the vasodilatation produced by piribedil or S584. Denervation of the hindleg abolished the responses to piribedil and S584. During the infusion of noradrenaline into the denervated hindleg, the responses to S584 reappeared but those to piribedil did not. It is concluded from these experiments that the vasodilatation produced by piribedil in the innervated hindleg of the dog, like that of apomorphine, is mediated by dopamine receptors and that the effect of piribedil cannot be explained by the formation of its catechol metabolite S584.", "contents": "Femoral vasodilatation produced by piribedil (ET495) and its metabolite S584 in the hindleg of the dog. On local injection into the innervated hindleg of the dog piribedil, like apomorphine, produced a vasodilatation blocked by haloperidol. S584, the catechol metabolite of piribedil, produced a vasodilatation which was not blocked by haloperidol. Neither propranolol nor atropine influenced the vasodilatation produced by piribedil or S584. Denervation of the hindleg abolished the responses to piribedil and S584. During the infusion of noradrenaline into the denervated hindleg, the responses to S584 reappeared but those to piribedil did not. It is concluded from these experiments that the vasodilatation produced by piribedil in the innervated hindleg of the dog, like that of apomorphine, is mediated by dopamine receptors and that the effect of piribedil cannot be explained by the formation of its catechol metabolite S584."}
{"id": "PMID:904693", "title": "The effect of intracerebroventricularly administered GABA on brain monoamine metabolism.", "content": "Intracerebroventricular injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was performed in male rats and the brain monoamines, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), tyrosine and tryptophan levels were measured. GABA induced within 30 min a marked dose-dependent increase in the brain contents of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), tyrosine and tryptophan, while noradrenaline (NA) was lowered. Large doses of GABA, i.e. 1.5-3 mg/rat, were required for these effects. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), an inhibitor of GABA-transaminase, when given alone in a dose of 25 mg/kg i.p. caused a significant rise of DA, 5-HT and tryptophan. The combination of GABA and AOAA raised these levels more than either agent alone. Picrotoxin (4 mg/kg, i.p.) a claimed GABA receptor antagonist partially counteracted the GABA-induced DA rise. Monoamine synthesis was studied in different parts of the brain by measuring the accumulated dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 30 min after NSD 1015 (3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine HCl, 100 mg/kg) an inhibitor of aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase, given i.p. 5 min after GABA. GABA caused a marked rise in dopa formation both in DA- and NA-predominated brain regions. Also 5-HTP formation was enhanced. The effects on both dopa and 5-HTP formation showed marked regional differences. The data suggest that GABA, by activating specific receptors, causes inhibition of firing of dopaminergic neurones and the opposite effect on the noradrenergic neurones. The nature of the effect on 5-HT metabolism needs further investigation.", "contents": "The effect of intracerebroventricularly administered GABA on brain monoamine metabolism. Intracerebroventricular injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was performed in male rats and the brain monoamines, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), tyrosine and tryptophan levels were measured. GABA induced within 30 min a marked dose-dependent increase in the brain contents of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), tyrosine and tryptophan, while noradrenaline (NA) was lowered. Large doses of GABA, i.e. 1.5-3 mg/rat, were required for these effects. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), an inhibitor of GABA-transaminase, when given alone in a dose of 25 mg/kg i.p. caused a significant rise of DA, 5-HT and tryptophan. The combination of GABA and AOAA raised these levels more than either agent alone. Picrotoxin (4 mg/kg, i.p.) a claimed GABA receptor antagonist partially counteracted the GABA-induced DA rise. Monoamine synthesis was studied in different parts of the brain by measuring the accumulated dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 30 min after NSD 1015 (3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine HCl, 100 mg/kg) an inhibitor of aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase, given i.p. 5 min after GABA. GABA caused a marked rise in dopa formation both in DA- and NA-predominated brain regions. Also 5-HTP formation was enhanced. The effects on both dopa and 5-HTP formation showed marked regional differences. The data suggest that GABA, by activating specific receptors, causes inhibition of firing of dopaminergic neurones and the opposite effect on the noradrenergic neurones. The nature of the effect on 5-HT metabolism needs further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:904694", "title": "The effect of intraperitoneally administered GABA on brain monoamine metabolism.", "content": "GABA was injected intraperitoneally to rats in single doses of 2.5 to 1500 mg/kg. Thirty minutes after injection a dose-dependent increase in dopamine (DA) and a decrease in noradrenaline (NA) content were observed in the brain. However, in the lowest dose range these levels showed small but significant changes in the opposite direction. The accumulation of dopa after inhibition of the aromatic L-aminoacid decarboxylase was enhanced by i.p. GABA both in DA- and in NA-predominated brain regions, the dose-response relations being complex. Increased levels of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and tryptophan as well as enhanced accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan, induced by decarboxylase inhibition were also observed. The general pattern of effects was similar to that previously observed after intracerebroventricular injection of GABA, although the intraperitoneal doses required were higher. It is suggested that a certain penetration of GABA from the blood into the brain can occur, leading to changes in the physiological activity of monoaminergic neurons.", "contents": "The effect of intraperitoneally administered GABA on brain monoamine metabolism. GABA was injected intraperitoneally to rats in single doses of 2.5 to 1500 mg/kg. Thirty minutes after injection a dose-dependent increase in dopamine (DA) and a decrease in noradrenaline (NA) content were observed in the brain. However, in the lowest dose range these levels showed small but significant changes in the opposite direction. The accumulation of dopa after inhibition of the aromatic L-aminoacid decarboxylase was enhanced by i.p. GABA both in DA- and in NA-predominated brain regions, the dose-response relations being complex. Increased levels of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and tryptophan as well as enhanced accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan, induced by decarboxylase inhibition were also observed. The general pattern of effects was similar to that previously observed after intracerebroventricular injection of GABA, although the intraperitoneal doses required were higher. It is suggested that a certain penetration of GABA from the blood into the brain can occur, leading to changes in the physiological activity of monoaminergic neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:904695", "title": "Haemodynamic and coronary actions of ouabain during coronary infusion.", "content": "The investigations were carried out on 24 mongrel dogs which were anaesthetized with chloralose or sodium pentobarbital. Ouabain was added to the coronary blood (50, 100 and 200 ng/ml coronary blood or 0.7, 1.4 and 2.8 X 10(-7) M) over periods of 30 or 60 min by intracoronary infusion of the glycoside. Under chloralose anaesthesia, ouabain at concentrations of 100 and 200 ng/ml coronary blood augmented left ventricular dp/dt significantly. No significant changes were observed in coronary resting flow and flow per beat at the same time. Likewise, the maximum reactive hyperaemic blood flow remained constant, indicating the absence of any changes in the tone of the large extramural arteries. Under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia small decreases in heart rate and increases in left ventricular dp/dt were seen only at the highest ouabain concentration (200 ng/ml). All flow parameters remained unchanged. These experiments provide evidence that concentrations of ouabain which 100- and 200-fold exceed therapeutic maintenance levels and 10- and 20-fold exceed the concentrations that produce constriction of helically cut pig and rabbit coronary arteries in vitro, do not diminish the coronary blood supply of the anaesthetized dog in vivo.", "contents": "Haemodynamic and coronary actions of ouabain during coronary infusion. The investigations were carried out on 24 mongrel dogs which were anaesthetized with chloralose or sodium pentobarbital. Ouabain was added to the coronary blood (50, 100 and 200 ng/ml coronary blood or 0.7, 1.4 and 2.8 X 10(-7) M) over periods of 30 or 60 min by intracoronary infusion of the glycoside. Under chloralose anaesthesia, ouabain at concentrations of 100 and 200 ng/ml coronary blood augmented left ventricular dp/dt significantly. No significant changes were observed in coronary resting flow and flow per beat at the same time. Likewise, the maximum reactive hyperaemic blood flow remained constant, indicating the absence of any changes in the tone of the large extramural arteries. Under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia small decreases in heart rate and increases in left ventricular dp/dt were seen only at the highest ouabain concentration (200 ng/ml). All flow parameters remained unchanged. These experiments provide evidence that concentrations of ouabain which 100- and 200-fold exceed therapeutic maintenance levels and 10- and 20-fold exceed the concentrations that produce constriction of helically cut pig and rabbit coronary arteries in vitro, do not diminish the coronary blood supply of the anaesthetized dog in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:904696", "title": "The function of prostaglandins in transmucosal water movement and blood flow in the rat jejunum.", "content": "1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with isotonic buffer containing PGE1, PGF2alpha or indomethacin. Intestinal blood flow, absorption and secretion of tritiated water were measured. 2. PGE1 at the low concentration of 0.1 microgram ml-1 did not influence intestinal blood flow but increased secretion and decreased absorption of tritiated water. In higher concentrations (0.5 and 6.5 microgram ml-1), blood flow, secretion and absorption were enhanced. 3. PGF2alpha, even in the high concentration of 50 microgram ml-1, did not influence intestinal blood flow but enhanced secretion and decreased absorption of tritiated water. 4. Indomethacin (1 microgram ml-1) decreased intestinal blood flow and secretion but enhanced absorption of tritiated water. 5. The effects of indomethacin on blood flow can be prevented and those on secretion can be even reversed by an additional infusion of PGE1 (0.5 microgram ml-1). 6. PGs appear to play a physiological role in the regulation of intestinal blood flow and transmucosal water movement, since inhibition of endogenous PG synthesis by indomethacin results in effects opposite to those of intraluminally applied PGE1. The results obtained with the low concentration of PGE1 (0.1 microgram ml-1) and with PGF2alpha (50 microgram ml-1) strongly indicate that intestinal water movement can be changed independently of intestinal blood flow.", "contents": "The function of prostaglandins in transmucosal water movement and blood flow in the rat jejunum. 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with isotonic buffer containing PGE1, PGF2alpha or indomethacin. Intestinal blood flow, absorption and secretion of tritiated water were measured. 2. PGE1 at the low concentration of 0.1 microgram ml-1 did not influence intestinal blood flow but increased secretion and decreased absorption of tritiated water. In higher concentrations (0.5 and 6.5 microgram ml-1), blood flow, secretion and absorption were enhanced. 3. PGF2alpha, even in the high concentration of 50 microgram ml-1, did not influence intestinal blood flow but enhanced secretion and decreased absorption of tritiated water. 4. Indomethacin (1 microgram ml-1) decreased intestinal blood flow and secretion but enhanced absorption of tritiated water. 5. The effects of indomethacin on blood flow can be prevented and those on secretion can be even reversed by an additional infusion of PGE1 (0.5 microgram ml-1). 6. PGs appear to play a physiological role in the regulation of intestinal blood flow and transmucosal water movement, since inhibition of endogenous PG synthesis by indomethacin results in effects opposite to those of intraluminally applied PGE1. The results obtained with the low concentration of PGE1 (0.1 microgram ml-1) and with PGF2alpha (50 microgram ml-1) strongly indicate that intestinal water movement can be changed independently of intestinal blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:904731", "title": "[Characteristics of inhibition in the receptive fields of the cat visual cortex].", "content": "The responses of visual cells in the 17th cortical area to stimulation with bright strips of various width were studied in immobilized cats. The impulse activity was counted in successive time intervals from the beginning of the stimulation and plotted as a function of the stimulus area. Significant differences in time course of the inhibitory process were found between the cortical and geniculate levels. The lag of inhibition behind excitation was much smaller in the cortex than in the geniculate body. Similar data were obtained from cortical response elicited by simultaneous or successive application of two bright strips, one in the excitatory centre and the second in the inhibitory zone of the receptive field. If both strips were placed in the excitatory zone of the field, inhibition depended on the order of illumination of the strips. When this order coincided with the direction in which a moving stimulus had a maximal effect, a large facilitation of the response to the second stimulus was obtained. When the order of presentation was reversed, a strong inhibition appeared. This selectivity of the inhibitory mechanism was attenuated at the periphery of the field where any succession of the stimuli elicited an inhibitory effect.", "contents": "[Characteristics of inhibition in the receptive fields of the cat visual cortex]. The responses of visual cells in the 17th cortical area to stimulation with bright strips of various width were studied in immobilized cats. The impulse activity was counted in successive time intervals from the beginning of the stimulation and plotted as a function of the stimulus area. Significant differences in time course of the inhibitory process were found between the cortical and geniculate levels. The lag of inhibition behind excitation was much smaller in the cortex than in the geniculate body. Similar data were obtained from cortical response elicited by simultaneous or successive application of two bright strips, one in the excitatory centre and the second in the inhibitory zone of the receptive field. If both strips were placed in the excitatory zone of the field, inhibition depended on the order of illumination of the strips. When this order coincided with the direction in which a moving stimulus had a maximal effect, a large facilitation of the response to the second stimulus was obtained. When the order of presentation was reversed, a strong inhibition appeared. This selectivity of the inhibitory mechanism was attenuated at the periphery of the field where any succession of the stimuli elicited an inhibitory effect."}
{"id": "PMID:904732", "title": "[Electrophysiologic analysis of cortico-pontine relationships].", "content": "Projections of different regions of orbitofrontal and basotemporal cortex as well as of the hippocampus in the pons varolii area were studied by means of focal recording in acute experiments on cats anesthetized with nembutal and chloralose. It is shown that different formations of the frontobasal regions of the neocortex have local projections into the rostral zones of pons varolii and relatively diffuse projections into its caudal regions. The representation of the hippocampus is weaker as compared with the representation of the frontobasal region, and the focal responses are more diffuse. All the studied structures are represented in the nuclei of the pons varolii. The region of the orbitofrontal cortex is not represented in the caudal part of the reticular formation, the basotemporal cortex has no projections into brachium pontis.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic analysis of cortico-pontine relationships]. Projections of different regions of orbitofrontal and basotemporal cortex as well as of the hippocampus in the pons varolii area were studied by means of focal recording in acute experiments on cats anesthetized with nembutal and chloralose. It is shown that different formations of the frontobasal regions of the neocortex have local projections into the rostral zones of pons varolii and relatively diffuse projections into its caudal regions. The representation of the hippocampus is weaker as compared with the representation of the frontobasal region, and the focal responses are more diffuse. All the studied structures are represented in the nuclei of the pons varolii. The region of the orbitofrontal cortex is not represented in the caudal part of the reticular formation, the basotemporal cortex has no projections into brachium pontis."}
{"id": "PMID:904733", "title": "[Conditions for development of off-responses to photic stimulation among cat senso-motor neurons].", "content": "On- and off-responses to a prolonged optical stimulus (up to 1000 ms) were studied in the cat sensomotor cortex. Similarity of the minimum time of stimulation resulting in the off-response with the cycle of the functional restoration after a single flash was observed. It is suggested that IPSP arising in the cortical neurons form a basis of these time intervals. The influence of stimuli of other modalities (cutaneous) on the off-responses is shown. This influence was observed in the case when the cortical neuron produced an impulse discharge to the cutaneous stimulus.", "contents": "[Conditions for development of off-responses to photic stimulation among cat senso-motor neurons]. On- and off-responses to a prolonged optical stimulus (up to 1000 ms) were studied in the cat sensomotor cortex. Similarity of the minimum time of stimulation resulting in the off-response with the cycle of the functional restoration after a single flash was observed. It is suggested that IPSP arising in the cortical neurons form a basis of these time intervals. The influence of stimuli of other modalities (cutaneous) on the off-responses is shown. This influence was observed in the case when the cortical neuron produced an impulse discharge to the cutaneous stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:904734", "title": "[Analysis of the background activity of cat caudate nucleus neurons].", "content": "Background activity recorded extracellularly from the caudate nucleus neurons was analyzed in immobilized cats. Experimental data processing included the plotting of average frequency curves, interspike interval histograms, intensity functions, correlograms and association histograms. The frequency of the background activity in different caudate neurons varied from 0.5 to 20 imp/s and could change in the same neuron in different time intervals. According to the time structure and statistical parameters the background activity of the caudate neurons was classified in two types: unitary and group. Transformation from one type to the other could be observed in the same neuron. The obtained data do not allow considering the background activity of the caudate neurons as simple random pulse trains.", "contents": "[Analysis of the background activity of cat caudate nucleus neurons]. Background activity recorded extracellularly from the caudate nucleus neurons was analyzed in immobilized cats. Experimental data processing included the plotting of average frequency curves, interspike interval histograms, intensity functions, correlograms and association histograms. The frequency of the background activity in different caudate neurons varied from 0.5 to 20 imp/s and could change in the same neuron in different time intervals. According to the time structure and statistical parameters the background activity of the caudate neurons was classified in two types: unitary and group. Transformation from one type to the other could be observed in the same neuron. The obtained data do not allow considering the background activity of the caudate neurons as simple random pulse trains."}
{"id": "PMID:904735", "title": "[Projections of the posterior region of the hypothalamus into its medial, anterior and lateral region].", "content": "Effect of stimulation of the lateral and medial supramammillary areas of the hypothalamus was studied in acute experiments on rabbits. The firing of neurons was recorded in the anterior, lateral, dorsal medial and ventral medial hypothalamic areas. Single pulse stimulation of the medial area of the posterior hypothalamus caused changes in discharge rate for 44% of neurons and the stimulation of the lateral area for 35% of the examined neurons. Repetitive stimulation resulted in changes of the discharge rate in 57% of neurons during stimulation of the lateral and in 74% of the medial supramammillary area. Most neurons responded by excitation. The data obtained are discussed from the view point of the role of posterior hypothalamus in the regulation of the adenohypophysis functions.", "contents": "[Projections of the posterior region of the hypothalamus into its medial, anterior and lateral region]. Effect of stimulation of the lateral and medial supramammillary areas of the hypothalamus was studied in acute experiments on rabbits. The firing of neurons was recorded in the anterior, lateral, dorsal medial and ventral medial hypothalamic areas. Single pulse stimulation of the medial area of the posterior hypothalamus caused changes in discharge rate for 44% of neurons and the stimulation of the lateral area for 35% of the examined neurons. Repetitive stimulation resulted in changes of the discharge rate in 57% of neurons during stimulation of the lateral and in 74% of the medial supramammillary area. Most neurons responded by excitation. The data obtained are discussed from the view point of the role of posterior hypothalamus in the regulation of the adenohypophysis functions."}
{"id": "PMID:904736", "title": "[Recurrent inhibition of the sympathetic pregnaglionic neurons of the lateral horns of the spinal cord].", "content": "32.5% of the lateral horn sympathetic preganglionic neurons (B2-SPN) recorded in T3, T8-9 and L2 spinal segments of anaesthetized and immobilized cats were able to respond antidromically to repeated stimuli with time interval (16 ms and more) considerably exceeding the refractoriness of these neurons. This effect was not associated with axonal subnormality. A prolonged time interval between antidromic discharges correlated with the ability of orthodromic spikes to inhibit the generation of antidromic discharges throughout the same period which was substantially longer than the possible collision time. Preceding antidromic activation of a fraction of the described neurons partly inhibited the responses of other neurons in this segment elicited by stimulation of segmental nerves or spinal descending pathways. These data indicate that certain lateral horn sympathetic preganglionic neurons have a recurrent inhibitory mechanism.", "contents": "[Recurrent inhibition of the sympathetic pregnaglionic neurons of the lateral horns of the spinal cord]. 32.5% of the lateral horn sympathetic preganglionic neurons (B2-SPN) recorded in T3, T8-9 and L2 spinal segments of anaesthetized and immobilized cats were able to respond antidromically to repeated stimuli with time interval (16 ms and more) considerably exceeding the refractoriness of these neurons. This effect was not associated with axonal subnormality. A prolonged time interval between antidromic discharges correlated with the ability of orthodromic spikes to inhibit the generation of antidromic discharges throughout the same period which was substantially longer than the possible collision time. Preceding antidromic activation of a fraction of the described neurons partly inhibited the responses of other neurons in this segment elicited by stimulation of segmental nerves or spinal descending pathways. These data indicate that certain lateral horn sympathetic preganglionic neurons have a recurrent inhibitory mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:904737", "title": "[Insect interneurons sensitive to polarized light].", "content": "Neurons responding with a rhythmic discharge to rotation of a polarization plane (frequency being 0.7 Hz) were found in the optic lobe of scarabaeids Geotrupes. Responses to a polarized light stimulus were compared with those evoked by light intensity modulation and with suspected responses to apparent rotatory movement of a filter. The polarization sensitivity of some observed neurons was about 2. The on-component of the response to polarization coincided with the horizontal position of the electric vector.", "contents": "[Insect interneurons sensitive to polarized light]. Neurons responding with a rhythmic discharge to rotation of a polarization plane (frequency being 0.7 Hz) were found in the optic lobe of scarabaeids Geotrupes. Responses to a polarized light stimulus were compared with those evoked by light intensity modulation and with suspected responses to apparent rotatory movement of a filter. The polarization sensitivity of some observed neurons was about 2. The on-component of the response to polarization coincided with the horizontal position of the electric vector."}
{"id": "PMID:904738", "title": "[Membrane potential clamping in the horizontal cells of the fish retina].", "content": "The membrane potential of horizontal cells was clamped using uniform polarization of a layer of these cells by means of current passed via extracellular electrodes. It is shown that the voltage-current relationship of the nonsynaptic membrane of horizontal cells has in some cases sections with a negative slope. With fast shifts in the clamped potential level the changes in the membrane resistance are completed less than for 20 ms. Comparison of responses to light stimulation recorded with potential clamp and without it showed that participation of the nonsynaptic membrane in generation of responses to light stimulation can change significantly the form of the latter.", "contents": "[Membrane potential clamping in the horizontal cells of the fish retina]. The membrane potential of horizontal cells was clamped using uniform polarization of a layer of these cells by means of current passed via extracellular electrodes. It is shown that the voltage-current relationship of the nonsynaptic membrane of horizontal cells has in some cases sections with a negative slope. With fast shifts in the clamped potential level the changes in the membrane resistance are completed less than for 20 ms. Comparison of responses to light stimulation recorded with potential clamp and without it showed that participation of the nonsynaptic membrane in generation of responses to light stimulation can change significantly the form of the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:904739", "title": "[Mechanisms of prolonged action potential generation in barium solutions].", "content": "The membrane currents were recorded under voltage clamp from identified nerve cells of the Helix pomatia. The replacement of the external Ca ions in normal solution by Ba ions produced a shift in the potassium conduction-voltage curve along the voltage axis in the positive direction. The decrease in the limiting value of the potassium conduction was also observed. In Na-Ca-free solutions containing Na ions but no other divalent cations the inward membrane current was recorded. This current was separated into two components: an early fast inactivating (I) and a smaller long lasting component (II). It seems that the prolongation of the action potential in barium solution is due to the suppression of K conduction by Ba ions and to the existence of the long-lasting inward current.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of prolonged action potential generation in barium solutions]. The membrane currents were recorded under voltage clamp from identified nerve cells of the Helix pomatia. The replacement of the external Ca ions in normal solution by Ba ions produced a shift in the potassium conduction-voltage curve along the voltage axis in the positive direction. The decrease in the limiting value of the potassium conduction was also observed. In Na-Ca-free solutions containing Na ions but no other divalent cations the inward membrane current was recorded. This current was separated into two components: an early fast inactivating (I) and a smaller long lasting component (II). It seems that the prolongation of the action potential in barium solution is due to the suppression of K conduction by Ba ions and to the existence of the long-lasting inward current."}
{"id": "PMID:904741", "title": "A new substance effective against transplantable tumors in vivo: L-cystine-bis-(N,N-beta-chloroethyl)-hydrazide.", "content": "It is shown that L-cystine-bis-(N,N-beta-chloroethyl)-hydrazide-hydro-bromide possesses strong (50-100%) inhibitory effect in vivo against myeloma P-8, carcinosarcoma Walker, lymphosarcoma Pliss, sarcoma Yoshida, sarcoma Jensen and sarcoma 180 in doses 5-12 mg/kg/day. No suppression of the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor was observed. The acute toxicity (LD50) of this substance on mice and rats is 71 mg/kg and 47 mg/kg respectively.", "contents": "A new substance effective against transplantable tumors in vivo: L-cystine-bis-(N,N-beta-chloroethyl)-hydrazide. It is shown that L-cystine-bis-(N,N-beta-chloroethyl)-hydrazide-hydro-bromide possesses strong (50-100%) inhibitory effect in vivo against myeloma P-8, carcinosarcoma Walker, lymphosarcoma Pliss, sarcoma Yoshida, sarcoma Jensen and sarcoma 180 in doses 5-12 mg/kg/day. No suppression of the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor was observed. The acute toxicity (LD50) of this substance on mice and rats is 71 mg/kg and 47 mg/kg respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:904742", "title": "Cardio-toxicity of Daunomycin and Adriamycin.", "content": "Our aim was to check the possibility of modifying the cardio-toxicity of Daunomycin and Adriamycin on guinea pig atria in vitro, through a reduction of calcium concentration in the medium. In a first series of tests, left and right atria still beating were put in a bath containing Tyrode solution. In order to test the influence of hypocalcic conditions on the negative inotropic effects of the two drugs. Tyrode solution contained either the usual amount of calcium or only 50% of it. In a second series of experiments isolated tissues were electrically stimulated in Krebs-bicarbonate solution. In order to avoid the spontaneous activity of the preparations, only isolated left atria were used. Again the medium contained either the normal quantity of calcium or only 50%. The reduction of calcium concentration in the medium results in a statistically significant potentiation of the negative inotropic activity of the two drugs.", "contents": "Cardio-toxicity of Daunomycin and Adriamycin. Our aim was to check the possibility of modifying the cardio-toxicity of Daunomycin and Adriamycin on guinea pig atria in vitro, through a reduction of calcium concentration in the medium. In a first series of tests, left and right atria still beating were put in a bath containing Tyrode solution. In order to test the influence of hypocalcic conditions on the negative inotropic effects of the two drugs. Tyrode solution contained either the usual amount of calcium or only 50% of it. In a second series of experiments isolated tissues were electrically stimulated in Krebs-bicarbonate solution. In order to avoid the spontaneous activity of the preparations, only isolated left atria were used. Again the medium contained either the normal quantity of calcium or only 50%. The reduction of calcium concentration in the medium results in a statistically significant potentiation of the negative inotropic activity of the two drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:904743", "title": "VM 26 (4-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin-beta-d-thenylidine glucoside) in the treatment of urinary bladder tumors.", "content": "VM 26, a semisynthetic podophyllin derivative (4-demethyl-epipodo-phyllotoxin-beta-d-thenylidine glucoside) has been tested in 67 patients with urinary bladder tumors. In 25 patients with stage T 1 significant prolongation of the disease-free interval was reached. In 25 cases with state T 3-4, the effect of VM 26 was not favorable.", "contents": "VM 26 (4-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin-beta-d-thenylidine glucoside) in the treatment of urinary bladder tumors. VM 26, a semisynthetic podophyllin derivative (4-demethyl-epipodo-phyllotoxin-beta-d-thenylidine glucoside) has been tested in 67 patients with urinary bladder tumors. In 25 patients with stage T 1 significant prolongation of the disease-free interval was reached. In 25 cases with state T 3-4, the effect of VM 26 was not favorable."}
{"id": "PMID:904744", "title": "Combination of regional chemotherapy and mastectomy in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast. Five-year results.", "content": "Thirty-six women with cancer of the breast were treated with infusion of cytotoxic drugs into the first portion of the subclavian artery adjuvant to radical or simple mastectomy. The patients were followed up for five years and the results were compared with a matched group of patients treated by mastectomy alone.  There was no difference between the two groups in the overall mortality at the end of the fith year. The survival rates of patients with stage 3 carcinoma receiving adjuvant chemotherapy were in the first three years significantly better than those of the controls. No impairment of the wound healing was observed and the systemic side effects of the cytotoxic drugs were unimportant. In two patients serious neurologic complications developed and one patient died of pulmonary abscess.", "contents": "Combination of regional chemotherapy and mastectomy in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast. Five-year results. Thirty-six women with cancer of the breast were treated with infusion of cytotoxic drugs into the first portion of the subclavian artery adjuvant to radical or simple mastectomy. The patients were followed up for five years and the results were compared with a matched group of patients treated by mastectomy alone.  There was no difference between the two groups in the overall mortality at the end of the fith year. The survival rates of patients with stage 3 carcinoma receiving adjuvant chemotherapy were in the first three years significantly better than those of the controls. No impairment of the wound healing was observed and the systemic side effects of the cytotoxic drugs were unimportant. In two patients serious neurologic complications developed and one patient died of pulmonary abscess."}
{"id": "PMID:904745", "title": "Spermatic vein phlebography in patients with testicular tumors.", "content": "The performance of funicular lymphography and spermatic vein phlebography during orchiectomy in patients with testicular tumors demonstrates the close proximity of the spermatic vein to the lymph nodes draining the testicles. In the case of metastatic lymph node involvement the spermatic vein phlebography may add supplementary diagnostic information. The examination was proved successful in eight patients with malignant testicular tumors.", "contents": "Spermatic vein phlebography in patients with testicular tumors. The performance of funicular lymphography and spermatic vein phlebography during orchiectomy in patients with testicular tumors demonstrates the close proximity of the spermatic vein to the lymph nodes draining the testicles. In the case of metastatic lymph node involvement the spermatic vein phlebography may add supplementary diagnostic information. The examination was proved successful in eight patients with malignant testicular tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:904746", "title": "Some remarks to the histological classification of malignant melanoma of the skin and its prognostic values.", "content": "Histological classification of human skin malignant melanoma as recommended by WHO melanoma group renders the first useful orientation in regard to the biological behavior of the tumor, but it cannot give any further clinical outlook. It would be therefore desiderable to complete the histological examinations with enzymatic and immunologic examinations performed during the treatment of the patient and thus try to gain a basis for a prognostic evaluation.", "contents": "Some remarks to the histological classification of malignant melanoma of the skin and its prognostic values. Histological classification of human skin malignant melanoma as recommended by WHO melanoma group renders the first useful orientation in regard to the biological behavior of the tumor, but it cannot give any further clinical outlook. It would be therefore desiderable to complete the histological examinations with enzymatic and immunologic examinations performed during the treatment of the patient and thus try to gain a basis for a prognostic evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:904747", "title": "Morphological analysis of malignant melanoma cases with prolonged survival.", "content": "Retrospective morphological analysis of 145 malignant melanoma cases was carried out to prove the prognostical importance of some morphological characteristics of the tumor. The cases were divided into two groups according to the survival time. The majority of the tumors with long survival time showed little capacity of invasion, while those with short survival time invaded at deeper levels of the dermis. Other features seemed to be of no prognostical relevance. Difficulties in determining the depth of invasion exactly were also discussed.", "contents": "Morphological analysis of malignant melanoma cases with prolonged survival. Retrospective morphological analysis of 145 malignant melanoma cases was carried out to prove the prognostical importance of some morphological characteristics of the tumor. The cases were divided into two groups according to the survival time. The majority of the tumors with long survival time showed little capacity of invasion, while those with short survival time invaded at deeper levels of the dermis. Other features seemed to be of no prognostical relevance. Difficulties in determining the depth of invasion exactly were also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904748", "title": "The occurence of collagen type II in bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "It has been evidenced in a single case of bronchogenic carcinoma, that the proportion of collagen type II is increased in the diseased tissue. During the experimental work the collagenous stroma was isolated, subjected to cyanogen bromide cleavage and the relative proportion of individual types of collagen was judged according to the occurence of alpha1(I)CB3 and alpha1 (II)CB3 peptides. The nature of these peptides was proved by the chromatographic behavior during CM-cellulose chromatography, Ultrogel AcA 54 separation and by their amino acid composition.", "contents": "The occurence of collagen type II in bronchogenic carcinoma. It has been evidenced in a single case of bronchogenic carcinoma, that the proportion of collagen type II is increased in the diseased tissue. During the experimental work the collagenous stroma was isolated, subjected to cyanogen bromide cleavage and the relative proportion of individual types of collagen was judged according to the occurence of alpha1(I)CB3 and alpha1 (II)CB3 peptides. The nature of these peptides was proved by the chromatographic behavior during CM-cellulose chromatography, Ultrogel AcA 54 separation and by their amino acid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:904749", "title": "Hemangiopericytoma.", "content": "Description of e hemangiopericytomas noted in a 25-(female), 24-(female) and 44-(male) year old patient. Histological examination revealed, besides characteristic appearance of tumor cells, typical arrangement of reticuline. The authors discuss the histological criteria for diagnosis and differential diagnosis and judging benignity and/or malignity of hemangiopericytomas.", "contents": "Hemangiopericytoma. Description of e hemangiopericytomas noted in a 25-(female), 24-(female) and 44-(male) year old patient. Histological examination revealed, besides characteristic appearance of tumor cells, typical arrangement of reticuline. The authors discuss the histological criteria for diagnosis and differential diagnosis and judging benignity and/or malignity of hemangiopericytomas."}
{"id": "PMID:904750", "title": "Short communication: a new technique in immunosuppression of Syrian hamsters xenografted with human tumors.", "content": "Application of hyperimmune rabbit antisera against mouse lymphomas (6C3HED lymphoma, NK lymphoma) or against rat leukemic cells (RBA-34-Le leukemia) caused a considerable degree of lymphocyte depletion in hamsters.", "contents": "Short communication: a new technique in immunosuppression of Syrian hamsters xenografted with human tumors. Application of hyperimmune rabbit antisera against mouse lymphomas (6C3HED lymphoma, NK lymphoma) or against rat leukemic cells (RBA-34-Le leukemia) caused a considerable degree of lymphocyte depletion in hamsters."}
{"id": "PMID:904751", "title": "Hyperuricaemia as an index of the response to chemotherapy in solid tumors.", "content": "A transient increase in uric acid level following administration of high doses of Cyclophosphamide in the 1st course of cytostatic therapy applied for various solid tumors (mostly lung cancer) was observed in 10 patients with measurable disease simultaneously with complete or partial (above 50%) regression of the tumor. The same effect was noted in further 5 patients, who, however, had non-measurable disease. On the other hand, the clinical course of the disease and survival were similar in these 5 patients and in the former 10 patients. No corresponding increase in the uric acid level was observed in 87 patients with similar disease and treatment, but not responding to chemotherapy and with short survival. It is concluded, that hyperuricaemia may indicate responsiveness to chemotherapy in cancer patients with non-measurable disease.", "contents": "Hyperuricaemia as an index of the response to chemotherapy in solid tumors. A transient increase in uric acid level following administration of high doses of Cyclophosphamide in the 1st course of cytostatic therapy applied for various solid tumors (mostly lung cancer) was observed in 10 patients with measurable disease simultaneously with complete or partial (above 50%) regression of the tumor. The same effect was noted in further 5 patients, who, however, had non-measurable disease. On the other hand, the clinical course of the disease and survival were similar in these 5 patients and in the former 10 patients. No corresponding increase in the uric acid level was observed in 87 patients with similar disease and treatment, but not responding to chemotherapy and with short survival. It is concluded, that hyperuricaemia may indicate responsiveness to chemotherapy in cancer patients with non-measurable disease."}
{"id": "PMID:904763", "title": "[Distal ulnar nerve compression at the wrist. \"Loge de Guyon\" and \"deep ulnar branch\" syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The distal non-traumatic ulnar nerve compression syndrome can be dividded into two types: -i) the proximal (paralytic) type caused by compression in the \"Loge de Guyon\", with involvement of both the superficial sensory and the deep branch, including the motor branch to the hypothenar muscles, and, ii) the distal, more common, purely motor type (the deep ulnar branch syndrome) with paresis of the interossei and the adductor pollicis, and less commonly of the hypothenar muscles. Whereas the proximal type has various causes, particularly pressure and occupational trauma, the distal type is almost exclusively the result of extra-neural ganglion cysts. An accurate diagnosis is made possible by electromyography and nerve conduction studies. The sensory nerve action potentials, distal motor latency to the hypothenar and adductor pollicis muscles, and the corresponding muscle action potentials after nerve stimulation are pathologically altered, according to the type of lesion. Although spontaneous recovery may occur, operation is the treatment of choice, provided that simple pressure palsy is eliminated.", "contents": "[Distal ulnar nerve compression at the wrist. \"Loge de Guyon\" and \"deep ulnar branch\" syndrome (author's transl)]. The distal non-traumatic ulnar nerve compression syndrome can be dividded into two types: -i) the proximal (paralytic) type caused by compression in the \"Loge de Guyon\", with involvement of both the superficial sensory and the deep branch, including the motor branch to the hypothenar muscles, and, ii) the distal, more common, purely motor type (the deep ulnar branch syndrome) with paresis of the interossei and the adductor pollicis, and less commonly of the hypothenar muscles. Whereas the proximal type has various causes, particularly pressure and occupational trauma, the distal type is almost exclusively the result of extra-neural ganglion cysts. An accurate diagnosis is made possible by electromyography and nerve conduction studies. The sensory nerve action potentials, distal motor latency to the hypothenar and adductor pollicis muscles, and the corresponding muscle action potentials after nerve stimulation are pathologically altered, according to the type of lesion. Although spontaneous recovery may occur, operation is the treatment of choice, provided that simple pressure palsy is eliminated."}
{"id": "PMID:904764", "title": "Subdural haematoma (effusion) and internal hydrocephalus.", "content": "It is unusual to encounter a case where subdural haematoma (effusion and internal hydrocephalus coexist and are progressive. Often, when the two diseases are concomitantly present, the pathology of one complicated the other. The pathology of subdural haematoma (effusion), complicated by internal hydrocephalus, and problems involved in the diagnosis and treatment of such cases are described, with particular reference to three such cases treated by the authors, and a review of the literature. When cerebral angiography is used as a follow-up study for postoperative subdural haematoma (effusion), it is necessary to direct attention not only to the disappearance of the subdural clear space but also to the possibility of the occurrence of hydrocephalus. If the intracranial pressure is increased and convulsive seizures appear after a shunting operation for hydrocephalus, it is necessary to consider not only shunt dysfunction but also post-shunt subdural haematoma (effusion).", "contents": "Subdural haematoma (effusion) and internal hydrocephalus. It is unusual to encounter a case where subdural haematoma (effusion and internal hydrocephalus coexist and are progressive. Often, when the two diseases are concomitantly present, the pathology of one complicated the other. The pathology of subdural haematoma (effusion), complicated by internal hydrocephalus, and problems involved in the diagnosis and treatment of such cases are described, with particular reference to three such cases treated by the authors, and a review of the literature. When cerebral angiography is used as a follow-up study for postoperative subdural haematoma (effusion), it is necessary to direct attention not only to the disappearance of the subdural clear space but also to the possibility of the occurrence of hydrocephalus. If the intracranial pressure is increased and convulsive seizures appear after a shunting operation for hydrocephalus, it is necessary to consider not only shunt dysfunction but also post-shunt subdural haematoma (effusion)."}
{"id": "PMID:904765", "title": "[Concerfing the E.E.G. changes after the Spiller-Frazer operation for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (author's transl)].", "content": "A follow-up of 28 patients with trigeminal neuralgia, with E.E.G. examinations was carried out at periods of 6 months to 4 years, after they had been operated on by the Spiller-Frazier method. Acturally in 14 out of the 28, discrete focal changes were observed but they were however, not so marked that one could speak of an actural focus. In comparison with the findings of other authors, the trivial nature of the changes is emphasized and it attributed to the pre-operative preparation, the position of the patients and to particular features of the operative technique.", "contents": "[Concerfing the E.E.G. changes after the Spiller-Frazer operation for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (author's transl)]. A follow-up of 28 patients with trigeminal neuralgia, with E.E.G. examinations was carried out at periods of 6 months to 4 years, after they had been operated on by the Spiller-Frazier method. Acturally in 14 out of the 28, discrete focal changes were observed but they were however, not so marked that one could speak of an actural focus. In comparison with the findings of other authors, the trivial nature of the changes is emphasized and it attributed to the pre-operative preparation, the position of the patients and to particular features of the operative technique."}
{"id": "PMID:904766", "title": "Successful operative treatment of an aneurysm on a left persistent hypoglossal artery.", "content": "The authors report on a case of a saccular aneurysm on a primitive hypoglossal artery in a patient who sustained a subarachnoid haemorrhage. The conditions of diagnosing a primitive hypoglossal artery and principles of development are briefly discussed. The first successful direct operative treatment of this rare aneurysm is reported.", "contents": "Successful operative treatment of an aneurysm on a left persistent hypoglossal artery. The authors report on a case of a saccular aneurysm on a primitive hypoglossal artery in a patient who sustained a subarachnoid haemorrhage. The conditions of diagnosing a primitive hypoglossal artery and principles of development are briefly discussed. The first successful direct operative treatment of this rare aneurysm is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:904767", "title": "[Chronic epidural intraspinal abscess following lumbar puncture (author's transl)].", "content": "Symptoms clinical course, and also statistical data are recroded for a 60-year-old man with a chronic epidural abscess in the lumbar vertebrae 3/4 following a lumbar puncture. Acute and chronic epidural intraspinal abscesses are discussed in relation to the relevant literature.", "contents": "[Chronic epidural intraspinal abscess following lumbar puncture (author's transl)]. Symptoms clinical course, and also statistical data are recroded for a 60-year-old man with a chronic epidural abscess in the lumbar vertebrae 3/4 following a lumbar puncture. Acute and chronic epidural intraspinal abscesses are discussed in relation to the relevant literature."}
{"id": "PMID:904799", "title": "Gonadotropin secretion and hypothyroidism.", "content": "Hypothyroidism is generally associated with hypogonadotropism. Occasionally, however, increased gonadotropin concentrations are encountered. The mechanisms, presumably hypothalamic, which determine the gonadotropin shift are unclear. A case report of hyperprolactinemic hypothyroidism with associated hypergonadotropism is presented. The previous literature is reviewed. It appears that hypothyroidism is generally associated with a decrease in the gonadogropin secretion. However, hypothyroidism with exxagerated hTSH secretin and hyperprolactinemia can be associated with increased gonadotropin secretion.", "contents": "Gonadotropin secretion and hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is generally associated with hypogonadotropism. Occasionally, however, increased gonadotropin concentrations are encountered. The mechanisms, presumably hypothalamic, which determine the gonadotropin shift are unclear. A case report of hyperprolactinemic hypothyroidism with associated hypergonadotropism is presented. The previous literature is reviewed. It appears that hypothyroidism is generally associated with a decrease in the gonadogropin secretion. However, hypothyroidism with exxagerated hTSH secretin and hyperprolactinemia can be associated with increased gonadotropin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:904800", "title": "Mixed gonadal dysgenesis without virilization.", "content": "A 19-year-old phenotypic female with primary amenorrhea and 45X,0/46X,Y chromosomal mosaicism was found to have asymmetrical gonadal dysgenesis. Her lack of virilization precludes her precise categorization in the current nomenclature of gonadal dysgenesis and she is considered a unique variant of the syndrome of mixed gonadal dysgenesis.", "contents": "Mixed gonadal dysgenesis without virilization. A 19-year-old phenotypic female with primary amenorrhea and 45X,0/46X,Y chromosomal mosaicism was found to have asymmetrical gonadal dysgenesis. Her lack of virilization precludes her precise categorization in the current nomenclature of gonadal dysgenesis and she is considered a unique variant of the syndrome of mixed gonadal dysgenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:904801", "title": "Diagnosis of pregnancy with a radioreceptor assay for hCG.", "content": "A new serum assay for human chorionic gonadotropin, the radioreceptor assay (RRA), was compared with three commercial urinary agglutination inhibition pregnancy tests (AITs) in a group of women with suspected early pregnancies and ectopic gestations. The accepted definitions by which a laboratory test is characterized, including clinical sensitivity and specificity as well as predictive value of positive and negative tests and efficiency, were calculated for each test in three different time periods of gestation: less than 7 days, between 7 and 14 days, or more than 14 days after the expected menses had been missed. The results of the study showed that the RRA had greater clinical sensitivity and efficiency than the AITs in cases of both early gestation and ectopic pregnancy. The RRA has the disadvantages of requiring the capability to handle radioactive materials and gamma counter. This test is chiefly useful for those patients desiring early termination of pregnancy and those infertility patients anxious for early confirmation of pregnancy.", "contents": "Diagnosis of pregnancy with a radioreceptor assay for hCG. A new serum assay for human chorionic gonadotropin, the radioreceptor assay (RRA), was compared with three commercial urinary agglutination inhibition pregnancy tests (AITs) in a group of women with suspected early pregnancies and ectopic gestations. The accepted definitions by which a laboratory test is characterized, including clinical sensitivity and specificity as well as predictive value of positive and negative tests and efficiency, were calculated for each test in three different time periods of gestation: less than 7 days, between 7 and 14 days, or more than 14 days after the expected menses had been missed. The results of the study showed that the RRA had greater clinical sensitivity and efficiency than the AITs in cases of both early gestation and ectopic pregnancy. The RRA has the disadvantages of requiring the capability to handle radioactive materials and gamma counter. This test is chiefly useful for those patients desiring early termination of pregnancy and those infertility patients anxious for early confirmation of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:904802", "title": "Microinvasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix: definition, histologic analysis, late results of treatment.", "content": "The surgical tissues and clinical records of 54 surgically treated patients with microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix were retrospectively analyzed. Utilizing a definition that limited microinvasion to a depth of 3 mm, and excluded lymphatic and blood vascular involvement, the incidence of regional metastases in 37 patients for whom lymph nodes were available for study was 0%. Confluence of microinvasion did not imply a greater potential for metastatic spread or a worse prognosis. Lymphatic and blood vascular permeations were associated with nodal metastasis in one of four lesions which otherwise were microinvasive. Random cervical biopsy alone was inadequate for the diagnosis of microinvasion. Cone biopsy demonstrated an accuracy of 83% in diagnoses, but failed to eliminate intraepithelial or microinvasive carcinoma in 78% of the hysterectomy specimens. It is concluded that microinvasive carcinoma, as defined in this study, can be effectively treated by conservative rather than radical means.", "contents": "Microinvasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix: definition, histologic analysis, late results of treatment. The surgical tissues and clinical records of 54 surgically treated patients with microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix were retrospectively analyzed. Utilizing a definition that limited microinvasion to a depth of 3 mm, and excluded lymphatic and blood vascular involvement, the incidence of regional metastases in 37 patients for whom lymph nodes were available for study was 0%. Confluence of microinvasion did not imply a greater potential for metastatic spread or a worse prognosis. Lymphatic and blood vascular permeations were associated with nodal metastasis in one of four lesions which otherwise were microinvasive. Random cervical biopsy alone was inadequate for the diagnosis of microinvasion. Cone biopsy demonstrated an accuracy of 83% in diagnoses, but failed to eliminate intraepithelial or microinvasive carcinoma in 78% of the hysterectomy specimens. It is concluded that microinvasive carcinoma, as defined in this study, can be effectively treated by conservative rather than radical means."}
{"id": "PMID:904803", "title": "Treatment of advanced adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with melphalan, 5-fluorouracil, and medroxyprogesterone acetate: a preliminary study.", "content": "Combination chemotherapy can produce a rapid and frequent therapeutic effect against advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma regardless of the tumor distribution. A new treatment program is described. Melphalan, 5-fluorouracil, and medroxyprogesterone acetate achieved 6 of 7 objective responses in patients. This result with combination chemotherapy is substantially better than results with single agents or hormones alone and justifies further evaluation of combinations of cytotoxic chemotherapy as part of the initial treatment of choice for patients with advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with melphalan, 5-fluorouracil, and medroxyprogesterone acetate: a preliminary study. Combination chemotherapy can produce a rapid and frequent therapeutic effect against advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma regardless of the tumor distribution. A new treatment program is described. Melphalan, 5-fluorouracil, and medroxyprogesterone acetate achieved 6 of 7 objective responses in patients. This result with combination chemotherapy is substantially better than results with single agents or hormones alone and justifies further evaluation of combinations of cytotoxic chemotherapy as part of the initial treatment of choice for patients with advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:904804", "title": "Paraaortic lymphadenectomy in gynecologic malignancies confined to the pelvis.", "content": "Eighty-six patients with pelvic malignancies had paraaortic node dissection; 30% had positive paraaortic lymph nodes. At the time of laparotomy, 77 patients had malignancies apparently confined to the pelvis after extensive work-up and histologic examination of tissue biopsies outside the pelvis; 20 (26%) had metastatic cancer in the paraaortic lymph nodes. Thirteen of 49 patients with cancer of the cervix, 5 of 18 with uterine cancer, and 2 of 10 with ovarian cancer had positive paraaortic lymph nodes. The value of paraaortic dissection in patients with pelvic malignancies apparently confined to the pelvis is discussed.", "contents": "Paraaortic lymphadenectomy in gynecologic malignancies confined to the pelvis. Eighty-six patients with pelvic malignancies had paraaortic node dissection; 30% had positive paraaortic lymph nodes. At the time of laparotomy, 77 patients had malignancies apparently confined to the pelvis after extensive work-up and histologic examination of tissue biopsies outside the pelvis; 20 (26%) had metastatic cancer in the paraaortic lymph nodes. Thirteen of 49 patients with cancer of the cervix, 5 of 18 with uterine cancer, and 2 of 10 with ovarian cancer had positive paraaortic lymph nodes. The value of paraaortic dissection in patients with pelvic malignancies apparently confined to the pelvis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904805", "title": "Adenomyosis: a neglected diagnosis.", "content": "Adenomyosis was present in 161 of 1619 consecutive hysterectomy specimens. Adenomyosis coexisted with other pelvic pathology in 97 women and was the only histologic finding in 64 women. Most patients were 35 to 50 years of age, parous, white, had not taken steroid hormones, had not had uterine surgery, and complained of abnormal uterine bleeding and/or pelvic pain. Adenomyosis was most associated with leiomyomata, endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma, and endometriosis. The clinical signs of uterine enlargement and tenderness were rarely observed. The diagnosis was suspected  preoperatively in 10% of women. At surgery, adenomyosis was not recognized in 65% of patients. Adenomyosis is a disease of unknown etiology whose uncharacteristic clinical profile and frequent association with more obvious pelvic pathology make it a neglected diagnosis.", "contents": "Adenomyosis: a neglected diagnosis. Adenomyosis was present in 161 of 1619 consecutive hysterectomy specimens. Adenomyosis coexisted with other pelvic pathology in 97 women and was the only histologic finding in 64 women. Most patients were 35 to 50 years of age, parous, white, had not taken steroid hormones, had not had uterine surgery, and complained of abnormal uterine bleeding and/or pelvic pain. Adenomyosis was most associated with leiomyomata, endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma, and endometriosis. The clinical signs of uterine enlargement and tenderness were rarely observed. The diagnosis was suspected  preoperatively in 10% of women. At surgery, adenomyosis was not recognized in 65% of patients. Adenomyosis is a disease of unknown etiology whose uncharacteristic clinical profile and frequent association with more obvious pelvic pathology make it a neglected diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:904806", "title": "Safety and efficacy of combining obstetric and noninfectious gynecologic hospital patients.", "content": "Unoccupied obstetric beds and unused delivery rooms represent inefficient use of hospital facilities and loss of revenue, both of which adversely affect the quality of care rendered patients. Hartford Hospital has permitted the admission of obstetric and noninfectious gynecologic patients to the same patient care areas of the hospital as well as use of delivery rooms by both groups of patients. Elaborate surveillance of these patients by the epidemiology section for a 1-year period (July 1974-July 1975) demonstrated no increase in the incidence of hospital-acquired infections associated with this combined approach as compared with the more traditional separation system of maternity and nonmaternity patients.", "contents": "Safety and efficacy of combining obstetric and noninfectious gynecologic hospital patients. Unoccupied obstetric beds and unused delivery rooms represent inefficient use of hospital facilities and loss of revenue, both of which adversely affect the quality of care rendered patients. Hartford Hospital has permitted the admission of obstetric and noninfectious gynecologic patients to the same patient care areas of the hospital as well as use of delivery rooms by both groups of patients. Elaborate surveillance of these patients by the epidemiology section for a 1-year period (July 1974-July 1975) demonstrated no increase in the incidence of hospital-acquired infections associated with this combined approach as compared with the more traditional separation system of maternity and nonmaternity patients."}
{"id": "PMID:904807", "title": "Fetal steroid levels at delivery.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate cortisol levels in the circulation of neonates following spontaneous onset of labor. There was no significant difference of values between primigravidas and multigravidas, male and female babies, or normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. There was no significant change in mean cord plasma cortisol values with advancing gestational age, after the 33rd week. It is conceivable that spontaneous labor in humans may be preceded by a release of cortisol into the fetal circulation, and when a critical \"parturient\" level is reached labor becomes established.", "contents": "Fetal steroid levels at delivery. The purpose of this study was to investigate cortisol levels in the circulation of neonates following spontaneous onset of labor. There was no significant difference of values between primigravidas and multigravidas, male and female babies, or normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. There was no significant change in mean cord plasma cortisol values with advancing gestational age, after the 33rd week. It is conceivable that spontaneous labor in humans may be preceded by a release of cortisol into the fetal circulation, and when a critical \"parturient\" level is reached labor becomes established."}
{"id": "PMID:904808", "title": "Thromboplastic activity in amniotic fluid during pregnancy.", "content": "Thromboplastic activity of amniotic fluid (TAAF) was determined in 97 normal and pathologic pregnancies using a modification of Quick's one-stage method for prothrombin time. It was shown that amniotic fluid (AF) has thromboplastic activity. This activity was found to increase with the progression of pregnancy, showing a very high correlation coefficient (r = -0.86). In cases of pathologic pregnancies such as those associated with diabetes, toxemia, IUGR, and Rh incompatibility, the values of TAAF do not differ from normal pregnancies. However, in 7 of 10 cases of postmature pregnancies the TAAF was below 45 seconds while no preterm or term pregnancy showed TAAF of less than 45 seconds.", "contents": "Thromboplastic activity in amniotic fluid during pregnancy. Thromboplastic activity of amniotic fluid (TAAF) was determined in 97 normal and pathologic pregnancies using a modification of Quick's one-stage method for prothrombin time. It was shown that amniotic fluid (AF) has thromboplastic activity. This activity was found to increase with the progression of pregnancy, showing a very high correlation coefficient (r = -0.86). In cases of pathologic pregnancies such as those associated with diabetes, toxemia, IUGR, and Rh incompatibility, the values of TAAF do not differ from normal pregnancies. However, in 7 of 10 cases of postmature pregnancies the TAAF was below 45 seconds while no preterm or term pregnancy showed TAAF of less than 45 seconds."}
{"id": "PMID:904809", "title": "Effects of pregnancy on the maternal lymphoid system in mice.", "content": "The effects of pregnancy on the lymphocyte populations in the mouse have been studied. Though cell numbers decreased in the thymus and increased in the lymph nodes draining the parauterine area, no significant changes were seen in the proportions of thymus derived (theta allo-antigen positive) and bone marrow derived (Fc receptor positive) lymphocytes. The humoral response to sheep erythrocytes was suppressed during both syngeneic and allogeneic pregnancies following a decline coincidental with that of thymic mitotic activity. Though the observed immunosuppression could be explained by a selective lymphocyte depletion, it appears more likely to be a nonspecific effect of the steroid milieu of pregnancy.", "contents": "Effects of pregnancy on the maternal lymphoid system in mice. The effects of pregnancy on the lymphocyte populations in the mouse have been studied. Though cell numbers decreased in the thymus and increased in the lymph nodes draining the parauterine area, no significant changes were seen in the proportions of thymus derived (theta allo-antigen positive) and bone marrow derived (Fc receptor positive) lymphocytes. The humoral response to sheep erythrocytes was suppressed during both syngeneic and allogeneic pregnancies following a decline coincidental with that of thymic mitotic activity. Though the observed immunosuppression could be explained by a selective lymphocyte depletion, it appears more likely to be a nonspecific effect of the steroid milieu of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:904810", "title": "Fetal sex determination by ultrasound.", "content": "Real time ultrasonographic examination of the fetal perineal area after 30 weeks of gestation can reveal the external genitalia of the male fetus. The absence of this finding indicates a female fetus. This assessment is possible in up to two-thirds of cases, being limited only by the fetal presentation, position, and the estimated volume of amniotic fluid. Using this technique, fetal sexing was accomplished in 366 cases with an overall accuracy rate of 95.6% (correct in 99.5% of those diagnosed as males and in 91.5% of those diagnosed as females).", "contents": "Fetal sex determination by ultrasound. Real time ultrasonographic examination of the fetal perineal area after 30 weeks of gestation can reveal the external genitalia of the male fetus. The absence of this finding indicates a female fetus. This assessment is possible in up to two-thirds of cases, being limited only by the fetal presentation, position, and the estimated volume of amniotic fluid. Using this technique, fetal sexing was accomplished in 366 cases with an overall accuracy rate of 95.6% (correct in 99.5% of those diagnosed as males and in 91.5% of those diagnosed as females)."}
{"id": "PMID:904811", "title": "The viscoelastic nature of chorioamniotic membranes.", "content": "This study establishes the viscoelastic nature of the human chorioamniotic membrane. Membrane tissue taken from term pregnancies was placed in a state of biaxial stress consistent with the condition in which membranes rupture in normal healthy patients. The phenomena of creep, stress relaxation, elastic recovery, and time-dependent load deformation relations were demonstrated. The experiments needed to produce these phenomena are described. The results are graphically reported. The experiments were performed using samples of fetal membranes and compared to gum rubber which is a known elastic material. From the results, one can conclude that fetal membranes are viscoelastic. The flow freely under applied stress, and they have elastic and viscous properties which are time dependent.", "contents": "The viscoelastic nature of chorioamniotic membranes. This study establishes the viscoelastic nature of the human chorioamniotic membrane. Membrane tissue taken from term pregnancies was placed in a state of biaxial stress consistent with the condition in which membranes rupture in normal healthy patients. The phenomena of creep, stress relaxation, elastic recovery, and time-dependent load deformation relations were demonstrated. The experiments needed to produce these phenomena are described. The results are graphically reported. The experiments were performed using samples of fetal membranes and compared to gum rubber which is a known elastic material. From the results, one can conclude that fetal membranes are viscoelastic. The flow freely under applied stress, and they have elastic and viscous properties which are time dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:904812", "title": "An experimental study of trophoblast growth in the lung.", "content": "Trophoblast can be grown from blastocysts or ectoplacental cones of the mouse in a variety of extrauterine sites. An attempt was made to grow trophoblast in the lung under various conditions. In 94 mice, blastocysts, or cones, were introduced into the lung through the vascular system. Trophoblast growth never occurred. However, when blastocysts, or cones, were introduced directly into the lung, trophoblast grew in 30-50% of mice, depending on technique. Failure to grow from the intravascular position does not appear to be due to liberation of common products of ischemia because blastocysts produced normal trophoblast in the liver when implanted via the portal system, even in the presence of extensive necrosis. The inhibiting factor, which is apparently produced in the lung, is being investigated.", "contents": "An experimental study of trophoblast growth in the lung. Trophoblast can be grown from blastocysts or ectoplacental cones of the mouse in a variety of extrauterine sites. An attempt was made to grow trophoblast in the lung under various conditions. In 94 mice, blastocysts, or cones, were introduced into the lung through the vascular system. Trophoblast growth never occurred. However, when blastocysts, or cones, were introduced directly into the lung, trophoblast grew in 30-50% of mice, depending on technique. Failure to grow from the intravascular position does not appear to be due to liberation of common products of ischemia because blastocysts produced normal trophoblast in the liver when implanted via the portal system, even in the presence of extensive necrosis. The inhibiting factor, which is apparently produced in the lung, is being investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:904813", "title": "The influence of acupuncture stimulation during pregnancy: the induction and inhibition of labor.", "content": "Uterine response to electroacupuncture stimulation of specific sites of the extremities is demonstrated in 60 pregnant women--48 cases for labor induction and 12 cases for inhibition of premature labor. In the 34 term, post-term, and 7 intrauterine fetal death cases, induction of labor was attempted; in 32 cases delivery was achieved, resulting in a success rate of 78%. In 7 cases of midterm abortion attempts, all failed to respond. Of the 12 cases of premature labor, with the exception of 1 case, all carried the pregnancy to term, resulting in a success rate of 91.6%. Based on these clinical observations, electroacupuncture may become a useful tool in controlling labor. The possible mechanism of action is discussed. Further investigation and standardization of this technique is proposed.", "contents": "The influence of acupuncture stimulation during pregnancy: the induction and inhibition of labor. Uterine response to electroacupuncture stimulation of specific sites of the extremities is demonstrated in 60 pregnant women--48 cases for labor induction and 12 cases for inhibition of premature labor. In the 34 term, post-term, and 7 intrauterine fetal death cases, induction of labor was attempted; in 32 cases delivery was achieved, resulting in a success rate of 78%. In 7 cases of midterm abortion attempts, all failed to respond. Of the 12 cases of premature labor, with the exception of 1 case, all carried the pregnancy to term, resulting in a success rate of 91.6%. Based on these clinical observations, electroacupuncture may become a useful tool in controlling labor. The possible mechanism of action is discussed. Further investigation and standardization of this technique is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:904815", "title": "A new prenatal cardiac diagnostic device for congenital heart disease.", "content": "A unique case of congenital heart disease and complete heart block diagnosed by fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) and phonocardiogram recorded initially at 32 weeks gestation is presented. The slow, regular fetal heart rate of approximately 50 beats/min with bizarre QRS and a diamond-shaped murmur beginning with the fetal QRS complex made a diagnosis of complete heart block (CHB) and associated congenital heart disease highly probable. Direct fetal electrocardiograms (FECG) recorded during labor and vaginal delivery at term confirmed the diagnosis of completel atrioventricular block. Cardiac catheterization at 1 day of age showed multiple congenital heart anomalies. The infant developed signs of congestive heart failure and transvenous pacemaker was successfully placed; however, he died at 9 days of age of sepsis and renal failure.", "contents": "A new prenatal cardiac diagnostic device for congenital heart disease. A unique case of congenital heart disease and complete heart block diagnosed by fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) and phonocardiogram recorded initially at 32 weeks gestation is presented. The slow, regular fetal heart rate of approximately 50 beats/min with bizarre QRS and a diamond-shaped murmur beginning with the fetal QRS complex made a diagnosis of complete heart block (CHB) and associated congenital heart disease highly probable. Direct fetal electrocardiograms (FECG) recorded during labor and vaginal delivery at term confirmed the diagnosis of completel atrioventricular block. Cardiac catheterization at 1 day of age showed multiple congenital heart anomalies. The infant developed signs of congestive heart failure and transvenous pacemaker was successfully placed; however, he died at 9 days of age of sepsis and renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:904816", "title": "The etiology of preeclampsia: a hypothesis.", "content": "Recent investigations into the pathophysiology and immunobiology of preeclampsia have strongly implicated immunologic dysfunction as a central feature of this disease. A hypothesis is herein presented which unifies current research with clinical manifestations, in an attempt to clarify the etiology of this obstetric enigma.", "contents": "The etiology of preeclampsia: a hypothesis. Recent investigations into the pathophysiology and immunobiology of preeclampsia have strongly implicated immunologic dysfunction as a central feature of this disease. A hypothesis is herein presented which unifies current research with clinical manifestations, in an attempt to clarify the etiology of this obstetric enigma."}
{"id": "PMID:904817", "title": "Fetal monitoring: psychologic consequences and management recommendations.", "content": "The psychologic consequences of fetal monitoring were investigated by means of structured interviews with 35 postpartum women. Both beneficial and detrimental effects associated with the use of fetal monitors were identified. Personality characteristics and past experiences with pregnancy and labor were found to be factors shaping the manner in which the monitor was experienced. Areas of prepartum and intrapartum care indentified in which the potential for maximizing the beneficial aspects of monitoring and reducing the detrimental ones exist. Specific management recommendations are given.", "contents": "Fetal monitoring: psychologic consequences and management recommendations. The psychologic consequences of fetal monitoring were investigated by means of structured interviews with 35 postpartum women. Both beneficial and detrimental effects associated with the use of fetal monitors were identified. Personality characteristics and past experiences with pregnancy and labor were found to be factors shaping the manner in which the monitor was experienced. Areas of prepartum and intrapartum care indentified in which the potential for maximizing the beneficial aspects of monitoring and reducing the detrimental ones exist. Specific management recommendations are given."}
{"id": "PMID:904818", "title": "Four-vessel umbilical cord associated with multiple congenital anomalies.", "content": "A case is described in which it was found at autopsy that the umbilical cord of a macerated stillborn infant had four patent vessels (two arteries and two veins) throughout its length. This was due to a rare persistence of the caudal portion of the right umbilical vein. The infant had multiple congenital anomalies including complete thoracic ectopia cordis, a symmetrical bifid liver, severe bilateral cleft lip and palate with absent soft palate and uvula , and cecum mobile. The autopsy findings are detailed and the relevant literature and embryology briefly discussed.", "contents": "Four-vessel umbilical cord associated with multiple congenital anomalies. A case is described in which it was found at autopsy that the umbilical cord of a macerated stillborn infant had four patent vessels (two arteries and two veins) throughout its length. This was due to a rare persistence of the caudal portion of the right umbilical vein. The infant had multiple congenital anomalies including complete thoracic ectopia cordis, a symmetrical bifid liver, severe bilateral cleft lip and palate with absent soft palate and uvula , and cecum mobile. The autopsy findings are detailed and the relevant literature and embryology briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904847", "title": "[Influence of mutant genes on crystallin synthesis in the forming mouse lens. II. Fidget and ocular retardation genes].", "content": "The beginning of synthesis and the localization of alpha- and gamma-crystallins in the developing lenses of the 10-13 and 15 days old mouse embryos of the genotypes fi/fi +/+, +/+ or/or, fi/fi or/or and +/+ +/+ were studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence. The synthesis of crystallins in the mutant embryos with the exception of the embryo +/+ or/or was shown to begin somewhat later than in the normal ones but to proceed in all defective lenses, irrespective of the degree of defect. Hence, the activation of the genes controlling the synthesis of alpha-crystallins begins at the early stages of lens development and the synthesis of these proteins proceeds even during the abnormal with the slowing down of the formation of primary lens fibers. In the cases of strong defects of morphogenesis in the fi/fi +/+ and, especially, fi/fi or/or, embryos gamma-crystallins were not detected. The synthesis of gamma-crystallins appears to begin at the final stages of lens fiber differentiation.", "contents": "[Influence of mutant genes on crystallin synthesis in the forming mouse lens. II. Fidget and ocular retardation genes]. The beginning of synthesis and the localization of alpha- and gamma-crystallins in the developing lenses of the 10-13 and 15 days old mouse embryos of the genotypes fi/fi +/+, +/+ or/or, fi/fi or/or and +/+ +/+ were studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence. The synthesis of crystallins in the mutant embryos with the exception of the embryo +/+ or/or was shown to begin somewhat later than in the normal ones but to proceed in all defective lenses, irrespective of the degree of defect. Hence, the activation of the genes controlling the synthesis of alpha-crystallins begins at the early stages of lens development and the synthesis of these proteins proceeds even during the abnormal with the slowing down of the formation of primary lens fibers. In the cases of strong defects of morphogenesis in the fi/fi +/+ and, especially, fi/fi or/or, embryos gamma-crystallins were not detected. The synthesis of gamma-crystallins appears to begin at the final stages of lens fiber differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:904848", "title": "[Morphofunctional features of the development of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system and adenohypophysis in the round goby Gobius melanostomas Pallas during early ontogenesis].", "content": "The formation of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS) and adenohypophysis in the round goby takes place during the embryogenesis. The HHNS functional differentiation begins earlier than the anatomical one. The Homori-positive neurosecretory material was found in the neurohypophysis of one day old larvae. The first, within 7-10 days after the hatching, to be differentiated are the acidophilic cells of mesoadenohypophysis, then, on the 10-15th day, the acidophilic cells of proadenohypophysis and on the 20-25th day the basophilic cells of mesoadenohypophysis which perform the thyrotropic function and the cells of metadenohypophysis. The early development of the morpho-functional interrelations between HHNS and adenohypophysis is noted which ensures the realization of specific adaptations at the early stages of ontogenesis. The role of homoriphilic neurosecretory substance in the differentiation of glandular cells and the regulation of adenohypohysial functions is discussed.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional features of the development of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system and adenohypophysis in the round goby Gobius melanostomas Pallas during early ontogenesis]. The formation of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS) and adenohypophysis in the round goby takes place during the embryogenesis. The HHNS functional differentiation begins earlier than the anatomical one. The Homori-positive neurosecretory material was found in the neurohypophysis of one day old larvae. The first, within 7-10 days after the hatching, to be differentiated are the acidophilic cells of mesoadenohypophysis, then, on the 10-15th day, the acidophilic cells of proadenohypophysis and on the 20-25th day the basophilic cells of mesoadenohypophysis which perform the thyrotropic function and the cells of metadenohypophysis. The early development of the morpho-functional interrelations between HHNS and adenohypophysis is noted which ensures the realization of specific adaptations at the early stages of ontogenesis. The role of homoriphilic neurosecretory substance in the differentiation of glandular cells and the regulation of adenohypohysial functions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904849", "title": "[Effect of actinomycin D on development of the ocular imaginal disks of drosophila].", "content": "The actinomycin D treated discs were transplanted into imago or larvae ready for pupation to determine the period of synthesis of mRNA's engaged in eye development during the development of eye imaginal discs. When transplanting 24, 48 and 72 hrs eye imaginal discs into larvae ready for pupation, no inhibition of either eye pigment synthesis, or cuticular structure development by actinomycin D was found. When transplanting actinomycin D treated 72 hrs and prepupal eye imaginal discs into imago, the inhibition of eye pigment synthesis was found only in 72 hrs discs.", "contents": "[Effect of actinomycin D on development of the ocular imaginal disks of drosophila]. The actinomycin D treated discs were transplanted into imago or larvae ready for pupation to determine the period of synthesis of mRNA's engaged in eye development during the development of eye imaginal discs. When transplanting 24, 48 and 72 hrs eye imaginal discs into larvae ready for pupation, no inhibition of either eye pigment synthesis, or cuticular structure development by actinomycin D was found. When transplanting actinomycin D treated 72 hrs and prepupal eye imaginal discs into imago, the inhibition of eye pigment synthesis was found only in 72 hrs discs."}
{"id": "PMID:904850", "title": "[Expression of genes controlling esterases during the embryonic development of hybrid fish].", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility of several enzymes was studied in the embryos and early larvae of the hybrids between the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) and the aquarial cyprinids and cobitids (Acanthophthalmus). The cytosol aspartate aminotransferase is represented by one protein with the same mobility at all developmental stages both in the loach and in the hybrids. Malate dehydrogenase manifests four bands of isozymes which suffer no changes during the development. The electrophoretic profile of lactate dehydrogenase remains constant (10 isozymes) until hatching, but only 5 isozymes are found in the 5 days old larvae. Similar changes occur in the Misgurnus X Acanthophthalmus hybrids. The nonspecific esterases are represented by several proteins with different activities; their number increases after hatching. In the oocytes and adult specimens of Acanthophthalmus a characteristic and very active esterase was found which is absent in the loach. In the Misgurnus X Acanthophthalmus hybrids this esterase appears prior to the hatching and its activity later increases. Thus, the expression of the gene of one esterase begins in the end of embryogenesis.", "contents": "[Expression of genes controlling esterases during the embryonic development of hybrid fish]. The electrophoretic mobility of several enzymes was studied in the embryos and early larvae of the hybrids between the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) and the aquarial cyprinids and cobitids (Acanthophthalmus). The cytosol aspartate aminotransferase is represented by one protein with the same mobility at all developmental stages both in the loach and in the hybrids. Malate dehydrogenase manifests four bands of isozymes which suffer no changes during the development. The electrophoretic profile of lactate dehydrogenase remains constant (10 isozymes) until hatching, but only 5 isozymes are found in the 5 days old larvae. Similar changes occur in the Misgurnus X Acanthophthalmus hybrids. The nonspecific esterases are represented by several proteins with different activities; their number increases after hatching. In the oocytes and adult specimens of Acanthophthalmus a characteristic and very active esterase was found which is absent in the loach. In the Misgurnus X Acanthophthalmus hybrids this esterase appears prior to the hatching and its activity later increases. Thus, the expression of the gene of one esterase begins in the end of embryogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:904851", "title": "[Fibroblast differentiation during collagen formation].", "content": "The successive differentiation in the series lymphocyte--(lymphocyte-type cell--precursor)--weakly differentiated cell (polyblast)--profibroblast--fibroblast was shown by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In the focus of aseptic inflammation and in the zones of pneumosclerosis (silicosis), the ultrastructural and cytochemical cell rearrangement took place which was accompanied by the development of protein synthesizing organelles and the formation of folded surface. The collagen fibers run from the surface of the differentiated fibroblasts in the ground substance and preserve the direction of their growth with respect to the spatial position of cells.", "contents": "[Fibroblast differentiation during collagen formation]. The successive differentiation in the series lymphocyte--(lymphocyte-type cell--precursor)--weakly differentiated cell (polyblast)--profibroblast--fibroblast was shown by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In the focus of aseptic inflammation and in the zones of pneumosclerosis (silicosis), the ultrastructural and cytochemical cell rearrangement took place which was accompanied by the development of protein synthesizing organelles and the formation of folded surface. The collagen fibers run from the surface of the differentiated fibroblasts in the ground substance and preserve the direction of their growth with respect to the spatial position of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:904854", "title": "[Sources of several errors in DNA cytofluorimetry].", "content": "It was shown that serious errors in DNA cytofluorimetry may be due to incorrect illumination of photocathode of the photomultiplier in the cytofluorimeters and non-observance of the requirements to the nuclear structures of the cells under measurement with respect to their chemical integrity and thickness. The methods of the optimal illumination of photocathode in the cytofluorimeters and the criteria of selection of the nuclear structures on slides are considered with the aim of obtaining the objective results of DNA cytofluorimetry.", "contents": "[Sources of several errors in DNA cytofluorimetry]. It was shown that serious errors in DNA cytofluorimetry may be due to incorrect illumination of photocathode of the photomultiplier in the cytofluorimeters and non-observance of the requirements to the nuclear structures of the cells under measurement with respect to their chemical integrity and thickness. The methods of the optimal illumination of photocathode in the cytofluorimeters and the criteria of selection of the nuclear structures on slides are considered with the aim of obtaining the objective results of DNA cytofluorimetry."}
{"id": "PMID:904855", "title": "[Instability and stability in biological morphogenesis].", "content": "The concept of morphogenesis is determined and the mathematical image of the developing system is considered. A certain amount of stable and unstable states and slow changes of the potential relief (parameters) are inherent in the latter. The developing systems are intermediate between the deterministic and statistic ones. They are distinctly multiple-levelled. The microprocesses of morphogenesis and the laws of macromorphogenesis are described, the instabilities and stable periods of morphogenesis are considered. All of them in the multiple-leveled system tend to the formation of through hierarchies, or cascades, where the upper levels parametrize the lower ones. This tendency increases as the evolutionary progress proceeds. The genetic regulation is considered also as a parametric regulation in the domains of instabilities. The approach contemplated may be considered both as the generalization of the available data and as the programme of investigation, more adequate to the biological reality than the causal-analytical methodology.", "contents": "[Instability and stability in biological morphogenesis]. The concept of morphogenesis is determined and the mathematical image of the developing system is considered. A certain amount of stable and unstable states and slow changes of the potential relief (parameters) are inherent in the latter. The developing systems are intermediate between the deterministic and statistic ones. They are distinctly multiple-levelled. The microprocesses of morphogenesis and the laws of macromorphogenesis are described, the instabilities and stable periods of morphogenesis are considered. All of them in the multiple-leveled system tend to the formation of through hierarchies, or cascades, where the upper levels parametrize the lower ones. This tendency increases as the evolutionary progress proceeds. The genetic regulation is considered also as a parametric regulation in the domains of instabilities. The approach contemplated may be considered both as the generalization of the available data and as the programme of investigation, more adequate to the biological reality than the causal-analytical methodology."}
{"id": "PMID:904856", "title": "[Glycolysis in the eye tissues of the rabbit in ontogeny. II. The dynamics of the changes in the level of glycolysis and lactic acid intermediates].", "content": "The level of intermediates of glycolysis (hexose monophosphates, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, pyruvate) and the rate of lactic acid synthesis (under the aerobic conditions without substrates and in the presence of glucose, glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-diphosphate) were measured in the eye tissues (retina, iris, ciliary bodies, uvea) of rabbits of different age. The rate of lactic acid synthesis under the aerobic conditions in the retina and uveal tract increases of the latter the rate of lactic acid synthesis was the highest. The greatest increase in the lactic acid content was observed during the first 15 days of postnatal development.", "contents": "[Glycolysis in the eye tissues of the rabbit in ontogeny. II. The dynamics of the changes in the level of glycolysis and lactic acid intermediates]. The level of intermediates of glycolysis (hexose monophosphates, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, pyruvate) and the rate of lactic acid synthesis (under the aerobic conditions without substrates and in the presence of glucose, glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-diphosphate) were measured in the eye tissues (retina, iris, ciliary bodies, uvea) of rabbits of different age. The rate of lactic acid synthesis under the aerobic conditions in the retina and uveal tract increases of the latter the rate of lactic acid synthesis was the highest. The greatest increase in the lactic acid content was observed during the first 15 days of postnatal development."}
{"id": "PMID:904857", "title": "[Multiple forms of alkaline and acid phosphatases in rat tissues in the postnatal period].", "content": "The content of multiple forms of alkaline and acid phosphatases in different tissues during the rat postnatal ontogenesis was studied by means of electrophoresis in agar gel. The distribution of enzymes in subcellular structures and their sensitivity to some inhibitors are estimated.", "contents": "[Multiple forms of alkaline and acid phosphatases in rat tissues in the postnatal period]. The content of multiple forms of alkaline and acid phosphatases in different tissues during the rat postnatal ontogenesis was studied by means of electrophoresis in agar gel. The distribution of enzymes in subcellular structures and their sensitivity to some inhibitors are estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:904858", "title": "[Effect of colchicine and 3H-thymidine on the proliferation and mitotic cycle of chick embryo cells in the gastrulation period].", "content": "The effect of colchicine and 3H-thymidine on the proliferation and mitotic cycle of cells of different rudiments of the chick embryo has been studied during gastrulation. Colchicine (1-10-6 g/ml) was shown not to influence both the portion of cells synthesizing DNA and entering mitosis and the intensity of DNA synthesis. No changes in the intensity of cell entrance in mitosis and the frequency of mitotic figures were found following the injection of 3H-thymidine (4.1 Cu/mM) at a dose of 2.5 muCu per egg. Taking into account the great possibilities of the complex utilization of stathmokinetic and autoradiographic methods for studying the kinetics of developing cell populations, a conclusion is drawn that the chick embryo at the early developmental stages is a convenient model for such an analysis.", "contents": "[Effect of colchicine and 3H-thymidine on the proliferation and mitotic cycle of chick embryo cells in the gastrulation period]. The effect of colchicine and 3H-thymidine on the proliferation and mitotic cycle of cells of different rudiments of the chick embryo has been studied during gastrulation. Colchicine (1-10-6 g/ml) was shown not to influence both the portion of cells synthesizing DNA and entering mitosis and the intensity of DNA synthesis. No changes in the intensity of cell entrance in mitosis and the frequency of mitotic figures were found following the injection of 3H-thymidine (4.1 Cu/mM) at a dose of 2.5 muCu per egg. Taking into account the great possibilities of the complex utilization of stathmokinetic and autoradiographic methods for studying the kinetics of developing cell populations, a conclusion is drawn that the chick embryo at the early developmental stages is a convenient model for such an analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:904860", "title": "[Malate dehydrogenase isoenzyme induction in an Acetabularia chloroplast fraction with nuclear transplants].", "content": "Changes in isozymes of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in the chloroplast fraction under the transplantation of the A. crenulata nuclei in the A. mediterranea anuclear fragments were studied by means of electrophoresis in polyacrilamide gel. Within 30 days after the transplantation the nucleus induces in the chloroplast fraction MDH isozymes similar by the electrophoretic mobility with those of A. crenulata. The induction of such isozymes was observed both in the plants with the morphological characters of A. crenulata and the fragments which have not formed the reproductive caps, as well as under the transplantation of a small amount of cytoplasm from A. crenulata with chloroplasts in the anuclear fragments of A. mediterranea.", "contents": "[Malate dehydrogenase isoenzyme induction in an Acetabularia chloroplast fraction with nuclear transplants]. Changes in isozymes of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in the chloroplast fraction under the transplantation of the A. crenulata nuclei in the A. mediterranea anuclear fragments were studied by means of electrophoresis in polyacrilamide gel. Within 30 days after the transplantation the nucleus induces in the chloroplast fraction MDH isozymes similar by the electrophoretic mobility with those of A. crenulata. The induction of such isozymes was observed both in the plants with the morphological characters of A. crenulata and the fragments which have not formed the reproductive caps, as well as under the transplantation of a small amount of cytoplasm from A. crenulata with chloroplasts in the anuclear fragments of A. mediterranea."}
{"id": "PMID:904861", "title": "Restoration of binocular vision.", "content": "Numerous studies have shown that pseudophakic surgery is a better (because it is a more natural) method of restoring binocularity than contact lenses or aphakic spectacles provided that the potential for binocular vision was present before the onset of the cataract(s). However, this restoration is achieved more easily in some groups of patients than others. Unilateral: Excellent prognosis for binocularity is retained for many years--even 50-60 years--in adult unilateral traumatic cataract/aphakia. At the other extreme are patients born with one normal eye and the other containing a well-marked cataract. In unilateral traumatic cataract/aphakia in children the potential for restoration of binocularity is related to age--the older the child, the better the chances. To achieve binocularity central vision must not fall below 20/70 in each eye. Bilateral: There is not much to choose between pseudophakia and contact lenses; both are effective in restoring binocularity, and both are superior in this respect to cataract spectacles of keratophakia.", "contents": "Restoration of binocular vision. Numerous studies have shown that pseudophakic surgery is a better (because it is a more natural) method of restoring binocularity than contact lenses or aphakic spectacles provided that the potential for binocular vision was present before the onset of the cataract(s). However, this restoration is achieved more easily in some groups of patients than others. Unilateral: Excellent prognosis for binocularity is retained for many years--even 50-60 years--in adult unilateral traumatic cataract/aphakia. At the other extreme are patients born with one normal eye and the other containing a well-marked cataract. In unilateral traumatic cataract/aphakia in children the potential for restoration of binocularity is related to age--the older the child, the better the chances. To achieve binocularity central vision must not fall below 20/70 in each eye. Bilateral: There is not much to choose between pseudophakia and contact lenses; both are effective in restoring binocularity, and both are superior in this respect to cataract spectacles of keratophakia."}
{"id": "PMID:904862", "title": "Iris plane pseudophakoi (Copeland lens): prevention of synechiae formation.", "content": "The iris plan Copeland lens was inserted in 56 cases. A high incidence of synechiae and retrolental membrane formation was noted. This could be prevented or reduced in severity by the controlled use of pupil dilatation in the postoperative period.", "contents": "Iris plane pseudophakoi (Copeland lens): prevention of synechiae formation. The iris plan Copeland lens was inserted in 56 cases. A high incidence of synechiae and retrolental membrane formation was noted. This could be prevented or reduced in severity by the controlled use of pupil dilatation in the postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:904863", "title": "Pars plana vitrectomy for complications of intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "Several clinical situations have been presented in which pars plana vitrectomy has proven beneficial in the treatment of vitreous complications of lens implantation. Removal of the central opacity and enlargement of the pupil are essential to improve vision, relieve pupillary block and achieve an adequate view of the retina. Pars plana vitrectomy offers a method for the controlled removal of membrane, vitreous and iris tissues without unnecessary distortion of anterior segment anatomy.", "contents": "Pars plana vitrectomy for complications of intraocular lens implantation. Several clinical situations have been presented in which pars plana vitrectomy has proven beneficial in the treatment of vitreous complications of lens implantation. Removal of the central opacity and enlargement of the pupil are essential to improve vision, relieve pupillary block and achieve an adequate view of the retina. Pars plana vitrectomy offers a method for the controlled removal of membrane, vitreous and iris tissues without unnecessary distortion of anterior segment anatomy."}
{"id": "PMID:904864", "title": "Ultrasonic fragmentation for retroimplant membranes and pupillary block.", "content": "Retroimplant membranes may produce a reduction in vision and/or pupillary block glaucoma. Ultrasonic fragmentation through the pars plana is a quick and easy method for relieving the condition. The technique is described in six cases in which it has been used.", "contents": "Ultrasonic fragmentation for retroimplant membranes and pupillary block. Retroimplant membranes may produce a reduction in vision and/or pupillary block glaucoma. Ultrasonic fragmentation through the pars plana is a quick and easy method for relieving the condition. The technique is described in six cases in which it has been used."}
{"id": "PMID:904865", "title": "Cystoid macular edema following intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "This presentation recounts the original description of CME and the more recent developments associated with intravenous fluorescein angiography in its study and diagnosis. The work of previous authors to show the incidence of CME and its possible prognosis are reviewed. Our findings in a retrospective study agree with the other authors and show that there is no particular increase in CME following intraocular  lens implantation regardless of the type of surgical procedure used. It is established that vitreous loss does increase the incidence of CME. A prospective study with routine intravenous fluorescein at six weeks is presented and shows an incidence that is below that found by other authors when it was performed following routine intracapsular cataract extraction.", "contents": "Cystoid macular edema following intraocular lens implantation. This presentation recounts the original description of CME and the more recent developments associated with intravenous fluorescein angiography in its study and diagnosis. The work of previous authors to show the incidence of CME and its possible prognosis are reviewed. Our findings in a retrospective study agree with the other authors and show that there is no particular increase in CME following intraocular  lens implantation regardless of the type of surgical procedure used. It is established that vitreous loss does increase the incidence of CME. A prospective study with routine intravenous fluorescein at six weeks is presented and shows an incidence that is below that found by other authors when it was performed following routine intracapsular cataract extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:904866", "title": "Indications for intraocular lens removal.", "content": "1. The indications for removing an intraocular lens (IOL) are: A. Chronic uveitis B. Endothelial corneal dystrophy C. Uncontrollalbe glaucoma D. Metal loop cutting pupillary sphincter E. Gross decentration of IOL (fibrous bands) F. Extraocular dislocation of IOL G. Recurrent severe hyphema H. Development of rubeosis iridis I. Removal of iris (1) Iris tumor (2) Epithelial downgrowth J. Endophthalmitis K. Unilateral IOL in pending bilateral aphakia 2. The following may be indications for removing and/or replacing and/or replacing an IOL: A. Wrong dioptric power B. Foreign body attached to IOL C. IOL covered with pigment D. Repair retinal detachment after extracapsular cataract extraction E. Choyce lens too short F. Dannheim IOL with absorbed supramid loop tips G. Dislocated Ridley IOL H. Sclero-conjunctival erosion of Strampelli's \"external-fixation\" IOL loop. The preceding analysis of problem areas is meant to specifically define when and why to remove or replace an IOL, or institute alternative forms of treatment. One is advised to obtain consultation or a second opinion before embarking on lens-removal surgery.", "contents": "Indications for intraocular lens removal. 1. The indications for removing an intraocular lens (IOL) are: A. Chronic uveitis B. Endothelial corneal dystrophy C. Uncontrollalbe glaucoma D. Metal loop cutting pupillary sphincter E. Gross decentration of IOL (fibrous bands) F. Extraocular dislocation of IOL G. Recurrent severe hyphema H. Development of rubeosis iridis I. Removal of iris (1) Iris tumor (2) Epithelial downgrowth J. Endophthalmitis K. Unilateral IOL in pending bilateral aphakia 2. The following may be indications for removing and/or replacing and/or replacing an IOL: A. Wrong dioptric power B. Foreign body attached to IOL C. IOL covered with pigment D. Repair retinal detachment after extracapsular cataract extraction E. Choyce lens too short F. Dannheim IOL with absorbed supramid loop tips G. Dislocated Ridley IOL H. Sclero-conjunctival erosion of Strampelli's \"external-fixation\" IOL loop. The preceding analysis of problem areas is meant to specifically define when and why to remove or replace an IOL, or institute alternative forms of treatment. One is advised to obtain consultation or a second opinion before embarking on lens-removal surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:904867", "title": "Intraocular lens in laboratory animals.", "content": "This report summarized the findings in 40 rabbit eyes undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction, 20 of which underwent intraocular lens implantation. The parameters of postoperative evaluation are shown to be limited by the susceptability of the rabbit cornea to corneal edema in the early postoperative phases. The only apparent parameter of statistical importance in this series, however, was the day at which the intraocular lens implanted eye returned to normal compared to the day that the non-implanted eye returned to normal. The fact that there is a 13-day difference in these eyes and the fact that this difference is statistically significant may be important. Pathologic examination of lens implanted eyes has shown that the surgical objectives of intracapsular loop fixation are quite feasible. Microscopic study also showed that there is minimal tissue response to the materials placed in the anterior chamber in this type of surgery.", "contents": "Intraocular lens in laboratory animals. This report summarized the findings in 40 rabbit eyes undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction, 20 of which underwent intraocular lens implantation. The parameters of postoperative evaluation are shown to be limited by the susceptability of the rabbit cornea to corneal edema in the early postoperative phases. The only apparent parameter of statistical importance in this series, however, was the day at which the intraocular lens implanted eye returned to normal compared to the day that the non-implanted eye returned to normal. The fact that there is a 13-day difference in these eyes and the fact that this difference is statistically significant may be important. Pathologic examination of lens implanted eyes has shown that the surgical objectives of intracapsular loop fixation are quite feasible. Microscopic study also showed that there is minimal tissue response to the materials placed in the anterior chamber in this type of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:904869", "title": "Intraocular lens surgery on a resident's service.", "content": "Twenty-three patients had intraocular lens surgery performed by eight separate ophthalmology residents over an eighteen month period of time. Adequate technical results were achieved in 19 of the 23 cases. Three patients had visual complications directly related to the intraocular lens surgery: two with bullous keratopathy and one with cystoid macular edema. By restricting surgical indications to older patients with good vision in the fellow eye and using general anesthesia in conjunction with the operating microscope, osmotic agents, intracapsular surgery, and close operative supervision, it is hoped that results will justify continued use of intraocular lenses on our resident's service.", "contents": "Intraocular lens surgery on a resident's service. Twenty-three patients had intraocular lens surgery performed by eight separate ophthalmology residents over an eighteen month period of time. Adequate technical results were achieved in 19 of the 23 cases. Three patients had visual complications directly related to the intraocular lens surgery: two with bullous keratopathy and one with cystoid macular edema. By restricting surgical indications to older patients with good vision in the fellow eye and using general anesthesia in conjunction with the operating microscope, osmotic agents, intracapsular surgery, and close operative supervision, it is hoped that results will justify continued use of intraocular lenses on our resident's service."}
{"id": "PMID:904870", "title": "The need for intraocular lens implantation in children.", "content": "The intraocular lens offers an additional experimental parameter to be considered for the visual rehabilitation of children with traumatic or unilateral infantile cataracts. The disadvantages of aphakic spectacles or contact lens and amblyopia have committed many of these eyes to the status of visual cripples. In this series of 41 patients, with a maximum of 24 months follow-up, it has been concluded that the IOL may be successfully implanted.", "contents": "The need for intraocular lens implantation in children. The intraocular lens offers an additional experimental parameter to be considered for the visual rehabilitation of children with traumatic or unilateral infantile cataracts. The disadvantages of aphakic spectacles or contact lens and amblyopia have committed many of these eyes to the status of visual cripples. In this series of 41 patients, with a maximum of 24 months follow-up, it has been concluded that the IOL may be successfully implanted."}
{"id": "PMID:904871", "title": "Orthoptic consequences of Binkhorst lens implantation for unilateral cataract.", "content": "Stereoacuity levels regained after uniocular lens implantation for unilateral cataract are related to the final visual acuity of the operated eye. They compare unfavorably with levels reported in normal populations and are unrelated to the period of monocularity and the residual optical defects of the operated eyes. Using random dot stereograms as a criterion, over a third of thirty-five patients remained stereoblind after treatment.", "contents": "Orthoptic consequences of Binkhorst lens implantation for unilateral cataract. Stereoacuity levels regained after uniocular lens implantation for unilateral cataract are related to the final visual acuity of the operated eye. They compare unfavorably with levels reported in normal populations and are unrelated to the period of monocularity and the residual optical defects of the operated eyes. Using random dot stereograms as a criterion, over a third of thirty-five patients remained stereoblind after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:904872", "title": "Extracapsular surgery and lens implantation.", "content": "Extracapsular surgery is an ideal type of cataract surgery in combination with lens implantation insofar as stability and fixation of the lens is greatly enhanced. However, a number of complications can be expected. The main probelms of extracapsular surgery is posterior capsule opacification. This is due to regeneration of germinal lens fibers. To prevent this a complete removal of cortical lens matter is advisable, even in lens implantation. This however requires special lenses, which have additional iris fixation.", "contents": "Extracapsular surgery and lens implantation. Extracapsular surgery is an ideal type of cataract surgery in combination with lens implantation insofar as stability and fixation of the lens is greatly enhanced. However, a number of complications can be expected. The main probelms of extracapsular surgery is posterior capsule opacification. This is due to regeneration of germinal lens fibers. To prevent this a complete removal of cortical lens matter is advisable, even in lens implantation. This however requires special lenses, which have additional iris fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:904873", "title": "Lens implantation surgery in the second eye.", "content": "In a series of 730 patients who underwent lens implant surgery, 44 (6%) had bilateral implants. Eighty-eight percent of these patients had at least one year's interval between operations and 50% more than two years. Surgery on the first eye resulted in vision of 20/40 or better in 86% of patients. Eighty-three percent of patients were 20/40 or better in the second eye following surgery. The principal cause of vision less than 20/40 was senile macular degeneration. Follow-up observation ranged from 4-96 months. Conservative criteria are advised for bilateral implant surgery, with an appropriate interval between operations considering the increased complexity of the implant procedure.", "contents": "Lens implantation surgery in the second eye. In a series of 730 patients who underwent lens implant surgery, 44 (6%) had bilateral implants. Eighty-eight percent of these patients had at least one year's interval between operations and 50% more than two years. Surgery on the first eye resulted in vision of 20/40 or better in 86% of patients. Eighty-three percent of patients were 20/40 or better in the second eye following surgery. The principal cause of vision less than 20/40 was senile macular degeneration. Follow-up observation ranged from 4-96 months. Conservative criteria are advised for bilateral implant surgery, with an appropriate interval between operations considering the increased complexity of the implant procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:904874", "title": "The Choyce Mark VIII anterior chamber implant: primary and secondary implantation compared.", "content": "The author only started primary Mark VIII implantation in 1970, and has only a modest total of 50 cases at this time. Therefore it is premature to draw too many conclusions when comparing this small series with secondary implantation going back over 20 years and covering approximately 1200 years. However the following tentative conclusions are drawn: 1. When confronted with pre-existing aphakia (particularly unilateral) the visual and psychological results of secondary Mark VIII implantation are excellent over a wide spectrum of indications and ocular states. It is a very adaptable and versatile implant--a true \"Implant for all Seasons\" as Clayman has said. 2. Primary Mark VIII implantation shows considerable promise, particularly when allied to a well-thought-out and carefully-executed microsurgical technique as devised by Tennant. The author is performing more and more primary implantations and regards second eyes as a very favorable indication.", "contents": "The Choyce Mark VIII anterior chamber implant: primary and secondary implantation compared. The author only started primary Mark VIII implantation in 1970, and has only a modest total of 50 cases at this time. Therefore it is premature to draw too many conclusions when comparing this small series with secondary implantation going back over 20 years and covering approximately 1200 years. However the following tentative conclusions are drawn: 1. When confronted with pre-existing aphakia (particularly unilateral) the visual and psychological results of secondary Mark VIII implantation are excellent over a wide spectrum of indications and ocular states. It is a very adaptable and versatile implant--a true \"Implant for all Seasons\" as Clayman has said. 2. Primary Mark VIII implantation shows considerable promise, particularly when allied to a well-thought-out and carefully-executed microsurgical technique as devised by Tennant. The author is performing more and more primary implantations and regards second eyes as a very favorable indication."}
{"id": "PMID:904875", "title": "Results of primary and secondary implants using Choyce Mark VIII lenses.", "content": "The author's experiences with the Choyce Mark VIII implant have been statistically reviewed. The results reveal no significant increase in complications over standard cataract extraction without implantation. Secondary implantation is compared with primary implantation. The results seem to support the author's position that secondary implantation with the Choyce lens carries a 3-5% incidence of complications which must be weighed against the patient's need for further rehabilitation. The importance of fixation in implantation has been reviewed from an historical standpoint to support the conclusion that the Choyce lens owes much of its superior results to its ideal fixation and lack of pseudophakodonesis.", "contents": "Results of primary and secondary implants using Choyce Mark VIII lenses. The author's experiences with the Choyce Mark VIII implant have been statistically reviewed. The results reveal no significant increase in complications over standard cataract extraction without implantation. Secondary implantation is compared with primary implantation. The results seem to support the author's position that secondary implantation with the Choyce lens carries a 3-5% incidence of complications which must be weighed against the patient's need for further rehabilitation. The importance of fixation in implantation has been reviewed from an historical standpoint to support the conclusion that the Choyce lens owes much of its superior results to its ideal fixation and lack of pseudophakodonesis."}
{"id": "PMID:904876", "title": "Intraocular lens implantation -- analysis of 500 consecutive cases.", "content": "The author analyzed 500 consecutive cases of intraocular lens (IOL) implantation performed in the past five years: the patients were unselected; 0.2% required enucleation (one case of epithelial downgrowth); 2% needed IOL removal; 3.6% suffered retinal detachment; males were three times as prone to retinal detachment and \"vitreitis\" as females; 7.5% experiences IOL subluxation; 10% required subsequent surgery for a variety of complications; 15% demonstrated clinical cystoid macular edema (CME); the lowest incidence of CME occurred with Copeland lenses (3.9%); the highest incidence of CME was seen with IOL's with metal loops (33%); 21% had CME following secondary implantation; 61% had no complications during surgery or the entire follow-up period. 79% had industrially-useful vision (20/40 or better); 95% had intracapsular extraction; there were no cases of endophthalmitis.", "contents": "Intraocular lens implantation -- analysis of 500 consecutive cases. The author analyzed 500 consecutive cases of intraocular lens (IOL) implantation performed in the past five years: the patients were unselected; 0.2% required enucleation (one case of epithelial downgrowth); 2% needed IOL removal; 3.6% suffered retinal detachment; males were three times as prone to retinal detachment and \"vitreitis\" as females; 7.5% experiences IOL subluxation; 10% required subsequent surgery for a variety of complications; 15% demonstrated clinical cystoid macular edema (CME); the lowest incidence of CME occurred with Copeland lenses (3.9%); the highest incidence of CME was seen with IOL's with metal loops (33%); 21% had CME following secondary implantation; 61% had no complications during surgery or the entire follow-up period. 79% had industrially-useful vision (20/40 or better); 95% had intracapsular extraction; there were no cases of endophthalmitis."}
{"id": "PMID:904877", "title": "Corneal edema: iris-clip lens implantation and simple intracapsular extraction compared.", "content": "Corneal edema following intracapsular lens extraction and iris-clip lens implantation was compared by assessing corneal thickness and epithelial edema. In a retrospective study the corneal thickness of twenty patients who had intracapsular lens extraction in one eye only was compared with twenty-six patients with iris-clip lens implants in one eye. There was no significant increase in corneal thickness in the operated eye in either group. In a prospective randomized controlled study, a smaller number of patients, had serial measurements of corneal thickness pre- and postoperatively. There was an increase in thickness in the immediate postoperative period for both groups. However, there was no significant difference between eyes which had simple extraction and those which had implants. The implanted eyes however had greater mean increase endothelial trauma in the initial period, compared to eyes with cataract extraction alone.", "contents": "Corneal edema: iris-clip lens implantation and simple intracapsular extraction compared. Corneal edema following intracapsular lens extraction and iris-clip lens implantation was compared by assessing corneal thickness and epithelial edema. In a retrospective study the corneal thickness of twenty patients who had intracapsular lens extraction in one eye only was compared with twenty-six patients with iris-clip lens implants in one eye. There was no significant increase in corneal thickness in the operated eye in either group. In a prospective randomized controlled study, a smaller number of patients, had serial measurements of corneal thickness pre- and postoperatively. There was an increase in thickness in the immediate postoperative period for both groups. However, there was no significant difference between eyes which had simple extraction and those which had implants. The implanted eyes however had greater mean increase endothelial trauma in the initial period, compared to eyes with cataract extraction alone."}
{"id": "PMID:904878", "title": "Secondary intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "Mere aphakia is not an indication for secondary intraocular lens implantation. However, many patients with positive indications may be benefited most strikingly by this procedure. These indications are illustrated and results of the author's first 65 secondary implantations are analyzed.", "contents": "Secondary intraocular lens implantation. Mere aphakia is not an indication for secondary intraocular lens implantation. However, many patients with positive indications may be benefited most strikingly by this procedure. These indications are illustrated and results of the author's first 65 secondary implantations are analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:904879", "title": "Iridocapsular lenses versus iris-clip lenses: comparison of the results and complications of 100 of each.", "content": "The results and complications of implantation of 100 iridocapsular and 100 iris-clip lenses are evaluated. The follow-up period for the first group varied from one to 25 months (mean 12 months) and from one to 43 months (mean 27 months) for the second group. I performed all of the operations and most of the follow-up examinations. Of the patients with iridocapsular lenses, 86 percent and of those with iris-clip lenses, 87 percent obtained a visual acuity of 0.5 (6/12) or better. Binocular vision, positive depth perception, and a small degree of aniseikonia (3% or less) are evident optical benefits. The complicatioons most frequently necessitating a second operation were retained lens material (17%) and repositioning the pseudophakos (6%) in the iridocapsular group. The four-loop lenses caused fewer problems; in one case, posterior luxation necessitated its removal.", "contents": "Iridocapsular lenses versus iris-clip lenses: comparison of the results and complications of 100 of each. The results and complications of implantation of 100 iridocapsular and 100 iris-clip lenses are evaluated. The follow-up period for the first group varied from one to 25 months (mean 12 months) and from one to 43 months (mean 27 months) for the second group. I performed all of the operations and most of the follow-up examinations. Of the patients with iridocapsular lenses, 86 percent and of those with iris-clip lenses, 87 percent obtained a visual acuity of 0.5 (6/12) or better. Binocular vision, positive depth perception, and a small degree of aniseikonia (3% or less) are evident optical benefits. The complicatioons most frequently necessitating a second operation were retained lens material (17%) and repositioning the pseudophakos (6%) in the iridocapsular group. The four-loop lenses caused fewer problems; in one case, posterior luxation necessitated its removal."}
{"id": "PMID:904880", "title": "Corneal thickness measurements following intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "Corneal thickness measurements were carried out on patients who had undergone combined phacoemulsification cataract extraction with simultaneous intraocular lens implantation in one eye at least six months prior to the date of measurement. The unoperated eye served as control. Another group of patients who had undergone simultaneous phacoemulsification cataract extraction combined with intraocular lens implantation were followed over a two-month period of time, serial corneal thickness measurements being performed. The results indicate that, in surgery performed by experienced surgeons on carefully selected patients, phacoemulsification cataract extraction using the Kelman technique combined with intraocular lens implantation had no significant effect on corneal endothelial function as reflected in corneal thickness changes.", "contents": "Corneal thickness measurements following intraocular lens implantation. Corneal thickness measurements were carried out on patients who had undergone combined phacoemulsification cataract extraction with simultaneous intraocular lens implantation in one eye at least six months prior to the date of measurement. The unoperated eye served as control. Another group of patients who had undergone simultaneous phacoemulsification cataract extraction combined with intraocular lens implantation were followed over a two-month period of time, serial corneal thickness measurements being performed. The results indicate that, in surgery performed by experienced surgeons on carefully selected patients, phacoemulsification cataract extraction using the Kelman technique combined with intraocular lens implantation had no significant effect on corneal endothelial function as reflected in corneal thickness changes."}
{"id": "PMID:904882", "title": "Shape, number and localization of retinal tears in myopic over 8D, aphakic and traumatic cases of retinal detachment. An experience report.", "content": "For this experience report we have selected out of a total of 950 eyes with retinal detachment, 373 eyes and have sorted them out into three study groups: myopia over 8 d (197 eyes including 14 bilateral detachments), surgical aphakia (102 eyes) and traumatic detachment (74 eyes). With the help of tables and figures we tried to point out the form, number and localization of retinal tears in the eyes with retinal detachment in the above-mentioned groups. For fundus examinations we used routinely the binocular indirect ophthalmoscope without and with scleral depressor and the Goldmann three-mirror contact glass, also without and with scleral depressor. The striking features of the main types of retinal breaks in the three groups are commented, statistically analysed and compared.", "contents": "Shape, number and localization of retinal tears in myopic over 8D, aphakic and traumatic cases of retinal detachment. An experience report. For this experience report we have selected out of a total of 950 eyes with retinal detachment, 373 eyes and have sorted them out into three study groups: myopia over 8 d (197 eyes including 14 bilateral detachments), surgical aphakia (102 eyes) and traumatic detachment (74 eyes). With the help of tables and figures we tried to point out the form, number and localization of retinal tears in the eyes with retinal detachment in the above-mentioned groups. For fundus examinations we used routinely the binocular indirect ophthalmoscope without and with scleral depressor and the Goldmann three-mirror contact glass, also without and with scleral depressor. The striking features of the main types of retinal breaks in the three groups are commented, statistically analysed and compared."}
{"id": "PMID:904883", "title": "[Is angiodiathermocoagulation an outmoded operation?].", "content": "Following a short summary of the anatomical and physiological aspects of the surgical procedure, the authors present a series of 320 eyes operated upon by the method of angiodiathermocoagulation. Open-angle glaucoma, followed by aphakic glaucoma, respond the best to this procedure, the expected number of good results being approximately 25% where the criteria are severe. The low percentage of severe complications represents one of the greatest advantages of angiodiathermocoagulation, which may be recommended in desperate cases.", "contents": "[Is angiodiathermocoagulation an outmoded operation?]. Following a short summary of the anatomical and physiological aspects of the surgical procedure, the authors present a series of 320 eyes operated upon by the method of angiodiathermocoagulation. Open-angle glaucoma, followed by aphakic glaucoma, respond the best to this procedure, the expected number of good results being approximately 25% where the criteria are severe. The low percentage of severe complications represents one of the greatest advantages of angiodiathermocoagulation, which may be recommended in desperate cases."}
{"id": "PMID:904943", "title": "[LP-X in the first month of life (author's transl)].", "content": "An abnormal lipoprotein can be detected in the sera of patients suffering from intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis. The specificity of LP-X detection for the diagnosis of cholestasis in adult persons was proved by extensive investigations. The aim of this study was to examine the specificity of LP-X with regard to cholestasis in the postnatal phase of premature and newborn infants. 1056 sera of 270 newborns were tested and in 75% of these cases LP-X was found to be positive. Three hypothetical explanations are given concerning the appearance of LP-X in the sera of premature and newborn infants. The semi-quantitative determination of LP-X also represents a possibility for differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in the neonatal period.", "contents": "[LP-X in the first month of life (author's transl)]. An abnormal lipoprotein can be detected in the sera of patients suffering from intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis. The specificity of LP-X detection for the diagnosis of cholestasis in adult persons was proved by extensive investigations. The aim of this study was to examine the specificity of LP-X with regard to cholestasis in the postnatal phase of premature and newborn infants. 1056 sera of 270 newborns were tested and in 75% of these cases LP-X was found to be positive. Three hypothetical explanations are given concerning the appearance of LP-X in the sera of premature and newborn infants. The semi-quantitative determination of LP-X also represents a possibility for differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in the neonatal period."}
{"id": "PMID:904944", "title": "[Meningeal inflammatory diseases causing transverse lesions in childhood (arachnoiditis spinalis chronica and pachymeningitis spinalis hypertrophicans). Diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The Arachnoiditis spinalis and the Pachymeningitis spinals are seldom the cause of neurologic deficit. During infancy both illnesses are extremely rare. One illness with a Arachnoiditis spinalis chronica adhaesiva cystica and, for the first time one with a Pachymeningitis spinalis hypertrophicans could be observed. The signs show parallels to spinal tumors, but when inflammation is the origin, the early starting symptoms of tumors appear relatively late. Symptoms of the radix remain dominant. Myelography shows a typical drop shaped block in the case of Arachnoiditis. Diagnosis can be asured only histologically. Surgery may prevent remaining defects of the spine by decompression and may obtain a permanent success by the removal of local processes. When expanded changes occur, an additional chemotherapy with Prednisolon, perhaps in combination with Endoxan may cure the patient, as shown in our two cases.", "contents": "[Meningeal inflammatory diseases causing transverse lesions in childhood (arachnoiditis spinalis chronica and pachymeningitis spinalis hypertrophicans). Diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)]. The Arachnoiditis spinalis and the Pachymeningitis spinals are seldom the cause of neurologic deficit. During infancy both illnesses are extremely rare. One illness with a Arachnoiditis spinalis chronica adhaesiva cystica and, for the first time one with a Pachymeningitis spinalis hypertrophicans could be observed. The signs show parallels to spinal tumors, but when inflammation is the origin, the early starting symptoms of tumors appear relatively late. Symptoms of the radix remain dominant. Myelography shows a typical drop shaped block in the case of Arachnoiditis. Diagnosis can be asured only histologically. Surgery may prevent remaining defects of the spine by decompression and may obtain a permanent success by the removal of local processes. When expanded changes occur, an additional chemotherapy with Prednisolon, perhaps in combination with Endoxan may cure the patient, as shown in our two cases."}
{"id": "PMID:904945", "title": "[Simple examination of spastic movement disorders of the lower limbs in the infant age].", "content": "In 334 children active dorsiflexion of the feet was tested in order to screen for spasticity of the lower limbs. The conditions were: 1. The child lying supine. 2. The head turned actively and if this is not possible passively to the side of the examined foot. 3. Passive extension of the child's hip and knee of the examined side by the examinator. 4. Stimulation of the skin at the lateral and lower part of the shin, or the dorsum pedis or the anterior part of the toes and the planta pedis to provoke active dorsiflexion of the foot. Stimulation is done by the fingers of the examinator or by a slight touch with an ordinary handbrush. Dorsiflexion of the foot is graded \"normal\" if it surpasses 90--100 degrees, \"suspicious\" if it only reaches 90 degrees and \"pathologic\" if 90 degrees cannot be reached or if this can be done only on the medial side or if there is constant clawing of the toes even with sufficient dorsiflexion. We have examined 334 children; 260 of these were younger than one year. The results of this kind of stimulated dorsiflexion of the foot were compared with the results of the usual extensive neurological examination with regard to spasticity of the lower limbs (see literature) and with both of VOJTA's most sensible postural reactions. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. Spasticity of the lower limbs can be excluded with a high degree of probability when dorsiflexion of the feet is graded \"normal\". 2. If the dorsiflexion is graded \"suspicious\" or \"pathologic\" a more thorough neurological examination is warranted and if necessary short-term controls. 3. The results of this examination are in good agreement with the one of VOJTA's most sensitive postural reactions to indicate spasticity of the lower limbs.", "contents": "[Simple examination of spastic movement disorders of the lower limbs in the infant age]. In 334 children active dorsiflexion of the feet was tested in order to screen for spasticity of the lower limbs. The conditions were: 1. The child lying supine. 2. The head turned actively and if this is not possible passively to the side of the examined foot. 3. Passive extension of the child's hip and knee of the examined side by the examinator. 4. Stimulation of the skin at the lateral and lower part of the shin, or the dorsum pedis or the anterior part of the toes and the planta pedis to provoke active dorsiflexion of the foot. Stimulation is done by the fingers of the examinator or by a slight touch with an ordinary handbrush. Dorsiflexion of the foot is graded \"normal\" if it surpasses 90--100 degrees, \"suspicious\" if it only reaches 90 degrees and \"pathologic\" if 90 degrees cannot be reached or if this can be done only on the medial side or if there is constant clawing of the toes even with sufficient dorsiflexion. We have examined 334 children; 260 of these were younger than one year. The results of this kind of stimulated dorsiflexion of the foot were compared with the results of the usual extensive neurological examination with regard to spasticity of the lower limbs (see literature) and with both of VOJTA's most sensible postural reactions. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. Spasticity of the lower limbs can be excluded with a high degree of probability when dorsiflexion of the feet is graded \"normal\". 2. If the dorsiflexion is graded \"suspicious\" or \"pathologic\" a more thorough neurological examination is warranted and if necessary short-term controls. 3. The results of this examination are in good agreement with the one of VOJTA's most sensitive postural reactions to indicate spasticity of the lower limbs."}
{"id": "PMID:904946", "title": "[Excretion of D-glucaric-acid in newborns with non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia after phenobarbital treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The excretion of D-glucaric-acid during 24 hours in the urine, which is a measure for the activity of microsomal liver enzymes, was determined in 33 newborns. From 22 newborns with non-hemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia 11 were treated with 7.5 mg phenobarbital per kilogram bodyweight 5 days and afterwards the excretion of D-glucaric-acid was measured. In contrast to the untreated newborns there was a significant decrease of the bilirubin concentration in the serum and a concomitant increase of the D-glucaric acid excretion from 0,052 mumol/day/kg to 0,388 mumol/day/kg (mean values). A negative correlation (r = -0,51) could be calculated between the bilirubin concentration in the serum and the excretion of D-glucaric-acid after treatment with phenobarbital.", "contents": "[Excretion of D-glucaric-acid in newborns with non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia after phenobarbital treatment (author's transl)]. The excretion of D-glucaric-acid during 24 hours in the urine, which is a measure for the activity of microsomal liver enzymes, was determined in 33 newborns. From 22 newborns with non-hemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia 11 were treated with 7.5 mg phenobarbital per kilogram bodyweight 5 days and afterwards the excretion of D-glucaric-acid was measured. In contrast to the untreated newborns there was a significant decrease of the bilirubin concentration in the serum and a concomitant increase of the D-glucaric acid excretion from 0,052 mumol/day/kg to 0,388 mumol/day/kg (mean values). A negative correlation (r = -0,51) could be calculated between the bilirubin concentration in the serum and the excretion of D-glucaric-acid after treatment with phenobarbital."}
{"id": "PMID:904947", "title": "[Usefulness of the serum-xylose-test in comparison with small-intestine morphology in the malabsorption syndrome].", "content": "In 148 children, 4 months to 14 1/2 years old, 192 serum-xylose-tests (XT) and small bowel biopsies have been performed because of suspected intestinal malabsorption. The results of the XT and of the biopsies were compared to investigate the diagnostic value of the XT with respect to the morphology of the small bowel mucosa. Further we wanted to determine at which time after the oral intake of xylose the best correlation of XT and morphology can be expected. In children with normal mucosa the XT differed significantly from those with subtotal mucosal atrophy but not with partial villous atrophy. However, partial villous atrophy could be differentiated from subtotal villous atrophy with the same test. In children with subtotal villous atrophy a statistically significant age-dependency could be observed, comparing children being less or more than 2 years old and also a dependency from periods with gluten-free diet. Partial villous atrophy with or without coeliac disease cannot be differentiated by means of the XT. Best correlation of the XT and the morphology of the small bowel mucosa can be found 60 minutes after the oral xylose load; no additional information is obtained by more blood-xylose-determinations (e.g. 30, 90, 120, 180 minutes). Because of the rather high standard deviation of the individual blood xylose values no exact prediction can be made from the XT to the mucosal morphology. Therefore the XT is only of value for screening purposes and its results should not influence the indication for a small bowel biopsy, derived from clinical considerations.", "contents": "[Usefulness of the serum-xylose-test in comparison with small-intestine morphology in the malabsorption syndrome]. In 148 children, 4 months to 14 1/2 years old, 192 serum-xylose-tests (XT) and small bowel biopsies have been performed because of suspected intestinal malabsorption. The results of the XT and of the biopsies were compared to investigate the diagnostic value of the XT with respect to the morphology of the small bowel mucosa. Further we wanted to determine at which time after the oral intake of xylose the best correlation of XT and morphology can be expected. In children with normal mucosa the XT differed significantly from those with subtotal mucosal atrophy but not with partial villous atrophy. However, partial villous atrophy could be differentiated from subtotal villous atrophy with the same test. In children with subtotal villous atrophy a statistically significant age-dependency could be observed, comparing children being less or more than 2 years old and also a dependency from periods with gluten-free diet. Partial villous atrophy with or without coeliac disease cannot be differentiated by means of the XT. Best correlation of the XT and the morphology of the small bowel mucosa can be found 60 minutes after the oral xylose load; no additional information is obtained by more blood-xylose-determinations (e.g. 30, 90, 120, 180 minutes). Because of the rather high standard deviation of the individual blood xylose values no exact prediction can be made from the XT to the mucosal morphology. Therefore the XT is only of value for screening purposes and its results should not influence the indication for a small bowel biopsy, derived from clinical considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:904948", "title": "[Frequency of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in infancy and childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "266 children with iron deficiency were treated over a period of 2 years. The incidence rate and age distribution did not deviate much compared with former results. A different incidence of iron deficiency was found when 120 healthy children from 2 socially and economically different groups were examined. In both groups together the incidence rate of iron deficiency was 19%. But while in the socially higher standing group only 5% were afflicted, the other group showed 33%. This difference questions the value of generally iron medication and favours the opinion that iron deficiency indicates that children have not been looked after properly.", "contents": "[Frequency of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in infancy and childhood (author's transl)]. 266 children with iron deficiency were treated over a period of 2 years. The incidence rate and age distribution did not deviate much compared with former results. A different incidence of iron deficiency was found when 120 healthy children from 2 socially and economically different groups were examined. In both groups together the incidence rate of iron deficiency was 19%. But while in the socially higher standing group only 5% were afflicted, the other group showed 33%. This difference questions the value of generally iron medication and favours the opinion that iron deficiency indicates that children have not been looked after properly."}
{"id": "PMID:904949", "title": "[Current use of the sweat test (author's transl)].", "content": "A positive sweat test is still the principal diagnostic feature of cystic fibrosis. Repeated tests are mandatory in positive, borderline and any suspect cases. Pilocarpine iontophoresis and quantitative evaluation of sodium and/or chloride are the only acceptable test methods. Every effort must be made to avoid contamination of the sweat sample. Diagnostic values are more than 50 mequ/l for sodium and more than 60 mequ/l for chloride.", "contents": "[Current use of the sweat test (author's transl)]. A positive sweat test is still the principal diagnostic feature of cystic fibrosis. Repeated tests are mandatory in positive, borderline and any suspect cases. Pilocarpine iontophoresis and quantitative evaluation of sodium and/or chloride are the only acceptable test methods. Every effort must be made to avoid contamination of the sweat sample. Diagnostic values are more than 50 mequ/l for sodium and more than 60 mequ/l for chloride."}
{"id": "PMID:904950", "title": "Actin-like contractile protein in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis in the rat.", "content": "Cryostat sections of livers from rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 12 weeks were examined by indirect immunofluorescence for reactivity with human serum containing smooth muscle antibody (SMA). Increased binding of SMA serum to hepatocytes was observed as early as the first week of CCl4 treatment and remained enhanced during the 12 weeks of study. No difference in staining intensity was observed between pre-cirrhotic liver parenchymal cells and hepatocytes in regenerative nodules of frankly cirrhotic livers. In addition, granulation tissue fibroblasts in cirrhotic livers showed strong reactivity with SMA serum. The specificity of the staining reaction for actin was established by its prevention on neutralization absorptions of the serum with homogenates of smooth muscle or extracts containing actin derived from smooth muscle. Circulating SMA was not demonstrated in the serum of rats at any phase of the study. The observations show that there is an increased expression of actin-like protein in regenerating hepatocytes and granulation tissue fibroblasts in cirrhotic livers.", "contents": "Actin-like contractile protein in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis in the rat. Cryostat sections of livers from rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 12 weeks were examined by indirect immunofluorescence for reactivity with human serum containing smooth muscle antibody (SMA). Increased binding of SMA serum to hepatocytes was observed as early as the first week of CCl4 treatment and remained enhanced during the 12 weeks of study. No difference in staining intensity was observed between pre-cirrhotic liver parenchymal cells and hepatocytes in regenerative nodules of frankly cirrhotic livers. In addition, granulation tissue fibroblasts in cirrhotic livers showed strong reactivity with SMA serum. The specificity of the staining reaction for actin was established by its prevention on neutralization absorptions of the serum with homogenates of smooth muscle or extracts containing actin derived from smooth muscle. Circulating SMA was not demonstrated in the serum of rats at any phase of the study. The observations show that there is an increased expression of actin-like protein in regenerating hepatocytes and granulation tissue fibroblasts in cirrhotic livers."}
{"id": "PMID:904951", "title": "Fibrin-bound tumour cells on a sclerosed mitral valve.", "content": "The association of fibrin and tumour cells on a sclerosed mitral valve in a 62-year-old woman is described. This was the first indication of malignant disease but bilateral ovarian cancer was proved two months later. ino further tumour deposits have been found in fifteen months. The tumour deposit on the valve was most likely a metastasis but primary heart valve sarcoma has not been positively excluded. If the lesion was a secondary deposit this has possible implications for the role of fibrin in metastasis in humans.", "contents": "Fibrin-bound tumour cells on a sclerosed mitral valve. The association of fibrin and tumour cells on a sclerosed mitral valve in a 62-year-old woman is described. This was the first indication of malignant disease but bilateral ovarian cancer was proved two months later. ino further tumour deposits have been found in fifteen months. The tumour deposit on the valve was most likely a metastasis but primary heart valve sarcoma has not been positively excluded. If the lesion was a secondary deposit this has possible implications for the role of fibrin in metastasis in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:904953", "title": "Assessment of workload in the microbiology laboratory.", "content": "Workload measurement is necessary for laboratory management and planning. Adaptation of the College of American Pathologists' scheme to the requirements of a large clinical microbiology laboratory is described. Our method of applying basic work values is simpler and the calculation of workload is easily adapted to take account of alterations in laboratory method. The resulting system of workload measurement can be instituted without undue effort.", "contents": "Assessment of workload in the microbiology laboratory. Workload measurement is necessary for laboratory management and planning. Adaptation of the College of American Pathologists' scheme to the requirements of a large clinical microbiology laboratory is described. Our method of applying basic work values is simpler and the calculation of workload is easily adapted to take account of alterations in laboratory method. The resulting system of workload measurement can be instituted without undue effort."}
{"id": "PMID:904954", "title": "Basement membranes of small cardiac vessels in patients with diabetes and myxoedema: preliminary observations.", "content": "Ultrastructural observations on the basement membranes of small vessels from hearts of patients with diabetes, myxoedema and neither disease collected post mortem, reveal that the membranes of those with diabetes are nearly three times as thick as those in normal hearts (P less than 0.001), while in patients with myxoedema they are twice normal thickness (P less than 0.001). A significant difference was demonstrated between the thickness of the basement membrane in patients with diabetes and those with myxoedema (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Basement membranes of small cardiac vessels in patients with diabetes and myxoedema: preliminary observations. Ultrastructural observations on the basement membranes of small vessels from hearts of patients with diabetes, myxoedema and neither disease collected post mortem, reveal that the membranes of those with diabetes are nearly three times as thick as those in normal hearts (P less than 0.001), while in patients with myxoedema they are twice normal thickness (P less than 0.001). A significant difference was demonstrated between the thickness of the basement membrane in patients with diabetes and those with myxoedema (P less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:904955", "title": "The mast cell: II. Distribution and maturaiton in the peritoneal cavity of the young rat.", "content": "In rats aged 1/2 to 60 days, the development of the mesentery and omentum involves a substantial modification of the inital lymphatic supply of these membranes and the postnatal development of 'milk spots' of the omentum. In both membranes, mast cells are scarce at birth but progressively increase in number and maturation with increasing age of the rat. In the paravascular zones of the mesentery, mast cells are particularly associated with lymphatic vessels, rather than with blood vessels. Mast cells are also scarce at birth in the free peritoneal fluid, but increase progressively in number with increasing age of the rat. The initial population consists of about 90% stage 1 cells and 10% stage 2. Progressive maturation results in successive waves of stage 2 cells during the 2nd week, of stage 3 cells during the 2nd and 3rd weeks, and of stage 4 cells during the 3rd and 4th weeks. These and other results are interpreted to indicate that mast cells in free peritoneal fluid probably arise from free precursor cells rather than by migration from the peritoneal membranes.", "contents": "The mast cell: II. Distribution and maturaiton in the peritoneal cavity of the young rat. In rats aged 1/2 to 60 days, the development of the mesentery and omentum involves a substantial modification of the inital lymphatic supply of these membranes and the postnatal development of 'milk spots' of the omentum. In both membranes, mast cells are scarce at birth but progressively increase in number and maturation with increasing age of the rat. In the paravascular zones of the mesentery, mast cells are particularly associated with lymphatic vessels, rather than with blood vessels. Mast cells are also scarce at birth in the free peritoneal fluid, but increase progressively in number with increasing age of the rat. The initial population consists of about 90% stage 1 cells and 10% stage 2. Progressive maturation results in successive waves of stage 2 cells during the 2nd week, of stage 3 cells during the 2nd and 3rd weeks, and of stage 4 cells during the 3rd and 4th weeks. These and other results are interpreted to indicate that mast cells in free peritoneal fluid probably arise from free precursor cells rather than by migration from the peritoneal membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:904956", "title": "Malignant melanoma metastases in the placenta: a case report.", "content": "Although the coincidence of pregnancy and maternal malignancy is not rare, only 29 cases of metastases to the products of conception have been previously reported and of these, 14 have been of malignant melanoma. The present case of widespread maternal malignant melanoma metastasizing to the placenta further emphasizes this trend. The mother died of malanomatosis two weeks after induced labour at 36 weeks gestation. The infant, despite widespread placental involvement including apparent foetal vascular invasion, is well and without clinical evidence of disease five months after delivery.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma metastases in the placenta: a case report. Although the coincidence of pregnancy and maternal malignancy is not rare, only 29 cases of metastases to the products of conception have been previously reported and of these, 14 have been of malignant melanoma. The present case of widespread maternal malignant melanoma metastasizing to the placenta further emphasizes this trend. The mother died of malanomatosis two weeks after induced labour at 36 weeks gestation. The infant, despite widespread placental involvement including apparent foetal vascular invasion, is well and without clinical evidence of disease five months after delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:904957", "title": "Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a histological and histochemical study.", "content": "A case of Mullerian clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix occurring in a young women is presented. A detailed histological and histochemical study of this type of tumour is important so as to separate it from the clear cell tumour of mesoenphric origin. The association of Mullerian clear cell adenocarcinoma and other abnormalities of the vagina and cervix with the administration of maternal nonsteroidal oestrogens has been recently stressed in the literature. However, our patient is illustrative of the 30-50% of cases reported to date which have few if any of the associated abnormalities of the genital tract and have no known exposure to non-steroidal oestrogens.", "contents": "Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a histological and histochemical study. A case of Mullerian clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix occurring in a young women is presented. A detailed histological and histochemical study of this type of tumour is important so as to separate it from the clear cell tumour of mesoenphric origin. The association of Mullerian clear cell adenocarcinoma and other abnormalities of the vagina and cervix with the administration of maternal nonsteroidal oestrogens has been recently stressed in the literature. However, our patient is illustrative of the 30-50% of cases reported to date which have few if any of the associated abnormalities of the genital tract and have no known exposure to non-steroidal oestrogens."}
{"id": "PMID:904958", "title": "Benign vaginal rhabdomyoma.", "content": "A case of benign polypoid vaginal rhabdomyoma occurring in a 52-year-old female is described. The characteristic histological features were interlacing bands of striated muscle cells with prominent cross and longitudinal striations, with surrounding loose collagenous stroma, within which were many dilated vascular spaces. Electron microscopy confirmed the striated muscle origin of these cells. The pathogenesis is possibly a localized area of abnormal mesenchymal differentiation.", "contents": "Benign vaginal rhabdomyoma. A case of benign polypoid vaginal rhabdomyoma occurring in a 52-year-old female is described. The characteristic histological features were interlacing bands of striated muscle cells with prominent cross and longitudinal striations, with surrounding loose collagenous stroma, within which were many dilated vascular spaces. Electron microscopy confirmed the striated muscle origin of these cells. The pathogenesis is possibly a localized area of abnormal mesenchymal differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:904959", "title": "EEG feedback training in the treatment of epilepsy: some questions and some answers.", "content": "A basic question in EEG feedback training of epileptic patients is whether the decrease in seizures is specifically due to the training or to other factors. Questions may also be raised as to what EEG changes are involved. Preliminary results in five patients suggest that seizure reductions can occur with training which are not due to placebo or nonspecific effects or to changes in medication compliance. These changes occurred rapidly during EEG-contingent feedback training but not when feedback was random in relation to the EEG. Reliable changes in the EEG were also observed, but the question of which mechanism accounts for these results has yet to be answered.", "contents": "EEG feedback training in the treatment of epilepsy: some questions and some answers. A basic question in EEG feedback training of epileptic patients is whether the decrease in seizures is specifically due to the training or to other factors. Questions may also be raised as to what EEG changes are involved. Preliminary results in five patients suggest that seizure reductions can occur with training which are not due to placebo or nonspecific effects or to changes in medication compliance. These changes occurred rapidly during EEG-contingent feedback training but not when feedback was random in relation to the EEG. Reliable changes in the EEG were also observed, but the question of which mechanism accounts for these results has yet to be answered."}
{"id": "PMID:904960", "title": "Operant conditioning of the EEG in two patients with epilepsy: methodologic and clinical considerations.", "content": "Methodologic and clinical considerations are discussed in sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) biofeedback research on two dissimilar but severe epileptic males. The first case, an akinetic epileptic who prior to feedback training experienced 80-100 clinical seizures every 10 hours, showed considerable seizure reduction after 6 months of SMR and epileptiform training. A number of methodologic and instrumentation advances were pioneered with the akinetic patient: (1) development of and ultra-sharp band-pass filter; (2) use of epileptiform inhibit and feedback circuitry; (3) use of monetary rewards as additional incentive; (4) use of correlational analysis for evaluation of acquisition in the major dependent variables and; (5) use of noncontingent feedback and reinforcement as control techniques. The second case, a psychomotor epileptic, also showed therapeutic benefit from SMR training. Clinical information regarding the effect of anticonvulsant medications on the course and therapeutic outcome of SMR training are described. In conjunction with operant conditioning of 12 Hz activity, corresponding changes for other EEG parameters are examined.", "contents": "Operant conditioning of the EEG in two patients with epilepsy: methodologic and clinical considerations. Methodologic and clinical considerations are discussed in sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) biofeedback research on two dissimilar but severe epileptic males. The first case, an akinetic epileptic who prior to feedback training experienced 80-100 clinical seizures every 10 hours, showed considerable seizure reduction after 6 months of SMR and epileptiform training. A number of methodologic and instrumentation advances were pioneered with the akinetic patient: (1) development of and ultra-sharp band-pass filter; (2) use of epileptiform inhibit and feedback circuitry; (3) use of monetary rewards as additional incentive; (4) use of correlational analysis for evaluation of acquisition in the major dependent variables and; (5) use of noncontingent feedback and reinforcement as control techniques. The second case, a psychomotor epileptic, also showed therapeutic benefit from SMR training. Clinical information regarding the effect of anticonvulsant medications on the course and therapeutic outcome of SMR training are described. In conjunction with operant conditioning of 12 Hz activity, corresponding changes for other EEG parameters are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:904968", "title": "Prednisone effects on postnatal brain development of rats following maternal therapy.", "content": "16-beta-Metilprednisone was administered in the last week of pregnancy in order to study its effects on postnatal brain development of the litters. Two groups of pregnant inbred rats were used for the experiments. Group I received 1.25 mg/kg/day 16-beta-metilprednisone. Group II served as untreated controls. The litters were killed either within 24 hr after birth, at 17 days, or at 45 days of age. Treated litters (animals whose mothers received the steroid) had a decreased body weight at 17 days of age. Wet brain weight was decreased in the same group. At 17 and 45 days of life treated rats showed a dry brain weight lower than that of controls. Newborn and 17-day-old rats whose mothers received the steroid showed a decreased content of brain proteins. Total lipids, cholesterol, and phospholipids were reduced in the brain of treated rats at 45 days of life. Brain phospholipids were also decreased in 17-day-old rats. These results show that 16-beta-metilprednisone administration to pregnant rats produces long lasting changes in brain chemical composition.", "contents": "Prednisone effects on postnatal brain development of rats following maternal therapy. 16-beta-Metilprednisone was administered in the last week of pregnancy in order to study its effects on postnatal brain development of the litters. Two groups of pregnant inbred rats were used for the experiments. Group I received 1.25 mg/kg/day 16-beta-metilprednisone. Group II served as untreated controls. The litters were killed either within 24 hr after birth, at 17 days, or at 45 days of age. Treated litters (animals whose mothers received the steroid) had a decreased body weight at 17 days of age. Wet brain weight was decreased in the same group. At 17 and 45 days of life treated rats showed a dry brain weight lower than that of controls. Newborn and 17-day-old rats whose mothers received the steroid showed a decreased content of brain proteins. Total lipids, cholesterol, and phospholipids were reduced in the brain of treated rats at 45 days of life. Brain phospholipids were also decreased in 17-day-old rats. These results show that 16-beta-metilprednisone administration to pregnant rats produces long lasting changes in brain chemical composition."}
{"id": "PMID:904969", "title": "Effect of intermittent phototherapy on bilirubin dynamics in Gunn rats.", "content": "To determine whether continuous phototherapy is necessary to control neonatal jaundice, groups of jaundiced (Gunn) rats were exposed to four blue light regimens: continuous light, 30 min light/30 min dark, 6 min light/6 min dark, and 6 min light/18 min dark. An exponential decrease in serum bilirubin concentration (SBC) was found with all regimens. A logarithmic dose response curve was obtained with a 50% light dose exhibiting 75% efficacy, and a 25% light dose exhibiting 59% efficacy compared to continuous phototherapy. The time constants of the decrease in serum bilirubin concentration also varied logarithmically with doses with continuous therapy having a time constant of 1.4 days, and 6 min light/18 min dark therapy having a time constant of 3 days.", "contents": "Effect of intermittent phototherapy on bilirubin dynamics in Gunn rats. To determine whether continuous phototherapy is necessary to control neonatal jaundice, groups of jaundiced (Gunn) rats were exposed to four blue light regimens: continuous light, 30 min light/30 min dark, 6 min light/6 min dark, and 6 min light/18 min dark. An exponential decrease in serum bilirubin concentration (SBC) was found with all regimens. A logarithmic dose response curve was obtained with a 50% light dose exhibiting 75% efficacy, and a 25% light dose exhibiting 59% efficacy compared to continuous phototherapy. The time constants of the decrease in serum bilirubin concentration also varied logarithmically with doses with continuous therapy having a time constant of 1.4 days, and 6 min light/18 min dark therapy having a time constant of 3 days."}
{"id": "PMID:904970", "title": "Glycolytic metabolism of neonatal mononuclear cells.", "content": "The mononuclear cells of newborn infants compared to those of normal adults contain diminished activity of pyruvate kinase (PK) (14.9 +/- 1.2 vs. 22.3 +/- 1.3 mumol/10(10) cells/min) and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) (195 +/- 10 vs. 415 +/- 19). These deficiencies are accentuated in the cells of premature infants (4.9 +/- 0,5 and 71 +/- 15, respectively) and are accompanied by reduced activity of adenylate kinase (AK) (14.8 +/- 1.9 vs. 33.6 +/- 2.6). The activities of AK and PGK in adult and neonatal mononuclear cells are stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Although the PK activity of adult cells is stimulated by PHA, the PK activity of neonatal cells is not. Mononuclear cell glycolysis is stimulated by PHA in both adults and neonates. The mean lactate production of neonatal cells is slightly lower than it is in adult cells (93 vs. 110 mumol/10(10) cells/hr, unstimulated, and 151 vs. 181, stimulated), but the differences are not statistically significant. The ATP content of neonatal cells (3.8 +/- 0.4 mumol/ 10(10) cells) is reduced compared to adult values (6.0 +/- 0.3). Lactate production is directly correlated with PK activity in adult and neonatal mononuclear cells. Neonatal mononuclear cell PK activity increases to adult levels during the first year of life.", "contents": "Glycolytic metabolism of neonatal mononuclear cells. The mononuclear cells of newborn infants compared to those of normal adults contain diminished activity of pyruvate kinase (PK) (14.9 +/- 1.2 vs. 22.3 +/- 1.3 mumol/10(10) cells/min) and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) (195 +/- 10 vs. 415 +/- 19). These deficiencies are accentuated in the cells of premature infants (4.9 +/- 0,5 and 71 +/- 15, respectively) and are accompanied by reduced activity of adenylate kinase (AK) (14.8 +/- 1.9 vs. 33.6 +/- 2.6). The activities of AK and PGK in adult and neonatal mononuclear cells are stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Although the PK activity of adult cells is stimulated by PHA, the PK activity of neonatal cells is not. Mononuclear cell glycolysis is stimulated by PHA in both adults and neonates. The mean lactate production of neonatal cells is slightly lower than it is in adult cells (93 vs. 110 mumol/10(10) cells/hr, unstimulated, and 151 vs. 181, stimulated), but the differences are not statistically significant. The ATP content of neonatal cells (3.8 +/- 0.4 mumol/ 10(10) cells) is reduced compared to adult values (6.0 +/- 0.3). Lactate production is directly correlated with PK activity in adult and neonatal mononuclear cells. Neonatal mononuclear cell PK activity increases to adult levels during the first year of life."}
{"id": "PMID:904971", "title": "Acid-base status in dietary treatment of phenylketonuria.", "content": "Blood acid-base status, serum electrolytes, and urine pH were examined in 64 infants and children with phenylketonuria (PKU) treated with three different low phenylalanine protein hydrolyzates (Aponti, Cymogran, AlbumaidXP) and two synthetic amino acid mixtures (Aminogran, PAM). The formulas caused significant differences in acid-base status, serum potassium, and chloride, and in urine pH. In acid-base balance studies in two patients with PKU, Aponti, PAM, and two modifications of PAM (P2 + P3) were given. We observed a change from mild alkalosis to increasing metabolic acidosis from Aponti (serum bicarbonate 25,8 mval/liter) to P3 (24,0Y, P2 (19, 3) and PAM (17,0). Urine pH decreased and renal net acid excretion increased. In the formulas PAM, P2 and P3 differences in renal net acid excretion correlated with differences in chloride and sulfur contents of the diets and of the urines. New modifications of AlbumaidXP and of PAM, prepared according to our recommendations, showed normal renal net acid excretion (1 mEq/kg/24 hr) in a balance study performed in one patient with PKU and normal acid base status in 20 further patients.", "contents": "Acid-base status in dietary treatment of phenylketonuria. Blood acid-base status, serum electrolytes, and urine pH were examined in 64 infants and children with phenylketonuria (PKU) treated with three different low phenylalanine protein hydrolyzates (Aponti, Cymogran, AlbumaidXP) and two synthetic amino acid mixtures (Aminogran, PAM). The formulas caused significant differences in acid-base status, serum potassium, and chloride, and in urine pH. In acid-base balance studies in two patients with PKU, Aponti, PAM, and two modifications of PAM (P2 + P3) were given. We observed a change from mild alkalosis to increasing metabolic acidosis from Aponti (serum bicarbonate 25,8 mval/liter) to P3 (24,0Y, P2 (19, 3) and PAM (17,0). Urine pH decreased and renal net acid excretion increased. In the formulas PAM, P2 and P3 differences in renal net acid excretion correlated with differences in chloride and sulfur contents of the diets and of the urines. New modifications of AlbumaidXP and of PAM, prepared according to our recommendations, showed normal renal net acid excretion (1 mEq/kg/24 hr) in a balance study performed in one patient with PKU and normal acid base status in 20 further patients."}
{"id": "PMID:904972", "title": "Hereditary mitochondrial myopathy with lactic acidemia, a De Toni-Fanconi-Debr\u00e9 syndrome, and a defective respiratory chain in voluntary striated muscles.", "content": "A patient suffering froma mitochondrial myopathy leading to severe insufficiency of the voluntary muscles is described. Severe cerebral damage was present. Major biochemical symptoms were extreme lactic acidemia, hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphaturia, and generalized aminoaciduria, renal glucosuria, and polyuria. Muscular insufficiency resulted in lethal asphyxiz. All therapeutic trials were insufficient. The patient and two other children of the same family with a similar clinical picture all died before the 4th month of life. The condition is probably inherited in an autosomal recessive way. A defective respiratory chain in the mitochondria of the striated muscles is proposed as the underlying mechanism. Cytochromes aa3 were absent, b was nearly absent, but cc1 was present. In heart muscle cytochromes aa3 and b were at the level of the controls.", "contents": "Hereditary mitochondrial myopathy with lactic acidemia, a De Toni-Fanconi-Debr\u00e9 syndrome, and a defective respiratory chain in voluntary striated muscles. A patient suffering froma mitochondrial myopathy leading to severe insufficiency of the voluntary muscles is described. Severe cerebral damage was present. Major biochemical symptoms were extreme lactic acidemia, hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphaturia, and generalized aminoaciduria, renal glucosuria, and polyuria. Muscular insufficiency resulted in lethal asphyxiz. All therapeutic trials were insufficient. The patient and two other children of the same family with a similar clinical picture all died before the 4th month of life. The condition is probably inherited in an autosomal recessive way. A defective respiratory chain in the mitochondria of the striated muscles is proposed as the underlying mechanism. Cytochromes aa3 were absent, b was nearly absent, but cc1 was present. In heart muscle cytochromes aa3 and b were at the level of the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:904973", "title": "Multiple abnormalities of ectoglycosyltransferases in cultured fibroblasts from patients with mucolipidosis II: Possible indication for abnormal plasma membrane glycoproteins.", "content": "Ectoglycosyltransferase activities were measured in cultured normal and mucolipidosis II fibroblasts using endogenous glycoproteins and glycolipids and whole cells. Nucleotide pyrophosphatase, known to interfere with glycosyltransferases, was completely inhibited with 6 mM 5' AMP. Since preliminary experiments have shown multiple abnormalities of ectoglycosyltransferases in mucolipidosis II fibroblasts (Di Donato, unpublished results), galactosyl (Gal)-and N-acetylglucosaminyl (GluNac)-transferase were studied in further detail in confluent and nonconfluent cultures of normal and patient fibroblasts. Activities of both transferases on glycoproteins were higher in nonconfluent cultures. A 50% reduced activity of Gal-transferase was measured in confluent mucolipidosis II cultures and of GluNac-transferase in nonconfluent mucolipidosis II cultures towards incorporation of sugar precursors into glycoproteins. Substrate saturation kinetics of both transferases in mucolipidosis II fibroblasts revealed an abnormal Km for Gal incorporation into endogenous glycoproteins. Glycosylation of glycolipids in mucolipidosis fibroblasts was normal.", "contents": "Multiple abnormalities of ectoglycosyltransferases in cultured fibroblasts from patients with mucolipidosis II: Possible indication for abnormal plasma membrane glycoproteins. Ectoglycosyltransferase activities were measured in cultured normal and mucolipidosis II fibroblasts using endogenous glycoproteins and glycolipids and whole cells. Nucleotide pyrophosphatase, known to interfere with glycosyltransferases, was completely inhibited with 6 mM 5' AMP. Since preliminary experiments have shown multiple abnormalities of ectoglycosyltransferases in mucolipidosis II fibroblasts (Di Donato, unpublished results), galactosyl (Gal)-and N-acetylglucosaminyl (GluNac)-transferase were studied in further detail in confluent and nonconfluent cultures of normal and patient fibroblasts. Activities of both transferases on glycoproteins were higher in nonconfluent cultures. A 50% reduced activity of Gal-transferase was measured in confluent mucolipidosis II cultures and of GluNac-transferase in nonconfluent mucolipidosis II cultures towards incorporation of sugar precursors into glycoproteins. Substrate saturation kinetics of both transferases in mucolipidosis II fibroblasts revealed an abnormal Km for Gal incorporation into endogenous glycoproteins. Glycosylation of glycolipids in mucolipidosis fibroblasts was normal."}
{"id": "PMID:904975", "title": "The T gamma chain of human fetal hemoglobin at birth and in several abnormal hematologic conditions.", "content": "The T gamma chain of human fetal hemoglobin has a threonyl in stead of an isoleucyl residue in position 75. When the cord bloods from infants from varied ethnic backgrouds and geographic areas were tested for the presence of the T gamma chain, it was present in 28 or 98 samples. In some groups as many as 40% had the T gamma chain whereas none was detected in other. When the T gamma chain was present, its quantity was about 20% of the total gamma chains, but one case had 35%. Among beta-thalassemia homozygotes of the Mediterranean region, 70% and the T gamma chain in the amount of 20-50% of the total gamma chains, but seven Black beta-thalassemia homozygotes were negative for the T gamma chain. The fetal hemoglobin of 16 adult patients with sickle cell anemia had no T gamma chains, but 2 of 9 newborn children with sickle cell anemia had the T gamma chain. The frequency of the T gamma gene (16), the relationship of the T gamma gene to the G gamma and A gamma genes, and the significance of the T gamma gene are discussed.", "contents": "The T gamma chain of human fetal hemoglobin at birth and in several abnormal hematologic conditions. The T gamma chain of human fetal hemoglobin has a threonyl in stead of an isoleucyl residue in position 75. When the cord bloods from infants from varied ethnic backgrouds and geographic areas were tested for the presence of the T gamma chain, it was present in 28 or 98 samples. In some groups as many as 40% had the T gamma chain whereas none was detected in other. When the T gamma chain was present, its quantity was about 20% of the total gamma chains, but one case had 35%. Among beta-thalassemia homozygotes of the Mediterranean region, 70% and the T gamma chain in the amount of 20-50% of the total gamma chains, but seven Black beta-thalassemia homozygotes were negative for the T gamma chain. The fetal hemoglobin of 16 adult patients with sickle cell anemia had no T gamma chains, but 2 of 9 newborn children with sickle cell anemia had the T gamma chain. The frequency of the T gamma gene (16), the relationship of the T gamma gene to the G gamma and A gamma genes, and the significance of the T gamma gene are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:904976", "title": "Hemoglobin synthesis in a rabbit ribosomal system: localization of heme synthetase activity.", "content": "The activity of heme synthetase (ferrochelatase), the enzyme(s) which catalyzes the formation of heme from iron and protoporphyrin IX, was studied in the various fractions of a cell-free reticulocyte system which synthesizes hemoglobin. The ribosomal fraction contained heme synthetase activity and its characteristics were similar to that described in avian erythrocytes, human and rat liver, and rabbit reticulocytes. It has a pH optimum of 7.5, required sulfhydryl reagents, was denatured by heat and was unstable on freezing. Heme synthetase is a mitochondrial enzyme. Fragments of mitochondrial membrane were identified in the ribosome fraction by both electron microscopy and the presence of cytochrome oxidase activity.", "contents": "Hemoglobin synthesis in a rabbit ribosomal system: localization of heme synthetase activity. The activity of heme synthetase (ferrochelatase), the enzyme(s) which catalyzes the formation of heme from iron and protoporphyrin IX, was studied in the various fractions of a cell-free reticulocyte system which synthesizes hemoglobin. The ribosomal fraction contained heme synthetase activity and its characteristics were similar to that described in avian erythrocytes, human and rat liver, and rabbit reticulocytes. It has a pH optimum of 7.5, required sulfhydryl reagents, was denatured by heat and was unstable on freezing. Heme synthetase is a mitochondrial enzyme. Fragments of mitochondrial membrane were identified in the ribosome fraction by both electron microscopy and the presence of cytochrome oxidase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:904977", "title": "A comparative study of the response to an oral NaCl and NaHCO3 load in newborn preterm and full term infants.", "content": "Previous recommendations on salt tolerance of newborn infants have mainly been based on knowledge of the capacity of newborn infants to excrete NaCl. Since tolerance to NaHCO3 can hardly be predicted from knowledge of tolerance of NaCl, a comparative study of Na+ excretion following equivalent doses of NaCl and NaHCO3 has been carried out. Forty-nine full term infants aged 0-2 days and 3-7 days were given either an oral load of NaCl or NaHCO3. Ten preterm infants (gestational age 30-35 weeks, postnatal age 2-18 days) were given both NaCl and NaHCO3 after a 2-day interval. The average urinary Na+ excretion 1-5 hr after the load was higher in all full term infants studied, but the difference was significant only in 3-to 7-day-old infants. In 7 of the 10 preterm infants the urinary Na+ excretion was higher following the NaHCO3 load than following the NaCl load. The mean difference between the tests averaged 1 mmol Na+/1.73 m2/hr and was significant. A somewhat higher daily allowance of NaHCO3 (15 mmol/kg/24 hr) than of NaCl (12 mmol/kg/24 hr) is therefore recommended.", "contents": "A comparative study of the response to an oral NaCl and NaHCO3 load in newborn preterm and full term infants. Previous recommendations on salt tolerance of newborn infants have mainly been based on knowledge of the capacity of newborn infants to excrete NaCl. Since tolerance to NaHCO3 can hardly be predicted from knowledge of tolerance of NaCl, a comparative study of Na+ excretion following equivalent doses of NaCl and NaHCO3 has been carried out. Forty-nine full term infants aged 0-2 days and 3-7 days were given either an oral load of NaCl or NaHCO3. Ten preterm infants (gestational age 30-35 weeks, postnatal age 2-18 days) were given both NaCl and NaHCO3 after a 2-day interval. The average urinary Na+ excretion 1-5 hr after the load was higher in all full term infants studied, but the difference was significant only in 3-to 7-day-old infants. In 7 of the 10 preterm infants the urinary Na+ excretion was higher following the NaHCO3 load than following the NaCl load. The mean difference between the tests averaged 1 mmol Na+/1.73 m2/hr and was significant. A somewhat higher daily allowance of NaHCO3 (15 mmol/kg/24 hr) than of NaCl (12 mmol/kg/24 hr) is therefore recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:904978", "title": "Regional lung function studies and radionuclide angiography in D-transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "Thirty-nine ventilation and perfusion lung studies with xenon 313 were perfomed in 29 patients with D-transposition of the great arteries (DTGA). Fifteen patients had simple DTGA and 14 more complex anatomic features. Inequalitiies of ventilation (V) were present in 23% (9/39) and perfusion (Q) in 44% (17/39) of studies. Six patients with simple DTGA showed abnormal distribution of perfusion, all with increased flow to the right lung. Among the 14 patients with complex DTGA, eight (57%) had abnormal distribution of perfusion. In patients with pulmonary artery band, increased flow was directed toward the left lung, and in those with an aorticopulmonary anastomosis, increased flow was to the side of the shunt. Radionuclide angiograms were performed in 17 patients with DTGA, both before and after surgical repair. In all, an abnormal circulatory pattern was noted. Complete superior vena cava obstruction present in four patients and residual left to right shunt (Qp/qs greater than 1.7/liter) in three was confirmed at cardiac catheterization. Ventilation perfusion studies with xenon-313 and technetium-99m radionuclide angiogram were effective noninvasive techniques in assessing pulmonary function and hemodynamics in patients with DTGA.", "contents": "Regional lung function studies and radionuclide angiography in D-transposition of the great arteries. Thirty-nine ventilation and perfusion lung studies with xenon 313 were perfomed in 29 patients with D-transposition of the great arteries (DTGA). Fifteen patients had simple DTGA and 14 more complex anatomic features. Inequalitiies of ventilation (V) were present in 23% (9/39) and perfusion (Q) in 44% (17/39) of studies. Six patients with simple DTGA showed abnormal distribution of perfusion, all with increased flow to the right lung. Among the 14 patients with complex DTGA, eight (57%) had abnormal distribution of perfusion. In patients with pulmonary artery band, increased flow was directed toward the left lung, and in those with an aorticopulmonary anastomosis, increased flow was to the side of the shunt. Radionuclide angiograms were performed in 17 patients with DTGA, both before and after surgical repair. In all, an abnormal circulatory pattern was noted. Complete superior vena cava obstruction present in four patients and residual left to right shunt (Qp/qs greater than 1.7/liter) in three was confirmed at cardiac catheterization. Ventilation perfusion studies with xenon-313 and technetium-99m radionuclide angiogram were effective noninvasive techniques in assessing pulmonary function and hemodynamics in patients with DTGA."}
{"id": "PMID:904982", "title": "Glomerular filtration rate during the period of adaptation to extrauterine life.", "content": "Inulin clearance (Cin) was measured in 20 infants of 27--43 weeks of gestation during the first 24 hr of their extrauterine life. Cin ranged from 0.7--4.7 ml/min and correlated with gestational age (P less than 0.05). In 18 infants of similar gestational ages studied after 2--3 days of extrauterine adaptation, the Cin ranged from 1.1--17.9 ml/min and also correlated with gestational age (P less than 0.01). By day 2--3, the infants of near term gestational age achieved a greater increase in Cin than did the markedly preterm infants, as reflected by a significantly different slope of the regression line for Cin and gestational age for the infants studied at 1 vs. 2--3 days of age (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Glomerular filtration rate during the period of adaptation to extrauterine life. Inulin clearance (Cin) was measured in 20 infants of 27--43 weeks of gestation during the first 24 hr of their extrauterine life. Cin ranged from 0.7--4.7 ml/min and correlated with gestational age (P less than 0.05). In 18 infants of similar gestational ages studied after 2--3 days of extrauterine adaptation, the Cin ranged from 1.1--17.9 ml/min and also correlated with gestational age (P less than 0.01). By day 2--3, the infants of near term gestational age achieved a greater increase in Cin than did the markedly preterm infants, as reflected by a significantly different slope of the regression line for Cin and gestational age for the infants studied at 1 vs. 2--3 days of age (P less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:904985", "title": "Human tracheobronchial secretions: development of mucous glycoprotein and lysozyme-secreting systems.", "content": "Baseline rates for secretion of mucous glycoprotein were similar similar (680--830 microgram/g tissue/24 hour) for cultured tracheal epithelium from newborns of 26--32 weeks' gestation, full term newborns, and older children. Addition of methacholine to culture medium augmented secretory rates of glycoprotein from all tissue sources 3--5 fold. The overall composition of secreted mucous glycoproteins changed little with increasing age. A trend toward less sulfation and toward increased sialic acid and fucose content was noted in secreted glycoproteins from explants of older subjects. Histochemical observations of stored glycoprotein in tracheal tissue, which was subsequently used for organ culture experiments, confirmed that a modest, but consistent sulfate to sialic acid shift occurs during early life. In contrast, baseline secretory rates for lysozyme from tracheal epithelium of preterm infants were one-half as large as rates from epithelium of full term babies and were refractory to cholinergic stimulation. Stimulation of lysozyme secretion by a cholinergic agonist was achieved in all cases by 40 weeks' gestation. We conclude that basal glycoprotein secretion and the mechanism for glycoprotein response to cholinergic stimulation have developed by the earliest age of viability, but that lysozyme secretion is deficient and is unresponsive to cholinergic stimulation in tracheal tissue from preterm newborns.", "contents": "Human tracheobronchial secretions: development of mucous glycoprotein and lysozyme-secreting systems. Baseline rates for secretion of mucous glycoprotein were similar similar (680--830 microgram/g tissue/24 hour) for cultured tracheal epithelium from newborns of 26--32 weeks' gestation, full term newborns, and older children. Addition of methacholine to culture medium augmented secretory rates of glycoprotein from all tissue sources 3--5 fold. The overall composition of secreted mucous glycoproteins changed little with increasing age. A trend toward less sulfation and toward increased sialic acid and fucose content was noted in secreted glycoproteins from explants of older subjects. Histochemical observations of stored glycoprotein in tracheal tissue, which was subsequently used for organ culture experiments, confirmed that a modest, but consistent sulfate to sialic acid shift occurs during early life. In contrast, baseline secretory rates for lysozyme from tracheal epithelium of preterm infants were one-half as large as rates from epithelium of full term babies and were refractory to cholinergic stimulation. Stimulation of lysozyme secretion by a cholinergic agonist was achieved in all cases by 40 weeks' gestation. We conclude that basal glycoprotein secretion and the mechanism for glycoprotein response to cholinergic stimulation have developed by the earliest age of viability, but that lysozyme secretion is deficient and is unresponsive to cholinergic stimulation in tracheal tissue from preterm newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:904986", "title": "Enhanced UDP-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyl transferase activity in cultivated skin fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis and its possible relationship to the pathogenesis of the disease.", "content": "Homogenates of cultivated skin fibroblasts derived from patients with cystic fibrosis had a higher level of UDP-galactose:ovalbumin galactosyl transferase activity compared to fibroblasts derived from control subjects. The activity in control subjects was 1.82 +/- 0.43 nmol galactose transferred/hr/mg protein, whereas the activity in fibroblasts of patients was 2.95 +/- 0.77. The difference was significant at P less than 0.01. Activity in the fibroblasts of obligate heterozygotes was 2.15 +/- 0.60. The difference between the activities in fibroblasts of heterozygotes and patients was significant at P less than 0.05. The activity in control fibroblasts could be enhanced by basic polypeptides like polylysine, polyarginine, histone, and protamine but not by neutral or acidic polypeptides. Fibroblasts from patients released significantly higher amounts of a soluble form of the enzyme activity into the culture medium than control fibroblasts.", "contents": "Enhanced UDP-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyl transferase activity in cultivated skin fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis and its possible relationship to the pathogenesis of the disease. Homogenates of cultivated skin fibroblasts derived from patients with cystic fibrosis had a higher level of UDP-galactose:ovalbumin galactosyl transferase activity compared to fibroblasts derived from control subjects. The activity in control subjects was 1.82 +/- 0.43 nmol galactose transferred/hr/mg protein, whereas the activity in fibroblasts of patients was 2.95 +/- 0.77. The difference was significant at P less than 0.01. Activity in the fibroblasts of obligate heterozygotes was 2.15 +/- 0.60. The difference between the activities in fibroblasts of heterozygotes and patients was significant at P less than 0.05. The activity in control fibroblasts could be enhanced by basic polypeptides like polylysine, polyarginine, histone, and protamine but not by neutral or acidic polypeptides. Fibroblasts from patients released significantly higher amounts of a soluble form of the enzyme activity into the culture medium than control fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:904987", "title": "Improved method for detection of cystic fibrosis protein in serum using the LKB multiphor electrofocusing apparatus.", "content": "We have developed an improved method for the detection of cystic fibrosis protein (CFP). The method employs the LKB Multiphor to electrofocus whole serum, instead of the apparatus used in previous studies. Two basic modifications were necessary: (1) a pH 2.5--10.0 gradient instead of a pH 5--10 gradient, and (2) constant power for focusing the serum proteins instead of constant voltage. The first modification ensured adequate dissolution of the CFP-IgG complexes (or other precursor complexes which may liberate CFP). The second modification ensured a linear gradient (between pH 3.8 and pH 9.2), excellent resolution in the pH 8--9 region, and the separation of CFP within 2 hr without overheating of the gel. Electrofocusing with the LKB Multiphor permits the detection of CFP in as many as 24 serum samples per gel. Results obtained from the analysis of 31 cystic fibrosis, 28 obligate heterozygote carrier, and 28 normal control sera indicate that CFP can be reproducibly and accurately detected in sera using the LKB Multiphor.", "contents": "Improved method for detection of cystic fibrosis protein in serum using the LKB multiphor electrofocusing apparatus. We have developed an improved method for the detection of cystic fibrosis protein (CFP). The method employs the LKB Multiphor to electrofocus whole serum, instead of the apparatus used in previous studies. Two basic modifications were necessary: (1) a pH 2.5--10.0 gradient instead of a pH 5--10 gradient, and (2) constant power for focusing the serum proteins instead of constant voltage. The first modification ensured adequate dissolution of the CFP-IgG complexes (or other precursor complexes which may liberate CFP). The second modification ensured a linear gradient (between pH 3.8 and pH 9.2), excellent resolution in the pH 8--9 region, and the separation of CFP within 2 hr without overheating of the gel. Electrofocusing with the LKB Multiphor permits the detection of CFP in as many as 24 serum samples per gel. Results obtained from the analysis of 31 cystic fibrosis, 28 obligate heterozygote carrier, and 28 normal control sera indicate that CFP can be reproducibly and accurately detected in sera using the LKB Multiphor."}
{"id": "PMID:905002", "title": "One pediatric burn unit's experience with sleepwear-related injuries.", "content": "Review of the records of 678 children with acute injuries referred during an eight-year period to this burn unit indicated that flame burns from a single ignition source (50%) outranked scalds (27%) or house fires (12%) as causes of injury. There was no temporal trend in the rank pattern. The majority of these single-source flame injuries were severe and involved ignition of the child's clothing. From 1969 through 1973, sleepwear was the clothing involved in 32% of the instances. Since that time and coincident with promulgation of strict federal and state standards for flammability of children's night clothing, a dramatic decline in the number of children, referred with injuries of this type has taken place. It is probable that the single factor most important to the decline, in our experience with these injuries, is lower fabric flammability but, because our data may not be representative, corroboration is needed before one can exclude factors such as altered garment design, fire safety-related practices at home, or changing patterns of hospital referral.", "contents": "One pediatric burn unit's experience with sleepwear-related injuries. Review of the records of 678 children with acute injuries referred during an eight-year period to this burn unit indicated that flame burns from a single ignition source (50%) outranked scalds (27%) or house fires (12%) as causes of injury. There was no temporal trend in the rank pattern. The majority of these single-source flame injuries were severe and involved ignition of the child's clothing. From 1969 through 1973, sleepwear was the clothing involved in 32% of the instances. Since that time and coincident with promulgation of strict federal and state standards for flammability of children's night clothing, a dramatic decline in the number of children, referred with injuries of this type has taken place. It is probable that the single factor most important to the decline, in our experience with these injuries, is lower fabric flammability but, because our data may not be representative, corroboration is needed before one can exclude factors such as altered garment design, fire safety-related practices at home, or changing patterns of hospital referral."}
{"id": "PMID:905003", "title": "Velocities of growth in vegetarian preschool children.", "content": "The growth velocities (weight and length) of vegetarian preschool children were compared to norms established from the Harvard growth study. At first measurement vegetarian subjects weighed less and were shorter than expected from Harvard standards. Growth velocities of children under 2 years of age were depressed, while among those over the age of 2 growth velocities were generally comparable to Harvard norms. Vegetarian boys over age 2 exhibited a higher mean weight velocity. Macrobiotics' mean weight and length velocities were not significantly different from those of nonmacrobiotics before age 2. However, the mean weight velocity of macrobiotics over age 2 was significantly greater than the mean weight velocity of nonmacrobiotics over 2 years. Low growth velocities of vegetarian children are more apparent in infants under the age of 2. When breast-feeding, possibly inadequate supplemental feeding may be present past 6 months of age. Since it is then that the velocities are more likely to be depressed, this may be the most appropriate time for surveillance and possible intervention.", "contents": "Velocities of growth in vegetarian preschool children. The growth velocities (weight and length) of vegetarian preschool children were compared to norms established from the Harvard growth study. At first measurement vegetarian subjects weighed less and were shorter than expected from Harvard standards. Growth velocities of children under 2 years of age were depressed, while among those over the age of 2 growth velocities were generally comparable to Harvard norms. Vegetarian boys over age 2 exhibited a higher mean weight velocity. Macrobiotics' mean weight and length velocities were not significantly different from those of nonmacrobiotics before age 2. However, the mean weight velocity of macrobiotics over age 2 was significantly greater than the mean weight velocity of nonmacrobiotics over 2 years. Low growth velocities of vegetarian children are more apparent in infants under the age of 2. When breast-feeding, possibly inadequate supplemental feeding may be present past 6 months of age. Since it is then that the velocities are more likely to be depressed, this may be the most appropriate time for surveillance and possible intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:905004", "title": "Polygraphic studies of normal infants during the first six months of life: III. Incidence of apnea and periodic breathing.", "content": "The incidence of apnea and periodic breathing was studied in full-term infants between birth and 6 months of age. Apnea was defined as a pause equal to or exceeding six seconds, periodic breathing as two cessations of breathing within a 20-second period, each equal to or longer than three seconds but less than six seconds. Sleep and cardiopulmonary variables were monitored. Apnea was common in the normal full-term infant. The incidence of apnea was highest in the newborn period and apneas exceeding 15 seconds were limited to this age. A reduction in apnea incidence occurred between birth and 3 months of age; thereafter, the incidence remained unchanged. The majority of apneas occurred during active sleep (AS). Few minutes were classified as indeterminate; the number of apneas during these minutes was comparable to those during AS. The incidence of apneas during quiet sleep was low. Periodic breathing remained stable across the ages, occurring primarily in AS. Apnea exceeding 15 seconds in rare in infancy. The tabulation of shorter apnea may be of limited value in identifying infants at risk for abnormal apnea due to extreme variability among infants. The sleep-waking state of the infants must be considered in order to evaluate apnea counts.", "contents": "Polygraphic studies of normal infants during the first six months of life: III. Incidence of apnea and periodic breathing. The incidence of apnea and periodic breathing was studied in full-term infants between birth and 6 months of age. Apnea was defined as a pause equal to or exceeding six seconds, periodic breathing as two cessations of breathing within a 20-second period, each equal to or longer than three seconds but less than six seconds. Sleep and cardiopulmonary variables were monitored. Apnea was common in the normal full-term infant. The incidence of apnea was highest in the newborn period and apneas exceeding 15 seconds were limited to this age. A reduction in apnea incidence occurred between birth and 3 months of age; thereafter, the incidence remained unchanged. The majority of apneas occurred during active sleep (AS). Few minutes were classified as indeterminate; the number of apneas during these minutes was comparable to those during AS. The incidence of apneas during quiet sleep was low. Periodic breathing remained stable across the ages, occurring primarily in AS. Apnea exceeding 15 seconds in rare in infancy. The tabulation of shorter apnea may be of limited value in identifying infants at risk for abnormal apnea due to extreme variability among infants. The sleep-waking state of the infants must be considered in order to evaluate apnea counts."}
{"id": "PMID:905005", "title": "Lipids in schoolchildren 6 to 17 years of age: upper normal limits.", "content": "As part of a multiclinic U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute study of lipid levels of Americans, the University of Cincinnati studied a total school district's population. Out of a total of 8,906 eligible students from all grades, 6 to 17 years of age, 7,337 participated (82%). After fasting for 12 hours or more, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were ascertained in 6,775 children. For white and black boys and girls, normal lipid values are given by age in both fasting and casual (nonfasting) states. This study group closely resembled a normal pediatric practice population, so that the values established may be used as baseline data for the practicing pediatrician. Since sex, race, and age are dominant sources for variations, care must be taken in the interpretation of minor changes that occur over time in a child.", "contents": "Lipids in schoolchildren 6 to 17 years of age: upper normal limits. As part of a multiclinic U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute study of lipid levels of Americans, the University of Cincinnati studied a total school district's population. Out of a total of 8,906 eligible students from all grades, 6 to 17 years of age, 7,337 participated (82%). After fasting for 12 hours or more, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were ascertained in 6,775 children. For white and black boys and girls, normal lipid values are given by age in both fasting and casual (nonfasting) states. This study group closely resembled a normal pediatric practice population, so that the values established may be used as baseline data for the practicing pediatrician. Since sex, race, and age are dominant sources for variations, care must be taken in the interpretation of minor changes that occur over time in a child."}
{"id": "PMID:905006", "title": "Respiratory distress syndrome: echocardiographic assessment of cardiovascular function and pulmonary vascular resistance.", "content": "Echocardiograms were performed for 82 preterm infants comprising 22 normal infants, 29 with mild respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and 31 with severe RDS. Left ventricular systolic time intervals were measured from aortic valve echograms and right ventricular systolic time intervals from pulmonic valve echograms. Left ventricular performance seemed to be altered early in postnatal adaptation of preterm infants, but played no demonstrable role in the outcome of RDS. The right ventricular preejection period/right ventricular ejection time (RPEP/RVET) ratio was prolonged in 17 out of 31 patients with severe RDS, consistent with increased pulmonary vascular resistance or right ventricular dysfunction. Prolonged RPEP/RVET identified a subgroup with increased mortality and morbidity.", "contents": "Respiratory distress syndrome: echocardiographic assessment of cardiovascular function and pulmonary vascular resistance. Echocardiograms were performed for 82 preterm infants comprising 22 normal infants, 29 with mild respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and 31 with severe RDS. Left ventricular systolic time intervals were measured from aortic valve echograms and right ventricular systolic time intervals from pulmonic valve echograms. Left ventricular performance seemed to be altered early in postnatal adaptation of preterm infants, but played no demonstrable role in the outcome of RDS. The right ventricular preejection period/right ventricular ejection time (RPEP/RVET) ratio was prolonged in 17 out of 31 patients with severe RDS, consistent with increased pulmonary vascular resistance or right ventricular dysfunction. Prolonged RPEP/RVET identified a subgroup with increased mortality and morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:905007", "title": "Measurement of intragastric oxygen concentration for the diagnosis of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula.", "content": "The demonstration of an H-type tracheoesophageal fistula before surgical correction is frequently difficult. Currently utilized procedures are so irregularly successful that surgical exploration is sometimes necessary without prior demonstration of the fistula. A case is reported in which the diagnosis was made by measurement of intragastric oxygen concentration, which increased and declined in response to the endotracheal insuffation of 100% oxygen and room air, respectively. The fistula was subsequently demonstrated by barium esophagram and was successfully treated surgically. In the presence of the classic clinical triad (choking during feedings, abdominal distention, and pneumonitis), a positive intragastric oxygen test may be sufficient indication for surgical exploration.", "contents": "Measurement of intragastric oxygen concentration for the diagnosis of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula. The demonstration of an H-type tracheoesophageal fistula before surgical correction is frequently difficult. Currently utilized procedures are so irregularly successful that surgical exploration is sometimes necessary without prior demonstration of the fistula. A case is reported in which the diagnosis was made by measurement of intragastric oxygen concentration, which increased and declined in response to the endotracheal insuffation of 100% oxygen and room air, respectively. The fistula was subsequently demonstrated by barium esophagram and was successfully treated surgically. In the presence of the classic clinical triad (choking during feedings, abdominal distention, and pneumonitis), a positive intragastric oxygen test may be sufficient indication for surgical exploration."}
{"id": "PMID:905008", "title": "Accumulation of carbon dioxide in oxygen hoods, infant cots, and incubators.", "content": "The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air of oxygen hoods, infant cots, and incubators was found to be as high as 1% v/v (30 times the \"fresh air\" level of about 320 microliter/liter). The physiological and clinical implications of the consequent long-term exposure of infants to atmospheres of such composition are discussed.", "contents": "Accumulation of carbon dioxide in oxygen hoods, infant cots, and incubators. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air of oxygen hoods, infant cots, and incubators was found to be as high as 1% v/v (30 times the \"fresh air\" level of about 320 microliter/liter). The physiological and clinical implications of the consequent long-term exposure of infants to atmospheres of such composition are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:905009", "title": "Times of first void and first stool in 500 newborns.", "content": "The times of the first stool and the first void were recorded for 500 infants. The population studied was defined in terms of gestational age, maternal premedication, and mode of delivery. The results are presented in tabular form by time segments with term, preterm, and postterm infants treated separately.", "contents": "Times of first void and first stool in 500 newborns. The times of the first stool and the first void were recorded for 500 infants. The population studied was defined in terms of gestational age, maternal premedication, and mode of delivery. The results are presented in tabular form by time segments with term, preterm, and postterm infants treated separately."}
{"id": "PMID:905010", "title": "Prolonged retention of foreign bodies in the stomach.", "content": "Two patients had prolonged retention of small round foreign bodies in the stomach. Both patients had a history of a pyloromyotomy. Radiographic examination revealed a prepyloric web in one patient and a deformed pylorus in the other. These findings were confirmed by surgery.", "contents": "Prolonged retention of foreign bodies in the stomach. Two patients had prolonged retention of small round foreign bodies in the stomach. Both patients had a history of a pyloromyotomy. Radiographic examination revealed a prepyloric web in one patient and a deformed pylorus in the other. These findings were confirmed by surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:905011", "title": "Intravenous administration of kanamycin and gentamicin in newborn infants.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of kanamycin and gentamicin were studied after intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) (constant infusion over 20 minutes) administration in newborn infants. The serum concentrations, half-lives, area-under-the-curve values, and volumes of distribution were similar for each drug after both routes of administration. Based on these pharmacological similarities, it is likely that these aminoglycosides can be given safely and effectively as constant IV infusions to neonates in whom IM injections are not feasible.", "contents": "Intravenous administration of kanamycin and gentamicin in newborn infants. The pharmacokinetics of kanamycin and gentamicin were studied after intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) (constant infusion over 20 minutes) administration in newborn infants. The serum concentrations, half-lives, area-under-the-curve values, and volumes of distribution were similar for each drug after both routes of administration. Based on these pharmacological similarities, it is likely that these aminoglycosides can be given safely and effectively as constant IV infusions to neonates in whom IM injections are not feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:905013", "title": "Nonoperative management of splenic trauma in children: a report of six consecutive cases.", "content": "Postsplenectomy sepsis, although infrequent, is real and hazardous. We have taken a nonoperative approach to the child with a ruptured spleen who is in stable condition. Six consecutive patients with a diagnosis confirmed by angiography or scan were treated without surgery. The results suggest the usefulness of this approach in the child who is not bleeding massively.", "contents": "Nonoperative management of splenic trauma in children: a report of six consecutive cases. Postsplenectomy sepsis, although infrequent, is real and hazardous. We have taken a nonoperative approach to the child with a ruptured spleen who is in stable condition. Six consecutive patients with a diagnosis confirmed by angiography or scan were treated without surgery. The results suggest the usefulness of this approach in the child who is not bleeding massively."}
{"id": "PMID:905014", "title": "Giardiasis in day-care centers: evidence of person-to-person transmission.", "content": "In August and September 1975, an outbreak of diarrhea occurred in children 1 to 3 1/2 years old attending a day-care center. An investigation revealed overlapping epidemics of shigellosis and giardiasis, with 54% of the children infected with Giardia lamblia. At two other centers 29% and 38% of the children had G. lamblia infection, but none had Shigella. The prevalence of G. lamblia in the day-care children was significantly higher than the 2% prevalence in age-matched children not in day-care centers. Epidemiologic data suggested fecal-oral transmission of the parasite from child to child in the centers and from infected children to other family members.", "contents": "Giardiasis in day-care centers: evidence of person-to-person transmission. In August and September 1975, an outbreak of diarrhea occurred in children 1 to 3 1/2 years old attending a day-care center. An investigation revealed overlapping epidemics of shigellosis and giardiasis, with 54% of the children infected with Giardia lamblia. At two other centers 29% and 38% of the children had G. lamblia infection, but none had Shigella. The prevalence of G. lamblia in the day-care children was significantly higher than the 2% prevalence in age-matched children not in day-care centers. Epidemiologic data suggested fecal-oral transmission of the parasite from child to child in the centers and from infected children to other family members."}
{"id": "PMID:905017", "title": "Nasopharyngitis and the sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "Infants who died of SIDS in Onondaga County (New York) were classified into a Nasopharyngitis Group (N = 59) or a No Nasopharyngitis Group (N = 57) on the basis of symptoms, within one week prior to death, referable to the upper respiratory tract. Examination of the postnatal age of death revealed that infants in the Nasopharyngitis Group tended to be older than those in the No Nasopharyngitis Group. These results are consistent with a prediction derived from the hypothesis that prolonged sleep apnea is part of a pathophysiologic process resulting in SIDS.", "contents": "Nasopharyngitis and the sudden infant death syndrome. Infants who died of SIDS in Onondaga County (New York) were classified into a Nasopharyngitis Group (N = 59) or a No Nasopharyngitis Group (N = 57) on the basis of symptoms, within one week prior to death, referable to the upper respiratory tract. Examination of the postnatal age of death revealed that infants in the Nasopharyngitis Group tended to be older than those in the No Nasopharyngitis Group. These results are consistent with a prediction derived from the hypothesis that prolonged sleep apnea is part of a pathophysiologic process resulting in SIDS."}
{"id": "PMID:905070", "title": "Mathematical model for assimilation and contrast in perception of extent.", "content": "A mathematical model for assimilation and contrast in the perception of extent is presented, and predictions generated from the model are empirically tested. Implications of the model for the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion are dealt with explicitly, and implications of the model for the Delboeuf, Ebbinghaus, and other illusions of extent are discussed in general terms.", "contents": "Mathematical model for assimilation and contrast in perception of extent. A mathematical model for assimilation and contrast in the perception of extent is presented, and predictions generated from the model are empirically tested. Implications of the model for the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion are dealt with explicitly, and implications of the model for the Delboeuf, Ebbinghaus, and other illusions of extent are discussed in general terms."}
{"id": "PMID:905071", "title": "Stroop effect: interference and facilitation with verbal and manual responses.", "content": "Two groups of 12 volunteers manually (button pushing) or verbally identified the ink color of 5, randomly ordered and tachistoscopically presented, kinds of stimulus conditons, specified by the nature of the noncolor information and the relationship between color and noncolor information: Congruent Color Words, Noncolor Words, Scrambled Color Words, Nonword Geometric Shapes, and Noncongruent Color Words. With verbal response, facilitation of reaction time occurred for Congruent Color Words compared to Scrambled Color Words and Noncolor Words but not when compared to the Nonword Control, while with manual response facilitation appeared for all comparisons. Interference appeared for both groups, with Noncongruent Color Words having the slowest reaction time. The present design corrected for inadequacies in previous studies and more firmly established the conclusion of parallel perceptual processing of color and noncolor information, with facilitation/interference effects being localized in postperceptual decision operations of signal summation and response competition.", "contents": "Stroop effect: interference and facilitation with verbal and manual responses. Two groups of 12 volunteers manually (button pushing) or verbally identified the ink color of 5, randomly ordered and tachistoscopically presented, kinds of stimulus conditons, specified by the nature of the noncolor information and the relationship between color and noncolor information: Congruent Color Words, Noncolor Words, Scrambled Color Words, Nonword Geometric Shapes, and Noncongruent Color Words. With verbal response, facilitation of reaction time occurred for Congruent Color Words compared to Scrambled Color Words and Noncolor Words but not when compared to the Nonword Control, while with manual response facilitation appeared for all comparisons. Interference appeared for both groups, with Noncongruent Color Words having the slowest reaction time. The present design corrected for inadequacies in previous studies and more firmly established the conclusion of parallel perceptual processing of color and noncolor information, with facilitation/interference effects being localized in postperceptual decision operations of signal summation and response competition."}
{"id": "PMID:905072", "title": "Relationship between birth weight and perceptual motor performance in children.", "content": "A perceptual-motor performance test (jumping, skipping, balancing, walking) was administered to 150 5- and 6-yr.-old children categorized according to birth weight. Differences were found among the three birth-weight groups, with the children of low birth weight scoring significantly lower than the groups of medium and high birth weight. A substantial positive correlation of .75 was obtained between birth weight and the perceptual-motor performance (total number of items passed).", "contents": "Relationship between birth weight and perceptual motor performance in children. A perceptual-motor performance test (jumping, skipping, balancing, walking) was administered to 150 5- and 6-yr.-old children categorized according to birth weight. Differences were found among the three birth-weight groups, with the children of low birth weight scoring significantly lower than the groups of medium and high birth weight. A substantial positive correlation of .75 was obtained between birth weight and the perceptual-motor performance (total number of items passed)."}
{"id": "PMID:905073", "title": "Interaction between auditory and oral sensory feedback in speech regulation.", "content": "To investigate the interaction between the auditory and oral sensory feedback modalities during speech production lingual vibrotactile thresholds were obtained from subjects in the following conditions: (1) before and after speech production with normal auditory feedback, (2) before and after speech production under exposure to auditory masking, and (3) before and after exposure to auditory masking without performing speech tasks. In addition duration measurements were obtained for selected speech sounds to investigate temporal changes in the articulatory patterns of subjects in the various conditions. Lingual sensory decreases and temporal reorganization were observed only in subjects speaking under auditory masking. These data suggest a balanced interaction between auditory and oral sensory feedback modalities which, when disturbed, results in non-phonemic change in speech production.", "contents": "Interaction between auditory and oral sensory feedback in speech regulation. To investigate the interaction between the auditory and oral sensory feedback modalities during speech production lingual vibrotactile thresholds were obtained from subjects in the following conditions: (1) before and after speech production with normal auditory feedback, (2) before and after speech production under exposure to auditory masking, and (3) before and after exposure to auditory masking without performing speech tasks. In addition duration measurements were obtained for selected speech sounds to investigate temporal changes in the articulatory patterns of subjects in the various conditions. Lingual sensory decreases and temporal reorganization were observed only in subjects speaking under auditory masking. These data suggest a balanced interaction between auditory and oral sensory feedback modalities which, when disturbed, results in non-phonemic change in speech production."}
{"id": "PMID:905074", "title": "Evaluation of a media campaign's effect on reporting patterns of child abuse.", "content": "In an effort to determine what effect a media campaign had on child-abuse reporting patterns, pre-campaign measures were contrasted with post-campaign measures. The mean number of reports/day increased significantly. Reports from one of the three major reporting groups, i.e., professionals, increased significantly. Five basic types of abuse were also examined, and the number of reports in two of the categories, i.e., soft tissue and abuse with neglect, also increased significantly.", "contents": "Evaluation of a media campaign's effect on reporting patterns of child abuse. In an effort to determine what effect a media campaign had on child-abuse reporting patterns, pre-campaign measures were contrasted with post-campaign measures. The mean number of reports/day increased significantly. Reports from one of the three major reporting groups, i.e., professionals, increased significantly. Five basic types of abuse were also examined, and the number of reports in two of the categories, i.e., soft tissue and abuse with neglect, also increased significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:905075", "title": "Young children's Rod-and-Frame Test performance.", "content": "Research on children's performance on the Witkin Rod-and-frame Test has suggested that children rely heavily on contextual cues in perceiving verticality but that this reliance decreases with age. In the present study this developmental trend in children younger than those previously tested was studied. The effect on performance of the conventional practice of tilting subjects in a chair which rotates about a seat axis, thus displacing the head away from the stimulus, was also studied. After a short training session 14 boys and 11 girls, 4.70 to 10.95 yr. old, were given 12 trials of the standard test while tilted about a seat axis and, on another day, 12 trials while tilted about a head axis. Although the axis of tilt and the order of presentation were nonsignificant, data tended to confirm the existence of a developmental trend in young children. An alternate scoring procedure to investigate errors in the direction opposite frame-tilt indicated that the initial tilt of the rod relative to the frame significantly affects the accuracy of judgments of the vertical.", "contents": "Young children's Rod-and-Frame Test performance. Research on children's performance on the Witkin Rod-and-frame Test has suggested that children rely heavily on contextual cues in perceiving verticality but that this reliance decreases with age. In the present study this developmental trend in children younger than those previously tested was studied. The effect on performance of the conventional practice of tilting subjects in a chair which rotates about a seat axis, thus displacing the head away from the stimulus, was also studied. After a short training session 14 boys and 11 girls, 4.70 to 10.95 yr. old, were given 12 trials of the standard test while tilted about a seat axis and, on another day, 12 trials while tilted about a head axis. Although the axis of tilt and the order of presentation were nonsignificant, data tended to confirm the existence of a developmental trend in young children. An alternate scoring procedure to investigate errors in the direction opposite frame-tilt indicated that the initial tilt of the rod relative to the frame significantly affects the accuracy of judgments of the vertical."}
{"id": "PMID:905079", "title": "Subjective frequency in flicker perception.", "content": "The discrepancy between the actual flicker frequency and the perceived rate was investigated. We tried to quantify the subjective rate of successive visual flicker by matching it with a second stimulus, the audio flutter. The wave form of each stimulus employed in the present study was sinusoidal. The auditory stimulus employed as a reference was a pure tone which was frequency-modulated by a sine wave. The perceived rate of flicker increases approximately in direct proportion to the frequency presented when target size is small and tends to be lower than the actual rate when target size is large. Perceived rate never exceeds approximately 10 Hz regardless of the presented flicker frequency or the luminance of the target. These tendencies are observed commonly in the fovea and in the periphery of the retina.", "contents": "Subjective frequency in flicker perception. The discrepancy between the actual flicker frequency and the perceived rate was investigated. We tried to quantify the subjective rate of successive visual flicker by matching it with a second stimulus, the audio flutter. The wave form of each stimulus employed in the present study was sinusoidal. The auditory stimulus employed as a reference was a pure tone which was frequency-modulated by a sine wave. The perceived rate of flicker increases approximately in direct proportion to the frequency presented when target size is small and tends to be lower than the actual rate when target size is large. Perceived rate never exceeds approximately 10 Hz regardless of the presented flicker frequency or the luminance of the target. These tendencies are observed commonly in the fovea and in the periphery of the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:905080", "title": "An explanation for the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion.", "content": "An investigation into the composite or colinear form of the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion, with one shaft adjustable by subjects, was carried out using black-on-white and CRT displays. Three fin-angle and two fin-length conditions were examined for both configurations of this figure, i.e., arrow-headed and feather-headed standards. Adaptations of the M\u00fcller-Lyer figure were also studied. Framing effects influenced the extent of this illusion. A highly consistent illusion error for balanced-field conditions, based on the formula k L cos A can be predicted which relates closely to previous experimenters' observed illusory errors and gives a remarkably simple explanation for this illusion.", "contents": "An explanation for the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion. An investigation into the composite or colinear form of the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion, with one shaft adjustable by subjects, was carried out using black-on-white and CRT displays. Three fin-angle and two fin-length conditions were examined for both configurations of this figure, i.e., arrow-headed and feather-headed standards. Adaptations of the M\u00fcller-Lyer figure were also studied. Framing effects influenced the extent of this illusion. A highly consistent illusion error for balanced-field conditions, based on the formula k L cos A can be predicted which relates closely to previous experimenters' observed illusory errors and gives a remarkably simple explanation for this illusion."}
{"id": "PMID:905082", "title": "Relationship of hyperactivity and depression in children.", "content": "From questionnaires completed by parents and teachers and clinical assessment by a physician 223 school age children were evaluated for childhood depression. Data showed hyperactivity and depression occurred independently but were frequently associated, especially when hyperactivity was episodic.", "contents": "Relationship of hyperactivity and depression in children. From questionnaires completed by parents and teachers and clinical assessment by a physician 223 school age children were evaluated for childhood depression. Data showed hyperactivity and depression occurred independently but were frequently associated, especially when hyperactivity was episodic."}
{"id": "PMID:905083", "title": "Effect of selected movement skills on positive self-concept.", "content": "36 boys and 36 girls in 4 fourth grades were exposed to basketball movement conditions which included the skills of dribble, chest pass, lay-up, pivot, guarding, and two-hand set shot. Eight 1/2-hr. treatment periods were spread evenly over 4 wk. and took place within the regularly assigned school physical education period. Two class groups, which included 9 boys and 9 girls each, were randomly assigned by class to an experimental group which received treatment while two class groups were assigned by class to the control group. No differences between changes in self-concept as estimated by the Piers-Harris scale for treatment and control conditions were significant.", "contents": "Effect of selected movement skills on positive self-concept. 36 boys and 36 girls in 4 fourth grades were exposed to basketball movement conditions which included the skills of dribble, chest pass, lay-up, pivot, guarding, and two-hand set shot. Eight 1/2-hr. treatment periods were spread evenly over 4 wk. and took place within the regularly assigned school physical education period. Two class groups, which included 9 boys and 9 girls each, were randomly assigned by class to an experimental group which received treatment while two class groups were assigned by class to the control group. No differences between changes in self-concept as estimated by the Piers-Harris scale for treatment and control conditions were significant."}
{"id": "PMID:905084", "title": "Experience and latency to achieve stereopsis: a replication.", "content": "This study replicated and extended the findings of MacCracken and Hayes (1976). 10 students were presented the same complex stereogram for 5 trials daily over 2 nonconsecutive days, and latencies to achieve depth perception were recorded. Latencies decreased across 5 trials in the first session but were somewhat longer at the beginning of the second session than at the end of the first session.", "contents": "Experience and latency to achieve stereopsis: a replication. This study replicated and extended the findings of MacCracken and Hayes (1976). 10 students were presented the same complex stereogram for 5 trials daily over 2 nonconsecutive days, and latencies to achieve depth perception were recorded. Latencies decreased across 5 trials in the first session but were somewhat longer at the beginning of the second session than at the end of the first session."}
{"id": "PMID:905085", "title": "Locus of interference on the Stroop test.", "content": "On the Stroop test subjects are presented with a random sequence of color names printed in random colors of ink. They are asked to go through the list twice, once reading the words aloud and once naming the ink colors. In this experiment 36 college students were also asked to go through the lists using their fingers to make push button responses. With verbal responses naming the ink colors took nearly twice as long as reading the words, thus replicating the usual Stroop test results. With either the left hand or the right there was no difference between the time required by the subjects to respond to the words and to the ink colors. The disappearance of the Stroop effect with finger responses suggests strongly that the interference normally shown on the Stroop test occurs primarily in the processing of the verbal response.", "contents": "Locus of interference on the Stroop test. On the Stroop test subjects are presented with a random sequence of color names printed in random colors of ink. They are asked to go through the list twice, once reading the words aloud and once naming the ink colors. In this experiment 36 college students were also asked to go through the lists using their fingers to make push button responses. With verbal responses naming the ink colors took nearly twice as long as reading the words, thus replicating the usual Stroop test results. With either the left hand or the right there was no difference between the time required by the subjects to respond to the words and to the ink colors. The disappearance of the Stroop effect with finger responses suggests strongly that the interference normally shown on the Stroop test occurs primarily in the processing of the verbal response."}
{"id": "PMID:905086", "title": "Body locus and form perception.", "content": "Forms were drawn on the palms, forearms, or biceps of 42 subjects, with vision excluded. Subjects were then required to make a visual match to the drawn forms. It was expected that the accuracy of form recognition would be a direct function of the sensitivity of the receptor surface. Thus the palm was expected to yield more accurate form recognition than the forearm or bicep. Form recognition was significantly worse on the forearm than on other skin locations. The adequacy of a skin surface as an information transducer does not appear to be a simple function of cutaneous sensitivity since there was no significant difference in the accuracy of form recognition between the palm and bicep.", "contents": "Body locus and form perception. Forms were drawn on the palms, forearms, or biceps of 42 subjects, with vision excluded. Subjects were then required to make a visual match to the drawn forms. It was expected that the accuracy of form recognition would be a direct function of the sensitivity of the receptor surface. Thus the palm was expected to yield more accurate form recognition than the forearm or bicep. Form recognition was significantly worse on the forearm than on other skin locations. The adequacy of a skin surface as an information transducer does not appear to be a simple function of cutaneous sensitivity since there was no significant difference in the accuracy of form recognition between the palm and bicep."}
{"id": "PMID:905087", "title": "Infants' discrimination of moving and stationary objects.", "content": "An operant technique was used to train 10-wk.-old infants on a simultaneous discrimination task with a checkerboard cube and a bull's-eye sphere presented in a stationary form. Discrimination testing with the objects in motion and with the objects stationary indicated that infants are able to discriminate between simultaneously presented objects whether stationary or in motion. The results are contrasted to T. G. R. Bower's assessment of infants' utilization of features in perceiving moving objects.", "contents": "Infants' discrimination of moving and stationary objects. An operant technique was used to train 10-wk.-old infants on a simultaneous discrimination task with a checkerboard cube and a bull's-eye sphere presented in a stationary form. Discrimination testing with the objects in motion and with the objects stationary indicated that infants are able to discriminate between simultaneously presented objects whether stationary or in motion. The results are contrasted to T. G. R. Bower's assessment of infants' utilization of features in perceiving moving objects."}
{"id": "PMID:905088", "title": "Balance performance as related to task stress under varied conditions of sensory cues.", "content": "27 junior high school girls performed three trials on a dynabilometer on each of 7 days. Subjects learned the balance task with all sensory cues available but were tested under three conditions of partial feedback occlusion, i.e., with blindfold, earphone, and combination of blindfold and earphone. On six days heart rate was monitored. Although the tasks were \"stressful\" based on heart rate, the various conditions did not invoke significantly different response. However, significant differences in balance performance were related to the conditions. Best performance resulted when both auditory and visual cues were withheld, while the worst performance occurred when subjects wore either the blindfold or the earphones.", "contents": "Balance performance as related to task stress under varied conditions of sensory cues. 27 junior high school girls performed three trials on a dynabilometer on each of 7 days. Subjects learned the balance task with all sensory cues available but were tested under three conditions of partial feedback occlusion, i.e., with blindfold, earphone, and combination of blindfold and earphone. On six days heart rate was monitored. Although the tasks were \"stressful\" based on heart rate, the various conditions did not invoke significantly different response. However, significant differences in balance performance were related to the conditions. Best performance resulted when both auditory and visual cues were withheld, while the worst performance occurred when subjects wore either the blindfold or the earphones."}
{"id": "PMID:905089", "title": "Cognitive style of Eastern European Jewish males.", "content": "A distinctive cognitive style showing high verbal--low spatial analysis ability emerged on intelligence test performances of Jewish male subjects of Eastern European extraction. This style is somewhat different from that of the normative population. It is hypothesized that genetic factors making for differential development of the cerebral hemispheres in these subjects interact with subcultural emphasis on verbal skills to produce the evidenced differences.", "contents": "Cognitive style of Eastern European Jewish males. A distinctive cognitive style showing high verbal--low spatial analysis ability emerged on intelligence test performances of Jewish male subjects of Eastern European extraction. This style is somewhat different from that of the normative population. It is hypothesized that genetic factors making for differential development of the cerebral hemispheres in these subjects interact with subcultural emphasis on verbal skills to produce the evidenced differences."}
{"id": "PMID:905090", "title": "Influences of alcohol upon performance and performance awareness.", "content": "The effects of alcohol and performance feedback on reaction time, judgments of response speed, and awareness of performance were examined with 15 male subjects. It was suggested that the dose of alcohol which impaired performance would also reduce the awareness of the impairment. In response to extrafoveal visual signals, a series of RTs and response-speed judgments were recorded over three experimental sessions which differed in target blood alcohol concentration, i.e., placebo, .05, .10. The spurious performance feedback presented to five subjects in each of three groups represented either fast, average, or slow RTs. Data support the hypothesis that alcohol impairs both performance and performance awareness. In all groups alcohol significantly increased RTs and significantly impaired the accuracy of response speed judgments. The measures of awareness, i.e., correlations between RTs and response speed judgments, showed that alcohol and spurious feedback significantly impaired performance awareness.", "contents": "Influences of alcohol upon performance and performance awareness. The effects of alcohol and performance feedback on reaction time, judgments of response speed, and awareness of performance were examined with 15 male subjects. It was suggested that the dose of alcohol which impaired performance would also reduce the awareness of the impairment. In response to extrafoveal visual signals, a series of RTs and response-speed judgments were recorded over three experimental sessions which differed in target blood alcohol concentration, i.e., placebo, .05, .10. The spurious performance feedback presented to five subjects in each of three groups represented either fast, average, or slow RTs. Data support the hypothesis that alcohol impairs both performance and performance awareness. In all groups alcohol significantly increased RTs and significantly impaired the accuracy of response speed judgments. The measures of awareness, i.e., correlations between RTs and response speed judgments, showed that alcohol and spurious feedback significantly impaired performance awareness."}
{"id": "PMID:905091", "title": "Effects of certainty and uncertainty of stimulus-response correspondence on auditory reaction times.", "content": "Complex reaction time (RT) was measured for a task in which a discriminative auditory cue designated whether the right or left hand was to be used in responding. Facilitation of monaural RT compared to binaural RT occurred on trials in which both (1) the ear stimulated corresponded to the hand specified for response and (2) each of 20 male college students had received a prior signal signifying that stimulus-response correspondence would occur on the trial. RT was slower for monaural than binaural input when the monaural stimulus was applied to the ear contralateral to the hand designated by the tonal cue regardless of a prior signal signifying that stimulus-response noncorrespondence would occur on the trial. These slower RTs were attributed to an inability of subjects to inhibit their initial tendency to react toward the source of stimulation.", "contents": "Effects of certainty and uncertainty of stimulus-response correspondence on auditory reaction times. Complex reaction time (RT) was measured for a task in which a discriminative auditory cue designated whether the right or left hand was to be used in responding. Facilitation of monaural RT compared to binaural RT occurred on trials in which both (1) the ear stimulated corresponded to the hand specified for response and (2) each of 20 male college students had received a prior signal signifying that stimulus-response correspondence would occur on the trial. RT was slower for monaural than binaural input when the monaural stimulus was applied to the ear contralateral to the hand designated by the tonal cue regardless of a prior signal signifying that stimulus-response noncorrespondence would occur on the trial. These slower RTs were attributed to an inability of subjects to inhibit their initial tendency to react toward the source of stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:905093", "title": "Perception of parental sex guilt and sexual behavior and arousal of college students.", "content": "The present study examined the relationship between perceptions of parental sex guilt and the sexual arousability and sexual activity of 63 single male and 89 single female undergraduates. The results indicate that the same sex parent is perceived as more influential in determining the sex guilt of the child whereas the perceived sex guilt of the mother may have more influence on the sexual arousability of the son and the sexual activity of the daughter.", "contents": "Perception of parental sex guilt and sexual behavior and arousal of college students. The present study examined the relationship between perceptions of parental sex guilt and the sexual arousability and sexual activity of 63 single male and 89 single female undergraduates. The results indicate that the same sex parent is perceived as more influential in determining the sex guilt of the child whereas the perceived sex guilt of the mother may have more influence on the sexual arousability of the son and the sexual activity of the daughter."}
{"id": "PMID:905092", "title": "Personality traits of females who participate in intercollegiate competition and nonparticipants.", "content": "The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was administered to 30 females who participated in intercollegiate competition in individual sports, 30 females who participated in team sports, and 30 female nonparticipants. There were no significant differences in scores for the group of participants in individual sports and those in team sports on the 15 scales. Significant differences were found on 4 of the 15 scales between the groups of nonparticipants and participants. The subjects in team sports had a higher need for deference than nonparticipants while nonparticipants had a higher need for intraception, change, and heterosexuality. Nonparticipants had a higher need for change and intraception than those in individual sports.", "contents": "Personality traits of females who participate in intercollegiate competition and nonparticipants. The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was administered to 30 females who participated in intercollegiate competition in individual sports, 30 females who participated in team sports, and 30 female nonparticipants. There were no significant differences in scores for the group of participants in individual sports and those in team sports on the 15 scales. Significant differences were found on 4 of the 15 scales between the groups of nonparticipants and participants. The subjects in team sports had a higher need for deference than nonparticipants while nonparticipants had a higher need for intraception, change, and heterosexuality. Nonparticipants had a higher need for change and intraception than those in individual sports."}
{"id": "PMID:905094", "title": "Ultrasonic facilitation of escape responding and disruption of anal body temperature in the golden hamster.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of ultrasonic pure tone on Mesocricetus auratus, a Murine rodent that does not organize rigidly into colonies as do some cricetid rodents. Subjects were 4 male and 4 female adult golden hamsters. All animals were trained to bar-press in a modified operant chamber to escape 24-v D.C. footshock. An experimental group was exposed to a 30-kHz tone at 60 dB during testing in the operant chamber with footshock absent. Similar testing trials were also given to assess the effect of ultrasonic sound on anal body temperature. It was noted that the experimental group demonstrated both behavioral arousal by bar-pressing significantly more often than controls (F = 6.95, df = 1/6, p greater than .05) and physiological arousal by increased body temperature (F = 6.88, df = 1/6, p greater than .05).", "contents": "Ultrasonic facilitation of escape responding and disruption of anal body temperature in the golden hamster. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of ultrasonic pure tone on Mesocricetus auratus, a Murine rodent that does not organize rigidly into colonies as do some cricetid rodents. Subjects were 4 male and 4 female adult golden hamsters. All animals were trained to bar-press in a modified operant chamber to escape 24-v D.C. footshock. An experimental group was exposed to a 30-kHz tone at 60 dB during testing in the operant chamber with footshock absent. Similar testing trials were also given to assess the effect of ultrasonic sound on anal body temperature. It was noted that the experimental group demonstrated both behavioral arousal by bar-pressing significantly more often than controls (F = 6.95, df = 1/6, p greater than .05) and physiological arousal by increased body temperature (F = 6.88, df = 1/6, p greater than .05)."}
{"id": "PMID:905095", "title": "Influence of temporal frequency on perceived speed.", "content": "The visual perception of velocity was studied in three experiments. The stimulus used in the first experiment was an endless striped belt moving behind a stable fixation line. In the second experiment a vertical moving line was presented in front of a stable striped background. In the third experiment the same moving line was pursued by the eye but the background was stable or moving either with the moving stimulus or in the opposite direction. The variables studied were the speed of the moving stimulus, the speed of the background, and the density (spatial frequency) of the stripes. Two theoretical explanations of the perceptual effects obtained are compared. The first explains variations of perceptual velocity in terms of density. The second asserts effects of perceptual velocity are contingent upon temporal frequency of encounters between the moving stimulus and the stable or moving contextual elements. The results favor the latter interpretation in the three experiments, but part of the results of Exp. 3 could be explained by the influence of ocular pursuit.", "contents": "Influence of temporal frequency on perceived speed. The visual perception of velocity was studied in three experiments. The stimulus used in the first experiment was an endless striped belt moving behind a stable fixation line. In the second experiment a vertical moving line was presented in front of a stable striped background. In the third experiment the same moving line was pursued by the eye but the background was stable or moving either with the moving stimulus or in the opposite direction. The variables studied were the speed of the moving stimulus, the speed of the background, and the density (spatial frequency) of the stripes. Two theoretical explanations of the perceptual effects obtained are compared. The first explains variations of perceptual velocity in terms of density. The second asserts effects of perceptual velocity are contingent upon temporal frequency of encounters between the moving stimulus and the stable or moving contextual elements. The results favor the latter interpretation in the three experiments, but part of the results of Exp. 3 could be explained by the influence of ocular pursuit."}
{"id": "PMID:905096", "title": "Neuroticism and proxemic behavior.", "content": "The relationship between proxemic behavior and neuroticism was examined. 50 male and 43 female subjects individually self-selected seats in a classroom where they were administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory by one of four experimenters (two male, two female). A significant relationship was found between proxemic distance and both neuroticism and experimenter's sex.", "contents": "Neuroticism and proxemic behavior. The relationship between proxemic behavior and neuroticism was examined. 50 male and 43 female subjects individually self-selected seats in a classroom where they were administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory by one of four experimenters (two male, two female). A significant relationship was found between proxemic distance and both neuroticism and experimenter's sex."}
{"id": "PMID:905097", "title": "The participant-observer: a source of invalidity in measuring motor skills?", "content": "Test validity can be defined as the accuracy of a test score. Artifacts, sources of error that affect validity, have been studied in both research design and written test frameworks but have received little attention in the context of tests of motor behavior in an educational setting. One potential source of invalidity in motor skill testing is the presence of participant-observers. The participant-observer effect is defined as the influence of the presence of other subjects who are waiting to be tested or who have already been tested on subjects who are being tested. This study was designed to measure the test performances of 175 college women with participant-observers present and with participant-observers absent. The test was an overarm throw for speed measured by an incident light velocimeter. The data were analyzed using 2 X 4 fixed-effects analysis of variance. The presence of other participant-observers did not elicit performance scores that were different from those of subjects tested alone. Thus testing subjects in groups where one member of the group is tested while the others observe did not adversely affect performance on the overarm throw compared with that of subjects tested alone.", "contents": "The participant-observer: a source of invalidity in measuring motor skills? Test validity can be defined as the accuracy of a test score. Artifacts, sources of error that affect validity, have been studied in both research design and written test frameworks but have received little attention in the context of tests of motor behavior in an educational setting. One potential source of invalidity in motor skill testing is the presence of participant-observers. The participant-observer effect is defined as the influence of the presence of other subjects who are waiting to be tested or who have already been tested on subjects who are being tested. This study was designed to measure the test performances of 175 college women with participant-observers present and with participant-observers absent. The test was an overarm throw for speed measured by an incident light velocimeter. The data were analyzed using 2 X 4 fixed-effects analysis of variance. The presence of other participant-observers did not elicit performance scores that were different from those of subjects tested alone. Thus testing subjects in groups where one member of the group is tested while the others observe did not adversely affect performance on the overarm throw compared with that of subjects tested alone."}
{"id": "PMID:905098", "title": "Correlation of activity and weight in comet goldfish (Carassius auratus) at differing water temperatures.", "content": "Correlations of activity and weight at three water temperatures, 20 degrees, 26 degrees, and 30 degrees C, were examined in the comet goldfish (Carassius auratus). For the 12 subjects general activity scores increased as water temperature increased. Heavier subjects were more active at low temperatures while lighter subjects were more active at higher temperatures.", "contents": "Correlation of activity and weight in comet goldfish (Carassius auratus) at differing water temperatures. Correlations of activity and weight at three water temperatures, 20 degrees, 26 degrees, and 30 degrees C, were examined in the comet goldfish (Carassius auratus). For the 12 subjects general activity scores increased as water temperature increased. Heavier subjects were more active at low temperatures while lighter subjects were more active at higher temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:905099", "title": "Physiognomic perception and empathy.", "content": "96 college students who were rated as high and low in terms of physiognomic perception were administered an empathy measure. Results supported the hypothesis that those individuals with higher physiognomic perception would show more empathy than those with a lower degree of physiognomic perception. Results were interpreted as adding evidence to the existence of physiognomic perception as a cognitive control principle.", "contents": "Physiognomic perception and empathy. 96 college students who were rated as high and low in terms of physiognomic perception were administered an empathy measure. Results supported the hypothesis that those individuals with higher physiognomic perception would show more empathy than those with a lower degree of physiognomic perception. Results were interpreted as adding evidence to the existence of physiognomic perception as a cognitive control principle."}
{"id": "PMID:905100", "title": "Backward recognition masking in relative pitch judgments.", "content": "Backward recognition masking refers to interference of a second masking tone with recognition of a target tone presented earlier in time. The degree of interference has been found to decrease as the length of the silent interval separating the two tones increases. These results have been interpreted as representing interference of the masking tone upon the preperceptual storage and perceptual resolution of the target. It is logically possible, however, that the masking tone does not interfere with perceptual resolution but interferes with comparison of the target to a long-term memory representation. The current research was designed to provide a critical test of this alternative hypothesis by modifying the backward recognition masking task. Subjects determined whether the masking tone was higher or lower in pitch than the target tone. The frequencies of the target and masking tones varied randomly across trials. This ensured that the task could not be performed by comparing the target to a representation in long-term memory. Nevertheless, masking was obtained in this task, arguing against the comparison argument and in favor of the perceptual resolution interpretation. Given that masking was obtained under both ipsilateral and contralateral presentation of the tones, the results argue for a central preperceptual auditory storage that holds information after the inputs from the two ears are combined in the auditory system.", "contents": "Backward recognition masking in relative pitch judgments. Backward recognition masking refers to interference of a second masking tone with recognition of a target tone presented earlier in time. The degree of interference has been found to decrease as the length of the silent interval separating the two tones increases. These results have been interpreted as representing interference of the masking tone upon the preperceptual storage and perceptual resolution of the target. It is logically possible, however, that the masking tone does not interfere with perceptual resolution but interferes with comparison of the target to a long-term memory representation. The current research was designed to provide a critical test of this alternative hypothesis by modifying the backward recognition masking task. Subjects determined whether the masking tone was higher or lower in pitch than the target tone. The frequencies of the target and masking tones varied randomly across trials. This ensured that the task could not be performed by comparing the target to a representation in long-term memory. Nevertheless, masking was obtained in this task, arguing against the comparison argument and in favor of the perceptual resolution interpretation. Given that masking was obtained under both ipsilateral and contralateral presentation of the tones, the results argue for a central preperceptual auditory storage that holds information after the inputs from the two ears are combined in the auditory system."}
{"id": "PMID:905101", "title": "Physiognomic perception and flexibility of concept formation.", "content": "40 junior high school boys were rated as high or low physiognomic and administered a flexibility of concept-formation task. Results supported the hypothesis that those individuals who demonstrated higher physiognomic perception would show greater flexibility in concept formation. The demonstrated relationship is evidence for the role of physiognomic perception as a cognitive control principle.", "contents": "Physiognomic perception and flexibility of concept formation. 40 junior high school boys were rated as high or low physiognomic and administered a flexibility of concept-formation task. Results supported the hypothesis that those individuals who demonstrated higher physiognomic perception would show greater flexibility in concept formation. The demonstrated relationship is evidence for the role of physiognomic perception as a cognitive control principle."}
{"id": "PMID:905106", "title": "[An hypothesis concerning the pathogenetic background of 3 diseases of civilization].", "content": "This article presents a theory concerning the pathogenetic background for three diseases of civilization: essential hypertension, stable diabetes and atherosclerosis. Man and many other animals have mobilizing mechanisms for preparation for physical activity, expressed inter alia by an increase in blood pressure, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia. During physical activity, blood pressure falls almost to the resting level and hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia are reduced parallel with the metabolism of glucose and fats in working muscles. In wealthy countries, this preparation for physical activity, which is dominated by the sympathetic-adrenergic system, comes into action just as frequently as in less wealthy countries -- or possibly even more frequently -- but this is rarely followed by muscular activity. How long is this sympathetic dominance maintained? How high are the blood pressure, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia? How slowly do these return to normal levels? It appears probable that this may be of fundamental pathogenetic significance in the three abovementioned diseases, the causes of which we have difficulty in finding or agreeing upon. Various prophylactic possibilities are mentioned briefly.", "contents": "[An hypothesis concerning the pathogenetic background of 3 diseases of civilization]. This article presents a theory concerning the pathogenetic background for three diseases of civilization: essential hypertension, stable diabetes and atherosclerosis. Man and many other animals have mobilizing mechanisms for preparation for physical activity, expressed inter alia by an increase in blood pressure, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia. During physical activity, blood pressure falls almost to the resting level and hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia are reduced parallel with the metabolism of glucose and fats in working muscles. In wealthy countries, this preparation for physical activity, which is dominated by the sympathetic-adrenergic system, comes into action just as frequently as in less wealthy countries -- or possibly even more frequently -- but this is rarely followed by muscular activity. How long is this sympathetic dominance maintained? How high are the blood pressure, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia? How slowly do these return to normal levels? It appears probable that this may be of fundamental pathogenetic significance in the three abovementioned diseases, the causes of which we have difficulty in finding or agreeing upon. Various prophylactic possibilities are mentioned briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:905119", "title": "Effect of vaccination of sows with Bordetella bronchiseptica on the incidence of atrophic rhinitis in swine.", "content": "Vaccination of pregnant sows with Bordetella bronchiseptica was performed in an SPF herd with clinical atrophic rhinitis. Agglutinins against the organism were induced in serum and colostrum by the vaccination. The antibody titres were generally higher in colostrum than in corresponding serum samples. The frequency at slaughter of turbinate atrophy (+, ++, +++) was lower among pigs from vaccinated sows (11%) than in pigs borne by unvaccinated sows (20%). In the control group a lower daily weight gain was observed in pigs with turbinate atrophy than in pigs with normal noses. The mean daily weight gain in pigs with turbinate atrophy borne by vaccinated sows was slightly lower than in pigs without atrophy of conchae, but the difference was not significant. A specific immunological prophylaxis might be an alternative to antibacterial treatment in herds where atrophic rhinitis is aetiologically related to B. bronchiseptica infection.", "contents": "Effect of vaccination of sows with Bordetella bronchiseptica on the incidence of atrophic rhinitis in swine. Vaccination of pregnant sows with Bordetella bronchiseptica was performed in an SPF herd with clinical atrophic rhinitis. Agglutinins against the organism were induced in serum and colostrum by the vaccination. The antibody titres were generally higher in colostrum than in corresponding serum samples. The frequency at slaughter of turbinate atrophy (+, ++, +++) was lower among pigs from vaccinated sows (11%) than in pigs borne by unvaccinated sows (20%). In the control group a lower daily weight gain was observed in pigs with turbinate atrophy than in pigs with normal noses. The mean daily weight gain in pigs with turbinate atrophy borne by vaccinated sows was slightly lower than in pigs without atrophy of conchae, but the difference was not significant. A specific immunological prophylaxis might be an alternative to antibacterial treatment in herds where atrophic rhinitis is aetiologically related to B. bronchiseptica infection."}
{"id": "PMID:905120", "title": "Prostaglandin-induced parturition in swine -- a field study on its accuracy after treatment with different amounts of PGF.", "content": "This trial was performed within one large piglet producing herd in Sweden during June-August 1976. One hundred and sixty sows were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: (1) 15 mg PGF2alpha i.m., (2) 20 mg PGF2alpha i.m., (3) two injections of 10 mg PGF2alpha i.m. at c. 8 h interval, (4) untreated countrol sows. PGF2alpha was administered in the morning of days 111, 112 or 113 of pregnancy. Of the PGF2alpha-treated sows, 83--85% farrowed within 48 h after treatment. No effect of day of treatment was found. Nor was any difference between groups observed. Neither of the treatments had a significantly negative influence of the viability of the piglets born. A numerically lower incidence of agalactia post partum was demonstrated in sows treated once with 15 mg or 20 mg PGF2alpha. A possible effect of PGF2alpha for prevention of agalactia post partum is discussed.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-induced parturition in swine -- a field study on its accuracy after treatment with different amounts of PGF. This trial was performed within one large piglet producing herd in Sweden during June-August 1976. One hundred and sixty sows were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: (1) 15 mg PGF2alpha i.m., (2) 20 mg PGF2alpha i.m., (3) two injections of 10 mg PGF2alpha i.m. at c. 8 h interval, (4) untreated countrol sows. PGF2alpha was administered in the morning of days 111, 112 or 113 of pregnancy. Of the PGF2alpha-treated sows, 83--85% farrowed within 48 h after treatment. No effect of day of treatment was found. Nor was any difference between groups observed. Neither of the treatments had a significantly negative influence of the viability of the piglets born. A numerically lower incidence of agalactia post partum was demonstrated in sows treated once with 15 mg or 20 mg PGF2alpha. A possible effect of PGF2alpha for prevention of agalactia post partum is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:905121", "title": "On porcine toxoplasmosis in Sweden.", "content": "An outbreak of fatal toxoplasmosis in piglets, probably of congenital origin is described. Although this is the first known manifest case of porcine toxoplasmosis in Sweden it is concluded that it is based on a well established latent infection of the pig population in the area concerned. Of a random sample of clinically healthy slaughtered pigs from the area 40.3 per cent were positive in Sabin-Feldman dye-test.", "contents": "On porcine toxoplasmosis in Sweden. An outbreak of fatal toxoplasmosis in piglets, probably of congenital origin is described. Although this is the first known manifest case of porcine toxoplasmosis in Sweden it is concluded that it is based on a well established latent infection of the pig population in the area concerned. Of a random sample of clinically healthy slaughtered pigs from the area 40.3 per cent were positive in Sabin-Feldman dye-test."}
{"id": "PMID:905122", "title": "Chlorine residues in farm milk following the use of two disinfectants of different solubilities.", "content": "The incidence of chlorine residues in milk derived from two kinds of chlorine-based disinfectants of differing solubilities was investigated by Wode's test in a total of 420 samples from 30 dairy farms using milk tanks in December 1976 and January 1977. The less soluble of the two disinfectants caused a positive reaction for free chlorine in 4.29 per cent and a weakly positive reaction in 20 per cent of the 210 samples tested. The readily soluble disinfectant caused a weakly positive reaction only, in 3.33 per cent of the samples tested. The difference was statistically significant. In cases where Wode's test gave a positive or a weakly positive reaction, the identification test for antibiotics and chemotherapeutics was made by agar diffusion tests. The results showed that chlorine residues in milk cause small inhibition zones.", "contents": "Chlorine residues in farm milk following the use of two disinfectants of different solubilities. The incidence of chlorine residues in milk derived from two kinds of chlorine-based disinfectants of differing solubilities was investigated by Wode's test in a total of 420 samples from 30 dairy farms using milk tanks in December 1976 and January 1977. The less soluble of the two disinfectants caused a positive reaction for free chlorine in 4.29 per cent and a weakly positive reaction in 20 per cent of the 210 samples tested. The readily soluble disinfectant caused a weakly positive reaction only, in 3.33 per cent of the samples tested. The difference was statistically significant. In cases where Wode's test gave a positive or a weakly positive reaction, the identification test for antibiotics and chemotherapeutics was made by agar diffusion tests. The results showed that chlorine residues in milk cause small inhibition zones."}
{"id": "PMID:905116", "title": "[Plasma progesterone and ovarian findings related to plasma glucose and acetoacetat in the postpartum period in the cow (author's transl)].", "content": "Ovarian function and carbohydrate status were examined in 286 dairy cows. The cows, which were at various stages of the postpartum period, had their ovaries examined by one rectal palpation. Simultaneously with the clinical examination, one blood sample was taken for determination of progesterone, glucose and acetoacetate. In the period before 24 days post partum cows not having a corpus luteum had somewhat lower plasma glucose than cows having a corpus luteum (P less than 0.05). Cows not having a corpus luteum after 40 days showed a tendency to lower plasma glucose and higher plasma acetoacetate than cows having corpus luteum (P less than 0.05). Ovarian activity, expressed through frequency of high progesterone values (greater than or equal to 2 ng/ml), increased markedly after 40 days post partum, while the lowest glucose means and highest frequencies of acetoacetate greater than or equal to 2.5 mg/100 ml occurred before 30 days post partum. It is concluded that longitudinal studies post partum will be required to clarify the possible effect of hypoglycemia on the ovarian function.", "contents": "[Plasma progesterone and ovarian findings related to plasma glucose and acetoacetat in the postpartum period in the cow (author's transl)]. Ovarian function and carbohydrate status were examined in 286 dairy cows. The cows, which were at various stages of the postpartum period, had their ovaries examined by one rectal palpation. Simultaneously with the clinical examination, one blood sample was taken for determination of progesterone, glucose and acetoacetate. In the period before 24 days post partum cows not having a corpus luteum had somewhat lower plasma glucose than cows having a corpus luteum (P less than 0.05). Cows not having a corpus luteum after 40 days showed a tendency to lower plasma glucose and higher plasma acetoacetate than cows having corpus luteum (P less than 0.05). Ovarian activity, expressed through frequency of high progesterone values (greater than or equal to 2 ng/ml), increased markedly after 40 days post partum, while the lowest glucose means and highest frequencies of acetoacetate greater than or equal to 2.5 mg/100 ml occurred before 30 days post partum. It is concluded that longitudinal studies post partum will be required to clarify the possible effect of hypoglycemia on the ovarian function."}
{"id": "PMID:905117", "title": "Mycotic granulomatous pneumonia in a lamb [case report].", "content": "A case of mycotic granulomatous pneumonia due to Aspergillus sp. is described. The route of infection is discussed.", "contents": "Mycotic granulomatous pneumonia in a lamb [case report]. A case of mycotic granulomatous pneumonia due to Aspergillus sp. is described. The route of infection is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:905123", "title": "[Postoperative staphylococcal infection as a late complication following treatment of pseudarthrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The study describes a case of postoperative infection following surgery of a humeral pseudarthrosis in a dog. The infection was manifested by fistulas which healed after treatment with different antibacterial drugs, but recurred on six different occasions during a period of twenty months after the operation. Staphylococcus aureus or epidermidis was isolated after aerobic incubation while no microbes were detected after anaerobic incubation. The infection appeared to be localized to a suture of polypropylene. The infection regressed and no more fistulas appeared after this suture had been removed.", "contents": "[Postoperative staphylococcal infection as a late complication following treatment of pseudarthrosis (author's transl)]. The study describes a case of postoperative infection following surgery of a humeral pseudarthrosis in a dog. The infection was manifested by fistulas which healed after treatment with different antibacterial drugs, but recurred on six different occasions during a period of twenty months after the operation. Staphylococcus aureus or epidermidis was isolated after aerobic incubation while no microbes were detected after anaerobic incubation. The infection appeared to be localized to a suture of polypropylene. The infection regressed and no more fistulas appeared after this suture had been removed."}
{"id": "PMID:905118", "title": "The occurrence of aflatoxin in nuts and nut products imported to Finland for human consumption during the years 1974-1976.", "content": "An examination was made of 1050 lots of nuts and nut products, totalling 4.7 million kg, imported to Finland in the years 1974-1976. Of these, 44 lots (4.2%) were found to contain aflatoxin. The highest percentage of aflatoxin-containing lots, was observed in the case of sliced and crushed peanuts (29.4%). Of the positive samples, 20.5% contained 101-500 microgram aflatoxin per kg, 52.3% contained 6-100 microgram/kg and 20.5% contained less than or equal to 5 microgram/kg. Rest of the samples (6.7%) contained aflatoxin 501 microgram/kg or more. The most commonly detected toxin types were B1 and B2. The proportion of aflatoxin-containing lots showed a slight decrease during the 3-year research period. On the basis of the research results and the sampling plan used, and bearing in mind the acceptable quality level (AQL: 5 microgram/kg) employed in Finland, the reliability of approval and rejection decisions was discussed from the point of view of both the producer's and the consumer's risk.", "contents": "The occurrence of aflatoxin in nuts and nut products imported to Finland for human consumption during the years 1974-1976. An examination was made of 1050 lots of nuts and nut products, totalling 4.7 million kg, imported to Finland in the years 1974-1976. Of these, 44 lots (4.2%) were found to contain aflatoxin. The highest percentage of aflatoxin-containing lots, was observed in the case of sliced and crushed peanuts (29.4%). Of the positive samples, 20.5% contained 101-500 microgram aflatoxin per kg, 52.3% contained 6-100 microgram/kg and 20.5% contained less than or equal to 5 microgram/kg. Rest of the samples (6.7%) contained aflatoxin 501 microgram/kg or more. The most commonly detected toxin types were B1 and B2. The proportion of aflatoxin-containing lots showed a slight decrease during the 3-year research period. On the basis of the research results and the sampling plan used, and bearing in mind the acceptable quality level (AQL: 5 microgram/kg) employed in Finland, the reliability of approval and rejection decisions was discussed from the point of view of both the producer's and the consumer's risk."}
{"id": "PMID:905124", "title": "Ochratoxin A residues in tissues of slaughter pigs with nephropathy.", "content": "Kidneys showing nephropathy changes were collected from slaughtered pigs at seven slaughterhouses in various districts of Denmark. Levels of ochratoxin A residues greater than 2 microgram/kg were detected in 21 out of 60 kidneys (35%). Ochratoxin A residues in liver, muscular and adipose tissues were calculated on the basis of the kidney concentration. Although the 21 kidneys containing ochratoxin A were condemned, the carcasses passed the meat inspection. Routinely only a small fraction of pigs exhibits nephropathy changes at slaughter, but the results of this study provide indirect evidence for a limited occurrence of ochratoxin A residues in commercial meat.", "contents": "Ochratoxin A residues in tissues of slaughter pigs with nephropathy. Kidneys showing nephropathy changes were collected from slaughtered pigs at seven slaughterhouses in various districts of Denmark. Levels of ochratoxin A residues greater than 2 microgram/kg were detected in 21 out of 60 kidneys (35%). Ochratoxin A residues in liver, muscular and adipose tissues were calculated on the basis of the kidney concentration. Although the 21 kidneys containing ochratoxin A were condemned, the carcasses passed the meat inspection. Routinely only a small fraction of pigs exhibits nephropathy changes at slaughter, but the results of this study provide indirect evidence for a limited occurrence of ochratoxin A residues in commercial meat."}
{"id": "PMID:905125", "title": "[Treatment of bacterial endocarditis with oral amoxicillin and intra-muscular gentamicin].", "content": "Fourteen patients suffering from bacterial endocarditis due to a streptococcus or staphylococcus were treated using a combination of amoxicillin per os in a dose of 1 gram every 2 or 3 hours and gentamicin in a dose of 60 mg intramuscularly every 6 or 8 hours. Two patients failed to tolerate amoxicillin, which had to be replaced by penicillin G. Two others, after a period of improvement, relapsed and were cured by the substitution of penicillin G given intravenously, in place of amoxicillin. The ten remaining patients were cured after a normal period of time had elapsed. Two of them were even treated at home. Bactericidal powers of serum obtained by the combination were satisfactory at between 1/16 to 1/4096 one hour after the administration of the antibiotics. This therapeutic protocol is thus effective, and has the advantage of improving the patient's comfort. It should nevertheless be reserved for use against sensitive organisms in patients without digestive problems, the bactericidal power of the serum being verified.", "contents": "[Treatment of bacterial endocarditis with oral amoxicillin and intra-muscular gentamicin]. Fourteen patients suffering from bacterial endocarditis due to a streptococcus or staphylococcus were treated using a combination of amoxicillin per os in a dose of 1 gram every 2 or 3 hours and gentamicin in a dose of 60 mg intramuscularly every 6 or 8 hours. Two patients failed to tolerate amoxicillin, which had to be replaced by penicillin G. Two others, after a period of improvement, relapsed and were cured by the substitution of penicillin G given intravenously, in place of amoxicillin. The ten remaining patients were cured after a normal period of time had elapsed. Two of them were even treated at home. Bactericidal powers of serum obtained by the combination were satisfactory at between 1/16 to 1/4096 one hour after the administration of the antibiotics. This therapeutic protocol is thus effective, and has the advantage of improving the patient's comfort. It should nevertheless be reserved for use against sensitive organisms in patients without digestive problems, the bactericidal power of the serum being verified."}
{"id": "PMID:905126", "title": "[Dissecting hematomas of the infra-renal abdominal aorta].", "content": "A dissecting haematoma of the infra-renal abdominal aorta is the rarest form of dissection involving this arterial segment. On the basis of seventeen cases published in the literature, together with three personal cases, the authors review the clinical signs (fusiform ectasia, arteriosclerotic form with aortic obliteration, painful form with fissuring) and the radiological characteristics. A successful result was obtained in six patients out of seven undergoing operation with prosthetic replacement, which would thus appear to be the appropriate surgical technique.", "contents": "[Dissecting hematomas of the infra-renal abdominal aorta]. A dissecting haematoma of the infra-renal abdominal aorta is the rarest form of dissection involving this arterial segment. On the basis of seventeen cases published in the literature, together with three personal cases, the authors review the clinical signs (fusiform ectasia, arteriosclerotic form with aortic obliteration, painful form with fissuring) and the radiological characteristics. A successful result was obtained in six patients out of seven undergoing operation with prosthetic replacement, which would thus appear to be the appropriate surgical technique."}
{"id": "PMID:905127", "title": "[Determination of plasma digoxin in newborn infants. Practical applications].", "content": "Measurement of plasma digoxin concentrations in infants after three increasing dosage levels shows that the optimal dose of this glycoside in 20 microgram/kg/day, i.e. a loading dose of 20 microgram/kg followed every 8 hours by a maintenance dose of 7 microgram/kg. The plateau concentration achieved is 3.0 +/- 0,5 ng/ml 8 hours after the last administration. When digoxin levels exceed 5 ng/ml (overdosage, renal failure or low body weight), toxic manifestations occur.", "contents": "[Determination of plasma digoxin in newborn infants. Practical applications]. Measurement of plasma digoxin concentrations in infants after three increasing dosage levels shows that the optimal dose of this glycoside in 20 microgram/kg/day, i.e. a loading dose of 20 microgram/kg followed every 8 hours by a maintenance dose of 7 microgram/kg. The plateau concentration achieved is 3.0 +/- 0,5 ng/ml 8 hours after the last administration. When digoxin levels exceed 5 ng/ml (overdosage, renal failure or low body weight), toxic manifestations occur."}
{"id": "PMID:905202", "title": "Interaction of hydralazine with barbiturates.", "content": "Barbiturates given together with hydralazine significantly change the hypotensive effect of the latter. The final effect depends on the kind of barbiturate, time of its administration, and initial functional state of the circulatory system. Hydralazine given together with barbiturates significantly prolongs their hypnotic action and shortens the latency of that action. In the case of a short-acting barbiturate, hexobarbital, this effect appears in normotensive rats only if the barbiturate is given 60 min prior to hydralazine administration.", "contents": "Interaction of hydralazine with barbiturates. Barbiturates given together with hydralazine significantly change the hypotensive effect of the latter. The final effect depends on the kind of barbiturate, time of its administration, and initial functional state of the circulatory system. Hydralazine given together with barbiturates significantly prolongs their hypnotic action and shortens the latency of that action. In the case of a short-acting barbiturate, hexobarbital, this effect appears in normotensive rats only if the barbiturate is given 60 min prior to hydralazine administration."}
{"id": "PMID:905203", "title": "Excretion of D-glucaric acid and metabolism of salicylamide in man: the effect of phenobarbital-produced enzymatic induction.", "content": "In 16 young healthy subjects the composition of salicylamide metabolites and the rate of their excretion depended on the loading dose. After 5 days of treatment with phenobarbital, the excretion of glucaric acid (GLA) and the rate of excretion and degree of glucuronization of salicylamide metabolites increased over 2-fold. The rate of excretion and degree of glucuronization were correlated with the amount of excreted GLA. The value of assay of GLA for the assessment of induction of hepatocytic microsomal enzymes is discussed.", "contents": "Excretion of D-glucaric acid and metabolism of salicylamide in man: the effect of phenobarbital-produced enzymatic induction. In 16 young healthy subjects the composition of salicylamide metabolites and the rate of their excretion depended on the loading dose. After 5 days of treatment with phenobarbital, the excretion of glucaric acid (GLA) and the rate of excretion and degree of glucuronization of salicylamide metabolites increased over 2-fold. The rate of excretion and degree of glucuronization were correlated with the amount of excreted GLA. The value of assay of GLA for the assessment of induction of hepatocytic microsomal enzymes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:905205", "title": "Effect of methionine on the brain biogenic monoamines and on the cortical bioelectrical activity of rabbits.", "content": "Methionine (150 and 300 mg/kg ip for 3 days) did not change the concentrations of striatal DA. It was also without effect on the levels of NA and 5-HT in the diencephalon and in the brain stem, while the 5-HIAA content was significantly increased in both structures after the dose 300 mg/kg. The single injection of methionine in doses of 10--300 mg/kg iv provoked dose-dependent changes in cortical bioelectrical activity. It was observed a considerable increase in the number of spindles, an increase in the amplitude and number of waves composing the spindles as well as a rise in their frequency characteristic.", "contents": "Effect of methionine on the brain biogenic monoamines and on the cortical bioelectrical activity of rabbits. Methionine (150 and 300 mg/kg ip for 3 days) did not change the concentrations of striatal DA. It was also without effect on the levels of NA and 5-HT in the diencephalon and in the brain stem, while the 5-HIAA content was significantly increased in both structures after the dose 300 mg/kg. The single injection of methionine in doses of 10--300 mg/kg iv provoked dose-dependent changes in cortical bioelectrical activity. It was observed a considerable increase in the number of spindles, an increase in the amplitude and number of waves composing the spindles as well as a rise in their frequency characteristic."}
{"id": "PMID:905207", "title": "Sesquiterpene lactones. Part XV. New cytostatic active sesquiterpene lactone from herb of Anthemis nobilis L.", "content": "From fresh and dried herb (without inflorescences) of Anthemis nobilis L. a new sesquiterpene lactone C20H26O6 was isolated. This compound showed a cytotoxic activity at a level of ED50 HeLa -- 0-56 microgram/ml (1-5 x 10(-6) M), and ED50 KB -- 1.23 microgram/ml (3-5 x 10(-6) M), what qualifies it for further in vivo studies.", "contents": "Sesquiterpene lactones. Part XV. New cytostatic active sesquiterpene lactone from herb of Anthemis nobilis L. From fresh and dried herb (without inflorescences) of Anthemis nobilis L. a new sesquiterpene lactone C20H26O6 was isolated. This compound showed a cytotoxic activity at a level of ED50 HeLa -- 0-56 microgram/ml (1-5 x 10(-6) M), and ED50 KB -- 1.23 microgram/ml (3-5 x 10(-6) M), what qualifies it for further in vivo studies."}
{"id": "PMID:905206", "title": "Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in biological membranes induced by p,p'-DDT (chlorophenotanum) and its metabolites.", "content": "Alterations in membranes structure of rat liver mitochondria and chick embryo heart cells treated in vitro with p,p'-DDT and its main metabolites were investigated. Electron-microscopic study presented in this paper showed that DDT, DDE and DDA damaged the ultrastructure of mitochondrial membranes. Experiments with isolated chicken embryo heart cells showed that DDT and DDE damaged cell membranes which became permeable to polycation -- protamine. A target -- site for DDT in biomembranes is discussed. It is concluded that DDT and some of its metabolites are responsible for the dearrangement of biological membranes.", "contents": "Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in biological membranes induced by p,p'-DDT (chlorophenotanum) and its metabolites. Alterations in membranes structure of rat liver mitochondria and chick embryo heart cells treated in vitro with p,p'-DDT and its main metabolites were investigated. Electron-microscopic study presented in this paper showed that DDT, DDE and DDA damaged the ultrastructure of mitochondrial membranes. Experiments with isolated chicken embryo heart cells showed that DDT and DDE damaged cell membranes which became permeable to polycation -- protamine. A target -- site for DDT in biomembranes is discussed. It is concluded that DDT and some of its metabolites are responsible for the dearrangement of biological membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:905204", "title": "Effect of serotonin uptake blocking agents on the flexor reflex of hind limb of the spinal rat.", "content": "Imipramine, clomipramine, FG 4963 and quipazine potentiated the flexor reflex of hind limb of the spinal rat, imipramine and clomipramine being relatively weak, and quipazine the most potent in this respect. The potentiation is prevented by serotonin receptor blocking agents, cyproheptadine and danitracen. Imipramine and clomipramine prevented the potentiation of flexor reflex by fenfluramine; this indicates a presynaptic mechanism of action of the latter compound. The stimulatory action of LSD is only partially inhibited by imipramine. The action of quipazine seems to be mainly postsynaptic, as it is not prevented by severe depletion of serotonin stores by reserpine and an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, H 22/54.", "contents": "Effect of serotonin uptake blocking agents on the flexor reflex of hind limb of the spinal rat. Imipramine, clomipramine, FG 4963 and quipazine potentiated the flexor reflex of hind limb of the spinal rat, imipramine and clomipramine being relatively weak, and quipazine the most potent in this respect. The potentiation is prevented by serotonin receptor blocking agents, cyproheptadine and danitracen. Imipramine and clomipramine prevented the potentiation of flexor reflex by fenfluramine; this indicates a presynaptic mechanism of action of the latter compound. The stimulatory action of LSD is only partially inhibited by imipramine. The action of quipazine seems to be mainly postsynaptic, as it is not prevented by severe depletion of serotonin stores by reserpine and an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, H 22/54."}
{"id": "PMID:905239", "title": "[Isolation of lipase of microbial origin].", "content": "By gel chromatography and polyacrylamide gel disc-electrophoresis the component composition of the culture liquid separated from the mycelium was investigated. After elution from Sephadex G-75 column lipase activity was concentrated in one peak. Out of 13 electrophoretic mobile protein components only one split trioleate. The paper describes a method to isolate lipase from the native solution of the produced which involves enzyme precipitation at 40% saturation of the native solution with ammonium sulphate, dialysis of the resultant concentrate and selective sorption of pigment and protein admixtures on the cellulose anion exchanger. The method maker it possible to obtain a highly purified lipolytic enzyme with a specific activity of up to 15 000 lu/mg protein and to provide its 35--40% yield.", "contents": "[Isolation of lipase of microbial origin]. By gel chromatography and polyacrylamide gel disc-electrophoresis the component composition of the culture liquid separated from the mycelium was investigated. After elution from Sephadex G-75 column lipase activity was concentrated in one peak. Out of 13 electrophoretic mobile protein components only one split trioleate. The paper describes a method to isolate lipase from the native solution of the produced which involves enzyme precipitation at 40% saturation of the native solution with ammonium sulphate, dialysis of the resultant concentrate and selective sorption of pigment and protein admixtures on the cellulose anion exchanger. The method maker it possible to obtain a highly purified lipolytic enzyme with a specific activity of up to 15 000 lu/mg protein and to provide its 35--40% yield."}
{"id": "PMID:905242", "title": "[Cellular immunological reactions to insulin and pancreatic tissue in diabetes mellitus patients not treated with insulin].", "content": "The authors carried out a clinico-immunological study in 110 patients with diabetes mellitus untreated with insulin, in 39 patients with the glucose tolerance test unclear in respect to diabetes mellitus, and in 46 healthy persons. Insulin sensitization was noted in 13.6% of diabetic patients, and in 5.1 and 2.2% of other persons studied, respectively. A relationship was noted between the lymphocyte insulin sensitization and a combination of diabetes with moderate adiposity. Positive reactions in respect to the pancreatic tissue were found in 10% of diabetic patients.", "contents": "[Cellular immunological reactions to insulin and pancreatic tissue in diabetes mellitus patients not treated with insulin]. The authors carried out a clinico-immunological study in 110 patients with diabetes mellitus untreated with insulin, in 39 patients with the glucose tolerance test unclear in respect to diabetes mellitus, and in 46 healthy persons. Insulin sensitization was noted in 13.6% of diabetic patients, and in 5.1 and 2.2% of other persons studied, respectively. A relationship was noted between the lymphocyte insulin sensitization and a combination of diabetes with moderate adiposity. Positive reactions in respect to the pancreatic tissue were found in 10% of diabetic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:905243", "title": "[Dynamics of the urinary excretion of estrogens, pregnanediol, 17-ketosteroid fractions, cortisol and its metabolites in healthy women in the course of the menstrual cycle].", "content": "The 24-hour urinary estrogen excretion was studied in 12 women of reproductive age at periods corresponding to the middle and the end of the follicular phase, the middle and the end of the lutein phase of the menstrual cycle; pregnandiol excretion was determined at the same periods in 20 women, the urinary sum total and individual 17-KS content--in 26 women, free cortizol and its metabolites--in 19 women. The 24-hour estrogen excretion reached the maximum on the days corresponding to the ovulation peak (the 14th-15th days), and remained at a sufficiently high level in the middle of the lutein phase. Pregnandiol excretion increased by the end of the folliculin phase and reached the maximum during the lutein phase. During the mentioned most active periods of the menstrual cycle there was also noted a significant elevation of androstendione, androsterone, ethiocholanolone and free hydrocortizone excretion. The absolute amount and relative content of dehydroepiandrosterone in the sum total fractions of the urinary 17-ketosteroids proved to diminish. Cortizol metabolite excretion decreased as well. A regular direction of the changes occurring in the 24-hour excretion of individual  17-KS fractions, cortizol and its metabolites in the course of the menstrual cycle was apparently associated with the synthesis and transformation of sex hormones.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the urinary excretion of estrogens, pregnanediol, 17-ketosteroid fractions, cortisol and its metabolites in healthy women in the course of the menstrual cycle]. The 24-hour urinary estrogen excretion was studied in 12 women of reproductive age at periods corresponding to the middle and the end of the follicular phase, the middle and the end of the lutein phase of the menstrual cycle; pregnandiol excretion was determined at the same periods in 20 women, the urinary sum total and individual 17-KS content--in 26 women, free cortizol and its metabolites--in 19 women. The 24-hour estrogen excretion reached the maximum on the days corresponding to the ovulation peak (the 14th-15th days), and remained at a sufficiently high level in the middle of the lutein phase. Pregnandiol excretion increased by the end of the folliculin phase and reached the maximum during the lutein phase. During the mentioned most active periods of the menstrual cycle there was also noted a significant elevation of androstendione, androsterone, ethiocholanolone and free hydrocortizone excretion. The absolute amount and relative content of dehydroepiandrosterone in the sum total fractions of the urinary 17-ketosteroids proved to diminish. Cortizol metabolite excretion decreased as well. A regular direction of the changes occurring in the 24-hour excretion of individual  17-KS fractions, cortizol and its metabolites in the course of the menstrual cycle was apparently associated with the synthesis and transformation of sex hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:905244", "title": "[Urinary excretion of testosterone and androstenedione in hypogonadism in men].", "content": "The authors present the results of determination of the testosterone and androstendion excretion in the patients with various forms of hypogonadism and in healthy men. Testosterone excretion was decreased in the patients with hypogonadism, against the background of normal or increased androstendion excretion whereas the degree of deviations of the testosterone/androstendion ratio depended on the clinical variant of hypogonadism. Thus, retarded or decreased accumulation of the enzymes in the testes responsible for the change from the \"child\" to the \"mature\" type of steroid biosynthesis could serve as a mechanism of hypogonadism occurrence, which should be taken into consideration in the elaboration of the methods of syndrome therapy of this type of pathology.", "contents": "[Urinary excretion of testosterone and androstenedione in hypogonadism in men]. The authors present the results of determination of the testosterone and androstendion excretion in the patients with various forms of hypogonadism and in healthy men. Testosterone excretion was decreased in the patients with hypogonadism, against the background of normal or increased androstendion excretion whereas the degree of deviations of the testosterone/androstendion ratio depended on the clinical variant of hypogonadism. Thus, retarded or decreased accumulation of the enzymes in the testes responsible for the change from the \"child\" to the \"mature\" type of steroid biosynthesis could serve as a mechanism of hypogonadism occurrence, which should be taken into consideration in the elaboration of the methods of syndrome therapy of this type of pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:905245", "title": "[Importance of glycosuria in pregnant women as a risk factor in relation to diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The diabetic type of glucose tolerance tests was revealed in 16% of the women with glycosuria during pregnancy and in 8% of the women of control group without any other risk factors in respect to diabetes mellitus. The results of remote follow up over the women of the both groups are presented. Glycosuria during pregnancy should not be considered prognostically unfavourable in case of normal glucose tolerance test results; pathogenesis of such glycosuria during pregnancy was not associated with insulin insufficiency. Glycosuria during pregnancy served as an indication of the glucose tolerance test for the purpose of timely detection of latent diabetes.", "contents": "[Importance of glycosuria in pregnant women as a risk factor in relation to diabetes mellitus]. The diabetic type of glucose tolerance tests was revealed in 16% of the women with glycosuria during pregnancy and in 8% of the women of control group without any other risk factors in respect to diabetes mellitus. The results of remote follow up over the women of the both groups are presented. Glycosuria during pregnancy should not be considered prognostically unfavourable in case of normal glucose tolerance test results; pathogenesis of such glycosuria during pregnancy was not associated with insulin insufficiency. Glycosuria during pregnancy served as an indication of the glucose tolerance test for the purpose of timely detection of latent diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:905246", "title": "[Study of glucose tolerance disorder in women with a complicated obstetrical anamnesis].", "content": "The authors examined selectively 849 women with complicated obstetrical anamnesis in the past and at random 636 women with the aid of the glucose tolerance test (GTT). The incidence of pathological GTT among women with various types of pathology of pregnancy (24%) was greater than in the control group (16.9%). Diabetes mellitus was revealed in 7.8 and 5.1% of cases, respectively. Some types of pathology of pregnancy were of particular significance in the development of the prediabetic state. A high incidence of GTT of diabetic type was noted in women with perinatal death of the fetus (13.1%) and the neonate (11.8%), in women with a large fetus in combination with other types of pathology of pregnancy (12.6%), and also among women who had delivered three and more large fetuses in the past (19.5%). The incidence of diabetic GTT increased in older and obese women; in marked excess of body weight the percentage of GTT of diabetic type was about the same in all the women under study. Among the women with pathology of pregnancy adiposity developed more frequently and in younger persons, and the excess of body weight was much greater in comparison with the control group. The authors consider that GTT should be conducted in all the women with the mentioned pathology of pregnancy in the anamnesis for the purpose of early detection of diabetes mellitus and also for perinatal fetal protection.", "contents": "[Study of glucose tolerance disorder in women with a complicated obstetrical anamnesis]. The authors examined selectively 849 women with complicated obstetrical anamnesis in the past and at random 636 women with the aid of the glucose tolerance test (GTT). The incidence of pathological GTT among women with various types of pathology of pregnancy (24%) was greater than in the control group (16.9%). Diabetes mellitus was revealed in 7.8 and 5.1% of cases, respectively. Some types of pathology of pregnancy were of particular significance in the development of the prediabetic state. A high incidence of GTT of diabetic type was noted in women with perinatal death of the fetus (13.1%) and the neonate (11.8%), in women with a large fetus in combination with other types of pathology of pregnancy (12.6%), and also among women who had delivered three and more large fetuses in the past (19.5%). The incidence of diabetic GTT increased in older and obese women; in marked excess of body weight the percentage of GTT of diabetic type was about the same in all the women under study. Among the women with pathology of pregnancy adiposity developed more frequently and in younger persons, and the excess of body weight was much greater in comparison with the control group. The authors consider that GTT should be conducted in all the women with the mentioned pathology of pregnancy in the anamnesis for the purpose of early detection of diabetes mellitus and also for perinatal fetal protection."}
{"id": "PMID:905248", "title": "[Participation of the tanycytes in the mechanisms of sex differentiation of the brain].", "content": "Enzymo-histochemical methods were applied to the study of the activity of a number of dehydrogenases of the specialized ependyma of the inferior-lateral walls and floor of the 3rd ventricle in rats of both sexes during the \"critical\" period of sexual differentiation of the hypothalamic region of the brain (the first week after birth). At the level of the arcuate nucleus (alpha2-tanycytes) and the medial portion of the medial eminence (beta2-tanycytes) the ependyma was characterized by similar metabolic activity indices in ratlings of both sexes at the decisive periods of the \"critical\" period (the 3rd, 5th, 7th days after birth). The metabolic activity was reduced on the 5th day in the cells of animals of both sexes. At the critical period the ependyma of the lateral portions of the median eminence (beta1-tanycytes) displayed marked sexual differences in the activity of the enzymes under study. On the 5th day beta1-tanycytes of male rats showed a reduction and of female rats - an elevation of the metabolic activity. The results obtained permit to suppose that beta1-tanycytes participated in the mechanisms of sexual differentiation of the brain.", "contents": "[Participation of the tanycytes in the mechanisms of sex differentiation of the brain]. Enzymo-histochemical methods were applied to the study of the activity of a number of dehydrogenases of the specialized ependyma of the inferior-lateral walls and floor of the 3rd ventricle in rats of both sexes during the \"critical\" period of sexual differentiation of the hypothalamic region of the brain (the first week after birth). At the level of the arcuate nucleus (alpha2-tanycytes) and the medial portion of the medial eminence (beta2-tanycytes) the ependyma was characterized by similar metabolic activity indices in ratlings of both sexes at the decisive periods of the \"critical\" period (the 3rd, 5th, 7th days after birth). The metabolic activity was reduced on the 5th day in the cells of animals of both sexes. At the critical period the ependyma of the lateral portions of the median eminence (beta1-tanycytes) displayed marked sexual differences in the activity of the enzymes under study. On the 5th day beta1-tanycytes of male rats showed a reduction and of female rats - an elevation of the metabolic activity. The results obtained permit to suppose that beta1-tanycytes participated in the mechanisms of sexual differentiation of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:905249", "title": "[Radioimmunological and biochemical study of the reaction of the adenohypophysis, testes and adrenals in rats and guinea pigs to the administration of the antiandrogen, 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide].", "content": "A study was made of the influence of antiandrogen 4'-nitro-3'-trifluorome-thylisobutyranilide (niftolide) on the content of the luteinizing hormone, testosterone and corticosterone in the rat blood plasma, the content of testosterone in the blood plasma and on the 17-OCS and 17-KS urinary excretion in guinea pigs. The data obtained pointed to a marked intensification of lutropin and testosterone secretion. The observed changes are explained by the capacity of niftolide to block the inhibitory influence of the androgens of the feed-back mechanism of the gonadotropin secretion control. It is suggested that niftolide can be used for the investigation of the functional condition of the hypothalamo-hypophysio-testicular system. Niftolide had no effect on the indices of the glucocorticoid activity of the adrenal glands in rats and guinea pigs.", "contents": "[Radioimmunological and biochemical study of the reaction of the adenohypophysis, testes and adrenals in rats and guinea pigs to the administration of the antiandrogen, 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide]. A study was made of the influence of antiandrogen 4'-nitro-3'-trifluorome-thylisobutyranilide (niftolide) on the content of the luteinizing hormone, testosterone and corticosterone in the rat blood plasma, the content of testosterone in the blood plasma and on the 17-OCS and 17-KS urinary excretion in guinea pigs. The data obtained pointed to a marked intensification of lutropin and testosterone secretion. The observed changes are explained by the capacity of niftolide to block the inhibitory influence of the androgens of the feed-back mechanism of the gonadotropin secretion control. It is suggested that niftolide can be used for the investigation of the functional condition of the hypothalamo-hypophysio-testicular system. Niftolide had no effect on the indices of the glucocorticoid activity of the adrenal glands in rats and guinea pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:905247", "title": "[Effect of hypothalamic differentation on the functional state of the hypohyseal-adrenal system].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on rats that the hypothalamus, isolated from the afferent influences of the overlying structures of the brain, could maintain the ACTH-glucocorticoid secretion at the normal level, but under these conditions there was an increase of its sensitivity to noradrenaline and serotonin, and also to single immobilization; there was also a reduction of the adrenocorticotropic activity of the adenohypophysis and a reduction of the rate of corticosteroid secretion by the adrenal glands into the blood.", "contents": "[Effect of hypothalamic differentation on the functional state of the hypohyseal-adrenal system]. It was shown in experiments on rats that the hypothalamus, isolated from the afferent influences of the overlying structures of the brain, could maintain the ACTH-glucocorticoid secretion at the normal level, but under these conditions there was an increase of its sensitivity to noradrenaline and serotonin, and also to single immobilization; there was also a reduction of the adrenocorticotropic activity of the adenohypophysis and a reduction of the rate of corticosteroid secretion by the adrenal glands into the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:905251", "title": "[Effect of inorganic fluorine compounds on the functional state of the pituitary-testis system].", "content": "The radioimmunological method was applied to the study of blood testosterone, LH, and FSH content in 41 men suffering from fluorosis, aged from 33 to 45 years. Nineteen men who had no contact with fluorine compounds served as control. In comparison with healthy individuals testosterone content proved to be decreased and FSH content elevated in patients with fluorosis. Blood LH content was increased only in those patients with fluorosis who had long contact with fluorine compounds (over 15 years). The changes in the blood hormone concentration were connected with disturbances of the hormonal, and, possibly, of the germenative function of the testes. The hypophysis proved to suffer less, and the changes of its function were apparently secondary in character.", "contents": "[Effect of inorganic fluorine compounds on the functional state of the pituitary-testis system]. The radioimmunological method was applied to the study of blood testosterone, LH, and FSH content in 41 men suffering from fluorosis, aged from 33 to 45 years. Nineteen men who had no contact with fluorine compounds served as control. In comparison with healthy individuals testosterone content proved to be decreased and FSH content elevated in patients with fluorosis. Blood LH content was increased only in those patients with fluorosis who had long contact with fluorine compounds (over 15 years). The changes in the blood hormone concentration were connected with disturbances of the hormonal, and, possibly, of the germenative function of the testes. The hypophysis proved to suffer less, and the changes of its function were apparently secondary in character."}
{"id": "PMID:905252", "title": "[Effect of bile acids and other surface-active substances on antidiuretic hormone regulation of epithelial membrane permeability].", "content": "Surfactants in low concentrations (1.10(-5) and 1.10(-4) g/ml) altered the action of the antidiuretic hormone on the permeability of the wall of frog urinary bladder. Anionogenic sodium cholate, nonionogenic twin-80 and cationoactive ethonium depressed the action of the antidiuretic hormone. Polyampholite eBM-4 enhanced the effect of the antidiuretic hormone. The effect of saponin depended on the concentration of the preparation. Of interest is a possibility of using the surfactants for influencing the mechanisms regulating water balance in the organism.", "contents": "[Effect of bile acids and other surface-active substances on antidiuretic hormone regulation of epithelial membrane permeability]. Surfactants in low concentrations (1.10(-5) and 1.10(-4) g/ml) altered the action of the antidiuretic hormone on the permeability of the wall of frog urinary bladder. Anionogenic sodium cholate, nonionogenic twin-80 and cationoactive ethonium depressed the action of the antidiuretic hormone. Polyampholite eBM-4 enhanced the effect of the antidiuretic hormone. The effect of saponin depended on the concentration of the preparation. Of interest is a possibility of using the surfactants for influencing the mechanisms regulating water balance in the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:905250", "title": "[Effect of thyroxine on the energy processes of liver and heart tissue in embryogenesis].", "content": "The influence of various amounts (0.008; 0.0025; 0.25 microgram per 1 g of body weight of the embryo) of thyroxin on the energy processes of the embryonic tissue was studied. On the 10th, 13th, and 16th days of the embryonic development low and medium doses of thyroxin failed to alter the rate of respiration and of phosphorylation in the liver homogenates. An increase of the oxygen consumption intensity without the change of the respiratory control (RC), P/O in the succinate oxidation occurred in the heart tissue. On the 19th day thyroxin uncoupled the oxidative phosphorylation in the glutamate oxidation. High hormone doses decreased the rate of respiration, RC in the liver at all the embryogenesis stages, and failed to influence the heart.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroxine on the energy processes of liver and heart tissue in embryogenesis]. The influence of various amounts (0.008; 0.0025; 0.25 microgram per 1 g of body weight of the embryo) of thyroxin on the energy processes of the embryonic tissue was studied. On the 10th, 13th, and 16th days of the embryonic development low and medium doses of thyroxin failed to alter the rate of respiration and of phosphorylation in the liver homogenates. An increase of the oxygen consumption intensity without the change of the respiratory control (RC), P/O in the succinate oxidation occurred in the heart tissue. On the 19th day thyroxin uncoupled the oxidative phosphorylation in the glutamate oxidation. High hormone doses decreased the rate of respiration, RC in the liver at all the embryogenesis stages, and failed to influence the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:905255", "title": "[State of tissue-vascular permeability in diabetic patients with parodontosis].", "content": "The state of the parodontium was studied clinically and morphologically in 70 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Blood histamine and serotonin level was determined fluorometrically. Gingivitis was revealed in diabetic patients; the severity of inflammatory changes in the gingiva proved to depend on the duration and the severity of diabetes mellitus. Changes pointing to increase of the vaso-tissue permeability were revealed histologically. At the same time there was an increase in the blood histamine level and a tendency to reduction of serotonin level. This can serve as one of the factors causing an increase of the vascular permeability and a disturbance of microcirculation in the gingiva.", "contents": "[State of tissue-vascular permeability in diabetic patients with parodontosis]. The state of the parodontium was studied clinically and morphologically in 70 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Blood histamine and serotonin level was determined fluorometrically. Gingivitis was revealed in diabetic patients; the severity of inflammatory changes in the gingiva proved to depend on the duration and the severity of diabetes mellitus. Changes pointing to increase of the vaso-tissue permeability were revealed histologically. At the same time there was an increase in the blood histamine level and a tendency to reduction of serotonin level. This can serve as one of the factors causing an increase of the vascular permeability and a disturbance of microcirculation in the gingiva."}
{"id": "PMID:905254", "title": "[Role of alterations of carbohydrate metabolism in the mechanism of decreasing the contractile function of the myocardium in patients with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Changes in the myocardial contractile function were studied in 44 patients with diabetes mellitus by phasic analysis of the systole of the left ventricle, depending on the level and marked variations in glycemia in the course of 24 hours. The most pronounced phasic shifts by the 1 type of hypodynamia, pointing to reduction of the myocardial contractile function, were revealed in prolonged hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and a sharp fall of the blood sugar level at the period of marked 24-hour variations in glycemia. The results of investigations substantiated the fact that stable compensation of diabetes served as the active prophylactic measure of cardiovascular affections in this disease.", "contents": "[Role of alterations of carbohydrate metabolism in the mechanism of decreasing the contractile function of the myocardium in patients with diabetes mellitus]. Changes in the myocardial contractile function were studied in 44 patients with diabetes mellitus by phasic analysis of the systole of the left ventricle, depending on the level and marked variations in glycemia in the course of 24 hours. The most pronounced phasic shifts by the 1 type of hypodynamia, pointing to reduction of the myocardial contractile function, were revealed in prolonged hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and a sharp fall of the blood sugar level at the period of marked 24-hour variations in glycemia. The results of investigations substantiated the fact that stable compensation of diabetes served as the active prophylactic measure of cardiovascular affections in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:905257", "title": "[Comparison of the blood levels of insulin and growth hormone in healthy adolescents, adolescents with excessive weight and with hereditary loading with regard to diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Changes in insulin and growth hormone secretion were studied in 112 children and adolescents (50 healthy ones, 40 with excessive weight, and 22 with heredity aggravated by diabetes mellitus). Three types of these changes were distinguished in healthy adolescents: normoreactive, hyperreactive, and inert. The same type of growth hormone secretion changes corresponded to each type of insulin secretion changes. There was revealed a negative correlation between the insulin and growth hormone levels in the group of healthy adolescents. Dynamic relation was noted between the indices of the mentioned hormones in the course of the test: it was stronger during the ascending than during the descending phase of the test. Glucose load proved to change the correlation between the hormones level. In the group of healthy adolescents correlation between the insulin and the growth hormone levels was greater before carbohydrate load than after it. In case of excessive weight or heredity aggravated by diabetes mellitus glucose load disturbed the correlation between the hormones: when a negative correlation existed between the insulin and growth hormone levels before the load no correlation was revealed after in. This fact confirmed the role played by excessive carbohydrate consumption in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[Comparison of the blood levels of insulin and growth hormone in healthy adolescents, adolescents with excessive weight and with hereditary loading with regard to diabetes mellitus]. Changes in insulin and growth hormone secretion were studied in 112 children and adolescents (50 healthy ones, 40 with excessive weight, and 22 with heredity aggravated by diabetes mellitus). Three types of these changes were distinguished in healthy adolescents: normoreactive, hyperreactive, and inert. The same type of growth hormone secretion changes corresponded to each type of insulin secretion changes. There was revealed a negative correlation between the insulin and growth hormone levels in the group of healthy adolescents. Dynamic relation was noted between the indices of the mentioned hormones in the course of the test: it was stronger during the ascending than during the descending phase of the test. Glucose load proved to change the correlation between the hormones level. In the group of healthy adolescents correlation between the insulin and the growth hormone levels was greater before carbohydrate load than after it. In case of excessive weight or heredity aggravated by diabetes mellitus glucose load disturbed the correlation between the hormones: when a negative correlation existed between the insulin and growth hormone levels before the load no correlation was revealed after in. This fact confirmed the role played by excessive carbohydrate consumption in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:905256", "title": "[Informative value of tissue oxygen tension in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "Oxygen tension (pO2) and the rate of its utilization (U) in the skin of patients with various functional conditions of the thyroid gland, and also after a single dose of thyroidin was determined. pO2 proved to rise in patients with moderately severe thyrotoxicosis and under conditions of experimental hyperthyroidization; further thyrotoxicosis development was attended by a tendency to pO2 reduction, but U rose considerably. A paralleled decrease of pO2 and U indices was seen in hypothyroidism. A different genesis of tissue hypoxia arising at the late stages of thyrotoxicosis and in case of the thyroid gland hypofunction was supposed: in the first case it was caused by disproportion between oxygen supply and utilization, and in the second--by U reduction, and, as a result, by diminished oxygen supply to the cell (because of decreased transport possibilities of the circulatory system) and to the tissues. Due to this the oxygen gradient providing oxygen diffusion into the cell proved to fall significantly. A conclusion was drawn on the necessity of comparing the pO2 and U indices for the assessment of tissue oxygen utilization under clinical conditions.", "contents": "[Informative value of tissue oxygen tension in thyrotoxicosis]. Oxygen tension (pO2) and the rate of its utilization (U) in the skin of patients with various functional conditions of the thyroid gland, and also after a single dose of thyroidin was determined. pO2 proved to rise in patients with moderately severe thyrotoxicosis and under conditions of experimental hyperthyroidization; further thyrotoxicosis development was attended by a tendency to pO2 reduction, but U rose considerably. A paralleled decrease of pO2 and U indices was seen in hypothyroidism. A different genesis of tissue hypoxia arising at the late stages of thyrotoxicosis and in case of the thyroid gland hypofunction was supposed: in the first case it was caused by disproportion between oxygen supply and utilization, and in the second--by U reduction, and, as a result, by diminished oxygen supply to the cell (because of decreased transport possibilities of the circulatory system) and to the tissues. Due to this the oxygen gradient providing oxygen diffusion into the cell proved to fall significantly. A conclusion was drawn on the necessity of comparing the pO2 and U indices for the assessment of tissue oxygen utilization under clinical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:905260", "title": "[Blood levels of testosterone and its urinary excretion in women of reproductive age both neurosis-free during the climacteric period and with climacteric neuroses].", "content": "Blood testosterone content was studied by the radioimmunological method in 12 healthy women (5 of reproductive age, and 7 with climacteric age changes) and in 4 patients at the postmenopause suffering from climateric neurosis. Urinary excretion of testosterone glucuronide was studied by means of fluorometry in 11 healthy women (4 of reproductive age, and 7 at the climacteric) and in 6 patients at the postmenopause with climacteric neurosis. Healthy women of reproductive age displayed marked individual variations in the blood testosterone content both during the folliculin and the lutein cycle phases. The indices of urinary testosterone excretion varied in this group lees. As to healthy women with age climacteric changes and a regular cycle and those during the postmenopause--they showed marked variations both in blood testosterone content and in urinary testosterone excretion. There were no significant differences in the indices studied in healthy women of reproductive age and in healthy women with age climacteric changes. But in 8 of 11 women with climacteric neurosis blood testosterone content and urinary testosterone excretion were much greater than the upper borders of its variations in healthy women.", "contents": "[Blood levels of testosterone and its urinary excretion in women of reproductive age both neurosis-free during the climacteric period and with climacteric neuroses]. Blood testosterone content was studied by the radioimmunological method in 12 healthy women (5 of reproductive age, and 7 with climacteric age changes) and in 4 patients at the postmenopause suffering from climateric neurosis. Urinary excretion of testosterone glucuronide was studied by means of fluorometry in 11 healthy women (4 of reproductive age, and 7 at the climacteric) and in 6 patients at the postmenopause with climacteric neurosis. Healthy women of reproductive age displayed marked individual variations in the blood testosterone content both during the folliculin and the lutein cycle phases. The indices of urinary testosterone excretion varied in this group lees. As to healthy women with age climacteric changes and a regular cycle and those during the postmenopause--they showed marked variations both in blood testosterone content and in urinary testosterone excretion. There were no significant differences in the indices studied in healthy women of reproductive age and in healthy women with age climacteric changes. But in 8 of 11 women with climacteric neurosis blood testosterone content and urinary testosterone excretion were much greater than the upper borders of its variations in healthy women."}
{"id": "PMID:905258", "title": "[Dynamics of EKG changes in patients with Itsenko-Cushing disease before surgery, and following the 1st and 2d stages of adrenalectomy].", "content": "The results of examination of ECG in 44 patients suffering from Itsenko-Cushing's disease at different stages of surgical treatment are presented. The data obtained were compared with the blood potassium and sodium levels, 17-KS, and 17-OCS levels in  the urine, arterial pressure and cholesterol content. Various ECG changes before the operation were revealed in 39 patients. Signs of enlargement of the left ventricle and deformity of the end part of the ventricular complex (negative T wave and or reduction of S-T segment in I, II, avL V5-6 leads) were found in 8 patients, and deformity of the end part of the ventricular complex without any signs of enlargement of the left ventricle--in 18 patients. There proved to be a significant dependence of the changes in the end port of the ventricular complex on increased urinary excretion of 17-OCS, hypokaliemia and hypernatriemia. Negative ECG changes after bilateral total adrenalectomy was significantly connected with postoperative hypocorticism.", "contents": "[Dynamics of EKG changes in patients with Itsenko-Cushing disease before surgery, and following the 1st and 2d stages of adrenalectomy]. The results of examination of ECG in 44 patients suffering from Itsenko-Cushing's disease at different stages of surgical treatment are presented. The data obtained were compared with the blood potassium and sodium levels, 17-KS, and 17-OCS levels in  the urine, arterial pressure and cholesterol content. Various ECG changes before the operation were revealed in 39 patients. Signs of enlargement of the left ventricle and deformity of the end part of the ventricular complex (negative T wave and or reduction of S-T segment in I, II, avL V5-6 leads) were found in 8 patients, and deformity of the end part of the ventricular complex without any signs of enlargement of the left ventricle--in 18 patients. There proved to be a significant dependence of the changes in the end port of the ventricular complex on increased urinary excretion of 17-OCS, hypokaliemia and hypernatriemia. Negative ECG changes after bilateral total adrenalectomy was significantly connected with postoperative hypocorticism."}
{"id": "PMID:905259", "title": "[Cortisol determination in human plasma by a modified method of competitive protein binding].", "content": "The authors described a simple and economic modification of the competitive protein binding method of cortisol determination in human blood plasma satisfying the current requirements presented to the saturation analysis. Blood plasma of women given combined contraceptive the preparation was used as a binding system. Analysis of experimental results using a programmed computer was carried out on the basis of standard curve linearization. Preeision sensitivity and specificity of this modified method are assessed. This modification was approved in measuring the cortisol level in the blood plasma of various groups of patients. Comparison with routine competitive binding methods and their analysis is presented.", "contents": "[Cortisol determination in human plasma by a modified method of competitive protein binding]. The authors described a simple and economic modification of the competitive protein binding method of cortisol determination in human blood plasma satisfying the current requirements presented to the saturation analysis. Blood plasma of women given combined contraceptive the preparation was used as a binding system. Analysis of experimental results using a programmed computer was carried out on the basis of standard curve linearization. Preeision sensitivity and specificity of this modified method are assessed. This modification was approved in measuring the cortisol level in the blood plasma of various groups of patients. Comparison with routine competitive binding methods and their analysis is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:905262", "title": "[Clinical picture and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver].", "content": "Peculiarities of clinical picture of diabetes mellitus in its combination with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver were studied in 60 patients. Diabetes mellitus developed mostly against the background of chronic affection of the liver, preceding it. Glucose tolerance disturbances according to the type of latent and manifest diabetes were revealed in 28% of 132 patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. Histological study of the pancreas in 63 patients who died of cirrhosis of the liver demonstrated marked fibrosis of hepatic parenchyma without any noticeable changes in the pancreatic islets. The blood insulin and growth hormone levels were significantly greater in 132 patients examined than in healthy persons. The mentioned changes in the glycemia level, of the insulin and growth hormone level after glucose administration were more pronounced in cirrhosis of the liver than in chronic hepatitis, and in late stages of portal cirrhosis than at its early stages. The leading role played by insulin sensitivity reduction of the peripheral tissues in the pathogenesis of carbohydrate metabolism in cases with chronic diseases of the liver is supposed.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver]. Peculiarities of clinical picture of diabetes mellitus in its combination with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver were studied in 60 patients. Diabetes mellitus developed mostly against the background of chronic affection of the liver, preceding it. Glucose tolerance disturbances according to the type of latent and manifest diabetes were revealed in 28% of 132 patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. Histological study of the pancreas in 63 patients who died of cirrhosis of the liver demonstrated marked fibrosis of hepatic parenchyma without any noticeable changes in the pancreatic islets. The blood insulin and growth hormone levels were significantly greater in 132 patients examined than in healthy persons. The mentioned changes in the glycemia level, of the insulin and growth hormone level after glucose administration were more pronounced in cirrhosis of the liver than in chronic hepatitis, and in late stages of portal cirrhosis than at its early stages. The leading role played by insulin sensitivity reduction of the peripheral tissues in the pathogenesis of carbohydrate metabolism in cases with chronic diseases of the liver is supposed."}
{"id": "PMID:905266", "title": "[L-DOPA uptake and catecholamine synthesis in the brains of rats with altered adrenocortical hormone levels].", "content": "L-DOPA uptake by the brain and synthesis of dophamine and noradrenaline from it was studied in experiments on rats. L-DOPA (catecholamine precursor) was injected in a dose of 5 mg per 100 g of weight intraperitoneally simultaneously with hydrocortisone or 3 hours after its three-fold administration. Hydrocortisone at first intensified the uptake of L-DOPA by the brain, and, correspondingly, the dophamine synthesis. But three-fold administration of the hormone was followed by a fall of the L-DOPA and catecholamine content in the brain due to decreased L-DOPA diffusion from the blood. Oxidative catecholamine deamination was enhanced under the effect of hydrocortisone; it was prevented by prescription of nuredal, a MAO inhibitor.", "contents": "[L-DOPA uptake and catecholamine synthesis in the brains of rats with altered adrenocortical hormone levels]. L-DOPA uptake by the brain and synthesis of dophamine and noradrenaline from it was studied in experiments on rats. L-DOPA (catecholamine precursor) was injected in a dose of 5 mg per 100 g of weight intraperitoneally simultaneously with hydrocortisone or 3 hours after its three-fold administration. Hydrocortisone at first intensified the uptake of L-DOPA by the brain, and, correspondingly, the dophamine synthesis. But three-fold administration of the hormone was followed by a fall of the L-DOPA and catecholamine content in the brain due to decreased L-DOPA diffusion from the blood. Oxidative catecholamine deamination was enhanced under the effect of hydrocortisone; it was prevented by prescription of nuredal, a MAO inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:905264", "title": "[Patterns in changes in the concentrations of P, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, Cu, Zn, Ti, and K in the mitochondria of adrenal tissue under conditions of non-specific stimulation of the guinea pig hypothalamo-hypophyseal system].", "content": "Spectral analysis demonstrated that a different distribution in relation to the same internal standard existed between the mineral composition of mitochondria and whole tissue of the guinea pig adrenal glands. Being involved in the stress reaction adrenal mitochondria reacted by the changes of their element composition. Two regularities are established: an interrelation between individual elements, and the same direction of the changes in definite groups of elements (P, Fe, Ca, Cu, Mg). There was noted a fluctuating increase in the P, Fe, Ca, Cu and Mg content in the mitochondrial structures. Comparative analysis of the changes in the chemical element composition of mitochondria of the adrenal glands and the liver under conditions of nonspecific hypophysis-adrenal system stimulation pointed to a definite organic specificity.", "contents": "[Patterns in changes in the concentrations of P, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, Cu, Zn, Ti, and K in the mitochondria of adrenal tissue under conditions of non-specific stimulation of the guinea pig hypothalamo-hypophyseal system]. Spectral analysis demonstrated that a different distribution in relation to the same internal standard existed between the mineral composition of mitochondria and whole tissue of the guinea pig adrenal glands. Being involved in the stress reaction adrenal mitochondria reacted by the changes of their element composition. Two regularities are established: an interrelation between individual elements, and the same direction of the changes in definite groups of elements (P, Fe, Ca, Cu, Mg). There was noted a fluctuating increase in the P, Fe, Ca, Cu and Mg content in the mitochondrial structures. Comparative analysis of the changes in the chemical element composition of mitochondria of the adrenal glands and the liver under conditions of nonspecific hypophysis-adrenal system stimulation pointed to a definite organic specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:905321", "title": "Lack of association between breast cancer and HLA (A and B) specificities: importance of age-matched controls.", "content": "HLA (A and B) antigen frequencies in 100 women with breast cancer were compared with those in 2 groups of cancer-free control women: the first control group (263 subjects) were age-unmatched, and the second (75 subjects) age-matched. The mean age and standard deviation were 56 +/- 13 years for the patient group, 25 +/- 3 years for the first control group, and 53 +/- 10 years for the second. It was first noted that HLA-B13 was significantly less prevalent among the patients with breast cancer when compared to the first control group (1% versus 7.2%, p = 0.025). However, when the patient group was compared to the second control group, no difference was found in the frequency of HLA-B13 (1% versus 1.3%, p = 0.80) or any other antigens. Age can be an important variable in a study of correlation between HLA and disease.", "contents": "Lack of association between breast cancer and HLA (A and B) specificities: importance of age-matched controls. HLA (A and B) antigen frequencies in 100 women with breast cancer were compared with those in 2 groups of cancer-free control women: the first control group (263 subjects) were age-unmatched, and the second (75 subjects) age-matched. The mean age and standard deviation were 56 +/- 13 years for the patient group, 25 +/- 3 years for the first control group, and 53 +/- 10 years for the second. It was first noted that HLA-B13 was significantly less prevalent among the patients with breast cancer when compared to the first control group (1% versus 7.2%, p = 0.025). However, when the patient group was compared to the second control group, no difference was found in the frequency of HLA-B13 (1% versus 1.3%, p = 0.80) or any other antigens. Age can be an important variable in a study of correlation between HLA and disease."}
{"id": "PMID:905323", "title": "HLA antigens in malignant melanoma.", "content": "HLA-A, -B, -C, and -D typing was performed on 54 Norwegian patients with microscopically verified malignant melanoma. A slight, but nonsignificant, increase in the frequency of HLA-B27 and LD 108 was demonstrated among the patients, compared with healthy Norwegian controls.", "contents": "HLA antigens in malignant melanoma. HLA-A, -B, -C, and -D typing was performed on 54 Norwegian patients with microscopically verified malignant melanoma. A slight, but nonsignificant, increase in the frequency of HLA-B27 and LD 108 was demonstrated among the patients, compared with healthy Norwegian controls."}
{"id": "PMID:905324", "title": "Histocompatibility typing in spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma.", "content": "Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Typing of Caucasian patients with retinoblastoma fails to show any difference in antigen frequency compared to a control population. In family studies where several members are affected with retinoblastoma the tumor does not segregate with the HLA type. There is also no significant difference in antigen frequency between spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma, unregressed retinoblastoma, and normal controls. In several families with one member showing spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma, other generations inheriting the same haplotypes have tumors which have failed to regress.", "contents": "Histocompatibility typing in spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Typing of Caucasian patients with retinoblastoma fails to show any difference in antigen frequency compared to a control population. In family studies where several members are affected with retinoblastoma the tumor does not segregate with the HLA type. There is also no significant difference in antigen frequency between spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma, unregressed retinoblastoma, and normal controls. In several families with one member showing spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma, other generations inheriting the same haplotypes have tumors which have failed to regress."}
{"id": "PMID:905325", "title": "HLA antigens and Ia antibody in the gastric cancer patient.", "content": "The possible association of 18 HLA specificities in HLA-A locus and 23 specificities in HLA-B locus with susceptibility to gastric cancer was investigated in a total of 87 patients and 355 controls in Japan. Significantly decreased antigen, HLA-B5 (17.2%) was found in gastric cancer patients compared with 40.0% in controls. X2 for this antigen difference is 15.8 (corrected P less than 0.005). The most frequent HLA haplotype was A9-B5 in controls and A2-Blank B locus antigen in gastric cancer patients. No reaction was found of HLA antiserum, Bou-Pri with cells of gastric cancer patients, compared with 29.4% in control subjects. No linkage was observed between HLA-A and -B locus antigens and gastric cancer in family study with double the frequency of HLA haplotype A2-BW40. Ia-like B cell specific antibody was found 10% in 2 out of 20 gastric cancer patients in a preliminary study. There was no clear association between B cell specific antibody and clinical implications.", "contents": "HLA antigens and Ia antibody in the gastric cancer patient. The possible association of 18 HLA specificities in HLA-A locus and 23 specificities in HLA-B locus with susceptibility to gastric cancer was investigated in a total of 87 patients and 355 controls in Japan. Significantly decreased antigen, HLA-B5 (17.2%) was found in gastric cancer patients compared with 40.0% in controls. X2 for this antigen difference is 15.8 (corrected P less than 0.005). The most frequent HLA haplotype was A9-B5 in controls and A2-Blank B locus antigen in gastric cancer patients. No reaction was found of HLA antiserum, Bou-Pri with cells of gastric cancer patients, compared with 29.4% in control subjects. No linkage was observed between HLA-A and -B locus antigens and gastric cancer in family study with double the frequency of HLA haplotype A2-BW40. Ia-like B cell specific antibody was found 10% in 2 out of 20 gastric cancer patients in a preliminary study. There was no clear association between B cell specific antibody and clinical implications."}
{"id": "PMID:905327", "title": "Role of catechol estrogens in activation of lordosis in female rats and guinea pigs.", "content": "In a variety of experiments, we tested the effectiveness of the 2-hydroxylated estrogen in facilitating sexual receptivity. A single injection of 2-hydroxy-estradiol-17beta (2-OHE2) to ovariectomized rats or 2-hydroxy-estrone (2-OHE1) to ovariectomized guinea pigs was ineffective in priming animals for facilitation of sexual receptivity even when a subsequent injection of progesterone was administered. The only facilitatory effect of catechol estrogens on lordosis that was demonstrated in this study occurred when 2-OHE2 was injected in combination with E2 and a subsequent injection of progesterone was given to rats. These results suggest a cooperatively between catechol estrogen and E2, but they also indicate that catechol estrogens, by themselves, do not play a crucial role in mediating sexual receptivity in rodents.", "contents": "Role of catechol estrogens in activation of lordosis in female rats and guinea pigs. In a variety of experiments, we tested the effectiveness of the 2-hydroxylated estrogen in facilitating sexual receptivity. A single injection of 2-hydroxy-estradiol-17beta (2-OHE2) to ovariectomized rats or 2-hydroxy-estrone (2-OHE1) to ovariectomized guinea pigs was ineffective in priming animals for facilitation of sexual receptivity even when a subsequent injection of progesterone was administered. The only facilitatory effect of catechol estrogens on lordosis that was demonstrated in this study occurred when 2-OHE2 was injected in combination with E2 and a subsequent injection of progesterone was given to rats. These results suggest a cooperatively between catechol estrogen and E2, but they also indicate that catechol estrogens, by themselves, do not play a crucial role in mediating sexual receptivity in rodents."}
{"id": "PMID:905329", "title": "Changes in rat brain gangliosides following active avoidance conditioning.", "content": "Brain gangliosides of rats trained in a conditioned avoidance Sidman task and undisturbed rats in their cages were studied. The (14C) acetate was injected intracerebrally seven days before the starting of 30 days training. Thirty-seven days after injection all rats were killed and ganglioside fractions were isolated from neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, cerebellum and residual cerebral tissue of each one brain. Trained rats had higher levels of (14C)-labeled polysialogangliosides (G1, G2, G3) in hippocampus and neocortex than the controls. Regarding the rest of the brain areas, a significant increase of G2 in the residual cerebral tissue of the trained as compared with the controls was found. The results suggest that the sialic acid rich gangliosides of only certain parts of the brain are affected by the Sidman avoidance conditioning of the animals.", "contents": "Changes in rat brain gangliosides following active avoidance conditioning. Brain gangliosides of rats trained in a conditioned avoidance Sidman task and undisturbed rats in their cages were studied. The (14C) acetate was injected intracerebrally seven days before the starting of 30 days training. Thirty-seven days after injection all rats were killed and ganglioside fractions were isolated from neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, cerebellum and residual cerebral tissue of each one brain. Trained rats had higher levels of (14C)-labeled polysialogangliosides (G1, G2, G3) in hippocampus and neocortex than the controls. Regarding the rest of the brain areas, a significant increase of G2 in the residual cerebral tissue of the trained as compared with the controls was found. The results suggest that the sialic acid rich gangliosides of only certain parts of the brain are affected by the Sidman avoidance conditioning of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:905330", "title": "Protein synthesis inhibition and memory for pole jump active avoidance and extinction.", "content": "This study utilizes a pole jump active avoidance task to investigate the effects of protein synthesis on memory formation. An extinction training procedure for this task is also described. Amnesia for extinction is produced by inhibition of protein synthesis and is also demonstrated by active responding, so it is clear that there is no general impairment sufficient to disrupt motor skill, motivation, or retrieval of stored memories. It was found that while inhibition of protein synthesis in brain for 2 hr did not produce amnesia, inhibition for 6 to 8 hr did. These results demonstrate that for both shock-motivated learning and non-shock motivated extinction learning, the duration of inhibition of protein synthesis is important in determining whether amnesia occurs. We conclude that inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis can best account for amnesia induced by anisomycin, cycloheximide, and acetoxycycloheximide.", "contents": "Protein synthesis inhibition and memory for pole jump active avoidance and extinction. This study utilizes a pole jump active avoidance task to investigate the effects of protein synthesis on memory formation. An extinction training procedure for this task is also described. Amnesia for extinction is produced by inhibition of protein synthesis and is also demonstrated by active responding, so it is clear that there is no general impairment sufficient to disrupt motor skill, motivation, or retrieval of stored memories. It was found that while inhibition of protein synthesis in brain for 2 hr did not produce amnesia, inhibition for 6 to 8 hr did. These results demonstrate that for both shock-motivated learning and non-shock motivated extinction learning, the duration of inhibition of protein synthesis is important in determining whether amnesia occurs. We conclude that inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis can best account for amnesia induced by anisomycin, cycloheximide, and acetoxycycloheximide."}
{"id": "PMID:905331", "title": "[Thrombophlebitis migrans].", "content": "Semantically, the term is correct, because inflammatory involvement of the vein wall predominates over thrombosis, and the indication for anti-inflammatory drugs is absolute while that for anticoagulants is secondary. The nosological characteristics are its relapsing, migratory and primary nature. But, in fact, this is a \"signal-symptom\", whether involving normal or varicose veins, with nodular or stranded appearance, with patches of hypodermal inflammation or erysipeloid. The major problem is that of aetiology: infections, systemic disease, blood diseases, deep-seated neoplasia... not to mention the gouty diathesis, hiatus hernia, polycythaemia, Buerger's disease and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome... The author emphasizes the value of capillaroscopy, biopsy of vein and digital pulp and the search for antivein antibodies. Therapy is discussed.", "contents": "[Thrombophlebitis migrans]. Semantically, the term is correct, because inflammatory involvement of the vein wall predominates over thrombosis, and the indication for anti-inflammatory drugs is absolute while that for anticoagulants is secondary. The nosological characteristics are its relapsing, migratory and primary nature. But, in fact, this is a \"signal-symptom\", whether involving normal or varicose veins, with nodular or stranded appearance, with patches of hypodermal inflammation or erysipeloid. The major problem is that of aetiology: infections, systemic disease, blood diseases, deep-seated neoplasia... not to mention the gouty diathesis, hiatus hernia, polycythaemia, Buerger's disease and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome... The author emphasizes the value of capillaroscopy, biopsy of vein and digital pulp and the search for antivein antibodies. Therapy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:905333", "title": "[Exchanges of proteins, especially fibrinogen, between blood and lymph].", "content": "Microvessels of rat mesentery were used for the study. Proteins marked with fluorescent dyes are first visible in the vascular terminations. After 10 minutes they pass into the perivascular tissues where very fine reticular structures appear. The passage begins at the level of the venules, and continues in the interstitial tissue in the form of fibrils; the extravasation does not have a diffuse character (this has also been verified by other techniques). The ultraviolet microscope permits localization of the proteins because of their specific absorption. These experiments were conducted with labelled fibrinogen. Fibrinogen showed a high degree of selective affinity for the vessel wall, especially for that of the venules, and much less or none at all for that of the arterioles or the capillary loops. Fibrinogen is also found in the interstitial spaces and in the lymphatic vessels. The deposits in the vessel walls occur with a normal speed of blood flow. These intravenous deposit may be prevented by means of a preliminary injection of heparin. On the other hand they are very marked after inhibition of fibrinolysis by epsilon-aminocaproic acid and also by the addition of small doses of thrombin.", "contents": "[Exchanges of proteins, especially fibrinogen, between blood and lymph]. Microvessels of rat mesentery were used for the study. Proteins marked with fluorescent dyes are first visible in the vascular terminations. After 10 minutes they pass into the perivascular tissues where very fine reticular structures appear. The passage begins at the level of the venules, and continues in the interstitial tissue in the form of fibrils; the extravasation does not have a diffuse character (this has also been verified by other techniques). The ultraviolet microscope permits localization of the proteins because of their specific absorption. These experiments were conducted with labelled fibrinogen. Fibrinogen showed a high degree of selective affinity for the vessel wall, especially for that of the venules, and much less or none at all for that of the arterioles or the capillary loops. Fibrinogen is also found in the interstitial spaces and in the lymphatic vessels. The deposits in the vessel walls occur with a normal speed of blood flow. These intravenous deposit may be prevented by means of a preliminary injection of heparin. On the other hand they are very marked after inhibition of fibrinolysis by epsilon-aminocaproic acid and also by the addition of small doses of thrombin."}
{"id": "PMID:905332", "title": "[Radioisotope lymphography. Methods].", "content": "Radio-isotopic lymphography is based on lymphatic transport and reticulo-endothelial colloidopexy. Colloid is injected subcutaneously in a dose of 125 microcuries, at the level of the first interdigital space of both feet. The gamma emission sent out by this tracer is detected by seintillation probes, amplified, collected by a system of discrimination and fed to an integrator or a scaler. A functional specification is thus obtained of the accumulation of particles in the inguinal glands, expressed as a percentage of the initial activity in the foot, and set out graphically as a function of time, while at the same time a morphological examination of the groups of glands visualised by scintigraphy can be carried out.", "contents": "[Radioisotope lymphography. Methods]. Radio-isotopic lymphography is based on lymphatic transport and reticulo-endothelial colloidopexy. Colloid is injected subcutaneously in a dose of 125 microcuries, at the level of the first interdigital space of both feet. The gamma emission sent out by this tracer is detected by seintillation probes, amplified, collected by a system of discrimination and fed to an integrator or a scaler. A functional specification is thus obtained of the accumulation of particles in the inguinal glands, expressed as a percentage of the initial activity in the foot, and set out graphically as a function of time, while at the same time a morphological examination of the groups of glands visualised by scintigraphy can be carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:905335", "title": "[An error too widely spread among the public, even among medical personnel: the risk of hypercoagulation caused by sclerosing solutions].", "content": "In Raynaud's syndrome surgery may have a place at the costo-clavicular level, in the thoracic sympathetic chain, in the carpal tunnel, and in necrotic lesions of the fingers. In the majority of cases sympathetic denervation of the forearm is required. Some typical cases are briefly presented. In 16 operations the author achieved a favourable result in 13 cases, with failures.", "contents": "[An error too widely spread among the public, even among medical personnel: the risk of hypercoagulation caused by sclerosing solutions]. In Raynaud's syndrome surgery may have a place at the costo-clavicular level, in the thoracic sympathetic chain, in the carpal tunnel, and in necrotic lesions of the fingers. In the majority of cases sympathetic denervation of the forearm is required. Some typical cases are briefly presented. In 16 operations the author achieved a favourable result in 13 cases, with failures."}
{"id": "PMID:905334", "title": "[Study of the sclerosing of varicose veins: comparison between natural fibrinolysis in the blood of the cubital vein and the labeled fibrinogen test in the sclerosed leg].", "content": "After intravaricose injection of 3% ethoxysclerol a slight hyperfibrinolysis appears in the blood of a cubital vein. This is too weak to judge of the reality of the sclerosis. On the other hand, a very marked fibrinolysis is not seen after injection of ethoxysclerol. Fibrinogen labelled with iodine 131 however permits an exact control of what is happening at the site of the sclerosant injection. The reaction develops slowly, reaching its maximum not until 5 days after the injection of sclerosant. There is therefore no need to fear a sudden thrombosis which might be difficult to control.", "contents": "[Study of the sclerosing of varicose veins: comparison between natural fibrinolysis in the blood of the cubital vein and the labeled fibrinogen test in the sclerosed leg]. After intravaricose injection of 3% ethoxysclerol a slight hyperfibrinolysis appears in the blood of a cubital vein. This is too weak to judge of the reality of the sclerosis. On the other hand, a very marked fibrinolysis is not seen after injection of ethoxysclerol. Fibrinogen labelled with iodine 131 however permits an exact control of what is happening at the site of the sclerosant injection. The reaction develops slowly, reaching its maximum not until 5 days after the injection of sclerosant. There is therefore no need to fear a sudden thrombosis which might be difficult to control."}
{"id": "PMID:905337", "title": "[Venous hemodynamics before and after sclerosing therapy].", "content": "In 42 patients with essential venous insufficiency, uncomplicated but with or without insufficiency of the perforating veins, a study was carried out of the venous pressure before and after sclerosant therapy. All the patients treated showed a definite increase in deltaP (difference between the pressure standing and during muscular work), evidence that venous drainage returns towards normal.", "contents": "[Venous hemodynamics before and after sclerosing therapy]. In 42 patients with essential venous insufficiency, uncomplicated but with or without insufficiency of the perforating veins, a study was carried out of the venous pressure before and after sclerosant therapy. All the patients treated showed a definite increase in deltaP (difference between the pressure standing and during muscular work), evidence that venous drainage returns towards normal."}
{"id": "PMID:905338", "title": "[Sclerosing of varicose veins: radiographic control].", "content": "The events during a sclerosant injection were controlled radiographically. Vistarine forte containing 21.5% of total iodine makes the distribution of fluid clearly visible, both opacifying and sclerosing. 1 ml of air precedes the injection of 0.5 ml of sclerosant. This has shown that the \"air-block\", as found in the syringe, is not exactly a cushion of air separating the vessel wall from contact with the circulating blood. The air is distributed like a collar of pearls along the vein walls. These bubbles of air remain visible for a long time in the varicose convultions and this tend to hinder contact between the sclerosant and the intima of the varicose vein. As the slides show, it is a well demarcated segment of the varicose vein which comes into effective contact with the sclerosant. It is precisely this segment which subsequently becomes sclerosed. The sclerosant seeks a centripetal pathway in all positions, lying standing and sitting. The therapeutic effect is the same, and is independent of the position of the patient at the time of the injection of sclerosant.", "contents": "[Sclerosing of varicose veins: radiographic control]. The events during a sclerosant injection were controlled radiographically. Vistarine forte containing 21.5% of total iodine makes the distribution of fluid clearly visible, both opacifying and sclerosing. 1 ml of air precedes the injection of 0.5 ml of sclerosant. This has shown that the \"air-block\", as found in the syringe, is not exactly a cushion of air separating the vessel wall from contact with the circulating blood. The air is distributed like a collar of pearls along the vein walls. These bubbles of air remain visible for a long time in the varicose convultions and this tend to hinder contact between the sclerosant and the intima of the varicose vein. As the slides show, it is a well demarcated segment of the varicose vein which comes into effective contact with the sclerosant. It is precisely this segment which subsequently becomes sclerosed. The sclerosant seeks a centripetal pathway in all positions, lying standing and sitting. The therapeutic effect is the same, and is independent of the position of the patient at the time of the injection of sclerosant."}
{"id": "PMID:905339", "title": "[Raynaud's phenomena, syndrome and disease. Definition].", "content": "The terminology of the acro-ischaemic states of the upper limb is muddled. It would be desirable for a strict definition of Raynaud's \"phenomenon\", \"syndrome\" and \"disease\" to be established and accepted by all angiologists. In the author's view, Raynaud's phenomenon is an intermittent circulatory crisis, leaving after it a normal finger. When set off by a detectable organic lesion, the phenomenon then belongs to the category of Raynaud's syndrome. When there is no organic lesion to explain it, it becomes a symptom of Raynaud's disease.", "contents": "[Raynaud's phenomena, syndrome and disease. Definition]. The terminology of the acro-ischaemic states of the upper limb is muddled. It would be desirable for a strict definition of Raynaud's \"phenomenon\", \"syndrome\" and \"disease\" to be established and accepted by all angiologists. In the author's view, Raynaud's phenomenon is an intermittent circulatory crisis, leaving after it a normal finger. When set off by a detectable organic lesion, the phenomenon then belongs to the category of Raynaud's syndrome. When there is no organic lesion to explain it, it becomes a symptom of Raynaud's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:905342", "title": "[Contribution of methods of exploration of the distal vascular bed to the diagnosis and general comprehension of Raynaud's phenomenon].", "content": "Current vascular investigations permit a better understanding and placing of Raynaud's Phenomenon from the nosological point of view. This work contains a study of the contributions made by digital rheography, arteriography and pulp biopsy. These methods allow us on the one hand to define the concept of Raynaud's diathesis, an essential element necessary to the appearance of vasomotor crises, and on the other hand to identify the possible triggering causes on which depend certain cases of Raynaud's phenomenon of idiopathic appearance, sometimes clinically latent. The general conception of Raynaud's Phenomenon, defined from the semeiological point of view and corresponding to a pathology and a diathesis common to the various conditions in which it may appear, is confirmed by the data provided by these investigations. The diagnostic approach in Raynaud's phenomenon has thus a double perspective: --to identify and define the Raynaud's diathesis, --to seek the possible causes which may be clinically latent.", "contents": "[Contribution of methods of exploration of the distal vascular bed to the diagnosis and general comprehension of Raynaud's phenomenon]. Current vascular investigations permit a better understanding and placing of Raynaud's Phenomenon from the nosological point of view. This work contains a study of the contributions made by digital rheography, arteriography and pulp biopsy. These methods allow us on the one hand to define the concept of Raynaud's diathesis, an essential element necessary to the appearance of vasomotor crises, and on the other hand to identify the possible triggering causes on which depend certain cases of Raynaud's phenomenon of idiopathic appearance, sometimes clinically latent. The general conception of Raynaud's Phenomenon, defined from the semeiological point of view and corresponding to a pathology and a diathesis common to the various conditions in which it may appear, is confirmed by the data provided by these investigations. The diagnostic approach in Raynaud's phenomenon has thus a double perspective: --to identify and define the Raynaud's diathesis, --to seek the possible causes which may be clinically latent."}
{"id": "PMID:905341", "title": "[Do the clinical symptoms described by Raynaud correspond to a nosological entity or a syndrome with multiple etiologies?].", "content": "In considering this problem, our opinion concerning Raynaud's phenomenon is as follows: The symptomatology described by Raynaud includes among other things a local asphyxia and gangrene. All the patients in whom these two signs are not found should not therefore be included under the label of Raynaud's disease. It is preferable in such cases to use Reil's term of \"dead fingers\". But our experience shows that if there is local asphyxia or even gangrene, in addition to the syncopal episodes, there is always a causal disease. However it is not justifiable here to speak of Raynaud's disease, but rather of Raynaud's syndrome or Raynaud's phenomenon complicating some causal disorder, such as progressive scleroderma or obstructive arterial disease with digital localisation. The phenomenon of \"dead fingers\" is very common and most marked at the time of puberty. The symptoms regress in the years following. It is rare to see Raynaud's phenomenon at the time of puberty, this being commoner in later decades, with a course which is more or less pronounced and progressive according to the underlying disease. The prognosis is also a function of the underlying disease and is likely to be unfavourable, even threatening life, in cases of progressive scleroderma.", "contents": "[Do the clinical symptoms described by Raynaud correspond to a nosological entity or a syndrome with multiple etiologies?]. In considering this problem, our opinion concerning Raynaud's phenomenon is as follows: The symptomatology described by Raynaud includes among other things a local asphyxia and gangrene. All the patients in whom these two signs are not found should not therefore be included under the label of Raynaud's disease. It is preferable in such cases to use Reil's term of \"dead fingers\". But our experience shows that if there is local asphyxia or even gangrene, in addition to the syncopal episodes, there is always a causal disease. However it is not justifiable here to speak of Raynaud's disease, but rather of Raynaud's syndrome or Raynaud's phenomenon complicating some causal disorder, such as progressive scleroderma or obstructive arterial disease with digital localisation. The phenomenon of \"dead fingers\" is very common and most marked at the time of puberty. The symptoms regress in the years following. It is rare to see Raynaud's phenomenon at the time of puberty, this being commoner in later decades, with a course which is more or less pronounced and progressive according to the underlying disease. The prognosis is also a function of the underlying disease and is likely to be unfavourable, even threatening life, in cases of progressive scleroderma."}
{"id": "PMID:905456", "title": "HLA antigens and manic-depressive disorders: further evidence of an association.", "content": "One hundred and seven unrelated Danish patients considered to be manic-depressive according to strict diagnostic, symptomatic and course criteria were typed for antigens of the HLA system, the major histocompatibility system in man. Preliminary results from the first 47 patients had previously been reported to suggest a positive association between manic-depressive disorders and HLA-A3, HLA-B7, and HLA-Bw16 and a negative association between such disorders and HLA-B8. Results from the extended series provide confirmatory evidence that there is a positive association between manic-depressive disorders and HLA-Bw16 and also strongly suggest a positive association between HLA-B7 and such disorders. HLA typing may prove to be a useful way of identifying sub-groups of manic-depressive patients for other biological studies. The associations described provide a potential lead for formulating hypotheses about the nature of the biological mechanisms which predispose to manic-depressive disorders.", "contents": "HLA antigens and manic-depressive disorders: further evidence of an association. One hundred and seven unrelated Danish patients considered to be manic-depressive according to strict diagnostic, symptomatic and course criteria were typed for antigens of the HLA system, the major histocompatibility system in man. Preliminary results from the first 47 patients had previously been reported to suggest a positive association between manic-depressive disorders and HLA-A3, HLA-B7, and HLA-Bw16 and a negative association between such disorders and HLA-B8. Results from the extended series provide confirmatory evidence that there is a positive association between manic-depressive disorders and HLA-Bw16 and also strongly suggest a positive association between HLA-B7 and such disorders. HLA typing may prove to be a useful way of identifying sub-groups of manic-depressive patients for other biological studies. The associations described provide a potential lead for formulating hypotheses about the nature of the biological mechanisms which predispose to manic-depressive disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:905458", "title": "The pineal and psychiatry: a review.", "content": "The pineal body in man is an active endocrine gland throughout life. Historically the gland has been associated with speculation on the nature of mind and its disorders. Modern research is now demonstrating it to be an endocrine gland capable of affecting the brain and behaviour. The implications for future research into this aspect of pineal function are discussed in the context of a critical review of the current literature.", "contents": "The pineal and psychiatry: a review. The pineal body in man is an active endocrine gland throughout life. Historically the gland has been associated with speculation on the nature of mind and its disorders. Modern research is now demonstrating it to be an endocrine gland capable of affecting the brain and behaviour. The implications for future research into this aspect of pineal function are discussed in the context of a critical review of the current literature."}
{"id": "PMID:905459", "title": "The psychological effect of a screening programme and clinical trial for hypertension upon the participants.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-five entrants into the MRC trial for mild to moderate hypertension were matched with control subjects in order to assess the psychological effects of a screening programme and recruitment into a clinical trial. The prevalence and incidence of psychiatric morbidity among the trial participants were compared with those of the controls by means of responses to a self-administered questionnaire and diagnostic psychiatric interviews. No differences among the groups were shown between screening and entry into the trial, but after entry the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among the trial participants fell. This was due to a greater improvement of those with psychiatric symptoms at entry in this group, the incidence of new morbidity being similar among the groups.", "contents": "The psychological effect of a screening programme and clinical trial for hypertension upon the participants. Two hundred and thirty-five entrants into the MRC trial for mild to moderate hypertension were matched with control subjects in order to assess the psychological effects of a screening programme and recruitment into a clinical trial. The prevalence and incidence of psychiatric morbidity among the trial participants were compared with those of the controls by means of responses to a self-administered questionnaire and diagnostic psychiatric interviews. No differences among the groups were shown between screening and entry into the trial, but after entry the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among the trial participants fell. This was due to a greater improvement of those with psychiatric symptoms at entry in this group, the incidence of new morbidity being similar among the groups."}
{"id": "PMID:905460", "title": "Allusive thinking, the Word Halo and verbosity.", "content": "The concept of allusive thinking is briefly reviewed and a Pavlovian model of thinking advanced. It is hypothesized that allusive, as compared with non-allusive thinkers, have a broader but less intense attention process associated with weaker inhibition. From this model it was predicted that on word tests which require judgements of similarity of meaning, allusive thinkers would tend to choose more remote or unusual words as similar in meaning. The Word Halo Test and the Word Sorting Test were administered to 63 university students using the Object Sorting Test as a measure of allusive thinking. The prediction that allusive thinkers would choose more unusual words as similar in meaning was supported. A tendency for allusive thinkers to be more verbose than non-allusive thinkers was also noted.", "contents": "Allusive thinking, the Word Halo and verbosity. The concept of allusive thinking is briefly reviewed and a Pavlovian model of thinking advanced. It is hypothesized that allusive, as compared with non-allusive thinkers, have a broader but less intense attention process associated with weaker inhibition. From this model it was predicted that on word tests which require judgements of similarity of meaning, allusive thinkers would tend to choose more remote or unusual words as similar in meaning. The Word Halo Test and the Word Sorting Test were administered to 63 university students using the Object Sorting Test as a measure of allusive thinking. The prediction that allusive thinkers would choose more unusual words as similar in meaning was supported. A tendency for allusive thinkers to be more verbose than non-allusive thinkers was also noted."}
{"id": "PMID:905461", "title": "Ethnicity and illness behaviour.", "content": "The 52-item Illness Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ) was administered to 134 general practice patients of Greek, Anglo-Greek, and Anglo-Saxon origin. Responses were scored on 7 dimensions of illness behaviour labelled general hypochondriasis, disease conviction, psychological versus somatic perception of illness, affective inhibition, affective disturbance, denial and irritability. Results of a three-way analysis of variance (ethnicity, age and sex) indicated that Greek patients were significantly more likely to differ from Their Anglo-Saxon counterparts on the initial 3 IBQ scales. Compared with the Anglo-Saxon group, the Greek sample showed greater hypochrondriacal concern, were more likely to manifest conviction as to the presence of serious physical disease, and took a more somatic view of illness. Anglo-Greek patients varied from one scale to another in the degree to which their responses resembled the pattern of illness behaviour reported by Greek patients. They were most similar to the latter in their hypochondriacal attitude, and least similar in their psychological perception of illness. Although the IBQ responses to the Greek sample were consistent with patterns described in other studies of Mediterranean cultural groups, it was found that relationships observed between ethnicity and illness behaviour were to some extent dependent upon age and sex.", "contents": "Ethnicity and illness behaviour. The 52-item Illness Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ) was administered to 134 general practice patients of Greek, Anglo-Greek, and Anglo-Saxon origin. Responses were scored on 7 dimensions of illness behaviour labelled general hypochondriasis, disease conviction, psychological versus somatic perception of illness, affective inhibition, affective disturbance, denial and irritability. Results of a three-way analysis of variance (ethnicity, age and sex) indicated that Greek patients were significantly more likely to differ from Their Anglo-Saxon counterparts on the initial 3 IBQ scales. Compared with the Anglo-Saxon group, the Greek sample showed greater hypochrondriacal concern, were more likely to manifest conviction as to the presence of serious physical disease, and took a more somatic view of illness. Anglo-Greek patients varied from one scale to another in the degree to which their responses resembled the pattern of illness behaviour reported by Greek patients. They were most similar to the latter in their hypochondriacal attitude, and least similar in their psychological perception of illness. Although the IBQ responses to the Greek sample were consistent with patterns described in other studies of Mediterranean cultural groups, it was found that relationships observed between ethnicity and illness behaviour were to some extent dependent upon age and sex."}
{"id": "PMID:905463", "title": "Some psychological concomitants of chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Thirty chronic bronchitic patients with severe airways obstruction were individually matched with non-bronchitic controls from the general population. The 2 groups were compared using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) to assess non-psychotic psychiatric disturbance, the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) to assess personality traits, and the Marlowe-Crowne (M-C) scale plus the L (Lie) scale of the EPI to assess social-desirability response set. Chronic bronchitic patients were both more psychiatrically disturbed and more neurotic in personality than were their matched controls; but there were no differences between the 2 groups on the personality trait of extraversion or on measure of social desirability response set. The results are discussed in the context of both chronic bronchitis specifically and chronic illness in general, and future investigations are proposed.", "contents": "Some psychological concomitants of chronic bronchitis. Thirty chronic bronchitic patients with severe airways obstruction were individually matched with non-bronchitic controls from the general population. The 2 groups were compared using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) to assess non-psychotic psychiatric disturbance, the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) to assess personality traits, and the Marlowe-Crowne (M-C) scale plus the L (Lie) scale of the EPI to assess social-desirability response set. Chronic bronchitic patients were both more psychiatrically disturbed and more neurotic in personality than were their matched controls; but there were no differences between the 2 groups on the personality trait of extraversion or on measure of social desirability response set. The results are discussed in the context of both chronic bronchitis specifically and chronic illness in general, and future investigations are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:905464", "title": "Psychiatric illness, maladjustment and juvenile delinquency: an ecological study in a London borough.", "content": "Patterns of adult psychiatric referral, of child guidance referral and of juvenile delinquency in a metropolitan borough were examined. The 3 sets of rates showed parallel trends among the 20 electoral wards of the borough, all 3 being similarly related to socio-demographic indices. A cluster analysis technique was used to combine the 450 enumeration districts of the borough into 22 clusters defined by social characteristics rather than by geographical boundaries. Ecological correlates of treated psychiatric disorder and of delinquency, based on these clusters, were found to be similar to those derived from the electoral ward data. The findings suggest that it may be possible to demarcate relatively small urban areas with high concentrations of psychiatric disorder, maladjustment and delinquency.", "contents": "Psychiatric illness, maladjustment and juvenile delinquency: an ecological study in a London borough. Patterns of adult psychiatric referral, of child guidance referral and of juvenile delinquency in a metropolitan borough were examined. The 3 sets of rates showed parallel trends among the 20 electoral wards of the borough, all 3 being similarly related to socio-demographic indices. A cluster analysis technique was used to combine the 450 enumeration districts of the borough into 22 clusters defined by social characteristics rather than by geographical boundaries. Ecological correlates of treated psychiatric disorder and of delinquency, based on these clusters, were found to be similar to those derived from the electoral ward data. The findings suggest that it may be possible to demarcate relatively small urban areas with high concentrations of psychiatric disorder, maladjustment and delinquency."}
{"id": "PMID:905465", "title": "The prevalence of minor psychiatric morbidity in the community.", "content": "The method is described of a point-prevalence survey of minor psychiatric morbidity among a sample of healthy community residents. The General Health Questionnaire was used as the sole means of case identification. The demographic characteristics of the sample were compared in detail with those of the total population. The factors mainly responsible for sample bias were difficulty with the English language, the varying degree of personal contact made with residents, and the difficulty in contacting the employed population during working hours. The overall response rate of the survey was 66-2%. The demographic groups found to be at significantly higher risk for minor psychiatric morbidity included women, the young, non-British migrant women, and lower social class men.", "contents": "The prevalence of minor psychiatric morbidity in the community. The method is described of a point-prevalence survey of minor psychiatric morbidity among a sample of healthy community residents. The General Health Questionnaire was used as the sole means of case identification. The demographic characteristics of the sample were compared in detail with those of the total population. The factors mainly responsible for sample bias were difficulty with the English language, the varying degree of personal contact made with residents, and the difficulty in contacting the employed population during working hours. The overall response rate of the survey was 66-2%. The demographic groups found to be at significantly higher risk for minor psychiatric morbidity included women, the young, non-British migrant women, and lower social class men."}
{"id": "PMID:905466", "title": "A census study of mental illness in Sams\u00f8.", "content": "Census data from the Danish island of Sams\u00f8 have provided information on all but 20% of the population. Fifty per cent of the population with past or present mental illness had been referred to the psychiatric service during the 18-year-period 1957--74; the proportion varied from 85% for patients with psychoses (100% for schizophrenic patients, and 90% for manic-depressive patients) to 43% with non-psychotic disorders. The frequency of past and present mental illness was 24%, higher for women with manic-depressive disorders, psychogenic (reactive) psychoses, and neuroses. The possible reasons for these and other findings are discussed.", "contents": "A census study of mental illness in Sams\u00f8. Census data from the Danish island of Sams\u00f8 have provided information on all but 20% of the population. Fifty per cent of the population with past or present mental illness had been referred to the psychiatric service during the 18-year-period 1957--74; the proportion varied from 85% for patients with psychoses (100% for schizophrenic patients, and 90% for manic-depressive patients) to 43% with non-psychotic disorders. The frequency of past and present mental illness was 24%, higher for women with manic-depressive disorders, psychogenic (reactive) psychoses, and neuroses. The possible reasons for these and other findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:905467", "title": "Reliability of the PSE (ninth edition) used in a population study.", "content": "A random sample of 237 women in a south-east London area were seen by non-medical interviewers, trained to use a standard technique (the Present State Examination) to elicit and record psychiatric symptoms. Ninety-five were interviewed a second time by psychiatrists, who also rated audiotape recordings. The reproducibility of the techniques is adequate though not as high, in some respects, as that obtained from out-patient or in-patient samples. This is true at the level of symptom, syndrome, total score, and index of definition of psychiatric disorder. It is concluded that non-medical interviewers can obtain as high reproducibility as psychiatrists on most of the non-psychotic sections of the PSE if they have appropriate training. Repeatability is lower than reproducibility, partly due to fluctuations in clinical condition, partly to environmental changes between interviews, and partly to differential responses to medical and non-medical interviews. Over a short period of time, such as a week, repeatability is satisfactory.", "contents": "Reliability of the PSE (ninth edition) used in a population study. A random sample of 237 women in a south-east London area were seen by non-medical interviewers, trained to use a standard technique (the Present State Examination) to elicit and record psychiatric symptoms. Ninety-five were interviewed a second time by psychiatrists, who also rated audiotape recordings. The reproducibility of the techniques is adequate though not as high, in some respects, as that obtained from out-patient or in-patient samples. This is true at the level of symptom, syndrome, total score, and index of definition of psychiatric disorder. It is concluded that non-medical interviewers can obtain as high reproducibility as psychiatrists on most of the non-psychotic sections of the PSE if they have appropriate training. Repeatability is lower than reproducibility, partly due to fluctuations in clinical condition, partly to environmental changes between interviews, and partly to differential responses to medical and non-medical interviews. Over a short period of time, such as a week, repeatability is satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:905468", "title": "Further studies on interviewer training and inter-rater reliability of the Present State Examination (PSE).", "content": "The Present State Examination (PSE) is discussed with regard to its use in surveys of subjects who are not psychiatric patients. Although the PSE was originally developed for use by psychiatrists with patients with obvious mental illness, the interview also contains sections dealing in considerable detail with the commoner and less severe complaints and symptoms that are found in a significant proportion of 'normal subjects'. A shortened version of the PSE (8th edition) is described, limited to these sections, which has been used in population surveys, by interviewers who are not psychiatrists, The training of such interviewers is described, and information on a reliability and repeatability study is presented. This shows that with proper training, non-psychiatric interviewers can achieve standards of inter-rater reliability that are comparable to those previously reported between psychiatrists.", "contents": "Further studies on interviewer training and inter-rater reliability of the Present State Examination (PSE). The Present State Examination (PSE) is discussed with regard to its use in surveys of subjects who are not psychiatric patients. Although the PSE was originally developed for use by psychiatrists with patients with obvious mental illness, the interview also contains sections dealing in considerable detail with the commoner and less severe complaints and symptoms that are found in a significant proportion of 'normal subjects'. A shortened version of the PSE (8th edition) is described, limited to these sections, which has been used in population surveys, by interviewers who are not psychiatrists, The training of such interviewers is described, and information on a reliability and repeatability study is presented. This shows that with proper training, non-psychiatric interviewers can achieve standards of inter-rater reliability that are comparable to those previously reported between psychiatrists."}
{"id": "PMID:905469", "title": "Psychiatric disorder in an adult training centre and a hospital for the mentally handicapped.", "content": "Seventy-five mentally handicapped adult individuals attending a training centre were compared with 75 adult patients in a mental subnormality hospital using a standardized psychiatric interview. Ten of the individuals at the training centre were rated in the pathological range for overall psychiatric disturbance compared with 23 patients in hospital. Details are presented for the various psychiatric symptoms.", "contents": "Psychiatric disorder in an adult training centre and a hospital for the mentally handicapped. Seventy-five mentally handicapped adult individuals attending a training centre were compared with 75 adult patients in a mental subnormality hospital using a standardized psychiatric interview. Ten of the individuals at the training centre were rated in the pathological range for overall psychiatric disturbance compared with 23 patients in hospital. Details are presented for the various psychiatric symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:905470", "title": "Two-year follow-up of the patients included in the WHO International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia.", "content": "Over 90% of the 1202 patients investigated in the 9 centres collaborating in the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia were traced 2 years after the initial examination and on the average over 75% of them were re-examined, using standardized instruments and methods. Results indicate that patients diagnosed as schizophrenic on the basis of standardized assessments and clearly specified diagnostic criteria demonstrated very marked variations of course and outcome over a 2-year period. Schizophrenic patients in the centres in developing countries had considerably better course and outcome than schizophrenic patients in the centres in developed countries.", "contents": "Two-year follow-up of the patients included in the WHO International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Over 90% of the 1202 patients investigated in the 9 centres collaborating in the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia were traced 2 years after the initial examination and on the average over 75% of them were re-examined, using standardized instruments and methods. Results indicate that patients diagnosed as schizophrenic on the basis of standardized assessments and clearly specified diagnostic criteria demonstrated very marked variations of course and outcome over a 2-year period. Schizophrenic patients in the centres in developing countries had considerably better course and outcome than schizophrenic patients in the centres in developed countries."}
{"id": "PMID:905503", "title": "Origins of the nucleate organisms.", "content": "A theory regarding the early evolution of the eukaryotes is presented. It is proposed that the eukaryotes evolved through the successive stages: amoeba, flagellate, sexual flagellate. It postulated that sexuality emerged only once. A scheme relating evolution of the whiplash and tinsel forms of the flagellum to the evolution of sexuality is presented. It is suggested that sexuality first appeared in organisms capable of producing both forms of the flagellum. The phylogeny supports the hypotheses that the flagellum developed from the spindle system, and that the nucleate algae evolved from protozao through symbiosis with photosynthetic organisms related to the blue-green bacteria. It is consistent with the hypothesis that the mitochondrion was acquired by symbiosis. The phylogeny provides clearer definitions for kingdoms, and indicates the separation into seven kingdoms, as follows: Monera, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi, Porifera, Plantae, Animalia.", "contents": "Origins of the nucleate organisms. A theory regarding the early evolution of the eukaryotes is presented. It is proposed that the eukaryotes evolved through the successive stages: amoeba, flagellate, sexual flagellate. It postulated that sexuality emerged only once. A scheme relating evolution of the whiplash and tinsel forms of the flagellum to the evolution of sexuality is presented. It is suggested that sexuality first appeared in organisms capable of producing both forms of the flagellum. The phylogeny supports the hypotheses that the flagellum developed from the spindle system, and that the nucleate algae evolved from protozao through symbiosis with photosynthetic organisms related to the blue-green bacteria. It is consistent with the hypothesis that the mitochondrion was acquired by symbiosis. The phylogeny provides clearer definitions for kingdoms, and indicates the separation into seven kingdoms, as follows: Monera, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi, Porifera, Plantae, Animalia."}
{"id": "PMID:905504", "title": "A focus for biophysical research in energy problems.", "content": "There is widespread agreement that solar energy is the most promising long-range energy source. However, contemporary technology for bulk energy storage is so primitive that full use of the inevitably erratic solar energy flux is severely limited. Biological systems have perfected methods of storing solar energy for later use in periods of darkness, and it is argued in this symposium presentation that there are many frontiers in biophysics related to the solar energy storage problem. Moreover, the conceivable biological storage systems span a wide range of technology, with appropriate applications in societies of widely varying degrees of industrial development. Use of biological systems to produce hydrogen from solar energy may be among the most versatile of these applications. The entire problem of bioconversion of solar energy presents an excellent example of how the needs for basic scientific understanding and application engineering can be very tightly interwoven.", "contents": "A focus for biophysical research in energy problems. There is widespread agreement that solar energy is the most promising long-range energy source. However, contemporary technology for bulk energy storage is so primitive that full use of the inevitably erratic solar energy flux is severely limited. Biological systems have perfected methods of storing solar energy for later use in periods of darkness, and it is argued in this symposium presentation that there are many frontiers in biophysics related to the solar energy storage problem. Moreover, the conceivable biological storage systems span a wide range of technology, with appropriate applications in societies of widely varying degrees of industrial development. Use of biological systems to produce hydrogen from solar energy may be among the most versatile of these applications. The entire problem of bioconversion of solar energy presents an excellent example of how the needs for basic scientific understanding and application engineering can be very tightly interwoven."}
{"id": "PMID:905562", "title": "[Polycistic liver disease. The hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy in comparison with other diagnostic procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "Hepato-biliary sequential scans are a diagnostic nuclear medicine procedure which might be applied widely with new radiopharmaceuticals and high solution gamma cameras. Typical sequential scans of polycystic liver disease (2 cases) are demonstrated for the first time. Valuable diagnostic information is obtained by usage of all technical facilities to differentiate other diseases, for instance mistaken parenchymal liver changes due to cystic renal disease or metastatic liver disease.", "contents": "[Polycistic liver disease. The hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy in comparison with other diagnostic procedures (author's transl)]. Hepato-biliary sequential scans are a diagnostic nuclear medicine procedure which might be applied widely with new radiopharmaceuticals and high solution gamma cameras. Typical sequential scans of polycystic liver disease (2 cases) are demonstrated for the first time. Valuable diagnostic information is obtained by usage of all technical facilities to differentiate other diseases, for instance mistaken parenchymal liver changes due to cystic renal disease or metastatic liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:905557", "title": "Economic analysis of a comprehensive quality assurance program.", "content": "The quality assurance program at The University of Alabama in Birmingham is briefly reviewed and its economic efficacy examined. The development of the program was the result of the cooperative effort of the quality control technologists, the radiological service engineering staff, and the radiation physicists. Analysis of our film and chemistry consumption before and after the program was established indicates that its implementation has saved the hospital approximately $27,000 per year after personnel cost for the last four years. A further $32,000 to $55,000 savings per year is realized by having in house rather than contracted service.", "contents": "Economic analysis of a comprehensive quality assurance program. The quality assurance program at The University of Alabama in Birmingham is briefly reviewed and its economic efficacy examined. The development of the program was the result of the cooperative effort of the quality control technologists, the radiological service engineering staff, and the radiation physicists. Analysis of our film and chemistry consumption before and after the program was established indicates that its implementation has saved the hospital approximately $27,000 per year after personnel cost for the last four years. A further $32,000 to $55,000 savings per year is realized by having in house rather than contracted service."}
{"id": "PMID:905559", "title": "Double contrast examination of the colon.", "content": "Simplified and readily feasible techniques of double contrast examination of the colon, before and after surgery, are presented. The examination is easy to perform, well tolerated by patients, and has a high diagnostic yield. Methods, indications, and uses are discussed. Illustrative case material is shown.", "contents": "Double contrast examination of the colon. Simplified and readily feasible techniques of double contrast examination of the colon, before and after surgery, are presented. The examination is easy to perform, well tolerated by patients, and has a high diagnostic yield. Methods, indications, and uses are discussed. Illustrative case material is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:905560", "title": "The importance of continuing education for radiologic technologists.", "content": "A major thrust of health professionals now is the development of continuing education programs needed to maintain excellence in the services they render to the public. The question arises whether these new programs should remain voluntary or be mandatory. Radiologic technologists have a responsibility to develop their own quality programs that are reasonably inexpensive, diverse, comprehensive, accessible, and give the learner satisfaction in personal fulfillment. If it is not already too late, the profession should be sure that it uses education to the fullest possible extent.", "contents": "The importance of continuing education for radiologic technologists. A major thrust of health professionals now is the development of continuing education programs needed to maintain excellence in the services they render to the public. The question arises whether these new programs should remain voluntary or be mandatory. Radiologic technologists have a responsibility to develop their own quality programs that are reasonably inexpensive, diverse, comprehensive, accessible, and give the learner satisfaction in personal fulfillment. If it is not already too late, the profession should be sure that it uses education to the fullest possible extent."}
{"id": "PMID:905568", "title": "Synthesis of 2,3-dinor-PGFalpha metabolites.", "content": "This report describes the preparation of various 2,3-dinor-PGFalpha prostaglandins. Of particular importance is the synthesis of 2,3-dinor-15(S)-15-methyl PGF2alpha, the primary metabolite in the enzymatic degradation of 15(S)-15-methyl-PGF2alpha (1). Introduction of the three carbon beta,gamma-unsaturated carboxyl side chain was achieved in a one-step Wittig reaction. The 2,3-dinor structural assignments were established by carbon magnetic resonance (cmr) spectroscopy.", "contents": "Synthesis of 2,3-dinor-PGFalpha metabolites. This report describes the preparation of various 2,3-dinor-PGFalpha prostaglandins. Of particular importance is the synthesis of 2,3-dinor-15(S)-15-methyl PGF2alpha, the primary metabolite in the enzymatic degradation of 15(S)-15-methyl-PGF2alpha (1). Introduction of the three carbon beta,gamma-unsaturated carboxyl side chain was achieved in a one-step Wittig reaction. The 2,3-dinor structural assignments were established by carbon magnetic resonance (cmr) spectroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:905561", "title": "Keeping the bugs out of radiology: a need for infection control.", "content": "There is great concern about the transmission of infection in a hospital setting. The Joint Commission for Accreditation of Hospitals now requires infection control plans for every hospital department. The model presented here does more than just satisfy JCAH requirements. It helps to protect radiologic technologists, radiologists, and all other personnel in the radiology department. Just importantly, however, it helps to insure patients against possible cross infection during their hospital stay.", "contents": "Keeping the bugs out of radiology: a need for infection control. There is great concern about the transmission of infection in a hospital setting. The Joint Commission for Accreditation of Hospitals now requires infection control plans for every hospital department. The model presented here does more than just satisfy JCAH requirements. It helps to protect radiologic technologists, radiologists, and all other personnel in the radiology department. Just importantly, however, it helps to insure patients against possible cross infection during their hospital stay."}
{"id": "PMID:905569", "title": "Synthesis of 6-keto-PGF1alpha by ram seminal vesicle microsomes.", "content": "At low substrate/enzyme ratios, and in the absence of reduced glutathione (GSH), the major prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesised by the ram seminal vesicle cyclo-oxygenase from arachidonic acid was 6-keto-PGF1alpha. The addition of nanomolar amounts of reduced GSH suppressed biosynthesis of this product and stimulated the formation of PGE2; 1-epinephrine enhanced the conversion of the substrate but had no effect on the type of product formed. 15-Hydroperoxy arachidonic acid selectively inhibited formation of 6-keto-PGF1alpha (IC50 100 muM) but blocked synthesis of all cyclo-oxygenase products at concentrations greater than 1 mM. At substrate concentrations of muM or greater, synthesis of 6-keto-PGF1alpha was inhibited and PGE2 and PGF2alpha were the main products formed.", "contents": "Synthesis of 6-keto-PGF1alpha by ram seminal vesicle microsomes. At low substrate/enzyme ratios, and in the absence of reduced glutathione (GSH), the major prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesised by the ram seminal vesicle cyclo-oxygenase from arachidonic acid was 6-keto-PGF1alpha. The addition of nanomolar amounts of reduced GSH suppressed biosynthesis of this product and stimulated the formation of PGE2; 1-epinephrine enhanced the conversion of the substrate but had no effect on the type of product formed. 15-Hydroperoxy arachidonic acid selectively inhibited formation of 6-keto-PGF1alpha (IC50 100 muM) but blocked synthesis of all cyclo-oxygenase products at concentrations greater than 1 mM. At substrate concentrations of muM or greater, synthesis of 6-keto-PGF1alpha was inhibited and PGE2 and PGF2alpha were the main products formed."}
{"id": "PMID:905570", "title": "Thromboxane A2: effects on airway and vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "Thromboxane A2, an unstable compound derived from prostaglandin G2, was generated by incubation of arachidonic acid with a suspension of human platelets. The activity of thromboxane A2 relative to that of prostaglandin H2 in causing contractions of a number of smooth muscle organs were as follows: rabbit aorta, 7-20; human umbilical artery, 9-60; and guinea pig trachea, 2-12. Intravenous injection of thromboxane A2 into anaesthetized quinea pigs was followed by a pronounced increase in the tracheal insufflation pressure, potency compared to prostaglandin H2, 31-45.", "contents": "Thromboxane A2: effects on airway and vascular smooth muscle. Thromboxane A2, an unstable compound derived from prostaglandin G2, was generated by incubation of arachidonic acid with a suspension of human platelets. The activity of thromboxane A2 relative to that of prostaglandin H2 in causing contractions of a number of smooth muscle organs were as follows: rabbit aorta, 7-20; human umbilical artery, 9-60; and guinea pig trachea, 2-12. Intravenous injection of thromboxane A2 into anaesthetized quinea pigs was followed by a pronounced increase in the tracheal insufflation pressure, potency compared to prostaglandin H2, 31-45."}
{"id": "PMID:905571", "title": "The effects of prostaglandins on the beating activity of cultured heart cells.", "content": "The effects on the beating behavior of cultured rat heart cells of fourteen prostaglandins of the A, B, D, E, and F series were investigated, together with adrenaline and ouabain, at dose levels of 10-7 and 10-5M. Single heart cell beating activity was monitored photo-electrically and five parameters of beating behavior measured. Only PGF2alpha markedly increased rate while PGF2beta reduced it. Maintenance of a stable rate (rate range) was minimally affected by prostaglandins with PGF2beta possibly reducing, and PGF1alpha and 2-decarboxy E1 possibly increasing, rate range. PGF1alpha and F2alpha both statistically reduced the percentage of cells beating while the other prostaglandins had no effect. Most of the prostaglandins either produced no change, or reduced, indices of contractile force (optical density changes with contractions and its first derivative (dOD/dt)). Only the negative chronotropic agent PGF2beta produced a positive density effect. In conclusion, except for PGF2alpha, prostaglandins generally have limited actions on the beating activity of cultured heart cells.", "contents": "The effects of prostaglandins on the beating activity of cultured heart cells. The effects on the beating behavior of cultured rat heart cells of fourteen prostaglandins of the A, B, D, E, and F series were investigated, together with adrenaline and ouabain, at dose levels of 10-7 and 10-5M. Single heart cell beating activity was monitored photo-electrically and five parameters of beating behavior measured. Only PGF2alpha markedly increased rate while PGF2beta reduced it. Maintenance of a stable rate (rate range) was minimally affected by prostaglandins with PGF2beta possibly reducing, and PGF1alpha and 2-decarboxy E1 possibly increasing, rate range. PGF1alpha and F2alpha both statistically reduced the percentage of cells beating while the other prostaglandins had no effect. Most of the prostaglandins either produced no change, or reduced, indices of contractile force (optical density changes with contractions and its first derivative (dOD/dt)). Only the negative chronotropic agent PGF2beta produced a positive density effect. In conclusion, except for PGF2alpha, prostaglandins generally have limited actions on the beating activity of cultured heart cells."}
{"id": "PMID:905572", "title": "Prostaglandins E1 and E2 stimulate release of intestinal brush border enzymes.", "content": "Rat small bowel was perfused in vivo and ex vivo in the absence of biliary and pancreatic secretion. Intraluminal release of sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase and enterokinase was significantly increased after administration of PG E1 and E2 1 and 5 microgram/kg. This suggests a direct stimulation of the intestinal mucosa, which might be mediated through cyclic AMP; dibutyryl cAMP significantly stimulates intraluminal release of proteins, sucrase and enterokinase.", "contents": "Prostaglandins E1 and E2 stimulate release of intestinal brush border enzymes. Rat small bowel was perfused in vivo and ex vivo in the absence of biliary and pancreatic secretion. Intraluminal release of sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase and enterokinase was significantly increased after administration of PG E1 and E2 1 and 5 microgram/kg. This suggests a direct stimulation of the intestinal mucosa, which might be mediated through cyclic AMP; dibutyryl cAMP significantly stimulates intraluminal release of proteins, sucrase and enterokinase."}
{"id": "PMID:905573", "title": "Intracellular recording of cerebral cortical actions of prostaglandins F2alpha (PGF2alpha).", "content": "Our reported data on the cortical inhibitory actions of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and the diversity of data in the literature on cerebral PG actions are examined here in the light of intracellular recording which provides the requisite membrane data for the first time. Thus, 1) intracellular recording from the cat cerebral cortex is obtained for the actions of PGF2alpha and for norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT). 2) The parallel changes in firing and polarization and the simultaneous transmembrane conductance changes are qualitatively identical for PGF2alpha, NE and 5HT. 3) The reduction in firing accompanied by hyperpolarization indicates that PGF2alpha, NE and 5HT all inhibit these cells. 4) The ionic species responsible for this inhibition is such that it increased the transmembrane resistance, and this was true for all three. 5) The changes in membrane parameters, identical in direction for PGF2alpha and NE, but stronger for the latter, constitute conditions that can lead to competitive inhibition and therefore connote, presumably, actions at the same or related receptors. Such competition with evoked cortical field potentials is shown in the preceding paper.", "contents": "Intracellular recording of cerebral cortical actions of prostaglandins F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Our reported data on the cortical inhibitory actions of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and the diversity of data in the literature on cerebral PG actions are examined here in the light of intracellular recording which provides the requisite membrane data for the first time. Thus, 1) intracellular recording from the cat cerebral cortex is obtained for the actions of PGF2alpha and for norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT). 2) The parallel changes in firing and polarization and the simultaneous transmembrane conductance changes are qualitatively identical for PGF2alpha, NE and 5HT. 3) The reduction in firing accompanied by hyperpolarization indicates that PGF2alpha, NE and 5HT all inhibit these cells. 4) The ionic species responsible for this inhibition is such that it increased the transmembrane resistance, and this was true for all three. 5) The changes in membrane parameters, identical in direction for PGF2alpha and NE, but stronger for the latter, constitute conditions that can lead to competitive inhibition and therefore connote, presumably, actions at the same or related receptors. Such competition with evoked cortical field potentials is shown in the preceding paper."}
{"id": "PMID:905574", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on cerebral cortical evoked potentials.", "content": "The cerebral cortical action of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) has been determined by recording the effects of intracarotid injections of PGF2alpha on cerebral evoked potentials. PGF2alpha differentially reduced cortical evoked potentials. The cortical action of PGF2alpha appeared to be qualitatively identical with that of norepinephrine (NE) but weaker. A protection of the cortex from the inhibitory action of NE by a preceding dose of PGF2alpha was demonstrated. The actions of both PGF2alpha and NE appear to be on the same or related postsynaptic receptors. The actions described were at doses that did not reduced oxygen availability. PGF2alpha may act as a modulator of adrenergic transmission in the cortex. The intracellular recording in the companion paper supplies the further critical evidence that PGF2alpha has a synaptic inhibitory action.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on cerebral cortical evoked potentials. The cerebral cortical action of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) has been determined by recording the effects of intracarotid injections of PGF2alpha on cerebral evoked potentials. PGF2alpha differentially reduced cortical evoked potentials. The cortical action of PGF2alpha appeared to be qualitatively identical with that of norepinephrine (NE) but weaker. A protection of the cortex from the inhibitory action of NE by a preceding dose of PGF2alpha was demonstrated. The actions of both PGF2alpha and NE appear to be on the same or related postsynaptic receptors. The actions described were at doses that did not reduced oxygen availability. PGF2alpha may act as a modulator of adrenergic transmission in the cortex. The intracellular recording in the companion paper supplies the further critical evidence that PGF2alpha has a synaptic inhibitory action."}
{"id": "PMID:905575", "title": "Effect of furosemide on urinary excretion of prostaglandin E in normal volunteers and patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E was measured radioimmunologically in 19 healthy persons (15 men and 4 women) and in 16 patients (10 men and 6 women) with essential hypertension before and after the administration of furosemide. The excretion rates were increased from 26.2 +/- 3.0 to 64.5 +/- 11.3 ng/hr in the former and from 11.9 +/- 2.7 to 26.9 +/- 8.5 ng/hr in the latter. There was a significant difference between them, healthy subjects showing a greater increase than patients with essential hypertension. There was an obvious sexual difference in urinary excretion of prostaglandin. In men, greater increase in the excretion rates was found than in the women. Greater increases were also obtained in healthy men than in hypertensive men and in healthy women than in hypertensive women. The present results suggest that furosemide enhances urinary excretion of prostaglandin E by mechanisms which entails either an increase in prostaglandin synthesis or a decrease in renal metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of furosemide on urinary excretion of prostaglandin E in normal volunteers and patients with essential hypertension. Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E was measured radioimmunologically in 19 healthy persons (15 men and 4 women) and in 16 patients (10 men and 6 women) with essential hypertension before and after the administration of furosemide. The excretion rates were increased from 26.2 +/- 3.0 to 64.5 +/- 11.3 ng/hr in the former and from 11.9 +/- 2.7 to 26.9 +/- 8.5 ng/hr in the latter. There was a significant difference between them, healthy subjects showing a greater increase than patients with essential hypertension. There was an obvious sexual difference in urinary excretion of prostaglandin. In men, greater increase in the excretion rates was found than in the women. Greater increases were also obtained in healthy men than in hypertensive men and in healthy women than in hypertensive women. The present results suggest that furosemide enhances urinary excretion of prostaglandin E by mechanisms which entails either an increase in prostaglandin synthesis or a decrease in renal metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:905576", "title": "Reduced uterine response to PGF2alpha under oral contraceptives.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on the nonpregnant human uterus was evaluated in 35 patients. The compound was administered both by intra-uterine and intravenous routes. Two groups of volunteers were studied;fifteen cases who were under oral contraceptives and twenty women with normal ovulatory cycles. The uterus under the influence of oral contraceptives showed a reduced response to local and systemic administration of PGF2alpha at all phases of the menstrual cycle. The implications of these findings in certain physiological and pathological conditions related to reproduction are discussed.", "contents": "Reduced uterine response to PGF2alpha under oral contraceptives. The effect of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on the nonpregnant human uterus was evaluated in 35 patients. The compound was administered both by intra-uterine and intravenous routes. Two groups of volunteers were studied;fifteen cases who were under oral contraceptives and twenty women with normal ovulatory cycles. The uterus under the influence of oral contraceptives showed a reduced response to local and systemic administration of PGF2alpha at all phases of the menstrual cycle. The implications of these findings in certain physiological and pathological conditions related to reproduction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:905577", "title": "A study of prostaglandin F2alpha as the luteolysin in swine: II Characterization and comparison of prostaglandin F, estrogens and progestin concentrations in utero-ovarian vein plasma of nonpregnant and pregnant gilts.", "content": "Polyvinyl catheters were inserted into the right and left utero-ovarian veins (UOV) and saphenous vein (SV) and artery (SA) of six non-pregnant (O) and five pregnant (P) gilts on day 11 after onset estrus. Beginning on day 12, UOV blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals from 0800 to 1100 hr and 2000 to 2300 hr, and single samples were taken at 1200 and 2400 hrs. Peripheral blood (SA or SV) was sampled at 0800, 1200, 2000 and 2400 hr until gilts returned to estrus (X = 20.6 days) or day 24 of pregnancy. UOV plasma PGF concentrations (ng/ml; n = 1929) were measured by RIA. Status (P vs O) by day interactions were detected (P less than .01) but variances among treatments were heterogenous (P less than .01). Curvilinear day trends were detected for PGF in 0 gilts (P less than  .01) but not P gilts. PGF peaks, defined as concentrations greater than two SD above the mean concentration for each gilt, occurred with greater frequency (chi2 = 16.4; P less than .01) in O than P gilts; and mean peak levels (X +/- SE) were 5.04 +/- .27 and 3.84 +/- .13 ng/ml, respectively. Progesterone concentrations were maintained in pregnant pigs and were indicative of luteal maintenance. Systematic differences in day trends of utero-ovarian venous plasma estradiol were detected between O and P pigs. These differences may be of paramount physiological importance and are discussed.", "contents": "A study of prostaglandin F2alpha as the luteolysin in swine: II Characterization and comparison of prostaglandin F, estrogens and progestin concentrations in utero-ovarian vein plasma of nonpregnant and pregnant gilts. Polyvinyl catheters were inserted into the right and left utero-ovarian veins (UOV) and saphenous vein (SV) and artery (SA) of six non-pregnant (O) and five pregnant (P) gilts on day 11 after onset estrus. Beginning on day 12, UOV blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals from 0800 to 1100 hr and 2000 to 2300 hr, and single samples were taken at 1200 and 2400 hrs. Peripheral blood (SA or SV) was sampled at 0800, 1200, 2000 and 2400 hr until gilts returned to estrus (X = 20.6 days) or day 24 of pregnancy. UOV plasma PGF concentrations (ng/ml; n = 1929) were measured by RIA. Status (P vs O) by day interactions were detected (P less than .01) but variances among treatments were heterogenous (P less than .01). Curvilinear day trends were detected for PGF in 0 gilts (P less than  .01) but not P gilts. PGF peaks, defined as concentrations greater than two SD above the mean concentration for each gilt, occurred with greater frequency (chi2 = 16.4; P less than .01) in O than P gilts; and mean peak levels (X +/- SE) were 5.04 +/- .27 and 3.84 +/- .13 ng/ml, respectively. Progesterone concentrations were maintained in pregnant pigs and were indicative of luteal maintenance. Systematic differences in day trends of utero-ovarian venous plasma estradiol were detected between O and P pigs. These differences may be of paramount physiological importance and are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:905578", "title": "The metabolism of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 by non-pregnant porcine endometrial and luteal tissue and early pregnant porcine endometrial tissue, luteal tissue and conceptuses in vitro.", "content": "Slices of porcine endometrium and corpus luteum from both early pregnant and non-pregnant sows and conceptuses from early pregnant sows were incubated with radioactive PGF2alpha and PGE2 and the degree of metabolism of the prostaglandins measured. Prostaglandins and a metabolites were separated by TLC, radioactive bands located with a Panax scanner and the radioactivity measured in a scintillation counter. Endometrial and luteal tissue from non-pregnant sows gave no significant metabolism at any stage of the oestrous cycle, and while similar tissue from pregnant sows metabolised both prostaglandins slightly, only the conceptuses gave any significant metabolism. The possible physiological significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "The metabolism of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 by non-pregnant porcine endometrial and luteal tissue and early pregnant porcine endometrial tissue, luteal tissue and conceptuses in vitro. Slices of porcine endometrium and corpus luteum from both early pregnant and non-pregnant sows and conceptuses from early pregnant sows were incubated with radioactive PGF2alpha and PGE2 and the degree of metabolism of the prostaglandins measured. Prostaglandins and a metabolites were separated by TLC, radioactive bands located with a Panax scanner and the radioactivity measured in a scintillation counter. Endometrial and luteal tissue from non-pregnant sows gave no significant metabolism at any stage of the oestrous cycle, and while similar tissue from pregnant sows metabolised both prostaglandins slightly, only the conceptuses gave any significant metabolism. The possible physiological significance of these results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:905579", "title": "Prostaglandin concentrations in intra-uterine tissues from late-pregnant sheep before and after labour.", "content": "Prostaglandin E (PGE), prostaglandin F (PGF) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F (PGFM) have been measured in cotyledons and myometrium from sheep before and after labour. Fetal cotyledons contained more PGE than maternal cotyledons which in turn contained more than myometrium. The maternal cotyledon contained the highest concentrations of PGF, but the fetal cotyledon was the only tissue exhibiting a statistically significant rise in the concentration of PGF following labour. Concentrations of PGFM were closely correlated with (although usually lower than) those of PGF.", "contents": "Prostaglandin concentrations in intra-uterine tissues from late-pregnant sheep before and after labour. Prostaglandin E (PGE), prostaglandin F (PGF) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F (PGFM) have been measured in cotyledons and myometrium from sheep before and after labour. Fetal cotyledons contained more PGE than maternal cotyledons which in turn contained more than myometrium. The maternal cotyledon contained the highest concentrations of PGF, but the fetal cotyledon was the only tissue exhibiting a statistically significant rise in the concentration of PGF following labour. Concentrations of PGFM were closely correlated with (although usually lower than) those of PGF."}
{"id": "PMID:905580", "title": "Management of missed abortion and fetal death in utero.", "content": "Termination of pregnancy in missed abortion and intra-uterine fetal death was accomplished using vaginal suppositories of 20 mg PGE2 in 31 cases and the results were compared with oxytocin induction (with or without estrogen pre-treatment) in 17 cases at the doses routinely used in our hospital. The PG suppositories proved much more superior (96.7%) than oxytocin (47.7%), but induced a higher rate of side effects. The latter were not serious and were generally tolerated by the patients. There was a positive correlation between duration of fetal retention in utero and the induction expulsion time. The over all patient acceptance of the method was quite favourable and the approach appears to be a definite advance towards management of these cases.", "contents": "Management of missed abortion and fetal death in utero. Termination of pregnancy in missed abortion and intra-uterine fetal death was accomplished using vaginal suppositories of 20 mg PGE2 in 31 cases and the results were compared with oxytocin induction (with or without estrogen pre-treatment) in 17 cases at the doses routinely used in our hospital. The PG suppositories proved much more superior (96.7%) than oxytocin (47.7%), but induced a higher rate of side effects. The latter were not serious and were generally tolerated by the patients. There was a positive correlation between duration of fetal retention in utero and the induction expulsion time. The over all patient acceptance of the method was quite favourable and the approach appears to be a definite advance towards management of these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:905604", "title": "[Nutritive value of sunflower seeds (Helianthus annus) (author's transl)].", "content": "The nutritive value of sunflower seeds (Helianthus annus) was studied and compared to that of casein. Thirty-six male rats, Wistar strain, aged 23 days, were divided into two groups and fed (a) a sunflower cake meal diet, and (b) a casein diet. The results indicate that due to its high protein level (52.06%) and coefficient of digestibility (95 CD) sunflower can be used as a feeding formula although its PER does not recommend its use as a milk substitute.", "contents": "[Nutritive value of sunflower seeds (Helianthus annus) (author's transl)]. The nutritive value of sunflower seeds (Helianthus annus) was studied and compared to that of casein. Thirty-six male rats, Wistar strain, aged 23 days, were divided into two groups and fed (a) a sunflower cake meal diet, and (b) a casein diet. The results indicate that due to its high protein level (52.06%) and coefficient of digestibility (95 CD) sunflower can be used as a feeding formula although its PER does not recommend its use as a milk substitute."}
{"id": "PMID:905605", "title": "[Human serum hexosamine. Determination in neoplastic disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum hexosamine levels of 93 patients with neoplastic disease and of 30 normal individuals chosen among medical students were determined. The mean values obtained in both groups show that in neoplastic disease the levels are higher than in normal persons. The application of Student (/t/) indicates a significant differences in the mean  values (/t/) = 6.93 P less than 0.001). It is concluded that serum hexosamine contents are elevated in neoplastic disease.", "contents": "[Human serum hexosamine. Determination in neoplastic disease (author's transl)]. The serum hexosamine levels of 93 patients with neoplastic disease and of 30 normal individuals chosen among medical students were determined. The mean values obtained in both groups show that in neoplastic disease the levels are higher than in normal persons. The application of Student (/t/) indicates a significant differences in the mean  values (/t/) = 6.93 P less than 0.001). It is concluded that serum hexosamine contents are elevated in neoplastic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:905606", "title": "Preliminary data on a new method for lithium therapy.", "content": "Lithium therapy was assessed using electrosleep on two dogs. Cotton swabs soaked in an aqueous isotonic lithium chloride solution were placed over the eyes and mastoids of the dogs, and connected to the electrosleep apparatus. In two minutes, sleep was induced in both dogs, at point 5 (mA) on the intensity scale (which runs 1 to 9 mA). After two hours, the apparatus was turned off. One of the dogs was put under continuous observation, and the other one was sacrified. Parts of its cortex, subcortex, and cerebellum were processed and fragments were assayed spectrophotometrically for Lithium. Lithium was found in all the material examined. These results suggest a possible technique for Lithium therapy using electrosleep, the ion being carried directly to CNS, avoiding systemic toxicity caused by oral administration.", "contents": "Preliminary data on a new method for lithium therapy. Lithium therapy was assessed using electrosleep on two dogs. Cotton swabs soaked in an aqueous isotonic lithium chloride solution were placed over the eyes and mastoids of the dogs, and connected to the electrosleep apparatus. In two minutes, sleep was induced in both dogs, at point 5 (mA) on the intensity scale (which runs 1 to 9 mA). After two hours, the apparatus was turned off. One of the dogs was put under continuous observation, and the other one was sacrified. Parts of its cortex, subcortex, and cerebellum were processed and fragments were assayed spectrophotometrically for Lithium. Lithium was found in all the material examined. These results suggest a possible technique for Lithium therapy using electrosleep, the ion being carried directly to CNS, avoiding systemic toxicity caused by oral administration."}
{"id": "PMID:905607", "title": "Influence of the number of questions on the student's achievement in tests of anatomy.", "content": "The authors compare student's achievement in tests with low and moderately high number of questions requiring short answers. Five groups of Medical School students underwent their regular Anatomy evaluation tests, which consisted of 13 questions (one group), 15 (two groups) and 25 (two groups). In each group five questions were chosen at random, average scores being calculated from their marks. These scores were statistically compared to the ones calculated from the marks given to the full-length evaluation tests; it became quite evidente that averages go up when the number of questions is increased. Putting the averages in terms of A, B, C and D scores (very good, good, regular and insufficient), it was noted that failure to reach at least the C score is inversely proportional to the number of questions. The results are discussed in terms  of determining the most proper number of questions to be given in a test.", "contents": "Influence of the number of questions on the student's achievement in tests of anatomy. The authors compare student's achievement in tests with low and moderately high number of questions requiring short answers. Five groups of Medical School students underwent their regular Anatomy evaluation tests, which consisted of 13 questions (one group), 15 (two groups) and 25 (two groups). In each group five questions were chosen at random, average scores being calculated from their marks. These scores were statistically compared to the ones calculated from the marks given to the full-length evaluation tests; it became quite evidente that averages go up when the number of questions is increased. Putting the averages in terms of A, B, C and D scores (very good, good, regular and insufficient), it was noted that failure to reach at least the C score is inversely proportional to the number of questions. The results are discussed in terms  of determining the most proper number of questions to be given in a test."}
{"id": "PMID:905608", "title": "[Career aims of medical students in Brasilia (author's transl)].", "content": "Data obtained through a survey questionnaire show that on starting the internship, about half of the University of Brasilia medical graduates expressed a preference for primary care activities and predominant interest in assuming responsibility for patient care. Career aims and choice stability seem to be affected in various ways by personality, academic, and demographic factors. There is no evidence of a prevailing influence of the educational setting on the final pattern of career choice, notwithstanding the indications that the teaching model adopted may influence the development of the choice.", "contents": "[Career aims of medical students in Brasilia (author's transl)]. Data obtained through a survey questionnaire show that on starting the internship, about half of the University of Brasilia medical graduates expressed a preference for primary care activities and predominant interest in assuming responsibility for patient care. Career aims and choice stability seem to be affected in various ways by personality, academic, and demographic factors. There is no evidence of a prevailing influence of the educational setting on the final pattern of career choice, notwithstanding the indications that the teaching model adopted may influence the development of the choice."}
{"id": "PMID:905610", "title": "[Cerebral blood flow and metabolism under \"diazanalgesia\" (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Diazanalgesia\" employs the combination diazepam + fentanyl. Its effects were studied on regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in 8 normal subjects, who were examined angiographically. During diazanalgesia, cortical blood flow falls by 56 p. 100. The mean hemispheric flow calculated over 10 min falls by 34 p. 100. Cerebral O2 consumption (VcO2) falls by 34 p. 100. However, large individual variations are found which suggests that the fall in blood flow is not due solely to the decrease in O2 metabolism. The decreases in flow are not proportional to the amount fentanyl, and there is no direct relation between falls in VcO2 and amount of fentanyl. Cerebral vaso-reactivity to CO2 persists but is reduced under diazanalgesia compared with the waking state.", "contents": "[Cerebral blood flow and metabolism under \"diazanalgesia\" (author's transl)]. \"Diazanalgesia\" employs the combination diazepam + fentanyl. Its effects were studied on regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in 8 normal subjects, who were examined angiographically. During diazanalgesia, cortical blood flow falls by 56 p. 100. The mean hemispheric flow calculated over 10 min falls by 34 p. 100. Cerebral O2 consumption (VcO2) falls by 34 p. 100. However, large individual variations are found which suggests that the fall in blood flow is not due solely to the decrease in O2 metabolism. The decreases in flow are not proportional to the amount fentanyl, and there is no direct relation between falls in VcO2 and amount of fentanyl. Cerebral vaso-reactivity to CO2 persists but is reduced under diazanalgesia compared with the waking state."}
{"id": "PMID:905611", "title": "[The classification of hypno-analgesics (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience collected by routine E.E.G. studies of narcosis, in volunteers in good health, serves as a basis for a classification of anaesthetic agents. In order to obtain this, we established a correlation between the electroencephalographic effects on the one hand and psychological, motor, sensory and vegetative changes on the other hand. Arguments emerged in favour of the existence of different points of impact for different substances or groups of substances. A distinction was made between holoencephalic hypno-analgesics (affecting the activity of practically all the neurone systems of the brain) and the neuroleptics, tranquilisers and analgesics which have only a limited effect on the telencephalon, neocortex and archicortex, the electroencephalographic actions of which also differ from the classical stages of narcosis. Using this classification based upon the principal points of action of these agents and their possible effects on other systems it is possible to explain the existence of adequate and inadequate associations of medications during so-called balanced anaesthesias.", "contents": "[The classification of hypno-analgesics (author's transl)]. Experience collected by routine E.E.G. studies of narcosis, in volunteers in good health, serves as a basis for a classification of anaesthetic agents. In order to obtain this, we established a correlation between the electroencephalographic effects on the one hand and psychological, motor, sensory and vegetative changes on the other hand. Arguments emerged in favour of the existence of different points of impact for different substances or groups of substances. A distinction was made between holoencephalic hypno-analgesics (affecting the activity of practically all the neurone systems of the brain) and the neuroleptics, tranquilisers and analgesics which have only a limited effect on the telencephalon, neocortex and archicortex, the electroencephalographic actions of which also differ from the classical stages of narcosis. Using this classification based upon the principal points of action of these agents and their possible effects on other systems it is possible to explain the existence of adequate and inadequate associations of medications during so-called balanced anaesthesias."}
{"id": "PMID:905612", "title": "[Electroencephalographic features during enflurane anaesthesia in older children (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report electroclinical changes observed during Enflurane anaesthesia, at various concentrations, in 25 children aged 4 to 14 years. EEG features are described from induction to surgical anesthesia (concentration 3-3.5%) and during overdoses (4-4.5%) with or without hyperventilation. Groups of spikes, low voltage sequences and electroclinical \"seizures\" (2 cases) only occur if the concentration of enflurane is not kept below 3.5%. A longitudinal study (24th hour, 3rd and 6th day) shows, by comparison with the pre-anaesthetic EEG, persistence in all cases of EEG slowing 24 hours after the anaesthesia, and in some patients EEG disturbances continue until the 6th day. These results are discussed in relation to data on the biodegradation of enflurane.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic features during enflurane anaesthesia in older children (author's transl)]. The authors report electroclinical changes observed during Enflurane anaesthesia, at various concentrations, in 25 children aged 4 to 14 years. EEG features are described from induction to surgical anesthesia (concentration 3-3.5%) and during overdoses (4-4.5%) with or without hyperventilation. Groups of spikes, low voltage sequences and electroclinical \"seizures\" (2 cases) only occur if the concentration of enflurane is not kept below 3.5%. A longitudinal study (24th hour, 3rd and 6th day) shows, by comparison with the pre-anaesthetic EEG, persistence in all cases of EEG slowing 24 hours after the anaesthesia, and in some patients EEG disturbances continue until the 6th day. These results are discussed in relation to data on the biodegradation of enflurane."}
{"id": "PMID:905613", "title": "[The use of spectral analysis in studying the E.E.G. under enflurane (author's transl)].", "content": "Spectral study of E.E.G. activity under enflurane anaesthesia shows a mild and early increase in global power distributed over the whole spectrum up to 20 c/sec, initially without dominant activity. Slow activity at 4-6 c/sec occurs later and gradually becomes slower, although without providing what could be called a specific pattern. These results have been compared with the same spectral analysis approach in anoxia in the normal subject and in epileptic subjects. Our experience so far does not allow the identification of the discharges observed the enflurane as epileptic discharge.", "contents": "[The use of spectral analysis in studying the E.E.G. under enflurane (author's transl)]. Spectral study of E.E.G. activity under enflurane anaesthesia shows a mild and early increase in global power distributed over the whole spectrum up to 20 c/sec, initially without dominant activity. Slow activity at 4-6 c/sec occurs later and gradually becomes slower, although without providing what could be called a specific pattern. These results have been compared with the same spectral analysis approach in anoxia in the normal subject and in epileptic subjects. Our experience so far does not allow the identification of the discharges observed the enflurane as epileptic discharge."}
{"id": "PMID:905616", "title": "[Electro-clinical features of short-term anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Short-term anaesthesia is defined in terms of duration (allowing brief but what might be painful surgery), rapid recovery, metabolism and mode of administration. After a brief review of barbiturate narcoses, the authors study the electro-clinical features of anaesthesia under Althesin, Epontol and ketamine. For the first two, although there are some clinical differences, the E.E.G. effects are fairly similar with rapid onset of burst suppression. Recovery is rapid and its study (clinically, with psychomotor tests and E.E.G.) indicates that these drugs can safely be used with out-patients. Ketamine causes very specific alterations, both clinical (dissociative anaesthesia) and E.E.G. (diffuse and continuous theta). This drug is used particularly in painful operations; its use with out-patients would seem awkward.", "contents": "[Electro-clinical features of short-term anaesthesia (author's transl)]. Short-term anaesthesia is defined in terms of duration (allowing brief but what might be painful surgery), rapid recovery, metabolism and mode of administration. After a brief review of barbiturate narcoses, the authors study the electro-clinical features of anaesthesia under Althesin, Epontol and ketamine. For the first two, although there are some clinical differences, the E.E.G. effects are fairly similar with rapid onset of burst suppression. Recovery is rapid and its study (clinically, with psychomotor tests and E.E.G.) indicates that these drugs can safely be used with out-patients. Ketamine causes very specific alterations, both clinical (dissociative anaesthesia) and E.E.G. (diffuse and continuous theta). This drug is used particularly in painful operations; its use with out-patients would seem awkward."}
{"id": "PMID:905614", "title": "[The E.E.G. during althesin anaesthesia in paediatrics (preliminary study) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied 11 children (mean age 5 1/2 years) before and during anaesthesia, and then several times from 1 to 6 hours after the injection of althesin. The anaesthetic agent was either pure althesin or althesin combined with dextromoramide. The electroclinical correlations described for adults are also found in children: slow waves, discontinuous and then isoelectric recording during the operation stage, then rapid recovery after ending drug administration. The special interest of this study was the analysis of E.E.G. recordings during the hours following clinical recovery: only once was the recording like that of full consciousness. Repeated recordings were all of drowsiness and even sleep, despite the clinical state of the subject. A short associated study concerns the E.E.G. of neonates during their first 24 hours, born to mothers anaesthetised with alfathesin.", "contents": "[The E.E.G. during althesin anaesthesia in paediatrics (preliminary study) (author's transl)]. The authors studied 11 children (mean age 5 1/2 years) before and during anaesthesia, and then several times from 1 to 6 hours after the injection of althesin. The anaesthetic agent was either pure althesin or althesin combined with dextromoramide. The electroclinical correlations described for adults are also found in children: slow waves, discontinuous and then isoelectric recording during the operation stage, then rapid recovery after ending drug administration. The special interest of this study was the analysis of E.E.G. recordings during the hours following clinical recovery: only once was the recording like that of full consciousness. Repeated recordings were all of drowsiness and even sleep, despite the clinical state of the subject. A short associated study concerns the E.E.G. of neonates during their first 24 hours, born to mothers anaesthetised with alfathesin."}
{"id": "PMID:905618", "title": "[An examination of current techniques in anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The techniques of general anaesthesia may be divided into 2 major groups: those used in very brief surgical or diagnostic operations and those used in longer and more pain-producing interventions. The former normally involve a single drug which is very short-acting and allows consciousness to be recovered rapidly and well. The latter are anaesthetics using several drugs together, which allows very precise control of the degree of analgesia, neuro-vegetative protection, muscle relaxation and sleep. The depth of anaesthesia is judged from the patient's sympathetic-adrenergic reactivity to noxious stimuli. It is not possible to direct anaesthesia by reference to the electrical activity of the brain, since there are no electro-clinical correlations. Brain activity depends on a large number of factors related not only to the anaesthetic and nature of its administration, but also the extent of the surgery and the state of the patient. The E.E.G. remains a technique of choice for studying recovery, and any sequels of hypoxia during the operation. This should, of course, be accompanied by a clinical evaluation which is particularly important in assessing the state of ventilation (residual curarisation, depression by central analgesics).", "contents": "[An examination of current techniques in anaesthesia (author's transl)]. The techniques of general anaesthesia may be divided into 2 major groups: those used in very brief surgical or diagnostic operations and those used in longer and more pain-producing interventions. The former normally involve a single drug which is very short-acting and allows consciousness to be recovered rapidly and well. The latter are anaesthetics using several drugs together, which allows very precise control of the degree of analgesia, neuro-vegetative protection, muscle relaxation and sleep. The depth of anaesthesia is judged from the patient's sympathetic-adrenergic reactivity to noxious stimuli. It is not possible to direct anaesthesia by reference to the electrical activity of the brain, since there are no electro-clinical correlations. Brain activity depends on a large number of factors related not only to the anaesthetic and nature of its administration, but also the extent of the surgery and the state of the patient. The E.E.G. remains a technique of choice for studying recovery, and any sequels of hypoxia during the operation. This should, of course, be accompanied by a clinical evaluation which is particularly important in assessing the state of ventilation (residual curarisation, depression by central analgesics)."}
{"id": "PMID:905615", "title": "[Analgesia: role of the brainstem (author's transl)].", "content": "Potent analgesia results from electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal grey matter in several species including man. Electrophysiological experiments indicate that this electrical analgesia could result from the activation of descending influences which inhibit the activity of dorsal horn interneurons in the transmission of painful messages. Numerous physiological, behavioral and pharmacological studies mention that the descending serotoninergic Bulbo-spinal system plays a major role in electrical analgesia. Several studies suggest that both electrical and morphine analgesia share, at least in part, a common site and mechanism of action. This possibility is mainly supported by the fact that analgesia induced by electrical stimulation is suppressed or reduced by a specific opiate antagonist (Naloxone).", "contents": "[Analgesia: role of the brainstem (author's transl)]. Potent analgesia results from electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal grey matter in several species including man. Electrophysiological experiments indicate that this electrical analgesia could result from the activation of descending influences which inhibit the activity of dorsal horn interneurons in the transmission of painful messages. Numerous physiological, behavioral and pharmacological studies mention that the descending serotoninergic Bulbo-spinal system plays a major role in electrical analgesia. Several studies suggest that both electrical and morphine analgesia share, at least in part, a common site and mechanism of action. This possibility is mainly supported by the fact that analgesia induced by electrical stimulation is suppressed or reduced by a specific opiate antagonist (Naloxone)."}
{"id": "PMID:905625", "title": "Specific radioimmunoassay for amitriptyline and nortriptyline in plasma.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the determination in plasma of the widely used tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline (AT) and its major metabolite nortriptyline (NT) has been developed employing 3H-AT as the radioligand and a rabbit antiserum to a bovine serum albumin conjugate of N-succinyl-nortriptyline. Although the antiserum cross-reacts almost equally well with AT and NT, specificity is achieved by selective extraction of each compound from plasma at a different pH. A unique aspect of the assay is that at no time during the entire extraction procedure is the AT or NT taken out of solution. Both compounds are back extracted from the organic phase into 0.1 N HC1 and the acid fraction subjected to RIA directly. The method has a limit of sensitivity of about 2 ng/ml using a 0.5 ml sample of plasma. Satisfactory agreement was obtained for plasma levels of AT and NT when determined by the RIA and a specific GC/MS procedure. The correlation coefficients were 0.89 and 0.98 for AT and NT, respectively. THE RIA has been used to measure steady-state levels of AT and NT in man after chronic administration of AT and following a single oral 75 mg dose. The method also lends itself for the specific determination of NT alone in subjects receiving therapeutic doses of NT.", "contents": "Specific radioimmunoassay for amitriptyline and nortriptyline in plasma. A specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the determination in plasma of the widely used tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline (AT) and its major metabolite nortriptyline (NT) has been developed employing 3H-AT as the radioligand and a rabbit antiserum to a bovine serum albumin conjugate of N-succinyl-nortriptyline. Although the antiserum cross-reacts almost equally well with AT and NT, specificity is achieved by selective extraction of each compound from plasma at a different pH. A unique aspect of the assay is that at no time during the entire extraction procedure is the AT or NT taken out of solution. Both compounds are back extracted from the organic phase into 0.1 N HC1 and the acid fraction subjected to RIA directly. The method has a limit of sensitivity of about 2 ng/ml using a 0.5 ml sample of plasma. Satisfactory agreement was obtained for plasma levels of AT and NT when determined by the RIA and a specific GC/MS procedure. The correlation coefficients were 0.89 and 0.98 for AT and NT, respectively. THE RIA has been used to measure steady-state levels of AT and NT in man after chronic administration of AT and following a single oral 75 mg dose. The method also lends itself for the specific determination of NT alone in subjects receiving therapeutic doses of NT."}
{"id": "PMID:905620", "title": "[Monitoring the integrity of saccadic eye movements as a test of post-anaesthetic recovery (author's transl)].", "content": "After reviewing various tests of consciousness which can be used during the  post-anaesthetic period, the authors chose to analyse the involvement of the visual receptor during different stages between sleep and complete recovery of consciousness, by an electro-oculographic (EOG) method, providing recordings of the displacement of the optical axis. In states of full consciousness the eye explores a static flat surface in saccades separated by pauses. During sleep caused by anaesthesia or by other types of drugs, the integrity of the eye positioning movements by saccades is impaired, and the EOG shows a sinusoidal recording (smooth movements). In one group of patients, regaining of consciousness was monitored throughout and the EOG reording reflected the clinical state of the patient. In a second group, the state of consciousness was monitored 2 hours after the last injection of the anaesthetic drug, so that correlations could be considered with the type of anaesthesia used. Th conclusion concerns the practical interest of the method (short term hospitalisation after general anaesthetic, medico-legal use due to the existence of a recording) and its basic use in the experimental study of new drugs in man.", "contents": "[Monitoring the integrity of saccadic eye movements as a test of post-anaesthetic recovery (author's transl)]. After reviewing various tests of consciousness which can be used during the  post-anaesthetic period, the authors chose to analyse the involvement of the visual receptor during different stages between sleep and complete recovery of consciousness, by an electro-oculographic (EOG) method, providing recordings of the displacement of the optical axis. In states of full consciousness the eye explores a static flat surface in saccades separated by pauses. During sleep caused by anaesthesia or by other types of drugs, the integrity of the eye positioning movements by saccades is impaired, and the EOG shows a sinusoidal recording (smooth movements). In one group of patients, regaining of consciousness was monitored throughout and the EOG reording reflected the clinical state of the patient. In a second group, the state of consciousness was monitored 2 hours after the last injection of the anaesthetic drug, so that correlations could be considered with the type of anaesthesia used. Th conclusion concerns the practical interest of the method (short term hospitalisation after general anaesthetic, medico-legal use due to the existence of a recording) and its basic use in the experimental study of new drugs in man."}
{"id": "PMID:905626", "title": "Determination of methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone in plasma using high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method for quantitative determination of methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone in plasma using added methylprednisolone acetate as internal standard and high pressure liquid chromatography is presented. The standard curves were evaluated statistically and logarithmic parabolic equation is preferred over the usual standard curve mathematical relationships. The method was applied to samples of one subject's plasma containing methylprednisolone and endogenous hydrocortisone after oral dosing with multiple doses of methylprednisolone.", "contents": "Determination of methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone in plasma using high pressure liquid chromatography. A method for quantitative determination of methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone in plasma using added methylprednisolone acetate as internal standard and high pressure liquid chromatography is presented. The standard curves were evaluated statistically and logarithmic parabolic equation is preferred over the usual standard curve mathematical relationships. The method was applied to samples of one subject's plasma containing methylprednisolone and endogenous hydrocortisone after oral dosing with multiple doses of methylprednisolone."}
{"id": "PMID:905619", "title": "[Study of recovery and the post-anaesthetic period (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors compare recovery and the post-anaesthetic period in 45 patients anaesthetised with a combination of either pentothal, nitrous oxide, fluothane and dolosal (group 1, 24 subjects), or of pentothal, nitrous oxide and phenoperidine (group 2, 21 subjects). The quality of recovery was judged at the end of anaesthesia by determining of occurrence of the first response to 3 types of stimulation (calling the name, noise and pain) and the density of these responses during each minute. During the post-anaesthetic period the respective percentages of wakefulness and sleep were calculated. In this way the authors demonstrate a significant (P less than 0.01) shortening in recovery time for group 2, reactivity to own name occurring first in both groups, and a very significant (P less than 0.001) increase in the percentage of physiological sleep in subjects of group 2 during the post-anaesthetic stage.", "contents": "[Study of recovery and the post-anaesthetic period (author's transl)]. The authors compare recovery and the post-anaesthetic period in 45 patients anaesthetised with a combination of either pentothal, nitrous oxide, fluothane and dolosal (group 1, 24 subjects), or of pentothal, nitrous oxide and phenoperidine (group 2, 21 subjects). The quality of recovery was judged at the end of anaesthesia by determining of occurrence of the first response to 3 types of stimulation (calling the name, noise and pain) and the density of these responses during each minute. During the post-anaesthetic period the respective percentages of wakefulness and sleep were calculated. In this way the authors demonstrate a significant (P less than 0.01) shortening in recovery time for group 2, reactivity to own name occurring first in both groups, and a very significant (P less than 0.001) increase in the percentage of physiological sleep in subjects of group 2 during the post-anaesthetic stage."}
{"id": "PMID:905627", "title": "Fluorescein-labeled estradiol: a probe for anti-estradiol antibody.", "content": "A fluorescent  estradiol derivative binds strongly to antiestradiol antibody. The binding, measured by fluorescence polarization, is inhibited by estradiol and by diethylstilbestrol. Tentatively characterized as N-(estradiol-6-iminooxyacetyl) fluorescein amine, the derivative was prepared from estradiol-6-iminooxyacetic acid, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and fluorescein amine, and isolated by TLC. It has a fluorescence emission similar to that of fluorescein and an absorption spectrum consistent with a fluorescein: estradiol molar ratio of 1:1.", "contents": "Fluorescein-labeled estradiol: a probe for anti-estradiol antibody. A fluorescent  estradiol derivative binds strongly to antiestradiol antibody. The binding, measured by fluorescence polarization, is inhibited by estradiol and by diethylstilbestrol. Tentatively characterized as N-(estradiol-6-iminooxyacetyl) fluorescein amine, the derivative was prepared from estradiol-6-iminooxyacetic acid, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and fluorescein amine, and isolated by TLC. It has a fluorescence emission similar to that of fluorescein and an absorption spectrum consistent with a fluorescein: estradiol molar ratio of 1:1."}
{"id": "PMID:905622", "title": "[The effect of gamma-OH on cerebral metabolism and blood flow in human patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of gamma-OH on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism were analysed in 10 neurosurgical patients, 15 min after a 60 mg/kg injection, both blood flow and oxygen consumption demonstrates a disconnection between blood flow and metabolism which appears an advantage and hence the interest in using this agent in anaesthesia and neurosurgical intensive care. 1 h40 min later no rebound effect was found; the metabolic reduction persisted whereas the CBF had returned to its resting level. Under gamma-OH CO2 production does not parallel O2 consumption and this could be interpreted as a sign that glucose-6-phosphate is metabolising via pentose.", "contents": "[The effect of gamma-OH on cerebral metabolism and blood flow in human patients (author's transl)]. The effects of gamma-OH on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism were analysed in 10 neurosurgical patients, 15 min after a 60 mg/kg injection, both blood flow and oxygen consumption demonstrates a disconnection between blood flow and metabolism which appears an advantage and hence the interest in using this agent in anaesthesia and neurosurgical intensive care. 1 h40 min later no rebound effect was found; the metabolic reduction persisted whereas the CBF had returned to its resting level. Under gamma-OH CO2 production does not parallel O2 consumption and this could be interpreted as a sign that glucose-6-phosphate is metabolising via pentose."}
{"id": "PMID:905621", "title": "[Effects of drugs used in anaesthesia and in neurosurgical intensive care on the blood flow and metabolism of the brain (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and in O2 consumption caused by anaesthetic agents were studied in 36 subjects in coma after cranial trauma. These changes can be divided into 3 groups: (1) Reduction in CBF and in O2 consumption of about the same percentage, after penthiobarbital, gamma-OH and alfathesin. (2) A reduction in CBF greater than in O2 consumption after diazepam and chlorpromazine. (3) Increase in CBF without significant change in O2 consumption after ketamine. The haemodynamic changes occur in the same direction whatever the initial value of the CBF (normal, hypoperfusion or hyperaemia). The reduction in CBF caused by gamma-OH is associated with a decrease in the arterio-venous difference in O2 (DAVO2). Gamma-OH also prevents the increase in DAVO2 observed in hypocapnia provoked by hyperventilation. These properties are an indication for using gamma-OH, alone or associated with hyperventilation, in reactive cerebral hyperaemia. Comparison of the E.E.G., CBF and cerebral O2 consumption shows that the E.E.G. changes produced by anaesthetic agents, such as fast spindles and burst suppression, are not related to any particular haemodynamic or metabolic state. The E.E.G. changes induced by penthiobarbital or diazepam can be corrected, at the same time as changes in CBF and O2 consumption, by injecting doxapram.", "contents": "[Effects of drugs used in anaesthesia and in neurosurgical intensive care on the blood flow and metabolism of the brain (author's transl)]. Changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and in O2 consumption caused by anaesthetic agents were studied in 36 subjects in coma after cranial trauma. These changes can be divided into 3 groups: (1) Reduction in CBF and in O2 consumption of about the same percentage, after penthiobarbital, gamma-OH and alfathesin. (2) A reduction in CBF greater than in O2 consumption after diazepam and chlorpromazine. (3) Increase in CBF without significant change in O2 consumption after ketamine. The haemodynamic changes occur in the same direction whatever the initial value of the CBF (normal, hypoperfusion or hyperaemia). The reduction in CBF caused by gamma-OH is associated with a decrease in the arterio-venous difference in O2 (DAVO2). Gamma-OH also prevents the increase in DAVO2 observed in hypocapnia provoked by hyperventilation. These properties are an indication for using gamma-OH, alone or associated with hyperventilation, in reactive cerebral hyperaemia. Comparison of the E.E.G., CBF and cerebral O2 consumption shows that the E.E.G. changes produced by anaesthetic agents, such as fast spindles and burst suppression, are not related to any particular haemodynamic or metabolic state. The E.E.G. changes induced by penthiobarbital or diazepam can be corrected, at the same time as changes in CBF and O2 consumption, by injecting doxapram."}
{"id": "PMID:905630", "title": "Effect of beta-endorphin on striatal dopamine metabolism.", "content": "Acute intraventricular administration of human beta-endorphin increased 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations in rat striatum at a time when the catatonic effect was also present. This effect of beta-endorphin is compatible with increased striatal dopamine turnover and is similar to the effect noted previously with morphine administration.", "contents": "Effect of beta-endorphin on striatal dopamine metabolism. Acute intraventricular administration of human beta-endorphin increased 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations in rat striatum at a time when the catatonic effect was also present. This effect of beta-endorphin is compatible with increased striatal dopamine turnover and is similar to the effect noted previously with morphine administration."}
{"id": "PMID:905623", "title": "[Changes in regional blood flow of the brain during althesin anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of Althesin on local blood flow in the brain was studied using intra-carotid Xenon 133 in 18 subjects: 6 apparently normal, 6 with diffuse cerebro-vascular pathology, and 6 cases of ischaemic cerebral accidents identified by scintigraphy, tomodensitometry and angiography. Blood flow decreased under Althesin in the first 2 groups, although to a lesser extent in the second group, with a concomitant decrease in oxygen metabolism. In the third group a \"paradoxical\" increase in blood flow was observed in infarcts, and a decrease proportional to the rest of the brain in limited ischaemia which had subsequently regressed. The \"Althesin test\" proposed by Rasmussen (1975) thus reveals the existence of a disconnection between blood flow and metabolism within cerebral infarcts, and provides a possible means of differentiating the latter from reversible ischaemias.", "contents": "[Changes in regional blood flow of the brain during althesin anaesthesia (author's transl)]. The effect of Althesin on local blood flow in the brain was studied using intra-carotid Xenon 133 in 18 subjects: 6 apparently normal, 6 with diffuse cerebro-vascular pathology, and 6 cases of ischaemic cerebral accidents identified by scintigraphy, tomodensitometry and angiography. Blood flow decreased under Althesin in the first 2 groups, although to a lesser extent in the second group, with a concomitant decrease in oxygen metabolism. In the third group a \"paradoxical\" increase in blood flow was observed in infarcts, and a decrease proportional to the rest of the brain in limited ischaemia which had subsequently regressed. The \"Althesin test\" proposed by Rasmussen (1975) thus reveals the existence of a disconnection between blood flow and metabolism within cerebral infarcts, and provides a possible means of differentiating the latter from reversible ischaemias."}
{"id": "PMID:905631", "title": "Pentobarbital distribution in discrete brain areas of tolerant and nontolerant mice.", "content": "Uptake and distribution of pentobarbital in tolerant and nontolerant mice were studied. Mice were implanted with pentobarbital or placebo pellets s.c. 3 days prior to the injection of 60 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital i.p. One group of animals was sacrificed when they first awakened. Whole brain, five discrete brain areas, and plasma were assayed for pentobarbital by gas chromatography. In a second group, time studies were performed on brain sections and plasma. In tolerant vs nontolerant animals, sleeping time was markedly decreased (10-20 vs 50-70 min); whole brain, brain sections, and plasma levels on awakening were not significantly different; linear and exponential curves of pentobarbital levels vs time showed an increase in slope (-1.05 vs-0.40) and a decrease in T 1/2 (10.2 VS 35.7 min). These findings suggest that the tolerance development to pentobarbital in the central nervous system is due to functional mechanism rather than brain dispositional mechanism.", "contents": "Pentobarbital distribution in discrete brain areas of tolerant and nontolerant mice. Uptake and distribution of pentobarbital in tolerant and nontolerant mice were studied. Mice were implanted with pentobarbital or placebo pellets s.c. 3 days prior to the injection of 60 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital i.p. One group of animals was sacrificed when they first awakened. Whole brain, five discrete brain areas, and plasma were assayed for pentobarbital by gas chromatography. In a second group, time studies were performed on brain sections and plasma. In tolerant vs nontolerant animals, sleeping time was markedly decreased (10-20 vs 50-70 min); whole brain, brain sections, and plasma levels on awakening were not significantly different; linear and exponential curves of pentobarbital levels vs time showed an increase in slope (-1.05 vs-0.40) and a decrease in T 1/2 (10.2 VS 35.7 min). These findings suggest that the tolerance development to pentobarbital in the central nervous system is due to functional mechanism rather than brain dispositional mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:905632", "title": "Estimation of the systemic availability and other pharmacokinetic parameters of naltrexone in man after acute and chronic oral administration.", "content": "First pass metabolism, metabolic clearance, volume of distribution and steady state plasma levels were estimated in man following acute and chronic 100 mg oral doses of naltrexone. Essentially no statistical differences was observed in these values between the acute and chronic physiologic state. The values for the first pass effect were 79.6 +/- 4.6% and 78.0 +/- 3.0% for acute and chronic treatment respectively. From our pharmacokinetic data an apparent chronic release rate (ACRR) for a sustained release preparation of naltrexone was calculated as 11.8 microgram/kg/hr. In practice a release rate of one half the ACRR should be sufficient to provide continuous antagonism of 25 mg i.v. heroin. In conclusion our data clearly indicate that naltrexone is an effective and safe narcotic antagonist in man.", "contents": "Estimation of the systemic availability and other pharmacokinetic parameters of naltrexone in man after acute and chronic oral administration. First pass metabolism, metabolic clearance, volume of distribution and steady state plasma levels were estimated in man following acute and chronic 100 mg oral doses of naltrexone. Essentially no statistical differences was observed in these values between the acute and chronic physiologic state. The values for the first pass effect were 79.6 +/- 4.6% and 78.0 +/- 3.0% for acute and chronic treatment respectively. From our pharmacokinetic data an apparent chronic release rate (ACRR) for a sustained release preparation of naltrexone was calculated as 11.8 microgram/kg/hr. In practice a release rate of one half the ACRR should be sufficient to provide continuous antagonism of 25 mg i.v. heroin. In conclusion our data clearly indicate that naltrexone is an effective and safe narcotic antagonist in man."}
{"id": "PMID:905633", "title": "Isoniazid-induced inhibition in the biotransformation of [14C] diphenylhydantoin in rat.", "content": "The effect of isoniazid (0,10,20 and 40 mg/kg; i.v.) on the biliary and urinary excretion of [14C] diphenylhydantoin (DPH, 50 mg/kg; i.v.) was investigated in biliary-fistulated rats during the first 5 hours. Isoniazid cause a dose-dependent reduction in the total biliary excretion of 14 C without affecting its output in urine. After 5 h, maximal levels of radioactivity were recorded in the liver, followed by heart and brain. The glucuronides of DPH metabolites accounted for most of the 14C in 5 h pooled bile, less than 1% of the injected dose was excreted as unmetabolized DPH. Isoniazid administration caused the following significant dose-related changes in biliary excretion: (a) increased excretion of the unconjugated principal DPH metabolite, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantion (HPPH); (b) decreased excretion of HPPH-glucuronide; and (c) increased excretion of the glucuronide conjugates of the polar metabolites of DPH. The results suggest that the isoniazid-induced elevation of DPH-derived 14C in blood and its marked accumulation in brain, heart and liver is due to inhibition of p-hydroxylation of DPH and the glucuronidation of HPPH.", "contents": "Isoniazid-induced inhibition in the biotransformation of [14C] diphenylhydantoin in rat. The effect of isoniazid (0,10,20 and 40 mg/kg; i.v.) on the biliary and urinary excretion of [14C] diphenylhydantoin (DPH, 50 mg/kg; i.v.) was investigated in biliary-fistulated rats during the first 5 hours. Isoniazid cause a dose-dependent reduction in the total biliary excretion of 14 C without affecting its output in urine. After 5 h, maximal levels of radioactivity were recorded in the liver, followed by heart and brain. The glucuronides of DPH metabolites accounted for most of the 14C in 5 h pooled bile, less than 1% of the injected dose was excreted as unmetabolized DPH. Isoniazid administration caused the following significant dose-related changes in biliary excretion: (a) increased excretion of the unconjugated principal DPH metabolite, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantion (HPPH); (b) decreased excretion of HPPH-glucuronide; and (c) increased excretion of the glucuronide conjugates of the polar metabolites of DPH. The results suggest that the isoniazid-induced elevation of DPH-derived 14C in blood and its marked accumulation in brain, heart and liver is due to inhibition of p-hydroxylation of DPH and the glucuronidation of HPPH."}
{"id": "PMID:905634", "title": "Effects of propranolol on rat myocardial l-ornithine decarboxylase activity during exercise and hypoxia.", "content": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity was higher in the left ventricle than in the right ventricle of the rat. Swimming exercise for 2 hours caused an increase in left ventricular but not right ventricular enzyme activity. This effect was not influenced by the prior injection of propranolol, which also had no influence on the resting level of ornithine decarboxylase activity. After 4 hours' exposure to 400 mm Hg the decarboxylase activity became greater in the right ventricle. This was attributed to the increased work-load on the right ventricle caused by hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. In the left ventricle, ornithine decarboxylase showed an initial increase in activity followed by a transient decrease at 16 hours. Propranolol had no effect on the changes observed in either ventricle. It is concluded that beta-receptor stimulation is not involved in the mechanism of an increased myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity during increased cardiac work.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol on rat myocardial l-ornithine decarboxylase activity during exercise and hypoxia. Ornithine decarboxylase activity was higher in the left ventricle than in the right ventricle of the rat. Swimming exercise for 2 hours caused an increase in left ventricular but not right ventricular enzyme activity. This effect was not influenced by the prior injection of propranolol, which also had no influence on the resting level of ornithine decarboxylase activity. After 4 hours' exposure to 400 mm Hg the decarboxylase activity became greater in the right ventricle. This was attributed to the increased work-load on the right ventricle caused by hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. In the left ventricle, ornithine decarboxylase showed an initial increase in activity followed by a transient decrease at 16 hours. Propranolol had no effect on the changes observed in either ventricle. It is concluded that beta-receptor stimulation is not involved in the mechanism of an increased myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity during increased cardiac work."}
{"id": "PMID:905635", "title": "Metabolism of 2-nitro-1-phenylpropane to phenylacetone by rabbit liver microsomes.", "content": "Phenylacetone was found to be the major metabolite formed when 2-nitro-1-phenylpropane was incubated with rabbit liver microsomes. The enzymatic character of the reaction was demonstrated by the increase of product with microsomal protein and dependency on NADPH and oxygen. Furthermore, phenobarbital induction markedly increased the formation of phenylacetone. Carbon monoxide decreased the reaction indicating the involvement of a metalloenzyme. Experiments with H218O indicated that the carbonyl oxygen originated from water. It is suggested that the microsomal metabolism of 2-nitro-1-phenylpropane involves an enzymatic step followed by chemical hydrolysis of an intermediate, possibly a secondary nitronic acid.", "contents": "Metabolism of 2-nitro-1-phenylpropane to phenylacetone by rabbit liver microsomes. Phenylacetone was found to be the major metabolite formed when 2-nitro-1-phenylpropane was incubated with rabbit liver microsomes. The enzymatic character of the reaction was demonstrated by the increase of product with microsomal protein and dependency on NADPH and oxygen. Furthermore, phenobarbital induction markedly increased the formation of phenylacetone. Carbon monoxide decreased the reaction indicating the involvement of a metalloenzyme. Experiments with H218O indicated that the carbonyl oxygen originated from water. It is suggested that the microsomal metabolism of 2-nitro-1-phenylpropane involves an enzymatic step followed by chemical hydrolysis of an intermediate, possibly a secondary nitronic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:905637", "title": "The effects of benfluramate on carbohydrate metabolism in obesity.", "content": "Glucose turnover rate, glucose oxidation and lactate production from glucose were investigated in 5 obese subjects using the primed infusion technique, before and four weeks after a course on benfluramate therapy. All subjects lost weight on the drug. Mean glucose turnover rate, but not CO2 and lactate production increased after treatment. The changes in metabolism appear to reflect the combined effects of weight loss and drug action.", "contents": "The effects of benfluramate on carbohydrate metabolism in obesity. Glucose turnover rate, glucose oxidation and lactate production from glucose were investigated in 5 obese subjects using the primed infusion technique, before and four weeks after a course on benfluramate therapy. All subjects lost weight on the drug. Mean glucose turnover rate, but not CO2 and lactate production increased after treatment. The changes in metabolism appear to reflect the combined effects of weight loss and drug action."}
{"id": "PMID:905638", "title": "A method for recording evoked electrical and mechanical activity of muscle in the intact dog.", "content": "A technique is described for investigating the action of muscle relaxant drugs in the intact and anaesthetised dog. The ulnar nerve was stimulated at the elbow and the evoked electrical and mechanical responses were measured and recorded with an electromyograph and pen recorder.", "contents": "A method for recording evoked electrical and mechanical activity of muscle in the intact dog. A technique is described for investigating the action of muscle relaxant drugs in the intact and anaesthetised dog. The ulnar nerve was stimulated at the elbow and the evoked electrical and mechanical responses were measured and recorded with an electromyograph and pen recorder."}
{"id": "PMID:905639", "title": "Urinary excretion of protein by adult Yankasa rams.", "content": "Total urine was collected from 12 adult Yankasa rams for 13 days. The rams excreted a mean urine volume of 508-0 +/- 201-6 ml each day. The total solids concentration excreted in the urine averaged 9-0 +/- 5-2 g/100g of urine. All the 178 urine samples contained protein. The urinary total protein concentration varied from 0-6 to 2-8 mg/dl. The total protein excreted was 7-0 + 2-6 mg/day of which the globulin content was 3-3 +/- 1-2 mg; mucoprotein, 2-0 +/- 0-7 mg; albumin, 1-7 + 0.6 mg; and A/G ratio, 0-52 +/- 0.06. Electrophoretic analysis of the urinary proteins showed three components which were comparable on a mobility basis with the serum proteins, namely albumin, combined alpha- and beta-globulin, and gamma-globulin. The largest fraction of the urine protein was gamma-globulin. Protein excretion in the urine of adult Yankasa rams was much lower than that reported in sheep bred for temperate climates, a trait that would have survival value in their hot, dry, semi-arid environment.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of protein by adult Yankasa rams. Total urine was collected from 12 adult Yankasa rams for 13 days. The rams excreted a mean urine volume of 508-0 +/- 201-6 ml each day. The total solids concentration excreted in the urine averaged 9-0 +/- 5-2 g/100g of urine. All the 178 urine samples contained protein. The urinary total protein concentration varied from 0-6 to 2-8 mg/dl. The total protein excreted was 7-0 + 2-6 mg/day of which the globulin content was 3-3 +/- 1-2 mg; mucoprotein, 2-0 +/- 0-7 mg; albumin, 1-7 + 0.6 mg; and A/G ratio, 0-52 +/- 0.06. Electrophoretic analysis of the urinary proteins showed three components which were comparable on a mobility basis with the serum proteins, namely albumin, combined alpha- and beta-globulin, and gamma-globulin. The largest fraction of the urine protein was gamma-globulin. Protein excretion in the urine of adult Yankasa rams was much lower than that reported in sheep bred for temperate climates, a trait that would have survival value in their hot, dry, semi-arid environment."}
{"id": "PMID:905640", "title": "The protamine sulphate test as a screening test for intravascular coagulation in experimental Babesia bovis infections.", "content": "The protamine sulphate test (PST) was studied as a screening test for intravascular coagulation in experimental Babesia bovis infections. The test became positive in 39 of 42 splenectomised calves and two of six intact cattle tested during acute infections. Haematological studies during the course of infection in two splenectomised and six intact cattle indicated that a positive PST was reliable evidence for intravascular coagulation. Of four splenectomised and one intact cattle that were positive to the test and were subsequently autopsied, all had histopathological changes indicative of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It was concluded that the PST could be used as a screening test for DIC in acute bovine babesiosis.", "contents": "The protamine sulphate test as a screening test for intravascular coagulation in experimental Babesia bovis infections. The protamine sulphate test (PST) was studied as a screening test for intravascular coagulation in experimental Babesia bovis infections. The test became positive in 39 of 42 splenectomised calves and two of six intact cattle tested during acute infections. Haematological studies during the course of infection in two splenectomised and six intact cattle indicated that a positive PST was reliable evidence for intravascular coagulation. Of four splenectomised and one intact cattle that were positive to the test and were subsequently autopsied, all had histopathological changes indicative of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It was concluded that the PST could be used as a screening test for DIC in acute bovine babesiosis."}
{"id": "PMID:905641", "title": "Experimental Parascaris equorum infection of foals.", "content": "Six worm-free pony foals, two to four months old, were infected with parascaris equorum eggs using three different dosage regimes and killed at either 40 or 95-100 days after infection. Coughing and a circulating eosinophilia were features of large infections from which only a small number of worms developed to maturity. In small infections a high percentage of the parasites matured in the small intestine and this was associated with unthriftiness. Pre-patent periods of 80 and 83 days were recorded.", "contents": "Experimental Parascaris equorum infection of foals. Six worm-free pony foals, two to four months old, were infected with parascaris equorum eggs using three different dosage regimes and killed at either 40 or 95-100 days after infection. Coughing and a circulating eosinophilia were features of large infections from which only a small number of worms developed to maturity. In small infections a high percentage of the parasites matured in the small intestine and this was associated with unthriftiness. Pre-patent periods of 80 and 83 days were recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:905642", "title": "Lactic acid concentration in peritoneal fluid of normal and diseased horses.", "content": "Peritoneal fluid from each of 15 clinically healthy horses and five horses with acute abdominal disease was evaluated for lactic acid concentration. The normal range was 2-7--13-4 mg/dl. Simultaneous blood and peritoneal fluid samples from healthy horses revealed consistently lower lactic acid concentrations in the peritoneal fluid than in the blood, whereas peritoneal fluid lactic acid levels were consistently greater than blood levels in the diseased horses. The diseased horses had highly significant (P less than 0-005) increases in both blood and peritoneal fluid lactic acid concentrations compared with those in healthy horses.", "contents": "Lactic acid concentration in peritoneal fluid of normal and diseased horses. Peritoneal fluid from each of 15 clinically healthy horses and five horses with acute abdominal disease was evaluated for lactic acid concentration. The normal range was 2-7--13-4 mg/dl. Simultaneous blood and peritoneal fluid samples from healthy horses revealed consistently lower lactic acid concentrations in the peritoneal fluid than in the blood, whereas peritoneal fluid lactic acid levels were consistently greater than blood levels in the diseased horses. The diseased horses had highly significant (P less than 0-005) increases in both blood and peritoneal fluid lactic acid concentrations compared with those in healthy horses."}
{"id": "PMID:905643", "title": "Some changes in the composition of maternal and fetal plasma from chronically catheterised sheep during short periods of reduced feed intake in late pregnancy.", "content": "Changes in the composition of maternal and fetal plasma from nine sheep were followed during periods of reduced feed intake lasting four to seven days. Feed rations were reduced between 120 and 128 days of gestation and this produced hypoglycaemia in mother and fetus. In each sheep there was a significant negative correlation between the glucose and corticosteroid concentrations in both maternal and fetal plasma, and there were positive correlations between the maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of glucose, and between the glucose and fructose concentrations of fetal plasma. Maternal and fetal packed cell volumes and the plasma concentrations of lactate and thyroxine remained relatively constant.", "contents": "Some changes in the composition of maternal and fetal plasma from chronically catheterised sheep during short periods of reduced feed intake in late pregnancy. Changes in the composition of maternal and fetal plasma from nine sheep were followed during periods of reduced feed intake lasting four to seven days. Feed rations were reduced between 120 and 128 days of gestation and this produced hypoglycaemia in mother and fetus. In each sheep there was a significant negative correlation between the glucose and corticosteroid concentrations in both maternal and fetal plasma, and there were positive correlations between the maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of glucose, and between the glucose and fructose concentrations of fetal plasma. Maternal and fetal packed cell volumes and the plasma concentrations of lactate and thyroxine remained relatively constant."}
{"id": "PMID:905644", "title": "The effect of praziquantel on Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and Taenia ovis infections in dogs.", "content": "The effect of praziquantel on Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and T ovis was investigated in a trial involving 360 dogs. The drug was found to be highly toxic to tapeworms. Few dogs remained infected after a single treatment within the range of dose rates tested (0-31 mg/kg to 10-0 mg/kg body weight). No toxicity to dogs was observed.", "contents": "The effect of praziquantel on Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and Taenia ovis infections in dogs. The effect of praziquantel on Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and T ovis was investigated in a trial involving 360 dogs. The drug was found to be highly toxic to tapeworms. Few dogs remained infected after a single treatment within the range of dose rates tested (0-31 mg/kg to 10-0 mg/kg body weight). No toxicity to dogs was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:905645", "title": "Babesia divergens in splenectomised calves: titration of the infective dose.", "content": "Two experiments were carried out in which Babesia divergens was titrated in splenectomised calves. In the first experiment, a linear relationship was observed between infective dose (10(5)--10(9)) parasites) and onset of disease. In the second experiment, a similar trend was observed for infective doses of 10(2)--10(6) parasites, but 10(3) parasites appeared to be the minimum dose required to produce overt disease or resistance to homologous challenge in inoculated animals.", "contents": "Babesia divergens in splenectomised calves: titration of the infective dose. Two experiments were carried out in which Babesia divergens was titrated in splenectomised calves. In the first experiment, a linear relationship was observed between infective dose (10(5)--10(9)) parasites) and onset of disease. In the second experiment, a similar trend was observed for infective doses of 10(2)--10(6) parasites, but 10(3) parasites appeared to be the minimum dose required to produce overt disease or resistance to homologous challenge in inoculated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:905646", "title": "The selection of larvae of Boophilus microplus infected with Babesia bovis (syn B argentina).", "content": "Observations on the dynamics of the transovarial transmission of Babesia bovis by Boophilus microplus showed that, at 28 degrees C and 90--95 per cent relative humidity, a low proportion of the eggs laid during the first five days' incubation of the engorged female ticks were infected with the Babesia. However, the eggs laid on the sixth and seventh days of incubation were heavily infected. This was the basis of a method for selecting larval cultures of B microplus which contained up to five times the infection rate of B bovis obtained if the entire egg mass of the tick were used. The technique has been used to obtain larval cultures with infection rates exceeding 20 per cent and should facilitate studies on the life cycle and immunology of the invertebrate stages of B bovis.", "contents": "The selection of larvae of Boophilus microplus infected with Babesia bovis (syn B argentina). Observations on the dynamics of the transovarial transmission of Babesia bovis by Boophilus microplus showed that, at 28 degrees C and 90--95 per cent relative humidity, a low proportion of the eggs laid during the first five days' incubation of the engorged female ticks were infected with the Babesia. However, the eggs laid on the sixth and seventh days of incubation were heavily infected. This was the basis of a method for selecting larval cultures of B microplus which contained up to five times the infection rate of B bovis obtained if the entire egg mass of the tick were used. The technique has been used to obtain larval cultures with infection rates exceeding 20 per cent and should facilitate studies on the life cycle and immunology of the invertebrate stages of B bovis."}
{"id": "PMID:905647", "title": "Fetal umbilical venous-arterial differences of citrate in the chronically catheterised sheep.", "content": "Whole blood citrate concentration was measured simultaneously in the umbilical vein, fetal femoral artery and maternal artery in seven chronically catheterised pregnant ewes and their fetuses. The mean citrate concentration was 0-321 mmoles/litre in the umbilical vein, 0-297 mmoles/litre in the fetal femoral artery and 0-095 mmoles/litre in the maternal artery. The mean concentration difference for citrate across the fetal placental circulation was 0-024 mmoles/litre but this was not statistically significant (P less than 0-1).", "contents": "Fetal umbilical venous-arterial differences of citrate in the chronically catheterised sheep. Whole blood citrate concentration was measured simultaneously in the umbilical vein, fetal femoral artery and maternal artery in seven chronically catheterised pregnant ewes and their fetuses. The mean citrate concentration was 0-321 mmoles/litre in the umbilical vein, 0-297 mmoles/litre in the fetal femoral artery and 0-095 mmoles/litre in the maternal artery. The mean concentration difference for citrate across the fetal placental circulation was 0-024 mmoles/litre but this was not statistically significant (P less than 0-1)."}
{"id": "PMID:905648", "title": "The pathology and sites of persistence associated with three different strains of feline calicivirus.", "content": "The pathology and sites of multiplication associated with three different strains of feline caliciviruses are described. The main pathological lesions were found in the tongue, soft palate and lungs and like the clinical signs were of mild nature. Virus multiplication was associated mainly with the tissues of the mouth and tonsils and in asymptomatic carrier animals the tonsil appeared to be preferred organ of viral persistence.", "contents": "The pathology and sites of persistence associated with three different strains of feline calicivirus. The pathology and sites of multiplication associated with three different strains of feline caliciviruses are described. The main pathological lesions were found in the tongue, soft palate and lungs and like the clinical signs were of mild nature. Virus multiplication was associated mainly with the tissues of the mouth and tonsils and in asymptomatic carrier animals the tonsil appeared to be preferred organ of viral persistence."}
{"id": "PMID:905649", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of sulphadimethoxine in cattle.", "content": "Four healthy Angus steers received a single rapid intravenous injection of sulphadimethoxine at a dose of approximately 55 mg/kg. The elimination half-life determined from plasma concentration-time data was approximately 12-5 h, and the volume of distribution was 31-0 per cent of body weight. Animals also received sulphadimethoxine intravenously or orally at a loading dose of approximately 55 mg/kg, followed by sustaining oral doses of approximately 27-5 mg/kg at 24, 48 and 72 h. It was demonstrated that oral maintenance doses served to sustain sulphonamide plasma concentrations achieved with the loading dose.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of sulphadimethoxine in cattle. Four healthy Angus steers received a single rapid intravenous injection of sulphadimethoxine at a dose of approximately 55 mg/kg. The elimination half-life determined from plasma concentration-time data was approximately 12-5 h, and the volume of distribution was 31-0 per cent of body weight. Animals also received sulphadimethoxine intravenously or orally at a loading dose of approximately 55 mg/kg, followed by sustaining oral doses of approximately 27-5 mg/kg at 24, 48 and 72 h. It was demonstrated that oral maintenance doses served to sustain sulphonamide plasma concentrations achieved with the loading dose."}
{"id": "PMID:905650", "title": "Age related changes in the motor nerve conduction velocity in dogs.", "content": "The motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV) was studied in the ulnar and sciatic-tibial nerves of dogs of various ages. The adult values are reached between six months and one year of age. The NCV remains on a plateau range of approximately 60 +/- 10 m/sec from one to seven years of age. After seven years there is a gradual decline in NCV so that by 10 years the velocity is reduced by 10-15 per cent. In addition to the reduction of velocity there is also an increased dispersion of the evoked muscle action potential.", "contents": "Age related changes in the motor nerve conduction velocity in dogs. The motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV) was studied in the ulnar and sciatic-tibial nerves of dogs of various ages. The adult values are reached between six months and one year of age. The NCV remains on a plateau range of approximately 60 +/- 10 m/sec from one to seven years of age. After seven years there is a gradual decline in NCV so that by 10 years the velocity is reduced by 10-15 per cent. In addition to the reduction of velocity there is also an increased dispersion of the evoked muscle action potential."}
{"id": "PMID:905651", "title": "Experimental toxoplasmosis in calves.", "content": "Nine calves were inoculated with tissue cysts of a low virulence strain of Toxoplasma gondii and killed at intervals up to 10 weeks. An immunological response took the form of circulating antibodies and reactive changes in the lymph nodes. The organism could only be recovered from the lymph nodes and this only during the first four weeks after infection. No tissue cysts were demonstrated and only a few inflammatory lesions occurred. Thus, although calves can be infected, the immunological response is prompt with rapid elimination of the organism.", "contents": "Experimental toxoplasmosis in calves. Nine calves were inoculated with tissue cysts of a low virulence strain of Toxoplasma gondii and killed at intervals up to 10 weeks. An immunological response took the form of circulating antibodies and reactive changes in the lymph nodes. The organism could only be recovered from the lymph nodes and this only during the first four weeks after infection. No tissue cysts were demonstrated and only a few inflammatory lesions occurred. Thus, although calves can be infected, the immunological response is prompt with rapid elimination of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:905652", "title": "Continued studies on the adjuvancy effect of natural and synthetic double-stranded RNA preparations with inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines in fowls.", "content": "The adjuvant effect of the natural ds-RNA, BRL 5907, with inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines was confirmed using different oil-based formulations and could be given either as single injections or separately at adjacent sites. A minimum dose level of 0-04 mg BRL 5907 per bird was required for a significant enhancement of antibody levels following vaccination. While the synthetic ds-RNA Poly IC gave a similar response to that observed with BRL 5907, no significant effects could be detected with two other natural ds-RNA materials.", "contents": "Continued studies on the adjuvancy effect of natural and synthetic double-stranded RNA preparations with inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines in fowls. The adjuvant effect of the natural ds-RNA, BRL 5907, with inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines was confirmed using different oil-based formulations and could be given either as single injections or separately at adjacent sites. A minimum dose level of 0-04 mg BRL 5907 per bird was required for a significant enhancement of antibody levels following vaccination. While the synthetic ds-RNA Poly IC gave a similar response to that observed with BRL 5907, no significant effects could be detected with two other natural ds-RNA materials."}
{"id": "PMID:905653", "title": "Comparison of the daily endogenous faecal magnesium excretion from sheep eating grass with high sodium or high potassium concentrations.", "content": "Metabolism trials were conducted with two sheep to determine the daily endogenous faecal magnesium excretion and the true magnesium availability of grass which had either a high potassium or a high sodium content. The experiment was conducted as a simple cross-over design and the isotope dilution technique using 28Mg was employed. The sheep ate sodium fertilised grass containing 0-73 per cent Na and 1-55 per cent K and potassium fertilised grass containing 0-15 per cent Na and 3-12 per cent K in the dry matter. The daily endogenous faecal magnesium excretion was not found to be significantly different for each sheep on both grasses; this excretion was approximately 13 per cent of the total faecal magnesium output. The true availability of magnesium was greater in the sodium fertilised grass than in the potassium fertilised grass. It was concluded that the daily endogenous faecal magnesium excretion was not affected by altering the herbage levels of sodium and potassium.", "contents": "Comparison of the daily endogenous faecal magnesium excretion from sheep eating grass with high sodium or high potassium concentrations. Metabolism trials were conducted with two sheep to determine the daily endogenous faecal magnesium excretion and the true magnesium availability of grass which had either a high potassium or a high sodium content. The experiment was conducted as a simple cross-over design and the isotope dilution technique using 28Mg was employed. The sheep ate sodium fertilised grass containing 0-73 per cent Na and 1-55 per cent K and potassium fertilised grass containing 0-15 per cent Na and 3-12 per cent K in the dry matter. The daily endogenous faecal magnesium excretion was not found to be significantly different for each sheep on both grasses; this excretion was approximately 13 per cent of the total faecal magnesium output. The true availability of magnesium was greater in the sodium fertilised grass than in the potassium fertilised grass. It was concluded that the daily endogenous faecal magnesium excretion was not affected by altering the herbage levels of sodium and potassium."}
{"id": "PMID:905654", "title": "Determination of indole and 3-methylindole in plasma and rumen fluid from cattle with fog fever or after L-tryptophan administration.", "content": "A modified gas liquid chromatography method has been developed to analyse the concentrations of indole and 3-methylindole in samples of plasma and rumen fluid from four cows with fog fever together with four control animals and from two cattle given L-tryptophan orally. Satisfactory recoveries of the metabolites were obtained in test samples examined by the gas liquid chromatography procedure and increased levels were found in rumen fluid after tryptophan administration. Absence of abnormal concentrations of the toxic metabolite 3-methylindole in samples from field cases of fog fever was not considered to rule out the metabolite as a possible cause of the disease in view of the rapid restoration of 3-methylindole to normal levels by the second day after loading with L-tryptophan.", "contents": "Determination of indole and 3-methylindole in plasma and rumen fluid from cattle with fog fever or after L-tryptophan administration. A modified gas liquid chromatography method has been developed to analyse the concentrations of indole and 3-methylindole in samples of plasma and rumen fluid from four cows with fog fever together with four control animals and from two cattle given L-tryptophan orally. Satisfactory recoveries of the metabolites were obtained in test samples examined by the gas liquid chromatography procedure and increased levels were found in rumen fluid after tryptophan administration. Absence of abnormal concentrations of the toxic metabolite 3-methylindole in samples from field cases of fog fever was not considered to rule out the metabolite as a possible cause of the disease in view of the rapid restoration of 3-methylindole to normal levels by the second day after loading with L-tryptophan."}
{"id": "PMID:905655", "title": "Antigenic variation of Babesia bigemina.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to determine whether antigenic differences occurred in four stabilates of Babesia bigemina derived from a single purified isolate and propagated as acute and chronic, blood-borne and tick-borne infections in Colombian cattle. Antigens were characterised by means of the complement fixation (CF), gel diffusion (GD), agar gel electrophoresis (AGE) and the indirect haemagglutination tests (IHA). Differences were detected. Acute blood and chronic blood antigens were similar, as were acute tick and chronic tick antigens, when compared by IHA and GD. Similarities were observed between acute blood anc acute tick and between chronic blood and chronic tick when these antigens were compared by AGE and CF.", "contents": "Antigenic variation of Babesia bigemina. The purpose of the study was to determine whether antigenic differences occurred in four stabilates of Babesia bigemina derived from a single purified isolate and propagated as acute and chronic, blood-borne and tick-borne infections in Colombian cattle. Antigens were characterised by means of the complement fixation (CF), gel diffusion (GD), agar gel electrophoresis (AGE) and the indirect haemagglutination tests (IHA). Differences were detected. Acute blood and chronic blood antigens were similar, as were acute tick and chronic tick antigens, when compared by IHA and GD. Similarities were observed between acute blood anc acute tick and between chronic blood and chronic tick when these antigens were compared by AGE and CF."}
{"id": "PMID:905656", "title": "Intravascular fat globules in the heart of pigs fed rapeseed meals.", "content": "Histopathological studies were conducted on growing pigs fed a corn, soybean meal control and two experimental diets supplemented with either a high or a low glucosinolate rapeseed meal. A high incidence of intravascular large fat globules in the heart with mild interstitial oedema was observed in the boars on high glucosinolates in comparison with the boars on low glucosinolates rapeseed meal. Boars and gilts on the corn, soybean meal control diet showed no intravascular fat globules.", "contents": "Intravascular fat globules in the heart of pigs fed rapeseed meals. Histopathological studies were conducted on growing pigs fed a corn, soybean meal control and two experimental diets supplemented with either a high or a low glucosinolate rapeseed meal. A high incidence of intravascular large fat globules in the heart with mild interstitial oedema was observed in the boars on high glucosinolates in comparison with the boars on low glucosinolates rapeseed meal. Boars and gilts on the corn, soybean meal control diet showed no intravascular fat globules."}
{"id": "PMID:905657", "title": "Chloramphenicol toxicity in dogs.", "content": "Twenty dogs were given chloramphenicol by mouth night and morning for 14 days: six dogs were dosed at 225 mg/kg/day, four each at 175 and 125 mg/kg/day and three each at 275 and 75 mg/kg/day. Six control dogs were given empty gelatin capsules twice daily for the same period. Dogs dosed at 75 mg/kg consumed more food and gained a little more weight than the control dogs, while those in the 175, 225 and 275 mg/kg groups ate less and lost weight. Four dogs dosed at 175 mg/kg or above became dull and depressed and virtually ceased to eat. No changes were observed in erythrocyte and reticulocyte counts, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume or total and differential leukocyte counts during the experiment. Bone marrow examination showed suppression of erythropoiesis in four of nine dogs dosed at 225 or 275 mg/kg/day. In addition, there was evidence of decreased mitotic activity and reduced rate of granulocytopoiesis in the 275 mg/kg group. Vacuolation of marrow cells was not observed. The two toxic effects observed (depression and hypophagia on the one hand, marrow suppression on the other) occurred separately or together in individual dogs.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol toxicity in dogs. Twenty dogs were given chloramphenicol by mouth night and morning for 14 days: six dogs were dosed at 225 mg/kg/day, four each at 175 and 125 mg/kg/day and three each at 275 and 75 mg/kg/day. Six control dogs were given empty gelatin capsules twice daily for the same period. Dogs dosed at 75 mg/kg consumed more food and gained a little more weight than the control dogs, while those in the 175, 225 and 275 mg/kg groups ate less and lost weight. Four dogs dosed at 175 mg/kg or above became dull and depressed and virtually ceased to eat. No changes were observed in erythrocyte and reticulocyte counts, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume or total and differential leukocyte counts during the experiment. Bone marrow examination showed suppression of erythropoiesis in four of nine dogs dosed at 225 or 275 mg/kg/day. In addition, there was evidence of decreased mitotic activity and reduced rate of granulocytopoiesis in the 275 mg/kg group. Vacuolation of marrow cells was not observed. The two toxic effects observed (depression and hypophagia on the one hand, marrow suppression on the other) occurred separately or together in individual dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:905658", "title": "The clinical disease and patterns of excretion associated with three different strains of feline caliciviruses.", "content": "Three groups of cats were infected intranasally with three different feline calicivirus strains: A3, 68/40 and M8. Each strain produced a uniformly muld upper respiratory tract disease, with glossal ulceration being the most prominent clinical sign. Virus was most consistently isolated from the oro-pharyngeal region and, in non-euthanised animals, excretion continued long after clinical signs had disappeared. It is suggested that an asymptomatic phase of excretion may be a normal sequel to FCV infections.", "contents": "The clinical disease and patterns of excretion associated with three different strains of feline caliciviruses. Three groups of cats were infected intranasally with three different feline calicivirus strains: A3, 68/40 and M8. Each strain produced a uniformly muld upper respiratory tract disease, with glossal ulceration being the most prominent clinical sign. Virus was most consistently isolated from the oro-pharyngeal region and, in non-euthanised animals, excretion continued long after clinical signs had disappeared. It is suggested that an asymptomatic phase of excretion may be a normal sequel to FCV infections."}
{"id": "PMID:905660", "title": "In vitro stimulation of ovine lymphocytes by various mitogens.", "content": "A technique for the separation and in vitro culture of ovine lymphocytes is described and applied to the study of their blastogenic responses to various mitogens. Lymphocytes were separated on a Ficoll-Triosil gradient, resuspended in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10 per cent serum to a concentration of 1 x 10(6) cells/ml and cultured in 200 microliter volumes in microculture plates in the presence of mitogens for varying lengths of time. A total culture period of 66 h was found to be satisfactory with 1 muCi of [3H]-thymidine being added to each well 18 h before termination of culture. Optimal blastogenic stimulation of the lymphocytes occurred with phytohaemagglutinin at 2-5 microliter/ml, pokeweed mitogen at 10 microliter/ml, concanavalin A at 6-25 microgram/ml and lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli (LPS) at 6-25 microgram/ml. Proliferation due to stimulation by LPS appeared to be of a lower order than that achieved with the other mitogens tested.", "contents": "In vitro stimulation of ovine lymphocytes by various mitogens. A technique for the separation and in vitro culture of ovine lymphocytes is described and applied to the study of their blastogenic responses to various mitogens. Lymphocytes were separated on a Ficoll-Triosil gradient, resuspended in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10 per cent serum to a concentration of 1 x 10(6) cells/ml and cultured in 200 microliter volumes in microculture plates in the presence of mitogens for varying lengths of time. A total culture period of 66 h was found to be satisfactory with 1 muCi of [3H]-thymidine being added to each well 18 h before termination of culture. Optimal blastogenic stimulation of the lymphocytes occurred with phytohaemagglutinin at 2-5 microliter/ml, pokeweed mitogen at 10 microliter/ml, concanavalin A at 6-25 microgram/ml and lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli (LPS) at 6-25 microgram/ml. Proliferation due to stimulation by LPS appeared to be of a lower order than that achieved with the other mitogens tested."}
{"id": "PMID:905661", "title": "The formation of 2-hydroxymethylquinoline and quinaldine in greyhound urine.", "content": "2-Hydroxymethylquinoline and quinaldine are found in nonfresh greyhound urine as putrefactive bases. Their production as a function of time was investigated. This is affected by preservatives or refrigeration. 2-Hydroxymethylquinoline forms in greyhound urine, if non-preserved, in three or four days at room temperature while quinaldine takes as much as 10 days longer to form. Production of 2-hydroxymethylquinoline or quinaldine is not arrested but merely retarded by preservation or refrigeration. Sodium fluoride is one of the more effective preservatives. A method for the measurement of quinaldine and 2-hydroxymethylquinoline using gas chromatography is described. The columns used are Carbowax 6000 + potassium hydroxide on Chromosorb G and SE-30 on Chromosorb W.", "contents": "The formation of 2-hydroxymethylquinoline and quinaldine in greyhound urine. 2-Hydroxymethylquinoline and quinaldine are found in nonfresh greyhound urine as putrefactive bases. Their production as a function of time was investigated. This is affected by preservatives or refrigeration. 2-Hydroxymethylquinoline forms in greyhound urine, if non-preserved, in three or four days at room temperature while quinaldine takes as much as 10 days longer to form. Production of 2-hydroxymethylquinoline or quinaldine is not arrested but merely retarded by preservation or refrigeration. Sodium fluoride is one of the more effective preservatives. A method for the measurement of quinaldine and 2-hydroxymethylquinoline using gas chromatography is described. The columns used are Carbowax 6000 + potassium hydroxide on Chromosorb G and SE-30 on Chromosorb W."}
{"id": "PMID:905662", "title": "Mean air space diameter, lung surface area and alveolar surface tension.", "content": "Results from pressure-volume studies indicate that lung surface area is directly proportional to volume rather than to volume raised to the two thirds power as has been assumed previously. Mean air space diameter was found to decline with an increase in lung volume which is indicative of a significant degree of alveolar recruitment. Calculation of alveolar surface tension during 20-min inflation-deflation cycles reveals a minimum surface tension of 15.9 +/- 2.3 and a maximum surface tension of 42.7 +/- 4.2 dyn/cm (mean +/- SE). Comparison of surface tensions obtained from the surface balance and calculated alveolar surface tension reveals no significant difference between the means and a significant correlation between the two values.", "contents": "Mean air space diameter, lung surface area and alveolar surface tension. Results from pressure-volume studies indicate that lung surface area is directly proportional to volume rather than to volume raised to the two thirds power as has been assumed previously. Mean air space diameter was found to decline with an increase in lung volume which is indicative of a significant degree of alveolar recruitment. Calculation of alveolar surface tension during 20-min inflation-deflation cycles reveals a minimum surface tension of 15.9 +/- 2.3 and a maximum surface tension of 42.7 +/- 4.2 dyn/cm (mean +/- SE). Comparison of surface tensions obtained from the surface balance and calculated alveolar surface tension reveals no significant difference between the means and a significant correlation between the two values."}
{"id": "PMID:905663", "title": "Diagnosis, definition and classification in chronic generalized respiratory disorder. A proposal to come to a manageable clinical classification system in the human being. An answer to the stimulating report of the ACCP-ATS joint committee on pulmonary nomenclature.", "content": "It appears that the definition of a syndrome is to a large extent determined by the approach of the researcher. Particular emphasis is given to the very great interest of a classification as meticulous as possible, using all relevant clinical data not only as snapshots, but also over the longest possible observation period. Such a classification of carefully followed individual cases may contribute essentially to the identification of syndromes and to the detection of pathomechanisms and pathogenesis.", "contents": "Diagnosis, definition and classification in chronic generalized respiratory disorder. A proposal to come to a manageable clinical classification system in the human being. An answer to the stimulating report of the ACCP-ATS joint committee on pulmonary nomenclature. It appears that the definition of a syndrome is to a large extent determined by the approach of the researcher. Particular emphasis is given to the very great interest of a classification as meticulous as possible, using all relevant clinical data not only as snapshots, but also over the longest possible observation period. Such a classification of carefully followed individual cases may contribute essentially to the identification of syndromes and to the detection of pathomechanisms and pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:905664", "title": "Early discrimination between intrinsic and extrinsic factors in chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "15 subjects, divided into (1) normal, (2) with small airway obstruction (SAO) and (3) with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), were studied to understand the mechanism of the obstruction. The curves of maximal expiratory flow versus static pressure are particularly useful for this purpose, when we have a SAO. In fact, only at this early stage, we can identify by this way two different groups: subjects obstructed by a pure extrinsic mechanism, and subjects obstructed by a pure intrinsic mechanism.", "contents": "Early discrimination between intrinsic and extrinsic factors in chronic obstructive lung disease. 15 subjects, divided into (1) normal, (2) with small airway obstruction (SAO) and (3) with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), were studied to understand the mechanism of the obstruction. The curves of maximal expiratory flow versus static pressure are particularly useful for this purpose, when we have a SAO. In fact, only at this early stage, we can identify by this way two different groups: subjects obstructed by a pure extrinsic mechanism, and subjects obstructed by a pure intrinsic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:905666", "title": "[Pulmonary damage following assisted ventilation and oxygenotherapy in the cat (author's transl)].", "content": "Groups of 6 cats were curarized and maintained under assisted ventilation with either air or a 35% oxygen mixture. Lungs were then fixed and divided in small pieces, some of which were chosen at random for histological studies. Pulmonary lesions after assisted ventilation with air were rather discrete, even after 72 h. On the contrary, after the same period of ventilation with 35% O2, all cats showed capillary dilatation, interstitial edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhagic exsudate.", "contents": "[Pulmonary damage following assisted ventilation and oxygenotherapy in the cat (author's transl)]. Groups of 6 cats were curarized and maintained under assisted ventilation with either air or a 35% oxygen mixture. Lungs were then fixed and divided in small pieces, some of which were chosen at random for histological studies. Pulmonary lesions after assisted ventilation with air were rather discrete, even after 72 h. On the contrary, after the same period of ventilation with 35% O2, all cats showed capillary dilatation, interstitial edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhagic exsudate."}
{"id": "PMID:905667", "title": "[Statistical study of the correlations between spirometric data and arterial blood gas tensions. II. During a 40-watt exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "PaO2 and PaCO2, after 5 min of a 40-Watt exercise, and spirometric data have been statistically evaluated in 152 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis. In these patients, the hypoventilation syndrome increases during exercise. The correlation between age and PaO2 is identical during rest and exercise, but the correlation between PaO2 or PaCO2 and FEV1 (% predicted) is closer during exercise than during rest. The value 50 of the FEV1 (% predicted) divides the patients into two groups: the patients who stay normocapnic and those who become hypercapnic or increase their hypercapnemia. These data show the interest of the FEV1 (% predicted) values and allow to explain the evolution of the arterial blood gas tensions during exercise.", "contents": "[Statistical study of the correlations between spirometric data and arterial blood gas tensions. II. During a 40-watt exercise (author's transl)]. PaO2 and PaCO2, after 5 min of a 40-Watt exercise, and spirometric data have been statistically evaluated in 152 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis. In these patients, the hypoventilation syndrome increases during exercise. The correlation between age and PaO2 is identical during rest and exercise, but the correlation between PaO2 or PaCO2 and FEV1 (% predicted) is closer during exercise than during rest. The value 50 of the FEV1 (% predicted) divides the patients into two groups: the patients who stay normocapnic and those who become hypercapnic or increase their hypercapnemia. These data show the interest of the FEV1 (% predicted) values and allow to explain the evolution of the arterial blood gas tensions during exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:905668", "title": "Lung cancer. A statistical study based on autopsy data from 1928 to 1972.", "content": "The analysis of autopsy data from 1928 to 1972 shows that the relative frequency of lung cancer has undergone a fourfold increase till about 1962, and has since then remained practically constant. The right lung is more often the seat of carcinoma than the left lung and upper lobes more often than the lower lobes. For females the upper-lower lobe asymmetry is not significant. The nonuniform distribution of tumor sites is explained on the basis of 'contact hypothesis'. Some age and sex factors have been studied.", "contents": "Lung cancer. A statistical study based on autopsy data from 1928 to 1972. The analysis of autopsy data from 1928 to 1972 shows that the relative frequency of lung cancer has undergone a fourfold increase till about 1962, and has since then remained practically constant. The right lung is more often the seat of carcinoma than the left lung and upper lobes more often than the lower lobes. For females the upper-lower lobe asymmetry is not significant. The nonuniform distribution of tumor sites is explained on the basis of 'contact hypothesis'. Some age and sex factors have been studied."}
{"id": "PMID:905718", "title": "Histology of nasal polyps of different etiology.", "content": "The aim of the present study is to elucidate the correlation between etiology and histology in nasal polyps with special regard to cystic fibrosis (CF). Nasal polyps from 15 children with CF and a control group of non-CF polyps from 15 adult patients were examined by light-microscopy. The histological evaluation was carried out on a blind basis in order to avoid bias. Among the parameters used, the tissue eosinophilia proved to be the most valuable factor in the differentiation between CF and non-CF polyps, as only few eosinophils were found in the CF-polyps. The polyp glands were few and generally pathological. Some characteristics abnormalities in the grandular morphology are apparently more common in CF polyps. It is concluded, that the histological examination of nasal polyps is of importance for the correct classification of the patient, but the diagnosis of CF cannot be made based on microscopy of polyps. Further studies including blinded histological examination of nasal polypous tissue might contribute to a more differentiated diagnose of nasal polyposis.", "contents": "Histology of nasal polyps of different etiology. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the correlation between etiology and histology in nasal polyps with special regard to cystic fibrosis (CF). Nasal polyps from 15 children with CF and a control group of non-CF polyps from 15 adult patients were examined by light-microscopy. The histological evaluation was carried out on a blind basis in order to avoid bias. Among the parameters used, the tissue eosinophilia proved to be the most valuable factor in the differentiation between CF and non-CF polyps, as only few eosinophils were found in the CF-polyps. The polyp glands were few and generally pathological. Some characteristics abnormalities in the grandular morphology are apparently more common in CF polyps. It is concluded, that the histological examination of nasal polyps is of importance for the correct classification of the patient, but the diagnosis of CF cannot be made based on microscopy of polyps. Further studies including blinded histological examination of nasal polypous tissue might contribute to a more differentiated diagnose of nasal polyposis."}
{"id": "PMID:905719", "title": "Quantitative histology of the maxillary sinus.", "content": "The entire mucosa from 10 normal maxillary sinuses was removed post-mortem and stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method. The density of goblet cells and of mucous glands was investigated. The median density of goblet cells was 170 cells/field, corresponding to 9,600 cells per mm2, with wide individual variations, but there were no significant differences in density between the various walls. The density of goblet cells was somewhat higher than in the nose. Glands were very scarce and small in the maxillary sinus. Their median density in most walls was 0.15-0.20 gland/mm2, but in the medial wall significantly higher, 0.5 gland/mm2. The lower density of glands in the maxilly sinus than in the nose, where it is 8-9 glands/mm2, is in complete agreement with lesser requirement of the antral mucosa for moistening, cleaning, and warming of the air. Quantitative histological studies of normal mucosa will form the basis for studies of abnormal mucosa.", "contents": "Quantitative histology of the maxillary sinus. The entire mucosa from 10 normal maxillary sinuses was removed post-mortem and stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method. The density of goblet cells and of mucous glands was investigated. The median density of goblet cells was 170 cells/field, corresponding to 9,600 cells per mm2, with wide individual variations, but there were no significant differences in density between the various walls. The density of goblet cells was somewhat higher than in the nose. Glands were very scarce and small in the maxillary sinus. Their median density in most walls was 0.15-0.20 gland/mm2, but in the medial wall significantly higher, 0.5 gland/mm2. The lower density of glands in the maxilly sinus than in the nose, where it is 8-9 glands/mm2, is in complete agreement with lesser requirement of the antral mucosa for moistening, cleaning, and warming of the air. Quantitative histological studies of normal mucosa will form the basis for studies of abnormal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:905735", "title": "[Effect of carbamazepine on free and protein-bound tryptophan in the blood of epileptic patients and healthy volunteers].", "content": "The Authors estimated the influence of carbamazepine on both free and linked albumin triptofane in the plasma of 6 epileptic patients and of 6 healthy volunteers, during a period of observation lasting 7 days. The relation free/linked triptofane decreased significantly in the epileptic patients after the first day of treatment, while an analogous phenomenon was observed in healthy people only after the seventh day. Part of triptofane disappeared from plasma thus suggesting a cerebral uptake of the synthesis of serotonin. Carbamazepine displaced some unknown compounds from their links with plasmatic albumin, thus allowing triptofane to link itsel. The Authors therefore confirm the role played by anticonvulsive drugs in modifying the pool of free aminoacids in plasma.", "contents": "[Effect of carbamazepine on free and protein-bound tryptophan in the blood of epileptic patients and healthy volunteers]. The Authors estimated the influence of carbamazepine on both free and linked albumin triptofane in the plasma of 6 epileptic patients and of 6 healthy volunteers, during a period of observation lasting 7 days. The relation free/linked triptofane decreased significantly in the epileptic patients after the first day of treatment, while an analogous phenomenon was observed in healthy people only after the seventh day. Part of triptofane disappeared from plasma thus suggesting a cerebral uptake of the synthesis of serotonin. Carbamazepine displaced some unknown compounds from their links with plasmatic albumin, thus allowing triptofane to link itsel. The Authors therefore confirm the role played by anticonvulsive drugs in modifying the pool of free aminoacids in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:905766", "title": "Polycythaemia vera terminating in acute leukaemia. A clinical, cytogenetic and morphologic study in 8 patients treated with alkylating agents.", "content": "A total of 120 patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) were observed between 1971-1976. 8 of them developed acute leukaemia (AL). The clinical course, cytogenetic and morphologic findings of these patients are described in detail. Alkylating agents were the main treatment for all patients who developed AL. 4 of them obtained alkylating drugs alone. Deaths in AL constituted 36% of the deaths observed in the groups treated with alkylating agents and 23% of the total number of deaths in these series. All patients who developed AL had active disease but they had no distinctive features predicting a malignant development. The time interval between PV diagnosis and development of AL was relatively short for those patients who were induced and maintained with alkylating agents alone. It is remarkable that 3 out of 8 patients had erythroleukaemia. Cytogenetic pretreatment studies were performed in 3 patients and all were normal. 7 patients were studied with banding techniques during the leukaemic state and all but one have shown multiple and complex abnormalities indicating several super-imposed cell lines. It seems probable that PV patients treated with alkylating agents for remission induction and maintenance may run even a greater risk for AL development than those treated with 32P.", "contents": "Polycythaemia vera terminating in acute leukaemia. A clinical, cytogenetic and morphologic study in 8 patients treated with alkylating agents. A total of 120 patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) were observed between 1971-1976. 8 of them developed acute leukaemia (AL). The clinical course, cytogenetic and morphologic findings of these patients are described in detail. Alkylating agents were the main treatment for all patients who developed AL. 4 of them obtained alkylating drugs alone. Deaths in AL constituted 36% of the deaths observed in the groups treated with alkylating agents and 23% of the total number of deaths in these series. All patients who developed AL had active disease but they had no distinctive features predicting a malignant development. The time interval between PV diagnosis and development of AL was relatively short for those patients who were induced and maintained with alkylating agents alone. It is remarkable that 3 out of 8 patients had erythroleukaemia. Cytogenetic pretreatment studies were performed in 3 patients and all were normal. 7 patients were studied with banding techniques during the leukaemic state and all but one have shown multiple and complex abnormalities indicating several super-imposed cell lines. It seems probable that PV patients treated with alkylating agents for remission induction and maintenance may run even a greater risk for AL development than those treated with 32P."}
{"id": "PMID:905767", "title": "Serum thrombopoietic activity following administration of vinblastine.", "content": "A possible role of humoral factors in the pathogenesis of vinblastine-induced thrombocytosis was examined. The thrombopoietic activity in serum of experimental animals was tested for its ability to stimulate the incorporation of 75-Se-selonemethionine into platelets of thrombocythaemic mice. The administration of low doses (0.1--0.5 mg/kg body wt.) of vinblastine to rabbits caused a significant increase in serum thrombopoietic activity. Higher doses of vinblastine (1--5 mg/kg body wt.) also increased the serum thrombopoietic activity, but this increase was preceded by a transient drop in the platelet count of peripheral blood. This thrombocytopenia could have been a stimulus for an increase in thrombopoietic activity, through a compensatory feedback mechanism. The vinblastine-induced increase in thrombopoietic activity was abolished by bilateral nephrectomy but not by bilateral ureteral ligation. These data suggest that kidney tissue may be a major source of the serum thrombopoietic factors.", "contents": "Serum thrombopoietic activity following administration of vinblastine. A possible role of humoral factors in the pathogenesis of vinblastine-induced thrombocytosis was examined. The thrombopoietic activity in serum of experimental animals was tested for its ability to stimulate the incorporation of 75-Se-selonemethionine into platelets of thrombocythaemic mice. The administration of low doses (0.1--0.5 mg/kg body wt.) of vinblastine to rabbits caused a significant increase in serum thrombopoietic activity. Higher doses of vinblastine (1--5 mg/kg body wt.) also increased the serum thrombopoietic activity, but this increase was preceded by a transient drop in the platelet count of peripheral blood. This thrombocytopenia could have been a stimulus for an increase in thrombopoietic activity, through a compensatory feedback mechanism. The vinblastine-induced increase in thrombopoietic activity was abolished by bilateral nephrectomy but not by bilateral ureteral ligation. These data suggest that kidney tissue may be a major source of the serum thrombopoietic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:905768", "title": "Obesity, plasma lipids and polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte functions.", "content": "20 obese subjects were compared with 20 controls with normal weight regarding their polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte functions, and plasma lipids. The obese subjects showed a significantly decreased PMN bactericidal capacity, and increased PMN adherence. No differences were found in their mean PMN chemotaxis and opsonic capacity of plasma. The values of plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids were higher in the obese, while plasma cholesterol and phospholipids corresponded to the control values. The changes in granulocyte function did not correlate significantly to plasma lipid levels or to body weight and Broca's index in either group. --It is concluded that changes in granulocyte function occur in obesity, but are not related to plasma lipids or degree of overweight.", "contents": "Obesity, plasma lipids and polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte functions. 20 obese subjects were compared with 20 controls with normal weight regarding their polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte functions, and plasma lipids. The obese subjects showed a significantly decreased PMN bactericidal capacity, and increased PMN adherence. No differences were found in their mean PMN chemotaxis and opsonic capacity of plasma. The values of plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids were higher in the obese, while plasma cholesterol and phospholipids corresponded to the control values. The changes in granulocyte function did not correlate significantly to plasma lipid levels or to body weight and Broca's index in either group. --It is concluded that changes in granulocyte function occur in obesity, but are not related to plasma lipids or degree of overweight."}
{"id": "PMID:905769", "title": "The effect of vincristine on haemoglobin synthesis.", "content": "Vincristine in a concentration of 0.5 and 4 X 10--(5) M causes a decrease of 16% and 73% respectively, in the synthesis of globin by peripheral blood reticulocytes. At the higher drug concentration alpha/beta ratio is significantly lower than the normal ratio of unity and is 0.83 +/- 0.09. These effects of vincristine are probably related to the ability of the vinca alkaloids to bind to ribosomes and their subunits.", "contents": "The effect of vincristine on haemoglobin synthesis. Vincristine in a concentration of 0.5 and 4 X 10--(5) M causes a decrease of 16% and 73% respectively, in the synthesis of globin by peripheral blood reticulocytes. At the higher drug concentration alpha/beta ratio is significantly lower than the normal ratio of unity and is 0.83 +/- 0.09. These effects of vincristine are probably related to the ability of the vinca alkaloids to bind to ribosomes and their subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:905770", "title": "Microcalorimetric measurements of heat production in erythrocytes of patients with liver diseases.", "content": "Erythrocyte metabolic activity has been investigated in 12 patients with severe liver disease. The erythrocyte resting heat effect value has been found to be 25% higher than normal (P less than 0.005). A normal value was obtained when heat effect was measured under maximal stimulation with 10(-4) M methylene blue (MB). Glucose consumption was found to be normal, both in unstimulated and methylene blue stimulated erythrocytes. The present calorimetric results do not give support to the hypothesis that haemolytic anaemia in patients with liver disease is related to decreased activity of the pentose phosphate pathway.", "contents": "Microcalorimetric measurements of heat production in erythrocytes of patients with liver diseases. Erythrocyte metabolic activity has been investigated in 12 patients with severe liver disease. The erythrocyte resting heat effect value has been found to be 25% higher than normal (P less than 0.005). A normal value was obtained when heat effect was measured under maximal stimulation with 10(-4) M methylene blue (MB). Glucose consumption was found to be normal, both in unstimulated and methylene blue stimulated erythrocytes. The present calorimetric results do not give support to the hypothesis that haemolytic anaemia in patients with liver disease is related to decreased activity of the pentose phosphate pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:905771", "title": "Genetic control of primary and secondary IgG responses to sheep erythrocytes in mice.", "content": "The genetic control of the primary and secondary IgG responses to sheep erythrocytes has been studied by using inbred, H-2-congenic, and intra-H-2-recombinant mouse strains. According to our results, the primary IgG respone is under multigenic control. There is a correlation, however, between the titer of primary IgG antibodies produced and the H-2 phenotypes among the mouse strains tested. One H-2-linked gene maps at the I-B subregion, whereas another gene can be mapped at or closely linked to the H-2D region. Low and high responsiveness were associated with H-2b, H-2f and H2a, H-2d, H-2k phenotypes, respectively. By comparison of the responses of inbred and congenic strains having the same H-2 phenotype, it can be concluded that background genes influence the primary response only slightly but have almost complete control over the secondary response.", "contents": "Genetic control of primary and secondary IgG responses to sheep erythrocytes in mice. The genetic control of the primary and secondary IgG responses to sheep erythrocytes has been studied by using inbred, H-2-congenic, and intra-H-2-recombinant mouse strains. According to our results, the primary IgG respone is under multigenic control. There is a correlation, however, between the titer of primary IgG antibodies produced and the H-2 phenotypes among the mouse strains tested. One H-2-linked gene maps at the I-B subregion, whereas another gene can be mapped at or closely linked to the H-2D region. Low and high responsiveness were associated with H-2b, H-2f and H2a, H-2d, H-2k phenotypes, respectively. By comparison of the responses of inbred and congenic strains having the same H-2 phenotype, it can be concluded that background genes influence the primary response only slightly but have almost complete control over the secondary response."}
{"id": "PMID:905772", "title": "Damage of liposomes in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "Lymphoid cells bearing Fc receptors are able to lyse antibody-coated animal target cells in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity reaction. The results presented here show that liposomes consisting of sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and cardiolipid and coated by cardiolipidic antibodies could be destroyed by spleen or thymus cells. No alteration of liposomes was observed when normal rabbit serum was used or when the effector cell population was depleted of cells bearing Fc receptors. The lysis of antibody-coated liposomes by effector cells could be carried out in two steps. In the first step, the fixation of antibodies on the cardiolipidic antigens could lead to a reorganization of the liposomal membrane. In the second step, the effector Fc-receptor-bearing cells might amplify this alteration of the liposomes.", "contents": "Damage of liposomes in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Lymphoid cells bearing Fc receptors are able to lyse antibody-coated animal target cells in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity reaction. The results presented here show that liposomes consisting of sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and cardiolipid and coated by cardiolipidic antibodies could be destroyed by spleen or thymus cells. No alteration of liposomes was observed when normal rabbit serum was used or when the effector cell population was depleted of cells bearing Fc receptors. The lysis of antibody-coated liposomes by effector cells could be carried out in two steps. In the first step, the fixation of antibodies on the cardiolipidic antigens could lead to a reorganization of the liposomal membrane. In the second step, the effector Fc-receptor-bearing cells might amplify this alteration of the liposomes."}
{"id": "PMID:905773", "title": "Responses of alloantigen-primed lymphocytes in vitro. The contribution of increased frequencies of responding lymphocytes to differences between reactivity of normal and primed lymphocyte populations.", "content": "Sensitization of lymphocytes against allogeneic cells in vitro results in significant enrichment of alloreactive lymphocytes. Such enrichment was found to profoundly influence the conditions for measuring proliferative responses. Fewer primed lymphocytes than unprimed ones had to be cultured to favor optimal proliferation. Second, proliferative responses could be detected using 10 to 20 times fewer primed responding cells than when using unprimed responders. Finally, although responses of both unprimed and primed lymphocytes were dependent on the number of stimulator cells in culture, the primary mechanism(s) through which this dependence was expressed appeared to differ. The results demonstrate that, under the same conditions, comparisons of responses of two populations that contain different proportions of reactive lymphocytes may not be justified.", "contents": "Responses of alloantigen-primed lymphocytes in vitro. The contribution of increased frequencies of responding lymphocytes to differences between reactivity of normal and primed lymphocyte populations. Sensitization of lymphocytes against allogeneic cells in vitro results in significant enrichment of alloreactive lymphocytes. Such enrichment was found to profoundly influence the conditions for measuring proliferative responses. Fewer primed lymphocytes than unprimed ones had to be cultured to favor optimal proliferation. Second, proliferative responses could be detected using 10 to 20 times fewer primed responding cells than when using unprimed responders. Finally, although responses of both unprimed and primed lymphocytes were dependent on the number of stimulator cells in culture, the primary mechanism(s) through which this dependence was expressed appeared to differ. The results demonstrate that, under the same conditions, comparisons of responses of two populations that contain different proportions of reactive lymphocytes may not be justified."}
{"id": "PMID:905774", "title": "Effector mechanisms in allograft rejection. III. Kinetics of killer cell activity inside the graft and in the immune system during primary and secondary allograft immune responses.", "content": "The cells recovered from sponge matrix allografts and from various lymphoid organs of recipient mice were tested for their ability to perform relevant target cell lysis in vitro. In the primary response, the peak cytotoxic activity was detected 8 days after transplantation, inside the graft, in regional lymph nodes, and in the spleen. In the secondary response, the peak cytotoxic activity in the regional lymph nodes and in the spleen took place promptly, 4 days after transplantation. The peak activity inside the graft was recorded on day 7. In the primary response, the activity inside the graft had declined. In the secondary response, the cytotoxic activity in the blood was low, and significant cytotoxic activity appeared only after the activity in the blood was high and demonstrated a biphasic profile, with one peak on day 3--4 and another activity peak on day 14. Killer cells were detected inside the graft for a far longer time in the primary (4 weeks) than in the secondary (2 weeks) response. I conclude that cellular kinetics in the secondary anti-allograft response is qualitatively but possibly not quantitatively different from the primary response.", "contents": "Effector mechanisms in allograft rejection. III. Kinetics of killer cell activity inside the graft and in the immune system during primary and secondary allograft immune responses. The cells recovered from sponge matrix allografts and from various lymphoid organs of recipient mice were tested for their ability to perform relevant target cell lysis in vitro. In the primary response, the peak cytotoxic activity was detected 8 days after transplantation, inside the graft, in regional lymph nodes, and in the spleen. In the secondary response, the peak cytotoxic activity in the regional lymph nodes and in the spleen took place promptly, 4 days after transplantation. The peak activity inside the graft was recorded on day 7. In the primary response, the activity inside the graft had declined. In the secondary response, the cytotoxic activity in the blood was low, and significant cytotoxic activity appeared only after the activity in the blood was high and demonstrated a biphasic profile, with one peak on day 3--4 and another activity peak on day 14. Killer cells were detected inside the graft for a far longer time in the primary (4 weeks) than in the secondary (2 weeks) response. I conclude that cellular kinetics in the secondary anti-allograft response is qualitatively but possibly not quantitatively different from the primary response."}
{"id": "PMID:905775", "title": "Oligoclonal measles virus-specific IgG antibodies isolated from sera of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Measles virus-specific antibodies isolated from sera of six patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were all composed of oligoclonal IgG proteins, in contrast to the polyclonal IgG antibodies isolated from sera of healthy individuals. Periods of disease progression were associated with an increase in number and amount of oligoclonal IgG antibody proteins, and a decrease was observed in disease remission. A correspondence between the oligloclonal measles-specific IgG of serum and the oligoclonal IgG proteins of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurred in each case. It is concluded that sera from patients with SSPE may be used instead of CSF as a source for the isolation of measles antibodies of restricted heterogeneity.", "contents": "Oligoclonal measles virus-specific IgG antibodies isolated from sera of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Measles virus-specific antibodies isolated from sera of six patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were all composed of oligoclonal IgG proteins, in contrast to the polyclonal IgG antibodies isolated from sera of healthy individuals. Periods of disease progression were associated with an increase in number and amount of oligoclonal IgG antibody proteins, and a decrease was observed in disease remission. A correspondence between the oligloclonal measles-specific IgG of serum and the oligoclonal IgG proteins of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurred in each case. It is concluded that sera from patients with SSPE may be used instead of CSF as a source for the isolation of measles antibodies of restricted heterogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:905776", "title": "IgG1 subclass restriction of oligoclonal measles virus-specific IgG antibodies in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and in a patient with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A restriction to the IgG1 subclass was demonstrated for measles virus-specific IgG antibodies isolated from the sera of five patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, from the cerebrospinal fluid of one of the patients, and from brain extract from a sixth patient. A predominance of IgG1 was also observed in measles antibodies isolated from the serum and brain extract of a patient with multiple sclerosis. Evidence is presented that the IgG1 restriction is associated with the occurrence of oligoclonal measles antibodies in these patients. A similar restriction to the IgG1 subclass was not observed in measles antibodies isolated from the serum of a measles-convalescent child or from pooled normal serum and IgG.", "contents": "IgG1 subclass restriction of oligoclonal measles virus-specific IgG antibodies in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and in a patient with multiple sclerosis. A restriction to the IgG1 subclass was demonstrated for measles virus-specific IgG antibodies isolated from the sera of five patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, from the cerebrospinal fluid of one of the patients, and from brain extract from a sixth patient. A predominance of IgG1 was also observed in measles antibodies isolated from the serum and brain extract of a patient with multiple sclerosis. Evidence is presented that the IgG1 restriction is associated with the occurrence of oligoclonal measles antibodies in these patients. A similar restriction to the IgG1 subclass was not observed in measles antibodies isolated from the serum of a measles-convalescent child or from pooled normal serum and IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:905777", "title": "Occurrence of amyloid-related serum proteins in patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy.", "content": "The serum protein SAA, which is related to the amyloid fibril protein AA, was detected by double immunodiffusion using anti-protein AA antiserum. The SAA level was elevated in 16 to 32 patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy (BMG). In addition, two BMG sera reacted with an antiserum to amyloid fibril protein of immunoglobulin light-chain type, V lambdaI (EF), and one reacted with antiamyloid protein VlambdaV (AR). The reactivity of the BMG sera with antisera to the various amyloid fibril proteins was strikingly similar to that of 35 sera from patients with myelomatosis. In the age group of 50--70 years the proportion of SAA-positive sera in BMG (53%) and myelomatosis (56%) was strikingly higher than that of the normal controls (5%). In older subjects (70--90 years), however, the frequency of SAA in BMG or myelomatosis, although increased (53%--54%), was not significantly greater than that of a control group of apparently healthy individuals (44%).", "contents": "Occurrence of amyloid-related serum proteins in patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy. The serum protein SAA, which is related to the amyloid fibril protein AA, was detected by double immunodiffusion using anti-protein AA antiserum. The SAA level was elevated in 16 to 32 patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy (BMG). In addition, two BMG sera reacted with an antiserum to amyloid fibril protein of immunoglobulin light-chain type, V lambdaI (EF), and one reacted with antiamyloid protein VlambdaV (AR). The reactivity of the BMG sera with antisera to the various amyloid fibril proteins was strikingly similar to that of 35 sera from patients with myelomatosis. In the age group of 50--70 years the proportion of SAA-positive sera in BMG (53%) and myelomatosis (56%) was strikingly higher than that of the normal controls (5%). In older subjects (70--90 years), however, the frequency of SAA in BMG or myelomatosis, although increased (53%--54%), was not significantly greater than that of a control group of apparently healthy individuals (44%)."}
{"id": "PMID:905778", "title": "Immunoglobulins in families of myeloma patients.", "content": "The serum immunoglobulin levels of 200 first-degree relatives and 23 spouses of 32 patients with myelomatosis were compared with those of age- and sex-matched control persons. First-degree relatives of myeloma patients appeared to have higher serum levels of IgG (P less than 0.05), IgA (P less than 0.05), and IgM (P less than 0.01) than their age- and sex-matched controls. The spouses as a group did not differ from their controls in this respect. No statistically significant difference in the incidence of M-components among family members (0.6%) and spouses (4.3%) was found compared with the incidence in the general population (0.9%). Myelomatosis as such appeared to be more frequent than in the general population (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in families of myeloma patients. The serum immunoglobulin levels of 200 first-degree relatives and 23 spouses of 32 patients with myelomatosis were compared with those of age- and sex-matched control persons. First-degree relatives of myeloma patients appeared to have higher serum levels of IgG (P less than 0.05), IgA (P less than 0.05), and IgM (P less than 0.01) than their age- and sex-matched controls. The spouses as a group did not differ from their controls in this respect. No statistically significant difference in the incidence of M-components among family members (0.6%) and spouses (4.3%) was found compared with the incidence in the general population (0.9%). Myelomatosis as such appeared to be more frequent than in the general population (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:905780", "title": "Similarities of Fcgamma receptors on trophoblasts and placental endothelial cells.", "content": "The trophoblastic tissue and endothelium of fetal stem vessels in cryostat sections of first-trimester and term human placentae adsorbed erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibodies of human, rabbit, and guinea pig origin. Native and heat-aggregated human and rabbit IgG, and human IgG subclasses except IgG2 inhibited the hemadsorption. However, the Fc fragment of IgG2 inhibited the hemadsorption similarly to the Fc of pooled IgG. No inhibition was obtained with other immunoglobulin classes or fragments. The inhibitory activity of IgG and Fc fragments was abolished by partial reduction and alkylation, indicating that inter-heavy-chain disulfide bonds are required for the binding. Immune complexes prepared at slight antigen excess showed an eightfold stronger inhibition than antiserum alone. Both receptors were sensitive to formaldehyde, periodic acid, and heat. The Fcgamma receptors on the trophoblasts and on the endothelium in human placentae are apparently similar.", "contents": "Similarities of Fcgamma receptors on trophoblasts and placental endothelial cells. The trophoblastic tissue and endothelium of fetal stem vessels in cryostat sections of first-trimester and term human placentae adsorbed erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibodies of human, rabbit, and guinea pig origin. Native and heat-aggregated human and rabbit IgG, and human IgG subclasses except IgG2 inhibited the hemadsorption. However, the Fc fragment of IgG2 inhibited the hemadsorption similarly to the Fc of pooled IgG. No inhibition was obtained with other immunoglobulin classes or fragments. The inhibitory activity of IgG and Fc fragments was abolished by partial reduction and alkylation, indicating that inter-heavy-chain disulfide bonds are required for the binding. Immune complexes prepared at slight antigen excess showed an eightfold stronger inhibition than antiserum alone. Both receptors were sensitive to formaldehyde, periodic acid, and heat. The Fcgamma receptors on the trophoblasts and on the endothelium in human placentae are apparently similar."}
{"id": "PMID:905781", "title": "Rubella antibodies and acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "High antibody titres against rubella and measles viruses have recently been associated with certain chronic disorders such as chronic active hepatitis and occasionally with acute hepatitis. The present study was designed to evaluate the frequency of this association with acute hepatitis. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and complement fixation (CF) antibodies to rubella, measles and influenza A viruses were determined in 97 consecutive patients with acute viral hepatitis and in 97 control persons matched by sex and age. In patients, particularly in those over 30 years of age, a small but statistically significant increase in rubella HI titres was seen. In 3 hepatitis cases the rubella HI titres were very high (greater than or equal to 2 560). The antibody levels against measles and influenza A viruses did not differ from the controls. The present data indicate that a small proportion of acute hepatitis patients show a transient strong humoral immune response to rubella virus. The reason for this is not known.", "contents": "Rubella antibodies and acute viral hepatitis. High antibody titres against rubella and measles viruses have recently been associated with certain chronic disorders such as chronic active hepatitis and occasionally with acute hepatitis. The present study was designed to evaluate the frequency of this association with acute hepatitis. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and complement fixation (CF) antibodies to rubella, measles and influenza A viruses were determined in 97 consecutive patients with acute viral hepatitis and in 97 control persons matched by sex and age. In patients, particularly in those over 30 years of age, a small but statistically significant increase in rubella HI titres was seen. In 3 hepatitis cases the rubella HI titres were very high (greater than or equal to 2 560). The antibody levels against measles and influenza A viruses did not differ from the controls. The present data indicate that a small proportion of acute hepatitis patients show a transient strong humoral immune response to rubella virus. The reason for this is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:905782", "title": "Antibodies to hepatitis B surface and core antigens in haemophiliacs and their contacts among hospital personnel.", "content": "In a group of 65 haemophilia patients one was a chronic carrier of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and the remaining 64 patients had antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). The antigen carrier and 63 of 64 haemophiliacs with anti-HBs also had antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). In a second group consisting of 6 younger haemophiliacs, whose treatment with clotting-factor concentrates was started after the initiation of HBsAg tests of all blood products, 3 showed evidence of ongoing or past infection with hepatitis B virus. The prevalences of anti-HBs and anti-HBc among the personnel of the Coagulation Laboratory did not differ from that of the normal population. Anti-HBs was detected by passive haemagglutination and radioimmunoassay, and anti-HBc by immunoelectroosmophoresis.", "contents": "Antibodies to hepatitis B surface and core antigens in haemophiliacs and their contacts among hospital personnel. In a group of 65 haemophilia patients one was a chronic carrier of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and the remaining 64 patients had antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). The antigen carrier and 63 of 64 haemophiliacs with anti-HBs also had antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). In a second group consisting of 6 younger haemophiliacs, whose treatment with clotting-factor concentrates was started after the initiation of HBsAg tests of all blood products, 3 showed evidence of ongoing or past infection with hepatitis B virus. The prevalences of anti-HBs and anti-HBc among the personnel of the Coagulation Laboratory did not differ from that of the normal population. Anti-HBs was detected by passive haemagglutination and radioimmunoassay, and anti-HBc by immunoelectroosmophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:905783", "title": "Myalgia nuchae as a manifestation of epidemic influenza.", "content": "Two cases of acute cervical myalgia in connection with symptoms of malaise and fever are presented. Both patients had serologically proven influenza infections, types A and B. No previous reports have been found of any association of the present syndrome with influenza infection.", "contents": "Myalgia nuchae as a manifestation of epidemic influenza. Two cases of acute cervical myalgia in connection with symptoms of malaise and fever are presented. Both patients had serologically proven influenza infections, types A and B. No previous reports have been found of any association of the present syndrome with influenza infection."}
{"id": "PMID:905784", "title": "Immunologic investigation in children with recurrent pneumonia.", "content": "In vitro lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and tests for granulocyte function were performed in 12 children with recurrent pneumonia. Reduced lymphocyte stimulation was found at repeated tests in 2 children and transiently decreased lymphocyte stimulation in 6 more children. In 3 patients, reduced bactericidal capacity of granulocytes was demonstrated, and in 1 cast stimulation showed decreased NBT activity of granulocytes. One patient examined had immunoglobulin deficiency.", "contents": "Immunologic investigation in children with recurrent pneumonia. In vitro lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and tests for granulocyte function were performed in 12 children with recurrent pneumonia. Reduced lymphocyte stimulation was found at repeated tests in 2 children and transiently decreased lymphocyte stimulation in 6 more children. In 3 patients, reduced bactericidal capacity of granulocytes was demonstrated, and in 1 cast stimulation showed decreased NBT activity of granulocytes. One patient examined had immunoglobulin deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:905785", "title": "Pathogenic free-living amebae (PFLA) from frozen swimming areas in Oslo, Norway.", "content": "Water samples were taken from 4 frozen swimming areas in Oslo, Norway and examined for pathogenic and non-pathogenic limax amebae. All samples contained amebae and 2 of the areas yielded pathogens (Acanthamoeba castellanii). The relationship between distribution and temperature is discussed.", "contents": "Pathogenic free-living amebae (PFLA) from frozen swimming areas in Oslo, Norway. Water samples were taken from 4 frozen swimming areas in Oslo, Norway and examined for pathogenic and non-pathogenic limax amebae. All samples contained amebae and 2 of the areas yielded pathogens (Acanthamoeba castellanii). The relationship between distribution and temperature is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:905786", "title": "Endocarditis caused by Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "A 51-year-old previously healthy man developed endocarditis with low grade fever, aortic insufficiently and multiple arterial emboli. An atypical strain of Pasteurella multocida was isolated from each of 3 consecutive blood cultures. Protracted treatment with high doses of penicillin G was necessary to eradicate the infection. Following resection of the damaged aortic valves and implantation of a valve prosthesis, the patient recovered. P. multocida should be regarded as one of the possible causes of subacute bacterial endocarditis.", "contents": "Endocarditis caused by Pasteurella multocida. A 51-year-old previously healthy man developed endocarditis with low grade fever, aortic insufficiently and multiple arterial emboli. An atypical strain of Pasteurella multocida was isolated from each of 3 consecutive blood cultures. Protracted treatment with high doses of penicillin G was necessary to eradicate the infection. Following resection of the damaged aortic valves and implantation of a valve prosthesis, the patient recovered. P. multocida should be regarded as one of the possible causes of subacute bacterial endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:905787", "title": "Fulminant septicemia caused by Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "A lethal case of septicemia caused by Yershia enterocolitica serotype 3 is described. A 59-year-old male, previously healthy, presented with 6 weeks of fever, abdominal pains and gradual prostration ending in overhelming septicemia and death before a conclusive diagnosis was established. Necropsy showed cirrhosis, haemochromatosis and numerous abscesses in the liver.", "contents": "Fulminant septicemia caused by Yersinia enterocolitica. A lethal case of septicemia caused by Yershia enterocolitica serotype 3 is described. A 59-year-old male, previously healthy, presented with 6 weeks of fever, abdominal pains and gradual prostration ending in overhelming septicemia and death before a conclusive diagnosis was established. Necropsy showed cirrhosis, haemochromatosis and numerous abscesses in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:905788", "title": "[Taphophobia and resurrection mania].", "content": "There are two rare psychopathological phenomena: The fear to be buried alive (taphophobia) and the delusion to rise again from the grave (delusion of resurrection). These cases are given as illustration. Taphophobia is counted among the neuroses, the delusion of resurrection is a cardinal symptom of the psychosis \"phantastic paraphrenia\" Both states are rooted in unconscious fears and and wishes in man, especially in superstition. The theoretical concept behind these psychopathological phenomena is twofold--using an eclectic open system of interpretation--taphophobia is seen in the light of psychoanalysis, delusion of resurrection is explained in terms of the psychiatric thinking of K. Leonhard.", "contents": "[Taphophobia and resurrection mania]. There are two rare psychopathological phenomena: The fear to be buried alive (taphophobia) and the delusion to rise again from the grave (delusion of resurrection). These cases are given as illustration. Taphophobia is counted among the neuroses, the delusion of resurrection is a cardinal symptom of the psychosis \"phantastic paraphrenia\" Both states are rooted in unconscious fears and and wishes in man, especially in superstition. The theoretical concept behind these psychopathological phenomena is twofold--using an eclectic open system of interpretation--taphophobia is seen in the light of psychoanalysis, delusion of resurrection is explained in terms of the psychiatric thinking of K. Leonhard."}
{"id": "PMID:905789", "title": "[Don-Juanism. Sexual formation of style as a culture-historical phenomenon and psychiatric problem].", "content": "This is a representation of the developing of \"Don Juan\" from a dramatic figure into a prototype of a particular human behaviour. First was described a general view of the literary dramatic essay on this theme, of the philosophical, psychoanalytic, anthropological, sexual-pathological aspects of the figure of Don Juan and of \"Don Juanism\". Then a case of Don Juanism was discussed. The special characteristic style of sexual behaviour was not seen isolatedly, but was regarded as an expression of a special structure of social behaviour. Finally an attempt was made to depict the different interpretations of the figure of Don Juan within our cultural reach in a common perspective. The interpretation and evaluation of this phenonmenon essentially refer to the anthropological conception of v. Gebsattel and Giese.", "contents": "[Don-Juanism. Sexual formation of style as a culture-historical phenomenon and psychiatric problem]. This is a representation of the developing of \"Don Juan\" from a dramatic figure into a prototype of a particular human behaviour. First was described a general view of the literary dramatic essay on this theme, of the philosophical, psychoanalytic, anthropological, sexual-pathological aspects of the figure of Don Juan and of \"Don Juanism\". Then a case of Don Juanism was discussed. The special characteristic style of sexual behaviour was not seen isolatedly, but was regarded as an expression of a special structure of social behaviour. Finally an attempt was made to depict the different interpretations of the figure of Don Juan within our cultural reach in a common perspective. The interpretation and evaluation of this phenonmenon essentially refer to the anthropological conception of v. Gebsattel and Giese."}
{"id": "PMID:905790", "title": "[Diagnoses in the Camberwell-register, a cumulative psychiatric register of cases].", "content": "The reported investigation indicates that the diagnostic labels applied to mentally ill patients are changed frequently. Of a sample of 100 such patients, 20 received a second diagnosis, differing from the initial one, within 4 weeks, while within 2 years the diagnostic category had been changed for over half the cases. How far these changes reflect the frequency with which psychiatric conditions succeed one another, and how far the extent to which different psychiatrists apply different names to the same clinical picture, remains an open question. It was further established that even a model psychiatric case register such as the Camberwell Register, which is well organized and has highly-experienced staff, could not monitor all diagnostic changes.", "contents": "[Diagnoses in the Camberwell-register, a cumulative psychiatric register of cases]. The reported investigation indicates that the diagnostic labels applied to mentally ill patients are changed frequently. Of a sample of 100 such patients, 20 received a second diagnosis, differing from the initial one, within 4 weeks, while within 2 years the diagnostic category had been changed for over half the cases. How far these changes reflect the frequency with which psychiatric conditions succeed one another, and how far the extent to which different psychiatrists apply different names to the same clinical picture, remains an open question. It was further established that even a model psychiatric case register such as the Camberwell Register, which is well organized and has highly-experienced staff, could not monitor all diagnostic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:905791", "title": "[Mass-hysteria with Koro-symptoms in Thailand].", "content": "Koro, a psychogenic anxiety syndrome interfering with genital body image and sexual functioning, has hitherto been described as occurring mainly in isolated cases of South Chinese males. The present communication reports an epidemic outbreak in November 1976 in Northeastern Thailand where within a few days at least 200 patients, most of them Thai and two-thirds males, were treated at local hospitals. Main presenting symptoms were acute anxiety, in some cases leading to fainting, (subjective) shrinking of the penis and impotency in men, shrinking and/or itching of the external genitals and frigidity in women; further complaints included initial nausea and dizziness, abdominal pains, headaches, facial numbness. All patients recovered after brief symptomatic intervention. Popular opinion and news media echoed the patients' paranoid projection of viewing the epidemic as caused by Vietnamese food and tobacco poisoning in a hideous assault against the sexual vitality and general health of the Thai people, in the context of a specific socio-cultural and politico-historical situation. It appears that an adequate interpretation of Koro and of analogous hysterical symptom formation would have to go beyond the hitherto applied psychoanalytic models by considering the specific sociodynamic factors involved in the pathogenesis of such phenomena.", "contents": "[Mass-hysteria with Koro-symptoms in Thailand]. Koro, a psychogenic anxiety syndrome interfering with genital body image and sexual functioning, has hitherto been described as occurring mainly in isolated cases of South Chinese males. The present communication reports an epidemic outbreak in November 1976 in Northeastern Thailand where within a few days at least 200 patients, most of them Thai and two-thirds males, were treated at local hospitals. Main presenting symptoms were acute anxiety, in some cases leading to fainting, (subjective) shrinking of the penis and impotency in men, shrinking and/or itching of the external genitals and frigidity in women; further complaints included initial nausea and dizziness, abdominal pains, headaches, facial numbness. All patients recovered after brief symptomatic intervention. Popular opinion and news media echoed the patients' paranoid projection of viewing the epidemic as caused by Vietnamese food and tobacco poisoning in a hideous assault against the sexual vitality and general health of the Thai people, in the context of a specific socio-cultural and politico-historical situation. It appears that an adequate interpretation of Koro and of analogous hysterical symptom formation would have to go beyond the hitherto applied psychoanalytic models by considering the specific sociodynamic factors involved in the pathogenesis of such phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:905792", "title": "[Concept determination and classification of the so-called epileptic psychoses].", "content": "Some concepts and classifications of the epileptic psychoses are discussed with special regard to their capacity of being integrated into a multiconditionel view. In epileptics, too, the term of \"psychosis\" should no longer be connected to the axiom of the somatic origin of the psychic syndrome. The term of \"twilight state\" should be reserved to those among the epileptic psychoses which go along with troubles of consciousness. The socalled episodic morbid moods of the epileptics are no more merely to be understood as psychoses of somatic origin. They may as well develop as a psychic reaction. If one conceptualizes the psychic troubles of the epileptics as \"transient syndrome\" (Durchgangssyndrom), as functional psychosis, or as psychosyndrome originating from local or diffuse brain damage, their classification must be limited to the undoubtedly somatogenic psychoses. The term of \"epileptic psychosis\", however, includes the somatogenic, endogenic, as well as the psychogenic psychoses of the patients with epilepsy. The question of the psychogenesis of schizophrenia-like, maniac or depressive psychoses in epileptics until now cannot be answered because the psychosocial patterns which might condition them have not jet been investigated upon. Anyhow, the exclusive psychogenesis of a schizophrenialike epileptic psychosis leaves to be proved.", "contents": "[Concept determination and classification of the so-called epileptic psychoses]. Some concepts and classifications of the epileptic psychoses are discussed with special regard to their capacity of being integrated into a multiconditionel view. In epileptics, too, the term of \"psychosis\" should no longer be connected to the axiom of the somatic origin of the psychic syndrome. The term of \"twilight state\" should be reserved to those among the epileptic psychoses which go along with troubles of consciousness. The socalled episodic morbid moods of the epileptics are no more merely to be understood as psychoses of somatic origin. They may as well develop as a psychic reaction. If one conceptualizes the psychic troubles of the epileptics as \"transient syndrome\" (Durchgangssyndrom), as functional psychosis, or as psychosyndrome originating from local or diffuse brain damage, their classification must be limited to the undoubtedly somatogenic psychoses. The term of \"epileptic psychosis\", however, includes the somatogenic, endogenic, as well as the psychogenic psychoses of the patients with epilepsy. The question of the psychogenesis of schizophrenia-like, maniac or depressive psychoses in epileptics until now cannot be answered because the psychosocial patterns which might condition them have not jet been investigated upon. Anyhow, the exclusive psychogenesis of a schizophrenialike epileptic psychosis leaves to be proved."}
{"id": "PMID:905793", "title": "[The field of suicide. Empirico-statistical study on 3086 examined persons of both sexes and from 2 cultural spheres].", "content": "With the aid of an instrument constructed by the author especially for the purpose, this study examined the suicidal behavior of a representative sample of the normal population (3086 subjects). The results make it possible to describe a suicidal-depressive personality along the dimensions of its basic elements, its accompanying phenomena and consequences, and finally the genetic aspects of depression. The main elements of both the suicide attempt and the suicidal tendency are identical, although they are more intense and clearcut in the suicide attempt. Another noteworthy result of this study is the frequency data: the suicide tendency was found in 15 to 35% of the cases, according to the various sub-groups; and the suicide attempt in 2.5-13%. These percentages lie far above the currently known estimations.", "contents": "[The field of suicide. Empirico-statistical study on 3086 examined persons of both sexes and from 2 cultural spheres]. With the aid of an instrument constructed by the author especially for the purpose, this study examined the suicidal behavior of a representative sample of the normal population (3086 subjects). The results make it possible to describe a suicidal-depressive personality along the dimensions of its basic elements, its accompanying phenomena and consequences, and finally the genetic aspects of depression. The main elements of both the suicide attempt and the suicidal tendency are identical, although they are more intense and clearcut in the suicide attempt. Another noteworthy result of this study is the frequency data: the suicide tendency was found in 15 to 35% of the cases, according to the various sub-groups; and the suicide attempt in 2.5-13%. These percentages lie far above the currently known estimations."}
{"id": "PMID:905794", "title": "[Contact disorders as a problem of the civilized society].", "content": "Emotional chillness of human living together in modern civilized societies is provoking not only an increasing amount of neurotic diseases on the one hand and unsteadiness on the other, but also beyond that some distinct kinds of mental disorders. Psychodynamic sources of those disturbances are discussed, guided by case reports on paranoic reaction, cardiac neurosis, depressive reaction, delusion of being beloved, alcoholism after getting widowed, and paranoid hallucinatory Psychosis as a result of loneliness.", "contents": "[Contact disorders as a problem of the civilized society]. Emotional chillness of human living together in modern civilized societies is provoking not only an increasing amount of neurotic diseases on the one hand and unsteadiness on the other, but also beyond that some distinct kinds of mental disorders. Psychodynamic sources of those disturbances are discussed, guided by case reports on paranoic reaction, cardiac neurosis, depressive reaction, delusion of being beloved, alcoholism after getting widowed, and paranoid hallucinatory Psychosis as a result of loneliness."}
{"id": "PMID:905795", "title": "[Methodology of a long-term study of senile dementia].", "content": "The longitudinal method aims to point out phenomena that are bound with time. It is thus particularly fit for the study of ageing as it is proved by many large American research programs. It is also useful to follow during a limited period (short term) the natural history of pathologic entities as degenerative illnesses. After mentioning the fundamental conditions of any longitudinal approach, the program of this study on senile dementia is described. Each case is followed for 2 years, with an examination every 6 months. This later is based on anamnestic, psychiatric, neurologic and functional items as well as on intellectual functions and EEG. A sample of 50 cases should be collected. After a period of 3 years prospection 91 cases were found of which on 31 fitted. The difficulty of recruitement is bound to several factors: the little knowledge of senile dementia frequency in the general population, the poor criteria used in their choices by non-specialists as the directors of homes, the refusals and the withdrawals. Difficulties in establishing contact with patients showing behavioral troubles are underlined as well as cooperative problems with the surroundings. The repetition, at regular periods, of psychological tests sets the problem of learning. In the way of senile dementia it should decrease with the illness evolution thus bringing the overestimation of initial capacities, the gap becomming artifically greater between performances at the beginning and at the end of the observation.", "contents": "[Methodology of a long-term study of senile dementia]. The longitudinal method aims to point out phenomena that are bound with time. It is thus particularly fit for the study of ageing as it is proved by many large American research programs. It is also useful to follow during a limited period (short term) the natural history of pathologic entities as degenerative illnesses. After mentioning the fundamental conditions of any longitudinal approach, the program of this study on senile dementia is described. Each case is followed for 2 years, with an examination every 6 months. This later is based on anamnestic, psychiatric, neurologic and functional items as well as on intellectual functions and EEG. A sample of 50 cases should be collected. After a period of 3 years prospection 91 cases were found of which on 31 fitted. The difficulty of recruitement is bound to several factors: the little knowledge of senile dementia frequency in the general population, the poor criteria used in their choices by non-specialists as the directors of homes, the refusals and the withdrawals. Difficulties in establishing contact with patients showing behavioral troubles are underlined as well as cooperative problems with the surroundings. The repetition, at regular periods, of psychological tests sets the problem of learning. In the way of senile dementia it should decrease with the illness evolution thus bringing the overestimation of initial capacities, the gap becomming artifically greater between performances at the beginning and at the end of the observation."}
{"id": "PMID:905796", "title": "[Neurologic accidents and oral contraceptives].", "content": "The frequency of cerebrovascular accidents in women taking oral contraceptives (OC) is at the second place after phlebitis of the legs. Arterial infarcts and transient ischaemic attacks are recorded. Their mechanisms are poorly understood. Embolism is likely. In some cases arterial dissecting aneurysms have been demonstrated or are very likely. Venous occlusions may also occur. In many cases headache or transient attacks have occured prior to the major accident. OC have more than 50 metabolic effects among which changes in antithrombin III, in serum lipids, in the chemistry of the arterial wall. Neurological evaluation is mandatory in women taking OC.", "contents": "[Neurologic accidents and oral contraceptives]. The frequency of cerebrovascular accidents in women taking oral contraceptives (OC) is at the second place after phlebitis of the legs. Arterial infarcts and transient ischaemic attacks are recorded. Their mechanisms are poorly understood. Embolism is likely. In some cases arterial dissecting aneurysms have been demonstrated or are very likely. Venous occlusions may also occur. In many cases headache or transient attacks have occured prior to the major accident. OC have more than 50 metabolic effects among which changes in antithrombin III, in serum lipids, in the chemistry of the arterial wall. Neurological evaluation is mandatory in women taking OC."}
{"id": "PMID:905797", "title": "[Cerebrospinal sarcoidosis (with reference to 2 personal cases)].", "content": "Two cases of leptomeningo-cerebro(-spinal) sarcoidosis which were not clinically diagnosed in two women (22 and 33 years old) are described. The two women died because of this disease, 8 months, and 1 1/2 years, resp., after the first manifestation. In the first case there was a largely isolated local affection of the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis. In the second observation, beside an involvement of the bifurcate lymph nodes and of the lungs, it was only the central nervous system that showed massive diffuse changes partially due to a granulomatous angiitis of cerebral and visceral vessels. On the basis of pathohistology, the differential diagnosis to the histiocytosis X for case 1 and to the granulomatous giant cell angiitis for case 2 are discussed.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal sarcoidosis (with reference to 2 personal cases)]. Two cases of leptomeningo-cerebro(-spinal) sarcoidosis which were not clinically diagnosed in two women (22 and 33 years old) are described. The two women died because of this disease, 8 months, and 1 1/2 years, resp., after the first manifestation. In the first case there was a largely isolated local affection of the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis. In the second observation, beside an involvement of the bifurcate lymph nodes and of the lungs, it was only the central nervous system that showed massive diffuse changes partially due to a granulomatous angiitis of cerebral and visceral vessels. On the basis of pathohistology, the differential diagnosis to the histiocytosis X for case 1 and to the granulomatous giant cell angiitis for case 2 are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:905798", "title": "[A case of total hemipherectomy].", "content": "The author described a case of extensive total hemispherectomy extending to the red nucleus, gave a review of the literature of such conditions together with a brief historical review. He analysed in detail the secondary degenerative changes of the nervous tracts within the brainstem. The histological study of the remaining hemisphere, the cerebellum and the membranes revealed the following: 1) a false sub-dural membrane within the surgical space, proliferation of the arachnoidal cells and a granular ependymitis, changes which were interpreted as an attempt to fill the empty space resulting from the operation; 2) an inflammatory meningo-encephalitis with rare intra-nuclear inclusions quite suggestive of a reaction due to a slow virus or of a slow resorptive process. From a clinico-pathological point of view, this case, an almost experimental model, illustrated the possibility that only one hypothalamus would be sufficient to maintain a good hormonal equilibrium.", "contents": "[A case of total hemipherectomy]. The author described a case of extensive total hemispherectomy extending to the red nucleus, gave a review of the literature of such conditions together with a brief historical review. He analysed in detail the secondary degenerative changes of the nervous tracts within the brainstem. The histological study of the remaining hemisphere, the cerebellum and the membranes revealed the following: 1) a false sub-dural membrane within the surgical space, proliferation of the arachnoidal cells and a granular ependymitis, changes which were interpreted as an attempt to fill the empty space resulting from the operation; 2) an inflammatory meningo-encephalitis with rare intra-nuclear inclusions quite suggestive of a reaction due to a slow virus or of a slow resorptive process. From a clinico-pathological point of view, this case, an almost experimental model, illustrated the possibility that only one hypothalamus would be sufficient to maintain a good hormonal equilibrium."}
{"id": "PMID:905800", "title": "Mortality and functional prognosis in a geriatric population.", "content": "The prospects of survival and changes in function (need for care) are evaluated after a two-year period for the 1486 persons resident in the geriatric institution \"De Gamles By\", Copenhagen, on January 15, 1967. It is shown that the logarithm of the survival percentages is approximately a linear function of the time. The prospect of survival is slightly better for the females than for the males because of a significantly higher mortality among the dependent men than among the dependent women. There is no difference as regards sex in the mortality rate for the independent patients (25%). The prospect of survival is poorest in the heavily dependent patients, regardless of sex. Only 5% of the patients were discharged to their homes or transferred to a hospital or some other institution. There was an improvement in the care status, regardless of sex, in 4%, the condition was unchanged in 61%, and there was deterioration in 35% of the 870 patients who survived the two-year period. On the basis of the prospects of surviving whilst waiting for admittance, the saving in institutional places is discussed. The increased need for more accomodation in geriatric institutions is emphasized in order to reduce the unfortunate consequences of the time spent in waiting for admission.", "contents": "Mortality and functional prognosis in a geriatric population. The prospects of survival and changes in function (need for care) are evaluated after a two-year period for the 1486 persons resident in the geriatric institution \"De Gamles By\", Copenhagen, on January 15, 1967. It is shown that the logarithm of the survival percentages is approximately a linear function of the time. The prospect of survival is slightly better for the females than for the males because of a significantly higher mortality among the dependent men than among the dependent women. There is no difference as regards sex in the mortality rate for the independent patients (25%). The prospect of survival is poorest in the heavily dependent patients, regardless of sex. Only 5% of the patients were discharged to their homes or transferred to a hospital or some other institution. There was an improvement in the care status, regardless of sex, in 4%, the condition was unchanged in 61%, and there was deterioration in 35% of the 870 patients who survived the two-year period. On the basis of the prospects of surviving whilst waiting for admittance, the saving in institutional places is discussed. The increased need for more accomodation in geriatric institutions is emphasized in order to reduce the unfortunate consequences of the time spent in waiting for admission."}
{"id": "PMID:905802", "title": "Medical ethics and child abuse.", "content": "The practice of good medical ethics is of particular importance in cases of juvenile maltreatment. In a number of court cases concerning battered children doctors' statements have been presented to the effect that maltreatment has not taken place. In twelve cases reported during the period 1971-75 the doctors' statement was misleading. In each of twelve cases it should have been the doctor's duty to record in his statement that this was a case of child abuse and/or neglect. It appears that as far as the individual doctor was concerned, he often state \"these things should be dealt with by the child welfare authorities\", who in their turn mereley referred to the doctor's statement. It is unlikely that this is maltreatment\", the child welfare officer will reiterate. In six cases this statement was used in court before any evaluation had been made on the basis of the sequence of events. In all twelve cases the doctor had failed to make an adequate examination of the symptoms. It seems as if the doctor was not sufficiently interested in providing evidence of assault. In some cases, even, pathognomonic findings must have been kept secret. Psychological or emotional maltreatment need to be evaluated by a child psychologist who is a practical diagnostician. Injuries arising from physical abuse are most successfully diagnosed on surgical and casualty wards. Pediatricians must be cautious about dismissing diagnoses of maltreatment that have been established by other specialists, especially child psychologists.", "contents": "Medical ethics and child abuse. The practice of good medical ethics is of particular importance in cases of juvenile maltreatment. In a number of court cases concerning battered children doctors' statements have been presented to the effect that maltreatment has not taken place. In twelve cases reported during the period 1971-75 the doctors' statement was misleading. In each of twelve cases it should have been the doctor's duty to record in his statement that this was a case of child abuse and/or neglect. It appears that as far as the individual doctor was concerned, he often state \"these things should be dealt with by the child welfare authorities\", who in their turn mereley referred to the doctor's statement. It is unlikely that this is maltreatment\", the child welfare officer will reiterate. In six cases this statement was used in court before any evaluation had been made on the basis of the sequence of events. In all twelve cases the doctor had failed to make an adequate examination of the symptoms. It seems as if the doctor was not sufficiently interested in providing evidence of assault. In some cases, even, pathognomonic findings must have been kept secret. Psychological or emotional maltreatment need to be evaluated by a child psychologist who is a practical diagnostician. Injuries arising from physical abuse are most successfully diagnosed on surgical and casualty wards. Pediatricians must be cautious about dismissing diagnoses of maltreatment that have been established by other specialists, especially child psychologists."}
{"id": "PMID:905803", "title": "Records based on clinical examination as an indicator of alcohol involvement in injuries at emergency stations.", "content": "Clinical detection of alcohol involvement (AI) and its recording (ethyl sign) in accident patients was evaluated by comparing the ethyl signs with blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) in 1012 injury victims. Of the 337 BAC-positive cases 50% had a positive ethyl sign, while an additional 13% had some reference to alcohol in their patient notes. Thus, the overall recording rate was 63%. Computer analysis of the statistics from the same emergency station revealed positive ethyl signs in 13.5% of all the 44 372 patients in 1973. The drunken victims of falls (44%) and fights & assaults (26%) formed the main bulk (70%) of all drunken injury patients. Ethyl sign was found to be a specific, though not a sensitive, indicator of AI and a useful device for studying the strain alcohol places upon the emergency services, statistically.", "contents": "Records based on clinical examination as an indicator of alcohol involvement in injuries at emergency stations. Clinical detection of alcohol involvement (AI) and its recording (ethyl sign) in accident patients was evaluated by comparing the ethyl signs with blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) in 1012 injury victims. Of the 337 BAC-positive cases 50% had a positive ethyl sign, while an additional 13% had some reference to alcohol in their patient notes. Thus, the overall recording rate was 63%. Computer analysis of the statistics from the same emergency station revealed positive ethyl signs in 13.5% of all the 44 372 patients in 1973. The drunken victims of falls (44%) and fights & assaults (26%) formed the main bulk (70%) of all drunken injury patients. Ethyl sign was found to be a specific, though not a sensitive, indicator of AI and a useful device for studying the strain alcohol places upon the emergency services, statistically."}
{"id": "PMID:905804", "title": "Standard of living, health, and utilization of social and health services. A survey of the population of three districts in Malm\u00f6.", "content": "A survey of the social and medical conditions of the population in three well-defined districts in Malm\u00f6 was made in order to obtain background data for the planning of open care. A random choice was made of 70 households from each of the three residential areas for interview purposes. Available data concerning actual individuals were collected from the social and health authorities. Wide variations existed between the three districts. The inhabitants of Kroksb\u00e4ck, mostly young families with children, were comparatively healthy somatically, whereas many had social problems; mental troubles were common too. In Lorensborg, the inhabitants did not conspicuously deviate from the average, as regards complaints. In Ellstorp, with its elderly population, two in three had impaired health, mostly in the form of somatic complaints; moreover their teeth were in poor condition. One in three of all interviewees had felt ill in some respect during the fortnight preceding the interview, and more than half had some current health problem. Eleven percent of all interviewees had sought medical advice during this fortnight. One in three of the interviewees was using prescribed remedies at the time of the interview. Eleven percent of those in the gainfully employable age range had been sick-listed for some part of the fortnight. The need for a general practitioner service, continuity of care, health centres and integration of social and medical care is discussed.", "contents": "Standard of living, health, and utilization of social and health services. A survey of the population of three districts in Malm\u00f6. A survey of the social and medical conditions of the population in three well-defined districts in Malm\u00f6 was made in order to obtain background data for the planning of open care. A random choice was made of 70 households from each of the three residential areas for interview purposes. Available data concerning actual individuals were collected from the social and health authorities. Wide variations existed between the three districts. The inhabitants of Kroksb\u00e4ck, mostly young families with children, were comparatively healthy somatically, whereas many had social problems; mental troubles were common too. In Lorensborg, the inhabitants did not conspicuously deviate from the average, as regards complaints. In Ellstorp, with its elderly population, two in three had impaired health, mostly in the form of somatic complaints; moreover their teeth were in poor condition. One in three of all interviewees had felt ill in some respect during the fortnight preceding the interview, and more than half had some current health problem. Eleven percent of all interviewees had sought medical advice during this fortnight. One in three of the interviewees was using prescribed remedies at the time of the interview. Eleven percent of those in the gainfully employable age range had been sick-listed for some part of the fortnight. The need for a general practitioner service, continuity of care, health centres and integration of social and medical care is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:905808", "title": "[Serologic-nephelometric method for the detection of allergic reactions to small-molecular drugs using polystyrene sodium particles instead of soluble polystyrene sulfonate sodium as pharmaceutic aids].", "content": "The previously developed two-step method using soluble polystyrene sulfonate-Na for the detection of allergic reactions to small molecular drugs has been replaced by a one-step method using particles of the same substance. The new method is simpler to perform. Particulate polystyrene sulfonate is commercially available. The drug is added in increasing concentrations to diluted serum samples and the light scattering is measured with a highly sensitive nephelometer. Both the specific serum factor in the patient's serum (globulins) and the non-specific factor contained in most fresh human sera are particularly labile.", "contents": "[Serologic-nephelometric method for the detection of allergic reactions to small-molecular drugs using polystyrene sodium particles instead of soluble polystyrene sulfonate sodium as pharmaceutic aids]. The previously developed two-step method using soluble polystyrene sulfonate-Na for the detection of allergic reactions to small molecular drugs has been replaced by a one-step method using particles of the same substance. The new method is simpler to perform. Particulate polystyrene sulfonate is commercially available. The drug is added in increasing concentrations to diluted serum samples and the light scattering is measured with a highly sensitive nephelometer. Both the specific serum factor in the patient's serum (globulins) and the non-specific factor contained in most fresh human sera are particularly labile."}
{"id": "PMID:905809", "title": "[Course, prognosis and therapy of enterococcal meningitis as compared with other streptococcal meningitides].", "content": "Seventy-five cases of enterococcal meningitis and 182 cases of meningitis caused by other streptococci are collected from the literature and discussed. Enterococcal meningitis occurs preferentially in debilitated patients at the extremes of life, i.e. in infants, small children and the elderly sick. Streptococcal meningitis, by contrast, may occur at any age in infected individuals. Enterococcal meningitis not uncommonly occurs in the presence of mixed infections. Residual defects following recovery are found in both forms of the disease even where therapy was apparently adequate.", "contents": "[Course, prognosis and therapy of enterococcal meningitis as compared with other streptococcal meningitides]. Seventy-five cases of enterococcal meningitis and 182 cases of meningitis caused by other streptococci are collected from the literature and discussed. Enterococcal meningitis occurs preferentially in debilitated patients at the extremes of life, i.e. in infants, small children and the elderly sick. Streptococcal meningitis, by contrast, may occur at any age in infected individuals. Enterococcal meningitis not uncommonly occurs in the presence of mixed infections. Residual defects following recovery are found in both forms of the disease even where therapy was apparently adequate."}
{"id": "PMID:905810", "title": "[Bleeding cerebral aneurysm: indication and timing of angiography and surgery].", "content": "Recent experience with cerebral aneurysms suggests that it is unadvisable to abide by the principle that angiography should be delayed for 7-10 days and surgery still longer. There is no hard and fast rule for the timing of angiography and surgery: this must be determined in the light of the clinical condition. The following guideline may prove of help: in cases of slight hemorrhage, angiography with 24 h and operation within the first few days. In suspected intracranial hematoma, emergency angiography and surgery are of course mandatory. Surgical intervention, but not angiography, should be delayed in severe bleeding with lasting disturbance of consciousness, neurologic deficit and markedly bloody cerebrospinal fluid. The prognosis can be improved by rapid diagnosis, proper selection and early operation.", "contents": "[Bleeding cerebral aneurysm: indication and timing of angiography and surgery]. Recent experience with cerebral aneurysms suggests that it is unadvisable to abide by the principle that angiography should be delayed for 7-10 days and surgery still longer. There is no hard and fast rule for the timing of angiography and surgery: this must be determined in the light of the clinical condition. The following guideline may prove of help: in cases of slight hemorrhage, angiography with 24 h and operation within the first few days. In suspected intracranial hematoma, emergency angiography and surgery are of course mandatory. Surgical intervention, but not angiography, should be delayed in severe bleeding with lasting disturbance of consciousness, neurologic deficit and markedly bloody cerebrospinal fluid. The prognosis can be improved by rapid diagnosis, proper selection and early operation."}
{"id": "PMID:905811", "title": "[Prospective study of the 1st 197 endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatographies (ERCP) in Basel (1973-1975)].", "content": "Cannulation of the papilla has been successful in 144 out of 197 ERCPs. The rate of success increases with the experience of the endoscopist. The intended filling of the pancreatic duct was successful in 87%, of the bile ducts in 64% and of both duct systems in 28%. The correct diagnosis was made in 77% of pancreatic affections, 71% of biliary diseases and in 43% when both duct systems had to be evaluated. 10 ERCP findings disagreed with the final diagnosis, mainly because the distinction between acute and chronic pancreatitis was not correct. The differentiation of chronic pancreatitis from pancreatic carcinoma is not easy and the evaluation of processes localized to the papilla may be difficult. Complications occurred in 6.6%. It is concluded that the ERCP should be limited to regional hospital centers and should be performed only in cases with well defined indications.", "contents": "[Prospective study of the 1st 197 endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatographies (ERCP) in Basel (1973-1975)]. Cannulation of the papilla has been successful in 144 out of 197 ERCPs. The rate of success increases with the experience of the endoscopist. The intended filling of the pancreatic duct was successful in 87%, of the bile ducts in 64% and of both duct systems in 28%. The correct diagnosis was made in 77% of pancreatic affections, 71% of biliary diseases and in 43% when both duct systems had to be evaluated. 10 ERCP findings disagreed with the final diagnosis, mainly because the distinction between acute and chronic pancreatitis was not correct. The differentiation of chronic pancreatitis from pancreatic carcinoma is not easy and the evaluation of processes localized to the papilla may be difficult. Complications occurred in 6.6%. It is concluded that the ERCP should be limited to regional hospital centers and should be performed only in cases with well defined indications."}
{"id": "PMID:905813", "title": "[How great is the risk of hepatitis due to travel? Retrospective study in the region of Zurich 1971-1976].", "content": "Between 1971 and May 1976 221 adult persons originating from the region of Zurich (Switzerland) developed acute viral hepatitis within the incubation period after a usually brief trip abroad. In those returning from European countries the ratio of HBsAg positive and negative infections was similar to that in the Canton of Zurich. From other continents the proportion of non-B hepatitis was 66-94%. On the basis of travel statistics the risk of this disease was assessed as highest in West Africa and Mexico; trekkers are especially exposed. The indication and dosage for immunoprophylaxis are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[How great is the risk of hepatitis due to travel? Retrospective study in the region of Zurich 1971-1976]. Between 1971 and May 1976 221 adult persons originating from the region of Zurich (Switzerland) developed acute viral hepatitis within the incubation period after a usually brief trip abroad. In those returning from European countries the ratio of HBsAg positive and negative infections was similar to that in the Canton of Zurich. From other continents the proportion of non-B hepatitis was 66-94%. On the basis of travel statistics the risk of this disease was assessed as highest in West Africa and Mexico; trekkers are especially exposed. The indication and dosage for immunoprophylaxis are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:905815", "title": "[Psychiatric morbidity of patients hospitalized at the internal medicine ward].", "content": "Report on two studies to investigate psychiatric morbidity in patients hospitalized in an internal medicine ward of a distric general hospital. In the first charts of 783 patients hospitalized in 1975 were evaluated retrospectively, while the second study (conducted in 1976) involved clinical assessment by the author of 244 newly admitted patients. A psychiatric diagnosis could be established in some 70% of all patients hospitalized in the internal medicine ward, and the morbidity rate in patients for whom therapy was indicated was 40%. Investigation of the medication utilized on the ward revealed that psychopharmacologic agents (chiefly given as hypnotics) were the most frequently prescribed group of drugs, whereas they were administered to 25% of patients on a regular basis (without indication as hypnotics). These high figures emphasize the need to decentralize psychiatric services and to intergrate psychiatry into internal medicine.", "contents": "[Psychiatric morbidity of patients hospitalized at the internal medicine ward]. Report on two studies to investigate psychiatric morbidity in patients hospitalized in an internal medicine ward of a distric general hospital. In the first charts of 783 patients hospitalized in 1975 were evaluated retrospectively, while the second study (conducted in 1976) involved clinical assessment by the author of 244 newly admitted patients. A psychiatric diagnosis could be established in some 70% of all patients hospitalized in the internal medicine ward, and the morbidity rate in patients for whom therapy was indicated was 40%. Investigation of the medication utilized on the ward revealed that psychopharmacologic agents (chiefly given as hypnotics) were the most frequently prescribed group of drugs, whereas they were administered to 25% of patients on a regular basis (without indication as hypnotics). These high figures emphasize the need to decentralize psychiatric services and to intergrate psychiatry into internal medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:905816", "title": "[Synoviorthesis of finger joints using erbium-169. Parameters influencing the clinical results at middle-term].", "content": "Synoviorthesis of the finger joint with erbium-169 is a beneficial therapeutic procedure which produces reduction of articular pain and swelling in 2/3 of cases. The effect is lasting and shows only slight regression during the first 24 months. However, if the rheumatoid disease is very active, or if the articular lesions are primarily erosive, the results are poorer. No correlation was found between therapeutic results and the radiological findings prior to 169E treatment. Erbium-169 reduces inflammation and leads to progressive articular fibrosis. Any chronic synovitis of interdigital joints resistant to appropriate conventional anti-inflammatory treatment may benefit from radio-synoviorthesis with erbium-169. Erbium-169 synoviorthesis is is technically easy to perform and free of side effects. It is a palliative measure which the authors consider a valuable complement to the classical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Synoviorthesis of finger joints using erbium-169. Parameters influencing the clinical results at middle-term]. Synoviorthesis of the finger joint with erbium-169 is a beneficial therapeutic procedure which produces reduction of articular pain and swelling in 2/3 of cases. The effect is lasting and shows only slight regression during the first 24 months. However, if the rheumatoid disease is very active, or if the articular lesions are primarily erosive, the results are poorer. No correlation was found between therapeutic results and the radiological findings prior to 169E treatment. Erbium-169 reduces inflammation and leads to progressive articular fibrosis. Any chronic synovitis of interdigital joints resistant to appropriate conventional anti-inflammatory treatment may benefit from radio-synoviorthesis with erbium-169. Erbium-169 synoviorthesis is is technically easy to perform and free of side effects. It is a palliative measure which the authors consider a valuable complement to the classical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:905819", "title": "Consequences of detergent pollution of the sea: effects on regenerating sponge cubes of Geodia cydonium.", "content": "Regenerating cubes of the sponge Geodia cydonium cyconium were used as a model in the investigation of detergent pollution in the sea. The anionic detergent sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) and a 1:1 mixture of Faks and Radion, two commercial laundry detergents, were used in the concentration range from 1 X 10(-9) g/ml (1 ppb) to 1 X 10(-5) g/ml. It is shown that SDS is taken up, weakly accumulated but not incorporated into the macromolecular fractions of the sponge. At concentrations of 0.1 ppm and above, SDS decreases the uptake of thymidine, uridine and phenylalanine into the acid-soluble sponge fraction. Their incorporation into the acid insoluble fractions, which have been isolated, was different from the controls at 10 ppb and higher levels. Faks and Radion were less active by a factor of 10. However, they showed similar effects. The chemical composition of the regenerating sponge cubes with respect to DNA, RNA and protein content has been evaluated. The alterations are less pronounced on detergent incubation than precursor uptake. The use of the cetyltrimethyl-ammoniumbromide-turbidity-dilution technique reveals drastic qualitative changes in the nucleic acid fractions. The relevant literature on biological effects of detergent is listed. It is shown that this investigation extends the scale of known effects far into the low and pollution-relevant concentration levels.", "contents": "Consequences of detergent pollution of the sea: effects on regenerating sponge cubes of Geodia cydonium. Regenerating cubes of the sponge Geodia cydonium cyconium were used as a model in the investigation of detergent pollution in the sea. The anionic detergent sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) and a 1:1 mixture of Faks and Radion, two commercial laundry detergents, were used in the concentration range from 1 X 10(-9) g/ml (1 ppb) to 1 X 10(-5) g/ml. It is shown that SDS is taken up, weakly accumulated but not incorporated into the macromolecular fractions of the sponge. At concentrations of 0.1 ppm and above, SDS decreases the uptake of thymidine, uridine and phenylalanine into the acid-soluble sponge fraction. Their incorporation into the acid insoluble fractions, which have been isolated, was different from the controls at 10 ppb and higher levels. Faks and Radion were less active by a factor of 10. However, they showed similar effects. The chemical composition of the regenerating sponge cubes with respect to DNA, RNA and protein content has been evaluated. The alterations are less pronounced on detergent incubation than precursor uptake. The use of the cetyltrimethyl-ammoniumbromide-turbidity-dilution technique reveals drastic qualitative changes in the nucleic acid fractions. The relevant literature on biological effects of detergent is listed. It is shown that this investigation extends the scale of known effects far into the low and pollution-relevant concentration levels."}
{"id": "PMID:905820", "title": "Rapid flameless atomic absorption analysis of the metallic content of sewage sludges. I. Lead, cadmium and copper.", "content": "The application of flameless atomic absorption analysis to the determination of cadmium, copper, and lead in sewage sludges is described. The technique is sensitive and very rapid, since the normal lengthy sample pre-treatment has been virtually eliminated. The method can be potentially extended to a large range of metals in all types of sludges.", "contents": "Rapid flameless atomic absorption analysis of the metallic content of sewage sludges. I. Lead, cadmium and copper. The application of flameless atomic absorption analysis to the determination of cadmium, copper, and lead in sewage sludges is described. The technique is sensitive and very rapid, since the normal lengthy sample pre-treatment has been virtually eliminated. The method can be potentially extended to a large range of metals in all types of sludges."}
{"id": "PMID:905821", "title": "Effect of food deprivation on low level hexachlorobenzene exposure in rats.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine if food deprivation could modify the biological activity of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the rat. Male and female Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups containing 6 animals. Groups 1, 3 and 5 were fed standard control diet ad libitum for 2 weeks. For the next 4 weeks their respective diets contained 0, 20 and 100 ppm HCB. Groups 2, 4 and 6 were also fed a standard control diet for 2 weeks but at an intake of approximately 50% of those groups fed ad libitum. For the following 4 weeks food deprivation was continued but the control diets were replaced with diets  containing 0, 40 or 200 ppm HCB. The parameters measured were food, body weight changes, changes in tissue weights, microsomal enzyme activity and histopathology of liver, kidneys, adrenals and pancreas. Tissue residue profiles were established for plasma, liver, brain and adrenals. Food deprivation augmented the induction of microsomal enzyme activity by HCB in both males and females at both dose levels. Liver hypertrophy was observed in both males and females fed 200 ppm HCB and subjected to food libitum. Food deprivation resulted in a higher plasma, liver, brain and adrenal accumulation of HCB in both males and females.", "contents": "Effect of food deprivation on low level hexachlorobenzene exposure in rats. The purpose of the present study was to determine if food deprivation could modify the biological activity of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the rat. Male and female Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups containing 6 animals. Groups 1, 3 and 5 were fed standard control diet ad libitum for 2 weeks. For the next 4 weeks their respective diets contained 0, 20 and 100 ppm HCB. Groups 2, 4 and 6 were also fed a standard control diet for 2 weeks but at an intake of approximately 50% of those groups fed ad libitum. For the following 4 weeks food deprivation was continued but the control diets were replaced with diets  containing 0, 40 or 200 ppm HCB. The parameters measured were food, body weight changes, changes in tissue weights, microsomal enzyme activity and histopathology of liver, kidneys, adrenals and pancreas. Tissue residue profiles were established for plasma, liver, brain and adrenals. Food deprivation augmented the induction of microsomal enzyme activity by HCB in both males and females at both dose levels. Liver hypertrophy was observed in both males and females fed 200 ppm HCB and subjected to food libitum. Food deprivation resulted in a higher plasma, liver, brain and adrenal accumulation of HCB in both males and females."}
{"id": "PMID:905823", "title": "Bovine protoporphyria: the first nonhuman model of this hereditary photosensitizing disease.", "content": "Protoporphyria, a photosensitizing disease documented only in humans, was transmitted as a recessive trait to seven female calves. Cutaneous lesions were extensive, and erythrocyte and fecal protoporphyrin concentrations exceeded by far those of human protoporphyria. Average ferrochelatase activity was decreased to one-half of normal in the liver of carriers, and to about one-tenth of normal in liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, and marrow of protoporphyrics.", "contents": "Bovine protoporphyria: the first nonhuman model of this hereditary photosensitizing disease. Protoporphyria, a photosensitizing disease documented only in humans, was transmitted as a recessive trait to seven female calves. Cutaneous lesions were extensive, and erythrocyte and fecal protoporphyrin concentrations exceeded by far those of human protoporphyria. Average ferrochelatase activity was decreased to one-half of normal in the liver of carriers, and to about one-tenth of normal in liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, and marrow of protoporphyrics."}
{"id": "PMID:905824", "title": "Early development of X-cells in kitten lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "Lateral geniculate nucleus cells of the kitten were classified as X-cells or Y-cells with a contrast reversal test and their latencies to optic chiasm shock were measured. X-cells with mature latencies were found as early as 21 days. Y-cells did not have adult latencies at 40 days. The early development of some X-cells may be due to differential rates of fiber myelination and synaptic maturation within the lateral geniculate nucleus.", "contents": "Early development of X-cells in kitten lateral geniculate nucleus. Lateral geniculate nucleus cells of the kitten were classified as X-cells or Y-cells with a contrast reversal test and their latencies to optic chiasm shock were measured. X-cells with mature latencies were found as early as 21 days. Y-cells did not have adult latencies at 40 days. The early development of some X-cells may be due to differential rates of fiber myelination and synaptic maturation within the lateral geniculate nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:905825", "title": "Hair element content in learning disabled children.", "content": "Hair samples from 31 learning disabled and 22 normal children were analyzed for content of 14 elements. Significant group differences were determined and a discriminant function was completed which separated the groups with 98 per cent accuracy. Elevated lead and cadmium content in the learning disabled group is viewed as being of particular importance.", "contents": "Hair element content in learning disabled children. Hair samples from 31 learning disabled and 22 normal children were analyzed for content of 14 elements. Significant group differences were determined and a discriminant function was completed which separated the groups with 98 per cent accuracy. Elevated lead and cadmium content in the learning disabled group is viewed as being of particular importance."}
{"id": "PMID:905907", "title": "Acceleration patterns of the fetal heart rate before and during labour.", "content": "In infants in whom accelerations of the fetal heart rate were present during the first stage of labour, the incidence of low Apgar scores was significantly less than in those in whom accelerations were not present. Absence of acceleration patterns during the contraction stress test (CST) was associated with a lower birth weight. In patients in whom acceleration patterns were observed during a positive CST, fetal distress occurred in the minority of subsequent labours. When accelerations as well as late decelerations are observed during a CST, the possibility of a false positive test should be excluded.", "contents": "Acceleration patterns of the fetal heart rate before and during labour. In infants in whom accelerations of the fetal heart rate were present during the first stage of labour, the incidence of low Apgar scores was significantly less than in those in whom accelerations were not present. Absence of acceleration patterns during the contraction stress test (CST) was associated with a lower birth weight. In patients in whom acceleration patterns were observed during a positive CST, fetal distress occurred in the minority of subsequent labours. When accelerations as well as late decelerations are observed during a CST, the possibility of a false positive test should be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:905908", "title": "Intra-uterine temperature measurements during fetal tachycardia.", "content": "Intra-uterine and oral temperatures were recorded in 23 patients with fetal tachycardia during labour, as well as in 22 patients without fetal tachycardia. In the tachycardia group, the mean intra-uterine temperature was 38,83 degrees C, against 37,44 degrees C in the control group. The oral temperatures were 38,05 degrees C and 33,98 degrees C respectively. Furthermore, a high incidence of neonatal infections occurred in the tachycardia group--11 against 1 in the control group. To distinguish infection from other causes of fetal tachycardia, intra-uterine temperature measurements could be applied as a diagnostic aid.", "contents": "Intra-uterine temperature measurements during fetal tachycardia. Intra-uterine and oral temperatures were recorded in 23 patients with fetal tachycardia during labour, as well as in 22 patients without fetal tachycardia. In the tachycardia group, the mean intra-uterine temperature was 38,83 degrees C, against 37,44 degrees C in the control group. The oral temperatures were 38,05 degrees C and 33,98 degrees C respectively. Furthermore, a high incidence of neonatal infections occurred in the tachycardia group--11 against 1 in the control group. To distinguish infection from other causes of fetal tachycardia, intra-uterine temperature measurements could be applied as a diagnostic aid."}
{"id": "PMID:905909", "title": "Colposcopy and selective biopsy in patients with abnormal cervical cytology.", "content": "Patients with atypical or positive findings on cervical cytology should be referred to a special colposcopy clinic as the next step in investigation. Colposcopy complements cytology, and when combined with selective biopsy of the worst-affected area allows a high level of diagnostic accuracy (90,7%). The necessity for diagnostic conization with its risks is markedly reduced. When all three modalities were used in combination, only 0,7% of invasive cancers were missed.", "contents": "Colposcopy and selective biopsy in patients with abnormal cervical cytology. Patients with atypical or positive findings on cervical cytology should be referred to a special colposcopy clinic as the next step in investigation. Colposcopy complements cytology, and when combined with selective biopsy of the worst-affected area allows a high level of diagnostic accuracy (90,7%). The necessity for diagnostic conization with its risks is markedly reduced. When all three modalities were used in combination, only 0,7% of invasive cancers were missed."}
{"id": "PMID:905910", "title": "Complications and outcome of induced labour.", "content": "One thousand and twenty-two induced labours are reviewed retrospectively. The incidence of induction of labour differed significantly in the various ethnic groups. Hypertension was the major indication and labour was successfully induced in 95,4% of patients. One-fifth of induced labours ended in caesarean section. The major complications associated with induction, fetal distress, cephalopelvic disproportion and hypertonic uterine inertia, and preventable. The perinatal loss associated with induction is mainly due to factors not related to induction per se.", "contents": "Complications and outcome of induced labour. One thousand and twenty-two induced labours are reviewed retrospectively. The incidence of induction of labour differed significantly in the various ethnic groups. Hypertension was the major indication and labour was successfully induced in 95,4% of patients. One-fifth of induced labours ended in caesarean section. The major complications associated with induction, fetal distress, cephalopelvic disproportion and hypertonic uterine inertia, and preventable. The perinatal loss associated with induction is mainly due to factors not related to induction per se."}
{"id": "PMID:905911", "title": "The effect of furosemide on serum prolactin levels in the postpartum period.", "content": "Furosemide, in combination with breast binding and milk fluid restriction, seems to inhibit postpartum lactation effectively, but has no effect in reducing serum prolactin levels. Inhibition of milk secretion must therefore be mediated by other mechanisms.", "contents": "The effect of furosemide on serum prolactin levels in the postpartum period. Furosemide, in combination with breast binding and milk fluid restriction, seems to inhibit postpartum lactation effectively, but has no effect in reducing serum prolactin levels. Inhibition of milk secretion must therefore be mediated by other mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:905912", "title": "Plasma hormone levels, cervical mucus, and vaginal cytology in normal pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma oestradiol (E2), oestriol (E3), progesterone (P), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and human placental lactogen (HPL) levels, karyopyknotic index (KPI) and cervical mucus pattern were studied serially throughout pregnancy in 17 normal women. Hormonal patterns were similar to those reported by previous investigators. The P/E2 and P/E3 ratios were high in the first trimester but remained constant thereafter until term. There was no consistent change in E2, E3, and P levels and in P/E2 and P/E3 ratios in relation to onset of labour. With 2 exceptions, the cervical mucus and vaginal cytology were normal for pregnancy. The study provides a basis for a subsequent investigation into hormonal changes in threatened and recurrent abortions and the effect of treatment with HCG.", "contents": "Plasma hormone levels, cervical mucus, and vaginal cytology in normal pregnancy. Plasma oestradiol (E2), oestriol (E3), progesterone (P), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and human placental lactogen (HPL) levels, karyopyknotic index (KPI) and cervical mucus pattern were studied serially throughout pregnancy in 17 normal women. Hormonal patterns were similar to those reported by previous investigators. The P/E2 and P/E3 ratios were high in the first trimester but remained constant thereafter until term. There was no consistent change in E2, E3, and P levels and in P/E2 and P/E3 ratios in relation to onset of labour. With 2 exceptions, the cervical mucus and vaginal cytology were normal for pregnancy. The study provides a basis for a subsequent investigation into hormonal changes in threatened and recurrent abortions and the effect of treatment with HCG."}
{"id": "PMID:905913", "title": "Age patterns of Tswana women with carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "We report the results of the cervical cytology studies done on 6 756 initial smears of Tswana women in the newly established cytology laboratory at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital. We have detected a high incidence of positive smears (31 per 1 000), a figure which is among the highest in the recorded literature. We also emphasize that the age patterns (profiles) of Tswana women with carcinoma of the cervix present a shift to the left in comparison with results of similar studies in Black or White population groups, and that there is immense benefit to be gained by the expansion of cytology laboratories.", "contents": "Age patterns of Tswana women with carcinoma of the cervix. We report the results of the cervical cytology studies done on 6 756 initial smears of Tswana women in the newly established cytology laboratory at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital. We have detected a high incidence of positive smears (31 per 1 000), a figure which is among the highest in the recorded literature. We also emphasize that the age patterns (profiles) of Tswana women with carcinoma of the cervix present a shift to the left in comparison with results of similar studies in Black or White population groups, and that there is immense benefit to be gained by the expansion of cytology laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:905915", "title": "Phaeochromocytoma and pregnancy: a case report.", "content": "A case of maternal death associated with phaeochromocytoma is reported. Diagnostic difficulty and the poor maternal and fetal prognosis are discussed. A note of caution about inadvertent use of sympathomimetic agents in such patients is included in the discussion.", "contents": "Phaeochromocytoma and pregnancy: a case report. A case of maternal death associated with phaeochromocytoma is reported. Diagnostic difficulty and the poor maternal and fetal prognosis are discussed. A note of caution about inadvertent use of sympathomimetic agents in such patients is included in the discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:905916", "title": "Spurious primary amenorrhoea: a case report.", "content": "An unusual case of 'primary amenorrhoea' is described, in which clinical, cytogenetic, biochemical and hormonal features were all normal. Failure to obtain withdrawal uterine bleeding after therapy with a combined oestrogen/progestagen preparation, together with the finding of normal cyclical oestrogen and progesterone secretion, the latter reaching normal luteal phase levels, strongly suggested end-organ (endometrial) failure. However, 6 weeks after a searching interview by one of us (H.C.), during which sufficient evidence was uncovered to implicate major emotional factors as contributing to her state of amenorrhoea, the patient began menstruating and has menstruated regularly ever since. It is likely that the patient denied the existence of her menstrua and that the term 'spurious' primary amenorrhoea would most appropriately described this condition.", "contents": "Spurious primary amenorrhoea: a case report. An unusual case of 'primary amenorrhoea' is described, in which clinical, cytogenetic, biochemical and hormonal features were all normal. Failure to obtain withdrawal uterine bleeding after therapy with a combined oestrogen/progestagen preparation, together with the finding of normal cyclical oestrogen and progesterone secretion, the latter reaching normal luteal phase levels, strongly suggested end-organ (endometrial) failure. However, 6 weeks after a searching interview by one of us (H.C.), during which sufficient evidence was uncovered to implicate major emotional factors as contributing to her state of amenorrhoea, the patient began menstruating and has menstruated regularly ever since. It is likely that the patient denied the existence of her menstrua and that the term 'spurious' primary amenorrhoea would most appropriately described this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:905917", "title": "Feline brain abscesses due to Cladosporium trichoides.", "content": "Cladosporium trichoides was isolated from brain abscesses of two cats. No obvious route of entry was found in either case. The brain was the only organ cultured. No other significant lesions were observed during necropsy. These are the first reported cases of such infection in animals.", "contents": "Feline brain abscesses due to Cladosporium trichoides. Cladosporium trichoides was isolated from brain abscesses of two cats. No obvious route of entry was found in either case. The brain was the only organ cultured. No other significant lesions were observed during necropsy. These are the first reported cases of such infection in animals."}
{"id": "PMID:905918", "title": "Mycotic keratitis due to Rhizoctonia sp.", "content": "A case of mycotic keratitis due to Rhizoctonia sp. is reported for the first time. Fungal hyphae were detected in corneal scrapings and cultures were found positive for Rhizoctonia sp. on two occasions. Species could not be identified and it has been disposed in Herb. IMI as Rhizoctonia sp. (IMI 200029). The isolate grew faster at 37 degrees C than at 28 degrees C and its pathogenicity was established in rabbit's eye.", "contents": "Mycotic keratitis due to Rhizoctonia sp. A case of mycotic keratitis due to Rhizoctonia sp. is reported for the first time. Fungal hyphae were detected in corneal scrapings and cultures were found positive for Rhizoctonia sp. on two occasions. Species could not be identified and it has been disposed in Herb. IMI as Rhizoctonia sp. (IMI 200029). The isolate grew faster at 37 degrees C than at 28 degrees C and its pathogenicity was established in rabbit's eye."}
{"id": "PMID:905919", "title": "Protothecosis of Atlantic salmon.", "content": "The organism causing sporadic outbreaks of a visceral disease of salmon parr in fresh water stocks of a fish farm was identified by histological examination as a Prototheca species. Cultures confirmed the diagnosis and the organism, which does not conform to the characteristics of known Prototheca spp., is described as a new species Prothotheca salmonis.", "contents": "Protothecosis of Atlantic salmon. The organism causing sporadic outbreaks of a visceral disease of salmon parr in fresh water stocks of a fish farm was identified by histological examination as a Prototheca species. Cultures confirmed the diagnosis and the organism, which does not conform to the characteristics of known Prototheca spp., is described as a new species Prothotheca salmonis."}
{"id": "PMID:905920", "title": "Cutaneous infection in man caused by Fusarium moniliforme.", "content": "Fusarium moniliforme was isolated from a pustular lesion on the hand of an otherwise healthy male. Branching hyphae were seen in pus stained by the periodic acid-Schiff method. Pustular lesions containing branching hyphae were produced in mice after subcutaneous injection of microconidia. The experimental infection in mice and the naturally occurring lesion in man healed without treatment in 1 to 2 weeks. Although production of catenulate microconida was abundant on several common laboratory media, the characteristic macroconidia of F. moniliforme were produced only on barley-pea-rice straw agar.", "contents": "Cutaneous infection in man caused by Fusarium moniliforme. Fusarium moniliforme was isolated from a pustular lesion on the hand of an otherwise healthy male. Branching hyphae were seen in pus stained by the periodic acid-Schiff method. Pustular lesions containing branching hyphae were produced in mice after subcutaneous injection of microconidia. The experimental infection in mice and the naturally occurring lesion in man healed without treatment in 1 to 2 weeks. Although production of catenulate microconida was abundant on several common laboratory media, the characteristic macroconidia of F. moniliforme were produced only on barley-pea-rice straw agar."}
{"id": "PMID:905921", "title": "Skin and nail infection by Scytalidium hyalinum sp. nov.", "content": "Eight cases of fungal infection are described in which an arthrosporic hyphomycete has been isolated from patients of Jamaican and West African origin. In most cases the organism was the only one isolated and in one case it was isolated 3 times over a 5 month period. The fungus is described as a new species of Scytalidium (S. hyalinum).", "contents": "Skin and nail infection by Scytalidium hyalinum sp. nov. Eight cases of fungal infection are described in which an arthrosporic hyphomycete has been isolated from patients of Jamaican and West African origin. In most cases the organism was the only one isolated and in one case it was isolated 3 times over a 5 month period. The fungus is described as a new species of Scytalidium (S. hyalinum)."}
{"id": "PMID:905922", "title": "[Foot mycetoma of double etiology].", "content": "A patient coming from an area of dry tropical forest was studied. This patient had in his right foot two tumor-like growths localized, one in the anterior and superior part of the foot, the other near the malleoli. From the first tumor, light-colored grains were obtained, and Actinomadura madurae was cultured. From the tumor near the malleoli only black grains were isolated from which a Pyrenochaeta sp. was cultured.", "contents": "[Foot mycetoma of double etiology]. A patient coming from an area of dry tropical forest was studied. This patient had in his right foot two tumor-like growths localized, one in the anterior and superior part of the foot, the other near the malleoli. From the first tumor, light-colored grains were obtained, and Actinomadura madurae was cultured. From the tumor near the malleoli only black grains were isolated from which a Pyrenochaeta sp. was cultured."}
{"id": "PMID:905923", "title": "Phospholipid turnover in Trichophyton rubrum.", "content": "Phospholipid synthesis, interconversion and breakdown in T. rubrum were followed by radioactive tracer. Synthesis and catabolism of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine are most rapid; phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol are metabolised rather slowly. Catabolism of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine are uniform and their conversions to phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol are suspected.", "contents": "Phospholipid turnover in Trichophyton rubrum. Phospholipid synthesis, interconversion and breakdown in T. rubrum were followed by radioactive tracer. Synthesis and catabolism of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine are most rapid; phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol are metabolised rather slowly. Catabolism of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine are uniform and their conversions to phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol are suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:905943", "title": "Studies of the characteristics of AFDC recipients.", "content": "Recently the Social Security Administration was given responsibility for the administration of the aid to families with dependent children (AFDC) program. The major source of national data describing AFDC recipients is a series of studies of the families that receive payments under the program. Eleven such studies have been conducted on an intermittent basis since the program began in 1936. The surveys have been made biennially since 1967 and have resulted in microdata files available for analytical purposes. Results of the study conducted for the May 1975 caseload indicate that AFDC families are becoming smaller, shifting from bigger cities to smaller ones, are likely to be headed by a woman, and are more likely to be white than black.", "contents": "Studies of the characteristics of AFDC recipients. Recently the Social Security Administration was given responsibility for the administration of the aid to families with dependent children (AFDC) program. The major source of national data describing AFDC recipients is a series of studies of the families that receive payments under the program. Eleven such studies have been conducted on an intermittent basis since the program began in 1936. The surveys have been made biennially since 1967 and have resulted in microdata files available for analytical purposes. Results of the study conducted for the May 1975 caseload indicate that AFDC families are becoming smaller, shifting from bigger cities to smaller ones, are likely to be headed by a woman, and are more likely to be white than black."}
{"id": "PMID:905944", "title": "Beneficiaries affected by annual earnings test in 1973.", "content": "Every year a number of social security beneficiaries under age 72 lose some or all of their benefits because of the annual earnings test. This article describes those affected in 1973--who they were, how much they earned, and how much they lost in cash benefits. The relationships between certain beneficiary characteristics--such as age, sex, race, primary insurance amount, and family status--and the amount of earnings and lost benefits are examined. About 1.4 million retired workers aged 62-71, or nearly one-sixth of all such persons on the rolls, were affected by the earnings test. Relatively fewer women retired workers than men incurred benefit losses because relatively fewer women worked and those who did had lower earnings. Black retired workers and those of other minority races had lower earnings than did their white counterparts. About 400,000 dependent and survivor beneficiaries lost benefits because of their earnings. This total included more than 150,000 widowed mothers, or about one-fourth of all such women on the rolls.", "contents": "Beneficiaries affected by annual earnings test in 1973. Every year a number of social security beneficiaries under age 72 lose some or all of their benefits because of the annual earnings test. This article describes those affected in 1973--who they were, how much they earned, and how much they lost in cash benefits. The relationships between certain beneficiary characteristics--such as age, sex, race, primary insurance amount, and family status--and the amount of earnings and lost benefits are examined. About 1.4 million retired workers aged 62-71, or nearly one-sixth of all such persons on the rolls, were affected by the earnings test. Relatively fewer women retired workers than men incurred benefit losses because relatively fewer women worked and those who did had lower earnings. Black retired workers and those of other minority races had lower earnings than did their white counterparts. About 400,000 dependent and survivor beneficiaries lost benefits because of their earnings. This total included more than 150,000 widowed mothers, or about one-fourth of all such women on the rolls."}
{"id": "PMID:905945", "title": "What can we learn from the visual care system of the British National Health Service?", "content": "The development of the British National Health Service over the past three decades is described, with particular emphasis on delivery of eye care. Differences between the British and American systems are discussed with consideration of the general political, philosophical and socioeconomic conditions of both countries.", "contents": "What can we learn from the visual care system of the British National Health Service? The development of the British National Health Service over the past three decades is described, with particular emphasis on delivery of eye care. Differences between the British and American systems are discussed with consideration of the general political, philosophical and socioeconomic conditions of both countries."}
{"id": "PMID:906002", "title": "[Assessment of bacterial counts in the meat-processing industry. III. The Stomacher method and the spiral plate method].", "content": "Two aids in the assessment of bacterial counts were evaluated. The Colworth-Stomacher technique is a reliable alternative to the relatively more expensive and more labour-intensive blendor method of homogenizing meat. In the suspensions obtained by the two methods, equally high bacterial counts were observed. The Spiral plate method provides equally high numbers of bacteria as does the pour-plate method, and reproducibility of the results is identical. In counting the total number of aerobic bacteria, the two methods show a very high correlation: r = 0.99.", "contents": "[Assessment of bacterial counts in the meat-processing industry. III. The Stomacher method and the spiral plate method]. Two aids in the assessment of bacterial counts were evaluated. The Colworth-Stomacher technique is a reliable alternative to the relatively more expensive and more labour-intensive blendor method of homogenizing meat. In the suspensions obtained by the two methods, equally high bacterial counts were observed. The Spiral plate method provides equally high numbers of bacteria as does the pour-plate method, and reproducibility of the results is identical. In counting the total number of aerobic bacteria, the two methods show a very high correlation: r = 0.99."}
{"id": "PMID:906003", "title": "[Entropion in newborn lambs. A simple method of treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Entropion in newborn lambs apparently is hereditary and not due to blepharospasm, as it is believed to be in dogs in some cases. A simple method of treatment is described: a wound clip measuring 14 mm. is applied parallel to the margin of the affected eyelid.", "contents": "[Entropion in newborn lambs. A simple method of treatment (author's transl)]. Entropion in newborn lambs apparently is hereditary and not due to blepharospasm, as it is believed to be in dogs in some cases. A simple method of treatment is described: a wound clip measuring 14 mm. is applied parallel to the margin of the affected eyelid."}
{"id": "PMID:906004", "title": "[A simple and reliable test for creatinine in small animal practice (author's transl)].", "content": "Three simple photometers were tested for their suitability to determine concentrations of creatinine in small animal practice. Combination of the photometers with a \"cuvette test\" produced satisfactory results on comparison with a reliable reference method.", "contents": "[A simple and reliable test for creatinine in small animal practice (author's transl)]. Three simple photometers were tested for their suitability to determine concentrations of creatinine in small animal practice. Combination of the photometers with a \"cuvette test\" produced satisfactory results on comparison with a reliable reference method."}
{"id": "PMID:906005", "title": "[Toxocariasis in calves. Recent diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Toxocara vitulorum, a parasite of suckling calves, was again diagnosed in Belgium in imported cattle of French origin. The infectious larvae are present in the milk and colostrum; they do not undergo further migration in the tissues of calves. This form of transmammary migration is not specific of T. vitulorum, but was also reported in S. ransomi in pigs. Treatment with levamisole at a dosage of 5 mg/kg results in complete disappearance of the worms. In addition to the cycles, the elements of a specific parasitological diagnosis are also described.", "contents": "[Toxocariasis in calves. Recent diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)]. Toxocara vitulorum, a parasite of suckling calves, was again diagnosed in Belgium in imported cattle of French origin. The infectious larvae are present in the milk and colostrum; they do not undergo further migration in the tissues of calves. This form of transmammary migration is not specific of T. vitulorum, but was also reported in S. ransomi in pigs. Treatment with levamisole at a dosage of 5 mg/kg results in complete disappearance of the worms. In addition to the cycles, the elements of a specific parasitological diagnosis are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:906006", "title": "[Water regulation in slaughter-houses and meat works. Showering pigs intended for slaughter (author's transl)].", "content": "On a number of relatively cold and hot days, the effect of showering pigs in the pens of a pig slaughter-house was studied. During the resting period of approximately two hours, 50 per cent of a group of 459 pigs were showered and the other 50 per cent were not. The situation in the pens, the variations in body temperature and the quality of the pork were determined. It can be concluded that showering pigs intended for slaughter in pens using water of approximately 13 degrees C: -- reduces pollution in the slaughter line; -- results in a significant decrease in body temperature; -- reduces the number of animals showing an abnormal quality of the pork on hot days. Showering has a less beneficial and occasionally even adverse effect on the quality of the pork on cold days.", "contents": "[Water regulation in slaughter-houses and meat works. Showering pigs intended for slaughter (author's transl)]. On a number of relatively cold and hot days, the effect of showering pigs in the pens of a pig slaughter-house was studied. During the resting period of approximately two hours, 50 per cent of a group of 459 pigs were showered and the other 50 per cent were not. The situation in the pens, the variations in body temperature and the quality of the pork were determined. It can be concluded that showering pigs intended for slaughter in pens using water of approximately 13 degrees C: -- reduces pollution in the slaughter line; -- results in a significant decrease in body temperature; -- reduces the number of animals showing an abnormal quality of the pork on hot days. Showering has a less beneficial and occasionally even adverse effect on the quality of the pork on cold days."}
{"id": "PMID:906007", "title": "[The use of routine testing for pregnancy in sows using ultrasonic apparatus (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of a method by which routine tests for pregnancy can be performed in sows at an early stage using ultrasonic apparatus. A calculation model based on field studies shows that this method of testing used as a routine procedure is mainly of importance on those pig-breeding farms on which the quality of fertility is doubtful.", "contents": "[The use of routine testing for pregnancy in sows using ultrasonic apparatus (author's transl)]. Description of a method by which routine tests for pregnancy can be performed in sows at an early stage using ultrasonic apparatus. A calculation model based on field studies shows that this method of testing used as a routine procedure is mainly of importance on those pig-breeding farms on which the quality of fertility is doubtful."}
{"id": "PMID:906012", "title": "Fine structure of the golgi complex during mitosis of cartilaginous cells in vitro.", "content": "Chondrocytes were isolated enzymatically from guinea-pig epiphyses and grown in vitro. The fate of the Golgi complex during mitosis in relation to changes in the cytoplasmic microtubules was then studied by transmission electron microscopy. Interphase cells were observed to be polarized, with the Golgi complex occupying a well-defined juxtanuclear area of the cell's cytoplasmic pole. During prophase the cytoplasmic microtublues were largely lost, the nucleus moved to the center of the cell and the Golgi complex dissolved into single dictyosomes spread diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. The distribution of other organelles also changed to a more random pattern. In telophase, i.e. after the completion of nuclear division, the mitotic spindle decomposed and cytoplasmic microtubules reappeared. Furthermore, the organization of the Golgi complex and other organelles returned to that characteristic of interphase cells. Previous studies on cells treated with colchicine have indicated that the polarized distribution of cell organelles is dependent on the presence of intact cytoplasmic microtubules. It is suggested that the disappearance of such tubules observed here to be coupled with the disorganization of cell interphase structure fulfills the double function of providing free tubulin units from which to build the mitotic spindle and ensuring an approximately equal distribution of dictyosomes and other organelles to the daughter cells during cytokinesis.", "contents": "Fine structure of the golgi complex during mitosis of cartilaginous cells in vitro. Chondrocytes were isolated enzymatically from guinea-pig epiphyses and grown in vitro. The fate of the Golgi complex during mitosis in relation to changes in the cytoplasmic microtubules was then studied by transmission electron microscopy. Interphase cells were observed to be polarized, with the Golgi complex occupying a well-defined juxtanuclear area of the cell's cytoplasmic pole. During prophase the cytoplasmic microtublues were largely lost, the nucleus moved to the center of the cell and the Golgi complex dissolved into single dictyosomes spread diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. The distribution of other organelles also changed to a more random pattern. In telophase, i.e. after the completion of nuclear division, the mitotic spindle decomposed and cytoplasmic microtubules reappeared. Furthermore, the organization of the Golgi complex and other organelles returned to that characteristic of interphase cells. Previous studies on cells treated with colchicine have indicated that the polarized distribution of cell organelles is dependent on the presence of intact cytoplasmic microtubules. It is suggested that the disappearance of such tubules observed here to be coupled with the disorganization of cell interphase structure fulfills the double function of providing free tubulin units from which to build the mitotic spindle and ensuring an approximately equal distribution of dictyosomes and other organelles to the daughter cells during cytokinesis."}
{"id": "PMID:906013", "title": "The squid accessory nidamental gland: ultrastructure and association with bacteria.", "content": "The structure of the accessory nidamental gland of the female squid, Loligo pealei, has been investigated using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The accessory gland has many of the structural features of a secretory organ. The basic structural unit is a tubule composed of a single layer of epithelial cells containing ordered arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a lumenal surface covered with microvilli, cilia, and structural specialization presumed to be involved in secretion. The lumen of each tubule is filled with a dense population of bacteria. During sexual maturation of the squid, the accessory gland changes in color from white to mottled red. The accessory gland of the sexually mature squid has a mixture of red, white, and yellow tubules; in each case, the color of the tubule is due to the bacterial population occupying the tubule. Since the red color of the gland is due to the pigmentation of the bacteria, the bacteria must be responsive to the sexual state of the host, possible through a change in the nature of the material secreted into the tubule lumen. The bacteria can be cultured easily. but in culture they fail to synthesize the red pigment.", "contents": "The squid accessory nidamental gland: ultrastructure and association with bacteria. The structure of the accessory nidamental gland of the female squid, Loligo pealei, has been investigated using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The accessory gland has many of the structural features of a secretory organ. The basic structural unit is a tubule composed of a single layer of epithelial cells containing ordered arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a lumenal surface covered with microvilli, cilia, and structural specialization presumed to be involved in secretion. The lumen of each tubule is filled with a dense population of bacteria. During sexual maturation of the squid, the accessory gland changes in color from white to mottled red. The accessory gland of the sexually mature squid has a mixture of red, white, and yellow tubules; in each case, the color of the tubule is due to the bacterial population occupying the tubule. Since the red color of the gland is due to the pigmentation of the bacteria, the bacteria must be responsive to the sexual state of the host, possible through a change in the nature of the material secreted into the tubule lumen. The bacteria can be cultured easily. but in culture they fail to synthesize the red pigment."}
{"id": "PMID:906014", "title": "An ultrastructural study of peripheral neurons and associated non-neural structures in the bivalve mollusc, Spisula solidissima.", "content": "The ultrastructural morphology of peripheral neurons and associated structures in the bivalve mollusc. Spisula solidissima have been studied in an effort to describe the synaptic topography and to provide anatomical correlates of previous physiological observations. The somata of the peripheral neurons are located within the perineurium at branch points of the siphonal nerves. There are many fiber-fiber synaptic contacts which are characterized by isolated sites of contact with membrane specialization and unilateral accumulation of synaptic vesicles. There are also synaptic contacts involving the somata, both axo-somatic and somato-axonic, the two being distinguishable on the basis of the polarity of vesicle accumulation. All of the observed synaptic profiles were similar in appearance regardless of the neuron loci involved. Much of the non-synaptic soma surface is covered with processes of glial cells. Likewise, in many cases, individual fibers and groups of fibers are encases with glial processes. Unique clusters of membrane bound, pigment containing glial like cells occur throughout the nervous system of Spisula. The heterogenous appearance of the inclusions and the presence of lysosome-like bodies in the cytoplasm of these cells suggest a possible phagocytic role.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of peripheral neurons and associated non-neural structures in the bivalve mollusc, Spisula solidissima. The ultrastructural morphology of peripheral neurons and associated structures in the bivalve mollusc. Spisula solidissima have been studied in an effort to describe the synaptic topography and to provide anatomical correlates of previous physiological observations. The somata of the peripheral neurons are located within the perineurium at branch points of the siphonal nerves. There are many fiber-fiber synaptic contacts which are characterized by isolated sites of contact with membrane specialization and unilateral accumulation of synaptic vesicles. There are also synaptic contacts involving the somata, both axo-somatic and somato-axonic, the two being distinguishable on the basis of the polarity of vesicle accumulation. All of the observed synaptic profiles were similar in appearance regardless of the neuron loci involved. Much of the non-synaptic soma surface is covered with processes of glial cells. Likewise, in many cases, individual fibers and groups of fibers are encases with glial processes. Unique clusters of membrane bound, pigment containing glial like cells occur throughout the nervous system of Spisula. The heterogenous appearance of the inclusions and the presence of lysosome-like bodies in the cytoplasm of these cells suggest a possible phagocytic role."}
{"id": "PMID:906015", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in intersegmental cuticle during rotation of the terminal abdominal segments in a mosquito.", "content": "The terminal abdominal segments of male Aedes aegypti rotate 180 degrees within 24 hr after adult emergence, rotation occurring in the intersegmental membrane between abdominal segments VII and VIII. The ultrastructure of this rotating membrane is compared with non-rotating intersegmental membranes at different developmental stages. The deposition of cuticle in both the rotating and non-rotating intersegments appears ultrastructurally similar, and follows the sequential pattern described for the insects. Shortly after adult emergence, however, disruptive changes occur in the membrane cuticle that are more pronounced in non-rotating intersegments. This disruption occurs initially 1 hr after adult emergence and becomes maximal within 3 hr. Disruption appears to occur by the addition of fluid to the cuticle and results in a ten-fold increase in cuticle thickness in non-rotating intersegments but only a two-fold increase in thickness in the rotating intersement. While in the disrupted condition, the non-rotating intersegmental membranes become extensively folded whereas the cuticle in the rotating intersegment becomes stretched. During rotation, strain forces in the rotating intersegment result in a reorientation of microfibers in the cuticle from parabolic to parallel. This reorientation is presumably brought about by plastic flow.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in intersegmental cuticle during rotation of the terminal abdominal segments in a mosquito. The terminal abdominal segments of male Aedes aegypti rotate 180 degrees within 24 hr after adult emergence, rotation occurring in the intersegmental membrane between abdominal segments VII and VIII. The ultrastructure of this rotating membrane is compared with non-rotating intersegmental membranes at different developmental stages. The deposition of cuticle in both the rotating and non-rotating intersegments appears ultrastructurally similar, and follows the sequential pattern described for the insects. Shortly after adult emergence, however, disruptive changes occur in the membrane cuticle that are more pronounced in non-rotating intersegments. This disruption occurs initially 1 hr after adult emergence and becomes maximal within 3 hr. Disruption appears to occur by the addition of fluid to the cuticle and results in a ten-fold increase in cuticle thickness in non-rotating intersegments but only a two-fold increase in thickness in the rotating intersement. While in the disrupted condition, the non-rotating intersegmental membranes become extensively folded whereas the cuticle in the rotating intersegment becomes stretched. During rotation, strain forces in the rotating intersegment result in a reorientation of microfibers in the cuticle from parabolic to parallel. This reorientation is presumably brought about by plastic flow."}
{"id": "PMID:906017", "title": "Distribution of antibodies to the troponin complex, troponin-C and troponin-I in chicken skeletal muscle as determined by a simplified method for immuno-electron microscopy.", "content": "Antisera against the troponin complex, troponin-C and troponin-I have been utilized to locate these proteins in normal, adult chicken skeletal muscle and in filaments prepared from chicken acetone dried powder. The antisera had been previously characterized by immunochemical methods and were employed to ascertain the distribution of the proteins by a simple method for immuno-electron microscopy. Glycerinated chicken breast muscle was treated with the antisera, unreacted antibody was washed from the muscle, and a goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin was added to enhance the electron density of the antigen-antibody complexes. A periodic distribution of anti-troponin-C at a mean interval of 389 A was observed along the thin filaments in the sectioned tissue. Anti-troponin-I was deposited every 399 A (P less than 0-01). Thin filaments were prepared from acetone dried powder and reacted with the antisera. The anti-troponin-C was located every 389 A; anti-troponin-I, every 399 A (P less than 0-01). Our technique for immuno-electron microscopy is compared with that used by others, and the significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of antibodies to the troponin complex, troponin-C and troponin-I in chicken skeletal muscle as determined by a simplified method for immuno-electron microscopy. Antisera against the troponin complex, troponin-C and troponin-I have been utilized to locate these proteins in normal, adult chicken skeletal muscle and in filaments prepared from chicken acetone dried powder. The antisera had been previously characterized by immunochemical methods and were employed to ascertain the distribution of the proteins by a simple method for immuno-electron microscopy. Glycerinated chicken breast muscle was treated with the antisera, unreacted antibody was washed from the muscle, and a goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin was added to enhance the electron density of the antigen-antibody complexes. A periodic distribution of anti-troponin-C at a mean interval of 389 A was observed along the thin filaments in the sectioned tissue. Anti-troponin-I was deposited every 399 A (P less than 0-01). Thin filaments were prepared from acetone dried powder and reacted with the antisera. The anti-troponin-C was located every 389 A; anti-troponin-I, every 399 A (P less than 0-01). Our technique for immuno-electron microscopy is compared with that used by others, and the significance of the findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906018", "title": "Effect of melatonin implants on gonadal weights and pineal gland fine structure of the golden hamster.", "content": "Weekly subcutaneous implants of melatonin in a beeswax pellet prevented the testicular regression which normally occurs in hamsters exposed to short photoperiod for 8 weeks. Normal (14L:10D) hamster testes were indistinguishable from the testes of melatonin-treated (1L:23D) hamsters. The exogenous melatonin had varied effects on the fine structure of the golden hamster pineal gland. Pineal ocyte nuclear characteristics of melatonin-treated hamsters (smaller average diameter, less polymorphism, and more heterochromatin) as well as apparent reductions in the amounts of hypertrophic SER and lipid moieties seemed to indicate that melatonin caused inhibition of pineal gland activity, and in this respect counteracted the effects of short photoperiod. However, an apparent increase in the number of large mitochondria, membrane whorls and dense-cored secretory vesicles in pinealocytes of melatonin-treated hamsters suggests enhanced pineal gland activity.", "contents": "Effect of melatonin implants on gonadal weights and pineal gland fine structure of the golden hamster. Weekly subcutaneous implants of melatonin in a beeswax pellet prevented the testicular regression which normally occurs in hamsters exposed to short photoperiod for 8 weeks. Normal (14L:10D) hamster testes were indistinguishable from the testes of melatonin-treated (1L:23D) hamsters. The exogenous melatonin had varied effects on the fine structure of the golden hamster pineal gland. Pineal ocyte nuclear characteristics of melatonin-treated hamsters (smaller average diameter, less polymorphism, and more heterochromatin) as well as apparent reductions in the amounts of hypertrophic SER and lipid moieties seemed to indicate that melatonin caused inhibition of pineal gland activity, and in this respect counteracted the effects of short photoperiod. However, an apparent increase in the number of large mitochondria, membrane whorls and dense-cored secretory vesicles in pinealocytes of melatonin-treated hamsters suggests enhanced pineal gland activity."}
{"id": "PMID:906043", "title": "[The afterloading system of Essen for the intracavitary radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "An afterloading system for the intracavitary radiotherapy is described which works with a unique radiation source of 10 Ci 192Ir moving in steps of 1 cm. The times during which the source stops can be determined at a control panel. By using an intermediate piece of 10 cm, a total course of the source of 20 cm can be obtained. The course of the source can be calculated individually by a computer program. This program even takes into consideration an additional deep therapy if the position of the deep therapy field in the target volume is known. This method allows to adapt the total isodoses very precisely to the course of the tolerance doses.", "contents": "[The afterloading system of Essen for the intracavitary radiotherapy (author's transl)]. An afterloading system for the intracavitary radiotherapy is described which works with a unique radiation source of 10 Ci 192Ir moving in steps of 1 cm. The times during which the source stops can be determined at a control panel. By using an intermediate piece of 10 cm, a total course of the source of 20 cm can be obtained. The course of the source can be calculated individually by a computer program. This program even takes into consideration an additional deep therapy if the position of the deep therapy field in the target volume is known. This method allows to adapt the total isodoses very precisely to the course of the tolerance doses."}
{"id": "PMID:906044", "title": "[Dosage in interstitial therapy with gamma emitters (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study a system of dose measurement and dosage in the interstitial is proposed. The radioactivity needed for the individual patient can be calculated by means of a simple formula. The author discu-ses rules for the distribution of the sources, clinical principles and the possibility of a combination with the external deep therapy.", "contents": "[Dosage in interstitial therapy with gamma emitters (author's transl)]. In this study a system of dose measurement and dosage in the interstitial is proposed. The radioactivity needed for the individual patient can be calculated by means of a simple formula. The author discu-ses rules for the distribution of the sources, clinical principles and the possibility of a combination with the external deep therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:906046", "title": "[Fractionation and protraction in the intracavitary local irradiation of gynecological tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The difficulties of dosage and temporary adaptation of the short time afterloading therapy to an optimal healing result combined with a minimum of side-effects in radiotherapy of gynecological tumors aren't still solved yet. Only a therapy scheme which parts from the good results of the long term radium therapy in combination with an adequately dosed and distributed deep therapy has a chance to replace the radium therapy of gynecological tumors in the long run.", "contents": "[Fractionation and protraction in the intracavitary local irradiation of gynecological tumors (author's transl)]. The difficulties of dosage and temporary adaptation of the short time afterloading therapy to an optimal healing result combined with a minimum of side-effects in radiotherapy of gynecological tumors aren't still solved yet. Only a therapy scheme which parts from the good results of the long term radium therapy in combination with an adequately dosed and distributed deep therapy has a chance to replace the radium therapy of gynecological tumors in the long run."}
{"id": "PMID:906047", "title": "[CT-tomometry. Part 1: Inhomogenities of tissues--treatment planning (author's transl)].", "content": "By experiments at the CT-total-body-scanner we have related to each other the delta-Nrs., chemical constitution, and density of chemical compounds and of tissues of men. For the bone tissue the relation between delta-Nr., Ca-concentration, and density is given in tabular. The uncertainties of the relations evaluated by experiments are within the acceptable values for the most cases occurring in treatment planning. In the second part we will extend the relations to the application of contrast enhancement in the diagnostic.", "contents": "[CT-tomometry. Part 1: Inhomogenities of tissues--treatment planning (author's transl)]. By experiments at the CT-total-body-scanner we have related to each other the delta-Nrs., chemical constitution, and density of chemical compounds and of tissues of men. For the bone tissue the relation between delta-Nr., Ca-concentration, and density is given in tabular. The uncertainties of the relations evaluated by experiments are within the acceptable values for the most cases occurring in treatment planning. In the second part we will extend the relations to the application of contrast enhancement in the diagnostic."}
{"id": "PMID:906048", "title": "[CT-tomometrie. Part 2: Diagnostic--contrast media of iodine (author's transl)].", "content": "By experiments the relation is established between delta-Nr. and concentration of iodine in tissue.", "contents": "[CT-tomometrie. Part 2: Diagnostic--contrast media of iodine (author's transl)]. By experiments the relation is established between delta-Nr. and concentration of iodine in tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:906049", "title": "[Importance of the tumor duplication time for the clinical radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Malignant tumors of man have duplication times ranging between few days and several years. This fact allows to estimate the age of tumor and metastases. The decision whether a curative of a palliative irradiation is to be executed can be taken according to the development and the age of the tumor. The duplication time has an influence on the fractionation of the irradiations and the possible focal dose and also on the time after which check-up examinations are to be made. A method for the determination of the tumor volume by means of radiographs is described in the appendix.", "contents": "[Importance of the tumor duplication time for the clinical radiotherapy (author's transl)]. Malignant tumors of man have duplication times ranging between few days and several years. This fact allows to estimate the age of tumor and metastases. The decision whether a curative of a palliative irradiation is to be executed can be taken according to the development and the age of the tumor. The duplication time has an influence on the fractionation of the irradiations and the possible focal dose and also on the time after which check-up examinations are to be made. A method for the determination of the tumor volume by means of radiographs is described in the appendix."}
{"id": "PMID:906050", "title": "[Effects of fractionated whole body X-irradiation on the CNS of fetal mouse. Topographic and quantitative micromorphologic characterisation (author's transl)].", "content": "Whole body X-irradiation of pregnant NMRI-mice between day 11--13 after conception results in pathological morphogenesis of the CNS. These effects are reduction of dimensions of forebrain, desorganisation of structure and occurrence of spherical cell arrangements, the so called rosettes. These can be especially found in dorsal parts of the hemispheres and have been registered qualitatively by its number and dimension in the dose range between 3 X 110 R and 3 X 120 R. A clear correlation between the number of rosettes and the reduction of thickness of the hemisphere-walls can be demonstrated. These results will be fundamental for further studies concerning with reparation processes of the irradiation damage in postnatal stages.", "contents": "[Effects of fractionated whole body X-irradiation on the CNS of fetal mouse. Topographic and quantitative micromorphologic characterisation (author's transl)]. Whole body X-irradiation of pregnant NMRI-mice between day 11--13 after conception results in pathological morphogenesis of the CNS. These effects are reduction of dimensions of forebrain, desorganisation of structure and occurrence of spherical cell arrangements, the so called rosettes. These can be especially found in dorsal parts of the hemispheres and have been registered qualitatively by its number and dimension in the dose range between 3 X 110 R and 3 X 120 R. A clear correlation between the number of rosettes and the reduction of thickness of the hemisphere-walls can be demonstrated. These results will be fundamental for further studies concerning with reparation processes of the irradiation damage in postnatal stages."}
{"id": "PMID:906051", "title": "[Experimental investigations on the immunity development in irradiated mice after local and parenteral immunization with tetanus-toxoid (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the \"tetanus-mouse\" model the differences in immunity development between animals exposed to irradiation (300 R and 400 R) and animals not exposed to irradiation after nasal and subcutaneous vaccination was investigated. Immunization was carried out 1, 3, 6 and 10 days before and after exposure to irradiation. Efficacy of immunization was tested by challenge with 10 X LD50 tetanus-toxin and by antitoxin determination with L+-method. The degree of the immune response was dependent on 1. the irradiation dose, 2. the interval between active immunization and the ensuing or preceding irradiation, 3. the mode of vaccination (local or parenteral) and 4. the vaccination dose.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations on the immunity development in irradiated mice after local and parenteral immunization with tetanus-toxoid (author's transl)]. Using the \"tetanus-mouse\" model the differences in immunity development between animals exposed to irradiation (300 R and 400 R) and animals not exposed to irradiation after nasal and subcutaneous vaccination was investigated. Immunization was carried out 1, 3, 6 and 10 days before and after exposure to irradiation. Efficacy of immunization was tested by challenge with 10 X LD50 tetanus-toxin and by antitoxin determination with L+-method. The degree of the immune response was dependent on 1. the irradiation dose, 2. the interval between active immunization and the ensuing or preceding irradiation, 3. the mode of vaccination (local or parenteral) and 4. the vaccination dose."}
{"id": "PMID:906053", "title": "Three-area epidemiological study of geographic differences in stroke mortality. I. Background and methods.", "content": "An epidemiological study was conducted to determine the geographical variations in stroke mortality among three U.S. areas. They were Savannah, Georgia (high stroke rates), Hagerstown, Maryland (intermediate stroke rates) and Pueblo, Colorado (low stroke rates). In each area samples were drawn of the population in the 35--54 age group. The subjects were interviewed and examined to obtain the information required on medical conditions and/or living habits which would characterize each area. A brief medical and family history, as well as demographic and personal data, were obtained by interview. The medical examination included blood pressure, ECG, blood and urine chemistry, height and weight. In all three cities the response rate in the final sample selected was 90% (2,375 individuals) interviewed and 74% (1.939 individuals) examined.", "contents": "Three-area epidemiological study of geographic differences in stroke mortality. I. Background and methods. An epidemiological study was conducted to determine the geographical variations in stroke mortality among three U.S. areas. They were Savannah, Georgia (high stroke rates), Hagerstown, Maryland (intermediate stroke rates) and Pueblo, Colorado (low stroke rates). In each area samples were drawn of the population in the 35--54 age group. The subjects were interviewed and examined to obtain the information required on medical conditions and/or living habits which would characterize each area. A brief medical and family history, as well as demographic and personal data, were obtained by interview. The medical examination included blood pressure, ECG, blood and urine chemistry, height and weight. In all three cities the response rate in the final sample selected was 90% (2,375 individuals) interviewed and 74% (1.939 individuals) examined."}
{"id": "PMID:906054", "title": "Three-area epidemiological study of geographic differences in stroke mortality. II. Results.", "content": "An epidemiological study was conducted of geographic differences in stroke mortality between the following areas within the United States; Savannah, Georgia (high stroke rates), Hagerstown, Maryland (intermediate stroke rates) and Pueblo, Colorado (low stroke rates). Population samples 35--54 years of age of the three cities were drawn for interview and examination to determine medical conditions and living habits of these populations. The population samples were compared with emphasis on possible risk factors for stroke: serum cholesterol and glucose tolerance test determinations, weight and height measurements, blood pressure and cigarette smoking. The gradient of increasing prevalence of stroke-related risk factors from low to intermediate to high for the three cities was present for blood pressure in black females and white males and for glucose tolerance tests in whites and nonwhites. No other consistent pattern of increasing prevalence of risk factors for stroke was evident.", "contents": "Three-area epidemiological study of geographic differences in stroke mortality. II. Results. An epidemiological study was conducted of geographic differences in stroke mortality between the following areas within the United States; Savannah, Georgia (high stroke rates), Hagerstown, Maryland (intermediate stroke rates) and Pueblo, Colorado (low stroke rates). Population samples 35--54 years of age of the three cities were drawn for interview and examination to determine medical conditions and living habits of these populations. The population samples were compared with emphasis on possible risk factors for stroke: serum cholesterol and glucose tolerance test determinations, weight and height measurements, blood pressure and cigarette smoking. The gradient of increasing prevalence of stroke-related risk factors from low to intermediate to high for the three cities was present for blood pressure in black females and white males and for glucose tolerance tests in whites and nonwhites. No other consistent pattern of increasing prevalence of risk factors for stroke was evident."}
{"id": "PMID:906055", "title": "Stroke and mortality rate in carotid endarterectomy: 228 consecutive operations.", "content": "A retrospective study of 228 consecutive carotid endarterectomies was conducted to determine the operative stroke and mortality rate in two 600-bed community hospitals. The combined stroke-mortality rate for the series was 21.1% (48 of 228). Eleven endarterectomies were performed for asymptomatic bruits and the combined stroke-mortality rate was 18.2% (2 of 11). Fifty-seven endarterectomies were performed for transient ischemic attach(s) in the symptomatic carotid artery distribution and the combined stroke-mortality rate was 21.1% (12 of 57). Seventy-one endarterectomies were performed following a mild-moderate stroke in the symptomatic carotid artery distribution and the combined stroke-mortality rate was 21.1% (15 of 71). Twelve endarterectomies were performed following a severe stroke in the symptomatic carotid artery distribution and the combined stroke-mortality rate was 41.7% (5 of 12). There was no trend toward more or less operation strokes or deaths from 1970 to 1976. The similarity of results among the eleven board-certified neurological and vascular surgeons who performed the 228 endarterectomies suggests that the operative stroke and mortality rates for carotid endarterectomy reported here are likely to be representative of those in many other community hospitals in this country in the 1970s.", "contents": "Stroke and mortality rate in carotid endarterectomy: 228 consecutive operations. A retrospective study of 228 consecutive carotid endarterectomies was conducted to determine the operative stroke and mortality rate in two 600-bed community hospitals. The combined stroke-mortality rate for the series was 21.1% (48 of 228). Eleven endarterectomies were performed for asymptomatic bruits and the combined stroke-mortality rate was 18.2% (2 of 11). Fifty-seven endarterectomies were performed for transient ischemic attach(s) in the symptomatic carotid artery distribution and the combined stroke-mortality rate was 21.1% (12 of 57). Seventy-one endarterectomies were performed following a mild-moderate stroke in the symptomatic carotid artery distribution and the combined stroke-mortality rate was 21.1% (15 of 71). Twelve endarterectomies were performed following a severe stroke in the symptomatic carotid artery distribution and the combined stroke-mortality rate was 41.7% (5 of 12). There was no trend toward more or less operation strokes or deaths from 1970 to 1976. The similarity of results among the eleven board-certified neurological and vascular surgeons who performed the 228 endarterectomies suggests that the operative stroke and mortality rates for carotid endarterectomy reported here are likely to be representative of those in many other community hospitals in this country in the 1970s."}
{"id": "PMID:906056", "title": "Vascular endoscopy --- an adjunct to carotid surgery.", "content": "Technical advances in optical instrumentation have made vascular endoscopy a potential method for intraoperative evaluation of carotid endarterectomy. A prospective protocol was designed to evaluate the efficacy and practicality of this technique using the Hopkins Optical System in 35 carotid endarterectomies. The external carotid artery was examined after completion of the endarterectomy. The distal internal carotid artery was examined after removal of the shunt with all but 1 cm of the arteriotomy closed. Total time required for the procedure was less than 5 minutes in 21 cases and between 5 and 10 minutes in 14. Positive findings were noted in 71% of the external carotid endarterectomies which consisted of intimal flaps in 13 cases and intimal shreds in 25. In 2 patients (6%), internal carotid endoscopy revealed intimal shreds capable of embolizing and probably capable of causing a postoperative neurologic deficit. This technique permits a precise and complete evaluation of the vascular reconstruction.", "contents": "Vascular endoscopy --- an adjunct to carotid surgery. Technical advances in optical instrumentation have made vascular endoscopy a potential method for intraoperative evaluation of carotid endarterectomy. A prospective protocol was designed to evaluate the efficacy and practicality of this technique using the Hopkins Optical System in 35 carotid endarterectomies. The external carotid artery was examined after completion of the endarterectomy. The distal internal carotid artery was examined after removal of the shunt with all but 1 cm of the arteriotomy closed. Total time required for the procedure was less than 5 minutes in 21 cases and between 5 and 10 minutes in 14. Positive findings were noted in 71% of the external carotid endarterectomies which consisted of intimal flaps in 13 cases and intimal shreds in 25. In 2 patients (6%), internal carotid endoscopy revealed intimal shreds capable of embolizing and probably capable of causing a postoperative neurologic deficit. This technique permits a precise and complete evaluation of the vascular reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:906057", "title": "Diagnostic reliability of the percutaneous ultrasonic Doppler technique for vertebral arterial occlusive diseases.", "content": "There is little data on the diagnostic reliability of the ultrasonic Doppler technique for vertebral arterial occlusive lesions. Percutaneous vertebral Doppler examination and the vertebral angiograms were compared to determine the diagnostic reliability of this technique in 64 vertebral arteries of 53 patients with cerebrovascular disease. The percutaneous vertebral Doppler findings were quantitatively analyzed using a sound spectrograph and were classified into three types: no flow signal type, poor flow type and normal flow type. In nine patients with the no flow type the angiograms revealed vertebral occlusion or a missing vertebral artery in six, giving a diagnostic reliability of 67%. In 17 patients with poor flow type the angiograms revealed vertebral occlusion or a missing vertebral artery in five, terminal narrowing of the artery in nine, and hypoplasia in two giving a diagnostic reliability of 94%. For all vertebral arteries examined with this technique, including normal ones, the diagnostic reliability was 92% (59/64). Percutaneous vertebral Doppler examination has clinical usefulness as a screening test for occlusive vertebral arterial diseases.", "contents": "Diagnostic reliability of the percutaneous ultrasonic Doppler technique for vertebral arterial occlusive diseases. There is little data on the diagnostic reliability of the ultrasonic Doppler technique for vertebral arterial occlusive lesions. Percutaneous vertebral Doppler examination and the vertebral angiograms were compared to determine the diagnostic reliability of this technique in 64 vertebral arteries of 53 patients with cerebrovascular disease. The percutaneous vertebral Doppler findings were quantitatively analyzed using a sound spectrograph and were classified into three types: no flow signal type, poor flow type and normal flow type. In nine patients with the no flow type the angiograms revealed vertebral occlusion or a missing vertebral artery in six, giving a diagnostic reliability of 67%. In 17 patients with poor flow type the angiograms revealed vertebral occlusion or a missing vertebral artery in five, terminal narrowing of the artery in nine, and hypoplasia in two giving a diagnostic reliability of 94%. For all vertebral arteries examined with this technique, including normal ones, the diagnostic reliability was 92% (59/64). Percutaneous vertebral Doppler examination has clinical usefulness as a screening test for occlusive vertebral arterial diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:906061", "title": "Diagnostic significance of CSF spectrophotometry and computer tomography in cerebrovascular disease. A comparative study in 231 cases.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-one patients with cerebrovascular disease were examined by spectrophotometry of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and by computer tomography. Many were followed by repeated examinations. Specific diagnoses --- bleeding as opposed to non-hemorrhagic or hemorrhagic infactions --- were indicated in 97% by spectrophotometry and in 65% by CT scan in 201 of the 231 cases (excluding 25 patients with transient ischemic attacks and five patients with cerebral tumors with cerebrovascular onset). Comparison between the two methods revealed agreement in most cases, with disagreement in only a few. The specific diagnosis was generally established on only one examination by both methods: repeated examinations were necessary in only a few cases. The results indicated that a combination of the two complementary methods established the diagnosis in almost all cerebrovascular disorders. This was particularly evident if the examinations were performed 24 hours to 21 days after onset of disease.", "contents": "Diagnostic significance of CSF spectrophotometry and computer tomography in cerebrovascular disease. A comparative study in 231 cases. Two hundred and thirty-one patients with cerebrovascular disease were examined by spectrophotometry of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and by computer tomography. Many were followed by repeated examinations. Specific diagnoses --- bleeding as opposed to non-hemorrhagic or hemorrhagic infactions --- were indicated in 97% by spectrophotometry and in 65% by CT scan in 201 of the 231 cases (excluding 25 patients with transient ischemic attacks and five patients with cerebral tumors with cerebrovascular onset). Comparison between the two methods revealed agreement in most cases, with disagreement in only a few. The specific diagnosis was generally established on only one examination by both methods: repeated examinations were necessary in only a few cases. The results indicated that a combination of the two complementary methods established the diagnosis in almost all cerebrovascular disorders. This was particularly evident if the examinations were performed 24 hours to 21 days after onset of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:906066", "title": "Levels of reliability in fertility survey data.", "content": "A number of factual and attitudinal questions asked in the 1973 Taiwan KAP-4 survey were repeated in a postenumeration survey one month later in order to assess the reliability of responses of the 286 women reinterviewed. The level of reliability is found to vary depending on the measures used and on whether the focus is aggregate data or individual responses. Analysis of consistency of responses shows that while overall reliability at both aggregate and individual levels is reasonably good, there is greater reliability for factual than for attitudinal data. Nevertheless, consistency of responses on factual questions varies considerably depending on the salience of the topic to the respondent. Estimates of reliability are shown to depend on the measure used and on the skewness of the distributions of the responses.", "contents": "Levels of reliability in fertility survey data. A number of factual and attitudinal questions asked in the 1973 Taiwan KAP-4 survey were repeated in a postenumeration survey one month later in order to assess the reliability of responses of the 286 women reinterviewed. The level of reliability is found to vary depending on the measures used and on whether the focus is aggregate data or individual responses. Analysis of consistency of responses shows that while overall reliability at both aggregate and individual levels is reasonably good, there is greater reliability for factual than for attitudinal data. Nevertheless, consistency of responses on factual questions varies considerably depending on the salience of the topic to the respondent. Estimates of reliability are shown to depend on the measure used and on the skewness of the distributions of the responses."}
{"id": "PMID:906062", "title": "Differentiation of early subarachnoid hemorrhage from traumatic lumbar puncture.", "content": "The problem of early differentiation of \"traumatic tap\" from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was studied in the rabbit by determining the changes in percentage of hemolysis and in lactate concentrations in CSF within the first twenty-four hours following induced SAH. The 0.3 to 7% hemolysis which occurred was relatively independent both of the time following SAH and of the number of red blood cells (rbc) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There was, on the other hand, a significant and time-dependent increase in CSF lactate concentration early after SAH, suggesting the potential clinical value of the detection of increased lactate with a relatively normal lactate/pyruvate ratio in hemorrhagic CSF. Until this can be evaluated in human subjects, however, determination of the rbc counts or total hemoglobin concentrations in serially collected samples of CSF remains the best clinical method.", "contents": "Differentiation of early subarachnoid hemorrhage from traumatic lumbar puncture. The problem of early differentiation of \"traumatic tap\" from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was studied in the rabbit by determining the changes in percentage of hemolysis and in lactate concentrations in CSF within the first twenty-four hours following induced SAH. The 0.3 to 7% hemolysis which occurred was relatively independent both of the time following SAH and of the number of red blood cells (rbc) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There was, on the other hand, a significant and time-dependent increase in CSF lactate concentration early after SAH, suggesting the potential clinical value of the detection of increased lactate with a relatively normal lactate/pyruvate ratio in hemorrhagic CSF. Until this can be evaluated in human subjects, however, determination of the rbc counts or total hemoglobin concentrations in serially collected samples of CSF remains the best clinical method."}
{"id": "PMID:906060", "title": "Recurrent stenosis at site of carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "Five patients studied by the authors and 28 mentioned in the literature indicate that recurrent stenosis occurs in no less than 0.6% of patients after carotid endarterectomy. The pathology of the recurrent stenosis was stated in only 10 cases indicating atherosclerotic disease in various stages of development in 7 and a fibrous intimal hyperplasia in 3. Correlation between risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis and the pathology of the recurrent disease was poor. Six patients developed recurrent disease despite postoperative prophylactic oral anticoagulation. Surgical technique appeared to have contributed to re-stenosis in 8 patients (1) by failure to remove the distal tongue of plaque or (2) narrowing of the lumen by the arteriotomy suture or (3) damage by a vascular clamp. In 18 symptomatic patients, 44% had symptoms by 3 years, 67% by 5 years, and 83% by 7 years after operation. The 8 patients with possible errors in surgical technique did not develop symptoms earlier than the other patients. Seventeen symptomatic patients had surgical correction of the re-stenosis (endarterectomy 9, vein patch 6, arterial homograft 1, not detailed 1). The incidence of recurrent stenosis after carotid endarterectomy is low and usually the operation provides a patent artery for life.", "contents": "Recurrent stenosis at site of carotid endarterectomy. Five patients studied by the authors and 28 mentioned in the literature indicate that recurrent stenosis occurs in no less than 0.6% of patients after carotid endarterectomy. The pathology of the recurrent stenosis was stated in only 10 cases indicating atherosclerotic disease in various stages of development in 7 and a fibrous intimal hyperplasia in 3. Correlation between risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis and the pathology of the recurrent disease was poor. Six patients developed recurrent disease despite postoperative prophylactic oral anticoagulation. Surgical technique appeared to have contributed to re-stenosis in 8 patients (1) by failure to remove the distal tongue of plaque or (2) narrowing of the lumen by the arteriotomy suture or (3) damage by a vascular clamp. In 18 symptomatic patients, 44% had symptoms by 3 years, 67% by 5 years, and 83% by 7 years after operation. The 8 patients with possible errors in surgical technique did not develop symptoms earlier than the other patients. Seventeen symptomatic patients had surgical correction of the re-stenosis (endarterectomy 9, vein patch 6, arterial homograft 1, not detailed 1). The incidence of recurrent stenosis after carotid endarterectomy is low and usually the operation provides a patent artery for life."}
{"id": "PMID:906063", "title": "Angiographic spectrum of cervical and intracranial fibromuscular dysplasia.", "content": "Cephalocervical or intracranial fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) can be identified by its characteristic angiographic appearance. Most of these lesions occur adjacent to the C1-2 interspace, characteristically sparing the origins and proximal segments of the major extracranial vessels. Approximately 65% of our patients had bilateral involvement of the cervical internal carotid arteries. Thirty percent were associated with one or more intracranial aneurysms. The vertebral arteries were involved in 10% of the cases. Twenty-four of 25 cases were associated with symptoms of either subarachnoid hemorrhage or focal cerebral ischemia.", "contents": "Angiographic spectrum of cervical and intracranial fibromuscular dysplasia. Cephalocervical or intracranial fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) can be identified by its characteristic angiographic appearance. Most of these lesions occur adjacent to the C1-2 interspace, characteristically sparing the origins and proximal segments of the major extracranial vessels. Approximately 65% of our patients had bilateral involvement of the cervical internal carotid arteries. Thirty percent were associated with one or more intracranial aneurysms. The vertebral arteries were involved in 10% of the cases. Twenty-four of 25 cases were associated with symptoms of either subarachnoid hemorrhage or focal cerebral ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:906067", "title": "Language differences and the family planning survey.", "content": "Language is an important but often neglected source of non-sampling error in family planning surveys. This paper examines the problems of language usage and of translation, in KAP surveys in particular, using examples from African and other research experience. The authors emphasize that language pervades all stages of family planning surveys, pointing out that interpretations of survey results should take into account the possibility of the influence of language differences. Various measures are suggested that can contribute to minimizing this source of response error.", "contents": "Language differences and the family planning survey. Language is an important but often neglected source of non-sampling error in family planning surveys. This paper examines the problems of language usage and of translation, in KAP surveys in particular, using examples from African and other research experience. The authors emphasize that language pervades all stages of family planning surveys, pointing out that interpretations of survey results should take into account the possibility of the influence of language differences. Various measures are suggested that can contribute to minimizing this source of response error."}
{"id": "PMID:906059", "title": "Cervical manipulation and stroke.", "content": "Three patients are described who experienced vertebro-basilar distribution infarctions associated with neck manipulation. Two of the manipulations were chiropractic. Twenty-two previously reported cases are reviewed. Evidence  favoring the use of anticoagulation in these patients is discussed along with the relative risk of such therapy.", "contents": "Cervical manipulation and stroke. Three patients are described who experienced vertebro-basilar distribution infarctions associated with neck manipulation. Two of the manipulations were chiropractic. Twenty-two previously reported cases are reviewed. Evidence  favoring the use of anticoagulation in these patients is discussed along with the relative risk of such therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:906064", "title": "Modification of cerebral ischemic damage by anesthetics.", "content": "The yield of infarcted hemispheres following unilateral carotid ligation in gerbils under ketamine anesthesia substantially exceeded that occurring under pentobarbital anesthesia. In addition to increasing the gerbil stroke model's efficiency, ketamine provided a shorter recovery period, thus allowing earlier observation of clinical signs of brain injury. These results support the contention that anesthetic agents may modify the response of central neuronal tissues to acute ischemia.", "contents": "Modification of cerebral ischemic damage by anesthetics. The yield of infarcted hemispheres following unilateral carotid ligation in gerbils under ketamine anesthesia substantially exceeded that occurring under pentobarbital anesthesia. In addition to increasing the gerbil stroke model's efficiency, ketamine provided a shorter recovery period, thus allowing earlier observation of clinical signs of brain injury. These results support the contention that anesthetic agents may modify the response of central neuronal tissues to acute ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:906068", "title": "Nurse-midwife insertion of the copper T in Thailand: performance, acceptance, and programmatic effects.", "content": "While oral contraceptives have been widely available in rural Thailand since their distribution by lower level paramedical health workers was authorized in 1970, the IUD has been restricted to large, urban clinics staffed by physicians. A study was conducted in 1972-73 to evaluate the performance of nurse-midwives in IUD (Copper T) insertion and to assess the reaction of acceptors and the likely effects on the National Family Planning Program. It was found that nurse-midwives were competent to insert Copper Ts and handle early complications. Acceptor continuation rates were very high and nurse-midwife acceptors clearly preferred IUD insertion by a female health worker. Programmatic evidence suggests that using nurse-midwives more extensively for Copper T insertion would increase IUD acceptance at no cost to the existing loop program.", "contents": "Nurse-midwife insertion of the copper T in Thailand: performance, acceptance, and programmatic effects. While oral contraceptives have been widely available in rural Thailand since their distribution by lower level paramedical health workers was authorized in 1970, the IUD has been restricted to large, urban clinics staffed by physicians. A study was conducted in 1972-73 to evaluate the performance of nurse-midwives in IUD (Copper T) insertion and to assess the reaction of acceptors and the likely effects on the National Family Planning Program. It was found that nurse-midwives were competent to insert Copper Ts and handle early complications. Acceptor continuation rates were very high and nurse-midwife acceptors clearly preferred IUD insertion by a female health worker. Programmatic evidence suggests that using nurse-midwives more extensively for Copper T insertion would increase IUD acceptance at no cost to the existing loop program."}
{"id": "PMID:906073", "title": "Trachoma in Punjab: a study of the prevalence and of mass treatment.", "content": "During the years 1971-1974 the prevalence of trachoma in the state of Punjab/Northwest-India was investigated among 11,172 persons of all age-groups. The overall prevalence came to 71,07%. Active and progressive stages (WHO stages I and II) were most common among children and adolescents, whereas complicated cases (WHO stage IV) were found predominantly beyond 45 years of age. Regressive cases (WHO stage III) were equally distributed throughout all ages. To our opinion bacterial conjunctivitis is an important factor preceding the infection with the TRIC-agent. Bacterial conjunctivitis is favoured by adverse climatic conditions (duststorms). A masstreatment using local sulfacetamide was started among 4500 children with trachoma, 1966 children could be seen after 6 months. The incidence of trachoma had dropped to 30%. For mass-treatment in a developing country topical application of antibiotics or sulfas seems advisable. Still more important is health-education, which at the moment is lacking everywhere.", "contents": "Trachoma in Punjab: a study of the prevalence and of mass treatment. During the years 1971-1974 the prevalence of trachoma in the state of Punjab/Northwest-India was investigated among 11,172 persons of all age-groups. The overall prevalence came to 71,07%. Active and progressive stages (WHO stages I and II) were most common among children and adolescents, whereas complicated cases (WHO stage IV) were found predominantly beyond 45 years of age. Regressive cases (WHO stage III) were equally distributed throughout all ages. To our opinion bacterial conjunctivitis is an important factor preceding the infection with the TRIC-agent. Bacterial conjunctivitis is favoured by adverse climatic conditions (duststorms). A masstreatment using local sulfacetamide was started among 4500 children with trachoma, 1966 children could be seen after 6 months. The incidence of trachoma had dropped to 30%. For mass-treatment in a developing country topical application of antibiotics or sulfas seems advisable. Still more important is health-education, which at the moment is lacking everywhere."}
{"id": "PMID:906074", "title": "The diagnosis and significance of isolated third nerve palsy in the African.", "content": "The clinical spectrum of forty-one cases of isolated third nerve palsy in the African (Negro) population is presented. A high proportion (58%) was due to cerebral aneurysm. Other causes were syphilis (15.5%) diabetes mellitus (11%), and ophthalmoplegic migraine (11%). It is evident from this study that, contrary to accepted thinking on this subject, there are no clinical features which reliably distinguish between these groups. Early cerebral angiography is therefore mandatory.", "contents": "The diagnosis and significance of isolated third nerve palsy in the African. The clinical spectrum of forty-one cases of isolated third nerve palsy in the African (Negro) population is presented. A high proportion (58%) was due to cerebral aneurysm. Other causes were syphilis (15.5%) diabetes mellitus (11%), and ophthalmoplegic migraine (11%). It is evident from this study that, contrary to accepted thinking on this subject, there are no clinical features which reliably distinguish between these groups. Early cerebral angiography is therefore mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:906075", "title": "Peripheral gangrene in childhood: further observations on its aetiology and psycho-social sequelae in Nigeria.", "content": "Nine children, aged one day to 10 years, presented with gangrene at the Paediatrics Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan. The aetiological factors included septic skin spots (4 cases), snake bite (1 case), femoral vein thrombosis (1 case), and congenital arterial block by embolized placental tissue (1 case). One patient had polyarteritis of undetermined aetiology, and another probably had vasculitis complicating a staphylococcal septicaemia. Two of the nine patients died. Five of the seven survivors had a significant physical handicap subsequently.", "contents": "Peripheral gangrene in childhood: further observations on its aetiology and psycho-social sequelae in Nigeria. Nine children, aged one day to 10 years, presented with gangrene at the Paediatrics Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan. The aetiological factors included septic skin spots (4 cases), snake bite (1 case), femoral vein thrombosis (1 case), and congenital arterial block by embolized placental tissue (1 case). One patient had polyarteritis of undetermined aetiology, and another probably had vasculitis complicating a staphylococcal septicaemia. Two of the nine patients died. Five of the seven survivors had a significant physical handicap subsequently."}
{"id": "PMID:906076", "title": "The identification of infants at risk of malnutrition in Kingston, Jamaica.", "content": "A longitudinal study was carried out on the growth, health and environment of Kingston infants from birth to 1 year of age. In an attempt to identify children at risk of malnutrition, the records of all the children in the 10th percentile for weight at 12 months of age were examined to determine whether they differed in their health, care or social background from the remaining children. Small birth weight children tended to remain in the 10 percentile. High birth order, poor standard of housing, incompetent mothers, repeated attacks of gastroenteritis, poor clinic attendance and poor milk intake were all significantly associated with being underweight at 12 months of age. These factors were inter-related, and the more factors present in each child the smaller the child tended to be. It was hoped that identifying the presence of these factors may assist field workers to give priority to the children most at risk of malnutrition. The need for home visiting in the delivery of health care is highlighted.", "contents": "The identification of infants at risk of malnutrition in Kingston, Jamaica. A longitudinal study was carried out on the growth, health and environment of Kingston infants from birth to 1 year of age. In an attempt to identify children at risk of malnutrition, the records of all the children in the 10th percentile for weight at 12 months of age were examined to determine whether they differed in their health, care or social background from the remaining children. Small birth weight children tended to remain in the 10 percentile. High birth order, poor standard of housing, incompetent mothers, repeated attacks of gastroenteritis, poor clinic attendance and poor milk intake were all significantly associated with being underweight at 12 months of age. These factors were inter-related, and the more factors present in each child the smaller the child tended to be. It was hoped that identifying the presence of these factors may assist field workers to give priority to the children most at risk of malnutrition. The need for home visiting in the delivery of health care is highlighted."}
{"id": "PMID:906077", "title": "Assessment of maturity by clinical examination of the Tanzanian newborn.", "content": "One-thousand single live-born infants were examined and 111 were found to have low birthweight (2500 g or less). Assessment of maturity was made by using physical and neurological criteria without knowledge of when the last menstrual period occurred. The incidence of prematurity among all single live births was 4.5% by physical and 4.9% by neurological criteria and among low birthweight babies it was 40.6% and 44.2% respectively. Both the criteria were found to be equally reliable but physical signs are recommended for routine clinical use because of their simplicity.", "contents": "Assessment of maturity by clinical examination of the Tanzanian newborn. One-thousand single live-born infants were examined and 111 were found to have low birthweight (2500 g or less). Assessment of maturity was made by using physical and neurological criteria without knowledge of when the last menstrual period occurred. The incidence of prematurity among all single live births was 4.5% by physical and 4.9% by neurological criteria and among low birthweight babies it was 40.6% and 44.2% respectively. Both the criteria were found to be equally reliable but physical signs are recommended for routine clinical use because of their simplicity."}
{"id": "PMID:906078", "title": "Epidemiological investigations on arbovirus infections at Igbo-Ora, Nigeria.", "content": "A study of arbovirus infections occurring in Igbo-Ora community was carried out between May and October 1975. Haemagglutination inhibition test performed on seventy-eight human sera showed a high prevalence of antibodies against all the six arboviruses used. Percentage of positive sera were as follows: Chikungunya, (28%); Yellow fever (36%); Dengue type 1 (67%); Dengue type 2 (45%). Prevalence of HI antibodies to West Nile and Wesselsbron viruses were 44% and 59% respectively. Virus isolation studies carried out on 148 blood samples yielded three viruses: Yellow fever, Dengue type 1 and Zika. Antibody conversions to these three viruses were demonstrated in seven persons within the period of study.", "contents": "Epidemiological investigations on arbovirus infections at Igbo-Ora, Nigeria. A study of arbovirus infections occurring in Igbo-Ora community was carried out between May and October 1975. Haemagglutination inhibition test performed on seventy-eight human sera showed a high prevalence of antibodies against all the six arboviruses used. Percentage of positive sera were as follows: Chikungunya, (28%); Yellow fever (36%); Dengue type 1 (67%); Dengue type 2 (45%). Prevalence of HI antibodies to West Nile and Wesselsbron viruses were 44% and 59% respectively. Virus isolation studies carried out on 148 blood samples yielded three viruses: Yellow fever, Dengue type 1 and Zika. Antibody conversions to these three viruses were demonstrated in seven persons within the period of study."}
{"id": "PMID:906079", "title": "Incorporating the traditional birth attendant into the health team: the Malaysian example.", "content": "Domiciliary deliveries have always been the responsibility of traditional birth attendants. Since Independence, acquired in 1957, educated young women have been trained as auxiliary midwives and sent to serve in rural communities where they usually are met with resistance by the established traditional birth attendants. To counter this and to incorporate the traditional birth attendants into the health team, new roles were developed for each so that the two would be able to cooperate and support each other rather than rival and antagonise each other. A specific experience in one area of Malaysia is examined as an example.", "contents": "Incorporating the traditional birth attendant into the health team: the Malaysian example. Domiciliary deliveries have always been the responsibility of traditional birth attendants. Since Independence, acquired in 1957, educated young women have been trained as auxiliary midwives and sent to serve in rural communities where they usually are met with resistance by the established traditional birth attendants. To counter this and to incorporate the traditional birth attendants into the health team, new roles were developed for each so that the two would be able to cooperate and support each other rather than rival and antagonise each other. A specific experience in one area of Malaysia is examined as an example."}
{"id": "PMID:906080", "title": "The training of traditional birth attendants in Ghana: experience of the Danfa Rural Health Project.", "content": "Three quarters of deliveries in Ghana are still attended by untrained personnel, including traditional birth attendants (TBA's), and maternal mortality remains high. The Ministry of Health is exploring ways of improving this situation. Recently, training traditional birth attendants to improve maternal and child health practices and promote family planning has been considered. Most TBA's in rural Ghana are elderly illiterate farmers. The Danfa Project has identified and trained 57 of these TBA's with the objective of developing a programme that might be replicated elsewhere in the country. This paper describes the design of the programme and problems encountered and makes recommendations to others who may be considering similar programmes in other countries.", "contents": "The training of traditional birth attendants in Ghana: experience of the Danfa Rural Health Project. Three quarters of deliveries in Ghana are still attended by untrained personnel, including traditional birth attendants (TBA's), and maternal mortality remains high. The Ministry of Health is exploring ways of improving this situation. Recently, training traditional birth attendants to improve maternal and child health practices and promote family planning has been considered. Most TBA's in rural Ghana are elderly illiterate farmers. The Danfa Project has identified and trained 57 of these TBA's with the objective of developing a programme that might be replicated elsewhere in the country. This paper describes the design of the programme and problems encountered and makes recommendations to others who may be considering similar programmes in other countries."}
{"id": "PMID:906082", "title": "Beef cattle productivity under traditional and improved management in Botswana.", "content": "A comparison of productivity over a 4-year period from indigenous type beef cattle under two production systems in Botswana is reported. The two systems are: the traditional system on unenclosed communal grazing (cattle post) and ranching within fenced paddocks. Calving percentages, 7-month old calf weight, calf mortality and post-weaning growth to 18 months of age under cattle post conditions were 46.4 per cent, 122.5 kg, 10.2 percent and 88.5 kg respectively. Corresponding figures for cattle on the fenced ranches were 74.0 per cent, 177.4 kg, 8.5 per cent and  105.8 kg. These results indicate overall productivity estimates of 51 and 120 kg of weaner calf per cow per year and 86 and 188 kg of 18-month old calf per cow per year for the cattle post and fenced ranch respectively.", "contents": "Beef cattle productivity under traditional and improved management in Botswana. A comparison of productivity over a 4-year period from indigenous type beef cattle under two production systems in Botswana is reported. The two systems are: the traditional system on unenclosed communal grazing (cattle post) and ranching within fenced paddocks. Calving percentages, 7-month old calf weight, calf mortality and post-weaning growth to 18 months of age under cattle post conditions were 46.4 per cent, 122.5 kg, 10.2 percent and 88.5 kg respectively. Corresponding figures for cattle on the fenced ranches were 74.0 per cent, 177.4 kg, 8.5 per cent and  105.8 kg. These results indicate overall productivity estimates of 51 and 120 kg of weaner calf per cow per year and 86 and 188 kg of 18-month old calf per cow per year for the cattle post and fenced ranch respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:906085", "title": "Enteric paramphistomiasis in Yankasa sheep.", "content": "An outbreak of acute enteric paramphistomiasis was observed among Yankasa (indigenous) sheep that were herded with cattle on the University farm at Samaru in February 1973. Mortality was approximately thirty to forty per cent. The most important clinical signs were anorexia, unthriftiness and profuse foetid diarrhoea soiling the perianal region and hind legs. Diagnosis was based on the post-mortem findings, clinical signs and presence of conical flukes identified as Paramphistomum microbothrium.", "contents": "Enteric paramphistomiasis in Yankasa sheep. An outbreak of acute enteric paramphistomiasis was observed among Yankasa (indigenous) sheep that were herded with cattle on the University farm at Samaru in February 1973. Mortality was approximately thirty to forty per cent. The most important clinical signs were anorexia, unthriftiness and profuse foetid diarrhoea soiling the perianal region and hind legs. Diagnosis was based on the post-mortem findings, clinical signs and presence of conical flukes identified as Paramphistomum microbothrium."}
{"id": "PMID:906087", "title": "Field cases of East Coast fever in grade cattle in Uganda.", "content": "Case records were kept of 81 cattle suspected to be infected with East Coast fever. Microscopical confirmation was obtained in 66 animals and the fate of 65 of these was known. Forty-five cattle died or were slaughtered and 20 recovered. No significant difference in mortality was found in respect of age or grade. When the incidence of certain clinical signs in these two groups was compared, differences in respect of rectal temperature and observable vascular changes in certain visible mucous membranes were found. Enlargement of the superficial lymph nodes was the commonest clinical sign and the prescapular nodes were the most regularly involved. Drug treatment, where given, appeared ineffective. Among 20 recovered cases some were severely ill while others had very mild symptoms.", "contents": "Field cases of East Coast fever in grade cattle in Uganda. Case records were kept of 81 cattle suspected to be infected with East Coast fever. Microscopical confirmation was obtained in 66 animals and the fate of 65 of these was known. Forty-five cattle died or were slaughtered and 20 recovered. No significant difference in mortality was found in respect of age or grade. When the incidence of certain clinical signs in these two groups was compared, differences in respect of rectal temperature and observable vascular changes in certain visible mucous membranes were found. Enlargement of the superficial lymph nodes was the commonest clinical sign and the prescapular nodes were the most regularly involved. Drug treatment, where given, appeared ineffective. Among 20 recovered cases some were severely ill while others had very mild symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:906088", "title": "Transmission of a Theileria species to cattle by the ixodid tick, Amblyomma cohaerens Donitz 1909.", "content": "Amblyomma cohaerens nymphs, which had been collected as engorged larvae from African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Mara region of Kenya, transmitted a theilerial parasite to a steer. Macroschizonts were detected in the regional lymph node of this steer 12 days after tick application and were subsequently detected for 3 days at low levels of parasitosis. The macroschizonts were large and had numerous nuclei, being morphologically unlike any other theilerial schizonts described previously from cattle in Eastern and Southern Africa, but they resembled the macroschizont of T. barnetti Brocklesby 1965 from a buffalo also obtained in the Mara region. Piroplasms morphologically indistinguishable from T. mutans were first detected in the blood of the steer on the sixty-first day after tick application. The steer showed a significant rise in antibody titre to only T. mutans (Aitong) piroplasm antigen, using the indirect fluorescent antibody test. There was no evidence that this parasite was pathogenic. The intraerythrocytic piroplasms proved to be blood-transmissible to a splenectomised calf. Although the parasite showed affinities to T. barnetti and T. mutans (Aitong) definite conclusions regarding its identity must await further transmission experiments.", "contents": "Transmission of a Theileria species to cattle by the ixodid tick, Amblyomma cohaerens Donitz 1909. Amblyomma cohaerens nymphs, which had been collected as engorged larvae from African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Mara region of Kenya, transmitted a theilerial parasite to a steer. Macroschizonts were detected in the regional lymph node of this steer 12 days after tick application and were subsequently detected for 3 days at low levels of parasitosis. The macroschizonts were large and had numerous nuclei, being morphologically unlike any other theilerial schizonts described previously from cattle in Eastern and Southern Africa, but they resembled the macroschizont of T. barnetti Brocklesby 1965 from a buffalo also obtained in the Mara region. Piroplasms morphologically indistinguishable from T. mutans were first detected in the blood of the steer on the sixty-first day after tick application. The steer showed a significant rise in antibody titre to only T. mutans (Aitong) piroplasm antigen, using the indirect fluorescent antibody test. There was no evidence that this parasite was pathogenic. The intraerythrocytic piroplasms proved to be blood-transmissible to a splenectomised calf. Although the parasite showed affinities to T. barnetti and T. mutans (Aitong) definite conclusions regarding its identity must await further transmission experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:906089", "title": "Development and survival of Haemonchus contortus larvae on pastures in Ibadan.", "content": "The development and survival of the eggs of Haemonchus contortus on pasture at Ibadan were studied by spreading faeces containing eggs on grass plots from October 1973 to October 1974. Development of the eggs to the infective larvae took place within one week in May, June, July, September and October. Larvae were not recovered in the other months. Their survival times were 28, 42, 42, 35, 63 and 49 days respectively in October 1973. May, June, July, September and October 1974. Rainfall was the most important epizootiological factor which influenced the development and survival of the infective larvae. Development of the eggs to the infective larvae took place when the mean daily rainfall for the first 7 days was 3 mm or more. The survival time of the larvae appeared to be prolonged when rain fell evenly throughout the periods the larvae were on pasture.", "contents": "Development and survival of Haemonchus contortus larvae on pastures in Ibadan. The development and survival of the eggs of Haemonchus contortus on pasture at Ibadan were studied by spreading faeces containing eggs on grass plots from October 1973 to October 1974. Development of the eggs to the infective larvae took place within one week in May, June, July, September and October. Larvae were not recovered in the other months. Their survival times were 28, 42, 42, 35, 63 and 49 days respectively in October 1973. May, June, July, September and October 1974. Rainfall was the most important epizootiological factor which influenced the development and survival of the infective larvae. Development of the eggs to the infective larvae took place when the mean daily rainfall for the first 7 days was 3 mm or more. The survival time of the larvae appeared to be prolonged when rain fell evenly throughout the periods the larvae were on pasture."}
{"id": "PMID:906090", "title": "Pig production in the Solomon Islands. I. Village pig production.", "content": "In 181 villages in the Solomon Islands the pig: human ratio was 1:5-8 and the annual per capita pork consumption was 4-2 kg. Some communities did not keep pigs or eat pig meat. Sows weaned an average of 5-5 piglets per year and mean liveweight at 12 months of age was 28-4 kg. Most pigs were kept on the ground but some were housed in pens over the sea and very few lived in their owner's houses. Pigs were important in the social life of the people but proportionally fewer pigs were raised than in neighbouring Pacific countries.", "contents": "Pig production in the Solomon Islands. I. Village pig production. In 181 villages in the Solomon Islands the pig: human ratio was 1:5-8 and the annual per capita pork consumption was 4-2 kg. Some communities did not keep pigs or eat pig meat. Sows weaned an average of 5-5 piglets per year and mean liveweight at 12 months of age was 28-4 kg. Most pigs were kept on the ground but some were housed in pens over the sea and very few lived in their owner's houses. Pigs were important in the social life of the people but proportionally fewer pigs were raised than in neighbouring Pacific countries."}
{"id": "PMID:906092", "title": "Canine spirocercosis in Accra, Ghana.", "content": "The prevalence of canine spirocercosis in the Accra region of Ghana was found to be 18 per cent, lesions being found in the oesophagus and in several other sites. In two of the 96 cases, the dogs had died of aortic rupture, probably caused by this parasite.", "contents": "Canine spirocercosis in Accra, Ghana. The prevalence of canine spirocercosis in the Accra region of Ghana was found to be 18 per cent, lesions being found in the oesophagus and in several other sites. In two of the 96 cases, the dogs had died of aortic rupture, probably caused by this parasite."}
{"id": "PMID:906093", "title": "Vaccination of adult sheep with reduced doses of Brucella melitensis strain Rev.1: Safety and serological responses.", "content": "A trial was made to test the safety of a Brucella melitensis strain Rev. 1 vaccine when used in various doses on pregnant sheep and a control group of pregnant goats. It was found that local sheep were more susceptible than goats to the effects of this vaccine, and that the accepted dosage rate of 10+5 viable organisms, as recommended for adult goats, should not be used on pregnant sheep.", "contents": "Vaccination of adult sheep with reduced doses of Brucella melitensis strain Rev.1: Safety and serological responses. A trial was made to test the safety of a Brucella melitensis strain Rev. 1 vaccine when used in various doses on pregnant sheep and a control group of pregnant goats. It was found that local sheep were more susceptible than goats to the effects of this vaccine, and that the accepted dosage rate of 10+5 viable organisms, as recommended for adult goats, should not be used on pregnant sheep."}
{"id": "PMID:906095", "title": "Clinical, haematological and pathological studies in donkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "Donkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei showed dullness, weakness, fever, inappetence, conjunctivitis, tachycardia and polydyspnoea soon after detectable parasitaemia. The parasitaemia was generally low with transient high peaks except in the terminal stage when there was sustained high parasitaemia. A moderate anaemia was present as from the second week of infection but it was not progressive. There was a marked leucopoenia within 24 h of patent parasitaemia. Death occurred 2 to 2 1/2 months after infection and at necropsy there was severe emaciation as well as mild serous effusion. Histologically, there was a nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis, cranial neuritis, extensive haemosiderosis, hyperplasia of follicles in lymph nodes and spleen and giant cell reaction in lymph nodes. Trypanosomes were present in the cerebrospinal fluid, the eye and serous effusions. These observations are similar to those previously reported in other animals infected with T. brucei.", "contents": "Clinical, haematological and pathological studies in donkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Donkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei showed dullness, weakness, fever, inappetence, conjunctivitis, tachycardia and polydyspnoea soon after detectable parasitaemia. The parasitaemia was generally low with transient high peaks except in the terminal stage when there was sustained high parasitaemia. A moderate anaemia was present as from the second week of infection but it was not progressive. There was a marked leucopoenia within 24 h of patent parasitaemia. Death occurred 2 to 2 1/2 months after infection and at necropsy there was severe emaciation as well as mild serous effusion. Histologically, there was a nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis, cranial neuritis, extensive haemosiderosis, hyperplasia of follicles in lymph nodes and spleen and giant cell reaction in lymph nodes. Trypanosomes were present in the cerebrospinal fluid, the eye and serous effusions. These observations are similar to those previously reported in other animals infected with T. brucei."}
{"id": "PMID:906096", "title": "Intensive fattening of beef cattle on Rhodes grass pastures on the Lilongwe Plain, Malawi.", "content": "Beef fattening experiments were conducted in two wet seasons with Malawi zebu (Mz) and Friesian X Malawi zebu (F X Mz) steers grazing nitrogen-fertilised Rhodes grass pastures. The effects of stocking rate (5,7-5 or 10 steers/ha) and level of supplement (maize: madeya (maize bran) fed to steers at either 0-6 or 1-5 per cent of liveweight) were investigated over a 100 day period. Neither stocking rate nor supplement had an effect on daily liveweight gain but gain per hectare increased significantly with stocking rate. Comparative performance of the two breed types showed that the superior absolute gains of the F X Mz steers were not reflected in the efficiency parameters of supplement conversion or gain and carcass yield per unit liveweight. Hindquarter percentage was higher and subcutaneous fat was better distributed in the F X Mz. The practical significance of the results is discussed.", "contents": "Intensive fattening of beef cattle on Rhodes grass pastures on the Lilongwe Plain, Malawi. Beef fattening experiments were conducted in two wet seasons with Malawi zebu (Mz) and Friesian X Malawi zebu (F X Mz) steers grazing nitrogen-fertilised Rhodes grass pastures. The effects of stocking rate (5,7-5 or 10 steers/ha) and level of supplement (maize: madeya (maize bran) fed to steers at either 0-6 or 1-5 per cent of liveweight) were investigated over a 100 day period. Neither stocking rate nor supplement had an effect on daily liveweight gain but gain per hectare increased significantly with stocking rate. Comparative performance of the two breed types showed that the superior absolute gains of the F X Mz steers were not reflected in the efficiency parameters of supplement conversion or gain and carcass yield per unit liveweight. Hindquarter percentage was higher and subcutaneous fat was better distributed in the F X Mz. The practical significance of the results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906174", "title": "Urgency and urge incontinence of urine treated by prolonged bladder dystension: interim results.", "content": "Prolonged bladder distension has been used to treat patients with urgency and urge incontinence of urine. At follow-up varying from 14 to 24 months 17 out of 33 patients were symptom-free, 13 symptomatically improved and 3 unchanged. These results, as anticipated, are not so good as the initial early reported results, but are sufficiently encouraging for us to recommend prolonged bladder distension for the treatment of severe urgency and urge incontinence of urine.", "contents": "Urgency and urge incontinence of urine treated by prolonged bladder dystension: interim results. Prolonged bladder distension has been used to treat patients with urgency and urge incontinence of urine. At follow-up varying from 14 to 24 months 17 out of 33 patients were symptom-free, 13 symptomatically improved and 3 unchanged. These results, as anticipated, are not so good as the initial early reported results, but are sufficiently encouraging for us to recommend prolonged bladder distension for the treatment of severe urgency and urge incontinence of urine."}
{"id": "PMID:906175", "title": "Vaginal denervation of the bladder nerve supply.", "content": "Eleven patients with incontinence of urine owing to detrusor contractions have been treated by partial denervation of the bladder. Seven have substantially improved.", "contents": "Vaginal denervation of the bladder nerve supply. Eleven patients with incontinence of urine owing to detrusor contractions have been treated by partial denervation of the bladder. Seven have substantially improved."}
{"id": "PMID:906176", "title": "Detrusor hyperreflexia and bacteriuria.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 579 patients with cystometrically proven detrusor hyperreflexia bacteriuria was correlated to the commonly accepted etiologies, and to the duration and amplitude of the uninhibited bladder contractions. Blood flow in the bladder wall may be reduced by increased intravesical pressure due to detrusor hyperreflexia, and it has been suggested that a resulting weakening of antibacterial defense mechanisms is responsible for the majority of urinary tract infections in these patients. We have not been able to confirm this hypothesis. We found no statistically significant difference between the incidence of bacteriuria in patients with low amplitude and short duration of the bladder contractions and in patients with high amplitude and long duration of the uninhibited bladder contractions.", "contents": "Detrusor hyperreflexia and bacteriuria. In a retrospective study of 579 patients with cystometrically proven detrusor hyperreflexia bacteriuria was correlated to the commonly accepted etiologies, and to the duration and amplitude of the uninhibited bladder contractions. Blood flow in the bladder wall may be reduced by increased intravesical pressure due to detrusor hyperreflexia, and it has been suggested that a resulting weakening of antibacterial defense mechanisms is responsible for the majority of urinary tract infections in these patients. We have not been able to confirm this hypothesis. We found no statistically significant difference between the incidence of bacteriuria in patients with low amplitude and short duration of the bladder contractions and in patients with high amplitude and long duration of the uninhibited bladder contractions."}
{"id": "PMID:906177", "title": "Urethral closure pressure profiles in the male: an analysis of 280 patients.", "content": "The shape of the urethral closure pressure profile of 281 male patients has been analysed. 'Prostatic' length, 'prostatic' peak, 'prostatic' plateau height and 'prostatic' plateau area have been measured. Thist study has shown that these parameters have a significant relation to the diagnosis of bladder outflow obstruction made after urodynamic studies.", "contents": "Urethral closure pressure profiles in the male: an analysis of 280 patients. The shape of the urethral closure pressure profile of 281 male patients has been analysed. 'Prostatic' length, 'prostatic' peak, 'prostatic' plateau height and 'prostatic' plateau area have been measured. Thist study has shown that these parameters have a significant relation to the diagnosis of bladder outflow obstruction made after urodynamic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:906178", "title": "Urethral pressure profile in prostatic surgery.", "content": "Urethral pressure profile measurements were performed in 45 men suffering from micturation disturbances with the aim of evaluating the diagnostic aid of the procedure as compared to conventional urodynamic evaluation. The urethral pressure profile seems to be of value in visualizing the diseases of the prostate and the bladder neck, but it is of no definite aid except for postprostatectomy incontinence.", "contents": "Urethral pressure profile in prostatic surgery. Urethral pressure profile measurements were performed in 45 men suffering from micturation disturbances with the aim of evaluating the diagnostic aid of the procedure as compared to conventional urodynamic evaluation. The urethral pressure profile seems to be of value in visualizing the diseases of the prostate and the bladder neck, but it is of no definite aid except for postprostatectomy incontinence."}
{"id": "PMID:906179", "title": "Urinary continence after radical prostatectomy: the urodynamic proof of an anatomical hypothesis.", "content": "After radical prostatectomy--the own curable treatment in prostatic carcinoma--there is a great incidence of postoperative urinary incontinence. By forming a tube of the 'base plate' after Hutch's description, it is possible to get a new urinary sphincter. We have proven this facts with urodynamic and radiologic investigations.", "contents": "Urinary continence after radical prostatectomy: the urodynamic proof of an anatomical hypothesis. After radical prostatectomy--the own curable treatment in prostatic carcinoma--there is a great incidence of postoperative urinary incontinence. By forming a tube of the 'base plate' after Hutch's description, it is possible to get a new urinary sphincter. We have proven this facts with urodynamic and radiologic investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:906180", "title": "Vesicourethral pressure recordings in the assessment of neurogenic bladder functions in spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "A method of synchronous study for monitoring the pressure activity of the rectum, bladder and urethral sphincter was described. Intrarectal pressures were obtained using a 8 F custom made balloon catheter. Constant urethral infusion with intrasphincteric pressure recording was arranged through a specially designed 12 F trilumen catheter. Simultaneous intravesical infusion and independent bladder pressure recording were conducted through two other channels of this catheter. This radiologic-aided study was used for functional evaluation of the bladder and its  outlet. The physical factors, such as urethral infusion flow-rate, and the compliance of the infusion catheter hydraulic system governing the interpretation of the study during voiding and nonvoiding states, were described. With an experience of 145 studies on spinal cord injury patients and normal subjects, this method has been found to be a useful clinical urodynamic technique well suited even to a nonambulatory spinal cord injury patient.", "contents": "Vesicourethral pressure recordings in the assessment of neurogenic bladder functions in spinal cord injury patients. A method of synchronous study for monitoring the pressure activity of the rectum, bladder and urethral sphincter was described. Intrarectal pressures were obtained using a 8 F custom made balloon catheter. Constant urethral infusion with intrasphincteric pressure recording was arranged through a specially designed 12 F trilumen catheter. Simultaneous intravesical infusion and independent bladder pressure recording were conducted through two other channels of this catheter. This radiologic-aided study was used for functional evaluation of the bladder and its  outlet. The physical factors, such as urethral infusion flow-rate, and the compliance of the infusion catheter hydraulic system governing the interpretation of the study during voiding and nonvoiding states, were described. With an experience of 145 studies on spinal cord injury patients and normal subjects, this method has been found to be a useful clinical urodynamic technique well suited even to a nonambulatory spinal cord injury patient."}
{"id": "PMID:906181", "title": "Combined pressure, flow, EMG and X-ray studies for the evaluation of neurogenic bladder disturbance: technique.", "content": "A set-up for combined pressure, flow, EMG and X-ray recording is presented. Some efforts are undertaken to keep artefacts by manipulation, instrumentation and by the investigation itself as low as possible. Using a specially designed, plastic made, radiolucent micturition chair this set-up is especially suitable for the urodynamic evaluation of the lower urinary tract in paraplegics, in myelomeningoceles and other handicapped persons. More than 90 urodynamic studies have been carried out in this way during the last 2 years without any complication whatsoever.", "contents": "Combined pressure, flow, EMG and X-ray studies for the evaluation of neurogenic bladder disturbance: technique. A set-up for combined pressure, flow, EMG and X-ray recording is presented. Some efforts are undertaken to keep artefacts by manipulation, instrumentation and by the investigation itself as low as possible. Using a specially designed, plastic made, radiolucent micturition chair this set-up is especially suitable for the urodynamic evaluation of the lower urinary tract in paraplegics, in myelomeningoceles and other handicapped persons. More than 90 urodynamic studies have been carried out in this way during the last 2 years without any complication whatsoever."}
{"id": "PMID:906182", "title": "The adrenergic component in the proximal urethra.", "content": "Two experimental systems are described in which simultaneous radiological and perfusion pressure monitoring of proximal urethral function can be carried out. In one series of experiments, hypogastric nerve stimulation and noradrenaline administration caused urethral constriction while isoprenaline caused dilatation. Using a model similar to a stress cystogram, hypogastric nerve section resulted in opening of the urethra earlier under the same stress, and wider when a steady flow was established. This effect was greater than the influence of parasympathetic or somatic nerve supplies to the urethra. It was concluded that sympathetically innervated smooth muscle has a significant influence on urinary continence and urethral wall tension.", "contents": "The adrenergic component in the proximal urethra. Two experimental systems are described in which simultaneous radiological and perfusion pressure monitoring of proximal urethral function can be carried out. In one series of experiments, hypogastric nerve stimulation and noradrenaline administration caused urethral constriction while isoprenaline caused dilatation. Using a model similar to a stress cystogram, hypogastric nerve section resulted in opening of the urethra earlier under the same stress, and wider when a steady flow was established. This effect was greater than the influence of parasympathetic or somatic nerve supplies to the urethra. It was concluded that sympathetically innervated smooth muscle has a significant influence on urinary continence and urethral wall tension."}
{"id": "PMID:906183", "title": "Studies on the effect and mode of action of flavoxate in human urinary bladder and sphincter.", "content": "Flavoxate, a smooth muscle relaxant, compared with propantheline showed no significant difference in clinical effect on voiding disturbances in hyperactive neurogenic bladders, but fewer side effects. Both drugs increased bladder capacity significantly, but flavoxate did not increase residual urine in contrast to propantheline.", "contents": "Studies on the effect and mode of action of flavoxate in human urinary bladder and sphincter. Flavoxate, a smooth muscle relaxant, compared with propantheline showed no significant difference in clinical effect on voiding disturbances in hyperactive neurogenic bladders, but fewer side effects. Both drugs increased bladder capacity significantly, but flavoxate did not increase residual urine in contrast to propantheline."}
{"id": "PMID:906184", "title": "Effect of intravenous butylscopolamine infusion on urge incontinence.", "content": "In the case of a combination of urge incontinence and stress incontinence, operative therapy is not successful without previous treatment. In 73% (58/82) of patients treated with 20 mg Butylscopolamine, a significant lowering of the absolute pressure volume values and a significant elevation of bladder capacity could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous butylscopolamine infusion on urge incontinence. In the case of a combination of urge incontinence and stress incontinence, operative therapy is not successful without previous treatment. In 73% (58/82) of patients treated with 20 mg Butylscopolamine, a significant lowering of the absolute pressure volume values and a significant elevation of bladder capacity could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:906185", "title": "The place of alpha-blocking drugs in the treatment of children with neuropathic bladders.", "content": "Phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking drug has been evaluated in the treatment of 14 children with neuropathic bladder dysfunction. The majority of children treated showed significant reductions of residual urine and urethral closure pressure. A useful clinical response in terms of improved bladder control was obtained in over half the patients. Children with mild radiological changes in the upper urinary tracts showed radiological improvement but those with marked changes did not improve. The drug is generally well tolerated but side-effects of postural hypotension, lethargy and nausea may occur.", "contents": "The place of alpha-blocking drugs in the treatment of children with neuropathic bladders. Phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking drug has been evaluated in the treatment of 14 children with neuropathic bladder dysfunction. The majority of children treated showed significant reductions of residual urine and urethral closure pressure. A useful clinical response in terms of improved bladder control was obtained in over half the patients. Children with mild radiological changes in the upper urinary tracts showed radiological improvement but those with marked changes did not improve. The drug is generally well tolerated but side-effects of postural hypotension, lethargy and nausea may occur."}
{"id": "PMID:906187", "title": "Urethral closing pressure after spinal cord injury and its relationship to autonomic dysreflexia.", "content": "The evolution of patterns of neurogenic vesical dysfunction with emphasis on urethral resistance has been studied using a two-catheter urethral profile technique in 24 patients following acute spinal cord injury. Inappropriate urethral resistance to voiding appeared to result both from smooth and skeletal muscular activity and to some extent was dependent on the level of the spinal cord lesion. Autonomic dysreflexia was common, and responded to treatment with an alpha-sympatholytic agent.", "contents": "Urethral closing pressure after spinal cord injury and its relationship to autonomic dysreflexia. The evolution of patterns of neurogenic vesical dysfunction with emphasis on urethral resistance has been studied using a two-catheter urethral profile technique in 24 patients following acute spinal cord injury. Inappropriate urethral resistance to voiding appeared to result both from smooth and skeletal muscular activity and to some extent was dependent on the level of the spinal cord lesion. Autonomic dysreflexia was common, and responded to treatment with an alpha-sympatholytic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:906188", "title": "[Stenosis of the ureter opening in children. Etiology, clinical considerations, therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "In an analysis of 75 children with stenosis of the ureter opening, our results are compared to those in the literature (see in particular Tables 1 and 2). Abdominal pain stands out as the major symptom in more than half of the children. In our cases, intramural disturbances predominate in ca, 2/3 of cases, in the literature in about half of cases. The occurrence of extramural disturbances (accessory vessels, adhesions, higher opening of the ureter) occurs with equal frequency. The determining diagnostic procedure for stenosis of the ureter opening is an excretion urogram. Indications for a retrograde pyelogram and the performance of a micturation cystoureterogram are discussed. The operation of choice for stenosis of the ureter opening is the plastic operation of the renal pelvis of Anderson-Hynes, which has a success rate of at least 80%. Amoung our group of patients, primary nephrectomies were only seldom necessary.", "contents": "[Stenosis of the ureter opening in children. Etiology, clinical considerations, therapy (author's transl)]. In an analysis of 75 children with stenosis of the ureter opening, our results are compared to those in the literature (see in particular Tables 1 and 2). Abdominal pain stands out as the major symptom in more than half of the children. In our cases, intramural disturbances predominate in ca, 2/3 of cases, in the literature in about half of cases. The occurrence of extramural disturbances (accessory vessels, adhesions, higher opening of the ureter) occurs with equal frequency. The determining diagnostic procedure for stenosis of the ureter opening is an excretion urogram. Indications for a retrograde pyelogram and the performance of a micturation cystoureterogram are discussed. The operation of choice for stenosis of the ureter opening is the plastic operation of the renal pelvis of Anderson-Hynes, which has a success rate of at least 80%. Amoung our group of patients, primary nephrectomies were only seldom necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:906189", "title": "[Intravesical and intraurethral pressure studies: significance for the prognosis and the treatment of children with myelomeningocele (author's transl)].", "content": "By statistical analysis of premicturition bladder pressure and urethral pressure in 37 children with myelomeningocele we were able to find four different types of neuropathic bladder dysfunction: 1. Group A (N = 19): No upper urinary tract dilatation and deterioration was seen with normal intravesical and low to normal intraurethral pressure. A conservative approach was warranted. 2. Group B (n = 6): Overflow incontinence due to low intravesical and high intraurethral pressure was found in this group. Upper urinary tract deterioration could be avoided and continence achieved by partial sphincterotomy. 3. Group C (n = 6): Progressive impairment in upper urinary tract dilatation was observed in four out of six children with high intravesical and low intraurethral pressures. In these children we prefer the urinary diversion. 4. Group D (n = 6): A dangerous impairment in upper urinary tract dilatation was found in four out of six children with high intravesical und high intraurethral pressures. When phenoxybenzamin therapy fails urinary diversion is the treatment of choice in this group.", "contents": "[Intravesical and intraurethral pressure studies: significance for the prognosis and the treatment of children with myelomeningocele (author's transl)]. By statistical analysis of premicturition bladder pressure and urethral pressure in 37 children with myelomeningocele we were able to find four different types of neuropathic bladder dysfunction: 1. Group A (N = 19): No upper urinary tract dilatation and deterioration was seen with normal intravesical and low to normal intraurethral pressure. A conservative approach was warranted. 2. Group B (n = 6): Overflow incontinence due to low intravesical and high intraurethral pressure was found in this group. Upper urinary tract deterioration could be avoided and continence achieved by partial sphincterotomy. 3. Group C (n = 6): Progressive impairment in upper urinary tract dilatation was observed in four out of six children with high intravesical and low intraurethral pressures. In these children we prefer the urinary diversion. 4. Group D (n = 6): A dangerous impairment in upper urinary tract dilatation was found in four out of six children with high intravesical und high intraurethral pressures. When phenoxybenzamin therapy fails urinary diversion is the treatment of choice in this group."}
{"id": "PMID:906190", "title": "[Urinary calculi in children (author's transl)].", "content": "From a total of 274 children with urinary calculi, 192 cases were analyzed. 63% of these were male. In 19% a familiar disposition was noticed. Phosphate containing stones were found in 81%. Most of these had an urinary tract infection caused by urea splitting organisms. There was no correlation between the chemical composition of the stones and infection with coli and enterococci. One-third of the analyzed cases exhibited malformations of the urinary tract. Of these, 92% had urinary infections due primarily to urea splitting bacteria. This infection rate was markedly higher than in the children without combined malformations of the urinary tract. The peak incidence was around 2 years of age. In the last group symptoms were atypical but more severe than in those cases without malformations of the urinary tract.", "contents": "[Urinary calculi in children (author's transl)]. From a total of 274 children with urinary calculi, 192 cases were analyzed. 63% of these were male. In 19% a familiar disposition was noticed. Phosphate containing stones were found in 81%. Most of these had an urinary tract infection caused by urea splitting organisms. There was no correlation between the chemical composition of the stones and infection with coli and enterococci. One-third of the analyzed cases exhibited malformations of the urinary tract. Of these, 92% had urinary infections due primarily to urea splitting bacteria. This infection rate was markedly higher than in the children without combined malformations of the urinary tract. The peak incidence was around 2 years of age. In the last group symptoms were atypical but more severe than in those cases without malformations of the urinary tract."}
{"id": "PMID:906191", "title": "[Epithelial tumors of the urinary bladder in the first twenty years of life (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighty two cases of epithelial tumors of the bladder in the first two decades of life have been reviewed from the literature. A case of a transitional cell carcinoma, grade I--II, in a 16-year-old boy is presented. Transurethral electroresection was done and there was no recurrence, two years postoperatively. In 70% of all cases a hematuria was found. The epithelial bladder tumors in children have a better prognosis, a lower tendency to recur and a lower grade malignancy than tumors in adults. Treatment of choice is transurethral or suprapubic tumor excision without drug chemotherapy or radiation therapy.", "contents": "[Epithelial tumors of the urinary bladder in the first twenty years of life (author's transl)]. Eighty two cases of epithelial tumors of the bladder in the first two decades of life have been reviewed from the literature. A case of a transitional cell carcinoma, grade I--II, in a 16-year-old boy is presented. Transurethral electroresection was done and there was no recurrence, two years postoperatively. In 70% of all cases a hematuria was found. The epithelial bladder tumors in children have a better prognosis, a lower tendency to recur and a lower grade malignancy than tumors in adults. Treatment of choice is transurethral or suprapubic tumor excision without drug chemotherapy or radiation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:906192", "title": "[Results of pyeloplasty in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 47 surgically corrected cases of stenosis of the pyelo-ureteral junction in children are presented. The method of Anderson-Hynes is preferred because of the removal of the functionally and morphologically damaged ureter-segment. In 80% of the cases the postoperative x-ray demonstrated a good result. Some of the other patients required a secondary nephrectomy. In 10 patients the technique of Culp-de Weerd was used. Six patients showed good results. Postoperatively the urine was sterile in 2/3 of the examined children. In some of the patients the postoperative follow-up was insufficient Etiology. Diagnostic procedure and indication for surgery are discussed.", "contents": "[Results of pyeloplasty in children (author's transl)]. The results of 47 surgically corrected cases of stenosis of the pyelo-ureteral junction in children are presented. The method of Anderson-Hynes is preferred because of the removal of the functionally and morphologically damaged ureter-segment. In 80% of the cases the postoperative x-ray demonstrated a good result. Some of the other patients required a secondary nephrectomy. In 10 patients the technique of Culp-de Weerd was used. Six patients showed good results. Postoperatively the urine was sterile in 2/3 of the examined children. In some of the patients the postoperative follow-up was insufficient Etiology. Diagnostic procedure and indication for surgery are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906193", "title": "[Operative correction of primary megaureter in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty-seven children with congenital megaureter were treated by surgically. Nephroureterectomy was performed in 12 cases (17.9%). Fifty-five children were selected for surgical correction. In 23 patients, a bilateral ureteroneocystostomy with submucosal tunneling was performed. These latter patients were examined in the postoperative period for the following criteria: unobstructed flow urine, improved or stable renal function and absence of infection, 69.23% of these patients met these criteria. Because the primary goal is conservation of the kidney the indication for surgical correction is quite liberal. Thirty percent were failures partially due to previous surgery. The need for detailed preoperative study and long-term follow-up is stressed.", "contents": "[Operative correction of primary megaureter in children (author's transl)]. Sixty-seven children with congenital megaureter were treated by surgically. Nephroureterectomy was performed in 12 cases (17.9%). Fifty-five children were selected for surgical correction. In 23 patients, a bilateral ureteroneocystostomy with submucosal tunneling was performed. These latter patients were examined in the postoperative period for the following criteria: unobstructed flow urine, improved or stable renal function and absence of infection, 69.23% of these patients met these criteria. Because the primary goal is conservation of the kidney the indication for surgical correction is quite liberal. Thirty percent were failures partially due to previous surgery. The need for detailed preoperative study and long-term follow-up is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:906194", "title": "[Forensic and surgical guidelines for male sterilization (author's transl)].", "content": "The moral justification for substitutive sterilization presupposes a critical verification of the sterilization wishes and an exact explanation to both partners. With the acquisition of the proper consent, the explanation of the absolute necessity of the postoperative spermiogram check-up cannot be neglected. Comparison of the spermiograms of unalterably vasectomized men with findings from additional rinsings with physiological saline solution and nitrofurantoin showed that the instillation of the vas deferens leads to a swift, mechanically dependent, emptying of the distal sperm depot. Through instillation of the spermicidal substance nitrofurantoin and the resulting spermatozoa immobilization, this effect can be considerably increased.", "contents": "[Forensic and surgical guidelines for male sterilization (author's transl)]. The moral justification for substitutive sterilization presupposes a critical verification of the sterilization wishes and an exact explanation to both partners. With the acquisition of the proper consent, the explanation of the absolute necessity of the postoperative spermiogram check-up cannot be neglected. Comparison of the spermiograms of unalterably vasectomized men with findings from additional rinsings with physiological saline solution and nitrofurantoin showed that the instillation of the vas deferens leads to a swift, mechanically dependent, emptying of the distal sperm depot. Through instillation of the spermicidal substance nitrofurantoin and the resulting spermatozoa immobilization, this effect can be considerably increased."}
{"id": "PMID:906195", "title": "[In vitro perfusion of so-called endoprothesis. An experimental study of incrustations on internal splinting plastic tubes (author's transl)].", "content": "We have used the method of internal splinting of the ureter (endoprothesis) for the past ten years. Because we observed partial obstruction of the lumen by incrustations and/or fibrin coagula in cases in which the splints had been in place for long periods, we conducted in vitro experiments into the problem. Under constant and variable conditions, urine was perfused through plastic tubes of different materials. Organic and inorganic urine substances and urine pH were analyzed. The materials used were examined with special scanning electron microscopic techniques, and various depositions, especially in comparisons of in vivo and in vitro conditions, were found.", "contents": "[In vitro perfusion of so-called endoprothesis. An experimental study of incrustations on internal splinting plastic tubes (author's transl)]. We have used the method of internal splinting of the ureter (endoprothesis) for the past ten years. Because we observed partial obstruction of the lumen by incrustations and/or fibrin coagula in cases in which the splints had been in place for long periods, we conducted in vitro experiments into the problem. Under constant and variable conditions, urine was perfused through plastic tubes of different materials. Organic and inorganic urine substances and urine pH were analyzed. The materials used were examined with special scanning electron microscopic techniques, and various depositions, especially in comparisons of in vivo and in vitro conditions, were found."}
{"id": "PMID:906216", "title": "Chronic human brucellosis and anti-anergic treatment with levamisole.", "content": "Dysfunction of the cellular immune mechanism was found in 23 patients with persistent symptoms of brucellosis of more than one year's duration when skin tested for delayed hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Eighteen patients had low normal or depressed E rosetting capacity of their lymphocytes. Anti-anergic treatment with levamisole 150 mg daily for one month and for two consecutive days each week for six months produced an exacerbation of symptoms after one to four weeks followed by complete relief from symptoms in 15 patients and partial relief in four. Vitamin A was used to potentiate the effect of levamisole in seven patients.", "contents": "Chronic human brucellosis and anti-anergic treatment with levamisole. Dysfunction of the cellular immune mechanism was found in 23 patients with persistent symptoms of brucellosis of more than one year's duration when skin tested for delayed hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Eighteen patients had low normal or depressed E rosetting capacity of their lymphocytes. Anti-anergic treatment with levamisole 150 mg daily for one month and for two consecutive days each week for six months produced an exacerbation of symptoms after one to four weeks followed by complete relief from symptoms in 15 patients and partial relief in four. Vitamin A was used to potentiate the effect of levamisole in seven patients."}
{"id": "PMID:906217", "title": "An evaluation of chemical restraining agents in the horse.", "content": "An evaluation of acepromazine (0.5 mg/kg intramuscularly), azaperone (0.7 and 0.9 mg/kg intramuscularly) and xylazine (2.0 mg/kg intramuscularly) as chemical restraining agents was carried out in seven horses. (Xylazine and azaperone were used at the recommended dose rates; acepromazine at five times the recommended dose rates). Of the three drugs administered only azaperone produced sufficient sedation in all the horses to allow a percutaneous needle muscle biopsy to be taken from six muscles. With acepromazine and xylazine this procedure could be successfully carried out in five and four horses respectively. Both acepromazine and azaperone produced a mild transient tachycardia and a fall in packed cell volume but all three drugs reduced the \"stress\" of muscle biopsy as measured by increases in heart rate. Azaperone produced an increase in plasma 11-OHCS levels when administered to control animals. The measurement of changes in plasma 11-OHCS levels was not found to be a satisfactory means of assessing any reduction of \"stress\" with some sedative agents.", "contents": "An evaluation of chemical restraining agents in the horse. An evaluation of acepromazine (0.5 mg/kg intramuscularly), azaperone (0.7 and 0.9 mg/kg intramuscularly) and xylazine (2.0 mg/kg intramuscularly) as chemical restraining agents was carried out in seven horses. (Xylazine and azaperone were used at the recommended dose rates; acepromazine at five times the recommended dose rates). Of the three drugs administered only azaperone produced sufficient sedation in all the horses to allow a percutaneous needle muscle biopsy to be taken from six muscles. With acepromazine and xylazine this procedure could be successfully carried out in five and four horses respectively. Both acepromazine and azaperone produced a mild transient tachycardia and a fall in packed cell volume but all three drugs reduced the \"stress\" of muscle biopsy as measured by increases in heart rate. Azaperone produced an increase in plasma 11-OHCS levels when administered to control animals. The measurement of changes in plasma 11-OHCS levels was not found to be a satisfactory means of assessing any reduction of \"stress\" with some sedative agents."}
{"id": "PMID:906218", "title": "Bovine serum growth hormone levels in clinical ketosis.", "content": "Blood samples were taken from ketotic cows and from normal lactating cows in summer and winter. The lowest serum growth hormone and plasma glucose levels and the highest serum free fatty acid values were observed in the ketotic cows. It is suggested that the decrease in growth hormone might benefit the ketotic animal.", "contents": "Bovine serum growth hormone levels in clinical ketosis. Blood samples were taken from ketotic cows and from normal lactating cows in summer and winter. The lowest serum growth hormone and plasma glucose levels and the highest serum free fatty acid values were observed in the ketotic cows. It is suggested that the decrease in growth hormone might benefit the ketotic animal."}
{"id": "PMID:906226", "title": "Aujeszky's disease in a pack of hounds.", "content": "Aujeszky's disease occurred in a pack of harrier hounds in the south west of England and caused the death of 11 of a pack of 51 animals. The onset appeared to have followed the feeding of pig carcase material from a very large fattening unit. No evidence of clinical disease was seen in pigs in this unit, but serological evidence of earlier infection was obtained. Interesting lesions in the intestinal wall of the hounds are described.", "contents": "Aujeszky's disease in a pack of hounds. Aujeszky's disease occurred in a pack of harrier hounds in the south west of England and caused the death of 11 of a pack of 51 animals. The onset appeared to have followed the feeding of pig carcase material from a very large fattening unit. No evidence of clinical disease was seen in pigs in this unit, but serological evidence of earlier infection was obtained. Interesting lesions in the intestinal wall of the hounds are described."}
{"id": "PMID:906227", "title": "Veterinary surgeons and the medicines (Labelling) Amendment Regulations 1977.", "content": "Further changes to the medicine labelling regulations have important implications for practising veterinary surgeons. They amend the regulations made recently by specifying warning labels and other special labelling requirements for certain types of veterinary medical products.", "contents": "Veterinary surgeons and the medicines (Labelling) Amendment Regulations 1977. Further changes to the medicine labelling regulations have important implications for practising veterinary surgeons. They amend the regulations made recently by specifying warning labels and other special labelling requirements for certain types of veterinary medical products."}
{"id": "PMID:906231", "title": "Pregnancy diagnosis in the ewe by an ultrasonic rectal probe.", "content": "Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out on 1396 ewes from 20 to more than 120 days after mating with an overall success rate for positive diagnosis of 89 per cent whereas from 60 to more than 120 days after mating the rate was 94 per cent. Diagnosis of barrenness or non-pregnancy from 20 to more than 120 days after mating gave a success rate of 84 per cent but from 20 to 80 days after mating the diagnosis of barrenness was more accurate than the diagnosis of pregnancy, ie, 88 per cent success as against 82 per cent success of pregnancy. In modern intensive sheep breeding units the ability to diagnose barrenness accurately at an early period following mating has obvious economic advantages. All the ewes under examination were subjected to only one examination. The object was to assess the commercial capabilities of such an examination.", "contents": "Pregnancy diagnosis in the ewe by an ultrasonic rectal probe. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out on 1396 ewes from 20 to more than 120 days after mating with an overall success rate for positive diagnosis of 89 per cent whereas from 60 to more than 120 days after mating the rate was 94 per cent. Diagnosis of barrenness or non-pregnancy from 20 to more than 120 days after mating gave a success rate of 84 per cent but from 20 to 80 days after mating the diagnosis of barrenness was more accurate than the diagnosis of pregnancy, ie, 88 per cent success as against 82 per cent success of pregnancy. In modern intensive sheep breeding units the ability to diagnose barrenness accurately at an early period following mating has obvious economic advantages. All the ewes under examination were subjected to only one examination. The object was to assess the commercial capabilities of such an examination."}
{"id": "PMID:906232", "title": "Clinical observations on xylazine/ketamine anaesthesia in the cat.", "content": "A combination of xylazine and ketamine was used to produce anaesthesia in 100 cats. No deaths occurred. Vomiting was produced by the xylazine in 36 cats. Anaesthesia required supplementation after 30 minutes in 24 of the animals.", "contents": "Clinical observations on xylazine/ketamine anaesthesia in the cat. A combination of xylazine and ketamine was used to produce anaesthesia in 100 cats. No deaths occurred. Vomiting was produced by the xylazine in 36 cats. Anaesthesia required supplementation after 30 minutes in 24 of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:906303", "title": "[Study of the clinical and biochemical indices in experimental chronic copper poisoning in sheep].", "content": "Induced was chronic copper poisoning in sheep treated orally with copper sulphate. Investigated was the dynamics of some of the clinical picture aspects, the paraclinical behaviour, and the toxicogenesis of poisoning. The disease manifested a three-phase course. The hemolytic crisis at various liver levels of copper within therange of from 315 up to 840.5 mg/kg was due to the challenging role of additional factors, such as pregnancy, lambing, lactation and individual sensitivity. During pregnancy copper was found to pass though the placenta, accumulating in the liver of the fetus. Copper deposition in the liver lobes varied. The quantitative determination of liver copper requires the investigation of pool samples.", "contents": "[Study of the clinical and biochemical indices in experimental chronic copper poisoning in sheep]. Induced was chronic copper poisoning in sheep treated orally with copper sulphate. Investigated was the dynamics of some of the clinical picture aspects, the paraclinical behaviour, and the toxicogenesis of poisoning. The disease manifested a three-phase course. The hemolytic crisis at various liver levels of copper within therange of from 315 up to 840.5 mg/kg was due to the challenging role of additional factors, such as pregnancy, lambing, lactation and individual sensitivity. During pregnancy copper was found to pass though the placenta, accumulating in the liver of the fetus. Copper deposition in the liver lobes varied. The quantitative determination of liver copper requires the investigation of pool samples."}
{"id": "PMID:906304", "title": "[Epizootic process on a farm chronically infected with Aujeszky's disease].", "content": "Clinical and epizootiologic studies have been carried out in the course of one year on a farm with a permanent Aujeszkys disease infection as well as virologic and serologic investigations, performed seven times, with a total of 70 fattened pigs. No clinical symptoms of Aujeszky's disease have been established during the period of investigation, while the epizootiologic status have invariably spoken of the fact that the infection had a stationary course on this farm. The virus was isolated from meat and bone marrow, which posed the question of veterinary and sanitary inspection of meat obtained from such animals. The virologic results were varying by months, the peak percent values of positive animals and organs being established over the winter-spring period. Serologically, the results have agreed with the findings in the virologic studies: most significant were the variations in the months during which there was a highest percent of positively reacting animals and organs. It has been assumed that the disease was maintained in a latent form on the farm investigated, showing certain variations as to its manifestation, with no trend in terms of spontaneous recovery.", "contents": "[Epizootic process on a farm chronically infected with Aujeszky's disease]. Clinical and epizootiologic studies have been carried out in the course of one year on a farm with a permanent Aujeszkys disease infection as well as virologic and serologic investigations, performed seven times, with a total of 70 fattened pigs. No clinical symptoms of Aujeszky's disease have been established during the period of investigation, while the epizootiologic status have invariably spoken of the fact that the infection had a stationary course on this farm. The virus was isolated from meat and bone marrow, which posed the question of veterinary and sanitary inspection of meat obtained from such animals. The virologic results were varying by months, the peak percent values of positive animals and organs being established over the winter-spring period. Serologically, the results have agreed with the findings in the virologic studies: most significant were the variations in the months during which there was a highest percent of positively reacting animals and organs. It has been assumed that the disease was maintained in a latent form on the farm investigated, showing certain variations as to its manifestation, with no trend in terms of spontaneous recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:906305", "title": "[Immunity in genital bacterial infections in cows].", "content": "A total of 313 cows were investigated in order to establish the agents that most frequently caused genital diseases in cows on 5 farms where the experiments were carried out. In animals that had miscarried as well as in those that had recovered from metritis specific antibodies were found against the isolated causative agents, having titers in the vaginal mucus from 1:160 to 1:320, and in the blood serum--from 1:160 up to 1:1280. Strains were selected from the most  frequently isolated bacterial species to produce a killed polybacterial adsorbate baccine. It was used 152 cows on the same farms in the eighth month of first or second gestation. The treated animals built immunity of a varying intensity, which was demonstrated with the appearance of specific antibodies of titers in the vaginal mucus ranging from 1:80 to 1:640, and in the blood serum--from 1:80 to 1:1280, and with marked resistance against the bacterial agents used in the vaccine.", "contents": "[Immunity in genital bacterial infections in cows]. A total of 313 cows were investigated in order to establish the agents that most frequently caused genital diseases in cows on 5 farms where the experiments were carried out. In animals that had miscarried as well as in those that had recovered from metritis specific antibodies were found against the isolated causative agents, having titers in the vaginal mucus from 1:160 to 1:320, and in the blood serum--from 1:160 up to 1:1280. Strains were selected from the most  frequently isolated bacterial species to produce a killed polybacterial adsorbate baccine. It was used 152 cows on the same farms in the eighth month of first or second gestation. The treated animals built immunity of a varying intensity, which was demonstrated with the appearance of specific antibodies of titers in the vaginal mucus ranging from 1:80 to 1:640, and in the blood serum--from 1:80 to 1:1280, and with marked resistance against the bacterial agents used in the vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:906306", "title": "[Effect of ionizing radiation on the virulent and immunogenic properties of Babesia ovis].", "content": "The effect was followed up of ionizing radiation at rates of 20, 25, 30, 32, 35, 40 and 50 krad on the virulence and the immunogenic properties of B. ovis. The experiments were carried with 22 sheep (20 test and 2 donor) according to the rate of treatment into 7 test groups with a total of 17 animals, and 1 control with 3 sheep. One month after infection with irradiated blood reinfection was carried out of 8 animals (of different groups) that had recovered, using virulent untreated blood. The titer of the antibodies in the remaining sheep was followed up by means of the complement-fixation test. It was found that irradiation at 20-25 krad lowered the virulence of the Babesia organisms, but these could provoke the disease in an acute form and cause death. The animals that survived after being infected with the indicated doses developed a comparatively good immunity. It is considered that the most appropriate dose of irradiation is 30 krad. 32 and 35 krad do not kill Babesiae; the parasites thus irradiated, however, cannot protect the animals at reinfection. It has been found that Babesiae irradiated at the rates of 40 and 450 krad do not cause an infection process, and at reinfection the animals respond almost in the same way as the controls.", "contents": "[Effect of ionizing radiation on the virulent and immunogenic properties of Babesia ovis]. The effect was followed up of ionizing radiation at rates of 20, 25, 30, 32, 35, 40 and 50 krad on the virulence and the immunogenic properties of B. ovis. The experiments were carried with 22 sheep (20 test and 2 donor) according to the rate of treatment into 7 test groups with a total of 17 animals, and 1 control with 3 sheep. One month after infection with irradiated blood reinfection was carried out of 8 animals (of different groups) that had recovered, using virulent untreated blood. The titer of the antibodies in the remaining sheep was followed up by means of the complement-fixation test. It was found that irradiation at 20-25 krad lowered the virulence of the Babesia organisms, but these could provoke the disease in an acute form and cause death. The animals that survived after being infected with the indicated doses developed a comparatively good immunity. It is considered that the most appropriate dose of irradiation is 30 krad. 32 and 35 krad do not kill Babesiae; the parasites thus irradiated, however, cannot protect the animals at reinfection. It has been found that Babesiae irradiated at the rates of 40 and 450 krad do not cause an infection process, and at reinfection the animals respond almost in the same way as the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:906307", "title": "[Comparative thin-layer chromatographic studies for determining phorate and fenthion].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to use thin-layer chromatography to determine pure substances of the organic phosphorous insecticides forat and phenothion. Three sorbents were employed to establish the most appropriate conditions for the application of a fast, readily applicably and highly sensitive method--silica gel G, DG and Kiselgur \"Merk\", as well as 14 mobile phases--monocompound (n-hexane, n-heptane, acetone benzol and toluol), double combinations (hexane-acetone 4:1, hexane-acetone 9:1, hexane-benzol 1:1, hexane-benzol 4:1, heptane-acetone 7:1, benzol-hexane 4:1, benzol-acetone 9:1, and petrolium ether-tetrachlormethane) and triple combinations (acetone-toluol-hexane 1:15 and 5 developers (a diazosalt, bromine vapours + diazosalt, palladium bichloride, bromphenol blue, and silver nitrate, sodium hydroxide, ammonia gas). Established was the fact that the best results are obtained with the use of silica gel G, the mobile phase heptan-acetone 7:1, and the developer of 0.2% solution of palladium bichloride in 0.5 per cent solution of hydrochloric acid. In chromatogrammes the forat compound appears as a tile red portion with a darker peripheral part and Rf = 0.61, and phenothion--in yellow, with a brownish halo and Rf = 0.41. The method is highly sensitive--for forat 0.5 microgram, and for phenothion 0.5 microgram. In determining these insecticides it is possible to use as a sorbent silica gel \"Merk\" 1:1 with the same degree of sensitivity, but with higher Rf values.", "contents": "[Comparative thin-layer chromatographic studies for determining phorate and fenthion]. Experiments were carried out to use thin-layer chromatography to determine pure substances of the organic phosphorous insecticides forat and phenothion. Three sorbents were employed to establish the most appropriate conditions for the application of a fast, readily applicably and highly sensitive method--silica gel G, DG and Kiselgur \"Merk\", as well as 14 mobile phases--monocompound (n-hexane, n-heptane, acetone benzol and toluol), double combinations (hexane-acetone 4:1, hexane-acetone 9:1, hexane-benzol 1:1, hexane-benzol 4:1, heptane-acetone 7:1, benzol-hexane 4:1, benzol-acetone 9:1, and petrolium ether-tetrachlormethane) and triple combinations (acetone-toluol-hexane 1:15 and 5 developers (a diazosalt, bromine vapours + diazosalt, palladium bichloride, bromphenol blue, and silver nitrate, sodium hydroxide, ammonia gas). Established was the fact that the best results are obtained with the use of silica gel G, the mobile phase heptan-acetone 7:1, and the developer of 0.2% solution of palladium bichloride in 0.5 per cent solution of hydrochloric acid. In chromatogrammes the forat compound appears as a tile red portion with a darker peripheral part and Rf = 0.61, and phenothion--in yellow, with a brownish halo and Rf = 0.41. The method is highly sensitive--for forat 0.5 microgram, and for phenothion 0.5 microgram. In determining these insecticides it is possible to use as a sorbent silica gel \"Merk\" 1:1 with the same degree of sensitivity, but with higher Rf values."}
{"id": "PMID:906308", "title": "[Sources of microbial contamination in the production of veal].", "content": "Investigated was the microflora of various objects contributing to the contamination of veal during the process of its production. It was found that the main sources of primary contamination of the carcass surface with microorganisms are the hair coat, residual mud on the hoofs, intestinal contents of the calves for slaughter, the slaughter premise itself (walls, floor, air), tools used in slaughter (knives, axes for cutting open), clothing for work as well as the hands of the workers. The microbial contamination of the objects studied during work proved strong, in some cases the log value of the total count of organisms for some of them reaching up to 8.90, of the psychrophiles--up to 7.91, of the coliform bacteria--up to 7.04, of the moulds and yeasts--up to 6.08. Disinfection with 1 per cent water solution of Vosfasteril lowered the contamination of the objects studied by more than 99 per cent. The detergent used produced a high bactericidal effect and could successfully be employed at the meat producing enterprises throughout the country.", "contents": "[Sources of microbial contamination in the production of veal]. Investigated was the microflora of various objects contributing to the contamination of veal during the process of its production. It was found that the main sources of primary contamination of the carcass surface with microorganisms are the hair coat, residual mud on the hoofs, intestinal contents of the calves for slaughter, the slaughter premise itself (walls, floor, air), tools used in slaughter (knives, axes for cutting open), clothing for work as well as the hands of the workers. The microbial contamination of the objects studied during work proved strong, in some cases the log value of the total count of organisms for some of them reaching up to 8.90, of the psychrophiles--up to 7.91, of the coliform bacteria--up to 7.04, of the moulds and yeasts--up to 6.08. Disinfection with 1 per cent water solution of Vosfasteril lowered the contamination of the objects studied by more than 99 per cent. The detergent used produced a high bactericidal effect and could successfully be employed at the meat producing enterprises throughout the country."}
{"id": "PMID:906309", "title": "[Studies of the alkaline phosphatase in the sperm, testes and accessory sex glands of bulls].", "content": "Studied were the activity and properties of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the seminal plasma, spermatozoa washed with physiologic saline, testes, and accessory sexual glands of a bull. The AP activity was highest in the seminal plasma (2493.2 IU/l) and lowest in the Kupffer gland (257.3 IU/kg crude tissue, on an average). In washed spermatozoa it proved by 10 per cent lower than the activity in seminal plasma. At 56 degrees C as much as 60-80 per cent of the AP in the investigated materials was inactivated for 30 min. AP was shown to be inactivated strongly (up to 84-97 per cent) by urea (3.8 M). L-arginine (10(-2) M) and EDTA (10(-3) M) inactivated to an equal extent AP in all studied organs. L-phenylalanine inactivated AP weakly (13-15 per cent) in the testis and the epididymis, and more strongly (32-57 per cent) in the accessory glands and the plasma. Agar electrophoresis revealed three to four isoenzymes of AP in the seminal plasma, three isoenzymes in the testis and the epididymis, and two isoenzymes in the accessory sexual glands and in spermatozoa washed with physioogic saline.", "contents": "[Studies of the alkaline phosphatase in the sperm, testes and accessory sex glands of bulls]. Studied were the activity and properties of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the seminal plasma, spermatozoa washed with physiologic saline, testes, and accessory sexual glands of a bull. The AP activity was highest in the seminal plasma (2493.2 IU/l) and lowest in the Kupffer gland (257.3 IU/kg crude tissue, on an average). In washed spermatozoa it proved by 10 per cent lower than the activity in seminal plasma. At 56 degrees C as much as 60-80 per cent of the AP in the investigated materials was inactivated for 30 min. AP was shown to be inactivated strongly (up to 84-97 per cent) by urea (3.8 M). L-arginine (10(-2) M) and EDTA (10(-3) M) inactivated to an equal extent AP in all studied organs. L-phenylalanine inactivated AP weakly (13-15 per cent) in the testis and the epididymis, and more strongly (32-57 per cent) in the accessory glands and the plasma. Agar electrophoresis revealed three to four isoenzymes of AP in the seminal plasma, three isoenzymes in the testis and the epididymis, and two isoenzymes in the accessory sexual glands and in spermatozoa washed with physioogic saline."}
{"id": "PMID:906310", "title": "[Hygienic studies of the manufacture of pasteurized and sterilized canned meat products].", "content": "Studied was microbiologically the hygiene condition of premises, equipment, glassware and containers, instruments and tools, raw meat, the hands of workers and work clothing, canned products prior to sterilization, and air along all technologic lines for the production of pasteurized and sterilized canned meat: In case of underestimating the measures of industrial hygiene. In case of permanent and severe control on the measures of industrial hygiene. Determined were the total counts of bacteria--of coliforms, Salmonellae, anaerobes and staphylococci. Results made it clear that the observation of hygiene along all technologic lines of production is an immediate task. Strictly observed hygiene in meat production has given very good results up to 90-100 per cent of the washings prove sterile. Experiments have pointed to the necessity of observing the measures of industrial hygiene that guarantee the high quality of canned meat.", "contents": "[Hygienic studies of the manufacture of pasteurized and sterilized canned meat products]. Studied was microbiologically the hygiene condition of premises, equipment, glassware and containers, instruments and tools, raw meat, the hands of workers and work clothing, canned products prior to sterilization, and air along all technologic lines for the production of pasteurized and sterilized canned meat: In case of underestimating the measures of industrial hygiene. In case of permanent and severe control on the measures of industrial hygiene. Determined were the total counts of bacteria--of coliforms, Salmonellae, anaerobes and staphylococci. Results made it clear that the observation of hygiene along all technologic lines of production is an immediate task. Strictly observed hygiene in meat production has given very good results up to 90-100 per cent of the washings prove sterile. Experiments have pointed to the necessity of observing the measures of industrial hygiene that guarantee the high quality of canned meat."}
{"id": "PMID:906311", "title": "[Ampicillin tolerance and content in the mammary gland of lactating cows and sheep].", "content": "Experiments were carried out with lactating cows and ewes consisting in the intramammary application of ampicillin-trihydrate with the use of syringe cannules, and with paraffin and vaselin as constituents. Cows were treated with 10 cm3 (500,000 IU) (in the respective quarter of the udder), and ewes--with one half of the syringe content. The milk of the treated animals was sampled prior to manipulation, at the 24th, the 48th, 72nd and 96th hour in order to follow up the time during which the antibiotic was retained in the milk as well as the changes in the cell content and the hydrogen ion concentration. It was found that ampicillin persisted in milk up to the 48th hour in therapeutic concentrations. At the 96th hour the milk proved free of the antibiotic in both cows and ewes and could be offered for consumption or technologic processing.", "contents": "[Ampicillin tolerance and content in the mammary gland of lactating cows and sheep]. Experiments were carried out with lactating cows and ewes consisting in the intramammary application of ampicillin-trihydrate with the use of syringe cannules, and with paraffin and vaselin as constituents. Cows were treated with 10 cm3 (500,000 IU) (in the respective quarter of the udder), and ewes--with one half of the syringe content. The milk of the treated animals was sampled prior to manipulation, at the 24th, the 48th, 72nd and 96th hour in order to follow up the time during which the antibiotic was retained in the milk as well as the changes in the cell content and the hydrogen ion concentration. It was found that ampicillin persisted in milk up to the 48th hour in therapeutic concentrations. At the 96th hour the milk proved free of the antibiotic in both cows and ewes and could be offered for consumption or technologic processing."}
{"id": "PMID:906312", "title": "[Comparative test of the efficacy of babesicidal agents].", "content": "The effectiveness and the sterilizing capacity were tested of some chemotherapeutic means against Babesia, such as tripanblau, tripaflavin, acaprin, berenil, and pyrodia, using spontaneously affected animals as well as animals challenged with infectious blood. The efficacy of these means was evaluated on the basis of the term needed to lower the body temperature back to normal and the time for which the parasites disappear from the peripheral blood. The sterilizing capacity was demonstrated on healthy susceptible animals treated with blood taken from survivals that had been medically treated. The extent to which parasitamia had developed was read by means of a fast and approximately precise method. Berenil and pyrodia proved superior to the remaining agents--they were readily applicable and were tolerated by the animals: recovery set in within a short time; these means could attenuate the virulence, and in some cases could render the host sterile with regard to the parasite's presence. Best results were produced when etiotropic therapeutic means were applied (upon judgement) along with pathogenetic means.", "contents": "[Comparative test of the efficacy of babesicidal agents]. The effectiveness and the sterilizing capacity were tested of some chemotherapeutic means against Babesia, such as tripanblau, tripaflavin, acaprin, berenil, and pyrodia, using spontaneously affected animals as well as animals challenged with infectious blood. The efficacy of these means was evaluated on the basis of the term needed to lower the body temperature back to normal and the time for which the parasites disappear from the peripheral blood. The sterilizing capacity was demonstrated on healthy susceptible animals treated with blood taken from survivals that had been medically treated. The extent to which parasitamia had developed was read by means of a fast and approximately precise method. Berenil and pyrodia proved superior to the remaining agents--they were readily applicable and were tolerated by the animals: recovery set in within a short time; these means could attenuate the virulence, and in some cases could render the host sterile with regard to the parasite's presence. Best results were produced when etiotropic therapeutic means were applied (upon judgement) along with pathogenetic means."}
{"id": "PMID:906313", "title": "[Use of a dual-frequency spectrophotometric method for determining the DNA content in the male sex cells of bulls, rams and boars].", "content": "Investigated were the absorption spectral curves of alkaline protein hydrolysates and DNA-extracts from bull, ram and boar spermatozoa employing the method of Schmidt-Tannhauser. It was established that the double-wave method could be used to determine the content of DNA in the investigated ejaculated at the following values of the two waves and coefficients: 268 nm and 280 nm; K = 1350 for ram spermatozoa, and 268 nm and 281 nm; K = 1175 for bull and boar spermatozoa. The evaluation of the quantitative content of DNA per spermatozoid of bull, ram and boar was also carried out, establishing that the figures obtained are approximately equal.", "contents": "[Use of a dual-frequency spectrophotometric method for determining the DNA content in the male sex cells of bulls, rams and boars]. Investigated were the absorption spectral curves of alkaline protein hydrolysates and DNA-extracts from bull, ram and boar spermatozoa employing the method of Schmidt-Tannhauser. It was established that the double-wave method could be used to determine the content of DNA in the investigated ejaculated at the following values of the two waves and coefficients: 268 nm and 280 nm; K = 1350 for ram spermatozoa, and 268 nm and 281 nm; K = 1175 for bull and boar spermatozoa. The evaluation of the quantitative content of DNA per spermatozoid of bull, ram and boar was also carried out, establishing that the figures obtained are approximately equal."}
{"id": "PMID:906314", "title": "[Transmission of a delayed allergic reaction to Salmonella abortus-ovis via the blood plasma of gamma-irradiated guinea pigs].", "content": "Use was made of blood plasma taken from guinea pigs (sensibilized with a live culture of Salmonella abortus ovis and then irradiated wiht 800 rad gamma-rays) to transmit the skin allergy reaction to normal, nonsensibilized guinea pigs. The allergy reaction was demonstrated in the recipients of plasma as early as the 3-4th hour following the injection of the allergen into the skin. It reached its peak at the 12-24th hour and later on strongly diminished, remaining in few of the animals only up to the 48th hour. The infiltrate at the site of injection in the skin of positively reacting animals contained at the 24th hour cells of the polymorphonuclear type which predominated, while the cells of the mononuclear type were few in number. There were no precipitins in the plasma of the donors, and the titer of the agglutinins and the cytophile antibodies was very low. Regardless of these findings it was concluded that the transmitted allergy reaction was of the fast type (after Arthuss), and not of the delayed one.", "contents": "[Transmission of a delayed allergic reaction to Salmonella abortus-ovis via the blood plasma of gamma-irradiated guinea pigs]. Use was made of blood plasma taken from guinea pigs (sensibilized with a live culture of Salmonella abortus ovis and then irradiated wiht 800 rad gamma-rays) to transmit the skin allergy reaction to normal, nonsensibilized guinea pigs. The allergy reaction was demonstrated in the recipients of plasma as early as the 3-4th hour following the injection of the allergen into the skin. It reached its peak at the 12-24th hour and later on strongly diminished, remaining in few of the animals only up to the 48th hour. The infiltrate at the site of injection in the skin of positively reacting animals contained at the 24th hour cells of the polymorphonuclear type which predominated, while the cells of the mononuclear type were few in number. There were no precipitins in the plasma of the donors, and the titer of the agglutinins and the cytophile antibodies was very low. Regardless of these findings it was concluded that the transmitted allergy reaction was of the fast type (after Arthuss), and not of the delayed one."}
{"id": "PMID:906389", "title": "[Endoscopic diagnosis of tumors of the esophagus].", "content": "The analysis of the data reported indicates that fibroesophagoscopy is a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of esophageal cancer, which may be used both under stationary and outpatient conditions. The latter is of special importance for prophylactic examinations of high-risk group individuals. The possibility to establish histological and cytologic diagnosis by means of this method of investigation is essential for tactical aspects of the treatment in such patients. The use of roentgenological and endoscopic methods of study allows a more precise judgement to be formed as to the character of esophageal involvement.", "contents": "[Endoscopic diagnosis of tumors of the esophagus]. The analysis of the data reported indicates that fibroesophagoscopy is a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of esophageal cancer, which may be used both under stationary and outpatient conditions. The latter is of special importance for prophylactic examinations of high-risk group individuals. The possibility to establish histological and cytologic diagnosis by means of this method of investigation is essential for tactical aspects of the treatment in such patients. The use of roentgenological and endoscopic methods of study allows a more precise judgement to be formed as to the character of esophageal involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:906390", "title": "[Cytological method in the diagnosis of esophageal cancer].", "content": "A correlation between the results, obtained in esophagofibroscopy, histological and cytological methods in establishing the diagnosis of esophageal cancer in 981 patients, has demonstrated that cytological method is a highly reliable one. The possibility to determine histological forms of esophageal tumor by means of cytological assay is shown.", "contents": "[Cytological method in the diagnosis of esophageal cancer]. A correlation between the results, obtained in esophagofibroscopy, histological and cytological methods in establishing the diagnosis of esophageal cancer in 981 patients, has demonstrated that cytological method is a highly reliable one. The possibility to determine histological forms of esophageal tumor by means of cytological assay is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:906391", "title": "[Nonspecific immunity in cancer of the internal organs and skin].", "content": "The authors studied comparatively a number of indices of nonspecific immune protection in 32 patients with paraneoplasia, in 34 patients with malignant (19) and benign (15) skin neoplasms, and also in 20 healthy persons. It has been found that in patients with paraneoplasias and skin cancer the most sensitive tests for decreased immune responses are as follows: qualitative and quantitative changes in the autoflora of non-involved skin covers, lysozyme titre and general bactericidity of blood serum. A progressive increase of dissemination of the skin cover against the background of the reduced lysozyme titre and general bactericidity of blood serum and also the appearance of C-reactive protein in serum render it reasonable to suspect malignant tumor process in patients suffering eczema, psoriasis and other skin lesions.", "contents": "[Nonspecific immunity in cancer of the internal organs and skin]. The authors studied comparatively a number of indices of nonspecific immune protection in 32 patients with paraneoplasia, in 34 patients with malignant (19) and benign (15) skin neoplasms, and also in 20 healthy persons. It has been found that in patients with paraneoplasias and skin cancer the most sensitive tests for decreased immune responses are as follows: qualitative and quantitative changes in the autoflora of non-involved skin covers, lysozyme titre and general bactericidity of blood serum. A progressive increase of dissemination of the skin cover against the background of the reduced lysozyme titre and general bactericidity of blood serum and also the appearance of C-reactive protein in serum render it reasonable to suspect malignant tumor process in patients suffering eczema, psoriasis and other skin lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:906392", "title": "[Tumors in CBA line mice caused by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine].", "content": "Female CBA mice were treated weekly with subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine (8 mg/Kg b. w.) for 38--40 weeks. All animals but one developed tumors, mainly of the uterus, and region and intestine. Uterine tumors were most likely endometrial sarcomas, although myometrial and vascular components were also present. Large tumors of the anal region were squamous cell or baso-squamous carcinomata, while small growths were sebaceous adenomas or basal-cell tumors. 1.2-dimethylhydrazine appears to be a more multipotent carcinogen for mice than for the rat. Uterine sarcomas are of special interest in view of their rarity in mice.", "contents": "[Tumors in CBA line mice caused by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine]. Female CBA mice were treated weekly with subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine (8 mg/Kg b. w.) for 38--40 weeks. All animals but one developed tumors, mainly of the uterus, and region and intestine. Uterine tumors were most likely endometrial sarcomas, although myometrial and vascular components were also present. Large tumors of the anal region were squamous cell or baso-squamous carcinomata, while small growths were sebaceous adenomas or basal-cell tumors. 1.2-dimethylhydrazine appears to be a more multipotent carcinogen for mice than for the rat. Uterine sarcomas are of special interest in view of their rarity in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:906393", "title": "[Protection of the mouse digestive tract from the toxic effect of cytosine-arabinoside].", "content": "Comparative experiments have demonstrated a qualitative difference of protective effects, observed in peroral application of 2'-desoxycytidine molecular solution and activated carbon suspension with 2'-desoxycytidine molecules adsorbed onto its particles with regard to the toxicity of intraperitoneal injections of cytosine arabinoside in female C57bl/6j mice. In contrast to 2'-deosyxycytidine molecular solution, which reduced all toxic manifestations and protected animals from death, the corpuscular form of the  protector only the toxic effect of the antimetabolite on the intestine without affecting other toxic manifestations, the inhibition of hemopoiesis in particular.", "contents": "[Protection of the mouse digestive tract from the toxic effect of cytosine-arabinoside]. Comparative experiments have demonstrated a qualitative difference of protective effects, observed in peroral application of 2'-desoxycytidine molecular solution and activated carbon suspension with 2'-desoxycytidine molecules adsorbed onto its particles with regard to the toxicity of intraperitoneal injections of cytosine arabinoside in female C57bl/6j mice. In contrast to 2'-deosyxycytidine molecular solution, which reduced all toxic manifestations and protected animals from death, the corpuscular form of the  protector only the toxic effect of the antimetabolite on the intestine without affecting other toxic manifestations, the inhibition of hemopoiesis in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:906394", "title": "[X-ray diagnosis of parotid gland tumors (without contrasting)].", "content": "The clinico-roentgenological semiotics of neoplastic lesions of the parotid gland in 82 patients is described. In 51 of them mixed tumors were noted, adenomas, angiomas, lipomas - in 8, cancer, sarcoma, metastases - in 16, chronic parotitis simulating the tumor - in 7. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that this method, taking into account the clinical findings too, largely makes it possible (in 79 of 82 cases) to establish the differential diagnosis between different neoplastic processes and chronic parotitis.", "contents": "[X-ray diagnosis of parotid gland tumors (without contrasting)]. The clinico-roentgenological semiotics of neoplastic lesions of the parotid gland in 82 patients is described. In 51 of them mixed tumors were noted, adenomas, angiomas, lipomas - in 8, cancer, sarcoma, metastases - in 16, chronic parotitis simulating the tumor - in 7. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that this method, taking into account the clinical findings too, largely makes it possible (in 79 of 82 cases) to establish the differential diagnosis between different neoplastic processes and chronic parotitis."}
{"id": "PMID:906395", "title": "[Frequency of malignant tumors in Khanty-Mansiysk].", "content": "The variation statistics method was used to study the incidence of malignant tumors in the region, which is found to be infavourable in terms of opisthordiasis according to the data of medical reports within a 10-year period. It was shown that 29.7% of the population there died due to primary neoplasms, 27.8% of tumors being hepatic cancer. The analysis of the morbidity among aboriginals and migrants during three decades indicated that khanty and mansi suffered primary hepatic cancer 3 times as seldom and died, on the average, 9 years of age older than persons of other nationalities.", "contents": "[Frequency of malignant tumors in Khanty-Mansiysk]. The variation statistics method was used to study the incidence of malignant tumors in the region, which is found to be infavourable in terms of opisthordiasis according to the data of medical reports within a 10-year period. It was shown that 29.7% of the population there died due to primary neoplasms, 27.8% of tumors being hepatic cancer. The analysis of the morbidity among aboriginals and migrants during three decades indicated that khanty and mansi suffered primary hepatic cancer 3 times as seldom and died, on the average, 9 years of age older than persons of other nationalities."}
{"id": "PMID:906404", "title": "[Immunological reactions of skin melanoma patients to nonspecific and adaptive immunotherapy].", "content": "Patients with malignant skin melanoma were given different kinds of immunotherapy; nonspecific immunotherapy with BCG vaccine, adaptive immunotherapy with methotrexate or phytohemagglutinin activated autolymphocytes, and also a combination of polychemotherapy with BCG. The state of cell immunity was determined prior to, during and at the end of the therapy, in accordance with the courses. As a result of the conducted therapy an increased level of cell immunity was observed, that usually corresponded to clinical development of the disease. At the same time, the increase in immune response indices due to continuous administration of BCG vaccine is not related with the clinical course, while the persistent anergy or reduced level of cell immunity during this kind of therapy is a poor prognostic sign.", "contents": "[Immunological reactions of skin melanoma patients to nonspecific and adaptive immunotherapy]. Patients with malignant skin melanoma were given different kinds of immunotherapy; nonspecific immunotherapy with BCG vaccine, adaptive immunotherapy with methotrexate or phytohemagglutinin activated autolymphocytes, and also a combination of polychemotherapy with BCG. The state of cell immunity was determined prior to, during and at the end of the therapy, in accordance with the courses. As a result of the conducted therapy an increased level of cell immunity was observed, that usually corresponded to clinical development of the disease. At the same time, the increase in immune response indices due to continuous administration of BCG vaccine is not related with the clinical course, while the persistent anergy or reduced level of cell immunity during this kind of therapy is a poor prognostic sign."}
{"id": "PMID:906406", "title": "[Phenformin elimination of the immunodepression caused by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats].", "content": "Treatment of rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (SDMH) with the doze of 21 mg/kg per body weight once a week during four weeks caused the decrease of biogenic amine level, particularly, of dopamine in the hypothalamus, the decrease of glucose tolerance, the increase of the blood level of insulin and triglycerides. According to the previously achieved data SDMH causes the elevation of the hypothalamic threshold of sensitivity to the inhibitory action of estrogens. At the same time SDMH provides considerable suppression of lymphocyte blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and lipopolisaccharide, the decrease of the level of antibody produced against sheep erythrocytes, and the decrease of phagocytic activity of macrophages. Thus SDMH provides the syndrome of intensified aging. Recently our laboratory achieved the data, that antidiabetic drug-phenformin-improves cell-mediated immunity indices and the activity of phagocytosis in middle-aged subjects, as well as in patients with atherosclerosis and cancer (Vopr. Oncol., 1976, N 2, p. 13). On the basis of these findings phenformin (2 mg/day per os) was administered in rats in combination with SDMH. This resulted in restoration of all the abovementioned immunologic indices. It may be suggested that SDMH causes metabolic immunodepression, similar to the immunodepression, inherent to normal aging, pregnancy, stress and specific age-associated pathology--diseases of compensation (Vopr. Oncol., 1976, N 8, p. 3). If immunodepression is one of the components of cancerogenesis, then the elimination of metabolic immunodepression, which arises in course of normal aging or under the influence of cehmical cancerogens, can provide an anticancerogenic prophylactic effect.", "contents": "[Phenformin elimination of the immunodepression caused by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats]. Treatment of rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (SDMH) with the doze of 21 mg/kg per body weight once a week during four weeks caused the decrease of biogenic amine level, particularly, of dopamine in the hypothalamus, the decrease of glucose tolerance, the increase of the blood level of insulin and triglycerides. According to the previously achieved data SDMH causes the elevation of the hypothalamic threshold of sensitivity to the inhibitory action of estrogens. At the same time SDMH provides considerable suppression of lymphocyte blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and lipopolisaccharide, the decrease of the level of antibody produced against sheep erythrocytes, and the decrease of phagocytic activity of macrophages. Thus SDMH provides the syndrome of intensified aging. Recently our laboratory achieved the data, that antidiabetic drug-phenformin-improves cell-mediated immunity indices and the activity of phagocytosis in middle-aged subjects, as well as in patients with atherosclerosis and cancer (Vopr. Oncol., 1976, N 2, p. 13). On the basis of these findings phenformin (2 mg/day per os) was administered in rats in combination with SDMH. This resulted in restoration of all the abovementioned immunologic indices. It may be suggested that SDMH causes metabolic immunodepression, similar to the immunodepression, inherent to normal aging, pregnancy, stress and specific age-associated pathology--diseases of compensation (Vopr. Oncol., 1976, N 8, p. 3). If immunodepression is one of the components of cancerogenesis, then the elimination of metabolic immunodepression, which arises in course of normal aging or under the influence of cehmical cancerogens, can provide an anticancerogenic prophylactic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:906407", "title": "[Stomach adenocarcinoma induction in rats by the combined administration of N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine precursors].", "content": "N-methyl-N'-nitroguanidine and sodium nitrite were administered as drinking water to non-inbred male rats at the level of Img/ml for over two years. Gastric adenocarcinomas were produced in 43.7% of rats surviving for 15.5 months when the first tumor was noticed. Gastric mucous membrane of other rats had morphological changes analogous to those induced by N-methyl-N-nitoroso-N'-nitroguanidine (MNNG). The results obtained indicate endogenous synthesis of MNNG from precursors in the stomach of rats.", "contents": "[Stomach adenocarcinoma induction in rats by the combined administration of N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine precursors]. N-methyl-N'-nitroguanidine and sodium nitrite were administered as drinking water to non-inbred male rats at the level of Img/ml for over two years. Gastric adenocarcinomas were produced in 43.7% of rats surviving for 15.5 months when the first tumor was noticed. Gastric mucous membrane of other rats had morphological changes analogous to those induced by N-methyl-N-nitoroso-N'-nitroguanidine (MNNG). The results obtained indicate endogenous synthesis of MNNG from precursors in the stomach of rats."}
{"id": "PMID:906408", "title": "[Immunostimulation of the growth of a syngeneic sarcoma primarily induced in mice by simian adenovirus SA7(C8)].", "content": "Transplantation of splenic cells from CBA mice bearing primary sarcoma SA7(C8) together with autologous sarcoma cells (in the ratio 1 : 1 and 10 : 1) into syngeneic recipients, irradiated with 600 rad, resulted in a marked decrease of the latent period of tumor development. Syngeneic splenocytes of normal mice would enhance the tumor growth with the ratio 10 : 1. Preliminary treatment of tumor-bearing and normal mice with hydrocortisone in the dosage of 6 mg per 100 g of weight fails to reduce the capacity of splenic cells to induce immunostimulation of tumor growth.", "contents": "[Immunostimulation of the growth of a syngeneic sarcoma primarily induced in mice by simian adenovirus SA7(C8)]. Transplantation of splenic cells from CBA mice bearing primary sarcoma SA7(C8) together with autologous sarcoma cells (in the ratio 1 : 1 and 10 : 1) into syngeneic recipients, irradiated with 600 rad, resulted in a marked decrease of the latent period of tumor development. Syngeneic splenocytes of normal mice would enhance the tumor growth with the ratio 10 : 1. Preliminary treatment of tumor-bearing and normal mice with hydrocortisone in the dosage of 6 mg per 100 g of weight fails to reduce the capacity of splenic cells to induce immunostimulation of tumor growth."}
{"id": "PMID:906409", "title": "[Effect of BCG on the growth of Krebs-2 carcinoma].", "content": "BCG vaccine inhibits the growth of intramuscular transplants of Krebs-2 carcinoma, when given in mixture with the tumor cells, and stimulates it in contralateral administration. When BCG and the tumor cells are injected separately in the region, drained by one and the same lymph node, no antitumor effect of the vaccine is observed. It is suggested that BCG effect on experimental tumor growth is mainly based not on the immunological mechanisms, but is the result of redistribution of cells participating in nonspecific antitumor resistance.", "contents": "[Effect of BCG on the growth of Krebs-2 carcinoma]. BCG vaccine inhibits the growth of intramuscular transplants of Krebs-2 carcinoma, when given in mixture with the tumor cells, and stimulates it in contralateral administration. When BCG and the tumor cells are injected separately in the region, drained by one and the same lymph node, no antitumor effect of the vaccine is observed. It is suggested that BCG effect on experimental tumor growth is mainly based not on the immunological mechanisms, but is the result of redistribution of cells participating in nonspecific antitumor resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:906410", "title": "[Tumor angiogenesis factor and its possible utilization].", "content": "A brief survey of the literature data on tumor angiogenic factor stimulating intratumor growth of new vessels is given. Under consideration is the possibility to use inhibitors of the factor, in particular antibodies against it, to suppress tumor growth. Also, it is suggested to use tumor angiogenic factor for revascularization of infarction and ischemic tissues, especially in myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "[Tumor angiogenesis factor and its possible utilization]. A brief survey of the literature data on tumor angiogenic factor stimulating intratumor growth of new vessels is given. Under consideration is the possibility to use inhibitors of the factor, in particular antibodies against it, to suppress tumor growth. Also, it is suggested to use tumor angiogenic factor for revascularization of infarction and ischemic tissues, especially in myocardial ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:906411", "title": "[Assessment of the danger of bronchological studies under polyclinic conditions].", "content": "In 176 ambulatory patients with cancer and inflammatory diseases of the lung the initial parameters of acid-base balance and blood gases were studied. Metabolic acidosis was found in 29.5%, alkalosis--in 54.5%, the values of acid-base balance and blood gases were normal in 15.9% of patients. The degree of bronchoscopy risk under narcosis in ambulatory patients is directly proportional to the kind, character and intensity of disorders in oxidation-reduction processes. Deep, hardly compensated or decompensated disorders in acid-base balance and gas metabolism in pH values higher than 7.54 and lower the 7.26, BE (buffer base shift)--higher than 4.0 meq/1 and lower than 6.0 meq/l, and pO2 lower than 65 mm Hg are the criteria of high risk of bronchological investigation under anesthesia in ambulatory oncological patients.", "contents": "[Assessment of the danger of bronchological studies under polyclinic conditions]. In 176 ambulatory patients with cancer and inflammatory diseases of the lung the initial parameters of acid-base balance and blood gases were studied. Metabolic acidosis was found in 29.5%, alkalosis--in 54.5%, the values of acid-base balance and blood gases were normal in 15.9% of patients. The degree of bronchoscopy risk under narcosis in ambulatory patients is directly proportional to the kind, character and intensity of disorders in oxidation-reduction processes. Deep, hardly compensated or decompensated disorders in acid-base balance and gas metabolism in pH values higher than 7.54 and lower the 7.26, BE (buffer base shift)--higher than 4.0 meq/1 and lower than 6.0 meq/l, and pO2 lower than 65 mm Hg are the criteria of high risk of bronchological investigation under anesthesia in ambulatory oncological patients."}
{"id": "PMID:906424", "title": "[Effect of the fatty component of the food ration on the ionic permeability of bilaminar phosphatidylcholine membranes].", "content": "Five molecular types of phosphatidyl-cholines, viz. that of the chicken egg and of four others, isolated from the liver of rats fed on rations with qualitatively different fats, were used in forming double-layer membranes. A gas-chromatographic analysis established distinctive differences in the fatty acids composition of phosphatidylcholines obtained from the rat liver. The degree of their oxidation was controlled by determining the level of dienic conjugates. No relationship between the permeability for inorganic ions and the composition of the phosphatidyl-cholines fatty acids could be established. It appears that in phosphatidyl-choline membranes at the basis of ionic permeability there lies some other mechanism than in the case of uncharged low-molecular substances.", "contents": "[Effect of the fatty component of the food ration on the ionic permeability of bilaminar phosphatidylcholine membranes]. Five molecular types of phosphatidyl-cholines, viz. that of the chicken egg and of four others, isolated from the liver of rats fed on rations with qualitatively different fats, were used in forming double-layer membranes. A gas-chromatographic analysis established distinctive differences in the fatty acids composition of phosphatidylcholines obtained from the rat liver. The degree of their oxidation was controlled by determining the level of dienic conjugates. No relationship between the permeability for inorganic ions and the composition of the phosphatidyl-cholines fatty acids could be established. It appears that in phosphatidyl-choline membranes at the basis of ionic permeability there lies some other mechanism than in the case of uncharged low-molecular substances."}
{"id": "PMID:906425", "title": "[Effect of antibiotics on cholesterol metabolism under conditions of a varying protein content in the diet].", "content": "In tests on rats subject to study were the effects of native tetracycline, thermally treated and used in doses of 100 mg/kg, of tetracycline in a dose of 20 mg/kg and of penicillin on the secretion of bile and generation of free and conjugated bile acids and cholesterol, as well as upon the cholesterol content in the blood and liver tissues with complete and protein-deficient rations. With complete ration tetracycline in its native and thermally treated forms provoked a fall in the cholesterol content in the bile and hepatic tissue, a rise in percentage of free bile acids and a decline of the tauroconjugates percentage. With a protein-low ration tetracycline called for an increased concentration of the bile cholesterol with simultaneously increasing concentration of cholic acid.", "contents": "[Effect of antibiotics on cholesterol metabolism under conditions of a varying protein content in the diet]. In tests on rats subject to study were the effects of native tetracycline, thermally treated and used in doses of 100 mg/kg, of tetracycline in a dose of 20 mg/kg and of penicillin on the secretion of bile and generation of free and conjugated bile acids and cholesterol, as well as upon the cholesterol content in the blood and liver tissues with complete and protein-deficient rations. With complete ration tetracycline in its native and thermally treated forms provoked a fall in the cholesterol content in the bile and hepatic tissue, a rise in percentage of free bile acids and a decline of the tauroconjugates percentage. With a protein-low ration tetracycline called for an increased concentration of the bile cholesterol with simultaneously increasing concentration of cholic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:906426", "title": "[Effect of meat prepared by SHF energy and infrared rays on the secretory function of the stomach].", "content": "Tests set up on dogs with isolated Pavlov's pouch showed that meat treated with UHF, IR, UHF+UR-energy causes a more abundant gastric secretion than does cooked meat, and when processed with the UR-radiation the ensuing secretion is even superior to that in response to fried meat. In dogs with an isolated Heidenhein's pouch the secretion in response to meat processed with IR and IR and SHF+IR-energy is more intensive than in the case of cooked meat. There was no such difference in the case of the SHF-treated meat. Under the effect of the SHF, IR and SHF+IR-energy processed meat it is chiefly the I phase of the gastric secretion that gains in intensity with a tendency towards an increase in the II phase. The total acidity and the free HCl content in the gastric juice secreted in response to this meat did not undergo any substantial changes. The secretion of total proteinases with the gastric juice per unit time (1 hour) increases over that in the case of cooked meat.", "contents": "[Effect of meat prepared by SHF energy and infrared rays on the secretory function of the stomach]. Tests set up on dogs with isolated Pavlov's pouch showed that meat treated with UHF, IR, UHF+UR-energy causes a more abundant gastric secretion than does cooked meat, and when processed with the UR-radiation the ensuing secretion is even superior to that in response to fried meat. In dogs with an isolated Heidenhein's pouch the secretion in response to meat processed with IR and IR and SHF+IR-energy is more intensive than in the case of cooked meat. There was no such difference in the case of the SHF-treated meat. Under the effect of the SHF, IR and SHF+IR-energy processed meat it is chiefly the I phase of the gastric secretion that gains in intensity with a tendency towards an increase in the II phase. The total acidity and the free HCl content in the gastric juice secreted in response to this meat did not undergo any substantial changes. The secretion of total proteinases with the gastric juice per unit time (1 hour) increases over that in the case of cooked meat."}
{"id": "PMID:906428", "title": "[Method of calculating endogenous protein losses by the human body].", "content": "Investigations conducted with participation of 30 examinees in whom the state of proteinic deficiency or protein fasting was provoked by different protein content in their diets a general regularity in the nature of passage of total nitrogen with urine, faces and summarily through other routes was educed and described mathematically. The endogenous excretion of total nitrogen with urine in young males was found to comprise 2.5 +/- 0.08, with feces--0.75 +/- 0.03 and summarily via other routes--0.59 +/- 0.36 g per day. The mentioned results correlated closely enough with corresponding figures in pertinent literature sources.", "contents": "[Method of calculating endogenous protein losses by the human body]. Investigations conducted with participation of 30 examinees in whom the state of proteinic deficiency or protein fasting was provoked by different protein content in their diets a general regularity in the nature of passage of total nitrogen with urine, faces and summarily through other routes was educed and described mathematically. The endogenous excretion of total nitrogen with urine in young males was found to comprise 2.5 +/- 0.08, with feces--0.75 +/- 0.03 and summarily via other routes--0.59 +/- 0.36 g per day. The mentioned results correlated closely enough with corresponding figures in pertinent literature sources."}
{"id": "PMID:906429", "title": "[Disc electrophoretic characteristics of the serum proteins of \"Vitalact\"-type \"humanized\" milk].", "content": "Disc-electrophoreograms in the polyacrylamide gel of the cow milk serumal proteins show 11 peaks belonging to immune globulins, the poteose-peptone fraction, the serum-globulin, alpha-lactoalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and to glucoproteids. Under a high-temperature treatment of humanized milk (105 degrees----10 minutes) a significant denaturation of the serumal proteins, re-distribution and a fall in the amount of proteinic fractions were noted. Beta-lactoglobulins and immune globulins are most sensitive. With disc-eletrophoresis in the polyacrylamide gel of the human milk serumal proteins the densitograms distinctly demonstrate the presence of peaks that correspond to immunoglobulins, proteose-peptones, serum-albumins, alpha-lacto-albumins in the absence of the beta-lactoglobulins fraction. The cited data allow the method of disc-electrophoresis in the polyacrylamide gel to be employed for improving the fractional composition of the serumal proteins in the nutrients intended for nurslings and infants of the first year of life.", "contents": "[Disc electrophoretic characteristics of the serum proteins of \"Vitalact\"-type \"humanized\" milk]. Disc-electrophoreograms in the polyacrylamide gel of the cow milk serumal proteins show 11 peaks belonging to immune globulins, the poteose-peptone fraction, the serum-globulin, alpha-lactoalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and to glucoproteids. Under a high-temperature treatment of humanized milk (105 degrees----10 minutes) a significant denaturation of the serumal proteins, re-distribution and a fall in the amount of proteinic fractions were noted. Beta-lactoglobulins and immune globulins are most sensitive. With disc-eletrophoresis in the polyacrylamide gel of the human milk serumal proteins the densitograms distinctly demonstrate the presence of peaks that correspond to immunoglobulins, proteose-peptones, serum-albumins, alpha-lacto-albumins in the absence of the beta-lactoglobulins fraction. The cited data allow the method of disc-electrophoresis in the polyacrylamide gel to be employed for improving the fractional composition of the serumal proteins in the nutrients intended for nurslings and infants of the first year of life."}
{"id": "PMID:906427", "title": "[Amino acid metabolism in liver tissue].", "content": "Following determination by the method of ion-exchange chromatography of free amino acids in the blood drawn from the portal and liver veins and the abdominal aorta 30 minutes after introduction of a casein suspension to rats it was found that only 50 per cent of amino acids with ramified chain are retained in the liver. Most of the other amino acids, however, become metabolized largely in the liver and it is only their insignificant part that goes into the general circulation. These data may be of use in considering problems related to the peculiarities of metabolism of amino acids with ramified chain.", "contents": "[Amino acid metabolism in liver tissue]. Following determination by the method of ion-exchange chromatography of free amino acids in the blood drawn from the portal and liver veins and the abdominal aorta 30 minutes after introduction of a casein suspension to rats it was found that only 50 per cent of amino acids with ramified chain are retained in the liver. Most of the other amino acids, however, become metabolized largely in the liver and it is only their insignificant part that goes into the general circulation. These data may be of use in considering problems related to the peculiarities of metabolism of amino acids with ramified chain."}
{"id": "PMID:906431", "title": "[Nutritional regimen of students].", "content": "Data derived from study into the dietary pattern of 354 students at the Mogilev Technological Institute are presented. From pertinent questioning it follows that not a small number of students fail to observe the standard nutritional regimen, this being the case more often among students living in hotels or hiring private flats than among those who live with their families. The results of these investigations helped introduce a number of proposals on rationalization of the students dietary.", "contents": "[Nutritional regimen of students]. Data derived from study into the dietary pattern of 354 students at the Mogilev Technological Institute are presented. From pertinent questioning it follows that not a small number of students fail to observe the standard nutritional regimen, this being the case more often among students living in hotels or hiring private flats than among those who live with their families. The results of these investigations helped introduce a number of proposals on rationalization of the students dietary."}
{"id": "PMID:906432", "title": "[Use of the specialized protein product, SP-11, in the nutrition of highly trained sportsmen in heavy athletics].", "content": "In research work involving participation of highly trained sportsmen-heavy athletes subject to studies was the effect of the proteinic product CII-11, developed at the Nutrition Institute of the AMS of the USSR, on the body mass gain, as well as on individual aspects, of the protein and catecholamines metabolism. Under the effect of the CII-11 intake for 7 days in an amount of 100.0 g per day all the sportsmen under examination demonstrated a gain in the body mass, growing diurnal passage of total nitrogen and urea with urine and reduced excretion of amino nitrogen. No changes in the ammonia and creatinine content in the diurnal urine occurred under the effect of the CII-11 product. The ingestion of the latter promoted activation of the mediator and hormonal members of the sympatico-adrenal system. The results of the CII-11 application in training rallies with participation of sportsmen-heavy athletes and members of the combined USSR team also bear witness to the favourable action of the product on the study aspects of the protein and biogenic amines metabolism, the body mass gains and also on the results of sporting events.", "contents": "[Use of the specialized protein product, SP-11, in the nutrition of highly trained sportsmen in heavy athletics]. In research work involving participation of highly trained sportsmen-heavy athletes subject to studies was the effect of the proteinic product CII-11, developed at the Nutrition Institute of the AMS of the USSR, on the body mass gain, as well as on individual aspects, of the protein and catecholamines metabolism. Under the effect of the CII-11 intake for 7 days in an amount of 100.0 g per day all the sportsmen under examination demonstrated a gain in the body mass, growing diurnal passage of total nitrogen and urea with urine and reduced excretion of amino nitrogen. No changes in the ammonia and creatinine content in the diurnal urine occurred under the effect of the CII-11 product. The ingestion of the latter promoted activation of the mediator and hormonal members of the sympatico-adrenal system. The results of the CII-11 application in training rallies with participation of sportsmen-heavy athletes and members of the combined USSR team also bear witness to the favourable action of the product on the study aspects of the protein and biogenic amines metabolism, the body mass gains and also on the results of sporting events."}
{"id": "PMID:906430", "title": "[Biorhythm bases for structuring the human nutritional regimen].", "content": "Individual rhythm of physiological function and nutritional regimen were investigated in 194 persons and in 112 of them concordance between the time-periods of emerging requirement for ingestion of food and its actual satisfaction was studied additionally. The rhythm of nutritional requirement is significantly different in representatives of the \"morning\" and \"evening\" groups, whereas the satisfaction of this requirement is conditioned by microsocial factors. This implies the need for framing nutritional patterns on the biorhythmological basis.", "contents": "[Biorhythm bases for structuring the human nutritional regimen]. Individual rhythm of physiological function and nutritional regimen were investigated in 194 persons and in 112 of them concordance between the time-periods of emerging requirement for ingestion of food and its actual satisfaction was studied additionally. The rhythm of nutritional requirement is significantly different in representatives of the \"morning\" and \"evening\" groups, whereas the satisfaction of this requirement is conditioned by microsocial factors. This implies the need for framing nutritional patterns on the biorhythmological basis."}
{"id": "PMID:906434", "title": "[Secretory and morphological state of the stomach in alimentary obesity patients kept on a low-calorie diet].", "content": "The authors studied gastric secretion in 117 persons with alimentary obesity of degree II and III along with the morphological picture of the gastric mucosa. The secretion was investigated by the fractional method, pH-metry and without tubage. In the majority of patients with alimentary obesity gastric secretion proved to be normal. In these patients a greater appetite was not associated with an intensified secretion. In all of the cases under examination the morphological picture revealed the presence of chronic gastritis.", "contents": "[Secretory and morphological state of the stomach in alimentary obesity patients kept on a low-calorie diet]. The authors studied gastric secretion in 117 persons with alimentary obesity of degree II and III along with the morphological picture of the gastric mucosa. The secretion was investigated by the fractional method, pH-metry and without tubage. In the majority of patients with alimentary obesity gastric secretion proved to be normal. In these patients a greater appetite was not associated with an intensified secretion. In all of the cases under examination the morphological picture revealed the presence of chronic gastritis."}
{"id": "PMID:906435", "title": "[Characteristics of the motor function of the gallbladder in the dumping syndrome and their importance in establishing a therapeutic diet].", "content": "In 76 patients suffering from the dumping syndrome following gastric resection in connection with peptic ulcer the motor function of the gallbladder and gastric stump was studied. Investigations ascertained the existence of a direct relationship between the type of the gallbladder dyskinesia and evacuation periods from the gastric stump. The authors consider the hypermotor dyskinesia of the gallbladder combined with an accelerated evacuation from the stump to be an optimal combination after excision of the stomach. On the other hand, the hypomotor dyskinesia of the gallbladder with an accelerated emptying of the gastric stump was regarded as am explicit pathology demanding persistent curative measures. Principles of pathogenetic dietotherapy have been evolved.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the motor function of the gallbladder in the dumping syndrome and their importance in establishing a therapeutic diet]. In 76 patients suffering from the dumping syndrome following gastric resection in connection with peptic ulcer the motor function of the gallbladder and gastric stump was studied. Investigations ascertained the existence of a direct relationship between the type of the gallbladder dyskinesia and evacuation periods from the gastric stump. The authors consider the hypermotor dyskinesia of the gallbladder combined with an accelerated evacuation from the stump to be an optimal combination after excision of the stomach. On the other hand, the hypomotor dyskinesia of the gallbladder with an accelerated emptying of the gastric stump was regarded as am explicit pathology demanding persistent curative measures. Principles of pathogenetic dietotherapy have been evolved."}
{"id": "PMID:906439", "title": "[Detection of DNA in the composition of influenza virus].", "content": "When influenza virus multiplies in chick embryos, incorporation of 3H-thymidine into virus particles is observed. The radioactivity is localized in influenza virus nucleoprotein. The analysis of 3H-thymidine-containing structures in cesium chloride density gradient permits to qualify them as DNA. Isodensity centrifugation of in vitro 125I-labeled preparation of nucleic acid from influenza virus in cesium sulphate gradient also reveals DNA molecules, in addition to RNA. A high hybridization rate of influenza virus 125I-DNA with virion RNA has been demonstrated.", "contents": "[Detection of DNA in the composition of influenza virus]. When influenza virus multiplies in chick embryos, incorporation of 3H-thymidine into virus particles is observed. The radioactivity is localized in influenza virus nucleoprotein. The analysis of 3H-thymidine-containing structures in cesium chloride density gradient permits to qualify them as DNA. Isodensity centrifugation of in vitro 125I-labeled preparation of nucleic acid from influenza virus in cesium sulphate gradient also reveals DNA molecules, in addition to RNA. A high hybridization rate of influenza virus 125I-DNA with virion RNA has been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:906441", "title": "[Dynamics of antihemagglutinine (inhibitors and antibodies) to influenza virus in children with acute leukemia concurrently with influenza].", "content": "The study on the dynamics of some aspects of humoral immunity to influenza in children with acute leukosis in the presence of intercurrent influenza infection revealed two kinds of changes: a decline of a comparatively high initial level of antibody and inhibitors, and a rise in their titres when the initial level was lower. Both kinds of changes are characteristic both of the acute stage and the remission of acute leukosis. The chemotherapeutic treatment exerted no visible effect either on the level of the dynamics curve or on the pattern of serological shifts after influenza infection. These results suggest that in children with acute leukosis the response to influenza infection, being no different in nature from that in subjects not suffering from leukosis, is still poor quantitatively.", "contents": "[Dynamics of antihemagglutinine (inhibitors and antibodies) to influenza virus in children with acute leukemia concurrently with influenza]. The study on the dynamics of some aspects of humoral immunity to influenza in children with acute leukosis in the presence of intercurrent influenza infection revealed two kinds of changes: a decline of a comparatively high initial level of antibody and inhibitors, and a rise in their titres when the initial level was lower. Both kinds of changes are characteristic both of the acute stage and the remission of acute leukosis. The chemotherapeutic treatment exerted no visible effect either on the level of the dynamics curve or on the pattern of serological shifts after influenza infection. These results suggest that in children with acute leukosis the response to influenza infection, being no different in nature from that in subjects not suffering from leukosis, is still poor quantitatively."}
{"id": "PMID:906443", "title": "[Discovery of natural foci of Newcastle disease virus in the USSR].", "content": "In examination of colonial birds in the Volga delta in the Astrakhan region (188 bioassays from 229 birds) and in the Komandorskie Islands of the Kamchatka region (244 bioassays from 208 birds) in 1974, 15 strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were isolated (8 strains from 7 birds and 7 strains from 12 birds, respectively). The strains were isolated from Egretta alba and Ardea cinerea, and Phalacracorax carbo in the Astrakhan region and from Lunda cirrhata and Uria aalge in the Komandorskie Islands. The isolates were obtained from tracheal and cloacal washings and from pools of viscera. These data are the first evidence of the existence of Newcastle disease virus foci in the USSR.", "contents": "[Discovery of natural foci of Newcastle disease virus in the USSR]. In examination of colonial birds in the Volga delta in the Astrakhan region (188 bioassays from 229 birds) and in the Komandorskie Islands of the Kamchatka region (244 bioassays from 208 birds) in 1974, 15 strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were isolated (8 strains from 7 birds and 7 strains from 12 birds, respectively). The strains were isolated from Egretta alba and Ardea cinerea, and Phalacracorax carbo in the Astrakhan region and from Lunda cirrhata and Uria aalge in the Komandorskie Islands. The isolates were obtained from tracheal and cloacal washings and from pools of viscera. These data are the first evidence of the existence of Newcastle disease virus foci in the USSR."}
{"id": "PMID:906444", "title": "[Immunogenic activity of cultural antirabies vaccine inactivated by gamma-rays].", "content": "Experimental lyophilized tissue culture rabies vaccine inactivated with gamma-rays was prepared from the Vnukovo-32 strain and showed a sufficiently high immunogenic activity. Complete inactivation of the virus and the immunogenic potency of the vaccine depended upon the dose of irradiation and temperature during irradiation. The virus lost infectivity at 18 degrees C when irradiated with 2.6 X 10(6) r and at --70 degrees C with 4.55 X 10(6) r. However, the immunogenic potency of the vaccine inactivated at minus temperature without thawing was significantly higher.", "contents": "[Immunogenic activity of cultural antirabies vaccine inactivated by gamma-rays]. Experimental lyophilized tissue culture rabies vaccine inactivated with gamma-rays was prepared from the Vnukovo-32 strain and showed a sufficiently high immunogenic activity. Complete inactivation of the virus and the immunogenic potency of the vaccine depended upon the dose of irradiation and temperature during irradiation. The virus lost infectivity at 18 degrees C when irradiated with 2.6 X 10(6) r and at --70 degrees C with 4.55 X 10(6) r. However, the immunogenic potency of the vaccine inactivated at minus temperature without thawing was significantly higher."}
{"id": "PMID:906455", "title": "Antituberculous therapy in pregnancy. Risks to the fetus.", "content": "A total of 1,939 reported births to mothers who received isoniazid ethambutol, rifampin and streptomycin alone or in combination, for all or part of their pregnancies, were surveyed to determine teratogenicity of these agents. There was no significant increase in birth defects with isoniazid, ethambutol and rifampin, in contrast to the use of streptomycin which was associated with mild auditory and vestibular defects. Guidelines for the treatment of active tuberculosis in pregnancy are therefore established.", "contents": "Antituberculous therapy in pregnancy. Risks to the fetus. A total of 1,939 reported births to mothers who received isoniazid ethambutol, rifampin and streptomycin alone or in combination, for all or part of their pregnancies, were surveyed to determine teratogenicity of these agents. There was no significant increase in birth defects with isoniazid, ethambutol and rifampin, in contrast to the use of streptomycin which was associated with mild auditory and vestibular defects. Guidelines for the treatment of active tuberculosis in pregnancy are therefore established."}
{"id": "PMID:906456", "title": "Electrographic exercise stress testing and coronary arteriography. Correlation among 114 men with chest pain.", "content": "The electrocardiographic response to exercise stress testing (EST) was compared with coronary arteriographic findings in 114 men referred for evaluation of chest pain. The men were divided into two groups: group A (69 men) in whom the coronary arteriograms showed at least one major vessel with greater than 70 percent reduction in cross sectional area, and group B (45 men) in whom there was no evidence of coronary arterial narrowing. In both groups A and B the description of chest pain was judged to be at least consistent with the diagnosis of angina pectoris if not always representing classical angina pectoris. Only men with a positive finding to EST and those with a negative EST response after achieving at least 90 percent of predicted maximum heart rate were included in the calculations. Our results were strikingly similar to those obtained from an extensive review of the literature and showed the following: sensitivity, 80.4 percent; specificity, 88.6 percent; predictive value of a positive test result, 91.1 percent; predictive value of a negative test result, 75.6 percent, and efficiency of the test 83.7 percent. The maximal EST is a useful predictor of coronary artery disease when a male population is evaluated for chest pain. When a population is selected on some basis other than chest pain (such as elevated lipids or age), EST is a much less useful predictor of coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Electrographic exercise stress testing and coronary arteriography. Correlation among 114 men with chest pain. The electrocardiographic response to exercise stress testing (EST) was compared with coronary arteriographic findings in 114 men referred for evaluation of chest pain. The men were divided into two groups: group A (69 men) in whom the coronary arteriograms showed at least one major vessel with greater than 70 percent reduction in cross sectional area, and group B (45 men) in whom there was no evidence of coronary arterial narrowing. In both groups A and B the description of chest pain was judged to be at least consistent with the diagnosis of angina pectoris if not always representing classical angina pectoris. Only men with a positive finding to EST and those with a negative EST response after achieving at least 90 percent of predicted maximum heart rate were included in the calculations. Our results were strikingly similar to those obtained from an extensive review of the literature and showed the following: sensitivity, 80.4 percent; specificity, 88.6 percent; predictive value of a positive test result, 91.1 percent; predictive value of a negative test result, 75.6 percent, and efficiency of the test 83.7 percent. The maximal EST is a useful predictor of coronary artery disease when a male population is evaluated for chest pain. When a population is selected on some basis other than chest pain (such as elevated lipids or age), EST is a much less useful predictor of coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:906460", "title": "The new health practitioner--the past as prologue.", "content": "The training and utilization of New Health Practitioners (NHP's) has moved within a decade from a small tentative beginning in the mid-1960's to a major health manpower policy issue. Its discussion transcends a number of important and emotionally charged areas including the role of various professions in providing health care services, the renaissance of primary care, the geographic and economic maldistribution of medical services, and the cost of care. It is valuable to highlight what is known, what is professed and what needs to be studied further about this issue.", "contents": "The new health practitioner--the past as prologue. The training and utilization of New Health Practitioners (NHP's) has moved within a decade from a small tentative beginning in the mid-1960's to a major health manpower policy issue. Its discussion transcends a number of important and emotionally charged areas including the role of various professions in providing health care services, the renaissance of primary care, the geographic and economic maldistribution of medical services, and the cost of care. It is valuable to highlight what is known, what is professed and what needs to be studied further about this issue."}
{"id": "PMID:906461", "title": "Where is the malpractice crisis taking us?", "content": "There have been several approaches taken to solve the malpractice insurance problem in this country. However, since the cost of malpractice insurance continues to climb, the changes so far have not solved the problem, and more changes seem inevitable. A major change could be the development of a patient insurance plan that would provide compensation for certain injuries related to medical care. The insurance coverage would be centered on hospital care. If certain requirements are met, the plan may not be more expensive than the current tort liability system, and would offer several advantages. In addition to the patient injury insurance, there could be federal assumption of liability for national immunization programs.", "contents": "Where is the malpractice crisis taking us? There have been several approaches taken to solve the malpractice insurance problem in this country. However, since the cost of malpractice insurance continues to climb, the changes so far have not solved the problem, and more changes seem inevitable. A major change could be the development of a patient insurance plan that would provide compensation for certain injuries related to medical care. The insurance coverage would be centered on hospital care. If certain requirements are met, the plan may not be more expensive than the current tort liability system, and would offer several advantages. In addition to the patient injury insurance, there could be federal assumption of liability for national immunization programs."}
{"id": "PMID:906520", "title": "[Diabetes and pregnancy: treatment and results (author's transl)].", "content": "Pregnancy and delivery in 190 diabetic women are described. Obstetric, medical and neonatal guidelines for treatment are outlined and the following results are reported: 1. The delivery dates suggested by P. White were generally exceeded by 2 weeks. Group A was delivered at term, group B generally in the 38th week, group C between the 37th and 38th week and group D mostly in the 37th week of gestation. 2. Spontaneous delivery was achieved in 60% of the cases; Caesarean section was necessary in 33%, whilst the incidence of vacuum extraction was 5%. 3. The perinatal infant mortality rate in diabetic pregnancy decreased from 22.9% in 1970/71 to 2.7% in 1972/1976. 4. Perinatal mortality was related to the degree of severity of diabetes according to White's classification. 5. The percentage of PBSP cases was lowered from 32% to 24%. Perinatal mortality in the PBSP group decreased from 50% in 1970/71 to 19% in 1972/1976. 6. Hypoglycaemia occurred in 70% of 74 newborn infants submitted to intensive neonatal care. A true glucose value of less than 25 mg% was recorded in 30% of these cases. Hypocalcaemia was present in 16% cases, whilst 62% of the newborn infants suffered from respiratory distress syndrome. Cardiomegaly occurred in 28% of infants. 7. Development and prognosis are judged to be favourable in children of diabetic mothers.", "contents": "[Diabetes and pregnancy: treatment and results (author's transl)]. Pregnancy and delivery in 190 diabetic women are described. Obstetric, medical and neonatal guidelines for treatment are outlined and the following results are reported: 1. The delivery dates suggested by P. White were generally exceeded by 2 weeks. Group A was delivered at term, group B generally in the 38th week, group C between the 37th and 38th week and group D mostly in the 37th week of gestation. 2. Spontaneous delivery was achieved in 60% of the cases; Caesarean section was necessary in 33%, whilst the incidence of vacuum extraction was 5%. 3. The perinatal infant mortality rate in diabetic pregnancy decreased from 22.9% in 1970/71 to 2.7% in 1972/1976. 4. Perinatal mortality was related to the degree of severity of diabetes according to White's classification. 5. The percentage of PBSP cases was lowered from 32% to 24%. Perinatal mortality in the PBSP group decreased from 50% in 1970/71 to 19% in 1972/1976. 6. Hypoglycaemia occurred in 70% of 74 newborn infants submitted to intensive neonatal care. A true glucose value of less than 25 mg% was recorded in 30% of these cases. Hypocalcaemia was present in 16% cases, whilst 62% of the newborn infants suffered from respiratory distress syndrome. Cardiomegaly occurred in 28% of infants. 7. Development and prognosis are judged to be favourable in children of diabetic mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:906521", "title": "[Platelet retention and hypothyroidism: an investigation in patients with thyroid carcinoma treated by total thyroidectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Platelet retention was investigated using a standardized technique with a glass pearl column in 18 patients with malignant thyroid disease treated by thyroidectomy before and after high-dose radioiodine treatment (80 or 150 mCi). As compared with the normal controls platelet retention was significantly lower in 13 hypothyroid patients in whom thyroidectomy had been undertaken at least 6 months previously and hormone substitution therapy had been interrupted 3 weeks before the period of investigation. The remaining 5 patients, studied about 18 days following thyroidectomy, were euthyroid and displayed platelet retention values within the lower limits of the normal range except for one patient with markedly reduced values. Thyroid substitution therapy with synthetic preparations induced recovery of platelet retention in both groups examined over a 4 week period, the increase being highly significant in the group of hypothyroid patients. A transient increase in platelet retention was observed 24 hours after a therapeutic dose of radioiodine, and initial values being regained after a further 24-hour period. This phenomenon was found in both, the euthyroid and hypothyroid group, however, it was more pronounced in the latter patients. Our results indicate a dependence of platelet retention on thyroid hormone concentration. The observed transient increase after radioiodine may be due to a radiation effect.", "contents": "[Platelet retention and hypothyroidism: an investigation in patients with thyroid carcinoma treated by total thyroidectomy (author's transl)]. Platelet retention was investigated using a standardized technique with a glass pearl column in 18 patients with malignant thyroid disease treated by thyroidectomy before and after high-dose radioiodine treatment (80 or 150 mCi). As compared with the normal controls platelet retention was significantly lower in 13 hypothyroid patients in whom thyroidectomy had been undertaken at least 6 months previously and hormone substitution therapy had been interrupted 3 weeks before the period of investigation. The remaining 5 patients, studied about 18 days following thyroidectomy, were euthyroid and displayed platelet retention values within the lower limits of the normal range except for one patient with markedly reduced values. Thyroid substitution therapy with synthetic preparations induced recovery of platelet retention in both groups examined over a 4 week period, the increase being highly significant in the group of hypothyroid patients. A transient increase in platelet retention was observed 24 hours after a therapeutic dose of radioiodine, and initial values being regained after a further 24-hour period. This phenomenon was found in both, the euthyroid and hypothyroid group, however, it was more pronounced in the latter patients. Our results indicate a dependence of platelet retention on thyroid hormone concentration. The observed transient increase after radioiodine may be due to a radiation effect."}
{"id": "PMID:906522", "title": "[The clinical application of serum sialyl transferase determination as criterion of malignant transformation of cell surface structure (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity of a specific glycosyl transferase, namely, sialyl transferase was determined in a sera of patients with malignant disease. Increased serum sialyl transferase activity was observed in a high percentage of examined cases. The serum enzyme activity was also correlated to the clinical state of the patients and was found to depend on the tumor size. The enzyme activity decreased following surgical removal of the tumor mass and increased an appearance of metastases. These findings may be the basis for possible clinical application in the follow-up of patients with malignant disease, because the diagnostic value of serum sialyl transferase determination is greater than that of other serum analyses.", "contents": "[The clinical application of serum sialyl transferase determination as criterion of malignant transformation of cell surface structure (author's transl)]. The activity of a specific glycosyl transferase, namely, sialyl transferase was determined in a sera of patients with malignant disease. Increased serum sialyl transferase activity was observed in a high percentage of examined cases. The serum enzyme activity was also correlated to the clinical state of the patients and was found to depend on the tumor size. The enzyme activity decreased following surgical removal of the tumor mass and increased an appearance of metastases. These findings may be the basis for possible clinical application in the follow-up of patients with malignant disease, because the diagnostic value of serum sialyl transferase determination is greater than that of other serum analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:906523", "title": "[Demonstration of erythropoiesis inhibiting factor (EIF) in serum of normal human subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "Erythropoiesis inhibiting factor (EIF) has been described for the first time in the serum of normal human subjects. EIF seems to be a physiological factor regulating erythropoiesis and the antagonist of erythropoietin.", "contents": "[Demonstration of erythropoiesis inhibiting factor (EIF) in serum of normal human subjects (author's transl)]. Erythropoiesis inhibiting factor (EIF) has been described for the first time in the serum of normal human subjects. EIF seems to be a physiological factor regulating erythropoiesis and the antagonist of erythropoietin."}
{"id": "PMID:906524", "title": "[Transport of salicylates from blood to joint fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "Samples of blood and joint fluid from thirty patients who had taken acetyl-salicylic acid were examined for occurrence of salicylates. The data were arranged in groups according to the diagnosis of the joint disease and did not show significant differences in the kinetics of salicylates into blood; the time of the first appearance averaged 6.4 minutes, and levels \"close to maximum concentration\" averaged 23 mg/l. In joint fluid, the time of first appearance of salicylates ranged from 10 to 31 minutes, and levels of maximum concentration of salicylates averaged 14.8 mg/l. Transport of salicylates from blood to joint fluid showed a pattern consistent with the type of joint disease. Support was found for the assumption that diffusion was the major factor in the movement of salicylates from blood to joint fluid.", "contents": "[Transport of salicylates from blood to joint fluid (author's transl)]. Samples of blood and joint fluid from thirty patients who had taken acetyl-salicylic acid were examined for occurrence of salicylates. The data were arranged in groups according to the diagnosis of the joint disease and did not show significant differences in the kinetics of salicylates into blood; the time of the first appearance averaged 6.4 minutes, and levels \"close to maximum concentration\" averaged 23 mg/l. In joint fluid, the time of first appearance of salicylates ranged from 10 to 31 minutes, and levels of maximum concentration of salicylates averaged 14.8 mg/l. Transport of salicylates from blood to joint fluid showed a pattern consistent with the type of joint disease. Support was found for the assumption that diffusion was the major factor in the movement of salicylates from blood to joint fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:906525", "title": "[Immunology and therapy of malignant melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunological investigations in malignant melanoma have demonstrated the important role of immunological defence mechanisms in the control of tumour growth and tumour spread. On the basis of the different test systems for investigation of immunecompetence and tumourspecific immunity it was possible to demonstrate that patients with melanoma, especially of clinical stages II and III, have a weak, sometimes an anergic immune reaction against their own tumour. The information obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies in human on tumour immunity formed the rational basis for immunotherapy in malignant melanoma. Increasing evidence suggests that active non-specific immunotherapy and, especially, active specific immune-stimulation with inactivated melanoma cells can delay the appearance of distant metastases and result in an improved survival rate for patients with involved regional lymph nodes. At present the use of involved chemotherapy is mostly confined to patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. The most extensively used chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of melanoma is the DTIC (dimethyl-triaceno-imidazole-carboxamide). The objective response rate with this monotherapy has been reported to be up to 25%. Nitrosoureas (BCNU, CCNU, MECCNU) have also been widely used and have brought clinical responses similar to DTIC. Experimental studies in animal models and investigation in human have demonstrated that chemotherapy can be combined successfully with immunotherapy with a potential additive, perhaps synergistic, effect.", "contents": "[Immunology and therapy of malignant melanoma (author's transl)]. Immunological investigations in malignant melanoma have demonstrated the important role of immunological defence mechanisms in the control of tumour growth and tumour spread. On the basis of the different test systems for investigation of immunecompetence and tumourspecific immunity it was possible to demonstrate that patients with melanoma, especially of clinical stages II and III, have a weak, sometimes an anergic immune reaction against their own tumour. The information obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies in human on tumour immunity formed the rational basis for immunotherapy in malignant melanoma. Increasing evidence suggests that active non-specific immunotherapy and, especially, active specific immune-stimulation with inactivated melanoma cells can delay the appearance of distant metastases and result in an improved survival rate for patients with involved regional lymph nodes. At present the use of involved chemotherapy is mostly confined to patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. The most extensively used chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of melanoma is the DTIC (dimethyl-triaceno-imidazole-carboxamide). The objective response rate with this monotherapy has been reported to be up to 25%. Nitrosoureas (BCNU, CCNU, MECCNU) have also been widely used and have brought clinical responses similar to DTIC. Experimental studies in animal models and investigation in human have demonstrated that chemotherapy can be combined successfully with immunotherapy with a potential additive, perhaps synergistic, effect."}
{"id": "PMID:906526", "title": "[Functional indications for stripping in the treatment of varicose veins (author's transl)].", "content": "The venous pressure was measured in a dorsal foot vein with the aid of a Statham transducer and the foot volume was simultaneously registered by a water plethysmograph in 37 legs of patients with varicosis of the internal saphenous vein. 17 legs showed signs of chronic venous insufficiency of post-thrombotic syndrome. These measurements were carried out in the standing position and during standardized knee-bending exercises. They were repeated after elimination of the varicose veins by a tourniquet on the distal thigh and lower leg and between 2 and 6 weeks after a stripping operation. There was a statistically significant correlation between the functional improvement after elimination of the varicose veins by tourniquet and by operation. It is concluded that the elimination of varicose veins by compression allows a reliable prognosis of the functional gain obtained by the operation (accuracy of the prognosis for the pressure measurements: 95%, for volume measurements: 80%). The results were compared with the values in a healthy control group (n = 17), a non-operated group of patients with chronic venous insufficiency (n = 30) and a group of patients with post-thrombotic syndrome (n = 30). The investigation of the function of the calf-muscle pump and the amelioration obtained by compression of varicose veins is a helpful guide in the decision whether to operate or not on patients with chronic venous insufficiency or with post-thrombotic syndrome. A significant functional gain can be sometimes obtained in such patients after stripping, whilst in other cases, which cannot be differentiated on a merely clinical basis, bad results are reported. The described functional investigations allow a better differentiation of these alternatives than phlebography and are, therefore, recommended as routine methods in such cases.", "contents": "[Functional indications for stripping in the treatment of varicose veins (author's transl)]. The venous pressure was measured in a dorsal foot vein with the aid of a Statham transducer and the foot volume was simultaneously registered by a water plethysmograph in 37 legs of patients with varicosis of the internal saphenous vein. 17 legs showed signs of chronic venous insufficiency of post-thrombotic syndrome. These measurements were carried out in the standing position and during standardized knee-bending exercises. They were repeated after elimination of the varicose veins by a tourniquet on the distal thigh and lower leg and between 2 and 6 weeks after a stripping operation. There was a statistically significant correlation between the functional improvement after elimination of the varicose veins by tourniquet and by operation. It is concluded that the elimination of varicose veins by compression allows a reliable prognosis of the functional gain obtained by the operation (accuracy of the prognosis for the pressure measurements: 95%, for volume measurements: 80%). The results were compared with the values in a healthy control group (n = 17), a non-operated group of patients with chronic venous insufficiency (n = 30) and a group of patients with post-thrombotic syndrome (n = 30). The investigation of the function of the calf-muscle pump and the amelioration obtained by compression of varicose veins is a helpful guide in the decision whether to operate or not on patients with chronic venous insufficiency or with post-thrombotic syndrome. A significant functional gain can be sometimes obtained in such patients after stripping, whilst in other cases, which cannot be differentiated on a merely clinical basis, bad results are reported. The described functional investigations allow a better differentiation of these alternatives than phlebography and are, therefore, recommended as routine methods in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:906554", "title": "Hypertension in pregnancy: the use of ultrasound.", "content": "Great advances in ultrasound instrumentation have enabled the physician to delineate subtle intrauterine changes. Not only can specific measurements of the fetal body be obtained but tissue textures within fetal organs can be appreciated. The perinatologist is constantly searching for ways to learn more about the fetus, and ultrasound has clearly become a major implement in this search. The following discussion will focus on information made available by ultrasound for aid in the modern management of hypertension, one of the most challenging conditions complicating pregnancy.", "contents": "Hypertension in pregnancy: the use of ultrasound. Great advances in ultrasound instrumentation have enabled the physician to delineate subtle intrauterine changes. Not only can specific measurements of the fetal body be obtained but tissue textures within fetal organs can be appreciated. The perinatologist is constantly searching for ways to learn more about the fetus, and ultrasound has clearly become a major implement in this search. The following discussion will focus on information made available by ultrasound for aid in the modern management of hypertension, one of the most challenging conditions complicating pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:906555", "title": "Clinical results of real-time ultrasonic scanning of the heart using a phased array system.", "content": "This report describes the operating characteristics and initial clinical results of a new echocardiographic system that produces real-time, high resolution, cross-sectional images of the heart. This system relies upon phased-array principles to rapidly steer and focus the ultrasound beam through the cardiac structures under investigation. A hand-held, linear array of 24 transducers is manipulated on the patient's chest to direct the interrogating plane at various cardiac structures. Images of high line density are presented in selectable sector arcs to a maximum of 90 degrees. This imaging system has been used clinically in over 2,000 patients in the past two and one-half years. Its use in the detection of altered states of ventricular and valvular pathology has been described.", "contents": "Clinical results of real-time ultrasonic scanning of the heart using a phased array system. This report describes the operating characteristics and initial clinical results of a new echocardiographic system that produces real-time, high resolution, cross-sectional images of the heart. This system relies upon phased-array principles to rapidly steer and focus the ultrasound beam through the cardiac structures under investigation. A hand-held, linear array of 24 transducers is manipulated on the patient's chest to direct the interrogating plane at various cardiac structures. Images of high line density are presented in selectable sector arcs to a maximum of 90 degrees. This imaging system has been used clinically in over 2,000 patients in the past two and one-half years. Its use in the detection of altered states of ventricular and valvular pathology has been described."}
{"id": "PMID:906561", "title": "[Investigations on acceleration of processes of differentiation and aging in rats after influence of x-ray (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of the hypothesis of a relation between the processes of differentiation and aging in connection with the assumption, that ionizing radiation accelerates the aging of organism, the authors investigated the changes in the cellular reaction in organ cultures of the spleen and the kidney, in the pattern of enzymes in the kidney and the liver and moreover the behaviour of the serum protein level. In dependence of the x-ray dosis and the length of time after radiation an acceleration of the processes of maturation and differentiation could be observed with the three above mentioned methods. Changes could be found which were similar to those, observed in adult or senile rats. The latent phase or organ cultures was prolonged as well as the morphology of cells migrating out of the explants did not differ from that of senile donor animals. The chemical differentiation of the kidney is accelerated after radiation. The detected changes were similar to those in adult or senile rats. The increase in the albumin, haptoglobin and transferrin concentrations of juvenile rats following radiation mean an acceleration of development, for these concentrations are attained during normal development. The authors discuss their results with reference to the existing theories of aging.", "contents": "[Investigations on acceleration of processes of differentiation and aging in rats after influence of x-ray (author's transl)]. On the basis of the hypothesis of a relation between the processes of differentiation and aging in connection with the assumption, that ionizing radiation accelerates the aging of organism, the authors investigated the changes in the cellular reaction in organ cultures of the spleen and the kidney, in the pattern of enzymes in the kidney and the liver and moreover the behaviour of the serum protein level. In dependence of the x-ray dosis and the length of time after radiation an acceleration of the processes of maturation and differentiation could be observed with the three above mentioned methods. Changes could be found which were similar to those, observed in adult or senile rats. The latent phase or organ cultures was prolonged as well as the morphology of cells migrating out of the explants did not differ from that of senile donor animals. The chemical differentiation of the kidney is accelerated after radiation. The detected changes were similar to those in adult or senile rats. The increase in the albumin, haptoglobin and transferrin concentrations of juvenile rats following radiation mean an acceleration of development, for these concentrations are attained during normal development. The authors discuss their results with reference to the existing theories of aging."}
{"id": "PMID:906556", "title": "Determination of the pressure drop across an arterial stenosis utilizing angiocinedensitometry.", "content": "A method is presented for an evaluation of the hemodynamic significance of a stenotic lesion in the arterial tree.Twenty-three patients were examined with arteriosclerosis obliterans and intermittent claudication of the same severity. Flow velocity data obtained by angiodensitometry and viscosity values calculated from the hematocrit were inserted into the Poiseuille's flow formula to obtain the pressure drop across a stenotic lesion in the left external iliac artery. By the same way, the pressure gradient was calculated in 33 \"normal\" subjects.The normal pressure gradient along the external iliac artery varied between 23 to 110 dynes/cm(2) (52 \u00b1 24 dynes/cm(2) for mean and S.d), and the normal resistance to flow was 6.08 \u00b1 4.1 dyne sec/cm(5)).Stenotic lesions of similar dimensions gave widely varying pressure drops (114-4,736 dynes/cm(2)) (mean and S.d 1,309 \u00b1 1,224 dynes/cm(2)) indicating a difference in the hemodynamic significance of the various lesions. These values were significantly different (p(t) < 0.001) from the normal values. The resistance across these stenotic lesions ranged between 21 to 768 dyne sec/cm(5) (196 \u00b1 192 dyne sec/cm(5)) for the mean and S.d and this was significantly different from the normal group; p(t) < 0.001.Direct measurement of blood viscosity coupled with angiocinedensitometry at rest and after forced vasodilatation should provide an accurate means of determining the relative significance of a stenotic lesion and distal vessel disease in a given patient on blood flow to the leg.", "contents": "Determination of the pressure drop across an arterial stenosis utilizing angiocinedensitometry. A method is presented for an evaluation of the hemodynamic significance of a stenotic lesion in the arterial tree.Twenty-three patients were examined with arteriosclerosis obliterans and intermittent claudication of the same severity. Flow velocity data obtained by angiodensitometry and viscosity values calculated from the hematocrit were inserted into the Poiseuille's flow formula to obtain the pressure drop across a stenotic lesion in the left external iliac artery. By the same way, the pressure gradient was calculated in 33 \"normal\" subjects.The normal pressure gradient along the external iliac artery varied between 23 to 110 dynes/cm(2) (52 \u00b1 24 dynes/cm(2) for mean and S.d), and the normal resistance to flow was 6.08 \u00b1 4.1 dyne sec/cm(5)).Stenotic lesions of similar dimensions gave widely varying pressure drops (114-4,736 dynes/cm(2)) (mean and S.d 1,309 \u00b1 1,224 dynes/cm(2)) indicating a difference in the hemodynamic significance of the various lesions. These values were significantly different (p(t) < 0.001) from the normal values. The resistance across these stenotic lesions ranged between 21 to 768 dyne sec/cm(5) (196 \u00b1 192 dyne sec/cm(5)) for the mean and S.d and this was significantly different from the normal group; p(t) < 0.001.Direct measurement of blood viscosity coupled with angiocinedensitometry at rest and after forced vasodilatation should provide an accurate means of determining the relative significance of a stenotic lesion and distal vessel disease in a given patient on blood flow to the leg."}
{"id": "PMID:906562", "title": "[Molecular biology of aging. Part 9: Age-dependent effects of 2-mercapto-ethanol on protein synthesis in the cell-free system of the rat liver].", "content": "1. 2-Mercaptoethanol increases the incorporation of 14C-leucine in a microsomal system of rat liver. 2. This effect is causes by a direct influence on protein synthesis. 3. The microsomes of older animals are more stimulated and therefore the age differences are reduced.", "contents": "[Molecular biology of aging. Part 9: Age-dependent effects of 2-mercapto-ethanol on protein synthesis in the cell-free system of the rat liver]. 1. 2-Mercaptoethanol increases the incorporation of 14C-leucine in a microsomal system of rat liver. 2. This effect is causes by a direct influence on protein synthesis. 3. The microsomes of older animals are more stimulated and therefore the age differences are reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:906557", "title": "Correlates of adolescent marijuana use as related to age, sex, and ethnicity.", "content": "This study examines the interactive effects of background factors and personality/attitudinal and perceived environmental dimensions on adolescent drug behavior. Data were collected during home interviews using a structured interview schedule. The sample consisted of 403 British West Indian black, American black, and white adolescents, ranging in age from 13 to 17. Results suggested that two processes, nonconformity to conventional middle class values at both the personality/attitudinal and institutional level, and modeling of familial and peer drug use account in large part for adolescent drug behavior. The majority of correlates of adolescent drug behavior were similar in different sex, age, and ethnic groups.", "contents": "Correlates of adolescent marijuana use as related to age, sex, and ethnicity. This study examines the interactive effects of background factors and personality/attitudinal and perceived environmental dimensions on adolescent drug behavior. Data were collected during home interviews using a structured interview schedule. The sample consisted of 403 British West Indian black, American black, and white adolescents, ranging in age from 13 to 17. Results suggested that two processes, nonconformity to conventional middle class values at both the personality/attitudinal and institutional level, and modeling of familial and peer drug use account in large part for adolescent drug behavior. The majority of correlates of adolescent drug behavior were similar in different sex, age, and ethnic groups."}
{"id": "PMID:906563", "title": "[Passive electrical investigations on erythrocytes in dependence of age donars (author's transl)].", "content": "It was shown by passive electrical investigations, that the behavior of electrical relaxations of red cells depends on age. With increasing age of the human the relaxation time as well as man the exchange effect stability be increased. This results are due to the increasing of the volume and the contents of haemoglobin of the erythrocytes, and may be due to the changing of the charge of the membrane.", "contents": "[Passive electrical investigations on erythrocytes in dependence of age donars (author's transl)]. It was shown by passive electrical investigations, that the behavior of electrical relaxations of red cells depends on age. With increasing age of the human the relaxation time as well as man the exchange effect stability be increased. This results are due to the increasing of the volume and the contents of haemoglobin of the erythrocytes, and may be due to the changing of the charge of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:906558", "title": "A clinical study of the role of enterococci as sole agents of wound and tissue infection.", "content": "Patients who had enterococci isolated from wounds or tissues were identified from laboratory records. The charts of patients with pure cultures of enterococci were reviewed to determine the degree of clinically significant infection. We found that the frequency of infections in patients with pure cultures of enterococci was not significantly different from the frequency of infections in a control series of patients with negative cultures, but that it was significantly different from the frequency of infections in a series of patients with pure cultures of Staphylococcus aureus. Our conclusion that enterococci are not by themselves significant pathogens in wound or tissue infections is supported by a few experimental studies of other authors.", "contents": "A clinical study of the role of enterococci as sole agents of wound and tissue infection. Patients who had enterococci isolated from wounds or tissues were identified from laboratory records. The charts of patients with pure cultures of enterococci were reviewed to determine the degree of clinically significant infection. We found that the frequency of infections in patients with pure cultures of enterococci was not significantly different from the frequency of infections in a control series of patients with negative cultures, but that it was significantly different from the frequency of infections in a series of patients with pure cultures of Staphylococcus aureus. Our conclusion that enterococci are not by themselves significant pathogens in wound or tissue infections is supported by a few experimental studies of other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:906564", "title": "[The resonance frequency of the radial artery in healthy untrained and endurance-trained older men].", "content": "There are examined 2 groups of two at a time men over 55 years old, different only in their training state, regarding the reaction of the resonance frequence. It would be established, that the resonance frequence of the A. radials in non-trained is more than the double as in trained probands. The middle resonance frequence increases continuous with the age in both groups. A high resonance frequence in thong-minded trained was not observed, only one time a normal, 63 times a reduced arterial resonance frequence. Under the condition, that the arterial resonance frequence can be regarded as an arterial index, the differences between the resonance frequence of both groups mean, that the biological age of the arteries in trained is on an average younger as in non-trained.", "contents": "[The resonance frequency of the radial artery in healthy untrained and endurance-trained older men]. There are examined 2 groups of two at a time men over 55 years old, different only in their training state, regarding the reaction of the resonance frequence. It would be established, that the resonance frequence of the A. radials in non-trained is more than the double as in trained probands. The middle resonance frequence increases continuous with the age in both groups. A high resonance frequence in thong-minded trained was not observed, only one time a normal, 63 times a reduced arterial resonance frequence. Under the condition, that the arterial resonance frequence can be regarded as an arterial index, the differences between the resonance frequence of both groups mean, that the biological age of the arteries in trained is on an average younger as in non-trained."}
{"id": "PMID:906565", "title": "[Lupus erythematodes visceralis and age (part II) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors investigated: 1. The rheumatic status and the joint participation in lupus erythematodes visceralis in several age-groups. 2. The myocard-reactive antibodies in lupus erythematodes visceralis and in ischaemic heart diseases. 3. The antistreptolysine liter in lupus erythematodes visceralis. 4. The border cell antibodies in lupus erythematodes visceralis and \"non-collagenosis\" diseases. 5. The DNA-antibodies in lupus erythematodes visceralis and in normal persons.", "contents": "[Lupus erythematodes visceralis and age (part II) (author's transl)]. The authors investigated: 1. The rheumatic status and the joint participation in lupus erythematodes visceralis in several age-groups. 2. The myocard-reactive antibodies in lupus erythematodes visceralis and in ischaemic heart diseases. 3. The antistreptolysine liter in lupus erythematodes visceralis. 4. The border cell antibodies in lupus erythematodes visceralis and \"non-collagenosis\" diseases. 5. The DNA-antibodies in lupus erythematodes visceralis and in normal persons."}
{"id": "PMID:906560", "title": "Transient warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia and cryoglobulinemia associated with seminoma.", "content": "A patient with a pure seminoma presented with severe IgG-mediated warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Monoclonal IgM-kappa cryoglobulinemia and a biological false positive test for syphilis were also found. Treatment directed at both the seminoma and the hemolysis resulted in the complete disappearance of these antibodies. It is possible that these immunological phenomena occurred in response to the tumor. The occurrence of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia and monoclonal paraproteinemia in association with solid tumors is reviewed.", "contents": "Transient warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia and cryoglobulinemia associated with seminoma. A patient with a pure seminoma presented with severe IgG-mediated warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Monoclonal IgM-kappa cryoglobulinemia and a biological false positive test for syphilis were also found. Treatment directed at both the seminoma and the hemolysis resulted in the complete disappearance of these antibodies. It is possible that these immunological phenomena occurred in response to the tumor. The occurrence of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia and monoclonal paraproteinemia in association with solid tumors is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:906566", "title": "[Lupus erythematodes visceralis and age (part III) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors investigate the serum protein fractions in lupus erythematodes visceralis. 1. The several serum protein fractions in lupus erythematodes visceralis in several age-groups. 2. The immun-globulins in lupus erythematodes visceralis in several age-groups.", "contents": "[Lupus erythematodes visceralis and age (part III) (author's transl)]. The authors investigate the serum protein fractions in lupus erythematodes visceralis. 1. The several serum protein fractions in lupus erythematodes visceralis in several age-groups. 2. The immun-globulins in lupus erythematodes visceralis in several age-groups."}
{"id": "PMID:906567", "title": "[Problems und results of treatment of urinary bladder carcinoma in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper reports on problems and results of treatment of urinary bladder carcinoma in 160 patients over 70 years of age. The 2-year survival rate was 44%, the 5-year survival rate was 19%. According to our results transurethral electroresection followed by high voltage radiation proved to be superior to other procedures in patients over 70 years of age.", "contents": "[Problems und results of treatment of urinary bladder carcinoma in old age (author's transl)]. The present paper reports on problems and results of treatment of urinary bladder carcinoma in 160 patients over 70 years of age. The 2-year survival rate was 44%, the 5-year survival rate was 19%. According to our results transurethral electroresection followed by high voltage radiation proved to be superior to other procedures in patients over 70 years of age."}
{"id": "PMID:906568", "title": "[Short report on longevity of male home inhabitant (author's transl)].", "content": "Casuistry of an one hundred and two years old male home inhabitant. Contribution to studies on centenarians.", "contents": "[Short report on longevity of male home inhabitant (author's transl)]. Casuistry of an one hundred and two years old male home inhabitant. Contribution to studies on centenarians."}
{"id": "PMID:906582", "title": "[Epidemiology of obesity].", "content": "In the GDR about 20% of the males and 40% of the females were estimated to be obese. In the country obesity is more spread than in the town. Increased disablement of obese persons leads to reduction of the national income. With higher expenses for nutrition the frequency of obestiy increases. Hypophages and hyperphages are differently distributed in persons with normal weight and obese ones, so that the average establishments do not reflect the differentiated situation in nutrition. Obesity correlates with the type of structure; with increasing obesity dominate pyknomorphous tendencies of growth. Also in normal weight pyknomorphous persons have a higher proportion of fat. We should speak of obesity in such a case, when, taking into consideration biological differentiations, the normal proportion of the fat in the body is increased by more than 1/3. For epidemiological serial examinations the degrees of relative weight basing on optimum weight are a favourable basis for the classification of obesity.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of obesity]. In the GDR about 20% of the males and 40% of the females were estimated to be obese. In the country obesity is more spread than in the town. Increased disablement of obese persons leads to reduction of the national income. With higher expenses for nutrition the frequency of obestiy increases. Hypophages and hyperphages are differently distributed in persons with normal weight and obese ones, so that the average establishments do not reflect the differentiated situation in nutrition. Obesity correlates with the type of structure; with increasing obesity dominate pyknomorphous tendencies of growth. Also in normal weight pyknomorphous persons have a higher proportion of fat. We should speak of obesity in such a case, when, taking into consideration biological differentiations, the normal proportion of the fat in the body is increased by more than 1/3. For epidemiological serial examinations the degrees of relative weight basing on optimum weight are a favourable basis for the classification of obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:906583", "title": "[Obesity as a metabolic risk factor].", "content": "On the basis of the results of clinico-experimental examinations and of animal experiments the importance of obesity as metabolic factor of risk is confirmed and hereby the diabetes mellitus as well as cardiovascular effects are particularly taken into consideration. Conclusions are made relevant to practice and it is particularly referred to the central position of the B-cells for the pathogenesis of diabetes as well as to prophylactic and early therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Obesity as a metabolic risk factor]. On the basis of the results of clinico-experimental examinations and of animal experiments the importance of obesity as metabolic factor of risk is confirmed and hereby the diabetes mellitus as well as cardiovascular effects are particularly taken into consideration. Conclusions are made relevant to practice and it is particularly referred to the central position of the B-cells for the pathogenesis of diabetes as well as to prophylactic and early therapeutic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:906584", "title": "[Metabolic diseases and fatty liver].", "content": "Issuing from the first observations which gave rise to suppose a connection between the fatty degeneration of the liver and the diabetic disturbances of metabolism the at present existing opinions on the development of the fatty degeneration of the liver, its frequency and treatment are demonstrated. According to recent investigation there is a fundamental difference in the regulation of the accumulation of the triglycerides between the healthy persons with normal weight and diabetics as well as the persons with overweight after addition of carbohydrate. While in persons with normal weight the accumulation of triglycerides is reduced by carbohydrates, on account of the overweight a disturbance is produced in the liver which is characterized by inversion and decrease of the elimination activity of triglycerides. Neither the diabetes nor the fatty acids in the blood nor the carbohydrate or fat accumulation primarily cause a fatty degeneration of the liver. The disturbance of the elimination activity is evoked by the overweight. In dependence upon the body-weight the metabolism of the diabetics with overweight and underweight also differs concerning the insulin secretion and by the size of the glycogen accumulation and the behaviour in the degradation of the glycogen of the liver (decreased degradation in diabetics with overweight). The fatty degeneration of the liver as an expression of a disturbance of the regulation as a consequence of the overweight justifies the old classification of the diabetes in an insulin deficiency diabetes and a counter-regulation diabetes.", "contents": "[Metabolic diseases and fatty liver]. Issuing from the first observations which gave rise to suppose a connection between the fatty degeneration of the liver and the diabetic disturbances of metabolism the at present existing opinions on the development of the fatty degeneration of the liver, its frequency and treatment are demonstrated. According to recent investigation there is a fundamental difference in the regulation of the accumulation of the triglycerides between the healthy persons with normal weight and diabetics as well as the persons with overweight after addition of carbohydrate. While in persons with normal weight the accumulation of triglycerides is reduced by carbohydrates, on account of the overweight a disturbance is produced in the liver which is characterized by inversion and decrease of the elimination activity of triglycerides. Neither the diabetes nor the fatty acids in the blood nor the carbohydrate or fat accumulation primarily cause a fatty degeneration of the liver. The disturbance of the elimination activity is evoked by the overweight. In dependence upon the body-weight the metabolism of the diabetics with overweight and underweight also differs concerning the insulin secretion and by the size of the glycogen accumulation and the behaviour in the degradation of the glycogen of the liver (decreased degradation in diabetics with overweight). The fatty degeneration of the liver as an expression of a disturbance of the regulation as a consequence of the overweight justifies the old classification of the diabetes in an insulin deficiency diabetes and a counter-regulation diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:906585", "title": "[Therapy of obesity--indication and effectiveness of calorically-reduced mixed diets].", "content": "Extreme caloric reduction diets with a daily content of calories of less than one third of the calories calculated with regard to the optimum weight (per kg optimum weight 30 kcal are used) lead principally to the same changes as the initial diet. Only in a daily addition of calories of at least one third of the calories calculated to the optimum weight no further loss of protein takes place, and scarcely appear side-effects. Thus the limit of the riskless reduction for adults is marked, when at the same time all essential constituents of nutrition are given in a sufficient quantity. A diet called metabolic basic diet (protein 20 kcal%, fat 35 kcal%, carbohydrates 45 kcal%, linoleic acid 20% of the total proportion of fats, cholesterol 400 mg a day, purine-N 200 mg a day, dissaccharides 10% of the carbohydrate addition) decreases or normalises risk factors depending on nutrition such as hyperlipoproteinaemia and hyperuricaemia in a constancy of body-weight. In simultaneous caloric reduction the effect on risk factors depending on nutrition is practically identical with that one of a normal diet calorically reduced in the same extent.", "contents": "[Therapy of obesity--indication and effectiveness of calorically-reduced mixed diets]. Extreme caloric reduction diets with a daily content of calories of less than one third of the calories calculated with regard to the optimum weight (per kg optimum weight 30 kcal are used) lead principally to the same changes as the initial diet. Only in a daily addition of calories of at least one third of the calories calculated to the optimum weight no further loss of protein takes place, and scarcely appear side-effects. Thus the limit of the riskless reduction for adults is marked, when at the same time all essential constituents of nutrition are given in a sufficient quantity. A diet called metabolic basic diet (protein 20 kcal%, fat 35 kcal%, carbohydrates 45 kcal%, linoleic acid 20% of the total proportion of fats, cholesterol 400 mg a day, purine-N 200 mg a day, dissaccharides 10% of the carbohydrate addition) decreases or normalises risk factors depending on nutrition such as hyperlipoproteinaemia and hyperuricaemia in a constancy of body-weight. In simultaneous caloric reduction the effect on risk factors depending on nutrition is practically identical with that one of a normal diet calorically reduced in the same extent."}
{"id": "PMID:906586", "title": "[Various problems in urinary calculi].", "content": "After evaluation of the essential parameters concerning urinary calculi and patient with the help of adequate computer programmes in more than 30,000 persons some conspicious trends could be established. The necessity of operative removal of calculi is still relatively high in the most frequent species of calculi whewellite, weddellite, uric acid, struvite and carbonate apatite. Thus nearly 65% of all struvite and carbonate apatite calculi must be operatively removed in women. For individual species of stones with statistical certainty (alpha=0.01) the preference of the right kidney in women and of the left kidney in men is established. The summer months bring an increased risk of stone formation. The spontaneous passages show a highly significant increase from July to October (alpha=0.01), compared with the winter and spring months.", "contents": "[Various problems in urinary calculi]. After evaluation of the essential parameters concerning urinary calculi and patient with the help of adequate computer programmes in more than 30,000 persons some conspicious trends could be established. The necessity of operative removal of calculi is still relatively high in the most frequent species of calculi whewellite, weddellite, uric acid, struvite and carbonate apatite. Thus nearly 65% of all struvite and carbonate apatite calculi must be operatively removed in women. For individual species of stones with statistical certainty (alpha=0.01) the preference of the right kidney in women and of the left kidney in men is established. The summer months bring an increased risk of stone formation. The spontaneous passages show a highly significant increase from July to October (alpha=0.01), compared with the winter and spring months."}
{"id": "PMID:906587", "title": "[Pulmonary metastasizing of prostatic carcinoma--source of errors in the ambulatory x-ray examination of lungs].", "content": "It is reported on eight patients with a primary carcinoma of the prostatic gland who were admitted to the hospital for clinical clarification of conspicuous pulmonary findings. The radiological findings of a general radiograph of the thorax are multiform and for themselves alone they do not permit an etiological coordination. For this reason the demand can be derived in patients of the adequate age group with tumour symptomatology can also be thought of a carcinoma of the prostatic gland and already during the examination in the outpatient department to carry out a palpatory examination and, if possible, to make a general radiograph of spinal column and pelvis, since in these cases the diagnosis can be made already before admission.", "contents": "[Pulmonary metastasizing of prostatic carcinoma--source of errors in the ambulatory x-ray examination of lungs]. It is reported on eight patients with a primary carcinoma of the prostatic gland who were admitted to the hospital for clinical clarification of conspicuous pulmonary findings. The radiological findings of a general radiograph of the thorax are multiform and for themselves alone they do not permit an etiological coordination. For this reason the demand can be derived in patients of the adequate age group with tumour symptomatology can also be thought of a carcinoma of the prostatic gland and already during the examination in the outpatient department to carry out a palpatory examination and, if possible, to make a general radiograph of spinal column and pelvis, since in these cases the diagnosis can be made already before admission."}
{"id": "PMID:906588", "title": "[Behavior of cardiopulmonary function in hypertonics under ergometer load].", "content": "In 56 male hypertensive patients a complex cardiopulmonary functional diagnosis was performed in rest and under ergometer load. The total functional capacity of the hypertensive patients is decreased already in the early stage and also in juvenile age, compared with healthy persons. Furthermore disturbances of the regulations of the minute output of the heart, hypertensive stress reactions, disturbances of the coronary blood supply and disturbed functions of the myocardium are provable.", "contents": "[Behavior of cardiopulmonary function in hypertonics under ergometer load]. In 56 male hypertensive patients a complex cardiopulmonary functional diagnosis was performed in rest and under ergometer load. The total functional capacity of the hypertensive patients is decreased already in the early stage and also in juvenile age, compared with healthy persons. Furthermore disturbances of the regulations of the minute output of the heart, hypertensive stress reactions, disturbances of the coronary blood supply and disturbed functions of the myocardium are provable."}
{"id": "PMID:906590", "title": "[Development of collateral circulation in the Paget-Schroetter syndrome].", "content": "An eleven years' clinical treatment of a 28-year-old tractor-driver with Paget-Schroetter's syndrome is described. The development of the collateral circulation was pursued during 6 years or 11 years, respectively, after the occurence of the vein thrombosis and the importance of phlebography in this rare disease is emphasized for the judgment of the prognosis. Phlebographic procedure is recommended for the reliable evaluation of the pathomorphological changes of the veins and of the developed collateral circulation.", "contents": "[Development of collateral circulation in the Paget-Schroetter syndrome]. An eleven years' clinical treatment of a 28-year-old tractor-driver with Paget-Schroetter's syndrome is described. The development of the collateral circulation was pursued during 6 years or 11 years, respectively, after the occurence of the vein thrombosis and the importance of phlebography in this rare disease is emphasized for the judgment of the prognosis. Phlebographic procedure is recommended for the reliable evaluation of the pathomorphological changes of the veins and of the developed collateral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:906591", "title": "[Diagnosis of primary hyperlipoproteinemias].", "content": "The diagnostics of hyperlipoproteinaemias is essentially based on the proof of biochemical parameters. The simultaneous determination of triglycerides and cholesterol in the serum is the most important measure for establishing disturbances of the lipid metabolism. The behaviour of these two lipids, the consideration of the serum and the lipoprotein electrophoresis in most cases make possible a classification according to the distributed all over the world and clinically relevant division according to Fredrickson. Loading tests for the early recognition of hyperlipoproteinaemias - analogus to protodiabetes - are hitherto not yet known. Within the diagnostics shoude be taken into consideration that hyperliproproteinaemias are frequently associated with other metabolic diseases (obesity, gout, diabetes mellitus, hypertension) as so-called metabolic syndrome.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of primary hyperlipoproteinemias]. The diagnostics of hyperlipoproteinaemias is essentially based on the proof of biochemical parameters. The simultaneous determination of triglycerides and cholesterol in the serum is the most important measure for establishing disturbances of the lipid metabolism. The behaviour of these two lipids, the consideration of the serum and the lipoprotein electrophoresis in most cases make possible a classification according to the distributed all over the world and clinically relevant division according to Fredrickson. Loading tests for the early recognition of hyperlipoproteinaemias - analogus to protodiabetes - are hitherto not yet known. Within the diagnostics shoude be taken into consideration that hyperliproproteinaemias are frequently associated with other metabolic diseases (obesity, gout, diabetes mellitus, hypertension) as so-called metabolic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:906592", "title": "[Diet therapy of hyperlipidemias (hyperlipoproteinemias)].", "content": "The therapy of hyperlipidaemias is based on the realisation of few principles of nutrition. Reduction of the weight and energy-controlled permanent nutrition, respectively, has in a distinctly marked degree influence on the majority of the hypertriglyceridaemias. Also mixed hyperlipidaemias as well as hypercholesterolaemias if associated with overweight, show a good reactivity to calorie-restricted forms of diet. Increased bodily motion, also negativation of the energy balance by influencing the consumption of calories is also an excellent measure for the quick decrease of the triglyceride levels. Specific mechanisms increasing the triglyceride concentration can be excluded by a restriction of the sugar and alcohol consumption. Primary hyercholesterolaemias in normal body-weight can be influenced by a decrease and/or changing of the fat consumption in the sense wanted. Since there have been possible comparable decreases of the cholesterol level by forms of diet of different fat content, when the relation of repeatedly unsaturated to saturated fatty acids furthermore exists, here is the possibility for the adaptation to individual habits of nutrition. However, own investigations allow the conclusion that the total addition of fat should lie below 35 kcal %. Whether the coronary risk can be diminished by a nutrition decreasing lipids, was investigated in a number of studies during the last 20 years. Summarzing, a primary prevention by changing the nutrition seems to be possible; chances of success for the secondary prevention - the prophylaxis of the reinfarction - are less well confirmed.", "contents": "[Diet therapy of hyperlipidemias (hyperlipoproteinemias)]. The therapy of hyperlipidaemias is based on the realisation of few principles of nutrition. Reduction of the weight and energy-controlled permanent nutrition, respectively, has in a distinctly marked degree influence on the majority of the hypertriglyceridaemias. Also mixed hyperlipidaemias as well as hypercholesterolaemias if associated with overweight, show a good reactivity to calorie-restricted forms of diet. Increased bodily motion, also negativation of the energy balance by influencing the consumption of calories is also an excellent measure for the quick decrease of the triglyceride levels. Specific mechanisms increasing the triglyceride concentration can be excluded by a restriction of the sugar and alcohol consumption. Primary hyercholesterolaemias in normal body-weight can be influenced by a decrease and/or changing of the fat consumption in the sense wanted. Since there have been possible comparable decreases of the cholesterol level by forms of diet of different fat content, when the relation of repeatedly unsaturated to saturated fatty acids furthermore exists, here is the possibility for the adaptation to individual habits of nutrition. However, own investigations allow the conclusion that the total addition of fat should lie below 35 kcal %. Whether the coronary risk can be diminished by a nutrition decreasing lipids, was investigated in a number of studies during the last 20 years. Summarzing, a primary prevention by changing the nutrition seems to be possible; chances of success for the secondary prevention - the prophylaxis of the reinfarction - are less well confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:906593", "title": "[Drug treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias].", "content": "If by regulation of the ideal weight, by type-optimated diet and physical conditioning we do not succeed in a satisfying regulation of the hyperlipoproteinaemias, the indication to the medicamentous therapy is given. For the treatment of type IIa in the first place cholestyramine and essential phospholipids are taken into consideration, in unsatisfying effect the combination cholestyramin-regadrin. For the types IIb-V regadrin and preparations of nicotinic acid are the remedies of choice. In an unsatisfying decrease of lipids the combination regadrin-nicotinic acid and regadrin-buformin-respectively, should be used. To what extent by a medicamentous decrease of lipids a primary or secondary prevention of ischaemic vascular diseases is possible, at present cannot be answered definitively.", "contents": "[Drug treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias]. If by regulation of the ideal weight, by type-optimated diet and physical conditioning we do not succeed in a satisfying regulation of the hyperlipoproteinaemias, the indication to the medicamentous therapy is given. For the treatment of type IIa in the first place cholestyramine and essential phospholipids are taken into consideration, in unsatisfying effect the combination cholestyramin-regadrin. For the types IIb-V regadrin and preparations of nicotinic acid are the remedies of choice. In an unsatisfying decrease of lipids the combination regadrin-nicotinic acid and regadrin-buformin-respectively, should be used. To what extent by a medicamentous decrease of lipids a primary or secondary prevention of ischaemic vascular diseases is possible, at present cannot be answered definitively."}
{"id": "PMID:906596", "title": "[Clinico-endoscopic problems in malignant changes of the gastric stump].", "content": "The authors give a report on occasional difficulties concerning the radiological and endoscopic clarification of the malignant changes at the gastric stump after treatment of resection. Four relevant cases are stated and explained. The endoscopy (glass fibre gastroscopy) together with the biopsy is at present the most reliable method for the diagnosis of the pathological processes in the remaining part of the stomach. A regular endoscopic and radiological control of patients with gastric resection is desirable.", "contents": "[Clinico-endoscopic problems in malignant changes of the gastric stump]. The authors give a report on occasional difficulties concerning the radiological and endoscopic clarification of the malignant changes at the gastric stump after treatment of resection. Four relevant cases are stated and explained. The endoscopy (glass fibre gastroscopy) together with the biopsy is at present the most reliable method for the diagnosis of the pathological processes in the remaining part of the stomach. A regular endoscopic and radiological control of patients with gastric resection is desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:906597", "title": "[Instable angina pectoris and the pre-infarct condition].", "content": "The instable angina pectoris belongs to the prodromes of an acute transmural my ocardial infarction, to which we refer every fresh angina pectoris, increase and prolongation of the anginous pain after stress and the appearance of pain in rest. Retrospectively we established the instable angina pectoris in 45% of the cases of a transmural myocardial infarction. Prospectively the syndrome of the instable angina pectoris was followed by a transmural myocardial infarction in 18%. In 14% of the cases with instable angina pectoris without provable transmural myocardial infarction a sudden heart death took place. In the discussion the author deals with questions of the not clarifyed pathogenesis and therapy. The instable angina pectoris is, indeed, an important clinical syndrome, but from the point of view of the short-time prognosis in our opinion it has not the presumed significance for the development of the transmural myocardial infarction and the sudden heart death.", "contents": "[Instable angina pectoris and the pre-infarct condition]. The instable angina pectoris belongs to the prodromes of an acute transmural my ocardial infarction, to which we refer every fresh angina pectoris, increase and prolongation of the anginous pain after stress and the appearance of pain in rest. Retrospectively we established the instable angina pectoris in 45% of the cases of a transmural myocardial infarction. Prospectively the syndrome of the instable angina pectoris was followed by a transmural myocardial infarction in 18%. In 14% of the cases with instable angina pectoris without provable transmural myocardial infarction a sudden heart death took place. In the discussion the author deals with questions of the not clarifyed pathogenesis and therapy. The instable angina pectoris is, indeed, an important clinical syndrome, but from the point of view of the short-time prognosis in our opinion it has not the presumed significance for the development of the transmural myocardial infarction and the sudden heart death."}
{"id": "PMID:906598", "title": "[Arthropathy in the Weber-Christian disease].", "content": "It is reported on five cases of Weber-Christian's syndrome which were observed in our institute during the last years due to difficulties involving motion organs. In three of the cases short-term arthritis was found and in one of the cases erosion arthritis of rheumatoid type was found, too. As far as the last case is concerned detailed information on the system manifestation of the patient is given; the disease started in her young days with regular relapses and visceral manifestation. At the same time typical morphologic changes in the subcutaneous fatty tissue and in the liver as well as clinical findings of diabetes, pericarditis and focal myocarditis were observed which proved a general disorder of the lipid metabolism.", "contents": "[Arthropathy in the Weber-Christian disease]. It is reported on five cases of Weber-Christian's syndrome which were observed in our institute during the last years due to difficulties involving motion organs. In three of the cases short-term arthritis was found and in one of the cases erosion arthritis of rheumatoid type was found, too. As far as the last case is concerned detailed information on the system manifestation of the patient is given; the disease started in her young days with regular relapses and visceral manifestation. At the same time typical morphologic changes in the subcutaneous fatty tissue and in the liver as well as clinical findings of diabetes, pericarditis and focal myocarditis were observed which proved a general disorder of the lipid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:906600", "title": "[Halothane and antituberculous drugs--a hepatotoxic combination? (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given on two patients receiving halothane anesthesia while beeing treated with isoniacid, ethambutol and rifampicin. Following halothane anesthesia, both patients developed a severe liver disease with encephalopathy grade III. We observed a moderate increase of bilirubin and SGOT and a more severe increase of serum ammonia. Histologically, both patients had alterations compatible with drug hepatitis. Within 14 days remission occurred spontaneously. The two case reports do not fit with typical isoniacid hepatitis or typical halothane hepatitis. The possibility of combined drug toxicity on liver during halothane and isocianid treatment is discussed.", "contents": "[Halothane and antituberculous drugs--a hepatotoxic combination? (author's transl)]. A case report is given on two patients receiving halothane anesthesia while beeing treated with isoniacid, ethambutol and rifampicin. Following halothane anesthesia, both patients developed a severe liver disease with encephalopathy grade III. We observed a moderate increase of bilirubin and SGOT and a more severe increase of serum ammonia. Histologically, both patients had alterations compatible with drug hepatitis. Within 14 days remission occurred spontaneously. The two case reports do not fit with typical isoniacid hepatitis or typical halothane hepatitis. The possibility of combined drug toxicity on liver during halothane and isocianid treatment is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906603", "title": "[Insulin resistance and blood glucose replacement rates in liver cirrhosis. Studies with 14C-glucose (author's transl)].", "content": "In 21 patients with liver cirrhosis, 35 normal subjects, 8 patients with chemical and 11 with manifest diabetes 0.5 g glucose/kg together with 14C-glucose were injected intravenously. 71% of the cirrhotics showed an impaired glucose tolerance. IRI response was exaggerated. The insulinogenic index was elevated in patients with liver cirrhosis and normal glucose tolerance and normal or subnormal in those with carbohydrate intolerance, as well as in diabetics. Decrease of the specific activity of glucose, expressing supply of non-labelled glucose to the body pool, was much more rapid in patients with carbohydrate intolerance, either hepatogenic or not, when compared at equal glucose concentrations. Moreover all groups with deteriorated glucose tolerance exhaled less 14CO2. Consequently, diabetes in chronic liver disease displays the same abnormalities as diabetes in obesity with respect to liver glucose supply and glucose oxidation. In both conditions diminished glucose assimilation is usually the result of reduced removal and increased supply. Therefore it is concluded that impaired hepatic uptake of glucose cannot be implicated as a single cause of hepatogenic diabetes.", "contents": "[Insulin resistance and blood glucose replacement rates in liver cirrhosis. Studies with 14C-glucose (author's transl)]. In 21 patients with liver cirrhosis, 35 normal subjects, 8 patients with chemical and 11 with manifest diabetes 0.5 g glucose/kg together with 14C-glucose were injected intravenously. 71% of the cirrhotics showed an impaired glucose tolerance. IRI response was exaggerated. The insulinogenic index was elevated in patients with liver cirrhosis and normal glucose tolerance and normal or subnormal in those with carbohydrate intolerance, as well as in diabetics. Decrease of the specific activity of glucose, expressing supply of non-labelled glucose to the body pool, was much more rapid in patients with carbohydrate intolerance, either hepatogenic or not, when compared at equal glucose concentrations. Moreover all groups with deteriorated glucose tolerance exhaled less 14CO2. Consequently, diabetes in chronic liver disease displays the same abnormalities as diabetes in obesity with respect to liver glucose supply and glucose oxidation. In both conditions diminished glucose assimilation is usually the result of reduced removal and increased supply. Therefore it is concluded that impaired hepatic uptake of glucose cannot be implicated as a single cause of hepatogenic diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:906604", "title": "[Changes in the structural localization of glycogen during glucose resorption].", "content": "Quantitative changes in the glycogen granula contents of the dog's small intestinal mucosa were investigated with light microscopy using Best-carmin dying. In fasting animals the glycogen could be detected in a patchy arrangement in the supranuclear cytoplasmic region of the enterocytes. During glucose abasorption glycogen appeared in continually increasing quantities also in the lamina propria. Injecting Glucagon (50-100 microgram/15') into the artery of the intestinal loop during glucose absorption, glycogen totally disappeared from the enterocytes, while it remained unchanged in the cells of the lamina propria.", "contents": "[Changes in the structural localization of glycogen during glucose resorption]. Quantitative changes in the glycogen granula contents of the dog's small intestinal mucosa were investigated with light microscopy using Best-carmin dying. In fasting animals the glycogen could be detected in a patchy arrangement in the supranuclear cytoplasmic region of the enterocytes. During glucose abasorption glycogen appeared in continually increasing quantities also in the lamina propria. Injecting Glucagon (50-100 microgram/15') into the artery of the intestinal loop during glucose absorption, glycogen totally disappeared from the enterocytes, while it remained unchanged in the cells of the lamina propria."}
{"id": "PMID:906605", "title": "[Resections of the pancreas: their effects on bone and calcium metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Four to ten years after partial or total resections of the pancreas calcium and bone metabolism was investigated. A high-turnover osteoporosis is proved by bone histomorphometry. There were no signs of osteomalacia or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Radiocalciumkinetics in all cases showed an increase endogenous fecal loss of calcium. Both, intestinal absorption and renal excretion of calcium were normal. Pathophysiologic relationship between resections of the pancreas and their influence on calcium and bone metabolism has not been sufficiently explained until now. Further investigation will be necessary.", "contents": "[Resections of the pancreas: their effects on bone and calcium metabolism (author's transl)]. Four to ten years after partial or total resections of the pancreas calcium and bone metabolism was investigated. A high-turnover osteoporosis is proved by bone histomorphometry. There were no signs of osteomalacia or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Radiocalciumkinetics in all cases showed an increase endogenous fecal loss of calcium. Both, intestinal absorption and renal excretion of calcium were normal. Pathophysiologic relationship between resections of the pancreas and their influence on calcium and bone metabolism has not been sufficiently explained until now. Further investigation will be necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:906606", "title": "[The effect of caerulein on intraluminal pressures of the common bile duct and duodenum in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Caerulein is a dekapeptide related to gastrin and cholecystokinin with profound effects on gastrointestinal motility. In the present study we examined the effect of intravenously administered caerulein (0.1 microgram/kg body weight) on the intraluminal pressure of common bile duct and duodenum in 12 patients. The pressure recordings were obtained by endoscopic perfusion manometry. The tip of the perfused catheter was positioned under radiological control and the measurements were carried out under standardized conditions. Following the injection of caerulein there was a rise in pressure in the common bile duct and the mid portion of the duodenum. The pressure increase in the common duct appears to be predominantly due to contraction of the gallbladder as it is considerably less pronounced in patients with cholecystectomy. The problems inherent to endoscopic pressure recordings under pharmacological stimulation are discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of caerulein on intraluminal pressures of the common bile duct and duodenum in man (author's transl)]. Caerulein is a dekapeptide related to gastrin and cholecystokinin with profound effects on gastrointestinal motility. In the present study we examined the effect of intravenously administered caerulein (0.1 microgram/kg body weight) on the intraluminal pressure of common bile duct and duodenum in 12 patients. The pressure recordings were obtained by endoscopic perfusion manometry. The tip of the perfused catheter was positioned under radiological control and the measurements were carried out under standardized conditions. Following the injection of caerulein there was a rise in pressure in the common bile duct and the mid portion of the duodenum. The pressure increase in the common duct appears to be predominantly due to contraction of the gallbladder as it is considerably less pronounced in patients with cholecystectomy. The problems inherent to endoscopic pressure recordings under pharmacological stimulation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906607", "title": "[Uterus myomatosus and pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a summary of the literature as well as our own cases, a survey of the current state of research in regard to the diagnostics, case control, prognosis, and therapy for uterus myomatosus graviditatis is presented.", "contents": "[Uterus myomatosus and pregnancy (author's transl)]. Using a summary of the literature as well as our own cases, a survey of the current state of research in regard to the diagnostics, case control, prognosis, and therapy for uterus myomatosus graviditatis is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:906608", "title": "[Investigations regarding the validity of estrogen-creatine quotients from morning urine compared with those from 24-hour urine in high risk pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "An automated method for determining total estrogen in 24-hour urine was reported. The \"estrogen-creatinine quotient\" was computed in order to make the results of collective errors as independent as possible. This numerical value also makes possible comparative studies of 24-hour urine and morning urine (6:00 a.m.) as well as of urine specimens taken every two hours between 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. A total of 1000 analyses were made in 110 pregnant women; in addition, 82 daily profiles were studied. A high correlation was found between the E/C from 24-hour urine and from morning urine. In approximately two thirds of the cases, the deviation between morning urine and 24-hour urine did not exceed 10%. In the daily profiles, however, a wide variation in the daily rhythmn of some patients could be observed. According to our results, the determination of E/C in morning urine is well suited as a screening method for quick detection of estrogen elimination, particularly in high risk pregnancies.", "contents": "[Investigations regarding the validity of estrogen-creatine quotients from morning urine compared with those from 24-hour urine in high risk pregnancies (author's transl)]. An automated method for determining total estrogen in 24-hour urine was reported. The \"estrogen-creatinine quotient\" was computed in order to make the results of collective errors as independent as possible. This numerical value also makes possible comparative studies of 24-hour urine and morning urine (6:00 a.m.) as well as of urine specimens taken every two hours between 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. A total of 1000 analyses were made in 110 pregnant women; in addition, 82 daily profiles were studied. A high correlation was found between the E/C from 24-hour urine and from morning urine. In approximately two thirds of the cases, the deviation between morning urine and 24-hour urine did not exceed 10%. In the daily profiles, however, a wide variation in the daily rhythmn of some patients could be observed. According to our results, the determination of E/C in morning urine is well suited as a screening method for quick detection of estrogen elimination, particularly in high risk pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:906609", "title": "Gestational meconium: a sign of poor neonatal prognosis.", "content": "Seventy five pregnancies where the presence of antepartum meconium was detected by transabdominal amniocentesis, were compared with 224 cases showing clear amniotic fluid (A.F.). The statistical differences were analized in terms of data of anamnesis, diseases complicating pregnancy, gestational age, fetal maturity diagnosis from the A.F. study, oxytocin test, labor characteristics, perinatal mortality and neurologic morbidity during the first nine months of life. The results suggest that the presence  of antepartum meconium implies an increase in fetal risk, demanding an adequate analysis of the obstetric solutions, which is discussed.", "contents": "Gestational meconium: a sign of poor neonatal prognosis. Seventy five pregnancies where the presence of antepartum meconium was detected by transabdominal amniocentesis, were compared with 224 cases showing clear amniotic fluid (A.F.). The statistical differences were analized in terms of data of anamnesis, diseases complicating pregnancy, gestational age, fetal maturity diagnosis from the A.F. study, oxytocin test, labor characteristics, perinatal mortality and neurologic morbidity during the first nine months of life. The results suggest that the presence  of antepartum meconium implies an increase in fetal risk, demanding an adequate analysis of the obstetric solutions, which is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906610", "title": "A new modification of spectrophotometry in the investigation of amniotic fluid by amnioscopy.", "content": "A new spectrophotometric application to amnioscopy for the estimation of the colour of amniotic fluid is presented. Three light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with peak wavelengths of 565 nm (green), 581 nm (yellow), and 645 nm (red) act as the light sources, and the light reflected from the amniotic fluid is measured using a photodiode. The greatest advantages of our new application are the short recording time of about 15 s. and the simplified mechanical performance of the measurement, which reduce errors. Preliminary clinical results show that green colouration can be easily discriminated from yellow and clear amniotic fluid. Sources of error and improvements to the method are discussed.", "contents": "A new modification of spectrophotometry in the investigation of amniotic fluid by amnioscopy. A new spectrophotometric application to amnioscopy for the estimation of the colour of amniotic fluid is presented. Three light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with peak wavelengths of 565 nm (green), 581 nm (yellow), and 645 nm (red) act as the light sources, and the light reflected from the amniotic fluid is measured using a photodiode. The greatest advantages of our new application are the short recording time of about 15 s. and the simplified mechanical performance of the measurement, which reduce errors. Preliminary clinical results show that green colouration can be easily discriminated from yellow and clear amniotic fluid. Sources of error and improvements to the method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906612", "title": "Steroid profiles in hydatidiform mole associated with theca-lutein cysts.", "content": "Neutral steroids in urine were determined quantitatively with gaschromatography on capillary columns in a case of benign hydatidiform mole associated with bilateral theca-lutein cysts. A remarkable finding was the very high levels of 17-hydroxypregnanolone and pregnanetriol, which continued to rise until the 15th day after molar evacuation.", "contents": "Steroid profiles in hydatidiform mole associated with theca-lutein cysts. Neutral steroids in urine were determined quantitatively with gaschromatography on capillary columns in a case of benign hydatidiform mole associated with bilateral theca-lutein cysts. A remarkable finding was the very high levels of 17-hydroxypregnanolone and pregnanetriol, which continued to rise until the 15th day after molar evacuation."}
{"id": "PMID:906613", "title": "[Antenatal diagnosis of a foetal heart block in the 33. week of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In a pregnant woman of 20 years is recorded a foetal bradycardia of 60 beats per minute in the 33. week of pregnancy. The woman too had an influenza. The cardiological examination shows a congenital complete heart block. After spontaneous delivery of a male infant at date the heart block persists for more than 7 months. There are are no malformations; a interdependence with influenza-infection of the mother is not to be proved. The diagnosis of the congenital heart block is rare. Of 40 cases pointed out in the literature only 3 cases has been diagnosed before the 35. week of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Antenatal diagnosis of a foetal heart block in the 33. week of pregnancy (author's transl)]. In a pregnant woman of 20 years is recorded a foetal bradycardia of 60 beats per minute in the 33. week of pregnancy. The woman too had an influenza. The cardiological examination shows a congenital complete heart block. After spontaneous delivery of a male infant at date the heart block persists for more than 7 months. There are are no malformations; a interdependence with influenza-infection of the mother is not to be proved. The diagnosis of the congenital heart block is rare. Of 40 cases pointed out in the literature only 3 cases has been diagnosed before the 35. week of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:906614", "title": "[Determining the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in a time series of examination plans].", "content": "Some typical effects of therapeutic intervention in time series designs are considered and suggested for heuristic evaluation by Kendall-tests. The pre-intervention phase is assumed to be stationary as to an indicator variable and the post intervention phase is assumed to change in level or direction. According to the effects assumed, anchor series of ranks are constructed and compared to rank-transformed time series observations. Large Kendall-scores indicate agreement between assumed and observed series of ranks, i. e. either change in level and/or in direction.", "contents": "[Determining the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in a time series of examination plans]. Some typical effects of therapeutic intervention in time series designs are considered and suggested for heuristic evaluation by Kendall-tests. The pre-intervention phase is assumed to be stationary as to an indicator variable and the post intervention phase is assumed to change in level or direction. According to the effects assumed, anchor series of ranks are constructed and compared to rank-transformed time series observations. Large Kendall-scores indicate agreement between assumed and observed series of ranks, i. e. either change in level and/or in direction."}
{"id": "PMID:906615", "title": "[Relationship between Eysencks personality types and intellectual performance].", "content": "This study tests Eysenck's psychophysiological hypotheses concerning the relationship between intellectual performance and personality type. The data originated from two partial samples with N = 314. The personality types were distinguished with the ENNR-Questionnaire. The intellectual performance was tested using items which are based on J\u00e4ger's factor analytic studies. 23 differentially complex items stemed from the main intelligence factors, and separate measures for speed and quality were used to test the hypotheses. The results of all analyses of variancy falsify Eysenck's hypotheses. The \"neurotic introverts\" showed the worst results in both quality and speed by most of the items, independent of complexity and intelligence factor (chi-square-test of positional frequency). The \"stable\" and \"neurotic extraverts\" showed the best results.", "contents": "[Relationship between Eysencks personality types and intellectual performance]. This study tests Eysenck's psychophysiological hypotheses concerning the relationship between intellectual performance and personality type. The data originated from two partial samples with N = 314. The personality types were distinguished with the ENNR-Questionnaire. The intellectual performance was tested using items which are based on J\u00e4ger's factor analytic studies. 23 differentially complex items stemed from the main intelligence factors, and separate measures for speed and quality were used to test the hypotheses. The results of all analyses of variancy falsify Eysenck's hypotheses. The \"neurotic introverts\" showed the worst results in both quality and speed by most of the items, independent of complexity and intelligence factor (chi-square-test of positional frequency). The \"stable\" and \"neurotic extraverts\" showed the best results."}
{"id": "PMID:906616", "title": "[Oedipus - anthropology of enlightenment and interpretation].", "content": "The myth of oedipus follows - from an anthropological-phenomenological point of view - an interpretation as a tragedy of enlightment. Oedipus solves the riddle of the sphinx concerning the finality of human life. By this he has done the step from the cyclical conception of life, essential for early humanity and childhood, towards the causal and teleological thinking of modern man. But by this step he looses the instinctual-prelogical knowledge of early humanity - still observable among so called \"savages\" - about the ties of blood and the signification of incest. The loss of this knowledge throws him into the fateful marriage of his mother. Only after blinding himself he gains insight into the relations that are hidden to the \"enlightened\" thinking.", "contents": "[Oedipus - anthropology of enlightenment and interpretation]. The myth of oedipus follows - from an anthropological-phenomenological point of view - an interpretation as a tragedy of enlightment. Oedipus solves the riddle of the sphinx concerning the finality of human life. By this he has done the step from the cyclical conception of life, essential for early humanity and childhood, towards the causal and teleological thinking of modern man. But by this step he looses the instinctual-prelogical knowledge of early humanity - still observable among so called \"savages\" - about the ties of blood and the signification of incest. The loss of this knowledge throws him into the fateful marriage of his mother. Only after blinding himself he gains insight into the relations that are hidden to the \"enlightened\" thinking."}
{"id": "PMID:906617", "title": "[Possibilities and dangers of group psychotherapy].", "content": "The author points out that in every group - also in groups put together for psychotherapeutic purposes - attention must be paid to the inherent sociodynamics. The knowledge of the sociological aspect connected with it is on this account important, because the individual is entangled in generally groupdynamic processes (e. g. the normative effect of the group, the emotionally relevant interactions that increase overproportionally with the growing density of interactions and simultaneous decrease of the emotionally neutral interactions, the amplifying effect of the group, etc.). Besides, the knowledge of the psychological aspect is important, e. g. the consideration of the development of a narcissistic group-self in the individual or in several persons, the mutual identification processes, etc. To comprehend the therapeutic process the knowledge of the usual movement of the group events is above all important. The differentiation of the five following phases may, however, only be taken as a scheme: (1) explorative contact, (2) regression, (3) catharsis, (4) insight, (5) social learning.", "contents": "[Possibilities and dangers of group psychotherapy]. The author points out that in every group - also in groups put together for psychotherapeutic purposes - attention must be paid to the inherent sociodynamics. The knowledge of the sociological aspect connected with it is on this account important, because the individual is entangled in generally groupdynamic processes (e. g. the normative effect of the group, the emotionally relevant interactions that increase overproportionally with the growing density of interactions and simultaneous decrease of the emotionally neutral interactions, the amplifying effect of the group, etc.). Besides, the knowledge of the psychological aspect is important, e. g. the consideration of the development of a narcissistic group-self in the individual or in several persons, the mutual identification processes, etc. To comprehend the therapeutic process the knowledge of the usual movement of the group events is above all important. The differentiation of the five following phases may, however, only be taken as a scheme: (1) explorative contact, (2) regression, (3) catharsis, (4) insight, (5) social learning."}
{"id": "PMID:906618", "title": "[A group-behavior-psychotherapy concept: treatment of psychosomatic disorders].", "content": "The paper concerns with group-behavior-therapy with patients having psychosomatic disorders. The therapy was applied to two groups. The therapy has not been fully standardized but individual differences of each client's behavior-analysis was taken into account. The clients were to learn the understanding of the development of their symptoms and the conditions under which the symptoms remained and changed. Clients should help each other as co-therapists. The group-therapy was divided into three parts: (1) communication-training in the group, (2) introduction to the basic principles of learning, (3) application of special therapeutic methods. The therapy procedure as well as the results of the first follow-up are reported. The concept of group-therapy is discussed.", "contents": "[A group-behavior-psychotherapy concept: treatment of psychosomatic disorders]. The paper concerns with group-behavior-therapy with patients having psychosomatic disorders. The therapy was applied to two groups. The therapy has not been fully standardized but individual differences of each client's behavior-analysis was taken into account. The clients were to learn the understanding of the development of their symptoms and the conditions under which the symptoms remained and changed. Clients should help each other as co-therapists. The group-therapy was divided into three parts: (1) communication-training in the group, (2) introduction to the basic principles of learning, (3) application of special therapeutic methods. The therapy procedure as well as the results of the first follow-up are reported. The concept of group-therapy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906619", "title": "[Intellectual decline in alcoholics].", "content": "161 alcoholics with an average abuse of alcohol of about five years who had volunteered to undergo treatment were given the IST (Amthauer). The average age for the 90 male and 71 female patients was 39 years. The results of the investigation indicated a decrease in intelligence, some functions of intelligence being more affected than others, especially in women. In addition a significant fixture of intelligence (\"Verfestigung\" according to Amthauer) was found. It may be assumed that the impaired intelligence performance can be attributed to disturbed attention and drives rather than to brain lesions. The possibility of restitution and modification of personality by psychotherapy is being discussed.", "contents": "[Intellectual decline in alcoholics]. 161 alcoholics with an average abuse of alcohol of about five years who had volunteered to undergo treatment were given the IST (Amthauer). The average age for the 90 male and 71 female patients was 39 years. The results of the investigation indicated a decrease in intelligence, some functions of intelligence being more affected than others, especially in women. In addition a significant fixture of intelligence (\"Verfestigung\" according to Amthauer) was found. It may be assumed that the impaired intelligence performance can be attributed to disturbed attention and drives rather than to brain lesions. The possibility of restitution and modification of personality by psychotherapy is being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906620", "title": "The significance of cytotoxicity of lymphocyte populations in coloncarcinoma patients in comparison to normal controls using a new statistical method of evaluation.", "content": "Lymphocytotoxicity was studied in patients suffering from colon carcinoma. 125Iododeoxyuridin-labeled established colon carcinoma cells were used as target cells in a cytotoxicity assay according to COHEN et al. (1). They were incubated with unfractionated lymphocytes of the peripheral blood, purified T cells or adherent cells as effector cells. The cytotoxic effect was measured in cpm, i. e. the radioactivity released from the target cells into the supernatant. The cpm were adjusted by eliminating the variables of spontaneous release and for maximal incorporated radioactivity of the target cells. The cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes to colon carcinoma target cells was dose-dependent. It was demonstrated for lymphocytes from colon carcinoma patients as well as for lymphocytes from healthy controls. Although adjusted cpm values were used for statistical analysis lymphocytes from the 20 colon carcinoma patients did not show a higher cytotoxic effect than lymphocytes from the 20 healthy controls. However, when the results were compared separately for each experiment consisting of 2 colon carcinoma patients and 3 healthy controls, statistical significant specific lymphocytotoxicity was demonstrated for lymphocytes from colon carcinoma patients. The plot diagram of the results and the statistical evaluation by the multivariate analysis of variance (Manova) offer a clear and comprehensible representation of the results. Particularly for statistical reasons, this representation is superior to the usual calculation of percent specific lysis. It was demonstrated in this study that the cytotoxic activity in the absence of autologous serum is a function of T cells of the peripheral blood. Adherent cells have a high cytotoxic activity regardless whether the cells were obtained from colon carcinoma patients or from healthy controls.", "contents": "The significance of cytotoxicity of lymphocyte populations in coloncarcinoma patients in comparison to normal controls using a new statistical method of evaluation. Lymphocytotoxicity was studied in patients suffering from colon carcinoma. 125Iododeoxyuridin-labeled established colon carcinoma cells were used as target cells in a cytotoxicity assay according to COHEN et al. (1). They were incubated with unfractionated lymphocytes of the peripheral blood, purified T cells or adherent cells as effector cells. The cytotoxic effect was measured in cpm, i. e. the radioactivity released from the target cells into the supernatant. The cpm were adjusted by eliminating the variables of spontaneous release and for maximal incorporated radioactivity of the target cells. The cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes to colon carcinoma target cells was dose-dependent. It was demonstrated for lymphocytes from colon carcinoma patients as well as for lymphocytes from healthy controls. Although adjusted cpm values were used for statistical analysis lymphocytes from the 20 colon carcinoma patients did not show a higher cytotoxic effect than lymphocytes from the 20 healthy controls. However, when the results were compared separately for each experiment consisting of 2 colon carcinoma patients and 3 healthy controls, statistical significant specific lymphocytotoxicity was demonstrated for lymphocytes from colon carcinoma patients. The plot diagram of the results and the statistical evaluation by the multivariate analysis of variance (Manova) offer a clear and comprehensible representation of the results. Particularly for statistical reasons, this representation is superior to the usual calculation of percent specific lysis. It was demonstrated in this study that the cytotoxic activity in the absence of autologous serum is a function of T cells of the peripheral blood. Adherent cells have a high cytotoxic activity regardless whether the cells were obtained from colon carcinoma patients or from healthy controls."}
{"id": "PMID:906621", "title": "A simple technique for measuring leucocyte chemotaxis in reversible Boyden chambers.", "content": "A technique for assay of leucocyte chemotaxis in Boyden chambers is described. A set of up to 12 closed chambers with 2 compartments is formed from commercially available migration plates. The set can be turned during the incubation and thus the detachment of cells from the filter, a major source of variation in classical type of chambers, can be prevented. The technique is simple and so inexpensive that it allows the use of the material as disposable if preferred.", "contents": "A simple technique for measuring leucocyte chemotaxis in reversible Boyden chambers. A technique for assay of leucocyte chemotaxis in Boyden chambers is described. A set of up to 12 closed chambers with 2 compartments is formed from commercially available migration plates. The set can be turned during the incubation and thus the detachment of cells from the filter, a major source of variation in classical type of chambers, can be prevented. The technique is simple and so inexpensive that it allows the use of the material as disposable if preferred."}
{"id": "PMID:906623", "title": "The efficacy of praziquantel against cestodes in animals.", "content": "Praziquantel (EMBAY 8440, Droncit) is a new type of acylated isoquinoline-pyrazine. A single oral or subcutaneous dose of the compound is reliably effective against juvenile and adult cestodes in mice and rats. For the first time, with praziquantel a compound is available that is also effective on cestodes in the bile-duct. Using Hymenolepis nana in mice we were able to show that age, sex, strain and intensity of infestation of the host have no influence on the efficacy. The onset of the effect of praziquantel in vivo is rapid. Within 10 min the parasites were immobilized and contracted and excreted within a few hours with the faeces.", "contents": "The efficacy of praziquantel against cestodes in animals. Praziquantel (EMBAY 8440, Droncit) is a new type of acylated isoquinoline-pyrazine. A single oral or subcutaneous dose of the compound is reliably effective against juvenile and adult cestodes in mice and rats. For the first time, with praziquantel a compound is available that is also effective on cestodes in the bile-duct. Using Hymenolepis nana in mice we were able to show that age, sex, strain and intensity of infestation of the host have no influence on the efficacy. The onset of the effect of praziquantel in vivo is rapid. Within 10 min the parasites were immobilized and contracted and excreted within a few hours with the faeces."}
{"id": "PMID:906625", "title": "Physiology of host parasite relationship: effects on serum alkaline phosphatase levels of fish hosts parasitized by trypanosomes.", "content": "Serum alkaline phosphatase levels of five species of fresh water fish hosts were altered by trypanosome parasites. The loss in enzymatic activity ranged from 3.91% to 69.91% in the five species of infected fishes as compared to normal level in the healthy hosts. The maximal reduction in the enzymatic activity caused by trypanosomes was observed in the herbivore carp fish Cirrhina mrigala and the minimal loss in the fresh water shark Wallago attu.", "contents": "Physiology of host parasite relationship: effects on serum alkaline phosphatase levels of fish hosts parasitized by trypanosomes. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels of five species of fresh water fish hosts were altered by trypanosome parasites. The loss in enzymatic activity ranged from 3.91% to 69.91% in the five species of infected fishes as compared to normal level in the healthy hosts. The maximal reduction in the enzymatic activity caused by trypanosomes was observed in the herbivore carp fish Cirrhina mrigala and the minimal loss in the fresh water shark Wallago attu."}
{"id": "PMID:906626", "title": "Studies on ecophysiology of fish parasites: effect of trypanosome infection on the serum cholesterol levels of fishes.", "content": "Serum cholesterol levels of six species of fresh water fishes were lowered due to trypanosome infection. The percentage of infection in the different species of hosts ranged from 3.27% in Clarias batrachus to 16.66% in Wallago attu. Loss in serum cholesterol level was highest (42.39%) in the spiny eel Mastocembelus armotus and lowest in the carp Cirrhina mrigala (4.56%). Thus hypocholesterolemia was evidently caused in the fishes by trypanosomes.", "contents": "Studies on ecophysiology of fish parasites: effect of trypanosome infection on the serum cholesterol levels of fishes. Serum cholesterol levels of six species of fresh water fishes were lowered due to trypanosome infection. The percentage of infection in the different species of hosts ranged from 3.27% in Clarias batrachus to 16.66% in Wallago attu. Loss in serum cholesterol level was highest (42.39%) in the spiny eel Mastocembelus armotus and lowest in the carp Cirrhina mrigala (4.56%). Thus hypocholesterolemia was evidently caused in the fishes by trypanosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:906627", "title": "Changes in the generation cycle of duodenal crypt cells in chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina.", "content": "Changes in the duration of the progenitor cycle and its four phases were determined for duodenal crypt cells in chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. Metaphase curves were constructed using percent labelled metaphase nuclei in duodenal crypt cells at short intervals after the injection of [3H]thymidine. The duration of the progenitor cycle and its four phases were calculated using the synthetic index and data obtained from the metaphase curves. The cycle time was reduced from 14 h in control birds to 10.2 h at 2 days and 10.6 h at 4 days postinfection. The change was attributable entirely to a reduction in G1 or the presynthetic phase. In addition, the population of dividing cells within each duodenal crypt was almost doubled in infected birds. These increases in cell production precedes all the histological changes observed earlier in the intestines of E. acervulina infected chickens. At least in this instance, changes in crypt morphology seems, therefore, to result from an induced change in the functional activity of the crypt.", "contents": "Changes in the generation cycle of duodenal crypt cells in chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. Changes in the duration of the progenitor cycle and its four phases were determined for duodenal crypt cells in chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. Metaphase curves were constructed using percent labelled metaphase nuclei in duodenal crypt cells at short intervals after the injection of [3H]thymidine. The duration of the progenitor cycle and its four phases were calculated using the synthetic index and data obtained from the metaphase curves. The cycle time was reduced from 14 h in control birds to 10.2 h at 2 days and 10.6 h at 4 days postinfection. The change was attributable entirely to a reduction in G1 or the presynthetic phase. In addition, the population of dividing cells within each duodenal crypt was almost doubled in infected birds. These increases in cell production precedes all the histological changes observed earlier in the intestines of E. acervulina infected chickens. At least in this instance, changes in crypt morphology seems, therefore, to result from an induced change in the functional activity of the crypt."}
{"id": "PMID:906628", "title": "Larval and post-larval development of Ergenstrema mugilis Paperna, 1964 (monogenea, ancyrocephalidae) parasite of Liza ramada (Risso, 1826) (teleostel, mugilidae).", "content": "The ciliated cells, chaetotaxy and excretory system of the oncomiracidium are fully described in Ergenstrema mugilis Paperna, 1964. The study of the post larval development shows a phase of cutaneous infestation in the fish host and the mode of transmission is discussed among Dactylogyroidea. The morphogenesis of the parasite haptor is described. The origin and migration of the hamuli in Dactylogyroidea are discussed.", "contents": "Larval and post-larval development of Ergenstrema mugilis Paperna, 1964 (monogenea, ancyrocephalidae) parasite of Liza ramada (Risso, 1826) (teleostel, mugilidae). The ciliated cells, chaetotaxy and excretory system of the oncomiracidium are fully described in Ergenstrema mugilis Paperna, 1964. The study of the post larval development shows a phase of cutaneous infestation in the fish host and the mode of transmission is discussed among Dactylogyroidea. The morphogenesis of the parasite haptor is described. The origin and migration of the hamuli in Dactylogyroidea are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906629", "title": "A differential diagnostic criterion for Babesia major and Babesia bigemina vermicules from tick haemolymph.", "content": "Babesia major mature and immature vermicules in the haemolymph of Haemaphysalis punctata were measured and found to be significantly larger than vermicules of Babesia bigemina. Mature B. major vermicules had a mean length of 15.53 micrometer and mature B. bigemina vermicules had a mean length of 11.79 micrometer. This difference provides a new criterion for the differentiation of the two species.", "contents": "A differential diagnostic criterion for Babesia major and Babesia bigemina vermicules from tick haemolymph. Babesia major mature and immature vermicules in the haemolymph of Haemaphysalis punctata were measured and found to be significantly larger than vermicules of Babesia bigemina. Mature B. major vermicules had a mean length of 15.53 micrometer and mature B. bigemina vermicules had a mean length of 11.79 micrometer. This difference provides a new criterion for the differentiation of the two species."}
{"id": "PMID:906630", "title": "Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on Herpetomonas samuelpessoai.", "content": "The effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a carbohydrate analogue, on growth, respiration and fine structure of Herpetomonas samuelpessoai is described. In a glucose-free medium, 2-DG inhibited growth down to 7% that of the control. In presence of equal concentrations of glucose, the inhibition by 2-DG was 55%. With 5 times as much 2-DG as glucose, the inhibition was 88%. Increase in 2-DG in relation to glucose resulted in a progressive inhibition of H. samuelpessoai. Only glucose, fructose of glycerol reversed the inhibition caused by 2-DG in H. samuelpessoai. Glucose was more active than glycerol and fructose. Protection against 2-DG toxicity was confirmed by respirometry experiments. Oxidation of glucose was less affected by 2-DG than that of fructose and glycerol. In presence of 2-DG the cells became round to oval and showed some granules in the cytoplasm. In control cells the mitochondrial cristae were short and straight while in cells treated with 2-DG they were longer and curved. Morphometric analysis of electron micrographs showed that the mitochondrial relative volume of normal cells was 0.084 +/- 0.018 while in treated cells were 0.166 +/- 0.030. Results are discussed in relation to the carbohydrate metabolism and the mode of action of 2-DG.", "contents": "Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on Herpetomonas samuelpessoai. The effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a carbohydrate analogue, on growth, respiration and fine structure of Herpetomonas samuelpessoai is described. In a glucose-free medium, 2-DG inhibited growth down to 7% that of the control. In presence of equal concentrations of glucose, the inhibition by 2-DG was 55%. With 5 times as much 2-DG as glucose, the inhibition was 88%. Increase in 2-DG in relation to glucose resulted in a progressive inhibition of H. samuelpessoai. Only glucose, fructose of glycerol reversed the inhibition caused by 2-DG in H. samuelpessoai. Glucose was more active than glycerol and fructose. Protection against 2-DG toxicity was confirmed by respirometry experiments. Oxidation of glucose was less affected by 2-DG than that of fructose and glycerol. In presence of 2-DG the cells became round to oval and showed some granules in the cytoplasm. In control cells the mitochondrial cristae were short and straight while in cells treated with 2-DG they were longer and curved. Morphometric analysis of electron micrographs showed that the mitochondrial relative volume of normal cells was 0.084 +/- 0.018 while in treated cells were 0.166 +/- 0.030. Results are discussed in relation to the carbohydrate metabolism and the mode of action of 2-DG."}
{"id": "PMID:906631", "title": "Fibrinogen and fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products in the urine of rabbits infected with Trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei.", "content": "Studies have been carried out on the urine of rabbits infected with Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei to determine whether fibrinogen or fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP) could be detected. No fibrinogen was found but during the last two weeks of this 7-week infection low levels of FDP were present in the urine which did not exceed 5 microgram/ml. Rabbit urine was shown to contain a potent proteolytic enzyme capable of breaking down rabbit fibrinogen and both early and late FDP were present in the cleavage products. No deposits of fibrin were detected in the kidney, but casts were present in the urine suggesting renal damage. The most likely explanation of the urinary FDP is that either an increase in the glomerular permeability occurs allowing filtration of plasma FDP or a local fibrinogenolysis in the kidney tubules.", "contents": "Fibrinogen and fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products in the urine of rabbits infected with Trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei. Studies have been carried out on the urine of rabbits infected with Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei to determine whether fibrinogen or fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP) could be detected. No fibrinogen was found but during the last two weeks of this 7-week infection low levels of FDP were present in the urine which did not exceed 5 microgram/ml. Rabbit urine was shown to contain a potent proteolytic enzyme capable of breaking down rabbit fibrinogen and both early and late FDP were present in the cleavage products. No deposits of fibrin were detected in the kidney, but casts were present in the urine suggesting renal damage. The most likely explanation of the urinary FDP is that either an increase in the glomerular permeability occurs allowing filtration of plasma FDP or a local fibrinogenolysis in the kidney tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:906632", "title": "The effect of cortisone acetate on the metabolism of Hymenolepis microstoma (cestoda:cyclophyllidea).", "content": "Hymenolepis microstoma grown in mice, treated with 1.25 mg cortisone acetate every second day, are heavier and have a significantly higher glycogen content than those in control mice. The dry/wet weight ratio and protein content however are unaffected. It is suggested that the increase in glycogen reserve and weight in H. microstoma from cortisone-treated mice is due to an immunosuppressive effect and better nutritional environment rather than hormonal action. Inclusion of 0.1 mg of cortisone per 100 ml of culture medium produces no change in worm weight in vitro. Single worm infections result in 100% recovery, but 30 worm infections provoke a rejection process which can be suppressed partially by administration of cortisone acetate.", "contents": "The effect of cortisone acetate on the metabolism of Hymenolepis microstoma (cestoda:cyclophyllidea). Hymenolepis microstoma grown in mice, treated with 1.25 mg cortisone acetate every second day, are heavier and have a significantly higher glycogen content than those in control mice. The dry/wet weight ratio and protein content however are unaffected. It is suggested that the increase in glycogen reserve and weight in H. microstoma from cortisone-treated mice is due to an immunosuppressive effect and better nutritional environment rather than hormonal action. Inclusion of 0.1 mg of cortisone per 100 ml of culture medium produces no change in worm weight in vitro. Single worm infections result in 100% recovery, but 30 worm infections provoke a rejection process which can be suppressed partially by administration of cortisone acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:906633", "title": "A marine Diphyllobothrium plerocercoid (cestoda, pseudophyllidea) from blue whiting (micromestius poutasson).", "content": "A type of Diphyllobothrium plerocercoid found in blue whiting, Micromestius poutasson, caught near the north edge of the Faeroe Banks, is described. The most dominant characters of these larvae are their typical dorsoventrally flattened body and their fully extruded and \"adult\"-like scolex. A morphological comparison with perocercoids of D. dendriticum, D. ditremum and D. latum is given.", "contents": "A marine Diphyllobothrium plerocercoid (cestoda, pseudophyllidea) from blue whiting (micromestius poutasson). A type of Diphyllobothrium plerocercoid found in blue whiting, Micromestius poutasson, caught near the north edge of the Faeroe Banks, is described. The most dominant characters of these larvae are their typical dorsoventrally flattened body and their fully extruded and \"adult\"-like scolex. A morphological comparison with perocercoids of D. dendriticum, D. ditremum and D. latum is given."}
{"id": "PMID:906634", "title": "[Cercaria ogunis n. sp. (echinostomatidae) from Bulinus globosus in West Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "Cercaria ogunis n. sp. (Echinostomatidae) is described. The cercaria has 47 collar spines, 2 X 15 flame cells, a small dorsal and a small ventral finfold near the tip of the tail. A peculiar organ located dorsally next to the brain is explained, hypothetically, as a statocyst. In the behaviour of the cercaria there are some conspicuous features, i.e. a rapid swimming-velocity, a striking positive geotaxis and a positive phototaxis. Second intermediate hosts are gastropods and amphibians. The metacercarial cysts exist in two distinct modifications: Cysts from Bulinus are globular, cysts from amphibians are elongated-ellipsoid. The Bulinus population of the habitat shows at the same time a high prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium. C. ogunis has never been observed as being involved in double infections. This seems to suggest that the rediae of this species are incompatible with other trematodes in the snail.", "contents": "[Cercaria ogunis n. sp. (echinostomatidae) from Bulinus globosus in West Africa (author's transl)]. Cercaria ogunis n. sp. (Echinostomatidae) is described. The cercaria has 47 collar spines, 2 X 15 flame cells, a small dorsal and a small ventral finfold near the tip of the tail. A peculiar organ located dorsally next to the brain is explained, hypothetically, as a statocyst. In the behaviour of the cercaria there are some conspicuous features, i.e. a rapid swimming-velocity, a striking positive geotaxis and a positive phototaxis. Second intermediate hosts are gastropods and amphibians. The metacercarial cysts exist in two distinct modifications: Cysts from Bulinus are globular, cysts from amphibians are elongated-ellipsoid. The Bulinus population of the habitat shows at the same time a high prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium. C. ogunis has never been observed as being involved in double infections. This seems to suggest that the rediae of this species are incompatible with other trematodes in the snail."}
{"id": "PMID:906635", "title": "Studies on the embryogenesis of the tapeworm Shipleya inermis Fuhrmann, 1908 using transmission and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) are shown of the scolex, microtrichs, and the submucosal capsule formed by the worm. The course of development of the outer capsule and the outer envelope from the early preoncosphere to the mature oncosphere is followed by SEM and (in part) transmission electron microscopy. Three phases of development of the outer envelope (OE) were noted: (1) early preoncosphere with OE with a relative smooth outer surface, (2) the development of surface lamellae and (3) the formation of a dendritic area distal to the lamellae; all of the organelles appear to be secretory. Stereoscopic pairs of cryofractured developmental stages are used to aid understanding of the OE. Transmission electron micrographs are used to corroborate the SEM micrographs.", "contents": "Studies on the embryogenesis of the tapeworm Shipleya inermis Fuhrmann, 1908 using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) are shown of the scolex, microtrichs, and the submucosal capsule formed by the worm. The course of development of the outer capsule and the outer envelope from the early preoncosphere to the mature oncosphere is followed by SEM and (in part) transmission electron microscopy. Three phases of development of the outer envelope (OE) were noted: (1) early preoncosphere with OE with a relative smooth outer surface, (2) the development of surface lamellae and (3) the formation of a dendritic area distal to the lamellae; all of the organelles appear to be secretory. Stereoscopic pairs of cryofractured developmental stages are used to aid understanding of the OE. Transmission electron micrographs are used to corroborate the SEM micrographs."}
{"id": "PMID:906665", "title": "[A trial for the determination of the age of intracranial hematomas by means of measurements of water concentrations (author's transl)].", "content": "We determined the water concentration in intracranial hematomas and in blood in 43 cases. The water concentration of the blood of hematomas has some significance to estimate the age of hematomas and therefore the survival time.", "contents": "[A trial for the determination of the age of intracranial hematomas by means of measurements of water concentrations (author's transl)]. We determined the water concentration in intracranial hematomas and in blood in 43 cases. The water concentration of the blood of hematomas has some significance to estimate the age of hematomas and therefore the survival time."}
{"id": "PMID:906667", "title": "[Demonstration of hemoglobin using the porphyrin test (author's transl)].", "content": "The demonstration of hemoglobin after its transformation into Porphyrin is specific and extremely sensitive. It is possible to detect amounts as small as a microgram. The use of sulphuric acid as a reagent is superior to the hydrochloricthioglycol acid method. After obtaining a speciman from a blood stain (usually through soaking) it is recommended that it be concentrated by allowing the speciman once again to dry out. Prejudicial effects due to the extreme sensitivity of this test are therefore avoided.", "contents": "[Demonstration of hemoglobin using the porphyrin test (author's transl)]. The demonstration of hemoglobin after its transformation into Porphyrin is specific and extremely sensitive. It is possible to detect amounts as small as a microgram. The use of sulphuric acid as a reagent is superior to the hydrochloricthioglycol acid method. After obtaining a speciman from a blood stain (usually through soaking) it is recommended that it be concentrated by allowing the speciman once again to dry out. Prejudicial effects due to the extreme sensitivity of this test are therefore avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:906668", "title": "[Morphology of injuries by \"humane killer\" (livestook stunner) (author's transl)].", "content": "1 short synopsis deals with the general features peculiar to injuries by captive bolt \"humane killer\" (specifically the types with two opposite outlets for the explosion gases). When the bolt strikes the body at an acute angle, both the wound and the adjacent skin usually show some particular signs: normally the entrance hole is accompanied by two roundish or elliptic zones of blackening due to the diverging smoke conduits. Variations in shape and location of the foulings indicate an oblique holding of the instrument and often even reveal the degree of inclination. Another characteristic is caused by the conically grooved end of the steel bolt: the asymmetric sickle-shaped broadening of the \"abrasion collar\" reliably points out the direction of fire. Sometimes the entrance hole in the skull is accompanied by semicircular frame-like fracture lines which mostly are situated on the same side as the unilateral abrasion. The cauistic part includes one homicide and eight suicides. Among the latter group one case deserves special attention because the man in question was capable of shooting a second time into his forehead. Three persons tried to ensure the fatal outcome by combining the \"humane killer\" - injury with concommitant hanging.", "contents": "[Morphology of injuries by \"humane killer\" (livestook stunner) (author's transl)]. 1 short synopsis deals with the general features peculiar to injuries by captive bolt \"humane killer\" (specifically the types with two opposite outlets for the explosion gases). When the bolt strikes the body at an acute angle, both the wound and the adjacent skin usually show some particular signs: normally the entrance hole is accompanied by two roundish or elliptic zones of blackening due to the diverging smoke conduits. Variations in shape and location of the foulings indicate an oblique holding of the instrument and often even reveal the degree of inclination. Another characteristic is caused by the conically grooved end of the steel bolt: the asymmetric sickle-shaped broadening of the \"abrasion collar\" reliably points out the direction of fire. Sometimes the entrance hole in the skull is accompanied by semicircular frame-like fracture lines which mostly are situated on the same side as the unilateral abrasion. The cauistic part includes one homicide and eight suicides. Among the latter group one case deserves special attention because the man in question was capable of shooting a second time into his forehead. Three persons tried to ensure the fatal outcome by combining the \"humane killer\" - injury with concommitant hanging."}
{"id": "PMID:906669", "title": "[Blunt abdominal trauma and injuries of the great omentum (author's transl)].", "content": "A 81 years old man died four weeks after a traffic accident with blunt abdominal trauma. The cause of death was a mechanical ileus as a result of an incarceration of a loop of the small intestines in a rent of the great omentum. Since no criteria for a traumatic tear of the greaten omentum was found the developmental mechanism of a fissure in the great omentum was explained as an exaggerated process of aging.", "contents": "[Blunt abdominal trauma and injuries of the great omentum (author's transl)]. A 81 years old man died four weeks after a traffic accident with blunt abdominal trauma. The cause of death was a mechanical ileus as a result of an incarceration of a loop of the small intestines in a rent of the great omentum. Since no criteria for a traumatic tear of the greaten omentum was found the developmental mechanism of a fissure in the great omentum was explained as an exaggerated process of aging."}
{"id": "PMID:906675", "title": "[Experiences and results of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in teratoid testicular tumors].", "content": "Examinations of 69 patients with teratoid tumours of the testicles who underwent the expanded operative and cytostatic treatment usual at present emphasize that the prognosis apart from the histological structure decisively depends on the stage of tumour at the beginning of the treatment. Nothing has changed in this respect. Under the treatment mentioned of the carriers  of metastasized tumours 28% survival who had no chance before this. Compared with that the survival rate of patients free from  metastases is 81%. A differentiation between regional metastases, progressed subdiaphragmatic metastases and metastases distant from the primary tumour may contribute to the prognostic judgment.", "contents": "[Experiences and results of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in teratoid testicular tumors]. Examinations of 69 patients with teratoid tumours of the testicles who underwent the expanded operative and cytostatic treatment usual at present emphasize that the prognosis apart from the histological structure decisively depends on the stage of tumour at the beginning of the treatment. Nothing has changed in this respect. Under the treatment mentioned of the carriers  of metastasized tumours 28% survival who had no chance before this. Compared with that the survival rate of patients free from  metastases is 81%. A differentiation between regional metastases, progressed subdiaphragmatic metastases and metastases distant from the primary tumour may contribute to the prognostic judgment."}
{"id": "PMID:906676", "title": "[Development of sigmoid carcinomas after ureterosigmoidostomy].", "content": "It is reported on a case of sigma carcinoma 15 years after ureterosigmoidostomy. A survey table contains the cases of sigma tumours after passing of the urine into the sigma hitherto reported in the literature of the world. Short discussion of frequency, latency period and diagnostic and therapeutic measures after ureterosigmoidostomy.", "contents": "[Development of sigmoid carcinomas after ureterosigmoidostomy]. It is reported on a case of sigma carcinoma 15 years after ureterosigmoidostomy. A survey table contains the cases of sigma tumours after passing of the urine into the sigma hitherto reported in the literature of the world. Short discussion of frequency, latency period and diagnostic and therapeutic measures after ureterosigmoidostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:906677", "title": "[Kidney damage in sterile reflux].", "content": "On the basis of the data mentioned and taking into consideration the fact that the whole complex of problems is not yet clarified unequivocally we come to the following conclusions: 1. Up to now there are no proofs for the fact that the most frequent type of reflux, i.e. the simple reflux of the urine from the urinary bladder into the upper urinary passage causes a renal damage. 2. The complicated VUR may certainly cause a urinary stasis kidney. In simultaneous calyco-tubular reflux probably focal shrinkings of the parenchyma may develop.", "contents": "[Kidney damage in sterile reflux]. On the basis of the data mentioned and taking into consideration the fact that the whole complex of problems is not yet clarified unequivocally we come to the following conclusions: 1. Up to now there are no proofs for the fact that the most frequent type of reflux, i.e. the simple reflux of the urine from the urinary bladder into the upper urinary passage causes a renal damage. 2. The complicated VUR may certainly cause a urinary stasis kidney. In simultaneous calyco-tubular reflux probably focal shrinkings of the parenchyma may develop."}
{"id": "PMID:906672", "title": "[The application and effect of analytically oriented, professional continuing education - using Protestant clergymen as an example].", "content": "The following analysis reveals a hermeneutic application of psychoanalysis in the social field, as well as showing the results of this practice in the form of information about a profession. The method causes these two aspects to be interwowen. The generally accepted motive for this kind of speculative research (= not purely empirical research) emerges, immediately, when analytically orientated and professionally orientated further education are to be conceptualized; for methods condense out of the work, contents, aims, and actual conditions. The extent of control of counter-transference and defence analysis in various work-contexts is introduced: in the contract of further training (as a concretion of career-identification), in exegesis (as the central professional activity of protestant theologists, especially clergymen), in socio-cultural comprehension of collective professional duties and aims. The conflict-centred analysis of excerpts from the Bible reveals possible solutions ranging from the regressive to the mature. These are reflected in the interpreter's unconscious, preconscious, and conscious mind, and they infiltrate his mediation work and relations with the public. This result is highlighted from a cultural-historical point of view. Finally, there follows a review of the possibilities of application in other professions.", "contents": "[The application and effect of analytically oriented, professional continuing education - using Protestant clergymen as an example]. The following analysis reveals a hermeneutic application of psychoanalysis in the social field, as well as showing the results of this practice in the form of information about a profession. The method causes these two aspects to be interwowen. The generally accepted motive for this kind of speculative research (= not purely empirical research) emerges, immediately, when analytically orientated and professionally orientated further education are to be conceptualized; for methods condense out of the work, contents, aims, and actual conditions. The extent of control of counter-transference and defence analysis in various work-contexts is introduced: in the contract of further training (as a concretion of career-identification), in exegesis (as the central professional activity of protestant theologists, especially clergymen), in socio-cultural comprehension of collective professional duties and aims. The conflict-centred analysis of excerpts from the Bible reveals possible solutions ranging from the regressive to the mature. These are reflected in the interpreter's unconscious, preconscious, and conscious mind, and they infiltrate his mediation work and relations with the public. This result is highlighted from a cultural-historical point of view. Finally, there follows a review of the possibilities of application in other professions."}
{"id": "PMID:906678", "title": "[Animal-experiment studies on the effect of magnesium and vitamin B 6 on calcium-oxalate nephrolithiasis].", "content": "By chronic intoxication with ethylene glycol or acute intoxication by Na-glyoxalate in the animal experiment a Ca-oxalatenephrolithiasis could be produced. At this model the influence of magnesium, pyridoxine and phosphate was studied. The combination therapy of magnesium and vitamin B6 can completely prevent the formation of Ca-oxalate-microliths in the kidney. The production of a preparation with 200 mg MgO and 10 mg pyridoxine per tablet for the metaphylaxis of oxalate calculi is recommended.", "contents": "[Animal-experiment studies on the effect of magnesium and vitamin B 6 on calcium-oxalate nephrolithiasis]. By chronic intoxication with ethylene glycol or acute intoxication by Na-glyoxalate in the animal experiment a Ca-oxalatenephrolithiasis could be produced. At this model the influence of magnesium, pyridoxine and phosphate was studied. The combination therapy of magnesium and vitamin B6 can completely prevent the formation of Ca-oxalate-microliths in the kidney. The production of a preparation with 200 mg MgO and 10 mg pyridoxine per tablet for the metaphylaxis of oxalate calculi is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:906680", "title": "[Radiation exposure of urologists].", "content": "On different positions of the body of urologists working in the field of radiology the rayage was measured by means of LiF-teflon-dosimeters. In unprotected regions of the body the radiation dose is essentially higher than under the protective clothing of lead rubber. The raying of the hands is particularly high. Their additional personal-dosimetric control is recommended.", "contents": "[Radiation exposure of urologists]. On different positions of the body of urologists working in the field of radiology the rayage was measured by means of LiF-teflon-dosimeters. In unprotected regions of the body the radiation dose is essentially higher than under the protective clothing of lead rubber. The raying of the hands is particularly high. Their additional personal-dosimetric control is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:906673", "title": "[Pseudo-correlation between neurotic somatic diseases and social class].", "content": "The hypothesis that neurotic bodily complaints are dependent on social class, sex, and age, was tested using a representative sample of size N=1549. It is shown that bodily complaints are dependent on age and sex, but independent of social class. Correlations of -.41 between age and education and of -.22 between education and sex were obtained, suggesting that the correlation found in earlier investigations between social class and neurotic bodily complaints were in fact due to the common dependence on sex. It is shown, however, that psychosomatic conceptions of bodily complaints are dependent on social class. People from higher social classes interpret their complaints significantly more frequently as being due to psychological factors. The consequences for the doctor-patient-relationship, which may be drawn from these results, are discussed.", "contents": "[Pseudo-correlation between neurotic somatic diseases and social class]. The hypothesis that neurotic bodily complaints are dependent on social class, sex, and age, was tested using a representative sample of size N=1549. It is shown that bodily complaints are dependent on age and sex, but independent of social class. Correlations of -.41 between age and education and of -.22 between education and sex were obtained, suggesting that the correlation found in earlier investigations between social class and neurotic bodily complaints were in fact due to the common dependence on sex. It is shown, however, that psychosomatic conceptions of bodily complaints are dependent on social class. People from higher social classes interpret their complaints significantly more frequently as being due to psychological factors. The consequences for the doctor-patient-relationship, which may be drawn from these results, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906681", "title": "[Determination of the total length of seminiferous tubules in normally descended testes in children].", "content": "The total length of all seminiferous tubules of a testicle can be determined with the help of histomorphometric investigation methods. Two different methods are described and discussed. For this purpose bioptically got specimens of parenchyma of the size of a rice-grain are sufficient. In children the total length of the tubules constantly increases. During the prepuberal phase of life an acceleration of the growth of the length of the seminiferous tubules begins. The results of 89 autoptically got and morphometrically examined testicles of children are reported.", "contents": "[Determination of the total length of seminiferous tubules in normally descended testes in children]. The total length of all seminiferous tubules of a testicle can be determined with the help of histomorphometric investigation methods. Two different methods are described and discussed. For this purpose bioptically got specimens of parenchyma of the size of a rice-grain are sufficient. In children the total length of the tubules constantly increases. During the prepuberal phase of life an acceleration of the growth of the length of the seminiferous tubules begins. The results of 89 autoptically got and morphometrically examined testicles of children are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:906682", "title": "[Andrologic significance of anomalies and diseases of the spermatic duct].", "content": "The author deals with the anomalies and diseases of the dpididymis, the spermatic ducts and the adnexal glands which may have an influence on the spermatogram and the fertility, respectively. It is reported on the agenesia of the epididymis, the spermatic duct and the glands of the vesicles. Then in turn the concerning relations of the spermatocele and the inflammation in the genital region, above all in their chronic form are discussed.", "contents": "[Andrologic significance of anomalies and diseases of the spermatic duct]. The author deals with the anomalies and diseases of the dpididymis, the spermatic ducts and the adnexal glands which may have an influence on the spermatogram and the fertility, respectively. It is reported on the agenesia of the epididymis, the spermatic duct and the glands of the vesicles. Then in turn the concerning relations of the spermatocele and the inflammation in the genital region, above all in their chronic form are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906683", "title": "[Vasectomy and spermatic antibodies].", "content": "Before vasectomy, 4 weeks and 3 months after the intervention the sera of 56 fertile patients were examined for the existence of sperm-agglutinating and sperm-immobilizing antibodies. Before vasectomy no antibodies with a titre of 1 : 16 could be established. 4 weeks after vasectomy in 9 sera sperm-agglutinating and in 4 sera sperm-immobilizing antibodies with a titre of 1 : 32 or more could be proved. There was a clear connection with inflammable changes at the place of the peripheral ligature (sperm granulomas). After 3 months with the exception of 2 sera the antibodies had decreased to a titre of less than 1 : 16 or they had disappeared.", "contents": "[Vasectomy and spermatic antibodies]. Before vasectomy, 4 weeks and 3 months after the intervention the sera of 56 fertile patients were examined for the existence of sperm-agglutinating and sperm-immobilizing antibodies. Before vasectomy no antibodies with a titre of 1 : 16 could be established. 4 weeks after vasectomy in 9 sera sperm-agglutinating and in 4 sera sperm-immobilizing antibodies with a titre of 1 : 32 or more could be proved. There was a clear connection with inflammable changes at the place of the peripheral ligature (sperm granulomas). After 3 months with the exception of 2 sera the antibodies had decreased to a titre of less than 1 : 16 or they had disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:906692", "title": "[The role of ERCP in the diagnosis and indication for surgical treatment of diseases in the region of the papilla Vateri (author's transl)].", "content": "Duodenoscopy with transpapillar examination of biliary and pancreatic ducts has become an important branch in diagnosing gastroenterologic diseases. This will almost guarantee more exact information especially concerning indications and technique in diseases of the biliary tract and pancreas. Better results of operative treatment might be expected in future.", "contents": "[The role of ERCP in the diagnosis and indication for surgical treatment of diseases in the region of the papilla Vateri (author's transl)]. Duodenoscopy with transpapillar examination of biliary and pancreatic ducts has become an important branch in diagnosing gastroenterologic diseases. This will almost guarantee more exact information especially concerning indications and technique in diseases of the biliary tract and pancreas. Better results of operative treatment might be expected in future."}
{"id": "PMID:906693", "title": "[Gastrointestinal endoscopy in surgical patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastrointestinal endoscopy with flexible glass fiber instruments is of increasing importance in surgery. Preoperative endoscopic examinations bring good progress in planning the operative procedure, especially concerning proximal selective vagotomy, pancreas surgery and reoperations on the large intestine. By applying postoperative endosocopic controls mucosal alterations can earlier be detected in the area concerned than by radiological methods; this has to be emphasized especially in view of patients operated upon for cancer. Emergency endoscopy in massive gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the outstanding tasks. Under certain circumstances risky abdominal operations can be avoided by therapeutic endoscopy.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal endoscopy in surgical patients (author's transl)]. Gastrointestinal endoscopy with flexible glass fiber instruments is of increasing importance in surgery. Preoperative endoscopic examinations bring good progress in planning the operative procedure, especially concerning proximal selective vagotomy, pancreas surgery and reoperations on the large intestine. By applying postoperative endosocopic controls mucosal alterations can earlier be detected in the area concerned than by radiological methods; this has to be emphasized especially in view of patients operated upon for cancer. Emergency endoscopy in massive gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the outstanding tasks. Under certain circumstances risky abdominal operations can be avoided by therapeutic endoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:906694", "title": "[Reoperation on the bile ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "The total of 5560 operations on the gall bladder and bile ducts had been performed from 1951 to 1975, the mortality rate being 1.2% of all operated cases. There were 659 papillosphineterotomies, 82% of these were indicated for choledocholiathiasis associated with papillary changes, the remaining 18% for stenosis of the Vaterian system. 29 patients, i.e. 4.4% died following papillosphincterotomy. The total of 21 patients were reoperated on soon after the first intervention, 17 of them for inflammatory complications with four deaths, 4 for haemorrhage without any death. One of the patients died from a bleeding duodenal ulcer, 3 from postoperative pancreatitis. The last four patients were not reoperated. Later reoperations up to 7 years were performed in 24 cases. The other part of the paper presents an analysis of 35 patients reoperated on for iatrogenic postoperative strictures of the bile ducts mostly due to an injury induced during cholecystectomy or gastric resection.", "contents": "[Reoperation on the bile ducts (author's transl)]. The total of 5560 operations on the gall bladder and bile ducts had been performed from 1951 to 1975, the mortality rate being 1.2% of all operated cases. There were 659 papillosphineterotomies, 82% of these were indicated for choledocholiathiasis associated with papillary changes, the remaining 18% for stenosis of the Vaterian system. 29 patients, i.e. 4.4% died following papillosphincterotomy. The total of 21 patients were reoperated on soon after the first intervention, 17 of them for inflammatory complications with four deaths, 4 for haemorrhage without any death. One of the patients died from a bleeding duodenal ulcer, 3 from postoperative pancreatitis. The last four patients were not reoperated. Later reoperations up to 7 years were performed in 24 cases. The other part of the paper presents an analysis of 35 patients reoperated on for iatrogenic postoperative strictures of the bile ducts mostly due to an injury induced during cholecystectomy or gastric resection."}
{"id": "PMID:906695", "title": "[Long term results following surgical therapy for chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is presented on the results of the follow-up examination of 43 patients who had been previously operated on chronic pancreatitis. Clinical data such as the patients' well being, their ability to work were collected and specific tests for the function of the pancreas such as fat-content in faeces and glucose-tolerance-test were made. It was shown, that the pancreas-resected patients felt better in themselves. Moreover, their clinical picture was superior to that of non-resected patients although they had initially required a longer postoperative rehabilitation phase. Pseudocysts, which had been drained, showed no diminution of the pancreas function, nor any tendency to rest-pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Long term results following surgical therapy for chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. A report is presented on the results of the follow-up examination of 43 patients who had been previously operated on chronic pancreatitis. Clinical data such as the patients' well being, their ability to work were collected and specific tests for the function of the pancreas such as fat-content in faeces and glucose-tolerance-test were made. It was shown, that the pancreas-resected patients felt better in themselves. Moreover, their clinical picture was superior to that of non-resected patients although they had initially required a longer postoperative rehabilitation phase. Pseudocysts, which had been drained, showed no diminution of the pancreas function, nor any tendency to rest-pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:906696", "title": "[Coecal complications in distal colonic obstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "Construction and function of the colon leads to dysfunction of the coecal region as a result of obstruction of the distal part of the colon. Painful coecal distension, ischaemic inflammatory bowel-wall disturbancy, perforation, or secondary appendicitis are the most frequent complications. Because of these complications, the real origin of the illness is often micjudged. In diagnosing appendicitis in the aged patient, distal colonic stenosis should be considered and, if possible, excluded. 6 cases of coecal complications (6,3%) in 96 patients with distal colonic cancer were observed.", "contents": "[Coecal complications in distal colonic obstruction (author's transl)]. Construction and function of the colon leads to dysfunction of the coecal region as a result of obstruction of the distal part of the colon. Painful coecal distension, ischaemic inflammatory bowel-wall disturbancy, perforation, or secondary appendicitis are the most frequent complications. Because of these complications, the real origin of the illness is often micjudged. In diagnosing appendicitis in the aged patient, distal colonic stenosis should be considered and, if possible, excluded. 6 cases of coecal complications (6,3%) in 96 patients with distal colonic cancer were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:906699", "title": "[Radiation in inflammatory diseases of the hand (author's transl)].", "content": "Pyogenic infections endanger the function of the hand. X-ray therapy beginning as early as possible has a good effect. From 1960 to 1975 170 inpatients and 250 outpatients were treated in this way. It has to be emphasized that surgical therapy cannot be replaced by X-ray therapy, but early radiation helps to keep disfunction (handruins) low.", "contents": "[Radiation in inflammatory diseases of the hand (author's transl)]. Pyogenic infections endanger the function of the hand. X-ray therapy beginning as early as possible has a good effect. From 1960 to 1975 170 inpatients and 250 outpatients were treated in this way. It has to be emphasized that surgical therapy cannot be replaced by X-ray therapy, but early radiation helps to keep disfunction (handruins) low."}
{"id": "PMID:906700", "title": "[Injuries of the knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Immediate operative reconstruction of ligament injuries of the knee joint is recommended for the performance age. The optimal operation time is within 24 hours after the accident, it should be done within 72 hours. The important advantage of this early operation in comparison to a non-operative treatment is the possibility of an exact reconstruction of the damaged ligaments and the distinct shortening of the rehabilitation time.", "contents": "[Injuries of the knee joint (author's transl)]. Immediate operative reconstruction of ligament injuries of the knee joint is recommended for the performance age. The optimal operation time is within 24 hours after the accident, it should be done within 72 hours. The important advantage of this early operation in comparison to a non-operative treatment is the possibility of an exact reconstruction of the damaged ligaments and the distinct shortening of the rehabilitation time."}
{"id": "PMID:906701", "title": "[Conservative or operative treatment of fractures of the head of the tibia (author's transl)].", "content": "Whether fractures of the head of the tibia have to be treated conservatively or surgically in an active way depends on the type of the fracture. In cases with small dislocation conservative treatment should be given priority. Only fractures with badly dislocated fragments should be operated on (osteosythesis).", "contents": "[Conservative or operative treatment of fractures of the head of the tibia (author's transl)]. Whether fractures of the head of the tibia have to be treated conservatively or surgically in an active way depends on the type of the fracture. In cases with small dislocation conservative treatment should be given priority. Only fractures with badly dislocated fragments should be operated on (osteosythesis)."}
{"id": "PMID:906703", "title": "[Fistula carcinoma arising from chronic osteomyelitis (author's transl)].", "content": "224 cases of fistula carcinoma arising from chronic osteomyelitis from literature and 6 own observations are reviewed. This malignancy results in about 1,5% cases of chronic osteomyelitis. The mean age of all patients was 55.7 years. The sex relation male to female was 7.4:1. The time from the beginning of the chronic osteomyelitis up to the diagnosis of the fistula carcinoma was 33.6 years. This time is called \"Exposition time\". The analysis of this time shows that, the older the patient was at the beginning of the chronic osteomyelitis the shorter was the exposition time.", "contents": "[Fistula carcinoma arising from chronic osteomyelitis (author's transl)]. 224 cases of fistula carcinoma arising from chronic osteomyelitis from literature and 6 own observations are reviewed. This malignancy results in about 1,5% cases of chronic osteomyelitis. The mean age of all patients was 55.7 years. The sex relation male to female was 7.4:1. The time from the beginning of the chronic osteomyelitis up to the diagnosis of the fistula carcinoma was 33.6 years. This time is called \"Exposition time\". The analysis of this time shows that, the older the patient was at the beginning of the chronic osteomyelitis the shorter was the exposition time."}
{"id": "PMID:906704", "title": "[Morphological change of lipids in the vaginal epithelium after intrauterine fetal death (lipid test)].", "content": "The authors studied the lipid content of the vaginal epithelium of gravida in whom intrauterine fetal death had occurred. Fifteen gravida in the 6th to 10th month of gestation were examined and an unusual, inconsistent with the respective gestation term increase in the intra- and extra-cellular lipid content of the vaginal epithelium demonstrated. This is related to a decrease in the amount of estrogen hormones secreted by the placenta. A cytochemical 'lipid test' based on the above findings has been developed by the authors for the diagnosis of intrauterine fetal death during the second half of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Morphological change of lipids in the vaginal epithelium after intrauterine fetal death (lipid test)]. The authors studied the lipid content of the vaginal epithelium of gravida in whom intrauterine fetal death had occurred. Fifteen gravida in the 6th to 10th month of gestation were examined and an unusual, inconsistent with the respective gestation term increase in the intra- and extra-cellular lipid content of the vaginal epithelium demonstrated. This is related to a decrease in the amount of estrogen hormones secreted by the placenta. A cytochemical 'lipid test' based on the above findings has been developed by the authors for the diagnosis of intrauterine fetal death during the second half of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:906705", "title": "[Changes in the age-specific fertility distribution in the GDR (German Democratic Republic) between 1968 and 1973].", "content": "The evolution of the agespecific fertility by its dependence of the order of life-births is analysed in this paper. These terms are further calculated on the basis of life-tables. It became evident that the behavior of reproduction of women of the GDR 1968-1973 is well described by the evolution of the structure of birth-order. It is calculated, that about 5% of all women at the age of fourteen participate the reproduction of the population up to the age of forty five. The trend to 1 respectively 2 children a women was increasely carried in the years 1972/1973 so that we have a real loss by life-births.", "contents": "[Changes in the age-specific fertility distribution in the GDR (German Democratic Republic) between 1968 and 1973]. The evolution of the agespecific fertility by its dependence of the order of life-births is analysed in this paper. These terms are further calculated on the basis of life-tables. It became evident that the behavior of reproduction of women of the GDR 1968-1973 is well described by the evolution of the structure of birth-order. It is calculated, that about 5% of all women at the age of fourteen participate the reproduction of the population up to the age of forty five. The trend to 1 respectively 2 children a women was increasely carried in the years 1972/1973 so that we have a real loss by life-births."}
{"id": "PMID:906706", "title": "[Pilot study on interval gradation for the evaluation of conditions related to the desire to bear children].", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to test the method of Comparative Judgement in connection with the question, which conditions are relevant, if a woman want to give birth to a child. 31 pregnant woman, who intend to get interrupted their pregnancies had to decide by pairs about conditions which relate to health, age, parity, education, calling resp. profession, situation of dwelling and income and to personal or confessional questions. On the basis of the Law of Comparative Judgement (Thurstone 1937) we constructed an interval scale about these conditions.", "contents": "[Pilot study on interval gradation for the evaluation of conditions related to the desire to bear children]. The purpose of this investigation was to test the method of Comparative Judgement in connection with the question, which conditions are relevant, if a woman want to give birth to a child. 31 pregnant woman, who intend to get interrupted their pregnancies had to decide by pairs about conditions which relate to health, age, parity, education, calling resp. profession, situation of dwelling and income and to personal or confessional questions. On the basis of the Law of Comparative Judgement (Thurstone 1937) we constructed an interval scale about these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:906707", "title": "[Complex therapy of functional sterility].", "content": "Discussed are 41 pregnancies following a 6-months successful complex therapy of functional sterility. The patients were transmitted to the centers of prenatal care. The complex therapy enabled an increase in the present successful treatment with Clomiphen from 45 to 65 per cent of cases.", "contents": "[Complex therapy of functional sterility]. Discussed are 41 pregnancies following a 6-months successful complex therapy of functional sterility. The patients were transmitted to the centers of prenatal care. The complex therapy enabled an increase in the present successful treatment with Clomiphen from 45 to 65 per cent of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:906708", "title": "[Obstetric problems--with special reference to cesarean sections--at the University Hospital for Women in Oran (Algeria)].", "content": "Report of a 2-years-period of obstetrical work in the maternity-hospital of the Univeristy, Oran in Algeria. Caesarean section as the most important obstetrical operation is examined more closely with regard to the indication and the methods of operation. The incidence of uterine rupture and caesarean hysterectomy is reported. Finally common experiences are mentioned.", "contents": "[Obstetric problems--with special reference to cesarean sections--at the University Hospital for Women in Oran (Algeria)]. Report of a 2-years-period of obstetrical work in the maternity-hospital of the Univeristy, Oran in Algeria. Caesarean section as the most important obstetrical operation is examined more closely with regard to the indication and the methods of operation. The incidence of uterine rupture and caesarean hysterectomy is reported. Finally common experiences are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:906709", "title": "[Persistence of right umbilical vein--a rare vascular abnormality of the umbilical cord].", "content": "We report on a persistent V. umbilicalis dextra as an extrem rare anomaly of the  vessels of the umbilical cord and its embryological base. The compression of this umbilical cord was responsible for the emergence of abnormal QRS-complexes in the fetal electrocardiogram according to typus 2 by Larks. To detect these anomalies of vessels should be investigated on princip every umbilical cord.", "contents": "[Persistence of right umbilical vein--a rare vascular abnormality of the umbilical cord]. We report on a persistent V. umbilicalis dextra as an extrem rare anomaly of the  vessels of the umbilical cord and its embryological base. The compression of this umbilical cord was responsible for the emergence of abnormal QRS-complexes in the fetal electrocardiogram according to typus 2 by Larks. To detect these anomalies of vessels should be investigated on princip every umbilical cord."}
{"id": "PMID:906728", "title": "Carbon dioxide fixation in the brain: its relation to glucose synthesis.", "content": "The incorporation in vivo of radiocarbon from 14C-bicarbonate in blood into relevant metabolites in rat brain is described. The animals, partially hepatectomized and nephrectomized, received the tracer bicarbonate via the intravenous route. The time course of label was followed in CO2 of blood and brain, in the anionic and cationic fractions of brain extract, in aspartate, glutamate, glutamine and in free glucose and in glycogen. From the tracer kinetic data a flux of 0.08 microgram atom fixed carbon min-1.g-1 brain tissue was calculated. Substantial amounts of 14C were found in free glucose, only a few percent in glycogen. The flux of newly synthetized glucose was approximated to 0.5--1.0 percent of the steady state level of glucose in brain tissue. In special experiments the localization of 14C in the carbon chain of aspartate and glucose was examined. 5 min following the tracer injection a practically total randomization of 14C between C-1 and C-4 aspartate was seen. From the radioactivity in glucose 94 percent were found in C-3 and C-4, only 6 percent in residual carbon. This 14C-pattern is typical for the labelling of glucose by CO2 fixation and retrograde Embden-Meyerhof pathway.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide fixation in the brain: its relation to glucose synthesis. The incorporation in vivo of radiocarbon from 14C-bicarbonate in blood into relevant metabolites in rat brain is described. The animals, partially hepatectomized and nephrectomized, received the tracer bicarbonate via the intravenous route. The time course of label was followed in CO2 of blood and brain, in the anionic and cationic fractions of brain extract, in aspartate, glutamate, glutamine and in free glucose and in glycogen. From the tracer kinetic data a flux of 0.08 microgram atom fixed carbon min-1.g-1 brain tissue was calculated. Substantial amounts of 14C were found in free glucose, only a few percent in glycogen. The flux of newly synthetized glucose was approximated to 0.5--1.0 percent of the steady state level of glucose in brain tissue. In special experiments the localization of 14C in the carbon chain of aspartate and glucose was examined. 5 min following the tracer injection a practically total randomization of 14C between C-1 and C-4 aspartate was seen. From the radioactivity in glucose 94 percent were found in C-3 and C-4, only 6 percent in residual carbon. This 14C-pattern is typical for the labelling of glucose by CO2 fixation and retrograde Embden-Meyerhof pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:906729", "title": "On the quaternary structure of leucine aminopeptidase.", "content": "Small crystals of leucine aminopeptidase were prepared in 2 percent ammonium molybdate. Single molecules were contrasted with 2 percent potassium silico tungstate which gave better contrast and preservation of enzyme activity than ammonium molybdate. The six subunits of the enzyme consist of a spheroidal \"head\" and some \"tail-like\" material, which connects the \"heads\" in pairs. The subunits are arranged at the vertices of either a right triangular prism or of an oblique prism twisted by 42 degree (symmetry 32).", "contents": "On the quaternary structure of leucine aminopeptidase. Small crystals of leucine aminopeptidase were prepared in 2 percent ammonium molybdate. Single molecules were contrasted with 2 percent potassium silico tungstate which gave better contrast and preservation of enzyme activity than ammonium molybdate. The six subunits of the enzyme consist of a spheroidal \"head\" and some \"tail-like\" material, which connects the \"heads\" in pairs. The subunits are arranged at the vertices of either a right triangular prism or of an oblique prism twisted by 42 degree (symmetry 32)."}
{"id": "PMID:906730", "title": "Cathepsin H: an endoaminopeptidase from rat liver lysosomes.", "content": "1. Cathepsin H is an endoaminopeptidase belonging to the group of thiol enzymes. It was purified from rat liver lysosomes by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-50, on DEAE-Cellulose DE-52 and subsequently on an organomercurial absorbent. 2. The molecular weight of cathepsin H was found to be 28,000 and the isoelectric point was estimated to be at pH 7.1 by analytical isoelectric focusing. 3. Cathepsin H has to be designated as endoaminopeptidase, because it catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins, N-terminal substituted proteins and amino acid derivatives, respectively, as well as of peptides of various chain length and N-terminal free amino acid derivatives. Cathepsin H shows amidase and esterase activity, but it does not show carboxypeptidase activity. The finding of the amino- and endopeptidase nature of cathepsin H has been revealed mainly by the results obtained with inhibitors and by the rather high temperature stability of the enzyme. The chlormethyl ketone of leucine proves to be the strongest inhibitor of the aminopeptidase as well as of the endopeptidase activity, whereas leupeptin endopeptidase activity and endopeptidase substrates inhibit competitively the aminopeptidase activity. 5. Cathepsin H shows highest activity at pH 6.0 in the presence of 1--5 mM GSH and EDTA. 6. The enzyme is stable for several months at slightly acid pH values in a deep frozen state.", "contents": "Cathepsin H: an endoaminopeptidase from rat liver lysosomes. 1. Cathepsin H is an endoaminopeptidase belonging to the group of thiol enzymes. It was purified from rat liver lysosomes by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-50, on DEAE-Cellulose DE-52 and subsequently on an organomercurial absorbent. 2. The molecular weight of cathepsin H was found to be 28,000 and the isoelectric point was estimated to be at pH 7.1 by analytical isoelectric focusing. 3. Cathepsin H has to be designated as endoaminopeptidase, because it catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins, N-terminal substituted proteins and amino acid derivatives, respectively, as well as of peptides of various chain length and N-terminal free amino acid derivatives. Cathepsin H shows amidase and esterase activity, but it does not show carboxypeptidase activity. The finding of the amino- and endopeptidase nature of cathepsin H has been revealed mainly by the results obtained with inhibitors and by the rather high temperature stability of the enzyme. The chlormethyl ketone of leucine proves to be the strongest inhibitor of the aminopeptidase as well as of the endopeptidase activity, whereas leupeptin endopeptidase activity and endopeptidase substrates inhibit competitively the aminopeptidase activity. 5. Cathepsin H shows highest activity at pH 6.0 in the presence of 1--5 mM GSH and EDTA. 6. The enzyme is stable for several months at slightly acid pH values in a deep frozen state."}
{"id": "PMID:906731", "title": "[Changes of erythrocyte criteria of the guinea pig under hypoxia].", "content": "In the present study the adequacy of erythrocytic criteria for the diagnosis of hypoxia has been investigated in animal experiments. Guinea pigs were exposed to a defined hypoxia (pO2 equals 48 mm Hg approximately equal to 9000 m height) for 24 and 72 hrs. With increasing duration of hypoxia there is observable a distinct rise in reticulocyte count, 59Fe incorporation and the proportion of erythroblasts in the bone marrow. Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration have increased significantly after hypoxia compared with the control animals. The mean cellular hemoglobin content shows a marked fall with the duration of hypoxia. The density distribution curves show under hypoxia a shift to lower densities and, therefore, appear to be well suited for the diagnosis of hypoxic states. The activities of the erythrocytic enzymes, G-6-PD and GOT, are increased after 24 and 72 hrs of hypoxia. The GOT isoenzyme pattern is shifted with continued hypoxia in favour of the mitochondrial GOT. The changes of enzyme activities are not pronounced enough under hypoxic conditions to be used for diagnositc purposes.", "contents": "[Changes of erythrocyte criteria of the guinea pig under hypoxia]. In the present study the adequacy of erythrocytic criteria for the diagnosis of hypoxia has been investigated in animal experiments. Guinea pigs were exposed to a defined hypoxia (pO2 equals 48 mm Hg approximately equal to 9000 m height) for 24 and 72 hrs. With increasing duration of hypoxia there is observable a distinct rise in reticulocyte count, 59Fe incorporation and the proportion of erythroblasts in the bone marrow. Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration have increased significantly after hypoxia compared with the control animals. The mean cellular hemoglobin content shows a marked fall with the duration of hypoxia. The density distribution curves show under hypoxia a shift to lower densities and, therefore, appear to be well suited for the diagnosis of hypoxic states. The activities of the erythrocytic enzymes, G-6-PD and GOT, are increased after 24 and 72 hrs of hypoxia. The GOT isoenzyme pattern is shifted with continued hypoxia in favour of the mitochondrial GOT. The changes of enzyme activities are not pronounced enough under hypoxic conditions to be used for diagnositc purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:906732", "title": "[Influence of static muscle tension on acoustically evoked brain potentials, changes in skin resistance and bioelectric muscle activity].", "content": "Auditory evoked brain potentials (AEP), galvanic skin responses (GSR) and auditory evoked bioelectrical muscular responses were recorded in 16 male human subjects during voluntary isometric contraction of m. triceps brachii dexter. The electromygraphically controlled strength of muscular innervation corresponded to 20, 30, 40 and 50% of the maximal voluntary contraction. The trials were organized according to a change-over design. The following results could be obtained: The stepwise increase of the strength of muscular innervation effected an increase of the mean amplitude of auditory evoked EMG responses. The N1-P2 amplitudes of the AEP decreased with increasing strength of muscular innervation. The mean amplitude of the auditory evoked galvanic skin response was not changed significantly by the strength of muscular innervation, however, the spontaneous changes in galvanic skin resistance increased monotonously. Habituation effects were evident regarding amplitudes of AEP and GSR. The results indicate that muscular activity affects sensory information processing.", "contents": "[Influence of static muscle tension on acoustically evoked brain potentials, changes in skin resistance and bioelectric muscle activity]. Auditory evoked brain potentials (AEP), galvanic skin responses (GSR) and auditory evoked bioelectrical muscular responses were recorded in 16 male human subjects during voluntary isometric contraction of m. triceps brachii dexter. The electromygraphically controlled strength of muscular innervation corresponded to 20, 30, 40 and 50% of the maximal voluntary contraction. The trials were organized according to a change-over design. The following results could be obtained: The stepwise increase of the strength of muscular innervation effected an increase of the mean amplitude of auditory evoked EMG responses. The N1-P2 amplitudes of the AEP decreased with increasing strength of muscular innervation. The mean amplitude of the auditory evoked galvanic skin response was not changed significantly by the strength of muscular innervation, however, the spontaneous changes in galvanic skin resistance increased monotonously. Habituation effects were evident regarding amplitudes of AEP and GSR. The results indicate that muscular activity affects sensory information processing."}
{"id": "PMID:906733", "title": "[Influence of a fat-free diet on the content and synthesis of arachidonic acid in the feto-placental unit of the rat].", "content": "In rats receiving a fat-free food throughout the period of pregnancy, the individual fatty acids of total lipids from placenta, total fetus, maternal and fetal serum were determined quantitatively on day 21/22 of pregnancy. Also, the incorporation of 14C-acetate in vitro into placental fatty acids, divided by the number of double bonds, was measured and the rate of synthesis calculated therefrom. The fat-free diet caused a drastic fall of linoleic acid concentration in maternal serum and all fetal compartments. On the contrary, the amount of arachidonic acid remained almost unchanged in fetal serum and total fetus, and even slightly increased in placenta. In the maternal serum, too, the arachidonic acid concentration remained constant under fat-free diet. The observed concentration changes of single fatty acids in the maternal serum are reflected in all fetal compartments and led to a rise in total fatty acids in all sera and tissues studied. The height of rise decreased in the order: maternal serum less than placenta less than fetal serum less than total fetus. The rate of synthesis for arachidonic acid in placenta was on day 21/22 of pregnancy 0.3 (controls) and 0.5 (fat-free diet) micrometer/100 g placenta and hour, being able to cover the placenta's own need to less than one-third. The results suggest that the protection of the feto-placental unit against arachidonic acid deficiency under fat-free diet of the mother is provided mainly by a constant supply of maternal unit with arachidonic acid under normal conditions has to be ensured essentially by the mother.", "contents": "[Influence of a fat-free diet on the content and synthesis of arachidonic acid in the feto-placental unit of the rat]. In rats receiving a fat-free food throughout the period of pregnancy, the individual fatty acids of total lipids from placenta, total fetus, maternal and fetal serum were determined quantitatively on day 21/22 of pregnancy. Also, the incorporation of 14C-acetate in vitro into placental fatty acids, divided by the number of double bonds, was measured and the rate of synthesis calculated therefrom. The fat-free diet caused a drastic fall of linoleic acid concentration in maternal serum and all fetal compartments. On the contrary, the amount of arachidonic acid remained almost unchanged in fetal serum and total fetus, and even slightly increased in placenta. In the maternal serum, too, the arachidonic acid concentration remained constant under fat-free diet. The observed concentration changes of single fatty acids in the maternal serum are reflected in all fetal compartments and led to a rise in total fatty acids in all sera and tissues studied. The height of rise decreased in the order: maternal serum less than placenta less than fetal serum less than total fetus. The rate of synthesis for arachidonic acid in placenta was on day 21/22 of pregnancy 0.3 (controls) and 0.5 (fat-free diet) micrometer/100 g placenta and hour, being able to cover the placenta's own need to less than one-third. The results suggest that the protection of the feto-placental unit against arachidonic acid deficiency under fat-free diet of the mother is provided mainly by a constant supply of maternal unit with arachidonic acid under normal conditions has to be ensured essentially by the mother."}
{"id": "PMID:906734", "title": "Continual determination of acetylcholinesterase inhibition following organophosphate poisoning using an auto analyzer.", "content": "A modification for continual monitoring of the blood acetylcholinesterase activity in the rat on an auto analyzer system was described. With using this technique, inhibition of the enzyme in vitro with O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methylphosphonothioate was determined. Bimolecular rate constant and I50 values were 1.66-10(6) M-1-min-1 and 1.4-10(-8)M, respectively. Rats treated i.m. with 0.043 mg/kg of this compound showed fast and rapid inhibition of the blood acetylcholinesterase after intoxication. The bimolecular rate constant of inhibition in vivo, calculated analogously as that in vitro was 1.37-10(6) M-1-min-1. On the presumption that both rates of inhibition (in vitro and in vivo) are identical, the concentration of organophosphate producing inhibition effect in vivo was 82% of the dose administered.", "contents": "Continual determination of acetylcholinesterase inhibition following organophosphate poisoning using an auto analyzer. A modification for continual monitoring of the blood acetylcholinesterase activity in the rat on an auto analyzer system was described. With using this technique, inhibition of the enzyme in vitro with O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methylphosphonothioate was determined. Bimolecular rate constant and I50 values were 1.66-10(6) M-1-min-1 and 1.4-10(-8)M, respectively. Rats treated i.m. with 0.043 mg/kg of this compound showed fast and rapid inhibition of the blood acetylcholinesterase after intoxication. The bimolecular rate constant of inhibition in vivo, calculated analogously as that in vitro was 1.37-10(6) M-1-min-1. On the presumption that both rates of inhibition (in vitro and in vivo) are identical, the concentration of organophosphate producing inhibition effect in vivo was 82% of the dose administered."}
{"id": "PMID:906735", "title": "[Concentration of p-aminohippuric acid in the serum and kidney tissue during stimulation of renal excretion of foreign materials].", "content": "The renal excretion of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) can be stimulated in adult rats by repeated applications of probenecid, cyclopenthiazide, and phenobarbital. The present studies have shown that this pretreatment significantly shortens the half-life for PAH too. In pretreated animals the PAH concentration decreases in the renal tissue more rapidly than in the control animals. These results were obtained in adult animals only but not in 5-day-old rats, in which the pretreatment had no effect upon the rate of renal PAH excretion. The pretreatment did not change the renal weight of 5-and 55-day-old rats.", "contents": "[Concentration of p-aminohippuric acid in the serum and kidney tissue during stimulation of renal excretion of foreign materials]. The renal excretion of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) can be stimulated in adult rats by repeated applications of probenecid, cyclopenthiazide, and phenobarbital. The present studies have shown that this pretreatment significantly shortens the half-life for PAH too. In pretreated animals the PAH concentration decreases in the renal tissue more rapidly than in the control animals. These results were obtained in adult animals only but not in 5-day-old rats, in which the pretreatment had no effect upon the rate of renal PAH excretion. The pretreatment did not change the renal weight of 5-and 55-day-old rats."}
{"id": "PMID:906737", "title": "Plasmalogens in arterial wall.", "content": "Plasmalogens have been determined in blood plasma, arterial and myocardial tissue of rats intubated with an atherogenic diet (vitamin D2 + cholesterol). These lipids are significantly decreased in arterial tissue after the administration of these substances for 5 consecutive days. Folic acid involved in the synthesis of plasmalogens and a powerful inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, on the contrary, increases enormously the concentration of plasmalogens in arterial tissue even with an atherogenic diet.", "contents": "Plasmalogens in arterial wall. Plasmalogens have been determined in blood plasma, arterial and myocardial tissue of rats intubated with an atherogenic diet (vitamin D2 + cholesterol). These lipids are significantly decreased in arterial tissue after the administration of these substances for 5 consecutive days. Folic acid involved in the synthesis of plasmalogens and a powerful inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, on the contrary, increases enormously the concentration of plasmalogens in arterial tissue even with an atherogenic diet."}
{"id": "PMID:906738", "title": "Localization of ribosomal protein S2 in rat liver ribosomes by immune electron microscopy.", "content": "For small subunits of rat liver ribosomes three binding sites for antibodies specific for protein S2 have been proved: one in the head region and the two others in the neck region, suggesting that protein S2 has an elongated structure in the small subunit.", "contents": "Localization of ribosomal protein S2 in rat liver ribosomes by immune electron microscopy. For small subunits of rat liver ribosomes three binding sites for antibodies specific for protein S2 have been proved: one in the head region and the two others in the neck region, suggesting that protein S2 has an elongated structure in the small subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:906753", "title": "Changes in serum zinc during and after surgical procedures.", "content": "Serum zinc was followed in 49 patients during and after minor and major surgery. Serum zinc decreases significantly after major operative trauma such as SPV and cholecystecotomy whereas no change can be seen after minor surgery such as hernia repair. The drop is most pronounced 6 hours after the operation. Serum zinc gradually returns to normal level in 2--3 days. In older patients the decrease is more pronounced but return to normal serum zinc level occurs as quickly as in young patients.", "contents": "Changes in serum zinc during and after surgical procedures. Serum zinc was followed in 49 patients during and after minor and major surgery. Serum zinc decreases significantly after major operative trauma such as SPV and cholecystecotomy whereas no change can be seen after minor surgery such as hernia repair. The drop is most pronounced 6 hours after the operation. Serum zinc gradually returns to normal level in 2--3 days. In older patients the decrease is more pronounced but return to normal serum zinc level occurs as quickly as in young patients."}
{"id": "PMID:906754", "title": "Changes in cardiac output distribution after liver dearterialization in the rat.", "content": "The changes in cardiac output distribution in rats have been studied after hepatic artery ligation and additional ligament division. These procedures resulted initially in a marked decrease in the arterial blood supply to the liver and this effect was pronounced still four weeks after the operation. Evidence was found that the decrease in liver blood supply induced by the procedure was in part counterbalanced by arteriovenous shunting in the preportal region. Furthermore, a temporary redistribution of cardiac output with reduced fractions to colon and spleen was found two weeks after these operations.", "contents": "Changes in cardiac output distribution after liver dearterialization in the rat. The changes in cardiac output distribution in rats have been studied after hepatic artery ligation and additional ligament division. These procedures resulted initially in a marked decrease in the arterial blood supply to the liver and this effect was pronounced still four weeks after the operation. Evidence was found that the decrease in liver blood supply induced by the procedure was in part counterbalanced by arteriovenous shunting in the preportal region. Furthermore, a temporary redistribution of cardiac output with reduced fractions to colon and spleen was found two weeks after these operations."}
{"id": "PMID:906756", "title": "Long-term observation of thyroid function after surgical treatment of thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "During the 10-year period from 1960 to 1970 a total of 213 patients with diffuse or nodular toxic goitre underwent subtotal thyroidectomy. A short-term preoperative treatment with antithyroid drugs and iodine was given systematically. The observation period ranged from 5 to 15 years, average 9 years. A total of 203 patients (95%) were traced and followed up. The concentration of se-T4, se-T3, and se-TSH was measured and in selected cases a TRH test and BMR was carried out in addition. All thyroid specimens were re-examined by the same pathologist for histological grading. It was found that 85%  of the patients had been rendered euthyroid for 5 years or more. The recorded incidence of thyroid hypofunction was 6% and the incidence of recurrent thyrotoxicosis was 9% of the series. Se-TSH was found to be elevated in 17%. The correlation between elevated se-TSH and se-T4 values was calculated and found to be fairly reasonable (r = -0.66). It is concluded that subtotal thyroidectomy preceded by short-term antithyroid drug therapy supplemented ultimately with iodine offers significant advantages in the management of thyrotoxicosis by rendering 85% of patients euthyroid on long-term surveillance.", "contents": "Long-term observation of thyroid function after surgical treatment of thyrotoxicosis. During the 10-year period from 1960 to 1970 a total of 213 patients with diffuse or nodular toxic goitre underwent subtotal thyroidectomy. A short-term preoperative treatment with antithyroid drugs and iodine was given systematically. The observation period ranged from 5 to 15 years, average 9 years. A total of 203 patients (95%) were traced and followed up. The concentration of se-T4, se-T3, and se-TSH was measured and in selected cases a TRH test and BMR was carried out in addition. All thyroid specimens were re-examined by the same pathologist for histological grading. It was found that 85%  of the patients had been rendered euthyroid for 5 years or more. The recorded incidence of thyroid hypofunction was 6% and the incidence of recurrent thyrotoxicosis was 9% of the series. Se-TSH was found to be elevated in 17%. The correlation between elevated se-TSH and se-T4 values was calculated and found to be fairly reasonable (r = -0.66). It is concluded that subtotal thyroidectomy preceded by short-term antithyroid drug therapy supplemented ultimately with iodine offers significant advantages in the management of thyrotoxicosis by rendering 85% of patients euthyroid on long-term surveillance."}
{"id": "PMID:906757", "title": "The role of the parathyroids for the adaptation to a low calcium intake. 5. The long-term effect of parathyroidectomy on the adaptation to a low calcium intake in adult rats with special reference to the metabolism of vitamin D.", "content": "One-year-old selectively parathyroidectomized rats showed a normalization of their plasma calcium level to above 4.1 mEq/l in 38% within 18 weeks on a normal dietary intake of calcium and inorganic phosphate but low in vitamin D. On a low level of dietary calcium, normalization did not occur in any of the parathyroidectomized animals. The conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, by the kidneys was stimulated by a low dietary intake of calcium in intact animals and the accumulation of this metabolite was increased in small intestine mucosa. This adaptory increase in the level of intestinal 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was not disturbed by selective parathyroidectomy, nor the synthesis by the kidneys. The synthesis reached a limit above which no further increase occurred despite the prevailing hypocalcemia possibly through an influence of the concomitant hyperphosphatemia. The renal synthesis and intestinal accumulation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol were directly related to the intestinal net absorption of dietary calcium, which we have reported on previously. Although increased, the endogenous level of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was too low to accomplish mobilization of skeletal calcium necessary for adaptation to a low calcium intake, as we have reported elsewhere. Thus, for adaptation skeletal calcium reserves must become mobilized through stimulated parathyroid activity with resulting osteoporosis. The parathyroids were found to have no direct regulatory influence upon the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "contents": "The role of the parathyroids for the adaptation to a low calcium intake. 5. The long-term effect of parathyroidectomy on the adaptation to a low calcium intake in adult rats with special reference to the metabolism of vitamin D. One-year-old selectively parathyroidectomized rats showed a normalization of their plasma calcium level to above 4.1 mEq/l in 38% within 18 weeks on a normal dietary intake of calcium and inorganic phosphate but low in vitamin D. On a low level of dietary calcium, normalization did not occur in any of the parathyroidectomized animals. The conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, by the kidneys was stimulated by a low dietary intake of calcium in intact animals and the accumulation of this metabolite was increased in small intestine mucosa. This adaptory increase in the level of intestinal 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was not disturbed by selective parathyroidectomy, nor the synthesis by the kidneys. The synthesis reached a limit above which no further increase occurred despite the prevailing hypocalcemia possibly through an influence of the concomitant hyperphosphatemia. The renal synthesis and intestinal accumulation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol were directly related to the intestinal net absorption of dietary calcium, which we have reported on previously. Although increased, the endogenous level of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was too low to accomplish mobilization of skeletal calcium necessary for adaptation to a low calcium intake, as we have reported elsewhere. Thus, for adaptation skeletal calcium reserves must become mobilized through stimulated parathyroid activity with resulting osteoporosis. The parathyroids were found to have no direct regulatory influence upon the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol."}
{"id": "PMID:906758", "title": "Aplasia of the gallbladder with common duct stones.", "content": "Aplasia of the gallbladder with common duct stones has been reported in only 22 cases. In order to actualize this condition another case is reported with a discussion of heredity, diagnostic criteria and frequency.", "contents": "Aplasia of the gallbladder with common duct stones. Aplasia of the gallbladder with common duct stones has been reported in only 22 cases. In order to actualize this condition another case is reported with a discussion of heredity, diagnostic criteria and frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:906759", "title": "Advanced hyperbilirubinemia simulating obstructive jaundice after choledocholithotomy. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice of unclear etiology and unusual course is described. A male patient underwent choledocholithotomy after PTC, showing a normal immediate postoperative recovery, but after a few days developed a severe cholestatic jaundice despite normal postoperative cholangiograms. The liver function tests showed a biphasic picture. Bilirubin was maximally 770 mumol/l and a lower level was obtained after blood exchange and subphrenic abscess drainage. It was, however, not until prednisolone treatment was induced that a slow continuous decrease of bilirubin was seen.", "contents": "Advanced hyperbilirubinemia simulating obstructive jaundice after choledocholithotomy. Report of a case. A case of intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice of unclear etiology and unusual course is described. A male patient underwent choledocholithotomy after PTC, showing a normal immediate postoperative recovery, but after a few days developed a severe cholestatic jaundice despite normal postoperative cholangiograms. The liver function tests showed a biphasic picture. Bilirubin was maximally 770 mumol/l and a lower level was obtained after blood exchange and subphrenic abscess drainage. It was, however, not until prednisolone treatment was induced that a slow continuous decrease of bilirubin was seen."}
{"id": "PMID:906760", "title": "Chronic relapsing pancreatitis in a child--endoscopic diagnosis. A case report.", "content": "A case of idiopathic, chronic relapsing pancreatitis in a 14-year-old boy is described. With the help of endoscopic, retrograde choledocho-pancreaticography (ERCP), the final diagnosis was made. The boy has been free from symptoms two years, after a pancreatico-jejunostomy side-to-side. The etiology, incidence, diagnostics and treatment of this rare disease are discussed.", "contents": "Chronic relapsing pancreatitis in a child--endoscopic diagnosis. A case report. A case of idiopathic, chronic relapsing pancreatitis in a 14-year-old boy is described. With the help of endoscopic, retrograde choledocho-pancreaticography (ERCP), the final diagnosis was made. The boy has been free from symptoms two years, after a pancreatico-jejunostomy side-to-side. The etiology, incidence, diagnostics and treatment of this rare disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906761", "title": "Acute gastric volvulus with necrosis of the stomach and the left lower pulmonary lobe.", "content": "Acute gastric volvulus in a young patient with a known chronic torsion of the stomach is reported. Unfamiliarity with the condition resulted in delayed admittance for surgery where a necrotic stomach and left lower pulmonary lobe were removed. The pathogenesis and treatment of this uncommon disorder is discussed.", "contents": "Acute gastric volvulus with necrosis of the stomach and the left lower pulmonary lobe. Acute gastric volvulus in a young patient with a known chronic torsion of the stomach is reported. Unfamiliarity with the condition resulted in delayed admittance for surgery where a necrotic stomach and left lower pulmonary lobe were removed. The pathogenesis and treatment of this uncommon disorder is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906762", "title": "The chronogenetics of caries in primary dentition.", "content": "A chronogenetic analysis of caries has been carried out in a sample of 100 twin pairs (27 MZ, 64 DZ, 9 UZ) aged 3-8 years, taking into account the number of decayed teeth and the intensity and severity of caries. Heritability estimates, calculated for each of the various parameters considered, support the hypothesis of a genetic control of the time of onset of caries.", "contents": "The chronogenetics of caries in primary dentition. A chronogenetic analysis of caries has been carried out in a sample of 100 twin pairs (27 MZ, 64 DZ, 9 UZ) aged 3-8 years, taking into account the number of decayed teeth and the intensity and severity of caries. Heritability estimates, calculated for each of the various parameters considered, support the hypothesis of a genetic control of the time of onset of caries."}
{"id": "PMID:906765", "title": "Genetic selection and equilibrium stability.", "content": "The problem of the equilibrium stability of a phenotypic selection process, with a single pair of autosomal alleles, has been numerically studied, on the basis of previously established reproduction differential equations.", "contents": "Genetic selection and equilibrium stability. The problem of the equilibrium stability of a phenotypic selection process, with a single pair of autosomal alleles, has been numerically studied, on the basis of previously established reproduction differential equations."}
{"id": "PMID:906766", "title": "47XX, + 13/46,XX mosaicism: a case report.", "content": "We described a D1 trisomy syndrome patient who had a normal 46,XX cell line and 15.4% of lymphocytes with a 47,XX, + D chromosome constitution as an occasion to review normal trisomy 13 mosaicism.", "contents": "47XX, + 13/46,XX mosaicism: a case report. We described a D1 trisomy syndrome patient who had a normal 46,XX cell line and 15.4% of lymphocytes with a 47,XX, + D chromosome constitution as an occasion to review normal trisomy 13 mosaicism."}
{"id": "PMID:906767", "title": "Urinary mucopolysaccharides in acheiropodia.", "content": "Urinary mucopolysaccharides from three patients with acheiropodia were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed by agar gel electrophoresis coupled with enzymatic degradation. Although no abnormal pattern was characterized, eventual metabolic dysfunction detected only in bone/cartilage tissues could not be ruled out.", "contents": "Urinary mucopolysaccharides in acheiropodia. Urinary mucopolysaccharides from three patients with acheiropodia were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed by agar gel electrophoresis coupled with enzymatic degradation. Although no abnormal pattern was characterized, eventual metabolic dysfunction detected only in bone/cartilage tissues could not be ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:906768", "title": "Serum haptoglobin phenotypes and duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Serum haptoglobin phenotypes were studied in 100 Greek patients suffering from duodenal ulcer by vertical starch gel electrophoresis. A sample of 2026 healthy subjects served as control. No statistically significant differences were found in Hp phenotypes and gene frequencies between patients and healthy controls.", "contents": "Serum haptoglobin phenotypes and duodenal ulcer. Serum haptoglobin phenotypes were studied in 100 Greek patients suffering from duodenal ulcer by vertical starch gel electrophoresis. A sample of 2026 healthy subjects served as control. No statistically significant differences were found in Hp phenotypes and gene frequencies between patients and healthy controls."}
{"id": "PMID:906770", "title": "Epidemiology of chronic liver diseases.", "content": "In the GDR mortality from liver cirrhosis decreases in contrast to most other countries though the alcohol consumption of the population is continuously increasing. In Capital Berlin and in the industrialized districts mortality from cirrhosis is higher than in the rural areas. Within a period of 6 years the number of inpatients with chronic liver diseases has risen from 11.600 to 14.200. From the epidemiologic point of view, virus hepatitis is not the main source of liver cirrhosis. The total recovery rate of acute hepatitis has increased from 80% to 94% over a period of some 8 to 10 years, liver cirrhosis was found to have developed only in 0.3%. 70% of cirrhotic patients did never suffer from virus hepatitis, as their anamnesis revealed. 73% of 1.8 million blood donors that were subjected to SGPT and HBAg-screening tests showed histologic changes of the liver. With the use of these screening methods it has been possible to register 7% persons with liver diseases among these blood donors. Early recognition and treatment of chronic liver diseases seem to result in a reduction of mortality from liver cirrhosis.", "contents": "Epidemiology of chronic liver diseases. In the GDR mortality from liver cirrhosis decreases in contrast to most other countries though the alcohol consumption of the population is continuously increasing. In Capital Berlin and in the industrialized districts mortality from cirrhosis is higher than in the rural areas. Within a period of 6 years the number of inpatients with chronic liver diseases has risen from 11.600 to 14.200. From the epidemiologic point of view, virus hepatitis is not the main source of liver cirrhosis. The total recovery rate of acute hepatitis has increased from 80% to 94% over a period of some 8 to 10 years, liver cirrhosis was found to have developed only in 0.3%. 70% of cirrhotic patients did never suffer from virus hepatitis, as their anamnesis revealed. 73% of 1.8 million blood donors that were subjected to SGPT and HBAg-screening tests showed histologic changes of the liver. With the use of these screening methods it has been possible to register 7% persons with liver diseases among these blood donors. Early recognition and treatment of chronic liver diseases seem to result in a reduction of mortality from liver cirrhosis."}
{"id": "PMID:906771", "title": "Acute viral hepatitis in Italy. Results of a collaborative study.", "content": "The etiological and clinical aspects of viral hepatitis were evaluated by a retrospective survey of patients hospitalized in 1972, 1973 and 1974 in 12 specialized medical centers scattered throughout Italy. The data refer to 2788 patients suffering from acute viral hepatitis who were hospitalized during the initial 10 days of jaundice. The majority of patients (90%) had not been treated with steroids. For each case, the clinical and biochemical data were recorded, coded, computerized and statistically analyzed. In our patient population viral hepatitis was more frequent among younger patients. We observed a high frequency of HBsAg positive hepatitis (40.7%) which was seldom associated to a history of parenteral exposure and showed an irregular geographical distribution. HBsAg positive hepatitis was similarly distributed between males and females. It was more frequent in patients older than 30 (60%) than in children (18-23%) and younger patients (42%). In our series, the frequency of HBsAg hepatitis found in surgeons (81.8%) and nursing personnel (66.3%), but not in physicians (41.2%), was greater than that of the entire sample due to their exposure to blood.", "contents": "Acute viral hepatitis in Italy. Results of a collaborative study. The etiological and clinical aspects of viral hepatitis were evaluated by a retrospective survey of patients hospitalized in 1972, 1973 and 1974 in 12 specialized medical centers scattered throughout Italy. The data refer to 2788 patients suffering from acute viral hepatitis who were hospitalized during the initial 10 days of jaundice. The majority of patients (90%) had not been treated with steroids. For each case, the clinical and biochemical data were recorded, coded, computerized and statistically analyzed. In our patient population viral hepatitis was more frequent among younger patients. We observed a high frequency of HBsAg positive hepatitis (40.7%) which was seldom associated to a history of parenteral exposure and showed an irregular geographical distribution. HBsAg positive hepatitis was similarly distributed between males and females. It was more frequent in patients older than 30 (60%) than in children (18-23%) and younger patients (42%). In our series, the frequency of HBsAg hepatitis found in surgeons (81.8%) and nursing personnel (66.3%), but not in physicians (41.2%), was greater than that of the entire sample due to their exposure to blood."}
{"id": "PMID:906772", "title": "Sequeale of acute viral hepatitis type B.", "content": "In 1976 we undertook to evaluate the incidence of chronic liver lesions in 161 patients treated in hospital during the years 1970-1975 for their serologically established acute viral hepatitis type B (AVH-B). At systematic control examination mode in 1976, after a period from 1-5 years since the acute onset of disease, it was established that in 133 individuals (82.6%) the antigen HBs had disappeared from blood and the BLT had become normal. Persistent HBs antigenemia was established in 20 (12.4%) individuals. In 15 (9.2%) patients persistent HBs antigenemia was accompanied by pathologic BLT, in 5 (3.1%) cases liver function became returned to normal yet with the persistent HBs antigenemia after their recovery from A VH-B. In 8 (4.9%) patients pathologic BLT persisted although HBsAg had disappeared from blood. Among 28 persons with persistent pathological BLT or with persistent HBs antigenemia out of a total of 161 patients who had had A VH-B, there were 11 (6.8%) cases with the bioptically proved CPHf, 8 (5.0%) cases with CPH, 5 (3.1%) cases with CAH, while 4 (2.5%) patients showed fatty liver metamorphosis or had by light microskopy completely normal liver. CAH was established only in cases with persistent BHs antigenemia and pathological BLT. The incidence of the chronic liver lesion and of the persistent antigenemia was among our patients who had had A VH-B in inverse ratio to the intensity of their initial infection. Our study suggests that no prodisposition for persistent HBs antigenemia is created by the prednisolone therapy.", "contents": "Sequeale of acute viral hepatitis type B. In 1976 we undertook to evaluate the incidence of chronic liver lesions in 161 patients treated in hospital during the years 1970-1975 for their serologically established acute viral hepatitis type B (AVH-B). At systematic control examination mode in 1976, after a period from 1-5 years since the acute onset of disease, it was established that in 133 individuals (82.6%) the antigen HBs had disappeared from blood and the BLT had become normal. Persistent HBs antigenemia was established in 20 (12.4%) individuals. In 15 (9.2%) patients persistent HBs antigenemia was accompanied by pathologic BLT, in 5 (3.1%) cases liver function became returned to normal yet with the persistent HBs antigenemia after their recovery from A VH-B. In 8 (4.9%) patients pathologic BLT persisted although HBsAg had disappeared from blood. Among 28 persons with persistent pathological BLT or with persistent HBs antigenemia out of a total of 161 patients who had had A VH-B, there were 11 (6.8%) cases with the bioptically proved CPHf, 8 (5.0%) cases with CPH, 5 (3.1%) cases with CAH, while 4 (2.5%) patients showed fatty liver metamorphosis or had by light microskopy completely normal liver. CAH was established only in cases with persistent BHs antigenemia and pathological BLT. The incidence of the chronic liver lesion and of the persistent antigenemia was among our patients who had had A VH-B in inverse ratio to the intensity of their initial infection. Our study suggests that no prodisposition for persistent HBs antigenemia is created by the prednisolone therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:906773", "title": "Total fatty acids of human liver in relation to age, sex and pathology.", "content": "Lipids were extracted from 28 \"normal\", 3 fatty and 2 cirrhotic adult livers removed at necropsy as well as from 4 newborn and infant organs. The total fatty acids were processed, the methyl esters submitted to gas chromatographic analysis and the acid differences ascertained relative to age, sex and pathology. Among other significant findings, the unsaturated acids ranged higher than the saturated homologs and were even greater in the fatty liver lipids. The latter showed an increase in 18:1 and depressions in 18:0, 22:0 and 24:0 as compared to the \"normal\" specimens and the same changes in 18:0 and 18:1 as contrasted to the cirrhotic lipids.", "contents": "Total fatty acids of human liver in relation to age, sex and pathology. Lipids were extracted from 28 \"normal\", 3 fatty and 2 cirrhotic adult livers removed at necropsy as well as from 4 newborn and infant organs. The total fatty acids were processed, the methyl esters submitted to gas chromatographic analysis and the acid differences ascertained relative to age, sex and pathology. Among other significant findings, the unsaturated acids ranged higher than the saturated homologs and were even greater in the fatty liver lipids. The latter showed an increase in 18:1 and depressions in 18:0, 22:0 and 24:0 as compared to the \"normal\" specimens and the same changes in 18:0 and 18:1 as contrasted to the cirrhotic lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:906774", "title": "Serum 25 -- hydroxyvitamin D3 levels in patients with liver disease.", "content": "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were determined in chronic hepatic diseases by a radioreceptor assay and correlated with serum albumin, calcium and anorganic phosphate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels were significantly lower inall chronic hepatic diseses compared to normals. The low levels are correlated with the degree of parenchymal damage, not with the etiology of hepatic disease. In alcoholic liver disease thus 25=hydroxyvitamin D3 levels are significantly lower when cirrhosis is present than in mere fatty liver. Anorganic phosphate and calcium were close to the lower range of normal and significantly lower than in the control group studied.", "contents": "Serum 25 -- hydroxyvitamin D3 levels in patients with liver disease. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were determined in chronic hepatic diseases by a radioreceptor assay and correlated with serum albumin, calcium and anorganic phosphate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels were significantly lower inall chronic hepatic diseses compared to normals. The low levels are correlated with the degree of parenchymal damage, not with the etiology of hepatic disease. In alcoholic liver disease thus 25=hydroxyvitamin D3 levels are significantly lower when cirrhosis is present than in mere fatty liver. Anorganic phosphate and calcium were close to the lower range of normal and significantly lower than in the control group studied."}
{"id": "PMID:906775", "title": "Investigation of reserve functional ability of small intestine by xylose test after food loading.", "content": "D-xylose test in control group and in subjects with proximal chronic enteritis and colitis was carried out in three modifications: after fasting according to conventional method, after preliminary meat loading, and also after glucose loading. Meat caused considerable rise of xylose absorption that was much greater in control group than in subjects with chronic enteritis. In subjects with chronic enteritis the deviation from the norm after meat loading was observed more often than in the conventional test. Glucose reduced D-xylose absorption. In moderate enteritis the reduction was less obvious than in the control group. Double xylose test after meat and glucose loading is recommended as a method of functional investigation of small intestine.", "contents": "Investigation of reserve functional ability of small intestine by xylose test after food loading. D-xylose test in control group and in subjects with proximal chronic enteritis and colitis was carried out in three modifications: after fasting according to conventional method, after preliminary meat loading, and also after glucose loading. Meat caused considerable rise of xylose absorption that was much greater in control group than in subjects with chronic enteritis. In subjects with chronic enteritis the deviation from the norm after meat loading was observed more often than in the conventional test. Glucose reduced D-xylose absorption. In moderate enteritis the reduction was less obvious than in the control group. Double xylose test after meat and glucose loading is recommended as a method of functional investigation of small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:906776", "title": "The gastrointestinal myoelectric response to 13-Nle-motilin infusion during interdigestive and digestive states in the conscious dog.", "content": "Gastrointestinal myoelectric activity was studied in three conscious fasted dogs with electrodes surgically implanted in the stomach and small intestine, during separate and combined intravenous infusions of 13-norleucine motilin (13-nle-motilin) and pentagastrin (PG). Basal recordings confirmed the presence of regular interdigestive myoelectric complexes (MC's). 13-nle-motilin infusion below 50 ng/kg-h was without effect: higher doses up to 400 ng/kg-h resulted in the interpolation of one or more MC's in the spontaneous sequence. The rate of aboral transit of 13-nle-molitin-induced MC's did not differ significantly from that of spontaneous MC's. When MC's were abolished by feeding or PG infusion, simultaneous 13-nle-motilin administration was without effect on spike activity, but slightly attenuated the accelerating effect of gastrin on the gastric pacemaker frequency. The myoelectric events triggered by 13-nle-motilin suggest that in the conscious dog the polypeptide may not act directly on the smooth muscle cell, as it does in vitro, but through an extra-enteric neural control mechanism which is uncoupled by gastrin.", "contents": "The gastrointestinal myoelectric response to 13-Nle-motilin infusion during interdigestive and digestive states in the conscious dog. Gastrointestinal myoelectric activity was studied in three conscious fasted dogs with electrodes surgically implanted in the stomach and small intestine, during separate and combined intravenous infusions of 13-norleucine motilin (13-nle-motilin) and pentagastrin (PG). Basal recordings confirmed the presence of regular interdigestive myoelectric complexes (MC's). 13-nle-motilin infusion below 50 ng/kg-h was without effect: higher doses up to 400 ng/kg-h resulted in the interpolation of one or more MC's in the spontaneous sequence. The rate of aboral transit of 13-nle-molitin-induced MC's did not differ significantly from that of spontaneous MC's. When MC's were abolished by feeding or PG infusion, simultaneous 13-nle-motilin administration was without effect on spike activity, but slightly attenuated the accelerating effect of gastrin on the gastric pacemaker frequency. The myoelectric events triggered by 13-nle-motilin suggest that in the conscious dog the polypeptide may not act directly on the smooth muscle cell, as it does in vitro, but through an extra-enteric neural control mechanism which is uncoupled by gastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:906777", "title": "Magnesium and gastric acid secretion.", "content": "This study examined the modifications of acid gastric secretion caused by magnesium oxide, peroxide, silicate and sulphate in 805 patients with duodenal ulcers; The calcium-magnesium antagonism on the one hand and the acetazolamide - magnesium synergia on the other, were also investigated. Our results show that administration of magnesium, either oral or parenteral, does not significantly modify gastric acid secretion, either basal or stimulated by maximal histamine. Administration of un infusion of calcium gluconate 15 mg/kg body weight, significantly increases gastric acid secretion as compared to basal secretion. Addition of a dose of magnesium sulphate to the infusion antagonises the effect of  gastric acid secretion caused by calcium. Administration of 1.5 gr magnesium oxide along with 25 mg acetazolamide per kg/body weight, strengthens the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide upon gastric acid secretion, increasing the proportion of significant inhibitory effects up to 98% of the cases under investigation. Addition of magnesium to the classical therapy antagonises the noxious effects of calcium compounds; the presence of magnesium in the composition of antacid powders proves necessary.", "contents": "Magnesium and gastric acid secretion. This study examined the modifications of acid gastric secretion caused by magnesium oxide, peroxide, silicate and sulphate in 805 patients with duodenal ulcers; The calcium-magnesium antagonism on the one hand and the acetazolamide - magnesium synergia on the other, were also investigated. Our results show that administration of magnesium, either oral or parenteral, does not significantly modify gastric acid secretion, either basal or stimulated by maximal histamine. Administration of un infusion of calcium gluconate 15 mg/kg body weight, significantly increases gastric acid secretion as compared to basal secretion. Addition of a dose of magnesium sulphate to the infusion antagonises the effect of  gastric acid secretion caused by calcium. Administration of 1.5 gr magnesium oxide along with 25 mg acetazolamide per kg/body weight, strengthens the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide upon gastric acid secretion, increasing the proportion of significant inhibitory effects up to 98% of the cases under investigation. Addition of magnesium to the classical therapy antagonises the noxious effects of calcium compounds; the presence of magnesium in the composition of antacid powders proves necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:906778", "title": "25-hydroxycholecalciferol serum levels in patients with Crohn's disease.", "content": "In 37 patients with Crohn's disease the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) serum level, serum concentration of calcium and inorganic phosphate, and the enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase were measured. Furthermore the activity index of Crohn's disease was determined in every patient. There was no statistically significant difference of 25-HCC serum levels in these patients compared to a healthy control group. Correspondingly most patients showed normal alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity and normal serum concentration of calcium and inorganic phosphate. No correlation between 25-HCC concentration and site of inflammation or activity index was found.", "contents": "25-hydroxycholecalciferol serum levels in patients with Crohn's disease. In 37 patients with Crohn's disease the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) serum level, serum concentration of calcium and inorganic phosphate, and the enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase were measured. Furthermore the activity index of Crohn's disease was determined in every patient. There was no statistically significant difference of 25-HCC serum levels in these patients compared to a healthy control group. Correspondingly most patients showed normal alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity and normal serum concentration of calcium and inorganic phosphate. No correlation between 25-HCC concentration and site of inflammation or activity index was found."}
{"id": "PMID:906779", "title": "[Tumorous diseases of the lymphatic system (in 2 parts)].", "content": "Diagnostic approaches in the management of Hodgkin's Disease and Non Hodgkin Lymphomas are discussed. The importance of recent histological classifications in Non Hodgkin Lymphomas is emphasized particularly with respect to the differentiation between lymphomas of \"low grade\" and \"high grade\" malignancy. Complication in the course of treatment in these patients are reviewed and the therapeutic implications of particular organ involvement are summarized.", "contents": "[Tumorous diseases of the lymphatic system (in 2 parts)]. Diagnostic approaches in the management of Hodgkin's Disease and Non Hodgkin Lymphomas are discussed. The importance of recent histological classifications in Non Hodgkin Lymphomas is emphasized particularly with respect to the differentiation between lymphomas of \"low grade\" and \"high grade\" malignancy. Complication in the course of treatment in these patients are reviewed and the therapeutic implications of particular organ involvement are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:906781", "title": "[Clinical experiences with Nepross C-02 dialyzer].", "content": "During 50 haemodialyses procedures with the Nephross C-02 coil dialyzer in a RSP-system clearance, effectivity and ultrafiltration were investigated. With a blood flow of 200 ml per minute clearance for urea, creatinine and uric acid were 88.3, 76.1 and 69.9 ml per minute respectively. Considering these results, our findings 2 hours after starting dialysis must be taken into account that clearance values measured in the recirculation-single pass-system (RSP) are about 30% lower than the results with the use of the single pass-system. The maximal ultrafiltration rate was 600 ml per hour. Overhydration therefore, is the main indication for the use of the Nephross C-02 coil dialyzer.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with Nepross C-02 dialyzer]. During 50 haemodialyses procedures with the Nephross C-02 coil dialyzer in a RSP-system clearance, effectivity and ultrafiltration were investigated. With a blood flow of 200 ml per minute clearance for urea, creatinine and uric acid were 88.3, 76.1 and 69.9 ml per minute respectively. Considering these results, our findings 2 hours after starting dialysis must be taken into account that clearance values measured in the recirculation-single pass-system (RSP) are about 30% lower than the results with the use of the single pass-system. The maximal ultrafiltration rate was 600 ml per hour. Overhydration therefore, is the main indication for the use of the Nephross C-02 coil dialyzer."}
{"id": "PMID:906782", "title": "[Cardiac pacing in tachycardiac arrhythmias].", "content": "Cardiac pacing may be useful in the management of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias. Prophylactically, recurrent ectopic tachycardias may be prevented by atrial or ventricular pacing for a sustained period at a rate faster than the spontaneous rate, but slower than the rate of the tachycardia being suppressed. Moreover, the pacemaker permits the dosage of antiarrhythmic agents to be increased until the recurrent arrhythmias are completely controlled. Therapeutically, supraventricular tachycardias may be terminated by (1) overdrive suppression, (2) delivery of a single stimulus or two serial stimuli or repetitive stimulation at a rate slower than the tachycardia (competitive stimulation) and (3) orthorhythmic stimulation. Today, implantable units exist. Advantages and disadvantages as well as risks of pacing in patients with tachycardias, are discussed.", "contents": "[Cardiac pacing in tachycardiac arrhythmias]. Cardiac pacing may be useful in the management of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias. Prophylactically, recurrent ectopic tachycardias may be prevented by atrial or ventricular pacing for a sustained period at a rate faster than the spontaneous rate, but slower than the rate of the tachycardia being suppressed. Moreover, the pacemaker permits the dosage of antiarrhythmic agents to be increased until the recurrent arrhythmias are completely controlled. Therapeutically, supraventricular tachycardias may be terminated by (1) overdrive suppression, (2) delivery of a single stimulus or two serial stimuli or repetitive stimulation at a rate slower than the tachycardia (competitive stimulation) and (3) orthorhythmic stimulation. Today, implantable units exist. Advantages and disadvantages as well as risks of pacing in patients with tachycardias, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906783", "title": "[Myocardial infarct with a normal coronary angiogram].", "content": "The present report describes a case of a massive transmural anterior wall myocardial infarction in a woman with angiographically normal coronary arteries. The possible mechanisms of production of myocardial infarction in the presence of normal coronary arteriograms are discussed. With the increasing application of coronary arteriography, such diagnostic problems will undoubtedly become more frequent.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarct with a normal coronary angiogram]. The present report describes a case of a massive transmural anterior wall myocardial infarction in a woman with angiographically normal coronary arteries. The possible mechanisms of production of myocardial infarction in the presence of normal coronary arteriograms are discussed. With the increasing application of coronary arteriography, such diagnostic problems will undoubtedly become more frequent."}
{"id": "PMID:906784", "title": "Halothane anaesthesia ans suxamethonium II. The significance of preoperative gallamine administration.", "content": "Preoperative administration of gallamine was evaluated during inhalation anaesthesia with nitrous-oxide and halothane with two administrations of suxamethonium 1 mg/kg body weight, 5 min apart. Sixty healthy patients were randomly divided into three groups and preanaesthetic gallamine, 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 mg/kg body weight, respectively was administered intravenously 3 min before induction, according to the allocation. Just before induction of anaesthesia the patients were examined for signs and symptoms of partial curarization. After induction of anaesthesia by nitrous-oxide-oxygen-halothane, suxamethonium 1 mg/kg was given intravenously. Exactly 5 min later the same dose was repeated. ECG was monitored continuously and serum potassium, Pao2 and Paco2 were measured at appropriate intervals. It was found that none of the examined doses of gallamine gave any reliable protection against serious bradyarrhythmias after repeated doses of suxamethonium. Furthermore the higher doses of gallamine caused an unacceptably high frequency of patients with tachycardia and signs and symptoms of partial curarization.", "contents": "Halothane anaesthesia ans suxamethonium II. The significance of preoperative gallamine administration. Preoperative administration of gallamine was evaluated during inhalation anaesthesia with nitrous-oxide and halothane with two administrations of suxamethonium 1 mg/kg body weight, 5 min apart. Sixty healthy patients were randomly divided into three groups and preanaesthetic gallamine, 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 mg/kg body weight, respectively was administered intravenously 3 min before induction, according to the allocation. Just before induction of anaesthesia the patients were examined for signs and symptoms of partial curarization. After induction of anaesthesia by nitrous-oxide-oxygen-halothane, suxamethonium 1 mg/kg was given intravenously. Exactly 5 min later the same dose was repeated. ECG was monitored continuously and serum potassium, Pao2 and Paco2 were measured at appropriate intervals. It was found that none of the examined doses of gallamine gave any reliable protection against serious bradyarrhythmias after repeated doses of suxamethonium. Furthermore the higher doses of gallamine caused an unacceptably high frequency of patients with tachycardia and signs and symptoms of partial curarization."}
{"id": "PMID:906785", "title": "Influence of intravenously administered ephedrine on splanchnic haemodynamics and clearance of lidocaine.", "content": "The effects of a 20 mg i.v. bolus of ephedrine sulphate on haemodynamics and plasma lidocaine concentrations were evaluated in eight volunteer subjects receiving a constant i.v. infusion of lidocaine HC1 (2 or 4 mg-min-1). Injection of ephedrine caused a significant increase in mean arterial blood pressure, which preceded an elevation of heart rate by about 2 min. Cardiac output and hepatic blood flow, measured at 10 and 20 min after injection, were also increased significantly, while there was a decrease in total peripheral resistance and no change in splanchnic vascular resistance. There were no significant circulatory alterations over the same period in a control group of four subjects on receiving the lidocaine infusion. After ephedrine, the mean splanchnic extraction ratio of lidocaine fell from 0.76 to 0.66 at 10 min, then rose again to 0.71 at 20 min, and these changes were accompanied by a 9% increase in its splanchnic clearance. Extraction and clearance remained unchanged in the control group. The implications of these findings are considered in relation to the use of ephedrine to prevent or treat hypotension after peridural block with local anaesthetic agents.", "contents": "Influence of intravenously administered ephedrine on splanchnic haemodynamics and clearance of lidocaine. The effects of a 20 mg i.v. bolus of ephedrine sulphate on haemodynamics and plasma lidocaine concentrations were evaluated in eight volunteer subjects receiving a constant i.v. infusion of lidocaine HC1 (2 or 4 mg-min-1). Injection of ephedrine caused a significant increase in mean arterial blood pressure, which preceded an elevation of heart rate by about 2 min. Cardiac output and hepatic blood flow, measured at 10 and 20 min after injection, were also increased significantly, while there was a decrease in total peripheral resistance and no change in splanchnic vascular resistance. There were no significant circulatory alterations over the same period in a control group of four subjects on receiving the lidocaine infusion. After ephedrine, the mean splanchnic extraction ratio of lidocaine fell from 0.76 to 0.66 at 10 min, then rose again to 0.71 at 20 min, and these changes were accompanied by a 9% increase in its splanchnic clearance. Extraction and clearance remained unchanged in the control group. The implications of these findings are considered in relation to the use of ephedrine to prevent or treat hypotension after peridural block with local anaesthetic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:906786", "title": "Inadvertent thoracic duct catheterization during transjugular central venous cannulation. A case report.", "content": "An aberrant placement of a central venous catheter into the upper part of the thoracic duct with loop formation in the left innominate vein was observed on catheterizing via the left internal jugular vein. The misplacement, which did not have any deleterious effects, was caused by the atypical insertion site of the thoracic duct at the dorsocaudal wall of the left innominate vein and, possibly, by its incompetent closing valve. The stiffness of the nylon catheter used may also have been a contributory factor. The possible causes of this complication of central venous catheterization are discussed. The preferential use of the right internal jugular vein is stressed.", "contents": "Inadvertent thoracic duct catheterization during transjugular central venous cannulation. A case report. An aberrant placement of a central venous catheter into the upper part of the thoracic duct with loop formation in the left innominate vein was observed on catheterizing via the left internal jugular vein. The misplacement, which did not have any deleterious effects, was caused by the atypical insertion site of the thoracic duct at the dorsocaudal wall of the left innominate vein and, possibly, by its incompetent closing valve. The stiffness of the nylon catheter used may also have been a contributory factor. The possible causes of this complication of central venous catheterization are discussed. The preferential use of the right internal jugular vein is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:906787", "title": "Catheter technique in axillary plexus block. Presentation of a new method.", "content": "A flexible, disposable intravenous catheter can be introduced into the neuro-vascular sheath in the axilla and used for injection of local anesthetic solution to block the axillary brachial plexus. The technique is described and the results of the first 137 consecutive catheter blocks are reported and compared to a similarly evaluated series of conventional axillary blocks. The catheter method constitutes an interesting alternative to needle techniques and offers the possibility of a continuous axillary block.", "contents": "Catheter technique in axillary plexus block. Presentation of a new method. A flexible, disposable intravenous catheter can be introduced into the neuro-vascular sheath in the axilla and used for injection of local anesthetic solution to block the axillary brachial plexus. The technique is described and the results of the first 137 consecutive catheter blocks are reported and compared to a similarly evaluated series of conventional axillary blocks. The catheter method constitutes an interesting alternative to needle techniques and offers the possibility of a continuous axillary block."}
{"id": "PMID:906788", "title": "The blocking effect of epidural analgesia on the adrenocortical and hyperglycemic responses to surgery.", "content": "The adrenocortical and hyperglycemic responses to hysterectomy were studied in five groups of patients receiving: general anesthesia (group I), general anesthesia + epidural analgesia extending from Th10-S5 (group II), general anesthesia + epidural analgesia extending from Th8-S4--5 (group III), general anesthesia + epidural analgesia extending from Th4--6-S5 (group IV) and epidural analgesia extending from Th4-S5 without general anesthesia (group V). The results showed that the cortisol response was abolished in group V, inhibited in group IV and normal in groups II and III. The hyperglycemic response to surgery was inhibited in groups II, III and IV, and abolished in group V. Epidural analgesia from Th4 to S5, preventing the adrenocortical and hyperglycemic responses to hysterectomy, and possibly also inhibiting other components of the endocrine-metabolic response to surgery, may have important applications in further studies of the physiologic significance of the endocrine-metabolic response to surgery.", "contents": "The blocking effect of epidural analgesia on the adrenocortical and hyperglycemic responses to surgery. The adrenocortical and hyperglycemic responses to hysterectomy were studied in five groups of patients receiving: general anesthesia (group I), general anesthesia + epidural analgesia extending from Th10-S5 (group II), general anesthesia + epidural analgesia extending from Th8-S4--5 (group III), general anesthesia + epidural analgesia extending from Th4--6-S5 (group IV) and epidural analgesia extending from Th4-S5 without general anesthesia (group V). The results showed that the cortisol response was abolished in group V, inhibited in group IV and normal in groups II and III. The hyperglycemic response to surgery was inhibited in groups II, III and IV, and abolished in group V. Epidural analgesia from Th4 to S5, preventing the adrenocortical and hyperglycemic responses to hysterectomy, and possibly also inhibiting other components of the endocrine-metabolic response to surgery, may have important applications in further studies of the physiologic significance of the endocrine-metabolic response to surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:906789", "title": "Postoperative pulmonary function in obese patients after upper abdominal surgery.", "content": "The pulmonary course after jejuno-ileal by-pass operation in six massively obese patients (mean weight 130.2 kg) was followed for the first 5 postoperative days by means of arterial blood gas analysis and measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expired volume in the first second (FEV1.0) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). The patients were extubated in the operating room and were breathing spontaneously in the postoperative period. Pao2 and FVC reached their minimum values in the first 24 postoperative hours (respectively, 74% and 45% of their preoperative values), but were almost restored in 5 days. PEFR had at this time reached 77% of its preoperative value FEV1.0% (FEV1.0%in per cent of FVC) did not change from the pre- to the postoperative period, but remained about 70%.", "contents": "Postoperative pulmonary function in obese patients after upper abdominal surgery. The pulmonary course after jejuno-ileal by-pass operation in six massively obese patients (mean weight 130.2 kg) was followed for the first 5 postoperative days by means of arterial blood gas analysis and measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expired volume in the first second (FEV1.0) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). The patients were extubated in the operating room and were breathing spontaneously in the postoperative period. Pao2 and FVC reached their minimum values in the first 24 postoperative hours (respectively, 74% and 45% of their preoperative values), but were almost restored in 5 days. PEFR had at this time reached 77% of its preoperative value FEV1.0% (FEV1.0%in per cent of FVC) did not change from the pre- to the postoperative period, but remained about 70%."}
{"id": "PMID:906790", "title": "Pulmonary function in obese patients scheduled for jejuno-ileostomy.", "content": "Preoperative pulmonary parameters were evaluated in 37 extremely obese but otherwise healthy patients. They were on average 100.9% overweight. X-ray of the chest, electrocardiograms, and residual volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, maximum breathing capacity, forced expired volume in 1 second, and related ratios were all within the normal range. The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and the arterial carbon dioxide tension were also within the normal range. The only abnormal finding was a substantially reduced arterial oxygen tension. It is suggested that the measurement of functional residual capacity, closing volume, and the slope of the alveolar plateau (phase III in the single breath nitrogen washout technique) might give more valuable information.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in obese patients scheduled for jejuno-ileostomy. Preoperative pulmonary parameters were evaluated in 37 extremely obese but otherwise healthy patients. They were on average 100.9% overweight. X-ray of the chest, electrocardiograms, and residual volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, maximum breathing capacity, forced expired volume in 1 second, and related ratios were all within the normal range. The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and the arterial carbon dioxide tension were also within the normal range. The only abnormal finding was a substantially reduced arterial oxygen tension. It is suggested that the measurement of functional residual capacity, closing volume, and the slope of the alveolar plateau (phase III in the single breath nitrogen washout technique) might give more valuable information."}
{"id": "PMID:906793", "title": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Finland. I: An epidemiologic study.", "content": "The prevalence of ALS and its distribution in Finland was investigated on the basis of prevalence numbers by counties. On the prevalence day, 1 January 1973, 168 ALS patients were found alive. They were collected from hospital records and the registers of the National Pension Institute. The prevalence was 3.56 cases per 100,000 populations, 4.25/100,000 for men and 1.92/100,000 for women, which gave a male to female prevalence ration 1.5 to 1. The distribution of the disease was uneven in the country being more frequent in the southeastern counties. The disease was contracted earlier (at 51.9 years of age) and its course was slower (3.7 years up to the prevalence day) in the prevalence material than in cases derived from the mortality statistics (58.0 years at the onset and duration of 2.6 years, respectively). This is explained by the dropping out of some of the younger and/or more benign cases from the mortality statistics. This seems to be true also in other countries.", "contents": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Finland. I: An epidemiologic study. The prevalence of ALS and its distribution in Finland was investigated on the basis of prevalence numbers by counties. On the prevalence day, 1 January 1973, 168 ALS patients were found alive. They were collected from hospital records and the registers of the National Pension Institute. The prevalence was 3.56 cases per 100,000 populations, 4.25/100,000 for men and 1.92/100,000 for women, which gave a male to female prevalence ration 1.5 to 1. The distribution of the disease was uneven in the country being more frequent in the southeastern counties. The disease was contracted earlier (at 51.9 years of age) and its course was slower (3.7 years up to the prevalence day) in the prevalence material than in cases derived from the mortality statistics (58.0 years at the onset and duration of 2.6 years, respectively). This is explained by the dropping out of some of the younger and/or more benign cases from the mortality statistics. This seems to be true also in other countries."}
{"id": "PMID:906794", "title": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Finland. II: Clinical characteristics.", "content": "The clinical characteristics of ALS in Finland were investigated. The study was based on the hospital records of 255 patients. No correlation was found between the disease and other previous illnesses. Muscular weakness was the most frequent complaint of the patients as their first symptom (149/255, i.e. 58 per cent). The duration of the disease was shortest (1.9 years) in male cases with the first symptoms in the bulbar area, and it was longest (3.4 years) in females with a spinal onset of the symptoms. The duration of the disease was in inverse relation to the age when it was contracted. Progressive muscular atrophy with fasciculations was considered the most important clinical sign of ALS. It was most frequently observed in the upper extremities including shoulders. Sensory disturbances were absent, sphincter abnormalities were reported in only three cases, bed sores did not exist, and there were no reports of impotence in the male patients. Two families with two familial cases in each were found, altogether two men and two women. Their disease did not differ from that of the rest of the series. The ALS patients soon became too disabled to work; 56 per cent bacame permanently disabled in less than 1 year's time,  and only 9 per cent retained their working capacity for more than 2 years. The average length of stay at hospital was 32 days for ALS and 37 days for MS patients, but the later group was hospitalized 2-3 times more frequently than the former. Gastrostomy or tracheostomy and artificial respiration did not lenghten the lives of the patients.", "contents": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Finland. II: Clinical characteristics. The clinical characteristics of ALS in Finland were investigated. The study was based on the hospital records of 255 patients. No correlation was found between the disease and other previous illnesses. Muscular weakness was the most frequent complaint of the patients as their first symptom (149/255, i.e. 58 per cent). The duration of the disease was shortest (1.9 years) in male cases with the first symptoms in the bulbar area, and it was longest (3.4 years) in females with a spinal onset of the symptoms. The duration of the disease was in inverse relation to the age when it was contracted. Progressive muscular atrophy with fasciculations was considered the most important clinical sign of ALS. It was most frequently observed in the upper extremities including shoulders. Sensory disturbances were absent, sphincter abnormalities were reported in only three cases, bed sores did not exist, and there were no reports of impotence in the male patients. Two families with two familial cases in each were found, altogether two men and two women. Their disease did not differ from that of the rest of the series. The ALS patients soon became too disabled to work; 56 per cent bacame permanently disabled in less than 1 year's time,  and only 9 per cent retained their working capacity for more than 2 years. The average length of stay at hospital was 32 days for ALS and 37 days for MS patients, but the later group was hospitalized 2-3 times more frequently than the former. Gastrostomy or tracheostomy and artificial respiration did not lenghten the lives of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:906795", "title": "Effects of neonatal thyroidectomy on thymidine metabolism and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the developing rat cerebellum.", "content": "Thyroid deficiency at birth caused a temporal decrease of the DNA content in rat cerebellum during the periods from 7 to 21 days of life as compared with the normal. At 2 h following the subcutaneous injection of [3H]-thymidine, the specific radioactivity of cellular dTTP in thyroid deficient rats was apparently increased on the 14th and 21st days, although the endogenous pool sizes of dTTP did not significantly differ between the normal and thyroidectomized rats throughout the entire ages studied. The ratio of incorporation of thymidine into cerebellar DNA was initially determined by the specific radioactivity and then expressed as the ratio of [3H]-DNA to [3H]-dTTP, the relative specific radioactivity of DNA. The age peak of incorporation occurred at 7 days in the normal; on the other hand, the specific activity of DNA in thyroid deficiency attained a maximum at 14 days and the relative specific activity appeared to be prolonged up to 14 days. The corresponding changes were observed in the formation of dTTP, suggesting that a transient retardation of cerebellar DNA synthesis taking place by neonatal thyroidectomy may be in part attributable to the variance of phosphorylation of thymidine. Indeed, thymidine kinase activity that regulated salvage pathway for DNA synthesis displayed a parallel variation in thyroid deficiency to characteristic age dependence of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of neonatal thyroidectomy on thymidine metabolism and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the developing rat cerebellum. Thyroid deficiency at birth caused a temporal decrease of the DNA content in rat cerebellum during the periods from 7 to 21 days of life as compared with the normal. At 2 h following the subcutaneous injection of [3H]-thymidine, the specific radioactivity of cellular dTTP in thyroid deficient rats was apparently increased on the 14th and 21st days, although the endogenous pool sizes of dTTP did not significantly differ between the normal and thyroidectomized rats throughout the entire ages studied. The ratio of incorporation of thymidine into cerebellar DNA was initially determined by the specific radioactivity and then expressed as the ratio of [3H]-DNA to [3H]-dTTP, the relative specific radioactivity of DNA. The age peak of incorporation occurred at 7 days in the normal; on the other hand, the specific activity of DNA in thyroid deficiency attained a maximum at 14 days and the relative specific activity appeared to be prolonged up to 14 days. The corresponding changes were observed in the formation of dTTP, suggesting that a transient retardation of cerebellar DNA synthesis taking place by neonatal thyroidectomy may be in part attributable to the variance of phosphorylation of thymidine. Indeed, thymidine kinase activity that regulated salvage pathway for DNA synthesis displayed a parallel variation in thyroid deficiency to characteristic age dependence of DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:906791", "title": "[The Bouttier test. Significance of resistance to pressure for neurological diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1922 Bouttier described the \"pressure test\". With reference to later works by Bouttier, not published at the time, the author demonstrates the role which the Bouttier test can play in the differential diagnosis of various neurological diseases (tumours of the cerebellum, the cerebellopontile angle or the pituitary; frontal tumours, cerebral atrophy, pseudobulbar palsy, Parkinson's disease). The physiological mechanisms which could play a part in these reactions are briefly considered. (Acta Neurol. Belg, 1977, 77, 193-201).", "contents": "[The Bouttier test. Significance of resistance to pressure for neurological diagnosis (author's transl)]. In 1922 Bouttier described the \"pressure test\". With reference to later works by Bouttier, not published at the time, the author demonstrates the role which the Bouttier test can play in the differential diagnosis of various neurological diseases (tumours of the cerebellum, the cerebellopontile angle or the pituitary; frontal tumours, cerebral atrophy, pseudobulbar palsy, Parkinson's disease). The physiological mechanisms which could play a part in these reactions are briefly considered. (Acta Neurol. Belg, 1977, 77, 193-201)."}
{"id": "PMID:906796", "title": "Radiation myelopathy of the lumbo-sacral spinal cord.", "content": "The clinical findings in four cases of radiation injury to the lumbosacral spinal cord and cauda equina, occuring after radiotherapy of malignant testicular tumours with radiation doses of 1597-1670 ret, are reported. The main feature in each case was a flaccid paraparesis, without sensory loss in three cases, while one patient presented a doubtful sensory deficit. Symptoms of sphincter dysfunction were absent. In all cases the symptoms caused a marked and persistent incapacity. It is suggested that the principal site of radiation injury is the proximal parts of the lower motor neuron.", "contents": "Radiation myelopathy of the lumbo-sacral spinal cord. The clinical findings in four cases of radiation injury to the lumbosacral spinal cord and cauda equina, occuring after radiotherapy of malignant testicular tumours with radiation doses of 1597-1670 ret, are reported. The main feature in each case was a flaccid paraparesis, without sensory loss in three cases, while one patient presented a doubtful sensory deficit. Symptoms of sphincter dysfunction were absent. In all cases the symptoms caused a marked and persistent incapacity. It is suggested that the principal site of radiation injury is the proximal parts of the lower motor neuron."}
{"id": "PMID:906798", "title": "Electrophysiological findings in gastrectomized patients with low serum B12.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with vitamin B12 deficiency after gastric surgery for a benign peptic ulcer were examined electrophysiologically. Thirteen (34 per cent) had electromyographical signs of peripheral nerve involvement and the amplitude of the sensory potentials of the median nerve at wrist (16 patients) was diminished, whereas sensory and motor conduction velocities were normal. Six patients had clinical signs of polyneuropathy. The electrophysiological findings are compatible with slight loss of myelinated nerve fibres. None of the patients had clinical or electromyographical signs of myopathy.", "contents": "Electrophysiological findings in gastrectomized patients with low serum B12. Thirty-eight patients with vitamin B12 deficiency after gastric surgery for a benign peptic ulcer were examined electrophysiologically. Thirteen (34 per cent) had electromyographical signs of peripheral nerve involvement and the amplitude of the sensory potentials of the median nerve at wrist (16 patients) was diminished, whereas sensory and motor conduction velocities were normal. Six patients had clinical signs of polyneuropathy. The electrophysiological findings are compatible with slight loss of myelinated nerve fibres. None of the patients had clinical or electromyographical signs of myopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:906799", "title": "Spontaneous buccolinguofacial dyskinesia in the elderly.", "content": "Buccolinguofacial dyskinesia consists of repetitive, non-rhythmic abnormal movements which occur at the speed of normal voluntary movement. To the observer they do not suggests a normal activity of mastication or phonation. This type of dyskinesia was evidenced in 88 patients out of a total of 240 elderly examined. It is more frequent in females than in males. Incidence does not increase with age. Frequency is highly variable individually. Every subject seems to have a comparatively stable frequency of his own. Dyskinesia is reduced or suppressed by neuroleptics, whereas stereotyped movements of the limbs are not affected. Individualization of bucolinguofacial dyskinesia from other abnormal movements should consequently rest on both its clinical features and its pharmacological sensitivity.", "contents": "Spontaneous buccolinguofacial dyskinesia in the elderly. Buccolinguofacial dyskinesia consists of repetitive, non-rhythmic abnormal movements which occur at the speed of normal voluntary movement. To the observer they do not suggests a normal activity of mastication or phonation. This type of dyskinesia was evidenced in 88 patients out of a total of 240 elderly examined. It is more frequent in females than in males. Incidence does not increase with age. Frequency is highly variable individually. Every subject seems to have a comparatively stable frequency of his own. Dyskinesia is reduced or suppressed by neuroleptics, whereas stereotyped movements of the limbs are not affected. Individualization of bucolinguofacial dyskinesia from other abnormal movements should consequently rest on both its clinical features and its pharmacological sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:906800", "title": "Spinal tumours associated with increased intracranial pressure. Report of two cases and a discussion on the pathophysiology.", "content": "Two cases of increased intracranial pressure associated with lumbar intraspinal tumours are reported. On the basis of protein investigations and constant flow infusion manometric tests, the pathophysiology of the increased intracranial pressure is discussed. It is demonstrated that protein macromolecules leak from the tumour into the cerebrospinal fluid and suggested that these are responsible for mechanical obstruction of the outflow channels for the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Spinal tumours associated with increased intracranial pressure. Report of two cases and a discussion on the pathophysiology. Two cases of increased intracranial pressure associated with lumbar intraspinal tumours are reported. On the basis of protein investigations and constant flow infusion manometric tests, the pathophysiology of the increased intracranial pressure is discussed. It is demonstrated that protein macromolecules leak from the tumour into the cerebrospinal fluid and suggested that these are responsible for mechanical obstruction of the outflow channels for the cerebrospinal fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:906801", "title": "Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Studies in vascular permeability changes.", "content": "The vascular permeability in the nervous system to Evans blue-albumin and horseradish peroxidase was studied in chronic relapsing EAE in strain 13 and Hartley guinea pigs. The disease was induced by single sensitization of immature animal and was characterized clinically by remissions and relapses. Recent and old demyelinating plaques in the spinal cord were present. These showed an increased permeability to the protein tracers. The blood-brain barrier in these plaques are therefore disturbed and also in this respect the condition is similar to the multiple sclerosis lesions.", "contents": "Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Studies in vascular permeability changes. The vascular permeability in the nervous system to Evans blue-albumin and horseradish peroxidase was studied in chronic relapsing EAE in strain 13 and Hartley guinea pigs. The disease was induced by single sensitization of immature animal and was characterized clinically by remissions and relapses. Recent and old demyelinating plaques in the spinal cord were present. These showed an increased permeability to the protein tracers. The blood-brain barrier in these plaques are therefore disturbed and also in this respect the condition is similar to the multiple sclerosis lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:906802", "title": "Sub-plasmalemmal linear density: a common structure in globoid cells and mesenchymal cells.", "content": "Sub-plasmalemmal linear densities of variable length (0.1 approximately 1.0 mu) were found to be a constant feature of globoid cells in human as well as in canine globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD). Similar densities were also observed in experimental globoid cells and epithelioid cells in chronic granuloma but not in glial cells. The linear densities always appeared without any relation to basal laminae. These observations together with the other reports of similar structures in lymphoma, fibroma and sarcoidosis suggest that the sub-plasmalemmal density is a structure frequently observed in mesenchymal cells, and may be another supporting feature for possible mesenchymal origin of globoid cells.", "contents": "Sub-plasmalemmal linear density: a common structure in globoid cells and mesenchymal cells. Sub-plasmalemmal linear densities of variable length (0.1 approximately 1.0 mu) were found to be a constant feature of globoid cells in human as well as in canine globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD). Similar densities were also observed in experimental globoid cells and epithelioid cells in chronic granuloma but not in glial cells. The linear densities always appeared without any relation to basal laminae. These observations together with the other reports of similar structures in lymphoma, fibroma and sarcoidosis suggest that the sub-plasmalemmal density is a structure frequently observed in mesenchymal cells, and may be another supporting feature for possible mesenchymal origin of globoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:906803", "title": "Rotational cerebral injuries near the superior margin of the brain.", "content": "Traumatic lesions near the superior margin of the brain frequently are caused by an anterior or posterior blow to the head. The injuries consist of disruptions of one or a few (with subdural bleeding) or of numerous or all (with instant death or immediate unconsciousness and later death because of simultaneous brain stem injuries) parasagittal bridging veins. Cerebral injuries close beneath the superior margin of the brain occur either alone or together with disruptions of parasagittal bridging veins. These injuries consist mainly of subcortical, perivascular or larger, hemorrhages and of injuries to the white matter. No extensive complete necrosis occurs. The lesions are most frequently found in the posterior part of the superior frontal gyrus and the central gyri and often are combined with brain stem injuries. By reconstruction of trauma events the injuries seem to be caused by a rotational acceleration of the head. By model experiments and simulations it is shown that a rotational acceleration of the skull leads to an \"inner deformation\" of the brain tissue. This deformation may be the explanation of the subcortical injuries, which are therefore designated rotational cerebral injuries (RC-injuries).", "contents": "Rotational cerebral injuries near the superior margin of the brain. Traumatic lesions near the superior margin of the brain frequently are caused by an anterior or posterior blow to the head. The injuries consist of disruptions of one or a few (with subdural bleeding) or of numerous or all (with instant death or immediate unconsciousness and later death because of simultaneous brain stem injuries) parasagittal bridging veins. Cerebral injuries close beneath the superior margin of the brain occur either alone or together with disruptions of parasagittal bridging veins. These injuries consist mainly of subcortical, perivascular or larger, hemorrhages and of injuries to the white matter. No extensive complete necrosis occurs. The lesions are most frequently found in the posterior part of the superior frontal gyrus and the central gyri and often are combined with brain stem injuries. By reconstruction of trauma events the injuries seem to be caused by a rotational acceleration of the head. By model experiments and simulations it is shown that a rotational acceleration of the skull leads to an \"inner deformation\" of the brain tissue. This deformation may be the explanation of the subcortical injuries, which are therefore designated rotational cerebral injuries (RC-injuries)."}
{"id": "PMID:906804", "title": "Peripheral nerve changes in thiamine deficiency and starvation. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Electron microscopic investigations on sciatic and plantar nerves of thiamine deficient and starved rats show a distally pronounced axonal degeneration. The changes are present in starved and thiamine deficient animals, but the deficient animals are more severely affected. The earliest alterations consist of an increase of mitochondria and a proliferation of vesicular elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. They are followed by loop formations of the axon membrane, clustering and disintegration of neurotubules and neurofilaments, axonal shrinkage and finally myelin disruption. The distal accentuation of the early changes indicates a dying-back mechanism of axonal degeneration.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve changes in thiamine deficiency and starvation. An electron microscopic study. Electron microscopic investigations on sciatic and plantar nerves of thiamine deficient and starved rats show a distally pronounced axonal degeneration. The changes are present in starved and thiamine deficient animals, but the deficient animals are more severely affected. The earliest alterations consist of an increase of mitochondria and a proliferation of vesicular elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. They are followed by loop formations of the axon membrane, clustering and disintegration of neurotubules and neurofilaments, axonal shrinkage and finally myelin disruption. The distal accentuation of the early changes indicates a dying-back mechanism of axonal degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:906805", "title": "delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity and focal brain haemorrhages in lead-treated rats.", "content": "Mothers were fed a diet containing 2% lead acetate acording to the Pentschew-Garro model for inducing lead encephalopathy in young rats. At 20-22 days of age the young lead-treated rats had a mean brain Pb of 2.8 microgram/g and liver Pb of 11 microgram/g. The ALA dehydratase activity decreased 29% in brain and 69% in liver compared to controls, suggesting that the enzyme activity is related to the tissue lead level. Mothers that had received lead prior to conception gave birth to pups with a significantly raised mean blood lead level (44 microgram %). The ALA dehydratase activity in brain and liver was unchanged, suggesting that low blood lead levels may be insufficient to inhibit this enzyme in the rat. Focal haemorrhages were present, however, in the cerebral cortex of some of the pups from the lead-treated mothers. It is concluded that damage to the rat brain vascular system is a better index of lead toxicity than measurement of the lead sensitive enzyme ALA dehydratase.", "contents": "delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity and focal brain haemorrhages in lead-treated rats. Mothers were fed a diet containing 2% lead acetate acording to the Pentschew-Garro model for inducing lead encephalopathy in young rats. At 20-22 days of age the young lead-treated rats had a mean brain Pb of 2.8 microgram/g and liver Pb of 11 microgram/g. The ALA dehydratase activity decreased 29% in brain and 69% in liver compared to controls, suggesting that the enzyme activity is related to the tissue lead level. Mothers that had received lead prior to conception gave birth to pups with a significantly raised mean blood lead level (44 microgram %). The ALA dehydratase activity in brain and liver was unchanged, suggesting that low blood lead levels may be insufficient to inhibit this enzyme in the rat. Focal haemorrhages were present, however, in the cerebral cortex of some of the pups from the lead-treated mothers. It is concluded that damage to the rat brain vascular system is a better index of lead toxicity than measurement of the lead sensitive enzyme ALA dehydratase."}
{"id": "PMID:906806", "title": "Paraplegia due to actinomyces viscosus infection in the cat.", "content": "In a 3 year old female domestic cat a suppurative, granulomatous lesion of the tail and sacral area penetrated into the epidural space, causing paraplegia. A viscosus was isolated from the inflammatory tissues. A comparative light and electronmicroscopic study of the bacterial elements and the architecture of the granules (Drusen) show that the latter are in-vivo microcolonies of the agent.", "contents": "Paraplegia due to actinomyces viscosus infection in the cat. In a 3 year old female domestic cat a suppurative, granulomatous lesion of the tail and sacral area penetrated into the epidural space, causing paraplegia. A viscosus was isolated from the inflammatory tissues. A comparative light and electronmicroscopic study of the bacterial elements and the architecture of the granules (Drusen) show that the latter are in-vivo microcolonies of the agent."}
{"id": "PMID:906807", "title": "Hereditary multi-infarct dementia. Morphological and clinical studies of a new disease.", "content": "A family is described in which for three subsequent generations numerous individuals were affected with a progressive neuropsychiatric disease with pyramidal, bulbar and cerebellar symptoms, relapsing course and gradually evolving severe dementia. Post-mortem studies performed on three siblings afflicted with the disease suggest that the remarkably uniform macroscopic picture of the cerebral changes consisting in multiple small cystic infarctions, particularly localized to the central grey and white matter and pons as well as the cortical and central brain atrophy, is caused by an occlusive disease of small intracerebral and leptomeningeal arteries and arterioles. Collected pertinent information concerning the affected family members shows that the illness begins in early adulthood (at 29--38 years of age), affects both sexes and generally lasts for 10--15 years. The only exception so far noticed was a second generation descendant of one of the siblings. This patient died about 5 months after clinical onset of the disease in massive cerebral haemorrhage and showed similar vascular changes as the older members of the family. The disease is considered to be genetically caused and transmitted as a dominant autosomal character. For this apparently new nosological entity the eponym \"hereditary multi-infarct dementia\" is suggested.", "contents": "Hereditary multi-infarct dementia. Morphological and clinical studies of a new disease. A family is described in which for three subsequent generations numerous individuals were affected with a progressive neuropsychiatric disease with pyramidal, bulbar and cerebellar symptoms, relapsing course and gradually evolving severe dementia. Post-mortem studies performed on three siblings afflicted with the disease suggest that the remarkably uniform macroscopic picture of the cerebral changes consisting in multiple small cystic infarctions, particularly localized to the central grey and white matter and pons as well as the cortical and central brain atrophy, is caused by an occlusive disease of small intracerebral and leptomeningeal arteries and arterioles. Collected pertinent information concerning the affected family members shows that the illness begins in early adulthood (at 29--38 years of age), affects both sexes and generally lasts for 10--15 years. The only exception so far noticed was a second generation descendant of one of the siblings. This patient died about 5 months after clinical onset of the disease in massive cerebral haemorrhage and showed similar vascular changes as the older members of the family. The disease is considered to be genetically caused and transmitted as a dominant autosomal character. For this apparently new nosological entity the eponym \"hereditary multi-infarct dementia\" is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:906808", "title": "[Cytophotometric investigations of the nuclear DNA content in ependymomas and plexuspapillomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on Feulgen-cytophotometric DNA investigations in 10 ependymomas and 2 plexuspapillomas. All ependymomas represent in their karyograms aneuploidic stem lines. In most of them one observes duplication peaks (G2 cells) as expression of proliferation behaviour. The histological benign ependymomas exhibit stem lines between the hyperdiploid and hypotetraploid values. With increasing malignancy the stem lines are elevated in higher ploidy levels and a reduction of a predominant stem line is recognizable. One of the ependymomas represents a distribution of DNA values like in a \"mosaic\" tumour. The measurements in the plexuspapillomas in good conformity with the histologic picture reflect the DNA distribution of a benign euploid neoplasm.", "contents": "[Cytophotometric investigations of the nuclear DNA content in ependymomas and plexuspapillomas (author's transl)]. Report on Feulgen-cytophotometric DNA investigations in 10 ependymomas and 2 plexuspapillomas. All ependymomas represent in their karyograms aneuploidic stem lines. In most of them one observes duplication peaks (G2 cells) as expression of proliferation behaviour. The histological benign ependymomas exhibit stem lines between the hyperdiploid and hypotetraploid values. With increasing malignancy the stem lines are elevated in higher ploidy levels and a reduction of a predominant stem line is recognizable. One of the ependymomas represents a distribution of DNA values like in a \"mosaic\" tumour. The measurements in the plexuspapillomas in good conformity with the histologic picture reflect the DNA distribution of a benign euploid neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:906809", "title": "[Unmyelinated nerve fibers in senile nerves and in late thalidomide neuropathy: a quantitative electron microscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Sural nerve biopsies of four patients, aged 54--76 years, with a predominantly sensory type of neuropathy following high dosages of thalidomide were examined by light and electron microscopy. The present study includes a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of unmyelinated nerve fibers. Despite severe neuropathy, increased numbers of small unmyelinated axons per endoneurial area were noted in all patients. This numerical increase appeared to be independent of aging, since it was not seen in two senile controls, studied at the age of 83 and 88 years. The increase in the endoneurial density of unmyelinated axons, especially of small sized fibers, is likely to be related to regeneration following degeneration of unmyelinated axons although endoneurial shrinkage secondary to loss of large myelinated fibers could have caused an additional increase in the number of axons per endoneurial area. Axonal sprouting, despite degeneration of large numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers, appears to be consistent with some of the characteristic clinical features of thalidomide neuropathy such as paresthesias, hyperesthesia for pain and temperature, and disturbances of autonomic functions. On the other hand, a variable number of empty Schwann cells (bands of B\u00fcngner) and pockets at the surface of many Schwann cells noted in the four patients with neuropathy were also seen in both senile controls with no signs of neuropathy. Thus, it is obvious that pockets and empty Schwann cells may be related to aging or other causes of slow axonal wasting with Schwann cell proliferation and are not necessarily associated with clinically manifest neuropathy.", "contents": "[Unmyelinated nerve fibers in senile nerves and in late thalidomide neuropathy: a quantitative electron microscopic study (author's transl)]. Sural nerve biopsies of four patients, aged 54--76 years, with a predominantly sensory type of neuropathy following high dosages of thalidomide were examined by light and electron microscopy. The present study includes a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of unmyelinated nerve fibers. Despite severe neuropathy, increased numbers of small unmyelinated axons per endoneurial area were noted in all patients. This numerical increase appeared to be independent of aging, since it was not seen in two senile controls, studied at the age of 83 and 88 years. The increase in the endoneurial density of unmyelinated axons, especially of small sized fibers, is likely to be related to regeneration following degeneration of unmyelinated axons although endoneurial shrinkage secondary to loss of large myelinated fibers could have caused an additional increase in the number of axons per endoneurial area. Axonal sprouting, despite degeneration of large numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers, appears to be consistent with some of the characteristic clinical features of thalidomide neuropathy such as paresthesias, hyperesthesia for pain and temperature, and disturbances of autonomic functions. On the other hand, a variable number of empty Schwann cells (bands of B\u00fcngner) and pockets at the surface of many Schwann cells noted in the four patients with neuropathy were also seen in both senile controls with no signs of neuropathy. Thus, it is obvious that pockets and empty Schwann cells may be related to aging or other causes of slow axonal wasting with Schwann cell proliferation and are not necessarily associated with clinically manifest neuropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:906811", "title": "Convergence of ampullar and macular inputs on vestibular nuclei unit of the rat.", "content": "181 vestibular nucleus neurons were examined for their responsiveness to rotation about the vertical axis and static tilts in roll and pitch planes in the rat. 68 of these units were sensitive to rotation and tilts (canal-otolith cells). In other words, 41.0% of the neurons responded to rotation (68/166). There was no significant difference in percentage of canal-otolith cells in type I and II neurons, which were 48.6% and 37.0% respectively. Vertical axis rotation when the head was tilted produced a simultaneous stimulation of the canal and otoliths. Using this stimulus method, the bias effect was observed in 72.5% of the canal-otolith cells (29/40). Furthermore, since vertical axis rotation with the head tilted elicited vertical canal responses, the rate of ampullary convergence was estimated by analysing response profiles obtained such rotations. The results obtained in the rat were compared with those in other species.", "contents": "Convergence of ampullar and macular inputs on vestibular nuclei unit of the rat. 181 vestibular nucleus neurons were examined for their responsiveness to rotation about the vertical axis and static tilts in roll and pitch planes in the rat. 68 of these units were sensitive to rotation and tilts (canal-otolith cells). In other words, 41.0% of the neurons responded to rotation (68/166). There was no significant difference in percentage of canal-otolith cells in type I and II neurons, which were 48.6% and 37.0% respectively. Vertical axis rotation when the head was tilted produced a simultaneous stimulation of the canal and otoliths. Using this stimulus method, the bias effect was observed in 72.5% of the canal-otolith cells (29/40). Furthermore, since vertical axis rotation with the head tilted elicited vertical canal responses, the rate of ampullary convergence was estimated by analysing response profiles obtained such rotations. The results obtained in the rat were compared with those in other species."}
{"id": "PMID:906810", "title": "Optokinetic test comprising both acceleration and constant velocity stimulation (ACV-OKN test).", "content": "Normal subjects were exposed to two kinds of optokinetic stimulation, viz. at speeds of 60 degrees/s and 90 degrees/s preceded by acceleration at 6 degrees/s2 and 4.5 degrees/s2, respectively. In most subjects the speed of the eye in the slow nystagmus phase equalled the speed of the rotating device during the acceleration at velocities up to about 60 degrees/s. The eye then lagged behind the speed of the optokinetic stimulus. The upper limit for linear increase in the eye speed of the slow nystagmus phase has been named the \"optokinetic fatigue threshold\". A new clinical test permitting quantitative assessment of the optokinetic response has been introduced. The maximum eye speed in the slow nystagmus phase has been found to be the most appropriate parameter. Presentation of the results in the form of special charts, named optokinograms, is recommended. Optokinetic disturbances of varying kinds were noted mostly in patients with CNS disorders, but also in patients with diseases of the inner ear.", "contents": "Optokinetic test comprising both acceleration and constant velocity stimulation (ACV-OKN test). Normal subjects were exposed to two kinds of optokinetic stimulation, viz. at speeds of 60 degrees/s and 90 degrees/s preceded by acceleration at 6 degrees/s2 and 4.5 degrees/s2, respectively. In most subjects the speed of the eye in the slow nystagmus phase equalled the speed of the rotating device during the acceleration at velocities up to about 60 degrees/s. The eye then lagged behind the speed of the optokinetic stimulus. The upper limit for linear increase in the eye speed of the slow nystagmus phase has been named the \"optokinetic fatigue threshold\". A new clinical test permitting quantitative assessment of the optokinetic response has been introduced. The maximum eye speed in the slow nystagmus phase has been found to be the most appropriate parameter. Presentation of the results in the form of special charts, named optokinograms, is recommended. Optokinetic disturbances of varying kinds were noted mostly in patients with CNS disorders, but also in patients with diseases of the inner ear."}
{"id": "PMID:906812", "title": "Results of new air caloric testing method among normal subjects. II. Monophasic testing.", "content": "A new caloric irrigation method is described. In the new method, the temperature of a continuous aural irrigation is switched between hot and cold values at precisely specified times. The durations of hot and cold pulses have been calculated to produce specific caloric stimulation intensities based on known heat transmission characteristics of the labyrinth area. A brief \"washout\" irrigation is used to eliminate promptly all caloric stimulation effects at the conclusion of each test. The present study concentrated upon the question of how long the \"washout\" pulse should be in order to obtain optimum results. Repetitive application of a uniform stimulus intensity to 6 normal subjects indicated that short inter-test intervals can be used without causing vestibular habituation. Prompt removal of the caloric stimulus can be accomplished by proper timing the \"washout\" phase of the new technique.", "contents": "Results of new air caloric testing method among normal subjects. II. Monophasic testing. A new caloric irrigation method is described. In the new method, the temperature of a continuous aural irrigation is switched between hot and cold values at precisely specified times. The durations of hot and cold pulses have been calculated to produce specific caloric stimulation intensities based on known heat transmission characteristics of the labyrinth area. A brief \"washout\" irrigation is used to eliminate promptly all caloric stimulation effects at the conclusion of each test. The present study concentrated upon the question of how long the \"washout\" pulse should be in order to obtain optimum results. Repetitive application of a uniform stimulus intensity to 6 normal subjects indicated that short inter-test intervals can be used without causing vestibular habituation. Prompt removal of the caloric stimulus can be accomplished by proper timing the \"washout\" phase of the new technique."}
{"id": "PMID:906813", "title": "Horseradish peroxidase acute ototoxicity and the uptake and movement of the peroxidase in the auditory system of the guinea pig.", "content": "When guinea pig cochlea was perfused in vivo with a solution of 1% horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in artificial perilymph, the enzyme was found in the basilar membrane, spiral limbus, some outer and inner hair cells and some supporting cells and it was gradually cleared away with time. Acute signs of cell damage included swelling, vacuolization and diffuse labeling of some hair cells, but stereocilia remained normal in configuration. Albino melanocytes of the spiral ligament were also damaged, and vacuolization of Reissner's membrane occurred after 10% HRP. Both concentrations caused a gradual decline in CM, showing that HRP is acutely ototoxic but its mode of action is unknown. No retrograde transport of HRP to spiral ganglion cells or to brain stem neurons occurred, but some brain stem neurons took up HRP from the neuropil following diffusion from the cochlea.", "contents": "Horseradish peroxidase acute ototoxicity and the uptake and movement of the peroxidase in the auditory system of the guinea pig. When guinea pig cochlea was perfused in vivo with a solution of 1% horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in artificial perilymph, the enzyme was found in the basilar membrane, spiral limbus, some outer and inner hair cells and some supporting cells and it was gradually cleared away with time. Acute signs of cell damage included swelling, vacuolization and diffuse labeling of some hair cells, but stereocilia remained normal in configuration. Albino melanocytes of the spiral ligament were also damaged, and vacuolization of Reissner's membrane occurred after 10% HRP. Both concentrations caused a gradual decline in CM, showing that HRP is acutely ototoxic but its mode of action is unknown. No retrograde transport of HRP to spiral ganglion cells or to brain stem neurons occurred, but some brain stem neurons took up HRP from the neuropil following diffusion from the cochlea."}
{"id": "PMID:906814", "title": "Slow evoked cortical responses to linear frequency ramps in subjects with cochlear lesions.", "content": "Slow evoked cortical potentials in response to linear frequency ramps of a continuous pure tone with a 1 kHz base frequency have been recorded from ten relatively young subjects with hearing loss of cochlear origin. At small frequency ramps, the N1-latency of their responses to the three ramp durations studied (20, 100, 500 msec) was significantly longer than those of a group with normal hearing. As the ramps are made larger, the difference between the latencies of the pathological group and the normal group becomes smaller; above a certain rate of frequency change, the latency of N1 becomes smaller in the pathological cases than in the normal group. This crossover occurs at frequency change rates around 1-3 kHz/sec. It is concluded that recording of evoked cortical responses to frequency ramps may provide an additional tool in the differential diagnosis of hearing disorders.", "contents": "Slow evoked cortical responses to linear frequency ramps in subjects with cochlear lesions. Slow evoked cortical potentials in response to linear frequency ramps of a continuous pure tone with a 1 kHz base frequency have been recorded from ten relatively young subjects with hearing loss of cochlear origin. At small frequency ramps, the N1-latency of their responses to the three ramp durations studied (20, 100, 500 msec) was significantly longer than those of a group with normal hearing. As the ramps are made larger, the difference between the latencies of the pathological group and the normal group becomes smaller; above a certain rate of frequency change, the latency of N1 becomes smaller in the pathological cases than in the normal group. This crossover occurs at frequency change rates around 1-3 kHz/sec. It is concluded that recording of evoked cortical responses to frequency ramps may provide an additional tool in the differential diagnosis of hearing disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:906815", "title": "The influence of perilymphatic pressure on the displacement of the tympanic membrane. A quantitative study on human temporal bones.", "content": "A model study on human temporal bones was performed. A microflow method was used in order to assess the possibility of making indirect recordings of changes in the inner ear pressures. Changes in the perilymphatic pressure were recorded as displacements of the tympanic membrane, the stapedius reflex being artificially elicited by forces applied briefly to the stapedius tendon. Changes in the perilymphatic pressures in the range of +/-15 cm H2O affected the position of the tympanic membrane and the \"stapedius reflex response\". The microflow method used seems suitable for the clinical recording of changes in the intralabyrinthine pressure.", "contents": "The influence of perilymphatic pressure on the displacement of the tympanic membrane. A quantitative study on human temporal bones. A model study on human temporal bones was performed. A microflow method was used in order to assess the possibility of making indirect recordings of changes in the inner ear pressures. Changes in the perilymphatic pressure were recorded as displacements of the tympanic membrane, the stapedius reflex being artificially elicited by forces applied briefly to the stapedius tendon. Changes in the perilymphatic pressures in the range of +/-15 cm H2O affected the position of the tympanic membrane and the \"stapedius reflex response\". The microflow method used seems suitable for the clinical recording of changes in the intralabyrinthine pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:906817", "title": "A note on development of Corti's organ.", "content": "The structure and postnatal transformation of K\u00f6lliker's organ in the cat were studied by means of both light and electron microscopes. K\u00f6lliker's organ, which is located in the inner sulcus area of the cochlear duct during embryonic development of the kitten, appeared to undergo a major transformation during the first 30 days after birth. On the level of the organ as a whole the possible nature of this transformation is briefly discussed. On the cellular level, the transformation of this organ was found to involve a process of cellular autophagocytosis. K\u00f6lliker's organ consists of numerous tightly packed, tall columnar cells filling the inner sulcus. Autophagic vacuoles containing cell organelles were observed in these cells in all stages of transformation of the organ. Cellular autophagocytosis reduced the number of cells present in each section from approximately 50 in the newborn, to approximately 12 in the 30-day-old kitten. The apparent transformation of K\u00f6lliker's organ was observed as progressing from base to apex and from the limbus to the inner hair cell. The relationship of the tectorial membrane to K\u00f6lliker's organ and that of the tectorial membrane to the area in and around the inner hair cells are discussed.", "contents": "A note on development of Corti's organ. The structure and postnatal transformation of K\u00f6lliker's organ in the cat were studied by means of both light and electron microscopes. K\u00f6lliker's organ, which is located in the inner sulcus area of the cochlear duct during embryonic development of the kitten, appeared to undergo a major transformation during the first 30 days after birth. On the level of the organ as a whole the possible nature of this transformation is briefly discussed. On the cellular level, the transformation of this organ was found to involve a process of cellular autophagocytosis. K\u00f6lliker's organ consists of numerous tightly packed, tall columnar cells filling the inner sulcus. Autophagic vacuoles containing cell organelles were observed in these cells in all stages of transformation of the organ. Cellular autophagocytosis reduced the number of cells present in each section from approximately 50 in the newborn, to approximately 12 in the 30-day-old kitten. The apparent transformation of K\u00f6lliker's organ was observed as progressing from base to apex and from the limbus to the inner hair cell. The relationship of the tectorial membrane to K\u00f6lliker's organ and that of the tectorial membrane to the area in and around the inner hair cells are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906818", "title": "Variables affecting the drill-generated noise levels in ear surgery.", "content": "The manner in which the variables rotation speed, type of burr, burr size and site of drilling influence bone-conducted, drill-generated noise levels in ear surgery, has been investigated. From the results obtained, the following conclusions can be drawn. 1. The noise levels were primarily influenced by the size of the burr. The 6 mm cutting burrs gave a noise level of 88-108 dB, the use of a 4 mm one resulted in a reduction of 1-6 dB and the use of a 2 mm one, 5-16 dB. The mean noise levels of the diamond burrs were 5-11 dB lower than the mean noise levels of the cutting ones. 2. Variations in rotation speed had only a slight influence on the noise levels produced (0-5 dB). 3. Three different types of cutting burr were tested. All gave noise levels of about the same order of magnitude. 4. The noise levels around the cochlea were only slightly influenced by the localization of the drilling within the ear (less than 1.8 dB). 5. Drill-induced noise levels in ear surgery cannot be reduced to any great extent. Possible noise traumas to the inner ear can only be avoided by minimizing the duration of drilling and thus, the duration of harmful noise exposure to the cochlea.", "contents": "Variables affecting the drill-generated noise levels in ear surgery. The manner in which the variables rotation speed, type of burr, burr size and site of drilling influence bone-conducted, drill-generated noise levels in ear surgery, has been investigated. From the results obtained, the following conclusions can be drawn. 1. The noise levels were primarily influenced by the size of the burr. The 6 mm cutting burrs gave a noise level of 88-108 dB, the use of a 4 mm one resulted in a reduction of 1-6 dB and the use of a 2 mm one, 5-16 dB. The mean noise levels of the diamond burrs were 5-11 dB lower than the mean noise levels of the cutting ones. 2. Variations in rotation speed had only a slight influence on the noise levels produced (0-5 dB). 3. Three different types of cutting burr were tested. All gave noise levels of about the same order of magnitude. 4. The noise levels around the cochlea were only slightly influenced by the localization of the drilling within the ear (less than 1.8 dB). 5. Drill-induced noise levels in ear surgery cannot be reduced to any great extent. Possible noise traumas to the inner ear can only be avoided by minimizing the duration of drilling and thus, the duration of harmful noise exposure to the cochlea."}
{"id": "PMID:906819", "title": "Long-term results after stapedectomy.", "content": "296 cases of stapedectomy accomplished by vein grafting plus polyethylene tubing with a primary (one-year) result of a greater than 10 dB improvement in Air Conduction (AC) threshold in speech frequencies have been tested with pure tone audiometry 1-12 years postoperatively. The AC threshold of the operated ear increased by about 1 dB per year for both low and high frequencies. In the high frequency range this increment can be ascribed to normal aging; in the low range the reason is probably progressive conductive loss. There is no evidence to support the assumption that the operation impairs the sensorineural function of the operated ear. The AC threshold of the unoperated ear also increased--by more than that of the operated ear, for both low and high frequencies. In the low range this was ascribed to progressive stapes fixation; in the high range to stapes fixation plus normal aging. The progression for the non-operated ear is relatively slow, about 2 dB per year.", "contents": "Long-term results after stapedectomy. 296 cases of stapedectomy accomplished by vein grafting plus polyethylene tubing with a primary (one-year) result of a greater than 10 dB improvement in Air Conduction (AC) threshold in speech frequencies have been tested with pure tone audiometry 1-12 years postoperatively. The AC threshold of the operated ear increased by about 1 dB per year for both low and high frequencies. In the high frequency range this increment can be ascribed to normal aging; in the low range the reason is probably progressive conductive loss. There is no evidence to support the assumption that the operation impairs the sensorineural function of the operated ear. The AC threshold of the unoperated ear also increased--by more than that of the operated ear, for both low and high frequencies. In the low range this was ascribed to progressive stapes fixation; in the high range to stapes fixation plus normal aging. The progression for the non-operated ear is relatively slow, about 2 dB per year."}
{"id": "PMID:906816", "title": "Enzymatic activity of inner and middle ear fluids in fetal guinea pigs under ambient and high-intensity sound presentation.", "content": "The enzymes in perilymph of the inner ear scala and within fluid filling the middle ear cavity were investigated in the fetal guinea pig near term. Perilymph lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) exhibited differential activity between fetal scalae vestibuli and tympani, and LDH, aldolase, phosphohexose isomerase and creatine phosphokinase in perilymph of particular fetal scalae were elevated in activity in activity in comparison to corresponding maternal values. Moreover, LDH displayed different isozyme patterns for antenatal and gravid perilymph. In the middle ear fluid, all of the above enzymes were encountered but varied somewhat from the quantities determined for either prenatal perilymph or maternal serum. After gravid guinea pigs were exposed to a tone of 4 kHz, 100 dB SPL for 2 hours, LDH of the fetal middle ear fluid was reduced in activity 24 hours later. The metabolic significance of the fetal distinctions in the ear fluids and the clinical implications of the current work are discussed.", "contents": "Enzymatic activity of inner and middle ear fluids in fetal guinea pigs under ambient and high-intensity sound presentation. The enzymes in perilymph of the inner ear scala and within fluid filling the middle ear cavity were investigated in the fetal guinea pig near term. Perilymph lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) exhibited differential activity between fetal scalae vestibuli and tympani, and LDH, aldolase, phosphohexose isomerase and creatine phosphokinase in perilymph of particular fetal scalae were elevated in activity in activity in comparison to corresponding maternal values. Moreover, LDH displayed different isozyme patterns for antenatal and gravid perilymph. In the middle ear fluid, all of the above enzymes were encountered but varied somewhat from the quantities determined for either prenatal perilymph or maternal serum. After gravid guinea pigs were exposed to a tone of 4 kHz, 100 dB SPL for 2 hours, LDH of the fetal middle ear fluid was reduced in activity 24 hours later. The metabolic significance of the fetal distinctions in the ear fluids and the clinical implications of the current work are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906826", "title": "[New data apropos of a case of oculomandibulodyscephaly with hypotrichosis (Hallermann-Streiff syndrome). ORL examination and anthropometry].", "content": "According to the authors, a valuable study of dysmorphy can only be made with the use of anthropometric observations. To stress that point of view, a case of oculo-mandibulo-dyscephaly with hypotrichosis is studied. Furthermore a complete ENT study of this case is performed. At the same time, the heredity of the syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "[New data apropos of a case of oculomandibulodyscephaly with hypotrichosis (Hallermann-Streiff syndrome). ORL examination and anthropometry]. According to the authors, a valuable study of dysmorphy can only be made with the use of anthropometric observations. To stress that point of view, a case of oculo-mandibulo-dyscephaly with hypotrichosis is studied. Furthermore a complete ENT study of this case is performed. At the same time, the heredity of the syndrome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906820", "title": "Sympathetic nerve pathways to the nasal vasculature of the cat.", "content": "The sympathetic nerve pathways to the nasal vasculature were examined in 8 cats by recoding the effects of section of the orbital nerves on vasoconstriction produced by cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation. No sympathetic fibres were found in the sphenopalatine and infraorbital nerves. The majority were conveyed by either the Vidian or ethmoidal nerves, the remaining fibres are believed to reach the nasal cavity by the periarterial plexus.", "contents": "Sympathetic nerve pathways to the nasal vasculature of the cat. The sympathetic nerve pathways to the nasal vasculature were examined in 8 cats by recoding the effects of section of the orbital nerves on vasoconstriction produced by cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation. No sympathetic fibres were found in the sphenopalatine and infraorbital nerves. The majority were conveyed by either the Vidian or ethmoidal nerves, the remaining fibres are believed to reach the nasal cavity by the periarterial plexus."}
{"id": "PMID:906827", "title": "Experimental studies of Neodym-YAG-laser microsurgery of the vocal cords in dogs.", "content": "In animals the endolaryngeal application of Laser rays of the Nd: YAG-Laser MediLas was tested under microsurgical conditions, the early and late alterations of the vocal cords were endoscopically observed and histologically studied. Laser surgery has the special merit of permitting a touchless and bloodless operation. The experiences with the Nd: YAG-Laser MediLas encourage us to use this procedure in clinical tests for the therapy of benignant squamous epithelium hyperplasia of vocal cords.", "contents": "Experimental studies of Neodym-YAG-laser microsurgery of the vocal cords in dogs. In animals the endolaryngeal application of Laser rays of the Nd: YAG-Laser MediLas was tested under microsurgical conditions, the early and late alterations of the vocal cords were endoscopically observed and histologically studied. Laser surgery has the special merit of permitting a touchless and bloodless operation. The experiences with the Nd: YAG-Laser MediLas encourage us to use this procedure in clinical tests for the therapy of benignant squamous epithelium hyperplasia of vocal cords."}
{"id": "PMID:906822", "title": "Studies on the capacity of human tonsillar lymphocyte subpopulations to produce interferon.", "content": "Tonsillar lymphocytes produced classical interferon (Type I) in response to NDV infection and produced immune interferon (Type II) in response to PHA, PPD or histo-incompatible antigens. Lymphocytes having higher specific gravity and having a greater proliferative response to mitogens or antigens produced more interferon than lymphocytes having lower specific gravity. There was no difference between heavy and light small tonsillar lymphocytes in regard to their sensitivity to the protective effects of interferon. As for the interferon produced in association with a cellular immune response, the peak of interferon production tended to appear earlier than the peak of 3H-TdR incorporation. It is suggested that tonsillar lymphocytes play an important role in human host defense against virus infections.", "contents": "Studies on the capacity of human tonsillar lymphocyte subpopulations to produce interferon. Tonsillar lymphocytes produced classical interferon (Type I) in response to NDV infection and produced immune interferon (Type II) in response to PHA, PPD or histo-incompatible antigens. Lymphocytes having higher specific gravity and having a greater proliferative response to mitogens or antigens produced more interferon than lymphocytes having lower specific gravity. There was no difference between heavy and light small tonsillar lymphocytes in regard to their sensitivity to the protective effects of interferon. As for the interferon produced in association with a cellular immune response, the peak of interferon production tended to appear earlier than the peak of 3H-TdR incorporation. It is suggested that tonsillar lymphocytes play an important role in human host defense against virus infections."}
{"id": "PMID:906847", "title": "Cochlear potentials of the pigeon inner ear recorded with microelectrodes.", "content": "The CM-intensity function (i.e. the relation between the amplitude of the cochlear potential (CM) and the sound pressure level) of the avian ear has previously been shown to deviate from the mammalian ear with respect to the slope of the linear part of the function. The lower slope values found in the perilymphatic space of the avian ear have been interpreted to indicate a damping influence of the tegmentum vasculosum on the mechanical vibration of the basilar membrane. In this study the CM-intensity function has been examined on either side of the tegmentum vasculosum of the pigeon ear using microelectrode technique. The slope of the linear part of the CM-intensity function in scala vestibuli was found to be a function of the sound frequency approaching unity at higher frequencies. In ductus cochlearis the slope of the linear part of the CM-intensity function was close to unity at most frequencies except the best frequency for the electrode position. At this frequency (3-4 kHz) the slope value was low. These findings from the ductus cochlearis are similar to findings in scala media of the mammalian ear. Thus the influence of tegmentum vasculosum on CM in scala vestibuli may be due to passive electrical properties of the tissue and not to the mechanical vibration of the basilar membrane.", "contents": "Cochlear potentials of the pigeon inner ear recorded with microelectrodes. The CM-intensity function (i.e. the relation between the amplitude of the cochlear potential (CM) and the sound pressure level) of the avian ear has previously been shown to deviate from the mammalian ear with respect to the slope of the linear part of the function. The lower slope values found in the perilymphatic space of the avian ear have been interpreted to indicate a damping influence of the tegmentum vasculosum on the mechanical vibration of the basilar membrane. In this study the CM-intensity function has been examined on either side of the tegmentum vasculosum of the pigeon ear using microelectrode technique. The slope of the linear part of the CM-intensity function in scala vestibuli was found to be a function of the sound frequency approaching unity at higher frequencies. In ductus cochlearis the slope of the linear part of the CM-intensity function was close to unity at most frequencies except the best frequency for the electrode position. At this frequency (3-4 kHz) the slope value was low. These findings from the ductus cochlearis are similar to findings in scala media of the mammalian ear. Thus the influence of tegmentum vasculosum on CM in scala vestibuli may be due to passive electrical properties of the tissue and not to the mechanical vibration of the basilar membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:906848", "title": "Comparison of arteriolar blood flow in the hamster cheek pouch at two different oxygen tensions.", "content": "Red cell velocity and diameter were measured in arterioles of the hamster cheek pouch microvasculature. The cheek pouch tissue was exposed to two different oxygen tensions, PO2 less than 30 mmHg and PO2 greater than 150 mmHg. Blood flow was calculated from velocity and diameter measurements and was found to be significantly reduced (44%) when cheek pouch was exposed to room oxygen superfusant. This reduction was the combined result of a significant decrease in both diameter (17%) and red cell velocity (17%) as compared to the measurements during the initial low oxygen period.", "contents": "Comparison of arteriolar blood flow in the hamster cheek pouch at two different oxygen tensions. Red cell velocity and diameter were measured in arterioles of the hamster cheek pouch microvasculature. The cheek pouch tissue was exposed to two different oxygen tensions, PO2 less than 30 mmHg and PO2 greater than 150 mmHg. Blood flow was calculated from velocity and diameter measurements and was found to be significantly reduced (44%) when cheek pouch was exposed to room oxygen superfusant. This reduction was the combined result of a significant decrease in both diameter (17%) and red cell velocity (17%) as compared to the measurements during the initial low oxygen period."}
{"id": "PMID:906849", "title": "The importance of the intestinal countercurrent exchanger for 85Kr absorption from the feline gut.", "content": "The rate of 85Kr absorption from the feline gut was studied at varying intestinal blood flows induced by i.a. infusions of a vasodilator drug or by lowering arterial inflow pressure. The effects on rate of absorption of distending the intestine by increasing intraluminal pressure from 0-1 to 5-7 cm H2O as well as of augmenting the rate of luminal perfusion of the 85Kr solution were also investigated. Distending the small bowel increased rate of 85Kr absorption at all levels of intestinal blood flow except at the very low and the very high blood flow rates. Decreasing blood flow by lowering of arterial perfusion pressure decreased the rate of absorption from the distended gut while it had no effect in the collapsed small intestine. Increasing the rate of luminal perfusion enhanced the rate of 85Kr absorption at all blood flow levels except at the lowest ones. The results are discussed with regard to villous hemodynamics, intestinal countercurrent exchange and intraluminal concentration gradients in the lumen. It is concluded that the countercurrent exchanger represents, under physiological conditions, the major limiting factor for the absorption of lipophilic solutes such as 85Kr.", "contents": "The importance of the intestinal countercurrent exchanger for 85Kr absorption from the feline gut. The rate of 85Kr absorption from the feline gut was studied at varying intestinal blood flows induced by i.a. infusions of a vasodilator drug or by lowering arterial inflow pressure. The effects on rate of absorption of distending the intestine by increasing intraluminal pressure from 0-1 to 5-7 cm H2O as well as of augmenting the rate of luminal perfusion of the 85Kr solution were also investigated. Distending the small bowel increased rate of 85Kr absorption at all levels of intestinal blood flow except at the very low and the very high blood flow rates. Decreasing blood flow by lowering of arterial perfusion pressure decreased the rate of absorption from the distended gut while it had no effect in the collapsed small intestine. Increasing the rate of luminal perfusion enhanced the rate of 85Kr absorption at all blood flow levels except at the lowest ones. The results are discussed with regard to villous hemodynamics, intestinal countercurrent exchange and intraluminal concentration gradients in the lumen. It is concluded that the countercurrent exchanger represents, under physiological conditions, the major limiting factor for the absorption of lipophilic solutes such as 85Kr."}
{"id": "PMID:906850", "title": "A simple radioenzymatic procedure for the determination of choline and acetylcholine in brain regions of rats sacrificed by microwave irradiation.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive radioenzymatic method for analysis of choline (Ch) and acetylcholine (ACh) concentrations in rat brain regions is described. The ACh content is obtained as the difference in Ch concentration between a hydrolysed and an unhydrolysed tissue sample. The ACh content was 16+/-1.0 nmol/g in the cortex and 76+/-2.4 nmol/g in the striatum, and the corresponding Ch values were 23+/-2.5 and 33+/-1.2.", "contents": "A simple radioenzymatic procedure for the determination of choline and acetylcholine in brain regions of rats sacrificed by microwave irradiation. A rapid and sensitive radioenzymatic method for analysis of choline (Ch) and acetylcholine (ACh) concentrations in rat brain regions is described. The ACh content is obtained as the difference in Ch concentration between a hydrolysed and an unhydrolysed tissue sample. The ACh content was 16+/-1.0 nmol/g in the cortex and 76+/-2.4 nmol/g in the striatum, and the corresponding Ch values were 23+/-2.5 and 33+/-1.2."}
{"id": "PMID:906854", "title": "Reflex plasma hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality evoked by unloading of the carotid baroreceptors.", "content": "Hemorrhage is usually accompanied by a considerable increase in the plasma osmolality and glucose concentration due to an augmented release of glucose from the liver. In the present cat experiments an attempt was made to investigate the possible role of different vascular receptors in mediating this hyperglycemic (hyperosmolar) response. Bilateral vagotomy or stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors by perfusion of the carotid sinus with venous blood at normal pressure only slightly increased the arterial plasma glucose concentration. On the other hand, when the sinus nerves were cut in the vagotomized animal, thereby simulating complete unloading of the carotid baroreceptors, the arterial plasma glucose concentration rose by about 8 mM/L and the arterial plasma osmolality by about 10 mOsm/kg H2O. Perfusion of the carotid baroreceptors with arterial blood at different levels of hypotension showed that the baroreceptor-induced hyperglycemia was graded in relation to the pressure level. Regional hypotension of the liver, pancreas, intestine, kidneys or brain did not significantly affect plasma glucose concentration or osmolality. We conclude that the reflex release of glucose from the liver during hemorrhage mainly is initiated from the unloading of arterial baroreceptors.", "contents": "Reflex plasma hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality evoked by unloading of the carotid baroreceptors. Hemorrhage is usually accompanied by a considerable increase in the plasma osmolality and glucose concentration due to an augmented release of glucose from the liver. In the present cat experiments an attempt was made to investigate the possible role of different vascular receptors in mediating this hyperglycemic (hyperosmolar) response. Bilateral vagotomy or stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors by perfusion of the carotid sinus with venous blood at normal pressure only slightly increased the arterial plasma glucose concentration. On the other hand, when the sinus nerves were cut in the vagotomized animal, thereby simulating complete unloading of the carotid baroreceptors, the arterial plasma glucose concentration rose by about 8 mM/L and the arterial plasma osmolality by about 10 mOsm/kg H2O. Perfusion of the carotid baroreceptors with arterial blood at different levels of hypotension showed that the baroreceptor-induced hyperglycemia was graded in relation to the pressure level. Regional hypotension of the liver, pancreas, intestine, kidneys or brain did not significantly affect plasma glucose concentration or osmolality. We conclude that the reflex release of glucose from the liver during hemorrhage mainly is initiated from the unloading of arterial baroreceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:906855", "title": "The role of intramural noradrenaline in the potassium induced contracture of non-estrogenized smooth muscle.", "content": "The influence of intramural noradrenaline on potassium induced contractures was studied in isolated preparations of the uterus and the portal vein of the rat. Uterine strips of oophorectomized rats responded with contraction followed by transient relaxation when immersed in a medium containing 127 mM potassium chloride. Reserpinization or blockade of beta-adrenoceptors with propranolol greatly diminished the transient relaxation. In the isolated portal vein, both noradrenaline depletion with reserpine and alpha-adrenoceptor blockade (phentolamine) reduced the active tension produced in response to the isotonic potassium solution. These results suggest that intramural noradrenaline plays a significant role in the development of contractures evoked by potassium in the uterus and the portal vein of the rat. In the uterus, the released noradrenaline counteracts the development of active tension, whereas in the portal vein, noradrenaline has a contractile effect which is added to that of potassium. Estrogen treatment reduced (portal vein) or abolished (rat uterus) the contractile effects of intramural noradrenaline. The adrenolytic effect of estrogen is possibly due to reduction in the release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerve-endings.", "contents": "The role of intramural noradrenaline in the potassium induced contracture of non-estrogenized smooth muscle. The influence of intramural noradrenaline on potassium induced contractures was studied in isolated preparations of the uterus and the portal vein of the rat. Uterine strips of oophorectomized rats responded with contraction followed by transient relaxation when immersed in a medium containing 127 mM potassium chloride. Reserpinization or blockade of beta-adrenoceptors with propranolol greatly diminished the transient relaxation. In the isolated portal vein, both noradrenaline depletion with reserpine and alpha-adrenoceptor blockade (phentolamine) reduced the active tension produced in response to the isotonic potassium solution. These results suggest that intramural noradrenaline plays a significant role in the development of contractures evoked by potassium in the uterus and the portal vein of the rat. In the uterus, the released noradrenaline counteracts the development of active tension, whereas in the portal vein, noradrenaline has a contractile effect which is added to that of potassium. Estrogen treatment reduced (portal vein) or abolished (rat uterus) the contractile effects of intramural noradrenaline. The adrenolytic effect of estrogen is possibly due to reduction in the release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerve-endings."}
{"id": "PMID:906856", "title": "Effects of intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine on cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in anesthetized rats.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by the 14C-ethanol technique in anesthetized rats before and after intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. This treatment reduced the fluorescence of the central noradrenaline and dopamine nerve terminals, as well as of the perivascular nerve terminals in cerebral vessels. The administration of 6-hydroxydopamine had no significant effect on cerebral blood flow at normocapnia. The cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia was significantly increased in the 6-hydroxydopamine treated animals. The results indicate an involvement of central catecholamine pathways in the cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia.", "contents": "Effects of intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine on cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in anesthetized rats. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by the 14C-ethanol technique in anesthetized rats before and after intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. This treatment reduced the fluorescence of the central noradrenaline and dopamine nerve terminals, as well as of the perivascular nerve terminals in cerebral vessels. The administration of 6-hydroxydopamine had no significant effect on cerebral blood flow at normocapnia. The cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia was significantly increased in the 6-hydroxydopamine treated animals. The results indicate an involvement of central catecholamine pathways in the cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia."}
{"id": "PMID:906857", "title": "Effects of ethanol on urinary arginine vasopressin excretion in two rat strains selected for their different ethanol preferences.", "content": "The effects of ethanol on urinary excretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP), sodium, and potassium were investigated in two rat strains specially selected for their different alcohol preferences. The alcohol preferring (AA) strain excreted more AVP and the water preferring (ANA) strain more urine and sodium during six hours after ethanol intubation (2.4 g/kg b.w.; 20% v/v). The data is insufficient to establish a causal relationship between differences in water and electrolyte metabolism and voluntary ethanol consumption.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol on urinary arginine vasopressin excretion in two rat strains selected for their different ethanol preferences. The effects of ethanol on urinary excretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP), sodium, and potassium were investigated in two rat strains specially selected for their different alcohol preferences. The alcohol preferring (AA) strain excreted more AVP and the water preferring (ANA) strain more urine and sodium during six hours after ethanol intubation (2.4 g/kg b.w.; 20% v/v). The data is insufficient to establish a causal relationship between differences in water and electrolyte metabolism and voluntary ethanol consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:906858", "title": "The effect of indomethacin on renal blood flow distribution during hemorrhagic hypotension in dog.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin in hemorrhagic hypotension (HH) on total renal blood flow (RBF) and cortical flow distribution was studied in 9 pentobarbital anesthesized dogs. Local blood flow was measured as hydrogen clearance by 6 platinum electrodes in outer and inner cortex. RBF was recorded by electromagnetic flowmeter. Injection of indomethacin (3-5 mg/kg b.wt.) to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, reduced renal blood flow only a few percent in control period. After the pretreatment with indomethacin, bleeding to mean arterial pressure 50 mmHg decreased RBF abruptly to 25% of control flow. Thus a renal vasoconstriction is observed both in early and late periods of bleeding in contrast to the initial vasodilation observed during the first half an hour of HH when prostaglandin formation was not blocked. Local blood flow in outer cortex decreased proportionally to flow in inner cortex during bleeding in both the indomethacin treated as in the untreated group, indicating an equal vasodilatory effect of prostaglandin in all parts of renal cortex during early periods of HH.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin on renal blood flow distribution during hemorrhagic hypotension in dog. The effect of indomethacin in hemorrhagic hypotension (HH) on total renal blood flow (RBF) and cortical flow distribution was studied in 9 pentobarbital anesthesized dogs. Local blood flow was measured as hydrogen clearance by 6 platinum electrodes in outer and inner cortex. RBF was recorded by electromagnetic flowmeter. Injection of indomethacin (3-5 mg/kg b.wt.) to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, reduced renal blood flow only a few percent in control period. After the pretreatment with indomethacin, bleeding to mean arterial pressure 50 mmHg decreased RBF abruptly to 25% of control flow. Thus a renal vasoconstriction is observed both in early and late periods of bleeding in contrast to the initial vasodilation observed during the first half an hour of HH when prostaglandin formation was not blocked. Local blood flow in outer cortex decreased proportionally to flow in inner cortex during bleeding in both the indomethacin treated as in the untreated group, indicating an equal vasodilatory effect of prostaglandin in all parts of renal cortex during early periods of HH."}
{"id": "PMID:906859", "title": "Release of thiamine and formation of a methylthiamine-like substance in the phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the rat.", "content": "An increased formation of a radioactive methylthiamine-like substance (MTLS) in the end plate region of the rat diaphragm muscle and a release of radioactivity chromatographed as thiamine into the bath medium after a subcutaneous injection of 35S-thiamine were found after stimulation of the phrenic nerve. There was also an increased formation of the radioactive methylthiamine-like substance in the denervated diaphragm preparation incubated with radioactive acetylcholine (ACh) in comparison with the innervated diaphragm.", "contents": "Release of thiamine and formation of a methylthiamine-like substance in the phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the rat. An increased formation of a radioactive methylthiamine-like substance (MTLS) in the end plate region of the rat diaphragm muscle and a release of radioactivity chromatographed as thiamine into the bath medium after a subcutaneous injection of 35S-thiamine were found after stimulation of the phrenic nerve. There was also an increased formation of the radioactive methylthiamine-like substance in the denervated diaphragm preparation incubated with radioactive acetylcholine (ACh) in comparison with the innervated diaphragm."}
{"id": "PMID:906861", "title": "Influence of age on sensitivity and effector mechanisms of the carotid baroreflex.", "content": "In 30 healthy subjects aged 20--48 years the hemodynamic response to carotid sinus stimulation (neck suction -40 mmHg) was studied. Heart rate, arterial pressure and cardiac output (dye dilution technique) were measured. In order to evaluate the effect of age on carotid sinus function the material was subdivided into two arbitrary subgroups, aged up to 30 years (n = 15) respectively 30 years and above (n = 15). Carotid sinus stimulation induced a significantly greater reduction in mean arterial pressure in the younger group compared to the older group. The heart rate reduction was, on the average, slightly greater in the younger group though the difference was not significant. In both groups a significant decrease in cardiac output contributed to the demonstrated reduction in mean arterial pressure. As the decrease in cardiac output was, on the average, slightly smaller in the younger group, the results indicate that the greater blood pressure response in the younger group was due to a greater reduction in peripheral vascular resistance. This is further supported by the finding of a significant correlation between changes in total peripheral vascular resistance, elicited by carotid sinus stimulation and age.", "contents": "Influence of age on sensitivity and effector mechanisms of the carotid baroreflex. In 30 healthy subjects aged 20--48 years the hemodynamic response to carotid sinus stimulation (neck suction -40 mmHg) was studied. Heart rate, arterial pressure and cardiac output (dye dilution technique) were measured. In order to evaluate the effect of age on carotid sinus function the material was subdivided into two arbitrary subgroups, aged up to 30 years (n = 15) respectively 30 years and above (n = 15). Carotid sinus stimulation induced a significantly greater reduction in mean arterial pressure in the younger group compared to the older group. The heart rate reduction was, on the average, slightly greater in the younger group though the difference was not significant. In both groups a significant decrease in cardiac output contributed to the demonstrated reduction in mean arterial pressure. As the decrease in cardiac output was, on the average, slightly smaller in the younger group, the results indicate that the greater blood pressure response in the younger group was due to a greater reduction in peripheral vascular resistance. This is further supported by the finding of a significant correlation between changes in total peripheral vascular resistance, elicited by carotid sinus stimulation and age."}
{"id": "PMID:906863", "title": "Choline acetyltransferase activity in the denervated urinary bladder of the rat.", "content": "After extirpation of the pelvic ganglia the choline acetyltransferase activity decreased markedly indicating that most of the postganglionic cholinergic neurones of the bladder take this route. A small decrease in the activity of this enzyme was found after section of the hypogastric nerve, showing that these nerves contribute to some extent to the cholinergic innervation. The residual enzyme activity found after a combination of the two surgical procedures suggests that neurones relay distal to the level of the section of the hypogastric nerves and pass outside the pelvic ganglia and (or) that neurones pass the pelvic ganglia and relay distal to them. Electrical stimualtion of the hypogastric nerves after extirpation of the pelvic ganglia and the use of blocking drugs showed on the existence of cholinergic neurones passing outside the pelvic ganglia, some of them relaying distal to the point of stimulation.", "contents": "Choline acetyltransferase activity in the denervated urinary bladder of the rat. After extirpation of the pelvic ganglia the choline acetyltransferase activity decreased markedly indicating that most of the postganglionic cholinergic neurones of the bladder take this route. A small decrease in the activity of this enzyme was found after section of the hypogastric nerve, showing that these nerves contribute to some extent to the cholinergic innervation. The residual enzyme activity found after a combination of the two surgical procedures suggests that neurones relay distal to the level of the section of the hypogastric nerves and pass outside the pelvic ganglia and (or) that neurones pass the pelvic ganglia and relay distal to them. Electrical stimualtion of the hypogastric nerves after extirpation of the pelvic ganglia and the use of blocking drugs showed on the existence of cholinergic neurones passing outside the pelvic ganglia, some of them relaying distal to the point of stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:906864", "title": "Capillary permeability to albumin in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Transcapillary passage of plasma proteins is enhanced in man's primary hypertension and it is debated whether this reflects increased permeability or merely a raised capillary pressure. To elucidate this problem, maximally vasodilated hindquarters of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive controls (NCR) were perfused in parallel at constant flow with dextran, horse serum or mixtures of the two, using labelled albumin as indicator of capillary permeability to macromolecules. By equal increases of venous pressure modest filtration was maintained during one hour, after which the edema and its albumin content were determined.--There was less edema in SHR, reflectin a slightly lower postcapillary resistance and a much higher precapillary resistance compared with NCR, which here resulted in a lower capillary pressure in SHR. In both SHR and NCR the presence of dextran slightly enhanced the capillary filtration coefficient but increased albumin permeability up to tenfold, also after antihistamine drugs. However, for each perfusate the SHR capillaries were, if anything, slightly less permeable to albumin than the NCR ones.--The results suggest that the enhanced transcapillary passage of plasma proteins in primary hypertension reflects an increased capillary pressure in some circuit(s), probably mainly skeletal muscle, resulting from the functional balance in vivo between the pre- and postcapillary resistances.", "contents": "Capillary permeability to albumin in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Transcapillary passage of plasma proteins is enhanced in man's primary hypertension and it is debated whether this reflects increased permeability or merely a raised capillary pressure. To elucidate this problem, maximally vasodilated hindquarters of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive controls (NCR) were perfused in parallel at constant flow with dextran, horse serum or mixtures of the two, using labelled albumin as indicator of capillary permeability to macromolecules. By equal increases of venous pressure modest filtration was maintained during one hour, after which the edema and its albumin content were determined.--There was less edema in SHR, reflectin a slightly lower postcapillary resistance and a much higher precapillary resistance compared with NCR, which here resulted in a lower capillary pressure in SHR. In both SHR and NCR the presence of dextran slightly enhanced the capillary filtration coefficient but increased albumin permeability up to tenfold, also after antihistamine drugs. However, for each perfusate the SHR capillaries were, if anything, slightly less permeable to albumin than the NCR ones.--The results suggest that the enhanced transcapillary passage of plasma proteins in primary hypertension reflects an increased capillary pressure in some circuit(s), probably mainly skeletal muscle, resulting from the functional balance in vivo between the pre- and postcapillary resistances."}
{"id": "PMID:906865", "title": "Dependence on external calcium for the noradrenaline contractility of the resistance vessels in spontaneously hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats, as compared with normotensive controls.", "content": "Isolated hindquarters of rats were perfused at constant flow with a plasma substitute so that pressor responses to various concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) could be measured in consective sections of the vascular bed with normal (greater than 1.5 mM) or low (0.2 mM) Ca2+ in the perfusate. The animals used were 6-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats of the Okamoto strin (SHRy), normotensive controls of the same age NCRy); 6--7-month-old SHR (SHRA) and NCR (NCRA);  and rats made hypertensive by clipping of one renal artery (RHR) plus matched normotensive controls (NCRR). Concentration-response curves to NA showed that constrictor responses to NA become more dependent on external calcium as one proceeds peripherally in the vascular system in both SHRA and NCRA,  with responses in proximal vessels being least and small pre- and postcapillary vessels being most dependent in both cases. In low calcium SHRA retained their responses better than NCRA, whereas RHR retained their responses to NA poorer than did NCRR. No significant differences in responses in low calcium were observed in SHRY compared to NCRY though a trend in the same direction as in SHRA could be traced. It is concluded that there is no evidence that altered handling of calcium initiates vascular hyperreactivity in SHR, but that the handling of vascular calcium in SHR differs from RHR and both differ from NCR.", "contents": "Dependence on external calcium for the noradrenaline contractility of the resistance vessels in spontaneously hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats, as compared with normotensive controls. Isolated hindquarters of rats were perfused at constant flow with a plasma substitute so that pressor responses to various concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) could be measured in consective sections of the vascular bed with normal (greater than 1.5 mM) or low (0.2 mM) Ca2+ in the perfusate. The animals used were 6-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats of the Okamoto strin (SHRy), normotensive controls of the same age NCRy); 6--7-month-old SHR (SHRA) and NCR (NCRA);  and rats made hypertensive by clipping of one renal artery (RHR) plus matched normotensive controls (NCRR). Concentration-response curves to NA showed that constrictor responses to NA become more dependent on external calcium as one proceeds peripherally in the vascular system in both SHRA and NCRA,  with responses in proximal vessels being least and small pre- and postcapillary vessels being most dependent in both cases. In low calcium SHRA retained their responses better than NCRA, whereas RHR retained their responses to NA poorer than did NCRR. No significant differences in responses in low calcium were observed in SHRY compared to NCRY though a trend in the same direction as in SHRA could be traced. It is concluded that there is no evidence that altered handling of calcium initiates vascular hyperreactivity in SHR, but that the handling of vascular calcium in SHR differs from RHR and both differ from NCR."}
{"id": "PMID:906866", "title": "Vascular responses to mechanical stimulation of the mucosa of the cat colon.", "content": "Mechanical stimulation of the mucosa of the proximal colon evoked a hyperemia which also could be elicited when severing the autonomic fibres to the colon. Mechanical stimulation of the distal colon produced a hyperemia which, on the other hand, was abolished by cutting the pelvic nerves. Afferent pelvic nerve stimulation evoked a response similar to that seen when stimulating the distal colon. Adrenergic and cholinergic receptor blockers did not affect the studied colonic vasodilations. Dihydroergotamine, given in doses abolishing the vascular effects of i.a. injected 5-hydroxytrptamine, abolished the hyperemia to mechanical stimulation of the proximal colon but not that of the pelvic stimulation. It is concluded that a local nervous vasodilator reflex exists in the proximal colon similar to that earlier demonstrated in the small bowel (Biber et al. 1971) and that the reflex vasodilatation evoked by mechanical stimulation in the distal colon is mediated via the pelvic nerves. Hence, the vascular control differs in the proximal and in the distal parts of the colon.", "contents": "Vascular responses to mechanical stimulation of the mucosa of the cat colon. Mechanical stimulation of the mucosa of the proximal colon evoked a hyperemia which also could be elicited when severing the autonomic fibres to the colon. Mechanical stimulation of the distal colon produced a hyperemia which, on the other hand, was abolished by cutting the pelvic nerves. Afferent pelvic nerve stimulation evoked a response similar to that seen when stimulating the distal colon. Adrenergic and cholinergic receptor blockers did not affect the studied colonic vasodilations. Dihydroergotamine, given in doses abolishing the vascular effects of i.a. injected 5-hydroxytrptamine, abolished the hyperemia to mechanical stimulation of the proximal colon but not that of the pelvic stimulation. It is concluded that a local nervous vasodilator reflex exists in the proximal colon similar to that earlier demonstrated in the small bowel (Biber et al. 1971) and that the reflex vasodilatation evoked by mechanical stimulation in the distal colon is mediated via the pelvic nerves. Hence, the vascular control differs in the proximal and in the distal parts of the colon."}
{"id": "PMID:906885", "title": "Side-effects of lithium.", "content": "An account of the side-effects of 30 patients treated with lithium at Athens University Department of Psychiatry during the last two years is presented. The most frequent side-effects were: tremor of bands, polydipsia, polyuria, increase in appetite, dryness of mouth, general muscular weakness and memory reduction. Most side-effects were infrequent, mild and in no case necessitated discontinuation of treatment.", "contents": "Side-effects of lithium. An account of the side-effects of 30 patients treated with lithium at Athens University Department of Psychiatry during the last two years is presented. The most frequent side-effects were: tremor of bands, polydipsia, polyuria, increase in appetite, dryness of mouth, general muscular weakness and memory reduction. Most side-effects were infrequent, mild and in no case necessitated discontinuation of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:906884", "title": "[Neuropsychological study of mental troubles in normal pressure hydrocephaly and their short term evolution after spinal fluid derivation (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting with 8 neuropsychological detailed observations, the author has studied mental deterioration resulting from normal pressure hydrocephaly and the short term evolution of mental troubles after apinal fluid derivation. The presurgical mental troubles are characterized essentially by short term memory troubles, by behavioural troubles relating to the two poles of the frontal syndrome and by distrubances in writing and calculus. The modification of the state of consciousness, the visual constructive troubles, attention and concentration troubles, verbal language troubles and psychomotor retardation are also frequent. Aphasia and alexia are rare. Generally, postsurgical evolution is immediate and global; the troubles of consciousness, mental deterioration and behaviour disorders are parallely reduced. Globaly, three out of four troubles disappear. Memory troubles and difficulties in concentrating, although improving, are still maintained six month after ventricular drainage.", "contents": "[Neuropsychological study of mental troubles in normal pressure hydrocephaly and their short term evolution after spinal fluid derivation (author's transl)]. Starting with 8 neuropsychological detailed observations, the author has studied mental deterioration resulting from normal pressure hydrocephaly and the short term evolution of mental troubles after apinal fluid derivation. The presurgical mental troubles are characterized essentially by short term memory troubles, by behavioural troubles relating to the two poles of the frontal syndrome and by distrubances in writing and calculus. The modification of the state of consciousness, the visual constructive troubles, attention and concentration troubles, verbal language troubles and psychomotor retardation are also frequent. Aphasia and alexia are rare. Generally, postsurgical evolution is immediate and global; the troubles of consciousness, mental deterioration and behaviour disorders are parallely reduced. Globaly, three out of four troubles disappear. Memory troubles and difficulties in concentrating, although improving, are still maintained six month after ventricular drainage."}
{"id": "PMID:906886", "title": "The stress-related emotional lability syndrome. 1. Definition, psychophysiological mechanisms and a pilot experience with Orap.", "content": "Patients suffering from stress-related emotional lability are in our modern life a common phenomenon. The diagnosis is difficult by the atypical symptoms (body complaints who are suggestive for a neurosis and becomes apparent on careful questioning revealing fear of failing, rigidity and similar character traits. Also, certain tests indicate increased fear of failing and the MMPI reveals high scores for psychiasthenia. Those patients starts from a high \"baseline (endogenous) stress level. Our experience with pimozide indicates that this drug reduces the latter baseline stress level and therefore adds a valuable contribution to the treatment of such patients.", "contents": "The stress-related emotional lability syndrome. 1. Definition, psychophysiological mechanisms and a pilot experience with Orap. Patients suffering from stress-related emotional lability are in our modern life a common phenomenon. The diagnosis is difficult by the atypical symptoms (body complaints who are suggestive for a neurosis and becomes apparent on careful questioning revealing fear of failing, rigidity and similar character traits. Also, certain tests indicate increased fear of failing and the MMPI reveals high scores for psychiasthenia. Those patients starts from a high \"baseline (endogenous) stress level. Our experience with pimozide indicates that this drug reduces the latter baseline stress level and therefore adds a valuable contribution to the treatment of such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:906887", "title": "The stress-related emotional lability syndrome. II. A multicentre evaluation of Orap.", "content": "This four-week study included 336 patients aged eleven to 80 years with complaints suggestive of stress-related emotional lability, and was intened to discover a possible relationship between the effects of pimozide and the initial psychic defence phenomena in this condition: the discouragement type of reaction was registered in 243 cases, overcompensation in 80, and a mixture of the two in the remaining 13. In most cases, the daily dose of pimozide remained close to the initial 2 mg, and treatment could be entirely discontinued after three-four weeks in five patients. Control evaluation after two and four weeks revealed a significant improvement of all pathological scores of a 17-item questionnaire, but failed to show any susbstantial difference between the three subgroups. No side-effects were reported.", "contents": "The stress-related emotional lability syndrome. II. A multicentre evaluation of Orap. This four-week study included 336 patients aged eleven to 80 years with complaints suggestive of stress-related emotional lability, and was intened to discover a possible relationship between the effects of pimozide and the initial psychic defence phenomena in this condition: the discouragement type of reaction was registered in 243 cases, overcompensation in 80, and a mixture of the two in the remaining 13. In most cases, the daily dose of pimozide remained close to the initial 2 mg, and treatment could be entirely discontinued after three-four weeks in five patients. Control evaluation after two and four weeks revealed a significant improvement of all pathological scores of a 17-item questionnaire, but failed to show any susbstantial difference between the three subgroups. No side-effects were reported."}
{"id": "PMID:906890", "title": "Lymph drainage from the vulva and the foot as demonstrated by 198Au.", "content": "From the central part of the labium majus the lymphatic transport of 198Au is invariably bilateral to inguinal and pelvic lymph nodes. Thus, bilateral inguinal and low pelvic lymph-adenectomy is logical in the treatment of carcinoma of the vulva. 198Au injected subcutaneously and Lipiodol injected intralymphatically in the dorsum of the foot were transported exclusively to ipsilateral inguinal and pelvic lymph nodes. Thus, there is no need for contralateral lymphadenectomy in malignancies on the dorsum of the foot.", "contents": "Lymph drainage from the vulva and the foot as demonstrated by 198Au. From the central part of the labium majus the lymphatic transport of 198Au is invariably bilateral to inguinal and pelvic lymph nodes. Thus, bilateral inguinal and low pelvic lymph-adenectomy is logical in the treatment of carcinoma of the vulva. 198Au injected subcutaneously and Lipiodol injected intralymphatically in the dorsum of the foot were transported exclusively to ipsilateral inguinal and pelvic lymph nodes. Thus, there is no need for contralateral lymphadenectomy in malignancies on the dorsum of the foot."}
{"id": "PMID:906891", "title": "Isotope nephrography in carcinoma of the uterine cervix stage I B.", "content": "Isotope nephrography was performed in 90 cases of carcinoma of the uterine cervix stage I B before radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection. Ureteric involvement was indicated in 15 patients, 10 of these had metastases to the pelvic lymph nodes. The overall metastases detection rate was 55 per cent.", "contents": "Isotope nephrography in carcinoma of the uterine cervix stage I B. Isotope nephrography was performed in 90 cases of carcinoma of the uterine cervix stage I B before radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection. Ureteric involvement was indicated in 15 patients, 10 of these had metastases to the pelvic lymph nodes. The overall metastases detection rate was 55 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:906888", "title": "Pipamperone (Dipiperon), a useful sedative neuroleptic drug in troublesome chronic psychotic patients.", "content": "In 13 chronic schizophrenic patients (age range: 22-61 years) with troublesome behaviour and/or dysthymia, who were on maintenance treatment with a combination of incisive neuroleptics and sedative drugs, the sedative therapy was abruptly replaced by pipamperone. Dosage was gradually increased from 80 mg/day to an optimal level of 160-320 mg/day. The patients' condition was assess by Overall's \"Factor Construct Rating Scale\" and a 4-item questionnaire for sleep disorders. Pipamperone proved to be very rapidly effective in patients with prominent sleep disorders and/or agitation. Improvement was also significant for various other items of the two rating scales. No pipamperone-related side-effects were observed or reported.", "contents": "Pipamperone (Dipiperon), a useful sedative neuroleptic drug in troublesome chronic psychotic patients. In 13 chronic schizophrenic patients (age range: 22-61 years) with troublesome behaviour and/or dysthymia, who were on maintenance treatment with a combination of incisive neuroleptics and sedative drugs, the sedative therapy was abruptly replaced by pipamperone. Dosage was gradually increased from 80 mg/day to an optimal level of 160-320 mg/day. The patients' condition was assess by Overall's \"Factor Construct Rating Scale\" and a 4-item questionnaire for sleep disorders. Pipamperone proved to be very rapidly effective in patients with prominent sleep disorders and/or agitation. Improvement was also significant for various other items of the two rating scales. No pipamperone-related side-effects were observed or reported."}
{"id": "PMID:906892", "title": "Cerebrospinal irradiation of Burkitt's lymphoma. Failure in preventing central nervous system relapse.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with Burkitt's lymphoma in complete remission induced by either cyclophosphamide or a combination of cyclophosphamide, oncovin and methotrexate were randomized to receive or not to receive prophylactic cerebrospinal irradiation. Six of 11 irradiated patients relapsed with tumour of the central nervous system as compared to 4 of 11 controls. Relapse frequency appeared to be related to stage of disease on admission. It is concluded that irradiation does not prevent relapse.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal irradiation of Burkitt's lymphoma. Failure in preventing central nervous system relapse. Twenty-two patients with Burkitt's lymphoma in complete remission induced by either cyclophosphamide or a combination of cyclophosphamide, oncovin and methotrexate were randomized to receive or not to receive prophylactic cerebrospinal irradiation. Six of 11 irradiated patients relapsed with tumour of the central nervous system as compared to 4 of 11 controls. Relapse frequency appeared to be related to stage of disease on admission. It is concluded that irradiation does not prevent relapse."}
{"id": "PMID:906893", "title": "Effect of radioprotective aminothiols on the induction and repair of single-strand breaks in the DNA of irradiated mammalian cells.", "content": "The effect of cysteamine and 2-mercapto-propionyl-glycine on the induction and repair of single-strand breaks in the DNA of Chinese hamster cells by irradiation in vitro in the presence of oxygen or in anoxia was investigated. The substances protected against the formation of breaks by irradiation both under oxic and anoxic conditions. The substances also exhibited a toxic effect which resulted in degradation of DNA. Cysteamine inhibited the rejoining of breaks after radiation exposure.", "contents": "Effect of radioprotective aminothiols on the induction and repair of single-strand breaks in the DNA of irradiated mammalian cells. The effect of cysteamine and 2-mercapto-propionyl-glycine on the induction and repair of single-strand breaks in the DNA of Chinese hamster cells by irradiation in vitro in the presence of oxygen or in anoxia was investigated. The substances protected against the formation of breaks by irradiation both under oxic and anoxic conditions. The substances also exhibited a toxic effect which resulted in degradation of DNA. Cysteamine inhibited the rejoining of breaks after radiation exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:906894", "title": "Cell migration following irradiation of the skin in mice. Effect of shielding minute areas.", "content": "In hairless mice, dorsal skin flaps were exposed to 15 kV roentgen radiation. Thin metal wires were stretched across the field. At eight different intervals, up to 6 days, and following Colcemid injection, the number and location of mitoses in the epidermis were recorded. The regeneration observed in the irradiated parts of the epidermis seems to be due to migration of cells from shielded areas, the rate during the first 6 days being about 1/6 mm per day. Migration takes place along the basal membrane of the epidermis before any increased loss of cells in superficial layers has occurred.", "contents": "Cell migration following irradiation of the skin in mice. Effect of shielding minute areas. In hairless mice, dorsal skin flaps were exposed to 15 kV roentgen radiation. Thin metal wires were stretched across the field. At eight different intervals, up to 6 days, and following Colcemid injection, the number and location of mitoses in the epidermis were recorded. The regeneration observed in the irradiated parts of the epidermis seems to be due to migration of cells from shielded areas, the rate during the first 6 days being about 1/6 mm per day. Migration takes place along the basal membrane of the epidermis before any increased loss of cells in superficial layers has occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:906896", "title": "Effect of clinically relevant irradiation regimes on human malignant melanomas grown in athymic nude mice.", "content": "Human tumors grown subcutaneously in the thymus deficient nude mice are used as a model system to compare the effectiveness of clinically relevant irradiation regimes. Procedures for local irradiation of the tumors with 60Co radiation are described in detail. A preliminary test of the regression of two malignant melanomas, following three clinically relevant fractionation schedules, is performed. The overall treatment time and the nominal standard dose (NSD) are kept equal for the irradiation regimes chosen.", "contents": "Effect of clinically relevant irradiation regimes on human malignant melanomas grown in athymic nude mice. Human tumors grown subcutaneously in the thymus deficient nude mice are used as a model system to compare the effectiveness of clinically relevant irradiation regimes. Procedures for local irradiation of the tumors with 60Co radiation are described in detail. A preliminary test of the regression of two malignant melanomas, following three clinically relevant fractionation schedules, is performed. The overall treatment time and the nominal standard dose (NSD) are kept equal for the irradiation regimes chosen."}
{"id": "PMID:906895", "title": "Effect of radiation therapy on the mitogenic response of in vitro irradiated human lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin.", "content": "Irradiation of human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro reduces their capacity to be triggered to DNA-synthesis by PHA in a two-dose shaped fashion suggesting the presence of one relatively radiation sensitive and one relatively resistant cell population. Intracavitary and external radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterus and vagina, which reduced the lymphocyte counts by approximately 66 per cent, did not significantly change the ratio of these subpopulations, indicating that PHA-reactive cells cannot be grouped into radiation sensitive and resistant subpopulations.", "contents": "Effect of radiation therapy on the mitogenic response of in vitro irradiated human lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin. Irradiation of human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro reduces their capacity to be triggered to DNA-synthesis by PHA in a two-dose shaped fashion suggesting the presence of one relatively radiation sensitive and one relatively resistant cell population. Intracavitary and external radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterus and vagina, which reduced the lymphocyte counts by approximately 66 per cent, did not significantly change the ratio of these subpopulations, indicating that PHA-reactive cells cannot be grouped into radiation sensitive and resistant subpopulations."}
{"id": "PMID:906897", "title": "Effect of finite exposure slits in determination of the line spread function and modulation transfer function.", "content": "The modulation transfer function of radiologic imaging systems is commonly obtained by determining the line spread function (LSF) of the system and computing its Fourier transform. Ideally, LSF should be obtained with infinitesimally narrow slits. The use of finite slits for obtaining the LSF is analyzed theoretically. An expression for the MTF of a finite rectangular slit is derived. Slit width correction of observed MTF is discussed as well as the correction for any generalized slit configuration.", "contents": "Effect of finite exposure slits in determination of the line spread function and modulation transfer function. The modulation transfer function of radiologic imaging systems is commonly obtained by determining the line spread function (LSF) of the system and computing its Fourier transform. Ideally, LSF should be obtained with infinitesimally narrow slits. The use of finite slits for obtaining the LSF is analyzed theoretically. An expression for the MTF of a finite rectangular slit is derived. Slit width correction of observed MTF is discussed as well as the correction for any generalized slit configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:906898", "title": "Effects of medial and dorsal prefrontal ablations on a go left-go right time discrimination task in dogs.", "content": "Normal dogs were trained on a go left-go right time discrimination task involving 10 and 30 s of bodily restraint. The performance deteriorated after medial prefrontal ablations, whereas dorsal damage produced no effect. The impairment in this task is unrelated to the delayed response deficit, which has been reported to follow dorsal but not medial lesions. It is suggested that kinesthetic processes are involved in time discrimination performance, and that the medial prefrontal cortex mediates spatial responding based on kinesthetic cues.", "contents": "Effects of medial and dorsal prefrontal ablations on a go left-go right time discrimination task in dogs. Normal dogs were trained on a go left-go right time discrimination task involving 10 and 30 s of bodily restraint. The performance deteriorated after medial prefrontal ablations, whereas dorsal damage produced no effect. The impairment in this task is unrelated to the delayed response deficit, which has been reported to follow dorsal but not medial lesions. It is suggested that kinesthetic processes are involved in time discrimination performance, and that the medial prefrontal cortex mediates spatial responding based on kinesthetic cues."}
{"id": "PMID:906889", "title": "Pimozide (Orap) in patients with pseudo-neurotic behaviour.", "content": "Pimozide 2-12 mg (median 4 mg) was tried for ten weeks in 44 pseudo-neurotic patients. Unsuccessfully used tranquillizers were continued and the use of the antiparkinsonian agent dexetimide was allowed if needed. By the end of the study, a considerable improvement was observed for the vast majority of the items of the Wittenborn psychiatric scale. Their socio-professional adaptation showed a similar tendency. Dexetimide was required in four patients who received high doses of pimozide.", "contents": "Pimozide (Orap) in patients with pseudo-neurotic behaviour. Pimozide 2-12 mg (median 4 mg) was tried for ten weeks in 44 pseudo-neurotic patients. Unsuccessfully used tranquillizers were continued and the use of the antiparkinsonian agent dexetimide was allowed if needed. By the end of the study, a considerable improvement was observed for the vast majority of the items of the Wittenborn psychiatric scale. Their socio-professional adaptation showed a similar tendency. Dexetimide was required in four patients who received high doses of pimozide."}
{"id": "PMID:906901", "title": "Intra-arterial basie dye studies of the blood-CSF and blood-brain barriers.", "content": "1. The permeability of the blood-CSF barrier was tested by injecting highly diffusible basic dyes into the common carotid artery and aspiration of the cisterna magna during or shortly after the injection. None of the dyes appeared in the CSF. 2. The appearance of similarly administered basic dyes were observed in the exposed cerebral cortex. Some of the basic dyes appeared in the cortex immediately after a few drops of dye were injected. This contradicts the assumption that staining of the brain by basic dyes is a post-vital process. 3. The difference between the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier and the blood-brain barrier proves the fundamentally different characters of the two barriers.", "contents": "Intra-arterial basie dye studies of the blood-CSF and blood-brain barriers. 1. The permeability of the blood-CSF barrier was tested by injecting highly diffusible basic dyes into the common carotid artery and aspiration of the cisterna magna during or shortly after the injection. None of the dyes appeared in the CSF. 2. The appearance of similarly administered basic dyes were observed in the exposed cerebral cortex. Some of the basic dyes appeared in the cortex immediately after a few drops of dye were injected. This contradicts the assumption that staining of the brain by basic dyes is a post-vital process. 3. The difference between the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier and the blood-brain barrier proves the fundamentally different characters of the two barriers."}
{"id": "PMID:906902", "title": "Superficial temproal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis for internal carotid occlusion.", "content": "The observations presented are based on 11 patients who had suffered from stroke caused by internal carotid occlusion. In all cases an anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery (STA) and a cortical temporal branch of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was done. This resulted in a considerable additional blood supply from the external carotid to the affected middle cerebral circulation. The extent of the territory of the MCA irrigated by the STA depends upon the different anatomical configurations of the MCA. There was a considerable improvement in neurological status even in the chronic post-stroke stage. A topographical correlation between the postoperative angiographically identified increase of rCBF and the recovery or considerable improvement of neurological functions was not ascertained.", "contents": "Superficial temproal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis for internal carotid occlusion. The observations presented are based on 11 patients who had suffered from stroke caused by internal carotid occlusion. In all cases an anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery (STA) and a cortical temporal branch of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was done. This resulted in a considerable additional blood supply from the external carotid to the affected middle cerebral circulation. The extent of the territory of the MCA irrigated by the STA depends upon the different anatomical configurations of the MCA. There was a considerable improvement in neurological status even in the chronic post-stroke stage. A topographical correlation between the postoperative angiographically identified increase of rCBF and the recovery or considerable improvement of neurological functions was not ascertained."}
{"id": "PMID:906904", "title": "Serum activities of hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) and the isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) as an index of traumatic brain injury.", "content": "The lactate dehydrogenase (LD), the hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), and the LD isoenzyme activities in serum were followed in the posttraumatic period in 113 patients with cranio-cerebral injury, 70 of whom had verified brain contusion--laceration. In patients with brain contusion the HBD activity, known to be exerted mainly by the anodal LD isoenzyme fractions dominating in brain tissue, was significantly raised in 91% of the blood samples taken within four hours, and in 92% of the samples taken between 12 and 24 hours after trauma, while it was within normal limits in all the samples taken within four hours in patients with brain concussion, and increased in only 17% of the concussion patients 12-24 hours after trauma. The LD1 and the LD1+2 activities were of less diagnostic importance in blood samples taken during the first 24 hours. However, after 24 hours the LD1 activity was as informative as the HBD activity. The LD1 activity was normal in all concussion patients from the third day after trauma, while 78% of the contusion patients still showed raised LD1 activity then. The determination of HBD activity in serum in the immediate post-traumatic period is recommended as an appropriate method for screening parenchymatous brain injury. A complete LD isoenzyme separation may later add some further information in doubtful cases.", "contents": "Serum activities of hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) and the isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) as an index of traumatic brain injury. The lactate dehydrogenase (LD), the hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), and the LD isoenzyme activities in serum were followed in the posttraumatic period in 113 patients with cranio-cerebral injury, 70 of whom had verified brain contusion--laceration. In patients with brain contusion the HBD activity, known to be exerted mainly by the anodal LD isoenzyme fractions dominating in brain tissue, was significantly raised in 91% of the blood samples taken within four hours, and in 92% of the samples taken between 12 and 24 hours after trauma, while it was within normal limits in all the samples taken within four hours in patients with brain concussion, and increased in only 17% of the concussion patients 12-24 hours after trauma. The LD1 and the LD1+2 activities were of less diagnostic importance in blood samples taken during the first 24 hours. However, after 24 hours the LD1 activity was as informative as the HBD activity. The LD1 activity was normal in all concussion patients from the third day after trauma, while 78% of the contusion patients still showed raised LD1 activity then. The determination of HBD activity in serum in the immediate post-traumatic period is recommended as an appropriate method for screening parenchymatous brain injury. A complete LD isoenzyme separation may later add some further information in doubtful cases."}
{"id": "PMID:906905", "title": "Haematological aspects of hypophyseal tumours.", "content": "This paper is devoted to the study of anaemia in patients with hypophyseal tumours. Anaemia with a red blood cell count of 2.4 million/mm3 to 3.9 million/mm3 was found in 60 of 280 patients (21.7%) with hypophyseal tumours; 52 of the 60 patients were operated on. Similar changes were observed in 25 of 60 cases (41.7%) of craniopharyngioma. Apart from anaemia and a low haemoglobin some of the patients also had anisocytosis, anisochromia, leucocytosis, and haemolytic shock.", "contents": "Haematological aspects of hypophyseal tumours. This paper is devoted to the study of anaemia in patients with hypophyseal tumours. Anaemia with a red blood cell count of 2.4 million/mm3 to 3.9 million/mm3 was found in 60 of 280 patients (21.7%) with hypophyseal tumours; 52 of the 60 patients were operated on. Similar changes were observed in 25 of 60 cases (41.7%) of craniopharyngioma. Apart from anaemia and a low haemoglobin some of the patients also had anisocytosis, anisochromia, leucocytosis, and haemolytic shock."}
{"id": "PMID:906906", "title": "[An investigation into the levels of a trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole combination in the ventricular fluid of neurosurgical patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of measurements of Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole (Bactrim, Eusaprim) levels in the CSF of seven patients with intact meninges are reported. The maximum fluid concentration of non-protein-bound SMZ was approximately 46.5%. The TMP value was 68.9%. With this combination of drugs it is possible to achieve a high CSF level of broadspectrum chemotherapeutic substances in neurosurgical patients.", "contents": "[An investigation into the levels of a trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole combination in the ventricular fluid of neurosurgical patients (author's transl)]. Results of measurements of Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole (Bactrim, Eusaprim) levels in the CSF of seven patients with intact meninges are reported. The maximum fluid concentration of non-protein-bound SMZ was approximately 46.5%. The TMP value was 68.9%. With this combination of drugs it is possible to achieve a high CSF level of broadspectrum chemotherapeutic substances in neurosurgical patients."}
{"id": "PMID:906903", "title": "Non-penetrating trauma to the carotid artery with secondary thrombosis and embolism: treatment by thrombolysin.", "content": "A case of partially occluding post-traumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery and secondary embolism of the middle cerebral artery is reported. The patient was treated with Thrombolysin with coincident resolution of clinical symptoms and signs and clearing of the lesions on arteriography. This may have been fortuitous. The subject of traumatic carotid artery thrombosis is reviewed in detail, and its pathophysiology is discussed, especially in relation to facts known about occlusive vascular disease secondary to atherosclerosis and related embolic phenomena. Suggestions are made concerning the treatment of this condition, especially with regard to developing rational criteria for opening vascular beds through evaluation of collateral cerebral blood flow. The uses of microvascular surgical techniques and thrombolytic therapy are considered.", "contents": "Non-penetrating trauma to the carotid artery with secondary thrombosis and embolism: treatment by thrombolysin. A case of partially occluding post-traumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery and secondary embolism of the middle cerebral artery is reported. The patient was treated with Thrombolysin with coincident resolution of clinical symptoms and signs and clearing of the lesions on arteriography. This may have been fortuitous. The subject of traumatic carotid artery thrombosis is reviewed in detail, and its pathophysiology is discussed, especially in relation to facts known about occlusive vascular disease secondary to atherosclerosis and related embolic phenomena. Suggestions are made concerning the treatment of this condition, especially with regard to developing rational criteria for opening vascular beds through evaluation of collateral cerebral blood flow. The uses of microvascular surgical techniques and thrombolytic therapy are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:906907", "title": "[Dural tension and skull growth (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of animal experiments on rabbits the significance of dural tension in relation to skull growth is emphasised. Our findings support our \"new points of view on the pathology and therapy of craniosynostosis\", previously published in this journal.", "contents": "[Dural tension and skull growth (author's transl)]. By means of animal experiments on rabbits the significance of dural tension in relation to skull growth is emphasised. Our findings support our \"new points of view on the pathology and therapy of craniosynostosis\", previously published in this journal."}
{"id": "PMID:906918", "title": "Nutritional significance of cross-link formation during food processing.", "content": "When proteins are severely heated, in the presence or absence of sugars, the fall in nutritional value appears to be largely, although not completely, explained by reduced protein digestibility. All amino acids are considerably reduced in availability; which is in contrast to early Maillard damage which occurs under mild conditions of heating or storage in the presence of reducing sugars and affects mainly lysine. It seems that corss-linkages are formed in the severely heated protein or protein-sugar mixes and that these reduce the rate of protein digestion. When freeze-dried chicken muscle (15% H2O content) was severely heated its protein shown a great fall in digestibility but its value for supporting growth in the rat had fallen even more. Aspartyl-lysine and glutamyl-lysine cross-linkages, which had been formed during heating, appeared to be as digestible as the total N component and it seems that once they are released from the protein chain they can be absorbed and utilized.", "contents": "Nutritional significance of cross-link formation during food processing. When proteins are severely heated, in the presence or absence of sugars, the fall in nutritional value appears to be largely, although not completely, explained by reduced protein digestibility. All amino acids are considerably reduced in availability; which is in contrast to early Maillard damage which occurs under mild conditions of heating or storage in the presence of reducing sugars and affects mainly lysine. It seems that corss-linkages are formed in the severely heated protein or protein-sugar mixes and that these reduce the rate of protein digestion. When freeze-dried chicken muscle (15% H2O content) was severely heated its protein shown a great fall in digestibility but its value for supporting growth in the rat had fallen even more. Aspartyl-lysine and glutamyl-lysine cross-linkages, which had been formed during heating, appeared to be as digestible as the total N component and it seems that once they are released from the protein chain they can be absorbed and utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:906919", "title": "Heat induced crosslinks in milk proteins and consequences for the milk system.", "content": "The protein system of milk is rather unusual, there are nearly no interchain crosslinks found. Even intrachain crosslinks, especially disulfide bridges, are present only in about every fourth protein molecule. Heating causes dramatic changes in the structure of milk proteins, resulting in the formation of polymeric networks. The contribution of individual milk proteins, namely the beta-lactoglobulins, alpha-lactalbumin and chi-casein, to the formation of crosslinks is studied with respect to heating temperature and time, pH and atmosphere. Measured are changes in molecular weights and in the SH/SS-levels as well as the formation of dehydroalanine, lysinoalanine, lanthionine and isopeptide bonds. Some practical aspects of crosslinking in milk proteins are discussed.", "contents": "Heat induced crosslinks in milk proteins and consequences for the milk system. The protein system of milk is rather unusual, there are nearly no interchain crosslinks found. Even intrachain crosslinks, especially disulfide bridges, are present only in about every fourth protein molecule. Heating causes dramatic changes in the structure of milk proteins, resulting in the formation of polymeric networks. The contribution of individual milk proteins, namely the beta-lactoglobulins, alpha-lactalbumin and chi-casein, to the formation of crosslinks is studied with respect to heating temperature and time, pH and atmosphere. Measured are changes in molecular weights and in the SH/SS-levels as well as the formation of dehydroalanine, lysinoalanine, lanthionine and isopeptide bonds. Some practical aspects of crosslinking in milk proteins are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906920", "title": "The complete enzymic hydrolysis of crosslinked proteins.", "content": "Procedures used for the complete enzymic hydrolysis of proteins are reviewed. The successful application of complete enzymic hydrolysis in the detection of naturally occurring isopeptide crosslinks and various other types of chemically introduced crosslinks is described. The method may fail if the level of crosslinking is too high, or if crosslinking is accompanied by racemization. Although it is usual to cleave disulphide crosslinks prior to enzymic digestion, the necessity for this in all cases is questioned.", "contents": "The complete enzymic hydrolysis of crosslinked proteins. Procedures used for the complete enzymic hydrolysis of proteins are reviewed. The successful application of complete enzymic hydrolysis in the detection of naturally occurring isopeptide crosslinks and various other types of chemically introduced crosslinks is described. The method may fail if the level of crosslinking is too high, or if crosslinking is accompanied by racemization. Although it is usual to cleave disulphide crosslinks prior to enzymic digestion, the necessity for this in all cases is questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:906925", "title": "The physical aspects with respect to water and non-enzymatic browning.", "content": "Non-enzymatic browning is one of the major probles that occurs during the processing and storage of dehydrated and semi-moist foods. One type of browning is the Maillard reaction between reducing sugars and proteins or free amines. This leads to a darkening of color, protein insolubility with subsequent possible nutrition loss and a bitter off-flavor. The reaction has been extensively researched since the early 1940's. From a storage standpoint, browning rate increases as water activity (aw) increases up to a maximum where reactant dilution causes a subsequent decrease in rate. Use of liquid humectants in high moisture foods increase phase volume and viscosity, thereby lowering the aw of the rate maximum. These humectants thus act as inhibitors at high aw. Sorbitol also decreases the rate by a viscosity effect. Kinetic studies at normal storage conditions show browning to occur by a zero order reaction although the sugar and amine initial reaction occurs by first order. Studies with Tetrahymena show that the initial Schiff's base and reaction products may be partially biologically available although chemical assays show up to 50% loss of protein value. For dehydrated foods the zero order kinetics can be used to predict shelf life under a variable time-temperature-humidity condition.", "contents": "The physical aspects with respect to water and non-enzymatic browning. Non-enzymatic browning is one of the major probles that occurs during the processing and storage of dehydrated and semi-moist foods. One type of browning is the Maillard reaction between reducing sugars and proteins or free amines. This leads to a darkening of color, protein insolubility with subsequent possible nutrition loss and a bitter off-flavor. The reaction has been extensively researched since the early 1940's. From a storage standpoint, browning rate increases as water activity (aw) increases up to a maximum where reactant dilution causes a subsequent decrease in rate. Use of liquid humectants in high moisture foods increase phase volume and viscosity, thereby lowering the aw of the rate maximum. These humectants thus act as inhibitors at high aw. Sorbitol also decreases the rate by a viscosity effect. Kinetic studies at normal storage conditions show browning to occur by a zero order reaction although the sugar and amine initial reaction occurs by first order. Studies with Tetrahymena show that the initial Schiff's base and reaction products may be partially biologically available although chemical assays show up to 50% loss of protein value. For dehydrated foods the zero order kinetics can be used to predict shelf life under a variable time-temperature-humidity condition."}
{"id": "PMID:906926", "title": "The possible utilization of the 1-amino-1-deoxy-2-ketose compounds between amino acids and carbohydrates as foodstuff integrators.", "content": "The behavior of the primary products (1-amino-1-deoxy-2-ketose-derivatives) from amino acids and monosaccharides in the Maillard reaction to the action of pepsin, trypsin, chymostrypsin and of heating has been investigated, in order to test the possibility of their utilization as foodstuff integrators. The behavior is very different from the corresponding behavior of the original amino acids.", "contents": "The possible utilization of the 1-amino-1-deoxy-2-ketose compounds between amino acids and carbohydrates as foodstuff integrators. The behavior of the primary products (1-amino-1-deoxy-2-ketose-derivatives) from amino acids and monosaccharides in the Maillard reaction to the action of pepsin, trypsin, chymostrypsin and of heating has been investigated, in order to test the possibility of their utilization as foodstuff integrators. The behavior is very different from the corresponding behavior of the original amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:906929", "title": "Nutritional copper deficiency and penicillamine administration: some effects on bone collagen and arterial elastin crosslinking.", "content": "Nutritional copper deficiency effects marked changes in the crosslinking of collagen and elastin, presumably in relationship to copper's role as a cofactor for lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase controls one of the initial steps in the crosslinking of elastin and collagen, i.e., the conversion of peptidyl lysine or hydroxylysine residues to peptidyl alpha-aminoadipic-delta-semialdehyde derivatives. Once lysine-derived aldehydic functions in collagen and elastin are formed, crosslinks occur via aldol and Schiff-base type condensations. A decrease in the degree of crosslinking results in changes in the biomechanical properties of both collagen- and elastin-rich tissues. Some of these changes are described with respect to chick bone and aorta. Likewise, penicillamine blocks crosslinking reactions. In this case, however, it is probably because of the formation of thiazolidine complexes between penicillamine aldehydic functions. The administration of penicillamine at different levels to young growing chicks allows the isolation of fibrous insoluble elastin varying in aldehyde content.", "contents": "Nutritional copper deficiency and penicillamine administration: some effects on bone collagen and arterial elastin crosslinking. Nutritional copper deficiency effects marked changes in the crosslinking of collagen and elastin, presumably in relationship to copper's role as a cofactor for lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase controls one of the initial steps in the crosslinking of elastin and collagen, i.e., the conversion of peptidyl lysine or hydroxylysine residues to peptidyl alpha-aminoadipic-delta-semialdehyde derivatives. Once lysine-derived aldehydic functions in collagen and elastin are formed, crosslinks occur via aldol and Schiff-base type condensations. A decrease in the degree of crosslinking results in changes in the biomechanical properties of both collagen- and elastin-rich tissues. Some of these changes are described with respect to chick bone and aorta. Likewise, penicillamine blocks crosslinking reactions. In this case, however, it is probably because of the formation of thiazolidine complexes between penicillamine aldehydic functions. The administration of penicillamine at different levels to young growing chicks allows the isolation of fibrous insoluble elastin varying in aldehyde content."}
{"id": "PMID:906931", "title": "[Dependence of age and cell-mediated immunity by newborn and adult children (author's transl)].", "content": "In a course study the parameters of cellular immunoreaction were elaborated in more than 100 childrens by means of the lymphocyte transformations test and the macrophage migration inhibitiontest. Homologous and autologous lymphocytes were used as antigens. In addition tests were performed with PHA-M, PPD and bacterial antigens. In the center of the research is the problem of the functional structure of the stem-cell pool and the regulatory mechanisms of the systems as a whole. This basis biological property is the prerequisite for many reactions of the cellular immune system. Therefore, lymphocyte transformation tests appear to be a valuable diagnostic approach to define primary and secondary immuno deficiency associated with different diseases. The various results in the lymphocyte transformation test are presented in relation to age, diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "[Dependence of age and cell-mediated immunity by newborn and adult children (author's transl)]. In a course study the parameters of cellular immunoreaction were elaborated in more than 100 childrens by means of the lymphocyte transformations test and the macrophage migration inhibitiontest. Homologous and autologous lymphocytes were used as antigens. In addition tests were performed with PHA-M, PPD and bacterial antigens. In the center of the research is the problem of the functional structure of the stem-cell pool and the regulatory mechanisms of the systems as a whole. This basis biological property is the prerequisite for many reactions of the cellular immune system. Therefore, lymphocyte transformation tests appear to be a valuable diagnostic approach to define primary and secondary immuno deficiency associated with different diseases. The various results in the lymphocyte transformation test are presented in relation to age, diagnosis and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:906932", "title": "[Anthropometric studies in healthy children of a large town. I. Methods].", "content": "Based on the development of systematic investigations into child growth in the GDR, the importance of normal values of exact anthropometric parameters, which have to be checked every 10 years, is to be emphasized. For this reason, 1500 patients of the Pediatric Clinic of the Erfurt Medical School in the age between 1 and 3,5 years, were anthropometrically measured applying the slightly modified definitions by Martin-Saller 1959. Body length, trunk length, width of shoulders and pelvis as well as 10 limb measures and 7 skull measures were taken.", "contents": "[Anthropometric studies in healthy children of a large town. I. Methods]. Based on the development of systematic investigations into child growth in the GDR, the importance of normal values of exact anthropometric parameters, which have to be checked every 10 years, is to be emphasized. For this reason, 1500 patients of the Pediatric Clinic of the Erfurt Medical School in the age between 1 and 3,5 years, were anthropometrically measured applying the slightly modified definitions by Martin-Saller 1959. Body length, trunk length, width of shoulders and pelvis as well as 10 limb measures and 7 skull measures were taken."}
{"id": "PMID:906933", "title": "[Anthropometric studies in healthy children of a large town. 2. Results and normal values].", "content": "Mean values and standard deviations found in a population of 1500 children in the age between 1 and 3,5 years of 21 anthropometric parameters are given. They are statistically different and can be used as normal values. The growth of boys and girls is shown to be steady with age, in particular, as for as length and width measures are concerned. There are some significant sex differences. The practical use of the results is tested at present.", "contents": "[Anthropometric studies in healthy children of a large town. 2. Results and normal values]. Mean values and standard deviations found in a population of 1500 children in the age between 1 and 3,5 years of 21 anthropometric parameters are given. They are statistically different and can be used as normal values. The growth of boys and girls is shown to be steady with age, in particular, as for as length and width measures are concerned. There are some significant sex differences. The practical use of the results is tested at present."}
{"id": "PMID:906934", "title": "[Sexual development and behaviour in young female workers (author's transl)].", "content": "With the help of a standardized questionnaire in 1968 100 young female workers and in 1976 133 were asked in anonymous and written manner about different sexual development and about sexual behaviour. In the center of the inquest were the following questions: age of sex enlightment--age of menarche--age of first sexual intercourse and its motivation--personal attitude to pregnancy and contraception. Both of the groups mentioned were workers under equal conditions. Within eight years sexual development and sexual behaviour of the youth were compared.", "contents": "[Sexual development and behaviour in young female workers (author's transl)]. With the help of a standardized questionnaire in 1968 100 young female workers and in 1976 133 were asked in anonymous and written manner about different sexual development and about sexual behaviour. In the center of the inquest were the following questions: age of sex enlightment--age of menarche--age of first sexual intercourse and its motivation--personal attitude to pregnancy and contraception. Both of the groups mentioned were workers under equal conditions. Within eight years sexual development and sexual behaviour of the youth were compared."}
{"id": "PMID:906935", "title": "[From the shape of holidays for oligophren children and youth in the holiday camp at Pepelow at the Baltic Sea (Salt Bay) by rehabilitation (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported from a holiday camp for children and youth arranged in summer 1975 at Pepelow on the Baltic Sea (Salt Bay) for the purpose of rehabilitation. By this shape of holidays the partical sphere of the process of training and education, namely the qualification of those oligophren ones in spending an ingenious leisure, should be noticed and contributed to educating those imbecile boys and girls, who are participating their holidays in a camp for their \"relative independence*. The camp was a success for all the participators. Substantially contributed by appointed pedagogical assistors with a strong sense of duty, permanently accustomed to an exampled pedagogical-medical common task of rehabilitation.", "contents": "[From the shape of holidays for oligophren children and youth in the holiday camp at Pepelow at the Baltic Sea (Salt Bay) by rehabilitation (author's transl)]. It is reported from a holiday camp for children and youth arranged in summer 1975 at Pepelow on the Baltic Sea (Salt Bay) for the purpose of rehabilitation. By this shape of holidays the partical sphere of the process of training and education, namely the qualification of those oligophren ones in spending an ingenious leisure, should be noticed and contributed to educating those imbecile boys and girls, who are participating their holidays in a camp for their \"relative independence*. The camp was a success for all the participators. Substantially contributed by appointed pedagogical assistors with a strong sense of duty, permanently accustomed to an exampled pedagogical-medical common task of rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:906957", "title": "Sources and dissemination of contamination in material handling operations.", "content": "To assess the potential risks to personnel preparing feed for carcinogen bioassay research, a tracer was mixed with a meal diet to yield 10 kg batches of 100, 3,000 and 5,890 ppm. Wipe samples were obtained from horizontal and vertical surfaces, equipment and personnel before operations began, after they were completed, and following clean-up. Total and respirable suspended particulate matter samples were obtained. All operations led to contamination of clothing and equipment; cleaning did not remove all contamination. These results, obtained in a well controlled environment in which trained and well protected personnel were working, suggest that a higher level of process control may be required for adequate protection of personnel performing material handling operations with known or suspected carcinogens.", "contents": "Sources and dissemination of contamination in material handling operations. To assess the potential risks to personnel preparing feed for carcinogen bioassay research, a tracer was mixed with a meal diet to yield 10 kg batches of 100, 3,000 and 5,890 ppm. Wipe samples were obtained from horizontal and vertical surfaces, equipment and personnel before operations began, after they were completed, and following clean-up. Total and respirable suspended particulate matter samples were obtained. All operations led to contamination of clothing and equipment; cleaning did not remove all contamination. These results, obtained in a well controlled environment in which trained and well protected personnel were working, suggest that a higher level of process control may be required for adequate protection of personnel performing material handling operations with known or suspected carcinogens."}
{"id": "PMID:906958", "title": "Further comments on novel schedule TLVs.", "content": "The general formula approach for the development of TLVs for novel work schedules represents a reasonable first attempt in dealing with this new industrial health problem. However, several additional factors should be considered in the derivation of novel work schedule TLVs. They include: 1. the individuals who are at increased risk with respect to the pollutant in question; 2. the possible influences of rotational changes and disrupted circadian rhythms on health status of workers adopting the proposed novel schedules; 3. the type of toxicologic response to be affected and the degree of safety margin built into the TLV; 4. the metabolic rate and fate of the substance in the individual.", "contents": "Further comments on novel schedule TLVs. The general formula approach for the development of TLVs for novel work schedules represents a reasonable first attempt in dealing with this new industrial health problem. However, several additional factors should be considered in the derivation of novel work schedule TLVs. They include: 1. the individuals who are at increased risk with respect to the pollutant in question; 2. the possible influences of rotational changes and disrupted circadian rhythms on health status of workers adopting the proposed novel schedules; 3. the type of toxicologic response to be affected and the degree of safety margin built into the TLV; 4. the metabolic rate and fate of the substance in the individual."}
{"id": "PMID:906959", "title": "A plan for baccalaureat education in occupational hygiene.", "content": "Educational requirements for industrial hygienists will continue to expand with the increasing need to monitor and control hazardous agents and to comply with more stringent OSHA regulations. A proposed baccalaureat program in occupational hygiene, designed to meet these needs, is presented. Emerging areas of responsibility in occupationally-induced disease prevention and the resulting educational requirements are discussed. A proposed curriculum and course descriptions are included.", "contents": "A plan for baccalaureat education in occupational hygiene. Educational requirements for industrial hygienists will continue to expand with the increasing need to monitor and control hazardous agents and to comply with more stringent OSHA regulations. A proposed baccalaureat program in occupational hygiene, designed to meet these needs, is presented. Emerging areas of responsibility in occupationally-induced disease prevention and the resulting educational requirements are discussed. A proposed curriculum and course descriptions are included."}
{"id": "PMID:906960", "title": "A field study of near ultraviolet welding irradiance.", "content": "Spectral irradiance in the near U.V. was measured for several welding operations at a large steel fabrication shop. The variations of spectral irradiance with time were measured and a brief study of the effects of amperage welding rod, and distance was performed. At the measurement distance used in this study the proposed standard for near U.V. was not exceeded.", "contents": "A field study of near ultraviolet welding irradiance. Spectral irradiance in the near U.V. was measured for several welding operations at a large steel fabrication shop. The variations of spectral irradiance with time were measured and a brief study of the effects of amperage welding rod, and distance was performed. At the measurement distance used in this study the proposed standard for near U.V. was not exceeded."}
{"id": "PMID:906961", "title": "Performance of single-use respirators.", "content": "Six models of single-use dust respirators were evaluated for NaCl aerosol leakage while being worn by human test subjects. The respirators were evaluated for their ability to fit a wide range of facial sizes, for changes in efficiency after storage in a humid atmosphere; and for consistency of protection when worn for a six-hour work shift. Results indicate that only two of the six models tested provided a protection factor of 5 to all members of a 10 person test panel. Storage in a humid atmosphere had no detectable effect on five of the models, while one showed a decrease in the level of protection offered. Throughout a 6 hour work shift, four of the six models provided a consistent level of protection, while two showed variations in the level of protection offered.", "contents": "Performance of single-use respirators. Six models of single-use dust respirators were evaluated for NaCl aerosol leakage while being worn by human test subjects. The respirators were evaluated for their ability to fit a wide range of facial sizes, for changes in efficiency after storage in a humid atmosphere; and for consistency of protection when worn for a six-hour work shift. Results indicate that only two of the six models tested provided a protection factor of 5 to all members of a 10 person test panel. Storage in a humid atmosphere had no detectable effect on five of the models, while one showed a decrease in the level of protection offered. Throughout a 6 hour work shift, four of the six models provided a consistent level of protection, while two showed variations in the level of protection offered."}
{"id": "PMID:906962", "title": "Container blow molding noise.", "content": "Evaluation of the environmental noise within a blow mold plant revealed borderline acceptability for hearing conservation. However, audiometric examinations did not appear to reveal appreciable work-related hearing loss. Octave band analysis of this nuisance noise provided the base for feasible engineering controls.", "contents": "Container blow molding noise. Evaluation of the environmental noise within a blow mold plant revealed borderline acceptability for hearing conservation. However, audiometric examinations did not appear to reveal appreciable work-related hearing loss. Octave band analysis of this nuisance noise provided the base for feasible engineering controls."}
{"id": "PMID:906963", "title": "Performance testing of the NIOSH charcoal tube technique for the determination of air concentrations of organic vapors.", "content": "The use of the charcoal tube-gas chromatographic method to evaluate workplace air contamination has proliferated greatly in the las 10 years. This report documents early efforts by NIOSH researchers to evaluate several sampling and analytical parameters and their effect on the reliability of the technique. The effects of humidity, sample stability, sample migration and variations in the desorption efficiency are presented. A protocol is suggested for basic testing of the method for new substances.", "contents": "Performance testing of the NIOSH charcoal tube technique for the determination of air concentrations of organic vapors. The use of the charcoal tube-gas chromatographic method to evaluate workplace air contamination has proliferated greatly in the las 10 years. This report documents early efforts by NIOSH researchers to evaluate several sampling and analytical parameters and their effect on the reliability of the technique. The effects of humidity, sample stability, sample migration and variations in the desorption efficiency are presented. A protocol is suggested for basic testing of the method for new substances."}
{"id": "PMID:906968", "title": "The predominance of binucleation in isolated rat heart myocytes.", "content": "Myocytes of the heart of the newborn rat are mononucleated, whereas myocytes of the heart of growing, maturing rats become predominantly binucleated. This appears to be explained by mitotic division shortly after birth without cell division, i.e., karyokinesis without cytokinesis. Myocytes isolated from hearts of adult guinea pig and pigeon are also predominantly binucleated. Although only about an eighth of the cells of adult rat hearts are myocytes, most of the increase in size of the heart from birth to six months can be accounted for by change in size of these cells.", "contents": "The predominance of binucleation in isolated rat heart myocytes. Myocytes of the heart of the newborn rat are mononucleated, whereas myocytes of the heart of growing, maturing rats become predominantly binucleated. This appears to be explained by mitotic division shortly after birth without cell division, i.e., karyokinesis without cytokinesis. Myocytes isolated from hearts of adult guinea pig and pigeon are also predominantly binucleated. Although only about an eighth of the cells of adult rat hearts are myocytes, most of the increase in size of the heart from birth to six months can be accounted for by change in size of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:906971", "title": "Electron microscopy of degenerating axons and terminals in spinal trigeminal nucleus after tooth pulp extirpations.", "content": "Following multiple tooth pulp extirpations, electron microscopic preparations show degenerating axons and synaptic terminals in the same region of the brain stem trigeminal nucleus previously demonstrating degeneration by light-optical methods. The observations confirm the phenomenon of transganglionic degeneration in this system and identify the class of central nervous system axons and synapses specifically related to innervation of the teeth.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of degenerating axons and terminals in spinal trigeminal nucleus after tooth pulp extirpations. Following multiple tooth pulp extirpations, electron microscopic preparations show degenerating axons and synaptic terminals in the same region of the brain stem trigeminal nucleus previously demonstrating degeneration by light-optical methods. The observations confirm the phenomenon of transganglionic degeneration in this system and identify the class of central nervous system axons and synapses specifically related to innervation of the teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:906972", "title": "Specializations of the ependyma in the third ventricle of the developing hamster.", "content": "Ependymal cells in the region of the hypothalamic sulcus, hypothalamus, infundibular recess and supraoptic recess exhibit large apical protrusions between day 12 and day 14 post coitus. The ependyma was examined using light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The protrusions contain ribosomes and cytoplasmic matrix. Occasionally other cytoplasmic organelles were found within the protrusions. The protrusions range in shape from a rounded elevation of the apical surface of the ependymal cell to spherical bodies attached to cell surface by a slender stalk. The unique transitory specialization of the ependyma may represent either a neurosecretory or mechanical folding mechanism.", "contents": "Specializations of the ependyma in the third ventricle of the developing hamster. Ependymal cells in the region of the hypothalamic sulcus, hypothalamus, infundibular recess and supraoptic recess exhibit large apical protrusions between day 12 and day 14 post coitus. The ependyma was examined using light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The protrusions contain ribosomes and cytoplasmic matrix. Occasionally other cytoplasmic organelles were found within the protrusions. The protrusions range in shape from a rounded elevation of the apical surface of the ependymal cell to spherical bodies attached to cell surface by a slender stalk. The unique transitory specialization of the ependyma may represent either a neurosecretory or mechanical folding mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:906973", "title": "Glial cells in the earthworm ventral nerve cord make an A-type nexus.", "content": "Nexuses have been demonstrated between glial cell processes in the earthworm ventral nerve cord. The nexuses have been demonstrated by freeze-cleavage to be A-type neuxuses, thus demonstrating for the first time the type of nexus present in the Annelida. If the nexal cleavage pattern has physiological significance then the results suggest that physiologically the nexuses of the earthworm may be similar to those of vertebrates.", "contents": "Glial cells in the earthworm ventral nerve cord make an A-type nexus. Nexuses have been demonstrated between glial cell processes in the earthworm ventral nerve cord. The nexuses have been demonstrated by freeze-cleavage to be A-type neuxuses, thus demonstrating for the first time the type of nexus present in the Annelida. If the nexal cleavage pattern has physiological significance then the results suggest that physiologically the nexuses of the earthworm may be similar to those of vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:906975", "title": "Effects of transfusion on serum iron, serum lactate dehydrogenase and platelets in megaloblastic anemia.", "content": "In 11 patients with megaloblastic anemia, transfusion of packed erythrocytes or washed erythrocytes invariably resulted in a decline in plasma iron concentration to a range of 20-90 microgram/dl (3.6-16 mumol/l) after 36 to 48 hours. The same phenomenon was observed in two of six cases of ineffective erythropoiesis without megaloblastosis and in none of five cases of aplastic anemia. The observed changes did not result from a specific hematinic response or from iron uptake by a non-erythroid compartment. In megaloblastic anemia, alteration in marrow function in response to transfusion was reflected by plasma iron kinetics and serum lactate dehydrogenase values, which indicated marked reductions in both marrow hyperplasia and ineffective erythropoiesis. Transfusion in megalobastic anemia was also responsible for a 50% reduction in platelet count after 2 to 6 days. The significance of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of transfusion on serum iron, serum lactate dehydrogenase and platelets in megaloblastic anemia. In 11 patients with megaloblastic anemia, transfusion of packed erythrocytes or washed erythrocytes invariably resulted in a decline in plasma iron concentration to a range of 20-90 microgram/dl (3.6-16 mumol/l) after 36 to 48 hours. The same phenomenon was observed in two of six cases of ineffective erythropoiesis without megaloblastosis and in none of five cases of aplastic anemia. The observed changes did not result from a specific hematinic response or from iron uptake by a non-erythroid compartment. In megaloblastic anemia, alteration in marrow function in response to transfusion was reflected by plasma iron kinetics and serum lactate dehydrogenase values, which indicated marked reductions in both marrow hyperplasia and ineffective erythropoiesis. Transfusion in megalobastic anemia was also responsible for a 50% reduction in platelet count after 2 to 6 days. The significance of these changes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:906977", "title": "Evaluation of a radioimmunoassay for serum unconjugated estriol using commercial reagents.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay using a commercially available antiserum was evaluated for measurement of serum unconjugated estriol in pregnancy. The evaluation showed an inter-assay variance of 12.1%, intra-assay variance of 6.8%, sensitivity of 0.2-0.6 ng/ml (0.7-2.1 nmol/l), and average recovery of 85.3%. The assay is specific for unconjugated estriol, showing less than 1% cross-reactivity with estriol-3-sulfate and estriol-16-glucuronide. Normal limits were established from 7 to 40 weeks' gestation using 175 serum samples. No diurnal variation could be demonstrated at 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. Eighty-nine serum specimens and 82 urine specimens obtained from 18 high-risk pregnancies were within normal limits except in cases of intruterine fetal death, pre-eclampsia, and suspected placental sulfatase deficiency. Serial urinary estriol levels fluctuated as much as 75%, while serial serum samples varied by only 30%.", "contents": "Evaluation of a radioimmunoassay for serum unconjugated estriol using commercial reagents. A radioimmunoassay using a commercially available antiserum was evaluated for measurement of serum unconjugated estriol in pregnancy. The evaluation showed an inter-assay variance of 12.1%, intra-assay variance of 6.8%, sensitivity of 0.2-0.6 ng/ml (0.7-2.1 nmol/l), and average recovery of 85.3%. The assay is specific for unconjugated estriol, showing less than 1% cross-reactivity with estriol-3-sulfate and estriol-16-glucuronide. Normal limits were established from 7 to 40 weeks' gestation using 175 serum samples. No diurnal variation could be demonstrated at 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. Eighty-nine serum specimens and 82 urine specimens obtained from 18 high-risk pregnancies were within normal limits except in cases of intruterine fetal death, pre-eclampsia, and suspected placental sulfatase deficiency. Serial urinary estriol levels fluctuated as much as 75%, while serial serum samples varied by only 30%."}
{"id": "PMID:906978", "title": "Effect of sodium ascorbate concentration on the stability of samples for determination of serum folate levels.", "content": "Sodium ascorbate can be used as a preservative of patient samples for folate assay when freezing of serum is impractical. To evaluate the effect of sodium ascorbate on folate levels in human serum, it was added to pooled human sera in 1 g/l increments from 0 to 10 g/l serum. Free folate levels remained constant when the sodium ascorbate concentration was 6 g or less per liter of serum. At more than 6 g/l serum, free folate levels decreased. Bound folate levels increased when sodium ascorbate levels were 4 g/l or less, but remained stable at more than 4 g/l. A sodium ascorbate concentration of 5.0 +/- 1 g/l serum provided optimal preservation of folate in patient samples, indicated by obtaining constant values for four days when serum was kept at room temperature.", "contents": "Effect of sodium ascorbate concentration on the stability of samples for determination of serum folate levels. Sodium ascorbate can be used as a preservative of patient samples for folate assay when freezing of serum is impractical. To evaluate the effect of sodium ascorbate on folate levels in human serum, it was added to pooled human sera in 1 g/l increments from 0 to 10 g/l serum. Free folate levels remained constant when the sodium ascorbate concentration was 6 g or less per liter of serum. At more than 6 g/l serum, free folate levels decreased. Bound folate levels increased when sodium ascorbate levels were 4 g/l or less, but remained stable at more than 4 g/l. A sodium ascorbate concentration of 5.0 +/- 1 g/l serum provided optimal preservation of folate in patient samples, indicated by obtaining constant values for four days when serum was kept at room temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:906979", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni as observed in the subarachnoid space.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the pathogenic protozoan, Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, in the leptomeningeal subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord of the experimentally inoculated dog. Know to inhabit such areas as moist soils, stagnant waters, and sewage around the world, these protozoans have been identified as etiologic agents in numerous cases of meningoencephalitis. Infection occurs via a nasopharyngeal inoculation, through penetration of the olfactory mucosal epithelium and cribriform plate, into the subarachnoid space, whence it gains access to the central nervous system. Stock preparations of these amebae extracted directly from their culture medium for scanning microscopic study provided an index for their identification within the subarachnoid space and also permitted a heretofore unobserved survey of their pleomorphic surface features. From the observations of others, it had appeared that the ultimate portal of entry into the central nervous system involved some type of cytolytic process; however, this study illustrates an action of simple diapedesis in which the organisms seek a pathway of least resistance; namely the naturally-occurring pial fenestrations.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni as observed in the subarachnoid space. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the pathogenic protozoan, Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, in the leptomeningeal subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord of the experimentally inoculated dog. Know to inhabit such areas as moist soils, stagnant waters, and sewage around the world, these protozoans have been identified as etiologic agents in numerous cases of meningoencephalitis. Infection occurs via a nasopharyngeal inoculation, through penetration of the olfactory mucosal epithelium and cribriform plate, into the subarachnoid space, whence it gains access to the central nervous system. Stock preparations of these amebae extracted directly from their culture medium for scanning microscopic study provided an index for their identification within the subarachnoid space and also permitted a heretofore unobserved survey of their pleomorphic surface features. From the observations of others, it had appeared that the ultimate portal of entry into the central nervous system involved some type of cytolytic process; however, this study illustrates an action of simple diapedesis in which the organisms seek a pathway of least resistance; namely the naturally-occurring pial fenestrations."}
{"id": "PMID:906980", "title": "Effects of cigarette smoking on intramyocardial arteries and arterioles in man.", "content": "Proliferative lesions, which include collagen, elastic fibers and abnormally oriented muscle fibers, were found to develop in intramyocardial arteries more rapidly with age in cigarette smokers than in nonsmokers. The study attempted to determine whether these lesions reduce perfusion pressures in the subendocardial zone of the left ventricle. The amount of muscle in arterioles appears to reflect perfusing pressures, so measurements were made of decreases in muscle in arterioles between the subepicardial and subendocardial zones of the left ventricle to detect decreases in arteriolar perfusing pressures between the two areas. The decreases in arteriolar muscle between the two zones were then compared with the extents of the intramyocardial arterial lesions. Those individuals who had the most extensive arterial proliferative lesions had the greatest decreases in arteriolar muscle from the subepicardial to the subendocardial zones. In persons less than 60 years old the mean decreases in arteriolar muscle between the two zones were 1% for nonsmokers and 17% for smokers. For those more than 60 years old the values were 21 and 41%.", "contents": "Effects of cigarette smoking on intramyocardial arteries and arterioles in man. Proliferative lesions, which include collagen, elastic fibers and abnormally oriented muscle fibers, were found to develop in intramyocardial arteries more rapidly with age in cigarette smokers than in nonsmokers. The study attempted to determine whether these lesions reduce perfusion pressures in the subendocardial zone of the left ventricle. The amount of muscle in arterioles appears to reflect perfusing pressures, so measurements were made of decreases in muscle in arterioles between the subepicardial and subendocardial zones of the left ventricle to detect decreases in arteriolar perfusing pressures between the two areas. The decreases in arteriolar muscle between the two zones were then compared with the extents of the intramyocardial arterial lesions. Those individuals who had the most extensive arterial proliferative lesions had the greatest decreases in arteriolar muscle from the subepicardial to the subendocardial zones. In persons less than 60 years old the mean decreases in arteriolar muscle between the two zones were 1% for nonsmokers and 17% for smokers. For those more than 60 years old the values were 21 and 41%."}
{"id": "PMID:906982", "title": "Immunologic studies of blood samples transported by a pneumatic tube system.", "content": "The authors evaluated the suitability of using a pneumatic tube system for transport of patient blood samples to a hospital blood bank. Hemolysis and occasional reduction in serum antibody reactivity were found in some clotted blood samples after tube transport. Modifications would be necessary to make the system acceptable for routine blood bank use.", "contents": "Immunologic studies of blood samples transported by a pneumatic tube system. The authors evaluated the suitability of using a pneumatic tube system for transport of patient blood samples to a hospital blood bank. Hemolysis and occasional reduction in serum antibody reactivity were found in some clotted blood samples after tube transport. Modifications would be necessary to make the system acceptable for routine blood bank use."}
{"id": "PMID:906983", "title": "Lymph node identification. Specimen radiography of tissue predominated by fat.", "content": "A method for identifying, by soft x-rays, lymph nodes in tissue specimens predominated by fat is presented. The method is quick and demonstrates lymph nodes as small as 1 to 2 mm in diameter.", "contents": "Lymph node identification. Specimen radiography of tissue predominated by fat. A method for identifying, by soft x-rays, lymph nodes in tissue specimens predominated by fat is presented. The method is quick and demonstrates lymph nodes as small as 1 to 2 mm in diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:906984", "title": "A simple method for preparing ferruginous bodies for electron microscopic examination.", "content": "A new method of preparing ferruginous (asbestos) bodies for electron-optical examination is described. Pulmonary tissue is dissolved in bleach and the residue collected on a Millipore filter. The ferruginous bodies are localized by light microscopy, and a portion of the filter containing a body is cut out and mounted on a coated electron microscope grid. The filter is dissolved in acetone vapor in a condensation washer, leaving the bodies, as well as uncoated submicroscopic fibers, on the grid. This method can be used to obtain bodies from the lungs of individuals after all degress of asbestos exposure, but it is particularly useful when dealing with minimally exposed or non-exposed individuals whose lungs contain very few bodies. The procedure allows easy identification of body cores by electron diffraction or electron microprobe analysis.", "contents": "A simple method for preparing ferruginous bodies for electron microscopic examination. A new method of preparing ferruginous (asbestos) bodies for electron-optical examination is described. Pulmonary tissue is dissolved in bleach and the residue collected on a Millipore filter. The ferruginous bodies are localized by light microscopy, and a portion of the filter containing a body is cut out and mounted on a coated electron microscope grid. The filter is dissolved in acetone vapor in a condensation washer, leaving the bodies, as well as uncoated submicroscopic fibers, on the grid. This method can be used to obtain bodies from the lungs of individuals after all degress of asbestos exposure, but it is particularly useful when dealing with minimally exposed or non-exposed individuals whose lungs contain very few bodies. The procedure allows easy identification of body cores by electron diffraction or electron microprobe analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:906985", "title": "Extraovarian endometrioid carcinoma. Review of the literature and report of two cases with unusual features.", "content": "Two cases of extraovarian endometrioid carcinoma are reported. The patients had had total hysterectomies and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomies 17 and 7 years before discovery of the endometrioid tumors. The ovaries in both cases contained endometriosis with adenomatous or atypical changes. Endometriosis should be routinely examined for hyperplastic or atypical features, as these may be significant harbingers of ovarian or extraovarian endometrioid carcinoma. Progestogen therapy for endometrioid neoplasm is theoretically promising, but has yet to be systematically investigated.", "contents": "Extraovarian endometrioid carcinoma. Review of the literature and report of two cases with unusual features. Two cases of extraovarian endometrioid carcinoma are reported. The patients had had total hysterectomies and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomies 17 and 7 years before discovery of the endometrioid tumors. The ovaries in both cases contained endometriosis with adenomatous or atypical changes. Endometriosis should be routinely examined for hyperplastic or atypical features, as these may be significant harbingers of ovarian or extraovarian endometrioid carcinoma. Progestogen therapy for endometrioid neoplasm is theoretically promising, but has yet to be systematically investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:906987", "title": "Strategy: basic management process.", "content": "The application of strategy as a dynamic process of management is discussed. Strategy is a conceptualization of an organization's (1) longterm objectives, (2) constraints that restrict activities and (3) near-term goals. The characteristics of good strategy and the formulation of strategy are discussed with reference to the hospital pharmacy department.", "contents": "Strategy: basic management process. The application of strategy as a dynamic process of management is discussed. Strategy is a conceptualization of an organization's (1) longterm objectives, (2) constraints that restrict activities and (3) near-term goals. The characteristics of good strategy and the formulation of strategy are discussed with reference to the hospital pharmacy department."}
{"id": "PMID:906988", "title": "Treatment of diabetes insipidus with DDAVP.", "content": "The treatment of a patient with diabetes insipidus (DI) is described, and the general treatment of the syndrome is reviewed. The patient was a 16-year-old male who had experienced pain, inflammation and tenderness in the left gluteal region owing to an abcess at the site of intramuscular injection of vasopressin tannate in oil (VTO). (He had been diagnosed as having DI at age 8. Since then, he had been maintained on VTO, lypressin and posterior pituitary snuff.) After the abscess healed during hospital treatment, VTO was stopped and the patient's urinary output increased sharply; urine specific gravity and osmolarity decreased correspondingly. Three days after stopping VTO, the investigational drug, 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), was begun at 10 microgram every 12 hours. The dose was eventually increased to 20 microgram every 12 hours, and the patient was discharged on this regimen which controlled his urine output, specific gravity and osmolarity. Other treatments reviewed include antidiuretic-hormone-replacement agents (vasopressin, lypressin) and drugs used to potentiate low ADH levels (chlorpropamide, clofibrate and carbamazepine).", "contents": "Treatment of diabetes insipidus with DDAVP. The treatment of a patient with diabetes insipidus (DI) is described, and the general treatment of the syndrome is reviewed. The patient was a 16-year-old male who had experienced pain, inflammation and tenderness in the left gluteal region owing to an abcess at the site of intramuscular injection of vasopressin tannate in oil (VTO). (He had been diagnosed as having DI at age 8. Since then, he had been maintained on VTO, lypressin and posterior pituitary snuff.) After the abscess healed during hospital treatment, VTO was stopped and the patient's urinary output increased sharply; urine specific gravity and osmolarity decreased correspondingly. Three days after stopping VTO, the investigational drug, 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), was begun at 10 microgram every 12 hours. The dose was eventually increased to 20 microgram every 12 hours, and the patient was discharged on this regimen which controlled his urine output, specific gravity and osmolarity. Other treatments reviewed include antidiuretic-hormone-replacement agents (vasopressin, lypressin) and drugs used to potentiate low ADH levels (chlorpropamide, clofibrate and carbamazepine)."}
{"id": "PMID:906995", "title": "Comparative study of prospective surveillance and voluntary reporting in determining the incidence of adverse drug reactions.", "content": "The results of a hospitalwide voluntary reporting program for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was compared with the results of a short-term, intensive, prospective surveillance program conducted by a pharmacist on a medical and a surgical patient care unit of a large teaching hospital. Data generated by the voluntary system were collected for a 45-day period; for the prospective surveillance, data were collected for 21 days. Strict definitions on the categories of probability, severity and mechanism of adverse reactions were employed. The incidence of definite and probable ADRs in the voluntary system was 0.08%; for prospective surveillance, the incidence was 7.2% (5.9% of 85 surgical patients and 9.0% of 67 medical patients). The incidence of ADRs in the prospective study, based on patient-drug exposures, was 1.0%. In the prospective study, patients experiencing ADRs received significantly more medications than those not experiencing ADRs. The operation of an ADR monitoring and reporting system for the purpose of maintaining incidence data was not judged to be cost effective. Periodic prospective surveillance programs on representative patient population samples may be valuable in determining true incidence figures.", "contents": "Comparative study of prospective surveillance and voluntary reporting in determining the incidence of adverse drug reactions. The results of a hospitalwide voluntary reporting program for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was compared with the results of a short-term, intensive, prospective surveillance program conducted by a pharmacist on a medical and a surgical patient care unit of a large teaching hospital. Data generated by the voluntary system were collected for a 45-day period; for the prospective surveillance, data were collected for 21 days. Strict definitions on the categories of probability, severity and mechanism of adverse reactions were employed. The incidence of definite and probable ADRs in the voluntary system was 0.08%; for prospective surveillance, the incidence was 7.2% (5.9% of 85 surgical patients and 9.0% of 67 medical patients). The incidence of ADRs in the prospective study, based on patient-drug exposures, was 1.0%. In the prospective study, patients experiencing ADRs received significantly more medications than those not experiencing ADRs. The operation of an ADR monitoring and reporting system for the purpose of maintaining incidence data was not judged to be cost effective. Periodic prospective surveillance programs on representative patient population samples may be valuable in determining true incidence figures."}
{"id": "PMID:906996", "title": "Administrative case study: analysis of a hospital pharmacy's manpower requirements.", "content": "Development of a method to determine the manpower requirements needed to adequately staff a pharmacy department in a 760-bed teaching hospital is discussed. The Michigan Hospital Staffing Methodology Manual, direct observations, interviews and diaries were used to gather data. An example of the data collected for the dispensing area is presented. The data provided a basis for developing productivity standards for current methods and procedures used in the pharmacy department. Also, the data facilitated the justification process for allocating existing and requesting future manpower resources.", "contents": "Administrative case study: analysis of a hospital pharmacy's manpower requirements. Development of a method to determine the manpower requirements needed to adequately staff a pharmacy department in a 760-bed teaching hospital is discussed. The Michigan Hospital Staffing Methodology Manual, direct observations, interviews and diaries were used to gather data. An example of the data collected for the dispensing area is presented. The data provided a basis for developing productivity standards for current methods and procedures used in the pharmacy department. Also, the data facilitated the justification process for allocating existing and requesting future manpower resources."}
{"id": "PMID:906997", "title": "Pharmacist faculty member in a family medicine residency program.", "content": "Pharmacist involvement in a family physician residency training program is discussed. The pharmacist's duties include: (1) inpatient clinical responsibilities to the family medicine service for therapeutic decisions and drug information, (2) ongoing educational presentations to residents and faculty, (3) drug information and consultation to outpatient clinics, (4) participation in the development of standards of practice for resident training and (5) clinical education for medical students.", "contents": "Pharmacist faculty member in a family medicine residency program. Pharmacist involvement in a family physician residency training program is discussed. The pharmacist's duties include: (1) inpatient clinical responsibilities to the family medicine service for therapeutic decisions and drug information, (2) ongoing educational presentations to residents and faculty, (3) drug information and consultation to outpatient clinics, (4) participation in the development of standards of practice for resident training and (5) clinical education for medical students."}
{"id": "PMID:906998", "title": "Computerized hospital information system for an intravenous admixture service.", "content": "A computerized hospital information system as applied to a centralized intravenous admixture service in a 525-bed hospital is described. A comparison between the i.v. admixture service prior to and after the installation of the system is presented. The computerized system increased the accuracy, completeness, legibility and timeliness of data communication throughout the hospital.", "contents": "Computerized hospital information system for an intravenous admixture service. A computerized hospital information system as applied to a centralized intravenous admixture service in a 525-bed hospital is described. A comparison between the i.v. admixture service prior to and after the installation of the system is presented. The computerized system increased the accuracy, completeness, legibility and timeliness of data communication throughout the hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:906999", "title": "Standardizing dopamine solution calculations.", "content": "A procedure for standardizing dopamine solution calulations in the intensive care unit is presented. Dopamine solutions were standardized into two preparations: (1) 1 mg/ml, a concentration to be used for most patients, and (2) 2 mg/ml, for fluid-restricted patients. Both concentrations were prepared in dextrose 5% in water. Nomograms were prepared for each standard concentration to facilitate dosage and infusion rat calculations for patients of various body weight.", "contents": "Standardizing dopamine solution calculations. A procedure for standardizing dopamine solution calulations in the intensive care unit is presented. Dopamine solutions were standardized into two preparations: (1) 1 mg/ml, a concentration to be used for most patients, and (2) 2 mg/ml, for fluid-restricted patients. Both concentrations were prepared in dextrose 5% in water. Nomograms were prepared for each standard concentration to facilitate dosage and infusion rat calculations for patients of various body weight."}
{"id": "PMID:907000", "title": "Pharmacokinetics in drug therapy III: Clindamycin dosage regimens for treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.", "content": "A patient case which illustrates the application of pharmacokinetic principles to the dosing of clindamycin is presented. Based on calculations of a pharmacist, a patient wtih chronic osteomylitis was successfully treated at home with oral clindamycin 300 mg every four hours. The calculations showed that adequate blood and bone levels of the drug would be reached.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics in drug therapy III: Clindamycin dosage regimens for treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. A patient case which illustrates the application of pharmacokinetic principles to the dosing of clindamycin is presented. Based on calculations of a pharmacist, a patient wtih chronic osteomylitis was successfully treated at home with oral clindamycin 300 mg every four hours. The calculations showed that adequate blood and bone levels of the drug would be reached."}
{"id": "PMID:907001", "title": "Interference of allopurinol and alloxanthine in ultraviolet theophylline assay.", "content": "A modification of several spectrophotometric methods for assaying theophylline in biological fluids is presented; the maximum absorbances of theophylline, allopurinol and alloxanthine solutions were measured. Plots of absorbance vs wavelength from 320 to 190 nm wer made for four samples in 0.1 N sodium hydroxide. The maximum absorbances for the theophylline sample (20 microgram/ml) were at 274-275 and 217 nm; for allopurinol (1 microgram/ml), at 274, 275 and 216 nm; for alloxanthine (10 microgram/ml), a plot similar to that for allopurinol; and for an equal mixture of the three solutions, at 274 and 218 nm. Especially with allopurinol and alloxanthine, and possibly in the presence of drugs with similar basic structures, one might wich to use a method other than spectrophotometry for the assay of theophylline or discontinue administration of the interfering medication.", "contents": "Interference of allopurinol and alloxanthine in ultraviolet theophylline assay. A modification of several spectrophotometric methods for assaying theophylline in biological fluids is presented; the maximum absorbances of theophylline, allopurinol and alloxanthine solutions were measured. Plots of absorbance vs wavelength from 320 to 190 nm wer made for four samples in 0.1 N sodium hydroxide. The maximum absorbances for the theophylline sample (20 microgram/ml) were at 274-275 and 217 nm; for allopurinol (1 microgram/ml), at 274, 275 and 216 nm; for alloxanthine (10 microgram/ml), a plot similar to that for allopurinol; and for an equal mixture of the three solutions, at 274 and 218 nm. Especially with allopurinol and alloxanthine, and possibly in the presence of drugs with similar basic structures, one might wich to use a method other than spectrophotometry for the assay of theophylline or discontinue administration of the interfering medication."}
{"id": "PMID:907002", "title": "Evaluation of staff training in group homes for retarded persons.", "content": "Staff in 12 group homes for mentally retarded persons were randomly assigned to either an experimental condition (N = 6), receiving eight 1.5-hour training sessions in behavior modification, or a waiting-list control condition (N = 6). Pre- to posttraining change scores showed that, compared to control home staff, experimental home staff increased significantly more in knowledge of behavioral techniques, had better evaluations of their residents, and indicated less decline in job satisfaction. Naturalistic observational data, collected with continuous real-time recording devices, showed trained staff superior in correctness and latency of their responses to residents. Trained homes also had significantly greater increases in the frequency and duration of positive staff and resident behavior.", "contents": "Evaluation of staff training in group homes for retarded persons. Staff in 12 group homes for mentally retarded persons were randomly assigned to either an experimental condition (N = 6), receiving eight 1.5-hour training sessions in behavior modification, or a waiting-list control condition (N = 6). Pre- to posttraining change scores showed that, compared to control home staff, experimental home staff increased significantly more in knowledge of behavioral techniques, had better evaluations of their residents, and indicated less decline in job satisfaction. Naturalistic observational data, collected with continuous real-time recording devices, showed trained staff superior in correctness and latency of their responses to residents. Trained homes also had significantly greater increases in the frequency and duration of positive staff and resident behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:907003", "title": "Maladaptive behavior and community placement of mentally retarded persons.", "content": "The prevalence of maladaptive behavior was investigated for retarded individuals residing in institutions, community facilities, or their own home. In addition, the relationship between behavior problems and sex, age, level of retardation, and race was examined. The findings confirmed a much higher prevalence of behavior problems in the institutions as compared to community placements. The data also suggested that the profoundly retarded individuals, unless handicapped by not being able to move around, exhibit more injurious behavior than moderately and mildly retarded persons.", "contents": "Maladaptive behavior and community placement of mentally retarded persons. The prevalence of maladaptive behavior was investigated for retarded individuals residing in institutions, community facilities, or their own home. In addition, the relationship between behavior problems and sex, age, level of retardation, and race was examined. The findings confirmed a much higher prevalence of behavior problems in the institutions as compared to community placements. The data also suggested that the profoundly retarded individuals, unless handicapped by not being able to move around, exhibit more injurious behavior than moderately and mildly retarded persons."}
{"id": "PMID:907004", "title": "Eye gaze and dominance hierarchy in profoundly mentally retarded males.", "content": "Previous research on gaze aversion has suggested that avoiders are communicating subordinance in the social interaction. A study on aggression in profoundly mentally retarded persons provided the objective measure required to determine the relationship between duration of eye gaze and ranked position in a social group's dominance hierarchy. Results indicated that submissive individuals maintained significantly longer eye contact as contrasted with dominant individuals. Implications of the findings were discussed.", "contents": "Eye gaze and dominance hierarchy in profoundly mentally retarded males. Previous research on gaze aversion has suggested that avoiders are communicating subordinance in the social interaction. A study on aggression in profoundly mentally retarded persons provided the objective measure required to determine the relationship between duration of eye gaze and ranked position in a social group's dominance hierarchy. Results indicated that submissive individuals maintained significantly longer eye contact as contrasted with dominant individuals. Implications of the findings were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907005", "title": "Delay of gratification: decisional self-control and experience with delay intervals.", "content": "Actual and verbally reported decisional self-control choices (e.g., 1 penny now or 2 pennies in 1 minute) were obtained from 40 retarded adolescents who participated in a sheltered workshop. Prior to each of their eight choices, one-half of the students experienced the same time interval that was included in the choice for that day (e.g., 1 minute). Analysis of the number of actual and reported delay choices yielded a significant effect for experience, with the treatment group making more delay choices. In addition to suggesting that decisional self-control can be facilitated by prior exposure to delay intervals, the results indicated that verbally reported choices can be used as a reliable and valid indication of actual choices.", "contents": "Delay of gratification: decisional self-control and experience with delay intervals. Actual and verbally reported decisional self-control choices (e.g., 1 penny now or 2 pennies in 1 minute) were obtained from 40 retarded adolescents who participated in a sheltered workshop. Prior to each of their eight choices, one-half of the students experienced the same time interval that was included in the choice for that day (e.g., 1 minute). Analysis of the number of actual and reported delay choices yielded a significant effect for experience, with the treatment group making more delay choices. In addition to suggesting that decisional self-control can be facilitated by prior exposure to delay intervals, the results indicated that verbally reported choices can be used as a reliable and valid indication of actual choices."}
{"id": "PMID:907006", "title": "Sources of variation in clinicians' communication to parents about mental retardation.", "content": "Sources of variation in clinicians' diagnostic communication to parents of mentally retarded children were identified and examined. Results demonstrated that the nature of clinicians' communication is related to the severity of the child's diagnosis, clinicians' perception of the parents' level of emotional adjustment, whether the clinicians' experienced difficulties in communicating the diagnosis, and their length of clinical experience in the field of developmental disabilities. The dynamics of these relationships were discussed, as were the implications of the findings for future research and for needed changes in the current priority structure of medical education.", "contents": "Sources of variation in clinicians' communication to parents about mental retardation. Sources of variation in clinicians' diagnostic communication to parents of mentally retarded children were identified and examined. Results demonstrated that the nature of clinicians' communication is related to the severity of the child's diagnosis, clinicians' perception of the parents' level of emotional adjustment, whether the clinicians' experienced difficulties in communicating the diagnosis, and their length of clinical experience in the field of developmental disabilities. The dynamics of these relationships were discussed, as were the implications of the findings for future research and for needed changes in the current priority structure of medical education."}
{"id": "PMID:907007", "title": "Cardiac and respiratory responses during visual search in nonretarded children and retarded adolescents.", "content": "The relationship between physiological response patterns and mental competence was investigated by evaluating heart rate and respiratory responses during a sustained visual-search task in nonretarded grade school children and retarded adolescents. The findings support the contention that, during tasks demanding sustained attention, retarded relative to nonretarded individuals exhibit physiological responses that parallel their poor performance. Consistent with previous research with nonretarded adults, the nonretarded grade school children exhibited a suppression of respiratory and heart-rate variability during attention-demanding tasks. In contrast, the retarded adolescents exhibited increases in respiratory and heart-rate variability. These qualitative differences in physiological and behavioral responses, observed during sustained attention, may be viewed as a manifestation of retarded adolescents' defective nervous system.", "contents": "Cardiac and respiratory responses during visual search in nonretarded children and retarded adolescents. The relationship between physiological response patterns and mental competence was investigated by evaluating heart rate and respiratory responses during a sustained visual-search task in nonretarded grade school children and retarded adolescents. The findings support the contention that, during tasks demanding sustained attention, retarded relative to nonretarded individuals exhibit physiological responses that parallel their poor performance. Consistent with previous research with nonretarded adults, the nonretarded grade school children exhibited a suppression of respiratory and heart-rate variability during attention-demanding tasks. In contrast, the retarded adolescents exhibited increases in respiratory and heart-rate variability. These qualitative differences in physiological and behavioral responses, observed during sustained attention, may be viewed as a manifestation of retarded adolescents' defective nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:907008", "title": "Array properties and conservation of number performance with retarded adolescents and young adults.", "content": "A group of 31 institutionalized retarded adolescents responded to 18 conservation of number tasks. Within the range of each row containing 4 to 6 items, there was no significant effect on performance with variations in the total number of items or the numerical difference between rows. Unexpectedly, pre- and posttransformed arrays did not cause significant differences in judgment errors. When significant differences (p less than .01) did appear between transformed and untransformed arrays, it seemed to be due to a one-to-one correspondence existing in one of the arrays and not in the effect of a transformation. The optimal performance under one-to-one correspondence conditions and the observed, orderly decrease in correct responding was explained as a function of the number of contradictions in the stimulus array. The explanation of judgment errors being caused by contradictions between numerosity and length and/or density cues was interpreted within Brainerd's (1973a, 1973b) theory of the development of early number concepts.", "contents": "Array properties and conservation of number performance with retarded adolescents and young adults. A group of 31 institutionalized retarded adolescents responded to 18 conservation of number tasks. Within the range of each row containing 4 to 6 items, there was no significant effect on performance with variations in the total number of items or the numerical difference between rows. Unexpectedly, pre- and posttransformed arrays did not cause significant differences in judgment errors. When significant differences (p less than .01) did appear between transformed and untransformed arrays, it seemed to be due to a one-to-one correspondence existing in one of the arrays and not in the effect of a transformation. The optimal performance under one-to-one correspondence conditions and the observed, orderly decrease in correct responding was explained as a function of the number of contradictions in the stimulus array. The explanation of judgment errors being caused by contradictions between numerosity and length and/or density cues was interpreted within Brainerd's (1973a, 1973b) theory of the development of early number concepts."}
{"id": "PMID:907009", "title": "Establishing words and objects as functionally equivalent through manual sign training.", "content": "This study was designed to determine if sign-object and sign-word training would lead to acquisition of word-object associations and to test the proposal that if two stimuli control the same response, training a new response to one of the stimuli would increase the probability of the second stimulus also controlling that response. The participants were six institutionalized retarded males, each having some receptive and productive speech as well as imitative motor and verbal skills. Nonsense words, signs, and objects were used as the stimuli in this study. All participants were sequentially trained to: (a) pair the objects with their identical matches, (b) imitate the manual signs, (c) pair the manual signs with the objects, (d) imitate the nonsense words, and (e) pair the manual signs with the words. Following this training, participants were given receptive and productive word-object association probes. All participants performed at an 87 percent correct level or better on the first receptive probes, and all performed at a 73 percent correct level or better on the first productive probes. These individuals demonstrated that following sign-object and sign-word training, they could correctly associate the word with the object.", "contents": "Establishing words and objects as functionally equivalent through manual sign training. This study was designed to determine if sign-object and sign-word training would lead to acquisition of word-object associations and to test the proposal that if two stimuli control the same response, training a new response to one of the stimuli would increase the probability of the second stimulus also controlling that response. The participants were six institutionalized retarded males, each having some receptive and productive speech as well as imitative motor and verbal skills. Nonsense words, signs, and objects were used as the stimuli in this study. All participants were sequentially trained to: (a) pair the objects with their identical matches, (b) imitate the manual signs, (c) pair the manual signs with the objects, (d) imitate the nonsense words, and (e) pair the manual signs with the words. Following this training, participants were given receptive and productive word-object association probes. All participants performed at an 87 percent correct level or better on the first receptive probes, and all performed at a 73 percent correct level or better on the first productive probes. These individuals demonstrated that following sign-object and sign-word training, they could correctly associate the word with the object."}
{"id": "PMID:907010", "title": "Processing of interactive and noninteractive pictures in PA learning by retarded persons.", "content": "Retarded persons, at two MA levels, were exposed to a list of paired-associates (PAs) in which the stimulus terms were picture compounds of one animate and one inanimate object. One-half of the subjects in each MA group learned the associations with the stimulus components presented in meaningful interaction, and half learned the associations with the components depicted in noninteraction. Stimulus interaction facilitated list acquisition by the higher MA but not by the lower MA subjects. Transfer tests following PA learning indicated that the interactive stimulus components had been processed as units by the higher MA subjects, suggesting that these individuals may have spontaneously elaborated the interactive-stimulus components.", "contents": "Processing of interactive and noninteractive pictures in PA learning by retarded persons. Retarded persons, at two MA levels, were exposed to a list of paired-associates (PAs) in which the stimulus terms were picture compounds of one animate and one inanimate object. One-half of the subjects in each MA group learned the associations with the stimulus components presented in meaningful interaction, and half learned the associations with the components depicted in noninteraction. Stimulus interaction facilitated list acquisition by the higher MA but not by the lower MA subjects. Transfer tests following PA learning indicated that the interactive stimulus components had been processed as units by the higher MA subjects, suggesting that these individuals may have spontaneously elaborated the interactive-stimulus components."}
{"id": "PMID:907011", "title": "Behavioral training for parents of retarded children: alternative formats based on instructional manuals.", "content": "A series of instructional manuals in behavior modification with retarded children was tested as a self-contained resource and as part of three larger training programs involving different amounts of professional assistance to parents: telephone consultations, training groups, training groups plus home visits. One hundred and sixty families were randomly assigned to the four training conditions or to a delayed-treatment control group. The 20-week treatment period emphasized the programming of self-help skills, but also provided an introduction to programming language skills and managing behavior problems. The manuals-alone format was as effective as the more expensive training formats in producing gains in children's self-help skills and fostering knowledge of behavioral principles in mothers. The two group-training formats produced more efforts at behavior-problem management, greater gains in knowledge of principles by fathers, and higher self-confidence as teachers. Telephone consultation was generally the least effective training format; the manuals-alone condition was surprisingly effective. Some implications of the results for future strategies of family intervention were discussed.", "contents": "Behavioral training for parents of retarded children: alternative formats based on instructional manuals. A series of instructional manuals in behavior modification with retarded children was tested as a self-contained resource and as part of three larger training programs involving different amounts of professional assistance to parents: telephone consultations, training groups, training groups plus home visits. One hundred and sixty families were randomly assigned to the four training conditions or to a delayed-treatment control group. The 20-week treatment period emphasized the programming of self-help skills, but also provided an introduction to programming language skills and managing behavior problems. The manuals-alone format was as effective as the more expensive training formats in producing gains in children's self-help skills and fostering knowledge of behavioral principles in mothers. The two group-training formats produced more efforts at behavior-problem management, greater gains in knowledge of principles by fathers, and higher self-confidence as teachers. Telephone consultation was generally the least effective training format; the manuals-alone condition was surprisingly effective. Some implications of the results for future strategies of family intervention were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907012", "title": "Brief reports influence of \"mentally retarded\" label on teachers' nonverbal behavior toward preschool children.", "content": "Teachers (N = 12) were assigned to either an experimental (labeled) or control (nonlabeled) child. All children were, in fact, nonhandicapped and had no diagnosis or record of mental retardation. After reading a description (labeled or nonlabeled) of their child's developmental status, each teacher read their child a story. The results indicated that teachers were more immediate (i.e., showed less social distance) to children bearing the \"mentally retarded\" label. Implications of this finding were discussed.", "contents": "Brief reports influence of \"mentally retarded\" label on teachers' nonverbal behavior toward preschool children. Teachers (N = 12) were assigned to either an experimental (labeled) or control (nonlabeled) child. All children were, in fact, nonhandicapped and had no diagnosis or record of mental retardation. After reading a description (labeled or nonlabeled) of their child's developmental status, each teacher read their child a story. The results indicated that teachers were more immediate (i.e., showed less social distance) to children bearing the \"mentally retarded\" label. Implications of this finding were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907013", "title": "Interpersonal distance behavior of mentally retarded and nonretarded children.", "content": "The investigators compared interpersonal-distance choice behavior of 60 mildly retarded children and 60 nonretarded children of comparable MAs to a male adult stranger. Contrary to the original prediction, stemming from Zigler's negative-reaction tendency formulation, interpersonal distance by retarded children was not generally different from that of nonretarded children. However, analysis of the interaction between IQ group and approach condition (child approaching adult or adult approaching child) indicated that retarded children preferred greater distance from the approaching adult than did nonretarded children. This result raises the possibility that perception of lessened personal control by retarded children stimulated a stronger avoidance reaction.", "contents": "Interpersonal distance behavior of mentally retarded and nonretarded children. The investigators compared interpersonal-distance choice behavior of 60 mildly retarded children and 60 nonretarded children of comparable MAs to a male adult stranger. Contrary to the original prediction, stemming from Zigler's negative-reaction tendency formulation, interpersonal distance by retarded children was not generally different from that of nonretarded children. However, analysis of the interaction between IQ group and approach condition (child approaching adult or adult approaching child) indicated that retarded children preferred greater distance from the approaching adult than did nonretarded children. This result raises the possibility that perception of lessened personal control by retarded children stimulated a stronger avoidance reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:907014", "title": "Adaptive behavior scale, part II: a cautionary note and suggestions for revisions.", "content": "Problems were discussed in interpretation of Part II of the Adaptive Behavior Scale based on skewness of distribution and the grouping of items used in the scoring procedure. Suggestions were made for possible future revisions of Part II of the scale.", "contents": "Adaptive behavior scale, part II: a cautionary note and suggestions for revisions. Problems were discussed in interpretation of Part II of the Adaptive Behavior Scale based on skewness of distribution and the grouping of items used in the scoring procedure. Suggestions were made for possible future revisions of Part II of the scale."}
{"id": "PMID:907015", "title": "Establishment of controlled arm movements in profoundly retarded students using response contingent vibratory stimulation.", "content": "Because of recent legislation and litigation, profoundly retarded, multihandicapped individuals are now entering public school programs. These students are grossly underserved since systematic effort in providing individualized educational programs for them has had virtually no precedent. Various operant techniques utilizing contingent vibratory stimulation were demonstrated to be effective in establishing coordinated arm movement in seven such individuals. The practical significance of this finding was discussed.", "contents": "Establishment of controlled arm movements in profoundly retarded students using response contingent vibratory stimulation. Because of recent legislation and litigation, profoundly retarded, multihandicapped individuals are now entering public school programs. These students are grossly underserved since systematic effort in providing individualized educational programs for them has had virtually no precedent. Various operant techniques utilizing contingent vibratory stimulation were demonstrated to be effective in establishing coordinated arm movement in seven such individuals. The practical significance of this finding was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907017", "title": "Perceived problems of occupational therapists: a subset of the professional curriculum.", "content": "Problem descriptions elicited from newly registered therapists were processed to produce 96 problem statements. These were clarified, assembled into a problem checklist, and mailed to 2,300 therapists registered subsequent to 1970 for the purpose of identifying the most frequent and bothersome problems encountered in practice. Factor analysis of the results revealed eight groups of problems, as well as four isolated problems, which were of statistical significance. This analysis suggested that basic skills of treatment planning and implementation are acquired by the new therapist before employment. Self-confidence and collaborative skills seem to be less well represented. It is suggested that these could be taught experientially by simulations within the classroom at several levels.", "contents": "Perceived problems of occupational therapists: a subset of the professional curriculum. Problem descriptions elicited from newly registered therapists were processed to produce 96 problem statements. These were clarified, assembled into a problem checklist, and mailed to 2,300 therapists registered subsequent to 1970 for the purpose of identifying the most frequent and bothersome problems encountered in practice. Factor analysis of the results revealed eight groups of problems, as well as four isolated problems, which were of statistical significance. This analysis suggested that basic skills of treatment planning and implementation are acquired by the new therapist before employment. Self-confidence and collaborative skills seem to be less well represented. It is suggested that these could be taught experientially by simulations within the classroom at several levels."}
{"id": "PMID:907018", "title": "Comparison of the finger wrinkling test results to established sensory tests in peripheral nerve injury.", "content": "The phenomenon that denervated skin does not wrinkle or shrivel like normal palmar skin after soaking in water was investigated. Forty-one patients with complete or partial peripheral nerve lacerations or traumatic nerve compressions were given a battery of tests to evaluate sensory and motor function. The results from patients' wrinkle tests were compared with the findings from their two-point discrimination and ninhydrin sweat tests. Twenty four patients with recent complete peripheral nerve injuries demonstrated an absence of finger wrinkling, two-point discrimination, and sweating over the cutaneous distribution of the damaged nerve. Nine patients with partial nerve lacerations demonstrated varied results depending upon the amount and location of the nerve injury. Eight patients with nerve compressions continued to wrinkle and sweat even when two-point discrimination was decreased or absent. These findings indicate that only in patients with a recent complete peripheral nerve lesion does an absence of wrinkling always correspond with a loss of other sensory modalities. The presence of wrinkling in a patient with a nerve compression does not correlate with the patient's sensory modalities.", "contents": "Comparison of the finger wrinkling test results to established sensory tests in peripheral nerve injury. The phenomenon that denervated skin does not wrinkle or shrivel like normal palmar skin after soaking in water was investigated. Forty-one patients with complete or partial peripheral nerve lacerations or traumatic nerve compressions were given a battery of tests to evaluate sensory and motor function. The results from patients' wrinkle tests were compared with the findings from their two-point discrimination and ninhydrin sweat tests. Twenty four patients with recent complete peripheral nerve injuries demonstrated an absence of finger wrinkling, two-point discrimination, and sweating over the cutaneous distribution of the damaged nerve. Nine patients with partial nerve lacerations demonstrated varied results depending upon the amount and location of the nerve injury. Eight patients with nerve compressions continued to wrinkle and sweat even when two-point discrimination was decreased or absent. These findings indicate that only in patients with a recent complete peripheral nerve lesion does an absence of wrinkling always correspond with a loss of other sensory modalities. The presence of wrinkling in a patient with a nerve compression does not correlate with the patient's sensory modalities."}
{"id": "PMID:907019", "title": "A competency assurance program.", "content": "This concept of a competency assurance program, originated by the author, projects a structure capable of assuring the competency of the individual practitioners in a field. The components of such a program are role delineation, initial competency education, practitioner assessment, subsequent competency education, and practitioner evaluation. This article describes these components, defines their relationship, and emphasizes the importance of their contribution to competency assurance.", "contents": "A competency assurance program. This concept of a competency assurance program, originated by the author, projects a structure capable of assuring the competency of the individual practitioners in a field. The components of such a program are role delineation, initial competency education, practitioner assessment, subsequent competency education, and practitioner evaluation. This article describes these components, defines their relationship, and emphasizes the importance of their contribution to competency assurance."}
{"id": "PMID:907020", "title": "Competency assurance: applying the concept.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to increase understanding of the concept of competency assurance; to encourage associations of health professionals to develop a competency assurance program; and to motivate health care personnel to participate in a competency assurance program. The concept of competency assurance as defined by Wilson is used and its application and usefulness for a national association and its members are illustrated.", "contents": "Competency assurance: applying the concept. The purpose of this paper is to increase understanding of the concept of competency assurance; to encourage associations of health professionals to develop a competency assurance program; and to motivate health care personnel to participate in a competency assurance program. The concept of competency assurance as defined by Wilson is used and its application and usefulness for a national association and its members are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:907025", "title": "Telescopes, light vergence, and accommodation.", "content": "This paper explains why the accommodative response to near objects is ineffective through a telescope. A simple formula is used to demonstrate the need for a bifocal spectacle objective or a change in vertex distance when viewing near objects with a contact lens spectacle lens telescope. Using this exact formula, clinicians can now more precisely compare refractions with and withoug a telescope. The formula also shows why refractions with telescopes used for driving should be accomplished at test distances of 20 feet or more.", "contents": "Telescopes, light vergence, and accommodation. This paper explains why the accommodative response to near objects is ineffective through a telescope. A simple formula is used to demonstrate the need for a bifocal spectacle objective or a change in vertex distance when viewing near objects with a contact lens spectacle lens telescope. Using this exact formula, clinicians can now more precisely compare refractions with and withoug a telescope. The formula also shows why refractions with telescopes used for driving should be accomplished at test distances of 20 feet or more."}
{"id": "PMID:907026", "title": "Stereomovement from interocular delay in dynamic visual noise: a random spatial disparity hypothesis.", "content": "This paper reports a series of tests of the assumptions entailed in the random spatial disparity hypothesis (Tyler, 1974) of the stereophenomenon that occurs on viewing dynamic visual noise with an interocular delay. The results support the hypothesis in opposition to 2 alternative hypotheses. A new stereophenomenon is reported in which reversed steromovement is perceived when viewing dynamic visual noise that has both an interocular delay and complementary contrast between the 2 eyes. Only the random spatial disparity hypothesis appears to account for this reverse stereophenomenon.", "contents": "Stereomovement from interocular delay in dynamic visual noise: a random spatial disparity hypothesis. This paper reports a series of tests of the assumptions entailed in the random spatial disparity hypothesis (Tyler, 1974) of the stereophenomenon that occurs on viewing dynamic visual noise with an interocular delay. The results support the hypothesis in opposition to 2 alternative hypotheses. A new stereophenomenon is reported in which reversed steromovement is perceived when viewing dynamic visual noise that has both an interocular delay and complementary contrast between the 2 eyes. Only the random spatial disparity hypothesis appears to account for this reverse stereophenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:907027", "title": "Visual response time to colored stimuli in peripheral retina: evidence for binocular summation.", "content": "Simple onset response time (RT) experiments, previously shown to exhibit binocular summation effects for white stimuli along the horizontal meridian, were performed for red and green stimuli along 5 oblique meridians. Binocular RT was significantly shorter than monocular RT for a 45-min-diameter spot of red, green, or white light within eccentricites of about 50 deg from the fovea. Relatively large meridian differences were noted that appear to be due to the degree which the images fall on corresponding retinal areas.", "contents": "Visual response time to colored stimuli in peripheral retina: evidence for binocular summation. Simple onset response time (RT) experiments, previously shown to exhibit binocular summation effects for white stimuli along the horizontal meridian, were performed for red and green stimuli along 5 oblique meridians. Binocular RT was significantly shorter than monocular RT for a 45-min-diameter spot of red, green, or white light within eccentricites of about 50 deg from the fovea. Relatively large meridian differences were noted that appear to be due to the degree which the images fall on corresponding retinal areas."}
{"id": "PMID:907029", "title": "Ulnar nerve entrapment syndrome in baseball players.", "content": "Ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow has been described in the literature. This paper deals with 19 skeletally mature baseball players with ulnar nerve entrapment who underwent surgery for correction of the problem. The surgery consisted of anterior transfer of the nerve and placement deep to the flexor muscles. Six players quit baseball because of continuing elbow problems, nine returned to playing, and four were lost to follow-up. Ulnar nerve entrapment is thought to represent one syndrome in a spectrum of diseases involving the medial side of the elbow in baseball players. The lesion is amenable to surgery.", "contents": "Ulnar nerve entrapment syndrome in baseball players. Ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow has been described in the literature. This paper deals with 19 skeletally mature baseball players with ulnar nerve entrapment who underwent surgery for correction of the problem. The surgery consisted of anterior transfer of the nerve and placement deep to the flexor muscles. Six players quit baseball because of continuing elbow problems, nine returned to playing, and four were lost to follow-up. Ulnar nerve entrapment is thought to represent one syndrome in a spectrum of diseases involving the medial side of the elbow in baseball players. The lesion is amenable to surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:907037", "title": "Isolation of Bhanja virus from ticks in Yugoslavia.", "content": "Two strains of Bhanja (BHA) virus, an ungrouped arbovirus, were isolated from Haemaphysalis punctata ticks collected from sheep on the island of Brac in the Yugoslavian Adriatic. Serologic testing gave evidence of the endemicity of BHA virus on the island, and antibody prevalence rates were high for both man (35.8%--ranging locally to 61.3%) and sheep (100%). No antibody was found in 82 small mammals tested. Evidence of a natural cycle involving ticks and sheep, the potential significance of this virus for man and for animals of agricultural importance, and factors related to its epidemiology are discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of Bhanja virus from ticks in Yugoslavia. Two strains of Bhanja (BHA) virus, an ungrouped arbovirus, were isolated from Haemaphysalis punctata ticks collected from sheep on the island of Brac in the Yugoslavian Adriatic. Serologic testing gave evidence of the endemicity of BHA virus on the island, and antibody prevalence rates were high for both man (35.8%--ranging locally to 61.3%) and sheep (100%). No antibody was found in 82 small mammals tested. Evidence of a natural cycle involving ticks and sheep, the potential significance of this virus for man and for animals of agricultural importance, and factors related to its epidemiology are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907038", "title": "Identification of Culex species by electrophoresis.", "content": "This paper extends the usefulness of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to studies of mosquito taxonomy and mosquito vector ecology. Using a newly developed double staining technique, it is possible to unambiguously separate several species of Culex mosquitoes found in northern Indiana. These include Culex restuans, Culex pipiens pipiens, and Culex territans. Preliminary work indicates that Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Culex salinarius can also be identified by this method. This technique enables precise taxonomic identification of individual mosquitoes or pooled samples whether intact or damaged beyond identification by standard taxonomic methods. The small sample required (20 microliter) per pool leaves sufficient material for virus isolation techniques.", "contents": "Identification of Culex species by electrophoresis. This paper extends the usefulness of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to studies of mosquito taxonomy and mosquito vector ecology. Using a newly developed double staining technique, it is possible to unambiguously separate several species of Culex mosquitoes found in northern Indiana. These include Culex restuans, Culex pipiens pipiens, and Culex territans. Preliminary work indicates that Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Culex salinarius can also be identified by this method. This technique enables precise taxonomic identification of individual mosquitoes or pooled samples whether intact or damaged beyond identification by standard taxonomic methods. The small sample required (20 microliter) per pool leaves sufficient material for virus isolation techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:907039", "title": "Rearing of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata under axenic conditions in isolators.", "content": "Germfree Biomphalaria glabrata were successfully reared through their life cycle in isolators. The snails were fed a diet sterilized either by heat or by irradiation. Snails fed an irradiated diet had a better growth and higher reproduction rate than the ones fed an autoclaved diet. There was no difference in survival between the two groups.", "contents": "Rearing of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata under axenic conditions in isolators. Germfree Biomphalaria glabrata were successfully reared through their life cycle in isolators. The snails were fed a diet sterilized either by heat or by irradiation. Snails fed an irradiated diet had a better growth and higher reproduction rate than the ones fed an autoclaved diet. There was no difference in survival between the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:907034", "title": "Pes anserinus transfer: an in vivo biomechanical analysis.", "content": "Fifteen patients who had undergone pes anserinus transfer for anteromedial rotary instability were tested for peak internal rotation torque at three stations of knee flexion. Despite the fact that all patients had apparently benefited from surgery, from a strict analytical standpoint the conclusions of this study do not support the contentions of previous authors, who suggest that pes anserinus transfer results in enhanced stability by increasing rotary effectiveness; nor do they demonstrate a consequential decrease in knee flexion power.", "contents": "Pes anserinus transfer: an in vivo biomechanical analysis. Fifteen patients who had undergone pes anserinus transfer for anteromedial rotary instability were tested for peak internal rotation torque at three stations of knee flexion. Despite the fact that all patients had apparently benefited from surgery, from a strict analytical standpoint the conclusions of this study do not support the contentions of previous authors, who suggest that pes anserinus transfer results in enhanced stability by increasing rotary effectiveness; nor do they demonstrate a consequential decrease in knee flexion power."}
{"id": "PMID:907035", "title": "Upper trunk brachial plexus injuries in contact sports.", "content": "Cervical nerve pinch syndrome, a neurapraxia of the brachial plexus, is a common occurrence in contact football. The incidence at two universities was approximately 49%. The more serious injury, brachial plexus axonotmesis, has received little attention in the literature. We are reporting 13 cases of brachial plexus axonotmesis. Ten were documented by electromyography. All involved the upper trunk. All but one patient recovered within a 3- to 42-week interval. These brachial plexus axonotmesis injuries may initially present as a cervical nerve pinch syndrome. All significant or repeated cervical nerve pinch injuries should be reexamined at 2 weeks. Those patient with axonotmesis should not be allowed to return to competition until they have achieved normal strength in the involved muscles and the electromyogram shows no signs of active denervation.", "contents": "Upper trunk brachial plexus injuries in contact sports. Cervical nerve pinch syndrome, a neurapraxia of the brachial plexus, is a common occurrence in contact football. The incidence at two universities was approximately 49%. The more serious injury, brachial plexus axonotmesis, has received little attention in the literature. We are reporting 13 cases of brachial plexus axonotmesis. Ten were documented by electromyography. All involved the upper trunk. All but one patient recovered within a 3- to 42-week interval. These brachial plexus axonotmesis injuries may initially present as a cervical nerve pinch syndrome. All significant or repeated cervical nerve pinch injuries should be reexamined at 2 weeks. Those patient with axonotmesis should not be allowed to return to competition until they have achieved normal strength in the involved muscles and the electromyogram shows no signs of active denervation."}
{"id": "PMID:907036", "title": "Entrapment neuropathy of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve.", "content": "This paper describes a syndrome of entrapment of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve attributable to its anatomical relationship to the sartorius muscle and justifies its identification as a distinct entity. Surgery was performed on four knees in three patients for localized pain and tenderness. The infrapatellar nerve was found entrapped behind the sartorius tendon against the prominent edge of the medial femoral condyle and sharply angulated while passing around the sartorius in two knees. Entrapment during passage of the nerve through a slit in the musculotendinous portion of the sartorius was observed in the others. All patients had complete relief of symptoms after translocation of the nerve away from the site of entrapment. The characteristic findings demonstrate the need to be aware of the possibility of entrapment of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve when evaluating patients with pain on the medial aspect of the knee.", "contents": "Entrapment neuropathy of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve. This paper describes a syndrome of entrapment of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve attributable to its anatomical relationship to the sartorius muscle and justifies its identification as a distinct entity. Surgery was performed on four knees in three patients for localized pain and tenderness. The infrapatellar nerve was found entrapped behind the sartorius tendon against the prominent edge of the medial femoral condyle and sharply angulated while passing around the sartorius in two knees. Entrapment during passage of the nerve through a slit in the musculotendinous portion of the sartorius was observed in the others. All patients had complete relief of symptoms after translocation of the nerve away from the site of entrapment. The characteristic findings demonstrate the need to be aware of the possibility of entrapment of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve when evaluating patients with pain on the medial aspect of the knee."}
{"id": "PMID:907041", "title": "Eosinophilic leukocytes in diffuse proliferative and exudative glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Differential counts of glomerular eosinophils and neutrophils were performed on renal biopsies from 16 patients with diffuse proliferative and exudative glomerulonephritis. The results indicate that eosinophils and neutrophils are present in the glomerular exudate in the same proportion as in the peripheral blood. The eosinophilia present in some of the cases could not be etiologically related to the acute nephritis and probably represented a chance association, showing how a well known histological entity can sometimes be modified in a tropical environment. The functional effects, if any, of this modification require further study.", "contents": "Eosinophilic leukocytes in diffuse proliferative and exudative glomerulonephritis. Differential counts of glomerular eosinophils and neutrophils were performed on renal biopsies from 16 patients with diffuse proliferative and exudative glomerulonephritis. The results indicate that eosinophils and neutrophils are present in the glomerular exudate in the same proportion as in the peripheral blood. The eosinophilia present in some of the cases could not be etiologically related to the acute nephritis and probably represented a chance association, showing how a well known histological entity can sometimes be modified in a tropical environment. The functional effects, if any, of this modification require further study."}
{"id": "PMID:907042", "title": "Renal failure following snake bite. A clinicopathological study of nineteen patients.", "content": "Clinical, hematological, and renal biopsy findings in 19 unselected patients with renal failure following snake bite, including eight bitten by Russell's viper, are presented. Hematological findings were variable and did not influence treatment. Renal histology was a good guide to prognosis; patients with normal histology recovered with conservative management, those with tubular necrosis responded well to dialysis, while those with cortical necrosis responded only partially. Peritoneal dialysis was found to be an adequate form of treatment in the majority of patients.", "contents": "Renal failure following snake bite. A clinicopathological study of nineteen patients. Clinical, hematological, and renal biopsy findings in 19 unselected patients with renal failure following snake bite, including eight bitten by Russell's viper, are presented. Hematological findings were variable and did not influence treatment. Renal histology was a good guide to prognosis; patients with normal histology recovered with conservative management, those with tubular necrosis responded well to dialysis, while those with cortical necrosis responded only partially. Peritoneal dialysis was found to be an adequate form of treatment in the majority of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:907043", "title": "Isolation of Leishmania braziliensis from a wild rodent in Costa Rica.", "content": "Leishmania braziliensis panamensis has been isolated in culture from one spiny-pocket mouse (Heteromys dermarestianus) out of 43 examined, proving that rodents of this genus can be reservoirs of Leishmania of the braziliensis complex as well as of mexicana in Latin America.", "contents": "Isolation of Leishmania braziliensis from a wild rodent in Costa Rica. Leishmania braziliensis panamensis has been isolated in culture from one spiny-pocket mouse (Heteromys dermarestianus) out of 43 examined, proving that rodents of this genus can be reservoirs of Leishmania of the braziliensis complex as well as of mexicana in Latin America."}
{"id": "PMID:907044", "title": "The natural occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis in the bushy-tailed woodrat, Neotoma cinerea rupicola, in Wyoming.", "content": "Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, is reported from Neotoma cinerea rupicola Allen in Wyoming. This report represents new host and locality records for the cestode. The larva had undergone active multilocular vesiculation in the liver with minimal host-tissue reaction. Protoscolices and calcareous corpuscles were absent.", "contents": "The natural occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis in the bushy-tailed woodrat, Neotoma cinerea rupicola, in Wyoming. Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, is reported from Neotoma cinerea rupicola Allen in Wyoming. This report represents new host and locality records for the cestode. The larva had undergone active multilocular vesiculation in the liver with minimal host-tissue reaction. Protoscolices and calcareous corpuscles were absent."}
{"id": "PMID:907045", "title": "Salmonella carmel infection in infancy: clinical observations.", "content": "The features of Salmonella carmel infection were observed in eight infants under 1 year of age who were suffering from enteritis. While four of the infants who were over 6 months of age had mucous diarrhea and did not appear very ill, the four infants aged less than 4 months had severe bloody and purulent diarrhea, were \"toxic\", and needed intravenous therapy. Salmonella carmel appears to be causative of enteritis in infants under 1 year of age, severely affecting babies in their first half-year of life.", "contents": "Salmonella carmel infection in infancy: clinical observations. The features of Salmonella carmel infection were observed in eight infants under 1 year of age who were suffering from enteritis. While four of the infants who were over 6 months of age had mucous diarrhea and did not appear very ill, the four infants aged less than 4 months had severe bloody and purulent diarrhea, were \"toxic\", and needed intravenous therapy. Salmonella carmel appears to be causative of enteritis in infants under 1 year of age, severely affecting babies in their first half-year of life."}
{"id": "PMID:907046", "title": "Differences in biological characteristics of three Leishmania isolates from patients with espundia.", "content": "Two recent Leishmania isolates from nasal lesions involving the mucosa, one from an autochthonous case from Texas and one from a case from eastern Peru, were compared with a reference strain of Leishmania braziliensis from Brazil for the biological characteristics which distinguish the L. braziliensis complex from L. mexicana. The characteristics of in vitro growth, pathogenesis in the hamster, and position of the promastigotes in the gut of vector sandflies were determined and compared with the reference strain from Brazil. In spite of the nasal involvement which resembled the clinical picture considered characteristic of L. braziliensis infection, the Texas isolate was clearly L. mexicana. It is considered that the atypical clinical feature was the result of the patient's altered immune state due to neoplastic disease and subsequent radiation therapy. The Peru isolate constitutes the first example of a \"fast growing\" strain isolated directly from a patient with espundia, but otherwise it demonstrated the characteristics of Leishmania braziliensis.", "contents": "Differences in biological characteristics of three Leishmania isolates from patients with espundia. Two recent Leishmania isolates from nasal lesions involving the mucosa, one from an autochthonous case from Texas and one from a case from eastern Peru, were compared with a reference strain of Leishmania braziliensis from Brazil for the biological characteristics which distinguish the L. braziliensis complex from L. mexicana. The characteristics of in vitro growth, pathogenesis in the hamster, and position of the promastigotes in the gut of vector sandflies were determined and compared with the reference strain from Brazil. In spite of the nasal involvement which resembled the clinical picture considered characteristic of L. braziliensis infection, the Texas isolate was clearly L. mexicana. It is considered that the atypical clinical feature was the result of the patient's altered immune state due to neoplastic disease and subsequent radiation therapy. The Peru isolate constitutes the first example of a \"fast growing\" strain isolated directly from a patient with espundia, but otherwise it demonstrated the characteristics of Leishmania braziliensis."}
{"id": "PMID:907047", "title": "Concanavalin A-induced agglutination of Naegleria.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A) agglutinated all Naegleria gruberi strains tested but did not agglutinate any N. fowleri strains tested. Agglutination was time and temperature dependent and Con A concentration and ameba concentration dependent over certain ranges. Agglutination increased to maximum up to 1 h incubation with Con A. At least 1 X 10(6) amebae/ml were needed for maximum agglutination, and Con A concentrations higher than 100 microgram/ml did not appreciably increase agglutination. Incubation of 4 degrees C or with 10 mM alpha-methyl-D-mannoside inhibited agglutination of N. gruberi. These data indicate a difference in polysaccharide structure of cell membranes of N. fowleri and N. gruberi.", "contents": "Concanavalin A-induced agglutination of Naegleria. Concanavalin A (Con A) agglutinated all Naegleria gruberi strains tested but did not agglutinate any N. fowleri strains tested. Agglutination was time and temperature dependent and Con A concentration and ameba concentration dependent over certain ranges. Agglutination increased to maximum up to 1 h incubation with Con A. At least 1 X 10(6) amebae/ml were needed for maximum agglutination, and Con A concentrations higher than 100 microgram/ml did not appreciably increase agglutination. Incubation of 4 degrees C or with 10 mM alpha-methyl-D-mannoside inhibited agglutination of N. gruberi. These data indicate a difference in polysaccharide structure of cell membranes of N. fowleri and N. gruberi."}
{"id": "PMID:907048", "title": "Intestinal function and morphology in strongyloidiasis.", "content": "Divergent available information on the capability of Strongyloides stercoralis to cause malabsorption prompted a long-term observation in which the nutritional state of the subjects was carefully defined. In spite of moderate to severe symptoms, well nourished patients, even with segmental jejunitis, did not show malabsorption. All patients presenting this parasitic infection with concomitant malnutrition showed absorptive defects. Abnormal absorption persisted in spite of parasitic cure when malnutrition was not immediately corrected, and disappeared with correction of the malnutrition even if parasitic infection was allowed to continue. The present experience indicates that the malabsorption syndrome seen in some cases of S. stercoralis infection is secondary to the concomitant malnutrition and not to the parasite per se.", "contents": "Intestinal function and morphology in strongyloidiasis. Divergent available information on the capability of Strongyloides stercoralis to cause malabsorption prompted a long-term observation in which the nutritional state of the subjects was carefully defined. In spite of moderate to severe symptoms, well nourished patients, even with segmental jejunitis, did not show malabsorption. All patients presenting this parasitic infection with concomitant malnutrition showed absorptive defects. Abnormal absorption persisted in spite of parasitic cure when malnutrition was not immediately corrected, and disappeared with correction of the malnutrition even if parasitic infection was allowed to continue. The present experience indicates that the malabsorption syndrome seen in some cases of S. stercoralis infection is secondary to the concomitant malnutrition and not to the parasite per se."}
{"id": "PMID:907049", "title": "Epidemiology and mass-treatment of ascariasis in six rural communities in central Iran.", "content": "In six villages near Isfahan in central Iran 1,455 persons were examined for intestinal parasites. Those with Ascaris infection were treated with pyrantel pamoate in a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight and all stools passed during 48 hours after treatment were collected in plastic pans and screened for worms which were then sexed and measured. Ascaris infection rates, 87--95% in the six villages before treatment, were reduced to 1--8% (average 5%) and the mean number of eggs in the feces was reduced from 19/mg to less than 1/mg. All age groups and both sexes were about equally infected, and the average number of worms expelled by treatment ranged from 16 per infected person below 5 years of age to 31 per person 20--39 years of age. Mature and immature worms together were expelled from persons treated at all seasons, indicating that worms were acquired and lost continuously throughout the year. Fecal examination at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months after treatment showed that the prevalence at 12 months had returned to the original level (87% vs. 91%) but the average intensity as reflected in egg-counts had not (10 vs. 19/mg feces). The findings confirm the necessity of repeated treatment at 2- to 3-month intervals.", "contents": "Epidemiology and mass-treatment of ascariasis in six rural communities in central Iran. In six villages near Isfahan in central Iran 1,455 persons were examined for intestinal parasites. Those with Ascaris infection were treated with pyrantel pamoate in a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight and all stools passed during 48 hours after treatment were collected in plastic pans and screened for worms which were then sexed and measured. Ascaris infection rates, 87--95% in the six villages before treatment, were reduced to 1--8% (average 5%) and the mean number of eggs in the feces was reduced from 19/mg to less than 1/mg. All age groups and both sexes were about equally infected, and the average number of worms expelled by treatment ranged from 16 per infected person below 5 years of age to 31 per person 20--39 years of age. Mature and immature worms together were expelled from persons treated at all seasons, indicating that worms were acquired and lost continuously throughout the year. Fecal examination at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months after treatment showed that the prevalence at 12 months had returned to the original level (87% vs. 91%) but the average intensity as reflected in egg-counts had not (10 vs. 19/mg feces). The findings confirm the necessity of repeated treatment at 2- to 3-month intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:907050", "title": "Immunoglobulin E in Nigerian onchocerciasis.", "content": "Total serum IgE was measured by radioimmunoassay in 58 adult Nigerian patients with untreated onchocerciasis. Levels in excess of 244.9 IU/ml, the mean level of the healthy Nigerian control subjects tested, were found in 86% of the patients. The levels were comparable to IgE levels found in 15 atopic Nigerian patients from the same residential area (mean = 1,028.7 IU/ml). The findings suggest that onchocerciasis, like allergy, is one of the causes of elevated total serum IgE, though normal levels may occur in this disease.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin E in Nigerian onchocerciasis. Total serum IgE was measured by radioimmunoassay in 58 adult Nigerian patients with untreated onchocerciasis. Levels in excess of 244.9 IU/ml, the mean level of the healthy Nigerian control subjects tested, were found in 86% of the patients. The levels were comparable to IgE levels found in 15 atopic Nigerian patients from the same residential area (mean = 1,028.7 IU/ml). The findings suggest that onchocerciasis, like allergy, is one of the causes of elevated total serum IgE, though normal levels may occur in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:907051", "title": "Control of Schistosoma mansoni transmission by chemotherapy in St. Lucia. I. Results in man.", "content": "Control of Schistosoma mansoni transmission solely by treatment of all infected persons was attempted in Marquis Valley (population about 3,100), St. Lucia. Two-year results are reported. Excluding 26 pregnant patients, 709 to 729 persons who were found to be infected received treatment the first year. Most of these, 677, were given a single injection of hycanthone (2.5 mg/kg of body weight), and the same treatment was administered to 159 patients the second year. Side effects were not severe; the major side effect, vomiting, occurred in about 22% on both occasions. In villages with initially high transmission rates, the incidence of new infections in children 0 to 14 years fell from 20.8% before chemotherapy to 7.4% after 1 year and to 3.7% after 2 years. This pattern was significantly different from that in the comparison area where no control scheme exists. Chemotherapy alone appears to be a rapid, effective, and comparatively inexpensive method of controlling S. mansoni transmission in St. Lucia.", "contents": "Control of Schistosoma mansoni transmission by chemotherapy in St. Lucia. I. Results in man. Control of Schistosoma mansoni transmission solely by treatment of all infected persons was attempted in Marquis Valley (population about 3,100), St. Lucia. Two-year results are reported. Excluding 26 pregnant patients, 709 to 729 persons who were found to be infected received treatment the first year. Most of these, 677, were given a single injection of hycanthone (2.5 mg/kg of body weight), and the same treatment was administered to 159 patients the second year. Side effects were not severe; the major side effect, vomiting, occurred in about 22% on both occasions. In villages with initially high transmission rates, the incidence of new infections in children 0 to 14 years fell from 20.8% before chemotherapy to 7.4% after 1 year and to 3.7% after 2 years. This pattern was significantly different from that in the comparison area where no control scheme exists. Chemotherapy alone appears to be a rapid, effective, and comparatively inexpensive method of controlling S. mansoni transmission in St. Lucia."}
{"id": "PMID:907052", "title": "Control of Schistosoma mansoni transmission by chemotherapy in St. Lucia. II. Biological results.", "content": "Chemotherapy of all persons infected with Schistosoma mansoni was begun in Marquis Valley, St. Lucia, in March 1974. From January 1972 to the start of chemotherapy, the infection rate in field Biomphalaria glabrata collected in the valley was 1.09% (117/10,736) and the rate in sentinel B. glabrata was 1.48% (56/3,790). From March 1974 through December 1975, no infections were detected in either field snails (11,742 collected) or sentinel snails (3,230 exposed). The accumulated date suggest that, because of differences in topography and average annual rainfall, S. mansoni transmission occurs in this valley during the rainy season, whereas in other St. Lucian valleys under study it occurs during the dry season.", "contents": "Control of Schistosoma mansoni transmission by chemotherapy in St. Lucia. II. Biological results. Chemotherapy of all persons infected with Schistosoma mansoni was begun in Marquis Valley, St. Lucia, in March 1974. From January 1972 to the start of chemotherapy, the infection rate in field Biomphalaria glabrata collected in the valley was 1.09% (117/10,736) and the rate in sentinel B. glabrata was 1.48% (56/3,790). From March 1974 through December 1975, no infections were detected in either field snails (11,742 collected) or sentinel snails (3,230 exposed). The accumulated date suggest that, because of differences in topography and average annual rainfall, S. mansoni transmission occurs in this valley during the rainy season, whereas in other St. Lucian valleys under study it occurs during the dry season."}
{"id": "PMID:907053", "title": "Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. II. Occurrence of eosinophil-dependent cytotoxic antibodies in relation to intensity and duration of infection.", "content": "Plasma samples from St. Lucians were tested for the presence of antibodies which cooperate in vitro with normal human leukocytes in causing cytotoxic damage to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. The in vitro antibody activity, which has been previously shown to depend on eosinophil effector cells was detected in 56% of the individuals with known, current S. mansoni infections and in 14% of control subjects from the same endemic area. Quantitatively, eosinophil dependent cytotoxic antibody (EDCA) activity, when expressed as the maximum amount of damage to schistosomula induced at high plasma concentration, correlated significantly with the intensity of S. mansoni infection as determined by fecal egg count, the highest levels of activity occurring in patients with stool counts of 60 eggs/ml or greater. In addition, plasma EDCA activity was found to correlate with the in vitro blastogenic responsiveness of patients' lymphocytes to three different parasite antigen preparations. In contrast, titrations of EDCA activity failed to reveal a relationship between EDCA titer and the most recent egg count performed on each subject. However, a significant correlation was observed when titers were compared to egg counts averaged over a 3-year period. Neither maximal EDCA activity nor titer was found to correlate with the duration of known schistosome infection.", "contents": "Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. II. Occurrence of eosinophil-dependent cytotoxic antibodies in relation to intensity and duration of infection. Plasma samples from St. Lucians were tested for the presence of antibodies which cooperate in vitro with normal human leukocytes in causing cytotoxic damage to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. The in vitro antibody activity, which has been previously shown to depend on eosinophil effector cells was detected in 56% of the individuals with known, current S. mansoni infections and in 14% of control subjects from the same endemic area. Quantitatively, eosinophil dependent cytotoxic antibody (EDCA) activity, when expressed as the maximum amount of damage to schistosomula induced at high plasma concentration, correlated significantly with the intensity of S. mansoni infection as determined by fecal egg count, the highest levels of activity occurring in patients with stool counts of 60 eggs/ml or greater. In addition, plasma EDCA activity was found to correlate with the in vitro blastogenic responsiveness of patients' lymphocytes to three different parasite antigen preparations. In contrast, titrations of EDCA activity failed to reveal a relationship between EDCA titer and the most recent egg count performed on each subject. However, a significant correlation was observed when titers were compared to egg counts averaged over a 3-year period. Neither maximal EDCA activity nor titer was found to correlate with the duration of known schistosome infection."}
{"id": "PMID:907054", "title": "Experimentally produced resistance of Schistosoma mansoni to hycanthone.", "content": "Genetically transferred resistance to the antischistosomal drug hycanthone has been observed in several strains of Schistosoma mansoni: 1) in the progeny of worms to whose hosts hycanthone had been administered 54 to 70 days after exposure to cercariae (Type I); 2) in the progeny of worms to whose hosts hycanthone had been administered when the worms were still in an immature stage (27 to 29 days after percutaneous cercarial exposure) (Type II); and 3) in the progeny of worms from hosts that had been infected with cercariae of one sex followed by infection with the opposite sex 2 to 58 weeks later (Type III). In types I and II, drug resistance was transferred maternally. Hycanthone-resistant schistosomes were cross-resistant to antischistosomal drugs structurally related to hycanthone, such as oxamniquine and two chloro-indazole analogs of hycanthone, but not to niridazole and to another nitroheterocyclic compound.", "contents": "Experimentally produced resistance of Schistosoma mansoni to hycanthone. Genetically transferred resistance to the antischistosomal drug hycanthone has been observed in several strains of Schistosoma mansoni: 1) in the progeny of worms to whose hosts hycanthone had been administered 54 to 70 days after exposure to cercariae (Type I); 2) in the progeny of worms to whose hosts hycanthone had been administered when the worms were still in an immature stage (27 to 29 days after percutaneous cercarial exposure) (Type II); and 3) in the progeny of worms from hosts that had been infected with cercariae of one sex followed by infection with the opposite sex 2 to 58 weeks later (Type III). In types I and II, drug resistance was transferred maternally. Hycanthone-resistant schistosomes were cross-resistant to antischistosomal drugs structurally related to hycanthone, such as oxamniquine and two chloro-indazole analogs of hycanthone, but not to niridazole and to another nitroheterocyclic compound."}
{"id": "PMID:907055", "title": "Immunity and immunopathology following reinfection of mice cured of chronic schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "The effect of curative treatment of murine schistosomiasis mansoni on resistance to reinfection and on granulomatous hypersensitivity following reinfection was studied. The sera of mice with light chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection of 32 weeks duration were tested by immunodiffusion analysis with soluble egg antigens for a precipitin band containing an antigen specific for eggs in order to identify bisexual infections. A group of the 32 week bisexually-infected mice were treated with niridazole, as was a similar group of uninfected mice. Six weeks later (at 38 weeks) the previously infected mice were injected subcutaneously with 30 cercariae and the uninfected mice with 20 cercariae. On perfusion 12 weeks later the secondarily infected mice had a percentage worm yield following infection of 16 while that in the primarily infected mice was 60. Twelve weeks after reinfection (at 50 weeks), the previously infected mice had moderate hepatosplenic disease similar to the mice which had remained constantly infected for 50 weeks, and formed relatively small granulomas around eggs injected into their pulmonary microvasculature. In spite of much lower liver egg counts, particularly severe hepatosplenic disease was seen in the previously uninfected mice. When eggs were injected into their lungs, however, very large granulomas were observed. These experiments suggest that both immunity and modulation of immunopathology are residual after curative treatment.", "contents": "Immunity and immunopathology following reinfection of mice cured of chronic schistosomiasis mansoni. The effect of curative treatment of murine schistosomiasis mansoni on resistance to reinfection and on granulomatous hypersensitivity following reinfection was studied. The sera of mice with light chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection of 32 weeks duration were tested by immunodiffusion analysis with soluble egg antigens for a precipitin band containing an antigen specific for eggs in order to identify bisexual infections. A group of the 32 week bisexually-infected mice were treated with niridazole, as was a similar group of uninfected mice. Six weeks later (at 38 weeks) the previously infected mice were injected subcutaneously with 30 cercariae and the uninfected mice with 20 cercariae. On perfusion 12 weeks later the secondarily infected mice had a percentage worm yield following infection of 16 while that in the primarily infected mice was 60. Twelve weeks after reinfection (at 50 weeks), the previously infected mice had moderate hepatosplenic disease similar to the mice which had remained constantly infected for 50 weeks, and formed relatively small granulomas around eggs injected into their pulmonary microvasculature. In spite of much lower liver egg counts, particularly severe hepatosplenic disease was seen in the previously uninfected mice. When eggs were injected into their lungs, however, very large granulomas were observed. These experiments suggest that both immunity and modulation of immunopathology are residual after curative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:907056", "title": "Incidence of leptospirosis in the detroit rat population.", "content": "The rat population (Rattus norvegicus) in the city of Detroit was surveyed to determine the incidence of leptospirosis. Four methods of survey were used--serological, direct examination of urine, culture of urine, kidney and brain, and histopathological examination. Of 358 sera tested by the microscopic-agglutination test, 277 (77.4%) had significant agglutinins for serotype icterohaemorrhagiae. Significant differences were found between adult and young animals in both incidence and antibody titers, titers of 1:50 or higher being present in 90.3% and 38.8%, respectively, of adult and young rats. Examination of freshly drawn urine by dark field microscopy revealed that 59.6% of the animals were shedding leptospirae. When stained with Steiner's silver stain, 91.9% of the kidney sections were positive for leptospirae, showing this to be the most sensitive test of those used. Leptospirae were isolated from one or more cultures of kidney, urine, or brain from 221 (59.2%) of the 358 rats examined.", "contents": "Incidence of leptospirosis in the detroit rat population. The rat population (Rattus norvegicus) in the city of Detroit was surveyed to determine the incidence of leptospirosis. Four methods of survey were used--serological, direct examination of urine, culture of urine, kidney and brain, and histopathological examination. Of 358 sera tested by the microscopic-agglutination test, 277 (77.4%) had significant agglutinins for serotype icterohaemorrhagiae. Significant differences were found between adult and young animals in both incidence and antibody titers, titers of 1:50 or higher being present in 90.3% and 38.8%, respectively, of adult and young rats. Examination of freshly drawn urine by dark field microscopy revealed that 59.6% of the animals were shedding leptospirae. When stained with Steiner's silver stain, 91.9% of the kidney sections were positive for leptospirae, showing this to be the most sensitive test of those used. Leptospirae were isolated from one or more cultures of kidney, urine, or brain from 221 (59.2%) of the 358 rats examined."}
{"id": "PMID:907057", "title": "Hemostatic and platelet kinetic studies in dengue hemorrhagic fever.", "content": "In an attempt to reveal certain aspects of the pathogenesis of the bleeding disorder in dengue hemorrhagic fever, hemostatic and platelet kinetic studies were carried out in 61 children with this disease. As has been shown by others, thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia were the two most prominent hemostatic defects constantly discovered. Increased intravascular clotting seemed to be one responsible factor, though not an outstanding one. This was evidenced by mildly and variably low factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XII, and by mild to moderate increase of fibrin degradation products as well as low platelet counts and fibrinogen. In 11 cases platelet kinetic study revealed increased destruction as a main cause for the thrombocytopenia, most probably due to the underlying immunologic mechanism, i.e., via the immune complexes formed. Another factor was platelet dysfunction--the release of adenosine diphosphate.", "contents": "Hemostatic and platelet kinetic studies in dengue hemorrhagic fever. In an attempt to reveal certain aspects of the pathogenesis of the bleeding disorder in dengue hemorrhagic fever, hemostatic and platelet kinetic studies were carried out in 61 children with this disease. As has been shown by others, thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia were the two most prominent hemostatic defects constantly discovered. Increased intravascular clotting seemed to be one responsible factor, though not an outstanding one. This was evidenced by mildly and variably low factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XII, and by mild to moderate increase of fibrin degradation products as well as low platelet counts and fibrinogen. In 11 cases platelet kinetic study revealed increased destruction as a main cause for the thrombocytopenia, most probably due to the underlying immunologic mechanism, i.e., via the immune complexes formed. Another factor was platelet dysfunction--the release of adenosine diphosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:907058", "title": "Aedes aegypti strain fitness for yellow fever virus transmission.", "content": "Three geographical strains of Aedes aegypti from Thailand (Amphur), East Africa (Kampala), and the West Indies (Santo Domingo) were compared for susceptibility to infection with low-passage yellow fever virus (French viscerotropic) as well as for ability to transmit virus by bite at varying extrinsic incubation periods. Santo Domingo strain appeared the most competent and Kampala the least when mosquitoes were exposed to a low level virus-infecting blood meal; at higher virus levels, a similar trend was noted but differences were less evident and in no case were the differences statistically significant. All three strains were infected with and transmitted yellow fever virus.", "contents": "Aedes aegypti strain fitness for yellow fever virus transmission. Three geographical strains of Aedes aegypti from Thailand (Amphur), East Africa (Kampala), and the West Indies (Santo Domingo) were compared for susceptibility to infection with low-passage yellow fever virus (French viscerotropic) as well as for ability to transmit virus by bite at varying extrinsic incubation periods. Santo Domingo strain appeared the most competent and Kampala the least when mosquitoes were exposed to a low level virus-infecting blood meal; at higher virus levels, a similar trend was noted but differences were less evident and in no case were the differences statistically significant. All three strains were infected with and transmitted yellow fever virus."}
{"id": "PMID:907059", "title": "Aedes triseriatus and LA crosse virus: geographic variation in vector susceptibility and ability to transmit.", "content": "In laboratory tests, 20 strains of Aedes triseriatus differed widely in response to La Crosse virus. Infection rates ranged from 40% to 93%, and rate of transmission ranged from 20% to 90%. A control strain, tested in seven different trials, showed no significant variation in susceptibility (71--77%) or transmission ability (54--68%). A distinct geographic pattern was evident. The susceptibility and transmission rates of strains from areas where La Crosse virus is endemic were lower than that of strains from non-endemic regions, showing 71% vs. 87% for susceptibility to infection, and 46% vs. 74% for ability to transmit. Similar results have been observed in other mosquito-parasite systems, leading to the hypothesis that A. triseriatus in the upper Midwest is evolving resistance to La Crosse virus. Laboratory colonization had diverse and unpredictable effects on both transmission and infection, as might be expected with small populations and genetic drift.", "contents": "Aedes triseriatus and LA crosse virus: geographic variation in vector susceptibility and ability to transmit. In laboratory tests, 20 strains of Aedes triseriatus differed widely in response to La Crosse virus. Infection rates ranged from 40% to 93%, and rate of transmission ranged from 20% to 90%. A control strain, tested in seven different trials, showed no significant variation in susceptibility (71--77%) or transmission ability (54--68%). A distinct geographic pattern was evident. The susceptibility and transmission rates of strains from areas where La Crosse virus is endemic were lower than that of strains from non-endemic regions, showing 71% vs. 87% for susceptibility to infection, and 46% vs. 74% for ability to transmit. Similar results have been observed in other mosquito-parasite systems, leading to the hypothesis that A. triseriatus in the upper Midwest is evolving resistance to La Crosse virus. Laboratory colonization had diverse and unpredictable effects on both transmission and infection, as might be expected with small populations and genetic drift."}
{"id": "PMID:907071", "title": "[Heart rate of anaesthesiologists under physical and psychological professional stress (author's transl)].", "content": "The heart rate of anaesthesiologists under defined physical and psychological stress as well as during normal anaesthetic practice was studied. An acceleration of heart rate during induction and management of anaesthesia did not occur except in the presence of complicating circumstances. A phone call or a beeper alarm led to a rather ergotropic heart rate reaction (increase of 21%), especially when sleep was interrupted (increase of 75%). Locomotion for a professional reason, whether urgent or not, enhanced the heart rate up to 121/min. A simultaneous subjective feeling of psychological stress had no additional effect. The heart rate during the treatment of life-threatening situations remained at 109/min and often exceeded that of exhaustive running. The mean heart rate during the normal narcotic programe (90/min) was not uncommon and comparable with that of other surgical disciplines. However an increasing tolerance was seen with growing experience. Physical and psychological stress during the anaesthesiologist's work could be differentiated by means of heart rate except in some single observations. In the presence of both stressing factors the heart rate seems to be determined by the motor effort required.", "contents": "[Heart rate of anaesthesiologists under physical and psychological professional stress (author's transl)]. The heart rate of anaesthesiologists under defined physical and psychological stress as well as during normal anaesthetic practice was studied. An acceleration of heart rate during induction and management of anaesthesia did not occur except in the presence of complicating circumstances. A phone call or a beeper alarm led to a rather ergotropic heart rate reaction (increase of 21%), especially when sleep was interrupted (increase of 75%). Locomotion for a professional reason, whether urgent or not, enhanced the heart rate up to 121/min. A simultaneous subjective feeling of psychological stress had no additional effect. The heart rate during the treatment of life-threatening situations remained at 109/min and often exceeded that of exhaustive running. The mean heart rate during the normal narcotic programe (90/min) was not uncommon and comparable with that of other surgical disciplines. However an increasing tolerance was seen with growing experience. Physical and psychological stress during the anaesthesiologist's work could be differentiated by means of heart rate except in some single observations. In the presence of both stressing factors the heart rate seems to be determined by the motor effort required."}
{"id": "PMID:907072", "title": "[Ketamine-droperidol-dualanaesthesia for surgical and diagnostic procedures in pediatric ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "717 anaesthetics, consisting of a combination of droperidol and ketamine, were given to children aged between 2 months and 17 years for surgical and diagnostic procedures in ophthalmology. The administration of droperidol prior to ketamine resulted in (1) reduced doses of ketamine of 3.59 mg/kg body weight for a mean surgical duration of 18.11 min and (2) an absence of controversial psychomimetic side effects of ketamine. This procedure--called Dualanaesthesia--is simple and of low risk. Investigations were made concerning the cardiovascular and respiratory system, as well as the oculocardiac reflex, analgesic and antiemetic effects. Based on these positive experiences, this method is recommended for paediatric anesthesia.", "contents": "[Ketamine-droperidol-dualanaesthesia for surgical and diagnostic procedures in pediatric ophthalmology (author's transl)]. 717 anaesthetics, consisting of a combination of droperidol and ketamine, were given to children aged between 2 months and 17 years for surgical and diagnostic procedures in ophthalmology. The administration of droperidol prior to ketamine resulted in (1) reduced doses of ketamine of 3.59 mg/kg body weight for a mean surgical duration of 18.11 min and (2) an absence of controversial psychomimetic side effects of ketamine. This procedure--called Dualanaesthesia--is simple and of low risk. Investigations were made concerning the cardiovascular and respiratory system, as well as the oculocardiac reflex, analgesic and antiemetic effects. Based on these positive experiences, this method is recommended for paediatric anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:907073", "title": "[Central nerve blocks 2000 spinal anaesthetics with carticaine 5%-\"heavy\" (author's transl)].", "content": "We report on the use of Carticain in 2000 spinal anaethetics. Advantage include very short time of onset and low toxicity. The indications and contraindications are described.", "contents": "[Central nerve blocks 2000 spinal anaesthetics with carticaine 5%-\"heavy\" (author's transl)]. We report on the use of Carticain in 2000 spinal anaethetics. Advantage include very short time of onset and low toxicity. The indications and contraindications are described."}
{"id": "PMID:907074", "title": "[The effect of local anaesthetics on uterine blood flow and O2-consumption in pregnant sheep (author's transl)].", "content": "The local anesthetics bupivacaine, etidocaine, lignocaine and chloroprocaine were infused intravenously for 30 min to pregnant sheep, prepared for chronic studies. The amide compounds reached highere plasma concentrations than chloroprocaine. All local anaesthetics decreased uterine blood flow and O2 consumption without marked alterations of arterial or uterine venous blood gases. These changes were within the wide physiological range of variation, which was established in controls during 24 h. The findings may be of significance during paracervical block or pathological states of UBF or fetal homeostasis.", "contents": "[The effect of local anaesthetics on uterine blood flow and O2-consumption in pregnant sheep (author's transl)]. The local anesthetics bupivacaine, etidocaine, lignocaine and chloroprocaine were infused intravenously for 30 min to pregnant sheep, prepared for chronic studies. The amide compounds reached highere plasma concentrations than chloroprocaine. All local anaesthetics decreased uterine blood flow and O2 consumption without marked alterations of arterial or uterine venous blood gases. These changes were within the wide physiological range of variation, which was established in controls during 24 h. The findings may be of significance during paracervical block or pathological states of UBF or fetal homeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:907075", "title": "[Experimental definition of an optimal arrangement of electrodes for localisation of nerves (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of electrical stimulation for the localisation of nerves facilitates regional anaesthesia, especially by assuring a sufficient approach of the tip of the cannula to the nerve by the intensity and duration of an impulse necessary for its stimulation. This necessitates an adequate and constant distribution of the intensity of the stimulus in the surroundings of the tip of the cannula and the capability to define the current of the impulse. In the electrolytic tank the distribution of the stimulating intensity was studied in 4 different types of electrode arrangements. An electrode arrangement most suitable for nerve blockades was found. It may be produced by coating an injection cannula with 1 conducting and 2 isolating layers.", "contents": "[Experimental definition of an optimal arrangement of electrodes for localisation of nerves (author's transl)]. The use of electrical stimulation for the localisation of nerves facilitates regional anaesthesia, especially by assuring a sufficient approach of the tip of the cannula to the nerve by the intensity and duration of an impulse necessary for its stimulation. This necessitates an adequate and constant distribution of the intensity of the stimulus in the surroundings of the tip of the cannula and the capability to define the current of the impulse. In the electrolytic tank the distribution of the stimulating intensity was studied in 4 different types of electrode arrangements. An electrode arrangement most suitable for nerve blockades was found. It may be produced by coating an injection cannula with 1 conducting and 2 isolating layers."}
{"id": "PMID:907076", "title": "[Acute respiratory distress syndrome after near-drowning (author's transl)].", "content": "After successful rescue from drowning there may develop a situation which is called secondary drowning, resulting in acute respiratory distress characterized by interstitial pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia, hypercapnia and acidosis during drowning, direct alteration of the alveolar membrane by aspirated water and particulate matters and a volume overloading by adsorption and--not seldom--inept therapy. This situation requires mechanical ventilation and forced diuresis, combined with high doses of steroids, antibiotics and digitalis. We present the case of an eleven year old patient whose clinical course demonstrate the necessity of exact clinical observation after rescue from drowning. After development of acute respiratory distress only the immediate utilization of the therapeutic modalities of an intensive care may result in a satisfactory outcome. Four months later our patient had normal pulmonary function except for a moderate reduction of compliance.", "contents": "[Acute respiratory distress syndrome after near-drowning (author's transl)]. After successful rescue from drowning there may develop a situation which is called secondary drowning, resulting in acute respiratory distress characterized by interstitial pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia, hypercapnia and acidosis during drowning, direct alteration of the alveolar membrane by aspirated water and particulate matters and a volume overloading by adsorption and--not seldom--inept therapy. This situation requires mechanical ventilation and forced diuresis, combined with high doses of steroids, antibiotics and digitalis. We present the case of an eleven year old patient whose clinical course demonstrate the necessity of exact clinical observation after rescue from drowning. After development of acute respiratory distress only the immediate utilization of the therapeutic modalities of an intensive care may result in a satisfactory outcome. Four months later our patient had normal pulmonary function except for a moderate reduction of compliance."}
{"id": "PMID:907078", "title": "[Effects of halogenated hydrocarbons on polarographic measurement of oxygen partial pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "Halothane can be reduced polarographically. The presence of halothane in a probe therefore may lead to an erroneous determination of oxygen partial pressure with a greater or less overestimation of the actual oxygen tension. In this study we report extent to which halothane influences the polarographic determination of oxygen tension in blood samples and in the transcutaneous determination of arterial oxygen tension. A clear dependence on halothane concentration was found concerning the transcutaneous measurement of oxygen tension, while measurement of oxygen tension in blood samples by means of the Combianalysator (Fa. Eschweiler, Kiel) was not affected by halothane. The different effect of halothane on the oxygen measurement is apperantly due to the size of the polarizing voltage. Below values of 500 to 600 mV halothane is practically not reduced, whereas above this range reduction takes place which results in an additional polarizing current superimposing the signal of the reduction of oxygen.", "contents": "[Effects of halogenated hydrocarbons on polarographic measurement of oxygen partial pressure (author's transl)]. Halothane can be reduced polarographically. The presence of halothane in a probe therefore may lead to an erroneous determination of oxygen partial pressure with a greater or less overestimation of the actual oxygen tension. In this study we report extent to which halothane influences the polarographic determination of oxygen tension in blood samples and in the transcutaneous determination of arterial oxygen tension. A clear dependence on halothane concentration was found concerning the transcutaneous measurement of oxygen tension, while measurement of oxygen tension in blood samples by means of the Combianalysator (Fa. Eschweiler, Kiel) was not affected by halothane. The different effect of halothane on the oxygen measurement is apperantly due to the size of the polarizing voltage. Below values of 500 to 600 mV halothane is practically not reduced, whereas above this range reduction takes place which results in an additional polarizing current superimposing the signal of the reduction of oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:907079", "title": "[Artifical ventilation and spontaneous respiration under CO2-control (author's transl)].", "content": "In patients undergoing anaesthesia with controlled respiration the respiratory minutevolume required is not predictable! A \"Compact-Respiratory-Monitor\" enables the anaesthesiologist to observe simultaneously alveolar respiratory minute volume and end-tidal CO2-concentration as well. During anaesthetics with controlled respiration both values should be kept in parallel, while the end-tidal CO2-concentration has to be stabilized around 4vol% by adjusting the respiratory minute-volume to an adaequate level. Spontaneous changes of these parameters indicate disturbances due to ventilation/perfusion-relationship. This instrument was created for use in daily routine work. Over- and underventilation can be avoided by the use of this instrument.", "contents": "[Artifical ventilation and spontaneous respiration under CO2-control (author's transl)]. In patients undergoing anaesthesia with controlled respiration the respiratory minutevolume required is not predictable! A \"Compact-Respiratory-Monitor\" enables the anaesthesiologist to observe simultaneously alveolar respiratory minute volume and end-tidal CO2-concentration as well. During anaesthetics with controlled respiration both values should be kept in parallel, while the end-tidal CO2-concentration has to be stabilized around 4vol% by adjusting the respiratory minute-volume to an adaequate level. Spontaneous changes of these parameters indicate disturbances due to ventilation/perfusion-relationship. This instrument was created for use in daily routine work. Over- and underventilation can be avoided by the use of this instrument."}
{"id": "PMID:907081", "title": "[Quantitative analysis of particulate matter in infusion solutions, administration sets and additives (author's transl)].", "content": "There have been recevitly many comments on clinical and experimental reports which have demonstrated the safety problems associated with parenteral drugs contaminated with particles. Some countries have developed recommendations with a standard for counting of particles and their limits. Based on these limits, we have made a critical quantitative analysis of particulate matter in the most common commercially produced solutions, of particles added during manipulations in clinics and addition of drugs. Most authorities agree that particulate contamination should be kept to a minimum, above all in an intensive-care-unit where patients receive large quantities of solutions. As the risk to the patient is unacceptably high, many authors ask for filters to prevent the injection of particles in the bloodstream and their pathological consequences. A filter pore-size of 5 to 10 micron should be able to reduce this problem in a sufficient manner, without decreasing the infusion flow; whereas membrane-filters (0.22 micron), with their own problems, could also eliminate bacteria together with their microbiological hazards. Another source of particulate matter is represented by the injection of two or more drugs, administered at the same time, which may lead to chemical incompatibilities. This problem is not yet defined very well. To complete our quantitative  analysis, we decided to start a prospective clinical study.", "contents": "[Quantitative analysis of particulate matter in infusion solutions, administration sets and additives (author's transl)]. There have been recevitly many comments on clinical and experimental reports which have demonstrated the safety problems associated with parenteral drugs contaminated with particles. Some countries have developed recommendations with a standard for counting of particles and their limits. Based on these limits, we have made a critical quantitative analysis of particulate matter in the most common commercially produced solutions, of particles added during manipulations in clinics and addition of drugs. Most authorities agree that particulate contamination should be kept to a minimum, above all in an intensive-care-unit where patients receive large quantities of solutions. As the risk to the patient is unacceptably high, many authors ask for filters to prevent the injection of particles in the bloodstream and their pathological consequences. A filter pore-size of 5 to 10 micron should be able to reduce this problem in a sufficient manner, without decreasing the infusion flow; whereas membrane-filters (0.22 micron), with their own problems, could also eliminate bacteria together with their microbiological hazards. Another source of particulate matter is represented by the injection of two or more drugs, administered at the same time, which may lead to chemical incompatibilities. This problem is not yet defined very well. To complete our quantitative  analysis, we decided to start a prospective clinical study."}
{"id": "PMID:907082", "title": "[On the use of concentrated haptoglobin in the treatment of a haemolytic transfusion accident of the ABO-system (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical course and the treatment of a case of severe haemolytic ABO-incompatibility are described. In addition to the routine therapy 3 times 2000 units of haptoglobinconcentrate were given since it is known according to the literature to metabolize free haemoglobin. The clinical result seems to confirm the beneficial effect. The course remained free of complications and the hospital stay was not prolonged. Further clinical experience is needed to confirm the effectiveness of the treatment with haptoglobin in cases with severe haemolysis.", "contents": "[On the use of concentrated haptoglobin in the treatment of a haemolytic transfusion accident of the ABO-system (author's transl)]. The clinical course and the treatment of a case of severe haemolytic ABO-incompatibility are described. In addition to the routine therapy 3 times 2000 units of haptoglobinconcentrate were given since it is known according to the literature to metabolize free haemoglobin. The clinical result seems to confirm the beneficial effect. The course remained free of complications and the hospital stay was not prolonged. Further clinical experience is needed to confirm the effectiveness of the treatment with haptoglobin in cases with severe haemolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:907085", "title": "[The closed system (author's transl)].", "content": "It is appropriate to consider dose-regulated or quantitative closed-circuit anesthesia in terms of uptake of inhalation anesthetics from a reservoir bag which is never allowed to fill completely. The method which the authors have used routinely for 8 years requires reduction of the dose as a function of the inverse square root of elapsed anaesthesia time. Nitrogen does not accumulate because there is an inevitable loss of 20 to 100 ml/min between cuff and trachea. A simpler method, which has been well received, is that of \"minimal flow\" anesthesia (Virtue) with a constant fresh gas flow of 300 ml/min O2 and 200 ml/min N2O. \"Low-flow\" techniques typically entail use of 500 ml each of O2 and N2O per min.", "contents": "[The closed system (author's transl)]. It is appropriate to consider dose-regulated or quantitative closed-circuit anesthesia in terms of uptake of inhalation anesthetics from a reservoir bag which is never allowed to fill completely. The method which the authors have used routinely for 8 years requires reduction of the dose as a function of the inverse square root of elapsed anaesthesia time. Nitrogen does not accumulate because there is an inevitable loss of 20 to 100 ml/min between cuff and trachea. A simpler method, which has been well received, is that of \"minimal flow\" anesthesia (Virtue) with a constant fresh gas flow of 300 ml/min O2 and 200 ml/min N2O. \"Low-flow\" techniques typically entail use of 500 ml each of O2 and N2O per min."}
{"id": "PMID:907086", "title": "[Closed system anaesthesia with continuous inspiratory oxygen measurement (author's transl)].", "content": "Relatively simple and inexpensive electrochemical oxygen-sensors have led to clinical evaluation of oxygen and nitrous oxide in completely closed circuits. Thus, a timely solution relating to possibilities of theatre-pollution and the economy this method allows, was obtained. \"Fading\" is a characteristic of electrochemical sensors; the principal factor involved seems to be the condensation of water vapor on the sensor, attenuating its sensitivity with the passage of time. However, a new model, that of Dr\u00e4ger, showed uniformly less than 1% fading after several hours of closed system anaesthesia, which is clinically negligible. Other failures were unmistakable and immediately recognizable. The techniques for neuroleptanalgesia and halothane anaesthesia with standard anaesthetic machines are described. The dosage of halothane with Vapor vaporizer, the reliability of absorption of CO2, the conditions which may be associated with accumulation of nitrogen up to 10 Vol.-%, as well as the relative merits of different ventilatores were explored. Studies performed with aid of oxygen sensors during clinical closed system anaesthetics are shown in relation to N2O-uptake and N2-elimination. In comparison with conventional methods the understanding of anaesthetic-uptake, the learning process and personal interest are enhanced, the patient's safety being ensured at the same time. The method of using a closed circuit here described was used in fifteen hundred patients ranging from 5-97 years without complications and is now routine at our clinic. Other advantages of the technique for the patient are retention of adequate humidification and heat of inspired gas and an almost complete dissociation of alveolar ventilation and uptake of anaesthetic.", "contents": "[Closed system anaesthesia with continuous inspiratory oxygen measurement (author's transl)]. Relatively simple and inexpensive electrochemical oxygen-sensors have led to clinical evaluation of oxygen and nitrous oxide in completely closed circuits. Thus, a timely solution relating to possibilities of theatre-pollution and the economy this method allows, was obtained. \"Fading\" is a characteristic of electrochemical sensors; the principal factor involved seems to be the condensation of water vapor on the sensor, attenuating its sensitivity with the passage of time. However, a new model, that of Dr\u00e4ger, showed uniformly less than 1% fading after several hours of closed system anaesthesia, which is clinically negligible. Other failures were unmistakable and immediately recognizable. The techniques for neuroleptanalgesia and halothane anaesthesia with standard anaesthetic machines are described. The dosage of halothane with Vapor vaporizer, the reliability of absorption of CO2, the conditions which may be associated with accumulation of nitrogen up to 10 Vol.-%, as well as the relative merits of different ventilatores were explored. Studies performed with aid of oxygen sensors during clinical closed system anaesthetics are shown in relation to N2O-uptake and N2-elimination. In comparison with conventional methods the understanding of anaesthetic-uptake, the learning process and personal interest are enhanced, the patient's safety being ensured at the same time. The method of using a closed circuit here described was used in fifteen hundred patients ranging from 5-97 years without complications and is now routine at our clinic. Other advantages of the technique for the patient are retention of adequate humidification and heat of inspired gas and an almost complete dissociation of alveolar ventilation and uptake of anaesthetic."}
{"id": "PMID:907087", "title": "Inspired O2 and N2O concentrations in essentially closed circuits.", "content": "By simulation of the FRC (functional residual capacity), washin of N2O was conceptually separated from uptake at the alveolar-capillary membrane. Data collected by mass spectrometry and pneumotachography during a period of 2 years showed a near-constant body uptake of N2O which makes clinical application of closed circuit N2O--O2 anesthesia simple and safe. The data failed to confirm accelerated washin by higher concentrations of N2O (\"the concentration effect\"), although there was a concentrating effect according to the law of mass action.", "contents": "Inspired O2 and N2O concentrations in essentially closed circuits. By simulation of the FRC (functional residual capacity), washin of N2O was conceptually separated from uptake at the alveolar-capillary membrane. Data collected by mass spectrometry and pneumotachography during a period of 2 years showed a near-constant body uptake of N2O which makes clinical application of closed circuit N2O--O2 anesthesia simple and safe. The data failed to confirm accelerated washin by higher concentrations of N2O (\"the concentration effect\"), although there was a concentrating effect according to the law of mass action."}
{"id": "PMID:907089", "title": "[Rheographic monitoring of lung ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrical conductivity changes are measured with rheography. Changes of conductivity on the thorax caused by respiration, superimpose and exceed those caused by different circulatory conditions. Therefore rheography was adapted for monitoring of respiration. Changes in electric conductivity can be explained by the inflow of air to the alveoli, by increase of the distance between electrode, and by changes of the intrathoracic blood volume. Rheography developed by Polzer and Schuhfried was tested in the intensive care unit and the respiration therapy department. It was shown that this method is suitable for control of respiration, for demonstrating regional differences of pulmonary ventilation, for checking of respiration therapy and for monitoring the ventilated patient.", "contents": "[Rheographic monitoring of lung ventilation (author's transl)]. Electrical conductivity changes are measured with rheography. Changes of conductivity on the thorax caused by respiration, superimpose and exceed those caused by different circulatory conditions. Therefore rheography was adapted for monitoring of respiration. Changes in electric conductivity can be explained by the inflow of air to the alveoli, by increase of the distance between electrode, and by changes of the intrathoracic blood volume. Rheography developed by Polzer and Schuhfried was tested in the intensive care unit and the respiration therapy department. It was shown that this method is suitable for control of respiration, for demonstrating regional differences of pulmonary ventilation, for checking of respiration therapy and for monitoring the ventilated patient."}
{"id": "PMID:907090", "title": "[Pulmonary gas exchange during isovolaemic haemodilution (author's transl)].", "content": "In experiments on 6 closed chest dogs the behaviour of pulmonary gas exchange during isovolaemic haemodilution with 6% dextran was studied. The dogs were ventilated artificially using an inspiratory gas mixture containing 25% O2. A slight increase of arterial Po2 values was found. This change was accompanied by a decrease in alveolar-arterial Po2 and Pco2 gradients. The size of effective pulmonary capillary blood flow varied in accordance with the size of cardiac output. The changes of pulmonary O2 diffusing capacity could be explained by the effect of haemodilution per se.", "contents": "[Pulmonary gas exchange during isovolaemic haemodilution (author's transl)]. In experiments on 6 closed chest dogs the behaviour of pulmonary gas exchange during isovolaemic haemodilution with 6% dextran was studied. The dogs were ventilated artificially using an inspiratory gas mixture containing 25% O2. A slight increase of arterial Po2 values was found. This change was accompanied by a decrease in alveolar-arterial Po2 and Pco2 gradients. The size of effective pulmonary capillary blood flow varied in accordance with the size of cardiac output. The changes of pulmonary O2 diffusing capacity could be explained by the effect of haemodilution per se."}
{"id": "PMID:907185", "title": "Development of the Weberian apparatus in Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Ham.).", "content": "1. The lateral processes of the first two vertebrae are developed from the ossification of the mesenchyme. 2. The centra of the second and third vertebrae are fused together forming a composite structure. 3. The \"transverse processes\" of the fourth vertebrae are homologous with the pleural ribs. 4. The ossa suspensoria are developed from the lateral and ventromesial processes from the basiventrals and form a kind of arch over the dorsal aorta. 5. The dorsal cartilaginous mass arching over the anterior vertebrae is formed by the basidorsals of the second, third, and fourth vertebrae. 6. The \"perineural cartilage\" serves to protect the spinal cord in the absence of the true neural arch of the first vertebra. 7. The claustrum is formed by the mesenchymatous rudiments which are intercalated structures. The claustrum rudiments ossify and get associated with some cartilaginous structures comparable to the supradorsals of the first vertebra. 8. The scaphium originates by the fusion of basidorsals of the first vertebra with the independent mesenchymatous tissue choncha stapedis. 9. The intercalarium is formed by the fusion of the basidorsals of the second vertebra and interossicular ligament. 10. The tripus is of complex origin and is formed by the basiventrals of the third vertebra, an independent mesenchymatous rudiment and a small ossification of the interossicular ligament.", "contents": "Development of the Weberian apparatus in Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Ham.). 1. The lateral processes of the first two vertebrae are developed from the ossification of the mesenchyme. 2. The centra of the second and third vertebrae are fused together forming a composite structure. 3. The \"transverse processes\" of the fourth vertebrae are homologous with the pleural ribs. 4. The ossa suspensoria are developed from the lateral and ventromesial processes from the basiventrals and form a kind of arch over the dorsal aorta. 5. The dorsal cartilaginous mass arching over the anterior vertebrae is formed by the basidorsals of the second, third, and fourth vertebrae. 6. The \"perineural cartilage\" serves to protect the spinal cord in the absence of the true neural arch of the first vertebra. 7. The claustrum is formed by the mesenchymatous rudiments which are intercalated structures. The claustrum rudiments ossify and get associated with some cartilaginous structures comparable to the supradorsals of the first vertebra. 8. The scaphium originates by the fusion of basidorsals of the first vertebra with the independent mesenchymatous tissue choncha stapedis. 9. The intercalarium is formed by the fusion of the basidorsals of the second vertebra and interossicular ligament. 10. The tripus is of complex origin and is formed by the basiventrals of the third vertebra, an independent mesenchymatous rudiment and a small ossification of the interossicular ligament."}
{"id": "PMID:907186", "title": "Hematology of the common Indian Frog Rana tigrina. II. Leucocytes.", "content": "A study extending over a period of two years has been made on Leucocytes differential count in common Indian frog R. tigrina. As the values of differential count are almost similar in males and females, the data obtained for the two sexes have been pooled together. A table is given to compare the values of different Leucocytes in R. tigrina with the values reported in other species of Rana. The month to month variation has been recorded in various counts and an inverse relationship is observed in the number of Lymphocytes and Neutrophils in different months of the year.", "contents": "Hematology of the common Indian Frog Rana tigrina. II. Leucocytes. A study extending over a period of two years has been made on Leucocytes differential count in common Indian frog R. tigrina. As the values of differential count are almost similar in males and females, the data obtained for the two sexes have been pooled together. A table is given to compare the values of different Leucocytes in R. tigrina with the values reported in other species of Rana. The month to month variation has been recorded in various counts and an inverse relationship is observed in the number of Lymphocytes and Neutrophils in different months of the year."}
{"id": "PMID:907187", "title": "An atypical case of arising of some parietal branches of the Arteria iliaca interna in man.", "content": "In the pelvis of a 78 year old man there have been observed deviations in the origin and course os some parietal branches of the A. iliaca interna dextra. Apart from this typically arising and passing branches (the A. glutaea superior dextra, the A. glutaea inferior dextra, the A. umbilicalis dextra) an atypical stem--the Truncus pudendo-obturatorius--comes out of the A. iliaca interna dextra. This stem divides into the A. obturatoria dextra and the A. pudenda accessoria. The A. pudenda accessoria goes through the pelvis and through the fissure between Symphysis and the Diaphragma urogenitale on the Radix penis as the A. dorsalis penis dextra. The A. pudenda interna dextra comes out of the A. pudenda accessoria in a quite atypical way. It enters the fossa ischiorectalis through the fissure in the hind part of the Arcus tendineus m. levatoris ani ventrally from the Spina ischiadica. Its terminal part goes to the right Corpus cavernosum penis as the A. profunda penis dextra. The parietal branches of the A. iliaca interna sinistra arise and go in a typical way. The A. pudenda accessoria is not formed on the left side of the pelvis.", "contents": "An atypical case of arising of some parietal branches of the Arteria iliaca interna in man. In the pelvis of a 78 year old man there have been observed deviations in the origin and course os some parietal branches of the A. iliaca interna dextra. Apart from this typically arising and passing branches (the A. glutaea superior dextra, the A. glutaea inferior dextra, the A. umbilicalis dextra) an atypical stem--the Truncus pudendo-obturatorius--comes out of the A. iliaca interna dextra. This stem divides into the A. obturatoria dextra and the A. pudenda accessoria. The A. pudenda accessoria goes through the pelvis and through the fissure between Symphysis and the Diaphragma urogenitale on the Radix penis as the A. dorsalis penis dextra. The A. pudenda interna dextra comes out of the A. pudenda accessoria in a quite atypical way. It enters the fossa ischiorectalis through the fissure in the hind part of the Arcus tendineus m. levatoris ani ventrally from the Spina ischiadica. Its terminal part goes to the right Corpus cavernosum penis as the A. profunda penis dextra. The parietal branches of the A. iliaca interna sinistra arise and go in a typical way. The A. pudenda accessoria is not formed on the left side of the pelvis."}
{"id": "PMID:907188", "title": "[The topography and cytoarchitectonic of the diencephalon of the cow (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.). II. The internal structure of the diencephalon of the cow (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.) (author's transl)].", "content": "The five parts of the diencephalon of the cow are distinctly separated by fibrous tractuses or plates. The three main tractuses (Fornix, Tractus mamillo-thalamicus and Fasciculus retroflexus) are very strongly developed. Regarding the essential fibrous structures and the cytoarchitectonic features 62 nuclei can be differentiated in either half of the diencephalon, of which the thalamus contains 28 and the hypothalamus 23 nuclei. Epithalamus, Metathalamus and Subthalamus possess 2 big nuclei on each side. The findings are briefly compared with the data on the diencephalic structures of cow, sheep goat, pig and dromedar given in literature.", "contents": "[The topography and cytoarchitectonic of the diencephalon of the cow (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.). II. The internal structure of the diencephalon of the cow (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.) (author's transl)]. The five parts of the diencephalon of the cow are distinctly separated by fibrous tractuses or plates. The three main tractuses (Fornix, Tractus mamillo-thalamicus and Fasciculus retroflexus) are very strongly developed. Regarding the essential fibrous structures and the cytoarchitectonic features 62 nuclei can be differentiated in either half of the diencephalon, of which the thalamus contains 28 and the hypothalamus 23 nuclei. Epithalamus, Metathalamus and Subthalamus possess 2 big nuclei on each side. The findings are briefly compared with the data on the diencephalic structures of cow, sheep goat, pig and dromedar given in literature."}
{"id": "PMID:907189", "title": "Anatomical studies on the corpus geniculatum laterale in the Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "The CGL of the buffalo was convex, swung in a semicircle around the thalamus and was covered by the fibres of the optic tract. It was distinctly laminated, possessing a maximum number of 5 cellular laminae. The individual cell layers were separated from each other by clearly defined myelin interlayers. Laminae I and II were magnocellular and Laminae III, IV and V were parvicellular. No significant difference was found in the diameters of the neurons of the corresponding laminae of the two sides of CGL of the same specimen. From degeneration studies it was observed that the retina projected contralaterally to laminae I, III and V and ipsilaterally the input was to laminae II and IV with little or no overlap.", "contents": "Anatomical studies on the corpus geniculatum laterale in the Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The CGL of the buffalo was convex, swung in a semicircle around the thalamus and was covered by the fibres of the optic tract. It was distinctly laminated, possessing a maximum number of 5 cellular laminae. The individual cell layers were separated from each other by clearly defined myelin interlayers. Laminae I and II were magnocellular and Laminae III, IV and V were parvicellular. No significant difference was found in the diameters of the neurons of the corresponding laminae of the two sides of CGL of the same specimen. From degeneration studies it was observed that the retina projected contralaterally to laminae I, III and V and ipsilaterally the input was to laminae II and IV with little or no overlap."}
{"id": "PMID:907190", "title": "[Comparative radiological and morphological study of the human pancreas. 2. Morphometrical investigation of the human pancreatic duct system (author's transl)].", "content": "The diameter and the thickness of all the side ducts were measured in 27 normal or nearly normal human pancreata. The obtained data (about 5,000 pairs of Figures) were evaluated statistically. The relative thickness of the walls increases with growing distance from the papilla as well as with the reduction of the diameter of the side ductes. Beyond the age of fifty the diameter of the ducts is 10--13% higher than in younger age. In a logarithmical system there is a strong correlation between the diameter and the thickness of the side ducts, slightly diminished with aging. The regression coefficient is slightly diminished with aging. But the variance of the wall thickness in respect to the diameter of the ducts shows such a rise with aging, that the number of ducts with relatively thick and small walls increase with aging. By reason of the logarithmic system the positive variance has a higher weight. Therefore periductal fibrosis increases with aging.", "contents": "[Comparative radiological and morphological study of the human pancreas. 2. Morphometrical investigation of the human pancreatic duct system (author's transl)]. The diameter and the thickness of all the side ducts were measured in 27 normal or nearly normal human pancreata. The obtained data (about 5,000 pairs of Figures) were evaluated statistically. The relative thickness of the walls increases with growing distance from the papilla as well as with the reduction of the diameter of the side ductes. Beyond the age of fifty the diameter of the ducts is 10--13% higher than in younger age. In a logarithmical system there is a strong correlation between the diameter and the thickness of the side ducts, slightly diminished with aging. The regression coefficient is slightly diminished with aging. But the variance of the wall thickness in respect to the diameter of the ducts shows such a rise with aging, that the number of ducts with relatively thick and small walls increase with aging. By reason of the logarithmic system the positive variance has a higher weight. Therefore periductal fibrosis increases with aging."}
{"id": "PMID:907192", "title": "Interaction between mesenchymal cells and the posterior iris epithelium in chicken embryos.", "content": "The iris anlage of 3--10 day old chicken embryos was studied by both light and electron microscopy. Serial semithin sections showed that some of the mesenchymal cells overlying the eye cup moved into the primitive eye cavity by the 3rd day of incubation. On the 4th day some of these cells came into close contact with the basement membrane of the dorsal iris epithelium. The bases of the epithelial cells were flat at this stage. Towards the 10th day they formed cytoplasmic processes which did not penetrate the basement membrane. Fine mesenchymal cytoplasmic processes and a large number of extracellular fibrils developed in the epithelial--mesenchymal interface. The fine mesenchymal processes came into close contact with the basement membrane of the posterior iris epithelium but did not penetrate it. Collagen-like material was observed within the cisternae of the rough ER of the mesenchymal cells at certain stages of development. Both, the mesenchymal cells and the collagen fibrils adjacent to the posterior iris layer disappeared by the 10th day when the entire iris epithelium was completely pigmented. The possible origin of the collagen fibrils and the differentiation of the posterior iris epithelium are discussed.", "contents": "Interaction between mesenchymal cells and the posterior iris epithelium in chicken embryos. The iris anlage of 3--10 day old chicken embryos was studied by both light and electron microscopy. Serial semithin sections showed that some of the mesenchymal cells overlying the eye cup moved into the primitive eye cavity by the 3rd day of incubation. On the 4th day some of these cells came into close contact with the basement membrane of the dorsal iris epithelium. The bases of the epithelial cells were flat at this stage. Towards the 10th day they formed cytoplasmic processes which did not penetrate the basement membrane. Fine mesenchymal cytoplasmic processes and a large number of extracellular fibrils developed in the epithelial--mesenchymal interface. The fine mesenchymal processes came into close contact with the basement membrane of the posterior iris epithelium but did not penetrate it. Collagen-like material was observed within the cisternae of the rough ER of the mesenchymal cells at certain stages of development. Both, the mesenchymal cells and the collagen fibrils adjacent to the posterior iris layer disappeared by the 10th day when the entire iris epithelium was completely pigmented. The possible origin of the collagen fibrils and the differentiation of the posterior iris epithelium are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907193", "title": "Morphometric and autoradiographic studies on the growth of red and white axial muscle fibres in the shark Etmopterus spinax.", "content": "The axial muscle growth of the shark Etmopterus spinax has been studied by means of morphometry, slide histology and autoradiography from radioactive thymidine and amino acids. Comparisons have been made between the red and white muscles fibres. While growing from 10 to 23 cm in length, the white muscle transverse sectional (ts) area increases 5.4 times, while the red area increases 3.7 times. The mean ts area of individual white fibres increases by 2.7, and the ts area of red fibres increases by 1.6. The number of white fibres does not increase significantly, while the red fibres increase slightly in number. Red fibres incorporate amino acids faster than the white fibres, and have a higher turnover rate. The myonuclei of the red fibres (satellite cell nuclei) incorporate thymidine more often than do those of white fibres, but the frequency of the satellite cells is similar in the two fibre types. Mitoses are extremely rare in the myonuclei. The nucleocytoplasmic ratio is higher in the red than in the white fibres.", "contents": "Morphometric and autoradiographic studies on the growth of red and white axial muscle fibres in the shark Etmopterus spinax. The axial muscle growth of the shark Etmopterus spinax has been studied by means of morphometry, slide histology and autoradiography from radioactive thymidine and amino acids. Comparisons have been made between the red and white muscles fibres. While growing from 10 to 23 cm in length, the white muscle transverse sectional (ts) area increases 5.4 times, while the red area increases 3.7 times. The mean ts area of individual white fibres increases by 2.7, and the ts area of red fibres increases by 1.6. The number of white fibres does not increase significantly, while the red fibres increase slightly in number. Red fibres incorporate amino acids faster than the white fibres, and have a higher turnover rate. The myonuclei of the red fibres (satellite cell nuclei) incorporate thymidine more often than do those of white fibres, but the frequency of the satellite cells is similar in the two fibre types. Mitoses are extremely rare in the myonuclei. The nucleocytoplasmic ratio is higher in the red than in the white fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:907194", "title": "Cell death in the optic tectum of the developing rat.", "content": "The death of cells was studied by light microscopy in the optic tectum of normal, developing rats. Normal cell death in the tectum during development has previously been described in chickens but not in a mammal. The total period of cell death was from the 20th embryonic day through the 11th postnatal day. During this period the number of dying cells was comparatively small for the first 2 days, reached a peak at birth and then decreased over the next 11 days. In comparison to the number of surviving cells the number of dead cells in each section was small. The dead cells appeared to be randomly distributed in all layers of the optic tectum.", "contents": "Cell death in the optic tectum of the developing rat. The death of cells was studied by light microscopy in the optic tectum of normal, developing rats. Normal cell death in the tectum during development has previously been described in chickens but not in a mammal. The total period of cell death was from the 20th embryonic day through the 11th postnatal day. During this period the number of dying cells was comparatively small for the first 2 days, reached a peak at birth and then decreased over the next 11 days. In comparison to the number of surviving cells the number of dead cells in each section was small. The dead cells appeared to be randomly distributed in all layers of the optic tectum."}
{"id": "PMID:907195", "title": "The neurons and their postnatal development in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat.", "content": "The morphology and distribution of neurons in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of adult rats, and the postnatal growth and differentiation of these neurons were studied in Golgi-Cox preparations. In the adult, two main cell classes were recognized: class A cells and class B cells. The former are assumed to be projection neurons. The latter closely resemble the class B cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and are interpreted as presynaptic dendrite-bearing interneurons. Class A cells predominated and three subtypes were tentatively identified: small--medium size multipolar neurons, with short, branched spiny dendrites (most numerous in dorsolateral vLGN); medium--large fusiform cells with one or two stem dendrites at each pole (most numerous in medial vLGN); large multipolar neurons with long, sparsely branched dendrites (most numerous in ventral vLGN). Class A and B cells were distinguishable at birth and showed parallel cell body size increases up to postnatal day 24. The dendrites of both classes of cell also reached the adult stage of differentiation at about day 24 but the differentiation of class B cell dendrites lags slightly behind that of class A cell dendrites.", "contents": "The neurons and their postnatal development in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat. The morphology and distribution of neurons in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of adult rats, and the postnatal growth and differentiation of these neurons were studied in Golgi-Cox preparations. In the adult, two main cell classes were recognized: class A cells and class B cells. The former are assumed to be projection neurons. The latter closely resemble the class B cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and are interpreted as presynaptic dendrite-bearing interneurons. Class A cells predominated and three subtypes were tentatively identified: small--medium size multipolar neurons, with short, branched spiny dendrites (most numerous in dorsolateral vLGN); medium--large fusiform cells with one or two stem dendrites at each pole (most numerous in medial vLGN); large multipolar neurons with long, sparsely branched dendrites (most numerous in ventral vLGN). Class A and B cells were distinguishable at birth and showed parallel cell body size increases up to postnatal day 24. The dendrites of both classes of cell also reached the adult stage of differentiation at about day 24 but the differentiation of class B cell dendrites lags slightly behind that of class A cell dendrites."}
{"id": "PMID:907196", "title": "Absorption of horseradish peroxidase by the principal cells of the large intestines of postnatal developing rats.", "content": "The absorption of horseradish peroxidase in the rat large intestine during the postnatal developing period was investigated by cytochemical and ultrastructural methods. In the ceca and ascending colons from 4-, and 5-day-old rats, intraluminaly injected peroxidase became localised on microvilli, in the intracytoplasmic network of the apical tubules and small vacuoles (tubulo-vacuolar system), in the large supranuclear vacuole, in the Golgi apparatus, on the lateral and basal cell membranes of the surface principal cells, and also in the lumen of blood capillaries in the subjacent propria. On the other hand, the protein tracer was not seen in the large intestinal epithelial cells that lack tubulo-vacuolar systems and large supranuclear vacuoles within their cytoplasm. In the descending colons of rats of any postnatal age, the epithelial principal cells are devoid of these membrane systems, and exogenous peroxidase was not detected in the cytoplasm of the principal cells. It is assumed that at least the proximal portion of the large intestine in neonatal animals has the capacity to absorb macromolecular protein through those surface principal cells that have specialized intracellular membrane systems.", "contents": "Absorption of horseradish peroxidase by the principal cells of the large intestines of postnatal developing rats. The absorption of horseradish peroxidase in the rat large intestine during the postnatal developing period was investigated by cytochemical and ultrastructural methods. In the ceca and ascending colons from 4-, and 5-day-old rats, intraluminaly injected peroxidase became localised on microvilli, in the intracytoplasmic network of the apical tubules and small vacuoles (tubulo-vacuolar system), in the large supranuclear vacuole, in the Golgi apparatus, on the lateral and basal cell membranes of the surface principal cells, and also in the lumen of blood capillaries in the subjacent propria. On the other hand, the protein tracer was not seen in the large intestinal epithelial cells that lack tubulo-vacuolar systems and large supranuclear vacuoles within their cytoplasm. In the descending colons of rats of any postnatal age, the epithelial principal cells are devoid of these membrane systems, and exogenous peroxidase was not detected in the cytoplasm of the principal cells. It is assumed that at least the proximal portion of the large intestine in neonatal animals has the capacity to absorb macromolecular protein through those surface principal cells that have specialized intracellular membrane systems."}
{"id": "PMID:907197", "title": "The accessory phrenic nerve in the rat.", "content": "Reinnervation studies of the diaphragm led us to reinvestigate the normal anatomy of the phrenic nerve of the rat. The phrenic nerve originates from the cervical nerve roots C4 and C5. In 16 out of 19 normal rats an accessory phrenic nerve was observed receiving its segmental fibres from C6. The number of myelinated axons of the accessory phrenic nerve varied from 41 to 101 (mean: 64.3, i.e. about 15% of the average number of axons in the common phrenic nerve). The accessory phrenic nerve innervates the dorsal part of the costal and the lateral part of the crural region, whereas the remaining parts of the hemidiaphragm are supplied by the segments C4 and C5. There is no evidence for any additional contribution to the motor innervation of the diaphragm from intercostal nerves.", "contents": "The accessory phrenic nerve in the rat. Reinnervation studies of the diaphragm led us to reinvestigate the normal anatomy of the phrenic nerve of the rat. The phrenic nerve originates from the cervical nerve roots C4 and C5. In 16 out of 19 normal rats an accessory phrenic nerve was observed receiving its segmental fibres from C6. The number of myelinated axons of the accessory phrenic nerve varied from 41 to 101 (mean: 64.3, i.e. about 15% of the average number of axons in the common phrenic nerve). The accessory phrenic nerve innervates the dorsal part of the costal and the lateral part of the crural region, whereas the remaining parts of the hemidiaphragm are supplied by the segments C4 and C5. There is no evidence for any additional contribution to the motor innervation of the diaphragm from intercostal nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:907198", "title": "Comparison of electron microscopy and silver staining for the detection of the first entorhinal synapses to develop in the dentate gyrus.", "content": "The development of the projection from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus (perforant path) has been studied with the electron microscope. The projection was lesioned in baby rats 5--13 days old and the dentate gyrus examined after 6--72 hr. Degenerating synapses first appeared in small numbers in the dentate neuropile at 7 days and in greater numbers in progressively older animals. There was a sixteen-fold increase in the number of synapses undergoing degeneration between 7 and 13 days. This investigation provides a calibration for the reduced silver method which has been used to trace developing axons (Singh, 1977). By this method the first signs of Wallerian degeneration, after cutting axons in the perforant path, were seen in the dentate neuropile at 9 days.", "contents": "Comparison of electron microscopy and silver staining for the detection of the first entorhinal synapses to develop in the dentate gyrus. The development of the projection from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus (perforant path) has been studied with the electron microscope. The projection was lesioned in baby rats 5--13 days old and the dentate gyrus examined after 6--72 hr. Degenerating synapses first appeared in small numbers in the dentate neuropile at 7 days and in greater numbers in progressively older animals. There was a sixteen-fold increase in the number of synapses undergoing degeneration between 7 and 13 days. This investigation provides a calibration for the reduced silver method which has been used to trace developing axons (Singh, 1977). By this method the first signs of Wallerian degeneration, after cutting axons in the perforant path, were seen in the dentate neuropile at 9 days."}
{"id": "PMID:907200", "title": "Correlation of birth weight and crown-rump to the number of implantations and litter size in rabbits.", "content": "The empirical coefficient of correlation and the empirical coefficient of regression were evaluated in New Zealand White rabbits between birth weight and crown-rump on the one hand and number of implantations and litter size on the other. The average birth weight decreases with increasing litter size (P = 0.01). The decreased supply of blood to the single fetus in big litters might be responsible for this result. As no definite correlation between crown-rump and litter size could be proved, the conclusion may be drawn that the crown-rump is more determined by genetic factors than is the birth weight.", "contents": "Correlation of birth weight and crown-rump to the number of implantations and litter size in rabbits. The empirical coefficient of correlation and the empirical coefficient of regression were evaluated in New Zealand White rabbits between birth weight and crown-rump on the one hand and number of implantations and litter size on the other. The average birth weight decreases with increasing litter size (P = 0.01). The decreased supply of blood to the single fetus in big litters might be responsible for this result. As no definite correlation between crown-rump and litter size could be proved, the conclusion may be drawn that the crown-rump is more determined by genetic factors than is the birth weight."}
{"id": "PMID:907201", "title": "Placodes of the chick embryo studied by SEM.", "content": "The otic, the lens and the nasal placodes have been examined in chick embryos between stages 10 and 18 of Hamburger and Hamilton. At the stage when each placode first becomes visible conspicuous differences have been seen in the surface morphology between those cells which will invaginate and form the placode and those which will remain on the surface of the head, forming the epidermis. The differences become more pronounced with increasing development. The placode cells possess many surface projections whilst the epidermal cells do not. These differences in surface morphology are related to other differences which are visible in TEM sections, the placode cells being highly columnar and extending the full depth of the placode, whilst the epidermal cells are cuboidal or even squamous. This modification in cell shape of the placode cells is correlated with the presence of longitudinally orientated microtubules. The mechanism of invagination is discussed and evidence is presented which supports the idea that there is a migration of cells into the placode from one side. Such a phenomenon would help to explain the asymmetrical structure of the placode, including the presence of the overhanging lip.", "contents": "Placodes of the chick embryo studied by SEM. The otic, the lens and the nasal placodes have been examined in chick embryos between stages 10 and 18 of Hamburger and Hamilton. At the stage when each placode first becomes visible conspicuous differences have been seen in the surface morphology between those cells which will invaginate and form the placode and those which will remain on the surface of the head, forming the epidermis. The differences become more pronounced with increasing development. The placode cells possess many surface projections whilst the epidermal cells do not. These differences in surface morphology are related to other differences which are visible in TEM sections, the placode cells being highly columnar and extending the full depth of the placode, whilst the epidermal cells are cuboidal or even squamous. This modification in cell shape of the placode cells is correlated with the presence of longitudinally orientated microtubules. The mechanism of invagination is discussed and evidence is presented which supports the idea that there is a migration of cells into the placode from one side. Such a phenomenon would help to explain the asymmetrical structure of the placode, including the presence of the overhanging lip."}
{"id": "PMID:907202", "title": "Regional specialization of the hair cell plasmalemma in the organ of corti.", "content": "Nonjunctional and nonsynaptic membranes of hair cells in the chinchilla organ of Corti were examined using the freeze-fracture technique. Cytoplasmic leaflets of the apical membranes of hair cells have particles, 6-12 nm in diameter, but many more particles are found on apical membranes of outer hair cells than on inner hair cells. Cytoplasmic leaflets of the lateral membranes of outer hair cells are covered with large particles, but the corresponding regions of the inner hair cell membrane have fewer particles and these are small or medium-sized. Two types of particle aggregate also distinguish this region of the inner hair cell. The first consists of patches of particles closely spaced in rectilinear arrays. The second consists of parallel strands of widely spaced large particles similar in size, but not in distribution, to the large particles on the lateral membranes of the outer hair cells. The basal membrane of outer hair cells is distinguished from that of inner hair cells by plaques consisting of cross-hatched incisures in the external membrane leaflet. While the significance of these anatomical features is not yet apparent, they give the hair cell plasmalemma a richness or regional specialization found in few other cells and suggest that there are important functional differences between inner and outer hair cells.", "contents": "Regional specialization of the hair cell plasmalemma in the organ of corti. Nonjunctional and nonsynaptic membranes of hair cells in the chinchilla organ of Corti were examined using the freeze-fracture technique. Cytoplasmic leaflets of the apical membranes of hair cells have particles, 6-12 nm in diameter, but many more particles are found on apical membranes of outer hair cells than on inner hair cells. Cytoplasmic leaflets of the lateral membranes of outer hair cells are covered with large particles, but the corresponding regions of the inner hair cell membrane have fewer particles and these are small or medium-sized. Two types of particle aggregate also distinguish this region of the inner hair cell. The first consists of patches of particles closely spaced in rectilinear arrays. The second consists of parallel strands of widely spaced large particles similar in size, but not in distribution, to the large particles on the lateral membranes of the outer hair cells. The basal membrane of outer hair cells is distinguished from that of inner hair cells by plaques consisting of cross-hatched incisures in the external membrane leaflet. While the significance of these anatomical features is not yet apparent, they give the hair cell plasmalemma a richness or regional specialization found in few other cells and suggest that there are important functional differences between inner and outer hair cells."}
{"id": "PMID:907203", "title": "Hemopoietic repopulating potential of subcutaneous exudate cells.", "content": "Inflammatory exudate (SE) cells were collected from subcutaneous coverslips in mice and transferred into lethally irradiated (1,000 r) recipients. Eight days after transplantation 59Fe incorporation in the spleen and bone marrow was significantly greater than in controls treated with the suspending medium only. One hundred percent of mitoses were of the T6T6 karyotype in the marrow and spleen when SE cells were obtained from CBA/T6T6 donors. The repopulating potential of SE cells, however, lagged significantly behind that of bone marrow cells and the failure to observe consistently macroscopic spleen colonies calls into question whether the observed regeneration was due to pluripotent stem cells. Radioautographic studies with 3H-TdR showed that the majority of SE cells had recently been generated, but long-lived, noncycling cells of lymphoid and monocytoid morphology were also present in the exudate.", "contents": "Hemopoietic repopulating potential of subcutaneous exudate cells. Inflammatory exudate (SE) cells were collected from subcutaneous coverslips in mice and transferred into lethally irradiated (1,000 r) recipients. Eight days after transplantation 59Fe incorporation in the spleen and bone marrow was significantly greater than in controls treated with the suspending medium only. One hundred percent of mitoses were of the T6T6 karyotype in the marrow and spleen when SE cells were obtained from CBA/T6T6 donors. The repopulating potential of SE cells, however, lagged significantly behind that of bone marrow cells and the failure to observe consistently macroscopic spleen colonies calls into question whether the observed regeneration was due to pluripotent stem cells. Radioautographic studies with 3H-TdR showed that the majority of SE cells had recently been generated, but long-lived, noncycling cells of lymphoid and monocytoid morphology were also present in the exudate."}
{"id": "PMID:907204", "title": "Development of neural elements in apical portions of cat primary and permanent incisor pulps.", "content": "Pulp development was studied with light and electron microscopy in apical portions of cat primary and permanent incisors at various stages of development in order to qualitatively assess hypothesized differences during maturation. Primary and permanent tooth pulps passed through similar stages up to when the primary teeth began to resorb. At that point permanent tooth pulps continued to develop in complexity relative to myelinated axons and developed thin epineurial sheaths. Although the stages were similar in several regards, the time needed by the permanent tooth pulps to reach each stage was considerably greater than for the primary tooth pulps. It is of interest that the young permanent teeth had only a small portion of their final complement of nerves in spite of their relatively complete development. Individual axons, especially myelinated axons, appeared more immature in younger primary and permanent teeth. This suggests a less mature sensory capability for erupting primary teeth as compared to fully developed primary teeth as well as for erupting and young permanent teeth compared to old permanent teeth.", "contents": "Development of neural elements in apical portions of cat primary and permanent incisor pulps. Pulp development was studied with light and electron microscopy in apical portions of cat primary and permanent incisors at various stages of development in order to qualitatively assess hypothesized differences during maturation. Primary and permanent tooth pulps passed through similar stages up to when the primary teeth began to resorb. At that point permanent tooth pulps continued to develop in complexity relative to myelinated axons and developed thin epineurial sheaths. Although the stages were similar in several regards, the time needed by the permanent tooth pulps to reach each stage was considerably greater than for the primary tooth pulps. It is of interest that the young permanent teeth had only a small portion of their final complement of nerves in spite of their relatively complete development. Individual axons, especially myelinated axons, appeared more immature in younger primary and permanent teeth. This suggests a less mature sensory capability for erupting primary teeth as compared to fully developed primary teeth as well as for erupting and young permanent teeth compared to old permanent teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:907205", "title": "Fine structure of an end organ in the periodontal ligament of the mouse incisor.", "content": "Nerve endings were observed between collagen fiber bundles in the alveolar compartment of the periodontal ligament. In close relation to these endings, cells were observed with a rounded cell body from which cytoplasmic extensions protruded, each forming part of a sheath around the terminal region of a small nerve fiber. The nuclei of these cells occupied an eccentric position in the cytoplasm and were characterized by a typical kidney shape. In the cell's center a prominent Golgi complex was present. In the peripheral cytoplasm ladder-like structures with a periodicity of 160 nm were occasionally observed. The cell bodies were surrounded by a basal lamina, while the cytoplasmic extensions investing the nerve endings were surrounded by an envelope consisting of alternating electron dense and electron translucent layers containing material that stained with PAS and Alcian Blue. Where these envelopes bordered on the connective tissue, areas of filamentous material with a periodicity of 100-150 nm were occasionally found. The end organs may be considered to form part of a receptor system.", "contents": "Fine structure of an end organ in the periodontal ligament of the mouse incisor. Nerve endings were observed between collagen fiber bundles in the alveolar compartment of the periodontal ligament. In close relation to these endings, cells were observed with a rounded cell body from which cytoplasmic extensions protruded, each forming part of a sheath around the terminal region of a small nerve fiber. The nuclei of these cells occupied an eccentric position in the cytoplasm and were characterized by a typical kidney shape. In the cell's center a prominent Golgi complex was present. In the peripheral cytoplasm ladder-like structures with a periodicity of 160 nm were occasionally observed. The cell bodies were surrounded by a basal lamina, while the cytoplasmic extensions investing the nerve endings were surrounded by an envelope consisting of alternating electron dense and electron translucent layers containing material that stained with PAS and Alcian Blue. Where these envelopes bordered on the connective tissue, areas of filamentous material with a periodicity of 100-150 nm were occasionally found. The end organs may be considered to form part of a receptor system."}
{"id": "PMID:907206", "title": "The carotid and orbital retia of the pronghorn, deer and elk.", "content": "Selective cooling of the brain during heat stress has been shown by others to be a method of temperature regulation for mammals having carotid retia. This study describes the macroscopic anatomy of the cranial circulation of elk, deer and pronghorn as it might pertain to the functioning of carotid retia and orbital retia as heat exchangers. Emphasis has been placed on describing the source of venous blood bathing these retia, for blood flow from these sources to the ophthalmic plexus and cavernous sinus will establish a temperature difference between arterial and venous blood, and influence the magnitude of this gradient. The pronghorn possesses a carotid rete with greater density and smaller calibre vessels overall and a more highly vascular orbital rete compared to the elk and the deer. These anatomical differences may indicate differences in efficiency of heat exchange in the retia. It is suggested that the orbital rete is anatomically in a position to moderate extremes of temperature by cooling arterial blood flowing to neural tissue of the eye and olfactory bulbs.", "contents": "The carotid and orbital retia of the pronghorn, deer and elk. Selective cooling of the brain during heat stress has been shown by others to be a method of temperature regulation for mammals having carotid retia. This study describes the macroscopic anatomy of the cranial circulation of elk, deer and pronghorn as it might pertain to the functioning of carotid retia and orbital retia as heat exchangers. Emphasis has been placed on describing the source of venous blood bathing these retia, for blood flow from these sources to the ophthalmic plexus and cavernous sinus will establish a temperature difference between arterial and venous blood, and influence the magnitude of this gradient. The pronghorn possesses a carotid rete with greater density and smaller calibre vessels overall and a more highly vascular orbital rete compared to the elk and the deer. These anatomical differences may indicate differences in efficiency of heat exchange in the retia. It is suggested that the orbital rete is anatomically in a position to moderate extremes of temperature by cooling arterial blood flowing to neural tissue of the eye and olfactory bulbs."}
{"id": "PMID:907207", "title": "Immunological studies in patients with mumps orchitis.", "content": "Seventy patients with mumps orchitis were investigated. Serological tests for antitesticular antibodies, using four different techniques showed positive results in 25 patients. Antivirus antibodies were detected and they reached higher values during the remission period of acute cases. Delayed hypersensitivity was studied by means of skin tests using homologous antigenic material. Several patients gave definite positive reactions. Testicular biopsies performed in some patients showed a histological picture similar to that obtained in experimental human or animal auto- or iso-sensitization. All patients in whom testicular damage was present also showed positive skin tests, ascertained by histology of the site of reaction, but none of them exhibited circulating antibodies in meaningful titers. The skin hypersensitivity suggest some correlation between this type of reaction and the development of the testicular lesions as shown in several other diseases in which an immune mechanism could be involved.", "contents": "Immunological studies in patients with mumps orchitis. Seventy patients with mumps orchitis were investigated. Serological tests for antitesticular antibodies, using four different techniques showed positive results in 25 patients. Antivirus antibodies were detected and they reached higher values during the remission period of acute cases. Delayed hypersensitivity was studied by means of skin tests using homologous antigenic material. Several patients gave definite positive reactions. Testicular biopsies performed in some patients showed a histological picture similar to that obtained in experimental human or animal auto- or iso-sensitization. All patients in whom testicular damage was present also showed positive skin tests, ascertained by histology of the site of reaction, but none of them exhibited circulating antibodies in meaningful titers. The skin hypersensitivity suggest some correlation between this type of reaction and the development of the testicular lesions as shown in several other diseases in which an immune mechanism could be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:907209", "title": "RNA polymerase activities in isolated nuclei of guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium: influence of castration and androgen administration.", "content": "Nuclei from seminal vesicle epithelium of adult guinea pigs were isolated in hypertonic sucrose solution. The incorporation of [3H]UTP by the isolated nuclei into acid-precipitable products was studied. Incorporation required ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, and Mg+2. It was inhibited by addition of actinomycin D, deoxyribonuclease, or pyrophosphate to the reaction mixture. Thus, incorporation of [3H]UTP by isolated nuclei had the same characteristics that have been demonstrated for the reactions catalyzed by nuclear RNA polymerases. Using alpha-amanitin as a metabolic tool, we established concentrations of (NH4)2SO4. Mg+2, and nucleotides that give maximum assayable activities of nuclear RNA polymerases I and II. When the activities of polymerases I and II were measured in isolated seminal vesicle nuclei of guinea pigs that had been castrated 4 days earlier, a marked decrease in activities was found relative to control values (nuclei from intact animals). No further decrease was found 8 days after castration. Diminished accessibility to the nuclear DNA template and a decrease in the concentration of RNA polymerase molecules seemed to be responsible for the observed effects of castration on activities of RNA polymerases. An increase in ribonuclease activity did not seem to be responsible for the effects of castration. Activities of the enzymes did not change 2, 3, or 4 hours after intraperitoneal injection (2 mg/kg body weight) of each of five different androgens. Similarly, a single intraperitoneal injection of testosterone did not restore enzyme activity of polymerade I or II at any time during the first 24-hour period after hormone administration.", "contents": "RNA polymerase activities in isolated nuclei of guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium: influence of castration and androgen administration. Nuclei from seminal vesicle epithelium of adult guinea pigs were isolated in hypertonic sucrose solution. The incorporation of [3H]UTP by the isolated nuclei into acid-precipitable products was studied. Incorporation required ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, and Mg+2. It was inhibited by addition of actinomycin D, deoxyribonuclease, or pyrophosphate to the reaction mixture. Thus, incorporation of [3H]UTP by isolated nuclei had the same characteristics that have been demonstrated for the reactions catalyzed by nuclear RNA polymerases. Using alpha-amanitin as a metabolic tool, we established concentrations of (NH4)2SO4. Mg+2, and nucleotides that give maximum assayable activities of nuclear RNA polymerases I and II. When the activities of polymerases I and II were measured in isolated seminal vesicle nuclei of guinea pigs that had been castrated 4 days earlier, a marked decrease in activities was found relative to control values (nuclei from intact animals). No further decrease was found 8 days after castration. Diminished accessibility to the nuclear DNA template and a decrease in the concentration of RNA polymerase molecules seemed to be responsible for the observed effects of castration on activities of RNA polymerases. An increase in ribonuclease activity did not seem to be responsible for the effects of castration. Activities of the enzymes did not change 2, 3, or 4 hours after intraperitoneal injection (2 mg/kg body weight) of each of five different androgens. Similarly, a single intraperitoneal injection of testosterone did not restore enzyme activity of polymerade I or II at any time during the first 24-hour period after hormone administration."}
{"id": "PMID:907208", "title": "Some interrelationships between plasma levels of LH, FSH, oestradiol 17beta, androgens and semen analysis data in male infertility patients.", "content": "Serum LH, FSH and immunoreactive testosterone-like substances (TLS) have been measured by radioimmunoassay in 130 male infertility patients and oestradiol 17beta in 26 cases. A weak but significant negative correlation was found between FSH and sperm count (rs = -0.19, p less than 0.05) but not LH and sperm count. However, LH and FSH were strongly correlated in the azoospermic (rs = 0.71, p less than 0.01) and oligozoospermic (rs = 0.53, p less than 0.01) groups and levels of both gonadotrophins were significantly elevated in the azoospermic and oligozoospermic as compared to the normozoospermic group. The elevated LH levels in the oligozoo- and azoospermic groups could not be explained by reduced negative feedback of testosterone or oestradiol 17beta since firstly, TLS and oestradiol 17beta levels were similar in all three groups and, secondly, within-group correlations between LH and TLS were either non-significant or positive (azoospermic group r = 0.37, p = 0.06). It is suggested that spermatogenesis-related feedback factor(s) may inhibit LH as well as FSH secretion. No role for oestradiol 17beta as a selective inhibitor of FSH secretion seemed likely as oestradiol 17beta levels were similar in the three groups and were correlated (r = 0.51, p less than 0.01) to TLS levels i.e. to leydig cell rather than spermatogenic function. Seminal fructose was negatively correlated (r = -0.26, p less than 0.01) with sperm count but not significantly with plasma TLS. It would thus seem unlikely that the tendency for seminal fructose levels to increase as sperm count decreases is due to increased androgen production or that seminal fructose can be used as an index of a patient's androgenic status. Patients with varicoceles had hormone levels similar to other patients of similar sperm count. Both sperm morphology and motility were strongly correlated to log sperm count (r = 0.84 and 0.55 respectively) and semen volume was significantly greater in oligozoospermic than normozoospermic patients (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Some interrelationships between plasma levels of LH, FSH, oestradiol 17beta, androgens and semen analysis data in male infertility patients. Serum LH, FSH and immunoreactive testosterone-like substances (TLS) have been measured by radioimmunoassay in 130 male infertility patients and oestradiol 17beta in 26 cases. A weak but significant negative correlation was found between FSH and sperm count (rs = -0.19, p less than 0.05) but not LH and sperm count. However, LH and FSH were strongly correlated in the azoospermic (rs = 0.71, p less than 0.01) and oligozoospermic (rs = 0.53, p less than 0.01) groups and levels of both gonadotrophins were significantly elevated in the azoospermic and oligozoospermic as compared to the normozoospermic group. The elevated LH levels in the oligozoo- and azoospermic groups could not be explained by reduced negative feedback of testosterone or oestradiol 17beta since firstly, TLS and oestradiol 17beta levels were similar in all three groups and, secondly, within-group correlations between LH and TLS were either non-significant or positive (azoospermic group r = 0.37, p = 0.06). It is suggested that spermatogenesis-related feedback factor(s) may inhibit LH as well as FSH secretion. No role for oestradiol 17beta as a selective inhibitor of FSH secretion seemed likely as oestradiol 17beta levels were similar in the three groups and were correlated (r = 0.51, p less than 0.01) to TLS levels i.e. to leydig cell rather than spermatogenic function. Seminal fructose was negatively correlated (r = -0.26, p less than 0.01) with sperm count but not significantly with plasma TLS. It would thus seem unlikely that the tendency for seminal fructose levels to increase as sperm count decreases is due to increased androgen production or that seminal fructose can be used as an index of a patient's androgenic status. Patients with varicoceles had hormone levels similar to other patients of similar sperm count. Both sperm morphology and motility were strongly correlated to log sperm count (r = 0.84 and 0.55 respectively) and semen volume was significantly greater in oligozoospermic than normozoospermic patients (p less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:907214", "title": "Acute cerebrovascular and myocardial ischemia superimposed upon chronically hypertensive and arteriosclerotic male Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "Repeatedly bred male rats which develop arteriosclerosis spontaneously were subjected to unilateral nephrectomy, 1% saline drinking water, and 2 mg subcutaneous injections of deoxycorticosterone acetate per animal weekly for 7 weeks to induce severe hypertension (+/- 175 mmHg systolic). Acute cerebral ischemia was induced by ligating one carotid artery. Two days later, experimental animals were subjected to acute myocardial ischemia by injecting them subcutaneously with a single dose of isoproterenol (25 mg/100 g body weight). All of the experimental animals died within 4 hours of the injection of isoproterenol. During this same period, blood pressure, body weight, thymus, kidney, and testicular weights were reduced, whereas heart and adrenal gland weights increased markedly. Serum enzymes (CPK, SGOT, and LDH), lipids (triglycerides and free fatty acids), glucose, BUN, and corticosterone rose progressively. Fatty infiltration of the liver, adrenal hyperplasia, myocardial thrombi, renal degenerative changes, and cerebral edema became progressively more severe. A hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis component may be involved in the reaction to the stress of acute cerebral or myocardial ischemia, which is intensified when the two ischemias are combined, and chronic hypertension may exacerbate both.", "contents": "Acute cerebrovascular and myocardial ischemia superimposed upon chronically hypertensive and arteriosclerotic male Sprague-Dawley rats. Repeatedly bred male rats which develop arteriosclerosis spontaneously were subjected to unilateral nephrectomy, 1% saline drinking water, and 2 mg subcutaneous injections of deoxycorticosterone acetate per animal weekly for 7 weeks to induce severe hypertension (+/- 175 mmHg systolic). Acute cerebral ischemia was induced by ligating one carotid artery. Two days later, experimental animals were subjected to acute myocardial ischemia by injecting them subcutaneously with a single dose of isoproterenol (25 mg/100 g body weight). All of the experimental animals died within 4 hours of the injection of isoproterenol. During this same period, blood pressure, body weight, thymus, kidney, and testicular weights were reduced, whereas heart and adrenal gland weights increased markedly. Serum enzymes (CPK, SGOT, and LDH), lipids (triglycerides and free fatty acids), glucose, BUN, and corticosterone rose progressively. Fatty infiltration of the liver, adrenal hyperplasia, myocardial thrombi, renal degenerative changes, and cerebral edema became progressively more severe. A hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis component may be involved in the reaction to the stress of acute cerebral or myocardial ischemia, which is intensified when the two ischemias are combined, and chronic hypertension may exacerbate both."}
{"id": "PMID:907215", "title": "Carotid cavernous fistula in pregnancy.", "content": "A carotid-cavernous fistula in pregnancy is not rare. Increasing pain and worsening of the  proptosis made prompt operative intervention necessary. The fact that other known cerebrovascular lesions lend themselves to surgical attack without undue risk during this time8--11 prompted us to proceed with surgery. There was no adverse effect on the pregnancy, other than premature delivery. Both the mother and child are doing well 4 years after surgery.", "contents": "Carotid cavernous fistula in pregnancy. A carotid-cavernous fistula in pregnancy is not rare. Increasing pain and worsening of the  proptosis made prompt operative intervention necessary. The fact that other known cerebrovascular lesions lend themselves to surgical attack without undue risk during this time8--11 prompted us to proceed with surgery. There was no adverse effect on the pregnancy, other than premature delivery. Both the mother and child are doing well 4 years after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:907211", "title": "Further observations on the morphogenesis of the round headed human spermatozoa.", "content": "Sperm and testicular biopsies of an infertile human patient have been investigated using histochemical and electron microscopical technique. Spermiogram revealed a head defect, characterized with lacking acrosome and round and immature nucleoplasm, occuring in practically all cells and coiled tails in about a half of spermatozoa. EM study of spermatids has shown an abortive development of acrosome, whose primordium failed to attach the nucleus and expand, instead regressed. The nucleus failed in shaping and retarded in maturing, a disturbance apparently associated with the aplasia of hypoplasia of caudal manchette. The role of zinc in nuclear differentiation and the shape of head in the movement pattern are discussed.", "contents": "Further observations on the morphogenesis of the round headed human spermatozoa. Sperm and testicular biopsies of an infertile human patient have been investigated using histochemical and electron microscopical technique. Spermiogram revealed a head defect, characterized with lacking acrosome and round and immature nucleoplasm, occuring in practically all cells and coiled tails in about a half of spermatozoa. EM study of spermatids has shown an abortive development of acrosome, whose primordium failed to attach the nucleus and expand, instead regressed. The nucleus failed in shaping and retarded in maturing, a disturbance apparently associated with the aplasia of hypoplasia of caudal manchette. The role of zinc in nuclear differentiation and the shape of head in the movement pattern are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907217", "title": "Cerebral arteriovenous fistula causing congestive heart failure in infancy.", "content": "The case of a newborn female in congestive heart failure due to a cerebral A-V fistula is presented. The cardiac manifestations in the presence of this condition are described, and the diagnostic importance of auscultation of the skull is stressed. Because of the precarious condition of most of these neonates, diagnostic procedures should be minimized if the clinical picture is compatible with this diagnosis, and cerebral angiography should be performed before any heart studies are undertaken.", "contents": "Cerebral arteriovenous fistula causing congestive heart failure in infancy. The case of a newborn female in congestive heart failure due to a cerebral A-V fistula is presented. The cardiac manifestations in the presence of this condition are described, and the diagnostic importance of auscultation of the skull is stressed. Because of the precarious condition of most of these neonates, diagnostic procedures should be minimized if the clinical picture is compatible with this diagnosis, and cerebral angiography should be performed before any heart studies are undertaken."}
{"id": "PMID:907212", "title": "Epididymal resorption of spermatozoa in the field rat (Millardia meltada).", "content": "A study has been made of epididymal resorption of spermatozoa in the field rat (Millardia meltada). At the height of its reproductive activity, many spermatozoa penetrate the epididymal epithelium and intertubular tissue where they undergo fragmentation and resorption. Sperm disposal is maximum in the cauda epididymidis.", "contents": "Epididymal resorption of spermatozoa in the field rat (Millardia meltada). A study has been made of epididymal resorption of spermatozoa in the field rat (Millardia meltada). At the height of its reproductive activity, many spermatozoa penetrate the epididymal epithelium and intertubular tissue where they undergo fragmentation and resorption. Sperm disposal is maximum in the cauda epididymidis."}
{"id": "PMID:907218", "title": "Reduction of blood flow following ischemia in arteriopathic patients: reversion of the phenomenon induced by propranolol.", "content": "In most arteriopathic patients, the release of a transitory ischemia in the affected limb reduces blood flow, instead of increasing it as in normal subjects. In this study the effects of propranolol administration on this paradoxical response have been investigated. After rheographic tracings were recorded in 14 arteriopathic patients in the basal condition and in the postischemic period, 10 mg of propranolol was administered IV and the protocol was then repeated. The blood flow in the affected area, measured as Jantsch's index of the rheographic tracings, was 0.63 +/- 0.04 in the basal condition and was reduced to 0.51 +/- 0.05 (P less than 0.001) in the postischemic period. When the ischemia was repeated after propranolol administration, Jantsch's index rose from 0.57 +/- 0.04 to 0.85 +/- 0.09 (P less than 0.01). The reversion of the paradoxical response to the ischemia induced by propranolol administration suggests that the beta-adrenergic blockade can increase blood flow to the ischemic area, probably through a constrictive action on arterovenous connections.", "contents": "Reduction of blood flow following ischemia in arteriopathic patients: reversion of the phenomenon induced by propranolol. In most arteriopathic patients, the release of a transitory ischemia in the affected limb reduces blood flow, instead of increasing it as in normal subjects. In this study the effects of propranolol administration on this paradoxical response have been investigated. After rheographic tracings were recorded in 14 arteriopathic patients in the basal condition and in the postischemic period, 10 mg of propranolol was administered IV and the protocol was then repeated. The blood flow in the affected area, measured as Jantsch's index of the rheographic tracings, was 0.63 +/- 0.04 in the basal condition and was reduced to 0.51 +/- 0.05 (P less than 0.001) in the postischemic period. When the ischemia was repeated after propranolol administration, Jantsch's index rose from 0.57 +/- 0.04 to 0.85 +/- 0.09 (P less than 0.01). The reversion of the paradoxical response to the ischemia induced by propranolol administration suggests that the beta-adrenergic blockade can increase blood flow to the ischemic area, probably through a constrictive action on arterovenous connections."}
{"id": "PMID:907213", "title": "[Ultraspectrophotometric method of differential determination of DNA and RNA in spermatozoa].", "content": "The authors describe a complement of the previously published ultramicrospectro-photometric method for the dosage of nucleic acids. The spermatozoa are scanned by a bundle of U-V. light. It is so possible to obtain the measurement of the U-V. light absorption on a very big number of very small areas. The data are printed very accurately on one histogram. Thereafter spermatozoa are submitted to the action of RNase and DNase and rescanned with U-V. light. The comparison of the histograms allows to estimate the amount of nucleic acids. Further investigations are requested.", "contents": "[Ultraspectrophotometric method of differential determination of DNA and RNA in spermatozoa]. The authors describe a complement of the previously published ultramicrospectro-photometric method for the dosage of nucleic acids. The spermatozoa are scanned by a bundle of U-V. light. It is so possible to obtain the measurement of the U-V. light absorption on a very big number of very small areas. The data are printed very accurately on one histogram. Thereafter spermatozoa are submitted to the action of RNase and DNase and rescanned with U-V. light. The comparison of the histograms allows to estimate the amount of nucleic acids. Further investigations are requested."}
{"id": "PMID:907220", "title": "Diastolic intervals in cardiomyopathy and abnormal thyroid states: alterations in isovolumic relaxation time and rapid filling time of depressed and enhanced myocardial contractility.", "content": "Diastolic and systolic time intervals were measured in 11 control subjects, 11 patients with cardiomyopathy, 7 hyperthyroid patients, and 5 hypothyroid patients. The isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), rapid filling time (RFT), preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and PEP/LVET ratio were found by simultaneously recording the ECG, phonocardiogram, external carotid pulse, and apexcardiogram. In cardiomyopathy the IVRT and RFT were prolonged (107.4 +/- 21.1 msec [P less than 0.01] and 111.0 +/- 10.0 [P less than 0.01] respectively) in comparison to the control subjects. (In the controls the IVRT was 85.7 +/- 18.4 msec and the RFT was 94.5 +/- 12.8 msec). In altered thyroid states the RFT was most affected; in hypothyroidism it increased to 123.9 +/- 25.2 (P less than 0.01) and in hyperthyroidism it decreased to 71.5 +/- 21.3 msec (P less than 0.01). In hyperthyroid patients the IVRT, although shorter than in control subjects, was not significantly altered, but it showed a significant increase after treatment. The RFT also returned toward normal after therapy in both groups (116.7 +/- 14.6 msec in hypothyroid patients and 89.0 +/- 23.1 msec in those with hyperthyroidism).", "contents": "Diastolic intervals in cardiomyopathy and abnormal thyroid states: alterations in isovolumic relaxation time and rapid filling time of depressed and enhanced myocardial contractility. Diastolic and systolic time intervals were measured in 11 control subjects, 11 patients with cardiomyopathy, 7 hyperthyroid patients, and 5 hypothyroid patients. The isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), rapid filling time (RFT), preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and PEP/LVET ratio were found by simultaneously recording the ECG, phonocardiogram, external carotid pulse, and apexcardiogram. In cardiomyopathy the IVRT and RFT were prolonged (107.4 +/- 21.1 msec [P less than 0.01] and 111.0 +/- 10.0 [P less than 0.01] respectively) in comparison to the control subjects. (In the controls the IVRT was 85.7 +/- 18.4 msec and the RFT was 94.5 +/- 12.8 msec). In altered thyroid states the RFT was most affected; in hypothyroidism it increased to 123.9 +/- 25.2 (P less than 0.01) and in hyperthyroidism it decreased to 71.5 +/- 21.3 msec (P less than 0.01). In hyperthyroid patients the IVRT, although shorter than in control subjects, was not significantly altered, but it showed a significant increase after treatment. The RFT also returned toward normal after therapy in both groups (116.7 +/- 14.6 msec in hypothyroid patients and 89.0 +/- 23.1 msec in those with hyperthyroidism)."}
{"id": "PMID:907221", "title": "Angiographic demonstration of an acquired internal mammary-to-pulmonary artery fistula.", "content": "A patient with a continuous murmur due to flow through an internal mammary-to-pulmonary artery fistula is described. Previously reported cases have been thought to be congenital in origin. A history of an anteriorly placed chest tube suggests an acquired etiology for this malformation.", "contents": "Angiographic demonstration of an acquired internal mammary-to-pulmonary artery fistula. A patient with a continuous murmur due to flow through an internal mammary-to-pulmonary artery fistula is described. Previously reported cases have been thought to be congenital in origin. A history of an anteriorly placed chest tube suggests an acquired etiology for this malformation."}
{"id": "PMID:907223", "title": "[Identification and determination of carbohydrates in biologic liquids by gas phase chromatography. Application to blood microsamples on paper].", "content": "The authors describe a method of estimation of blood sugar by gas chromatography using a microsample of blood placed on paper. The estimation of blood sugar by gas chromatography carried out both on the disc of blood and on the same volume of fresh blood, leads to identical results which are superimposable on those obtained by the ortho-toluidine method. The estimations of galactose, fructose and xylose, lead to comparable results to those obtained by classical colorimetric or enzymatic methods. This method is of interest in pediatrics by the small volume of blood required and by the means of transport of the sample towards the laboratory. A certain number of applications are described: Estimation of fasting blood sugar, during a cycle, or after a glucose loading test. Estimation of various sugars, e.g. galactose, xylose, fructose, in presence of glucose during the loading tests.", "contents": "[Identification and determination of carbohydrates in biologic liquids by gas phase chromatography. Application to blood microsamples on paper]. The authors describe a method of estimation of blood sugar by gas chromatography using a microsample of blood placed on paper. The estimation of blood sugar by gas chromatography carried out both on the disc of blood and on the same volume of fresh blood, leads to identical results which are superimposable on those obtained by the ortho-toluidine method. The estimations of galactose, fructose and xylose, lead to comparable results to those obtained by classical colorimetric or enzymatic methods. This method is of interest in pediatrics by the small volume of blood required and by the means of transport of the sample towards the laboratory. A certain number of applications are described: Estimation of fasting blood sugar, during a cycle, or after a glucose loading test. Estimation of various sugars, e.g. galactose, xylose, fructose, in presence of glucose during the loading tests."}
{"id": "PMID:907224", "title": "[Hyperglycinemia without ketosis. Biochemical and enzymatic study].", "content": "We report a biochemical and enzymatic study of two neonatal cases of non ketotic hyperglycinemia. We report the comparative evolution of glycine level in plasma and CSF during a restrictive diet excluding glycine and serine. The high levels of glycine found in CSF and brain are likely to reflect the brain damage. After autopsy, the glycine synthase activity determination shows a significative partial deficiency in the liver and a total deficiency in the brain. Glycine synthase affinity for glycine is similar for controls and patients and this lead use to think that the deficiency is due to a diminished biosynthesis of the enzyme molecule.", "contents": "[Hyperglycinemia without ketosis. Biochemical and enzymatic study]. We report a biochemical and enzymatic study of two neonatal cases of non ketotic hyperglycinemia. We report the comparative evolution of glycine level in plasma and CSF during a restrictive diet excluding glycine and serine. The high levels of glycine found in CSF and brain are likely to reflect the brain damage. After autopsy, the glycine synthase activity determination shows a significative partial deficiency in the liver and a total deficiency in the brain. Glycine synthase affinity for glycine is similar for controls and patients and this lead use to think that the deficiency is due to a diminished biosynthesis of the enzyme molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:907226", "title": "[Human erythrocyte glycerides].", "content": "There are difficulties in measuring red cell glycerides mainly because the amount found in erythrocytes is so differne from that of other lipids in blood cells. The red corpuscles contain only very small quantities of glycerides, about 5mg/1, while the amount of cholesterol and phospholipids is 200 to 500 times higher. The methods currently used for estimating glycerides in serum can be used here only after removing these other lipids. The distribution of glycerides in erythrocytes is ver different from that of serum: serum contains mainly triglycerides while there are diglycerides as well as triglycerides in erythrocytes (on average 3,4 micro mol/1 of triglycerides and 1,7 mumol/1 of diglycerides).", "contents": "[Human erythrocyte glycerides]. There are difficulties in measuring red cell glycerides mainly because the amount found in erythrocytes is so differne from that of other lipids in blood cells. The red corpuscles contain only very small quantities of glycerides, about 5mg/1, while the amount of cholesterol and phospholipids is 200 to 500 times higher. The methods currently used for estimating glycerides in serum can be used here only after removing these other lipids. The distribution of glycerides in erythrocytes is ver different from that of serum: serum contains mainly triglycerides while there are diglycerides as well as triglycerides in erythrocytes (on average 3,4 micro mol/1 of triglycerides and 1,7 mumol/1 of diglycerides)."}
{"id": "PMID:907227", "title": "[Determination of Ag ions in water, urine and blood].", "content": "Developments in polarography techniques over the last thirty years have enabled us to register outstanding increases in sensitivity: the order of concentration studies has evolved from 10(-3) g ions/1 to 10(-10) g ions/1. Pulse polarography with anodic stripping voltammetry is therefore particulary suitable for the determination of numerous metals which are to be found in extremely low concentration in biological samples which may be of limited volume e.g. blood. Our objects has been to describe and to apply in the case of silver a determination technique which would be sufficently sensitive, precise, practical and rapid for it to be easily used by biologists and toxicologists. A fortiori, this method may be applied in hydrology to the determination of these metals in water.", "contents": "[Determination of Ag ions in water, urine and blood]. Developments in polarography techniques over the last thirty years have enabled us to register outstanding increases in sensitivity: the order of concentration studies has evolved from 10(-3) g ions/1 to 10(-10) g ions/1. Pulse polarography with anodic stripping voltammetry is therefore particulary suitable for the determination of numerous metals which are to be found in extremely low concentration in biological samples which may be of limited volume e.g. blood. Our objects has been to describe and to apply in the case of silver a determination technique which would be sufficently sensitive, precise, practical and rapid for it to be easily used by biologists and toxicologists. A fortiori, this method may be applied in hydrology to the determination of these metals in water."}
{"id": "PMID:907228", "title": "[Study of critical values of plasma concentration of cholesterol in hospitalized patients by an enzymatic method].", "content": "The concentration of plasma cholesterol was measured in 794 women and 832 men by a method of enzyme analysis. The populations studied were composed of patients in hospital. The critical values were drawn up using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. The serum cholesterol varied in these populations between 3.0 and 8.5 mmol/l and neither age nor sex modified seriously these values.", "contents": "[Study of critical values of plasma concentration of cholesterol in hospitalized patients by an enzymatic method]. The concentration of plasma cholesterol was measured in 794 women and 832 men by a method of enzyme analysis. The populations studied were composed of patients in hospital. The critical values were drawn up using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. The serum cholesterol varied in these populations between 3.0 and 8.5 mmol/l and neither age nor sex modified seriously these values."}
{"id": "PMID:907232", "title": "Meteorotropism of seizures in children from birth to seven years (author's transl).", "content": "Between Oct. 1st 1971 and Sept. 30th 1976, 2,901 cases of seizures in children under 7 years of age have been treated in the Emergency Service of \"La Fe\" Children's Hospital of Valencia. On this basis, we have tried to demonstrate the presence of \"runs\" of such seizure cases, which were thought to exist. We have also studied the relationship between the seizure frequency and the atmospheric pressure. The yearly and monthly seizure distributions don't show statistically any significant difference. Neither do week-days or periods of the day. Mathematic study hasn't shown non-periodic \"runs\" either of the seizure cases within the total amount of emergency cases, or of the days with an admission rate of three or more seizure cases within all the days with the study period. Statistical studies comparing the seizure frequency with the mean atmospheric pressure in the daily intervals from 8.00 to 14.00, from 14.00 to 19.00 and from 19.00 to 8.00 of the following day, and with the respective barometric gradient, show that there aren't any correlations. Neither is there any correlation between seizure frequency and daily maximum barometric gradient. However it is demonstrated that in extremely low atmospheric pressures (under 1001.9 milibar) the seizure frequency is higher. A bibliographical review on meteorotropism of convulsions is made.", "contents": "Meteorotropism of seizures in children from birth to seven years (author's transl). Between Oct. 1st 1971 and Sept. 30th 1976, 2,901 cases of seizures in children under 7 years of age have been treated in the Emergency Service of \"La Fe\" Children's Hospital of Valencia. On this basis, we have tried to demonstrate the presence of \"runs\" of such seizure cases, which were thought to exist. We have also studied the relationship between the seizure frequency and the atmospheric pressure. The yearly and monthly seizure distributions don't show statistically any significant difference. Neither do week-days or periods of the day. Mathematic study hasn't shown non-periodic \"runs\" either of the seizure cases within the total amount of emergency cases, or of the days with an admission rate of three or more seizure cases within all the days with the study period. Statistical studies comparing the seizure frequency with the mean atmospheric pressure in the daily intervals from 8.00 to 14.00, from 14.00 to 19.00 and from 19.00 to 8.00 of the following day, and with the respective barometric gradient, show that there aren't any correlations. Neither is there any correlation between seizure frequency and daily maximum barometric gradient. However it is demonstrated that in extremely low atmospheric pressures (under 1001.9 milibar) the seizure frequency is higher. A bibliographical review on meteorotropism of convulsions is made."}
{"id": "PMID:907238", "title": "Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia.", "content": "Peripheral blood levels of testosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone and the metabolic clearance rates of testosterone and estradiol, as well as the peripheral conversion of testosterone into estradiol, were measured in 16 patients with hypertension. Six of these patients were treated with spironolactone and developed gynecomastia. The other 10 patients served as control subjects. The blood testosterone level in the spironolactone-treated group (2.7 +/- 0.5 ng/ml) was significantly less (P less than 0.02) than in the control group (4.4 +/- 0.4 ng/ml). On the other hand, blood estradiol levels in the spironolactone group (30 +/- 4 pg/ml) were significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than in the control group (13 +/- 2 pg/ml). These changes were primarily due to significant increases in the metabolic clearance rate of testosterone (P less than 0.02) and in the rate of peripheral conversion of testosterone into estradiol (P less than 0.001) in the spironolactone-treated group. Thus, spironolactone does alter the peripheral metabolism of testosterone resulting in changes in the ratio of testosterone to estradiol, which could contribute to the production of gynecomastia.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia. Peripheral blood levels of testosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone and the metabolic clearance rates of testosterone and estradiol, as well as the peripheral conversion of testosterone into estradiol, were measured in 16 patients with hypertension. Six of these patients were treated with spironolactone and developed gynecomastia. The other 10 patients served as control subjects. The blood testosterone level in the spironolactone-treated group (2.7 +/- 0.5 ng/ml) was significantly less (P less than 0.02) than in the control group (4.4 +/- 0.4 ng/ml). On the other hand, blood estradiol levels in the spironolactone group (30 +/- 4 pg/ml) were significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than in the control group (13 +/- 2 pg/ml). These changes were primarily due to significant increases in the metabolic clearance rate of testosterone (P less than 0.02) and in the rate of peripheral conversion of testosterone into estradiol (P less than 0.001) in the spironolactone-treated group. Thus, spironolactone does alter the peripheral metabolism of testosterone resulting in changes in the ratio of testosterone to estradiol, which could contribute to the production of gynecomastia."}
{"id": "PMID:907239", "title": "Treated and untreated recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, or no metabolic disorder.", "content": "Two hundred two recurrent calcium oxalate stone-forming patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria or hyperuricosuria, or both, were treated for an average of 2.91 years (1 to 7 years) with thiazide or allopurinol, or both. The frequency of new stone formation was drastically reduced. During the treatment period of 625 patient years, 220.0 new stones should have occurred, whereas 22 were actually formed (chi-square=178, P less than 0.001). Thirty-four patients without discernible metabolic disturbances and treated only with increased fluid intake and dietary advice formed 29 new stones compared to a predicted 33.2 stones (87.3%). Thirty similar patients treated with thiazide and allopurinol formed six stones compared to a predicted 31.8, P less than 0.001. Chronic reversal of idiopathic hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria with thiazide and allopurinol is an effective way to prevent recurrent calcium oxalate stones. Conservative measures are only of marginal effectiveness in treating metabolically normal stone forming patients; however, thiazide and allopurinol appear to decrease new stone formation.", "contents": "Treated and untreated recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, or no metabolic disorder. Two hundred two recurrent calcium oxalate stone-forming patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria or hyperuricosuria, or both, were treated for an average of 2.91 years (1 to 7 years) with thiazide or allopurinol, or both. The frequency of new stone formation was drastically reduced. During the treatment period of 625 patient years, 220.0 new stones should have occurred, whereas 22 were actually formed (chi-square=178, P less than 0.001). Thirty-four patients without discernible metabolic disturbances and treated only with increased fluid intake and dietary advice formed 29 new stones compared to a predicted 33.2 stones (87.3%). Thirty similar patients treated with thiazide and allopurinol formed six stones compared to a predicted 31.8, P less than 0.001. Chronic reversal of idiopathic hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria with thiazide and allopurinol is an effective way to prevent recurrent calcium oxalate stones. Conservative measures are only of marginal effectiveness in treating metabolically normal stone forming patients; however, thiazide and allopurinol appear to decrease new stone formation."}
{"id": "PMID:907233", "title": "[Di Giorge's syndrome with congenital heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors describe three cases of Di Giorge's syndrome (thymic and parathyroid aplasia) proved through anatomical study postmorten, associated with cardiac malformations (Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia, persistent truncus arteriosus and large patent ductus arteriosus). Clinical characteristics of the stated syndrome are analized with special reference to congenital heart diseases that are included in it.", "contents": "[Di Giorge's syndrome with congenital heart disease (author's transl)]. Authors describe three cases of Di Giorge's syndrome (thymic and parathyroid aplasia) proved through anatomical study postmorten, associated with cardiac malformations (Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia, persistent truncus arteriosus and large patent ductus arteriosus). Clinical characteristics of the stated syndrome are analized with special reference to congenital heart diseases that are included in it."}
{"id": "PMID:907240", "title": "Hepatitis-associated lipid storage myopathy.", "content": "We report the case of a 23-year-old woman who developed severe myalgias in association with mild hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis. Muscle biopsy showed myriads of microvacuoles filled with neutral lipid. Prednisone therapy was associated with complete clearing of all clinical and laboratory abnormalities. Since muscle carnitine levels were normal before treatment, we conclude that infection with hepatitis virus may induce non-carnitine-deficient lipid storage myopathy in man.", "contents": "Hepatitis-associated lipid storage myopathy. We report the case of a 23-year-old woman who developed severe myalgias in association with mild hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis. Muscle biopsy showed myriads of microvacuoles filled with neutral lipid. Prednisone therapy was associated with complete clearing of all clinical and laboratory abnormalities. Since muscle carnitine levels were normal before treatment, we conclude that infection with hepatitis virus may induce non-carnitine-deficient lipid storage myopathy in man."}
{"id": "PMID:907241", "title": "A communitywide outbreak of giardiasis with evidence of transmission by a municipal water supply.", "content": "Three hundred fifty residents of Rome, New York, had laboratory-confirmed cases of giardiasis between 1 November 1974 and 7 June 1975. A random household survey showed an overall attack rate for giardiasis (defined as a diarrheal illness of 5 days or more) of 10.6%. A significant association was discovered between having giardiasis and using city water and between having illness and drinking 1 or more glasses of water a day. The presence of human settlements in the Rome watershed area suggested that the water supply could have been contaminated by untreated human waste. The infectivity of municipal water was confirmed by producing giardiasis in specific pathogen-free dogs fed sediment samples of raw water obtained from an inlet of a city reservoir. A microscopic examination of the water sediments uncovered a Giardia lamblia cyst in one sample. This was the first time that a G. lamblia cyst has been found in municipal water in an epidemic and the first time that such water has been shown to infect laboratory animals.", "contents": "A communitywide outbreak of giardiasis with evidence of transmission by a municipal water supply. Three hundred fifty residents of Rome, New York, had laboratory-confirmed cases of giardiasis between 1 November 1974 and 7 June 1975. A random household survey showed an overall attack rate for giardiasis (defined as a diarrheal illness of 5 days or more) of 10.6%. A significant association was discovered between having giardiasis and using city water and between having illness and drinking 1 or more glasses of water a day. The presence of human settlements in the Rome watershed area suggested that the water supply could have been contaminated by untreated human waste. The infectivity of municipal water was confirmed by producing giardiasis in specific pathogen-free dogs fed sediment samples of raw water obtained from an inlet of a city reservoir. A microscopic examination of the water sediments uncovered a Giardia lamblia cyst in one sample. This was the first time that a G. lamblia cyst has been found in municipal water in an epidemic and the first time that such water has been shown to infect laboratory animals."}
{"id": "PMID:907235", "title": "[Familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A four-year old boy with familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is reported. The clinical picture was that of prolonged fever, hepato and splenomegaly, adenopathies and, in the terminal state, bleeding tendency and sligth jaundice. The laboratory data showed anemia, leucopenia and abnormal coagulation studies compatibles with disseminated intravascular clotting. The differential diagnosis with malignant histiocytosis is attempted from a histological point of view.", "contents": "[Familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (author's transl)]. A four-year old boy with familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is reported. The clinical picture was that of prolonged fever, hepato and splenomegaly, adenopathies and, in the terminal state, bleeding tendency and sligth jaundice. The laboratory data showed anemia, leucopenia and abnormal coagulation studies compatibles with disseminated intravascular clotting. The differential diagnosis with malignant histiocytosis is attempted from a histological point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:907237", "title": "[Some additional facts about thymus (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases are presented of eventual diagnostic errors concerning the thymus. In the first case right aberrating lobe appeared radiologically as a tumour of posterior mediastinum. In the second case, the large thymic malleability, enabled it to invade medium mediastinum and to show an extraordinary variability in shape when in decubitus. Finally, a post surgical hematomata, in a patient affected by a cyanogen cardiopathy actually showed some problems of radiological diagnosis with the characteristic thymus regeneration.", "contents": "[Some additional facts about thymus (author's transl)]. Three cases are presented of eventual diagnostic errors concerning the thymus. In the first case right aberrating lobe appeared radiologically as a tumour of posterior mediastinum. In the second case, the large thymic malleability, enabled it to invade medium mediastinum and to show an extraordinary variability in shape when in decubitus. Finally, a post surgical hematomata, in a patient affected by a cyanogen cardiopathy actually showed some problems of radiological diagnosis with the characteristic thymus regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:907242", "title": "Curable hypertension with unilateral hydronephrosis. Studies on the role of circulating renin.", "content": "Among eight patients with unilateral hydronephrosis and hypertension, peripheral plasma renin activity was normal in seven and borderline high in one. Four patients had hydronephrotic/contralateral kidney renin ratios of greater than 1.5, suggesting excessive renin release from the diseased kidney, and ratios between contralateral kidney and peripheral blood of less than 1.2, indicating suppressed renin production in the contralateral kidney. Nephrectomy normalized blood pressure in each of these patients. Two patients had hydronephrotic/contralateral kidney renin ratios of less than or equal to 1.3 or contralateral kidney/periphery ratios of greater than 1.2, suggesting ischemia of the contralateral kidney; pyeloplasty or nephrectomy, or both, failed to improve the hypertension. Postoperative changes in blood pressure correlated with changes in peripheral renin (r = 0.90; P less than 0.01). These data suggest that hypertension associated with unilateral hydronephrosis is partly renin-dependent; and renal vein renin values are helpful in selecting patients for surgery.", "contents": "Curable hypertension with unilateral hydronephrosis. Studies on the role of circulating renin. Among eight patients with unilateral hydronephrosis and hypertension, peripheral plasma renin activity was normal in seven and borderline high in one. Four patients had hydronephrotic/contralateral kidney renin ratios of greater than 1.5, suggesting excessive renin release from the diseased kidney, and ratios between contralateral kidney and peripheral blood of less than 1.2, indicating suppressed renin production in the contralateral kidney. Nephrectomy normalized blood pressure in each of these patients. Two patients had hydronephrotic/contralateral kidney renin ratios of less than or equal to 1.3 or contralateral kidney/periphery ratios of greater than 1.2, suggesting ischemia of the contralateral kidney; pyeloplasty or nephrectomy, or both, failed to improve the hypertension. Postoperative changes in blood pressure correlated with changes in peripheral renin (r = 0.90; P less than 0.01). These data suggest that hypertension associated with unilateral hydronephrosis is partly renin-dependent; and renal vein renin values are helpful in selecting patients for surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:907243", "title": "Impaired marrow granulocyte reserve and leukocyte mobilization in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.", "content": "Cytotoxic chemotherapy often induces sustained, severe granulocytopenia in patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Many of the patients so treated subsequently develop serious infections. Poor marrow reserve has been implicated but lacks supporting evidence as the cause of the granulocytopenia. In six patients we studied with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, bone marrow showed severe granulocytopenia, blood neutrophil response after intravenous hydrocortisone injection was poor, and leukocyte migration to the site of inflammation showed suboptimal neutrophilia and poor or no mononuclear response. Splenic hypersequestration and pooling were probably not important factors in causing neutropenia, since similar results were seen in patients without spleens. These findings suggest that in this disease the marrow granulocyte reserve and leukocyte mobilization are impaired and the neutropenia is due to poor granulocyte production and not to increased migration of leukocytes to tissues. Cytotoxic chemotherapy should be used with caution in patients with this disease.", "contents": "Impaired marrow granulocyte reserve and leukocyte mobilization in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Cytotoxic chemotherapy often induces sustained, severe granulocytopenia in patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Many of the patients so treated subsequently develop serious infections. Poor marrow reserve has been implicated but lacks supporting evidence as the cause of the granulocytopenia. In six patients we studied with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, bone marrow showed severe granulocytopenia, blood neutrophil response after intravenous hydrocortisone injection was poor, and leukocyte migration to the site of inflammation showed suboptimal neutrophilia and poor or no mononuclear response. Splenic hypersequestration and pooling were probably not important factors in causing neutropenia, since similar results were seen in patients without spleens. These findings suggest that in this disease the marrow granulocyte reserve and leukocyte mobilization are impaired and the neutropenia is due to poor granulocyte production and not to increased migration of leukocytes to tissues. Cytotoxic chemotherapy should be used with caution in patients with this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:907234", "title": "[Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to inferior vena cava (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases between one day of life and seven years are presented. Two of them were males and two females. All of them had cardiac pulsation palpable to the right of the sternum, one with some bulging of the left hemitorax. In two cases a systolic murmur was heard over the second intercostal space associated with fixed splitting of the second sound and the other case presented recurrent infections processes of the lung dying ultimately from bronchoneumonia. On the simple X-ray displacement of the mediastine towards the right side, dextroposition of the heart, right pulmonary hyoplasia, enlargement of the right atrium and image in \"scimitar\" (obvious in two cases and possibly existed in the other two) was observed. In three cases a lung scan was carried out which showed a marked decrease in perfusion of the right lung. Angiocardiography in all cases as able to demonstrate anomalous venous drainage of the right lung to inferior vena cava directly.", "contents": "[Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to inferior vena cava (author's transl)]. Four cases between one day of life and seven years are presented. Two of them were males and two females. All of them had cardiac pulsation palpable to the right of the sternum, one with some bulging of the left hemitorax. In two cases a systolic murmur was heard over the second intercostal space associated with fixed splitting of the second sound and the other case presented recurrent infections processes of the lung dying ultimately from bronchoneumonia. On the simple X-ray displacement of the mediastine towards the right side, dextroposition of the heart, right pulmonary hyoplasia, enlargement of the right atrium and image in \"scimitar\" (obvious in two cases and possibly existed in the other two) was observed. In three cases a lung scan was carried out which showed a marked decrease in perfusion of the right lung. Angiocardiography in all cases as able to demonstrate anomalous venous drainage of the right lung to inferior vena cava directly."}
{"id": "PMID:907244", "title": "Intravenous elemental mercury injection: blood levels and excretion of mercury.", "content": "The blood level and excretion of mercury was measured in a patient who injected 1 ml (13.6 g) of elemental mercury intravenously. The chest radiograph showed metallic densities delineating small pulmonary vessels. The patient had no signs or symptoms of mercury intoxication in the year after injection. Mercury blood levels were essentially constant, averaging 62 ng/ml. Although exhalation of mercury vapor was a major route of excretion and urinary mercury rose fivefold with administration of penicillamine, excretion by all routes, estimated for the year after injection, represented only 1% of the dose. Total body clearance of mercury wasonly 5 ml/min. Penicillamine therefore appeared to be of little value in reducing the body burden of mercury. The data also suggest that acute systemic mercury intoxication is unlikely after intravascular elemental mercury injection because blood mercury levels are low.", "contents": "Intravenous elemental mercury injection: blood levels and excretion of mercury. The blood level and excretion of mercury was measured in a patient who injected 1 ml (13.6 g) of elemental mercury intravenously. The chest radiograph showed metallic densities delineating small pulmonary vessels. The patient had no signs or symptoms of mercury intoxication in the year after injection. Mercury blood levels were essentially constant, averaging 62 ng/ml. Although exhalation of mercury vapor was a major route of excretion and urinary mercury rose fivefold with administration of penicillamine, excretion by all routes, estimated for the year after injection, represented only 1% of the dose. Total body clearance of mercury wasonly 5 ml/min. Penicillamine therefore appeared to be of little value in reducing the body burden of mercury. The data also suggest that acute systemic mercury intoxication is unlikely after intravascular elemental mercury injection because blood mercury levels are low."}
{"id": "PMID:907236", "title": "[Severe combined immunodeficiency with hypergamma-e eosinophilia, icthyosis and normal serum adenosin-deaminase (author's transl)].", "content": "A two months old girl whose parents and grand-parents were consanguineous, and a former brother died when eight months old with a similar clinical picture is studied. Our patient developed diarrhea at the age of fifteen days, and icthyosiform skin lesions when she was one month old. Enlarged lymph nodes were prominent. She died with severe lung and ear infection. No evidence of skeletal abnormalities were found. Eosinophil count was high (720-1,000/mm3), IgE was increased for age (760 u.u./ml.), but other immunoglobulins were very decreased or absent. T-cells were decreased and lymphocyte with Ig receptors were not detected. Phytohemagglutinin response was nul but complement was normal. Autopsy revealed typical lymphoid features of severe combined immunodeficiency. Pulmonary \"Pneumocystis carinii\" infection was not found. Seric adenosine-deaminase was normal and absence of hypouricemia suggested also a normal nucleoside-phosphorilase.", "contents": "[Severe combined immunodeficiency with hypergamma-e eosinophilia, icthyosis and normal serum adenosin-deaminase (author's transl)]. A two months old girl whose parents and grand-parents were consanguineous, and a former brother died when eight months old with a similar clinical picture is studied. Our patient developed diarrhea at the age of fifteen days, and icthyosiform skin lesions when she was one month old. Enlarged lymph nodes were prominent. She died with severe lung and ear infection. No evidence of skeletal abnormalities were found. Eosinophil count was high (720-1,000/mm3), IgE was increased for age (760 u.u./ml.), but other immunoglobulins were very decreased or absent. T-cells were decreased and lymphocyte with Ig receptors were not detected. Phytohemagglutinin response was nul but complement was normal. Autopsy revealed typical lymphoid features of severe combined immunodeficiency. Pulmonary \"Pneumocystis carinii\" infection was not found. Seric adenosine-deaminase was normal and absence of hypouricemia suggested also a normal nucleoside-phosphorilase."}
{"id": "PMID:907247", "title": "The use of digitalis in patients with pulmonary disease.", "content": "A review of available literature suggests that patients with pulmonary disease may be more susceptible to the toxic effects of cardiac glycosides than patients with normal lung function. However, few studies correlating digitalis effects with pulmonary status have characterized the type of respiratory illness present or controlled for concurrent, unrelated left ventricular disease. Indications for digitalis therapy with particular emphasis on its role in the management of cor pulmonale, the evidence for an enhanced sensitivity to cardiac glycosides, and the possible mechanisms underlying such sensitivity in patients with pulmonary disease are considered.", "contents": "The use of digitalis in patients with pulmonary disease. A review of available literature suggests that patients with pulmonary disease may be more susceptible to the toxic effects of cardiac glycosides than patients with normal lung function. However, few studies correlating digitalis effects with pulmonary status have characterized the type of respiratory illness present or controlled for concurrent, unrelated left ventricular disease. Indications for digitalis therapy with particular emphasis on its role in the management of cor pulmonale, the evidence for an enhanced sensitivity to cardiac glycosides, and the possible mechanisms underlying such sensitivity in patients with pulmonary disease are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:907266", "title": "Local immunity in the pig respiratory tract. II. -- Relationship of serum and local antibodies.", "content": "Antibody passage from blood to respiratory secretions was studied on pigs. The animals were passively immunized and have a high anti-hog cholera serum antibody titer. With normal animals as with swine influenza animals, no serum antibody could be recovered neither in buccopharyngeal secretions nor in lung washings: it seems that in such conditions no detectable transudation occurs from blood to local secretions. Following intranasal inoculation of swine influenza virus or intramuscular injection of live attenuated hog cholera virus, local antibodies appear, which are considered to be locally produced.", "contents": "Local immunity in the pig respiratory tract. II. -- Relationship of serum and local antibodies. Antibody passage from blood to respiratory secretions was studied on pigs. The animals were passively immunized and have a high anti-hog cholera serum antibody titer. With normal animals as with swine influenza animals, no serum antibody could be recovered neither in buccopharyngeal secretions nor in lung washings: it seems that in such conditions no detectable transudation occurs from blood to local secretions. Following intranasal inoculation of swine influenza virus or intramuscular injection of live attenuated hog cholera virus, local antibodies appear, which are considered to be locally produced."}
{"id": "PMID:907269", "title": "Local immunity in the pig respiratory tract. I. -- Cellular and humoral immune responses following swine influenza infection.", "content": "By serial lung washings on living pigs, kinetics of humoral and cellular local immune responses have been studied following intranasal inoculation of swine influenza virus. Local and serum antibodies appeared 8 days post-infection (p.i.) and reached a maximal titer 2 weeks p.i. Antibody titer decreased faster in lung secretions than in serum. Local and systemic cell-mediated immune responses were detected, by in vitro transformation tests, during the second week p.i.", "contents": "Local immunity in the pig respiratory tract. I. -- Cellular and humoral immune responses following swine influenza infection. By serial lung washings on living pigs, kinetics of humoral and cellular local immune responses have been studied following intranasal inoculation of swine influenza virus. Local and serum antibodies appeared 8 days post-infection (p.i.) and reached a maximal titer 2 weeks p.i. Antibody titer decreased faster in lung secretions than in serum. Local and systemic cell-mediated immune responses were detected, by in vitro transformation tests, during the second week p.i."}
{"id": "PMID:907270", "title": "[Consumption of bread and its substitutes].", "content": "Over the years, the consumption of bread has dropped considerably. A consumer survey of 3 109 people of all ages undertaken in several regions in France has revealed different criteria of variation enabling us to understand better the way in which this drop has taken place. The consumption of various foodstuffs replacing bread such as \"biscottes\" and\"croissants\" has also been noticed. In 1972, the average consumption of bread was 166 grams per person per day, but this is subjected to considerable variations. The sample reveals 9 p. 100 non-consumers, but 30 p. 100 men and 8 p. 100 women eat more than 250 grams per day. The drop in the consumption of bread is generally linked with an increase in sedentary life. This marked restriction in glucids contained in cereals can have important effects on health as it upsets the balance of the energy intake.", "contents": "[Consumption of bread and its substitutes]. Over the years, the consumption of bread has dropped considerably. A consumer survey of 3 109 people of all ages undertaken in several regions in France has revealed different criteria of variation enabling us to understand better the way in which this drop has taken place. The consumption of various foodstuffs replacing bread such as \"biscottes\" and\"croissants\" has also been noticed. In 1972, the average consumption of bread was 166 grams per person per day, but this is subjected to considerable variations. The sample reveals 9 p. 100 non-consumers, but 30 p. 100 men and 8 p. 100 women eat more than 250 grams per day. The drop in the consumption of bread is generally linked with an increase in sedentary life. This marked restriction in glucids contained in cereals can have important effects on health as it upsets the balance of the energy intake."}
{"id": "PMID:907271", "title": "[Thiamine, riboflavin and vitamin B6 contents of organs in the aged rat. I. Effect of vitamin supplementation administered in drinking water].", "content": "Respectualy ten and twenty-two months old rats, fed an equilibrated diet, were given daily and for one month an extra supplementation of thiamine, riboflavin and vitamin B6 in drinking water. Control animals of the same age were fed identical diets but without vitamin extra supplementation. Vitamin contents of organs (liver, heart, kidneys, spleen, lungs, brain) were determined in order to evaluate both the influence of aging and of vitamin supplementation. Twenty-three months old rats show lower values of thiamin contents (except in liver and brain), riboflavin contents (except in heart and spleen) and vitamin B6 contents (except in heart, lungs and brain) than younger rats. Vitamin extra-supplementation reduces some of these differences: thiamine contents in heart, kidneys and spleen, riboflavin contents in brain, vitamin B6 contents in kidneys and spleen. In all other cases, the extra-supplementation has no effect. Therefore, it seems that the decrease in vitamin contents in organs of old rats is, in many cases an unavoidable consequence of aging.", "contents": "[Thiamine, riboflavin and vitamin B6 contents of organs in the aged rat. I. Effect of vitamin supplementation administered in drinking water]. Respectualy ten and twenty-two months old rats, fed an equilibrated diet, were given daily and for one month an extra supplementation of thiamine, riboflavin and vitamin B6 in drinking water. Control animals of the same age were fed identical diets but without vitamin extra supplementation. Vitamin contents of organs (liver, heart, kidneys, spleen, lungs, brain) were determined in order to evaluate both the influence of aging and of vitamin supplementation. Twenty-three months old rats show lower values of thiamin contents (except in liver and brain), riboflavin contents (except in heart and spleen) and vitamin B6 contents (except in heart, lungs and brain) than younger rats. Vitamin extra-supplementation reduces some of these differences: thiamine contents in heart, kidneys and spleen, riboflavin contents in brain, vitamin B6 contents in kidneys and spleen. In all other cases, the extra-supplementation has no effect. Therefore, it seems that the decrease in vitamin contents in organs of old rats is, in many cases an unavoidable consequence of aging."}
{"id": "PMID:907272", "title": "[Behavior of alpha-tocopherol during the autoxidation of linoleic acid in aqueous solution].", "content": "Addition of great quantity of alpha-tocopherol to an aqueous solution containing linoleic acid dispersed with twen 20 conduce to an important augmentation of the rate of formation of linoleic hydroperoxides. In these particular conditions, alpha-tocopherol have a prooxidant effect. In the same time, alpha-tocopherol is rapidly transformed into tocopherylquinone and a dimer of alpha-tocopherol. Transitorily there is formation of a dihydroxydimer of alpha-tocopherol. Comparison of these compounds behaviour on the oxydation rate of linoleic acid in the same conditions show a near relation between a prooxidant effect and chemical structure of these compounds as well as alpha-tocopherol. So, alpha-tocopherol and its dihydroxydimer are both prooxidant and both have a free hydroxyl on carbon 6. Dimer of alpha-tocopherol and tocopherylquinone are both antioxidant and they have neither free hydroxyl on carbon 6. alpha-tocopherol acetate in the same conditions have an antioxidant comportment. This confirms the importance of free hydroxyl on carbon 6 to obtain a prooxidant effect.", "contents": "[Behavior of alpha-tocopherol during the autoxidation of linoleic acid in aqueous solution]. Addition of great quantity of alpha-tocopherol to an aqueous solution containing linoleic acid dispersed with twen 20 conduce to an important augmentation of the rate of formation of linoleic hydroperoxides. In these particular conditions, alpha-tocopherol have a prooxidant effect. In the same time, alpha-tocopherol is rapidly transformed into tocopherylquinone and a dimer of alpha-tocopherol. Transitorily there is formation of a dihydroxydimer of alpha-tocopherol. Comparison of these compounds behaviour on the oxydation rate of linoleic acid in the same conditions show a near relation between a prooxidant effect and chemical structure of these compounds as well as alpha-tocopherol. So, alpha-tocopherol and its dihydroxydimer are both prooxidant and both have a free hydroxyl on carbon 6. Dimer of alpha-tocopherol and tocopherylquinone are both antioxidant and they have neither free hydroxyl on carbon 6. alpha-tocopherol acetate in the same conditions have an antioxidant comportment. This confirms the importance of free hydroxyl on carbon 6 to obtain a prooxidant effect."}
{"id": "PMID:907275", "title": "[Physiopathological effects or erucic acid-poor rapeseed oil on rat adrenal glands].", "content": "The authors explored the influence of colza oils containing variable proportions of erucic acid (\"Sinus\", containing about 15 p. 100 erucic acid and K-20-40 oil, containing 0,5 p. 100) on adrenal function in the rat. The assays were performed on white male Wistar rats, aged 2.5 to 3 months. For a period of 6-10 weeks, groups of animals were maintained on diets containing 30 and 50 p. 100 of their caloric value as \"Sinus\" oil, and on diets containing 30 p. 100 of their caloric value as \"Zero\" oil (K-20-40). Control groups were placed on diets with the same percentages of normal colza or sunflower oils. Corticosterone was assayed in the adrenals and the plasma of treated and control animals. Cholesterol was assayed in the adrenals and in the serum of the same animals. It was found that the functional modifications of the adrenals in male Wistar rats are characteristic for erucic acid. The amount of functional damage to these glands is proportional to the level of erucic acid in the diet.", "contents": "[Physiopathological effects or erucic acid-poor rapeseed oil on rat adrenal glands]. The authors explored the influence of colza oils containing variable proportions of erucic acid (\"Sinus\", containing about 15 p. 100 erucic acid and K-20-40 oil, containing 0,5 p. 100) on adrenal function in the rat. The assays were performed on white male Wistar rats, aged 2.5 to 3 months. For a period of 6-10 weeks, groups of animals were maintained on diets containing 30 and 50 p. 100 of their caloric value as \"Sinus\" oil, and on diets containing 30 p. 100 of their caloric value as \"Zero\" oil (K-20-40). Control groups were placed on diets with the same percentages of normal colza or sunflower oils. Corticosterone was assayed in the adrenals and the plasma of treated and control animals. Cholesterol was assayed in the adrenals and in the serum of the same animals. It was found that the functional modifications of the adrenals in male Wistar rats are characteristic for erucic acid. The amount of functional damage to these glands is proportional to the level of erucic acid in the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:907276", "title": "[Capacity for regulation of food intake and growth of fifth stage larva of Locusta migratoria M. R and F (Orthoptera, Acrididae) in various conditions of fasting and temperature].", "content": "Migratory locusts in the fifth instar, have two feeding periods, one obligatory, the other accessory; the duration of which depends on growth and moult. Quantitative data about food intake, are estimated by weighing frasses each day. Food intake raises and decreases gradually between two moults. Starvation during one day is made up for by feeding more during the accessory period. Rearing larva under constant or alternating temperatures, shows that in the three experimented conditions, obligatory feeding period coincides with a daily food intake increasing regularly to raise a maximum at the end of this first period and decrease afterwards in the accessory period.", "contents": "[Capacity for regulation of food intake and growth of fifth stage larva of Locusta migratoria M. R and F (Orthoptera, Acrididae) in various conditions of fasting and temperature]. Migratory locusts in the fifth instar, have two feeding periods, one obligatory, the other accessory; the duration of which depends on growth and moult. Quantitative data about food intake, are estimated by weighing frasses each day. Food intake raises and decreases gradually between two moults. Starvation during one day is made up for by feeding more during the accessory period. Rearing larva under constant or alternating temperatures, shows that in the three experimented conditions, obligatory feeding period coincides with a daily food intake increasing regularly to raise a maximum at the end of this first period and decrease afterwards in the accessory period."}
{"id": "PMID:907286", "title": "[Experimental study of the larval development of Hymenolepis stylosa (Rudolphi, 1809), Raillet, 1899 (Cestoda : cyelophyllidea) (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative studies of the larval development of Hymenolepis stylosa Rudolphi, 1809 (Cestoda : Cyclophyllidea), a parasite of Corvid birds are undertaken from three insect species. The development in the beetle, Tenebrio molitor shows that the scolex differenciation occurs before the invagination of the metacestode in the cystic vesicle. The cercomer is long, narrow and flexuous. In the grasshopper, Lousta migratoria, the development is the same one but the scolex invaganation begins early. In another beetle, Dermestes frischi, the oncosphere is stopped in the gut-wall. The morphology and development of the cysticercoids of avian species of Hymenolepis, which have a well known life cycle, are similar. Studies on the structure of the larval stages of avian and mammal species of Hymenolepis seem necessary to find the relations between the different species of this genus.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the larval development of Hymenolepis stylosa (Rudolphi, 1809), Raillet, 1899 (Cestoda : cyelophyllidea) (author's transl)]. Comparative studies of the larval development of Hymenolepis stylosa Rudolphi, 1809 (Cestoda : Cyclophyllidea), a parasite of Corvid birds are undertaken from three insect species. The development in the beetle, Tenebrio molitor shows that the scolex differenciation occurs before the invagination of the metacestode in the cystic vesicle. The cercomer is long, narrow and flexuous. In the grasshopper, Lousta migratoria, the development is the same one but the scolex invaganation begins early. In another beetle, Dermestes frischi, the oncosphere is stopped in the gut-wall. The morphology and development of the cysticercoids of avian species of Hymenolepis, which have a well known life cycle, are similar. Studies on the structure of the larval stages of avian and mammal species of Hymenolepis seem necessary to find the relations between the different species of this genus."}
{"id": "PMID:907287", "title": "[Experimental studies on competition between Potamopyrgus jenkinsi against Lymnaea (G.) truncatula in Vienna and Haute-Vienne (France) (author's transl)].", "content": "P. jenkinsi is not an intermediate vector of Fasciola hepatica. In Lymneae habitats with periodical dessiccation, Potamopyrgus can not live long. Permanent water is necessary: under these conditions, Potamopyrgus competition has a positive effect upon Lymnaea ecology.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on competition between Potamopyrgus jenkinsi against Lymnaea (G.) truncatula in Vienna and Haute-Vienne (France) (author's transl)]. P. jenkinsi is not an intermediate vector of Fasciola hepatica. In Lymneae habitats with periodical dessiccation, Potamopyrgus can not live long. Permanent water is necessary: under these conditions, Potamopyrgus competition has a positive effect upon Lymnaea ecology."}
{"id": "PMID:907288", "title": "[Share to the Cionella lubrica M\u00fcller biological cycle, intermediate host of Dicrocoelium lanceolatum (Rudolphi, 1803) in Limousin (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of the habitat and biological cycle of Cionella lubrica in Limousin and surroundings. The species reaches its adult size in a five to six months' period and its longevity may go beyond one year. In spite of existence of young adult individuals for a whole twelve-month, we may notice two generations: the first one in spring and the second one from the outset of autumn.", "contents": "[Share to the Cionella lubrica M\u00fcller biological cycle, intermediate host of Dicrocoelium lanceolatum (Rudolphi, 1803) in Limousin (author's transl)]. Description of the habitat and biological cycle of Cionella lubrica in Limousin and surroundings. The species reaches its adult size in a five to six months' period and its longevity may go beyond one year. In spite of existence of young adult individuals for a whole twelve-month, we may notice two generations: the first one in spring and the second one from the outset of autumn."}
{"id": "PMID:907290", "title": "[Tissular alterations and defence reactions in cymothoids parasited teleosteans (Crustacea - Isopoda - blood sucking) (author's transl)].", "content": "Some tissual alterations of the parasitic microbiotope are shown in fishes harbouring Cymothoidae (blood-sucking Isopods). These alterations consist mainly in a hypertrophied epidermis and a deeply disturbed conjunctive tissue; moreover, it can be observed an important production of mucus on the tegument surface and a rush of blood cells (lymphocytes, eosenophilic granulated cells) and of cells of histiocytary origin (giant multinucleated cells).", "contents": "[Tissular alterations and defence reactions in cymothoids parasited teleosteans (Crustacea - Isopoda - blood sucking) (author's transl)]. Some tissual alterations of the parasitic microbiotope are shown in fishes harbouring Cymothoidae (blood-sucking Isopods). These alterations consist mainly in a hypertrophied epidermis and a deeply disturbed conjunctive tissue; moreover, it can be observed an important production of mucus on the tegument surface and a rush of blood cells (lymphocytes, eosenophilic granulated cells) and of cells of histiocytary origin (giant multinucleated cells)."}
{"id": "PMID:907292", "title": "[Presence in People's Republic of Congo of Sergentomyia decipiens, Sergentomyia dissimillima, Sergentomyia tauffliebi, Sergentomyia wansoni and Sergentomyia squamipleuris (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors indicate the presence in People's Republic of Congo of the five following sandflies: Sergentomyia decipiens Theodor, 1931; Sergentomyia dissimillima Abonnenc, 1972; Sergentomyia tauffliebi Abonnenc and Cornet, 1971; Sergentomyia wansoni Parrot, 1938 and Sergentomyia squamipleuris Newstead, 1912. They give the check-list of sandflies of Congo on the 31st may 1976 and a map of their geographical distribution.", "contents": "[Presence in People's Republic of Congo of Sergentomyia decipiens, Sergentomyia dissimillima, Sergentomyia tauffliebi, Sergentomyia wansoni and Sergentomyia squamipleuris (author's transl)]. The authors indicate the presence in People's Republic of Congo of the five following sandflies: Sergentomyia decipiens Theodor, 1931; Sergentomyia dissimillima Abonnenc, 1972; Sergentomyia tauffliebi Abonnenc and Cornet, 1971; Sergentomyia wansoni Parrot, 1938 and Sergentomyia squamipleuris Newstead, 1912. They give the check-list of sandflies of Congo on the 31st may 1976 and a map of their geographical distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:907293", "title": "[A new report of naturally anautogenous and stenogamic populations of Culex pipiens pipiens L. in the south of France (author's transl)].", "content": "The presence of an anautogenous and stenogamic population of Culex pipiens pipiens in Languedoc, France, is reported. The anautogeny was confirmed through 10 generations. A Callot morphogram corresponded to the anautogenous form. These results raise again the question of the type of relationships, genetic or ecological, of the characters classically associated with autogeny.", "contents": "[A new report of naturally anautogenous and stenogamic populations of Culex pipiens pipiens L. in the south of France (author's transl)]. The presence of an anautogenous and stenogamic population of Culex pipiens pipiens in Languedoc, France, is reported. The anautogeny was confirmed through 10 generations. A Callot morphogram corresponded to the anautogenous form. These results raise again the question of the type of relationships, genetic or ecological, of the characters classically associated with autogeny."}
{"id": "PMID:907289", "title": "[Biological cycle of Tarsubulura perarmata (Ratzel, 1868) (author's transl)].", "content": "Tarsubulura perarmata (Ratzel, 1868) is described from a primate Tarsius bancanus and from Tupaidae: Tupaia glis and T. minor in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur). Its biological cycle is done by the experimental infestation of crickets belonging to the genera Valanga and Oxya. The infective larvae are obtained after three weeks of development of 28 degrees C in the intermediate host. They differ from third stage larvae obtained from Subulurinae by the development of cuticular pharyngeal lobes. The early apparition of this ontogenetic character confirms the isolation of the genus Tarsubulura as compared to the general evolution of the Subuluridae.", "contents": "[Biological cycle of Tarsubulura perarmata (Ratzel, 1868) (author's transl)]. Tarsubulura perarmata (Ratzel, 1868) is described from a primate Tarsius bancanus and from Tupaidae: Tupaia glis and T. minor in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur). Its biological cycle is done by the experimental infestation of crickets belonging to the genera Valanga and Oxya. The infective larvae are obtained after three weeks of development of 28 degrees C in the intermediate host. They differ from third stage larvae obtained from Subulurinae by the development of cuticular pharyngeal lobes. The early apparition of this ontogenetic character confirms the isolation of the genus Tarsubulura as compared to the general evolution of the Subuluridae."}
{"id": "PMID:907294", "title": "[Coelomomyces psorophorae Couch, 1945 (Blastocladiales-Coelomomycetaceae), a parasite of Aedes detritus (Haliday, 1833) (Diptera-Culicidae) in the Camargue (author's transl)].", "content": "The Phycomycete, Coelomomyces psorophorae Couch, 1945, was found in the south of France in the salt marsh mosquito Aedes detritus (Haliday, 1833). The fungus invades the ovarioles but leaves the follicules intact. At high magnification, (using a scanning electron microscope), the crater-form punctuations adorning the sporangium were seen to result from openings (ostioles) of the network of small canals that traverse the external wall.", "contents": "[Coelomomyces psorophorae Couch, 1945 (Blastocladiales-Coelomomycetaceae), a parasite of Aedes detritus (Haliday, 1833) (Diptera-Culicidae) in the Camargue (author's transl)]. The Phycomycete, Coelomomyces psorophorae Couch, 1945, was found in the south of France in the salt marsh mosquito Aedes detritus (Haliday, 1833). The fungus invades the ovarioles but leaves the follicules intact. At high magnification, (using a scanning electron microscope), the crater-form punctuations adorning the sporangium were seen to result from openings (ostioles) of the network of small canals that traverse the external wall."}
{"id": "PMID:907291", "title": "[Studies on Aureum-group (Diptera, Simuliidae) in France (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of the male genitalia of blackflies of the complex \"Aureum\", from several areas of France, has shown four morphological types which are distinquishable by the structures of the ventral plate and of the sytles. These four are S. (E.) aureum Fries, 1824 sensu Rubzov, 1962, S. (E) angustipes Edwards, 1915, S. (E.) lantinum (Rubzov, 1962) and S. latizonum (Rubzov, 1956). S. aureum, sensu Rubzov and S. angustipes, Newly found in France, were collected in Brittany; S. latizonum was found in the south of the Massif Central and S. latinum in both regions. In each case the taxonomy and distribution are given. These four species have a large western palearctic distribution, and the regrouping of several recently described taxa would be useful within the complex \"Aureum\".", "contents": "[Studies on Aureum-group (Diptera, Simuliidae) in France (author's transl)]. The study of the male genitalia of blackflies of the complex \"Aureum\", from several areas of France, has shown four morphological types which are distinquishable by the structures of the ventral plate and of the sytles. These four are S. (E.) aureum Fries, 1824 sensu Rubzov, 1962, S. (E) angustipes Edwards, 1915, S. (E.) lantinum (Rubzov, 1962) and S. latizonum (Rubzov, 1956). S. aureum, sensu Rubzov and S. angustipes, Newly found in France, were collected in Brittany; S. latizonum was found in the south of the Massif Central and S. latinum in both regions. In each case the taxonomy and distribution are given. These four species have a large western palearctic distribution, and the regrouping of several recently described taxa would be useful within the complex \"Aureum\"."}
{"id": "PMID:907309", "title": "Ommission of pelvic peritoneal closure after abdominoperineal rectal excision.", "content": "Peritonealization of the raw areas and closure of the pelvic floor is sometimes impossible to perform in patients subjected to abdominoperineal rectal excision when combined with extensive lymph node clearance. The postoperative course in 34 patients, treated in that way, necessitating sacrifice of the peritoneum on the dorsal aspect of the abdominal wall and in the pelvis was studied with the possible relevances in mind. Complications requiring laparotomy in the early postoperative period, occurred in three patients, but in only one of the patients was the complication considered to be related to the omission of closing the pelvic floor. Admittedly, small intestinal obstruction complicated the postoperative course later on in another three patients, but it can hardly be excluded that this complication, caused by pelvic recurrence, should not have occurred if pelvic closure had been performed. It is concluded that the importance of peritonealization, covering all raw peritoneal surfaces and pelvic reconstruction, has been overstressed in the past. Moreover, it is also suggested that it is in fact better to leave the pelvic cavity widely open than to perform a reconstruction under tension, even in patients treated by conventional abdominoperineal resection for rectal carcinoma.", "contents": "Ommission of pelvic peritoneal closure after abdominoperineal rectal excision. Peritonealization of the raw areas and closure of the pelvic floor is sometimes impossible to perform in patients subjected to abdominoperineal rectal excision when combined with extensive lymph node clearance. The postoperative course in 34 patients, treated in that way, necessitating sacrifice of the peritoneum on the dorsal aspect of the abdominal wall and in the pelvis was studied with the possible relevances in mind. Complications requiring laparotomy in the early postoperative period, occurred in three patients, but in only one of the patients was the complication considered to be related to the omission of closing the pelvic floor. Admittedly, small intestinal obstruction complicated the postoperative course later on in another three patients, but it can hardly be excluded that this complication, caused by pelvic recurrence, should not have occurred if pelvic closure had been performed. It is concluded that the importance of peritonealization, covering all raw peritoneal surfaces and pelvic reconstruction, has been overstressed in the past. Moreover, it is also suggested that it is in fact better to leave the pelvic cavity widely open than to perform a reconstruction under tension, even in patients treated by conventional abdominoperineal resection for rectal carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:907310", "title": "Rubber band ligation of haemorrhoids. Analysis of 281 patients.", "content": "The problems and discomfort resulting from haemorrhoidectomy have led to the development of other forms of therapy. Rubber band ligation has become a popular method of treatment for internal piles. The results are comparable with those achieved by excisional surgery. The material consists of 281 consecutive patients with internal haemorrhoids treated with rubber band ligation. The average follow-up was 12 months. 239 of the 262 patients re-examined were entirely free of discomfort (91%). In all the eight cases with mucosal prolapse the ligation was not successful. In these as well as in patients with rubber allergy, other forms of treatment are suggested.", "contents": "Rubber band ligation of haemorrhoids. Analysis of 281 patients. The problems and discomfort resulting from haemorrhoidectomy have led to the development of other forms of therapy. Rubber band ligation has become a popular method of treatment for internal piles. The results are comparable with those achieved by excisional surgery. The material consists of 281 consecutive patients with internal haemorrhoids treated with rubber band ligation. The average follow-up was 12 months. 239 of the 262 patients re-examined were entirely free of discomfort (91%). In all the eight cases with mucosal prolapse the ligation was not successful. In these as well as in patients with rubber allergy, other forms of treatment are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:907311", "title": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in Norway. Serum calcitonin in 300 relatives of 43 patients.", "content": "Measurements of serum calcitonin (iCT) were performed in 300 relatives of 43 Norwegian patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MCT). Prior to the screening, familial occurrence of the disease was known in only one of the families. Persistant hypercalcitoninemia (serum levels greater than 0.50 ng/ml) was demonstrated in 2 healthy persons from this family and in 3 first degree relatives of 2 patients with apparently sporadic disease. Additional 7 relatives of 5 other \"sporadic\" cases showed elevation of serum iCT on one occasion, while later controls revealed normal values. Twenty persons had high normal serum levels (0.35 ng/ml less than or equal to iCT less than 0.50 ng/ml). The significance of transitory hypercalcitoninemia and high normal values are at the present unknown, but these persons will have further tests. Stimulation tests for iCT secretion were found to be of limited value in distinguishing between normal and pathological serum iCT. All individuals found to have chronic hypercalcitoninemia belonged to families in which the probands showed one or several of the following \"high risk\" factors: A positive history of thyroid disease, early age of onset, bilateral presence of the thyroid tumour, association with other endocrine or peripheral neurogenic tumours, and marphanoid habitus. The iCT screening was however negative in the relatives of the two probands revealing 4 and 5 of these factors. Since neither the family history nor the presence or absence of \"high risk\" factors distinguished between sporadic and familial cases, it is concluded that serum iCT measurements should be carried out in primary relatives of all patients with MCT.", "contents": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in Norway. Serum calcitonin in 300 relatives of 43 patients. Measurements of serum calcitonin (iCT) were performed in 300 relatives of 43 Norwegian patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MCT). Prior to the screening, familial occurrence of the disease was known in only one of the families. Persistant hypercalcitoninemia (serum levels greater than 0.50 ng/ml) was demonstrated in 2 healthy persons from this family and in 3 first degree relatives of 2 patients with apparently sporadic disease. Additional 7 relatives of 5 other \"sporadic\" cases showed elevation of serum iCT on one occasion, while later controls revealed normal values. Twenty persons had high normal serum levels (0.35 ng/ml less than or equal to iCT less than 0.50 ng/ml). The significance of transitory hypercalcitoninemia and high normal values are at the present unknown, but these persons will have further tests. Stimulation tests for iCT secretion were found to be of limited value in distinguishing between normal and pathological serum iCT. All individuals found to have chronic hypercalcitoninemia belonged to families in which the probands showed one or several of the following \"high risk\" factors: A positive history of thyroid disease, early age of onset, bilateral presence of the thyroid tumour, association with other endocrine or peripheral neurogenic tumours, and marphanoid habitus. The iCT screening was however negative in the relatives of the two probands revealing 4 and 5 of these factors. Since neither the family history nor the presence or absence of \"high risk\" factors distinguished between sporadic and familial cases, it is concluded that serum iCT measurements should be carried out in primary relatives of all patients with MCT."}
{"id": "PMID:907312", "title": "Arthrodesis of the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis. A follow-up study of 62 cases.", "content": "Two cases of pseudarthrosis of the total of 62 wrists are reported. The motion of the first, fourth and fifth C-MC joints has practical value after \"subtotal\" wrist arthrodesis in rheumatoid patients. The frequent non-union of the joints between the trapezium/scaphoid and around the os triquetrum was painless and without clinical significance. If the wrist was fused in a neutral position (41 wrists) the position of the index finger was increased more than five degrees in the ulnar direction at follow-up in nine hands (22%). In no single case was the change in the deviation more than five degrees in the radial direction. If the wrist was fused in the radial position more than five degrees (five cases), the change in the deviation of the index finger was correspondingly ulnar in every case. If the wrist was fused over five degrees in the ulnar position (12 cases), in four cases the index finger deviated more than five but ten degrees or less in the radial direction at follow-up compared with the position before the arthrodesis. The wrist was 15 degrees or more in the ulnar direction in each of these four cases at follow-up. The position of the wrist should be in only slight ulnar deviation, less than 10 degrees, when the angle between the radius and the second metacarpal bone is measured. Either slight dorsal flexion or the zero position are recommended.", "contents": "Arthrodesis of the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis. A follow-up study of 62 cases. Two cases of pseudarthrosis of the total of 62 wrists are reported. The motion of the first, fourth and fifth C-MC joints has practical value after \"subtotal\" wrist arthrodesis in rheumatoid patients. The frequent non-union of the joints between the trapezium/scaphoid and around the os triquetrum was painless and without clinical significance. If the wrist was fused in a neutral position (41 wrists) the position of the index finger was increased more than five degrees in the ulnar direction at follow-up in nine hands (22%). In no single case was the change in the deviation more than five degrees in the radial direction. If the wrist was fused in the radial position more than five degrees (five cases), the change in the deviation of the index finger was correspondingly ulnar in every case. If the wrist was fused over five degrees in the ulnar position (12 cases), in four cases the index finger deviated more than five but ten degrees or less in the radial direction at follow-up compared with the position before the arthrodesis. The wrist was 15 degrees or more in the ulnar direction in each of these four cases at follow-up. The position of the wrist should be in only slight ulnar deviation, less than 10 degrees, when the angle between the radius and the second metacarpal bone is measured. Either slight dorsal flexion or the zero position are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:907313", "title": "Desmoid tumour compressing vital pelvic structures. A case report.", "content": "A case of a desmoid tumor is presented. The tumour was initially found in an appendectomy scar. Excision of the tumour was not radical enough and it recurred. During the second operation, a tumour weighing 940 g was excised. A segment of the right ureter and right iliac vessels were also resected and reconstructed. Recovery was uneventful. Moderate swelling due to lymphoedema in the right lower extremity persisted after the second operation. There has been no recurrence after the second operation eight years ago.", "contents": "Desmoid tumour compressing vital pelvic structures. A case report. A case of a desmoid tumor is presented. The tumour was initially found in an appendectomy scar. Excision of the tumour was not radical enough and it recurred. During the second operation, a tumour weighing 940 g was excised. A segment of the right ureter and right iliac vessels were also resected and reconstructed. Recovery was uneventful. Moderate swelling due to lymphoedema in the right lower extremity persisted after the second operation. There has been no recurrence after the second operation eight years ago."}
{"id": "PMID:907314", "title": "Effect of long-acting oestriol on the vaginal cytology of postmenopausal women.", "content": "Eight postclimacteric women were given 80 mg polyestriol phosphate by intramuscular injection in order to analyse the effect of the drug on the vaginal cytology. In four patients, whose vaginal smears showed complete atrophy before treatment, a clear but weak oestrogen effect was observed after the medication. This effect appeared after one week in three patients and after two weeks in one patient, and it lasted four weeks in three cases and two weeks in one. In four patients, whose vaginal smears showed a weak oestrogen effect before treatment, the therapy did not result in any significant change of the vaginal smear pattern.", "contents": "Effect of long-acting oestriol on the vaginal cytology of postmenopausal women. Eight postclimacteric women were given 80 mg polyestriol phosphate by intramuscular injection in order to analyse the effect of the drug on the vaginal cytology. In four patients, whose vaginal smears showed complete atrophy before treatment, a clear but weak oestrogen effect was observed after the medication. This effect appeared after one week in three patients and after two weeks in one patient, and it lasted four weeks in three cases and two weeks in one. In four patients, whose vaginal smears showed a weak oestrogen effect before treatment, the therapy did not result in any significant change of the vaginal smear pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:907322", "title": "[Use of aluminum salts for purifying oleandomycin culture broth].", "content": "It was shown that \"nepheline coagulant\"--Al2 (SO4)3-18H2O was effective in coagulating the admixtures in oleandomycin fermentation broth. The use of the \"nepheline coagulant\" in an amount of 1 to 3 per cent (by the weight) of the volume of the oleandomycin fermentation broth provided butyl acetate extraction of the antibiotic without formation of stable emulsion. Addition of the \"nepheline coagulant\" in an amount of 1 to 2 per cent (by the weight) to the fermentation broth markedly increased the rate of the fermentation broth filtration.", "contents": "[Use of aluminum salts for purifying oleandomycin culture broth]. It was shown that \"nepheline coagulant\"--Al2 (SO4)3-18H2O was effective in coagulating the admixtures in oleandomycin fermentation broth. The use of the \"nepheline coagulant\" in an amount of 1 to 3 per cent (by the weight) of the volume of the oleandomycin fermentation broth provided butyl acetate extraction of the antibiotic without formation of stable emulsion. Addition of the \"nepheline coagulant\" in an amount of 1 to 2 per cent (by the weight) to the fermentation broth markedly increased the rate of the fermentation broth filtration."}
{"id": "PMID:907323", "title": "[Production of carbon-labelled rubomycin by means of biosynthesis].", "content": "The authors obtained 14C-rubomycin biosynthetically with the use of 14C-acetate, 14C-propionate and methionine (methyl-14C) as the label source. It was shown that radiochemically pure 14C-rubomycin may be obtained from a non-purified preparation of radioactive glucose, i. e. a preparation obtained by hydrolysis of chlorella cells grown on a nitrogen-free medium in an atmosphere of 14CO2. It was found that the use of soyabeen meal + glyserol medium for synthesis of the labeled rubomycin from 14C-glucose resulted in a two-fold increase in the specific activity of the antibiotic.", "contents": "[Production of carbon-labelled rubomycin by means of biosynthesis]. The authors obtained 14C-rubomycin biosynthetically with the use of 14C-acetate, 14C-propionate and methionine (methyl-14C) as the label source. It was shown that radiochemically pure 14C-rubomycin may be obtained from a non-purified preparation of radioactive glucose, i. e. a preparation obtained by hydrolysis of chlorella cells grown on a nitrogen-free medium in an atmosphere of 14CO2. It was found that the use of soyabeen meal + glyserol medium for synthesis of the labeled rubomycin from 14C-glucose resulted in a two-fold increase in the specific activity of the antibiotic."}
{"id": "PMID:907324", "title": "[Br. ovis sensitivity to antibiotics].", "content": "Irrespective of their geographical origin the cultures of Br. ovis are highly sensitive to tetracycline and streptomycin. The bactericidal concentrations of tetracycline for 86.6 per cent of the strains and streptomycin for 93.20 per cent of the strains were 0.02--0.04 and 0.1--0.4 gamma/ml respectively. The bactericidal effect of morphocycline, kanamycin, benzyl-penicillin, lincomycin and monomycin was less pronounced. Polymyxin M had no bactericidal effect on the Brucella even in concentrations of 200 gamma/ml. Antibiotic sensitivity of S-subcultures of Br. ovis and the initial R-variants was studied comparatively. It was found that genetically related S-subcultures of Br. ovis were more resistant to the antibiotics than the initial R-strains.", "contents": "[Br. ovis sensitivity to antibiotics]. Irrespective of their geographical origin the cultures of Br. ovis are highly sensitive to tetracycline and streptomycin. The bactericidal concentrations of tetracycline for 86.6 per cent of the strains and streptomycin for 93.20 per cent of the strains were 0.02--0.04 and 0.1--0.4 gamma/ml respectively. The bactericidal effect of morphocycline, kanamycin, benzyl-penicillin, lincomycin and monomycin was less pronounced. Polymyxin M had no bactericidal effect on the Brucella even in concentrations of 200 gamma/ml. Antibiotic sensitivity of S-subcultures of Br. ovis and the initial R-variants was studied comparatively. It was found that genetically related S-subcultures of Br. ovis were more resistant to the antibiotics than the initial R-strains."}
{"id": "PMID:907325", "title": "Netilmicin pharmacokinetics after single intravenous doses to elderly male patients.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of the new aminoglycoside antibiotic netilmicin were examined after single intravenous injections at two different dose levels to elderly male patients. The durg obeyed two-compartment model kinetics in serum, and elimination was monoexponential from 1 to 2 h after dosing. Netilmicin levels in serum were above minimum inhibitory concentration values for most susceptible organisms for up to 8 h after dosing in normal individuals and for at least 12 h in uremic patients. Urine levels of netilmicin were uniformly above minimum inhibitory concentration values throughout 24 h after dosing. Netilmicin distribution characteristics were largely independent of both dose level and renal function. Netilmicin elimination kinetics were independent of dose level but were markedly influenced by renal function. Relationships are described between netilmicin elimination and renal function indicators, which provide a basis for dosage adjustment in individuals with renal function impairment.", "contents": "Netilmicin pharmacokinetics after single intravenous doses to elderly male patients. The pharmacokinetics of the new aminoglycoside antibiotic netilmicin were examined after single intravenous injections at two different dose levels to elderly male patients. The durg obeyed two-compartment model kinetics in serum, and elimination was monoexponential from 1 to 2 h after dosing. Netilmicin levels in serum were above minimum inhibitory concentration values for most susceptible organisms for up to 8 h after dosing in normal individuals and for at least 12 h in uremic patients. Urine levels of netilmicin were uniformly above minimum inhibitory concentration values throughout 24 h after dosing. Netilmicin distribution characteristics were largely independent of both dose level and renal function. Netilmicin elimination kinetics were independent of dose level but were markedly influenced by renal function. Relationships are described between netilmicin elimination and renal function indicators, which provide a basis for dosage adjustment in individuals with renal function impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:907326", "title": "Biotransformation of sisomicin to gentamicin C2b.", "content": "Sisomicin was transformed to gentamicin C(2b) by Micromonospora rhodorangea NRRL 5326. The mechanisms involved in the biotransformation are the 6'-N-methylation and the (4'-5')-reduction. The progression of the methylation was followed by the isotope technique, but the reduction reaction was not monitored.", "contents": "Biotransformation of sisomicin to gentamicin C2b. Sisomicin was transformed to gentamicin C(2b) by Micromonospora rhodorangea NRRL 5326. The mechanisms involved in the biotransformation are the 6'-N-methylation and the (4'-5')-reduction. The progression of the methylation was followed by the isotope technique, but the reduction reaction was not monitored."}
{"id": "PMID:907327", "title": "Bacteriolytic action of fluoride ions.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis, Neisseria subflava, and LYT coccus were found to undergo massive lysis after growth in media containing 0.01 to 10 mM NaF. When cells of these organisms were transferred from late-exponential-phase cultures to 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer plus 0.1 M KCl, they underwent spontaneous autolysis. Cells grown in media with fluoride were more liable to autolysis, and walls isolated from them also showed enhanced autolytic sensitivity, even though added fluoride did not directly stimulate autolysins. Sporadic or partial lysis occurred in populations of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans BHT or LM-7 after growth in fluoridated media. Most bacteria that were tested did not undergo fluoride-induced lysis. However, cells of all test bacteria were found to have reduced amounts of peptidoglycan per unit of cell weight when grown in the presence of fluoride. Incorporation of labeled lysine or glucosamine into peptidoglycan (Park-Hancock residue) was stimulated, instead of inhibited, by fluoride. However, fluoride also stimulated the loss of radioactivity from Park-Hancock residues of cells that had previously incorporated labeled lysine or glucosamine. Thus, fluoride appeared to enhance peptidoglycan turnover, and this turnover reduced the peptidoglycan contents of all bacteria tested, but induced lysis in only those bacteria that normally have highly active autolytic systems.", "contents": "Bacteriolytic action of fluoride ions. Bacillus subtilis, Neisseria subflava, and LYT coccus were found to undergo massive lysis after growth in media containing 0.01 to 10 mM NaF. When cells of these organisms were transferred from late-exponential-phase cultures to 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer plus 0.1 M KCl, they underwent spontaneous autolysis. Cells grown in media with fluoride were more liable to autolysis, and walls isolated from them also showed enhanced autolytic sensitivity, even though added fluoride did not directly stimulate autolysins. Sporadic or partial lysis occurred in populations of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans BHT or LM-7 after growth in fluoridated media. Most bacteria that were tested did not undergo fluoride-induced lysis. However, cells of all test bacteria were found to have reduced amounts of peptidoglycan per unit of cell weight when grown in the presence of fluoride. Incorporation of labeled lysine or glucosamine into peptidoglycan (Park-Hancock residue) was stimulated, instead of inhibited, by fluoride. However, fluoride also stimulated the loss of radioactivity from Park-Hancock residues of cells that had previously incorporated labeled lysine or glucosamine. Thus, fluoride appeared to enhance peptidoglycan turnover, and this turnover reduced the peptidoglycan contents of all bacteria tested, but induced lysis in only those bacteria that normally have highly active autolytic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:907328", "title": "Enhancement of antistaphylococcal activity of nafcillin and oxacillin by sisomicin and netilmicin.", "content": "The in vitro activity of sisomicin, netilmicin, nafcillin, and oxacillin against 35 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood cultures of patients with endocarditis or septicemia was studied. The effects of combinations of either of the two newer aminoglycosides and either of the two penicillinase-resistant penicillins on the killing of S. aureus were investigated. All S. aureus strains were susceptible to the four antibiotics. Enhancement of antistaphylococcal activity was demonstrated by the antibiotic combinations.", "contents": "Enhancement of antistaphylococcal activity of nafcillin and oxacillin by sisomicin and netilmicin. The in vitro activity of sisomicin, netilmicin, nafcillin, and oxacillin against 35 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood cultures of patients with endocarditis or septicemia was studied. The effects of combinations of either of the two newer aminoglycosides and either of the two penicillinase-resistant penicillins on the killing of S. aureus were investigated. All S. aureus strains were susceptible to the four antibiotics. Enhancement of antistaphylococcal activity was demonstrated by the antibiotic combinations."}
{"id": "PMID:907329", "title": "Acriflavine-resistant mutant of Streptococcus cremoris.", "content": "Selection for resistance to acriflavine in Streptococcus cremoris resulted in cross-resistance to the drugs neomycin, streptomycin, ethidium bromide, mitomycin C, and proflavine. Furthermore, the mutants showed resistance to lytic bacteriophages to which the parental strain was sensitive, and, unlike the parent, the mutants grew well at higher temperatures (40 degrees C). Revertants selected independently either for temperature sensitivity or for acriflavine sensitivity lost resistance to all the drugs and dyes but retained the bacteriophage resistance phenotype. The acriflavine-resistant mutation resulted in an increase in resistance by the bacterial cells to sodium dodecyl sulfate, a potent solvent of lipopolysaccharide and lipoprotein. It is suggested that the acriflavine resistance mutation determines the synthesis of a membrane substance resistant to higher temperatures.", "contents": "Acriflavine-resistant mutant of Streptococcus cremoris. Selection for resistance to acriflavine in Streptococcus cremoris resulted in cross-resistance to the drugs neomycin, streptomycin, ethidium bromide, mitomycin C, and proflavine. Furthermore, the mutants showed resistance to lytic bacteriophages to which the parental strain was sensitive, and, unlike the parent, the mutants grew well at higher temperatures (40 degrees C). Revertants selected independently either for temperature sensitivity or for acriflavine sensitivity lost resistance to all the drugs and dyes but retained the bacteriophage resistance phenotype. The acriflavine-resistant mutation resulted in an increase in resistance by the bacterial cells to sodium dodecyl sulfate, a potent solvent of lipopolysaccharide and lipoprotein. It is suggested that the acriflavine resistance mutation determines the synthesis of a membrane substance resistant to higher temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:907330", "title": "Mode of action of morganocin 174.", "content": "Morganocin 174-induced lethality was characterized by one-hit kinetics. Although it induced simultaneous inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein syntheses, the most striking effect of morganocin was a rapid reduction of intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate to less than 10% of the initial values within 2 min of addition. Accumulation of thymidine, uridine, glutamine, and proline was also inhibited. A gradual efflux of K(+) was observed, but the lethal effects of morganocin 174 could not be prevented by maintaining a high K(+) or Mg(2+) concentration. The Mor174 plasmid codes for an immunity substance that protects cells against the effect of morganocin 174.", "contents": "Mode of action of morganocin 174. Morganocin 174-induced lethality was characterized by one-hit kinetics. Although it induced simultaneous inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein syntheses, the most striking effect of morganocin was a rapid reduction of intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate to less than 10% of the initial values within 2 min of addition. Accumulation of thymidine, uridine, glutamine, and proline was also inhibited. A gradual efflux of K(+) was observed, but the lethal effects of morganocin 174 could not be prevented by maintaining a high K(+) or Mg(2+) concentration. The Mor174 plasmid codes for an immunity substance that protects cells against the effect of morganocin 174."}
{"id": "PMID:907331", "title": "Bacteriocin from Actinomyces odontolyticus with temperature-dependent killing properties.", "content": "A strain of Actinomyces odontolyticus, originally isolated from human dental plaque, produced a non-dialyzable, trypsin-sensitive substance that was bactericidal for certain strains of bifidobacteria at 42 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. Detectable quantities of the bacteriocin were not produced in liquid media. Experimentally useful yields were obtained by extraction from pour plate cultures of producer cells. At 42 degrees C, exponential killing did not occur until indicator cells had doubled at least once. At 37 degrees C, the bacteriocin effected a transient bacteriostasis. Partially purified concentrates were obtained by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography, and such material was not inactivated by ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, or lipase. Pronase, trypsin, and exposure to 100 degrees C for 20 min completely abolished activity. Inhibitory activity was considerably reduced by exposure to a pH of either 3 or 11. Treatment of producer cells with curing agents did not induce a high frequency of non-bacteriocinogenic cells. The odontolyticin was adsorbed by susceptible, as well as resistant, bacteria.", "contents": "Bacteriocin from Actinomyces odontolyticus with temperature-dependent killing properties. A strain of Actinomyces odontolyticus, originally isolated from human dental plaque, produced a non-dialyzable, trypsin-sensitive substance that was bactericidal for certain strains of bifidobacteria at 42 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. Detectable quantities of the bacteriocin were not produced in liquid media. Experimentally useful yields were obtained by extraction from pour plate cultures of producer cells. At 42 degrees C, exponential killing did not occur until indicator cells had doubled at least once. At 37 degrees C, the bacteriocin effected a transient bacteriostasis. Partially purified concentrates were obtained by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography, and such material was not inactivated by ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, or lipase. Pronase, trypsin, and exposure to 100 degrees C for 20 min completely abolished activity. Inhibitory activity was considerably reduced by exposure to a pH of either 3 or 11. Treatment of producer cells with curing agents did not induce a high frequency of non-bacteriocinogenic cells. The odontolyticin was adsorbed by susceptible, as well as resistant, bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:907332", "title": "Elimination of plasmids from several bacterial species by novobiocin.", "content": "Certain plasmids can be eliminated by exposure to growth-inhibiting concentrations of novobiocin. Novobiocin cured 8 of 14 plasmids (13 R-plasmids and an F' lac) among one or another of four different bacterial hosts.", "contents": "Elimination of plasmids from several bacterial species by novobiocin. Certain plasmids can be eliminated by exposure to growth-inhibiting concentrations of novobiocin. Novobiocin cured 8 of 14 plasmids (13 R-plasmids and an F' lac) among one or another of four different bacterial hosts."}
{"id": "PMID:907333", "title": "Tolciclate: further antimycotic studies.", "content": "In vitro comparison on dermatophytes showed, on a microgram-per-milliliter basis, that tolciclate was more active than clotrimazole and miconazole in inhibiting the growth of dermatophytes in Sabouraud agar with and without 10% horse serum.", "contents": "Tolciclate: further antimycotic studies. In vitro comparison on dermatophytes showed, on a microgram-per-milliliter basis, that tolciclate was more active than clotrimazole and miconazole in inhibiting the growth of dermatophytes in Sabouraud agar with and without 10% horse serum."}
{"id": "PMID:907334", "title": "Host function specified by Bacillus pumilus plasmid pPL7065.", "content": "Plasmid pPL7065 ( approximately 4.7 x 10(6) daltons; approximately 20 copies per chromosome) determines the production of, and immunity or resistance to, a killing activity in strains of Bacillus pumilus. Plasmid pPL7065 is compatible with plasmid pPL576 ( approximately 28 x 10(6) daltons; approximately 2 copies per chromosome).", "contents": "Host function specified by Bacillus pumilus plasmid pPL7065. Plasmid pPL7065 ( approximately 4.7 x 10(6) daltons; approximately 20 copies per chromosome) determines the production of, and immunity or resistance to, a killing activity in strains of Bacillus pumilus. Plasmid pPL7065 is compatible with plasmid pPL576 ( approximately 28 x 10(6) daltons; approximately 2 copies per chromosome)."}
{"id": "PMID:907335", "title": "Methicillin hemorrhagic cystitis.", "content": "Interstitial nephritis is a recognized complication of methicillin therapy. Hemorrhagic cystitis due to methicillin has not been emphasized. Evidence of hemorrhagic cystitis developed in six patients receiving methicillin therapy and was confirmed by cystoscopy in three of them.", "contents": "Methicillin hemorrhagic cystitis. Interstitial nephritis is a recognized complication of methicillin therapy. Hemorrhagic cystitis due to methicillin has not been emphasized. Evidence of hemorrhagic cystitis developed in six patients receiving methicillin therapy and was confirmed by cystoscopy in three of them."}
{"id": "PMID:907336", "title": "Stability of antibiotics in Wilkins-Chalgren anaerobic susceptibility testing medium after prolonged storage.", "content": "Wilkins-Chalgren medium, when prepared in advance and stored over a 14-day period under various conditions, supported the growth of anaerobic bacteria. When antibiotics were incorporated into the medium and held under the same storage conditions, there was no detectable change in activity of the antibiotics.", "contents": "Stability of antibiotics in Wilkins-Chalgren anaerobic susceptibility testing medium after prolonged storage. Wilkins-Chalgren medium, when prepared in advance and stored over a 14-day period under various conditions, supported the growth of anaerobic bacteria. When antibiotics were incorporated into the medium and held under the same storage conditions, there was no detectable change in activity of the antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:907337", "title": "In vitro activity of cefaclor, a new orally administered cephalosporin antibiotic.", "content": "The in vitro antibacterial activity of cefaclor, cephalothin, and cephalexin against 261 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae was compared. Cefaclor and cephalexin were about equally active against S. aureus. Cefaclor was the most active cephalosporin against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The effect on the antimicrobial activity using a relatively high and low inoculum was pronounced for cefaclor when compared with that of cephalothin.", "contents": "In vitro activity of cefaclor, a new orally administered cephalosporin antibiotic. The in vitro antibacterial activity of cefaclor, cephalothin, and cephalexin against 261 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae was compared. Cefaclor and cephalexin were about equally active against S. aureus. Cefaclor was the most active cephalosporin against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The effect on the antimicrobial activity using a relatively high and low inoculum was pronounced for cefaclor when compared with that of cephalothin."}
{"id": "PMID:907338", "title": "Effect of Tween 80 on glucosyltransferase production in Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Glucan production from sucrose by Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176 was stimulated approximately threefold in the presence of 0.1% Tween 80. When OMZ 176 was grown in a medium containing glucose, the glucosyltransferase level in the medium was also increased about fivefold in the presence of 0.1% Tween 80. The glucosyltransferase level increased in proportion to the logarithm of the concentration of Tween 80 in the glucose medium. Tween 80 affected neither bacterial growth nor the activity of glucosyltransferase. The appearance of glucosyltransferase in the glucose medium was inhibited immediately by chloramphenicol and actinomycin D and, after a lag, by rifampin as well. It was observed that the fatty acid composition of the cells grown with Tween 80 was altered. These results suggest that Tween 80 stimulates glucosyltransferase synthesis either directly, or indirectly by promoting glucosyltransferase secretion.", "contents": "Effect of Tween 80 on glucosyltransferase production in Streptococcus mutans. Glucan production from sucrose by Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176 was stimulated approximately threefold in the presence of 0.1% Tween 80. When OMZ 176 was grown in a medium containing glucose, the glucosyltransferase level in the medium was also increased about fivefold in the presence of 0.1% Tween 80. The glucosyltransferase level increased in proportion to the logarithm of the concentration of Tween 80 in the glucose medium. Tween 80 affected neither bacterial growth nor the activity of glucosyltransferase. The appearance of glucosyltransferase in the glucose medium was inhibited immediately by chloramphenicol and actinomycin D and, after a lag, by rifampin as well. It was observed that the fatty acid composition of the cells grown with Tween 80 was altered. These results suggest that Tween 80 stimulates glucosyltransferase synthesis either directly, or indirectly by promoting glucosyltransferase secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:907339", "title": "Seasonal distribution of vitamin B12 in Lake Kinneret.", "content": "Vitamin B12 is formed in Lake Kinneret in the hypolimnion and in the sediment. The highest value of B12 recorded in the lake water was about 100 ng/liter in November and December of 1975 at a 40-m depth. The vitamin was liberated from the hypolimnion during the turnover period. This supply of the vitamin to the photic zone was accompanied by increasing biomass of Dinoflagellates, Bacillariophyta, and Chlorophyta. The decrease in the vitamin concentration, followed by an increase, is correlated with a decline and subsequent rise in the algal biomass, respectively. Cyanophyta biomass, on the other hand, increased when the vitamin concentration in the photic zone was at its lowest level.", "contents": "Seasonal distribution of vitamin B12 in Lake Kinneret. Vitamin B12 is formed in Lake Kinneret in the hypolimnion and in the sediment. The highest value of B12 recorded in the lake water was about 100 ng/liter in November and December of 1975 at a 40-m depth. The vitamin was liberated from the hypolimnion during the turnover period. This supply of the vitamin to the photic zone was accompanied by increasing biomass of Dinoflagellates, Bacillariophyta, and Chlorophyta. The decrease in the vitamin concentration, followed by an increase, is correlated with a decline and subsequent rise in the algal biomass, respectively. Cyanophyta biomass, on the other hand, increased when the vitamin concentration in the photic zone was at its lowest level."}
{"id": "PMID:907340", "title": "Rapid spectrophotometric differentiation between glutathione-dependent and glutathione-independent gentisate and homogentisate pathways.", "content": "A total of four pathways are known for the catabolism by microorganisms of gentisate (2,5-dihydroxybenzoate) and homogentisate (2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetate). Both of these dihydric phenols can be degraded by either a glutathione-dependent or a glutathione-independent reaction sequence. We found that it is not always possible to unequivocally assign glutathione dependence or independence to a particular catabolic sequence by using the well-established spectrophotometric assays at 330 nm (gentisate pathway) or 320 nm (homogentisate pathway). This paper reports a modification of the classical spectrophotometric assays that allowed an unequivocal differentiation between glutathion-dependent and glutathione-independent pathways, even when crude cell extracts contained significant quantities of cell-derived, reduced glutathione. This was accomplished by performing assays in the presence of an approximately 10(-3) M solution of the sulfhydryl-binding agent N-ethylmaleimide.", "contents": "Rapid spectrophotometric differentiation between glutathione-dependent and glutathione-independent gentisate and homogentisate pathways. A total of four pathways are known for the catabolism by microorganisms of gentisate (2,5-dihydroxybenzoate) and homogentisate (2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetate). Both of these dihydric phenols can be degraded by either a glutathione-dependent or a glutathione-independent reaction sequence. We found that it is not always possible to unequivocally assign glutathione dependence or independence to a particular catabolic sequence by using the well-established spectrophotometric assays at 330 nm (gentisate pathway) or 320 nm (homogentisate pathway). This paper reports a modification of the classical spectrophotometric assays that allowed an unequivocal differentiation between glutathion-dependent and glutathione-independent pathways, even when crude cell extracts contained significant quantities of cell-derived, reduced glutathione. This was accomplished by performing assays in the presence of an approximately 10(-3) M solution of the sulfhydryl-binding agent N-ethylmaleimide."}
{"id": "PMID:907341", "title": "Bacterial association in the gastrointestinal tract of beagle dogs.", "content": "Nine male beagle dogs, housed in either a conventional or locked environment for 2.5 years, were killed, and the bacterial flora present in various regions of each gastrointestinal tract was assessed by culture techniques, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. All dogs possessed a complex microflora in their colons; in almost every dog anaerobes predominated. The highest number of bacteria cultured was 10(10)/g (dry weight) of tissue and contents; highest counts obtained with a Petroff-Hauser counting chamber were 10(10)/ml (wet weight). Although there was a consistency in the detectable genera, there were also noticeable differences in the flora of dogs housed under different environmental conditions. These differences included qualitative and quantitative changes in the flora as well as alterations in the distribution and localization of microorganisms along the gastrointestinal tract and in the crypts of Lieberkuhn. No bacterial layers were detected on the surfaces of stomach or proximal bowel in any of the dogs. Dogs housed in a conventional, open, environment had bacteria that occurred in layers on their ceca and colons and in their crypts of Lieberkuhn; however, dogs housed under \"locked\" environmental conditions did not possess them or had them less frequently. Dogs removed from the locked environment and kept (30 days) in conventional housing conditions were the only ones with detectable segmented filamentous microbes in their ilea. This study shows that the microbial flora does not simplify when dogs are housed in a locked environment. Indeed, it may increase in complexity and cause alterations in the bacterial flora that is associated closely with gastrointestinal epithelial cells and crypts of Lieberkuhn.", "contents": "Bacterial association in the gastrointestinal tract of beagle dogs. Nine male beagle dogs, housed in either a conventional or locked environment for 2.5 years, were killed, and the bacterial flora present in various regions of each gastrointestinal tract was assessed by culture techniques, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. All dogs possessed a complex microflora in their colons; in almost every dog anaerobes predominated. The highest number of bacteria cultured was 10(10)/g (dry weight) of tissue and contents; highest counts obtained with a Petroff-Hauser counting chamber were 10(10)/ml (wet weight). Although there was a consistency in the detectable genera, there were also noticeable differences in the flora of dogs housed under different environmental conditions. These differences included qualitative and quantitative changes in the flora as well as alterations in the distribution and localization of microorganisms along the gastrointestinal tract and in the crypts of Lieberkuhn. No bacterial layers were detected on the surfaces of stomach or proximal bowel in any of the dogs. Dogs housed in a conventional, open, environment had bacteria that occurred in layers on their ceca and colons and in their crypts of Lieberkuhn; however, dogs housed under \"locked\" environmental conditions did not possess them or had them less frequently. Dogs removed from the locked environment and kept (30 days) in conventional housing conditions were the only ones with detectable segmented filamentous microbes in their ilea. This study shows that the microbial flora does not simplify when dogs are housed in a locked environment. Indeed, it may increase in complexity and cause alterations in the bacterial flora that is associated closely with gastrointestinal epithelial cells and crypts of Lieberkuhn."}
{"id": "PMID:907342", "title": "Nose, throat, and fecal flora of beagle dogs housed in \"locked\" or \"open\" environments.", "content": "The microbial flora of the nose, throat, and feces of male beagle dogs housed in a \"locked environment\" (i.e. confined to germfree-style isolators and supplied with sterile food, air, and water) or an open environment were assessed between 26 and 30 months into the study. Forty-five genera and 170 different species or types of microorganisms were cultured from the nose, throat, and feces of the beagles. Clostridia, eubacteria, corynebacteria, bacteroides, lactobacilli, and anaerobic, gram-positive cocci accounted for most of the microbial diversity in the flora. Some of the facultative anaerobes, especially streptococci and lactobacilli (in feces), occurred in numbers that were comparable to the most numerous anaerobic species. Confinement to the locked environment resulted in an increased diversity of microorganisms in the flora, but the total microbial counts did not increase to any great extent. Even with the increased diversity of bacteria in the flora of confined dogs, some bacteria seemed to favor certain areas of the gastrointestinal tract over others. The increased diversity of bacteria observed in these confined dogs may pose some infectious disease problems for other mammals (including humans) that may be confined to a locked, ultra-clean environment for a prolonged period of time.", "contents": "Nose, throat, and fecal flora of beagle dogs housed in \"locked\" or \"open\" environments. The microbial flora of the nose, throat, and feces of male beagle dogs housed in a \"locked environment\" (i.e. confined to germfree-style isolators and supplied with sterile food, air, and water) or an open environment were assessed between 26 and 30 months into the study. Forty-five genera and 170 different species or types of microorganisms were cultured from the nose, throat, and feces of the beagles. Clostridia, eubacteria, corynebacteria, bacteroides, lactobacilli, and anaerobic, gram-positive cocci accounted for most of the microbial diversity in the flora. Some of the facultative anaerobes, especially streptococci and lactobacilli (in feces), occurred in numbers that were comparable to the most numerous anaerobic species. Confinement to the locked environment resulted in an increased diversity of microorganisms in the flora, but the total microbial counts did not increase to any great extent. Even with the increased diversity of bacteria in the flora of confined dogs, some bacteria seemed to favor certain areas of the gastrointestinal tract over others. The increased diversity of bacteria observed in these confined dogs may pose some infectious disease problems for other mammals (including humans) that may be confined to a locked, ultra-clean environment for a prolonged period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:907343", "title": "Fungal transformation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.", "content": "Screening of 190 fungi representing 98 genera showed that the ability to transform 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene was common, whereas transformation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene was rare.", "contents": "Fungal transformation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Screening of 190 fungi representing 98 genera showed that the ability to transform 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene was common, whereas transformation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene was rare."}
{"id": "PMID:907344", "title": "Amylase production by thermomonospora curvata.", "content": "Thermomonospora curvata produces an extracellular inducible amylase which does not accumulate products repressive to cellulase production during growth on starch-cellulose ratios similar to those of compost.", "contents": "Amylase production by thermomonospora curvata. Thermomonospora curvata produces an extracellular inducible amylase which does not accumulate products repressive to cellulase production during growth on starch-cellulose ratios similar to those of compost."}
{"id": "PMID:907345", "title": "Isolation, extraction, and measurement of acetylcholine from Lactobacillus plantarum.", "content": "The isolation, extraction, and spectrophotometric determination of acetylcholine from Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 10241 is described. Acetylcholine was extracted with a mixture of sodium tetraphenylboron-butylethylketone-acetonitrile and was measured enzymatically at 340 nm.", "contents": "Isolation, extraction, and measurement of acetylcholine from Lactobacillus plantarum. The isolation, extraction, and spectrophotometric determination of acetylcholine from Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 10241 is described. Acetylcholine was extracted with a mixture of sodium tetraphenylboron-butylethylketone-acetonitrile and was measured enzymatically at 340 nm."}
{"id": "PMID:907346", "title": "Rate of microbial transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a chromatographic quantification procedure.", "content": "A chromatographic procedure has been developed for isolating and quantifying microbial transformation products of 14C-labeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Transformation rates of naphthalene, anthracene, benz(a)anthracene, and benz(a)pyrene by a mixed bacterial population have been measured. With this procedure, extremely slow or incomplete transformations may be quantified that would not be detectable by previously used techniques.", "contents": "Rate of microbial transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a chromatographic quantification procedure. A chromatographic procedure has been developed for isolating and quantifying microbial transformation products of 14C-labeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Transformation rates of naphthalene, anthracene, benz(a)anthracene, and benz(a)pyrene by a mixed bacterial population have been measured. With this procedure, extremely slow or incomplete transformations may be quantified that would not be detectable by previously used techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:907361", "title": "Effects of glucocorticosteroids on primary human skin fibroblasts. I. Inhibition of the proliferation of cultured primary human skin and mouse L929 fibroblasts.", "content": "Various glucocorticosteroids were added to logarithmically growing cultures of primary human skin fibroblasts and of mouse L929 fibroblasts. These steroids inhibited proliferation of the human fibroblasts at concentrations which fall in a range expected to occur during the topical treatment of skin disorders. In terms of the concentrations required for the inhibition hydrocortisone was least and clobetasol-17-propionate most effective. All other steroids studied (hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, triamcinolone acetonide, betamethasone-17-valerate and hydrocortisone-21-acetate) showed medium effectiveness. Fluorination as such may not enhance the inhibitory effect. The inhibition was independent of the source (baby foreskin or adult arm skin) and passage number (7th to 13th or 15th and 16th passage, respectively) of the cells. The possible relationship between the inhibition of cell proliferation by such steroids and their therapeutic effect in psoriasis and their atrophic side effects is discussed. Mouse L929 fibroblasts were affected at 10(3)--10(4)-fold lower steroid concentrations and the range of the effective concentrations was 10(4)--10(5) times as wide as that for the primary human skin fibroblasts. It was concluded that these mouse fibroblasts are a poor model system for the study of in vivo effects of glucocorticosteroids in man.", "contents": "Effects of glucocorticosteroids on primary human skin fibroblasts. I. Inhibition of the proliferation of cultured primary human skin and mouse L929 fibroblasts. Various glucocorticosteroids were added to logarithmically growing cultures of primary human skin fibroblasts and of mouse L929 fibroblasts. These steroids inhibited proliferation of the human fibroblasts at concentrations which fall in a range expected to occur during the topical treatment of skin disorders. In terms of the concentrations required for the inhibition hydrocortisone was least and clobetasol-17-propionate most effective. All other steroids studied (hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, triamcinolone acetonide, betamethasone-17-valerate and hydrocortisone-21-acetate) showed medium effectiveness. Fluorination as such may not enhance the inhibitory effect. The inhibition was independent of the source (baby foreskin or adult arm skin) and passage number (7th to 13th or 15th and 16th passage, respectively) of the cells. The possible relationship between the inhibition of cell proliferation by such steroids and their therapeutic effect in psoriasis and their atrophic side effects is discussed. Mouse L929 fibroblasts were affected at 10(3)--10(4)-fold lower steroid concentrations and the range of the effective concentrations was 10(4)--10(5) times as wide as that for the primary human skin fibroblasts. It was concluded that these mouse fibroblasts are a poor model system for the study of in vivo effects of glucocorticosteroids in man."}
{"id": "PMID:907362", "title": "Effects of glucocorticosteroids on primary human skin fibroblasts. II. Effects on total protein and collagen biosynthesis by confluent cell cultures.", "content": "Confluent cultures of normal primary human skin fibroblasts were incubated with various glucocorticosteroids which are in current use clinically for the treatment of various skin disorders. For all steroids concentrations were found at which collagen hydroxyproline formation was inhibited, while total protein synthesis was little affected. The concentration effective for inhibition was highest for hydrocortisone and lowest for clobetasol-17-propionate. All other steroids (hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, triamcinolone acetonide and betamethasone-17-valerate) showed medium effectiveness. Fluorination as such was not a factor in the degree of inhibition. The inhibition observed was shown to be independent of concomitant specific effects on cell proliferation or cell turnover. The possible implications of these findings on the therapeutic effects in psoriasis and the frequently occurring atrophic side-effects of these steroids are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of glucocorticosteroids on primary human skin fibroblasts. II. Effects on total protein and collagen biosynthesis by confluent cell cultures. Confluent cultures of normal primary human skin fibroblasts were incubated with various glucocorticosteroids which are in current use clinically for the treatment of various skin disorders. For all steroids concentrations were found at which collagen hydroxyproline formation was inhibited, while total protein synthesis was little affected. The concentration effective for inhibition was highest for hydrocortisone and lowest for clobetasol-17-propionate. All other steroids (hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, triamcinolone acetonide and betamethasone-17-valerate) showed medium effectiveness. Fluorination as such was not a factor in the degree of inhibition. The inhibition observed was shown to be independent of concomitant specific effects on cell proliferation or cell turnover. The possible implications of these findings on the therapeutic effects in psoriasis and the frequently occurring atrophic side-effects of these steroids are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907363", "title": "New experimental model for the primary evaluation of topical contra-inflammatory agents.", "content": "Assays of steroidal and non-steroidal drugs in an experimental model of dermatitis induced in the ear of the rabbit by the application of a solution of croton oil revealed clearly differentiable inhibitory effects on the rise in skin temperature, the oedema and the increase in tissue mass due to the inflammatory process. The results obtained in this test system fairly accurately reflect the relative therapeutic potencies of known dermatocorticoids and, in conjunction with those found by other methods, afford a more exact characterization of the activity profiles of non-steroidal contra-inflammatory agents.", "contents": "New experimental model for the primary evaluation of topical contra-inflammatory agents. Assays of steroidal and non-steroidal drugs in an experimental model of dermatitis induced in the ear of the rabbit by the application of a solution of croton oil revealed clearly differentiable inhibitory effects on the rise in skin temperature, the oedema and the increase in tissue mass due to the inflammatory process. The results obtained in this test system fairly accurately reflect the relative therapeutic potencies of known dermatocorticoids and, in conjunction with those found by other methods, afford a more exact characterization of the activity profiles of non-steroidal contra-inflammatory agents."}
{"id": "PMID:907364", "title": "[Biochemistry of free amino acids in the stratum corneum of human epidermis. I. The reaction of arginase (author's transl)].", "content": "The human horny layer contains insoluble arginase, which is tied to keratinic cells, with an activity of about 1 mU/cm2 skinsurface. About 50 p.c. of arginase is inhibited by water soluble substances of horny layer or by using soaps and syndets. By washing the skinsurface with water the activity increases. Presumable the horny layer arginase has a function in the urea production of sweat.", "contents": "[Biochemistry of free amino acids in the stratum corneum of human epidermis. I. The reaction of arginase (author's transl)]. The human horny layer contains insoluble arginase, which is tied to keratinic cells, with an activity of about 1 mU/cm2 skinsurface. About 50 p.c. of arginase is inhibited by water soluble substances of horny layer or by using soaps and syndets. By washing the skinsurface with water the activity increases. Presumable the horny layer arginase has a function in the urea production of sweat."}
{"id": "PMID:907365", "title": "[Modification of relative amount of free amino acids in the stratum corneum of human epidermis by special factors of the environment. I. The influence of UV-irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "By repeated uv-irradiation the quantity of all free amino acids (per surface unit) in human horny layer increase considerably. 4 different groups of substances are found by taking the relative values in mole per cent. 1. No difference for urea, threonine, serine, glutamine, tyrosine and ammonia. 2. Decrease of about 20 p.c. for glutaminic acid, citrulline, arginine, histidine. 3. Increase of about 20 p.c. for urocanic acid, aspartic acid, proline, glycine, valine, isoleucine. 4. The rest of amino acids increase about 30--50 p.c.", "contents": "[Modification of relative amount of free amino acids in the stratum corneum of human epidermis by special factors of the environment. I. The influence of UV-irradiation (author's transl)]. By repeated uv-irradiation the quantity of all free amino acids (per surface unit) in human horny layer increase considerably. 4 different groups of substances are found by taking the relative values in mole per cent. 1. No difference for urea, threonine, serine, glutamine, tyrosine and ammonia. 2. Decrease of about 20 p.c. for glutaminic acid, citrulline, arginine, histidine. 3. Increase of about 20 p.c. for urocanic acid, aspartic acid, proline, glycine, valine, isoleucine. 4. The rest of amino acids increase about 30--50 p.c."}
{"id": "PMID:907366", "title": "Composition and function of \"hornmark\" in cutaneous horns.", "content": "In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism underlying the formation of cutaneous horns, 43 cases of cutaneous horns were examined histologically and histochemically. Three of 43 cases were also investigated by using direct immunofluorescence technique and electron microscopy. The structure identical to \"Hornmark\" was found in all of 43 cases of cutaneous horns except two which consisted only of horny masses. The substance found in the intercellular space of \"Hornmark\" was homogenous, eosinophilic and mostly diastase-resistant PAS positive, and showed strongly positive immunofluorescence for immunoglobulins, complement, and fibrinogen. Electron microscopically, it was moderately electron dense, fine granular and in part fine fibrillar, and was similar to the contents of capillary lumen. From these findings, it was suggested that the substance found in \"Hornmark\" consisted mainly of the components of plasma protein, and that coagulated plasma protein might play an important role on the increased cohesiveness of the horny cells, i.d. on the formation of cutaneous horns.", "contents": "Composition and function of \"hornmark\" in cutaneous horns. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism underlying the formation of cutaneous horns, 43 cases of cutaneous horns were examined histologically and histochemically. Three of 43 cases were also investigated by using direct immunofluorescence technique and electron microscopy. The structure identical to \"Hornmark\" was found in all of 43 cases of cutaneous horns except two which consisted only of horny masses. The substance found in the intercellular space of \"Hornmark\" was homogenous, eosinophilic and mostly diastase-resistant PAS positive, and showed strongly positive immunofluorescence for immunoglobulins, complement, and fibrinogen. Electron microscopically, it was moderately electron dense, fine granular and in part fine fibrillar, and was similar to the contents of capillary lumen. From these findings, it was suggested that the substance found in \"Hornmark\" consisted mainly of the components of plasma protein, and that coagulated plasma protein might play an important role on the increased cohesiveness of the horny cells, i.d. on the formation of cutaneous horns."}
{"id": "PMID:907367", "title": "Porphyria cutanea tarda-like dermatosis by hemodialysis. Ultrastructural study of exposed skin.", "content": "The authors studied by electron microscope, the sun-exposed skin of the back of the hand from three heavily hemodialysed patients with a porphyria cutanea tarda-like bullous skin disease. The vascular impairment, like that of PCT, closely resembles that seen during medicamentous phototoxic processes. The connective tissue is infiltrated by large granulo-filamentous masses and the fibroblasts are secretory in appearance. At the dermal-epidermal junction, the abnormalities are important, with a diffuse infiltration of the upper dermis by a hyalin substance, probably resulting in a collagen degeneration and cellular necrosis. The aetiological factors are uncertain, as no common medicamentous factor appeared in our patients, and as the plasticizers used in the hemodialysis tubes probably played no part.", "contents": "Porphyria cutanea tarda-like dermatosis by hemodialysis. Ultrastructural study of exposed skin. The authors studied by electron microscope, the sun-exposed skin of the back of the hand from three heavily hemodialysed patients with a porphyria cutanea tarda-like bullous skin disease. The vascular impairment, like that of PCT, closely resembles that seen during medicamentous phototoxic processes. The connective tissue is infiltrated by large granulo-filamentous masses and the fibroblasts are secretory in appearance. At the dermal-epidermal junction, the abnormalities are important, with a diffuse infiltration of the upper dermis by a hyalin substance, probably resulting in a collagen degeneration and cellular necrosis. The aetiological factors are uncertain, as no common medicamentous factor appeared in our patients, and as the plasticizers used in the hemodialysis tubes probably played no part."}
{"id": "PMID:907368", "title": "[Effects of peeling agents (resorcinol, crystalline sulfur, salicylic acid) on the epidermis of guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "The mode of action  of \"classical peeling agents\" such as resorcinol, crystalline sulfur, and salicylic acid on the epidermis is almost unknown. There are only a few experimental data available. Therefore the effects of resorcinol, crystalline sulfur, and salicylic acid were studied. A 1% and 3% concentration of these chemicals in vaselinum flavum or Unguentum Cordes was applied to the ears and flanks of adult male guinea pigs up to 14 days. Prior to biopsies at various time intervals, 3H-thymidine was injected intradermally. Specimens were paraffin embedded and routinely processed for autoradiographical analysis. The following parameters were assessed: Labelling index (L.I. in %); number of labelled basal cells per unit length of basement membrane; papillomatosis-index; and acanthosis-factor (projection histoplanimetry). The data were statistically analysed. The peeling agents induced a concentration-dependent increase of the L.I., acanthosis, and papillomatosis. Crystalline sulfur caused the most pronounced effect, followed by resorcinol. In contrast salicylic acid caused only a minute acanthosis factor  and a slight increase in labelling. The correlation coefficient r of epidermal thickness to the L.I. for all concentrations and peeling agents used reaches the high figure of 0.978 for the ear. The 1% and 3% salicylic acid has a lower acanthosis factor than vaselinum flavum by itself. Preliminary autoradiographical studies in humans with 1% and 10% salicylic acid confirm these data. Salicylic acid counteracts acanthosis. These experiments show that crystalline sulfur and resorcinol have a potent effect on cell proliferation and acanthosis. They peel via proliferation hyperkeratosis. The mode of peeling by salicylic acid must be different, as cell proliferation and acanthosis are barely enhanced. The clinically known \"keratolytic\" effect of salicylic acid may be due to a direct action on the intercellular cement substance of the horny cells.", "contents": "[Effects of peeling agents (resorcinol, crystalline sulfur, salicylic acid) on the epidermis of guinea pig (author's transl)]. The mode of action  of \"classical peeling agents\" such as resorcinol, crystalline sulfur, and salicylic acid on the epidermis is almost unknown. There are only a few experimental data available. Therefore the effects of resorcinol, crystalline sulfur, and salicylic acid were studied. A 1% and 3% concentration of these chemicals in vaselinum flavum or Unguentum Cordes was applied to the ears and flanks of adult male guinea pigs up to 14 days. Prior to biopsies at various time intervals, 3H-thymidine was injected intradermally. Specimens were paraffin embedded and routinely processed for autoradiographical analysis. The following parameters were assessed: Labelling index (L.I. in %); number of labelled basal cells per unit length of basement membrane; papillomatosis-index; and acanthosis-factor (projection histoplanimetry). The data were statistically analysed. The peeling agents induced a concentration-dependent increase of the L.I., acanthosis, and papillomatosis. Crystalline sulfur caused the most pronounced effect, followed by resorcinol. In contrast salicylic acid caused only a minute acanthosis factor  and a slight increase in labelling. The correlation coefficient r of epidermal thickness to the L.I. for all concentrations and peeling agents used reaches the high figure of 0.978 for the ear. The 1% and 3% salicylic acid has a lower acanthosis factor than vaselinum flavum by itself. Preliminary autoradiographical studies in humans with 1% and 10% salicylic acid confirm these data. Salicylic acid counteracts acanthosis. These experiments show that crystalline sulfur and resorcinol have a potent effect on cell proliferation and acanthosis. They peel via proliferation hyperkeratosis. The mode of peeling by salicylic acid must be different, as cell proliferation and acanthosis are barely enhanced. The clinically known \"keratolytic\" effect of salicylic acid may be due to a direct action on the intercellular cement substance of the horny cells."}
{"id": "PMID:907369", "title": "[Long time HCB exposition of rats: influence on the porphyrin excretion in the urine and on the cytochrome P-450 in the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Adult female Wistar rats were fed with a diet containing 0.05% HCB. About the 55th day of the experiments an increase of porphyrin and its precursors (ALA and PBG) in the urine of the rats can be measured. In contrast the induction of the O-dealcylation reaction of 7-ethoxycoumarin could be already measured 2 days after starting with the HCB feeding. The inhibition of the enzymatic reaction by metyrapone, naphthoflavone, tetrahydrofurane or CO/O2 presents neither the typical pattern of the phenobarbital type nor the typical pattern of the benzpyrene type of cytochrome P-450. When the animals became porphyric (about the 55th day of the HCB exposure) no qualitative changes in the cytochrome P-450 pattern could be demonstrated. The relationship between the enzyme induction in the liver and the porphyria following the HCB application is still remaining unclear.", "contents": "[Long time HCB exposition of rats: influence on the porphyrin excretion in the urine and on the cytochrome P-450 in the liver (author's transl)]. Adult female Wistar rats were fed with a diet containing 0.05% HCB. About the 55th day of the experiments an increase of porphyrin and its precursors (ALA and PBG) in the urine of the rats can be measured. In contrast the induction of the O-dealcylation reaction of 7-ethoxycoumarin could be already measured 2 days after starting with the HCB feeding. The inhibition of the enzymatic reaction by metyrapone, naphthoflavone, tetrahydrofurane or CO/O2 presents neither the typical pattern of the phenobarbital type nor the typical pattern of the benzpyrene type of cytochrome P-450. When the animals became porphyric (about the 55th day of the HCB exposure) no qualitative changes in the cytochrome P-450 pattern could be demonstrated. The relationship between the enzyme induction in the liver and the porphyria following the HCB application is still remaining unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:907370", "title": "Degradation of O, O-dimethyl S-[alpha-(carboethoxy)-benzyl] phosphorodithioate (phenthoate) in soil.", "content": "The degradation of ring-labeled 14C-phenthoate in a moist sandy loam and silty clay loam soil was studied. Phenthoate degradation was attributed to the action of extracellular heat-labile soil enzymes which converted to its carbon ester hydrolysis product, phenthoate acid. Thus, rate of phenthoate degradation was greatly retarded in autoclaved soil, but was equally rapid in nonsterile soil under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Degradation was also rapid even at a soil treatment of 100 ppm. Phenthoate acid was extensively degraded to 14CO2 by soil organisms under aerobic conditions, but due to unfavorable factors, degraded only by slow first-order kinetics under anaerobic conditions and at the 100 ppm fortification level under aerobic conditions. Phenthoate and phenthoate acid were confirmed as the principal soil components by isolation and identification by IR and NMR data.", "contents": "Degradation of O, O-dimethyl S-[alpha-(carboethoxy)-benzyl] phosphorodithioate (phenthoate) in soil. The degradation of ring-labeled 14C-phenthoate in a moist sandy loam and silty clay loam soil was studied. Phenthoate degradation was attributed to the action of extracellular heat-labile soil enzymes which converted to its carbon ester hydrolysis product, phenthoate acid. Thus, rate of phenthoate degradation was greatly retarded in autoclaved soil, but was equally rapid in nonsterile soil under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Degradation was also rapid even at a soil treatment of 100 ppm. Phenthoate acid was extensively degraded to 14CO2 by soil organisms under aerobic conditions, but due to unfavorable factors, degraded only by slow first-order kinetics under anaerobic conditions and at the 100 ppm fortification level under aerobic conditions. Phenthoate and phenthoate acid were confirmed as the principal soil components by isolation and identification by IR and NMR data."}
{"id": "PMID:907371", "title": "Potential exposure from smoking parathion-contaminated cigarettes.", "content": "Pesticide workers usually contaminate their cigarettes with less than 100 microgram per cigarette by handling them, but in some instances such contamination has been found to be over 200 microgram. To obtain values for potential exposure resulting from smoking contaminated filter tip and nonfilter cigarettes, from 10 to 200 microgram of parathion was applied to the cigarette surface area found to be most often contaminated by hands. This was followed in two separate experiments by simulated smoking using a special apparatus to determine (1) passage of toxic material through cigarettes in mainstream smoke, (2) amount found in sidestream smoke, (3) amount trapped in the filter or equivalent butt end, and (4) amount recovered in ashes. The amount of parathion passing through cigarettes as a potential for inhalation exposure ranged up to 28% of dosing levels. No paraoxon or S-ethyl parathion was detected. Although there was an indication that slightly more pesticide was recovered from filters than from equivalent butt ends, the amount recovered in mainstream smoke of filter type cigarettes was not significantly lower than for nonfilter cigarettes. Location of contamination on a cigarette had minimal effect on the amount found in mainstream smoke.", "contents": "Potential exposure from smoking parathion-contaminated cigarettes. Pesticide workers usually contaminate their cigarettes with less than 100 microgram per cigarette by handling them, but in some instances such contamination has been found to be over 200 microgram. To obtain values for potential exposure resulting from smoking contaminated filter tip and nonfilter cigarettes, from 10 to 200 microgram of parathion was applied to the cigarette surface area found to be most often contaminated by hands. This was followed in two separate experiments by simulated smoking using a special apparatus to determine (1) passage of toxic material through cigarettes in mainstream smoke, (2) amount found in sidestream smoke, (3) amount trapped in the filter or equivalent butt end, and (4) amount recovered in ashes. The amount of parathion passing through cigarettes as a potential for inhalation exposure ranged up to 28% of dosing levels. No paraoxon or S-ethyl parathion was detected. Although there was an indication that slightly more pesticide was recovered from filters than from equivalent butt ends, the amount recovered in mainstream smoke of filter type cigarettes was not significantly lower than for nonfilter cigarettes. Location of contamination on a cigarette had minimal effect on the amount found in mainstream smoke."}
{"id": "PMID:907373", "title": "Preliminary assessment of the acute toxicity of malathion in animals.", "content": "Laboratory studies were conducted to acquire information concerning the acute toxicity of malathion in animals under various conditions of exposure. The responses in rabbits and quail exposed to aerosols generated from technical grade malathion (95%) and approximating an ultra-low volume ground spray were compared with those from a 6% malathion/No. 2 fuel oil mixture simulating a high volume spray. Results indicate that technical grade malathion (95%) as an ultra-low volume spray and at effective insecticidal concentrations in particle sizes having a mass median diameter of about 12 mu is relatively nonhazardous compared to the possible toxic fuel oil effects of a 6% malathion/No. 2 fuel oil mixture with a mass median diameter of 25 mu. Based on blood plasma cholinesterase activity analyses, quail were more sensitive to equivalent malathion exposure concentrations than were rabbits. Oral administration of technical grade malathion to rabbits resulted in reduction of plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity at dosages of 120, 300, and 600 mg/kg with death resulting from 1200 mg/kg.", "contents": "Preliminary assessment of the acute toxicity of malathion in animals. Laboratory studies were conducted to acquire information concerning the acute toxicity of malathion in animals under various conditions of exposure. The responses in rabbits and quail exposed to aerosols generated from technical grade malathion (95%) and approximating an ultra-low volume ground spray were compared with those from a 6% malathion/No. 2 fuel oil mixture simulating a high volume spray. Results indicate that technical grade malathion (95%) as an ultra-low volume spray and at effective insecticidal concentrations in particle sizes having a mass median diameter of about 12 mu is relatively nonhazardous compared to the possible toxic fuel oil effects of a 6% malathion/No. 2 fuel oil mixture with a mass median diameter of 25 mu. Based on blood plasma cholinesterase activity analyses, quail were more sensitive to equivalent malathion exposure concentrations than were rabbits. Oral administration of technical grade malathion to rabbits resulted in reduction of plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity at dosages of 120, 300, and 600 mg/kg with death resulting from 1200 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:907374", "title": "Prenatal effects of herbicides: evaluation by the prenatal development index.", "content": "The herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T and many of the esters of these compounds produced cleft palates in CD-1 mice. Silvex and Agent Orange also produced cleft palates. Depending on the dose and means of administration variable responses relating to the production of cleft palates, effect on fetal weight, and effect on fetal mortality were obtained. In order to view these data comprehensively, the Prenatal Development Index was determined. This index was computed from the incidence of malformed fetuses, fetal mortality and fetal body weight. This made it possible to evaluate data from some experiments with feto-toxic doses of compounds in which the high incidence of fetal mortality and consequently low incidence of viable fetuses obscured the response.", "contents": "Prenatal effects of herbicides: evaluation by the prenatal development index. The herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T and many of the esters of these compounds produced cleft palates in CD-1 mice. Silvex and Agent Orange also produced cleft palates. Depending on the dose and means of administration variable responses relating to the production of cleft palates, effect on fetal weight, and effect on fetal mortality were obtained. In order to view these data comprehensively, the Prenatal Development Index was determined. This index was computed from the incidence of malformed fetuses, fetal mortality and fetal body weight. This made it possible to evaluate data from some experiments with feto-toxic doses of compounds in which the high incidence of fetal mortality and consequently low incidence of viable fetuses obscured the response."}
{"id": "PMID:907375", "title": "Toxicological studies on hydrocarbons--Iomex.", "content": "Hematological changes and concurrent enzymatic activities in various tissues were determined in rats injected parentally with Iomex, a petroleum derivate and proposed weedicide. Among the hematological parameters studied only the differential leucocytic count showed significant alterations. This was indicated by a significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes and an increase in those of neutrophils. Significant differences were not observed in the levels of acid phosphatase, glutamic oxaloacetic, and glutamic pyruvate transaminase activities in brain and liver of the experimental group of animals.", "contents": "Toxicological studies on hydrocarbons--Iomex. Hematological changes and concurrent enzymatic activities in various tissues were determined in rats injected parentally with Iomex, a petroleum derivate and proposed weedicide. Among the hematological parameters studied only the differential leucocytic count showed significant alterations. This was indicated by a significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes and an increase in those of neutrophils. Significant differences were not observed in the levels of acid phosphatase, glutamic oxaloacetic, and glutamic pyruvate transaminase activities in brain and liver of the experimental group of animals."}
{"id": "PMID:907376", "title": "Uptake and distribution of cadmium in mice following repeated administrations.", "content": "The research was undertaken to analyze the uptake and distribution of cadmium-109 in mice following repeated injections and to observe how the simultaneous administrations of zinc affected the cadmium retention. Mice were given one, two, or three intravenous administrations at 48-hr intervals. Animals were sacrificed 2 min to 48 hr after each injection. Zinc had little effect on the retention of cadmium in the samples analyzed, and injections behaved independently of each other.", "contents": "Uptake and distribution of cadmium in mice following repeated administrations. The research was undertaken to analyze the uptake and distribution of cadmium-109 in mice following repeated injections and to observe how the simultaneous administrations of zinc affected the cadmium retention. Mice were given one, two, or three intravenous administrations at 48-hr intervals. Animals were sacrificed 2 min to 48 hr after each injection. Zinc had little effect on the retention of cadmium in the samples analyzed, and injections behaved independently of each other."}
{"id": "PMID:907377", "title": "A study of different analytical extraction methods for nondetrital heavy metals in aquatic sediments.", "content": "4.0 N HNO3-0.7 N HCl, 0.5 N HCl, 1 N hydroxylamine hydrochloride-25% acetic acid and 0.05 N EDTA were investiagted as extractants of nondetrital heavy metals from the sediments of the Rideau River. A comparison of these partial extraction methods with a total extraction method, showed that the 4.0 N HNO3-0.7 N HCl attacks the silicate crystal lattice considerably. 1 N hydroxylamine hydrochloride-25% acetic acid was found to be unsuitable for copper extraction. Both of the other two methods were suitable for the simultaneous extraction of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Fe, and Al from the organic adsorbed and precipitated phases of sediments. They both gave a measure of nondetrital heavy metals in sediments and are thus useful to environmental contamination studies.", "contents": "A study of different analytical extraction methods for nondetrital heavy metals in aquatic sediments. 4.0 N HNO3-0.7 N HCl, 0.5 N HCl, 1 N hydroxylamine hydrochloride-25% acetic acid and 0.05 N EDTA were investiagted as extractants of nondetrital heavy metals from the sediments of the Rideau River. A comparison of these partial extraction methods with a total extraction method, showed that the 4.0 N HNO3-0.7 N HCl attacks the silicate crystal lattice considerably. 1 N hydroxylamine hydrochloride-25% acetic acid was found to be unsuitable for copper extraction. Both of the other two methods were suitable for the simultaneous extraction of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Fe, and Al from the organic adsorbed and precipitated phases of sediments. They both gave a measure of nondetrital heavy metals in sediments and are thus useful to environmental contamination studies."}
{"id": "PMID:907378", "title": "Effects of DDT on reproduction in multiple generations of beagle dogs.", "content": "The effects of chronic oral exposure to 1, 5, and 10 mg of technical DDT/kg/day on: 1) age at puberty, length of gestation, fertility, success of pregnancy, litter size, and lactational ability of dams; 2) viability, survival to weaning, sex distribution and growth of pups; and 3) morbidity, mortality, organ/body weight ratios, gross and histologic abnormalities in all animals were studied through three generations of Beagle dogs. There were a total of 135 adult female and 63 adult male dogs in the project which produced 650 pups. There were no statistically significant differences among control and DDT-treated dogs in any of the reproductive variables, with the exception of age at puberty of the females. DDT-treated females had their first estrous cycles 2 to 3 months earlier (P less than .001) than the control dogs. Selected DDT-treated females, held for a second breeding period, had normal anestrous periods between their first and second estrous cycles. There was no effect of DDT on survival, growth, and sex distribution of pups, nor was there any influence on morbidity, mortality, gross or histologic findings in any of the dogs. All organ/body weight ratios were normal, with the possible exception of an increase in liver/body weight ratio in some DDT-treated animals.", "contents": "Effects of DDT on reproduction in multiple generations of beagle dogs. The effects of chronic oral exposure to 1, 5, and 10 mg of technical DDT/kg/day on: 1) age at puberty, length of gestation, fertility, success of pregnancy, litter size, and lactational ability of dams; 2) viability, survival to weaning, sex distribution and growth of pups; and 3) morbidity, mortality, organ/body weight ratios, gross and histologic abnormalities in all animals were studied through three generations of Beagle dogs. There were a total of 135 adult female and 63 adult male dogs in the project which produced 650 pups. There were no statistically significant differences among control and DDT-treated dogs in any of the reproductive variables, with the exception of age at puberty of the females. DDT-treated females had their first estrous cycles 2 to 3 months earlier (P less than .001) than the control dogs. Selected DDT-treated females, held for a second breeding period, had normal anestrous periods between their first and second estrous cycles. There was no effect of DDT on survival, growth, and sex distribution of pups, nor was there any influence on morbidity, mortality, gross or histologic findings in any of the dogs. All organ/body weight ratios were normal, with the possible exception of an increase in liver/body weight ratio in some DDT-treated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:907387", "title": "Correlation of cerebral blood flow with outcome in head injured patients.", "content": "In order to determine the relationship of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to the clinical outcome of head injury, serial determinations of CBF were performed by the intravenous Xenon technique in 24 patients. The patients were of mixed injury severity and were classified into four groups depending on the neurological exam at the time of each CBF study. All eight patients who were lethargic on admission demonstrated increases in their minimally depressed CBF as they improved to normal status. Eleven patients in deep stupor or coma ultimately recovered. Ten of these patients initially had moderate to profound decreases in CBF which improved as recovery occurred. The single exception was an adolescent whose initial CBF was high but became normal at recovery. Five comatose patients died. In four of these, already depressed CBF fell even lower, while one adolescent with initially increased CBF developed very low CBF preterminally. The data presented in this report demonstrated a good correlation between CBF and clinical outcome. In every one of the adult survivors, depressed CBF increased as the patient recovered to normal status. All adults who died showed a deterioration of CBF as the neurological status worsened. The only exceptions were two adolescents who initially showed high CBF values. In the adolescent who died, CBF dropped to low levels while in the survivor a normal CBF was achieved. Thus in adults a traumatic brain injury was associated with depressed CBF which increased with recovery or decreased further with deterioration while the reaction to injury was quite different in the younger brain.", "contents": "Correlation of cerebral blood flow with outcome in head injured patients. In order to determine the relationship of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to the clinical outcome of head injury, serial determinations of CBF were performed by the intravenous Xenon technique in 24 patients. The patients were of mixed injury severity and were classified into four groups depending on the neurological exam at the time of each CBF study. All eight patients who were lethargic on admission demonstrated increases in their minimally depressed CBF as they improved to normal status. Eleven patients in deep stupor or coma ultimately recovered. Ten of these patients initially had moderate to profound decreases in CBF which improved as recovery occurred. The single exception was an adolescent whose initial CBF was high but became normal at recovery. Five comatose patients died. In four of these, already depressed CBF fell even lower, while one adolescent with initially increased CBF developed very low CBF preterminally. The data presented in this report demonstrated a good correlation between CBF and clinical outcome. In every one of the adult survivors, depressed CBF increased as the patient recovered to normal status. All adults who died showed a deterioration of CBF as the neurological status worsened. The only exceptions were two adolescents who initially showed high CBF values. In the adolescent who died, CBF dropped to low levels while in the survivor a normal CBF was achieved. Thus in adults a traumatic brain injury was associated with depressed CBF which increased with recovery or decreased further with deterioration while the reaction to injury was quite different in the younger brain."}
{"id": "PMID:907388", "title": "Transampullary septectomy for post-cholecystectomy pain.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with chronic, incapacitating upper abdominal pain after cholecystectomy had excision of the common wall between the terminal bile duct and duct of Wirsung (ampullary septum). Twenty-two also had a sphincteroplasty: six had had this procedure previously. Pancreatic function studies, scintiscans, ultrasound and pancreatograms were non-diagnositic. Hyperamylasemia was an uncommon finding. Eight patients were found to have evidence of mild pancreatitis at exploration. There was gross scarring of the ampullary septum in 22 cases. Histologic examination revealed inflammation in 12 septa; the degree of fibrosis could not be assessed since 14 control septa from autopsy material free from biliary tract disease revealed a comparable degree of collagen and smooth muscle. There were no deaths, and minimal morbidity. In follow-up from seven to 59 months (mean = 26), 16 patients are relatively free of pain, five have occasional episodes which require non-narcotic analgesics, and seven have gained no relief from the operative procedure. A randomized controlled trial is recommended.", "contents": "Transampullary septectomy for post-cholecystectomy pain. Twenty-eight patients with chronic, incapacitating upper abdominal pain after cholecystectomy had excision of the common wall between the terminal bile duct and duct of Wirsung (ampullary septum). Twenty-two also had a sphincteroplasty: six had had this procedure previously. Pancreatic function studies, scintiscans, ultrasound and pancreatograms were non-diagnositic. Hyperamylasemia was an uncommon finding. Eight patients were found to have evidence of mild pancreatitis at exploration. There was gross scarring of the ampullary septum in 22 cases. Histologic examination revealed inflammation in 12 septa; the degree of fibrosis could not be assessed since 14 control septa from autopsy material free from biliary tract disease revealed a comparable degree of collagen and smooth muscle. There were no deaths, and minimal morbidity. In follow-up from seven to 59 months (mean = 26), 16 patients are relatively free of pain, five have occasional episodes which require non-narcotic analgesics, and seven have gained no relief from the operative procedure. A randomized controlled trial is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:907389", "title": "Influence of the burn wound on local and systemic responses to injury.", "content": "Total resting leg blood flow, measured by venous occlusion plethysmography; leg oxygen consumption; substrate turnover; and leg surface temperature were determined in 21 nonseptic burn patients and four normals. The patients studied during the second to third week postinjury sustained total body surface injuries averaging 45% (range 12-86%) and leg injuries of 35% total leg surface (0-82.5%). To integrate the peripheral metabolic and circulatory events with the systemic responses to injury, total body oxygen consumption, cardiac output, rectal and mean skin temperatures were also measured. Leg blood flow and leg surface temperature generally increased with total burn size but did not correlate with cardiac output, total body oxygen consumption, or body temperature. However, leg blood flow was closely related to the extent of the leg burn (r(2) = 0.73). To evaluate the metabolic determinants of the wound blood flow, patients were matched for burn size (40.5% total body surface in one group vs. 42%), resulting in similar systemic responses to injury (cardiac index 7.8 +/- 0.7 L/min m(2) vs. 7.5 +/- 0.8, VO(2) 204 +/- 12 ml/min m(2) vs. 241 +/- 22, rectal temperature 38.5 +/- 0.3 degrees vs. 38.3 +/- 0.3 degrees , NS). One group (n = 7) had extensive leg burns (58% of the leg surface), the other (n = 9) minimal leg injuries (9.5%). Leg oxygen consumption was similar in the two groups (0.24 +/- 0.01 ml/100 ml leg min vs. 0.19 +/- 0.04, NS), although leg blood flow was markedly increased in the injured extremities (8.0 +/- 0.5 ml/100 ml leg min vs. 4.2 +/- 0.4, p < 0.001). Glucose uptake and lactate production were enhanced in the burned extremities (glucose 0.34 +/- 0.08 mg/100 ml leg mmn vs. 0.04 +/- 0.03, p < 0.01, lactate 0.30 +/- 0.08 mg/100 ml leg min vs. 0.06 +/- 0.06, p < 0.05) and related in a general manner with size of the leg burn. Increased peripheral blood flow following injury is directed to the wound and unrelated to aerobic metabolic demands of the extremity. The selectively perfused wound consumes glucose and produces lactate. The increased systemic cardiovascular and metabolic responses to thermal injury are essential for the enhanced circulatory and anaerobic demands of the healing wound.", "contents": "Influence of the burn wound on local and systemic responses to injury. Total resting leg blood flow, measured by venous occlusion plethysmography; leg oxygen consumption; substrate turnover; and leg surface temperature were determined in 21 nonseptic burn patients and four normals. The patients studied during the second to third week postinjury sustained total body surface injuries averaging 45% (range 12-86%) and leg injuries of 35% total leg surface (0-82.5%). To integrate the peripheral metabolic and circulatory events with the systemic responses to injury, total body oxygen consumption, cardiac output, rectal and mean skin temperatures were also measured. Leg blood flow and leg surface temperature generally increased with total burn size but did not correlate with cardiac output, total body oxygen consumption, or body temperature. However, leg blood flow was closely related to the extent of the leg burn (r(2) = 0.73). To evaluate the metabolic determinants of the wound blood flow, patients were matched for burn size (40.5% total body surface in one group vs. 42%), resulting in similar systemic responses to injury (cardiac index 7.8 +/- 0.7 L/min m(2) vs. 7.5 +/- 0.8, VO(2) 204 +/- 12 ml/min m(2) vs. 241 +/- 22, rectal temperature 38.5 +/- 0.3 degrees vs. 38.3 +/- 0.3 degrees , NS). One group (n = 7) had extensive leg burns (58% of the leg surface), the other (n = 9) minimal leg injuries (9.5%). Leg oxygen consumption was similar in the two groups (0.24 +/- 0.01 ml/100 ml leg min vs. 0.19 +/- 0.04, NS), although leg blood flow was markedly increased in the injured extremities (8.0 +/- 0.5 ml/100 ml leg min vs. 4.2 +/- 0.4, p < 0.001). Glucose uptake and lactate production were enhanced in the burned extremities (glucose 0.34 +/- 0.08 mg/100 ml leg mmn vs. 0.04 +/- 0.03, p < 0.01, lactate 0.30 +/- 0.08 mg/100 ml leg min vs. 0.06 +/- 0.06, p < 0.05) and related in a general manner with size of the leg burn. Increased peripheral blood flow following injury is directed to the wound and unrelated to aerobic metabolic demands of the extremity. The selectively perfused wound consumes glucose and produces lactate. The increased systemic cardiovascular and metabolic responses to thermal injury are essential for the enhanced circulatory and anaerobic demands of the healing wound."}
{"id": "PMID:907390", "title": "Immune RNA therapy for renal cell carcinoma: survival and immunologic monitoring.", "content": "Twenty patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and nine patients with minimal residual disease (MRD) but at high risk for recurrence following nephrectomy received weekly four milligram intradermal injections of purified RNA extracted from lymphoid organs of sheep immunized with human renal cell carcinoma. Eighty-six consecutive UCLA patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma served as retrospective controls. Survival between subpopulations in each group matched by computer according to extent and location of metastases, age, sex, and interval between nephrectomy and occurrence of metastases were compared by Life Table Analysis. Survival was significantly greater in RNA-treated patients (P < .05) who had multiple metastases limited to the lungs when compared with matched controls. RNA therapy did not influence survival of patients with metastases to other sites (bone, brain, liver, lymph nodes, or skin) or multiple organ involvement. All nine MRD patients treated with RNA remained free of recurrence for a mean observation period of 18 months, range ten to 34 months. No significant toxicity was observed. Changes in skin test responses were related primarily to tumor burden. Increased lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity in RNA recipients was associated with a somewhat improved survival period. Changes in absolute lymphocyte counts had no correlation with clinical course, and complement fixing antibody generally decreased after excision of tumor, was absent in patients with progression, and was present in low levels in patients with a favorable clinical response. RNA therapy may be of value in selected patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and as an adjunct to definitive surgery.", "contents": "Immune RNA therapy for renal cell carcinoma: survival and immunologic monitoring. Twenty patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and nine patients with minimal residual disease (MRD) but at high risk for recurrence following nephrectomy received weekly four milligram intradermal injections of purified RNA extracted from lymphoid organs of sheep immunized with human renal cell carcinoma. Eighty-six consecutive UCLA patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma served as retrospective controls. Survival between subpopulations in each group matched by computer according to extent and location of metastases, age, sex, and interval between nephrectomy and occurrence of metastases were compared by Life Table Analysis. Survival was significantly greater in RNA-treated patients (P < .05) who had multiple metastases limited to the lungs when compared with matched controls. RNA therapy did not influence survival of patients with metastases to other sites (bone, brain, liver, lymph nodes, or skin) or multiple organ involvement. All nine MRD patients treated with RNA remained free of recurrence for a mean observation period of 18 months, range ten to 34 months. No significant toxicity was observed. Changes in skin test responses were related primarily to tumor burden. Increased lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity in RNA recipients was associated with a somewhat improved survival period. Changes in absolute lymphocyte counts had no correlation with clinical course, and complement fixing antibody generally decreased after excision of tumor, was absent in patients with progression, and was present in low levels in patients with a favorable clinical response. RNA therapy may be of value in selected patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and as an adjunct to definitive surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:907391", "title": "Revascularization methods in chronic visceral ischemia caused by atherosclerosis.", "content": "A comparison of revascularization methods used in 35 patients who underwent 39 operations for chronic visceral ischemia caused by atherosclerosis is presented. All but two of these various methods have been abandoned either because of technical difficulties encountered during the procedure, or the high failure rate observed after operation. The two techniques which overcame these objections are: (1) antegrade aorto-celiac prosthetic grafts, and (2) transaortic endarterectomy using a thoracoretroperitoneal approach.", "contents": "Revascularization methods in chronic visceral ischemia caused by atherosclerosis. A comparison of revascularization methods used in 35 patients who underwent 39 operations for chronic visceral ischemia caused by atherosclerosis is presented. All but two of these various methods have been abandoned either because of technical difficulties encountered during the procedure, or the high failure rate observed after operation. The two techniques which overcame these objections are: (1) antegrade aorto-celiac prosthetic grafts, and (2) transaortic endarterectomy using a thoracoretroperitoneal approach."}
{"id": "PMID:907392", "title": "Total colectomy and mucosal proctectomy with preservation of continence in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Since ulcerative colitis is a mucosal disease, it would appear possible to remove the diseased rectal mucosa and preserve all anorectal musculature. When performed in conjunction with total colectomy, the terminal ileum could then be placed inside the retained muscular wall of the rectum and anastomosed to the anus. This would remove all of the disease and yet preserve anorectal continence. Seventeen patients with chronic ulcerative colitis have undergone this operation with satisfactory results in 15 and no deaths. Many details of preoperative, operative and postoperative management are presented which are imperative for a successful result. Sufficient experience has been gained that the operation can now be recommended.", "contents": "Total colectomy and mucosal proctectomy with preservation of continence in ulcerative colitis. Since ulcerative colitis is a mucosal disease, it would appear possible to remove the diseased rectal mucosa and preserve all anorectal musculature. When performed in conjunction with total colectomy, the terminal ileum could then be placed inside the retained muscular wall of the rectum and anastomosed to the anus. This would remove all of the disease and yet preserve anorectal continence. Seventeen patients with chronic ulcerative colitis have undergone this operation with satisfactory results in 15 and no deaths. Many details of preoperative, operative and postoperative management are presented which are imperative for a successful result. Sufficient experience has been gained that the operation can now be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:907393", "title": "A rational approach to the surgical management of melanoma.", "content": "Our experience with 294 regional lymph node dissections in 250 patients are reviewed. The relationship between the Clark's level of invasion and the thickness of the primary is related to regional lymph node metastases. Patients with Clark's Level III melanoma had a 29% incidence of regional lymph node metastases, Clark's Level IV had a 42% incidence of regional lymph node metastases and Clark's Level V a 58% incidence of regional lymph node metastases. Primary melanomas greater than 1.5 mm in thickness had a 38% incidence of positive regional lymph nodes. We therefore recommend a regional lymphadenectomy in patients with Clark's Levels III, IV and V and all melanomas that are greater than 1.5 mm in thickness. A new technique is described which is helpful in localizing the direction of ambiguous lymphatic drainage in patients with truncal melanoma. The use of radioactive colloidal gold scanning has been useful in predicting lymphatic shed in these ambiguous truncal melanomas. Certain technical aspects of inguinal lymph node dissection are emphasized in an attempt to reduce the morbidity of these dissections. It is emphasized that iliac-obturator lymph node dissections are not performed unless the inguinal lymph nodes are found to be involved by frozen section examination at the time of surgery.", "contents": "A rational approach to the surgical management of melanoma. Our experience with 294 regional lymph node dissections in 250 patients are reviewed. The relationship between the Clark's level of invasion and the thickness of the primary is related to regional lymph node metastases. Patients with Clark's Level III melanoma had a 29% incidence of regional lymph node metastases, Clark's Level IV had a 42% incidence of regional lymph node metastases and Clark's Level V a 58% incidence of regional lymph node metastases. Primary melanomas greater than 1.5 mm in thickness had a 38% incidence of positive regional lymph nodes. We therefore recommend a regional lymphadenectomy in patients with Clark's Levels III, IV and V and all melanomas that are greater than 1.5 mm in thickness. A new technique is described which is helpful in localizing the direction of ambiguous lymphatic drainage in patients with truncal melanoma. The use of radioactive colloidal gold scanning has been useful in predicting lymphatic shed in these ambiguous truncal melanomas. Certain technical aspects of inguinal lymph node dissection are emphasized in an attempt to reduce the morbidity of these dissections. It is emphasized that iliac-obturator lymph node dissections are not performed unless the inguinal lymph nodes are found to be involved by frozen section examination at the time of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:907394", "title": "Permanent transvenous balloon occlusion of the inferior vena cava: experience with 60 patients.", "content": "Traditional operations to obstruct the IVC are often unsatisfactory because the morbidity and mortality is appreciable: poor risk patients do not tolerate surgical and anesthetic trauma. Furthermore, if the patient is anticoagulated, an operation requires that such desirable treatment be stopped. Ten years ago a study was begun to develop a transvenous method of IVC occlusion in the awake anticoagulated patient. Animal studies were done prior to patient application. A technique was evolved wherein IVC interruption could be accomplished with a balloon bearing catheter inserted through the jugular vein. The balloon was positioned with venography and after inflation held in place by lateral pressure in the distensible IVC. The catheter was then removed, leaving the balloon in position. Balloon occlusion has been used in the management of 60 selected patients since 1970. Twenty-nine patients were simultaneously anticoagulated without complication. Very sick patients tolerated the procedure well. No patient experienced further pulmonary emboli. Nine hospital deaths occurred from a variety of causes, none related to the balloon catheter. Late follow-up shows that the occluding balloon gradually deflates in about 12 months. The remnant has remained stable in all patients, contained in a scar that permanently interrupts the IVC.", "contents": "Permanent transvenous balloon occlusion of the inferior vena cava: experience with 60 patients. Traditional operations to obstruct the IVC are often unsatisfactory because the morbidity and mortality is appreciable: poor risk patients do not tolerate surgical and anesthetic trauma. Furthermore, if the patient is anticoagulated, an operation requires that such desirable treatment be stopped. Ten years ago a study was begun to develop a transvenous method of IVC occlusion in the awake anticoagulated patient. Animal studies were done prior to patient application. A technique was evolved wherein IVC interruption could be accomplished with a balloon bearing catheter inserted through the jugular vein. The balloon was positioned with venography and after inflation held in place by lateral pressure in the distensible IVC. The catheter was then removed, leaving the balloon in position. Balloon occlusion has been used in the management of 60 selected patients since 1970. Twenty-nine patients were simultaneously anticoagulated without complication. Very sick patients tolerated the procedure well. No patient experienced further pulmonary emboli. Nine hospital deaths occurred from a variety of causes, none related to the balloon catheter. Late follow-up shows that the occluding balloon gradually deflates in about 12 months. The remnant has remained stable in all patients, contained in a scar that permanently interrupts the IVC."}
{"id": "PMID:907395", "title": "A prospective comparison of gastric and jejunoileal bypass procedures for morbid obesity.", "content": "A randomized prospective evaluation of the gastric and jejunoileal bypass procedures for morbid obesity was performed. The gastric bypass was performed predominantly as a 90% gastric exclusion with a Roux-en-Y reconstitution. The jejunoileal bypass was an end-to-end anastomosis between 30 cm of jejunum and 25 cm of terminal ileum, the bypassed segment of small bowel being decompressed by an end-to-side ileocolostomy. There were 32 patients in the gastric group and 27 in the jejunoileal group. The two groups were comparable in age, preoperative weight and height. There were no postoperative deaths, but the gastric bypass operation was associated with a slightly higher early complication rate indicating it is a more technically demanding procedure. Late sequellae were more prominent in the jejunoileal bypass group and included significant diarrhea in 56% and need for medication in 74%. Kidney stones and cholelithiasis also complicated the jejunoileal group and were not seen after gastric bypass. All patients showed fatty metamorphosis on the original liver biopsy. This had worsened in 75% of the jejunoileal group at one year whereas it had improved or was stable in all of the patients in the gastric group.", "contents": "A prospective comparison of gastric and jejunoileal bypass procedures for morbid obesity. A randomized prospective evaluation of the gastric and jejunoileal bypass procedures for morbid obesity was performed. The gastric bypass was performed predominantly as a 90% gastric exclusion with a Roux-en-Y reconstitution. The jejunoileal bypass was an end-to-end anastomosis between 30 cm of jejunum and 25 cm of terminal ileum, the bypassed segment of small bowel being decompressed by an end-to-side ileocolostomy. There were 32 patients in the gastric group and 27 in the jejunoileal group. The two groups were comparable in age, preoperative weight and height. There were no postoperative deaths, but the gastric bypass operation was associated with a slightly higher early complication rate indicating it is a more technically demanding procedure. Late sequellae were more prominent in the jejunoileal bypass group and included significant diarrhea in 56% and need for medication in 74%. Kidney stones and cholelithiasis also complicated the jejunoileal group and were not seen after gastric bypass. All patients showed fatty metamorphosis on the original liver biopsy. This had worsened in 75% of the jejunoileal group at one year whereas it had improved or was stable in all of the patients in the gastric group."}
{"id": "PMID:907396", "title": "Proximal gastric vagotomy compared with vagotomy and antrectomy and selective gastric vagotomy and pyloroplasty.", "content": "A prospective, randomized study of proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage (PGV) was done in 174 adult men with chronic duodenal ulcer intractable to medical therapy. PGV was randomized against truncal vagotomy with antrectomy (TV + A) and against selective gastric vagotomy with Finney pyloroplasty (SGV + P). Postgastrectomy sequelae (dumping, diarrhea and reflux gastritis) were less after PGV. One patient after PGV developed a recurrent ulcer as did one patient after SGV + P. Two patients developed gastric ulcers after PGV. Good to excellent results (Visick I and II) were obtained in 96% of patients with PGV, 94% with TV + A and 86% with SGV + P. Follow-up studies were from six months to four years.", "contents": "Proximal gastric vagotomy compared with vagotomy and antrectomy and selective gastric vagotomy and pyloroplasty. A prospective, randomized study of proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage (PGV) was done in 174 adult men with chronic duodenal ulcer intractable to medical therapy. PGV was randomized against truncal vagotomy with antrectomy (TV + A) and against selective gastric vagotomy with Finney pyloroplasty (SGV + P). Postgastrectomy sequelae (dumping, diarrhea and reflux gastritis) were less after PGV. One patient after PGV developed a recurrent ulcer as did one patient after SGV + P. Two patients developed gastric ulcers after PGV. Good to excellent results (Visick I and II) were obtained in 96% of patients with PGV, 94% with TV + A and 86% with SGV + P. Follow-up studies were from six months to four years."}
{"id": "PMID:907397", "title": "Acid and endocrine responses to meals varying in pH in normal and duodenal ulcer subjects.", "content": "Recent studies suggest that duodenal ulcers may develop because of increased drive to secrete acid and decreased effectiveness of feedback mechanisms that inhibit acid output. This study was designed to compare gastric acid, gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and secretin responses to meals (varying in pH) in 12 normal subjects and nine duodenal ulcer patients. Acid secretion was measured by an intragastric titration method which allows actual measurement of acid response to food within the stomach (ten per cent amino acid meal (AAM) adjusted to various pH levels, 7-1.5). Blood samples were collected at each pH level for radioimmunoassay of gastrin, secretin and GIP. Gastric acid and gastrin responses to AAM were found to be significantly greater in duodenal ulcer patients than in normal subjects. In duodenal ulcer patients, acid response to AAM at pH 7 or 5.5 reached 82% of Histalog maximum. Decreasing the pH of the meal resulted in a stepwise reduction in both acid secretion and gastrin in normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients. At pH 1.5, acid inhibition was complete, but gastrin inhibition was partial. Secretin increased significantly at pH 1.5; there was no difference in secretin release between the groups. Plasma GIP was highest at pH 7 in all individuals. Use of a marker substance showed 80% recovery of AAM at pH 7-4; below pH 4, recovery rose to about 90%. We conclude that gastric acid and gastrin release are pH-dependent in normal and duodenal ulcer subjects. Inhibition of gastric secretion by acidified meals is associated with a pH-dependent suppession of gastrin and GIP levels and elevation of plasma secretin. This study confirms increased acid and gastrin responses in duodenal ulcer patients but shows no evidence of defective feedback inhibition of gastric secretion and gastrin release.", "contents": "Acid and endocrine responses to meals varying in pH in normal and duodenal ulcer subjects. Recent studies suggest that duodenal ulcers may develop because of increased drive to secrete acid and decreased effectiveness of feedback mechanisms that inhibit acid output. This study was designed to compare gastric acid, gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and secretin responses to meals (varying in pH) in 12 normal subjects and nine duodenal ulcer patients. Acid secretion was measured by an intragastric titration method which allows actual measurement of acid response to food within the stomach (ten per cent amino acid meal (AAM) adjusted to various pH levels, 7-1.5). Blood samples were collected at each pH level for radioimmunoassay of gastrin, secretin and GIP. Gastric acid and gastrin responses to AAM were found to be significantly greater in duodenal ulcer patients than in normal subjects. In duodenal ulcer patients, acid response to AAM at pH 7 or 5.5 reached 82% of Histalog maximum. Decreasing the pH of the meal resulted in a stepwise reduction in both acid secretion and gastrin in normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients. At pH 1.5, acid inhibition was complete, but gastrin inhibition was partial. Secretin increased significantly at pH 1.5; there was no difference in secretin release between the groups. Plasma GIP was highest at pH 7 in all individuals. Use of a marker substance showed 80% recovery of AAM at pH 7-4; below pH 4, recovery rose to about 90%. We conclude that gastric acid and gastrin release are pH-dependent in normal and duodenal ulcer subjects. Inhibition of gastric secretion by acidified meals is associated with a pH-dependent suppession of gastrin and GIP levels and elevation of plasma secretin. This study confirms increased acid and gastrin responses in duodenal ulcer patients but shows no evidence of defective feedback inhibition of gastric secretion and gastrin release."}
{"id": "PMID:907399", "title": "Pharmacological preservation of the ischemic heart.", "content": "This study was based on the concept that intracellular accumulation of calcium plays a role in mediating ischemic myocardial injury and that inhibition of entry of calcium into cells may have a salutary effect on the ischemic heart. Nifedipine, a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of transmembrane calcium flux, was infused into the aortic root of 6 dogs (5 microgram/kg/hr) during 2 hours of myocardial ischemia while on cardiopulmonary bypass. Seven control animals received normal saline at the same flow rate and temperature (20 degrees C). The results showed that none of the 7 control animals were able to maintain adequate aortic pressure or cardiac output after 30 to 60 minutes of normothermic reperfusion. All had marked left ventricular failure and were unresponsive to large doses of inotropic agents. In contrast, the 6 dogs treated with nifedipine were weaned from bypass either without difficulty or requiring small doses of calcium chloride and norepinephrine. Light microscopy demonstrated more marked ischemic damage in the control group than in the group of drug-treated dogs. We conclude that the concept of inhibition of transmembrane calcium flux offers a new and potent method for myocardial preservation during ischemia.", "contents": "Pharmacological preservation of the ischemic heart. This study was based on the concept that intracellular accumulation of calcium plays a role in mediating ischemic myocardial injury and that inhibition of entry of calcium into cells may have a salutary effect on the ischemic heart. Nifedipine, a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of transmembrane calcium flux, was infused into the aortic root of 6 dogs (5 microgram/kg/hr) during 2 hours of myocardial ischemia while on cardiopulmonary bypass. Seven control animals received normal saline at the same flow rate and temperature (20 degrees C). The results showed that none of the 7 control animals were able to maintain adequate aortic pressure or cardiac output after 30 to 60 minutes of normothermic reperfusion. All had marked left ventricular failure and were unresponsive to large doses of inotropic agents. In contrast, the 6 dogs treated with nifedipine were weaned from bypass either without difficulty or requiring small doses of calcium chloride and norepinephrine. Light microscopy demonstrated more marked ischemic damage in the control group than in the group of drug-treated dogs. We conclude that the concept of inhibition of transmembrane calcium flux offers a new and potent method for myocardial preservation during ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:907400", "title": "Does local cardiac hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass protect the myocardium from long-term morphological and functional injury?", "content": "Twenty-eight dogs were subjected to 90 minutes of hypothermic (30 degrees C) cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hemodilution. In 6 dogs the heart was vented and beating for 60 minutes. Eight dogs underwent ventricular fibrillation with coronary perfusion (VF + CP). In 14 dogs the aorta was cross-clamped for 60 minutes while the myocardium was protected by local cardiac hypothermia (ICA + LCH). Eighteen animals survived. Hemodynamic studies at seven weeks revealed no major differences among the three groups. At postmortem examination, no gross scarring was noted in any heart. Microscopical examination of 14 hearts was completely-normal. In the VF + CP group, 2 hearts had isolated microscopical scars. Similar linear subendocardial scars (less than or equal to 1.5 X 0.5 mm) were noted in 2 hearts subjected to ICA + LCH. Survival after 60 minutes of VF + CP or ICA + LCH did not result in long-term morphological injury to or functional impairment of the myocardium.", "contents": "Does local cardiac hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass protect the myocardium from long-term morphological and functional injury? Twenty-eight dogs were subjected to 90 minutes of hypothermic (30 degrees C) cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hemodilution. In 6 dogs the heart was vented and beating for 60 minutes. Eight dogs underwent ventricular fibrillation with coronary perfusion (VF + CP). In 14 dogs the aorta was cross-clamped for 60 minutes while the myocardium was protected by local cardiac hypothermia (ICA + LCH). Eighteen animals survived. Hemodynamic studies at seven weeks revealed no major differences among the three groups. At postmortem examination, no gross scarring was noted in any heart. Microscopical examination of 14 hearts was completely-normal. In the VF + CP group, 2 hearts had isolated microscopical scars. Similar linear subendocardial scars (less than or equal to 1.5 X 0.5 mm) were noted in 2 hearts subjected to ICA + LCH. Survival after 60 minutes of VF + CP or ICA + LCH did not result in long-term morphological injury to or functional impairment of the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:907401", "title": "Rehabilitation after aortic valve replacement with autologous fascia lata: a sociomedical study.", "content": "In a series of 50 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement with frame-supported fascia lata, 32 were seen for a combined medical and psychosocial examination 10 to 33 months postoperatively. The investigation included a psychometric test battery and an interview concerning the patient's social and psychological situation at the time of the operation and at follow-up. Twenty-seven patients had improved in their New York Heart Association Functional Classification at the time of follow-up. In most instances NYHA classification correlated well with the patients' subjective opinion on their recovery. Those who for various reasons were not able to return to work did not consider themselves recovered. The employment rate after operation was 66%. There is a great need for more information and support to families as well as for more intensive rehabilitation efforts, especially vocational, for the postoperative patient.", "contents": "Rehabilitation after aortic valve replacement with autologous fascia lata: a sociomedical study. In a series of 50 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement with frame-supported fascia lata, 32 were seen for a combined medical and psychosocial examination 10 to 33 months postoperatively. The investigation included a psychometric test battery and an interview concerning the patient's social and psychological situation at the time of the operation and at follow-up. Twenty-seven patients had improved in their New York Heart Association Functional Classification at the time of follow-up. In most instances NYHA classification correlated well with the patients' subjective opinion on their recovery. Those who for various reasons were not able to return to work did not consider themselves recovered. The employment rate after operation was 66%. There is a great need for more information and support to families as well as for more intensive rehabilitation efforts, especially vocational, for the postoperative patient."}
{"id": "PMID:907402", "title": "Removal of infected epicardial electrodes by traction.", "content": "Five patients who had infected cardiac pacemakers with epicardial electrodes have been managed by exteriorization of the pulse generator and placement of an endocardial unit. In each case the remaining electrode leads where detached from the myocardium and removed by simple traction, avoiding a surgical procedure. In 4 patients, sets of cables had been sutured to the myocardium through an anterior thoracotomy, in some instances using Teflon pledgets as buttresses. In one of these procedures a pericostal suture had been used to secure the leads from the thoracic cavity against the ribs. The remaining patient had received a subxiphoid pacemaker also implanted with sutures. This is a consecutive series, and we have had no failures so far. All pulse generator units were bipolar and located beneath either the pectoral or the rectus muscle. All of them were functioning properly when infection was diagnosed. This procedure constitutes an alternative method of management when more conservative techniques, such as closed irrigation and debridement, cannot be utilized.", "contents": "Removal of infected epicardial electrodes by traction. Five patients who had infected cardiac pacemakers with epicardial electrodes have been managed by exteriorization of the pulse generator and placement of an endocardial unit. In each case the remaining electrode leads where detached from the myocardium and removed by simple traction, avoiding a surgical procedure. In 4 patients, sets of cables had been sutured to the myocardium through an anterior thoracotomy, in some instances using Teflon pledgets as buttresses. In one of these procedures a pericostal suture had been used to secure the leads from the thoracic cavity against the ribs. The remaining patient had received a subxiphoid pacemaker also implanted with sutures. This is a consecutive series, and we have had no failures so far. All pulse generator units were bipolar and located beneath either the pectoral or the rectus muscle. All of them were functioning properly when infection was diagnosed. This procedure constitutes an alternative method of management when more conservative techniques, such as closed irrigation and debridement, cannot be utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:907403", "title": "Midesophageal web in adults.", "content": "Stenotic webs in the midesophagus of adults are rare. Including the present patient, only 6 have been described in the literature in English. Clinical presentation is characterized by dysphagia and insidious weight loss in a patient usually over 40 years old. The cause of the lesion is unknown. Based on knowledge of the embryological development of the esophagus and the absence of microscopical inflammatory changes in true webs, a congenital rather than inflammatory basis seems likely. Treatment of midesophageal webs can be accomplished by dilation, divulsion through an esophagoscope, or transthoracic excision.", "contents": "Midesophageal web in adults. Stenotic webs in the midesophagus of adults are rare. Including the present patient, only 6 have been described in the literature in English. Clinical presentation is characterized by dysphagia and insidious weight loss in a patient usually over 40 years old. The cause of the lesion is unknown. Based on knowledge of the embryological development of the esophagus and the absence of microscopical inflammatory changes in true webs, a congenital rather than inflammatory basis seems likely. Treatment of midesophageal webs can be accomplished by dilation, divulsion through an esophagoscope, or transthoracic excision."}
{"id": "PMID:907404", "title": "The surgical management of multiple lung metastases.", "content": "From 1970 to June, 1976, 56 patients who had multiple metastatic tumors of the lung were treated by lung resection. Most of the bilateral lung lesions were removed through a median sternotomy so as to avoid staged bilateral thoracotomy. The surgical mortality was 1.8%. A total of 26 patients are alive at 7 to 69 months (estimated median survival, 20.7 months). Patients with tumor doubling time of less than 40 days had lower survival results (median, 9.5 months), compared to patients with tumor doubling time of more than 40 days (median not yet reached). The type of primary tumor, tumor-free interval, number of lesions removed, and presence of unilateral as opposed to bilateral lung metastases did not seem to affect the therapeutic results.", "contents": "The surgical management of multiple lung metastases. From 1970 to June, 1976, 56 patients who had multiple metastatic tumors of the lung were treated by lung resection. Most of the bilateral lung lesions were removed through a median sternotomy so as to avoid staged bilateral thoracotomy. The surgical mortality was 1.8%. A total of 26 patients are alive at 7 to 69 months (estimated median survival, 20.7 months). Patients with tumor doubling time of less than 40 days had lower survival results (median, 9.5 months), compared to patients with tumor doubling time of more than 40 days (median not yet reached). The type of primary tumor, tumor-free interval, number of lesions removed, and presence of unilateral as opposed to bilateral lung metastases did not seem to affect the therapeutic results."}
{"id": "PMID:907405", "title": "Aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery.", "content": "A seven-week-old infant with aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery and patent ductus arteriosus is reported. During preoperative studies, a balloon catheter was used to occlude the ductus arteriosus in order to define the status of the pulmonary vascular bed. Corrective operation was performed by anastomosis of the anomalous right pulmonary artery to the main pulmonary trunk and ligation of the ductus arteriosus. Preoperative assessment of the presence of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease is discussed.", "contents": "Aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery. A seven-week-old infant with aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery and patent ductus arteriosus is reported. During preoperative studies, a balloon catheter was used to occlude the ductus arteriosus in order to define the status of the pulmonary vascular bed. Corrective operation was performed by anastomosis of the anomalous right pulmonary artery to the main pulmonary trunk and ligation of the ductus arteriosus. Preoperative assessment of the presence of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907406", "title": "Left ventricular subendocardial necrosis.", "content": "The hearts of as many as 90% of patients who die after open-heart operations have left ventricular subendocardial necrosis. This form of myocardial infarction depresses myocardial performance postoperatively and may result in late myocardial fibrosis. It occurs without anatomical obstruction of the coronary arteries and is caused by a discrepancy between subendocardial oxygen supply and demand during the perioperative period. This review of subendocardial necrosis summarizes the author's current understanding of: (1) why the subendocardium is especially vulnerable to this injury; (2) how to predict which patients are most susceptible to it; (3) how interventions before, during, and after extracorporeal circulation can either contribute to it, minimize its severity, or prevent it; and (4) where future study of this problem should be directed.", "contents": "Left ventricular subendocardial necrosis. The hearts of as many as 90% of patients who die after open-heart operations have left ventricular subendocardial necrosis. This form of myocardial infarction depresses myocardial performance postoperatively and may result in late myocardial fibrosis. It occurs without anatomical obstruction of the coronary arteries and is caused by a discrepancy between subendocardial oxygen supply and demand during the perioperative period. This review of subendocardial necrosis summarizes the author's current understanding of: (1) why the subendocardium is especially vulnerable to this injury; (2) how to predict which patients are most susceptible to it; (3) how interventions before, during, and after extracorporeal circulation can either contribute to it, minimize its severity, or prevent it; and (4) where future study of this problem should be directed."}
{"id": "PMID:907407", "title": "Influence of acetylcholine, isoproterenol, quinidine and ouabain on effective refractory periods of atrial and ventricular myocardium in the dog.", "content": "Acetylcholine-, isoproterenol-, quinidine- and ouabain-induced variations of the effective refractory periods (E.R.P.) of the non-specialized atrial and ventricular tissue have been explored in the dog by the extra-stimulus method during total cardiopulmonary by-pass. Acetylcholine significantly shortens the E.R.P. of atrial fibers, but does not provoke any change in the ventricular tissue, whereas a parallel decrease of atrial and ventricular E.R.P. is noted with isoproterenol. Quinidine induces a larger increase of the E.R.P. in the atrium than in the ventricle. The ouabain-induced shortening of the E.R.P. in the atrium is more marked than in the ventricle but is followed by a secondary increase which depends on both time after injection and dose. Hypotheses about the mechanisms of these effects, their importance in fibrillation and their relation to clinical uses are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of acetylcholine, isoproterenol, quinidine and ouabain on effective refractory periods of atrial and ventricular myocardium in the dog. Acetylcholine-, isoproterenol-, quinidine- and ouabain-induced variations of the effective refractory periods (E.R.P.) of the non-specialized atrial and ventricular tissue have been explored in the dog by the extra-stimulus method during total cardiopulmonary by-pass. Acetylcholine significantly shortens the E.R.P. of atrial fibers, but does not provoke any change in the ventricular tissue, whereas a parallel decrease of atrial and ventricular E.R.P. is noted with isoproterenol. Quinidine induces a larger increase of the E.R.P. in the atrium than in the ventricle. The ouabain-induced shortening of the E.R.P. in the atrium is more marked than in the ventricle but is followed by a secondary increase which depends on both time after injection and dose. Hypotheses about the mechanisms of these effects, their importance in fibrillation and their relation to clinical uses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907408", "title": "Comparison of the cardiac effects of ASI-222 HCl, an aminosugar cardiac glycoside, and digoxin.", "content": "The effects of ASI-222 HCl and digoxin on cardiac contractile force, dP/dt, heart rate and mean blood pressure in the dog were evaluated following i.v. administration. Additional studies were performed on isolated, electrically driven rabbit atria with both ASI-222  and digoxin. Our data show that ASI-222 (40 microgram/kg) in non-vagotomized dogs produced a two-fold greater increase in cardiac contractile force and dP/dt than did an equimolar dose of digoxin. ASI-222 caused a peak increase in contractile force and dP/dt 10 min after administration, whereas the peak to digoxin occurred at 30 min. ASI-222 was more effective in non-vagotomized dogs in increasing contractile force and dP/dt than in vagatonized dogs. The inotropic responses to digoxin were not reduced by vagotomy. Studies on isolated electrically driven rabbit atria indicate ASI-222 to be 7-8 times more potent than digoxin in increasing contractile force. These data demonstrate that ASI-222 produces an earlier and greater increase in contractile force and dP/dt than digoxin in equimolar doses.", "contents": "Comparison of the cardiac effects of ASI-222 HCl, an aminosugar cardiac glycoside, and digoxin. The effects of ASI-222 HCl and digoxin on cardiac contractile force, dP/dt, heart rate and mean blood pressure in the dog were evaluated following i.v. administration. Additional studies were performed on isolated, electrically driven rabbit atria with both ASI-222  and digoxin. Our data show that ASI-222 (40 microgram/kg) in non-vagotomized dogs produced a two-fold greater increase in cardiac contractile force and dP/dt than did an equimolar dose of digoxin. ASI-222 caused a peak increase in contractile force and dP/dt 10 min after administration, whereas the peak to digoxin occurred at 30 min. ASI-222 was more effective in non-vagotomized dogs in increasing contractile force and dP/dt than in vagatonized dogs. The inotropic responses to digoxin were not reduced by vagotomy. Studies on isolated electrically driven rabbit atria indicate ASI-222 to be 7-8 times more potent than digoxin in increasing contractile force. These data demonstrate that ASI-222 produces an earlier and greater increase in contractile force and dP/dt than digoxin in equimolar doses."}
{"id": "PMID:907409", "title": "Inhibitory effects of sexual steroidal hormones on the responses of the isolated guinea-pig lleum to acetylcholine and histamine.", "content": "Six sexual steroidal hormones (progesterone, pregnenolone, testosterone, ethinyl-oestradiol, oestriol and oestrone) inhibit acetylcholine- and histamine-induced contractions of the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Different degrees of inhibitory capacity were found. High concentrations of PGE1 and F2alpha reverse some of these inhibitions. This reversal seems to be non-specific and probably related to sensitization of the ileal smooth muscle by prostaglandins. The inhibitory action of sexual steroids might be non-specific as well. But a \"corticoid-like\" effect cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of sexual steroidal hormones on the responses of the isolated guinea-pig lleum to acetylcholine and histamine. Six sexual steroidal hormones (progesterone, pregnenolone, testosterone, ethinyl-oestradiol, oestriol and oestrone) inhibit acetylcholine- and histamine-induced contractions of the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Different degrees of inhibitory capacity were found. High concentrations of PGE1 and F2alpha reverse some of these inhibitions. This reversal seems to be non-specific and probably related to sensitization of the ileal smooth muscle by prostaglandins. The inhibitory action of sexual steroids might be non-specific as well. But a \"corticoid-like\" effect cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:907410", "title": "Absorption, fate and excretion of glaziovine-14C in the dog.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic parameters of glaziovine, a proaporphine alkaloid with neuropharmacological properties, were investigated in dogs. At alkaline pH, glaziovine-14C showed a very high partition coefficient value from a buffered water solution and both benzene and chloroform. When administered i.v. to both conscious and anaesthetized dogs, levels of glaziovine-14C were higher in the heart, liver, kidneys and brain, and lower in skeletal muscle, skin and plasma. The high amount of radioactivity found in the small intestine as well as that found in bile obtained from a biliary fistula demonstrates that glaziovine is excreted both via the bile and via urine in not dissimilar amounts at least in dogs. When administered orally, peak plasma levels were encountered in 1 hr. Cumulative urinary excretion of glaziovine over a 24 hr period was 49% after the i.v. route and 39% after the oral route. By comparing the percentage of urinary excretion or the area under the plasma level time curve (AUC) obtained in the first 24 hr after i.v. and oral administration, percentages of bioavailability were obtained ranging from 80 to 98%. Glaziovine thus seems to possess a very high enteral absorption.", "contents": "Absorption, fate and excretion of glaziovine-14C in the dog. The pharmacokinetic parameters of glaziovine, a proaporphine alkaloid with neuropharmacological properties, were investigated in dogs. At alkaline pH, glaziovine-14C showed a very high partition coefficient value from a buffered water solution and both benzene and chloroform. When administered i.v. to both conscious and anaesthetized dogs, levels of glaziovine-14C were higher in the heart, liver, kidneys and brain, and lower in skeletal muscle, skin and plasma. The high amount of radioactivity found in the small intestine as well as that found in bile obtained from a biliary fistula demonstrates that glaziovine is excreted both via the bile and via urine in not dissimilar amounts at least in dogs. When administered orally, peak plasma levels were encountered in 1 hr. Cumulative urinary excretion of glaziovine over a 24 hr period was 49% after the i.v. route and 39% after the oral route. By comparing the percentage of urinary excretion or the area under the plasma level time curve (AUC) obtained in the first 24 hr after i.v. and oral administration, percentages of bioavailability were obtained ranging from 80 to 98%. Glaziovine thus seems to possess a very high enteral absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:907411", "title": "Measurement of drug displacement of protein-bound bilirubin using gel filtration.", "content": "Gel filtration was used to measure drug interaction with protein-bound bilirubin in 0.5 ml samples of Gunn rat serum, human serum and fraction V human serum albumin. Using sulfadimethoxine as a prototype differences in displacement were found in all 3 sera. The differences between human and rat serum were related to the binding characteristics of sulfadimethoxine whereas the differences between human serum and fraction V human serum albumin were attributed to displacement of bilirubin from albumin to other proteins in serum. Gel filtration permitted the use of small samples with bilirubin-albumin ratios less than 1.0 and provided data that were used for analysis of drug displacement of bilirubin using principles of drug-receptor theory. Ten of 14 drugs found to alter serum bilirubin concentrations in icteric Gunn rats had measurable effects on protein binding of bilirubin.", "contents": "Measurement of drug displacement of protein-bound bilirubin using gel filtration. Gel filtration was used to measure drug interaction with protein-bound bilirubin in 0.5 ml samples of Gunn rat serum, human serum and fraction V human serum albumin. Using sulfadimethoxine as a prototype differences in displacement were found in all 3 sera. The differences between human and rat serum were related to the binding characteristics of sulfadimethoxine whereas the differences between human serum and fraction V human serum albumin were attributed to displacement of bilirubin from albumin to other proteins in serum. Gel filtration permitted the use of small samples with bilirubin-albumin ratios less than 1.0 and provided data that were used for analysis of drug displacement of bilirubin using principles of drug-receptor theory. Ten of 14 drugs found to alter serum bilirubin concentrations in icteric Gunn rats had measurable effects on protein binding of bilirubin."}
{"id": "PMID:907412", "title": "The relative sensitivity of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes to inhibition in vitro.", "content": "The effect of carbonyl and non-carbonyl reagents on five pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes in vitro is described. Specific histidine decarboxylase of rat stomach and non-specific histidine decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) of guinea-pig kidney are more susceptible to inhibition than are aspartate aminotransferase of pig heart, glutamic acid decarboxylase of mouse brain and kynurenine aminotransferase of rat kidney. This greater effect of inhibitors on the histidine decarboxylases is particularly marked in the case of carbonyl reagents, and it should limit the number of untoward side effects which might result from the inhibition of other pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes when these compounds are used in vivo.", "contents": "The relative sensitivity of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes to inhibition in vitro. The effect of carbonyl and non-carbonyl reagents on five pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes in vitro is described. Specific histidine decarboxylase of rat stomach and non-specific histidine decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) of guinea-pig kidney are more susceptible to inhibition than are aspartate aminotransferase of pig heart, glutamic acid decarboxylase of mouse brain and kynurenine aminotransferase of rat kidney. This greater effect of inhibitors on the histidine decarboxylases is particularly marked in the case of carbonyl reagents, and it should limit the number of untoward side effects which might result from the inhibition of other pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes when these compounds are used in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:907413", "title": "Studies on drug metabolism and liver ultrastructure after conjoint treatment with pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile and dl-ethionine.", "content": "Zoxazolamine paralysis, hexobarbital anesthesia and digitoxin convulsions were diminished in rats by 3 days of pretreatment with pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN). Simultaneous injection of dl-ethionine did not block this effect of PCN. Dl-Ethionine decreased, while PCN or PCN + ethionene increased, zoxazolamine metabolism by the 9,000g supernatant fraction of the liver. Dl-ethionine neutralized the influence of PCN and phenobarbital on zoxazolamine metabolism in rats that were pretreated with PCN or phenobarbital for 1 day, and it inhibited the action of phenobarbital on hexobarbital anesthesia. PCN augmented the liver weight of animals given dl-ehtionine whereas dl-ethionine in itself did not. PCN produced SER proliferation in hepatocytes and dl-ethionine caused lipid accumulation, SER proliferation and myelin-figure formation. When administered conjointly, these compounds had an additive effect on the liver cell ultrastructure.", "contents": "Studies on drug metabolism and liver ultrastructure after conjoint treatment with pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile and dl-ethionine. Zoxazolamine paralysis, hexobarbital anesthesia and digitoxin convulsions were diminished in rats by 3 days of pretreatment with pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN). Simultaneous injection of dl-ethionine did not block this effect of PCN. Dl-Ethionine decreased, while PCN or PCN + ethionene increased, zoxazolamine metabolism by the 9,000g supernatant fraction of the liver. Dl-ethionine neutralized the influence of PCN and phenobarbital on zoxazolamine metabolism in rats that were pretreated with PCN or phenobarbital for 1 day, and it inhibited the action of phenobarbital on hexobarbital anesthesia. PCN augmented the liver weight of animals given dl-ehtionine whereas dl-ethionine in itself did not. PCN produced SER proliferation in hepatocytes and dl-ethionine caused lipid accumulation, SER proliferation and myelin-figure formation. When administered conjointly, these compounds had an additive effect on the liver cell ultrastructure."}
{"id": "PMID:907414", "title": "Studies of excretion in rabbit milk after administration of carbon-14 labelled amitriptyline and nortriptyline.", "content": "The excretion with rabbit milk has been investigated after subcutaneous administration of carbon-14 labelled amitriptyline and nortriptyline. The amounts of drug material in suckling neonates from nursing rabbits dosed repeatedly with the two drugs were also measured. It was found that the concentrations of radioactivity in milk were of the same size as the concentration in serum. The concentrations of radioactivity in the organs of neonates, which had received milk from rabbits dosed for five days with either amitriptyline or nortriptyline were considerably below those found in the corresponding organs of the dam. Amitriptyline administration to the dams seems to lead to higher concentrations in the organs of the offspring than does nortriptyline administration.", "contents": "Studies of excretion in rabbit milk after administration of carbon-14 labelled amitriptyline and nortriptyline. The excretion with rabbit milk has been investigated after subcutaneous administration of carbon-14 labelled amitriptyline and nortriptyline. The amounts of drug material in suckling neonates from nursing rabbits dosed repeatedly with the two drugs were also measured. It was found that the concentrations of radioactivity in milk were of the same size as the concentration in serum. The concentrations of radioactivity in the organs of neonates, which had received milk from rabbits dosed for five days with either amitriptyline or nortriptyline were considerably below those found in the corresponding organs of the dam. Amitriptyline administration to the dams seems to lead to higher concentrations in the organs of the offspring than does nortriptyline administration."}
{"id": "PMID:907415", "title": "Blockade of delta9-thc induced hypothermia in rats.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine over a narrow dose range (100 mg/kg i.p.), attenuated the hypothermic response elicited by administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) (10 mg/kg i.p.). Pretreatment with hexamethonium (10 mg/kg i.p.) also attenuated the response. These findings suggest that the hypothermic response produced by delta9-THC administration in the rat is related to alteration of autonomic outflow.", "contents": "Blockade of delta9-thc induced hypothermia in rats. Pretreatment of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine over a narrow dose range (100 mg/kg i.p.), attenuated the hypothermic response elicited by administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) (10 mg/kg i.p.). Pretreatment with hexamethonium (10 mg/kg i.p.) also attenuated the response. These findings suggest that the hypothermic response produced by delta9-THC administration in the rat is related to alteration of autonomic outflow."}
{"id": "PMID:907417", "title": "[Treatment of Parkinson's syndrome with a combination of levodopa and carbidopa].", "content": "It is widely known that administration of L-Dopa benefits patients with Parkinson's syndrome and combination of this drug with decarboxilase does it to a greater extent. In the present study 20 patients with Parkinson's syndrome received MK 486, a combination of L-Dopa and Carbidopa 10:1 (250 mg of the fomer and 25 mg of the latter). The aim of this study was to evaluate therapeutic activity of this drug combination. It was found that MK 486 is effective for controlling clinical manifestation in Parkinson's syndrome. Although side effects were seen frequently, they diminished or disappeared after time of drug administration.", "contents": "[Treatment of Parkinson's syndrome with a combination of levodopa and carbidopa]. It is widely known that administration of L-Dopa benefits patients with Parkinson's syndrome and combination of this drug with decarboxilase does it to a greater extent. In the present study 20 patients with Parkinson's syndrome received MK 486, a combination of L-Dopa and Carbidopa 10:1 (250 mg of the fomer and 25 mg of the latter). The aim of this study was to evaluate therapeutic activity of this drug combination. It was found that MK 486 is effective for controlling clinical manifestation in Parkinson's syndrome. Although side effects were seen frequently, they diminished or disappeared after time of drug administration."}
{"id": "PMID:907418", "title": "[Reiter's syndrome in children. Ultramicroscopic study of the synovial membrane].", "content": "The clinical picture of a 12 year-old boy with Reiter's syndrome, manifested by conjunctivitis, keratitis, polyarthritis and urethritis, is presented and compared with the other 26 boys and girls with this syndrome that have been reported elsewhere. Light microscopy and inmunofluorescence studies of synovial membrane showed nonspecific changes. However, with the electron-microscope two types of cellular inclusions were seen in both, synovial cells and macrophages. Such changes were similar to those described in adults with Reiter's syndrome.", "contents": "[Reiter's syndrome in children. Ultramicroscopic study of the synovial membrane]. The clinical picture of a 12 year-old boy with Reiter's syndrome, manifested by conjunctivitis, keratitis, polyarthritis and urethritis, is presented and compared with the other 26 boys and girls with this syndrome that have been reported elsewhere. Light microscopy and inmunofluorescence studies of synovial membrane showed nonspecific changes. However, with the electron-microscope two types of cellular inclusions were seen in both, synovial cells and macrophages. Such changes were similar to those described in adults with Reiter's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:907419", "title": "[Effect of non-radioactive thymidine on mitosis in bone marrow].", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of thymidine into albino mouse (strains CD-1) at dose of 4.8 mg (180 mg/kg) increases mitotic rate in bone marrow at 6, 9 and 12 hours; this effect begins at 3 hours and disappears at 24 hours. It is suggested that thymidine increases mitotic rate by an indirect mechanism, stimulating DNA synthesis during S phase through activation of thymidoquinase. Control group (saline solution without thymidine) showed reduction in mitotic rate; such a finding has no explanation as yet.", "contents": "[Effect of non-radioactive thymidine on mitosis in bone marrow]. Intraperitoneal administration of thymidine into albino mouse (strains CD-1) at dose of 4.8 mg (180 mg/kg) increases mitotic rate in bone marrow at 6, 9 and 12 hours; this effect begins at 3 hours and disappears at 24 hours. It is suggested that thymidine increases mitotic rate by an indirect mechanism, stimulating DNA synthesis during S phase through activation of thymidoquinase. Control group (saline solution without thymidine) showed reduction in mitotic rate; such a finding has no explanation as yet."}
{"id": "PMID:907420", "title": "Surface fixation as a rapid test for detection of penicillin antibodies.", "content": "Surface fixation has been used to detect antigen antibody-reactions with bacteria, protozooa and in some instances with drugs considered responsible of adverse reactions attributed to allergy. The application of this method to penicillin is reported. The test has been positive with serum from well-proven cases of hypersensitivity but also in subjects that had undergone penicillin treatment. So far, no comparative observations with conventional tests have been made; however, if the presence of circulating antibody is considered the cause of adverse reactions to penicillin, this simple test may have clinical usefulness.", "contents": "Surface fixation as a rapid test for detection of penicillin antibodies. Surface fixation has been used to detect antigen antibody-reactions with bacteria, protozooa and in some instances with drugs considered responsible of adverse reactions attributed to allergy. The application of this method to penicillin is reported. The test has been positive with serum from well-proven cases of hypersensitivity but also in subjects that had undergone penicillin treatment. So far, no comparative observations with conventional tests have been made; however, if the presence of circulating antibody is considered the cause of adverse reactions to penicillin, this simple test may have clinical usefulness."}
{"id": "PMID:907421", "title": "Pathological changes associated with dietary protein deficiency in guinea pigs.", "content": "Feeding a protein deficient diet containing corn and beans as the protein source for 100 days produced marked malnutrition in guinea pigs. The organs most affected were the liver, pancreas, and testis. Some of the clinical and histological manifestations included growth retardation, atrophy of the liver, decreased number and size of islets of Langerhans, and sterility in male animals. The animals showed clinical signs of protein-calorie malnutrition. This could be the consequence of malabsorption, poor nutrient utilization, and reduced food intake which led to inadequate dietary protein and, secondarily, to inadequate levels of other essential nutrients, especially calories. The low protein level and low biological value of plant proteins used in this study were especially effective in producing the severe pathological changes associated with chronic protein-calorie malnutrition. Some of the changes were marked and incompatible with normal function.", "contents": "Pathological changes associated with dietary protein deficiency in guinea pigs. Feeding a protein deficient diet containing corn and beans as the protein source for 100 days produced marked malnutrition in guinea pigs. The organs most affected were the liver, pancreas, and testis. Some of the clinical and histological manifestations included growth retardation, atrophy of the liver, decreased number and size of islets of Langerhans, and sterility in male animals. The animals showed clinical signs of protein-calorie malnutrition. This could be the consequence of malabsorption, poor nutrient utilization, and reduced food intake which led to inadequate dietary protein and, secondarily, to inadequate levels of other essential nutrients, especially calories. The low protein level and low biological value of plant proteins used in this study were especially effective in producing the severe pathological changes associated with chronic protein-calorie malnutrition. Some of the changes were marked and incompatible with normal function."}
{"id": "PMID:907423", "title": "[Evaluation of the quality of tomato paste existing in the Mexican market].", "content": "Quality evaluation of tomato paste offered in the mexican market: In Latin America there are not enough studies about the nutritive value of processed foods or over nutrient alterations before reaching the consumer. A global quality evaluation was made to five different commercial brands of tomato pur\u00e9e with two can size of each brand. This pur\u00e9e is one of the food products with the highest consumption in Mexico. Packaging analysis was also carried out on the canned samples. The solid content and cost of each can showed wide variations. Defects were observed in colour and level of fungal counts. The results obtained in this work allowed to select the best tomato pur\u00e9e, based on the relation cost-nutrient supply.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the quality of tomato paste existing in the Mexican market]. Quality evaluation of tomato paste offered in the mexican market: In Latin America there are not enough studies about the nutritive value of processed foods or over nutrient alterations before reaching the consumer. A global quality evaluation was made to five different commercial brands of tomato pur\u00e9e with two can size of each brand. This pur\u00e9e is one of the food products with the highest consumption in Mexico. Packaging analysis was also carried out on the canned samples. The solid content and cost of each can showed wide variations. Defects were observed in colour and level of fungal counts. The results obtained in this work allowed to select the best tomato pur\u00e9e, based on the relation cost-nutrient supply."}
{"id": "PMID:907424", "title": "[Protein quality and hemagglutin content in tender and dried bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris) coscorr\u00f3n variety].", "content": "Protein quality and hemagglutinating content in tender and dry seed beans: The chemical composition, hemagglutinating activity, protein queality (NPU10) and true digestibility of samples at three certified bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris) var coscorr\u00f3n, tender and dry (recollected 90-95 days and 120-125 days after seeding respectively), were determined. The tender and dry seeds were submitted to usual cooking (tender equals 30' boiling and dry equals 90' boiling previously soaked for +/- 14 hours in water). The hemagglutinating activity in raw tender and dry seeds was similar. The hemagglutinating activity was completely destroyed by these treatments. The protein quality and digestibility of cooked tender and dry samples were similar (NPU10) equals 48,4 and 47,5; true digestibility 79,9 and 80,1 respectively). It is concluded that heat treatments used are adquate to eliminate the hemagglutinating activity and toxicity of the seeds. In relation to protein quality there is no nutritional advantage of consuming tender or dry beans.", "contents": "[Protein quality and hemagglutin content in tender and dried bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris) coscorr\u00f3n variety]. Protein quality and hemagglutinating content in tender and dry seed beans: The chemical composition, hemagglutinating activity, protein queality (NPU10) and true digestibility of samples at three certified bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris) var coscorr\u00f3n, tender and dry (recollected 90-95 days and 120-125 days after seeding respectively), were determined. The tender and dry seeds were submitted to usual cooking (tender equals 30' boiling and dry equals 90' boiling previously soaked for +/- 14 hours in water). The hemagglutinating activity in raw tender and dry seeds was similar. The hemagglutinating activity was completely destroyed by these treatments. The protein quality and digestibility of cooked tender and dry samples were similar (NPU10) equals 48,4 and 47,5; true digestibility 79,9 and 80,1 respectively). It is concluded that heat treatments used are adquate to eliminate the hemagglutinating activity and toxicity of the seeds. In relation to protein quality there is no nutritional advantage of consuming tender or dry beans."}
{"id": "PMID:907425", "title": "Bacterial metabolism of substituted phenols. Oxidation of 4-(methylmercapto)-and 4-(methylsulfinyl)-phenol by Nocardia spec. DSM 43251.", "content": "4-(Methylmercapto)-phenol (MMP) and 4-(methylsulfinyl)-phenol (MSP) are oxidized by the soil isolate Nocardia spec. DSM 43251, which is closely related to Nocardia calcarea. The rate of degradation depends on the capability of a substrate to support growth and is strongly enhanced in the presence of a second carbon source under the conditions of cooxidation. MMP and MSP are cometabolized by hydroxylation of the benzene ring with the formation of the substituted catechol following by ring cleavage between carbon atoms 2 and 3 (\"meta\" fission) to give 2-hydroxy-5-methylmercapto-or-2-hydroxy-5-methylsulfinylmuconic semialdehyde. Oxidation of MMP to MSP represents a bypath of MMP-oxidation. The intermediates were identified on the basis of their physical properties. The enzymes responsible for the metabolism of MMP and MSP are induced by growth with MMP or MSP, but not with glucose. MMP-and MSP-induced cells catalyze the oxidation of a variety of substituted phenols. This indicates a rather low substrate specificity of the enzymes induced by MMP and MSP.", "contents": "Bacterial metabolism of substituted phenols. Oxidation of 4-(methylmercapto)-and 4-(methylsulfinyl)-phenol by Nocardia spec. DSM 43251. 4-(Methylmercapto)-phenol (MMP) and 4-(methylsulfinyl)-phenol (MSP) are oxidized by the soil isolate Nocardia spec. DSM 43251, which is closely related to Nocardia calcarea. The rate of degradation depends on the capability of a substrate to support growth and is strongly enhanced in the presence of a second carbon source under the conditions of cooxidation. MMP and MSP are cometabolized by hydroxylation of the benzene ring with the formation of the substituted catechol following by ring cleavage between carbon atoms 2 and 3 (\"meta\" fission) to give 2-hydroxy-5-methylmercapto-or-2-hydroxy-5-methylsulfinylmuconic semialdehyde. Oxidation of MMP to MSP represents a bypath of MMP-oxidation. The intermediates were identified on the basis of their physical properties. The enzymes responsible for the metabolism of MMP and MSP are induced by growth with MMP or MSP, but not with glucose. MMP-and MSP-induced cells catalyze the oxidation of a variety of substituted phenols. This indicates a rather low substrate specificity of the enzymes induced by MMP and MSP."}
{"id": "PMID:907426", "title": "Decomposition of 14C-labelled lignin and phenols by a Nocardia sp.", "content": "A Gram-positive bacterium which was isolated from a Finnish soil and identified as a Nocardia sp., was able to decompose lignin and to assimilate lignin degradation products as a carbon source. It could release 14CO2 from 14C-labelled methoxyl groups, side chains or ring carbons of coniferyl alcohol dehydropolymers (DHP) and from specifically 14C-labelled lignin of plant material. Furthermore, it could release 14CO2 from phenolcarboxylic and cinnamic acids and alcohols labelled in the OCH3, COOH groups, side chain or aromatic ring carbons.", "contents": "Decomposition of 14C-labelled lignin and phenols by a Nocardia sp. A Gram-positive bacterium which was isolated from a Finnish soil and identified as a Nocardia sp., was able to decompose lignin and to assimilate lignin degradation products as a carbon source. It could release 14CO2 from 14C-labelled methoxyl groups, side chains or ring carbons of coniferyl alcohol dehydropolymers (DHP) and from specifically 14C-labelled lignin of plant material. Furthermore, it could release 14CO2 from phenolcarboxylic and cinnamic acids and alcohols labelled in the OCH3, COOH groups, side chain or aromatic ring carbons."}
{"id": "PMID:907427", "title": "Reversion by Fe(III) of the inhibition by hydroxamic acids of the cyanide-insensitive respiration in the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica.", "content": "The specific inhibitory effect of benzhydroxamic acid on the cyanide-insensitive respiration could be reversed in whole cells of the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica, by addition of Fe(III), in a way suggesting a competition between the added iron and an enzyme-bound metallic ion, both central atoms for the ligand benzhydroxamic acid. The possibility that added metal ions modify the penetration of BHAM into the cells was ruled out. Co(II), Cu(II) and Al(III) could substitute for Fe(III). A linear relation between the concentration in added Fe(III) and the reversed respiration rate was observed. At a given cell concentration, the reversion by added Fe(III) of the inhibitory effect of benzhydroxamic acid on the alternative respiration appeared more related to the degree of inhibition rather than to the concentration in added inhibitor. Increasing cell concentrations required increasing amounts of Fe(III) to reach the same level of reversion. No reversal occurred at concentrations in added Fe(III) lower than 0.1 mM, whatever the benzhydroxamic concentration, the cell concentration or the yeast batch.", "contents": "Reversion by Fe(III) of the inhibition by hydroxamic acids of the cyanide-insensitive respiration in the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. The specific inhibitory effect of benzhydroxamic acid on the cyanide-insensitive respiration could be reversed in whole cells of the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica, by addition of Fe(III), in a way suggesting a competition between the added iron and an enzyme-bound metallic ion, both central atoms for the ligand benzhydroxamic acid. The possibility that added metal ions modify the penetration of BHAM into the cells was ruled out. Co(II), Cu(II) and Al(III) could substitute for Fe(III). A linear relation between the concentration in added Fe(III) and the reversed respiration rate was observed. At a given cell concentration, the reversion by added Fe(III) of the inhibitory effect of benzhydroxamic acid on the alternative respiration appeared more related to the degree of inhibition rather than to the concentration in added inhibitor. Increasing cell concentrations required increasing amounts of Fe(III) to reach the same level of reversion. No reversal occurred at concentrations in added Fe(III) lower than 0.1 mM, whatever the benzhydroxamic concentration, the cell concentration or the yeast batch."}
{"id": "PMID:907428", "title": "Glucose metabolism in Acetobacter aceti.", "content": "Acetobacter aceti NCIB 8554 grows on a minimal medium with ethanol but not with glucose as carbon and energy source. Addition of glucose to a wild type culture on ethanol has no influence on growth of the organism. Growth of a glucose sensitive mutant A5 is inhibited by the addition of glucose until all glucose has disappeared from the medium. In order to determine the routes by which glucose is metabolised in wild type and mutant, radiorespirometric, enzymatic, and uptake experiments have been performed. For the radiorespirometric experiments of the \"continuous substrate feeding\" type as apparatus has been constructed. Of the glucose entering the cells about 30% is excreted as gluconate and 6% metabolised with liberation of C-1 as CO2. The rest is accumulated intracellularly. No differences were found between wild type and mutant. Under different growth conditions and with different enzymatic assay methods no pyruvate kinase activity (EC 2.7.1.40) could be detected. This might explain the inability of A. aceti to grow on glucose.", "contents": "Glucose metabolism in Acetobacter aceti. Acetobacter aceti NCIB 8554 grows on a minimal medium with ethanol but not with glucose as carbon and energy source. Addition of glucose to a wild type culture on ethanol has no influence on growth of the organism. Growth of a glucose sensitive mutant A5 is inhibited by the addition of glucose until all glucose has disappeared from the medium. In order to determine the routes by which glucose is metabolised in wild type and mutant, radiorespirometric, enzymatic, and uptake experiments have been performed. For the radiorespirometric experiments of the \"continuous substrate feeding\" type as apparatus has been constructed. Of the glucose entering the cells about 30% is excreted as gluconate and 6% metabolised with liberation of C-1 as CO2. The rest is accumulated intracellularly. No differences were found between wild type and mutant. Under different growth conditions and with different enzymatic assay methods no pyruvate kinase activity (EC 2.7.1.40) could be detected. This might explain the inability of A. aceti to grow on glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:907429", "title": "Induction of microcycle sporulation in Bacillus brevis spp. AG4 by amethopterin.", "content": "Addition of amethopterin to medium before inoculation inhibited DNA synthesis and induced microcycle sporogenesis in Bacillus brevis spp. AG4. Synthesis of RNA and proteins occurred at a considerably reduced rate.", "contents": "Induction of microcycle sporulation in Bacillus brevis spp. AG4 by amethopterin. Addition of amethopterin to medium before inoculation inhibited DNA synthesis and induced microcycle sporogenesis in Bacillus brevis spp. AG4. Synthesis of RNA and proteins occurred at a considerably reduced rate."}
{"id": "PMID:907432", "title": "[Intraventricular hemorrhages in hyaline membrane disease].", "content": "Twenty prematures children with hyaline membrane disease treated by artificial ventilation under continuous alveolar distension pressure, died after intra-ventricular hemorrhage (group I). These cases have been compared to 20 surviving children, with respiratory diseases of similar severity, and supposed to be uninjured with regard to such cerebral lesions (group II). During the first two days of life, the frequency of important hypothermia, hemodynamic instability with tendency to collapse, metabolic or mixed recurring acidosis were significantly more frequent in group I than in group II. These abnormalities probably promote bleeding; their practical consequences are discussed. On the other hand, perinatal suffering and distrubances in blood coagulation do not take a determinant part. The further aggravation of the neurological status, after an lay phase, unexplained and important hematocrit drop, presence of blood at lumber puncture and, overall, at the electro-encephalogram rolandic sharp spikeswaves constitute the major arguments for the diagnosis of hemorrhage.", "contents": "[Intraventricular hemorrhages in hyaline membrane disease]. Twenty prematures children with hyaline membrane disease treated by artificial ventilation under continuous alveolar distension pressure, died after intra-ventricular hemorrhage (group I). These cases have been compared to 20 surviving children, with respiratory diseases of similar severity, and supposed to be uninjured with regard to such cerebral lesions (group II). During the first two days of life, the frequency of important hypothermia, hemodynamic instability with tendency to collapse, metabolic or mixed recurring acidosis were significantly more frequent in group I than in group II. These abnormalities probably promote bleeding; their practical consequences are discussed. On the other hand, perinatal suffering and distrubances in blood coagulation do not take a determinant part. The further aggravation of the neurological status, after an lay phase, unexplained and important hematocrit drop, presence of blood at lumber puncture and, overall, at the electro-encephalogram rolandic sharp spikeswaves constitute the major arguments for the diagnosis of hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:907440", "title": "The value of clinical question for the cytological judgement upon effusions.", "content": "Cytological investigation of the cell sedimentation of body cavity effusions is neither screening nor method of earlier cancer detection. Cytology rather means in these cases etiological enlightment of a manifest morbid state. You unwarrantedly compress the possibility of information if you restrict the examination of seeking only for cancer cells. The reason for it is the fact that exfoliation of tumour cells or of tumour cell-clusters does not occur in all cases of malignancy and that on the other side 50 p.c. and more of all fluids are of benign etiology. Certainly the specific morphological signs permit per se the diagnosis of malignancy. But the question is in all other cases whether reactions of the hematopoietic system or of the serosa or of both you will recognize, evoked by different impulses. The kind of clinical question will then be the key for a correct cytological judgment. The cytologist acts as a counsellor of the clinician. In such a position he urgently needs informations on anamnesis, development of the disease and reports concerning to the direction of the provisional clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "The value of clinical question for the cytological judgement upon effusions. Cytological investigation of the cell sedimentation of body cavity effusions is neither screening nor method of earlier cancer detection. Cytology rather means in these cases etiological enlightment of a manifest morbid state. You unwarrantedly compress the possibility of information if you restrict the examination of seeking only for cancer cells. The reason for it is the fact that exfoliation of tumour cells or of tumour cell-clusters does not occur in all cases of malignancy and that on the other side 50 p.c. and more of all fluids are of benign etiology. Certainly the specific morphological signs permit per se the diagnosis of malignancy. But the question is in all other cases whether reactions of the hematopoietic system or of the serosa or of both you will recognize, evoked by different impulses. The kind of clinical question will then be the key for a correct cytological judgment. The cytologist acts as a counsellor of the clinician. In such a position he urgently needs informations on anamnesis, development of the disease and reports concerning to the direction of the provisional clinical diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:907441", "title": "[Comparing electron microscopical investigation of cells from mesotheliomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The difficulties of diagnosing cells originating in mesotheliomas by light microscopic methods are well known. Therefore we tried to find some additional criterions for the cytologic diagnosis using electron microscopy. Only the microvilli seemed to be a distinct criterion as seen by electron microscopy. By this we were able to differentiate mesothelioma cells from macrophages which exhibited large appendices of their cell borders.", "contents": "[Comparing electron microscopical investigation of cells from mesotheliomas (author's transl)]. The difficulties of diagnosing cells originating in mesotheliomas by light microscopic methods are well known. Therefore we tried to find some additional criterions for the cytologic diagnosis using electron microscopy. Only the microvilli seemed to be a distinct criterion as seen by electron microscopy. By this we were able to differentiate mesothelioma cells from macrophages which exhibited large appendices of their cell borders."}
{"id": "PMID:907434", "title": "[Placental anomalies and neonatal development of hypotrophic infants].", "content": "The study of 181 hypotrophic children led to the following conclusions: 1. In pregnancies preceding the birth of hypotrophic children, placenta is significantly more frequently altered than in all other cases. 2. Among all the changes observed in the structure of placenta, ischemic necrosis of placental villi seems to be the worst, in terms of immediate neonatal evolution. Hypoglycemia, especially, is most often observed in such instances. Consequently, examination of the structure of placenta allows a prognosis at the time of birth of a child with intra-uterine growth retardation; its practice should become generalized.", "contents": "[Placental anomalies and neonatal development of hypotrophic infants]. The study of 181 hypotrophic children led to the following conclusions: 1. In pregnancies preceding the birth of hypotrophic children, placenta is significantly more frequently altered than in all other cases. 2. Among all the changes observed in the structure of placenta, ischemic necrosis of placental villi seems to be the worst, in terms of immediate neonatal evolution. Hypoglycemia, especially, is most often observed in such instances. Consequently, examination of the structure of placenta allows a prognosis at the time of birth of a child with intra-uterine growth retardation; its practice should become generalized."}
{"id": "PMID:907442", "title": "[Primary nonspecific chronic pleurisy (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytologic examinations of pleural exudate and cyto-histological examination of biopsies taken from the pleura give useful contributions in the differential diagnosis of primary chronic nonspecific pleurisy. In the early stage of disease the cellular findings are characteristic and enable easy differentiation of mesothelioma. Later on in primary chronic nonspecific pleurisy alterations of mesothelial cells can be seen which mimic tumorous cells and may be erroneously taken for mesothelioma cells. Quantity and quality of these alterations of nucleus and cytoplasma of mesothelial cells in primary chronic nonspecific pleurisy can be distinguished from tumor cells of mesothelioma by critical evaluation in the majority of cases.", "contents": "[Primary nonspecific chronic pleurisy (author's transl)]. Cytologic examinations of pleural exudate and cyto-histological examination of biopsies taken from the pleura give useful contributions in the differential diagnosis of primary chronic nonspecific pleurisy. In the early stage of disease the cellular findings are characteristic and enable easy differentiation of mesothelioma. Later on in primary chronic nonspecific pleurisy alterations of mesothelial cells can be seen which mimic tumorous cells and may be erroneously taken for mesothelioma cells. Quantity and quality of these alterations of nucleus and cytoplasma of mesothelial cells in primary chronic nonspecific pleurisy can be distinguished from tumor cells of mesothelioma by critical evaluation in the majority of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:907443", "title": "[Morphological and cytochemical investigation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells of the solid form as compared with peritoneal exudate in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in peritoneal exudate of mice show a more regular round shape, greater and multiple nucleoli and more abundant and dark cytoplasma in comparison with cells of  the same tumor transplanted in the limb. In solid tumor cells activity of naphthol-AS-acetate esterase is significantly higher than in exudate cells which demonstrate higher activity of PAS reaction. Other cytochemical reactions show no significant differences between the two cell forms. It seems that exudate cells are biologically more active than cells from the solid tumor.", "contents": "[Morphological and cytochemical investigation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells of the solid form as compared with peritoneal exudate in mice (author's transl)]. Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in peritoneal exudate of mice show a more regular round shape, greater and multiple nucleoli and more abundant and dark cytoplasma in comparison with cells of  the same tumor transplanted in the limb. In solid tumor cells activity of naphthol-AS-acetate esterase is significantly higher than in exudate cells which demonstrate higher activity of PAS reaction. Other cytochemical reactions show no significant differences between the two cell forms. It seems that exudate cells are biologically more active than cells from the solid tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:907433", "title": "[Halasz syndrome revealed in the newborn infant by pulmonary arterial hypertension. Study of 4 cases].", "content": "In the 4 studied patients presenting with an Halasz's syndrome, the disease was complicated since the neonatal period by pulmonary arterial hypertension and heart failure. Three out of the 4 infants rapidly died, one after pneumonectomy. The fourth is surviving and benefitted solely from medical cardiotonic treatment. The pathogenesis of early pulmonary arterial hypertension in Halasz's syndrome is complex. The possibly associated cardiac malformations, the persistance of fetal obstructive hypertension due to the increase of the flow in the left pulmonary artery, the left to right shunt induced by the abnormal venous return and predominantly by the systemic blood supply to the right lung, are responsible, at various degrees, for pulmonary hypertension. Among surgical procedures to be proposed, the simple ligation of abnormal arteries which take their origin from the aorta seems to be preferable to pneumonectomy.", "contents": "[Halasz syndrome revealed in the newborn infant by pulmonary arterial hypertension. Study of 4 cases]. In the 4 studied patients presenting with an Halasz's syndrome, the disease was complicated since the neonatal period by pulmonary arterial hypertension and heart failure. Three out of the 4 infants rapidly died, one after pneumonectomy. The fourth is surviving and benefitted solely from medical cardiotonic treatment. The pathogenesis of early pulmonary arterial hypertension in Halasz's syndrome is complex. The possibly associated cardiac malformations, the persistance of fetal obstructive hypertension due to the increase of the flow in the left pulmonary artery, the left to right shunt induced by the abnormal venous return and predominantly by the systemic blood supply to the right lung, are responsible, at various degrees, for pulmonary hypertension. Among surgical procedures to be proposed, the simple ligation of abnormal arteries which take their origin from the aorta seems to be preferable to pneumonectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:907444", "title": "[A scala of malignancy of the histomorphological forms of p.rimary pulmonary sarcomas (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of 435 case reports of the corresponding world literature from 1957 to 1972, among them 41 personally observed cases from 1957-1974, a scala of malignancy of the histomorphological forms of primary pulmonary sarcomas is stated. The prognostic chance of survival of the sarcoma patient is rising after active therapy parallel to the maturation of the tumor.", "contents": "[A scala of malignancy of the histomorphological forms of p.rimary pulmonary sarcomas (author's transl)]. By means of 435 case reports of the corresponding world literature from 1957 to 1972, among them 41 personally observed cases from 1957-1974, a scala of malignancy of the histomorphological forms of primary pulmonary sarcomas is stated. The prognostic chance of survival of the sarcoma patient is rising after active therapy parallel to the maturation of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:907435", "title": "[Choleriform diarrhea in a case of ganglioneuroblastoma. Demonstration of a high blood level of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)].", "content": "The case of a 6-month old infant presenting with profuse diarrhea associated with increased plasma V.I.P. (600 pg/ml) is reported. The increased excretion of V.I.P., most probably of tumoral origin may be considered as responsible for the diarrhea. The discovery of an increased plasma level of V.I.P., occuring during a choleriform diarrhea, leads to evoke and search for a tumoral process of the APUD system.", "contents": "[Choleriform diarrhea in a case of ganglioneuroblastoma. Demonstration of a high blood level of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)]. The case of a 6-month old infant presenting with profuse diarrhea associated with increased plasma V.I.P. (600 pg/ml) is reported. The increased excretion of V.I.P., most probably of tumoral origin may be considered as responsible for the diarrhea. The discovery of an increased plasma level of V.I.P., occuring during a choleriform diarrhea, leads to evoke and search for a tumoral process of the APUD system."}
{"id": "PMID:907446", "title": "Muscle fiber number in immobilization atrophy.", "content": "Eight Sprague-Dawley rats 10 to 12 weeks of age had one limb immobilized by plaster in knee flexion and ankle plantar flexion for four weeks. The soleus muscles from the control and immobilized limbs were excised and frozen. The technique used insured that cross sections subsequently cut and stained would contain all the fibers extending from the origin to the insertion aponeuroses. The total number of muscle fibers per muscle was counted from 25 to 50 photomicrographs made for each muscle cross section. Paired comparisons of total muscle fibers in control and immobilized muscles revealed no significant differences. The total number of fibers in control and immobilized soleus muscles was 2812 +/- 521 and 2930 +/- 403, respectively. Therefore, muscle fiber loss does not occur in disuse atrophy produced by external immobilization as has been reported.", "contents": "Muscle fiber number in immobilization atrophy. Eight Sprague-Dawley rats 10 to 12 weeks of age had one limb immobilized by plaster in knee flexion and ankle plantar flexion for four weeks. The soleus muscles from the control and immobilized limbs were excised and frozen. The technique used insured that cross sections subsequently cut and stained would contain all the fibers extending from the origin to the insertion aponeuroses. The total number of muscle fibers per muscle was counted from 25 to 50 photomicrographs made for each muscle cross section. Paired comparisons of total muscle fibers in control and immobilized muscles revealed no significant differences. The total number of fibers in control and immobilized soleus muscles was 2812 +/- 521 and 2930 +/- 403, respectively. Therefore, muscle fiber loss does not occur in disuse atrophy produced by external immobilization as has been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:907447", "title": "Bacteriuria in patients with spinal cord lesions: its relationship to urinary drainage appliances.", "content": "Urine cultures from spinal cord injuried patients demonstrate a high incidence of bacteriuria, with patterns of bacteriuria varying with the mode of drainage. The highest incidence of positive cultures occurs in patients with indwelling or suprapubic catheters, and the lowest in patients who are appliance-free. The organisms occurring most frequently differ from those of the general hospital population as reported by Needham, Smith and Matsen. There is an increase in the incidence of Pseudomonas, Proteus and Serratia and a decrease in the occurrence of E coli and Klebsiella. Sixty-four percent of the organisms occurred in concentrations of 100,000 col/ml or greater, and 65% of all positive cultures contained multiple species of organisms. Cultures taken from urinary collecting appliances and hands demonstrate possible sources of bacteriuria and the need for careful training and education of patients and their attendants and constant monitoring of urinary tract appliance care.", "contents": "Bacteriuria in patients with spinal cord lesions: its relationship to urinary drainage appliances. Urine cultures from spinal cord injuried patients demonstrate a high incidence of bacteriuria, with patterns of bacteriuria varying with the mode of drainage. The highest incidence of positive cultures occurs in patients with indwelling or suprapubic catheters, and the lowest in patients who are appliance-free. The organisms occurring most frequently differ from those of the general hospital population as reported by Needham, Smith and Matsen. There is an increase in the incidence of Pseudomonas, Proteus and Serratia and a decrease in the occurrence of E coli and Klebsiella. Sixty-four percent of the organisms occurred in concentrations of 100,000 col/ml or greater, and 65% of all positive cultures contained multiple species of organisms. Cultures taken from urinary collecting appliances and hands demonstrate possible sources of bacteriuria and the need for careful training and education of patients and their attendants and constant monitoring of urinary tract appliance care."}
{"id": "PMID:907448", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme levels in collagen disease.", "content": "Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes were determined in 27 patients with collagen disease and 88 normal subjects. The mean value for LDH-3 isoenzyme was 20.4 +/- 3% in normal controls, 31.47 +/- 8.9% in patients with collagen disease who showed activity of the disease, and 20 +/- 3.74% in patients in complete remission. Six patients who had positive rheumatoid factor showed higher LDH-3 levels. There was also some correlation between the activity of the disease and serum LDH-3 level in patients with connective tissue disorders.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme levels in collagen disease. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes were determined in 27 patients with collagen disease and 88 normal subjects. The mean value for LDH-3 isoenzyme was 20.4 +/- 3% in normal controls, 31.47 +/- 8.9% in patients with collagen disease who showed activity of the disease, and 20 +/- 3.74% in patients in complete remission. Six patients who had positive rheumatoid factor showed higher LDH-3 levels. There was also some correlation between the activity of the disease and serum LDH-3 level in patients with connective tissue disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:907449", "title": "Histologic studies in animals after intramuscular neurolysis with phenol.", "content": "The histologic effects of the intramuscular injection of phenol concentrations ranging from 1% ot 7% were studied in rats and dogs at from one day to ten months after injection. The sites within the muscle localized by a standardized technique for electrical stimulation proved to be intramucular nerves, either near the terminal innervation band, or more proximally, mixed nerves running in the neurovascular bundle in the interfascicular regions of the muscle. The latter was by far the more frequent site of localization. The procedure is therefore identified as \"intramuscular neurolysis\" rather than motor end-plate or motor point block. Phenol causes nerve destruction with secondary denervation and atrophy, and muscle necrosis, Both nerve and muscle show regeneration which is well established by two months, and almost complete in three months.", "contents": "Histologic studies in animals after intramuscular neurolysis with phenol. The histologic effects of the intramuscular injection of phenol concentrations ranging from 1% ot 7% were studied in rats and dogs at from one day to ten months after injection. The sites within the muscle localized by a standardized technique for electrical stimulation proved to be intramucular nerves, either near the terminal innervation band, or more proximally, mixed nerves running in the neurovascular bundle in the interfascicular regions of the muscle. The latter was by far the more frequent site of localization. The procedure is therefore identified as \"intramuscular neurolysis\" rather than motor end-plate or motor point block. Phenol causes nerve destruction with secondary denervation and atrophy, and muscle necrosis, Both nerve and muscle show regeneration which is well established by two months, and almost complete in three months."}
{"id": "PMID:907450", "title": "Cardiorespiratory variables in middle-aged men.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to assess the relationship among selected physican and cardiorespiratory variables in active men, aged 40-59 years. Thirty-one subjects who had been running for only an average of five years volunteered for treadmill testing, running to volitional exhaustion. For the total group (40-59 yrs), significant negative correlations were found between age and maximal heart rate (HR max) and age and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), suggesting an inverse relationship between these variables. In both the 40-49 and the 50-59 yr groups, significant positive correlation coefficients were obtained between VO2 max (liters/min) and VO2 max (ml/kg/min), between VO2 max (ml/kg/min) and O2 pulse (ml/kg/min), and between VO2 max (liters/min) and V E max (maximal pulmonary ventilation) liters/min), In both these groups, resting heart rate (HR rest) was significantly positively related to HR max and also to HR 1 min after recovery (1 min rec). Overall, however, the correlation coefficients between selected variables were low, implying that the evaluation of cardiorespiratory variables in these age groups should be based upon several variables.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory variables in middle-aged men. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the relationship among selected physican and cardiorespiratory variables in active men, aged 40-59 years. Thirty-one subjects who had been running for only an average of five years volunteered for treadmill testing, running to volitional exhaustion. For the total group (40-59 yrs), significant negative correlations were found between age and maximal heart rate (HR max) and age and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), suggesting an inverse relationship between these variables. In both the 40-49 and the 50-59 yr groups, significant positive correlation coefficients were obtained between VO2 max (liters/min) and VO2 max (ml/kg/min), between VO2 max (ml/kg/min) and O2 pulse (ml/kg/min), and between VO2 max (liters/min) and V E max (maximal pulmonary ventilation) liters/min), In both these groups, resting heart rate (HR rest) was significantly positively related to HR max and also to HR 1 min after recovery (1 min rec). Overall, however, the correlation coefficients between selected variables were low, implying that the evaluation of cardiorespiratory variables in these age groups should be based upon several variables."}
{"id": "PMID:907451", "title": "Durability of monopolar Teflon-coated electromyographic needles.", "content": "The results of a two-year study on durability and cause of failure of electromyographic monopolar electrodes are reported. The electrodes were obtained from the regular stock of three different manufacturing sources. Durability is defined on the basis of the number of patients that could be examined before failure. The range was 3 to 110 with the averages 19.7, 33.8, and 62.5 for the three different manufacturers. Common causes of electrode failure included: Teflon retraction, 40.6%; tip dullness or burrs, 34.8%; structural failure of wire or pin, 13.1%; electrical artifacts, 9.7%; and bending of needle shank, 5.7%. Variations in manufactures' tip contour and bevel correlated with tip durability.", "contents": "Durability of monopolar Teflon-coated electromyographic needles. The results of a two-year study on durability and cause of failure of electromyographic monopolar electrodes are reported. The electrodes were obtained from the regular stock of three different manufacturing sources. Durability is defined on the basis of the number of patients that could be examined before failure. The range was 3 to 110 with the averages 19.7, 33.8, and 62.5 for the three different manufacturers. Common causes of electrode failure included: Teflon retraction, 40.6%; tip dullness or burrs, 34.8%; structural failure of wire or pin, 13.1%; electrical artifacts, 9.7%; and bending of needle shank, 5.7%. Variations in manufactures' tip contour and bevel correlated with tip durability."}
{"id": "PMID:907452", "title": "Experience with an all-plastic patellar tendon-bearing orthosis.", "content": "Forty-three patients were fitted with a new all-plastic PTB orthosis over a period of 42 months. The diagnostic categories were primarily musculoskeletal impairments of the tibia and the ankle, with some instances of injury or disease of the plantar surface of the foot. Improvement in cosmesis, orthotic weight-reduction, ease of donning, marked relief of pain, and functional gains in ambulation were reported. No product failures occurred except for minor cracks in the distal plantar surface; replacements were provided to children within 11 to 14 months, and to adults within 19 to 24 months. Of the entire study population, only four preferred their previous long-leg braces that felt more secure after many years of use.", "contents": "Experience with an all-plastic patellar tendon-bearing orthosis. Forty-three patients were fitted with a new all-plastic PTB orthosis over a period of 42 months. The diagnostic categories were primarily musculoskeletal impairments of the tibia and the ankle, with some instances of injury or disease of the plantar surface of the foot. Improvement in cosmesis, orthotic weight-reduction, ease of donning, marked relief of pain, and functional gains in ambulation were reported. No product failures occurred except for minor cracks in the distal plantar surface; replacements were provided to children within 11 to 14 months, and to adults within 19 to 24 months. Of the entire study population, only four preferred their previous long-leg braces that felt more secure after many years of use."}
{"id": "PMID:907453", "title": "Eaton-Lambert syndrome: reflex improvement with guanidine.", "content": "A 46-year-old man with typical clinical and electrophysiologic findings of the Eaton-Lambert syndrome did not have muscle stretch or H reflexes. With guanidine treatment (42.0 mg/kg/day), all of the tested muscle stretch reflexes except the right knee and the ankle jerks were improved and the H reflex on the left calf muscle was obtained. Latency of this response was normal but amplitude was decreased. The patient's clinical status was also improved. We suggest the basic defect at the neuromuscular junction in this syndrome as the most likely explanation for hypo- and a-reflexia.", "contents": "Eaton-Lambert syndrome: reflex improvement with guanidine. A 46-year-old man with typical clinical and electrophysiologic findings of the Eaton-Lambert syndrome did not have muscle stretch or H reflexes. With guanidine treatment (42.0 mg/kg/day), all of the tested muscle stretch reflexes except the right knee and the ankle jerks were improved and the H reflex on the left calf muscle was obtained. Latency of this response was normal but amplitude was decreased. The patient's clinical status was also improved. We suggest the basic defect at the neuromuscular junction in this syndrome as the most likely explanation for hypo- and a-reflexia."}
{"id": "PMID:907455", "title": "Carpal tunnel syndrome: contribution of flexor tendons.", "content": "Tension in flexor tendons during wrist flexion may play a role in otherwise unexplained instances of the carpal tunnel syndrome. As the wrist is flexed, the median nerve in the tunnel bends around the taut flexor retinaculum. At the same time, the nerve is subject to compression against this ligament by tensed overlying flexor tendons that also bend around the ligament. Experimental data to support this possibility have been collected from cadaver hands. A pressure transducer has been substituted for the median nerve in the tunnel and registered sizable pressures when tension was applied to the flexor digitorum profundus tendons of the second and third digits during varying degrees of wrist flexion. If the profundus tendons are not tensed, pressure in the tunnel remains negligible until wrist flexion reaches its extreme. Thus, repetitive hand activities involving pinch or grasp during wrist flexion may be a contributing factor in some instances of the carpal tunnel syndrome.", "contents": "Carpal tunnel syndrome: contribution of flexor tendons. Tension in flexor tendons during wrist flexion may play a role in otherwise unexplained instances of the carpal tunnel syndrome. As the wrist is flexed, the median nerve in the tunnel bends around the taut flexor retinaculum. At the same time, the nerve is subject to compression against this ligament by tensed overlying flexor tendons that also bend around the ligament. Experimental data to support this possibility have been collected from cadaver hands. A pressure transducer has been substituted for the median nerve in the tunnel and registered sizable pressures when tension was applied to the flexor digitorum profundus tendons of the second and third digits during varying degrees of wrist flexion. If the profundus tendons are not tensed, pressure in the tunnel remains negligible until wrist flexion reaches its extreme. Thus, repetitive hand activities involving pinch or grasp during wrist flexion may be a contributing factor in some instances of the carpal tunnel syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:907456", "title": "Mechanically provoked insertional activity before and after nerve section in rats.", "content": "Mechanically provoked insertional activity was recorded at intervals prior to and through the development of positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle group of eight male Wistar rats in the normal state, and after the sciatic nerve was cut at the sciatic notch. The wave form and duration of injury potentials were analyzed. Positive sharp waves were found to occur prior to the development of fibrillation potentials. No significant increase in the duration of injury potentials was noted prior to the development of positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials. The frequent clinical use of the term \"prolonged\" or \"increased\" insertional activity as an abnormal finding in a continuum to positive sharp waves is questioned.", "contents": "Mechanically provoked insertional activity before and after nerve section in rats. Mechanically provoked insertional activity was recorded at intervals prior to and through the development of positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle group of eight male Wistar rats in the normal state, and after the sciatic nerve was cut at the sciatic notch. The wave form and duration of injury potentials were analyzed. Positive sharp waves were found to occur prior to the development of fibrillation potentials. No significant increase in the duration of injury potentials was noted prior to the development of positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials. The frequent clinical use of the term \"prolonged\" or \"increased\" insertional activity as an abnormal finding in a continuum to positive sharp waves is questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:907458", "title": "Stroke and brachial plexus injury: a difficult problem.", "content": "Five patients are presented, all of whom had middle cerebral artery syndrome with hemiplegia on the contralateral side. All five had electromyographic evidence consistent with neuropathy involving the upper trunk of the brachial plexus on the side affected by the stroke. All patients were exposed to intensive rehabilitation team effort involving range of motion, strengthening exercises, positioning, splinting, coordination exercises and exercises designed to increase ability at arm placement. Three patients regained EMG evidence of innervation of the shoulder girdle muscles after more than eight months, during which time a rehabilitative effort was made. The other two patients have not yet regained control over the muscles of the shoulder girdle by EMG or clinical criteria. The EMG evidence of brachial plexus injury in those patients who eventually showed reinnervation took 8 to 12 months to resolve. The rehabilitation of the patients with stroke involving the upper extremity may have been set back significantly as a result of the neuropathy. It is suggested that patients with stroke and brachial plexus injury probably will have a more arduous and prolonged course in rehabilitation of the upper extremity as a result.", "contents": "Stroke and brachial plexus injury: a difficult problem. Five patients are presented, all of whom had middle cerebral artery syndrome with hemiplegia on the contralateral side. All five had electromyographic evidence consistent with neuropathy involving the upper trunk of the brachial plexus on the side affected by the stroke. All patients were exposed to intensive rehabilitation team effort involving range of motion, strengthening exercises, positioning, splinting, coordination exercises and exercises designed to increase ability at arm placement. Three patients regained EMG evidence of innervation of the shoulder girdle muscles after more than eight months, during which time a rehabilitative effort was made. The other two patients have not yet regained control over the muscles of the shoulder girdle by EMG or clinical criteria. The EMG evidence of brachial plexus injury in those patients who eventually showed reinnervation took 8 to 12 months to resolve. The rehabilitation of the patients with stroke involving the upper extremity may have been set back significantly as a result of the neuropathy. It is suggested that patients with stroke and brachial plexus injury probably will have a more arduous and prolonged course in rehabilitation of the upper extremity as a result."}
{"id": "PMID:907460", "title": "Cardiac output and pulmonary wedge pressure. Use for evaluation of fluid replacement in trauma patients.", "content": "Cardiac output and pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) were used to evaluate the end point of fluid resuscitation in 20 patients suffering from multiple trauma and shock. Eleven patients received crystalloid resuscitation and nine patients received colloid resuscitation. Fifteen of 20 patients had an adequate cardiac output at the termination of resuscitation, but but only six of these patients had a PWP above 10 mm Hg. There was no significant correlation between left ventricular stroke work index and PWP in these patients, either at the completion of resuscitation or during the following three days. Five patients did not achieve adequate cardiac output and four of these patients died, suggesting that cardiac output was the most important criterion for adequate resuscitation. If the goal of fluid resuscitation is to achieve an adequate cardiac output, then PWP was not a reliable guide. Furthermore, using both cardiac output and PWP as a guide to fluid resuscitation of our patients, we found that the type of fluid (crystalloid or colloid) for resuscitation did not influence the course of respiratory distress in these patients up to three days following resuscitation.", "contents": "Cardiac output and pulmonary wedge pressure. Use for evaluation of fluid replacement in trauma patients. Cardiac output and pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) were used to evaluate the end point of fluid resuscitation in 20 patients suffering from multiple trauma and shock. Eleven patients received crystalloid resuscitation and nine patients received colloid resuscitation. Fifteen of 20 patients had an adequate cardiac output at the termination of resuscitation, but but only six of these patients had a PWP above 10 mm Hg. There was no significant correlation between left ventricular stroke work index and PWP in these patients, either at the completion of resuscitation or during the following three days. Five patients did not achieve adequate cardiac output and four of these patients died, suggesting that cardiac output was the most important criterion for adequate resuscitation. If the goal of fluid resuscitation is to achieve an adequate cardiac output, then PWP was not a reliable guide. Furthermore, using both cardiac output and PWP as a guide to fluid resuscitation of our patients, we found that the type of fluid (crystalloid or colloid) for resuscitation did not influence the course of respiratory distress in these patients up to three days following resuscitation."}
{"id": "PMID:907461", "title": "Neoplasms of the large bowel following ureterosigmoidostomy.", "content": "A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the rectum developed in a 43-year-old man 37 years after ureterosigmoidostomy for epispadias with urinary incontinence. The review of literature indicates that patients who have undergone ureterosigmoidostomy have an increased risk for the development of large bowel neoplasia. The median time interval between the procedure and the diagnosis of the neoplasm is 21 years, and the median age at diagnosis is 33 years. The majority of the lesions are malignant and seem to occur at the site of ureteric anastamosis. The suggested etiologic mechanisms and the clinical aspects of colonic neoplasia following ureterosigmoidostomy are discussed.", "contents": "Neoplasms of the large bowel following ureterosigmoidostomy. A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the rectum developed in a 43-year-old man 37 years after ureterosigmoidostomy for epispadias with urinary incontinence. The review of literature indicates that patients who have undergone ureterosigmoidostomy have an increased risk for the development of large bowel neoplasia. The median time interval between the procedure and the diagnosis of the neoplasm is 21 years, and the median age at diagnosis is 33 years. The majority of the lesions are malignant and seem to occur at the site of ureteric anastamosis. The suggested etiologic mechanisms and the clinical aspects of colonic neoplasia following ureterosigmoidostomy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907462", "title": "Small paraduodenal hernias.", "content": "During an 18-month period, five patients ranging in age from 3 1/2 to 79 years old were treated for small paraduodenal hernia. Three had acute strangulated obstruction, while in the other two patients the hernia was found incidentally, during surgery for other causes. As the mortality of obstructing internal hernias exceeds 50%, all paraduodenal hernias, even small and asymptomatic ones, should be considered an operable condition. The operating surgeon must be aware of the various types and locations of paraduodenal hernias and look for them whenever operating for unexplained abdominal pain or obstruction. Contrary to the common assumptioh that paraduodenal hernias are rare congenital anomalies, we believe the rarity of this condition to be due to insufficient attention to the clinical picture and inadequate exploration of the paraduodenal hernia during laparotomy.", "contents": "Small paraduodenal hernias. During an 18-month period, five patients ranging in age from 3 1/2 to 79 years old were treated for small paraduodenal hernia. Three had acute strangulated obstruction, while in the other two patients the hernia was found incidentally, during surgery for other causes. As the mortality of obstructing internal hernias exceeds 50%, all paraduodenal hernias, even small and asymptomatic ones, should be considered an operable condition. The operating surgeon must be aware of the various types and locations of paraduodenal hernias and look for them whenever operating for unexplained abdominal pain or obstruction. Contrary to the common assumptioh that paraduodenal hernias are rare congenital anomalies, we believe the rarity of this condition to be due to insufficient attention to the clinical picture and inadequate exploration of the paraduodenal hernia during laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:907463", "title": "Pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm simulating carcinoma of the head of the pancreas.", "content": "Aneurysms of the pancreaticoduodenal arcades, although uncommon, may rupture and produce symptoms similar to those of pancreatic carcinoma. We describe one patient with a ruptured interior pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm and a large hematoma in the pancreatic head. He had a three-week history of painless jaundice. Angiography was essential in establishing the diagnosis and defining a vascular road map preoperatively. The surgical management involved resection of the aneurysm and vascular reconstruction.", "contents": "Pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm simulating carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Aneurysms of the pancreaticoduodenal arcades, although uncommon, may rupture and produce symptoms similar to those of pancreatic carcinoma. We describe one patient with a ruptured interior pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm and a large hematoma in the pancreatic head. He had a three-week history of painless jaundice. Angiography was essential in establishing the diagnosis and defining a vascular road map preoperatively. The surgical management involved resection of the aneurysm and vascular reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:907464", "title": "Large branchiogenic cyst in a neonate producing upper airway obstruction.", "content": "We report on a large branchiogenic cyst in a neonate. The etiology of these cysts is assumed to be of branchial origin because of their communication with the pharynx and their intimate association with the thyroid and thymus glands. This report documents an additional occurrence of this rare lesion. Physicians are alerted to the fact that, should massive enlargements and compromise of the respiration be present, external decompression of these cysts is feasible.", "contents": "Large branchiogenic cyst in a neonate producing upper airway obstruction. We report on a large branchiogenic cyst in a neonate. The etiology of these cysts is assumed to be of branchial origin because of their communication with the pharynx and their intimate association with the thyroid and thymus glands. This report documents an additional occurrence of this rare lesion. Physicians are alerted to the fact that, should massive enlargements and compromise of the respiration be present, external decompression of these cysts is feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:907465", "title": "Tension pneumomediastinum.", "content": "Tension pneumomediastinum is an infrequently diagnosed but potentially fatal condition. The collection of air under pressure in the mediastinum compromises venous return to the heart and compresses major bronchi, leading to sudden and profound cardiovascular collapse. Although its mechanism was elucidated in the 1940's, when tension pneumomediastinum was most commonly a complication of tuberculosis, the same mechanism explains its formation in neonates with respiratory distress and in patients ventilated with volume respirators. Awareness of this condition will lead to more frequent diagnosis, but, more important, will also lead to prompt mediastinotomy and relief of this rapidly fatal condition.", "contents": "Tension pneumomediastinum. Tension pneumomediastinum is an infrequently diagnosed but potentially fatal condition. The collection of air under pressure in the mediastinum compromises venous return to the heart and compresses major bronchi, leading to sudden and profound cardiovascular collapse. Although its mechanism was elucidated in the 1940's, when tension pneumomediastinum was most commonly a complication of tuberculosis, the same mechanism explains its formation in neonates with respiratory distress and in patients ventilated with volume respirators. Awareness of this condition will lead to more frequent diagnosis, but, more important, will also lead to prompt mediastinotomy and relief of this rapidly fatal condition."}
{"id": "PMID:907466", "title": "Stenosis of the small intestine due to nonocclusive ischemic disease.", "content": "Intestinal stenosis following nonocclusive disturbances of mesenteric circulation will probably be encountered with increasing frequency as patients with low blood flow states resulting in transiently ischemic but viable bowel are treated early and successfully. The case reported here clearly documents the temporal sequence of dated cardiogenic shock and the subsequent onset of abdominal pain, culminating in intestinal stenosis and obstruction and necessitating later bowel resection. The pertinent literature has been reviewed. It is suggested that the likelihood of this complication be entertained in high-risk patients and supportive therapy be employed promptly and judiciously.", "contents": "Stenosis of the small intestine due to nonocclusive ischemic disease. Intestinal stenosis following nonocclusive disturbances of mesenteric circulation will probably be encountered with increasing frequency as patients with low blood flow states resulting in transiently ischemic but viable bowel are treated early and successfully. The case reported here clearly documents the temporal sequence of dated cardiogenic shock and the subsequent onset of abdominal pain, culminating in intestinal stenosis and obstruction and necessitating later bowel resection. The pertinent literature has been reviewed. It is suggested that the likelihood of this complication be entertained in high-risk patients and supportive therapy be employed promptly and judiciously."}
{"id": "PMID:907467", "title": "Mesenteric vascular occlusion associated with oral contraceptive use.", "content": "We report a case of mesenteric venous occlusion in a young woman receiving oral contraceptive medication. Review of the literature revealed this to be a rarely reported association. Discussion of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this entity is presented. A brief review of the literature is included.", "contents": "Mesenteric vascular occlusion associated with oral contraceptive use. We report a case of mesenteric venous occlusion in a young woman receiving oral contraceptive medication. Review of the literature revealed this to be a rarely reported association. Discussion of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this entity is presented. A brief review of the literature is included."}
{"id": "PMID:907468", "title": "Onset of tuberculosis after intestinal bypass surgery for obesity. Guidelines for evaluation, drug prophylaxis, and treatment.", "content": "The association of tuberculosis after gastrectomy is well documented. Two case reports of tuberculosis developing after jejunoileal bypass for massive obesity are presented, with a review of five previously reported cases. Four of the seven reported patients had tuberculosis infection at extrapulmonary sites. Initial symptoms included fever and acceleration of weight loss. The mean time elapsed from the time of the operation to the diagnosis of tuberculosis was 16 months. Guidelines are given for monitoring patients undergoing jejunoileal bypass with tuberculin skin tests. Indications for isoniazid prophylaxis and multiple drug chemotherapy are given. Serum concentrations of oral antituberculosis drugs must be monitored to ensure adequate absorption.", "contents": "Onset of tuberculosis after intestinal bypass surgery for obesity. Guidelines for evaluation, drug prophylaxis, and treatment. The association of tuberculosis after gastrectomy is well documented. Two case reports of tuberculosis developing after jejunoileal bypass for massive obesity are presented, with a review of five previously reported cases. Four of the seven reported patients had tuberculosis infection at extrapulmonary sites. Initial symptoms included fever and acceleration of weight loss. The mean time elapsed from the time of the operation to the diagnosis of tuberculosis was 16 months. Guidelines are given for monitoring patients undergoing jejunoileal bypass with tuberculin skin tests. Indications for isoniazid prophylaxis and multiple drug chemotherapy are given. Serum concentrations of oral antituberculosis drugs must be monitored to ensure adequate absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:907471", "title": "Disarticulation of the knee. A modified technique.", "content": "Knee disarticulation provides an excellent level of amputation in the lower extremity, particularly of the younger, active male amputee. Many surgeons, particularly in England, still prefer knee disarticulation when major amputation is required for peripheral vascular disease. Its use has been restricted over the years, largely because of certain prosthetic problems associated with fitting the standard prosthesis. Modification in surgical techniques to allow the incorporation of modern prosthetic design and materials will enlarge the range of usefulness of through-knee amputation. This is particularly true as it relates to the knee control mechanism of the prosthesis. The surgical modifications presented in this report allow modern prosthetic application to the amputation, with maximum functional benefit and retention of the basic functional advantages of amputation at this level.", "contents": "Disarticulation of the knee. A modified technique. Knee disarticulation provides an excellent level of amputation in the lower extremity, particularly of the younger, active male amputee. Many surgeons, particularly in England, still prefer knee disarticulation when major amputation is required for peripheral vascular disease. Its use has been restricted over the years, largely because of certain prosthetic problems associated with fitting the standard prosthesis. Modification in surgical techniques to allow the incorporation of modern prosthetic design and materials will enlarge the range of usefulness of through-knee amputation. This is particularly true as it relates to the knee control mechanism of the prosthesis. The surgical modifications presented in this report allow modern prosthetic application to the amputation, with maximum functional benefit and retention of the basic functional advantages of amputation at this level."}
{"id": "PMID:907472", "title": "Rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids.", "content": "While rubber band ligation has found increasing acceptance as a method of dealing with internal hemorrhoids, there is a paucity of literature on the subject. This report gives a detailed, step-by-step approach to this technique.", "contents": "Rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids. While rubber band ligation has found increasing acceptance as a method of dealing with internal hemorrhoids, there is a paucity of literature on the subject. This report gives a detailed, step-by-step approach to this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:907473", "title": "Diamond-shaped anastomosis for congenital duodenal obstruction.", "content": "A retrocolic side-to-side duodenojejunostomy has been a generally accepted standard operative procedure for the correction of congenital duodenal atresia and stenosis. However, this operation has the complication of delayed anastomotic function that often requires a use of transanastomotic feeding tube or intravenous hyperalimentation. A diamond-shaped side-to-side duodenoduodenal anastomosis has been performed in nine consecutive cases of congenital duodenal obstruction, with satisfactory results. A transverse incision is made in the dilated proximal duodenum, and a longitudinal incision in the duodenum distal to the obstruction. The stoma is fashioned by approximating the end of each incision to the appropriate midportion of the other incision. Transanastomotic feeding tubes were not used and oral feedings were easily tolerated. This technique offers the theoretical advantage of providing a more physiological gastrointestinal pathway.", "contents": "Diamond-shaped anastomosis for congenital duodenal obstruction. A retrocolic side-to-side duodenojejunostomy has been a generally accepted standard operative procedure for the correction of congenital duodenal atresia and stenosis. However, this operation has the complication of delayed anastomotic function that often requires a use of transanastomotic feeding tube or intravenous hyperalimentation. A diamond-shaped side-to-side duodenoduodenal anastomosis has been performed in nine consecutive cases of congenital duodenal obstruction, with satisfactory results. A transverse incision is made in the dilated proximal duodenum, and a longitudinal incision in the duodenum distal to the obstruction. The stoma is fashioned by approximating the end of each incision to the appropriate midportion of the other incision. Transanastomotic feeding tubes were not used and oral feedings were easily tolerated. This technique offers the theoretical advantage of providing a more physiological gastrointestinal pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:907474", "title": "Falciform ligament. A possible twist?", "content": "Abdominal pain radiating to the right upper quadrant, producing peritoneal signs, developed in a 30-year-old pregnant woman. At  surgery, she was found to have an infarction of the falciform ligament that was excised.", "contents": "Falciform ligament. A possible twist? Abdominal pain radiating to the right upper quadrant, producing peritoneal signs, developed in a 30-year-old pregnant woman. At  surgery, she was found to have an infarction of the falciform ligament that was excised."}
{"id": "PMID:907475", "title": "Recurrent aortoduodenal fistula.", "content": "We describe the second successful repair of a recurrent aortoduodenal fistula (ADF) occurring two years following insertion of the original prosthetic and 18 months following the repair of the first ADF. The recurrent ADF developed at the site of the previous repair, fistulizing between the sutured aorta and the duodenum closed by staples. Despite the admitted technical challenges of reoperation for a third or fourth time, as in the current case, these patients can be salvaged.", "contents": "Recurrent aortoduodenal fistula. We describe the second successful repair of a recurrent aortoduodenal fistula (ADF) occurring two years following insertion of the original prosthetic and 18 months following the repair of the first ADF. The recurrent ADF developed at the site of the previous repair, fistulizing between the sutured aorta and the duodenum closed by staples. Despite the admitted technical challenges of reoperation for a third or fourth time, as in the current case, these patients can be salvaged."}
{"id": "PMID:907478", "title": "Experimental infection of adult axenic rats with Parker's rat coronavirus.", "content": "The pathogenesis of Parker's Rat Coronavirus (PRCV) was studied in axenic CD rats. Three to four 9 to 10 week old rats were euthanized daily for eight days after intranasal inoculation. Rats remained free of clinical disease. Virus was recovered from the nasopharynx and trachea after twenty-four hours and from the lung by day three but was not detected in respiratory tract after seven days. Viral antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescence in the mucosal epithelium of upper respiratory tract and in pulmonary alveolar septae from day two to six postinoculation. Acute rhinitis developed by day two and was associated with mild focal necrosis of respiratory mucosal epithelium. Mild nonsuppurative tracheitis and multifocal interstitial pneumonia appeared by day five and persisted through day eight. Dacryoadenitis did not occur, sialoadenitis was detected in only three rats and virus was recovered from only one submaxillary salivary gland. This experiment indicates that PRCV can be a primary pathogen for the respiratory system of adult rats. In contrast to sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) virus the tropism of PRCV for salivary and lacrimal glands is low.", "contents": "Experimental infection of adult axenic rats with Parker's rat coronavirus. The pathogenesis of Parker's Rat Coronavirus (PRCV) was studied in axenic CD rats. Three to four 9 to 10 week old rats were euthanized daily for eight days after intranasal inoculation. Rats remained free of clinical disease. Virus was recovered from the nasopharynx and trachea after twenty-four hours and from the lung by day three but was not detected in respiratory tract after seven days. Viral antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescence in the mucosal epithelium of upper respiratory tract and in pulmonary alveolar septae from day two to six postinoculation. Acute rhinitis developed by day two and was associated with mild focal necrosis of respiratory mucosal epithelium. Mild nonsuppurative tracheitis and multifocal interstitial pneumonia appeared by day five and persisted through day eight. Dacryoadenitis did not occur, sialoadenitis was detected in only three rats and virus was recovered from only one submaxillary salivary gland. This experiment indicates that PRCV can be a primary pathogen for the respiratory system of adult rats. In contrast to sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) virus the tropism of PRCV for salivary and lacrimal glands is low."}
{"id": "PMID:907479", "title": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions in epidermal cells of pigs inoculated with vaccinia viruses.", "content": "The morphology of cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions in the epidermal cells of pigs inoculated with vaccinia viruses was studied. Cytoplasmic inclusions observed were those corresponding to type B described by KAMAHORA et al. (11). They were subdivided into three morphologic types and were tentatively designated type B-1, B-2 and B-3, respectively. Type B-1 was eosinophilic, granular in structure, relatively large in size, and round or ovoid in shape. Type B-2 was poorly stained with hematoxylin and eosin, granular in structure, small in size, and was a relatively elongated mass along the nuclear membrane. Type B-3 was basophilic, and was a uniformly stained small body. Electron microscopically, various aberrant findings were seen in most of the cytoplasmic inclusions and they differed depending on their types. Nuclear inclusions could also be classified microscopically into three morphologic types. Type 1 was eosinophilic or neutrophilic and had a homogeneous structure. Type 2 was eosinophilic and fibrillar in structure. Type 3 appeared as small eosinophilic bodies. Electron microscopically type 1 was found to be composed of fine fibro-granular structures, type 2 was found to be composed of relatively long filaments which resembled tonofilaments, and type 3 consisted of unique fibrillar structures.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions in epidermal cells of pigs inoculated with vaccinia viruses. The morphology of cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions in the epidermal cells of pigs inoculated with vaccinia viruses was studied. Cytoplasmic inclusions observed were those corresponding to type B described by KAMAHORA et al. (11). They were subdivided into three morphologic types and were tentatively designated type B-1, B-2 and B-3, respectively. Type B-1 was eosinophilic, granular in structure, relatively large in size, and round or ovoid in shape. Type B-2 was poorly stained with hematoxylin and eosin, granular in structure, small in size, and was a relatively elongated mass along the nuclear membrane. Type B-3 was basophilic, and was a uniformly stained small body. Electron microscopically, various aberrant findings were seen in most of the cytoplasmic inclusions and they differed depending on their types. Nuclear inclusions could also be classified microscopically into three morphologic types. Type 1 was eosinophilic or neutrophilic and had a homogeneous structure. Type 2 was eosinophilic and fibrillar in structure. Type 3 appeared as small eosinophilic bodies. Electron microscopically type 1 was found to be composed of fine fibro-granular structures, type 2 was found to be composed of relatively long filaments which resembled tonofilaments, and type 3 consisted of unique fibrillar structures."}
{"id": "PMID:907480", "title": "[Development of intramural ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract in embryo rabbits under conditions of thyroidin loading of the mother's body].", "content": "Ganglia of myenteric plexus in 13-, 15.5-, 16.5-, 19.5-, 25-, 27- and 29-day-old rabbit embryos, as well as in newborn rabbits delivered under experimentally induced thyrotoxicosis in the maternal organism during gestation were studied and compared with those of control animals at the same age. Different methods of silver impregnation, hematoxylin--eosin staining and Nissl's method were used. Total amount of nervous cells and differentiated neurons were counted; numerical data were statistically treated. At early stages of embryogenesis, there were no differences in migration processes, in laying and differentiation of nervous elements in the intramural ganglia of the intestinal tubes of the test and control embryos, that is in accordance with literature data on the placental barrier nonpermeability for the thyroid hormones at that time. Thyroidin stimulates the intramural ganglia development, growth of their neurons, stipulated by cytoplasmic protein synthesis. The experimental results were seen in increasing amount of highly differentiated multipolar neurons in the embryos before birth and in the newborn animals in comparison with the control. In lower vertebrates, thyroxine was stated by Coujard (1950) to influence the earliest stages of the intramural ganglia laying as a result of stimulation effect on the migrational movements of neuroblasts.", "contents": "[Development of intramural ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract in embryo rabbits under conditions of thyroidin loading of the mother's body]. Ganglia of myenteric plexus in 13-, 15.5-, 16.5-, 19.5-, 25-, 27- and 29-day-old rabbit embryos, as well as in newborn rabbits delivered under experimentally induced thyrotoxicosis in the maternal organism during gestation were studied and compared with those of control animals at the same age. Different methods of silver impregnation, hematoxylin--eosin staining and Nissl's method were used. Total amount of nervous cells and differentiated neurons were counted; numerical data were statistically treated. At early stages of embryogenesis, there were no differences in migration processes, in laying and differentiation of nervous elements in the intramural ganglia of the intestinal tubes of the test and control embryos, that is in accordance with literature data on the placental barrier nonpermeability for the thyroid hormones at that time. Thyroidin stimulates the intramural ganglia development, growth of their neurons, stipulated by cytoplasmic protein synthesis. The experimental results were seen in increasing amount of highly differentiated multipolar neurons in the embryos before birth and in the newborn animals in comparison with the control. In lower vertebrates, thyroxine was stated by Coujard (1950) to influence the earliest stages of the intramural ganglia laying as a result of stimulation effect on the migrational movements of neuroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:907482", "title": "[Use of disulfiram in a histochemical study of the influence of different stimuli on the concentration of noradrenaline in brain structures].", "content": "With the help of the histochemical fluorescence method the changes in noradrenaline fluorescence of nuc. septi lateralis, nuc. interstitialis striae terminalis and nuc. preoticus medialis during conditioning and unconditioned stimulation were studied. In 135 disulfiram pretreated rats the depletion of noradrenaline fluorescence in the investigated structures was found after electro-stimulation of feet during 5 min., 1 and 2 hours, open-field behavior and reproduction of a conditioned avoidance response. Twelve hours after disulphiram administration the suppression of the open-field behavior and reproduction of the conditioned avoidance response as well as the depletion of noradrenaline fluorescence in the investigated structures were detected.", "contents": "[Use of disulfiram in a histochemical study of the influence of different stimuli on the concentration of noradrenaline in brain structures]. With the help of the histochemical fluorescence method the changes in noradrenaline fluorescence of nuc. septi lateralis, nuc. interstitialis striae terminalis and nuc. preoticus medialis during conditioning and unconditioned stimulation were studied. In 135 disulfiram pretreated rats the depletion of noradrenaline fluorescence in the investigated structures was found after electro-stimulation of feet during 5 min., 1 and 2 hours, open-field behavior and reproduction of a conditioned avoidance response. Twelve hours after disulphiram administration the suppression of the open-field behavior and reproduction of the conditioned avoidance response as well as the depletion of noradrenaline fluorescence in the investigated structures were detected."}
{"id": "PMID:907483", "title": "[Structural characteristics of the mediodorsal nucleus of the cat thalamus].", "content": "By means of the light and electron microscopy, construction and architectonics of neurons in the cat thalamus medio-dorsal nucleus are described. Differences in the neuronal body dimentions, their form, number of deferent dendrites and character of axonal branching made it possible to define 3 types of neurons. Applying the method based on retrograde axonal transport of exogenous horse-radish peroxidase, it was demonstrated that neurons of type II, contrary to the existing opinion, send their axons into the prefrontal cortex and, hence, are associative-projective. Ultrastructural difference of axonal terminals, differences in the form and size of synaptic vesicles made it possible to reveal 5 types of presynapses.", "contents": "[Structural characteristics of the mediodorsal nucleus of the cat thalamus]. By means of the light and electron microscopy, construction and architectonics of neurons in the cat thalamus medio-dorsal nucleus are described. Differences in the neuronal body dimentions, their form, number of deferent dendrites and character of axonal branching made it possible to define 3 types of neurons. Applying the method based on retrograde axonal transport of exogenous horse-radish peroxidase, it was demonstrated that neurons of type II, contrary to the existing opinion, send their axons into the prefrontal cortex and, hence, are associative-projective. Ultrastructural difference of axonal terminals, differences in the form and size of synaptic vesicles made it possible to reveal 5 types of presynapses."}
{"id": "PMID:907485", "title": "[Characteristics of the structure and functional potentials of the metaepiphysis of tubular bones].", "content": "During early postnatal ontogenesis in the metaepiphyseal plate of the developing rat tibial bone, the borderline zone, the columnar cartilage zone and the zone of macrovesiculous cells differ in their cell composition, structure of basic substance and in functional and reactive potencies, which manifest themselves most distinctly after injection of growth-promoting hormones to the animals. The organic specificity of the metaepiphyseal borderline zone depends, first of all, on its intermediate position between the cartilage, fulfilling further bone growth lengthwise as an organ, and a developing endochondral bone substituting cartilage in the epiphysis. The borderline zone retains these features under hormonal effect. In the zone of columnar cells, it is reasonable to distinguish a layer of cuboidal cells--mature chondrocytes posessing great reactive and reparative possibilities, which become especially distincitive after prednisolon and TCT injection.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the structure and functional potentials of the metaepiphysis of tubular bones]. During early postnatal ontogenesis in the metaepiphyseal plate of the developing rat tibial bone, the borderline zone, the columnar cartilage zone and the zone of macrovesiculous cells differ in their cell composition, structure of basic substance and in functional and reactive potencies, which manifest themselves most distinctly after injection of growth-promoting hormones to the animals. The organic specificity of the metaepiphyseal borderline zone depends, first of all, on its intermediate position between the cartilage, fulfilling further bone growth lengthwise as an organ, and a developing endochondral bone substituting cartilage in the epiphysis. The borderline zone retains these features under hormonal effect. In the zone of columnar cells, it is reasonable to distinguish a layer of cuboidal cells--mature chondrocytes posessing great reactive and reparative possibilities, which become especially distincitive after prednisolon and TCT injection."}
{"id": "PMID:907486", "title": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the thyroid gland under conditions of decreased adrenergic mediation].", "content": "Histophysiology of follicular thyreocytes of the thyroid gland of mice (line Bal) was studied under depressed function of the sympathetic nerve system (antibodies were introduced to the growth factor of the nerves). The data of electron microscopic analysis, quantitative cytochemical investigation and biochemical estimation of iodine binding with blood plasma proteins, demonstrated changes during secretory process in the follicular thyreocytes and in functional intensity of the whole gland. Stimulating effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the releasing process of the thyroid hormones is suggested.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the thyroid gland under conditions of decreased adrenergic mediation]. Histophysiology of follicular thyreocytes of the thyroid gland of mice (line Bal) was studied under depressed function of the sympathetic nerve system (antibodies were introduced to the growth factor of the nerves). The data of electron microscopic analysis, quantitative cytochemical investigation and biochemical estimation of iodine binding with blood plasma proteins, demonstrated changes during secretory process in the follicular thyreocytes and in functional intensity of the whole gland. Stimulating effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the releasing process of the thyroid hormones is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:907487", "title": "[Histostructure of the venous bed of the hemorrhoidal zone of the human rectum].", "content": "In 90 preparations of the human rectum, venous vessels were studied. In all age groups, newborns and children including, trabecular veins with cone-shaped protrusions, intimal \"cushons\" and microvalves were revealed. In the columnar zone, on the lateral walls of the anal canal, they form cavernous bodies in arterio-venous anastomoses. In elderly and old-aged persons, as a result of myoelastofibrosis, thinning of the cavernous vein walls and partial hollowing of their lacunae take place.", "contents": "[Histostructure of the venous bed of the hemorrhoidal zone of the human rectum]. In 90 preparations of the human rectum, venous vessels were studied. In all age groups, newborns and children including, trabecular veins with cone-shaped protrusions, intimal \"cushons\" and microvalves were revealed. In the columnar zone, on the lateral walls of the anal canal, they form cavernous bodies in arterio-venous anastomoses. In elderly and old-aged persons, as a result of myoelastofibrosis, thinning of the cavernous vein walls and partial hollowing of their lacunae take place."}
{"id": "PMID:907488", "title": "[Routes of blood flow away from human spinal ganglia].", "content": "Blood outflow from the spinal ganglia is accomplished along the deferent veins of the lateral part of the ganglia into the intravertebral veins (for most of cervical ganglia--into the veins surrounding the spinal cord artery), from the medial part of the ganglia--along the deferent veins into the longitudinal veins of the interal spinal plexus. Analysing total cross section area of the deferent veins of the spinal ganglia, we were able to reveal a gradual increases in cross section area from the cervical towards the lumbar veins, and a decrease towards the sacral veins. A ratio of total cross section area of the deferent veins to the volume unit of the ganglia substance characterizes capacitance density of the deferent venous bed of the spinal ganglia and is 0.01--0.014 mm2 per 1 mm3.", "contents": "[Routes of blood flow away from human spinal ganglia]. Blood outflow from the spinal ganglia is accomplished along the deferent veins of the lateral part of the ganglia into the intravertebral veins (for most of cervical ganglia--into the veins surrounding the spinal cord artery), from the medial part of the ganglia--along the deferent veins into the longitudinal veins of the interal spinal plexus. Analysing total cross section area of the deferent veins of the spinal ganglia, we were able to reveal a gradual increases in cross section area from the cervical towards the lumbar veins, and a decrease towards the sacral veins. A ratio of total cross section area of the deferent veins to the volume unit of the ganglia substance characterizes capacitance density of the deferent venous bed of the spinal ganglia and is 0.01--0.014 mm2 per 1 mm3."}
{"id": "PMID:907489", "title": "[Hepatic microcirculatory bed of dogs under normal conditions and after radical resection of the liver].", "content": "In 43 dogs two left and two right hepatic lobes were resected simultaneously. Microcirculatory bed was studied by vessel injection and morphometrically. The lobe area and the diameter of the central veins were stated to have a different morphometric index, that demonstrates the presence, in the dog liver, of certain lobar complexes arranged like druses in a rock crystal. Under extensive liver resection, in 15--20 days, a regenerative lobular hypertrophy with a further new formation of the hepatic lobes on the upper part of the liver complex was noted. The ways of extrasinusal blood outflow were examined.", "contents": "[Hepatic microcirculatory bed of dogs under normal conditions and after radical resection of the liver]. In 43 dogs two left and two right hepatic lobes were resected simultaneously. Microcirculatory bed was studied by vessel injection and morphometrically. The lobe area and the diameter of the central veins were stated to have a different morphometric index, that demonstrates the presence, in the dog liver, of certain lobar complexes arranged like druses in a rock crystal. Under extensive liver resection, in 15--20 days, a regenerative lobular hypertrophy with a further new formation of the hepatic lobes on the upper part of the liver complex was noted. The ways of extrasinusal blood outflow were examined."}
{"id": "PMID:907490", "title": "[Method of stereometric study of the intramural arterial bed of the walls of the human heart ventricles].", "content": "Principles and technique for selecting material from the human heart ventricular walls to study stereometrically their intramural arterial bed are described. The left ventricular wall was investigated as an example. Stereometric investigation of the intramural arterial bed of the myocardium is carried out under an ocular grid by the method of dots counting on histological sections, obtained from pieces of three-plane orientation (horizontal, vertical and frontal). To obtain the most informative data on average volume density of the intramural arterial bed along the whole left ventricular wall, it is enough to confine our examination to its six areas (superior, medial, inferior thirds of the anteior and posterior-lateral parts of the left ventricular wall). From each area, at least, one piece with horizontal and vertical and two pieces with frontal orientation should be taken. In order to obtain reliable data on volume density of the intramural bed in a certain myocardial part (a zone of infarction, cardiosclerosis, etc.), it is necessary to take more pieces excised, no less than two both with horizontal and vertical orientation and four with frontal orientation.", "contents": "[Method of stereometric study of the intramural arterial bed of the walls of the human heart ventricles]. Principles and technique for selecting material from the human heart ventricular walls to study stereometrically their intramural arterial bed are described. The left ventricular wall was investigated as an example. Stereometric investigation of the intramural arterial bed of the myocardium is carried out under an ocular grid by the method of dots counting on histological sections, obtained from pieces of three-plane orientation (horizontal, vertical and frontal). To obtain the most informative data on average volume density of the intramural arterial bed along the whole left ventricular wall, it is enough to confine our examination to its six areas (superior, medial, inferior thirds of the anteior and posterior-lateral parts of the left ventricular wall). From each area, at least, one piece with horizontal and vertical and two pieces with frontal orientation should be taken. In order to obtain reliable data on volume density of the intramural bed in a certain myocardial part (a zone of infarction, cardiosclerosis, etc.), it is necessary to take more pieces excised, no less than two both with horizontal and vertical orientation and four with frontal orientation."}
{"id": "PMID:907491", "title": "[Device for determining the elastic properties of the internal organs and vessels].", "content": "Apparatuses to study elastic properties of organs and vessels in small laboratory animals, human fetuses and infants were suggested in the work. Their advantage in comparison with the existing ones is a combination of a highly sensitive intensity measuring device with quickly detachable clamps of a peculiar construction, which make it possible to examine small samples (less than 1 cm) of low solidity (no more than 300 g) and of large stratching capacity. One apparatus has a hand-operated drive, the other--an electric motor and a device for graphic registration of loading and stratching capacity. The intensity-measuring device in both apparatuses has a mobile disk attached to a motionless axis by a spiral spring; the clamps have fixing screws in the butts of a spong. Some data obtained with the apparatuses are presented.", "contents": "[Device for determining the elastic properties of the internal organs and vessels]. Apparatuses to study elastic properties of organs and vessels in small laboratory animals, human fetuses and infants were suggested in the work. Their advantage in comparison with the existing ones is a combination of a highly sensitive intensity measuring device with quickly detachable clamps of a peculiar construction, which make it possible to examine small samples (less than 1 cm) of low solidity (no more than 300 g) and of large stratching capacity. One apparatus has a hand-operated drive, the other--an electric motor and a device for graphic registration of loading and stratching capacity. The intensity-measuring device in both apparatuses has a mobile disk attached to a motionless axis by a spiral spring; the clamps have fixing screws in the butts of a spong. Some data obtained with the apparatuses are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:907492", "title": "[Method of silver impregnation of adrenal noradrenocytes].", "content": "Cell containing catecholamine noradrenaline were reveled in the adrenals of albino rats and mice after fixation in the formalin-calcium mixture by the method of impregnation in the solution of silver ammonium. The specificity of the method was checked up by blocking the noradrenaline synthesis by reserpine as well as by a comparison of results of the method of impregnation of noradrenocytes with the fluorescent Er\u00f6nk\u00f6's method in serial sections of those organs. The proposed method may be used for the estimation of the functional state of adrenals.", "contents": "[Method of silver impregnation of adrenal noradrenocytes]. Cell containing catecholamine noradrenaline were reveled in the adrenals of albino rats and mice after fixation in the formalin-calcium mixture by the method of impregnation in the solution of silver ammonium. The specificity of the method was checked up by blocking the noradrenaline synthesis by reserpine as well as by a comparison of results of the method of impregnation of noradrenocytes with the fluorescent Er\u00f6nk\u00f6's method in serial sections of those organs. The proposed method may be used for the estimation of the functional state of adrenals."}
{"id": "PMID:907504", "title": "[Morphology of immune destruction of the erythrocytes in fetuses and newborn infants].", "content": "In the second half of pregnancy destruction of erythrocytes as a result of immunological aggresion in the fetus may occur in different manners: hemolysis in the vessel bed, fragmentation of erythrocytes, phagocytosis of intact erythrocytes and their fragments. Intravascular hemolysis occurs in immature fetuses. At that, the products of erythrocyte decomposition (hemosiderin and lipofuscin) are accumulated in the epithelial cells of the liver and the kidneys, the pancreas, the thyroid and the thymus. Fragmentation of erythrocytes (anuclear forms alone) occurs in the red splenic pulp and less in the vessels of the other organs. This process has been observed in fetuses after 7 months of gestation. Phagocytosis of erythrocytes and their fragments is done mainly by macrophages of the red splenic pulp as well as macrophages of the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the Kupffer cells of the liver. Massive and long-term effect of iso (rhesus) antibody results in inhibition of the phagocytary activity of macrophages. In such cases, destruction of erythrocytes occurs in the vessel bed by lysis.", "contents": "[Morphology of immune destruction of the erythrocytes in fetuses and newborn infants]. In the second half of pregnancy destruction of erythrocytes as a result of immunological aggresion in the fetus may occur in different manners: hemolysis in the vessel bed, fragmentation of erythrocytes, phagocytosis of intact erythrocytes and their fragments. Intravascular hemolysis occurs in immature fetuses. At that, the products of erythrocyte decomposition (hemosiderin and lipofuscin) are accumulated in the epithelial cells of the liver and the kidneys, the pancreas, the thyroid and the thymus. Fragmentation of erythrocytes (anuclear forms alone) occurs in the red splenic pulp and less in the vessels of the other organs. This process has been observed in fetuses after 7 months of gestation. Phagocytosis of erythrocytes and their fragments is done mainly by macrophages of the red splenic pulp as well as macrophages of the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the Kupffer cells of the liver. Massive and long-term effect of iso (rhesus) antibody results in inhibition of the phagocytary activity of macrophages. In such cases, destruction of erythrocytes occurs in the vessel bed by lysis."}
{"id": "PMID:907505", "title": "[Spontaneous regression of malignant melanoma].", "content": "Malignant melanomas are known to be prone to undergo spontaneous regression (spontaneous resorption). The morphological picture of this process similar to that in spontaneous regressions of nevuses (halo-nevus), pigmentous spots (Dubreille melanosis) and superficially spreading melanoma is described. Six observations of spontaneously regressing melanomas are presented. Resorption of pigmented malignant tumors is similar to radiation resorption of malignant melanomas. It is noted that spontaneous resorption of malignant melanomas does not improve their prognosis.", "contents": "[Spontaneous regression of malignant melanoma]. Malignant melanomas are known to be prone to undergo spontaneous regression (spontaneous resorption). The morphological picture of this process similar to that in spontaneous regressions of nevuses (halo-nevus), pigmentous spots (Dubreille melanosis) and superficially spreading melanoma is described. Six observations of spontaneously regressing melanomas are presented. Resorption of pigmented malignant tumors is similar to radiation resorption of malignant melanomas. It is noted that spontaneous resorption of malignant melanomas does not improve their prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:907506", "title": "[Ultrastructure of malignant fibrosarcoma].", "content": "Electron microscopic examinations of two malignant fibroxanthomas revealed some ultrastructural features characteristic of this tumor. The tumor elements were represented by histiocyte-like, fibroblast-like and little differentiated cells. In some of the latter the signs of macrophage differentiation could be seen and therefore a possibility of their transformation into histiocytes is assumed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of malignant fibrosarcoma]. Electron microscopic examinations of two malignant fibroxanthomas revealed some ultrastructural features characteristic of this tumor. The tumor elements were represented by histiocyte-like, fibroblast-like and little differentiated cells. In some of the latter the signs of macrophage differentiation could be seen and therefore a possibility of their transformation into histiocytes is assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:907507", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the liver in experimental diffuse peritonitis].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in the liver were studied on the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 8th days of the disease in random-bred dogs with induced diffuse microbial peritonitis. As early as on the 1st day of the disease considerable changes of hepatocytes, hepatic stroma, microcirculatory and bile tracts were detected. Dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in hepatic cells were most marked at 4-8 days of the disease. By the end of the 2nd day the edema of the hepatic stroma subsided, but subsequently it increased markedly. In microcirculatory tracts of the liver and greatest changes were found at 4-8 days in lymphatic capillaries, up to their complete blocking.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the liver in experimental diffuse peritonitis]. Ultrastructural changes in the liver were studied on the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 8th days of the disease in random-bred dogs with induced diffuse microbial peritonitis. As early as on the 1st day of the disease considerable changes of hepatocytes, hepatic stroma, microcirculatory and bile tracts were detected. Dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in hepatic cells were most marked at 4-8 days of the disease. By the end of the 2nd day the edema of the hepatic stroma subsided, but subsequently it increased markedly. In microcirculatory tracts of the liver and greatest changes were found at 4-8 days in lymphatic capillaries, up to their complete blocking."}
{"id": "PMID:907508", "title": "[Niemann-Pick disease (Crocker type B)].", "content": "A severe visceral form of Niemann-Pick disease from the first days of life was manifested in the progressive retardation of psychomotor development and hepatosplenomegaly. The disease was complicated by anemia and cachexia which led to a fatal outcome in a girl of 7 months.", "contents": "[Niemann-Pick disease (Crocker type B)]. A severe visceral form of Niemann-Pick disease from the first days of life was manifested in the progressive retardation of psychomotor development and hepatosplenomegaly. The disease was complicated by anemia and cachexia which led to a fatal outcome in a girl of 7 months."}
{"id": "PMID:907509", "title": "[Case of Goodpasture's syndrome].", "content": "A case of Goodpasture's syndrome in a patient of 26 is described. The disease mainly involved the lungs and the kidneys. The development of the pneumo-renal syndrome in the patient was favoured by the occurrence of chronic focal diseases (rhinitis, otitis, sinusitis) which created opportunities for long-term microbial sensitization of the organs.", "contents": "[Case of Goodpasture's syndrome]. A case of Goodpasture's syndrome in a patient of 26 is described. The disease mainly involved the lungs and the kidneys. The development of the pneumo-renal syndrome in the patient was favoured by the occurrence of chronic focal diseases (rhinitis, otitis, sinusitis) which created opportunities for long-term microbial sensitization of the organs."}
{"id": "PMID:907510", "title": "[Lipoma in the region of corpus callosum and vascular plexus of the brain].", "content": "An observation of lipoma of the region of corpus callosum and plexus vasculosus in combination with underdevelopment of corpus callosum in a 58-year-old man (an accidental anatomic discovery; death was due to mechanical asphyxia) is described.", "contents": "[Lipoma in the region of corpus callosum and vascular plexus of the brain]. An observation of lipoma of the region of corpus callosum and plexus vasculosus in combination with underdevelopment of corpus callosum in a 58-year-old man (an accidental anatomic discovery; death was due to mechanical asphyxia) is described."}
{"id": "PMID:907511", "title": "[Morphogenesis of atypical myocardial infarct].", "content": "Morphology of atypical myocardial infarctions and their morphogenesis were studied in 120 cases. The importance of atherosclerosis as the background process, the secondary development of coronary thrombosis and the leading role of metabolic factors (hypoxy, acidosis, etc) in the origin of atypical myocardial infarctions were established.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of atypical myocardial infarct]. Morphology of atypical myocardial infarctions and their morphogenesis were studied in 120 cases. The importance of atherosclerosis as the background process, the secondary development of coronary thrombosis and the leading role of metabolic factors (hypoxy, acidosis, etc) in the origin of atypical myocardial infarctions were established."}
{"id": "PMID:907512", "title": "[Ultrastructure of heart vessels in rheumatism].", "content": "Blood and lymphatic vessels in patients with rheumatic heart lesions in active and inactive phases of rheumatism were studied electron-microscopically and electron-histochemically. In the active phase of the disease there were revealed dystrophic changes in endothelial and smooth-muscle cells, fragmentation of the inner elastic membrane, the splitting of collagenic fibrils of media and adventita. In the invactive phase dystrophic changes in cells were not observed in media and adventitia, an increase in the amount of collagenic structures was noted, and in hyalinized walls of arteries there were considerable aggregations of material identical to the substance of the basal membranes of the endothelium and smooth-muscle cells. These changes were combined with evidences of elevated permeability (extravasates) and vulnability to injuries (micro-hemorrhages) in the micro-blood vessels of the myocardium.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of heart vessels in rheumatism]. Blood and lymphatic vessels in patients with rheumatic heart lesions in active and inactive phases of rheumatism were studied electron-microscopically and electron-histochemically. In the active phase of the disease there were revealed dystrophic changes in endothelial and smooth-muscle cells, fragmentation of the inner elastic membrane, the splitting of collagenic fibrils of media and adventita. In the invactive phase dystrophic changes in cells were not observed in media and adventitia, an increase in the amount of collagenic structures was noted, and in hyalinized walls of arteries there were considerable aggregations of material identical to the substance of the basal membranes of the endothelium and smooth-muscle cells. These changes were combined with evidences of elevated permeability (extravasates) and vulnability to injuries (micro-hemorrhages) in the micro-blood vessels of the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:907513", "title": "[Morphological indicators of the peripheral blood leukocytes at different periods of development of myocardial infarct (experimental study)].", "content": "The morpho-functional features of peripheral blood leukocytes were studied in 50 rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction at various intervals after ligation of the anterior interventricle artery. Changes in the leukocytes were compared with the morphological picture of myocardial infarction. In the acute period of experimental myocardial infarction not only quantitative changes were found to occur but also functional values of leukocytes changes: the content of glycogen and the activities of peroxidase and phagocytic activity of granulocytes were reduced, while the activity of alkaline phosphatase increased. Electron microscopic examinations of lymphocytes revealed ultrastructural changes in mitochondria. In the subacute period of the disease some of the values showed a trend for normalization. In the period of recuperation when the zone of infarction in rabbits is replaced by crude fiber connective tissue all the values under study in the peripheral blood became normal. The exceptions were the animals with extensive as well as complicated myocardial infarctions.", "contents": "[Morphological indicators of the peripheral blood leukocytes at different periods of development of myocardial infarct (experimental study)]. The morpho-functional features of peripheral blood leukocytes were studied in 50 rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction at various intervals after ligation of the anterior interventricle artery. Changes in the leukocytes were compared with the morphological picture of myocardial infarction. In the acute period of experimental myocardial infarction not only quantitative changes were found to occur but also functional values of leukocytes changes: the content of glycogen and the activities of peroxidase and phagocytic activity of granulocytes were reduced, while the activity of alkaline phosphatase increased. Electron microscopic examinations of lymphocytes revealed ultrastructural changes in mitochondria. In the subacute period of the disease some of the values showed a trend for normalization. In the period of recuperation when the zone of infarction in rabbits is replaced by crude fiber connective tissue all the values under study in the peripheral blood became normal. The exceptions were the animals with extensive as well as complicated myocardial infarctions."}
{"id": "PMID:907514", "title": "[Pathological anatomy and pathogenesis of influenza].", "content": "The analysis of most important publications and the authors' own data on the pathological anatomy and pathogenesis of influenza are presented. Severe complicated forms of influenza are characterized by the development of acute bacterial tracheobronchites which are the source of staphylococcal aspirations into the lungs. The degree of severity of developing pneumonias is determined to a large extent by destructive changes in the lungs. The destruction of osmiophilic bodies in the alveolar epithelium and the disturbance of the surfactant system is conducive to pulmonary edema. An important role in the involvement of the lungs and other organs is played by viralstaphylococcal toxicity. Lymphoid-macrophage and leukocyte reactions responsible for the production of antibody, interferon, and other factors of resistance are very important for protection against influenza. During epidemics, particular attention should be paid to combinations of influenza with cardio-vascular diseases.", "contents": "[Pathological anatomy and pathogenesis of influenza]. The analysis of most important publications and the authors' own data on the pathological anatomy and pathogenesis of influenza are presented. Severe complicated forms of influenza are characterized by the development of acute bacterial tracheobronchites which are the source of staphylococcal aspirations into the lungs. The degree of severity of developing pneumonias is determined to a large extent by destructive changes in the lungs. The destruction of osmiophilic bodies in the alveolar epithelium and the disturbance of the surfactant system is conducive to pulmonary edema. An important role in the involvement of the lungs and other organs is played by viralstaphylococcal toxicity. Lymphoid-macrophage and leukocyte reactions responsible for the production of antibody, interferon, and other factors of resistance are very important for protection against influenza. During epidemics, particular attention should be paid to combinations of influenza with cardio-vascular diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:907515", "title": "[Angiographic and anatomical study of the coronary vessels in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Collations were made of the results of angioroentgenological and standard anatomic studies of the coronary vessels in 40 elderly and old persons who had died of ischemic heart disease. The post mortem coronarography showed that the indices of the incidence of stenoses and occlusions of the major coronary arteries were more elevated.", "contents": "[Angiographic and anatomical study of the coronary vessels in ischemic heart disease]. Collations were made of the results of angioroentgenological and standard anatomic studies of the coronary vessels in 40 elderly and old persons who had died of ischemic heart disease. The post mortem coronarography showed that the indices of the incidence of stenoses and occlusions of the major coronary arteries were more elevated."}
{"id": "PMID:907516", "title": "[Pathological anatomy of splenic lymphogranulomatosis (according to the materials of diagnostic laparotomy)].", "content": "The study of 48 cases of spleen lymphogranulomatosis showed lymphogranulomatous growths to be localized only in the periphery of lymphoid follicles. In the early stages of the disease (before the appearance of Berezovsky-Sternberg cells) of the spleen the occurrence of Hodgkin cells is specific when the diagnosis is confirmed histologically before the operation by examinations of the lymph node bioptate. Lymphogranulomatous growths in the spleen appear against the background of hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles which is most likely to be of reactive nature. Lymphogranulomatous growths in the spleen may correspond to any of 4 morphological variants of the disease (according to the classification of Lukes et al., 1966) which are its successive stages: lymphohistiocytic variant--mixed cell--lymphoid exhaustion. Similar changes of the cell composition in the granulomatous tissue occur in cases of lymphogranulomatosis with nodular sclerosis.", "contents": "[Pathological anatomy of splenic lymphogranulomatosis (according to the materials of diagnostic laparotomy)]. The study of 48 cases of spleen lymphogranulomatosis showed lymphogranulomatous growths to be localized only in the periphery of lymphoid follicles. In the early stages of the disease (before the appearance of Berezovsky-Sternberg cells) of the spleen the occurrence of Hodgkin cells is specific when the diagnosis is confirmed histologically before the operation by examinations of the lymph node bioptate. Lymphogranulomatous growths in the spleen appear against the background of hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles which is most likely to be of reactive nature. Lymphogranulomatous growths in the spleen may correspond to any of 4 morphological variants of the disease (according to the classification of Lukes et al., 1966) which are its successive stages: lymphohistiocytic variant--mixed cell--lymphoid exhaustion. Similar changes of the cell composition in the granulomatous tissue occur in cases of lymphogranulomatosis with nodular sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:907517", "title": "[Immunomorphological study of melatonin synthesis in the enterochromaffin cells].", "content": "A specific immunomorphological method was used to localize melatonin. It is emphasized that the detection of melatonin production in enterochromaffin cells extends considerably the concepts on the role and importance of these cells in the vital activity of the body and formation of pathological reactions.", "contents": "[Immunomorphological study of melatonin synthesis in the enterochromaffin cells]. A specific immunomorphological method was used to localize melatonin. It is emphasized that the detection of melatonin production in enterochromaffin cells extends considerably the concepts on the role and importance of these cells in the vital activity of the body and formation of pathological reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:907518", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the rabbit aorta in early stages of experimental atherosclerosis].", "content": "First morphological (ultrastructural) signs of atherosclerotic changes in arteries have been shown to appear in the second week of keeping of rabbits on an atherogenic diet. They are manifested in the changes of \"glycocalix\" on the endothelium, disorders in the vessel wall permeability, distention and mucoid swelling of the subendothelial space, vacuolation of endothelial and smooth-muscle cells, and fragmentation of elastic fibers. The foamy cells appearing by 4 weeks of the experiment from the smooth-muscle cells migrating into the intima through fenestrations of the inner elastic membrane. As lipids accumulate, myointimal foamy cells undergo some ultrastructural changes such as swelling and loss of mitochondria, distention and vacuolation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Dystrophic changes are found not only in the intima of forming plaques but also in smooth-muscle cells of the adjacent parts of tunica media.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the rabbit aorta in early stages of experimental atherosclerosis]. First morphological (ultrastructural) signs of atherosclerotic changes in arteries have been shown to appear in the second week of keeping of rabbits on an atherogenic diet. They are manifested in the changes of \"glycocalix\" on the endothelium, disorders in the vessel wall permeability, distention and mucoid swelling of the subendothelial space, vacuolation of endothelial and smooth-muscle cells, and fragmentation of elastic fibers. The foamy cells appearing by 4 weeks of the experiment from the smooth-muscle cells migrating into the intima through fenestrations of the inner elastic membrane. As lipids accumulate, myointimal foamy cells undergo some ultrastructural changes such as swelling and loss of mitochondria, distention and vacuolation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Dystrophic changes are found not only in the intima of forming plaques but also in smooth-muscle cells of the adjacent parts of tunica media."}
{"id": "PMID:907519", "title": "[Formation of microliths in the kidneys of rats on a diet with high RNA content].", "content": "When 25% RNA to the protein mass was introduced in the ration given to rats, deposition of urates occurred in the kidneys of the animals in the form of microlites of different sizes. These microlites were found in lumina of distal parts of the convoluted tubules and collective tubules at 21 days of the experiment. In addition to RNA, microlites included RNA, neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides, as well as calcium salts. The epithelium of the tubules at sites of microlite localization underwent necrobiotic changes, sometimes it was desquamated, and the walls of the tubules were represented only by a markedly thickened basal membrane. As a rule, no interstitial tissue reaction was observed at sites of microlites localization.", "contents": "[Formation of microliths in the kidneys of rats on a diet with high RNA content]. When 25% RNA to the protein mass was introduced in the ration given to rats, deposition of urates occurred in the kidneys of the animals in the form of microlites of different sizes. These microlites were found in lumina of distal parts of the convoluted tubules and collective tubules at 21 days of the experiment. In addition to RNA, microlites included RNA, neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides, as well as calcium salts. The epithelium of the tubules at sites of microlite localization underwent necrobiotic changes, sometimes it was desquamated, and the walls of the tubules were represented only by a markedly thickened basal membrane. As a rule, no interstitial tissue reaction was observed at sites of microlites localization."}
{"id": "PMID:907520", "title": "[Cancer developing in the adenoma of the parathyroid gland].", "content": "A description of a very rare malignant tumor, cancer of the parathyroid gland which developed in adenoma of this gland is presented. The histological study of the tumor revealed an adenoma of the trabecular structure consisting mostly of dark oxyphilic cells. In its turn, an area of trabecular cancer was found in the adenoma. Complexes of cancer cells infiltrated the adenomal tissue in some sites, but never grew through its capsule. The tumor was hormonally active like most cancers of the parathyroid gland. A particular feature of this case is the development of cancer in adenoma of the parathyroid gland which did not grow beyond the adenoma and produced no metastases.", "contents": "[Cancer developing in the adenoma of the parathyroid gland]. A description of a very rare malignant tumor, cancer of the parathyroid gland which developed in adenoma of this gland is presented. The histological study of the tumor revealed an adenoma of the trabecular structure consisting mostly of dark oxyphilic cells. In its turn, an area of trabecular cancer was found in the adenoma. Complexes of cancer cells infiltrated the adenomal tissue in some sites, but never grew through its capsule. The tumor was hormonally active like most cancers of the parathyroid gland. A particular feature of this case is the development of cancer in adenoma of the parathyroid gland which did not grow beyond the adenoma and produced no metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:907521", "title": "[Chondrosarcoma of the base of the tongue].", "content": "A case of chondrosarcoma of the root of the tongue diagnosed as cylindroma in a woman of 51 is described. The tumor was 4 cm in diameter. It is noted that such neoplasia occurs rarely, the localization of the tumor is unusual and metastases into the lungs developed rapidly.", "contents": "[Chondrosarcoma of the base of the tongue]. A case of chondrosarcoma of the root of the tongue diagnosed as cylindroma in a woman of 51 is described. The tumor was 4 cm in diameter. It is noted that such neoplasia occurs rarely, the localization of the tumor is unusual and metastases into the lungs developed rapidly."}
{"id": "PMID:907529", "title": "Conduction in myelinated, unmyelinated, and demyelinated fibers.", "content": "Conduction in demyelinated axons is characterized by decreased conduction velocity, temporal dispersion of impulses, and conduction failure. It is not possible to infer the electrical properties of the bared internodal axon membrane in demyelinated fibers from observations of decreased conduction velocity or conduction failure. Cytochemical evidence indicates that there are, in fact, distinct structural differences between nodal and internodal regions of the normal axon membrane. This conclusion is confirmed by freeze-fracture and pharmacological studies. A number of approaches to the development of effective symptomatic therapy in the demyelinating diseases are suggested by recent experimental findings: determination of the membrane properties necessary for conduction across focally demyelinated regions and the identification of agents that would encourage the development of these properties; alterations in the external milieu of demyelinated fibers; and the development of agents that might promote remyelination.", "contents": "Conduction in myelinated, unmyelinated, and demyelinated fibers. Conduction in demyelinated axons is characterized by decreased conduction velocity, temporal dispersion of impulses, and conduction failure. It is not possible to infer the electrical properties of the bared internodal axon membrane in demyelinated fibers from observations of decreased conduction velocity or conduction failure. Cytochemical evidence indicates that there are, in fact, distinct structural differences between nodal and internodal regions of the normal axon membrane. This conclusion is confirmed by freeze-fracture and pharmacological studies. A number of approaches to the development of effective symptomatic therapy in the demyelinating diseases are suggested by recent experimental findings: determination of the membrane properties necessary for conduction across focally demyelinated regions and the identification of agents that would encourage the development of these properties; alterations in the external milieu of demyelinated fibers; and the development of agents that might promote remyelination."}
{"id": "PMID:907530", "title": "Isotope localization of infarcts in aphasia.", "content": "Radionucleide localization of infarcts producing aphasia was undertaken in 65 patients with a scan-test and onset-test interval of one months or less. The scans were traced on anatomical templates without knowledge of the aphasias. A phasics were classified by their test scores according to taxonomic criteria, independently from localization. Scans belonging to each clinically distinct group were overlapped \"blindly\". The results showed distinct areas for Broca's conduction and Wernicke's aphasics along the parasylvian axis of the lateral templates. Lesions of global aphasics covered all these areas, while transcorticals were outside of them. Lesion size and severity of aphasia showed significant correlation. It is concluded that a brief systematic survey of aphasia like ours is useful in predicting the anteroposterior location and often the depth and extent of lesions.", "contents": "Isotope localization of infarcts in aphasia. Radionucleide localization of infarcts producing aphasia was undertaken in 65 patients with a scan-test and onset-test interval of one months or less. The scans were traced on anatomical templates without knowledge of the aphasias. A phasics were classified by their test scores according to taxonomic criteria, independently from localization. Scans belonging to each clinically distinct group were overlapped \"blindly\". The results showed distinct areas for Broca's conduction and Wernicke's aphasics along the parasylvian axis of the lateral templates. Lesions of global aphasics covered all these areas, while transcorticals were outside of them. Lesion size and severity of aphasia showed significant correlation. It is concluded that a brief systematic survey of aphasia like ours is useful in predicting the anteroposterior location and often the depth and extent of lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:907531", "title": "Cranial computerized tomography. A radiologic-pathologic correlation.", "content": "One hundred twenty-three patients having cranial computerized tomography (CT) within two months of death were reviewed to determine the accuracy of CT. Those patients having scans within two weeks of death on the 160-matrix EMI head scanner had a false-negative rate of 11%. Approximately one third of all lesions 1 cm or more were not demonstrated. Computerized tomography appears to be the most sensitive neuroradiologic diagnostic tool, but certainly is not infallible.", "contents": "Cranial computerized tomography. A radiologic-pathologic correlation. One hundred twenty-three patients having cranial computerized tomography (CT) within two months of death were reviewed to determine the accuracy of CT. Those patients having scans within two weeks of death on the 160-matrix EMI head scanner had a false-negative rate of 11%. Approximately one third of all lesions 1 cm or more were not demonstrated. Computerized tomography appears to be the most sensitive neuroradiologic diagnostic tool, but certainly is not infallible."}
{"id": "PMID:907532", "title": "Herpes simplex encephalitis treated with vidarabine (adenine arabinoside).", "content": "Vidarabine, an antiviral chemotherapeutic agent shown to have in vitro activity against the herpes group of viruses, was administered to five patients with brain biopsy-proved herpes simplex virus encephalitis. The mortality in this small number of patients (one of five or 20%) was less than that in most published reports of patients receiving other treatment modalities or no treatment other than supportive measures. No apparent toxicity was found that was attributable to vidarabine. Neuropsychological impairment of varying degree was noted in four surviving patients tested at two months after treatment and again 12 to 21 months later. Progressive improvement had occurred in three.", "contents": "Herpes simplex encephalitis treated with vidarabine (adenine arabinoside). Vidarabine, an antiviral chemotherapeutic agent shown to have in vitro activity against the herpes group of viruses, was administered to five patients with brain biopsy-proved herpes simplex virus encephalitis. The mortality in this small number of patients (one of five or 20%) was less than that in most published reports of patients receiving other treatment modalities or no treatment other than supportive measures. No apparent toxicity was found that was attributable to vidarabine. Neuropsychological impairment of varying degree was noted in four surviving patients tested at two months after treatment and again 12 to 21 months later. Progressive improvement had occurred in three."}
{"id": "PMID:907533", "title": "Adult-onset hereditary ataxia in Scotland.", "content": "A systematic search for cases of adult-onset hereditary ataxia was conducted on location in Scotland. The investigation resulted in the discovery of eight pedigrees with 42 patients of whom 16 were alive in 1975. Nine patients were examined by the authors and recent hospital records were available on the remaining seven. The clinical features were quite variable. In declining order of frequency, findings were gait and limb ataxia, dysarthria, hyperreflexia, extrapyramidal motor disturbances, impaired vibratory sense, spasticity, defects of extraocular movements and nystagmus, reflex depression, Babinski signs, impaired joint position sense, muscle weakness, optic atrophy, and mental abnormalities. Foot deformity occurred only once. Inheritance was compatible with autosomal dominant transmission, but complicated by consanguinity in two families. The minimum prevalence was calculated as 0.31/100,000. Autopsy in two members in one family revealed olivopontocerebellar degeneration.", "contents": "Adult-onset hereditary ataxia in Scotland. A systematic search for cases of adult-onset hereditary ataxia was conducted on location in Scotland. The investigation resulted in the discovery of eight pedigrees with 42 patients of whom 16 were alive in 1975. Nine patients were examined by the authors and recent hospital records were available on the remaining seven. The clinical features were quite variable. In declining order of frequency, findings were gait and limb ataxia, dysarthria, hyperreflexia, extrapyramidal motor disturbances, impaired vibratory sense, spasticity, defects of extraocular movements and nystagmus, reflex depression, Babinski signs, impaired joint position sense, muscle weakness, optic atrophy, and mental abnormalities. Foot deformity occurred only once. Inheritance was compatible with autosomal dominant transmission, but complicated by consanguinity in two families. The minimum prevalence was calculated as 0.31/100,000. Autopsy in two members in one family revealed olivopontocerebellar degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:907534", "title": "Gustatory phenomena after upper dorsal sympathectomy.", "content": "In a series of 100 bilateral upper dorsal sympathectomies performed for palmar hyperhidrosis, gustatory sweating and other gustatory phenomena were reported by 68 of 93 patients (73%), followed up for an average of 1 1/2 years. These gustatory phenomena were quite different from physiologic gustatory sweating: a wide range of gustatory stimuli caused a variety of phenomena in varied locations. There was a negative correlation between the incidence of these phenomena and the occurrence of Horner's syndrome after sympathectomy. Analysis of our observations, and of clinical and experimental work of others, leads to the conclusion that gustatory phenomena after upper dorsal sympathectomy are the result of preganglionic sympathetic regeneration or collateral sprouting with aberrant synapses in the superior cervical ganglion.", "contents": "Gustatory phenomena after upper dorsal sympathectomy. In a series of 100 bilateral upper dorsal sympathectomies performed for palmar hyperhidrosis, gustatory sweating and other gustatory phenomena were reported by 68 of 93 patients (73%), followed up for an average of 1 1/2 years. These gustatory phenomena were quite different from physiologic gustatory sweating: a wide range of gustatory stimuli caused a variety of phenomena in varied locations. There was a negative correlation between the incidence of these phenomena and the occurrence of Horner's syndrome after sympathectomy. Analysis of our observations, and of clinical and experimental work of others, leads to the conclusion that gustatory phenomena after upper dorsal sympathectomy are the result of preganglionic sympathetic regeneration or collateral sprouting with aberrant synapses in the superior cervical ganglion."}
{"id": "PMID:907535", "title": "Giant cell arteritis with normal sedimentation rate.", "content": "We report two elderly patients with normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and biopsy-confirmed giant cell arteritis. Because of the potentially disastrous consequences of undiagnosed giant cell arteritis, early treatment based on clinical diagnostic criteria is urged despite a normal ESR.", "contents": "Giant cell arteritis with normal sedimentation rate. We report two elderly patients with normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and biopsy-confirmed giant cell arteritis. Because of the potentially disastrous consequences of undiagnosed giant cell arteritis, early treatment based on clinical diagnostic criteria is urged despite a normal ESR."}
{"id": "PMID:907536", "title": "Brain dopamine turnover and the relief of parkinsonism.", "content": "The relationship between dopamine receptor activation and the relief of parkinsonian clinical features was studied in 40 patients with Parkinson's disease. Treatment with dopamine receptor agonists, piribedil or bromocriptine, decreased significantly both the basal level and probenecid-induced accumulations of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the CSF. But there were no changes in the concentrations of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). Correlation analyses showed that patients who improved with both the dopamine agonists used had significantly lower probenecid response of HVA in the CSF and a less severe disease condition than those without beneficial effect. This relationship between dopamine receptor activation and improvement of parkinsonian disability suggests that the therapeutic efficacy of dopamine receptor agonists depends on the functional capacity of brain dopaminergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Brain dopamine turnover and the relief of parkinsonism. The relationship between dopamine receptor activation and the relief of parkinsonian clinical features was studied in 40 patients with Parkinson's disease. Treatment with dopamine receptor agonists, piribedil or bromocriptine, decreased significantly both the basal level and probenecid-induced accumulations of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the CSF. But there were no changes in the concentrations of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). Correlation analyses showed that patients who improved with both the dopamine agonists used had significantly lower probenecid response of HVA in the CSF and a less severe disease condition than those without beneficial effect. This relationship between dopamine receptor activation and improvement of parkinsonian disability suggests that the therapeutic efficacy of dopamine receptor agonists depends on the functional capacity of brain dopaminergic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:907537", "title": "Brain stem toxoplasmosis complicating Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "We describe a unique case of CNS toxoplasmosis in a patient with stage IV B Hodgkin's disease. The initial neurological manifestation was Weber's syndrome. The only laboratory abnormality was moderate elevation of CSF protein level. Postmortem examination showed parenchymal toxoplasma infiltration throughout the intramedullary course of the right oculomotor nerve in the midbrain, without meningeal involvement.", "contents": "Brain stem toxoplasmosis complicating Hodgkin's disease. We describe a unique case of CNS toxoplasmosis in a patient with stage IV B Hodgkin's disease. The initial neurological manifestation was Weber's syndrome. The only laboratory abnormality was moderate elevation of CSF protein level. Postmortem examination showed parenchymal toxoplasma infiltration throughout the intramedullary course of the right oculomotor nerve in the midbrain, without meningeal involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:907538", "title": "CNS lesions in cystinuria.", "content": "A man with cystinuria developed, at the age of 23, a neurological disorder with relapses and remissions similar to multiple sclerosis. This is the third documented case of cystinuria with central neuraxis lesions, and it is suggested that neurological complications may occur in cystinuria more frequently than is generally recognized.", "contents": "CNS lesions in cystinuria. A man with cystinuria developed, at the age of 23, a neurological disorder with relapses and remissions similar to multiple sclerosis. This is the third documented case of cystinuria with central neuraxis lesions, and it is suggested that neurological complications may occur in cystinuria more frequently than is generally recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:907539", "title": "Reversible corticospinal tract disease due to hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Corticospinal tract malfunction was seen in a patient with Graves' disease. The absence of intracranial and intraspinal lesions likely to cause the neurologic manifestations and their regression after control of thyroid dysfunction favors a cause-effect relationship. We review and compare similar cases previously reported and discuss the mechanisms.", "contents": "Reversible corticospinal tract disease due to hyperthyroidism. Corticospinal tract malfunction was seen in a patient with Graves' disease. The absence of intracranial and intraspinal lesions likely to cause the neurologic manifestations and their regression after control of thyroid dysfunction favors a cause-effect relationship. We review and compare similar cases previously reported and discuss the mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:907544", "title": "[Overgrowth (of the femoral shaft) and rotational deformities following femoral shaft fractures in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "A follow-up study of 149 pediatric fractures of the femoral shaft (146 patients had a radiographic control) demonstrated a significant influence of multiple reductions and residual axial deviations on the incidence and extent of post-traumatic overgrowth. The presented group of patients did not show a positive correlation between therapeutic shortening at the time of the initial reduction and reduced incidence of long term overgrowth. Neither extent nor incidence of overgrowth could be prevented by this method. We therefore recommend to reduce fractures of the femoral shaft without forshortening, because it stimulates repair mechanisms at the growth plate and enhances overgrowth. In contradiction to the current concept of therapeutic recommendations it could be shown that post-traumatic rotational deformities will correct themselves in the course of physiologic detorsion of the femoral neck. In 67% of the studied group of patients initial errors of rotation corrected themselves by this mechanism. According to our results the therapeutic concept of pediatric femoral shaft fractures is revised and a new concept of initial and long term treatment is proposed.", "contents": "[Overgrowth (of the femoral shaft) and rotational deformities following femoral shaft fractures in childhood (author's transl)]. A follow-up study of 149 pediatric fractures of the femoral shaft (146 patients had a radiographic control) demonstrated a significant influence of multiple reductions and residual axial deviations on the incidence and extent of post-traumatic overgrowth. The presented group of patients did not show a positive correlation between therapeutic shortening at the time of the initial reduction and reduced incidence of long term overgrowth. Neither extent nor incidence of overgrowth could be prevented by this method. We therefore recommend to reduce fractures of the femoral shaft without forshortening, because it stimulates repair mechanisms at the growth plate and enhances overgrowth. In contradiction to the current concept of therapeutic recommendations it could be shown that post-traumatic rotational deformities will correct themselves in the course of physiologic detorsion of the femoral neck. In 67% of the studied group of patients initial errors of rotation corrected themselves by this mechanism. According to our results the therapeutic concept of pediatric femoral shaft fractures is revised and a new concept of initial and long term treatment is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:907545", "title": "[Experiences with arthroplasty for tumors and metastases of the proximal femur and humerus (author's transl)].", "content": "This report describes the results of 17 arthroplasties of the hip joint for tumors or metastases in the proximal part of the femur and 3 arthroplasties of the shoulder joint because of tumors in the proximal humerus. Based on case reports the paper discusses the indication in the case of malignant, potentially malignant and benign primary bone tumors and in the case of metastases. In addition principles for the construction of suitable hip and shoulder prostheses are cited, whereby the partial joint replacement continues to retain its justification beside total replacement. While the results of the hip arthroplasty proved satisfactory, the results of the corresponding operation on the shoulder are less satisfactory and urge to exercise more restraint in the operative indication.", "contents": "[Experiences with arthroplasty for tumors and metastases of the proximal femur and humerus (author's transl)]. This report describes the results of 17 arthroplasties of the hip joint for tumors or metastases in the proximal part of the femur and 3 arthroplasties of the shoulder joint because of tumors in the proximal humerus. Based on case reports the paper discusses the indication in the case of malignant, potentially malignant and benign primary bone tumors and in the case of metastases. In addition principles for the construction of suitable hip and shoulder prostheses are cited, whereby the partial joint replacement continues to retain its justification beside total replacement. While the results of the hip arthroplasty proved satisfactory, the results of the corresponding operation on the shoulder are less satisfactory and urge to exercise more restraint in the operative indication."}
{"id": "PMID:907546", "title": "A new method of achieving accuracy in osteotomy of any long bone.", "content": "The use of basic trigonometrical principles enables the translation of theoretical pre-operative estimations for the correction of bony deformities in long bones into accurate wedge resections at surgery without the need for templates or the use of goniometer in a restricted operative field. The method described has been shown both to be accurate and simple, obviating the need for extra instrumentation and undue manipulation during surgery.", "contents": "A new method of achieving accuracy in osteotomy of any long bone. The use of basic trigonometrical principles enables the translation of theoretical pre-operative estimations for the correction of bony deformities in long bones into accurate wedge resections at surgery without the need for templates or the use of goniometer in a restricted operative field. The method described has been shown both to be accurate and simple, obviating the need for extra instrumentation and undue manipulation during surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:907548", "title": "[Mechanical properties of carbon as implant material in orthopedic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Among others material problems are come to the fore in endoprothetic with growing biochemical knowledge, also because of the realisation that in different parts of the same prothesis functionally different mechanical demands must be set. Technological progress in carbon production has lead to the development of a spectrum of different carbon specialities with various mechanical properties. In orthopaedic surgery of endoprothetic high strengh isotropic carbon, impregnated carbon and fibrereinforced carbon-carbon-composites are of particular interest, because of their physical properties and unchanged favourable chemical and biological properties of carbon. Thereby it is on one side a question of carbon material with extraordinary tribological qualities, on the other side of carbons with nearly isoelastic behaviour towards the bone, respectively with equal quotient of breaking strength and young's modulus. Therefore in future the manufacture of components with functional approbiate material using the same basic material carbon seems to be possible for the production of endoprothesis with different working parts.", "contents": "[Mechanical properties of carbon as implant material in orthopedic surgery (author's transl)]. Among others material problems are come to the fore in endoprothetic with growing biochemical knowledge, also because of the realisation that in different parts of the same prothesis functionally different mechanical demands must be set. Technological progress in carbon production has lead to the development of a spectrum of different carbon specialities with various mechanical properties. In orthopaedic surgery of endoprothetic high strengh isotropic carbon, impregnated carbon and fibrereinforced carbon-carbon-composites are of particular interest, because of their physical properties and unchanged favourable chemical and biological properties of carbon. Thereby it is on one side a question of carbon material with extraordinary tribological qualities, on the other side of carbons with nearly isoelastic behaviour towards the bone, respectively with equal quotient of breaking strength and young's modulus. Therefore in future the manufacture of components with functional approbiate material using the same basic material carbon seems to be possible for the production of endoprothesis with different working parts."}
{"id": "PMID:907547", "title": "[Contribution to the osteolysis in distal end of the clavicle (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of rare osteolysis of the distal clavicle end is reported. Our 36-years old male patients also suffered from a well-discernible Hyperlipoproteinemia, type II/a after Fredrickson. A short view of the various forms of clavicle osteolysis is given. Their differentialdiagnostical and ethiological relations are discussed.", "contents": "[Contribution to the osteolysis in distal end of the clavicle (author's transl)]. A case of rare osteolysis of the distal clavicle end is reported. Our 36-years old male patients also suffered from a well-discernible Hyperlipoproteinemia, type II/a after Fredrickson. A short view of the various forms of clavicle osteolysis is given. Their differentialdiagnostical and ethiological relations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907549", "title": "[Tissue compatibility of bone cement with and without barium sulfate (author's transl)].", "content": "Cylindrical plugs of polymerized Simplex-P bone cement with and without barium sulfate were implanted in the rabbit tibial metaphysis. Titanium was used as control material. The animals were observed for 4--4.5 months. Histological analysis showed that all titanium implants were healed into the bone with a direct bone-implant contact, which was also true for about 60% of the cement implants. The remaining cement implants were encapsulated by connective tissue, probably due to biomechanical factors. It was not possible in this study to show a difference in the tissue reaction to bone cement containing barium sulfate and bone cement free from barium sulfate.", "contents": "[Tissue compatibility of bone cement with and without barium sulfate (author's transl)]. Cylindrical plugs of polymerized Simplex-P bone cement with and without barium sulfate were implanted in the rabbit tibial metaphysis. Titanium was used as control material. The animals were observed for 4--4.5 months. Histological analysis showed that all titanium implants were healed into the bone with a direct bone-implant contact, which was also true for about 60% of the cement implants. The remaining cement implants were encapsulated by connective tissue, probably due to biomechanical factors. It was not possible in this study to show a difference in the tissue reaction to bone cement containing barium sulfate and bone cement free from barium sulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:907550", "title": "[Has the duration of cast fixation after shoulder dislocations an influence on the frequency of recurrent dislocation? (author's transl)].", "content": "102 primary shoulder dislocations have been evaluated. Some were retained in a Velpeau bandage reinforced with plaster immediately after reposition for three weeks, others were treated with a sling or tube gauze only. The frequency of recurrent dislocation in both groups was compared. It could be demonstrated that the results were equal for both groups. We conclude that fixation with Velpeau Sling and cast reinforcement does not significantly influence the occurrence of recurrent dislocations.", "contents": "[Has the duration of cast fixation after shoulder dislocations an influence on the frequency of recurrent dislocation? (author's transl)]. 102 primary shoulder dislocations have been evaluated. Some were retained in a Velpeau bandage reinforced with plaster immediately after reposition for three weeks, others were treated with a sling or tube gauze only. The frequency of recurrent dislocation in both groups was compared. It could be demonstrated that the results were equal for both groups. We conclude that fixation with Velpeau Sling and cast reinforcement does not significantly influence the occurrence of recurrent dislocations."}
{"id": "PMID:907551", "title": "[Experience with the locking nail (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of the locking nail as initially described by Klemm and Schellmann is shown for 12 cases. The advantages of this fixation device can be confirmed. This method presents a valuable adjunct in the assortment of osteosynthetic procedures.", "contents": "[Experience with the locking nail (author's transl)]. The technique of the locking nail as initially described by Klemm and Schellmann is shown for 12 cases. The advantages of this fixation device can be confirmed. This method presents a valuable adjunct in the assortment of osteosynthetic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:907552", "title": "[Treatment of alveolar soft part sarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Till now few reported cases of alveolar soft part sarcoma of the skeletal musculature which was classified for the first time by Christopherson in 1952 could not make plain a uniforme treatment. Radioresistance was also described as unsuccessful chemotherapy as early or excessiv surgical proceeding. Our own unusual observation of a case of this very rare malignant mesenchymal tumor may give a direction for a sensible therapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of alveolar soft part sarcoma (author's transl)]. Till now few reported cases of alveolar soft part sarcoma of the skeletal musculature which was classified for the first time by Christopherson in 1952 could not make plain a uniforme treatment. Radioresistance was also described as unsuccessful chemotherapy as early or excessiv surgical proceeding. Our own unusual observation of a case of this very rare malignant mesenchymal tumor may give a direction for a sensible therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:907553", "title": "[Systematy of artificial knee joints considering constructional characteristics of the natural knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "The subject of this investigation is to spezify artifical knee joints. For this purpose the most important constructional peculiarities and functions of the natural knee joints are to be opposed to them of the artificial ones. This analysis is based on the kinematic and theory of construction. The systematy distinguishs the various artificial knee joints considering the characteristics that are thought to be substantial.", "contents": "[Systematy of artificial knee joints considering constructional characteristics of the natural knee joint (author's transl)]. The subject of this investigation is to spezify artifical knee joints. For this purpose the most important constructional peculiarities and functions of the natural knee joints are to be opposed to them of the artificial ones. This analysis is based on the kinematic and theory of construction. The systematy distinguishs the various artificial knee joints considering the characteristics that are thought to be substantial."}
{"id": "PMID:907554", "title": "[Modified K\u00fcntscher's nail for the proximal femur fixation after corrective osteotomies in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the development in the design of the modified K\u00fcntscher's nail with two fins on its upper part, assigned for the fixation of proximal femur after corrective osteotomies in children. Detailed explanation about the nails construction and its biomechanical characteristics are presented. The fixation of the nail in the proximal and distal femoral part, as well as on the site of osteotomy is particularly analyzed. On the base 423 operated cases, where the modified K\u00fcntscher's nail was applied, the authors conclusion is that the nail is very suitable for the correction of proximal femur deformities in children.", "contents": "[Modified K\u00fcntscher's nail for the proximal femur fixation after corrective osteotomies in children (author's transl)]. The authors describe the development in the design of the modified K\u00fcntscher's nail with two fins on its upper part, assigned for the fixation of proximal femur after corrective osteotomies in children. Detailed explanation about the nails construction and its biomechanical characteristics are presented. The fixation of the nail in the proximal and distal femoral part, as well as on the site of osteotomy is particularly analyzed. On the base 423 operated cases, where the modified K\u00fcntscher's nail was applied, the authors conclusion is that the nail is very suitable for the correction of proximal femur deformities in children."}
{"id": "PMID:907556", "title": "Foreign body in the airways: a review of 90 cases.", "content": "Despite the progress made in the fields of endoscopy and anesthesia for children, as well as the accumulated experience, the inhalation of foreign bodies remains a serious and often dramatic problem. Every case varies to some extent, and only general conclusions may be drawn. The retroactive analysis of the documents from every case that was treated at the Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic of the Aristotelian University from 1970 to 1975, as well as the comparative statistical study, show common characteristics shared by all 90 cases under consideration. In these cases, the foreign body was of organic origin (mainly seeds and dry fruits) and particularly pumpkin seeds (25% of all cases). Half of the patients sought hospitalization, with a delay varying from two days to four months, while localization varied (larynx, 11 cases; trachea, 10; bronchus, 69). Localization in the left bronchus was more frequent than in the right one, especially in children. The diagnosis was based on the case history, clinical examination, and radiologic findings, while in the majority of the cases, the treatment involved bronchoscopy, the removal of the foreign body, and treatment of lung problems in delayed cases.", "contents": "Foreign body in the airways: a review of 90 cases. Despite the progress made in the fields of endoscopy and anesthesia for children, as well as the accumulated experience, the inhalation of foreign bodies remains a serious and often dramatic problem. Every case varies to some extent, and only general conclusions may be drawn. The retroactive analysis of the documents from every case that was treated at the Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic of the Aristotelian University from 1970 to 1975, as well as the comparative statistical study, show common characteristics shared by all 90 cases under consideration. In these cases, the foreign body was of organic origin (mainly seeds and dry fruits) and particularly pumpkin seeds (25% of all cases). Half of the patients sought hospitalization, with a delay varying from two days to four months, while localization varied (larynx, 11 cases; trachea, 10; bronchus, 69). Localization in the left bronchus was more frequent than in the right one, especially in children. The diagnosis was based on the case history, clinical examination, and radiologic findings, while in the majority of the cases, the treatment involved bronchoscopy, the removal of the foreign body, and treatment of lung problems in delayed cases."}
{"id": "PMID:907557", "title": "Effects of oxygen inhalation on noise-induced threshold shifts in humans and chinchillas.", "content": "Experiments with both humans and chinchillas indicate that the temporary threshold shift after ten-minute stimulation with 100 dB sound pressure level 1 kHz tone diminished more quickly if the subject breathed pure oxygen and it diminished even more quickly when 95% oxygen-5% carbon dioxide was inhaled rather than ambient air. This effect was observed for both poststimulatory and per-stimulatory gas inhalation.", "contents": "Effects of oxygen inhalation on noise-induced threshold shifts in humans and chinchillas. Experiments with both humans and chinchillas indicate that the temporary threshold shift after ten-minute stimulation with 100 dB sound pressure level 1 kHz tone diminished more quickly if the subject breathed pure oxygen and it diminished even more quickly when 95% oxygen-5% carbon dioxide was inhaled rather than ambient air. This effect was observed for both poststimulatory and per-stimulatory gas inhalation."}
{"id": "PMID:907558", "title": "Otoplasty by abrasion sculpture and fixation.", "content": "Many methods are used for cosmetic otoplasty. This method is a composite of several techniques that achieves simplicity, no irreversible cartilage removal, and a slow and controlled approach to the final form. Abrasion is used to set the proper line and location, and sutures are applied to control the degree of fold. The operative technique was illustrated in one patient with results shown in four. It is applicable to protruding ears and some \"lop\" ears; scapha and concha can be corrected to individually varying degrees.", "contents": "Otoplasty by abrasion sculpture and fixation. Many methods are used for cosmetic otoplasty. This method is a composite of several techniques that achieves simplicity, no irreversible cartilage removal, and a slow and controlled approach to the final form. Abrasion is used to set the proper line and location, and sutures are applied to control the degree of fold. The operative technique was illustrated in one patient with results shown in four. It is applicable to protruding ears and some \"lop\" ears; scapha and concha can be corrected to individually varying degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:907559", "title": "Clinical impressions of acoustic reflex measures in an adult population.", "content": "The implications of the use of sensitivity predictions from acoustic reflex (SPAR) measures are increasing through clinical application of the test. Jerger and associates have suggested the importance of SPAR in the examination of children. Our use of SPAR with a primarily adult population has supported other important applications of this procedure, including the the use of predictions in legal cases and in examining elderly or foreign-speaking patients who often respond poorly on subjective tests. Discussion and recommendations regarding such applications are based on a study of SPAR involving 681 ears.", "contents": "Clinical impressions of acoustic reflex measures in an adult population. The implications of the use of sensitivity predictions from acoustic reflex (SPAR) measures are increasing through clinical application of the test. Jerger and associates have suggested the importance of SPAR in the examination of children. Our use of SPAR with a primarily adult population has supported other important applications of this procedure, including the the use of predictions in legal cases and in examining elderly or foreign-speaking patients who often respond poorly on subjective tests. Discussion and recommendations regarding such applications are based on a study of SPAR involving 681 ears."}
{"id": "PMID:907560", "title": "Correcting the aging platysma.", "content": "The aging neck in which the stringy appearance is due to hyperactive platysma can be surgically treated. The technique involves partial transection of the anterior border of the platysma and has been used in more than 160 cases during the past 2 1/2 years with results that seem to be more predictable and longer lasting than previously described methods. Further studies under way that involve sectioning of the cervical branch of the facial nerve may yield an even better solution to this problem.", "contents": "Correcting the aging platysma. The aging neck in which the stringy appearance is due to hyperactive platysma can be surgically treated. The technique involves partial transection of the anterior border of the platysma and has been used in more than 160 cases during the past 2 1/2 years with results that seem to be more predictable and longer lasting than previously described methods. Further studies under way that involve sectioning of the cervical branch of the facial nerve may yield an even better solution to this problem."}
{"id": "PMID:907561", "title": "Limitations of computerized tomography scanning in acoustic neurinomas.", "content": "Computerized tomography (CT) of the head has certain limitations in detecting small lesions and subtle erosions of bone. The CT scan can give valuable information in the large cerebellopontine angle tumors; however, it should not replace polytomography of the petrous ridges in examining patients for small acoustic neurinomas.", "contents": "Limitations of computerized tomography scanning in acoustic neurinomas. Computerized tomography (CT) of the head has certain limitations in detecting small lesions and subtle erosions of bone. The CT scan can give valuable information in the large cerebellopontine angle tumors; however, it should not replace polytomography of the petrous ridges in examining patients for small acoustic neurinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:907563", "title": "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis.", "content": "Mucormycosis is a fulminant fungal infection occurring in debilitated patients with an underlying pathologic condition. The rhinocerebral form of the disease, which comprises nearly one half of recently reported cases, is most often found in uncontrolled diabetics or profoundly dehydrated children. Infection usually begins in the nose and progresses through the paranasal sinuses, invading the orbit and CNS secondarily. Despite the known pathogenesis of this disease, the ophthalmologist is often first to consider the diagnosis, due to inadequate intranasal examination by the primary physician. The delay caused by late occurrence of orbital manifestations has resulted in poor survival rates, despite vigorous therapy. In recent years, increased physician awareness has led to earlier diagnosis of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. This report presents 13 cases with which we have delt since 1963. The long-term survival rate is 85%. Aggressive surgical therapy, with repeated debridement, in combination with intravenous amphotericin B, have led to this high rate of cure.", "contents": "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Mucormycosis is a fulminant fungal infection occurring in debilitated patients with an underlying pathologic condition. The rhinocerebral form of the disease, which comprises nearly one half of recently reported cases, is most often found in uncontrolled diabetics or profoundly dehydrated children. Infection usually begins in the nose and progresses through the paranasal sinuses, invading the orbit and CNS secondarily. Despite the known pathogenesis of this disease, the ophthalmologist is often first to consider the diagnosis, due to inadequate intranasal examination by the primary physician. The delay caused by late occurrence of orbital manifestations has resulted in poor survival rates, despite vigorous therapy. In recent years, increased physician awareness has led to earlier diagnosis of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. This report presents 13 cases with which we have delt since 1963. The long-term survival rate is 85%. Aggressive surgical therapy, with repeated debridement, in combination with intravenous amphotericin B, have led to this high rate of cure."}
{"id": "PMID:907564", "title": "Human auditory nerve action potentials and brain stem evoked responses: effects of audiogram shape and lesion location.", "content": "Simultaneously recorded auditory nerve action potentials (APs) and brain stem auditory-evoked responses (BSERs) were correlated with audiogram shape and with location of patholgoic condition. High frequency (4 to 8 kHz) hearing loss (1) prolongs AP and BSER latency, (2) shortens the interval between the first AP peak (N1) and the fifth BSER peak (V), and (3) creates relatively large latency differences between condensation and rarefaction responses (thus bringing into question the common practice of combining condensation and rarefaction responses). Ears with retrocochlear deficits in the subjects in the study were detected reliably by prolonged N1 to V interval and increased BSER peak V latency. The reliability of these retrocochlear signs was further increased by allowing for the effects of audiogram shape. Another retrocochlear sign, termed \"inappropriate AP preservation,\" was positive in 40% to 50% of the retrocochlear ears.", "contents": "Human auditory nerve action potentials and brain stem evoked responses: effects of audiogram shape and lesion location. Simultaneously recorded auditory nerve action potentials (APs) and brain stem auditory-evoked responses (BSERs) were correlated with audiogram shape and with location of patholgoic condition. High frequency (4 to 8 kHz) hearing loss (1) prolongs AP and BSER latency, (2) shortens the interval between the first AP peak (N1) and the fifth BSER peak (V), and (3) creates relatively large latency differences between condensation and rarefaction responses (thus bringing into question the common practice of combining condensation and rarefaction responses). Ears with retrocochlear deficits in the subjects in the study were detected reliably by prolonged N1 to V interval and increased BSER peak V latency. The reliability of these retrocochlear signs was further increased by allowing for the effects of audiogram shape. Another retrocochlear sign, termed \"inappropriate AP preservation,\" was positive in 40% to 50% of the retrocochlear ears."}
{"id": "PMID:907579", "title": "Experimental coryza in broiler chickens. I. Effects of vaccination with Haemophilus gallinarum bacterin and its components on weight gains and resistance to infection.", "content": "Effects of a Haemophilus gallinarum bacterin and its components were studied in young broiler chickens. When the bacterin was administered subcutaneously in the dorsal neck region at 2 weeks of age, no significant differences in weight gains of vaccinated and control birds were detected at eight weeks of age. In four groups vaccinated at 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks of age and challenged with virulent haemophilus organisms 3 weeks later, the incidence of clinical signs was 30% in the vaccinates and 60% in controls. The bacterin was equally protective at the four ages of administration. Caseous plugs were found at the vaccination sites in all birds which had received adjuvant either alone or in the complete bacterin. Signs of depression lasting about 24 hours were observed in the youngest birds injected with the bacterin, but overall weight gains were normal.", "contents": "Experimental coryza in broiler chickens. I. Effects of vaccination with Haemophilus gallinarum bacterin and its components on weight gains and resistance to infection. Effects of a Haemophilus gallinarum bacterin and its components were studied in young broiler chickens. When the bacterin was administered subcutaneously in the dorsal neck region at 2 weeks of age, no significant differences in weight gains of vaccinated and control birds were detected at eight weeks of age. In four groups vaccinated at 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks of age and challenged with virulent haemophilus organisms 3 weeks later, the incidence of clinical signs was 30% in the vaccinates and 60% in controls. The bacterin was equally protective at the four ages of administration. Caseous plugs were found at the vaccination sites in all birds which had received adjuvant either alone or in the complete bacterin. Signs of depression lasting about 24 hours were observed in the youngest birds injected with the bacterin, but overall weight gains were normal."}
{"id": "PMID:907578", "title": "Use of virulence index tests for avian influenza viruses.", "content": "The intravenous and intracerebral pathogenicity index tests normally used for Newcastle disease virus isolates were used to measure the virulence of 13 avian influenza viruses. The tests allowed quantitative measurements of the virulence of the avian influenza viruses, and the results confirmed the range in virulence, between the two extremes, of the avian influenza viruses and demonstrated the lack of correlation between virulence and antigenic type.", "contents": "Use of virulence index tests for avian influenza viruses. The intravenous and intracerebral pathogenicity index tests normally used for Newcastle disease virus isolates were used to measure the virulence of 13 avian influenza viruses. The tests allowed quantitative measurements of the virulence of the avian influenza viruses, and the results confirmed the range in virulence, between the two extremes, of the avian influenza viruses and demonstrated the lack of correlation between virulence and antigenic type."}
{"id": "PMID:907580", "title": "A bacterin against fowl cholera in turkeys: protective quality of various preparations originated from broth cultures.", "content": "Bacterins prepared from broth cultures of Pasteurella multocida were studied for their immunogenicity against fowl cholera in turkeys. The various preparations differed in culture medium, method of inactivation, and adjuvants added. Eight-to-twelve-week-old turkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with each preparation. After challenge with a live culture of the homologous strain, protection was significantly better from a broth bacterin grown in brain-heart infusion broth, concentrated tenfold, inactivated with formalin, and emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant than in controls (unvaccinated birds and birds receiving commercial products). In two separate trials, protection was 86% from the bacterin and 21 and 14% from a commercial product (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively). The broth bacterin could be prepared on a large scale at minimum labor and therefore might be suitable for commercial production.", "contents": "A bacterin against fowl cholera in turkeys: protective quality of various preparations originated from broth cultures. Bacterins prepared from broth cultures of Pasteurella multocida were studied for their immunogenicity against fowl cholera in turkeys. The various preparations differed in culture medium, method of inactivation, and adjuvants added. Eight-to-twelve-week-old turkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with each preparation. After challenge with a live culture of the homologous strain, protection was significantly better from a broth bacterin grown in brain-heart infusion broth, concentrated tenfold, inactivated with formalin, and emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant than in controls (unvaccinated birds and birds receiving commercial products). In two separate trials, protection was 86% from the bacterin and 21 and 14% from a commercial product (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively). The broth bacterin could be prepared on a large scale at minimum labor and therefore might be suitable for commercial production."}
{"id": "PMID:907581", "title": "Studies of turkey herpesvirus viremia in two strains of vaccinated chickens strain difference and effects of vaccine dose.", "content": "Turkey herpesvirus (HVT) viremia was studied at 3-week intervals through 21 weeks of age in individual chickens of experimental (WSU-VS) and commercial strains (C-WL) of White Leghorns vaccinated with graded doses of HVT. HVT viremia was consistently detectable in all WSU-VS birds through 21 weeks postvaccination (PV) regardless of vaccine dose employed, whereas the viremia could not be detected in some of the C-WL birds 9 to 15 weeks PV and thereafter. C-WL birds that lost detectable viremia remained so up to 21 weeks PV, or returned to low levels of viremia which was followed in some birds again by no detectable viremia. Viremia titers were significantly lower in the C-WL than in the WSU-VS birds despite the same vaccination. Both strains of chickens exhibited significantly lower viremia titers when vaccinated with 240 plaqueforming units (PFU) than with 1,480 or 6,600 PFU of HVT, and other C-WL birds lost detectable viremia earlier and more frequently with smaller vaccine doses. This observation indicated a possible genetic difference between the two strains of chickens in susceptibility and viremic response to HVT as well as dose-dependence of HVT viremia.", "contents": "Studies of turkey herpesvirus viremia in two strains of vaccinated chickens strain difference and effects of vaccine dose. Turkey herpesvirus (HVT) viremia was studied at 3-week intervals through 21 weeks of age in individual chickens of experimental (WSU-VS) and commercial strains (C-WL) of White Leghorns vaccinated with graded doses of HVT. HVT viremia was consistently detectable in all WSU-VS birds through 21 weeks postvaccination (PV) regardless of vaccine dose employed, whereas the viremia could not be detected in some of the C-WL birds 9 to 15 weeks PV and thereafter. C-WL birds that lost detectable viremia remained so up to 21 weeks PV, or returned to low levels of viremia which was followed in some birds again by no detectable viremia. Viremia titers were significantly lower in the C-WL than in the WSU-VS birds despite the same vaccination. Both strains of chickens exhibited significantly lower viremia titers when vaccinated with 240 plaqueforming units (PFU) than with 1,480 or 6,600 PFU of HVT, and other C-WL birds lost detectable viremia earlier and more frequently with smaller vaccine doses. This observation indicated a possible genetic difference between the two strains of chickens in susceptibility and viremic response to HVT as well as dose-dependence of HVT viremia."}
{"id": "PMID:907588", "title": "Disorienting effects of aircraft catapult launchings: III. Cockpit displays and piloting performance.", "content": "Accelerations closely approximating those encountered in catapult launchings of carrier-based aircraft were generated on the Naval Air Development Center's human centrifuge Dynamic Flight Simulator. Flight instruments, controls, and flight dynamics of an A-7 aircraft were provided to four experienced Naval Aviators, who exercised closed-loop control of a simulated climbout immediately after they were exposed to the accelerations. Four experimental conditions were employed for each aviator: 1) no operational flight instruments, 2) conventional flight instruments, 3) a single carrier takeoff director display operating concurrently. Measures of flight parameters, including indicated airspeed, angle of attack, rate of climb, altitude, pitch attitude, and pitch trim adjustment were monitored throughout the simulation. Subjective reactions and piloting performance were examined under each of the four conditions. Results indicate that the carrier takeoff director display significantly reduced pilot workload and enhanced performance during the climbout.", "contents": "Disorienting effects of aircraft catapult launchings: III. Cockpit displays and piloting performance. Accelerations closely approximating those encountered in catapult launchings of carrier-based aircraft were generated on the Naval Air Development Center's human centrifuge Dynamic Flight Simulator. Flight instruments, controls, and flight dynamics of an A-7 aircraft were provided to four experienced Naval Aviators, who exercised closed-loop control of a simulated climbout immediately after they were exposed to the accelerations. Four experimental conditions were employed for each aviator: 1) no operational flight instruments, 2) conventional flight instruments, 3) a single carrier takeoff director display operating concurrently. Measures of flight parameters, including indicated airspeed, angle of attack, rate of climb, altitude, pitch attitude, and pitch trim adjustment were monitored throughout the simulation. Subjective reactions and piloting performance were examined under each of the four conditions. Results indicate that the carrier takeoff director display significantly reduced pilot workload and enhanced performance during the climbout."}
{"id": "PMID:907589", "title": "Marginal alveolar bone loss in flying personnel: a radiographical followup study.", "content": "In a 10-year followup study, the alveolar marginal bone of the mandible in flying personnel has been examined on radiographs. The radiographs were obtained at 5-year intervals. The reduced height of the marginal alveolar bone was measured according to an internationally accepted standard procedure and compared with figures obtained from radiographs made 10 years earlier. Compared with similar material concerning subjects not occupationally involved in flying, this study shows that flying personnel suffer considerable alveolar, marginal bone loss. High-altitude flying, reduced partial oxygen pressure, stress, and vibrations are being discussed as suspected causes. An interesting and disturbing point is that the alveolar process usually is the first bone that reveals a generally decreased bone calcification. Further studies of the skeletal bone and the serum concentration of calcium are in progress. Subjects for these studies are flying personnel (jet, propeller, and helicopter) from the Swedish Air Force.", "contents": "Marginal alveolar bone loss in flying personnel: a radiographical followup study. In a 10-year followup study, the alveolar marginal bone of the mandible in flying personnel has been examined on radiographs. The radiographs were obtained at 5-year intervals. The reduced height of the marginal alveolar bone was measured according to an internationally accepted standard procedure and compared with figures obtained from radiographs made 10 years earlier. Compared with similar material concerning subjects not occupationally involved in flying, this study shows that flying personnel suffer considerable alveolar, marginal bone loss. High-altitude flying, reduced partial oxygen pressure, stress, and vibrations are being discussed as suspected causes. An interesting and disturbing point is that the alveolar process usually is the first bone that reveals a generally decreased bone calcification. Further studies of the skeletal bone and the serum concentration of calcium are in progress. Subjects for these studies are flying personnel (jet, propeller, and helicopter) from the Swedish Air Force."}
{"id": "PMID:907583", "title": "Morphology and growth cycle of Mycoplasma meleagridis viewed by scanning-electron microscopy.", "content": "The three-dimensional structure of Mycoplasma meleagridis strain RY-39A was studied by scanning-electron microscopy. The morphologic forms observed between 12 hours and 7 days suggest that the organism undergoes a sequential metamorphosis in its development. Single rounded forms in lag phase give rise to larger cells and filaments in the log phase, which fragment into coccus forms in the late stationary phase.", "contents": "Morphology and growth cycle of Mycoplasma meleagridis viewed by scanning-electron microscopy. The three-dimensional structure of Mycoplasma meleagridis strain RY-39A was studied by scanning-electron microscopy. The morphologic forms observed between 12 hours and 7 days suggest that the organism undergoes a sequential metamorphosis in its development. Single rounded forms in lag phase give rise to larger cells and filaments in the log phase, which fragment into coccus forms in the late stationary phase."}
{"id": "PMID:907582", "title": "Herpesvirus-like particles in tumor cells of breast muscle of chickens with Marek's disease.", "content": "Tumors of the breast musculature of 4 chickens with Marek's disease were examined by light and electron microscopy. By light microscopy, tumors were composed of lymphoid cells which had infiltrated and separated bundles of muscle fibers. By electron microscopy, there was margination of chromatin and duplication of the inner nuclear membrane in almost all neoplastic cells of breast tumors of all 4 chickens. In addition, in one chicken the nuclei of tumor cells contained naked herpesvirus-like particles.", "contents": "Herpesvirus-like particles in tumor cells of breast muscle of chickens with Marek's disease. Tumors of the breast musculature of 4 chickens with Marek's disease were examined by light and electron microscopy. By light microscopy, tumors were composed of lymphoid cells which had infiltrated and separated bundles of muscle fibers. By electron microscopy, there was margination of chromatin and duplication of the inner nuclear membrane in almost all neoplastic cells of breast tumors of all 4 chickens. In addition, in one chicken the nuclei of tumor cells contained naked herpesvirus-like particles."}
{"id": "PMID:907590", "title": "Quantitative histochemistry of the vestibular cerebellum of the fish Fundulus heteroclitus flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-782.", "content": "The fry of Fundulus heteroclitus, hatched from eggs flown for 19.5 d aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-782, showed on Day R+5 a slightly increased activity of creatine kinase at the sites of projection of primary vestibular fibers in the cortex of the vestibular cerebellum. The change was determined by quantitative histochemical analysis. The increase indicates an elevation of the functional activity of the structures of the vestibular cerebellum which developed in zero G and which normally receive primary impulses from gravireceptors.", "contents": "Quantitative histochemistry of the vestibular cerebellum of the fish Fundulus heteroclitus flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-782. The fry of Fundulus heteroclitus, hatched from eggs flown for 19.5 d aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-782, showed on Day R+5 a slightly increased activity of creatine kinase at the sites of projection of primary vestibular fibers in the cortex of the vestibular cerebellum. The change was determined by quantitative histochemical analysis. The increase indicates an elevation of the functional activity of the structures of the vestibular cerebellum which developed in zero G and which normally receive primary impulses from gravireceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:907584", "title": "Efficacy of herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine against challenge with Marek's disease tumor cells.", "content": "Tests were made of the effectiveness of herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) vaccine in preventing tumorigenesis following challenge with a neoplastically transformed Marek's disease tumor cell line (MSB-1). HVT vaccine prevented tumors due to MSB-1 inoculation whereas 21.4% of unvaccinated controls had tumors. The results support, but do not prove, the theory that HVT acts through enhancement of cell-mediated immunity against MDV-transformed cells. The drawbacks of using MSB-1 cells in this experiment and the need for true Marek's transplantable tumor cells are discussed.", "contents": "Efficacy of herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine against challenge with Marek's disease tumor cells. Tests were made of the effectiveness of herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) vaccine in preventing tumorigenesis following challenge with a neoplastically transformed Marek's disease tumor cell line (MSB-1). HVT vaccine prevented tumors due to MSB-1 inoculation whereas 21.4% of unvaccinated controls had tumors. The results support, but do not prove, the theory that HVT acts through enhancement of cell-mediated immunity against MDV-transformed cells. The drawbacks of using MSB-1 cells in this experiment and the need for true Marek's transplantable tumor cells are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907591", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in tracheal epithelial cells exposed to oxygen.", "content": "White albino rats were sacrificed after 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure to 100% O2 at 1 atm. Tissue was prepared for the scanning electron microscope (SEM) by Critical Point Drying and for the transmission electron microscope (TEM) by plastic embedding. Scanning microscopy showed a loss of microvilli after 48 h of exposure. Cilia appeared relatively normal with SEM, but TEM revealed changes in the outer membrane. In TEM, nonciliated cells appeared swollen and often encroached on the ciliated cells. A heavy mucous blanket remained even after processing. All the changes observed that are induced by oxygen exposure contribute to mucostasis, reducing and/or halting mucociliary clearance.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in tracheal epithelial cells exposed to oxygen. White albino rats were sacrificed after 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure to 100% O2 at 1 atm. Tissue was prepared for the scanning electron microscope (SEM) by Critical Point Drying and for the transmission electron microscope (TEM) by plastic embedding. Scanning microscopy showed a loss of microvilli after 48 h of exposure. Cilia appeared relatively normal with SEM, but TEM revealed changes in the outer membrane. In TEM, nonciliated cells appeared swollen and often encroached on the ciliated cells. A heavy mucous blanket remained even after processing. All the changes observed that are induced by oxygen exposure contribute to mucostasis, reducing and/or halting mucociliary clearance."}
{"id": "PMID:907585", "title": "Revaccination of chicks for Marek's disease at twenty-one days old.", "content": "Chicks vaccinated for Marek's disease (MD) at both 1 and 21 days old did not suffer significantly different losses from MD than did chicks vaccinated at 1 day old only. This was true even with vaccinations of 1-day-old chicks with increasingly higher titers. The failure of revaccination to reduce losses from MD could be attributed to the age at which natural exposure occurred.", "contents": "Revaccination of chicks for Marek's disease at twenty-one days old. Chicks vaccinated for Marek's disease (MD) at both 1 and 21 days old did not suffer significantly different losses from MD than did chicks vaccinated at 1 day old only. This was true even with vaccinations of 1-day-old chicks with increasingly higher titers. The failure of revaccination to reduce losses from MD could be attributed to the age at which natural exposure occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:907592", "title": "Effect of virtual image projection distance on the accomodative response of the eye.", "content": "Virtual image displays utilize either aircraft-mounted or helmet-mounted beam splitters, or combining screens. The effect on the accomodative response of the projection distance of the virtual image was measured by photographing the first and fourth Purkinje images of a source. The results indicate possible effect on the accomodation response. Further exploration of the problem is indicated.", "contents": "Effect of virtual image projection distance on the accomodative response of the eye. Virtual image displays utilize either aircraft-mounted or helmet-mounted beam splitters, or combining screens. The effect on the accomodative response of the projection distance of the virtual image was measured by photographing the first and fourth Purkinje images of a source. The results indicate possible effect on the accomodation response. Further exploration of the problem is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:907586", "title": "Ruptured-yolk peritonitis and organochlorine residues in a royal tern.", "content": "Ruptured-yolk peritonitis was responsible for the death of a royal tern. Lodgment of eggs in the oviduct was probably due to reverse peristalsis brought about by breakage of the thin-shelled eggs and secondary bacterial infection. The thin shells were apparently not related to the low levels of DDE and other organochlorine pollutants found in tissues and egg contents.", "contents": "Ruptured-yolk peritonitis and organochlorine residues in a royal tern. Ruptured-yolk peritonitis was responsible for the death of a royal tern. Lodgment of eggs in the oviduct was probably due to reverse peristalsis brought about by breakage of the thin-shelled eggs and secondary bacterial infection. The thin shells were apparently not related to the low levels of DDE and other organochlorine pollutants found in tissues and egg contents."}
{"id": "PMID:907593", "title": "Some aspects of energy metabolism in human blood erythrocytes under hypokinesia and during space flights.", "content": "The present investigation presents results of studying energy metabolism in blood erythrocytes in cosmonauts who made the first and the second space flights aboard the orbital station Salyut-4 and in test subjects who experienced 49-d of hypokinesia at -4 degrees. The data obtained throughout the postflight investigations and during the hypokinesia studies appeared to be identical, showing a decrease in glycolytic activity whereas ATP content remained unchanged.", "contents": "Some aspects of energy metabolism in human blood erythrocytes under hypokinesia and during space flights. The present investigation presents results of studying energy metabolism in blood erythrocytes in cosmonauts who made the first and the second space flights aboard the orbital station Salyut-4 and in test subjects who experienced 49-d of hypokinesia at -4 degrees. The data obtained throughout the postflight investigations and during the hypokinesia studies appeared to be identical, showing a decrease in glycolytic activity whereas ATP content remained unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:907594", "title": "Femoral development in chronically centrifuged rats.", "content": "Groups of 30-d-old male and female rats were centrifuged at 2.00 G (RE, Rotation Experimental), 1.05 G (RC, Rotation Control) or exposed to the noise and wind of the centrifuge at 1.00 G (EC, Earth Control) for periods of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks. Measurements of their femurs indicated that exposure to centrifugation a) decreased femoral length in tre animals, b) increased femoral length in RC animals, c) reduced femoral diameter in RE and RC animals, d) increased L/D ratios in RC animals, e) decreased L/D ratios in RE animals, f) increased femur length/body weight in RE animals, g) decreased cortical thickness (CT) in RE animals, h) increased relative CT in RE animals, and decreased it in RC animals, i) accelerated ossification in RC femoral heads, j) thinned and distorted RE epiphyseal plates, and k) thickened condylar cartilage in RE females. The effects tended to be strongly sexually dimorphic, with females more severely affected by the stress than males.", "contents": "Femoral development in chronically centrifuged rats. Groups of 30-d-old male and female rats were centrifuged at 2.00 G (RE, Rotation Experimental), 1.05 G (RC, Rotation Control) or exposed to the noise and wind of the centrifuge at 1.00 G (EC, Earth Control) for periods of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks. Measurements of their femurs indicated that exposure to centrifugation a) decreased femoral length in tre animals, b) increased femoral length in RC animals, c) reduced femoral diameter in RE and RC animals, d) increased L/D ratios in RC animals, e) decreased L/D ratios in RE animals, f) increased femur length/body weight in RE animals, g) decreased cortical thickness (CT) in RE animals, h) increased relative CT in RE animals, and decreased it in RC animals, i) accelerated ossification in RC femoral heads, j) thinned and distorted RE epiphyseal plates, and k) thickened condylar cartilage in RE females. The effects tended to be strongly sexually dimorphic, with females more severely affected by the stress than males."}
{"id": "PMID:907595", "title": "Exercise and heat orthostatism and the effect of heat acclimation and physical fitness.", "content": "Twelve trained and 16 untrained young men were administered five orthostatic tests while leaning upright against a wall, for 20 min--before exercise; after 60 min of exercise at a load of 40 W; after 15 min of exercise at a load of 80 W; after a Vo2 max test, and after 3 h of exercise at a load of 40 W in heat (39.4 degrees C DB, 30.3 degrees C WB). Eight of the untrained subjects were retested in the five orthostatic tests after 8 d of heat acclimation. The number of fainters in the orthostatic tests administered before exercise, after exercise at 40 W and 80 W, and after exercise in heat, were 3, 4, 6, and 13, respectively. There were no fainting episodes after the Vo2 max tests. Orthostatic responses in the different conditions were partially related. The trained subjects showed substantially better responses than the untrained ones (10% vs. 25% of fainting episodes), and heat acclimation resulted in marked improvement in orthostatism (decrease to 5% faintings). The results show that Vo2 max and heat tolerance account for most of the variability which determines orthostatic tolerance.", "contents": "Exercise and heat orthostatism and the effect of heat acclimation and physical fitness. Twelve trained and 16 untrained young men were administered five orthostatic tests while leaning upright against a wall, for 20 min--before exercise; after 60 min of exercise at a load of 40 W; after 15 min of exercise at a load of 80 W; after a Vo2 max test, and after 3 h of exercise at a load of 40 W in heat (39.4 degrees C DB, 30.3 degrees C WB). Eight of the untrained subjects were retested in the five orthostatic tests after 8 d of heat acclimation. The number of fainters in the orthostatic tests administered before exercise, after exercise at 40 W and 80 W, and after exercise in heat, were 3, 4, 6, and 13, respectively. There were no fainting episodes after the Vo2 max tests. Orthostatic responses in the different conditions were partially related. The trained subjects showed substantially better responses than the untrained ones (10% vs. 25% of fainting episodes), and heat acclimation resulted in marked improvement in orthostatism (decrease to 5% faintings). The results show that Vo2 max and heat tolerance account for most of the variability which determines orthostatic tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:907596", "title": "Effect of emotional stress on recognition of visual patterns.", "content": "The object of the study was to observe the changes in efficiency of perceptive activity of man (recognition of visual patterns against a background of noises) throughout an increase in emotional stress caused by a forthcoming parachuete jump. A moderate degree of emotional stress can improve performance efficiency and decrease the number of the subject's errors. Later an impairment of differentation of similar signals was seen and an increase in the number of \"false alarm\" errors along with a decrease in the number of omissions to reactions signals. The neurophysiological basis of such changes in perceptive activity consists in a transition from conditional behaviour to reaction through mechanisms of Ukhtomsky's dominant focus.", "contents": "Effect of emotional stress on recognition of visual patterns. The object of the study was to observe the changes in efficiency of perceptive activity of man (recognition of visual patterns against a background of noises) throughout an increase in emotional stress caused by a forthcoming parachuete jump. A moderate degree of emotional stress can improve performance efficiency and decrease the number of the subject's errors. Later an impairment of differentation of similar signals was seen and an increase in the number of \"false alarm\" errors along with a decrease in the number of omissions to reactions signals. The neurophysiological basis of such changes in perceptive activity consists in a transition from conditional behaviour to reaction through mechanisms of Ukhtomsky's dominant focus."}
{"id": "PMID:907597", "title": "Interaction of air pollution and hyperbaric oxygen on virus replication.", "content": "A study was undertaken to weigh the effects of air pollution and oxygen at high pressure on the susceptibility of mice to Coxsackievirus B1 infection. Animals exposed to air pollutants or oxygen at high pressure were found to contain higher amounts of recoverable virus than control animals. Animals exposed to both air pollutants and oxygen at high pressure were found to contain the greatest levels of recoverable virus. This same group of animals was also found to have hearts which were smaller than any other group. Animals maintained in an ambient atmosphere had higher levels of recoverable virus and smaller hearts than animals exposed to terpene vapors and hyperbaric oxygen. The results of this study suggest that terpene vapors may nullify the activity of oxygen at high pressure.", "contents": "Interaction of air pollution and hyperbaric oxygen on virus replication. A study was undertaken to weigh the effects of air pollution and oxygen at high pressure on the susceptibility of mice to Coxsackievirus B1 infection. Animals exposed to air pollutants or oxygen at high pressure were found to contain higher amounts of recoverable virus than control animals. Animals exposed to both air pollutants and oxygen at high pressure were found to contain the greatest levels of recoverable virus. This same group of animals was also found to have hearts which were smaller than any other group. Animals maintained in an ambient atmosphere had higher levels of recoverable virus and smaller hearts than animals exposed to terpene vapors and hyperbaric oxygen. The results of this study suggest that terpene vapors may nullify the activity of oxygen at high pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:907598", "title": "Continuous ECG monitoring on civil air crews during flight operations.", "content": "Cardiovascular disease is one of the disorders resulting in sudden incapacitation and is the most common malady leading to medical retirement. It is very important for us to control this disease among pilots. Generally, pilots undergo medical checkups at health control service on the ground, but they do not undergo these checkups during flight operations. We obtained a continuous ECG recording on four pilots to assess cardiac reserve capacity for mental load during flight operation. Results show that no significant ischemic changes of ST-segment and T-wave during flight were noticed except in one case of atrial fibrillation in which significant depression of ST-segment occurred while walking up a stairway after flight. An increased number of ectopic beats was found in another normal case. In general, it was suspected that mental load is greater at landing than takeoff.", "contents": "Continuous ECG monitoring on civil air crews during flight operations. Cardiovascular disease is one of the disorders resulting in sudden incapacitation and is the most common malady leading to medical retirement. It is very important for us to control this disease among pilots. Generally, pilots undergo medical checkups at health control service on the ground, but they do not undergo these checkups during flight operations. We obtained a continuous ECG recording on four pilots to assess cardiac reserve capacity for mental load during flight operation. Results show that no significant ischemic changes of ST-segment and T-wave during flight were noticed except in one case of atrial fibrillation in which significant depression of ST-segment occurred while walking up a stairway after flight. An increased number of ectopic beats was found in another normal case. In general, it was suspected that mental load is greater at landing than takeoff."}
{"id": "PMID:907599", "title": "Prevention of visual anxiety and proficiency problems in the senior air transport pilot.", "content": "Several actual cases were presented to show the problems encountered with flight deck vision in the middle-age presbyopic pilot both in the simulator and in flight. We have gained useful knowledge in the proper flight-deck needs and optical corrections for these pilots, which should be passed on to aviation examiners, eye specialists, and pilots themselves. This would relieve a great deal of unnecessary lost time and anxiety which results when the pilot has a correction unsuited for the cockpit and encounters extreme difficulty in simulator work and in actual flight conditions which he does not understand and which can become very frustrating and a source of anxiety because his career is at stake. This anxiety may lead to other functional ocular problems, is unnecessary, and can be prevented.", "contents": "Prevention of visual anxiety and proficiency problems in the senior air transport pilot. Several actual cases were presented to show the problems encountered with flight deck vision in the middle-age presbyopic pilot both in the simulator and in flight. We have gained useful knowledge in the proper flight-deck needs and optical corrections for these pilots, which should be passed on to aviation examiners, eye specialists, and pilots themselves. This would relieve a great deal of unnecessary lost time and anxiety which results when the pilot has a correction unsuited for the cockpit and encounters extreme difficulty in simulator work and in actual flight conditions which he does not understand and which can become very frustrating and a source of anxiety because his career is at stake. This anxiety may lead to other functional ocular problems, is unnecessary, and can be prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:907600", "title": "Emergency medical kits aboard aircraft.", "content": "For a long time it has been considered necessary to place medical kits aboard aircraft. Nevertheless, since these kits were first made up, a reevaluation of this equipment has become necessary because of new circumstances, in particular the appearance of mass transportation. It is not possible to assure complete, perfect therapeutic action against all of the pathological manifestations that can occur during flights. Aside from the slightest incidents, and despite the frequent presence of a physician among the passengers, the problem usually is to try to gain time under the best possible conditions so that the plane can proceed to the next scheduled stop. The airlines of the ATLAS Group (Air France, Alitalia, Iberia, Lufthansa and Sabena) have moved in this direction and decided to equip their planes with such a kit.", "contents": "Emergency medical kits aboard aircraft. For a long time it has been considered necessary to place medical kits aboard aircraft. Nevertheless, since these kits were first made up, a reevaluation of this equipment has become necessary because of new circumstances, in particular the appearance of mass transportation. It is not possible to assure complete, perfect therapeutic action against all of the pathological manifestations that can occur during flights. Aside from the slightest incidents, and despite the frequent presence of a physician among the passengers, the problem usually is to try to gain time under the best possible conditions so that the plane can proceed to the next scheduled stop. The airlines of the ATLAS Group (Air France, Alitalia, Iberia, Lufthansa and Sabena) have moved in this direction and decided to equip their planes with such a kit."}
{"id": "PMID:907601", "title": "Genetic and light intensity effects on the activity and emigratory behavior of the house fly, Musca domestica (L.).", "content": "The emigratory behavior and locomotor activity of yellow-eyed (y/y), wild-type (+/+), and heterozygous (+/y) house flies was examined at 8 fc (86 lx) and 1600 fc (17,223 lx) light intensities. At 8 fc, emigration rate and activity of the y/y flies was similar to that of the +/+ and +/y flies. However, at 1600 fc, the y/y flies emigrated at twice the rate and showed an activity of about one-third that of the other genotypes. The behavior of the +/+ and +/y flies remained similar regardless of the experimental design or light intensity. The excessive neural stimulation by high-intensity light resulting from reduced shielding pigments led to behavioral modifications in the visual and tactile responses of the y/y flies.", "contents": "Genetic and light intensity effects on the activity and emigratory behavior of the house fly, Musca domestica (L.). The emigratory behavior and locomotor activity of yellow-eyed (y/y), wild-type (+/+), and heterozygous (+/y) house flies was examined at 8 fc (86 lx) and 1600 fc (17,223 lx) light intensities. At 8 fc, emigration rate and activity of the y/y flies was similar to that of the +/+ and +/y flies. However, at 1600 fc, the y/y flies emigrated at twice the rate and showed an activity of about one-third that of the other genotypes. The behavior of the +/+ and +/y flies remained similar regardless of the experimental design or light intensity. The excessive neural stimulation by high-intensity light resulting from reduced shielding pigments led to behavioral modifications in the visual and tactile responses of the y/y flies."}
{"id": "PMID:907602", "title": "Social genetics.", "content": "Most behavior is expressed within social systems, and the genetic analysis of its variance therefore presents theoretical and technical problems that have been sidestepped in most previous research. The dog presents obvious advantages for studying behavioral interactions between genotypes. Two sets of data are summarized that indicate that the magnitude of genetic differences is related to the differentiation of social roles in a competitive situation, whereas similarity of genotypes is an advantage in a situation demanding coordinated activity. Issues concerning the use of correlational techniques to study social behavior are raised.", "contents": "Social genetics. Most behavior is expressed within social systems, and the genetic analysis of its variance therefore presents theoretical and technical problems that have been sidestepped in most previous research. The dog presents obvious advantages for studying behavioral interactions between genotypes. Two sets of data are summarized that indicate that the magnitude of genetic differences is related to the differentiation of social roles in a competitive situation, whereas similarity of genotypes is an advantage in a situation demanding coordinated activity. Issues concerning the use of correlational techniques to study social behavior are raised."}
{"id": "PMID:907654", "title": "[Socio-medical significance of alkalie resistance, alkalie neutralization and skin-surface lipid content in atopic neurodermatitis and ichthyosis vulgaris (author's transl)].", "content": "In individuals free from skin diseases, the resistance and the neutralisation to alkali, and the quantity of lipids at the surface of the skin, are constitltional factors; these idiotypically (genetically) controlled factors are subject to paratypical (environmental) variations. The frequency of a reduced alkali neutralisation and of sebostasis in case of neurodermitis atopica and of ichthyosis vulgaris is not dealt with in the literature, but it results from literature findings that a pathologic alkali resistance is a facultative feature in neurodermitis atopica, while it is an obligatory one in ichthyosis vulgaris. The difference seems to be conditioned genetically. In neurodermitis atopica, the genotype is in itself of no pathogenic importance since the disease is induced exclusively by exogenous and endogenous, non hereditary agents. In ichthyosis vulgaris, the reduced alkali resistance falls into the pleiotropic character of the disease.", "contents": "[Socio-medical significance of alkalie resistance, alkalie neutralization and skin-surface lipid content in atopic neurodermatitis and ichthyosis vulgaris (author's transl)]. In individuals free from skin diseases, the resistance and the neutralisation to alkali, and the quantity of lipids at the surface of the skin, are constitltional factors; these idiotypically (genetically) controlled factors are subject to paratypical (environmental) variations. The frequency of a reduced alkali neutralisation and of sebostasis in case of neurodermitis atopica and of ichthyosis vulgaris is not dealt with in the literature, but it results from literature findings that a pathologic alkali resistance is a facultative feature in neurodermitis atopica, while it is an obligatory one in ichthyosis vulgaris. The difference seems to be conditioned genetically. In neurodermitis atopica, the genotype is in itself of no pathogenic importance since the disease is induced exclusively by exogenous and endogenous, non hereditary agents. In ichthyosis vulgaris, the reduced alkali resistance falls into the pleiotropic character of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:907730", "title": "NMR spectroscopy of the ring nitrogen protons of uracil and substituted uracils; relevance to A psi base  pairing in the solution structure of transfer RNA.", "content": "The chemical shifts of the well-resolved ring nitrogen protons of uracil and a series of substituted uracils, including pseudouridine (5-ribosyl-uracil) and uridine (1-ribosyl-uracil) were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The observed chemical shifts suggest the existence of an atypical syn conformation for pseudouridine in the Apsi base pair in regulatory tRNAs in solution.", "contents": "NMR spectroscopy of the ring nitrogen protons of uracil and substituted uracils; relevance to A psi base  pairing in the solution structure of transfer RNA. The chemical shifts of the well-resolved ring nitrogen protons of uracil and a series of substituted uracils, including pseudouridine (5-ribosyl-uracil) and uridine (1-ribosyl-uracil) were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The observed chemical shifts suggest the existence of an atypical syn conformation for pseudouridine in the Apsi base pair in regulatory tRNAs in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:907754", "title": "[An autopsy case of head injury with a manic-depressive states (author's transl)].", "content": "M. M. a man aged 49. He suffered from a head injury at the aged of 41. At that time he lost consciousness for a few minutes and he was diagnosed as a consquassatio cerebri. The sequelaes of his head injury were a change of character and a disturbance of autonomic nerve function. The changes of character were decreased of activity, lie-down for all day, decrease of speech and depressive mode, and occasionally he was ill-humored, restless and irritative. Periodically he became euphoris, talkative and childisch. He had a disturbance of autonomic nerve function which became worse in parallel to the depressive states. We speculated that character changes, such as manic-depressive states and disturbances of autonomic nerve function were due to the bruising of the bilateral orbital surfaces of frontal lobes.", "contents": "[An autopsy case of head injury with a manic-depressive states (author's transl)]. M. M. a man aged 49. He suffered from a head injury at the aged of 41. At that time he lost consciousness for a few minutes and he was diagnosed as a consquassatio cerebri. The sequelaes of his head injury were a change of character and a disturbance of autonomic nerve function. The changes of character were decreased of activity, lie-down for all day, decrease of speech and depressive mode, and occasionally he was ill-humored, restless and irritative. Periodically he became euphoris, talkative and childisch. He had a disturbance of autonomic nerve function which became worse in parallel to the depressive states. We speculated that character changes, such as manic-depressive states and disturbances of autonomic nerve function were due to the bruising of the bilateral orbital surfaces of frontal lobes."}
{"id": "PMID:907755", "title": "[A new technique for collection the cerebrospinal fluid from rat (authors transl)].", "content": "An attempt was made to collect the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rat using a capillary phenomenon technique. Experiments were carried out in 76 rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal, Abbot. 50 mg/kg IP). The midline incision in the occipital region was made from 0.5 cm anterior to interauricular line of 4 cm in length. Exposing the atlanto-occipital dura mater by separating the nuchal muscles, the CSF was collected with a heparinized microtube (MICROPET. Bection, Dickson and Company) through a small hole made by a 18G syringe needle. Thus, 0.05-0.05 ml of the CSF could be readily obtained without mixture of the blood in 64 cases out of 76 trials, 84%. This simple technique is a useful way to get a small amount of CSF from little animals, such as rats.", "contents": "[A new technique for collection the cerebrospinal fluid from rat (authors transl)]. An attempt was made to collect the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rat using a capillary phenomenon technique. Experiments were carried out in 76 rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal, Abbot. 50 mg/kg IP). The midline incision in the occipital region was made from 0.5 cm anterior to interauricular line of 4 cm in length. Exposing the atlanto-occipital dura mater by separating the nuchal muscles, the CSF was collected with a heparinized microtube (MICROPET. Bection, Dickson and Company) through a small hole made by a 18G syringe needle. Thus, 0.05-0.05 ml of the CSF could be readily obtained without mixture of the blood in 64 cases out of 76 trials, 84%. This simple technique is a useful way to get a small amount of CSF from little animals, such as rats."}
{"id": "PMID:907757", "title": "[A case of neuro-Behcet's syndrome in a woman (author's transl)].", "content": "An autopsy case of Neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome is reported with review of the previous 13 cases. A 48-year-old woman who had recurrent oral aphthae and genital ulcers beginning at the age of 27 years suddenly developed several neurological symptoms including headache, paraplegia and disturbance of speech. She died of septicemia due to the urinary infection 22 years after the appearance of the first symptoms and one year after the neurological manifestation. Autopsy revealed a marked atrophy of the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. Microscopic changes in the central nervous system were consisted of edema and lymphocytic cuffing around the vessels, small foci of softening of the white matter and accumulation of fat-laden cells around these foci, and demyelination. These histologic lesions showed a diffuse distribution in the entire brain without a characteristic localisation, but involvement of the basilar nuclei and the pons was most intense in the present case as observed in most of the previous reports. Microscopic examination of other organs revealed severe pyelonephritis and fatty changes of the liver.", "contents": "[A case of neuro-Behcet's syndrome in a woman (author's transl)]. An autopsy case of Neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome is reported with review of the previous 13 cases. A 48-year-old woman who had recurrent oral aphthae and genital ulcers beginning at the age of 27 years suddenly developed several neurological symptoms including headache, paraplegia and disturbance of speech. She died of septicemia due to the urinary infection 22 years after the appearance of the first symptoms and one year after the neurological manifestation. Autopsy revealed a marked atrophy of the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. Microscopic changes in the central nervous system were consisted of edema and lymphocytic cuffing around the vessels, small foci of softening of the white matter and accumulation of fat-laden cells around these foci, and demyelination. These histologic lesions showed a diffuse distribution in the entire brain without a characteristic localisation, but involvement of the basilar nuclei and the pons was most intense in the present case as observed in most of the previous reports. Microscopic examination of other organs revealed severe pyelonephritis and fatty changes of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:907764", "title": "Minor congenital variations of cusp size in tricuspid aortic valves. Possible link with isolated aortic stenosis.", "content": "Clinically isolated aortic stenosis is most commonly caused by a congenitally malformed aortic valve. Many elderly patients with isolated aortic stenosis have a tricuspid aortic valve. It has been suggested in the past that inequalities in individual cusp size could be a factor leading to the development of the stenoses in these cases. In this study the width and height of individual aortic valve cusps were measured at necropsy in 200 hearts of patients without clinical signs of aortic stenosis, though the majority of valves obtained from elderly persons showed some ageing changes. The results were compared with similar measurements in 16 hearts of patients with clinically diagnosed and necropsy proven isolated aortic stenosis. The results show that inequality in cusp size is the rule rather than the exception. Indeed, only 5 of the 200 'normal' tricuspid aortic valves had 3 cusps of identical height and width, and each of the 16 cases with isolated aortic stenosis has cusps of differing size. The results seem to contradict the aforementioned hypothesis. However, the striking similarities between isolated aortic stenosis and the ageing aortic valve, suggest that isolated tricuspid aortic stenosis is an extreme with a spectrum of ageing alterations. Inequality in cusp size, with differences in mechanical tissue stress as a consequence, could then play a role in the pathogenesis of the stenosis by accelerating the ageing process.", "contents": "Minor congenital variations of cusp size in tricuspid aortic valves. Possible link with isolated aortic stenosis. Clinically isolated aortic stenosis is most commonly caused by a congenitally malformed aortic valve. Many elderly patients with isolated aortic stenosis have a tricuspid aortic valve. It has been suggested in the past that inequalities in individual cusp size could be a factor leading to the development of the stenoses in these cases. In this study the width and height of individual aortic valve cusps were measured at necropsy in 200 hearts of patients without clinical signs of aortic stenosis, though the majority of valves obtained from elderly persons showed some ageing changes. The results were compared with similar measurements in 16 hearts of patients with clinically diagnosed and necropsy proven isolated aortic stenosis. The results show that inequality in cusp size is the rule rather than the exception. Indeed, only 5 of the 200 'normal' tricuspid aortic valves had 3 cusps of identical height and width, and each of the 16 cases with isolated aortic stenosis has cusps of differing size. The results seem to contradict the aforementioned hypothesis. However, the striking similarities between isolated aortic stenosis and the ageing aortic valve, suggest that isolated tricuspid aortic stenosis is an extreme with a spectrum of ageing alterations. Inequality in cusp size, with differences in mechanical tissue stress as a consequence, could then play a role in the pathogenesis of the stenosis by accelerating the ageing process."}
{"id": "PMID:907765", "title": "The medial papillary complex.", "content": "The anatomy of the papillary muscle of the conus, also known as Lancisi's muscle, was studied in 100 normal hearts from pathological collections and in 8 embryonic and fetal hearts. Wide morphological variations were observed and because of this the name medial papillary complex is proposed. It is concluded that the value of this complex as an anatomical landmark in the right ventricle is a very restricted one. The development of the medial papillary complex is described.", "contents": "The medial papillary complex. The anatomy of the papillary muscle of the conus, also known as Lancisi's muscle, was studied in 100 normal hearts from pathological collections and in 8 embryonic and fetal hearts. Wide morphological variations were observed and because of this the name medial papillary complex is proposed. It is concluded that the value of this complex as an anatomical landmark in the right ventricle is a very restricted one. The development of the medial papillary complex is described."}
{"id": "PMID:907767", "title": "Lignocaine: a new technique for intravenous administration.", "content": "Current practices of intravenous lignocaine administration may result in a significant drop in blood level between the peak serum level from the initial bolus and the subsequent steady state from the constant infusion. This can cause a significant interval when plasma lignocaine levels are less than therapeutic, and ventricular ectopy may occur. To eliminate this subtherapeutic interval, a new therapeutic approach was devised. Seven patients were studied who had no evidence of congestive heart failure or liver disease. Lignocaine was infused at a rate of 25 mg/min; infusion dosages were selected by patient weight. The above therapeutic regimen eliminated the subtherapeutic hiatus and did not result in clinical toxicity. Therefore, this new infusion technique has significant clinical advantages in patients who require therapy with intravenous lignocaine.", "contents": "Lignocaine: a new technique for intravenous administration. Current practices of intravenous lignocaine administration may result in a significant drop in blood level between the peak serum level from the initial bolus and the subsequent steady state from the constant infusion. This can cause a significant interval when plasma lignocaine levels are less than therapeutic, and ventricular ectopy may occur. To eliminate this subtherapeutic interval, a new therapeutic approach was devised. Seven patients were studied who had no evidence of congestive heart failure or liver disease. Lignocaine was infused at a rate of 25 mg/min; infusion dosages were selected by patient weight. The above therapeutic regimen eliminated the subtherapeutic hiatus and did not result in clinical toxicity. Therefore, this new infusion technique has significant clinical advantages in patients who require therapy with intravenous lignocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:907768", "title": "Intracellular electrolytes in cardiac and skeletal muscle in fatal digitalis intoxication.", "content": "Samples from cardiac and skeletal muscle were obtained immediately after death in a case of fatal digitalis intoxication. Intra- and extracellular electrolytes were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. No changes were found in the extracellular electrolytes, and only modest changes were noted in skeletal muscle. In cardiac muscle, however, profound electrolyte disturbances were recorded with an inward shift of sodium and an outward shift fo potassium. This signifies an extensive and early inhibition of the membrane ATPase in cardiac muscle  and stresses the importance of immediate and vigorous treatment of the intracellular electrolyte disturbances with a view to suppressing serious and potentially lethal arrhythmias.", "contents": "Intracellular electrolytes in cardiac and skeletal muscle in fatal digitalis intoxication. Samples from cardiac and skeletal muscle were obtained immediately after death in a case of fatal digitalis intoxication. Intra- and extracellular electrolytes were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. No changes were found in the extracellular electrolytes, and only modest changes were noted in skeletal muscle. In cardiac muscle, however, profound electrolyte disturbances were recorded with an inward shift of sodium and an outward shift fo potassium. This signifies an extensive and early inhibition of the membrane ATPase in cardiac muscle  and stresses the importance of immediate and vigorous treatment of the intracellular electrolyte disturbances with a view to suppressing serious and potentially lethal arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:907769", "title": "Ventricular ectopic activity after premature atrial beats in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Ventricular ectopic activity occurred only after premature atrial beats in a patient with an acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. The ventricular ectopic activity occurred only when the coupling interval between the premature atrial beats and preceding sinus beat was less than or equal to 0-44 s. The sinus cycle length, however, appeared to influence the form of expression of ventricular ectopic activity independent of coupling intervals, with single premature ventricular contractions occurring at cycle lengths greater than or equal to 0-72 s, couplets at cycle lengths of 0-68 to 0-71 s, and ventricular tachycardia at cycle lengths less than or equal to 0-67 s.", "contents": "Ventricular ectopic activity after premature atrial beats in acute myocardial infarction. Ventricular ectopic activity occurred only after premature atrial beats in a patient with an acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. The ventricular ectopic activity occurred only when the coupling interval between the premature atrial beats and preceding sinus beat was less than or equal to 0-44 s. The sinus cycle length, however, appeared to influence the form of expression of ventricular ectopic activity independent of coupling intervals, with single premature ventricular contractions occurring at cycle lengths greater than or equal to 0-72 s, couplets at cycle lengths of 0-68 to 0-71 s, and ventricular tachycardia at cycle lengths less than or equal to 0-67 s."}
{"id": "PMID:907770", "title": "Echocardiographic features of cardiac compression by a thymoma simulating cardiac tamponade and obstruction of the superior vena cava.", "content": "A patient with a large tumour of the superior mediastinum, detected by routine chest X-ray examination, is presented. Compression of the heart and the superior mediastinum produced the clinical picture of cardiac tamponade and obstruction of the superior vena cava and trachea. The solid nature of the tumour was established by echocardiography which, in addition, showed: (1) posterior displacement of the heart; (2) diminished dimensions of the left atrium and left ventricle; (3) prominent respiratory variation in the position of the interventricular septum, the dimensions of both ventricles, and the duration of systolic separation of the aortic valve cusps; and (4) 'pseudo-prolapse' of the mitral valve. All abnormal clinical signs and echocardiographic findings disappeared promptly after surgical resection of the tumour which was found to be a thymoma.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features of cardiac compression by a thymoma simulating cardiac tamponade and obstruction of the superior vena cava. A patient with a large tumour of the superior mediastinum, detected by routine chest X-ray examination, is presented. Compression of the heart and the superior mediastinum produced the clinical picture of cardiac tamponade and obstruction of the superior vena cava and trachea. The solid nature of the tumour was established by echocardiography which, in addition, showed: (1) posterior displacement of the heart; (2) diminished dimensions of the left atrium and left ventricle; (3) prominent respiratory variation in the position of the interventricular septum, the dimensions of both ventricles, and the duration of systolic separation of the aortic valve cusps; and (4) 'pseudo-prolapse' of the mitral valve. All abnormal clinical signs and echocardiographic findings disappeared promptly after surgical resection of the tumour which was found to be a thymoma."}
{"id": "PMID:907772", "title": "Electrophysiological properties of phentolamine in man.", "content": "The effects of phentolamine, 0-3 mg/min given intravenously for 15 minutes, on His bundle electrograms were studied in 11 patients with heart disease. Recordings were made at varied heart rates, using atrial pacing. Phentolamine significantly reduced the AH interval in every patient but it had no effect on the HV interval. Functional and effective refractory periods were measured with the use of the atrial extrastimulus technique. The effective refractory period of the atrium and atrioventricular node as well as the functional refractory period of the atrioventricular node all significantly decreased after phentolamine infusion. This improvement in conduction is probably mediated by a release of catecholamines.", "contents": "Electrophysiological properties of phentolamine in man. The effects of phentolamine, 0-3 mg/min given intravenously for 15 minutes, on His bundle electrograms were studied in 11 patients with heart disease. Recordings were made at varied heart rates, using atrial pacing. Phentolamine significantly reduced the AH interval in every patient but it had no effect on the HV interval. Functional and effective refractory periods were measured with the use of the atrial extrastimulus technique. The effective refractory period of the atrium and atrioventricular node as well as the functional refractory period of the atrioventricular node all significantly decreased after phentolamine infusion. This improvement in conduction is probably mediated by a release of catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:907773", "title": "Echocardiographic visualisation of the interatrial baffle after Mustard's operation.", "content": "Thirty children aged from 7 weeks to 14 years were examined by echocardiography after Mustard's operation for transposition of the great arteries. Discrete and persitent echoes were noted within the original left atrial cavity and contrast echocardiography was used to establish that these originated from the interatrial baffle. In the presence of caval channel obstruction, caused by malposition or shrinkage of the baffle, significant differences were seen in the echocardiographic appearances of the baffle, namely limitation of baffle motion, thickening, and multiplicity of the baffle echoes. These findings suggest that the technique may be of value in the postoperative assessment of patients with transposition of the great arteries.", "contents": "Echocardiographic visualisation of the interatrial baffle after Mustard's operation. Thirty children aged from 7 weeks to 14 years were examined by echocardiography after Mustard's operation for transposition of the great arteries. Discrete and persitent echoes were noted within the original left atrial cavity and contrast echocardiography was used to establish that these originated from the interatrial baffle. In the presence of caval channel obstruction, caused by malposition or shrinkage of the baffle, significant differences were seen in the echocardiographic appearances of the baffle, namely limitation of baffle motion, thickening, and multiplicity of the baffle echoes. These findings suggest that the technique may be of value in the postoperative assessment of patients with transposition of the great arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:907775", "title": "Origin of ventricular reflexes caused by coronary arteriography.", "content": "Left ventricular reflexes have in the past been investigated in anaesthetised animals, generally using an open chest technique. We have studied the degree of bradycardia occurring during coronary arteriography in 200 patients with a view to localising the origin of the ventricular reflexes. We have correlated the decrease of sinus rate with the anatomical distribution and integrity of the coronary tree. The degree of bradycardia was not influenced by the origin of the sinus node or the AV node arteries, while there was a good correlation with the injection of contrast medium into the artery which supplied the inferior wall of the left ventricle. The occurrence of transient sinus arrest was also correlated with the injection into the same artery. The results suggest that the parasympathetic receptors are located mainly in the inferior wall of the left ventricle. This may well be the explanation for the clinical picture of bradycardia, hypotension, and peripheral vasodilatation often seen in acute inferior myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Origin of ventricular reflexes caused by coronary arteriography. Left ventricular reflexes have in the past been investigated in anaesthetised animals, generally using an open chest technique. We have studied the degree of bradycardia occurring during coronary arteriography in 200 patients with a view to localising the origin of the ventricular reflexes. We have correlated the decrease of sinus rate with the anatomical distribution and integrity of the coronary tree. The degree of bradycardia was not influenced by the origin of the sinus node or the AV node arteries, while there was a good correlation with the injection of contrast medium into the artery which supplied the inferior wall of the left ventricle. The occurrence of transient sinus arrest was also correlated with the injection into the same artery. The results suggest that the parasympathetic receptors are located mainly in the inferior wall of the left ventricle. This may well be the explanation for the clinical picture of bradycardia, hypotension, and peripheral vasodilatation often seen in acute inferior myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:907776", "title": "Assessment of diagnostic value of technetium-99m pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy in 80 patients with possible acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The diagnostic value of technetium-99m-pyrophosphate (Tc-pyrophosphate) myocardial scintigraphy was determined in 80 consecutive patients who had been admitted to the coronary care unit in order to rule out an acute myocardial infarction. Scintigraphic findings obtained within 5 days of admission were correlated with the final cardiac diagnosis determined for each patient. Significant myocardial uptake of Tc-pyrophosphate (positive scans) occurred in 13 of 22 patients (59%) who had enzyme and/or electrocardiographic proven acute myocardial infarct: 3 out of 5 with transmural myocardial infarct, 9 of 16 with nontransmural myocardial infarct, and 1 patient with left bundle-branch block. Of 58 patients who showed no evidence of acute myocardial infarction, positive scans occurred in 14 of 33 patients who had unstable angina pectoris (42%), 0 of 6 who had congestive heart failure, 6 of 9 who had other acute cardiac syndromes, and in 0 of 10 who had noncardiac chest pain. In the patients with unstable angina pectoris positive scans could not be predicted on the basis of the history, electrocardiographic findings or the arteriographically determined severity of the coronary artery disease. Blood levels of Tc-99m activity measured in 21 cardiac patients and in 6 volunteers did not correlate with the uptake intensity of Tc-pyrophosphate. These findings suggest caution in the use of this imaging method for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarct in patients admitted with 'rule out myocardial infarction'.", "contents": "Assessment of diagnostic value of technetium-99m pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy in 80 patients with possible acute myocardial infarction. The diagnostic value of technetium-99m-pyrophosphate (Tc-pyrophosphate) myocardial scintigraphy was determined in 80 consecutive patients who had been admitted to the coronary care unit in order to rule out an acute myocardial infarction. Scintigraphic findings obtained within 5 days of admission were correlated with the final cardiac diagnosis determined for each patient. Significant myocardial uptake of Tc-pyrophosphate (positive scans) occurred in 13 of 22 patients (59%) who had enzyme and/or electrocardiographic proven acute myocardial infarct: 3 out of 5 with transmural myocardial infarct, 9 of 16 with nontransmural myocardial infarct, and 1 patient with left bundle-branch block. Of 58 patients who showed no evidence of acute myocardial infarction, positive scans occurred in 14 of 33 patients who had unstable angina pectoris (42%), 0 of 6 who had congestive heart failure, 6 of 9 who had other acute cardiac syndromes, and in 0 of 10 who had noncardiac chest pain. In the patients with unstable angina pectoris positive scans could not be predicted on the basis of the history, electrocardiographic findings or the arteriographically determined severity of the coronary artery disease. Blood levels of Tc-99m activity measured in 21 cardiac patients and in 6 volunteers did not correlate with the uptake intensity of Tc-pyrophosphate. These findings suggest caution in the use of this imaging method for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarct in patients admitted with 'rule out myocardial infarction'."}
{"id": "PMID:907778", "title": "Natural history and evaluation of ST segment changes and MB CK release in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The experimental evidence relating ST segment elevation in the electrocardiogram to the progress and extent of ischaemic myocardial damage is discussed. There are difficulties in applying this to patients: the reproducibility of praecordial mapping was tested using a multiple analysis of variance. This showed that factors such as time after the onset of myocardial infarction and posture can affect measurements of sigmaST elevation significantly. There was a pattern of changes in segmaST elevation and of changes in plasma MB CK activity in a group of patients with uncomplicated anterior infarction. A significant byt weak correlation was found between sigmaST elevation in the first hour and the total MB CK activity released into the plasma, but not at any other time. The use of sigmaST elevation as a measure of the extent of ischaemic damage is unreliable. In 5 patients with a variety of complications of acute anterior infarction, changes in sigmaST elevation werr significantly different from the uncomplicated group, and MB CK release profiles suggested further necrosis. The pattern and time course of ST segment changes may be of use in assessing the progress of ischaemic myocardial damage.", "contents": "Natural history and evaluation of ST segment changes and MB CK release in acute myocardial infarction. The experimental evidence relating ST segment elevation in the electrocardiogram to the progress and extent of ischaemic myocardial damage is discussed. There are difficulties in applying this to patients: the reproducibility of praecordial mapping was tested using a multiple analysis of variance. This showed that factors such as time after the onset of myocardial infarction and posture can affect measurements of sigmaST elevation significantly. There was a pattern of changes in segmaST elevation and of changes in plasma MB CK activity in a group of patients with uncomplicated anterior infarction. A significant byt weak correlation was found between sigmaST elevation in the first hour and the total MB CK activity released into the plasma, but not at any other time. The use of sigmaST elevation as a measure of the extent of ischaemic damage is unreliable. In 5 patients with a variety of complications of acute anterior infarction, changes in sigmaST elevation werr significantly different from the uncomplicated group, and MB CK release profiles suggested further necrosis. The pattern and time course of ST segment changes may be of use in assessing the progress of ischaemic myocardial damage."}
{"id": "PMID:907779", "title": "Distortion of non-invasive cardiac pulse curves. A capillary-damped pick-up and a calibration unit forapex cardiograms and other pulse curves.", "content": "A calibration unit and a capillary-damped pick-up, of funnel type, intended for apex cardiograms and other non-invasive cardiac pulse curves are presented. The physical properties of a recording system, suitable for non-invasive cardiac diagnostic techniques, are reviewed. In 4 identical recording units consisting of a funnel with and without capillary damping, connected via air transmission to a transducer, the overamplification in the underdamped systems varied between 2-4 and 4-3, and in the capillary-damped systems between 1-1 and 1-2. The capillary damping gave an approximately linear relation between phase shift and frequency in the high frequency range with a calculated delay of about 4ms. The low frequency time constant in the systems varied between 1-9 and 4-6 s, depending on the amplifier setting used, which for sine curves of frequency 0-5 and 2 Hz means an apparent prematurity for their maxima and minima varying between 53 and 1 ms, this being larger with lower frequency time constants and lower frequency curves.", "contents": "Distortion of non-invasive cardiac pulse curves. A capillary-damped pick-up and a calibration unit forapex cardiograms and other pulse curves. A calibration unit and a capillary-damped pick-up, of funnel type, intended for apex cardiograms and other non-invasive cardiac pulse curves are presented. The physical properties of a recording system, suitable for non-invasive cardiac diagnostic techniques, are reviewed. In 4 identical recording units consisting of a funnel with and without capillary damping, connected via air transmission to a transducer, the overamplification in the underdamped systems varied between 2-4 and 4-3, and in the capillary-damped systems between 1-1 and 1-2. The capillary damping gave an approximately linear relation between phase shift and frequency in the high frequency range with a calculated delay of about 4ms. The low frequency time constant in the systems varied between 1-9 and 4-6 s, depending on the amplifier setting used, which for sine curves of frequency 0-5 and 2 Hz means an apparent prematurity for their maxima and minima varying between 53 and 1 ms, this being larger with lower frequency time constants and lower frequency curves."}
{"id": "PMID:907780", "title": "Partial characterization and proposed mode of action of inhibitory HeLa cell surface polypeptides.", "content": "Polypeptides removed from the HeLa cell surface by mild pronase treatment rapidly inhibit protein synthesis when added to HeLa cells or cell-free translation systems derived from HeLa cells. The inhibitory activity is heat stable. Protein and carbohydrate components of these polypeptides are required for inhibition of protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro. Two peaks of activity can be recovered from polyacrylamide gels, corresponding to polypeptides with molecular weights of approximately 29 000 and 41 000. Inhibition of protein synthesis in cell-free translation systems appears to be primarily an effect on elongation of polypeptide chains, whereas in the intact cell the primary target may be polypeptide chain initiation.", "contents": "Partial characterization and proposed mode of action of inhibitory HeLa cell surface polypeptides. Polypeptides removed from the HeLa cell surface by mild pronase treatment rapidly inhibit protein synthesis when added to HeLa cells or cell-free translation systems derived from HeLa cells. The inhibitory activity is heat stable. Protein and carbohydrate components of these polypeptides are required for inhibition of protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro. Two peaks of activity can be recovered from polyacrylamide gels, corresponding to polypeptides with molecular weights of approximately 29 000 and 41 000. Inhibition of protein synthesis in cell-free translation systems appears to be primarily an effect on elongation of polypeptide chains, whereas in the intact cell the primary target may be polypeptide chain initiation."}
{"id": "PMID:907782", "title": "Detection of amphiphilic proteins and peptides in complex mixtures. Charge-shift crossed immunoelectrophoresis and two-dimensional charge-shift electrophoresis.", "content": "Charge-shift electrophoresis has been suggested as a simple and novel method for differentiating between emphiphilic and hydrophilic proteins (Helenius, A. and Simons, K. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 74, 529-532.) This communication reports on the combination of charge-shift electrophoresis with second dimensional quantitative immunoelectrophoresis, and on a two-dimensional modification of the charge-shift electrophoresis technique. From results obtained with unfractionated human plasma proteins and human erythrocyte membrane proteins we conclude that these modifications reliably permit detection of amphiphilic proteins and peptides in complex mixtures.", "contents": "Detection of amphiphilic proteins and peptides in complex mixtures. Charge-shift crossed immunoelectrophoresis and two-dimensional charge-shift electrophoresis. Charge-shift electrophoresis has been suggested as a simple and novel method for differentiating between emphiphilic and hydrophilic proteins (Helenius, A. and Simons, K. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 74, 529-532.) This communication reports on the combination of charge-shift electrophoresis with second dimensional quantitative immunoelectrophoresis, and on a two-dimensional modification of the charge-shift electrophoresis technique. From results obtained with unfractionated human plasma proteins and human erythrocyte membrane proteins we conclude that these modifications reliably permit detection of amphiphilic proteins and peptides in complex mixtures."}
{"id": "PMID:907783", "title": "Fusion of neurohypophyseal membranes in vitro.", "content": "Freeze cleaving electron microscopy has shown that fusion of isolated secretory vesicles from bovine neurohypophyses was induced by Ca2+ in micromolar concentrations. Mg2+ and Sr2+ were ineffective. Mg2+ inhibited Ca2+-induced fusion. In suspensions containing secretory vesicles as well as sheets of cell membrane, release of vasopressin parallel to intervesicular fusion and fusion of secretory vesicles with sheets of cell membrane was observed after exposure to Ca2+. Mg2+ and Sr2+ were ineffective in replacing Ca2+ as trigger for fusion or vasopressin release. Intervesicular fusion and exocytotic profiles were observed when isolated neurohypophyses or neurosecretosomes were exposed to cold.", "contents": "Fusion of neurohypophyseal membranes in vitro. Freeze cleaving electron microscopy has shown that fusion of isolated secretory vesicles from bovine neurohypophyses was induced by Ca2+ in micromolar concentrations. Mg2+ and Sr2+ were ineffective. Mg2+ inhibited Ca2+-induced fusion. In suspensions containing secretory vesicles as well as sheets of cell membrane, release of vasopressin parallel to intervesicular fusion and fusion of secretory vesicles with sheets of cell membrane was observed after exposure to Ca2+. Mg2+ and Sr2+ were ineffective in replacing Ca2+ as trigger for fusion or vasopressin release. Intervesicular fusion and exocytotic profiles were observed when isolated neurohypophyses or neurosecretosomes were exposed to cold."}
{"id": "PMID:907784", "title": "Properties of lipid bilayer membranes made from lipids containing phytanic acid.", "content": "Besides the preparation of phytanic acid (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecylic acid) according to the Dumas-Stass reaction, the synthesis of four different lipids containing phytanic acid residues is described. Diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine was synthesized beginning from glycerylphosphorylcholine, whereas the other lipids, diphytanoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, diphytanoyl phosphatidylserine and monophytanoyl glyceride were prepared by total synthesis. Some properties of lipid bilayer membranes made from the lipids containing phytanic acid were investigated. The specific capacity of these membranes was measured. Its value of approximately 400 nF cm-2 was found to be similar to the value of membranes from lipids with unbranched fatty acid residues. Charge pulse experiments were performed using dipicrylamine as a molecular probe of membrane structure. The results were discussed on the basis of a higher viscosity of the membranes from lipids containing phytanic acid residues compared with unbranched fatty acid residues.", "contents": "Properties of lipid bilayer membranes made from lipids containing phytanic acid. Besides the preparation of phytanic acid (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecylic acid) according to the Dumas-Stass reaction, the synthesis of four different lipids containing phytanic acid residues is described. Diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine was synthesized beginning from glycerylphosphorylcholine, whereas the other lipids, diphytanoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, diphytanoyl phosphatidylserine and monophytanoyl glyceride were prepared by total synthesis. Some properties of lipid bilayer membranes made from the lipids containing phytanic acid were investigated. The specific capacity of these membranes was measured. Its value of approximately 400 nF cm-2 was found to be similar to the value of membranes from lipids with unbranched fatty acid residues. Charge pulse experiments were performed using dipicrylamine as a molecular probe of membrane structure. The results were discussed on the basis of a higher viscosity of the membranes from lipids containing phytanic acid residues compared with unbranched fatty acid residues."}
{"id": "PMID:907787", "title": "Isolation and identification of glycosaminoglycans associated with purified nuclei from rat liver.", "content": "Nuclei isolated from rat liver were purified extensively and then subjected to extraction of glycosaminoglycans by the conventional method with a slight modification including the treatments with amylase, nucleases (DNAase and RNAase), and sialidase in addition to the pronase treatment. The nuclear glycosaminoglycan fraction thus prepared was subjected to chromatography on Dowes 1-X2 (Cl-) and electrophoresis before or after digestion with specific enzymes such as Streptomyces hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC and AC. These results together with the results of chemical analyses have revealed that the purified nuclei from rat liver contain glycosaminoglycans equivalent to 0.2-0.3 microgram hexuronic acid per mg DNA. A major component of the nuclear glycosaminoglycans has been identified as hyaluronic acid, while a minor component as chondroitin sulfate A (OR C). Preliminary investigations have shown that most of the nuclear glycosaminoglycans are associated with the chromatin fraction.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of glycosaminoglycans associated with purified nuclei from rat liver. Nuclei isolated from rat liver were purified extensively and then subjected to extraction of glycosaminoglycans by the conventional method with a slight modification including the treatments with amylase, nucleases (DNAase and RNAase), and sialidase in addition to the pronase treatment. The nuclear glycosaminoglycan fraction thus prepared was subjected to chromatography on Dowes 1-X2 (Cl-) and electrophoresis before or after digestion with specific enzymes such as Streptomyces hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC and AC. These results together with the results of chemical analyses have revealed that the purified nuclei from rat liver contain glycosaminoglycans equivalent to 0.2-0.3 microgram hexuronic acid per mg DNA. A major component of the nuclear glycosaminoglycans has been identified as hyaluronic acid, while a minor component as chondroitin sulfate A (OR C). Preliminary investigations have shown that most of the nuclear glycosaminoglycans are associated with the chromatin fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:907788", "title": "Studies on lectins. XXXI. Determination of dissociation constants of lectin. Sugar complexes by means of affinity electrophoresis.", "content": "A modification of affinity electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing immobilized sugar residues is described. The immobilization of sugar residues is achieved by addition of a water soluble O-glycosyl polyacrylamide copolymer to the polymerization mixture, which serves for the preparation of gels for commonly used discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic mobility of lectins in affinity gels containing specific immobilized sugar decreases with increasing sugar concentration. The addition of free sugar into the affinity gel abolishes retardation of the electrophoretic mobility caused by immobilized sugar. The relationship between electrophoretic mobility of lectins and concentration of immobilized and free sugar was used for the calculation of dissociation constants of the various complexes lectin-immobilized sugar and lectin-free sugar.", "contents": "Studies on lectins. XXXI. Determination of dissociation constants of lectin. Sugar complexes by means of affinity electrophoresis. A modification of affinity electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing immobilized sugar residues is described. The immobilization of sugar residues is achieved by addition of a water soluble O-glycosyl polyacrylamide copolymer to the polymerization mixture, which serves for the preparation of gels for commonly used discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic mobility of lectins in affinity gels containing specific immobilized sugar decreases with increasing sugar concentration. The addition of free sugar into the affinity gel abolishes retardation of the electrophoretic mobility caused by immobilized sugar. The relationship between electrophoretic mobility of lectins and concentration of immobilized and free sugar was used for the calculation of dissociation constants of the various complexes lectin-immobilized sugar and lectin-free sugar."}
{"id": "PMID:907789", "title": "Studies on lectins. XXXII. Application of affinity electrophoresis to the study of the interaction of lectins and their derivatives with sugars.", "content": "Affinity electrophoresis was used to study the sugar binding heterogeneity of lectins or their derivatives. Commercial and demetallized preparations of concanavalin A could be resolved by affinity electrophoresis into three components with different affinity to immobilized sugar. Similarly the Vicia cracca lectin obtained by affinity chromatography behaved on affinity gels as a mixture of active and inactive molecular species. Affinity electrophoresis has shown that the nonhemagglutinating acetylated lentil lectin and photo-oxidized or sulfenylated pea lectin retain their sugar binding properties; dissociation constants of saccharide complexes of these derivatives are similar to those of native lectins. The presence of specific immobilized sugar in the affinity gel improved the resolution of isolectins from Dolichos biflorus and Ricinus communis seeds.", "contents": "Studies on lectins. XXXII. Application of affinity electrophoresis to the study of the interaction of lectins and their derivatives with sugars. Affinity electrophoresis was used to study the sugar binding heterogeneity of lectins or their derivatives. Commercial and demetallized preparations of concanavalin A could be resolved by affinity electrophoresis into three components with different affinity to immobilized sugar. Similarly the Vicia cracca lectin obtained by affinity chromatography behaved on affinity gels as a mixture of active and inactive molecular species. Affinity electrophoresis has shown that the nonhemagglutinating acetylated lentil lectin and photo-oxidized or sulfenylated pea lectin retain their sugar binding properties; dissociation constants of saccharide complexes of these derivatives are similar to those of native lectins. The presence of specific immobilized sugar in the affinity gel improved the resolution of isolectins from Dolichos biflorus and Ricinus communis seeds."}
{"id": "PMID:907790", "title": "Action of 5-(2-thienyl)valeric acid as a biotin antagonist.", "content": "5-(2-Thienyl)valeric acid (TVA), a biotin analogue which can be easily prepared through chemical process, inhibited the growth of a biotin synthesizing Rhodotorula glutinis. The growth inhibition was reversed by the addition of biotin. Among biotin intermediates, dethiobiotin and 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid reversed the inhibition by TVA, while 7-keto-8-amino-pelargonic acid and pimelic acid did not. From these results, it was concluded that TVA is a biotin antagonist which probably acts as an inhibitor of biotin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Action of 5-(2-thienyl)valeric acid as a biotin antagonist. 5-(2-Thienyl)valeric acid (TVA), a biotin analogue which can be easily prepared through chemical process, inhibited the growth of a biotin synthesizing Rhodotorula glutinis. The growth inhibition was reversed by the addition of biotin. Among biotin intermediates, dethiobiotin and 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid reversed the inhibition by TVA, while 7-keto-8-amino-pelargonic acid and pimelic acid did not. From these results, it was concluded that TVA is a biotin antagonist which probably acts as an inhibitor of biotin biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:907791", "title": "[Use of immunochemical methods in enzymology].", "content": "The binding of antibodies to enzymes-antigens markedly affects the activity and structure of the latters. The mechanisms of activation and inhibition of enzymes by antibodies and the use of immunochemical methods for the study of the active sites structure, conformational changes during interaction with substrates and other ligands and the quaternary structure of enzymes are discussed.", "contents": "[Use of immunochemical methods in enzymology]. The binding of antibodies to enzymes-antigens markedly affects the activity and structure of the latters. The mechanisms of activation and inhibition of enzymes by antibodies and the use of immunochemical methods for the study of the active sites structure, conformational changes during interaction with substrates and other ligands and the quaternary structure of enzymes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907792", "title": "[A substrate-type induction of liver microsomal monooxygenases by phenobarbital].", "content": "A possibility of step-wise induction of microsomal monooxygenases after injection of phenobarbital in the presence of 3-methylcholanthrene-caused induction was studied. It was found that the ratio of the high- and low-spin types of cytochrome, rather than the position of the CO-peak of its reduced form is a criterion for functional specificity of hemoprotein. Induction by phenobarbital appears possible under conditions when the inductor binding to microsomal hemoprotein is lacking, since cytochrome P-488 has no binding sites for phenobarbital. It is assumed that under microsomal monooxygenases induction by phenobarbital activation of genome and subsequent protein synthesis are operated by the substrate rather than by products of its primary metabolism in microsomes.", "contents": "[A substrate-type induction of liver microsomal monooxygenases by phenobarbital]. A possibility of step-wise induction of microsomal monooxygenases after injection of phenobarbital in the presence of 3-methylcholanthrene-caused induction was studied. It was found that the ratio of the high- and low-spin types of cytochrome, rather than the position of the CO-peak of its reduced form is a criterion for functional specificity of hemoprotein. Induction by phenobarbital appears possible under conditions when the inductor binding to microsomal hemoprotein is lacking, since cytochrome P-488 has no binding sites for phenobarbital. It is assumed that under microsomal monooxygenases induction by phenobarbital activation of genome and subsequent protein synthesis are operated by the substrate rather than by products of its primary metabolism in microsomes."}
{"id": "PMID:907793", "title": "[14C incorporation into lipid fractions of yeast Candida quilliermondii during growth in the presence of different carbon sources].", "content": "Kinetics of 14C incorporation into lipid fractions of yeast C. quilliermondii from 1-14C-octadecane and 1,2-14C-acetic acid is studied. Considerable differences, revealed in kinetics and the rate of 14C incorporation into lipid fractions depending on the lipid precursors, draw to the conclusion that the lipid synthesis from octadecane and acetic acid can occur through different pathways. The absence of the competition under the carbon influx into lipid fraction also suggests, that the lipid synthesis from ocetate and carbohydrate takes place simultaneously through two different pathways, which are spatially uncoupled in cell. A presence in yeast cells of two glyoxylate shunts is proposed, which are spatially uncoupled and specific to acetyl residues of different origins.", "contents": "[14C incorporation into lipid fractions of yeast Candida quilliermondii during growth in the presence of different carbon sources]. Kinetics of 14C incorporation into lipid fractions of yeast C. quilliermondii from 1-14C-octadecane and 1,2-14C-acetic acid is studied. Considerable differences, revealed in kinetics and the rate of 14C incorporation into lipid fractions depending on the lipid precursors, draw to the conclusion that the lipid synthesis from octadecane and acetic acid can occur through different pathways. The absence of the competition under the carbon influx into lipid fraction also suggests, that the lipid synthesis from ocetate and carbohydrate takes place simultaneously through two different pathways, which are spatially uncoupled in cell. A presence in yeast cells of two glyoxylate shunts is proposed, which are spatially uncoupled and specific to acetyl residues of different origins."}
{"id": "PMID:907794", "title": "[Isolation and properties of trypsin isoinhibitors from kidney beans].", "content": "Two isoinhibitors (II and III-B) have been isolated from kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a highly purified state. Both were active against trypsin and chymotrypsin to the same extent. Their amino acid composition is characterized by a high content of half-cystine, aspartic acid (or asparagine) and serine, by the absence of valine, methionine and tryptophan. Glycine and serine were N-terminal in II and III-B respectively. Both isoinhibitors have C-terminal leucine.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of trypsin isoinhibitors from kidney beans]. Two isoinhibitors (II and III-B) have been isolated from kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a highly purified state. Both were active against trypsin and chymotrypsin to the same extent. Their amino acid composition is characterized by a high content of half-cystine, aspartic acid (or asparagine) and serine, by the absence of valine, methionine and tryptophan. Glycine and serine were N-terminal in II and III-B respectively. Both isoinhibitors have C-terminal leucine."}
{"id": "PMID:907795", "title": "[Purification and kinetic properties of glycogen phosphorylase A from rabbit liver].", "content": "The purification of phosphorylated form of rabbit liver glycogen phosphorylase (phosphorylase A) using the chromathography on a omega-amino-hexyl-Sepharose column has been carried out. The yield is about 90%, the specific activity is equal to 90 mkmol Pi/min. mg. The enzyme samples appeared essentially homogeneous when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Km value of glucose-1-phosphate in the presence of AMP is 4--6 mM, which is higher than that found previously. When the glucose-1-phosphate concentration was varied, deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics were observed in the presence of glucose or ATP (Hill slopes of 1.6), but these deviations were virtually abolished by the presence of AMP. With glucose-1-phosphate as the substrate the Ki value of glucose is 57 mM in the absence of AMP and 150 mM in the presence of this effector. The Ki value of ATP is less dependent on the presence of AMP. The synergism in combined action of glucose and ATP has been revealed.", "contents": "[Purification and kinetic properties of glycogen phosphorylase A from rabbit liver]. The purification of phosphorylated form of rabbit liver glycogen phosphorylase (phosphorylase A) using the chromathography on a omega-amino-hexyl-Sepharose column has been carried out. The yield is about 90%, the specific activity is equal to 90 mkmol Pi/min. mg. The enzyme samples appeared essentially homogeneous when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Km value of glucose-1-phosphate in the presence of AMP is 4--6 mM, which is higher than that found previously. When the glucose-1-phosphate concentration was varied, deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics were observed in the presence of glucose or ATP (Hill slopes of 1.6), but these deviations were virtually abolished by the presence of AMP. With glucose-1-phosphate as the substrate the Ki value of glucose is 57 mM in the absence of AMP and 150 mM in the presence of this effector. The Ki value of ATP is less dependent on the presence of AMP. The synergism in combined action of glucose and ATP has been revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:907796", "title": "[Stability of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in aging of human diploid cells and the laboratory mouse].", "content": "Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.49) was found to be inactivated by 30% for 25 min the incubation at 37 degrees C in extracts of human diploid cells and mouse liver, and the stability of the enzyme was found to reduce in aging of human diploid cells and mouse. The stability of dehydrogenase of mice treated with \"geroprotector\", 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine, exceeds the control level.", "contents": "[Stability of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in aging of human diploid cells and the laboratory mouse]. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.49) was found to be inactivated by 30% for 25 min the incubation at 37 degrees C in extracts of human diploid cells and mouse liver, and the stability of the enzyme was found to reduce in aging of human diploid cells and mouse. The stability of dehydrogenase of mice treated with \"geroprotector\", 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine, exceeds the control level."}
{"id": "PMID:907797", "title": "[Light-induced production and consumption of oxygen by chloroplasts: activation and inhibition].", "content": "Light-induced production and consumption of oxygen by pea chloroplasts are activated at certain concentrations of the solvents (diethyl ester, methyl alcohol, dimethylsulfoxide) and detergent Triton X-100. At higher concentrations of the compounds studied both reactions are inhibited. The uncouplers (methylamine and carbonyl cyanide-3-chlorophenylhydrazone) activate these processes. The agents studied have a similar effect on the processes of light-induced production and consumption of oxygen, which are limited by a common link bound to the phosphorylation site in photosystem I. The effects observed suggest that the inhibition may be due to inhibition of photosystem II, whereas the activation may be largely due to an action on photosystem I.", "contents": "[Light-induced production and consumption of oxygen by chloroplasts: activation and inhibition]. Light-induced production and consumption of oxygen by pea chloroplasts are activated at certain concentrations of the solvents (diethyl ester, methyl alcohol, dimethylsulfoxide) and detergent Triton X-100. At higher concentrations of the compounds studied both reactions are inhibited. The uncouplers (methylamine and carbonyl cyanide-3-chlorophenylhydrazone) activate these processes. The agents studied have a similar effect on the processes of light-induced production and consumption of oxygen, which are limited by a common link bound to the phosphorylation site in photosystem I. The effects observed suggest that the inhibition may be due to inhibition of photosystem II, whereas the activation may be largely due to an action on photosystem I."}
{"id": "PMID:907798", "title": "Postural plasma aldosterone response in \"upright hyperkalemia\" associated with selective hypoaldosteronism.", "content": "Upright posture induced a consistent increase in serum K with a blunted plasma aldosterone response in four male renal patients with selective hypoaldosteronism. Dietary Na restriction induced a dramatic increase in the suppressed plasma aldosterone without returning the elevated serum K levels to normal and abolishing the postural serum K change. Therefore it is concluded that \"upright hyperkalemia\" may not be caused exclusively by suppression or/and inadequate postural response of aldosterone. Cellular disturbance in the regulation of K distribution might be an additional explantation for the aldosterone unresponsive postural K change.", "contents": "Postural plasma aldosterone response in \"upright hyperkalemia\" associated with selective hypoaldosteronism. Upright posture induced a consistent increase in serum K with a blunted plasma aldosterone response in four male renal patients with selective hypoaldosteronism. Dietary Na restriction induced a dramatic increase in the suppressed plasma aldosterone without returning the elevated serum K levels to normal and abolishing the postural serum K change. Therefore it is concluded that \"upright hyperkalemia\" may not be caused exclusively by suppression or/and inadequate postural response of aldosterone. Cellular disturbance in the regulation of K distribution might be an additional explantation for the aldosterone unresponsive postural K change."}
{"id": "PMID:907799", "title": "The synthesis of transcobalamin II, a vitamin B12 transport protein, by stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The concentration of transcobalamin II (TCII), the vitamin B12 binding protein which delivers vitamin B12 to the tissues, was determined in stimulated and non stimulated mouse peritoneal exudate cells (PEC). Following a single intraperitoneal thioglycollate injection there was a marked increase in TCII which was shown to be produced by the adherent cells of the PEC i.e. the macrophages. It has been concluded that the PEC macrophages synthesize TCII.", "contents": "The synthesis of transcobalamin II, a vitamin B12 transport protein, by stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. The concentration of transcobalamin II (TCII), the vitamin B12 binding protein which delivers vitamin B12 to the tissues, was determined in stimulated and non stimulated mouse peritoneal exudate cells (PEC). Following a single intraperitoneal thioglycollate injection there was a marked increase in TCII which was shown to be produced by the adherent cells of the PEC i.e. the macrophages. It has been concluded that the PEC macrophages synthesize TCII."}
{"id": "PMID:907800", "title": "Radionuclide inferior vena cavagram.", "content": "Routine visualisation of the I.V.C. at the time of injection for hepatosplenic scintigraphy may sometimes yield useful information. 4 such instances are reported.", "contents": "Radionuclide inferior vena cavagram. Routine visualisation of the I.V.C. at the time of injection for hepatosplenic scintigraphy may sometimes yield useful information. 4 such instances are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:907801", "title": "The use of the radioimmunoprecipitation-PEG assay (RIPEGA) to detect anti-IgG antibodies.", "content": "A new procedure, the radioimmunoprecipitation--P.E.G. assay (RIPEGA) is proposed for the detection of anti-IgG antibodies (anti-IgG Ab). This sensitive and reproducible test was performed by incubation of radio-labelled human IgG (125I-IgG) with patient's sera. Separation of free from complexed 125I-IgG was achieved by a 7% P.E.G. precipitation. Preliminary results demonstrated anti-IgG Ab in 84.4% of the cases of sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.), 85% of seronegative R.A., 43% of other forms of inflammatory arthritis, 50% of unclassified arthritis and in 10.5% of the control subjects.", "contents": "The use of the radioimmunoprecipitation-PEG assay (RIPEGA) to detect anti-IgG antibodies. A new procedure, the radioimmunoprecipitation--P.E.G. assay (RIPEGA) is proposed for the detection of anti-IgG antibodies (anti-IgG Ab). This sensitive and reproducible test was performed by incubation of radio-labelled human IgG (125I-IgG) with patient's sera. Separation of free from complexed 125I-IgG was achieved by a 7% P.E.G. precipitation. Preliminary results demonstrated anti-IgG Ab in 84.4% of the cases of sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.), 85% of seronegative R.A., 43% of other forms of inflammatory arthritis, 50% of unclassified arthritis and in 10.5% of the control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:907802", "title": "Influence of beta-blockade on aldosterone metabolism under normal and low sodium diet in man.", "content": "During a five days administration, Propranolol (80 mg daily) or Acebutolol (600 mg daily) decreased significantly plasma renin activity in 14 mild essential hypertensive patients under a normal (8 patients) or low sodium (6 patients) diet. Plasma aldosterone and aldosterone secretion rate were significantly lowered by treatment under the low sodium diet, but unchanged during the normal sodium diet. In the latter, the dissociation observed between renin and aldosterone did not involve a change in aldosterone metabolic clearance rate or in plasma potassium. The decrease in plasma aldosterone was significantly correlated to the initial renin activity. These results demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of two different betablocking agents on renin release is not related to their cardio-selectivity and is independent of sodium balance. The influence of the renin decrease on aldosterone is dependent on sodium balance and on the initial state of the renin angiotensin system.", "contents": "Influence of beta-blockade on aldosterone metabolism under normal and low sodium diet in man. During a five days administration, Propranolol (80 mg daily) or Acebutolol (600 mg daily) decreased significantly plasma renin activity in 14 mild essential hypertensive patients under a normal (8 patients) or low sodium (6 patients) diet. Plasma aldosterone and aldosterone secretion rate were significantly lowered by treatment under the low sodium diet, but unchanged during the normal sodium diet. In the latter, the dissociation observed between renin and aldosterone did not involve a change in aldosterone metabolic clearance rate or in plasma potassium. The decrease in plasma aldosterone was significantly correlated to the initial renin activity. These results demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of two different betablocking agents on renin release is not related to their cardio-selectivity and is independent of sodium balance. The influence of the renin decrease on aldosterone is dependent on sodium balance and on the initial state of the renin angiotensin system."}
{"id": "PMID:907803", "title": "Takeover mechanisms and early biochemical evolution.", "content": "It is common feature of comparatively recent evolution that a structure adapted to one function turns out also to have another function, or another way of performing an existing one. It is proposed that while our central biochemical machinery was actively evolving there were such discoveries and takeovers that provided routes to radically new disigns. The recognition and control techniques of protein would seem to be replacements for earlier approaches to similar functions. Polynucleotides may have been more widely used here in a pre-protein era. But even nucleic acid is seen as the outcome of a takeover, from an earlier quite different genetic material with properties more appropriate to primitive conditions and to primitive techniques of molecular control.", "contents": "Takeover mechanisms and early biochemical evolution. It is common feature of comparatively recent evolution that a structure adapted to one function turns out also to have another function, or another way of performing an existing one. It is proposed that while our central biochemical machinery was actively evolving there were such discoveries and takeovers that provided routes to radically new disigns. The recognition and control techniques of protein would seem to be replacements for earlier approaches to similar functions. Polynucleotides may have been more widely used here in a pre-protein era. But even nucleic acid is seen as the outcome of a takeover, from an earlier quite different genetic material with properties more appropriate to primitive conditions and to primitive techniques of molecular control."}
{"id": "PMID:907806", "title": "Elements of a DNA-polypeptide recognition code: electrostatic potential around the double helix, and a stereospecific model for purine recognition.", "content": "A model for stereospecific complex between a polynucleotide double helix and a twisted beta-ribbon type polypeptide is described. The beta ribbon lies in the major groove with alternate side chains pointing toward the interior of the groove. The base-amino acid complementarities are: Arg, G and Asn or Gln, A. It is shown that this complex can: (a) distinguish between G and A in homopolar sequences; (b) the complex is stabilized by approx. 6 Kcal/mole per hydrogen bond per base pair; (c) the required backbone conformation is in the permitted range of Ramachandran plots.", "contents": "Elements of a DNA-polypeptide recognition code: electrostatic potential around the double helix, and a stereospecific model for purine recognition. A model for stereospecific complex between a polynucleotide double helix and a twisted beta-ribbon type polypeptide is described. The beta ribbon lies in the major groove with alternate side chains pointing toward the interior of the groove. The base-amino acid complementarities are: Arg, G and Asn or Gln, A. It is shown that this complex can: (a) distinguish between G and A in homopolar sequences; (b) the complex is stabilized by approx. 6 Kcal/mole per hydrogen bond per base pair; (c) the required backbone conformation is in the permitted range of Ramachandran plots."}
{"id": "PMID:907808", "title": "Synthesis of uracil and thymine under simulated prebiotic conditions.", "content": "Evaporation and mild heating of solutions of beta-alanine and urea in the presence of clay minerals leads to the formation of 5,6-dihydrouracil (DHU). Ultraviolet irradiation of DHU in the presence of clay minerals and water vapor leads to the synthesis of uracil. Addition of acetate to this system results in the synthesis of thymine. The entire pathway could plausibly occur in pools subject to cycles of dehydration and rehydration and would result in the formation of significant concentrations of uracil and thymine from indisputably prebiotic materials.", "contents": "Synthesis of uracil and thymine under simulated prebiotic conditions. Evaporation and mild heating of solutions of beta-alanine and urea in the presence of clay minerals leads to the formation of 5,6-dihydrouracil (DHU). Ultraviolet irradiation of DHU in the presence of clay minerals and water vapor leads to the synthesis of uracil. Addition of acetate to this system results in the synthesis of thymine. The entire pathway could plausibly occur in pools subject to cycles of dehydration and rehydration and would result in the formation of significant concentrations of uracil and thymine from indisputably prebiotic materials."}
{"id": "PMID:907809", "title": "beta-structures of alternating polypeptides and their possible role in chemical evolution.", "content": "The tendency of copolypeptides with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues to form water soluble beta-structures in presence of salt, already described for poly(Val-Lys) (Brack and Orgel, 1975), was generalized to optically pure poly(Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu) and poly(Leu-Glu-Leu- G lu). Substitution of about 10% of L-lysyl residues by their enantiomers did not prevent the coli to beta transition but had nervertheless a sensitive effect on the beta-structures. Disruption of the alternation by insertion of extra glycyl or L-prolyl residues as in poly(Gly-Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu) and poly(Pro-Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu) decreased dramatically the tendency to form beta-structures. However, by using strong interaction ions such as perchlorate ions or by lengthening the alternating sequences as in the semi-random copoly(Gly-Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu1, Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu1) and copoly(Pro-Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu1, Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu1) it was possible to obtain soluble beta-structures which showed differences in the CD spectra. The binding properties of the beta-surface are examined.", "contents": "beta-structures of alternating polypeptides and their possible role in chemical evolution. The tendency of copolypeptides with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues to form water soluble beta-structures in presence of salt, already described for poly(Val-Lys) (Brack and Orgel, 1975), was generalized to optically pure poly(Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu) and poly(Leu-Glu-Leu- G lu). Substitution of about 10% of L-lysyl residues by their enantiomers did not prevent the coli to beta transition but had nervertheless a sensitive effect on the beta-structures. Disruption of the alternation by insertion of extra glycyl or L-prolyl residues as in poly(Gly-Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu) and poly(Pro-Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu) decreased dramatically the tendency to form beta-structures. However, by using strong interaction ions such as perchlorate ions or by lengthening the alternating sequences as in the semi-random copoly(Gly-Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu1, Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu1) and copoly(Pro-Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu1, Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu1) it was possible to obtain soluble beta-structures which showed differences in the CD spectra. The binding properties of the beta-surface are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:907810", "title": "[Dependence of muscle electrical activity on its length in the development of a constant force].", "content": "Dependence of the integrated electromyogram on the muscle length with its tension being constant was investigated in human biceps muscle. The subject kept his forearm at known angles or flexed the elbow at the horizontal plain against a constant force applied to his wrist. The data obtained showed that the integrated electromyogram increased several times with muscle shortening both at static condition and during movement. Causes of increase in the electrical activity are discussed.", "contents": "[Dependence of muscle electrical activity on its length in the development of a constant force]. Dependence of the integrated electromyogram on the muscle length with its tension being constant was investigated in human biceps muscle. The subject kept his forearm at known angles or flexed the elbow at the horizontal plain against a constant force applied to his wrist. The data obtained showed that the integrated electromyogram increased several times with muscle shortening both at static condition and during movement. Causes of increase in the electrical activity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907811", "title": "[Rate of local cerebral blood flow in newborn rats in normo- and hypercapnia].", "content": "Local cerebral blood flow (1CBF) measured by hydrogen saturation technique, and cerebral blood volume (CBV) observed by photoplethysmographic method were investigated in unanesthetized newborn rats. 1CBF in newborn animals was found to be much lower than in the adult ones. In contrast to adult animals, CO2 inhalation in newborn rats failed to increase 1CBF. CBV also remained constant during the CO2 inhalation.", "contents": "[Rate of local cerebral blood flow in newborn rats in normo- and hypercapnia]. Local cerebral blood flow (1CBF) measured by hydrogen saturation technique, and cerebral blood volume (CBV) observed by photoplethysmographic method were investigated in unanesthetized newborn rats. 1CBF in newborn animals was found to be much lower than in the adult ones. In contrast to adult animals, CO2 inhalation in newborn rats failed to increase 1CBF. CBV also remained constant during the CO2 inhalation."}
{"id": "PMID:907812", "title": "[Kidney kallikrein-kinin system in different mechanisms of diuresis].", "content": "Water and saline loading and Lasix administration lead to the intensification of the renal kallikrein-kinin system activity in rats. A positive correlation between the kallikrein excretion, urine volume and \"osmotically free water\" clearance was established in water and osmotic diuresis. There was the highest amount of kallikrein excreted by the kidneys during the \"escape\" phenomenon after saline loading. Kallikrein excretion correlated positively with sodium excretion in osmotic diuresis. The role played by the kallikrein-kinin system in control of diuresis, sodium excretion and concentrating capacity of the kidneys is discussed.", "contents": "[Kidney kallikrein-kinin system in different mechanisms of diuresis]. Water and saline loading and Lasix administration lead to the intensification of the renal kallikrein-kinin system activity in rats. A positive correlation between the kallikrein excretion, urine volume and \"osmotically free water\" clearance was established in water and osmotic diuresis. There was the highest amount of kallikrein excreted by the kidneys during the \"escape\" phenomenon after saline loading. Kallikrein excretion correlated positively with sodium excretion in osmotic diuresis. The role played by the kallikrein-kinin system in control of diuresis, sodium excretion and concentrating capacity of the kidneys is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907813", "title": "[State of the hemodynamics in the remaining kidney after nephrectomy].", "content": "The state of hemodynamics of the kidney left after nephrectomy was examined by determining renal blood flow and rheorenography. In the two experimental series nephrectomy was accompanied by hemorrhage with the subsequent auto-blood and homologous blood transfusion. Nephrectomy produced a blood flow reduction in the remaining kidney associated with the lowering of the blood compression and vasospasm. The blood flow returned to the normal at the end of the first 24 hours, and then increased progressively. Hemorrhage during the operation aggravated the hemodynamic disorders in the remaining kidney during the first postoperative hours. The use of autoblood promoted their quick disappearance, within two hours. At the same time the use of homologous blood led to persistence of hemodynamic disorders up to three days after the operation.", "contents": "[State of the hemodynamics in the remaining kidney after nephrectomy]. The state of hemodynamics of the kidney left after nephrectomy was examined by determining renal blood flow and rheorenography. In the two experimental series nephrectomy was accompanied by hemorrhage with the subsequent auto-blood and homologous blood transfusion. Nephrectomy produced a blood flow reduction in the remaining kidney associated with the lowering of the blood compression and vasospasm. The blood flow returned to the normal at the end of the first 24 hours, and then increased progressively. Hemorrhage during the operation aggravated the hemodynamic disorders in the remaining kidney during the first postoperative hours. The use of autoblood promoted their quick disappearance, within two hours. At the same time the use of homologous blood led to persistence of hemodynamic disorders up to three days after the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:907814", "title": "[Hypotensive effect of intensifying aldosterone metabolism in dogs with vasorenal hypertension].", "content": "The mechanisms of hypotensive effect of the portacaval transposition of the vessels in dogs with vaso-renal hypertension were studied. The direction of renal and adrenal venous blood to the liver in hypertensive dogs led to an increase in aldosterone metabolism, and, at the same time, to a rise of the hormone secretion by the adrenal glands; as a result the steroid level in the peripheral blood remained unchanged. Elimination of the syndrome of secondary hyperaldosteronism with the aid of porta-caval transposition occurred on account of an increase in aldosterone metabolism and led to the arterial pressure normalization.", "contents": "[Hypotensive effect of intensifying aldosterone metabolism in dogs with vasorenal hypertension]. The mechanisms of hypotensive effect of the portacaval transposition of the vessels in dogs with vaso-renal hypertension were studied. The direction of renal and adrenal venous blood to the liver in hypertensive dogs led to an increase in aldosterone metabolism, and, at the same time, to a rise of the hormone secretion by the adrenal glands; as a result the steroid level in the peripheral blood remained unchanged. Elimination of the syndrome of secondary hyperaldosteronism with the aid of porta-caval transposition occurred on account of an increase in aldosterone metabolism and led to the arterial pressure normalization."}
{"id": "PMID:907815", "title": "[Relative volume of functioning capillaries in the skeletal muscle in regional hypotension].", "content": "Experiments on rats demonstrated that one month after the reduction of pressure in the vessels of the hind part of the body caused by narrowing of the abdominal aorta lumen the number of functioning capillaries in the gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles was practically the same as in control animals. These results allowed the authors to assume that a decrease of the hydraulic resistance of the resistive vessels in the area of chronic local arterial hypotension was not connected with an increase in the number of parallelly functioning vessels.", "contents": "[Relative volume of functioning capillaries in the skeletal muscle in regional hypotension]. Experiments on rats demonstrated that one month after the reduction of pressure in the vessels of the hind part of the body caused by narrowing of the abdominal aorta lumen the number of functioning capillaries in the gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles was practically the same as in control animals. These results allowed the authors to assume that a decrease of the hydraulic resistance of the resistive vessels in the area of chronic local arterial hypotension was not connected with an increase in the number of parallelly functioning vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:907816", "title": "[Respiratory function of the blood in the cat in hyperoxia].", "content": "The influence of isobaric hyperoxia (99% O2, 760 mm Hg, 3 hours a day for 2 weeks) on the respiratory function of the mongrel adult cats blood was investigated. An increase of the reticulocyte count (by 170%), and a fall of methemoglobin concentration in the blood (by 33%), and a decrease of the affinity of cat hemoglobin oxygen affinity (by 13%)8 and of the cooperation effect of Hill's constant (by 16%) were observed. Dialysis of hemoglobin solutions eliminated the difference in the hemoglobin oxygen affinity of control and experimental animals. The number of hemoglobin fractions and their mobility was found to be unchanged (according to the agar electrophoresis method). A conclusion was drawn that the cat erythrocytes reaction to hyperoxia was a typical autoregulation; on its basis hemoglobin acquired a lesser oxygen affinity under conditions of an excess of this gas.", "contents": "[Respiratory function of the blood in the cat in hyperoxia]. The influence of isobaric hyperoxia (99% O2, 760 mm Hg, 3 hours a day for 2 weeks) on the respiratory function of the mongrel adult cats blood was investigated. An increase of the reticulocyte count (by 170%), and a fall of methemoglobin concentration in the blood (by 33%), and a decrease of the affinity of cat hemoglobin oxygen affinity (by 13%)8 and of the cooperation effect of Hill's constant (by 16%) were observed. Dialysis of hemoglobin solutions eliminated the difference in the hemoglobin oxygen affinity of control and experimental animals. The number of hemoglobin fractions and their mobility was found to be unchanged (according to the agar electrophoresis method). A conclusion was drawn that the cat erythrocytes reaction to hyperoxia was a typical autoregulation; on its basis hemoglobin acquired a lesser oxygen affinity under conditions of an excess of this gas."}
{"id": "PMID:907817", "title": "[Indices of body resistance to overheating in the dynamics of acute radiation lesion].", "content": "Three hours after irradiation in a dose of 800 R rats proved to be less resistant to following overheating (45 degrees C) than control animals. An increase of resistance to acute overheating was revealed at the end of 3 days after the irradiation. At the height of the radiation disease (the end of the 5th day) the period of occurrence of heat stroke and the duration of rat survival failed to differ from those in the control animals. The dynamics of response to overheating correlated to some extent with that of the thyroid gland and the adrenal gland functions in the irradiated animals.", "contents": "[Indices of body resistance to overheating in the dynamics of acute radiation lesion]. Three hours after irradiation in a dose of 800 R rats proved to be less resistant to following overheating (45 degrees C) than control animals. An increase of resistance to acute overheating was revealed at the end of 3 days after the irradiation. At the height of the radiation disease (the end of the 5th day) the period of occurrence of heat stroke and the duration of rat survival failed to differ from those in the control animals. The dynamics of response to overheating correlated to some extent with that of the thyroid gland and the adrenal gland functions in the irradiated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:907818", "title": "[Activity and electrophoretic multiplicity of molecular forms of superoxide dismutase in the formed elements of human blood].", "content": "When calculated per protein content the level of super-oxide dismutase (SOD) activity in various human blood cells proved to decrease as follows: platelet greater than erythrocyte greater than greater than lymphocyte greater than granulocyte. During gel electrophoresis of granulocyte, lymphocyte and platelet homogenates three zones of SOD activity were revealed. Two enzyme fractions disappearing after the cyanide treatment were found in the erythrocyte lysates after the removal of hemoglobin. Of the two SOD fractions of platelets, lymphocytes, and granulocytes rapidly migrating to the anode, by the capacity to be inhibited with cyanide or organic solvents the first SOD fraction was attributed to cytosol enzyme, while the second one -- to mitochondrial enzyme. The third cathode fraction was not identified. The functional role of SOD in specialized blood cells and the causes of the enzyme heterogeneity are discussed.", "contents": "[Activity and electrophoretic multiplicity of molecular forms of superoxide dismutase in the formed elements of human blood]. When calculated per protein content the level of super-oxide dismutase (SOD) activity in various human blood cells proved to decrease as follows: platelet greater than erythrocyte greater than greater than lymphocyte greater than granulocyte. During gel electrophoresis of granulocyte, lymphocyte and platelet homogenates three zones of SOD activity were revealed. Two enzyme fractions disappearing after the cyanide treatment were found in the erythrocyte lysates after the removal of hemoglobin. Of the two SOD fractions of platelets, lymphocytes, and granulocytes rapidly migrating to the anode, by the capacity to be inhibited with cyanide or organic solvents the first SOD fraction was attributed to cytosol enzyme, while the second one -- to mitochondrial enzyme. The third cathode fraction was not identified. The functional role of SOD in specialized blood cells and the causes of the enzyme heterogeneity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907819", "title": "[Effect of space flight on the makeup of the soluble proteins of the spinal cord and intervertebral ganglia of rats].", "content": "The content of individual protein fractions extracted successively from the spinal cord (at the level of the lumbar enlargement and the spinal ganglia) with distilled water, 0.85% NaCl solution and 0.1 N NaOH was studied. The content of water-soluble proteins in the white and grey matter of the spinal cord decreased significantly 12 hours postflight. The content of salt-soluble and alkali-soluble proteins in the spinal cord and spinal ganglia structures per 1 mg of fresh tissue displayed no significant change. As compared with the control, 25 days postflight the water-soluble protein concentration in the grey matter of the spinal cord increased significantly. There was a rise of the water-soluble proteins in the white matter of the spinal cord reaching the preflight level. Alkali-soluble proteins content in the spinal ganglia also increased significantly.", "contents": "[Effect of space flight on the makeup of the soluble proteins of the spinal cord and intervertebral ganglia of rats]. The content of individual protein fractions extracted successively from the spinal cord (at the level of the lumbar enlargement and the spinal ganglia) with distilled water, 0.85% NaCl solution and 0.1 N NaOH was studied. The content of water-soluble proteins in the white and grey matter of the spinal cord decreased significantly 12 hours postflight. The content of salt-soluble and alkali-soluble proteins in the spinal cord and spinal ganglia structures per 1 mg of fresh tissue displayed no significant change. As compared with the control, 25 days postflight the water-soluble protein concentration in the grey matter of the spinal cord increased significantly. There was a rise of the water-soluble proteins in the white matter of the spinal cord reaching the preflight level. Alkali-soluble proteins content in the spinal ganglia also increased significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:907820", "title": "[Disorder of glycolytic redox in the liver in experimental burn disease].", "content": "The authors present the results of studies of the intensity of glycolytic oxidoreduction in the rat liver 3, 6, 12 and 24 days after the reproduction of experimental burn disease. This disease proved to lead to reduction of the glyceral-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and to decrease of 3-phosphoglyceric acid formation in the burned animals' liver, mostly expressed during burn toxemia (the 6th day). The limiting factor of the course of this reaction after the burn was the lack of NAD in the cell. Abnormality of the course of the investigated reaction was one of the reasons for reduced intensity during the glycolytic way of carbohydrate decay as a whole and for decrease of the energetic role of glucose in burn disease.", "contents": "[Disorder of glycolytic redox in the liver in experimental burn disease]. The authors present the results of studies of the intensity of glycolytic oxidoreduction in the rat liver 3, 6, 12 and 24 days after the reproduction of experimental burn disease. This disease proved to lead to reduction of the glyceral-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and to decrease of 3-phosphoglyceric acid formation in the burned animals' liver, mostly expressed during burn toxemia (the 6th day). The limiting factor of the course of this reaction after the burn was the lack of NAD in the cell. Abnormality of the course of the investigated reaction was one of the reasons for reduced intensity during the glycolytic way of carbohydrate decay as a whole and for decrease of the energetic role of glucose in burn disease."}
{"id": "PMID:907821", "title": "[Effect of diazepam on the properties of an erythrocyte-plasma protein complex and the development of shock during the transfusion of heterogenic blood].", "content": "Preliminary administration of 2 mg/kg of diazepam eliminated the pyrogenic reaction and increased survival of rabbits following intravenous injection of cat blood to them. A study of physico-chemical properties of the blood by measurement of the ionization balance in thermal denaturing demonstrated that injection of heterogenous blood to rabbits and suspension of rabbit erythrocytes in cat plasma in vitro led to a sharp reduction of the rate of proton binding with plasma proteins in the presence of foreign erythrocytes. Preliminary administration of diazepam to rabbits, and diazepam addition to the cat plasma in vitro prevented such changes and promoted retention of normal blood properties. Addition of diazepam in a concentration of about 10--4 M to the heterogenous plasma decreased erythrocyte agglutination considerably.", "contents": "[Effect of diazepam on the properties of an erythrocyte-plasma protein complex and the development of shock during the transfusion of heterogenic blood]. Preliminary administration of 2 mg/kg of diazepam eliminated the pyrogenic reaction and increased survival of rabbits following intravenous injection of cat blood to them. A study of physico-chemical properties of the blood by measurement of the ionization balance in thermal denaturing demonstrated that injection of heterogenous blood to rabbits and suspension of rabbit erythrocytes in cat plasma in vitro led to a sharp reduction of the rate of proton binding with plasma proteins in the presence of foreign erythrocytes. Preliminary administration of diazepam to rabbits, and diazepam addition to the cat plasma in vitro prevented such changes and promoted retention of normal blood properties. Addition of diazepam in a concentration of about 10--4 M to the heterogenous plasma decreased erythrocyte agglutination considerably."}
{"id": "PMID:907822", "title": "[Virus-neutralizing properties of rabbit anti-influenzal IgG with a lowered complement-binding and cytophilic activity].", "content": "Relationship between the virus-neutralizing property and the effector functions of anti-viral IgG antibody was studied by using rabbit IgG against influenza virus, strain A/PR8/34. The single disulfide bond located in the hinge region of the IgG molecule was reduced to change the effector activity of the antiviral antibody. The reduced antibody retained approximately 50% of the initial complement fixing activity, but lost completely its ability to be fixed in heterologous tissue. When tested in the inhibition-hemagglutination test the reduced antiinfluenza IgG retained complete antigen binding activity. The virus-neutralizing activity of the reduced antiinfluenza IgG (tested on chick embryo) did not differ from that of the crude preparation when 100 EID50 were used. When the dose of the virus was increased up to 1000 EID50 the neutralizing activity of the reduced IgG was found to be less than that of the unreduced one. The results obtained are discussed proceeding from the structural organization of the reduced IgG.", "contents": "[Virus-neutralizing properties of rabbit anti-influenzal IgG with a lowered complement-binding and cytophilic activity]. Relationship between the virus-neutralizing property and the effector functions of anti-viral IgG antibody was studied by using rabbit IgG against influenza virus, strain A/PR8/34. The single disulfide bond located in the hinge region of the IgG molecule was reduced to change the effector activity of the antiviral antibody. The reduced antibody retained approximately 50% of the initial complement fixing activity, but lost completely its ability to be fixed in heterologous tissue. When tested in the inhibition-hemagglutination test the reduced antiinfluenza IgG retained complete antigen binding activity. The virus-neutralizing activity of the reduced antiinfluenza IgG (tested on chick embryo) did not differ from that of the crude preparation when 100 EID50 were used. When the dose of the virus was increased up to 1000 EID50 the neutralizing activity of the reduced IgG was found to be less than that of the unreduced one. The results obtained are discussed proceeding from the structural organization of the reduced IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:907823", "title": "[Effect of the tissue-specific lung adhesive factor on the urethane induction of pulmonary adenomas in mice].", "content": "The effect of adhesive factor (AF), urethane and their combination on the mechanical properties of lung tissue (this effect was assessed by the nuclei isolation during a standard dispersion procedure) and on adenoma induction was studied. As shown, the AF doses eliminating the primary action of urethane on the mechanical properties of the tissue significantly decreased the incidence of adenomas. High AF doses producing a contrary effect on the mechanical properties of the tissue failed to eliminate the primary effect of urethane and did not decrease the number of adenomas induced by urethane.", "contents": "[Effect of the tissue-specific lung adhesive factor on the urethane induction of pulmonary adenomas in mice]. The effect of adhesive factor (AF), urethane and their combination on the mechanical properties of lung tissue (this effect was assessed by the nuclei isolation during a standard dispersion procedure) and on adenoma induction was studied. As shown, the AF doses eliminating the primary action of urethane on the mechanical properties of the tissue significantly decreased the incidence of adenomas. High AF doses producing a contrary effect on the mechanical properties of the tissue failed to eliminate the primary effect of urethane and did not decrease the number of adenomas induced by urethane."}
{"id": "PMID:907824", "title": "[Possible use of guinea pigs for the study of the blastomogenic activity of endogenous substances].", "content": "Mongrel guinea pigs were given 3-indolilacrilacid and 2-aminoacetophenon derivates of tryptophan which blastomogenic action was previously revealed in experiments on inbred mice. Both substances produced tumors in animals of the experimental groups earlier than in the control group, this fact showing both the preparations to have blastomogenic effect. The results of the investigation show the possibility of using guinea pigs for studying the blastomogenic action of weak cancerogenic agents to which the endogenic blastomogenic substances belong.", "contents": "[Possible use of guinea pigs for the study of the blastomogenic activity of endogenous substances]. Mongrel guinea pigs were given 3-indolilacrilacid and 2-aminoacetophenon derivates of tryptophan which blastomogenic action was previously revealed in experiments on inbred mice. Both substances produced tumors in animals of the experimental groups earlier than in the control group, this fact showing both the preparations to have blastomogenic effect. The results of the investigation show the possibility of using guinea pigs for studying the blastomogenic action of weak cancerogenic agents to which the endogenic blastomogenic substances belong."}
{"id": "PMID:907826", "title": "[Changes in the isoenzymatic spectrum of energy metabolism enzymes and in the mitochondrial ultrastructure in viral carcinogenesis].", "content": "The dynamics of redistribution of the isoenzymatic spectrum of lactate and malate dehydrogenases in the cells of rat embryo fibroblasts (REF) having been in contact with human adenovirus type 12, as compared to the dynamics of changes in the fine structure of the cellular mitochondria of the same models was studied. The action of oncogenic virus caused rearrangment in the isoenzymatic spectra of lactate and malate dehydrogenases both in the nuclei and in the cytoplasm. These disturbances occur from the first days of the REF culture interaction with the oncogenic virus and are not connected with the proliferative growth of the cell culture, but they are stipulated by the very fact of the virus influence on the cell. Comparison of the kinetics of the changes in the enzymes under study with the data of quantitative analysis of the fine structure of the mitochondrial apparatus demonstrated that biochemical shifts occurred much earlier, practically from the moment of infecting.", "contents": "[Changes in the isoenzymatic spectrum of energy metabolism enzymes and in the mitochondrial ultrastructure in viral carcinogenesis]. The dynamics of redistribution of the isoenzymatic spectrum of lactate and malate dehydrogenases in the cells of rat embryo fibroblasts (REF) having been in contact with human adenovirus type 12, as compared to the dynamics of changes in the fine structure of the cellular mitochondria of the same models was studied. The action of oncogenic virus caused rearrangment in the isoenzymatic spectra of lactate and malate dehydrogenases both in the nuclei and in the cytoplasm. These disturbances occur from the first days of the REF culture interaction with the oncogenic virus and are not connected with the proliferative growth of the cell culture, but they are stipulated by the very fact of the virus influence on the cell. Comparison of the kinetics of the changes in the enzymes under study with the data of quantitative analysis of the fine structure of the mitochondrial apparatus demonstrated that biochemical shifts occurred much earlier, practically from the moment of infecting."}
{"id": "PMID:907827", "title": "[Sources of heat production during animal arousal from a state of winter hibernation].", "content": "A study carried out on ground squirrels has shown that the active warming of these animals at any of the stages of arousal from hybernation was closely connected with the intensification of the shivering thermogenesis. The shivering thermogenesis of the proximal group of body muscles played the main role.", "contents": "[Sources of heat production during animal arousal from a state of winter hibernation]. A study carried out on ground squirrels has shown that the active warming of these animals at any of the stages of arousal from hybernation was closely connected with the intensification of the shivering thermogenesis. The shivering thermogenesis of the proximal group of body muscles played the main role."}
{"id": "PMID:907825", "title": "[Ca2+ ion transport in the mitochondria of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells].", "content": "Peculiarities of Ca2+ accumulation in tumor mitochondria (TM) under different experimental conditions were studied. In the absence of penetrating anions TM were shown to accumulate Ca2+ five times less than liver mitochondria do, this difference being even more in the presence of acetate. pi abolishes the observed defects in Ca2+ transport while increasing considerably the Ca2+-capacity of TM. Besides, as distinct from liver mitochondria, Pi produces a stabilizing effect upon the membrane permeability of TM, which can be responsible for the increase in the TM Ca2+-capacity.", "contents": "[Ca2+ ion transport in the mitochondria of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells]. Peculiarities of Ca2+ accumulation in tumor mitochondria (TM) under different experimental conditions were studied. In the absence of penetrating anions TM were shown to accumulate Ca2+ five times less than liver mitochondria do, this difference being even more in the presence of acetate. pi abolishes the observed defects in Ca2+ transport while increasing considerably the Ca2+-capacity of TM. Besides, as distinct from liver mitochondria, Pi produces a stabilizing effect upon the membrane permeability of TM, which can be responsible for the increase in the TM Ca2+-capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:907828", "title": "[Size and number of adipocytes in the perirenal fatty tissue in pregnancy and in the postpartum period in rats].", "content": "As shown by the morphometric method of Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m et al., changes in the weight of pararenal adipose tissue during pregnancy in rats were connected with the changes in the size and not in the count of adipocytes. The character of adipose tissue changes occurring after birth depended mainly on the mode of the ratlings feeding. In case of normal feeding the ratlings hypoplasia of the adipose tissue took place in their mothers 7 to 14 days after birth; on the contrary, when the ratlings were isolated from their mother the weight of pararenal adipose tissue in the mothers rose as a result of the increase of the adypocytes number.", "contents": "[Size and number of adipocytes in the perirenal fatty tissue in pregnancy and in the postpartum period in rats]. As shown by the morphometric method of Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m et al., changes in the weight of pararenal adipose tissue during pregnancy in rats were connected with the changes in the size and not in the count of adipocytes. The character of adipose tissue changes occurring after birth depended mainly on the mode of the ratlings feeding. In case of normal feeding the ratlings hypoplasia of the adipose tissue took place in their mothers 7 to 14 days after birth; on the contrary, when the ratlings were isolated from their mother the weight of pararenal adipose tissue in the mothers rose as a result of the increase of the adypocytes number."}
{"id": "PMID:907829", "title": "[Repeated amputation of the lower incisors in rats and the phenomena of salivary gland and testicular hypertrophy].", "content": "Repeated amputation of the lower incisors in rats, 11- and 14-days old, caused hypertrophy of the testis only in the presence of the submaxillary salivary glands. Bilateral submaxillary and sublingual sialadenectomy prevented hypertrophy of the testis. After the unilateral removal of these glands the weight of the testis increased, but its hypertrophy developed always. The absence of hypertrophy of the testis in the sialadenectomized animals led to the conclusion that the growth stimulating action on the testis of repeated amputations of the lower incisors was in some way mediated through the function of the salivary glands.", "contents": "[Repeated amputation of the lower incisors in rats and the phenomena of salivary gland and testicular hypertrophy]. Repeated amputation of the lower incisors in rats, 11- and 14-days old, caused hypertrophy of the testis only in the presence of the submaxillary salivary glands. Bilateral submaxillary and sublingual sialadenectomy prevented hypertrophy of the testis. After the unilateral removal of these glands the weight of the testis increased, but its hypertrophy developed always. The absence of hypertrophy of the testis in the sialadenectomized animals led to the conclusion that the growth stimulating action on the testis of repeated amputations of the lower incisors was in some way mediated through the function of the salivary glands."}
{"id": "PMID:907830", "title": "[Characteristics of the regeneration process in the liver deprived of polyploid hepatocytes].", "content": "By applying autoradiography with 3H-thymidine hepatocytes of young adult guinea pigs were found to enter the DNA-synthesis phase 25 hours after partial hepatectomy. Peaks of nuclei labeling were revealed 30, 45, and 60 hours after the operation. By calculating mitotic figures on squash preparations two waves of mitosis were found (in 40 and 55 hours) after hepatectomy. Cytophotometric study of DNA content showed practically all mononuclear and binuclear hepatocytes to contain diploid nuclei in 3 and 5 days after the operation. By the end of the 7th regeneration day there were revealed 6% mononuclear tetraploid cells. The percentage of binuclear cells during the period of regeneration under study decreased from 16 to 8%. A conclusion was drawn that the main cytologicalmechanism of the guinea pig liver regeneration was full-fledged mitosis ending by cell division.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the regeneration process in the liver deprived of polyploid hepatocytes]. By applying autoradiography with 3H-thymidine hepatocytes of young adult guinea pigs were found to enter the DNA-synthesis phase 25 hours after partial hepatectomy. Peaks of nuclei labeling were revealed 30, 45, and 60 hours after the operation. By calculating mitotic figures on squash preparations two waves of mitosis were found (in 40 and 55 hours) after hepatectomy. Cytophotometric study of DNA content showed practically all mononuclear and binuclear hepatocytes to contain diploid nuclei in 3 and 5 days after the operation. By the end of the 7th regeneration day there were revealed 6% mononuclear tetraploid cells. The percentage of binuclear cells during the period of regeneration under study decreased from 16 to 8%. A conclusion was drawn that the main cytologicalmechanism of the guinea pig liver regeneration was full-fledged mitosis ending by cell division."}
{"id": "PMID:907831", "title": "[Change in the splenic megakaryocytes of white rats during regeneration under varying conditions].", "content": "Different forms of megakaryocytes are found in the intact spleen of rats, with ring-like nucleus and in the form of multinuclear large cells. The division of megakaryocytes takes place by multipolar mitosis without any subsequent cytotomy. During the regeneration the megakaryocyte count and their mitotic activity displayed a sharp increase. The gravitation overload increased the megakaryocyte count and their mitotic activity even more. The use of the spleen extracts against the background of gravitation overload diminished the megakaryocyte count, but increased their mitotic activity. In hypokinetic conditions the number of megakaryocytes was sharply decreased and no mitoses were seen in these cells.", "contents": "[Change in the splenic megakaryocytes of white rats during regeneration under varying conditions]. Different forms of megakaryocytes are found in the intact spleen of rats, with ring-like nucleus and in the form of multinuclear large cells. The division of megakaryocytes takes place by multipolar mitosis without any subsequent cytotomy. During the regeneration the megakaryocyte count and their mitotic activity displayed a sharp increase. The gravitation overload increased the megakaryocyte count and their mitotic activity even more. The use of the spleen extracts against the background of gravitation overload diminished the megakaryocyte count, but increased their mitotic activity. In hypokinetic conditions the number of megakaryocytes was sharply decreased and no mitoses were seen in these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:907832", "title": "[Morphology of the horn of Ammon of the rat hippocampus in tissue culture].", "content": "By using the light- and electron microscope methods some morphogenetic properties of rat hippocampus were studied in tissue culture (field CA1--2). Analysis of 5-, 12-, and 21-day cultures showed maturation of hippocampal- pyramid cells, development of protein-synthesizing apparatus and synaptogenesis. The authors consider synchronous development of synaptic structures, protein-synthesizing apparatus and electrogenesis to be interdependent factors.", "contents": "[Morphology of the horn of Ammon of the rat hippocampus in tissue culture]. By using the light- and electron microscope methods some morphogenetic properties of rat hippocampus were studied in tissue culture (field CA1--2). Analysis of 5-, 12-, and 21-day cultures showed maturation of hippocampal- pyramid cells, development of protein-synthesizing apparatus and synaptogenesis. The authors consider synchronous development of synaptic structures, protein-synthesizing apparatus and electrogenesis to be interdependent factors."}
{"id": "PMID:907833", "title": "[New method of studying the release of fibrinolysis activators in tissue cultures].", "content": "Tissue cultivation in the presence of standardized fibrin clot containing plasminogen permitted to reveal and to study quantitatively the relase of the fibrinolysis activators into the medium (by the amount of the fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products). A possibility of in vitro study of the regulation of fibrinolysis activators release by the tissues was offered by the method described.", "contents": "[New method of studying the release of fibrinolysis activators in tissue cultures]. Tissue cultivation in the presence of standardized fibrin clot containing plasminogen permitted to reveal and to study quantitatively the relase of the fibrinolysis activators into the medium (by the amount of the fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products). A possibility of in vitro study of the regulation of fibrinolysis activators release by the tissues was offered by the method described."}
{"id": "PMID:907834", "title": "Functional characterization of cells separated from suspensions of Hodgkin diseases tumor cells in an isokinetic gradient.", "content": "Suspensions of cells from Hodgkin disease tumors were separated by  velocity sedimentation in an isokinetic Ficall gradient. The separated cells were cultured with mitogens. The modal population of lymphocytes from the tumor contained 50%-75% of all lymphocytes separated from the tumor of each studied patient. Despite the fact that these cells appeared to be mature lymphocytes, the majority of which formed nonimmune E rosettes with sheep red blood cells, they showed a lack of responsiveness to phytohemogglutinin which was almost complete in all but one patient. Lymphocytes which had been obtained in suspension and purified by identical methods from tonsils and spleens without tumors did respond to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin.", "contents": "Functional characterization of cells separated from suspensions of Hodgkin diseases tumor cells in an isokinetic gradient. Suspensions of cells from Hodgkin disease tumors were separated by  velocity sedimentation in an isokinetic Ficall gradient. The separated cells were cultured with mitogens. The modal population of lymphocytes from the tumor contained 50%-75% of all lymphocytes separated from the tumor of each studied patient. Despite the fact that these cells appeared to be mature lymphocytes, the majority of which formed nonimmune E rosettes with sheep red blood cells, they showed a lack of responsiveness to phytohemogglutinin which was almost complete in all but one patient. Lymphocytes which had been obtained in suspension and purified by identical methods from tonsils and spleens without tumors did respond to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin."}
{"id": "PMID:907835", "title": "Characterization of colony-stimulating activity produced by human monocytes and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "Human colony-stimulating activity (CSA) may support the proliferation of both human and murine granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-C) or, in the case of human urinary CSA, may only stimulate murine bone marrow CFU-C. CSA produced in the culture media of monocytes and macrophages and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from human peripheral blood was characterized for both human and mouse marrow CFU-C stimulating activities. During the initial phase of a long-term cultures of monocytes, both human- and mouse-active CSA (MnCM-HM) were produced. In later phases of culture, however, only mouse-active CSA (MnCM-M) was produced. Fractionation on Sephadex G-150 revealed two functionally distinct species from MnCM-HM and lymphocytes conditioned medium, a high molecular weight factor (MW greater than 150,000) which stimulated mouse but not human colony formation, and a low molecular weight species (MW 25,000-35,000) which was active against both mouse and human target cells. However, MnCM-M revealed only one high molecular weight species (greater than 150,000), active only on mouse marrow. The possible biologic significance of such an activity is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of colony-stimulating activity produced by human monocytes and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. Human colony-stimulating activity (CSA) may support the proliferation of both human and murine granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-C) or, in the case of human urinary CSA, may only stimulate murine bone marrow CFU-C. CSA produced in the culture media of monocytes and macrophages and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from human peripheral blood was characterized for both human and mouse marrow CFU-C stimulating activities. During the initial phase of a long-term cultures of monocytes, both human- and mouse-active CSA (MnCM-HM) were produced. In later phases of culture, however, only mouse-active CSA (MnCM-M) was produced. Fractionation on Sephadex G-150 revealed two functionally distinct species from MnCM-HM and lymphocytes conditioned medium, a high molecular weight factor (MW greater than 150,000) which stimulated mouse but not human colony formation, and a low molecular weight species (MW 25,000-35,000) which was active against both mouse and human target cells. However, MnCM-M revealed only one high molecular weight species (greater than 150,000), active only on mouse marrow. The possible biologic significance of such an activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907836", "title": "Heterogeneity in human neutrophil, macrophage and eosinophil progenitor cells demonstrated by velocity sedimentation separation.", "content": "Progenitor cells of neutrophils, monocyte-macrophages, and eosinophils in human marrow were enumerated in agar cultures stimulated by placental conditioned medium or white cell underlayers. Fractionation of marrow populations by velocity sedimentation showed that the profiles of neutrophil and macrophage colony-forming cells shifted from a peak of 8-9 mm/hr in 7-day cultures to a peak of 6-7 mm/hr in 14-day cultures. This shift was due to degeneration of some early colonies formed by rapidly sedimenting cells and the delayed formation of colonies by slowly sedimenting cells. Eosinophil colony formation was delayed until the second week of incubation. Further evidence of heterogeneity was the observation that rapidly sedimenting colony forming cells were more responsive to stimulation than more slowly sedimenting cells. In the macrophage and eosinophil populations, cluster-forming cells were partially segregatable form colony-forming cells. The observed heterogeneity was similar to the described previously in the mouse and suggests that separate subpopulations of progenitor cells may exist within each hemopoietic family that could possibly give rise to functionally different progeny.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in human neutrophil, macrophage and eosinophil progenitor cells demonstrated by velocity sedimentation separation. Progenitor cells of neutrophils, monocyte-macrophages, and eosinophils in human marrow were enumerated in agar cultures stimulated by placental conditioned medium or white cell underlayers. Fractionation of marrow populations by velocity sedimentation showed that the profiles of neutrophil and macrophage colony-forming cells shifted from a peak of 8-9 mm/hr in 7-day cultures to a peak of 6-7 mm/hr in 14-day cultures. This shift was due to degeneration of some early colonies formed by rapidly sedimenting cells and the delayed formation of colonies by slowly sedimenting cells. Eosinophil colony formation was delayed until the second week of incubation. Further evidence of heterogeneity was the observation that rapidly sedimenting colony forming cells were more responsive to stimulation than more slowly sedimenting cells. In the macrophage and eosinophil populations, cluster-forming cells were partially segregatable form colony-forming cells. The observed heterogeneity was similar to the described previously in the mouse and suggests that separate subpopulations of progenitor cells may exist within each hemopoietic family that could possibly give rise to functionally different progeny."}
{"id": "PMID:907837", "title": "Eosinophil and neutrophil colony-forming cells in culture.", "content": "Clusters of cells obtained from a short-term culture of human bone marrow cells in methylcellulose were transplanted in cell-free plates containing conditioned medium. Of 2559 transplants, 439 gave small clusters, 223 gave large clusters, and 70 gave colonies. A better cloning efficiency was achieved from 4-day-old clusters, from aggregates containing 3 cells or more, and from large cells rather than from small cells. Cytocentrifugation could be performed on 215 large clusters or colonies. The population consisted of pure neutrophils in 36.3% and of pure macrophages in 36.8%. A mixture of neutrophils and macrophages was found in 23.2%, thus indicating that these two cell lines originated from the same committed cell (G-CFC). Eosinophils were found in 8 (3.7%) clusters as a pure population, and were never mixed with either neutrophils or macrophages in the other 207 clusters. Despite the small number of eosinophil colonies, one could suggest that using the in vitro technique the committed eosinophil colony-forming cells could be distinguished from the G-CFC.", "contents": "Eosinophil and neutrophil colony-forming cells in culture. Clusters of cells obtained from a short-term culture of human bone marrow cells in methylcellulose were transplanted in cell-free plates containing conditioned medium. Of 2559 transplants, 439 gave small clusters, 223 gave large clusters, and 70 gave colonies. A better cloning efficiency was achieved from 4-day-old clusters, from aggregates containing 3 cells or more, and from large cells rather than from small cells. Cytocentrifugation could be performed on 215 large clusters or colonies. The population consisted of pure neutrophils in 36.3% and of pure macrophages in 36.8%. A mixture of neutrophils and macrophages was found in 23.2%, thus indicating that these two cell lines originated from the same committed cell (G-CFC). Eosinophils were found in 8 (3.7%) clusters as a pure population, and were never mixed with either neutrophils or macrophages in the other 207 clusters. Despite the small number of eosinophil colonies, one could suggest that using the in vitro technique the committed eosinophil colony-forming cells could be distinguished from the G-CFC."}
{"id": "PMID:907839", "title": "Monocyte-erythrocyte interaction in vitro in immune hemolytic anemias .", "content": "Monocyte recognition of immunoprotein-coated erythrocytes in vitro was studied in 21 patients with immune hemolytic anemia. Simultaneous assessment of immunoglobulin and complement components on the patients' erythrocytes was performed. The patients were heterogeneous in relation to associated diseases, therapy, and duration of disease state; 15 were studied within 1  mo of diagnosis and 4 additional patients were studied in sequential fashion. Monocyte-erythrocyte interaction was assessed by both a morphologic and a radioactive assay; 12 of 17 patients had elevated ratios in the morphologic assay and 15 of 17 patients had elevated ratios in the radioactive assay. The majority of patients exhibited enhanced interaction between their monocytes and autologous immunoprotein-coated erythrocytes, as compared to normal moncytes exposed to the same immunoprotein-coated erythrocytes. These findings suggest that there is an enhanced capacity of monocytes from certain patients with immune hemolysis to interact with autologous immunoprotein-coated erythrocytes in vitro.", "contents": "Monocyte-erythrocyte interaction in vitro in immune hemolytic anemias . Monocyte recognition of immunoprotein-coated erythrocytes in vitro was studied in 21 patients with immune hemolytic anemia. Simultaneous assessment of immunoglobulin and complement components on the patients' erythrocytes was performed. The patients were heterogeneous in relation to associated diseases, therapy, and duration of disease state; 15 were studied within 1  mo of diagnosis and 4 additional patients were studied in sequential fashion. Monocyte-erythrocyte interaction was assessed by both a morphologic and a radioactive assay; 12 of 17 patients had elevated ratios in the morphologic assay and 15 of 17 patients had elevated ratios in the radioactive assay. The majority of patients exhibited enhanced interaction between their monocytes and autologous immunoprotein-coated erythrocytes, as compared to normal moncytes exposed to the same immunoprotein-coated erythrocytes. These findings suggest that there is an enhanced capacity of monocytes from certain patients with immune hemolysis to interact with autologous immunoprotein-coated erythrocytes in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:907840", "title": "Megakaryocyte maturation indicated by methanol inhibition of an acid phosphatase shared by magakaryocytes and platelets.", "content": "Optimal conditions necessary for the cytochemical demonstration of megakaryocyte (Mk) and platelet acid phosphatase (AP) were determined. Methanol, a constituent of fixatives commonly used in AP cytochemistry, was found to inhibit MkAP, and the degree of inhibition varied with Mk maturity. Immature Mk contained predominantly methanol-resistant AP, and mature Mk, predominantly methanol-sensitive AP. Platelets contained methanol-sensitive AP similar to mature Mk, suggesting that this enzyme provides an index of platelet formation by Mk. Soluble platelet AP showed three bands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, visualized by the same reactions applied cytochemically. Two bands, accounting for 98% of the platelet AP activity, were slow moving and methanol sensitive; and one fast moving band accounting for 2% of activity was methanol resistant. Measurement of Mk and platelet AP isoenzymes may prove to have applications in evaluating Mk function.", "contents": "Megakaryocyte maturation indicated by methanol inhibition of an acid phosphatase shared by magakaryocytes and platelets. Optimal conditions necessary for the cytochemical demonstration of megakaryocyte (Mk) and platelet acid phosphatase (AP) were determined. Methanol, a constituent of fixatives commonly used in AP cytochemistry, was found to inhibit MkAP, and the degree of inhibition varied with Mk maturity. Immature Mk contained predominantly methanol-resistant AP, and mature Mk, predominantly methanol-sensitive AP. Platelets contained methanol-sensitive AP similar to mature Mk, suggesting that this enzyme provides an index of platelet formation by Mk. Soluble platelet AP showed three bands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, visualized by the same reactions applied cytochemically. Two bands, accounting for 98% of the platelet AP activity, were slow moving and methanol sensitive; and one fast moving band accounting for 2% of activity was methanol resistant. Measurement of Mk and platelet AP isoenzymes may prove to have applications in evaluating Mk function."}
{"id": "PMID:907841", "title": "Plateletpheresis in the management of thrombocytosis.", "content": "Acute thrombotic and hemorrhagic manifestations of thrombocytosis associated with myeloproliferative disorders may be life threatening. Conventional therapy with radioisotopes and/or cytotoxic drugs may require weeks for effective control of platelet counts. In five patients, plateletpheresis by discontinuous-flow (Haemonetics) or continuous-flow (Aminco Celltrifuge) centrifugation was used as a means of reducing platelet counts acutely. With each procedure, approximately 2-9 X 10(12) platelets were removed, resulting in decrements in platelet counts and relief of symptoms. Plateletpheresis is a useful and safe acute means of controlling platelet counts in myeloproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Plateletpheresis in the management of thrombocytosis. Acute thrombotic and hemorrhagic manifestations of thrombocytosis associated with myeloproliferative disorders may be life threatening. Conventional therapy with radioisotopes and/or cytotoxic drugs may require weeks for effective control of platelet counts. In five patients, plateletpheresis by discontinuous-flow (Haemonetics) or continuous-flow (Aminco Celltrifuge) centrifugation was used as a means of reducing platelet counts acutely. With each procedure, approximately 2-9 X 10(12) platelets were removed, resulting in decrements in platelet counts and relief of symptoms. Plateletpheresis is a useful and safe acute means of controlling platelet counts in myeloproliferative disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:907842", "title": "Inhibition of monocyte esterase activity by organophosphate insecticides.", "content": "Organophosphate insecticides, such as Vapona, Naled, and Rabon, are highly potent inhibitors of an enzyme found in human monocytes. The enzyme, a specific monocyte esterase, could be inhibited by Vapona in blood samples via airborne contamination at levels easily achieved from commercial slow-release insecticide strips. Fifty percent inhibition (I50)--as measured on the Hemalog D (Technicon Corp.)--occurred at solution concentrations of 0.22, 1.5, and 2.6 X 10(-6) g/liter for Vapona, Rabon, and Naled, respectively. Parathion (a thiophosphate) and Baygon (a carbamate) were less potent, with I50 values of 3.7 X 10(-5) and 1.5 X 10(-4) g/liter, respectively. Dursban (another thiophosphate) and Carbaryl (a carbamate) showed only marginal inhibition. Eserine, malathion, nicotine and pyrethrum had no inhibitory effect up to 0.5 g/liter. The occurrence of this effect in vivo has not yet been shown, nor is it clear what the implications of such an effect would be. The inhibition of this enzyme by airborne contaminants, however, may interfere with the proper functioning of the Hemalog D.", "contents": "Inhibition of monocyte esterase activity by organophosphate insecticides. Organophosphate insecticides, such as Vapona, Naled, and Rabon, are highly potent inhibitors of an enzyme found in human monocytes. The enzyme, a specific monocyte esterase, could be inhibited by Vapona in blood samples via airborne contamination at levels easily achieved from commercial slow-release insecticide strips. Fifty percent inhibition (I50)--as measured on the Hemalog D (Technicon Corp.)--occurred at solution concentrations of 0.22, 1.5, and 2.6 X 10(-6) g/liter for Vapona, Rabon, and Naled, respectively. Parathion (a thiophosphate) and Baygon (a carbamate) were less potent, with I50 values of 3.7 X 10(-5) and 1.5 X 10(-4) g/liter, respectively. Dursban (another thiophosphate) and Carbaryl (a carbamate) showed only marginal inhibition. Eserine, malathion, nicotine and pyrethrum had no inhibitory effect up to 0.5 g/liter. The occurrence of this effect in vivo has not yet been shown, nor is it clear what the implications of such an effect would be. The inhibition of this enzyme by airborne contaminants, however, may interfere with the proper functioning of the Hemalog D."}
{"id": "PMID:907843", "title": "Filtration leukapheresis: effects of donor stimulation with dexamethasone.", "content": "Dexamethasone was administered to 51 donors prior to filtration leukapheresis. The results of this maneuver, including the consequences of transfusion, were contrasted with results in 52 donors who did not receive the steroid. Yields of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, the posttransfusion increments in recipients, themorphologic polymorphonuclear leukocytes obtained, and the incidence of donor and recipient reactions were all beneficially influenced by this manipulation. Possible mechanisms responsible for these observations are discussed. It is recommended that dexamethasone stimulation be used in filtration leukapheresis when circumstances do not otherwise contraindicate such a maneuver.", "contents": "Filtration leukapheresis: effects of donor stimulation with dexamethasone. Dexamethasone was administered to 51 donors prior to filtration leukapheresis. The results of this maneuver, including the consequences of transfusion, were contrasted with results in 52 donors who did not receive the steroid. Yields of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, the posttransfusion increments in recipients, themorphologic polymorphonuclear leukocytes obtained, and the incidence of donor and recipient reactions were all beneficially influenced by this manipulation. Possible mechanisms responsible for these observations are discussed. It is recommended that dexamethasone stimulation be used in filtration leukapheresis when circumstances do not otherwise contraindicate such a maneuver."}
{"id": "PMID:907845", "title": "Acute toxicities of selected herbicides to fingerling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.", "content": "A scan of the acute toxicities of eighteen common herbicides to one-year-old channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) was conducted. Herbicides causing less than 10% mortality in 48 hr at 10 ppm were: alanap, chloramben, 2,4-D acid, 2,4-D dimethyl amine salt, dalapon, diuron, DSMA, EPTC, fluometuron, metribuzin, monuron, MSMA, nitralin and 2,4,5,-T. The 96-hr LC50 values in pp6 for four nerbicides found toxic were: propanil, 3796; trifluralin, 417; bensulide, 379; and DNBP 118. The toxicity of Dyanap, a mixture of DNBP and alanap, was lower than that of DNBP; there was no apparent synergism between DNBP and alanap in the mixture.", "contents": "Acute toxicities of selected herbicides to fingerling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. A scan of the acute toxicities of eighteen common herbicides to one-year-old channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) was conducted. Herbicides causing less than 10% mortality in 48 hr at 10 ppm were: alanap, chloramben, 2,4-D acid, 2,4-D dimethyl amine salt, dalapon, diuron, DSMA, EPTC, fluometuron, metribuzin, monuron, MSMA, nitralin and 2,4,5,-T. The 96-hr LC50 values in pp6 for four nerbicides found toxic were: propanil, 3796; trifluralin, 417; bensulide, 379; and DNBP 118. The toxicity of Dyanap, a mixture of DNBP and alanap, was lower than that of DNBP; there was no apparent synergism between DNBP and alanap in the mixture."}
{"id": "PMID:907850", "title": "Influence of lead on calcium metabolism.", "content": "Five-week-old female albino rats were given 0.2 or 20.0 mg of lead acetate by gastric intubation daily for seven days. Calcium-47, applied orally or intraperitoneally, was used as marker to assess calcium retention in the body and its excretion by faeces and urine. The animals were killed three days after the last application. Calcium metabolism was unaffected by the 0.2 mg lead dose, while 20.0 mg lead per day increased its absorption from the intestinal tract.", "contents": "Influence of lead on calcium metabolism. Five-week-old female albino rats were given 0.2 or 20.0 mg of lead acetate by gastric intubation daily for seven days. Calcium-47, applied orally or intraperitoneally, was used as marker to assess calcium retention in the body and its excretion by faeces and urine. The animals were killed three days after the last application. Calcium metabolism was unaffected by the 0.2 mg lead dose, while 20.0 mg lead per day increased its absorption from the intestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:907856", "title": "Competitive adsorption of metal ions from solutions by low-cost organic materials.", "content": "The competitive adsorption of Hg, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn by softwood sawdust, corncobs, and ground scrap rubber was investigated. It is concluded that these materials which are abundant, widespread, and low cost, are potentially useful in removing various metal ions from wastewater solutions.", "contents": "Competitive adsorption of metal ions from solutions by low-cost organic materials. The competitive adsorption of Hg, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn by softwood sawdust, corncobs, and ground scrap rubber was investigated. It is concluded that these materials which are abundant, widespread, and low cost, are potentially useful in removing various metal ions from wastewater solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:907866", "title": "Tamoxifen inhibition of an in vitro oestradiol-induced surface coat change on mouse blastocysts.", "content": "1. Eighty-nine hour post-coitus mouse blastocysts cultured in the presence of oestradiol-17beta underwent a histochemically detectable surface coat change. 2. Tamoxifen was found to inhibit this in vitro-induced change. The role of Tamoxifen as an inhibitor of implantation is discussed.", "contents": "Tamoxifen inhibition of an in vitro oestradiol-induced surface coat change on mouse blastocysts. 1. Eighty-nine hour post-coitus mouse blastocysts cultured in the presence of oestradiol-17beta underwent a histochemically detectable surface coat change. 2. Tamoxifen was found to inhibit this in vitro-induced change. The role of Tamoxifen as an inhibitor of implantation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907867", "title": "Olfactory bulb ablation in the rat: behavioural changes and their reversal by antidepressant drugs.", "content": "1. The effects of bilateral olfactory bulbectomy, sham-operation and inducement of peripheral anosmia were studied on locomotor activity, passive avoidance acquisition and irritability. 2. Bulbectomized rats were hyperactive, deficient at learning a step-down passive avoidance response and hyperirritable. Peripheral anosmia, induced by intranasal infusion of ZnSO4 solution resulted in no behavioural changes. 3. Chronic pretreatment with amitriptyline (3 and 10 mg/kg) and a tetracyclic antidepressant mianserin (Org GB 94, 5 and 15 mg/kg) reversed the hyperactivity and reduced the learning deficit of bulbectomized rats. These drugs had no significant effects on sham-operated animals. 4. Neither amitriptyline nor mianserin reduced the exaggerated responses of bulbectomized rats to external stimuli. 5. (+)-Amphetamine (1 and 3 mg/kg) accelerated the acquisition of the passive avoidance response, greatly enhanced the locomotor activity and slightly increased the irritability score of both sham-operated and bulbectomized rats. 6. Chlorpromazine (1 and 3 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the acquisition, locomotor activity and irritability of experimental and control rats. 7. Lithium sulphate (1 and 3 mg/kg) had no effect on activity or irritability but produced a small impairment in acquistion of bulbectomized rats. 8. It is concluded that the reversal by antidepressant drugs of the behavioural syndrome seen after olfactory bulb ablation could constitute a new model for the detection of this group of centrally acting compounds.", "contents": "Olfactory bulb ablation in the rat: behavioural changes and their reversal by antidepressant drugs. 1. The effects of bilateral olfactory bulbectomy, sham-operation and inducement of peripheral anosmia were studied on locomotor activity, passive avoidance acquisition and irritability. 2. Bulbectomized rats were hyperactive, deficient at learning a step-down passive avoidance response and hyperirritable. Peripheral anosmia, induced by intranasal infusion of ZnSO4 solution resulted in no behavioural changes. 3. Chronic pretreatment with amitriptyline (3 and 10 mg/kg) and a tetracyclic antidepressant mianserin (Org GB 94, 5 and 15 mg/kg) reversed the hyperactivity and reduced the learning deficit of bulbectomized rats. These drugs had no significant effects on sham-operated animals. 4. Neither amitriptyline nor mianserin reduced the exaggerated responses of bulbectomized rats to external stimuli. 5. (+)-Amphetamine (1 and 3 mg/kg) accelerated the acquisition of the passive avoidance response, greatly enhanced the locomotor activity and slightly increased the irritability score of both sham-operated and bulbectomized rats. 6. Chlorpromazine (1 and 3 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the acquisition, locomotor activity and irritability of experimental and control rats. 7. Lithium sulphate (1 and 3 mg/kg) had no effect on activity or irritability but produced a small impairment in acquistion of bulbectomized rats. 8. It is concluded that the reversal by antidepressant drugs of the behavioural syndrome seen after olfactory bulb ablation could constitute a new model for the detection of this group of centrally acting compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:907868", "title": "Ligated renal pedicles and duration of action of neostigmine and pyridostigmine.", "content": "1. The duration of neostigmine or pyridostigmine antagonism of a (+)-tubocurarine (Tc) neuromuscular blockade was determined in the cat anterior tibialis-peroneal nerve preparation with and without ligated renal pedicles. 2. The infusion rate of Tc required to maintain a 90% depression of twitch tension was reduced from 8.8 +/- 1.4 (s.e.) to 3.4 +/- 0.6 mugkg-1 min-1 by renal pedicle ligation. 3. Renal pedicle ligation resulted in an increased duration of antagonism of Tc by both neostigmine and pyridostigmine.", "contents": "Ligated renal pedicles and duration of action of neostigmine and pyridostigmine. 1. The duration of neostigmine or pyridostigmine antagonism of a (+)-tubocurarine (Tc) neuromuscular blockade was determined in the cat anterior tibialis-peroneal nerve preparation with and without ligated renal pedicles. 2. The infusion rate of Tc required to maintain a 90% depression of twitch tension was reduced from 8.8 +/- 1.4 (s.e.) to 3.4 +/- 0.6 mugkg-1 min-1 by renal pedicle ligation. 3. Renal pedicle ligation resulted in an increased duration of antagonism of Tc by both neostigmine and pyridostigmine."}
{"id": "PMID:907869", "title": "Effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the rates of oxygen consumption of mice.", "content": "1. Experiments with untreated mice confirmed that at ambient temperatures below 30 degrees C, the oxygen consumption rate of mice normally kept at about 23 degrees C varies inversely with ambient temperature. 2. At given ambient temperatures in the range 20 to 31 degrees C the oxygen consumption rate was 32 to 43% greater for restrained than for unrestrained mice. 3. Hypothermia induced in restrained mice by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) (1.0 to 4.0 mg/kg i.v.) was accompanied by marked falls in the rate of oxygen consumption. The size of these falls parallelled the degree of hypothermia and increased both with increases in dose and with decreases in the ambient temperature. The oxygen consumption rates of unrestrained mice were also lowered by hypothermic doses (10 to 40 mg/kg i.p.) of delta9-THC. 4. The maximum falls in oxygen consumption rate occurred at earlier times after drug administration than the maximum falls in rectal temperature. 5. At none of the ambient temperatures studied did the oxygen consumption rates of delta9-THC-treated mice fall significantly below the basal levels (59 +/- 3 ml 25 g-1 h-1) of unrestrained, resting mice at 30 degrees C. 6. The hypothesis that reduced rates of heat production contribute significantly towards the hypothermia induced by delta9-THC in our experiments is discussed. The possibility that biological processes responsible for increased heat production in response to cold are more sensitive to delta9-THC than those processes governing basal rates of heat production at thermally neutral environmental temperature is also raised.", "contents": "Effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the rates of oxygen consumption of mice. 1. Experiments with untreated mice confirmed that at ambient temperatures below 30 degrees C, the oxygen consumption rate of mice normally kept at about 23 degrees C varies inversely with ambient temperature. 2. At given ambient temperatures in the range 20 to 31 degrees C the oxygen consumption rate was 32 to 43% greater for restrained than for unrestrained mice. 3. Hypothermia induced in restrained mice by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) (1.0 to 4.0 mg/kg i.v.) was accompanied by marked falls in the rate of oxygen consumption. The size of these falls parallelled the degree of hypothermia and increased both with increases in dose and with decreases in the ambient temperature. The oxygen consumption rates of unrestrained mice were also lowered by hypothermic doses (10 to 40 mg/kg i.p.) of delta9-THC. 4. The maximum falls in oxygen consumption rate occurred at earlier times after drug administration than the maximum falls in rectal temperature. 5. At none of the ambient temperatures studied did the oxygen consumption rates of delta9-THC-treated mice fall significantly below the basal levels (59 +/- 3 ml 25 g-1 h-1) of unrestrained, resting mice at 30 degrees C. 6. The hypothesis that reduced rates of heat production contribute significantly towards the hypothermia induced by delta9-THC in our experiments is discussed. The possibility that biological processes responsible for increased heat production in response to cold are more sensitive to delta9-THC than those processes governing basal rates of heat production at thermally neutral environmental temperature is also raised."}
{"id": "PMID:907870", "title": "An investigation of the sex difference in the diuretic response to ethacrynic acid in mice.", "content": "1. Female mice of the Hough/Porton and Tuck/TO strains were found to be more sensitive than male mice to the diuretic effects of oral and intravenous doses of ethacrynic acid. 2. The sensitivity of Hough/Porton male mice to ethacrynic acid was increased after pretreatment with stilboestrol and the sensitivity of female Hough/Porton mice decreased after pretreatment with testosterone. 3. There were no significant sex differences in the diuretic response to frusemide, acetazolamide, aminophylline, bendrofluazide, and Su 15049A although a small, but significant, increase in the sensitivity of male Tuck/TO mice to triamterene was noted. 4. The sex difference in diuretic response to ethacrynic acid may be related to an effect of sex hormone balance on its metabolism or on the sensitivity of its renal receptor.", "contents": "An investigation of the sex difference in the diuretic response to ethacrynic acid in mice. 1. Female mice of the Hough/Porton and Tuck/TO strains were found to be more sensitive than male mice to the diuretic effects of oral and intravenous doses of ethacrynic acid. 2. The sensitivity of Hough/Porton male mice to ethacrynic acid was increased after pretreatment with stilboestrol and the sensitivity of female Hough/Porton mice decreased after pretreatment with testosterone. 3. There were no significant sex differences in the diuretic response to frusemide, acetazolamide, aminophylline, bendrofluazide, and Su 15049A although a small, but significant, increase in the sensitivity of male Tuck/TO mice to triamterene was noted. 4. The sex difference in diuretic response to ethacrynic acid may be related to an effect of sex hormone balance on its metabolism or on the sensitivity of its renal receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:907865", "title": "Nitric oxide effects on lung structure and blood oxygen affinity in rats.", "content": "Two month-old Wistar rats were exposed continuously for six weeks, either to 2.0 +/- 0.1 ppm nitric oxide (NO) mixed homogeneously with air for tests, or to ambient air for controls. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC), erythrocytic variables, methemoglobin (MetHb) concentration and lung structure, particularly through electron microscopy studies, were investigated each week of exposure. The hemoglobin affinity for oxygen was not modified, probably as a result of both pH and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) stability. Moreover MetHb formation was not found in treated rats. The few ultrastructural alterations found under electron microscopy may not prove NO-induced since they were found similarly in both groups. Slight emphysematous changes were found only in 1 micrometer-thick sections of lungs from NO-treated rats.", "contents": "Nitric oxide effects on lung structure and blood oxygen affinity in rats. Two month-old Wistar rats were exposed continuously for six weeks, either to 2.0 +/- 0.1 ppm nitric oxide (NO) mixed homogeneously with air for tests, or to ambient air for controls. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC), erythrocytic variables, methemoglobin (MetHb) concentration and lung structure, particularly through electron microscopy studies, were investigated each week of exposure. The hemoglobin affinity for oxygen was not modified, probably as a result of both pH and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) stability. Moreover MetHb formation was not found in treated rats. The few ultrastructural alterations found under electron microscopy may not prove NO-induced since they were found similarly in both groups. Slight emphysematous changes were found only in 1 micrometer-thick sections of lungs from NO-treated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:907864", "title": "[Respiratory function at rest in obese children (author's transl)].", "content": "Abnormalities of the respiratory function are a common finding in adult obesity. In order to investigate the occurrence of similar facts in pediatric age, a group of 39 obese children (20 girls and 19 boys, aged from 7 to 15 years) whose weight excess for their height ranged from 25 to 105 p. 100 was studied and compared to a control group of normal children of similar ages. Lung volumes, blood gases, transfer factor of the lung for CO, dynamic lung compliance, total lung resistance and ventilatory response to CO2 have been studied. In these obese children by contrast to obese adults, the vital capacity and the residual volume were normal. The blood gases, the transfer factor for CO, the dynamic lung compliance and the total resistances of the lung were similar to those of the normal group. The respiratory patterns were normal in all children but one who had during a short time a periodic ventilation with short periods of breath-holding. The ventilatory response to CO2 of the obese children was decreased and a highly significant correlation was found between the individual values of the respiratory response to CO2 and the percentage of weight excess. Different hypotheses are discussed to explain these results.", "contents": "[Respiratory function at rest in obese children (author's transl)]. Abnormalities of the respiratory function are a common finding in adult obesity. In order to investigate the occurrence of similar facts in pediatric age, a group of 39 obese children (20 girls and 19 boys, aged from 7 to 15 years) whose weight excess for their height ranged from 25 to 105 p. 100 was studied and compared to a control group of normal children of similar ages. Lung volumes, blood gases, transfer factor of the lung for CO, dynamic lung compliance, total lung resistance and ventilatory response to CO2 have been studied. In these obese children by contrast to obese adults, the vital capacity and the residual volume were normal. The blood gases, the transfer factor for CO, the dynamic lung compliance and the total resistances of the lung were similar to those of the normal group. The respiratory patterns were normal in all children but one who had during a short time a periodic ventilation with short periods of breath-holding. The ventilatory response to CO2 of the obese children was decreased and a highly significant correlation was found between the individual values of the respiratory response to CO2 and the percentage of weight excess. Different hypotheses are discussed to explain these results."}
{"id": "PMID:907871", "title": "Enzymatic histamine degradation by human skin.", "content": "1. Degradation of histamine by homogenized human skin in vitro, in the presence of the cofactor S-adenosyl methionine, indicates the presence of the histamine metabolizing enzyme histamine-N-methyl transferase in human skin. Under the experimental conditions described, no significant histamine degradation by diamine oxidase was observed. 2. The enzyme activity is temperature-sensitive with an optimum at 37 degrees C. The enzyme is stable in in intact excised skin at -20 degrees C, but unstable in homogenized skin at this temperature. 3. Little or no enzyme activity is present in mid- or deep dermis, but the distribution of the enzyme between superficial papillary dermis and epidermis is uncertain. 4. The presence of a potent histamine degrading mechanism raises the possibility that histamine-N-methyl transferase activity may be an important modulating factor in histamine-mediated skin disorders.", "contents": "Enzymatic histamine degradation by human skin. 1. Degradation of histamine by homogenized human skin in vitro, in the presence of the cofactor S-adenosyl methionine, indicates the presence of the histamine metabolizing enzyme histamine-N-methyl transferase in human skin. Under the experimental conditions described, no significant histamine degradation by diamine oxidase was observed. 2. The enzyme activity is temperature-sensitive with an optimum at 37 degrees C. The enzyme is stable in in intact excised skin at -20 degrees C, but unstable in homogenized skin at this temperature. 3. Little or no enzyme activity is present in mid- or deep dermis, but the distribution of the enzyme between superficial papillary dermis and epidermis is uncertain. 4. The presence of a potent histamine degrading mechanism raises the possibility that histamine-N-methyl transferase activity may be an important modulating factor in histamine-mediated skin disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:907872", "title": "The effect of diuretics on the faecal excretion of water and electrolytes in horses.", "content": "1. The effect on plasma, urinary and faecal electrolytes of frusemide and hydrochlorthiazide was measured in ponies, mean weight 180 kg. 2. The rapid loss in urine of large quantities of sodium had only a small effect on plasma sodium concentration. 3. Faecal sodium excretion was increased substantially after the administration of frusemide. 4. Frusemide increased faecal potassium during the 48 h following administration and faecal water in the 24/48 h period. It also produced a hypopotassaemia. 5. Hydrochlorthiazide increased faecal chloride during the 24 h after administration. 6. Frusemide increased the intestinal transit time of both liquid (polyethylene glycol) and particulate (Cr2O3) markers.", "contents": "The effect of diuretics on the faecal excretion of water and electrolytes in horses. 1. The effect on plasma, urinary and faecal electrolytes of frusemide and hydrochlorthiazide was measured in ponies, mean weight 180 kg. 2. The rapid loss in urine of large quantities of sodium had only a small effect on plasma sodium concentration. 3. Faecal sodium excretion was increased substantially after the administration of frusemide. 4. Frusemide increased faecal potassium during the 48 h following administration and faecal water in the 24/48 h period. It also produced a hypopotassaemia. 5. Hydrochlorthiazide increased faecal chloride during the 24 h after administration. 6. Frusemide increased the intestinal transit time of both liquid (polyethylene glycol) and particulate (Cr2O3) markers."}
{"id": "PMID:907873", "title": "The effects of ether stress and betamethasone treatment on the concentrations of noradrenaline and dopamine in various regions of the rat brain.", "content": "1. The effects of ether stress on noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine levels in different regions of the rat brain were studied. 2. Exposure to ether vapour (90 s) caused a significant decrease in the concentration of hypothalamic NA but had no effect on catecholamine (CA) concentrations in the other regions studied. 3. Treatment with betamethasone alone (20 microgram/ml) given in the drinking water for 24 h, had no effect on CA levels in the cerebral cortex, midbrain or hypothalamus. However, pretreatment with this dose of steroid prevented the decreases in hypothalamic NA which were normally seen after ether stress and also induced significant increases in the concentration of midbrain NA. 4. The data provide further support for the involvement of NA in the regulation stress-induced corticotrophin (ACTH) release and indicate that centres other than the hypothalamus may be involved in mediating the inhibitory action of betamethasone on the response to ether stress.", "contents": "The effects of ether stress and betamethasone treatment on the concentrations of noradrenaline and dopamine in various regions of the rat brain. 1. The effects of ether stress on noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine levels in different regions of the rat brain were studied. 2. Exposure to ether vapour (90 s) caused a significant decrease in the concentration of hypothalamic NA but had no effect on catecholamine (CA) concentrations in the other regions studied. 3. Treatment with betamethasone alone (20 microgram/ml) given in the drinking water for 24 h, had no effect on CA levels in the cerebral cortex, midbrain or hypothalamus. However, pretreatment with this dose of steroid prevented the decreases in hypothalamic NA which were normally seen after ether stress and also induced significant increases in the concentration of midbrain NA. 4. The data provide further support for the involvement of NA in the regulation stress-induced corticotrophin (ACTH) release and indicate that centres other than the hypothalamus may be involved in mediating the inhibitory action of betamethasone on the response to ether stress."}
{"id": "PMID:907874", "title": "The effect of zinc on anaphylaxis in vivo in the guinea-pig.", "content": "The protective effects of pretreatment with zinc sulphate aerosols against bronchoconstriction induced by egg albumen or histamine aerosols were assessed in sensitized or non-sensitized guinea-pigs respectively. Pretreatment with an adequate concentration of zinc sulphate aerosol significantly prolonged the time of onset of bronchoconstriction in sensitized guinea-pigs challenged with egg albumen, but did not appreciably alter the onset time of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in non-sensitized animals. These findings suggest that zinc aerosols may be of prophylactic value against bronchoconstriction of allergic origin.", "contents": "The effect of zinc on anaphylaxis in vivo in the guinea-pig. The protective effects of pretreatment with zinc sulphate aerosols against bronchoconstriction induced by egg albumen or histamine aerosols were assessed in sensitized or non-sensitized guinea-pigs respectively. Pretreatment with an adequate concentration of zinc sulphate aerosol significantly prolonged the time of onset of bronchoconstriction in sensitized guinea-pigs challenged with egg albumen, but did not appreciably alter the onset time of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in non-sensitized animals. These findings suggest that zinc aerosols may be of prophylactic value against bronchoconstriction of allergic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:907892", "title": "Carbon dioxide output and elimination in children under anaesthesia.", "content": "The requirements for fresh gas inflow with the Bain breathing circuit in children was examined by determining the PaCO2 in 46 children during controlled ventilation with a total fresh gas inflow of 3.5 l/min and by measuring the carbon dioxide output in 83 children under anaesthesia. It could be shown that all children below 40 kg body weight had a PaCO2 below 40 torr (5.32 kPa) and the PaCO2 paralleled the body weight, i.e., the lowest carbon dioxide tension was seen in children under 10 kg. As expected, the highest carbon dioxide output was found in children below 5 kg body weight; the carbon dioxide output per kilogram decreased with increasing body weight up to 30-35 kg and remained at that level in larger children. Children in their teens, although they may have attained adult body weight, had a higher carbon dioxide output than adults. Based on these findings, our recommendation of a total fresh gas inflow of 3.5 1/min for all children would appear adequate for a body weight up to 35 kg on controlled ventilation. In children under 10 kg body weight, a reduction of the total fresh gas flow to two litres per minute will avoid marked respiratory alkalosis. For children over 35 kg, a fresh gas flow of 100 ml/kg/min should be satisfactory during controlled ventilation.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide output and elimination in children under anaesthesia. The requirements for fresh gas inflow with the Bain breathing circuit in children was examined by determining the PaCO2 in 46 children during controlled ventilation with a total fresh gas inflow of 3.5 l/min and by measuring the carbon dioxide output in 83 children under anaesthesia. It could be shown that all children below 40 kg body weight had a PaCO2 below 40 torr (5.32 kPa) and the PaCO2 paralleled the body weight, i.e., the lowest carbon dioxide tension was seen in children under 10 kg. As expected, the highest carbon dioxide output was found in children below 5 kg body weight; the carbon dioxide output per kilogram decreased with increasing body weight up to 30-35 kg and remained at that level in larger children. Children in their teens, although they may have attained adult body weight, had a higher carbon dioxide output than adults. Based on these findings, our recommendation of a total fresh gas inflow of 3.5 1/min for all children would appear adequate for a body weight up to 35 kg on controlled ventilation. In children under 10 kg body weight, a reduction of the total fresh gas flow to two litres per minute will avoid marked respiratory alkalosis. For children over 35 kg, a fresh gas flow of 100 ml/kg/min should be satisfactory during controlled ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:907893", "title": "Reduction of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by nitrous oxide administration in the isolated perfused cat lung.", "content": "Local pulmonary vasconstriction in response to alveolar hypoxia is a protective mechanism reducing blood flow to poorly oxygenated areas of lung. Pulmonary blood flow is thereby directed to better oxygenated lung units and venous admixture and the resulting arterial hypoxaemia is reduced. The effect of nitrous oxide on the pulmonary pressor response to alveolar hypoxia was assessed in the isolated perfused cat lung preparation under conditions of constant flow and constant left atrial and airway pressures. Nitrous oxide, in concentrations of 50 per cent and 75 per cent, was found to produce a reversible depression of the hypoxic pulmonary pressor response. The importance of hypoxia pulmonary vasconstriction and the possible implications of its reduction by anaesthetic agents are discussed.", "contents": "Reduction of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by nitrous oxide administration in the isolated perfused cat lung. Local pulmonary vasconstriction in response to alveolar hypoxia is a protective mechanism reducing blood flow to poorly oxygenated areas of lung. Pulmonary blood flow is thereby directed to better oxygenated lung units and venous admixture and the resulting arterial hypoxaemia is reduced. The effect of nitrous oxide on the pulmonary pressor response to alveolar hypoxia was assessed in the isolated perfused cat lung preparation under conditions of constant flow and constant left atrial and airway pressures. Nitrous oxide, in concentrations of 50 per cent and 75 per cent, was found to produce a reversible depression of the hypoxic pulmonary pressor response. The importance of hypoxia pulmonary vasconstriction and the possible implications of its reduction by anaesthetic agents are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907894", "title": "Meperidine and morphine as intravenous surgical premedicants.", "content": "Morphine 5 mg and 10 mg and meperidine 50 mg and 100 mg were studied as intravenous surgical premedicants in 160 patients. Relief of anxiety, sedation, lack of recall and side effects were the variables evaluated. Neither morphine nor meperidine proved to be particularly good surgical premedicants. There appeared to be no significant differences between the two drugs, but what differences there were tended to favor meperidine.", "contents": "Meperidine and morphine as intravenous surgical premedicants. Morphine 5 mg and 10 mg and meperidine 50 mg and 100 mg were studied as intravenous surgical premedicants in 160 patients. Relief of anxiety, sedation, lack of recall and side effects were the variables evaluated. Neither morphine nor meperidine proved to be particularly good surgical premedicants. There appeared to be no significant differences between the two drugs, but what differences there were tended to favor meperidine."}
{"id": "PMID:907895", "title": "The effects of etomidate on arterial pressure, pulse rate and preganglionic sympathetic activity in cats.", "content": "We have studied the effects of etomidate on preganglionic cervical sympathetic activity, arterial pressure, and pulse rate. Normal and baroreceptor-denervated animals were studied. On the basis of findings it is concluded that etomidate exerts a minimal direct depressant action on the cardiovascular system. A profound depression of sympathetic tone was observed in spite of unaffected arterial pressure. Etomidate was also shown to possess a mild vagolytic action.", "contents": "The effects of etomidate on arterial pressure, pulse rate and preganglionic sympathetic activity in cats. We have studied the effects of etomidate on preganglionic cervical sympathetic activity, arterial pressure, and pulse rate. Normal and baroreceptor-denervated animals were studied. On the basis of findings it is concluded that etomidate exerts a minimal direct depressant action on the cardiovascular system. A profound depression of sympathetic tone was observed in spite of unaffected arterial pressure. Etomidate was also shown to possess a mild vagolytic action."}
{"id": "PMID:907896", "title": "Maternal and neonatal effects of methoxyflurane, nitrous oxide and lumbar epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section.", "content": "General anaesthetic techniques continue to be used for Caesarean section despite the possible increased incidence of foetal acidosis and neonatal depression. Two techniques of general anaesthesia (methoxyflurane-oxygen and nitrous oxide-oxygen) and lumbar epidural anaesthesia were compared in 37 patients under-going elective Caesarean section. Apgar scores at birth were similar in all three groups. Neurophysiological testing of the neonates at six hours and twenty-four hours of age revealed a superiority for the methoxyflurane-oxygen and lumbar epidural techniques, although the babies in the epidural group tended to be hypotonic. Cord blood gas analysis showed the babies in the methoxyflurane group to have a higher PaO2 with less metabolic acidosis than the babies from the other two groups. The maternal effects of the three anaesthetic techniques were similar, with only a small rise in serum fluroide levels noted in the methoxyflurane group.", "contents": "Maternal and neonatal effects of methoxyflurane, nitrous oxide and lumbar epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section. General anaesthetic techniques continue to be used for Caesarean section despite the possible increased incidence of foetal acidosis and neonatal depression. Two techniques of general anaesthesia (methoxyflurane-oxygen and nitrous oxide-oxygen) and lumbar epidural anaesthesia were compared in 37 patients under-going elective Caesarean section. Apgar scores at birth were similar in all three groups. Neurophysiological testing of the neonates at six hours and twenty-four hours of age revealed a superiority for the methoxyflurane-oxygen and lumbar epidural techniques, although the babies in the epidural group tended to be hypotonic. Cord blood gas analysis showed the babies in the methoxyflurane group to have a higher PaO2 with less metabolic acidosis than the babies from the other two groups. The maternal effects of the three anaesthetic techniques were similar, with only a small rise in serum fluroide levels noted in the methoxyflurane group."}
{"id": "PMID:907897", "title": "Sympathetic blockade of isolated limbs by intravenous guanethidine.", "content": "As a result of experience at the Montreal General Hospital, it has been found that intravenous guanethidine blockade of extremities has therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic value in conditions where the aetiology is a disorder of sympathetic nervous conduction. The properties of guanethidine, namely its selective action on blocking the sympathetic nervous system peripherally, together with its long half time and rapid tissue fixation, render it a very useful drug in techniques where an isolated limb is blocked with guanethidine. Experience on a 18-month basis suggests that the procedure of intravenous guanethidine blockade offers exceptionally good results for a non-invasive technique. Work is now in progress to study the possible use of guanethidine in the treatment of phantom limb pain, and also to see whether other drugs, such as thymoxamine, could be used in a similar fashion to guanethidine.", "contents": "Sympathetic blockade of isolated limbs by intravenous guanethidine. As a result of experience at the Montreal General Hospital, it has been found that intravenous guanethidine blockade of extremities has therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic value in conditions where the aetiology is a disorder of sympathetic nervous conduction. The properties of guanethidine, namely its selective action on blocking the sympathetic nervous system peripherally, together with its long half time and rapid tissue fixation, render it a very useful drug in techniques where an isolated limb is blocked with guanethidine. Experience on a 18-month basis suggests that the procedure of intravenous guanethidine blockade offers exceptionally good results for a non-invasive technique. Work is now in progress to study the possible use of guanethidine in the treatment of phantom limb pain, and also to see whether other drugs, such as thymoxamine, could be used in a similar fashion to guanethidine."}
{"id": "PMID:907898", "title": "A trial of enflurane for paediatric out-patient anaesthesia.", "content": "Enflurane was compared with halothane for anaesthesia for short surgical procedures in paediatric out-patients. Induction of anaesthesia was more prolonged with enflurane and recovery times were similar with both agents. Coughing and laryngospasm during induction occurred more frequently with enflurane. The incidence of post-operative complications was essentially similar in both groups, but there was no evidence that the use of enflurane was followed by rapid recovery at home. Enflurane has no advantages over halothane in anaesthesia for short procedures for paediatric out-patients.", "contents": "A trial of enflurane for paediatric out-patient anaesthesia. Enflurane was compared with halothane for anaesthesia for short surgical procedures in paediatric out-patients. Induction of anaesthesia was more prolonged with enflurane and recovery times were similar with both agents. Coughing and laryngospasm during induction occurred more frequently with enflurane. The incidence of post-operative complications was essentially similar in both groups, but there was no evidence that the use of enflurane was followed by rapid recovery at home. Enflurane has no advantages over halothane in anaesthesia for short procedures for paediatric out-patients."}
{"id": "PMID:907900", "title": "Recovery from anaesthesia in outpatients: a comparison of narcotic and inhalational techniques.", "content": "Forty-one patients undergoing outpatient anaesthesia and operation were studied. Nineteen received inhalation agents. Twenty-two received narcotics. Up to one hour post-operatively, patients who received inhalation anaesthesia performed significantly better than did those who received narcotics. After 60 minutes there was no significant difference between the two groups. It is suggested that narcotics be avoided in patients who will be discharged within one hour of anaesthesia. A small number of patients exhibited slow recovery. It is suggested that these may be patients at risk and that special care be exercised.", "contents": "Recovery from anaesthesia in outpatients: a comparison of narcotic and inhalational techniques. Forty-one patients undergoing outpatient anaesthesia and operation were studied. Nineteen received inhalation agents. Twenty-two received narcotics. Up to one hour post-operatively, patients who received inhalation anaesthesia performed significantly better than did those who received narcotics. After 60 minutes there was no significant difference between the two groups. It is suggested that narcotics be avoided in patients who will be discharged within one hour of anaesthesia. A small number of patients exhibited slow recovery. It is suggested that these may be patients at risk and that special care be exercised."}
{"id": "PMID:907901", "title": "The mode of action of homocysteine on mouse brain glutamic decarboxylase and gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase.", "content": "In the belief that homocysteine-induced convulsions might be related to alterations in brain gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism, we have studied the action of this amino acid on the activity of glutamic decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) and gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.19) of mouse brain in vitro DL-homocysteine competitively inhibited GAD with respect to both L-glutamate and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The respective Ki's were 3.8 mM and 0.3 mM. The activity of GABA-T also was altered in the presence of DL-homocysteine. A competitive inhibition (Ki = 6 mM) was observed with gamma-aminobutyric acid, and an uncompetitive inhibition with respect to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and alpha-ketoglutarate. These results are explained in terms of a dual action of homocysteine on each of the enzymes: one involving a competition for substrate binding site and the other involving the formation of an inactive inhibitor-cofactor complex. The significance of the inhibition of these enzymes of gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism is discussed in relation to the convulsant action of homocysteine.", "contents": "The mode of action of homocysteine on mouse brain glutamic decarboxylase and gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. In the belief that homocysteine-induced convulsions might be related to alterations in brain gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism, we have studied the action of this amino acid on the activity of glutamic decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) and gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.19) of mouse brain in vitro DL-homocysteine competitively inhibited GAD with respect to both L-glutamate and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The respective Ki's were 3.8 mM and 0.3 mM. The activity of GABA-T also was altered in the presence of DL-homocysteine. A competitive inhibition (Ki = 6 mM) was observed with gamma-aminobutyric acid, and an uncompetitive inhibition with respect to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and alpha-ketoglutarate. These results are explained in terms of a dual action of homocysteine on each of the enzymes: one involving a competition for substrate binding site and the other involving the formation of an inactive inhibitor-cofactor complex. The significance of the inhibition of these enzymes of gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism is discussed in relation to the convulsant action of homocysteine."}
{"id": "PMID:907902", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of a protein synthesis inhibitor from brine shrimp embryos.", "content": "Encysted embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, contain an inhibitor of protein synthesis that appears to be important in translational control. In cyst homogenates, the inhibitor appears to be partitioned almost equally between the cytosol and ribosome fractions and it has been purified from both fractions to near homogeneity. In a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from Artemia cysts, with poly(U) as messenger, the protein inhibits polyphenylalanine synthesis proportional to inhibitor concentration up to about 75% inhibition, and the primary site of action appears to be at the elongation step. The inhibitor activity is not altered by 50-150 mM KCl in the reaction mixture, but it is slightly more effective at 5 mM MgCl2 than at 10 mM MgCl2. The inhibitor is a heat-labile protein of 130000 molecular weight and is devoid of hydrolase activity. Our data indicate that the inhibitor is not elongation factor EF-1 or EF-2, but we are studying the possibility that it may be a modified form of elongation factor EF-2.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of a protein synthesis inhibitor from brine shrimp embryos. Encysted embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, contain an inhibitor of protein synthesis that appears to be important in translational control. In cyst homogenates, the inhibitor appears to be partitioned almost equally between the cytosol and ribosome fractions and it has been purified from both fractions to near homogeneity. In a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from Artemia cysts, with poly(U) as messenger, the protein inhibits polyphenylalanine synthesis proportional to inhibitor concentration up to about 75% inhibition, and the primary site of action appears to be at the elongation step. The inhibitor activity is not altered by 50-150 mM KCl in the reaction mixture, but it is slightly more effective at 5 mM MgCl2 than at 10 mM MgCl2. The inhibitor is a heat-labile protein of 130000 molecular weight and is devoid of hydrolase activity. Our data indicate that the inhibitor is not elongation factor EF-1 or EF-2, but we are studying the possibility that it may be a modified form of elongation factor EF-2."}
{"id": "PMID:907903", "title": "Apparent saturability of a 4S dihydrotestosterone-binding protein in rat muscle cytosol: role of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and albumin.", "content": "In our studies of the binding of steroids in rat skeletal muscles, we have shown the existence of a saturable '4S' dihydrotestosterone-binding protein of low affinity (Kd = 1.16 X 10(-6) M). Competition studies led us to believe that the binding of dihydrotesterone (DHT) was due to 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 alpha-OHSD) enzyme responsible for the conversion of DHT to androstanediol (Adiol). Indeed, both the binding and the enzymatic activity are inhibited by various 3-keto steroids. In addition, the dissociation constant (Kd) and the Michaelis constant (Km) of the enzyme are similar. However, experiments with ammonium sulfate fractions of the cytosol have shown a partial separation of the binding and of the enzymatic activity. On the other hand, we have established that DHT (3 micrometer) is almost completely metabolized to Adiol during a 2-h incubation of 0 degrees C even in the absence of added coenzymes. Furthermore the '4S' protein binds Adiol more strongly than DHT and this binding is not saturable. Finally the binding behaviour of both DHT and Adiol with either muscle cytosol or rat albumin is similar when subjected to ammonium sulfate fractionation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In conclusion, the skeletal muscle 3 alpha-OHSD rapidly metabolizes DHT into Adiol which then binds strongly to a nonspecific binding protein, presumably rat serum albumin. Thus it can be said that the observed saturability of DHT binding is only apparent.", "contents": "Apparent saturability of a 4S dihydrotestosterone-binding protein in rat muscle cytosol: role of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and albumin. In our studies of the binding of steroids in rat skeletal muscles, we have shown the existence of a saturable '4S' dihydrotestosterone-binding protein of low affinity (Kd = 1.16 X 10(-6) M). Competition studies led us to believe that the binding of dihydrotesterone (DHT) was due to 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 alpha-OHSD) enzyme responsible for the conversion of DHT to androstanediol (Adiol). Indeed, both the binding and the enzymatic activity are inhibited by various 3-keto steroids. In addition, the dissociation constant (Kd) and the Michaelis constant (Km) of the enzyme are similar. However, experiments with ammonium sulfate fractions of the cytosol have shown a partial separation of the binding and of the enzymatic activity. On the other hand, we have established that DHT (3 micrometer) is almost completely metabolized to Adiol during a 2-h incubation of 0 degrees C even in the absence of added coenzymes. Furthermore the '4S' protein binds Adiol more strongly than DHT and this binding is not saturable. Finally the binding behaviour of both DHT and Adiol with either muscle cytosol or rat albumin is similar when subjected to ammonium sulfate fractionation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In conclusion, the skeletal muscle 3 alpha-OHSD rapidly metabolizes DHT into Adiol which then binds strongly to a nonspecific binding protein, presumably rat serum albumin. Thus it can be said that the observed saturability of DHT binding is only apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:907904", "title": "The immune response of calves given Mycoplasma bovis antigens.", "content": "Seven calves seven to 30 days of age were given Mycoplasma bovis antigen by different routes. Immunization was in two phases. The first consisted of single or multiple SC, IV or oral doses of antigen for two to four weeks. The second phase consisted of multiple SC or ID injections given from the eighth to the 19th week. The experiment was terminated at 26 weeks. Antibody titers were followed by indirect hemagglutination, growth inhibition and tetrazolium reduction inhibition. Total serum protein, protein fractions and IgG and IgM concentrations were determined in serums of one calf and the distribution of indirect hemagglutination antibodies in IgG and IgM classes were determined in serums of two of the calves. Indirect hemagglutination titers of 1280 and peak titers of >20,480 occurred after the first and second phases respectively. There was no relationship between total serum IgG or IgM concentrations and indirect hemagglutination titers. In one calf given M. bovis antigen in one dose SC and five weekly doses IV in phase I, indirect hemagglutination antibodies appeared in IgM within one week and IgG by four weeks, IgG antibody activity rose steadily until the 17th week but declined at the 26th week, whereas IgM activity after the initial rise dropped at the 13th week but rose even higher as a result of second phase ID injections. Another calf given six weekly IV doses of M. bovis antigen in phase I developed indirect hemagglutination antibodies in IgM peaking at four weeks then declining but with no IgG response. Activity in both IgM and IgG occurred after the second phase. Growth inhibition antibodies were found only on two occasions in one calf serum and tetrazolium reduction inhibition activity when tested never gave titres exceeding 1:32.", "contents": "The immune response of calves given Mycoplasma bovis antigens. Seven calves seven to 30 days of age were given Mycoplasma bovis antigen by different routes. Immunization was in two phases. The first consisted of single or multiple SC, IV or oral doses of antigen for two to four weeks. The second phase consisted of multiple SC or ID injections given from the eighth to the 19th week. The experiment was terminated at 26 weeks. Antibody titers were followed by indirect hemagglutination, growth inhibition and tetrazolium reduction inhibition. Total serum protein, protein fractions and IgG and IgM concentrations were determined in serums of one calf and the distribution of indirect hemagglutination antibodies in IgG and IgM classes were determined in serums of two of the calves. Indirect hemagglutination titers of 1280 and peak titers of >20,480 occurred after the first and second phases respectively. There was no relationship between total serum IgG or IgM concentrations and indirect hemagglutination titers. In one calf given M. bovis antigen in one dose SC and five weekly doses IV in phase I, indirect hemagglutination antibodies appeared in IgM within one week and IgG by four weeks, IgG antibody activity rose steadily until the 17th week but declined at the 26th week, whereas IgM activity after the initial rise dropped at the 13th week but rose even higher as a result of second phase ID injections. Another calf given six weekly IV doses of M. bovis antigen in phase I developed indirect hemagglutination antibodies in IgM peaking at four weeks then declining but with no IgG response. Activity in both IgM and IgG occurred after the second phase. Growth inhibition antibodies were found only on two occasions in one calf serum and tetrazolium reduction inhibition activity when tested never gave titres exceeding 1:32."}
{"id": "PMID:907905", "title": "Cytology of bovine foetal fluids.", "content": "Cell contents of foetal fluids obtained separately from amniotic and allantoic cavities of live cows by transvaginal amniocentesis and by aspiration from pregnant uteri immediately after slaughter were studied using Papanicolaou's staining procedure. The samples obtained belonged to cows which were between ten to 24 weeks of gestation. Cell scrapings from foetal and membranous surfaces normally in contact with the foetal fluids were also stained simultaneously with foetal fluid smears by Papanicolaou's method to determine the probable origin of the cells detected in the amniotic and allantoic cavities. The cell types were classified according to morphology and tinctorial patterns and their origin was deduced on the basis of similarity to cell scrapings from the surface layers of foetus and foetal cavities. The evaluation of foetal fluid cells revealed that a majority of cells are of foetal origin and that the cytological features of these cells may be useful in assessing the condition of the foetus.", "contents": "Cytology of bovine foetal fluids. Cell contents of foetal fluids obtained separately from amniotic and allantoic cavities of live cows by transvaginal amniocentesis and by aspiration from pregnant uteri immediately after slaughter were studied using Papanicolaou's staining procedure. The samples obtained belonged to cows which were between ten to 24 weeks of gestation. Cell scrapings from foetal and membranous surfaces normally in contact with the foetal fluids were also stained simultaneously with foetal fluid smears by Papanicolaou's method to determine the probable origin of the cells detected in the amniotic and allantoic cavities. The cell types were classified according to morphology and tinctorial patterns and their origin was deduced on the basis of similarity to cell scrapings from the surface layers of foetus and foetal cavities. The evaluation of foetal fluid cells revealed that a majority of cells are of foetal origin and that the cytological features of these cells may be useful in assessing the condition of the foetus."}
{"id": "PMID:907906", "title": "Swine dysentery: inoculation of gnotobiotic pigs with Treponema hyodysenteriae and Vibrio coli and a Peptostreptococcus.", "content": "Pure cultures of Treponema hyodysenteriae given orally to conventional pigs resulted in the development of swine dysentery, whereas identical cultures given to gnotobiotic pigs did not produce the disease. Oral inoculation of gnotobiotic pigs with Vibrio coli and/or a peptostreptococcus in addition to T. hyodysenteriae did not result in dysentery. Neutralization of gastric secretions with NaHCO3 immediately prior to inoculation with T. hyodysenteriae increased the period during which treponemes were evident in the feces, as did the inoculation of this organism via the intracecal route. None of the gnotobiotic pigs with a persistent fecal Treponema population developed signs of dysentery. Factors other than those investigated in this work must play a part in the etiology of swine dysentery.", "contents": "Swine dysentery: inoculation of gnotobiotic pigs with Treponema hyodysenteriae and Vibrio coli and a Peptostreptococcus. Pure cultures of Treponema hyodysenteriae given orally to conventional pigs resulted in the development of swine dysentery, whereas identical cultures given to gnotobiotic pigs did not produce the disease. Oral inoculation of gnotobiotic pigs with Vibrio coli and/or a peptostreptococcus in addition to T. hyodysenteriae did not result in dysentery. Neutralization of gastric secretions with NaHCO3 immediately prior to inoculation with T. hyodysenteriae increased the period during which treponemes were evident in the feces, as did the inoculation of this organism via the intracecal route. None of the gnotobiotic pigs with a persistent fecal Treponema population developed signs of dysentery. Factors other than those investigated in this work must play a part in the etiology of swine dysentery."}
{"id": "PMID:907907", "title": "Cellular distribution of orally and intramuscularly administered iron dextran in newborn piglets.", "content": "Histochemical studies were performed on tissues from piglets of different ages treated orally with iron dextran soon after birth. The mucosal cells in the distal region of the small intestine were heavily laden with stainable iron granules during the first three days after the iron administration. The absorptive epithelial cells are desquamated within seven to ten days after birth. Consequently, the number of iron granules gradually diminishes during the first seven days after treatment and no iron granules are demonstrated 12 days after the administration of iron. The iron dextran complex is pinocytosed in newborn piglets and then transported via the lymphatic system. Thus the sinusoidal lining cells of the body and mesenteric lymph nodes are already heavily laden with iron granules 24 hours after oral treatment. This iron store is released only slowing during the first weeks of life. Great amounts of iron granules are demonstrated in the liver and spleen macrophages during the first week after the administration of iron. Due to the rapid utilization of iron in growing piglets these iron stores diminish sharply during the weeks following birth. The distribution of stainable iron in the lymph nodes, liver and spleen seven days after intramuscular injection of iron dextran in newborn piglets was comparable to that for oral administration at that stage of the experiment.", "contents": "Cellular distribution of orally and intramuscularly administered iron dextran in newborn piglets. Histochemical studies were performed on tissues from piglets of different ages treated orally with iron dextran soon after birth. The mucosal cells in the distal region of the small intestine were heavily laden with stainable iron granules during the first three days after the iron administration. The absorptive epithelial cells are desquamated within seven to ten days after birth. Consequently, the number of iron granules gradually diminishes during the first seven days after treatment and no iron granules are demonstrated 12 days after the administration of iron. The iron dextran complex is pinocytosed in newborn piglets and then transported via the lymphatic system. Thus the sinusoidal lining cells of the body and mesenteric lymph nodes are already heavily laden with iron granules 24 hours after oral treatment. This iron store is released only slowing during the first weeks of life. Great amounts of iron granules are demonstrated in the liver and spleen macrophages during the first week after the administration of iron. Due to the rapid utilization of iron in growing piglets these iron stores diminish sharply during the weeks following birth. The distribution of stainable iron in the lymph nodes, liver and spleen seven days after intramuscular injection of iron dextran in newborn piglets was comparable to that for oral administration at that stage of the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:907908", "title": "Studies on a canine intestinal spirochete. I. Its isolation, cultivation and ultrastructure.", "content": "The microscopic examination of colonic scrapings from 12 of 18 normal dogs revealed the presence of a spirochete. From two such dogs a spirochete was isolated and successfully cultured. Although similar in outward appearance to the porcine spirochete of swine dysentery the canine spirochete possessed ultrastructural properties which distinguished it from the porcine agent. This canine agent is thought to constitute a separate species and should not be confused with the agent associated with swine dysentery.", "contents": "Studies on a canine intestinal spirochete. I. Its isolation, cultivation and ultrastructure. The microscopic examination of colonic scrapings from 12 of 18 normal dogs revealed the presence of a spirochete. From two such dogs a spirochete was isolated and successfully cultured. Although similar in outward appearance to the porcine spirochete of swine dysentery the canine spirochete possessed ultrastructural properties which distinguished it from the porcine agent. This canine agent is thought to constitute a separate species and should not be confused with the agent associated with swine dysentery."}
{"id": "PMID:907909", "title": "The pathogenesis of the lesions produced by Eimeria zuernii in calves.", "content": "The pathogenesis of the lesions caused by Eimeria zuernii in calves is described. The gross lesions and the development and resolution of the microscopic lesions of the large intestine are described in detail. The development of the first asexual generation causes few changes in the lower ileum. The second asexual generation and gametogony of E. zuernii appear to be the pathogenic stages of its development. It is during these stages of the life cycle that epithelium is lost, capillaries are exposed and that hemorrhage into the lumen of the large intestine occurs. Resolution of these lesions takes place in approximately ten days in calves which survivie.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of the lesions produced by Eimeria zuernii in calves. The pathogenesis of the lesions caused by Eimeria zuernii in calves is described. The gross lesions and the development and resolution of the microscopic lesions of the large intestine are described in detail. The development of the first asexual generation causes few changes in the lower ileum. The second asexual generation and gametogony of E. zuernii appear to be the pathogenic stages of its development. It is during these stages of the life cycle that epithelium is lost, capillaries are exposed and that hemorrhage into the lumen of the large intestine occurs. Resolution of these lesions takes place in approximately ten days in calves which survivie."}
{"id": "PMID:907910", "title": "Bovine reaginic antibody III. Cross-reaction of antihuman IgE and antibovine reaginic immunoglobulin antisera with sera from several species of mammals.", "content": "Using antisera specific for the heavy chain of human IgE and bovine reaginic immunoglobulin, the degree of cross-reaction amongst sera from pig, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, goat, cow, horse, dog, cat and human was tested. Antihuman IgE antiserum gave strong reactions with pig, rabbit, cow, goat and human sera (100% to 15.1%) and weak reactions with rat, guinea pig, horse, dog and cat sera (10.1% to 3.22%). Antibovine reagin antiserum produced a considerable amount of cross-reaction with sera from pig, rat, rabbit, goat, horse and human (43.6% to 20.1%) with limited reactions with guinea pig, dog and cat sera (13.9% to 9.3%).", "contents": "Bovine reaginic antibody III. Cross-reaction of antihuman IgE and antibovine reaginic immunoglobulin antisera with sera from several species of mammals. Using antisera specific for the heavy chain of human IgE and bovine reaginic immunoglobulin, the degree of cross-reaction amongst sera from pig, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, goat, cow, horse, dog, cat and human was tested. Antihuman IgE antiserum gave strong reactions with pig, rabbit, cow, goat and human sera (100% to 15.1%) and weak reactions with rat, guinea pig, horse, dog and cat sera (10.1% to 3.22%). Antibovine reagin antiserum produced a considerable amount of cross-reaction with sera from pig, rat, rabbit, goat, horse and human (43.6% to 20.1%) with limited reactions with guinea pig, dog and cat sera (13.9% to 9.3%)."}
{"id": "PMID:907911", "title": "Significance and pathogenic role of Mycoplasma arginini in cat diseases.", "content": "Eighty-one strans of Mycoplasma arginini were isolated from swabs and tissues cultured from a series of 555 cats. The majority of these strains (84%) were recovered from the oropharyngeal regions. M. arginini was experimentally inoculated into young kittens. No clinical disease was produced. However, there was rapid colonization in the inoculated sites.", "contents": "Significance and pathogenic role of Mycoplasma arginini in cat diseases. Eighty-one strans of Mycoplasma arginini were isolated from swabs and tissues cultured from a series of 555 cats. The majority of these strains (84%) were recovered from the oropharyngeal regions. M. arginini was experimentally inoculated into young kittens. No clinical disease was produced. However, there was rapid colonization in the inoculated sites."}
{"id": "PMID:907912", "title": "[Characterization of telluric bacteria attributable to Pseudomonas maltophilia].", "content": "The taxonomic position of some telluric non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria collected into a phenon representing about a quarter of the soil isolates by an earlier numerical analysis is specified. The Shapiro--Chargaff coefficient determined by thermal-transition curves of the DNA and their hybridization by nitrocellulose filters method show a close affinity with Pseudomonas maltophilia.", "contents": "[Characterization of telluric bacteria attributable to Pseudomonas maltophilia]. The taxonomic position of some telluric non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria collected into a phenon representing about a quarter of the soil isolates by an earlier numerical analysis is specified. The Shapiro--Chargaff coefficient determined by thermal-transition curves of the DNA and their hybridization by nitrocellulose filters method show a close affinity with Pseudomonas maltophilia."}
{"id": "PMID:907913", "title": "Enterotoxin B production by Staphylococcus aureus under controlled fatty acid nutrition induced by cerulenin.", "content": "Cells of Staphylococcus aureus, strain S-6, can grow in the presence of 100 microgram of cerulenin/ml if the basal medium is supplemented with certain saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. The production of enterotoxin B (SEB) is markedly influenced by both the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acid and by the melting point of the unsaturated fatty acid supplement. The results presented suggest that a certain degree of membrane fluidity promotes maximum SEB production and that greater or lesser degrees of membrane fluidity prohibit substantial SEB formation but fail to affect final growth density.", "contents": "Enterotoxin B production by Staphylococcus aureus under controlled fatty acid nutrition induced by cerulenin. Cells of Staphylococcus aureus, strain S-6, can grow in the presence of 100 microgram of cerulenin/ml if the basal medium is supplemented with certain saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. The production of enterotoxin B (SEB) is markedly influenced by both the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acid and by the melting point of the unsaturated fatty acid supplement. The results presented suggest that a certain degree of membrane fluidity promotes maximum SEB production and that greater or lesser degrees of membrane fluidity prohibit substantial SEB formation but fail to affect final growth density."}
{"id": "PMID:907914", "title": "The relationship between conidiation and alkaloid production in saprophytic strains of Claviceps purpurea.", "content": "A direct relationship between alkaloid synthesis and conidia formation was observed in a series of mutants of the saprophytic fungus Claviceps purpurea 129 which produces high quantities of clavine alkaloids (4500 microgram-ml-1). Sclerotia-like mutants forming mostly arthrospores and only a low number of conidiospores were exceptional in that they were characterized by an inverse relationship between alkaloid synthesis and conidial formation. Conidiospores of the parent strain 129 differed both in their size and ultrastructure. They include oval microconidia (2 X 3.5 micrometer) and prolonged macroconidia (2 X 10.5 micrometer). Both conidial types originated on short lateral sporophores terminated by phialids. Most conidia were characterized by electron-dense cytoplasm with a number of lipidic inclusions; a  minority of conidia contained granular cytoplasm and vacuoles with membrane invaginations. Bicellular conidia were only rarely observed.", "contents": "The relationship between conidiation and alkaloid production in saprophytic strains of Claviceps purpurea. A direct relationship between alkaloid synthesis and conidia formation was observed in a series of mutants of the saprophytic fungus Claviceps purpurea 129 which produces high quantities of clavine alkaloids (4500 microgram-ml-1). Sclerotia-like mutants forming mostly arthrospores and only a low number of conidiospores were exceptional in that they were characterized by an inverse relationship between alkaloid synthesis and conidial formation. Conidiospores of the parent strain 129 differed both in their size and ultrastructure. They include oval microconidia (2 X 3.5 micrometer) and prolonged macroconidia (2 X 10.5 micrometer). Both conidial types originated on short lateral sporophores terminated by phialids. Most conidia were characterized by electron-dense cytoplasm with a number of lipidic inclusions; a  minority of conidia contained granular cytoplasm and vacuoles with membrane invaginations. Bicellular conidia were only rarely observed."}
{"id": "PMID:907915", "title": "Effect of naturally occurring apatites on growth and morphology of algae.", "content": "Crystals (30--100 micrometer) of selected naturally occurring apatite (Ca10 (PO4)6(OH, F)2) samples were added to P-free (less than 0.001 microgram/ml total P) Bristol's medium (1-1000 microgram/ml of apatite) as the sole source of ortho-PO43-. The media were inoculated with washed, non-axenic cells of three chlorophycean algal species cultivated under PO43--deficient conditions. Phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopy revealed that at low slurry densities (1-10 microgram/ml of apatite), Ankistrodesmus braunii (ATCC 2744) cells were morphologically distorted. At concentrations of 100 and 1000 microgram/ml of apatite, more than 85% of the cells had undergone autospore formation within 7--10 days of incubation at 20 degrees C. Most autospores formed failed to germinate under high nutrient conditions. Scenedesmus longus (No. 1236) formed colonies when cultivated in Bristol's medium but daughter cells displayed a Chodatella-like unicellular morphology when grown in apatite media. Test algal species (Chlamydomonas dysosmos, S. longus, A. braunii) showed a marked preference for growth on apatite crystals over non-nutritive surfaces. Unialgal and mixed-algal cultures produced an extensive matrix of extracellular fibrous material in response to growth on crystals at concentrations greater than 10 microgram/ml of apatite.", "contents": "Effect of naturally occurring apatites on growth and morphology of algae. Crystals (30--100 micrometer) of selected naturally occurring apatite (Ca10 (PO4)6(OH, F)2) samples were added to P-free (less than 0.001 microgram/ml total P) Bristol's medium (1-1000 microgram/ml of apatite) as the sole source of ortho-PO43-. The media were inoculated with washed, non-axenic cells of three chlorophycean algal species cultivated under PO43--deficient conditions. Phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopy revealed that at low slurry densities (1-10 microgram/ml of apatite), Ankistrodesmus braunii (ATCC 2744) cells were morphologically distorted. At concentrations of 100 and 1000 microgram/ml of apatite, more than 85% of the cells had undergone autospore formation within 7--10 days of incubation at 20 degrees C. Most autospores formed failed to germinate under high nutrient conditions. Scenedesmus longus (No. 1236) formed colonies when cultivated in Bristol's medium but daughter cells displayed a Chodatella-like unicellular morphology when grown in apatite media. Test algal species (Chlamydomonas dysosmos, S. longus, A. braunii) showed a marked preference for growth on apatite crystals over non-nutritive surfaces. Unialgal and mixed-algal cultures produced an extensive matrix of extracellular fibrous material in response to growth on crystals at concentrations greater than 10 microgram/ml of apatite."}
{"id": "PMID:907916", "title": "Citric acid cycle enzymes and nitrogenase in nodules of Pisum sativum.", "content": "Activity of isocitric dehydrogenase (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+); EC 1.1.1.42) in bacteroids is highest at the time of maximum nitrogen fixation. It is likely that isocitric dehydrogenase is the source of reductant for dinitrogen fixation.", "contents": "Citric acid cycle enzymes and nitrogenase in nodules of Pisum sativum. Activity of isocitric dehydrogenase (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+); EC 1.1.1.42) in bacteroids is highest at the time of maximum nitrogen fixation. It is likely that isocitric dehydrogenase is the source of reductant for dinitrogen fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:907917", "title": "Ultrastructural characterization of goblet-shaped particles from the cell wall of Flexibacter polymorphus.", "content": "The ultrastructure of submicroscopic goblet-shaped particles (\"goblets') from the cell wall of the marine-gliding microbe Flexibacter polymorphus was investigated. The goblets, which were partially purified by CsCl density-gradient centrifugation, were rich in protein, exhibiting a single absorption maximum in the ultraviolet at about 276 nm; they also contained a small amount of carbohydrate. As determined by electron microscopy, goblets negatively contrasted with ammonium molybdate were about 30 nm in diameter by 36 nm in length. When viewed in profile, each apparently consisted of five morphologically distinct kinds of components: the C-1, C-2, and C-3 subunits which formed the cup-shaped moiety of the goblet; a globular base unit; and a tubular stem-like structure connecting the cup with the base unit. In addition, a long fiber emerged from the interior of some goblets. The fine structural evidence suggested that goblets may be constructed from three stacked subunit rings (each composed of repeating C-1, C-2, or C-3 protomers) arranged concentrically. X-ray images of a clay model closely resembled electron micrographs of negatively stained goblets; thereby lending support to the proposed structure. It is speculated that goblets function in vivo as macromolecular pores through the outer membrane which mediate extrusion of extracellular fibers, possibly of importance in gliding motility or in attachment of cells to solid surfaces.", "contents": "Ultrastructural characterization of goblet-shaped particles from the cell wall of Flexibacter polymorphus. The ultrastructure of submicroscopic goblet-shaped particles (\"goblets') from the cell wall of the marine-gliding microbe Flexibacter polymorphus was investigated. The goblets, which were partially purified by CsCl density-gradient centrifugation, were rich in protein, exhibiting a single absorption maximum in the ultraviolet at about 276 nm; they also contained a small amount of carbohydrate. As determined by electron microscopy, goblets negatively contrasted with ammonium molybdate were about 30 nm in diameter by 36 nm in length. When viewed in profile, each apparently consisted of five morphologically distinct kinds of components: the C-1, C-2, and C-3 subunits which formed the cup-shaped moiety of the goblet; a globular base unit; and a tubular stem-like structure connecting the cup with the base unit. In addition, a long fiber emerged from the interior of some goblets. The fine structural evidence suggested that goblets may be constructed from three stacked subunit rings (each composed of repeating C-1, C-2, or C-3 protomers) arranged concentrically. X-ray images of a clay model closely resembled electron micrographs of negatively stained goblets; thereby lending support to the proposed structure. It is speculated that goblets function in vivo as macromolecular pores through the outer membrane which mediate extrusion of extracellular fibers, possibly of importance in gliding motility or in attachment of cells to solid surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:907918", "title": "ICMSF methods studies. IX. The influence of selective enrichment broths, differential planting media, and incubation temperatues on the detection of Salmonella in dried foods and feed ingredients.", "content": "Ninety-eight dried foods and feed ingredients were analyzed for Salmonella using tetrathionate brilliant green (T) and selenite cystine (S) broths incubated at 35 and 43 degrees C. The four enrichment cultures for each sample were subcultured in duplicate onto brilliant green (BG) , Salmonella--Shigella (SS), and bismuth sulfite (BS) agars, one plate of each being incubated at 35 degrees C, the other at 43 degrees C. Salmonellae were isolated from 44 of the 98 samples. Differences in the Salmonella recovery rates from the four selective enrichment conditions were not significant. However, there was a trend toward a higher proportion of Salmonella colonies on the selective media when the enrichment broths were incubated at 43 degrees C, although the differences were significantly only with BG and SS subcultured from T. While the four enrichment systems were not significantly different, the trend toward a higher proportion of Salmonella colonies on the differential media subcultured from 43 degrees C enrichment broths indicates an advantage to incubation at the elevated temperature. Incubation of selective agars at 35 degrees C was best because at 43 degrees C Salmonella recovery was significantly reduced. Detection of salmonellae on BS was significantly better than on BG or SS.", "contents": "ICMSF methods studies. IX. The influence of selective enrichment broths, differential planting media, and incubation temperatues on the detection of Salmonella in dried foods and feed ingredients. Ninety-eight dried foods and feed ingredients were analyzed for Salmonella using tetrathionate brilliant green (T) and selenite cystine (S) broths incubated at 35 and 43 degrees C. The four enrichment cultures for each sample were subcultured in duplicate onto brilliant green (BG) , Salmonella--Shigella (SS), and bismuth sulfite (BS) agars, one plate of each being incubated at 35 degrees C, the other at 43 degrees C. Salmonellae were isolated from 44 of the 98 samples. Differences in the Salmonella recovery rates from the four selective enrichment conditions were not significant. However, there was a trend toward a higher proportion of Salmonella colonies on the selective media when the enrichment broths were incubated at 43 degrees C, although the differences were significantly only with BG and SS subcultured from T. While the four enrichment systems were not significantly different, the trend toward a higher proportion of Salmonella colonies on the differential media subcultured from 43 degrees C enrichment broths indicates an advantage to incubation at the elevated temperature. Incubation of selective agars at 35 degrees C was best because at 43 degrees C Salmonella recovery was significantly reduced. Detection of salmonellae on BS was significantly better than on BG or SS."}
{"id": "PMID:907919", "title": "A procaryotic intracellular symbiont of the Great Salt Lake brine shrimp Artemia salina (L.).", "content": "Individuals of Artemia salina, the brine shrimp, were captured from the Great Salt Lake, a highly saline (330--340 g (see formula: solids content) terminal lake in Utah. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of intracellular procaryotic symbionts in the epithelial lining of the midgut. Fine structure and possible role of the symbiont are discussed.", "contents": "A procaryotic intracellular symbiont of the Great Salt Lake brine shrimp Artemia salina (L.). Individuals of Artemia salina, the brine shrimp, were captured from the Great Salt Lake, a highly saline (330--340 g (see formula: solids content) terminal lake in Utah. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of intracellular procaryotic symbionts in the epithelial lining of the midgut. Fine structure and possible role of the symbiont are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:907920", "title": "Polarity in the exponential-phase Rhizobium japonicum cell.", "content": "Highly distinctive aspects of the exponentail-phase Rhizobium japonicum cell were disclosed by means of thin sections, freeze etching, fluorescent antibodies, and ruthenium red staining. Polarity was expressed in the form of reserve polymer distribution near one end of the cell and as cytoplasmic localization near the opposite end. In addition, exocellular polysaccharide (EPS) accumulated preferentially around the cytoplasmic end, and the feature described previously as an \"immunofluorescent polar tip\" was seen clearly as an extracellular polar body (EPB) on the tip of the cell at the reserve polymer end. Compartmentalization of cytoplasm and reserves were consistent features of nearly all exponential cells of the two strains studied; strain 31, however, formed little EPS and had a high incidence of a large, tightly bound EPB, while strain 138 formed EPS extensively and had a low incidence of EPB. Extracellular polysaccharides of strain 138 reacted with soybean lectin in gel diffusion tests, so that the EPS seen in electron micrographs is tentatively considered to include the lectin-binding material. Extracellular polar bodies were accumulations of granular and fibrillar material with properties consistent with the presence of polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide. The role of EPB in cell to cell attachment was confirmed by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Polarity in the exponential-phase Rhizobium japonicum cell. Highly distinctive aspects of the exponentail-phase Rhizobium japonicum cell were disclosed by means of thin sections, freeze etching, fluorescent antibodies, and ruthenium red staining. Polarity was expressed in the form of reserve polymer distribution near one end of the cell and as cytoplasmic localization near the opposite end. In addition, exocellular polysaccharide (EPS) accumulated preferentially around the cytoplasmic end, and the feature described previously as an \"immunofluorescent polar tip\" was seen clearly as an extracellular polar body (EPB) on the tip of the cell at the reserve polymer end. Compartmentalization of cytoplasm and reserves were consistent features of nearly all exponential cells of the two strains studied; strain 31, however, formed little EPS and had a high incidence of a large, tightly bound EPB, while strain 138 formed EPS extensively and had a low incidence of EPB. Extracellular polysaccharides of strain 138 reacted with soybean lectin in gel diffusion tests, so that the EPS seen in electron micrographs is tentatively considered to include the lectin-binding material. Extracellular polar bodies were accumulations of granular and fibrillar material with properties consistent with the presence of polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide. The role of EPB in cell to cell attachment was confirmed by electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:907921", "title": "The formation of macroconidia in dermatophytes following UV irradiation and temperature treatment.", "content": "The ability of sterile hyphae of Epidermophyton and Microsporum to produce macroconidia was restored by exposing hyphae to ultra violet irradiation followed by prolonged incubation at 35 degrees C. The four species of Trichophyton used in the present study did not produce macroconidia after such treatments.", "contents": "The formation of macroconidia in dermatophytes following UV irradiation and temperature treatment. The ability of sterile hyphae of Epidermophyton and Microsporum to produce macroconidia was restored by exposing hyphae to ultra violet irradiation followed by prolonged incubation at 35 degrees C. The four species of Trichophyton used in the present study did not produce macroconidia after such treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:907922", "title": "Carbon source dependent differences in the composition of the cell walls of the basidiomycete Picnoporus cinnabarinus.", "content": "A wild-type monokaryotic strain of Picnoporus cinnabarinus grown on glucose produced shorter and thicker hyphae than cultures grown on acetate. Colonies from glucose media were smaller and more compact than acetate-grown colonies. Chemical and enzymatic analysis of the isolated cell wall of both morphological types showed that the amount of amino sugars and the ratio glucosamine:galactosamine were higher in the acetate-grown cells. This may be the cause of morphological differences observed.", "contents": "Carbon source dependent differences in the composition of the cell walls of the basidiomycete Picnoporus cinnabarinus. A wild-type monokaryotic strain of Picnoporus cinnabarinus grown on glucose produced shorter and thicker hyphae than cultures grown on acetate. Colonies from glucose media were smaller and more compact than acetate-grown colonies. Chemical and enzymatic analysis of the isolated cell wall of both morphological types showed that the amount of amino sugars and the ratio glucosamine:galactosamine were higher in the acetate-grown cells. This may be the cause of morphological differences observed."}
{"id": "PMID:907946", "title": "Prevalence of gallstones and gallbladder disease in Canadian Micmac Indian women.", "content": "The prevalence of gallstones and gallbladder disease was studied between October 1973 and June 1976 in Canadian Micmac Indian women aged 15 to 50 years in an inland rural community near Shubenacadie, NS. Of 132 women at risk 98 underwent cholecystography, 6 had a history of cholecystectomy (verified from hospital records) and 3 had cholecystectomy because of cholecystitis during the 3 years of the study. Of the 17 abnormal cholecystograms 10 showed radiolucent gallstones, and repeated studies documented gallstones in 6 of the 7 radiographs on which the gallbladder was not visualized. The prevalence of gallstones was found to be 211/1000, and that of gallbladder disease, 240/1000. The peak prevalence was at 30 to 39 years of age. The women with gallbladder disease were significantly more obese and of greater parity than those without gallbladder disease even when age was controlled. The Micmac Indian women of Nova Scotia appear to be at a much higher risk for the development of cholesterol gallstones and gallbladder disease than Caucasian women in Framingham, Massachusetts.", "contents": "Prevalence of gallstones and gallbladder disease in Canadian Micmac Indian women. The prevalence of gallstones and gallbladder disease was studied between October 1973 and June 1976 in Canadian Micmac Indian women aged 15 to 50 years in an inland rural community near Shubenacadie, NS. Of 132 women at risk 98 underwent cholecystography, 6 had a history of cholecystectomy (verified from hospital records) and 3 had cholecystectomy because of cholecystitis during the 3 years of the study. Of the 17 abnormal cholecystograms 10 showed radiolucent gallstones, and repeated studies documented gallstones in 6 of the 7 radiographs on which the gallbladder was not visualized. The prevalence of gallstones was found to be 211/1000, and that of gallbladder disease, 240/1000. The peak prevalence was at 30 to 39 years of age. The women with gallbladder disease were significantly more obese and of greater parity than those without gallbladder disease even when age was controlled. The Micmac Indian women of Nova Scotia appear to be at a much higher risk for the development of cholesterol gallstones and gallbladder disease than Caucasian women in Framingham, Massachusetts."}
{"id": "PMID:907947", "title": "Classification of degenerative arthritis.", "content": "It is suggested that the former division of degenerative arthritis into idiopathic types and those secondary to some disease process is no longer valid. Recent studies have indicated that abnormal concentrations of force on cartilage lead to the development of this disease. A classification is presented that is based on the assumption that the process is initiated by abnormal concentrations of force on normal cartilage matrix, normal concentrations of force on abnormal cartilage matrix or normal concentrations of force on normal cartilage matrix that is supported by bone of abnormal consistency.", "contents": "Classification of degenerative arthritis. It is suggested that the former division of degenerative arthritis into idiopathic types and those secondary to some disease process is no longer valid. Recent studies have indicated that abnormal concentrations of force on cartilage lead to the development of this disease. A classification is presented that is based on the assumption that the process is initiated by abnormal concentrations of force on normal cartilage matrix, normal concentrations of force on abnormal cartilage matrix or normal concentrations of force on normal cartilage matrix that is supported by bone of abnormal consistency."}
{"id": "PMID:907948", "title": "Treatment of bone disease with dihydrotachysterol in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis.", "content": "Nine of 24 patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis were found to have evidence of moderate to severe bone disease. Two had bone pain and muscle weakness and two had pseudofractures. Eight of the nine were treated with dihydrotachysterol (DHT), 0.25 to 0.375 mg/d initially, but four required doses between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/d. Ther serum alkaline phosphatase value decreased in all patients and returned to normal in six. The bone pain and muscle weakness resolved and the pseudofractures healed. Bone biopsies in six patients before and after initiation of treatment with DHT showed that the osteoid area decreased significantly from 29.6 +/- 22.8% (mean +/- standard deviation) to 11.5 +/- 7.5% (P less than 0.025) and the resorptive surface decreased in all patients. DHT, in doses of up to 1.0 mg/d, is effective in treating both the osteitis fibrosa and the osteomalacic components of bone disease in patients undergoing hemodialysis.", "contents": "Treatment of bone disease with dihydrotachysterol in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Nine of 24 patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis were found to have evidence of moderate to severe bone disease. Two had bone pain and muscle weakness and two had pseudofractures. Eight of the nine were treated with dihydrotachysterol (DHT), 0.25 to 0.375 mg/d initially, but four required doses between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/d. Ther serum alkaline phosphatase value decreased in all patients and returned to normal in six. The bone pain and muscle weakness resolved and the pseudofractures healed. Bone biopsies in six patients before and after initiation of treatment with DHT showed that the osteoid area decreased significantly from 29.6 +/- 22.8% (mean +/- standard deviation) to 11.5 +/- 7.5% (P less than 0.025) and the resorptive surface decreased in all patients. DHT, in doses of up to 1.0 mg/d, is effective in treating both the osteitis fibrosa and the osteomalacic components of bone disease in patients undergoing hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:907949", "title": "Portal hypertension complicating myelofibrosis: reversal following splenectomy.", "content": "Portal hypertension occurs in approximately 10% of patients with myelofibrosis. Increased portal blood flow secondary to splenomegaly has been proposed to explain its development. In a 60-year-old woman with proven myelofibrosis of 10 years' duration and gross splenomegaly, portal hypertension developed with esophageal varices and ascites. There was no demonstrable obstruction to portal blood flow. Following splenectomy the ascites and esophageal varices disappeared. Despite the presence of splenic myeloid metaplasia, splenectomy did not impair the patient's hematologic status. Portal hypertension complicating myelofibrosis has a poor prognosis, so careful attention should be given to its detection. Splenectomy may be preferable to portal-systemic shunting in the management of this complication.", "contents": "Portal hypertension complicating myelofibrosis: reversal following splenectomy. Portal hypertension occurs in approximately 10% of patients with myelofibrosis. Increased portal blood flow secondary to splenomegaly has been proposed to explain its development. In a 60-year-old woman with proven myelofibrosis of 10 years' duration and gross splenomegaly, portal hypertension developed with esophageal varices and ascites. There was no demonstrable obstruction to portal blood flow. Following splenectomy the ascites and esophageal varices disappeared. Despite the presence of splenic myeloid metaplasia, splenectomy did not impair the patient's hematologic status. Portal hypertension complicating myelofibrosis has a poor prognosis, so careful attention should be given to its detection. Splenectomy may be preferable to portal-systemic shunting in the management of this complication."}
{"id": "PMID:907950", "title": "Treatment of obesity by exercise in the cold.", "content": "Six obese men aged 25 to 46 years exercised vigorously for 3 1/2 hours in a cold chamber (-34 degrees C) on 10 successive days. There was an early water loss of about 1 kg, probably due to mobilization of glycogen stores, and a subsequent fat loss of about 4 kg (as estimated from readings of skinfold thickness and confirmed by underwater weighing). The total fat loss was much greater than the calculated external energy deficit (as estimated from dietary records, an activity diary and use of a Kofranyi-Michaelis respirometer). Although some energy was \"wasted\" through ketosis, much of the additional energy was apparently used for synthesis of additional muscle protein. Both readings of skinfold thickness and underwater weighing indicated that the loss of adipose tissue was well sustained in the first 2 months after the exercise program. Further experiments are recommended to determine whether cold exposure makes a specific contribution to the observed weight loss, and whether this approach would be equally effective in a larger and less selected sample of obese patients.", "contents": "Treatment of obesity by exercise in the cold. Six obese men aged 25 to 46 years exercised vigorously for 3 1/2 hours in a cold chamber (-34 degrees C) on 10 successive days. There was an early water loss of about 1 kg, probably due to mobilization of glycogen stores, and a subsequent fat loss of about 4 kg (as estimated from readings of skinfold thickness and confirmed by underwater weighing). The total fat loss was much greater than the calculated external energy deficit (as estimated from dietary records, an activity diary and use of a Kofranyi-Michaelis respirometer). Although some energy was \"wasted\" through ketosis, much of the additional energy was apparently used for synthesis of additional muscle protein. Both readings of skinfold thickness and underwater weighing indicated that the loss of adipose tissue was well sustained in the first 2 months after the exercise program. Further experiments are recommended to determine whether cold exposure makes a specific contribution to the observed weight loss, and whether this approach would be equally effective in a larger and less selected sample of obese patients."}
{"id": "PMID:907951", "title": "[Student enrollment in Canadian medical schools, 1976-77].", "content": "The 1976-77 statistical study of medical school enrollment by the Association of Canadian Medical Colleges shows that total enrollment in Canadian medical schools had increased 103.8% since 1960-61, although the rate of increase had decreased to almost zero by 1976-77. Women accounted for 30.3% of the total enrollment in 1976-77 (for all years of the course), which represents an increase of more than 550% in the 17-year period; for the 16 schools the proportion ranged between 23.9% and 43.8%. Enrollment of foreign students had decreased from 340 in 1966-67 to 90 (1.2%) in 1976-77; 71 of the 90 students were American. For the entire nation the mean number of medical students per 10 000 population was 3.1, but in British Columbia the figure was only 1.5. Of the Canadian and landed immigrant students 94.5% were attending medical school in their home province.", "contents": "[Student enrollment in Canadian medical schools, 1976-77]. The 1976-77 statistical study of medical school enrollment by the Association of Canadian Medical Colleges shows that total enrollment in Canadian medical schools had increased 103.8% since 1960-61, although the rate of increase had decreased to almost zero by 1976-77. Women accounted for 30.3% of the total enrollment in 1976-77 (for all years of the course), which represents an increase of more than 550% in the 17-year period; for the 16 schools the proportion ranged between 23.9% and 43.8%. Enrollment of foreign students had decreased from 340 in 1966-67 to 90 (1.2%) in 1976-77; 71 of the 90 students were American. For the entire nation the mean number of medical students per 10 000 population was 3.1, but in British Columbia the figure was only 1.5. Of the Canadian and landed immigrant students 94.5% were attending medical school in their home province."}
{"id": "PMID:907959", "title": "Severe myelosuppression from piperazinedione, (NSC No. 135758), cyclophosphamide plus dimethyl-triazeno-imidazole carboxamide (DTIC).", "content": "In order to determine whether piperazinedione used in low doses in combination with cyclophosphamide plus dimethyl-triazeno-imidazole carboxamide (DTIC) produced variable or severe myelosuppression, a Phase I Study was performed in 10 patients who received 16 courses of the three-drug combination. Although mild myelosuppression was consistently observed at doses of 4 mg piperazinedione, 400 mg cyclophosphamide, plus 400 mg DTIC, variable, severe, and prolonged myelosuppression was seen in three of six patients who received a dose of each of the drugs only 25% higher. The only other abnormality observed was nausea and vomiting. This study indicates that low doses of piperazinedione can produce variable and severe myelosuppression when used in combination with other myelosuppressive agents, and that only small increments in dosage may produce marked increases in the degree of myelosuppression. Future combination chemotherapy regimens employing piperazinedione should undergo cautious Phase I toxicity testing to avoid severe depression of blood counts.", "contents": "Severe myelosuppression from piperazinedione, (NSC No. 135758), cyclophosphamide plus dimethyl-triazeno-imidazole carboxamide (DTIC). In order to determine whether piperazinedione used in low doses in combination with cyclophosphamide plus dimethyl-triazeno-imidazole carboxamide (DTIC) produced variable or severe myelosuppression, a Phase I Study was performed in 10 patients who received 16 courses of the three-drug combination. Although mild myelosuppression was consistently observed at doses of 4 mg piperazinedione, 400 mg cyclophosphamide, plus 400 mg DTIC, variable, severe, and prolonged myelosuppression was seen in three of six patients who received a dose of each of the drugs only 25% higher. The only other abnormality observed was nausea and vomiting. This study indicates that low doses of piperazinedione can produce variable and severe myelosuppression when used in combination with other myelosuppressive agents, and that only small increments in dosage may produce marked increases in the degree of myelosuppression. Future combination chemotherapy regimens employing piperazinedione should undergo cautious Phase I toxicity testing to avoid severe depression of blood counts."}
{"id": "PMID:907960", "title": "Combination chemotherapy in abdominal Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "In a clinical trial, 42 patients with abdominal Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) were treated with a combination regimen, code-named CVA, consisting of cyclophosphamide (CTX), vincristine, and cystosine arabinoside. In addition, intrathecal methotrexate (i.t. MTX) was administered as prophylaxis against subsequent central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Induced remissions, relapse, and survival were compared with those in a preceding group of 44 patients with abdominal BL treated with CTX along. Remission rate did not differ significantly in the two treatment groups, although induced remissions were higher in the CVA plus i.t. MTX-treated group (94% vs. 83%). Remission duration was significantly increases (p less than .05) and CNS relapse significantly reduced (p less than .05) in the group treated with CVA and i.t. MTX. The combination therapy was associated with higher early deaths during treatment, which adversely affected the overally survival. It is suggested that a reduction of the initial chemotherapeutic doses, particularly for patients with extensive tumor load, could further improve on the results of this trial.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy in abdominal Burkitt's lymphoma. In a clinical trial, 42 patients with abdominal Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) were treated with a combination regimen, code-named CVA, consisting of cyclophosphamide (CTX), vincristine, and cystosine arabinoside. In addition, intrathecal methotrexate (i.t. MTX) was administered as prophylaxis against subsequent central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Induced remissions, relapse, and survival were compared with those in a preceding group of 44 patients with abdominal BL treated with CTX along. Remission rate did not differ significantly in the two treatment groups, although induced remissions were higher in the CVA plus i.t. MTX-treated group (94% vs. 83%). Remission duration was significantly increases (p less than .05) and CNS relapse significantly reduced (p less than .05) in the group treated with CVA and i.t. MTX. The combination therapy was associated with higher early deaths during treatment, which adversely affected the overally survival. It is suggested that a reduction of the initial chemotherapeutic doses, particularly for patients with extensive tumor load, could further improve on the results of this trial."}
{"id": "PMID:907961", "title": "Treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in children with a multiple-drug protocol.", "content": "Twenty-one children with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) were treated with a combination regimen consisting of arabinosyl cytosine (Ara-C), 6-thioguanine (TG), and Adriamycin, The incidence of complete remission was 74%. For consolidation, addition courses of Ara-C and TG were given, followed by L-asparaginase. The maintenance program was the same as that for the lymphoblastic type (L-2) including intrathecal methotrexate for prophylaxis of meningeal leukemia. Of the 16 who were evaluable for the duration of complete remission, six developed bone marrow relapse, one meningeal leukemia within 3-14 months after entering complete remission and one was lost to follow-up. Eight remain in complete remission for 9-72 months. In five of eight, chemotherapy has been terminated after 3 years, and all continue in remission for 11-32 months post-treatment. Although the results do not compare well to those of the lymphoblastic morphology, long-term disease-free survival can be achieved with multiple-drug intensive treatment in childhood ANLL.", "contents": "Treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in children with a multiple-drug protocol. Twenty-one children with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) were treated with a combination regimen consisting of arabinosyl cytosine (Ara-C), 6-thioguanine (TG), and Adriamycin, The incidence of complete remission was 74%. For consolidation, addition courses of Ara-C and TG were given, followed by L-asparaginase. The maintenance program was the same as that for the lymphoblastic type (L-2) including intrathecal methotrexate for prophylaxis of meningeal leukemia. Of the 16 who were evaluable for the duration of complete remission, six developed bone marrow relapse, one meningeal leukemia within 3-14 months after entering complete remission and one was lost to follow-up. Eight remain in complete remission for 9-72 months. In five of eight, chemotherapy has been terminated after 3 years, and all continue in remission for 11-32 months post-treatment. Although the results do not compare well to those of the lymphoblastic morphology, long-term disease-free survival can be achieved with multiple-drug intensive treatment in childhood ANLL."}
{"id": "PMID:907962", "title": "The relative roles of gallium-67-citrate scanning and lymphangiography in the current management of malignant lymphoma.", "content": "The usefulness of gallium-67-citrate scanning and lymphangiography in the detection of iliac and paraaortic lymph node involvement was evaluated in 53 patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas who subsequently underwent laparotomy. Our data suggest that the overall accuracies of the two procedures in this regard are comparable. Although in this anatomic area the gallium scan tends to underestimate the presence of disease (higher false-negative rate), the false-negative rate is quite low. The false-negative rate with lymphangiography is lower than with scanning but it tends to overestimate the presence of disease (higher false-positive rate). It was concluded that gallium scanning should be an integral part of the staging of lymphomas and a schema for their clinical staging based on the use of gallium scanning early in the diagnostic sequence is proposed.", "contents": "The relative roles of gallium-67-citrate scanning and lymphangiography in the current management of malignant lymphoma. The usefulness of gallium-67-citrate scanning and lymphangiography in the detection of iliac and paraaortic lymph node involvement was evaluated in 53 patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas who subsequently underwent laparotomy. Our data suggest that the overall accuracies of the two procedures in this regard are comparable. Although in this anatomic area the gallium scan tends to underestimate the presence of disease (higher false-negative rate), the false-negative rate is quite low. The false-negative rate with lymphangiography is lower than with scanning but it tends to overestimate the presence of disease (higher false-positive rate). It was concluded that gallium scanning should be an integral part of the staging of lymphomas and a schema for their clinical staging based on the use of gallium scanning early in the diagnostic sequence is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:907964", "title": "Analysis of the cycling and noncycling cell population of human solid tumors.", "content": "The size and kinetics of the cell population of six advanced human solid tumors were analyzed following the continuous infusion of H3-TDR for a period of 6 to 21 days. By using the labelling indices of the cells in interphase and mitosis, and the rate of label incorporation, it was found the only 10 to 40% of the tumor cell population was replicating at any given time. Fifty-five percent to 85% of the remaining cell mass eventually entered into cycle at least once. Anywhere from 5% to 40% of the cell population remained arrested in G2 or G0 in individual cases during the period of observation. The significant size of the \"resting\" cell compartment is undoubtedly one explanation for the relative insensitivity of advanced adult solid tumors to current cell cycle-oriented therapeutic regimens.", "contents": "Analysis of the cycling and noncycling cell population of human solid tumors. The size and kinetics of the cell population of six advanced human solid tumors were analyzed following the continuous infusion of H3-TDR for a period of 6 to 21 days. By using the labelling indices of the cells in interphase and mitosis, and the rate of label incorporation, it was found the only 10 to 40% of the tumor cell population was replicating at any given time. Fifty-five percent to 85% of the remaining cell mass eventually entered into cycle at least once. Anywhere from 5% to 40% of the cell population remained arrested in G2 or G0 in individual cases during the period of observation. The significant size of the \"resting\" cell compartment is undoubtedly one explanation for the relative insensitivity of advanced adult solid tumors to current cell cycle-oriented therapeutic regimens."}
{"id": "PMID:907965", "title": "Atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin: an ultrastructural study of two cases.", "content": "The ultrastructure of two atypical\" fibroxanthomas of the skin was studied. The first lesion was a spindle cell tumor on light microscopy, which electron microscopy revealed was composed of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The second lesion had a highly pheomorphic appearance on both light and electron microscopy. It was formed by atypical histiocytic cells and abundant \"typical\" Langerhans cells. The second lesion was considered to be a proliferation either of atypical Langerhans cells or of histiocytes related to Langerhans cells. Thus, atypical fibroxanthoma of skin may not be a homogeneous entity but could be a group of mesenchymal proliferative lesion in a similar clinical setting.", "contents": "Atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin: an ultrastructural study of two cases. The ultrastructure of two atypical\" fibroxanthomas of the skin was studied. The first lesion was a spindle cell tumor on light microscopy, which electron microscopy revealed was composed of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The second lesion had a highly pheomorphic appearance on both light and electron microscopy. It was formed by atypical histiocytic cells and abundant \"typical\" Langerhans cells. The second lesion was considered to be a proliferation either of atypical Langerhans cells or of histiocytes related to Langerhans cells. Thus, atypical fibroxanthoma of skin may not be a homogeneous entity but could be a group of mesenchymal proliferative lesion in a similar clinical setting."}
{"id": "PMID:907966", "title": "The effect of surgical resection of experimental \"primary\" adenocarcinoma of the colon of survival and incidence of metastases.", "content": "The effect of surgical resection of \"primary\" tumors classified by size at the time of resection has been studied in two tumor cell lines derived from dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic neoplasms in the Buffalo strain rat. Surgical treatment of colon cancer in the rat yields results similar to those for human carcinoma. Some of the smallest tumors resected were associated with metastases and this finding suggests a need for effective postoperative adjuvant therapy. The incidence of metastases and the size of the tumor were inveresely related to survival, e.g., the smaller the tumor or the sooner the excision, the greater the survival of the animal. The operated animal model studied here could prove to be very useful for evaluating various forms of systemic therapy for the control of micrometastases associated with colonic neoplasms.", "contents": "The effect of surgical resection of experimental \"primary\" adenocarcinoma of the colon of survival and incidence of metastases. The effect of surgical resection of \"primary\" tumors classified by size at the time of resection has been studied in two tumor cell lines derived from dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic neoplasms in the Buffalo strain rat. Surgical treatment of colon cancer in the rat yields results similar to those for human carcinoma. Some of the smallest tumors resected were associated with metastases and this finding suggests a need for effective postoperative adjuvant therapy. The incidence of metastases and the size of the tumor were inveresely related to survival, e.g., the smaller the tumor or the sooner the excision, the greater the survival of the animal. The operated animal model studied here could prove to be very useful for evaluating various forms of systemic therapy for the control of micrometastases associated with colonic neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:907967", "title": "Naked megakaryocyte nuclei: a clue to malignancy.", "content": "Bone marrow smears from 63 patients with various malignancies and a series of 51 controls were examined for the presence and percentage of naked megakaryocyte nuclei (NMN). Patients with malignancy had more than 15% NMN, which, when compared with the incidence in controls, was statistically significant. The etiology of this artifact is unknown. It is a clue to the presence of malignancy, and might be useful in following treated cases of malignancy for evidence of relapse. NMN should not be confused with metastatic malignant cells.", "contents": "Naked megakaryocyte nuclei: a clue to malignancy. Bone marrow smears from 63 patients with various malignancies and a series of 51 controls were examined for the presence and percentage of naked megakaryocyte nuclei (NMN). Patients with malignancy had more than 15% NMN, which, when compared with the incidence in controls, was statistically significant. The etiology of this artifact is unknown. It is a clue to the presence of malignancy, and might be useful in following treated cases of malignancy for evidence of relapse. NMN should not be confused with metastatic malignant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:907968", "title": "Primary malignant tumors of the thyroid gland: a clinicopathologic study of 254 cases.", "content": "Of 254 primary malignant tumors of the thyroid gland diagnosed in the pathology department of the University of Cape Town, 212 (83.5%) were differentiated carcinomas. In this differentiated group, tumors composed exclusively of papillary structures exhibited the most favorable prognosis; local recurrences and/or spread were noted in tumors with a mixed papillary and follicular pattern and, more commonly association with 21 tumors (8.3%) but an associated multinodular goitre was found in only nine patients (3.5%). In addition to the well-known preponderance of thyroid carcinoma in women, a majority of lesions occurred in white patients in this series despite a higher hospital admission rate for coloreds (mulattos).", "contents": "Primary malignant tumors of the thyroid gland: a clinicopathologic study of 254 cases. Of 254 primary malignant tumors of the thyroid gland diagnosed in the pathology department of the University of Cape Town, 212 (83.5%) were differentiated carcinomas. In this differentiated group, tumors composed exclusively of papillary structures exhibited the most favorable prognosis; local recurrences and/or spread were noted in tumors with a mixed papillary and follicular pattern and, more commonly association with 21 tumors (8.3%) but an associated multinodular goitre was found in only nine patients (3.5%). In addition to the well-known preponderance of thyroid carcinoma in women, a majority of lesions occurred in white patients in this series despite a higher hospital admission rate for coloreds (mulattos)."}
{"id": "PMID:907969", "title": "Watery diarrhea syndrome in an adult with ganglioneuroma-pheochromocytoma: identification of vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin, and catecholamines and assessment of their biologic activity.", "content": "A case of adult ganglioneuroma-pheochromocytoma with an associated watery diarrhea syndrome is reported. High levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were found in preoperative serum and in tumor tissue. The serum VIP levels fell to normal, and the watery diarrhae syndrome completely ceased following removal of the tumor. In addition to containing VIP, the tumor was rich in catecholamines, and calcitonin. Peptide hormone-containing extracts and catecholamine extracts from the tumor both activated the adenyl cyclase system and increased lipolytic activity in a preparation of isolated rat fat cells. The findings in this patient further link VIP with neural crest tissues, and suggest the importance of determining catecholamine levels in patients with the watery diarrhea syndrome.", "contents": "Watery diarrhea syndrome in an adult with ganglioneuroma-pheochromocytoma: identification of vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin, and catecholamines and assessment of their biologic activity. A case of adult ganglioneuroma-pheochromocytoma with an associated watery diarrhea syndrome is reported. High levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were found in preoperative serum and in tumor tissue. The serum VIP levels fell to normal, and the watery diarrhae syndrome completely ceased following removal of the tumor. In addition to containing VIP, the tumor was rich in catecholamines, and calcitonin. Peptide hormone-containing extracts and catecholamine extracts from the tumor both activated the adenyl cyclase system and increased lipolytic activity in a preparation of isolated rat fat cells. The findings in this patient further link VIP with neural crest tissues, and suggest the importance of determining catecholamine levels in patients with the watery diarrhea syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:907970", "title": "A clinical and pathological staging system for soft tissue sarcomas.", "content": "A system for staging the clinical status of patients with soft tissue sarcomas is presented, based on the clinical characteristics of the primary tumor (size, extension), the involvement of lymph nodes, the presence of metastases, and the grade of the tumor. This represents the TNM system with grade of tumor (G) added. The system evolved was based on examination of 1215 cases of 13 types of soft tissues sarcomas, primarily in the extremities (fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, etc.). Nine stages are described, and they are correlated with survival in the cases reviewed. The staging system now can be used for case evaluation for therapy determination and for intercomparison of series of patients as to incidence of different kinds of tumors, effects of treatment, and survival.", "contents": "A clinical and pathological staging system for soft tissue sarcomas. A system for staging the clinical status of patients with soft tissue sarcomas is presented, based on the clinical characteristics of the primary tumor (size, extension), the involvement of lymph nodes, the presence of metastases, and the grade of the tumor. This represents the TNM system with grade of tumor (G) added. The system evolved was based on examination of 1215 cases of 13 types of soft tissues sarcomas, primarily in the extremities (fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, etc.). Nine stages are described, and they are correlated with survival in the cases reviewed. The staging system now can be used for case evaluation for therapy determination and for intercomparison of series of patients as to incidence of different kinds of tumors, effects of treatment, and survival."}
{"id": "PMID:907971", "title": "Factors affecting estrogen receptors in breast cancer.", "content": "Estrogen receptor contents (ER), determined by a sucrose gradient method in 250 primary or metastatic breast cancers, were analyzed with respect to the influence of the patient's menopausal status, chemotherapy, and tissue sampling. The incidence of the presence of estrogen receptors (ER+) increased in the order of para-, pre- and postmenopausal status of the patient, suggesting that a tumor occurring at the paramenopausal phase tends to be a hormone-independent type. Chemotherapy did not alter the incidence of ER(+), nor the quantity of ER in metastatic lesions. Multiple biopsies done simultaneously or sequentially in the same patient are consistent in their qualities and quantities of ER, provided histological confirmation and examination of the amount of cellularity are included in the process of interpretation.", "contents": "Factors affecting estrogen receptors in breast cancer. Estrogen receptor contents (ER), determined by a sucrose gradient method in 250 primary or metastatic breast cancers, were analyzed with respect to the influence of the patient's menopausal status, chemotherapy, and tissue sampling. The incidence of the presence of estrogen receptors (ER+) increased in the order of para-, pre- and postmenopausal status of the patient, suggesting that a tumor occurring at the paramenopausal phase tends to be a hormone-independent type. Chemotherapy did not alter the incidence of ER(+), nor the quantity of ER in metastatic lesions. Multiple biopsies done simultaneously or sequentially in the same patient are consistent in their qualities and quantities of ER, provided histological confirmation and examination of the amount of cellularity are included in the process of interpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:907972", "title": "Sarcomas of the breast: a clinicopathologic analysis of ten cases.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic features of ten mammary sarcomas are discussed. Tumor size, contour, degree of cellular atypia, and mitotic activity were specifically evaluated to determine if they are important indiced of clinical behavior. Results indicate that infiltrating margins, 2-3+ stromal atypia, and eight or more mitoses per 10 HPF are characteristics of neoplasms associated with a poor prognosis. Tumor size was an unreliable criterion. A classification of breast sarcomas is presented with an appeal to avoid use of the term \"stromal sarcoma\" as a specific pathologic diagnosis. Since a diagnosis based upon cell of origin and correlated with the above morphologic features is fundamental to an intelligent therapeutic approach to this rare group of neoplasms, future reports dealing with this subject should include these details.", "contents": "Sarcomas of the breast: a clinicopathologic analysis of ten cases. The clinical and pathologic features of ten mammary sarcomas are discussed. Tumor size, contour, degree of cellular atypia, and mitotic activity were specifically evaluated to determine if they are important indiced of clinical behavior. Results indicate that infiltrating margins, 2-3+ stromal atypia, and eight or more mitoses per 10 HPF are characteristics of neoplasms associated with a poor prognosis. Tumor size was an unreliable criterion. A classification of breast sarcomas is presented with an appeal to avoid use of the term \"stromal sarcoma\" as a specific pathologic diagnosis. Since a diagnosis based upon cell of origin and correlated with the above morphologic features is fundamental to an intelligent therapeutic approach to this rare group of neoplasms, future reports dealing with this subject should include these details."}
{"id": "PMID:907973", "title": "Parachordoma: a new clinicopathologic entity.", "content": "Parachordoma is a tumor that was established and described by Laskowski in 1951. It is a rare tumor, which appears adjacent to tendons, synovium, and even osseous structures. It is lobular and pseudoencapsulated. Histologically, in some ways, it is compatible with the chordomas of bone with a constant fibrous tissue component. It grows slowly and is only locally invasive. If not adequately excised, it is prone to recur, but complete surgical removal is usually possible. Its exact histogenesis remains obscure. This tumor may have some relationship to the great vesicular cells of chordoid tissue described by Schaffer as \"blasige Zellen von chordoiden Gewebe\" developing from special synovial cells. Ten cases collected over a period of 26 years at the Institute of Oncology in Warsaw are presented.", "contents": "Parachordoma: a new clinicopathologic entity. Parachordoma is a tumor that was established and described by Laskowski in 1951. It is a rare tumor, which appears adjacent to tendons, synovium, and even osseous structures. It is lobular and pseudoencapsulated. Histologically, in some ways, it is compatible with the chordomas of bone with a constant fibrous tissue component. It grows slowly and is only locally invasive. If not adequately excised, it is prone to recur, but complete surgical removal is usually possible. Its exact histogenesis remains obscure. This tumor may have some relationship to the great vesicular cells of chordoid tissue described by Schaffer as \"blasige Zellen von chordoiden Gewebe\" developing from special synovial cells. Ten cases collected over a period of 26 years at the Institute of Oncology in Warsaw are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:907974", "title": "Transfer of tumor-specific immunity with syngeneic spleen cells and serum from mice that have large tumors and metastases.", "content": "Experiments were designed to assess 1) relative immunity after adoptive transfer of spleen cells or serum from tumor-bearing mice to untreated syngeneic mice, and 2) the degree of tumor-specific transplantation immunity imparted by cells or serum relative to tumor size  and the presence of metastases in the donor at the time of spleen cell or serum transfer or after in situ necrosis of the primary tumor by cryosurgery in a CDF1-sarcoma system. Viable lymphoid spleen cells or serum from normal mice had no effect on tumor growth. Serum from mice that had large tumors and gross metastases induced a protective effect similar to that found after cryosurgery of the primary tumor. Serum from mice with small tumors and spleen cells from animals bearing either small or large tumors failed to induce immunity consistently. In no instance did serum from tumor-bearing mice induce enhancement of tumor growth.", "contents": "Transfer of tumor-specific immunity with syngeneic spleen cells and serum from mice that have large tumors and metastases. Experiments were designed to assess 1) relative immunity after adoptive transfer of spleen cells or serum from tumor-bearing mice to untreated syngeneic mice, and 2) the degree of tumor-specific transplantation immunity imparted by cells or serum relative to tumor size  and the presence of metastases in the donor at the time of spleen cell or serum transfer or after in situ necrosis of the primary tumor by cryosurgery in a CDF1-sarcoma system. Viable lymphoid spleen cells or serum from normal mice had no effect on tumor growth. Serum from mice that had large tumors and gross metastases induced a protective effect similar to that found after cryosurgery of the primary tumor. Serum from mice with small tumors and spleen cells from animals bearing either small or large tumors failed to induce immunity consistently. In no instance did serum from tumor-bearing mice induce enhancement of tumor growth."}
{"id": "PMID:907975", "title": "Skin tests with soluble melanoma antigens in patients with choroidal tumors.", "content": "The cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions with a soluble melanoma antigen in patients with choroidal mass lesions were studied. Ninety percent of patients with pathologically documented choroidal melanomas had positive melanoma antigen skin test responses. There did not appear to be any difference in the histologic appearance of the tumor nor in the disease status of those patients with positive versus those patients with negative skin test reactions. A 21% instance of false-positive responses with this partially purified soluble melanoma antigen in patients with simulating lesions was observed. The cause for this reactivity is unclear; however, from previous work tissue-associated antigens or fetal antigens are the most probable etiologies for the false-positive melanoma antigen skin tests observed. Further purification of the melanoma-associated antigen preparation may increase the specificity. The results of this study would mitigate against the use of this soluble melanoma antigen skin test in the primary evaluation of patients with pigmented choroidal mass lesions. Currently, the assay is being tested to ascertain its correlation with prognosis and as a means of monitoring immunotherapy.", "contents": "Skin tests with soluble melanoma antigens in patients with choroidal tumors. The cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions with a soluble melanoma antigen in patients with choroidal mass lesions were studied. Ninety percent of patients with pathologically documented choroidal melanomas had positive melanoma antigen skin test responses. There did not appear to be any difference in the histologic appearance of the tumor nor in the disease status of those patients with positive versus those patients with negative skin test reactions. A 21% instance of false-positive responses with this partially purified soluble melanoma antigen in patients with simulating lesions was observed. The cause for this reactivity is unclear; however, from previous work tissue-associated antigens or fetal antigens are the most probable etiologies for the false-positive melanoma antigen skin tests observed. Further purification of the melanoma-associated antigen preparation may increase the specificity. The results of this study would mitigate against the use of this soluble melanoma antigen skin test in the primary evaluation of patients with pigmented choroidal mass lesions. Currently, the assay is being tested to ascertain its correlation with prognosis and as a means of monitoring immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:907976", "title": "The pathology of breast cancer detected by mass population screening.", "content": "Breast cancer was detected in 156 of 17,526 asymptomatic women, (8.9/1000), aged 45-64 years, screened by mammography, thermography, and physical examination, Twenty-six percent of 149 pathologically reviewed cases metastasized to axillary nodes. Thirty-six percent of tumors were in situ, minimally invasive, or low grade tubular carcinomas, none of which metastasized. Increased rates of detection were shown for intraductal and tubular types. Frankly invasive ductal and lobular carcinomas had a mean diameter of 2.3 cm., 46% of which had axillary lymph node metastases. Seventy-percent of these were to only one to three nodes, however. Multicentricity with intraductal and lobular carcinoma in situ was frequently observed. Metastatic potential was related to tumor size, degree of stromal invasion, lymphatic permeation, and histologic grade. Few histological parameters other than size could be considered favorable. Forty-two percent of tumors were not palpable, the majority being in situ, minimally invasive, and tubular types. Only five nonpalpable invasive carcinomas metastasized. While the initial results of mass screening appear favorable, prolonged follow-up is needed to determine its impact on the population at risk.", "contents": "The pathology of breast cancer detected by mass population screening. Breast cancer was detected in 156 of 17,526 asymptomatic women, (8.9/1000), aged 45-64 years, screened by mammography, thermography, and physical examination, Twenty-six percent of 149 pathologically reviewed cases metastasized to axillary nodes. Thirty-six percent of tumors were in situ, minimally invasive, or low grade tubular carcinomas, none of which metastasized. Increased rates of detection were shown for intraductal and tubular types. Frankly invasive ductal and lobular carcinomas had a mean diameter of 2.3 cm., 46% of which had axillary lymph node metastases. Seventy-percent of these were to only one to three nodes, however. Multicentricity with intraductal and lobular carcinoma in situ was frequently observed. Metastatic potential was related to tumor size, degree of stromal invasion, lymphatic permeation, and histologic grade. Few histological parameters other than size could be considered favorable. Forty-two percent of tumors were not palpable, the majority being in situ, minimally invasive, and tubular types. Only five nonpalpable invasive carcinomas metastasized. While the initial results of mass screening appear favorable, prolonged follow-up is needed to determine its impact on the population at risk."}
{"id": "PMID:907977", "title": "Familial cancer in the general population.", "content": "In the course of collecting samples of human milk for the National Cancer Institute, family histories have been assembled since 1971. Ages, causes of death, reproductive histories, and the history and age of occurrence of cancer were obtained for all first degree relatives of the proband's parents. Two thousand and ninety cancers were identified in 31,945 persons. Cancers were confirmed by pathology reports, hospitals' and doctors' records, or death certificates. Of the family lineages, 65.9% had no cancers and 8.0% had two or more. For all cancers taken together, clustering was not significant but there was significantly more observed than expected cancers in lineages with cancer of breast, ovary, skin, corpus uteri, stomach, rectum, lung and bronchus, or colon. Little or no excess was observed in lineages with leukemia, lymphoma, and cancer of the cervix or prostate. The relative risk of breast cancer was increased 1.5 times for daughters and 3.8 times for sisters of women with the disease.", "contents": "Familial cancer in the general population. In the course of collecting samples of human milk for the National Cancer Institute, family histories have been assembled since 1971. Ages, causes of death, reproductive histories, and the history and age of occurrence of cancer were obtained for all first degree relatives of the proband's parents. Two thousand and ninety cancers were identified in 31,945 persons. Cancers were confirmed by pathology reports, hospitals' and doctors' records, or death certificates. Of the family lineages, 65.9% had no cancers and 8.0% had two or more. For all cancers taken together, clustering was not significant but there was significantly more observed than expected cancers in lineages with cancer of breast, ovary, skin, corpus uteri, stomach, rectum, lung and bronchus, or colon. Little or no excess was observed in lineages with leukemia, lymphoma, and cancer of the cervix or prostate. The relative risk of breast cancer was increased 1.5 times for daughters and 3.8 times for sisters of women with the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:907978", "title": "Variation in the appearance of giant condyloma in an Ungandan series of cases of carcinoma of the penis.", "content": "Whole mount sections were made from all amputation specimen of patients treated for carcinoma of the penis in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, during a 21-month period in 1968-1970. Among a total of 55 cases four tumors were found which were large, but histologically showed low invasiveness suggestive of absence of metastatic spread. There were two giant condylomas, and two giant condylomas showing possible microinvasion. Two further cases showed a small squamous cell carcinoma together with a giant condyloma in the remainder of tumor. The most chracteristic feature was an orderly, well-circumscribed, expansive downgrowth, leaving little stroma to be seen between the epithelial masses to tumor. Within these limits, however, the spectrum of growth pattern, differentiation, and malignant change was very wide and much more varied than in tumors recorded form Western countries. This should be remembered when a presumptive diagnosis of the condition is to be made on small routine biopsies. Additional changes showing marked similarities to condylomata acuminata were often seen in superficial portions of tumor. This transition in histological picture within one tumor favors the view that giant condyloma is an intermediate lesion in the development of cancer in condylomata acuminata.", "contents": "Variation in the appearance of giant condyloma in an Ungandan series of cases of carcinoma of the penis. Whole mount sections were made from all amputation specimen of patients treated for carcinoma of the penis in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, during a 21-month period in 1968-1970. Among a total of 55 cases four tumors were found which were large, but histologically showed low invasiveness suggestive of absence of metastatic spread. There were two giant condylomas, and two giant condylomas showing possible microinvasion. Two further cases showed a small squamous cell carcinoma together with a giant condyloma in the remainder of tumor. The most chracteristic feature was an orderly, well-circumscribed, expansive downgrowth, leaving little stroma to be seen between the epithelial masses to tumor. Within these limits, however, the spectrum of growth pattern, differentiation, and malignant change was very wide and much more varied than in tumors recorded form Western countries. This should be remembered when a presumptive diagnosis of the condition is to be made on small routine biopsies. Additional changes showing marked similarities to condylomata acuminata were often seen in superficial portions of tumor. This transition in histological picture within one tumor favors the view that giant condyloma is an intermediate lesion in the development of cancer in condylomata acuminata."}
{"id": "PMID:907979", "title": "Surgical treatment of penile cancer: a follow-up report.", "content": "One hundred and fifteen patients with penile cancer were treated at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1952 to 1975. A full follow-up is reported and factors involving the prognosis are analyzed. Although the clinical error of staging was near 30%, the lymphography results suggest that this study may result in added improvement in preoperative staging. Early diagnosis, adequate surgical resection, and lymph node dissection will improve the survival significantly. When dealing with an individual patient the prognosis is poor when any one or more of the follow factors are present: the lesion involves the shaft; there is a positive margin at the surgical resection; total penectomy is necessary to obtain tumor-free margin; lymphography is positive for tumor involvement of lymph nodes; lymph node dissection has not been performed; positive  lymph nodes are found on surgical exploration. The good prognostic factors include: a lesion confined to the glans and partial penectomy is sufficient to obtain a tumor-free margin of resection; no clinical evidence (including lymphography) of lymph node invovlement; performance of lymph node dissection. The histological grading of the tumor should not influence the clinical decision for treatment in our opinion at this time, based on our current results. Further prospective studies of different factors involved in etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of penile cancer are suggested.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of penile cancer: a follow-up report. One hundred and fifteen patients with penile cancer were treated at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1952 to 1975. A full follow-up is reported and factors involving the prognosis are analyzed. Although the clinical error of staging was near 30%, the lymphography results suggest that this study may result in added improvement in preoperative staging. Early diagnosis, adequate surgical resection, and lymph node dissection will improve the survival significantly. When dealing with an individual patient the prognosis is poor when any one or more of the follow factors are present: the lesion involves the shaft; there is a positive margin at the surgical resection; total penectomy is necessary to obtain tumor-free margin; lymphography is positive for tumor involvement of lymph nodes; lymph node dissection has not been performed; positive  lymph nodes are found on surgical exploration. The good prognostic factors include: a lesion confined to the glans and partial penectomy is sufficient to obtain a tumor-free margin of resection; no clinical evidence (including lymphography) of lymph node invovlement; performance of lymph node dissection. The histological grading of the tumor should not influence the clinical decision for treatment in our opinion at this time, based on our current results. Further prospective studies of different factors involved in etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of penile cancer are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:907980", "title": "Observations on growth rate of breast carcinomas and its possible implications for lead time.", "content": "Doubling times were estimated for 15 breast carcinomas in 13 patients, and were found to be between 42 and 397 days with the average at 211 days. The mean lead time at mean growth rate from the average size of 44 preclinical to the average size of 118 clinical tumors was estimated to be 3 years. This period may be considered the probable time gained through screening for mammary carcinomas by the methods used in our studies, particularly single-view mammography. However, the wide range of observed growth rates and tumor sizes and probably measurement errors decreases the validity of this study.", "contents": "Observations on growth rate of breast carcinomas and its possible implications for lead time. Doubling times were estimated for 15 breast carcinomas in 13 patients, and were found to be between 42 and 397 days with the average at 211 days. The mean lead time at mean growth rate from the average size of 44 preclinical to the average size of 118 clinical tumors was estimated to be 3 years. This period may be considered the probable time gained through screening for mammary carcinomas by the methods used in our studies, particularly single-view mammography. However, the wide range of observed growth rates and tumor sizes and probably measurement errors decreases the validity of this study."}
{"id": "PMID:907982", "title": "Bone marrow involvement in Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "Thirteen patients with a malignant lymphoma exhibiting the cytologic characteristics of Burkitt's lymphoma manifested marrow involvement at the time of initial diagnosis (11 patients) or later in the course of the disease (two patients). Eleven patients were 16 years of age or younger. Eight had evidence of abdominal disease, five in the ileocecal area. Despite extensive marrow involvement in most of these patients, frankly leukemic blood pictures were uncommon. Platelet counts and absolute neutrophil counts were frequently normal. Membrane surface markers were studied in four patients. The malignant cells from three exhibited mulambda surface immunoglobulin; the cells from the other manifested muk surface immunoglobulin. All of the patients had a rapid clinical course in spite of intensive chemotherapy. The median survival from detection of marrow involvement was 2.5 months.", "contents": "Bone marrow involvement in Burkitt's lymphoma. Thirteen patients with a malignant lymphoma exhibiting the cytologic characteristics of Burkitt's lymphoma manifested marrow involvement at the time of initial diagnosis (11 patients) or later in the course of the disease (two patients). Eleven patients were 16 years of age or younger. Eight had evidence of abdominal disease, five in the ileocecal area. Despite extensive marrow involvement in most of these patients, frankly leukemic blood pictures were uncommon. Platelet counts and absolute neutrophil counts were frequently normal. Membrane surface markers were studied in four patients. The malignant cells from three exhibited mulambda surface immunoglobulin; the cells from the other manifested muk surface immunoglobulin. All of the patients had a rapid clinical course in spite of intensive chemotherapy. The median survival from detection of marrow involvement was 2.5 months."}
{"id": "PMID:907983", "title": "Multiple primary cancers: relative risk in New Mexico's triethnic population.", "content": "A review of the population-based New Mexico Tumor Registry data identified 446 patients with nonsimultaneous multiple primary cancers, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers and carcinomas in situ of the uterine cervix. Expected numbers of cases were established by observing the person-years of exposure to the risk of developing a second or subsequent primary cancer and then applying the appropriate locally determined age-, sex-, ethnic-, and site-specific cancer incidence rates. The relative risk (observed/expected) of developing a second primary cancer was elevated for \"Anglo\" and Spanish American cancer patients in comparison with the risk of developing a first primary cancer in persons who have never had one. Only six cases of nonsimultaneous multiple primary cancer were observed (6.39 expected) in the region's American Indian population. There were differences in site-site associations among the three ethnic groups, but in many categories there were too few cases for analysis.", "contents": "Multiple primary cancers: relative risk in New Mexico's triethnic population. A review of the population-based New Mexico Tumor Registry data identified 446 patients with nonsimultaneous multiple primary cancers, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers and carcinomas in situ of the uterine cervix. Expected numbers of cases were established by observing the person-years of exposure to the risk of developing a second or subsequent primary cancer and then applying the appropriate locally determined age-, sex-, ethnic-, and site-specific cancer incidence rates. The relative risk (observed/expected) of developing a second primary cancer was elevated for \"Anglo\" and Spanish American cancer patients in comparison with the risk of developing a first primary cancer in persons who have never had one. Only six cases of nonsimultaneous multiple primary cancer were observed (6.39 expected) in the region's American Indian population. There were differences in site-site associations among the three ethnic groups, but in many categories there were too few cases for analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:907984", "title": "Multiple primary cancers at Memorial Hospital 1949-1962.", "content": "The Memorial Hospital, New York, surveys of multiple primary cancer risks undertaken during 1965-1971 are summarized. After re-examination the methodological problems noted were: 1) that prospective studies tell us more than prevalence or retrospective studies; 2) that risks must be related to the observation period, patient's ages, etc.; 3) that hospital series probably are selected but that this may be overcome by internal comparisons; 4) that the search for explanatory variables is difficult, to the extent data on these variables were not explicitly collected; and 5) that computing multiple risk ratios for each of many cancer types guarantees a number of accidentally statistically significant results. It was also concluded that most cancer patients have excess risk for specific later cancers, depending on their original cancer type and that knowledge of these risks is of true clinical importance.", "contents": "Multiple primary cancers at Memorial Hospital 1949-1962. The Memorial Hospital, New York, surveys of multiple primary cancer risks undertaken during 1965-1971 are summarized. After re-examination the methodological problems noted were: 1) that prospective studies tell us more than prevalence or retrospective studies; 2) that risks must be related to the observation period, patient's ages, etc.; 3) that hospital series probably are selected but that this may be overcome by internal comparisons; 4) that the search for explanatory variables is difficult, to the extent data on these variables were not explicitly collected; and 5) that computing multiple risk ratios for each of many cancer types guarantees a number of accidentally statistically significant results. It was also concluded that most cancer patients have excess risk for specific later cancers, depending on their original cancer type and that knowledge of these risks is of true clinical importance."}
{"id": "PMID:907985", "title": "Multiple primary cancers: review of clinical studies from two Missouri hospitals.", "content": "A composite review of a series of hospital-based, clinical studies on the prevalence of simultaneous and nonsimultaneous multiple primary cancers, including those in which data were recorded by the life table method for six different series of cancer patients and one \"control\" series of patients who did not have cancer at first contact is provided. The studies came from Barnes Hospital and the Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hospital (EFSCH) and span the period from 1914 through 1964. The conclusions of the studies support the concept that the presence of one primary cancer neither increases nor decreases the chances for developing additional cancers with the possible exception of a few \"target organ\" areas. One study of this period showed a nonrandom distribution of patients with multiple primary cancers referred to EFSCH and this observation merits further epidemiologic research.", "contents": "Multiple primary cancers: review of clinical studies from two Missouri hospitals. A composite review of a series of hospital-based, clinical studies on the prevalence of simultaneous and nonsimultaneous multiple primary cancers, including those in which data were recorded by the life table method for six different series of cancer patients and one \"control\" series of patients who did not have cancer at first contact is provided. The studies came from Barnes Hospital and the Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hospital (EFSCH) and span the period from 1914 through 1964. The conclusions of the studies support the concept that the presence of one primary cancer neither increases nor decreases the chances for developing additional cancers with the possible exception of a few \"target organ\" areas. One study of this period showed a nonrandom distribution of patients with multiple primary cancers referred to EFSCH and this observation merits further epidemiologic research."}
{"id": "PMID:907988", "title": "Role of heredity in multiple primary cancer.", "content": "The occurrence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms characterizes virtually all varieties of hereditary cancer. This report focuses on this phenomenon in 11 families with the Cancer Family Syndrome (heritable adenocarcinomas of the colon and endometrium) and a single extended kindred with site-specific colon cancer. Of the 316 relatives with cancer in the 12 families, 68 (21.5%) had two or more primary malignancies and 59 (86.8%) of these multiple primaries involved the colon and/or endometrium. A pooled analysis of this resource revealed a consistent 3% risk for a second primary cancer in each year of survival following first onset. If a second primary occurs, the risk for a third is extremely high (6.9% per year), but shows a nonlinear trend with increasing survival following second onset. The high risk for development of extraprimary malignancies in patients from these kindreds indicates that careful consideration should be given to total removal of their principal target organs following the initial manifestation of cancer.", "contents": "Role of heredity in multiple primary cancer. The occurrence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms characterizes virtually all varieties of hereditary cancer. This report focuses on this phenomenon in 11 families with the Cancer Family Syndrome (heritable adenocarcinomas of the colon and endometrium) and a single extended kindred with site-specific colon cancer. Of the 316 relatives with cancer in the 12 families, 68 (21.5%) had two or more primary malignancies and 59 (86.8%) of these multiple primaries involved the colon and/or endometrium. A pooled analysis of this resource revealed a consistent 3% risk for a second primary cancer in each year of survival following first onset. If a second primary occurs, the risk for a third is extremely high (6.9% per year), but shows a nonlinear trend with increasing survival following second onset. The high risk for development of extraprimary malignancies in patients from these kindreds indicates that careful consideration should be given to total removal of their principal target organs following the initial manifestation of cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:907989", "title": "Breast cancer in families.", "content": "An analysis of 489 breast cancer pedigrees was conducted to determine the age at diagnosis and bilaterality rate in 887 patients with different familial patterns of the disease compared with 5,100 unselected patients, and to estimate the lifetime probabilities of breast cancer development in 983 daughters of familial patients. The familial patients had higher rates of bilaterality and were younger at diagnosis than patients in an unselected series. Bilaterality rates were highest in young patients. Familial bilateral patients developed their first primaries about 5 years earlier than unilateral patients. Daughters of patients with any type of family history of breast cancer exhibited a 23% lifetime probability for the disease. The highest probability (27%) pertained to daughters of patients whose mothers were also affected, and it was concluded that this group referred to a hereditary type of breast cancer distinct from types involving associated neoplasms. The occurrence of multiple neoplasms characterizes the hereditary types of breast cancer.", "contents": "Breast cancer in families. An analysis of 489 breast cancer pedigrees was conducted to determine the age at diagnosis and bilaterality rate in 887 patients with different familial patterns of the disease compared with 5,100 unselected patients, and to estimate the lifetime probabilities of breast cancer development in 983 daughters of familial patients. The familial patients had higher rates of bilaterality and were younger at diagnosis than patients in an unselected series. Bilaterality rates were highest in young patients. Familial bilateral patients developed their first primaries about 5 years earlier than unilateral patients. Daughters of patients with any type of family history of breast cancer exhibited a 23% lifetime probability for the disease. The highest probability (27%) pertained to daughters of patients whose mothers were also affected, and it was concluded that this group referred to a hereditary type of breast cancer distinct from types involving associated neoplasms. The occurrence of multiple neoplasms characterizes the hereditary types of breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:907990", "title": "Discussion: genetics of multiple primary tumors: a clinical etiologic approach illustrated by three patients.", "content": "Clinicians can shed new light on the genetic and environmental origins of cancer, particularly multiple primary malignancies, by asking additional questions at the bedside. Areas to explore include occupational history, personal habits, residence, and medical and family histories with emphasis on subtle clues of disorders predisposing to cancer, such as birth defects and benign neoplasms. When this bedside approach to cancer etiology was applied to three patients with a total of 19 primary malignancies, the most striking finding was a variety of benign neoplasms in the patients and a similar array of benign and malignant tumors among first-degree relatives, some of whom also had multiple primary tumors. A single gene trait, Cowden (multiple hamartoma) disease, was recognized in one patient. It is suggested that, in future studies of multiple tumors, epidemiologists consider not just malignancies, but all forms of neoplasia, both in the patient and in the family.", "contents": "Discussion: genetics of multiple primary tumors: a clinical etiologic approach illustrated by three patients. Clinicians can shed new light on the genetic and environmental origins of cancer, particularly multiple primary malignancies, by asking additional questions at the bedside. Areas to explore include occupational history, personal habits, residence, and medical and family histories with emphasis on subtle clues of disorders predisposing to cancer, such as birth defects and benign neoplasms. When this bedside approach to cancer etiology was applied to three patients with a total of 19 primary malignancies, the most striking finding was a variety of benign neoplasms in the patients and a similar array of benign and malignant tumors among first-degree relatives, some of whom also had multiple primary tumors. A single gene trait, Cowden (multiple hamartoma) disease, was recognized in one patient. It is suggested that, in future studies of multiple tumors, epidemiologists consider not just malignancies, but all forms of neoplasia, both in the patient and in the family."}
{"id": "PMID:907991", "title": "Statistical methods for studying multiple primary malignant neoplasms.", "content": "Case reports and case series dealing with multiple primary malignant neoplasms provided useful criteria for defining and documenting this phenomenon. The formation of tumor registries greatly aided in identifying a sufficient number of multiple primary cancer patients and facilitated case-control comparisons. Reports of two or more neoplasms occurring together in the same individual do not constitute proof of a significant association; the tumors must be shown to occur together more frequently than expected by chance. The person-years approach applied to data derived from a well-defined population makes it possible to compare the observed and expected number of subsequent primary cancers. The results of the most sophisticated procedures are no better than the quality of the data, however, and one must critically examine possible sources of bias before accepting statistical significance as representing biologic significance.", "contents": "Statistical methods for studying multiple primary malignant neoplasms. Case reports and case series dealing with multiple primary malignant neoplasms provided useful criteria for defining and documenting this phenomenon. The formation of tumor registries greatly aided in identifying a sufficient number of multiple primary cancer patients and facilitated case-control comparisons. Reports of two or more neoplasms occurring together in the same individual do not constitute proof of a significant association; the tumors must be shown to occur together more frequently than expected by chance. The person-years approach applied to data derived from a well-defined population makes it possible to compare the observed and expected number of subsequent primary cancers. The results of the most sophisticated procedures are no better than the quality of the data, however, and one must critically examine possible sources of bias before accepting statistical significance as representing biologic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:907992", "title": "Second malignant tumors after cancer in childhood.", "content": "Studies were made of the development of second malignant tumors in children treated at the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute. In 1973 a retrospective analysis identified second cancers in 15 of 410 patients who survived a childhood cancer. During the period 5-24 years after diagnosis of the first cancer, the cumulative probability of developing a new cancer was 12%. This frequency was approximately 20-fold higher than the expected rate for the general population. Prospective study of the series since 1973 has identified a second primary cancer in five additional patients. The majority of second cancers were in the field of prior radiotherapy, and were attributable to the oncogenic effect of radiation. Genetic susceptibility factors were identified in individual patients.", "contents": "Second malignant tumors after cancer in childhood. Studies were made of the development of second malignant tumors in children treated at the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute. In 1973 a retrospective analysis identified second cancers in 15 of 410 patients who survived a childhood cancer. During the period 5-24 years after diagnosis of the first cancer, the cumulative probability of developing a new cancer was 12%. This frequency was approximately 20-fold higher than the expected rate for the general population. Prospective study of the series since 1973 has identified a second primary cancer in five additional patients. The majority of second cancers were in the field of prior radiotherapy, and were attributable to the oncogenic effect of radiation. Genetic susceptibility factors were identified in individual patients."}
{"id": "PMID:907994", "title": "Multiple primary cancer risk after therapy for Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Forty-four antecedent, synchronous, and metachronous multiple primary cancers were identified among 41 patients who constituted 4.0% of 1028 patients initially treated for Hodgkin's disease during the years 1950-1954, 1960-1964, and 1968-1972. At 5 years post-therapy the cumulative probabilities of developing a multiple primary cancer for patients treated in 1950-1954, 1960-1964, and 1968-1972, were 1.14%, 1.48%, and 4.43%, respectively. At 10 years the cumulative probability of a multiple primary cancer was 2.54% for the 1950-1954 treatment group and 6.52% for the 1960-1964 treatment group. Among those patients 16-39 years of age, initially treated during the period 1960-1964, who had survived 6-10 years after receiving radiation plus single agent chemotherapy, we observed a significant 18-fold increase in the number of multiple primary cancers. A significant occurrence of two multiple primary cancers in a relatively small group of patients treated with chemotherapy only during the period 1968-1972 was also noted. Continued surveillance of patients extensively treated with combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy will enable assessment of the oncogenic potential of these modern therapeutic approaches to the management of Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Multiple primary cancer risk after therapy for Hodgkin's disease. Forty-four antecedent, synchronous, and metachronous multiple primary cancers were identified among 41 patients who constituted 4.0% of 1028 patients initially treated for Hodgkin's disease during the years 1950-1954, 1960-1964, and 1968-1972. At 5 years post-therapy the cumulative probabilities of developing a multiple primary cancer for patients treated in 1950-1954, 1960-1964, and 1968-1972, were 1.14%, 1.48%, and 4.43%, respectively. At 10 years the cumulative probability of a multiple primary cancer was 2.54% for the 1950-1954 treatment group and 6.52% for the 1960-1964 treatment group. Among those patients 16-39 years of age, initially treated during the period 1960-1964, who had survived 6-10 years after receiving radiation plus single agent chemotherapy, we observed a significant 18-fold increase in the number of multiple primary cancers. A significant occurrence of two multiple primary cancers in a relatively small group of patients treated with chemotherapy only during the period 1968-1972 was also noted. Continued surveillance of patients extensively treated with combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy will enable assessment of the oncogenic potential of these modern therapeutic approaches to the management of Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:907995", "title": "Bioassay program for carcinogenic hazards of cancer chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "Various compounds and combinations thereof, of promise in the treatment of neoplastic diseases, were tested for possible carcinogenicity in Swiss mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Some of the compounds were fairly active carcinogens, while others showed little or no evidence of carcinogenicity. The carcinogenicity of the drug combinations was generally less than that of the individual components.", "contents": "Bioassay program for carcinogenic hazards of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Various compounds and combinations thereof, of promise in the treatment of neoplastic diseases, were tested for possible carcinogenicity in Swiss mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Some of the compounds were fairly active carcinogens, while others showed little or no evidence of carcinogenicity. The carcinogenicity of the drug combinations was generally less than that of the individual components."}
{"id": "PMID:908001", "title": "A death certificate analysis of nasal cancer among furniture workers in North Carolina.", "content": "A case-control study of nasal cancer, based on death certificate statements on occupation in North Carolina counties with furniture-manufacturing industries, revealed a 4-fold excess risk linked to this occupation. Although woodworking exposures have been associated with nasal adenocarcinomas in several areas of the world, this is the first report of such a relationship in the United States.", "contents": "A death certificate analysis of nasal cancer among furniture workers in North Carolina. A case-control study of nasal cancer, based on death certificate statements on occupation in North Carolina counties with furniture-manufacturing industries, revealed a 4-fold excess risk linked to this occupation. Although woodworking exposures have been associated with nasal adenocarcinomas in several areas of the world, this is the first report of such a relationship in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:908004", "title": "Metabolism of  three cyclic nitrosamines in Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "The metabolism of three cyclic nitrosamines has been studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. The compounds were nitrosopyrrolidine, nitrosohexamethyleneimine, and nitrosohepatamethyleneimine and were labeled at the alpha carbon with 14C. At low doses (2 to 4 mg/animal) the compounds were metabolized to 14CO2 to the extent of 77, 43, and 27%, respectively, after 24 hr. At doses closer to the 50% lethal dose of the compounds (70 to 160 mg/animal) the metabolism values were only 14, 4, and 8%, respectively, after 24 hr. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Metabolism of  three cyclic nitrosamines in Sprague-Dawley rats. The metabolism of three cyclic nitrosamines has been studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. The compounds were nitrosopyrrolidine, nitrosohexamethyleneimine, and nitrosohepatamethyleneimine and were labeled at the alpha carbon with 14C. At low doses (2 to 4 mg/animal) the compounds were metabolized to 14CO2 to the extent of 77, 43, and 27%, respectively, after 24 hr. At doses closer to the 50% lethal dose of the compounds (70 to 160 mg/animal) the metabolism values were only 14, 4, and 8%, respectively, after 24 hr. The significance of these results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908005", "title": "Effect of high-risk diets for colon carcinogenesis on intestinal mucosal and bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity in F344 rats.", "content": "The effect of high-protein (beef or soybean protein) and high-fat (beef fat, corn oil, or lard) diets on large intestinal bacterial and intestinal mucosal beta-glucuronidase was studied in female F344 rats maintained on these diets for two generations. Animals fed a 20% corn oil or 20% lard and 20% casein diet had a higher beta-glucuronidase activity in the contents of cecum and colon than did rats fed a 5% corn oil or lard and 20% casein diet. The cecal bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity was higher in animals fed diets with high levels of beef protein (40%) and beef fat (23%) or with high levels of soybean protein (39%) and corn oil (24%) than it was in rats fed diets containing 18.5% beef protein and 6.5% beef fat or 19% soybean protein and 5.4% corn oil. Animals fed diets containing high levels of beef protein and fat or high levels of soybean protein and corn oil had a higher small intestinal mucosal beta-glucuronidase activity than did the other groups. No significant difference was observed in the colonic mucosal beta-glucuronidase activity among the animals fed beef and soybean diets. It is concluded that diets high in fat and high or normal in protein are associated with elevated levels of bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity in the large intestine of rats.", "contents": "Effect of high-risk diets for colon carcinogenesis on intestinal mucosal and bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity in F344 rats. The effect of high-protein (beef or soybean protein) and high-fat (beef fat, corn oil, or lard) diets on large intestinal bacterial and intestinal mucosal beta-glucuronidase was studied in female F344 rats maintained on these diets for two generations. Animals fed a 20% corn oil or 20% lard and 20% casein diet had a higher beta-glucuronidase activity in the contents of cecum and colon than did rats fed a 5% corn oil or lard and 20% casein diet. The cecal bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity was higher in animals fed diets with high levels of beef protein (40%) and beef fat (23%) or with high levels of soybean protein (39%) and corn oil (24%) than it was in rats fed diets containing 18.5% beef protein and 6.5% beef fat or 19% soybean protein and 5.4% corn oil. Animals fed diets containing high levels of beef protein and fat or high levels of soybean protein and corn oil had a higher small intestinal mucosal beta-glucuronidase activity than did the other groups. No significant difference was observed in the colonic mucosal beta-glucuronidase activity among the animals fed beef and soybean diets. It is concluded that diets high in fat and high or normal in protein are associated with elevated levels of bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity in the large intestine of rats."}
{"id": "PMID:908006", "title": "Factor XIII deficiency in BALB/c mice with plasmacytoma.", "content": "These studies examined the fate of Factor XIII (fibrin-stabilizing factor) in mice with plasmacytoma (MOPC-300, MOPC-384, MOPC-467, and J-558). Plasma Factor XIII levels in these mice decreased progressively with tumor expansion. No plasma inhibitors of Factor XIII activity could be detected. Factor XIII was found on plasmacytoma cell membranes and in the cytoplasm of the malignant cells by immunofluorescence. The inverse relationship between tumor load and plasma Factor XIII levels suggested that the fibrin-stabilizing factor was absorbed by the malignant cells.", "contents": "Factor XIII deficiency in BALB/c mice with plasmacytoma. These studies examined the fate of Factor XIII (fibrin-stabilizing factor) in mice with plasmacytoma (MOPC-300, MOPC-384, MOPC-467, and J-558). Plasma Factor XIII levels in these mice decreased progressively with tumor expansion. No plasma inhibitors of Factor XIII activity could be detected. Factor XIII was found on plasmacytoma cell membranes and in the cytoplasm of the malignant cells by immunofluorescence. The inverse relationship between tumor load and plasma Factor XIII levels suggested that the fibrin-stabilizing factor was absorbed by the malignant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:908007", "title": "Serum therapy for radiation-induced impairment of immune resistance to metastasis.", "content": "The use of serum transfusion to remedy radiation-induced damage to established antitumor resistance was investigated in female C3H mice. The mice, which had been actively immunized against a syngeneic mammary carcinoma, were injected i.v. and s.c. with suspensions of cells from the same tumor and were then given 300 R extensive-field irradiation to the abdomen two times. Tumor cells implanted outside the irradiated area grew better in irradiated mice than in unirradiated controls. Under these experimental conditions, protection could be transferred to radiation-impaired hosts with several injections of cell-free immune serum. Transfers of normal serum provided a detectable but low degree of protection. The corrective effect of serum transfers to radiation-impaired hosts was clearly expressed against pulmonary tumor growth (i.v. challenge), provided the transfusions were started no later than the first day after the injection of the tumor cells. Serum transfusions were ineffective against the growth of tumors implanted s.c. Transfers of serum from hosts carrying large (15 mm) s.c. tumor implants had a negative effect on the resistance of irradiated recipients. The results indicate that humoral resistance factors, both normal and immune, may act against metastatic spread of solid tumors.", "contents": "Serum therapy for radiation-induced impairment of immune resistance to metastasis. The use of serum transfusion to remedy radiation-induced damage to established antitumor resistance was investigated in female C3H mice. The mice, which had been actively immunized against a syngeneic mammary carcinoma, were injected i.v. and s.c. with suspensions of cells from the same tumor and were then given 300 R extensive-field irradiation to the abdomen two times. Tumor cells implanted outside the irradiated area grew better in irradiated mice than in unirradiated controls. Under these experimental conditions, protection could be transferred to radiation-impaired hosts with several injections of cell-free immune serum. Transfers of normal serum provided a detectable but low degree of protection. The corrective effect of serum transfers to radiation-impaired hosts was clearly expressed against pulmonary tumor growth (i.v. challenge), provided the transfusions were started no later than the first day after the injection of the tumor cells. Serum transfusions were ineffective against the growth of tumors implanted s.c. Transfers of serum from hosts carrying large (15 mm) s.c. tumor implants had a negative effect on the resistance of irradiated recipients. The results indicate that humoral resistance factors, both normal and immune, may act against metastatic spread of solid tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:908009", "title": "Screening for deficits in DNA repair by the response of irradiated human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin.", "content": "An assay has been developed to measure the ability of human lymphocytes to repair damage to DNA. In this assay, purified human lymphocytes are exposed to graded doses of radiation and then stimulated with phytohemagglutinin to undergo DNA replication. The rate of incorporation of thymidine in irradiated lymphocytes during the second and subsequent rounds of DNA replication is taken to be indicative of the ability of the cells to repair damage to DNA. In lymphocytes from normal individuals, X-irradiation with doses of 100 to 800 rads was found to inhibit phytohemagglutinin-stimulated thymidine incorporation proportionally to the dose of radiation without curtailing the induction of DNA polymerase. The response to phytohemagglutinin of lymphocytes from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum after exposure to graded doses of X-irradiation was found to be similar to that of the normal controls, whereas the response after ultraviolet irradiation was markedly impaired. In contrast, lymphocytes from patients with ataxia telangiectasia were hypersensitive to X-irradiation. The data on these clinical syndromes support the idea that this assay measures DNA repair and indicates the feasibility of using this method for screening individuals for genetic deficits in DNA repair.", "contents": "Screening for deficits in DNA repair by the response of irradiated human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. An assay has been developed to measure the ability of human lymphocytes to repair damage to DNA. In this assay, purified human lymphocytes are exposed to graded doses of radiation and then stimulated with phytohemagglutinin to undergo DNA replication. The rate of incorporation of thymidine in irradiated lymphocytes during the second and subsequent rounds of DNA replication is taken to be indicative of the ability of the cells to repair damage to DNA. In lymphocytes from normal individuals, X-irradiation with doses of 100 to 800 rads was found to inhibit phytohemagglutinin-stimulated thymidine incorporation proportionally to the dose of radiation without curtailing the induction of DNA polymerase. The response to phytohemagglutinin of lymphocytes from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum after exposure to graded doses of X-irradiation was found to be similar to that of the normal controls, whereas the response after ultraviolet irradiation was markedly impaired. In contrast, lymphocytes from patients with ataxia telangiectasia were hypersensitive to X-irradiation. The data on these clinical syndromes support the idea that this assay measures DNA repair and indicates the feasibility of using this method for screening individuals for genetic deficits in DNA repair."}
{"id": "PMID:908012", "title": "A simplified method for production and growth of multicellular tumor spheroids.", "content": "A new technique, based on the growth of tumor cells in liquid media over an agar base, has been developed for the formation and growth of multicellular tumor spheroids. All of the 11 transformed cell lines tested formed multicellular tumor spheroids, while none of the 8 normal cell types tested did so. The advantages of the present technique over older methods include its simplicity, generality, and experimental flexibility.", "contents": "A simplified method for production and growth of multicellular tumor spheroids. A new technique, based on the growth of tumor cells in liquid media over an agar base, has been developed for the formation and growth of multicellular tumor spheroids. All of the 11 transformed cell lines tested formed multicellular tumor spheroids, while none of the 8 normal cell types tested did so. The advantages of the present technique over older methods include its simplicity, generality, and experimental flexibility."}
{"id": "PMID:908013", "title": "Survival and cure of leukemic mice after circadian optimization of treatment with cyclophosphamide and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.", "content": "When cyclophosphamide and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine were administered to mice previously given injections of L1210 leukemia cells, the combination was more effective than either drug given alone. The effectiveness of the 2 drugs in combination was strongly influenced by the stage of the circadian system at which the drugs were administered. With the use of a chronobiological (sinusoidal) approach, in comparison with one or two  conventional treatment schedules, it was possible to demonstrate an overall lower toxicity as monitored by death or weight loss. In general, mean survival times and cures (when obtained) were circadian stage dependent; for example, in 1 study the cure rate was 94% in mice treated at 1 circadian stage, but only 44% in those treated at another stage. It cannot be overemphasized, however, that just as the \"right\" timing can enhance (with statistical significance) both the tolerance to chemotherapeutic agents and the rate of cure in leukemic mice, so can the \"wrongly\" timed (wrongly placed) ara-C sinusoid or \"wrongly\" timed cyclophosphamide enhance toxicity and host death rate.", "contents": "Survival and cure of leukemic mice after circadian optimization of treatment with cyclophosphamide and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. When cyclophosphamide and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine were administered to mice previously given injections of L1210 leukemia cells, the combination was more effective than either drug given alone. The effectiveness of the 2 drugs in combination was strongly influenced by the stage of the circadian system at which the drugs were administered. With the use of a chronobiological (sinusoidal) approach, in comparison with one or two  conventional treatment schedules, it was possible to demonstrate an overall lower toxicity as monitored by death or weight loss. In general, mean survival times and cures (when obtained) were circadian stage dependent; for example, in 1 study the cure rate was 94% in mice treated at 1 circadian stage, but only 44% in those treated at another stage. It cannot be overemphasized, however, that just as the \"right\" timing can enhance (with statistical significance) both the tolerance to chemotherapeutic agents and the rate of cure in leukemic mice, so can the \"wrongly\" timed (wrongly placed) ara-C sinusoid or \"wrongly\" timed cyclophosphamide enhance toxicity and host death rate."}
{"id": "PMID:908014", "title": "Effects of phenobarbital and endotoxin on the lethality and metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine in male BALB/c mice.", "content": "In male BALB/c mice, a combination of individually non-lethal doses of 6-mercaptopurine and endotoxin was significantly lethal. In contrast, mice treated with phenobarbital were resistant to this lethal effect. The high levels of thioinosinic acid in mice that were treated with endotoxin contrasted significantly with the levels in phenobarbital-treated mice. On the other hand, the concentration of hypoxanthine was increased by the administration of phenobarbital and decreased by the administration of endotoxin. The sleeping time and levels of pentobarbital hydroxylase found in endotoxin-treated mice were consistent with the lethality and levels of thioinosinic acid. After mice were treated with endotoxin, their sleeping time was prolonged, which agrees with the course of the stimulatory effects of 6-mercaptopurine anabolism. However, there were no significant differences in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Furthermore, contrary to expectation, there were significant increases in xanthine oxidase after treatment with endotoxin. Thus, the metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine might be modified by hepatic microsomal enzyme activity.", "contents": "Effects of phenobarbital and endotoxin on the lethality and metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine in male BALB/c mice. In male BALB/c mice, a combination of individually non-lethal doses of 6-mercaptopurine and endotoxin was significantly lethal. In contrast, mice treated with phenobarbital were resistant to this lethal effect. The high levels of thioinosinic acid in mice that were treated with endotoxin contrasted significantly with the levels in phenobarbital-treated mice. On the other hand, the concentration of hypoxanthine was increased by the administration of phenobarbital and decreased by the administration of endotoxin. The sleeping time and levels of pentobarbital hydroxylase found in endotoxin-treated mice were consistent with the lethality and levels of thioinosinic acid. After mice were treated with endotoxin, their sleeping time was prolonged, which agrees with the course of the stimulatory effects of 6-mercaptopurine anabolism. However, there were no significant differences in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Furthermore, contrary to expectation, there were significant increases in xanthine oxidase after treatment with endotoxin. Thus, the metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine might be modified by hepatic microsomal enzyme activity."}
{"id": "PMID:908015", "title": "Preoperative intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin for mammary adenocarcinoma in rats.", "content": "The optimal time interval between intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and resection of s.c. tumor was studied in 70 female Fischer rats implanted with syngeneic 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma. If this tumor is resected about 17 days after implantation, all animals die from spontaneous pulmonary metastasis. Injection of BCG to tumor 3 to 7 days before resection, significantly improved the survival rates over rats that had resection of tumor only. About 22% of the rats so treated are long-term cures. The therapeutic effect of intralesional BCG was most pronounced in rats with smaller tumors, although BCG was effective in tumors over 2 cm. Intralesional BCG given 1 day prior to resection decreased survival for rats bearing larger tumors. The addition of postoperative systemic (s.c.) BCG immunotherapy did not improve the beneficial effect of preoperative intralesional BCG and resection of primary tumor.", "contents": "Preoperative intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin for mammary adenocarcinoma in rats. The optimal time interval between intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and resection of s.c. tumor was studied in 70 female Fischer rats implanted with syngeneic 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma. If this tumor is resected about 17 days after implantation, all animals die from spontaneous pulmonary metastasis. Injection of BCG to tumor 3 to 7 days before resection, significantly improved the survival rates over rats that had resection of tumor only. About 22% of the rats so treated are long-term cures. The therapeutic effect of intralesional BCG was most pronounced in rats with smaller tumors, although BCG was effective in tumors over 2 cm. Intralesional BCG given 1 day prior to resection decreased survival for rats bearing larger tumors. The addition of postoperative systemic (s.c.) BCG immunotherapy did not improve the beneficial effect of preoperative intralesional BCG and resection of primary tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:908016", "title": "Cell cycle dependency of metastatic lung colony formation.", "content": "Exponentially growing FSA 1233 cells, one of the clones isolated from a mouse fibrosarcoma, were synchronized by fractionation according to cell size by centrifugal elutriation. Cells from each fraction were analyzed by flow microfluorometry to determine the stages of the cell cycle and were injected i.v. to determine lung colony-forming efficiency. In vitro plating efficiency of these cells was similar throughout the cell cycle except for a slight reduction at G2 + M. On the other hand, lung colony-forming efficiency showed marked cell cycle and cell size dependencies, being lowest at G1, highest at S, and declining slightly at G2.", "contents": "Cell cycle dependency of metastatic lung colony formation. Exponentially growing FSA 1233 cells, one of the clones isolated from a mouse fibrosarcoma, were synchronized by fractionation according to cell size by centrifugal elutriation. Cells from each fraction were analyzed by flow microfluorometry to determine the stages of the cell cycle and were injected i.v. to determine lung colony-forming efficiency. In vitro plating efficiency of these cells was similar throughout the cell cycle except for a slight reduction at G2 + M. On the other hand, lung colony-forming efficiency showed marked cell cycle and cell size dependencies, being lowest at G1, highest at S, and declining slightly at G2."}
{"id": "PMID:908018", "title": "Differential excision from DNA of the C-8 and N2 guanosine adducts of N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene by single strand-specific endonucleases.", "content": "Purified duck reticulocyte DNA was reacted in vitro with [9-14C]-N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. Hydrolysis of the [14C]-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene-modified DNA followed by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography showed that 85% of the DNA-bound [14C]-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene was N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene and 15% was 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. When this modified DNA was incubated with the single strand-specific nuclease, S1, and the undigested fraction of the DNA was analyzed, there was preferential loss of the quanosine C-8 adduct from the DNA. Moreover, analysis of the nucleosides released by exposure of N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene-modified DNA to a single strand-specific nuclease from Neurospora crassa showed only the guanosine C-8 adduct in the supernatant fraction. These results suggest that, whereas the N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene adduct in DNA causes major conformational changes in the double-stranded helix and localized regions of denaturation, the 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene adduct does not cause major distortions of the native DNA structure.", "contents": "Differential excision from DNA of the C-8 and N2 guanosine adducts of N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene by single strand-specific endonucleases. Purified duck reticulocyte DNA was reacted in vitro with [9-14C]-N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. Hydrolysis of the [14C]-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene-modified DNA followed by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography showed that 85% of the DNA-bound [14C]-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene was N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene and 15% was 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. When this modified DNA was incubated with the single strand-specific nuclease, S1, and the undigested fraction of the DNA was analyzed, there was preferential loss of the quanosine C-8 adduct from the DNA. Moreover, analysis of the nucleosides released by exposure of N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene-modified DNA to a single strand-specific nuclease from Neurospora crassa showed only the guanosine C-8 adduct in the supernatant fraction. These results suggest that, whereas the N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene adduct in DNA causes major conformational changes in the double-stranded helix and localized regions of denaturation, the 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene adduct does not cause major distortions of the native DNA structure."}
{"id": "PMID:908020", "title": "Correlation of cell kinetic and clinical response to chemotherapy in disseminated neuroblastoma.", "content": "Mitotic and labeling indices of bone marrow tumor cells were determined from patients with disseminated neuroblastoma. Although pretreatment values were variable, the median indices indicated that only a small proportion of tumor cells were proliferating. The pretreatment indices could not be correlated with presenting clinical features or with the response to chemotherapy. Studies were repeated after 7 daily doses of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/sq m) and serially after Adriamycin (35 mg/sq m) given on Day 8. Changes in the mitotic and labeling indices during the first course of therapy could be directly correlated with the clinical response as evaluated after 4 months of induction chemotherapy. In all patients who attained a complete or partial remission, an increase in these indices was observed after 7 days of cyclophosphamide. If this increase was associated with an observed kinetic effect of Adriamycin in the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle, a complete remission was attained. If, following Adriamycin, kinetic evidence of an effect was not present in all three phases of the cell cycle, only partial remission was attained. No clinical response to therapy was observed in those patients in whom the mitotic index and labeling index did not increase after 7 days of cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Correlation of cell kinetic and clinical response to chemotherapy in disseminated neuroblastoma. Mitotic and labeling indices of bone marrow tumor cells were determined from patients with disseminated neuroblastoma. Although pretreatment values were variable, the median indices indicated that only a small proportion of tumor cells were proliferating. The pretreatment indices could not be correlated with presenting clinical features or with the response to chemotherapy. Studies were repeated after 7 daily doses of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/sq m) and serially after Adriamycin (35 mg/sq m) given on Day 8. Changes in the mitotic and labeling indices during the first course of therapy could be directly correlated with the clinical response as evaluated after 4 months of induction chemotherapy. In all patients who attained a complete or partial remission, an increase in these indices was observed after 7 days of cyclophosphamide. If this increase was associated with an observed kinetic effect of Adriamycin in the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle, a complete remission was attained. If, following Adriamycin, kinetic evidence of an effect was not present in all three phases of the cell cycle, only partial remission was attained. No clinical response to therapy was observed in those patients in whom the mitotic index and labeling index did not increase after 7 days of cyclophosphamide."}
{"id": "PMID:908021", "title": "Induction of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in C57BL mice by ionizing radiation.", "content": "Inbred strains of C57BL mice were exposed to either 100, 500, or 1000 rads of whole-body irradiation. Another group of mice were given injections of 3-methylcholanthrene only, and a control group had no treatment. Forty-eight hr after treatment, the animals were killed and hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity was measured by spectrophotofluorometer. A comparison of hepatic AHH activity in treated and nontreated groups of mice showed that each treated group had a significantly increased AHH induction compared with the control group. Although radiation appeared to have a dose-related effect on AHH induction, the increase with dose level was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Induction of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in C57BL mice by ionizing radiation. Inbred strains of C57BL mice were exposed to either 100, 500, or 1000 rads of whole-body irradiation. Another group of mice were given injections of 3-methylcholanthrene only, and a control group had no treatment. Forty-eight hr after treatment, the animals were killed and hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity was measured by spectrophotofluorometer. A comparison of hepatic AHH activity in treated and nontreated groups of mice showed that each treated group had a significantly increased AHH induction compared with the control group. Although radiation appeared to have a dose-related effect on AHH induction, the increase with dose level was not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:908022", "title": "alpha-Lactalbumin content of rat mammary carcinomas and the effect of pituitary stimulation.", "content": "Primary mammary carcinomas induced in nonlactating rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene or methylnitrosourea contained alpha-lactalbumin (alphaLA) in quantities equal to or less than 10% of the amounts found in the parenchyma of the 5-day lactating gland. Only two of five transplantable mammary carcinomas contained alphaLA when growing in rats without hormonal stimulation. Hormonal stimulation maintained by transplantation into lactating females for 146 generations (65 months) failed to induce alphaLA production in dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene no.1 transplantable mammary carcinoma. Transplantation of a pituitary gland under the kidney capsule of the host (a) increased alphaLA content of primary dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced mammary carcinomas, (b) reduced alphaLA content of primary methylnitrosourea-induced mammary carcinomas, and (c) was unable to modify the alphaLA levels in five transplantable mammary carcinomas.", "contents": "alpha-Lactalbumin content of rat mammary carcinomas and the effect of pituitary stimulation. Primary mammary carcinomas induced in nonlactating rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene or methylnitrosourea contained alpha-lactalbumin (alphaLA) in quantities equal to or less than 10% of the amounts found in the parenchyma of the 5-day lactating gland. Only two of five transplantable mammary carcinomas contained alphaLA when growing in rats without hormonal stimulation. Hormonal stimulation maintained by transplantation into lactating females for 146 generations (65 months) failed to induce alphaLA production in dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene no.1 transplantable mammary carcinoma. Transplantation of a pituitary gland under the kidney capsule of the host (a) increased alphaLA content of primary dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced mammary carcinomas, (b) reduced alphaLA content of primary methylnitrosourea-induced mammary carcinomas, and (c) was unable to modify the alphaLA levels in five transplantable mammary carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:908023", "title": "Temporal acquistion of enhanced fibrinolytic activity by syrian hamster embryo cells following treatment with benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "Following treatment of Syrian hamster embryo cells with benzo(a)pyrene, the time required for the expression of enhanced fibrinolytic activity was examined. For this study, the fibrin-agarose overlay method was developed to distinguish the activity of normal and transformed colonies of hamster cells. Colonies possessing enhanced fibrinolytic activity were not observed one passage (2 weeks after treatment). Morphologically transformed colonies, which exhibited no enhanced fibrinolytic activity, were observed 8 days following treatment. In contrast to these two early changes, cells capable of growth in soft agar were observed much later (6 to 8 weeks after treatment). Untreated Syrian hamster embryo cells generally senesced and did not exhibit enhanced fibrinolytic activity. Approximately 1 of 10 untreated cultures escaped senescence and evolved as a continuous cell line; such cultures frequently exhibited enhanced fibrinolytic activity. These results suggest that the acquisition of enhanced fibrinolytic activity, while perhaps not a cause of neoplastic transformation, may reflect a loss of control of the normal function of the cellular genetic apparatus during the process of transformation.", "contents": "Temporal acquistion of enhanced fibrinolytic activity by syrian hamster embryo cells following treatment with benzo(a)pyrene. Following treatment of Syrian hamster embryo cells with benzo(a)pyrene, the time required for the expression of enhanced fibrinolytic activity was examined. For this study, the fibrin-agarose overlay method was developed to distinguish the activity of normal and transformed colonies of hamster cells. Colonies possessing enhanced fibrinolytic activity were not observed one passage (2 weeks after treatment). Morphologically transformed colonies, which exhibited no enhanced fibrinolytic activity, were observed 8 days following treatment. In contrast to these two early changes, cells capable of growth in soft agar were observed much later (6 to 8 weeks after treatment). Untreated Syrian hamster embryo cells generally senesced and did not exhibit enhanced fibrinolytic activity. Approximately 1 of 10 untreated cultures escaped senescence and evolved as a continuous cell line; such cultures frequently exhibited enhanced fibrinolytic activity. These results suggest that the acquisition of enhanced fibrinolytic activity, while perhaps not a cause of neoplastic transformation, may reflect a loss of control of the normal function of the cellular genetic apparatus during the process of transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:908027", "title": "Metabolic disposition of antipyrine in patients with lung cancer.", "content": "The metabolism of antipyrine (10 mg/kg i.v.) was studied in nine patients with cancer of the lung and in a cancer-free control group matched for age, sex, drug intake, and smoking and drinking history. The mean plasma clearance of antipyrine was 0.0475 +/- 0.009 liter/kg/hr in the tumor group and 0.0557 +/- 0.007 liter/kg/hr in the control group (p greater than 0.05). The antipyrine plasma elimination half-life was longer in the group with tumors (9.5 +/- 1.3 hr) compared to the control group (7.7 +/- 1.3 hr), but the difference was not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). There was no difference between the groups in the excretion of two major antipyrine metabolites, 4-hydroxyantipyrine and N-demethylantipyrine, in a 48-hr urine sample. Thus, the presence of lung cancer in humans does not significantly alter antipyrine elimination.", "contents": "Metabolic disposition of antipyrine in patients with lung cancer. The metabolism of antipyrine (10 mg/kg i.v.) was studied in nine patients with cancer of the lung and in a cancer-free control group matched for age, sex, drug intake, and smoking and drinking history. The mean plasma clearance of antipyrine was 0.0475 +/- 0.009 liter/kg/hr in the tumor group and 0.0557 +/- 0.007 liter/kg/hr in the control group (p greater than 0.05). The antipyrine plasma elimination half-life was longer in the group with tumors (9.5 +/- 1.3 hr) compared to the control group (7.7 +/- 1.3 hr), but the difference was not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). There was no difference between the groups in the excretion of two major antipyrine metabolites, 4-hydroxyantipyrine and N-demethylantipyrine, in a 48-hr urine sample. Thus, the presence of lung cancer in humans does not significantly alter antipyrine elimination."}
{"id": "PMID:908028", "title": "Secondary structural modifications as a consequence of in vitro acetylation and phenanthrylation of DNA by the ultimate carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminophenanthrene.", "content": "The acetic acid ester of the proximate carcinogen N-hydroxy-N-2-acetylaminophenanthrene was reacted in vitro with native and heat-denatured calf thymus DNA under various conditions. We showed that besides the phenanthrylation of the DNA bases there is an acetylation reaction of the DNA during its reaction with the ultimate carcinogen. Heat-denatured DNA is 5 to 10 times more acetylated than native DNA. This result suggests that most of the acetylation sites are nonreactive in the double-helical structure of DNA. On the other hand, the phenanthrylation of the bases is shown not to depend on the DNA secondary structure, suggesting that the phenanthrylation sites of the bases are accessible in the grooves of the DNA double helix. The influence of the DNA dynamic structure on the reactions of acetylation and phenanthrylation has been investigated by increasing the ionic strength of the incubation buffer. The melting temperature of different DNA samples, which have been reacted with different concentrations of N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminophenanthrene, decreases as the extent of the DNA modifications increases. This thermal destabilization of the double helix is tentatively attributed to the phenanthrylation rather than to the acetylation reaction.", "contents": "Secondary structural modifications as a consequence of in vitro acetylation and phenanthrylation of DNA by the ultimate carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminophenanthrene. The acetic acid ester of the proximate carcinogen N-hydroxy-N-2-acetylaminophenanthrene was reacted in vitro with native and heat-denatured calf thymus DNA under various conditions. We showed that besides the phenanthrylation of the DNA bases there is an acetylation reaction of the DNA during its reaction with the ultimate carcinogen. Heat-denatured DNA is 5 to 10 times more acetylated than native DNA. This result suggests that most of the acetylation sites are nonreactive in the double-helical structure of DNA. On the other hand, the phenanthrylation of the bases is shown not to depend on the DNA secondary structure, suggesting that the phenanthrylation sites of the bases are accessible in the grooves of the DNA double helix. The influence of the DNA dynamic structure on the reactions of acetylation and phenanthrylation has been investigated by increasing the ionic strength of the incubation buffer. The melting temperature of different DNA samples, which have been reacted with different concentrations of N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminophenanthrene, decreases as the extent of the DNA modifications increases. This thermal destabilization of the double helix is tentatively attributed to the phenanthrylation rather than to the acetylation reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:908029", "title": "Immunosuppressive effects of 3-methylcholanthrene given intratracheally in various inbred strains of mice.", "content": "The immunosuppressive effects of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) given intratracheally have been shown to correlate with susceptibility of some inbred strains of mice to MCA-induced carcinogenesis. In susceptible strains of mice, C3Hf and C57BL/6, intratracheal administration of MCA resulted in profound systemic immunodepression. This effect was not observed in resistant DBA/2 mice. This immunodepressive effect correlated with the inducibility of the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme complex and the inducibility of pulmonary tumors by MCA.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive effects of 3-methylcholanthrene given intratracheally in various inbred strains of mice. The immunosuppressive effects of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) given intratracheally have been shown to correlate with susceptibility of some inbred strains of mice to MCA-induced carcinogenesis. In susceptible strains of mice, C3Hf and C57BL/6, intratracheal administration of MCA resulted in profound systemic immunodepression. This effect was not observed in resistant DBA/2 mice. This immunodepressive effect correlated with the inducibility of the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme complex and the inducibility of pulmonary tumors by MCA."}
{"id": "PMID:908030", "title": "Ornithine decarboxylase induction and DNA synthesis in hamster embryo cell cultures treated with tumor-promoting phorbol diesters.", "content": "The effects of tumor-promoting phorbol diesters on ornithine decarboxyalse (ODC) activity and DNA synthesis in normal and chemically transformed hamster embryo fibroblasts (HEF) in culture were studied. Only those phorbol diesters with promoting activity in mouse skin induced ODC in HEF. ODC was induced in both cell types by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA); maximal induction occurred 4 to 6 hr after the addition of the promoter to the medium of confluent cultures and was greater in transformed cells than in normal cells. The extent of induction in transformed cells treated with 0.016 to 1.6 micron TPA was dose dependent. The cellular concentrations of the polyamines, particularly putrescine, also increased after TPA treatment. The addition of TPA to confluent cultures of either normal or transformed HEF did not produce an increase in cell number or the percentage of [3H]thymidine- labeled nuclei and did not stimulate the incorporation of [3H]thymidine. ODC also was induced by adding fresh medium to the cultures. When both fresh medium and TPA were added, the effect of the medium was markedly potentiated in transformed, but not in normal, cells. These experiments demonstrate that tumor promoters specifically induce ODC in HEF without increasing the rate of DNA synthesis and that normal and transformed HEF differ in the levels of ODC activity attained after exposure to promoters.", "contents": "Ornithine decarboxylase induction and DNA synthesis in hamster embryo cell cultures treated with tumor-promoting phorbol diesters. The effects of tumor-promoting phorbol diesters on ornithine decarboxyalse (ODC) activity and DNA synthesis in normal and chemically transformed hamster embryo fibroblasts (HEF) in culture were studied. Only those phorbol diesters with promoting activity in mouse skin induced ODC in HEF. ODC was induced in both cell types by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA); maximal induction occurred 4 to 6 hr after the addition of the promoter to the medium of confluent cultures and was greater in transformed cells than in normal cells. The extent of induction in transformed cells treated with 0.016 to 1.6 micron TPA was dose dependent. The cellular concentrations of the polyamines, particularly putrescine, also increased after TPA treatment. The addition of TPA to confluent cultures of either normal or transformed HEF did not produce an increase in cell number or the percentage of [3H]thymidine- labeled nuclei and did not stimulate the incorporation of [3H]thymidine. ODC also was induced by adding fresh medium to the cultures. When both fresh medium and TPA were added, the effect of the medium was markedly potentiated in transformed, but not in normal, cells. These experiments demonstrate that tumor promoters specifically induce ODC in HEF without increasing the rate of DNA synthesis and that normal and transformed HEF differ in the levels of ODC activity attained after exposure to promoters."}
{"id": "PMID:908031", "title": "Inhibition of target cell mitosis as a measure of the cytostatic effects of activated macrophages on tumor target cells.", "content": "Studies were carried out in vitro that showed that activated macrophages inhibited tumor target cells from undergoing mitosis. With the use of target cells synchronized in the mitosis phase of the cell cycle, this manifestation of macrophage-mediated cytostatic effects was preceded by the complete inhibition of target cell DNA synthesis as measured by incorporation of [3H]thymidine.", "contents": "Inhibition of target cell mitosis as a measure of the cytostatic effects of activated macrophages on tumor target cells. Studies were carried out in vitro that showed that activated macrophages inhibited tumor target cells from undergoing mitosis. With the use of target cells synchronized in the mitosis phase of the cell cycle, this manifestation of macrophage-mediated cytostatic effects was preceded by the complete inhibition of target cell DNA synthesis as measured by incorporation of [3H]thymidine."}
{"id": "PMID:908033", "title": "Influence of  a chronic environmental stress on the incidence of methylcholanthrene-induced tumors.", "content": "The influence of a chronic environmental stress, living in a 2 degrees environment, on the incidence of methylcholanthrene-induced tumors in albino female Simonsen rats, a Sprague-Dawley-derived strain, was studied. The results indicated that the metabolic rate was double for rats kept at 2 degrees, compared with those kept at 25 degrees. Exposure to 2 degrees for life, with no other treatment, reduced median life expectancy to 560 days compared with 686 days for rats kept at 25 degrees. Transfer to a 2 degrees environment after 250 days at 25 degrees reduced the incidence of spontaneous tumors, while transfer to 25 degrees after 250 days at 2 degrees increased the incidence of tumors compared to that for rats always kept at 25 degrees. Exposure to an environmental temperature of 2 degrees immediately following a carcinogenic stimulus (3-methylcholanthrene, 2 mg s.c.) significantly reduced the incidence of tumors compared to that in rats kept at 25 degrees but did not change tumor induction time. The reduced tumor incidence may have resulted from inhibition of the carcinogenic transformation by chronic stress. The survival time of rats with 3-methylcholanthrene induced tumors was not significantly less in a 2 degrees environment than it was at 25 degrees.", "contents": "Influence of  a chronic environmental stress on the incidence of methylcholanthrene-induced tumors. The influence of a chronic environmental stress, living in a 2 degrees environment, on the incidence of methylcholanthrene-induced tumors in albino female Simonsen rats, a Sprague-Dawley-derived strain, was studied. The results indicated that the metabolic rate was double for rats kept at 2 degrees, compared with those kept at 25 degrees. Exposure to 2 degrees for life, with no other treatment, reduced median life expectancy to 560 days compared with 686 days for rats kept at 25 degrees. Transfer to a 2 degrees environment after 250 days at 25 degrees reduced the incidence of spontaneous tumors, while transfer to 25 degrees after 250 days at 2 degrees increased the incidence of tumors compared to that for rats always kept at 25 degrees. Exposure to an environmental temperature of 2 degrees immediately following a carcinogenic stimulus (3-methylcholanthrene, 2 mg s.c.) significantly reduced the incidence of tumors compared to that in rats kept at 25 degrees but did not change tumor induction time. The reduced tumor incidence may have resulted from inhibition of the carcinogenic transformation by chronic stress. The survival time of rats with 3-methylcholanthrene induced tumors was not significantly less in a 2 degrees environment than it was at 25 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:908034", "title": "Mechanism of tumor cell resistance to lysis by syngeneic lymphocytes.", "content": "B16 melanoma variant lines, which resisted lysis by syngeneic lymphocytes, were selected in vitro by repeated exposure of the tumor cells to purified cytotoxic lymphocytes. The resistance of the tumor cells to lysis mediated by syngeneic lymphocytes was not accompanied by a loss or masking of major histocompatibility antigens. Neither the lymphocyte-susceptible B16 (F10) nor the lymphocyte-resistant B16 (F10Lr) cells grew in allogeneic recipients, and both were destroyed in vitro by allogeneic lymphocytes. The resistance to lysis by syngeneic lymphocytes was not accompanied by loss or masking of receptors for macrophage recognition and destruction. F10Lr cells did not protect F10 cells from lymphocyte-mediated lysis in cocultivation experiments. Immunization of syngeneic mice in vivo with B16-F10 cells successfully protected mice against challenge with B16-F10 cells. However, mice immunized with B16-F10Lr cells were not protected against challenge with B16-F10 cells. B16-F10Lr cells were not immunogenic when tested under this condition. Light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopic studies of tumor cell-lymphocyte interaction suggested that the resistance of B16-F10Lr cells to destruction by syngeneic lymphocytes in vitro was due to the masking or absence of tumor-specific antigen(s) present on the lymphocyte-susceptible F10 cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of tumor cell resistance to lysis by syngeneic lymphocytes. B16 melanoma variant lines, which resisted lysis by syngeneic lymphocytes, were selected in vitro by repeated exposure of the tumor cells to purified cytotoxic lymphocytes. The resistance of the tumor cells to lysis mediated by syngeneic lymphocytes was not accompanied by a loss or masking of major histocompatibility antigens. Neither the lymphocyte-susceptible B16 (F10) nor the lymphocyte-resistant B16 (F10Lr) cells grew in allogeneic recipients, and both were destroyed in vitro by allogeneic lymphocytes. The resistance to lysis by syngeneic lymphocytes was not accompanied by loss or masking of receptors for macrophage recognition and destruction. F10Lr cells did not protect F10 cells from lymphocyte-mediated lysis in cocultivation experiments. Immunization of syngeneic mice in vivo with B16-F10 cells successfully protected mice against challenge with B16-F10 cells. However, mice immunized with B16-F10Lr cells were not protected against challenge with B16-F10 cells. B16-F10Lr cells were not immunogenic when tested under this condition. Light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopic studies of tumor cell-lymphocyte interaction suggested that the resistance of B16-F10Lr cells to destruction by syngeneic lymphocytes in vitro was due to the masking or absence of tumor-specific antigen(s) present on the lymphocyte-susceptible F10 cells."}
{"id": "PMID:908035", "title": "Ultrastructural comparison between cultured and tumor cells of human malignant melanoma.", "content": "Tumor cells from 28 human malignant melanomas were compared by electron microscopy with cultured cells of 17 established human melanoma cell lines derived from the same types of tumors. Both tumor and cultured cells were classified into five types according to their different fine-structural characteristics. There was a correlation between the cell types observed in the tumor fragments and in the cell lines. This evidence suggests that cultured human melanoma cells retained in vitro the characteristics of the melanoma cells in vivo, from which they were derived.", "contents": "Ultrastructural comparison between cultured and tumor cells of human malignant melanoma. Tumor cells from 28 human malignant melanomas were compared by electron microscopy with cultured cells of 17 established human melanoma cell lines derived from the same types of tumors. Both tumor and cultured cells were classified into five types according to their different fine-structural characteristics. There was a correlation between the cell types observed in the tumor fragments and in the cell lines. This evidence suggests that cultured human melanoma cells retained in vitro the characteristics of the melanoma cells in vivo, from which they were derived."}
{"id": "PMID:908036", "title": "Disposition of 5-fluorouracil after intravenous bolus doses of a commercial formulation to cancer patients.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method that is used to determine the pharmacokinetic disposition of 5-fluorouracil from the plasma compartment is presented. The method requires only 0.5 ml of plasma for each determination and is sensitive to 0.1 mg of drug per liter. Novel methodology with the use of an ion-specific electrode technique for the determination of urinary excretion kinetics of 5-fluorouracil and its metabolites is also presented. This study demonstrated a much greater variability for the disposition of 5-fluorouracil by cancer patients than has been reported previously. The apparent volume of distribution for this drug varied more than 37-fold. Its plasma half-life varied more than 19-fold, and its urinary excretion half-life varied almost 400-fold. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that this variation could account, at least in part, for the variable therapeutic and toxic response to 5-fluorouracil. The methodology presented in this study is sufficiently simple and sensitive to allow assessment of this hypothesis by investigating cancer patients who receive therapeutic doses of 5-fluorouracil.", "contents": "Disposition of 5-fluorouracil after intravenous bolus doses of a commercial formulation to cancer patients. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method that is used to determine the pharmacokinetic disposition of 5-fluorouracil from the plasma compartment is presented. The method requires only 0.5 ml of plasma for each determination and is sensitive to 0.1 mg of drug per liter. Novel methodology with the use of an ion-specific electrode technique for the determination of urinary excretion kinetics of 5-fluorouracil and its metabolites is also presented. This study demonstrated a much greater variability for the disposition of 5-fluorouracil by cancer patients than has been reported previously. The apparent volume of distribution for this drug varied more than 37-fold. Its plasma half-life varied more than 19-fold, and its urinary excretion half-life varied almost 400-fold. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that this variation could account, at least in part, for the variable therapeutic and toxic response to 5-fluorouracil. The methodology presented in this study is sufficiently simple and sensitive to allow assessment of this hypothesis by investigating cancer patients who receive therapeutic doses of 5-fluorouracil."}
{"id": "PMID:908037", "title": "Method for quantitating tumor cell removal and tumor cell-invasive capacity in experimental metastases.", "content": "An improved method is presented for analyzing the decay of i.v.-injected labeled tumor cells in the lung. A simple compartment analysis yields quantitative values for (a) the rate at which tumor cells are lost or cleared from the lung, and (b) the \"invasion\" rate at which tumor cells colonize the interstitial space. Statistical methods are outlined for testing the significance of the contribution of each rate to the overall shape of the decay curve and for testing whether or not a given rate is altered significantly during an experiment. The usefulness of the method is demonstrated in analysis of experiments involving perturbations of the host or of the injected tumor cells.", "contents": "Method for quantitating tumor cell removal and tumor cell-invasive capacity in experimental metastases. An improved method is presented for analyzing the decay of i.v.-injected labeled tumor cells in the lung. A simple compartment analysis yields quantitative values for (a) the rate at which tumor cells are lost or cleared from the lung, and (b) the \"invasion\" rate at which tumor cells colonize the interstitial space. Statistical methods are outlined for testing the significance of the contribution of each rate to the overall shape of the decay curve and for testing whether or not a given rate is altered significantly during an experiment. The usefulness of the method is demonstrated in analysis of experiments involving perturbations of the host or of the injected tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:908038", "title": "Variants of a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line which differ in morphology and carcinoembryonic antigen production.", "content": "A variant, HCT-8R, of the colon adenocarcinoma cell line HCT-8 was located and cloned. The variant and parent cell line were characterized with respect to morphology, growth characteristics, karyotype, production of Cea, and ability to form tumors in nude mice. The variant cells differed from the parent cells in morphology, marker chromosomes, and ability to form colonies in soft agar and produced more carcinoembryonic antigen. The two cell strains were equally oncogenic in nude mice, although HCT-8R cells produced poorly differentiated tumors while HCT-8 cells produced tumors with both differentiated and poorly differentiated areas. Thus, in nude mice, no correlation was observed between carcinoembryonic antigen production by cells and their oncogenicity.", "contents": "Variants of a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line which differ in morphology and carcinoembryonic antigen production. A variant, HCT-8R, of the colon adenocarcinoma cell line HCT-8 was located and cloned. The variant and parent cell line were characterized with respect to morphology, growth characteristics, karyotype, production of Cea, and ability to form tumors in nude mice. The variant cells differed from the parent cells in morphology, marker chromosomes, and ability to form colonies in soft agar and produced more carcinoembryonic antigen. The two cell strains were equally oncogenic in nude mice, although HCT-8R cells produced poorly differentiated tumors while HCT-8 cells produced tumors with both differentiated and poorly differentiated areas. Thus, in nude mice, no correlation was observed between carcinoembryonic antigen production by cells and their oncogenicity."}
{"id": "PMID:908039", "title": "Heterotransplantation of a human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line in nude mice.", "content": "Nude mice of NIH/Swiss background were utilized for the heterotransplantation of a tissue culture cell line derived from a human prostate adenocarcinoma metastatic to the brain. These cells, which had been grown in vitro for 13 passages, formed solid tumors when injected s.c. into nude mice. The cell line DU 145 has been passaged 60 times in vitro over a period of 18 months. Tumors removed from the mice were serially transplanted to additional mice and reestablished in vitro. Light-microscopic analysis of the tumor grown in nude mice revealed a strong similarity to the patient's metastatic tumor. The ultrastructure of the tumor cells propagated in nude mice was compared to that of the original human tumor cells and to the tissue culture cells, both before and after passage in nude mouse. No major differences were detected. Karyotypic analysis of the tumor cells grown in vitro before mouse passage, grown in nude mouse, and grown in vitro after mouse passage indicated chromosomal identity and consistent marker chromosomes: three large acrocentric chromosomes and metacentric minute chromosomes.", "contents": "Heterotransplantation of a human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line in nude mice. Nude mice of NIH/Swiss background were utilized for the heterotransplantation of a tissue culture cell line derived from a human prostate adenocarcinoma metastatic to the brain. These cells, which had been grown in vitro for 13 passages, formed solid tumors when injected s.c. into nude mice. The cell line DU 145 has been passaged 60 times in vitro over a period of 18 months. Tumors removed from the mice were serially transplanted to additional mice and reestablished in vitro. Light-microscopic analysis of the tumor grown in nude mice revealed a strong similarity to the patient's metastatic tumor. The ultrastructure of the tumor cells propagated in nude mice was compared to that of the original human tumor cells and to the tissue culture cells, both before and after passage in nude mouse. No major differences were detected. Karyotypic analysis of the tumor cells grown in vitro before mouse passage, grown in nude mouse, and grown in vitro after mouse passage indicated chromosomal identity and consistent marker chromosomes: three large acrocentric chromosomes and metacentric minute chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:908040", "title": "Cellular and serum involvement in protection against Friend leukemia virus.", "content": "Treatment of mice with the immunomodulator pyran copolymer inhibited leukemogenesis produced by Friend leukemia virus (FLV) complex, as evidenced by inhibition of the spleen focus-forming virus and lymphatic leukemia virus, as well as by a significant decrease in splenomegaly. In this report we present data suggesting that the protective effect of pyran is mediated by macrophages. Protection was conferred on normal recipient mice when peritoneal exudate cells from pyran-treated mice were transferred to recipient mice infected 24 hr later with FLV. Animals receiving pyran-activated peritoneal cells had a significant reduction of splenomegaly and of titers of spleen focus-forming virus and lymphatic leukemia virus than did control animals. In contrast, when glycogen-elicited peritoneal exudate cells were transferred, the mice were not protected. Pyran-activated peritoneal cells, but not normal peritoneal cells, also inhibited FLV growth in vitro. Serum from pyran-treated, but not glycogen-treated, mice also transferred resistance to FLV-infected mice.", "contents": "Cellular and serum involvement in protection against Friend leukemia virus. Treatment of mice with the immunomodulator pyran copolymer inhibited leukemogenesis produced by Friend leukemia virus (FLV) complex, as evidenced by inhibition of the spleen focus-forming virus and lymphatic leukemia virus, as well as by a significant decrease in splenomegaly. In this report we present data suggesting that the protective effect of pyran is mediated by macrophages. Protection was conferred on normal recipient mice when peritoneal exudate cells from pyran-treated mice were transferred to recipient mice infected 24 hr later with FLV. Animals receiving pyran-activated peritoneal cells had a significant reduction of splenomegaly and of titers of spleen focus-forming virus and lymphatic leukemia virus than did control animals. In contrast, when glycogen-elicited peritoneal exudate cells were transferred, the mice were not protected. Pyran-activated peritoneal cells, but not normal peritoneal cells, also inhibited FLV growth in vitro. Serum from pyran-treated, but not glycogen-treated, mice also transferred resistance to FLV-infected mice."}
{"id": "PMID:908042", "title": "Clinical significance of fucose level in glycoprotein fraction of serum in patients with malignant tumors.", "content": "Serum fucose content in the glycoprotein fraction was determined in various patients with malignant and benign diseases. The results showed that, in contrast to benign diseases, malignant diseases were characterized by an increased fucose content in the glycoprotein fraction. However, no significant difference was noted in the fucose levels in the mucoprotein fraction. The increased fucose level in glycoprotein in malignant diseases was parallel to the increment in total fucose content in serum, which suggests that the increased levels in total fucose in malignant diseases, reported previously, are primarily due to the increase in fucose-containing glycoprotein.", "contents": "Clinical significance of fucose level in glycoprotein fraction of serum in patients with malignant tumors. Serum fucose content in the glycoprotein fraction was determined in various patients with malignant and benign diseases. The results showed that, in contrast to benign diseases, malignant diseases were characterized by an increased fucose content in the glycoprotein fraction. However, no significant difference was noted in the fucose levels in the mucoprotein fraction. The increased fucose level in glycoprotein in malignant diseases was parallel to the increment in total fucose content in serum, which suggests that the increased levels in total fucose in malignant diseases, reported previously, are primarily due to the increase in fucose-containing glycoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:908045", "title": "Isozymes of acid phosphatase in normal and cancerous human prostatic tissue.", "content": "The supernatants of the homogenates from normal and cancerous human prostatic tissue run on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have 2 major electrophoretic bands when stained for prostatic acid phosphatase. The ratios of the electrophoretically distinguishable isoenzymes differ in normal and cancerous tissues. Similar distinctions between isoenzymes in normal and cancerous prostates are observed following column chromatographic separation or isoelectric focusing. The faster electrophoretic band can be separated by diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography or by isoelectric focusing into at least five fractions with different electrophoretic mobilities. We could not find any differences in normal and cancerous tissues among these subfractions of the faster-moving electrophoretic band. Analysis by gel electrophoresis does not show association between these fractions after chromatographic or isoelectric separation of the prostatic acid phosphatase fractions. Quantitative, but no qualitative, differences in prostatic acid phosphatase isozymes occur in normal versus cancerous prostates.", "contents": "Isozymes of acid phosphatase in normal and cancerous human prostatic tissue. The supernatants of the homogenates from normal and cancerous human prostatic tissue run on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have 2 major electrophoretic bands when stained for prostatic acid phosphatase. The ratios of the electrophoretically distinguishable isoenzymes differ in normal and cancerous tissues. Similar distinctions between isoenzymes in normal and cancerous prostates are observed following column chromatographic separation or isoelectric focusing. The faster electrophoretic band can be separated by diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography or by isoelectric focusing into at least five fractions with different electrophoretic mobilities. We could not find any differences in normal and cancerous tissues among these subfractions of the faster-moving electrophoretic band. Analysis by gel electrophoresis does not show association between these fractions after chromatographic or isoelectric separation of the prostatic acid phosphatase fractions. Quantitative, but no qualitative, differences in prostatic acid phosphatase isozymes occur in normal versus cancerous prostates."}
{"id": "PMID:908046", "title": "Modification of benzo(a)pyrene metabolism with microsomes by addition of uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid.", "content": "The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) by rat liver microsomes was examined in the presence and absence of uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA). BaP metabolites were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The normal chromatographic patterns of the metabolities were altered by the addition of UDPGA. At concentrations of UDPGA at which the elutions of dihydrodiol components were unchanged, phenol and quinone elution profiles were selectively decreased. The decreased activities of microsomal mixed-function oxidases by UDPGA were also observed with the use of the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase assay. The decrease may not be due to inhibition of those enzymes, but rather to formation of glucuronide conjugates with oxygenated BaP metabolites. These results suggest that glucuronidation may be important in the detoxification of BaP.", "contents": "Modification of benzo(a)pyrene metabolism with microsomes by addition of uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid. The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) by rat liver microsomes was examined in the presence and absence of uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA). BaP metabolites were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The normal chromatographic patterns of the metabolities were altered by the addition of UDPGA. At concentrations of UDPGA at which the elutions of dihydrodiol components were unchanged, phenol and quinone elution profiles were selectively decreased. The decreased activities of microsomal mixed-function oxidases by UDPGA were also observed with the use of the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase assay. The decrease may not be due to inhibition of those enzymes, but rather to formation of glucuronide conjugates with oxygenated BaP metabolites. These results suggest that glucuronidation may be important in the detoxification of BaP."}
{"id": "PMID:908047", "title": "Comparison of the tumor-initiating activities of benzo(a)pyrene arene oxides and diol-epoxides.", "content": "The ability of arene oxides, and diol epoxides of benzo(a)pyrene to initiate skin tumors in mice was determined by using a two-stage system of tumorigenesis. (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-Dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene was a more effective tumor initiator than was (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene when applied topically to CD-1 mice and then followed by twice-weekly applications of the promotor 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-Dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene was approximately 20 to 30% as active as benzo(a)pyrene was as a tumor initiator. (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-Dihydroxy-7beta,8beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, 9,10-oxide, and benzo(a)pyrene 11, 12-oxide, possessed about 1, 2, and 10%, respectively, of the tumor-initiating activity of benzo(a)pyrene.", "contents": "Comparison of the tumor-initiating activities of benzo(a)pyrene arene oxides and diol-epoxides. The ability of arene oxides, and diol epoxides of benzo(a)pyrene to initiate skin tumors in mice was determined by using a two-stage system of tumorigenesis. (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-Dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene was a more effective tumor initiator than was (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene when applied topically to CD-1 mice and then followed by twice-weekly applications of the promotor 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-Dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene was approximately 20 to 30% as active as benzo(a)pyrene was as a tumor initiator. (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-Dihydroxy-7beta,8beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, 9,10-oxide, and benzo(a)pyrene 11, 12-oxide, possessed about 1, 2, and 10%, respectively, of the tumor-initiating activity of benzo(a)pyrene."}
{"id": "PMID:908048", "title": "Immune RNA-mediated transfer of tumor antigen responsiveness to unresponsive peritoneal exudate cells from tumor-bearing animals.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from mice inoculated 5 to 7 days previously with 1 X 10(6) MOPC-315 plasmacytoma cells exhibit in vitro migration-inhibitory factor reactivity to soluble tumor-associated antigens. By 10 to 14 days of tumor growth, PEC from MOPC-315-bearing mice did not elicit migration-inhibitory factor when stimulated with MOPC-315 tumor-associated antigens but were still capable of migration-inhibitory factor production when stimulated with nontumor antigens. RNA-rich extracts prepared from 5- and 6-day postgrafting tumor bearers were capable of transferring tumor antigen reactivity to both normal PEC and PEC from unresponsive MOPC-315-bearing mice. On the other hand, RNA from unresponsive tumor bearers was incapable of transferring tumor antigen reactivity to normal mouse cells.", "contents": "Immune RNA-mediated transfer of tumor antigen responsiveness to unresponsive peritoneal exudate cells from tumor-bearing animals. Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from mice inoculated 5 to 7 days previously with 1 X 10(6) MOPC-315 plasmacytoma cells exhibit in vitro migration-inhibitory factor reactivity to soluble tumor-associated antigens. By 10 to 14 days of tumor growth, PEC from MOPC-315-bearing mice did not elicit migration-inhibitory factor when stimulated with MOPC-315 tumor-associated antigens but were still capable of migration-inhibitory factor production when stimulated with nontumor antigens. RNA-rich extracts prepared from 5- and 6-day postgrafting tumor bearers were capable of transferring tumor antigen reactivity to both normal PEC and PEC from unresponsive MOPC-315-bearing mice. On the other hand, RNA from unresponsive tumor bearers was incapable of transferring tumor antigen reactivity to normal mouse cells."}
{"id": "PMID:908049", "title": "Immunomorphological features of prognostic significance in Dukes' Class B colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Histological slides of primary tumors and regional lymph nodes from 134 unselected patients operated on for colorectal carcinoma of Dukes' Class B were assessed semiquantitatively for the presence of perivascular lymphocyte cuffing in the muscular layers and pericolic/subserosal fat immediately subjacent to the tumors and for paracortical hyperplasia in the regional lymph nodes. These two immunomorphological features related significantly to each other (p less than 0.05), and their combined presence related signifcantly to favorable disease-free interval (p = 0.02) and to survival (p = 0.04), making possible the identification of a subgroup of approximately one-third of Dukes' B class patients with an estimated better than 85% chance for 5-year recurrence-free survival.", "contents": "Immunomorphological features of prognostic significance in Dukes' Class B colorectal carcinoma. Histological slides of primary tumors and regional lymph nodes from 134 unselected patients operated on for colorectal carcinoma of Dukes' Class B were assessed semiquantitatively for the presence of perivascular lymphocyte cuffing in the muscular layers and pericolic/subserosal fat immediately subjacent to the tumors and for paracortical hyperplasia in the regional lymph nodes. These two immunomorphological features related significantly to each other (p less than 0.05), and their combined presence related signifcantly to favorable disease-free interval (p = 0.02) and to survival (p = 0.04), making possible the identification of a subgroup of approximately one-third of Dukes' B class patients with an estimated better than 85% chance for 5-year recurrence-free survival."}
{"id": "PMID:908050", "title": "Effect of high-fat diet on colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, methylazoxymethanol acetate, or methylnitrosourea.", "content": "Male inbred F344 weanling rats were fed semipurified diets containing 20 or 5% beef fats. At 7 weeks of age, all animals except controls were given 1,2-dimethylhydrazine [DMH (150 mg/kg body weight s.c.; one dose)], methylazoxymethanol acetate [MAM acetate (35 mg/kg body weight i.p.; one dose)], or methylnitrosourea (2.5 mg/rat/week intrarectally; two doses), and autopsied 35 weeks later. No major differences were observed in the frequency (number of rats with tumor) of DMH- or MAM acetate-induced duodenal, ear duct, and kidney tumors between the rats fed diets containing 20 or 5% fat. However, the animals fed the diet containing 20% fat had slight although not statistically significant influence on the incidence of adenomas and adenocarcinomas in the colon.", "contents": "Effect of high-fat diet on colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, methylazoxymethanol acetate, or methylnitrosourea. Male inbred F344 weanling rats were fed semipurified diets containing 20 or 5% beef fats. At 7 weeks of age, all animals except controls were given 1,2-dimethylhydrazine [DMH (150 mg/kg body weight s.c.; one dose)], methylazoxymethanol acetate [MAM acetate (35 mg/kg body weight i.p.; one dose)], or methylnitrosourea (2.5 mg/rat/week intrarectally; two doses), and autopsied 35 weeks later. No major differences were observed in the frequency (number of rats with tumor) of DMH- or MAM acetate-induced duodenal, ear duct, and kidney tumors between the rats fed diets containing 20 or 5% fat. However, the animals fed the diet containing 20% fat had slight although not statistically significant influence on the incidence of adenomas and adenocarcinomas in the colon."}
{"id": "PMID:908051", "title": "Embryogeneic cell type, organ site sequence specificity in human cancers.", "content": "An extensive series of cross-hybridization studies were carried out with the DNA-RNA molecular hybridization technique. Molecular 70 S [3H]DNA probes synthesized from human central nervous system, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and prostatic carcinomas were hybridized to cytoplasmic RNA's isolated from cancers of virtually all organ sites of the human body. Results indicated sequence homology between cancers of the same organ or cell type but not with cancers of different cell types. Thus cell types based on embryological origins determine the organ site specificity of the involved sequences. The designation of 70 S [3H]DNA denotes those [3H]DNA's that were copied off the template 70 S RNA, as distinguished from total [3H]DNA product, which includes all DNA's synthesized. It does not necessarily follow nor is it to be inferred that the 70 S [3H] DNA thus designated contains the full complement of the sequences found in the 70 S RNA template.", "contents": "Embryogeneic cell type, organ site sequence specificity in human cancers. An extensive series of cross-hybridization studies were carried out with the DNA-RNA molecular hybridization technique. Molecular 70 S [3H]DNA probes synthesized from human central nervous system, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and prostatic carcinomas were hybridized to cytoplasmic RNA's isolated from cancers of virtually all organ sites of the human body. Results indicated sequence homology between cancers of the same organ or cell type but not with cancers of different cell types. Thus cell types based on embryological origins determine the organ site specificity of the involved sequences. The designation of 70 S [3H]DNA denotes those [3H]DNA's that were copied off the template 70 S RNA, as distinguished from total [3H]DNA product, which includes all DNA's synthesized. It does not necessarily follow nor is it to be inferred that the 70 S [3H] DNA thus designated contains the full complement of the sequences found in the 70 S RNA template."}
{"id": "PMID:908103", "title": "Combined gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry of sphingolipids. I. Glucosyl sphingosine, ceramides and cerebrosides of the spleen in Gaucher's disease.", "content": "Trimethylsilylated glucosyl sphingosine, ceramides and glucocerebrosides were analysed by combined gas chromatography (GC)-chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometry. Isobutane, methane and ammonia were used as reactant gasses for chemical ionization. Essentially the same fragment ions were detected in the spectra with the different reactant gases. Purified glucocerebrosides isolated from the spleen of a patient with Gaucher's disease were clearly separated into their 8 molecular species by gas chromatography. Three other minor components were detected by spectrometry, and these 11 molecular species of glucocerbrosides from the spleen of the patient with Gaucher's disease have been analysed. The ceramides obtained by periodate oxidation and then alkaline reduction of the glucocerebrosides were also separated into 11 molecular species by GC-CI mass spectrometry. Molecular weight could be determined using the major fragment ion of m/e (M+-90) in the spectra of ceramides and cerebrosides. The chemical ionization method is useful for structural analysis and determination of the molecular species of sphingoglycolipids.", "contents": "Combined gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry of sphingolipids. I. Glucosyl sphingosine, ceramides and cerebrosides of the spleen in Gaucher's disease. Trimethylsilylated glucosyl sphingosine, ceramides and glucocerebrosides were analysed by combined gas chromatography (GC)-chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometry. Isobutane, methane and ammonia were used as reactant gasses for chemical ionization. Essentially the same fragment ions were detected in the spectra with the different reactant gases. Purified glucocerebrosides isolated from the spleen of a patient with Gaucher's disease were clearly separated into their 8 molecular species by gas chromatography. Three other minor components were detected by spectrometry, and these 11 molecular species of glucocerbrosides from the spleen of the patient with Gaucher's disease have been analysed. The ceramides obtained by periodate oxidation and then alkaline reduction of the glucocerebrosides were also separated into 11 molecular species by GC-CI mass spectrometry. Molecular weight could be determined using the major fragment ion of m/e (M+-90) in the spectra of ceramides and cerebrosides. The chemical ionization method is useful for structural analysis and determination of the molecular species of sphingoglycolipids."}
{"id": "PMID:908104", "title": "The interaction of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate with thyroid lipids and membranes: a nuclear magnetic resonance study.", "content": "The proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectra of thyroid cell membranes and their total lipid extracts, in the presence of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS), have been studied. The addition of ANS causes an shifting of the head group PMR signal, a splitting of the signal into two components and an increase in total spectral intensity. The data suggest that ANS interacts with phospholipid in the membrane as it does in total lipid vesicles. Evidence is also presented for the removal of lipids from the membrane, by ANS, and the subsequent formation of micelles. The membrane results are compared with our earlier work on the interaction of ANS with egg phosphatidylcholine (P.C.) vesicles and the results are used in explaining the inhibition of iodide transport in isolated thyroid slices.", "contents": "The interaction of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate with thyroid lipids and membranes: a nuclear magnetic resonance study. The proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectra of thyroid cell membranes and their total lipid extracts, in the presence of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS), have been studied. The addition of ANS causes an shifting of the head group PMR signal, a splitting of the signal into two components and an increase in total spectral intensity. The data suggest that ANS interacts with phospholipid in the membrane as it does in total lipid vesicles. Evidence is also presented for the removal of lipids from the membrane, by ANS, and the subsequent formation of micelles. The membrane results are compared with our earlier work on the interaction of ANS with egg phosphatidylcholine (P.C.) vesicles and the results are used in explaining the inhibition of iodide transport in isolated thyroid slices."}
{"id": "PMID:908105", "title": "Proton conduction in phosphatidylethanolamine.", "content": "The dc conductivity of polycrystalline phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was measured in the temperature range 60-120 degrees C. Since no conclusive evidence had so far been obtained for the presence of proteon conduction in this phospholipid, hydrogen gas was shown in the present experiment to evolve during the electrolysis in its premelted state between 91 and 124 degrees C. In this temperature range molecules assume rotation around the molecular axes and proton conduction of the Grotthus type takes place possibly along two chains of intermolecular hydrogen bonds running in parallel. Zwitter-ions behave cooperatively as proton donors and acceptors in transferring proton from molecule and molecule via the hydrogen bond networks. This efficient push-pull way of proton transferring seems to account for the fact that no polarization was observed in the dc conduction experiments. The amount of devolved gas appears to be not exactly in accordance with Faraday's law and discussions are made on possible causes for this slight deviation.", "contents": "Proton conduction in phosphatidylethanolamine. The dc conductivity of polycrystalline phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was measured in the temperature range 60-120 degrees C. Since no conclusive evidence had so far been obtained for the presence of proteon conduction in this phospholipid, hydrogen gas was shown in the present experiment to evolve during the electrolysis in its premelted state between 91 and 124 degrees C. In this temperature range molecules assume rotation around the molecular axes and proton conduction of the Grotthus type takes place possibly along two chains of intermolecular hydrogen bonds running in parallel. Zwitter-ions behave cooperatively as proton donors and acceptors in transferring proton from molecule and molecule via the hydrogen bond networks. This efficient push-pull way of proton transferring seems to account for the fact that no polarization was observed in the dc conduction experiments. The amount of devolved gas appears to be not exactly in accordance with Faraday's law and discussions are made on possible causes for this slight deviation."}
{"id": "PMID:908106", "title": "Cerebroside analogues from 3-phenylserines.", "content": "Cerebroside analogues were synthesized from DL-threo-and DL-erythro-3-phenylserines by the following sequence of reactions: esterification, N-acylation, reduction with sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxy)-aluminum hydride (SMEAH), and condensation with acetobromoglucose followed by deacetylation. Mass spectrometry disclosed that the glycosidic bond was formed at the primary hydroxyl group.", "contents": "Cerebroside analogues from 3-phenylserines. Cerebroside analogues were synthesized from DL-threo-and DL-erythro-3-phenylserines by the following sequence of reactions: esterification, N-acylation, reduction with sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxy)-aluminum hydride (SMEAH), and condensation with acetobromoglucose followed by deacetylation. Mass spectrometry disclosed that the glycosidic bond was formed at the primary hydroxyl group."}
{"id": "PMID:908108", "title": "Heterogeneity of the hypoxic state in perfused rat heart.", "content": "Tissue oxygen gradients were examined in the saline-perfused rat heart by NADH fluorescence photography. In high flow hypoxia, where the coronary flow was maintained and the arterial oxygen tension was gradually reduced, oxygen extraction was virtually complete before oxygen consumption was significantly diminished. Inadequate oxygen delivery resulted in a well defined pattern of anoxic zones. The anoxic zones were several hundred microns in width, an order of magnitude greater than intercapillary distances. In low flow hypoxia (ischemia), where the arterial oxygen tension remained at its control value and the coronary flow was diminished, anoxic zones also developed, following the same pattern as in high flow hypoxia. However, in ischemia, the anoxic areas developed while the effluent oxygen tesion was significantly greater than zero. Whereas respiratory acidosis between pH 7.3 and 6.9 resulted in vasodilation, below PH 6.8 there was a marked increase in vascular resistance. Anoxic zones appeared despite only a slight change in effluent oxygen tension from the control. In high flow hypoxia, ischemia, and acidosis-induced ischemia, the anoxic zones disappeared when control perfusion conditions were restored. The data demonstrate that tissue oxygen gradients are very steep in the hypoxic state, so that ischemia and hypoxia result in discrete heterogeneous areas of anoxic tissue bounded by sharp areas where the oxygen supply is sufficient to maintain normal mitochondrial oxidative function. In these states in which oxygen delivery is less than oxygen demand, coronary perfusion appears to be regulated at the level of the arterioles rather than the capillaries.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of the hypoxic state in perfused rat heart. Tissue oxygen gradients were examined in the saline-perfused rat heart by NADH fluorescence photography. In high flow hypoxia, where the coronary flow was maintained and the arterial oxygen tension was gradually reduced, oxygen extraction was virtually complete before oxygen consumption was significantly diminished. Inadequate oxygen delivery resulted in a well defined pattern of anoxic zones. The anoxic zones were several hundred microns in width, an order of magnitude greater than intercapillary distances. In low flow hypoxia (ischemia), where the arterial oxygen tension remained at its control value and the coronary flow was diminished, anoxic zones also developed, following the same pattern as in high flow hypoxia. However, in ischemia, the anoxic areas developed while the effluent oxygen tesion was significantly greater than zero. Whereas respiratory acidosis between pH 7.3 and 6.9 resulted in vasodilation, below PH 6.8 there was a marked increase in vascular resistance. Anoxic zones appeared despite only a slight change in effluent oxygen tension from the control. In high flow hypoxia, ischemia, and acidosis-induced ischemia, the anoxic zones disappeared when control perfusion conditions were restored. The data demonstrate that tissue oxygen gradients are very steep in the hypoxic state, so that ischemia and hypoxia result in discrete heterogeneous areas of anoxic tissue bounded by sharp areas where the oxygen supply is sufficient to maintain normal mitochondrial oxidative function. In these states in which oxygen delivery is less than oxygen demand, coronary perfusion appears to be regulated at the level of the arterioles rather than the capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:908109", "title": "Relationship between acetylstrophanthidin-induced aftercontractions and the strength of contraction of canine ventricular myocardium.", "content": "Contractile activity was recorded from isolated canine ventricular muscle exposed to acetylstrophanthidin (AS), 0.5 to 2 X 10(-7) g/ml. Development of the positive inotropic effect of AS was accompanied by the appearance of aftercontractions (AC) coupled to the driven responses. The amplitudes of AC increased with the number of preceding beats. Test beats occurring during the ascending limb of AC were potentiated and the potentiation increased with the amplitude of the AC. Beats falling during the descending limb decreased in strength as the amplitude of the AC increased. As eliminated the frequency dependence of restitution. However, staircase phenomena persisted and were then found to be dependent on the phase relationship of each beat to underlying AC. These findings suggest an important role for AC in the inotropic actions of digitalis and in determining strengh-interval relationships of ventricular muscle treated with digitalis.", "contents": "Relationship between acetylstrophanthidin-induced aftercontractions and the strength of contraction of canine ventricular myocardium. Contractile activity was recorded from isolated canine ventricular muscle exposed to acetylstrophanthidin (AS), 0.5 to 2 X 10(-7) g/ml. Development of the positive inotropic effect of AS was accompanied by the appearance of aftercontractions (AC) coupled to the driven responses. The amplitudes of AC increased with the number of preceding beats. Test beats occurring during the ascending limb of AC were potentiated and the potentiation increased with the amplitude of the AC. Beats falling during the descending limb decreased in strength as the amplitude of the AC increased. As eliminated the frequency dependence of restitution. However, staircase phenomena persisted and were then found to be dependent on the phase relationship of each beat to underlying AC. These findings suggest an important role for AC in the inotropic actions of digitalis and in determining strengh-interval relationships of ventricular muscle treated with digitalis."}
{"id": "PMID:908110", "title": "Differential effects of digoxin at comparable concentrations in tissues of fetal and adult sheep.", "content": "Electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes and carotid arterial and superior vena caval (SVC) catheters were placed in eight nonpregnant ewes and 11 fetuses (109-129 days gestation) to measure heart rate, arterial presssure, P-R interval, left ventricular pre-ejection period (PEP), and left ventricular ejection time (LVET), before and after digoxin infusion into the SVC. After the ewes were killed, the steady state concentration of digoxin in plasma was related to the concentration in midbrain and left ventricular free wall. Although concentrations of digoxin in tissue differed between fetuses and ewes, tissue-plasma ratios were similar; the myocardial-plasma ratio was 87 for fetuses and 90 for ewes and the midbrain-plasma ratios were 6.4 and 5.3, respectively. In spite of these similarities, physiological and toxic effects differed at comparable plasma concentrations. Reduction in PEP/LVET ratio was greater in ewes than fetuses, and P-R interval prolongation was linearly related to digoxin concentration in fetuses but uncommon at plasma concentrations below 2 ng/ml in ewes. Arrhythmias occurred in six ewes, but in only one fetus, even though the mean steady state concentration of digoxin in plasma was 4.5 ng/ml in the fetuses and 2.3 ng/ml in the ewes. Atropine had little effect on digoxin-induced P-R interrval prolongation, and isoproterenol produced no tachyarrhythmias in the fetuses. Age-related differences in inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of digoxin exist exist and are related to differences in drug response rather than drug kinetics; this provides experimental support for the different dosage responses.", "contents": "Differential effects of digoxin at comparable concentrations in tissues of fetal and adult sheep. Electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes and carotid arterial and superior vena caval (SVC) catheters were placed in eight nonpregnant ewes and 11 fetuses (109-129 days gestation) to measure heart rate, arterial presssure, P-R interval, left ventricular pre-ejection period (PEP), and left ventricular ejection time (LVET), before and after digoxin infusion into the SVC. After the ewes were killed, the steady state concentration of digoxin in plasma was related to the concentration in midbrain and left ventricular free wall. Although concentrations of digoxin in tissue differed between fetuses and ewes, tissue-plasma ratios were similar; the myocardial-plasma ratio was 87 for fetuses and 90 for ewes and the midbrain-plasma ratios were 6.4 and 5.3, respectively. In spite of these similarities, physiological and toxic effects differed at comparable plasma concentrations. Reduction in PEP/LVET ratio was greater in ewes than fetuses, and P-R interval prolongation was linearly related to digoxin concentration in fetuses but uncommon at plasma concentrations below 2 ng/ml in ewes. Arrhythmias occurred in six ewes, but in only one fetus, even though the mean steady state concentration of digoxin in plasma was 4.5 ng/ml in the fetuses and 2.3 ng/ml in the ewes. Atropine had little effect on digoxin-induced P-R interrval prolongation, and isoproterenol produced no tachyarrhythmias in the fetuses. Age-related differences in inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of digoxin exist exist and are related to differences in drug response rather than drug kinetics; this provides experimental support for the different dosage responses."}
{"id": "PMID:908111", "title": "Electrophysiological responses of cardiac muscle to isoproterenol covalently linked to glass beads.", "content": "We investigated the effects of isoproterenol aryl glass beads on the electrical properties of cardiac muscle and related these to our previous results concerning biochemical and contractile effects (Ingebretsen et al., Circ, Rs., 40: 474-484, 1977). Beads (10-15) were placed near one end to guinea pig papillary muscles mounted horizontally in a bath perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution at 30 degrees C and stimulated at 0.2 Hz. The beads produced increased tension and elevation and slight lengthening of the plateau potential when [k+]o = 3.8 mM. After depolarization to a resting potential of -49 mV with [K+]o = 22 mM, isoproterenol beads restored contraction to a comparable extent as occurred with 10(-8) M soluble drug. During field stimulation, action potentials were initiated at the site of bead application and spread decrementally. When beads were placed distal to the site of point stimulation, virtually no excitation could be obtained from cells in the vicinity of the beads. When they were placed close to the stimulating electrode, the beads increased excitability and typical slow action potentials spread to the other end of the muscle. These potentials had the characteristics associated with the slow inward Ca2+ current. The slow channel blocker, D-600, blocked responses to isoproterenol beads. Tetrodotoxin caused responses similar to those obtained with K+ depolarization. The beads probably act by stimulating only a small fraction of the papillary muscle catecholamine receptors. Spread of action potentials from these sites and propagated tension depend on Ca2+ influx, but the nature of an intermediate messenger involved in the propagation of contractions is unknown.", "contents": "Electrophysiological responses of cardiac muscle to isoproterenol covalently linked to glass beads. We investigated the effects of isoproterenol aryl glass beads on the electrical properties of cardiac muscle and related these to our previous results concerning biochemical and contractile effects (Ingebretsen et al., Circ, Rs., 40: 474-484, 1977). Beads (10-15) were placed near one end to guinea pig papillary muscles mounted horizontally in a bath perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution at 30 degrees C and stimulated at 0.2 Hz. The beads produced increased tension and elevation and slight lengthening of the plateau potential when [k+]o = 3.8 mM. After depolarization to a resting potential of -49 mV with [K+]o = 22 mM, isoproterenol beads restored contraction to a comparable extent as occurred with 10(-8) M soluble drug. During field stimulation, action potentials were initiated at the site of bead application and spread decrementally. When beads were placed distal to the site of point stimulation, virtually no excitation could be obtained from cells in the vicinity of the beads. When they were placed close to the stimulating electrode, the beads increased excitability and typical slow action potentials spread to the other end of the muscle. These potentials had the characteristics associated with the slow inward Ca2+ current. The slow channel blocker, D-600, blocked responses to isoproterenol beads. Tetrodotoxin caused responses similar to those obtained with K+ depolarization. The beads probably act by stimulating only a small fraction of the papillary muscle catecholamine receptors. Spread of action potentials from these sites and propagated tension depend on Ca2+ influx, but the nature of an intermediate messenger involved in the propagation of contractions is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:908113", "title": "Absence of a lateral border zone of intermediate creatine phosphokinase depletion surrounding a central infarct 24 hours after acute coronary occlusion in the dog.", "content": "Myocardial creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was measured as an indicator of cell viability 24 hours after ligation of the left anterior sescending coronary artery (LAD) in normal myocardium, the entire region supplied by the LAD, and individual samples from the border and center of the infarct. Tissue supplied by the LAD and delineated by dye was carefully dissected from normal tissue along the stained border, CPK activity in the ischemic myocardium was calculated by assuming normal CPK activity in the ischemic myocardium was calculated by assuming normal CPK activity in normal myocardium interdigitating with ischemic tissue at the border. Normal tissue was marked prior to occlusion with microspheres injected into the left atrium, whereas the distal portion of the LAD was perfused separately with unlabeled blood from a reservoir. With this correction, the CPK activity in the ischemic tissue from the lateral border of the infarct was essentially the same as in samples from the center, whereas that in the normal tissue immediately adjacent to the stained border was equal to values in remote normal myocardium. Thus, CPK depletion throughout the entire ischemic myocardium was nearly equal to CPK depletion in the center of the infarct. The uncorrected intermediate CPK levels in the individual samples from the border of the stained region correlated with the amount of normal tissue contaminating these samples. However, differences in CPK depletion across the heart wall resulted in the most depletion in the subendocardium and the least in the epicardium. Further more, coronary collateral blood flow measured 10 minutes after occlusion correlated well with the subsequent extent of CPK depletion.", "contents": "Absence of a lateral border zone of intermediate creatine phosphokinase depletion surrounding a central infarct 24 hours after acute coronary occlusion in the dog. Myocardial creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was measured as an indicator of cell viability 24 hours after ligation of the left anterior sescending coronary artery (LAD) in normal myocardium, the entire region supplied by the LAD, and individual samples from the border and center of the infarct. Tissue supplied by the LAD and delineated by dye was carefully dissected from normal tissue along the stained border, CPK activity in the ischemic myocardium was calculated by assuming normal CPK activity in the ischemic myocardium was calculated by assuming normal CPK activity in normal myocardium interdigitating with ischemic tissue at the border. Normal tissue was marked prior to occlusion with microspheres injected into the left atrium, whereas the distal portion of the LAD was perfused separately with unlabeled blood from a reservoir. With this correction, the CPK activity in the ischemic tissue from the lateral border of the infarct was essentially the same as in samples from the center, whereas that in the normal tissue immediately adjacent to the stained border was equal to values in remote normal myocardium. Thus, CPK depletion throughout the entire ischemic myocardium was nearly equal to CPK depletion in the center of the infarct. The uncorrected intermediate CPK levels in the individual samples from the border of the stained region correlated with the amount of normal tissue contaminating these samples. However, differences in CPK depletion across the heart wall resulted in the most depletion in the subendocardium and the least in the epicardium. Further more, coronary collateral blood flow measured 10 minutes after occlusion correlated well with the subsequent extent of CPK depletion."}
{"id": "PMID:908114", "title": "Altered performance of rat cardiac muscle follows changes in mechanical stress during relaxation.", "content": "We compared two sets of loading conditions for their effect on the mechanical performance of isolated rat trabecular muscle: (1) loading which approximated that of the intact ventricle; (2) nonphysiological afterloaded isotonic contractions. Improved performance, manifested by increased shortening and rate of shortening at constant load, was seen when lengthening occurred at light loads, as in the intact heart. In contrast, lengthening occurring at the same load against with shortening had taken place was followed by diminished performance. Viscous elements in series with the muscle could not account for this phenomenon. The results suggest the presence of an autoregulatory response of myocardium to mechanical stress during relaxation.", "contents": "Altered performance of rat cardiac muscle follows changes in mechanical stress during relaxation. We compared two sets of loading conditions for their effect on the mechanical performance of isolated rat trabecular muscle: (1) loading which approximated that of the intact ventricle; (2) nonphysiological afterloaded isotonic contractions. Improved performance, manifested by increased shortening and rate of shortening at constant load, was seen when lengthening occurred at light loads, as in the intact heart. In contrast, lengthening occurring at the same load against with shortening had taken place was followed by diminished performance. Viscous elements in series with the muscle could not account for this phenomenon. The results suggest the presence of an autoregulatory response of myocardium to mechanical stress during relaxation."}
{"id": "PMID:908115", "title": "Behavior of cardiac receptors with nonmyelinated vagal afferents during spontaneous respiration in cats.", "content": "Activity from left atrial and left ventricular receptors with nonmyelinated vagal afferents (mean conduction velocity, 1.2 m/sec) was recorded in 13 closed-chest spontaneously breathing cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. The anatomic position of each receptor was determined by probing the opened heart at the conclusion of the experiment. Three of eight left atrial receptors and four of five left ventricular receptors were silent under resting conditions. The mean discharge frequency under resting conditons for the six receptors displaying spontaneous activity was 1.0 +/- 0.15 impulse/sec. Thus cardiac receptors with vagal nonmyelinated afferent have a low resting discharge in spontaneously breathing cats. The frequency and pattern of discharge of atrial but not of ventricular receptors was altered during spontaneous respiration. The atrial receptors discharged with cardiac rhythmicity during end inspiration and early expiration when transmural pressure was greatest and were silent for the remainder of the respiratory cycle. Whe respiration was augmented by CO2 breathing or blood volume was increased, the rate of discharge was a linear function of atrial transmural pressure. Eleven ventricular receptors with nonmyelinated afferents (mean conduction velocity, 1.0 m/sec) were exposed to graded volume expansion and phenylephrine infusion in eight open-chest and three spontaneously breathing cats. Raising left ventricular end-diastolic pressure alone increased the frequency of discharge, and a concomitant increase in systolic pressure caused a further increase in firing.", "contents": "Behavior of cardiac receptors with nonmyelinated vagal afferents during spontaneous respiration in cats. Activity from left atrial and left ventricular receptors with nonmyelinated vagal afferents (mean conduction velocity, 1.2 m/sec) was recorded in 13 closed-chest spontaneously breathing cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. The anatomic position of each receptor was determined by probing the opened heart at the conclusion of the experiment. Three of eight left atrial receptors and four of five left ventricular receptors were silent under resting conditions. The mean discharge frequency under resting conditons for the six receptors displaying spontaneous activity was 1.0 +/- 0.15 impulse/sec. Thus cardiac receptors with vagal nonmyelinated afferent have a low resting discharge in spontaneously breathing cats. The frequency and pattern of discharge of atrial but not of ventricular receptors was altered during spontaneous respiration. The atrial receptors discharged with cardiac rhythmicity during end inspiration and early expiration when transmural pressure was greatest and were silent for the remainder of the respiratory cycle. Whe respiration was augmented by CO2 breathing or blood volume was increased, the rate of discharge was a linear function of atrial transmural pressure. Eleven ventricular receptors with nonmyelinated afferents (mean conduction velocity, 1.0 m/sec) were exposed to graded volume expansion and phenylephrine infusion in eight open-chest and three spontaneously breathing cats. Raising left ventricular end-diastolic pressure alone increased the frequency of discharge, and a concomitant increase in systolic pressure caused a further increase in firing."}
{"id": "PMID:908116", "title": "The course of passive elasticity of myocardial tissue following experimental infarction in rabbits and its relation to mechanical dysfunction.", "content": "Given the substantial reserve of normal myocardium, its inability to sustain life in the presence of 30-50% necrosis of the left ventricle (LV) seems a paradox. It is known that dyskinesia of the infarcted area probably plays a dominant role in initiating failure after an infarction. To study this problem, a well defined experimental infarction was produced by cryogenic means in 58 rabbits, and the animals  were allowed to recover. Groups of rabbits were killed 4 hours and 1,2,5, or 10 days following infarction. As quickly as possible (within 4 minutes) a sample specimen from the infarcted area was removed from the LV and subjected to a force-elongation test while being bathed in Ringer solution at 37 degrees C equilibrated with 95% O2-5% CO2. The data were interpreted assuming an exponential stress-strain law with constants K and C. Mean values of K of 10.6 +/- 0.94 (SEM) were found for the noninfarcted control group, whereas, rather surprisingly, no significant trend in K over 10 days was found in the infarcted group. Mean values of K +/- SEM for the postinfarction groups were as follows: 4 hours, 9.51 +/- 0.63; 1 day 10.54 +/- 1.13; 2 days, 13.15 +/- 2.28; 5 days, 11.59 +/- 1.36; and over 10 days, 12.93 +/-1.02. The functional implications were estimated with a simple model of the shortening required of the viable muscle during the isovolumic phase. It was found that contractile reserve fell rapidly with increasing infarct size, reaching zero for a 60% infarct when K = 10. With K greater than 100, there was no appreciable reduction in reserve. With a constant infarct size, variation in reserve with the afterload-preload ration was found to be logarithmic.", "contents": "The course of passive elasticity of myocardial tissue following experimental infarction in rabbits and its relation to mechanical dysfunction. Given the substantial reserve of normal myocardium, its inability to sustain life in the presence of 30-50% necrosis of the left ventricle (LV) seems a paradox. It is known that dyskinesia of the infarcted area probably plays a dominant role in initiating failure after an infarction. To study this problem, a well defined experimental infarction was produced by cryogenic means in 58 rabbits, and the animals  were allowed to recover. Groups of rabbits were killed 4 hours and 1,2,5, or 10 days following infarction. As quickly as possible (within 4 minutes) a sample specimen from the infarcted area was removed from the LV and subjected to a force-elongation test while being bathed in Ringer solution at 37 degrees C equilibrated with 95% O2-5% CO2. The data were interpreted assuming an exponential stress-strain law with constants K and C. Mean values of K of 10.6 +/- 0.94 (SEM) were found for the noninfarcted control group, whereas, rather surprisingly, no significant trend in K over 10 days was found in the infarcted group. Mean values of K +/- SEM for the postinfarction groups were as follows: 4 hours, 9.51 +/- 0.63; 1 day 10.54 +/- 1.13; 2 days, 13.15 +/- 2.28; 5 days, 11.59 +/- 1.36; and over 10 days, 12.93 +/-1.02. The functional implications were estimated with a simple model of the shortening required of the viable muscle during the isovolumic phase. It was found that contractile reserve fell rapidly with increasing infarct size, reaching zero for a 60% infarct when K = 10. With K greater than 100, there was no appreciable reduction in reserve. With a constant infarct size, variation in reserve with the afterload-preload ration was found to be logarithmic."}
{"id": "PMID:908117", "title": "A theoretical model of regionally ischemic myocardium.", "content": "The isometric tension development of a one-dimensional regionally ischemic muscle was analyzed theoretically. The model consist of a one-dimensional normal segment in series with a one-dimensional ischemic segment. Each segment is modeled as a three-element muscle. The inputs to the various elements, except the contractile element in ischemic segment, were obtained from published data for cat papillary muscles. To be consistent with segment length measurements on ischemic canine hearts, it was assumed that the ischemic contractile element contracted normally at the beginning of contraction and then at some tension, TM, fell behind in its rate of tension development compared to the contractile element in the normal segment. Rate of tension development of various lengths of the ischemic segment and strengths of the ischemic contractile element. At the tension, TM, the ischemic segment begins undergoing paradoxical expansion and, simultaneously, as a result of the expansion. the time derivative of the tension produced by the regionally ischemic muscle exhibits a sudden decrease.", "contents": "A theoretical model of regionally ischemic myocardium. The isometric tension development of a one-dimensional regionally ischemic muscle was analyzed theoretically. The model consist of a one-dimensional normal segment in series with a one-dimensional ischemic segment. Each segment is modeled as a three-element muscle. The inputs to the various elements, except the contractile element in ischemic segment, were obtained from published data for cat papillary muscles. To be consistent with segment length measurements on ischemic canine hearts, it was assumed that the ischemic contractile element contracted normally at the beginning of contraction and then at some tension, TM, fell behind in its rate of tension development compared to the contractile element in the normal segment. Rate of tension development of various lengths of the ischemic segment and strengths of the ischemic contractile element. At the tension, TM, the ischemic segment begins undergoing paradoxical expansion and, simultaneously, as a result of the expansion. the time derivative of the tension produced by the regionally ischemic muscle exhibits a sudden decrease."}
{"id": "PMID:908121", "title": "Bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine: a method and clinical survey.", "content": "An easy and safe dose-response histamine-inhalation test is described, to measure the level of non-specific bronchial reactivity. The test was performed in 307 subject. Non-specific bronchial reactivity was increased in 3% of presumed normal subjects, in 100% of active asthmatics and in 69% of asymptomatic asthmatics with previous symptoms only at times of exposure to clinically relevant allergens. It was also increased in 47% of patients with cough and no other chest symptoms, in 40% of patients with rhinitis and vague chest symptoms not by themselves diagnostic of asthma, and in 22% of patients with rhinitis and no chest symptoms. The patients with asthma were studied when their asthma was well controlled and when their minimum drug requirements had been established. The mean level of bronchial reactivity increased with increasing minimum drug requirements. The level of bronchial reactivity also showed a strong negative correlation with the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1). Atopic subjects, with or without asthma, showed a significant positive correlation between the level of bronchial reactivity and atopic status as indicated by the number of positive allergy skin tests.", "contents": "Bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine: a method and clinical survey. An easy and safe dose-response histamine-inhalation test is described, to measure the level of non-specific bronchial reactivity. The test was performed in 307 subject. Non-specific bronchial reactivity was increased in 3% of presumed normal subjects, in 100% of active asthmatics and in 69% of asymptomatic asthmatics with previous symptoms only at times of exposure to clinically relevant allergens. It was also increased in 47% of patients with cough and no other chest symptoms, in 40% of patients with rhinitis and vague chest symptoms not by themselves diagnostic of asthma, and in 22% of patients with rhinitis and no chest symptoms. The patients with asthma were studied when their asthma was well controlled and when their minimum drug requirements had been established. The mean level of bronchial reactivity increased with increasing minimum drug requirements. The level of bronchial reactivity also showed a strong negative correlation with the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1). Atopic subjects, with or without asthma, showed a significant positive correlation between the level of bronchial reactivity and atopic status as indicated by the number of positive allergy skin tests."}
{"id": "PMID:908123", "title": "Eosinophilic leucocytes in nasal allergy--movement of enzymes.", "content": "The changes in peroxidase of the granules of eosinophils were examined in cells in the nasal mucous membranes of persons allergic to house dust. There was a slight leakage of peroxidase from eosinophil granules immediately after placing an antigen-treated disc (house dust, Torii, 2560 microgram/disc) on the nasal mucous membrane. Leakage of peroxidase from the eosinophil granules into the cytoplasm, and extracellular release from some eosinophils, was greater 20 min after provocation, than at 30 sec. There were two forms of peroxidase release from the plasma membrane. In one, the granule membrane fused with the plasma membrane and the peroxidase was released from the cell through destruction of the two fused membranes. This was considered to be active secretion. In the other form, the plasma membrane was damaged by peroxidase released from the granules into the cytoplasm. This was considered to be passive release following degeneration of the cell.", "contents": "Eosinophilic leucocytes in nasal allergy--movement of enzymes. The changes in peroxidase of the granules of eosinophils were examined in cells in the nasal mucous membranes of persons allergic to house dust. There was a slight leakage of peroxidase from eosinophil granules immediately after placing an antigen-treated disc (house dust, Torii, 2560 microgram/disc) on the nasal mucous membrane. Leakage of peroxidase from the eosinophil granules into the cytoplasm, and extracellular release from some eosinophils, was greater 20 min after provocation, than at 30 sec. There were two forms of peroxidase release from the plasma membrane. In one, the granule membrane fused with the plasma membrane and the peroxidase was released from the cell through destruction of the two fused membranes. This was considered to be active secretion. In the other form, the plasma membrane was damaged by peroxidase released from the granules into the cytoplasm. This was considered to be passive release following degeneration of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:908124", "title": "A method for the simultaneous determination of serum and cell-bound IgE.", "content": "A method for determining the amount of total IgE bound to leucocytes has been devised by measuring that released on incubating various cell number dilutions in acetate buffer pH 4-0. A linear relationship between IgE released and cell number was obtained over a limited concentration range. The method seemed to work satisfactorily with 50 ml of whole blood for those subjects with very high serum levels of total IgE. However, with subjects having a slightly elevated or normal serum IgE level it may be necessary to use twice the amount of blood.", "contents": "A method for the simultaneous determination of serum and cell-bound IgE. A method for determining the amount of total IgE bound to leucocytes has been devised by measuring that released on incubating various cell number dilutions in acetate buffer pH 4-0. A linear relationship between IgE released and cell number was obtained over a limited concentration range. The method seemed to work satisfactorily with 50 ml of whole blood for those subjects with very high serum levels of total IgE. However, with subjects having a slightly elevated or normal serum IgE level it may be necessary to use twice the amount of blood."}
{"id": "PMID:908126", "title": "Tetracycline asthma--a case report.", "content": "A mechanic working in the antibiotic capsuling section of a pharmaceutical company developed asthmatic attacks 1 year after starting work. His occupation involved exposure to a variety of chemical agents including tetracycline. He developed immediate weal and flare reaction to the intradermal test and an immediate (type 1) asthmatic response to intradermal, inhalation and oral challenge tests with tetracycline. On leaving the tetracycline plant he became symptom free.", "contents": "Tetracycline asthma--a case report. A mechanic working in the antibiotic capsuling section of a pharmaceutical company developed asthmatic attacks 1 year after starting work. His occupation involved exposure to a variety of chemical agents including tetracycline. He developed immediate weal and flare reaction to the intradermal test and an immediate (type 1) asthmatic response to intradermal, inhalation and oral challenge tests with tetracycline. On leaving the tetracycline plant he became symptom free."}
{"id": "PMID:908128", "title": "[Laurell electroimmunodiffusion. Concerns and limits of various technics for the study of immunoaffinity chromatographic eluants].", "content": "Monodimensional and bidimensional electroimmunodifusion techniques were applied to the study of immunochromatography eluates. They were obtained with human sera as samples, and rabbit anti human sera alpha1AGP antibodies coupled to CNBr Sepharose 4B packed in a chromatography column. By monodimensional electroimmunodiffusion alpha1AGP could be quantitated. By tandem bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis the eluate purity could be shown, as well as its identity to alpha1AGP. Besides, this last technique was used to the critical study of elution conditions, and to put forward the influence of some parameters (such as pH ionic strength) on alpha1AGP denaturation and its transformation into a protein which is still antigenic but has lost a part of its electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6. This phenomenon could explain the alpha1AGP loss observed after column elution. The precautions in the interpretation, the interest and the sensitiveness of the electroimmunodiffusion techniques are exposed.", "contents": "[Laurell electroimmunodiffusion. Concerns and limits of various technics for the study of immunoaffinity chromatographic eluants]. Monodimensional and bidimensional electroimmunodifusion techniques were applied to the study of immunochromatography eluates. They were obtained with human sera as samples, and rabbit anti human sera alpha1AGP antibodies coupled to CNBr Sepharose 4B packed in a chromatography column. By monodimensional electroimmunodiffusion alpha1AGP could be quantitated. By tandem bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis the eluate purity could be shown, as well as its identity to alpha1AGP. Besides, this last technique was used to the critical study of elution conditions, and to put forward the influence of some parameters (such as pH ionic strength) on alpha1AGP denaturation and its transformation into a protein which is still antigenic but has lost a part of its electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6. This phenomenon could explain the alpha1AGP loss observed after column elution. The precautions in the interpretation, the interest and the sensitiveness of the electroimmunodiffusion techniques are exposed."}
{"id": "PMID:908129", "title": "Toxicity from tea ingestion in an infant: a computer simulation analysis.", "content": "A seven-week-old infant presented with tonic posturing and nervous irritability after concentrated tea ingestion. The tea was analyzed and found to contain caffeine, a methylxanthine central nervous system stimulant. With the aid of a computer, projected blood levels were calculated over a thirty-hour time period and comared to the infant's clinical status. It is recommended that beverages containing xanthines be given to infants and small children with caution.", "contents": "Toxicity from tea ingestion in an infant: a computer simulation analysis. A seven-week-old infant presented with tonic posturing and nervous irritability after concentrated tea ingestion. The tea was analyzed and found to contain caffeine, a methylxanthine central nervous system stimulant. With the aid of a computer, projected blood levels were calculated over a thirty-hour time period and comared to the infant's clinical status. It is recommended that beverages containing xanthines be given to infants and small children with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:908131", "title": "A study of the salivary glycoprotein in cystic fibrosis patients and controls: fucose incorporation and protein pattern.", "content": "The incorporation of fucose to glycoprotein acceptors prepared from the saliva of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients was compared with the incorporation into acceptors from controls. The CF acceptor glycoprotein incorporated significantly more fucose in the presence of either patients' or control plasma. The fucosyl transferase activity in the patients' plasma was not significantly different from controls. Fucosidase activity was similar also for both groups. The protein bands of the acceptor glycoproteins from the patients' saliva differed from those of the control in number and electrophoretic mobility. On the basis of these studies of fucose incorporation we propose that glycoprotein in the salivary secretion of CF patients are qualitatively different from normal.", "contents": "A study of the salivary glycoprotein in cystic fibrosis patients and controls: fucose incorporation and protein pattern. The incorporation of fucose to glycoprotein acceptors prepared from the saliva of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients was compared with the incorporation into acceptors from controls. The CF acceptor glycoprotein incorporated significantly more fucose in the presence of either patients' or control plasma. The fucosyl transferase activity in the patients' plasma was not significantly different from controls. Fucosidase activity was similar also for both groups. The protein bands of the acceptor glycoproteins from the patients' saliva differed from those of the control in number and electrophoretic mobility. On the basis of these studies of fucose incorporation we propose that glycoprotein in the salivary secretion of CF patients are qualitatively different from normal."}
{"id": "PMID:908133", "title": "A simple cost control format in clinical laboratories.", "content": "Laboratory scientists must be able to demonstrate their proficiency not just in the analysis of specimens but also financial management. The cost information in real dollar term is the only way to measure the productivity of a laboratory. We have demonstrated a simple procedure in tabulating the income and expenditure of our laboratories. In our hand, we have found the information to be useful and timely for various decisions and plannings.", "contents": "A simple cost control format in clinical laboratories. Laboratory scientists must be able to demonstrate their proficiency not just in the analysis of specimens but also financial management. The cost information in real dollar term is the only way to measure the productivity of a laboratory. We have demonstrated a simple procedure in tabulating the income and expenditure of our laboratories. In our hand, we have found the information to be useful and timely for various decisions and plannings."}
{"id": "PMID:908134", "title": "Rapid enzymic micromethod for the quantitative determination of L(+)alanine in blood and urine.", "content": "A micromethod for the quantitative determination of L-alanine in blood and urine is described. No interference of D-alanine, D-cysteine, L-proline, L-glutamine, L-valine, L-histidine or glycine in concentrations up to 5 mmol/l was found. Using this method fasting blood levels of L-alanine in children were determined. Defects in gluconeogenesis can be easily established by measuring with this method the in vivo L-alanine metabolism in an oral, or intravenous L-alanine loading test.", "contents": "Rapid enzymic micromethod for the quantitative determination of L(+)alanine in blood and urine. A micromethod for the quantitative determination of L-alanine in blood and urine is described. No interference of D-alanine, D-cysteine, L-proline, L-glutamine, L-valine, L-histidine or glycine in concentrations up to 5 mmol/l was found. Using this method fasting blood levels of L-alanine in children were determined. Defects in gluconeogenesis can be easily established by measuring with this method the in vivo L-alanine metabolism in an oral, or intravenous L-alanine loading test."}
{"id": "PMID:908135", "title": "Ectopic production of a salivary type amylase by adenocarcinoma cells: demonstration by a culture technique.", "content": "Characterization of an elevated amylase activity in ascitic fluid obtained from a patient with carcinomatous peritonitis is described; ninety-one percent of the increased amylase activity in the fluid was of salivary type and the remainder of pancreatic type, when studied by ion-exchange chromatography. Culture of ascitic cells successfully demonstrated morphologically characterized tumor cells surviving for at least 31 days. During that period, significant amylase activities were detected in the culture media, and the isozyme pattern was a single band whose electrophoretic mobility corresponded to salivary amylase. The data obtained indicate that the ascites amylase of salivary type was produced ectopically by the tumor cells.", "contents": "Ectopic production of a salivary type amylase by adenocarcinoma cells: demonstration by a culture technique. Characterization of an elevated amylase activity in ascitic fluid obtained from a patient with carcinomatous peritonitis is described; ninety-one percent of the increased amylase activity in the fluid was of salivary type and the remainder of pancreatic type, when studied by ion-exchange chromatography. Culture of ascitic cells successfully demonstrated morphologically characterized tumor cells surviving for at least 31 days. During that period, significant amylase activities were detected in the culture media, and the isozyme pattern was a single band whose electrophoretic mobility corresponded to salivary amylase. The data obtained indicate that the ascites amylase of salivary type was produced ectopically by the tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:908136", "title": "Monoamine oxidase activity in cultured human skin fibroblasts.", "content": "Skin fibroblast cultures were prepared from 21 men, and found to contain types A and B activity of monoamine oxidase, with a possible slight predominance of type A, as evaluated by substrate preferences and differential inhibition by clorgyline and deprenyl. Three women had similar activities. There was a close correlation of activities with different substrates, but there was no quantitative correlation between fibroblast and blood platelet enzyme (type B) activities. The fibroblasts also contained catechol-O-methyltransferase activity exceeding, but poorly correlated with, that in erythrocytes. Fibroblasts may be advantageous in studies of monoamine oxidase in man by providing both types of enzyme as found, for example, in the central nervous system, and by providing a means of removing many in vivo chemical influences from the cells in culture. Nevertheless, great caution must be exercised in generalizing results of this \"model\" to other tissues, since activities of both enzymes correlated poorly with those in blood cells of the same individuals.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase activity in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Skin fibroblast cultures were prepared from 21 men, and found to contain types A and B activity of monoamine oxidase, with a possible slight predominance of type A, as evaluated by substrate preferences and differential inhibition by clorgyline and deprenyl. Three women had similar activities. There was a close correlation of activities with different substrates, but there was no quantitative correlation between fibroblast and blood platelet enzyme (type B) activities. The fibroblasts also contained catechol-O-methyltransferase activity exceeding, but poorly correlated with, that in erythrocytes. Fibroblasts may be advantageous in studies of monoamine oxidase in man by providing both types of enzyme as found, for example, in the central nervous system, and by providing a means of removing many in vivo chemical influences from the cells in culture. Nevertheless, great caution must be exercised in generalizing results of this \"model\" to other tissues, since activities of both enzymes correlated poorly with those in blood cells of the same individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:908137", "title": "A rapid and simple fibrinogen determination.", "content": "A fast and simple fibrinogen determination is presented, based on the ammonium sulfate precipitation of fibrinogen. The nature of the precipitated material is investigated by means of immunoelectrophoresis. A comparison is made with a paper electrophoretic method, and a method based on the clotting properties of fibrinogen. The linearity, the within-run precision and normal values, obtained by this method are given. An advantage over other well-known methods is the use of a serum blank instead of a plasma blank without reagent. In this way all interfering substances are detected immediately and simple subtraction of blank readings from sample readings gives true fibrinogen values. The clinical application with respect to the acute phase of inflammation is discussed.", "contents": "A rapid and simple fibrinogen determination. A fast and simple fibrinogen determination is presented, based on the ammonium sulfate precipitation of fibrinogen. The nature of the precipitated material is investigated by means of immunoelectrophoresis. A comparison is made with a paper electrophoretic method, and a method based on the clotting properties of fibrinogen. The linearity, the within-run precision and normal values, obtained by this method are given. An advantage over other well-known methods is the use of a serum blank instead of a plasma blank without reagent. In this way all interfering substances are detected immediately and simple subtraction of blank readings from sample readings gives true fibrinogen values. The clinical application with respect to the acute phase of inflammation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908138", "title": "Comparison of serum IgE determination by conventional radioimmunoassay (RIST) and by a modified (sandwich) technique (PRIST).", "content": "It has been reported that the sandwich technique (PRIST) is a more accurate method for determining serum IgE levels than the conventional radioimmunoassay (RIST), especially for low IgE levels. By using half the volumes prescribed for RIST and by introducing a 3-h preincubation step at room temperature, IgE values in the range of 30-4000 I.U./ml could accurately be established. It is concluded that the proposed modification may replace the conventional RIST for routine purposes, because it offers comparable accuracy, is more exonomical, and provides better results in the low IgE range. Discordant results between RIST and PRIST cannot be correctly interpreted, because interfering serum factors may cause either exaggerated IgE values with RIST, or falsely low values with PRIST.", "contents": "Comparison of serum IgE determination by conventional radioimmunoassay (RIST) and by a modified (sandwich) technique (PRIST). It has been reported that the sandwich technique (PRIST) is a more accurate method for determining serum IgE levels than the conventional radioimmunoassay (RIST), especially for low IgE levels. By using half the volumes prescribed for RIST and by introducing a 3-h preincubation step at room temperature, IgE values in the range of 30-4000 I.U./ml could accurately be established. It is concluded that the proposed modification may replace the conventional RIST for routine purposes, because it offers comparable accuracy, is more exonomical, and provides better results in the low IgE range. Discordant results between RIST and PRIST cannot be correctly interpreted, because interfering serum factors may cause either exaggerated IgE values with RIST, or falsely low values with PRIST."}
{"id": "PMID:908139", "title": "[Evolution of serum and erythrocyte magnesium levels in burn patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of the evolution of serum and erythrocyte magnesium in burn patients shows there exists, immediately after the thermic aggression, a reduction in the concentration of this cation. The hypomagnesemia is generally moderate and short; return to values considered normal is usually registered from the third day. Variations of the serum level are similar to those induced after a surgical operation. The hypothesis according to which there could exist a link between hypomagnesemia and a number of neuropsychiatric manifestations met simultaneously in the same patient cannot be excluded.", "contents": "[Evolution of serum and erythrocyte magnesium levels in burn patients (author's transl)]. The study of the evolution of serum and erythrocyte magnesium in burn patients shows there exists, immediately after the thermic aggression, a reduction in the concentration of this cation. The hypomagnesemia is generally moderate and short; return to values considered normal is usually registered from the third day. Variations of the serum level are similar to those induced after a surgical operation. The hypothesis according to which there could exist a link between hypomagnesemia and a number of neuropsychiatric manifestations met simultaneously in the same patient cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:908140", "title": "The urinary excretion of the nucleosides pseudouridine and 1-methylinosine during normal menstrual cycle.", "content": "The excretion levels of the nucleosides pseudouridine and 1-methylinosine were determined by gas-liquid chromatography in 24-h urine specimens from young women during normal menstrual cycle. These nucleosides are derived primarily from transfer RNA and their excretion reflects the turnover of tRNA. The excretion levels were found to be essentially unaltered by the cycle and the average excretion values with standard deviations were 0.70 +/- 0.078 and 0.051 +/- 0.011 mg/kg/24 h for pseudouridine and 1-methylinosine, respectively.", "contents": "The urinary excretion of the nucleosides pseudouridine and 1-methylinosine during normal menstrual cycle. The excretion levels of the nucleosides pseudouridine and 1-methylinosine were determined by gas-liquid chromatography in 24-h urine specimens from young women during normal menstrual cycle. These nucleosides are derived primarily from transfer RNA and their excretion reflects the turnover of tRNA. The excretion levels were found to be essentially unaltered by the cycle and the average excretion values with standard deviations were 0.70 +/- 0.078 and 0.051 +/- 0.011 mg/kg/24 h for pseudouridine and 1-methylinosine, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:908141", "title": "Differential spectrophotometry for the determination of serum methemalbumin.", "content": "A method for the direct determination of methemalbumin in serum by means of difference scanning spectrophotometry is described. The advantages of this quantification technique resides in the ability to obviate unequal background characteristics such as turbidity in one treated sample portion, the avoidance of subtractive measurement on the sides of steep spectra, and a qualitative observation simultaneously derived from the single difference scan. A measure of the stability of the prepared standards is described along with a minimized use of sample and reagent volumes if the latter is desired.", "contents": "Differential spectrophotometry for the determination of serum methemalbumin. A method for the direct determination of methemalbumin in serum by means of difference scanning spectrophotometry is described. The advantages of this quantification technique resides in the ability to obviate unequal background characteristics such as turbidity in one treated sample portion, the avoidance of subtractive measurement on the sides of steep spectra, and a qualitative observation simultaneously derived from the single difference scan. A measure of the stability of the prepared standards is described along with a minimized use of sample and reagent volumes if the latter is desired."}
{"id": "PMID:908142", "title": "Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase: a simple spectrophotometric assay.", "content": "A simple spectrophotometric assay is described based on the conversion of hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate and precipitation of both the reaction product and protein with lanthanum phosphate. The extent of conversion is determined by the fall in absorbance of hypoxanthine at 249 nm. The assay is suitable for screening red cell lysates for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase: a simple spectrophotometric assay. A simple spectrophotometric assay is described based on the conversion of hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate and precipitation of both the reaction product and protein with lanthanum phosphate. The extent of conversion is determined by the fall in absorbance of hypoxanthine at 249 nm. The assay is suitable for screening red cell lysates for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:908143", "title": "Activities of bone and liver alkaline phosphatases in serum in health and disease.", "content": "A heat-inactivation method for determining absolute activities of liver and bone alkaline phosphatases in serum has been applied extensively in routine diagnosis. Values for each isoenzyme in healthy individuals of different ages are reported together with results obtained in various diseases. Data from normal subjects show that bone alkaline phosphatase contributes about half the total alkaline phosphatase activity in adults. Liver phosphatase shows a slight increase with age. The method is also able to detect reliably the presence of carcinoplacental isoenzymes.", "contents": "Activities of bone and liver alkaline phosphatases in serum in health and disease. A heat-inactivation method for determining absolute activities of liver and bone alkaline phosphatases in serum has been applied extensively in routine diagnosis. Values for each isoenzyme in healthy individuals of different ages are reported together with results obtained in various diseases. Data from normal subjects show that bone alkaline phosphatase contributes about half the total alkaline phosphatase activity in adults. Liver phosphatase shows a slight increase with age. The method is also able to detect reliably the presence of carcinoplacental isoenzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:908145", "title": "Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB): comparison of methods and clinical evaluation.", "content": "An ion-exchange chromatography method based on the method of Mercer is advocated for the routine determination of serum CK-MB. This method has some prominent advantages over other methods with which it is compared, and which include electrophoresis and an immunological technique. This method proves to be reliable and highly reproducible, while it allows a rather large number of samples to be analyzed within a relatively short period of time. Some parameters of the release pattern of CK-MB after acute myocardial infarction are characterized: normal values, time of first rise, time of peak value and rate-constant of inactivation. The clinical significance of serum CK-MB determination is evaluated.", "contents": "Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB): comparison of methods and clinical evaluation. An ion-exchange chromatography method based on the method of Mercer is advocated for the routine determination of serum CK-MB. This method has some prominent advantages over other methods with which it is compared, and which include electrophoresis and an immunological technique. This method proves to be reliable and highly reproducible, while it allows a rather large number of samples to be analyzed within a relatively short period of time. Some parameters of the release pattern of CK-MB after acute myocardial infarction are characterized: normal values, time of first rise, time of peak value and rate-constant of inactivation. The clinical significance of serum CK-MB determination is evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:908147", "title": "The conversion of D-xylose into D-threitol in patients without liver disease and in patients with portal liver cirrhosis.", "content": "An oral D-xylose tolerance test was carried out on 12 patients with portal liver cirrhosis, on 7 patients with active fatty liver disease and on 29 subjects without liver diseases. D-Xylose and D-threitol were measured by means of gas-liquid chromatography. Fifteen percent of the D-xylose dose excreted in urine within five hours was recovered as D-threitol. The proportion of D-threitol was greater when the collection was extended to 24 h. The D-threitol excretion was markedly diminished in cirrhotic patients, suggesting that a substantial proportion of the D-xylose-D-threitol conversion occurs in the liver. No decrease was detected in patients with fatty liver disease. No significant change in D-xylose excretion was observed in liver cirrhosis or in fatty liver disease. D-Threitol can be regarded as the main end product of D-xylose metabolism in man. The role of the glucuronate pathway in the D-xylose-D-threitol conversion is discussed.", "contents": "The conversion of D-xylose into D-threitol in patients without liver disease and in patients with portal liver cirrhosis. An oral D-xylose tolerance test was carried out on 12 patients with portal liver cirrhosis, on 7 patients with active fatty liver disease and on 29 subjects without liver diseases. D-Xylose and D-threitol were measured by means of gas-liquid chromatography. Fifteen percent of the D-xylose dose excreted in urine within five hours was recovered as D-threitol. The proportion of D-threitol was greater when the collection was extended to 24 h. The D-threitol excretion was markedly diminished in cirrhotic patients, suggesting that a substantial proportion of the D-xylose-D-threitol conversion occurs in the liver. No decrease was detected in patients with fatty liver disease. No significant change in D-xylose excretion was observed in liver cirrhosis or in fatty liver disease. D-Threitol can be regarded as the main end product of D-xylose metabolism in man. The role of the glucuronate pathway in the D-xylose-D-threitol conversion is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908148", "title": "Induction of the thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) converting enzyme in rat liver by thyroid hormones and analogs.", "content": "In thyroidectomized, unsubstituted rats the T4 to T3 converting activity of liver homogenate is reduced to about 30% of that in unoperated control animals. The enzyme activity can be reinduced dose-dependently with T4. To achieve a normal activity, high, non-physiological plasma T4 concentrations are needed. Plasma T3 levels are much better correlated to the T4 to T3 converting activity. Pure T3 proved to be a more potent enzyme inducer than T4. No difference could be detected between L- and D-T3. Tyrosine, diiodotyrosine, 3,3'-diiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-T3 (reverse-T3) showed no inductive effect for the enzyme. These results demonstrate that the T4 to T3 converting enzyme is specific and shows regulatory properties.", "contents": "Induction of the thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) converting enzyme in rat liver by thyroid hormones and analogs. In thyroidectomized, unsubstituted rats the T4 to T3 converting activity of liver homogenate is reduced to about 30% of that in unoperated control animals. The enzyme activity can be reinduced dose-dependently with T4. To achieve a normal activity, high, non-physiological plasma T4 concentrations are needed. Plasma T3 levels are much better correlated to the T4 to T3 converting activity. Pure T3 proved to be a more potent enzyme inducer than T4. No difference could be detected between L- and D-T3. Tyrosine, diiodotyrosine, 3,3'-diiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-T3 (reverse-T3) showed no inductive effect for the enzyme. These results demonstrate that the T4 to T3 converting enzyme is specific and shows regulatory properties."}
{"id": "PMID:908149", "title": "Carboxyhaemoglobin. Spectrophotometric determination tested and calibrated using a new reference method for measuring carbon monoxide in blood.", "content": "The spectrophotometric determination of HbCO at lambda = 562 and 540 nm in the system HbCO/HbO2 was reinvestigated using a new reference method for measuring CO in blood. This reference method is based on the conversion of CO from HbCO into CO2 which is determined by titration. Plotting the absorbance ratio A562/A540 against the titrimetrically determined HbCO fractions of 46 blood samples demonstrated a linear relationship up to 90% HbCO and yielded more accurate values for the constants in the equation for calculating the HbCO fraction from A562/A540. The standard deviation of the differences between the spectrophotometric and the titrimetric method was 1.2% HbCO. It is shown that the influence of other haemoglobin derivatives and other possible sources of error is either negligible or can be prevented by simple precautions.", "contents": "Carboxyhaemoglobin. Spectrophotometric determination tested and calibrated using a new reference method for measuring carbon monoxide in blood. The spectrophotometric determination of HbCO at lambda = 562 and 540 nm in the system HbCO/HbO2 was reinvestigated using a new reference method for measuring CO in blood. This reference method is based on the conversion of CO from HbCO into CO2 which is determined by titration. Plotting the absorbance ratio A562/A540 against the titrimetrically determined HbCO fractions of 46 blood samples demonstrated a linear relationship up to 90% HbCO and yielded more accurate values for the constants in the equation for calculating the HbCO fraction from A562/A540. The standard deviation of the differences between the spectrophotometric and the titrimetric method was 1.2% HbCO. It is shown that the influence of other haemoglobin derivatives and other possible sources of error is either negligible or can be prevented by simple precautions."}
{"id": "PMID:908150", "title": "The effect of insulin on lung metabolism in the rat.", "content": "A new model has been established for the perfused in situ rat lung. During perfusion with glucose at 4 mmol/l, physiological concentrations of insulin (50 mu/l) caused an initial 1.5 fold increase in lactate production; the increase being sustained at 30% for the 4 h of perfusion. The observation that the lung responds to physiological concentrations of insulin could have important implications with respect to whole body carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "The effect of insulin on lung metabolism in the rat. A new model has been established for the perfused in situ rat lung. During perfusion with glucose at 4 mmol/l, physiological concentrations of insulin (50 mu/l) caused an initial 1.5 fold increase in lactate production; the increase being sustained at 30% for the 4 h of perfusion. The observation that the lung responds to physiological concentrations of insulin could have important implications with respect to whole body carbohydrate metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:908151", "title": "Increased prolactin and thyrotrophin secretion following oral metoclopramide: dose-response relationships.", "content": "Four normal men received 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg doses of oral metoclopramide, a dopamine receptor antagonist, or placebo to determine the effect of this drug on anterior pituitary hormone secretion. Increases in serum prolactin (PRL) occurred even after the 1 mg tablet (P less than 0.01) while maximal responses were observed 60 min after ingestion of the 20 mg tablet (mean 27.8 ng/ml; range 25.6-30.3 ng/ml). Serum PRL levels peaked 60-90 min after ingestion of any dose of metoclopramide and values remained significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) for up to 8h after the tablet. Increases in serum thyrotrophin (TSH) also occurred after the 10 and 20 mg doses of metoclopramide. Peak responses were seen at 120-180 min, with significant elevation (P less than 0.05) persisting from 60 to 240 min after ingestion. No consistent changes in serum FSH, LH or GH were observed and no side-effects were reported. It was concluded that metoclopramide elevated serum PRL and TSH. The threshold dose of metoclopramide required for these effects was different for the two hormones; their peak responses occurred at different times and the duration of the elevation was dissimilar, suggesting a mechanism other than the release of hypothalamic thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH).", "contents": "Increased prolactin and thyrotrophin secretion following oral metoclopramide: dose-response relationships. Four normal men received 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg doses of oral metoclopramide, a dopamine receptor antagonist, or placebo to determine the effect of this drug on anterior pituitary hormone secretion. Increases in serum prolactin (PRL) occurred even after the 1 mg tablet (P less than 0.01) while maximal responses were observed 60 min after ingestion of the 20 mg tablet (mean 27.8 ng/ml; range 25.6-30.3 ng/ml). Serum PRL levels peaked 60-90 min after ingestion of any dose of metoclopramide and values remained significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) for up to 8h after the tablet. Increases in serum thyrotrophin (TSH) also occurred after the 10 and 20 mg doses of metoclopramide. Peak responses were seen at 120-180 min, with significant elevation (P less than 0.05) persisting from 60 to 240 min after ingestion. No consistent changes in serum FSH, LH or GH were observed and no side-effects were reported. It was concluded that metoclopramide elevated serum PRL and TSH. The threshold dose of metoclopramide required for these effects was different for the two hormones; their peak responses occurred at different times and the duration of the elevation was dissimilar, suggesting a mechanism other than the release of hypothalamic thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)."}
{"id": "PMID:908152", "title": "Hormonal and metabolic responses to glucagon in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The metabolic and hormonal responses to glucagon (1 mg, subcutaneous) were studied in twelve diabetic and twelve non-diabetic subjects. Diabetics showed a GH response, which although commencing slightly earlier, did not otherwise differ from that of the controls. There was the expected diminished insulin response to glucagon among the patients on oral agents. The GH response to glucagon in the diabetics began before there was any significant fall in blood glucose (BG). The hyperglycaemic response in the diabetics peaked later, was greater in amplitude and was more prolonged. In this group both pyruvate and lactate changes were delayed and diminished in amplitude. The diabetics showed a biphasic response of both acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate to glucagon; a small transient significant rise in the first 2 h followed by a second rise after 3h. In contrast the controls showed a significant fall in these metabolites during the initial 2 h, before a rise after 3 h. The significance of these hormonal and metabolic responses is discussed.", "contents": "Hormonal and metabolic responses to glucagon in diabetes mellitus. The metabolic and hormonal responses to glucagon (1 mg, subcutaneous) were studied in twelve diabetic and twelve non-diabetic subjects. Diabetics showed a GH response, which although commencing slightly earlier, did not otherwise differ from that of the controls. There was the expected diminished insulin response to glucagon among the patients on oral agents. The GH response to glucagon in the diabetics began before there was any significant fall in blood glucose (BG). The hyperglycaemic response in the diabetics peaked later, was greater in amplitude and was more prolonged. In this group both pyruvate and lactate changes were delayed and diminished in amplitude. The diabetics showed a biphasic response of both acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate to glucagon; a small transient significant rise in the first 2 h followed by a second rise after 3h. In contrast the controls showed a significant fall in these metabolites during the initial 2 h, before a rise after 3 h. The significance of these hormonal and metabolic responses is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908154", "title": "The behaviour of thyroid hormones in an infant with untreated neonatal thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "The clinical course from birth and serial measurements of serum T3, T4 and TSH in an infant with untreated neonatal thyrotoxicosis are reported. The thyroid hormone levels fell exponentially with time at rates very much slower than those previously reported for the maternally-transmitted thyroid stimulating antibody generally thought to cause the disorder. Steady physiological levels of thyroid hormones were achieved after 110 days (serum T3 = 3.4 NMOL/L, T4 = 118 nmol/l). TSH first rose to a measurable level after about 90 days.", "contents": "The behaviour of thyroid hormones in an infant with untreated neonatal thyrotoxicosis. The clinical course from birth and serial measurements of serum T3, T4 and TSH in an infant with untreated neonatal thyrotoxicosis are reported. The thyroid hormone levels fell exponentially with time at rates very much slower than those previously reported for the maternally-transmitted thyroid stimulating antibody generally thought to cause the disorder. Steady physiological levels of thyroid hormones were achieved after 110 days (serum T3 = 3.4 NMOL/L, T4 = 118 nmol/l). TSH first rose to a measurable level after about 90 days."}
{"id": "PMID:908155", "title": "Effect of pimozide on levodopa-induced growth hormone release in man.", "content": "Serum growth hormone (GH) behaviour after levodopa administration was measured in twelve healthy subjects both in basal conditions and after a 4 day course of pimozide (4 mg daily), a specific blocker of dopamine (DA) receptors. In addition, fasting plasma GH was measured on the first, second and third day of treatment. No significant difference was found between GH response to levodopa in basal conditions and after pimozide; moreover, fasting GH was uninfluenced by pimozide.", "contents": "Effect of pimozide on levodopa-induced growth hormone release in man. Serum growth hormone (GH) behaviour after levodopa administration was measured in twelve healthy subjects both in basal conditions and after a 4 day course of pimozide (4 mg daily), a specific blocker of dopamine (DA) receptors. In addition, fasting plasma GH was measured on the first, second and third day of treatment. No significant difference was found between GH response to levodopa in basal conditions and after pimozide; moreover, fasting GH was uninfluenced by pimozide."}
{"id": "PMID:908156", "title": "Time course of physiological hyperprolactinaemia during two years lactation.", "content": "In Central Africa, mothers on nursing for 2 years are hyperprolactinaemic during the first 15-18 post-partum months; serum prolactin levels are some three times higher than in non-pregnant and non-lactating women.", "contents": "Time course of physiological hyperprolactinaemia during two years lactation. In Central Africa, mothers on nursing for 2 years are hyperprolactinaemic during the first 15-18 post-partum months; serum prolactin levels are some three times higher than in non-pregnant and non-lactating women."}
{"id": "PMID:908157", "title": "Coexisting primary empty sella syndrome and acromegally.", "content": "The 'empty' sells syndrome is now a more frequent diagnosis due to the increased use of pneumoencephalography in the evaluation of the enlarged pituitary fossa. This syndrome has also been classified into a 'primary' form in which there has been no prior pituitary irradiation or surgery, and a 'secondary' form in which the empty sella is found after such procedures. Most patients with the primary empty sella syndrome are found to have normal pituitary function while about 30% have varying degrees of hypopituitarism (Neelon et al., 1973). It is not widely appreciated, however, that the primary empty sella may harbour a pituitary tumour with resultant acromegaly. In this report we describe two such patients who presented with active acromegaly. This entity of pituitary tumour in a primary empty sella merits careful consideration since the coexistence of these two findings may influence the therapeutic approach that might otherwise be appropriate for the pituitary tumour.", "contents": "Coexisting primary empty sella syndrome and acromegally. The 'empty' sells syndrome is now a more frequent diagnosis due to the increased use of pneumoencephalography in the evaluation of the enlarged pituitary fossa. This syndrome has also been classified into a 'primary' form in which there has been no prior pituitary irradiation or surgery, and a 'secondary' form in which the empty sella is found after such procedures. Most patients with the primary empty sella syndrome are found to have normal pituitary function while about 30% have varying degrees of hypopituitarism (Neelon et al., 1973). It is not widely appreciated, however, that the primary empty sella may harbour a pituitary tumour with resultant acromegaly. In this report we describe two such patients who presented with active acromegaly. This entity of pituitary tumour in a primary empty sella merits careful consideration since the coexistence of these two findings may influence the therapeutic approach that might otherwise be appropriate for the pituitary tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:908166", "title": "Mydriasis and heredity.", "content": "Routine ophthalmoscopy and fundoscopy of 673 individuals revealed 42 whose irides failed to dilate to a clinically useful degree within 25 to 30 min after the administration of drops of 1% mydracil. These individuals occurred with different frequency among the Aymara, Mestizo, and non-Aymara groups which made up the sample of examinees. The phenomenon was most common among the Aymara, less common among the Mestizos, and least common among the non-Aymara. Distribution of affected individuals within the three groups suggests that the trait is inherited.", "contents": "Mydriasis and heredity. Routine ophthalmoscopy and fundoscopy of 673 individuals revealed 42 whose irides failed to dilate to a clinically useful degree within 25 to 30 min after the administration of drops of 1% mydracil. These individuals occurred with different frequency among the Aymara, Mestizo, and non-Aymara groups which made up the sample of examinees. The phenomenon was most common among the Aymara, less common among the Mestizos, and least common among the non-Aymara. Distribution of affected individuals within the three groups suggests that the trait is inherited."}
{"id": "PMID:908167", "title": "Hereditary cholinesterase deficiency: a report of a family with two rare genotypes.", "content": "Cholinesterase deficiency was detected in a young girl following an episode of postanesthesia apnea. Subsequently, plasma and serum cholinesterase levels and dibucaine numbers were determined on blood samples from 56 members of her extended family. Including the proband, three individuals were identified with severe cholinesterase deficiency and 12 were found to have mild abnormalities. The occurrence of two genetic variants regulating cholinesterase production, the \"silent\" gene and the atypical enzyme, is postulated to account for the unusual pattern of inheritance in this family. Screening family members of confirmed cases is essential to prevent the potentially fatal consequences of this hereditary disorder.", "contents": "Hereditary cholinesterase deficiency: a report of a family with two rare genotypes. Cholinesterase deficiency was detected in a young girl following an episode of postanesthesia apnea. Subsequently, plasma and serum cholinesterase levels and dibucaine numbers were determined on blood samples from 56 members of her extended family. Including the proband, three individuals were identified with severe cholinesterase deficiency and 12 were found to have mild abnormalities. The occurrence of two genetic variants regulating cholinesterase production, the \"silent\" gene and the atypical enzyme, is postulated to account for the unusual pattern of inheritance in this family. Screening family members of confirmed cases is essential to prevent the potentially fatal consequences of this hereditary disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:908168", "title": "Major karyotypic abnormality in a child born to a woman with untreated malignant melanoma.", "content": "The karyotype of a 7-month-old child had 46 chromosomes, including five abnormal chromosomes in cultured lymphocytes. G-banding indicated the presence of reciprocal translocation products between chromosomes 1 and 7 and between chromosomes 4 and 15. A probable third translocation involved the same chromosome 4p arm and 12q. All metaphases showed these changes. C-band markers and the presence of reciprocal exchange products indicated that the chromosome changes occurred in the zygote or a post-zygotic cell of the child. The mother developed malignant melanoma while carrying the child but did not receive therapy before its birth. The suggestion is made that an undetected common agent was involved in the aetiology of the mother's tumour and the clastogenic change to the child's chromosomes.", "contents": "Major karyotypic abnormality in a child born to a woman with untreated malignant melanoma. The karyotype of a 7-month-old child had 46 chromosomes, including five abnormal chromosomes in cultured lymphocytes. G-banding indicated the presence of reciprocal translocation products between chromosomes 1 and 7 and between chromosomes 4 and 15. A probable third translocation involved the same chromosome 4p arm and 12q. All metaphases showed these changes. C-band markers and the presence of reciprocal exchange products indicated that the chromosome changes occurred in the zygote or a post-zygotic cell of the child. The mother developed malignant melanoma while carrying the child but did not receive therapy before its birth. The suggestion is made that an undetected common agent was involved in the aetiology of the mother's tumour and the clastogenic change to the child's chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:908169", "title": "Bloom's syndrome. V. Surveillance for cancer in affected families.", "content": "The Bloom's Syndrome Registry comprises the 71 individuals in whom this rare genetic disorder has been recognized between the time it was described in 1954 and the end of 1976. The major objective of the Registry is surveillance for cancer in both affected homozygotes and heterozygotes. Of the 61 homozygotes known to have had Bloom's syndrome before cancer was diagnosed and for whom follow-up has been possible, one in nine has developed cancer. Thirteen cancers have been diagnosed, in 12 individuals. The mean age in 1976 of the living individuals with the syndrome was 16.4 years. The mean age at the time cancer was diagnosed was 20 years. Cancers have been of multiple types and have affected various sites.", "contents": "Bloom's syndrome. V. Surveillance for cancer in affected families. The Bloom's Syndrome Registry comprises the 71 individuals in whom this rare genetic disorder has been recognized between the time it was described in 1954 and the end of 1976. The major objective of the Registry is surveillance for cancer in both affected homozygotes and heterozygotes. Of the 61 homozygotes known to have had Bloom's syndrome before cancer was diagnosed and for whom follow-up has been possible, one in nine has developed cancer. Thirteen cancers have been diagnosed, in 12 individuals. The mean age in 1976 of the living individuals with the syndrome was 16.4 years. The mean age at the time cancer was diagnosed was 20 years. Cancers have been of multiple types and have affected various sites."}
{"id": "PMID:908170", "title": "On the classification of the acrocephalosyndactyly syndromes.", "content": "This report describes a family in which two different types of acrocephalosyndactyly (ACS) were clinically identified. The proband presented with the classic stigmata of Pfeiffer syndrome, while her cousin was considered to be a typical case of Apert syndrome. Seven other family members also have unusually shaped heads and the facial appearance reminiscent of Crouzon disease. From the observations made in this family and from previous reports in the literature, we feel there is substantial reason to re-evaluate the ACS classification and to consider that the Apert and Pfeiffer types of ACS may be one and the same.", "contents": "On the classification of the acrocephalosyndactyly syndromes. This report describes a family in which two different types of acrocephalosyndactyly (ACS) were clinically identified. The proband presented with the classic stigmata of Pfeiffer syndrome, while her cousin was considered to be a typical case of Apert syndrome. Seven other family members also have unusually shaped heads and the facial appearance reminiscent of Crouzon disease. From the observations made in this family and from previous reports in the literature, we feel there is substantial reason to re-evaluate the ACS classification and to consider that the Apert and Pfeiffer types of ACS may be one and the same."}
{"id": "PMID:908171", "title": "Immune complexes in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "Sera from 156 patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease were tested for the presence of immune complexes, by the detection of anti-complementary activity and 125I-labelled Clq precipitation. Using aggregated IgG, a comparison between the two tests indicated that the anti-complementary test was most sensitive to aggregates of 11S in size, while the 125I-labelled Clq test detected aggregates over 20S in size. Excess anti-complementary activity was common in patients with active bowel disease, and in those with extra-intestinal manifestations, particularly acute arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and liver disease. Large complexes were only common in patients with liver disease. Immune complexes in the gut mucosa may play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases, and the deposition of circulatory immune complexes may explain at least some of the extra-intestinal manifestations.", "contents": "Immune complexes in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Sera from 156 patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease were tested for the presence of immune complexes, by the detection of anti-complementary activity and 125I-labelled Clq precipitation. Using aggregated IgG, a comparison between the two tests indicated that the anti-complementary test was most sensitive to aggregates of 11S in size, while the 125I-labelled Clq test detected aggregates over 20S in size. Excess anti-complementary activity was common in patients with active bowel disease, and in those with extra-intestinal manifestations, particularly acute arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and liver disease. Large complexes were only common in patients with liver disease. Immune complexes in the gut mucosa may play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases, and the deposition of circulatory immune complexes may explain at least some of the extra-intestinal manifestations."}
{"id": "PMID:908172", "title": "Increased EA-rosette formation by lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A modified method for estimating erythrocyte-antibody (EA) rosette formation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) reveals consistent differences between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients tested and healthy control subjects. Using this method we find an average of 27 +/- 0-8% (standard error of mean) of PBL from 120 RA patients forming EA rosettes in contrast to only 6 +/- 0-6% of PBL from ninety-five healthy controls, and 7 +/- 0-9% from eighteen patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This difference is not due to monocytes forming EA rosettes or to T-cell sheep red blood cell (SRBC) binding. The concentration of antibody used in our assay appears to highlight the RA-control  differences--suggesting a possible qualitative difference in EA-binding capacity. We find no correlation between EA binding and disease duration or rheumatoid factor titre. The assay is susceptible to technical variation, and the effects of antibody concentration, lymphocyte to SRBC ratio, method of blood collection and lymphocyte-separation procedure have all been evaluated.", "contents": "Increased EA-rosette formation by lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A modified method for estimating erythrocyte-antibody (EA) rosette formation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) reveals consistent differences between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients tested and healthy control subjects. Using this method we find an average of 27 +/- 0-8% (standard error of mean) of PBL from 120 RA patients forming EA rosettes in contrast to only 6 +/- 0-6% of PBL from ninety-five healthy controls, and 7 +/- 0-9% from eighteen patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This difference is not due to monocytes forming EA rosettes or to T-cell sheep red blood cell (SRBC) binding. The concentration of antibody used in our assay appears to highlight the RA-control  differences--suggesting a possible qualitative difference in EA-binding capacity. We find no correlation between EA binding and disease duration or rheumatoid factor titre. The assay is susceptible to technical variation, and the effects of antibody concentration, lymphocyte to SRBC ratio, method of blood collection and lymphocyte-separation procedure have all been evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:908174", "title": "Immunoglobulin levels in Iraq.", "content": "In a study of immunoglobulin levels in 192 apparently healthy individuals in Iraq, regional differences occur in IgE and IgG. The main levels of IgG, IgM and IgA tend to be low, and of IgE clearly elevated. It is suggested that this pattern may be explained by the presence of intestinal parasites which stimulate IgE production. The genetic differences that exist between the regional populations, and the occurrence of associations of immunoglobulin level with several polymorphic systems, suggests the possibility of a genetic element in the regional immunoglobulin differences.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin levels in Iraq. In a study of immunoglobulin levels in 192 apparently healthy individuals in Iraq, regional differences occur in IgE and IgG. The main levels of IgG, IgM and IgA tend to be low, and of IgE clearly elevated. It is suggested that this pattern may be explained by the presence of intestinal parasites which stimulate IgE production. The genetic differences that exist between the regional populations, and the occurrence of associations of immunoglobulin level with several polymorphic systems, suggests the possibility of a genetic element in the regional immunoglobulin differences."}
{"id": "PMID:908175", "title": "Lymphocyte-stimulation tests and patch tests to carbamazepine hypersensitivity.", "content": "Seven cases of severe hypersensitivity to carbamazepine (Tegretol) were described in patients with epilepsy or trigeminal neuralgia. Clinical manifestations consisted of fever, rash, facial oedema, lymphadenopathy, impaired liver function, eosinophilia and atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Lymphocyte-stimulation tests with carbamazepine in vitro showed positive results in all cases; patch tests with carbamazepine were positive in six cases. In two cases the lymphocyte-stimulation tests with carbamazepine were found to be negative during, and shortly after, the illness. However, when the tests were repeated several months later, they turned out to be positive. Lymphocyte reactivity to PPD and PHA in vitro was also impaired during the acute phase of the disease. Thus false-negative lymphocyte-stimulation tests may be found in the first months following such a hypersensitivity reaction, probably due to impaired lymphocyte reactivity. As carbamazepine is a potent drug and is often prescribed for long periods together with other anticonvulsants, it seems important to prove that the allergic reaction is caused by carbamazepine. If the lymphocyte-stimulation test in vitro or the patch test with carbamazepine is found to be negative during or shortly after the illness, they should be repeated several months later.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-stimulation tests and patch tests to carbamazepine hypersensitivity. Seven cases of severe hypersensitivity to carbamazepine (Tegretol) were described in patients with epilepsy or trigeminal neuralgia. Clinical manifestations consisted of fever, rash, facial oedema, lymphadenopathy, impaired liver function, eosinophilia and atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Lymphocyte-stimulation tests with carbamazepine in vitro showed positive results in all cases; patch tests with carbamazepine were positive in six cases. In two cases the lymphocyte-stimulation tests with carbamazepine were found to be negative during, and shortly after, the illness. However, when the tests were repeated several months later, they turned out to be positive. Lymphocyte reactivity to PPD and PHA in vitro was also impaired during the acute phase of the disease. Thus false-negative lymphocyte-stimulation tests may be found in the first months following such a hypersensitivity reaction, probably due to impaired lymphocyte reactivity. As carbamazepine is a potent drug and is often prescribed for long periods together with other anticonvulsants, it seems important to prove that the allergic reaction is caused by carbamazepine. If the lymphocyte-stimulation test in vitro or the patch test with carbamazepine is found to be negative during or shortly after the illness, they should be repeated several months later."}
{"id": "PMID:908176", "title": "The effects of azathioprine and levamisole on rosette-forming cells of healthy subjects and cancer patients.", "content": "The in vitro effects of azathioprine and levamisole on the capacity of peripheral lymphocytes to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes were studied in fifteen healthy subjects and forty-one cancer patients. Azathioprine significantly inhibited rosette formation of T lymphocytes in healthy subjects and cancer patients in remission. In contrast, azathioprine could not inhibit rosette formation of T lymphocytes in cancer patients with advanced disease. Patients with advanced tumour had also fewer rosette-forming cells (RFC) than healthy subjects. Levamisole, an anti-anergic chemotherapeutic agent, restored azathioprine-inhibited RFC in healthy subjects and in fifteen out of twenty-two cancer patients. Levamisole alone significantly enhanced low RFC in cancer patients.", "contents": "The effects of azathioprine and levamisole on rosette-forming cells of healthy subjects and cancer patients. The in vitro effects of azathioprine and levamisole on the capacity of peripheral lymphocytes to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes were studied in fifteen healthy subjects and forty-one cancer patients. Azathioprine significantly inhibited rosette formation of T lymphocytes in healthy subjects and cancer patients in remission. In contrast, azathioprine could not inhibit rosette formation of T lymphocytes in cancer patients with advanced disease. Patients with advanced tumour had also fewer rosette-forming cells (RFC) than healthy subjects. Levamisole, an anti-anergic chemotherapeutic agent, restored azathioprine-inhibited RFC in healthy subjects and in fifteen out of twenty-two cancer patients. Levamisole alone significantly enhanced low RFC in cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:908177", "title": "Mechanisms of protective immunity in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis of the guinea-pig. III. Inhibition of leishmanial lesion in the guinea-pig by delayed hypersensitivity reaction to unrelated antigens.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether prior induction of a non-specific delayed reaction at a site of leishmanial infection could modify the course of infection. Groups of animals were made hypersensitive to either DNCB or BCG and a delayed reaction was elicited by corresponding antigen in one or both ears when an infective dose of L. enriettii was inoculated. With various experimental designs the following results were obtained: (a) induction of delayed reaction by DNCB or BCG inhibited the development of leishmanial lesions; (a) the protection was effective only when delayed reaction occurred at the site of infection; (c) to be effective, the reaction had to be continuously present at the site of infection for at least 3--4 weeks; (d) lesions developed normally, in the absence of delayed reaction, in DNCB-tolerant animals treated with DNCB; (E) a protective delayed reaction did not completely eliminate the parasites from the host tissues, since metastatic lesions appeared later at ectopic areas; (f) the suppressed development of a lesion did not confer resistance to reinfection dose of the parasite. It is concluded that cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in healing leishmanial lesions in the guinea-pig and that the final effector mechanism may be sought in the non-specific microbicidal capacity of activated macrophages. The relevance of leishmania-specific delayed reaction in the course of the disease is discussed.", "contents": "Mechanisms of protective immunity in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis of the guinea-pig. III. Inhibition of leishmanial lesion in the guinea-pig by delayed hypersensitivity reaction to unrelated antigens. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether prior induction of a non-specific delayed reaction at a site of leishmanial infection could modify the course of infection. Groups of animals were made hypersensitive to either DNCB or BCG and a delayed reaction was elicited by corresponding antigen in one or both ears when an infective dose of L. enriettii was inoculated. With various experimental designs the following results were obtained: (a) induction of delayed reaction by DNCB or BCG inhibited the development of leishmanial lesions; (a) the protection was effective only when delayed reaction occurred at the site of infection; (c) to be effective, the reaction had to be continuously present at the site of infection for at least 3--4 weeks; (d) lesions developed normally, in the absence of delayed reaction, in DNCB-tolerant animals treated with DNCB; (E) a protective delayed reaction did not completely eliminate the parasites from the host tissues, since metastatic lesions appeared later at ectopic areas; (f) the suppressed development of a lesion did not confer resistance to reinfection dose of the parasite. It is concluded that cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in healing leishmanial lesions in the guinea-pig and that the final effector mechanism may be sought in the non-specific microbicidal capacity of activated macrophages. The relevance of leishmania-specific delayed reaction in the course of the disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908179", "title": "Comparative study of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in noradrenaline-secreting and adrenaline-secreting phaeochromocytomae.", "content": "1. Circulating dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities were measured in two hypertensive patients, with a phaeochromocytoma tumour. Tumours were found to differ by their secretory properties, one secreting noradrenaline, the other adrenaline. After removal of the tumour, the plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in both patients gradually decreased to reach a stable value in correlation with urinary, excreted catecholamine levels. The only difference was the rate of the plasma enzyme activity decrease. 2. Thus, it appeared that some phaeochromocytomae are able to secrete dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in addition to catecholamines. Therefore, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity measurements may be of interest: (1) in determining secretory properties of phaeochromocytoma tumours, and (2) in following the evolution during the postoperative period.", "contents": "Comparative study of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in noradrenaline-secreting and adrenaline-secreting phaeochromocytomae. 1. Circulating dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities were measured in two hypertensive patients, with a phaeochromocytoma tumour. Tumours were found to differ by their secretory properties, one secreting noradrenaline, the other adrenaline. After removal of the tumour, the plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in both patients gradually decreased to reach a stable value in correlation with urinary, excreted catecholamine levels. The only difference was the rate of the plasma enzyme activity decrease. 2. Thus, it appeared that some phaeochromocytomae are able to secrete dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in addition to catecholamines. Therefore, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity measurements may be of interest: (1) in determining secretory properties of phaeochromocytoma tumours, and (2) in following the evolution during the postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:908178", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of methyldopa. Plasma levels following single intravenous, oral and multiple oral dosage in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.", "content": "1. The pharmacokinetics of methyldopa after oral and intravenous administration was studied in hypertensive and normotensive patients. After intravenous administration methyldopa plasma concentrations decayed according to a two-compartment open model. 2. For intravenous administration the overall elimination constant Ke1 was 0.56 +/- 0.03 h-1, the volume of distribution of the central compartment 0.29 +/- 0.80 1 kg-1 and the plasma clearance rate 11.2 +/- 0.6 1 h-1. 3. Plasma half-times during the beta-phase of the methyldopa plasma decay curve following intravenous and oral administration were 2.8 +/- 1.3 and 2.1 +/- 0.7 h, respectively. 4. Maximal plasma levels in hypertensive out-patients show great variation and range from 0 to 1.9 microgram ml-1. 5. No relationships were found between maximal methyldopa plasma levels in patients under treatment and control of hypertension.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of methyldopa. Plasma levels following single intravenous, oral and multiple oral dosage in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. 1. The pharmacokinetics of methyldopa after oral and intravenous administration was studied in hypertensive and normotensive patients. After intravenous administration methyldopa plasma concentrations decayed according to a two-compartment open model. 2. For intravenous administration the overall elimination constant Ke1 was 0.56 +/- 0.03 h-1, the volume of distribution of the central compartment 0.29 +/- 0.80 1 kg-1 and the plasma clearance rate 11.2 +/- 0.6 1 h-1. 3. Plasma half-times during the beta-phase of the methyldopa plasma decay curve following intravenous and oral administration were 2.8 +/- 1.3 and 2.1 +/- 0.7 h, respectively. 4. Maximal plasma levels in hypertensive out-patients show great variation and range from 0 to 1.9 microgram ml-1. 5. No relationships were found between maximal methyldopa plasma levels in patients under treatment and control of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:908180", "title": "Cardiac arrest temperature: the effect of ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide on rats, guinea-pigs and isolated rat hearts.", "content": "1. Previous clinical and experimental reports have suggested that the systemic administration of ethyl alcohol permits lower body temperatures before the onset of hypothermic cardiac arrest. 2. In the investigations described here, the effect of ethyl alcohol on the temperature at which cardiac arrest occurred in rats, guinea-pigs and isolated rat hearts was studied. Comparison was also made of the difference between pulmonary ventilation with air and with 5% carbon dioxide in oxygen. 3. The results demonstrated that both the administration of ethyl alcohol and ventilation with 5% carbogen reduced the cardiac arrest temperature of rats. Ethyl alcohol did not influence the cardiac arrest temperature of guinea-pigs nor of isolated rat hearts.", "contents": "Cardiac arrest temperature: the effect of ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide on rats, guinea-pigs and isolated rat hearts. 1. Previous clinical and experimental reports have suggested that the systemic administration of ethyl alcohol permits lower body temperatures before the onset of hypothermic cardiac arrest. 2. In the investigations described here, the effect of ethyl alcohol on the temperature at which cardiac arrest occurred in rats, guinea-pigs and isolated rat hearts was studied. Comparison was also made of the difference between pulmonary ventilation with air and with 5% carbon dioxide in oxygen. 3. The results demonstrated that both the administration of ethyl alcohol and ventilation with 5% carbogen reduced the cardiac arrest temperature of rats. Ethyl alcohol did not influence the cardiac arrest temperature of guinea-pigs nor of isolated rat hearts."}
{"id": "PMID:908182", "title": "The effect of tricyclic antidepressant drugs on the isolated perfused guinea-pig heart.", "content": "1. The effects of tricyclic antidepressants were studied on the isolated perfused guinea-pig heart simultaneously recording myocardial contractile force and cardiac electrogram. 2. Tricyclic antidepressants in a concentration 4 X 10(-5) mol/1 decreased cardiac contractile force and increased cardiac conduction time. 3. Doxepin had significantly greater negative inotropic effect than nortriptyline, protriptyline, desipramine, amitriptyline and imipramine (P less than 0.01). 4. There was no significant difference in the increase in P-R interval (P less than 0.5) and QRS width (P greater than 0.95) between the tricyclic antidepressants. 5. The isolated perfused guinea-pig heart can be used as a toxicological model for testing and treating cardiac arrhythmias induced by tricyclic antidepressants.", "contents": "The effect of tricyclic antidepressant drugs on the isolated perfused guinea-pig heart. 1. The effects of tricyclic antidepressants were studied on the isolated perfused guinea-pig heart simultaneously recording myocardial contractile force and cardiac electrogram. 2. Tricyclic antidepressants in a concentration 4 X 10(-5) mol/1 decreased cardiac contractile force and increased cardiac conduction time. 3. Doxepin had significantly greater negative inotropic effect than nortriptyline, protriptyline, desipramine, amitriptyline and imipramine (P less than 0.01). 4. There was no significant difference in the increase in P-R interval (P less than 0.5) and QRS width (P greater than 0.95) between the tricyclic antidepressants. 5. The isolated perfused guinea-pig heart can be used as a toxicological model for testing and treating cardiac arrhythmias induced by tricyclic antidepressants."}
{"id": "PMID:908200", "title": "G-band patterns of the Siberian snow sheep (Ovis nivicola) and their relationship to chromosomal evolution in sheep.", "content": "G-band patterns of the Siberian snow sheep, Ovis nivicola alleni, 2n=52, were compared with the patterns reported in 2n=54 wild Asiatic mouflon and 2n=54 North American sheep and those in domestic sheep with 2n=54, 53, and 52. The three largest pairs of biarmed autosomes displayed indistinguishable, presumably homologous, G-banding patterns in all types of sheep. The banding and morphology of the fourth pair of biarmed autosomes in O.nivicola differed from those of the three translocation variants described in domestic sheep. Wild sheep with 2n=54 may have evolved monophyletically from an ancestral 2n=58-56-54 population or polyphyletically by a series of independent, nonrandom fusions. In contrast, the fouth pair of biarmed autosomes in O.nivicola and in 2n=52 domestic sheep variants may have resulted from random fusions of different chromosomes.", "contents": "G-band patterns of the Siberian snow sheep (Ovis nivicola) and their relationship to chromosomal evolution in sheep. G-band patterns of the Siberian snow sheep, Ovis nivicola alleni, 2n=52, were compared with the patterns reported in 2n=54 wild Asiatic mouflon and 2n=54 North American sheep and those in domestic sheep with 2n=54, 53, and 52. The three largest pairs of biarmed autosomes displayed indistinguishable, presumably homologous, G-banding patterns in all types of sheep. The banding and morphology of the fourth pair of biarmed autosomes in O.nivicola differed from those of the three translocation variants described in domestic sheep. Wild sheep with 2n=54 may have evolved monophyletically from an ancestral 2n=58-56-54 population or polyphyletically by a series of independent, nonrandom fusions. In contrast, the fouth pair of biarmed autosomes in O.nivicola and in 2n=52 domestic sheep variants may have resulted from random fusions of different chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:908201", "title": "Population kinetics of chromosomally abnormal human fibroblast subpopulations.", "content": "The proportion of cells with clonally derived chromosome rearrangements has been recorded at different passage levels in 16 lines of human fibroblast cultures derived from adults. All abnormal clone populations regonized at the lowest passge levels showed a stable or declining frequency relative to the normal cells, although 2 out of the 21 clones detected did show a transient increase. Only 2 clones were found at higher passage levels that were not previously identified at low passge. The observed selection against cells with rearrangements may reflect a general property of chromosome organization which ensures that cytogenetic abnormalities do not normally accumulate in rapidly dividing tissues.", "contents": "Population kinetics of chromosomally abnormal human fibroblast subpopulations. The proportion of cells with clonally derived chromosome rearrangements has been recorded at different passage levels in 16 lines of human fibroblast cultures derived from adults. All abnormal clone populations regonized at the lowest passge levels showed a stable or declining frequency relative to the normal cells, although 2 out of the 21 clones detected did show a transient increase. Only 2 clones were found at higher passage levels that were not previously identified at low passge. The observed selection against cells with rearrangements may reflect a general property of chromosome organization which ensures that cytogenetic abnormalities do not normally accumulate in rapidly dividing tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:908202", "title": "Operator-assisted semi-automatic karyotyping of banded metaphases.", "content": "Computerized chromosome analyses have resulted in up to 25% erroneous classifications, whereas a cytogenetically trained laboratory technician has an error rate of less than 0.1% in the preparation of a karyotype. In the project reported here, computerized classification is eliminated, and instead, the other steps of the analysis leading to the final karyotype are automated. In the instrument is a projection microscope, modified to project the image on paper before the operator. The slide is scanned on a motor-driven scanning table, in search of a suitable metaphase. The operator stops the scanning motor when a suitable metaphase comes into view. The individual chromosomes of the metaphase are then framed, using a view finder, and are identified, after which the chromosome number is entered on a kayboard. The instrument automatically ensures that, for each data entry, the framed chromosome is photographed in such a manner that the chromosome is placed in the proper location with the correct orientation in the karyotype. When all chromosomes have been identified, and the data have been keyed in, a photograph of the finished karyotype is presented. Marking the metaphase chromosomes on the paper, chromosomes are counted within 20 s. With conventional methods, a total chromosome analysis takes 3-6 h, but the above-described device requires 20-30 min.", "contents": "Operator-assisted semi-automatic karyotyping of banded metaphases. Computerized chromosome analyses have resulted in up to 25% erroneous classifications, whereas a cytogenetically trained laboratory technician has an error rate of less than 0.1% in the preparation of a karyotype. In the project reported here, computerized classification is eliminated, and instead, the other steps of the analysis leading to the final karyotype are automated. In the instrument is a projection microscope, modified to project the image on paper before the operator. The slide is scanned on a motor-driven scanning table, in search of a suitable metaphase. The operator stops the scanning motor when a suitable metaphase comes into view. The individual chromosomes of the metaphase are then framed, using a view finder, and are identified, after which the chromosome number is entered on a kayboard. The instrument automatically ensures that, for each data entry, the framed chromosome is photographed in such a manner that the chromosome is placed in the proper location with the correct orientation in the karyotype. When all chromosomes have been identified, and the data have been keyed in, a photograph of the finished karyotype is presented. Marking the metaphase chromosomes on the paper, chromosomes are counted within 20 s. With conventional methods, a total chromosome analysis takes 3-6 h, but the above-described device requires 20-30 min."}
{"id": "PMID:908204", "title": "Flow-cytogenetics: sources of DNA content variation among euploid individuals.", "content": "We have studied possible sources of resting human lymphocyte DNA content variation among euploid males and females as determined by flow-microfluorometry. A major source of variation arises from instrumental instability, most notably flow-rate changes. This variation can be detected and minimized by the use of chicken erythrocytes as an internal standard. A second source of variation arises from differences in rates of lymphocyte stain uptake. The lowest coefficients of variation (0.3%) among individuals of like sex, and optimal distinction between sexes, were achieved after exposing lymphocyte samples for 24 h to the hypotonic staining solution. Four males and females with either low or high relative DNA contents within their respective sexes showed correspondingly divergent values upon repeat venipuncture. Some of the observed interindividual DNA content variation might therefore reflect truly genetic differences. For two male samples with repeatedly divergent DNA content values, preliminary C-banding of conventional metaphases suggest corresponding differences in constitutive heterochromatin.", "contents": "Flow-cytogenetics: sources of DNA content variation among euploid individuals. We have studied possible sources of resting human lymphocyte DNA content variation among euploid males and females as determined by flow-microfluorometry. A major source of variation arises from instrumental instability, most notably flow-rate changes. This variation can be detected and minimized by the use of chicken erythrocytes as an internal standard. A second source of variation arises from differences in rates of lymphocyte stain uptake. The lowest coefficients of variation (0.3%) among individuals of like sex, and optimal distinction between sexes, were achieved after exposing lymphocyte samples for 24 h to the hypotonic staining solution. Four males and females with either low or high relative DNA contents within their respective sexes showed correspondingly divergent values upon repeat venipuncture. Some of the observed interindividual DNA content variation might therefore reflect truly genetic differences. For two male samples with repeatedly divergent DNA content values, preliminary C-banding of conventional metaphases suggest corresponding differences in constitutive heterochromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:908209", "title": "Prospective evaluation for pneumonectomy using the 99mtechnetium quantitative perfusion lung scan.", "content": "We evaluated 33 high-risk patients before pneumonectomy, all of whom had a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of less than 2.0 L before surgery. A quantitative perfusion lung scan was used to assess the right-left distribution of blood flow. A predicted postoperative FEV1 was calculated from the information on the lung scan and the preoperative FEV1. If this calculated value exceeded 800 ml, the patient was physiologically cleared for surgery up to and including a pneumonectomy. Surgery was otherwise believed to be contraindicated in the absence of studies using balloon occlusion. Perioperative mortality (less than or equal to 30 days after surgery) was found to be 15 percent (5/33). In surgery of this magnitude, we find this to be an acceptable percentage of mortality and have continued to use these simple physiologic criteria to determine whether a patient can tolerate pneumonectomy.", "contents": "Prospective evaluation for pneumonectomy using the 99mtechnetium quantitative perfusion lung scan. We evaluated 33 high-risk patients before pneumonectomy, all of whom had a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of less than 2.0 L before surgery. A quantitative perfusion lung scan was used to assess the right-left distribution of blood flow. A predicted postoperative FEV1 was calculated from the information on the lung scan and the preoperative FEV1. If this calculated value exceeded 800 ml, the patient was physiologically cleared for surgery up to and including a pneumonectomy. Surgery was otherwise believed to be contraindicated in the absence of studies using balloon occlusion. Perioperative mortality (less than or equal to 30 days after surgery) was found to be 15 percent (5/33). In surgery of this magnitude, we find this to be an acceptable percentage of mortality and have continued to use these simple physiologic criteria to determine whether a patient can tolerate pneumonectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:908210", "title": "Ventricular tachyarrhythmias following surgery for myocardial revascularization. A follow-up study.", "content": "Of 1,599 patients who underwent surgery for direct myocardial revascularization in 1973 at Cleveland Clinic Hospital, 19 patients (1.2 percent) developed primary ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia during the immediate postoperative period. Occurrence of postoperative ventricular tachyarrhythmias could not be predicted by assessment of preoperative symptoms or by evaluation of the extent of coronary artery disease and left ventricular function. There was no increase in early or late mortality or morbidity (including postoperative myocardial infarction) among patients who developed postoperative primary ventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "contents": "Ventricular tachyarrhythmias following surgery for myocardial revascularization. A follow-up study. Of 1,599 patients who underwent surgery for direct myocardial revascularization in 1973 at Cleveland Clinic Hospital, 19 patients (1.2 percent) developed primary ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia during the immediate postoperative period. Occurrence of postoperative ventricular tachyarrhythmias could not be predicted by assessment of preoperative symptoms or by evaluation of the extent of coronary artery disease and left ventricular function. There was no increase in early or late mortality or morbidity (including postoperative myocardial infarction) among patients who developed postoperative primary ventricular tachyarrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:908212", "title": "Systemic air embolism following penetrating trauma to the lung.", "content": "Systemic air embolism following penetrating injuries of the lung has not been widely recognized clinically. Experimental studies designed to reproduce the phenomenon in dogs have been at variance, although none has taken into consideration the often high intrabronchial pressures created during resuscitative efforts in such patients. Twelve patients with systemic air embolism following penetrating traumatic injuries to the lung have been seen at our hospital. Ventilatory pressures created during resuscitative thoracotomy in traumatized patients were monitored and found to be as high as 100 mm Hg. Penetrating injuries of the lung were created in mongrel dogs, and the animals were ventilated with pressures reaching 90 mm Hg. All dogs unequivocally developed systemic air embolism, with air visualized in the coronary arteries. It would appear that systemic air embolism following penetrating injury to the lung may result when increased intrabronchial pressure, such as found during manual ventilatory assistance, forces air through traumatic bronchovenous fistulae into the systemic circulation.", "contents": "Systemic air embolism following penetrating trauma to the lung. Systemic air embolism following penetrating injuries of the lung has not been widely recognized clinically. Experimental studies designed to reproduce the phenomenon in dogs have been at variance, although none has taken into consideration the often high intrabronchial pressures created during resuscitative efforts in such patients. Twelve patients with systemic air embolism following penetrating traumatic injuries to the lung have been seen at our hospital. Ventilatory pressures created during resuscitative thoracotomy in traumatized patients were monitored and found to be as high as 100 mm Hg. Penetrating injuries of the lung were created in mongrel dogs, and the animals were ventilated with pressures reaching 90 mm Hg. All dogs unequivocally developed systemic air embolism, with air visualized in the coronary arteries. It would appear that systemic air embolism following penetrating injury to the lung may result when increased intrabronchial pressure, such as found during manual ventilatory assistance, forces air through traumatic bronchovenous fistulae into the systemic circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:908213", "title": "Echocardiographic features of second degree atrioventricular block.", "content": "Echocardiographic studies demonstrated abnormalities of motion of the pulmonary valve, the aortic root and valve, the mitral and tricuspid valves, the left ventricle, and the left atrium in two patients with second-degree atrioventricular block. During Wenckebach 3:2 atrioventricular conduction, ventricular beats exhibited alternately long and short periods of systolic opening of the pulmonary and aortic valves and alternately large and small left ventricular stroke volumes. During 4:3 and 3:2 Wenckebach atrioventricular conduction, the left ventricular stroke volume was directly proportional to the preceding end-diastolic volume. During 2:1 atrioventricular conduction, the blocked atrial contractions may produce movements of the left atrial wall, thereby revealing the true atrial rate when the blocked P waves are obscured in the electrocardiogram by their superimposition on preceding T waves.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features of second degree atrioventricular block. Echocardiographic studies demonstrated abnormalities of motion of the pulmonary valve, the aortic root and valve, the mitral and tricuspid valves, the left ventricle, and the left atrium in two patients with second-degree atrioventricular block. During Wenckebach 3:2 atrioventricular conduction, ventricular beats exhibited alternately long and short periods of systolic opening of the pulmonary and aortic valves and alternately large and small left ventricular stroke volumes. During 4:3 and 3:2 Wenckebach atrioventricular conduction, the left ventricular stroke volume was directly proportional to the preceding end-diastolic volume. During 2:1 atrioventricular conduction, the blocked atrial contractions may produce movements of the left atrial wall, thereby revealing the true atrial rate when the blocked P waves are obscured in the electrocardiogram by their superimposition on preceding T waves."}
{"id": "PMID:908214", "title": "Echocardiographic manifestations of ruptured aortic valvular leaflets in the absence of valvular vegetations.", "content": "The diagnosis of ruptured (perforated or torn) aortic valvular leaflets due to various causes has been made primarily at surgery or postmortem examination. Although angiocardiographic studies readily reveal aortic regurgitation, they rarely establish the presence of a ruptured aortic cusp as the cause of the aortic leak. Recent echocardiographic experience has brought to our attention seven patients with ruptured aortic valvular leaflets in whom the absenc of valvular vegetations was confirmed at surgery in six and at autopsy in one. The echocardiogram of the aortic root in these subjects revealed little or no increment in the diameter of the aortic root. In systole the usual box-like configuration of the leaflets, similar to that observed in normal subjects, was seen; however, in diastole the normal thin midaortic linear echoes were replaced by a thick band of echoes which often revealed high-frequency oscillations. In addition, high-frequency fibrations of the anterior mitral leaflet in diastole and increased systolic excursion of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall were observed.", "contents": "Echocardiographic manifestations of ruptured aortic valvular leaflets in the absence of valvular vegetations. The diagnosis of ruptured (perforated or torn) aortic valvular leaflets due to various causes has been made primarily at surgery or postmortem examination. Although angiocardiographic studies readily reveal aortic regurgitation, they rarely establish the presence of a ruptured aortic cusp as the cause of the aortic leak. Recent echocardiographic experience has brought to our attention seven patients with ruptured aortic valvular leaflets in whom the absenc of valvular vegetations was confirmed at surgery in six and at autopsy in one. The echocardiogram of the aortic root in these subjects revealed little or no increment in the diameter of the aortic root. In systole the usual box-like configuration of the leaflets, similar to that observed in normal subjects, was seen; however, in diastole the normal thin midaortic linear echoes were replaced by a thick band of echoes which often revealed high-frequency oscillations. In addition, high-frequency fibrations of the anterior mitral leaflet in diastole and increased systolic excursion of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:908215", "title": "The effect of tumor size and location on diagnosis by fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "Evaluation of data from fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures revealed that for peripheral bronchogenic carcinomas, the diagnostic yield was influenced by the size of the lesion and its distance from the hilum. Failure to diagnose visible carcinomas was related to inability to obtain deep specimens for biopsy. Biopsy, brushing, and washing were complementary procedures in diagnosing bronchogenic carcinomas.", "contents": "The effect of tumor size and location on diagnosis by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Evaluation of data from fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures revealed that for peripheral bronchogenic carcinomas, the diagnostic yield was influenced by the size of the lesion and its distance from the hilum. Failure to diagnose visible carcinomas was related to inability to obtain deep specimens for biopsy. Biopsy, brushing, and washing were complementary procedures in diagnosing bronchogenic carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:908216", "title": "Range of frontal plane QRS axes. Electrocardiograms of subjects in a multiphasic screening program.", "content": "The range of mean QRS axes in the frontal plane was determined in electrocardiograms of subjects examined in a program of periodic health screening. Fifty-three of 5,163 individuals had a mean frontal QRS axis between -30 degrees and -60 degrees. Fourteen individuals had an axis between +110 degrees and +133 degrees. These findings suggest that individuals with no history of heart disease may manifest a considerable range of frontal plane QRS axes often to a degree previously considered abnormal. The axes were calculated by the use of leads 1 and 3. Other leads, or the use of the method of Grant, would give different results. Comparison of series of patients can be made only if these variables are understood.", "contents": "Range of frontal plane QRS axes. Electrocardiograms of subjects in a multiphasic screening program. The range of mean QRS axes in the frontal plane was determined in electrocardiograms of subjects examined in a program of periodic health screening. Fifty-three of 5,163 individuals had a mean frontal QRS axis between -30 degrees and -60 degrees. Fourteen individuals had an axis between +110 degrees and +133 degrees. These findings suggest that individuals with no history of heart disease may manifest a considerable range of frontal plane QRS axes often to a degree previously considered abnormal. The axes were calculated by the use of leads 1 and 3. Other leads, or the use of the method of Grant, would give different results. Comparison of series of patients can be made only if these variables are understood."}
{"id": "PMID:908217", "title": "Investigations of black bronchoalveolar human lavage fluid.", "content": "The removal by bronchoalveolar lavage (two occasions) of 10(11) black macrophages containing crystals of aluminum silicate, large amounts of amorphous carbon, and oxidized lipids was followed by considerable improvement in gas exchange in a patient. Sixty-eight percent of these pulmonary macrophages were viable and normal, as judged by chemotatctic and phagocytic activity. Except for cigarettes, no source for the previously mentioned ingested foreign substances was found. These observations suggest that removal by lavage of nonviable macrophages laden with foreign bodies from distal portions of the lungs of pulmonary patients may be therapeutically useful.", "contents": "Investigations of black bronchoalveolar human lavage fluid. The removal by bronchoalveolar lavage (two occasions) of 10(11) black macrophages containing crystals of aluminum silicate, large amounts of amorphous carbon, and oxidized lipids was followed by considerable improvement in gas exchange in a patient. Sixty-eight percent of these pulmonary macrophages were viable and normal, as judged by chemotatctic and phagocytic activity. Except for cigarettes, no source for the previously mentioned ingested foreign substances was found. These observations suggest that removal by lavage of nonviable macrophages laden with foreign bodies from distal portions of the lungs of pulmonary patients may be therapeutically useful."}
{"id": "PMID:908218", "title": "Intermittent left anterior hemiblock during treadmill exercise test. Correlation with coronary arteriogram.", "content": "Two patients in whom left anterior hemiblock occurred during a treadmill exercise test were found at cardiac catheterization to have significant obstruction of the proximal portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. After successful myocardial revascularization in one of these patients, a disturbance in conduction no longer appeared during treadmill testing. To our knowledge, this association has not been previously reported, and this finding may be a useful clinical marker for significant obstructive disease of the proximal portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery.", "contents": "Intermittent left anterior hemiblock during treadmill exercise test. Correlation with coronary arteriogram. Two patients in whom left anterior hemiblock occurred during a treadmill exercise test were found at cardiac catheterization to have significant obstruction of the proximal portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. After successful myocardial revascularization in one of these patients, a disturbance in conduction no longer appeared during treadmill testing. To our knowledge, this association has not been previously reported, and this finding may be a useful clinical marker for significant obstructive disease of the proximal portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery."}
{"id": "PMID:908222", "title": "Pseudocoarctation and mid-arch aortic coarctation.", "content": "A 21-year-old woman was found to have a mid-arch aortic coarctation in combination with pseudocoarctation. The angiographic disgnosis was established by left atrial injection after transseptal puncture.", "contents": "Pseudocoarctation and mid-arch aortic coarctation. A 21-year-old woman was found to have a mid-arch aortic coarctation in combination with pseudocoarctation. The angiographic disgnosis was established by left atrial injection after transseptal puncture."}
{"id": "PMID:908223", "title": "Interstitial pneumonitis complicating rheumatoid arthritis. Sustained remission with azathioprine therapy.", "content": "A patient with classic rheumatoid arthritis developed biopsy-proven diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and ventilatory insufficiency which appeared to be irreversible. The administration of azathioprine coincided with significant immediate improvement in pulmonary function and clinical status. During five years of continuous azathioprine therapy, progressive improvement in lung function has been accompanied by marked deterioration of the rheumatoid joint disease, suggesting that the pulmonary and joint lesions of rheumatoid disease may not be mediated by the same pathways.", "contents": "Interstitial pneumonitis complicating rheumatoid arthritis. Sustained remission with azathioprine therapy. A patient with classic rheumatoid arthritis developed biopsy-proven diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and ventilatory insufficiency which appeared to be irreversible. The administration of azathioprine coincided with significant immediate improvement in pulmonary function and clinical status. During five years of continuous azathioprine therapy, progressive improvement in lung function has been accompanied by marked deterioration of the rheumatoid joint disease, suggesting that the pulmonary and joint lesions of rheumatoid disease may not be mediated by the same pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:908224", "title": "Rate-dependent variation in the duration of the QRS complex with left anterior fascicular block.", "content": "The case of a 67-year-old man with combined ischemic and valvular heart disease is presented. Electrocardiographic abnormalities included left anterior fascicular block with a variable duration of the QRS complex. The width of the QRS complex was dependent on the length of the cycle, being broader with short than with long preceding R-R intervals. This is interpreted as a tachycardia-dependent focal block coexisting with a fixed delay in fascicular conduction.", "contents": "Rate-dependent variation in the duration of the QRS complex with left anterior fascicular block. The case of a 67-year-old man with combined ischemic and valvular heart disease is presented. Electrocardiographic abnormalities included left anterior fascicular block with a variable duration of the QRS complex. The width of the QRS complex was dependent on the length of the cycle, being broader with short than with long preceding R-R intervals. This is interpreted as a tachycardia-dependent focal block coexisting with a fixed delay in fascicular conduction."}
{"id": "PMID:908225", "title": "Idiopathic atrial flutter, high grade atrioventricular block and sino-atrial dysrhythmia in a young man. Effects of exercise testing.", "content": "A 25-year-old man with idopathic atrial flutter and high grade atrioventricular (AV) block is described. Postcardioversion, sino-atrial (SA) and AV nodal dysrhythmias occurred. Treadmill exercise during atrial flutter increased AV conduction to 2:1, and normalized SA and AV nodal function following cardioversion. A neurogenic basis for these arrhythmias is hypothesized.", "contents": "Idiopathic atrial flutter, high grade atrioventricular block and sino-atrial dysrhythmia in a young man. Effects of exercise testing. A 25-year-old man with idopathic atrial flutter and high grade atrioventricular (AV) block is described. Postcardioversion, sino-atrial (SA) and AV nodal dysrhythmias occurred. Treadmill exercise during atrial flutter increased AV conduction to 2:1, and normalized SA and AV nodal function following cardioversion. A neurogenic basis for these arrhythmias is hypothesized."}
{"id": "PMID:908226", "title": "Right heart failure secondary to compression of the right pulmonary artery by a syphilitic aortic aneurysm.", "content": "A 68-year-old man presented with right heart failure due to compression of the right pulmonary artery by a syphilitic aneurysm of the ascending aorta. The diagnosis was made by cardiac catheterization and angiography and it was proven by autopsy. This complication is unusual and supports the experimental evidence that unilateral pulmonary obstruction may be responsible for the development of pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "Right heart failure secondary to compression of the right pulmonary artery by a syphilitic aortic aneurysm. A 68-year-old man presented with right heart failure due to compression of the right pulmonary artery by a syphilitic aneurysm of the ascending aorta. The diagnosis was made by cardiac catheterization and angiography and it was proven by autopsy. This complication is unusual and supports the experimental evidence that unilateral pulmonary obstruction may be responsible for the development of pulmonary hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:908227", "title": "Pericardial tamponade secondary to sudden steroid withdrawal in chronic rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A patient with chronic rheumatoid arthritis was admitted to the hospital with cervical fracture. Two weeks after acute steroid withdrawal, she was noted to have pleural effusion, and signs and symptoms of acute pericardial tamponade. An open partial pericardiectomy and drainage relieved the symptoms. The sequence of events suggests that rapid steroid withdrawal might have precipitated rapid accumulation of pleural and pericardial fluid.", "contents": "Pericardial tamponade secondary to sudden steroid withdrawal in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. A patient with chronic rheumatoid arthritis was admitted to the hospital with cervical fracture. Two weeks after acute steroid withdrawal, she was noted to have pleural effusion, and signs and symptoms of acute pericardial tamponade. An open partial pericardiectomy and drainage relieved the symptoms. The sequence of events suggests that rapid steroid withdrawal might have precipitated rapid accumulation of pleural and pericardial fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:908228", "title": "Pulmonary nodules and rheumatoid factor in the absence of arthritis.", "content": "Bilateral pulmonary parenchymal nodules were detected in a 41-year-old woman in 1964. These lesions gradually enlarged over a ten-year period. In 1974, the diagnosis of rheumatoid pulmonary disease was based on her clinical course, the presence of rheumatoid factor in the serum, interpretation of a biopsy of a cutaneous nodule, and review of a lung biopsy performed in 1964. The patient never developed arthritis.", "contents": "Pulmonary nodules and rheumatoid factor in the absence of arthritis. Bilateral pulmonary parenchymal nodules were detected in a 41-year-old woman in 1964. These lesions gradually enlarged over a ten-year period. In 1974, the diagnosis of rheumatoid pulmonary disease was based on her clinical course, the presence of rheumatoid factor in the serum, interpretation of a biopsy of a cutaneous nodule, and review of a lung biopsy performed in 1964. The patient never developed arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:908229", "title": "Normal single coronary artery and myocardial infarction.", "content": "A single left coronary artery was found in an asymptomatic 21-year-old man who initially had electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic evidence of anterolateral myocardial infarction. The single left coronary artery, which supplied the distribution of both the left and right coronary arteries, was free of disease at catheterization. There has been no previous association of a normal single left coronary artery and anterior myocardial infarction. Patients with the finding of a single coronary artery should be watched closely, as this may represent a potentially fatal condition.", "contents": "Normal single coronary artery and myocardial infarction. A single left coronary artery was found in an asymptomatic 21-year-old man who initially had electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic evidence of anterolateral myocardial infarction. The single left coronary artery, which supplied the distribution of both the left and right coronary arteries, was free of disease at catheterization. There has been no previous association of a normal single left coronary artery and anterior myocardial infarction. Patients with the finding of a single coronary artery should be watched closely, as this may represent a potentially fatal condition."}
{"id": "PMID:908230", "title": "Splenic echinococcal cyst burrowing into left pleural space.", "content": "We describe a rare case of hydatid cyst in the spleen which communicated to the left pleural cavity. The patient presented with respiratory distress, characterized by nonproductive cough and dyspnea. The difficulties in diagnosis, using standard laboratory and radiologic techniques, were overcome by the use of ultrasound examination diagnosing both the cysts and the supra-diaphragmatic extension.", "contents": "Splenic echinococcal cyst burrowing into left pleural space. We describe a rare case of hydatid cyst in the spleen which communicated to the left pleural cavity. The patient presented with respiratory distress, characterized by nonproductive cough and dyspnea. The difficulties in diagnosis, using standard laboratory and radiologic techniques, were overcome by the use of ultrasound examination diagnosing both the cysts and the supra-diaphragmatic extension."}
{"id": "PMID:908234", "title": "Tobramycin serum levels and tissue content in children.", "content": "Tobramycin serum levels as well as muscle and fat tissue content have been determined for 8 h in hourly intervals using an agar diffusion method following a single intramuscular injection of 2.5 mg/kg body weight to 29 children. In addition two specimens of spleen and one testis could be assayed for tobramycin content in these children. Tissue fluid was obtained by use of a Colworth Stomacher Nr.80. At 1 1/2 hours mean peak concentrations in serum were found to be 4.32 microgram/ml, in muscle 0.93 microgram/g and in fat 1.16 microgram/g, from thereon declining to lower values. At 8 h tissue content fell below the smallest detectable amount of 0.01 microgram/g tobramycin. At any time tobramycin content in fat (on average 24% of the corresponding serum level) was significantly higher than in muscle (17% of the serum level), whereas tobramycin content in spleen never exceeded that in muscle as well as in fat. Thus blood supply of the tissue does not seem to the main factor determining tobramycin content in various tissues.", "contents": "Tobramycin serum levels and tissue content in children. Tobramycin serum levels as well as muscle and fat tissue content have been determined for 8 h in hourly intervals using an agar diffusion method following a single intramuscular injection of 2.5 mg/kg body weight to 29 children. In addition two specimens of spleen and one testis could be assayed for tobramycin content in these children. Tissue fluid was obtained by use of a Colworth Stomacher Nr.80. At 1 1/2 hours mean peak concentrations in serum were found to be 4.32 microgram/ml, in muscle 0.93 microgram/g and in fat 1.16 microgram/g, from thereon declining to lower values. At 8 h tissue content fell below the smallest detectable amount of 0.01 microgram/g tobramycin. At any time tobramycin content in fat (on average 24% of the corresponding serum level) was significantly higher than in muscle (17% of the serum level), whereas tobramycin content in spleen never exceeded that in muscle as well as in fat. Thus blood supply of the tissue does not seem to the main factor determining tobramycin content in various tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:908237", "title": "[Hepato-biliary sequence-scintigraphy in pre- and postoperative upper abdominal diagnosis. Studies on 200 patients using the radiopharmacon 99mTechnetium-Solcoscint-Hepatobida].", "content": "Hepato-biliary dynamic studies with 99mTc-Solcoscint-Hepatobida are suggested in the pre- and postoperative investigation of patients with possible surgical disease of the biliary tract. The equipment used for the studies was a gamma camera. The diagnostic criteria used were those of blood retention, liver, gall bladder, and biliary tree visualisation. Results from findings in 200 patients are presented to demonstrate the ability of the technique; especially to disclose evidence indicating intra- or extrahepatic causes of cholestasis.", "contents": "[Hepato-biliary sequence-scintigraphy in pre- and postoperative upper abdominal diagnosis. Studies on 200 patients using the radiopharmacon 99mTechnetium-Solcoscint-Hepatobida]. Hepato-biliary dynamic studies with 99mTc-Solcoscint-Hepatobida are suggested in the pre- and postoperative investigation of patients with possible surgical disease of the biliary tract. The equipment used for the studies was a gamma camera. The diagnostic criteria used were those of blood retention, liver, gall bladder, and biliary tree visualisation. Results from findings in 200 patients are presented to demonstrate the ability of the technique; especially to disclose evidence indicating intra- or extrahepatic causes of cholestasis."}
{"id": "PMID:908238", "title": "[Use of a new method for the determination of the duodeno- and jejunogastral reflux after gastric surgery].", "content": "The use of hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy with 99mTechnetium as a new method to demonstrate duodenogastric or jejunogastric reflux is described. In contrast to other techniques, the benefit of minimal stress for patients, routine practice, and combined measurement of fasting and postprandial reflux is pointed out. First clinical studies in postoperative patients are presented and it is accentuated, that this technique has a special field of application in gastric surgery.", "contents": "[Use of a new method for the determination of the duodeno- and jejunogastral reflux after gastric surgery]. The use of hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy with 99mTechnetium as a new method to demonstrate duodenogastric or jejunogastric reflux is described. In contrast to other techniques, the benefit of minimal stress for patients, routine practice, and combined measurement of fasting and postprandial reflux is pointed out. First clinical studies in postoperative patients are presented and it is accentuated, that this technique has a special field of application in gastric surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:908239", "title": "[Dissecting arterial disease of the renal vessels as a cause of hypertension].", "content": "With modern specific diagnostic studies like isotope renography, angiotensin-infusion-test, peripheral venous renin assay, comparative assays of the renin activity in the individual renal veins, and angiography the renal and renovascular causes for hypertension become more and more significant. When it has been shown that the hypertension is caused by a constriction of the renal arteries, instant operative therapy is indicated. The rare case of a dissectioning arteriopathy of the renal arterial wall causing hypertonia is described.", "contents": "[Dissecting arterial disease of the renal vessels as a cause of hypertension]. With modern specific diagnostic studies like isotope renography, angiotensin-infusion-test, peripheral venous renin assay, comparative assays of the renin activity in the individual renal veins, and angiography the renal and renovascular causes for hypertension become more and more significant. When it has been shown that the hypertension is caused by a constriction of the renal arteries, instant operative therapy is indicated. The rare case of a dissectioning arteriopathy of the renal arterial wall causing hypertonia is described."}
{"id": "PMID:908240", "title": "[Surgical interventions in patients with pacemakers].", "content": "The increasing rate of pacemaker patient operations is due to the rising number of pacemaker carriers. Preoperative recognition of cardiac dysrhythmia is frequent, so that pacemaker implantation prior to operation is essential for the achievement of the operability. The corresponding control of pacemaker function and the appropriate checking of security precautions permit feasible preoperative preparations as well as operations similar to those in non-pacemaker carriers. Our observations are in agreement with others in the literature that a pacemaker does not increase the operation risk. On the contrary, it often makes operability achievable. A continuous and safe patient control through the new ECG-apparatus is possible, even with use of high frequency surgical instruments.", "contents": "[Surgical interventions in patients with pacemakers]. The increasing rate of pacemaker patient operations is due to the rising number of pacemaker carriers. Preoperative recognition of cardiac dysrhythmia is frequent, so that pacemaker implantation prior to operation is essential for the achievement of the operability. The corresponding control of pacemaker function and the appropriate checking of security precautions permit feasible preoperative preparations as well as operations similar to those in non-pacemaker carriers. Our observations are in agreement with others in the literature that a pacemaker does not increase the operation risk. On the contrary, it often makes operability achievable. A continuous and safe patient control through the new ECG-apparatus is possible, even with use of high frequency surgical instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:908243", "title": "Validation of the Watson-Thomas rules for MMPI diagnosis.", "content": "The Watson-Thomas rules for MMPI diagnosis of organic versus functional disorder were applied to the profiles of five groups of 14 male veteran patients, one neurologic and four psychiatric. The psychiatric groups were married schizophrenics, unmarried schizophrenics, alcoholics, and mixed functional diagnosis. Rule 4 was found to discriminate among the groups most reliably. In the psychiatric samples, married schizophrenics were not successfully categorized by any of the Rules.", "contents": "Validation of the Watson-Thomas rules for MMPI diagnosis. The Watson-Thomas rules for MMPI diagnosis of organic versus functional disorder were applied to the profiles of five groups of 14 male veteran patients, one neurologic and four psychiatric. The psychiatric groups were married schizophrenics, unmarried schizophrenics, alcoholics, and mixed functional diagnosis. Rule 4 was found to discriminate among the groups most reliably. In the psychiatric samples, married schizophrenics were not successfully categorized by any of the Rules."}
{"id": "PMID:908249", "title": "Spinal arterio-venous malformations simulating multiple sclerosis: importance of early diagnosis.", "content": "Two cases of spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in young patients are presented. Symptoms were compatible with the spinal form of multiple sclerosis in both cases. The lesions were not diagnosed on initial evaluation. Subsequently they were found by myelography and arteriography, the one eight months and the other nine years after the first symptoms. The contrasting clinical courses of the two patients suggest that: (a) the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis where symptoms and signs are restricted to the spinal cord should be made only after a thorough investigation which includes myelography, to rule out the presence of a surgically correctible lesion such as an AVM; (b) myelography should be carried out in both the supine and prone positions as an AVM may be completely missed by routine prone myelography views; (c) early surgery of the resectable AVM may prevent a progressive deterioration of neurological function, making early diagnosis particularly important.", "contents": "Spinal arterio-venous malformations simulating multiple sclerosis: importance of early diagnosis. Two cases of spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in young patients are presented. Symptoms were compatible with the spinal form of multiple sclerosis in both cases. The lesions were not diagnosed on initial evaluation. Subsequently they were found by myelography and arteriography, the one eight months and the other nine years after the first symptoms. The contrasting clinical courses of the two patients suggest that: (a) the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis where symptoms and signs are restricted to the spinal cord should be made only after a thorough investigation which includes myelography, to rule out the presence of a surgically correctible lesion such as an AVM; (b) myelography should be carried out in both the supine and prone positions as an AVM may be completely missed by routine prone myelography views; (c) early surgery of the resectable AVM may prevent a progressive deterioration of neurological function, making early diagnosis particularly important."}
{"id": "PMID:908263", "title": "Effect of ionic strength on charcoal adsorption assays of receptor-estradiol complexes.", "content": "The effect of increasing ionic strength on the efficacy of the charcoal adsorption assay for estrogen receptors has been examined. Cytosol prepared from immature rat uteri was exposed to variable concentrations of KCl and the saturable or \"specific\" binding of [3H]estradiol was measured by charcoal and hydroxylapatite adsorption, gel filtration, and/or density gradient centrifugation using excess diethylstilbestrol to correct for non-saturable or \"non-specific\" binding. As the concentration of KCl was increased, the number of estradiol binding sites as measured via charcoal adsorption decreased in proportion to the conversion of receptor from a low salt (8S) to a high salt (4S) complex. This \"stripping\" of [3H]estradiol from the 4S receptor species was both time- and charcoal concentration-dependent. It is concluded that the charcoal adsorption procedure quantitatively assesses the binding of [3H]estradiol to low salt, 8S receptor species but is not the assay of choice for salt-extracted or salt-treated receptors in view of the potential for artifactually low estimates of receptor number. Low values for receptor number under high salt conditions may result from exposure of the binding site of the estrogen receptor to charcoal.", "contents": "Effect of ionic strength on charcoal adsorption assays of receptor-estradiol complexes. The effect of increasing ionic strength on the efficacy of the charcoal adsorption assay for estrogen receptors has been examined. Cytosol prepared from immature rat uteri was exposed to variable concentrations of KCl and the saturable or \"specific\" binding of [3H]estradiol was measured by charcoal and hydroxylapatite adsorption, gel filtration, and/or density gradient centrifugation using excess diethylstilbestrol to correct for non-saturable or \"non-specific\" binding. As the concentration of KCl was increased, the number of estradiol binding sites as measured via charcoal adsorption decreased in proportion to the conversion of receptor from a low salt (8S) to a high salt (4S) complex. This \"stripping\" of [3H]estradiol from the 4S receptor species was both time- and charcoal concentration-dependent. It is concluded that the charcoal adsorption procedure quantitatively assesses the binding of [3H]estradiol to low salt, 8S receptor species but is not the assay of choice for salt-extracted or salt-treated receptors in view of the potential for artifactually low estimates of receptor number. Low values for receptor number under high salt conditions may result from exposure of the binding site of the estrogen receptor to charcoal."}
{"id": "PMID:908269", "title": "Anti-estrogenic compounds increase prolactin and growth hormone synthesis in clonal strains of rat pituitary cells.", "content": "Established clonal strains of rat pituitary cells, GH-cells, responded prior to 1974 to 10(-11) to 10(-8)M 17beta-estradiol by increasing prolactin synthesis 2-fold and decreasing the production of growth hormone to between 20 and 70% of control values. In experiments in 1975-76, these effects of estradiol were no longer statistically significant. Unexpectedly, the estrogen antagonists enclomiphene, CI-628, tamoxifen, and Lilly 88751 caused increases in both prolactin and growth hormone synthesis at concentrations of about 10(-7) to 10(-6)M after one week of treatment. These increases were prevented by 10(-8)M 17beta-estradiol. Prolactin synthesis remained elevated for at least 11 days after removal of enclomiphene from the culture medium but, in the presence of estradiol, synthesis approached control levels by 11 days. In GH-cells, compounds which are estrogen antagonists in other systems mimic the previously observed effect of estradiol on prolactin synthesis, but have an effect opposite to that of estradiol on growth hormone, namely stimulation of its synthesis.", "contents": "Anti-estrogenic compounds increase prolactin and growth hormone synthesis in clonal strains of rat pituitary cells. Established clonal strains of rat pituitary cells, GH-cells, responded prior to 1974 to 10(-11) to 10(-8)M 17beta-estradiol by increasing prolactin synthesis 2-fold and decreasing the production of growth hormone to between 20 and 70% of control values. In experiments in 1975-76, these effects of estradiol were no longer statistically significant. Unexpectedly, the estrogen antagonists enclomiphene, CI-628, tamoxifen, and Lilly 88751 caused increases in both prolactin and growth hormone synthesis at concentrations of about 10(-7) to 10(-6)M after one week of treatment. These increases were prevented by 10(-8)M 17beta-estradiol. Prolactin synthesis remained elevated for at least 11 days after removal of enclomiphene from the culture medium but, in the presence of estradiol, synthesis approached control levels by 11 days. In GH-cells, compounds which are estrogen antagonists in other systems mimic the previously observed effect of estradiol on prolactin synthesis, but have an effect opposite to that of estradiol on growth hormone, namely stimulation of its synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:908270", "title": "The regulation of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production in cultures of monkey kidney cells.", "content": "Primary kidney cell cultures from normal rhesus monkeys were used to study the regulation of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. Kidney cells were grown to confluency in the modified National Cancer Institute Medium NCTC 135 with 2% fetal calf serum and then maintained in a serum-free medium (2% bovine serum albumin) for five additional days prior to a study of regulation. Morphologically, 80% of the cultured cells were epithelial in nautre. These cells produced 24,25-dihydroxy-[3H]vitamin D3 from 25-hydroxy-[3H]-vitamin D3. The identity of the 24,25-dihydroxy-[3H]vitamin D3 was established by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, by co-chromatography with authentic 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on high pressure liquid columns, and by periodate sensitivity. Bovine parathyroid hormone at a level of 3 U/ml or human 1-34 parathyroid hormone at 0.05 U/ml for five days suppressed 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. Nonradioactive 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (13 pmol/ml) added once every two days for eight days led to a 2-fold increase in production of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Exposure of renal cells to 3 mM instead of 1 mM calcium led to a marked increase in 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. These results suggest that renal cell cultures may be an important new approach to a study of regulation of the vitamin D renal hydroxylases.", "contents": "The regulation of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production in cultures of monkey kidney cells. Primary kidney cell cultures from normal rhesus monkeys were used to study the regulation of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. Kidney cells were grown to confluency in the modified National Cancer Institute Medium NCTC 135 with 2% fetal calf serum and then maintained in a serum-free medium (2% bovine serum albumin) for five additional days prior to a study of regulation. Morphologically, 80% of the cultured cells were epithelial in nautre. These cells produced 24,25-dihydroxy-[3H]vitamin D3 from 25-hydroxy-[3H]-vitamin D3. The identity of the 24,25-dihydroxy-[3H]vitamin D3 was established by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, by co-chromatography with authentic 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on high pressure liquid columns, and by periodate sensitivity. Bovine parathyroid hormone at a level of 3 U/ml or human 1-34 parathyroid hormone at 0.05 U/ml for five days suppressed 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. Nonradioactive 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (13 pmol/ml) added once every two days for eight days led to a 2-fold increase in production of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Exposure of renal cells to 3 mM instead of 1 mM calcium led to a marked increase in 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. These results suggest that renal cell cultures may be an important new approach to a study of regulation of the vitamin D renal hydroxylases."}
{"id": "PMID:908271", "title": "The interaction of the photoperiod and testosterone in regulating serum gonadotropin levels in castrated male hamsters.", "content": "Castrated adult male golden hamsters maintained on either a stimulatory (LD 14:10) or a nonstimulatory (LD 6:18 ) light cycle for 10 weeks following surgery were implanted sc with empty or testosterone-filled Silastic capsules of various lengths. Capsules which maintained circulating androgen levels between 0.5 and 1.7 ng/ml reduced serum levels of LH and FSH in castrated animals exposed to LD 6:18 but not in animals maintained on LD 14:10. When serum androgen levels were maintained at about 3 ng/ml, serum gonadotropin levels were reduced 30--35-fold in nonphotostimulated hamsters but only 2--3-fold in photostimulated animals. Maintenance of serum androgen levels at 14--17 ng/ml induced a maximum decrease in serum LH and FSH in animals exposed to either photoperiod. These results indicate that exposure to short days for 10 weeks renders the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis of the castrate hamster extremely sensitive to the negative feedback effect of testosterone. This alteration in steroid feedback sensitivity may be one way in which the photoperiod acts to alter neuroendocrine-gonadal activity in seasonally breeding animals.", "contents": "The interaction of the photoperiod and testosterone in regulating serum gonadotropin levels in castrated male hamsters. Castrated adult male golden hamsters maintained on either a stimulatory (LD 14:10) or a nonstimulatory (LD 6:18 ) light cycle for 10 weeks following surgery were implanted sc with empty or testosterone-filled Silastic capsules of various lengths. Capsules which maintained circulating androgen levels between 0.5 and 1.7 ng/ml reduced serum levels of LH and FSH in castrated animals exposed to LD 6:18 but not in animals maintained on LD 14:10. When serum androgen levels were maintained at about 3 ng/ml, serum gonadotropin levels were reduced 30--35-fold in nonphotostimulated hamsters but only 2--3-fold in photostimulated animals. Maintenance of serum androgen levels at 14--17 ng/ml induced a maximum decrease in serum LH and FSH in animals exposed to either photoperiod. These results indicate that exposure to short days for 10 weeks renders the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis of the castrate hamster extremely sensitive to the negative feedback effect of testosterone. This alteration in steroid feedback sensitivity may be one way in which the photoperiod acts to alter neuroendocrine-gonadal activity in seasonally breeding animals."}
{"id": "PMID:908274", "title": "Insulin stimulation of fatty acid synthesis in human breast cancer in long term tissue culture.", "content": "The effect of various steroid and peptide hormones on the rate of incorporation of (14C)acetate into fatty acids was studied in MCF-7 cells, a human breast cancer cell line in continuous tissue culture. Physiologic concentrations of insulin elicited an increase in the rate of precursor incorporation. Addition of human placental lactogen and dexamethasone with insulin caused no further increment. Other hormones, such as 17beta-estradiol and 15a-dihydrotestosterone, had no effect on the rate of net labeled-acetate incorporation, although they stimulated the rate of general macromolecular synthesis. The stimulation by insulin appeared to be independent of glucose concentration, since the effect was seen in the absence of glucose. The insulin-induced increase was observed as early as 1 h following hormone addition and appeared to be maximal by 4 h. Inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis had no effect on the insulin-mediated stimulation of precursor incorporation into fatty acids. Thus, these human cell lines in long term tissue culture may be of value as a model system in studying the action of physiologic concentrations of insulin.", "contents": "Insulin stimulation of fatty acid synthesis in human breast cancer in long term tissue culture. The effect of various steroid and peptide hormones on the rate of incorporation of (14C)acetate into fatty acids was studied in MCF-7 cells, a human breast cancer cell line in continuous tissue culture. Physiologic concentrations of insulin elicited an increase in the rate of precursor incorporation. Addition of human placental lactogen and dexamethasone with insulin caused no further increment. Other hormones, such as 17beta-estradiol and 15a-dihydrotestosterone, had no effect on the rate of net labeled-acetate incorporation, although they stimulated the rate of general macromolecular synthesis. The stimulation by insulin appeared to be independent of glucose concentration, since the effect was seen in the absence of glucose. The insulin-induced increase was observed as early as 1 h following hormone addition and appeared to be maximal by 4 h. Inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis had no effect on the insulin-mediated stimulation of precursor incorporation into fatty acids. Thus, these human cell lines in long term tissue culture may be of value as a model system in studying the action of physiologic concentrations of insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:908275", "title": "The role of iodine in the pathogenesis of thyroid enlargement in rats with chronic renal failure.", "content": "In rats with mild renal failure produced by a 2/3 nephrectomy on one side followed by a total nephrectomy on the other, ingestion of a high (10 mg/kg) iodine diet for two months resulted in thyromegaly, high serum iodine levels and a good correlation between thyroid weight and serum iodine (r = 0.75, P less than 0.01) or thyroid weight and blood urea nitrogen (r = 0.745, P less than 0.01). Iodine may potentiate the effects of unidentified gointrogens that accumulate in rats with renal failure. Since the serum iodine levels were higher in the animals with renal failure, it is also possible that iodine alone may have been responsible for the observed differences in thyroid weight.", "contents": "The role of iodine in the pathogenesis of thyroid enlargement in rats with chronic renal failure. In rats with mild renal failure produced by a 2/3 nephrectomy on one side followed by a total nephrectomy on the other, ingestion of a high (10 mg/kg) iodine diet for two months resulted in thyromegaly, high serum iodine levels and a good correlation between thyroid weight and serum iodine (r = 0.75, P less than 0.01) or thyroid weight and blood urea nitrogen (r = 0.745, P less than 0.01). Iodine may potentiate the effects of unidentified gointrogens that accumulate in rats with renal failure. Since the serum iodine levels were higher in the animals with renal failure, it is also possible that iodine alone may have been responsible for the observed differences in thyroid weight."}
{"id": "PMID:908276", "title": "A simple synthesis of [3,5-125I]Diiodo-L-thyroxine of high specific activity.", "content": "The customary methods for labeling T4 And its analogs, iodination or exchange-labeling, are not applicable to those iodothyronines whose iodine atoms are exclusively in the nonphenolic ring. Therefore, [3,5-125I]Diiodo-L-thyronine had to be synthesized by a different metnod. This synthesis involves the coupling of [125I]diiodo-L-tyrosine with 4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenylpyruvic acid to form L-thyroxine labeled in the nonphenolic ring, followed by removal of the two unlabeled iodine atoms in the phenolic ring. High specific activity, limited only by that of the [125I]diiodo-L-tyrosine used as starting material, can be achieved. Radioactivity yields are approximately 36% in the coupling reaction and approximately 86% in the deiodination reaction, amounting to an overall yield of greater than 30%. L-Thyroxine and 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine were purified by ion-exchange chromatography. Their radiochemical purity was checked by radiochromatography.", "contents": "A simple synthesis of [3,5-125I]Diiodo-L-thyroxine of high specific activity. The customary methods for labeling T4 And its analogs, iodination or exchange-labeling, are not applicable to those iodothyronines whose iodine atoms are exclusively in the nonphenolic ring. Therefore, [3,5-125I]Diiodo-L-thyronine had to be synthesized by a different metnod. This synthesis involves the coupling of [125I]diiodo-L-tyrosine with 4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenylpyruvic acid to form L-thyroxine labeled in the nonphenolic ring, followed by removal of the two unlabeled iodine atoms in the phenolic ring. High specific activity, limited only by that of the [125I]diiodo-L-tyrosine used as starting material, can be achieved. Radioactivity yields are approximately 36% in the coupling reaction and approximately 86% in the deiodination reaction, amounting to an overall yield of greater than 30%. L-Thyroxine and 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine were purified by ion-exchange chromatography. Their radiochemical purity was checked by radiochromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:908278", "title": "Pulsatile growth hormone and prolactin: effects of (+) butaclamol, a dopamine receptor blocking agent.", "content": "Growth hormone (rGH) and prolactin (rPRL) secretory profiles were obtained before and after treatment with a dopamine receptor blocking agent, (+) butaclamol, in 10 male rats chronically implanted with right atrial cannulae. Mean rGH plasma concentrations, determined by planimetry, were reduced (202 +/- 20 ng/ml vs. 135 +/- 20ng/ml, P less than .01), but the basic configuration and periodicity of rGH secretory bursts were unaltered. Mean rPRL plasma concentrations were elevated (11.1 +/- 2.1 ng/ml vs 65.5 +/- 8.1 ng/ml, P less than .0005), but rPRL episodic secretion was still apparent. It is concluded that dopaminergic neurons have a minor role in facilitating episodic rGH secretion. Furthermore, persisting episodic rPRL secretion in rats administered a dopamine antagonist suggests that rPRL feedback inhibition does not inactivitate the neural mechanism generating episodic rPRL secretion.", "contents": "Pulsatile growth hormone and prolactin: effects of (+) butaclamol, a dopamine receptor blocking agent. Growth hormone (rGH) and prolactin (rPRL) secretory profiles were obtained before and after treatment with a dopamine receptor blocking agent, (+) butaclamol, in 10 male rats chronically implanted with right atrial cannulae. Mean rGH plasma concentrations, determined by planimetry, were reduced (202 +/- 20 ng/ml vs. 135 +/- 20ng/ml, P less than .01), but the basic configuration and periodicity of rGH secretory bursts were unaltered. Mean rPRL plasma concentrations were elevated (11.1 +/- 2.1 ng/ml vs 65.5 +/- 8.1 ng/ml, P less than .0005), but rPRL episodic secretion was still apparent. It is concluded that dopaminergic neurons have a minor role in facilitating episodic rGH secretion. Furthermore, persisting episodic rPRL secretion in rats administered a dopamine antagonist suggests that rPRL feedback inhibition does not inactivitate the neural mechanism generating episodic rPRL secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:908279", "title": "Pregnenolone-binding proteins in the rat adrenal cortex.", "content": "Rat adrenal cortex contains a protein(s) that binds pregnenolone with high affinity. This binding, demonstrated by gel filtration and by a dextran-coated charcoal method, was associated with the cytosol and with fractions solubilized by sonication from the mitochondria and microsomes. The binding of pregnenolone was saturable and was inhibited by mercurials and proteolytic enzymes. Pregnenolone-binding was not influenced by the presence of progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone or aldosterone, but was inhibited by steroids with a 3beta-hydroxy-5-ene structure similar to pregnenolone, and by hydroxymethylene steroid and cyanoketone. We suggest that this protein is involved in the intracellular transport and retention of pregnenolone within adrenal cortical cells.", "contents": "Pregnenolone-binding proteins in the rat adrenal cortex. Rat adrenal cortex contains a protein(s) that binds pregnenolone with high affinity. This binding, demonstrated by gel filtration and by a dextran-coated charcoal method, was associated with the cytosol and with fractions solubilized by sonication from the mitochondria and microsomes. The binding of pregnenolone was saturable and was inhibited by mercurials and proteolytic enzymes. Pregnenolone-binding was not influenced by the presence of progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone or aldosterone, but was inhibited by steroids with a 3beta-hydroxy-5-ene structure similar to pregnenolone, and by hydroxymethylene steroid and cyanoketone. We suggest that this protein is involved in the intracellular transport and retention of pregnenolone within adrenal cortical cells."}
{"id": "PMID:908280", "title": "Lack of effect of vitamin D and its metabolites on intestinal phosphate transport in familial hypophosphatemia of mice.", "content": "Intestinal calcium and phosphate transport was studied in normal and hypophosphatemic mice fed a variety of dietary regimens with and without vitamin D. Regardless of dietary phosphorus levels, the genetic hypophosphatemic mice had drastically reduced levels of serum inorganic phosphate and intestinal phosphate transport while showing only slightly reduced serum calcium and intestinal calcium transport levels. The inclusion of vitamin D in the diet did not increase the low serum phosphorus levels and low rates of intestinal phosphate transport in the genetic hypophosphatemic mice, while it did increase serum calcium and intestinal calcium transport levels. The administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to the hypophosphatemic mice stimulated intestinal calcium transport but had no effect on intestinal phosphate transport. In contrast, the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulated both phosphate and calcium transport in the intestine of normal mice. The results obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary metabolic disturbance in familial hypophosphatemia involves a defect in phosphate transport mechanisms.", "contents": "Lack of effect of vitamin D and its metabolites on intestinal phosphate transport in familial hypophosphatemia of mice. Intestinal calcium and phosphate transport was studied in normal and hypophosphatemic mice fed a variety of dietary regimens with and without vitamin D. Regardless of dietary phosphorus levels, the genetic hypophosphatemic mice had drastically reduced levels of serum inorganic phosphate and intestinal phosphate transport while showing only slightly reduced serum calcium and intestinal calcium transport levels. The inclusion of vitamin D in the diet did not increase the low serum phosphorus levels and low rates of intestinal phosphate transport in the genetic hypophosphatemic mice, while it did increase serum calcium and intestinal calcium transport levels. The administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to the hypophosphatemic mice stimulated intestinal calcium transport but had no effect on intestinal phosphate transport. In contrast, the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulated both phosphate and calcium transport in the intestine of normal mice. The results obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary metabolic disturbance in familial hypophosphatemia involves a defect in phosphate transport mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:908281", "title": "Dopamine enhances the action of prolactin on rat blood vessels. Implications for dopamine effects on plasma prolactin.", "content": "It has been claimed that dopamine enhances peripheral uptake of prolactin. Dopamine at 2.1 x 10(-9)M, a concentration which had no effect by itself, enhanced both the potentiation of rat mesenteric vascular reactivity caused by 50ng/ml ovine prolactin and the inhibition of reactivity caused by 500ng/ml prolactin. These observations are consistent with the proposal that dopamine can interact peripherally with prolactin.", "contents": "Dopamine enhances the action of prolactin on rat blood vessels. Implications for dopamine effects on plasma prolactin. It has been claimed that dopamine enhances peripheral uptake of prolactin. Dopamine at 2.1 x 10(-9)M, a concentration which had no effect by itself, enhanced both the potentiation of rat mesenteric vascular reactivity caused by 50ng/ml ovine prolactin and the inhibition of reactivity caused by 500ng/ml prolactin. These observations are consistent with the proposal that dopamine can interact peripherally with prolactin."}
{"id": "PMID:908282", "title": "Applications of arsine evolution methods to environmental analyses.", "content": "Because of its biological activity, arsenic is involved in an active global geochemical cycle. Arsenic has been found to be transferred to the atmosphere, at least in part, by evolution of trimethyl arsine and similar methyl arsenic compounds. Because of the environmental importance of the several arsenic forms [inorganic arsenic (III) and (V), methylarsonic acid, dimethylarsenic acid, trimethylarsine, methylarsine, and dimethylarsine], chemical methods for their analysis are needed. Sensitive methods are required because environmental concentrations encountered are generally in the range of 0.01 (or lower) to 3 ppb for natural waters and 1-6 ng As/m3 for arsenic in air. Arsine evolution by pH selective reduction permits specific analyses for inorganic As (III) and As (V). Methylarsenic acids may be reduced to corresponding methylarsines with sodium borohydride after which separation permits specific detection of these arsenic compounds. The most sensitive and selective methods combine reduction, separation, and emission type detectors. The intensity of arsenic atomic emission lines is observed. This type of detector provides a lower limit of detection down to 0.02 ng As per sample. The methods have been applied to a variety of environmental samples.", "contents": "Applications of arsine evolution methods to environmental analyses. Because of its biological activity, arsenic is involved in an active global geochemical cycle. Arsenic has been found to be transferred to the atmosphere, at least in part, by evolution of trimethyl arsine and similar methyl arsenic compounds. Because of the environmental importance of the several arsenic forms [inorganic arsenic (III) and (V), methylarsonic acid, dimethylarsenic acid, trimethylarsine, methylarsine, and dimethylarsine], chemical methods for their analysis are needed. Sensitive methods are required because environmental concentrations encountered are generally in the range of 0.01 (or lower) to 3 ppb for natural waters and 1-6 ng As/m3 for arsenic in air. Arsine evolution by pH selective reduction permits specific analyses for inorganic As (III) and As (V). Methylarsenic acids may be reduced to corresponding methylarsines with sodium borohydride after which separation permits specific detection of these arsenic compounds. The most sensitive and selective methods combine reduction, separation, and emission type detectors. The intensity of arsenic atomic emission lines is observed. This type of detector provides a lower limit of detection down to 0.02 ng As per sample. The methods have been applied to a variety of environmental samples."}
{"id": "PMID:908283", "title": "Arsenic in the drinking water of the city of Antofagasta: epidemiological and clinical study before and after the installation of a treatment plant.", "content": "This is a second report of epidemiological and clinical investigation, related to the arsenic health problem, unique in the world, occurring in the city of Antofagasta, Chile. The arsenic problem originates in the chronic contamination of water supply in the city during 12 years. This phenomena, investigated clinically and epidemiologically and first reported in 1971, prompted the installation of a water treatment plant. This report aims to evaluate the working efficiency of the plant. The study was carried out through the examination of arsenic content in hair and nail clipping samples of the inhabitants of Antofagasta and the determination of this element in cultivated vegetables and carbonated beverages. Also a clinical study in school children, looking for cutaneous lesions attributed to arsenicism, was made. Results are encouraging. They reveal that contamination persists but in significantly lower levels.", "contents": "Arsenic in the drinking water of the city of Antofagasta: epidemiological and clinical study before and after the installation of a treatment plant. This is a second report of epidemiological and clinical investigation, related to the arsenic health problem, unique in the world, occurring in the city of Antofagasta, Chile. The arsenic problem originates in the chronic contamination of water supply in the city during 12 years. This phenomena, investigated clinically and epidemiologically and first reported in 1971, prompted the installation of a water treatment plant. This report aims to evaluate the working efficiency of the plant. The study was carried out through the examination of arsenic content in hair and nail clipping samples of the inhabitants of Antofagasta and the determination of this element in cultivated vegetables and carbonated beverages. Also a clinical study in school children, looking for cutaneous lesions attributed to arsenicism, was made. Results are encouraging. They reveal that contamination persists but in significantly lower levels."}
{"id": "PMID:908284", "title": "Some aspects of the environmental exposure to arsenic in Romania.", "content": "The main sources of arsenic emission in Romania are ore smelters and refineries. Arsenic determinations were carried out by the silver diethyldithiocarbamate spectrophotometric method on hair and urine samples taken from smelter workers and individuals residing in two polluted areas and three areas not polluted by arsenic. Arsenic in hair was found to be a more reliable biologic test than tests on urine, obviously reflecting the differences in arsenic concentrations in workroom air. Repeated determinations for arsenic content after 3 years revealed a twofold increased rate in the 48 re-examined workers. Hair arsenic analysis in people living in two locations near an ore smelter and a refinery indicated high-levels compared to those of individuals residing in nonpolluted areas. Epidemiological studies are necessary in order to ascertain effects of heavy arsenic exposure in relation with concurrent exposures to respiratory irritants and metals.", "contents": "Some aspects of the environmental exposure to arsenic in Romania. The main sources of arsenic emission in Romania are ore smelters and refineries. Arsenic determinations were carried out by the silver diethyldithiocarbamate spectrophotometric method on hair and urine samples taken from smelter workers and individuals residing in two polluted areas and three areas not polluted by arsenic. Arsenic in hair was found to be a more reliable biologic test than tests on urine, obviously reflecting the differences in arsenic concentrations in workroom air. Repeated determinations for arsenic content after 3 years revealed a twofold increased rate in the 48 re-examined workers. Hair arsenic analysis in people living in two locations near an ore smelter and a refinery indicated high-levels compared to those of individuals residing in nonpolluted areas. Epidemiological studies are necessary in order to ascertain effects of heavy arsenic exposure in relation with concurrent exposures to respiratory irritants and metals."}
{"id": "PMID:908285", "title": "Effects and dose--response relationships of skin cancer and blackfoot disease with arsenic.", "content": "In a limited area on the southwest coast of Taiwan, where artesian well water with a high concentration of arsenic has been used for more than 60 years, a high prevalence of chronic arsenicism has been observed in recent years. The total population of this \"endemic\" area is approximately 100,000. A general survey of 40,421 inhabitants and follow-up of 1,108 patients with blackfoot disease were made. Blackfoot disease, so-termed locally, is a peripheral vascular disorder resulting in gangrene of the extremities, especially the feet. The overall prevalence rates for skin cancer was 10.6 per 1000, and for blackfoot disease 8.9 per 1000. Generally speaking, the prevalence increased steadily with age in both diseases. The prevalence rates for skin cancer and blackfoot disease increased with the arsenic content of well water, i.e., the higher the arsenic content, the more patients with skin cancer and blackfoot disease. A dose-response relationship between blackfoot disease and the duration of water intake was also noted. Furthermore, the degree of permanent impairment of function in the patient was directly related to duration of intake of arsenical water and to duration of such intake at the time of onset. The most common cause of death in the patients with skin cancer and blackfoot disease was carcinoma of various sites. The 5-year survival rate after the onset of blackfoot disease was 76.3%; the 10-year survival rate was 63.3% and 15-year survival rate, 52.2%. The 50% survival point was 16 years after onset of the disease.", "contents": "Effects and dose--response relationships of skin cancer and blackfoot disease with arsenic. In a limited area on the southwest coast of Taiwan, where artesian well water with a high concentration of arsenic has been used for more than 60 years, a high prevalence of chronic arsenicism has been observed in recent years. The total population of this \"endemic\" area is approximately 100,000. A general survey of 40,421 inhabitants and follow-up of 1,108 patients with blackfoot disease were made. Blackfoot disease, so-termed locally, is a peripheral vascular disorder resulting in gangrene of the extremities, especially the feet. The overall prevalence rates for skin cancer was 10.6 per 1000, and for blackfoot disease 8.9 per 1000. Generally speaking, the prevalence increased steadily with age in both diseases. The prevalence rates for skin cancer and blackfoot disease increased with the arsenic content of well water, i.e., the higher the arsenic content, the more patients with skin cancer and blackfoot disease. A dose-response relationship between blackfoot disease and the duration of water intake was also noted. Furthermore, the degree of permanent impairment of function in the patient was directly related to duration of intake of arsenical water and to duration of such intake at the time of onset. The most common cause of death in the patients with skin cancer and blackfoot disease was carcinoma of various sites. The 5-year survival rate after the onset of blackfoot disease was 76.3%; the 10-year survival rate was 63.3% and 15-year survival rate, 52.2%. The 50% survival point was 16 years after onset of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:908286", "title": "Questions concerning environmental mobility of arsenic: needs for a chemical data base and means for speciation of trace organoarsenicals.", "content": "Biomethylation of metals, including arsenic, apparently occurs as a global process. Health control strategies therefore depend on accurate analysis of arsenic's environmental mobility. Determining to what extent biotransformations occur and how resultant organometal(loids) are sequestered in food chains requires sophistication beyond present-day total element determinations. Rather, active molecular forms of arsenic must be speciated for each environmental compartment, and it is necessary to quantify the dynamics of arsenic's mobility. Thus, new chemical facts are needed yielding rates of methylation or demethylation of arsenic; partition coefficients of organoarsenicals between air, water, and organic phases; and arsenic redox chemistry in polar media. NBS research in this context is reviewed with examples of recent results emphasizing speciation methodology. Topic areas discussed are: the nature of aquated methylarsenic species (NMR and laser-Raman spectroscopy); transport of methylarsenicals from aqueous media (gas chromatography-graphic furnace AA detection applied to metabolic Me3As formation); and speciation of involatile organoarsenicals in aqueous media (demonstration of HPLC utilizing element-specific AA detection and appraisal of electrochemical detectors).", "contents": "Questions concerning environmental mobility of arsenic: needs for a chemical data base and means for speciation of trace organoarsenicals. Biomethylation of metals, including arsenic, apparently occurs as a global process. Health control strategies therefore depend on accurate analysis of arsenic's environmental mobility. Determining to what extent biotransformations occur and how resultant organometal(loids) are sequestered in food chains requires sophistication beyond present-day total element determinations. Rather, active molecular forms of arsenic must be speciated for each environmental compartment, and it is necessary to quantify the dynamics of arsenic's mobility. Thus, new chemical facts are needed yielding rates of methylation or demethylation of arsenic; partition coefficients of organoarsenicals between air, water, and organic phases; and arsenic redox chemistry in polar media. NBS research in this context is reviewed with examples of recent results emphasizing speciation methodology. Topic areas discussed are: the nature of aquated methylarsenic species (NMR and laser-Raman spectroscopy); transport of methylarsenicals from aqueous media (gas chromatography-graphic furnace AA detection applied to metabolic Me3As formation); and speciation of involatile organoarsenicals in aqueous media (demonstration of HPLC utilizing element-specific AA detection and appraisal of electrochemical detectors)."}
{"id": "PMID:908287", "title": "Outbreak of chronic arsenic poisoning among retired workers from an arsenic mine in Japan.", "content": "Retired former workers of Matsuo Arsenic Mine of Miyazaki prefecture in Japan were subjected to extensive medical examination. The number of retired workers subjected to examination were 61 of 208 workers who were engaged in the works of the mine and were tracked down by the work rolls. These workers left the mine more than 15 years prior to the time of the examination. The main works in the mine were classified as mining, dressing of ores, refining, and clerical work. Several findings such as arsenodermatitis, depigmentation, performation of nasal septum, hyposmia, anosmia, and peripheral nervous disturbance attributed to exposure to arsenic were observed in 9 of 21 roasters who often worked in the arsenic kitchen. No characteristic findings of arsenic poisoning, that is, gastrointestinal disturbance, disorder of the cardiovascular system, hematopoietic disorders, or liver disturbance were observed in the retired workers. Another notable finding was that 8 cases diagnosed as pneumoconiosis were found in 18 miners.", "contents": "Outbreak of chronic arsenic poisoning among retired workers from an arsenic mine in Japan. Retired former workers of Matsuo Arsenic Mine of Miyazaki prefecture in Japan were subjected to extensive medical examination. The number of retired workers subjected to examination were 61 of 208 workers who were engaged in the works of the mine and were tracked down by the work rolls. These workers left the mine more than 15 years prior to the time of the examination. The main works in the mine were classified as mining, dressing of ores, refining, and clerical work. Several findings such as arsenodermatitis, depigmentation, performation of nasal septum, hyposmia, anosmia, and peripheral nervous disturbance attributed to exposure to arsenic were observed in 9 of 21 roasters who often worked in the arsenic kitchen. No characteristic findings of arsenic poisoning, that is, gastrointestinal disturbance, disorder of the cardiovascular system, hematopoietic disorders, or liver disturbance were observed in the retired workers. Another notable finding was that 8 cases diagnosed as pneumoconiosis were found in 18 miners."}
{"id": "PMID:908288", "title": "Mortality experience in relation to a measured arsenic trioxide exposure.", "content": "This report examines the mortality experience of 527 men who retired from a copper smelter where they were exposed to airborne arsenic trioxide. Urinary arsenic values of all plant employees were determined in 1973, and the relative arsenic exposure in the various departments of the plant were determined. The relationship of airborne arsenic concentrations to urinary arsenic values was studied in a separate experiment, and the feasibility of using urinary arsenic values as a measure of arsenic exposure was established. The mortality experience of the cohort under study showed them to have a mortality 12.2% higher than was found for males of the same area at the same ages and in the same time period. The excess mortality was due chiefly to respiratory cancer. When the deaths were classified by total lifetime arsenic exposure, the respiratory cancer mortality was linearly related to the amount of exposure. The 1973 figures for arsenic exposure underestimated the exposure of the cohort group by a factor of possibly 10. Evidence was obtained which suggests that after removal from arsenic exposure, the risk of lung cancer declines. Certain of the data which are presented suggests there may be a threshold value for airborne arsenic trioxide exposure below which no adverse effects may be expected.", "contents": "Mortality experience in relation to a measured arsenic trioxide exposure. This report examines the mortality experience of 527 men who retired from a copper smelter where they were exposed to airborne arsenic trioxide. Urinary arsenic values of all plant employees were determined in 1973, and the relative arsenic exposure in the various departments of the plant were determined. The relationship of airborne arsenic concentrations to urinary arsenic values was studied in a separate experiment, and the feasibility of using urinary arsenic values as a measure of arsenic exposure was established. The mortality experience of the cohort under study showed them to have a mortality 12.2% higher than was found for males of the same area at the same ages and in the same time period. The excess mortality was due chiefly to respiratory cancer. When the deaths were classified by total lifetime arsenic exposure, the respiratory cancer mortality was linearly related to the amount of exposure. The 1973 figures for arsenic exposure underestimated the exposure of the cohort group by a factor of possibly 10. Evidence was obtained which suggests that after removal from arsenic exposure, the risk of lung cancer declines. Certain of the data which are presented suggests there may be a threshold value for airborne arsenic trioxide exposure below which no adverse effects may be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:908289", "title": "Studies of morbidity near a copper smelter.", "content": "Children living near a copper smelter in Tacoma, Washington, have been shown to have increased levels of urinary and hair arsenic. Studies of hearing, blood status and school attendance in exposed and nonexposed children failed to detect any differences in these parameters.", "contents": "Studies of morbidity near a copper smelter. Children living near a copper smelter in Tacoma, Washington, have been shown to have increased levels of urinary and hair arsenic. Studies of hearing, blood status and school attendance in exposed and nonexposed children failed to detect any differences in these parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:908290", "title": "Mortality in a region surrounding an arsenic emitting plant.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation is to study whether an increased mortality from certain causes exists in an area around the R\u00f6nnsk\u00e4rsverken smelter works in northern Sweden. Founded in 1928, this metallurgical plant processing mainly nonferrous metals has since its initial operations been using ore with a high arsenic content. This has resulted in environmental pollution to air and water of arsenic, as well as other metals and sulfur dioxide. The causes of death for the population of two parishes in the vicinity of the plant were listed from the National Sedish Register on Death Causes. A reference area in the same part of Sweden with similar degree of urbanization, occupational profile, and age distribution was chosen. The causes of death for the two populations were followed during a period of 14 yr. A significantly higher mortality rate for lung cancer was noted in men in the exposed area. However, this increase was no longer significant when the occupationally exposed at R\u00f6nnsk\u00e4rsverken were excluded. The latter showed a highly significant excess mortality due to primary respiratory cancer.A continuation of this investigation in the form of a cohort study of both the mortality and cancer incidence is currently under way.", "contents": "Mortality in a region surrounding an arsenic emitting plant. The purpose of the investigation is to study whether an increased mortality from certain causes exists in an area around the R\u00f6nnsk\u00e4rsverken smelter works in northern Sweden. Founded in 1928, this metallurgical plant processing mainly nonferrous metals has since its initial operations been using ore with a high arsenic content. This has resulted in environmental pollution to air and water of arsenic, as well as other metals and sulfur dioxide. The causes of death for the population of two parishes in the vicinity of the plant were listed from the National Sedish Register on Death Causes. A reference area in the same part of Sweden with similar degree of urbanization, occupational profile, and age distribution was chosen. The causes of death for the two populations were followed during a period of 14 yr. A significantly higher mortality rate for lung cancer was noted in men in the exposed area. However, this increase was no longer significant when the occupationally exposed at R\u00f6nnsk\u00e4rsverken were excluded. The latter showed a highly significant excess mortality due to primary respiratory cancer.A continuation of this investigation in the form of a cohort study of both the mortality and cancer incidence is currently under way."}
{"id": "PMID:908291", "title": "Arsenic levels in Oregon waters.", "content": "The arsenic content of well water in certain areas of Oregon can range up to 30 to 40 times the U.S.P.H.S. Drinking Water Standard of 1962, where concentrations in excess of 50 ppb are grounds for rejection. The elevated arsenic levels in water are postulated to be due to volcanic deposits. Wells in central Lane County, Oregon, that are known to contain arsenic rich water are in an area underlain by a particular group of sedimentary and volcanic rocks, which geologists have named the Fischer formation. The arsenic levels in water from wells ranged from no detectable amounts to 2,000 ppb. In general the deeper wells contained higher arsenic water. The high arsenic waters are characterized by the small amounts of calcium and magnesium in relation to that of sodium, a high content of boron, and a high pH. Water from some hot springs in other areas of Oregon was found to range as high as 900 ppb arsenic. Arsenic blood levels ranged from 32 ppb for people living in areas where water is low in arsenic to 250 ppb for those living in areas where water is known to contain high levels of arsenic. Some health problems associated with consumption of arsenic-rich water are discussed.", "contents": "Arsenic levels in Oregon waters. The arsenic content of well water in certain areas of Oregon can range up to 30 to 40 times the U.S.P.H.S. Drinking Water Standard of 1962, where concentrations in excess of 50 ppb are grounds for rejection. The elevated arsenic levels in water are postulated to be due to volcanic deposits. Wells in central Lane County, Oregon, that are known to contain arsenic rich water are in an area underlain by a particular group of sedimentary and volcanic rocks, which geologists have named the Fischer formation. The arsenic levels in water from wells ranged from no detectable amounts to 2,000 ppb. In general the deeper wells contained higher arsenic water. The high arsenic waters are characterized by the small amounts of calcium and magnesium in relation to that of sodium, a high content of boron, and a high pH. Water from some hot springs in other areas of Oregon was found to range as high as 900 ppb arsenic. Arsenic blood levels ranged from 32 ppb for people living in areas where water is low in arsenic to 250 ppb for those living in areas where water is known to contain high levels of arsenic. Some health problems associated with consumption of arsenic-rich water are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908292", "title": "Chromosome aberrations in workers exposed to arsenic.", "content": "The occurrence of chromosome aberrations was studied in short-term cultured lymphocytes from nine workers exposed to arsenic at the R\u00f6nnsk\u00e4r smeltery in northern Sweden. In the smelter workers, 87 aberrations were found in 819 mitoses. The number of aberrations varied individually from 0 to 25 aberrations per 100 cells. In a control material 13 aberrations were found in 1012 mitoses. The frequency of chromosome aberrations was significantly increased among the smelter workers, but due to the simultaneous exposure to other agents the effect of arsenic per se can not be assessed with certainty.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations in workers exposed to arsenic. The occurrence of chromosome aberrations was studied in short-term cultured lymphocytes from nine workers exposed to arsenic at the R\u00f6nnsk\u00e4r smeltery in northern Sweden. In the smelter workers, 87 aberrations were found in 819 mitoses. The number of aberrations varied individually from 0 to 25 aberrations per 100 cells. In a control material 13 aberrations were found in 1012 mitoses. The frequency of chromosome aberrations was significantly increased among the smelter workers, but due to the simultaneous exposure to other agents the effect of arsenic per se can not be assessed with certainty."}
{"id": "PMID:908293", "title": "Changes in the chemical speciation of arsenic following ingestion by man.", "content": "The concentrations of four chemical species of arsenic in urine were observed with time, after ingestion of three different chemical species of arsenic. The arsenic-rich substances ingested, including arsenite-rich wine, arsenate-rich drinking water, and crab meat which contained organo-arsenic compounds. After ingestion of arsenite-rich wine, approximately 10% of the arsenic was excreted as arsenite, but the majority of the arsenic was methylated to methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid and excreted. After ingestion of arsenate-rich water, elevated levels of both arsenate and dimethylarsinic acid were observed. When crab meat was ingested, none of these four arsenic species were observed at elevated levels until the urine was heated in 2N NaOH. After the hot base digestion, high levels of dimethylarsinic acid were detected in these samples. The apparent biological half-lives were on the order of 10 hr for inorganic arsenic and 30 hr for the methylated arsenic forms.", "contents": "Changes in the chemical speciation of arsenic following ingestion by man. The concentrations of four chemical species of arsenic in urine were observed with time, after ingestion of three different chemical species of arsenic. The arsenic-rich substances ingested, including arsenite-rich wine, arsenate-rich drinking water, and crab meat which contained organo-arsenic compounds. After ingestion of arsenite-rich wine, approximately 10% of the arsenic was excreted as arsenite, but the majority of the arsenic was methylated to methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid and excreted. After ingestion of arsenate-rich water, elevated levels of both arsenate and dimethylarsinic acid were observed. When crab meat was ingested, none of these four arsenic species were observed at elevated levels until the urine was heated in 2N NaOH. After the hot base digestion, high levels of dimethylarsinic acid were detected in these samples. The apparent biological half-lives were on the order of 10 hr for inorganic arsenic and 30 hr for the methylated arsenic forms."}
{"id": "PMID:908294", "title": "Disposition of 14C and/or 74As-cacodylic acid in rats after intravenous, intratracheal, or peroral administration.", "content": "The distribution, excretion, and possible metabolism of (14)C- and/or (74)As-cacodylic acid, an organoarsenical herbicide, was studied in rats following a single intravenous injection, intratracheal instillation or oral gavage. Male Sherman rats were dosed at levels ranging from 200 mg/kg to 120 mug/kg. The extent and rate of lung absorption was greater than gastrointestinal absorption. Concentrations in the liver and whole blood were higher after peroral dosing than intravenous administration. Levels observed in plasma and other tissues were similar after all three routes following the absorptive phase. The percent dose found in the whole blood, red blood cells, and plasma was similar for all doses given by these routes. Less than 0.1(1/2) of the administered dose was recovered as (14)CO(2) by any route at 24 hr after administration. Twenty-four hours after intravenous, intratracheal, and peroral administration, 71, 60, and 25%, respectively, was excreted in the urine. After intravenous administration of 200 mg/kg, sufficient (14)C-cacodylic acid was recovered in bile to account for the small amount excreted in the feces. Cacodylic acid is probably not metabolized to inorganic arsenic since the disposition of (14)C and (74)As-cacodylic acid were identical.Kinetic analyses of the plasma curve for (14)C-cacodylic acid (high dose) yielded three half-times; 0.014, 0.214 and 3.42 hr with an apparent volume of distribution of 15.3 ml. Highest initial concentrations were found in the whole blood, muscle, kidney, liver and lung. Levels in all tissues decreased rapidly, but remained high in whole blood. The red blood cells were found to be the major site of body burden of cacodylic acid.", "contents": "Disposition of 14C and/or 74As-cacodylic acid in rats after intravenous, intratracheal, or peroral administration. The distribution, excretion, and possible metabolism of (14)C- and/or (74)As-cacodylic acid, an organoarsenical herbicide, was studied in rats following a single intravenous injection, intratracheal instillation or oral gavage. Male Sherman rats were dosed at levels ranging from 200 mg/kg to 120 mug/kg. The extent and rate of lung absorption was greater than gastrointestinal absorption. Concentrations in the liver and whole blood were higher after peroral dosing than intravenous administration. Levels observed in plasma and other tissues were similar after all three routes following the absorptive phase. The percent dose found in the whole blood, red blood cells, and plasma was similar for all doses given by these routes. Less than 0.1(1/2) of the administered dose was recovered as (14)CO(2) by any route at 24 hr after administration. Twenty-four hours after intravenous, intratracheal, and peroral administration, 71, 60, and 25%, respectively, was excreted in the urine. After intravenous administration of 200 mg/kg, sufficient (14)C-cacodylic acid was recovered in bile to account for the small amount excreted in the feces. Cacodylic acid is probably not metabolized to inorganic arsenic since the disposition of (14)C and (74)As-cacodylic acid were identical.Kinetic analyses of the plasma curve for (14)C-cacodylic acid (high dose) yielded three half-times; 0.014, 0.214 and 3.42 hr with an apparent volume of distribution of 15.3 ml. Highest initial concentrations were found in the whole blood, muscle, kidney, liver and lung. Levels in all tissues decreased rapidly, but remained high in whole blood. The red blood cells were found to be the major site of body burden of cacodylic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:908295", "title": "Experimental studies on arsenic absorption routes in rats.", "content": "Pentavalent inorganic arsenic was introduced by intravenous, intratracheal, gastrointestinal, and skin application in doses 0.1 to 4.0 mg/kg in rats. Isotopic technics were applied by use of As(74). It was found that the dynamics of arsenic distribution in the body as well as the kinetics of its elimination in urine and feces varies very substantially, depending on the mode of administration. Intravenous administration of As causes immediate appearance of arsenic in most tissues and a slow decrease of its concentrations in time. Similar situations could be observed with intratracheal dosing, because arsenic is very rapidly absorbed from the site of administration. Concentration in tissues increases more slowly after gastrointestinal resorption. Skin application causes first the accumulation of arsenic in the skin and next continuous, slow transport from the skin into the blood stream. The rate of skin resorption was 1.14-33.1 mug/cm(2)-hr for 0.01-0.2M concentrations. The red blood cell level of arsenic is very substantial and does not change with time, which indicates the accumulation of arsenic in this tissue. The elimination of arsenic occurred chiefly in urine and feces, but the urine/feces ratio changed very substantially, depending on the route of administration. The kinetics of arsenic elimination in urine was multiphasic, being three-phase in case of intravenous and intratracheal administration and two-phase after gavage and skin resorption. After intravenous administration of As, the half-times of elimination were 2.5, 10, and 690 hr, respectively. Administration of selenium salts during the slow phase increased the rate of arsenic elimination. The straight-line relations found between the absorbed dose of arsenic and its blood or urine concentrations could serve as baselines for exposure tests for humans.", "contents": "Experimental studies on arsenic absorption routes in rats. Pentavalent inorganic arsenic was introduced by intravenous, intratracheal, gastrointestinal, and skin application in doses 0.1 to 4.0 mg/kg in rats. Isotopic technics were applied by use of As(74). It was found that the dynamics of arsenic distribution in the body as well as the kinetics of its elimination in urine and feces varies very substantially, depending on the mode of administration. Intravenous administration of As causes immediate appearance of arsenic in most tissues and a slow decrease of its concentrations in time. Similar situations could be observed with intratracheal dosing, because arsenic is very rapidly absorbed from the site of administration. Concentration in tissues increases more slowly after gastrointestinal resorption. Skin application causes first the accumulation of arsenic in the skin and next continuous, slow transport from the skin into the blood stream. The rate of skin resorption was 1.14-33.1 mug/cm(2)-hr for 0.01-0.2M concentrations. The red blood cell level of arsenic is very substantial and does not change with time, which indicates the accumulation of arsenic in this tissue. The elimination of arsenic occurred chiefly in urine and feces, but the urine/feces ratio changed very substantially, depending on the route of administration. The kinetics of arsenic elimination in urine was multiphasic, being three-phase in case of intravenous and intratracheal administration and two-phase after gavage and skin resorption. After intravenous administration of As, the half-times of elimination were 2.5, 10, and 690 hr, respectively. Administration of selenium salts during the slow phase increased the rate of arsenic elimination. The straight-line relations found between the absorbed dose of arsenic and its blood or urine concentrations could serve as baselines for exposure tests for humans."}
{"id": "PMID:908296", "title": "Carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects of arsenic.", "content": "This review outlines briefly the history and present status of the problem of carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects of arsenic. Discrepancies between clinical observations and positive results of epidemiological studies and the experimental induction of cancer by arsenic are discussed. The present knowledge of the mechanism of teratogenic and mutagenic effects of arsenic is analyzed. The growing importance of arsenic as an environmental pollutant is demonstrated. Continuation of throughly organized epidemiological studies in regions with excessive arsenic exposure of the population and standardization of an epidemiological approach to this problem on an international basis are recommended. New approaches in experimental studies of the carcinogenicity of arsenic in combination with other known or suspected carcinogens are recommended as well.", "contents": "Carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects of arsenic. This review outlines briefly the history and present status of the problem of carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects of arsenic. Discrepancies between clinical observations and positive results of epidemiological studies and the experimental induction of cancer by arsenic are discussed. The present knowledge of the mechanism of teratogenic and mutagenic effects of arsenic is analyzed. The growing importance of arsenic as an environmental pollutant is demonstrated. Continuation of throughly organized epidemiological studies in regions with excessive arsenic exposure of the population and standardization of an epidemiological approach to this problem on an international basis are recommended. New approaches in experimental studies of the carcinogenicity of arsenic in combination with other known or suspected carcinogens are recommended as well."}
{"id": "PMID:908297", "title": "Epidemiology and toxicology of arsenic poisoning in domestic animals.", "content": "Arsenic poisoning is one of the more important causes of heavy metal poisoning in domestic animals. Two species--dogs and cattle--are intoxicated more frequently than other animals; yet sporadic instances of poisoning have been observed in cats, horses, and pigs. Cases observed by veterinary clinicians are either peracute, acute, or chronic intoxications. Frequently the initial and only indication that a severe problem exists with peracute poisoning in a cattle herd is dead animals. Chronic intoxications are also observed in cattle. Acute intoxication is the most common form of arsenic poisoning observed and documented in the dog. Also intoxicated dogs were younger, i.e., 2-6 months of age. Arsenic is a severe alimentary tract irritant in domestic animals, and treatment in most instances consists mainly of symptomatic and supportive treatment. The source of intoxication, when it can be determined, is usually dips, sprays, powders, or vegetation contaminated by pesticides containing arsenic.", "contents": "Epidemiology and toxicology of arsenic poisoning in domestic animals. Arsenic poisoning is one of the more important causes of heavy metal poisoning in domestic animals. Two species--dogs and cattle--are intoxicated more frequently than other animals; yet sporadic instances of poisoning have been observed in cats, horses, and pigs. Cases observed by veterinary clinicians are either peracute, acute, or chronic intoxications. Frequently the initial and only indication that a severe problem exists with peracute poisoning in a cattle herd is dead animals. Chronic intoxications are also observed in cattle. Acute intoxication is the most common form of arsenic poisoning observed and documented in the dog. Also intoxicated dogs were younger, i.e., 2-6 months of age. Arsenic is a severe alimentary tract irritant in domestic animals, and treatment in most instances consists mainly of symptomatic and supportive treatment. The source of intoxication, when it can be determined, is usually dips, sprays, powders, or vegetation contaminated by pesticides containing arsenic."}
{"id": "PMID:908298", "title": "Preliminary experimental study on carcinogenicity of arsenic trioxide in rat lung.", "content": "To investigate carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic properties, copper ore (Kinkaseki) and flue dust collected from a metal refinery and arsenic trioxide (As2O3) were administered into the lung of male Wistar-King rats by an intratracheal instillation method. No squamous cell carcinoma of the lung was found among the rats given three arsenical substances, while adenoma or adenocarcinoma was observed. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung was observed in rats, when copper ore, flue dust, and arsenic trioxide were instilled into the lung together with benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in rats exposed to Kinkaseki, flue dust, and As2O3 in addition to B[a]P was higher than that in rats given B[a]P alone. The results of this study indicate that solid arsenical substances, such as arsenic trioxide, metal ore and flue dust from a metal refinery, seemed to act on the carcinogenicity of B[a]P in a cocarcinogenic manner.", "contents": "Preliminary experimental study on carcinogenicity of arsenic trioxide in rat lung. To investigate carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic properties, copper ore (Kinkaseki) and flue dust collected from a metal refinery and arsenic trioxide (As2O3) were administered into the lung of male Wistar-King rats by an intratracheal instillation method. No squamous cell carcinoma of the lung was found among the rats given three arsenical substances, while adenoma or adenocarcinoma was observed. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung was observed in rats, when copper ore, flue dust, and arsenic trioxide were instilled into the lung together with benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in rats exposed to Kinkaseki, flue dust, and As2O3 in addition to B[a]P was higher than that in rats given B[a]P alone. The results of this study indicate that solid arsenical substances, such as arsenic trioxide, metal ore and flue dust from a metal refinery, seemed to act on the carcinogenicity of B[a]P in a cocarcinogenic manner."}
{"id": "PMID:908299", "title": "Effects of arsenic on pyruvate dehydrogenase activation.", "content": "Our studies illuminate a particular site of altered pyruvate utilization by liver mitochondria isolated from arsenic-fed rats. Initially, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) levels were measured before and after in vitro activation. The liver homogenates were prepared from male rats given access to deionized drinking water solutions containing 0, 20, 40, and 85 ppm arsenic as sodium arsenate (As+5) for 3 and 6 weeks. After 3 weeks, the effects of arsenic at the highest dose level were pronounced on the basal activity (before activation), with inhibition up to 48% of the control values. The total PDH (after activation) was inhibited by 14, 15, and 28% of the control values at 20, 40, and 85 ppm As+5, respectively. A similar pattern of inhibition of PDH was observed at 6 weeks, although the inhibition was lower at the highest dose. This effect is probably a reflection of mitochondrial regeneration at this time and dose. The inhibition of PDH both before and after activation suggests a direct arsenic effect on pyruvate utilization which does not involve a lipoic acid moiety. Evidence is also presented which indicates an arsenic effect on the regulating kinase and/or phosphatase. The metabolic effects of impaired mitochondrial utilization by pyruvate are also discussed.", "contents": "Effects of arsenic on pyruvate dehydrogenase activation. Our studies illuminate a particular site of altered pyruvate utilization by liver mitochondria isolated from arsenic-fed rats. Initially, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) levels were measured before and after in vitro activation. The liver homogenates were prepared from male rats given access to deionized drinking water solutions containing 0, 20, 40, and 85 ppm arsenic as sodium arsenate (As+5) for 3 and 6 weeks. After 3 weeks, the effects of arsenic at the highest dose level were pronounced on the basal activity (before activation), with inhibition up to 48% of the control values. The total PDH (after activation) was inhibited by 14, 15, and 28% of the control values at 20, 40, and 85 ppm As+5, respectively. A similar pattern of inhibition of PDH was observed at 6 weeks, although the inhibition was lower at the highest dose. This effect is probably a reflection of mitochondrial regeneration at this time and dose. The inhibition of PDH both before and after activation suggests a direct arsenic effect on pyruvate utilization which does not involve a lipoic acid moiety. Evidence is also presented which indicates an arsenic effect on the regulating kinase and/or phosphatase. The metabolic effects of impaired mitochondrial utilization by pyruvate are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908300", "title": "Effects of chronic arsenic exposure on hematopoietic function in adult mammalian liver.", "content": "In these studies the effects of ingested arsenic (As(+5)) on hepatic heme biosynthetic capability and hemoprotein function in adult male rats were investigated. Animals exposed for 6 weeks to 0, 20, 40, or 85 ppm sodium arsenate in the drinking water suffered depression of hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase and heme synthetase (ferrochelatase) activities, with maximal decreases to 67 and 55% of control levels, respectively, at 85 ppm. Concomitantly, urinary uroporphyrin levels were elevated by as much as 12 times, and coproporphyrin by as much as 9 times, control values. The rate of incorporation of (3)H-ALA into mitochondrial and microsomal hemes was depressed by 40-50% at 20 ppm but was increased with regard to controls by as much as 150% at the higher treatment levels. A similar biphasic pattern was observed in regard to (14)C-leucine incorporation into cellular membranal proteins. In contrast, the levels of ALA dehydratase, uroporphyrinogen I synthetase, aminopyrine demethylase, and cytochrome P-450 were not significantly changed in As(+5)-treated rats. These results support the hypothesis that chronic, low level, arsenic exposure results in selective inhibition of mitochondrial-bound heme biosynthetic pathway enzymes (ALA synthetase and heme synthetase) resulting in a substantial increase in urinary porphyrins, uniquely characterized by a greater increase in uroporphyrin than coproporphyrin levels. These changes occur independent of, or prior to, alterations in hepatic hemoprotein-dependent functions and may thus serve in the clinical analysis of pretoxic exposure to arsenic compounds in human populations.", "contents": "Effects of chronic arsenic exposure on hematopoietic function in adult mammalian liver. In these studies the effects of ingested arsenic (As(+5)) on hepatic heme biosynthetic capability and hemoprotein function in adult male rats were investigated. Animals exposed for 6 weeks to 0, 20, 40, or 85 ppm sodium arsenate in the drinking water suffered depression of hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase and heme synthetase (ferrochelatase) activities, with maximal decreases to 67 and 55% of control levels, respectively, at 85 ppm. Concomitantly, urinary uroporphyrin levels were elevated by as much as 12 times, and coproporphyrin by as much as 9 times, control values. The rate of incorporation of (3)H-ALA into mitochondrial and microsomal hemes was depressed by 40-50% at 20 ppm but was increased with regard to controls by as much as 150% at the higher treatment levels. A similar biphasic pattern was observed in regard to (14)C-leucine incorporation into cellular membranal proteins. In contrast, the levels of ALA dehydratase, uroporphyrinogen I synthetase, aminopyrine demethylase, and cytochrome P-450 were not significantly changed in As(+5)-treated rats. These results support the hypothesis that chronic, low level, arsenic exposure results in selective inhibition of mitochondrial-bound heme biosynthetic pathway enzymes (ALA synthetase and heme synthetase) resulting in a substantial increase in urinary porphyrins, uniquely characterized by a greater increase in uroporphyrin than coproporphyrin levels. These changes occur independent of, or prior to, alterations in hepatic hemoprotein-dependent functions and may thus serve in the clinical analysis of pretoxic exposure to arsenic compounds in human populations."}
{"id": "PMID:908301", "title": "Arsenic as a teratogenic agent.", "content": "Sodium arsenate induces developmental malformations in a variety of experimental animals. In the golden hamster, the intravenous (or intraperitoneal) administration of 20 mg/kg of sodium arsenate during day 8 to 9 of gestation induces a rather specific spectrum of congenital malformations. This period corresponds to the period of very rapid differentiation and major organogenesis in this animal. The spectrum of defects produced by arsenate in the hamster includes exencephaly, encephaloceles, skeletal defects, and malformations of the genito-urinary system. This teratogenic effect can be significantly reduced by the simultaneous administration of selenium. Recent studies in this laboratory have demonstrated the permeability of the placenta to 74As during the early critical stages of embryogenesis and the distribution of this isotope in maternal, placental and embryonic tissues. We have also recently demonstrated the marked potentiation of the teratogenic effect of sodium arsenate by subjecting the mothers to short periods of hyperthermia immediately following the administration of subteratogenic or minimal teratogenic levels of arsenate.", "contents": "Arsenic as a teratogenic agent. Sodium arsenate induces developmental malformations in a variety of experimental animals. In the golden hamster, the intravenous (or intraperitoneal) administration of 20 mg/kg of sodium arsenate during day 8 to 9 of gestation induces a rather specific spectrum of congenital malformations. This period corresponds to the period of very rapid differentiation and major organogenesis in this animal. The spectrum of defects produced by arsenate in the hamster includes exencephaly, encephaloceles, skeletal defects, and malformations of the genito-urinary system. This teratogenic effect can be significantly reduced by the simultaneous administration of selenium. Recent studies in this laboratory have demonstrated the permeability of the placenta to 74As during the early critical stages of embryogenesis and the distribution of this isotope in maternal, placental and embryonic tissues. We have also recently demonstrated the marked potentiation of the teratogenic effect of sodium arsenate by subjecting the mothers to short periods of hyperthermia immediately following the administration of subteratogenic or minimal teratogenic levels of arsenate."}
{"id": "PMID:908302", "title": "Effects in the mouse and rat of prenatal exposure to arsenic.", "content": "Initial experiments involving mouse development employed single IP injections of 45 mg/kg sodium arsenate on one of days 6-12 of gestation and produced a spectrum of developmental defects. Embryotoxicity was indicated by high prenatal mortality and decreased fetal weights. A chelating agent, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), was then employed in an attempt to alleviate the adverse effects of prenatal arsenate. BAL was administered 4 hr before, concurrently with, or 4 hr after arsenate. All BAL treatments diminished arsenate-induced gross malformations and growth retardation; the concurrent treatment alleviated skeletal malformation. Injection of rats IP with arsenate has also been reported to result in teratogenicity, including renal agenesis. Further reports indicated that 40 mg/kg arsenate administered to mice by gavage on days 9-11 increased prenatal mortality, reduced fetal weights, and was associated with minor malformations. According to our recent work, however, single oral doses of arsenate must be around 120 mg/kg to cause prenatal toxicity. Multiple doses of 60 mg/kg on 3 days had little effect. Sodium arsenite has also been found to be fetotoxic and teratogenic. Such effects were seen at IP doses of 10-12 mg/kg.", "contents": "Effects in the mouse and rat of prenatal exposure to arsenic. Initial experiments involving mouse development employed single IP injections of 45 mg/kg sodium arsenate on one of days 6-12 of gestation and produced a spectrum of developmental defects. Embryotoxicity was indicated by high prenatal mortality and decreased fetal weights. A chelating agent, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), was then employed in an attempt to alleviate the adverse effects of prenatal arsenate. BAL was administered 4 hr before, concurrently with, or 4 hr after arsenate. All BAL treatments diminished arsenate-induced gross malformations and growth retardation; the concurrent treatment alleviated skeletal malformation. Injection of rats IP with arsenate has also been reported to result in teratogenicity, including renal agenesis. Further reports indicated that 40 mg/kg arsenate administered to mice by gavage on days 9-11 increased prenatal mortality, reduced fetal weights, and was associated with minor malformations. According to our recent work, however, single oral doses of arsenate must be around 120 mg/kg to cause prenatal toxicity. Multiple doses of 60 mg/kg on 3 days had little effect. Sodium arsenite has also been found to be fetotoxic and teratogenic. Such effects were seen at IP doses of 10-12 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:908303", "title": "Effects of arsenic cell metabolism and cell proliferation: cytogenetic and biochemical studies.", "content": "Chromosome analysis of lymphocytes from patients who had been exposed to arsenic showed frequent structural and numerical aberrations, even with an interval of decades since the last exposure. The in vitro addition of sodium arsenate induced the same chromosome changes--even to extreme of chromosome pulverizations--upon lymphocyte cultures from healthy subjects. Radioactive incorporation studies showed that arsenate was able to inhibit dose-dependently the incorporation of radioactively labeled nucleotide in RNA and DNA. Beyond that, arsenic blocked the cells in the S- and G2-phase. A general explanation for the inhibitory effect of inorganic arsenic on cell metabolism is the known strong affinity of arsenic to enzymes, especially to those containing sulfhydryl groups.", "contents": "Effects of arsenic cell metabolism and cell proliferation: cytogenetic and biochemical studies. Chromosome analysis of lymphocytes from patients who had been exposed to arsenic showed frequent structural and numerical aberrations, even with an interval of decades since the last exposure. The in vitro addition of sodium arsenate induced the same chromosome changes--even to extreme of chromosome pulverizations--upon lymphocyte cultures from healthy subjects. Radioactive incorporation studies showed that arsenate was able to inhibit dose-dependently the incorporation of radioactively labeled nucleotide in RNA and DNA. Beyond that, arsenic blocked the cells in the S- and G2-phase. A general explanation for the inhibitory effect of inorganic arsenic on cell metabolism is the known strong affinity of arsenic to enzymes, especially to those containing sulfhydryl groups."}
{"id": "PMID:908304", "title": "Effect of the combined action of selenium and arsenic on suspension culture of mice fibroblasts.", "content": "The protective influence of arsenic against the toxic action of selenium has been tested on suspension cultures of mice fibroblasts LA 115. The growth of the cells was observed after the isolated and combined action of sodium arsenite NaAsO2 and sodium selenite Na2SeO3. The concentration range of both substances in cultivation medium MEm (USOL) was 10(-5) -10(-11)M. The growth of treated cultures was analyzed daily during 5 days of exposure. From the results obtained, growth curves of the cell cultures were constructed and analyzed. The results of every determination were evaluated in relation to the corresponding control culture. The results obtained demonstrate that decreasing concentrations of arsenic enhanced its protective effect in the range of the concentrations used. In contrast, a low protective effect of selenium against arsenic was noted in the concentrations employed. The cell cultures have proved to be very suitable for toxicological studies of the combined effects of different substances.", "contents": "Effect of the combined action of selenium and arsenic on suspension culture of mice fibroblasts. The protective influence of arsenic against the toxic action of selenium has been tested on suspension cultures of mice fibroblasts LA 115. The growth of the cells was observed after the isolated and combined action of sodium arsenite NaAsO2 and sodium selenite Na2SeO3. The concentration range of both substances in cultivation medium MEm (USOL) was 10(-5) -10(-11)M. The growth of treated cultures was analyzed daily during 5 days of exposure. From the results obtained, growth curves of the cell cultures were constructed and analyzed. The results of every determination were evaluated in relation to the corresponding control culture. The results obtained demonstrate that decreasing concentrations of arsenic enhanced its protective effect in the range of the concentrations used. In contrast, a low protective effect of selenium against arsenic was noted in the concentrations employed. The cell cultures have proved to be very suitable for toxicological studies of the combined effects of different substances."}
{"id": "PMID:908306", "title": "Emissions of arsenic in Sweden and their reduction.", "content": "The role of arsenic in Sweden is generally described, including raw materials, exports/imports, products, consumption, etc. An attempt was also made to estimate the transport of arsenic in Sweden. The quantities of arsenic in raw materials, the emissions of arsenic from such processes as copper smelters and chemical industries, and the amounts of products containing arsenic were calculated. The studies show that a copper smelter is the main user of arsenical materials, the very largest emitting source and also the plant which manufacturers most arsenic products. A summary of measurements of arsenic in air, water and soil in Sweden has also been made. The concentrations near a smelter, in the Baltic, in cities and in \"clean-air areas\" are given. The efforts made to date to reduce the emissions of arsenic and the measures planned for the next few years are described. A reduction has already been achieved and a further rather large decrease will come, especially in arsenic levels in water. The possibilities of minimizing the use of materials and products containing arsenic is also discussed.", "contents": "Emissions of arsenic in Sweden and their reduction. The role of arsenic in Sweden is generally described, including raw materials, exports/imports, products, consumption, etc. An attempt was also made to estimate the transport of arsenic in Sweden. The quantities of arsenic in raw materials, the emissions of arsenic from such processes as copper smelters and chemical industries, and the amounts of products containing arsenic were calculated. The studies show that a copper smelter is the main user of arsenical materials, the very largest emitting source and also the plant which manufacturers most arsenic products. A summary of measurements of arsenic in air, water and soil in Sweden has also been made. The concentrations near a smelter, in the Baltic, in cities and in \"clean-air areas\" are given. The efforts made to date to reduce the emissions of arsenic and the measures planned for the next few years are described. A reduction has already been achieved and a further rather large decrease will come, especially in arsenic levels in water. The possibilities of minimizing the use of materials and products containing arsenic is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908308", "title": "Industrial contributions of arsenic to the environment.", "content": "Arsenic is present in all copper, lead, and zinc sulfide ores and is carried along with those metals in the mining, milling and concentrating process. Separation, final concentration and refining of by-product arsenic as the trioxide is achieved at smelters. Arsenic is the essential consistent element of many compounds important and widely used in agriculture and wood preservation. Lesser amounts are used in metal alloys, glass-making, and feed additives. There is no significant recycling. Current levels of arsenic emissions to the atmosphere from smelters and power plants and ambient air concentrations are given as data of greatest environmental interest.", "contents": "Industrial contributions of arsenic to the environment. Arsenic is present in all copper, lead, and zinc sulfide ores and is carried along with those metals in the mining, milling and concentrating process. Separation, final concentration and refining of by-product arsenic as the trioxide is achieved at smelters. Arsenic is the essential consistent element of many compounds important and widely used in agriculture and wood preservation. Lesser amounts are used in metal alloys, glass-making, and feed additives. There is no significant recycling. Current levels of arsenic emissions to the atmosphere from smelters and power plants and ambient air concentrations are given as data of greatest environmental interest."}
{"id": "PMID:908307", "title": "Quantities of lead producing health effects in humans: sources and bioavailability.", "content": "Levels of lead ingestion and inhalation producing increased body burden of lead and clinical toxicity in adults and children are compared with usual levels of exposure. The magnitude of lead exposure from air, water, and food is estimated. Sources of high level exposure to lead are described; urban street dirt, house dust, and paint are particularly common sources of high concentrations of lead. The bioavailability of different lead compounds is reviewed as well as factors affecting susceptibility to lead.", "contents": "Quantities of lead producing health effects in humans: sources and bioavailability. Levels of lead ingestion and inhalation producing increased body burden of lead and clinical toxicity in adults and children are compared with usual levels of exposure. The magnitude of lead exposure from air, water, and food is estimated. Sources of high level exposure to lead are described; urban street dirt, house dust, and paint are particularly common sources of high concentrations of lead. The bioavailability of different lead compounds is reviewed as well as factors affecting susceptibility to lead."}
{"id": "PMID:908309", "title": "Virus activation by vitamin A and NO2 gas exposures in hamsters.", "content": "Hamsters exposed to 10 ppm NO2 for 5 hr once a week for 4 weeks while undergoing acute vitamin A deficiency showed much reduced epithelial cell regeneration in the terminal bronchioles. Quantitative analysis done by autoradiography and scintillation counting from lung tissues indicates much reduced cell kinetics occurring in terminal bronchiolar alveolar region. Alveolar necrosis was often observed and no type II cell reversion occurred. Virus particles were found within the alveolar epithelial plasma membrane.", "contents": "Virus activation by vitamin A and NO2 gas exposures in hamsters. Hamsters exposed to 10 ppm NO2 for 5 hr once a week for 4 weeks while undergoing acute vitamin A deficiency showed much reduced epithelial cell regeneration in the terminal bronchioles. Quantitative analysis done by autoradiography and scintillation counting from lung tissues indicates much reduced cell kinetics occurring in terminal bronchiolar alveolar region. Alveolar necrosis was often observed and no type II cell reversion occurred. Virus particles were found within the alveolar epithelial plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:908310", "title": "Recent studies on biomethylation and demethylation of toxic elements.", "content": "Methylcobalamin (methyl-B12) has been implicated in the biomethylation of the heavy metals (mercury, tin, platinum, gold, and thallium) as well as the metalloids (arsenic, selenium, tellurium and sulfur). In addition, methylcobalamin has been shown to react with lead, but the lead-alkyl product is unstable in water. Details of the kinetics and mechanisms for biomethylation of arsenic are presented, with special emphasis on synergistic reactions between metal and metalloids in different oxidation states. This study explains why synergistic, or antagonistic, processes can occur when one toxic element reacts in the presence of another. The relative importance of biomethylation reactions involving methylcobalamin will be compared to those reactions where S-adenosylmethionine is involved.", "contents": "Recent studies on biomethylation and demethylation of toxic elements. Methylcobalamin (methyl-B12) has been implicated in the biomethylation of the heavy metals (mercury, tin, platinum, gold, and thallium) as well as the metalloids (arsenic, selenium, tellurium and sulfur). In addition, methylcobalamin has been shown to react with lead, but the lead-alkyl product is unstable in water. Details of the kinetics and mechanisms for biomethylation of arsenic are presented, with special emphasis on synergistic reactions between metal and metalloids in different oxidation states. This study explains why synergistic, or antagonistic, processes can occur when one toxic element reacts in the presence of another. The relative importance of biomethylation reactions involving methylcobalamin will be compared to those reactions where S-adenosylmethionine is involved."}
{"id": "PMID:908311", "title": "Occurrence and transformation of arsenic in the marine environment.", "content": "Among the trace elements, arsenic appears to possess a unique position in the environment. When comparing terrestrial and marine organisms there seems to be a significant difference between both level and chemical forms of arsenic. The level of arsenic in terrestrial organisms is seldom above 1 ppm (dry material) whereas the corresponding values for marine organisms vary from several parts per million up to more than 100 ppm. Furthermore, results so far show that marine organisms are able to convert inorganic arsenic into organic arsenic compounds. No evidence points to a corresponding ability in the terrestrial ones. In the aquatic organisms the arsenic is present as both lipid soluble and water soluble compounds. The water-soluble organic arsenic compounds have a basic character and are very stable to chemical and metabolic breakdown.", "contents": "Occurrence and transformation of arsenic in the marine environment. Among the trace elements, arsenic appears to possess a unique position in the environment. When comparing terrestrial and marine organisms there seems to be a significant difference between both level and chemical forms of arsenic. The level of arsenic in terrestrial organisms is seldom above 1 ppm (dry material) whereas the corresponding values for marine organisms vary from several parts per million up to more than 100 ppm. Furthermore, results so far show that marine organisms are able to convert inorganic arsenic into organic arsenic compounds. No evidence points to a corresponding ability in the terrestrial ones. In the aquatic organisms the arsenic is present as both lipid soluble and water soluble compounds. The water-soluble organic arsenic compounds have a basic character and are very stable to chemical and metabolic breakdown."}
{"id": "PMID:908312", "title": "Flameless atomic absorption (FAA) and gas-liquid chromatographic studies in arsenic bioanalysis.", "content": "Procedures for assessment of arsenic in soft tissue by use of flameless atomic absorption (FAA) and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), have been evolved, with special emphasis on the analytical distinction among inorganic, monomethyl-, and dimethylarsenic in several oxidation states. The chemical bases for such speciation reside in several properties of the arsenicals under consideration: (1) pentavalent inorganic arsenic, methylarsonic, and cacodylic acid are not extracted from tissue matter made strongly acid with hydrochloric acid, while the corresponding trivalent forms (as halides) are extracted; (2) chloroform extracts of samples treated under reducing conditions (HCl-KI) retain organoarsenicals when these extracts are re-extracted with water, but do not when aqueous solutions of oxidants are employed; (3) reduced cacodylate (dimethylarsinous acid) is not detected in the graphite furnace of an FAA unit under conditions selected, while cacodylate can be so detected. For GLC studies, monomethyl- and dimethylarsenic are simultaneously measured as the diethyldithiocarbamate complexes with an instrument equipped for electron-capture detection and containing a glass column packed with silanized 5% OV-17 on Anakrom A.S.", "contents": "Flameless atomic absorption (FAA) and gas-liquid chromatographic studies in arsenic bioanalysis. Procedures for assessment of arsenic in soft tissue by use of flameless atomic absorption (FAA) and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), have been evolved, with special emphasis on the analytical distinction among inorganic, monomethyl-, and dimethylarsenic in several oxidation states. The chemical bases for such speciation reside in several properties of the arsenicals under consideration: (1) pentavalent inorganic arsenic, methylarsonic, and cacodylic acid are not extracted from tissue matter made strongly acid with hydrochloric acid, while the corresponding trivalent forms (as halides) are extracted; (2) chloroform extracts of samples treated under reducing conditions (HCl-KI) retain organoarsenicals when these extracts are re-extracted with water, but do not when aqueous solutions of oxidants are employed; (3) reduced cacodylate (dimethylarsinous acid) is not detected in the graphite furnace of an FAA unit under conditions selected, while cacodylate can be so detected. For GLC studies, monomethyl- and dimethylarsenic are simultaneously measured as the diethyldithiocarbamate complexes with an instrument equipped for electron-capture detection and containing a glass column packed with silanized 5% OV-17 on Anakrom A.S."}
{"id": "PMID:908313", "title": "Implications of inorganic/organic interconversion on fluxes of arsenic in marine food webs.", "content": "An organic form of arsenic is commonly encountered in marine organisms; in greysole and shrimp, it accounted for all arsenic found in muscle tissue. It has been isolated from flounder tissue by two independent procedures; it was hydrophilic, cationic, and was not decomposed to inorganic arsenic by hot nitric and sulfuric acids. NMR spectroscopy indicated all nonexchangeable protons to be equivalent; they behaved more like N-methyl protons than As-methyl protons. High-resolution mass spectroscopy from a heated probe yielded a spectrum corresponding to tetramethylarsonium (AsMe4+); the authentic ion, however, had TLC and ion-exchange behavior different from that of the natural product. Infrared spectrometry likewise produced conflicting or uninterpretable data. Decomposition of the compound for analytical purposes was accomplished by dry ashing under oxidizing conditions. Sea urchins, like trout, converted arsenic to an organic form, but to a more limited degree. Arsenic found naturally in sea urchins and in a species of macroalga was also organic. In individual containers, sea urchins were fed on the alga for 7 weeks. During this time they consumed 0.203 +/- 0.075 mg total As and excreted only 0.036 +/- 0.015 mg as feces. Measurement of inorganic As in the seawater did not account for the discrepancy, but measurements of total As did (0.202 +/- 0.095 mg). Sea urchins, like humans, appear to be able to rapidly excrete these organic forms of arsenic.", "contents": "Implications of inorganic/organic interconversion on fluxes of arsenic in marine food webs. An organic form of arsenic is commonly encountered in marine organisms; in greysole and shrimp, it accounted for all arsenic found in muscle tissue. It has been isolated from flounder tissue by two independent procedures; it was hydrophilic, cationic, and was not decomposed to inorganic arsenic by hot nitric and sulfuric acids. NMR spectroscopy indicated all nonexchangeable protons to be equivalent; they behaved more like N-methyl protons than As-methyl protons. High-resolution mass spectroscopy from a heated probe yielded a spectrum corresponding to tetramethylarsonium (AsMe4+); the authentic ion, however, had TLC and ion-exchange behavior different from that of the natural product. Infrared spectrometry likewise produced conflicting or uninterpretable data. Decomposition of the compound for analytical purposes was accomplished by dry ashing under oxidizing conditions. Sea urchins, like trout, converted arsenic to an organic form, but to a more limited degree. Arsenic found naturally in sea urchins and in a species of macroalga was also organic. In individual containers, sea urchins were fed on the alga for 7 weeks. During this time they consumed 0.203 +/- 0.075 mg total As and excreted only 0.036 +/- 0.015 mg as feces. Measurement of inorganic As in the seawater did not account for the discrepancy, but measurements of total As did (0.202 +/- 0.095 mg). Sea urchins, like humans, appear to be able to rapidly excrete these organic forms of arsenic."}
{"id": "PMID:908314", "title": "Characterization of arsenic compounds formed by Daphnia magna and Tetraselmis chuii from inorganic arsenate.", "content": "Experiments to grow Tetraselmis chuii (a marine alga) and Daphnia magna in the presence of inorganic arsenate are described. The algae incorporate arsenic rather efficiently and form a lipid-soluble organic arsenic compound. T. chuii has been successfully mass cultured in a medium containing 10 ppm arsenic as arsenate. Daphnia magna was cultured in a medium containing 74As-labeled H3AsO4 and 1 ppm Na2HAsO4 expressed as arsenic. The arsenic metabolites were extracted with a chloroform-methanol solution and isolated by using column and thin-layer chromatography. TLC analysis of the metabolites revealed the presence of a 74As-containing product which migrated with phosphatidylethanolamine. This product was hydrolyzed with the phospholipases A, C, and D. The experimental results are not inconsistent with the presence of an arsenocholine moiety in the lipids. Arsenocholine, arsenobetaine, and acetylarsenocholine have been synthesized and will serve as reference substances in the chromatography experiments. The preparation of arsenocholine-containing lipids is in progress.", "contents": "Characterization of arsenic compounds formed by Daphnia magna and Tetraselmis chuii from inorganic arsenate. Experiments to grow Tetraselmis chuii (a marine alga) and Daphnia magna in the presence of inorganic arsenate are described. The algae incorporate arsenic rather efficiently and form a lipid-soluble organic arsenic compound. T. chuii has been successfully mass cultured in a medium containing 10 ppm arsenic as arsenate. Daphnia magna was cultured in a medium containing 74As-labeled H3AsO4 and 1 ppm Na2HAsO4 expressed as arsenic. The arsenic metabolites were extracted with a chloroform-methanol solution and isolated by using column and thin-layer chromatography. TLC analysis of the metabolites revealed the presence of a 74As-containing product which migrated with phosphatidylethanolamine. This product was hydrolyzed with the phospholipases A, C, and D. The experimental results are not inconsistent with the presence of an arsenocholine moiety in the lipids. Arsenocholine, arsenobetaine, and acetylarsenocholine have been synthesized and will serve as reference substances in the chromatography experiments. The preparation of arsenocholine-containing lipids is in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:908315", "title": "Occurrence and distribution of arsenic in soils and plants.", "content": "Inorganic arsenicals have been used in agriculture as pesticides or defoliants for many years and, in localized areas, oxides of arsenic have contaminated soils as a result of fallout from ore-smelting operations and coal-fired power plants. Use of inorganic arsenicals is no longer permitted in most agricultural operations, and recent air pollution controls have markedly reduced contamination from smelters. Thus, this paper will concentrate on the effect of past applications on arsenic accumulation in soil, phytotoxicity to and uptake by plants as influenced by soil properties, and alleviation of the deleterious effects of arsenic. Once incorporated into the soil, inorganic arsenical pesticides and arsenic oxides revert to arsenates, except where the soil is under reducing conditions. The arsenate ion has properties similar to that of orthophosphate, and is readily sorbed by iron and aluminum components. This reaction greatly restricts the downward movement (leaching) of arsenic in soils and the availability of arsenic to plants. Several methods of estimating plant available arsenic in soils have been developed. They involve extraction of the soil with reagents used to estimate phosphorus availability. This extractable arsenic is reasonably well correlated with reduced plant growth by, and plant uptake of arsenic. For most plants, levels of arsenic in the edible portion of the plant are well below the critical concentration for animal or human consumption, even when severe phytotoxicity occurs. Alleviation of arsenic phytotoxicity has been attempted by increasing the soil pH, by use of iron or aluminum sulfate, by desorbing arsenate with phosphate and subsequent leaching, and by cultural practices such as deep plowing. Only limited benefits have accrued from these procedures the cost of which is often prohibitively high. Since attempts to reduce arsenic toxicity have not been very successful, its excessive accumulation in soils should be avoided.", "contents": "Occurrence and distribution of arsenic in soils and plants. Inorganic arsenicals have been used in agriculture as pesticides or defoliants for many years and, in localized areas, oxides of arsenic have contaminated soils as a result of fallout from ore-smelting operations and coal-fired power plants. Use of inorganic arsenicals is no longer permitted in most agricultural operations, and recent air pollution controls have markedly reduced contamination from smelters. Thus, this paper will concentrate on the effect of past applications on arsenic accumulation in soil, phytotoxicity to and uptake by plants as influenced by soil properties, and alleviation of the deleterious effects of arsenic. Once incorporated into the soil, inorganic arsenical pesticides and arsenic oxides revert to arsenates, except where the soil is under reducing conditions. The arsenate ion has properties similar to that of orthophosphate, and is readily sorbed by iron and aluminum components. This reaction greatly restricts the downward movement (leaching) of arsenic in soils and the availability of arsenic to plants. Several methods of estimating plant available arsenic in soils have been developed. They involve extraction of the soil with reagents used to estimate phosphorus availability. This extractable arsenic is reasonably well correlated with reduced plant growth by, and plant uptake of arsenic. For most plants, levels of arsenic in the edible portion of the plant are well below the critical concentration for animal or human consumption, even when severe phytotoxicity occurs. Alleviation of arsenic phytotoxicity has been attempted by increasing the soil pH, by use of iron or aluminum sulfate, by desorbing arsenate with phosphate and subsequent leaching, and by cultural practices such as deep plowing. Only limited benefits have accrued from these procedures the cost of which is often prohibitively high. Since attempts to reduce arsenic toxicity have not been very successful, its excessive accumulation in soils should be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:908316", "title": "Fate of arsenicals in different environmental substrates.", "content": "The current knowledge of arsenic (As) transformations in the environment, as well as some gaps in this knowledge, are reviewed. These transformations involve As chemical and biochemical transformations in air, waters, sediments, and soils. Arsenic moves in a dispersive manner through air and water and is in physical and chemical equilibrium in many substrates. It is oxidized, reduced, methylated, volatilized, incorporated into biotic tissues, excreted, adsorbed, and desorbed. Oceanic sediments become the eventual sink for As. The rates of As movement and transformation vary with environmental conditions. Besides inorganic As, various methylated arsenicals are found naturally at environmentally sensitive equilibrium concentrations, which are probably maintained biotically. An As-transformation model has been constructed from rate constants derived from field observations. The environmental factors affecting these rate constants are discussed.", "contents": "Fate of arsenicals in different environmental substrates. The current knowledge of arsenic (As) transformations in the environment, as well as some gaps in this knowledge, are reviewed. These transformations involve As chemical and biochemical transformations in air, waters, sediments, and soils. Arsenic moves in a dispersive manner through air and water and is in physical and chemical equilibrium in many substrates. It is oxidized, reduced, methylated, volatilized, incorporated into biotic tissues, excreted, adsorbed, and desorbed. Oceanic sediments become the eventual sink for As. The rates of As movement and transformation vary with environmental conditions. Besides inorganic As, various methylated arsenicals are found naturally at environmentally sensitive equilibrium concentrations, which are probably maintained biotically. An As-transformation model has been constructed from rate constants derived from field observations. The environmental factors affecting these rate constants are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908317", "title": "Levels of arsenic in the United States food supply.", "content": "At the present time, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accords the highest priority to mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, and zinc in its program on toxic elements in foods. The only regulatory levels for arsenic in foods in the U. S. are the tolerances which have been established for its residues in specified foods, resulting from the application of arsenical pesticides on food and feed crops and from animal feed additives. FDA has monitored for arsenic in its Total Diet Survey since the inception of this program. The data from this program indicate that the average daily intake for arsenic (as As(2)O(3)) has decreased from about 130 mug/day in 1968 to about 20 mug/day in 1974. Most of the arsenic is found in the meat-fish-poultry food class of the total diet. In individual foods, the highest levels were found in fish, with a mean level of about 1.5 ppm (as As(2)O(3)) in the edible portion of finfish. Much lower levels were found in all the other food types analyzed; of these, the highest levels found were a mean level of 0.08 ppm in chicken and 0.16 ppm in rice. FDA toxicologists do not believe that the average daily intake of arsenic, or its levels in the different food commodities, pose a hazard to the consumer.", "contents": "Levels of arsenic in the United States food supply. At the present time, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accords the highest priority to mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, and zinc in its program on toxic elements in foods. The only regulatory levels for arsenic in foods in the U. S. are the tolerances which have been established for its residues in specified foods, resulting from the application of arsenical pesticides on food and feed crops and from animal feed additives. FDA has monitored for arsenic in its Total Diet Survey since the inception of this program. The data from this program indicate that the average daily intake for arsenic (as As(2)O(3)) has decreased from about 130 mug/day in 1968 to about 20 mug/day in 1974. Most of the arsenic is found in the meat-fish-poultry food class of the total diet. In individual foods, the highest levels were found in fish, with a mean level of about 1.5 ppm (as As(2)O(3)) in the edible portion of finfish. Much lower levels were found in all the other food types analyzed; of these, the highest levels found were a mean level of 0.08 ppm in chicken and 0.16 ppm in rice. FDA toxicologists do not believe that the average daily intake of arsenic, or its levels in the different food commodities, pose a hazard to the consumer."}
{"id": "PMID:908318", "title": "Airborne arsenic exposure and excretion of methylated arsenic compounds.", "content": "First void urine samples were collected from copper smelter workers exposed to inorganic arsenic and from unexposed controls. Arsenic compounds (As (III), As (V), methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid) in these samples were analyzed by selective volatilization as arsines with determination of arsenic by plasma excitation emission spectrometry. On the day preceding the urine sample collection a breathing zone measurement was made of respirable arsenic particulates for each subject. It was found that all of the subjects, including the controls excreted arsenic primarily as methylated species. Approximately 50% of the total arsenic was excreted as dimethylarsinic acid and 20% as methylarsonic acid. Slight differences in the proportion of various arsenic compounds were observed with varying levels of inorganic arsenic exposure. Amounts of arsenic species were all closely correlated with each other and with exposure. Irrespirable particulate exposures were measured on a subset of high exposure workers. Irrespirable arsenic was found to be more closely correlated with excretion of arsenic compounds than was respirable arsenic.", "contents": "Airborne arsenic exposure and excretion of methylated arsenic compounds. First void urine samples were collected from copper smelter workers exposed to inorganic arsenic and from unexposed controls. Arsenic compounds (As (III), As (V), methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid) in these samples were analyzed by selective volatilization as arsines with determination of arsenic by plasma excitation emission spectrometry. On the day preceding the urine sample collection a breathing zone measurement was made of respirable arsenic particulates for each subject. It was found that all of the subjects, including the controls excreted arsenic primarily as methylated species. Approximately 50% of the total arsenic was excreted as dimethylarsinic acid and 20% as methylarsonic acid. Slight differences in the proportion of various arsenic compounds were observed with varying levels of inorganic arsenic exposure. Amounts of arsenic species were all closely correlated with each other and with exposure. Irrespirable particulate exposures were measured on a subset of high exposure workers. Irrespirable arsenic was found to be more closely correlated with excretion of arsenic compounds than was respirable arsenic."}
{"id": "PMID:908319", "title": "Test of environmental exposure to arsenic and hearing changes in exposed children.", "content": "Arsenic determination was carried out on hair, urine, and blood samples taken from groups of 10-year-old boys, each numbering 20 to 25 individuals, residing in a region polluted by arsenic. In all the examined materials considerably elevated concentrations of arsenic were found. The relation of the observed levels of arsenic to the distance of the place of residence up to a distance of more than 30 km from the source of the emissions was studied. On the basis of the results obtained, the most advantageous material for estimation of nonoccupational exposure to arsenic seems to be hair, in spite of some problems with the decontamination procedure involved. Considerable variability among individual arsenic values in the hair makes group examination a necessity. Hearing changes were analyzed in a group of 56 10-year old children residing near a power plant burning local coal of high arsenic content. The results of both audiometric and clinical examination were compared with those of control group numbering 51 children of the same age living outside the polluted area. The highly standardized audiometric and clinical examination were completed with a questionnaire analysis concerning the personal medical histories of the children. The obtained data were elaborated statistically by means of the chi(2)- test. In the case of air conduction, important hearing losses were found at frequencies of 125, 250 and 8000 Hz, especially at the lowest frequency range. Significant degrees of hearing loss were found in bone conduction as well as in the corresponding ranges of frequencies. The high statistical significance of the hearing impairments found points to very low probability of their being only an \"accidental\" finding. The possibility of toxic damage to the ear cannot yet be excluded.", "contents": "Test of environmental exposure to arsenic and hearing changes in exposed children. Arsenic determination was carried out on hair, urine, and blood samples taken from groups of 10-year-old boys, each numbering 20 to 25 individuals, residing in a region polluted by arsenic. In all the examined materials considerably elevated concentrations of arsenic were found. The relation of the observed levels of arsenic to the distance of the place of residence up to a distance of more than 30 km from the source of the emissions was studied. On the basis of the results obtained, the most advantageous material for estimation of nonoccupational exposure to arsenic seems to be hair, in spite of some problems with the decontamination procedure involved. Considerable variability among individual arsenic values in the hair makes group examination a necessity. Hearing changes were analyzed in a group of 56 10-year old children residing near a power plant burning local coal of high arsenic content. The results of both audiometric and clinical examination were compared with those of control group numbering 51 children of the same age living outside the polluted area. The highly standardized audiometric and clinical examination were completed with a questionnaire analysis concerning the personal medical histories of the children. The obtained data were elaborated statistically by means of the chi(2)- test. In the case of air conduction, important hearing losses were found at frequencies of 125, 250 and 8000 Hz, especially at the lowest frequency range. Significant degrees of hearing loss were found in bone conduction as well as in the corresponding ranges of frequencies. The high statistical significance of the hearing impairments found points to very low probability of their being only an \"accidental\" finding. The possibility of toxic damage to the ear cannot yet be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:908331", "title": "Reaction of human choriomammotropin with hydrogen peroxide.", "content": "Treatment of human choriomammotropin with hydrogen peroxide in the absence of denaturant was found to oxidize five of its six methionine residues to sulfoxide; the residue not oxidized was found to be methionine-170. This derivative was identical to the native hormone by exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism spectra, and rate of tryptic digestion, but suffered a very substantial drop in biological activity. In the presence of 8 M urea all of the methionines could be oxidized with hydrogen peroxide or alkylated with iodoacetic acid. The physical properties of these completely methionine-modified derivatives were significantly changed and biological activity had again been very substantially decreased. In control experiments, treatment of the native hormone with 8 M urea did not affect its physical, spectral or biological properties. Amino acid analysis of the derivatives was completely in accord with that expected.", "contents": "Reaction of human choriomammotropin with hydrogen peroxide. Treatment of human choriomammotropin with hydrogen peroxide in the absence of denaturant was found to oxidize five of its six methionine residues to sulfoxide; the residue not oxidized was found to be methionine-170. This derivative was identical to the native hormone by exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism spectra, and rate of tryptic digestion, but suffered a very substantial drop in biological activity. In the presence of 8 M urea all of the methionines could be oxidized with hydrogen peroxide or alkylated with iodoacetic acid. The physical properties of these completely methionine-modified derivatives were significantly changed and biological activity had again been very substantially decreased. In control experiments, treatment of the native hormone with 8 M urea did not affect its physical, spectral or biological properties. Amino acid analysis of the derivatives was completely in accord with that expected."}
{"id": "PMID:908332", "title": "Degradation of nucleic acids in cell lysates by S1 nuclease in the presence of 9 M urea and sodium dodecylsulfate.", "content": "Single-strand-specific nuclease S1 from Aspergillus oryzae is shown to degrade DNA and RNA in lysates of HeLa cells in the presence of 9 M urea and sodium dodecylsulfate. Free dodecylsulfate inhibits S1 nuclease. However, if the detergent is complexed with proteins prior to the addition of the enzyme, S1 nuclease can degrade nucleic acids at dodecylsulfate concentrations which would inhibit the enzyme completely if no other proteins were present. In lysates prepared from HeLa cells by treatment with dodecylsulfate and urea, the detergent is complexed by cellular proteins and therefore S1 nuclease can be used to digest DNA and RNA. DNA can be completely degraded but, even after heat-denaturation, only 60% of the cellular RNA is converted into acid-soluble material. Analysis of the acid-insoluble RNA fragments by gel filtration reveals that the majority of the degradation products is approximately of tRNA size.", "contents": "Degradation of nucleic acids in cell lysates by S1 nuclease in the presence of 9 M urea and sodium dodecylsulfate. Single-strand-specific nuclease S1 from Aspergillus oryzae is shown to degrade DNA and RNA in lysates of HeLa cells in the presence of 9 M urea and sodium dodecylsulfate. Free dodecylsulfate inhibits S1 nuclease. However, if the detergent is complexed with proteins prior to the addition of the enzyme, S1 nuclease can degrade nucleic acids at dodecylsulfate concentrations which would inhibit the enzyme completely if no other proteins were present. In lysates prepared from HeLa cells by treatment with dodecylsulfate and urea, the detergent is complexed by cellular proteins and therefore S1 nuclease can be used to digest DNA and RNA. DNA can be completely degraded but, even after heat-denaturation, only 60% of the cellular RNA is converted into acid-soluble material. Analysis of the acid-insoluble RNA fragments by gel filtration reveals that the majority of the degradation products is approximately of tRNA size."}
{"id": "PMID:908333", "title": "Size distribution of rat liver nuclear RNA containing mRNA sequences.", "content": "Total rat liver poly(A)-containing polysomal mRNA was size-fractionated on polyacrylamide gels in 98% formamide. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was prepared from the 8--14-S mRNA fraction and separated into sequences representing abundant and non-abundant mRNAs. The cDNA complementary to the abundant small mRNA of the rat liver cell (approximately 20 species) was hybridized to nuclear RNA of different lengths to determine the size distribution of nuclear RNA molecules which contain these messenger sequences. It was found that: 1. All abundant 8--14-S poly(A)-containing mRNAs have larger nuclear precursor molecules; 20% of the different messenger sequences are found in nuclear RNA of several times their cytoplasmic length. 2. 70% of the mass of the examined nuclear messenger sequences is in RNA molecules of a size similar to their polysomal mRNA; 30% are in larger than 18-S RNA and 2% are between 37 S and 44 S. 3. The majority of small messenger-containing RNA molecules in the RNA prepared from isolated nuclei are of true nuclear origin, since their frequency distribution differs significantly from that of the polysomal 8--14-S mRNA.", "contents": "Size distribution of rat liver nuclear RNA containing mRNA sequences. Total rat liver poly(A)-containing polysomal mRNA was size-fractionated on polyacrylamide gels in 98% formamide. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was prepared from the 8--14-S mRNA fraction and separated into sequences representing abundant and non-abundant mRNAs. The cDNA complementary to the abundant small mRNA of the rat liver cell (approximately 20 species) was hybridized to nuclear RNA of different lengths to determine the size distribution of nuclear RNA molecules which contain these messenger sequences. It was found that: 1. All abundant 8--14-S poly(A)-containing mRNAs have larger nuclear precursor molecules; 20% of the different messenger sequences are found in nuclear RNA of several times their cytoplasmic length. 2. 70% of the mass of the examined nuclear messenger sequences is in RNA molecules of a size similar to their polysomal mRNA; 30% are in larger than 18-S RNA and 2% are between 37 S and 44 S. 3. The majority of small messenger-containing RNA molecules in the RNA prepared from isolated nuclei are of true nuclear origin, since their frequency distribution differs significantly from that of the polysomal 8--14-S mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:908334", "title": "The lipid bilayer structure of the abnormal human plasma lipoprotein X. An X-ray small-angle-scattering study.", "content": "The structure of the abnormal lipoprotein X occurring in the plasma of patients with obstructive jaundice was investigated by X-ray small-angle scattering. The data were analyzed by discussing the distance distribution functions obtained directly from the experimental data by Fourier transformation, involving no a priori assumptions. The results provide evidence for lipoprotein X being essentially a random distribution of lamellae with a thickness of 5.1 nm and are consistent with hollow spherical (vesicular) structures of outer diameters greater than 30 nm with some overall size heterogeneity. Under the experimental conditions chosen, lipoprotein concentrations between 0.01 and 0.18 g/ml in in buffers of low ionic strength, lateral stacking as observed in negative-stain electron microscopy does not occur. The electron density profile perpendicular to the lamellar plane indicates that a lipid bilayer is the underlying structural principle, with the protein moieties partly bound within the polar head-group regions and partly occluded in soluble form in the vesicle interior.", "contents": "The lipid bilayer structure of the abnormal human plasma lipoprotein X. An X-ray small-angle-scattering study. The structure of the abnormal lipoprotein X occurring in the plasma of patients with obstructive jaundice was investigated by X-ray small-angle scattering. The data were analyzed by discussing the distance distribution functions obtained directly from the experimental data by Fourier transformation, involving no a priori assumptions. The results provide evidence for lipoprotein X being essentially a random distribution of lamellae with a thickness of 5.1 nm and are consistent with hollow spherical (vesicular) structures of outer diameters greater than 30 nm with some overall size heterogeneity. Under the experimental conditions chosen, lipoprotein concentrations between 0.01 and 0.18 g/ml in in buffers of low ionic strength, lateral stacking as observed in negative-stain electron microscopy does not occur. The electron density profile perpendicular to the lamellar plane indicates that a lipid bilayer is the underlying structural principle, with the protein moieties partly bound within the polar head-group regions and partly occluded in soluble form in the vesicle interior."}
{"id": "PMID:908335", "title": "The purification and properties of two low-molecular-weight proteins required for the initiation of translation in ascites tumour cells.", "content": "A fractionated cell-free protein-synthesising system from Krebs II ascites tumour cells is described. It is dependent on the addition of exogenous mRNA. In this system the translation of natural mRNAs requires the presence of four initiation factors: the high-molecular-weight complex IF-M3, IFEMC and two low-molecular-weight proteins IF-Malpha and IF-Mbeta. None of these factors are required for the translation of the synthetic messenger poly(A,U,G). The purification of IF-Malpha and IF-Mbeta was achieved by the use of gel and ion-exchange chromatography. Analysis of the purified proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight of IF-Malpha is 19,000 and that of IF-Mbeta is 15,000. The initiation factor IF-E1 isolated from rabbit reticulocytes can substitute for IF-Mbeta in the translation of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA. IF-Malpha does not correspond to any previously recognised eukaryotic initiation factor.", "contents": "The purification and properties of two low-molecular-weight proteins required for the initiation of translation in ascites tumour cells. A fractionated cell-free protein-synthesising system from Krebs II ascites tumour cells is described. It is dependent on the addition of exogenous mRNA. In this system the translation of natural mRNAs requires the presence of four initiation factors: the high-molecular-weight complex IF-M3, IFEMC and two low-molecular-weight proteins IF-Malpha and IF-Mbeta. None of these factors are required for the translation of the synthetic messenger poly(A,U,G). The purification of IF-Malpha and IF-Mbeta was achieved by the use of gel and ion-exchange chromatography. Analysis of the purified proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight of IF-Malpha is 19,000 and that of IF-Mbeta is 15,000. The initiation factor IF-E1 isolated from rabbit reticulocytes can substitute for IF-Mbeta in the translation of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA. IF-Malpha does not correspond to any previously recognised eukaryotic initiation factor."}
{"id": "PMID:908338", "title": "Studies on the role and mode of operation of the very-lysine-rich histone H1 in eukaryote chromatin. The three structural regions of the histone H1 molecule.", "content": "Limited digestion with trypsin of both calf thymus H1 histone and the fragment 1--120 of the H1 molecule has resulted in the isolation of the fragment 35--120. This fragment assumes a globular structure under physiological conditions of pH and ionic strength. The variable N-terminal portion of the molecule, up to residue 34, is not required for the formation of the H1 globular structure. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultracentrifugation studies show that the H1 histone molecule consists of three distinct structural domains under structuring conditions: a random coil 'nose' consisting of 35 to 40 residues from the N-terminal end; a globular 'head' involving the next approximately 80 residues; and a random-coil 'tail' of the remainder of the molecule.", "contents": "Studies on the role and mode of operation of the very-lysine-rich histone H1 in eukaryote chromatin. The three structural regions of the histone H1 molecule. Limited digestion with trypsin of both calf thymus H1 histone and the fragment 1--120 of the H1 molecule has resulted in the isolation of the fragment 35--120. This fragment assumes a globular structure under physiological conditions of pH and ionic strength. The variable N-terminal portion of the molecule, up to residue 34, is not required for the formation of the H1 globular structure. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultracentrifugation studies show that the H1 histone molecule consists of three distinct structural domains under structuring conditions: a random coil 'nose' consisting of 35 to 40 residues from the N-terminal end; a globular 'head' involving the next approximately 80 residues; and a random-coil 'tail' of the remainder of the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:908352", "title": "A simple method for ECG and VCG assessment of the severity of pulmonary valve stenosis.", "content": "In patients with isolated pulmonary valve stenosis, the right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy is related to the hemodynamic severity of their lesions. We estimated the peak RV pressure noninvasively in 112 patients with isolated pulmonary valve stenosis by a Frank lead vectorcardiogram (VCG), an orthogonal electrocardiogram (ECG), and a standard scalar ECG. In 78 randomly assigned patients, 10 ECG measurements and 13 VCG measurements were correlated with the peak RV pressure at cardiac catheterization; the best multiple linear regression equation used the R wave in standard lead 1 (ECG), maximal rightward voltage in the terminal part of the frontal vector loop (VCG), and the Q wave in the orthogonal Z lead, giving R = 0.66 (SEM 25). The equation was validated in the other 34 patients; correlation of estimated with actual peak RV pressure was r = 0.64. A nomogram for clinical use was devised from this regression equation.", "contents": "A simple method for ECG and VCG assessment of the severity of pulmonary valve stenosis. In patients with isolated pulmonary valve stenosis, the right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy is related to the hemodynamic severity of their lesions. We estimated the peak RV pressure noninvasively in 112 patients with isolated pulmonary valve stenosis by a Frank lead vectorcardiogram (VCG), an orthogonal electrocardiogram (ECG), and a standard scalar ECG. In 78 randomly assigned patients, 10 ECG measurements and 13 VCG measurements were correlated with the peak RV pressure at cardiac catheterization; the best multiple linear regression equation used the R wave in standard lead 1 (ECG), maximal rightward voltage in the terminal part of the frontal vector loop (VCG), and the Q wave in the orthogonal Z lead, giving R = 0.66 (SEM 25). The equation was validated in the other 34 patients; correlation of estimated with actual peak RV pressure was r = 0.64. A nomogram for clinical use was devised from this regression equation."}
{"id": "PMID:908353", "title": "Exercise ECG and case history in the diagnosis of latent coronary heart disease among presumably healthy middle-aged men.", "content": "Previously undetected coronary heart disease (CHD) was suspected in 152 of 2014 presumably healthy males aged 40-59 yr. 63 had angina pectoris, 100 a positive exercise test and only 13 both angina and a positive exercise test. Coronary angiography was performed in 105 cases of whom 69 had a positive angiogram. A 2:1 proportion of true vs false positive diagnoses of CHD was found regardless of whether the diagnosis was suspected by the exercise test and/or the case history. Exercise test data show that CHD-suspect individuals differ only marginally from normal age counterparts irrespective of angiographic findings. However, of the 12 with a positive exercise ECG and maximal pulse greater than or equal to 2 SD below normal mean, 10 had pathologic angiograms. Of 58 with positive exercise ECGs and pathological angiograms, 43 had work performance below normal mean. By using a target pulse of 150 beats/minute 69% of the positive exercise ECGs had remained undisclosed.", "contents": "Exercise ECG and case history in the diagnosis of latent coronary heart disease among presumably healthy middle-aged men. Previously undetected coronary heart disease (CHD) was suspected in 152 of 2014 presumably healthy males aged 40-59 yr. 63 had angina pectoris, 100 a positive exercise test and only 13 both angina and a positive exercise test. Coronary angiography was performed in 105 cases of whom 69 had a positive angiogram. A 2:1 proportion of true vs false positive diagnoses of CHD was found regardless of whether the diagnosis was suspected by the exercise test and/or the case history. Exercise test data show that CHD-suspect individuals differ only marginally from normal age counterparts irrespective of angiographic findings. However, of the 12 with a positive exercise ECG and maximal pulse greater than or equal to 2 SD below normal mean, 10 had pathologic angiograms. Of 58 with positive exercise ECGs and pathological angiograms, 43 had work performance below normal mean. By using a target pulse of 150 beats/minute 69% of the positive exercise ECGs had remained undisclosed."}
{"id": "PMID:908354", "title": "Arterial blood supply to a left artrial myxoma diagnosed by coronary arteriography: report of a case.", "content": "A patient with left atrial myxoma is described. Selective coronary arteriography visualized a cluster of abnormal vessels representing the vascularization of the tumoral mass localized in the left atrium.", "contents": "Arterial blood supply to a left artrial myxoma diagnosed by coronary arteriography: report of a case. A patient with left atrial myxoma is described. Selective coronary arteriography visualized a cluster of abnormal vessels representing the vascularization of the tumoral mass localized in the left atrium."}
{"id": "PMID:908356", "title": "Criss-cross heart with congenitally corrected transposition: report of a case with d-transposed aorta and ventricular preexcitation.", "content": "A case is described of corrected transposition in a situs solitus individual, in which, despite the presence of atrioventricular discordance (1-bulboventricular looping), the aorta was right-sided. A ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis were also present, and the case had been erroneously diagnosed during life as complete transposition. The true diagnosis was not appreciated at surgery, and correction of the anomaly was attempted using a modification of Fontan's operation. The criss-cross atrioventricular connections were only fully appreciated at autopsy. The patient also exhibited ventricular preexcitation of Wolff-Parkinson-White variety type A. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of two atrioventricular nodes in the right atrium, each contacting the ventricular conduction tissue which was distributed to the morphologically appropriate ventricles. In addition, a left-sided accessory atrioventricular connection perforated the anulus of the left-sided, morphologically tricuspid, valve.", "contents": "Criss-cross heart with congenitally corrected transposition: report of a case with d-transposed aorta and ventricular preexcitation. A case is described of corrected transposition in a situs solitus individual, in which, despite the presence of atrioventricular discordance (1-bulboventricular looping), the aorta was right-sided. A ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis were also present, and the case had been erroneously diagnosed during life as complete transposition. The true diagnosis was not appreciated at surgery, and correction of the anomaly was attempted using a modification of Fontan's operation. The criss-cross atrioventricular connections were only fully appreciated at autopsy. The patient also exhibited ventricular preexcitation of Wolff-Parkinson-White variety type A. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of two atrioventricular nodes in the right atrium, each contacting the ventricular conduction tissue which was distributed to the morphologically appropriate ventricles. In addition, a left-sided accessory atrioventricular connection perforated the anulus of the left-sided, morphologically tricuspid, valve."}
{"id": "PMID:908357", "title": "[Growth and reproduction of the chinchilla-age at vaginal opening, oestrous cycle, gestation period, litter size, sex ratio, and diseases frequently encountered (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper deals with observations on growth and reproduction of the chinchilla in recent 4 years started from 1966 at this laboratory. There were large variations in age of vaginal opening (less than 71 days-308 days) with an average of 173.2+/-57.6 days in 45 females. The average length of 100 oestrus cycles in 24 females was 35.7+/-7.9 (15-62) days. The mean period of 5 gestations in 5 females was 110.4 (108-112) days. Eighty-one out of 123 litters were born between March and August during 3 years, and parturition never occurs in December. The most suitable season for reproduction of chinchillas may be from January to April, and a summer anoestrous seems to be present in August to early September as reported by Weir. The litter size ranged from 1 to 4 with a mode of 2 (46.3%) and an average of 1.90+/-0.76. More male kids were produced at birth at this laboratory, and sex ratio was 133.7 (98 females and 131 males). In 1973, 37 chinchillas gave birth to 71 kids with an average litter size of 1.92, and 59 of them were successfully weaned (1.59 per litter). Of these kids, 50 (1.35 per liter) attained 240 days of age (adulthood). Among 91 subjected to investigation for causes of death, 23 (25.3%) were dead during newborn period, and 9 and 5 adults were dead of malocclusion (9.9%) and the prolapse of rectum respectively.", "contents": "[Growth and reproduction of the chinchilla-age at vaginal opening, oestrous cycle, gestation period, litter size, sex ratio, and diseases frequently encountered (author's transl)]. The paper deals with observations on growth and reproduction of the chinchilla in recent 4 years started from 1966 at this laboratory. There were large variations in age of vaginal opening (less than 71 days-308 days) with an average of 173.2+/-57.6 days in 45 females. The average length of 100 oestrus cycles in 24 females was 35.7+/-7.9 (15-62) days. The mean period of 5 gestations in 5 females was 110.4 (108-112) days. Eighty-one out of 123 litters were born between March and August during 3 years, and parturition never occurs in December. The most suitable season for reproduction of chinchillas may be from January to April, and a summer anoestrous seems to be present in August to early September as reported by Weir. The litter size ranged from 1 to 4 with a mode of 2 (46.3%) and an average of 1.90+/-0.76. More male kids were produced at birth at this laboratory, and sex ratio was 133.7 (98 females and 131 males). In 1973, 37 chinchillas gave birth to 71 kids with an average litter size of 1.92, and 59 of them were successfully weaned (1.59 per litter). Of these kids, 50 (1.35 per liter) attained 240 days of age (adulthood). Among 91 subjected to investigation for causes of death, 23 (25.3%) were dead during newborn period, and 9 and 5 adults were dead of malocclusion (9.9%) and the prolapse of rectum respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:908358", "title": "[Inheritance and growth of mouse mutation brachypodism (brp) (author's transl)].", "content": "A mouse mutation brachypodism was detected in an inbred strain of mouse (NC) maintained by National Institute of Animal Health (Ministry of Agriculture). An attempt was made in this paper to reveal the mode of inheritance and the pattern of growth of this mutant. 1. From the results of crossing tests, it might be concluded that an autosomal recessive gene (brp, linkage group V) was responsible for the occurrence of the brachypodism. 2. Body weights of brachypod mice (brp/brp) were smaller than those of normal mice (+/brp) from the delivery, and this tendency was remarkable with age.", "contents": "[Inheritance and growth of mouse mutation brachypodism (brp) (author's transl)]. A mouse mutation brachypodism was detected in an inbred strain of mouse (NC) maintained by National Institute of Animal Health (Ministry of Agriculture). An attempt was made in this paper to reveal the mode of inheritance and the pattern of growth of this mutant. 1. From the results of crossing tests, it might be concluded that an autosomal recessive gene (brp, linkage group V) was responsible for the occurrence of the brachypodism. 2. Body weights of brachypod mice (brp/brp) were smaller than those of normal mice (+/brp) from the delivery, and this tendency was remarkable with age."}
{"id": "PMID:908359", "title": "[Biological characteristics of miniature \"Shiba\" goats (author's transl)].", "content": "Practical informations of miniature \"Shiba\" goats, that have since long been bred for meat consumption in Kyushu District of Japan, were provided for using as laboratory animals. Nine years ago, some pairs of the goats, were introduced to Stock Farm of Tokyo University from a National Institute. Thereafter, they were successfully bred and increased in number and were distributed to many laboratories for researchers. The \"Shiba\" goat is white coloured, horned, and much smaller in size while sharing common characteristics with full size goats. The handling is much easier with less amount of food consumption. The body weight are 24 to 28 kg and 15 to 22 kg in males and females, respectively. They are obedient and have a strong resistance to diseases, including cerebral nematodiasis. The productive characteristics are as follows: 1) Continuous breeder, 2) Age at the first parturition: 13 months, 3) Gestation period: 5 months, 4) Litter size: 1.84, 5) Rate of raising: nearly all, 6) Delivery interval: 8 months, 7) No intersexality. Hematological data were also demonstrated.", "contents": "[Biological characteristics of miniature \"Shiba\" goats (author's transl)]. Practical informations of miniature \"Shiba\" goats, that have since long been bred for meat consumption in Kyushu District of Japan, were provided for using as laboratory animals. Nine years ago, some pairs of the goats, were introduced to Stock Farm of Tokyo University from a National Institute. Thereafter, they were successfully bred and increased in number and were distributed to many laboratories for researchers. The \"Shiba\" goat is white coloured, horned, and much smaller in size while sharing common characteristics with full size goats. The handling is much easier with less amount of food consumption. The body weight are 24 to 28 kg and 15 to 22 kg in males and females, respectively. They are obedient and have a strong resistance to diseases, including cerebral nematodiasis. The productive characteristics are as follows: 1) Continuous breeder, 2) Age at the first parturition: 13 months, 3) Gestation period: 5 months, 4) Litter size: 1.84, 5) Rate of raising: nearly all, 6) Delivery interval: 8 months, 7) No intersexality. Hematological data were also demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:908360", "title": "The influence of feeding patterns on the growth of rat.", "content": "To see the influence of a restricted diet and a meal feeding for the growing Wistar rats were subjected to three types of feeding patterns, free access feeding, three meals and one meal per day. The animals of each feeding pattern group were fed either unrestricted and restricted amount of diet. The restricted group received only 60% weight of the diet taken by the unrestricted groups. The growth of the animals having free access to the restricted amount of diet was almost similar to that of those having received the restricted amount of diet three meals per day rather than to the group fed the unrestricted diet once per day. The former group seemed to be a \"nibbler type\" rather than a \"meal feeder type\".", "contents": "The influence of feeding patterns on the growth of rat. To see the influence of a restricted diet and a meal feeding for the growing Wistar rats were subjected to three types of feeding patterns, free access feeding, three meals and one meal per day. The animals of each feeding pattern group were fed either unrestricted and restricted amount of diet. The restricted group received only 60% weight of the diet taken by the unrestricted groups. The growth of the animals having free access to the restricted amount of diet was almost similar to that of those having received the restricted amount of diet three meals per day rather than to the group fed the unrestricted diet once per day. The former group seemed to be a \"nibbler type\" rather than a \"meal feeder type\"."}
{"id": "PMID:908361", "title": "Hereditary anophthalmia in the progeny of an X-irradiated female rat.", "content": "Inherited anophthalmia was observed in the progeny of a female rat irradiated with 50 R of X-irradiation at 17 days of age. Observations on the inheritance of the condition indicated that this anophthalmia can be considered as the result of polygenic factors with incomplete penetrance.", "contents": "Hereditary anophthalmia in the progeny of an X-irradiated female rat. Inherited anophthalmia was observed in the progeny of a female rat irradiated with 50 R of X-irradiation at 17 days of age. Observations on the inheritance of the condition indicated that this anophthalmia can be considered as the result of polygenic factors with incomplete penetrance."}
{"id": "PMID:908362", "title": "Control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in laboratory mice with gentamicin.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in laboratory mice was successfully eradicated by oral treatment of gentamicin, 1.0 g per liter of drinking water for 3 days.", "contents": "Control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in laboratory mice with gentamicin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in laboratory mice was successfully eradicated by oral treatment of gentamicin, 1.0 g per liter of drinking water for 3 days."}
{"id": "PMID:908363", "title": "[Long term surveys on Tyzzer's disease in three rat breeder colonies (author's transl)].", "content": "Retired rats of SD strain from three breeder colonies (A, B and C) were monthly monitored for CF antibody to Tyzzer's organism for 2 to 6 years. In colony A, antibody-positive rats were found at frequencies ranging from 5 tp 100% with a single peak during about one year without any detectable signs of apparent disease. However, in colony B, in spite of the outbreak of the disease, antibody-positive animals were only sporadically detected during about 4 years after the outbreak. Thereafter, in this colony, the antibody was not demonstrated in all animals examined for 2 years, and susceptibility to the disease of 3-week-old rats was the same as that of ones from one-infected colony. Cortisone test did not suggest the infection. In colony C, no antibody-positive rats were detected for 3 years.", "contents": "[Long term surveys on Tyzzer's disease in three rat breeder colonies (author's transl)]. Retired rats of SD strain from three breeder colonies (A, B and C) were monthly monitored for CF antibody to Tyzzer's organism for 2 to 6 years. In colony A, antibody-positive rats were found at frequencies ranging from 5 tp 100% with a single peak during about one year without any detectable signs of apparent disease. However, in colony B, in spite of the outbreak of the disease, antibody-positive animals were only sporadically detected during about 4 years after the outbreak. Thereafter, in this colony, the antibody was not demonstrated in all animals examined for 2 years, and susceptibility to the disease of 3-week-old rats was the same as that of ones from one-infected colony. Cortisone test did not suggest the infection. In colony C, no antibody-positive rats were detected for 3 years."}
{"id": "PMID:908394", "title": "Changes in phospholipid composition of Nocardia polychromogenes during temperature adaptation.", "content": "The effect of growth temperature on the phospholipid composition of Nocardia polychromogenes has been examined. When the growth temperature was decreased from 37 degrees C to 27 degrees C, there was a large decrease in phosphatidyl ethanolamine with an increase in cardiolipin and phosphoinositides. These changes are discussed in context with the control of membrane fluidity.", "contents": "Changes in phospholipid composition of Nocardia polychromogenes during temperature adaptation. The effect of growth temperature on the phospholipid composition of Nocardia polychromogenes has been examined. When the growth temperature was decreased from 37 degrees C to 27 degrees C, there was a large decrease in phosphatidyl ethanolamine with an increase in cardiolipin and phosphoinositides. These changes are discussed in context with the control of membrane fluidity."}
{"id": "PMID:908395", "title": "A low molecular weight glycosaminoglycan from the human aorta.", "content": "A low mol. wt, dialyzable glycosaminoglycan was isolated from human aorta and was found to be homogeneous on 2 dimensional electrophoresis. As judged by its electrophoretic mobilities and its hydrolysis by chondroitin sulfatase ABC, it was concluded that this hitherto unknown glycosaminoglycan is an oversulfated chondroitin sulfate.", "contents": "A low molecular weight glycosaminoglycan from the human aorta. A low mol. wt, dialyzable glycosaminoglycan was isolated from human aorta and was found to be homogeneous on 2 dimensional electrophoresis. As judged by its electrophoretic mobilities and its hydrolysis by chondroitin sulfatase ABC, it was concluded that this hitherto unknown glycosaminoglycan is an oversulfated chondroitin sulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:908398", "title": "The synthesis of total and specific glycosaminoglycans during development of experimental liver cirrhosis.", "content": "During hepatic fibrogenesis induced by long-term administration of thioacetamide, the synthesis of chondroitin 4,6-sulfate and hyaluronic acid was strongly enhanced; the formation of heparan sulfate comprising at least 70% of total liver GAG synthesis and of a keratan-sulfate-like fraction was stimulated 1.7 fold. Formation of dermatan-sulfate in liver could not be detected.", "contents": "The synthesis of total and specific glycosaminoglycans during development of experimental liver cirrhosis. During hepatic fibrogenesis induced by long-term administration of thioacetamide, the synthesis of chondroitin 4,6-sulfate and hyaluronic acid was strongly enhanced; the formation of heparan sulfate comprising at least 70% of total liver GAG synthesis and of a keratan-sulfate-like fraction was stimulated 1.7 fold. Formation of dermatan-sulfate in liver could not be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:908399", "title": "Robertsonian fusion leading to the formation of stable dicentric chromosome in an ascites cell line of the mouse.", "content": "The dicentric nature of a marker metacentric chromosome originated by robertsonian fusion has been established in the ascites cells of mouse sarcoma 180. C-banding analysis has revealed that the metacentric is actually a dicentric with 2 closely situated C-positive heterochromatic zones. The nature of the centromeres and the NF value of the cell indicate that this meta-dicentric marker has originated by breakage and fusion within each of the short arms of 2 acrocentric chromosomes.", "contents": "Robertsonian fusion leading to the formation of stable dicentric chromosome in an ascites cell line of the mouse. The dicentric nature of a marker metacentric chromosome originated by robertsonian fusion has been established in the ascites cells of mouse sarcoma 180. C-banding analysis has revealed that the metacentric is actually a dicentric with 2 closely situated C-positive heterochromatic zones. The nature of the centromeres and the NF value of the cell indicate that this meta-dicentric marker has originated by breakage and fusion within each of the short arms of 2 acrocentric chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:908400", "title": "A note on the evolution of the transducer mechanism of the vertebrate retinal rod.", "content": "The Ca2+-gating mechanism that is the key component of membrane excitability in paramecium has recently been localized on the cilia of this animal. Such a finding shows how the change in Ca2+ permeability (which is the probable consequence of the photoisomerization of rhodopsin) of the discs of the outer segments of the retinal rods could have evolved.", "contents": "A note on the evolution of the transducer mechanism of the vertebrate retinal rod. The Ca2+-gating mechanism that is the key component of membrane excitability in paramecium has recently been localized on the cilia of this animal. Such a finding shows how the change in Ca2+ permeability (which is the probable consequence of the photoisomerization of rhodopsin) of the discs of the outer segments of the retinal rods could have evolved."}
{"id": "PMID:908401", "title": "Chromatin ultrastructure of lower vertebrates.", "content": "Meiotic and mitotic chromosomes from amphibians and snakes were studied by electron microscopy. By using water spreading, preceded by a mild NaCl pretreatment, we showed: 1. 'Beads on a string' arrangement of the chromatin fibres; 2. The presence of loops at pachytene chromomeres as well as during metaphase of both mitosis and first meiosis; 3. Transcriptional activity for non-ribosomal RNA on peripheral loops during the middle pachytene.", "contents": "Chromatin ultrastructure of lower vertebrates. Meiotic and mitotic chromosomes from amphibians and snakes were studied by electron microscopy. By using water spreading, preceded by a mild NaCl pretreatment, we showed: 1. 'Beads on a string' arrangement of the chromatin fibres; 2. The presence of loops at pachytene chromomeres as well as during metaphase of both mitosis and first meiosis; 3. Transcriptional activity for non-ribosomal RNA on peripheral loops during the middle pachytene."}
{"id": "PMID:908407", "title": "Morphological appearance of fat in the epithelial cells of different portions of the intestines in mice.", "content": "Absorption of administered fat in the small intestine of mice as judged morphologically in semi-thin sections demonstrates a proximal to distal gradient, being greatest in the mid-jejunal area, but less in the duodenum and ileum. The criterion of the amount and size of fat droplets in intestinal epithelial cells, however, does not necessarily give a reliable indication of the efficiency of fat absorption in the different segments of the intestine.", "contents": "Morphological appearance of fat in the epithelial cells of different portions of the intestines in mice. Absorption of administered fat in the small intestine of mice as judged morphologically in semi-thin sections demonstrates a proximal to distal gradient, being greatest in the mid-jejunal area, but less in the duodenum and ileum. The criterion of the amount and size of fat droplets in intestinal epithelial cells, however, does not necessarily give a reliable indication of the efficiency of fat absorption in the different segments of the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:908409", "title": "The relative sensitivity of pulmonary parenchymal cells to 239plutonium dioxide.", "content": "Alpha particles inhaled by mice affect primarily type II epithelial cells, whereas interstitial mononuclears, alveolar macrophages and type I epitehlium are much more resistant and apparently react secondarily. The cellular responses, qualitative and quantitative, exhibit a time-dose relationship.", "contents": "The relative sensitivity of pulmonary parenchymal cells to 239plutonium dioxide. Alpha particles inhaled by mice affect primarily type II epithelial cells, whereas interstitial mononuclears, alveolar macrophages and type I epitehlium are much more resistant and apparently react secondarily. The cellular responses, qualitative and quantitative, exhibit a time-dose relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:908410", "title": "Effects of some oligopeptides, consisting of aromatic amino acids, on the excitability of an identifiable giant neurone of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac).", "content": "L-Phe-L-Tyr and L-Lys-L-Phe-L-Tyr showed a marked inhibitory effect (not chloride-dependent) on the excitability of an identifiable giant neurone (the TAN) of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac, while L-Tyr-L-phe, L-Tyr-L-Tyr, L-Phe-L-Phe, L-Lys-L-Phe and Z-L-Phe-L-Tyr (Z-: carbobenzoxy) had no effect.", "contents": "Effects of some oligopeptides, consisting of aromatic amino acids, on the excitability of an identifiable giant neurone of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac). L-Phe-L-Tyr and L-Lys-L-Phe-L-Tyr showed a marked inhibitory effect (not chloride-dependent) on the excitability of an identifiable giant neurone (the TAN) of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac, while L-Tyr-L-phe, L-Tyr-L-Tyr, L-Phe-L-Phe, L-Lys-L-Phe and Z-L-Phe-L-Tyr (Z-: carbobenzoxy) had no effect."}
{"id": "PMID:908411", "title": "Inhibitory effect of taurine on decrease in the inotropic action of ouabain at high concentrations in isolated atria.", "content": "In vitro, taurine was shown to inhibit the decrease in the inotropic effect of ouabain at large doses in the normal and also low K+ medium in which this decrease in the inotropism of ouabain was facilitated. This inhibitory effect of taurine was, at least in part, due to the inhibition of the efflux of intracellular K+ in the isolated heart.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of taurine on decrease in the inotropic action of ouabain at high concentrations in isolated atria. In vitro, taurine was shown to inhibit the decrease in the inotropic effect of ouabain at large doses in the normal and also low K+ medium in which this decrease in the inotropism of ouabain was facilitated. This inhibitory effect of taurine was, at least in part, due to the inhibition of the efflux of intracellular K+ in the isolated heart."}
{"id": "PMID:908412", "title": "Effect of harmaline on the cerebello-rubral system.", "content": "Harmaline induces synchronous rhythms in both the cerebellum and the red nucleus of the rabbit. The level of synchronization is lower in the red nucleus than in the cerebellar cortex, probably because the cerebello-rubral pathway and the red nucleus neurons only participate poorly in the harmaline-induced olivo-cerebellar rhythm.", "contents": "Effect of harmaline on the cerebello-rubral system. Harmaline induces synchronous rhythms in both the cerebellum and the red nucleus of the rabbit. The level of synchronization is lower in the red nucleus than in the cerebellar cortex, probably because the cerebello-rubral pathway and the red nucleus neurons only participate poorly in the harmaline-induced olivo-cerebellar rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:908413", "title": "Metaraminol uptake by human thrombocytes: a poor model for neuronal noradrenaline uptake.", "content": "The IC50 of a number of antidepressants and related drugs on the uptake of 1-metaraminol and serotonin into human thrombocytes, and of noradrenaline and serotonin into rat midbrain synaptosomes were compared. In accordance with previous reports, it was found that platelets provide a good model for the study of neuronal uptake of serotonin. Platelet uptake of 1-metaraminol, although correlated to some extent with noradrenaline uptake into synaptosomes, seems to be an unsatisfactory model for the neuronal uptake of the latter amine.", "contents": "Metaraminol uptake by human thrombocytes: a poor model for neuronal noradrenaline uptake. The IC50 of a number of antidepressants and related drugs on the uptake of 1-metaraminol and serotonin into human thrombocytes, and of noradrenaline and serotonin into rat midbrain synaptosomes were compared. In accordance with previous reports, it was found that platelets provide a good model for the study of neuronal uptake of serotonin. Platelet uptake of 1-metaraminol, although correlated to some extent with noradrenaline uptake into synaptosomes, seems to be an unsatisfactory model for the neuronal uptake of the latter amine."}
{"id": "PMID:908414", "title": "Elevation of serum xanthine oxidase activity following halothane anesthesia in man.", "content": "Halothane, but not methoxyflurane, was found to cause specific hepatocellular damage, the hepatotoxicity being prompt but transient. The hepatotoxicity was demonstrated by the elevation in the serum activity of xanthine oxidase, a highly sensitive marker for acute liver damage.", "contents": "Elevation of serum xanthine oxidase activity following halothane anesthesia in man. Halothane, but not methoxyflurane, was found to cause specific hepatocellular damage, the hepatotoxicity being prompt but transient. The hepatotoxicity was demonstrated by the elevation in the serum activity of xanthine oxidase, a highly sensitive marker for acute liver damage."}
{"id": "PMID:908415", "title": "Toxicity of Parthenium hysterophorus L. to cattle and buffaloes.", "content": "Parthenium hysterophorus L., when fed to buffalo bull calves and cross bred bull calves resulted in acute toxicity leading to death. The former animals developed severe dermatitis. Autopsy revealed ulceration of alimentary tract. Extensive pathological changes were noticed in liver, kidney and skin.", "contents": "Toxicity of Parthenium hysterophorus L. to cattle and buffaloes. Parthenium hysterophorus L., when fed to buffalo bull calves and cross bred bull calves resulted in acute toxicity leading to death. The former animals developed severe dermatitis. Autopsy revealed ulceration of alimentary tract. Extensive pathological changes were noticed in liver, kidney and skin."}
{"id": "PMID:908418", "title": "The acetylcholinesterase reaction and catecholamine fluorescence in the glomus cells of rat carotid body.", "content": "The presence of both acetylcholinesterase reaction and glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence of catecholamines in the same glomus cells of rat carotid body was demonstrated using combined histochemical methods. A suggestion is made that the glomus cells have both excitatory and inhibitory effects on the chemosensory nerve via acetylcholine and catecholamines, respectively.", "contents": "The acetylcholinesterase reaction and catecholamine fluorescence in the glomus cells of rat carotid body. The presence of both acetylcholinesterase reaction and glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence of catecholamines in the same glomus cells of rat carotid body was demonstrated using combined histochemical methods. A suggestion is made that the glomus cells have both excitatory and inhibitory effects on the chemosensory nerve via acetylcholine and catecholamines, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:908420", "title": "Dietary restriction and fetal development.", "content": "The effect of deficient nutrition of pregnant Wistar rats on the fetal weight has been studied. It has been established that the fetal weight of the group of rats fed with a restricted amount of stock diet lags behind the fetal weight of the group receiving unrestricted amounts of the same stock diet. The differences in weight between the 2 groups were, on each day of the observation period, significant at the level of p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively.", "contents": "Dietary restriction and fetal development. The effect of deficient nutrition of pregnant Wistar rats on the fetal weight has been studied. It has been established that the fetal weight of the group of rats fed with a restricted amount of stock diet lags behind the fetal weight of the group receiving unrestricted amounts of the same stock diet. The differences in weight between the 2 groups were, on each day of the observation period, significant at the level of p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:908421", "title": "Effect of actinomycin D on the quail oocyte nucleolus during meiotic prophase I.", "content": "Actinomycine D alters profoundly the distribution of the nucleolar constituents in the quail oocyte at prophase I of meiosis. As a consequence of nucleolar segregation, the normally existing relations between the nucleolus fibrillar centers and the microchromosomes are ruptured. The relations between the fibrillar center and the dense fibrills which surround it remain intact, suggesting that they constitute together a functional unit.", "contents": "Effect of actinomycin D on the quail oocyte nucleolus during meiotic prophase I. Actinomycine D alters profoundly the distribution of the nucleolar constituents in the quail oocyte at prophase I of meiosis. As a consequence of nucleolar segregation, the normally existing relations between the nucleolus fibrillar centers and the microchromosomes are ruptured. The relations between the fibrillar center and the dense fibrills which surround it remain intact, suggesting that they constitute together a functional unit."}
{"id": "PMID:908424", "title": "Early foetal thrombosis induced by thalidomide in mouse: possible explanation for teratogenicity.", "content": "Mouse foetuses were treated by Thalidomide on days 11-12 in order to verify whether the drug would induce blood abnormalities leading to circulatory troubles. About 18% of the treated foetuses showed both severe limb haemorrhages on day 14, and obvious alterations of the nucleated red blood cells of vitelline origin. These blood abnormalities, occurring suddenly during the well-known 'critical stage' of foetal development, could be responsible for circulatory blocks leading to necrosis.", "contents": "Early foetal thrombosis induced by thalidomide in mouse: possible explanation for teratogenicity. Mouse foetuses were treated by Thalidomide on days 11-12 in order to verify whether the drug would induce blood abnormalities leading to circulatory troubles. About 18% of the treated foetuses showed both severe limb haemorrhages on day 14, and obvious alterations of the nucleated red blood cells of vitelline origin. These blood abnormalities, occurring suddenly during the well-known 'critical stage' of foetal development, could be responsible for circulatory blocks leading to necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:908425", "title": "The chemokinetic effect of serum albumin.", "content": "Experiments performed by means of time lapse cinematography or the filter technique show that human serum albumin has marked chemokinetic effects on neutrophil cultured in Gey's solution. The average speed of the cells, as well as the proportion of neutrophils showing locomotion, is increased. Enhanced locomotion correlates with decreased attachment to the substratum as determined by morphological and functional criteria.", "contents": "The chemokinetic effect of serum albumin. Experiments performed by means of time lapse cinematography or the filter technique show that human serum albumin has marked chemokinetic effects on neutrophil cultured in Gey's solution. The average speed of the cells, as well as the proportion of neutrophils showing locomotion, is increased. Enhanced locomotion correlates with decreased attachment to the substratum as determined by morphological and functional criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:908426", "title": "Clinical and immunological studies on persons exposed to Parthenium hysterophorus L.", "content": "Studies on 300 persons subjected by occupational hazard to the allergenic weed, Parthenium hysterophorus L. for periods ranging from 3 to 12 months revealed that 4% of them developed contact dermatitis of the exposed parts of the body, while 56% of them got sensitized to the weed without apparently exhibiting any dermatitis. None of them suffered from allergic manifestations like rhinitis or bronchial asthma during the period of study which extended for 2 years.", "contents": "Clinical and immunological studies on persons exposed to Parthenium hysterophorus L. Studies on 300 persons subjected by occupational hazard to the allergenic weed, Parthenium hysterophorus L. for periods ranging from 3 to 12 months revealed that 4% of them developed contact dermatitis of the exposed parts of the body, while 56% of them got sensitized to the weed without apparently exhibiting any dermatitis. None of them suffered from allergic manifestations like rhinitis or bronchial asthma during the period of study which extended for 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:908427", "title": "Effects of constant light exposure and blindness on the oxidative metabolism of selected brain areas in male rats.", "content": "Male rats were housed in continuous illumination or blinded when 21 day-old and killed 69 days later. The continuous illumination exposure increased the weights of testes and sex accessory organs and reduced the pineal gland weight. Blindness decreased weights of testes, sex accessory organs and anterior pituitary. The oxygen consumption rate of the hypothalamus was higher in the blinded animals than in the controls and lower in the continuously illuminated rats. No one of such groups showed significant changes in the oxygen consumption by either the amygdala or the hippocampus.", "contents": "Effects of constant light exposure and blindness on the oxidative metabolism of selected brain areas in male rats. Male rats were housed in continuous illumination or blinded when 21 day-old and killed 69 days later. The continuous illumination exposure increased the weights of testes and sex accessory organs and reduced the pineal gland weight. Blindness decreased weights of testes, sex accessory organs and anterior pituitary. The oxygen consumption rate of the hypothalamus was higher in the blinded animals than in the controls and lower in the continuously illuminated rats. No one of such groups showed significant changes in the oxygen consumption by either the amygdala or the hippocampus."}
{"id": "PMID:908428", "title": "Central aromatization of testosterone in testicular feminized mice.", "content": "Aromatization of testosterone was examined in hypothalamic and cerebral cortex tissues from 32 mice--10 normal males, 10 normal females, 2 carrying the testicular feminized gene (Tfm) and 10 Tfm with the modifying (Ohv) gene. Total aromatization was 1.5 times greater in normal males than females. In both forms of Tfm, conversions were equal and similar to normal females.", "contents": "Central aromatization of testosterone in testicular feminized mice. Aromatization of testosterone was examined in hypothalamic and cerebral cortex tissues from 32 mice--10 normal males, 10 normal females, 2 carrying the testicular feminized gene (Tfm) and 10 Tfm with the modifying (Ohv) gene. Total aromatization was 1.5 times greater in normal males than females. In both forms of Tfm, conversions were equal and similar to normal females."}
{"id": "PMID:908430", "title": "Adrenalectomy, ovarian HCG-binding and the onset of female puberty in the rat.", "content": "The delay of puberty onset in female rats adrenalectomized before the 25th day of age is due neither to changes in the number of ovarian HCG-receptors nor to an altered hormone affinity of these receptors. It is assumed that glucocorticoids act on an intracellular level in the ovarian cells, possibly by alterations of cyclic AMP-dependent phosphodiesterase activity.", "contents": "Adrenalectomy, ovarian HCG-binding and the onset of female puberty in the rat. The delay of puberty onset in female rats adrenalectomized before the 25th day of age is due neither to changes in the number of ovarian HCG-receptors nor to an altered hormone affinity of these receptors. It is assumed that glucocorticoids act on an intracellular level in the ovarian cells, possibly by alterations of cyclic AMP-dependent phosphodiesterase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:908432", "title": "Ovarian HCG-binding in hemicastrated immature female rats.", "content": "Hemigonadectomy in 9-day-old female rats results in a drastic increase in the weight and the number of HCG-binding sites of the remaining ovary during further development. However, on a per mg basis of ovarian weight, the number of HCG-receptors is identical in hemicastrated and control rats.", "contents": "Ovarian HCG-binding in hemicastrated immature female rats. Hemigonadectomy in 9-day-old female rats results in a drastic increase in the weight and the number of HCG-binding sites of the remaining ovary during further development. However, on a per mg basis of ovarian weight, the number of HCG-receptors is identical in hemicastrated and control rats."}
{"id": "PMID:908435", "title": "A newly designed decantation for purified synaptic vesicle.", "content": "A new decanting device of fine stainless steel needles has been developed, which can remove a layer from a gradient with little contamination from the adjacent upper or lower layers. This new apparatus can be used for removal of a very narrow band from a density gradient and has been successfully used in the fractionation of synaptic vesicles from brain homogenates.", "contents": "A newly designed decantation for purified synaptic vesicle. A new decanting device of fine stainless steel needles has been developed, which can remove a layer from a gradient with little contamination from the adjacent upper or lower layers. This new apparatus can be used for removal of a very narrow band from a density gradient and has been successfully used in the fractionation of synaptic vesicles from brain homogenates."}
{"id": "PMID:908444", "title": "Use-effectiveness and analysis of satisfaction levels with the Billings Ovulation Method: two-year pilot study.", "content": "A 2-year study of 135 women using the Billings Ovulation Method as their method of family planning is reported. There were 1381 exposure cycles during the 1st year and 580 during the 2nd year. The total conception rates were 1.303 for the 1st year and 1.896 for the 2nd year. If one subtract the user failures from these rates, the biologic failure rates are 0.072 for the 1st year and 0.517 for the 2nd year. The continuation rate is 51.8%. An analysis of satisfaction levels is presented with a discussion of possible underlying emotional factors.", "contents": "Use-effectiveness and analysis of satisfaction levels with the Billings Ovulation Method: two-year pilot study. A 2-year study of 135 women using the Billings Ovulation Method as their method of family planning is reported. There were 1381 exposure cycles during the 1st year and 580 during the 2nd year. The total conception rates were 1.303 for the 1st year and 1.896 for the 2nd year. If one subtract the user failures from these rates, the biologic failure rates are 0.072 for the 1st year and 0.517 for the 2nd year. The continuation rate is 51.8%. An analysis of satisfaction levels is presented with a discussion of possible underlying emotional factors."}
{"id": "PMID:908443", "title": "The diagnosis and therapy of luteal phase deficiency.", "content": "Between 1973 and 1975, 16 patients evaluated for infertility at Duke University Medical Center were diagnosed as having luteal phase deficiency. A majority had had prior infertility surveys, and the average duration of their infertility exceeded 2 years. The diagnosis was suspected after study of basal body temperature charts and menstrual patterns in more than 80% of the patients. This diagnosis was established by timed endometrial biopsy. The primary method of therapy was supplementation of the luteal phase with progesterone vaginal suppositories. The pregnancy rate after therapy was 50% and pregnancy occurred after a mean of five treatment cycles. The minimal follow-up of patients who failed to conceive was 8 months. To date, the majority of these pregnancies have been completed without complication and the remainder are progressing satisfactorily. Two additional patients developed luteal phase deficiency while taking clomiphene citrate and became pregnant with progesterone supplementation.", "contents": "The diagnosis and therapy of luteal phase deficiency. Between 1973 and 1975, 16 patients evaluated for infertility at Duke University Medical Center were diagnosed as having luteal phase deficiency. A majority had had prior infertility surveys, and the average duration of their infertility exceeded 2 years. The diagnosis was suspected after study of basal body temperature charts and menstrual patterns in more than 80% of the patients. This diagnosis was established by timed endometrial biopsy. The primary method of therapy was supplementation of the luteal phase with progesterone vaginal suppositories. The pregnancy rate after therapy was 50% and pregnancy occurred after a mean of five treatment cycles. The minimal follow-up of patients who failed to conceive was 8 months. To date, the majority of these pregnancies have been completed without complication and the remainder are progressing satisfactorily. Two additional patients developed luteal phase deficiency while taking clomiphene citrate and became pregnant with progesterone supplementation."}
{"id": "PMID:908445", "title": "Vaginal absorption of estrone and 17beta-estradiol.", "content": "In order to study estrogen absorption from the vagina, 0.5 mg of unconjugated estrone (E1) or 17beta-estradiol (E2) was administered vaginally to 10 postmenopausal patients. A 29-fold increase in plasma E2 and a 4-fold increase in plasma E1 concentrations were observed 1 hour following the vaginal deposition of 0.5 mg of E2. Maximal decreases of 25% and 37% in plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), respectively, were observed at 5 hours following treatment. One hour after vaginal administration of 0.5 mg of E1, a 24-fold increase in plasma E1 and a 3.7-fold increase in E2 were observed. These increases were associated with a 30% decrease in plasma FSH and LH. These data indicate that the vaginal administration of E2 or E1 may be used to achieve physiologic blood levels of these estrogens. They further suggest that vaginal estrogens not be used in patients in whom systemic estrogen therapy is contraindicated.", "contents": "Vaginal absorption of estrone and 17beta-estradiol. In order to study estrogen absorption from the vagina, 0.5 mg of unconjugated estrone (E1) or 17beta-estradiol (E2) was administered vaginally to 10 postmenopausal patients. A 29-fold increase in plasma E2 and a 4-fold increase in plasma E1 concentrations were observed 1 hour following the vaginal deposition of 0.5 mg of E2. Maximal decreases of 25% and 37% in plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), respectively, were observed at 5 hours following treatment. One hour after vaginal administration of 0.5 mg of E1, a 24-fold increase in plasma E1 and a 3.7-fold increase in E2 were observed. These increases were associated with a 30% decrease in plasma FSH and LH. These data indicate that the vaginal administration of E2 or E1 may be used to achieve physiologic blood levels of these estrogens. They further suggest that vaginal estrogens not be used in patients in whom systemic estrogen therapy is contraindicated."}
{"id": "PMID:908446", "title": "Pituitary function in adult males receiving medroxyprogesterone acetate.", "content": "The pituitary, adrenal, and gonadal functions of nine males (six XY, two XYY, and one XY/XYY) were studied after at least 6 months of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) therapy for antisocial or sex-offending behavior. Five were studied both before and during therapy, four only during therapy. MPA was effective in decreasing serum gonadotropin and plasma testosterone concentrations. MPA caused no change in the 24-hour rhythm or total integrated concentration of growth hormone. The plasma cortisol circadian rhythm was suppressed but not obliterated by MPA therapy. Although a significant decrease (P less than 0.001) in 24-hour integrated concentrations of plasma cortisol was also found, the rise in the plasma cortisol level after insulin-induced hypoglycemia was unchanged.", "contents": "Pituitary function in adult males receiving medroxyprogesterone acetate. The pituitary, adrenal, and gonadal functions of nine males (six XY, two XYY, and one XY/XYY) were studied after at least 6 months of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) therapy for antisocial or sex-offending behavior. Five were studied both before and during therapy, four only during therapy. MPA was effective in decreasing serum gonadotropin and plasma testosterone concentrations. MPA caused no change in the 24-hour rhythm or total integrated concentration of growth hormone. The plasma cortisol circadian rhythm was suppressed but not obliterated by MPA therapy. Although a significant decrease (P less than 0.001) in 24-hour integrated concentrations of plasma cortisol was also found, the rise in the plasma cortisol level after insulin-induced hypoglycemia was unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:908447", "title": "Spermatozoal antibodies in human seminal plasma as a cause of failed artificial donor insemination.", "content": "Seven couples who were in a program of artificial donor insemination (AID) which had not resulted in a pregnancy were advised to abstain from sexual intercourse for 2 days prior to AID. Six of the wives became pregnant following this advice. Seminal plasmas from the seven husbands showed evidence of spermatozoal antibodies. They agglutinated or immobilized healthy spermatozoa and contained immunoglobulin A and complements C-3 and C-4. Immunoglubulin G levels in these seminal plasmas were slightly elevated. Blood sera from the same husbands also agglutinated normal spermatozoa or decreased their motility. A comparison of 33 women who were not advised concerning sexual intercourse prior to AID and 17 women who were advised revealed that 46% of the former group became pregnant, whereas in the advised group 88% achieved pregnancy. The conclusion is that abnormal semen may contain spermatozoal antibodies which adversely affect normal spermatozoa. In order to avoid the presence of spermatozoal antibodies on the wife's cervix, couples are advised to abstain from sexual intercourse, or to use a condom, for 2 days prior to AID.", "contents": "Spermatozoal antibodies in human seminal plasma as a cause of failed artificial donor insemination. Seven couples who were in a program of artificial donor insemination (AID) which had not resulted in a pregnancy were advised to abstain from sexual intercourse for 2 days prior to AID. Six of the wives became pregnant following this advice. Seminal plasmas from the seven husbands showed evidence of spermatozoal antibodies. They agglutinated or immobilized healthy spermatozoa and contained immunoglobulin A and complements C-3 and C-4. Immunoglubulin G levels in these seminal plasmas were slightly elevated. Blood sera from the same husbands also agglutinated normal spermatozoa or decreased their motility. A comparison of 33 women who were not advised concerning sexual intercourse prior to AID and 17 women who were advised revealed that 46% of the former group became pregnant, whereas in the advised group 88% achieved pregnancy. The conclusion is that abnormal semen may contain spermatozoal antibodies which adversely affect normal spermatozoa. In order to avoid the presence of spermatozoal antibodies on the wife's cervix, couples are advised to abstain from sexual intercourse, or to use a condom, for 2 days prior to AID."}
{"id": "PMID:908448", "title": "Vas occlusion by tantalum clips and its comparison with conventional vasectomy in man: reliability, reversibility, and complications.", "content": "Occlusion of the vas deferens has been carried out by applying tantalum clips in 60 men. Another 50 men were vasectomized conventionally and served as controls. Vasography showed that two clips were required on each vas to bring about perfect and firm occlusion. The incidence of postoperative infection and other complications was much lower in the clip-occluded cases. Under a long-term follow-up, 10% of the conventionally vasectomized men were dissatisfied with the operation as compared with 2% of the clip-occluded group. Both groups became azoospermic within 3 months and the failure rate was zero. Removal of the clips not only was difficult but left the vas compressed and leaking. The method cannot, therefore, be considered reversible by itself. However, recanalization could easily be achieved by end-to-end anastomosis after excision of the small clipped segment or by side-to-side anastomosis without any excision. This, damage to the neuromuscular apparatus of the vas may be minimized. Male sterilization by clip occlusion has the advantages of minimal surgical intervention, shorter operative time, safety from postoperative infection, and easier recanalization if desired.", "contents": "Vas occlusion by tantalum clips and its comparison with conventional vasectomy in man: reliability, reversibility, and complications. Occlusion of the vas deferens has been carried out by applying tantalum clips in 60 men. Another 50 men were vasectomized conventionally and served as controls. Vasography showed that two clips were required on each vas to bring about perfect and firm occlusion. The incidence of postoperative infection and other complications was much lower in the clip-occluded cases. Under a long-term follow-up, 10% of the conventionally vasectomized men were dissatisfied with the operation as compared with 2% of the clip-occluded group. Both groups became azoospermic within 3 months and the failure rate was zero. Removal of the clips not only was difficult but left the vas compressed and leaking. The method cannot, therefore, be considered reversible by itself. However, recanalization could easily be achieved by end-to-end anastomosis after excision of the small clipped segment or by side-to-side anastomosis without any excision. This, damage to the neuromuscular apparatus of the vas may be minimized. Male sterilization by clip occlusion has the advantages of minimal surgical intervention, shorter operative time, safety from postoperative infection, and easier recanalization if desired."}
{"id": "PMID:908449", "title": "Fertility following microsurgical removal of the ampullary-isthmic junction in rabbits.", "content": "The role of the ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ) in fertility was investigated in the rabbit by using microsurgical tuboplastic techniques. Microsurgical transection or resection of the AIJ failed to alter fertility significantly. Nine of ten rabbits which underwent unilateral transection of the AIJ became pregnant on the operated side and eight of the ten became pregnant on the unoperated control side. Of the ten rabbits which underwent unilateral AIJ resection, all became pregnant bilaterally. The results of this study indicate that the AIJ is not necessary for normal fertility in the rabbit.", "contents": "Fertility following microsurgical removal of the ampullary-isthmic junction in rabbits. The role of the ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ) in fertility was investigated in the rabbit by using microsurgical tuboplastic techniques. Microsurgical transection or resection of the AIJ failed to alter fertility significantly. Nine of ten rabbits which underwent unilateral transection of the AIJ became pregnant on the operated side and eight of the ten became pregnant on the unoperated control side. Of the ten rabbits which underwent unilateral AIJ resection, all became pregnant bilaterally. The results of this study indicate that the AIJ is not necessary for normal fertility in the rabbit."}
{"id": "PMID:908450", "title": "Effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on spermatogenesis, rete testis fluid, and peripheral androgen levels in hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "To compare the effects of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the maintenance and the restoration of spermatogenesis, hypophysectomized (APX) rats were treated daily for 35 days with 0.5 mg of T propionate (TP) or DHT propionate (DHTP) beginning 5 or 33 days after hypophysectomy. In the maintenance experiment, the weights of the testes and the number of early spermatids were significantly lower in DHTP-than in TP-treated animals, while late spermatids were present only in rats treated with TP. In the restoration experiment, TP increased testicular weight and the number of germinal cells, whereas DHTP had very little effect on the testis. In an attempt to explain these findings, we measured androgen levels in the rete testis fluid (RTF) and peripheral plasma of APX rats treated with TP or DHTP. The concentration of T in the RTF of TP-treated rats was nearly 3-fold higher than the level of DHT in the RTF of animals given DHTP. Plasma T levels measured 1/2, 2, 4, and 24 hours after the last of three daily injections of TP were considerably higher than were the corresponding plasma DHT levels in animals given DHTP. In animals treated with free steroids, peripheral androgen levels between 1/2 and 4 hours after the last injection were much higher in rats given T than in those given DHT, but thereafter this difference disappeared. We conclude that the difference in the ability of subcutaneously injected TP and DHTP to maintain and to restore spermatogenesis in APX rats was due to a difference in androgen levels in the testes of these animals.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on spermatogenesis, rete testis fluid, and peripheral androgen levels in hypophysectomized rats. To compare the effects of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the maintenance and the restoration of spermatogenesis, hypophysectomized (APX) rats were treated daily for 35 days with 0.5 mg of T propionate (TP) or DHT propionate (DHTP) beginning 5 or 33 days after hypophysectomy. In the maintenance experiment, the weights of the testes and the number of early spermatids were significantly lower in DHTP-than in TP-treated animals, while late spermatids were present only in rats treated with TP. In the restoration experiment, TP increased testicular weight and the number of germinal cells, whereas DHTP had very little effect on the testis. In an attempt to explain these findings, we measured androgen levels in the rete testis fluid (RTF) and peripheral plasma of APX rats treated with TP or DHTP. The concentration of T in the RTF of TP-treated rats was nearly 3-fold higher than the level of DHT in the RTF of animals given DHTP. Plasma T levels measured 1/2, 2, 4, and 24 hours after the last of three daily injections of TP were considerably higher than were the corresponding plasma DHT levels in animals given DHTP. In animals treated with free steroids, peripheral androgen levels between 1/2 and 4 hours after the last injection were much higher in rats given T than in those given DHT, but thereafter this difference disappeared. We conclude that the difference in the ability of subcutaneously injected TP and DHTP to maintain and to restore spermatogenesis in APX rats was due to a difference in androgen levels in the testes of these animals."}
{"id": "PMID:908451", "title": "Infertility as a consequence of bilateral herniorrhaphies.", "content": "The involvement of internal genitalia in inguinal hernias occurring in female infants and children has been reported. We present here an interesting infertility problem as a consequence of accidental \"tubal ligation* secondary to bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphies during childhood. Several postulated etiologic factors in the development of such hernias are presented, and the potential occurrence of similar problems in other individuals is emphasized. We urge very meticulous technique when such hernias are repaired, and we reiterate the importance of a thorough medical history during infertility investigation. The potential frequency of this uncommon but devastating problem presenting in an infertility investigation may be underestimated. Additionally, it is conceivable that, with the increasing survival rates of prematurely born infants who are at increased risk for such hernias, this problem may become more frequent.", "contents": "Infertility as a consequence of bilateral herniorrhaphies. The involvement of internal genitalia in inguinal hernias occurring in female infants and children has been reported. We present here an interesting infertility problem as a consequence of accidental \"tubal ligation* secondary to bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphies during childhood. Several postulated etiologic factors in the development of such hernias are presented, and the potential occurrence of similar problems in other individuals is emphasized. We urge very meticulous technique when such hernias are repaired, and we reiterate the importance of a thorough medical history during infertility investigation. The potential frequency of this uncommon but devastating problem presenting in an infertility investigation may be underestimated. Additionally, it is conceivable that, with the increasing survival rates of prematurely born infants who are at increased risk for such hernias, this problem may become more frequent."}
{"id": "PMID:908452", "title": "Self-checking the intrauterine device.", "content": "The self-examination habits of 155 women wearing an intrauterine device have been analyzed. One-third were persistently unable to find the tail. There was a loose relationship between the type of device, the length of the tail, and failure to detect. The more parous and those of higher social class were more adept at detection, as were those who examined themselves each month.", "contents": "Self-checking the intrauterine device. The self-examination habits of 155 women wearing an intrauterine device have been analyzed. One-third were persistently unable to find the tail. There was a loose relationship between the type of device, the length of the tail, and failure to detect. The more parous and those of higher social class were more adept at detection, as were those who examined themselves each month."}
{"id": "PMID:908453", "title": "The kinetics of 1,2-3H-cortisol after intra-amniotic administration.", "content": "Foetuses of random-bred H mice (Velax) received on day 13 of foetal development 1,2-3H-cortisol by the intra-amniotic administration, and 10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 min. after drug injection the radioactivity in the amniotic fluid, foetuses and placentae was determined by methanol extraction. The mean value of total radioactivity in the foetuses and placentae attained 2.2% and 2.7%, respectively, of the injected dose during the first 10 min. and did no longer change substantially. Total radioactivity in the amniotic fluid, after an initial acute fall, corresponded to 16.4% of injected dose from 20 min. to 2 hours after drug administration.", "contents": "The kinetics of 1,2-3H-cortisol after intra-amniotic administration. Foetuses of random-bred H mice (Velax) received on day 13 of foetal development 1,2-3H-cortisol by the intra-amniotic administration, and 10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 min. after drug injection the radioactivity in the amniotic fluid, foetuses and placentae was determined by methanol extraction. The mean value of total radioactivity in the foetuses and placentae attained 2.2% and 2.7%, respectively, of the injected dose during the first 10 min. and did no longer change substantially. Total radioactivity in the amniotic fluid, after an initial acute fall, corresponded to 16.4% of injected dose from 20 min. to 2 hours after drug administration."}
{"id": "PMID:908454", "title": "The dynamics of changes in serum lipids during continuous irradiation of rats.", "content": "The dynamics of changes in serum lipids (free fatty acids, free glycerol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and phospholipids) were studied in male Wistar rats irradiated in an open experimental field with a daily dose of 15.48 mC.kg.--1 (60 R) up to a total exposure of 774.0 mC. kg.--1 (3,000 R). The resulting changes occurred in several periods. Initial period of 0--7 days included a drop in triglyceride level and a rise in free glycerol, total cholesterol, and phospholipids in both control and irradiated rats. The period of 14--25 days marked the appearance of serum hyperlipaemia. Between 25--50 days, the levels of the different fractions oscillated and existing changes became more pronounced. The general level of serum lipids during continuous gamma-irradiation exceeded that found in controls. Changes in control animals from experimental field reflected the influence of a changed environment. The modifying factor affecting both irradiated and control rats was night fasting prior to sacrificing the animals and, probably, also the presence of an infradian rhythm in some serum lipid fractions.", "contents": "The dynamics of changes in serum lipids during continuous irradiation of rats. The dynamics of changes in serum lipids (free fatty acids, free glycerol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and phospholipids) were studied in male Wistar rats irradiated in an open experimental field with a daily dose of 15.48 mC.kg.--1 (60 R) up to a total exposure of 774.0 mC. kg.--1 (3,000 R). The resulting changes occurred in several periods. Initial period of 0--7 days included a drop in triglyceride level and a rise in free glycerol, total cholesterol, and phospholipids in both control and irradiated rats. The period of 14--25 days marked the appearance of serum hyperlipaemia. Between 25--50 days, the levels of the different fractions oscillated and existing changes became more pronounced. The general level of serum lipids during continuous gamma-irradiation exceeded that found in controls. Changes in control animals from experimental field reflected the influence of a changed environment. The modifying factor affecting both irradiated and control rats was night fasting prior to sacrificing the animals and, probably, also the presence of an infradian rhythm in some serum lipid fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:908455", "title": "Comparison of hydroxyurea and excess thymidine as synchronizing agents in cultures of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells.", "content": "Comparison of double hydroxyurea and hydroxyurea-excess thymidine blockades as synchronizing procedures in cultured L5178Y cells revealed that hydroxyurea mimics the effect of thymidine as regards the degree of the resulting synchrony evaluated by the mitotic index and 3H-thymidine incorporating activity. However, the peaks of the mitotic and 3H-incorporating activity appear later after thymidine than after hydroxyurea blockade and the initial maximum incorporation of 3H-deoxycytidine into DNA was about twice higher in thymidine- than in hydroxyurea-treated cells. On the other hand, the timing of 14C-formate incorporation into purine DNA bases was closely similar in both cell populations.", "contents": "Comparison of hydroxyurea and excess thymidine as synchronizing agents in cultures of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Comparison of double hydroxyurea and hydroxyurea-excess thymidine blockades as synchronizing procedures in cultured L5178Y cells revealed that hydroxyurea mimics the effect of thymidine as regards the degree of the resulting synchrony evaluated by the mitotic index and 3H-thymidine incorporating activity. However, the peaks of the mitotic and 3H-incorporating activity appear later after thymidine than after hydroxyurea blockade and the initial maximum incorporation of 3H-deoxycytidine into DNA was about twice higher in thymidine- than in hydroxyurea-treated cells. On the other hand, the timing of 14C-formate incorporation into purine DNA bases was closely similar in both cell populations."}
{"id": "PMID:908456", "title": "The spontaneous release of 51Cr from labeled EL-4 ascitic lymphoma cells as dependent upon the composition of the cell population.", "content": "Investigations on the spontaneous release of 51Cr from the EL-4 ascitic lymphoma showed that daily rhythmic changes can be correlated with the dominance of certain cell types in the population. A generation time of 9.8 h, an average doubling time of 32 h, and an 'appearance cycle' of 96 h were established for the population. Earlier observed variations in the values for spontaneous 51Cr release can be explained in terms of the cellular composition of the population.", "contents": "The spontaneous release of 51Cr from labeled EL-4 ascitic lymphoma cells as dependent upon the composition of the cell population. Investigations on the spontaneous release of 51Cr from the EL-4 ascitic lymphoma showed that daily rhythmic changes can be correlated with the dominance of certain cell types in the population. A generation time of 9.8 h, an average doubling time of 32 h, and an 'appearance cycle' of 96 h were established for the population. Earlier observed variations in the values for spontaneous 51Cr release can be explained in terms of the cellular composition of the population."}
{"id": "PMID:908457", "title": "The effect of propranolol upon chick embryo cardiogenesis.", "content": "The teratogenic effects of propranolol HCl on cardiac development were studied in chick embryos of days 3 and 4 of incubation. Propranolol was injected into the yolk sac at doses ranging from 0.05 to 0.6 mg per egg. All the treated and control embryos were examined on day 7. The LD50 for the embryos treated on the 3rd and 4th day was 0.15 and 0.35 mg per embryo, respectively. Cardiac anomalies such as aortic stenosis ventricular septal defects and common truncus arteriosus were observed. Other malformations included atrial septal defects, thin atrial wall and defects of the pulmonic, aortic and atrioventricular valves. The incidence of cardiac anomalies in the controls was very low. Propranolol was observed to slow the heart rate in the experimental embryos. It is suggested that slowing of heart rate at the early stages of heart development caused aberrant bloodstream flow patterns which probably resulted in the genesis of cardiac anomalies. The results of this study indicate that propranolol has teratogenic effects on chick embryo cardiogenesis.", "contents": "The effect of propranolol upon chick embryo cardiogenesis. The teratogenic effects of propranolol HCl on cardiac development were studied in chick embryos of days 3 and 4 of incubation. Propranolol was injected into the yolk sac at doses ranging from 0.05 to 0.6 mg per egg. All the treated and control embryos were examined on day 7. The LD50 for the embryos treated on the 3rd and 4th day was 0.15 and 0.35 mg per embryo, respectively. Cardiac anomalies such as aortic stenosis ventricular septal defects and common truncus arteriosus were observed. Other malformations included atrial septal defects, thin atrial wall and defects of the pulmonic, aortic and atrioventricular valves. The incidence of cardiac anomalies in the controls was very low. Propranolol was observed to slow the heart rate in the experimental embryos. It is suggested that slowing of heart rate at the early stages of heart development caused aberrant bloodstream flow patterns which probably resulted in the genesis of cardiac anomalies. The results of this study indicate that propranolol has teratogenic effects on chick embryo cardiogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:908458", "title": "The marfan's syndrome. In vitro study of collagen metabolism in tissue specimens of the aorta.", "content": "Tissue specimen of the aorta was obtained from a patient with Marfan's syndrome after heart surgery. Media and adventitia were carefully separated and subsequently used for biochemical characterization. Aortas from an embryonic calf and from a human adult were used as internal controls. The data clearly indicated that an insufficient synthesis of type I collagen rather than a defect in the formation of cross-links may be the prime cause in this inherited connective tissue disorder. Such a disturbance in the regulation of the genes coding for the different collagen chains may explain the weakness and enhanced extensibility of the blood vessels finally resulting in an aneurysm.", "contents": "The marfan's syndrome. In vitro study of collagen metabolism in tissue specimens of the aorta. Tissue specimen of the aorta was obtained from a patient with Marfan's syndrome after heart surgery. Media and adventitia were carefully separated and subsequently used for biochemical characterization. Aortas from an embryonic calf and from a human adult were used as internal controls. The data clearly indicated that an insufficient synthesis of type I collagen rather than a defect in the formation of cross-links may be the prime cause in this inherited connective tissue disorder. Such a disturbance in the regulation of the genes coding for the different collagen chains may explain the weakness and enhanced extensibility of the blood vessels finally resulting in an aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:908461", "title": "Brittle diabetes in pregnancy.", "content": "In eight brittle diabetics the insulin requirement increased during successful pregnancies from 35 to 64 U./day (in 29 stable severe diabetics from 53 to 78 U./day). The within-day glycemic excursions were calculated as the mean of the three differences between four time points: fasting, one hour after breakfast, two hours after breakfast, and two hours after lunch. This parameter was constant throughout the pregnancy in nondiabetics (34-46 mg./100 ml.) and stable severe diabetics (55-72 mg./100 ml.). In brittle diabetics it dropped from 147 mg./100 ml. before the pregnancy and 153 mg./ 100 ml. at eight weeks to 85 mg./100 ml. at 36 weeks. The between-day variability was calculated as the mean glycemic difference between two successive days at the four points of time noted above. It was very low in nondiabetics (49-53 mg./100 ml.). In brittle diabetics it decreased from 127 mg./100 ml. before pregnancy and 120 mg./100 ml. at eight weeks to 46-55 mg./100 ml. at 24-36 weeks. This shows that brittleness substantially decreased in the second half of pregnancy.", "contents": "Brittle diabetes in pregnancy. In eight brittle diabetics the insulin requirement increased during successful pregnancies from 35 to 64 U./day (in 29 stable severe diabetics from 53 to 78 U./day). The within-day glycemic excursions were calculated as the mean of the three differences between four time points: fasting, one hour after breakfast, two hours after breakfast, and two hours after lunch. This parameter was constant throughout the pregnancy in nondiabetics (34-46 mg./100 ml.) and stable severe diabetics (55-72 mg./100 ml.). In brittle diabetics it dropped from 147 mg./100 ml. before the pregnancy and 153 mg./ 100 ml. at eight weeks to 85 mg./100 ml. at 36 weeks. The between-day variability was calculated as the mean glycemic difference between two successive days at the four points of time noted above. It was very low in nondiabetics (49-53 mg./100 ml.). In brittle diabetics it decreased from 127 mg./100 ml. before pregnancy and 120 mg./100 ml. at eight weeks to 46-55 mg./100 ml. at 24-36 weeks. This shows that brittleness substantially decreased in the second half of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:908462", "title": "On the mechanism of diazoxide-induced hyperglycemia.", "content": "Infusion of diazoxide (16.5 mg./kg. in 10 minutes) into normal unanesthetized dogs resulted in a prompt hyperglycemia due to increased hepatic glucose production as measured with a 3-3H-glucose primer-infusion technique. Plasma insulin and glucagon were decreased. Glucose uptake failed to increase. Diazoxide administration during period of alpha adrenergic receptor blockade with phentolamine still caused hyperglycemia and increased glucose production. Glucose uptake was inhibited despite adequate plasma insulin. Infusion of somatostatin along with insulin prevented the effects of diazoxide on plasma glucose and glucose production. It is concluded that diazoxide hyperglycemia is not due solely to decreased insulin secretion or increased epinephrine secretion and that glucagon is not a contributory factor. Diazoxide may act directly to increase glucose production and inhibit glucose uptake. Somatostatin appears capable of blocking the effect of diazoxide on glucose production by an unknown mechanism.", "contents": "On the mechanism of diazoxide-induced hyperglycemia. Infusion of diazoxide (16.5 mg./kg. in 10 minutes) into normal unanesthetized dogs resulted in a prompt hyperglycemia due to increased hepatic glucose production as measured with a 3-3H-glucose primer-infusion technique. Plasma insulin and glucagon were decreased. Glucose uptake failed to increase. Diazoxide administration during period of alpha adrenergic receptor blockade with phentolamine still caused hyperglycemia and increased glucose production. Glucose uptake was inhibited despite adequate plasma insulin. Infusion of somatostatin along with insulin prevented the effects of diazoxide on plasma glucose and glucose production. It is concluded that diazoxide hyperglycemia is not due solely to decreased insulin secretion or increased epinephrine secretion and that glucagon is not a contributory factor. Diazoxide may act directly to increase glucose production and inhibit glucose uptake. Somatostatin appears capable of blocking the effect of diazoxide on glucose production by an unknown mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:908464", "title": "Pregnancy in diabetes complicated by vascular disease.", "content": "Over 50 years of experience with pregnancy in diabetic women is reviewed. In particular, the maternal and fetal survival in mothers with either microvascular or macrovascular disease is considered. This includes White classes E, F, R, RF, H, and T. In this group of patients with vascular disease, maternal survival during pregnancy is virtually 100 per cent with the exception of class H (ischemic heart disease). Fetal survival has steadily improved throughout the time period examined, but is still considerably below that of pregnancies occurring in women without vascular disease. Long-term maternal survival is adversely affected by the first decade after delivery.", "contents": "Pregnancy in diabetes complicated by vascular disease. Over 50 years of experience with pregnancy in diabetic women is reviewed. In particular, the maternal and fetal survival in mothers with either microvascular or macrovascular disease is considered. This includes White classes E, F, R, RF, H, and T. In this group of patients with vascular disease, maternal survival during pregnancy is virtually 100 per cent with the exception of class H (ischemic heart disease). Fetal survival has steadily improved throughout the time period examined, but is still considerably below that of pregnancies occurring in women without vascular disease. Long-term maternal survival is adversely affected by the first decade after delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:908465", "title": "The regulation of plasma ketone body concentration by counterregulatory hormones in man.", "content": "Previous studies have attributed norepinephrine's ketogenic activity to its ability to mobilize peripheral fat stores. This study was designed to determine whether norepinephrine has ketogenic activity independent of its lipolytic effect in diabetic man. Six insulin-dependent diabetic subjects were infused with pathophysiologic concentrations of norepinephrine (0.08 microgram./kg./min.). As a control for norepinephrine's lipolytic effect, a separate heparin-induced free fatty acid generation study was performed on each subject. The results demonstrate, for the first time in man, that norepinephrine has ketogenic activity independent of its lipolytic effect. Furthermore, physiologic elevations of norepinephrine concentration were also demonstrated to increase plasma glucagon concentration. Our data are consistent with the possibility that the rise in concentration of glucagon may have a participated in the catecholamine-augmented ketogenesis.", "contents": "The regulation of plasma ketone body concentration by counterregulatory hormones in man. Previous studies have attributed norepinephrine's ketogenic activity to its ability to mobilize peripheral fat stores. This study was designed to determine whether norepinephrine has ketogenic activity independent of its lipolytic effect in diabetic man. Six insulin-dependent diabetic subjects were infused with pathophysiologic concentrations of norepinephrine (0.08 microgram./kg./min.). As a control for norepinephrine's lipolytic effect, a separate heparin-induced free fatty acid generation study was performed on each subject. The results demonstrate, for the first time in man, that norepinephrine has ketogenic activity independent of its lipolytic effect. Furthermore, physiologic elevations of norepinephrine concentration were also demonstrated to increase plasma glucagon concentration. Our data are consistent with the possibility that the rise in concentration of glucagon may have a participated in the catecholamine-augmented ketogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:908466", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens and diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "Of 160 patients with onset of diabetes at or after 30 years of age, the 84 with no evidence prevalences of HLA-A1 and B8 when compared with the 76 with retinal complications or with the 282 healthy blood donors. In addition, in 90 patients with onset of diabetes before age 30 years, we could confirm the reported significant increase of HLA-B8 and decrease of B7, but no differences were noted between those juvenile-onset diabetics with and those without retinopathy.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens and diabetic retinopathy. Of 160 patients with onset of diabetes at or after 30 years of age, the 84 with no evidence prevalences of HLA-A1 and B8 when compared with the 76 with retinal complications or with the 282 healthy blood donors. In addition, in 90 patients with onset of diabetes before age 30 years, we could confirm the reported significant increase of HLA-B8 and decrease of B7, but no differences were noted between those juvenile-onset diabetics with and those without retinopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:908467", "title": "The effect of hGH deficiency on the insulin response to glucagon after oral glucose loading.", "content": "Six children and adolescents (aged from 2 6/12 to 16 years) with isolated hGH deficiency were subjected to a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) followed by the administration of IV glucagon at 180 mins. Three of them underwent a second test after several months of hGH therapy. Nine patients underwent a separate IV glucagon test and two of these patients had both tests. As controls served 14 endocrinologically normal children and adolescents, who underwent both tests. It was found that the patients with isolated hGH deficiency had lower basal insulin and blood glucose levels and that their insulin response to IV glucagon even after oral glucose preloading was significantly lower than in the control group. This response was partially restored by several months of hGH treatment in the three patients tested. These findings are interpreted as further evidence for an insulinotrophic effect of hGH.", "contents": "The effect of hGH deficiency on the insulin response to glucagon after oral glucose loading. Six children and adolescents (aged from 2 6/12 to 16 years) with isolated hGH deficiency were subjected to a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) followed by the administration of IV glucagon at 180 mins. Three of them underwent a second test after several months of hGH therapy. Nine patients underwent a separate IV glucagon test and two of these patients had both tests. As controls served 14 endocrinologically normal children and adolescents, who underwent both tests. It was found that the patients with isolated hGH deficiency had lower basal insulin and blood glucose levels and that their insulin response to IV glucagon even after oral glucose preloading was significantly lower than in the control group. This response was partially restored by several months of hGH treatment in the three patients tested. These findings are interpreted as further evidence for an insulinotrophic effect of hGH."}
{"id": "PMID:908468", "title": "Development of insulin resistance in normal dogs following alloxan-induced insulin deficiency.", "content": "Insulin resistance was measured in 16 normal dogs by a method involving the continuous intravenous infusion of epinephrine, propranolol, glucose and insulin. With this approach, endogenous insulin secretin is inhibited, similar steady state levels of exogenous insulin are achieved in all doags, and the resultant steady state plasma glucose level provides a direct estimate of the ability of insulin to dispose of the infused glucose load. Thus, the higher the steady state plasma glucose level, the more the insulin resistance. Different amounts of alloxan were then administered to these dogs in order to produce insulin deficiency of varying degrees. Insulin resistance was then measured again in each dog. The results indicated that insulin resistance did not develop in dogs with only a moderate degree of insulin deficiency (fasting plasma glucose levels less than 150 mg/100 ml). On the other hand, a significant degree of insulin resistance developed in dogs with severe insulin deficiency (fasting plasma glucose greater than 150 mg/100 ml). Furthermore, the insulin resistance that developed in dogs with severe insulin deficiency could be returned to normal with insulin replacement for one week. These results indicate that insulin resistance can occur as a secondary manifestation of insulin deficiency.", "contents": "Development of insulin resistance in normal dogs following alloxan-induced insulin deficiency. Insulin resistance was measured in 16 normal dogs by a method involving the continuous intravenous infusion of epinephrine, propranolol, glucose and insulin. With this approach, endogenous insulin secretin is inhibited, similar steady state levels of exogenous insulin are achieved in all doags, and the resultant steady state plasma glucose level provides a direct estimate of the ability of insulin to dispose of the infused glucose load. Thus, the higher the steady state plasma glucose level, the more the insulin resistance. Different amounts of alloxan were then administered to these dogs in order to produce insulin deficiency of varying degrees. Insulin resistance was then measured again in each dog. The results indicated that insulin resistance did not develop in dogs with only a moderate degree of insulin deficiency (fasting plasma glucose levels less than 150 mg/100 ml). On the other hand, a significant degree of insulin resistance developed in dogs with severe insulin deficiency (fasting plasma glucose greater than 150 mg/100 ml). Furthermore, the insulin resistance that developed in dogs with severe insulin deficiency could be returned to normal with insulin replacement for one week. These results indicate that insulin resistance can occur as a secondary manifestation of insulin deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:908471", "title": "Serum free insulin concentrations during the treatment of diabetic coma and precoma with low dose intramuscular insulin.", "content": "Fifty patients in diabetic coma or precoma, 33 of whom had previously received insulin and had circulating insulin antibodies, were studied during treatment with a low-dose intramuscular insulin regime. In the presence of insulin antibodies, serum free insulin was separated from bound insulin by steady-state gel filtration. The initial mean serum free insulin concentration in the group of patients without insulin antibodies was 9 mU/1, 1 to 2 hours after intramuscular therapy it had risen to 22 mU/1, and after 7 to 8 hours to 73 mU/1. The corresponding concentrations for the group with insulin antibodies were 13, 23 and 74 mU/1. No relationship was found between the concentrations of serum free insulin attained and the age of the patients, their initial degree of acidosis, dehydration, and systolic blood pressure, the insulin antibody characteristics of their sera, nor the rate of decline of the blood glucose.", "contents": "Serum free insulin concentrations during the treatment of diabetic coma and precoma with low dose intramuscular insulin. Fifty patients in diabetic coma or precoma, 33 of whom had previously received insulin and had circulating insulin antibodies, were studied during treatment with a low-dose intramuscular insulin regime. In the presence of insulin antibodies, serum free insulin was separated from bound insulin by steady-state gel filtration. The initial mean serum free insulin concentration in the group of patients without insulin antibodies was 9 mU/1, 1 to 2 hours after intramuscular therapy it had risen to 22 mU/1, and after 7 to 8 hours to 73 mU/1. The corresponding concentrations for the group with insulin antibodies were 13, 23 and 74 mU/1. No relationship was found between the concentrations of serum free insulin attained and the age of the patients, their initial degree of acidosis, dehydration, and systolic blood pressure, the insulin antibody characteristics of their sera, nor the rate of decline of the blood glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:908472", "title": "The effect of intraportal and peripheral infusions of glucagon on insulin and glucose concentrations and glucose tolerance in normal man.", "content": "The effect of peripheral and intraportal infusions on 0.86 pmol/kg-min-1 of glucagon on plasma glucose, plasma insulin, and glucose tolerance was examined in four normal subjects. Peripheral glucagon concentrations increased by 60--90 pmol/1 during intraportal and 70--180 pmol/1 during peripheral infusions. The infusions caused increases in plasma glucose levels of approximately 1 mmol/1, and in plasma insulin levels of 75--100%, regardless of route of administration. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests carried out during the glucagon infusions showed that glucose tolerance remained within the normal range and was uninfluenced by the route of administration.", "contents": "The effect of intraportal and peripheral infusions of glucagon on insulin and glucose concentrations and glucose tolerance in normal man. The effect of peripheral and intraportal infusions on 0.86 pmol/kg-min-1 of glucagon on plasma glucose, plasma insulin, and glucose tolerance was examined in four normal subjects. Peripheral glucagon concentrations increased by 60--90 pmol/1 during intraportal and 70--180 pmol/1 during peripheral infusions. The infusions caused increases in plasma glucose levels of approximately 1 mmol/1, and in plasma insulin levels of 75--100%, regardless of route of administration. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests carried out during the glucagon infusions showed that glucose tolerance remained within the normal range and was uninfluenced by the route of administration."}
{"id": "PMID:908473", "title": "The effect of cigarette smoking on blood sugar, serum insulin and non esterified fatty acids in diabetic and non diabetic subjects.", "content": "The effect of cigarette smoking on carbohydrate metabolism has been investigated in 10 diabetic and 18 non-diabetic subjects. All were habitual smokers. Neither the fasting plasma sugar nor the plasma sugar response to an oral glucose load was significantly altered by smoking. Serum insulin, free fatty acids, cholesterol and triglyceride were measured in 10 non-diabetic patients, and were not significantly altered by smoking. It is concluded that in habitual smokers at least, cigarette smoking does not impair carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, it seems that smoking before or during oral glucose tolerance test is unlikely to influence the diagnostic value of the test.", "contents": "The effect of cigarette smoking on blood sugar, serum insulin and non esterified fatty acids in diabetic and non diabetic subjects. The effect of cigarette smoking on carbohydrate metabolism has been investigated in 10 diabetic and 18 non-diabetic subjects. All were habitual smokers. Neither the fasting plasma sugar nor the plasma sugar response to an oral glucose load was significantly altered by smoking. Serum insulin, free fatty acids, cholesterol and triglyceride were measured in 10 non-diabetic patients, and were not significantly altered by smoking. It is concluded that in habitual smokers at least, cigarette smoking does not impair carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, it seems that smoking before or during oral glucose tolerance test is unlikely to influence the diagnostic value of the test."}
{"id": "PMID:908474", "title": "Plasma glucagon suppression by phenformin in man.", "content": "In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of action of phenformin, eleven juvenile-onset, insulin-requiring diabetic subjects underwent four different treatment regimens during standard breakfast tests. These four treatments were: control (no insulin or phenformin); insulin alone (15 U regular insulin administered subcutaneously one-half hour before breakfast); phenformin alone (50 mg of the timed-release capsule given twice daily for three days before the study and two and one-half hours before breakfast on the day of study); and phenformin plus insulin (in the amounts and at the times stated above). Phenformin was found to decrease postprandial hyperglycaemia significantly when compared with control values, and its addition to insulin further decreased the postprandial glucose rise below that found with insulin alone (p less than 0.005). These effects were associated with a reduction in early (30-min) postprandial hyperglucagonaemia (p less than 0.05). Triglyceride levels, gastrin secretion, growth hormone levels, and increments of alpha-amino nitrogen were not affected by phenformin. Thls, suppression of postprandial hyperglucagonaemia may be an additional mechanism in the reduction of postprandial hyperglycaemia after phenformin.", "contents": "Plasma glucagon suppression by phenformin in man. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of action of phenformin, eleven juvenile-onset, insulin-requiring diabetic subjects underwent four different treatment regimens during standard breakfast tests. These four treatments were: control (no insulin or phenformin); insulin alone (15 U regular insulin administered subcutaneously one-half hour before breakfast); phenformin alone (50 mg of the timed-release capsule given twice daily for three days before the study and two and one-half hours before breakfast on the day of study); and phenformin plus insulin (in the amounts and at the times stated above). Phenformin was found to decrease postprandial hyperglycaemia significantly when compared with control values, and its addition to insulin further decreased the postprandial glucose rise below that found with insulin alone (p less than 0.005). These effects were associated with a reduction in early (30-min) postprandial hyperglucagonaemia (p less than 0.05). Triglyceride levels, gastrin secretion, growth hormone levels, and increments of alpha-amino nitrogen were not affected by phenformin. Thls, suppression of postprandial hyperglucagonaemia may be an additional mechanism in the reduction of postprandial hyperglycaemia after phenformin."}
{"id": "PMID:908475", "title": "Glucagon secretion in diabetic patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to determine in patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis whether diabetes is of the primary type or secondary to pancreatic injury due to iron deposition. For this purpose, plasma glucagon concentrations were determined following arginine infusion or an oral glucose load in eight patients with diabetes and idiopathic haemochromatosis. The enhanced glucagon response to arginine and the nonsuppressibility of glucagon secretion by oral glucose found in these patients were similar to the results found in the same tests performed in our previous series of patients with \"idiopathic\" diabetes and at variance with those reported by others in patients with chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Glucagon secretion in diabetic patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis. The aim of the present investigation was to determine in patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis whether diabetes is of the primary type or secondary to pancreatic injury due to iron deposition. For this purpose, plasma glucagon concentrations were determined following arginine infusion or an oral glucose load in eight patients with diabetes and idiopathic haemochromatosis. The enhanced glucagon response to arginine and the nonsuppressibility of glucagon secretion by oral glucose found in these patients were similar to the results found in the same tests performed in our previous series of patients with \"idiopathic\" diabetes and at variance with those reported by others in patients with chronic pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:908476", "title": "Enzyme activities in quadriceps femoris muscle of obese diabetic male patients.", "content": "In biopsy samples of the lateral part of the quadriceps femoris muscle of 6 obese diabetic male patients and of 11 obese males with a normal glucose tolerance, the activities of 7 enzymes of energy metabolism were estimated: hexokinase, cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate: NAD dehydrogenase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The obese diabetic male patients exhibited decreased activities of enzymes of carbohydrate breakdown and cytoplasmic NAD regeneration. Enzymes connected functionally with aerobic metabolism were less affected. The unchanged activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase points to an increased role of fatty acid catabolism in the muscle.", "contents": "Enzyme activities in quadriceps femoris muscle of obese diabetic male patients. In biopsy samples of the lateral part of the quadriceps femoris muscle of 6 obese diabetic male patients and of 11 obese males with a normal glucose tolerance, the activities of 7 enzymes of energy metabolism were estimated: hexokinase, cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate: NAD dehydrogenase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The obese diabetic male patients exhibited decreased activities of enzymes of carbohydrate breakdown and cytoplasmic NAD regeneration. Enzymes connected functionally with aerobic metabolism were less affected. The unchanged activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase points to an increased role of fatty acid catabolism in the muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:908478", "title": "Clinical evaluation of somatostatin as a potential ajunct to insulin in the management of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "To determine whether somatostatin, an inhibitor of glucagon and growth hormone secretion, might be useful as an adjunct to insulin the management of diabetic hyperglycaemia, seven insulin-requiring diabetic men were given somatostatin (100 microgram/h, IV) continuously for 3 days after their diabetes had been treated intensively by diet and insulin on a metabolic ward. During infusion of somatostatin and despite reduction in average insulin dose exceeding 50%, there was improvement in diabetic control as assessed by postprandial hyperglycaemia, 24-h glycosuria and the average daily serum glucose level and its fluctuation; when somatostatin was discontinued, but insulin doses held constant, diabetic control rapidly worsened. No adverse effects were observed. These results indicate that somatostatin plus insulin can be a more effective regimen than insulin alone in controlling diabetic hyperglycaemia. A longer acting and more selective somatostatin preparation may prove useful as an adjunct to insulin in the management of diabetes.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of somatostatin as a potential ajunct to insulin in the management of diabetes mellitus. To determine whether somatostatin, an inhibitor of glucagon and growth hormone secretion, might be useful as an adjunct to insulin the management of diabetic hyperglycaemia, seven insulin-requiring diabetic men were given somatostatin (100 microgram/h, IV) continuously for 3 days after their diabetes had been treated intensively by diet and insulin on a metabolic ward. During infusion of somatostatin and despite reduction in average insulin dose exceeding 50%, there was improvement in diabetic control as assessed by postprandial hyperglycaemia, 24-h glycosuria and the average daily serum glucose level and its fluctuation; when somatostatin was discontinued, but insulin doses held constant, diabetic control rapidly worsened. No adverse effects were observed. These results indicate that somatostatin plus insulin can be a more effective regimen than insulin alone in controlling diabetic hyperglycaemia. A longer acting and more selective somatostatin preparation may prove useful as an adjunct to insulin in the management of diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:908479", "title": "Causes of death in duodenal and gastric ulcer.", "content": "An analysis has been made of 235 deaths that occurred among 1905 patients with peptic ulcer who constituted a random sample of the occurrence of ulcer disease in an area of Denmark comprising half a million inhabitants. The disease itself, according to the death certificate, was considered the primary cause of death in 10% of the cases; half of these had been operated on immediately before death. The other patients died more frequently than expected from the following causes: chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, cancer of the lung, cirrhosis of the liver, and cancer of the pancreas. Although the comorbidity with chronic bronchitis and emphysema was especially pronounced in patients with gastric ulcer, the association with liver cirrhosis and cancer of the pancreas occurred only in patients with duodenal ulcer. In women the mortality rate attributable to cardiac and vascular diseases was lower than expected. No excess coincidence of suicide was found. Berkson's fallacy is considered to be of much less importance as a possible explanation of the comorbidity found in the present study than in the majority of publications concerned with this question.", "contents": "Causes of death in duodenal and gastric ulcer. An analysis has been made of 235 deaths that occurred among 1905 patients with peptic ulcer who constituted a random sample of the occurrence of ulcer disease in an area of Denmark comprising half a million inhabitants. The disease itself, according to the death certificate, was considered the primary cause of death in 10% of the cases; half of these had been operated on immediately before death. The other patients died more frequently than expected from the following causes: chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, cancer of the lung, cirrhosis of the liver, and cancer of the pancreas. Although the comorbidity with chronic bronchitis and emphysema was especially pronounced in patients with gastric ulcer, the association with liver cirrhosis and cancer of the pancreas occurred only in patients with duodenal ulcer. In women the mortality rate attributable to cardiac and vascular diseases was lower than expected. No excess coincidence of suicide was found. Berkson's fallacy is considered to be of much less importance as a possible explanation of the comorbidity found in the present study than in the majority of publications concerned with this question."}
{"id": "PMID:908481", "title": "Relationships between fasting and postprandial pancreaticoduodenal pressures, pancreatic secretion, and duodenal volume flow in the dog.", "content": "We have developed a canine model which allows simultaneous quantification of pancreatic enzyme outputs, duodenal volume flow, and pancreatic and duodenal pressures under physiological circumstances. Twelve studies on 4 conscious healthy dogs demonstrated that mean fasting pancreatic pressure was 5 to 10 cm H2O higher than mean fasting duodenal pressure. Furthermore, 8 min after ingestion of a meal, both the pancreatic and the duodenal pressure increased. Surprisingly, the mean duodenal pressure was higher than the mean pancreatic pressure 20 min after feeding. This relationship lasted for 30 min. Lastly, elevation of postprandial pancreatic pressure occurred concomitantly with increased pancreatic enzyme output, and duodenal pressure increased with increased duodenal volume flow. The observed large postprandial duodenal volume flows associated with duodenal pressures greater than pancreatic duct pressures may favor reflux of duodenal contents into the pancreatic duct. These relationships may be important in the pathogenesis of postprandial pancreatitis and in the induction of pancreatic cancer.", "contents": "Relationships between fasting and postprandial pancreaticoduodenal pressures, pancreatic secretion, and duodenal volume flow in the dog. We have developed a canine model which allows simultaneous quantification of pancreatic enzyme outputs, duodenal volume flow, and pancreatic and duodenal pressures under physiological circumstances. Twelve studies on 4 conscious healthy dogs demonstrated that mean fasting pancreatic pressure was 5 to 10 cm H2O higher than mean fasting duodenal pressure. Furthermore, 8 min after ingestion of a meal, both the pancreatic and the duodenal pressure increased. Surprisingly, the mean duodenal pressure was higher than the mean pancreatic pressure 20 min after feeding. This relationship lasted for 30 min. Lastly, elevation of postprandial pancreatic pressure occurred concomitantly with increased pancreatic enzyme output, and duodenal pressure increased with increased duodenal volume flow. The observed large postprandial duodenal volume flows associated with duodenal pressures greater than pancreatic duct pressures may favor reflux of duodenal contents into the pancreatic duct. These relationships may be important in the pathogenesis of postprandial pancreatitis and in the induction of pancreatic cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:908482", "title": "Endoscopic aspiration biopsy of the pancreas.", "content": "Preoperative endoscopic aspiration biopsies were performed on 51 patients with pancreatic lesions using either a duodenal or gastric fiberscope and a newly designed biopsy needle. The accuracy of this method in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas was 84.0%. Although there were three false-negative diagnoses, there were no false-positives. No complications that could be attributed to this procedure were encountered.", "contents": "Endoscopic aspiration biopsy of the pancreas. Preoperative endoscopic aspiration biopsies were performed on 51 patients with pancreatic lesions using either a duodenal or gastric fiberscope and a newly designed biopsy needle. The accuracy of this method in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas was 84.0%. Although there were three false-negative diagnoses, there were no false-positives. No complications that could be attributed to this procedure were encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:908483", "title": "Pancreatic duct cells in rats: secretory studies in response to secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, and gastrin in vivo.", "content": "In rats given a copper-deficient diet plus penicillamine to destroy the acinar tissue selectively, the sensitivity and secretory pattern of pancreatic duct cells to a variety of hormones has been investigated. Resting flow rate of this pancreatic duct model was in the same range as in the intact gland. The duct cells responded to increasing doses of secretin by producing more juice with increasing outputs of bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Bicarbonate concentration increased with the lowest dose of secretin up to values of 64 mEq per liter and did not further increase with higher doses of secretin and increasing secretory rates. The concentration of potassium increased with increasing doses of secretin and flow rates, whereas chloride concentration decreased in a reciprocal fashion to bicarbonate. Gastrin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin did not significantly stimulate the duct cells. Atropine did not inhibit the action of secretin on the flow rate or on bicarbonate secretion.", "contents": "Pancreatic duct cells in rats: secretory studies in response to secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, and gastrin in vivo. In rats given a copper-deficient diet plus penicillamine to destroy the acinar tissue selectively, the sensitivity and secretory pattern of pancreatic duct cells to a variety of hormones has been investigated. Resting flow rate of this pancreatic duct model was in the same range as in the intact gland. The duct cells responded to increasing doses of secretin by producing more juice with increasing outputs of bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Bicarbonate concentration increased with the lowest dose of secretin up to values of 64 mEq per liter and did not further increase with higher doses of secretin and increasing secretory rates. The concentration of potassium increased with increasing doses of secretin and flow rates, whereas chloride concentration decreased in a reciprocal fashion to bicarbonate. Gastrin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin did not significantly stimulate the duct cells. Atropine did not inhibit the action of secretin on the flow rate or on bicarbonate secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:908485", "title": "On the cause of the increased Heidenhain pouch secretion and serum gastrin concentration after gastrojejunostomy in dogs. With a statistical appendix.", "content": "In 10 dogs with Heidenhain pouches (HP) a gastrojejunostomy (GEA) was constructed and later converted into a Roux en-Y anastomosis in order to abolish or reduce transstomal reflux. Next, duodenal inhibition was abolished by duodenal transection, and finally the duodenal bulb was excised. Twenty-four hour HP acid output increased after GEA, some 70% of the increase being attributable to transstomal reflux, the rest to decreased duodenal inhibition. Abolished duodenal inhibition caused a new rise, not significantly different from that caused by the combined effect of reflux and decreased duodenal inhibition after GEA. Twenty-four hour fasting HP acid output and 5 hr food-stimulated HP acid output rose after GEA by the same amount as that caused by abolished duodenal inhibition. A significant correlation was found between integrated gastrin and total HP acid output after food stimulation. Both fasting and food-stimulated gastrin concentration rose after GEA, the latter caused by reflux alone. Elimination of duodenal inhibition caused an unexpected rise in both fasting and food-stimulated gastrin concentration.", "contents": "On the cause of the increased Heidenhain pouch secretion and serum gastrin concentration after gastrojejunostomy in dogs. With a statistical appendix. In 10 dogs with Heidenhain pouches (HP) a gastrojejunostomy (GEA) was constructed and later converted into a Roux en-Y anastomosis in order to abolish or reduce transstomal reflux. Next, duodenal inhibition was abolished by duodenal transection, and finally the duodenal bulb was excised. Twenty-four hour HP acid output increased after GEA, some 70% of the increase being attributable to transstomal reflux, the rest to decreased duodenal inhibition. Abolished duodenal inhibition caused a new rise, not significantly different from that caused by the combined effect of reflux and decreased duodenal inhibition after GEA. Twenty-four hour fasting HP acid output and 5 hr food-stimulated HP acid output rose after GEA by the same amount as that caused by abolished duodenal inhibition. A significant correlation was found between integrated gastrin and total HP acid output after food stimulation. Both fasting and food-stimulated gastrin concentration rose after GEA, the latter caused by reflux alone. Elimination of duodenal inhibition caused an unexpected rise in both fasting and food-stimulated gastrin concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:908487", "title": "Lower sphincter of the opossum esophagus in pseudopregnancy.", "content": "To seek a possible role of estrogen and progesterone in the development of changes in esophageal function during pregnancy, we produced a state of pseudopregnancy by administration of hormones to a suitable animal model. Twenty-two female opossums weighing an average of 2.5 kg, were divided into two groups. The treated group received intramuscular injections of 100 microgram of estradiol valerate daily from day 1 to day 12 and 15 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate from day 7 to day 12. The control group received no injections. Both groups underwent manometry on days 1, 7, and 12. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure decreased (P less than 0.05) in treated animals from 58 +/- 13 mm Hg and 57 +/- 11 on days 1 and 7, respectively, to 44 +/- 10 mm Hg on day 12. The lower esophageal sphincter pressure remained unchanged in control animals. In both groups, there was no change in peristaltic wave pressure, duration, or velocity in the distal 6 cm of the esophagus. No abnormal peristaltic phenomena were observed. Esophageal muscle strips prepared from treated animals showed responses to electrical field stimulation of intrinsic nerves that were like those from control animals. The same was true for responses to acetylcholine and pentagastrin. Total tissue water and total tissue potassium content did not differ in treatment and control animals.", "contents": "Lower sphincter of the opossum esophagus in pseudopregnancy. To seek a possible role of estrogen and progesterone in the development of changes in esophageal function during pregnancy, we produced a state of pseudopregnancy by administration of hormones to a suitable animal model. Twenty-two female opossums weighing an average of 2.5 kg, were divided into two groups. The treated group received intramuscular injections of 100 microgram of estradiol valerate daily from day 1 to day 12 and 15 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate from day 7 to day 12. The control group received no injections. Both groups underwent manometry on days 1, 7, and 12. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure decreased (P less than 0.05) in treated animals from 58 +/- 13 mm Hg and 57 +/- 11 on days 1 and 7, respectively, to 44 +/- 10 mm Hg on day 12. The lower esophageal sphincter pressure remained unchanged in control animals. In both groups, there was no change in peristaltic wave pressure, duration, or velocity in the distal 6 cm of the esophagus. No abnormal peristaltic phenomena were observed. Esophageal muscle strips prepared from treated animals showed responses to electrical field stimulation of intrinsic nerves that were like those from control animals. The same was true for responses to acetylcholine and pentagastrin. Total tissue water and total tissue potassium content did not differ in treatment and control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:908489", "title": "Effects of abdominal surgery on the development of radiation enteropathy.", "content": "A controlled, retrospective study was undertaken to ascertain whether or not abdominal surgery at any time before radiation therapy might result in an increased incidence of radiation enteropathy. One hundred and five patients in three groups were studied; 24 had radiation enteropathy which developed an average of 12.5 months after radiation therapy, and 28 were matched controls without this complication. The records of a further group of 53 unmatched controls, who survived more than 2 years after irradiation were also examined. In the group with radiation enteropathy, 18 (75%) had a history of prior surgery, whereas only 3 (10.7%) of the matched controls had been operated before irradiation (chi2 = 3.52, P less than .005). The incidence of prior surgery in the unmatched control group was 13.2%. These data indicate that abdominal surgery before radiotherapy does increase the risk of subsequent development of radiation enteropathy.", "contents": "Effects of abdominal surgery on the development of radiation enteropathy. A controlled, retrospective study was undertaken to ascertain whether or not abdominal surgery at any time before radiation therapy might result in an increased incidence of radiation enteropathy. One hundred and five patients in three groups were studied; 24 had radiation enteropathy which developed an average of 12.5 months after radiation therapy, and 28 were matched controls without this complication. The records of a further group of 53 unmatched controls, who survived more than 2 years after irradiation were also examined. In the group with radiation enteropathy, 18 (75%) had a history of prior surgery, whereas only 3 (10.7%) of the matched controls had been operated before irradiation (chi2 = 3.52, P less than .005). The incidence of prior surgery in the unmatched control group was 13.2%. These data indicate that abdominal surgery before radiotherapy does increase the risk of subsequent development of radiation enteropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:908490", "title": "Control of ascites absorption in anesthetized cats: effects of intraperitoneal pressure, protein, and furosemide diuresis.", "content": "There is considerable evidence that fluids are removed from the peritoneal cavity by drainage into lymphatics lining the surface of the diaphragm, but there is little quantitative information on the rate of reabsorption as affected by conditions which exist in cirrhotic ascites. In the present study a plethysmographic technique was utilized to record the rate of absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity of anesthetized cats. The results of studies in 33 cats showed that the rate of fluid absorption from the peritoneal cavity was directly proportional to the intraperitoneal pressure regardless of whether the intraperitoneal fluid was free from protein or contained a protein concentration equivalent to that of plasma. Fluid was absorbed with a protein concentration equivalent to that present in the peritoneal cavity. Thus it is apparent that the intraperitoneal pressure is an important factor controlling the accumulation of ascitic fluid but the protein concentration of the intraperitoneal fluid does not affect the rate of reabsorption. In addition, marked diuresis induced by intravenous furosemide does not appear to mobilize ascites by an effect on the reabsorption process.", "contents": "Control of ascites absorption in anesthetized cats: effects of intraperitoneal pressure, protein, and furosemide diuresis. There is considerable evidence that fluids are removed from the peritoneal cavity by drainage into lymphatics lining the surface of the diaphragm, but there is little quantitative information on the rate of reabsorption as affected by conditions which exist in cirrhotic ascites. In the present study a plethysmographic technique was utilized to record the rate of absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity of anesthetized cats. The results of studies in 33 cats showed that the rate of fluid absorption from the peritoneal cavity was directly proportional to the intraperitoneal pressure regardless of whether the intraperitoneal fluid was free from protein or contained a protein concentration equivalent to that of plasma. Fluid was absorbed with a protein concentration equivalent to that present in the peritoneal cavity. Thus it is apparent that the intraperitoneal pressure is an important factor controlling the accumulation of ascitic fluid but the protein concentration of the intraperitoneal fluid does not affect the rate of reabsorption. In addition, marked diuresis induced by intravenous furosemide does not appear to mobilize ascites by an effect on the reabsorption process."}
{"id": "PMID:908491", "title": "Elevations in skin tissue levels of bile acids in human cholestasis: relation to serum levels and topruritus.", "content": "To define the relationship of bile acid retention to the pruritus of cholestasis, we quantified individual bile acids in serum, acetone swabs of skin, and skin tissue in 13 patients with cholestasis undergoing laparotomy and in 8 controls. There was no consistent relationship between pruritus and concentrations of either total or individual bile acids in serum. Skin tissue concentrations of bile acids were elevated in patients with cholestasis, were linearly related to serum levels, and did not differentiate between those patients with and those without pruritus. Concentrations of bile acids on the skin surface, which were lower than those reported by others, did not correlate with pruritus, and were decreased by simple soap and water washing. These data indicate that the pruritus of cholestasis is not directly related to the skin tissue concentration of any of the major bile acids, although a relationship to a particular molecular form of bile acids could not be excluded.", "contents": "Elevations in skin tissue levels of bile acids in human cholestasis: relation to serum levels and topruritus. To define the relationship of bile acid retention to the pruritus of cholestasis, we quantified individual bile acids in serum, acetone swabs of skin, and skin tissue in 13 patients with cholestasis undergoing laparotomy and in 8 controls. There was no consistent relationship between pruritus and concentrations of either total or individual bile acids in serum. Skin tissue concentrations of bile acids were elevated in patients with cholestasis, were linearly related to serum levels, and did not differentiate between those patients with and those without pruritus. Concentrations of bile acids on the skin surface, which were lower than those reported by others, did not correlate with pruritus, and were decreased by simple soap and water washing. These data indicate that the pruritus of cholestasis is not directly related to the skin tissue concentration of any of the major bile acids, although a relationship to a particular molecular form of bile acids could not be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:908493", "title": "Evidence that acetaldehyde irreversibly impairs glycoprotein metabolism in liver slices.", "content": "When liver slices were incubated for 1 hr in a medium containing either acetaldehyde or ethanol and then switched to a fresh medium free from acetaldehyde but containing the appropriate radioactive precursors and reincubated for 3 additional hr, a decreased incorporation of both [14C]glucosamine and [14C]leucine into hepatocellular and secretory proteins was observed. Further studies were carried out comparing the inhibitory effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on drug metabolism. Higher concentrations of ethanol were necessary to impair aniline hydroxylation when compared to its effect on glycoprotein metabolism. Acetaldehyde did not affect aniline metabolism, suggesting some specificity for its effect on intracellular metabolic functions. Our results show that the acetaldehyde-induced inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis is irreversible under these short term experimental conditions and is not dependent on the physical presence of acetaldehyde in the incubation medium.", "contents": "Evidence that acetaldehyde irreversibly impairs glycoprotein metabolism in liver slices. When liver slices were incubated for 1 hr in a medium containing either acetaldehyde or ethanol and then switched to a fresh medium free from acetaldehyde but containing the appropriate radioactive precursors and reincubated for 3 additional hr, a decreased incorporation of both [14C]glucosamine and [14C]leucine into hepatocellular and secretory proteins was observed. Further studies were carried out comparing the inhibitory effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on drug metabolism. Higher concentrations of ethanol were necessary to impair aniline hydroxylation when compared to its effect on glycoprotein metabolism. Acetaldehyde did not affect aniline metabolism, suggesting some specificity for its effect on intracellular metabolic functions. Our results show that the acetaldehyde-induced inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis is irreversible under these short term experimental conditions and is not dependent on the physical presence of acetaldehyde in the incubation medium."}
{"id": "PMID:908494", "title": "Percutaneous embolization for the management of hepatic artery aneurysms.", "content": "The significant mortality and morbidity of hepatic artery aneurysms indicate the need for new approaches to therapy. Seven cases of intrahepatic aneurysms diagnosed by percutaneous arteriography over a 7-yr period are discussed. Three patients were treated surgically and 4 by percutaneous embolization. The latter method appears to enjoy certain advantages and it may prove to be the treatment of choice for this often fatal condition.", "contents": "Percutaneous embolization for the management of hepatic artery aneurysms. The significant mortality and morbidity of hepatic artery aneurysms indicate the need for new approaches to therapy. Seven cases of intrahepatic aneurysms diagnosed by percutaneous arteriography over a 7-yr period are discussed. Three patients were treated surgically and 4 by percutaneous embolization. The latter method appears to enjoy certain advantages and it may prove to be the treatment of choice for this often fatal condition."}
{"id": "PMID:908495", "title": "Decreased uptake of 67gallium citrate (67Ga) by a bacterial hepatic abscess. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of anaerobic bacterial hepatic abscess presenting as a \"cold\" lesion with 67Ga is presented. Its implications in the differential diagnosis and overreliance in metronidazole treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Decreased uptake of 67gallium citrate (67Ga) by a bacterial hepatic abscess. Report of a case. A case of anaerobic bacterial hepatic abscess presenting as a \"cold\" lesion with 67Ga is presented. Its implications in the differential diagnosis and overreliance in metronidazole treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908496", "title": "\"Pseudostone\" of the gallbladder. Ultrasound findings and case report.", "content": "The ultrasonic criteria for the diagnosis of gallbladder calculi are: (1) echo-dense structures which disturb the smooth contour of the posterior border of the gallbladder; (2) sonic shadowing, and (3) echoes from within the gallbladder. Diagnostic confidence increases greatly in cases in which internal echoes, contour irregularities, and sonic shadows have occurred simultaneously. A case is presented in which all three criteria are fulfilled, but which represents an artifact, i.e., \"pseudostone.\" This was confirmed by varying the patient's respiration and showing that the \"pseudostone\" represented echoes from a loop of bowel which produced a significant impression on the posterior wall of the gallbladder during deep inspiration. The absence of cholelithiasis was confirmed by oral cholecystography.", "contents": "\"Pseudostone\" of the gallbladder. Ultrasound findings and case report. The ultrasonic criteria for the diagnosis of gallbladder calculi are: (1) echo-dense structures which disturb the smooth contour of the posterior border of the gallbladder; (2) sonic shadowing, and (3) echoes from within the gallbladder. Diagnostic confidence increases greatly in cases in which internal echoes, contour irregularities, and sonic shadows have occurred simultaneously. A case is presented in which all three criteria are fulfilled, but which represents an artifact, i.e., \"pseudostone.\" This was confirmed by varying the patient's respiration and showing that the \"pseudostone\" represented echoes from a loop of bowel which produced a significant impression on the posterior wall of the gallbladder during deep inspiration. The absence of cholelithiasis was confirmed by oral cholecystography."}
{"id": "PMID:908497", "title": "Thoracic spinal cord tumor presenting with dysautonomic diarrhea.", "content": "A patient, presenting with incapacitating diarrhea of 1-month duration, developed orthostatic hypotension and progressive long tract central nervous system signs. No enteric disease was found to account for the diarrhea. An intramedullary midthoracic spinal cord tumor (ependymoma) was found. Diarrhea and hypotension resolved after local cord decompression and irradiation of the tumor. Dysmotility caused by interruption of thoracic sympathetic pathways to the gut was considered responsible for the diarrhea, and altered splanchnic hemodynamics for the hypotension. The regional autonomic neuroanatomy and the known effects of the autonomic nervous system upon bowel function and the splanchnic circulation explain the patient's symptoms.", "contents": "Thoracic spinal cord tumor presenting with dysautonomic diarrhea. A patient, presenting with incapacitating diarrhea of 1-month duration, developed orthostatic hypotension and progressive long tract central nervous system signs. No enteric disease was found to account for the diarrhea. An intramedullary midthoracic spinal cord tumor (ependymoma) was found. Diarrhea and hypotension resolved after local cord decompression and irradiation of the tumor. Dysmotility caused by interruption of thoracic sympathetic pathways to the gut was considered responsible for the diarrhea, and altered splanchnic hemodynamics for the hypotension. The regional autonomic neuroanatomy and the known effects of the autonomic nervous system upon bowel function and the splanchnic circulation explain the patient's symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:908498", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and e antigen in pleural effusion: a case report.", "content": "Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were demonstrated in pleural fluid obtained from a 40-year-old dialysis patient who had HBSAg and HBeAg in her serum. The titers of HBsAg and HBeAg were similar in serum and pleural fluid. Examination of the pleural fluid by electron microscopy revealed the presence of intact hepatitis B virus particles. These findings underline the potential hepatitis B virus infectivity of other body fluids besides blood, especially for medical and laboratory personnel.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and e antigen in pleural effusion: a case report. Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were demonstrated in pleural fluid obtained from a 40-year-old dialysis patient who had HBSAg and HBeAg in her serum. The titers of HBsAg and HBeAg were similar in serum and pleural fluid. Examination of the pleural fluid by electron microscopy revealed the presence of intact hepatitis B virus particles. These findings underline the potential hepatitis B virus infectivity of other body fluids besides blood, especially for medical and laboratory personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:908508", "title": "Serum albumin levels in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "Serum albumin concentrations in 20 patients with proved or presumed Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome (4.1 +/- 0.8 g per 100 ml; mean +/- SD) were significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than the levels observed in 40 normal controls (5.1 +/- 0.3 g per 100 ml), 40 duodenal ulcer patients (5.1 +/- 0.4 g per 100 ml), and 20 stomal ulcer patients (5.1 +/- 0.3 g per 100 ml). Six ZE patients with metastatic gastrinoma had slightly lower (P less than 0.10) serum albumin concentrations (3.5 +/- 0.9 g per 100 ml) than did 14 ZE patients without evidence of metastatic lesions (4.3 +/- 0.7 g per 100 ml). In a small group of patients studied more extensively, the mechanism of hypoalbuminemia was found to be complex. In addition to metastatic tumor growth, both gastrointestinal protein loss and impaired albumin synthesis may be factors in the pathogenesis of hypoalbuminemia. Inadequate nutrition was only evident in 1 patient with esophageal stricture and in 2 patients with extensive tumor growth after total gastrectomy. Total gastrectomy induced a rise in serum albumin in all 8 patients studied (P = 0.01). It is concluded that low serum albumin concentrations in peptic ulcer patients may be a clue to the diagnosis of ZE syndrome.", "contents": "Serum albumin levels in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Serum albumin concentrations in 20 patients with proved or presumed Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome (4.1 +/- 0.8 g per 100 ml; mean +/- SD) were significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than the levels observed in 40 normal controls (5.1 +/- 0.3 g per 100 ml), 40 duodenal ulcer patients (5.1 +/- 0.4 g per 100 ml), and 20 stomal ulcer patients (5.1 +/- 0.3 g per 100 ml). Six ZE patients with metastatic gastrinoma had slightly lower (P less than 0.10) serum albumin concentrations (3.5 +/- 0.9 g per 100 ml) than did 14 ZE patients without evidence of metastatic lesions (4.3 +/- 0.7 g per 100 ml). In a small group of patients studied more extensively, the mechanism of hypoalbuminemia was found to be complex. In addition to metastatic tumor growth, both gastrointestinal protein loss and impaired albumin synthesis may be factors in the pathogenesis of hypoalbuminemia. Inadequate nutrition was only evident in 1 patient with esophageal stricture and in 2 patients with extensive tumor growth after total gastrectomy. Total gastrectomy induced a rise in serum albumin in all 8 patients studied (P = 0.01). It is concluded that low serum albumin concentrations in peptic ulcer patients may be a clue to the diagnosis of ZE syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:908509", "title": "Effect of bile on lysosomal stability in the mucosa of the canine gastric antrum.", "content": "The bound and free acid hydrolases from bile and bile- then acid-treated canine antral mucosa were compared with control tissue, using explants held in a series of Lucite chambers. Normal levels of activity of bound mucosal enzymes decreased as a result of bile acid insult, but \"free\" activity in the cytosol increased markedly. Organelle membrane stability was \"tested\" by submitting isolated particulate matter containing lysosomes, to hypoosmotic shock and to mechanical stress. Release of cathepsin D, only, was observed after bile treatment in vivo. Bile, followed by acid, however, damaged organelle integrity causing release or \"leakage\" of seven acid hydrolases.", "contents": "Effect of bile on lysosomal stability in the mucosa of the canine gastric antrum. The bound and free acid hydrolases from bile and bile- then acid-treated canine antral mucosa were compared with control tissue, using explants held in a series of Lucite chambers. Normal levels of activity of bound mucosal enzymes decreased as a result of bile acid insult, but \"free\" activity in the cytosol increased markedly. Organelle membrane stability was \"tested\" by submitting isolated particulate matter containing lysosomes, to hypoosmotic shock and to mechanical stress. Release of cathepsin D, only, was observed after bile treatment in vivo. Bile, followed by acid, however, damaged organelle integrity causing release or \"leakage\" of seven acid hydrolases."}
{"id": "PMID:908510", "title": "Family studies of lactase deficiency in the American Indian.", "content": "To determine the pattern of inheritance of lactase deficiency, we studied 104 American Indian and 2 white subjects in 19 families. Subjects were considered deficient in lactase if breath-hydrogen excretion exceeded 0.20 ml per min above fasting at 2 hr after a lactose load of 2 g per kg of body weight (maximum 50 g). Seventy-one per cent of the males and 75% of the females were lactase deficient. In three families in which both parents were lactase normal, 40% of the children were lactase deficient; and in the three families with one parent lactase normal and the other lactase deficient, 65% of the children were deficient in lactase; and finally, in the seven families with both parents lactase deficient, 93% of the children were lactase deficient. This distribution of lactase deficiency in the families suggests that this trait shows an autosomal-recessive pattern of inheritance.", "contents": "Family studies of lactase deficiency in the American Indian. To determine the pattern of inheritance of lactase deficiency, we studied 104 American Indian and 2 white subjects in 19 families. Subjects were considered deficient in lactase if breath-hydrogen excretion exceeded 0.20 ml per min above fasting at 2 hr after a lactose load of 2 g per kg of body weight (maximum 50 g). Seventy-one per cent of the males and 75% of the females were lactase deficient. In three families in which both parents were lactase normal, 40% of the children were lactase deficient; and in the three families with one parent lactase normal and the other lactase deficient, 65% of the children were deficient in lactase; and finally, in the seven families with both parents lactase deficient, 93% of the children were lactase deficient. This distribution of lactase deficiency in the families suggests that this trait shows an autosomal-recessive pattern of inheritance."}
{"id": "PMID:908541", "title": "[Central action of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives (10). Effect of L-Dopa on metaraminol induced motor activity (author's transl)].", "content": "The present experiments were undertaken in investigate the effects of Ro4-4602 plus L-Dopa on biphasic action induced by metaraminol (MA) in mice. The following results were obtained: Spontaneous motor activity (SMA) suppressed by MA was recovered by pretreatment of Ro4-4602 plus L-Dopa and increased by more than 100 mg/kg of L-Dopa. However, SMA was increased by more than 400 mg/kg of L-Dopa in saline pretreated mice. In MA pretreated mice, SMA by L-Dopa markedly increased in proportion to the doses of MA. The peak time of SMA by L-Dopa in MA pretreated mice was observed to be faster than that in saline pretreated mice. When L-Dopa was injected into MA and saline pretreated mice, there was no significant difference of brain dopamine content between the two groups. From the above results, it is considered that the enhanced effect of L-Dopa in MA pretreated mice may be due to production of a supersensitivity to catecholamines in the central nervous system. MA induced hyper-motor activity was enhanced by pretreatment of Ro4-4602 plus L-Dopa which have no influence on SMA.", "contents": "[Central action of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives (10). Effect of L-Dopa on metaraminol induced motor activity (author's transl)]. The present experiments were undertaken in investigate the effects of Ro4-4602 plus L-Dopa on biphasic action induced by metaraminol (MA) in mice. The following results were obtained: Spontaneous motor activity (SMA) suppressed by MA was recovered by pretreatment of Ro4-4602 plus L-Dopa and increased by more than 100 mg/kg of L-Dopa. However, SMA was increased by more than 400 mg/kg of L-Dopa in saline pretreated mice. In MA pretreated mice, SMA by L-Dopa markedly increased in proportion to the doses of MA. The peak time of SMA by L-Dopa in MA pretreated mice was observed to be faster than that in saline pretreated mice. When L-Dopa was injected into MA and saline pretreated mice, there was no significant difference of brain dopamine content between the two groups. From the above results, it is considered that the enhanced effect of L-Dopa in MA pretreated mice may be due to production of a supersensitivity to catecholamines in the central nervous system. MA induced hyper-motor activity was enhanced by pretreatment of Ro4-4602 plus L-Dopa which have no influence on SMA."}
{"id": "PMID:908543", "title": "[Studies on sulfhemoglobin formation by various drugs (2) (author's transl)].", "content": "Sulfhemoglobin (SHb) and methemoglobin (MHb) formations by various aniline erivatives were examined by a single and three consecutive intraperitoneal administrations to mice. It was found that with a single administraion, methemoglobinemia was induced by aniline, 2-methylaniline, 3-methylaniline, 4-methylaniline, 3-trifluoromethylaniline (3-TFMA), 4-trifluoromethylaniline (4-TFMA), 2, 3-dichloroaniline, 2-aminopehnol, acetanilide (AA), 2-hydroxyacetanilide, N-methylaniline (NMA), N,N-dimethylaniline (NDMA), N-ethylaniline (NEA) and N,N-diethylaniline, and was not observed with 2, 3-dimethylanilnie, 2-trifluoromethylaniline, 3-aminophenol, 4-aminophenol, 2. 6-dichloroaniline, 3-hydroxyacetanilide (3-HAA), 4-hydroxyacetanilide (4-HAA), 2-aminobenzoic acid, 3-aminobenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid and 4-chloro-2-aminobenzoic acid. On the other hand, sulfhemoglobinemia which appeared much more delayed than MHb, with a single administration, was found to be induced by 3-TFMA, 4-TFMA and NMA. Furthermore, with three consecutive administrations, such was induced by AA, 3-HAA, NDMA and NEA even though SHb was not demonstrated with a single administration. Structure-SHb and MHb forming property relationships were discussed.", "contents": "[Studies on sulfhemoglobin formation by various drugs (2) (author's transl)]. Sulfhemoglobin (SHb) and methemoglobin (MHb) formations by various aniline erivatives were examined by a single and three consecutive intraperitoneal administrations to mice. It was found that with a single administraion, methemoglobinemia was induced by aniline, 2-methylaniline, 3-methylaniline, 4-methylaniline, 3-trifluoromethylaniline (3-TFMA), 4-trifluoromethylaniline (4-TFMA), 2, 3-dichloroaniline, 2-aminopehnol, acetanilide (AA), 2-hydroxyacetanilide, N-methylaniline (NMA), N,N-dimethylaniline (NDMA), N-ethylaniline (NEA) and N,N-diethylaniline, and was not observed with 2, 3-dimethylanilnie, 2-trifluoromethylaniline, 3-aminophenol, 4-aminophenol, 2. 6-dichloroaniline, 3-hydroxyacetanilide (3-HAA), 4-hydroxyacetanilide (4-HAA), 2-aminobenzoic acid, 3-aminobenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid and 4-chloro-2-aminobenzoic acid. On the other hand, sulfhemoglobinemia which appeared much more delayed than MHb, with a single administration, was found to be induced by 3-TFMA, 4-TFMA and NMA. Furthermore, with three consecutive administrations, such was induced by AA, 3-HAA, NDMA and NEA even though SHb was not demonstrated with a single administration. Structure-SHb and MHb forming property relationships were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908544", "title": "[Electroencephalographic effects of chlorphenesin carbamate, a new central muscle relaxant, in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "Electroencephalographic (EEG) effects of chlorphenesin carbamate were investigated in rabbits with chronic electrode implants, and compared with those of chlormezanone and methocarbamol. Chlorphenesin carbamate (50 mg/kg i.v., 100 mg/kg i.d.) induced a drowsy pattern of spontaneous EEG consisting of high voltage slow waves in the cortex and amygdala, and desynchronization of hippocampal theta waves. Chlormezanone also elicited similar EEG changes but such were much more potent than chlorphenesin carbamate. Methocarbamol showed no effect on spontaneous EEG. Chlorphenesin carbamate caused sedation in this period and muscle relaxation was more potent than that of chlormezanone. The EEG arousal response to auditory stimulation and to electric stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus, centromedian thalamus and mesencephalic reticular formation was slightly depressed by chlorphenesin carbamate. Chlorphenesin carbamate, as with chlormezanone, markedly depressed the limbic afterdischarges elicited by hippocampal stimulation. These EEG effects of chlorphenesin carbamate were qualitatively similar to but much weaker than those of chlormezanone, whereas the muscle relaxant effect of chlorphenesin carbamate was more potent than that of chlormezanone.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic effects of chlorphenesin carbamate, a new central muscle relaxant, in rabbits (author's transl)]. Electroencephalographic (EEG) effects of chlorphenesin carbamate were investigated in rabbits with chronic electrode implants, and compared with those of chlormezanone and methocarbamol. Chlorphenesin carbamate (50 mg/kg i.v., 100 mg/kg i.d.) induced a drowsy pattern of spontaneous EEG consisting of high voltage slow waves in the cortex and amygdala, and desynchronization of hippocampal theta waves. Chlormezanone also elicited similar EEG changes but such were much more potent than chlorphenesin carbamate. Methocarbamol showed no effect on spontaneous EEG. Chlorphenesin carbamate caused sedation in this period and muscle relaxation was more potent than that of chlormezanone. The EEG arousal response to auditory stimulation and to electric stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus, centromedian thalamus and mesencephalic reticular formation was slightly depressed by chlorphenesin carbamate. Chlorphenesin carbamate, as with chlormezanone, markedly depressed the limbic afterdischarges elicited by hippocampal stimulation. These EEG effects of chlorphenesin carbamate were qualitatively similar to but much weaker than those of chlormezanone, whereas the muscle relaxant effect of chlorphenesin carbamate was more potent than that of chlormezanone."}
{"id": "PMID:908545", "title": "[Effects of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha on the phospholipid metabolism in cotton pellet granuloma (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of prostaglandin (PG)s on phospholipid metabolism in cotton pellet granuloma were studied. Fifty ng of PGE2 or PGF2alpha was injected twice a day for 3 days into cotton pellet which was implanted into the interscapular region of rats. Phospholipid content in granuloma tissue treated with PGE2 was about 3 times that of control. The incorporation of 32P-orthophosphate into phosphatidylcholine in granuloma treated with PGE2 was about 6 times that of control. The incorporation of 32P-orthophosphate into phosphatidylethanolamine was increased by PGF2alpha but not by PGE2. These results suggest that PGE2 and PGF2alpha have a different site of action in the proliferative inflammatory process.", "contents": "[Effects of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha on the phospholipid metabolism in cotton pellet granuloma (author's transl)]. Effects of prostaglandin (PG)s on phospholipid metabolism in cotton pellet granuloma were studied. Fifty ng of PGE2 or PGF2alpha was injected twice a day for 3 days into cotton pellet which was implanted into the interscapular region of rats. Phospholipid content in granuloma tissue treated with PGE2 was about 3 times that of control. The incorporation of 32P-orthophosphate into phosphatidylcholine in granuloma treated with PGE2 was about 6 times that of control. The incorporation of 32P-orthophosphate into phosphatidylethanolamine was increased by PGF2alpha but not by PGE2. These results suggest that PGE2 and PGF2alpha have a different site of action in the proliferative inflammatory process."}
{"id": "PMID:908548", "title": "[Statistical studies on the resected gastric cancer of 1538 cases in Hokkaido (author's transl)].", "content": "1538 cases with resected gastric cancer in 1974 were registered by the group of surgeons from 76 main hospitals in Hokkaido, who wished to clarify the present situation of the operation of gastric cancer in Hokkaido. The results were as follows; The ratio of male to female was 1.9 to 1.0. The frequency of the resection was 76.9%. The frequency of the early cancer was 13.5%. The frequency of the total gastrectomy was 15.3%. No remarkable differences were found between the above-mentioned results and the results from the whole country. However, the differences between the operable cases estimated by the mortality returns and so forth and the actual cases of the operation amounted to more than 500. Therefore it was clarified that a large number of cases with the gastric cancer for which the operation was indicated failed to be operated. Thus these studies have given out an important subject for the operation on the gastric cancer.", "contents": "[Statistical studies on the resected gastric cancer of 1538 cases in Hokkaido (author's transl)]. 1538 cases with resected gastric cancer in 1974 were registered by the group of surgeons from 76 main hospitals in Hokkaido, who wished to clarify the present situation of the operation of gastric cancer in Hokkaido. The results were as follows; The ratio of male to female was 1.9 to 1.0. The frequency of the resection was 76.9%. The frequency of the early cancer was 13.5%. The frequency of the total gastrectomy was 15.3%. No remarkable differences were found between the above-mentioned results and the results from the whole country. However, the differences between the operable cases estimated by the mortality returns and so forth and the actual cases of the operation amounted to more than 500. Therefore it was clarified that a large number of cases with the gastric cancer for which the operation was indicated failed to be operated. Thus these studies have given out an important subject for the operation on the gastric cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:908552", "title": "Demonstration of glucocorticoid receptors in human mammary carcinomas.", "content": "Tumor regression is sometimes observed during glucocorticoid treatment of patients with breast cancer. The possibility of a direct tumor-growth-suppressing effect, mediated by steroid-hormone receptors, cannot be excluded. A 3H-dexamethasone-binding component in the cytoplasmatic fraction of human breast cancers was studied by agar-gel electrophoresis. Of 90 samples, 51% contained a significant amount of an apparent glucocorticoid receptor. In two specimens from metastases, in which a preexisting lymph node structure was almost completely replaced by tumor tissue, the glucocorticoid receptor character of the binding component was studied extensively. The component satisfied the steroid-hormone receptor criteria in being a high affinity (Kd approximately 4--9 X 10(9) M), low capacity binder. Competition studies with excess unlabelled steroids of different classes confirmed the specific glucocorticoid receptor character of the component. Both tumors contained also estrogen and androgen receptors and one contained an apparent progestin receptor.", "contents": "Demonstration of glucocorticoid receptors in human mammary carcinomas. Tumor regression is sometimes observed during glucocorticoid treatment of patients with breast cancer. The possibility of a direct tumor-growth-suppressing effect, mediated by steroid-hormone receptors, cannot be excluded. A 3H-dexamethasone-binding component in the cytoplasmatic fraction of human breast cancers was studied by agar-gel electrophoresis. Of 90 samples, 51% contained a significant amount of an apparent glucocorticoid receptor. In two specimens from metastases, in which a preexisting lymph node structure was almost completely replaced by tumor tissue, the glucocorticoid receptor character of the binding component was studied extensively. The component satisfied the steroid-hormone receptor criteria in being a high affinity (Kd approximately 4--9 X 10(9) M), low capacity binder. Competition studies with excess unlabelled steroids of different classes confirmed the specific glucocorticoid receptor character of the component. Both tumors contained also estrogen and androgen receptors and one contained an apparent progestin receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:908553", "title": "The effects of pineal indoles given late in the light period on reproductive organs and pituitary prolactin levels in male golden hamsters.", "content": "Intact and pinealectomized adult male hamsters kept in light:dark cycles of 14:10 (in hours) were given daily injections of either 25 microgram melatonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, N-acetylserotonin, or 6-hydroxymelatonin at 19.00 hours (13h after lights on). The injections were continued for 50 consecutive days. The daily melatonin injections significantly elevated body weights and depressed the growth of the testes and accessory sex organs and pituitary prolactin levels in intact hamsters. By comparison, in pinealectomized animals daily afternoon melatonin injections failed to alter body or testicular weights or pituitary prolactin levels. These findings indicate that for single injections of melatonin to be antigonadotrophic in the male hamster, the pineal must be intact. In intact animals, 5-methoxytryptophol and N-acetylserotonin slightly depressed the growth of the reproductive organs and pituitary prolactin levels, respectively. Again, these effects were negated by removal of the pineal gland. 6-Hydroxymelatonin was without influence on any of the parameters of reproduction that were measured.", "contents": "The effects of pineal indoles given late in the light period on reproductive organs and pituitary prolactin levels in male golden hamsters. Intact and pinealectomized adult male hamsters kept in light:dark cycles of 14:10 (in hours) were given daily injections of either 25 microgram melatonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, N-acetylserotonin, or 6-hydroxymelatonin at 19.00 hours (13h after lights on). The injections were continued for 50 consecutive days. The daily melatonin injections significantly elevated body weights and depressed the growth of the testes and accessory sex organs and pituitary prolactin levels in intact hamsters. By comparison, in pinealectomized animals daily afternoon melatonin injections failed to alter body or testicular weights or pituitary prolactin levels. These findings indicate that for single injections of melatonin to be antigonadotrophic in the male hamster, the pineal must be intact. In intact animals, 5-methoxytryptophol and N-acetylserotonin slightly depressed the growth of the reproductive organs and pituitary prolactin levels, respectively. Again, these effects were negated by removal of the pineal gland. 6-Hydroxymelatonin was without influence on any of the parameters of reproduction that were measured."}
{"id": "PMID:908554", "title": "Abnormalities in growth hormone and insulin release in short but otherwise normal patients. The arginine-insulin-glucose (AIGT) stimulation and suppression test.", "content": "Arginine-insulin stimulation and IV glucose suppression (AIGT) tests were used to evaluate release of insulin and growth hormone. Adult patients responded normally. Hypopituitary patients showed no hGH response. One third of short normal patients showed abnormal hGH responses to glucose suppression. Two thirds of the short normal patients showed poor insulin responses to either amino acid or glucose stimulation. Such patients might have abnormalities in release mechanisms for insulin and suppression mechanisms for hGH and this might contribute to their growth failure.", "contents": "Abnormalities in growth hormone and insulin release in short but otherwise normal patients. The arginine-insulin-glucose (AIGT) stimulation and suppression test. Arginine-insulin stimulation and IV glucose suppression (AIGT) tests were used to evaluate release of insulin and growth hormone. Adult patients responded normally. Hypopituitary patients showed no hGH response. One third of short normal patients showed abnormal hGH responses to glucose suppression. Two thirds of the short normal patients showed poor insulin responses to either amino acid or glucose stimulation. Such patients might have abnormalities in release mechanisms for insulin and suppression mechanisms for hGH and this might contribute to their growth failure."}
{"id": "PMID:908555", "title": "Metabolism of prostaglandin F2alpha in early human placenta in vitro.", "content": "The authors were investigating the metabolism of prostaglandin F2alpha in human early placenta, in in vitro incubation experiments. They have identified both major metabolites, 15-keto-PGF2alpha and 15-keto-13,14 dehydro PGF2alpha. They have examined the change in the percentage of these, taken as a function of time. They have established that the main site of inactivating the endogenous PGF2alpha is the early human placenta. They suppose that the considerable Pg-inactiviting effect of the placenta has a part which acts as a protecting mechanism in preventing the uterotonic influence of the endogenous prostaglandins.", "contents": "Metabolism of prostaglandin F2alpha in early human placenta in vitro. The authors were investigating the metabolism of prostaglandin F2alpha in human early placenta, in in vitro incubation experiments. They have identified both major metabolites, 15-keto-PGF2alpha and 15-keto-13,14 dehydro PGF2alpha. They have examined the change in the percentage of these, taken as a function of time. They have established that the main site of inactivating the endogenous PGF2alpha is the early human placenta. They suppose that the considerable Pg-inactiviting effect of the placenta has a part which acts as a protecting mechanism in preventing the uterotonic influence of the endogenous prostaglandins."}
{"id": "PMID:908558", "title": "Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 8 resulting from a de novo translocation t(4;8) (q13;q213).", "content": "Report is given of a mentally retarded and dysmorphic patient with a partial monosomy 8q, resulting from a de novo translocation t(4;8)(q13;q213). Oetermination of erythrocyte glutathione reductase (E-GSR) activity in the proposita shows activity in the normal range. Previous evidence for of the assignment of E-GSR locus to the short arm of chromosome 8 is confirmed.", "contents": "Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 8 resulting from a de novo translocation t(4;8) (q13;q213). Report is given of a mentally retarded and dysmorphic patient with a partial monosomy 8q, resulting from a de novo translocation t(4;8)(q13;q213). Oetermination of erythrocyte glutathione reductase (E-GSR) activity in the proposita shows activity in the normal range. Previous evidence for of the assignment of E-GSR locus to the short arm of chromosome 8 is confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:908559", "title": "Mosaic trisomy 9: two additional cases.", "content": "Two unrelated patients were found to be mosaic for an extra chromosome 9 (46,XX/47,XX,+9). The first patient showed a prominent nose, deep set eyes, carp shaped mouth and complex congenital cardiac anomalies. She died of congestive cardiac failure at the age of 10 days. The second patient, was a 7 1/2 year old female who had persistent alacrimia and mental retardation.", "contents": "Mosaic trisomy 9: two additional cases. Two unrelated patients were found to be mosaic for an extra chromosome 9 (46,XX/47,XX,+9). The first patient showed a prominent nose, deep set eyes, carp shaped mouth and complex congenital cardiac anomalies. She died of congestive cardiac failure at the age of 10 days. The second patient, was a 7 1/2 year old female who had persistent alacrimia and mental retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:908560", "title": "Monosomy 21 in a human spontaneous abortus. Morphogenetic disturbances and phenotype at the cellular level.", "content": "Complex investigation of a spontaneous abortus with monosomy 21 was carried out. Phenotypic expression at the organism and tissue level was characterized by the pathology of the external form of the embryo and by abnormalities of the embryonic facial structures, the stomodeum, the anterior part of the primary gut, and neural tube development. The anomalies found in the embryo indicate primary morphogenetic disturbances arising at the initial stage of organogenesis. Investigation of LHC-431 strain cells derived from musculocutaneous embryonic fragments revealed a complex of cytophenotypic alterations similar to the cellular syndrome of trisomic cells and indicating an insufficient biologic maturity of the mutant cells (alterations of cellular form, disturbances in their contact orientation, underdevelopment of fibrillar apparatus and decreased collagen formation, changes in the accumulation of intracellular metabolic products, decreased growth capacity and alterations of mitotic cycle parameters). It was found that the single chromosome 21 takes part in assocations twice as frequently as would theoretically be expected.", "contents": "Monosomy 21 in a human spontaneous abortus. Morphogenetic disturbances and phenotype at the cellular level. Complex investigation of a spontaneous abortus with monosomy 21 was carried out. Phenotypic expression at the organism and tissue level was characterized by the pathology of the external form of the embryo and by abnormalities of the embryonic facial structures, the stomodeum, the anterior part of the primary gut, and neural tube development. The anomalies found in the embryo indicate primary morphogenetic disturbances arising at the initial stage of organogenesis. Investigation of LHC-431 strain cells derived from musculocutaneous embryonic fragments revealed a complex of cytophenotypic alterations similar to the cellular syndrome of trisomic cells and indicating an insufficient biologic maturity of the mutant cells (alterations of cellular form, disturbances in their contact orientation, underdevelopment of fibrillar apparatus and decreased collagen formation, changes in the accumulation of intracellular metabolic products, decreased growth capacity and alterations of mitotic cycle parameters). It was found that the single chromosome 21 takes part in assocations twice as frequently as would theoretically be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:908561", "title": "Unusually long survival in a case of full triploidy of maternal origin.", "content": "A female newborn with full triploidy and multiple malformations, who survived for 2 months, is presented. In all examined lymphocytes and fibroblasts a 69,XXX karyotype was found. Banding studies showed the presence of one 9qh in the mother and two 9qh chromosomes in the child, indicating that the triploidy arose from the failure to expel the second polar body.", "contents": "Unusually long survival in a case of full triploidy of maternal origin. A female newborn with full triploidy and multiple malformations, who survived for 2 months, is presented. In all examined lymphocytes and fibroblasts a 69,XXX karyotype was found. Banding studies showed the presence of one 9qh in the mother and two 9qh chromosomes in the child, indicating that the triploidy arose from the failure to expel the second polar body."}
{"id": "PMID:908562", "title": "Hirschsprung's disease and congenital deafness. Familial assocation.", "content": "A family is described showing deafness in three consecutive generations. Hirshchsprung's disease was present in at least two of the affected patients and a history of bowel dysfunction was present in the third. The assocation of the two disorders in this family may be due to a single autosomal dominant gene and in this regard differs from previously reported isolated patients with Hirschsprung's disease and deafness.", "contents": "Hirschsprung's disease and congenital deafness. Familial assocation. A family is described showing deafness in three consecutive generations. Hirshchsprung's disease was present in at least two of the affected patients and a history of bowel dysfunction was present in the third. The assocation of the two disorders in this family may be due to a single autosomal dominant gene and in this regard differs from previously reported isolated patients with Hirschsprung's disease and deafness."}
{"id": "PMID:908563", "title": "Genetic aspects of febrile convulsions.", "content": "A total of 6706 children 3 years of age (3491 boys, 3215 girls) in a particular geographical area in Fuchu (population approximately 182 000), Tokyo, was investigated. Some 654 children (9.8%; 10.5% for male, 9.0% for female) had had at least one convulsion, and the incidence of febrile convulsions was 6.7% (7.2% for male, 6.2% for female). The 450 FC children with febrile convulsions and 620 randomly selected control children were analyzed on the mode of inheritance. The incidence of the disease among siblings was 21.9% (29.7% after age correction), which rose greatly with increasing numbers of affected family members, and the segregation ratio among siblings was higher (36.5%) with one FC parent, and lower (18.5%) if neither parent had had a seizure. The more severe the illness in FC children, the larger the incidence among siblings. Population and family studies indicated that heredity plays an important role in febrile convulsions and that multifactorial inheritance is most likely.", "contents": "Genetic aspects of febrile convulsions. A total of 6706 children 3 years of age (3491 boys, 3215 girls) in a particular geographical area in Fuchu (population approximately 182 000), Tokyo, was investigated. Some 654 children (9.8%; 10.5% for male, 9.0% for female) had had at least one convulsion, and the incidence of febrile convulsions was 6.7% (7.2% for male, 6.2% for female). The 450 FC children with febrile convulsions and 620 randomly selected control children were analyzed on the mode of inheritance. The incidence of the disease among siblings was 21.9% (29.7% after age correction), which rose greatly with increasing numbers of affected family members, and the segregation ratio among siblings was higher (36.5%) with one FC parent, and lower (18.5%) if neither parent had had a seizure. The more severe the illness in FC children, the larger the incidence among siblings. Population and family studies indicated that heredity plays an important role in febrile convulsions and that multifactorial inheritance is most likely."}
{"id": "PMID:908564", "title": "Genetic considerations on association between HLA and disease.", "content": "A statistical method has been developed which can be used to distinguish between various possible explanations for the associations that have been observed between HLA and certain diseases. By analyzing the numbers of B27 positives with and without a second detectable B locus antigen in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and in a control series, three possible hypotheses have been tested: 1. the B27 antigen itself makes an individual more susceptible; 2. a recessive susceptibility gene is closely linked with HLA; 3. a dominant susceptibility gene is closely linked with HLA. In four groups of patients suffering from another disease the procedure has also been applied and it turns out that at least in some of these the second hypothesis can be rejected while the third seems to be the most likely.", "contents": "Genetic considerations on association between HLA and disease. A statistical method has been developed which can be used to distinguish between various possible explanations for the associations that have been observed between HLA and certain diseases. By analyzing the numbers of B27 positives with and without a second detectable B locus antigen in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and in a control series, three possible hypotheses have been tested: 1. the B27 antigen itself makes an individual more susceptible; 2. a recessive susceptibility gene is closely linked with HLA; 3. a dominant susceptibility gene is closely linked with HLA. In four groups of patients suffering from another disease the procedure has also been applied and it turns out that at least in some of these the second hypothesis can be rejected while the third seems to be the most likely."}
{"id": "PMID:908565", "title": "Length of human constitutive heterochromatin in relation to chromosomal contraction.", "content": "Linear measurement of blocks of constitutive heterochromatin and the euchromatin portion 1q-h in three members of a family was used to study the dependence of the size of C blocks on the degree of chromosomal contraction. The results demonstrate that the size of heterochromatin portions decrease regularly with an increases of the degree of euchromatin contraction. The dependence was found to be linear, except for mitoses with an extremely high or low degree of contraction. The finding was used for the development of a new method of evaluation of constitutive heterochromatin.", "contents": "Length of human constitutive heterochromatin in relation to chromosomal contraction. Linear measurement of blocks of constitutive heterochromatin and the euchromatin portion 1q-h in three members of a family was used to study the dependence of the size of C blocks on the degree of chromosomal contraction. The results demonstrate that the size of heterochromatin portions decrease regularly with an increases of the degree of euchromatin contraction. The dependence was found to be linear, except for mitoses with an extremely high or low degree of contraction. The finding was used for the development of a new method of evaluation of constitutive heterochromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:908566", "title": "Psoralen/UVA treatment and chromosomes. I. Aberrations and sister chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes in vitro and synergism with caffeine.", "content": "Treatment of human lymphocytes in vitro with trimethylpsoralen or 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA irradiation (PUVA) induced chromosome damage, mainly constrictions and gaps, but also breaks and exchanges, and increased the frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE). The localization of the chromosome aberrations was nonrandom. The coincidence of many PUVA hits with mercaptoenthanol hits suggest that PUVA may have other targets in the cell than the DNA, perhaps the folding proteins of the chromosomes and the nuclear membrane/chromatin attachment organelles. Caffeine increased in a synergistic way the chromosome aberration yield if added after PUVA treatment, but there was no effect when caffeine was present before and during PUVA treatment. The SCE frequency was increased in the presence of caffeine.", "contents": "Psoralen/UVA treatment and chromosomes. I. Aberrations and sister chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes in vitro and synergism with caffeine. Treatment of human lymphocytes in vitro with trimethylpsoralen or 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA irradiation (PUVA) induced chromosome damage, mainly constrictions and gaps, but also breaks and exchanges, and increased the frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE). The localization of the chromosome aberrations was nonrandom. The coincidence of many PUVA hits with mercaptoenthanol hits suggest that PUVA may have other targets in the cell than the DNA, perhaps the folding proteins of the chromosomes and the nuclear membrane/chromatin attachment organelles. Caffeine increased in a synergistic way the chromosome aberration yield if added after PUVA treatment, but there was no effect when caffeine was present before and during PUVA treatment. The SCE frequency was increased in the presence of caffeine."}
{"id": "PMID:908567", "title": "Electrophoretic and kinetic studies of human erythrocytes deficient in pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase.", "content": "A new case of a defect in red cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotide (P5N) activity was found in a large family from Guadeloupe in the West Indies. The propositus presented a characteristic hemolytic anemia with red cell basophilic stippling, an increased GSH level, and a shift of the peak in absorbance of nucleotide. The enzyme activity from the deficient red cells differed from that of the normal. The P5N activity of the deficient red cells was about 14% that of normal. The electrophoretic pattern of P5N activity of the deficient red cells was distinct from that of the control in terms of its Km and of the effects of pH on its maximum activity and heat stability. The significance of such differences is discussed.", "contents": "Electrophoretic and kinetic studies of human erythrocytes deficient in pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase. A new case of a defect in red cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotide (P5N) activity was found in a large family from Guadeloupe in the West Indies. The propositus presented a characteristic hemolytic anemia with red cell basophilic stippling, an increased GSH level, and a shift of the peak in absorbance of nucleotide. The enzyme activity from the deficient red cells differed from that of the normal. The P5N activity of the deficient red cells was about 14% that of normal. The electrophoretic pattern of P5N activity of the deficient red cells was distinct from that of the control in terms of its Km and of the effects of pH on its maximum activity and heat stability. The significance of such differences is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908568", "title": "Linkage between phosphoglycerate kinase and Xg in a large German kindred.", "content": "In a family with an extremely rare PGK variant, linkage with Xg was investigated. The analysis suggested that linkage might prove measurable. The estimate of the recombination fraction was 0.07 and the 90% probability limits were 0.05--0.28. The height of the antilog curve was 19.", "contents": "Linkage between phosphoglycerate kinase and Xg in a large German kindred. In a family with an extremely rare PGK variant, linkage with Xg was investigated. The analysis suggested that linkage might prove measurable. The estimate of the recombination fraction was 0.07 and the 90% probability limits were 0.05--0.28. The height of the antilog curve was 19."}
{"id": "PMID:908569", "title": "Glyoxalase I polymorphism in South African Bantu-speaking negroids.", "content": "The newly described genetic polymorphism of glyoxalase I (GLO) is studied in seven ethnically defined Negroid samples from South Africa (total: n = 843). The allele frequencies between the different Negroid samples studied vary only marginally. However, the allele frequency of GLO1 for the South African Negroid samples combined (i.e., p = 0.259), is highly significantly lower than that for Caucasoid samples.", "contents": "Glyoxalase I polymorphism in South African Bantu-speaking negroids. The newly described genetic polymorphism of glyoxalase I (GLO) is studied in seven ethnically defined Negroid samples from South Africa (total: n = 843). The allele frequencies between the different Negroid samples studied vary only marginally. However, the allele frequency of GLO1 for the South African Negroid samples combined (i.e., p = 0.259), is highly significantly lower than that for Caucasoid samples."}
{"id": "PMID:908570", "title": "No evidence for linkage disequilibrium between Bf and GLO in African negroids.", "content": "A sample of South African Negroids (n = 791) was scored for each individual's Bf and GLO phenotype. (The genes for the Bf and GLO olymorphisms are included in a known cluster of linked genes on chromosome 6.) Following a x2-test the respective two series of alleles were found to be disturbed at random, i.e., there was no evidence for a linkage disequilibrium. This result is discussed in terms of the linkage relationships and map distances of the genetic markers involved.", "contents": "No evidence for linkage disequilibrium between Bf and GLO in African negroids. A sample of South African Negroids (n = 791) was scored for each individual's Bf and GLO phenotype. (The genes for the Bf and GLO olymorphisms are included in a known cluster of linked genes on chromosome 6.) Following a x2-test the respective two series of alleles were found to be disturbed at random, i.e., there was no evidence for a linkage disequilibrium. This result is discussed in terms of the linkage relationships and map distances of the genetic markers involved."}
{"id": "PMID:908571", "title": "Size variation polymorphisms of the short arm of human acrocentric chrosomes determined by R-banding by fluorescence using acridine orange (RFA).", "content": "One hundred normal Caucasians were studied by the RFA technique to estimate the frequencies of size variation of the short arm of acrocentric chromosomes. Each size variation was classified into one of five levels. The most frequent size level(code) was 3; therefore, this was regarded as the 'average' size. If one excludes the average size, the frequencies of size variation by RFA for chromosome 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22 were 22.5, 19.5, 14.5, 19, and 17% respectively. There was no significant difference for the overall frequencies of size variation between sexes. Furthermore, the RFA technique detects more variation in the size of human acrocentric chromosomes than any other method.", "contents": "Size variation polymorphisms of the short arm of human acrocentric chrosomes determined by R-banding by fluorescence using acridine orange (RFA). One hundred normal Caucasians were studied by the RFA technique to estimate the frequencies of size variation of the short arm of acrocentric chromosomes. Each size variation was classified into one of five levels. The most frequent size level(code) was 3; therefore, this was regarded as the 'average' size. If one excludes the average size, the frequencies of size variation by RFA for chromosome 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22 were 22.5, 19.5, 14.5, 19, and 17% respectively. There was no significant difference for the overall frequencies of size variation between sexes. Furthermore, the RFA technique detects more variation in the size of human acrocentric chromosomes than any other method."}
{"id": "PMID:908572", "title": "A rare adenosine deaminase allele (ADA6) in an Arab moslem village in Israel.", "content": "The rare allele ADA6, was detected in seven members of an Arab Moslem family from northern Israel. All had the electrophoretic pattern of heterozygotes ADA6--1. This phenotype was formerly described in a small German family. The individuals examined in this study are a small branch of a much larger family only part of which lives in Israel. The origin of the family was traced back to a tribe which migrated to Jordan in the XVIII th century from the Kingdom of Hegaz in the northern part of the Arabian peninsula.", "contents": "A rare adenosine deaminase allele (ADA6) in an Arab moslem village in Israel. The rare allele ADA6, was detected in seven members of an Arab Moslem family from northern Israel. All had the electrophoretic pattern of heterozygotes ADA6--1. This phenotype was formerly described in a small German family. The individuals examined in this study are a small branch of a much larger family only part of which lives in Israel. The origin of the family was traced back to a tribe which migrated to Jordan in the XVIII th century from the Kingdom of Hegaz in the northern part of the Arabian peninsula."}
{"id": "PMID:908573", "title": "Partial 9q trisomy associated with a 9,21 translocation.", "content": "A new case of partial trisomy 9q was found in a child presenting two de novo aberrations: a deletion of the long arms of 9 and a 9,21 translocation. A tentative cytogenetic explanation is put forward.", "contents": "Partial 9q trisomy associated with a 9,21 translocation. A new case of partial trisomy 9q was found in a child presenting two de novo aberrations: a deletion of the long arms of 9 and a 9,21 translocation. A tentative cytogenetic explanation is put forward."}
{"id": "PMID:908575", "title": "X inactivation pattern in an unbalanced X-autosome translocation with gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "An unbalanced X-autosome translocation was observed in a patient with primary amenorrhea, Turner phenotype and bilateral streak gonads. The karyotype of the proposita was 45,X,-X,+der(6),t(X;6). Autoradiography and BUDR pretreatment revealed differential inactivation of the X chromosomes. Sex chromatin pattern was in good agreement with the types of the X inactivation. Our finding brings out some further questions regarding inactivation of the human X chromosome and the human X chromosome and the related phenotypical changes.", "contents": "X inactivation pattern in an unbalanced X-autosome translocation with gonadal dysgenesis. An unbalanced X-autosome translocation was observed in a patient with primary amenorrhea, Turner phenotype and bilateral streak gonads. The karyotype of the proposita was 45,X,-X,+der(6),t(X;6). Autoradiography and BUDR pretreatment revealed differential inactivation of the X chromosomes. Sex chromatin pattern was in good agreement with the types of the X inactivation. Our finding brings out some further questions regarding inactivation of the human X chromosome and the human X chromosome and the related phenotypical changes."}
{"id": "PMID:908576", "title": "Population studies in northern Sweden. VIII. Ethnic heterogeneity and prenatal selection in the esterase D polymorphism.", "content": "The esterase D polymorphism was studied in samples of red cells from different populations and in extracts of chorionic tissue from abortuses and placentae at term. No frequency differences were found between Finns, Lapps, and Swedes. The high frequency of the ES D2 gene previously observed among Lapps was not confirmed in this study. The distribution of ES D phenotypes was very similar in spontaneously aborted fetuses, newborns and adults, hence there was no evidence for prenatal selection operating in this polymorphism.", "contents": "Population studies in northern Sweden. VIII. Ethnic heterogeneity and prenatal selection in the esterase D polymorphism. The esterase D polymorphism was studied in samples of red cells from different populations and in extracts of chorionic tissue from abortuses and placentae at term. No frequency differences were found between Finns, Lapps, and Swedes. The high frequency of the ES D2 gene previously observed among Lapps was not confirmed in this study. The distribution of ES D phenotypes was very similar in spontaneously aborted fetuses, newborns and adults, hence there was no evidence for prenatal selection operating in this polymorphism."}
{"id": "PMID:908577", "title": "Red cell enzyme types in psoriasis.", "content": "Seven red cell enzyme systems were examined for electrophoretic variation in a series of psoriatic patients. In two polymorphic (ADA, ES D) and four non-polymorphic systems (SOD, MDH, LDH, Dia) no deviations from normal controls were found. In the acid phosphatase system the frequency of the pa gene was found to be decreased.", "contents": "Red cell enzyme types in psoriasis. Seven red cell enzyme systems were examined for electrophoretic variation in a series of psoriatic patients. In two polymorphic (ADA, ES D) and four non-polymorphic systems (SOD, MDH, LDH, Dia) no deviations from normal controls were found. In the acid phosphatase system the frequency of the pa gene was found to be decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:908578", "title": "HLA types, blood groups, serum protein and red cell enzyme types among Samoans in New Zealand.", "content": "101 Samoans living in New Zealand, of whom 77 had no known non-Samoan ancestry, have been typed for nine blood group systems, four serum protein and 23 red cell enzyme systems, for haemoglobin variants and antigens at the HLA A nad B loci. The frequencies of genes in these various systems suggest that Samoans fall partly into an island Melanesian-Micronesian pattern, and partly are unique. Their uniqueness is most distinctive for the HLA system.", "contents": "HLA types, blood groups, serum protein and red cell enzyme types among Samoans in New Zealand. 101 Samoans living in New Zealand, of whom 77 had no known non-Samoan ancestry, have been typed for nine blood group systems, four serum protein and 23 red cell enzyme systems, for haemoglobin variants and antigens at the HLA A nad B loci. The frequencies of genes in these various systems suggest that Samoans fall partly into an island Melanesian-Micronesian pattern, and partly are unique. Their uniqueness is most distinctive for the HLA system."}
{"id": "PMID:908579", "title": "Atypical (Ea1) and fluoride-resistant (Ef1) cholinesterase genes: absent in a native American Indian population.", "content": "A population of 358 Navajo Indian children screened for serum cholinesterase variants failed to show the presence of either atypical or fluoride-resistant genes. This is the first significant anthropological observation of the absence of both variants in a native North American population.", "contents": "Atypical (Ea1) and fluoride-resistant (Ef1) cholinesterase genes: absent in a native American Indian population. A population of 358 Navajo Indian children screened for serum cholinesterase variants failed to show the presence of either atypical or fluoride-resistant genes. This is the first significant anthropological observation of the absence of both variants in a native North American population."}
{"id": "PMID:908581", "title": "Effect of the elimination of suppressor cells on the development of DNCB contact sensitivity in guinea-pig.", "content": "The effect of suppressor cells on the formation of effector cells was studied by comparing the development of DNCB contact sensitivity in cyclophosphamide-treated (suppressor cells eliminated) and non-treated (suppressor cells present) guinea-pigs. From experiments in four different models of generation of effector cells the following conclusions are drawn: (1) impulses activating the formation of effector cells also activate suppressor cells; (2) under conditions of conventional immunization, suppressor cells are activated later than effector cells; (3) elimination of suppressor cells results in an increase in the intensity and duration of specific skin reactions.", "contents": "Effect of the elimination of suppressor cells on the development of DNCB contact sensitivity in guinea-pig. The effect of suppressor cells on the formation of effector cells was studied by comparing the development of DNCB contact sensitivity in cyclophosphamide-treated (suppressor cells eliminated) and non-treated (suppressor cells present) guinea-pigs. From experiments in four different models of generation of effector cells the following conclusions are drawn: (1) impulses activating the formation of effector cells also activate suppressor cells; (2) under conditions of conventional immunization, suppressor cells are activated later than effector cells; (3) elimination of suppressor cells results in an increase in the intensity and duration of specific skin reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:908582", "title": "Activation of the alternative pathway by gluten. A possible aetiological factor in dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "Gluten fractions are shown to activate the alternative pathway of complement when added to normal human serum. Breakdown of C3 and Factor B occur in a manner analogous to that when activated by zymosan, in the presence of MgEGTA and in serum devoid of classical pathway activity. The suggestion is made that bypass activation may be the primary event when gluten enters the serum across a damaged gut mucosa. Immune complexes containing non-complement fixing IgA antigluten antibody are carried to the skin where it is proposed that complexed gluten activates C3 and initiates an inflammatory reaction.", "contents": "Activation of the alternative pathway by gluten. A possible aetiological factor in dermatitis herpetiformis. Gluten fractions are shown to activate the alternative pathway of complement when added to normal human serum. Breakdown of C3 and Factor B occur in a manner analogous to that when activated by zymosan, in the presence of MgEGTA and in serum devoid of classical pathway activity. The suggestion is made that bypass activation may be the primary event when gluten enters the serum across a damaged gut mucosa. Immune complexes containing non-complement fixing IgA antigluten antibody are carried to the skin where it is proposed that complexed gluten activates C3 and initiates an inflammatory reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:908584", "title": "Macromolecular inhibitory factor for lymphoid cells produced by mouse macrophages.", "content": "Supernatants of high density cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages were inhibitory to homologous lymphoid cells in vitro by a number of parameters: proliferation and survival of lymphoma cells was impaired, the immune response of spleen cells to sheep red cells and to Concanavalin A (Con A) was decreased. Inhibition was due to factor(s) with mol. wt of approximately 110,000 as estimated by gel filtration. Activity was stable to heating at 56 degrees, and was resistant to trypsin but not to pronase.", "contents": "Macromolecular inhibitory factor for lymphoid cells produced by mouse macrophages. Supernatants of high density cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages were inhibitory to homologous lymphoid cells in vitro by a number of parameters: proliferation and survival of lymphoma cells was impaired, the immune response of spleen cells to sheep red cells and to Concanavalin A (Con A) was decreased. Inhibition was due to factor(s) with mol. wt of approximately 110,000 as estimated by gel filtration. Activity was stable to heating at 56 degrees, and was resistant to trypsin but not to pronase."}
{"id": "PMID:908614", "title": "Antibodies to Acholeplasma laidlawii membrane lipids in normal guinea pig serum.", "content": "Acholeplasma laidlawii is killed and lysed by fresh normal guinea pig serum (GPS) without additional antibodies. Prior incubation of GPS with whole A. laidlawii organisms abolishes the killing activity of GPS. In the present study it was demonstrated that antibodies are present in normal GPS. The classical pathway, not the alternative pathway, of the complement sequence was activated by these antibodies in fresh normal GPS. The antibodies in GPS belong to the IgG class of immunoglobulins. They are directed predominantly against the membrane phospholipids of A. laidlawii. These antibodies may be induced either by natural infection of guinea pigs with A. laidlawii or by antigenic determinants of other microorganisms of food antigens.", "contents": "Antibodies to Acholeplasma laidlawii membrane lipids in normal guinea pig serum. Acholeplasma laidlawii is killed and lysed by fresh normal guinea pig serum (GPS) without additional antibodies. Prior incubation of GPS with whole A. laidlawii organisms abolishes the killing activity of GPS. In the present study it was demonstrated that antibodies are present in normal GPS. The classical pathway, not the alternative pathway, of the complement sequence was activated by these antibodies in fresh normal GPS. The antibodies in GPS belong to the IgG class of immunoglobulins. They are directed predominantly against the membrane phospholipids of A. laidlawii. These antibodies may be induced either by natural infection of guinea pigs with A. laidlawii or by antigenic determinants of other microorganisms of food antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:908615", "title": "Factors influencing the appearance of antibody in tracheal washes and serum of young chickens after exposure to Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "The development of plaque-neutralizing antibody in tracheal washes and hemagglutination inhibition antibody in serum was followed after intratracheal and intranasal or intramuscular inoculation of 1-, 14-, or 28-day-old chicks with a lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Serum antibody could be detected between 7 and 10 days after intratracheal and intranasal vaccination in birds either with or without maternal antibody to NDV. However, among the 1-day-old group only birds without maternal antibody showed an antibody response after intramuscular inoculation. All birds possessing either actively or passively acquired serum antibody showed a sharp rise and subsequent decline of anti-NDV activity in tracheal washes between 4 and 10 days after intratracheal or intranasal vaccination. Using radiolabeled chicken immunoglobulin injected intravenously as a tracer, it was shown that this initial peak of anti-NDV activity in tracheal washes could be accounted for by enhanced transudation of serum antibody. The transudation of serum antibody coincided with the course of viral pathology observed in the tracheae of infected birds. Neutralizing antibody in tracheal washes beyond 10 to 14 days postvaccination was, most likely, porduced locally, in the respiratory tract.", "contents": "Factors influencing the appearance of antibody in tracheal washes and serum of young chickens after exposure to Newcastle disease virus. The development of plaque-neutralizing antibody in tracheal washes and hemagglutination inhibition antibody in serum was followed after intratracheal and intranasal or intramuscular inoculation of 1-, 14-, or 28-day-old chicks with a lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Serum antibody could be detected between 7 and 10 days after intratracheal and intranasal vaccination in birds either with or without maternal antibody to NDV. However, among the 1-day-old group only birds without maternal antibody showed an antibody response after intramuscular inoculation. All birds possessing either actively or passively acquired serum antibody showed a sharp rise and subsequent decline of anti-NDV activity in tracheal washes between 4 and 10 days after intratracheal or intranasal vaccination. Using radiolabeled chicken immunoglobulin injected intravenously as a tracer, it was shown that this initial peak of anti-NDV activity in tracheal washes could be accounted for by enhanced transudation of serum antibody. The transudation of serum antibody coincided with the course of viral pathology observed in the tracheae of infected birds. Neutralizing antibody in tracheal washes beyond 10 to 14 days postvaccination was, most likely, porduced locally, in the respiratory tract."}
{"id": "PMID:908616", "title": "Effect of bursectomy and depletion of immunoglobulin A on antibody production and resistance to respiratory challenge after local or systemic vaccination of chickens with Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "Surgical removal of the bursa of Fabricius from newly hatched chicks resulted in a depletion of immunoglobulin A (IgA) from serum and bile of 55 and 67% of the birds, respectively, up to 11 weeks of age. The occurrence of IgG and IgM in serum and IgG in bile was not affected by neonatal bursectomy (Bx). A slight compensatory increase in the occurrence of IgM in bile was noted in Bx birds. When exposed to a lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus by either intramuscular or intratracheal routes, the Bx group produced a level of serum hemagglutinating antibody and tracheal wash neutralizing antibody indistinguishable from that reached in the sham-Bx group. All of the vaccinated Bx birds challenged by intratracheal exposure to a velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus remained healthy. These results suggest that IgA is not essential for the development of immunity in the chicken and that other locally produced immunoglobulins or transuded serum antibody may protect the tracheal mucosa in the absence of IgA.", "contents": "Effect of bursectomy and depletion of immunoglobulin A on antibody production and resistance to respiratory challenge after local or systemic vaccination of chickens with Newcastle disease virus. Surgical removal of the bursa of Fabricius from newly hatched chicks resulted in a depletion of immunoglobulin A (IgA) from serum and bile of 55 and 67% of the birds, respectively, up to 11 weeks of age. The occurrence of IgG and IgM in serum and IgG in bile was not affected by neonatal bursectomy (Bx). A slight compensatory increase in the occurrence of IgM in bile was noted in Bx birds. When exposed to a lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus by either intramuscular or intratracheal routes, the Bx group produced a level of serum hemagglutinating antibody and tracheal wash neutralizing antibody indistinguishable from that reached in the sham-Bx group. All of the vaccinated Bx birds challenged by intratracheal exposure to a velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus remained healthy. These results suggest that IgA is not essential for the development of immunity in the chicken and that other locally produced immunoglobulins or transuded serum antibody may protect the tracheal mucosa in the absence of IgA."}
{"id": "PMID:908617", "title": "Role of host immune response in the development of either encephalitic or paralytic disease after experimental rabies infection in mice.", "content": "The clinical and histopathological manifestations of the infection of immunosuppressed (cyclophosphamide-treated) and immunocompetent (control) adult mice with the CVS ts 2 strain of fixed rabies virus were correlated with the kinetics of virus multiplication in the central nervous system and with the development of serum antibody. In immunocompetent mice severe paralytic disease causing 80% mortality was accompanied by marked inflammation and degeneration of the central nervous system parenchymatous tissue. Antirabies antibody was detected in all immunocompetent mice severely paralyzed from postinoculation day 6 on; virus was rarely isolated. In contrast, immunosuppressed mice developed encephalitic symptoms with only minor paralysis; the infection was 100% fatal. Histopathological changes in immunosuppressed mice were confined to degeneration and necrosis of individual neurons and mild microglial reaction; virus was isolated from all of these mice. No significant level of antibody was detected. Similar manifestations were seen after infection of immunodeficient (athymic) mice except that the athymic mice developed levels of antibody similar to those of control mice on day 6; antibodies in athymic mice were predominantly of immunoglobulin class M.", "contents": "Role of host immune response in the development of either encephalitic or paralytic disease after experimental rabies infection in mice. The clinical and histopathological manifestations of the infection of immunosuppressed (cyclophosphamide-treated) and immunocompetent (control) adult mice with the CVS ts 2 strain of fixed rabies virus were correlated with the kinetics of virus multiplication in the central nervous system and with the development of serum antibody. In immunocompetent mice severe paralytic disease causing 80% mortality was accompanied by marked inflammation and degeneration of the central nervous system parenchymatous tissue. Antirabies antibody was detected in all immunocompetent mice severely paralyzed from postinoculation day 6 on; virus was rarely isolated. In contrast, immunosuppressed mice developed encephalitic symptoms with only minor paralysis; the infection was 100% fatal. Histopathological changes in immunosuppressed mice were confined to degeneration and necrosis of individual neurons and mild microglial reaction; virus was isolated from all of these mice. No significant level of antibody was detected. Similar manifestations were seen after infection of immunodeficient (athymic) mice except that the athymic mice developed levels of antibody similar to those of control mice on day 6; antibodies in athymic mice were predominantly of immunoglobulin class M."}
{"id": "PMID:908618", "title": "Arginine catabolism by Mycoplasma meleagridis and its role in pathogenesis.", "content": "A thin-layer chromatography technique was used to study the arginine metabolism of Mycoplasma meleagridis. The technique reflected the enzyme activity of the dihydrolase pathway through detection of readily visible end products on X-ray film. Strains of M. meleagridis differing in their pathogenicity for turkeys did not vary in arginine metabolism. In addition, no significant difference was observed in plasma arginine concentrations between M. meleagridis-infected and uninfected poults. It was concluded that the pathogenesis of M. meleagridis infection in turkeys was not based on its competition with the host for arginine.", "contents": "Arginine catabolism by Mycoplasma meleagridis and its role in pathogenesis. A thin-layer chromatography technique was used to study the arginine metabolism of Mycoplasma meleagridis. The technique reflected the enzyme activity of the dihydrolase pathway through detection of readily visible end products on X-ray film. Strains of M. meleagridis differing in their pathogenicity for turkeys did not vary in arginine metabolism. In addition, no significant difference was observed in plasma arginine concentrations between M. meleagridis-infected and uninfected poults. It was concluded that the pathogenesis of M. meleagridis infection in turkeys was not based on its competition with the host for arginine."}
{"id": "PMID:908619", "title": "Purification, resolution, and interaction of the glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans 6715.", "content": "The extracellular glucosyltransferase produced by Streptococcus mutans 6715 was purified from culture supernatant fluids to a specific activity of 9.6 IU/mg of protein, with an overall recovery of 87%. The purified enzyme preparation, designated unfractionated enzyme (UFE), synthesized only water-insoluble glucans from sucrose during the initial stages of the reaction, although some water-soluble polymers accumulated after extended periods of incubation. It was free from measurable fructosyltransferase activity. The UFE preparation was resolved into two different catalytically active components by ethanol fractionation. One fraction (designated insoluble product enzyme [IPE]) synthesized water-insoluble glucans, whereas the other (designated soluble product enzyme [SPE]) produced primarily water-soluble glucans. The difference between the insoluble glucans made by the UFE preparation and those made by the IPE fraction appeared to be due to interaction of the SPE and IPE components in the UFE preparation. Addition of commercial dextrans or enzymatically prepared glucans to the glucosyltransferase assay altered the amounts of soluble and insoluble glucans synthesized by the UFE preparation. The molecular weights of the major enzymatically active proteins producing insoluble and soluble glucans were estimated by gel filtration chromatography to be 150,000 and 175,000, respectively.", "contents": "Purification, resolution, and interaction of the glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans 6715. The extracellular glucosyltransferase produced by Streptococcus mutans 6715 was purified from culture supernatant fluids to a specific activity of 9.6 IU/mg of protein, with an overall recovery of 87%. The purified enzyme preparation, designated unfractionated enzyme (UFE), synthesized only water-insoluble glucans from sucrose during the initial stages of the reaction, although some water-soluble polymers accumulated after extended periods of incubation. It was free from measurable fructosyltransferase activity. The UFE preparation was resolved into two different catalytically active components by ethanol fractionation. One fraction (designated insoluble product enzyme [IPE]) synthesized water-insoluble glucans, whereas the other (designated soluble product enzyme [SPE]) produced primarily water-soluble glucans. The difference between the insoluble glucans made by the UFE preparation and those made by the IPE fraction appeared to be due to interaction of the SPE and IPE components in the UFE preparation. Addition of commercial dextrans or enzymatically prepared glucans to the glucosyltransferase assay altered the amounts of soluble and insoluble glucans synthesized by the UFE preparation. The molecular weights of the major enzymatically active proteins producing insoluble and soluble glucans were estimated by gel filtration chromatography to be 150,000 and 175,000, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:908620", "title": "Immunoglobulin E anti-Candida antibodies and candidiasis.", "content": "Elevated levels of immunoglobulin E anti-Candida antibodies were observed in the sera of patients with systemic and vaginal candidiasis and in cervicovaginal washings of the latter.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin E anti-Candida antibodies and candidiasis. Elevated levels of immunoglobulin E anti-Candida antibodies were observed in the sera of patients with systemic and vaginal candidiasis and in cervicovaginal washings of the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:908621", "title": "Role of sialic acid in saliva-induced aggregation of Streptococcus sanguis.", "content": "The ability of saliva to induce aggregation of Streptococcus sanguis was destroyed by treating the saliva with protease or neuraminidase. Loss of aggregating activity could be correlated with the appearance of free sialic acid. Clarified saliva contains an endogenous neuraminidase that modifies aggregating activity. Aggregation was inhibited by mixed ganglioside preparations but less effectively by acid-hydrolyzed gangliosides. The aggregating activity of S. sanguis was not related to the rhamnose or phosphorous content of the cell wall or to antigen a, b, c, d, or e.", "contents": "Role of sialic acid in saliva-induced aggregation of Streptococcus sanguis. The ability of saliva to induce aggregation of Streptococcus sanguis was destroyed by treating the saliva with protease or neuraminidase. Loss of aggregating activity could be correlated with the appearance of free sialic acid. Clarified saliva contains an endogenous neuraminidase that modifies aggregating activity. Aggregation was inhibited by mixed ganglioside preparations but less effectively by acid-hydrolyzed gangliosides. The aggregating activity of S. sanguis was not related to the rhamnose or phosphorous content of the cell wall or to antigen a, b, c, d, or e."}
{"id": "PMID:908622", "title": "Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic assay for murine oncornavirus p30: noncovalent facilitation by sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "content": "Treatment of Rauscher murine leukemia virus lysates with the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at concentrations between 0.2 to 2.0% SDS per mg of viral protein greatly increased the anodal electrophoretic mobility of p30, the major internal polypeptide. SDS treatment did not reduce p30 antigenicity or cause nonspecific precipitation of normal serum proteins during subsequent immunoanalysis. The increased anodal electrophoretic mobility allowed assay of Rauscher murine leukemia virus p30 by Laurell rocket immunoelectrophoresis. An SDS-facilitated rocket immunoelectrophoresis assay is described that was highly reproducible (coefficient of variability, less than 3.0%) and capable of detecting 125 ng of viral protein. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a quantitative immunoelectrophoretic assay for an oncornavirus antigen. Since SDS binding is a general property of proteins, this method of noncovalently altering electrophoretic mobility appears to be applicable to other antigen-antibody systems.", "contents": "Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic assay for murine oncornavirus p30: noncovalent facilitation by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Treatment of Rauscher murine leukemia virus lysates with the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at concentrations between 0.2 to 2.0% SDS per mg of viral protein greatly increased the anodal electrophoretic mobility of p30, the major internal polypeptide. SDS treatment did not reduce p30 antigenicity or cause nonspecific precipitation of normal serum proteins during subsequent immunoanalysis. The increased anodal electrophoretic mobility allowed assay of Rauscher murine leukemia virus p30 by Laurell rocket immunoelectrophoresis. An SDS-facilitated rocket immunoelectrophoresis assay is described that was highly reproducible (coefficient of variability, less than 3.0%) and capable of detecting 125 ng of viral protein. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a quantitative immunoelectrophoretic assay for an oncornavirus antigen. Since SDS binding is a general property of proteins, this method of noncovalently altering electrophoretic mobility appears to be applicable to other antigen-antibody systems."}
{"id": "PMID:908623", "title": "Tuberculin-specific transfer factor in dogs.", "content": "Five mongrel dogs were sensitized to tuberculoprotein with Freund adjuvant, as determined by responses to tuberculin skin tests and by in vitro lymphocyte cultures. These animals served as blood donors for production of transfer factor. Nine mongrel dogs received single doses of transfer factor that was tuberculin specific. Successful transfer of tuberculin sensitivity as measured by lymphocyte transformations was achieved in five of nine animals. Canine lymphocyte cultures frequently showed relatively low transformations to mitogens as compared with responses noted in other animals. Dissociation between skin test reactivity and in vitro lymphocyte transformation to tuberculoprotein was noted in two of nine animals. Increases in lymphocyte transformations to phytochemagglutinin were seen in three of nine recipient animals after transfer factor administration. Successful transfer from an animal sensitized by prior transfer factor administration was achieved in one instance. These data indicate that transfer factor-like substances are present in dogs. The reasons why successful transfer was achieved in only half of the recipient animals needs further explanation.", "contents": "Tuberculin-specific transfer factor in dogs. Five mongrel dogs were sensitized to tuberculoprotein with Freund adjuvant, as determined by responses to tuberculin skin tests and by in vitro lymphocyte cultures. These animals served as blood donors for production of transfer factor. Nine mongrel dogs received single doses of transfer factor that was tuberculin specific. Successful transfer of tuberculin sensitivity as measured by lymphocyte transformations was achieved in five of nine animals. Canine lymphocyte cultures frequently showed relatively low transformations to mitogens as compared with responses noted in other animals. Dissociation between skin test reactivity and in vitro lymphocyte transformation to tuberculoprotein was noted in two of nine animals. Increases in lymphocyte transformations to phytochemagglutinin were seen in three of nine recipient animals after transfer factor administration. Successful transfer from an animal sensitized by prior transfer factor administration was achieved in one instance. These data indicate that transfer factor-like substances are present in dogs. The reasons why successful transfer was achieved in only half of the recipient animals needs further explanation."}
{"id": "PMID:908624", "title": "Evaluation of live attenuated plague vaccines in Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis.", "content": "A live attenuated Yersinia pestis vaccine designated EV76-51f, which had previously been shown to be pathogenic in vervet monkeys but not in guinea pigs, was tested in the multimammate mouse Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. Doses of 10(6) viable organisms inoculated subcutaneously as either a lyophilized suspension or an agar-grown culture resulted in vaccination fatalities in Praomys but not in white mice. Hemagglutinating antibodies to the fraction 1 antigen were not stimulated by doses lower than 10(4) viable organisms. Agar-grown cultures of the vaccine gave better protection against a virulent Y. pestis challenge than did a lyophilized suspension. All Praomys vaccinated with a dose of 10(6) agar-grown EV76-51f protected against a virulent challenge, whereas even doses up to 10(8) lyophilized bacilli failed to give complete protection. The pathogenicity of a live attenuated plague vaccine derived from the Y. pestis EV76 vaccine strain can be detected in Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis, a rodent species highly susceptible to plague. This animal species may therefore be valuable for the testing of live attenuated plague vaccines before they are tested in costly nonhuman primates.", "contents": "Evaluation of live attenuated plague vaccines in Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. A live attenuated Yersinia pestis vaccine designated EV76-51f, which had previously been shown to be pathogenic in vervet monkeys but not in guinea pigs, was tested in the multimammate mouse Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. Doses of 10(6) viable organisms inoculated subcutaneously as either a lyophilized suspension or an agar-grown culture resulted in vaccination fatalities in Praomys but not in white mice. Hemagglutinating antibodies to the fraction 1 antigen were not stimulated by doses lower than 10(4) viable organisms. Agar-grown cultures of the vaccine gave better protection against a virulent Y. pestis challenge than did a lyophilized suspension. All Praomys vaccinated with a dose of 10(6) agar-grown EV76-51f protected against a virulent challenge, whereas even doses up to 10(8) lyophilized bacilli failed to give complete protection. The pathogenicity of a live attenuated plague vaccine derived from the Y. pestis EV76 vaccine strain can be detected in Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis, a rodent species highly susceptible to plague. This animal species may therefore be valuable for the testing of live attenuated plague vaccines before they are tested in costly nonhuman primates."}
{"id": "PMID:908642", "title": "Corneal endothelium bicarbonate transport and the effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on endothelial permeability and fluxes and corneal thickness.", "content": "Unidirectional fluxes of bicarbonate across the corneal endothelium were determined. A net flux of bicarbonate from the stromal to aqueous-facing surface was demonstrated. Under conditions of carbonic anhydrase inhibition the net bicarbonate flux was reduced by 54 percent and the passive water permeability of the endothelium was increased. Experiments with the specular microscope demonstrated an increased rate of corneal swelling under conditions of carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Attempts to identify H+ as the cation moving with the bicarbonate ion to maintain electroneutrality were not successful because of the impossibility of sustaining a differential H+ concentration difference across the endothelium.", "contents": "Corneal endothelium bicarbonate transport and the effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on endothelial permeability and fluxes and corneal thickness. Unidirectional fluxes of bicarbonate across the corneal endothelium were determined. A net flux of bicarbonate from the stromal to aqueous-facing surface was demonstrated. Under conditions of carbonic anhydrase inhibition the net bicarbonate flux was reduced by 54 percent and the passive water permeability of the endothelium was increased. Experiments with the specular microscope demonstrated an increased rate of corneal swelling under conditions of carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Attempts to identify H+ as the cation moving with the bicarbonate ion to maintain electroneutrality were not successful because of the impossibility of sustaining a differential H+ concentration difference across the endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:908643", "title": "A microculture technique for the evaluation of corneal cell metabolism in vitro.", "content": "A microculture technique for the evaluation of the metabolic activity of corneal cells is described and analyzed. The extent of DNA synthesis in microcultures with 10(3) to 2.5 X 10(3) cells per well was initially low during day 1, increasing steadily thereafter. Higher initial concentration of 10(4) to 2 X 10(4) cells per microculture demonstrated a high metabolic activity during days 1 and 2 in culture, followed by a rapid and marked decrease on days 3 and 4. The origin and concentration of serum in the system have been found to be crucial. Xenogeneic serum (fetal calf serum--FCS) had the most potent stimulatory effect on DNA and protein synthesis. Syngeneic serum (guinea pig serum, strain 13--SGpS) or allogeneic serum (guinea pig serum strain 2--AGpS) had a generally less stimulatory effect on the metabolic activity. However, both sera had a relatively much stronger effect on the protein synthesis.", "contents": "A microculture technique for the evaluation of corneal cell metabolism in vitro. A microculture technique for the evaluation of the metabolic activity of corneal cells is described and analyzed. The extent of DNA synthesis in microcultures with 10(3) to 2.5 X 10(3) cells per well was initially low during day 1, increasing steadily thereafter. Higher initial concentration of 10(4) to 2 X 10(4) cells per microculture demonstrated a high metabolic activity during days 1 and 2 in culture, followed by a rapid and marked decrease on days 3 and 4. The origin and concentration of serum in the system have been found to be crucial. Xenogeneic serum (fetal calf serum--FCS) had the most potent stimulatory effect on DNA and protein synthesis. Syngeneic serum (guinea pig serum, strain 13--SGpS) or allogeneic serum (guinea pig serum strain 2--AGpS) had a generally less stimulatory effect on the metabolic activity. However, both sera had a relatively much stronger effect on the protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:908644", "title": "Electrophysiologic and morphologic effects of ophthalmic preparations on rabbit cornea epithelium.", "content": "The effects of several components of ophthalmic preparations on isolated rabbit cornea were studied by continuous electrophysiologic monitoring followed by fixation for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Benzalkonium chloride (0.001 percent), thimerosal (0.0004 percent), and amphotericin B (0.0025 percent) all briefly increased ion transport, then greatly decreased epithelial resistance. Severe disruption of surface cell layers occurred simultaneously with resistance decrease. Silver nitrate (0.00017 percent) stimulated transport with less accompanying morphologic damage. Tetracaine (0.05 percent) disrupted epithelial function and caused exfoliation of several cell layers. Chlorobutanol (0.1 percent) produced a nearly complete loss of the squamous cell layer. Chloramphenicol, epinephrine, and pilocarpine produced minor changes in structure and electrophysiology at full clinical concentration. It was concluded that low concentrations of preservatives in ophthalmic preparations disrupt the barrier and transport properties of the corneal epithelium.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic and morphologic effects of ophthalmic preparations on rabbit cornea epithelium. The effects of several components of ophthalmic preparations on isolated rabbit cornea were studied by continuous electrophysiologic monitoring followed by fixation for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Benzalkonium chloride (0.001 percent), thimerosal (0.0004 percent), and amphotericin B (0.0025 percent) all briefly increased ion transport, then greatly decreased epithelial resistance. Severe disruption of surface cell layers occurred simultaneously with resistance decrease. Silver nitrate (0.00017 percent) stimulated transport with less accompanying morphologic damage. Tetracaine (0.05 percent) disrupted epithelial function and caused exfoliation of several cell layers. Chlorobutanol (0.1 percent) produced a nearly complete loss of the squamous cell layer. Chloramphenicol, epinephrine, and pilocarpine produced minor changes in structure and electrophysiology at full clinical concentration. It was concluded that low concentrations of preservatives in ophthalmic preparations disrupt the barrier and transport properties of the corneal epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:908645", "title": "The scleral spur and scleral roll.", "content": "The scleral spur and scleral roll together form a fibrous hoop which may be detached from adjacent structures as a unit. Tensile tests of the spur-roll resemble reported data on sclera. It is proposed that the circular structure of the spur-roll prevents action of the meridional portion of the ciliary muscle on the trabecular meshwork from collapsing the canal of Schlemm.", "contents": "The scleral spur and scleral roll. The scleral spur and scleral roll together form a fibrous hoop which may be detached from adjacent structures as a unit. Tensile tests of the spur-roll resemble reported data on sclera. It is proposed that the circular structure of the spur-roll prevents action of the meridional portion of the ciliary muscle on the trabecular meshwork from collapsing the canal of Schlemm."}
{"id": "PMID:908646", "title": "Ocular effects of ultraviolet radiation from 295 to 365 nm.", "content": "A 5,000 watt Xe-Hg source and a double monochromator were used to produce  6.6 nm. full band-pass ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Pigmented rabbit eyes were exposed to the 6.6 nm. band-pass UV radiant energy in 5 nm. steps from 295 to 320 nm. and at random intervals above 320 nm. Corneal and lenticular damage was assessed and classified with a biomicroscope. Corneal threshold radiant exposure (Hc) rose very rapidly from 0.022 Jcm.-2 at 300 nm. to 10.99 Jcm.-2 at 335 nm. Radiant exposures exceeding 2 x Hc resulted in irreversible corneal damage. Lenticular damage was limited to wavebands above 295 nm. The action spectrum for the lens began at 295 nm. and extended to about 315 nm. Permanent lenticular damage occurred at radiant exposure levels approximately twice the threshold for lenticular radiant exposure. The importance in establishing both corneal and lenticular damage criteria is emphasized.", "contents": "Ocular effects of ultraviolet radiation from 295 to 365 nm. A 5,000 watt Xe-Hg source and a double monochromator were used to produce  6.6 nm. full band-pass ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Pigmented rabbit eyes were exposed to the 6.6 nm. band-pass UV radiant energy in 5 nm. steps from 295 to 320 nm. and at random intervals above 320 nm. Corneal and lenticular damage was assessed and classified with a biomicroscope. Corneal threshold radiant exposure (Hc) rose very rapidly from 0.022 Jcm.-2 at 300 nm. to 10.99 Jcm.-2 at 335 nm. Radiant exposures exceeding 2 x Hc resulted in irreversible corneal damage. Lenticular damage was limited to wavebands above 295 nm. The action spectrum for the lens began at 295 nm. and extended to about 315 nm. Permanent lenticular damage occurred at radiant exposure levels approximately twice the threshold for lenticular radiant exposure. The importance in establishing both corneal and lenticular damage criteria is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:908647", "title": "Effects of hypophysectomy, pituitary gland homogenates and transplants, and prolactin on photoreceptor destruction.", "content": "Prepubertal removal of the pituitary gland, which in young animals influences sexual maturation, reduces significantly the amount of retinal photoreceptor destruction when the rats are exposed to continuous illumination in adulthood. When crude pituitary gland homogenate is administered to adult rats hypophysectomized prior to puberty, photoreceptor destruction is more severe. Transplantation of whole pituitary glands to the kidney capsule of hypophysectomized rats also reduces the effect of pituitary gland removal and results in more extensive damage to receptor cells than found in hypophysectomized, adult animals. Hypophysectomized rats treated with prolactin had more severe retinal damage than untreated, hypophysectomized rats. The injection of pregnant mare serum and human chorionic gonadotropic hormones into hypophysectomized rats was not effective in reversing the protection afforded by hypophysectomy. Results of these studies indicate the hormones of the pituitary gland have a regulatory influence on the severity of light-induced, retinal photoreceptor damage in the rat.", "contents": "Effects of hypophysectomy, pituitary gland homogenates and transplants, and prolactin on photoreceptor destruction. Prepubertal removal of the pituitary gland, which in young animals influences sexual maturation, reduces significantly the amount of retinal photoreceptor destruction when the rats are exposed to continuous illumination in adulthood. When crude pituitary gland homogenate is administered to adult rats hypophysectomized prior to puberty, photoreceptor destruction is more severe. Transplantation of whole pituitary glands to the kidney capsule of hypophysectomized rats also reduces the effect of pituitary gland removal and results in more extensive damage to receptor cells than found in hypophysectomized, adult animals. Hypophysectomized rats treated with prolactin had more severe retinal damage than untreated, hypophysectomized rats. The injection of pregnant mare serum and human chorionic gonadotropic hormones into hypophysectomized rats was not effective in reversing the protection afforded by hypophysectomy. Results of these studies indicate the hormones of the pituitary gland have a regulatory influence on the severity of light-induced, retinal photoreceptor damage in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:908648", "title": "Retinal ultrastructure in advanced retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of the retina of a patient with advanced retinitis pigmentosa revealed an orderly process of cone degeneration with more advanced stages in the perifovea and less advanced stages in the fovea. No rod photoreceptors were seen. Remaining cones had enlarged nuclei with autophagic vacuoles and bundles of parallel undulating 12 nm. filaments in the cytoplasm. In the foveola and fovea, cone outer segments were very truncated or absent, although synaptic pedicles were intact. In the perifovea, many cone cell bodies were rounded with loss of synaptic pedicles. Pigment epithelial cells underlying remaining cones were enlarged with apically displaced nuclei, occasional phagosomes, and large amounts of melanolysosomes. The pigment epithelial cell layer anterior to the perifovea contained flattened pigment epithelial cells without melanolysosomes and macrophage-like cells without pigment. Pigment-laden epithelial cells around atrophic blood vessels in the midperipheral retina showed only round pigment granules unlike the smaller elongated pigment granules observed in retinal pigment epithelial cells in situ. The advanced stage and structural abnormalities in both photoreceptors and pigment epithelial cells preclude assigning a primary site for the defect.", "contents": "Retinal ultrastructure in advanced retinitis pigmentosa. An ultrastructural study of the retina of a patient with advanced retinitis pigmentosa revealed an orderly process of cone degeneration with more advanced stages in the perifovea and less advanced stages in the fovea. No rod photoreceptors were seen. Remaining cones had enlarged nuclei with autophagic vacuoles and bundles of parallel undulating 12 nm. filaments in the cytoplasm. In the foveola and fovea, cone outer segments were very truncated or absent, although synaptic pedicles were intact. In the perifovea, many cone cell bodies were rounded with loss of synaptic pedicles. Pigment epithelial cells underlying remaining cones were enlarged with apically displaced nuclei, occasional phagosomes, and large amounts of melanolysosomes. The pigment epithelial cell layer anterior to the perifovea contained flattened pigment epithelial cells without melanolysosomes and macrophage-like cells without pigment. Pigment-laden epithelial cells around atrophic blood vessels in the midperipheral retina showed only round pigment granules unlike the smaller elongated pigment granules observed in retinal pigment epithelial cells in situ. The advanced stage and structural abnormalities in both photoreceptors and pigment epithelial cells preclude assigning a primary site for the defect."}
{"id": "PMID:908649", "title": "Evaluation of applanation tonometers for the dog eye.", "content": "The Mackay-Marg, pneumatonograph, TonAir, and EMT-20 tonometers were evaluated in the normal dog eye. Tonometric scale readings were compared to the manometric recordings from the anterior chamber. The Mackay-Marg tonometer evaluated in open and closed systems was the most reliable (goodness of fit [r2] = 0.96) with intraocular pressure up to 100 mm. Hg. The pneumatonograph also exhibited high reliability (r2 = 0.92) but tended to underestimate intraocular pressures above 40 to 50 mm. Hg. The TonAir and EMT-20 tonometers were the least satisfactory for the dog, with r2 of 0.77 and 0.66 to 0.81, respectively. The Mackay-Marg is the most satisfactory tonometer for the dog.", "contents": "Evaluation of applanation tonometers for the dog eye. The Mackay-Marg, pneumatonograph, TonAir, and EMT-20 tonometers were evaluated in the normal dog eye. Tonometric scale readings were compared to the manometric recordings from the anterior chamber. The Mackay-Marg tonometer evaluated in open and closed systems was the most reliable (goodness of fit [r2] = 0.96) with intraocular pressure up to 100 mm. Hg. The pneumatonograph also exhibited high reliability (r2 = 0.92) but tended to underestimate intraocular pressures above 40 to 50 mm. Hg. The TonAir and EMT-20 tonometers were the least satisfactory for the dog, with r2 of 0.77 and 0.66 to 0.81, respectively. The Mackay-Marg is the most satisfactory tonometer for the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:908650", "title": "Enhancing fluid secretion by the corneal epithelium.", "content": "Swollen rabbit corneas incubated in vitro with their posterior surfaces blocked with silicone oil maintained fairly constant thickness over an 11 hr. period. Increasing the simulated intraocular pressure from 10 to 30 mm. Hg did not produce stromal thinning. When theophylline was added to stimulate epithelial Cl secretion by increasing the Cl permeability of the tear-facing epithelial membrane, corneas thinned at the average of 1.3 micrometer/hr. over a 6 1/2 hr. period. When the epithelial perfusion solution was made Cl-free by SO4 substitution to favor the passive flow of Cl from the cells to the tear solution, thinning of 3.91 micrometer/hr. over a 7 hr. period was observed. When corneas were perfused with Cl-free medium plus theophylline, thinning at the average rate of 6.20 micrometer/hr. over an 8 hr. period was achieved. Therefore the corneal epithelium is capable of thinning a swollen stroma by transport of fluid coupled to its Cl secretion, which can be enhanced by simple substitutions in the tear-side bathing solution.", "contents": "Enhancing fluid secretion by the corneal epithelium. Swollen rabbit corneas incubated in vitro with their posterior surfaces blocked with silicone oil maintained fairly constant thickness over an 11 hr. period. Increasing the simulated intraocular pressure from 10 to 30 mm. Hg did not produce stromal thinning. When theophylline was added to stimulate epithelial Cl secretion by increasing the Cl permeability of the tear-facing epithelial membrane, corneas thinned at the average of 1.3 micrometer/hr. over a 6 1/2 hr. period. When the epithelial perfusion solution was made Cl-free by SO4 substitution to favor the passive flow of Cl from the cells to the tear solution, thinning of 3.91 micrometer/hr. over a 7 hr. period was observed. When corneas were perfused with Cl-free medium plus theophylline, thinning at the average rate of 6.20 micrometer/hr. over an 8 hr. period was achieved. Therefore the corneal epithelium is capable of thinning a swollen stroma by transport of fluid coupled to its Cl secretion, which can be enhanced by simple substitutions in the tear-side bathing solution."}
{"id": "PMID:908651", "title": "Specific glucocorticoid receptor in the iris--ciliary body of the rabbit.", "content": "The cytoplasm of the iris--ciliary body of the rabbit contains a receptor capable of specifically binding dexamethasone. This binding protein has a high affinity for dexamethasone (average KD = 2.0 X 10(-8) M), a low capacity (average 4.8 X 10(-13) mol of steroid bound per milligram of protein), and extreme heat sensitivity; it exhibits a pattern of competition virtually identical to that obtained with glucocorticoid receptors from other tissues and shows characteristic physicochemical behavior in various salt concentrations. The demonstration of a specific dexamethasone receptor in the iris--ciliary body provides the first direct biochemical evidence that these tissues may function as a target organ for glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Specific glucocorticoid receptor in the iris--ciliary body of the rabbit. The cytoplasm of the iris--ciliary body of the rabbit contains a receptor capable of specifically binding dexamethasone. This binding protein has a high affinity for dexamethasone (average KD = 2.0 X 10(-8) M), a low capacity (average 4.8 X 10(-13) mol of steroid bound per milligram of protein), and extreme heat sensitivity; it exhibits a pattern of competition virtually identical to that obtained with glucocorticoid receptors from other tissues and shows characteristic physicochemical behavior in various salt concentrations. The demonstration of a specific dexamethasone receptor in the iris--ciliary body provides the first direct biochemical evidence that these tissues may function as a target organ for glucocorticoids."}
{"id": "PMID:908652", "title": "Intraocular IgE antibody induced in guinea pigs with Ascaris suum larvae.", "content": "The systemic and local (intraocular) IgE antibody responses to infective and heat-killed Ascaris suum larvae were examined in guinea pigs. IgE antibody, demonstrated by the 6-day P-K test, was found in anterior chamber fluid following primary intravitreal injection of live second-stage A. suum larvae and in some instances occurred when no serum P-K activity was demonstrable. No intraocular IgE antibody was induced by primary intravitreal injection of heat-killed larvae. A brisk intraocular and systemic IgE antibody response followed the secondary intravitreal injection of either live or heat-killed larvae into animals systemically infected with A. suum. The guinea pig system promises to be a useful model for studying the immunopathology of human ocular parasite infections.", "contents": "Intraocular IgE antibody induced in guinea pigs with Ascaris suum larvae. The systemic and local (intraocular) IgE antibody responses to infective and heat-killed Ascaris suum larvae were examined in guinea pigs. IgE antibody, demonstrated by the 6-day P-K test, was found in anterior chamber fluid following primary intravitreal injection of live second-stage A. suum larvae and in some instances occurred when no serum P-K activity was demonstrable. No intraocular IgE antibody was induced by primary intravitreal injection of heat-killed larvae. A brisk intraocular and systemic IgE antibody response followed the secondary intravitreal injection of either live or heat-killed larvae into animals systemically infected with A. suum. The guinea pig system promises to be a useful model for studying the immunopathology of human ocular parasite infections."}
{"id": "PMID:908653", "title": "Some features of secretory systems in plants.", "content": "Recent work on secretion in plants is reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomy and physiology of root cap cells in higher plants, the stalked glands of Drosera capensis, and the secretory mechanism of Dionaea muscipula. Cells of the root cap of higher plants switch from a geo-perceptive role to one of mucilage secretion at maturation. Features of this process, the role of the Golgi and the pathway for mucilage distribution are reviewed. In contrast, the stalked glands of the leaves of Drosera capensis are much longer lived and have a complex anatomy. The mechanisms for mucilage secretion, protein absorption and the role of the cell membranes in the internal secretion of the protein are described, using data from X-ray microscopv. The secretion of fluid and protein by Dionaea is stimulated by various nitrogen-containing compounds. Uric acid, often excreted by captured insects, is particularly effective in this respect.", "contents": "Some features of secretory systems in plants. Recent work on secretion in plants is reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomy and physiology of root cap cells in higher plants, the stalked glands of Drosera capensis, and the secretory mechanism of Dionaea muscipula. Cells of the root cap of higher plants switch from a geo-perceptive role to one of mucilage secretion at maturation. Features of this process, the role of the Golgi and the pathway for mucilage distribution are reviewed. In contrast, the stalked glands of the leaves of Drosera capensis are much longer lived and have a complex anatomy. The mechanisms for mucilage secretion, protein absorption and the role of the cell membranes in the internal secretion of the protein are described, using data from X-ray microscopv. The secretion of fluid and protein by Dionaea is stimulated by various nitrogen-containing compounds. Uric acid, often excreted by captured insects, is particularly effective in this respect."}
{"id": "PMID:908654", "title": "The multiple forms of brain acetylcholinesterase. I. Micro-electrophoresis and topochemical analysis of the pattern.", "content": "Micro-polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis followed by active staining is applied for the demonstration of the multiple forms of acetylcholinesterase. Among other advantages the very small samples that enable the analysis of well-defined brain material as well as the almost histochemical conditions of incubation enable its successful use in topochemical investigations of the multiple form pattern of brain acetylcholinesterase. The acetylcholinesterase of bovine nc. caudatus could be separated into 4 multiple forms and the pattern was analysed microdensitometrically. These forms differ in their molecular weight as well as in their degree of membrane binding. Increasing ionic strength (NaCl) is followed by changes in the pattern. This result is discussed as caused by aggregation of enzyme subunits.", "contents": "The multiple forms of brain acetylcholinesterase. I. Micro-electrophoresis and topochemical analysis of the pattern. Micro-polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis followed by active staining is applied for the demonstration of the multiple forms of acetylcholinesterase. Among other advantages the very small samples that enable the analysis of well-defined brain material as well as the almost histochemical conditions of incubation enable its successful use in topochemical investigations of the multiple form pattern of brain acetylcholinesterase. The acetylcholinesterase of bovine nc. caudatus could be separated into 4 multiple forms and the pattern was analysed microdensitometrically. These forms differ in their molecular weight as well as in their degree of membrane binding. Increasing ionic strength (NaCl) is followed by changes in the pattern. This result is discussed as caused by aggregation of enzyme subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:908656", "title": "DNA synthesis in immunreactive glandular cells in pituitary intermediate lobe cultures.", "content": "Cell suspensions were prepared from adult rat pituitary intermediate lobes and grown in medium TC 199 supplemented with foetal calf serum. 7 or 8 days old cultures were pulse labelled with tritiated thymidine and thereafter processed for immunostaining using an antiserum against a synthetic alpha-1-28-ACTH-analogue. Immunreactivity was mainly confined to epithelial cells, but some spindle-shaped cells were also immunopositive. Thymidine incorporation was observed in some immunpositive cells which shows that cells committed to hormone production may enter the mitotic cycle.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in immunreactive glandular cells in pituitary intermediate lobe cultures. Cell suspensions were prepared from adult rat pituitary intermediate lobes and grown in medium TC 199 supplemented with foetal calf serum. 7 or 8 days old cultures were pulse labelled with tritiated thymidine and thereafter processed for immunostaining using an antiserum against a synthetic alpha-1-28-ACTH-analogue. Immunreactivity was mainly confined to epithelial cells, but some spindle-shaped cells were also immunopositive. Thymidine incorporation was observed in some immunpositive cells which shows that cells committed to hormone production may enter the mitotic cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:908657", "title": "[The caloric vestibular examination: a simplified technique and its normal values (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple modification of caloric vestibular stimulation and its documentation is described to improve the coordination of vestibular investigation in clinics and practice. A volume of 50 cc. 30 degrees and 44 degrees C water is used to irrigate the ear and is administered within a 10 s period. The patient is then evaluated for the rate and duration of nystagmus, using Frenzel lenses. 1182 patients were investigated in this manner and their results were computerized. It was then shown that irrigation with 30 degrees C water was followed by a greater nystagmus reaction (including vertigo and vegetative signs) than with the 44 degrees water.", "contents": "[The caloric vestibular examination: a simplified technique and its normal values (author's transl)]. A simple modification of caloric vestibular stimulation and its documentation is described to improve the coordination of vestibular investigation in clinics and practice. A volume of 50 cc. 30 degrees and 44 degrees C water is used to irrigate the ear and is administered within a 10 s period. The patient is then evaluated for the rate and duration of nystagmus, using Frenzel lenses. 1182 patients were investigated in this manner and their results were computerized. It was then shown that irrigation with 30 degrees C water was followed by a greater nystagmus reaction (including vertigo and vegetative signs) than with the 44 degrees water."}
{"id": "PMID:908658", "title": "[A new method of testing directional hearing (author's transl)].", "content": "Directional hearing is demonstrated by a test in which a model \"hears\" loudspeaker impulses at known changes of angle. The sounds are recorded and then presented via headphones to listeners. If the subject notices a change he gives a visual signal and the appropriate change of direction is noted by the tester. -In 40 normal hearing test subjects, 20 who were blind recognized more than 50% of changes of direction of 4 degrees, and 20 with normal vision achieved similar success with direction changes of 5 degrees. Utilizing tape recorder and headphones the advantage of this method is its simplicity.", "contents": "[A new method of testing directional hearing (author's transl)]. Directional hearing is demonstrated by a test in which a model \"hears\" loudspeaker impulses at known changes of angle. The sounds are recorded and then presented via headphones to listeners. If the subject notices a change he gives a visual signal and the appropriate change of direction is noted by the tester. -In 40 normal hearing test subjects, 20 who were blind recognized more than 50% of changes of direction of 4 degrees, and 20 with normal vision achieved similar success with direction changes of 5 degrees. Utilizing tape recorder and headphones the advantage of this method is its simplicity."}
{"id": "PMID:908659", "title": "[Critical notes on the fitting of hearing-aids in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The fitting of hearing-aids in hearing-impaired children in the Federal Republic of Germany is insufficient. Misfittings are harmful to the children and cause unnecessarily high costs. Unfortunately there are no clinical experiences with competent controls to be found. Consequently, medical responsibility should be encouraged and a panel of experts created for the evaluation of all patients who require hearing aids. This system can then be used annually to maintain an effective quality cost control.", "contents": "[Critical notes on the fitting of hearing-aids in children (author's transl)]. The fitting of hearing-aids in hearing-impaired children in the Federal Republic of Germany is insufficient. Misfittings are harmful to the children and cause unnecessarily high costs. Unfortunately there are no clinical experiences with competent controls to be found. Consequently, medical responsibility should be encouraged and a panel of experts created for the evaluation of all patients who require hearing aids. This system can then be used annually to maintain an effective quality cost control."}
{"id": "PMID:908660", "title": "[Do neomycin ointment dressings damage the inner-ear when used in the external auditory canal or the radical mastoidectomy cavity? (author's transl)].", "content": "When in low concentration (0.38%) in an ointment base neomycin within the middle ear does not damage the inner ear. Animal experiments show that doses 10 times greater do not damage the hair cells, but when in aqueous solution all hair cells are destroyed. Many years experience has confirmed that neomycin ointment packing for postoperative ears and infected radical mastoid cavities does not produce inner ear damage. These patients have been carefully monitored by audiometry.", "contents": "[Do neomycin ointment dressings damage the inner-ear when used in the external auditory canal or the radical mastoidectomy cavity? (author's transl)]. When in low concentration (0.38%) in an ointment base neomycin within the middle ear does not damage the inner ear. Animal experiments show that doses 10 times greater do not damage the hair cells, but when in aqueous solution all hair cells are destroyed. Many years experience has confirmed that neomycin ointment packing for postoperative ears and infected radical mastoid cavities does not produce inner ear damage. These patients have been carefully monitored by audiometry."}
{"id": "PMID:908662", "title": "Biotransformation of antitumor agents by a strain of Whetzelinia sclerotiorum.", "content": "Antitumor antibiotics of the olivomycin and chromomycin class were transformed when incubated with a culture of Whetzelinia sclerotiorum. The products, when purified by counter-current distribution and column chromatography, were shown, by their physical properties, to be the deacylated analogues.", "contents": "Biotransformation of antitumor agents by a strain of Whetzelinia sclerotiorum. Antitumor antibiotics of the olivomycin and chromomycin class were transformed when incubated with a culture of Whetzelinia sclerotiorum. The products, when purified by counter-current distribution and column chromatography, were shown, by their physical properties, to be the deacylated analogues."}
{"id": "PMID:908663", "title": "Streptomyces laurentii, a new species producing thiostrepton.", "content": "The taxonomic description of Streptomyces laurentii, a new species related to but distinguishable from the S. fradiae group, is presented. This new species produces thiostrepton but bears no taxonomic relationship to the known producers of the antibiotic: S. azureus, S. hawaiiensis, and Streptomyces X-14b.", "contents": "Streptomyces laurentii, a new species producing thiostrepton. The taxonomic description of Streptomyces laurentii, a new species related to but distinguishable from the S. fradiae group, is presented. This new species produces thiostrepton but bears no taxonomic relationship to the known producers of the antibiotic: S. azureus, S. hawaiiensis, and Streptomyces X-14b."}
{"id": "PMID:908665", "title": "Plasmid-mediated pristinamycin resistance. PAC IIA: a new enzyme which modifies pristinamycin IIA.", "content": "A wild strain of Staphylococcus aureus which inactivates a wide variety of antibiotics has been found to inactivate pristinamycin IIA, an antistaphylococcal antibiotic. This phenomenon has been demonstrated to be plasmid mediated. The plasmid directs the biosynthesis of an acetyltransferase which is able to O-acetylate the drug. We propose to call the new enzyme PAC (IIA): Pristinamycin acetyltransferase.", "contents": "Plasmid-mediated pristinamycin resistance. PAC IIA: a new enzyme which modifies pristinamycin IIA. A wild strain of Staphylococcus aureus which inactivates a wide variety of antibiotics has been found to inactivate pristinamycin IIA, an antistaphylococcal antibiotic. This phenomenon has been demonstrated to be plasmid mediated. The plasmid directs the biosynthesis of an acetyltransferase which is able to O-acetylate the drug. We propose to call the new enzyme PAC (IIA): Pristinamycin acetyltransferase."}
{"id": "PMID:908671", "title": "Spontaneous activity and heat avoidance of mice.", "content": "Experiments were conducted with eight female mice on the avoidance of heat stress over the ambient temperature range from 25 to 34 degrees C. Significant avoidance behavior of the animals was observed at Ta = 30 degrees C, becoming more noticeable as the ambient temperature was raised. When exposed to heat, the animals showed peaks of avoidance during the second half of the dark period. This result seemed closely related to the spontaneous activity pattern of mice which reached a maximum between 1800 and 2000 at each experimental temperature. In this experiment, mice were more apt to choose a comfortable place during their inactive period than during their active period. This hypothesis on the relation between mice's heat avoidance and spontaneous activity was supported by the results of an additional experiment conducted in a cold environment of Ta = 18 degrees C.", "contents": "Spontaneous activity and heat avoidance of mice. Experiments were conducted with eight female mice on the avoidance of heat stress over the ambient temperature range from 25 to 34 degrees C. Significant avoidance behavior of the animals was observed at Ta = 30 degrees C, becoming more noticeable as the ambient temperature was raised. When exposed to heat, the animals showed peaks of avoidance during the second half of the dark period. This result seemed closely related to the spontaneous activity pattern of mice which reached a maximum between 1800 and 2000 at each experimental temperature. In this experiment, mice were more apt to choose a comfortable place during their inactive period than during their active period. This hypothesis on the relation between mice's heat avoidance and spontaneous activity was supported by the results of an additional experiment conducted in a cold environment of Ta = 18 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:908676", "title": "Effect of ozone on bronchomotor response to inhaled histamine aerosol in dogs.", "content": "To study the effect of ozone on bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine diphosphate aerosol, we performed 14 experiments on 5 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (25-30 mg/kg, iv) and ventilated with a Harvard respirator. Prior to ozone exposure, inhalation of histamine aerosol (2% solution; 5 breaths) increased total pulmonary resistance (RL) 5.1 +/- 0.5 cmH2O/1 per s (mean +/- SE). One day after ozone exposure (0.7-1.2 ppm; 2 h), the base-line RL was not significantly changed (P greater than 0.05), but the increase of RL caused by histamine (10.7 +/- 1.1 cmH2O/1 per s) was greater than in the control state (P less than 0.01). When the dogs were pretreated with atropine sulfate aerosol (1.5% solution; 10 breaths), the increase of RL after histamine was decreased to 3.8 +/- 0.3 cmH2O/1 per s before ozone, and this was not significantly different after ozone (4.5 +/- 1.1 cmH2O/1 per s; P greater than 0.5). Cooling blockade of conduction in the vagus nerves diminished the increase of RL after histamine to 3.9 +/- 0.5 cmH2O/1 per s before ozone, and this was not significantly different after ozone (4.4 +/- 0.6 cmH2O/1 per s; P less than 0.5). Since both atropine and vagal cooling abolished the ozone-induced bronchial hyperirritability, we conclude that it is mediated via vagal cholinergic pathways.", "contents": "Effect of ozone on bronchomotor response to inhaled histamine aerosol in dogs. To study the effect of ozone on bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine diphosphate aerosol, we performed 14 experiments on 5 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (25-30 mg/kg, iv) and ventilated with a Harvard respirator. Prior to ozone exposure, inhalation of histamine aerosol (2% solution; 5 breaths) increased total pulmonary resistance (RL) 5.1 +/- 0.5 cmH2O/1 per s (mean +/- SE). One day after ozone exposure (0.7-1.2 ppm; 2 h), the base-line RL was not significantly changed (P greater than 0.05), but the increase of RL caused by histamine (10.7 +/- 1.1 cmH2O/1 per s) was greater than in the control state (P less than 0.01). When the dogs were pretreated with atropine sulfate aerosol (1.5% solution; 10 breaths), the increase of RL after histamine was decreased to 3.8 +/- 0.3 cmH2O/1 per s before ozone, and this was not significantly different after ozone (4.5 +/- 1.1 cmH2O/1 per s; P greater than 0.5). Cooling blockade of conduction in the vagus nerves diminished the increase of RL after histamine to 3.9 +/- 0.5 cmH2O/1 per s before ozone, and this was not significantly different after ozone (4.4 +/- 0.6 cmH2O/1 per s; P less than 0.5). Since both atropine and vagal cooling abolished the ozone-induced bronchial hyperirritability, we conclude that it is mediated via vagal cholinergic pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:908678", "title": "Bronchial reactivity: interaction between vagal stimulation and inhaled histamine.", "content": "The interaction between the effects of vagal stimulation and inhaled histamine on the bronchi was studied in anesthetized dogs. Reactivity was assessed by measuring changes in bronchial caliber visualized with tantalum bronchograms. In seven vagotomized dogs the bronchoconstrictor response to a combination of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves and inhaled histamine solution produced a mean reduction in airway diameter (Daw) of 2.21 mm which was significantly greater than the additive results of the two stimuli applied separately (mean decrease in Daw 0.29 +/- 0.91 mm). In three dogs the effect of vagal stimulation was to produce a shift in the dose-response curve to inhaled histamine. These results indicate that the effect of the base-line bronchomotor tone must be considered in the evaluation of the effect of vagal blockade on airway reactivity. An increase in the resting degree of bronchomotor tone may contribute to the hyperreactivity observed in patients with asthma.", "contents": "Bronchial reactivity: interaction between vagal stimulation and inhaled histamine. The interaction between the effects of vagal stimulation and inhaled histamine on the bronchi was studied in anesthetized dogs. Reactivity was assessed by measuring changes in bronchial caliber visualized with tantalum bronchograms. In seven vagotomized dogs the bronchoconstrictor response to a combination of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves and inhaled histamine solution produced a mean reduction in airway diameter (Daw) of 2.21 mm which was significantly greater than the additive results of the two stimuli applied separately (mean decrease in Daw 0.29 +/- 0.91 mm). In three dogs the effect of vagal stimulation was to produce a shift in the dose-response curve to inhaled histamine. These results indicate that the effect of the base-line bronchomotor tone must be considered in the evaluation of the effect of vagal blockade on airway reactivity. An increase in the resting degree of bronchomotor tone may contribute to the hyperreactivity observed in patients with asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:908679", "title": "Behavior of artificially produced holes in lung parenchyma.", "content": "Spherical and cylindrical holes were cut in the parenchyma of isolated dog lung lobes. The holes were insufflated with tantalum dust and the hole diameters were measured along the deflation limb of the lobe pressure-volume curve from transpulmonary pressures of 20 to 0 cmH2O. Hole volume as a fraction of lobe volume was found to be independent of transpulmonary pressure. The hole volume relative to the amount of tissue removed was used to determine the displacement at the hole boundary. A comparison of this displacement with the displacement predicted by a continuum mechanics analysis provides evidence for the applicability of the methods of continuum mechanics and further evidence that the shear modulus of the parenchyma is relatively small.", "contents": "Behavior of artificially produced holes in lung parenchyma. Spherical and cylindrical holes were cut in the parenchyma of isolated dog lung lobes. The holes were insufflated with tantalum dust and the hole diameters were measured along the deflation limb of the lobe pressure-volume curve from transpulmonary pressures of 20 to 0 cmH2O. Hole volume as a fraction of lobe volume was found to be independent of transpulmonary pressure. The hole volume relative to the amount of tissue removed was used to determine the displacement at the hole boundary. A comparison of this displacement with the displacement predicted by a continuum mechanics analysis provides evidence for the applicability of the methods of continuum mechanics and further evidence that the shear modulus of the parenchyma is relatively small."}
{"id": "PMID:908680", "title": "Potentiation of pulmonary vasoconstrictor response with repeated intermittent hypoxia.", "content": "To determine the consistency of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia, dogs were anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated alternately with air and 10% oxygen. Catheters were placed in the pulmonary artery for measurement of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and cardiac output and in the femoral artery for monitoring systemic blood pressure and arterial blood gases. Arterial PCO2 and pH were kept at steady levels throughout by ventilating the dogs with a respirator so that only the isolated effect of hypoxia on the pulmonary vasculature was studied. It was found that there was a progressive rise in the PAP with repeated exposure to the same hypoxic stimulus. In 12 dogs, the mean increase in the PAP was 28% above the base line on the 1st hypoxic exposure, rising to 99% by the 10th exposure over the course of 5 h. It was concluded that interpretation of action of agents blocking or enhancing the hypoxic response must take into account this inherent potentiation of the response on repeated exposure to hypoxia.", "contents": "Potentiation of pulmonary vasoconstrictor response with repeated intermittent hypoxia. To determine the consistency of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia, dogs were anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated alternately with air and 10% oxygen. Catheters were placed in the pulmonary artery for measurement of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and cardiac output and in the femoral artery for monitoring systemic blood pressure and arterial blood gases. Arterial PCO2 and pH were kept at steady levels throughout by ventilating the dogs with a respirator so that only the isolated effect of hypoxia on the pulmonary vasculature was studied. It was found that there was a progressive rise in the PAP with repeated exposure to the same hypoxic stimulus. In 12 dogs, the mean increase in the PAP was 28% above the base line on the 1st hypoxic exposure, rising to 99% by the 10th exposure over the course of 5 h. It was concluded that interpretation of action of agents blocking or enhancing the hypoxic response must take into account this inherent potentiation of the response on repeated exposure to hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:908681", "title": "Thermal effects of reproductive hormones on the sheep udder.", "content": "The thermal effect of reproductive hormones on the sheep udder was tested in five ewes at the end of their breeding season. Radiotelemetry was used to provide continuous recordings of deep body temperature (Tb), udder skin temperature (Tud), and back skin temperature (Tbk) while the animals were held in a controlled-environment isolation chamber. Injections of estradiol (1.0 and 2.5 mg, im) resulted in an increase in Tud, but not in Tb, and only occasionally in Tbk. The amplitude of the rise in Tud varied from 0.4 to 3.8 degrees C and the rise persisted over 48 h following injection. Injections of saline, prostaglandin (PGF2alpha), or progesterone did not affect Tud, and injections of pyrogen (typhoid vaccine) elicited only an insignificant change in Tud concurrent with substantial increases in Tb and Tbk.", "contents": "Thermal effects of reproductive hormones on the sheep udder. The thermal effect of reproductive hormones on the sheep udder was tested in five ewes at the end of their breeding season. Radiotelemetry was used to provide continuous recordings of deep body temperature (Tb), udder skin temperature (Tud), and back skin temperature (Tbk) while the animals were held in a controlled-environment isolation chamber. Injections of estradiol (1.0 and 2.5 mg, im) resulted in an increase in Tud, but not in Tb, and only occasionally in Tbk. The amplitude of the rise in Tud varied from 0.4 to 3.8 degrees C and the rise persisted over 48 h following injection. Injections of saline, prostaglandin (PGF2alpha), or progesterone did not affect Tud, and injections of pyrogen (typhoid vaccine) elicited only an insignificant change in Tud concurrent with substantial increases in Tb and Tbk."}
{"id": "PMID:908682", "title": "Muscle fiber activity as a function of speed and gait.", "content": "These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that locomotory gait transitions occur when some critical cross-sectional area of active muscle is reached as animals increase speed within a gait. We used glycogen depletion as evidence of muscle fiber activity and selected an experimental animal in which all muscle fibers in the locomotory muscles rely extensively on glycogen as a substrate--the lion. We found a high correlation between biochemically and histochemically determined rates of glycogen depletion (r = 0.906). Rates of glycogen depletion in the biceps femoris and triceps brachii muscles increased logarithmically with speed with no discontinuities at the gait transitions. However, we found large discontinuities both in the total cross-sectional area of muscle that showed depletion and in the rates at which the different types of fibers depleted glycogen at the trot-gallop transition. Our results indicate that 1) gait transition did not occur at a maximum tension level either for a particular type of fiber or the whole muscle, and 2) different configurations of motor units within an individual muscle may be recruited as an animal changes gait.", "contents": "Muscle fiber activity as a function of speed and gait. These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that locomotory gait transitions occur when some critical cross-sectional area of active muscle is reached as animals increase speed within a gait. We used glycogen depletion as evidence of muscle fiber activity and selected an experimental animal in which all muscle fibers in the locomotory muscles rely extensively on glycogen as a substrate--the lion. We found a high correlation between biochemically and histochemically determined rates of glycogen depletion (r = 0.906). Rates of glycogen depletion in the biceps femoris and triceps brachii muscles increased logarithmically with speed with no discontinuities at the gait transitions. However, we found large discontinuities both in the total cross-sectional area of muscle that showed depletion and in the rates at which the different types of fibers depleted glycogen at the trot-gallop transition. Our results indicate that 1) gait transition did not occur at a maximum tension level either for a particular type of fiber or the whole muscle, and 2) different configurations of motor units within an individual muscle may be recruited as an animal changes gait."}
{"id": "PMID:908684", "title": "Prediction of heat tolerance from heart rate and rectal temperature in a temperate environment.", "content": "To determine if heat tolerance could be predicted from responses to exercise in temperature conditions, 51 young men performed 15 min of bench stepping at an average work load of 80 W at 23 degrees C. On the following day they attempted to perform 3 h of bench stepping at 40 W in heat (39.3 degrees C dry bulb, 30.3 degrees C wet bulb). Of these subjects, 4 were heat intolerant, judged by previous heat stroke episodes during field marches, 12 were heat acclimated, and 35 were unacclimated. The heat-intolerant subjects showed the highest heart rates (HR) and rectal temperatures (Tre) at 23 degrees C and in heat, and the acclimated subjects showed the lowest corresponding values. HR and Tre in each environment were combined into a single score, from 10, indicating the poorest responses, to 100, indicating the best responses. These scores at 23 degrees C when correlated with the corresponding scores in heat resulted in a linear correlation coefficient of r = 0.94 with a standard error of estimate of 8.6%. Scores of the heat-intolerant subjects were below 35, and those of the acclimated subjects were between 70 and 100. Thus heat tolerance can accurately be predicted for HR and Tre responses to exercise at room temperature.", "contents": "Prediction of heat tolerance from heart rate and rectal temperature in a temperate environment. To determine if heat tolerance could be predicted from responses to exercise in temperature conditions, 51 young men performed 15 min of bench stepping at an average work load of 80 W at 23 degrees C. On the following day they attempted to perform 3 h of bench stepping at 40 W in heat (39.3 degrees C dry bulb, 30.3 degrees C wet bulb). Of these subjects, 4 were heat intolerant, judged by previous heat stroke episodes during field marches, 12 were heat acclimated, and 35 were unacclimated. The heat-intolerant subjects showed the highest heart rates (HR) and rectal temperatures (Tre) at 23 degrees C and in heat, and the acclimated subjects showed the lowest corresponding values. HR and Tre in each environment were combined into a single score, from 10, indicating the poorest responses, to 100, indicating the best responses. These scores at 23 degrees C when correlated with the corresponding scores in heat resulted in a linear correlation coefficient of r = 0.94 with a standard error of estimate of 8.6%. Scores of the heat-intolerant subjects were below 35, and those of the acclimated subjects were between 70 and 100. Thus heat tolerance can accurately be predicted for HR and Tre responses to exercise at room temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:908685", "title": "Effects of elevated plasma FFA and insulin on muscle glycogen usage during exercise.", "content": "Seven men were studied during 30 min of treadmill exercise (approximately 70% VO2 max) to determine the effects of increased availability of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and elevated plasma insulin on the utilization of muscle glycogen. This elevation of plasma FFA (1.01 mmol/1) with heparin (2,000 units) decreased the rate of muscle glycogen depletion by 40% as compared to the control experiment (FFA = 0.21 mmol/1). The ingestion of 75 g of glucose 45 min before exercise produced a 3.3-fold increase in plasma insulin and a 38% rise in plasma glucose at 0 min of exercise. Subsequent exercise increased muscle glycogen utilization and total carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation 17 and 13%, respectively, when compared to the control trial. This elevation of plasma insulin produced hypoglycemia (less than 3.5 mmol/1) in most subjects throughout the exercise. These data illustrate the regulatory influence of both plasma insulin and FFA on the rate of CHO usage during prolonged severe muscular activity.", "contents": "Effects of elevated plasma FFA and insulin on muscle glycogen usage during exercise. Seven men were studied during 30 min of treadmill exercise (approximately 70% VO2 max) to determine the effects of increased availability of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and elevated plasma insulin on the utilization of muscle glycogen. This elevation of plasma FFA (1.01 mmol/1) with heparin (2,000 units) decreased the rate of muscle glycogen depletion by 40% as compared to the control experiment (FFA = 0.21 mmol/1). The ingestion of 75 g of glucose 45 min before exercise produced a 3.3-fold increase in plasma insulin and a 38% rise in plasma glucose at 0 min of exercise. Subsequent exercise increased muscle glycogen utilization and total carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation 17 and 13%, respectively, when compared to the control trial. This elevation of plasma insulin produced hypoglycemia (less than 3.5 mmol/1) in most subjects throughout the exercise. These data illustrate the regulatory influence of both plasma insulin and FFA on the rate of CHO usage during prolonged severe muscular activity."}
{"id": "PMID:908686", "title": "Biochemical adaptation of human skeletal muscle to heavy resistance training and immobilization.", "content": "Nine healthy subjects were studied under control conditions and following 5 mo of heavy resistance training and 5 wk of immobilization in elbow casts. Needle biopsies were taken from triceps brachii and analyzed for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), creatine (C), creatine phosphate (CP, and glycogen concentrations. Training resulted in an 11% increase in arm circumference and a 28% increase in maximal elbow extension strength. Immobilization resulted in decreases in arm circumference and elbow extension strength of 5% and 35%, respectively. Training also resulted in significant increases in resting concentrations of muscle creatine (by 39%), CP (by 22%), ATP (by 18%), and glycogen (by 66%). Conversely, immobilization significantly reduced CP concentration by 25% and glycogen concentration by 40%. It was concluded that heavy-resistance training results in increases in muscle energy reserves which may be reversed by a period of immobilization-induced disuse.", "contents": "Biochemical adaptation of human skeletal muscle to heavy resistance training and immobilization. Nine healthy subjects were studied under control conditions and following 5 mo of heavy resistance training and 5 wk of immobilization in elbow casts. Needle biopsies were taken from triceps brachii and analyzed for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), creatine (C), creatine phosphate (CP, and glycogen concentrations. Training resulted in an 11% increase in arm circumference and a 28% increase in maximal elbow extension strength. Immobilization resulted in decreases in arm circumference and elbow extension strength of 5% and 35%, respectively. Training also resulted in significant increases in resting concentrations of muscle creatine (by 39%), CP (by 22%), ATP (by 18%), and glycogen (by 66%). Conversely, immobilization significantly reduced CP concentration by 25% and glycogen concentration by 40%. It was concluded that heavy-resistance training results in increases in muscle energy reserves which may be reversed by a period of immobilization-induced disuse."}
{"id": "PMID:908687", "title": "Kinetics of gas exchange and ventilation in transitions from rest or prior exercise.", "content": "Seven normal subjects each performed three transitions to a subanaerobic threshold work rate on a cycle ergometer: 1) from rest, 2) from a low work rate (both at 60 rpm), and 3) from a low work rate at 40 rpm to the high work rate at 80 rpm. Oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), and ventilation (VE) were computed breath-by-breath and response kinetics extracted. The mean half-times of VO2, VCO2, and VE were 32, 44, and 49 s, respectively, and were not appreciably affected by the prior exercise or by variation of pedal rate. The kinetics of VE was highly correlated with VCO2 (r = 0.94), with VCO2 leading VE, providing further description of the relation of the exercise hyperpnea to CO2 flow to the lungs.", "contents": "Kinetics of gas exchange and ventilation in transitions from rest or prior exercise. Seven normal subjects each performed three transitions to a subanaerobic threshold work rate on a cycle ergometer: 1) from rest, 2) from a low work rate (both at 60 rpm), and 3) from a low work rate at 40 rpm to the high work rate at 80 rpm. Oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), and ventilation (VE) were computed breath-by-breath and response kinetics extracted. The mean half-times of VO2, VCO2, and VE were 32, 44, and 49 s, respectively, and were not appreciably affected by the prior exercise or by variation of pedal rate. The kinetics of VE was highly correlated with VCO2 (r = 0.94), with VCO2 leading VE, providing further description of the relation of the exercise hyperpnea to CO2 flow to the lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:908688", "title": "Fatty acid profile and cholesterol in skeletal muscle of trained and untrained men.", "content": "To compare the fatty acid distribution and cholesterol composition in trained and untrained isolated skeletal muscle membranes, a needle biopsy was performed on the vastus lateralis of the 10 distance runners and 10 sedentary men. The muscle sample was homogenized and centrifuged at 100,000 X g; the resulting pellet was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography for individual fatty acids and cholesterol. The percentage of palmitic acid was significantly lower in the trained muscle tissue. Samples from the distance runners also tended to have a more frequent appearance of linolenic and eicosatrienoic acids, longer fatty acid hydrocarbon chains, and lower cholesterol concentration. It was concluded that trained muscles have an increased membrane fluidity which could beneficially affect the activity of membrane-bound enzymes and active transport. Longer chain length in the membrane lipids may be a means of producing an inner membrane cohesiveness in muscles of trained individuals.", "contents": "Fatty acid profile and cholesterol in skeletal muscle of trained and untrained men. To compare the fatty acid distribution and cholesterol composition in trained and untrained isolated skeletal muscle membranes, a needle biopsy was performed on the vastus lateralis of the 10 distance runners and 10 sedentary men. The muscle sample was homogenized and centrifuged at 100,000 X g; the resulting pellet was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography for individual fatty acids and cholesterol. The percentage of palmitic acid was significantly lower in the trained muscle tissue. Samples from the distance runners also tended to have a more frequent appearance of linolenic and eicosatrienoic acids, longer fatty acid hydrocarbon chains, and lower cholesterol concentration. It was concluded that trained muscles have an increased membrane fluidity which could beneficially affect the activity of membrane-bound enzymes and active transport. Longer chain length in the membrane lipids may be a means of producing an inner membrane cohesiveness in muscles of trained individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:908689", "title": "End-respiratory pressure ventilation and sulfobromophthalein sodium excretion in dogs.", "content": "Sulfobromophthalein sodium (BSP) 25 mg/kg body wt was given as a single iv injection to 32 fasted dogs. Serum samples at 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 80, and 120 min postinjection were analyzed for total concentration of BSP and from 30 to 120 min for percent conjugated BSP. Four groups were compared: spontaneous ventilation; intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) and continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV) (2 groups). During CPPV, one group of dogs was given a continuous infusion of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8, 1 ng/kg per min). Central venous pressure averaged 11.3 +/- 0.7 (SE) cmH2O in dogs with CPPV + CCK-8 and 11.8 +/- 0.8 (SE) cmH2O in dogs with CPPV alone. At 3, 5, and 10 min postinjection serum BSP levels were similar in all groups. From 30 to 120 min postinjection serum levels of both free and conjugated BSP were higher in dogs ventilated with CPPV alone than in any other group (P less than 0.01). Dogs given CCK-8 during CPPV had serum BSP levels that were statistically similar to dogs breathing spontaneously or ventilated with IPPV. We conclude that CPPV impairs BSP excretion. This effect is counteracted by CCK-8.", "contents": "End-respiratory pressure ventilation and sulfobromophthalein sodium excretion in dogs. Sulfobromophthalein sodium (BSP) 25 mg/kg body wt was given as a single iv injection to 32 fasted dogs. Serum samples at 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 80, and 120 min postinjection were analyzed for total concentration of BSP and from 30 to 120 min for percent conjugated BSP. Four groups were compared: spontaneous ventilation; intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) and continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV) (2 groups). During CPPV, one group of dogs was given a continuous infusion of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8, 1 ng/kg per min). Central venous pressure averaged 11.3 +/- 0.7 (SE) cmH2O in dogs with CPPV + CCK-8 and 11.8 +/- 0.8 (SE) cmH2O in dogs with CPPV alone. At 3, 5, and 10 min postinjection serum BSP levels were similar in all groups. From 30 to 120 min postinjection serum levels of both free and conjugated BSP were higher in dogs ventilated with CPPV alone than in any other group (P less than 0.01). Dogs given CCK-8 during CPPV had serum BSP levels that were statistically similar to dogs breathing spontaneously or ventilated with IPPV. We conclude that CPPV impairs BSP excretion. This effect is counteracted by CCK-8."}
{"id": "PMID:908691", "title": "Instrumentation for measuring functional residual capacity in small animals.", "content": "A system for measuring functional residual capacity (FRC) by the dilution method was evaluated to determine its suitability for use in neonates and small animals. The system makes use of rapid, automatically triggered valves for precise closure at end expiration. Results of a theoretical error analysis and experimental in vitro tests are presented and indicate that the measuring error in FRC is related to the FRC-to-initial rebreathing bag volume ratio. With a 200-ml bag volume one standard deviation of the calculated error was 16% for a 50-ml, 9.1% for a 100-ml, and 5.8% for a 200-ml FRC.", "contents": "Instrumentation for measuring functional residual capacity in small animals. A system for measuring functional residual capacity (FRC) by the dilution method was evaluated to determine its suitability for use in neonates and small animals. The system makes use of rapid, automatically triggered valves for precise closure at end expiration. Results of a theoretical error analysis and experimental in vitro tests are presented and indicate that the measuring error in FRC is related to the FRC-to-initial rebreathing bag volume ratio. With a 200-ml bag volume one standard deviation of the calculated error was 16% for a 50-ml, 9.1% for a 100-ml, and 5.8% for a 200-ml FRC."}
{"id": "PMID:908692", "title": "Use of video-taped patient interview simulation in psychiatric medical education.", "content": "Described is the development of several video-taped simulated psychiatric patient interviews, how they are used in the medical school curriculum at the University of Southern California, and the advantages of simulating patients for medical educational purposes.", "contents": "Use of video-taped patient interview simulation in psychiatric medical education. Described is the development of several video-taped simulated psychiatric patient interviews, how they are used in the medical school curriculum at the University of Southern California, and the advantages of simulating patients for medical educational purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:908694", "title": "Biochemical and metabolic characteristics of articular cartilage from osteonecrotic human femoral heads.", "content": "The cartilage from nine osteonecrotic femoral heads (six post-traumatic and three corticoid-induced) was obtained at the time of total hip replacement and studied by biochemical and metabolic techniques. The data obtained were compared with those previously obtained in normal hips and were correlated with diagnosis, topographical site, histology, and grading according to a histological-histochemical technique previously described. The results demonstrated surprisingly good preservation of cartilage and no significant alteration in the biochemical and metabolic parameters. These findings showed limited correlation with the topographical site and no correlation with the cause of the necrosis or histological alteration. The results do not support concepts of either accelerated metabolic activity or chondrolytic change.", "contents": "Biochemical and metabolic characteristics of articular cartilage from osteonecrotic human femoral heads. The cartilage from nine osteonecrotic femoral heads (six post-traumatic and three corticoid-induced) was obtained at the time of total hip replacement and studied by biochemical and metabolic techniques. The data obtained were compared with those previously obtained in normal hips and were correlated with diagnosis, topographical site, histology, and grading according to a histological-histochemical technique previously described. The results demonstrated surprisingly good preservation of cartilage and no significant alteration in the biochemical and metabolic parameters. These findings showed limited correlation with the topographical site and no correlation with the cause of the necrosis or histological alteration. The results do not support concepts of either accelerated metabolic activity or chondrolytic change."}
{"id": "PMID:908695", "title": "Fat-cell changes as a mechanism of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in cortisone-treated rabbits.", "content": "Large doses of cortisone were given to growing and adult rabbits over a five-month period to produce avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The cortisone caused an increase in the serum cholesterol, fatty metamorphosis of the liver, and fat emboli visible in sections of the femur and humerus. These emboli partially obliterated the microcirculation of the subchondral vessels of both femoral and humeral heads. The average diameter of the marrow fat cells also increased more than ten micrometers. This increase in cell volume might be significant because in the closed chamber of the femoral head it could increase tissue pressure, diminish perfusion, and be the mechanism for avascular necrosis induced by cortisone.", "contents": "Fat-cell changes as a mechanism of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in cortisone-treated rabbits. Large doses of cortisone were given to growing and adult rabbits over a five-month period to produce avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The cortisone caused an increase in the serum cholesterol, fatty metamorphosis of the liver, and fat emboli visible in sections of the femur and humerus. These emboli partially obliterated the microcirculation of the subchondral vessels of both femoral and humeral heads. The average diameter of the marrow fat cells also increased more than ten micrometers. This increase in cell volume might be significant because in the closed chamber of the femoral head it could increase tissue pressure, diminish perfusion, and be the mechanism for avascular necrosis induced by cortisone."}
{"id": "PMID:908696", "title": "Patellar-tendon transfer by the slot-block method for recurrent subluxation and dislocation of the patella.", "content": "In sixty-five knees followed for an average of 4.5 years after treatment of subluxation or dislocation of the patella by the slot-block method of medial patellar-tendon transfer, the results were satisfactory in fifty-four (83%) and unsatisfactory in eleven (17%). Recurrent subluxation or dislocation occurred in three (5%) of the knees and was attributed to insufficient displacement. Chondromalacia of the patella became worse after transfer in three of the sixty-two knees in which the distal realignment was technically correct. Two knees (3%) required patellectomy because of patellofemoral symptoms and there were nineteen complications in seventeen knees, including loss of motion in six, wound infection in six, displacement of the bone block in three, recurrent dislocation in three, and rupture of the patellar ligament in one. The method is believed to give superior results but it is technically demanding.", "contents": "Patellar-tendon transfer by the slot-block method for recurrent subluxation and dislocation of the patella. In sixty-five knees followed for an average of 4.5 years after treatment of subluxation or dislocation of the patella by the slot-block method of medial patellar-tendon transfer, the results were satisfactory in fifty-four (83%) and unsatisfactory in eleven (17%). Recurrent subluxation or dislocation occurred in three (5%) of the knees and was attributed to insufficient displacement. Chondromalacia of the patella became worse after transfer in three of the sixty-two knees in which the distal realignment was technically correct. Two knees (3%) required patellectomy because of patellofemoral symptoms and there were nineteen complications in seventeen knees, including loss of motion in six, wound infection in six, displacement of the bone block in three, recurrent dislocation in three, and rupture of the patellar ligament in one. The method is believed to give superior results but it is technically demanding."}
{"id": "PMID:908697", "title": "Fractures of the distal femoral epiphyses. Factors influencing prognosis: a review of thirty-four cases.", "content": "In a review of thirty-four fractures through the distal femoral epiphyseal plate followed for an average of four years, limb-length discrepancy of 2.0 centimeters or more (measured roentgenographically) occurred in 36% and varus or valgus deformity measured as a difference of 5 degrees or more between the involved and uninvolved extremities occurred in 33%. Reconstructive procedures (osteotomy, epiphyseodesis, or both) were required in 20%. Limitation of knee motion (eleven patients), ligament laxity (eight patients), and quadriceps atrophy (five patients) were also observed. Prognoses made on the basis of the Salter-Harris classification alone were not reliable. The development of deformity appears to be related to the degree of initial displacement of the fracture, the exactness of the reduction, and the type of fracture.", "contents": "Fractures of the distal femoral epiphyses. Factors influencing prognosis: a review of thirty-four cases. In a review of thirty-four fractures through the distal femoral epiphyseal plate followed for an average of four years, limb-length discrepancy of 2.0 centimeters or more (measured roentgenographically) occurred in 36% and varus or valgus deformity measured as a difference of 5 degrees or more between the involved and uninvolved extremities occurred in 33%. Reconstructive procedures (osteotomy, epiphyseodesis, or both) were required in 20%. Limitation of knee motion (eleven patients), ligament laxity (eight patients), and quadriceps atrophy (five patients) were also observed. Prognoses made on the basis of the Salter-Harris classification alone were not reliable. The development of deformity appears to be related to the degree of initial displacement of the fracture, the exactness of the reduction, and the type of fracture."}
{"id": "PMID:908698", "title": "Total hip replacement and femoral-head bone-grafting for severe acetabular deficiency in adults.", "content": "We performed total hip replacement in twenty-seven hips of twenty-two patients with osteoarthritis secondary to congenital dislocation, congenital dysplasia, or acetabular insufficiency due to persistent fracture-dislocation. The femoral head was used as a bone graft, attaching it to the acetabular wall to provide bone stock for reconstruction. There were few postoperative complications. In thirteen hips followed for over one year, all grafts appeared to be united and none showed evidence of resorption. Eleven of the thirteen hips were pain-free and two were slightly painful. Eleven hips had a range of motion of 90 degrees or more.", "contents": "Total hip replacement and femoral-head bone-grafting for severe acetabular deficiency in adults. We performed total hip replacement in twenty-seven hips of twenty-two patients with osteoarthritis secondary to congenital dislocation, congenital dysplasia, or acetabular insufficiency due to persistent fracture-dislocation. The femoral head was used as a bone graft, attaching it to the acetabular wall to provide bone stock for reconstruction. There were few postoperative complications. In thirteen hips followed for over one year, all grafts appeared to be united and none showed evidence of resorption. Eleven of the thirteen hips were pain-free and two were slightly painful. Eleven hips had a range of motion of 90 degrees or more."}
{"id": "PMID:908700", "title": "Partial or total meniscectomy: a comparative analysis.", "content": "We studied a total of 128 cases of meniscectomy, eighty-nine total and thirty-nine partial, and evaluated the relative postoperative morbidity. The patients who had a partial meniscectomy had a shorter hospital stay and spent less time using crutches. Those with a total meniscectomy had four times the incidence of major postoperative complications. Partial meniscectomy gave better subjective functional results and better anatomical results in all the criteria studied.", "contents": "Partial or total meniscectomy: a comparative analysis. We studied a total of 128 cases of meniscectomy, eighty-nine total and thirty-nine partial, and evaluated the relative postoperative morbidity. The patients who had a partial meniscectomy had a shorter hospital stay and spent less time using crutches. Those with a total meniscectomy had four times the incidence of major postoperative complications. Partial meniscectomy gave better subjective functional results and better anatomical results in all the criteria studied."}
{"id": "PMID:908701", "title": "Stress fractures of the medial tibial plateau.", "content": "In a review of thirty-six patients with fifty-seven stress fractures of the medial tibial plateau, I found that limitation of activity was universally successful in treatment. Neither displacement of the fracture nor recurrence of symptoms after healing were seen. The main danger in this entity is misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment.", "contents": "Stress fractures of the medial tibial plateau. In a review of thirty-six patients with fifty-seven stress fractures of the medial tibial plateau, I found that limitation of activity was universally successful in treatment. Neither displacement of the fracture nor recurrence of symptoms after healing were seen. The main danger in this entity is misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:908703", "title": "Synovial osteochondromatosis: a histopathological study of thirty cases.", "content": "In thirty cases of synovial osteochondromatosis studied clinically and pathologically, the process appeared to follow a temporal sequence characterized by three recognizable phases (1) active intrasynovial disease only, with no loose bodies; (2) transitional lesions with both active intrasynovial proliferation and free loose bodies; and (3) multiple free osteochondral bodies with no demonstrable intrasynovial disease. If gross examination at the time of surgery shows that the disease is in the third phase, it would appear that synovectomy may not be necessary. However, extrasynovial intra-articular cartilaginous lesions may persist after synovectomy in the other two phases and may grow, causing recurrence of clinical symptoms in the absence of new intrasynovial disease.", "contents": "Synovial osteochondromatosis: a histopathological study of thirty cases. In thirty cases of synovial osteochondromatosis studied clinically and pathologically, the process appeared to follow a temporal sequence characterized by three recognizable phases (1) active intrasynovial disease only, with no loose bodies; (2) transitional lesions with both active intrasynovial proliferation and free loose bodies; and (3) multiple free osteochondral bodies with no demonstrable intrasynovial disease. If gross examination at the time of surgery shows that the disease is in the third phase, it would appear that synovectomy may not be necessary. However, extrasynovial intra-articular cartilaginous lesions may persist after synovectomy in the other two phases and may grow, causing recurrence of clinical symptoms in the absence of new intrasynovial disease."}
{"id": "PMID:908704", "title": "Membranous lipodystrophy: a clinicopathological study of six cases.", "content": "Membranous lipodystrophy apparently is a new disease, first reported and named by Nasu and associates 31 in 1971. We have collected six cases of this disease. The initial manifestation was articular pain at adolescence. Symmetrical changes in the bones of the extremities then appeared and the disease seemed to progress slowly with age. The younger patients exhibited only skeletal pain or fractures, while the older patients had some neuropsychiatric changes. Three of the patients died in middle age. The cystic bone lesions contained a yellow, lipid-like substance which histologically showed a characteristic membranocystic appearance. Electron microscopic study showed unique features, but biochemical analysis of the substance did not reveal a definable abnormality.", "contents": "Membranous lipodystrophy: a clinicopathological study of six cases. Membranous lipodystrophy apparently is a new disease, first reported and named by Nasu and associates 31 in 1971. We have collected six cases of this disease. The initial manifestation was articular pain at adolescence. Symmetrical changes in the bones of the extremities then appeared and the disease seemed to progress slowly with age. The younger patients exhibited only skeletal pain or fractures, while the older patients had some neuropsychiatric changes. Three of the patients died in middle age. The cystic bone lesions contained a yellow, lipid-like substance which histologically showed a characteristic membranocystic appearance. Electron microscopic study showed unique features, but biochemical analysis of the substance did not reveal a definable abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:908705", "title": "Bone grafts with microvascular anastomoses of vascular pedicles: an experimental study in dogs.", "content": "Using microvascular anastomoses of artery and vein, bone grafts with vascular pedicles from the rib were transferred to inlay and bridge defects in the femora of forty-two dogs. The osteocytes of the pedicle graft were not affected, and neither necrosis nor creeping substitution occurred in the grafted bone. The pedicle bone grafts united to the recipient bed earlier than did the non-pedicle bone grafts, and the rate of non-union of the pedicle bone grafts was lower than that of the non-pedicle grafts.", "contents": "Bone grafts with microvascular anastomoses of vascular pedicles: an experimental study in dogs. Using microvascular anastomoses of artery and vein, bone grafts with vascular pedicles from the rib were transferred to inlay and bridge defects in the femora of forty-two dogs. The osteocytes of the pedicle graft were not affected, and neither necrosis nor creeping substitution occurred in the grafted bone. The pedicle bone grafts united to the recipient bed earlier than did the non-pedicle bone grafts, and the rate of non-union of the pedicle bone grafts was lower than that of the non-pedicle grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:908706", "title": "Congenital vertical talus: treatment by open reduction and navicular excision.", "content": "Twelve patients with sixteen feet showing true congenital vertical talus were treated at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh by excision of the navicular as an adjunct to open reduction. When these children were evaluated two to fifteen years after naviculectomy, all were asymptomatic and fully active. Except for one Achilles-tendon lengthening (three months after naviculectomy), none had required further surgical procedures. Fifteen feet were examined in detail. Assessed on an anatomical basis, three of the feet were excellent; seven, good; four, fair; and one, poor. The best results were obtained in the patients who were eighteen months old or younger at the time of operation.", "contents": "Congenital vertical talus: treatment by open reduction and navicular excision. Twelve patients with sixteen feet showing true congenital vertical talus were treated at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh by excision of the navicular as an adjunct to open reduction. When these children were evaluated two to fifteen years after naviculectomy, all were asymptomatic and fully active. Except for one Achilles-tendon lengthening (three months after naviculectomy), none had required further surgical procedures. Fifteen feet were examined in detail. Assessed on an anatomical basis, three of the feet were excellent; seven, good; four, fair; and one, poor. The best results were obtained in the patients who were eighteen months old or younger at the time of operation."}
{"id": "PMID:908714", "title": "Deep wound sepsis following total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "After follow-ups ranging from two to five years on all but four (five hips) of 2,694 patients who had 3,215 total hip arthroplasties, deep wound infection had been demonstrated in forty-two hips (1.3 per cent). The infections among the 3,210 hips appeared during the immediate postoperative period or as long as five years after surgery. All operations were performed in conventional operating rooms. Previous operations, prolonged operating time, positive culture at operation, and unrecognized preoperative sepsis were related to the development of deep infection. In only eight of the forty-one patients (forty-two hips) was salvage of the prosthetic arthroplasty possible. The deaths of tree patients were directly attributable to the infection or its treatment.", "contents": "Deep wound sepsis following total hip arthroplasty. After follow-ups ranging from two to five years on all but four (five hips) of 2,694 patients who had 3,215 total hip arthroplasties, deep wound infection had been demonstrated in forty-two hips (1.3 per cent). The infections among the 3,210 hips appeared during the immediate postoperative period or as long as five years after surgery. All operations were performed in conventional operating rooms. Previous operations, prolonged operating time, positive culture at operation, and unrecognized preoperative sepsis were related to the development of deep infection. In only eight of the forty-one patients (forty-two hips) was salvage of the prosthetic arthroplasty possible. The deaths of tree patients were directly attributable to the infection or its treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:908715", "title": "The penetration characteristics of cefazolin, cephalothin, and cephradine into bone in patients undergoing total hip replacement.", "content": "Preoperatively, to prevent infection, seventy-one patients who were to have total hip arthroplasty were given one gram of cephalothin, cephradine, or cefazolin intravenously. Simultaneous samples of bone and serum were obtained after various time intervals and assayed for cephalosporin concentration to correlate the antibiotic concentrations in these sites with time. Of the cephalosporins tested, cefazolin achieved the highest total peak levels in bone (thirty micrograms per gram), followed in descending order by cephradine (twenty-three micrograms per gram) and cephalothin (2.8 micrograms per gram). These peak levels in bone, reached twenty-five to forty minutes after injection, were sixty, 6.7, and fifteen times higher than the usual mean minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefazolin, cephradine, and cephalothin, respectively, for penicillin-resistant staphylococci. The half-lives of the antibiotics in bone were forty-two, forty, and thirty minutes, respectively.", "contents": "The penetration characteristics of cefazolin, cephalothin, and cephradine into bone in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Preoperatively, to prevent infection, seventy-one patients who were to have total hip arthroplasty were given one gram of cephalothin, cephradine, or cefazolin intravenously. Simultaneous samples of bone and serum were obtained after various time intervals and assayed for cephalosporin concentration to correlate the antibiotic concentrations in these sites with time. Of the cephalosporins tested, cefazolin achieved the highest total peak levels in bone (thirty micrograms per gram), followed in descending order by cephradine (twenty-three micrograms per gram) and cephalothin (2.8 micrograms per gram). These peak levels in bone, reached twenty-five to forty minutes after injection, were sixty, 6.7, and fifteen times higher than the usual mean minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefazolin, cephradine, and cephalothin, respectively, for penicillin-resistant staphylococci. The half-lives of the antibiotics in bone were forty-two, forty, and thirty minutes, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:908716", "title": "Metal sensitivity before and after total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "Of 212 patients undergoing total hip replacement who were tested preoperatively for sensitivity to nickel, chromium, and cobalt, fourteen showed sensitivity. No sensitivity to the bone cement was recorded. Of 173 patients who had never had a metal implant before, 5.8 per cent showed a positive reaction. Two patients out of fifteen with a failed McKee-Farrar prosthesis were found to be sensitive. Of six patients who had a stable McKee-Farrar prosthesis in the other hip, none showed sensitivity to the metal. In four of sixty-six patients, sensitivity to nickel or cobalt developed after the implantation of a metal-to-plastic prosthesis. No patients were sensitized to the cement. The consequences of proved hypersensitivity in patients with metal-to-plastic prostheses, either present prior to insertion of the prosthesis or evoked by the implant material, are not known.", "contents": "Metal sensitivity before and after total hip arthroplasty. Of 212 patients undergoing total hip replacement who were tested preoperatively for sensitivity to nickel, chromium, and cobalt, fourteen showed sensitivity. No sensitivity to the bone cement was recorded. Of 173 patients who had never had a metal implant before, 5.8 per cent showed a positive reaction. Two patients out of fifteen with a failed McKee-Farrar prosthesis were found to be sensitive. Of six patients who had a stable McKee-Farrar prosthesis in the other hip, none showed sensitivity to the metal. In four of sixty-six patients, sensitivity to nickel or cobalt developed after the implantation of a metal-to-plastic prosthesis. No patients were sensitized to the cement. The consequences of proved hypersensitivity in patients with metal-to-plastic prostheses, either present prior to insertion of the prosthesis or evoked by the implant material, are not known."}
{"id": "PMID:908717", "title": "Methylmethacrylate as an adjunct in spinal instrumentation.", "content": "Sixteen patients with scoliosis were treated with Harrington-rod instrumentation supplemented by methylmethacrylate fixation at the distraction sites to reduce the possibility of dislodgement of a hook due to inferior bone stock or the patients' inability to cooperate postoperatively because of mental insufficiency or involuntary-movement disorders. Follow-up ranged from six to thirty-eight months (average, fourteen and one-half months). There were no complications related to the use of methylmethacrylate in these patients.", "contents": "Methylmethacrylate as an adjunct in spinal instrumentation. Sixteen patients with scoliosis were treated with Harrington-rod instrumentation supplemented by methylmethacrylate fixation at the distraction sites to reduce the possibility of dislodgement of a hook due to inferior bone stock or the patients' inability to cooperate postoperatively because of mental insufficiency or involuntary-movement disorders. Follow-up ranged from six to thirty-eight months (average, fourteen and one-half months). There were no complications related to the use of methylmethacrylate in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:908718", "title": "Scintigraphic findings in stress fractures.", "content": "Forty-two patients suspected of having stress fractures were evaluated by serial roentgenograms and by one total-body scan with detailed views of suspicious areas. Stress fracture was the ultimate clinical diagnosis in twenty-one patients, and in fifteen of them the roentgenograms were normal while the scintigram was positive. The false negative rate for the roentgenograms was 71 per cent. In eleven of the fifteen patients, the roentgenograms eventually became positive. There were five positive scintigrams from causes other than stress fracture, giving a false positive rate for scintigraphy of 24 per cent. The bones with stress fractures included the metatarsals, calcaneus, tibia, femur, and fibula.", "contents": "Scintigraphic findings in stress fractures. Forty-two patients suspected of having stress fractures were evaluated by serial roentgenograms and by one total-body scan with detailed views of suspicious areas. Stress fracture was the ultimate clinical diagnosis in twenty-one patients, and in fifteen of them the roentgenograms were normal while the scintigram was positive. The false negative rate for the roentgenograms was 71 per cent. In eleven of the fifteen patients, the roentgenograms eventually became positive. There were five positive scintigrams from causes other than stress fracture, giving a false positive rate for scintigraphy of 24 per cent. The bones with stress fractures included the metatarsals, calcaneus, tibia, femur, and fibula."}
{"id": "PMID:908719", "title": "Blood alcohol and fat embolism syndrome.", "content": "In an analysis of the cases of 100 consecutive patients with diaphyseal fractures in the major bones of the lower limb, the incidence of fat embolism syndrome was 17 per cent. The blood alcohol level was determined at the time of admission. A raised level of alcohol in the blood was associated with a lower incidence of fat embolism.", "contents": "Blood alcohol and fat embolism syndrome. In an analysis of the cases of 100 consecutive patients with diaphyseal fractures in the major bones of the lower limb, the incidence of fat embolism syndrome was 17 per cent. The blood alcohol level was determined at the time of admission. A raised level of alcohol in the blood was associated with a lower incidence of fat embolism."}
{"id": "PMID:908720", "title": "Kienb\u00f6ck's disease: the role of silicone replacement arthroplasty.", "content": "A review of thirty-eight patients with Kienb\u00f6ck's disease indicated that both delay in diagnosis and prolonged treatment by plaster immobilization led to progressive collapse of the lunate and an unsatisfactory result in most instances. Four clinical and roentgenographic stages were identified, and the results of silicone replacement arthroplasty were correlated with the preoperative stage after an average follow-up of twenty-seven months. The results were satisfactory in fourteen of twenty wrists in which the procedure was performed before collapse of the lunate had occurred. The importance of early diagnosis and early surgical treatment of this disorder was emphasized by the findings in this study.", "contents": "Kienb\u00f6ck's disease: the role of silicone replacement arthroplasty. A review of thirty-eight patients with Kienb\u00f6ck's disease indicated that both delay in diagnosis and prolonged treatment by plaster immobilization led to progressive collapse of the lunate and an unsatisfactory result in most instances. Four clinical and roentgenographic stages were identified, and the results of silicone replacement arthroplasty were correlated with the preoperative stage after an average follow-up of twenty-seven months. The results were satisfactory in fourteen of twenty wrists in which the procedure was performed before collapse of the lunate had occurred. The importance of early diagnosis and early surgical treatment of this disorder was emphasized by the findings in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:908721", "title": "The use of paratenon, polyethylene film, or silastic sheeting to prevent restricting adhesions to tendons in the hand.", "content": "We treated 132 patients by insertion of paratenon, polyethylene, or Silastic between a digital tendon and a bone, ligament, or fixed fascial structure to prevent adhesions. From 1950 to 1974, autogenous paratenon was used in thirty patients; from 1956 to 1965, polyethylene film was used in sixty-three patients; and from 1965 to 1974, Silastic sheeting was used in thirty-nine patients. By comparing the preoperative and postoperative measurements of joint motion and the changes in the distance separating the pulp of a finger from the palm during flexion, these patients were calssified as improved, unchanged, or worse. In some areas the material used appeared to make little difference, but in other areas one or the other was superior. Silastic sheeting (non-reinforced) proved to be the best material for most conditions, but it should not be employed when the skin is of poor quality or beneath a pedicle flap, and it should not be used adjacent to a tendon graft in an area that has recovered from an infection. Under those circumstances, paratenon is the preferred material.", "contents": "The use of paratenon, polyethylene film, or silastic sheeting to prevent restricting adhesions to tendons in the hand. We treated 132 patients by insertion of paratenon, polyethylene, or Silastic between a digital tendon and a bone, ligament, or fixed fascial structure to prevent adhesions. From 1950 to 1974, autogenous paratenon was used in thirty patients; from 1956 to 1965, polyethylene film was used in sixty-three patients; and from 1965 to 1974, Silastic sheeting was used in thirty-nine patients. By comparing the preoperative and postoperative measurements of joint motion and the changes in the distance separating the pulp of a finger from the palm during flexion, these patients were calssified as improved, unchanged, or worse. In some areas the material used appeared to make little difference, but in other areas one or the other was superior. Silastic sheeting (non-reinforced) proved to be the best material for most conditions, but it should not be employed when the skin is of poor quality or beneath a pedicle flap, and it should not be used adjacent to a tendon graft in an area that has recovered from an infection. Under those circumstances, paratenon is the preferred material."}
{"id": "PMID:908722", "title": "Percutaneous fixation of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.", "content": "Of 1,118 supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children treated over a six-year period, 189 are described with a follow-up of more than two years. These patients were treated with closed reduction and percutaneous fixation of the fragments with two wires. Eighty-five per cent of the final results were satisfactory.", "contents": "Percutaneous fixation of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Of 1,118 supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children treated over a six-year period, 189 are described with a follow-up of more than two years. These patients were treated with closed reduction and percutaneous fixation of the fragments with two wires. Eighty-five per cent of the final results were satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:908723", "title": "Cast-bracing for fractures of the femur. A preliminary report of a modified device.", "content": "The second-generation cast-brace system offers some advantages over previous systems of cast-brace treatment for fractures of the femur. Because the thigh section is adjustable, loosening of the cast-brace is not a problem. The device can be applied earlier and need not be reapplied when the girth of the thigh is reduced. Using a roller traction system, the cast-brace can also be used initially for traction and suspension without the complexity of traditional systems. With the use of commercially available plastic knee joints, special skills in alignment of the joints are not necessary, and no specially trained personnel need be on hand. The lightweight thigh section coupled to custom-fit plaster leg section, with the foot and ankle free, are less bulky than a totally plaster cast-brace with metal side joints. Walking may be begun earlier with the device, and in-patient hospital time is reduced. However, this system requires a high level of patient cooperation in that the patient is free to adjust the system himself and, therefore, the system may not be safe for application in all settings.", "contents": "Cast-bracing for fractures of the femur. A preliminary report of a modified device. The second-generation cast-brace system offers some advantages over previous systems of cast-brace treatment for fractures of the femur. Because the thigh section is adjustable, loosening of the cast-brace is not a problem. The device can be applied earlier and need not be reapplied when the girth of the thigh is reduced. Using a roller traction system, the cast-brace can also be used initially for traction and suspension without the complexity of traditional systems. With the use of commercially available plastic knee joints, special skills in alignment of the joints are not necessary, and no specially trained personnel need be on hand. The lightweight thigh section coupled to custom-fit plaster leg section, with the foot and ankle free, are less bulky than a totally plaster cast-brace with metal side joints. Walking may be begun earlier with the device, and in-patient hospital time is reduced. However, this system requires a high level of patient cooperation in that the patient is free to adjust the system himself and, therefore, the system may not be safe for application in all settings."}
{"id": "PMID:908724", "title": "The popliteus muscle.", "content": "The popliteus muscle was studied during both normal gait and a series of planned exercises. Its activity during the walking cycle was shown to begin shortly before heel-strike and to continue throughout three-quarters of the stance phase. During the exercises the muscle was active during internal rotation of the tibia on the femur, and during normal gait the phasic activity of the popliteus coincided with internal rotation of the tibia on the femur. It was concluded that the basic function of the popliteus is to help to bring about and maintain internal rotation of the tibia on the femur.", "contents": "The popliteus muscle. The popliteus muscle was studied during both normal gait and a series of planned exercises. Its activity during the walking cycle was shown to begin shortly before heel-strike and to continue throughout three-quarters of the stance phase. During the exercises the muscle was active during internal rotation of the tibia on the femur, and during normal gait the phasic activity of the popliteus coincided with internal rotation of the tibia on the femur. It was concluded that the basic function of the popliteus is to help to bring about and maintain internal rotation of the tibia on the femur."}
{"id": "PMID:908725", "title": "Tibial rotation-plasty for proximal femoral focal deficiency.", "content": "The most common treatment for proximal femoral focal deficiency is amputation at the level of the ankle joint and subsequent prosthetic fitting in the manner used for an above-the-knee amputee. Since 1967, five patients with proximal femoral focal deficiency were treated with the Van Nes procedure -- an 180-degree tibial rotation-plasty to convert the ankle joint to a knee joint. Two of the five patients had excellent results -- the tibial rotation-plasty allowed the ankle joint to function as a knee joint with 90 degrees of flexion and placed it at the level of the contralateral anatomical knee. Fusion of the anatomical knee above the tibial rotation-plasty in these two patients provided a stable tibiofemoral lever arm that functioned as the thigh. Two patients had good results -- satisfactory functional and cosmetic improvement. In the remaining patient, who had associated paraxial fibular hemimelia with absence of the fourth and fifth rays of the foot, the result was a failure.", "contents": "Tibial rotation-plasty for proximal femoral focal deficiency. The most common treatment for proximal femoral focal deficiency is amputation at the level of the ankle joint and subsequent prosthetic fitting in the manner used for an above-the-knee amputee. Since 1967, five patients with proximal femoral focal deficiency were treated with the Van Nes procedure -- an 180-degree tibial rotation-plasty to convert the ankle joint to a knee joint. Two of the five patients had excellent results -- the tibial rotation-plasty allowed the ankle joint to function as a knee joint with 90 degrees of flexion and placed it at the level of the contralateral anatomical knee. Fusion of the anatomical knee above the tibial rotation-plasty in these two patients provided a stable tibiofemoral lever arm that functioned as the thigh. Two patients had good results -- satisfactory functional and cosmetic improvement. In the remaining patient, who had associated paraxial fibular hemimelia with absence of the fourth and fifth rays of the foot, the result was a failure."}
{"id": "PMID:908726", "title": "Fragmentation of the distal pole of the patella in spastic cerebral palsy.", "content": "Of eighty-five consecutive patients, thirteen to twenty years old, with spastic cerebral palsy involving one or both extremities (thirty-five patients seen at one institution and fifty, at another), four had roentgenographic evidence of fragmentation of the distal pole of the patella. In addition, three other patients with six spastic lower extremities, four of them with patellar fragmentation, were also included. In these seven patients, there were nine knees with patellar fragmentation, twelve knees with patella alta, nine with a flexion contracture, five that were painful, and four with changes in the tibial tubercle resembling those found in Osgood-Schlatter disease. Excessive tension in the quadriceps mechanism, usually in the presence of a flexion contracture, appeared to cause the lesions. Four of the fragmented patellae healed after hamstring release and correction of the flexion deformity.", "contents": "Fragmentation of the distal pole of the patella in spastic cerebral palsy. Of eighty-five consecutive patients, thirteen to twenty years old, with spastic cerebral palsy involving one or both extremities (thirty-five patients seen at one institution and fifty, at another), four had roentgenographic evidence of fragmentation of the distal pole of the patella. In addition, three other patients with six spastic lower extremities, four of them with patellar fragmentation, were also included. In these seven patients, there were nine knees with patellar fragmentation, twelve knees with patella alta, nine with a flexion contracture, five that were painful, and four with changes in the tibial tubercle resembling those found in Osgood-Schlatter disease. Excessive tension in the quadriceps mechanism, usually in the presence of a flexion contracture, appeared to cause the lesions. Four of the fragmented patellae healed after hamstring release and correction of the flexion deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:908727", "title": "Fractures of the atlas associated with fractures of the odontoid process and transverse ligament ruptures.", "content": "One case of fracture of the atlas associated with rupture of the transverse ligament and three cases of atlantal fracture with associated fractures of the odontoid process are reported. In such cases, halo immobilization is recommended until the atlantal fracture has healed, followed by atlanto-axial fusion for instability of the cervical spine.", "contents": "Fractures of the atlas associated with fractures of the odontoid process and transverse ligament ruptures. One case of fracture of the atlas associated with rupture of the transverse ligament and three cases of atlantal fracture with associated fractures of the odontoid process are reported. In such cases, halo immobilization is recommended until the atlantal fracture has healed, followed by atlanto-axial fusion for instability of the cervical spine."}
{"id": "PMID:908728", "title": "Fracture of the odontoid process in young children.", "content": "Fracture of the odontoid process in young children is possibly not as rare as hitherto believed. In this paper, two more patients with this fracture are presented, and an important diagnostic clinical sign is described. Both patients sustained the injury by falling from heights no greater than sixty-one to ninety-one centimeters. In each instance, injury to the cervical spine was suspected but initial roentgenograms failed to reveal any fracture. The patients were quite comfortable when lying supine and when fully erect. Each child strongly resisted any attempt at extension of the neck and cried bitterly when brought to either the erect or the recumbent position unless the head was passively supported. This a valuable clinical sign when injury to the odontoid process is suspected. Subsequent roentgenograms confirmed the diagnosis in each instance.", "contents": "Fracture of the odontoid process in young children. Fracture of the odontoid process in young children is possibly not as rare as hitherto believed. In this paper, two more patients with this fracture are presented, and an important diagnostic clinical sign is described. Both patients sustained the injury by falling from heights no greater than sixty-one to ninety-one centimeters. In each instance, injury to the cervical spine was suspected but initial roentgenograms failed to reveal any fracture. The patients were quite comfortable when lying supine and when fully erect. Each child strongly resisted any attempt at extension of the neck and cried bitterly when brought to either the erect or the recumbent position unless the head was passively supported. This a valuable clinical sign when injury to the odontoid process is suspected. Subsequent roentgenograms confirmed the diagnosis in each instance."}
{"id": "PMID:908729", "title": "Roentgenographic measurements after M\u00fcller total hip replacement. Correlations among roentgenographic measurements and hip strength and mobility.", "content": "In fifty-two patients with M\u00fcller total hip replacement, roentgenographic measurements of prosthetic component positioning were correlated with hip-muscle strength and mobility measurements. Compared with the normal side, the average position of the center of the prosthetic head was more medial and superior in the pelvis, and the greater trochanter was more distal and lateral. Increasing neck length (distance from the center of the prosthetic head to the lesser trochanter) and a more distal position of the greater trochanter were among the measurements that related favorably to measurements of patient function. More superior placement of the center of the prosthetic head in the pelvis was associated with a more superior position of the lesser trochanter, which related adversely to function.", "contents": "Roentgenographic measurements after M\u00fcller total hip replacement. Correlations among roentgenographic measurements and hip strength and mobility. In fifty-two patients with M\u00fcller total hip replacement, roentgenographic measurements of prosthetic component positioning were correlated with hip-muscle strength and mobility measurements. Compared with the normal side, the average position of the center of the prosthetic head was more medial and superior in the pelvis, and the greater trochanter was more distal and lateral. Increasing neck length (distance from the center of the prosthetic head to the lesser trochanter) and a more distal position of the greater trochanter were among the measurements that related favorably to measurements of patient function. More superior placement of the center of the prosthetic head in the pelvis was associated with a more superior position of the lesser trochanter, which related adversely to function."}
{"id": "PMID:908738", "title": "Interrelationships between water and cellular metabolism in Artemia cysts. VII. Free amino acids.", "content": "The concentration of total ninhydrin-positive material (NPM) soluble in 5% trichloroacetic acid was measured in cysts of the brine shrimp. Artemia salina, as a function of hydration level. No net change in NPM was observed until the cysts had achieved a water content of about 0.65 g H2O/g of initially dry cysts. Above this hydration threshold the NPM content increased markedly. Examination of the free amino acid composition of cysts incubated at selected hydration levels revealed that almost all of the amino acids underwent net change above the hydration threshold. However, just below this threshold, the free amino acid composition was essentially the same as in fully dried cysts. The activity generating net changes in the concentration of free amino acids above the hydration threshold was shown to be metabolic in nature and restricted to the cellular component of the cyst.", "contents": "Interrelationships between water and cellular metabolism in Artemia cysts. VII. Free amino acids. The concentration of total ninhydrin-positive material (NPM) soluble in 5% trichloroacetic acid was measured in cysts of the brine shrimp. Artemia salina, as a function of hydration level. No net change in NPM was observed until the cysts had achieved a water content of about 0.65 g H2O/g of initially dry cysts. Above this hydration threshold the NPM content increased markedly. Examination of the free amino acid composition of cysts incubated at selected hydration levels revealed that almost all of the amino acids underwent net change above the hydration threshold. However, just below this threshold, the free amino acid composition was essentially the same as in fully dried cysts. The activity generating net changes in the concentration of free amino acids above the hydration threshold was shown to be metabolic in nature and restricted to the cellular component of the cyst."}
{"id": "PMID:908739", "title": "Human fibroblast conditioned media contains growth-promoting activities for low density cells.", "content": "Normal diploid human fibroblasts, cultured at high density (1-2 X 10(5) cells per cm2) release two growth promoting activities into the culture medium. The fibroblast proliferation activity-conditioned medium facilitates the attachment of low density cells to the substrate. The activity resides in a non-dialyzable material that is sensitive to proteolytic inactivation. A second activity is dialyzable and can be recovered in the dialysate. In the presence of serum it stimulates cell growth. After 168 hours of incubation conditioned medium cultures contain five times more cells than are present in comparable cultures without conditioned medium. A reproducible biological assay for each activity is described.", "contents": "Human fibroblast conditioned media contains growth-promoting activities for low density cells. Normal diploid human fibroblasts, cultured at high density (1-2 X 10(5) cells per cm2) release two growth promoting activities into the culture medium. The fibroblast proliferation activity-conditioned medium facilitates the attachment of low density cells to the substrate. The activity resides in a non-dialyzable material that is sensitive to proteolytic inactivation. A second activity is dialyzable and can be recovered in the dialysate. In the presence of serum it stimulates cell growth. After 168 hours of incubation conditioned medium cultures contain five times more cells than are present in comparable cultures without conditioned medium. A reproducible biological assay for each activity is described."}
{"id": "PMID:908740", "title": "Relationship of heat labile glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and multiple molecular forms of the enzyme in senescent human fibroblasts.", "content": "Human fibroblasts derived from newborn foreskin and designated CF-3 were assayed for heat labile glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) when they had grown to confluency, as well as when they were arrested in an essentially nonmitotic state. Under both culture conditions there was an increase in heat labile G6PD (up to 25% of the total activity) as cells progressed through their in vitro lifespan; however, arrested cells exhibited less heat labile G6PD than did comparable growth controls (5-10% decrease). Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of crude G6PD preparations revealed three distinct bands of enzymatic activity. One of the bands was tentatively identified as the dimeric form of the enzyme and another as the tetrameric form. The tetrameric form was more heat sensitive, and the percent of the total activity of this form increased as the cells became senescent. The percent of total activity of the tetrameric form was comparable to the percent heat labile enzyme assayed at a given population doubling level. These results indicated that the observed increase in heat lability of G6PD with age may be due to a shift in equilibrium to the tetrameric form of the enzyme rather than the synthesis of aberrant enzyme molecules.", "contents": "Relationship of heat labile glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and multiple molecular forms of the enzyme in senescent human fibroblasts. Human fibroblasts derived from newborn foreskin and designated CF-3 were assayed for heat labile glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) when they had grown to confluency, as well as when they were arrested in an essentially nonmitotic state. Under both culture conditions there was an increase in heat labile G6PD (up to 25% of the total activity) as cells progressed through their in vitro lifespan; however, arrested cells exhibited less heat labile G6PD than did comparable growth controls (5-10% decrease). Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of crude G6PD preparations revealed three distinct bands of enzymatic activity. One of the bands was tentatively identified as the dimeric form of the enzyme and another as the tetrameric form. The tetrameric form was more heat sensitive, and the percent of the total activity of this form increased as the cells became senescent. The percent of total activity of the tetrameric form was comparable to the percent heat labile enzyme assayed at a given population doubling level. These results indicated that the observed increase in heat lability of G6PD with age may be due to a shift in equilibrium to the tetrameric form of the enzyme rather than the synthesis of aberrant enzyme molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:908743", "title": "Persistence of serum antibody to hepatitis B core antigen.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to measure the amount of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) in different populations by the immunoelectroosmophoresis method. High titers of anti-HBc, up to 1/4,096, were found in the acute stage of hepatitis B virus infections and in the chronic carrier state of hepatitis B surface antigen. In cases of acute hepatitis the anti-HBc titers gradually declined to low levels but persisted for the observation time of 5 to 6 years. Individuals positive for antibodies to hepatitis B surface and core antigens selected from a Swedish \"normal\" population showed still lower anti-HBc titers, indicating that the hepatitis B infection had occurred earlier. The anti-HBc titers in sera drawn at intervals of 4 years from a group of hemophilia patients may indicate previous infection with replicating hepatitis B virus rather than immunization with noninfectious hepatitis B core antigen material.", "contents": "Persistence of serum antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. The purpose of the present study was to measure the amount of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) in different populations by the immunoelectroosmophoresis method. High titers of anti-HBc, up to 1/4,096, were found in the acute stage of hepatitis B virus infections and in the chronic carrier state of hepatitis B surface antigen. In cases of acute hepatitis the anti-HBc titers gradually declined to low levels but persisted for the observation time of 5 to 6 years. Individuals positive for antibodies to hepatitis B surface and core antigens selected from a Swedish \"normal\" population showed still lower anti-HBc titers, indicating that the hepatitis B infection had occurred earlier. The anti-HBc titers in sera drawn at intervals of 4 years from a group of hemophilia patients may indicate previous infection with replicating hepatitis B virus rather than immunization with noninfectious hepatitis B core antigen material."}
{"id": "PMID:908744", "title": "Teichoic acids in pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Twenty-six strains of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from patients with endocarditis were studied for the production of alpha- and/or beta-ribitol teichoic acid (TA), using highly specific anti-TA antibodies prepared in rabbits. A counterimmunoelectrophoretic assay was used. Beta-TA was the predominant residue produced by all strains; alpha-TA was found in all strains, but in smaller amounts and with much strain-to-strain variations. Antibodies in patients' sera were found against beta-TA in higher titers and for longer periods than were anti-alpha-TA antibodies. Antibodies against one or both TA residues were present in all but one of 26 patients.", "contents": "Teichoic acids in pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus. Twenty-six strains of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from patients with endocarditis were studied for the production of alpha- and/or beta-ribitol teichoic acid (TA), using highly specific anti-TA antibodies prepared in rabbits. A counterimmunoelectrophoretic assay was used. Beta-TA was the predominant residue produced by all strains; alpha-TA was found in all strains, but in smaller amounts and with much strain-to-strain variations. Antibodies in patients' sera were found against beta-TA in higher titers and for longer periods than were anti-alpha-TA antibodies. Antibodies against one or both TA residues were present in all but one of 26 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:908745", "title": "Reactivity and specificity of Trichinella spiralis fractions in cutaneous and serological tests.", "content": "Six diethylaminoethyl-cellulose fractions of a larval Trichinella spiralis extract, an Ascaris suum extract, and a nonrelated protein were used for cutaneous tests in guinea pigs with 8-, 14-, and 73-day-old T. spiralis infections, in guinea pigs with 13-day-old A. suum infections, and in normal guinea pigs. A selected T. spiralis fraction was used in hemagglutination (HA) tests with sera of 8 T. spiralis-infected rabbits, 41 sera of trichinellosis patients positive by bentonite agglutination tests, and 50 sera of clinically healthy persons. Immediate-type cutaneous reactions revealed extensive cross-reactivity between both parasites, although the establishment of conventional limits for considering a reaction positive allowed the specific diagnosis of acute or chronic trichinellosis with different fractions. Delayed-type reactions were specific with all fractions except one, and different fractions reacted during either the acute or the chronic phase of trichinellosis. HA detected anti-Trichinella antibodies in all the rabbits 9 to 10 days postinfection, in all trichinellosis patients, and in none of the healthy people. Correlation between HA and bentonite agglutination titers and other considerations suggest that HA with the selected fraction detects early antibodies. HA inhibition tests with A. suum extract suggest lack of HA cross-reactivity between the A. suum- and T. spiralis-selected fractions. The use of different fractions in diverse tests for clinical or epidemiological studies is suggested.", "contents": "Reactivity and specificity of Trichinella spiralis fractions in cutaneous and serological tests. Six diethylaminoethyl-cellulose fractions of a larval Trichinella spiralis extract, an Ascaris suum extract, and a nonrelated protein were used for cutaneous tests in guinea pigs with 8-, 14-, and 73-day-old T. spiralis infections, in guinea pigs with 13-day-old A. suum infections, and in normal guinea pigs. A selected T. spiralis fraction was used in hemagglutination (HA) tests with sera of 8 T. spiralis-infected rabbits, 41 sera of trichinellosis patients positive by bentonite agglutination tests, and 50 sera of clinically healthy persons. Immediate-type cutaneous reactions revealed extensive cross-reactivity between both parasites, although the establishment of conventional limits for considering a reaction positive allowed the specific diagnosis of acute or chronic trichinellosis with different fractions. Delayed-type reactions were specific with all fractions except one, and different fractions reacted during either the acute or the chronic phase of trichinellosis. HA detected anti-Trichinella antibodies in all the rabbits 9 to 10 days postinfection, in all trichinellosis patients, and in none of the healthy people. Correlation between HA and bentonite agglutination titers and other considerations suggest that HA with the selected fraction detects early antibodies. HA inhibition tests with A. suum extract suggest lack of HA cross-reactivity between the A. suum- and T. spiralis-selected fractions. The use of different fractions in diverse tests for clinical or epidemiological studies is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:908746", "title": "Selective medium for isolation of Bacteroides nodosus.", "content": "The sensitivity of Bacteroides nodosus, the causative agent of sheep foot rot, to 24 selected antimicrobial agents was tested. Many contaminants ordinarily associated with foot rot lesions were sensitive to lincomycin, whereas B. nodosus demonstrated resistance to this antibiotic. A concentration of 1 microgram of lincomycin per ml of basal medium optimally inhibited contaminants while allowing growth of B. nodosus. The basal medium was Eugon agar with 0.2% yeast extract and 10.0% defibrinated horse blood. Parallel inoculations of 31 foot rot lesion specimens onto basal medium and basal medium containing lincomycin (selective medium) were performed. B. nodosus was isolated from 16 of the specimens cultured on the selective medium and from only 3 of the specimens cultured on the basal medium. The concentration of agar in the standard Eugon medium was found to influence the growth of B. nodosus in the presence of lincomycin. Trimethoprim also exhibited potential selectivity for B. nodosus.", "contents": "Selective medium for isolation of Bacteroides nodosus. The sensitivity of Bacteroides nodosus, the causative agent of sheep foot rot, to 24 selected antimicrobial agents was tested. Many contaminants ordinarily associated with foot rot lesions were sensitive to lincomycin, whereas B. nodosus demonstrated resistance to this antibiotic. A concentration of 1 microgram of lincomycin per ml of basal medium optimally inhibited contaminants while allowing growth of B. nodosus. The basal medium was Eugon agar with 0.2% yeast extract and 10.0% defibrinated horse blood. Parallel inoculations of 31 foot rot lesion specimens onto basal medium and basal medium containing lincomycin (selective medium) were performed. B. nodosus was isolated from 16 of the specimens cultured on the selective medium and from only 3 of the specimens cultured on the basal medium. The concentration of agar in the standard Eugon medium was found to influence the growth of B. nodosus in the presence of lincomycin. Trimethoprim also exhibited potential selectivity for B. nodosus."}
{"id": "PMID:908747", "title": "The number of glycine residues which limits intact absorption of glycine oligopeptides in human jejunum.", "content": "Studies were performed to determine whether glycine peptides of four or more glycine residues can be transported by the peptide carrier system, previously shown to transport diglycine and triglycine. When human jejunum was perfused with tetraglycine solutions, the rate of tetraglycine disappearance increased linearly as the concentration was increased over the range of 12.5-50 mM, however, the rate was slow in comparison to diglycine and triglycine disappearance rates.Glycylleucine, a competitive inhibitor of diglycine and triglycine transport, was without effect on the disappearance rate of tetraglycine, but increased (over sixfold) appearance rates of triglycine and diglycine (products of tetraglycine hydrolysis). These products were the results of hydrolysis of tetraglycine by the brush border enzymes because cytosol fraction lacked any hydrolase activity against tetraglycine. When a jejunal ring preparation was incubated with tetraglycine, there was intracellular accumulation of diglycine and triglycine but not of tetraglycine. The rates of glycine uptake were always markedly greater from diglycine and triglycine solutions than from corresponding glycine or tetraglycine solutions; rates of glycine uptake from tetraglycine solutions were either similar to or greater than rates from glycine solutions, depending on the infusion concentration. When the number of glycine residues was increased to hexaglycine, the phenomenon of a greater rate of glycine uptake from a peptide versus a free amino acid solution was no longer apparent. In vitro assay of peptide hydrolase activity of the luminal fluid revealed no activity against diglycine and triglycine and only trace activities against tetraglycine, pentaglycine, and hexaglycine. THE ABOVE OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS: (a) the disappearance of tetraglycine in the human jejunum is accomplished principally by hydrolysis by brush border oligopeptidases; (b) the rate limiting step in the uptake of glycine from tetraglycine or higher peptides is due to hydrolysis of these peptides to absorbable products.", "contents": "The number of glycine residues which limits intact absorption of glycine oligopeptides in human jejunum. Studies were performed to determine whether glycine peptides of four or more glycine residues can be transported by the peptide carrier system, previously shown to transport diglycine and triglycine. When human jejunum was perfused with tetraglycine solutions, the rate of tetraglycine disappearance increased linearly as the concentration was increased over the range of 12.5-50 mM, however, the rate was slow in comparison to diglycine and triglycine disappearance rates.Glycylleucine, a competitive inhibitor of diglycine and triglycine transport, was without effect on the disappearance rate of tetraglycine, but increased (over sixfold) appearance rates of triglycine and diglycine (products of tetraglycine hydrolysis). These products were the results of hydrolysis of tetraglycine by the brush border enzymes because cytosol fraction lacked any hydrolase activity against tetraglycine. When a jejunal ring preparation was incubated with tetraglycine, there was intracellular accumulation of diglycine and triglycine but not of tetraglycine. The rates of glycine uptake were always markedly greater from diglycine and triglycine solutions than from corresponding glycine or tetraglycine solutions; rates of glycine uptake from tetraglycine solutions were either similar to or greater than rates from glycine solutions, depending on the infusion concentration. When the number of glycine residues was increased to hexaglycine, the phenomenon of a greater rate of glycine uptake from a peptide versus a free amino acid solution was no longer apparent. In vitro assay of peptide hydrolase activity of the luminal fluid revealed no activity against diglycine and triglycine and only trace activities against tetraglycine, pentaglycine, and hexaglycine. THE ABOVE OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS: (a) the disappearance of tetraglycine in the human jejunum is accomplished principally by hydrolysis by brush border oligopeptidases; (b) the rate limiting step in the uptake of glycine from tetraglycine or higher peptides is due to hydrolysis of these peptides to absorbable products."}
{"id": "PMID:908748", "title": "Comparison of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in cultured blood lymphocytes and pulmonary macrophages.", "content": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction was studied in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes and pulmonary alveolar macrophages from 15 smokers and 8 nonsmokers with a variety of pulmonary diseases. Enzyme levels in lymphocytes from cigarette smokers cultured in medium without an inducing agent were 57+/-6 mU/10(6) cells (mean+/-SEM), while enzyme levels in lymphocytes from nonsmokers were 20+/-2 mU/10(6) cells (P < 0.001). When lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of the inducing agent, benzo-(a)anthracene, enzyme activity was increased to 168+/-23 mU/10(6) cells in smokers' cells and 99+/-22 mU/10(6) cells in lymphocytes from nonsmokers (P < 0.04). When noninduced enzyme values in cultured macrophages were compared, smokers' cells had enzyme levels of 45+/-5 mU/10(6) cells, whereas nonsmokers had enzyme activity of 24+/-2 mU/10(6) cells (P < 0.002). However, pulmonary macrophages from smokers or nonsmokers, cultured in the presence of benzo(a)-anthracene, had similar levels of induced enzyme activity (P > 0.1). A positive correlation was observed for nonsmokers (r = 0.596, P > 0.1 <0.2) or smokers (r = 0.640, P < 0.04), when enzyme values for noninduced cultures of macrophages and lymphocytes from individual patients were simultaneously compared. Enzyme values for macrophages and lymphocytes cultured in the presence of an inducer also revealed a positive correlation for individual smokers (r = 0.801, P < 0.001) or nonsmokers (r = 0.785, P < 0.01). Inducibility (expressed as fold-induction) for macrophages and lymphocytes from individual patients was also positively correlated (r = 0.889, P < 0.001 for nonsmokers and r = 0.942, P < 0.001 for smokers). These results indicate that the capacity for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction is similar whether tested in lymphocytes or pulmonary macrophages from this group of pulmonary disease patients.", "contents": "Comparison of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in cultured blood lymphocytes and pulmonary macrophages. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction was studied in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes and pulmonary alveolar macrophages from 15 smokers and 8 nonsmokers with a variety of pulmonary diseases. Enzyme levels in lymphocytes from cigarette smokers cultured in medium without an inducing agent were 57+/-6 mU/10(6) cells (mean+/-SEM), while enzyme levels in lymphocytes from nonsmokers were 20+/-2 mU/10(6) cells (P < 0.001). When lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of the inducing agent, benzo-(a)anthracene, enzyme activity was increased to 168+/-23 mU/10(6) cells in smokers' cells and 99+/-22 mU/10(6) cells in lymphocytes from nonsmokers (P < 0.04). When noninduced enzyme values in cultured macrophages were compared, smokers' cells had enzyme levels of 45+/-5 mU/10(6) cells, whereas nonsmokers had enzyme activity of 24+/-2 mU/10(6) cells (P < 0.002). However, pulmonary macrophages from smokers or nonsmokers, cultured in the presence of benzo(a)-anthracene, had similar levels of induced enzyme activity (P > 0.1). A positive correlation was observed for nonsmokers (r = 0.596, P > 0.1 <0.2) or smokers (r = 0.640, P < 0.04), when enzyme values for noninduced cultures of macrophages and lymphocytes from individual patients were simultaneously compared. Enzyme values for macrophages and lymphocytes cultured in the presence of an inducer also revealed a positive correlation for individual smokers (r = 0.801, P < 0.001) or nonsmokers (r = 0.785, P < 0.01). Inducibility (expressed as fold-induction) for macrophages and lymphocytes from individual patients was also positively correlated (r = 0.889, P < 0.001 for nonsmokers and r = 0.942, P < 0.001 for smokers). These results indicate that the capacity for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction is similar whether tested in lymphocytes or pulmonary macrophages from this group of pulmonary disease patients."}
{"id": "PMID:908749", "title": "Osteomalacia due to 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol deficiency. Association with a giant cell tumor of bone.", "content": "Oncogenic osteomalacia is a syndrome in which unexplained osteomalacia remits after resection of a coexisting mesenchymal tumor. We have investigated the mechanism by which a giant cell tumor of bone caused biopsy-proved osteomalacia in a 42-yr-old woman. The biochemical abnormalities were: hypophosphatemia; decreased renal tubular maximum for the reabsorption of phosphate per liter of glomerular filtrate; negative calcium and phosphorus balance; hyperaminoaciduria; and subnormal calcemic response to exogenously administered parathyroid hormone. Malabsorption, hypophosphatasia, fluorosis, and acidosis were excluded as causes of the osteomalacia. Serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol was normal (27+/-1 ng/ml). However, the serum concentration of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was low (1.6+/-0.1 ng/100 ml). Oral administration of physiological amounts of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol resulted in resolution of the biochemical abnormalities of the syndrome and healing of the bone pathology. We suggest that tumor-induced inhibition of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol synthesis caused the osteomalacia. The causal role of the tumor was proved by demonstrating that resection was accompanied by roentgenographic evidence of bone healing and maintenance of normal serum phosphorus; renal tubular maximum for the reabsorption of phosphate; calcium and phosphorus balance; aminoaciduria; and calcemic response to exogenous parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Osteomalacia due to 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol deficiency. Association with a giant cell tumor of bone. Oncogenic osteomalacia is a syndrome in which unexplained osteomalacia remits after resection of a coexisting mesenchymal tumor. We have investigated the mechanism by which a giant cell tumor of bone caused biopsy-proved osteomalacia in a 42-yr-old woman. The biochemical abnormalities were: hypophosphatemia; decreased renal tubular maximum for the reabsorption of phosphate per liter of glomerular filtrate; negative calcium and phosphorus balance; hyperaminoaciduria; and subnormal calcemic response to exogenously administered parathyroid hormone. Malabsorption, hypophosphatasia, fluorosis, and acidosis were excluded as causes of the osteomalacia. Serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol was normal (27+/-1 ng/ml). However, the serum concentration of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was low (1.6+/-0.1 ng/100 ml). Oral administration of physiological amounts of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol resulted in resolution of the biochemical abnormalities of the syndrome and healing of the bone pathology. We suggest that tumor-induced inhibition of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol synthesis caused the osteomalacia. The causal role of the tumor was proved by demonstrating that resection was accompanied by roentgenographic evidence of bone healing and maintenance of normal serum phosphorus; renal tubular maximum for the reabsorption of phosphate; calcium and phosphorus balance; aminoaciduria; and calcemic response to exogenous parathyroid hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:908750", "title": "The properties of immune complexes formed by human antibodies to factor VIII.", "content": "Although human antibodies to Factor VIII inactivate its procoagulant activity, they do not form immunoprecipitates when tested with this antigen. To understand this observation, we have examined the interaction of normal human Factor VIII with four high-titer human anti-Factor VIII, two from transfused hemophiliacs and two \"spontaneous\" antibodies from nonhemophilic individuals. An estimate of the size of complexes formed by these antibodies has been obtained by agarose gel filtration of mixtures of anti-Factor VIII with cryoprecipitate. Complexed anti-Factor VIII was detected by the method of Allain and Frommel: acid dissociation of complexes at pH 3.5. Complexed anti-Factor VIII was detected in column fractions eluting between the void volume and those which correspond to the elution volume of human IgG. In contrast, Factor VIII procoagulant activity was restricted to void volume fractions when separations were carried out in antigen excess, and free anti-Factor VIII was limited to late-eluting fractions when separations were carried out in antibody excess. A small proportion of the complexed anti-Factor VIII was present in void volume fractions; the quantity was directly related to the ratio of antibody to antigen.Thus, although some complexed anti-Factor VIII is detected in void volume fractions, as would be expected for complexes formed with a very large plasma protein, most immune complexes elute in fractions that indicate interaction with a smaller antigen. These findings suggest that human anti-Factor VIII inactivates procoagulant activity by forming a complex with a small, apparently univalent, component of Factor VIII. This property may prevent immunoprecipitate formation.", "contents": "The properties of immune complexes formed by human antibodies to factor VIII. Although human antibodies to Factor VIII inactivate its procoagulant activity, they do not form immunoprecipitates when tested with this antigen. To understand this observation, we have examined the interaction of normal human Factor VIII with four high-titer human anti-Factor VIII, two from transfused hemophiliacs and two \"spontaneous\" antibodies from nonhemophilic individuals. An estimate of the size of complexes formed by these antibodies has been obtained by agarose gel filtration of mixtures of anti-Factor VIII with cryoprecipitate. Complexed anti-Factor VIII was detected by the method of Allain and Frommel: acid dissociation of complexes at pH 3.5. Complexed anti-Factor VIII was detected in column fractions eluting between the void volume and those which correspond to the elution volume of human IgG. In contrast, Factor VIII procoagulant activity was restricted to void volume fractions when separations were carried out in antigen excess, and free anti-Factor VIII was limited to late-eluting fractions when separations were carried out in antibody excess. A small proportion of the complexed anti-Factor VIII was present in void volume fractions; the quantity was directly related to the ratio of antibody to antigen.Thus, although some complexed anti-Factor VIII is detected in void volume fractions, as would be expected for complexes formed with a very large plasma protein, most immune complexes elute in fractions that indicate interaction with a smaller antigen. These findings suggest that human anti-Factor VIII inactivates procoagulant activity by forming a complex with a small, apparently univalent, component of Factor VIII. This property may prevent immunoprecipitate formation."}
{"id": "PMID:908751", "title": "Inheritance of low immunoreactive human plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Radioimmunoassay studies.", "content": "Inheritance plays an important role in the determination of human plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) enzymatic activity. It has been demonstrated that an allele (d) for very low enzymatic plasma DBH is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. A radioimmunoassay for human DBH was developed to test the hypothesis that the presence of this allele results in a decrease in plasma DBH protein levels. The mean immunoreactive DBH (IDBH) in blood from a randomly selected population of adolescents was 824+/-38 ng/ml (mean+/-SEM, n = 134). The correlation coefficient of enzymatic DBH with IDBH for this group of 134 adolescents was 0.84 (P < 0.001). Of these subjects, 3.7% had values of < 100 ng/ml and appeared to compose a separate subgroup analogous to the 3-4% of the population that is homozygous for the allele for low enzymatic activity. There was a significant sibling-sibling correlation of IDBH values in the 14 sibling pairs included among the 134 subjects studied (r = 0.60, P < 0.025). IDBH was also measured in blood from 56 subjects homozygous (dd) for the allele for low enzymatic DBH (enzymatic activity < 50 U/ml) and in blood of 80 first-degree relatives of homozygous probands. All but two dd subjects had IDBH levels of <100 ng/ml. Results of family studies were compatible with the autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for IDBH levels of less than 100 ng/ml which segregates with the allele for very low enzymatic activity. Average IDBH in blood of 37 obligate heterozygotes as determined by family studies (Dd) was 599+/-53 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM), significantly lower than the IDBH values found in a randomly selected population (P < 0.005). These results are compatible with the conclusion that the presence of the allele for low plasma enzymatic DBH results in a decrease in the quantity of DBH protein in human plasma.", "contents": "Inheritance of low immunoreactive human plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Radioimmunoassay studies. Inheritance plays an important role in the determination of human plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) enzymatic activity. It has been demonstrated that an allele (d) for very low enzymatic plasma DBH is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. A radioimmunoassay for human DBH was developed to test the hypothesis that the presence of this allele results in a decrease in plasma DBH protein levels. The mean immunoreactive DBH (IDBH) in blood from a randomly selected population of adolescents was 824+/-38 ng/ml (mean+/-SEM, n = 134). The correlation coefficient of enzymatic DBH with IDBH for this group of 134 adolescents was 0.84 (P < 0.001). Of these subjects, 3.7% had values of < 100 ng/ml and appeared to compose a separate subgroup analogous to the 3-4% of the population that is homozygous for the allele for low enzymatic activity. There was a significant sibling-sibling correlation of IDBH values in the 14 sibling pairs included among the 134 subjects studied (r = 0.60, P < 0.025). IDBH was also measured in blood from 56 subjects homozygous (dd) for the allele for low enzymatic DBH (enzymatic activity < 50 U/ml) and in blood of 80 first-degree relatives of homozygous probands. All but two dd subjects had IDBH levels of <100 ng/ml. Results of family studies were compatible with the autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for IDBH levels of less than 100 ng/ml which segregates with the allele for very low enzymatic activity. Average IDBH in blood of 37 obligate heterozygotes as determined by family studies (Dd) was 599+/-53 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM), significantly lower than the IDBH values found in a randomly selected population (P < 0.005). These results are compatible with the conclusion that the presence of the allele for low plasma enzymatic DBH results in a decrease in the quantity of DBH protein in human plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:908752", "title": "Phosphohexosyl recognition is a general characteristic of pinocytosis of lysosomal glycosidases by human fibroblasts.", "content": "We recently presented data showing that mannose-6-phosphate was a potent competitive inhibitor of pinocytosis of human platelet beta-glucuronidase, and that treatment of \"high-uptake\" forms of the enzyme with alkaline phosphatase destroyed the high-uptake property of the enzyme without diminishing its catalytic activity. These data indicate that phosphate is a necessary component of the recognition marker on the enzyme for pinocytosis by human fibroblasts, and suggest that the phosphate on high-uptake forms of the enzyme is present as a phosphohexosyl moiety. Results presented here show that mannose-6-phosphate is also a potent inhibitor of pinocytosis of the following enzyme preparations: (a) beta-glucuronidase from human spleen, liver, placenta, and urine; (b) beta-hexosaminidase and beta-galactosidase from human platelets; (c) beta-hexosaminidase from human fibroblast secretions. Alkaline phosphatase treatment of all these enzymes except beta-galactosidase, which was unstable to the incubation conditions and could not be tested, greatly diminished the uptake activity of the enzymes without diminishing their catalytic activity. These results suggest that phosphohexosyl recognition is a general characteristic of pinocytosis of lysosomal glycosidases.", "contents": "Phosphohexosyl recognition is a general characteristic of pinocytosis of lysosomal glycosidases by human fibroblasts. We recently presented data showing that mannose-6-phosphate was a potent competitive inhibitor of pinocytosis of human platelet beta-glucuronidase, and that treatment of \"high-uptake\" forms of the enzyme with alkaline phosphatase destroyed the high-uptake property of the enzyme without diminishing its catalytic activity. These data indicate that phosphate is a necessary component of the recognition marker on the enzyme for pinocytosis by human fibroblasts, and suggest that the phosphate on high-uptake forms of the enzyme is present as a phosphohexosyl moiety. Results presented here show that mannose-6-phosphate is also a potent inhibitor of pinocytosis of the following enzyme preparations: (a) beta-glucuronidase from human spleen, liver, placenta, and urine; (b) beta-hexosaminidase and beta-galactosidase from human platelets; (c) beta-hexosaminidase from human fibroblast secretions. Alkaline phosphatase treatment of all these enzymes except beta-galactosidase, which was unstable to the incubation conditions and could not be tested, greatly diminished the uptake activity of the enzymes without diminishing their catalytic activity. These results suggest that phosphohexosyl recognition is a general characteristic of pinocytosis of lysosomal glycosidases."}
{"id": "PMID:908753", "title": "Effects of autoantibodies to the insulin receptor on isolated adipocytes. Studies of insulin binding and insulin action.", "content": "Autoantibodies to the insulin receptor have been detected in the sera of several patients with the Type B syndrome of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. In this study we have used three of these sera (B-1, B-2, and B-3) as probes of the insulin receptor in isolated rat adipocytes. Preincubation of adipocytes with each of the three sera resulted in an inhibition of subsequent [(125)I]insulin binding. 50% inhibition of binding occurred with serum dilutions of 1:5 to 1:7,500. As in our previous studies with other tissues, Scatchard analysis of the insulin-binding data was curvilinear consistent with negative cooperativity. Computer analysis suggested that in each case the inhibition of binding was due to a decrease in receptor affinity rather than a change in available receptor number. In addition to the effects on insulin binding, adipocytes pretreated with antireceptor sera also showed alterations in biological responses. All three sera produced some stimulation of basal glucose oxidation. With serum B-3, maximal stimulation of glucose oxidation occurred at a serum concentration that inhibited binding by only 10-15%, whereas with serum B-2 the dilution curves for inhibition of binding and stimulation of glucose oxidation were superimposable. Serum B-1 behaved as a partial agonist; that is, it inhibited binding more effectively than it stimulated glucose oxidation. Cells pretreated with this serum in a concentration which inhibited binding by 80% also showed a five-fold shift to the right in the dose response of insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation, whereas spermine-stimulated glucose oxidation was unaffected. Serum B-2, which contained the highest titer of antireceptor antibodies, also stimulated 2-deoxy-glucose transport, as well as glucose incorporation into lipid and glycogen. Both the ability of the serum to inhibit binding and stimulate glucose utilization were enriched in purified immunoglobulin fractions and retained in the F(ab')(2) fragment of the IgG. In addition, the bioactivity was blocked by antihuman IgG but not by anti-insulin antibodies. Enzymatic digestion of adipocytes with trypsin resulted in a complete loss of insulin-stimulated bioactivity of serum B-3, but had only minor effects on the glucose oxidation produced by serum B-1 or B-2.These data suggest that the antibodies present in these three sera bind to different determinants on the insulin receptor. Thus, these antibodies may be useful probes of receptor structure and function.", "contents": "Effects of autoantibodies to the insulin receptor on isolated adipocytes. Studies of insulin binding and insulin action. Autoantibodies to the insulin receptor have been detected in the sera of several patients with the Type B syndrome of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. In this study we have used three of these sera (B-1, B-2, and B-3) as probes of the insulin receptor in isolated rat adipocytes. Preincubation of adipocytes with each of the three sera resulted in an inhibition of subsequent [(125)I]insulin binding. 50% inhibition of binding occurred with serum dilutions of 1:5 to 1:7,500. As in our previous studies with other tissues, Scatchard analysis of the insulin-binding data was curvilinear consistent with negative cooperativity. Computer analysis suggested that in each case the inhibition of binding was due to a decrease in receptor affinity rather than a change in available receptor number. In addition to the effects on insulin binding, adipocytes pretreated with antireceptor sera also showed alterations in biological responses. All three sera produced some stimulation of basal glucose oxidation. With serum B-3, maximal stimulation of glucose oxidation occurred at a serum concentration that inhibited binding by only 10-15%, whereas with serum B-2 the dilution curves for inhibition of binding and stimulation of glucose oxidation were superimposable. Serum B-1 behaved as a partial agonist; that is, it inhibited binding more effectively than it stimulated glucose oxidation. Cells pretreated with this serum in a concentration which inhibited binding by 80% also showed a five-fold shift to the right in the dose response of insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation, whereas spermine-stimulated glucose oxidation was unaffected. Serum B-2, which contained the highest titer of antireceptor antibodies, also stimulated 2-deoxy-glucose transport, as well as glucose incorporation into lipid and glycogen. Both the ability of the serum to inhibit binding and stimulate glucose utilization were enriched in purified immunoglobulin fractions and retained in the F(ab')(2) fragment of the IgG. In addition, the bioactivity was blocked by antihuman IgG but not by anti-insulin antibodies. Enzymatic digestion of adipocytes with trypsin resulted in a complete loss of insulin-stimulated bioactivity of serum B-3, but had only minor effects on the glucose oxidation produced by serum B-1 or B-2.These data suggest that the antibodies present in these three sera bind to different determinants on the insulin receptor. Thus, these antibodies may be useful probes of receptor structure and function."}
{"id": "PMID:908754", "title": "Lung fluid dynamics in awake newborn lambs.", "content": "We measured steady-state lung lymph flow, lymph protein flow, and simultaneous pulmonary vascular pressures in 12 1-wk-old unanesthetized lambs and compared these measurements to those of previous studies, performed under similar conditions, on nine awake adult sheep. The purpose of these experiments was to compare newborn and adult sheep with respect to transvascular filtration of fluid and microvascular permeability to plasma proteins. We prepared the lambs surgically to isolate and collect lung lymph and measure average pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures, allowing at least 2 days for the lambs to recover from surgery before studies began. Lambs had higher pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures, lower lymph and plasma protein concentrations, and 57% more lymph flow per gram of dry bloodless lung than sheep; the difference in protein flow between lambs and sheep was not significant. Protein concentration in lymph relative to that in plasma was significantly lower in lambs than in sheep; but the ratio of albumin concentration to globulin concentration in both lymph and plasma was almost identical in the two groups of animals. Extravascular lung water per gram of dry bloodless lung was greater in lambs (4.82+/-0.11 g) than in sheep (4.45+/-0.08 g), but there was no histologic evidence of pulmonary edema in either group of animals. These findings suggest that lambs have more transvascular filtration of fluid per unit lung mass than sheep, but that microvascular sites for protein exchange do not differ appreciably in lambs and sheep. To test this conclusion, we measured steady-state lymph flow in three lambs before and after raising pulmonary microvascular pressure by rapid intravenous infusion of saline. Lymph flow increased as a function of the net transvascular driving pressure (hydraulic pressure gradient-protein osmotic pressure gradient). This response was almost identical to that of four sheep with pulmonary microvascular pressure augmented by inflation of a balloon in the left atrium. In eight lambs we measured the time for intravenously injected (125)I-albumin to equilibrate in lymph at half the specific activity of plasma: the protein tag equilibrated faster than in sheep. This difference could be explained partly by the higher pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures of lambs than sheep, and possibly by the presence of more microvascular sites for protein exchange relative to the volume of distribution of protein in the lung of the younger animals.", "contents": "Lung fluid dynamics in awake newborn lambs. We measured steady-state lung lymph flow, lymph protein flow, and simultaneous pulmonary vascular pressures in 12 1-wk-old unanesthetized lambs and compared these measurements to those of previous studies, performed under similar conditions, on nine awake adult sheep. The purpose of these experiments was to compare newborn and adult sheep with respect to transvascular filtration of fluid and microvascular permeability to plasma proteins. We prepared the lambs surgically to isolate and collect lung lymph and measure average pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures, allowing at least 2 days for the lambs to recover from surgery before studies began. Lambs had higher pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures, lower lymph and plasma protein concentrations, and 57% more lymph flow per gram of dry bloodless lung than sheep; the difference in protein flow between lambs and sheep was not significant. Protein concentration in lymph relative to that in plasma was significantly lower in lambs than in sheep; but the ratio of albumin concentration to globulin concentration in both lymph and plasma was almost identical in the two groups of animals. Extravascular lung water per gram of dry bloodless lung was greater in lambs (4.82+/-0.11 g) than in sheep (4.45+/-0.08 g), but there was no histologic evidence of pulmonary edema in either group of animals. These findings suggest that lambs have more transvascular filtration of fluid per unit lung mass than sheep, but that microvascular sites for protein exchange do not differ appreciably in lambs and sheep. To test this conclusion, we measured steady-state lymph flow in three lambs before and after raising pulmonary microvascular pressure by rapid intravenous infusion of saline. Lymph flow increased as a function of the net transvascular driving pressure (hydraulic pressure gradient-protein osmotic pressure gradient). This response was almost identical to that of four sheep with pulmonary microvascular pressure augmented by inflation of a balloon in the left atrium. In eight lambs we measured the time for intravenously injected (125)I-albumin to equilibrate in lymph at half the specific activity of plasma: the protein tag equilibrated faster than in sheep. This difference could be explained partly by the higher pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures of lambs than sheep, and possibly by the presence of more microvascular sites for protein exchange relative to the volume of distribution of protein in the lung of the younger animals."}
{"id": "PMID:908755", "title": "Amelioration of endothelial abnormalities by prednisone in experimental thrombocytopenia in the rabbit.", "content": "Experimental thrombocytopenia results in endothelial alterations associated with bleeding. In this study prednisone was shown to prevent or reverse these changes, which supports the clinical inference that adrenocorticosteroids decrease capillary fragility in thrombocytopenia. Rabbits (3-4 kg), intraperitoneally injected with busulfan, developed 98-99% reductions in platelet count and hemorrhaged profusely. Orally administered prednisone (0.2 mg/kg or 1.0 mg/kg daily) reduced bleeding despite persistent thrombocytopenia. Tongue biopsies obtained after 3 days of prednisone treatment were examined by electron microscopy. Normal rabbits served as controls. 25 consecutive capillaries or venules from each of four animals in the control group and each of five experimental groups were examined for fenestrations, \"thin spots\" (<800 A thick), and mean wall thickness as determined by planimetry. Vessels from control animals had no thin spots or fenestrations, and the mean vessel wall thickness was 4,254+/-105 A SEM. The 100 vessels from the thrombocytopenic animals had a mean vessel wall thickness of 2,081+/-218 A (P < 0.001), and 42 had thin spots of fenestrations. After administration of the smaller dosage of prednisone, the mean vessel wall thickness increased to 3,556+/-40 A (P < 0.001), and only nine vessels had thin spots or fenestrations. With the larger dosage, only six vessels had thin spots or fenestrations and the mean vessel wall thickness of this group increased to 3,704+/-206 A (P < 0.005). All preparations demonstrated normal endothelial junctions. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the bleeding of thrombocytopenia is caused by altered capillary and venule endothelium and that diminished bleeding observed with prednisone administration results from amelioration of these endothelial changes.", "contents": "Amelioration of endothelial abnormalities by prednisone in experimental thrombocytopenia in the rabbit. Experimental thrombocytopenia results in endothelial alterations associated with bleeding. In this study prednisone was shown to prevent or reverse these changes, which supports the clinical inference that adrenocorticosteroids decrease capillary fragility in thrombocytopenia. Rabbits (3-4 kg), intraperitoneally injected with busulfan, developed 98-99% reductions in platelet count and hemorrhaged profusely. Orally administered prednisone (0.2 mg/kg or 1.0 mg/kg daily) reduced bleeding despite persistent thrombocytopenia. Tongue biopsies obtained after 3 days of prednisone treatment were examined by electron microscopy. Normal rabbits served as controls. 25 consecutive capillaries or venules from each of four animals in the control group and each of five experimental groups were examined for fenestrations, \"thin spots\" (<800 A thick), and mean wall thickness as determined by planimetry. Vessels from control animals had no thin spots or fenestrations, and the mean vessel wall thickness was 4,254+/-105 A SEM. The 100 vessels from the thrombocytopenic animals had a mean vessel wall thickness of 2,081+/-218 A (P < 0.001), and 42 had thin spots of fenestrations. After administration of the smaller dosage of prednisone, the mean vessel wall thickness increased to 3,556+/-40 A (P < 0.001), and only nine vessels had thin spots or fenestrations. With the larger dosage, only six vessels had thin spots or fenestrations and the mean vessel wall thickness of this group increased to 3,704+/-206 A (P < 0.005). All preparations demonstrated normal endothelial junctions. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the bleeding of thrombocytopenia is caused by altered capillary and venule endothelium and that diminished bleeding observed with prednisone administration results from amelioration of these endothelial changes."}
{"id": "PMID:908756", "title": "Plasma calcitonin in normal man. Differences between men and women.", "content": "We measured plasma calcitonin concentrations in healthy volunteers (20 men, ages 23-45 yr, mean, 30 yr; 25 women, ages 21-46 yr, mean, 30 yr) with a radioimmunoassay capable of detecting 5 pg of calcitonin/500 mul incubation volume, or 25 pg/ml of unextracted plasma. All subjects had 4-h calcium infusion (15 mg Ca/kg), and 24 subjects had intravenous pentagastrin injection (0.5 mug/kg) on separate days. Men had higher basal plasma immunoreactive calcitonin concentrations than women (P < 0.001): mean, 49 pg/ml (range, <25-73) and 31 pg/ml (range, <25-51), respectively. 18 of the 20 men (90%) responded to induced hypercalcemia with increases in plasma immunoreactive calcitonin; only 14 of the 25 women (56%) responded. In men, the mean increase of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin+/-SE was 58+/-9 pg/ml, but for women was only 25+/-6 pg/ml. 8 of 10 men (80%) responded to pentagastrin with an increase of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin >30 pg/ml, compared with such a response in only 1 of 14 women (7%). These differences of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin responses between the sexes were statistically significant (calcium infusion, P < 0.02; pentagastrin, P < 0.001). The physiologic importance of these observations is unknown, but we speculate that a lifelong, relative deficiency of calcitonin in some women could play a role in age- and sex-related bone loss, particularly during the estrogen-deficient postmenopausal years.", "contents": "Plasma calcitonin in normal man. Differences between men and women. We measured plasma calcitonin concentrations in healthy volunteers (20 men, ages 23-45 yr, mean, 30 yr; 25 women, ages 21-46 yr, mean, 30 yr) with a radioimmunoassay capable of detecting 5 pg of calcitonin/500 mul incubation volume, or 25 pg/ml of unextracted plasma. All subjects had 4-h calcium infusion (15 mg Ca/kg), and 24 subjects had intravenous pentagastrin injection (0.5 mug/kg) on separate days. Men had higher basal plasma immunoreactive calcitonin concentrations than women (P < 0.001): mean, 49 pg/ml (range, <25-73) and 31 pg/ml (range, <25-51), respectively. 18 of the 20 men (90%) responded to induced hypercalcemia with increases in plasma immunoreactive calcitonin; only 14 of the 25 women (56%) responded. In men, the mean increase of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin+/-SE was 58+/-9 pg/ml, but for women was only 25+/-6 pg/ml. 8 of 10 men (80%) responded to pentagastrin with an increase of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin >30 pg/ml, compared with such a response in only 1 of 14 women (7%). These differences of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin responses between the sexes were statistically significant (calcium infusion, P < 0.02; pentagastrin, P < 0.001). The physiologic importance of these observations is unknown, but we speculate that a lifelong, relative deficiency of calcitonin in some women could play a role in age- and sex-related bone loss, particularly during the estrogen-deficient postmenopausal years."}
{"id": "PMID:908757", "title": "Catecholamine uptake, accumulation, and release in acute porphyria.", "content": "Hypertension and tachycardia are well known features of acute porphyria and have been shown to be related to increased circulating catecholamines. The mechanism by which circulating catecholamines are increased was studied using the isolated perfused rat heart and human platelets as a model of adrenergic neuronal function. It was found that neither delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) nor porphobilinogen (PBG) blocked uptake or caused release in the isolated perfused rat heart. Platelets from six patients with acute prophyria, three in remission and three latent, with matching normal controls were studied with regard to their uptake of [(3)H]norepinephrine in the presence of ALA or PBG. It was found that ALA and PBG significantly reduced uptake and accumulation of [(3)H]-norepinephrine in patients with acute porphyria; however, no similar reduction in uptake and accumulation was observed in the platelets of normal controls. Therefore, it appears that there is a latent defect in the catecholamine uptake and (or) accumulation of platelets of patients with acute prophyria which only manifests itself in the presence of ALA or PBG. If platelet uptake serves as a model of adrenergic neuron uptake, this suggests that elevated circulating catecholamine levels during acute attacks of acute porphyria are caused at least partially by blockade of re-uptake into the sympathetic neurons.", "contents": "Catecholamine uptake, accumulation, and release in acute porphyria. Hypertension and tachycardia are well known features of acute porphyria and have been shown to be related to increased circulating catecholamines. The mechanism by which circulating catecholamines are increased was studied using the isolated perfused rat heart and human platelets as a model of adrenergic neuronal function. It was found that neither delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) nor porphobilinogen (PBG) blocked uptake or caused release in the isolated perfused rat heart. Platelets from six patients with acute prophyria, three in remission and three latent, with matching normal controls were studied with regard to their uptake of [(3)H]norepinephrine in the presence of ALA or PBG. It was found that ALA and PBG significantly reduced uptake and accumulation of [(3)H]-norepinephrine in patients with acute porphyria; however, no similar reduction in uptake and accumulation was observed in the platelets of normal controls. Therefore, it appears that there is a latent defect in the catecholamine uptake and (or) accumulation of platelets of patients with acute prophyria which only manifests itself in the presence of ALA or PBG. If platelet uptake serves as a model of adrenergic neuron uptake, this suggests that elevated circulating catecholamine levels during acute attacks of acute porphyria are caused at least partially by blockade of re-uptake into the sympathetic neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:908758", "title": "Human lymphocyte complement receptors. Quantitative requirements for C3 of normal and chronic lymphocyte leukemia lymphocytes.", "content": "Erythrocytes coated with varying amounts of human complement were used to detect lymphocytes with complement receptors from normal subjects and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The relationship between the percentage of lymphocytes rosetting and the quantity of C3 present on complement-coated erythrocytes were studied. Small quantities of C3 (less than 5 fg/erythrocyte) caused maximal rosetting of normal lymphocytes. Maximal rosetting with chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes was not reached until much greater amounts of C3 were used to coat the erythrocytes. This difference in sensitivity to erythrocyte-bound complement was not due to an increased fraction of complement receptor-bearing cells in the leukemic patients. This loss of sensitivity of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocyte for complement may play a role in the immune deficiency present in this disease.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte complement receptors. Quantitative requirements for C3 of normal and chronic lymphocyte leukemia lymphocytes. Erythrocytes coated with varying amounts of human complement were used to detect lymphocytes with complement receptors from normal subjects and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The relationship between the percentage of lymphocytes rosetting and the quantity of C3 present on complement-coated erythrocytes were studied. Small quantities of C3 (less than 5 fg/erythrocyte) caused maximal rosetting of normal lymphocytes. Maximal rosetting with chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes was not reached until much greater amounts of C3 were used to coat the erythrocytes. This difference in sensitivity to erythrocyte-bound complement was not due to an increased fraction of complement receptor-bearing cells in the leukemic patients. This loss of sensitivity of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocyte for complement may play a role in the immune deficiency present in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:908759", "title": "Kinetic analysis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism in strontium-induced rickets in the chick.", "content": "Kinetic data analysis was used to derive a six-compartment computer model which describes the in vivo [3H]25-hydroxyvitamin D3 ([3H]25-OHD3) metabolism in control and strontium rachitic chicks. Plasma concentrations of 25-OHD3 (13 pmol/ml) and 25, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.9 pmol/ml) were 18 and 125% greater than controls, respectively, whereas the corresponding level for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.3 pmol/ml) was only 30% of control. Plasma disappearance of 25-HOD3 was fitted using a two-compartment model in which the metabolite extrapolated half-life was nearly twice as large for strontium rachitic chicks (71 compared to 41 h). Intestinal sequestration of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was assumed to be irreversible and was fitted by a single exponential term in which metabolite uptake rate and tissue concentration in strontium rickets was suppressed to 20 and 10% of control, respectively. In contrast, uptake of 25-OHD3 by the intestine was observed to occur by a reversible process in which metabolite concentration was 45% greater in the strontium rachitic compared to control group. The developed compartment model accepts time-dependent control or perturbed metabolite data for the plasma and (or) intestinal pools and provides quantitative values for metabolite pool size, flux rate, and turnover time.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism in strontium-induced rickets in the chick. Kinetic data analysis was used to derive a six-compartment computer model which describes the in vivo [3H]25-hydroxyvitamin D3 ([3H]25-OHD3) metabolism in control and strontium rachitic chicks. Plasma concentrations of 25-OHD3 (13 pmol/ml) and 25, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.9 pmol/ml) were 18 and 125% greater than controls, respectively, whereas the corresponding level for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.3 pmol/ml) was only 30% of control. Plasma disappearance of 25-HOD3 was fitted using a two-compartment model in which the metabolite extrapolated half-life was nearly twice as large for strontium rachitic chicks (71 compared to 41 h). Intestinal sequestration of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was assumed to be irreversible and was fitted by a single exponential term in which metabolite uptake rate and tissue concentration in strontium rickets was suppressed to 20 and 10% of control, respectively. In contrast, uptake of 25-OHD3 by the intestine was observed to occur by a reversible process in which metabolite concentration was 45% greater in the strontium rachitic compared to control group. The developed compartment model accepts time-dependent control or perturbed metabolite data for the plasma and (or) intestinal pools and provides quantitative values for metabolite pool size, flux rate, and turnover time."}
{"id": "PMID:908760", "title": "Hypoxic ventilatory response in subjects with normal and high oxygen affinity hemoglobins.", "content": "It has still not been shown unequivocally whether a decrement of arterial oxygen content or tension governs the ventilatory response to hypoxia. In an attempt to discriminate between the two possibilities, we have measured the ventilatory response to isocapnic progressive hypoxia in two healthy children with a high oxygen affinity hemoglobin (Hb Andrew-Minneapolis) and in their age- and sex-matched normal siblings. Hypoxic ventilatory response was identical in all subjects, there being no difference in minute ventilation at PAo2 = 40 mm Hg or in k (decrement of PO2 required to increase ventilation by a factor of 2.718). In contrast, at PAo2 = 40 mm Hg, hemoglobin oxygen saturation decreased markedly in controls but only slightly in high affinity subjects. Furthermore the increase in heart rate at PAo2 = 40 mm Hg was significantly less in high affinity subjects, suggesting a concomitant difference in oxygen delivery. Thus, with identical decrements in PAo2 but widely divergent changes in arterial oxygen content and oxygen delivery, controls and high affinity subjects showed virtually identical ventilatory response to hypoxia. We conclude that decrements of oxygen tension are the major stimulus for hypoxic ventilatory response.", "contents": "Hypoxic ventilatory response in subjects with normal and high oxygen affinity hemoglobins. It has still not been shown unequivocally whether a decrement of arterial oxygen content or tension governs the ventilatory response to hypoxia. In an attempt to discriminate between the two possibilities, we have measured the ventilatory response to isocapnic progressive hypoxia in two healthy children with a high oxygen affinity hemoglobin (Hb Andrew-Minneapolis) and in their age- and sex-matched normal siblings. Hypoxic ventilatory response was identical in all subjects, there being no difference in minute ventilation at PAo2 = 40 mm Hg or in k (decrement of PO2 required to increase ventilation by a factor of 2.718). In contrast, at PAo2 = 40 mm Hg, hemoglobin oxygen saturation decreased markedly in controls but only slightly in high affinity subjects. Furthermore the increase in heart rate at PAo2 = 40 mm Hg was significantly less in high affinity subjects, suggesting a concomitant difference in oxygen delivery. Thus, with identical decrements in PAo2 but widely divergent changes in arterial oxygen content and oxygen delivery, controls and high affinity subjects showed virtually identical ventilatory response to hypoxia. We conclude that decrements of oxygen tension are the major stimulus for hypoxic ventilatory response."}
{"id": "PMID:908761", "title": "The effects of gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, secretin, and the octapeptide of cholecystokinin upon immunoreactive somatostatin release by the perfused canine pancreas.", "content": "The effects of gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, secretin, and the octapeptide of pancreozymin-cholecystokinin on immunoreactive somatostatin release were studied in the isolated perfused dog pancreas. Gastrin at a concentration of 65 ng/ml and the octapeptide of pancreozymin-cholecystokinin at a concentration of 25 ng/ml produced a prompt, but transient statistically significant, twofold rise in mean somatostatin concentration. Secretion at a concentration of 0.3 U/ml and gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentration of 58 ng/ml produced a prompt two- to threefold rise in mean somatostatin release, which persisted throughout the perfusion period. With all four polypeptides the pattern of the somatostatin response resembled that of insulin. It appears that pancreatic somatostatin release is stimulated by gastrointestinal hormones that influence the secretion of insulin and glucagon.", "contents": "The effects of gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, secretin, and the octapeptide of cholecystokinin upon immunoreactive somatostatin release by the perfused canine pancreas. The effects of gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, secretin, and the octapeptide of pancreozymin-cholecystokinin on immunoreactive somatostatin release were studied in the isolated perfused dog pancreas. Gastrin at a concentration of 65 ng/ml and the octapeptide of pancreozymin-cholecystokinin at a concentration of 25 ng/ml produced a prompt, but transient statistically significant, twofold rise in mean somatostatin concentration. Secretion at a concentration of 0.3 U/ml and gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentration of 58 ng/ml produced a prompt two- to threefold rise in mean somatostatin release, which persisted throughout the perfusion period. With all four polypeptides the pattern of the somatostatin response resembled that of insulin. It appears that pancreatic somatostatin release is stimulated by gastrointestinal hormones that influence the secretion of insulin and glucagon."}
{"id": "PMID:908762", "title": "The role of phosphate in the action of vitamin D on the intestine.", "content": "The response of chick intestine to vitamin D and its metabolites was studied in an organ culture preparation of chick ileum explants. Both 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD(3)) at a concentration of 20 ng/ml or greater and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)] at a concentration of 50 pg/ml or greater stimulated the rate of accumulation of [(32)P]phosphate and (45)Ca by the explants and the incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine into DNA. The accumulation of [(32)P]phosphate by the explants was against a concentration gradient and inhibited by ouabain and dinitrophenol. Two saturable mechanisms appeared to mediate the cellular accumulation of phosphate with K(a) of 0.0047 and 0.125 mM, respectively. The V(max) of the lower affinity transport mechanism was accelerated by 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). Actinomycin D (5.0 mug/ml) did not block the intestinal response to 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) stimulation of both [(32)p]phosphate and (45)Ca accumulation. Significant stimulation of [(32)P]phosphate accumulation was observed 30 min after the addition of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), preceding the sterol-induced increase in the rate of (45)Ca uptake by 30 min and the sterol-induced increase in [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA by 150 min. Increasing extracellular phosphate concentration to 3.0 mM increased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and the rate of (45)Ca uptake by the explants. Reducing extracellular phosphate concentration to 0.05 mM attenuated the response of the explants to 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). From these observations it is postulated that the primary action of vitamin D sterols in the intestine is to enhance the ability of the mucosal cell to accumulate phosphate. The data suggest that restoration of intracellular phosphate levels may then permit expression of the cells' response to vitamin D sterols.", "contents": "The role of phosphate in the action of vitamin D on the intestine. The response of chick intestine to vitamin D and its metabolites was studied in an organ culture preparation of chick ileum explants. Both 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD(3)) at a concentration of 20 ng/ml or greater and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)] at a concentration of 50 pg/ml or greater stimulated the rate of accumulation of [(32)P]phosphate and (45)Ca by the explants and the incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine into DNA. The accumulation of [(32)P]phosphate by the explants was against a concentration gradient and inhibited by ouabain and dinitrophenol. Two saturable mechanisms appeared to mediate the cellular accumulation of phosphate with K(a) of 0.0047 and 0.125 mM, respectively. The V(max) of the lower affinity transport mechanism was accelerated by 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). Actinomycin D (5.0 mug/ml) did not block the intestinal response to 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) stimulation of both [(32)p]phosphate and (45)Ca accumulation. Significant stimulation of [(32)P]phosphate accumulation was observed 30 min after the addition of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), preceding the sterol-induced increase in the rate of (45)Ca uptake by 30 min and the sterol-induced increase in [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA by 150 min. Increasing extracellular phosphate concentration to 3.0 mM increased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and the rate of (45)Ca uptake by the explants. Reducing extracellular phosphate concentration to 0.05 mM attenuated the response of the explants to 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). From these observations it is postulated that the primary action of vitamin D sterols in the intestine is to enhance the ability of the mucosal cell to accumulate phosphate. The data suggest that restoration of intracellular phosphate levels may then permit expression of the cells' response to vitamin D sterols."}
{"id": "PMID:908763", "title": "The histocompatibility system in juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetic multiplex kindreds.", "content": "We have histocompatibility (HLA) genotyped 24 families with two or more juvenile, insulin-dependent, ketosis-prone diabetic siblings. This criterion for family selection was used to obtain a homogeneous form of diabetes within a sibship, because diabetes appears to be a genetically heterogeneous disease. 58 diabetic and 53 nondiabetic sibs and 40 parents were studied. 55% of the diabetic pairs were concordant for both HLA haplotypes (expected 25%), 40% were concordant for one haplotype (expected 50%), and 5% were discordant for both haplotypes (expected 25%). These values are significantly different from the expected values (P < 0.001). On the other hand, the inheritance of haplotypes among the nondiabetic sibs in these families was not significantly different from the expected mendelian segregation. When comparing 20 pairs of HLA identical (sharing two haplotypes) with 15 pairs of haploidential (sharing one haplotype) diabetic sibs for the intrapair difference in age of onset of disease, we found that the HLA identical sibs were significantly more concordant for age of onset (3.9 yr difference) than the haploidential (7.3 yr difference) (P < 0.05). The same type of analysis for the difference in seasonal incidence in months revealed that the HLA indentical sibs were more concordant (1.8 mo difference) than the haploidentical sibs (3.2 mo difference) (P < 0.025). Furthermore, the HLA identical diabetic sibs were more likely to develop diabetes in the winter months (78%) than the haploidentical diabetic sibs (21%). No particular HLA haplotype or antigen seemed to be associated with any particular clinical feature. These data are compatible with the theory of genetic heterogeneity of juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes. It is suggested that there are one or more diabetes response genes in the HLA region playing an important role in the pathogenesis of juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes in the families studied here. It is, however, possible that other genes, not associated with the HLA complex, may play an etiologic role in some cases of juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes, resulting in lack of association between HLA and some forms of diabetes.", "contents": "The histocompatibility system in juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetic multiplex kindreds. We have histocompatibility (HLA) genotyped 24 families with two or more juvenile, insulin-dependent, ketosis-prone diabetic siblings. This criterion for family selection was used to obtain a homogeneous form of diabetes within a sibship, because diabetes appears to be a genetically heterogeneous disease. 58 diabetic and 53 nondiabetic sibs and 40 parents were studied. 55% of the diabetic pairs were concordant for both HLA haplotypes (expected 25%), 40% were concordant for one haplotype (expected 50%), and 5% were discordant for both haplotypes (expected 25%). These values are significantly different from the expected values (P < 0.001). On the other hand, the inheritance of haplotypes among the nondiabetic sibs in these families was not significantly different from the expected mendelian segregation. When comparing 20 pairs of HLA identical (sharing two haplotypes) with 15 pairs of haploidential (sharing one haplotype) diabetic sibs for the intrapair difference in age of onset of disease, we found that the HLA identical sibs were significantly more concordant for age of onset (3.9 yr difference) than the haploidential (7.3 yr difference) (P < 0.05). The same type of analysis for the difference in seasonal incidence in months revealed that the HLA indentical sibs were more concordant (1.8 mo difference) than the haploidentical sibs (3.2 mo difference) (P < 0.025). Furthermore, the HLA identical diabetic sibs were more likely to develop diabetes in the winter months (78%) than the haploidentical diabetic sibs (21%). No particular HLA haplotype or antigen seemed to be associated with any particular clinical feature. These data are compatible with the theory of genetic heterogeneity of juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes. It is suggested that there are one or more diabetes response genes in the HLA region playing an important role in the pathogenesis of juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes in the families studied here. It is, however, possible that other genes, not associated with the HLA complex, may play an etiologic role in some cases of juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes, resulting in lack of association between HLA and some forms of diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:908764", "title": "Release of platelet constituents by monosodium urate crystals.", "content": "The release of human platelet constituents by the etiologic agent of gout, the monosodium urate crystal, is described here. In suspensions of washed platelets, response to urate crystals proceeded in two phases: A secretory phase involved the rapid active release of serotonin, ATP, and ADP with little loss of lactic dehydrogenase or beta-glucuronidase. A lytic phase involved the slower loss of all platelet constituents. Both phases were inhibited by iodoacetate plus dinitrophenol, suggesting an energy requirement. In ultrastructural studies, lysis of washed platelets which appeared to contain crystals was seen. Urate crystals were also shown to induce serotonin release and platelet lysis in citrated platelet-rich plasma. Since urate crystals are deposited at a variety of sites, urate crystal-platelet interaction in vivo is a possibility. Such interactions, leading to release of platelet constituents, might contribute to gouty inflammation or to enhanced atherogenesis.", "contents": "Release of platelet constituents by monosodium urate crystals. The release of human platelet constituents by the etiologic agent of gout, the monosodium urate crystal, is described here. In suspensions of washed platelets, response to urate crystals proceeded in two phases: A secretory phase involved the rapid active release of serotonin, ATP, and ADP with little loss of lactic dehydrogenase or beta-glucuronidase. A lytic phase involved the slower loss of all platelet constituents. Both phases were inhibited by iodoacetate plus dinitrophenol, suggesting an energy requirement. In ultrastructural studies, lysis of washed platelets which appeared to contain crystals was seen. Urate crystals were also shown to induce serotonin release and platelet lysis in citrated platelet-rich plasma. Since urate crystals are deposited at a variety of sites, urate crystal-platelet interaction in vivo is a possibility. Such interactions, leading to release of platelet constituents, might contribute to gouty inflammation or to enhanced atherogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:908775", "title": "Estimation of the prevalence of udder infection in dairy herds based on a single-quarter sample from each cow in the dairy herd.", "content": "Individual quarter milk samples were taken from 719 cows in 7 dairy herds and examined for mastitis-causing pathogens. Analyses were made to ascertain the prevalence of mastitis infection when the results from a single quarter were compared with those from all 4 quarters. There was a very close similarity between the 2 methods of assessment. When the number of samples is limited, sampling of a single quarter instead of all 4 quarters permits more cows to be examined.", "contents": "Estimation of the prevalence of udder infection in dairy herds based on a single-quarter sample from each cow in the dairy herd. Individual quarter milk samples were taken from 719 cows in 7 dairy herds and examined for mastitis-causing pathogens. Analyses were made to ascertain the prevalence of mastitis infection when the results from a single quarter were compared with those from all 4 quarters. There was a very close similarity between the 2 methods of assessment. When the number of samples is limited, sampling of a single quarter instead of all 4 quarters permits more cows to be examined."}
{"id": "PMID:908786", "title": "Vibrotactile frequency for encoding a speech parameter.", "content": "Frequency of vibration has not been widely used as a parameter for encoding speech-derived information on the skin. Where it has been used, the frequencies employed have not necessarily been compatible with the capabilities of the tactile channel, and no determination was made of the information transmitted by the frequency variable, as differentiated from other parameters used simultaneously, such as duration, amplitude, and location. However, several investigators have shown that difference limens for vibration frequency may be small enough to make stimulus frequency useful in encoding a speech-derived parameter such as the fundamental frequency of voiced speech. In the studies reported here, measurements have been made of the frequency discrimination ability of the volar forearm, using both sinusoidal and pulse waveforms. Stimulus configurations included the constant-frequency vibrations used by other laboratories as well as frequency-modulated (warbled) stimulus patterns. The frequency of a warbled stimulus was designed to have temporal variations analogous to those found in speech. The results suggest that it may be profitable to display the fundamental frequency of voiced speech on the skin as vibratory frequency, thought it might be desirable to recode fundamental frequency into a frequency range more closely matched to the skin's capability.", "contents": "Vibrotactile frequency for encoding a speech parameter. Frequency of vibration has not been widely used as a parameter for encoding speech-derived information on the skin. Where it has been used, the frequencies employed have not necessarily been compatible with the capabilities of the tactile channel, and no determination was made of the information transmitted by the frequency variable, as differentiated from other parameters used simultaneously, such as duration, amplitude, and location. However, several investigators have shown that difference limens for vibration frequency may be small enough to make stimulus frequency useful in encoding a speech-derived parameter such as the fundamental frequency of voiced speech. In the studies reported here, measurements have been made of the frequency discrimination ability of the volar forearm, using both sinusoidal and pulse waveforms. Stimulus configurations included the constant-frequency vibrations used by other laboratories as well as frequency-modulated (warbled) stimulus patterns. The frequency of a warbled stimulus was designed to have temporal variations analogous to those found in speech. The results suggest that it may be profitable to display the fundamental frequency of voiced speech on the skin as vibratory frequency, thought it might be desirable to recode fundamental frequency into a frequency range more closely matched to the skin's capability."}
{"id": "PMID:908787", "title": "Analog of two-tone suppression in whole nerve responses.", "content": "Some similarities are shown between single-unit two-tone suppression areas and those derived from the difference of compound action potential tuning curves obtained with simultaneous and forward masking.", "contents": "Analog of two-tone suppression in whole nerve responses. Some similarities are shown between single-unit two-tone suppression areas and those derived from the difference of compound action potential tuning curves obtained with simultaneous and forward masking."}
{"id": "PMID:908788", "title": "Ultrasonic attenuation of myocardial tissue: dependence on time after excision and on temperature.", "content": "The ultrasonic attenuation coefficient of myocardium over the frequency range 2-10 MHz has been measured in vitro as a function excision and as a function of temperature. Results indicate that the attenuation coefficient was approximately independent of time for 4 h following excision at 19.5 degrees C, but increased by about 20% over a 4-h interval at 35 degrees C. The attenuation coefficient decreases approximately linearly with increasing temperature over the range 20.5 degrees -37 degrees C, with the value at 37 degrees C being about 20% lower than at 20.5 degrees C.", "contents": "Ultrasonic attenuation of myocardial tissue: dependence on time after excision and on temperature. The ultrasonic attenuation coefficient of myocardium over the frequency range 2-10 MHz has been measured in vitro as a function excision and as a function of temperature. Results indicate that the attenuation coefficient was approximately independent of time for 4 h following excision at 19.5 degrees C, but increased by about 20% over a 4-h interval at 35 degrees C. The attenuation coefficient decreases approximately linearly with increasing temperature over the range 20.5 degrees -37 degrees C, with the value at 37 degrees C being about 20% lower than at 20.5 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:908789", "title": "Two-tone auditory spectral resolution.", "content": "Two component complex tones were synthesized so that each member of a complementary pair exhibited identical amplitude modulations; frequency modulations, however, were in opposite directions. Previous work has shown that the discriminability of the members of a complementary pair is related to the envelope-weighted differences in their instantaneous frequency functions. Listeners report that they base their discriminations upon differences in pitch between complementary two component signals. We assumed that the high discriminability found for moderate separations between the two component frequencies would not obtain if the components were resolved into separate critical bands. Thus we could define the just discriminable (75%) frequency separation as a direct estimate of spectral resolving power without recourse to assumptions about masking effectiveness, loudness summation, or other subjective changes thought to depend upon auditory spectral resolving power. Our findings indicate that resolution bandwidths resulting from the discriminability of complex tone pairs approximate the width of the traveling-wave envelope observed by von B\u00e9k\u00e8sy. In light of our results, the implications for other critical bandwidth estimates are discussed.", "contents": "Two-tone auditory spectral resolution. Two component complex tones were synthesized so that each member of a complementary pair exhibited identical amplitude modulations; frequency modulations, however, were in opposite directions. Previous work has shown that the discriminability of the members of a complementary pair is related to the envelope-weighted differences in their instantaneous frequency functions. Listeners report that they base their discriminations upon differences in pitch between complementary two component signals. We assumed that the high discriminability found for moderate separations between the two component frequencies would not obtain if the components were resolved into separate critical bands. Thus we could define the just discriminable (75%) frequency separation as a direct estimate of spectral resolving power without recourse to assumptions about masking effectiveness, loudness summation, or other subjective changes thought to depend upon auditory spectral resolving power. Our findings indicate that resolution bandwidths resulting from the discriminability of complex tone pairs approximate the width of the traveling-wave envelope observed by von B\u00e9k\u00e8sy. In light of our results, the implications for other critical bandwidth estimates are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908790", "title": "Detection and recognition of pure tones in noise.", "content": "We examine the predictions of a new theorem relating signal identification (specifying a signal as a particular member of a set of potential signals) to signal detection (discriminating the presence of a signal). The theorem, derived in the context of signal-detection theory, requires that the signals be equally detectable and orthogonal. Our sinusoidal signals are partially masked by noise and their intensities adjusted to produce equal-signal detectability; we do not examine this assumption of the theorem. The theorem generally provides a reasonably accurate description of recognition performance for two-signal and four-signal conditions and is equally accurate for both the Yes-No and category-rating procedures. In a preliminary investigation of the orthogonality assumption, we varied the frequency separation between two signals. When the frequency separation between two signals is small (20 Hz near 1 kHz), the theorem fails to provide a good description of performance.", "contents": "Detection and recognition of pure tones in noise. We examine the predictions of a new theorem relating signal identification (specifying a signal as a particular member of a set of potential signals) to signal detection (discriminating the presence of a signal). The theorem, derived in the context of signal-detection theory, requires that the signals be equally detectable and orthogonal. Our sinusoidal signals are partially masked by noise and their intensities adjusted to produce equal-signal detectability; we do not examine this assumption of the theorem. The theorem generally provides a reasonably accurate description of recognition performance for two-signal and four-signal conditions and is equally accurate for both the Yes-No and category-rating procedures. In a preliminary investigation of the orthogonality assumption, we varied the frequency separation between two signals. When the frequency separation between two signals is small (20 Hz near 1 kHz), the theorem fails to provide a good description of performance."}
{"id": "PMID:908791", "title": "Noncategorical perception of stop consonants differing in VOT.", "content": "The discriminability of bilabial stop consonants differing in VOT (the Abramson-Lisker bilabial series) was measured in a same-different task, an oddity task, and a dual response, discrimination--identification task. Subjects showed excellent within-category discrimination in all three tasks after a moderate amount of training in a same-different task with a fixed standard and with feedback. In addition, discrimination performance continuously improved with increasing stimulus difference for both intra- and intercategory comparisons. Also, subjects were able to alter their identification responses so that well-defined category boundaries fell at arbitrary values determined by the experiments. These results are not compatible with a strict interpretation of the categorical perception of stop consonants.", "contents": "Noncategorical perception of stop consonants differing in VOT. The discriminability of bilabial stop consonants differing in VOT (the Abramson-Lisker bilabial series) was measured in a same-different task, an oddity task, and a dual response, discrimination--identification task. Subjects showed excellent within-category discrimination in all three tasks after a moderate amount of training in a same-different task with a fixed standard and with feedback. In addition, discrimination performance continuously improved with increasing stimulus difference for both intra- and intercategory comparisons. Also, subjects were able to alter their identification responses so that well-defined category boundaries fell at arbitrary values determined by the experiments. These results are not compatible with a strict interpretation of the categorical perception of stop consonants."}
{"id": "PMID:908792", "title": "Effect of final-syllable position on vowel duration in infant babbling.", "content": "Previous research has suggested possible speech-production- and/or speech-perception-oriented causes for the temporal phenomenon referred to as final-syllable vowel lengthening, yet little conclusive evidence has been adduced for either possibility. The present study represents an attempt to provide additional information concerning the nature of this phenomenon by approaching the issue from a developmental perspective. A much smaller amount of final-syllable vowel lengthening was observed in the premeaningful vocalizations of a number of very young infants than in phonetically comparable utterances produced by adult speakers of English. It is concluded on the basis of this preliminary evidence that extensive final-syllable lengthening observed in the productions of adult speakers of English seemingly constitutes a learned behavior.", "contents": "Effect of final-syllable position on vowel duration in infant babbling. Previous research has suggested possible speech-production- and/or speech-perception-oriented causes for the temporal phenomenon referred to as final-syllable vowel lengthening, yet little conclusive evidence has been adduced for either possibility. The present study represents an attempt to provide additional information concerning the nature of this phenomenon by approaching the issue from a developmental perspective. A much smaller amount of final-syllable vowel lengthening was observed in the premeaningful vocalizations of a number of very young infants than in phonetically comparable utterances produced by adult speakers of English. It is concluded on the basis of this preliminary evidence that extensive final-syllable lengthening observed in the productions of adult speakers of English seemingly constitutes a learned behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:908793", "title": "Control of vocal-tract length in speech.", "content": "Essential for the correct production of vowels is the accurate control of vocal-tract length. Perkell [Psychology of Speech Production (MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1969)] has suggested that two important determinants of vocal-tract length are vertical larynx position and lip spreading/protrusion, often acting together. The present study was designed to determine whether constraining lip spreading/protrusion induces compensatory vertical larynx displacements, particularly on rounded vowels. Upper lip and larynx movement were monitored photoelectrically while French and Mandarin native speakers produced the vowels /i,y,u/ first under normal-speech conditions and then with lip activity constrained. Significant differences were found in upper-lip protrusion and larynx position depending on the vowel uttered. Moreover, the generally low-larynx position of rounded vowels became even lower  when lip protrusion was constrained. These results imply that compensatory articulations contribute to a contrast-preserving strategy in speech production.", "contents": "Control of vocal-tract length in speech. Essential for the correct production of vowels is the accurate control of vocal-tract length. Perkell [Psychology of Speech Production (MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1969)] has suggested that two important determinants of vocal-tract length are vertical larynx position and lip spreading/protrusion, often acting together. The present study was designed to determine whether constraining lip spreading/protrusion induces compensatory vertical larynx displacements, particularly on rounded vowels. Upper lip and larynx movement were monitored photoelectrically while French and Mandarin native speakers produced the vowels /i,y,u/ first under normal-speech conditions and then with lip activity constrained. Significant differences were found in upper-lip protrusion and larynx position depending on the vowel uttered. Moreover, the generally low-larynx position of rounded vowels became even lower  when lip protrusion was constrained. These results imply that compensatory articulations contribute to a contrast-preserving strategy in speech production."}
{"id": "PMID:908794", "title": "Frequency of W4 and W6 antigens in perennial, nonallergic asthmatics.", "content": "The frequency of W4 and W6 antigens was determined in 39 perennial, nonallergic asthmatics and 53 normal controls. The data indicated that the frequency of asthmatics homozygous for W4 or W6 was not different from the unrelated control population. Hence, our data dispute the hypothesis that intrinsic asthma is an autosomal-recessive disease associated with the W6 antigen.", "contents": "Frequency of W4 and W6 antigens in perennial, nonallergic asthmatics. The frequency of W4 and W6 antigens was determined in 39 perennial, nonallergic asthmatics and 53 normal controls. The data indicated that the frequency of asthmatics homozygous for W4 or W6 was not different from the unrelated control population. Hence, our data dispute the hypothesis that intrinsic asthma is an autosomal-recessive disease associated with the W6 antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:908795", "title": "Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients treated with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol.", "content": "Thirty asthmatic patients participating in a trial of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol were evaluated to determine the relationships among symptons of sore throat or hoarseness, the appearance of the throat on physical examination, and the presence of yeasts on pharyngeal culture. Observations were recorded prior to aerosol therapy and repeated after 2 wk, 4 wk, 6 wk, 4 mo, and 6 mo of therapy. A total of 15 patients (50%) experienced sore throat or hoarseness, 15 (50%) had yeasts cultured from the pharynx on at least one occasion, and 11 (37%) at some point had an abnormal throat examination; however, there was no predictable relationship between symptoms or abnormal physical examinations and the presence of a positive culture. The frequency of positive cultures did not change significantly during the observation period. Twelve patients had positive yeast cultures on 50% or more of their samples. The incidence of symptoms was not sigficantly increased in these chronically colonized patients. Symptoms were usually transient, and discontinuation of the aerosol or antifungal therapy was unnecessary. Triamcinolone aerosol was not associated with significantly increased pharyngeal colonization with yeasts in this 6-mo study. Existing chronic colonization is not necessarily a contraindication to triamcinolone therapy. Sore throat and hoarseness are usually unrelated to yeast infection in patients using triamcinolone acetonide aerosol.", "contents": "Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients treated with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol. Thirty asthmatic patients participating in a trial of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol were evaluated to determine the relationships among symptons of sore throat or hoarseness, the appearance of the throat on physical examination, and the presence of yeasts on pharyngeal culture. Observations were recorded prior to aerosol therapy and repeated after 2 wk, 4 wk, 6 wk, 4 mo, and 6 mo of therapy. A total of 15 patients (50%) experienced sore throat or hoarseness, 15 (50%) had yeasts cultured from the pharynx on at least one occasion, and 11 (37%) at some point had an abnormal throat examination; however, there was no predictable relationship between symptoms or abnormal physical examinations and the presence of a positive culture. The frequency of positive cultures did not change significantly during the observation period. Twelve patients had positive yeast cultures on 50% or more of their samples. The incidence of symptoms was not sigficantly increased in these chronically colonized patients. Symptoms were usually transient, and discontinuation of the aerosol or antifungal therapy was unnecessary. Triamcinolone aerosol was not associated with significantly increased pharyngeal colonization with yeasts in this 6-mo study. Existing chronic colonization is not necessarily a contraindication to triamcinolone therapy. Sore throat and hoarseness are usually unrelated to yeast infection in patients using triamcinolone acetonide aerosol."}
{"id": "PMID:908813", "title": "Agnogenic venous mesenteric thrombosis.", "content": "One of the most difficult diagnoses to establish is that of agnogenic venous mesenteric thrombosis (AVMT). This disorder occurs chiefly in elderly patients and, unless diagnosed promptly, leads to death in most instances. AVMT may follow surgical operations or occur during a prolonged illness. In the past five years at St. Clare's Hospital and Health Center in New York City, this diagnosis was established in five patients. In reviewing these cases, it was noted that some of the signs and symptoms such as those due to hypotension and shock with marked leukocytosis, were out of proportion to those usually observed when the preoperative diagnosis is being considered. The pathologic and radiologic characteristics of this disorder are outlined, and the recommended operative procedure for treatment is discussed. The importance is stressed of prompt, vigorous and prolonged anticoagulation therapy in order to minimize the chance of recurrence in the early postoperative period. Anticoagulant therapy is also effective preoperatively, if the disease is diagnosed sufficiently early. As greater numbers of elderly patients are being treated in hospitals, this dire complication should be uppermost in the minds of physicians and surgeons if a fatal outcome is to be avoided following a successful operative procedure.", "contents": "Agnogenic venous mesenteric thrombosis. One of the most difficult diagnoses to establish is that of agnogenic venous mesenteric thrombosis (AVMT). This disorder occurs chiefly in elderly patients and, unless diagnosed promptly, leads to death in most instances. AVMT may follow surgical operations or occur during a prolonged illness. In the past five years at St. Clare's Hospital and Health Center in New York City, this diagnosis was established in five patients. In reviewing these cases, it was noted that some of the signs and symptoms such as those due to hypotension and shock with marked leukocytosis, were out of proportion to those usually observed when the preoperative diagnosis is being considered. The pathologic and radiologic characteristics of this disorder are outlined, and the recommended operative procedure for treatment is discussed. The importance is stressed of prompt, vigorous and prolonged anticoagulation therapy in order to minimize the chance of recurrence in the early postoperative period. Anticoagulant therapy is also effective preoperatively, if the disease is diagnosed sufficiently early. As greater numbers of elderly patients are being treated in hospitals, this dire complication should be uppermost in the minds of physicians and surgeons if a fatal outcome is to be avoided following a successful operative procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:908814", "title": "Geriatrics program for medical students and family practice residents. I. Establishing attitudes toward the aged.", "content": "This report concerns the initiation of required experience in geriatrics for undergraduate medical students and a program of research designed to evaluate that experience. Through the use of questionnaires, an attempt was made to differentiate between attitudes toward the elderly and their rehabilitation potential as stated by medical students, family practice residents, and professional and nonprofessional nursing-home staff members. Important differences were found between professional and nonprofessional groups, but no significant differences among professionals. Implications for the training of professional and nonprofessional staff members are discussed, and further research plans specified.", "contents": "Geriatrics program for medical students and family practice residents. I. Establishing attitudes toward the aged. This report concerns the initiation of required experience in geriatrics for undergraduate medical students and a program of research designed to evaluate that experience. Through the use of questionnaires, an attempt was made to differentiate between attitudes toward the elderly and their rehabilitation potential as stated by medical students, family practice residents, and professional and nonprofessional nursing-home staff members. Important differences were found between professional and nonprofessional groups, but no significant differences among professionals. Implications for the training of professional and nonprofessional staff members are discussed, and further research plans specified."}
{"id": "PMID:908815", "title": "Evaluating the quality of nursing home care.", "content": "Evaluation of the quality of care that a nursing home patient receives is difficult and requires physician participation as well as the participation of specially trained nursing personnel. A form of limited medical audit is suggested to aid in such evaluation. In the proprietary nursing home studied by the authors, the quality of care was not being effectively assessed by the survey process then employed. In addition to other factors, emphasis is now placed on the avoidance of additional costs or extra paper work in the process of determining the quality of care.", "contents": "Evaluating the quality of nursing home care. Evaluation of the quality of care that a nursing home patient receives is difficult and requires physician participation as well as the participation of specially trained nursing personnel. A form of limited medical audit is suggested to aid in such evaluation. In the proprietary nursing home studied by the authors, the quality of care was not being effectively assessed by the survey process then employed. In addition to other factors, emphasis is now placed on the avoidance of additional costs or extra paper work in the process of determining the quality of care."}
{"id": "PMID:908826", "title": "The diagnosis of amblyopia and strabismus: a programmed approach.", "content": "A simplified method of recording and analyzing amblyopic and strabismic examinations is presented. With this new form, the average practitioner is provided with a relatively standardized set of tests in a logical, organized sequence. Programming the patient's responses into meaningful categories facilitates the formation of a differential diagnosis and also provides valuable insight into the eventual outcome of each case.", "contents": "The diagnosis of amblyopia and strabismus: a programmed approach. A simplified method of recording and analyzing amblyopic and strabismic examinations is presented. With this new form, the average practitioner is provided with a relatively standardized set of tests in a logical, organized sequence. Programming the patient's responses into meaningful categories facilitates the formation of a differential diagnosis and also provides valuable insight into the eventual outcome of each case."}
{"id": "PMID:908827", "title": "Intermittent exotropia of the divergence excess type.", "content": "Sensory and motor anomalies of the intermittent exotropia, the divergence excess type, have been described by various authors. However, previous theories of etiology fail to incorporate all the sensory motor anomalies typically found. The present paper attempts to develop a theory of etiology based upon sensory-motor findings and to offer a treatment plan consistent with those findings.", "contents": "Intermittent exotropia of the divergence excess type. Sensory and motor anomalies of the intermittent exotropia, the divergence excess type, have been described by various authors. However, previous theories of etiology fail to incorporate all the sensory motor anomalies typically found. The present paper attempts to develop a theory of etiology based upon sensory-motor findings and to offer a treatment plan consistent with those findings."}
{"id": "PMID:908828", "title": "Migraine: fusional-eye movement stress.", "content": "This paper indicates that the sources of migraine have always been in doubt, from ancient times when physicians first described the syndrome of migraine without clarifying it sources to the present day when physicians, still in some doubt, contend that excess of such substances as acetylcholine or serotonin may trigger the migraine. This paper argues that dynamic binocular seeing, normally a stress function, excites the migraine headache, primarily, howver, among visual pain sensitive individuals. Cases are offered whose migraine is relieved by creating a finer binocular seeing balance through fusion-eye movement training with the V.T. Reading Aid.", "contents": "Migraine: fusional-eye movement stress. This paper indicates that the sources of migraine have always been in doubt, from ancient times when physicians first described the syndrome of migraine without clarifying it sources to the present day when physicians, still in some doubt, contend that excess of such substances as acetylcholine or serotonin may trigger the migraine. This paper argues that dynamic binocular seeing, normally a stress function, excites the migraine headache, primarily, howver, among visual pain sensitive individuals. Cases are offered whose migraine is relieved by creating a finer binocular seeing balance through fusion-eye movement training with the V.T. Reading Aid."}
{"id": "PMID:908843", "title": "The role of fatty acid oxidation in the epidermis.", "content": "Using cultured epidermal cells from guinea pig ears, we have determined that the epidermis has a consistenly low respiratory quotient which is indicative of lipid metabolism. When the tissue was supplied with an exogenous source of free fatty acid, the rate of oxidation was quite large. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation by alpha-bromopalmitate, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation in other mammalian cells, was associated with a decrease in both the rate of respiration and a decrease in the total pool of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These data indicate that alpha-bromopalmitate, through its inhibtory effect on fatty acid oxidation, decreases the amount of substrate entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle which in turn decreases the rate of both oxygen uptake and ATP production. A consequence of this lowered ATP level is a decreased rat of DNA synthesis, an effect which may be beneficial in controlling hyperproliferative diseases of the skin.", "contents": "The role of fatty acid oxidation in the epidermis. Using cultured epidermal cells from guinea pig ears, we have determined that the epidermis has a consistenly low respiratory quotient which is indicative of lipid metabolism. When the tissue was supplied with an exogenous source of free fatty acid, the rate of oxidation was quite large. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation by alpha-bromopalmitate, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation in other mammalian cells, was associated with a decrease in both the rate of respiration and a decrease in the total pool of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These data indicate that alpha-bromopalmitate, through its inhibtory effect on fatty acid oxidation, decreases the amount of substrate entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle which in turn decreases the rate of both oxygen uptake and ATP production. A consequence of this lowered ATP level is a decreased rat of DNA synthesis, an effect which may be beneficial in controlling hyperproliferative diseases of the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:908844", "title": "Dermal toxicity of 8-methoxypsoralen administered (by gavage) to hairless mice irradiated with long-wave ultraviolet light.", "content": "Hairless mice were administered various amounts of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) by gavage, followed by irradiation with ultraviolet light (UVA) two or more times per week for periods ranging from 1 to 12 months. The minimum phototoxic dose was 20 mg/kg body weight by this route of administration and potential for serious organ toxicity in long-term exposures was investigated. No histologic features of cutaneous malignancy were encountered under test conditions which produced prolonged phototoxicity, deep ulceration, cicatrization, and other deformities. Repeated daily gavaged doses of 20 mg psoralen/kg body weight in conjunction with twice weekly irradiation for 10 min with UVA elicited an erythematous phototoxic reaction, but did not give rise to subsequent skin lesions. 8-MOP in repeated daily gavage doses of 30 mg and 40 mg/kg body weight combined with twice weekly UVA irradiation for 10 min caused severe burning with subsequent scarring, but did not induce malignant tumors in experiments lasting lasting 8 months. No organ toxicity was seen except for toxic liver changes when severe cutaneous burn and pronounced ulcerations were produced. Limited immunologic studies disclosed no abnormalities in this system.", "contents": "Dermal toxicity of 8-methoxypsoralen administered (by gavage) to hairless mice irradiated with long-wave ultraviolet light. Hairless mice were administered various amounts of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) by gavage, followed by irradiation with ultraviolet light (UVA) two or more times per week for periods ranging from 1 to 12 months. The minimum phototoxic dose was 20 mg/kg body weight by this route of administration and potential for serious organ toxicity in long-term exposures was investigated. No histologic features of cutaneous malignancy were encountered under test conditions which produced prolonged phototoxicity, deep ulceration, cicatrization, and other deformities. Repeated daily gavaged doses of 20 mg psoralen/kg body weight in conjunction with twice weekly irradiation for 10 min with UVA elicited an erythematous phototoxic reaction, but did not give rise to subsequent skin lesions. 8-MOP in repeated daily gavage doses of 30 mg and 40 mg/kg body weight combined with twice weekly UVA irradiation for 10 min caused severe burning with subsequent scarring, but did not induce malignant tumors in experiments lasting lasting 8 months. No organ toxicity was seen except for toxic liver changes when severe cutaneous burn and pronounced ulcerations were produced. Limited immunologic studies disclosed no abnormalities in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:908845", "title": "Corticosteroid-induced dermal atrophy in the rat.", "content": "Corticosteroid-induced dermal atrophy has been studied in the rat using daily application of ethanolic solutions to small areas of flank skin. After 12 days of treatment, the degree of atrophy was determined by comparing the weights of skin plugs (16 mm diameter) taken from the treated areas with contralaterally paired control areas. Doses can be adjusted so that systemic effects are minimized and only local effects are observed. Hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone butyrate, dexamethasone, betamethasone, desonide and triamcinolone acetonide all produce atrophy in the rat, and the degree of thinning is dose dependent. Potencies in the dermal atrophy assay compare directly with topical anti-inflammatory potencies in the rat, and the presence of fluorine in the steroid molecule is not a determining factor in the production of atrophy.", "contents": "Corticosteroid-induced dermal atrophy in the rat. Corticosteroid-induced dermal atrophy has been studied in the rat using daily application of ethanolic solutions to small areas of flank skin. After 12 days of treatment, the degree of atrophy was determined by comparing the weights of skin plugs (16 mm diameter) taken from the treated areas with contralaterally paired control areas. Doses can be adjusted so that systemic effects are minimized and only local effects are observed. Hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone butyrate, dexamethasone, betamethasone, desonide and triamcinolone acetonide all produce atrophy in the rat, and the degree of thinning is dose dependent. Potencies in the dermal atrophy assay compare directly with topical anti-inflammatory potencies in the rat, and the presence of fluorine in the steroid molecule is not a determining factor in the production of atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:908846", "title": "Effects of retinoic acid on embryonic chick skin.", "content": "The influence of vitamin A on differentiating epithelia was examined in explants of skin from 14-day chick embryos exposed to retinoic acid (RA) in low, moderate, and high doses. The changes observed in RA-treated cultures are both dose- and time-dependent and are reversible when explants are transferred to control medium. The periderm sloughs prematurely and horizontal stratification is lost. Keratinization is inhibited and fewer desmosomes and tonofilaments are seen. Surface epidermal cells develop microvilli, bulge upwards, and detach. Golgi elements, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and polyribosomes are unusually prominent. Mucin granules form and gland-like structures develop with intercellular canaliculi characterized by tight junctions, brush borders, and dense secretory contents. On the basis of present evidence there are several possible mechanisms by which RA could alter epidermal differentiation. RA-induced gaps in the basal lamina allow direct contact between epidermal basal cells and fibroblasts and collagen fibers which could result in inappropriate dermal signals reaching the epidermis. In younger embryos the entire epidermis, including the mitotically inactive surface cells, appears to respond to RA, and this could imply an epigenetic modulation of cell phenotype. Finally, after the formation of a stratum corneum in older embryos only the relatively undifferentiated basal layer shows a metaplastic response, indicating that RA could be acting directly on the genome.", "contents": "Effects of retinoic acid on embryonic chick skin. The influence of vitamin A on differentiating epithelia was examined in explants of skin from 14-day chick embryos exposed to retinoic acid (RA) in low, moderate, and high doses. The changes observed in RA-treated cultures are both dose- and time-dependent and are reversible when explants are transferred to control medium. The periderm sloughs prematurely and horizontal stratification is lost. Keratinization is inhibited and fewer desmosomes and tonofilaments are seen. Surface epidermal cells develop microvilli, bulge upwards, and detach. Golgi elements, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and polyribosomes are unusually prominent. Mucin granules form and gland-like structures develop with intercellular canaliculi characterized by tight junctions, brush borders, and dense secretory contents. On the basis of present evidence there are several possible mechanisms by which RA could alter epidermal differentiation. RA-induced gaps in the basal lamina allow direct contact between epidermal basal cells and fibroblasts and collagen fibers which could result in inappropriate dermal signals reaching the epidermis. In younger embryos the entire epidermis, including the mitotically inactive surface cells, appears to respond to RA, and this could imply an epigenetic modulation of cell phenotype. Finally, after the formation of a stratum corneum in older embryos only the relatively undifferentiated basal layer shows a metaplastic response, indicating that RA could be acting directly on the genome."}
{"id": "PMID:908847", "title": "Leukocytoclastic vasculitis: sequential appearance of immunoreactants and cellular changes in serial biopsies.", "content": "To study the mechanisms responsible for leukocytoclastic vasculitis, we evaluated the kinetics of immunologic and cellular changes in induced vasculitis lesions. In four of five consecutive patients with active vasculitis, lesions were induced by increasing vascular permeability via injecting histamine into the skin. Biopsies were obtained for light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence at 1, 4, 8, and 24 hr after injection. The results show that immunoglobulin, C3, and electron-dense material are deposited in vessel walls early and are followed by cellular infiltration. The characteristics of the cellular infiltrates were quite diverse at different times after histamine provocation and no distinctive patterns were seen. Nevertheless, the kinetics of the appearance of immunoreactants and cells implies that immunoglobulin and probably circulating immune complexes are present prior to the development of inflammation and supports the contention that deposition of immune complexes within vessel walls is responsible for leukocytoclastic vasculitis.", "contents": "Leukocytoclastic vasculitis: sequential appearance of immunoreactants and cellular changes in serial biopsies. To study the mechanisms responsible for leukocytoclastic vasculitis, we evaluated the kinetics of immunologic and cellular changes in induced vasculitis lesions. In four of five consecutive patients with active vasculitis, lesions were induced by increasing vascular permeability via injecting histamine into the skin. Biopsies were obtained for light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence at 1, 4, 8, and 24 hr after injection. The results show that immunoglobulin, C3, and electron-dense material are deposited in vessel walls early and are followed by cellular infiltration. The characteristics of the cellular infiltrates were quite diverse at different times after histamine provocation and no distinctive patterns were seen. Nevertheless, the kinetics of the appearance of immunoreactants and cells implies that immunoglobulin and probably circulating immune complexes are present prior to the development of inflammation and supports the contention that deposition of immune complexes within vessel walls is responsible for leukocytoclastic vasculitis."}
{"id": "PMID:908848", "title": "Epidemiologic and clinical features of an outbreak of bubonic plague in New Mexico.", "content": "An outbreak of seven cases of bubonic plague in New Mexico was investigated. Clinical features were studied and correlated with field studies in an attmept to determine the source of infection in patients with indefinite histories of exposure. Most patients presented with fever, malaise, and an acute painful lymphadenitis (bubo). One death occurred in a patient with bubonic-septicemic plague complicated by meningitis due to Yersinia pestis. All patients lived in rural or semirural areas, and most had been in the general vicinity of their usual residence during the six days prior to onset of symptoms. The outbreak was associated with probable epizootics in rodents in two different areas of the state. One case was traced to direct hand contact with plague-infected rabbits. One patient developed insect bites after sleeping in the same bed with a flea-infested cat. Three of the other five patients had insect bites, presumably flea bites, but none of the five recalled contact with rodents or rabbits. Four of the five, however, had been in contact with dogs or cats that were later shown to have titers of antibody to Y. pestis. These findings provide further support for the hypothesis that contact with domestic dogs and cats may result in direct or indirect transmission of Y. pestis to humans.", "contents": "Epidemiologic and clinical features of an outbreak of bubonic plague in New Mexico. An outbreak of seven cases of bubonic plague in New Mexico was investigated. Clinical features were studied and correlated with field studies in an attmept to determine the source of infection in patients with indefinite histories of exposure. Most patients presented with fever, malaise, and an acute painful lymphadenitis (bubo). One death occurred in a patient with bubonic-septicemic plague complicated by meningitis due to Yersinia pestis. All patients lived in rural or semirural areas, and most had been in the general vicinity of their usual residence during the six days prior to onset of symptoms. The outbreak was associated with probable epizootics in rodents in two different areas of the state. One case was traced to direct hand contact with plague-infected rabbits. One patient developed insect bites after sleeping in the same bed with a flea-infested cat. Three of the other five patients had insect bites, presumably flea bites, but none of the five recalled contact with rodents or rabbits. Four of the five, however, had been in contact with dogs or cats that were later shown to have titers of antibody to Y. pestis. These findings provide further support for the hypothesis that contact with domestic dogs and cats may result in direct or indirect transmission of Y. pestis to humans."}
{"id": "PMID:908849", "title": "Impaired response of lymphocytes of diabetic subjects to antigen of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The lymphocyte response to antigen of Staphylococcus aureus was examined in 67 uninfected diabetic subjects and in 71 age-matched subjects who were not diabetic. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to phytohemagglutinin and to antigen of S. aureus in triplicate cultures in the lymphocyte transformation assay. Diabetic subjects including those who were in good metabolic control had significantly decreased responses to staphylococcal antigen (P less than 0.05) but not to phytohemagglutinin. The use of fetal calf serum in place of autologous plasma in the nutrient medium did not correct the defect. Lymphocytes from normal subjects were cultured in diabetic plasma as well as in autologous plasma; the differences were not significant. These findings indicate that diabetic persons have an impaired response to staphylococcal antigen, a defect which appears to be in the lymphocyte itself and not in the serum factor.", "contents": "Impaired response of lymphocytes of diabetic subjects to antigen of Staphylococcus aureus. The lymphocyte response to antigen of Staphylococcus aureus was examined in 67 uninfected diabetic subjects and in 71 age-matched subjects who were not diabetic. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to phytohemagglutinin and to antigen of S. aureus in triplicate cultures in the lymphocyte transformation assay. Diabetic subjects including those who were in good metabolic control had significantly decreased responses to staphylococcal antigen (P less than 0.05) but not to phytohemagglutinin. The use of fetal calf serum in place of autologous plasma in the nutrient medium did not correct the defect. Lymphocytes from normal subjects were cultured in diabetic plasma as well as in autologous plasma; the differences were not significant. These findings indicate that diabetic persons have an impaired response to staphylococcal antigen, a defect which appears to be in the lymphocyte itself and not in the serum factor."}
{"id": "PMID:908850", "title": "Correlation of metabolic and chemiluminescent responses of granulocytes from three female siblings with chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) from children with atypical chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), their mother and siblings, and normal controls were studied in regard to glycolytic and hexose monophosphate shunt activities in the resting, methylene blue-stimulated, and phagocytizing states. PMNL from the patients with CGD had normal glycolytic and hexose monophophate shunt activities in the resting state and after stimulation with methylene blue. However, stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt after phagocytosis was greatly decreased. These data were correlated with studies of both initial rate and integral counts of chemiluminescence. The chemiluminescent response from patients with atypical CGD was also greatly decreased. This decreased response probably reflects a defect in the oxidative destruction of the phagocytized microbe and correlates well with the decreased activity of the phagocytically activated hexose monophosphate  shunt. The defect in generation of radical species of oxygen, singlet oxygen, and chemiluminescence by leukocytes from patients with CGD is discussed.", "contents": "Correlation of metabolic and chemiluminescent responses of granulocytes from three female siblings with chronic granulomatous disease. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) from children with atypical chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), their mother and siblings, and normal controls were studied in regard to glycolytic and hexose monophosphate shunt activities in the resting, methylene blue-stimulated, and phagocytizing states. PMNL from the patients with CGD had normal glycolytic and hexose monophophate shunt activities in the resting state and after stimulation with methylene blue. However, stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt after phagocytosis was greatly decreased. These data were correlated with studies of both initial rate and integral counts of chemiluminescence. The chemiluminescent response from patients with atypical CGD was also greatly decreased. This decreased response probably reflects a defect in the oxidative destruction of the phagocytized microbe and correlates well with the decreased activity of the phagocytically activated hexose monophosphate  shunt. The defect in generation of radical species of oxygen, singlet oxygen, and chemiluminescence by leukocytes from patients with CGD is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908852", "title": "Yaws in the Americas, 1950-1975.", "content": "Yaws was introduced into the Americas by African slaves beginning in the 16th century and may have already been present before the arrival of Columbus. In the 1950s, programs for the eradication of yaws were undertaken in almost all American countries in which yaws was endemic. By mass treatment of cases and contacts with penicillin, the programs against yaws have dramatically reduced the incidence of reported cases throughout the Western Hemisphere from greater than 44,000 cases per year during 1950-1954 to 437 cases in 1975. In Brazil, efforts against yaws reduced the number of patients treated by 99% between 1965 and 1974. By 1975, yaws apparently remained a significant public health problem in only a few communities in Brazil, Columbia, Dominica, Ecuador, Haiti, Peru, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent, and possibly in Guiana and Surinam. It may be possible to eliminate infectious yaws entirely from the Western Hemisphere within the next few years.", "contents": "Yaws in the Americas, 1950-1975. Yaws was introduced into the Americas by African slaves beginning in the 16th century and may have already been present before the arrival of Columbus. In the 1950s, programs for the eradication of yaws were undertaken in almost all American countries in which yaws was endemic. By mass treatment of cases and contacts with penicillin, the programs against yaws have dramatically reduced the incidence of reported cases throughout the Western Hemisphere from greater than 44,000 cases per year during 1950-1954 to 437 cases in 1975. In Brazil, efforts against yaws reduced the number of patients treated by 99% between 1965 and 1974. By 1975, yaws apparently remained a significant public health problem in only a few communities in Brazil, Columbia, Dominica, Ecuador, Haiti, Peru, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent, and possibly in Guiana and Surinam. It may be possible to eliminate infectious yaws entirely from the Western Hemisphere within the next few years."}
{"id": "PMID:908853", "title": "Kinetics of immunological responses, resistance to reinfection, and pathological reactions to infection with Trichinella spiralis.", "content": "Changes in immune responses, resistance to reinfection, and pathological reactions were studied serially in mice that had been infected for four to 40 weeks with 150 larvae of Trichinella spiralis. Immediate footpad hypersensitivity reactions to antigens of Trichinella were present throughout the period of observation. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions 48 hr after injection of antigen were first seen in mice infected for 14 weeks and gradually increased in size thereafter. Intestinal adult worm burdens were determined one week after challenge with 5000 larvae. There was resistance to reinfection and accelerated expulsion of worms in animals challenged three weeks after the primary infection; this resistance waned at seven and 13 weeks but reappeared in mice infected for 20 weeks or longer. Counts of larvae in muscle were determined four weeks after challenge with 5000 larvae. Marked resistance was present four weeks after the primary infection and was maintained for the duration of the study.", "contents": "Kinetics of immunological responses, resistance to reinfection, and pathological reactions to infection with Trichinella spiralis. Changes in immune responses, resistance to reinfection, and pathological reactions were studied serially in mice that had been infected for four to 40 weeks with 150 larvae of Trichinella spiralis. Immediate footpad hypersensitivity reactions to antigens of Trichinella were present throughout the period of observation. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions 48 hr after injection of antigen were first seen in mice infected for 14 weeks and gradually increased in size thereafter. Intestinal adult worm burdens were determined one week after challenge with 5000 larvae. There was resistance to reinfection and accelerated expulsion of worms in animals challenged three weeks after the primary infection; this resistance waned at seven and 13 weeks but reappeared in mice infected for 20 weeks or longer. Counts of larvae in muscle were determined four weeks after challenge with 5000 larvae. Marked resistance was present four weeks after the primary infection and was maintained for the duration of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:908854", "title": "Hepatitis B e antigen and infectivity of hepatitis B virus.", "content": "For confirmation of the difference in the infectivity of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag)-positive serum according to differences in the e antigen system, four chimpanzees were inoculated with serum positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBe Ag), and three chimpanzees were inoculated with serum positive for antibody to HBe Ag (anti-HBe). Since the infectivity titrations are not yet completed, the end infectivity titer of each serum is not known. All four chimpanzees given injections of 10(-1), 10(-4), or 10(-8) dilutions of HBe Ag-positive serum developed hepatitis B virus infection, whereas the one chimpanzee injected with undiluted anti-HBe-positive serum became infected, and other chimpanzees injected with diluted anti-HBe-positive sera did not. As judged from the length of the incubation period before appearance of HBS Ag in blood, there seemed to be a remarkable difference in infectivity between the HBe Ag-positive serum and the anti-HBe-positive serum; the former serum was 10(8) times more infectious than the latter.", "contents": "Hepatitis B e antigen and infectivity of hepatitis B virus. For confirmation of the difference in the infectivity of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag)-positive serum according to differences in the e antigen system, four chimpanzees were inoculated with serum positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBe Ag), and three chimpanzees were inoculated with serum positive for antibody to HBe Ag (anti-HBe). Since the infectivity titrations are not yet completed, the end infectivity titer of each serum is not known. All four chimpanzees given injections of 10(-1), 10(-4), or 10(-8) dilutions of HBe Ag-positive serum developed hepatitis B virus infection, whereas the one chimpanzee injected with undiluted anti-HBe-positive serum became infected, and other chimpanzees injected with diluted anti-HBe-positive sera did not. As judged from the length of the incubation period before appearance of HBS Ag in blood, there seemed to be a remarkable difference in infectivity between the HBe Ag-positive serum and the anti-HBe-positive serum; the former serum was 10(8) times more infectious than the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:908855", "title": "In vitro adherence of Kanagawa-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus to epithelial cells.", "content": "Kanagawa-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus adhered rapidly to suspension-grown HeLa cells and to human fetal intestinal (HFI) cells in monolayer. Kanagawa-negative V. parahaemolyticus did not adhere to HeLa cells and adhered to HFI cells at a much slower rate than Kanagawa-positive bacteria. In the HFI cell system, adherence was dependent on the presence of calcium in the incubation mixture. It was unaffected by pretreatment of the HFI cell monolayer with neuraminidase or potassium periodate. Adherence was unaffected by neuraminidase or ultraviolet irradiation of bacteria but was decreased by heat, ethanol, or periodate pretreatment. These results suggest that adherence of Kanagawa-positive V. parahaemolyticus to epithelial cells in vitro depends on interaction between the cell surface of the bacteria and the epithelial cell and that a carbohydrate on the outer membrane of the bacterial cell wall is necessary for this interaction.", "contents": "In vitro adherence of Kanagawa-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus to epithelial cells. Kanagawa-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus adhered rapidly to suspension-grown HeLa cells and to human fetal intestinal (HFI) cells in monolayer. Kanagawa-negative V. parahaemolyticus did not adhere to HeLa cells and adhered to HFI cells at a much slower rate than Kanagawa-positive bacteria. In the HFI cell system, adherence was dependent on the presence of calcium in the incubation mixture. It was unaffected by pretreatment of the HFI cell monolayer with neuraminidase or potassium periodate. Adherence was unaffected by neuraminidase or ultraviolet irradiation of bacteria but was decreased by heat, ethanol, or periodate pretreatment. These results suggest that adherence of Kanagawa-positive V. parahaemolyticus to epithelial cells in vitro depends on interaction between the cell surface of the bacteria and the epithelial cell and that a carbohydrate on the outer membrane of the bacterial cell wall is necessary for this interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:908857", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), based on the \"sandwich\" principle with use of microtiter plates, was developed for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Results could be read within one day by the naked eye or by colorimeter. The detection level was less than or equal to 5-10 ng of HBSAg/ml. The sensitivities of ELISA and radioimmunoassay were about the same in dilution series and in a follow-up study of 19 patients with acute hepatitis B infection. In 11 European medical centers where greater than 50,000 samples were tested, ELISA detected significantly more HBSAg-positive samples than a reversed hemagglutinatiom test. No significant difference in sensitivity between ELISA and radioimmunoassay could be demonstrated. On the average, 2.2% of readings were false-positive reactions. Falsely positive samples were identified by a confirmatory test.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hepatitis B surface antigen. A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), based on the \"sandwich\" principle with use of microtiter plates, was developed for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Results could be read within one day by the naked eye or by colorimeter. The detection level was less than or equal to 5-10 ng of HBSAg/ml. The sensitivities of ELISA and radioimmunoassay were about the same in dilution series and in a follow-up study of 19 patients with acute hepatitis B infection. In 11 European medical centers where greater than 50,000 samples were tested, ELISA detected significantly more HBSAg-positive samples than a reversed hemagglutinatiom test. No significant difference in sensitivity between ELISA and radioimmunoassay could be demonstrated. On the average, 2.2% of readings were false-positive reactions. Falsely positive samples were identified by a confirmatory test."}
{"id": "PMID:908867", "title": "Kinetic studies of phagocytosis of IgG-coated latex particles with a thrombocyte counter.", "content": "An assay was developed making possible the measurement of the initial rate of phagocytosis of IgG-coated polyvinyl toluene latex particles by human leukocytes. With the use of the volume-discrimating ability of a Trombo-Counter, the small latex particles could be selectively counted, but cells and internalized particles were not counted. The phagocytic uptake was greatley enhanced by an IgG coating of the particles as compared to the uptake of uncoated or albumin-coated particles. An almost complete inhibition of particle uptake was obtained at ice-bath temperature and in the presence of N-ethyl maleimide. Heat-inactivated serum and monomeric IgG inhibited the phagocytic reaction. In the presence of fresh serum a stimulatory effect on the final phagocytic capacity was noticed, but the initial rate of particle uptake varied depending on the preincubation time of particles with serum.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of phagocytosis of IgG-coated latex particles with a thrombocyte counter. An assay was developed making possible the measurement of the initial rate of phagocytosis of IgG-coated polyvinyl toluene latex particles by human leukocytes. With the use of the volume-discrimating ability of a Trombo-Counter, the small latex particles could be selectively counted, but cells and internalized particles were not counted. The phagocytic uptake was greatley enhanced by an IgG coating of the particles as compared to the uptake of uncoated or albumin-coated particles. An almost complete inhibition of particle uptake was obtained at ice-bath temperature and in the presence of N-ethyl maleimide. Heat-inactivated serum and monomeric IgG inhibited the phagocytic reaction. In the presence of fresh serum a stimulatory effect on the final phagocytic capacity was noticed, but the initial rate of particle uptake varied depending on the preincubation time of particles with serum."}
{"id": "PMID:908868", "title": "Heymann nephritis of rats: beneficial effect of methysergide.", "content": "Since vasoactive amines may be involved in the pathogenesis of glomerular lesions in glomerulonephritis, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of MS, a serotonin antagonist, on the course of HN in rats. MS was given in drinking water at a concentration of 6 mg/dl to 18 rats for 13 weeks; daily intake of MS varied between 1.3 and 3.9 mg. This intake prevented the effect of 10 to 100 microgram of serotonin on the vascular permeability of skin vessels. Effect of histamine (10 microgram) assessed similarly was not blocked. MS administration was started a week prior to the immunizations for the induction of HN and continued until the animals were sacrificed at 13 weeks. A control group of 20 immunized rats, also observed for 13 weeks, did not receive MS. MS treatment significantly decreased the incidence of heavy proteinuria (p less than 0.001), the severity of proteinuria at each week throughout the course of the disease (p less than 0.001), the amount of immune complex deposition in the glomeruli, and also delayed the onset of proteinuria (p less than 0.001). In addition, three of 18 MS-treated rats did not show evidence of immune complexes in the glomeruli, whereas each control animal did. It is concluded that MS treatment exerts a beneficial effect on the course of HN of rats and may also prevent it in some rats.", "contents": "Heymann nephritis of rats: beneficial effect of methysergide. Since vasoactive amines may be involved in the pathogenesis of glomerular lesions in glomerulonephritis, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of MS, a serotonin antagonist, on the course of HN in rats. MS was given in drinking water at a concentration of 6 mg/dl to 18 rats for 13 weeks; daily intake of MS varied between 1.3 and 3.9 mg. This intake prevented the effect of 10 to 100 microgram of serotonin on the vascular permeability of skin vessels. Effect of histamine (10 microgram) assessed similarly was not blocked. MS administration was started a week prior to the immunizations for the induction of HN and continued until the animals were sacrificed at 13 weeks. A control group of 20 immunized rats, also observed for 13 weeks, did not receive MS. MS treatment significantly decreased the incidence of heavy proteinuria (p less than 0.001), the severity of proteinuria at each week throughout the course of the disease (p less than 0.001), the amount of immune complex deposition in the glomeruli, and also delayed the onset of proteinuria (p less than 0.001). In addition, three of 18 MS-treated rats did not show evidence of immune complexes in the glomeruli, whereas each control animal did. It is concluded that MS treatment exerts a beneficial effect on the course of HN of rats and may also prevent it in some rats."}
{"id": "PMID:908869", "title": "Evidence of aluminum absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and bone deposition by aluminum carbonate ingestion with normal renal function.", "content": "The question of whether aluminum is toxic in patients ingesting large oral loads, either for phosphate binding in renal dialysis or as an antacid for peptic ulcer, has been raised. The permeability of the gut barrier for aluminum has not been established because of the lack of precise analytical techniques. Urine aluminum was measured in this study before and during oral aluminum carbonate loading in six subjects with normal renal function, one of which had peptic ulcer disease and a 25-year history of high oral aluminum ingestion. The analytical procedure involved destructive neutron activation analysis. Aluminum was present in the urine in all instances before loading and rose in every case from 4-fold to 10-fold. Bone aluminum was measured in six autopsy specimens, three dialysis patients, three nondialysis patients, and in an iliac crest biopsy from the peptic ulcer patient who had osteoporosis. The bone biopsy aluminum level in the ulcer patient was intermediate between those of \"normal subjects\" and patients on dialysis. These results show that the gut barrier is permeable to heavy aluminum load and suggest that bone aluminum deposition occurs in humans with normal renal function.", "contents": "Evidence of aluminum absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and bone deposition by aluminum carbonate ingestion with normal renal function. The question of whether aluminum is toxic in patients ingesting large oral loads, either for phosphate binding in renal dialysis or as an antacid for peptic ulcer, has been raised. The permeability of the gut barrier for aluminum has not been established because of the lack of precise analytical techniques. Urine aluminum was measured in this study before and during oral aluminum carbonate loading in six subjects with normal renal function, one of which had peptic ulcer disease and a 25-year history of high oral aluminum ingestion. The analytical procedure involved destructive neutron activation analysis. Aluminum was present in the urine in all instances before loading and rose in every case from 4-fold to 10-fold. Bone aluminum was measured in six autopsy specimens, three dialysis patients, three nondialysis patients, and in an iliac crest biopsy from the peptic ulcer patient who had osteoporosis. The bone biopsy aluminum level in the ulcer patient was intermediate between those of \"normal subjects\" and patients on dialysis. These results show that the gut barrier is permeable to heavy aluminum load and suggest that bone aluminum deposition occurs in humans with normal renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:908870", "title": "Specific determination of quinidine and (3S)-3-hydroxyquinidine in human serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive and selective HPLC assay was developed to measure quinidine and (3S)-3-hydroxyquinidine in the serum of patients receiving quinidine. The method involves analysis of a benzene extract of alkalinized serum by a high-pressure liquid chromatograph containing a reverse phase column and a fluorescence detector. The lower limit of sensitivity of this method for these compounds is 5 ng/ml. The coefficients of variation of the assay for quinidine and (3S)-3-hydroxyquinidine are 2% and 6%, respectively. Samples of serum from 10 cardiac patients were found to contain (3S)-3-hydroxyquinidine and quinidine in ratios ranging from 0.18 to 1.0 (mean, 0.38 +/- 0.28 [S.D.]). Quinidine serum levels in these patients determined by HPLC averaged 80% of those determined on the same samples by the routinely used fluorometric assay. The reason for the discrepancy is that this latter assay, involving a double extraction with quantitation in sulfuric acid by fluorometry, is nonspecific for quinidine. The (3S)-3-hydroxy metabolite, having a fluorescence intensity similar to that of quinidine, is 60% extracted under the fluorometric assay conditions.", "contents": "Specific determination of quinidine and (3S)-3-hydroxyquinidine in human serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A sensitive and selective HPLC assay was developed to measure quinidine and (3S)-3-hydroxyquinidine in the serum of patients receiving quinidine. The method involves analysis of a benzene extract of alkalinized serum by a high-pressure liquid chromatograph containing a reverse phase column and a fluorescence detector. The lower limit of sensitivity of this method for these compounds is 5 ng/ml. The coefficients of variation of the assay for quinidine and (3S)-3-hydroxyquinidine are 2% and 6%, respectively. Samples of serum from 10 cardiac patients were found to contain (3S)-3-hydroxyquinidine and quinidine in ratios ranging from 0.18 to 1.0 (mean, 0.38 +/- 0.28 [S.D.]). Quinidine serum levels in these patients determined by HPLC averaged 80% of those determined on the same samples by the routinely used fluorometric assay. The reason for the discrepancy is that this latter assay, involving a double extraction with quantitation in sulfuric acid by fluorometry, is nonspecific for quinidine. The (3S)-3-hydroxy metabolite, having a fluorescence intensity similar to that of quinidine, is 60% extracted under the fluorometric assay conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:908872", "title": "An improved method for measuring blood mercaptans.", "content": "An improved method for measuring MT in the blood is described which uses zinc as a reducing agent and utilizes a more sensitive gas chromatograph. The method measures covalently bound MT that was not previously detected and permits determinations in patients for the first time. The average normal whole blood MT in rat blood was 200 +/- 42 pmol/ml and in human blood 229 +/- 29 pmol/ml. Eleven rats in experimental hepatic coma following acute massive hepatic necrosis had blood levels four to 18 times the average normal, and seven cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy or coma had blood levels four to five times the average normal.", "contents": "An improved method for measuring blood mercaptans. An improved method for measuring MT in the blood is described which uses zinc as a reducing agent and utilizes a more sensitive gas chromatograph. The method measures covalently bound MT that was not previously detected and permits determinations in patients for the first time. The average normal whole blood MT in rat blood was 200 +/- 42 pmol/ml and in human blood 229 +/- 29 pmol/ml. Eleven rats in experimental hepatic coma following acute massive hepatic necrosis had blood levels four to 18 times the average normal, and seven cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy or coma had blood levels four to five times the average normal."}
{"id": "PMID:908873", "title": "Application of a simple gas chromatographic technique for measuring breath hydrogen.", "content": "A simple gas chromatographic technique for analyzing H2 in expired air with a compact, relatively inexpensive gas chromatography specifically adapted for H2 analysis is described. Modifications in the basic chromatograph included increasing the capacity of the sample loop, lengthening the column, and using argon as the carrier gas to increase the sensitivity of the system. Methods for collecting and storing respiratory gas samples and for quantifying the results are described for clinical studies of carbohydrate malabsorption. Small errors in collection and quantitation are introduced by the method, but they are minor in relation to the changes in H2 concentration which are seen with significant malabsorption. This simplification of chromatograph technology could increase the general availability of this convenient, noninvasive and well-tolerated test of intestinal absorption of carbohydrates such as lactose.", "contents": "Application of a simple gas chromatographic technique for measuring breath hydrogen. A simple gas chromatographic technique for analyzing H2 in expired air with a compact, relatively inexpensive gas chromatography specifically adapted for H2 analysis is described. Modifications in the basic chromatograph included increasing the capacity of the sample loop, lengthening the column, and using argon as the carrier gas to increase the sensitivity of the system. Methods for collecting and storing respiratory gas samples and for quantifying the results are described for clinical studies of carbohydrate malabsorption. Small errors in collection and quantitation are introduced by the method, but they are minor in relation to the changes in H2 concentration which are seen with significant malabsorption. This simplification of chromatograph technology could increase the general availability of this convenient, noninvasive and well-tolerated test of intestinal absorption of carbohydrates such as lactose."}
{"id": "PMID:908874", "title": "The effects of alkylureas and nitrogen mustards on the kinetics of red cell sickling.", "content": "A continuous flow apparatus was designed for the study of the kinetics of red cell sickling. Cells were mixed with buffered sodium dithionite in one mixing chamber and after transversing variable length pathways were fixed with isotonic formalin in a second mixing chamber. Hb SC-containing red cells sickle at a slower rate than Hb SS red cells, exhibiting a clearly detectable log period. The effect of butylurea on sickling of SS or SC cells is due to the inhibition of the extent of sickling as well as the extension of the time required for sickling. This effect is concentration dependent, which suggests that at least some of the pregelling events in a solution of deoxy Hb S are based on hydrophobic interactions. Nitrogen mustards, on the other hand, inhibit the extent of red cell sickling without modifying the rate of sickling at the concentrations used.", "contents": "The effects of alkylureas and nitrogen mustards on the kinetics of red cell sickling. A continuous flow apparatus was designed for the study of the kinetics of red cell sickling. Cells were mixed with buffered sodium dithionite in one mixing chamber and after transversing variable length pathways were fixed with isotonic formalin in a second mixing chamber. Hb SC-containing red cells sickle at a slower rate than Hb SS red cells, exhibiting a clearly detectable log period. The effect of butylurea on sickling of SS or SC cells is due to the inhibition of the extent of sickling as well as the extension of the time required for sickling. This effect is concentration dependent, which suggests that at least some of the pregelling events in a solution of deoxy Hb S are based on hydrophobic interactions. Nitrogen mustards, on the other hand, inhibit the extent of red cell sickling without modifying the rate of sickling at the concentrations used."}
{"id": "PMID:908876", "title": "Relationship of levels of circulating immune complexes to histologic patterns of nephritis: a comparative study of membranous glomerulonephropathy and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Immunofluorescent studies have suggested that immune complex deposition is the pathogenetic mechanism responsible for MGN and diffuse PGN. Despite this common mechanism, both renal disorders show considerable differences in the rate of progression of renal functional deterioration. To examine whether differences in the amounts of circulating immune complexes may in part be responsible for these differences, such complexes were assayed for in the sera of the two patient populations by a 1251-C1q binding assay, which has a lower limit of sensitivity for 75 microgram of aggregated human gamma globulin per milliliter of serum. Circulating complexes were found in sera from 11 of 14 patients with diffuse PGN but were undetectable in sera from 13 patients with MGN. Additional evidence for existing differences in the amounts of circulating immune complexes in the two groups was provided by serum C3 measurements. Serum C3 concentrations were below normal limits in nine of 14 sera from patients with diffuse PGN but were within normal limits for sera from all patients with MGN. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation analysis of C1q reactive complexes showed them to have sedimentation coefficients ranging from 14.6S to 18.2S. The sizes of the complexes are consistent with those analyzed in animal models as being capable of inducing nephritis.", "contents": "Relationship of levels of circulating immune complexes to histologic patterns of nephritis: a comparative study of membranous glomerulonephropathy and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. Immunofluorescent studies have suggested that immune complex deposition is the pathogenetic mechanism responsible for MGN and diffuse PGN. Despite this common mechanism, both renal disorders show considerable differences in the rate of progression of renal functional deterioration. To examine whether differences in the amounts of circulating immune complexes may in part be responsible for these differences, such complexes were assayed for in the sera of the two patient populations by a 1251-C1q binding assay, which has a lower limit of sensitivity for 75 microgram of aggregated human gamma globulin per milliliter of serum. Circulating complexes were found in sera from 11 of 14 patients with diffuse PGN but were undetectable in sera from 13 patients with MGN. Additional evidence for existing differences in the amounts of circulating immune complexes in the two groups was provided by serum C3 measurements. Serum C3 concentrations were below normal limits in nine of 14 sera from patients with diffuse PGN but were within normal limits for sera from all patients with MGN. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation analysis of C1q reactive complexes showed them to have sedimentation coefficients ranging from 14.6S to 18.2S. The sizes of the complexes are consistent with those analyzed in animal models as being capable of inducing nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:908878", "title": "Erythrocyte osmotic fragility: micromethod based on resistive-particle counting.", "content": "A new procedure has been developed to measure the osmotic fragility of human erythrocytes. It is based on the resistive-particle counter and the finding that lysed erythrocytes have a lower electrical resistance than intact cells after the current in the sensing orifice reaches a critical value. The most suitable test conditions involve a 19 mu orifice, a high current setting, and the simple use of size discriminators to exclude lysed cells from being counted. Since only 1 to 5 microliter of blood are needed per salt concentration, a complete fragility test can be carried out with less than 50 mu of blood. Results with the new procedure were comparable to the classic spectrophotometric one for normal blood, in clinical conditions of increased or decreased erythrocyt osmotic fragility, and for different anticoagulants. It has a specific advantage in that ratio counting makes accurate pipetting of blood unnecessary.", "contents": "Erythrocyte osmotic fragility: micromethod based on resistive-particle counting. A new procedure has been developed to measure the osmotic fragility of human erythrocytes. It is based on the resistive-particle counter and the finding that lysed erythrocytes have a lower electrical resistance than intact cells after the current in the sensing orifice reaches a critical value. The most suitable test conditions involve a 19 mu orifice, a high current setting, and the simple use of size discriminators to exclude lysed cells from being counted. Since only 1 to 5 microliter of blood are needed per salt concentration, a complete fragility test can be carried out with less than 50 mu of blood. Results with the new procedure were comparable to the classic spectrophotometric one for normal blood, in clinical conditions of increased or decreased erythrocyt osmotic fragility, and for different anticoagulants. It has a specific advantage in that ratio counting makes accurate pipetting of blood unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:908908", "title": "An analysis of changes in blood pH following exhausting activity in the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus.", "content": "Exhausting activity results in a marked and immediate drop in blood pH which gradually returns to normal over the following 6h. The acidosis is caused largely by elevated Pco2 levels, which vary inversely with pH. Blood lactate concentration increases slowly, reaching a maximum at 2--4h post-exercise, and contributes significantly to the acidosis only late in the recovery period. The slow time course of lactic acid release into the blood permits temporal separation of the peak metabolic acidosis from the peak respiratory acidosis. Evidence is presented that a metabolic acid other than lactic also makes a modest contribution to the pH depression during the recovery period.", "contents": "An analysis of changes in blood pH following exhausting activity in the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus. Exhausting activity results in a marked and immediate drop in blood pH which gradually returns to normal over the following 6h. The acidosis is caused largely by elevated Pco2 levels, which vary inversely with pH. Blood lactate concentration increases slowly, reaching a maximum at 2--4h post-exercise, and contributes significantly to the acidosis only late in the recovery period. The slow time course of lactic acid release into the blood permits temporal separation of the peak metabolic acidosis from the peak respiratory acidosis. Evidence is presented that a metabolic acid other than lactic also makes a modest contribution to the pH depression during the recovery period."}
{"id": "PMID:908909", "title": "The effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on force development in myocardia of carp and rainbow trout: protective effects of CO2/HCO3.", "content": "Isometrically mounted and electrically paced myocardial ventricular strips of carp have a much higher capacity to develop force during severe hypoxia and to redevelop force after it than those of rainbow trout. When the concentrations of CO2 and HCO3-in the solutions surrounding the strips were increased together, such that pH remained constant, the force developed during hypoxia increased. The concentration of CO2 was raised from 0-4%; that of HCO3-from 0-25 mM. The effect was much more pronounced in the carp strips than in the trout strips. With the carp strips, the force recovery upon reoxygenation was unaffected by the variations in CO2 and HCO3-. The trout strips, however, recovered better when CO2 and HCO3-had been raised during either hypoxia or reoxygenation.", "contents": "The effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on force development in myocardia of carp and rainbow trout: protective effects of CO2/HCO3. Isometrically mounted and electrically paced myocardial ventricular strips of carp have a much higher capacity to develop force during severe hypoxia and to redevelop force after it than those of rainbow trout. When the concentrations of CO2 and HCO3-in the solutions surrounding the strips were increased together, such that pH remained constant, the force developed during hypoxia increased. The concentration of CO2 was raised from 0-4%; that of HCO3-from 0-25 mM. The effect was much more pronounced in the carp strips than in the trout strips. With the carp strips, the force recovery upon reoxygenation was unaffected by the variations in CO2 and HCO3-. The trout strips, however, recovered better when CO2 and HCO3-had been raised during either hypoxia or reoxygenation."}
{"id": "PMID:908912", "title": "The control of the diuresis following a blood meal in females of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (L).", "content": "Control of post-feeding diuresis in females of the mosquito A\u00ebdes aegypti has been studied by means of a weighing technique and simple surgical procedures. The primary controlling factor is (as in the larva) a nervous feedback mechanism and not an increased production of diuretic hormone. As the mosquito ingests blood, sensory information from the distending abdomen reaches the mid gut via the nerve cord, brain and stomatogastric system. This information probably inhibits retroperistaltic movements of the mid gut allowing fluid from the Malpighian tubules (which seems to be produced continually) to be moved back to the rectum for subsequent excretion, instead of being re-cycled to the haemolymph via the mid gut. Such a control does not preclude a role for the diuretic hormone, continual secretion of which may cause the continual production of fluid from the Malpighian tubules.", "contents": "The control of the diuresis following a blood meal in females of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (L). Control of post-feeding diuresis in females of the mosquito A\u00ebdes aegypti has been studied by means of a weighing technique and simple surgical procedures. The primary controlling factor is (as in the larva) a nervous feedback mechanism and not an increased production of diuretic hormone. As the mosquito ingests blood, sensory information from the distending abdomen reaches the mid gut via the nerve cord, brain and stomatogastric system. This information probably inhibits retroperistaltic movements of the mid gut allowing fluid from the Malpighian tubules (which seems to be produced continually) to be moved back to the rectum for subsequent excretion, instead of being re-cycled to the haemolymph via the mid gut. Such a control does not preclude a role for the diuretic hormone, continual secretion of which may cause the continual production of fluid from the Malpighian tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:908913", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic comparison of the development of embryonic and regenerating limbs in the axolotl.", "content": "A comparison between the surface features of embryonic limb development and limb regeneration was made in the axolotl. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an overall similarity between embryonic and regenerating limbs. A notable feature was the lack of a morphologically discrete apical epidermal specialization on the surface of any of the limbs. Histological preparations revealed no thickening of the apical epidermis in embryonic limbs. There is a definite thickening of the apical epidermis in regenerating limbs during the stages of dedifferentiation and the early blastemal phases, but the thickening projects into the underlying tissues rather than altering the smooth surface contours of the blastema. Minor differences in epidermal specializations (ciliated cells scattered over the entire body and very irregularly shaped cells with knob-like projections at the tips of digits in embryos) may be attributable to differences in overall activity of the animals at various stages in their life history.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic comparison of the development of embryonic and regenerating limbs in the axolotl. A comparison between the surface features of embryonic limb development and limb regeneration was made in the axolotl. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an overall similarity between embryonic and regenerating limbs. A notable feature was the lack of a morphologically discrete apical epidermal specialization on the surface of any of the limbs. Histological preparations revealed no thickening of the apical epidermis in embryonic limbs. There is a definite thickening of the apical epidermis in regenerating limbs during the stages of dedifferentiation and the early blastemal phases, but the thickening projects into the underlying tissues rather than altering the smooth surface contours of the blastema. Minor differences in epidermal specializations (ciliated cells scattered over the entire body and very irregularly shaped cells with knob-like projections at the tips of digits in embryos) may be attributable to differences in overall activity of the animals at various stages in their life history."}
{"id": "PMID:908914", "title": "Heart rate response to light in the embryo of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix).", "content": "The effects of exposure to light were investigated during and shortly after the period of light stimulation. A particular objective was to evaluated any responses to the type of illumination conditions generally used for observation of avian embryos. Twenty 16-day Japanese quail embryos were illuminated for 15 minutes each during a total recording period of 55 minutes. Heart rate, respiration rate and an approximate measure of activity were recorded. Mean heart rate was found to be higher during stimulation than before and did not return to the prestimulation level during the recording period after stimulation ceased. The lack of an immediate heart rate response to the onset of stimulation separates the effects of light from those of touch, rotation, odours, tastes and maternal calls. The possibility that light may act to stimulate accelerated development is discussed.", "contents": "Heart rate response to light in the embryo of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix). The effects of exposure to light were investigated during and shortly after the period of light stimulation. A particular objective was to evaluated any responses to the type of illumination conditions generally used for observation of avian embryos. Twenty 16-day Japanese quail embryos were illuminated for 15 minutes each during a total recording period of 55 minutes. Heart rate, respiration rate and an approximate measure of activity were recorded. Mean heart rate was found to be higher during stimulation than before and did not return to the prestimulation level during the recording period after stimulation ceased. The lack of an immediate heart rate response to the onset of stimulation separates the effects of light from those of touch, rotation, odours, tastes and maternal calls. The possibility that light may act to stimulate accelerated development is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908915", "title": "In vitro fertilization of hamster eggs by ejaculated or epididymal spermatozoa in the presence of male accessory secretions.", "content": "In vitro fertilization of hamster eggs by ejaculated or epididymal spermatozoa in the presence of seminal plasma or male accessory gland secretions was examined. There was no difference in the penetration rates, the time of sperm penetration and the optimal sperm concentration between ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa. The swelling of the zona pellucida, a high incidence of polyspermy, distortion of the vitellus and the degeneration of eggs were observed after incubation of ejaculated or epididymal spermatozoa in the presence of seminal plasma or accessory gland secretions. Using ejaculated spermatozoa, the fertilization rates of eggs with or without follicular cells were similar but fertilization by epididymal spermatozoa was inhibited by secretion of the seminal vesicle or ventral prostrate gland but not by that of the coagulating gland or the dorsal prostrate.", "contents": "In vitro fertilization of hamster eggs by ejaculated or epididymal spermatozoa in the presence of male accessory secretions. In vitro fertilization of hamster eggs by ejaculated or epididymal spermatozoa in the presence of seminal plasma or male accessory gland secretions was examined. There was no difference in the penetration rates, the time of sperm penetration and the optimal sperm concentration between ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa. The swelling of the zona pellucida, a high incidence of polyspermy, distortion of the vitellus and the degeneration of eggs were observed after incubation of ejaculated or epididymal spermatozoa in the presence of seminal plasma or accessory gland secretions. Using ejaculated spermatozoa, the fertilization rates of eggs with or without follicular cells were similar but fertilization by epididymal spermatozoa was inhibited by secretion of the seminal vesicle or ventral prostrate gland but not by that of the coagulating gland or the dorsal prostrate."}
{"id": "PMID:908917", "title": "An allelic isozyme of mouse PGK-2 with low activity.", "content": "Two allelic isozymes of PGK-2, the testicular form of phosphoglycerate kinase, have been described previously in mice. Evidence is now presented for a third allelic isozyme, which is negatively charged and which exhibits much less enzyme activity than the other two.", "contents": "An allelic isozyme of mouse PGK-2 with low activity. Two allelic isozymes of PGK-2, the testicular form of phosphoglycerate kinase, have been described previously in mice. Evidence is now presented for a third allelic isozyme, which is negatively charged and which exhibits much less enzyme activity than the other two."}
{"id": "PMID:908918", "title": "Cardiac mutant salamanders: evidence for heart induction.", "content": "Homozygosity for gene c in Ambystoma mexicanum results in no detectable heartbeat in situ. Alteration of the cardiac environment through organ culture results in rapid initiation of spontaneous heartbeat, indicating that absence of cardiac function in situ is not the result of failure of embryonic induction.", "contents": "Cardiac mutant salamanders: evidence for heart induction. Homozygosity for gene c in Ambystoma mexicanum results in no detectable heartbeat in situ. Alteration of the cardiac environment through organ culture results in rapid initiation of spontaneous heartbeat, indicating that absence of cardiac function in situ is not the result of failure of embryonic induction."}
{"id": "PMID:908920", "title": "For better or for worse? Outcome variance with psychotherapy and other treatments for schizophrenia.", "content": "It has been suggested that psychotherapy makes some persons better and some worse, and that this might account for the findings of some studies that there was no significant difference between the mean improvement scores of psychotherapy and control groups. The results of a controlled study indicate, however, that psychotherapy alone did not significantly increase outcome variance in schizophrenia by comparison to a control group. In fact, there was a nonsignificant tendency to decreased variability. Ataraxic drugs alone, psychotherapy plus ataraxic drugs, and ECT had significant variance-reducing effects. There is no convincing evidence, either in the literature or from the findings of this study, that a greater outcome variability results from psychotherapy than that resulting from hospitalization and nursing care (control). Our findings support the view that by comparison with a control group, a treatment for schizophrenia reduces outcome variance in proportion to its efficacy on the particular criterion under study.", "contents": "For better or for worse? Outcome variance with psychotherapy and other treatments for schizophrenia. It has been suggested that psychotherapy makes some persons better and some worse, and that this might account for the findings of some studies that there was no significant difference between the mean improvement scores of psychotherapy and control groups. The results of a controlled study indicate, however, that psychotherapy alone did not significantly increase outcome variance in schizophrenia by comparison to a control group. In fact, there was a nonsignificant tendency to decreased variability. Ataraxic drugs alone, psychotherapy plus ataraxic drugs, and ECT had significant variance-reducing effects. There is no convincing evidence, either in the literature or from the findings of this study, that a greater outcome variability results from psychotherapy than that resulting from hospitalization and nursing care (control). Our findings support the view that by comparison with a control group, a treatment for schizophrenia reduces outcome variance in proportion to its efficacy on the particular criterion under study."}
{"id": "PMID:908921", "title": "Schizophrenics' responses to autonomous and experimenter-controlled conditions.", "content": "Four groups of hospitalized VA patients were administered a reaction time task in which the conditions of stimulus presentation varied from subject autonomy to experimenter control. Questionnaires were administered to assess patients' self-reports of locus of control (Rotter's I-E scale) and their perceptions of their mothers' child rearing attitudes (Schaefer's CRPBI). Reaction times of chronic schizophrenics were significantly slower than poor and good premorbid acute schizophrenics and nonpsychotics, and the poor but not the good premorbids were significantly slower than the nonpsychotics. The autonomy-control manipulations produced a trend supporting the finding of Cromwell et al. that chronic schizophrenics perform best in an experimenter-controlled condition whereas nonpsychotics do best in an autonomous condition. Variation of these treatments, however, caused no differences in acute schizophrenics' task performance. When examined together, the reaction time and questionnaire findings suggest that autonomy and generalized locus of control are not salient factors in explaining schizophrenic performance deficit.", "contents": "Schizophrenics' responses to autonomous and experimenter-controlled conditions. Four groups of hospitalized VA patients were administered a reaction time task in which the conditions of stimulus presentation varied from subject autonomy to experimenter control. Questionnaires were administered to assess patients' self-reports of locus of control (Rotter's I-E scale) and their perceptions of their mothers' child rearing attitudes (Schaefer's CRPBI). Reaction times of chronic schizophrenics were significantly slower than poor and good premorbid acute schizophrenics and nonpsychotics, and the poor but not the good premorbids were significantly slower than the nonpsychotics. The autonomy-control manipulations produced a trend supporting the finding of Cromwell et al. that chronic schizophrenics perform best in an experimenter-controlled condition whereas nonpsychotics do best in an autonomous condition. Variation of these treatments, however, caused no differences in acute schizophrenics' task performance. When examined together, the reaction time and questionnaire findings suggest that autonomy and generalized locus of control are not salient factors in explaining schizophrenic performance deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:908922", "title": "MMPI correlates of adaptive ability deficits in patients with brain lesions.", "content": "In the present study the relationship between MMPI variables and adequacy of function in verbal and performance intelligence, concept formation, sensory-perceptual and motor skills was examined in 129 subjects with definite evidence of cerebral lesions. Patients with greater impairment of abilities showed higher elevations on the MMPI variables, suggesting more emotional difficulties. Based on the present results and those of two previous studies by the same authors it was concluded that: a) MMPI variables are more closely related to measures of adequacy of function in adaptive abilities than they are to measures of lesion localization based upon pathoanatomical characteristics of the brain; and b) except for verbal skills the relationship between the MMPI variables and various adaptive skills is relatively minor. Interpretive limitations of the MMPI with brain-damaged patients and the need for devising other tests sensitive to the nuances of emotional difficulties of patients with brain lesions were discussed.", "contents": "MMPI correlates of adaptive ability deficits in patients with brain lesions. In the present study the relationship between MMPI variables and adequacy of function in verbal and performance intelligence, concept formation, sensory-perceptual and motor skills was examined in 129 subjects with definite evidence of cerebral lesions. Patients with greater impairment of abilities showed higher elevations on the MMPI variables, suggesting more emotional difficulties. Based on the present results and those of two previous studies by the same authors it was concluded that: a) MMPI variables are more closely related to measures of adequacy of function in adaptive abilities than they are to measures of lesion localization based upon pathoanatomical characteristics of the brain; and b) except for verbal skills the relationship between the MMPI variables and various adaptive skills is relatively minor. Interpretive limitations of the MMPI with brain-damaged patients and the need for devising other tests sensitive to the nuances of emotional difficulties of patients with brain lesions were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908923", "title": "Four cases of mania associated with bereavement.", "content": "The difficulties of research connecting events in the social field with onset of an illness are illustrated by four case studies exemplifying differing aspects of pathological grief, where the stress of an unresolved bereavement crisis was associated with the onset of a manic illness. The studies are: a) in early bereavement; b) as a repeated anniversary reaction; c) after 10 years, as a result of pathological identification and reparation; d) the loss of a symbiotic relationship. These were associated with widely varying temporal relationships between the loss, the stress, and the illness (8 days, five anniversaries over 6 years, 10 years, and 2 1/2 years, respectively). It is postulated that mania supervenes at a time when stress (\"distress\") is persistent, and the pathological mourning unresolved and unadaptive. The sequence-pathological grief, distress, mania--is viewed in a psychosomatic model and this view supported. The notion of \"switch into mania\" is also supported, and the importance of diverse theories to the increased understanding of the natural history and prevention of psychiatric illness is underlined.", "contents": "Four cases of mania associated with bereavement. The difficulties of research connecting events in the social field with onset of an illness are illustrated by four case studies exemplifying differing aspects of pathological grief, where the stress of an unresolved bereavement crisis was associated with the onset of a manic illness. The studies are: a) in early bereavement; b) as a repeated anniversary reaction; c) after 10 years, as a result of pathological identification and reparation; d) the loss of a symbiotic relationship. These were associated with widely varying temporal relationships between the loss, the stress, and the illness (8 days, five anniversaries over 6 years, 10 years, and 2 1/2 years, respectively). It is postulated that mania supervenes at a time when stress (\"distress\") is persistent, and the pathological mourning unresolved and unadaptive. The sequence-pathological grief, distress, mania--is viewed in a psychosomatic model and this view supported. The notion of \"switch into mania\" is also supported, and the importance of diverse theories to the increased understanding of the natural history and prevention of psychiatric illness is underlined."}
{"id": "PMID:908924", "title": "Catatonia and malignant syndrome: a possible complication of neuroleptic administration. Report of a case involving haloperidol.", "content": "An unusual, acute extrapyramidal reaction, which resulted from treatment with haloperidol and which was unresponsive to standard anticholinergic treatment and indistinguishable on clinical grounds from acute catatonia, is described. Because the etiology of this reaction was not appreciated, progressive, life-threatening physiological deterioration ensued accompanied by unremitting neuromuscular symptoms, a clinical picture resembling both \"lethal catatonia\" and the rare \"neuroleptic malignant syndrome.\" The literature on these conditions is reviewed and various problems in differential diagnosis are discussed. It is proposed that some cases of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome and perhaps lethal catatonia may represent the evolution of severe extrapyramidal reactions.", "contents": "Catatonia and malignant syndrome: a possible complication of neuroleptic administration. Report of a case involving haloperidol. An unusual, acute extrapyramidal reaction, which resulted from treatment with haloperidol and which was unresponsive to standard anticholinergic treatment and indistinguishable on clinical grounds from acute catatonia, is described. Because the etiology of this reaction was not appreciated, progressive, life-threatening physiological deterioration ensued accompanied by unremitting neuromuscular symptoms, a clinical picture resembling both \"lethal catatonia\" and the rare \"neuroleptic malignant syndrome.\" The literature on these conditions is reviewed and various problems in differential diagnosis are discussed. It is proposed that some cases of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome and perhaps lethal catatonia may represent the evolution of severe extrapyramidal reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:908926", "title": "The relationship of perceptual field orientation to measures of cognitive functioning and current adaptive abilities in alcoholics and nonalcoholics.", "content": "The present study investigated the influence of perceptual field orientation, as measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), on cognitive functioning among alcoholics and nonalcoholics. The subjects were classified as field dependent, intermediate, or field independent based upon their GEFT scores. Cognitive function was assessed by the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale as well as the Category Test. Tactual Performance Test, and Trail Making Tests of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Three primary findings emerged. First, the alcoholics appeared to be significantly impaired on measures of abstraction, problem solving, and adaptive abilities relative to nonalcoholics. Second, a direct relationship was found between GEFT scores and level of cognitive function within both alcoholic and nonalcoholic samples, with field-dependent subjects evidencing the most impaired performance. Third, the level of perceptual field orientation accounted for a large portion of the variance between the alcoholic and nonalcoholic samples, with field-independent alcoholics performing at a level comparable to or greater than other nonalcoholic subroups on a number of the cognitive variables. These results provide validational support for the GEFT and indicate that field orientation may be a relevant variable in the assessment of cognitive function in both alcoholics and nonalcoholics.", "contents": "The relationship of perceptual field orientation to measures of cognitive functioning and current adaptive abilities in alcoholics and nonalcoholics. The present study investigated the influence of perceptual field orientation, as measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), on cognitive functioning among alcoholics and nonalcoholics. The subjects were classified as field dependent, intermediate, or field independent based upon their GEFT scores. Cognitive function was assessed by the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale as well as the Category Test. Tactual Performance Test, and Trail Making Tests of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Three primary findings emerged. First, the alcoholics appeared to be significantly impaired on measures of abstraction, problem solving, and adaptive abilities relative to nonalcoholics. Second, a direct relationship was found between GEFT scores and level of cognitive function within both alcoholic and nonalcoholic samples, with field-dependent subjects evidencing the most impaired performance. Third, the level of perceptual field orientation accounted for a large portion of the variance between the alcoholic and nonalcoholic samples, with field-independent alcoholics performing at a level comparable to or greater than other nonalcoholic subroups on a number of the cognitive variables. These results provide validational support for the GEFT and indicate that field orientation may be a relevant variable in the assessment of cognitive function in both alcoholics and nonalcoholics."}
{"id": "PMID:908927", "title": "The clinical value of boredom. A procedure for reducing inappropriate sexual interests.", "content": "A combination of aversive therapy and orgasmic reconditioning failed to produce the expected changes in sexual activities and arousal patterns. A procedure that involved verbalizing deviant fantasies while engaged in continual masturbation for nine sessions each of 1 1/2 hours duration, led to marked changes in sexual interests in an appropriate direction.", "contents": "The clinical value of boredom. A procedure for reducing inappropriate sexual interests. A combination of aversive therapy and orgasmic reconditioning failed to produce the expected changes in sexual activities and arousal patterns. A procedure that involved verbalizing deviant fantasies while engaged in continual masturbation for nine sessions each of 1 1/2 hours duration, led to marked changes in sexual interests in an appropriate direction."}
{"id": "PMID:908928", "title": "Who are the \"committed\"?", "content": "A record review of patients who were committed by the court during the course of a hospitalization at an acute urban facility was carried out. Court-committed patients represented 4% of total patients admitted during a 2-year period. Black patients and patients over the age of 70 were more likely to reach the stage of a court hearing and be committed. Schizophrenia was the most frequent diagnosis, being present in well over one half of court-committed patients. Approximately one third of the patients had a hospital stay exceeding 3 months, and transfer to a long term inpatient program occurred significantly more often among court-committed patients as compared to the rest of the hospitalized population. The majority of court-committed patients were eventually returned to the community; about one fifth were placed in intermediate facilities such as boarding or nursing homes. When legal status of previous and subsequent hospitalizations of this sample of court-committed patients was examined, a clear predominance of uncomplicated voluntary hospitalization became apparent.", "contents": "Who are the \"committed\"? A record review of patients who were committed by the court during the course of a hospitalization at an acute urban facility was carried out. Court-committed patients represented 4% of total patients admitted during a 2-year period. Black patients and patients over the age of 70 were more likely to reach the stage of a court hearing and be committed. Schizophrenia was the most frequent diagnosis, being present in well over one half of court-committed patients. Approximately one third of the patients had a hospital stay exceeding 3 months, and transfer to a long term inpatient program occurred significantly more often among court-committed patients as compared to the rest of the hospitalized population. The majority of court-committed patients were eventually returned to the community; about one fifth were placed in intermediate facilities such as boarding or nursing homes. When legal status of previous and subsequent hospitalizations of this sample of court-committed patients was examined, a clear predominance of uncomplicated voluntary hospitalization became apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:908929", "title": "Neurosurgery 1977: problems and attainments. The 1977 AANS presidential address.", "content": "The President of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) discusses the many elements that appear to restrict the professional activities of neurosurgeons and other physicians. He stresses the importance of the active role required of the AANS, the American Medical Association, and the American College of Surgeons in finding solutions to problems related to neurosurgery.", "contents": "Neurosurgery 1977: problems and attainments. The 1977 AANS presidential address. The President of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) discusses the many elements that appear to restrict the professional activities of neurosurgeons and other physicians. He stresses the importance of the active role required of the AANS, the American Medical Association, and the American College of Surgeons in finding solutions to problems related to neurosurgery."}
{"id": "PMID:908930", "title": "Indications for nonoperative treatment of spinal cord compression due to breast cancer.", "content": "A retrospective series of 12,478 patients with breast cancer included 2467 patients with spinal metastases. Local treatment was not necessary in 688 patients. Neurological dificit did not develop in 1735 patients who underwent radiotherapy. Forty-four patients developed myelopathy due to spinal cord compression as demonstrated by neurological examination and myelography. Twenty-six of these patients were initially treated by laminectomy and 18 were initially treated with radiotherapy. The two groups did not significantly differ in their outcome with respect to motor power, pain relief, or ability to walk. Six patients who underwent radiotherapy deteriorated during 2 months of treatment. Four of these patients were not operative candidates because of poor general condition (three patients) or long duration of paraplegia (one patient). Of two patients who underwent emergency laminectomy, one became paraplegic; however, the other patient was significantly improved. For this reason it is essential that patients undergoing radiotherapy for spinal cord compression be followed closely by a neurosurgeon. The authors believe that in appropriate cases radiotherapy alone can yield results as good as laminectomy combined with radiotherapy.", "contents": "Indications for nonoperative treatment of spinal cord compression due to breast cancer. A retrospective series of 12,478 patients with breast cancer included 2467 patients with spinal metastases. Local treatment was not necessary in 688 patients. Neurological dificit did not develop in 1735 patients who underwent radiotherapy. Forty-four patients developed myelopathy due to spinal cord compression as demonstrated by neurological examination and myelography. Twenty-six of these patients were initially treated by laminectomy and 18 were initially treated with radiotherapy. The two groups did not significantly differ in their outcome with respect to motor power, pain relief, or ability to walk. Six patients who underwent radiotherapy deteriorated during 2 months of treatment. Four of these patients were not operative candidates because of poor general condition (three patients) or long duration of paraplegia (one patient). Of two patients who underwent emergency laminectomy, one became paraplegic; however, the other patient was significantly improved. For this reason it is essential that patients undergoing radiotherapy for spinal cord compression be followed closely by a neurosurgeon. The authors believe that in appropriate cases radiotherapy alone can yield results as good as laminectomy combined with radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:908931", "title": "Pain relief in metastatic cancer other than breast and prostate gland following transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. A preliminary report.", "content": "Hypophysectomy was performed in six patients with advanced carcinoma other than from breast and prostate gland to alleviate pain. Two patients received significant and lasting relief of pain; one achieved relief but died from progression of disease 5 weeks after surgery; one patient, initially relieved, had recurrence of pain 3 months later; one had about 50% relief; and one received no benefit. Possible mechanisms for pain relief include changes in pituitary hormones, prostaglandins, and the newly isolated brain peptides, alpha and beta endorphin. These preliminary observations will require further critical evaluation in a larger series to determine the effectiveness of hypophysectomy in relieving pain in cancer other than from the breast and prostate. The results, nevertheless, do imply that a different approach to pain, namely endocrine manipulation, may be beneficial in certain cancer patients.", "contents": "Pain relief in metastatic cancer other than breast and prostate gland following transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. A preliminary report. Hypophysectomy was performed in six patients with advanced carcinoma other than from breast and prostate gland to alleviate pain. Two patients received significant and lasting relief of pain; one achieved relief but died from progression of disease 5 weeks after surgery; one patient, initially relieved, had recurrence of pain 3 months later; one had about 50% relief; and one received no benefit. Possible mechanisms for pain relief include changes in pituitary hormones, prostaglandins, and the newly isolated brain peptides, alpha and beta endorphin. These preliminary observations will require further critical evaluation in a larger series to determine the effectiveness of hypophysectomy in relieving pain in cancer other than from the breast and prostate. The results, nevertheless, do imply that a different approach to pain, namely endocrine manipulation, may be beneficial in certain cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:908932", "title": "The pressure-volume function of brain elasticity. Physiological considerations and clinical applications.", "content": "The intracranial pressure-volume function as determined by brain elasticity is reported in normal dogs. Rapid subarachnoid infusions clearly define an exponential relationship between pressure and volume. An aliquot technique to measure elastance (dP/dV) at multiple intracranial pressures demonstrates a linear relationship between elastance and pressure. This follows mathematically from the exponential nature of the basic pressure-volume function. The clinical significance of brain elastance measurements is discussed. It is emphasized that the effects of pressure on CSF dynamics are superimposed on the pressure-volume function of brain elasticity and probably account for the process of spatial compensation for an expanding mass lesion. It is not apparent that elastance measurements can serve as indicators of impending decompensation, since the pressure-volume function of brain elasticity provides no direct information about CSF dynamics. Accordingly, the clinical usefullness of elastance measurements is seriously questioned.", "contents": "The pressure-volume function of brain elasticity. Physiological considerations and clinical applications. The intracranial pressure-volume function as determined by brain elasticity is reported in normal dogs. Rapid subarachnoid infusions clearly define an exponential relationship between pressure and volume. An aliquot technique to measure elastance (dP/dV) at multiple intracranial pressures demonstrates a linear relationship between elastance and pressure. This follows mathematically from the exponential nature of the basic pressure-volume function. The clinical significance of brain elastance measurements is discussed. It is emphasized that the effects of pressure on CSF dynamics are superimposed on the pressure-volume function of brain elasticity and probably account for the process of spatial compensation for an expanding mass lesion. It is not apparent that elastance measurements can serve as indicators of impending decompensation, since the pressure-volume function of brain elasticity provides no direct information about CSF dynamics. Accordingly, the clinical usefullness of elastance measurements is seriously questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:908933", "title": "Decerebrate rigidity in acute head injury.", "content": "A comprehensive study of the motor patterns, usually grouped under the heading \"decerebrate rigidity,\" was carried out in a series of 800 patients with severe head injuries. The incidence of these manifestations was 39.6%, and when they were present chances of survival were reduced from 79.4% to 28.1%. Clinical and electromyographic investigations revealed heterogeneous and unstable motor manifestations that did not fit into the classical groups of experimental models of decerebrate rigidity. Combinations of extensor and flexor attitudes and/or responses were frequently found in same patient, but could be separated into homogeneous groups. Each recognized postural pattern had its own distinct neurological signs and prognosis. Age did not significantly affect the outcome, however, intracranial exapnding lesions (73.5%), impairment of the brain-stem oculomotor system (49.8%), and deep coma (88.9%) all contributed to an unfavorable course. Surgical treatment was effective when performed for intracranial hematomas and in patients with incomplete extensor rigidity. Good recovery was achieved in 16% of decerebrate patients, while 12.1% survived in prolonged coma or with severe disabilities. All clinical and neuropathological data suggest that extensor motor abnormalities in the acute phase of cerebral traumatic disease do not always conclusively indicate structural brain-stem damage. A critical analysis of so-called \"decerebrate rigidity\" (rejecting in some instances its Sherringtonian implications) may allow for a more accurate clinical assessment of the severity of head injury.", "contents": "Decerebrate rigidity in acute head injury. A comprehensive study of the motor patterns, usually grouped under the heading \"decerebrate rigidity,\" was carried out in a series of 800 patients with severe head injuries. The incidence of these manifestations was 39.6%, and when they were present chances of survival were reduced from 79.4% to 28.1%. Clinical and electromyographic investigations revealed heterogeneous and unstable motor manifestations that did not fit into the classical groups of experimental models of decerebrate rigidity. Combinations of extensor and flexor attitudes and/or responses were frequently found in same patient, but could be separated into homogeneous groups. Each recognized postural pattern had its own distinct neurological signs and prognosis. Age did not significantly affect the outcome, however, intracranial exapnding lesions (73.5%), impairment of the brain-stem oculomotor system (49.8%), and deep coma (88.9%) all contributed to an unfavorable course. Surgical treatment was effective when performed for intracranial hematomas and in patients with incomplete extensor rigidity. Good recovery was achieved in 16% of decerebrate patients, while 12.1% survived in prolonged coma or with severe disabilities. All clinical and neuropathological data suggest that extensor motor abnormalities in the acute phase of cerebral traumatic disease do not always conclusively indicate structural brain-stem damage. A critical analysis of so-called \"decerebrate rigidity\" (rejecting in some instances its Sherringtonian implications) may allow for a more accurate clinical assessment of the severity of head injury."}
{"id": "PMID:908934", "title": "Compartmental analysis of regional cerebral blood flow in patients with acute severe head injuries.", "content": "Bicompartmental analysis for the calculation of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) from 133Xe clearance in brain tissue has not been thoroughly explored in clinical studies. Most authors rely either on the average rCBF obtained by height/area analysis of the clearance curves or on the initial-slope flow index. Possibly the reason is that the validity of the bimodal flow distribution in abnormal brain tissue is considered questionable. In the present study, bicompartmental analysis, performed by a least-square computerized iterative approach, was used in the calculation of the flow and weight of the tissue of the brain of patients with severe head injuries. The analysis was found to give important information of the nature and course of the brain lesions even if the clearance curves did not have the normal bi-exponential shape, provided the results obtained were properly interpreted. In such cases, the values of the flow and relative weight could not be taken as flow and weight values of gray and white matter, but rather as indices of fast and slower flow components. The interpretation of the results was based on the identification of three types of 13-minute clearance curves, each being characteristic of a type of brain lesion. The clearance curves from fairly normal brain tissue appeared to be bi-exponential; curves from areas of severe cortical contusion had, in addition, an initial and rapid \"third\" component, a tissue peak, whereas curves from severely edematous brain tissue approached the monoexponential shape.", "contents": "Compartmental analysis of regional cerebral blood flow in patients with acute severe head injuries. Bicompartmental analysis for the calculation of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) from 133Xe clearance in brain tissue has not been thoroughly explored in clinical studies. Most authors rely either on the average rCBF obtained by height/area analysis of the clearance curves or on the initial-slope flow index. Possibly the reason is that the validity of the bimodal flow distribution in abnormal brain tissue is considered questionable. In the present study, bicompartmental analysis, performed by a least-square computerized iterative approach, was used in the calculation of the flow and weight of the tissue of the brain of patients with severe head injuries. The analysis was found to give important information of the nature and course of the brain lesions even if the clearance curves did not have the normal bi-exponential shape, provided the results obtained were properly interpreted. In such cases, the values of the flow and relative weight could not be taken as flow and weight values of gray and white matter, but rather as indices of fast and slower flow components. The interpretation of the results was based on the identification of three types of 13-minute clearance curves, each being characteristic of a type of brain lesion. The clearance curves from fairly normal brain tissue appeared to be bi-exponential; curves from areas of severe cortical contusion had, in addition, an initial and rapid \"third\" component, a tissue peak, whereas curves from severely edematous brain tissue approached the monoexponential shape."}
{"id": "PMID:908935", "title": "Microsurgical exposure of the petrous portion of the carotid artery.", "content": "Occlusion of the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) has been treated by vein graft bypass from the common carotid to the supraclinoid segment. However, this procedure has the disadvantages of requiring temporary occlusion of collateral flow, the short length of ICA available for anastomosis, and the retraction required for exposure of the supraclinoid area. In an attempt to find a more suitable bypass site for grafting, the petrous portion of 50 carotid arteries was studied in cadavers. It was found that there was a 1-cm length of the horizontal segment of the petrous carotid that could be exposed in the floor of the middle fossa lateral to the trigeminal nerve. This segment was covered by dura only or a thin layer of cartilage in approximately half of the specimens. In the remainder, there was often a thin shell of bone covering the artery, which could be drilled away. The petrous portion of the carotid artery had branches in only 38% of specimens, a Vidian branch in 30%, and a periosteal branch in 8%. The carotico-tympanic artery, previously reported to be the most common branch, was not found in a single case. These branches allow the retrograde flow needed to maintain the patency of this segment following proximal occlusions. The relationship of the carotid artery to structures include the cochlea, middle ear, Eustachian tube, tensor tympani muscle, geniculate ganglion, and facial, greater petrosal, and trigminal nerves.", "contents": "Microsurgical exposure of the petrous portion of the carotid artery. Occlusion of the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) has been treated by vein graft bypass from the common carotid to the supraclinoid segment. However, this procedure has the disadvantages of requiring temporary occlusion of collateral flow, the short length of ICA available for anastomosis, and the retraction required for exposure of the supraclinoid area. In an attempt to find a more suitable bypass site for grafting, the petrous portion of 50 carotid arteries was studied in cadavers. It was found that there was a 1-cm length of the horizontal segment of the petrous carotid that could be exposed in the floor of the middle fossa lateral to the trigeminal nerve. This segment was covered by dura only or a thin layer of cartilage in approximately half of the specimens. In the remainder, there was often a thin shell of bone covering the artery, which could be drilled away. The petrous portion of the carotid artery had branches in only 38% of specimens, a Vidian branch in 30%, and a periosteal branch in 8%. The carotico-tympanic artery, previously reported to be the most common branch, was not found in a single case. These branches allow the retrograde flow needed to maintain the patency of this segment following proximal occlusions. The relationship of the carotid artery to structures include the cochlea, middle ear, Eustachian tube, tensor tympani muscle, geniculate ganglion, and facial, greater petrosal, and trigminal nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:908936", "title": "Late morbidity and mortality of common carotid ligation for posterior communicating aneurysms. A comparison to conservative treatment.", "content": "The long-term evaluation of 60 patients who suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage and survived 6 months is reported. By bilateral carotid arteriography, all patients were shown to have a single aneurysm at the vicinity of the posterior communicating artery at its junction with the internal carotid artery. The patients had previously been randomly assigned to treatment either by bed rest or by common carotid ligation. Average duration of survival among those followed is 8 years. Late rebleeding episodes were found to occur at a similar rate, irrespective of mode of treatment in the studied populations, but morbidity following operation continued to remain somewhat less over the ensuing years of follow-up study compared with the patients treated conservatively. On final assessment many years after the original hemorrhage, there is little improvement in degree of morbidity in either treatment group, and hypertension is noted to develop in the patients undergoing carotid ligation. A larger number of cases will be required to validate these findings.", "contents": "Late morbidity and mortality of common carotid ligation for posterior communicating aneurysms. A comparison to conservative treatment. The long-term evaluation of 60 patients who suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage and survived 6 months is reported. By bilateral carotid arteriography, all patients were shown to have a single aneurysm at the vicinity of the posterior communicating artery at its junction with the internal carotid artery. The patients had previously been randomly assigned to treatment either by bed rest or by common carotid ligation. Average duration of survival among those followed is 8 years. Late rebleeding episodes were found to occur at a similar rate, irrespective of mode of treatment in the studied populations, but morbidity following operation continued to remain somewhat less over the ensuing years of follow-up study compared with the patients treated conservatively. On final assessment many years after the original hemorrhage, there is little improvement in degree of morbidity in either treatment group, and hypertension is noted to develop in the patients undergoing carotid ligation. A larger number of cases will be required to validate these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:908937", "title": "Nerve allografts and histocompatibility in dogs.", "content": "The histocompatibility requirements for successful frozen nerve allografts were studied in 46 dogs. Major canine histocompatibility (DLA) differences appeared to be of vital importance for nerve regeneration and function, as judged by histological and electromyographic performance 7 to 9 months after grafting. Minor histocompatibility differences did not appear to lead to rejection of the frozen nerve allografts. Graft irradiation did not improve the acceptability of frozen DLA-mismatched grafts. The effect of DLA matching was much more pronounced in allografts 7 cm long than in allografts 4 cm long. The results indicate the need for a bank of frozen human histocompatible (HLA) nerve allografts, and a study of the effect of partial or complete HLA matching on their survival.", "contents": "Nerve allografts and histocompatibility in dogs. The histocompatibility requirements for successful frozen nerve allografts were studied in 46 dogs. Major canine histocompatibility (DLA) differences appeared to be of vital importance for nerve regeneration and function, as judged by histological and electromyographic performance 7 to 9 months after grafting. Minor histocompatibility differences did not appear to lead to rejection of the frozen nerve allografts. Graft irradiation did not improve the acceptability of frozen DLA-mismatched grafts. The effect of DLA matching was much more pronounced in allografts 7 cm long than in allografts 4 cm long. The results indicate the need for a bank of frozen human histocompatible (HLA) nerve allografts, and a study of the effect of partial or complete HLA matching on their survival."}
{"id": "PMID:908938", "title": "Femoral nerve repair with nerve autografts. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of femoral nerve lesions are reported, one in the pelvic region, and one in the femoral triangle. In both cases, secondary microsurgical autografting resulted in a good functional and electrophysiological recovery.", "contents": "Femoral nerve repair with nerve autografts. Report of two cases. Two cases of femoral nerve lesions are reported, one in the pelvic region, and one in the femoral triangle. In both cases, secondary microsurgical autografting resulted in a good functional and electrophysiological recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:908939", "title": "Fatal meningitis secondary to undetected bacterial psoas abscess. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three unusual cases of fatal meningitis secondary to undetected bacterial psoas abscess occurred at this institution over an 11-year period. All three patients had suffered chronic debilitating disorders before the abscess formation. The superimposed variable clinical presentations led to the initial diagnosis of a progressing cerebrovascular accident in one case, herniated nucleus pulposus at the L3-4 level in another, and osteomyelitis of the hip joint in the third. Analysis of these cases revealed that before the meningeal dissemination, all of the patients had shown evidence of intraabdominal pathology with positive psoas signs. Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines are discussed.", "contents": "Fatal meningitis secondary to undetected bacterial psoas abscess. Report of three cases. Three unusual cases of fatal meningitis secondary to undetected bacterial psoas abscess occurred at this institution over an 11-year period. All three patients had suffered chronic debilitating disorders before the abscess formation. The superimposed variable clinical presentations led to the initial diagnosis of a progressing cerebrovascular accident in one case, herniated nucleus pulposus at the L3-4 level in another, and osteomyelitis of the hip joint in the third. Analysis of these cases revealed that before the meningeal dissemination, all of the patients had shown evidence of intraabdominal pathology with positive psoas signs. Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:908940", "title": "The management of ruptured intracranial aneurysm in sickle cell anemia. Case report.", "content": "The problems of sickle cell disease and its complications is discussed. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is not a common complication of sickle cell disease and should be evaluated in the same way as if it were not associated with the disease. Patients with sickle cell trait have an added risk during angiography and hypotensive anesthesia. Guidlines are given for angiography and craniotomy with hypotensive anesthesia and reduction of brain volume in these patients.", "contents": "The management of ruptured intracranial aneurysm in sickle cell anemia. Case report. The problems of sickle cell disease and its complications is discussed. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is not a common complication of sickle cell disease and should be evaluated in the same way as if it were not associated with the disease. Patients with sickle cell trait have an added risk during angiography and hypotensive anesthesia. Guidlines are given for angiography and craniotomy with hypotensive anesthesia and reduction of brain volume in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:908941", "title": "Spontaneous transdural extension of malignant astrocytoma. Case report.", "content": "A case of malignant astrocytoma in the frontoparietal parasagittal region with transgression into the overlying dura mater and the skull is presented. Spontaneous transdural extension of a glioma is an extremely rare growth pattern. A mode of transdural extension of this tumor is discussed and related reports are reviewed.", "contents": "Spontaneous transdural extension of malignant astrocytoma. Case report. A case of malignant astrocytoma in the frontoparietal parasagittal region with transgression into the overlying dura mater and the skull is presented. Spontaneous transdural extension of a glioma is an extremely rare growth pattern. A mode of transdural extension of this tumor is discussed and related reports are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:908942", "title": "A metastasizing ependymoma of the cauda equina. Case report.", "content": "A case is described in which a metastatic ependymoma of the cauda equina recurred after prolonged remission. Similarities to five previously reported cases are discussed, with emphasis on the mode of metastasis. Factors most closely associated with distant metastases include early onset, numerous local operations, long survival, and massive local recurrence at the time of distant metastases.", "contents": "A metastasizing ependymoma of the cauda equina. Case report. A case is described in which a metastatic ependymoma of the cauda equina recurred after prolonged remission. Similarities to five previously reported cases are discussed, with emphasis on the mode of metastasis. Factors most closely associated with distant metastases include early onset, numerous local operations, long survival, and massive local recurrence at the time of distant metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:908943", "title": "Pineocytomas presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of pineocytoma are reported in patients whose initial symptoms resembled a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The underlying tumor became obvious only later in the disease. Several episodes of subarachnoid bleeding occurred. These are the first documented cases of pineocytoma with this type of clinical presentation.", "contents": "Pineocytomas presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage. Report of two cases. Two cases of pineocytoma are reported in patients whose initial symptoms resembled a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The underlying tumor became obvious only later in the disease. Several episodes of subarachnoid bleeding occurred. These are the first documented cases of pineocytoma with this type of clinical presentation."}
{"id": "PMID:908944", "title": "Closure of large skin defect associated with thoracolumbar rachischisis. Case report.", "content": "The management of a premature infant with a large skin defect associated with thoracolumbar rachischisis is presented. Full-thickness closure was achieved in 8 days using a new technique, adapted from a method of closing large omphaloceles.", "contents": "Closure of large skin defect associated with thoracolumbar rachischisis. Case report. The management of a premature infant with a large skin defect associated with thoracolumbar rachischisis is presented. Full-thickness closure was achieved in 8 days using a new technique, adapted from a method of closing large omphaloceles."}
{"id": "PMID:908945", "title": "Primary fibrosarcoma of the skull. Case report.", "content": "A case of primary fibrosarcoma of the skull is presented. Only one other case with this uncommon site of occurrence of this tumor has been previously reported.", "contents": "Primary fibrosarcoma of the skull. Case report. A case of primary fibrosarcoma of the skull is presented. Only one other case with this uncommon site of occurrence of this tumor has been previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:908946", "title": "A simple method of measuring aneurysm clip tension. Technical note.", "content": "The opening force of aneurysm clips can be determined easily with a dynamometer tension guage. The method is described.", "contents": "A simple method of measuring aneurysm clip tension. Technical note. The opening force of aneurysm clips can be determined easily with a dynamometer tension guage. The method is described."}
{"id": "PMID:908947", "title": "A new method of cranioplasty. Technical note.", "content": "A new method of cranioplasty is described. The skull defect is exposed, and an impression is taken which is used for the construction of a plaster of Paris model of the defect. Methyl methacrylate is molded to the model and thus an accurate reproduction of the skull defect is produced. The technique has the main advantage of good cosmetic appearance and strength.", "contents": "A new method of cranioplasty. Technical note. A new method of cranioplasty is described. The skull defect is exposed, and an impression is taken which is used for the construction of a plaster of Paris model of the defect. Methyl methacrylate is molded to the model and thus an accurate reproduction of the skull defect is produced. The technique has the main advantage of good cosmetic appearance and strength."}
{"id": "PMID:908948", "title": "Modified suction tip. Techical note.", "content": "A modification of the standard suction tip is described that decreases risk to delicate tissues.", "contents": "Modified suction tip. Techical note. A modification of the standard suction tip is described that decreases risk to delicate tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:908951", "title": "Protein utilization of mechanically deboned meat by growing rats.", "content": "The protein quality of mechanically deboned red meat was investigated using amino acid analysis, protein efficiency ratio and the slope ratio technique. Nine different meat products were studied utilizing Sprague-Dawley weanling albino rats. Protein quality of the mechanically deboned meat varied greatly with the amount of lean left on the bones prior to mechanical deboning. Deboned meat which contained more lean, and less collagen, was superior in protein quality to the deboned meat obtained from bones which contained less lean and more collagen. Total sulfur amino acids (cystine and methionine) and isoleucine were the most limiting amino acids in all nine of the meat products when compared with lactalbumin. The contents of total sulfur amino acids and isoleucine, as well as the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids, reflected the protein quality of the meat.", "contents": "Protein utilization of mechanically deboned meat by growing rats. The protein quality of mechanically deboned red meat was investigated using amino acid analysis, protein efficiency ratio and the slope ratio technique. Nine different meat products were studied utilizing Sprague-Dawley weanling albino rats. Protein quality of the mechanically deboned meat varied greatly with the amount of lean left on the bones prior to mechanical deboning. Deboned meat which contained more lean, and less collagen, was superior in protein quality to the deboned meat obtained from bones which contained less lean and more collagen. Total sulfur amino acids (cystine and methionine) and isoleucine were the most limiting amino acids in all nine of the meat products when compared with lactalbumin. The contents of total sulfur amino acids and isoleucine, as well as the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids, reflected the protein quality of the meat."}
{"id": "PMID:908952", "title": "Increased muscle phosphorylase in rats fed high levels of vitamin B6.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that muscle phosphorylase may function as a repository for vitamin B6 in the animal. Since a repository would be expected to accumulate surplus material, one would predict that phosphorylase, which contains stoichio-metric amounts or pyridoxal phosphate, would increase in muscle of animals surfeited with the vitamin. Rats were fed a vitamin B6-free diet supplemented with pyridoxine providing levels 10, 1.0 and 0.1 of those recommended by the National Research Council (NRC). At the high intake level, muscle phosphorylase and total muscle vitamin B6 increased steadily and in almost constant ratio for at least 6 weeks, whereas both alanine and aspartate transaminase increased initially, but reached a plateau within 2 weeks. At the intermediate level of pyridoxine intake, muscle phosphorylase also increased, but less rapidly than in rats fed the higher level. When vitamin B6 intake was restricted to 10% of the NRC-recommended level, no increase in phosphorylase concentration occurred during a period of 10 weeks. These results support the hypothesis that muscle phosphorylase acts as a reservoir for vitamin B6 in the animal and provide experimental evidence that muscle enzyme content expands as vitamin is accumulated during high dietary intake.", "contents": "Increased muscle phosphorylase in rats fed high levels of vitamin B6. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that muscle phosphorylase may function as a repository for vitamin B6 in the animal. Since a repository would be expected to accumulate surplus material, one would predict that phosphorylase, which contains stoichio-metric amounts or pyridoxal phosphate, would increase in muscle of animals surfeited with the vitamin. Rats were fed a vitamin B6-free diet supplemented with pyridoxine providing levels 10, 1.0 and 0.1 of those recommended by the National Research Council (NRC). At the high intake level, muscle phosphorylase and total muscle vitamin B6 increased steadily and in almost constant ratio for at least 6 weeks, whereas both alanine and aspartate transaminase increased initially, but reached a plateau within 2 weeks. At the intermediate level of pyridoxine intake, muscle phosphorylase also increased, but less rapidly than in rats fed the higher level. When vitamin B6 intake was restricted to 10% of the NRC-recommended level, no increase in phosphorylase concentration occurred during a period of 10 weeks. These results support the hypothesis that muscle phosphorylase acts as a reservoir for vitamin B6 in the animal and provide experimental evidence that muscle enzyme content expands as vitamin is accumulated during high dietary intake."}
{"id": "PMID:908953", "title": "A multifactor analysis of growth in the rat epididymal fat pad.", "content": "Adipose tissue is known to consist of at least two compartments, the adipocytes and the non-lipid filled cells. During normal growth and development of the rat epididymal fat pad, these two compartments changed in different manners. From 12 to 35 days of age, the DNA contained in both compartments increased linearly, indicative of hyperplastic growth. From 35 to 70 days of age, the DNA in the non-lipid filled cells continued to increase linearly; DNA in the adipocyte fraction increased more slowly. From 70 to 182 days of age, DNA accretion continued in the non-lipid filled cells while remaining unchanged in adipocytes. From 35 to 70 days of age, an abrupt change in the rate of tissue lipid accumulation occurred, shown both by a tripling of fat cell size and a markedly increased slope in the accumulation of lipid per pad. These data confirm that adipose tissue growth proceeds as suggested by radioactive thymidine incorporation studies and further suggest that a critical period for the onset of lipid filling may begin around 35 days of age.", "contents": "A multifactor analysis of growth in the rat epididymal fat pad. Adipose tissue is known to consist of at least two compartments, the adipocytes and the non-lipid filled cells. During normal growth and development of the rat epididymal fat pad, these two compartments changed in different manners. From 12 to 35 days of age, the DNA contained in both compartments increased linearly, indicative of hyperplastic growth. From 35 to 70 days of age, the DNA in the non-lipid filled cells continued to increase linearly; DNA in the adipocyte fraction increased more slowly. From 70 to 182 days of age, DNA accretion continued in the non-lipid filled cells while remaining unchanged in adipocytes. From 35 to 70 days of age, an abrupt change in the rate of tissue lipid accumulation occurred, shown both by a tripling of fat cell size and a markedly increased slope in the accumulation of lipid per pad. These data confirm that adipose tissue growth proceeds as suggested by radioactive thymidine incorporation studies and further suggest that a critical period for the onset of lipid filling may begin around 35 days of age."}
{"id": "PMID:908954", "title": "Mediation of calcium adaptation by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "Vitamin D-depleted chicks which were repleted with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol adapted to the feeding of a low or high calcium diet by respectively increasing or decreasing their rate of intestinal calcium absorption. The synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in chicks fed differing calcium diets correlated directly with intestinal calcium absorption activity, suggesting that the intestinal calcium adaptation response is mediated by the modulation of kidney 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase activity. This view was strongly supported by the demonstration that repletion of the chicks with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol eliminated the ability of the chicks to adjust their rates of intestinal calcium absorption to dietary levels of calcium.", "contents": "Mediation of calcium adaptation by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Vitamin D-depleted chicks which were repleted with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol adapted to the feeding of a low or high calcium diet by respectively increasing or decreasing their rate of intestinal calcium absorption. The synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in chicks fed differing calcium diets correlated directly with intestinal calcium absorption activity, suggesting that the intestinal calcium adaptation response is mediated by the modulation of kidney 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase activity. This view was strongly supported by the demonstration that repletion of the chicks with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol eliminated the ability of the chicks to adjust their rates of intestinal calcium absorption to dietary levels of calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:908955", "title": "Effect of treadmill speeds and slopes on voluntary exercise in rats.", "content": "Male rats 87 days of age were given daily 90-minute sesions of voluntary exercise on self-operated treadmills pre-set to deliver speeds ranging from 6.1 to 73.2 m/minute and slopes of 0 to 27 degrees. Voluntary motivation to operate the treadmills was induced by maintaining the rats at constant body weights of 203 +/- 2 g. Under the conditions of the experiment, the rats selected 24.4 m/minute and 0 degree slope with running bursts averaging 21 to 24 seconds in duration as a preferred condition for greatest running. Since all activity was voluntary, the consistent patterns of running bursts at 24.4 m/minute are believed to be potentially capable of serving as reference baselines for detection of food contaminants, toxicants and other insults to normal metabolic processes.", "contents": "Effect of treadmill speeds and slopes on voluntary exercise in rats. Male rats 87 days of age were given daily 90-minute sesions of voluntary exercise on self-operated treadmills pre-set to deliver speeds ranging from 6.1 to 73.2 m/minute and slopes of 0 to 27 degrees. Voluntary motivation to operate the treadmills was induced by maintaining the rats at constant body weights of 203 +/- 2 g. Under the conditions of the experiment, the rats selected 24.4 m/minute and 0 degree slope with running bursts averaging 21 to 24 seconds in duration as a preferred condition for greatest running. Since all activity was voluntary, the consistent patterns of running bursts at 24.4 m/minute are believed to be potentially capable of serving as reference baselines for detection of food contaminants, toxicants and other insults to normal metabolic processes."}
{"id": "PMID:908957", "title": "Maternal-fetal exchange during protein malnutrition in the rat. Placental transfer of glucose and a nonmetabolizable glucose analog.", "content": "Maternal-fetal transfer of glucose and methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (AMG) was studied in rats fed either a 6% or a 27% casein diet. On day 21 of pregnancy 3H-labeled glucose and 14C labeled AMG were injected into the maternal circulation of both groups of dams and concentration of tritium and 14C in maternal plasma, placentas and fetuses were determined 10 and 20 minutes later respectively. In malnourished rats both substances tended to be slightly, although non-significantly, increased in maternal plasma and were significantly decreased in placentas and fetuses. This lower concentration in fetal tissues reflected a marked reduction in the amount of glucose and AMG transported into the fetuses per g of placental tissue per minute. The proportionality of the changes found for both substances suggests that their reduced rate of transfer may be due to similar mechanisms.", "contents": "Maternal-fetal exchange during protein malnutrition in the rat. Placental transfer of glucose and a nonmetabolizable glucose analog. Maternal-fetal transfer of glucose and methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (AMG) was studied in rats fed either a 6% or a 27% casein diet. On day 21 of pregnancy 3H-labeled glucose and 14C labeled AMG were injected into the maternal circulation of both groups of dams and concentration of tritium and 14C in maternal plasma, placentas and fetuses were determined 10 and 20 minutes later respectively. In malnourished rats both substances tended to be slightly, although non-significantly, increased in maternal plasma and were significantly decreased in placentas and fetuses. This lower concentration in fetal tissues reflected a marked reduction in the amount of glucose and AMG transported into the fetuses per g of placental tissue per minute. The proportionality of the changes found for both substances suggests that their reduced rate of transfer may be due to similar mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:908958", "title": "Maternal-fetal exchange during protein malnutrition in the rat. Placental transfer of alpha-amino isobutyric acid.", "content": "The influence of protein restriction on the maternal-fetal transfer of nutrients was explored in rats fed a 6% casein diet. At days 20 and 21 of gestation, 1 muCi/100 g of body weight of 14C-alpha-amino isobutyric acid was injected inthe maternal circulation of controls fed a 27% casein diet, and experimental rats. Samples of maternal blood, and one placenta and one fetus were removed from each dam 10, 20, 40 and 60 minutes later. In malnourished dams, the radioactively labeled amino acid had a slower rate of disappearance from the maternal plasma, stayed longer in the placenta and was transported in reduced amount to the fetuses.", "contents": "Maternal-fetal exchange during protein malnutrition in the rat. Placental transfer of alpha-amino isobutyric acid. The influence of protein restriction on the maternal-fetal transfer of nutrients was explored in rats fed a 6% casein diet. At days 20 and 21 of gestation, 1 muCi/100 g of body weight of 14C-alpha-amino isobutyric acid was injected inthe maternal circulation of controls fed a 27% casein diet, and experimental rats. Samples of maternal blood, and one placenta and one fetus were removed from each dam 10, 20, 40 and 60 minutes later. In malnourished dams, the radioactively labeled amino acid had a slower rate of disappearance from the maternal plasma, stayed longer in the placenta and was transported in reduced amount to the fetuses."}
{"id": "PMID:908959", "title": "A comparison of hypocholesterolemic activity of beta-sitosterol and beta-sitostanol in rats.", "content": "The hypocholesterolemic activity of beta-sitosterol and its hydrogenated product, beta-sitostanol (dihydrositosterol or stigmastanol) has been compared in young male rats. When cholesterol was included in the diet, sitostanol consistently exhibited significantly greater hypocholesterolemic activity than sitosterol. There were no apparent differences in the effects of the sterol and the stanol on the concentration of liver cholesterol and triglyceride. Increases in plasma triglyceride due to feeding sitosterol were not observed with sitostanol. Incorporation of dietary sitostanol into plasma, liver and other tissues was always negligible, and thus this stanol was almost completely recovered in feces, while there was considerable deposition of sitosterol (mean fecal recovery being 85% to 92%). The increase in fecal output of dietary cholesterol was significantly greater with the stanol than with sterol. There was no demonstrable negative effect on growth and weight of major visceral tissues in rats fed the sterol as well as the stanol. These observations together with those reported previously indicate that hydorgenation of phytosterols is a novel approach to enhance their hypocholesterolemic activities without influencing the relative safety of the initial sterols.", "contents": "A comparison of hypocholesterolemic activity of beta-sitosterol and beta-sitostanol in rats. The hypocholesterolemic activity of beta-sitosterol and its hydrogenated product, beta-sitostanol (dihydrositosterol or stigmastanol) has been compared in young male rats. When cholesterol was included in the diet, sitostanol consistently exhibited significantly greater hypocholesterolemic activity than sitosterol. There were no apparent differences in the effects of the sterol and the stanol on the concentration of liver cholesterol and triglyceride. Increases in plasma triglyceride due to feeding sitosterol were not observed with sitostanol. Incorporation of dietary sitostanol into plasma, liver and other tissues was always negligible, and thus this stanol was almost completely recovered in feces, while there was considerable deposition of sitosterol (mean fecal recovery being 85% to 92%). The increase in fecal output of dietary cholesterol was significantly greater with the stanol than with sterol. There was no demonstrable negative effect on growth and weight of major visceral tissues in rats fed the sterol as well as the stanol. These observations together with those reported previously indicate that hydorgenation of phytosterols is a novel approach to enhance their hypocholesterolemic activities without influencing the relative safety of the initial sterols."}
{"id": "PMID:908960", "title": "Sulfur amino acid requirement of channel catfish: L-methionine and L-cystine.", "content": "Growth studies, utilizing a 24% crude protein diet containing an amino acid pattern similar to whole egg protein, indicate that the methionine requirement in the absence of cystine for fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctalus) is about 0.56% of the diet (dry weight basis) or 2.34% of the dietary protein. The dietary requirement was confirmed by serum free methionine analysis. A marked increase in serum free methionine occurred at a dietary methionine level between 0.50% and 0.75% of the diet. The cystine replacement value for methionine on a mmole sulfur basis was found to be about 60%.", "contents": "Sulfur amino acid requirement of channel catfish: L-methionine and L-cystine. Growth studies, utilizing a 24% crude protein diet containing an amino acid pattern similar to whole egg protein, indicate that the methionine requirement in the absence of cystine for fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctalus) is about 0.56% of the diet (dry weight basis) or 2.34% of the dietary protein. The dietary requirement was confirmed by serum free methionine analysis. A marked increase in serum free methionine occurred at a dietary methionine level between 0.50% and 0.75% of the diet. The cystine replacement value for methionine on a mmole sulfur basis was found to be about 60%."}
{"id": "PMID:908961", "title": "Gluconeogenesis in ruminants: propionic acid production from a high-grain diet fed to cattle.", "content": "Effects of amount of feed intake on in vivo remen propionate production and the reproducibility of measurements of propionate production rates were investigated in five dairy steers weighing 142 to 228 kg. Each steer received 275 g of an 80%-grain diet every 2 hours, and three of the five steers later received 500 g/2 hours. Rumen propionate pool sizes and production rates were determined at both intakes by administering a single dose of [1-14C] propionate via rumen fistula and observing decreasing specific activity of rumen propionate for 4 hours. A linear regression equation was calculated from the natural logs of decreasing specific activity. Propionate pool sizes averaged 30.6 and 47.4 g, and production rates averaged 579 and 1032 g/day at feed intakes of 275 and 500 g/2 hours. Thus, propionate production changed in almost direct proportion to feed intake. Acetate to propionate ratios were about 3:1 in rumen fluid. Considerable variability in estimates of propionate pool sizes and production rates was found both within and among steers. The results indicate propionate production is nearly equivalent to blood glucose turnover determined previously; all propionate produced in the rumen, however, is not used for glucose synthesis.", "contents": "Gluconeogenesis in ruminants: propionic acid production from a high-grain diet fed to cattle. Effects of amount of feed intake on in vivo remen propionate production and the reproducibility of measurements of propionate production rates were investigated in five dairy steers weighing 142 to 228 kg. Each steer received 275 g of an 80%-grain diet every 2 hours, and three of the five steers later received 500 g/2 hours. Rumen propionate pool sizes and production rates were determined at both intakes by administering a single dose of [1-14C] propionate via rumen fistula and observing decreasing specific activity of rumen propionate for 4 hours. A linear regression equation was calculated from the natural logs of decreasing specific activity. Propionate pool sizes averaged 30.6 and 47.4 g, and production rates averaged 579 and 1032 g/day at feed intakes of 275 and 500 g/2 hours. Thus, propionate production changed in almost direct proportion to feed intake. Acetate to propionate ratios were about 3:1 in rumen fluid. Considerable variability in estimates of propionate pool sizes and production rates was found both within and among steers. The results indicate propionate production is nearly equivalent to blood glucose turnover determined previously; all propionate produced in the rumen, however, is not used for glucose synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:908964", "title": "Control of blood cholesterol levels in suckling and weanling rats.", "content": "The high blood cholesterol and glucagon levels of suckling rats can be rapidly decreased within 24 hours by prematurely weaning rats to a high carbohydrate diet on day 18. The fall in the cholesterol level is much smaller if rats are starved for 24 hours. This decrease can partly be inhibited by injections of glucagon. The only factor so far found to decrease blood cholesterol levels in suckling rats was starvation. Insulin, which slightly but significantly, depressed the level in 40 day old rats, increased it in suckling ones, as does prednisolone. It is concluded that blood cholesterol levels are more easily manipulated in suckling rats than in older rats, and that this is probably related to a different hormonal balance.", "contents": "Control of blood cholesterol levels in suckling and weanling rats. The high blood cholesterol and glucagon levels of suckling rats can be rapidly decreased within 24 hours by prematurely weaning rats to a high carbohydrate diet on day 18. The fall in the cholesterol level is much smaller if rats are starved for 24 hours. This decrease can partly be inhibited by injections of glucagon. The only factor so far found to decrease blood cholesterol levels in suckling rats was starvation. Insulin, which slightly but significantly, depressed the level in 40 day old rats, increased it in suckling ones, as does prednisolone. It is concluded that blood cholesterol levels are more easily manipulated in suckling rats than in older rats, and that this is probably related to a different hormonal balance."}
{"id": "PMID:908965", "title": "Effects of dietary histidine and arginine on nitrogen retention of men.", "content": "Effects of dietary histidine and arginine on nitrogen retention were compared in six young men consuming for 1 week, each of six semipurified diets containing eight indispensable amino acids proportioned as in casein and 6.3 g nitrogen daily. Nonspecific nitrogen was either A) a mixture of six dispensable amino acids and arginine (diet 1) or arginine and histidine (diet 2) in casein proportions, or B) an isonitrogenous mixture of glycine and diammonium citrate alone (diet 3), with histidine (diet 4), arginine (diet 5), or histidine and arginine (diet 6). Nitrogen retention was significantly greater when the nonspecific nitrogen source was dispensable amino acids, arginine and histidine (diet 2) than when it was glycine and diammonium citrate (diet 3). mean balances were positive only when diets contained histidine (diets 2, 4, and 6). Histidine with arginine (diets 2 and 6) significantly improved nitrogen retention compared to arginine alone, but the balance, although positive, was not significantly improved when histidine was fed without arginine (diet 4). Urinary urea nitrogen confirmed these data. Indicators of erythrocyte status, plasma enzyme activities and proteins, and creatinine clearance were unaffected by diet. In summary, histidine supplementation of the low nitrogen diet improved total nitrogen utilization when arginine was present in the diet.", "contents": "Effects of dietary histidine and arginine on nitrogen retention of men. Effects of dietary histidine and arginine on nitrogen retention were compared in six young men consuming for 1 week, each of six semipurified diets containing eight indispensable amino acids proportioned as in casein and 6.3 g nitrogen daily. Nonspecific nitrogen was either A) a mixture of six dispensable amino acids and arginine (diet 1) or arginine and histidine (diet 2) in casein proportions, or B) an isonitrogenous mixture of glycine and diammonium citrate alone (diet 3), with histidine (diet 4), arginine (diet 5), or histidine and arginine (diet 6). Nitrogen retention was significantly greater when the nonspecific nitrogen source was dispensable amino acids, arginine and histidine (diet 2) than when it was glycine and diammonium citrate (diet 3). mean balances were positive only when diets contained histidine (diets 2, 4, and 6). Histidine with arginine (diets 2 and 6) significantly improved nitrogen retention compared to arginine alone, but the balance, although positive, was not significantly improved when histidine was fed without arginine (diet 4). Urinary urea nitrogen confirmed these data. Indicators of erythrocyte status, plasma enzyme activities and proteins, and creatinine clearance were unaffected by diet. In summary, histidine supplementation of the low nitrogen diet improved total nitrogen utilization when arginine was present in the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:908966", "title": "Effects of dietary histidine and arginine on plasma amino acid and urea concentrations of men fed a low nitrogen diet.", "content": "The effects of dietary histidine and arginine on fasting and 1 and 2 hour postprandial plasma free amino acid and urea concentrations were studied in six young men. For 1 week each, they were fed six different diets containing 6.3 g of nitrogen daily. Each diet contained eight indispensable amino acids, cystine and tyrosine proportioned as in casein and a different mixture of dispensable nitrogen: A) six dispensable amino acids plus argine (diet 1) or plus histidine and arginine (diet 2) in the casein pattern, or B) an isonitrogenous amount of glycine and diammonium citrate alone (diet 3), with histidine (diet 4), with arginine (diet 5) or with histidine and arginine (diet 6). The fasting plasma concentrations of the seven indispensable amino acids assayed and their similar postprandial patterns were unaffected by the dietary treatments. Both fasting and postprandial plasma histidine concentrations were significantly lower when the histidine-low diets were fed than when the histidine-supplemented diets were fed. Histidine supplementation promoted a reduction in fasting plasma urea nitrogens. Proline concentrations were lowered significantly when proline was removed from the dietary amino acid mixtures, but plasma arginine concentrations were unaffected by arginine removal. Plasma histidine was maintained at lower concentrations in dietary histidine deficiency than when histidine was added to the low nitrogen diets.", "contents": "Effects of dietary histidine and arginine on plasma amino acid and urea concentrations of men fed a low nitrogen diet. The effects of dietary histidine and arginine on fasting and 1 and 2 hour postprandial plasma free amino acid and urea concentrations were studied in six young men. For 1 week each, they were fed six different diets containing 6.3 g of nitrogen daily. Each diet contained eight indispensable amino acids, cystine and tyrosine proportioned as in casein and a different mixture of dispensable nitrogen: A) six dispensable amino acids plus argine (diet 1) or plus histidine and arginine (diet 2) in the casein pattern, or B) an isonitrogenous amount of glycine and diammonium citrate alone (diet 3), with histidine (diet 4), with arginine (diet 5) or with histidine and arginine (diet 6). The fasting plasma concentrations of the seven indispensable amino acids assayed and their similar postprandial patterns were unaffected by the dietary treatments. Both fasting and postprandial plasma histidine concentrations were significantly lower when the histidine-low diets were fed than when the histidine-supplemented diets were fed. Histidine supplementation promoted a reduction in fasting plasma urea nitrogens. Proline concentrations were lowered significantly when proline was removed from the dietary amino acid mixtures, but plasma arginine concentrations were unaffected by arginine removal. Plasma histidine was maintained at lower concentrations in dietary histidine deficiency than when histidine was added to the low nitrogen diets."}
{"id": "PMID:908967", "title": "Measurements of edge-induced visual contrast and a spatial-frequency interaction of the Cornsweet illusion.", "content": "Measurements were made of the perceived contrast that results from the Cornsweet illusion as a function of the edge contrast and edge width. The physical contrast was varied from 3% to 5%, and the visual extent of the Cornsweet edge varied from 0.1 degrees to 3.0 degrees on each side. Results show that, for low-contrast (less than 20%) and wide edges, the Cornsweet edge yields as much contrast as a real-step lumininance transition with the same edge magnitude. At high contrast (30%-40%) the illusion is reduced relative to a real step, regardless of whether the illusion consists of a conventional Cornsweet edge or an additive combination of a real step and a Cornsweet edge. As a general rule, wide edges yield more contrast than narrow edges. The results are interpreted in terms of the visual describing funtion; a nonlinear model is proposed. The correspondence between the predictions of the model and the perceptual measurements on the Cornsweet edges is good.", "contents": "Measurements of edge-induced visual contrast and a spatial-frequency interaction of the Cornsweet illusion. Measurements were made of the perceived contrast that results from the Cornsweet illusion as a function of the edge contrast and edge width. The physical contrast was varied from 3% to 5%, and the visual extent of the Cornsweet edge varied from 0.1 degrees to 3.0 degrees on each side. Results show that, for low-contrast (less than 20%) and wide edges, the Cornsweet edge yields as much contrast as a real-step lumininance transition with the same edge magnitude. At high contrast (30%-40%) the illusion is reduced relative to a real step, regardless of whether the illusion consists of a conventional Cornsweet edge or an additive combination of a real step and a Cornsweet edge. As a general rule, wide edges yield more contrast than narrow edges. The results are interpreted in terms of the visual describing funtion; a nonlinear model is proposed. The correspondence between the predictions of the model and the perceptual measurements on the Cornsweet edges is good."}
{"id": "PMID:908968", "title": "Visual texture discrimination using random-dot patterns.", "content": "A method for generating random-dot textures is described that provides statistical control of any n adjacent points (n-grams), while leaving constant the statistics of shorter spans. The method thus allows the experimenter to isolate statistics of n-grams of any span length to determine the nature of their influence on texture discrimination. Variables that control phase are relatively unimportant. The most significant variables are constraints imposed upon span lengths less than 3 that regulate gray level and spatial frequency content. However, span lengths of 3 or greater may still influence discrimination by altering the distribution of the spatial-frequency content.", "contents": "Visual texture discrimination using random-dot patterns. A method for generating random-dot textures is described that provides statistical control of any n adjacent points (n-grams), while leaving constant the statistics of shorter spans. The method thus allows the experimenter to isolate statistics of n-grams of any span length to determine the nature of their influence on texture discrimination. Variables that control phase are relatively unimportant. The most significant variables are constraints imposed upon span lengths less than 3 that regulate gray level and spatial frequency content. However, span lengths of 3 or greater may still influence discrimination by altering the distribution of the spatial-frequency content."}
{"id": "PMID:908969", "title": "Phase-versus-time analysis of the steady-state evoked potential latency.", "content": "Steady-state EP (evoked potenial) latency can be derived either from a phase or time difference between stimulus and EP. Phase derivation employs a sinusoidal stimulus and assumes a linear stimulus-EP system. Time derivation employs any stimulus waveform and does not require linearity. The two methods are complementary in application.", "contents": "Phase-versus-time analysis of the steady-state evoked potential latency. Steady-state EP (evoked potenial) latency can be derived either from a phase or time difference between stimulus and EP. Phase derivation employs a sinusoidal stimulus and assumes a linear stimulus-EP system. Time derivation employs any stimulus waveform and does not require linearity. The two methods are complementary in application."}
{"id": "PMID:908972", "title": "Hepatitis B e antigen and antibody activity in hepatitis B virus infection.", "content": "Groups of institutionalized subjects, volunteer blood donors with serologic evidence of asymptomatic hepatitis B virus infection, and patients with acute type B viral hepatitis were studied for the presence of hepatitis B e antigen and antibody in a sequential manner over a period of two to three years. HBeAg was detected in 9.5% of institutionalized residents and volunteer blood donors and in 24% of patients with acute type B viral hepatitis. HBeAg positive subjects frequently had persistently elevated pyruvic glutamic transaminase levels in the serum. Anti HBe activity was observed in 26 to 32% of subjects positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Long-term follow-up indicated that HBsAg positive subjects with anti HBe did not eventually become seronegative for HBsAg.", "contents": "Hepatitis B e antigen and antibody activity in hepatitis B virus infection. Groups of institutionalized subjects, volunteer blood donors with serologic evidence of asymptomatic hepatitis B virus infection, and patients with acute type B viral hepatitis were studied for the presence of hepatitis B e antigen and antibody in a sequential manner over a period of two to three years. HBeAg was detected in 9.5% of institutionalized residents and volunteer blood donors and in 24% of patients with acute type B viral hepatitis. HBeAg positive subjects frequently had persistently elevated pyruvic glutamic transaminase levels in the serum. Anti HBe activity was observed in 26 to 32% of subjects positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Long-term follow-up indicated that HBsAg positive subjects with anti HBe did not eventually become seronegative for HBsAg."}
{"id": "PMID:908973", "title": "Role of lower esophageal sphincter incompetence in recurrent pneumonia after repair of esophageal atresia.", "content": "The etiology of recurrent aspiration pneumonitis after the successful repair of esophageal atresia has not been defined. In order to explain this occurrence, we performed esophageal manometric examinations on eight patients who had undergone repair of EA and tracheoesophageal fistula. Two patients who had had recurrent pneumonia had subnormal pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter; they also had a history of severe regurgitation, and a barium esophagram demonstrated free gastroesophageal reflux. The LES incompetence in these patients was apparently corrected by administration of bethanechol.", "contents": "Role of lower esophageal sphincter incompetence in recurrent pneumonia after repair of esophageal atresia. The etiology of recurrent aspiration pneumonitis after the successful repair of esophageal atresia has not been defined. In order to explain this occurrence, we performed esophageal manometric examinations on eight patients who had undergone repair of EA and tracheoesophageal fistula. Two patients who had had recurrent pneumonia had subnormal pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter; they also had a history of severe regurgitation, and a barium esophagram demonstrated free gastroesophageal reflux. The LES incompetence in these patients was apparently corrected by administration of bethanechol."}
{"id": "PMID:908974", "title": "Familial resemblance of body weight and weight/height in 374 homes with adopted children.", "content": "Body weight and weight/height were measured in 535 children adopted at the median age of 3 months, and in 250 natural children in French-Canadian origin living in 374 Montreal homes, to determine whether the shared environment contributed to the familial resemblance of weight in children aged one to 21. The mid-parent vs natural children's correlation ( r2 X 100) was 9.55% for body weight and 6.60% for W/H (p less than 0.01), whereas the mid-parent vs adopted children's correlation was 0.00% for both characteristics. The sib-sib correlation in 80 homes with greater than 1 natural child was 15.2% for weight and 13.48% for W/H (p less than 0.001), whereas in 138 homes with greater than 1 adopted child, the adoptee-adoptee correlations were, respectively, 0.00% and 0.07%. It is concluded that heredity explains most of the familial aggregation of patterns of weight and weight/height in children. This conclusion does not necessarily apply to obesity, since weight indices in children do not accurately reflect excess fat tissue, and half of the adoptees were adopted after the age of three months.", "contents": "Familial resemblance of body weight and weight/height in 374 homes with adopted children. Body weight and weight/height were measured in 535 children adopted at the median age of 3 months, and in 250 natural children in French-Canadian origin living in 374 Montreal homes, to determine whether the shared environment contributed to the familial resemblance of weight in children aged one to 21. The mid-parent vs natural children's correlation ( r2 X 100) was 9.55% for body weight and 6.60% for W/H (p less than 0.01), whereas the mid-parent vs adopted children's correlation was 0.00% for both characteristics. The sib-sib correlation in 80 homes with greater than 1 natural child was 15.2% for weight and 13.48% for W/H (p less than 0.001), whereas in 138 homes with greater than 1 adopted child, the adoptee-adoptee correlations were, respectively, 0.00% and 0.07%. It is concluded that heredity explains most of the familial aggregation of patterns of weight and weight/height in children. This conclusion does not necessarily apply to obesity, since weight indices in children do not accurately reflect excess fat tissue, and half of the adoptees were adopted after the age of three months."}
{"id": "PMID:908975", "title": "Nutritional anemia. VI. Fetal hepatic storage of metabolites in the second half of pregnancy.", "content": "The non-heme iron, folates, and vitamin B12 in the liver of 77 fetuses were assayed as were serum levels of these metabolites in 70 of their mothers. The findings indicate the existence of independent placental transport mechanisms, switched on and off at different stages of late gestation, and peculiar to each metabolite.", "contents": "Nutritional anemia. VI. Fetal hepatic storage of metabolites in the second half of pregnancy. The non-heme iron, folates, and vitamin B12 in the liver of 77 fetuses were assayed as were serum levels of these metabolites in 70 of their mothers. The findings indicate the existence of independent placental transport mechanisms, switched on and off at different stages of late gestation, and peculiar to each metabolite."}
{"id": "PMID:908976", "title": "Free amino acids in liver of patients with homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency: effects of vitamin B6.", "content": "Patients with homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency do not have free homocystine in the liver when it is present in high concentrations in the plasma and the urine. The liver of these patients is capable of maintaining normal concentrations of cystine at a time when the plasma cystine concentration is severely reduced. There is an increase in the methionine concentration of the liver which is reduced to normal concentrations during pyridoxine therapy.", "contents": "Free amino acids in liver of patients with homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency: effects of vitamin B6. Patients with homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency do not have free homocystine in the liver when it is present in high concentrations in the plasma and the urine. The liver of these patients is capable of maintaining normal concentrations of cystine at a time when the plasma cystine concentration is severely reduced. There is an increase in the methionine concentration of the liver which is reduced to normal concentrations during pyridoxine therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:908977", "title": "Iminopeptiduria, skin ulcerations, and edema in a boy with prolidase deficiency.", "content": "A 12-year-old boy with recurrent skin ulceration, chronic generalized lymphedema, and mild mental retardation was found to excrete massive amounts of dipeptides, most (but not all) of which had proline or hydroxyproline as the carboxyl terminal residue. Glycylproline predominated. Prolidase deficiency was demonstrated in red blood cells and in fibroblastic cells. Prolidase activity was present in continuous lymphoid cell cultures at the same low level observed in control cells.", "contents": "Iminopeptiduria, skin ulcerations, and edema in a boy with prolidase deficiency. A 12-year-old boy with recurrent skin ulceration, chronic generalized lymphedema, and mild mental retardation was found to excrete massive amounts of dipeptides, most (but not all) of which had proline or hydroxyproline as the carboxyl terminal residue. Glycylproline predominated. Prolidase deficiency was demonstrated in red blood cells and in fibroblastic cells. Prolidase activity was present in continuous lymphoid cell cultures at the same low level observed in control cells."}
{"id": "PMID:908978", "title": "Cytotoxicity to isolated rabbit hepatocytes by lymphocytes from children with liver disease.", "content": "A test of lymphocyte cytotoxicity for isolated adult rabbit hepatocytes has been performed using lymphocytes from 40 children with acute or chronic liver disease. Positive cytotoxicity was not observed in 26 children without liver disease and rarely in 13 children with disease affecting primarily the biliary tract. Temporarily positive tests were found in those with acute hepatocellular disease, but tests remained positive in patients with chronic active hepatitis, while liver function tests remained abnormal. Persistently positive test occurred in those with liver disease associated with alpha-antitrypsin deficiency. Such altered immunoresponsiveness could be an important pathogenic mechanism leading to chronic liver disease in childhood.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity to isolated rabbit hepatocytes by lymphocytes from children with liver disease. A test of lymphocyte cytotoxicity for isolated adult rabbit hepatocytes has been performed using lymphocytes from 40 children with acute or chronic liver disease. Positive cytotoxicity was not observed in 26 children without liver disease and rarely in 13 children with disease affecting primarily the biliary tract. Temporarily positive tests were found in those with acute hepatocellular disease, but tests remained positive in patients with chronic active hepatitis, while liver function tests remained abnormal. Persistently positive test occurred in those with liver disease associated with alpha-antitrypsin deficiency. Such altered immunoresponsiveness could be an important pathogenic mechanism leading to chronic liver disease in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:908987", "title": "Persistence of fetal circulation syndrome: an echocardiographic study.", "content": "Serial echocardiograms were performed on 17 infants with persistence of fetal circulation syndrome to measure right ventricular systolic time intervals from pulmonic valve echograms and left ventricular systolic time intervals from aortic valve echograms. Right ventricular pre-ejection period/right ventricular ejection time ratio was prolonged in PFCS when compared to that in normal newborn infants, and diminished with clinical improvement. Left ventricular pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time ratio was prolonged in infants with PFCS. Echographic RPEP/RVET was consistent with the elevated pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance of PFCS; elevated LPEP/LVET suggested left ventricular dysfunction.", "contents": "Persistence of fetal circulation syndrome: an echocardiographic study. Serial echocardiograms were performed on 17 infants with persistence of fetal circulation syndrome to measure right ventricular systolic time intervals from pulmonic valve echograms and left ventricular systolic time intervals from aortic valve echograms. Right ventricular pre-ejection period/right ventricular ejection time ratio was prolonged in PFCS when compared to that in normal newborn infants, and diminished with clinical improvement. Left ventricular pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time ratio was prolonged in infants with PFCS. Echographic RPEP/RVET was consistent with the elevated pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance of PFCS; elevated LPEP/LVET suggested left ventricular dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:908988", "title": "Neonatal seizures associated with narcotic withdrawal.", "content": "Among 302 neonates passively addicted to narcotics, 18 had seizures that were attributed to withdrawal. Of those 18 infants, 10 were among the 127 infants exposed to methadone (7.8%), whereas only one of them was among the 83 infants exposed to heroin (1.2%). Generalized motor seizures and myoclonic jerks were the predominant convulsive manifestations. Paregoric was more effective than was diazepam in controlling and preventing these seizures once they occurred. Electroencephalograms were obtained on 13 neonates in the interictal period; 12 of these ECGs were normal. Three infants, two with myoclonic jerks, had paroxysmal brain wave activity at the time of the seizures.", "contents": "Neonatal seizures associated with narcotic withdrawal. Among 302 neonates passively addicted to narcotics, 18 had seizures that were attributed to withdrawal. Of those 18 infants, 10 were among the 127 infants exposed to methadone (7.8%), whereas only one of them was among the 83 infants exposed to heroin (1.2%). Generalized motor seizures and myoclonic jerks were the predominant convulsive manifestations. Paregoric was more effective than was diazepam in controlling and preventing these seizures once they occurred. Electroencephalograms were obtained on 13 neonates in the interictal period; 12 of these ECGs were normal. Three infants, two with myoclonic jerks, had paroxysmal brain wave activity at the time of the seizures."}
{"id": "PMID:908989", "title": "Neonatal pattern vision: a predictor of future mental performance?", "content": "The visual fixation responses of 33 high-risk neonates to patterned stimuli were rated as normal, suspect, or abnormal in an attempt to predict future intellectual performance. For comparison purposes, a neurologic examination was aslo administered. Follow-up studies based on autopsies and neurologic and psychological testing agreed with the neonatal visual preference ratings in 27 cases, but with the neurologic examination ratings in only 22 cases. This preliminary study suggests that neonatal visual testing is a promising technique for evaluating brain integrity in the newborn period.", "contents": "Neonatal pattern vision: a predictor of future mental performance? The visual fixation responses of 33 high-risk neonates to patterned stimuli were rated as normal, suspect, or abnormal in an attempt to predict future intellectual performance. For comparison purposes, a neurologic examination was aslo administered. Follow-up studies based on autopsies and neurologic and psychological testing agreed with the neonatal visual preference ratings in 27 cases, but with the neurologic examination ratings in only 22 cases. This preliminary study suggests that neonatal visual testing is a promising technique for evaluating brain integrity in the newborn period."}
{"id": "PMID:908990", "title": "Selective bronchial intubation for the treatment of severe localized pulmonary interstitial emphysema in newborn infants.", "content": "As an alternative to lobectomy and in order to preserve lung tissue which may be potentially functional we have selectively intubated the right main bronchus in four infants 12 to 25 days old with severe, pulmonary interstitial emphysema of the left lung. In each case the localized hyperinflation disappeared within 5 to 48 hours of contralateral selective bronchial intubation. The duration of SBI was 1.5 to 5 days. Three patients benefited from the procedure; there were no serious complications. We propose that SBI should be tried in infants with severe, localized PIE which has caused mediastinal shift, compressive atelectasis, and respiratory acidosis requiring mechanical ventilation despite vigorous pulmonary therapy and usual supportive measures.", "contents": "Selective bronchial intubation for the treatment of severe localized pulmonary interstitial emphysema in newborn infants. As an alternative to lobectomy and in order to preserve lung tissue which may be potentially functional we have selectively intubated the right main bronchus in four infants 12 to 25 days old with severe, pulmonary interstitial emphysema of the left lung. In each case the localized hyperinflation disappeared within 5 to 48 hours of contralateral selective bronchial intubation. The duration of SBI was 1.5 to 5 days. Three patients benefited from the procedure; there were no serious complications. We propose that SBI should be tried in infants with severe, localized PIE which has caused mediastinal shift, compressive atelectasis, and respiratory acidosis requiring mechanical ventilation despite vigorous pulmonary therapy and usual supportive measures."}
{"id": "PMID:908991", "title": "Relationship of theophylline clearance to oral dosage in children with chronic asthma.", "content": "Theophylline clearance was examined in 23 children with chronic asthma by administering constant intravenous infusions of theophylline until steady-state serum concentrations were documented. Clearance was subsequently related to peak and trough serum concentrations during a multiple-dose oral theophylline regimen. Although theophylline clearances tended to decrease with age, considerable interpatient variability was observed. Clearances correlated inversely with a standardized index of serum concentration response to oral dosage resulting in a wide range of dosage requirements to maintain therapeutic serum concentrations of 10 to 20 microgram/ml. Intrapatient variability over an interval up to seven months, however, was acceptably small, suggesting that dosage requirements, once established for an individual, should remain relatively stable under normal conditions. Differences in serum theophylline values during a 6-hour dosing interval among children who were receiving theophylline on a continuous basis correlated with clearance and averaged 9 +/- 3 microgram/ml (mean +/- SD), exceeding to 10 microgram/ml interval width of the therapeutic range among 40% of the children. This observation supports the clinical need for reliable sustained-release preparations of theophylline for children who are receiving continuous therapy in order to avoid unrealistically short dosing intervals.", "contents": "Relationship of theophylline clearance to oral dosage in children with chronic asthma. Theophylline clearance was examined in 23 children with chronic asthma by administering constant intravenous infusions of theophylline until steady-state serum concentrations were documented. Clearance was subsequently related to peak and trough serum concentrations during a multiple-dose oral theophylline regimen. Although theophylline clearances tended to decrease with age, considerable interpatient variability was observed. Clearances correlated inversely with a standardized index of serum concentration response to oral dosage resulting in a wide range of dosage requirements to maintain therapeutic serum concentrations of 10 to 20 microgram/ml. Intrapatient variability over an interval up to seven months, however, was acceptably small, suggesting that dosage requirements, once established for an individual, should remain relatively stable under normal conditions. Differences in serum theophylline values during a 6-hour dosing interval among children who were receiving theophylline on a continuous basis correlated with clearance and averaged 9 +/- 3 microgram/ml (mean +/- SD), exceeding to 10 microgram/ml interval width of the therapeutic range among 40% of the children. This observation supports the clinical need for reliable sustained-release preparations of theophylline for children who are receiving continuous therapy in order to avoid unrealistically short dosing intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:908992", "title": "D-penicillamine therapy of acute arsenic poisoning.", "content": "Severe poisoning resulting from single ingestions of rodenticides, herbicides, or insecticides containing arsenic have been frequently recognized. We record three cases of solubilized arsenic trioxide poisoning in Navajo Indian children and one case of sodium arsenate ingestion in an infant. One fatality occurred during dimercaprol therapy prior to initiation of therapy with D-penicillamine. Three survivors were treated with 2.3-dimercaprol intramuscularly and with oral D-penicillamine. The use of D-penicillamine in arsenic poisoning has not been generally appreciated. Excretion data from the three children are presented which document the effectiveness of D-penicillamine, administered orally in four daily doses of 25 mg/kg/dose, in the therapy of arsenic intoxication. Excretion data for the trace metals, zinc and copper, during D-penicillamine chelation therapy are also reported.", "contents": "D-penicillamine therapy of acute arsenic poisoning. Severe poisoning resulting from single ingestions of rodenticides, herbicides, or insecticides containing arsenic have been frequently recognized. We record three cases of solubilized arsenic trioxide poisoning in Navajo Indian children and one case of sodium arsenate ingestion in an infant. One fatality occurred during dimercaprol therapy prior to initiation of therapy with D-penicillamine. Three survivors were treated with 2.3-dimercaprol intramuscularly and with oral D-penicillamine. The use of D-penicillamine in arsenic poisoning has not been generally appreciated. Excretion data from the three children are presented which document the effectiveness of D-penicillamine, administered orally in four daily doses of 25 mg/kg/dose, in the therapy of arsenic intoxication. Excretion data for the trace metals, zinc and copper, during D-penicillamine chelation therapy are also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:909007", "title": "A secular increase in the incidence of juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Data from a 1973 survey of diabetes mellitus among schoolchildren in Michigan have been analyzed to derive age-specific incidence and prevalence rates. The annual incidence of new cases of diabetes is approximately 20/100,000 children from age four through age 17, with the highest incidence rates at age nine through age 12. The prevalence rates to be expected, if the most recent incidence rates persist, are approximately 50/100,000 at age five, 150/100,000 at age ten, 270/100,000 at age 15, and 325/100,000 by age 18. The incidence rate of diabetes in Michigan children appears to have doubled between 1959 and 1972. Data from Erie County, New York, suggest that this secular trend has been evident since 1949, and data from Norway suggest that the trend could be noted 50 to 70 years ago.", "contents": "A secular increase in the incidence of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Data from a 1973 survey of diabetes mellitus among schoolchildren in Michigan have been analyzed to derive age-specific incidence and prevalence rates. The annual incidence of new cases of diabetes is approximately 20/100,000 children from age four through age 17, with the highest incidence rates at age nine through age 12. The prevalence rates to be expected, if the most recent incidence rates persist, are approximately 50/100,000 at age five, 150/100,000 at age ten, 270/100,000 at age 15, and 325/100,000 by age 18. The incidence rate of diabetes in Michigan children appears to have doubled between 1959 and 1972. Data from Erie County, New York, suggest that this secular trend has been evident since 1949, and data from Norway suggest that the trend could be noted 50 to 70 years ago."}
{"id": "PMID:909008", "title": "Glycemic response to 24-hour fast in normal children: III. Influence of age.", "content": "A 24-hour fast was performed in 28 normal children-17 boys and 11 girls, 2 to 17 years of age. After the fast, blood was drawn for blood sugar, plasma growth hormone and cortisol, serum free fatty acids and alanine measurements. Blood sugar values ranged between 30 and 77 mg/dl and were significantly correlated to age (R = 0.68, P less than 0.001). Plasma cortisol (R = 0.73, P less than 0.001), GH (R = 0.57, P = 0.01), and FFA (R = 0.76, P less than 0.001) were negatively correlated to age. Serum alanine fasting values ranged between 10 and 36 micrometer/dl and were significantly correlated to age (R = 0.86, P less than 0.001) and to blood sugar values (R = 0.54, P less than 0.01). These data demonstrate that carbohydrate regulation during fast improves with age in children, correlating with higher levels of gluconeogenic substrates and a lower rate of lipolysis.", "contents": "Glycemic response to 24-hour fast in normal children: III. Influence of age. A 24-hour fast was performed in 28 normal children-17 boys and 11 girls, 2 to 17 years of age. After the fast, blood was drawn for blood sugar, plasma growth hormone and cortisol, serum free fatty acids and alanine measurements. Blood sugar values ranged between 30 and 77 mg/dl and were significantly correlated to age (R = 0.68, P less than 0.001). Plasma cortisol (R = 0.73, P less than 0.001), GH (R = 0.57, P = 0.01), and FFA (R = 0.76, P less than 0.001) were negatively correlated to age. Serum alanine fasting values ranged between 10 and 36 micrometer/dl and were significantly correlated to age (R = 0.86, P less than 0.001) and to blood sugar values (R = 0.54, P less than 0.01). These data demonstrate that carbohydrate regulation during fast improves with age in children, correlating with higher levels of gluconeogenic substrates and a lower rate of lipolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:909009", "title": "Persistence of maternal antibody in infants beyond 12 months: mechanism of measles vaccine failure.", "content": "A serologic study was made in 34 children immunized against measles at the age of 12 months. Using a sensitive virus neutralization test, it was found that many of the children had pre-existing maternal antibody to measles virus. Children with high pre-existing antibody titers failed to seroconvert. Children with lower pre-existing antibody titers seroconverted, but the resulting antibody titer was significantly lower than in children without pre-existing antibody titer. The results of this study demonstrate a probably mechanism for measles vaccine failure in 12-month-old children and support the recommendation of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to postpone measles vaccination to 15 months of age.", "contents": "Persistence of maternal antibody in infants beyond 12 months: mechanism of measles vaccine failure. A serologic study was made in 34 children immunized against measles at the age of 12 months. Using a sensitive virus neutralization test, it was found that many of the children had pre-existing maternal antibody to measles virus. Children with high pre-existing antibody titers failed to seroconvert. Children with lower pre-existing antibody titers seroconverted, but the resulting antibody titer was significantly lower than in children without pre-existing antibody titer. The results of this study demonstrate a probably mechanism for measles vaccine failure in 12-month-old children and support the recommendation of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to postpone measles vaccination to 15 months of age."}
{"id": "PMID:909010", "title": "Radionuclide bolus angiography: a technique for verification of brain death in infants and children.", "content": "Fifteen infants and children, 11 of whom had clinical brain death and four of whom were comatose, were evaluated with the radionuclide bolus study and electroencephalography. Clinical criteria for brain death included: (1) absence of spontaneous respirations, (2) absence of cephalic reflexes, and (3) unresponsiveness. Results demonstrated complete correlation among clinical examination, EEG, and radionuclide study in 79% of cases. An approach to the evaluation of the infant or child with possible brain death is outlined utilizing serial examinations, radionuclide bolus study, and electroencephalography. The radionuclide bolus study appears to be a safe, rapid, portable technique which can be used for this purpose in infants and children.", "contents": "Radionuclide bolus angiography: a technique for verification of brain death in infants and children. Fifteen infants and children, 11 of whom had clinical brain death and four of whom were comatose, were evaluated with the radionuclide bolus study and electroencephalography. Clinical criteria for brain death included: (1) absence of spontaneous respirations, (2) absence of cephalic reflexes, and (3) unresponsiveness. Results demonstrated complete correlation among clinical examination, EEG, and radionuclide study in 79% of cases. An approach to the evaluation of the infant or child with possible brain death is outlined utilizing serial examinations, radionuclide bolus study, and electroencephalography. The radionuclide bolus study appears to be a safe, rapid, portable technique which can be used for this purpose in infants and children."}
{"id": "PMID:909011", "title": "Plasma prostaglandin E concentrations from birth through childhood.", "content": "The prostaglandins are synthesized in a variety of tissues and participate in an extensive number of physiologic processes. As prostaglandin concentrations have not been reported in infants and children, we measured PGE levels from birth through childhood. PGE levels in cord blood were significantly higher than those in adults. By 48 to 72 hours of age, however, they had fallen to levels that were significantly lower than those in adults. Although PGE concentrations increased with age, they remained significantly lower than did adult levels. These low levels may be related to some of the functional pecularities of the immature kidney.", "contents": "Plasma prostaglandin E concentrations from birth through childhood. The prostaglandins are synthesized in a variety of tissues and participate in an extensive number of physiologic processes. As prostaglandin concentrations have not been reported in infants and children, we measured PGE levels from birth through childhood. PGE levels in cord blood were significantly higher than those in adults. By 48 to 72 hours of age, however, they had fallen to levels that were significantly lower than those in adults. Although PGE concentrations increased with age, they remained significantly lower than did adult levels. These low levels may be related to some of the functional pecularities of the immature kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:909012", "title": "The renal lesion in congenital chloride diarrhea.", "content": "Congenital chloride diarrhea is an inherited defect of active intestinal Cl- transport which results in a large wastage of electrolytes and water. The effects of this disease and of replacement therapy on renal histology, function, growth, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system were studied in 18 patients. When the patients were given KCl supplement, histologic findings included juxtaglomerular hyperplasia hyalinized glomeruli, calcifications, and arteriolar changes. Renal function and growth were reduced, and the hormonal activities were high. These abnormalities were evidently due to chronic dehydration. The dehydration could be corrected by increasing the dose of KCl, but only the addition of NaCl corrected the hyperaldosteronism. Adequate replacement therapy prevented the renal involvement.", "contents": "The renal lesion in congenital chloride diarrhea. Congenital chloride diarrhea is an inherited defect of active intestinal Cl- transport which results in a large wastage of electrolytes and water. The effects of this disease and of replacement therapy on renal histology, function, growth, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system were studied in 18 patients. When the patients were given KCl supplement, histologic findings included juxtaglomerular hyperplasia hyalinized glomeruli, calcifications, and arteriolar changes. Renal function and growth were reduced, and the hormonal activities were high. These abnormalities were evidently due to chronic dehydration. The dehydration could be corrected by increasing the dose of KCl, but only the addition of NaCl corrected the hyperaldosteronism. Adequate replacement therapy prevented the renal involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:909014", "title": "A female patient with \"Aase syndrome\".", "content": "A girl with congenital hypoplastic anemia and triphalangeal thumbs (Aase syndrome) is described. This is the second report of these features is a female patient, making autosomal recessive inheritance a probable explanation.", "contents": "A female patient with \"Aase syndrome\". A girl with congenital hypoplastic anemia and triphalangeal thumbs (Aase syndrome) is described. This is the second report of these features is a female patient, making autosomal recessive inheritance a probable explanation."}
{"id": "PMID:909019", "title": "Treatment of neonatal hypoglycemia with continuous intravenous glucose infusion.", "content": "The treatment of neonatal hypoglycemia by constant infusion of glucose at the rate of 8 mg/kg/minute was studied in 22 hypoglycemic neonates. In 18 neonates glucose levels rose above the hypoglycemic range within ten minutes of infusion and in three, within 30 to 50 minutes of infusion. The remaining neonate had hyperinsulinemia and responded only to diazoxide. Constant glucose infusion was found to be useful therapeutically for neonatal hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Treatment of neonatal hypoglycemia with continuous intravenous glucose infusion. The treatment of neonatal hypoglycemia by constant infusion of glucose at the rate of 8 mg/kg/minute was studied in 22 hypoglycemic neonates. In 18 neonates glucose levels rose above the hypoglycemic range within ten minutes of infusion and in three, within 30 to 50 minutes of infusion. The remaining neonate had hyperinsulinemia and responded only to diazoxide. Constant glucose infusion was found to be useful therapeutically for neonatal hypoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:909020", "title": "Lack of gastrointestinal enhancement of the insulin response to glucose in newborn infants.", "content": "Forty-five normal newborn infants were infused with glucose at constant rates by intravenous or nasogastric routes. Blood glucose rose to higher levels during IV than during NG infusions at identical rates; however, the glycemic responses were similar when NG glucose infusions at 12 mg/minute/kg were compared with IV infusions at 6 mg/minute/kg. The plasma insulin responses to glucose were not enhanced by NG administration. Thus, enterohormonal responses to glucose may not affect pancreatic beta cell regulation of glucose assimilation in the newborn period.", "contents": "Lack of gastrointestinal enhancement of the insulin response to glucose in newborn infants. Forty-five normal newborn infants were infused with glucose at constant rates by intravenous or nasogastric routes. Blood glucose rose to higher levels during IV than during NG infusions at identical rates; however, the glycemic responses were similar when NG glucose infusions at 12 mg/minute/kg were compared with IV infusions at 6 mg/minute/kg. The plasma insulin responses to glucose were not enhanced by NG administration. Thus, enterohormonal responses to glucose may not affect pancreatic beta cell regulation of glucose assimilation in the newborn period."}
{"id": "PMID:909021", "title": "Postnatal growth of infants of less than 1.3 kg birth weight: effects of metabolic acidosis, of caloric intake, and of calcium, sodium, and phosphate supplementation.", "content": "Weekly increments of length, weight, head circumference, and skinfold thickness in response to a series of dietary changes were measured in 108 healthy infants who weighed less than 1.3 kg at birth. The serial manipulations included prevention of late metabolic acidosis, increased caloric intake, and calcium, sodium, and phosphorus supplementation. The study comprised four phases; the infants were divided into ten groups according to dietary regimen. AGA and SGA infants were studied separately. Growth in length was primarily influenced by a change to a formula providing a higher caloric intake and a 60:40 whey protein/casein ratio. Correction of late metabolic acidosis, sodium, and phosphorus supplementation had minor additive effects on growth in length. Increased caloric intake also influenced growth of head circumference, but only in AGA infants. Only the sodium intake was shown to influence body weight increments significantly with the range of caloric intake used in the study (132 to 160 calories/kg/day).", "contents": "Postnatal growth of infants of less than 1.3 kg birth weight: effects of metabolic acidosis, of caloric intake, and of calcium, sodium, and phosphate supplementation. Weekly increments of length, weight, head circumference, and skinfold thickness in response to a series of dietary changes were measured in 108 healthy infants who weighed less than 1.3 kg at birth. The serial manipulations included prevention of late metabolic acidosis, increased caloric intake, and calcium, sodium, and phosphorus supplementation. The study comprised four phases; the infants were divided into ten groups according to dietary regimen. AGA and SGA infants were studied separately. Growth in length was primarily influenced by a change to a formula providing a higher caloric intake and a 60:40 whey protein/casein ratio. Correction of late metabolic acidosis, sodium, and phosphorus supplementation had minor additive effects on growth in length. Increased caloric intake also influenced growth of head circumference, but only in AGA infants. Only the sodium intake was shown to influence body weight increments significantly with the range of caloric intake used in the study (132 to 160 calories/kg/day)."}
{"id": "PMID:909022", "title": "The use of prostaglandin E1 in an infant with interruption of the aortic arch.", "content": "Infusion of prostaglandin E1 into the main pulmonary artery of an infant with interruption of the aortic arch and a closing ductus arteriosus resulted in dilation of the ductus arteriosus and improved systemic perfusion. Treatment with prostaglandin E1 is recommended for infants with interruption of the aortic arch, critical coarctation of the aorta, and other lesions in which systemic perfusion is limited by a restrictive ductus arteriosus.", "contents": "The use of prostaglandin E1 in an infant with interruption of the aortic arch. Infusion of prostaglandin E1 into the main pulmonary artery of an infant with interruption of the aortic arch and a closing ductus arteriosus resulted in dilation of the ductus arteriosus and improved systemic perfusion. Treatment with prostaglandin E1 is recommended for infants with interruption of the aortic arch, critical coarctation of the aorta, and other lesions in which systemic perfusion is limited by a restrictive ductus arteriosus."}
{"id": "PMID:909024", "title": "Propranolol therapy during pregnancy, labor, and delivery: evidence for transplacental drug transfer and impaired neonatal drug disposition.", "content": "The administration of 160 mg of propranolol during pregnancy, labor, and delivery was associated with profound hypoglycemia and respiratory depression in a newborn infant. The neonate's plasma propranolol level rose from 40 ng/ml at the time of birth to 90 ng/ml four hours later. This increase in plasma propranolol concentration might be due to redistribution of the drug in the neonate as well as to different elimination mechanisms than in adults. The elevated propranolol level four hours after delivery was not associated with any signs or symptoms of drug toxicity, but drug effect was apparent on the electrocardiogram. The administration of propranolol during pregnancy in doses capable of producing therapeutic maternal blood levels may be dangerous to the neonate.", "contents": "Propranolol therapy during pregnancy, labor, and delivery: evidence for transplacental drug transfer and impaired neonatal drug disposition. The administration of 160 mg of propranolol during pregnancy, labor, and delivery was associated with profound hypoglycemia and respiratory depression in a newborn infant. The neonate's plasma propranolol level rose from 40 ng/ml at the time of birth to 90 ng/ml four hours later. This increase in plasma propranolol concentration might be due to redistribution of the drug in the neonate as well as to different elimination mechanisms than in adults. The elevated propranolol level four hours after delivery was not associated with any signs or symptoms of drug toxicity, but drug effect was apparent on the electrocardiogram. The administration of propranolol during pregnancy in doses capable of producing therapeutic maternal blood levels may be dangerous to the neonate."}
{"id": "PMID:909025", "title": "Miconazole in the treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: a preliminary report.", "content": "Miconazole, a new imidazole antimycotic agent, was given intravenously to five children with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis over an 18-month period. There was marked improvement of mucosa and skin in two patients, moderate-to-milk improvement in two, and no improvement in one. Nail lesions were not improved in any patient. Adverse reactions included phlebitis, pruritus, nausea and dizziness, rash, wheezing, mild transient anemia, and mild transient transaminase (SGOT and SGPT) elevations; it was necessary to discontinue treatment in only one patient. No renal toxocity was noted. Miconazole appears to be a relatively safe and promising alternative to amphotericin B in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.", "contents": "Miconazole in the treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: a preliminary report. Miconazole, a new imidazole antimycotic agent, was given intravenously to five children with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis over an 18-month period. There was marked improvement of mucosa and skin in two patients, moderate-to-milk improvement in two, and no improvement in one. Nail lesions were not improved in any patient. Adverse reactions included phlebitis, pruritus, nausea and dizziness, rash, wheezing, mild transient anemia, and mild transient transaminase (SGOT and SGPT) elevations; it was necessary to discontinue treatment in only one patient. No renal toxocity was noted. Miconazole appears to be a relatively safe and promising alternative to amphotericin B in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:909026", "title": "Dose-dependent kinetics of theophylline disposition in asthmatic children.", "content": "Prior assumptions of first-order elimination for theophylline were tested by administering theophylline by intravenous infusion at two dosage levels to 20 children with chronic asthma. The resulting steady-state serum concentrations increased to a greater degree than would have been predicted if increases in serum concentration were proportional to changes in dose, and the subsequent calculation of clearance revealed values of 1.37 +/- 0.09 ml/kg/minute (mean +/- SE of the mean) at the lower infusion rate and of 1.21 +/- 0.06 ml/kg/minute at the higher infusion rate (p less than 0.02). Even greater differences in clearance were present among ten of these children whose higher infusion rates were at least two times greater than the lower rate. An additional child was observed who experienced a seizure following a medication error that resulted in a 50% increase in daily dosage and a greater than threefold increase of serum concentration. The nonlinear nature of the relationship between dose and serum concentration suggests that theophylline dosage adjustment should be performed cautiously using small increments.", "contents": "Dose-dependent kinetics of theophylline disposition in asthmatic children. Prior assumptions of first-order elimination for theophylline were tested by administering theophylline by intravenous infusion at two dosage levels to 20 children with chronic asthma. The resulting steady-state serum concentrations increased to a greater degree than would have been predicted if increases in serum concentration were proportional to changes in dose, and the subsequent calculation of clearance revealed values of 1.37 +/- 0.09 ml/kg/minute (mean +/- SE of the mean) at the lower infusion rate and of 1.21 +/- 0.06 ml/kg/minute at the higher infusion rate (p less than 0.02). Even greater differences in clearance were present among ten of these children whose higher infusion rates were at least two times greater than the lower rate. An additional child was observed who experienced a seizure following a medication error that resulted in a 50% increase in daily dosage and a greater than threefold increase of serum concentration. The nonlinear nature of the relationship between dose and serum concentration suggests that theophylline dosage adjustment should be performed cautiously using small increments."}
{"id": "PMID:909027", "title": "Absorption of iodine in the neonate following topical use of povidone iodine.", "content": "Topical application of povidone iodine on the umbilical cord and normal intact skin of newborn infants resulted in significantly elevated plasma iodine levels. High iodine levels were also found in two neonates who had povidone iodine applied to denuded skin. No significant alteration in thyroid function was seen. The possible toxic manifestations of high plasma iodine levels are discussed.", "contents": "Absorption of iodine in the neonate following topical use of povidone iodine. Topical application of povidone iodine on the umbilical cord and normal intact skin of newborn infants resulted in significantly elevated plasma iodine levels. High iodine levels were also found in two neonates who had povidone iodine applied to denuded skin. No significant alteration in thyroid function was seen. The possible toxic manifestations of high plasma iodine levels are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909041", "title": "Self-focused attention and the experience of emotion: attraction, repulsion, elation, and depression.", "content": "Four experiments were conducted to study the effect of self-focused attention on affective reactions. In addition, the research was also intended to help resolve the controversy over attentional versus arousal explanations of self-awareness research. In Experiment 1, undergraduate men were asked to view and rate slides of nude women in the presence of a mirror or with no mirror. In Experiment 3, subjects were either exposed or not exposed to a mirror and read a set of mood statements which became either increasingly positive or increasingly negative. Experiments 2 and 4 conceptually replicated Experiments 1 and 3 by selecting subjects on the basis of private self-consciousness. In each study, self-focused attention increased the person's responsiveness to his transient affective state. The convergence between mirror-manipulated self-awareness and private self-consciousness was offered as support for an attentional interpretation of the findings. The implications of the research for self-awareness theory are discussed.", "contents": "Self-focused attention and the experience of emotion: attraction, repulsion, elation, and depression. Four experiments were conducted to study the effect of self-focused attention on affective reactions. In addition, the research was also intended to help resolve the controversy over attentional versus arousal explanations of self-awareness research. In Experiment 1, undergraduate men were asked to view and rate slides of nude women in the presence of a mirror or with no mirror. In Experiment 3, subjects were either exposed or not exposed to a mirror and read a set of mood statements which became either increasingly positive or increasingly negative. Experiments 2 and 4 conceptually replicated Experiments 1 and 3 by selecting subjects on the basis of private self-consciousness. In each study, self-focused attention increased the person's responsiveness to his transient affective state. The convergence between mirror-manipulated self-awareness and private self-consciousness was offered as support for an attentional interpretation of the findings. The implications of the research for self-awareness theory are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909042", "title": "Patterns of interest similarity in adoptive and biological families.", "content": "Twin studies have indicated that genetic differences among individuals also contribute to interest and personality differences among them. In this study, 114 biologically related families and 100 adoptive families were administered the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory. The protocols of parents and their adolescent children (total N = 870) were scored on the six scales of Holland's model of interest styles (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional). Biological parent--child correlations ranged from -.13 to +.40, with 15 of the 24 scale correlations achieving significance; only 2 of the adoptive parent--child correlations were significant (range from -.15 to +.25). Biologically related pairs were also significantly more correlated than adoptive pairs for interest profiles. Same-sex biological siblings were more similar to each other than either opposite-sex siblings pairs or parent--child pairs. Pairs of unrelated children in the adoptive families were not too similar either on Holland's scales or the profile analysis.", "contents": "Patterns of interest similarity in adoptive and biological families. Twin studies have indicated that genetic differences among individuals also contribute to interest and personality differences among them. In this study, 114 biologically related families and 100 adoptive families were administered the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory. The protocols of parents and their adolescent children (total N = 870) were scored on the six scales of Holland's model of interest styles (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional). Biological parent--child correlations ranged from -.13 to +.40, with 15 of the 24 scale correlations achieving significance; only 2 of the adoptive parent--child correlations were significant (range from -.15 to +.25). Biologically related pairs were also significantly more correlated than adoptive pairs for interest profiles. Same-sex biological siblings were more similar to each other than either opposite-sex siblings pairs or parent--child pairs. Pairs of unrelated children in the adoptive families were not too similar either on Holland's scales or the profile analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:909043", "title": "Self-reference and the encoding of personal information.", "content": "The degree to which the self is implicated in processing personal information was investigated. Subjects rated adjectives on four tasks designed to force varying kinds of encoding: structural, phonemic, semantic, and self-reference. In two experiments, incidental recall of the rated words indicated that adjectives rates under the self-reference task were recalled the best. These results indicate that self-reference is a rich and powerful encoding process. As an aspect of the human information-processing system, the self appears to function as a superordinate schema that is deeply involved in the processing, interpretation, and memory of personal information.", "contents": "Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. The degree to which the self is implicated in processing personal information was investigated. Subjects rated adjectives on four tasks designed to force varying kinds of encoding: structural, phonemic, semantic, and self-reference. In two experiments, incidental recall of the rated words indicated that adjectives rates under the self-reference task were recalled the best. These results indicate that self-reference is a rich and powerful encoding process. As an aspect of the human information-processing system, the self appears to function as a superordinate schema that is deeply involved in the processing, interpretation, and memory of personal information."}
{"id": "PMID:909045", "title": "Effects of adrenalectomy and adrenergic antagonists on potassium metabolism.", "content": "We had previously reported that drugs which stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors decreased the hyperkalemia produced by infused KCI and thus protected animals against KCI intoxication; these effects were mediated by an action of beta-2 agonists which enhanced tissue uptake of K+. In this study, cats were given an i.v. infusion of KCI which was not lethal in control animals. Acute adrenalectomy markedly increased the hyperkalemic and mortality responses to infused KCI. This impairment in K+ metabolism was corrected by the administration of epinephrine but not by hydrocortisone. Pretreatment with propranolol (which blocks beta-1 and beta-2 receptors) and H35/25 (which blocks beta-2 receptors) produced a similar impairment in K+ metabolism; on the other hand, practolol (which blocks beta-1 receptors) had little or no effect on the mortality and hyperkalemic responses to infused KCI. Evidence that KCI stimulates an adrenal release of catecholamines is presented. This stimulation of adrenal release may be important in conferring resistance to intoxication produced by infused KCI since the released amines can attenuate the KCI-induced hyperkalemia via a beta-2 action which enhances tissue uptake of K+.", "contents": "Effects of adrenalectomy and adrenergic antagonists on potassium metabolism. We had previously reported that drugs which stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors decreased the hyperkalemia produced by infused KCI and thus protected animals against KCI intoxication; these effects were mediated by an action of beta-2 agonists which enhanced tissue uptake of K+. In this study, cats were given an i.v. infusion of KCI which was not lethal in control animals. Acute adrenalectomy markedly increased the hyperkalemic and mortality responses to infused KCI. This impairment in K+ metabolism was corrected by the administration of epinephrine but not by hydrocortisone. Pretreatment with propranolol (which blocks beta-1 and beta-2 receptors) and H35/25 (which blocks beta-2 receptors) produced a similar impairment in K+ metabolism; on the other hand, practolol (which blocks beta-1 receptors) had little or no effect on the mortality and hyperkalemic responses to infused KCI. Evidence that KCI stimulates an adrenal release of catecholamines is presented. This stimulation of adrenal release may be important in conferring resistance to intoxication produced by infused KCI since the released amines can attenuate the KCI-induced hyperkalemia via a beta-2 action which enhances tissue uptake of K+."}
{"id": "PMID:909047", "title": "Dose-response behavior on the isolated rat uterus of oxytocin analogs with modifications at binding sites.", "content": "The dose-response behavior on the in vitro rat uterus of analogs of oxytocin with modification at sites in the molecule which have been predicted to contribute to the binding of the peptide to the smooth muscle receptor have been studied. Dose-response curves of [7-(3,4-dehydroproline)]oxytocin, [7-glycine]oxytocin, [7-alanine]oxytocin, deamino-[7-glycine]oxytocin and [4-threonine,7-glycine]oxytocin were determined and compared with that of oxytocin. The authors found that neither the slope of the curves nor the maximal response obtained for any of the analogs differed significantly from the hormone. The uterotonic potencies of the analogs corresponded to the relative positions along the concentration axis of their dose-response curves and to their affinities as determined by their pD2 values. The authors tentatively concluded that differences in uterotonic potencies of these analogs are in fact the result of differences in their affinity for the uterine receptor. The experimental identification of position 7 of neurohypophyseal peptides as a hormone-receptor binding site corroborates such a proposed role for the side chain of this residue based on earlier conformation-activity considerations.", "contents": "Dose-response behavior on the isolated rat uterus of oxytocin analogs with modifications at binding sites. The dose-response behavior on the in vitro rat uterus of analogs of oxytocin with modification at sites in the molecule which have been predicted to contribute to the binding of the peptide to the smooth muscle receptor have been studied. Dose-response curves of [7-(3,4-dehydroproline)]oxytocin, [7-glycine]oxytocin, [7-alanine]oxytocin, deamino-[7-glycine]oxytocin and [4-threonine,7-glycine]oxytocin were determined and compared with that of oxytocin. The authors found that neither the slope of the curves nor the maximal response obtained for any of the analogs differed significantly from the hormone. The uterotonic potencies of the analogs corresponded to the relative positions along the concentration axis of their dose-response curves and to their affinities as determined by their pD2 values. The authors tentatively concluded that differences in uterotonic potencies of these analogs are in fact the result of differences in their affinity for the uterine receptor. The experimental identification of position 7 of neurohypophyseal peptides as a hormone-receptor binding site corroborates such a proposed role for the side chain of this residue based on earlier conformation-activity considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:909048", "title": "Central and peripheral adrenergic mechanisms regulating gastric secretion in the rat.", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of sympathomimetic agents reduced gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated rats, and the decreasing order of activity was: isoproterenol, norepinephrine, naphazoline and phenylephrine. The effect of naphazoline and phenylephrine was antagonized with 4 mg/kg s.c. of phentolamine, and that of isoproterenol with 4 mg/kg s.c. of propranolol. Thus there exist separate, alpha and beta adrenergic receptors which control gastric secretion in the rat. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the sympathomimetic agents also reduced secretion, naphazoline being the most potent. The ED50 of i.c.v. naphazoline was 12.3 times less than that of s.c. dose. The antisecretory effect of i.c.v. naphazoline was antagonized with i.c.v. phentolamine (0.016 and 0.064 mg/kg), but not with propranolol. These results suggest that naphazoline stimulates central alpha adrenergic receptors which has a tonic inhibiting role in rat gastric secretion. Analogous to the results with naphazoline, i.c.v. phentolamine, but not propranolol, blocked an antisecretory effect of chlorpromazine. Phentolamine administered s.c. also reduced the antisecretory activity, but the dose required for the antagonism was 250 times that of i.c.v. phentolamine. An antisecretory effect of imipramine was not blocked by phentolamine or propranolol. These results suggest that an activation of central alpha adrenergic receptors is important for the antisecretory effect of chlorpromazine.", "contents": "Central and peripheral adrenergic mechanisms regulating gastric secretion in the rat. Subcutaneous injection of sympathomimetic agents reduced gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated rats, and the decreasing order of activity was: isoproterenol, norepinephrine, naphazoline and phenylephrine. The effect of naphazoline and phenylephrine was antagonized with 4 mg/kg s.c. of phentolamine, and that of isoproterenol with 4 mg/kg s.c. of propranolol. Thus there exist separate, alpha and beta adrenergic receptors which control gastric secretion in the rat. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the sympathomimetic agents also reduced secretion, naphazoline being the most potent. The ED50 of i.c.v. naphazoline was 12.3 times less than that of s.c. dose. The antisecretory effect of i.c.v. naphazoline was antagonized with i.c.v. phentolamine (0.016 and 0.064 mg/kg), but not with propranolol. These results suggest that naphazoline stimulates central alpha adrenergic receptors which has a tonic inhibiting role in rat gastric secretion. Analogous to the results with naphazoline, i.c.v. phentolamine, but not propranolol, blocked an antisecretory effect of chlorpromazine. Phentolamine administered s.c. also reduced the antisecretory activity, but the dose required for the antagonism was 250 times that of i.c.v. phentolamine. An antisecretory effect of imipramine was not blocked by phentolamine or propranolol. These results suggest that an activation of central alpha adrenergic receptors is important for the antisecretory effect of chlorpromazine."}
{"id": "PMID:909049", "title": "Adjuvant polyarthritis. II. Suppression by tilorone.", "content": "Tilorone (5-35 mg/kg/day) suppressed the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis and the concurrent development of cell-mediated immune response to a secondary immunogen(EL4 cells) in a dose-related manner. Its influence on the development of the humoral immune response tp EL4 cells was found to be dependent on dosage: stimulatory at low doses (7.5 and 11.0 mg/kg/day), but inhibitory at high doses (24.0 and 35.0 mg/kg/day). Single doses of tilorone (30-300 mg/kg), administered at 24 hours or 1 hour before the injection of carrageenan, suppressed the development of acute inflammation in the rat. Evidence is presented that neither the anti-inflammatory effect of tilorone, nor its influence on the immune response could account for its antiarthritic effect. It appears plausible that the compound may act via interferon induction.", "contents": "Adjuvant polyarthritis. II. Suppression by tilorone. Tilorone (5-35 mg/kg/day) suppressed the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis and the concurrent development of cell-mediated immune response to a secondary immunogen(EL4 cells) in a dose-related manner. Its influence on the development of the humoral immune response tp EL4 cells was found to be dependent on dosage: stimulatory at low doses (7.5 and 11.0 mg/kg/day), but inhibitory at high doses (24.0 and 35.0 mg/kg/day). Single doses of tilorone (30-300 mg/kg), administered at 24 hours or 1 hour before the injection of carrageenan, suppressed the development of acute inflammation in the rat. Evidence is presented that neither the anti-inflammatory effect of tilorone, nor its influence on the immune response could account for its antiarthritic effect. It appears plausible that the compound may act via interferon induction."}
{"id": "PMID:909050", "title": "Relationships, among the steroids, of anti-inflammatory properties and inhibition of prostaglandin production and arachidonic acid release by transformed mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "Anti-inflammatory steroids inhibit the serum-stimulated prostaglandin synthesis and release of [3H]arachidonic acid by methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse fibroblast, MC5-5. The half-maximal concentration for inhibition of both effects parallels the relative anti-inflammatory potencies of these steroids. The fatty acid cyclooxygenase activities of microsomal fractions isolated from cells that had been pretreated with dexamethasone were similar to the activities of microsomal fractions isolated from untreated cells. Intracellular as well as extracellular levels of prostaglandins in dexamethasone inhibited cells were decreased. The anti-inflammatory steroids seem to be blocking deacylation of the phospholipids or transport of the arachidonic acid, after deacylation to the cyclooxygenase.", "contents": "Relationships, among the steroids, of anti-inflammatory properties and inhibition of prostaglandin production and arachidonic acid release by transformed mouse fibroblasts. Anti-inflammatory steroids inhibit the serum-stimulated prostaglandin synthesis and release of [3H]arachidonic acid by methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse fibroblast, MC5-5. The half-maximal concentration for inhibition of both effects parallels the relative anti-inflammatory potencies of these steroids. The fatty acid cyclooxygenase activities of microsomal fractions isolated from cells that had been pretreated with dexamethasone were similar to the activities of microsomal fractions isolated from untreated cells. Intracellular as well as extracellular levels of prostaglandins in dexamethasone inhibited cells were decreased. The anti-inflammatory steroids seem to be blocking deacylation of the phospholipids or transport of the arachidonic acid, after deacylation to the cyclooxygenase."}
{"id": "PMID:909052", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of some homologous series of barbiturates in the intact rat and in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of a number of 5,5-dialkyl-substituted barbiturates was studied both in the intact rat and in the isolated perfused rat liver. The half-life or the clearance of a reference compound was used as parameter for the drug metabolic activity of the animal and perfused liver. The rate of elimination of the barbiturates was structure-dependent and seemed to be correlated with the lipophilicity of the compounds which was expressed as the octanol-water and hepatocytes-water partition coefficient. Three features could be distinguished. Firstly, there was a decrease in half-life with the introduction of a larger alkyl side chain. Secondly, substitution of a bromoallyl instead of an allyl group had the same effect and thirdly, a more rapidly eliminated barbiturate could be obtained by the introduction of a methyl group onto the nitrogen of the barbiturate nucleus. The elimination clearance constants relative to the heptabarbital clearance were in the same order of magnitude as those found in man. This result suggests that it is possible to predict the clearance values in man by studying relative values in rats.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of some homologous series of barbiturates in the intact rat and in the isolated perfused rat liver. The pharmacokinetics of a number of 5,5-dialkyl-substituted barbiturates was studied both in the intact rat and in the isolated perfused rat liver. The half-life or the clearance of a reference compound was used as parameter for the drug metabolic activity of the animal and perfused liver. The rate of elimination of the barbiturates was structure-dependent and seemed to be correlated with the lipophilicity of the compounds which was expressed as the octanol-water and hepatocytes-water partition coefficient. Three features could be distinguished. Firstly, there was a decrease in half-life with the introduction of a larger alkyl side chain. Secondly, substitution of a bromoallyl instead of an allyl group had the same effect and thirdly, a more rapidly eliminated barbiturate could be obtained by the introduction of a methyl group onto the nitrogen of the barbiturate nucleus. The elimination clearance constants relative to the heptabarbital clearance were in the same order of magnitude as those found in man. This result suggests that it is possible to predict the clearance values in man by studying relative values in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:909053", "title": "Naloxone antagonizes narcotic self blockade of emesis in the cat.", "content": "Morphine, levorphanol, fentanyl and methadone given by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection blocked the vomiting response to a standard emetic test dose of apomorphine subsequently injected i.c.v. Of these narcotics, only morphine initially evoked vomiting. Systemic pretreatment with naloxone (5 mg/kg i.p. or i.v.) uniformly abolished the antiemetic activity of all the represented narcotic agents, moreover, naloxone thus administered was followed consistently by emetic responses to those narcotics which separately failed to evoke vomiting. When naloxone was injected i.c.v. in addition to being given systemically, both antiemetic and emetic activities of the narcotic agents were essentially abolished, whereas apomorphine continued to evoke vomiting. In the presence of systemic naloxone, given to counteract self-blockade of vomiting, the narcotics were shown to induce vomiting through excitation of the medullary emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone and emetic receptor tolerance as well as cross-tolerance developed acutely. The present differentiation by naloxone of the emetic and antiemetic properties of narcotic agents placed in the cerebrospinal fluid indicates that the opposing narcotic actions are exercised at different sites in the brain and that the narcotic receptor specificity of the chemoreceptor trigger zone does not encompass the emetic action of apomorphine.", "contents": "Naloxone antagonizes narcotic self blockade of emesis in the cat. Morphine, levorphanol, fentanyl and methadone given by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection blocked the vomiting response to a standard emetic test dose of apomorphine subsequently injected i.c.v. Of these narcotics, only morphine initially evoked vomiting. Systemic pretreatment with naloxone (5 mg/kg i.p. or i.v.) uniformly abolished the antiemetic activity of all the represented narcotic agents, moreover, naloxone thus administered was followed consistently by emetic responses to those narcotics which separately failed to evoke vomiting. When naloxone was injected i.c.v. in addition to being given systemically, both antiemetic and emetic activities of the narcotic agents were essentially abolished, whereas apomorphine continued to evoke vomiting. In the presence of systemic naloxone, given to counteract self-blockade of vomiting, the narcotics were shown to induce vomiting through excitation of the medullary emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone and emetic receptor tolerance as well as cross-tolerance developed acutely. The present differentiation by naloxone of the emetic and antiemetic properties of narcotic agents placed in the cerebrospinal fluid indicates that the opposing narcotic actions are exercised at different sites in the brain and that the narcotic receptor specificity of the chemoreceptor trigger zone does not encompass the emetic action of apomorphine."}
{"id": "PMID:909054", "title": "Inactivation of norepinephrine in an isolated vein.", "content": "Canine isolated vein strips were labeled with tritiated norepinephrine (NE). Tritiated NE and its metabolites appearing during spontaneous outflow and during electric stimulation (10 Hz, 100 V, 2 msec, 5 minutes) were determined. The spontaneous outflow of tritiated compounds from the vein contained 90.5% metabolic products of NE, chiefly, the O-methylated and deaminated products (OMDA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG). During electric stimulation we observed approximately a 3-fold increase in the outflow of radioactivity, consisting of 39% NE, 25% OMDA and 19% DOPEG. Normetanephrine (NMN) and 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid represented only 10 and 6%, respectively. Blockade of reuptake of NE into nerve terminals by cocaine did not prevent the appearance of deaminated metabolites in the spontaneous outflow. However, when the vein was electrically stimulated the increase of DOPEG was alomst completely blocked. Blockade of extraneuronal uptake of NE by desoxycorticosterone did not modify significantly the composition of spontaneous outflow. However, desoxycorticosterone caused a marked decrease of NMN and OMDA during electric stimulation. The inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase by U-0521 caused a decrease of NMN and OMDA during the spontaneous outflow, and a shift from O-methylation to deamination of NE. During electric stimulation, U-0521 markedly decreased the formation of NMN and OMDA and caused an increase in outflow of NE.", "contents": "Inactivation of norepinephrine in an isolated vein. Canine isolated vein strips were labeled with tritiated norepinephrine (NE). Tritiated NE and its metabolites appearing during spontaneous outflow and during electric stimulation (10 Hz, 100 V, 2 msec, 5 minutes) were determined. The spontaneous outflow of tritiated compounds from the vein contained 90.5% metabolic products of NE, chiefly, the O-methylated and deaminated products (OMDA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG). During electric stimulation we observed approximately a 3-fold increase in the outflow of radioactivity, consisting of 39% NE, 25% OMDA and 19% DOPEG. Normetanephrine (NMN) and 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid represented only 10 and 6%, respectively. Blockade of reuptake of NE into nerve terminals by cocaine did not prevent the appearance of deaminated metabolites in the spontaneous outflow. However, when the vein was electrically stimulated the increase of DOPEG was alomst completely blocked. Blockade of extraneuronal uptake of NE by desoxycorticosterone did not modify significantly the composition of spontaneous outflow. However, desoxycorticosterone caused a marked decrease of NMN and OMDA during electric stimulation. The inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase by U-0521 caused a decrease of NMN and OMDA during the spontaneous outflow, and a shift from O-methylation to deamination of NE. During electric stimulation, U-0521 markedly decreased the formation of NMN and OMDA and caused an increase in outflow of NE."}
{"id": "PMID:909055", "title": "Phenytoin teratogenesis: correlation between embryopathic effect and covalent binding of putative arene oxide metabolite in gestational tissue.", "content": "The possibility that phenytoin (DPH) teratogenesis is due to an arene oxide (epoxide) metabolite was examined. On gestational day 11, Swiss mice were given teratogenic doses of DPH (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) with and without a nonteratogenic dose of 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane (TCPO; 100 mg/kg), an epoxide hydratase inhibitor. TCPO significantly increased the incidence of DPH-induced cleft lip and palate and enhanced the embryolethality 2-fold over DPH alone. Four hours after treatment with 14C-DPH (75 mg/kg, 80-90 muCi) the covalent binding of DPH radioactivity in fetuses and placentae was enhanced 2-fold in groups cotreated with TCPO (100 mg/kg). Enhancement was still evident in placentae 24 hours after treatment. There was no effect of TCPO on maternal plasma DPH level, which was comparable to that found in clinical therapeutics (20-30 microgram/ml). Likewise, fetal and placental DPH uptake was not increased by TCPO. DPH teratogenesis is postulated to result from DPH-epoxide formation and covalent binding of epoxide, the ultimate teratogen, to constituents of gestational tissue.", "contents": "Phenytoin teratogenesis: correlation between embryopathic effect and covalent binding of putative arene oxide metabolite in gestational tissue. The possibility that phenytoin (DPH) teratogenesis is due to an arene oxide (epoxide) metabolite was examined. On gestational day 11, Swiss mice were given teratogenic doses of DPH (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) with and without a nonteratogenic dose of 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane (TCPO; 100 mg/kg), an epoxide hydratase inhibitor. TCPO significantly increased the incidence of DPH-induced cleft lip and palate and enhanced the embryolethality 2-fold over DPH alone. Four hours after treatment with 14C-DPH (75 mg/kg, 80-90 muCi) the covalent binding of DPH radioactivity in fetuses and placentae was enhanced 2-fold in groups cotreated with TCPO (100 mg/kg). Enhancement was still evident in placentae 24 hours after treatment. There was no effect of TCPO on maternal plasma DPH level, which was comparable to that found in clinical therapeutics (20-30 microgram/ml). Likewise, fetal and placental DPH uptake was not increased by TCPO. DPH teratogenesis is postulated to result from DPH-epoxide formation and covalent binding of epoxide, the ultimate teratogen, to constituents of gestational tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:909056", "title": "Dilatation of the mesenteric vascular bed of the dog produced by a peptide, urotensin I.", "content": "Urotensin I, a peptide derived from the urophysis of bony fish, produced hypotension when administered intravenously in small doses to pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. The mechanism of this hypotensive response was mainly, if not exclusively, due to dilatation of the cephalic and caudal mesenteric arteries. Neither the hypotensive response nor the mesenteric vasodilator response was prevented by adrenergic, histaminergic or muscarinic receptor blockade. In the doses employed, urotensin I constantly caused minimal increases in heart rate and left ventricular dp/dt; these changes could be prevented by prior administration of propranolol, indicating that they were probably reflex in origin. The authors suggest that the unique mechanism of action of the peptide may make it a valuable tool in studies of the mesenteric circulation, particularly in experimental shock; moreover, the peptide may prove useful in situations in which afterload reduction in the absence of cardiac stimulation is desired.", "contents": "Dilatation of the mesenteric vascular bed of the dog produced by a peptide, urotensin I. Urotensin I, a peptide derived from the urophysis of bony fish, produced hypotension when administered intravenously in small doses to pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. The mechanism of this hypotensive response was mainly, if not exclusively, due to dilatation of the cephalic and caudal mesenteric arteries. Neither the hypotensive response nor the mesenteric vasodilator response was prevented by adrenergic, histaminergic or muscarinic receptor blockade. In the doses employed, urotensin I constantly caused minimal increases in heart rate and left ventricular dp/dt; these changes could be prevented by prior administration of propranolol, indicating that they were probably reflex in origin. The authors suggest that the unique mechanism of action of the peptide may make it a valuable tool in studies of the mesenteric circulation, particularly in experimental shock; moreover, the peptide may prove useful in situations in which afterload reduction in the absence of cardiac stimulation is desired."}
{"id": "PMID:909057", "title": "Facilitation of Chemoreceptor-induced reflex vasoconstriction by intravertebral arterial administration of clonidine.", "content": "The influence of clonidine on the reflex vascular responses to stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors and bilateral carotid occlusion was studied in morphine, chloralose-urethane anesthetized dogs. Bilateral carotid occlusion and intracarotid injection of nicotine (30 and 100 microgram) or sodium cyanide (200 and 500 microgram) elicited reflex vasoconstriction in the perfused gracilis muscle vascular bed. Infusion of clonidine (2-4 microgram/kg) into the vertebral artery significantly lowered blood pressure. Reflex vasoconstrictor responses to chemoreceptor stimulation were significantly enhanced after clonidine administration whereas reflex vasoconstrictor responses to carotid occlusion were markedly reduced. The facilitation of chemoreceptor reflex responses by clonidine was observed in dogs with intact or sectioned vagi and in animals in which the carotid arteries were perfused at constant blood flow. Inhibition of carotid occlusion responses by clonidine was observed in dogs with intact or sectioned vagi. Infusion of clonidine directly into the carotid arteries did not significantly alter responses to chemoreceptor stimulation. These experiments demonstrate that clonidine antagonizes the reflex vasoconstriction caused by carotid occlusion while potentiating the vasoconstriction elicited by chemoreceptor stimulation. The data suggest that clonidine exerts central actions which result in a facilitation of the chemoreceptor reflex and a simultaneously occuring hypotension which is probably due to an action on baroreceptor pathways.", "contents": "Facilitation of Chemoreceptor-induced reflex vasoconstriction by intravertebral arterial administration of clonidine. The influence of clonidine on the reflex vascular responses to stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors and bilateral carotid occlusion was studied in morphine, chloralose-urethane anesthetized dogs. Bilateral carotid occlusion and intracarotid injection of nicotine (30 and 100 microgram) or sodium cyanide (200 and 500 microgram) elicited reflex vasoconstriction in the perfused gracilis muscle vascular bed. Infusion of clonidine (2-4 microgram/kg) into the vertebral artery significantly lowered blood pressure. Reflex vasoconstrictor responses to chemoreceptor stimulation were significantly enhanced after clonidine administration whereas reflex vasoconstrictor responses to carotid occlusion were markedly reduced. The facilitation of chemoreceptor reflex responses by clonidine was observed in dogs with intact or sectioned vagi and in animals in which the carotid arteries were perfused at constant blood flow. Inhibition of carotid occlusion responses by clonidine was observed in dogs with intact or sectioned vagi. Infusion of clonidine directly into the carotid arteries did not significantly alter responses to chemoreceptor stimulation. These experiments demonstrate that clonidine antagonizes the reflex vasoconstriction caused by carotid occlusion while potentiating the vasoconstriction elicited by chemoreceptor stimulation. The data suggest that clonidine exerts central actions which result in a facilitation of the chemoreceptor reflex and a simultaneously occuring hypotension which is probably due to an action on baroreceptor pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:909059", "title": "Effect of ortho-iodo sodium benzoate on hemoglobin-oxygen affinity in normal and ischemic myocardium.", "content": "The effect of ortho-iodo sodium benzoate (OISB) on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve of coronary venous blood was studied in an isolated canine heart preparation perfused at a constant coronary blood flow. Changes in P-50 (millimeters of mercury) [the oxygen tension (pO2) at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated], were used to express hemoglobin-oxygen affinity. Intracoronary infusion of OISB (200, 400 and 800 mg/min) produced a dose-related increase in coronary venous P-50 and a concurrent increase in coronary venous pO2. In addition, OISB produced a significant decrease in heart rate and increase in coronary artery perfusion pressure. During cardiac pacing at 150, 190 and 230 beats/min, OISB (400 mg/min) significantly increased coronary venous P-50, myocardial oxygen exrraction (O2E) and oxygen consumption (MVO2) whereas coronary venous PO2 was not changed. Furthermore, a 5-minute intracoronary infusion of OISB (200 mg/min) during myocardial ischemia produced an increase in O2E, MVO2 and myocardial contractility with little change in coronary venous pO2. These results suggest that acute pharmacological manipulation of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve may enhance oxygen release to the myocardium while maintaining the effective driving pressure (as reflected in coronary venous pO2) for diffusion of oxygen to the myocardium.", "contents": "Effect of ortho-iodo sodium benzoate on hemoglobin-oxygen affinity in normal and ischemic myocardium. The effect of ortho-iodo sodium benzoate (OISB) on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve of coronary venous blood was studied in an isolated canine heart preparation perfused at a constant coronary blood flow. Changes in P-50 (millimeters of mercury) [the oxygen tension (pO2) at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated], were used to express hemoglobin-oxygen affinity. Intracoronary infusion of OISB (200, 400 and 800 mg/min) produced a dose-related increase in coronary venous P-50 and a concurrent increase in coronary venous pO2. In addition, OISB produced a significant decrease in heart rate and increase in coronary artery perfusion pressure. During cardiac pacing at 150, 190 and 230 beats/min, OISB (400 mg/min) significantly increased coronary venous P-50, myocardial oxygen exrraction (O2E) and oxygen consumption (MVO2) whereas coronary venous PO2 was not changed. Furthermore, a 5-minute intracoronary infusion of OISB (200 mg/min) during myocardial ischemia produced an increase in O2E, MVO2 and myocardial contractility with little change in coronary venous pO2. These results suggest that acute pharmacological manipulation of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve may enhance oxygen release to the myocardium while maintaining the effective driving pressure (as reflected in coronary venous pO2) for diffusion of oxygen to the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:909060", "title": "Hemodynamic and natriuretic effects of bumetanide and furosemide in the cat.", "content": "Renal hemodynamic and natriuretic effects of bumetanide and furosemide were studied by clearance and micropuncture methods in cats. Furosemide (0.04-5.0 mg/kg i.v.) effects increased with increasing doses up to a maximal fractional sodium (FEna) and water (V/GFR) excretion of 23%. GFR and superficial single nephron GFR remained constant. Renal blood flow (RBF) increased up to 45% over control. A preferential increase in outer cortical RBF occurred at 5.0 mg/kg. Bumetanide (0.001-0.14 mg/kg i.v.) raised FEna and V/GFR maximally by 26%. Only at a supramaximal dose (0.69 mg/kg) did bumetanide raise RBF and depress filtration fraction. Probenecid (50 mg/kg i.v.) failed to block the natriuretic effect of bumetanide (0.025 microgram/kg-min) when infused into one renal artery but abolished the natriuretic action of furosemide (1.0 microgram/kg-min). Probenecid failed to displace the dose-response curve for bumetanide.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and natriuretic effects of bumetanide and furosemide in the cat. Renal hemodynamic and natriuretic effects of bumetanide and furosemide were studied by clearance and micropuncture methods in cats. Furosemide (0.04-5.0 mg/kg i.v.) effects increased with increasing doses up to a maximal fractional sodium (FEna) and water (V/GFR) excretion of 23%. GFR and superficial single nephron GFR remained constant. Renal blood flow (RBF) increased up to 45% over control. A preferential increase in outer cortical RBF occurred at 5.0 mg/kg. Bumetanide (0.001-0.14 mg/kg i.v.) raised FEna and V/GFR maximally by 26%. Only at a supramaximal dose (0.69 mg/kg) did bumetanide raise RBF and depress filtration fraction. Probenecid (50 mg/kg i.v.) failed to block the natriuretic effect of bumetanide (0.025 microgram/kg-min) when infused into one renal artery but abolished the natriuretic action of furosemide (1.0 microgram/kg-min). Probenecid failed to displace the dose-response curve for bumetanide."}
{"id": "PMID:909061", "title": "An extracorporeal complexing hemodialysis system for the treatment of methylmercury poisoning. II. In vivo applications in the dog.", "content": "An extracorporeal regional complexing hemodialysis procedure is described which has been successfully applied for the enhancement of removal of methylmercury in the dog. The procedure utilizes the extracorporeal addition of cysteine to arterial blood entering a hemodialyzer, forming a large pool of complexed dialyzable methylmercury in plasma. Diffusion of this methylmercury complex across the dialyzer membrane into dialysate accounts for large amounts of methylmercury being removed from the animal. In conjunction with methylmercury removal, the majority of the infused cysteine is also removed resulting in comparatively low systemic doses of cysteine to the animal. At blood flow rates of 45 ml/min, and dialysate flow rates of approximately 550 ml/min, the mean percentage of methylmercury cleared from blood passing through the dialyzer was 39%. Rates of elimination of methylmercury from the dog could be increased by a factor of 100 during the extracorporeal regional complexing hemodialysis procedure. Regional collimated counting of radioactivity along the length of the dog revealed a decline in all areas including the head region. The procedure was void of any noticeable side effects during treatment or as evidence by histological evaluation of liver and kidney after treatment.", "contents": "An extracorporeal complexing hemodialysis system for the treatment of methylmercury poisoning. II. In vivo applications in the dog. An extracorporeal regional complexing hemodialysis procedure is described which has been successfully applied for the enhancement of removal of methylmercury in the dog. The procedure utilizes the extracorporeal addition of cysteine to arterial blood entering a hemodialyzer, forming a large pool of complexed dialyzable methylmercury in plasma. Diffusion of this methylmercury complex across the dialyzer membrane into dialysate accounts for large amounts of methylmercury being removed from the animal. In conjunction with methylmercury removal, the majority of the infused cysteine is also removed resulting in comparatively low systemic doses of cysteine to the animal. At blood flow rates of 45 ml/min, and dialysate flow rates of approximately 550 ml/min, the mean percentage of methylmercury cleared from blood passing through the dialyzer was 39%. Rates of elimination of methylmercury from the dog could be increased by a factor of 100 during the extracorporeal regional complexing hemodialysis procedure. Regional collimated counting of radioactivity along the length of the dog revealed a decline in all areas including the head region. The procedure was void of any noticeable side effects during treatment or as evidence by histological evaluation of liver and kidney after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:909064", "title": "Development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of cocaine on repeated acquisition and performance of response sequences.", "content": "Pigeons obtained food by making four responses on three keys in a specified sequence. Errors produced 5-second timeout periods, during which the keylights were off and responses had no effect. To establish a base line of repeated acquisition, the sequence of correct responses was changed from session to session. Cocaine (3 mg/kg) disrupted the behavior: total errors increased, the relative frequency of perseverative errors increased, the rate of within-session error reduction (learning) decreased and the total trial time (pausing) increased. During repeated drug administration (30-50 sessions), these effects disappeared, i.e., tolerance developed. Tolerance did not develop, however, to cocaine-induced increases or decreases in timeout responding; such effects were nondisruptive in the sense thay they did not reduce the rate of food reinforcement. For comparison, cocaine (3-10 mg/kg) was also studied under a \"performance\" condition, in which the sequence of correct responses was the same from session to session. Cocaine increased performance errors and produced pausing, but tolerance developed more quickly under the learning  condition . The more rapid development of tolerance was presumably due to the stronger stimulus control of behavior under the performance condition.", "contents": "Development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of cocaine on repeated acquisition and performance of response sequences. Pigeons obtained food by making four responses on three keys in a specified sequence. Errors produced 5-second timeout periods, during which the keylights were off and responses had no effect. To establish a base line of repeated acquisition, the sequence of correct responses was changed from session to session. Cocaine (3 mg/kg) disrupted the behavior: total errors increased, the relative frequency of perseverative errors increased, the rate of within-session error reduction (learning) decreased and the total trial time (pausing) increased. During repeated drug administration (30-50 sessions), these effects disappeared, i.e., tolerance developed. Tolerance did not develop, however, to cocaine-induced increases or decreases in timeout responding; such effects were nondisruptive in the sense thay they did not reduce the rate of food reinforcement. For comparison, cocaine (3-10 mg/kg) was also studied under a \"performance\" condition, in which the sequence of correct responses was the same from session to session. Cocaine increased performance errors and produced pausing, but tolerance developed more quickly under the learning  condition . The more rapid development of tolerance was presumably due to the stronger stimulus control of behavior under the performance condition."}
{"id": "PMID:909066", "title": "Studies on tolerance. II. The effect of timing on inhibition of tolerance to morphine by cycloheximide.", "content": "Cycloheximide (CX) given 1 hour before each weekly dose of morphine inhibits the development of tolerance. The temporal relationship of the doses of CX and morphine sulfate seems to be a most important factor. CX (1 mg/kg s.c.) given 24 hours before, 6 hours before or 6 hours after weekly morphine injections (10 mg/kg s.c.) does not affect the rate or the degree of tolerance development. The inhibition of tolerance seen after weekly administration of CX plus injections of morphine is not seen until several weeks after drug treatment has begun and the difference between the morphine only and the morphine plus CX groups persists for a number of weeks after drug treatment has been terminated. The inhibition of tolerance seen after CX does not appear to be due to any nonspecific debilitating effect of CX. However, it may be related to the ability of CX to suppress protein synthesis. The identity of the proteins involved or how they are involved in the tolerance phenomenon remains unclear.", "contents": "Studies on tolerance. II. The effect of timing on inhibition of tolerance to morphine by cycloheximide. Cycloheximide (CX) given 1 hour before each weekly dose of morphine inhibits the development of tolerance. The temporal relationship of the doses of CX and morphine sulfate seems to be a most important factor. CX (1 mg/kg s.c.) given 24 hours before, 6 hours before or 6 hours after weekly morphine injections (10 mg/kg s.c.) does not affect the rate or the degree of tolerance development. The inhibition of tolerance seen after weekly administration of CX plus injections of morphine is not seen until several weeks after drug treatment has begun and the difference between the morphine only and the morphine plus CX groups persists for a number of weeks after drug treatment has been terminated. The inhibition of tolerance seen after CX does not appear to be due to any nonspecific debilitating effect of CX. However, it may be related to the ability of CX to suppress protein synthesis. The identity of the proteins involved or how they are involved in the tolerance phenomenon remains unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:909067", "title": "The effect of maternally administered methadone on brain development in the offspring.", "content": "Chronic methadone administration to female rats before, during and after gestation resulted in a delay or deficiency in brain development in their offspring compared with offspring of control rats. This deficiency in development was most noticeable as a decrease in protein and RNA content. A reduction in overall brain weight and DNA was less marked and paralleled a slight reduction in overall body weight. A comparison of the RNA/DNA and RNA/protein ratios suggested that the primary cause of the deficiency was associated with the RNA synthesis. Preliminary behavioral studies showed a significant decrease in ability of offspring of treated females to respond to a conditioning stimulus in order to avoid an electric shock. Even though upon gross observation the offspring from treated females seem normal, biochemical analysis and behavioral testing suggest that minimal brain deficiencies lasting weeks to months do occur.", "contents": "The effect of maternally administered methadone on brain development in the offspring. Chronic methadone administration to female rats before, during and after gestation resulted in a delay or deficiency in brain development in their offspring compared with offspring of control rats. This deficiency in development was most noticeable as a decrease in protein and RNA content. A reduction in overall brain weight and DNA was less marked and paralleled a slight reduction in overall body weight. A comparison of the RNA/DNA and RNA/protein ratios suggested that the primary cause of the deficiency was associated with the RNA synthesis. Preliminary behavioral studies showed a significant decrease in ability of offspring of treated females to respond to a conditioning stimulus in order to avoid an electric shock. Even though upon gross observation the offspring from treated females seem normal, biochemical analysis and behavioral testing suggest that minimal brain deficiencies lasting weeks to months do occur."}
{"id": "PMID:909068", "title": "The purification of antimorphine antibodies by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Affinity chromatography was employed successfully to purify extensively antimorphine antibodies produced in rabbits. Morphine succinylated at position 6 was attached to bovine serum albumin to make it immunogenic and to Sepharose beads for affinity chromatography. A crude gamma-globulin fraction of antimorphine serum, prepared by salt fractionation, was used for purification. After unbound gamma-globulin was washed off the column with phosphate-buffered saline, two populations of antimorphine antibodies were eluted in succession by two low pH buffers. Each of these two purified antibody fractions had an index of heterogeneity of approximately 1. Immunoelectrophoresis indicated that the antibodies were immunoglobulin G and that they formed a single precipitation band with antirabbit serum. The average association constants for morphine of the two purified antibody fractions were similar and ranged from 4.5 to 4.8 X 10(7) LITERS/MOL-1. A 67-fold purification of the antimorphine antibodies could be achieved by a single pass through an affinity column.", "contents": "The purification of antimorphine antibodies by affinity chromatography. Affinity chromatography was employed successfully to purify extensively antimorphine antibodies produced in rabbits. Morphine succinylated at position 6 was attached to bovine serum albumin to make it immunogenic and to Sepharose beads for affinity chromatography. A crude gamma-globulin fraction of antimorphine serum, prepared by salt fractionation, was used for purification. After unbound gamma-globulin was washed off the column with phosphate-buffered saline, two populations of antimorphine antibodies were eluted in succession by two low pH buffers. Each of these two purified antibody fractions had an index of heterogeneity of approximately 1. Immunoelectrophoresis indicated that the antibodies were immunoglobulin G and that they formed a single precipitation band with antirabbit serum. The average association constants for morphine of the two purified antibody fractions were similar and ranged from 4.5 to 4.8 X 10(7) LITERS/MOL-1. A 67-fold purification of the antimorphine antibodies could be achieved by a single pass through an affinity column."}
{"id": "PMID:909072", "title": "The in vitro metabolism of halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) by hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450.", "content": "Incubation of halothane with rabbit liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH and oxygen resulted in the formation of trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA). No TFAA was detected in the absence of either NADPH or oxygen. TFAA also was found when a 9000 x g supernatant fraction (with NADPH and oxygen) was used instead of the microsomal fraction. The 105,000 x g supernatant fraction (with NADPH and oxygen), however, did not produce detectable levels of TFAA. Phenobarbital pretreatment of the animals resulted ina significant increase in both the formation of TFAA and the cytochrome P-450 content of microsomes. A good correlation was found between formation of TFAA and microsomal cytochrome P-450 levels. The amount of TFAA formed in hepatic microsomes was significantly inhibited by carbon monoxide (CO), SKF 525-A (2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2,-diphenylvalerate HCl) and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid. On the other hand, TFAA was formed when NADH was used as an electron donor instead of NADPH. In conclusion, these results clearly demonstrate the metabolism of halothane by the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system.", "contents": "The in vitro metabolism of halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) by hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450. Incubation of halothane with rabbit liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH and oxygen resulted in the formation of trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA). No TFAA was detected in the absence of either NADPH or oxygen. TFAA also was found when a 9000 x g supernatant fraction (with NADPH and oxygen) was used instead of the microsomal fraction. The 105,000 x g supernatant fraction (with NADPH and oxygen), however, did not produce detectable levels of TFAA. Phenobarbital pretreatment of the animals resulted ina significant increase in both the formation of TFAA and the cytochrome P-450 content of microsomes. A good correlation was found between formation of TFAA and microsomal cytochrome P-450 levels. The amount of TFAA formed in hepatic microsomes was significantly inhibited by carbon monoxide (CO), SKF 525-A (2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2,-diphenylvalerate HCl) and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid. On the other hand, TFAA was formed when NADH was used as an electron donor instead of NADPH. In conclusion, these results clearly demonstrate the metabolism of halothane by the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system."}
{"id": "PMID:909073", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of atropine in plasma.", "content": "Antibodies, against atropine, were produced in rabbits immunized with atropine conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The antisera possessed a high binding affinity and were quite specific. The sensitivity of the method allowed detection of 6.25 ng of atropine per ml of plasma in a 10-microliter specimen. The method does not require an extraction procedure and can be performed using very small volumes  of plasma. Plasma concentration-time profiles were determined by this method in dogs after rapid i.v. administration of atropine. Atropine declined from plasma in a biexponential fashion, exhibiting a terminal half-life of approximately 2.1 hours.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of atropine in plasma. Antibodies, against atropine, were produced in rabbits immunized with atropine conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The antisera possessed a high binding affinity and were quite specific. The sensitivity of the method allowed detection of 6.25 ng of atropine per ml of plasma in a 10-microliter specimen. The method does not require an extraction procedure and can be performed using very small volumes  of plasma. Plasma concentration-time profiles were determined by this method in dogs after rapid i.v. administration of atropine. Atropine declined from plasma in a biexponential fashion, exhibiting a terminal half-life of approximately 2.1 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:909074", "title": "The effects of temperature acclimation on monoamine metabolism.", "content": "Serotonin and dopamine content in the central nervous system of Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia) was assayed fluorometrically. Acclimating the animals for 2 to 4 days at a constant temperature higher than the environmental temperatures produced substantial increases in endogenous central nervous system serotonin and decreases in dopamine. p-Chlorophenylalanine and alpha-propyldopacetamide not only prevented this increase but reduced serotonin levels below those of unacclimated animals. Cycloheximide decreased the magnitude of the serotonin rise due to acclimation. Endogenous gill serotonin after acclimation also was higher. Gill filaments closest to the visceral ganglia were the first to increase. The study shows that hydroxylation of tryptophan is a temperature-sensitive step and axonal transport of tryptophan hydroxylase to the periphery accounts for terminal serotonin synthesis. A central pool of serotonin distinct from the peripheral pool was demonstrated. The study supports previous evidence of dopamine exerting a regulatory influence on serotonin metabolism in M. edulis.", "contents": "The effects of temperature acclimation on monoamine metabolism. Serotonin and dopamine content in the central nervous system of Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia) was assayed fluorometrically. Acclimating the animals for 2 to 4 days at a constant temperature higher than the environmental temperatures produced substantial increases in endogenous central nervous system serotonin and decreases in dopamine. p-Chlorophenylalanine and alpha-propyldopacetamide not only prevented this increase but reduced serotonin levels below those of unacclimated animals. Cycloheximide decreased the magnitude of the serotonin rise due to acclimation. Endogenous gill serotonin after acclimation also was higher. Gill filaments closest to the visceral ganglia were the first to increase. The study shows that hydroxylation of tryptophan is a temperature-sensitive step and axonal transport of tryptophan hydroxylase to the periphery accounts for terminal serotonin synthesis. A central pool of serotonin distinct from the peripheral pool was demonstrated. The study supports previous evidence of dopamine exerting a regulatory influence on serotonin metabolism in M. edulis."}
{"id": "PMID:909076", "title": "The influence of prostaglandins E1 and E2 on ouabain cardiotoxicity in the cat.", "content": "The capacity of prostaglandins E1 (PGE1) and E2 (PGE2) to influence the lethal dose and lethal myocardial content of ouabain was studied in intact cats and cats whose spinal cords had been transected. The administration of PGE1 and PGE2 to intact cats was associated with an increase in lethal dose and ventricular content of ouabain. Spinal cord transection alone was also associated with an increase in lethal dose and ventricular content of ouabain. The administration of either PGE1 and PGE2 to animals whose spinal cords had been transected changed neither the lethal dose nor the lethal ventricular content of ouabain compared with cats whose spinal cords were transected but who received only ouabain. The present data suggest that PGE1 and PGE2 are effective agents for prophylaxis of ouabain-induced arrhythmias in the cat. The failure to observe an additional antiarrhythmic effect in animals whose spinal cords had been transected implies that the nervous system plays an important role in the antiarrhythmic action of the prostaglandins.", "contents": "The influence of prostaglandins E1 and E2 on ouabain cardiotoxicity in the cat. The capacity of prostaglandins E1 (PGE1) and E2 (PGE2) to influence the lethal dose and lethal myocardial content of ouabain was studied in intact cats and cats whose spinal cords had been transected. The administration of PGE1 and PGE2 to intact cats was associated with an increase in lethal dose and ventricular content of ouabain. Spinal cord transection alone was also associated with an increase in lethal dose and ventricular content of ouabain. The administration of either PGE1 and PGE2 to animals whose spinal cords had been transected changed neither the lethal dose nor the lethal ventricular content of ouabain compared with cats whose spinal cords were transected but who received only ouabain. The present data suggest that PGE1 and PGE2 are effective agents for prophylaxis of ouabain-induced arrhythmias in the cat. The failure to observe an additional antiarrhythmic effect in animals whose spinal cords had been transected implies that the nervous system plays an important role in the antiarrhythmic action of the prostaglandins."}
{"id": "PMID:909077", "title": "Renin inhibitory effect of 2-[4-(4'-chlorophenoxy)phenoxyacetylamino]-ethylphosphorylethanolamine (PE-104) in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The renin inhibitory activity of 2-[4-(4'-chlorophenoxy)phenoxyacetylamino]ethylphosphorylethanolamine (PE-104) was examined in vitro and in vivo. PE-104 inhibited the reaction between dog renal renin and homologous plasma angiotensinogen. The Ki value was 2 mM and the inhibitory mode was competitive and reversible. Data concerning the relationship between renin inhibitory activity and the chemical structure indicated that the whole structure was required for inhibitory activity of PE-104. PE-104 did not inhibit the caseinolytic activities of pepsin, papain and trypsin at 10 mM, the dose of which inhibited renin activity by more than 80%. In normotensive rats, infusion of PE-104 (20 mg/kg/min) abolished increases in blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma angiotensin I concentration after injection of renin. In two kidney model renal hypertensive rats, infusion of PE-104 resulted in decreases in blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma angiotensin I concentration.", "contents": "Renin inhibitory effect of 2-[4-(4'-chlorophenoxy)phenoxyacetylamino]-ethylphosphorylethanolamine (PE-104) in vitro and in vivo. The renin inhibitory activity of 2-[4-(4'-chlorophenoxy)phenoxyacetylamino]ethylphosphorylethanolamine (PE-104) was examined in vitro and in vivo. PE-104 inhibited the reaction between dog renal renin and homologous plasma angiotensinogen. The Ki value was 2 mM and the inhibitory mode was competitive and reversible. Data concerning the relationship between renin inhibitory activity and the chemical structure indicated that the whole structure was required for inhibitory activity of PE-104. PE-104 did not inhibit the caseinolytic activities of pepsin, papain and trypsin at 10 mM, the dose of which inhibited renin activity by more than 80%. In normotensive rats, infusion of PE-104 (20 mg/kg/min) abolished increases in blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma angiotensin I concentration after injection of renin. In two kidney model renal hypertensive rats, infusion of PE-104 resulted in decreases in blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma angiotensin I concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:909078", "title": "Dynamic properties of polyelectrolyte calcium membranes.", "content": "Shashoua observed spontaneous oscillations in a polyelectrolyte membrane formed by interfacial precipitates of polyacid and polybase. We have here undertaken experimental and theoretical studies of polyglutamic acid-Ca++ membrane in order to clarify the processes involved in this dynamic behavior. We find a region of distinct hysteresis in the voltage current curve for this system. A sharp transition from a state of low membrane resistance to one of high resistance occurs at a current density different from that of inverse transition. This membrane system is modeled as a two layer structure: a negatively charged layer alpha made of ionized polyelectrolyte in series with a neutral region beta in which the polymeric ionic sites are masked by calcium ion. This structure results in a difference in the transference number for the mobile ions, causing salt accumulation at the interfacial region during a current flow in the alpha to beta direction. This altered salt concentration induces a change of polymeric conformation, which in turn affects the membrane permeability and the rate of accumulation. Based upon nonequilibrium thermodynamic flow equations, and a two-state representation of membrane macromolecular conformation, this model displays a region of hysteresis in the current range of experimental observations.", "contents": "Dynamic properties of polyelectrolyte calcium membranes. Shashoua observed spontaneous oscillations in a polyelectrolyte membrane formed by interfacial precipitates of polyacid and polybase. We have here undertaken experimental and theoretical studies of polyglutamic acid-Ca++ membrane in order to clarify the processes involved in this dynamic behavior. We find a region of distinct hysteresis in the voltage current curve for this system. A sharp transition from a state of low membrane resistance to one of high resistance occurs at a current density different from that of inverse transition. This membrane system is modeled as a two layer structure: a negatively charged layer alpha made of ionized polyelectrolyte in series with a neutral region beta in which the polymeric ionic sites are masked by calcium ion. This structure results in a difference in the transference number for the mobile ions, causing salt accumulation at the interfacial region during a current flow in the alpha to beta direction. This altered salt concentration induces a change of polymeric conformation, which in turn affects the membrane permeability and the rate of accumulation. Based upon nonequilibrium thermodynamic flow equations, and a two-state representation of membrane macromolecular conformation, this model displays a region of hysteresis in the current range of experimental observations."}
{"id": "PMID:909095", "title": "High school contact among persons with leukemia and lymphoma.", "content": "We studied frequency of contact among Connecticut high school students and teachers with leukemia and lymphoma diagnosed during or after high school from 1960 through 1971. Risk of having attended the same grade at the same school during the same year was greater among students with Hodgkin's disease (HD) than among simulated controls drawn in proportion to school enrollment (relative risk = 1.44; approximate 95% lower confidence limit = 1.05). Risk of developing HD was also greater among students enrolled simultaneously at the same school as students already diagnosed with HD than among students not so enrolled (relative risk = 2.05; 95% lower confidence limit = 1.39). However, fewer HD cases (16) were diagnosed from 1965 through 1970 at schools that formerly had patients enrolled (1959-64) than at matched schools without such patients (24). We found no evidence of increased contact among persons with non-HD lymphomas or leukemias, except between HD and non-HD lymphomas (relative risk = 1.41; approximate 95% lower confidence limit = 1.11).", "contents": "High school contact among persons with leukemia and lymphoma. We studied frequency of contact among Connecticut high school students and teachers with leukemia and lymphoma diagnosed during or after high school from 1960 through 1971. Risk of having attended the same grade at the same school during the same year was greater among students with Hodgkin's disease (HD) than among simulated controls drawn in proportion to school enrollment (relative risk = 1.44; approximate 95% lower confidence limit = 1.05). Risk of developing HD was also greater among students enrolled simultaneously at the same school as students already diagnosed with HD than among students not so enrolled (relative risk = 2.05; 95% lower confidence limit = 1.39). However, fewer HD cases (16) were diagnosed from 1965 through 1970 at schools that formerly had patients enrolled (1959-64) than at matched schools without such patients (24). We found no evidence of increased contact among persons with non-HD lymphomas or leukemias, except between HD and non-HD lymphomas (relative risk = 1.41; approximate 95% lower confidence limit = 1.11)."}
{"id": "PMID:909096", "title": "Comparison of urinary and plasma hormone levels in daughters of breast cancer patients and controls.", "content": "Plasma and urinary levels of estrogens and progesterone were studied on days 11 and 22 of the menstrual cycle in 27 teenage daughters of breast cancer patients and 25 teenage daughters of controls. Plasma and urinary values correlated well, which implied that most previous findings based on urinary levels of these hormones were applicable to their plasma levels. The \"estriol ratio\" (urinary estriol:urinary estrone plus estradiol) hypothesis was not supported by this study, the ratio having been no lower in the daughters of breast cancer patients than in daughters of controls. The day-11 results showed elevated plasma prolactin-estrogen values in daughters of breast cancer patients; the day-22 results did not.", "contents": "Comparison of urinary and plasma hormone levels in daughters of breast cancer patients and controls. Plasma and urinary levels of estrogens and progesterone were studied on days 11 and 22 of the menstrual cycle in 27 teenage daughters of breast cancer patients and 25 teenage daughters of controls. Plasma and urinary values correlated well, which implied that most previous findings based on urinary levels of these hormones were applicable to their plasma levels. The \"estriol ratio\" (urinary estriol:urinary estrone plus estradiol) hypothesis was not supported by this study, the ratio having been no lower in the daughters of breast cancer patients than in daughters of controls. The day-11 results showed elevated plasma prolactin-estrogen values in daughters of breast cancer patients; the day-22 results did not."}
{"id": "PMID:909097", "title": "Regular drug use and cancer.", "content": "An extensive survey study of 25,000 patients admitted to 24 Boston-area hospitals during the first 10 months of 1972 provided data which were used to estimate the proportion of cancer that is likely to be due to recent regular intake of drugs normally used to treat illness. Cancer was diagnosed for the first time in some 800 patients. The regular drug use before admissions among these patients was compared to that of 3,443 non-cancer patients admitted for conditions thought to be unrelated to any regular drug use. Controlling for age and sex, the risk ratio point estimate for any regular drug use among cancer patients was 0.88 when compared to that of reference patients. The 90% upper confidence bound was 1.02. These data indicate with 90% confidence that less than 1% of the cancers identified in this study were likely to have been caused by any recent regular use of drugs.", "contents": "Regular drug use and cancer. An extensive survey study of 25,000 patients admitted to 24 Boston-area hospitals during the first 10 months of 1972 provided data which were used to estimate the proportion of cancer that is likely to be due to recent regular intake of drugs normally used to treat illness. Cancer was diagnosed for the first time in some 800 patients. The regular drug use before admissions among these patients was compared to that of 3,443 non-cancer patients admitted for conditions thought to be unrelated to any regular drug use. Controlling for age and sex, the risk ratio point estimate for any regular drug use among cancer patients was 0.88 when compared to that of reference patients. The 90% upper confidence bound was 1.02. These data indicate with 90% confidence that less than 1% of the cancers identified in this study were likely to have been caused by any recent regular use of drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:909099", "title": "Metabolism of acyclic and cyclic N-nitrosamines in cultured human bronchi.", "content": "The metabolism of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines was studied in normal-appearing bronchial specimens obtained from 4 patients. Explants of bronchi were cultured in a chemically defined medium for 7 days. N-Nitrosamines [N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN), N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN), N,N'-dinitrosopiperazine (DNP), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPy), and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPd)] labeled with 14C were each then added at 100 mumoles for 24 hours. Measurable CO2 was formed by bronchial explants from: 1) DMN, DEN, and NPy in all 4 patients; 2) DNP in 3 of 4 patients; and 3) NPd in only 1 of 4 patients. In all bronchial specimens, these N-nitrosamines and/or their metabolites bound to bronchial mucosal DNA and protein. Binding levels were higher to protein than to DNA. Binding levels of DNP were as high as those with the two acyclic N-nitrosamines DMN and DEN, but binding levels of NPy and NPd were lower. Human bronchus was shown to metabolize and bind acyclic and cyclic N-nitrosamines found in the environment and in tobacco smoke.", "contents": "Metabolism of acyclic and cyclic N-nitrosamines in cultured human bronchi. The metabolism of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines was studied in normal-appearing bronchial specimens obtained from 4 patients. Explants of bronchi were cultured in a chemically defined medium for 7 days. N-Nitrosamines [N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN), N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN), N,N'-dinitrosopiperazine (DNP), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPy), and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPd)] labeled with 14C were each then added at 100 mumoles for 24 hours. Measurable CO2 was formed by bronchial explants from: 1) DMN, DEN, and NPy in all 4 patients; 2) DNP in 3 of 4 patients; and 3) NPd in only 1 of 4 patients. In all bronchial specimens, these N-nitrosamines and/or their metabolites bound to bronchial mucosal DNA and protein. Binding levels were higher to protein than to DNA. Binding levels of DNP were as high as those with the two acyclic N-nitrosamines DMN and DEN, but binding levels of NPy and NPd were lower. Human bronchus was shown to metabolize and bind acyclic and cyclic N-nitrosamines found in the environment and in tobacco smoke."}
{"id": "PMID:909100", "title": "Geographic patterns of breast cancer in the United States.", "content": "To seek explanations for the geographic variation of breast cancer across the continental United States, we calculated the correlations between mortality rates for premenopausal and postmenopausal women and demographic data for the 3,056 U.S. counties. The northern predominance of this tumor was primarily among postmenopausal women, whereas mortality among premenopausal women was distributed almost uniformly across the country. Socioeconomic status (particularly income), German ethnicity, and colon cancer mortality were strong indicators of the rates for postmenopausal women, but only partly explained the northern excess and latitudinal gradient. In contrast, fertility patterns and ovarian cancer mortality were more closely linked to breast cancer among premenopausal women. The geographic peculiarities of this tumor in older women suggest extrinsic risk factors that remain to be identified, whereas the patterns for younger women point to the primary role of reproductive and genetic determinants.", "contents": "Geographic patterns of breast cancer in the United States. To seek explanations for the geographic variation of breast cancer across the continental United States, we calculated the correlations between mortality rates for premenopausal and postmenopausal women and demographic data for the 3,056 U.S. counties. The northern predominance of this tumor was primarily among postmenopausal women, whereas mortality among premenopausal women was distributed almost uniformly across the country. Socioeconomic status (particularly income), German ethnicity, and colon cancer mortality were strong indicators of the rates for postmenopausal women, but only partly explained the northern excess and latitudinal gradient. In contrast, fertility patterns and ovarian cancer mortality were more closely linked to breast cancer among premenopausal women. The geographic peculiarities of this tumor in older women suggest extrinsic risk factors that remain to be identified, whereas the patterns for younger women point to the primary role of reproductive and genetic determinants."}
{"id": "PMID:909102", "title": "Families with multiple cases of urinary system tumors: brief communication.", "content": "A study of three families living in villages with endemic nephropathy (EN) in Vratza district, Bulgaria, revealed 9 members with urinary system tumors (UST), 7 with UST and EN, and 7 with EN. Most cases were registered from 1962 to 1976. The predominant form was transitional cell neoplasms of the kidney pelvis and ureter in patients 40-60 years old. In about 40% of the patients more than one site in the urinary system was involved. One ovarian carcinoma was also registered in these families during this period. Persons related by marriage and coming from nonendemic families and villages were also affected by both diseases. In other branches of the three families living in other households or villages, only one case  of EN was found.", "contents": "Families with multiple cases of urinary system tumors: brief communication. A study of three families living in villages with endemic nephropathy (EN) in Vratza district, Bulgaria, revealed 9 members with urinary system tumors (UST), 7 with UST and EN, and 7 with EN. Most cases were registered from 1962 to 1976. The predominant form was transitional cell neoplasms of the kidney pelvis and ureter in patients 40-60 years old. In about 40% of the patients more than one site in the urinary system was involved. One ovarian carcinoma was also registered in these families during this period. Persons related by marriage and coming from nonendemic families and villages were also affected by both diseases. In other branches of the three families living in other households or villages, only one case  of EN was found."}
{"id": "PMID:909103", "title": "Lung cancer risk among beauticians and other female workers: brief communication.", "content": "Lung cancer risk among occupational groups of women was reviewed. A previous suggestion of a sixfold risk of developing lung cancer among beauticians was not confirmed; however, an approximately twofold risk was found.", "contents": "Lung cancer risk among beauticians and other female workers: brief communication. Lung cancer risk among occupational groups of women was reviewed. A previous suggestion of a sixfold risk of developing lung cancer among beauticians was not confirmed; however, an approximately twofold risk was found."}
{"id": "PMID:909104", "title": "Lung cancer risk among beauticians and other female workers: brief communication.", "content": "Lung cancer risk among occupational groups of women was reviewed. A previous suggestion of a sixfold risk of developing lung cancer among beauticians was not confirmed; however, an approximately twofold risk was found.", "contents": "Lung cancer risk among beauticians and other female workers: brief communication. Lung cancer risk among occupational groups of women was reviewed. A previous suggestion of a sixfold risk of developing lung cancer among beauticians was not confirmed; however, an approximately twofold risk was found."}
{"id": "PMID:909106", "title": "Systemic effect of benign and malignant mammary tumors on the spin-lattice relaxation time of water protons in mouse serum.", "content": "The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) for water protons in sera was significantly (P less than 0.001) elevated above that for normal sera in mice bearing benign ductal papilloma and malignant mammary carcinoma. Serum T1 values did not differ significantly in mice with ductal hyperplasia or preneoplastic alveolar nodules. Elevated serum T1's could not be explained on the basis of serum iron levels or serum protein concentrations. This was the first report of a \"systemic effect\" of serum T1 elevation by a benign tumor.", "contents": "Systemic effect of benign and malignant mammary tumors on the spin-lattice relaxation time of water protons in mouse serum. The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) for water protons in sera was significantly (P less than 0.001) elevated above that for normal sera in mice bearing benign ductal papilloma and malignant mammary carcinoma. Serum T1 values did not differ significantly in mice with ductal hyperplasia or preneoplastic alveolar nodules. Elevated serum T1's could not be explained on the basis of serum iron levels or serum protein concentrations. This was the first report of a \"systemic effect\" of serum T1 elevation by a benign tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:909107", "title": "Immunotherapy of metastatic cancer in guinea pigs: failure of intralesional BCG to influence the results of radical surgery.", "content": "Guinea pigs with growing intradermal transplants of a syngeneic hepatoma treated by intralesional injection of living BCG at a time when lymph node metastases were detectable by palpation were not cured but survived longer than did the controls. Treatment of the animals by excision of the transplant and draining lymph nodes, instead of by BCG, resulted in a significant number of cures. The cure rate of animals receiving both treatments was not demonstrably greater than that obtained in animals receiving surgery alone.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of metastatic cancer in guinea pigs: failure of intralesional BCG to influence the results of radical surgery. Guinea pigs with growing intradermal transplants of a syngeneic hepatoma treated by intralesional injection of living BCG at a time when lymph node metastases were detectable by palpation were not cured but survived longer than did the controls. Treatment of the animals by excision of the transplant and draining lymph nodes, instead of by BCG, resulted in a significant number of cures. The cure rate of animals receiving both treatments was not demonstrably greater than that obtained in animals receiving surgery alone."}
{"id": "PMID:909108", "title": "Further studies on the effect of leupeptin, a protease inhibitor, on induction of bladder tumors in rats by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine.", "content": "The effect of a microbial protease inhibitor, leupeptin, on the induction of urinary bladder tumors in W rats by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) was examined. Three groups of animals were given 0.01% BBN in their drinking water for 12 weeks. A basal powder diet supplemented with 0.1% leupeptin was given to group A throughout the experiment and to group B when BBN administration was stopped. Group C was given the basal  diet without leupeptin throughout the study. The total preservation period was 40 weeks. Results clearly showed that when leupeptin was given during the promotion step of bladder carcinogenesis (as in group B), it increased the size of tumors and the incidences of cancer and invasion. When leupeptin was given throughout the experiments, its effect was counteracted (as in group A).", "contents": "Further studies on the effect of leupeptin, a protease inhibitor, on induction of bladder tumors in rats by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. The effect of a microbial protease inhibitor, leupeptin, on the induction of urinary bladder tumors in W rats by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) was examined. Three groups of animals were given 0.01% BBN in their drinking water for 12 weeks. A basal powder diet supplemented with 0.1% leupeptin was given to group A throughout the experiment and to group B when BBN administration was stopped. Group C was given the basal  diet without leupeptin throughout the study. The total preservation period was 40 weeks. Results clearly showed that when leupeptin was given during the promotion step of bladder carcinogenesis (as in group B), it increased the size of tumors and the incidences of cancer and invasion. When leupeptin was given throughout the experiments, its effect was counteracted (as in group A)."}
{"id": "PMID:909109", "title": "Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) infection of the lymph nodes of normal, immune, and cortisone-treated guinea pigs.", "content": "Strain-2 inbred guinea pigs were infected intradermally with 10(5)-10(7) viable BCG (Pasteur) organisms by means of multiple scarifications of shaven midflank skin. The spread of the BCG to the draining lymph nodes and on to the spleen was followed quantitatively for 28 days. The population of bacilli at the inoculation site increased as much as tenfold the first 14 days. The number of viable BCG organisms recovered from the primary draining superficial dorsal axillary and inguinal lymph nodes varied from 0.1 to 1.0% of the inoculum, with a further tenfold to 100-fold drop in counts for the secondary subclavian and lumbar lymph nodes. The bacterial counts for the various nodes increased substantially the first 14 days. By 28 days, as many as 1,000 viable bacilli were recovered from the spleen. Increasing the inoculum size or the number of inoculation sites increased the primary node counts and promoted a more extensive and rapid spread by the BCG population to the secondary lymph nodes and spleen. Prior vaccination of the host with living BCG decreased the spread of the BCG inoculum from the scarification site to the various draining lymph nodes. Multiple injections of cortisone tended to reverse this effect.", "contents": "Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) infection of the lymph nodes of normal, immune, and cortisone-treated guinea pigs. Strain-2 inbred guinea pigs were infected intradermally with 10(5)-10(7) viable BCG (Pasteur) organisms by means of multiple scarifications of shaven midflank skin. The spread of the BCG to the draining lymph nodes and on to the spleen was followed quantitatively for 28 days. The population of bacilli at the inoculation site increased as much as tenfold the first 14 days. The number of viable BCG organisms recovered from the primary draining superficial dorsal axillary and inguinal lymph nodes varied from 0.1 to 1.0% of the inoculum, with a further tenfold to 100-fold drop in counts for the secondary subclavian and lumbar lymph nodes. The bacterial counts for the various nodes increased substantially the first 14 days. By 28 days, as many as 1,000 viable bacilli were recovered from the spleen. Increasing the inoculum size or the number of inoculation sites increased the primary node counts and promoted a more extensive and rapid spread by the BCG population to the secondary lymph nodes and spleen. Prior vaccination of the host with living BCG decreased the spread of the BCG inoculum from the scarification site to the various draining lymph nodes. Multiple injections of cortisone tended to reverse this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:909110", "title": "Murine colon adenocarcinoma: syngeneic orthotopic transplantation and subsequent hepatic metastases.", "content": "Syngeneic murine colon adenocarcinoma (MCA-38) cells were transplanted in the submucosa of distal colon, proximal colon, cecum, ileum, jejunum, and duodenum of male C57BL/6 mice, with local lymphoid follicles used as points of entry. The tumor grew best at the cecum and led to liver and mesenteric lymph node metastases in 8 and 9 weeks, respectively, after transplantation. Histologically, a local inflammatory reaction involving polymorphonuclear leukocytes was observed within 48-72 hours following transplantation; after this time, the microscopic tumor foci began to grow progressively. Mononuclear lymphoid cells of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue did not infiltrate the progressively growing tumor; however, polymorphonuclear leukocytes were constantly observed at the tumor periphery in the lamina propria. The studies indicated that orthotopic transplantation as a model system can provide a means of examining the role of the local immune response as a focus of host resistance and as a factor in metastatic tumor spread. The findings also suggested the usefulness of this model in immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic studies of secondary hepatic disease.", "contents": "Murine colon adenocarcinoma: syngeneic orthotopic transplantation and subsequent hepatic metastases. Syngeneic murine colon adenocarcinoma (MCA-38) cells were transplanted in the submucosa of distal colon, proximal colon, cecum, ileum, jejunum, and duodenum of male C57BL/6 mice, with local lymphoid follicles used as points of entry. The tumor grew best at the cecum and led to liver and mesenteric lymph node metastases in 8 and 9 weeks, respectively, after transplantation. Histologically, a local inflammatory reaction involving polymorphonuclear leukocytes was observed within 48-72 hours following transplantation; after this time, the microscopic tumor foci began to grow progressively. Mononuclear lymphoid cells of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue did not infiltrate the progressively growing tumor; however, polymorphonuclear leukocytes were constantly observed at the tumor periphery in the lamina propria. The studies indicated that orthotopic transplantation as a model system can provide a means of examining the role of the local immune response as a focus of host resistance and as a factor in metastatic tumor spread. The findings also suggested the usefulness of this model in immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic studies of secondary hepatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:909111", "title": "Bile acids: co-mutagenic activity in the Salmonella-mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test: brief communication.", "content": "Of 30 bile acids tested, none was mutagenic in the Salmonella-mammalian-microsome test with indicator strains G46, TA1530, TA1535, TA1536, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, or TA100. However, when lithocholic acid or one of its conjugates was tested with suboptimal amounts of 2-aminoanthracene and phenobarbital-stimulated rat liver homogenate, enhancement and co-mutagenesis were observed if TA1538 was the indicator strain.", "contents": "Bile acids: co-mutagenic activity in the Salmonella-mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test: brief communication. Of 30 bile acids tested, none was mutagenic in the Salmonella-mammalian-microsome test with indicator strains G46, TA1530, TA1535, TA1536, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, or TA100. However, when lithocholic acid or one of its conjugates was tested with suboptimal amounts of 2-aminoanthracene and phenobarbital-stimulated rat liver homogenate, enhancement and co-mutagenesis were observed if TA1538 was the indicator strain."}
{"id": "PMID:909112", "title": "Effect of levamisole on malignant experimental neurinoma grown subcutaneously in a young rat: brief communication.", "content": "Levamisole, a drug that stimulates the immunologic defenses of the host, was tested on the experimental malignant neurinoma grown subcutaneously in young female inbred CDF rats in 3-month trial. The drug resulted in prevention of tumor growth in 80% of the treated animals, whereas tumors grew in 100% of the controls. After discontinuation of the drug, none of the animals in the treated group showed evidence of tumor growth upon clinical and pathologic examination 1 month after drug treatment was terminated. Treated animals failed to show any side effects related to levamisole upon clinical and pathologic examination.", "contents": "Effect of levamisole on malignant experimental neurinoma grown subcutaneously in a young rat: brief communication. Levamisole, a drug that stimulates the immunologic defenses of the host, was tested on the experimental malignant neurinoma grown subcutaneously in young female inbred CDF rats in 3-month trial. The drug resulted in prevention of tumor growth in 80% of the treated animals, whereas tumors grew in 100% of the controls. After discontinuation of the drug, none of the animals in the treated group showed evidence of tumor growth upon clinical and pathologic examination 1 month after drug treatment was terminated. Treated animals failed to show any side effects related to levamisole upon clinical and pathologic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:909113", "title": "Effect of levamisole on malignant experimental neurinoma grown subcutaneously in a young rat: brief communication.", "content": "Levamisole, a drug that stimulates the immunologic defenses of the host, was tested on the experimental malignant neurinoma grown subcutaneously in young female inbred CDF rats in a 3-month trial. The drug resulted in prevention of tumor growth in 80% of the treated animals, whereas tumors grew in 100% of the controls. After discontinuation of the drug, none of the animals in the treated group showed evidence of tumor growth upon clinical and pathologic examination 1 month after drug treatment was terminated. Treated animals failed to show any side effects related to levamisole upon clinical and pathologic examination.", "contents": "Effect of levamisole on malignant experimental neurinoma grown subcutaneously in a young rat: brief communication. Levamisole, a drug that stimulates the immunologic defenses of the host, was tested on the experimental malignant neurinoma grown subcutaneously in young female inbred CDF rats in a 3-month trial. The drug resulted in prevention of tumor growth in 80% of the treated animals, whereas tumors grew in 100% of the controls. After discontinuation of the drug, none of the animals in the treated group showed evidence of tumor growth upon clinical and pathologic examination 1 month after drug treatment was terminated. Treated animals failed to show any side effects related to levamisole upon clinical and pathologic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:909114", "title": "Diallylnitrosamine: a potent respiratory carcinogen in Syrian golden hamsters: brief communication.", "content": "Diallylnitrosamine (DAN), one of the few nitrosamines tested thus far that has not induced neoplasms in rats, caused a high incidence of respiratory tract tumors in Syrian golden hamsters treated sc with single or weekly doses of the compound. The effect was dose-dependent. The nasal cavity, larynx, and trachea were the most affected by DAN; most drug-induced tumors at those sites were adenocarcinomas and papillary polyps.", "contents": "Diallylnitrosamine: a potent respiratory carcinogen in Syrian golden hamsters: brief communication. Diallylnitrosamine (DAN), one of the few nitrosamines tested thus far that has not induced neoplasms in rats, caused a high incidence of respiratory tract tumors in Syrian golden hamsters treated sc with single or weekly doses of the compound. The effect was dose-dependent. The nasal cavity, larynx, and trachea were the most affected by DAN; most drug-induced tumors at those sites were adenocarcinomas and papillary polyps."}
{"id": "PMID:909115", "title": "Transection of the descending thoracic aorta secondary to blunt trauma.", "content": "In the last ten years, 22 patients with transection of the descending thoracic aorta were seen at the Ben Taub General Hospital. Five patients with massive left hemothorax died shortly after admission. Among 17 patients in whom proximal and distal control could be achieved, three died in the operating room; three died within 30 days of operation, and one patient died of sepsis more than 1 year postinjury: ten patients are longterm survivors. Partial pump bypass was utilized in six patients, and in one a heparinized shunt was used intraoperatively. Dacron tube grafts were used in 12 cases, and primary repair was accomplished in three. One patient was paraplegic on admission, and two others in whom this was not established before operation were found to have this complication postoperatively. One patient with an infected false aneurysm 1 year after operation underwent resection of the distal aortic arch and Dacron graft with extensive extravascular bypass procedures. Patients with transection of the descending thoracic aorta die if proximal control is not achieved before rupture of the hematoma. Successful repair of this injury requires aggressive diagnostic and surgical management.", "contents": "Transection of the descending thoracic aorta secondary to blunt trauma. In the last ten years, 22 patients with transection of the descending thoracic aorta were seen at the Ben Taub General Hospital. Five patients with massive left hemothorax died shortly after admission. Among 17 patients in whom proximal and distal control could be achieved, three died in the operating room; three died within 30 days of operation, and one patient died of sepsis more than 1 year postinjury: ten patients are longterm survivors. Partial pump bypass was utilized in six patients, and in one a heparinized shunt was used intraoperatively. Dacron tube grafts were used in 12 cases, and primary repair was accomplished in three. One patient was paraplegic on admission, and two others in whom this was not established before operation were found to have this complication postoperatively. One patient with an infected false aneurysm 1 year after operation underwent resection of the distal aortic arch and Dacron graft with extensive extravascular bypass procedures. Patients with transection of the descending thoracic aorta die if proximal control is not achieved before rupture of the hematoma. Successful repair of this injury requires aggressive diagnostic and surgical management."}
{"id": "PMID:909116", "title": "The salvageability of patients with post-traumatic rupture of the descending thoracic aorta in a primary trauma center.", "content": "If uniform early diagnosis is accomplished, two thirds of patients with rupture of the proximal descending aorta seen at a primary trauma treatment center are potentially salvageable. Currently the survival rate is only one half of this optimum figure (31%). One third of 39 patients with acute rupture of the proximal descending thoracic aorta studied had lethal concomitant injuries and were unsalvageable. Twenty-six patients were potentially salvageable; twelve (46%) survived. Eight potential survivors (31%) died because their aortic rupture was not diagnosed or because it was not promptly diagnosed. Eighteen of the potentially salvageable patients (69%) underwent aortic repair; two thirds survived. Aortic rupture was uniformly diagnosed earlier in the more critically injured patients and thus they underwent aortic repair earlier. One half of the 12 patients in whom thoracotomy was instituted within 6 hours of admission survived; six patients who underwent aortic repair more than 6 hours after admission survived.", "contents": "The salvageability of patients with post-traumatic rupture of the descending thoracic aorta in a primary trauma center. If uniform early diagnosis is accomplished, two thirds of patients with rupture of the proximal descending aorta seen at a primary trauma treatment center are potentially salvageable. Currently the survival rate is only one half of this optimum figure (31%). One third of 39 patients with acute rupture of the proximal descending thoracic aorta studied had lethal concomitant injuries and were unsalvageable. Twenty-six patients were potentially salvageable; twelve (46%) survived. Eight potential survivors (31%) died because their aortic rupture was not diagnosed or because it was not promptly diagnosed. Eighteen of the potentially salvageable patients (69%) underwent aortic repair; two thirds survived. Aortic rupture was uniformly diagnosed earlier in the more critically injured patients and thus they underwent aortic repair earlier. One half of the 12 patients in whom thoracotomy was instituted within 6 hours of admission survived; six patients who underwent aortic repair more than 6 hours after admission survived."}
{"id": "PMID:909117", "title": "Impact trauma of the human temporal bone.", "content": "A cooperative study between the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and the Highway Safety Research institute of the University of Michigan was designed to study temporal bone fracture produced in cadavers subjected to realistic automotive impact situations. Utilizing sled and piston impact configurations frontal and parietal impacts were noted to produce ipsilateral and contralateral fractures of nine temporal bones in seven cadavers. The impact velocities varied between 18.1 and 25.0 mph. Using standard otologic microsurgical techniques, the temporal bones were dissected and numerous gross and microscopic injuries to middle and inner ear structures were found. The authors conclude that extensive comminuted fracture of the human temporal bone is seen with realistic crash situations of low velocity, and that lateral impact which produces a longitudinal fracture with a posterior fossa comminution is associated with disruption of the cochlea and facial nerve, as well as of middle ear structures. The classical transverse fracture of extensive skull trauma lies medial to these structures and does not involve the otologic contents of the human temporal bone. Associated brain and skull injuries are also described.", "contents": "Impact trauma of the human temporal bone. A cooperative study between the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and the Highway Safety Research institute of the University of Michigan was designed to study temporal bone fracture produced in cadavers subjected to realistic automotive impact situations. Utilizing sled and piston impact configurations frontal and parietal impacts were noted to produce ipsilateral and contralateral fractures of nine temporal bones in seven cadavers. The impact velocities varied between 18.1 and 25.0 mph. Using standard otologic microsurgical techniques, the temporal bones were dissected and numerous gross and microscopic injuries to middle and inner ear structures were found. The authors conclude that extensive comminuted fracture of the human temporal bone is seen with realistic crash situations of low velocity, and that lateral impact which produces a longitudinal fracture with a posterior fossa comminution is associated with disruption of the cochlea and facial nerve, as well as of middle ear structures. The classical transverse fracture of extensive skull trauma lies medial to these structures and does not involve the otologic contents of the human temporal bone. Associated brain and skull injuries are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:909118", "title": "The use of a fiberoptic intracranial pressure transducer in the treatment of head injuries.", "content": "A 3-year experience of intracranial pressure monitoring of head-injured patients with a fiberoptic system, and the basic mechanics of the system are discussed. In the overall study, 46 patients were monitored for up to 32 days. There were no infections. Thirty-three patients had elevated pressure, and 16 of these patients required treatment of their elevated pressure. The pertinent findings in intracranial pressure monitoring that may indicate the need for, and the response to, therapy for increased intracranial pressure are also presented. The data obtained from monitoring indicate that intracranial pressure monitoring can also be an aid in the attempt of determine the prognosis of the patient.", "contents": "The use of a fiberoptic intracranial pressure transducer in the treatment of head injuries. A 3-year experience of intracranial pressure monitoring of head-injured patients with a fiberoptic system, and the basic mechanics of the system are discussed. In the overall study, 46 patients were monitored for up to 32 days. There were no infections. Thirty-three patients had elevated pressure, and 16 of these patients required treatment of their elevated pressure. The pertinent findings in intracranial pressure monitoring that may indicate the need for, and the response to, therapy for increased intracranial pressure are also presented. The data obtained from monitoring indicate that intracranial pressure monitoring can also be an aid in the attempt of determine the prognosis of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:909120", "title": "Nerve grafting in the repair of complicated peripheral nerve trauma.", "content": "Peripheral nerve trauma has been a challenge to surgeons, with significant advances in the surgery of repair occurring in major wars. The standard method of treatment involving wide mobilization and end-to-end suture to close traumatic gaps in peripheral nerves has not produced consistently acceptable results, particularly with large gaps. However, with the recent development of microsurgical techniques and instrumentation, the method of interfascicular nerve grafting has been applied to selected patients with trauma problems of the peripheral nerve, by resecting and autogenous nerve grafting at staggered levels to distribute scar formation, followed by plaster immobilization for 3 weeks. Ten patients are reported, with motor nerve recovery ranging from M2 to M4 and sensory recovery, S2-S4 (See Table I), based on Seddon's classification (11).", "contents": "Nerve grafting in the repair of complicated peripheral nerve trauma. Peripheral nerve trauma has been a challenge to surgeons, with significant advances in the surgery of repair occurring in major wars. The standard method of treatment involving wide mobilization and end-to-end suture to close traumatic gaps in peripheral nerves has not produced consistently acceptable results, particularly with large gaps. However, with the recent development of microsurgical techniques and instrumentation, the method of interfascicular nerve grafting has been applied to selected patients with trauma problems of the peripheral nerve, by resecting and autogenous nerve grafting at staggered levels to distribute scar formation, followed by plaster immobilization for 3 weeks. Ten patients are reported, with motor nerve recovery ranging from M2 to M4 and sensory recovery, S2-S4 (See Table I), based on Seddon's classification (11)."}
{"id": "PMID:909121", "title": "Traumatic rupture of the right hemidiaphragm.", "content": "Six cases of traumatic rupture of the right hemidiaphragm are reviewed with emphasis on diagnostic features and operative treatment. In one (Case 6), a mass lesion was seen in the chest 2 years after the initial injury and was repaired through a right thoractomy incision. There were no deaths. Of the five cases operated on soon after the initial injury, two were approached initially via right thoracotomy incisions and both required second incisions for injuries below the diaphragm. Three ruptures of the right hemidiaphragm were successfully repaired through laparotomy incisions without extension of the incision into the chest. Laparotomy is the preferred approach for rupture of the right hemidiaphragm during the acute phase, because exposure is adequate and life-threatening injuries below the diaphragm can usually be dealt with through the same incision.", "contents": "Traumatic rupture of the right hemidiaphragm. Six cases of traumatic rupture of the right hemidiaphragm are reviewed with emphasis on diagnostic features and operative treatment. In one (Case 6), a mass lesion was seen in the chest 2 years after the initial injury and was repaired through a right thoractomy incision. There were no deaths. Of the five cases operated on soon after the initial injury, two were approached initially via right thoracotomy incisions and both required second incisions for injuries below the diaphragm. Three ruptures of the right hemidiaphragm were successfully repaired through laparotomy incisions without extension of the incision into the chest. Laparotomy is the preferred approach for rupture of the right hemidiaphragm during the acute phase, because exposure is adequate and life-threatening injuries below the diaphragm can usually be dealt with through the same incision."}
{"id": "PMID:909122", "title": "Ski injuries.", "content": "A group of 147 injuried skiers seen in the emergency room of a midwestern hospital was studied. There were almost twice as many males as females, and lower-extremity injuries outnumbered upper-extremity injuries two to one. Leg injuries tended to occur in beginners whose bindings failed to release. Upper-extremity injuries were prevalent in better skiers whose bindings released properly. Frequent binding checks only slightly improved the likelihood of proper binding function.", "contents": "Ski injuries. A group of 147 injuried skiers seen in the emergency room of a midwestern hospital was studied. There were almost twice as many males as females, and lower-extremity injuries outnumbered upper-extremity injuries two to one. Leg injuries tended to occur in beginners whose bindings failed to release. Upper-extremity injuries were prevalent in better skiers whose bindings released properly. Frequent binding checks only slightly improved the likelihood of proper binding function."}
{"id": "PMID:909125", "title": "Effect of isometric handgrip exercise on left ventricular function in the patient with artificial cardiac pacemaker.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of isometric handgrip exercise were determined with a nonivasive method in the patient with artificial pacemaker. The arterial blood pressure was measured with mercury manometer as well as cardiac output by the dye dilution method with Indocyanin green before and after handgrip exercise. Isometric handgrip exercise produced a significant increase in the left ventricular ejection time, the left ventricular ejection time/the preejection period, the ejection time index/the isometric contraction time, the arterial blood pressure and cardiac output and a significant decrease in the preejection time and the isometric contraction time. Cardiac output was increased more remarkably in the negative Master two step test group than in the positive Master two step test group. There was found a significant positive relationship between the increase in cardiac output and P wave rate upon handgrip exercise.", "contents": "Effect of isometric handgrip exercise on left ventricular function in the patient with artificial cardiac pacemaker. The cardiovascular effects of isometric handgrip exercise were determined with a nonivasive method in the patient with artificial pacemaker. The arterial blood pressure was measured with mercury manometer as well as cardiac output by the dye dilution method with Indocyanin green before and after handgrip exercise. Isometric handgrip exercise produced a significant increase in the left ventricular ejection time, the left ventricular ejection time/the preejection period, the ejection time index/the isometric contraction time, the arterial blood pressure and cardiac output and a significant decrease in the preejection time and the isometric contraction time. Cardiac output was increased more remarkably in the negative Master two step test group than in the positive Master two step test group. There was found a significant positive relationship between the increase in cardiac output and P wave rate upon handgrip exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:909130", "title": "Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in normal young men: its responsiveness to manipulation of sodium balance and upright posture.", "content": "Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was examined in nine healthy young adults. DBH activity at rest had a wide range, near 0 to 44 I.U./L. When sodium depletion was performed by dietary sodium restriction and diuretic, the activity was significantly increased. With dietary sodium loading, it was decreased. The change in DBH activity was significantly correlated with that in hematocrit. When subjects were erected, the enzyme activity was elevated in situations regardless of sodium balance. Blood pressure and pulse rate were changed by manipulation of sodium balance and postural change. However, the change in DBH activity did not correlate with them. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined concomitantly in the same plasma with DBH. The change in PRA had a direct correlation with that in DBH activity. Furthermore, the change in mean arterial pressure induced by infusion of angiotensin II analogue seemed to correlate with DBH activity change by sodium depletion. When the values of DBH activity in each individual were compared throughout the study, it was observed that the biggest variance in the activity of each individual was significantly correlated with the basal activity. In longitudinal study of individuals, plasma DBH activity could be a useful index for estimation of sympathetic activity.", "contents": "Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in normal young men: its responsiveness to manipulation of sodium balance and upright posture. Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was examined in nine healthy young adults. DBH activity at rest had a wide range, near 0 to 44 I.U./L. When sodium depletion was performed by dietary sodium restriction and diuretic, the activity was significantly increased. With dietary sodium loading, it was decreased. The change in DBH activity was significantly correlated with that in hematocrit. When subjects were erected, the enzyme activity was elevated in situations regardless of sodium balance. Blood pressure and pulse rate were changed by manipulation of sodium balance and postural change. However, the change in DBH activity did not correlate with them. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined concomitantly in the same plasma with DBH. The change in PRA had a direct correlation with that in DBH activity. Furthermore, the change in mean arterial pressure induced by infusion of angiotensin II analogue seemed to correlate with DBH activity change by sodium depletion. When the values of DBH activity in each individual were compared throughout the study, it was observed that the biggest variance in the activity of each individual was significantly correlated with the basal activity. In longitudinal study of individuals, plasma DBH activity could be a useful index for estimation of sympathetic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:909134", "title": "[Therapeutic effect of pipemidic acid trihydrate on urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-seven cases of urinary tract infection were treated with daily dose of 1.5 g of pipemidic acid trihydrate. Duration of drug administration varied between 7 and 28 days. The patients were consisted of acute cystitis (10), underlying disease (5) and complicated infection after long period catheterization (12). Following results were obtained: 1. Organisms cultured before treatment were sensitive to pipemidic acid trihydrate. 2. First and second classes of patients were cured by the treatment, however, patients having indwelling catheter were not changed on the view of culture. 3. No serious side effect was observed including hepatic and renal function, and blood.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effect of pipemidic acid trihydrate on urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. Twenty-seven cases of urinary tract infection were treated with daily dose of 1.5 g of pipemidic acid trihydrate. Duration of drug administration varied between 7 and 28 days. The patients were consisted of acute cystitis (10), underlying disease (5) and complicated infection after long period catheterization (12). Following results were obtained: 1. Organisms cultured before treatment were sensitive to pipemidic acid trihydrate. 2. First and second classes of patients were cured by the treatment, however, patients having indwelling catheter were not changed on the view of culture. 3. No serious side effect was observed including hepatic and renal function, and blood."}
{"id": "PMID:909135", "title": "[Syphilotherapy with amoxicillin, a synthetic penicillin (author's transl)].", "content": "Amoxicillin, a synthetic penicillin preparation, was given to 25 cases as an antiluetic. As for 13 cases of them, one year or more have passed since the treatment finished. 1. A daily dose of 1,000 approximately 1,500 mg of amoxicillin was continuously administered for 4 weeks, as one course. After each course finished, administrated was stoped for 2 approximately 4 weeks for examination of results of TPHA estimation, and then another course was started. 2. Effective rate in 13 cases reached about 40%. The remaining 12 cases are now under treatment. 3. Exanthema, a side effect, was observed in one of 25 cases.", "contents": "[Syphilotherapy with amoxicillin, a synthetic penicillin (author's transl)]. Amoxicillin, a synthetic penicillin preparation, was given to 25 cases as an antiluetic. As for 13 cases of them, one year or more have passed since the treatment finished. 1. A daily dose of 1,000 approximately 1,500 mg of amoxicillin was continuously administered for 4 weeks, as one course. After each course finished, administrated was stoped for 2 approximately 4 weeks for examination of results of TPHA estimation, and then another course was started. 2. Effective rate in 13 cases reached about 40%. The remaining 12 cases are now under treatment. 3. Exanthema, a side effect, was observed in one of 25 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:909139", "title": "[Clinical studies with minocycline intravenous instillation. Chemotherapy in patients with renal impairment (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present studies, we had an opportunity to review the effects of minocycline intravenous instillation for the treatment of moderate disorder of renal functions. No accumulation of minocycline was observed in the repeated administration of this drug instilled intravenously up to 7 days in the patients with moderate disorder of the renal functions. Also, no particular abnormality was observed in the tests of the liver, kidney and hematology. For patients with moderate Ccr 30 approximately 60 ml/min, as entered into the present study, the usual dosage of minocycline intravenous instillation for less than 7 days would not cause adverse reaction on renal functions.", "contents": "[Clinical studies with minocycline intravenous instillation. Chemotherapy in patients with renal impairment (author's transl)]. In the present studies, we had an opportunity to review the effects of minocycline intravenous instillation for the treatment of moderate disorder of renal functions. No accumulation of minocycline was observed in the repeated administration of this drug instilled intravenously up to 7 days in the patients with moderate disorder of the renal functions. Also, no particular abnormality was observed in the tests of the liver, kidney and hematology. For patients with moderate Ccr 30 approximately 60 ml/min, as entered into the present study, the usual dosage of minocycline intravenous instillation for less than 7 days would not cause adverse reaction on renal functions."}
{"id": "PMID:909140", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of intrathoracic tissue bactericidal antibiotic level (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty-one patients who were performed thoracotomy for the disease of the chest, were administered sulfobenzyl penicillin 5.0 g for an hour during their operation. Antibiotic levels of serum and intrathoracic tissues (a piece of lung parenchyma, pleura, pulmonary hilar lymphnode, fatty-tissue and chest wall muscle) were determined, and an evaluation of bactericidal effect was discussed. In this study, we found that antibiotic levels of lung tissue with infectious or inflammatory disease were remarkably high compared with the levels of bronchogenic carcinoma. This means that a high concentration of sulfobenzyl penicillin to infectious intrathoracic tissues is effective against post-operative infection.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of intrathoracic tissue bactericidal antibiotic level (author's transl)]. Thirty-one patients who were performed thoracotomy for the disease of the chest, were administered sulfobenzyl penicillin 5.0 g for an hour during their operation. Antibiotic levels of serum and intrathoracic tissues (a piece of lung parenchyma, pleura, pulmonary hilar lymphnode, fatty-tissue and chest wall muscle) were determined, and an evaluation of bactericidal effect was discussed. In this study, we found that antibiotic levels of lung tissue with infectious or inflammatory disease were remarkably high compared with the levels of bronchogenic carcinoma. This means that a high concentration of sulfobenzyl penicillin to infectious intrathoracic tissues is effective against post-operative infection."}
{"id": "PMID:909147", "title": "[A study on midecamycin granules in acute respiratory diseases in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "We have undertaken some basic and clinical studies on midecamycin granules with following results: 1) After ingesting of 4 g of midecamycin granules, peak blood levels (1.51 microgram/ml on an average) appeared at one hour in infants, detectable amount lasting for 6 hours. 2) Urinary excretion within 6 hours ranged from 1.1 to 2.7% of the drug dosed. 3) In the treatment of a total of 19 acute cases, consisting of 9 cases of tonsillitis, 7 cases of lacunar tonsillitis and 3 cases of bronchitis, midecamycin was found effective in 79% of the cases. 4) In all the 3 cases of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma, response to midecamycin was assessed as excellent. 5) Hepatic and renal functions tests performed in cases treated with the drug for a prolonged period (40 approximately 50 mg/kg for 13 approximately 18 days) revealed no undesirable effect, indicating that midecamycin can be administered continuously to younger infants with infections.", "contents": "[A study on midecamycin granules in acute respiratory diseases in infants (author's transl)]. We have undertaken some basic and clinical studies on midecamycin granules with following results: 1) After ingesting of 4 g of midecamycin granules, peak blood levels (1.51 microgram/ml on an average) appeared at one hour in infants, detectable amount lasting for 6 hours. 2) Urinary excretion within 6 hours ranged from 1.1 to 2.7% of the drug dosed. 3) In the treatment of a total of 19 acute cases, consisting of 9 cases of tonsillitis, 7 cases of lacunar tonsillitis and 3 cases of bronchitis, midecamycin was found effective in 79% of the cases. 4) In all the 3 cases of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma, response to midecamycin was assessed as excellent. 5) Hepatic and renal functions tests performed in cases treated with the drug for a prolonged period (40 approximately 50 mg/kg for 13 approximately 18 days) revealed no undesirable effect, indicating that midecamycin can be administered continuously to younger infants with infections."}
{"id": "PMID:909149", "title": "[Comparison of absorption and excretion of doxycycline capsules and tablets (author's transl)].", "content": "By cross-over method between two formulations of capsules and tablets of doxycycline, serum levels and urinary excretions were compared in humans. No difference was found between the results with both formulations.", "contents": "[Comparison of absorption and excretion of doxycycline capsules and tablets (author's transl)]. By cross-over method between two formulations of capsules and tablets of doxycycline, serum levels and urinary excretions were compared in humans. No difference was found between the results with both formulations."}
{"id": "PMID:909150", "title": "[Studies on the in vitro bactericidal effects of cephalexin against Staphylococcus aureus (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of cephalexin on the numbers of viable cells was studied. Two strains of Staph. aureus and 6 strains of Escherichia coli at their logarithmic phase were exposed to various concentrations (1 approximately 4 MICs) of cephalexin for 1 approximately 24 hours in vitro. The numbers of viable cells were determined by the colony-counting method during and after the exposure of cephalexin. The following results were obtained: 1. When exposure time was short (3 hours or less), the numbers of viable cells were not decreased even at the high concentration (4 MICs). And more exposure time (4 hours or more) was needed for decreasing the number of cells. 2. \"Concentration\" was not strong influencing factor for decreasing the numbers of cells as compared with \"Exposure time\". 3. From the point of decreasing the numbers of cells for 12 hours, 4-hour exposure to 1 MIC was more effective than 2-hour twice exposure at 4-hour nonexposure interval to 4 MICs of cephalexin.", "contents": "[Studies on the in vitro bactericidal effects of cephalexin against Staphylococcus aureus (author's transl)]. The effect of cephalexin on the numbers of viable cells was studied. Two strains of Staph. aureus and 6 strains of Escherichia coli at their logarithmic phase were exposed to various concentrations (1 approximately 4 MICs) of cephalexin for 1 approximately 24 hours in vitro. The numbers of viable cells were determined by the colony-counting method during and after the exposure of cephalexin. The following results were obtained: 1. When exposure time was short (3 hours or less), the numbers of viable cells were not decreased even at the high concentration (4 MICs). And more exposure time (4 hours or more) was needed for decreasing the number of cells. 2. \"Concentration\" was not strong influencing factor for decreasing the numbers of cells as compared with \"Exposure time\". 3. From the point of decreasing the numbers of cells for 12 hours, 4-hour exposure to 1 MIC was more effective than 2-hour twice exposure at 4-hour nonexposure interval to 4 MICs of cephalexin."}
{"id": "PMID:909154", "title": "Precordial mapping in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serial precordial mapping was done in 30 patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction, 27 transmural and 3 subendorcardial. The sum of ST elevations in the 48 lead map was designated as sigma ST. Normal sigma ST was calculated as 27.1+/-3.1 in males and 14.3+/-2.8 in females. In infarction it was 100.4+/-58.2 in males and 84.8+/-50.9 in females on the 1st day of admission. Sigma ST was elevated on day 1 and tended to fall gradually. In 6 patients it was normal by day 7 and in 7 it was still abnormal by day 21. This fall roughly correlated with fall in SGOT and CPK levels. Significant elevation of sigma ST occurred in 14 of 27 cases after day 1. In 10 of 27 cases significant re-elevation occurred on day 4 or after i.e. when the patient was outside the ICCU. In 10 of the 14 re-elevations there was pain or worsening of clinical picture and in 12 there was re-elevation of SGOT. This elevation presumably implied infarct extension. There was a tendency to more arrhythmias in the patients with higher sigma ST and of the 4 deaths in the series 3 had very high sigma ST and high levels of SGOT. The patient with the highest sigma ST 295 died in cardiogenic shock. The number of risk factors was found to be higher in the high sigma ST group.", "contents": "Precordial mapping in acute myocardial infarction. Serial precordial mapping was done in 30 patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction, 27 transmural and 3 subendorcardial. The sum of ST elevations in the 48 lead map was designated as sigma ST. Normal sigma ST was calculated as 27.1+/-3.1 in males and 14.3+/-2.8 in females. In infarction it was 100.4+/-58.2 in males and 84.8+/-50.9 in females on the 1st day of admission. Sigma ST was elevated on day 1 and tended to fall gradually. In 6 patients it was normal by day 7 and in 7 it was still abnormal by day 21. This fall roughly correlated with fall in SGOT and CPK levels. Significant elevation of sigma ST occurred in 14 of 27 cases after day 1. In 10 of 27 cases significant re-elevation occurred on day 4 or after i.e. when the patient was outside the ICCU. In 10 of the 14 re-elevations there was pain or worsening of clinical picture and in 12 there was re-elevation of SGOT. This elevation presumably implied infarct extension. There was a tendency to more arrhythmias in the patients with higher sigma ST and of the 4 deaths in the series 3 had very high sigma ST and high levels of SGOT. The patient with the highest sigma ST 295 died in cardiogenic shock. The number of risk factors was found to be higher in the high sigma ST group."}
{"id": "PMID:909155", "title": "Congenital heart disease in high school and college students.", "content": "The prevalence and relative frequency of congenital heart disease in high school and college students were investigated during the period April 1970-March 1976. Forty congenital lesions were found among 13,127 subjects which shows a rate of 3 per thousand. The ratio of congenital lesion to rheumatic heart disease was 4/1. Ventricular septal defect was the most common defect, found in 30% of all lesions followed by atrial septal defect (20%) and patent ductus arteriosus (17.5%). The prevalence and relative frequency in those investigated differed only slightly from the results obtained among children. The possibility of spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defect during adulthood strongly suggested itself when compared with our previous data on post middle age subjects.", "contents": "Congenital heart disease in high school and college students. The prevalence and relative frequency of congenital heart disease in high school and college students were investigated during the period April 1970-March 1976. Forty congenital lesions were found among 13,127 subjects which shows a rate of 3 per thousand. The ratio of congenital lesion to rheumatic heart disease was 4/1. Ventricular septal defect was the most common defect, found in 30% of all lesions followed by atrial septal defect (20%) and patent ductus arteriosus (17.5%). The prevalence and relative frequency in those investigated differed only slightly from the results obtained among children. The possibility of spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defect during adulthood strongly suggested itself when compared with our previous data on post middle age subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:909156", "title": "Correlation between areas of ventricular preexcitation and types of WPW QRS patterns by means of computer simulation of ventricular activation sequence.", "content": "Computer simulation of the ventricular activation sequence of the WPW syndrome was attempted by producing fusion beats in which localized ventricular myocardium was activated earlier than the \"normal excitation\". It suggested that the site of pre-excitation was; i) at the posterior or the lateral free wall of the left ventricle adjacent to the A-V groove in type A, ii) at the antero-lateral base of the right ventricle in type B, and iii) at the posterior paraseptal region of the right ventricle in type C. A mild degree of pre-excitation at the left ventricular postero-lateral region will result in type B QRS complexes.", "contents": "Correlation between areas of ventricular preexcitation and types of WPW QRS patterns by means of computer simulation of ventricular activation sequence. Computer simulation of the ventricular activation sequence of the WPW syndrome was attempted by producing fusion beats in which localized ventricular myocardium was activated earlier than the \"normal excitation\". It suggested that the site of pre-excitation was; i) at the posterior or the lateral free wall of the left ventricle adjacent to the A-V groove in type A, ii) at the antero-lateral base of the right ventricle in type B, and iii) at the posterior paraseptal region of the right ventricle in type C. A mild degree of pre-excitation at the left ventricular postero-lateral region will result in type B QRS complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:909215", "title": "Cross-reactive HLA antigens in B27-negative Reiter's syndrome and sacroiliitis.", "content": "Proposed mechanisms to explain the association of HLA-B27 with Reiter's syndrome (RS) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) include abnormal immune response genes linked to HLA or a direct role for HLA antigens in disease pathogenesis. Our studies provide indirect evidence to support the latter hypothesis. Seventy-nine patients (44 with RS, 27 with AS and 8 with idiopathic sacroiliitis [SI]) were evaluated clinically and by HLA phenotyping. Of the 10 patients with RS who were B27-negative, 7 (70%) had another B locus antigen that was immunologically cross-reactive with B27 (B7-group antigen). These included B7 in two, BW22 in four, and BW42 in one. Four of eight patients with sacroiliitis alone had B27, but the remaining four all had B7. Two B27-negative AS patients had no B7-group antigens. Thus, 69% of B27-negative patients had cross-reactive HLA antigens.", "contents": "Cross-reactive HLA antigens in B27-negative Reiter's syndrome and sacroiliitis. Proposed mechanisms to explain the association of HLA-B27 with Reiter's syndrome (RS) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) include abnormal immune response genes linked to HLA or a direct role for HLA antigens in disease pathogenesis. Our studies provide indirect evidence to support the latter hypothesis. Seventy-nine patients (44 with RS, 27 with AS and 8 with idiopathic sacroiliitis [SI]) were evaluated clinically and by HLA phenotyping. Of the 10 patients with RS who were B27-negative, 7 (70%) had another B locus antigen that was immunologically cross-reactive with B27 (B7-group antigen). These included B7 in two, BW22 in four, and BW42 in one. Four of eight patients with sacroiliitis alone had B27, but the remaining four all had B7. Two B27-negative AS patients had no B7-group antigens. Thus, 69% of B27-negative patients had cross-reactive HLA antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:909253", "title": "[The effect of euthyscope- and occlusion therapy in cases of convergent strabismus. Comparative, prospective examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "1. 63 children with strabismus and amblyopia (average age 7 years) were chosen at random to be treated either with occlusion or with the Euthyscope followed by occlusion. No significant difference was apparent after comparison of both forms of treatment. 2. Six more children were occluded for several months without success and were then treated for two months with the Euthyscope followed by further occlusion. In four of these cases pleoptic treatment proved to be temporarily successful. 3. In addition, 14 children with microstrabismus and amblyopia, and 17 children with amblyopia ex anisometropia showed a distinct improvement of the visual aciuty after occlusion. An 18-year-old patient with microstrabismic amblyopia achieved normal visual acuity. 4. Euthyscope treatment was used in amblyopic patients who had lost their good eye. In the case of an 18-year-old patient the distant visual acuity increased to 0.6. The increase in the near vision and the speed of reading continued to improve for several years. 5. Papilla-Macula-Relationship: 47 amblyopes were compared with 8 anisometropic and 16 microstrabismic patients as well as with 32 normal subjects. In these groups no significant difference in the papilla-maculadistance was apparent. 6. Refraction: In amblyopic eyes there were no significant refractive errors between fixing and non-fixing eyes. Conversely, in patients with microstrabismus and those with anisometropic a significant difference was found.", "contents": "[The effect of euthyscope- and occlusion therapy in cases of convergent strabismus. Comparative, prospective examinations (author's transl)]. 1. 63 children with strabismus and amblyopia (average age 7 years) were chosen at random to be treated either with occlusion or with the Euthyscope followed by occlusion. No significant difference was apparent after comparison of both forms of treatment. 2. Six more children were occluded for several months without success and were then treated for two months with the Euthyscope followed by further occlusion. In four of these cases pleoptic treatment proved to be temporarily successful. 3. In addition, 14 children with microstrabismus and amblyopia, and 17 children with amblyopia ex anisometropia showed a distinct improvement of the visual aciuty after occlusion. An 18-year-old patient with microstrabismic amblyopia achieved normal visual acuity. 4. Euthyscope treatment was used in amblyopic patients who had lost their good eye. In the case of an 18-year-old patient the distant visual acuity increased to 0.6. The increase in the near vision and the speed of reading continued to improve for several years. 5. Papilla-Macula-Relationship: 47 amblyopes were compared with 8 anisometropic and 16 microstrabismic patients as well as with 32 normal subjects. In these groups no significant difference in the papilla-maculadistance was apparent. 6. Refraction: In amblyopic eyes there were no significant refractive errors between fixing and non-fixing eyes. Conversely, in patients with microstrabismus and those with anisometropic a significant difference was found."}
{"id": "PMID:909254", "title": "[The treatment of squint-amblyopia with eccentric fixation (author's transl)].", "content": "The author used Deller and Brack's method in the treatment of twelve patients with squinting amblyopia and eccentric fixation. The high percentage of good results obtained supports the value of this method.", "contents": "[The treatment of squint-amblyopia with eccentric fixation (author's transl)]. The author used Deller and Brack's method in the treatment of twelve patients with squinting amblyopia and eccentric fixation. The high percentage of good results obtained supports the value of this method."}
{"id": "PMID:909255", "title": "[On ketamine-monoanaesthesia for operations for strabismus in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "In 58 children below the age of 12 with strabismus operations were performed under anesthesia with Ketamine. Continuous and discontinuous modes of application were selected with varying premedication. Blood-pressure and pulse-rate, the occurence of oculo cardial reflex (OCR) and narcotic requirement were registered and discussed with regard to premedication and specific modes of application.", "contents": "[On ketamine-monoanaesthesia for operations for strabismus in childhood (author's transl)]. In 58 children below the age of 12 with strabismus operations were performed under anesthesia with Ketamine. Continuous and discontinuous modes of application were selected with varying premedication. Blood-pressure and pulse-rate, the occurence of oculo cardial reflex (OCR) and narcotic requirement were registered and discussed with regard to premedication and specific modes of application."}
{"id": "PMID:909256", "title": "[Ocular symptoms in Rubinstein-Taybi-Syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases are reported with the following symptoms: broad thumbs and toes, typical facial abnormalities with beaked nose and hypertelorism. In addition the first child had microcornea, polycoria and subluxation lentis, the second a dacryostenosis. In both cases there were anomalies of refraction and strabismus. A detailed description of the classical findings is also included.", "contents": "[Ocular symptoms in Rubinstein-Taybi-Syndrome (author's transl)]. Two cases are reported with the following symptoms: broad thumbs and toes, typical facial abnormalities with beaked nose and hypertelorism. In addition the first child had microcornea, polycoria and subluxation lentis, the second a dacryostenosis. In both cases there were anomalies of refraction and strabismus. A detailed description of the classical findings is also included."}
{"id": "PMID:909257", "title": "[Osteitis deformans cranio-orbitalis (Paget's) in a young patient. Operation and clinico-pathology study (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the cranio-facial anomalies involving the orbit, Paget's disease is of particular interest due to its progressive evolution and clinico-pathological characteristics. In this article a case of Paget's disease (juvenile type) with orbital expansion in a young woman of 27 years is presented. The onset of clinical symptoms were recorded at the age of 15 years progressing to optic atrophy and blindness in one eye and visual deterioration on the other. The peculiarity of this case lies on the early onset of clinical symptoms due to elective in volvement of the skull and sparing of the facial bones. The surgical decompression (removal of the roof of the orbit and upper wall of the stenosed optic canal) was successful in controlling the evolution to optic nerve atrophy in the seeing eye.", "contents": "[Osteitis deformans cranio-orbitalis (Paget's) in a young patient. Operation and clinico-pathology study (author's transl)]. Among the cranio-facial anomalies involving the orbit, Paget's disease is of particular interest due to its progressive evolution and clinico-pathological characteristics. In this article a case of Paget's disease (juvenile type) with orbital expansion in a young woman of 27 years is presented. The onset of clinical symptoms were recorded at the age of 15 years progressing to optic atrophy and blindness in one eye and visual deterioration on the other. The peculiarity of this case lies on the early onset of clinical symptoms due to elective in volvement of the skull and sparing of the facial bones. The surgical decompression (removal of the roof of the orbit and upper wall of the stenosed optic canal) was successful in controlling the evolution to optic nerve atrophy in the seeing eye."}
{"id": "PMID:909258", "title": "[A comparison between pneumatography and tomography (tomodensitometry) for examination of the visual pathway (author's transl)].", "content": "The author describes the possibilities of x-ray examination of the extra- and intracranial parts of the visual pathway. After a survey of pneumatography of the orbit a comparison with pneumoencephalography and tomodensitometry (EMI-scanner) is made. Tomodensitometry must be regarded as a significant advance in neuroradiological examination because it is not dangerous and easy to perform. The indications for complementary pneumoencephalography are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[A comparison between pneumatography and tomography (tomodensitometry) for examination of the visual pathway (author's transl)]. The author describes the possibilities of x-ray examination of the extra- and intracranial parts of the visual pathway. After a survey of pneumatography of the orbit a comparison with pneumoencephalography and tomodensitometry (EMI-scanner) is made. Tomodensitometry must be regarded as a significant advance in neuroradiological examination because it is not dangerous and easy to perform. The indications for complementary pneumoencephalography are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:909259", "title": "[Determination in the spectral curve of relative luminous efficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of the maximum in the spectral curve of relative luminous efficiency can be done with a simple procedure. Two colours having the same ordinate on the curve are alternatively presented at a rate under the critical fusion frequency. They do not flicker if the subject is normal. They flicker on the contray if the maximum is displaced. We developed a simple apparatus which is proposed.", "contents": "[Determination in the spectral curve of relative luminous efficiency (author's transl)]. The determination of the maximum in the spectral curve of relative luminous efficiency can be done with a simple procedure. Two colours having the same ordinate on the curve are alternatively presented at a rate under the critical fusion frequency. They do not flicker if the subject is normal. They flicker on the contray if the maximum is displaced. We developed a simple apparatus which is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:909260", "title": "[Study of zonular area (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents a set of colored pictures which permits to delimitate 3 kinds of zonular fibers. 1. Short anterior fibers. 2. Short posterior or medial fibers, and 3. long posterior fibers. Describe also 3 irregular rings where the zonular fibers are firmly attached to the hyaloids and vitreous. 1. The Wieger's or Egger's ring. 2. The ciliary ring, and 3. the ora serrata ring. The first one attached to the posterior capsula, the second to the ciliary processes and ciliary body and the third to the peaks of the ora serrata. They are the 3 anterior support of the vitreous body. The 2nd is movile by the action of the circular ciliary muscle which acts like a diaphragm suspended from the flexible spur. When contracts relax the zonular fibers but pull the spur and trabeculum and would move the dense basal vitreous to the center pressing the fluid central vitreous.", "contents": "[Study of zonular area (author's transl)]. The author presents a set of colored pictures which permits to delimitate 3 kinds of zonular fibers. 1. Short anterior fibers. 2. Short posterior or medial fibers, and 3. long posterior fibers. Describe also 3 irregular rings where the zonular fibers are firmly attached to the hyaloids and vitreous. 1. The Wieger's or Egger's ring. 2. The ciliary ring, and 3. the ora serrata ring. The first one attached to the posterior capsula, the second to the ciliary processes and ciliary body and the third to the peaks of the ora serrata. They are the 3 anterior support of the vitreous body. The 2nd is movile by the action of the circular ciliary muscle which acts like a diaphragm suspended from the flexible spur. When contracts relax the zonular fibers but pull the spur and trabeculum and would move the dense basal vitreous to the center pressing the fluid central vitreous."}
{"id": "PMID:909261", "title": "[Capillaries of the macula and fovea of the human retina (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurrence of atypical vascularisation of the macular-foveal zone in 20 eyes of 17 patients is described. The significance of this fluorescein stereoangiographic finding is discussed.", "contents": "[Capillaries of the macula and fovea of the human retina (author's transl)]. The occurrence of atypical vascularisation of the macular-foveal zone in 20 eyes of 17 patients is described. The significance of this fluorescein stereoangiographic finding is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909262", "title": "[Removal of intraocular tumors and cysts by deep lamellar resection (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 28 cases is presented in which a relatively simple surgical procedure of deep lamellar resection of adjacent cornea and sclera is used to remove malignant or possibly malignant growths of the iris root, ciliary body and interior choroid and epithelial cysts and downgrowths. The technique was developed from the early trabeculectomy operation and has been used during the past 16 years. It was used to remove 16 epithelial implantation cysts, 2 benign tumors of the chamber angle, 7 malignant melanomas of the iris root, 1 malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body and 2 epithelial downgrowths.", "contents": "[Removal of intraocular tumors and cysts by deep lamellar resection (author's transl)]. A series of 28 cases is presented in which a relatively simple surgical procedure of deep lamellar resection of adjacent cornea and sclera is used to remove malignant or possibly malignant growths of the iris root, ciliary body and interior choroid and epithelial cysts and downgrowths. The technique was developed from the early trabeculectomy operation and has been used during the past 16 years. It was used to remove 16 epithelial implantation cysts, 2 benign tumors of the chamber angle, 7 malignant melanomas of the iris root, 1 malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body and 2 epithelial downgrowths."}
{"id": "PMID:909263", "title": "[Mild resistant chronic conjunctivitis (sub-clinical allergies) (author's transl)].", "content": "Cases of persistent conjunctival irritation not associated with any recognised cause, can be a source of annoyance to Ophthalmologists. A series of cases were investigated from the allergy angle (none of the patients showing the usual pattern of allergy) and a proportion were found to have possible allergic factors present.", "contents": "[Mild resistant chronic conjunctivitis (sub-clinical allergies) (author's transl)]. Cases of persistent conjunctival irritation not associated with any recognised cause, can be a source of annoyance to Ophthalmologists. A series of cases were investigated from the allergy angle (none of the patients showing the usual pattern of allergy) and a proportion were found to have possible allergic factors present."}
{"id": "PMID:909264", "title": "[Goniotrepanation with scleral flap: recommendations for the microsurgical operation method (author's transl)].", "content": "After more than five years' experience with goniotrepanation the improved details of the micro-surgical technique operation of are explained.", "contents": "[Goniotrepanation with scleral flap: recommendations for the microsurgical operation method (author's transl)]. After more than five years' experience with goniotrepanation the improved details of the micro-surgical technique operation of are explained."}
{"id": "PMID:909265", "title": "[Changes in cataract extraction in 10 years (author's transl)].", "content": "A statistical survey has shown how within only 10 years in the University Eye-Clinic in Hamburg-Eppendorf the cataract operation has undergone a multifaceted change. This is true expecially for the type of incision, and with increasing importance the planning of combined operations (antiglaucoma operations, corneal transplant) and the introduction of the suction technique for cataracts in children and young patients and for congenital dislocation of the lens.", "contents": "[Changes in cataract extraction in 10 years (author's transl)]. A statistical survey has shown how within only 10 years in the University Eye-Clinic in Hamburg-Eppendorf the cataract operation has undergone a multifaceted change. This is true expecially for the type of incision, and with increasing importance the planning of combined operations (antiglaucoma operations, corneal transplant) and the introduction of the suction technique for cataracts in children and young patients and for congenital dislocation of the lens."}
{"id": "PMID:909266", "title": "[Development of ophthalmological working procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "The work at a university clinic is characterized by teaching, research, and care of in- and out-patients. The combination of these basic tasks needs appropriate organization. To obtain optimal efficiency, the size and power of the single compartments, the teams working there are personal intentions of their members, and other special factors must be considered. Apart from local differences some basic outlines can be drawn characterizing the typical problems of an eye clinic taking into consideration its special matters. Moreover, the continuous clinical and scientific progress has to be taken in mind in order to create organizational forms feasable for change and adaptation. In this paper we present our considerations concerning the arrangement of our own clinic, and the experience gained in respect to the development of working methods. Some examples are given in order to demonstrate the realization of close conjunctions between the various parts of the clinic, and, likewise, the increase of efficiency of different methods and techniques gained by those means. This gives general ideas of the solution of some actual problems in a university eye clinic.", "contents": "[Development of ophthalmological working procedures (author's transl)]. The work at a university clinic is characterized by teaching, research, and care of in- and out-patients. The combination of these basic tasks needs appropriate organization. To obtain optimal efficiency, the size and power of the single compartments, the teams working there are personal intentions of their members, and other special factors must be considered. Apart from local differences some basic outlines can be drawn characterizing the typical problems of an eye clinic taking into consideration its special matters. Moreover, the continuous clinical and scientific progress has to be taken in mind in order to create organizational forms feasable for change and adaptation. In this paper we present our considerations concerning the arrangement of our own clinic, and the experience gained in respect to the development of working methods. Some examples are given in order to demonstrate the realization of close conjunctions between the various parts of the clinic, and, likewise, the increase of efficiency of different methods and techniques gained by those means. This gives general ideas of the solution of some actual problems in a university eye clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:909267", "title": "[Orthokeratology. Technique - possibilities - limits (author's transl)].", "content": "The vornea is because of its refraction, its structure and accessibility the easiest variable component of the optic eye system. Flat fitted, barely flexible contact lenses exercise by their small central clearance a considerable pressure on the corneal apex and will therefore bring about a reversible clearance of the central corneal topography. Orthokeratology therapeutically uses this effect in order to temporarily reducing, changing or eliminating a refractive error. This is of a particular interest in the case of a keratoconus. Orthokeratology is not without danger because too high pressures have a weekening effect on the corneal trophic and resistance.", "contents": "[Orthokeratology. Technique - possibilities - limits (author's transl)]. The vornea is because of its refraction, its structure and accessibility the easiest variable component of the optic eye system. Flat fitted, barely flexible contact lenses exercise by their small central clearance a considerable pressure on the corneal apex and will therefore bring about a reversible clearance of the central corneal topography. Orthokeratology therapeutically uses this effect in order to temporarily reducing, changing or eliminating a refractive error. This is of a particular interest in the case of a keratoconus. Orthokeratology is not without danger because too high pressures have a weekening effect on the corneal trophic and resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:909268", "title": "[Herpes therapy and prophylaxis. II. Results of a survey of practicing ophthalmologists (author's transl)].", "content": "Between December 1975 and April 1976, 2,300 ophthalmologists in the Federal Republic of Germany and West-Berlin were asked about their experiences with different forms of therapy and prophylaxis for herpetic eye diseases. 15 questions were answered by 965 ophthalmologists (42%). The answers not only reflect their preferences and experiences, but could also initiate a new evaluation of many diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic methods.", "contents": "[Herpes therapy and prophylaxis. II. Results of a survey of practicing ophthalmologists (author's transl)]. Between December 1975 and April 1976, 2,300 ophthalmologists in the Federal Republic of Germany and West-Berlin were asked about their experiences with different forms of therapy and prophylaxis for herpetic eye diseases. 15 questions were answered by 965 ophthalmologists (42%). The answers not only reflect their preferences and experiences, but could also initiate a new evaluation of many diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:909270", "title": "[Change in the gravitation level as a stressor].", "content": "Animal (rats, mice) experiments have shown that a gravity change within the range of +/- 1 g relative to the Earth gravity field (zero g in space flight, increased gravity in centrifugation experiments) results in the development of similar reactions--growth delay, involution of lymph organs, lymphopenia. These are classic signs of stress reactions. Centrifugation experiments have demonstrated that the stress-effect of increased gravity can be counteracted by intermittent pretraining on the centrifuge. With respect to the literature data and the authors' own experimental findings, the ratio of specific and nonspecific components in animal responses to gravity changes as well as the contribution of animal reactivity and resistance to these responses were discussed.", "contents": "[Change in the gravitation level as a stressor]. Animal (rats, mice) experiments have shown that a gravity change within the range of +/- 1 g relative to the Earth gravity field (zero g in space flight, increased gravity in centrifugation experiments) results in the development of similar reactions--growth delay, involution of lymph organs, lymphopenia. These are classic signs of stress reactions. Centrifugation experiments have demonstrated that the stress-effect of increased gravity can be counteracted by intermittent pretraining on the centrifuge. With respect to the literature data and the authors' own experimental findings, the ratio of specific and nonspecific components in animal responses to gravity changes as well as the contribution of animal reactivity and resistance to these responses were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909272", "title": "[Characteristics of the water-salt metabolism and functional state of the kidneys in members of the crew of the 1st \"Saliut-4\" expedition].", "content": "The paper presents the results of studying fluid-electrolyte metabolism and the renal function in A. A. Gubarev and G. M. Grechko after their 30-cay orbital flight. On the R + O day renal excretion of fluid, sodium, potassium and osmotically active subtances decreased. Renal excretion of calcium and magnesium postflight was higher than preflight. Similar, although better pronounced, changes were seen during provocative tests with a water load. One of the factors causing changes in the renal transport of electrolytes postflight could have been an alteration in the ionic composition of the serum, especially a decrease in the potassium concentration and an increase in the calcium and magnesium content. Disorders in the relationship between the function of osmo- and ion regulation systems and dissociation in the renal excretion of individual ions after the 30-day flight that were distinct during tests with a water load seem to be associated with metabolic changes during and after flight rather than with hemodynamic changes.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the water-salt metabolism and functional state of the kidneys in members of the crew of the 1st \"Saliut-4\" expedition]. The paper presents the results of studying fluid-electrolyte metabolism and the renal function in A. A. Gubarev and G. M. Grechko after their 30-cay orbital flight. On the R + O day renal excretion of fluid, sodium, potassium and osmotically active subtances decreased. Renal excretion of calcium and magnesium postflight was higher than preflight. Similar, although better pronounced, changes were seen during provocative tests with a water load. One of the factors causing changes in the renal transport of electrolytes postflight could have been an alteration in the ionic composition of the serum, especially a decrease in the potassium concentration and an increase in the calcium and magnesium content. Disorders in the relationship between the function of osmo- and ion regulation systems and dissociation in the renal excretion of individual ions after the 30-day flight that were distinct during tests with a water load seem to be associated with metabolic changes during and after flight rather than with hemodynamic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:909269", "title": "[Biomechanical criteria of artificial gravitation].", "content": "On the basis of the pertinent literature data and their own findings the authors formulate the basic biophysical criteria that should be taken into consideration while developing an artificial gravity system. These criteria can be used to define the range of variations of the main parameters of artificial gravity systems that should be permissible in terms of normal life activity and performance of consmonauts. The numerical values of the parameters should be considered as theoretical guiding lines for the advanced development of artificial gravity systems.", "contents": "[Biomechanical criteria of artificial gravitation]. On the basis of the pertinent literature data and their own findings the authors formulate the basic biophysical criteria that should be taken into consideration while developing an artificial gravity system. These criteria can be used to define the range of variations of the main parameters of artificial gravity systems that should be permissible in terms of normal life activity and performance of consmonauts. The numerical values of the parameters should be considered as theoretical guiding lines for the advanced development of artificial gravity systems."}
{"id": "PMID:909273", "title": "[Use of the method of selective catheterization of the heart and major vessels in biomedical research with the participation of healthy persons].", "content": "The paper discusses the application of direct techniques to the study of circulation--catheterization of the heart and central vessels in biomedical experiments with the participation of healthy volunteers and during examinations of pilots, athletes, etc. The experiments showed high informativeness and reliability of the techniques and demonstrated their applicability to the study of gravity effects on the circulation and metabolism of different organs of healthy men as applied to aerospace and clinical medicine. These investigations allow clinical modelling of hemodynamic and metabolic changes that may develop in various organs and tissues in weightlessness, development of pathogenetically substantiated countermeasures against its adverse effects, formulation of certain requirements for artificial organs whose function should be as close as possible to that of natural organs of a healthy man. The paper presents the protocol and results of the first study of the effects of short-term simulated weightlessness on the circulation and metabolism of various organs of a healthy man: brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and musculoskeletal formations of the lower limbs.", "contents": "[Use of the method of selective catheterization of the heart and major vessels in biomedical research with the participation of healthy persons]. The paper discusses the application of direct techniques to the study of circulation--catheterization of the heart and central vessels in biomedical experiments with the participation of healthy volunteers and during examinations of pilots, athletes, etc. The experiments showed high informativeness and reliability of the techniques and demonstrated their applicability to the study of gravity effects on the circulation and metabolism of different organs of healthy men as applied to aerospace and clinical medicine. These investigations allow clinical modelling of hemodynamic and metabolic changes that may develop in various organs and tissues in weightlessness, development of pathogenetically substantiated countermeasures against its adverse effects, formulation of certain requirements for artificial organs whose function should be as close as possible to that of natural organs of a healthy man. The paper presents the protocol and results of the first study of the effects of short-term simulated weightlessness on the circulation and metabolism of various organs of a healthy man: brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and musculoskeletal formations of the lower limbs."}
{"id": "PMID:909275", "title": "[Morphological manifestations of the functional shifts in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system and kidneys of rats exposed to the action of space flight factors].", "content": "The hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system and the kidneys of rats flown for 22 days and sacrified on the R+1 and R+26 days were studied morphologically. By histological, histochemical and morphometric measurements an increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system and the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys was shown. The changes were reversible and by the R+26 day returned to normal. The above changes can be induced not only by space flight effects but also by readaptation to 1 g.", "contents": "[Morphological manifestations of the functional shifts in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system and kidneys of rats exposed to the action of space flight factors]. The hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system and the kidneys of rats flown for 22 days and sacrified on the R+1 and R+26 days were studied morphologically. By histological, histochemical and morphometric measurements an increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system and the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys was shown. The changes were reversible and by the R+26 day returned to normal. The above changes can be induced not only by space flight effects but also by readaptation to 1 g."}
{"id": "PMID:909276", "title": "[Effect of the orientation of the head in the gravitational field on the intensity of caloric nystagmus].", "content": "The relationship between the intensity of the vertical and horizontal caloric nystagmus and the head orientation in the gravity field was studied experimentally. The positions in which the nystagmus reached the highest intensity were identified. The experimental results showed that during caloric stimulation the major contribution to the excitation of semi-circular canals was made by the convective flow of the endolymph which was dependent on the head orientation relative to the acceleration vector. The caloric tests can induce stimulation of vertical semi-circular canals which is comparable to that of horizontal canals in its strength.", "contents": "[Effect of the orientation of the head in the gravitational field on the intensity of caloric nystagmus]. The relationship between the intensity of the vertical and horizontal caloric nystagmus and the head orientation in the gravity field was studied experimentally. The positions in which the nystagmus reached the highest intensity were identified. The experimental results showed that during caloric stimulation the major contribution to the excitation of semi-circular canals was made by the convective flow of the endolymph which was dependent on the head orientation relative to the acceleration vector. The caloric tests can induce stimulation of vertical semi-circular canals which is comparable to that of horizontal canals in its strength."}
{"id": "PMID:909274", "title": "[Basic purposes and results of a radiobiological experiment on the \"Kosmos-690\" biosatellite].", "content": "In 1974 the USSR carried out a rat experiment aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 equipped with a gamma-emitter. On the 10th flight day rats were irradied with doses of 220 and 800 rad. During the subsequent 10 days radiation damage developed. Similar experiments simulating the flight profile, except for weightlessness, were conducted on the Earth. The resulting data were compared. It is concluded that a short-term (up to 20 days) flight did not modify essentially the radiobiological effect.", "contents": "[Basic purposes and results of a radiobiological experiment on the \"Kosmos-690\" biosatellite]. In 1974 the USSR carried out a rat experiment aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 equipped with a gamma-emitter. On the 10th flight day rats were irradied with doses of 220 and 800 rad. During the subsequent 10 days radiation damage developed. Similar experiments simulating the flight profile, except for weightlessness, were conducted on the Earth. The resulting data were compared. It is concluded that a short-term (up to 20 days) flight did not modify essentially the radiobiological effect."}
{"id": "PMID:909271", "title": "[Basic results of the medical research performed during the flight of 2 crews on the \"Saliut-5\" orbital station].", "content": "The paper presents the results of medical examinations of the cosmonauts B. V. Volynov, V. M. Zholobov, V. V. Gorbatko and Yu. N. Glazkov during their 49- and 18-day flights aboard the orbital station Salyut-5. During the prolonged 49-day flight the cosmonauts developed symptoms of asthenization and fatigue. The medical monitoring of the cosmonauts showed increased blood filling of the head veins, increased arterial pressure and cardiac output. No significant changes were noted in the bioelectrical or contractile function of the myocardium. By the end of the flight the 49-day crewmembers showed a 4.5--7.0 kg decrease of body weight. They displayed a decline of orthostatic tolerance. This was especially marked in V. M Zholobov. Postflight biochemical changes were as usual but in the 49-day crewmembers they were more distinct. B. V. Volynov and V. M. Zholobov had moderate counts of protein and cell elements in the urine. It is concluded that space crewmembers ought to adhere strictly to their work-rest cycle and perform actively pressigned exercises.", "contents": "[Basic results of the medical research performed during the flight of 2 crews on the \"Saliut-5\" orbital station]. The paper presents the results of medical examinations of the cosmonauts B. V. Volynov, V. M. Zholobov, V. V. Gorbatko and Yu. N. Glazkov during their 49- and 18-day flights aboard the orbital station Salyut-5. During the prolonged 49-day flight the cosmonauts developed symptoms of asthenization and fatigue. The medical monitoring of the cosmonauts showed increased blood filling of the head veins, increased arterial pressure and cardiac output. No significant changes were noted in the bioelectrical or contractile function of the myocardium. By the end of the flight the 49-day crewmembers showed a 4.5--7.0 kg decrease of body weight. They displayed a decline of orthostatic tolerance. This was especially marked in V. M Zholobov. Postflight biochemical changes were as usual but in the 49-day crewmembers they were more distinct. B. V. Volynov and V. M. Zholobov had moderate counts of protein and cell elements in the urine. It is concluded that space crewmembers ought to adhere strictly to their work-rest cycle and perform actively pressigned exercises."}
{"id": "PMID:909283", "title": "Structure of a juxtaglomerular cell tumor: the presence of a neural component: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A 15-year-old girl with hypertension, markedly elevated plasma renin activity, and normal aortogram had a well encapsulated tumor nodule removed from the right kidney. Following surgery, the plasma renin activity and blood pressure became normal and have remained so for the past 12 months. The tumor consisted of juxtaglomerular cells filling the interstitium between endothelium-lined vascular spaces. Electron microscopy disclosed the presence in the interior of the tumor, of unmyelinated nerve bundles with varicosities containing the small, densely cored vesicles characteristic of adrenergic nerves. Nerve terminals were in contact with the juxtaglomerular tumor cells. No basement membrane material was interposed between the nerve endings and the tumor cell; the width of the gap between the two plasma membranes was approximately 150 A. The presence of sympathetic fibers in the juxtaglomerular cell tumor underscores the close biologic relationship between the sympathetic and renin systems.", "contents": "Structure of a juxtaglomerular cell tumor: the presence of a neural component: a light and electron microscopic study. A 15-year-old girl with hypertension, markedly elevated plasma renin activity, and normal aortogram had a well encapsulated tumor nodule removed from the right kidney. Following surgery, the plasma renin activity and blood pressure became normal and have remained so for the past 12 months. The tumor consisted of juxtaglomerular cells filling the interstitium between endothelium-lined vascular spaces. Electron microscopy disclosed the presence in the interior of the tumor, of unmyelinated nerve bundles with varicosities containing the small, densely cored vesicles characteristic of adrenergic nerves. Nerve terminals were in contact with the juxtaglomerular tumor cells. No basement membrane material was interposed between the nerve endings and the tumor cell; the width of the gap between the two plasma membranes was approximately 150 A. The presence of sympathetic fibers in the juxtaglomerular cell tumor underscores the close biologic relationship between the sympathetic and renin systems."}
{"id": "PMID:909286", "title": "Haematological profile in leprosy. Part I--general findings.", "content": "Haematological studies in 904 adult leprosy patients with different types of leprosy, in various stages of the disease and treatment are described. Haemoglobin, packed cell volume, serum albumin and serum iron are significantly lower among lepromatous leprosy patients as compared with non-lepromatous patients. The serum B12 levels were significantly higher among the lepromatous group. Acid fast bacilli have been demonstrated in skin smear negative leprosy patients with indeterminate and tuberculoid leprosy, suggesting occurrence of bacillaemia in these groups of patients.", "contents": "Haematological profile in leprosy. Part I--general findings. Haematological studies in 904 adult leprosy patients with different types of leprosy, in various stages of the disease and treatment are described. Haemoglobin, packed cell volume, serum albumin and serum iron are significantly lower among lepromatous leprosy patients as compared with non-lepromatous patients. The serum B12 levels were significantly higher among the lepromatous group. Acid fast bacilli have been demonstrated in skin smear negative leprosy patients with indeterminate and tuberculoid leprosy, suggesting occurrence of bacillaemia in these groups of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:909287", "title": "Regularity of dapsone intake by leprosy patients attending urban treatment centre.", "content": "Dapsone/Creatinine in urine ratios were determined in statistically randomised samples of 965 leprosy patients attending out-patient department of Acworth Leprosy Hospital and 44 inmates of the Hospital. The percentage of irregularity in DDS treatment was found in 43 and 22.6 respectively in out-patients and inmates of the Hospital. The need to assess the possible response for irregularity in treatment is stressed and the hazard of infectious cases remaining without treatment or with incomplete treatment is pointed out.", "contents": "Regularity of dapsone intake by leprosy patients attending urban treatment centre. Dapsone/Creatinine in urine ratios were determined in statistically randomised samples of 965 leprosy patients attending out-patient department of Acworth Leprosy Hospital and 44 inmates of the Hospital. The percentage of irregularity in DDS treatment was found in 43 and 22.6 respectively in out-patients and inmates of the Hospital. The need to assess the possible response for irregularity in treatment is stressed and the hazard of infectious cases remaining without treatment or with incomplete treatment is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:909277", "title": "[Study of the pulsation method for the hygienic treatment of underwear].", "content": "Hygienic processing of the underwear in a device combining mechanical treatment, forced pumping of the washing solution and wringing by compressed air can be used under special conditions. The basic parameters of the engineering process have been determined, viz.: the number of washing baths, temperature of the water, time of processing, etc.", "contents": "[Study of the pulsation method for the hygienic treatment of underwear]. Hygienic processing of the underwear in a device combining mechanical treatment, forced pumping of the washing solution and wringing by compressed air can be used under special conditions. The basic parameters of the engineering process have been determined, viz.: the number of washing baths, temperature of the water, time of processing, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:909288", "title": "Liver function in leprosy.", "content": "Thirty eight patients of leprosy were classified on the basis of clinical and biopsy findings into 10 lepromatous (all reactional), 20 tuberculoid (7 in reaction) and 8 dimorphic (5 in reaction). The liver function tests--serum proteins, albumin/globulin ratio, fractions in paper electrophoresis, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and thymol turbidity tests--and the serum cholesterol was estimated in each patient. The abnormalities were a reversal of the albumin/globulin ratio in all the three groups and an increase in beta/globulin fraction in the lepromatous group, but total proteins were within normal limits. The thymol turbidity test showed moderately elevated levels in all three groups. SGPT was slightly raised in a few cases. Only a single patient with tuberculoid leprosy showed serum cholesterol to be over 250 mg per 100 ml.", "contents": "Liver function in leprosy. Thirty eight patients of leprosy were classified on the basis of clinical and biopsy findings into 10 lepromatous (all reactional), 20 tuberculoid (7 in reaction) and 8 dimorphic (5 in reaction). The liver function tests--serum proteins, albumin/globulin ratio, fractions in paper electrophoresis, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and thymol turbidity tests--and the serum cholesterol was estimated in each patient. The abnormalities were a reversal of the albumin/globulin ratio in all the three groups and an increase in beta/globulin fraction in the lepromatous group, but total proteins were within normal limits. The thymol turbidity test showed moderately elevated levels in all three groups. SGPT was slightly raised in a few cases. Only a single patient with tuberculoid leprosy showed serum cholesterol to be over 250 mg per 100 ml."}
{"id": "PMID:909278", "title": "[Importance of the \"knocking\" symptom in detecting peptic ulcer in flight personnel].", "content": "In order to diagnose peptic ulcer, the \"percussion\" symptom in the right hypochondrium at the inhalation level was used in the flying personnel, aged 19-45. Peptic ulcer, specifically duodenal ulcer in the acute stage was diagnosed in 75 persons and in the remission stage-in 69 persons. The control group consisted of 29 healthy subjects. The diagnostic importance of this symptom was shown. It was found in 29.3, 14.5 and 3.4% of cases, respectively. In 8 subjects who concealed complaints or showed an atypical development of the disease there was a sharp response to \"percussion\" that suggested peptic ulcer which was confirmed by X-ray studies.", "contents": "[Importance of the \"knocking\" symptom in detecting peptic ulcer in flight personnel]. In order to diagnose peptic ulcer, the \"percussion\" symptom in the right hypochondrium at the inhalation level was used in the flying personnel, aged 19-45. Peptic ulcer, specifically duodenal ulcer in the acute stage was diagnosed in 75 persons and in the remission stage-in 69 persons. The control group consisted of 29 healthy subjects. The diagnostic importance of this symptom was shown. It was found in 29.3, 14.5 and 3.4% of cases, respectively. In 8 subjects who concealed complaints or showed an atypical development of the disease there was a sharp response to \"percussion\" that suggested peptic ulcer which was confirmed by X-ray studies."}
{"id": "PMID:909311", "title": "Role of the membrane potential in serum-stimulated uptake of amino acid in a diploid human fibroblast.", "content": "The Na+-dependent accumulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), measured in normal growing and quiescent (serum-deprived) HSWP cells (human diploid fibroblast), was found to be twofold higher (AIB/in/AIBout = 20-25) under the normal growing conditions. Serum stimulation of quiescent cells increases their AIB concentrating capacity by approximately 70% within 1 hr. These observations suggest that the driving forces for AIB accumulation may be reversibly influenced by the serum concentration of the growth medium. Addition of valinomycin (Val) to cells preequilibrated with AIB causes an enhanced accumulation of AIB, suggesting that the membrane potential can serve as a driving force for AIB accumulation. After preequilibration with AIB in 6 mM K+, transfer to 94 mM K+ with Val results in a marked and rapid net loss of AIB. The effect of Val on the accumulation of AIB is greatest in quiescent cells, with the intracellular AIB concentrations reaching those seen both in Val-stimulated normal cells and in Val-stimulated serum-stimulated cells. By adjusting [K+]0, in the presence of Val, the membrane potential of growing cells can be matched to that of quiescent cells or vice versa. When this is done, the two accumulate AIB to the same extent. Hence the AIB accumulating capacity is characteristic of the membrane potential rather than of the growth state. In summary, these data suggest that the accumulation of AIB in HSWP cells is influenced by changes in membrane potential and that a serum-associated membrane hyperpolarization could be responsible for the increased capacity for AIB accumulation in serum-stimulated cells.", "contents": "Role of the membrane potential in serum-stimulated uptake of amino acid in a diploid human fibroblast. The Na+-dependent accumulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), measured in normal growing and quiescent (serum-deprived) HSWP cells (human diploid fibroblast), was found to be twofold higher (AIB/in/AIBout = 20-25) under the normal growing conditions. Serum stimulation of quiescent cells increases their AIB concentrating capacity by approximately 70% within 1 hr. These observations suggest that the driving forces for AIB accumulation may be reversibly influenced by the serum concentration of the growth medium. Addition of valinomycin (Val) to cells preequilibrated with AIB causes an enhanced accumulation of AIB, suggesting that the membrane potential can serve as a driving force for AIB accumulation. After preequilibration with AIB in 6 mM K+, transfer to 94 mM K+ with Val results in a marked and rapid net loss of AIB. The effect of Val on the accumulation of AIB is greatest in quiescent cells, with the intracellular AIB concentrations reaching those seen both in Val-stimulated normal cells and in Val-stimulated serum-stimulated cells. By adjusting [K+]0, in the presence of Val, the membrane potential of growing cells can be matched to that of quiescent cells or vice versa. When this is done, the two accumulate AIB to the same extent. Hence the AIB accumulating capacity is characteristic of the membrane potential rather than of the growth state. In summary, these data suggest that the accumulation of AIB in HSWP cells is influenced by changes in membrane potential and that a serum-associated membrane hyperpolarization could be responsible for the increased capacity for AIB accumulation in serum-stimulated cells."}
{"id": "PMID:909313", "title": "The cephalosporins.", "content": "Cephalosporin antibiotics are bactericidal against most gram-positive cocci and many gram-negative bacilli of clinical importance. They are relatively nontoxic but share with penicillins a tendency to elicit hypersensitivity reactions. They are indicated in certain instances for treatment of infections in patients with penicillin allergy and are frequently chosen as one of the agents in an empiric program in life-threatening infections. Cephalosporins should not be used in infections caused by group D enterococcal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Bacillus fragilis, Newer cephalosporins soon to be available have a somewhat wider gram-negative spectrum; however, as with all members of this family of drugs, in vitro susceptibility must be established.", "contents": "The cephalosporins. Cephalosporin antibiotics are bactericidal against most gram-positive cocci and many gram-negative bacilli of clinical importance. They are relatively nontoxic but share with penicillins a tendency to elicit hypersensitivity reactions. They are indicated in certain instances for treatment of infections in patients with penicillin allergy and are frequently chosen as one of the agents in an empiric program in life-threatening infections. Cephalosporins should not be used in infections caused by group D enterococcal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Bacillus fragilis, Newer cephalosporins soon to be available have a somewhat wider gram-negative spectrum; however, as with all members of this family of drugs, in vitro susceptibility must be established."}
{"id": "PMID:909314", "title": "Vancomycin.", "content": "Vancomycin, a useful bactericidal antibiotic for selective clinical infections, is the therapy of choice for serious staphylococcal infections when the penicillins and cephalosporins cannot be used. The antibacterial spectrum of vancomycin also covers other gram-positive cocci and bacteria and gram-negative cocci. Vancomycin is given intravenously in most cases, usually in a dose of 1 g every 12 hours in patients who have normal renal function. The indications for vancomycin therapy are as follows. 1. Serious staphylococcal infections in patients who are intolerant to the penicillins and cephalosporins or when the organism is resistant to the commonly used bactericidal agents. 2. Streptococcal endocarditis in patients intolerant to penicillin G; in enterococcal infections, it is used with an associated aminoglycoside. Vancomycin is not used alone in enterococcal endocarditis. In nonenterococcal (Streptococcus bovis) and viridans streptococcal endocarditis, vancomycin may be used alone if the minimum bactericidal concentration is less than or equal to 10 microgram/ml; otherwise, it is combined with an aminoglycoside. 3. Other serious infections caused by organisms resistant to the commonly used agents such as corynebacterial endocarditis. 4. Acute staphylococcal ileocolitis, for which vancomycin is given orally or orally and intravenously if indicated. Vancomycin is relatively nontoxic; the predominant toxic response is neurotoxicity, but this is rarely seen if the serum levels are 30 microgram/ml or less.", "contents": "Vancomycin. Vancomycin, a useful bactericidal antibiotic for selective clinical infections, is the therapy of choice for serious staphylococcal infections when the penicillins and cephalosporins cannot be used. The antibacterial spectrum of vancomycin also covers other gram-positive cocci and bacteria and gram-negative cocci. Vancomycin is given intravenously in most cases, usually in a dose of 1 g every 12 hours in patients who have normal renal function. The indications for vancomycin therapy are as follows. 1. Serious staphylococcal infections in patients who are intolerant to the penicillins and cephalosporins or when the organism is resistant to the commonly used bactericidal agents. 2. Streptococcal endocarditis in patients intolerant to penicillin G; in enterococcal infections, it is used with an associated aminoglycoside. Vancomycin is not used alone in enterococcal endocarditis. In nonenterococcal (Streptococcus bovis) and viridans streptococcal endocarditis, vancomycin may be used alone if the minimum bactericidal concentration is less than or equal to 10 microgram/ml; otherwise, it is combined with an aminoglycoside. 3. Other serious infections caused by organisms resistant to the commonly used agents such as corynebacterial endocarditis. 4. Acute staphylococcal ileocolitis, for which vancomycin is given orally or orally and intravenously if indicated. Vancomycin is relatively nontoxic; the predominant toxic response is neurotoxicity, but this is rarely seen if the serum levels are 30 microgram/ml or less."}
{"id": "PMID:909315", "title": "Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and clindamycin.", "content": "Tetracyclines are active in vitro against most urinary tract pathogens, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Brucella, rickettsiae, and Nocardia. Chloramphenicol is used primarily for anaerobic infections, Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, and infections due to Salmonella typhi. Erythromycin is active in vitro against M. pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Erythromycin may be used as prophylactic therapy for subacute bacterial endocarditis and for recurrence of acute rheumatic fever in patients who are allergic to penicillin. Clindamycin should be used only for the treatment of anaerobic infections. Tetracycline may cause gastrointestinal upset; phototoxic dermatitis; hepatitis, especially in pregnant females; discoloration of teeth and bone dysplasia in the human fetus and children; and suprainfections, especially oral and anogenital candidiasis. Tetracycline should be used with caution in patients with renal insufficiency. The most important toxic effect of chloramphenicol is bone marrow suppression, which is dose related and idiosyncratic. The incidence of undesirable side effects associated with the use of erythromycin is low. Gastrointestinal irritation is the most common; cholestatic hepatitis may occur with erythromycin estolate. Pseudomembranous colitis is the most important toxic effect associated with clindamycin.", "contents": "Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Tetracyclines are active in vitro against most urinary tract pathogens, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Brucella, rickettsiae, and Nocardia. Chloramphenicol is used primarily for anaerobic infections, Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, and infections due to Salmonella typhi. Erythromycin is active in vitro against M. pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Erythromycin may be used as prophylactic therapy for subacute bacterial endocarditis and for recurrence of acute rheumatic fever in patients who are allergic to penicillin. Clindamycin should be used only for the treatment of anaerobic infections. Tetracycline may cause gastrointestinal upset; phototoxic dermatitis; hepatitis, especially in pregnant females; discoloration of teeth and bone dysplasia in the human fetus and children; and suprainfections, especially oral and anogenital candidiasis. Tetracycline should be used with caution in patients with renal insufficiency. The most important toxic effect of chloramphenicol is bone marrow suppression, which is dose related and idiosyncratic. The incidence of undesirable side effects associated with the use of erythromycin is low. Gastrointestinal irritation is the most common; cholestatic hepatitis may occur with erythromycin estolate. Pseudomembranous colitis is the most important toxic effect associated with clindamycin."}
{"id": "PMID:909316", "title": "Pleuropulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "In published reports, the incidence of pleuropulmonary involvement in ankylosing spondylitis varies from 0 to 30%. A review of the records of 2,080 patients with ankylosing spondylitis disclosed 28 who had pleuropulmonary manifestations that we believe are typical of those associated with ankylosing spondylitis (an incidence of 1.3%). Among these 28 patients, the most common abnormality was upper lobe fibrobullous lesions. Five had aspergillomas and two had infections-one caused by Mycobacterium kansasii and one by Mycobacterium avium. Three patients had transient pleural effusion of an exudate with normal sugar content. Two had nonspecific pleuritis, found on pleural biopsy. Thoracotomy for aspergilloma was followed by bronchopleural fistula in one of two cases--approximately the ratio found in the literature.", "contents": "Pleuropulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. In published reports, the incidence of pleuropulmonary involvement in ankylosing spondylitis varies from 0 to 30%. A review of the records of 2,080 patients with ankylosing spondylitis disclosed 28 who had pleuropulmonary manifestations that we believe are typical of those associated with ankylosing spondylitis (an incidence of 1.3%). Among these 28 patients, the most common abnormality was upper lobe fibrobullous lesions. Five had aspergillomas and two had infections-one caused by Mycobacterium kansasii and one by Mycobacterium avium. Three patients had transient pleural effusion of an exudate with normal sugar content. Two had nonspecific pleuritis, found on pleural biopsy. Thoracotomy for aspergilloma was followed by bronchopleural fistula in one of two cases--approximately the ratio found in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:909317", "title": "Pyloric antral mucosal webs.", "content": "The current literature on pyloric antral mucosal webs was reviewed. In addition, seven patients in the Mayo Clinic experience with pyloric antral mucosal webs are reported on. In recent years, four patients with significant obstructive symptoms thought to be caused by a mucosal web have had the diagnosis confirmed at surgery and have had excellent results from a variety of surgical procedures.", "contents": "Pyloric antral mucosal webs. The current literature on pyloric antral mucosal webs was reviewed. In addition, seven patients in the Mayo Clinic experience with pyloric antral mucosal webs are reported on. In recent years, four patients with significant obstructive symptoms thought to be caused by a mucosal web have had the diagnosis confirmed at surgery and have had excellent results from a variety of surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:909320", "title": "A sporadic case of pneumonia due to legionnaires disease.", "content": "A recently recognized sporadic case of \"legionnaires' disease\" occuring in Minnesota is described. The patient, a previously healthy 58-year-old woman, became seriously ill with progressive pneumonia in the spring of 1977. Her illness was unresponsive to the usual antibiotics (penicillin and cephalothin) prescribed for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Treatment with doxycycline appeared to be effective. Diagnosis was made by special serologic studies performed at the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta. As reported in the epidemic form of the disease, no secondary cases were noted in family, associates, or hospital workers exposed to the patient during her acute illness. This disease may be more common than has previously been recognized, for serologic test for the unusual bacterium have only recently become available.", "contents": "A sporadic case of pneumonia due to legionnaires disease. A recently recognized sporadic case of \"legionnaires' disease\" occuring in Minnesota is described. The patient, a previously healthy 58-year-old woman, became seriously ill with progressive pneumonia in the spring of 1977. Her illness was unresponsive to the usual antibiotics (penicillin and cephalothin) prescribed for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Treatment with doxycycline appeared to be effective. Diagnosis was made by special serologic studies performed at the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta. As reported in the epidemic form of the disease, no secondary cases were noted in family, associates, or hospital workers exposed to the patient during her acute illness. This disease may be more common than has previously been recognized, for serologic test for the unusual bacterium have only recently become available."}
{"id": "PMID:909321", "title": "Congenital papillary tumor of the tricuspid valve. An unusual cause of right ventricular outflow obstruction in a neonate with trisomy E.", "content": "A trisomy E neonate had congenital cardiac anomalies that included a ventricular septal defect, a bicuspid aortic valve, and a congenital papillary tumor of the tricuspid valve. The large papillary tumor was responsible for severe intermittent pulmonary outflow obstruction. The cause and pathogenesis of these rare papillary tumors are unknown, but they are probably related to the more sessile varieties of congenital valvular dysplasia. The life-threatening obstruction to blood flow caused by the congenital valvular tumor probably can be alleviated by simple surgical resection. This type of tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of atypical forms of outflow tract obstruction.", "contents": "Congenital papillary tumor of the tricuspid valve. An unusual cause of right ventricular outflow obstruction in a neonate with trisomy E. A trisomy E neonate had congenital cardiac anomalies that included a ventricular septal defect, a bicuspid aortic valve, and a congenital papillary tumor of the tricuspid valve. The large papillary tumor was responsible for severe intermittent pulmonary outflow obstruction. The cause and pathogenesis of these rare papillary tumors are unknown, but they are probably related to the more sessile varieties of congenital valvular dysplasia. The life-threatening obstruction to blood flow caused by the congenital valvular tumor probably can be alleviated by simple surgical resection. This type of tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of atypical forms of outflow tract obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:909322", "title": "Organizational socialization of hospital employees. A comparative view of occupational groups.", "content": "As the delivery of high-quality medical care becomes increasingly dependent on the attitudes and behaviors of health care workers, more analysis of personnel programs designed for hospital employees is needed. This research examines the organizational socialization of hospital employees--the ways in which employees are attracted to, recruited by, and developed and trained within hospitals. Using interview and questionnaire data collected from one hundred eighteen hospital employees (nurses, nurse's aides, radiology technologists, tradesmen, and accounting clerks), the research first identifies three distinct stages of socialization and specifies the activities engaged in by employees at each stage. Secondly, the research identifies four variables as possible outcomes of the socialization process (general satisfaction, mutual influence, internal work motivation, and job involvement) and empirically links important aspects of the socialization process to those outcomes. Finally, some differences between the experiences of professional, paraprofessional, and nonprofessional workers are identified and explained, and implications for the conduct of hospital socialization programs are drawn.", "contents": "Organizational socialization of hospital employees. A comparative view of occupational groups. As the delivery of high-quality medical care becomes increasingly dependent on the attitudes and behaviors of health care workers, more analysis of personnel programs designed for hospital employees is needed. This research examines the organizational socialization of hospital employees--the ways in which employees are attracted to, recruited by, and developed and trained within hospitals. Using interview and questionnaire data collected from one hundred eighteen hospital employees (nurses, nurse's aides, radiology technologists, tradesmen, and accounting clerks), the research first identifies three distinct stages of socialization and specifies the activities engaged in by employees at each stage. Secondly, the research identifies four variables as possible outcomes of the socialization process (general satisfaction, mutual influence, internal work motivation, and job involvement) and empirically links important aspects of the socialization process to those outcomes. Finally, some differences between the experiences of professional, paraprofessional, and nonprofessional workers are identified and explained, and implications for the conduct of hospital socialization programs are drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:909323", "title": "British postgraduate medical training and inpatient medical care in the United Kingdom.", "content": "British postgraduate medical training practices are reviewed. Because of the method of appointment and the type of positions available, there is a tendency toward fragmentation of training experience and of doctor-patient association in the early period of training. The commitment of the National Health Service to provide junior hospital staff to each senior clinician taking care of patients, combined with the scarcity of senior positions in the National Health Service, tends to increase the influx of junior trainees from outside Great Britain. These immigrant physicians are frequently responsible for the bedside care of patients, but they have only a minimal hope of progressing to a permanent senior post in the National Health Service. As a result, patients receive a good deal of the care from clinician-trainees who will never qulify at the top level of British medicine. On the other hand, the organization of the inpatient training program provides a high degree of flexibility for the trainee, and a better chance to follow patients through the vicissitudes of their disease than does the American system.", "contents": "British postgraduate medical training and inpatient medical care in the United Kingdom. British postgraduate medical training practices are reviewed. Because of the method of appointment and the type of positions available, there is a tendency toward fragmentation of training experience and of doctor-patient association in the early period of training. The commitment of the National Health Service to provide junior hospital staff to each senior clinician taking care of patients, combined with the scarcity of senior positions in the National Health Service, tends to increase the influx of junior trainees from outside Great Britain. These immigrant physicians are frequently responsible for the bedside care of patients, but they have only a minimal hope of progressing to a permanent senior post in the National Health Service. As a result, patients receive a good deal of the care from clinician-trainees who will never qulify at the top level of British medicine. On the other hand, the organization of the inpatient training program provides a high degree of flexibility for the trainee, and a better chance to follow patients through the vicissitudes of their disease than does the American system."}
{"id": "PMID:909324", "title": "Foreign medical graduate performance--a review.", "content": "Numerous factors have adversely influenced appraisals of the competence of foreign medical graduates. The statistical design of some comparative studies has been weak. Language and cultural backgrounds of foreign graduates have varied. Foreign physicians who have complete school at various times in the past have been graded according to a test designed to be taken during the fourth year of American medical schools. Licensing examinations and grading have varied from state to state. To reach reliable conclusions, matched samples of adequate size must be studied under controlled conditions.", "contents": "Foreign medical graduate performance--a review. Numerous factors have adversely influenced appraisals of the competence of foreign medical graduates. The statistical design of some comparative studies has been weak. Language and cultural backgrounds of foreign graduates have varied. Foreign physicians who have complete school at various times in the past have been graded according to a test designed to be taken during the fourth year of American medical schools. Licensing examinations and grading have varied from state to state. To reach reliable conclusions, matched samples of adequate size must be studied under controlled conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:909325", "title": "A nurse rehabilitator's impact on patients with myocardial infarction.", "content": "A nurse rehabilitator, supplementing routine physician/nursing coronary care unit (CCU) care, was found to be effective in increasing the return to work rate (p less than .05) and decreasing smoking (p less than .05) in a randomized trial of 102 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). These outcomes were thought to be due to the nurse rehabilitator's efforts in increasing patient knowledge of heart disease (p less than .01) and individual counseling.", "contents": "A nurse rehabilitator's impact on patients with myocardial infarction. A nurse rehabilitator, supplementing routine physician/nursing coronary care unit (CCU) care, was found to be effective in increasing the return to work rate (p less than .05) and decreasing smoking (p less than .05) in a randomized trial of 102 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). These outcomes were thought to be due to the nurse rehabilitator's efforts in increasing patient knowledge of heart disease (p less than .01) and individual counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:909326", "title": "Private practice in the public sector: a unique relationship among local government, physicians, and health care consumers in Cincinnati.", "content": "Because of health care inequities that still persist under federal and state sponsorship plans, many local government agencies are starting to consider ways of directly providing medical services to the poor. Over 100 years' experience with direct provision programs in the City of Cincinnati, however, have been ultimately counterproductive. A unique three-way contract developed by the Board of Health, a private multispecialty physicians' group and a consumer advocate organization has recently allowed Cincinnati to implement a delivery system that integrates mechanisms for prepaid public health care into a fee-for-service private group practice, all within the context of a community-based neighborhood health care facility. While it is still too early to make a full evaluation of this public health care group practice model, there are already indications that is services will be superior to those offered in Cincinnati's traditional public clinics.", "contents": "Private practice in the public sector: a unique relationship among local government, physicians, and health care consumers in Cincinnati. Because of health care inequities that still persist under federal and state sponsorship plans, many local government agencies are starting to consider ways of directly providing medical services to the poor. Over 100 years' experience with direct provision programs in the City of Cincinnati, however, have been ultimately counterproductive. A unique three-way contract developed by the Board of Health, a private multispecialty physicians' group and a consumer advocate organization has recently allowed Cincinnati to implement a delivery system that integrates mechanisms for prepaid public health care into a fee-for-service private group practice, all within the context of a community-based neighborhood health care facility. While it is still too early to make a full evaluation of this public health care group practice model, there are already indications that is services will be superior to those offered in Cincinnati's traditional public clinics."}
{"id": "PMID:909327", "title": "Two measures of nurses' attitudes toward abortion as modified by experience.", "content": "Random samples of nurses in two states which differed in abortion statues were sent questionnaires. Content areas included experience with 12 specific nursing activities associated with abortion, willingness to participate in the same activities, and extent of agreement with statements related to abortion. Attitudes toward abortion were inferred from the willingness-to-participate items and from the agreement section. These two measures correlated highly suggesting a common underlying dimension. However, the two samples differed significantly in extent of agreement but did not differ in willingness to participate. These results were interpreted as supporting the position that attitudes derived from items using situational contexts might bear a better relationship to behavior. The findings also suggest that abortion facilities can probably be staffed without violating personal preferences since so many expressed willingness to participate in at least some of the activities. Comparison across the two samples suggest that increased experience or even the potential for experience with abortion patients tended to increase the favorableness of attitudes toward this issue.", "contents": "Two measures of nurses' attitudes toward abortion as modified by experience. Random samples of nurses in two states which differed in abortion statues were sent questionnaires. Content areas included experience with 12 specific nursing activities associated with abortion, willingness to participate in the same activities, and extent of agreement with statements related to abortion. Attitudes toward abortion were inferred from the willingness-to-participate items and from the agreement section. These two measures correlated highly suggesting a common underlying dimension. However, the two samples differed significantly in extent of agreement but did not differ in willingness to participate. These results were interpreted as supporting the position that attitudes derived from items using situational contexts might bear a better relationship to behavior. The findings also suggest that abortion facilities can probably be staffed without violating personal preferences since so many expressed willingness to participate in at least some of the activities. Comparison across the two samples suggest that increased experience or even the potential for experience with abortion patients tended to increase the favorableness of attitudes toward this issue."}
{"id": "PMID:909328", "title": "An outcome evaluation of counseling services provided by abortion clinics.", "content": "With the reduction in need for elective abortion as a long-term goal, the effectiveness of abortion clinic counseling programs provided at the time of elective pregnancy termination is evaluated using post-abortion contraceptive behavior as a measure. Using eight, free-standing abortion clinics located in Chicago, Illinois a control group design is employed in order to examine the hypothesis that patients attending clinics which provide a structured, comprehensive birth control counseling session at the time of their abortion will show a higher use rate of effective contraceptive methods than those patients attending clinics which do not provide such information. Results support this hypothesis. The differences are particularly noticeable in the subpopulation of teenagers with no preabortion history of contraceptive use.", "contents": "An outcome evaluation of counseling services provided by abortion clinics. With the reduction in need for elective abortion as a long-term goal, the effectiveness of abortion clinic counseling programs provided at the time of elective pregnancy termination is evaluated using post-abortion contraceptive behavior as a measure. Using eight, free-standing abortion clinics located in Chicago, Illinois a control group design is employed in order to examine the hypothesis that patients attending clinics which provide a structured, comprehensive birth control counseling session at the time of their abortion will show a higher use rate of effective contraceptive methods than those patients attending clinics which do not provide such information. Results support this hypothesis. The differences are particularly noticeable in the subpopulation of teenagers with no preabortion history of contraceptive use."}
{"id": "PMID:909357", "title": "Lipid synthesis in cultured human embryonic fibroblasts.", "content": "We describe here the pathways by which human embryonic fibroblasts synthesize lipids. In these studies, we quantitated the phospholipds by their phosphorus content and by their acyl components. These determinations defined both the chemical composition of the cellular membranes as well as their metabolic turnover. Using radiolabeled precursors, we have shown (a) synthesis of the glycerol moiety via glycolysis and the action of glycerokinase, (b) utilization of both exogenously added and endogenously synthesized fatty acids, (c) synthesis de novo of phosphatidyl choline and phsphatidyl ethanolamine from their base precursors, and (d) the methylation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine yielding phosphatidyl choline. Dividing cells synthesized phosphoglyceride more rapidly than cells in the stationary phase. However, considerable turnover of cellular lipid did occur in the stationary phase.", "contents": "Lipid synthesis in cultured human embryonic fibroblasts. We describe here the pathways by which human embryonic fibroblasts synthesize lipids. In these studies, we quantitated the phospholipds by their phosphorus content and by their acyl components. These determinations defined both the chemical composition of the cellular membranes as well as their metabolic turnover. Using radiolabeled precursors, we have shown (a) synthesis of the glycerol moiety via glycolysis and the action of glycerokinase, (b) utilization of both exogenously added and endogenously synthesized fatty acids, (c) synthesis de novo of phosphatidyl choline and phsphatidyl ethanolamine from their base precursors, and (d) the methylation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine yielding phosphatidyl choline. Dividing cells synthesized phosphoglyceride more rapidly than cells in the stationary phase. However, considerable turnover of cellular lipid did occur in the stationary phase."}
{"id": "PMID:909395", "title": "Effect of contraceptive steroids on arginine-stimulated glucagon and insulin secretion in women. III. Medroxyprogesterone acetate.", "content": "The effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on basal circulating lipids, arginine-stimulated glucagon and insulin secretion, and glucose tolerance was studied in normal women. After 5 days of oral MPA treatment (10 mg/day), there was a small but significant decline in basal circulating triglycerides. No changes were observed in fasting plasma concentrations of cholesterol, free fatty acids, glucagon, insulin, or glucose; in the plasma glucagon, insulin, or glucose responses during L-arginine infusion; or in the plasma insulin or glucose responses during oral glucose tolerance tests. There was no correlation of any of these parameters with the observed decline in fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations. These results confirm previous reports of no consistent changes in lipid or glucose homeostasis in women using derivatives of 17alpha-acetoxyprogesterone derivatives for contraceptive purposes, and suggest that MPA may be a suitable alternative for those women who develop hyperlipemia or glucose intolerance when they use contraceptive agents which contain derivatives of ethinyl estradiol and nortestosterone.", "contents": "Effect of contraceptive steroids on arginine-stimulated glucagon and insulin secretion in women. III. Medroxyprogesterone acetate. The effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on basal circulating lipids, arginine-stimulated glucagon and insulin secretion, and glucose tolerance was studied in normal women. After 5 days of oral MPA treatment (10 mg/day), there was a small but significant decline in basal circulating triglycerides. No changes were observed in fasting plasma concentrations of cholesterol, free fatty acids, glucagon, insulin, or glucose; in the plasma glucagon, insulin, or glucose responses during L-arginine infusion; or in the plasma insulin or glucose responses during oral glucose tolerance tests. There was no correlation of any of these parameters with the observed decline in fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations. These results confirm previous reports of no consistent changes in lipid or glucose homeostasis in women using derivatives of 17alpha-acetoxyprogesterone derivatives for contraceptive purposes, and suggest that MPA may be a suitable alternative for those women who develop hyperlipemia or glucose intolerance when they use contraceptive agents which contain derivatives of ethinyl estradiol and nortestosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:909397", "title": "Triiodothyronine and thyroxine content of desiccated thyroid tablets.", "content": "Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were measured by radioimmunoassay in Pronase hydrolysates of four lots each of 1- and 2-grain tablets of desiccated thyroid (Thyroid, Armour) and thyroglobulin (Proloid, Warner-Chilcott). The methodology used was verified by studies of tablets containing known quantities of T4 and T3. One grain of desiccated thyroid contained 12 +/- 1 and 64 +/- 3 microgram (mean +/- SD) of T3 and T4 per tablet, respectively (T4/T3 molar ratio, 4.3). A 1-grain tablet of thyroglobulin contained 16 +/- 2 and 55 +/- 5 microgram of T3 and T4, respectively with a T4/T3 ratio of 2.9. Two-grain tablets generally contained twice the quantity of T3 and T4 in the 1-grain preparations. The variation in T3 and T4 content between the four lots of each tablet strength for each product was 10% or less. These estimates of T3 and T4 content are 1.5- to 2-fold greater than those previously published. This difference probably results from the more sophisticated methodology now available which does not require chromatographic separation of T3 and T4 or iodometry. Using calculations based on published estimates of T4 and T3 absorption and of the T3/T4 potency ratio, it would appear that the T3 content of desiccated thyroid and thyroglobulin provide approximately 39% and 51%, respectively, of the thyromimetic activity of these two medications.", "contents": "Triiodothyronine and thyroxine content of desiccated thyroid tablets. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were measured by radioimmunoassay in Pronase hydrolysates of four lots each of 1- and 2-grain tablets of desiccated thyroid (Thyroid, Armour) and thyroglobulin (Proloid, Warner-Chilcott). The methodology used was verified by studies of tablets containing known quantities of T4 and T3. One grain of desiccated thyroid contained 12 +/- 1 and 64 +/- 3 microgram (mean +/- SD) of T3 and T4 per tablet, respectively (T4/T3 molar ratio, 4.3). A 1-grain tablet of thyroglobulin contained 16 +/- 2 and 55 +/- 5 microgram of T3 and T4, respectively with a T4/T3 ratio of 2.9. Two-grain tablets generally contained twice the quantity of T3 and T4 in the 1-grain preparations. The variation in T3 and T4 content between the four lots of each tablet strength for each product was 10% or less. These estimates of T3 and T4 content are 1.5- to 2-fold greater than those previously published. This difference probably results from the more sophisticated methodology now available which does not require chromatographic separation of T3 and T4 or iodometry. Using calculations based on published estimates of T4 and T3 absorption and of the T3/T4 potency ratio, it would appear that the T3 content of desiccated thyroid and thyroglobulin provide approximately 39% and 51%, respectively, of the thyromimetic activity of these two medications."}
{"id": "PMID:909398", "title": "Fructose-induced hyperuricemia in essential hypertension.", "content": "A rapid intravenous fructose load was given to nine normouricemic essential hypertensive and eight control subjects. The following increase in plasma uric acid concentration was significantly higher in hypertensives than in controls. There was no significant difference in urinary excretion of urate between the two groups. Since the increase in uric acid concentration brought about by fructose is most probably due to an increased metabolism of preformed purine nucleotides, it is suggested that essential hypertensive patients have a higher than normal \"pool\" of purine nucleotides.", "contents": "Fructose-induced hyperuricemia in essential hypertension. A rapid intravenous fructose load was given to nine normouricemic essential hypertensive and eight control subjects. The following increase in plasma uric acid concentration was significantly higher in hypertensives than in controls. There was no significant difference in urinary excretion of urate between the two groups. Since the increase in uric acid concentration brought about by fructose is most probably due to an increased metabolism of preformed purine nucleotides, it is suggested that essential hypertensive patients have a higher than normal \"pool\" of purine nucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:909400", "title": "Development of fasting hyperglycemia in uremic rats.", "content": "Rats which had been fasted for the previous 24 hr were subjected to either sham surgery, bilateral nephrectomy, or bilateral ureterotomy. The fast was continued for another 24 hr before the animals were decapitated and blood was obtained for determination of serum glucose, insulin, and urea nitrogen levels. A moderate but statistically significant (p less than 0.02) fall in serum glucose levels occurred in rats made uremic by bilateral nephrectomy. In contrast, rats made equally uremic by bilateral ureterotomy developed a significant (p less than 0.001) elevation of both serum glucose and insulin levels. The combination of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia suggested that insulin resistance had developed in these rats, and this was confirmed by demonstrating that the hypoglycemic effect of exogenously administered insulin was attenuated in rats following bilateral ureterotomy as compared to sham-operated rats. Unilateral ureterotomy did not lead to the same metabolic response, and the difference in serum glucose levels between sham-operated and bilaterally ureterotomized rats disappeared when a 5% glucose solution was substituted for tap water as the rat's drinking water. It is suggested that the coexistence of fasting and metabolic acidosis led to increased renal gluconeogenesis in rats subjected to bilateral ureterotomy, and the combination of increased renal glucose production and insulin resistance was responsible for the development of fasting hyperglycemia.", "contents": "Development of fasting hyperglycemia in uremic rats. Rats which had been fasted for the previous 24 hr were subjected to either sham surgery, bilateral nephrectomy, or bilateral ureterotomy. The fast was continued for another 24 hr before the animals were decapitated and blood was obtained for determination of serum glucose, insulin, and urea nitrogen levels. A moderate but statistically significant (p less than 0.02) fall in serum glucose levels occurred in rats made uremic by bilateral nephrectomy. In contrast, rats made equally uremic by bilateral ureterotomy developed a significant (p less than 0.001) elevation of both serum glucose and insulin levels. The combination of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia suggested that insulin resistance had developed in these rats, and this was confirmed by demonstrating that the hypoglycemic effect of exogenously administered insulin was attenuated in rats following bilateral ureterotomy as compared to sham-operated rats. Unilateral ureterotomy did not lead to the same metabolic response, and the difference in serum glucose levels between sham-operated and bilaterally ureterotomized rats disappeared when a 5% glucose solution was substituted for tap water as the rat's drinking water. It is suggested that the coexistence of fasting and metabolic acidosis led to increased renal gluconeogenesis in rats subjected to bilateral ureterotomy, and the combination of increased renal glucose production and insulin resistance was responsible for the development of fasting hyperglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:909456", "title": "Fate of tobacco mosaic virus after entering the host cell. III. Partial uncoating.", "content": "Diminutive viral RNAs recovered from tobacco leaves inoculated with 32P-TMV were investigated. At 3.5 hr after inoculation, most of the viral RNA without coat protein revealed two peaks after sucrose density gradient analysis of SDS-extract from 12,000 X g leaf pellet. The first peak appeared between bacterial ribosomal RNA of 16 S and 5 S and the second peak was around 5 S. These two peaks were digestible with RNase and they appeared as early as 5 min after inoculation. These diminutive RNAs seemed to be derived from partially uncoated parental virus by abscission of their naked RNA tails. The active formation of these diminutive RNAs and their early appearance after inoculation seemed to indicate that most of the inoculated TMV received incomplete uncoating.", "contents": "Fate of tobacco mosaic virus after entering the host cell. III. Partial uncoating. Diminutive viral RNAs recovered from tobacco leaves inoculated with 32P-TMV were investigated. At 3.5 hr after inoculation, most of the viral RNA without coat protein revealed two peaks after sucrose density gradient analysis of SDS-extract from 12,000 X g leaf pellet. The first peak appeared between bacterial ribosomal RNA of 16 S and 5 S and the second peak was around 5 S. These two peaks were digestible with RNase and they appeared as early as 5 min after inoculation. These diminutive RNAs seemed to be derived from partially uncoated parental virus by abscission of their naked RNA tails. The active formation of these diminutive RNAs and their early appearance after inoculation seemed to indicate that most of the inoculated TMV received incomplete uncoating."}
{"id": "PMID:909458", "title": "Studies on the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica. I. Experimental infection in rabbits.", "content": "Analysis of the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica was performed with an experimental model successfully produced in rabbits by intraduodenal inoculation with strains isolated from various sources. Pathogenic strains easily penetrated the epithelial linings of the intestinal mucous membrane into the target reticuloendothelial tissues of the intestine, such as the lamina propria and lymph follicles, where they multiplied within mononuclear cells and produced granuloma. Granuloma, in severe infections, underwent necrobiosis and sometimes progressed to ulceration accompanied by colony formation of the organisms. In mild infections, granulomatous lesions were localized in lymph follicles and never progressed to ulceration. Nonpathogenic strains were rapidly excreted without penetration of epithelial linings. Y. enterocolitica should be within the category of invasion type enteropathogenic bacteria such as Shigella and Salmonella. Pathogenic behavior of Y. enterocolitica is discussed in comparison with that of Shigella and Salmonella.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica. I. Experimental infection in rabbits. Analysis of the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica was performed with an experimental model successfully produced in rabbits by intraduodenal inoculation with strains isolated from various sources. Pathogenic strains easily penetrated the epithelial linings of the intestinal mucous membrane into the target reticuloendothelial tissues of the intestine, such as the lamina propria and lymph follicles, where they multiplied within mononuclear cells and produced granuloma. Granuloma, in severe infections, underwent necrobiosis and sometimes progressed to ulceration accompanied by colony formation of the organisms. In mild infections, granulomatous lesions were localized in lymph follicles and never progressed to ulceration. Nonpathogenic strains were rapidly excreted without penetration of epithelial linings. Y. enterocolitica should be within the category of invasion type enteropathogenic bacteria such as Shigella and Salmonella. Pathogenic behavior of Y. enterocolitica is discussed in comparison with that of Shigella and Salmonella."}
{"id": "PMID:909459", "title": "Studies on the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica. II. Interaction with cultured cells in vitro.", "content": "Analysis of the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica was performed by means of cell culture studies on the interaction of the organisms with HeLa cells and rabbit peritoneal macrophages based on observations of the pathogenic behavior of the organisms in vivo (II). The pathogenic strains, which successfully produced experimental enterocolitis in rabbits (II), had the ability to penetrate HeLa cells and to survive or multiply within the macrophages. The nonpathogenic strains, lacking the ability to produce pathological changes in rabbits (II), failed to penetrate HeLa cells, except for one strain, and also to survive totally or multiply within the macrophages. It was evident that the abilities of the organisms to penetrate epithelial linings which serve as the barrier of intestinal mucosa and to survive or multiply within the host cells appears to be closely related to the pathogenicity of Y. enterocolitica.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica. II. Interaction with cultured cells in vitro. Analysis of the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica was performed by means of cell culture studies on the interaction of the organisms with HeLa cells and rabbit peritoneal macrophages based on observations of the pathogenic behavior of the organisms in vivo (II). The pathogenic strains, which successfully produced experimental enterocolitis in rabbits (II), had the ability to penetrate HeLa cells and to survive or multiply within the macrophages. The nonpathogenic strains, lacking the ability to produce pathological changes in rabbits (II), failed to penetrate HeLa cells, except for one strain, and also to survive totally or multiply within the macrophages. It was evident that the abilities of the organisms to penetrate epithelial linings which serve as the barrier of intestinal mucosa and to survive or multiply within the host cells appears to be closely related to the pathogenicity of Y. enterocolitica."}
{"id": "PMID:909462", "title": "[Possibility of using light of different wavelengths for growing Chromatium vinosum in heterotrophic conditions].", "content": "The photoautotrophic purple sulphur bacterium Chronatium vinosum was found to be capable of heterotrophic growth under anaerobic conditions at the expense of light energy. No growth was detected under anaerobic conditions in the absence of light. The energy of monochromatic red light (715, 726, 739, 776, 815 nm) and green light (534 and 535 nm), as well as of green luminescent light (a broad maximum at 500-560 nm, a peak at 520 nm) and white light, was used by the bacterium for the growth under anaerobic conditions in the presence of acetic acid as a sole source of carbon. The rate of biosynthesis of the cellular matter, proteins and pigments (bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids) was different depending on the spectrum: light having wavelengths of 534, 535 and 715 nm was favourable, and infrared light having a wavelength of 815 nm was most effective. The heterotrophic growth of the bacterium depended also on the intensity of light, the optimum energy being 14-10(3)-20-10(3) erg/cm2/sec.", "contents": "[Possibility of using light of different wavelengths for growing Chromatium vinosum in heterotrophic conditions]. The photoautotrophic purple sulphur bacterium Chronatium vinosum was found to be capable of heterotrophic growth under anaerobic conditions at the expense of light energy. No growth was detected under anaerobic conditions in the absence of light. The energy of monochromatic red light (715, 726, 739, 776, 815 nm) and green light (534 and 535 nm), as well as of green luminescent light (a broad maximum at 500-560 nm, a peak at 520 nm) and white light, was used by the bacterium for the growth under anaerobic conditions in the presence of acetic acid as a sole source of carbon. The rate of biosynthesis of the cellular matter, proteins and pigments (bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids) was different depending on the spectrum: light having wavelengths of 534, 535 and 715 nm was favourable, and infrared light having a wavelength of 815 nm was most effective. The heterotrophic growth of the bacterium depended also on the intensity of light, the optimum energy being 14-10(3)-20-10(3) erg/cm2/sec."}
{"id": "PMID:909461", "title": "[Properties of the respiratory system of Endomyces magnusii at different stages of development].", "content": "The respiration activity and the cytochrome content of the cells of Endomyces magnusii were studied during growth on a medium with 0.6 per cent sucrose. The rate of oxidation, the ration between the activities of respiration and fermentation, the quantitative content and molar ration of cytochromes remained almost the same in the course of growth. Only cytochrome oxidase was involved at the terminal stage of oxidation in the course of growth: the respiration of the cells was inhibited by 90-95 per cent by cyanide, but was resistant to the action of salicyl hydroxamate which was an inhibitor of an alternative pathway of oxidation. Mitochondria from cells harvested at the middle of the logarithmic growth phase almost did not differ in parameters from mitochondria relative to the stationary growth phase: they were tightly coupled and had the theoretical effectiveness of oxidative phosphorylation typical of oxidation of NAD-dependent substrates. All the three points of energy coupling are supposed to function at the earliest phases of growth. Endomyces magnusii differs from other yeasts in following characteristics: the absence of glucose repression, a high constant level of respiration activity, the maximum effectiveness with which the coupling apparatus functions at the earliest phases of growth, and the absence of alternative oxidation pathways.", "contents": "[Properties of the respiratory system of Endomyces magnusii at different stages of development]. The respiration activity and the cytochrome content of the cells of Endomyces magnusii were studied during growth on a medium with 0.6 per cent sucrose. The rate of oxidation, the ration between the activities of respiration and fermentation, the quantitative content and molar ration of cytochromes remained almost the same in the course of growth. Only cytochrome oxidase was involved at the terminal stage of oxidation in the course of growth: the respiration of the cells was inhibited by 90-95 per cent by cyanide, but was resistant to the action of salicyl hydroxamate which was an inhibitor of an alternative pathway of oxidation. Mitochondria from cells harvested at the middle of the logarithmic growth phase almost did not differ in parameters from mitochondria relative to the stationary growth phase: they were tightly coupled and had the theoretical effectiveness of oxidative phosphorylation typical of oxidation of NAD-dependent substrates. All the three points of energy coupling are supposed to function at the earliest phases of growth. Endomyces magnusii differs from other yeasts in following characteristics: the absence of glucose repression, a high constant level of respiration activity, the maximum effectiveness with which the coupling apparatus functions at the earliest phases of growth, and the absence of alternative oxidation pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:909463", "title": "[Relation of proteolytic activity to the ability to assimilate higher n-alkanes in Pseudomonas denitrificans].", "content": "A correlation between proteolytic activity and the ability to assimilate higher n-alkanes was found while studying proteolysis of gelatin by 284 paraffin-negative mutants of Pseudomonas denitrificans. The mutants were produced by a paraffin-positive strain capable of gelatin proteolytis, but not growing on glucose. If assimilation of the oxidized derivatives of higher n-alkanes, viz. alcohols and aldehydes, is interfered with at a genetical level, the percentage of mutants possessing extracellular proteolytic activity decreases (44 per cent of the mutants have lost the activity) whereas the percentage of mutants capable of glucose assimilation increases. Proteolytis of gelatin can be used as a test for a preliminary selection of strains to be employed in industrial synthesis of the oxidized derivatives of higher n-alkanes, as well as in the control of stability and homogeneity of a population under industrial conditions.", "contents": "[Relation of proteolytic activity to the ability to assimilate higher n-alkanes in Pseudomonas denitrificans]. A correlation between proteolytic activity and the ability to assimilate higher n-alkanes was found while studying proteolysis of gelatin by 284 paraffin-negative mutants of Pseudomonas denitrificans. The mutants were produced by a paraffin-positive strain capable of gelatin proteolytis, but not growing on glucose. If assimilation of the oxidized derivatives of higher n-alkanes, viz. alcohols and aldehydes, is interfered with at a genetical level, the percentage of mutants possessing extracellular proteolytic activity decreases (44 per cent of the mutants have lost the activity) whereas the percentage of mutants capable of glucose assimilation increases. Proteolytis of gelatin can be used as a test for a preliminary selection of strains to be employed in industrial synthesis of the oxidized derivatives of higher n-alkanes, as well as in the control of stability and homogeneity of a population under industrial conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:909464", "title": "[Physiological and biochemical properties of Actinomyces kurssanovii, active producter of chitinase].", "content": "Chitinase biosynthesis by Actinomyces kurssonovii 75 was studied under conditions of periodic cultivation in a laboratory fermenter. The activity of components of the chitinolytic complex correlated with the growth phases of the culture. The activity of chitobiase (beta-N-acetylglucoseaminidase) predominated in the cultural broth in the exponential growth phase of the culture; it decreased later by 40-50 per cent, while the activity of chitinase became maximum. The biosynthesis of chitinolytic enzymes by the growing actinomycete was accompanied with a rapid hydrolysis of demineralized crab shells, and a gradual increase in the pH of the medium to 9.0. A chitinolytic preparation obtained from the supernatant of the cultural broth of Act kurssanovii hydrolysed ground chitin by 70-80 per cent during 5 days. Fe2+ and Ca2+ ions increased the activity of the preparation by 25 and 30 per cent respectively; Mn2+ ions decreased the activity by 40 per cent.", "contents": "[Physiological and biochemical properties of Actinomyces kurssanovii, active producter of chitinase]. Chitinase biosynthesis by Actinomyces kurssonovii 75 was studied under conditions of periodic cultivation in a laboratory fermenter. The activity of components of the chitinolytic complex correlated with the growth phases of the culture. The activity of chitobiase (beta-N-acetylglucoseaminidase) predominated in the cultural broth in the exponential growth phase of the culture; it decreased later by 40-50 per cent, while the activity of chitinase became maximum. The biosynthesis of chitinolytic enzymes by the growing actinomycete was accompanied with a rapid hydrolysis of demineralized crab shells, and a gradual increase in the pH of the medium to 9.0. A chitinolytic preparation obtained from the supernatant of the cultural broth of Act kurssanovii hydrolysed ground chitin by 70-80 per cent during 5 days. Fe2+ and Ca2+ ions increased the activity of the preparation by 25 and 30 per cent respectively; Mn2+ ions decreased the activity by 40 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:909465", "title": "[Amino acid composition of Actinomyces mycelium].", "content": "The mycelium of actinomycetes cultivated on different media contained 15-16 amino acids of an identical qualitative composition. The percentage of amino acids depended on the composition of a growth medium. Under conditions of our experiments, a chemically defined medium was most favourable for the synthesis of the following amino acids: alanine, hystidine, glutamic acid, leucine, and valine.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition of Actinomyces mycelium]. The mycelium of actinomycetes cultivated on different media contained 15-16 amino acids of an identical qualitative composition. The percentage of amino acids depended on the composition of a growth medium. Under conditions of our experiments, a chemically defined medium was most favourable for the synthesis of the following amino acids: alanine, hystidine, glutamic acid, leucine, and valine."}
{"id": "PMID:909466", "title": "[Membrane composition of Actinomyces hygroscopicus in the course of growth and development].", "content": "The membranes of actinomycetes do not differ from the membranes of other prokaryotes in the content of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and RNA, Lipids are represented mainly by phospholipids, particularly by phosphatidyl ethanolamine, cardiolipine, and phosphatidyl glycerol. The fatty acid composition of phospholipids does not change in the course of growth, and is represented by 80 per cent with branched fatty acids having 15-17 carbon atoms. Over 20 fractions are found in proteins isolated from the membranes of actinomycetes grown for 1-3 days and studied by means of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, and only 7-8 fractions, in the membranes of actinomycetes cultivated during 5-7 days.", "contents": "[Membrane composition of Actinomyces hygroscopicus in the course of growth and development]. The membranes of actinomycetes do not differ from the membranes of other prokaryotes in the content of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and RNA, Lipids are represented mainly by phospholipids, particularly by phosphatidyl ethanolamine, cardiolipine, and phosphatidyl glycerol. The fatty acid composition of phospholipids does not change in the course of growth, and is represented by 80 per cent with branched fatty acids having 15-17 carbon atoms. Over 20 fractions are found in proteins isolated from the membranes of actinomycetes grown for 1-3 days and studied by means of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, and only 7-8 fractions, in the membranes of actinomycetes cultivated during 5-7 days."}
{"id": "PMID:909468", "title": "[Coccoid cells and spheroplasts in cultures of the genus Thermus].", "content": "The formation of capable of self-reproduction coccoid cells, and of spheroplasts, was studied in the cultures of Thermus ruber and pigmentless Thermus sp. by light and electron microscopy. The primary origination of cocci might be due to non-uniform or multiple cell division. Spheroplasts can be produced either from coccoid or from rod-like cells as a result of autolysis of the glycopeptide layer of the cell wall. The spheroplasts of the cultures belonging to the Thermus genus are characterized by osmotic stability and a peculiar appearance due to a strongly developed periplasmic space and the eccentric arrangement of the protoplast in it.", "contents": "[Coccoid cells and spheroplasts in cultures of the genus Thermus]. The formation of capable of self-reproduction coccoid cells, and of spheroplasts, was studied in the cultures of Thermus ruber and pigmentless Thermus sp. by light and electron microscopy. The primary origination of cocci might be due to non-uniform or multiple cell division. Spheroplasts can be produced either from coccoid or from rod-like cells as a result of autolysis of the glycopeptide layer of the cell wall. The spheroplasts of the cultures belonging to the Thermus genus are characterized by osmotic stability and a peculiar appearance due to a strongly developed periplasmic space and the eccentric arrangement of the protoplast in it."}
{"id": "PMID:909467", "title": "[Morphogenesis and function of gas caps on spores of anaerobic bacteria of the genus Clostridium].", "content": "Contrary to other bacteria, those belonging to the genus Clostridium have their formation of vacuoles being strictly confined to the stage of spore production. In Clostridium, gas vacuoles are formed in the intraexosporial space, i. e. in the cytoplasm between the exosporial membrane and spore coats. Gas caps, being conical accumulations of gas vacuoles, impart increased floatation to spores and favour therefore their distribution in nature. Consequently, Clostridium species have ecological advantage if they can form gas vacuoles. The function of the exosporium and specific rod-shaped appendices of spore coats is discussed.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis and function of gas caps on spores of anaerobic bacteria of the genus Clostridium]. Contrary to other bacteria, those belonging to the genus Clostridium have their formation of vacuoles being strictly confined to the stage of spore production. In Clostridium, gas vacuoles are formed in the intraexosporial space, i. e. in the cytoplasm between the exosporial membrane and spore coats. Gas caps, being conical accumulations of gas vacuoles, impart increased floatation to spores and favour therefore their distribution in nature. Consequently, Clostridium species have ecological advantage if they can form gas vacuoles. The function of the exosporium and specific rod-shaped appendices of spore coats is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909470", "title": "[Formation of prototrophic colonies during crossing of deficient mutants of Aspergillus niger].", "content": "Deficient mutants of Aspergillus niger were obtained under the action of high doses of mutagens, viz. nitrosomethylurea, ethyleneimine, UV and gamma-rays, and their combinations. If the mutants to be crossed were derived from one and the same strain, prototrophous colonies of heterokaryons grew on a minimal medium, the frequency of their formation being 2-10(-7)-5-10(-7). If the mutants were obtained from different strains, heterokaryons appeared only in 40 per cent of crossings. Heterokaryons derived from mutants characterized by a low activity produced more acids. Heterokaryons obtained by crossing mutants with a high and a low activity had a higher productivity than a parent with a low activity, but a lower productivity than a parent with a high activity.", "contents": "[Formation of prototrophic colonies during crossing of deficient mutants of Aspergillus niger]. Deficient mutants of Aspergillus niger were obtained under the action of high doses of mutagens, viz. nitrosomethylurea, ethyleneimine, UV and gamma-rays, and their combinations. If the mutants to be crossed were derived from one and the same strain, prototrophous colonies of heterokaryons grew on a minimal medium, the frequency of their formation being 2-10(-7)-5-10(-7). If the mutants were obtained from different strains, heterokaryons appeared only in 40 per cent of crossings. Heterokaryons derived from mutants characterized by a low activity produced more acids. Heterokaryons obtained by crossing mutants with a high and a low activity had a higher productivity than a parent with a low activity, but a lower productivity than a parent with a high activity."}
{"id": "PMID:909469", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of spore formation in Actinomadura verrucosospora].", "content": "The formation of spores was studied with a morphologic type of the Actinomadura genus, Acd. verrucosospora (Nonomura a. Ohara, 1971. Spore formation begins with the division of a hypha by cross-partitions which, as a rule, appear as monolayered on cross-sections, thus differing from sporulation septae found in other actinomycetes. The structure and shape of septae change in the course of spore formation: first, they consist of one layer and have the same thickness as the cell wall; later, they consist of several layers and their thickness is uneven (the shape of dumbbels). In the course of spore maturation, thick regions of the septae are destroyed. Mature spores are characterized by the presence of vacuoles, the thichened cell wall and outer sheath; the latter bears rounded structures arranged in conglomerates which resemble grapes. The process of sporogenesis and the structure of spores in Actinomadura verrucosospora differ from those in other species of the Actinomadura genus (Williams et al., 1974; Soina et al., 1975); therefore, this genus of actinomycetes is heterogenous.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of spore formation in Actinomadura verrucosospora]. The formation of spores was studied with a morphologic type of the Actinomadura genus, Acd. verrucosospora (Nonomura a. Ohara, 1971. Spore formation begins with the division of a hypha by cross-partitions which, as a rule, appear as monolayered on cross-sections, thus differing from sporulation septae found in other actinomycetes. The structure and shape of septae change in the course of spore formation: first, they consist of one layer and have the same thickness as the cell wall; later, they consist of several layers and their thickness is uneven (the shape of dumbbels). In the course of spore maturation, thick regions of the septae are destroyed. Mature spores are characterized by the presence of vacuoles, the thichened cell wall and outer sheath; the latter bears rounded structures arranged in conglomerates which resemble grapes. The process of sporogenesis and the structure of spores in Actinomadura verrucosospora differ from those in other species of the Actinomadura genus (Williams et al., 1974; Soina et al., 1975); therefore, this genus of actinomycetes is heterogenous."}
{"id": "PMID:909471", "title": "[Relation of cell wall growth and conjugation to the cell division cycle in Schizosaccharomyces pombe].", "content": "The growth of the cell wall to Schizosaccharomyces pombe was studied by fluorescent microscopy and time-lapse microcinematography. The growth of individual cells was found to be bipolar and sharply asymmetrical. The two poles had different sequence of growth which depended on the functionation of the cell cycle. Findings concerning the growth of the poles were used for investigating the topography of the surface of zygotes. The formation of conjugation protuberances was not related to a certain pole and did not depend on its growth state. Some aspects of the cell cycle dependence of the cell wall growth and conjugation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe are discussed.", "contents": "[Relation of cell wall growth and conjugation to the cell division cycle in Schizosaccharomyces pombe]. The growth of the cell wall to Schizosaccharomyces pombe was studied by fluorescent microscopy and time-lapse microcinematography. The growth of individual cells was found to be bipolar and sharply asymmetrical. The two poles had different sequence of growth which depended on the functionation of the cell cycle. Findings concerning the growth of the poles were used for investigating the topography of the surface of zygotes. The formation of conjugation protuberances was not related to a certain pole and did not depend on its growth state. Some aspects of the cell cycle dependence of the cell wall growth and conjugation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909472", "title": "[Polylysogeny in Bacillus thuringiensis var. Galleriae cultures].", "content": "The culture of Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae was shown to be polylysogenic. As has been found earlier, the culture has a phage with the original structure of particles whose tail possesses a special substructure called a \"collar\". The phage was described in detail as a phage of Bac. thuringiensis 1-97 with a \"collar\". Further studies of the culture of Bac. thuringiensis var. galleriae 1-97 has shown that it also contains another phage which differs sharply from the first one in the morphology of particles, the spectrum of lytic action, and other properties. Electron microscopy of the cultural fluid of the Bac. thuringiensis var. galleriae cultures has revealed in them the presence of different amounts of the particles of both morphological types found in the strain 1-97. These data suggest that the cultures of Bac. thuringiensis var. galleriae are polylysogenic. The methods for the isolation of the new phage are described.", "contents": "[Polylysogeny in Bacillus thuringiensis var. Galleriae cultures]. The culture of Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae was shown to be polylysogenic. As has been found earlier, the culture has a phage with the original structure of particles whose tail possesses a special substructure called a \"collar\". The phage was described in detail as a phage of Bac. thuringiensis 1-97 with a \"collar\". Further studies of the culture of Bac. thuringiensis var. galleriae 1-97 has shown that it also contains another phage which differs sharply from the first one in the morphology of particles, the spectrum of lytic action, and other properties. Electron microscopy of the cultural fluid of the Bac. thuringiensis var. galleriae cultures has revealed in them the presence of different amounts of the particles of both morphological types found in the strain 1-97. These data suggest that the cultures of Bac. thuringiensis var. galleriae are polylysogenic. The methods for the isolation of the new phage are described."}
{"id": "PMID:909473", "title": "[Change in phage sensitivity in Rhizobium meliloti transformants].", "content": "Cultures of Rhizobium meliloti were studied in order to test their phage resistance. Seven variants of the modification of phage resistance were found among the transformants under study, and an attempt was made to interpret them.", "contents": "[Change in phage sensitivity in Rhizobium meliloti transformants]. Cultures of Rhizobium meliloti were studied in order to test their phage resistance. Seven variants of the modification of phage resistance were found among the transformants under study, and an attempt was made to interpret them."}
{"id": "PMID:909474", "title": "[Production of isolated colonies in Blakeslea trispora].", "content": "The effect of several compounds on the growth of Blakeslea trispora producing beta-carotene was studied on solid nutrient media. The paramorphous action was manifested by beta-ionone in the presence of sunflower oil. L-sorbose and beetroot pectin. Continuous growth of the fungus was changed into colonial growth by using a bilayered wort-agar medium. Mutants of Blakeslea trispora having compact type of growth have been isolated.", "contents": "[Production of isolated colonies in Blakeslea trispora]. The effect of several compounds on the growth of Blakeslea trispora producing beta-carotene was studied on solid nutrient media. The paramorphous action was manifested by beta-ionone in the presence of sunflower oil. L-sorbose and beetroot pectin. Continuous growth of the fungus was changed into colonial growth by using a bilayered wort-agar medium. Mutants of Blakeslea trispora having compact type of growth have been isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:909475", "title": "[Lactobacilli of freshwater fishes].", "content": "Normal microflora in the intestinal tract of fishes inhabiting fresh-water reservoirs includes lactic bacteria. The number of the bacteria depends on the animal species, the composition of food, the age, and the season. The highest number of these microorganisms (hundreds of millions per gram of the intestinal content) is found in carps. Enterococci are most often encountered in fishes inhabiting ponds: Streptococcus faecalis Andrewes a. Horder, Str. faecium Orla-Jensen, Str. bovis Orla-Jensen. Lactobacilli are more typical of fishes in water reserviors: Lactobacillus plantarum (Orla-Jensen) Bergey et al., L. casei (Orla-Jensen) Hansen a. Lessel, L. casei var. casei, L. casei var. rhamnosus, L. Casei var. alactosus, L. leichmannii (Henneberg) Bergey et al., L. acidophillus (Moro) Hansen a. Mocquot, L. Fermenti Beijerinck, L. cellobiosus Rogosa et al., L. Buchneri (Henneberg) Bergey et al. The content of lactic bacteria varies in water reservoirs; their highest content is found in ooze (tens of thousands per gram).", "contents": "[Lactobacilli of freshwater fishes]. Normal microflora in the intestinal tract of fishes inhabiting fresh-water reservoirs includes lactic bacteria. The number of the bacteria depends on the animal species, the composition of food, the age, and the season. The highest number of these microorganisms (hundreds of millions per gram of the intestinal content) is found in carps. Enterococci are most often encountered in fishes inhabiting ponds: Streptococcus faecalis Andrewes a. Horder, Str. faecium Orla-Jensen, Str. bovis Orla-Jensen. Lactobacilli are more typical of fishes in water reserviors: Lactobacillus plantarum (Orla-Jensen) Bergey et al., L. casei (Orla-Jensen) Hansen a. Lessel, L. casei var. casei, L. casei var. rhamnosus, L. Casei var. alactosus, L. leichmannii (Henneberg) Bergey et al., L. acidophillus (Moro) Hansen a. Mocquot, L. Fermenti Beijerinck, L. cellobiosus Rogosa et al., L. Buchneri (Henneberg) Bergey et al. The content of lactic bacteria varies in water reservoirs; their highest content is found in ooze (tens of thousands per gram)."}
{"id": "PMID:909482", "title": "Possible usefulness of screening for hyperlipidaemia.", "content": "Screening for coronary risk factors is one approach to the prevention of premature coronary disease. Its usefulness will depend on the effectiveness with which identified risk factors can be dealt. This report describes the operation of a Risk Evaluation Service that screens for hypertension and hyperlipidaemia and offers dietary advice to individuals found to be hyperlipidaemic. It was found that 33% of men and 36% of women weighed more than 10% above ideal body weight. Serum cholesterol values of 6-4 mmol/l. (250 mg/100 ml) or above were found in at least one-quarter of men and women above the age of 40 years. Hypercholesterolaemia, defined in this way, responded readily to appropriate dietary advice (75% of men and 64% of women attained normal cholesterol levels in four to six weeks: mean pretreatment cholesterol level being 7-2 mmol/l. and 7-4 mmol/l. for men and women, respectively, mean post-treatment cholesterol level being 5-9 mmol/l. and 6-4 mmol/l. respiectively). The response was less impressive for cobined hyperlipidaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia (about one-half attained normal values in four to six weeks), possibly owing to insufficient time for adequate weight loss to have occurred. These data confirm the high prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in middleaged Australians and suggest the simple dietary conselling will frequently correct hypercholesterolaemia at least in the short term.", "contents": "Possible usefulness of screening for hyperlipidaemia. Screening for coronary risk factors is one approach to the prevention of premature coronary disease. Its usefulness will depend on the effectiveness with which identified risk factors can be dealt. This report describes the operation of a Risk Evaluation Service that screens for hypertension and hyperlipidaemia and offers dietary advice to individuals found to be hyperlipidaemic. It was found that 33% of men and 36% of women weighed more than 10% above ideal body weight. Serum cholesterol values of 6-4 mmol/l. (250 mg/100 ml) or above were found in at least one-quarter of men and women above the age of 40 years. Hypercholesterolaemia, defined in this way, responded readily to appropriate dietary advice (75% of men and 64% of women attained normal cholesterol levels in four to six weeks: mean pretreatment cholesterol level being 7-2 mmol/l. and 7-4 mmol/l. for men and women, respectively, mean post-treatment cholesterol level being 5-9 mmol/l. and 6-4 mmol/l. respiectively). The response was less impressive for cobined hyperlipidaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia (about one-half attained normal values in four to six weeks), possibly owing to insufficient time for adequate weight loss to have occurred. These data confirm the high prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in middleaged Australians and suggest the simple dietary conselling will frequently correct hypercholesterolaemia at least in the short term."}
{"id": "PMID:909476", "title": "[Microbiological characteristics of Lake Turali].", "content": "The Turali Lake is a salt-water reservoir. The high salt content of water and ooze determine the microflora of the lake. The total bacterial number is lower in the summer than in the winter when the salt concentration in the lake decreases. The highest number of bacteria and sapropnytes is found in the spring. As a result of the high salt concentration in the water and ooze of the Turali Lake, the following physiological bacterial groups are partly or entirely absent: Azotobacter, Clostridium pasteurianum, hydrocarbon-oxidizing, methanol-producing and sulphate-reducing bacteria.", "contents": "[Microbiological characteristics of Lake Turali]. The Turali Lake is a salt-water reservoir. The high salt content of water and ooze determine the microflora of the lake. The total bacterial number is lower in the summer than in the winter when the salt concentration in the lake decreases. The highest number of bacteria and sapropnytes is found in the spring. As a result of the high salt concentration in the water and ooze of the Turali Lake, the following physiological bacterial groups are partly or entirely absent: Azotobacter, Clostridium pasteurianum, hydrocarbon-oxidizing, methanol-producing and sulphate-reducing bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:909483", "title": "Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level may aid in the diagnosis of pancreatitis.", "content": "Ten cases of pancreatitis with elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) levels are reported. Patients with chronic or relapsing pancreatitis may at times develop increased SAP levels, either with or without definitive biochemical evidence of pancreatic disease. SAP estimation may assist in establishing a clinical diagnosis in cases of abdominal pain in which pancreatitis is suspected.", "contents": "Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level may aid in the diagnosis of pancreatitis. Ten cases of pancreatitis with elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) levels are reported. Patients with chronic or relapsing pancreatitis may at times develop increased SAP levels, either with or without definitive biochemical evidence of pancreatic disease. SAP estimation may assist in establishing a clinical diagnosis in cases of abdominal pain in which pancreatitis is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:909484", "title": "Evaluation of automated multiphasic health testing of referred patients by general practitioners.", "content": "Seventy-eight general practitioners provided clinical follow-up reports on 752 patients whom they had referred to the Shepherd Foundation, Melbourne, for automated multiphasic health tests (AMHT). One or more new diagnoses were reported in 270 cases (36%). The yield of new diagnoses made as a result of AMHT was a function of sex, but not of age or pre-referral status. Additional useful information relevant to a previously known diagnosis was reported in 234 cases (31%) and other benefits in 185 cases (25%). Patients were significantly reassured in 623 cases (83%) while disadvantages were reported in 41 cases (5%).", "contents": "Evaluation of automated multiphasic health testing of referred patients by general practitioners. Seventy-eight general practitioners provided clinical follow-up reports on 752 patients whom they had referred to the Shepherd Foundation, Melbourne, for automated multiphasic health tests (AMHT). One or more new diagnoses were reported in 270 cases (36%). The yield of new diagnoses made as a result of AMHT was a function of sex, but not of age or pre-referral status. Additional useful information relevant to a previously known diagnosis was reported in 234 cases (31%) and other benefits in 185 cases (25%). Patients were significantly reassured in 623 cases (83%) while disadvantages were reported in 41 cases (5%)."}
{"id": "PMID:909477", "title": "[Electrophoretic characteristics of the protein composition of mutant forms of pea nodular bacteria].", "content": "A water-soluble protein fraction was studied by gel electrophoresis in the parent and mutant forms of the nodule bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum. The composition of this fraction changed under the action of NTG. Changes in the composition of protein components in the mutants as compared with that of the parent strain are caused presumably by their modified specificity.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic characteristics of the protein composition of mutant forms of pea nodular bacteria]. A water-soluble protein fraction was studied by gel electrophoresis in the parent and mutant forms of the nodule bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum. The composition of this fraction changed under the action of NTG. Changes in the composition of protein components in the mutants as compared with that of the parent strain are caused presumably by their modified specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:909485", "title": "Traumatic basal subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "content": "A case of traumatic basal subarachnoid haemorrhage and fractured mandible following a blow to the neck is described. The characteristic findings exhibited were diastasis of the atlanto-occipital joint with subluxation of the right side of the first cervical vertebra, in the absence of a demonstrable abnormality of the cerebral circulation.", "contents": "Traumatic basal subarachnoid haemorrhage. A case of traumatic basal subarachnoid haemorrhage and fractured mandible following a blow to the neck is described. The characteristic findings exhibited were diastasis of the atlanto-occipital joint with subluxation of the right side of the first cervical vertebra, in the absence of a demonstrable abnormality of the cerebral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:909496", "title": "A mechanism of tumourigenesis: retrodifferentiation and reontogeny in cancer and its clinical significance.", "content": "A general theory for the origin and maintenance of the neoplastic state in tissues is presented. Cancer is described as a disease of abnormal cell and tissue differentiation, and its underlying cause is identified in the process of blocked reontogeny. Data are presented which support this hypothesis and show the striking similarities at the molecular level between neoplastic, embryonic and regenerating tissues. The hypothesis suggests that numerous potentially useful (in the clinical sense) proteins, all of them members of early development, may be associated with neoplasms. It is suggested that research aimed at extending the identification and measurement of these proteins will make a significant contribution to the clinical management of cancer and may lead to the development of easy and cheap screening techniques for the early diagnosis of neoplastic disease in man.", "contents": "A mechanism of tumourigenesis: retrodifferentiation and reontogeny in cancer and its clinical significance. A general theory for the origin and maintenance of the neoplastic state in tissues is presented. Cancer is described as a disease of abnormal cell and tissue differentiation, and its underlying cause is identified in the process of blocked reontogeny. Data are presented which support this hypothesis and show the striking similarities at the molecular level between neoplastic, embryonic and regenerating tissues. The hypothesis suggests that numerous potentially useful (in the clinical sense) proteins, all of them members of early development, may be associated with neoplasms. It is suggested that research aimed at extending the identification and measurement of these proteins will make a significant contribution to the clinical management of cancer and may lead to the development of easy and cheap screening techniques for the early diagnosis of neoplastic disease in man."}
{"id": "PMID:909497", "title": "Changes in the circulating thyroid hormones during anaesthesia and thyroid surgery.", "content": "The circulating thyroid hormones were found to respond to general anaesthesia and surgery of the thyroid gland in a similar manner to that reported with general surgery. When compared with the preoperative plasma concentration, the post-operative thyroxine levels showed a significant rise, whereas the triiodothyronine level fell.", "contents": "Changes in the circulating thyroid hormones during anaesthesia and thyroid surgery. The circulating thyroid hormones were found to respond to general anaesthesia and surgery of the thyroid gland in a similar manner to that reported with general surgery. When compared with the preoperative plasma concentration, the post-operative thyroxine levels showed a significant rise, whereas the triiodothyronine level fell."}
{"id": "PMID:909498", "title": "Poor diagnosis of cystinuria in New South Wales.", "content": "The case histories of 33 stone-forming cystinurics were analysed with respected to the time taken for the diagnosis of cystinuria to be made. Stone analysis showed that 17 patients were diagnosed at the  time of first stone formation, but the other 16 patients were not diagnosed until they had suffered repeated episodes of calculi. There were 25 episodes of renal colic in 14 patients before any stone formation, and there was no case of cystinuria diagnosed as the result of a search for the cause of the renal colic.", "contents": "Poor diagnosis of cystinuria in New South Wales. The case histories of 33 stone-forming cystinurics were analysed with respected to the time taken for the diagnosis of cystinuria to be made. Stone analysis showed that 17 patients were diagnosed at the  time of first stone formation, but the other 16 patients were not diagnosed until they had suffered repeated episodes of calculi. There were 25 episodes of renal colic in 14 patients before any stone formation, and there was no case of cystinuria diagnosed as the result of a search for the cause of the renal colic."}
{"id": "PMID:909499", "title": "Group education after myocardial infarction: Is it effective?", "content": "An analysis of the results of a study of a group of post-infarction patients who had received group instruction concerning the nature of myocardial infarction, compared with patients not so instructed, is presented. Contrary to expectation, anxiety levels as measured by the Catel IPTA Anxiety Scale were significantly higher in patients who experienced group education. Regardless of this finding, patients were subjectively appreciative of education.", "contents": "Group education after myocardial infarction: Is it effective? An analysis of the results of a study of a group of post-infarction patients who had received group instruction concerning the nature of myocardial infarction, compared with patients not so instructed, is presented. Contrary to expectation, anxiety levels as measured by the Catel IPTA Anxiety Scale were significantly higher in patients who experienced group education. Regardless of this finding, patients were subjectively appreciative of education."}
{"id": "PMID:909500", "title": "Agranulocytosis due to dapsone.", "content": "A case of agranulocytosis due to dapsone administered for the treatment of acne vulgaris is described. Agranulocytosis has previously been reported after administration of dapsone for other dermatological disorders, leprosy, and prophylaxis against falciparum malaria. The frequency of agranulocytoses when dapsone was used for malaria prophylaxis in United States servicemen in Vietnam was sufficient to result in its withdrawal from use for this purpose. Caution should therefore be exercised in the administration of dapsone for conditions for which less toxic agents are available.", "contents": "Agranulocytosis due to dapsone. A case of agranulocytosis due to dapsone administered for the treatment of acne vulgaris is described. Agranulocytosis has previously been reported after administration of dapsone for other dermatological disorders, leprosy, and prophylaxis against falciparum malaria. The frequency of agranulocytoses when dapsone was used for malaria prophylaxis in United States servicemen in Vietnam was sufficient to result in its withdrawal from use for this purpose. Caution should therefore be exercised in the administration of dapsone for conditions for which less toxic agents are available."}
{"id": "PMID:909501", "title": "Sport: assessing the risk.", "content": "Studies on the incidence of sports injuries are an integral part of sports medicine. A survey of three sports medicine journals showed a paucity of information in this area. In view of the need for well designed studies, a series of guidelines for studies is presented.", "contents": "Sport: assessing the risk. Studies on the incidence of sports injuries are an integral part of sports medicine. A survey of three sports medicine journals showed a paucity of information in this area. In view of the need for well designed studies, a series of guidelines for studies is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:909542", "title": "Results of treating childhood Cushing's disease with pituitary irradiation.", "content": "To determine the usefulness of conventional pituitary irradiation in childhood Cushing's disease, we reviewed the results of this treatment in 15 patients. Twelve were cured (mean plasma cortisol of less than 10 microgram per deciliter and 24-hour urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion of less than 7 mg per gram of creatinine) within 18 months, and 10 of the 15 were cured within nine months. Three failures required bilateral adrenalectomy. Growth resumed in 12, with adult heights of 156 to 166 cm. Sexual development proceeded normally in all 15, with normal secondary sexual characteristics and sexual function, and demonstrated fertility in four married adults. Intellectual function appeared normal. Basal and stimulated hormone levels were normal, except for subnormal (5 ng per milliliter or less) growth hormone levels after hypoglycemia in one of 12 patients. There were no complications of therapy and no progressive pituitary enlargement or hyperpigmentation. Pituitary irradiation is safe and effective therapy for childhood Cushing's disease.", "contents": "Results of treating childhood Cushing's disease with pituitary irradiation. To determine the usefulness of conventional pituitary irradiation in childhood Cushing's disease, we reviewed the results of this treatment in 15 patients. Twelve were cured (mean plasma cortisol of less than 10 microgram per deciliter and 24-hour urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion of less than 7 mg per gram of creatinine) within 18 months, and 10 of the 15 were cured within nine months. Three failures required bilateral adrenalectomy. Growth resumed in 12, with adult heights of 156 to 166 cm. Sexual development proceeded normally in all 15, with normal secondary sexual characteristics and sexual function, and demonstrated fertility in four married adults. Intellectual function appeared normal. Basal and stimulated hormone levels were normal, except for subnormal (5 ng per milliliter or less) growth hormone levels after hypoglycemia in one of 12 patients. There were no complications of therapy and no progressive pituitary enlargement or hyperpigmentation. Pituitary irradiation is safe and effective therapy for childhood Cushing's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:909543", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Two pregnancies at risk for X-linked recessive Duchenne's muscular dystrophy were studied at 18 and 20 weeks. Fetal blood was obtained by placental aspiration for measurement of plasma creatine phosphokinase activity. Activity in the first fetus was 96 IU per liter, as compared to a control range of 0 to 150 IU per liter in 16 pregnancies not at risk for the disorder. The pregnancy continued, and the infant was normal after birth. In the second fetus creatine phosphokinase activity was significantly elevated to 540 IU per liter (P less than 0.001). Fetal blood also showed considerable hemolysis, an unusual observation in placental blood sampling. After abortion, examination of fetal muscle by light, phase and electron microscopy showed characteristic features of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, including wide variation in muscle-fiber diameter and reduction in the number of fibers per fasciculus. These cases illustrate the potential usefulness of fetal plasma for prenatal diagnosis and, specifically, of creatine phosphokinase activity for diagnosis of muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Two pregnancies at risk for X-linked recessive Duchenne's muscular dystrophy were studied at 18 and 20 weeks. Fetal blood was obtained by placental aspiration for measurement of plasma creatine phosphokinase activity. Activity in the first fetus was 96 IU per liter, as compared to a control range of 0 to 150 IU per liter in 16 pregnancies not at risk for the disorder. The pregnancy continued, and the infant was normal after birth. In the second fetus creatine phosphokinase activity was significantly elevated to 540 IU per liter (P less than 0.001). Fetal blood also showed considerable hemolysis, an unusual observation in placental blood sampling. After abortion, examination of fetal muscle by light, phase and electron microscopy showed characteristic features of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, including wide variation in muscle-fiber diameter and reduction in the number of fibers per fasciculus. These cases illustrate the potential usefulness of fetal plasma for prenatal diagnosis and, specifically, of creatine phosphokinase activity for diagnosis of muscular dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:909547", "title": "Idiopathic hemochromatosis. Demonstration of recessive transmission and early detection by family HLA typing.", "content": "We studied iron overloading and HLA types in 24 sibships of patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis, of which 15 had at least two subjects with overt forms. HLA types of 84 unrelated patients were also investigated. Among siblings there was a significant association (P less than 0.0001) between the presence of hemochromatosis and the possession of the same two HLA haplotypes. The fact that overt forms of hemochromatosis depend on the presence of two specific homologous chromosomes strongly supports a recessive mode of transmission for the overt disease. The haplotypic equilibrium demonstrated in the unrelated patients group is another supporting argument. The lod-score value (2.239 for theta = 0.005) in six families available for study further supports the conclusion that a hemochromatosis gene is closely linked to the HLA-A locus. HLA typing in families with hemochromatosis could provide a means of early detection of subjects at risk before appearance of any sign of iron overload.", "contents": "Idiopathic hemochromatosis. Demonstration of recessive transmission and early detection by family HLA typing. We studied iron overloading and HLA types in 24 sibships of patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis, of which 15 had at least two subjects with overt forms. HLA types of 84 unrelated patients were also investigated. Among siblings there was a significant association (P less than 0.0001) between the presence of hemochromatosis and the possession of the same two HLA haplotypes. The fact that overt forms of hemochromatosis depend on the presence of two specific homologous chromosomes strongly supports a recessive mode of transmission for the overt disease. The haplotypic equilibrium demonstrated in the unrelated patients group is another supporting argument. The lod-score value (2.239 for theta = 0.005) in six families available for study further supports the conclusion that a hemochromatosis gene is closely linked to the HLA-A locus. HLA typing in families with hemochromatosis could provide a means of early detection of subjects at risk before appearance of any sign of iron overload."}
{"id": "PMID:909548", "title": "Functional capabilities of steroid-recruited neutrophils harvested for clinical transfusion.", "content": "To determine whether steroids exert a direct inhibitory effect on neutrophil function, thus contraindicating their use to increase granulocyte yields for white-cell transfusions to infected neutropenic patients, we gave normal donors a single intravenous dose of dexamethasone (4 mg per square meter of body-surface area). Approximately two hours later the absolute neutrophil count increased from an initial value (mean +/- 1S.D.) of 3800 +/- 1400 to 5700 +/- 2400 per microliter. Granulocytes were then collected by discontinuous-flow centrifugation and tested. Viability (98.4 per cent), the percentage of neutrophils capable of phagocytosis (97.6), particle accumulation (12.3 candida per phagocyte), fungicidal activity (1.08 \"ghost\" yeast cells per phagocyte), the percentage of bacteria killed (97.7) and chemotaxis (119 per cent) did not significantly differ from observations in nontreated paired controls. The functional competence of neutrophils used for granulocyte transfusions was not altered after short-term exposure of these healthy donors to steroid medication.", "contents": "Functional capabilities of steroid-recruited neutrophils harvested for clinical transfusion. To determine whether steroids exert a direct inhibitory effect on neutrophil function, thus contraindicating their use to increase granulocyte yields for white-cell transfusions to infected neutropenic patients, we gave normal donors a single intravenous dose of dexamethasone (4 mg per square meter of body-surface area). Approximately two hours later the absolute neutrophil count increased from an initial value (mean +/- 1S.D.) of 3800 +/- 1400 to 5700 +/- 2400 per microliter. Granulocytes were then collected by discontinuous-flow centrifugation and tested. Viability (98.4 per cent), the percentage of neutrophils capable of phagocytosis (97.6), particle accumulation (12.3 candida per phagocyte), fungicidal activity (1.08 \"ghost\" yeast cells per phagocyte), the percentage of bacteria killed (97.7) and chemotaxis (119 per cent) did not significantly differ from observations in nontreated paired controls. The functional competence of neutrophils used for granulocyte transfusions was not altered after short-term exposure of these healthy donors to steroid medication."}
{"id": "PMID:909549", "title": "Genetics of juvenile diabetes mellitus. A recessive gene closely linked to HLA D and with 50 per cent penetrance.", "content": "We investigated the genetic predisposition to juvenile diabetes in the families of 31 index cases in relation to the inheritance of the HLA system. The diabetes-predisposing gene was found to be recessive because the diabetic sibs in index cases shared both their HLA genes with a significantly increased frequency. Penetrance was estimated at 50 per cent because half the HLA-identical sibs in index cases were diabetic. These conclusions fit with published observations that the risk to sibs of patients is about 100 per cent, when both parents are normal. In three informative cases of recombination within HLA the predisposing gene traveled with the HLA D segment of the recombinant haplotype. We prepared tables for the computation of risks to relatives, based on the hypothesis of recessivity, HLA linkage and 50 per cent penetrance.", "contents": "Genetics of juvenile diabetes mellitus. A recessive gene closely linked to HLA D and with 50 per cent penetrance. We investigated the genetic predisposition to juvenile diabetes in the families of 31 index cases in relation to the inheritance of the HLA system. The diabetes-predisposing gene was found to be recessive because the diabetic sibs in index cases shared both their HLA genes with a significantly increased frequency. Penetrance was estimated at 50 per cent because half the HLA-identical sibs in index cases were diabetic. These conclusions fit with published observations that the risk to sibs of patients is about 100 per cent, when both parents are normal. In three informative cases of recombination within HLA the predisposing gene traveled with the HLA D segment of the recombinant haplotype. We prepared tables for the computation of risks to relatives, based on the hypothesis of recessivity, HLA linkage and 50 per cent penetrance."}
{"id": "PMID:909565", "title": "Identification of a nondeletion defect in alpha-thalassemia.", "content": "The molecular defect that has been demonstrated in alpha-thalassemia is the deletion of the alpha-globin structural genes. Since thalassemias are composed of heterogeneous groups of disorders, other types of defects could also result in alpha-thalassemia. We studied a Chinese family in which analysis of the mode of inheritance of alpha-thalassemia-1 and hemoglobin-H disease suggests a lesion that is not due to structural-gene deletion. Molecular hybridization studies with synthetic radioactive DNA's complementary to alpha-globin mRNA sequences show that in addition to the usual deletion defect, a nondeletion defect produces the phenotype of alpha-thalassemia-1. The combination of the deletion and non-deletion defects results in hemoglobin-H disease and not homozygous alpha-thalassemia associated with hydrops fetalis.", "contents": "Identification of a nondeletion defect in alpha-thalassemia. The molecular defect that has been demonstrated in alpha-thalassemia is the deletion of the alpha-globin structural genes. Since thalassemias are composed of heterogeneous groups of disorders, other types of defects could also result in alpha-thalassemia. We studied a Chinese family in which analysis of the mode of inheritance of alpha-thalassemia-1 and hemoglobin-H disease suggests a lesion that is not due to structural-gene deletion. Molecular hybridization studies with synthetic radioactive DNA's complementary to alpha-globin mRNA sequences show that in addition to the usual deletion defect, a nondeletion defect produces the phenotype of alpha-thalassemia-1. The combination of the deletion and non-deletion defects results in hemoglobin-H disease and not homozygous alpha-thalassemia associated with hydrops fetalis."}
{"id": "PMID:909566", "title": "Evidence favoring the use of anticoagulants in the hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Since the last comprehensive review of anticoagulation in acute myocardial infarction four additional randomized control trials have been reported. The overwhelming majority of all trials favored anticoagulation. Rates of thromboembolism were higher in the control, and hemorrhagic complications in the anticoagulated group. Pooling of all randomized control trials gives mean case fatality rates of 19.6% for the control and 15.4% for the anticoagulated group, a relative reduction of 21% (P less than 0.05 or less than 0.001, depending on the analytic method). Five of six randomized control trials reported \"no effect\" because the difference favoring anticoagulation was not statistically significant. However, sample sizes in these \"negative\" papers were too small to protect against missing a 21% reduction in true case fatality rate due to anticoagulation (beta greater than 0.10). All patients who present no specific contraindication should receive anticoagulants during hospitalization for infarction.", "contents": "Evidence favoring the use of anticoagulants in the hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. Since the last comprehensive review of anticoagulation in acute myocardial infarction four additional randomized control trials have been reported. The overwhelming majority of all trials favored anticoagulation. Rates of thromboembolism were higher in the control, and hemorrhagic complications in the anticoagulated group. Pooling of all randomized control trials gives mean case fatality rates of 19.6% for the control and 15.4% for the anticoagulated group, a relative reduction of 21% (P less than 0.05 or less than 0.001, depending on the analytic method). Five of six randomized control trials reported \"no effect\" because the difference favoring anticoagulation was not statistically significant. However, sample sizes in these \"negative\" papers were too small to protect against missing a 21% reduction in true case fatality rate due to anticoagulation (beta greater than 0.10). All patients who present no specific contraindication should receive anticoagulants during hospitalization for infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:909577", "title": "Three-dimensional model of membrane-bound ribosomes obtained by electron microscopy.", "content": "A low-resolution three-dimensional man has been obtained from crystalline arrays of membrane-bound eukaryotic ribosomes. It shows both ribosomal subunits to be adjacent to the membrane surface, attached to it by a part protruding from the large subunit.", "contents": "Three-dimensional model of membrane-bound ribosomes obtained by electron microscopy. A low-resolution three-dimensional man has been obtained from crystalline arrays of membrane-bound eukaryotic ribosomes. It shows both ribosomal subunits to be adjacent to the membrane surface, attached to it by a part protruding from the large subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:909585", "title": "Evidence for a sensitising pigment in fly photoreceptors.", "content": "Many photoreceptor cells in invertebrates have a dual-peak spectral sensitivity. Evidence is presented that in fly photoreceptors the ultraviolet peak is due to a photostable pigment that absorbs light quanta and transfers the energy to the blue-absorbing visual pigment.", "contents": "Evidence for a sensitising pigment in fly photoreceptors. Many photoreceptor cells in invertebrates have a dual-peak spectral sensitivity. Evidence is presented that in fly photoreceptors the ultraviolet peak is due to a photostable pigment that absorbs light quanta and transfers the energy to the blue-absorbing visual pigment."}
{"id": "PMID:909586", "title": "Nucleotide sequences of 5'-terminal ribosome-protected initiation regions from two reovirus messages.", "content": "Sequences for two reovirus ribosome-protected fragments are presented. Comparison with four other reovirus initiation sites reveals only two common features: the 5'-terminal sequence m7GpppGmCUA, and (located 15-33 nucleotides from the cap) the sequence AUGG. Both the cap and the AUG codon are included in the 40S-ribosome protected region from all six reovirus messages.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences of 5'-terminal ribosome-protected initiation regions from two reovirus messages. Sequences for two reovirus ribosome-protected fragments are presented. Comparison with four other reovirus initiation sites reveals only two common features: the 5'-terminal sequence m7GpppGmCUA, and (located 15-33 nucleotides from the cap) the sequence AUGG. Both the cap and the AUG codon are included in the 40S-ribosome protected region from all six reovirus messages."}
{"id": "PMID:909609", "title": "Neurometabolic and behavioural effects of haloperidol in relation to drug levels in serum and brain.", "content": "A  method has been developed for the quantitative determination of haloperidol in brain and other tissues. Such determinations have been made after acute and chronic administration of haloperidol to Sprague-Dawley rats. Different regions of the brain including the striatum, the limbic forebrain and the cerebellum have been analyzed separately. The haloperidol effects on Dopa formation have been studied in the same tissue samples. The stimulation of prolactin secretion via blockade of hypothalamic dopaminergic mechanisms and behavioural effects of the drug have been evaluated in parallel experiments. The elimination of haloperidol from brain tissue is a multiphasic process. The fourth phase of elimination is the slowest with a half life of 4 days. No strict correlation was found between serum and brain concentrations of haloperidol. Both after acute and chronic administration there exists apparently a saturating dose above which the brain concentration of the drug increases very little. The dose seems to coincide with that beyond which little increase in Dopa formation is observed. A pharmacokinetic analysis suggests an element of saturable binding or transfer of haloperidol to brain tissue. This mechanism is not preferentially localized to areas of brain rich in dopaminergic synapses. A good correlation was found between the haloperidol concentration in the brain on the one hand and its effects on behaviour, on serum prolactin values and on Dopa formation on the other.", "contents": "Neurometabolic and behavioural effects of haloperidol in relation to drug levels in serum and brain. A  method has been developed for the quantitative determination of haloperidol in brain and other tissues. Such determinations have been made after acute and chronic administration of haloperidol to Sprague-Dawley rats. Different regions of the brain including the striatum, the limbic forebrain and the cerebellum have been analyzed separately. The haloperidol effects on Dopa formation have been studied in the same tissue samples. The stimulation of prolactin secretion via blockade of hypothalamic dopaminergic mechanisms and behavioural effects of the drug have been evaluated in parallel experiments. The elimination of haloperidol from brain tissue is a multiphasic process. The fourth phase of elimination is the slowest with a half life of 4 days. No strict correlation was found between serum and brain concentrations of haloperidol. Both after acute and chronic administration there exists apparently a saturating dose above which the brain concentration of the drug increases very little. The dose seems to coincide with that beyond which little increase in Dopa formation is observed. A pharmacokinetic analysis suggests an element of saturable binding or transfer of haloperidol to brain tissue. This mechanism is not preferentially localized to areas of brain rich in dopaminergic synapses. A good correlation was found between the haloperidol concentration in the brain on the one hand and its effects on behaviour, on serum prolactin values and on Dopa formation on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:909610", "title": "Inhibition of acetylcholine turnover in rat hippocampus by intraseptal injections of beta-endorphin and morphine.", "content": "Intraseptal administration of morphine (70 nmol) or beta-endorphin (0.7 nmol) reduced the rate of acetylcholine (ACh) turnover (TRACh) in rat hippocampus but not in striatum or cortex. These intraseptal injections failed to modify the ACh content and did not elicit analgesia. Naltrexone (15 mumol/kg, i.p.) completely antagonized the decrease of hippocampal TRACh elicited by the two opiate receptor agonists. Furthermore, intraseptal injections of naltrexone partially blocked the decrease in hippocampal TRACh induced by intraperitoneal administration of morphine (70 mumol/kg, i.p.). These data suggest that opiate agonists decrease hippocampal TRACh by regulating septal cholinergic neurons, and that this effect is not associated with analgesia.", "contents": "Inhibition of acetylcholine turnover in rat hippocampus by intraseptal injections of beta-endorphin and morphine. Intraseptal administration of morphine (70 nmol) or beta-endorphin (0.7 nmol) reduced the rate of acetylcholine (ACh) turnover (TRACh) in rat hippocampus but not in striatum or cortex. These intraseptal injections failed to modify the ACh content and did not elicit analgesia. Naltrexone (15 mumol/kg, i.p.) completely antagonized the decrease of hippocampal TRACh elicited by the two opiate receptor agonists. Furthermore, intraseptal injections of naltrexone partially blocked the decrease in hippocampal TRACh induced by intraperitoneal administration of morphine (70 mumol/kg, i.p.). These data suggest that opiate agonists decrease hippocampal TRACh by regulating septal cholinergic neurons, and that this effect is not associated with analgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:909611", "title": "Influence of enkephalin on K+-evoked efflux of putative neurotransmitters in rat brain. Selective inhibition of acetylcholine and dopamine release.", "content": "In rat brain slices preincubated with various radiolabelled putative neurotransmitters, methionine-enkephalin diminished the potassium-evoked release of dopamine and acetylcholine. The effect was antagonised by naloxone. The potassium-induced effux of three other neurotransmitters, histamine, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, were unaffected by methionine-enkephalin. A probable physiological function for the endogenous ligands in specifically affecting the catecholaminergic and cholinergic transmission is suggested.", "contents": "Influence of enkephalin on K+-evoked efflux of putative neurotransmitters in rat brain. Selective inhibition of acetylcholine and dopamine release. In rat brain slices preincubated with various radiolabelled putative neurotransmitters, methionine-enkephalin diminished the potassium-evoked release of dopamine and acetylcholine. The effect was antagonised by naloxone. The potassium-induced effux of three other neurotransmitters, histamine, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, were unaffected by methionine-enkephalin. A probable physiological function for the endogenous ligands in specifically affecting the catecholaminergic and cholinergic transmission is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:909612", "title": "Behavioural and biochemical effects of chronic reduction of cerebral noradrenaline receptor stimulation.", "content": "Mice were given various 7-day treatments designed to reduce cerebral noradrenergic function. Following these treatments, alterations in the sensitivity of limbic forebrain adenylate cyclase to noradrenaline (NA), and in the locomotor response of the mice to dopaminergic and noradrenergic agonists were studied. An enhanced response of the NA-sensitive adenylate cyclase to 1-NA(10-5 M), in comparison to control mice, was demonstrated after treatments producing a chronic reduction in stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors (phenoxybenzamine 10 mg/kg per day), beta-adrenergic receptors (propranolol, 0.05% diet), all noradrenergic receptors (reserpine 5 mg/kg, followed by FLA-63, 25 mg/kg per day), and dopaminergic as well as noradrenergic receptors (chlorpromazine, 5 mg/kg per day). Sensitivity of the NA-stimulated adenylate cyclase was not altered by chronic treatment with FLA-63 alone as a 0.05% diet. However, none of the chronic treatments except chlorpromazine administration increased the locomotor activity recorded for 2 h following apomorphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) and none of the treatments altered the locomotor activity recorded in the 2 h following administration of the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine (1mg/kg, i.p.), or a combination of apomorphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) plus clonidine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) The results support the hypothesis that noradrenergic stimulation plays a role secondary to that of dopamine in the production of locomotor activity.", "contents": "Behavioural and biochemical effects of chronic reduction of cerebral noradrenaline receptor stimulation. Mice were given various 7-day treatments designed to reduce cerebral noradrenergic function. Following these treatments, alterations in the sensitivity of limbic forebrain adenylate cyclase to noradrenaline (NA), and in the locomotor response of the mice to dopaminergic and noradrenergic agonists were studied. An enhanced response of the NA-sensitive adenylate cyclase to 1-NA(10-5 M), in comparison to control mice, was demonstrated after treatments producing a chronic reduction in stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors (phenoxybenzamine 10 mg/kg per day), beta-adrenergic receptors (propranolol, 0.05% diet), all noradrenergic receptors (reserpine 5 mg/kg, followed by FLA-63, 25 mg/kg per day), and dopaminergic as well as noradrenergic receptors (chlorpromazine, 5 mg/kg per day). Sensitivity of the NA-stimulated adenylate cyclase was not altered by chronic treatment with FLA-63 alone as a 0.05% diet. However, none of the chronic treatments except chlorpromazine administration increased the locomotor activity recorded for 2 h following apomorphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) and none of the treatments altered the locomotor activity recorded in the 2 h following administration of the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine (1mg/kg, i.p.), or a combination of apomorphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) plus clonidine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) The results support the hypothesis that noradrenergic stimulation plays a role secondary to that of dopamine in the production of locomotor activity."}
{"id": "PMID:909613", "title": "Effects of pentoxifylline on red blood cell deformability and blood viscosity under hyperosmolar conditions.", "content": "Using a hyperosmolar erythrocyte model, the authors studied the effect of changes in red cell deformability on whole blood viscosity and investigated the possibility of using pentoxifylline to modify red cell deformability and whole blood viscosity. In vitro studies reveal a significant correlation between the two parameters in as much as they are inversely proportionate, i.e. viscosity increases as red cell deformability decreases and vice versa. Addition of pentoxyfylline improves impaired red cell deformability under hyperosmolar conditions and simultaneously produces a reduction in whole blood viscosity.", "contents": "Effects of pentoxifylline on red blood cell deformability and blood viscosity under hyperosmolar conditions. Using a hyperosmolar erythrocyte model, the authors studied the effect of changes in red cell deformability on whole blood viscosity and investigated the possibility of using pentoxifylline to modify red cell deformability and whole blood viscosity. In vitro studies reveal a significant correlation between the two parameters in as much as they are inversely proportionate, i.e. viscosity increases as red cell deformability decreases and vice versa. Addition of pentoxyfylline improves impaired red cell deformability under hyperosmolar conditions and simultaneously produces a reduction in whole blood viscosity."}
{"id": "PMID:909616", "title": "[The development of cerebro-spinal fluid pathway in human embryos (author's transl)].", "content": "The early development of the subarachnoid space, the choroid plexus, and the arachnoid villi was studied in 60 normal human embryos ranging from Carnegie stage 12 to 23. The embryos were fixed in Bouin's fluid, paraffin-embedded, serially sectioned and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Azan. One abnormal human embryo with exencephaly and myeloschisis in the high cervical cord was added for the study. A primitive subarachnoid space (future subarachnoid space) is first distinguishable as cavity formation within the meninx primitiva in the areas ventral to the middle brain vesicle at stage 14. The development of the primitive subarachnoid space precedes the appearance of the choroid plexus. The primitive subarachnoid space appears earlier in the region ventral to the rhombencephalon than in the region posterior to the fourth ventricle. By stage 20, a primitive subarachnoid space almost completely surrounds the neural tube. A fairly-well developed primitive subarachnoid space was observed in the abnormal human embryo, in which the fourth ventricle was open to the amniotic cavity and the ventricular system was completely separated from the primitive subarachoid space. These findings imply that the extraventricular spread of fluid of choroid plexus origin is not an essential factors, and that probably it is not even an important factor, for the development of the subarachnoid space. The arachnoid villi dose not appear even at the end of the embryonal stage. Absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid in an embryo should be done by the way other than the arachnoid villi.", "contents": "[The development of cerebro-spinal fluid pathway in human embryos (author's transl)]. The early development of the subarachnoid space, the choroid plexus, and the arachnoid villi was studied in 60 normal human embryos ranging from Carnegie stage 12 to 23. The embryos were fixed in Bouin's fluid, paraffin-embedded, serially sectioned and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Azan. One abnormal human embryo with exencephaly and myeloschisis in the high cervical cord was added for the study. A primitive subarachnoid space (future subarachnoid space) is first distinguishable as cavity formation within the meninx primitiva in the areas ventral to the middle brain vesicle at stage 14. The development of the primitive subarachnoid space precedes the appearance of the choroid plexus. The primitive subarachnoid space appears earlier in the region ventral to the rhombencephalon than in the region posterior to the fourth ventricle. By stage 20, a primitive subarachnoid space almost completely surrounds the neural tube. A fairly-well developed primitive subarachnoid space was observed in the abnormal human embryo, in which the fourth ventricle was open to the amniotic cavity and the ventricular system was completely separated from the primitive subarachoid space. These findings imply that the extraventricular spread of fluid of choroid plexus origin is not an essential factors, and that probably it is not even an important factor, for the development of the subarachnoid space. The arachnoid villi dose not appear even at the end of the embryonal stage. Absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid in an embryo should be done by the way other than the arachnoid villi."}
{"id": "PMID:909617", "title": "[Endocrinological evaluation of sellar and suprasellar tumor cases (the ninth report)--on the PRL levels in the CSF (author's transl)].", "content": "Prolactin (PRL) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of 25 patients with sellar and suprasellar tumors, i.e. 5 of PRL secreting adenoma, 5 of GH secreting adenoma, 7 of so-called non-functioning pituitary adenoma, 5 of tuberculum sellae meningioma and 3 of craniopharyngioma, were studied in relation to the size of suprasellar extension measured by our own method on pneumoencephalograms. Plasma and CSF samples were obtained simultaneously at the time of lumbar puncture for pneumoencephalography. 1) Five patients of PRL secreting adenoma, whose plasma PRL levels ranged from 530 to 4,000 ng/ml, showed high PRL levels over 50 ng/ml in the CSF. On the contrary, 20 patients of the other tumors, whose plasma PRL levels were lower than 30 ng/ml, showed low PRL levels in th4 CSF, being below the sensitivity limit in the majority. 2) In 3 out of 5 PRL secreting adenomas, the PRL level in the CSF was higher than the plasma level and they showed a fairly large extrasellar extension. However in the remaining 2 the PRL level in the CSF was lower than a tenth of that in the plasma, and these revealed relatively small suprasellar extension. From these facts the presence of PRL at a high level in the CSF seems to be specific in the PRL secreting adenomas, and there seems to be a relationship between the CSF-plasma ratio of PRL level and the extrasellar extension in these cases.", "contents": "[Endocrinological evaluation of sellar and suprasellar tumor cases (the ninth report)--on the PRL levels in the CSF (author's transl)]. Prolactin (PRL) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of 25 patients with sellar and suprasellar tumors, i.e. 5 of PRL secreting adenoma, 5 of GH secreting adenoma, 7 of so-called non-functioning pituitary adenoma, 5 of tuberculum sellae meningioma and 3 of craniopharyngioma, were studied in relation to the size of suprasellar extension measured by our own method on pneumoencephalograms. Plasma and CSF samples were obtained simultaneously at the time of lumbar puncture for pneumoencephalography. 1) Five patients of PRL secreting adenoma, whose plasma PRL levels ranged from 530 to 4,000 ng/ml, showed high PRL levels over 50 ng/ml in the CSF. On the contrary, 20 patients of the other tumors, whose plasma PRL levels were lower than 30 ng/ml, showed low PRL levels in th4 CSF, being below the sensitivity limit in the majority. 2) In 3 out of 5 PRL secreting adenomas, the PRL level in the CSF was higher than the plasma level and they showed a fairly large extrasellar extension. However in the remaining 2 the PRL level in the CSF was lower than a tenth of that in the plasma, and these revealed relatively small suprasellar extension. From these facts the presence of PRL at a high level in the CSF seems to be specific in the PRL secreting adenomas, and there seems to be a relationship between the CSF-plasma ratio of PRL level and the extrasellar extension in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:909618", "title": "[Bilateral direct injury of oculomotor nerves in craniocerebral trauma-report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A 46-year-old housewife was admitted to the Kawasaki Hospital soon after traffic accident. She was struck in the right forehead. She was very slightly drowsy but well oriented. Both eyeballs were extremely abducted without any motility. The pupils were bilaterally dilated and equal in size with no response to light. There was a pronounced blephaloptosis on both sides. Another neurological abnormality was a slight right facial weakness. On skull films, a linear fracture in the right temporobasal region was noted but the views of the orbits were normal. A lumbal tap showed a mild subarachnoidal hemorrhage. Three weeks after the trauma, pneumoencephalography showed no abnormal finding. Throughout convalescence, no special treatment was given beyond medication. She improved steadily. Three years after injury, re-examination disclosed that lateral gaze was almost full to either side but upward and downward movements of both eyeballs were limited. In our opinion, the most likely cause of the disability in this case was bilateral direct damage of the oculomotor nerves near the petroclinoid ligament (Gr\u00fcber).", "contents": "[Bilateral direct injury of oculomotor nerves in craniocerebral trauma-report of a case (author's transl)]. A 46-year-old housewife was admitted to the Kawasaki Hospital soon after traffic accident. She was struck in the right forehead. She was very slightly drowsy but well oriented. Both eyeballs were extremely abducted without any motility. The pupils were bilaterally dilated and equal in size with no response to light. There was a pronounced blephaloptosis on both sides. Another neurological abnormality was a slight right facial weakness. On skull films, a linear fracture in the right temporobasal region was noted but the views of the orbits were normal. A lumbal tap showed a mild subarachnoidal hemorrhage. Three weeks after the trauma, pneumoencephalography showed no abnormal finding. Throughout convalescence, no special treatment was given beyond medication. She improved steadily. Three years after injury, re-examination disclosed that lateral gaze was almost full to either side but upward and downward movements of both eyeballs were limited. In our opinion, the most likely cause of the disability in this case was bilateral direct damage of the oculomotor nerves near the petroclinoid ligament (Gr\u00fcber)."}
{"id": "PMID:909619", "title": "[A case with bilateral internal carotid and left vertebral artery occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Since Moniz reported the obstruction of the extracranial internal carotid artery in 1937, there have been many reports of extracranial arterial occlusion. The authors experienced a case  of  40-year-old woman who had minor neurological deficit such as attack of black out, disturbance of the bilateral visual acuity, concentric narrowing of the bilateral field and disturbance of the bilateral auditory acuity, in spite of complete obstruction of both internal carotid arteries and the left vertebral artery, and possible obstruction of the right vertebral artery. The angiograms showed well developed collateral circulation. The cause of the obstruction was considered to be angitis following otitis media and meningitis in her childhood. The symptoms were alleviated by drugtherapy.", "contents": "[A case with bilateral internal carotid and left vertebral artery occlusion (author's transl)]. Since Moniz reported the obstruction of the extracranial internal carotid artery in 1937, there have been many reports of extracranial arterial occlusion. The authors experienced a case  of  40-year-old woman who had minor neurological deficit such as attack of black out, disturbance of the bilateral visual acuity, concentric narrowing of the bilateral field and disturbance of the bilateral auditory acuity, in spite of complete obstruction of both internal carotid arteries and the left vertebral artery, and possible obstruction of the right vertebral artery. The angiograms showed well developed collateral circulation. The cause of the obstruction was considered to be angitis following otitis media and meningitis in her childhood. The symptoms were alleviated by drugtherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:909620", "title": "A case of intracranial osteochondroma (author's transl).", "content": "The authors reported a case of intracranial osteochondroma. A 52-year-old woman was admitted to Tokyo Women's Medical College hospital with seven years history of right visual disturbance and frontal heavy feeling. Neurological examination revealed merely right optic nerve impairment. A large mottled calcification in X-ray craniogram and a localized homogenous high density area illuminated by EMI scan in the right parasellar region were characteristic in diagnosis of osteochondroma. On April 21, 1976 a right fronto-temporal craniotomy was performed and the tumor tissue was removed partially. The pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of osteochondroma (ossifying chodroma).", "contents": "A case of intracranial osteochondroma (author's transl). The authors reported a case of intracranial osteochondroma. A 52-year-old woman was admitted to Tokyo Women's Medical College hospital with seven years history of right visual disturbance and frontal heavy feeling. Neurological examination revealed merely right optic nerve impairment. A large mottled calcification in X-ray craniogram and a localized homogenous high density area illuminated by EMI scan in the right parasellar region were characteristic in diagnosis of osteochondroma. On April 21, 1976 a right fronto-temporal craniotomy was performed and the tumor tissue was removed partially. The pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of osteochondroma (ossifying chodroma)."}
{"id": "PMID:909621", "title": "[Intracerebellar Hematoma following microsurgical STA-cortical MCA bypass surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Since October 1967 we have performed 76 microsurgical STA--cortical MCA bypass operations. Recently we have had two cases, who died from intracerebellar hematoma following bypass operation. Intracerebellar hematoma is reported primarily due to hypertension (50-80%), and to comprise 10% of all spontaneous intracranial hematomas. Diagnosis of this lesion is frequently missed but can be made by the typical clinical picture (respiratory irregularity, pinpoint pupils, absence of oculovestibular responses, loss of consciousness), and the CT-Scan. If the correct diagnosis is made and operation promptly performed, many patients with subacute or acute intracerebellar hematoma can be saved. The 2 cases presented here had a history of hypertension and anticoagulation (including Colfarit), but had sustained the bypass operation well and showed no neurological deficit immediately after the operation. They had received Rheomacrodex intra- and postoperatively. Quite soon postoperatively, however, the systolic blood pressure rose to 210 mmHg and the patients complained of severe headache. They were treated symptomatically with analgesics and antihypertensive drugs. A short time later they became comatose and died. In order to prevent this complication after bypass surgery, postoperative management of hypertension is mandatory. The combination of antithrombic agents, Colfarit and Rheomacrodox, might have played a role in inducing the hemorrhages. Furthermore strong analgesics should be withheld to prevent their masking neurological deterioration. Intracerebellar hematoma must always be considered in hypertensive or anticoagulated patients, especially because it can be cured with prompt diagnosis and operative treatment.", "contents": "[Intracerebellar Hematoma following microsurgical STA-cortical MCA bypass surgery (author's transl)]. Since October 1967 we have performed 76 microsurgical STA--cortical MCA bypass operations. Recently we have had two cases, who died from intracerebellar hematoma following bypass operation. Intracerebellar hematoma is reported primarily due to hypertension (50-80%), and to comprise 10% of all spontaneous intracranial hematomas. Diagnosis of this lesion is frequently missed but can be made by the typical clinical picture (respiratory irregularity, pinpoint pupils, absence of oculovestibular responses, loss of consciousness), and the CT-Scan. If the correct diagnosis is made and operation promptly performed, many patients with subacute or acute intracerebellar hematoma can be saved. The 2 cases presented here had a history of hypertension and anticoagulation (including Colfarit), but had sustained the bypass operation well and showed no neurological deficit immediately after the operation. They had received Rheomacrodex intra- and postoperatively. Quite soon postoperatively, however, the systolic blood pressure rose to 210 mmHg and the patients complained of severe headache. They were treated symptomatically with analgesics and antihypertensive drugs. A short time later they became comatose and died. In order to prevent this complication after bypass surgery, postoperative management of hypertension is mandatory. The combination of antithrombic agents, Colfarit and Rheomacrodox, might have played a role in inducing the hemorrhages. Furthermore strong analgesics should be withheld to prevent their masking neurological deterioration. Intracerebellar hematoma must always be considered in hypertensive or anticoagulated patients, especially because it can be cured with prompt diagnosis and operative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:909622", "title": "[A case of posterior fossa acute subdural hematoma diagnosed through extravasated contrast media (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of posterior fossa acute subdural hematoma diagnosed preoperatively through extravasted contrast media from the hemispheric branch of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery along a linear fracture across the transverse sinus unto the pyramis. In a review of the literature it is to be noted that in acute cases, nystagmus and cerebellar signs are very rare and patients fall in coma within 24 hours after injury with promptly advancing severe brain stem compression signs in contrast to subacute or chronic cases. Therefore, whenever the diagnosis is suspected, time should not be lost for a burr hole opening and decompressive craniectomy. Vertebral angiography is sometimes very confirmative but it should be done only when time affording.", "contents": "[A case of posterior fossa acute subdural hematoma diagnosed through extravasated contrast media (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of posterior fossa acute subdural hematoma diagnosed preoperatively through extravasted contrast media from the hemispheric branch of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery along a linear fracture across the transverse sinus unto the pyramis. In a review of the literature it is to be noted that in acute cases, nystagmus and cerebellar signs are very rare and patients fall in coma within 24 hours after injury with promptly advancing severe brain stem compression signs in contrast to subacute or chronic cases. Therefore, whenever the diagnosis is suspected, time should not be lost for a burr hole opening and decompressive craniectomy. Vertebral angiography is sometimes very confirmative but it should be done only when time affording."}
{"id": "PMID:909624", "title": "Effects of food restriction on circadian adrenocortical rhythm in rats under constant lighting conditions.", "content": "Influences of food restriction on the circadian adrenocortical rhythm were studied in blinded and unblinded rats under constant light (LL). Blinded rats, which were allowed to access to food ad libitum, manifested a phase shift of the circadian adrenocortical rhythm. However, restricted feeding between 19.00 and 21.00 h for 4 weeks prevented the phase shift and the peak levels of plasma corticosterone (B) still appeared at 19.00. On the other hand, unblinded rats, allowed to feed ad libitum, showed an abolition of the circadian periodicity of adrenocortical activity 5 weeks after exposing the rats to LL. However, the rhythm, synchronizing with the feeding periods, was promptly recovered under food restriction. These results suggest a synchronizing and generating action of feeding for the circadian adrenocortical rhythm.", "contents": "Effects of food restriction on circadian adrenocortical rhythm in rats under constant lighting conditions. Influences of food restriction on the circadian adrenocortical rhythm were studied in blinded and unblinded rats under constant light (LL). Blinded rats, which were allowed to access to food ad libitum, manifested a phase shift of the circadian adrenocortical rhythm. However, restricted feeding between 19.00 and 21.00 h for 4 weeks prevented the phase shift and the peak levels of plasma corticosterone (B) still appeared at 19.00. On the other hand, unblinded rats, allowed to feed ad libitum, showed an abolition of the circadian periodicity of adrenocortical activity 5 weeks after exposing the rats to LL. However, the rhythm, synchronizing with the feeding periods, was promptly recovered under food restriction. These results suggest a synchronizing and generating action of feeding for the circadian adrenocortical rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:909625", "title": "Electrophysiological and pharmacological studies of amygdalo-hypothalamic connections in the rat.", "content": "Electrophysiological techniques have been used to investigate the neural connections between the amygdala and the rostral hypothalamus of female rats. Recordings have been made from 120 neurones in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area (POA/AHA) which could be driven by electrical stimulation of the amygdala. 89% of the neurones were activated orthodromically and, of these, 2 groups have been distinguished according to the latency of the responses. The remainder of identified cells were antidromically activated by stimulation of the amygdala. The response of these identified preoptic cells to the iontophoretic application of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) has also been investigated. DA inhibited the spontaneous or glutamate-induced activity in 18 of 21 identified cells so tested and NA inhibited all 25 units; excitation was never observed. The role of the amygdala and of aminergic pathways in the control of ovulation is discussed.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and pharmacological studies of amygdalo-hypothalamic connections in the rat. Electrophysiological techniques have been used to investigate the neural connections between the amygdala and the rostral hypothalamus of female rats. Recordings have been made from 120 neurones in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area (POA/AHA) which could be driven by electrical stimulation of the amygdala. 89% of the neurones were activated orthodromically and, of these, 2 groups have been distinguished according to the latency of the responses. The remainder of identified cells were antidromically activated by stimulation of the amygdala. The response of these identified preoptic cells to the iontophoretic application of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) has also been investigated. DA inhibited the spontaneous or glutamate-induced activity in 18 of 21 identified cells so tested and NA inhibited all 25 units; excitation was never observed. The role of the amygdala and of aminergic pathways in the control of ovulation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909627", "title": "Iontophoretically applied corticosteroids do not affect the firing of hippocampal neurons.", "content": "In view of the possible role of the hippocampus in the neuroendocrine regulation of ACTH secretion, experiments were conducted in rats and cats in which cortisol (C) and corticosterone (CS) were applied by iontophoresis and pressure microinjection while recording from single identified pyramidal cells in the dorsal hippocampus, using multi-barrelled microelectrodes. None of the more than 500 cells tested responded with a significant change in firing rate. The possible relation of these findings to neuroendocrine regulation of ACTH secretion is discussed.", "contents": "Iontophoretically applied corticosteroids do not affect the firing of hippocampal neurons. In view of the possible role of the hippocampus in the neuroendocrine regulation of ACTH secretion, experiments were conducted in rats and cats in which cortisol (C) and corticosterone (CS) were applied by iontophoresis and pressure microinjection while recording from single identified pyramidal cells in the dorsal hippocampus, using multi-barrelled microelectrodes. None of the more than 500 cells tested responded with a significant change in firing rate. The possible relation of these findings to neuroendocrine regulation of ACTH secretion is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909628", "title": "The angiographic diagnosis of occlusions of the posterior cerebral artery.", "content": "The angiographic appearance of twenty-seven unilateral or bilateral occlusions of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) are described. They are classified into proximal, interpeduncular, ambient or distal occlusions according to their prefered location. Ambient occlusions were by far the most common and have therefore probably not developed from a stenosing arteriosclerosis since this forms preferentially in the proximal and interpeduncular segment. Leptomeningeal anastomoses were common between all respective branches of the middle cerebral artery and the PCA but the anterior cerebral artery and the interarterial anastomoses rarely contributed to the collateral blood supply. A retrograde progression of the occlusion was observed on reangiography occasionally in cases in which there was no major artery originating just proximal to the occlusion. Anterograde progression and disintegration of obstructing material was also observed. PCA occlusions had a good prognosis in terms of survival but the associated visual field defects rarely improved.", "contents": "The angiographic diagnosis of occlusions of the posterior cerebral artery. The angiographic appearance of twenty-seven unilateral or bilateral occlusions of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) are described. They are classified into proximal, interpeduncular, ambient or distal occlusions according to their prefered location. Ambient occlusions were by far the most common and have therefore probably not developed from a stenosing arteriosclerosis since this forms preferentially in the proximal and interpeduncular segment. Leptomeningeal anastomoses were common between all respective branches of the middle cerebral artery and the PCA but the anterior cerebral artery and the interarterial anastomoses rarely contributed to the collateral blood supply. A retrograde progression of the occlusion was observed on reangiography occasionally in cases in which there was no major artery originating just proximal to the occlusion. Anterograde progression and disintegration of obstructing material was also observed. PCA occlusions had a good prognosis in terms of survival but the associated visual field defects rarely improved."}
{"id": "PMID:909629", "title": "Angiographic demonstration of lupus cerebral phlebitis with communicating hydrocephalus.", "content": "Two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, who had striking angiographic abnormalities of venous contour, are presented. Both cases also had communicating hydrocephalus. Postmortem examination of one patient led to a histological explanation of the venous changes observed radiologically. Previous radiological reports have shown involvement of arteries but not veins with lupus erythematosus. The angiographic signs of phlebitis may signify a meningeal reaction which, when combined with ventricular enlargement, should suggest communicating hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Angiographic demonstration of lupus cerebral phlebitis with communicating hydrocephalus. Two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, who had striking angiographic abnormalities of venous contour, are presented. Both cases also had communicating hydrocephalus. Postmortem examination of one patient led to a histological explanation of the venous changes observed radiologically. Previous radiological reports have shown involvement of arteries but not veins with lupus erythematosus. The angiographic signs of phlebitis may signify a meningeal reaction which, when combined with ventricular enlargement, should suggest communicating hydrocephalus."}
{"id": "PMID:909630", "title": "The glabella-inion line as a baseline for CT scanning of the brain.", "content": "The optimal position of the head for CT scanning of the brain is discussed according to the statistical data of roentgencraniometry. The glabella-inion (GI) line was shown to be parallel to the frontal-occipital pole (FO) line which was substituted for a line joining the deepest gyral impressions in frontal and occipital parts of the cranial cavity. On the other hand, Reid's baseline and the canthomeatal (CM) line intersected the GI line at various angles from person to person. There was a significant difference between each average inclination angle of males and females. Regarding using either Reid's or the CM line for a baseline, it should be noted that the brains were scanned in almost random direction. Therefore it may be convenient to apply the GI line for comparing the findings between individuals, and for correlating them to the anatomical diagnosis.", "contents": "The glabella-inion line as a baseline for CT scanning of the brain. The optimal position of the head for CT scanning of the brain is discussed according to the statistical data of roentgencraniometry. The glabella-inion (GI) line was shown to be parallel to the frontal-occipital pole (FO) line which was substituted for a line joining the deepest gyral impressions in frontal and occipital parts of the cranial cavity. On the other hand, Reid's baseline and the canthomeatal (CM) line intersected the GI line at various angles from person to person. There was a significant difference between each average inclination angle of males and females. Regarding using either Reid's or the CM line for a baseline, it should be noted that the brains were scanned in almost random direction. Therefore it may be convenient to apply the GI line for comparing the findings between individuals, and for correlating them to the anatomical diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:909632", "title": "Computed-tomography of bilateral isodense chronic subdural hematomas.", "content": "While unilateral chronic isodense subdural hematomas as a result of indirect signs of a space-occupying lesion are easily recognizable on computed tomography (CT) and clearly diagnosed on the angiogram, bilateral chronic isodense subdural hematomas may cause considerable difficulty. In two cases with CT false negative findings we observed, retrospectively, significant small cellae mediae and also the main part of the anterior horns sharply pointed and approaching one another. Three further cases showed the same ventricular configuration, which we called \"hare's ears sign\". This sign together with clinical data is always suspicious of chronic bilateral isodense subdural hematomas and carotid angiography is indicated. Other possible signs are: subtle midline shift if the size of the hematoma varies, changed formation of density of brain tissue, non-appearance of cerebral sulci especially in elderly patients, and eventually the visualization of a membrane after intrevenous injection of contrast material.", "contents": "Computed-tomography of bilateral isodense chronic subdural hematomas. While unilateral chronic isodense subdural hematomas as a result of indirect signs of a space-occupying lesion are easily recognizable on computed tomography (CT) and clearly diagnosed on the angiogram, bilateral chronic isodense subdural hematomas may cause considerable difficulty. In two cases with CT false negative findings we observed, retrospectively, significant small cellae mediae and also the main part of the anterior horns sharply pointed and approaching one another. Three further cases showed the same ventricular configuration, which we called \"hare's ears sign\". This sign together with clinical data is always suspicious of chronic bilateral isodense subdural hematomas and carotid angiography is indicated. Other possible signs are: subtle midline shift if the size of the hematoma varies, changed formation of density of brain tissue, non-appearance of cerebral sulci especially in elderly patients, and eventually the visualization of a membrane after intrevenous injection of contrast material."}
{"id": "PMID:909633", "title": "Experimental embolization with inflatable and releasable balloons in dogs.", "content": "Experimental arterial occlusion was performed on eight dogs by means of inflatable and releasable balloons, in five of which a reliable and long lasting arterial occlusion was obtained. Three accidents occurred. One dog died when the liquid latex was emptied spontaneously from the balloon and the territory was embolized causing a severe general reaction. In two other dogs the emptying of the balloon, inflated with iodine, was followed by distal embolization of the empty latex balloon. The possibility of such accidents would be too great a risk for human application, but it now seems possible with the new glue, isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate, to embolize vascular territories more accurately and more safely by means of inflatable and releasable balloons.", "contents": "Experimental embolization with inflatable and releasable balloons in dogs. Experimental arterial occlusion was performed on eight dogs by means of inflatable and releasable balloons, in five of which a reliable and long lasting arterial occlusion was obtained. Three accidents occurred. One dog died when the liquid latex was emptied spontaneously from the balloon and the territory was embolized causing a severe general reaction. In two other dogs the emptying of the balloon, inflated with iodine, was followed by distal embolization of the empty latex balloon. The possibility of such accidents would be too great a risk for human application, but it now seems possible with the new glue, isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate, to embolize vascular territories more accurately and more safely by means of inflatable and releasable balloons."}
{"id": "PMID:909638", "title": "[Type B viral hepatitis. Recent findings].", "content": "The discovery of hepatitis B surface antigen by Blumberg in 1965 offered a specific marker that could readily be employed in the clinical, epidemiological and experimental investigation of type B viral hepatitis. It has since been followed by the continuous gathering of further knowledge concerning this disease. The morphology and immunological and biochemical features of virus B, the epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis B, and marker determination techniques are examined in an overview of the present situation.", "contents": "[Type B viral hepatitis. Recent findings]. The discovery of hepatitis B surface antigen by Blumberg in 1965 offered a specific marker that could readily be employed in the clinical, epidemiological and experimental investigation of type B viral hepatitis. It has since been followed by the continuous gathering of further knowledge concerning this disease. The morphology and immunological and biochemical features of virus B, the epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis B, and marker determination techniques are examined in an overview of the present situation."}
{"id": "PMID:909639", "title": "[Bone lesions of the foot in diabetic disease].", "content": "Arthropathy is increasingly reported in diabetes. In a personal series of 300 subjects  with undoubted diabetes mellitus (mean age: 67 yr), five cases of arthropathy (1.6%) were noted. The pathogenesis of this association is discussed, particularly in the light of the concomitance of neuropathy in 4-5 cases. The main clinical signs included: swelling, redness, mal perforans, and pied cubique diabetique. The incubation period of arthropathic lesions is also examined. The medical and surgical treatment of diabetic arthropathy is described.", "contents": "[Bone lesions of the foot in diabetic disease]. Arthropathy is increasingly reported in diabetes. In a personal series of 300 subjects  with undoubted diabetes mellitus (mean age: 67 yr), five cases of arthropathy (1.6%) were noted. The pathogenesis of this association is discussed, particularly in the light of the concomitance of neuropathy in 4-5 cases. The main clinical signs included: swelling, redness, mal perforans, and pied cubique diabetique. The incubation period of arthropathic lesions is also examined. The medical and surgical treatment of diabetic arthropathy is described."}
{"id": "PMID:909640", "title": "[Role of the family group in attempted suicide among the young].", "content": "Data from 1848 cases of attempted suicide on the files of the Milan University Emergency Psychiatry Ward and 990 suicides recorded by the Milan Legal Medicine Department in the period 1964-1969 were computerised on specially prepared cards, designed to permit objective study of acts of self-destruction in the light of the relations between the subject, his family, and the community. The results point to the importance of extra-subjective factors (loss of cohesion in the family, the way in which parents carry out their respective roles, various environmental factors) as motive forces in attempted suicide.", "contents": "[Role of the family group in attempted suicide among the young]. Data from 1848 cases of attempted suicide on the files of the Milan University Emergency Psychiatry Ward and 990 suicides recorded by the Milan Legal Medicine Department in the period 1964-1969 were computerised on specially prepared cards, designed to permit objective study of acts of self-destruction in the light of the relations between the subject, his family, and the community. The results point to the importance of extra-subjective factors (loss of cohesion in the family, the way in which parents carry out their respective roles, various environmental factors) as motive forces in attempted suicide."}
{"id": "PMID:909642", "title": "[Findings on serum anti-myocardium antibodies in heart disease. Preliminary communication].", "content": "The research of antiheart antibodies was carried out on 174 cardiac patients. The 40% of patients with acute myocardial infarction and the 27% with other heart diseases evidenced antimyocardial antibodies. No antipericardial antibodies were found. The immunological research seems to offer an important help in the diagnosis of the atypical postmyocardial infarction syndromes, of the recidivant myopericarditis without clinical or electrocardiographic evidence; and sometimes it may reveal subclinical myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Findings on serum anti-myocardium antibodies in heart disease. Preliminary communication]. The research of antiheart antibodies was carried out on 174 cardiac patients. The 40% of patients with acute myocardial infarction and the 27% with other heart diseases evidenced antimyocardial antibodies. No antipericardial antibodies were found. The immunological research seems to offer an important help in the diagnosis of the atypical postmyocardial infarction syndromes, of the recidivant myopericarditis without clinical or electrocardiographic evidence; and sometimes it may reveal subclinical myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:909643", "title": "[Anthropometric state of nutrition in students of various elementary and secondary schools in Ancona].", "content": "An anthropometric assessment was made of the nutritional state of children from Ancona elementary and middle schools. It was found that the girls had more body fat than the boys, though the latter, too, displayed values above those reported in U.S. and Italian studies. The view is expressed that this excess fat requires counteraction through nutritional education. Diet and physical exercise are known to be important in the prevention of degenerative diseases of a metabolic nature. Such prevention must be undertaken as soon as possible.", "contents": "[Anthropometric state of nutrition in students of various elementary and secondary schools in Ancona]. An anthropometric assessment was made of the nutritional state of children from Ancona elementary and middle schools. It was found that the girls had more body fat than the boys, though the latter, too, displayed values above those reported in U.S. and Italian studies. The view is expressed that this excess fat requires counteraction through nutritional education. Diet and physical exercise are known to be important in the prevention of degenerative diseases of a metabolic nature. Such prevention must be undertaken as soon as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:909644", "title": "[A bladder calculus of unusual dimensions].", "content": "A case of giant vesical calculosis is presented on account of its statistical and radiographical unusualness. Its aetiopathogenesis is briefly discussed.", "contents": "[A bladder calculus of unusual dimensions]. A case of giant vesical calculosis is presented on account of its statistical and radiographical unusualness. Its aetiopathogenesis is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909645", "title": "[Principal clinical indications for direct transfusion therapy].", "content": "So-called \"directed\" transfusion results in better utilisation and hence a saving of blood, along with less risk to the patient. An examination is made of the few diseases in which the transfusion of whole blood is indicated, and the very many cases in which blood derivatives can be usefully employed.", "contents": "[Principal clinical indications for direct transfusion therapy]. So-called \"directed\" transfusion results in better utilisation and hence a saving of blood, along with less risk to the patient. An examination is made of the few diseases in which the transfusion of whole blood is indicated, and the very many cases in which blood derivatives can be usefully employed."}
{"id": "PMID:909646", "title": "[Thalassemia trait and the lithogenicity of bile].", "content": "The study of bile composition in thalassemic patients revealed a lithogenic bile even without gallstones. The lithogenic index was higher than in a group of colelithiasic non hemolytic patients. The possible correlation between lithogenic bile and congenital alteration of the lipidic metabolism in thalassemic patients is discussed.", "contents": "[Thalassemia trait and the lithogenicity of bile]. The study of bile composition in thalassemic patients revealed a lithogenic bile even without gallstones. The lithogenic index was higher than in a group of colelithiasic non hemolytic patients. The possible correlation between lithogenic bile and congenital alteration of the lipidic metabolism in thalassemic patients is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909647", "title": "[Cholesterol-7-alpha-hydroxylase activity in cholelithiasis].", "content": "The physiopathological mechanism of cholesterol supersaturation in the bile was investigated by determining cholesterol-7-alpha-hydroxylase activity in 5 normal controls and 8 subjects with cholesterol gallstones. Bile lipids were also evaluated. Hydroxylase values were higher (though not significantly) in the controls. A linear correlation (r = 0.797) between the hydroxylase and bile acid concentration was noted in both groups.", "contents": "[Cholesterol-7-alpha-hydroxylase activity in cholelithiasis]. The physiopathological mechanism of cholesterol supersaturation in the bile was investigated by determining cholesterol-7-alpha-hydroxylase activity in 5 normal controls and 8 subjects with cholesterol gallstones. Bile lipids were also evaluated. Hydroxylase values were higher (though not significantly) in the controls. A linear correlation (r = 0.797) between the hydroxylase and bile acid concentration was noted in both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:909648", "title": "[Bile phospholipids; function and significance].", "content": "The part played by phospholipides in the genesis of cholesterol gallstone considered. This is present in patients who frequently present a lecithin synthesis defect at hepatic level since precursors are used for forming triglycerides. Nevertheless polyunsaturated phosphatidicholine has a negative influence on the SB + PL/C ratio in the bile of T-tube subjects receiving 2 g of substance i.v. for 5 days.", "contents": "[Bile phospholipids; function and significance]. The part played by phospholipides in the genesis of cholesterol gallstone considered. This is present in patients who frequently present a lecithin synthesis defect at hepatic level since precursors are used for forming triglycerides. Nevertheless polyunsaturated phosphatidicholine has a negative influence on the SB + PL/C ratio in the bile of T-tube subjects receiving 2 g of substance i.v. for 5 days."}
{"id": "PMID:909649", "title": "[Effect of chenic acid on bile lipid composition and on metabolism of bile acids in lithiasis patients].", "content": "Gallbladder bile unsaturated with cholesterol is a prerequisite for gallstone dissolution. Chenodeoxycholic (chenic) acid ingestion by patients with gallstones induces saturated bile to become unsaturated. Additionally, chenic acid becomes the predominant bile acid in bile and the chenic acid and total bile acid pools increase in a majority of such patients. Most importantly, the hourly secretion of cholesterol decreases during chenic therapy such that the cholesterol to bile acid ratio in bile is significantly lower and bile becomes unsaturated with cholesterol. Preliminary evidence suggests that the mechanism of action of chenic acid may relate to a suppression of the rate limiting hepatic enzyme for cholesterol synthesis, HMGCoA reductase.", "contents": "[Effect of chenic acid on bile lipid composition and on metabolism of bile acids in lithiasis patients]. Gallbladder bile unsaturated with cholesterol is a prerequisite for gallstone dissolution. Chenodeoxycholic (chenic) acid ingestion by patients with gallstones induces saturated bile to become unsaturated. Additionally, chenic acid becomes the predominant bile acid in bile and the chenic acid and total bile acid pools increase in a majority of such patients. Most importantly, the hourly secretion of cholesterol decreases during chenic therapy such that the cholesterol to bile acid ratio in bile is significantly lower and bile becomes unsaturated with cholesterol. Preliminary evidence suggests that the mechanism of action of chenic acid may relate to a suppression of the rate limiting hepatic enzyme for cholesterol synthesis, HMGCoA reductase."}
{"id": "PMID:909650", "title": "[Changes in bile and blood lipid levels following chenodeoxycholic acid therapy].", "content": "Original and known methods and ordinary routine tests were used to evaluate changes in bile salts, phospholipids and cholesterol and in serum lipids induced in 50 patients during treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid (2-12 mg/Kg/day) for about 15 months. No significant differences in serum lipids, though a clear fall in triglycerides was noted in those who received 7-12 mg/Kg/day as opposed to 2-7 mg/Kg/day. There was a marked fall in the molar percentage of biliary cholesterol, followed by a significant reduction in the saturation index of Metzger. Once again, greater reduction was noted in patients receiving the higher dose range. A correlation between the dose used and the percentage of cholesterol in the bile was thus evident. After treatment, chenodeoxycholic acid was the main bile acid and there was a significant fall in cholic and deoxycholic acid. The desired drug effect can be obtained with low doses (7-12 mg/Kg/day) and a biliary chenodeoxycholic value well below 90%.", "contents": "[Changes in bile and blood lipid levels following chenodeoxycholic acid therapy]. Original and known methods and ordinary routine tests were used to evaluate changes in bile salts, phospholipids and cholesterol and in serum lipids induced in 50 patients during treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid (2-12 mg/Kg/day) for about 15 months. No significant differences in serum lipids, though a clear fall in triglycerides was noted in those who received 7-12 mg/Kg/day as opposed to 2-7 mg/Kg/day. There was a marked fall in the molar percentage of biliary cholesterol, followed by a significant reduction in the saturation index of Metzger. Once again, greater reduction was noted in patients receiving the higher dose range. A correlation between the dose used and the percentage of cholesterol in the bile was thus evident. After treatment, chenodeoxycholic acid was the main bile acid and there was a significant fall in cholic and deoxycholic acid. The desired drug effect can be obtained with low doses (7-12 mg/Kg/day) and a biliary chenodeoxycholic value well below 90%."}
{"id": "PMID:909651", "title": "[Results of chenic acid therapy in patients with cholesterol calculi].", "content": "58 patients suffering from cholesterol gallstones were treated with chenodesoxycholic acid at a dose of 2-15 mg/Kg/die for about 15 months so as to determine its effettiveness and establish a minimum effective dose. 8 of these patients presented stones in the common bile duct. The results showed: a complete dissolution of the stones in 16 of the 50 patients considered to be suffering from cholecystic lithiasis; partial dissolution in 15; no change in the remaining 19. Of the 8 patients with bile duct stones, 3 presented complete dissolution, 2 partial, and 3 no change. An improvement in digestive function was observed in most cases. The liver function tests carried out in each patient before, during and after treatment with chenodesoxycholic acid were completely normal.", "contents": "[Results of chenic acid therapy in patients with cholesterol calculi]. 58 patients suffering from cholesterol gallstones were treated with chenodesoxycholic acid at a dose of 2-15 mg/Kg/die for about 15 months so as to determine its effettiveness and establish a minimum effective dose. 8 of these patients presented stones in the common bile duct. The results showed: a complete dissolution of the stones in 16 of the 50 patients considered to be suffering from cholecystic lithiasis; partial dissolution in 15; no change in the remaining 19. Of the 8 patients with bile duct stones, 3 presented complete dissolution, 2 partial, and 3 no change. An improvement in digestive function was observed in most cases. The liver function tests carried out in each patient before, during and after treatment with chenodesoxycholic acid were completely normal."}
{"id": "PMID:909652", "title": "[Correlation of malabsorption of bile acids, bile lipid composition and calculi].", "content": "The relation between malabsorption of bile acids, the bile lipid composition, and biliary stones was examined in 8 patients subjected to ileal resection (particularly for Crohn's disease), 6 with ileal bypass for morbid obesity, and 10 healthy controls. The 1-14C-cholylglycine breath test was employed to detect of the absorption and deconjugation of bile acids. Bile lipid composition was expressed according with Metzger's saturation index. Healthy subjects gave normal findings in all respects, whereas ileal resection was accompanied by malabsorption, increased deconjugation, and faecal loss of 14C. These changes, particularly malabsorption, were more evident after ileal bypass. Preoperative saturation values rose to more than 1 in all cases, especially after resection. Liver disease (steatosis and cirrhosis) 6 months after bypass, together with cholesterol lithiasis in 2/6 patients.", "contents": "[Correlation of malabsorption of bile acids, bile lipid composition and calculi]. The relation between malabsorption of bile acids, the bile lipid composition, and biliary stones was examined in 8 patients subjected to ileal resection (particularly for Crohn's disease), 6 with ileal bypass for morbid obesity, and 10 healthy controls. The 1-14C-cholylglycine breath test was employed to detect of the absorption and deconjugation of bile acids. Bile lipid composition was expressed according with Metzger's saturation index. Healthy subjects gave normal findings in all respects, whereas ileal resection was accompanied by malabsorption, increased deconjugation, and faecal loss of 14C. These changes, particularly malabsorption, were more evident after ileal bypass. Preoperative saturation values rose to more than 1 in all cases, especially after resection. Liver disease (steatosis and cirrhosis) 6 months after bypass, together with cholesterol lithiasis in 2/6 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:909653", "title": "[Dynamic BSP tests in cholelithiasis patients before and during chenodeoxycholic acid therapy; initial results].", "content": "The BSP loading and continuous infusion tests were performed in 7 patients before and after a two-week treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid (10 mg/Kg/die per os). The following parameters were evaluated: 45th minute retention percentage, plasma disappearance rate during the first 16 minutes, compartmental transfer rates, transport maximum and storage. Our results indicated that no cholestatic effects seemed to be induced during the first period of treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid.", "contents": "[Dynamic BSP tests in cholelithiasis patients before and during chenodeoxycholic acid therapy; initial results]. The BSP loading and continuous infusion tests were performed in 7 patients before and after a two-week treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid (10 mg/Kg/die per os). The following parameters were evaluated: 45th minute retention percentage, plasma disappearance rate during the first 16 minutes, compartmental transfer rates, transport maximum and storage. Our results indicated that no cholestatic effects seemed to be induced during the first period of treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:909654", "title": "Elective appendectomy with abdominal and pelvic surgery.", "content": "A series is presented of 830 patients in whom elective appendectomy was performed at the time of laparotomy for other intraabdominal disease. Special emphasis is given to 490 such procedures among 1042 patients with abdominal hysterectomy, an incidence of 47%. This increases to 57% by exclusion of patients with previous appendectomy. The contraindications to elective appendectomy are discussed, as well as its morbidity, mortality, and complications. The author concludes that an elective appendectomy should be performed with abdominal and pelvic surgery whenever the opportunity is presented, provided that the procedure is not prohibited by the contraindications discussed.", "contents": "Elective appendectomy with abdominal and pelvic surgery. A series is presented of 830 patients in whom elective appendectomy was performed at the time of laparotomy for other intraabdominal disease. Special emphasis is given to 490 such procedures among 1042 patients with abdominal hysterectomy, an incidence of 47%. This increases to 57% by exclusion of patients with previous appendectomy. The contraindications to elective appendectomy are discussed, as well as its morbidity, mortality, and complications. The author concludes that an elective appendectomy should be performed with abdominal and pelvic surgery whenever the opportunity is presented, provided that the procedure is not prohibited by the contraindications discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909655", "title": "Ruptured tuboovarian abscess. Is hysterectomy necessary?", "content": "The use of conservative pelvic surgery combined with intra- and postoperative antibiotic peritoneal lavage has been evaluated in 113 women with generalized peritonitis due to ruptured tuboovarian abscess. Mortality was 7.1% and hysterectomy was only required in 3% of cases. Hormonal and menstrual functions were retained in 73.5% and the potential for future pregnancy in 42.5%. Further surgery was required in 17.5% of the patients. These results are contrasted with recent series of comparable size in which the mortality and morbidity were similar but the frequency of hysterectomy ranged from 70--100%. It is concluded that hysterectomy is not necessary in the management of ruptured tuboovarian abscess if the major source of sepsis is removed and adequate peritoneal drainage is provided by the use of lavage.", "contents": "Ruptured tuboovarian abscess. Is hysterectomy necessary? The use of conservative pelvic surgery combined with intra- and postoperative antibiotic peritoneal lavage has been evaluated in 113 women with generalized peritonitis due to ruptured tuboovarian abscess. Mortality was 7.1% and hysterectomy was only required in 3% of cases. Hormonal and menstrual functions were retained in 73.5% and the potential for future pregnancy in 42.5%. Further surgery was required in 17.5% of the patients. These results are contrasted with recent series of comparable size in which the mortality and morbidity were similar but the frequency of hysterectomy ranged from 70--100%. It is concluded that hysterectomy is not necessary in the management of ruptured tuboovarian abscess if the major source of sepsis is removed and adequate peritoneal drainage is provided by the use of lavage."}
{"id": "PMID:909656", "title": "Congenital absence of the uterus. Clinicopathologic and endocrine findings.", "content": "Laparoscopic ovarian biopsies performed on 11 patients with congenital absence of the uterus revealed the presence of follicles at different stages of development, with corpora lutea in 2 patients and cystic follicles in 1 patient who had cyclic patterns of serum gonadotropins and plasma progesterone.", "contents": "Congenital absence of the uterus. Clinicopathologic and endocrine findings. Laparoscopic ovarian biopsies performed on 11 patients with congenital absence of the uterus revealed the presence of follicles at different stages of development, with corpora lutea in 2 patients and cystic follicles in 1 patient who had cyclic patterns of serum gonadotropins and plasma progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:909657", "title": "Clinicoepidemiologic study of uterine cancer. Comparative aspects of the endometrial and cervical sites.", "content": "A review of all newly diagnosed cases of cervical and endometrial carcinoma in Israel during the 5-year period of 1961-1965 yielded mean annual incidence rates of 4.9/100,000 and 7.4/100,000, respectively. Cervical cancer was more prevalent in Moroccan-born women and among divorcees, while the risk of endometrial cancer was highest in older age, among the European born, and the single; it also appeared earlier in life. Postmenopausal bleeding constituted the most frequent first symptom in both sites. Fifty percent of the patients of both groups were diagnosed within 1 month, but the delay was somewhat longer in the endometrial group. Median survival was 5 years in patients with cervical cancer and above 12 years in those with cancer of the corpus. Five-year survival was 50 and 75%, respectively. Survival tended to be better in younger patients in both groups. It is expected that the gradual disappearance of intraethnic differences in Israel would lead to a decrease in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer, coupled with an increased incidence of the endometrial category.", "contents": "Clinicoepidemiologic study of uterine cancer. Comparative aspects of the endometrial and cervical sites. A review of all newly diagnosed cases of cervical and endometrial carcinoma in Israel during the 5-year period of 1961-1965 yielded mean annual incidence rates of 4.9/100,000 and 7.4/100,000, respectively. Cervical cancer was more prevalent in Moroccan-born women and among divorcees, while the risk of endometrial cancer was highest in older age, among the European born, and the single; it also appeared earlier in life. Postmenopausal bleeding constituted the most frequent first symptom in both sites. Fifty percent of the patients of both groups were diagnosed within 1 month, but the delay was somewhat longer in the endometrial group. Median survival was 5 years in patients with cervical cancer and above 12 years in those with cancer of the corpus. Five-year survival was 50 and 75%, respectively. Survival tended to be better in younger patients in both groups. It is expected that the gradual disappearance of intraethnic differences in Israel would lead to a decrease in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer, coupled with an increased incidence of the endometrial category."}
{"id": "PMID:909659", "title": "Abdominal pregnancy. Review of current management.", "content": "Two case reports of intraabdominal pregnancy and review of 9 others which have been seen at the Indiana University Hospital are presented. An incidence of one intraabdominal pregnancy in 7931 deliveries at Indiana University is compared to 1 in 3372 deliveries from a large series at another institution. A perinatal mortality of 91% and a maternal mortality of 18% from our series are contrasted to 90% and 6%, respectively, from the world literature. The diagnosis, management, and outcome of this rare form of extrauterine pregnancy are discussed. Recurrent abdominal pain in the gravid patient may signal abdominal pregnancy. The role of ultrasound in diagnosis and the importance of early surgical intervention with minimal disturbance of the placenta are stressed. In cases of intraabdominal pregnancy, the infant rarely survives and congenital malformations are frequent.", "contents": "Abdominal pregnancy. Review of current management. Two case reports of intraabdominal pregnancy and review of 9 others which have been seen at the Indiana University Hospital are presented. An incidence of one intraabdominal pregnancy in 7931 deliveries at Indiana University is compared to 1 in 3372 deliveries from a large series at another institution. A perinatal mortality of 91% and a maternal mortality of 18% from our series are contrasted to 90% and 6%, respectively, from the world literature. The diagnosis, management, and outcome of this rare form of extrauterine pregnancy are discussed. Recurrent abdominal pain in the gravid patient may signal abdominal pregnancy. The role of ultrasound in diagnosis and the importance of early surgical intervention with minimal disturbance of the placenta are stressed. In cases of intraabdominal pregnancy, the infant rarely survives and congenital malformations are frequent."}
{"id": "PMID:909658", "title": "Clinical and endocrine studies in menopausal women after estradiol pellet implantation.", "content": "Eight patients who required prolonged estrogen replacement therapy were implanted with two 25-mg pellets of estradiol-17beta and were followed with serial measurements of serum estradiol, estrone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and maturation index of the vaginal smears. There was a significant increase in estrogen levels within 24 hours after pellet implantation, and this level was maintained in physiologic premenopausal range during the rest of the period of followup. Gonadotropins were suppressed to a greater degree in gonadal dysgenesis patients as compared to postmenopausal patients. There was rapid relief of vasomotor symptoms within 4--10 days even though the gonadotropin levels were high. Implantation of 50 mg of estradiol pellets and periodic withdrawal bleeding with a progestational agent seems to be an effective method of long-term replacement therapy.", "contents": "Clinical and endocrine studies in menopausal women after estradiol pellet implantation. Eight patients who required prolonged estrogen replacement therapy were implanted with two 25-mg pellets of estradiol-17beta and were followed with serial measurements of serum estradiol, estrone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and maturation index of the vaginal smears. There was a significant increase in estrogen levels within 24 hours after pellet implantation, and this level was maintained in physiologic premenopausal range during the rest of the period of followup. Gonadotropins were suppressed to a greater degree in gonadal dysgenesis patients as compared to postmenopausal patients. There was rapid relief of vasomotor symptoms within 4--10 days even though the gonadotropin levels were high. Implantation of 50 mg of estradiol pellets and periodic withdrawal bleeding with a progestational agent seems to be an effective method of long-term replacement therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:909660", "title": "A rapid modification of the beta-hCG radioimmunoassay. Use as an aid in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "Over half the patients with proven ectopic pregnancies have negative urinary slide or tube pregnancy tests at the time they present with symptoms. Because of the morbidity and mortality associated with unrecognized ectopic pregnancy, the need for an accurate, rapid, sensitive, and specific method for measuring low levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is apparent. A three-hour radioimmunoassay (RIA) for serum hCG with a sensitivity of 5 mlU/ml was developed which utilizes an antiserum generated against the beta subunit of hCG, 125I-hCG for tracer purposes, a highly purified hCG standard, and dioxane for separation of bound from free hormone. Blood samples were obtained from 52 patients with suspected ectopic pregnancies. Twenty-four of these patients had a surgically proven ectopic gestation. The blood samples were analyzed in the above described RIA, and in the standard (24-hour) double antibody beta-hCG RIA. There were no false positive or false negative results by either assay. These results indicate that the dioxane modification of the beta-hCG RIA is an accurate and rapid method for confirming the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.", "contents": "A rapid modification of the beta-hCG radioimmunoassay. Use as an aid in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Over half the patients with proven ectopic pregnancies have negative urinary slide or tube pregnancy tests at the time they present with symptoms. Because of the morbidity and mortality associated with unrecognized ectopic pregnancy, the need for an accurate, rapid, sensitive, and specific method for measuring low levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is apparent. A three-hour radioimmunoassay (RIA) for serum hCG with a sensitivity of 5 mlU/ml was developed which utilizes an antiserum generated against the beta subunit of hCG, 125I-hCG for tracer purposes, a highly purified hCG standard, and dioxane for separation of bound from free hormone. Blood samples were obtained from 52 patients with suspected ectopic pregnancies. Twenty-four of these patients had a surgically proven ectopic gestation. The blood samples were analyzed in the above described RIA, and in the standard (24-hour) double antibody beta-hCG RIA. There were no false positive or false negative results by either assay. These results indicate that the dioxane modification of the beta-hCG RIA is an accurate and rapid method for confirming the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:909661", "title": "Serum prolactin in normal and pathologic pregnancy.", "content": "Serum prolactin values in normal pregnant women showed a progressive increase from a mean value of 50 ng/ml in the 12th week to 270 ng/ml at term, with the range at term being 100-600 ng/ml. There was a fairly good correlation (r = 0.7) between the values of 24-hour urine estriol in 138 determinations and in the serum prolactin in 133 pregnant women. The regression lines of serum hPRL values with time of gestation in cases of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and diabetes mellitus were less steep than those seen in normal pregnancy. The serum hPRL value of patients with preeclamptic toxemia, latent diabetes, premature rupture of membranes, or multiple pregnancies were found not to differ significantly from the values observed in normal pregnancy. The results indicate that prolactin determinations in pathologic pregnancies are not useful as an aid in their evaluation.", "contents": "Serum prolactin in normal and pathologic pregnancy. Serum prolactin values in normal pregnant women showed a progressive increase from a mean value of 50 ng/ml in the 12th week to 270 ng/ml at term, with the range at term being 100-600 ng/ml. There was a fairly good correlation (r = 0.7) between the values of 24-hour urine estriol in 138 determinations and in the serum prolactin in 133 pregnant women. The regression lines of serum hPRL values with time of gestation in cases of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and diabetes mellitus were less steep than those seen in normal pregnancy. The serum hPRL value of patients with preeclamptic toxemia, latent diabetes, premature rupture of membranes, or multiple pregnancies were found not to differ significantly from the values observed in normal pregnancy. The results indicate that prolactin determinations in pathologic pregnancies are not useful as an aid in their evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:909662", "title": "Intrapartum fetal cardiac arrest. A preliminary observation.", "content": "In 13 patients, episodes of transient fetal cardiac arrest were observed in a group of 594 extensively monitored labors during a given 3-year period. The number of episodes per patient ranged from one to six, with a maximal duration of cardiac arrest (R-R interval) being 5.2 seconds. All of the patients responded to changing maternal position or termination of pregnancy except 1. This patient received Atropine as a premedication for cesarean section. The parasympatholytic properties of Atropine minimized the severity of cardiac arrest. The effect of cardiac arrest on fetuses is not clearly shown in these preliminary observations. The prompt elimination of cardiac arrest is thought to be imperative in reducing perinatal loss. Cardiac arrest is though to be an extensive form of severe variable deceleration. The hypothesis is made that these fetuses had an unbalanced autonomic nervous system and/or an overwhelming vagal tone. If these signs are detected early by fetal monitoring, attention should be paid to the possibility of cardiac arrest.", "contents": "Intrapartum fetal cardiac arrest. A preliminary observation. In 13 patients, episodes of transient fetal cardiac arrest were observed in a group of 594 extensively monitored labors during a given 3-year period. The number of episodes per patient ranged from one to six, with a maximal duration of cardiac arrest (R-R interval) being 5.2 seconds. All of the patients responded to changing maternal position or termination of pregnancy except 1. This patient received Atropine as a premedication for cesarean section. The parasympatholytic properties of Atropine minimized the severity of cardiac arrest. The effect of cardiac arrest on fetuses is not clearly shown in these preliminary observations. The prompt elimination of cardiac arrest is thought to be imperative in reducing perinatal loss. Cardiac arrest is though to be an extensive form of severe variable deceleration. The hypothesis is made that these fetuses had an unbalanced autonomic nervous system and/or an overwhelming vagal tone. If these signs are detected early by fetal monitoring, attention should be paid to the possibility of cardiac arrest."}
{"id": "PMID:909663", "title": "Analysis of heart rate patterns preceding fetal death.", "content": "An analysis of fetal heart rate patterns preceding death is presented in 7 patients. The intrapartum deaths were not predictable on the basis of clinical evaluation. Predeath recording time varied from 11 minutes to 7.75 hours. An atypical deceleration pattern was observed in 3 patients terminally with associated loss of beat-to-beat variability. These occurred with uterine contractions, but had the characteristic appearance of variable decelerations (CC). This pattern was characterized by short contraction to deceleration intervals, and by large drops in the rate (62-102 beats/min). In 6 of the 7 patients, there was either absent (0-5 beats/min) or diminished (5-10 beats/min) beat-to-beat variability. In 1 the terminal recording showed an absolutely fixed rate with a progressive loss of beats and an increased amount of electrical noise.", "contents": "Analysis of heart rate patterns preceding fetal death. An analysis of fetal heart rate patterns preceding death is presented in 7 patients. The intrapartum deaths were not predictable on the basis of clinical evaluation. Predeath recording time varied from 11 minutes to 7.75 hours. An atypical deceleration pattern was observed in 3 patients terminally with associated loss of beat-to-beat variability. These occurred with uterine contractions, but had the characteristic appearance of variable decelerations (CC). This pattern was characterized by short contraction to deceleration intervals, and by large drops in the rate (62-102 beats/min). In 6 of the 7 patients, there was either absent (0-5 beats/min) or diminished (5-10 beats/min) beat-to-beat variability. In 1 the terminal recording showed an absolutely fixed rate with a progressive loss of beats and an increased amount of electrical noise."}
{"id": "PMID:909664", "title": "Placental infarction leading to fetal or neonatal death. A prospective study.", "content": "The pathogenesis of perinatal death due to placental infarction was analyzed in a large prospective study that included more than 1000 medical, demographic, hereditary, and postmortem variables. The disorder was the fifth most frequent cause of death in the study with a perinatal mortality of 2.26/1000 births. Its frequency was directly correlated with the gravidas' blood pressures, an effect augmented by albuminuria and work during pregnancy. Fatal infarcts were increased 20-fold with glomerulonephritis, fivefold with abruptio placentae, and twofold when the gravidas' hemoglobins were over 12 g/100 ml. Maternal weight gains were suboptimal and the involved neonates had a pattern of growth retardation characteristic of undernutrition. The disorder was more frequent when the gravida had made few prenatal visits for medical care and had had prior unsuccessful pregnancies.", "contents": "Placental infarction leading to fetal or neonatal death. A prospective study. The pathogenesis of perinatal death due to placental infarction was analyzed in a large prospective study that included more than 1000 medical, demographic, hereditary, and postmortem variables. The disorder was the fifth most frequent cause of death in the study with a perinatal mortality of 2.26/1000 births. Its frequency was directly correlated with the gravidas' blood pressures, an effect augmented by albuminuria and work during pregnancy. Fatal infarcts were increased 20-fold with glomerulonephritis, fivefold with abruptio placentae, and twofold when the gravidas' hemoglobins were over 12 g/100 ml. Maternal weight gains were suboptimal and the involved neonates had a pattern of growth retardation characteristic of undernutrition. The disorder was more frequent when the gravida had made few prenatal visits for medical care and had had prior unsuccessful pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:909665", "title": "Ultrasonic placental localization and bloody taps in midtrimester amniocentesis for prenatal genetic diagnosis.", "content": "In a prospective study, a small team of obstetricians concurrently performed midtrimester amniocentesis for prenatal genetic diagnosis on 32 patients after ultrasonic placental localization and on 50 patients without prior ultrasound. The use of ultrasound did not affect the red cell count in the fluid samples. Furthermore, the 2 patient groups had similar rates of grossly bloody taps. The average number of viable clones after culture was lower both after bloody taps and when ultrasound had been used, but in neither case was the difference significant. There were no postamniocentesis complications in the entire patient population. These results suggest that ultrasonic placental localization is not helpful in avoiding bloody taps, and that bloody taps may not necessarily be dangerous. Therefore, since the long-range hazards of in utero exposure to ultrasound may not yet be known, it would seem judicious to use preamniocentesis ultrasound selectively and on specific indication, rather than routinely.", "contents": "Ultrasonic placental localization and bloody taps in midtrimester amniocentesis for prenatal genetic diagnosis. In a prospective study, a small team of obstetricians concurrently performed midtrimester amniocentesis for prenatal genetic diagnosis on 32 patients after ultrasonic placental localization and on 50 patients without prior ultrasound. The use of ultrasound did not affect the red cell count in the fluid samples. Furthermore, the 2 patient groups had similar rates of grossly bloody taps. The average number of viable clones after culture was lower both after bloody taps and when ultrasound had been used, but in neither case was the difference significant. There were no postamniocentesis complications in the entire patient population. These results suggest that ultrasonic placental localization is not helpful in avoiding bloody taps, and that bloody taps may not necessarily be dangerous. Therefore, since the long-range hazards of in utero exposure to ultrasound may not yet be known, it would seem judicious to use preamniocentesis ultrasound selectively and on specific indication, rather than routinely."}
{"id": "PMID:909666", "title": "Cesarean section and maternal mortality in Rhode Island. Incidence and risk factors, 1965-1975.", "content": "An 11-year study from January 1, 1965, through December 31, 1975, was undertaken to study maternal death associated with cesarean section in Rhode Island. The risk of maternal death associated with cesarean section and that for vaginal delivery was calculated, and it was found that the risk of death from cesarean section was 26 times greater than with vaginal delivery. The expanding indications for cesarean section, factors associated with excess risk of death from cesarean section, and suggestions to prevent such catastrophe are discussed.", "contents": "Cesarean section and maternal mortality in Rhode Island. Incidence and risk factors, 1965-1975. An 11-year study from January 1, 1965, through December 31, 1975, was undertaken to study maternal death associated with cesarean section in Rhode Island. The risk of maternal death associated with cesarean section and that for vaginal delivery was calculated, and it was found that the risk of death from cesarean section was 26 times greater than with vaginal delivery. The expanding indications for cesarean section, factors associated with excess risk of death from cesarean section, and suggestions to prevent such catastrophe are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909667", "title": "Comparison of nitroprusside and hydralazine in hypertensive pregnant ewes.", "content": "During phenylephrine-induced hypertension in 6 near-term pregnant ewes, nitroprusside rapidly lowered the blood pressure to control values with no accompanying change in uterine blood flow. Hydralazine slowly lowered the blood pressure to control values. This change was accompanied by a statistically significant (15%) increase in uterine blood flow. Hydralazine also had a more pronounced effect than nitroprusside on cardiac output, heart rate, and total peripheral resistance. There were no significant acid-base changes in mother or fetus throughout the study.", "contents": "Comparison of nitroprusside and hydralazine in hypertensive pregnant ewes. During phenylephrine-induced hypertension in 6 near-term pregnant ewes, nitroprusside rapidly lowered the blood pressure to control values with no accompanying change in uterine blood flow. Hydralazine slowly lowered the blood pressure to control values. This change was accompanied by a statistically significant (15%) increase in uterine blood flow. Hydralazine also had a more pronounced effect than nitroprusside on cardiac output, heart rate, and total peripheral resistance. There were no significant acid-base changes in mother or fetus throughout the study."}
{"id": "PMID:909668", "title": "Effect of terbutaline on cardiovascular state and uterine blood flow in pregnant ewes.", "content": "The cardiovascular and uterine hemodynamic effects of terbutaline, a beta-adrenergic receptor stimulant and labor inhibiting agent, were evaluated in the chronically instrumented, near-term pregnant ewe. The administration of terbutaline in the dose range required for labor inhibition in this species resulted in a mild maternal tachycardia and increase in pulse pressure without significant changes in uterine blood flow; uterine vascular resistance; or systolic, diastolic, or mean blood pressures. With infusion rates of terbutaline in excess of those required for labor inhibition, significant increases in maternal heart rate, pulse pressure, and systolic blood pressure were observed. Diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly during the higher infusion rates; however, uterine blood flow was unaffected. The minimal cardiovascular and uterine blood flow was unaffected. The minimal cardiovascular and uterine hemodynamic effects noted with the administration of terbutaline in the dose range necessary for labor inhibition indicate that this agent may possess advantages over several others currently in use for the treatment of premature labor.", "contents": "Effect of terbutaline on cardiovascular state and uterine blood flow in pregnant ewes. The cardiovascular and uterine hemodynamic effects of terbutaline, a beta-adrenergic receptor stimulant and labor inhibiting agent, were evaluated in the chronically instrumented, near-term pregnant ewe. The administration of terbutaline in the dose range required for labor inhibition in this species resulted in a mild maternal tachycardia and increase in pulse pressure without significant changes in uterine blood flow; uterine vascular resistance; or systolic, diastolic, or mean blood pressures. With infusion rates of terbutaline in excess of those required for labor inhibition, significant increases in maternal heart rate, pulse pressure, and systolic blood pressure were observed. Diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly during the higher infusion rates; however, uterine blood flow was unaffected. The minimal cardiovascular and uterine blood flow was unaffected. The minimal cardiovascular and uterine hemodynamic effects noted with the administration of terbutaline in the dose range necessary for labor inhibition indicate that this agent may possess advantages over several others currently in use for the treatment of premature labor."}
{"id": "PMID:909669", "title": "Phenobarbital prophylaxis of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Evaluation of a nightly dose.", "content": "In an attempt to improve the success of a previous study of the prevention of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia employing phenobarbital in a single 30-mg nightly dose from 32 weeks' gestation until delivery, 246 patients were tested against 270 control subjects. A 39% reduction in significant hyperbilirubinemia was realized but this fell far short of previous findings  with a  larger dose. Premature infants received no apparent protection against jaundice. Mature infants had no severe jaundice (more than 16 mg/100 ml) and the resolution of hyperbilirubinemia was more rapid. No apparent difference in drowsiness or daytime sedation from previous experience was found. Female newborns responded much better (3:1) to prophylaxis. These disappointing results favor a return to the 1-g daily divided dose.", "contents": "Phenobarbital prophylaxis of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Evaluation of a nightly dose. In an attempt to improve the success of a previous study of the prevention of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia employing phenobarbital in a single 30-mg nightly dose from 32 weeks' gestation until delivery, 246 patients were tested against 270 control subjects. A 39% reduction in significant hyperbilirubinemia was realized but this fell far short of previous findings  with a  larger dose. Premature infants received no apparent protection against jaundice. Mature infants had no severe jaundice (more than 16 mg/100 ml) and the resolution of hyperbilirubinemia was more rapid. No apparent difference in drowsiness or daytime sedation from previous experience was found. Female newborns responded much better (3:1) to prophylaxis. These disappointing results favor a return to the 1-g daily divided dose."}
{"id": "PMID:909670", "title": "A simple test for predicting pregnancy-induced hypertension.", "content": "One hundred thirty-one nulliparous patients between 28 to 34 weeks' gestation with no known history of renal disease or hypertension were placed in the left lateral recumbent position and their blood pressures were taken once and recorded. They then turned to the supine position where another blood pressure was taken within 2 minutes and also recorded. All these patients were then followed routinely throught their pregnancy, labor, delivery, and postpartum period. Of those patients whose diastolic blood pressure during the modified \"roll-over\" test rose less than 15 mmHg, only 2 of 99 developed pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Of those whose roll-over test showed an increase of more than 15 mmHg, 23 of 32 developed PIH (P less than .000000001). Of those whose blood pressure during the roll-over developed PIH(P less than .00000001). Also, 10 of 11 patients whose diastolic blood pressure increased more than 25 mmHg during the roll-over test developed PIH (P less than .000000001).", "contents": "A simple test for predicting pregnancy-induced hypertension. One hundred thirty-one nulliparous patients between 28 to 34 weeks' gestation with no known history of renal disease or hypertension were placed in the left lateral recumbent position and their blood pressures were taken once and recorded. They then turned to the supine position where another blood pressure was taken within 2 minutes and also recorded. All these patients were then followed routinely throught their pregnancy, labor, delivery, and postpartum period. Of those patients whose diastolic blood pressure during the modified \"roll-over\" test rose less than 15 mmHg, only 2 of 99 developed pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Of those whose roll-over test showed an increase of more than 15 mmHg, 23 of 32 developed PIH (P less than .000000001). Of those whose blood pressure during the roll-over developed PIH(P less than .00000001). Also, 10 of 11 patients whose diastolic blood pressure increased more than 25 mmHg during the roll-over test developed PIH (P less than .000000001)."}
{"id": "PMID:909671", "title": "Experiences with a fine stainless stell wire fetal scalp electrode.", "content": "A simple, economic stainless steel wire fetal scalp electrode is described. Its uneventful use over a 5-year period is reported in the light of several reports of complications arising from the application of both clip and spiral electrodes. The performance of 100 electrodes prepared under controlled conditions was analyzed in terms of both the quality of the rate trace produced and of problems experienced during application. Six electrodes were wasted during preliminary handling but of the 94 used in an attempted application to a fetal scalp, 88.3% were considered successful.", "contents": "Experiences with a fine stainless stell wire fetal scalp electrode. A simple, economic stainless steel wire fetal scalp electrode is described. Its uneventful use over a 5-year period is reported in the light of several reports of complications arising from the application of both clip and spiral electrodes. The performance of 100 electrodes prepared under controlled conditions was analyzed in terms of both the quality of the rate trace produced and of problems experienced during application. Six electrodes were wasted during preliminary handling but of the 94 used in an attempted application to a fetal scalp, 88.3% were considered successful."}
{"id": "PMID:909673", "title": "Virilization with diffuse involvement of ovarian androgen secreting cells.", "content": "A case is reported in which virilization of long duration and gradual progression was found in association with ovarian hyperthecosis and bilateral hilar cell lesions. The frequency occurrence of both masculinizing and nonmasculinizing ovarian tumors in association with ovarian hyperthecosis and polycystic ovaries is discussed.", "contents": "Virilization with diffuse involvement of ovarian androgen secreting cells. A case is reported in which virilization of long duration and gradual progression was found in association with ovarian hyperthecosis and bilateral hilar cell lesions. The frequency occurrence of both masculinizing and nonmasculinizing ovarian tumors in association with ovarian hyperthecosis and polycystic ovaries is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909674", "title": "Splenic artery aneurysm rupture in pregnancy. A review and case report.", "content": "The fourth case of fetal and maternal survival following rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm is presented among 90 reported cases occurring during pregnancy. The previously reported cases are reviewed. A high level of awareness and careful review of history and physical findings in the absence of evidence of the more common causes of concealed hemorrhage may lead to the diagnosis. Ligation of the aneurysm and splenectomy is the indicated therapy.", "contents": "Splenic artery aneurysm rupture in pregnancy. A review and case report. The fourth case of fetal and maternal survival following rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm is presented among 90 reported cases occurring during pregnancy. The previously reported cases are reviewed. A high level of awareness and careful review of history and physical findings in the absence of evidence of the more common causes of concealed hemorrhage may lead to the diagnosis. Ligation of the aneurysm and splenectomy is the indicated therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:909675", "title": "Lymphangiectasia of the uterus.", "content": "A 27-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, who presented with a 5-year history of dysfunctional uterine bleeding following a terminated pregnancy is described. Hysterosalpingography suggested a loss of muscle tone and a mass. Pathologic examination revealed a prominent vascular system consistent with diffuse lymphangiectasia.", "contents": "Lymphangiectasia of the uterus. A 27-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, who presented with a 5-year history of dysfunctional uterine bleeding following a terminated pregnancy is described. Hysterosalpingography suggested a loss of muscle tone and a mass. Pathologic examination revealed a prominent vascular system consistent with diffuse lymphangiectasia."}
{"id": "PMID:909676", "title": "Necrotizing fasciitis.", "content": "Two cases of necrotizing fasciitis, a disease poorly documented in the gynecologic literature because of its extreme rarity, are described. These are the only cases of this entity seen in our department during the last 24 years. Both patients underwent major surgical procedures for uterine stromal sarcoma and mixed mesodermal tumor. In both, the pathognomonic signs, undermining of the skin, and extensive necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue and the underlying fascia, were present. Later gangrene occurred, and both patients died. The literature is briefly reviewed, which emphasizes the importance of immediate surgery when the disease is recognized. The possibility is suggested that the development of such local processes in cases of mixed mesodermal tumor may be an immunologic reaction and the cultured organisms contaminants.", "contents": "Necrotizing fasciitis. Two cases of necrotizing fasciitis, a disease poorly documented in the gynecologic literature because of its extreme rarity, are described. These are the only cases of this entity seen in our department during the last 24 years. Both patients underwent major surgical procedures for uterine stromal sarcoma and mixed mesodermal tumor. In both, the pathognomonic signs, undermining of the skin, and extensive necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue and the underlying fascia, were present. Later gangrene occurred, and both patients died. The literature is briefly reviewed, which emphasizes the importance of immediate surgery when the disease is recognized. The possibility is suggested that the development of such local processes in cases of mixed mesodermal tumor may be an immunologic reaction and the cultured organisms contaminants."}
{"id": "PMID:909678", "title": "[Quantitative characteristics of the multiplication of muscle cells in the course of postnatal cardiogenesis in mice].", "content": "Changes in the absolute number of muscle cells and nuclei in the ventricle during the 1st year of postnatal life were followed in males of the CC57BR mice. The counts were carried out in the cell suspension obtained from the fixed cardiac muscle by means of alkaline dissociation. The number of muscle cells and nuclei reliably increased during the 1st month of life and ceased to increase when the maturity was attained (2-3 months). The number of muscle cells increased twice and that of muscle nuclei almost 4 times. A comparative estimate was made of the role of proliferation and growth of muscle cells in the increase of ventricle weight with the age. The importance of individual variation of the number of muscle cells and nuclei during early postnatal ontogenesis for the study of the myocardium adaptive growth is discussed.", "contents": "[Quantitative characteristics of the multiplication of muscle cells in the course of postnatal cardiogenesis in mice]. Changes in the absolute number of muscle cells and nuclei in the ventricle during the 1st year of postnatal life were followed in males of the CC57BR mice. The counts were carried out in the cell suspension obtained from the fixed cardiac muscle by means of alkaline dissociation. The number of muscle cells and nuclei reliably increased during the 1st month of life and ceased to increase when the maturity was attained (2-3 months). The number of muscle cells increased twice and that of muscle nuclei almost 4 times. A comparative estimate was made of the role of proliferation and growth of muscle cells in the increase of ventricle weight with the age. The importance of individual variation of the number of muscle cells and nuclei during early postnatal ontogenesis for the study of the myocardium adaptive growth is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909679", "title": "[Incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the cells of the heart conduction system (sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, bundle of His) during cardiogenesis in mice].", "content": "The number of DNA synthesizing myocytes in the conductive system, as compared with the working myocardium, was determined by means of light autoradiography. At the same time the number of mitosing cells was counted. The indices of labelled nuclei in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the embryos after the single and repeated 3H-thymidine injections were significantly lower than in the working ventricle and atrium. During the postnatal development (3-11 days) only in the sinoatrial node the index of labelled nuclei was significantly lower than in the working ventricle. The proliferative activity in all the myocardium parts fell markedly by the 13th day of development. Following 10 3H-thymidine injections with 12 hrs intervals, the indices of labelled nuclei varied from 0.03 to 0.67% in the working ventricle and atrium and from 0.13 to 1.0% in the conductive system of adult mice. During the embryogenesis the index of labelled nuclei in the sinoatrial node was significantly higher than in the atrioventricular one and during the postnatal development-vice versa.", "contents": "[Incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the cells of the heart conduction system (sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, bundle of His) during cardiogenesis in mice]. The number of DNA synthesizing myocytes in the conductive system, as compared with the working myocardium, was determined by means of light autoradiography. At the same time the number of mitosing cells was counted. The indices of labelled nuclei in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the embryos after the single and repeated 3H-thymidine injections were significantly lower than in the working ventricle and atrium. During the postnatal development (3-11 days) only in the sinoatrial node the index of labelled nuclei was significantly lower than in the working ventricle. The proliferative activity in all the myocardium parts fell markedly by the 13th day of development. Following 10 3H-thymidine injections with 12 hrs intervals, the indices of labelled nuclei varied from 0.03 to 0.67% in the working ventricle and atrium and from 0.13 to 1.0% in the conductive system of adult mice. During the embryogenesis the index of labelled nuclei in the sinoatrial node was significantly higher than in the atrioventricular one and during the postnatal development-vice versa."}
{"id": "PMID:909680", "title": "[Experimental-morphological study of morphogenetic potencies of homogeneous aggregates of different types of cells from the freshwater sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis (L.)].", "content": "The morphogenetic potencies of somatic cells of the fresh-water sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis in the developing aggregates depend on their initial specialization and the number of cells in the aggregate. The aggregates of nucleolar amoebocytes consisting of 500 or more cells have the highest morphogenetic potencies. All main cell types can arise in the developing homogeneous aggregates of nucleolar amoebocytes. The fine structure of nucleolar amoebocytes at different stages of development of the homogeneous aggregates was studied by means of electron microscopy. The structural rearrangements are described which accompany the process of redifferentiation of the nucleolar amoebocytes in other cell types.", "contents": "[Experimental-morphological study of morphogenetic potencies of homogeneous aggregates of different types of cells from the freshwater sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis (L.)]. The morphogenetic potencies of somatic cells of the fresh-water sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis in the developing aggregates depend on their initial specialization and the number of cells in the aggregate. The aggregates of nucleolar amoebocytes consisting of 500 or more cells have the highest morphogenetic potencies. All main cell types can arise in the developing homogeneous aggregates of nucleolar amoebocytes. The fine structure of nucleolar amoebocytes at different stages of development of the homogeneous aggregates was studied by means of electron microscopy. The structural rearrangements are described which accompany the process of redifferentiation of the nucleolar amoebocytes in other cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:909681", "title": "[Formation and reorganization of the early photoreception area in the eyes of sturgeon embryos and prelarvae. Radioautographic study].", "content": "A study of the development of eye retina in sturgeons (Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti and A. stellatus) by means of autoradiography has shown that during embryogenesis the cells of the high light sensitivity region complete the cycle of proliferation prior to the stage 29, what corresponds to the completion of proliferation of the retina cells in anurans and mammals, rather than at the stage 33, as was considered previously on the basis of the light microscopy morphological studies of differentiation. The cells of definitive retina begin to complete the cycle of proliferation at the stage 35 and the mass completion occurs at the stage 37. Some parameters of mitotic cycle were determined in the cells of definitive retina at the stages 34 and 37 and they proved to be similar with the corresponding parameters of the retina cells in anurans. The time of G2 period equals 2.5 hrs, that of S period 14 hrs and the whole mitotic cycle lasts 21.5 hrs. The transformation of the retina of high light sensitivity region in the definitive retina proceeds, mainly, by means of migration of the cells in this zone from the zone of intensive proliferation surrounding the high light sensitivity region. This transformation proceeds by means of morphological rearrangement of metamorphosis type.", "contents": "[Formation and reorganization of the early photoreception area in the eyes of sturgeon embryos and prelarvae. Radioautographic study]. A study of the development of eye retina in sturgeons (Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti and A. stellatus) by means of autoradiography has shown that during embryogenesis the cells of the high light sensitivity region complete the cycle of proliferation prior to the stage 29, what corresponds to the completion of proliferation of the retina cells in anurans and mammals, rather than at the stage 33, as was considered previously on the basis of the light microscopy morphological studies of differentiation. The cells of definitive retina begin to complete the cycle of proliferation at the stage 35 and the mass completion occurs at the stage 37. Some parameters of mitotic cycle were determined in the cells of definitive retina at the stages 34 and 37 and they proved to be similar with the corresponding parameters of the retina cells in anurans. The time of G2 period equals 2.5 hrs, that of S period 14 hrs and the whole mitotic cycle lasts 21.5 hrs. The transformation of the retina of high light sensitivity region in the definitive retina proceeds, mainly, by means of migration of the cells in this zone from the zone of intensive proliferation surrounding the high light sensitivity region. This transformation proceeds by means of morphological rearrangement of metamorphosis type."}
{"id": "PMID:909682", "title": "[Effect of cycloheximide on the disintegration of the germinal vesicle membrane and on changes in the cortical layer in oocytes of the clawed toad and the starred sturgeon during maturation on exposure to active cytoplasm].", "content": "There was studied the effect of cycloheximide on the changes in the X. laevis and A. stellatus oocytes maturing under the influence of active cytoplasm, taken from the maturing oocytes, and, in the control series, under the influence of progesterone. The suppression of protein synthesis in the X. laevis oocytes by means of cycloheximide by 90--95% did not prevent the amplification of the factor of disintegration of the germinal vesicle membrane after 4 and 5 transfers of the active cytoplasm through the cycloheximide-treated oocytes; no pseudogastrulation was observed in such oocytes. Under the similar suppression of protein synthesis in the A. stellatus oocytes, the germinal vesicle did not break down already after the first injection of active cytoplasm; such oocytes acquried, however, the ability of cortical reaction. The cycloheximide-treated oocytes of both the species did not mature under the effect of progesterone. The fully grown A. stellatus oocytes matured after the injection of active cytoplasm from the mature X. laevis oocytes.", "contents": "[Effect of cycloheximide on the disintegration of the germinal vesicle membrane and on changes in the cortical layer in oocytes of the clawed toad and the starred sturgeon during maturation on exposure to active cytoplasm]. There was studied the effect of cycloheximide on the changes in the X. laevis and A. stellatus oocytes maturing under the influence of active cytoplasm, taken from the maturing oocytes, and, in the control series, under the influence of progesterone. The suppression of protein synthesis in the X. laevis oocytes by means of cycloheximide by 90--95% did not prevent the amplification of the factor of disintegration of the germinal vesicle membrane after 4 and 5 transfers of the active cytoplasm through the cycloheximide-treated oocytes; no pseudogastrulation was observed in such oocytes. Under the similar suppression of protein synthesis in the A. stellatus oocytes, the germinal vesicle did not break down already after the first injection of active cytoplasm; such oocytes acquried, however, the ability of cortical reaction. The cycloheximide-treated oocytes of both the species did not mature under the effect of progesterone. The fully grown A. stellatus oocytes matured after the injection of active cytoplasm from the mature X. laevis oocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:909683", "title": "[Effect of continuous illumination on the reproductive function in rats. Aftereffects].", "content": "The continuous illumination of 2 months old Wistar rats during 1,2 and 6 months resulted in the appearance of permanent oestrus in 24, 61 and 100% of animals, resp. The weight of newborn rats from the females illuminated during pregnancy was by 7% higher than in the control. The continuous illumination during 1 month prior to mating did not affect the embryogenesis. The weight of 20 days old rats from the females illuminated during 1 month (prior to mating), 2 months (prior to mating + + pregnancy) and 6 months exceeded that of the control ones by 5, 18 and 30%, resp. The increase in the weight of rats persisted in the next reproductive cycle in spite of the standard conditions of light regime (14 hrs day: 10 hrs night).", "contents": "[Effect of continuous illumination on the reproductive function in rats. Aftereffects]. The continuous illumination of 2 months old Wistar rats during 1,2 and 6 months resulted in the appearance of permanent oestrus in 24, 61 and 100% of animals, resp. The weight of newborn rats from the females illuminated during pregnancy was by 7% higher than in the control. The continuous illumination during 1 month prior to mating did not affect the embryogenesis. The weight of 20 days old rats from the females illuminated during 1 month (prior to mating), 2 months (prior to mating + + pregnancy) and 6 months exceeded that of the control ones by 5, 18 and 30%, resp. The increase in the weight of rats persisted in the next reproductive cycle in spite of the standard conditions of light regime (14 hrs day: 10 hrs night)."}
{"id": "PMID:909684", "title": "[Contractility and epithelization in the chick embryo axial mesoderm].", "content": "The still unsegemented axial mesoderm was cross cut at different distances form the last somite under the normal physiological conditions, at the low temperature and under the effect of cytochalasin B. Under the normal conditions the inner cells of the axial mesoderm formed a lens-shaped cleft immediately after the operation; this movement was suppressed at the low temperature and absent under the effect of cytochalasin B. This suggests the active contractility of the mesodermal syncytium. The wound margin near the last somite acquired the epithelial structure already within several minutes after the cut, whereas in the more caudal regions it preserved the connective tissue character for a long time. The importance of the axial mesoderm contractility and its ability of epithelization for the somitogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "[Contractility and epithelization in the chick embryo axial mesoderm]. The still unsegemented axial mesoderm was cross cut at different distances form the last somite under the normal physiological conditions, at the low temperature and under the effect of cytochalasin B. Under the normal conditions the inner cells of the axial mesoderm formed a lens-shaped cleft immediately after the operation; this movement was suppressed at the low temperature and absent under the effect of cytochalasin B. This suggests the active contractility of the mesodermal syncytium. The wound margin near the last somite acquired the epithelial structure already within several minutes after the cut, whereas in the more caudal regions it preserved the connective tissue character for a long time. The importance of the axial mesoderm contractility and its ability of epithelization for the somitogenesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909686", "title": "[Changes in body weight and respiration rate in loach embryos].", "content": "Changes in the raw and dry weight of the intact eggs and isolated embryos of the loach, as well as in the respiration rate have been followed from 3.5 (64 blastomeres) till 46 hrs of development (prior to hatching). The raw weight of the intact eggs was shown to decrease somewhat. The dry weight of the isolated embryos increases twice. The respiration rate of the embryos increases 6.3 times. The intensity of respiration translated per dry and raw weight of the embryos increases as well. The protein content increases more than thrice.", "contents": "[Changes in body weight and respiration rate in loach embryos]. Changes in the raw and dry weight of the intact eggs and isolated embryos of the loach, as well as in the respiration rate have been followed from 3.5 (64 blastomeres) till 46 hrs of development (prior to hatching). The raw weight of the intact eggs was shown to decrease somewhat. The dry weight of the isolated embryos increases twice. The respiration rate of the embryos increases 6.3 times. The intensity of respiration translated per dry and raw weight of the embryos increases as well. The protein content increases more than thrice."}
{"id": "PMID:909685", "title": "[Effect of lysosome hydrolases on rat embryos].", "content": "The application of the lysosome enzymes (acid DNAase, RNAse phosphatase) on the 13th day of pregnancy resulted in the distinct embryolethal effect and the appearance of development abnormalities in the rat embryos. The labilisators of the lysosome membrane weaken the teratogenic activity of the chemical agents whereas the stabilisators strengthen it.", "contents": "[Effect of lysosome hydrolases on rat embryos]. The application of the lysosome enzymes (acid DNAase, RNAse phosphatase) on the 13th day of pregnancy resulted in the distinct embryolethal effect and the appearance of development abnormalities in the rat embryos. The labilisators of the lysosome membrane weaken the teratogenic activity of the chemical agents whereas the stabilisators strengthen it."}
{"id": "PMID:909712", "title": "Failure of acupuncture to produce localized analgesia.", "content": "The pain sensitivity of 49 healthy volunteers has been tested both before and during electro-acupuncture at two or three widely separated places on the body surface. Test areas fell into two categories. The \"target\" areas were within the part of the body that experienced acupuncturists predicted would be most affected by acupuncture of specified traditional points. \"Non-target\" control areas fell outside this zone of predicted maximal effect. The subjects and the observers who administered the tests knew that acupuncture anesthesia was being studied, but they did not know which areas were the \"targets\". Each subject was tested using at least two sensory testing methods. Altogether 4 different tests of pain sensitivity (pinprick discrimination, cold pain ratings, heat pain thresholds and pinch pain thresholds) were used. Small, but statistically highly significant, decreases in pain sensitivity occurred with all 4 tests during acupuncture. However, pain sensitivity fell by the same amount at \"target\" and \"non-target\" areas. The variability of the data was sufficiently low that moderate differences between areas would have been detected. The mechanism of \"acupuncture anesthesia\" is discussed in the light of these negative findings.", "contents": "Failure of acupuncture to produce localized analgesia. The pain sensitivity of 49 healthy volunteers has been tested both before and during electro-acupuncture at two or three widely separated places on the body surface. Test areas fell into two categories. The \"target\" areas were within the part of the body that experienced acupuncturists predicted would be most affected by acupuncture of specified traditional points. \"Non-target\" control areas fell outside this zone of predicted maximal effect. The subjects and the observers who administered the tests knew that acupuncture anesthesia was being studied, but they did not know which areas were the \"targets\". Each subject was tested using at least two sensory testing methods. Altogether 4 different tests of pain sensitivity (pinprick discrimination, cold pain ratings, heat pain thresholds and pinch pain thresholds) were used. Small, but statistically highly significant, decreases in pain sensitivity occurred with all 4 tests during acupuncture. However, pain sensitivity fell by the same amount at \"target\" and \"non-target\" areas. The variability of the data was sufficiently low that moderate differences between areas would have been detected. The mechanism of \"acupuncture anesthesia\" is discussed in the light of these negative findings."}
{"id": "PMID:909713", "title": "A comparison of four tests for assessing the pain sensitivity of different subjects and test areas.", "content": "Four different testing methods were used to estimate the sensitivity of body surfaces to pain-causing stimuli for a group of 24 healthy male subjects. These methods were (a) determination of the heat pain threshold, (b) determination of the pain threshold for pinching of a skin fold, (c) discrimination of a sharp prick from a blunt contact, and (d) estimation of the pain caused by application of an ice-cold cylinder. Three different body regions were tested: the abdomen, the anterior surface of the neck and the lateral surface of the thigh. Of the three body regions, the thigh area required the strongest stimulation for pain in all 4 tests. The neck was the most sensitive for cold pain, and the abdomen had the lowest threshold for heat pain. There was a barely statistically significant tendency for subjects relatively sensitive on one test to be also relatively sensitive on other tests. Correlation coefficients between any two tests on the same subject were always less than 0.6. Possible reasons for the relative lack of agreement among the results of the different pain tests are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of four tests for assessing the pain sensitivity of different subjects and test areas. Four different testing methods were used to estimate the sensitivity of body surfaces to pain-causing stimuli for a group of 24 healthy male subjects. These methods were (a) determination of the heat pain threshold, (b) determination of the pain threshold for pinching of a skin fold, (c) discrimination of a sharp prick from a blunt contact, and (d) estimation of the pain caused by application of an ice-cold cylinder. Three different body regions were tested: the abdomen, the anterior surface of the neck and the lateral surface of the thigh. Of the three body regions, the thigh area required the strongest stimulation for pain in all 4 tests. The neck was the most sensitive for cold pain, and the abdomen had the lowest threshold for heat pain. There was a barely statistically significant tendency for subjects relatively sensitive on one test to be also relatively sensitive on other tests. Correlation coefficients between any two tests on the same subject were always less than 0.6. Possible reasons for the relative lack of agreement among the results of the different pain tests are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909715", "title": "Experience with early anterior operation in acute injuries of the cervical spine.", "content": "Of 101 patients with acute injury to the cervical spine below the level of the axis, 74 were selected for anterior operation to ensure stability and comfort and to decompress the neural elements when indicated. Forty-six of the patients underwent a Cloward fusion at the level of the injury. Twenty-eight were treated by bar graft fusion. The indications for these procedures and the techniques involved are outlined. A successful operative result was achieved primarily in 65 of the 74 patients and eventually in 73 patients. The management mortality for patients treated by anterior operation was 2-7 per cent. The advantages of these procedures are the achievement of comfort, the facilitation of early rehabilitation, the maintenance of bony alignment and the preservation and maximal recovery of neurological function.", "contents": "Experience with early anterior operation in acute injuries of the cervical spine. Of 101 patients with acute injury to the cervical spine below the level of the axis, 74 were selected for anterior operation to ensure stability and comfort and to decompress the neural elements when indicated. Forty-six of the patients underwent a Cloward fusion at the level of the injury. Twenty-eight were treated by bar graft fusion. The indications for these procedures and the techniques involved are outlined. A successful operative result was achieved primarily in 65 of the 74 patients and eventually in 73 patients. The management mortality for patients treated by anterior operation was 2-7 per cent. The advantages of these procedures are the achievement of comfort, the facilitation of early rehabilitation, the maintenance of bony alignment and the preservation and maximal recovery of neurological function."}
{"id": "PMID:909717", "title": "Cervical spine stenosis.", "content": "Increased knowledge of the anatomy, physiology and biomechanics of the cervical spine and the enclosed neural and vascular elements is leading to a better understanding of the importance of cervical spine stenosis, as certain clinical syndromes may ensue and may respond well to operative decompression. The present study was designed to investigate the incidence of cervical spine stenosis in patients who have required surgical treatment for cervical spondylosis, and to evaluate the clinical results.", "contents": "Cervical spine stenosis. Increased knowledge of the anatomy, physiology and biomechanics of the cervical spine and the enclosed neural and vascular elements is leading to a better understanding of the importance of cervical spine stenosis, as certain clinical syndromes may ensue and may respond well to operative decompression. The present study was designed to investigate the incidence of cervical spine stenosis in patients who have required surgical treatment for cervical spondylosis, and to evaluate the clinical results."}
{"id": "PMID:909718", "title": "Cervical ankylosis with acute spinal cord injury.", "content": "Twenty-three cases of acute spinal cord injury in persons with cervical ankylosis are presented. Certain characteristics of major sub-groups are described: ankylosing spondylitis (N = 8), degenerative spondylosis (N = 9) and congenital fusion (congenital non-segmentation) (N = 6). The ankylosing spondylitic group presented a grim prognosis for survival (death rate 50 per cent within 60 days) and for loss of neurological function. Five out of eight cases had permanent neurological loss subsequent to their injuries. Both the ankylosing spondylitic and degenerative spondylotic groups presented problems in diagnosis and medical management. The basic principle is immobilisation of the fracture and mobilisation of the patient. The halo is the technique of choice for fracture immobilisation. An integrated intensive respiratory management programme is essential. Patients with ankylosed spines, particularly those with ankylosing spondylitis, should be educated in simple measures to prevent fracture of their spines.", "contents": "Cervical ankylosis with acute spinal cord injury. Twenty-three cases of acute spinal cord injury in persons with cervical ankylosis are presented. Certain characteristics of major sub-groups are described: ankylosing spondylitis (N = 8), degenerative spondylosis (N = 9) and congenital fusion (congenital non-segmentation) (N = 6). The ankylosing spondylitic group presented a grim prognosis for survival (death rate 50 per cent within 60 days) and for loss of neurological function. Five out of eight cases had permanent neurological loss subsequent to their injuries. Both the ankylosing spondylitic and degenerative spondylotic groups presented problems in diagnosis and medical management. The basic principle is immobilisation of the fracture and mobilisation of the patient. The halo is the technique of choice for fracture immobilisation. An integrated intensive respiratory management programme is essential. Patients with ankylosed spines, particularly those with ankylosing spondylitis, should be educated in simple measures to prevent fracture of their spines."}
{"id": "PMID:909719", "title": "Somatosensory cortical-evoked responses after feline experimental spinal cord injury.", "content": "Somatosensory cortical-evoked responses and clinical function were followed in cats for up to 4 weeks after spinal cord compression injury. Despite abolition of cortical responses for from 3 to 19 days after injury, good functional recovery occurred.", "contents": "Somatosensory cortical-evoked responses after feline experimental spinal cord injury. Somatosensory cortical-evoked responses and clinical function were followed in cats for up to 4 weeks after spinal cord compression injury. Despite abolition of cortical responses for from 3 to 19 days after injury, good functional recovery occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:909720", "title": "Norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in experimental spinal cord trauma: current status.", "content": "The status and function of monoamines in experimental spinal cord trauma remains a subject of controversy and continued debate. The norepinephrine hypothesis has been severely weakened by its lack of reproducibility. Dopamine results are too variable to draw meaningful conclusions. The role of serotonin, particularly with reference to its vasoactive properties and the physiological importance of its effects, remains to be determined.", "contents": "Norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in experimental spinal cord trauma: current status. The status and function of monoamines in experimental spinal cord trauma remains a subject of controversy and continued debate. The norepinephrine hypothesis has been severely weakened by its lack of reproducibility. Dopamine results are too variable to draw meaningful conclusions. The role of serotonin, particularly with reference to its vasoactive properties and the physiological importance of its effects, remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:909721", "title": "The effect of medical sympathetic blockage (using reserpine) in the management of spinal cord injury in rats.", "content": "The effect of medical sympathetic blockage with reserpine was studied in 48 rats following crushing of the cord. Control experiments were carried out with reserpined and unreserpined groups. Marked sensory-motor improvement was found in the reserpined group.", "contents": "The effect of medical sympathetic blockage (using reserpine) in the management of spinal cord injury in rats. The effect of medical sympathetic blockage with reserpine was studied in 48 rats following crushing of the cord. Control experiments were carried out with reserpined and unreserpined groups. Marked sensory-motor improvement was found in the reserpined group."}
{"id": "PMID:909722", "title": "Arm cycloergometry and kinetics of oxygen consumption in paraplegics.", "content": "A report is given on studies to determine the best methodological approach in exercise testing of paraplegics. Arm cyclometry was found to be very suitable for wheelchair users with normal upper limbs. Oxygen consumption during exercise was studied and analysed by computer.", "contents": "Arm cycloergometry and kinetics of oxygen consumption in paraplegics. A report is given on studies to determine the best methodological approach in exercise testing of paraplegics. Arm cyclometry was found to be very suitable for wheelchair users with normal upper limbs. Oxygen consumption during exercise was studied and analysed by computer."}
{"id": "PMID:909723", "title": "[Effect of ultrasound on Eimeria tenella (Coccidiida, Eimeriidae)].", "content": "Ultrasonics (frequency--20 kHz intensity--11.9 w/cm2 and external lateral surface--1.88 cm2) can annihilate for 8 minutes from 90 to 100% of non-sporulated and for 16 minutes 99.5 to 100% of sporulated oocysts of E. tenella maintained in 10ml suspension plunged into a bath with ice. The destruction rate of oocysts depends on the duration of the ultrasonics effect and the increase of its intensity. It should be noted that the increase in intensity is more effective in this respect than the extension of ultrasonics effect.", "contents": "[Effect of ultrasound on Eimeria tenella (Coccidiida, Eimeriidae)]. Ultrasonics (frequency--20 kHz intensity--11.9 w/cm2 and external lateral surface--1.88 cm2) can annihilate for 8 minutes from 90 to 100% of non-sporulated and for 16 minutes 99.5 to 100% of sporulated oocysts of E. tenella maintained in 10ml suspension plunged into a bath with ice. The destruction rate of oocysts depends on the duration of the ultrasonics effect and the increase of its intensity. It should be noted that the increase in intensity is more effective in this respect than the extension of ultrasonics effect."}
{"id": "PMID:909724", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy in studies of parasitic protozoa of fish].", "content": "It is expedient to use the scanning electron microscopy for studies of parasitic Protozoa of fishes. The structure of myxosporidians (Henneguya psorospermica, Myxidium rhodei, Chloromyxum truttae) and Chilodenella cyprini was analysed. Microphotos taken by \"CWIKscan-100-4\" are given. The technique of the preparation of the object for scanning microscopy with regard for its structure is discussed.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy in studies of parasitic protozoa of fish]. It is expedient to use the scanning electron microscopy for studies of parasitic Protozoa of fishes. The structure of myxosporidians (Henneguya psorospermica, Myxidium rhodei, Chloromyxum truttae) and Chilodenella cyprini was analysed. Microphotos taken by \"CWIKscan-100-4\" are given. The technique of the preparation of the object for scanning microscopy with regard for its structure is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909725", "title": "[Transovarial and transspermal transmission of Coxiella burneti by the tick Hyalomma asiaticum and its role in the ecology of Q-rickettsiosis].", "content": "The transovarial transmission of C. burneti by the tick H. asiaticum was traced on three daughter generations during 751 days. The infection rate of the first generation ticks was found to be 5 times lower than that of the parental ones, of the second generations ticks--9 times lower while F3 population was characterized by 20 fold decrease in the infection rate. The transmission of C. burneti by the infected males of H. asiaticum to the females after copulation was observed in none of the 19 tests. Analysis of the material obtained has shown that the unrestrictedly long \"vertical type\" maintenance of the Q-rickettsiosis agent in nature is impossible.", "contents": "[Transovarial and transspermal transmission of Coxiella burneti by the tick Hyalomma asiaticum and its role in the ecology of Q-rickettsiosis]. The transovarial transmission of C. burneti by the tick H. asiaticum was traced on three daughter generations during 751 days. The infection rate of the first generation ticks was found to be 5 times lower than that of the parental ones, of the second generations ticks--9 times lower while F3 population was characterized by 20 fold decrease in the infection rate. The transmission of C. burneti by the infected males of H. asiaticum to the females after copulation was observed in none of the 19 tests. Analysis of the material obtained has shown that the unrestrictedly long \"vertical type\" maintenance of the Q-rickettsiosis agent in nature is impossible."}
{"id": "PMID:909727", "title": "[New species of trematodes from fishes of the Falkland-Patagonian region (South-Western Atlantic)].", "content": "Four new species of trematodes are described from fishes of the Falkland--Patagonian region as follows: Infundibulostomum patagonicum from Notothenia ramzay; Stenacron mancopsetti from Mancopsetta maculata; Neolepidapedon argentinensis from Salilota australis; Hirudinelloides elongatus from Thyrsites atun. For the latter species a new genus, Hirudinelloides, has been erected. Representatives of the genera Infundibulostomum, Stenacron and Neolepidapedon are first reported from this region.", "contents": "[New species of trematodes from fishes of the Falkland-Patagonian region (South-Western Atlantic)]. Four new species of trematodes are described from fishes of the Falkland--Patagonian region as follows: Infundibulostomum patagonicum from Notothenia ramzay; Stenacron mancopsetti from Mancopsetta maculata; Neolepidapedon argentinensis from Salilota australis; Hirudinelloides elongatus from Thyrsites atun. For the latter species a new genus, Hirudinelloides, has been erected. Representatives of the genera Infundibulostomum, Stenacron and Neolepidapedon are first reported from this region."}
{"id": "PMID:909729", "title": "[Swarming of blood-sucking flies (Simuliidae) in Siberia].", "content": "During the swarming period of black flies aggregations of the mass species Sch\u00f6nbaueria pusilla Fries and Simulium truncatum Lundstr. (Jakutia), Byssodon maculata Mg. and S. longipalpe Belt. (Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions, Lower Priamurje) were noted. Observations on the time and character of swarming, statial distribution of swarming black flies and on weather conditions were conducted.", "contents": "[Swarming of blood-sucking flies (Simuliidae) in Siberia]. During the swarming period of black flies aggregations of the mass species Sch\u00f6nbaueria pusilla Fries and Simulium truncatum Lundstr. (Jakutia), Byssodon maculata Mg. and S. longipalpe Belt. (Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions, Lower Priamurje) were noted. Observations on the time and character of swarming, statial distribution of swarming black flies and on weather conditions were conducted."}
{"id": "PMID:909730", "title": "[Method of crossbreeding Trichinella].", "content": "At the invasional larva stage all the species of Trichinella display different variations in the characters by which the sex can be identified. They should be taken into account in identifying trichinellids by crossing.", "contents": "[Method of crossbreeding Trichinella]. At the invasional larva stage all the species of Trichinella display different variations in the characters by which the sex can be identified. They should be taken into account in identifying trichinellids by crossing."}
{"id": "PMID:909726", "title": "[Oxidation of Krebs cycle substrates by Eurytrema pancreaticum mitochondria].", "content": "From tissues of E. pancreaticum were isolated mitochondria capable to swell under the effect of some factors. The intensive oxidation of succinate, isocitrate, cisaconitate, oxalacetate and alpha-ketoglutarate by mitochondria and less intensive one of malate, fumarate, citrate and pyruvate were shown. NAD caused the rise in oxidation intensity of isocitrate, cis-aconitate, oxalacetate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, fumarate and pyruvate while NADP--of isocitrate and citrate.", "contents": "[Oxidation of Krebs cycle substrates by Eurytrema pancreaticum mitochondria]. From tissues of E. pancreaticum were isolated mitochondria capable to swell under the effect of some factors. The intensive oxidation of succinate, isocitrate, cisaconitate, oxalacetate and alpha-ketoglutarate by mitochondria and less intensive one of malate, fumarate, citrate and pyruvate were shown. NAD caused the rise in oxidation intensity of isocitrate, cis-aconitate, oxalacetate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, fumarate and pyruvate while NADP--of isocitrate and citrate."}
{"id": "PMID:909737", "title": "[The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive patients. II. Diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism].", "content": "Twenty patients suffering from primary hyperaldosteronism were studied. Sixteen had a single adenoma of the adrenal and four had bilateral hyperplasia affecting both adrenals. Cases of primary hyperaldosteronism due to a tumour were characterised by a higher degree of hypermineralocorticism than was seen in the patients with hyperplasia. Plasma aldosterone, after acute volaemic expansion, did not fall below 13 ng/100 ml in the adenoma patients whilst it was lower in the case of hyperplasia. Adrenal phlebography is a useful tool in preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "[The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive patients. II. Diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism]. Twenty patients suffering from primary hyperaldosteronism were studied. Sixteen had a single adenoma of the adrenal and four had bilateral hyperplasia affecting both adrenals. Cases of primary hyperaldosteronism due to a tumour were characterised by a higher degree of hypermineralocorticism than was seen in the patients with hyperplasia. Plasma aldosterone, after acute volaemic expansion, did not fall below 13 ng/100 ml in the adenoma patients whilst it was lower in the case of hyperplasia. Adrenal phlebography is a useful tool in preoperative diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:909728", "title": "[Morphology of Cucullanus cirratus M\u00fcller, 1777 (Nematoda: Cucullanidae)].", "content": "The nematodes of C. cirratus of stages III, IV and V were found in the gut of cod Gadus morhua and navaga Eleginus navaga from the White Sea. The morphological data on 176 specimens of C. cirratus were subjected to statistical analysis. The developmental stages can be distinguished by means of measurements of the width and length of pseudo-buccal cavity. The first description of stage IV of C. cirratus and detailed redescription of the IIId stage larvae of C. cirratus are given.", "contents": "[Morphology of Cucullanus cirratus M\u00fcller, 1777 (Nematoda: Cucullanidae)]. The nematodes of C. cirratus of stages III, IV and V were found in the gut of cod Gadus morhua and navaga Eleginus navaga from the White Sea. The morphological data on 176 specimens of C. cirratus were subjected to statistical analysis. The developmental stages can be distinguished by means of measurements of the width and length of pseudo-buccal cavity. The first description of stage IV of C. cirratus and detailed redescription of the IIId stage larvae of C. cirratus are given."}
{"id": "PMID:909738", "title": "[De novo purine biosynthesis. In vitro measurement in hyperuricemia (author's transl)].", "content": "De novo purine biosynthesis has been investigated in circulating blood lymphocytes in vitro. N-formyl-glycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) has been mesured using 14C-formate incorporation in the presence of azaserine, a metabolic inhibitor blocking the metabolical pathway at the level of FGAR synthesis. Such a synthesis was measured in 20 healthy controls, 24 patients with primary gout (11 on allopurinol therapy) and 26 patients with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperuricemia (8 on allopurinol therapy). Among gouty patients without allopurinol therapy, FGAR synthesis was normal in 5 and increased in the others. FGAR synthesis was decreased in patients with renal failure whatever the therapy. However, FGAR synthesis remained increased in patients with a primary gout complicated with renal insufficiency. The test we propose for de novo purine biosynthesis measurement is simple and of value to analyse the patho-physiology of hyperuricemia and its therapy. The test allows an acurate discrimination between primary and secondary hyperuricemia in the presence of renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[De novo purine biosynthesis. In vitro measurement in hyperuricemia (author's transl)]. De novo purine biosynthesis has been investigated in circulating blood lymphocytes in vitro. N-formyl-glycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) has been mesured using 14C-formate incorporation in the presence of azaserine, a metabolic inhibitor blocking the metabolical pathway at the level of FGAR synthesis. Such a synthesis was measured in 20 healthy controls, 24 patients with primary gout (11 on allopurinol therapy) and 26 patients with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperuricemia (8 on allopurinol therapy). Among gouty patients without allopurinol therapy, FGAR synthesis was normal in 5 and increased in the others. FGAR synthesis was decreased in patients with renal failure whatever the therapy. However, FGAR synthesis remained increased in patients with a primary gout complicated with renal insufficiency. The test we propose for de novo purine biosynthesis measurement is simple and of value to analyse the patho-physiology of hyperuricemia and its therapy. The test allows an acurate discrimination between primary and secondary hyperuricemia in the presence of renal insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:909754", "title": "[Increased hematological toxicity of antineoplastic drugs with simultaneous androgenotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty two patients with malignant lymphoma - mainly Hodgkin's disease - were randomized for simultaneous treatment by high doses of metenolone during MOPP chemotherapy, to reduce its hematological toxicity. The results have shown surprisingly an increased hemato-toxicity in patients receiving androgens, with significantly more marked anemia and thrombocytopenia, reducing the total doses of anti-cancer drugs. This side effect could be explained by a cycling of the hematopoietic stem-cells and call to some caution when androgens are used during cancer chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Increased hematological toxicity of antineoplastic drugs with simultaneous androgenotherapy (author's transl)]. Thirty two patients with malignant lymphoma - mainly Hodgkin's disease - were randomized for simultaneous treatment by high doses of metenolone during MOPP chemotherapy, to reduce its hematological toxicity. The results have shown surprisingly an increased hemato-toxicity in patients receiving androgens, with significantly more marked anemia and thrombocytopenia, reducing the total doses of anti-cancer drugs. This side effect could be explained by a cycling of the hematopoietic stem-cells and call to some caution when androgens are used during cancer chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:909755", "title": "[The nephrotoxic potential of cefalotin-aminoside antibiotic combinations (author's transl)].", "content": "The combined study of animal experimental findings and clinical trials indicates the minimal effect on renal function of a combination of Cefalotin with aminoglycosides. Nevertheless, whilst the published cases of renal insufficiency are often difficult to analyse with regard to the exclusive responsibility of antibiotic therapy, it seems that strict attention to dose and frequency of administration is essential when this combination is prescribed and that regular surveillance of renal function is necessary, above all with prolonged treatment. The renal toxicity of aminoglycosides more recent than Gentamicin has not yet been fully explored, the same applying to their use in association with Cefalotin.", "contents": "[The nephrotoxic potential of cefalotin-aminoside antibiotic combinations (author's transl)]. The combined study of animal experimental findings and clinical trials indicates the minimal effect on renal function of a combination of Cefalotin with aminoglycosides. Nevertheless, whilst the published cases of renal insufficiency are often difficult to analyse with regard to the exclusive responsibility of antibiotic therapy, it seems that strict attention to dose and frequency of administration is essential when this combination is prescribed and that regular surveillance of renal function is necessary, above all with prolonged treatment. The renal toxicity of aminoglycosides more recent than Gentamicin has not yet been fully explored, the same applying to their use in association with Cefalotin."}
{"id": "PMID:909756", "title": "[Double contrast hypotonic duodenography].", "content": "Double contrast hypotonic duodenography, as carried out by the authors, is a simple and rapid examination, suitable for routine use. At the same time, it includes a double contrast study of the oesophagus and stomach. The normal appearance is easily analysed, in particular that of the great caronculus. It is a selective examination of the duodenal outline, playing an essential role in the detection of lesions of the latter as well as in adjacent organs which may alter its shape. It provides only a suggestion as to aetiology and must therefore be completed, when appropriate, by other studies.", "contents": "[Double contrast hypotonic duodenography]. Double contrast hypotonic duodenography, as carried out by the authors, is a simple and rapid examination, suitable for routine use. At the same time, it includes a double contrast study of the oesophagus and stomach. The normal appearance is easily analysed, in particular that of the great caronculus. It is a selective examination of the duodenal outline, playing an essential role in the detection of lesions of the latter as well as in adjacent organs which may alter its shape. It provides only a suggestion as to aetiology and must therefore be completed, when appropriate, by other studies."}
{"id": "PMID:909766", "title": "Membrane associated cytoplasmic mRNA in Artemia salina; functional and physical changes during development.", "content": "The physical and functional properties of the mRNA population from developing embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia salina were characterized. About 20% of the total poly(A)-rich mRNA in these embryos appears to be specifically associated with the membrane  fraction throughout early development, and physically differs markedly from the free cytoplasmic mRNA. The membrane-associated mRNA fraction consists of two well-defined populations of molecular weight of 5.2x10(5) and 3.6x10(5), whose relative amount changes during the various stages of embryo development. The size of the poly(A) tail at the 3'-end of the mRNA molecules, as estimated by processive phosphorolysis, was found to consist of 180 and 210 adenosine residues for the two respective mRNA species. The in vitro translation products of the membrane-bound mRNA molecules are apparently similar to those of the free mRNA molecules.", "contents": "Membrane associated cytoplasmic mRNA in Artemia salina; functional and physical changes during development. The physical and functional properties of the mRNA population from developing embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia salina were characterized. About 20% of the total poly(A)-rich mRNA in these embryos appears to be specifically associated with the membrane  fraction throughout early development, and physically differs markedly from the free cytoplasmic mRNA. The membrane-associated mRNA fraction consists of two well-defined populations of molecular weight of 5.2x10(5) and 3.6x10(5), whose relative amount changes during the various stages of embryo development. The size of the poly(A) tail at the 3'-end of the mRNA molecules, as estimated by processive phosphorolysis, was found to consist of 180 and 210 adenosine residues for the two respective mRNA species. The in vitro translation products of the membrane-bound mRNA molecules are apparently similar to those of the free mRNA molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:909767", "title": "DNA sequence at the end of the cI gene in bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of 57 base pairs near the end of the cI gene in phage lambda is presented. This sequence was determined by direct sequencing techniques and includes the codons for 11 carboxyterminal aminoacids of the cI product, the lambda repressor. The sequence reveals that the cI gene, which has recently been shown to have a unique initiation region, is terminated by a UGA codon. A GUG triplet, which could act as a translation start signal for the rex gene occurs 8 base pairs beyond the cI termination codon. This GUG triplet is preceded by a sequence that could serve as a strong ribosome binding site for the rex message.", "contents": "DNA sequence at the end of the cI gene in bacteriophage lambda. The nucleotide sequence of 57 base pairs near the end of the cI gene in phage lambda is presented. This sequence was determined by direct sequencing techniques and includes the codons for 11 carboxyterminal aminoacids of the cI product, the lambda repressor. The sequence reveals that the cI gene, which has recently been shown to have a unique initiation region, is terminated by a UGA codon. A GUG triplet, which could act as a translation start signal for the rex gene occurs 8 base pairs beyond the cI termination codon. This GUG triplet is preceded by a sequence that could serve as a strong ribosome binding site for the rex message."}
{"id": "PMID:909768", "title": "Digestion of insect chromatin with micrococcal nuclease, DNase I and DNase I combined with single-strand specific nuclease S1.", "content": "The chromatin of the lepidopteran Ephestia kuehniella was digested by micrococcal nuclease, DNase I and S1-nuclease combined with DNase I pretreatment. The resulting DNA fragments were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and compared with the DNA fragments of rat liver nuclei obtained by the same process. Extensive homology was revealed between insect and mammalian chromatin structure. The combined DNase I- S1-nuclease digestion yields double-stranded DNA fragments of lengths from 30 to 110 base-pairs. These DNA fragments are not obtained from nuclei predigested extensively with micrococcal nuclease. The results are discussed with respect to the internal structure of the chromatin subunit.", "contents": "Digestion of insect chromatin with micrococcal nuclease, DNase I and DNase I combined with single-strand specific nuclease S1. The chromatin of the lepidopteran Ephestia kuehniella was digested by micrococcal nuclease, DNase I and S1-nuclease combined with DNase I pretreatment. The resulting DNA fragments were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and compared with the DNA fragments of rat liver nuclei obtained by the same process. Extensive homology was revealed between insect and mammalian chromatin structure. The combined DNase I- S1-nuclease digestion yields double-stranded DNA fragments of lengths from 30 to 110 base-pairs. These DNA fragments are not obtained from nuclei predigested extensively with micrococcal nuclease. The results are discussed with respect to the internal structure of the chromatin subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:909769", "title": "A kinetic study of 1H leads to 3H exchange in C(8) H-groups of purinic residues in DNA.", "content": "The kinetic study of 1H leads to 3H exchange in C(8) H-groups of purinic residues of DNAs with different G-C content as well as in corresponding dNMP mixtures have been carried out. The present results show that 1H--3H exchange in DNA is retarded (as compared to the exchange in dNMP mixtures) to a lesser extent (Kret =2.4-2.8) than in RNA (Kret=6-8). The degree of retardation in these polymers is practically independent of their nucleotide composition. Assuming the ylide mechanism of exchange reaction it is suggested that the lower rate of 1H leads to 3H exchange in C(8) H-groups of purinic residues in polynucleotides of A-form (RNA and other polyribonucleotides) as compared to those of B-form (DNA and other polydeoxyribonucleotides) might be accounted for by decreased availability of C(8) H-groups for OH-ions of the solvent due to a different microenviroment of these groups in A- and B-type helixes.", "contents": "A kinetic study of 1H leads to 3H exchange in C(8) H-groups of purinic residues in DNA. The kinetic study of 1H leads to 3H exchange in C(8) H-groups of purinic residues of DNAs with different G-C content as well as in corresponding dNMP mixtures have been carried out. The present results show that 1H--3H exchange in DNA is retarded (as compared to the exchange in dNMP mixtures) to a lesser extent (Kret =2.4-2.8) than in RNA (Kret=6-8). The degree of retardation in these polymers is practically independent of their nucleotide composition. Assuming the ylide mechanism of exchange reaction it is suggested that the lower rate of 1H leads to 3H exchange in C(8) H-groups of purinic residues in polynucleotides of A-form (RNA and other polyribonucleotides) as compared to those of B-form (DNA and other polydeoxyribonucleotides) might be accounted for by decreased availability of C(8) H-groups for OH-ions of the solvent due to a different microenviroment of these groups in A- and B-type helixes."}
{"id": "PMID:909770", "title": "DNA regions essential for the function of a bacteriophage fd promoter.", "content": "The promoter for the major coat protein gene of bacteriophage fd contains a unique sequence. TATAAT, in the non-transcribed region corresponding to the Pribnow box. A R-Hha I cleavage site which destroys functions is located five pairs upstream from the TATAAT sequence (fifteen base pairs upstream from the RNA initiation site). The promoter was cleaved into two fragments by R-Hha I and each promoter fragment was joined to DNA fragments derived from other regions. Ligation of the TATAAT-containing fragment to any of the DNA fragments examined resulted in recovery of promoter function. The results suggest for this type of promoter that no unique sequence is necessary upstream from the R-Hha I cleavage site although a contiguous DNA chain must be present in this area.", "contents": "DNA regions essential for the function of a bacteriophage fd promoter. The promoter for the major coat protein gene of bacteriophage fd contains a unique sequence. TATAAT, in the non-transcribed region corresponding to the Pribnow box. A R-Hha I cleavage site which destroys functions is located five pairs upstream from the TATAAT sequence (fifteen base pairs upstream from the RNA initiation site). The promoter was cleaved into two fragments by R-Hha I and each promoter fragment was joined to DNA fragments derived from other regions. Ligation of the TATAAT-containing fragment to any of the DNA fragments examined resulted in recovery of promoter function. The results suggest for this type of promoter that no unique sequence is necessary upstream from the R-Hha I cleavage site although a contiguous DNA chain must be present in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:909771", "title": "Synthesis of acylamino acid esters of nucleoside 5'-phosphates and their investigation with PMR and CD spectra.", "content": "The acylamino acid esters of nucleoside 5'-phosphates are synthesized via condensation of N-(N'-acylaminoacyl) imidazoles with nucleoside 5'-phosphates. The PMR and CD spectra of the esters obtained are studied. The 3'-isomers of the substances under study are observed to have a shift in the conformational N in equilibrium S equilibrium of the carbohydrate moiety in favour of the S-form as compared to the initial nucleosides and their 2'-acyl esters.", "contents": "Synthesis of acylamino acid esters of nucleoside 5'-phosphates and their investigation with PMR and CD spectra. The acylamino acid esters of nucleoside 5'-phosphates are synthesized via condensation of N-(N'-acylaminoacyl) imidazoles with nucleoside 5'-phosphates. The PMR and CD spectra of the esters obtained are studied. The 3'-isomers of the substances under study are observed to have a shift in the conformational N in equilibrium S equilibrium of the carbohydrate moiety in favour of the S-form as compared to the initial nucleosides and their 2'-acyl esters."}
{"id": "PMID:909772", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of two restriction fragments located in the gene AB region of bacteriophage S13.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of a double stranded DNA fragment from the gene AB region of bacteriophage S13 DNA has been determined. The fragment was isolated as two adjacent shorter fragments by cleavage of S13 replicative form (RF) DNA with restriction endonuclease III from Hemophilus aegyptius. The strands of the fragments were separated electrophoretically and hydrolyzed with T4 endonuclease IV to yield short oligonucleotides which were then sequenced by partial exonuclease digestion. The complete nucleotide sequence of the restriction fragments was obtained by ordering the inter- and intrastrand overlapping oligonucleotide sequences. The adjacent fragments were 190 nucleotides in length. The sequences included a HindII site, an AluI site and two sequences which may be possible transcription initiation sequences, one with an adjacent sequence homologous to the canonical promoter site sequence T-A-T-Pu-A-T-Pu. Examination of the three possible reading frames for translation of the sequence revealed only one possible complete translation product. The postulated partial sequence of gene A protein has a highly positively charged arginine-rich area which may have importance in DNA binding.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of two restriction fragments located in the gene AB region of bacteriophage S13. The nucleotide sequence of a double stranded DNA fragment from the gene AB region of bacteriophage S13 DNA has been determined. The fragment was isolated as two adjacent shorter fragments by cleavage of S13 replicative form (RF) DNA with restriction endonuclease III from Hemophilus aegyptius. The strands of the fragments were separated electrophoretically and hydrolyzed with T4 endonuclease IV to yield short oligonucleotides which were then sequenced by partial exonuclease digestion. The complete nucleotide sequence of the restriction fragments was obtained by ordering the inter- and intrastrand overlapping oligonucleotide sequences. The adjacent fragments were 190 nucleotides in length. The sequences included a HindII site, an AluI site and two sequences which may be possible transcription initiation sequences, one with an adjacent sequence homologous to the canonical promoter site sequence T-A-T-Pu-A-T-Pu. Examination of the three possible reading frames for translation of the sequence revealed only one possible complete translation product. The postulated partial sequence of gene A protein has a highly positively charged arginine-rich area which may have importance in DNA binding."}
{"id": "PMID:909773", "title": "Mechanism of tRNA-synthetase recognition: role of terminal A.", "content": "The function of the terminal A of tRNA Phe (yeast) with respect to complex formation with the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase has been studied using equilibrium and fast kinetic techniques. Removal of the terminal A influences the equilibrium parameters of the tRNA-synthetase interaction only slightly, the mechanism of complex formation, however, is changed significantly. The binding mechanism of unmodified tRNAPhe comprises a recombination step and a consecutive conformational change. In contrast, the reaction between tRNAPheCC and the cognate synthetase is characterized by a simple one step mechanism. It is concluded that the terminal A is responsible for the occurrence of the conformational change of the tRNA-synthetase complex. The conformational change is interpreted as a proper alignment of the terminal A of the tRNA to the active site of the synthetase.", "contents": "Mechanism of tRNA-synthetase recognition: role of terminal A. The function of the terminal A of tRNA Phe (yeast) with respect to complex formation with the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase has been studied using equilibrium and fast kinetic techniques. Removal of the terminal A influences the equilibrium parameters of the tRNA-synthetase interaction only slightly, the mechanism of complex formation, however, is changed significantly. The binding mechanism of unmodified tRNAPhe comprises a recombination step and a consecutive conformational change. In contrast, the reaction between tRNAPheCC and the cognate synthetase is characterized by a simple one step mechanism. It is concluded that the terminal A is responsible for the occurrence of the conformational change of the tRNA-synthetase complex. The conformational change is interpreted as a proper alignment of the terminal A of the tRNA to the active site of the synthetase."}
{"id": "PMID:909774", "title": "Protection of particular endonuclease R. Hind III cleavage sites by distamycin A, propyl-distamycin and netropsin.", "content": "It is shown that three related antibiotics, distamycin A, propyl-distamycin and netropsin, can protect certain endo R.Hind III cleavage sites from attack by endonuclease, giving rise, after endo R.Hind III digestion, to larger DNA fragments. Bacteriophage lambda DNA has six recognition sites for Hind III enzyme. Three of these sites: shind III 2, 3 and 6 can be protected from nuclease action by all the antibiotics used. Propyl-distamycin protects partly shind III 5, too. Netropsin protects partly sites shind III 5 and 4, while distamycin A protects all the sites but shind III 1 so the Hind III digestion produces only two large fragments of lambda DNA.", "contents": "Protection of particular endonuclease R. Hind III cleavage sites by distamycin A, propyl-distamycin and netropsin. It is shown that three related antibiotics, distamycin A, propyl-distamycin and netropsin, can protect certain endo R.Hind III cleavage sites from attack by endonuclease, giving rise, after endo R.Hind III digestion, to larger DNA fragments. Bacteriophage lambda DNA has six recognition sites for Hind III enzyme. Three of these sites: shind III 2, 3 and 6 can be protected from nuclease action by all the antibiotics used. Propyl-distamycin protects partly shind III 5, too. Netropsin protects partly sites shind III 5 and 4, while distamycin A protects all the sites but shind III 1 so the Hind III digestion produces only two large fragments of lambda DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:909775", "title": "Chromatin very small angle neutron scattering: further evidence for a 30 nm diameter super coil in dilute solutions.", "content": "Intact chromatin, chromatin minus histone H1, and nuclease digestion fragments have been studied by very small angle neutron scattering. The results are not consistent with a straight chain of nucleosomes and require the presence of a higher order coiling in monovalent salt solutions. The data are interpretable by a structure having a cross section radius of gryration of 8.5 +/- 1 nm, which suggests an outer diameter for a coil of nucleosomes of 27 +/- 3 nm.", "contents": "Chromatin very small angle neutron scattering: further evidence for a 30 nm diameter super coil in dilute solutions. Intact chromatin, chromatin minus histone H1, and nuclease digestion fragments have been studied by very small angle neutron scattering. The results are not consistent with a straight chain of nucleosomes and require the presence of a higher order coiling in monovalent salt solutions. The data are interpretable by a structure having a cross section radius of gryration of 8.5 +/- 1 nm, which suggests an outer diameter for a coil of nucleosomes of 27 +/- 3 nm."}
{"id": "PMID:909776", "title": "Effect of non-histone proteins on thermal transition of chromatin and of DNA.", "content": "The effect of chromatin non-histone protein on DNA and chromatin stability is investigated by differential thermal denaturation method. 1) Chromatin (rat liver) yields a multiphasic melting profile. The major part of the melting curve of this chromatin is situated at temperatures higher than pure DNA, with a distinct contribution due to nucleosomes melting. A minor part melts at temperatures lower than DNA which may be assigned to chromatin non-histone protein-DNA complex which destabilized DNA structure. 2) Heparin which extracts histones lowers the melting profile of chromatin and one observes also a contribution with a Tm lower that of pure DNA. In contrast, extraction on non-histone proteins by urea supresses the low Tm peak. 3) Reconstitution of chromatin non-histone protein-DNA complexes confirms the existence of a fraction of chromatin non-histone protein which lowers the melting temperature when compared to pure DNA. It is concluded that chromatin non-histone proteins contain different fractions of proteins which are causing stabilizing and destabilizing effect on DNA structure.", "contents": "Effect of non-histone proteins on thermal transition of chromatin and of DNA. The effect of chromatin non-histone protein on DNA and chromatin stability is investigated by differential thermal denaturation method. 1) Chromatin (rat liver) yields a multiphasic melting profile. The major part of the melting curve of this chromatin is situated at temperatures higher than pure DNA, with a distinct contribution due to nucleosomes melting. A minor part melts at temperatures lower than DNA which may be assigned to chromatin non-histone protein-DNA complex which destabilized DNA structure. 2) Heparin which extracts histones lowers the melting profile of chromatin and one observes also a contribution with a Tm lower that of pure DNA. In contrast, extraction on non-histone proteins by urea supresses the low Tm peak. 3) Reconstitution of chromatin non-histone protein-DNA complexes confirms the existence of a fraction of chromatin non-histone protein which lowers the melting temperature when compared to pure DNA. It is concluded that chromatin non-histone proteins contain different fractions of proteins which are causing stabilizing and destabilizing effect on DNA structure."}
{"id": "PMID:909777", "title": "Specific hydrolysis of rabbit globin messenger RNA by S1 nuclease.", "content": "S1 nuclease isolated from Aspergillus oryzae has been used to investigate the secondary structure of rabbit globin messenger RNA (mRNA). The enzyme, which is specific for single stranded nucleotides, digests globin mRNA to a limited extent, with 65-75% of the mRNA nucleotides resistant to digestion under mild conditions. This limited digestion is not due to enzyme inactivation, but rather to the normal activity of the single-strand nuclease. The reaction was studied as a function of temperature, salt and enzyme concentration. Analysis of the products of digestion on 20% acrylamide- 7M urea slab gels reveals a stable pattern of unique fragments ranging in size from 9 to 71 nucleotides. Separated alpha and beta globin mRNAs show similar, but not identical gel patterns, indicating strong structural similarities between the two species. The high degree of nuclease resistance, along with the fragment patterns seen on polyacrylamide gels, gives evidence to support a model of rabbit globin mRNA which contain specific, rather than random, helical structure.", "contents": "Specific hydrolysis of rabbit globin messenger RNA by S1 nuclease. S1 nuclease isolated from Aspergillus oryzae has been used to investigate the secondary structure of rabbit globin messenger RNA (mRNA). The enzyme, which is specific for single stranded nucleotides, digests globin mRNA to a limited extent, with 65-75% of the mRNA nucleotides resistant to digestion under mild conditions. This limited digestion is not due to enzyme inactivation, but rather to the normal activity of the single-strand nuclease. The reaction was studied as a function of temperature, salt and enzyme concentration. Analysis of the products of digestion on 20% acrylamide- 7M urea slab gels reveals a stable pattern of unique fragments ranging in size from 9 to 71 nucleotides. Separated alpha and beta globin mRNAs show similar, but not identical gel patterns, indicating strong structural similarities between the two species. The high degree of nuclease resistance, along with the fragment patterns seen on polyacrylamide gels, gives evidence to support a model of rabbit globin mRNA which contain specific, rather than random, helical structure."}
{"id": "PMID:909778", "title": "Nucleoside 3'-phosphotriesters as key intermediates for the oligoribonucleotide synthesis. IV. New method for removal of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl group and 31P NMR as a new tool for analysis of deblocking of internucleotide phosphate protecting groups.", "content": "Zinc/acetylacetone/pyridine treatment has been designed as a very efficient method for removal of 2,2,2,-trichloroethyl group from phosphoesters. Internucleotide and terminal 2,2,2-trichloroethylphosphotriesters were transformed to corresponding diesters quantitatively. Much less reactive 2,2,2-trichloroethylphosphodiesters produced monoesters with ca. 90% yield. 31P NMR spectroscopy has been proposed as a new tool for analysis of removal of internucleotide phosphate protecting groups-a crucial step in oligonucleotides synthesis via phosphotriester approach.", "contents": "Nucleoside 3'-phosphotriesters as key intermediates for the oligoribonucleotide synthesis. IV. New method for removal of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl group and 31P NMR as a new tool for analysis of deblocking of internucleotide phosphate protecting groups. Zinc/acetylacetone/pyridine treatment has been designed as a very efficient method for removal of 2,2,2,-trichloroethyl group from phosphoesters. Internucleotide and terminal 2,2,2-trichloroethylphosphotriesters were transformed to corresponding diesters quantitatively. Much less reactive 2,2,2-trichloroethylphosphodiesters produced monoesters with ca. 90% yield. 31P NMR spectroscopy has been proposed as a new tool for analysis of removal of internucleotide phosphate protecting groups-a crucial step in oligonucleotides synthesis via phosphotriester approach."}
{"id": "PMID:909779", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of 3' untranslated portion of human alpha globin mRNA.", "content": "We have determined the nucleotide sequence of 75 nucleotides of the 3'-untranslated portion of normal human alpha globin mRNA which corresponds to the elongated amino acid sequence of the chain termination mutant Hb Constant Spring. This was accomplished by sequence analysis of cDNA fragments obtained by restriction endonuclease or T4 endonuclease IV cleavage of human globin cDNA synthesized from globin mRNA by use of viral reverse transcriptase. Analysis of cRNA synthesized from cDNA by use of RNA polymerase provided additional confirmatory sequence information. Possible polymorphism has been identified at one site of the sequence. Our sequence overlaps with, and extends the sequence of 43 nucleotides determined by Proudfood and coworkers for the very 3'-terminal portion of human alpha globin mRNA. The complete 3'-untranslated sequence of human alpha globin mRNA (112 nucleotides including termination codon) shows little homology to that of the human or rabbit beta globin mRNAs except for the presence of the hexanucleotide sequence AAUAAA which is found in most eukaryotic mRNAs near the 3'-terminal poly (A).", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of 3' untranslated portion of human alpha globin mRNA. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of 75 nucleotides of the 3'-untranslated portion of normal human alpha globin mRNA which corresponds to the elongated amino acid sequence of the chain termination mutant Hb Constant Spring. This was accomplished by sequence analysis of cDNA fragments obtained by restriction endonuclease or T4 endonuclease IV cleavage of human globin cDNA synthesized from globin mRNA by use of viral reverse transcriptase. Analysis of cRNA synthesized from cDNA by use of RNA polymerase provided additional confirmatory sequence information. Possible polymorphism has been identified at one site of the sequence. Our sequence overlaps with, and extends the sequence of 43 nucleotides determined by Proudfood and coworkers for the very 3'-terminal portion of human alpha globin mRNA. The complete 3'-untranslated sequence of human alpha globin mRNA (112 nucleotides including termination codon) shows little homology to that of the human or rabbit beta globin mRNAs except for the presence of the hexanucleotide sequence AAUAAA which is found in most eukaryotic mRNAs near the 3'-terminal poly (A)."}
{"id": "PMID:909780", "title": "Raman spectral studies of nucleic acids. XVII. Conformational structures of polyinosinic acid.", "content": "Laser-Raman spectra of poly(rI) show the formation of an ordered complex in aqueous solutions of high ionic strength. This structure exhibits the A-helix geometry, contains stacked bases and is apparently stabilized by specific hydrogen bonding involving hypoxanthine C6=0 groups. Thermal dissociation of the poly(rI) complex (Tm=45 degrees C) yields single-stranded and disordered poly (RI) chains. A disordered structure also occurs for poly (rI) in aqueous solutions of low ionic strength. In oriented films, poly (rI) forms an ordered structure probably the same as that which occurs in solutions of high ionic strength. Raman intensities measured at 815 and 1100 cm-1 in spectra of poly (rI) and poly (rU)-poly (rA)-poly(rU) indicate that the correlation previously established for single- and double-stranded ribopolymer structures is valid also for these multi-stranded structures. X-ray diffraction and model-building studies confirm the A-helix structure.", "contents": "Raman spectral studies of nucleic acids. XVII. Conformational structures of polyinosinic acid. Laser-Raman spectra of poly(rI) show the formation of an ordered complex in aqueous solutions of high ionic strength. This structure exhibits the A-helix geometry, contains stacked bases and is apparently stabilized by specific hydrogen bonding involving hypoxanthine C6=0 groups. Thermal dissociation of the poly(rI) complex (Tm=45 degrees C) yields single-stranded and disordered poly (RI) chains. A disordered structure also occurs for poly (rI) in aqueous solutions of low ionic strength. In oriented films, poly (rI) forms an ordered structure probably the same as that which occurs in solutions of high ionic strength. Raman intensities measured at 815 and 1100 cm-1 in spectra of poly (rI) and poly (rU)-poly (rA)-poly(rU) indicate that the correlation previously established for single- and double-stranded ribopolymer structures is valid also for these multi-stranded structures. X-ray diffraction and model-building studies confirm the A-helix structure."}
{"id": "PMID:909781", "title": "Photoproducts from DNA pyrimidine bases and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.", "content": "The major photoproduct formed between benzo[a]pyrene and thymine is identified as 1-(benzo[a]pyren-6-yl)-thymine by means of spectroscopic analysis and isotopic syntheses. Irradiation of 1-methylcytosine hydrochloride and anthracene gives two isolable photoproducts of which one is assigned the structure 5-(anthracen-9-yl)-1-methylcytosine.", "contents": "Photoproducts from DNA pyrimidine bases and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The major photoproduct formed between benzo[a]pyrene and thymine is identified as 1-(benzo[a]pyren-6-yl)-thymine by means of spectroscopic analysis and isotopic syntheses. Irradiation of 1-methylcytosine hydrochloride and anthracene gives two isolable photoproducts of which one is assigned the structure 5-(anthracen-9-yl)-1-methylcytosine."}
{"id": "PMID:909782", "title": "A simple, rapid preparation of alpha[32P]-labelled adenosine diphosphate.", "content": "Hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) will convert commercially available alpha-[(32)P]-labelled ATP into alpha-[(32)P]-labelled ADP. A simple, rapid isolation procedure for the alpha-[(32)P]-labelled ADP is described and this synthetic method can be used for the preparation of other alpha-[(32)P]-labelled nucleoside diphosphates.", "contents": "A simple, rapid preparation of alpha[32P]-labelled adenosine diphosphate. Hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) will convert commercially available alpha-[(32)P]-labelled ATP into alpha-[(32)P]-labelled ADP. A simple, rapid isolation procedure for the alpha-[(32)P]-labelled ADP is described and this synthetic method can be used for the preparation of other alpha-[(32)P]-labelled nucleoside diphosphates."}
{"id": "PMID:909783", "title": "A simple, general procedure for purifying restriction endonucleases.", "content": "A simple, general method for purifying restriction endonucleases is described. The method employs precipitation of nucleic acids from crude extracts with polyethyleneimine followed by affinity chromatography on columns of heparin covalently linked to agarose. Most of the sixteen enzymes tested could be purified to a degree sufficient for DNA sequencing work by this method sometimes supplemented by at most one step of ion exchange chromatography.", "contents": "A simple, general procedure for purifying restriction endonucleases. A simple, general method for purifying restriction endonucleases is described. The method employs precipitation of nucleic acids from crude extracts with polyethyleneimine followed by affinity chromatography on columns of heparin covalently linked to agarose. Most of the sixteen enzymes tested could be purified to a degree sufficient for DNA sequencing work by this method sometimes supplemented by at most one step of ion exchange chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:909784", "title": "Structure of poly 8-bromoadenylic acid; conformational studies by CPF energy calculations.", "content": "Poly 8-bromoadenylic acid [poly(BBrA)] is the only known all-syn polynucleotide. It shows a helix-coil transition with a melting curve centred around 55 degrees C. Energy calculations based on classical potential functions have been used to explore the three-dimensional structure of this polymer in helix and random coil. It is concluded that the ordered state is a helix of two parallel strands with a two-fold rotation axis, and the duplex is stabilised by hydrogen bonds involving N1 and H6. Each strand has a conformation with C3' endo geometry, phi' = 216 degrees, omega' = 280 degrees, omega = 294 degrees, phi = 179 degrees, chi = 243 degrees and psi = 57 degrees. Such a conformation leads to approximately 8 nucleotide units per turn of the helix and an axial rise of 3.9A degrees. The structure of poly(8BrA) has been compared with that of the related polymer poly(A) which forms a double helical structure in acidic conditions with bases in the anti conformation and with interstrand hydrogen-bonds between N7 and H6. This is the first time that a specific geometrical model of a novel polynucleotide structure has been produced initially by potential energy calculations, though such calculations on a number of known structures have been reported previously.", "contents": "Structure of poly 8-bromoadenylic acid; conformational studies by CPF energy calculations. Poly 8-bromoadenylic acid [poly(BBrA)] is the only known all-syn polynucleotide. It shows a helix-coil transition with a melting curve centred around 55 degrees C. Energy calculations based on classical potential functions have been used to explore the three-dimensional structure of this polymer in helix and random coil. It is concluded that the ordered state is a helix of two parallel strands with a two-fold rotation axis, and the duplex is stabilised by hydrogen bonds involving N1 and H6. Each strand has a conformation with C3' endo geometry, phi' = 216 degrees, omega' = 280 degrees, omega = 294 degrees, phi = 179 degrees, chi = 243 degrees and psi = 57 degrees. Such a conformation leads to approximately 8 nucleotide units per turn of the helix and an axial rise of 3.9A degrees. The structure of poly(8BrA) has been compared with that of the related polymer poly(A) which forms a double helical structure in acidic conditions with bases in the anti conformation and with interstrand hydrogen-bonds between N7 and H6. This is the first time that a specific geometrical model of a novel polynucleotide structure has been produced initially by potential energy calculations, though such calculations on a number of known structures have been reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:909785", "title": "Chemical synthesis of the hexanucleotide d(A-C-C-A-G-C) required to isolate fibroin mRNA on an affinity column.", "content": "The synthesis of the hexanucleotide d)A-C-C-A-G-C), complementary to the 2 major triplets of fibroin mRNA, using the phosphotriester methodology is described. The protected dinucleotides ((MeO)2Tr)dbzA.anC, ((MeO)2Tr)danC.bzA and ((meO)2Tr)dacG.anC were synthesized; the latter two were detritylated and joined in stepwize fashion to the 1st to form the protected hexanucleotide ((MeO)2Tr)dbzA.anC.anC.bzA.acG.anC. The latter was deblocked with NH3 and acid to form the hexanucleotide d(A-C-C-A-G-C). In view of the ability of a prototype affinity column, oligo dC-cellulose, to isolate fibroin mRNA, prospects appear excellent for the d(A-C-C-A-G-C)-cellulose affinity column isolation of fibroin mRNA.", "contents": "Chemical synthesis of the hexanucleotide d(A-C-C-A-G-C) required to isolate fibroin mRNA on an affinity column. The synthesis of the hexanucleotide d)A-C-C-A-G-C), complementary to the 2 major triplets of fibroin mRNA, using the phosphotriester methodology is described. The protected dinucleotides ((MeO)2Tr)dbzA.anC, ((MeO)2Tr)danC.bzA and ((meO)2Tr)dacG.anC were synthesized; the latter two were detritylated and joined in stepwize fashion to the 1st to form the protected hexanucleotide ((MeO)2Tr)dbzA.anC.anC.bzA.acG.anC. The latter was deblocked with NH3 and acid to form the hexanucleotide d(A-C-C-A-G-C). In view of the ability of a prototype affinity column, oligo dC-cellulose, to isolate fibroin mRNA, prospects appear excellent for the d(A-C-C-A-G-C)-cellulose affinity column isolation of fibroin mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:909786", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance of nucleotide-amidates. Investigation of the secondary structure of methylester of deoxyadenylyl-(5'-3')-deoxyadenylyl-(5' leads to N)-L-phenylalanine.", "content": "The secondary structure of methyl ester of deoxyadenylyl- - (5' - 3') - deoxyadenylyl - (5' leads to N) - L-phenylalanine / L- PheOMe - d(pApA)/ was investigated using proton magnetic resonance. The folded conformation stabilized by hydrophobic interactions in aqueous solution was shown for this compound. The investigation of the chemical shifts of aromatic protons of L- PheoOMe - d(pApA) permitted us to construct the conformational model of this compound.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance of nucleotide-amidates. Investigation of the secondary structure of methylester of deoxyadenylyl-(5'-3')-deoxyadenylyl-(5' leads to N)-L-phenylalanine. The secondary structure of methyl ester of deoxyadenylyl- - (5' - 3') - deoxyadenylyl - (5' leads to N) - L-phenylalanine / L- PheOMe - d(pApA)/ was investigated using proton magnetic resonance. The folded conformation stabilized by hydrophobic interactions in aqueous solution was shown for this compound. The investigation of the chemical shifts of aromatic protons of L- PheoOMe - d(pApA) permitted us to construct the conformational model of this compound."}
{"id": "PMID:909787", "title": "Polynucleotides. XLV Synthesis and properties of poly(2'-azido-2'-deoxyinosinic acid).", "content": "Poly (2'-azido-2'-deoxyinosinic acid), [poly (Iz)], was synthesized from 2'-azido-2'-deoxyinosine diphosphate by the action of polynucleotide phosphorylase. Poly (Iz) has UV absorption properties similar to poly (I) and hypochromicity of 11% at 0.15M Na+ and neutrality. In solutions of high Na+ ion concentration, poly (Iz) forms a multi-stranded complex and its Tm at 1.0M Na+ ion concentration was 43 degrees. Upon mixing with poly (C), poly (Iz) forms a 1:1 complex having a Tm lower than that of poly (I)-poly (C) complex in the same conditions. The effect of substitution at the 2'-position of the poly (I) strand was discussed in relation to the interferon-inducing activity.", "contents": "Polynucleotides. XLV Synthesis and properties of poly(2'-azido-2'-deoxyinosinic acid). Poly (2'-azido-2'-deoxyinosinic acid), [poly (Iz)], was synthesized from 2'-azido-2'-deoxyinosine diphosphate by the action of polynucleotide phosphorylase. Poly (Iz) has UV absorption properties similar to poly (I) and hypochromicity of 11% at 0.15M Na+ and neutrality. In solutions of high Na+ ion concentration, poly (Iz) forms a multi-stranded complex and its Tm at 1.0M Na+ ion concentration was 43 degrees. Upon mixing with poly (C), poly (Iz) forms a 1:1 complex having a Tm lower than that of poly (I)-poly (C) complex in the same conditions. The effect of substitution at the 2'-position of the poly (I) strand was discussed in relation to the interferon-inducing activity."}
{"id": "PMID:909788", "title": "Endogenous DNA polymerase activity in fractionated rat lever chromatin.", "content": "Chromatin isolated from adult rat liver was fractionated into template active and inactive components by controlled shearing and glycerol gradient centrifugation. The fractionated chromatin was assayed for DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (DNA mucleotidyl transferase EC 2.7.7.7) activity with and without exogenous activated DNA serving as template. With endogenous chromatin as template, it was found that 90% of the endogenous chromatin bound DNA polymerase activity was located in the transcriptionally active fraction of chromatin, while the distribution of DNA polymerase assayed with exogenous activated DNA was found to be 65% in the transcriptionally active and 35% in the inactive fractions. However, when DNA polymerase was solubilized from these fractions by salt extraction, enzyme activity was found to be equally distributed, suggesting that the difference in endogenous DNA polymerase activity observed between eu- and heterochromatin is due to the restricted template found in repressed fractions.", "contents": "Endogenous DNA polymerase activity in fractionated rat lever chromatin. Chromatin isolated from adult rat liver was fractionated into template active and inactive components by controlled shearing and glycerol gradient centrifugation. The fractionated chromatin was assayed for DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (DNA mucleotidyl transferase EC 2.7.7.7) activity with and without exogenous activated DNA serving as template. With endogenous chromatin as template, it was found that 90% of the endogenous chromatin bound DNA polymerase activity was located in the transcriptionally active fraction of chromatin, while the distribution of DNA polymerase assayed with exogenous activated DNA was found to be 65% in the transcriptionally active and 35% in the inactive fractions. However, when DNA polymerase was solubilized from these fractions by salt extraction, enzyme activity was found to be equally distributed, suggesting that the difference in endogenous DNA polymerase activity observed between eu- and heterochromatin is due to the restricted template found in repressed fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:909789", "title": "The interaction of plant alkaloids with DNA. II. Berberinium chloride.", "content": "The interaction of berberinium chloride with DNA has been investigated using spectrophotometry, viscometric titrations with sonicated and closed circular superhelical DNA, and flow polarized fluorescence. The binding results for berberinium were found to fit the neighbor exclusion model. The two viscometric titrations and flow polarized fluorescence results  exclusion model. The two viscometric titrations and flow polarized fluorescence results also indicated that berberinium binds to DNA by intercalation. Titration of sonicated DNA with berberinium produced viscosity increases which were less than those obtained with quinacrine and the titration of superhelical DNA indicated a significantly smaller unwinding angle for intercalation of berberinium than for quinacrine. These results can be interpreted in terms of a model in which (i) berberinium is partially intercalated into the double helix, or (ii) the alkaloid is more completely intercalated into the double helix, but causes bending of the helix due to the slight nonplanarity of the berberinium ring system, or (iii) a combination of (i) and (22).", "contents": "The interaction of plant alkaloids with DNA. II. Berberinium chloride. The interaction of berberinium chloride with DNA has been investigated using spectrophotometry, viscometric titrations with sonicated and closed circular superhelical DNA, and flow polarized fluorescence. The binding results for berberinium were found to fit the neighbor exclusion model. The two viscometric titrations and flow polarized fluorescence results  exclusion model. The two viscometric titrations and flow polarized fluorescence results also indicated that berberinium binds to DNA by intercalation. Titration of sonicated DNA with berberinium produced viscosity increases which were less than those obtained with quinacrine and the titration of superhelical DNA indicated a significantly smaller unwinding angle for intercalation of berberinium than for quinacrine. These results can be interpreted in terms of a model in which (i) berberinium is partially intercalated into the double helix, or (ii) the alkaloid is more completely intercalated into the double helix, but causes bending of the helix due to the slight nonplanarity of the berberinium ring system, or (iii) a combination of (i) and (22)."}
{"id": "PMID:909790", "title": "Early effects of phytohemagglutinin on induction of DNA polymerase, thymidine kinase, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes.", "content": "In phytohemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocytes the time relationship was determined between induction of the parameters mentioned. The results indicate that the induction occurred in a specific sequence. Thus, a simultaneous increase in the activity of DNA polymerase and thymidinekinase occurred after 15 h of incubation with Phytohemagglutinin. Furthermore, this enhancement occurred 2 h before the expansion of the TTP and dCTP pools and 4 h before the expansion of the dATP and dGTP pools. The rate of [3H] deoxyguanosine incorporation into DNA increased simultaneously with the expansion of the TTP and dCTP pools.", "contents": "Early effects of phytohemagglutinin on induction of DNA polymerase, thymidine kinase, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes. In phytohemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocytes the time relationship was determined between induction of the parameters mentioned. The results indicate that the induction occurred in a specific sequence. Thus, a simultaneous increase in the activity of DNA polymerase and thymidinekinase occurred after 15 h of incubation with Phytohemagglutinin. Furthermore, this enhancement occurred 2 h before the expansion of the TTP and dCTP pools and 4 h before the expansion of the dATP and dGTP pools. The rate of [3H] deoxyguanosine incorporation into DNA increased simultaneously with the expansion of the TTP and dCTP pools."}
{"id": "PMID:909791", "title": "A rapid and convenient synthesis of poly-thymidylic acid by the modified triester approach.", "content": "By using anhydrous triethylamine-pyridine to selectively remove the cyanoethyl group from the fully protected oligonucleotide, a substantial improvement has been achieved in yields and the rates of condensation by the modified triester approach from the 5' leads to 3' end. The unreacted oligonucleotide containing the 5'-hydroxy group was removed by treatment with bis (triazolyl)-p-chlorophenyl phosphate after each condensation in situ. These modifications, as exemplified by the synthesis of fully protected T12, T18, T24 and T38 in 80%, 77%, 70% and 50% yields respectively, should allow the ready synthesis of polynucleotides of even longer chain lengths by purely chemical methods.", "contents": "A rapid and convenient synthesis of poly-thymidylic acid by the modified triester approach. By using anhydrous triethylamine-pyridine to selectively remove the cyanoethyl group from the fully protected oligonucleotide, a substantial improvement has been achieved in yields and the rates of condensation by the modified triester approach from the 5' leads to 3' end. The unreacted oligonucleotide containing the 5'-hydroxy group was removed by treatment with bis (triazolyl)-p-chlorophenyl phosphate after each condensation in situ. These modifications, as exemplified by the synthesis of fully protected T12, T18, T24 and T38 in 80%, 77%, 70% and 50% yields respectively, should allow the ready synthesis of polynucleotides of even longer chain lengths by purely chemical methods."}
{"id": "PMID:909792", "title": "The transmission of stability or instability from site specific protein-DNA complexes.", "content": "Theoretical calculations were made to determine the influence of side specific 'melting' and 'stabilizing' proteins on the thermal stability of nearby base pairs (bp). A DNA sequence 999bp. long containing the 123 bp. lactose operon control region in the center was examined. Melting curves of base pairs near the binding sites of the catabolite activator protein, CAP, the lactose repressor, and RNA polymerase were calculated in the absence and presence of each protein. The empirical loop entropy model of the helix-coil transition of DNA was employed. Calculations show that melting and stabilizing proteins alter the tm of base pairs 20 to 100 bp-away. The magnitude and range of the effect is strongly influenced by the base pair composition and sequence of the protein site and the immediately adjacent DNA regions.", "contents": "The transmission of stability or instability from site specific protein-DNA complexes. Theoretical calculations were made to determine the influence of side specific 'melting' and 'stabilizing' proteins on the thermal stability of nearby base pairs (bp). A DNA sequence 999bp. long containing the 123 bp. lactose operon control region in the center was examined. Melting curves of base pairs near the binding sites of the catabolite activator protein, CAP, the lactose repressor, and RNA polymerase were calculated in the absence and presence of each protein. The empirical loop entropy model of the helix-coil transition of DNA was employed. Calculations show that melting and stabilizing proteins alter the tm of base pairs 20 to 100 bp-away. The magnitude and range of the effect is strongly influenced by the base pair composition and sequence of the protein site and the immediately adjacent DNA regions."}
{"id": "PMID:909793", "title": "Formation of ribonucleotide 2',3'-cyclic carbonates during conversion of ribonucleoside 5'-phosphates to diphosphates and triphosphates by the phosphorimidazolidate procedure.", "content": "Ribo- and 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-di- or triphosphates are commonly synthesized by reaction of inorganic phosphate or pyrophosphate with phosphorimidazolidates obtained by reaction of nucleoside 5'-phosphates with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole. The latter reaction, however, converted UMP, CMP, IMP, GMP, and AMP in high yield to the 2',3'-cyclic carbonate derivatives of their phosphorimidazolidates. Acidic treatment of the product from AMP gave AMP 2',3'-cyclic carbonate dihydrate; this was characterized by its uv, ir, and pmr spectra and by its conversion to adenosine 2',3'-cyclic carbonate by acid phosphatase and to AMP by basic hydrolysis. ADP or ATP synthesized by the phosphorimidazolidate method contained equal or greater amounts of their respective 2',3'-cyclic carbonates. The latter could be quantitatively converted to ADP and ATP, respectively, by 4-hr hydrolysis at pH 10.5, 22 degrees. ADP or ATP can be synthesized without concomitant 2',3'-cyclic carbonate formation by reaction of AMP with phosphorimidazolidates of inorganic phosphate or pyrophosphate.", "contents": "Formation of ribonucleotide 2',3'-cyclic carbonates during conversion of ribonucleoside 5'-phosphates to diphosphates and triphosphates by the phosphorimidazolidate procedure. Ribo- and 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-di- or triphosphates are commonly synthesized by reaction of inorganic phosphate or pyrophosphate with phosphorimidazolidates obtained by reaction of nucleoside 5'-phosphates with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole. The latter reaction, however, converted UMP, CMP, IMP, GMP, and AMP in high yield to the 2',3'-cyclic carbonate derivatives of their phosphorimidazolidates. Acidic treatment of the product from AMP gave AMP 2',3'-cyclic carbonate dihydrate; this was characterized by its uv, ir, and pmr spectra and by its conversion to adenosine 2',3'-cyclic carbonate by acid phosphatase and to AMP by basic hydrolysis. ADP or ATP synthesized by the phosphorimidazolidate method contained equal or greater amounts of their respective 2',3'-cyclic carbonates. The latter could be quantitatively converted to ADP and ATP, respectively, by 4-hr hydrolysis at pH 10.5, 22 degrees. ADP or ATP can be synthesized without concomitant 2',3'-cyclic carbonate formation by reaction of AMP with phosphorimidazolidates of inorganic phosphate or pyrophosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:909794", "title": "Purification of a DNA-binding protein from Xenopus laevis unfertilized eggs.", "content": "A DNA-binding protein from Xenopus laevis unfertilized eggs has been purified to apparent homogeneity. It is a heat stable, lysine-rich protein and has a molecular weight corresponding to 8,200 daltons, measured by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis. The protein, which is active in a monomeric form, stimulates DNA polymerase alpha, and binds to single and double stranded DNA. One egg contains about 4 x 10(12) molecules (minimum estimate) of the protein; since we calculate that 4 x 10(8) molecules are sufficient to cover the entire genome (haploid complement), there is much more protein than is needed to cover chromosomal DNA.", "contents": "Purification of a DNA-binding protein from Xenopus laevis unfertilized eggs. A DNA-binding protein from Xenopus laevis unfertilized eggs has been purified to apparent homogeneity. It is a heat stable, lysine-rich protein and has a molecular weight corresponding to 8,200 daltons, measured by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis. The protein, which is active in a monomeric form, stimulates DNA polymerase alpha, and binds to single and double stranded DNA. One egg contains about 4 x 10(12) molecules (minimum estimate) of the protein; since we calculate that 4 x 10(8) molecules are sufficient to cover the entire genome (haploid complement), there is much more protein than is needed to cover chromosomal DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:909795", "title": "Photoreactivation and dark repair of ultraviolet light-induced pyrimidine dimers in chloroplast DNA.", "content": "A UV-specific endonuclease was used to detect ultraviolet light-induced pyrimidine dimers in chloroplast DNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardi that was specifically labeled with tritiated thymidine. All of the dimers induced by 100 J/m2 of 254 nm light are removed by photoreaction. Wild-type cells exposed to 50 J/m2 of UF light removed over 80% of the dimers from chloroplast DNA after 24 h of incubation in growth medium in the dark. A UV- sensitive mutant, UVS1, defective in the excision of pyrimidine dimers from nuclear DNA is capable of removing pyrimidine dimers from chloroplast DNA nearly as well as wild-type, suggesting that nuclear and chloroplast DNA dark-repair systems are under separate genetic control.", "contents": "Photoreactivation and dark repair of ultraviolet light-induced pyrimidine dimers in chloroplast DNA. A UV-specific endonuclease was used to detect ultraviolet light-induced pyrimidine dimers in chloroplast DNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardi that was specifically labeled with tritiated thymidine. All of the dimers induced by 100 J/m2 of 254 nm light are removed by photoreaction. Wild-type cells exposed to 50 J/m2 of UF light removed over 80% of the dimers from chloroplast DNA after 24 h of incubation in growth medium in the dark. A UV- sensitive mutant, UVS1, defective in the excision of pyrimidine dimers from nuclear DNA is capable of removing pyrimidine dimers from chloroplast DNA nearly as well as wild-type, suggesting that nuclear and chloroplast DNA dark-repair systems are under separate genetic control."}
{"id": "PMID:909796", "title": "Variation of DNA polymerases-alpha, -beta. and -gamma during perinatal tissue growth and differentiation.", "content": "The activities of the three known DNA polymerases-alpha, beta-, and -gamma were determined in rat brain neurons, cardiac muscle and spleen, and were correlated with the rate of cell proliferation during perinatal development. In neurons and cardiac muscle, which stop dividing before birth, DNA polymerase-alpha activity drops sharply from a high level with the approach of term and disappears at approximately two weeks postnatal age. In contrast, alpha-polymerase activity is almost absent in spleen during late gestation, when the rate of cell division is low, and increases abruptly after birth with the sudden onset of cell proliferation. These data give further evidence for an involvement of DNA polymerase-alpha in DNA replication. DNA polymerase-beta and -gamma activities show essentially no correlation with the rate of cell division. Thus, these enzymes are probably responsible for repair type processes rather than for DNA replecation.", "contents": "Variation of DNA polymerases-alpha, -beta. and -gamma during perinatal tissue growth and differentiation. The activities of the three known DNA polymerases-alpha, beta-, and -gamma were determined in rat brain neurons, cardiac muscle and spleen, and were correlated with the rate of cell proliferation during perinatal development. In neurons and cardiac muscle, which stop dividing before birth, DNA polymerase-alpha activity drops sharply from a high level with the approach of term and disappears at approximately two weeks postnatal age. In contrast, alpha-polymerase activity is almost absent in spleen during late gestation, when the rate of cell division is low, and increases abruptly after birth with the sudden onset of cell proliferation. These data give further evidence for an involvement of DNA polymerase-alpha in DNA replication. DNA polymerase-beta and -gamma activities show essentially no correlation with the rate of cell division. Thus, these enzymes are probably responsible for repair type processes rather than for DNA replecation."}
{"id": "PMID:909797", "title": "Complex mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila.", "content": "The larval mtDNA isolated from D. virilis, D. simulans and D. melanogaster exists in complex molecular forms in addition to the simple monomeric circular form. The frequency of circular dimers and oligomers is highly elevated in apparently normal larval tissues. These complex forms of mtDNA are separable on agarose gels. Hind III restriction endonuclease and electron microscopic analyses used in the present study have revealed that circular dimers are simply the circular concatemers of two monomeric circles which are arranged in a head-to-tail structure with no detectable heterologous regions such as insertions or deletions. The electrophoretic patterns of Hind III digested mtDNAs of D. simulans and D. melanogaster (sibling species) are identical and distinguishable from that of distantly related species, D. virilis.", "contents": "Complex mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila. The larval mtDNA isolated from D. virilis, D. simulans and D. melanogaster exists in complex molecular forms in addition to the simple monomeric circular form. The frequency of circular dimers and oligomers is highly elevated in apparently normal larval tissues. These complex forms of mtDNA are separable on agarose gels. Hind III restriction endonuclease and electron microscopic analyses used in the present study have revealed that circular dimers are simply the circular concatemers of two monomeric circles which are arranged in a head-to-tail structure with no detectable heterologous regions such as insertions or deletions. The electrophoretic patterns of Hind III digested mtDNAs of D. simulans and D. melanogaster (sibling species) are identical and distinguishable from that of distantly related species, D. virilis."}
{"id": "PMID:909798", "title": "Inhibition of pancreatic ribonuclease by 2'-5' and 3'-5' oligonucleotides.", "content": "Forty different oligonucleotides were investigated as possible inhibitors of the depolymerizing activity of RNase A. The strongest inhibitors among the diribonucleoside 2'-5' mono- phosphates were: G2'-5'G, C2'-5'G and U2'-5'G, and among the diribonucleoside 3'-5' monophosphates: ApU, ApC and GpU. Of the eight trinucleotides investigated, ApApUp, ApApCp and ApGpUp were the strongest inhibitors. All four dinucleotides studied (ApUp, ApCp, GpUp and GpCp) were very strong inhibitors, ApUp being the strongest one. The results show that the nature of the various bases in the oligonucleotide has an effect on the degree of inhibition, and that the 3' phosphomonoester group increases the binding of the oligonucleotide to RNase A. These inhibitors can be used in physicochemical and biochemical studies of ribonuclease.", "contents": "Inhibition of pancreatic ribonuclease by 2'-5' and 3'-5' oligonucleotides. Forty different oligonucleotides were investigated as possible inhibitors of the depolymerizing activity of RNase A. The strongest inhibitors among the diribonucleoside 2'-5' mono- phosphates were: G2'-5'G, C2'-5'G and U2'-5'G, and among the diribonucleoside 3'-5' monophosphates: ApU, ApC and GpU. Of the eight trinucleotides investigated, ApApUp, ApApCp and ApGpUp were the strongest inhibitors. All four dinucleotides studied (ApUp, ApCp, GpUp and GpCp) were very strong inhibitors, ApUp being the strongest one. The results show that the nature of the various bases in the oligonucleotide has an effect on the degree of inhibition, and that the 3' phosphomonoester group increases the binding of the oligonucleotide to RNase A. These inhibitors can be used in physicochemical and biochemical studies of ribonuclease."}
{"id": "PMID:909799", "title": "Removal of 5'-terminal m7G from eukaryotic mRNAs by potato nucleotide pyrophosphatase and its effect on translation.", "content": "The procedure for isolation of nucleotide pyrophosphatase (E.C. 3.6.1.9.) from potato has been modified to yield an endonuclease-free preparation purified 2300-fold. The enzyme was used for specific cleavage of pyrophosphate linkages in the 5'-terminal cap (m7GpppN) of several eukaryotic messenger RNAs. Enzymatic removal of 5'-terminal pm7G from reovirus, rabbit globin and Artemia salina mRNAs resulted in an almost complete loss (greater than 80%) of their template activities in a cell-free protein synthesizing system from wheat germ. Incubation with nucleotide pyrophosphatase did not decrease the translation of phage f2 RNA in an Escherichia coli cell-free system.", "contents": "Removal of 5'-terminal m7G from eukaryotic mRNAs by potato nucleotide pyrophosphatase and its effect on translation. The procedure for isolation of nucleotide pyrophosphatase (E.C. 3.6.1.9.) from potato has been modified to yield an endonuclease-free preparation purified 2300-fold. The enzyme was used for specific cleavage of pyrophosphate linkages in the 5'-terminal cap (m7GpppN) of several eukaryotic messenger RNAs. Enzymatic removal of 5'-terminal pm7G from reovirus, rabbit globin and Artemia salina mRNAs resulted in an almost complete loss (greater than 80%) of their template activities in a cell-free protein synthesizing system from wheat germ. Incubation with nucleotide pyrophosphatase did not decrease the translation of phage f2 RNA in an Escherichia coli cell-free system."}
{"id": "PMID:909800", "title": "Methylation of nucleosomal and nuclease sensitive DNA.", "content": "The proportion of cytosines methylated in the DNA of nucleosome oligomers and of core particles appears indistinguishable from that of total nuclear DNA from CHO cells. However the DNA in nucleoprotein which is initially released from nuclei by treatment with very low levels of micrococcal nuclease and the first 10% of material rendered acid soluble by treatment of nuclei with DNase I are enriched 2 fold in their content of 5 methylcytosine. (Cessation of hydrolysis by nuclease occurs concomitantly with precipitation of nucleosomal core particles).", "contents": "Methylation of nucleosomal and nuclease sensitive DNA. The proportion of cytosines methylated in the DNA of nucleosome oligomers and of core particles appears indistinguishable from that of total nuclear DNA from CHO cells. However the DNA in nucleoprotein which is initially released from nuclei by treatment with very low levels of micrococcal nuclease and the first 10% of material rendered acid soluble by treatment of nuclei with DNase I are enriched 2 fold in their content of 5 methylcytosine. (Cessation of hydrolysis by nuclease occurs concomitantly with precipitation of nucleosomal core particles)."}
{"id": "PMID:909801", "title": "Mercurated nucleotides: assessment of a new tool to study RNA synthesis and processing in isolated nuclei.", "content": "Mercurated pyrimidine nucleotides have been used to study RNA synthesis and processing in isolated nuclei from mouse L cells. 5-mercuridine triphosphate (5-Hg-UTP) or 5-Hg-CTP are accepted as substrates by the purified RNA polymerases (I + III) and (II) from mouse cells, respectively, as well as by the enzymes still bound to the nuclear chromatin. In nuclei, RNA synthesis in the presence of Hg-UTP is reduced to 60-70% of a control. 30-60% of RNA labeled in vitro with (3H)UTP in isolated nuclei is not retained on sulfhydryl sepharose columns. Sucrose gradient analysis reveals a size distribution of the non-bound RNA similar to non-mercurated control RNA. Hg-RNA is found in a single peak from 4-10S. Chase experiments indicate that this RNA is the original transcript. It is argued that Hg-nucleotides may cause premature chain termination. Methylation of RNA in vitro by S-adenosyl methionine ((3H)SAM) is reduced to 75% of controls in the presence of Hg-UTP. Only 6% of the methyl groups appear in Hg-RNA. Polyadenylation is reduced as well. 15% of poly(A) (+)RNA are found in control assays whereas only 1% of Hg-RNA carries a poly(A) end added in vitro. These results limit the use of mercurated nucleotides for studies of nuclear RNA synthesis and processing.", "contents": "Mercurated nucleotides: assessment of a new tool to study RNA synthesis and processing in isolated nuclei. Mercurated pyrimidine nucleotides have been used to study RNA synthesis and processing in isolated nuclei from mouse L cells. 5-mercuridine triphosphate (5-Hg-UTP) or 5-Hg-CTP are accepted as substrates by the purified RNA polymerases (I + III) and (II) from mouse cells, respectively, as well as by the enzymes still bound to the nuclear chromatin. In nuclei, RNA synthesis in the presence of Hg-UTP is reduced to 60-70% of a control. 30-60% of RNA labeled in vitro with (3H)UTP in isolated nuclei is not retained on sulfhydryl sepharose columns. Sucrose gradient analysis reveals a size distribution of the non-bound RNA similar to non-mercurated control RNA. Hg-RNA is found in a single peak from 4-10S. Chase experiments indicate that this RNA is the original transcript. It is argued that Hg-nucleotides may cause premature chain termination. Methylation of RNA in vitro by S-adenosyl methionine ((3H)SAM) is reduced to 75% of controls in the presence of Hg-UTP. Only 6% of the methyl groups appear in Hg-RNA. Polyadenylation is reduced as well. 15% of poly(A) (+)RNA are found in control assays whereas only 1% of Hg-RNA carries a poly(A) end added in vitro. These results limit the use of mercurated nucleotides for studies of nuclear RNA synthesis and processing."}
{"id": "PMID:909802", "title": "Structure of transcriptionally-active chromatin subunits.", "content": "Rat liver chromatin is organized into regions of DNA which differ in degree of susceptibility to attack by the endonucleases DNase I and DNase II. The most nuclease-sensitive portion of chromatin DNA is enriched in transcribed sequences. This fraction may be separated from the bulk of chromatin by virtue of its solubility in solutions containing 2 mM MgCl2. Both transcribed and nontranscribed regions of chromatin are organized into repeating units of DNA and histone, which appear as 100 A beads in the electron microscope. The length of DNA in the repeat unit is the same for these two classes of chromatin (198 +/- 6 base pairs in rat liver); however, the subunits of active, Mg++-soluble chromatin differ from the nucleosomes of inactive regions of chromatin in several respects. Active subunits are enriched in nascent RNA and nonhistone protein and exhibit higher sedimentation values than the corresponding subunits of inactive chromatin.", "contents": "Structure of transcriptionally-active chromatin subunits. Rat liver chromatin is organized into regions of DNA which differ in degree of susceptibility to attack by the endonucleases DNase I and DNase II. The most nuclease-sensitive portion of chromatin DNA is enriched in transcribed sequences. This fraction may be separated from the bulk of chromatin by virtue of its solubility in solutions containing 2 mM MgCl2. Both transcribed and nontranscribed regions of chromatin are organized into repeating units of DNA and histone, which appear as 100 A beads in the electron microscope. The length of DNA in the repeat unit is the same for these two classes of chromatin (198 +/- 6 base pairs in rat liver); however, the subunits of active, Mg++-soluble chromatin differ from the nucleosomes of inactive regions of chromatin in several respects. Active subunits are enriched in nascent RNA and nonhistone protein and exhibit higher sedimentation values than the corresponding subunits of inactive chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:909803", "title": "Purification of cDNA complementary to sea urchin histone mRNA.", "content": "Complementary DNA (cDNA) was transcribed from a polyadenylated sea urchin histone mRNA preparation isolated by density gradient centrifugation. By hybridization, this cDNA was shown to be extensively contaminated (85% of hybridizable cDNA) with DNA complementary to RNA derived from the large ribosomal subunit. Purification of a mRNA specific cDNA fraction was achieved by hybridization of purified rRNA to cDNA followed by fractionation on hydroxyapatite. After further purification to remove nonhybridizable cDNA our purified cDNA showed only 8% hybirdization to rRNA.", "contents": "Purification of cDNA complementary to sea urchin histone mRNA. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was transcribed from a polyadenylated sea urchin histone mRNA preparation isolated by density gradient centrifugation. By hybridization, this cDNA was shown to be extensively contaminated (85% of hybridizable cDNA) with DNA complementary to RNA derived from the large ribosomal subunit. Purification of a mRNA specific cDNA fraction was achieved by hybridization of purified rRNA to cDNA followed by fractionation on hydroxyapatite. After further purification to remove nonhybridizable cDNA our purified cDNA showed only 8% hybirdization to rRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:909804", "title": "A theoretical study oh the effect of \"bound\" water on the proton chemical shifts of the nucleic acid bases.", "content": "Computations are performed on the proton chemical shifts due to hydrogen bonding between the purine and pyrimidine bases of the nucleic acids and water molecules of their first hydration shell. The water molecules should produce measurable shifts essentially for protons of the bases located close to the site of interaction. For the imino protons of the bases G-N1H and U-N3H participating in hydrogen bonding, the calculated delta delta is larger for the interaction of a base with a complementary base than for its interaction with water. Base pairing will thus produce a downfield shift in water but the measured delta delta due to pairing in this solvent will be smaller than in an inert solvent. Also, the chemical shift difference between G-N1H and U-N3H in water will be larger if the molecules are engaged in pairs than if they are not.", "contents": "A theoretical study oh the effect of \"bound\" water on the proton chemical shifts of the nucleic acid bases. Computations are performed on the proton chemical shifts due to hydrogen bonding between the purine and pyrimidine bases of the nucleic acids and water molecules of their first hydration shell. The water molecules should produce measurable shifts essentially for protons of the bases located close to the site of interaction. For the imino protons of the bases G-N1H and U-N3H participating in hydrogen bonding, the calculated delta delta is larger for the interaction of a base with a complementary base than for its interaction with water. Base pairing will thus produce a downfield shift in water but the measured delta delta due to pairing in this solvent will be smaller than in an inert solvent. Also, the chemical shift difference between G-N1H and U-N3H in water will be larger if the molecules are engaged in pairs than if they are not."}
{"id": "PMID:909805", "title": "Fluorination of 6-methyluracil and its nlcleosides.", "content": "6-Methyluracil and its perbenzoylated 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl) and 1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl) derivatives afford on treatment with elemental fluorine in acetic acid solutions, the corresponding derivatives of 5-fluoro-6-methyluracil and 5-fluoro-6-fluoromethyluracil. The free nucleosides have been obtained from the protected derivatives by methanolysis. The CH2F linkage in 5-fluoro-6-fluoromethyluracil derivatives is stable towards hydrolysis and nucleophilic agents.", "contents": "Fluorination of 6-methyluracil and its nlcleosides. 6-Methyluracil and its perbenzoylated 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl) and 1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl) derivatives afford on treatment with elemental fluorine in acetic acid solutions, the corresponding derivatives of 5-fluoro-6-methyluracil and 5-fluoro-6-fluoromethyluracil. The free nucleosides have been obtained from the protected derivatives by methanolysis. The CH2F linkage in 5-fluoro-6-fluoromethyluracil derivatives is stable towards hydrolysis and nucleophilic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:909847", "title": "Principles of genetics applied to medicine.", "content": "Genes and environment interact continuously throughout life, from the moment of conception, to regulate and affect all aspects of human structure and function. The normal rules of mendelian inheritance, ie, the transmission of genes over the generations, are usually best studied by observation of abnormal mutations, especially in plants and animals under precise breeding conditions. The study of such didactic models as the guinea pig crosses discussed here is a prerequisite to an understanding of mendelian genetics in man and the terms used in other articles to appear in this series.", "contents": "Principles of genetics applied to medicine. Genes and environment interact continuously throughout life, from the moment of conception, to regulate and affect all aspects of human structure and function. The normal rules of mendelian inheritance, ie, the transmission of genes over the generations, are usually best studied by observation of abnormal mutations, especially in plants and animals under precise breeding conditions. The study of such didactic models as the guinea pig crosses discussed here is a prerequisite to an understanding of mendelian genetics in man and the terms used in other articles to appear in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:909849", "title": "Sudden infant death syndrome. The disease and its survivors.", "content": "Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a peculiar entity in that the self-condemning reactions of the surviving family go far beyond the death itself. The parents should be helped to understand that SIDS is a disease, even though the mechanism of death is not known, and that it is neither preventable nor predictable. Surviving siblings should not be excluded from the mourning process and should be reassured about their good health and blamelessness in causing the death. If parents defer having another child until the grief process is complete, the psychologic environment for subsequent children will be healthier.", "contents": "Sudden infant death syndrome. The disease and its survivors. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a peculiar entity in that the self-condemning reactions of the surviving family go far beyond the death itself. The parents should be helped to understand that SIDS is a disease, even though the mechanism of death is not known, and that it is neither preventable nor predictable. Surviving siblings should not be excluded from the mourning process and should be reassured about their good health and blamelessness in causing the death. If parents defer having another child until the grief process is complete, the psychologic environment for subsequent children will be healthier."}
{"id": "PMID:909850", "title": "Office gynecology. Diagnostic survey of the infertile couple.", "content": "The diagnostic survey of the infertile couple usually takes about three months. After semen analysis, the husband is referred for general and urologic examination. The wife is given a general physical and pelvic examination and returns during the next two months for ovulation studies. Tubal patency tests are also performed and may in themselves be therapeutic.", "contents": "Office gynecology. Diagnostic survey of the infertile couple. The diagnostic survey of the infertile couple usually takes about three months. After semen analysis, the husband is referred for general and urologic examination. The wife is given a general physical and pelvic examination and returns during the next two months for ovulation studies. Tubal patency tests are also performed and may in themselves be therapeutic."}
{"id": "PMID:909852", "title": "Acute renal failure after low-dose irradiation. A complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "A middle-aged woman received low-dose irradiation for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 1,000 rads to the spleen in four sessions over four days and 400 rads to each abdominal quadrant in eight sessions over eight days. Three days after the last irradiation session, acute hyperuricemic renal failure developed and conservative treatment was begun, with use of hydration, forced diuresis, alkalization, and short-term peritoneal dialysis. Uric acid levels were carefully monitored. Renal function promptly returned to normal.", "contents": "Acute renal failure after low-dose irradiation. A complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A middle-aged woman received low-dose irradiation for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 1,000 rads to the spleen in four sessions over four days and 400 rads to each abdominal quadrant in eight sessions over eight days. Three days after the last irradiation session, acute hyperuricemic renal failure developed and conservative treatment was begun, with use of hydration, forced diuresis, alkalization, and short-term peritoneal dialysis. Uric acid levels were carefully monitored. Renal function promptly returned to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:909855", "title": "Septic shock in a pregnant or recently pregnant woman.", "content": "Septic shock may be classified clinically as primary (reversible) or secondary (irreversible). Primary shock is further distinguished as early (\"warm-hypotensive\") or late (\"cold-hypotensive\"). Infected abortion, chorioamnionitis, or pyelonephritis of pregnancy calls for appropriate measures directed toward preventing septic shock, including administration of huge doses of antibiotics. If septic shock ensues, extirpation of the nidus of infection becomes a primary consideration. Surgical extirpation should be carried out if possible, and as soon as possible. Besides antibiotics, patients with septic shock may require glucocorticoids, vasomotor drugs, digitalis, and heparin. Careful monitoring is essential.", "contents": "Septic shock in a pregnant or recently pregnant woman. Septic shock may be classified clinically as primary (reversible) or secondary (irreversible). Primary shock is further distinguished as early (\"warm-hypotensive\") or late (\"cold-hypotensive\"). Infected abortion, chorioamnionitis, or pyelonephritis of pregnancy calls for appropriate measures directed toward preventing septic shock, including administration of huge doses of antibiotics. If septic shock ensues, extirpation of the nidus of infection becomes a primary consideration. Surgical extirpation should be carried out if possible, and as soon as possible. Besides antibiotics, patients with septic shock may require glucocorticoids, vasomotor drugs, digitalis, and heparin. Careful monitoring is essential."}
{"id": "PMID:909856", "title": "Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. An overview of the syndrome.", "content": "The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone is characterized by production of less than maximally dilute urine in the presence of hypotonic plasma. It may be secondary to malignant disease, central nervous system disorders, or pulmonary disease, among other conditions, or it may be idiopathic. Manifestations are those of water intoxication, eg, confusion, fatigue, nausea, headache, and neurologic signs. The pathogenesis is not completely understood. Restriction of fluid intake to obtain a negative water balance is effective treatment.", "contents": "Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. An overview of the syndrome. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone is characterized by production of less than maximally dilute urine in the presence of hypotonic plasma. It may be secondary to malignant disease, central nervous system disorders, or pulmonary disease, among other conditions, or it may be idiopathic. Manifestations are those of water intoxication, eg, confusion, fatigue, nausea, headache, and neurologic signs. The pathogenesis is not completely understood. Restriction of fluid intake to obtain a negative water balance is effective treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:909857", "title": "Chronic nonspecific diarrhea. Behavioral aspects.", "content": "In an attempt to demonstrate an association between chronic nonspecific diarrhea and behavioral problems in young children, structured interviews were conducted to elicit from parents a detailed history of behavior from birth. Problems relating to sleep, crying and irritability, digestion (excluding diarrhea), activity, and discipline were significantly more frequent or severe in the group of 16 youngsters with chronic nonspecific diarrhea than in the control group of children with no symptoms of this disorder. Also more common in the index group were a definite family history of gastrointestinal problems and the presence of certain specific emotional responses.", "contents": "Chronic nonspecific diarrhea. Behavioral aspects. In an attempt to demonstrate an association between chronic nonspecific diarrhea and behavioral problems in young children, structured interviews were conducted to elicit from parents a detailed history of behavior from birth. Problems relating to sleep, crying and irritability, digestion (excluding diarrhea), activity, and discipline were significantly more frequent or severe in the group of 16 youngsters with chronic nonspecific diarrhea than in the control group of children with no symptoms of this disorder. Also more common in the index group were a definite family history of gastrointestinal problems and the presence of certain specific emotional responses."}
{"id": "PMID:909859", "title": "Hearing loss. The physician's responsibility.", "content": "Hearing loss is a very important and common problem in the United States, affecting 13 to 14 million people. It is primarily a medical problem, requiring diagnosis and, when indicated, treatment by a physician, preferably in collaboration with an audiologist. History taking is the most important part of the diagnostic process, followed by a physical examination with special attention to the head, neck, and ears. The primary object of the workup is to exclude all possible extrinsic causes of hearing loss. Intrinsic or genetic deafness is a diagnosis of exclusion. After the hearing loss has been classified as congenital or delayed and as genetic or nongenetic, a differential or working diagnosis can be made in all cases and a specific diagnosis in most cases. The hearing loss must then be identified as stable, progressive, or fluctuant over time. Follow-up at least every two years is important to check for possible changes in status.", "contents": "Hearing loss. The physician's responsibility. Hearing loss is a very important and common problem in the United States, affecting 13 to 14 million people. It is primarily a medical problem, requiring diagnosis and, when indicated, treatment by a physician, preferably in collaboration with an audiologist. History taking is the most important part of the diagnostic process, followed by a physical examination with special attention to the head, neck, and ears. The primary object of the workup is to exclude all possible extrinsic causes of hearing loss. Intrinsic or genetic deafness is a diagnosis of exclusion. After the hearing loss has been classified as congenital or delayed and as genetic or nongenetic, a differential or working diagnosis can be made in all cases and a specific diagnosis in most cases. The hearing loss must then be identified as stable, progressive, or fluctuant over time. Follow-up at least every two years is important to check for possible changes in status."}
{"id": "PMID:909870", "title": "A simple and rapid method for the isolation of cholesterol from spinal cord of cattle.", "content": "A method is described for the large scale isolation of cholesterol from cattle spinal cord. Cholesterol is released from the lipo-protein by drying the wet tissues with calcium oxide. This treatment appears to prevent the extraction of polar lipids with acetone, which reduces the lipophylic properties of the solution and thus provides a method for almost exclusive extraction of cholesterol. The further role of calcium oxide is also discussed. The method evolved is simple, rapid and eliminates several previously required steps.", "contents": "A simple and rapid method for the isolation of cholesterol from spinal cord of cattle. A method is described for the large scale isolation of cholesterol from cattle spinal cord. Cholesterol is released from the lipo-protein by drying the wet tissues with calcium oxide. This treatment appears to prevent the extraction of polar lipids with acetone, which reduces the lipophylic properties of the solution and thus provides a method for almost exclusive extraction of cholesterol. The further role of calcium oxide is also discussed. The method evolved is simple, rapid and eliminates several previously required steps."}
{"id": "PMID:909871", "title": "Differential RNA metabolism in rat brain cells fractionated by zonal centrifugation.", "content": "Combined fractionation and RNA metabolism studies were made on homoiogous cell types (neurons and glia) banded from rat brain cerebral cortex and hippocampus tissue at 40,000 rev/min for 50 minutes in a Beckman Ti 14 zonal rotor loaded with a discontinuous methyl cellulose (Methocel) and sucrose density gradient. Comparisons were made on the cellular fractions recovered from animals intracisternally injected with 15 muCi tritiated cytidine (3HCR) RNA precursor one hour before sacrifice and tissue cellular filtrate preparation. Immediate 3H pool-correction of extracted 3HRNA from the three cellular Bands recovered made possible a mathematically valid measure of 3HCR-precursor incorporation into RNA of the different cell types. Comparison of the cellular 3HRNA data by analysis of variance revealed the occurrence of differential tritium labelling of RNA in the same cell types banded from different brain regions. In particular, an important advance was demonstrated by the procedures developed in these studies for the quantitative cellular assay of brain in vivo (differential) RNA metabolism.", "contents": "Differential RNA metabolism in rat brain cells fractionated by zonal centrifugation. Combined fractionation and RNA metabolism studies were made on homoiogous cell types (neurons and glia) banded from rat brain cerebral cortex and hippocampus tissue at 40,000 rev/min for 50 minutes in a Beckman Ti 14 zonal rotor loaded with a discontinuous methyl cellulose (Methocel) and sucrose density gradient. Comparisons were made on the cellular fractions recovered from animals intracisternally injected with 15 muCi tritiated cytidine (3HCR) RNA precursor one hour before sacrifice and tissue cellular filtrate preparation. Immediate 3H pool-correction of extracted 3HRNA from the three cellular Bands recovered made possible a mathematically valid measure of 3HCR-precursor incorporation into RNA of the different cell types. Comparison of the cellular 3HRNA data by analysis of variance revealed the occurrence of differential tritium labelling of RNA in the same cell types banded from different brain regions. In particular, an important advance was demonstrated by the procedures developed in these studies for the quantitative cellular assay of brain in vivo (differential) RNA metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:909872", "title": "Isolation of viruses by electro-extraction of infected plants.", "content": "The isolation of viruses from infected plant material by a process termed electro-extraction appeared to be a convenient and simple method of obtaining viruses in a fair state of purity. The method has the advantage over the conventional methods of virus purification that the infected plant tissue is not disintegrated and that organic solvents such as chloroform and butanol are avoided. The procedure used was demonstrated on the extraction of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) from infected tobacco and turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) from chinese cabbage plants. To obtain the virus it was found advisable to freeze and thaw the plants prior to extraction.", "contents": "Isolation of viruses by electro-extraction of infected plants. The isolation of viruses from infected plant material by a process termed electro-extraction appeared to be a convenient and simple method of obtaining viruses in a fair state of purity. The method has the advantage over the conventional methods of virus purification that the infected plant tissue is not disintegrated and that organic solvents such as chloroform and butanol are avoided. The procedure used was demonstrated on the extraction of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) from infected tobacco and turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) from chinese cabbage plants. To obtain the virus it was found advisable to freeze and thaw the plants prior to extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:909873", "title": "Chromatographic separation and purification of secretory IgA from human milk.", "content": "Defatted and decaseinated human milk was concentrated and was fractionated on a preparative DEAE cellulose column. Elution with various concentrations of sodium chloride in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0, 0.01 M) resulted in fractions that were rich in either secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) (0.1 M NaCl) or free secretory component (SC) (0.05 M NaCl). The fractions, which were eluted with 0.10 M NaCl from the preparative column, were further fractionated on a G-200 Sephadex column. Repeated fractionation on this column resulted in a single purified fraction, which contained very high SIgA activity and showed immunological cross-reaction with both SC and serum IgA. Additional studies indicated that this fraction was homogeneous as shown by immunoprecipitin and disc gel electrophoresis. Injection of this purified SIgA into rabbits resulted in the production of monospecific antisera.", "contents": "Chromatographic separation and purification of secretory IgA from human milk. Defatted and decaseinated human milk was concentrated and was fractionated on a preparative DEAE cellulose column. Elution with various concentrations of sodium chloride in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0, 0.01 M) resulted in fractions that were rich in either secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) (0.1 M NaCl) or free secretory component (SC) (0.05 M NaCl). The fractions, which were eluted with 0.10 M NaCl from the preparative column, were further fractionated on a G-200 Sephadex column. Repeated fractionation on this column resulted in a single purified fraction, which contained very high SIgA activity and showed immunological cross-reaction with both SC and serum IgA. Additional studies indicated that this fraction was homogeneous as shown by immunoprecipitin and disc gel electrophoresis. Injection of this purified SIgA into rabbits resulted in the production of monospecific antisera."}
{"id": "PMID:909874", "title": "Leucine aminopeptidase from swine kidney: purification, molecular weight, subunit and amino acid composition.", "content": "A homogeneous leucine aminopeptidase was obtained from mixed breed swine kidneys by means of chromatography on a special column. After coupling an inhibitor, N-sulfanilyl N'-butylcarbamide, to Sepharose 6B, the derivative did not absorb the enzyme, but absorbed a non-enzymatically active protein. The enzyme showed a single band on disc-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme has 320,000 daltons. In 6 M guanidine solution containing 0.5% 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 8, the enzyme exhibited a molecular weight of 53,000 on equilibrium centrifugation. A similar value, 54,000, for the subunit of the enzyme was found on SDS-gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is also reported.", "contents": "Leucine aminopeptidase from swine kidney: purification, molecular weight, subunit and amino acid composition. A homogeneous leucine aminopeptidase was obtained from mixed breed swine kidneys by means of chromatography on a special column. After coupling an inhibitor, N-sulfanilyl N'-butylcarbamide, to Sepharose 6B, the derivative did not absorb the enzyme, but absorbed a non-enzymatically active protein. The enzyme showed a single band on disc-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme has 320,000 daltons. In 6 M guanidine solution containing 0.5% 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 8, the enzyme exhibited a molecular weight of 53,000 on equilibrium centrifugation. A similar value, 54,000, for the subunit of the enzyme was found on SDS-gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:909875", "title": "Purification and characterization of a cardioexcitatory neuropeptide from the central ganglia of a bivalve mollusc.", "content": "We have purified a cardioexcitatory substance, previously designated peak C, from ganglia of the Sunray Venus clam, Macrocallista nimbosa. Low concentrations (10(-9)-10(-8) M) of this substance not only excite the isolated clam heart, but also produce tonic contractions of the isolated radula protractor muscle of the whelk, Busycon contrarium. These two muscle preparations have therefore been used as a parallel bioassay for peak C. Peak C is inactivated by proteolytic enzymes, has an isoelectric point greater than pH 10 and has an ultraviolet absorption spectrum similar to that of phenylalanine. On thin layer chromatograms, peak C separates into two components; one of these is probably a partially oxidized form produced during purification. Both components react with ninhydrin and with the Sakaguchi reagent for guanidino groups. The amino acid composition of peak C is Phe2.00Met0.81Arg1.12. N-terminal analysis, one round of Edman-dansyl degradation, and tryptic digesting are consistent with the identification of Macrocallista peak C as a tetrapeptide amide: Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide).", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a cardioexcitatory neuropeptide from the central ganglia of a bivalve mollusc. We have purified a cardioexcitatory substance, previously designated peak C, from ganglia of the Sunray Venus clam, Macrocallista nimbosa. Low concentrations (10(-9)-10(-8) M) of this substance not only excite the isolated clam heart, but also produce tonic contractions of the isolated radula protractor muscle of the whelk, Busycon contrarium. These two muscle preparations have therefore been used as a parallel bioassay for peak C. Peak C is inactivated by proteolytic enzymes, has an isoelectric point greater than pH 10 and has an ultraviolet absorption spectrum similar to that of phenylalanine. On thin layer chromatograms, peak C separates into two components; one of these is probably a partially oxidized form produced during purification. Both components react with ninhydrin and with the Sakaguchi reagent for guanidino groups. The amino acid composition of peak C is Phe2.00Met0.81Arg1.12. N-terminal analysis, one round of Edman-dansyl degradation, and tryptic digesting are consistent with the identification of Macrocallista peak C as a tetrapeptide amide: Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide)."}
{"id": "PMID:909904", "title": "The use of borohydrides of alkaline metals in the volumetric analysis of medicaments.", "content": "The possibility and conditions of determination of weak acid type medicaments were examined, using aqueous and non-aqueous sodium borohydride volumetric solutions. The process and control of titration were carried out potentiometrically and visually using acido-basic indicators. It was shown that for practical applications sodium borohydride aqueous solutions are more suitable. Analytical methods of determination for medicaments from the group of sulphonamides and barbiturates and their sodium salts, for phenylbutazone and kebuzone, salicylamide, nalidixic acid and theophylline were elaborated. All results were in good agreement with methods used in CsL 3, or other alternative methods. The advantages of the proposed method are good stability of sodium borohydride volumetric solution and insensitivity of titrated systems to CO2 from the atmosphere, which is unavoidable with alkalimetric titrations in aqueous and non-aqueous systems. An hypothesis has been suggested to explain the probable reactive mechanism of determination, supported by results obtained with the proposed analytical methods using a medium of suitable organic solvents with a maximum content of ca. 15% water near the final point of titration.", "contents": "The use of borohydrides of alkaline metals in the volumetric analysis of medicaments. The possibility and conditions of determination of weak acid type medicaments were examined, using aqueous and non-aqueous sodium borohydride volumetric solutions. The process and control of titration were carried out potentiometrically and visually using acido-basic indicators. It was shown that for practical applications sodium borohydride aqueous solutions are more suitable. Analytical methods of determination for medicaments from the group of sulphonamides and barbiturates and their sodium salts, for phenylbutazone and kebuzone, salicylamide, nalidixic acid and theophylline were elaborated. All results were in good agreement with methods used in CsL 3, or other alternative methods. The advantages of the proposed method are good stability of sodium borohydride volumetric solution and insensitivity of titrated systems to CO2 from the atmosphere, which is unavoidable with alkalimetric titrations in aqueous and non-aqueous systems. An hypothesis has been suggested to explain the probable reactive mechanism of determination, supported by results obtained with the proposed analytical methods using a medium of suitable organic solvents with a maximum content of ca. 15% water near the final point of titration."}
{"id": "PMID:909905", "title": "A paper chromatographic method for separation and determination of synephrine in injectable solutions.", "content": "A new analytical method using ascending paper chromatographic technique was developed for identification and quantitative determination of residual synephrine in fresh and deteriorated samples. This method was found to be stability indicating; one to five degradation products have been successfully separated from drug samples subjected to accelerated stability testing at 60 degrees C for 3 months.", "contents": "A paper chromatographic method for separation and determination of synephrine in injectable solutions. A new analytical method using ascending paper chromatographic technique was developed for identification and quantitative determination of residual synephrine in fresh and deteriorated samples. This method was found to be stability indicating; one to five degradation products have been successfully separated from drug samples subjected to accelerated stability testing at 60 degrees C for 3 months."}
{"id": "PMID:909906", "title": "Effect of vehicles on the spermicidal potency of certain drugs.", "content": "Different spermicidal drugs were formulated into ointments, creams, pastes and jellies and tested for their spermicidal potency on human sperms adopting a modified in vitro technique. Of the formulae tested, those incorporated in Carbopol 934 of polyethylene glycol base exhibited the most prevailing spermicidal activity.", "contents": "Effect of vehicles on the spermicidal potency of certain drugs. Different spermicidal drugs were formulated into ointments, creams, pastes and jellies and tested for their spermicidal potency on human sperms adopting a modified in vitro technique. Of the formulae tested, those incorporated in Carbopol 934 of polyethylene glycol base exhibited the most prevailing spermicidal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:909918", "title": "Partial body calcium determination in bone by proton activation analysis.", "content": "The feasibility of a new method for in vivo regional bone calcium measurement has been studied in phantoms using the 160 MeV Harvard cyclotron, Advantages include the capability of measuring bone calcium directly directly in a well defined anatomical region (such as one or several vertebrae) and restriction of the dose to the immediate region of interest. Proton activation of 40Ca (97% natural abundance) produces radionuclide 38K. Its 2-17 MeV gamma ray (T 1/2 = 7-71 min) is detected by a NaI counter. Separation of this activity from room background and interfering nuclides, 14O and 34Clm, proceeds by decay curve analysis. Phantom studies showed the dependence of 38K activity to be highly linear with calcium content (r= 0-998). Non-linearities with dose did not appear below the 20 rad level. The precision of measurements on a phantom with two calf vertebrae exposed to 2-4 rad was 3% and was mostly limited by counting statistics. System reproducibility on phantoms given a high dose proved better than 0-5%.", "contents": "Partial body calcium determination in bone by proton activation analysis. The feasibility of a new method for in vivo regional bone calcium measurement has been studied in phantoms using the 160 MeV Harvard cyclotron, Advantages include the capability of measuring bone calcium directly directly in a well defined anatomical region (such as one or several vertebrae) and restriction of the dose to the immediate region of interest. Proton activation of 40Ca (97% natural abundance) produces radionuclide 38K. Its 2-17 MeV gamma ray (T 1/2 = 7-71 min) is detected by a NaI counter. Separation of this activity from room background and interfering nuclides, 14O and 34Clm, proceeds by decay curve analysis. Phantom studies showed the dependence of 38K activity to be highly linear with calcium content (r= 0-998). Non-linearities with dose did not appear below the 20 rad level. The precision of measurements on a phantom with two calf vertebrae exposed to 2-4 rad was 3% and was mostly limited by counting statistics. System reproducibility on phantoms given a high dose proved better than 0-5%."}
{"id": "PMID:909919", "title": "In vivo determination of nitrogen using Pu-Be sources.", "content": "A mehtod of measuring body nitrogen by neutron capture gamma analysis is described. The neutron flux is provided by four collimated 5 Ci Pu-Be sources, placed to give a bilateral irradiation of the subject. The 10-83 MeV thermal neutron capture gamma rays from 14N are detected by two heavily shielded 5 in X 4 in NaI(Tl) detectors. Results indicate a reproducibility +/-3% (1 SD) for a 10 min irradiation of the chest area, while giving a radiation dose equivalent of 50 mREM.", "contents": "In vivo determination of nitrogen using Pu-Be sources. A mehtod of measuring body nitrogen by neutron capture gamma analysis is described. The neutron flux is provided by four collimated 5 Ci Pu-Be sources, placed to give a bilateral irradiation of the subject. The 10-83 MeV thermal neutron capture gamma rays from 14N are detected by two heavily shielded 5 in X 4 in NaI(Tl) detectors. Results indicate a reproducibility +/-3% (1 SD) for a 10 min irradiation of the chest area, while giving a radiation dose equivalent of 50 mREM."}
{"id": "PMID:909920", "title": "Monte Carlo calculations of the energy response of lithium dosemeters to high energy electrons (less than 30 MeV).", "content": "Monte Carlo calculations of the energy response of LiF dosemeters have been carried out to help resolve the discrepancy between the measurements of Holt, Edelstein and Clark (1975) and those of Paliwal and Almond (1975) and others. It is concluded that the assumptions used by Holt et al. are largely responsible. They assume, in converting energy deposition in an air-filled ionization chamber to energy deposition in water, that as electrons penetrate a medium they are monoenergetic and the energy is given by Harder's expression (ICRU 1972). The assumption gives poor results as the stopping power for electrons in air is strongly energy dependent, and the energy spectrum has been significantly broadened. The Monte Carlo calculations are also used to criticize the electron cavity theories of Almond and McCray (1970), Burlin, Snelling and Owen (1969) and Holt et al. (1975), and to suggest as an alternative a slightly modified version of the Bragg-Gray theorem.", "contents": "Monte Carlo calculations of the energy response of lithium dosemeters to high energy electrons (less than 30 MeV). Monte Carlo calculations of the energy response of LiF dosemeters have been carried out to help resolve the discrepancy between the measurements of Holt, Edelstein and Clark (1975) and those of Paliwal and Almond (1975) and others. It is concluded that the assumptions used by Holt et al. are largely responsible. They assume, in converting energy deposition in an air-filled ionization chamber to energy deposition in water, that as electrons penetrate a medium they are monoenergetic and the energy is given by Harder's expression (ICRU 1972). The assumption gives poor results as the stopping power for electrons in air is strongly energy dependent, and the energy spectrum has been significantly broadened. The Monte Carlo calculations are also used to criticize the electron cavity theories of Almond and McCray (1970), Burlin, Snelling and Owen (1969) and Holt et al. (1975), and to suggest as an alternative a slightly modified version of the Bragg-Gray theorem."}
{"id": "PMID:909921", "title": "Thermoluminescent response of LiF (TLD-100) to 5-30 keV electrons and the effect of annealing in various atmospheres.", "content": "The response of single crystal and extruded ribbons of TLD-100 to 5-30 keV electrons was investigated. If annealing is done in a vacuum, the sensitivity of TLD-100 single crystals to these electrons and the resultant glow curve are essentially the same as when irradiation are carried out with 137Cs gamma rays. All discrepancies in sensitivity can then be accounted for by the higher LET of electrons. The commonly used 'standard annealing' at 400 degrees C for one hour produced a change in the glow curve shape and a loss in sensitivity in contrast to the vacuum anneal results. Diffusion of hydroxyl ions into the sample during air annealing is believed to be the primary cause for this change. These results explain the source of the 'dead layer' proposed to explain the variation with particle size of the luminescent efficiency of X-ray irradiated TLD-100 powder and the low TL efficiency from low energy electron irradiations. With the use of the vacuum annealing procedure, the same sensitivity and reproducibility can be achieved for the dosimetry of low energy electrons and other shallowly penetrating radiation as is currently achieved for the dosimetry of X-rays.", "contents": "Thermoluminescent response of LiF (TLD-100) to 5-30 keV electrons and the effect of annealing in various atmospheres. The response of single crystal and extruded ribbons of TLD-100 to 5-30 keV electrons was investigated. If annealing is done in a vacuum, the sensitivity of TLD-100 single crystals to these electrons and the resultant glow curve are essentially the same as when irradiation are carried out with 137Cs gamma rays. All discrepancies in sensitivity can then be accounted for by the higher LET of electrons. The commonly used 'standard annealing' at 400 degrees C for one hour produced a change in the glow curve shape and a loss in sensitivity in contrast to the vacuum anneal results. Diffusion of hydroxyl ions into the sample during air annealing is believed to be the primary cause for this change. These results explain the source of the 'dead layer' proposed to explain the variation with particle size of the luminescent efficiency of X-ray irradiated TLD-100 powder and the low TL efficiency from low energy electron irradiations. With the use of the vacuum annealing procedure, the same sensitivity and reproducibility can be achieved for the dosimetry of low energy electrons and other shallowly penetrating radiation as is currently achieved for the dosimetry of X-rays."}
{"id": "PMID:909922", "title": "Annealing characteristics and nature of traps in A12O3 thermoluminescent phosphor.", "content": "Thermal annealing characteristics of the glow peaks from 200 to 650 degrees c in Al2O3 thermoluminescent (TL) phosphor have been studied. All the glow peaks show exponential decay and follow first-order kinetics. The trap depths and frequency factors for the glow peaks have been determined from their isothermal decay and from their initial rise. The trap depths, E, obtained for different glow peaks (peak temperature Tm) can be approximated by the relation E(eV)=Tm (K)/325 and the corresponding frequency factor, s, varies from 10(14) to 10(16) s-1. The measured values of E, s and Tm for the glow peaks are shown to be consistent with the equation for glow peak temperature. The annealing characteristics and actual high temperature irradiations show that the 250, 475 and 635 degree c peaks can be used for elevated temperature dosimetry up to 150, 300 and 440 degrees C respectively. It is suggested that surface defects related to Si impurity in Al2O3, propagated into the lattice on high temperature treatment close to the melting point, are responsible for the TL traps. The trapped charges responsible for TL are shown to be electrons by photostimulated thermoluminescence studies under the F centre excitation in this phosphor.", "contents": "Annealing characteristics and nature of traps in A12O3 thermoluminescent phosphor. Thermal annealing characteristics of the glow peaks from 200 to 650 degrees c in Al2O3 thermoluminescent (TL) phosphor have been studied. All the glow peaks show exponential decay and follow first-order kinetics. The trap depths and frequency factors for the glow peaks have been determined from their isothermal decay and from their initial rise. The trap depths, E, obtained for different glow peaks (peak temperature Tm) can be approximated by the relation E(eV)=Tm (K)/325 and the corresponding frequency factor, s, varies from 10(14) to 10(16) s-1. The measured values of E, s and Tm for the glow peaks are shown to be consistent with the equation for glow peak temperature. The annealing characteristics and actual high temperature irradiations show that the 250, 475 and 635 degree c peaks can be used for elevated temperature dosimetry up to 150, 300 and 440 degrees C respectively. It is suggested that surface defects related to Si impurity in Al2O3, propagated into the lattice on high temperature treatment close to the melting point, are responsible for the TL traps. The trapped charges responsible for TL are shown to be electrons by photostimulated thermoluminescence studies under the F centre excitation in this phosphor."}
{"id": "PMID:909923", "title": "Graphite-mixed CaSo4: Dy teflon TLD discs for beta dosimetry.", "content": "The thickness of commonly employed thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLDS) is responsible for the problem of energy dependence in beta dose estimation in situations where this thickness is comparable to the range of beta particles in the TLD material. The effective thickness of solid TLD discs can, however, be reduced by use of some additives which would reduce their transparency to the TL light. The incorporation of various amounts of graphite powder into 0-8 mm thick CaSO4: Dy Teflon TLD discs has been investigated. This has considerably reduced their energy dependence for beta rays with Emax values ranging from 0-4 MeV to 2-27 MeV. Addition of graphite also results in sharp glow curves thereby minimizing the heating time during TL measurements. Significantly, graphite was also found to reduce the non-radiation-induced TL signal and this helps in low dose measurements.", "contents": "Graphite-mixed CaSo4: Dy teflon TLD discs for beta dosimetry. The thickness of commonly employed thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLDS) is responsible for the problem of energy dependence in beta dose estimation in situations where this thickness is comparable to the range of beta particles in the TLD material. The effective thickness of solid TLD discs can, however, be reduced by use of some additives which would reduce their transparency to the TL light. The incorporation of various amounts of graphite powder into 0-8 mm thick CaSO4: Dy Teflon TLD discs has been investigated. This has considerably reduced their energy dependence for beta rays with Emax values ranging from 0-4 MeV to 2-27 MeV. Addition of graphite also results in sharp glow curves thereby minimizing the heating time during TL measurements. Significantly, graphite was also found to reduce the non-radiation-induced TL signal and this helps in low dose measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:909924", "title": "Comparison of two independent methods for determining the neutron/gamma sensitivity of a dosemeter.", "content": "Results obtained with two independent methods for measuring the n/gamma sensitivity of non-hydrogenous dosemeters are compared for the neutron beam produced by 8.3 MeV deuterons on beryllium. In one method, a pure neutron field is simulated by taking the difference between measurements made at diffrent angles in a mixed field with an isotropic gamma-ray component. In the second method, the mixed (n+gamma) beam is purified by lead filtration. An assumption in the lead filtration method is that the background radiation is invariant under three different beam conditions. This assumption was found not be be valid in our experimental arrangement; and caused the values obtained for the n/gamma sensitivity to be systematically high. A modification was made in the lead filtration method so that the dosemeter response to background could be determined for each beam condition. Good agreement was obtained between the results of the spectral difference and modified lead filtration methods.", "contents": "Comparison of two independent methods for determining the neutron/gamma sensitivity of a dosemeter. Results obtained with two independent methods for measuring the n/gamma sensitivity of non-hydrogenous dosemeters are compared for the neutron beam produced by 8.3 MeV deuterons on beryllium. In one method, a pure neutron field is simulated by taking the difference between measurements made at diffrent angles in a mixed field with an isotropic gamma-ray component. In the second method, the mixed (n+gamma) beam is purified by lead filtration. An assumption in the lead filtration method is that the background radiation is invariant under three different beam conditions. This assumption was found not be be valid in our experimental arrangement; and caused the values obtained for the n/gamma sensitivity to be systematically high. A modification was made in the lead filtration method so that the dosemeter response to background could be determined for each beam condition. Good agreement was obtained between the results of the spectral difference and modified lead filtration methods."}
{"id": "PMID:909925", "title": "The formulation of tissue substitute materials using basic interaction data.", "content": "An analytical procedure has been developed for the formulation of tissue substitute materials for use with photons and electrons. This method, called the basic data method, is based upon interaction data and enables two-component substitutes to be formulated with radiation characteristics within specified limits. Another feature of the procedure is the ability, once a primary material has been chosen, to select the best corrective additives from a library of compounds. The theoretical aspects are discussed followed by a discussion of the practical applications of the method.", "contents": "The formulation of tissue substitute materials using basic interaction data. An analytical procedure has been developed for the formulation of tissue substitute materials for use with photons and electrons. This method, called the basic data method, is based upon interaction data and enables two-component substitutes to be formulated with radiation characteristics within specified limits. Another feature of the procedure is the ability, once a primary material has been chosen, to select the best corrective additives from a library of compounds. The theoretical aspects are discussed followed by a discussion of the practical applications of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:909926", "title": "Evaluation of image quality in tomographic imaging.", "content": "Modulation Transfer Functions (MTF) for tomographic imaging with linear, circular, hypocycloidal and spiral motion are given. They may be determined experimentally from tomographs of slits or line pair test patterns. In some cases calculation of the MTF from the blur pattern by Fourier transformation is possible. All tomographic MTFS show the same oscillatory behaviour as MTFS of focal spots, resulting in spurious structures and contours in the tomogram. A quantity named signal/spurios signal ratio (SSR) is introduced as a figure of merit. Effective exposure angles are determined from the MTF and compared with the commmonly used 'geometric' exposure angles which result from maximum tube elongations.", "contents": "Evaluation of image quality in tomographic imaging. Modulation Transfer Functions (MTF) for tomographic imaging with linear, circular, hypocycloidal and spiral motion are given. They may be determined experimentally from tomographs of slits or line pair test patterns. In some cases calculation of the MTF from the blur pattern by Fourier transformation is possible. All tomographic MTFS show the same oscillatory behaviour as MTFS of focal spots, resulting in spurious structures and contours in the tomogram. A quantity named signal/spurios signal ratio (SSR) is introduced as a figure of merit. Effective exposure angles are determined from the MTF and compared with the commmonly used 'geometric' exposure angles which result from maximum tube elongations."}
{"id": "PMID:909927", "title": "Contrast in computerized transverse axial tomography of brain.", "content": "A study of contrast in photon transmission tomography of brain is presented. Quantitative evaluation of linear attenuation coefficients due to photo-electric, Compton and pair creation effects suggests that the use of photons of a few MeV considerably improves the contrast between white and grey brain matter. The patient dose at different photon energies is calculated.", "contents": "Contrast in computerized transverse axial tomography of brain. A study of contrast in photon transmission tomography of brain is presented. Quantitative evaluation of linear attenuation coefficients due to photo-electric, Compton and pair creation effects suggests that the use of photons of a few MeV considerably improves the contrast between white and grey brain matter. The patient dose at different photon energies is calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:909928", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of the depth effect in Muehllehner's tomographic camera.", "content": "A set of computer programs written for Clincom allow the evaluation of the depth effect in Muehllehner's tomographic camera using MTFs and specificity as well as new quantites. The depth effect of the camera is compared with that of a rectilinear scanner.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of the depth effect in Muehllehner's tomographic camera. A set of computer programs written for Clincom allow the evaluation of the depth effect in Muehllehner's tomographic camera using MTFs and specificity as well as new quantites. The depth effect of the camera is compared with that of a rectilinear scanner."}
{"id": "PMID:909929", "title": "Clearance of lead-212 ions from rabbit bronchial epithelium to blood.", "content": "The absorption of 212Pb ions from bronchial epithelium to blood has been investigated in anaesthetized rabbits. The 212Pb ions were introduced by intubation either into the trachea or into smaller, more distal bronchi. Removal from lung was followed by external gamma-counting. Mucociliary clearance to the GI tract was blocked by tracheostomy. Two distinct phases of clearance from bronchial epithelium to blood were observed. Approximately 20% of deposited 212Pb is rapidly absorbed with a half-time of about 4 min, the remainder with a biological half-time of about 9 h, irrespective of the site of instillation in the bronchial tree. Two hours after deposition, the 212Pb remaining in lung was found to be partitioned between mucus and the bronchial epithelium, with a substantial but minor fraction in the epithelium. Uptake of 212Pb in the skeleton was estimated to be about 20% of the 212Pb entering the blood circulation. Removal by the kidneys, at 25%, was comparable with skeletal uptake. These results are compared with previously published work using rodents, dogs and man which demonstrated either rapid or slow absorption but not both phases occuring together.", "contents": "Clearance of lead-212 ions from rabbit bronchial epithelium to blood. The absorption of 212Pb ions from bronchial epithelium to blood has been investigated in anaesthetized rabbits. The 212Pb ions were introduced by intubation either into the trachea or into smaller, more distal bronchi. Removal from lung was followed by external gamma-counting. Mucociliary clearance to the GI tract was blocked by tracheostomy. Two distinct phases of clearance from bronchial epithelium to blood were observed. Approximately 20% of deposited 212Pb is rapidly absorbed with a half-time of about 4 min, the remainder with a biological half-time of about 9 h, irrespective of the site of instillation in the bronchial tree. Two hours after deposition, the 212Pb remaining in lung was found to be partitioned between mucus and the bronchial epithelium, with a substantial but minor fraction in the epithelium. Uptake of 212Pb in the skeleton was estimated to be about 20% of the 212Pb entering the blood circulation. Removal by the kidneys, at 25%, was comparable with skeletal uptake. These results are compared with previously published work using rodents, dogs and man which demonstrated either rapid or slow absorption but not both phases occuring together."}
{"id": "PMID:909930", "title": "A feasibility study of the use of fluorescence bronchoscopy for localization of small lung tumours.", "content": "The possible use of fluorescence bronchoscopy for localization of bronchogenic tumours at the carcinoma in situ stage has been investigated. The target lesion is 80 micrometer thick with a mass of 250 microgram, containing 250 pg of haematoporphyrin derivative. The injected haematoporphyrin-derivative is preferentially taken up or retained by a malignant tumour, and can be detected in small amounts by its red flourescence under illumination by violet light. Previous clincial trials were successful in detecting tumours, but the instrumentation was only marginally adequate, the fluorescent compound was not standardized and no measurements or calculation of sensitivity were made. In this work, a fibreoptic bronchoscope system with a 200 W mercury vapour lamp, special violet-transmitting light conductor, sharp cut-off blue and red filters and three-stage image intensifier tube was designed and assembled. Measurements in vitro indicate the design objectives were met, and test on tumours are in progress.", "contents": "A feasibility study of the use of fluorescence bronchoscopy for localization of small lung tumours. The possible use of fluorescence bronchoscopy for localization of bronchogenic tumours at the carcinoma in situ stage has been investigated. The target lesion is 80 micrometer thick with a mass of 250 microgram, containing 250 pg of haematoporphyrin derivative. The injected haematoporphyrin-derivative is preferentially taken up or retained by a malignant tumour, and can be detected in small amounts by its red flourescence under illumination by violet light. Previous clincial trials were successful in detecting tumours, but the instrumentation was only marginally adequate, the fluorescent compound was not standardized and no measurements or calculation of sensitivity were made. In this work, a fibreoptic bronchoscope system with a 200 W mercury vapour lamp, special violet-transmitting light conductor, sharp cut-off blue and red filters and three-stage image intensifier tube was designed and assembled. Measurements in vitro indicate the design objectives were met, and test on tumours are in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:909931", "title": "An intravenous isotope method for measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and volume (rCBV).", "content": "The regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), intial slope index (ISI), transfer time (th) and volume (rCBV) were measured simultaneously in 43 hospital patients using a 133Xe intravenous injection method and quantitative dynamic 99Tcm brain scintigraphy. The measurements were made with a gamma camera and the data processing interfaced with a small digital computer. The following mean values and standard deviations were obtained from 50 control hemispheres standardized to the age of 40 years: (formular): see article. Good agreement was found between the blood flow values determined from the intra-arterial and intravenous injection techniques.", "contents": "An intravenous isotope method for measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and volume (rCBV). The regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), intial slope index (ISI), transfer time (th) and volume (rCBV) were measured simultaneously in 43 hospital patients using a 133Xe intravenous injection method and quantitative dynamic 99Tcm brain scintigraphy. The measurements were made with a gamma camera and the data processing interfaced with a small digital computer. The following mean values and standard deviations were obtained from 50 control hemispheres standardized to the age of 40 years: (formular): see article. Good agreement was found between the blood flow values determined from the intra-arterial and intravenous injection techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:909938", "title": "Objective determinations of sensibility in the upper extremity. Part I. Median nerve sensory conduction velocities.", "content": "Distal sensory conduction velocities were determined in 109 normal median nerves. A significant decrease in sensory conduction velocity was noted with increasing age. Latencies increased with age but this relationship was not significant in men. Variables which contribute to the wide range of normal conduction velocities are discussed, and the need for each clinician to establish his own testing procedure is stressed. An additional method for assessing sensory function is suggested.", "contents": "Objective determinations of sensibility in the upper extremity. Part I. Median nerve sensory conduction velocities. Distal sensory conduction velocities were determined in 109 normal median nerves. A significant decrease in sensory conduction velocity was noted with increasing age. Latencies increased with age but this relationship was not significant in men. Variables which contribute to the wide range of normal conduction velocities are discussed, and the need for each clinician to establish his own testing procedure is stressed. An additional method for assessing sensory function is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:909939", "title": "Objective determinations of sensibility in the upper extremity. Part II. Application of cutaneous stimuli in control subjects.", "content": "Sensitization statements were read to two groups of normal subjects to determine whether quantifiable thresholds for pressure, electrical, or tactile stimuli could be altered. Significant reductions in perception thresholds were observed for pressure and digital pulsed stimulation, but not for stimulation to the discomfort threshold, or two point discrimination. These data seem to suggest that increased sensitization is related to the ease of stimulus applications and the comparative simplicity of sensory processing.", "contents": "Objective determinations of sensibility in the upper extremity. Part II. Application of cutaneous stimuli in control subjects. Sensitization statements were read to two groups of normal subjects to determine whether quantifiable thresholds for pressure, electrical, or tactile stimuli could be altered. Significant reductions in perception thresholds were observed for pressure and digital pulsed stimulation, but not for stimulation to the discomfort threshold, or two point discrimination. These data seem to suggest that increased sensitization is related to the ease of stimulus applications and the comparative simplicity of sensory processing."}
{"id": "PMID:909940", "title": "Objective determinations of sensibility in the upper extremity. Part III. Application of cutaneous stimuli in patients with peripheral nerve lesions.", "content": "Quantitative values for pressure, electrical, and two-point touch stimulation were examined in five patients with peripheral nerve injuries of the ulnar or median nerves. Analyses of profiles generated for each stimulus application in each patient participating in this preliminary study suggest that, following the reading of a sensitization statement, pressure and electrical shock threshold values are clearly reduced compared to similar measurements in the unaffected limb. Values obtained prior to the statement indicated progressively reduced thresholds, however. Changes in sensation appear to precede significant improvements in sensory nerve conduction velocity. Limitations in the sensory testing techniques as well as suggestions for improving its validity are discussed.", "contents": "Objective determinations of sensibility in the upper extremity. Part III. Application of cutaneous stimuli in patients with peripheral nerve lesions. Quantitative values for pressure, electrical, and two-point touch stimulation were examined in five patients with peripheral nerve injuries of the ulnar or median nerves. Analyses of profiles generated for each stimulus application in each patient participating in this preliminary study suggest that, following the reading of a sensitization statement, pressure and electrical shock threshold values are clearly reduced compared to similar measurements in the unaffected limb. Values obtained prior to the statement indicated progressively reduced thresholds, however. Changes in sensation appear to precede significant improvements in sensory nerve conduction velocity. Limitations in the sensory testing techniques as well as suggestions for improving its validity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:909941", "title": "A procedure for facilitating physical therapy research.", "content": "A procedure for facilitating research by physical therapists in a multidimensional practice setting is presented. The article addresses the need for physical therapists to be aware of research opportunities, and provides them with a means for action when such opportunities occur. The developmental sequence of events is described starting with conceptualization and moving through current utilization of the procedure.", "contents": "A procedure for facilitating physical therapy research. A procedure for facilitating research by physical therapists in a multidimensional practice setting is presented. The article addresses the need for physical therapists to be aware of research opportunities, and provides them with a means for action when such opportunities occur. The developmental sequence of events is described starting with conceptualization and moving through current utilization of the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:909942", "title": "Motor conduction of the anterior interosseous nerve.", "content": "Motor conduction examinations of the left anterior interosseous nerve were performed on 25 healthy women. The purposes of this study were to determine the optimal position for placement of the active recording electrode, and to report normal motor conduction values for the anterior interosseous nerve. The anterior interosseous nerve (branch of the median nerve) was stimulated proximal to the elbow and the evoked responses were recorded from three sites over the flexor pollicis longus. The optimal site for placement of the active recording electrode was over the lateral distal one-third of the anterior surface of the forearm at a point representing the distal 38% of the length of the forearm. A latency of 4.0 msec and an amplitude of 2.5 mv may serve as the limits of normal values for motor conduction of the anterior interosseous nerve and for action potentials of the flexor pollicis longus muscle, respectively.", "contents": "Motor conduction of the anterior interosseous nerve. Motor conduction examinations of the left anterior interosseous nerve were performed on 25 healthy women. The purposes of this study were to determine the optimal position for placement of the active recording electrode, and to report normal motor conduction values for the anterior interosseous nerve. The anterior interosseous nerve (branch of the median nerve) was stimulated proximal to the elbow and the evoked responses were recorded from three sites over the flexor pollicis longus. The optimal site for placement of the active recording electrode was over the lateral distal one-third of the anterior surface of the forearm at a point representing the distal 38% of the length of the forearm. A latency of 4.0 msec and an amplitude of 2.5 mv may serve as the limits of normal values for motor conduction of the anterior interosseous nerve and for action potentials of the flexor pollicis longus muscle, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:909947", "title": "NMR in cancer: XVII. dewar for a 53-inch superconducting NMR magnet.", "content": "A giant nitrogen-jacketed liquid-helium metal dewar built in this laboratory is described for housing 53-inch superconducting magnet used in the human FONAR experiments. This dewar is 10 feet tall, 6 feet wide, 18 inches deep, and weighs 1 1/2 tons. It consists of the main magnet hoop connected through a demountable gooseneck to a liquid helium reservoir tank.", "contents": "NMR in cancer: XVII. dewar for a 53-inch superconducting NMR magnet. A giant nitrogen-jacketed liquid-helium metal dewar built in this laboratory is described for housing 53-inch superconducting magnet used in the human FONAR experiments. This dewar is 10 feet tall, 6 feet wide, 18 inches deep, and weighs 1 1/2 tons. It consists of the main magnet hoop connected through a demountable gooseneck to a liquid helium reservoir tank."}
{"id": "PMID:909948", "title": "NMR in cancer: XVIII. A superconductive NMR magnet for a human sample.", "content": "A 53-inch superconducting magnet built in our laboratory for human-size NMR is described. It was made from .026 inches superconducting wire laid on a 2.5-inch piece of channel bar that had been rolled into a 53-inch diameter circle and butt-welded at the ends.", "contents": "NMR in cancer: XVIII. A superconductive NMR magnet for a human sample. A 53-inch superconducting magnet built in our laboratory for human-size NMR is described. It was made from .026 inches superconducting wire laid on a 2.5-inch piece of channel bar that had been rolled into a 53-inch diameter circle and butt-welded at the ends."}
{"id": "PMID:909950", "title": "Hemoglobin-oxygen equilibrium at different hemoglobin and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations.", "content": "Hemoglobin-oxygen equilibrium curves at constant pH, ionic strength, and temperature were determined (a) on 2,3-DPG-free solutions at various hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations, (b) on solutions at various Hb concentrations but constant 2,3-DPG/Hb molar ratio, (c) on solutions at constant hemoglobin concentration but various 2,3-DPG/Hb molar ratios, and (d) on hemolysates at various Hb concentrations. Under all conditions the shape of the equilibrium curve was the same (n = 2.62 +/- 0.04, 33 experiments). Half-saturation pressure (P 1/2) did not change with increasing Hb concentration in case (a), whereas P 1/2 was linearly related to Hb concentration in case (b). In case (c) at 200 g/l Hb, P 1/2 increased sharply as 2,3-DPG/Hb molar ratio increased up to 0.4 but changed little as the ratio was further increased up to 1.5. This behavior is very different from that observed in diluted (5 g/l) solutions. P 1/2 of the hemolysates was also linearly related to Hb concentration but the slope was about twice that for case (b). These results cannot be explained by linked function theory or by a dimer-tetramer equilibrium. It is suggested that intermolecular interactions in the presence of organic phosphates may be responsible for the observed changes in Hb affinity for oxygen.", "contents": "Hemoglobin-oxygen equilibrium at different hemoglobin and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations. Hemoglobin-oxygen equilibrium curves at constant pH, ionic strength, and temperature were determined (a) on 2,3-DPG-free solutions at various hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations, (b) on solutions at various Hb concentrations but constant 2,3-DPG/Hb molar ratio, (c) on solutions at constant hemoglobin concentration but various 2,3-DPG/Hb molar ratios, and (d) on hemolysates at various Hb concentrations. Under all conditions the shape of the equilibrium curve was the same (n = 2.62 +/- 0.04, 33 experiments). Half-saturation pressure (P 1/2) did not change with increasing Hb concentration in case (a), whereas P 1/2 was linearly related to Hb concentration in case (b). In case (c) at 200 g/l Hb, P 1/2 increased sharply as 2,3-DPG/Hb molar ratio increased up to 0.4 but changed little as the ratio was further increased up to 1.5. This behavior is very different from that observed in diluted (5 g/l) solutions. P 1/2 of the hemolysates was also linearly related to Hb concentration but the slope was about twice that for case (b). These results cannot be explained by linked function theory or by a dimer-tetramer equilibrium. It is suggested that intermolecular interactions in the presence of organic phosphates may be responsible for the observed changes in Hb affinity for oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:909951", "title": "A glycoprotein fraction \"modulator\" of norepinephrine effects in vivo.", "content": "The effects of a fraction (Part A of Fraction 8) of a glycoprotein isolated by Lee on the physiological effects of norepinephrine have been studied by measuring the spontaneous activity of Purkinje cells of rats. Fraction A appears to be a \"modulator\" of norepinephrine because (1) it potentiated the effects of exogenous and endogenous norepinephrine by increasing the amplitude of the response, (2) it significantly prolonged those effects beyond average duration, (3) its effects disappeared only gradually, (4) in the concentrations tested (physiologically available concentrations and up to 20 times greater), it lacked neurotransmitter effects of its own. The effects of Fraction A on endogenous norepinephrine were concluded from (a) its effects on the intact Purkinje cell, (b) its effects on Purkinje cells deprived of norepinephrine content by 6-OH-dopamine or alpha-methyl-paratyrosine, and (c) its effects on Purkinje cell activities induced by stimulation with rectangular pulses of the afferent noradrenergic inhibitory neurons.", "contents": "A glycoprotein fraction \"modulator\" of norepinephrine effects in vivo. The effects of a fraction (Part A of Fraction 8) of a glycoprotein isolated by Lee on the physiological effects of norepinephrine have been studied by measuring the spontaneous activity of Purkinje cells of rats. Fraction A appears to be a \"modulator\" of norepinephrine because (1) it potentiated the effects of exogenous and endogenous norepinephrine by increasing the amplitude of the response, (2) it significantly prolonged those effects beyond average duration, (3) its effects disappeared only gradually, (4) in the concentrations tested (physiologically available concentrations and up to 20 times greater), it lacked neurotransmitter effects of its own. The effects of Fraction A on endogenous norepinephrine were concluded from (a) its effects on the intact Purkinje cell, (b) its effects on Purkinje cells deprived of norepinephrine content by 6-OH-dopamine or alpha-methyl-paratyrosine, and (c) its effects on Purkinje cell activities induced by stimulation with rectangular pulses of the afferent noradrenergic inhibitory neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:909952", "title": "Effect of histamine upon the dynamics of carbon dioxide.", "content": "The dynamics of carbon dioxide in both gastric and peripheral circulation of rat were studied using H14CO3--. In the absence of histamine infusion the peripheral venous/arterial ratio Vp,/A rose from less than 1.0 to almost 1.2 while the gastric ratio VG/A fell from initial values of about 2.4 to 1.2. Steady histamine infusion speeded approach of both ratios to 1.2. During transient conditions after beginning or end of histamine infusion both ratios were initially depressed to values near zero. The ratios then both rose, showing damped oscillations with a twenty-minute period. The data show a marked effect of histamine on both peripheral and gastric CO2 dynamics, even though in the resting state the two circulations have very different dynamics.", "contents": "Effect of histamine upon the dynamics of carbon dioxide. The dynamics of carbon dioxide in both gastric and peripheral circulation of rat were studied using H14CO3--. In the absence of histamine infusion the peripheral venous/arterial ratio Vp,/A rose from less than 1.0 to almost 1.2 while the gastric ratio VG/A fell from initial values of about 2.4 to 1.2. Steady histamine infusion speeded approach of both ratios to 1.2. During transient conditions after beginning or end of histamine infusion both ratios were initially depressed to values near zero. The ratios then both rose, showing damped oscillations with a twenty-minute period. The data show a marked effect of histamine on both peripheral and gastric CO2 dynamics, even though in the resting state the two circulations have very different dynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:909953", "title": "In vivo response of ornithine decarboxylase activity to growth hormone as demonstrated by oxidation of L-ornithine-1-14C in hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "An in vivo response of ornithine decarboxylase activity to growth hormone has been demonstrated. In hypophysectomized rats, found to oxidize ornithine at rates comparable to those of normal rats, an acute treatment of growth hormone 4 hours before injection of L-ornithine-1-14C caused a 39% increase in the peak specific activity of carbon dioxide and a 24% increase in the 14CO2 recovered in 5 hours. However, response was not observed when growth hormone was administered chronically rather than acutely.", "contents": "In vivo response of ornithine decarboxylase activity to growth hormone as demonstrated by oxidation of L-ornithine-1-14C in hypophysectomized rats. An in vivo response of ornithine decarboxylase activity to growth hormone has been demonstrated. In hypophysectomized rats, found to oxidize ornithine at rates comparable to those of normal rats, an acute treatment of growth hormone 4 hours before injection of L-ornithine-1-14C caused a 39% increase in the peak specific activity of carbon dioxide and a 24% increase in the 14CO2 recovered in 5 hours. However, response was not observed when growth hormone was administered chronically rather than acutely."}
{"id": "PMID:909954", "title": "Protoporphyrin IX sensitized photohemolysis: stoichiometry of the reaction and repair by reduced glutathione.", "content": "Protoporphyrin IX acts as a sensitizer in the photohemolysis of bovine erythrocytes by binding to a limited number of membrane sites. The cholesterol-specific antibiotic lucensomycin competes with protoporphyrin in binding to the membranes. The possibility of cholesterol peroxidation as a primary event in photohemolysis is supported by the repairing effect of exogenous cholesterol and by the increased susceptibility of the photosensitized erythrocytes to lucensomycin. Glutathione, if present within the erythrocyte, postpones the onset of lysis; if added after irradiation, it may repair the membrane damage and prevent hemolysis. This effect appears to be related to a redox reaction (possibly involving glutathione peroxidase) between reduced glutathione and the cholesterol peroxide molecules.", "contents": "Protoporphyrin IX sensitized photohemolysis: stoichiometry of the reaction and repair by reduced glutathione. Protoporphyrin IX acts as a sensitizer in the photohemolysis of bovine erythrocytes by binding to a limited number of membrane sites. The cholesterol-specific antibiotic lucensomycin competes with protoporphyrin in binding to the membranes. The possibility of cholesterol peroxidation as a primary event in photohemolysis is supported by the repairing effect of exogenous cholesterol and by the increased susceptibility of the photosensitized erythrocytes to lucensomycin. Glutathione, if present within the erythrocyte, postpones the onset of lysis; if added after irradiation, it may repair the membrane damage and prevent hemolysis. This effect appears to be related to a redox reaction (possibly involving glutathione peroxidase) between reduced glutathione and the cholesterol peroxide molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:909956", "title": "Transaminase of L-cysteine in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Transamination of L-cysteine in rat liver was examined. Specific activity of the reaction in mitochondria was found higher than that in cytosol. The mitochondrial reaction was shown to be catalyzed by two different enzymes. The first was active with 2-oxoglutarate and inactivated by heating at 60 degrees C for 10 minutes; the activity was protected from heat inactivation by the presence of 2-oxoglutarate. The second enzyme was active with pyruvate and more stable than the first under heat treatment; 2-oxoglutarate had little protective effect on this second enzyme. The two enzyme activities were separated by heat treatment and ammonium sulfate fractionation.", "contents": "Transaminase of L-cysteine in rat liver mitochondria. Transamination of L-cysteine in rat liver was examined. Specific activity of the reaction in mitochondria was found higher than that in cytosol. The mitochondrial reaction was shown to be catalyzed by two different enzymes. The first was active with 2-oxoglutarate and inactivated by heating at 60 degrees C for 10 minutes; the activity was protected from heat inactivation by the presence of 2-oxoglutarate. The second enzyme was active with pyruvate and more stable than the first under heat treatment; 2-oxoglutarate had little protective effect on this second enzyme. The two enzyme activities were separated by heat treatment and ammonium sulfate fractionation."}
{"id": "PMID:909957", "title": "NMR in cancer: XVI. FONAR image of the live human body.", "content": "The FONAR technique that achieved the first chemical image of the live human being is described. Color and black-and-white video images of a cross-section through the chest at the level of the eighth thoracic vertebra were generated. The imaging showed the heart and mediastinum in the midline between the left and right lungs with the heart encroaching on the left lung space as it does at this level. Also seen was the descending aorta just left and anterior to the vertebral body.", "contents": "NMR in cancer: XVI. FONAR image of the live human body. The FONAR technique that achieved the first chemical image of the live human being is described. Color and black-and-white video images of a cross-section through the chest at the level of the eighth thoracic vertebra were generated. The imaging showed the heart and mediastinum in the midline between the left and right lungs with the heart encroaching on the left lung space as it does at this level. Also seen was the descending aorta just left and anterior to the vertebral body."}
{"id": "PMID:909960", "title": "The male rhytidectomy.", "content": "More men are undergoing rhytidectomy now. This operation is specifically different in the preoperative planning, the surgical procedure, the postoperative complications, and the final results (compared to rhytidectomy in females). Large hematomas occurred in our male patients more than twice as often as in females.", "contents": "The male rhytidectomy. More men are undergoing rhytidectomy now. This operation is specifically different in the preoperative planning, the surgical procedure, the postoperative complications, and the final results (compared to rhytidectomy in females). Large hematomas occurred in our male patients more than twice as often as in females."}
{"id": "PMID:909962", "title": "Management of the silicone-injected breast.", "content": "Our experiences with 28 patients who had a history of liquid \"silicone\" injections of the breasts has led us to recognize a typical clinical picture. Several years after the injections, the patient may develop hard, lumpy, tender breasts which make the detection of breast cancer impossible. Mammograms are generally inconclusive. Despite the reluctance of the patients and surgeons, the conservative approach is a subcutaneous mastectomy with possible subsequent reconstruction.", "contents": "Management of the silicone-injected breast. Our experiences with 28 patients who had a history of liquid \"silicone\" injections of the breasts has led us to recognize a typical clinical picture. Several years after the injections, the patient may develop hard, lumpy, tender breasts which make the detection of breast cancer impossible. Mammograms are generally inconclusive. Despite the reluctance of the patients and surgeons, the conservative approach is a subcutaneous mastectomy with possible subsequent reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:909963", "title": "The palmar approach for the visualization and release of the carpal tunnel. An analysis of 429 cases.", "content": "A review of 429 cases of carpal tunnel syndrome in 329 patients confirms the prevalence of this entity among disorders of the hand. Three symptoms are almost diagnostic--daytime numbness, nighttime pain, and morning stiffness of the fingers. The diagnosis is confirmed by findings on physical examination. A relatively simple technique is presented for the exposure and release of the median nerve, using a longitudinal incision in the palm and stopping short of the wrist skin. Limiting the incision to the palmar skin results in an inconspicuous scar, while still providing adequate exposure for a complete anatomical release. An epineural neurolysis of the median nerve was performed in each case, resulting in improvement in the symptoms in all but 4 of these 429 patients.", "contents": "The palmar approach for the visualization and release of the carpal tunnel. An analysis of 429 cases. A review of 429 cases of carpal tunnel syndrome in 329 patients confirms the prevalence of this entity among disorders of the hand. Three symptoms are almost diagnostic--daytime numbness, nighttime pain, and morning stiffness of the fingers. The diagnosis is confirmed by findings on physical examination. A relatively simple technique is presented for the exposure and release of the median nerve, using a longitudinal incision in the palm and stopping short of the wrist skin. Limiting the incision to the palmar skin results in an inconspicuous scar, while still providing adequate exposure for a complete anatomical release. An epineural neurolysis of the median nerve was performed in each case, resulting in improvement in the symptoms in all but 4 of these 429 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:909966", "title": "Cocaine concentrations in the blood during rhinoplasty.", "content": "After applying 5% or 10% cocaine to the nasal mucosa, blood concentration were measured in 9 patients undergoing rhinoplasty and in 6 unoperated controls. The concentrations in the unoperated persons were lower than in those undergoing rhinoplasty, and lower concentrations were found after 5% solutions in both groups than in those exposed to 10% solutions. There was no correlation between the strength of the solution used and the degree of bleeding or the success of the anesthesia. One patient developed symptoms of toxicity within two minutes of a 5% cocaine application to his nasal mucosa. The cocaine concentrations in his blood were the highest seen in our studies, and we cannot explain this.", "contents": "Cocaine concentrations in the blood during rhinoplasty. After applying 5% or 10% cocaine to the nasal mucosa, blood concentration were measured in 9 patients undergoing rhinoplasty and in 6 unoperated controls. The concentrations in the unoperated persons were lower than in those undergoing rhinoplasty, and lower concentrations were found after 5% solutions in both groups than in those exposed to 10% solutions. There was no correlation between the strength of the solution used and the degree of bleeding or the success of the anesthesia. One patient developed symptoms of toxicity within two minutes of a 5% cocaine application to his nasal mucosa. The cocaine concentrations in his blood were the highest seen in our studies, and we cannot explain this."}
{"id": "PMID:909967", "title": "Meralgia paresthetica: a complication of iliac bone procurement.", "content": "A rare complication of iliac bone graft procurement is described, in which the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve can be injured during the procedure, or it can be entrapped in healing scar after the closure. The surgical anatomy of this nerve is described, as is the pathophysiology and the treatment of the lesion. Suggestions are made as to means to avoid this complication.", "contents": "Meralgia paresthetica: a complication of iliac bone procurement. A rare complication of iliac bone graft procurement is described, in which the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve can be injured during the procedure, or it can be entrapped in healing scar after the closure. The surgical anatomy of this nerve is described, as is the pathophysiology and the treatment of the lesion. Suggestions are made as to means to avoid this complication."}
{"id": "PMID:909968", "title": "Early surgery for isolated craniofacial dysostosis. Improvement and possible prevention of increasing deformity.", "content": "We describe our experiences with craniofacial surgery at less than 9 months of age in 8 patients with isolated craniofacial dysostosis. We believe that the early release (preferably before the age of 6 months) of the constricting forces in bound or underdeveloped areas of bone will allow subsequent better development of these faces. The molding and expansile influences of the rapidly developing brain and eyes can exert a greater effect on facial growth. The operations are easier and more rapidly performed than those in older children, and no distant bone grafts are necessary.", "contents": "Early surgery for isolated craniofacial dysostosis. Improvement and possible prevention of increasing deformity. We describe our experiences with craniofacial surgery at less than 9 months of age in 8 patients with isolated craniofacial dysostosis. We believe that the early release (preferably before the age of 6 months) of the constricting forces in bound or underdeveloped areas of bone will allow subsequent better development of these faces. The molding and expansile influences of the rapidly developing brain and eyes can exert a greater effect on facial growth. The operations are easier and more rapidly performed than those in older children, and no distant bone grafts are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:909970", "title": "Evaluation of a simplified water mattress in the prevention and treatment of pressure sores.", "content": "Using a simplified pressure-measuring device, we determined the pressures under 4 anatomical sites in 11 human subjects to compare 3 commercially available sleeping surfaces. The 3 surfaces tested were a water mattress, a water bed, and our standard hospital bed. There were no significant differences in the recorded pressures of the water mattress and the water bed, except in the region of the scapula. Both the water mattress and the water bed were found to be superior to our standard hospital mattress. The advantages and disadvantages of this water mattress are discussed. The concept of using a water mattress seems to be an affordable approach to preventing pressure ulcers.", "contents": "Evaluation of a simplified water mattress in the prevention and treatment of pressure sores. Using a simplified pressure-measuring device, we determined the pressures under 4 anatomical sites in 11 human subjects to compare 3 commercially available sleeping surfaces. The 3 surfaces tested were a water mattress, a water bed, and our standard hospital bed. There were no significant differences in the recorded pressures of the water mattress and the water bed, except in the region of the scapula. Both the water mattress and the water bed were found to be superior to our standard hospital mattress. The advantages and disadvantages of this water mattress are discussed. The concept of using a water mattress seems to be an affordable approach to preventing pressure ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:909971", "title": "Velopharyngeal insufficiency in hemifacial microsomia.", "content": "One-third of a group of 18 patients with hemifacial microsomia demonstrated velopharyngeal insufficiency of a significant degree. The ones with velopharyngeal insufficiency tended to have more severe soft tissue and skeletal deformities of the maxillary-malar complex, associated with a total unilateral palatal paralysis. Cinefluoroscopy was not helpful in diagnosing the velopharyngeal insufficiency. Fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy, in contrast, proved to be an excellent diagnostic tool. We suggest that patients with hemifacial microsomia have a careful, periodic speech evaluation as an essential part of their overall management.", "contents": "Velopharyngeal insufficiency in hemifacial microsomia. One-third of a group of 18 patients with hemifacial microsomia demonstrated velopharyngeal insufficiency of a significant degree. The ones with velopharyngeal insufficiency tended to have more severe soft tissue and skeletal deformities of the maxillary-malar complex, associated with a total unilateral palatal paralysis. Cinefluoroscopy was not helpful in diagnosing the velopharyngeal insufficiency. Fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy, in contrast, proved to be an excellent diagnostic tool. We suggest that patients with hemifacial microsomia have a careful, periodic speech evaluation as an essential part of their overall management."}
{"id": "PMID:909973", "title": "A comparison between K-wire and compression screw fixation after arthodesis of the distal interphalangeal joint.", "content": "Thirty patients underwent arthrodesis of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint for various injuries. Fixation with K-wires was compared to fixation by compression screws. The screw method came to be preferred by us, principally because the immobilization time was significantly less and the patients returned to work more quickly. The success rate of fusion and the time required for it were about the same.", "contents": "A comparison between K-wire and compression screw fixation after arthodesis of the distal interphalangeal joint. Thirty patients underwent arthrodesis of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint for various injuries. Fixation with K-wires was compared to fixation by compression screws. The screw method came to be preferred by us, principally because the immobilization time was significantly less and the patients returned to work more quickly. The success rate of fusion and the time required for it were about the same."}
{"id": "PMID:909978", "title": "[Masked subdural hematoma in alcoholics].", "content": "Nineteen cases of subdural hematomata in alcoholics are discussed to show the special diagnostic problems that the psychiatrist is faced with when dealing with such a disease picture. Although it is relatively easy to show that subdural hematomata in alcoholics are usually of traumatic origin, yet there is the difficulty of the psychiatrist being confronted with the task of giving medical attention to patients where, anamnestically, the trauma is of secondary importance only, and where psychopathological phenomena are a prime consideration. This syndrome, which is characterized by a fluctuation in consciousness and impulsion, psychomotor retardation, and baseless exaltation, may be regarded as suggesting the presence of a subdural hematoma in a person addicted to the use of alcoholic beverages in excess, even if the medical history of the patient is free from any traumata.", "contents": "[Masked subdural hematoma in alcoholics]. Nineteen cases of subdural hematomata in alcoholics are discussed to show the special diagnostic problems that the psychiatrist is faced with when dealing with such a disease picture. Although it is relatively easy to show that subdural hematomata in alcoholics are usually of traumatic origin, yet there is the difficulty of the psychiatrist being confronted with the task of giving medical attention to patients where, anamnestically, the trauma is of secondary importance only, and where psychopathological phenomena are a prime consideration. This syndrome, which is characterized by a fluctuation in consciousness and impulsion, psychomotor retardation, and baseless exaltation, may be regarded as suggesting the presence of a subdural hematoma in a person addicted to the use of alcoholic beverages in excess, even if the medical history of the patient is free from any traumata."}
{"id": "PMID:909979", "title": "[Alpha rhythm during open eye derivation in infantile brain damaged and normal children].", "content": "1. The behavior of the occipital alpha rhythm during open-eye derivation was studied on nine- to twelve-year-old boys of normal intelligence, of whom ten were free from brain injuries and eleven had been suffering from brain injuries in early childhood. 2. There was observed a marked tendency of the alpha index to differ in dependence upon the time of testing, the cause of which was believed to be a weakness of vigilance on the part of brain-injured children. 3. Application of this simple method of examination to group comparisons makes it possible to neurophysiologically determine an important part of chronic cerebropsychic axis syndromes.", "contents": "[Alpha rhythm during open eye derivation in infantile brain damaged and normal children]. 1. The behavior of the occipital alpha rhythm during open-eye derivation was studied on nine- to twelve-year-old boys of normal intelligence, of whom ten were free from brain injuries and eleven had been suffering from brain injuries in early childhood. 2. There was observed a marked tendency of the alpha index to differ in dependence upon the time of testing, the cause of which was believed to be a weakness of vigilance on the part of brain-injured children. 3. Application of this simple method of examination to group comparisons makes it possible to neurophysiologically determine an important part of chronic cerebropsychic axis syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:909980", "title": "[Course of the liquor cytology in central nervous system mumps manifestations under various therapeutic regimens].", "content": "A total of 156 children with mumps meningitis and mumps encephalitis were, under 5 different regimes of therapy, subjected to continuous liquor cytology. It has been found that the \"aminophenazone\" group showed the best results so far as both the time required for normalization of the total number of cells and the differential evaluation of the liquor cytogram was concerned. Administration of plasma, corticosteroids, or chloramphenical gave less satisfactory results from the point of view of liquor cytology, the possible causes of which are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Course of the liquor cytology in central nervous system mumps manifestations under various therapeutic regimens]. A total of 156 children with mumps meningitis and mumps encephalitis were, under 5 different regimes of therapy, subjected to continuous liquor cytology. It has been found that the \"aminophenazone\" group showed the best results so far as both the time required for normalization of the total number of cells and the differential evaluation of the liquor cytogram was concerned. Administration of plasma, corticosteroids, or chloramphenical gave less satisfactory results from the point of view of liquor cytology, the possible causes of which are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:909981", "title": "[The increase of alcoholic delirium in our area since 1972].", "content": "There has been a considerable increase since 1972 in the number of delirium alcoholicum patients admitted to our hospital. On the other hand, the number of chronic drinkers admitted for disaccustoming treatment has remained relatively constant during the past several years. The majority of patients are under 40. The relapse rate is rather high. The lethality rate is low in the case of treatment with clomethiazol. The purpose of this report is to incite workers at other clinics to analyze their respective patient stocks in order to discover supraregional causal factors, if any.", "contents": "[The increase of alcoholic delirium in our area since 1972]. There has been a considerable increase since 1972 in the number of delirium alcoholicum patients admitted to our hospital. On the other hand, the number of chronic drinkers admitted for disaccustoming treatment has remained relatively constant during the past several years. The majority of patients are under 40. The relapse rate is rather high. The lethality rate is low in the case of treatment with clomethiazol. The purpose of this report is to incite workers at other clinics to analyze their respective patient stocks in order to discover supraregional causal factors, if any."}
{"id": "PMID:910010", "title": "Psychological characteristics of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).", "content": "Previous research has suggested that patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) demonstrate similar psychological characteristics that distinguish them from the medically ill populations, and that these findings may bear etiologic and prognostic importance. In this report, a larger sample was studied and the prior findings were not replicated. Specifically, ALS patients were not found to have a more internal locus of control, or to use denial as a defense more than a group of patients with inoperable neoplastic disease. Although dysphoria was frequently found in ALS patients, only 22% demonstrated clinical depressive syndromes.", "contents": "Psychological characteristics of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Previous research has suggested that patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) demonstrate similar psychological characteristics that distinguish them from the medically ill populations, and that these findings may bear etiologic and prognostic importance. In this report, a larger sample was studied and the prior findings were not replicated. Specifically, ALS patients were not found to have a more internal locus of control, or to use denial as a defense more than a group of patients with inoperable neoplastic disease. Although dysphoria was frequently found in ALS patients, only 22% demonstrated clinical depressive syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:910011", "title": "Comparison of illness episodes in a pluralistic setting.", "content": "Episodes of illness in two different groups of women of the Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico, were compared using a longitudinal-panel design. The data reported are part of a larger study that concentrated on family units from representative cultural groupings of this region. The method of procedure facilitated the retrieval and analysis of different types of symptoms that have salience in the native medical perspectives of the people. Queries regarding symptoms dealt with illnesses that had occurred during the preceding 2 weeks. The duration, in days, and the proportion of an illness taken up with the various types of symptoms were compared in the two groups. The way the women perceived the severity of illness was also analyzed. Group differences in these parameters were observed and discussed. The method of procedure, which reflected a holistic and integrated view of disease, proved flexible, useful, and was easily applied in a field setting.", "contents": "Comparison of illness episodes in a pluralistic setting. Episodes of illness in two different groups of women of the Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico, were compared using a longitudinal-panel design. The data reported are part of a larger study that concentrated on family units from representative cultural groupings of this region. The method of procedure facilitated the retrieval and analysis of different types of symptoms that have salience in the native medical perspectives of the people. Queries regarding symptoms dealt with illnesses that had occurred during the preceding 2 weeks. The duration, in days, and the proportion of an illness taken up with the various types of symptoms were compared in the two groups. The way the women perceived the severity of illness was also analyzed. Group differences in these parameters were observed and discussed. The method of procedure, which reflected a holistic and integrated view of disease, proved flexible, useful, and was easily applied in a field setting."}
{"id": "PMID:910012", "title": "Psychogenic purpura: report of a case.", "content": "Autoerythrocyte sensitization, a disease characterized by recurrent and painful ecchymoses, was renamed psychogenic purpura by Agle and Ratnoff in 1968. The patients, usually female, share certain described personality characteristics. The case is reported of a 20-year-old woman who had suffered from the disease since age 12. She was treated for 3 years in intensive psychotherapy resulting in a complete remission of her symptoms of bleeding.", "contents": "Psychogenic purpura: report of a case. Autoerythrocyte sensitization, a disease characterized by recurrent and painful ecchymoses, was renamed psychogenic purpura by Agle and Ratnoff in 1968. The patients, usually female, share certain described personality characteristics. The case is reported of a 20-year-old woman who had suffered from the disease since age 12. She was treated for 3 years in intensive psychotherapy resulting in a complete remission of her symptoms of bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:910028", "title": "[Behaviour of \"haemorrhage times\" in hypocolinesterasic subjects after administration of acetil-salicylic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "The competitive action of acetil-salicylic acid with respect to colinesterasi is demonstrated. The A. proposes a routine dose of this enzyme in the preparation for surgery with a high haemorrhage risk, such as tonsillectomy.", "contents": "[Behaviour of \"haemorrhage times\" in hypocolinesterasic subjects after administration of acetil-salicylic acid (author's transl)]. The competitive action of acetil-salicylic acid with respect to colinesterasi is demonstrated. The A. proposes a routine dose of this enzyme in the preparation for surgery with a high haemorrhage risk, such as tonsillectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:910022", "title": "Family size and malnutrition in Santo Domingo.", "content": "A case-control study of 82 urban Dominican women with a malnourished child and 82 women with a well-nourished child of the same age, sex, and neighborhood of residence revealed that the women of the control group had significantly lower parity and also had fewer living children. More women in the case group had used contraception at one time. Nevertheless, the prevalence of current contraceptive use was identical in the two groups. More women in the control group had undergone one or more spontaneous or induced abortions. Although the women in both groups were selected from the same neighborhoods, there is evidence to suggest that the the women in the control group may have had higher family incomes. The higher incomes could well account, at least in part, for the difference in parity between the two groups as well as for the difference in nutritional status in the preschool children of the mothers of these groups.", "contents": "Family size and malnutrition in Santo Domingo. A case-control study of 82 urban Dominican women with a malnourished child and 82 women with a well-nourished child of the same age, sex, and neighborhood of residence revealed that the women of the control group had significantly lower parity and also had fewer living children. More women in the case group had used contraception at one time. Nevertheless, the prevalence of current contraceptive use was identical in the two groups. More women in the control group had undergone one or more spontaneous or induced abortions. Although the women in both groups were selected from the same neighborhoods, there is evidence to suggest that the the women in the control group may have had higher family incomes. The higher incomes could well account, at least in part, for the difference in parity between the two groups as well as for the difference in nutritional status in the preschool children of the mothers of these groups."}
{"id": "PMID:910029", "title": "[2d-generation Technicon Autoanalyzer: determination of blood sugar without dialysis and predilution of the sample].", "content": "It's presented a simple modification of the method GOD/PERID in the automatized determination of glycemia. This modification excludes dialysis and introduces the prediluition of the specimen before the reacting mass. Experiments have been carried out with a sperimental manifold and with the reagents Glucosio Test and Glu-cinet Sclavo. From the results it comes out that the essential characteristics of the method are: a) a good precision and ripetition of the results; b) the possibility of using both biological and chemical standards to calibrate the instruments without alterating the results; c) a smaller use of reagents due to the use of small quantities of reagents.", "contents": "[2d-generation Technicon Autoanalyzer: determination of blood sugar without dialysis and predilution of the sample]. It's presented a simple modification of the method GOD/PERID in the automatized determination of glycemia. This modification excludes dialysis and introduces the prediluition of the specimen before the reacting mass. Experiments have been carried out with a sperimental manifold and with the reagents Glucosio Test and Glu-cinet Sclavo. From the results it comes out that the essential characteristics of the method are: a) a good precision and ripetition of the results; b) the possibility of using both biological and chemical standards to calibrate the instruments without alterating the results; c) a smaller use of reagents due to the use of small quantities of reagents."}
{"id": "PMID:910031", "title": "[Application of cytologic vaginal test at the end of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. reviewed the clinical course and the vaginal smear of 146 pregnant women (supposed at term or near term) handled during 1974 and 1975 in the Town Hospital of Cremona. They looked for correlation between the first one and what was inferred form the second one: in order to assess if the vaginal smear during late pregnancy is practically useful in predicting the time of delivery or--at least--the maturation level of the foetus. After reviewing their own results and after considering the results of some other writer, they conclude that the vaginal smear in late pregnancy is scarcely useful because it yields only generical signs liable to broad interpretation.", "contents": "[Application of cytologic vaginal test at the end of pregnancy (author's transl)]. The AA. reviewed the clinical course and the vaginal smear of 146 pregnant women (supposed at term or near term) handled during 1974 and 1975 in the Town Hospital of Cremona. They looked for correlation between the first one and what was inferred form the second one: in order to assess if the vaginal smear during late pregnancy is practically useful in predicting the time of delivery or--at least--the maturation level of the foetus. After reviewing their own results and after considering the results of some other writer, they conclude that the vaginal smear in late pregnancy is scarcely useful because it yields only generical signs liable to broad interpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:910033", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulins in otitis and otoantritis in infants].", "content": "In 46 breast-fed children affected with otitis or otoantrite, it was investigated on the role of seric immunoglobulines which necessarie are in e transitory lacking period. In the 50% of the tested cases in has been checked a lack of IgG particularly remarkable, beyond the limits of range of the values specific in the breastfed child. As e conclusion, the lack in gammaglobulines is a factor which favours the rising of infection.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulins in otitis and otoantritis in infants]. In 46 breast-fed children affected with otitis or otoantrite, it was investigated on the role of seric immunoglobulines which necessarie are in e transitory lacking period. In the 50% of the tested cases in has been checked a lack of IgG particularly remarkable, beyond the limits of range of the values specific in the breastfed child. As e conclusion, the lack in gammaglobulines is a factor which favours the rising of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:910034", "title": "[Study of skin reactivity to tuberculin and sensitins of atypical mycobacteria (with special reference to M. africanum in Somalia)].", "content": "Skin testing with antigens from M. tuberculosis (PPD-S) and various atypical mycobacteria was carried out in Somalia among 170 patients with active tuberculosis. Percentage of positive reactons (5 mm or greater) was 70,58% with PPD-S, 60,0% with the antigen from M. africanum and M. scrofulaceum, 56,47% with the antigen from M. xenopei, 10,58% with the antigen from N. otididis and 4,50% with the antigen from N. farcinica. The percentage of subjects in whom the reaction with the antigen from M. africanum was greater than with PPD-S was 10,58%; more precisely in a percentage of 16,0% the skin testing from M. africanum was positive against a negative reaction to PPD-S, meanwhile in a percentage of 8,33% both skin tests were positive, with a greater reaction for a M. africanum test. As far as other antigens are concerned at least one of these tests was greater on the 28,23% the PPD-S one.", "contents": "[Study of skin reactivity to tuberculin and sensitins of atypical mycobacteria (with special reference to M. africanum in Somalia)]. Skin testing with antigens from M. tuberculosis (PPD-S) and various atypical mycobacteria was carried out in Somalia among 170 patients with active tuberculosis. Percentage of positive reactons (5 mm or greater) was 70,58% with PPD-S, 60,0% with the antigen from M. africanum and M. scrofulaceum, 56,47% with the antigen from M. xenopei, 10,58% with the antigen from N. otididis and 4,50% with the antigen from N. farcinica. The percentage of subjects in whom the reaction with the antigen from M. africanum was greater than with PPD-S was 10,58%; more precisely in a percentage of 16,0% the skin testing from M. africanum was positive against a negative reaction to PPD-S, meanwhile in a percentage of 8,33% both skin tests were positive, with a greater reaction for a M. africanum test. As far as other antigens are concerned at least one of these tests was greater on the 28,23% the PPD-S one."}
{"id": "PMID:910035", "title": "[Hypersecretion of calcitonin in hypocalcemic syndromes and in stimulation of the autonomic nervous system].", "content": "The AA., on the basis of their recent studies, offer a new hypothesis on the role of calcitonin, as a regulator of phosphorus metabolism. In addition the AA. confirm the clear interrelationship between calcitonin and other hormones as gastrin and autonomous nervous system.", "contents": "[Hypersecretion of calcitonin in hypocalcemic syndromes and in stimulation of the autonomic nervous system]. The AA., on the basis of their recent studies, offer a new hypothesis on the role of calcitonin, as a regulator of phosphorus metabolism. In addition the AA. confirm the clear interrelationship between calcitonin and other hormones as gastrin and autonomous nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:910036", "title": "[Determination of urinary estriol in pregnancy. I. Comparison of the gas-chromatographic and colorimetric methods].", "content": "The gas-chromatographic method is confronted with the amply used colorimetric method in the determination of the urinary oestriol. The two methods give practically the some results, even so the gas-chromatographic is to be preferred for its specificity, for salvaging accuracy, and for the possibility to receive hormonal profiles with only one determination.", "contents": "[Determination of urinary estriol in pregnancy. I. Comparison of the gas-chromatographic and colorimetric methods]. The gas-chromatographic method is confronted with the amply used colorimetric method in the determination of the urinary oestriol. The two methods give practically the some results, even so the gas-chromatographic is to be preferred for its specificity, for salvaging accuracy, and for the possibility to receive hormonal profiles with only one determination."}
{"id": "PMID:910037", "title": "[Determination of urinary estriol in pregnancy. II. Normal levels with the gas-chromatographic method].", "content": "We carried the values of the oestrioluria received examining n o 755 samples of urine of women with normal pregnancies using the gas-chromatographic method. The gas-chromatographic method makes possible a \"fascia\" of normal values superimposable to those received from others AA. with the colorimetric method in the first months of pregnancy, where we have a major tendency to the dispersion of the values in the last months of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Determination of urinary estriol in pregnancy. II. Normal levels with the gas-chromatographic method]. We carried the values of the oestrioluria received examining n o 755 samples of urine of women with normal pregnancies using the gas-chromatographic method. The gas-chromatographic method makes possible a \"fascia\" of normal values superimposable to those received from others AA. with the colorimetric method in the first months of pregnancy, where we have a major tendency to the dispersion of the values in the last months of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:910038", "title": "[Rapid determination of creatinine in the blood and urine by 1st-generation Autoanalyzer].", "content": "Two procedures for the determination of serum and urinary creatinine by first generation AutoAnalyzer have been positively tested. These methods enable to perform these analyses by cam 60 and 100 respectively, in order to make the influence of carryover neglectable. Very regular peaks with clear-cut resolution can be obtained. The range of concentrations which can be reliably evaluated corresponds to 0,5-10,0 mg/100 ml for serum and to 20-500 mg/100 ml for urine, for this analysis neither diluition nor the dialysis of the sample are required.", "contents": "[Rapid determination of creatinine in the blood and urine by 1st-generation Autoanalyzer]. Two procedures for the determination of serum and urinary creatinine by first generation AutoAnalyzer have been positively tested. These methods enable to perform these analyses by cam 60 and 100 respectively, in order to make the influence of carryover neglectable. Very regular peaks with clear-cut resolution can be obtained. The range of concentrations which can be reliably evaluated corresponds to 0,5-10,0 mg/100 ml for serum and to 20-500 mg/100 ml for urine, for this analysis neither diluition nor the dialysis of the sample are required."}
{"id": "PMID:910039", "title": "Fibrous mediastinitis: a late manifestation of mediastinal histoplasmosis.", "content": "Fibrosing mediastinitis is an uncommon manifestation of histoplasmosis that occurs primarily in younger patients. Findings include tracheobronchial narrowing, compromise of the main pulmonary artery and veins, and circumferential narrowing of the esophagus. The initial chest radiograph is often diagnostic, although additional studies including tomography and angiography help clarify the extent and severity of the disease process.", "contents": "Fibrous mediastinitis: a late manifestation of mediastinal histoplasmosis. Fibrosing mediastinitis is an uncommon manifestation of histoplasmosis that occurs primarily in younger patients. Findings include tracheobronchial narrowing, compromise of the main pulmonary artery and veins, and circumferential narrowing of the esophagus. The initial chest radiograph is often diagnostic, although additional studies including tomography and angiography help clarify the extent and severity of the disease process."}
{"id": "PMID:910040", "title": "The role of the radiologist in coronary angiography.", "content": "Radiology chiefs at hospitals with open heart surgery programs were queried to ascertain both current and desired degrees of participation by radiologists in coronary angiography. While current participation is limited, respondents indicated a desire to achieve increased active participation. Opposition of cardiologists and a shortage of trained cardiac radiologists were perceived as principal factors impeding increased participation. Over two thirds of the respondents felt additional cardiac radiology training programs are needed and many indicated that positions were available in their departments for a trained cardiac radiologist.", "contents": "The role of the radiologist in coronary angiography. Radiology chiefs at hospitals with open heart surgery programs were queried to ascertain both current and desired degrees of participation by radiologists in coronary angiography. While current participation is limited, respondents indicated a desire to achieve increased active participation. Opposition of cardiologists and a shortage of trained cardiac radiologists were perceived as principal factors impeding increased participation. Over two thirds of the respondents felt additional cardiac radiology training programs are needed and many indicated that positions were available in their departments for a trained cardiac radiologist."}
{"id": "PMID:910041", "title": "Extra- and intrasplenic artery aneurysms in portal hypertension.", "content": "Extra- and intrasplenic arterial aneurysms have occasionally been encountered in cases of portal hypertension both with and without cirrhosis. The exact pathogenesis is speculative; however, it is postulated that hyperkinetic splenic circulation, probably related to hepatic arterial insufficiency or hypoplasia, constitutes the primary pathogenic mechanism. Other factors such as splenomegaly and hormonal influence may be contributory.", "contents": "Extra- and intrasplenic artery aneurysms in portal hypertension. Extra- and intrasplenic arterial aneurysms have occasionally been encountered in cases of portal hypertension both with and without cirrhosis. The exact pathogenesis is speculative; however, it is postulated that hyperkinetic splenic circulation, probably related to hepatic arterial insufficiency or hypoplasia, constitutes the primary pathogenic mechanism. Other factors such as splenomegaly and hormonal influence may be contributory."}
{"id": "PMID:910042", "title": "Problems in the diagnosis of adrenal tumors.", "content": "The angiographic findings of cortical nodular hyperplasia, adenolipoma, and intracaval extension of recurrent pheochromocytoma were correlated with the pathological findings. Adenolipoma was angiographically similar to other adrenal neoplasms, adding difficulties to its differential diagnosis. Two cases of cortical nodular hyperplasia showed possibly pathognomonic patterns of discrete vascular cortical accumulations of contrast media which represent capillary malformations within the hyperplastic nodules. Intracaval extension of recurrent pheochromocytoma was found to be similar to other tumors which invade veins.", "contents": "Problems in the diagnosis of adrenal tumors. The angiographic findings of cortical nodular hyperplasia, adenolipoma, and intracaval extension of recurrent pheochromocytoma were correlated with the pathological findings. Adenolipoma was angiographically similar to other adrenal neoplasms, adding difficulties to its differential diagnosis. Two cases of cortical nodular hyperplasia showed possibly pathognomonic patterns of discrete vascular cortical accumulations of contrast media which represent capillary malformations within the hyperplastic nodules. Intracaval extension of recurrent pheochromocytoma was found to be similar to other tumors which invade veins."}
{"id": "PMID:910043", "title": "The roentgen diagnosis of pelvic extraperitoneal effusion.", "content": "Extraperitoneal, perivesical pelvic effusions may be hemorrhagic or uriniferous, the latter resulting from extraperitoneal rupture of the bladder or disruption of the posterior urethra. The effusions may be recognized on anteroposterior radiographs of the pelvis by (a) displacement of the bladder (small effusion); (b) obliteration of the normal soft-tissue anatomy within the pelvis (moderate effusion); and (c) upward displacement of the pelvic ileal loops and extension of the effusion into the flank stripes (large effusion). Perivesical effusions most frequently accompany anterior pelvic arch injuries, i.e., double vertical and Malgaigne fractures and fractures involving, or separation of, the pubic symphysis.", "contents": "The roentgen diagnosis of pelvic extraperitoneal effusion. Extraperitoneal, perivesical pelvic effusions may be hemorrhagic or uriniferous, the latter resulting from extraperitoneal rupture of the bladder or disruption of the posterior urethra. The effusions may be recognized on anteroposterior radiographs of the pelvis by (a) displacement of the bladder (small effusion); (b) obliteration of the normal soft-tissue anatomy within the pelvis (moderate effusion); and (c) upward displacement of the pelvic ileal loops and extension of the effusion into the flank stripes (large effusion). Perivesical effusions most frequently accompany anterior pelvic arch injuries, i.e., double vertical and Malgaigne fractures and fractures involving, or separation of, the pubic symphysis."}
{"id": "PMID:910044", "title": "Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.", "content": "Fine needle aspiration biopsies were performed in 9 patients with suspected pancreatic malignancies demonstrated and localized by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The biopsies were positive in 7 of 8 patients with pancreatic carcinoma and there were no complications. ERCP is an accurate method for diagnosing pancreatic cancer which may be confirmed safely and easily by fine needle aspiration biopsy.", "contents": "Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Fine needle aspiration biopsies were performed in 9 patients with suspected pancreatic malignancies demonstrated and localized by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The biopsies were positive in 7 of 8 patients with pancreatic carcinoma and there were no complications. ERCP is an accurate method for diagnosing pancreatic cancer which may be confirmed safely and easily by fine needle aspiration biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:910045", "title": "Calcaneal abnormalities in articular disorders. Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and Reiter syndrome.", "content": "The calcaneus of normal control patients, and those with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, and Reiter syndrome was studied. Pathological abnormalities of the plantar aponeurosis, Achilles tendon, and retrocalcaneal bursa account for the radiographic alterations. In normal individuals, lateral radiographs show the thickness of the Achilles tendon to be not greater than 8 mm; the retrocalcaneal bursa creates a radiolucency which extends at least 2 mm below the superior surface of the calcaneus. In patients with any of these 4 articular disorders, Achilles tendinitis produces thickening of the tendon, and retrocalcaneal bursitis obliterates the normal radiolucency.", "contents": "Calcaneal abnormalities in articular disorders. Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and Reiter syndrome. The calcaneus of normal control patients, and those with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, and Reiter syndrome was studied. Pathological abnormalities of the plantar aponeurosis, Achilles tendon, and retrocalcaneal bursa account for the radiographic alterations. In normal individuals, lateral radiographs show the thickness of the Achilles tendon to be not greater than 8 mm; the retrocalcaneal bursa creates a radiolucency which extends at least 2 mm below the superior surface of the calcaneus. In patients with any of these 4 articular disorders, Achilles tendinitis produces thickening of the tendon, and retrocalcaneal bursitis obliterates the normal radiolucency."}
{"id": "PMID:910046", "title": "Radiographic diagnosis of quadriceps tendon rupture.", "content": "Traumatic rupture of the quadriceps tendon is an uncommon knee injury which occurs in the elderly, and/or the obese, and in those with underlying systemic disease. Ten patients with 13 ruptures have been seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital in the last nine years. Clinically, the patient is unable to actively extend the knee. On the lateral view of the knee there is loss of normal quadriceps outline and a soft-tissue mass with calcification representing the retracted quadriceps tendon. Most patients have a hemarthrosis. The clinical diagnosis is often overlooked, and the radiologist could be the first to suggest the diagnosis.", "contents": "Radiographic diagnosis of quadriceps tendon rupture. Traumatic rupture of the quadriceps tendon is an uncommon knee injury which occurs in the elderly, and/or the obese, and in those with underlying systemic disease. Ten patients with 13 ruptures have been seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital in the last nine years. Clinically, the patient is unable to actively extend the knee. On the lateral view of the knee there is loss of normal quadriceps outline and a soft-tissue mass with calcification representing the retracted quadriceps tendon. Most patients have a hemarthrosis. The clinical diagnosis is often overlooked, and the radiologist could be the first to suggest the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:910047", "title": "The use of prostaglandin E1 for enhanced visualization of the splanchnic circulation.", "content": "A single bolus injection of prostaglandin E1 (5-7.5 microgram) into the superior mesenteric, hepatic or pancreatico-duodenal arteries was employed as a pharmacoangiographic aid in 22 patients. Good quality arterial phase and greatly enhanced portal venograms were obtained. No significant complications were observed. The authors found the technique useful in diagnosis of primary and metastatic lesions in the liver and pancreas.", "contents": "The use of prostaglandin E1 for enhanced visualization of the splanchnic circulation. A single bolus injection of prostaglandin E1 (5-7.5 microgram) into the superior mesenteric, hepatic or pancreatico-duodenal arteries was employed as a pharmacoangiographic aid in 22 patients. Good quality arterial phase and greatly enhanced portal venograms were obtained. No significant complications were observed. The authors found the technique useful in diagnosis of primary and metastatic lesions in the liver and pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:910048", "title": "\"Blind\" femoral angiography.", "content": "Analysis of a series of 352 femoral angiograms revealed that \"blind\" cannulation of the femoral artery distal to an occluded aorta or iliac artery is technically feasible in most patients. The vessel is usually patent even when the pulse is absent. Blind cannulation is not necessary for satisfactory peripheral angiography in all cases, but it is useful whenever visualization of the peripheral circulation is unsatisfactory following aortic injection. There were no apparent complications from the use of the technique.", "contents": "\"Blind\" femoral angiography. Analysis of a series of 352 femoral angiograms revealed that \"blind\" cannulation of the femoral artery distal to an occluded aorta or iliac artery is technically feasible in most patients. The vessel is usually patent even when the pulse is absent. Blind cannulation is not necessary for satisfactory peripheral angiography in all cases, but it is useful whenever visualization of the peripheral circulation is unsatisfactory following aortic injection. There were no apparent complications from the use of the technique."}
{"id": "PMID:910049", "title": "The diagnosis of breast cancer in mammograms by the evaluation of density patterns.", "content": "Standard mammograms from 33 patients with surgically proved adenocarcinoma or fibrocystic disease were analyzed with a scanning microdensitometer and computer. A quickly computable number called the linear mass ratio is introduced. This simple ratio discriminated correctly between the 16 adenocarcinomas and 17 fibrocystic lesions of the study, all cases in which diagnosis had required biopsy.", "contents": "The diagnosis of breast cancer in mammograms by the evaluation of density patterns. Standard mammograms from 33 patients with surgically proved adenocarcinoma or fibrocystic disease were analyzed with a scanning microdensitometer and computer. A quickly computable number called the linear mass ratio is introduced. This simple ratio discriminated correctly between the 16 adenocarcinomas and 17 fibrocystic lesions of the study, all cases in which diagnosis had required biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:910050", "title": "Mammographic parenchymal patterns and the prevalence of breast cancer.", "content": "An investigation of the relationship between breast parenchymal patterns and breast cancer prevalence in a large referral population is presented. Mammograms were assigned to one of four categories according to our interpretation of Wolfe's classification. Cancer prevalence for the four patterns was similar when uncorrected for age,, and was very high compared to that in the general population. Under age 50, the prominent duct pattern (P2) was associated with a very high relative cancer risk and DY carried a smaller increased risk. After age 50, prevalences for the patterns were nearly equal. Relationship between these findings and epidemiology of breast cancer are discussed and suggestions made for utilizing parenchymal patterns to guide examination frequency.", "contents": "Mammographic parenchymal patterns and the prevalence of breast cancer. An investigation of the relationship between breast parenchymal patterns and breast cancer prevalence in a large referral population is presented. Mammograms were assigned to one of four categories according to our interpretation of Wolfe's classification. Cancer prevalence for the four patterns was similar when uncorrected for age,, and was very high compared to that in the general population. Under age 50, the prominent duct pattern (P2) was associated with a very high relative cancer risk and DY carried a smaller increased risk. After age 50, prevalences for the patterns were nearly equal. Relationship between these findings and epidemiology of breast cancer are discussed and suggestions made for utilizing parenchymal patterns to guide examination frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:910051", "title": "Exposures to patient and personnel in computed axial tomography.", "content": "Distribution of radiation exposure circumcranially for patients undergoing brain scanning with EMI computed tomographic equipment was measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters. The exposures are found to lie in the range of 1-5 R depending on position relative to tube motion. The maximum exposure of 5 R in CT scanning lies between the estimated exposure of 1.2 R for skull radiography and approximately 10 R for angiographic examination. Measured exposures are reported corresponding to locations of the patients' eyes, thyroid, chest and gonads, and at various locations in the vicinity of the unit.", "contents": "Exposures to patient and personnel in computed axial tomography. Distribution of radiation exposure circumcranially for patients undergoing brain scanning with EMI computed tomographic equipment was measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters. The exposures are found to lie in the range of 1-5 R depending on position relative to tube motion. The maximum exposure of 5 R in CT scanning lies between the estimated exposure of 1.2 R for skull radiography and approximately 10 R for angiographic examination. Measured exposures are reported corresponding to locations of the patients' eyes, thyroid, chest and gonads, and at various locations in the vicinity of the unit."}
{"id": "PMID:910052", "title": "Intradiploic neural heterotopia. A rare calvarial defect.", "content": "Two proved cases of intradiploic neural heterotopia of the skull, a rare cause of calvarial defects, are presented. The literature is reviewed. Common radiographic characteristics include an intradiploic rarefaction, a well-defined margin with or without sclerosis, a lobulated appearance with normal intervening bone, or a cluster of multiple lytic areas with normal bone between them.", "contents": "Intradiploic neural heterotopia. A rare calvarial defect. Two proved cases of intradiploic neural heterotopia of the skull, a rare cause of calvarial defects, are presented. The literature is reviewed. Common radiographic characteristics include an intradiploic rarefaction, a well-defined margin with or without sclerosis, a lobulated appearance with normal intervening bone, or a cluster of multiple lytic areas with normal bone between them."}
{"id": "PMID:910053", "title": "Evaluation of early myocardial ischemia with thallium-201 in the pig.", "content": "Thallium-201 was found to be a reliable agent for detecting decreased myocardial perfusion in domestic pigs 1-4 hours after acute coronary occlusion. Substantial variation in myocardial-to-liver count ratios and diagnostic quality was observed in serial images performed in 3 normal pigs, although areas of 1-4 hours-old myocardial ischemia produced by acute circumflex coronary artery ligation in 6 pigs could be reliably detected by in vivo 201Ti imaging. After intravenous 201Ti administration, the animals were sacrificed and sections of normal and ischemic myocardium were counted in a scintillation well counter. The activity in the ischemic area in pigs averaged 12% of the activity in the normal area, and varied over a narrow range; in dogs the activity averaged 62% of normal, and varied over a wide range. The pig was a more consistent model than the dog.", "contents": "Evaluation of early myocardial ischemia with thallium-201 in the pig. Thallium-201 was found to be a reliable agent for detecting decreased myocardial perfusion in domestic pigs 1-4 hours after acute coronary occlusion. Substantial variation in myocardial-to-liver count ratios and diagnostic quality was observed in serial images performed in 3 normal pigs, although areas of 1-4 hours-old myocardial ischemia produced by acute circumflex coronary artery ligation in 6 pigs could be reliably detected by in vivo 201Ti imaging. After intravenous 201Ti administration, the animals were sacrificed and sections of normal and ischemic myocardium were counted in a scintillation well counter. The activity in the ischemic area in pigs averaged 12% of the activity in the normal area, and varied over a narrow range; in dogs the activity averaged 62% of normal, and varied over a wide range. The pig was a more consistent model than the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:910054", "title": "Three dimensional imaging of the myocardium with radionuclides.", "content": "Transverse sections of the distribution of 129Cs and 201Ti in the human myocardium were obtained using 36 and 72 views of the thorax with a large field of view Anger camera. The cardiac cycle was divided into 100-msec intervals to obtain motion images of an average cycle of the beating heart. At least 300,000 events must be detected for each cardiac phase of each section for quantitative work. Over 8 million events from the upper thorax must be accumulated in gated studies if three or more sections are obtained for 8 intervals of 100 msec to 150 msec.", "contents": "Three dimensional imaging of the myocardium with radionuclides. Transverse sections of the distribution of 129Cs and 201Ti in the human myocardium were obtained using 36 and 72 views of the thorax with a large field of view Anger camera. The cardiac cycle was divided into 100-msec intervals to obtain motion images of an average cycle of the beating heart. At least 300,000 events must be detected for each cardiac phase of each section for quantitative work. Over 8 million events from the upper thorax must be accumulated in gated studies if three or more sections are obtained for 8 intervals of 100 msec to 150 msec."}
{"id": "PMID:910055", "title": "Radionuclide venography in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "Radionuclide venography (RNV) is a safe and simple procedure for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Its results correlate well with those of contrast phlebography. Both contrast and radionuclide venography were done for 103 patients, with an overall accuracy in diagnosis of 95%. RNV may also be used to assess the status of pulmonary perfusion. In this series, many clinically unsuspected emboli were diagnosed.", "contents": "Radionuclide venography in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Radionuclide venography (RNV) is a safe and simple procedure for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Its results correlate well with those of contrast phlebography. Both contrast and radionuclide venography were done for 103 patients, with an overall accuracy in diagnosis of 95%. RNV may also be used to assess the status of pulmonary perfusion. In this series, many clinically unsuspected emboli were diagnosed."}
{"id": "PMID:910056", "title": "Hepatoadenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia: pitfalls in radiocolloid imaging.", "content": "Both hepatoadenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia must be considered in the differential diagnosis of right upper quadrant pain or mass in young women taking oral contraceptives. Three new cases are presented, and the radionuclide scan findings of 35 additional cases reviewed. There is great variability in the radiocolloid liver scans of these entities. Hepatoadenomas often develop along the inferior margin of the liver, and may therefore go undetected by radiocolloid imaging.", "contents": "Hepatoadenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia: pitfalls in radiocolloid imaging. Both hepatoadenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia must be considered in the differential diagnosis of right upper quadrant pain or mass in young women taking oral contraceptives. Three new cases are presented, and the radionuclide scan findings of 35 additional cases reviewed. There is great variability in the radiocolloid liver scans of these entities. Hepatoadenomas often develop along the inferior margin of the liver, and may therefore go undetected by radiocolloid imaging."}
{"id": "PMID:910057", "title": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome: its relationship to aganglionosis and meconium plug syndrome.", "content": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome is a cause of functional colon obstruction in newborn infants, with a high association of maternal diabetes. There has been much confusion regarding its relationship to meconium plug syndrome and aganglionosis. Six cases of aganglionosis (2 in infants of diabetic mothers) were encountered in which the radiographic findings were identical to small left colon syndrome, indicating the need for caution in dismissing aganglionosis solely on the basis of a small left colon seen radiographically in a newborn infant with colon obstruction. Small left colon and meconium plug syndrome are overlapping entities in the total spectrum of functional intestinal obstruction in newborn infants.", "contents": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome: its relationship to aganglionosis and meconium plug syndrome. Neonatal small left colon syndrome is a cause of functional colon obstruction in newborn infants, with a high association of maternal diabetes. There has been much confusion regarding its relationship to meconium plug syndrome and aganglionosis. Six cases of aganglionosis (2 in infants of diabetic mothers) were encountered in which the radiographic findings were identical to small left colon syndrome, indicating the need for caution in dismissing aganglionosis solely on the basis of a small left colon seen radiographically in a newborn infant with colon obstruction. Small left colon and meconium plug syndrome are overlapping entities in the total spectrum of functional intestinal obstruction in newborn infants."}
{"id": "PMID:910058", "title": "Neonatal intussusception. Report of 12 cases.", "content": "Twelve cases of neonatal intussusception are presented and another 25 taken from the literature are reviewed. Intussusception in the first month of life is a distinct clinical and pathological entity, presenting as bowel obstruction in the first days and usually led by a tumor. In the past, a high mortality rate has been related to late diagnosis. The barium-enema examination is diagnostic.", "contents": "Neonatal intussusception. Report of 12 cases. Twelve cases of neonatal intussusception are presented and another 25 taken from the literature are reviewed. Intussusception in the first month of life is a distinct clinical and pathological entity, presenting as bowel obstruction in the first days and usually led by a tumor. In the past, a high mortality rate has been related to late diagnosis. The barium-enema examination is diagnostic."}
{"id": "PMID:910059", "title": "A spectrum of diseases of the thyroid gland as imaged by gray scale water bath sonography.", "content": "A method of performing gray scale thyroid echography with a 3.5 MHz focused transducer and an open water bath is described. A preliminary echographic classification of abnormalities and representative echograms illustrating various thyroid disorders are presented.", "contents": "A spectrum of diseases of the thyroid gland as imaged by gray scale water bath sonography. A method of performing gray scale thyroid echography with a 3.5 MHz focused transducer and an open water bath is described. A preliminary echographic classification of abnormalities and representative echograms illustrating various thyroid disorders are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:910060", "title": "The reliability of echocardiography in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.", "content": "The echocardiograms of 17 patients with proved infective endocarditis were surveyed to assess the reliability of echocardiography in this disease. Vegetations were present on 20 valves (11 aortic, 7 mitral, 2 tricuspid) at surgery or autopsy. Echocardiography correctly identified the abnormality in 11 valves. There were 8 valves with false-negative studies of which only one examination was technically inadequate. One false-positive echocardiogram was found. A negative echocardiogram does not exclude infective endocarditis. The size of the vegetation is not the only consideration in its detection echocardiographically. False-positive and false negative studies are discussed.", "contents": "The reliability of echocardiography in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. The echocardiograms of 17 patients with proved infective endocarditis were surveyed to assess the reliability of echocardiography in this disease. Vegetations were present on 20 valves (11 aortic, 7 mitral, 2 tricuspid) at surgery or autopsy. Echocardiography correctly identified the abnormality in 11 valves. There were 8 valves with false-negative studies of which only one examination was technically inadequate. One false-positive echocardiogram was found. A negative echocardiogram does not exclude infective endocarditis. The size of the vegetation is not the only consideration in its detection echocardiographically. False-positive and false negative studies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910061", "title": "Gray-scale ultrasonography of the normal female pelvis.", "content": "The pelvis was evaluated with gray-scale ultrasound in 45 normal females, important aspects of instrumentation, changes in scanning techniques, and pitfalls in the identification of various normal anatomical structures are described, and normal ranges of uterine size and ovarian volume are reported.", "contents": "Gray-scale ultrasonography of the normal female pelvis. The pelvis was evaluated with gray-scale ultrasound in 45 normal females, important aspects of instrumentation, changes in scanning techniques, and pitfalls in the identification of various normal anatomical structures are described, and normal ranges of uterine size and ovarian volume are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:910062", "title": "The accuracy of retroperitoneal ultrasonography in Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Three hundred and thirty-six B-mode ultrasound examinations of the retroperitoneal region were performed on 179 patients with Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; histological confirmation was available in 56 patients. Ultrasonography was correct in predicting retroperitoneal periaortic lymph node involvement in 87.5% of cases. Node size was correctly predicted 98.2% of the time, and nodes 2 cm or larger in diameter were detectable. Ultrasound was more accurate than physical examination, and as accurate as gallium-67 imaging and lymphography in disease detection. The combination of ultrasound and gallium imaging gave the best accuracy of detection (97%).", "contents": "The accuracy of retroperitoneal ultrasonography in Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Three hundred and thirty-six B-mode ultrasound examinations of the retroperitoneal region were performed on 179 patients with Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; histological confirmation was available in 56 patients. Ultrasonography was correct in predicting retroperitoneal periaortic lymph node involvement in 87.5% of cases. Node size was correctly predicted 98.2% of the time, and nodes 2 cm or larger in diameter were detectable. Ultrasound was more accurate than physical examination, and as accurate as gallium-67 imaging and lymphography in disease detection. The combination of ultrasound and gallium imaging gave the best accuracy of detection (97%)."}
{"id": "PMID:910063", "title": "Current status of clinical pion radiotherapy.", "content": "An RBE for acute skin reaction to peak pions, for a specific fractionation scheme, has been established at 1.40-1.44. The time of development of acute skin reactions varied in 2 patients with 30 metastatic skin nodules treated with doses varying from 1,175 to 1,951 peak pions and 2,350 to 3,901 rads of 100 kVp x rays. The reactions reached their peak approximately one week apart at all dose levels with both forms of radiation. No untoward effects have been seen in epidermis or subcutaneous tissues as late as 169 days after the start of treatment. All nodules disappeared and have not returned 169 days after treatment. There is a strong suggestion that the response of thick tumors is sensitive to the proportion of high LET radiation deposited at various levels in the tumor.", "contents": "Current status of clinical pion radiotherapy. An RBE for acute skin reaction to peak pions, for a specific fractionation scheme, has been established at 1.40-1.44. The time of development of acute skin reactions varied in 2 patients with 30 metastatic skin nodules treated with doses varying from 1,175 to 1,951 peak pions and 2,350 to 3,901 rads of 100 kVp x rays. The reactions reached their peak approximately one week apart at all dose levels with both forms of radiation. No untoward effects have been seen in epidermis or subcutaneous tissues as late as 169 days after the start of treatment. All nodules disappeared and have not returned 169 days after treatment. There is a strong suggestion that the response of thick tumors is sensitive to the proportion of high LET radiation deposited at various levels in the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:910064", "title": "Biological aspects of high LET radiation therapy.", "content": "Biological information suggests that high LET radiations could be used advantageously in radiation therapy. The radiation responses of cells and tissues are described in general terms with respect to the following aspects of high LET radiations considered for therapeutic use: spatial distribution of biological effect, oxygen enhancement of cell lethality in mixed LET radiation beams, dependence of oxygen enhancement of cell lethality upon the microscopic distribution of energy loss, gain factors due to relative biological effectiveness alone, and recovery from sublethal cellular damage. It is concluded that there is no single advantage to the use of high LET radiations in radiation therapy, but that combinations of advantages may exist for different radiations and different tumor-normal tissue combinations. Cases in which inverse gain factors occur are to be avoided.", "contents": "Biological aspects of high LET radiation therapy. Biological information suggests that high LET radiations could be used advantageously in radiation therapy. The radiation responses of cells and tissues are described in general terms with respect to the following aspects of high LET radiations considered for therapeutic use: spatial distribution of biological effect, oxygen enhancement of cell lethality in mixed LET radiation beams, dependence of oxygen enhancement of cell lethality upon the microscopic distribution of energy loss, gain factors due to relative biological effectiveness alone, and recovery from sublethal cellular damage. It is concluded that there is no single advantage to the use of high LET radiations in radiation therapy, but that combinations of advantages may exist for different radiations and different tumor-normal tissue combinations. Cases in which inverse gain factors occur are to be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:910065", "title": "The use of photogrammetry in tissue compensator design. Part I: photogrammetric determination of patient topography.", "content": "The surface topography of a patient can be determined by photogrammetry before beginning radiotherapy. The source light of the therapy unit or simulator is used to project a grid pattern onto the patient, and this is then photographed together with control points consisting of miniature light bulbs mounted on a frame suspended from the wedge slot of the therapy machine. When the photograph is projected onto a graphics terminal for data entry into a computer, the three-dimensional topography of the patient's surface can be reconstructed as a two-dimensional matrix of discrete points. A computer algorithm can then design a tissue compensator to fit the individual patient.", "contents": "The use of photogrammetry in tissue compensator design. Part I: photogrammetric determination of patient topography. The surface topography of a patient can be determined by photogrammetry before beginning radiotherapy. The source light of the therapy unit or simulator is used to project a grid pattern onto the patient, and this is then photographed together with control points consisting of miniature light bulbs mounted on a frame suspended from the wedge slot of the therapy machine. When the photograph is projected onto a graphics terminal for data entry into a computer, the three-dimensional topography of the patient's surface can be reconstructed as a two-dimensional matrix of discrete points. A computer algorithm can then design a tissue compensator to fit the individual patient."}
{"id": "PMID:910066", "title": "The use of photogrammetry in tissue compensator design. Part II: experimental verification of compensator design.", "content": "A computer algorithm for designing sheet lead tissue compensators is described. Corrections are made for scatter within the radiation field as well as the shape of the patient for the mantle fields used in treating Hodgkin's disease. The method was tested experimentally with a phantom and found to be clinically acceptable. The advantages of employing this technique with parallel opposed fields are emphasized.", "contents": "The use of photogrammetry in tissue compensator design. Part II: experimental verification of compensator design. A computer algorithm for designing sheet lead tissue compensators is described. Corrections are made for scatter within the radiation field as well as the shape of the patient for the mantle fields used in treating Hodgkin's disease. The method was tested experimentally with a phantom and found to be clinically acceptable. The advantages of employing this technique with parallel opposed fields are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:910067", "title": "Preliminary studies using electron radiography for mammography.", "content": "An electron radiography mammography system was used for phantom studies and to obtain 230 craniocaudal view patient studies, of which 140 were compared to xeroradiographs for their ability to visualize 7 features of diagnostic importance. The average exposure of the electron radiographs was 89 mR. The technique was considered equal or superior to xeroradiography in 58% of the compared diagnostic features, while patient dose was reduced.", "contents": "Preliminary studies using electron radiography for mammography. An electron radiography mammography system was used for phantom studies and to obtain 230 craniocaudal view patient studies, of which 140 were compared to xeroradiographs for their ability to visualize 7 features of diagnostic importance. The average exposure of the electron radiographs was 89 mR. The technique was considered equal or superior to xeroradiography in 58% of the compared diagnostic features, while patient dose was reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:910068", "title": "Potentiation of radiation effects in hypoxic HeLa cells.", "content": "HeLa cells were irradiated with two doses of gamma rays: the first dose was delivered under hypoxic conditions and the second dose was delivered under oxygenated conditions. Increased inactivation of cellular proliferative capacity as a function of intervening time was obtained when hypoxic conditions were maintained between doses. Hypoxic protection from ionizing irradiation can be counteracted by manipulating postirradiation conditions.", "contents": "Potentiation of radiation effects in hypoxic HeLa cells. HeLa cells were irradiated with two doses of gamma rays: the first dose was delivered under hypoxic conditions and the second dose was delivered under oxygenated conditions. Increased inactivation of cellular proliferative capacity as a function of intervening time was obtained when hypoxic conditions were maintained between doses. Hypoxic protection from ionizing irradiation can be counteracted by manipulating postirradiation conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:910069", "title": "Enhancement of radiation effect on mouse intestinal crypt survival by timing of 5-fluorouracil administration.", "content": "There is a marked dependence of mouse crypt survival on the sequence of combined drug-radiation treatment and on the time lapse between irradiation and drug administration. When 5-fluorouracil is administered 6 hours after irradiation or later (up to 18 hours postirradiation), crypt survival drops significantly.", "contents": "Enhancement of radiation effect on mouse intestinal crypt survival by timing of 5-fluorouracil administration. There is a marked dependence of mouse crypt survival on the sequence of combined drug-radiation treatment and on the time lapse between irradiation and drug administration. When 5-fluorouracil is administered 6 hours after irradiation or later (up to 18 hours postirradiation), crypt survival drops significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:910070", "title": "Barium enema examination using a remote controlled positive and negative contrast media inflator.", "content": "In a series of 30 patients, barium enema examination of the colon was performed via a remote controlled air and contrast media inflator. With this apparatus, introduction and elimination of air and barium into the colon can be accomplished at a freely adjustable rate of injection by remote control. Fluoroscopy time is significantly reduced and the operator is not exposed to radiation.", "contents": "Barium enema examination using a remote controlled positive and negative contrast media inflator. In a series of 30 patients, barium enema examination of the colon was performed via a remote controlled air and contrast media inflator. With this apparatus, introduction and elimination of air and barium into the colon can be accomplished at a freely adjustable rate of injection by remote control. Fluoroscopy time is significantly reduced and the operator is not exposed to radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:910071", "title": "A modified lateral projection for anterior and posterior lips of the acetabulum.", "content": "The standard lateral positions of the acetabulum in injured patients may induce additional trauma. The authors devised a lateral projection which is more comfortable to maintain than the standard views and is potentially less dangerous.", "contents": "A modified lateral projection for anterior and posterior lips of the acetabulum. The standard lateral positions of the acetabulum in injured patients may induce additional trauma. The authors devised a lateral projection which is more comfortable to maintain than the standard views and is potentially less dangerous."}
{"id": "PMID:910073", "title": "Catheter therapy: fluoroscopic monitoring of deliberate embolic occlusion.", "content": "In the deliberate embolic occlusion of arteriovenous malformations (AVM's and vascular tumors, complications can occur when emboli pass into arteries supplying normal structures. Maximum safety and precision is gained by direct fluoroscopic visualization of the occlusion process done by suspending the particles in a contrast agent and monitoring the ever-decreasing vessel runoff. The technique has been useful in the treatment of intra- and extracranial AVM's and tumors.", "contents": "Catheter therapy: fluoroscopic monitoring of deliberate embolic occlusion. In the deliberate embolic occlusion of arteriovenous malformations (AVM's and vascular tumors, complications can occur when emboli pass into arteries supplying normal structures. Maximum safety and precision is gained by direct fluoroscopic visualization of the occlusion process done by suspending the particles in a contrast agent and monitoring the ever-decreasing vessel runoff. The technique has been useful in the treatment of intra- and extracranial AVM's and tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:910076", "title": "Participation by radiologists in coronary angiography.", "content": "Coronary angiography is one of the few radiologic procedures which remains largely under the control of another medical specialty. There are several contributing reasons, none of which justify continuation of this situation. A more active role for radiologists in performing coronary angiography is urged.", "contents": "Participation by radiologists in coronary angiography. Coronary angiography is one of the few radiologic procedures which remains largely under the control of another medical specialty. There are several contributing reasons, none of which justify continuation of this situation. A more active role for radiologists in performing coronary angiography is urged."}
{"id": "PMID:910083", "title": "The wound healing of the liver after thermonecrosis. Autoradiographical investigations with 3H-thymidine on rats.", "content": "Histological and autoradiographical studies were performed on the liver of rats after local thermonecrosis. The results were compared with those after local cryonecrosis. After thermocoagulation (740 degrees C/4 sec) each animal received an i.p. injection of 3H-TdR (2.5 micronC/1 g body weight). The survival times ranged from 12 hours to 30 days. In the HE stained histological slides the morphological changes and the percentages of the cells in the granulation tissue and in the stripping film autoradiograms the percentages of radioactively labeled fibroblasts and hepatocytes were determined. After 12--24 hours the thermonecrosis is complete with leucocytic demarcations. Five days later widespread granulation tissue develops in the marginal zone of the necrosis. 20 to 30 days after thermocoagulation small necrotic parts are still seen in the center sorrounded by a fibrous scar. Autoradiographically the highest percentages of labeled epithelial and mesenchymal cells are observed between the second and the third postoperative day. Four weeks after thermonecrosis there are still increased cellular proliferative activities. Therefore, it can be stated that the inflammatory resorptive woundhealing processes following thermonecrosis in the liver are maintained much longer than after other physical injuries especially after cryonecrosis.", "contents": "The wound healing of the liver after thermonecrosis. Autoradiographical investigations with 3H-thymidine on rats. Histological and autoradiographical studies were performed on the liver of rats after local thermonecrosis. The results were compared with those after local cryonecrosis. After thermocoagulation (740 degrees C/4 sec) each animal received an i.p. injection of 3H-TdR (2.5 micronC/1 g body weight). The survival times ranged from 12 hours to 30 days. In the HE stained histological slides the morphological changes and the percentages of the cells in the granulation tissue and in the stripping film autoradiograms the percentages of radioactively labeled fibroblasts and hepatocytes were determined. After 12--24 hours the thermonecrosis is complete with leucocytic demarcations. Five days later widespread granulation tissue develops in the marginal zone of the necrosis. 20 to 30 days after thermocoagulation small necrotic parts are still seen in the center sorrounded by a fibrous scar. Autoradiographically the highest percentages of labeled epithelial and mesenchymal cells are observed between the second and the third postoperative day. Four weeks after thermonecrosis there are still increased cellular proliferative activities. Therefore, it can be stated that the inflammatory resorptive woundhealing processes following thermonecrosis in the liver are maintained much longer than after other physical injuries especially after cryonecrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:910084", "title": "Cardio-respiratory synchronisms: synchrony with artificial circulation.", "content": "Rabbits with an artificial cerebral circulation can synchronize their respiratory rhythm with the pump stroke. There is evidence that the responsible kybernetic system is of a very elementary nature. The efficacy of the system is considerable and the experimental set-up as a whole offers itself as a model to search for drugs to increase the synchronizing potentialities.", "contents": "Cardio-respiratory synchronisms: synchrony with artificial circulation. Rabbits with an artificial cerebral circulation can synchronize their respiratory rhythm with the pump stroke. There is evidence that the responsible kybernetic system is of a very elementary nature. The efficacy of the system is considerable and the experimental set-up as a whole offers itself as a model to search for drugs to increase the synchronizing potentialities."}
{"id": "PMID:910085", "title": "[Morphologic investigations on the toxicity of orally applied CDCA in the liver, gastro intestinal tract, kidney and adrenal gland of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Light- and electron microscopic alterations of the liver and light microscopic findings in the gastro intestinal tract, the kidney and adrenal gland of 80 female Wistar-Rats under CDCA therapy are reported. CDCA was applied by means of an endopharnygeal tube over a period of 60 days in doses of 150, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight. The organs were examined at different times. We compared the achieved findings to results obtained already beforehand by light- and electron microscopy after application of 20, 50 and 90 mg/kg body weight and day: Up to a dosage of 90 mg/kg morphological changes of the liver were only visible electron optically, from 150 mg/kg onward they could be seen light optically as well. After 60 days a cirrhosis-like picture had developed. The lethal dose was established at 1000 mg/kg. There were no pathological alterations in the gastrointestinal tract and no definite ones in the kidneys. The adrenal glands were unchanged.--Since there are in the rats, in spite of potent mechanisms of detoxication of CDCA and LCA, even at low doses morphological alterations to be seen, the existence of other toxic, at this moment still unknown metabolites is being discussed.", "contents": "[Morphologic investigations on the toxicity of orally applied CDCA in the liver, gastro intestinal tract, kidney and adrenal gland of the rat (author's transl)]. Light- and electron microscopic alterations of the liver and light microscopic findings in the gastro intestinal tract, the kidney and adrenal gland of 80 female Wistar-Rats under CDCA therapy are reported. CDCA was applied by means of an endopharnygeal tube over a period of 60 days in doses of 150, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight. The organs were examined at different times. We compared the achieved findings to results obtained already beforehand by light- and electron microscopy after application of 20, 50 and 90 mg/kg body weight and day: Up to a dosage of 90 mg/kg morphological changes of the liver were only visible electron optically, from 150 mg/kg onward they could be seen light optically as well. After 60 days a cirrhosis-like picture had developed. The lethal dose was established at 1000 mg/kg. There were no pathological alterations in the gastrointestinal tract and no definite ones in the kidneys. The adrenal glands were unchanged.--Since there are in the rats, in spite of potent mechanisms of detoxication of CDCA and LCA, even at low doses morphological alterations to be seen, the existence of other toxic, at this moment still unknown metabolites is being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910086", "title": "Clearance and dialysance of 3H-aldosterone in vitro.", "content": "Using an \"in vitro dialysis\" with different dialyzers, a significant decrease in 3H-aldosterone concentration was seen. From the decrease of 3H aldosterone elimination parameters were calculated. Half time of elimination was 21,5 min, the mean clearance of all dialyzers averaged 32.2 ml/min. The dialysances of 3H aldosterone evaluated with dialyzers of different surface areas were correlated with the surface areas of the dialyzers. From the results can be concluded, that besides individual influences of regulation, haemodialysis influences aldosterone concentration in plasma by physical factors.", "contents": "Clearance and dialysance of 3H-aldosterone in vitro. Using an \"in vitro dialysis\" with different dialyzers, a significant decrease in 3H-aldosterone concentration was seen. From the decrease of 3H aldosterone elimination parameters were calculated. Half time of elimination was 21,5 min, the mean clearance of all dialyzers averaged 32.2 ml/min. The dialysances of 3H aldosterone evaluated with dialyzers of different surface areas were correlated with the surface areas of the dialyzers. From the results can be concluded, that besides individual influences of regulation, haemodialysis influences aldosterone concentration in plasma by physical factors."}
{"id": "PMID:910087", "title": "The circulation in liver tissue and experimental liver metastases before and after embolization of the liver artery.", "content": "Simultaneous measurement of cardiac output distribution with 86Rubidium and 57Cobalt-tagged microspheres in rats implanted with liver tumors by intraportal injection of sarcoma cells enables quantitation of arterial and portal tumor circulation. The portal circulation was found to be increased in small tumors as compared to the liver, but as the tumor grew there was a decrease in the portal tumor circulation. When the tumor growth became massive even the total liver circulation was reduced, as measured with 133Xenon wash-out. All the tumors had increased arterial circulation. This arterial hyperperfusion was changed into ischemia when the liver artery was occluded through embolization with degradable microspheres.", "contents": "The circulation in liver tissue and experimental liver metastases before and after embolization of the liver artery. Simultaneous measurement of cardiac output distribution with 86Rubidium and 57Cobalt-tagged microspheres in rats implanted with liver tumors by intraportal injection of sarcoma cells enables quantitation of arterial and portal tumor circulation. The portal circulation was found to be increased in small tumors as compared to the liver, but as the tumor grew there was a decrease in the portal tumor circulation. When the tumor growth became massive even the total liver circulation was reduced, as measured with 133Xenon wash-out. All the tumors had increased arterial circulation. This arterial hyperperfusion was changed into ischemia when the liver artery was occluded through embolization with degradable microspheres."}
{"id": "PMID:910088", "title": "(3-14C) coumarin distribution in rat tissues after the injection of a single dose.", "content": "Experimentally it has been shown that coumarin is a very effective therapy in the treatment of high protein oedemas. This study reports on the distribution of a single dose of 3-14C-coumarin in rats. Blood levels of coumarin were always much lower than those of the tissues at similar times. The half life of 3-14C-coumarin and its labelled metabolites was found to be about 43 hours. This ties in fairly well with the optimum frequencies of the administration of the drug which was found to be 24 hours. At this time, skin and muscle levels (the tissues most effected in lymphoedema and in thermal oedema) were maximal.", "contents": "(3-14C) coumarin distribution in rat tissues after the injection of a single dose. Experimentally it has been shown that coumarin is a very effective therapy in the treatment of high protein oedemas. This study reports on the distribution of a single dose of 3-14C-coumarin in rats. Blood levels of coumarin were always much lower than those of the tissues at similar times. The half life of 3-14C-coumarin and its labelled metabolites was found to be about 43 hours. This ties in fairly well with the optimum frequencies of the administration of the drug which was found to be 24 hours. At this time, skin and muscle levels (the tissues most effected in lymphoedema and in thermal oedema) were maximal."}
{"id": "PMID:910089", "title": "Repeated corticosteroid injections into knee joints.", "content": "The effect of intra-articular injections of corticosteroids repeated over a period extending from four to 15 years on the radiological appearances of knee joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis has been studied. In 65 cases, the X-ray films of 15 showed no deterioration, 38 showed minimal or moderate deterioration, 10 showed marked deterioration and only 2 showed gross deterioration. The results do not support the contention that repeated intra-articular injections of corticosteroids will inevitably lead to rapid joint destruction. The authors are of the opinion that intraarticular injections of corticosteroids, if used judiciously, have an important part to play in the management of chronic arthritis.", "contents": "Repeated corticosteroid injections into knee joints. The effect of intra-articular injections of corticosteroids repeated over a period extending from four to 15 years on the radiological appearances of knee joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis has been studied. In 65 cases, the X-ray films of 15 showed no deterioration, 38 showed minimal or moderate deterioration, 10 showed marked deterioration and only 2 showed gross deterioration. The results do not support the contention that repeated intra-articular injections of corticosteroids will inevitably lead to rapid joint destruction. The authors are of the opinion that intraarticular injections of corticosteroids, if used judiciously, have an important part to play in the management of chronic arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:910090", "title": "Can chronic and self-perpetuating arthritis in the human be caused by arthrotropic undegraded microbial cell wall constituants? A working hypothesis.", "content": "Although the aetiological agents responsible for the initiation of rheumatoid arthritis in the human are not known, the possibility that the disease is of bacterial origin has been considered. The bacterial factors involved may be small fragments of undegraded wall components which persist for long periods within macrophages and trigger the active release of lysosomal enzymes which cause tissue destruction. The failure to identify such wall components in diseases tissues may be due to the lack of adequate sensitive techniques to detect minute amounts of these wall components, shown to trigger chronic destructive arthritis in laboratory animals. Two models of arthritis caused by mycobacterial and streptococcal wall components are described and the possible role played by immune responses, to the persisting bacterial factors, in the pathogenesis of human arthritis is discussed.", "contents": "Can chronic and self-perpetuating arthritis in the human be caused by arthrotropic undegraded microbial cell wall constituants? A working hypothesis. Although the aetiological agents responsible for the initiation of rheumatoid arthritis in the human are not known, the possibility that the disease is of bacterial origin has been considered. The bacterial factors involved may be small fragments of undegraded wall components which persist for long periods within macrophages and trigger the active release of lysosomal enzymes which cause tissue destruction. The failure to identify such wall components in diseases tissues may be due to the lack of adequate sensitive techniques to detect minute amounts of these wall components, shown to trigger chronic destructive arthritis in laboratory animals. Two models of arthritis caused by mycobacterial and streptococcal wall components are described and the possible role played by immune responses, to the persisting bacterial factors, in the pathogenesis of human arthritis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910091", "title": "Arthritis with sigmoid volvulus and HL-A B27.", "content": "A 43-year-old male developed seronegative polyarthritis after a short attack of diarrhoea. For about two years before he had experienced intermittent abdominal pain, distension and constipation. Laparotomy showed a chronic sigmoid volvulus for which sigmoid colectomy was performed. Post-operatively he had no further bowel symptoms, no further arthritis and there was radiological improvement of involved joints. Tissue typing showed HL-A B27 antigen.", "contents": "Arthritis with sigmoid volvulus and HL-A B27. A 43-year-old male developed seronegative polyarthritis after a short attack of diarrhoea. For about two years before he had experienced intermittent abdominal pain, distension and constipation. Laparotomy showed a chronic sigmoid volvulus for which sigmoid colectomy was performed. Post-operatively he had no further bowel symptoms, no further arthritis and there was radiological improvement of involved joints. Tissue typing showed HL-A B27 antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:910092", "title": "Dysphagia due to vertical subluxation of the axis in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Two patients with rheumatoid arthritis developed swallowing difficulties. These were mild in one case but severe in the other. Associated pyramidal tract signs and striking upward translocation of the dens made it seem probable that dysphagia was attributable to medullary compression despite the absence of other bulbar features. A history of dysphagia may therefore have serious implications for patients with rheumatoid disease.", "contents": "Dysphagia due to vertical subluxation of the axis in rheumatoid arthritis. Two patients with rheumatoid arthritis developed swallowing difficulties. These were mild in one case but severe in the other. Associated pyramidal tract signs and striking upward translocation of the dens made it seem probable that dysphagia was attributable to medullary compression despite the absence of other bulbar features. A history of dysphagia may therefore have serious implications for patients with rheumatoid disease."}
{"id": "PMID:910093", "title": "Voluntary isometric muscle strength of patients undergoing rehabilitation following fractures of the lower limb.", "content": "Isometric muscle strength was measured in 32 servicemen recovering from fractures of the lower limb. At the time when patients were admitted for rehabilitation there were marked reductions of strength in the injured limb of muscles acting at the hip, knee and ankle joints. Marked improvement of strength occurred during rehabilitation, but there were still significant differences between the limbs at the time of discharge from the rehabilitation unit.", "contents": "Voluntary isometric muscle strength of patients undergoing rehabilitation following fractures of the lower limb. Isometric muscle strength was measured in 32 servicemen recovering from fractures of the lower limb. At the time when patients were admitted for rehabilitation there were marked reductions of strength in the injured limb of muscles acting at the hip, knee and ankle joints. Marked improvement of strength occurred during rehabilitation, but there were still significant differences between the limbs at the time of discharge from the rehabilitation unit."}
{"id": "PMID:910095", "title": "Ankylosing spondylitis: klebsiella and HL-A B27.", "content": "A search for the presence of Klebsiella-Enterobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica in urine and faeces of 63 patients with ankylosing spondylitis was conducted because these microorganisms have been demonstrated to cross-react immunologically with HL-A B27 positive lymphocytes. The patients were graded into three groups on the basis of disease activity. Klebsiella spp. were found in the faeces of 13 (93%) of the 14 patients with 'active' disease, 10 (48%) of the 21 patients with 'probably active' disease and in one (4%) of the 28 patients with 'inactive' disease. Positive cultures were also obtained in 47 (38%) of 124 controls. It is suggested that the presence of Klebsiella spp. in faecal cultures may be associated with 'active' disease in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "Ankylosing spondylitis: klebsiella and HL-A B27. A search for the presence of Klebsiella-Enterobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica in urine and faeces of 63 patients with ankylosing spondylitis was conducted because these microorganisms have been demonstrated to cross-react immunologically with HL-A B27 positive lymphocytes. The patients were graded into three groups on the basis of disease activity. Klebsiella spp. were found in the faeces of 13 (93%) of the 14 patients with 'active' disease, 10 (48%) of the 21 patients with 'probably active' disease and in one (4%) of the 28 patients with 'inactive' disease. Positive cultures were also obtained in 47 (38%) of 124 controls. It is suggested that the presence of Klebsiella spp. in faecal cultures may be associated with 'active' disease in patients with ankylosing spondylitis."}
{"id": "PMID:910101", "title": "[Roentgenologic symptomatology of cardiomyopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "In a material of 162 patients with different types of cardiomyopathy it was found that the standard chest radiograms could give important contributions to the diagnosis of the disease. The two main groups hypertrophic and other cardiomyopathy could in most instances be separated from each other. Nearly all patients had an abnormal chest radiogram when first studied. A positive roentgen diagnosis no standard chest examination supports a clinically suspected diagnosis of cardiomyopathy and should be possible in at least 80% of the patients. Angiocardiography can always provide the diagnosis in unclear cases and gives details of anatamy and function of the left and right ventricles in patients where surgical intervention of an intraventricular obstruction is contemplated.", "contents": "[Roentgenologic symptomatology of cardiomyopathies (author's transl)]. In a material of 162 patients with different types of cardiomyopathy it was found that the standard chest radiograms could give important contributions to the diagnosis of the disease. The two main groups hypertrophic and other cardiomyopathy could in most instances be separated from each other. Nearly all patients had an abnormal chest radiogram when first studied. A positive roentgen diagnosis no standard chest examination supports a clinically suspected diagnosis of cardiomyopathy and should be possible in at least 80% of the patients. Angiocardiography can always provide the diagnosis in unclear cases and gives details of anatamy and function of the left and right ventricles in patients where surgical intervention of an intraventricular obstruction is contemplated."}
{"id": "PMID:910103", "title": "[Roentgen features and clinical clues to differential diagnosis of diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Diffuse interstitial fibrosis and secondary honey comb transformation of the lungs represent a serious irreversible condition resulting from numerous affections of heterogenous origin. Yielding, finally, a rather uniform scar pattern the courses of lesions afford, at all events, a merely phasic diagnosis of the underlying processes from the roentgenologic point of view. Any opportunities for tracing up etiologic factors and exerting therapeutic influence, if at all, will be restricted to initial stages of the, otherwise, impetuous development. The roentgen finding may give rise to suspicion in various respects, yet its features are, in principle, indifferent as to etiologic conclusions. Hence, the x-ray pattern requires thorough supplementay informations of detailed history, clinical data, laboratory and bioptic results, as well, in order to gain a chance for substantiate diagnosis and successful management. The topics concerning differential diagnosis are discussed with regard to various interstitial diseases of the lung and, especially, to the field of immunbiologic reactions.", "contents": "[Roentgen features and clinical clues to differential diagnosis of diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (author's transl)]. Diffuse interstitial fibrosis and secondary honey comb transformation of the lungs represent a serious irreversible condition resulting from numerous affections of heterogenous origin. Yielding, finally, a rather uniform scar pattern the courses of lesions afford, at all events, a merely phasic diagnosis of the underlying processes from the roentgenologic point of view. Any opportunities for tracing up etiologic factors and exerting therapeutic influence, if at all, will be restricted to initial stages of the, otherwise, impetuous development. The roentgen finding may give rise to suspicion in various respects, yet its features are, in principle, indifferent as to etiologic conclusions. Hence, the x-ray pattern requires thorough supplementay informations of detailed history, clinical data, laboratory and bioptic results, as well, in order to gain a chance for substantiate diagnosis and successful management. The topics concerning differential diagnosis are discussed with regard to various interstitial diseases of the lung and, especially, to the field of immunbiologic reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:910105", "title": "[Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome, connective tissue diseases and autoimmune pathology].", "content": "Each of the following conditions has a 4 to 6 percent frequency of association with the Gugerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome: systemic lupus erythematous, scleroderma, autoimmune liver disease (simple biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Association with a nodular periarteritis and a polymyositis is very much more unusual and should be discussed on account of the existence of myositis and the vascularity peculiar to the Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. Very many true or supposedly autoimmune diseases have been reported in association with the Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome: mixed connectivity, atrophying polychondritis, Reynolds' syndrome (scleroderma plus simple biliary cirrhosis), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, thyrotoxicosis of simple hypothyroidism, and total or partial lipodystrophy. The lacrymal and salivary condition is almost constant during systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, simple biliary cirrhosis and mixed connectivity. From the point of view of autoimmune pathology, the Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome might constitute either an autonomous condition when found in isolation or represent the exocrine glandular expression of a dysimmunitary disease with which it is associated.", "contents": "[Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome, connective tissue diseases and autoimmune pathology]. Each of the following conditions has a 4 to 6 percent frequency of association with the Gugerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome: systemic lupus erythematous, scleroderma, autoimmune liver disease (simple biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Association with a nodular periarteritis and a polymyositis is very much more unusual and should be discussed on account of the existence of myositis and the vascularity peculiar to the Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. Very many true or supposedly autoimmune diseases have been reported in association with the Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome: mixed connectivity, atrophying polychondritis, Reynolds' syndrome (scleroderma plus simple biliary cirrhosis), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, thyrotoxicosis of simple hypothyroidism, and total or partial lipodystrophy. The lacrymal and salivary condition is almost constant during systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, simple biliary cirrhosis and mixed connectivity. From the point of view of autoimmune pathology, the Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome might constitute either an autonomous condition when found in isolation or represent the exocrine glandular expression of a dysimmunitary disease with which it is associated."}
{"id": "PMID:910111", "title": "Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulphate in cartilage regenerated from perichondrium.", "content": "In a rabbit's ear cartilage an experimental defect was lined with a perichondrial flap and in a rabbit's trachea a defect in two tracheal cartilages was reconstructed with a free autogenous graft of aural perichondrium. Outgrowth of new tissue, morphologically indistinguishable from cartilage was observed within 4 weeks. In cartilage defects not bridged by perichondrium, no regeneration of cartilage occurred. Inorganic 35SO4, administered in vivo, was incorporated into the newly formed tissue. The labelled product was isolated and identified as chondroitin sulphate. The results support the view that authentic cartilage may be regenerated from the perichondrium.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulphate in cartilage regenerated from perichondrium. In a rabbit's ear cartilage an experimental defect was lined with a perichondrial flap and in a rabbit's trachea a defect in two tracheal cartilages was reconstructed with a free autogenous graft of aural perichondrium. Outgrowth of new tissue, morphologically indistinguishable from cartilage was observed within 4 weeks. In cartilage defects not bridged by perichondrium, no regeneration of cartilage occurred. Inorganic 35SO4, administered in vivo, was incorporated into the newly formed tissue. The labelled product was isolated and identified as chondroitin sulphate. The results support the view that authentic cartilage may be regenerated from the perichondrium."}
{"id": "PMID:910106", "title": "[Muscular lesions in Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome].", "content": "The authors review the literautre and then proceed to analyse a series of 16 cases of Gougerot Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome. The electromyogram (EMG) was abnormal on only 2 occasions. Histologically inflammatory aspects could be seen on 4 occasions with perifascicular atrophy in one case. Atrophy of II fibres was present in 7 cases together with signs of disorganization of the mitochondrial reticulum and images of mitochondrial aggregates. Under the electron microscope minor anomalies were particularly visiole and the internal structure was normal as often as not. Overall it is possible to distinguish forms of a subacute polymyositis type (4 cases), and a pauci-inflammatory myalgic type proximal to the scappular predominance (4 cases), in which the mitochondrial anomalies are commonest. Another \"infraclinical\" group shows no other frankly pathological changes. Finally in 3 cases the \"dry\" syndrome is strictly free of any muscular attack.", "contents": "[Muscular lesions in Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome]. The authors review the literautre and then proceed to analyse a series of 16 cases of Gougerot Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome. The electromyogram (EMG) was abnormal on only 2 occasions. Histologically inflammatory aspects could be seen on 4 occasions with perifascicular atrophy in one case. Atrophy of II fibres was present in 7 cases together with signs of disorganization of the mitochondrial reticulum and images of mitochondrial aggregates. Under the electron microscope minor anomalies were particularly visiole and the internal structure was normal as often as not. Overall it is possible to distinguish forms of a subacute polymyositis type (4 cases), and a pauci-inflammatory myalgic type proximal to the scappular predominance (4 cases), in which the mitochondrial anomalies are commonest. Another \"infraclinical\" group shows no other frankly pathological changes. Finally in 3 cases the \"dry\" syndrome is strictly free of any muscular attack."}
{"id": "PMID:910112", "title": "Zinc resorption from zinc-tape during wound healing. An experimental study in rats.", "content": "In the rat zinc is resorbed from excisional wounds treated with adhesive zinc-tape. High levels of zinc compared to those in gauze-treated controls were found in serum, granulation tissue and pancreas. An increase of serum copper was also found during the process of wound healing, but increase in serum copper was probably due to an elevation of ceruloplasmin in serum.", "contents": "Zinc resorption from zinc-tape during wound healing. An experimental study in rats. In the rat zinc is resorbed from excisional wounds treated with adhesive zinc-tape. High levels of zinc compared to those in gauze-treated controls were found in serum, granulation tissue and pancreas. An increase of serum copper was also found during the process of wound healing, but increase in serum copper was probably due to an elevation of ceruloplasmin in serum."}
{"id": "PMID:910113", "title": "Seasonal incidence of cleft lips and cleft palates in Sweden, 1965--1974.", "content": "Seasonal trends of infants with cleft lips and palates born in Sweden during a ten-year period were investigated. The study is based on reports to the Swedish Register of Congenital Malformations supplemented with hospital data. Three different statistical methods were used: chi2 for heterogeneity between months, Edwards' method, and a squared sinus function technique. The tests were performed on birth date and date of last menstrual period (LMP) with and without correction for fluctuation in monthly birth rate. Statistical significant seasonality was found both for cleft lips with or without cleft palate (CLP) and for isolated cleft palate (CP) but only for LMP data. For CLP. a peak was found in March and for CP, in April.", "contents": "Seasonal incidence of cleft lips and cleft palates in Sweden, 1965--1974. Seasonal trends of infants with cleft lips and palates born in Sweden during a ten-year period were investigated. The study is based on reports to the Swedish Register of Congenital Malformations supplemented with hospital data. Three different statistical methods were used: chi2 for heterogeneity between months, Edwards' method, and a squared sinus function technique. The tests were performed on birth date and date of last menstrual period (LMP) with and without correction for fluctuation in monthly birth rate. Statistical significant seasonality was found both for cleft lips with or without cleft palate (CLP) and for isolated cleft palate (CP) but only for LMP data. For CLP. a peak was found in March and for CP, in April."}
{"id": "PMID:910114", "title": "Ulnar nerve compression at the elbow. Results of surgery in 85 cases.", "content": "An analysis after 1-18 years follow-up of 79 patients operated for ulnar nerve compression at the elbow. Favourable results seen after surgery seem independent of patients age and of duration and type of symptoms. Transposition to the front of the elbow with or without burial in an adjacent muscle was the operation of choice. When direct trauma has been given as an underlying cause the results are clearly worse. A surprisingly common association with Dupuytrens contracture and hypertension was encounted.", "contents": "Ulnar nerve compression at the elbow. Results of surgery in 85 cases. An analysis after 1-18 years follow-up of 79 patients operated for ulnar nerve compression at the elbow. Favourable results seen after surgery seem independent of patients age and of duration and type of symptoms. Transposition to the front of the elbow with or without burial in an adjacent muscle was the operation of choice. When direct trauma has been given as an underlying cause the results are clearly worse. A surprisingly common association with Dupuytrens contracture and hypertension was encounted."}
{"id": "PMID:910109", "title": "[Unrecognized posterior dislocations of the shoulder. Apropos of 6 cases].", "content": "Reporting six cases of posterior dislocation of the shoulder examined in a rheumatological setting, the authors emphasize the diagnostic difficulties in this condition. The post-epileptic aetiology is often unrecognized. Certain radiological techniques permit recognition of the dislocation, when the antero-posterior film shows little abnormal. The authors analyze the anatomical lesions, which sometimes include fracture, and review the orthopaedic and surgical treatments, and the results obtained.", "contents": "[Unrecognized posterior dislocations of the shoulder. Apropos of 6 cases]. Reporting six cases of posterior dislocation of the shoulder examined in a rheumatological setting, the authors emphasize the diagnostic difficulties in this condition. The post-epileptic aetiology is often unrecognized. Certain radiological techniques permit recognition of the dislocation, when the antero-posterior film shows little abnormal. The authors analyze the anatomical lesions, which sometimes include fracture, and review the orthopaedic and surgical treatments, and the results obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:910110", "title": "[Chemotaxis of human granulocytes \"in vitro\". Study of inflammatory rheumatic diseases].", "content": "68 mesures of chemiotaxis of the blood granulocytes carried out in 42 patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE-17 cases), rheumatoid polyarthritis (RP-15 cases) and sclerodermia (SD-10 cases) showed a deficit in 15 cases. The deficit seen is cellular or plasmatic in the former two conditions (SLE & RP) but purely cellular in the sclerodermia. In SLE there is a relationship between the chemiotaxic deficit and a renal attack or a reduction in complement. In RP a relationship was established between chemiotaxis and a marked rise in VS (?) (synovial volume ?) and the rheumatoid factor titre. A relationship with a visceral attack was seen in SD. Contrary to other studies reporting a constant chemiotaxic deficit in these conditions, the present work shows that the deficit : 1. exists in only a minority of patients ; 2. is transitory ; 3. is not associated solely with granulocytes but may also be related to plasmatic factors. The diminution of chemiotaxis which is always seen in the acute phase of the illness may result from the reduction on the quantities of less reactive granulocytes in the peripheral blood ; the most reactive pass out through the walls of the vessels and move towards the foci of inflammation.", "contents": "[Chemotaxis of human granulocytes \"in vitro\". Study of inflammatory rheumatic diseases]. 68 mesures of chemiotaxis of the blood granulocytes carried out in 42 patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE-17 cases), rheumatoid polyarthritis (RP-15 cases) and sclerodermia (SD-10 cases) showed a deficit in 15 cases. The deficit seen is cellular or plasmatic in the former two conditions (SLE & RP) but purely cellular in the sclerodermia. In SLE there is a relationship between the chemiotaxic deficit and a renal attack or a reduction in complement. In RP a relationship was established between chemiotaxis and a marked rise in VS (?) (synovial volume ?) and the rheumatoid factor titre. A relationship with a visceral attack was seen in SD. Contrary to other studies reporting a constant chemiotaxic deficit in these conditions, the present work shows that the deficit : 1. exists in only a minority of patients ; 2. is transitory ; 3. is not associated solely with granulocytes but may also be related to plasmatic factors. The diminution of chemiotaxis which is always seen in the acute phase of the illness may result from the reduction on the quantities of less reactive granulocytes in the peripheral blood ; the most reactive pass out through the walls of the vessels and move towards the foci of inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:910115", "title": "Burn injuries in Finland.", "content": "In the present investigation the burn injuries in Finland are estimated for a non-selected burns population. Annually 0.4% of the population seek medical care for burn injuries. The incidence of burns cases requiring hospital admission is 35/10(5) inhabitants/year. After initial treatment in the emergency ward, approximately 10% of burned adults and up to 25% of burned children are hospitalized. Of all burns cases requiring hospitalization, 55% are children under 15, 40% are adults of working age and only 5% are over 65 years of age. Men comprise two-thirds of the patients. The estimated bed capacity according to data collected is 20 per one million inhabitants (16 in the case of a continuous 100% load): 12 for adults and 8 for children. Of all the fatalities from burns, approximately 70% of deaths occur immediately from injury. The overall hospital mortality of burned adults is 5%, and 1% in children. The most typical burned child is a toddler with a burn covering less than 5% of the skin surface. The average burned adult in hospital is a man of 42 with 12% burn of total skin surface (3% of third degree) and who is discharged after 17 days of hospitalization.", "contents": "Burn injuries in Finland. In the present investigation the burn injuries in Finland are estimated for a non-selected burns population. Annually 0.4% of the population seek medical care for burn injuries. The incidence of burns cases requiring hospital admission is 35/10(5) inhabitants/year. After initial treatment in the emergency ward, approximately 10% of burned adults and up to 25% of burned children are hospitalized. Of all burns cases requiring hospitalization, 55% are children under 15, 40% are adults of working age and only 5% are over 65 years of age. Men comprise two-thirds of the patients. The estimated bed capacity according to data collected is 20 per one million inhabitants (16 in the case of a continuous 100% load): 12 for adults and 8 for children. Of all the fatalities from burns, approximately 70% of deaths occur immediately from injury. The overall hospital mortality of burned adults is 5%, and 1% in children. The most typical burned child is a toddler with a burn covering less than 5% of the skin surface. The average burned adult in hospital is a man of 42 with 12% burn of total skin surface (3% of third degree) and who is discharged after 17 days of hospitalization."}
{"id": "PMID:910116", "title": "Acute effects of burn injury on tissue gas tensions in the rabbit.", "content": "Early effects of 10% full-thickness skin burn on subcutaneous tissue PO2 and PCO2 levels were studied in anesthetized rabbits. Tissue gas tensions were determined by means of implanted Silastic tonometers in two different areas in each animal--the burn site itself, and an area remote from the injured tissue. Thermal injury resulted in a rapid, progressive decrease of the tissue PO2 in both locations, with the greatest decrease at the burn site. The minimum PO2 levels were achieved 3-6 hours post burn. The POC2 values increased markedly both in the burn areas and in the distant tissues immediately after the trauma and reached their maximum within 1-3 hours post burn. The greatest accumulation of carbon dioxide occured at the burn site. Six hours after burn the tissue PCO2 levels had been normalized. During the 6-hour observation period the mean arterial PO2 of the burned animals increased gradually from 73 to 95 mmHg, while the mean arterial PCO2 decreased by more than 50% of the original level. The latter effect was probably caused by hyperventilation. Intra-arterial injection of 5 ml of arterial blood from a burned rabbit into a control animal 3 hours post burn induced a significant decrease in cardiac output as well as decline in arterial, intraperitoneal, and tissue PO2 levels in the control rabbit, probably due to a circulatory depressant factor(s) present in the burn blood. When the same test was carried out one hour post burn or with normal blood, no decrease in oxygen tension occurred.", "contents": "Acute effects of burn injury on tissue gas tensions in the rabbit. Early effects of 10% full-thickness skin burn on subcutaneous tissue PO2 and PCO2 levels were studied in anesthetized rabbits. Tissue gas tensions were determined by means of implanted Silastic tonometers in two different areas in each animal--the burn site itself, and an area remote from the injured tissue. Thermal injury resulted in a rapid, progressive decrease of the tissue PO2 in both locations, with the greatest decrease at the burn site. The minimum PO2 levels were achieved 3-6 hours post burn. The POC2 values increased markedly both in the burn areas and in the distant tissues immediately after the trauma and reached their maximum within 1-3 hours post burn. The greatest accumulation of carbon dioxide occured at the burn site. Six hours after burn the tissue PCO2 levels had been normalized. During the 6-hour observation period the mean arterial PO2 of the burned animals increased gradually from 73 to 95 mmHg, while the mean arterial PCO2 decreased by more than 50% of the original level. The latter effect was probably caused by hyperventilation. Intra-arterial injection of 5 ml of arterial blood from a burned rabbit into a control animal 3 hours post burn induced a significant decrease in cardiac output as well as decline in arterial, intraperitoneal, and tissue PO2 levels in the control rabbit, probably due to a circulatory depressant factor(s) present in the burn blood. When the same test was carried out one hour post burn or with normal blood, no decrease in oxygen tension occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:910117", "title": "Tear drainage. Reconstruction by implantation of a glass tube prosthesis a.m. Lester T. Jones. Case report.", "content": "Good results are reported in patients with tear flow obstruction treated by implantation of a pyrex glass tube drain. Eight such drains were placed in seven patients with obstruction of the lacrimal canaliculi. Dependent drainage is established and this is aided by the negative pressure in the nose during inspiration.", "contents": "Tear drainage. Reconstruction by implantation of a glass tube prosthesis a.m. Lester T. Jones. Case report. Good results are reported in patients with tear flow obstruction treated by implantation of a pyrex glass tube drain. Eight such drains were placed in seven patients with obstruction of the lacrimal canaliculi. Dependent drainage is established and this is aided by the negative pressure in the nose during inspiration."}
{"id": "PMID:910118", "title": "The surface morphology of the melanoma cell. A scanning electron microscope study on the primary cutaneous melanoma.", "content": "The surface morphology of the melanoma cell in situ is summarized with regard to a study undertaken to elucidate the appearance of melanocytes and their differentiation in the surroundings of the malignant melanoma. Despite a non uniform cell pattern, several characteristic changes were found. The cells were 2-3 times the size of normal melanocytes, a number being differentiated by dendrites. The surface of the cell was marked by a numerous extensions, a number of which had differentiations that indicate a special function, though some smooth-surfaced cells were also found. It is possible that cell surfaces with many bulges and extensions are an expression of an unstable, undulating surface which could be of significance for the uncontrolled growth and metastasis of tumours.", "contents": "The surface morphology of the melanoma cell. A scanning electron microscope study on the primary cutaneous melanoma. The surface morphology of the melanoma cell in situ is summarized with regard to a study undertaken to elucidate the appearance of melanocytes and their differentiation in the surroundings of the malignant melanoma. Despite a non uniform cell pattern, several characteristic changes were found. The cells were 2-3 times the size of normal melanocytes, a number being differentiated by dendrites. The surface of the cell was marked by a numerous extensions, a number of which had differentiations that indicate a special function, though some smooth-surfaced cells were also found. It is possible that cell surfaces with many bulges and extensions are an expression of an unstable, undulating surface which could be of significance for the uncontrolled growth and metastasis of tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:910119", "title": "Unilateral condylar hyperplasia and the associated deformity of facial asymmetry. Case report.", "content": "The etiology of unilateral condylar hyperplasia is obscure. We believe that it is due more likely to an intra-uterine influence rather than to genetic disturbances. The disorder appears to have its basis in the cartilagenous growth centre of the mandibular condyle. The clinical picture varies a great deal, depending upon the onset of the growth upset relative to the age of the patient and the rate of growth. Two cases are reported. In one patient the anomalous growth pattern was apparent particularly in the condylar neck, which showed marked elongation, thickening and angulation. In the other patient the entire condyloid process appeared proportionately enlarged. The typical clinical history is one in which the patient had been aware for many years of progressive deviation of the jaw. Pain in the T.M.J. regions is rarely the presenting symptom. With recent advances of oral surgery, restoration of malocclusion and facial disharmony can be achieved by approaches other than the traditional procedure of condylectomy.", "contents": "Unilateral condylar hyperplasia and the associated deformity of facial asymmetry. Case report. The etiology of unilateral condylar hyperplasia is obscure. We believe that it is due more likely to an intra-uterine influence rather than to genetic disturbances. The disorder appears to have its basis in the cartilagenous growth centre of the mandibular condyle. The clinical picture varies a great deal, depending upon the onset of the growth upset relative to the age of the patient and the rate of growth. Two cases are reported. In one patient the anomalous growth pattern was apparent particularly in the condylar neck, which showed marked elongation, thickening and angulation. In the other patient the entire condyloid process appeared proportionately enlarged. The typical clinical history is one in which the patient had been aware for many years of progressive deviation of the jaw. Pain in the T.M.J. regions is rarely the presenting symptom. With recent advances of oral surgery, restoration of malocclusion and facial disharmony can be achieved by approaches other than the traditional procedure of condylectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:910121", "title": "Toxic effects of cadmium microparticles on the respiratory system. An experimental study on rats and mice.", "content": "An experimental study on rats and mice. Scand. j. work environ. & health 3 (1977) 116--121. Experiments on male, specific pathogen-free rats (193) and mice (66) are reported. The test and control animals received a single 15-min exposure to cadmium (cadmium oxide) and aluminum (alumina) microparticles, respectively. The air cadmium content was 10 mg/m3, and 4 microgram of this metal was retained by the lungs of the rats. The animals were observed for 24 days. The following significant differences appeared between the control and test groups: in the cadmium exposed rats the relative lung weight (percentage of body weight) became temporarily higher; the absolute number of alveolar macrophages decreased at first and then increased; numerous polymorphonuclear and lymphocytic cells appeared in the alveoli. According to these inflammatory phenomena, at the 48th h after exposure, there was an alteration in the clearance kinetics of inhaled bacteria and an increase in the death rate of cadmium exposed animals following a test infection with Salmonella enteritidis (rats) or Pasteurella multocida (mice) aerosols. The mechanism of cadmium toxic action on the respiratory system is discussed.", "contents": "Toxic effects of cadmium microparticles on the respiratory system. An experimental study on rats and mice. An experimental study on rats and mice. Scand. j. work environ. & health 3 (1977) 116--121. Experiments on male, specific pathogen-free rats (193) and mice (66) are reported. The test and control animals received a single 15-min exposure to cadmium (cadmium oxide) and aluminum (alumina) microparticles, respectively. The air cadmium content was 10 mg/m3, and 4 microgram of this metal was retained by the lungs of the rats. The animals were observed for 24 days. The following significant differences appeared between the control and test groups: in the cadmium exposed rats the relative lung weight (percentage of body weight) became temporarily higher; the absolute number of alveolar macrophages decreased at first and then increased; numerous polymorphonuclear and lymphocytic cells appeared in the alveoli. According to these inflammatory phenomena, at the 48th h after exposure, there was an alteration in the clearance kinetics of inhaled bacteria and an increase in the death rate of cadmium exposed animals following a test infection with Salmonella enteritidis (rats) or Pasteurella multocida (mice) aerosols. The mechanism of cadmium toxic action on the respiratory system is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910122", "title": "Tracheobronchial deposition of inhaled particles in rabbits.", "content": "Tracheobronchial deposition of inhaled particles in rabbit lung was studied after exposure to monodisperse aerosols 4--9 micrometer (aerodynamic diameter). Deposition was measured in terms of the particle content in free dissected bronchial sections from formaldehyde exposed and dried lungs. The free dissected part consisted of the lower section of the trachea and the lobe bronchi with their extensions from the five lobes. Deposition in this part of the tracheobronchial tree varied according to particle size, exposure technique, and individual. The range of the individual variation was about the same (300%) as the difference in deposition caused by changes in particle size (4 to 7 micrometer) and exposure technique (tracheal or oral tube). The individual variation could not be explained by any physiological factor, such as contraction in the respiratory tract. Rabbits treated intravenously with atropin had the same tracheobronchial deposition as a control group. On the other hand the individual variation in deposition could be explained by some anatomical factor since airway diameter and bronchial deposition showed a significant negative correlation.", "contents": "Tracheobronchial deposition of inhaled particles in rabbits. Tracheobronchial deposition of inhaled particles in rabbit lung was studied after exposure to monodisperse aerosols 4--9 micrometer (aerodynamic diameter). Deposition was measured in terms of the particle content in free dissected bronchial sections from formaldehyde exposed and dried lungs. The free dissected part consisted of the lower section of the trachea and the lobe bronchi with their extensions from the five lobes. Deposition in this part of the tracheobronchial tree varied according to particle size, exposure technique, and individual. The range of the individual variation was about the same (300%) as the difference in deposition caused by changes in particle size (4 to 7 micrometer) and exposure technique (tracheal or oral tube). The individual variation could not be explained by any physiological factor, such as contraction in the respiratory tract. Rabbits treated intravenously with atropin had the same tracheobronchial deposition as a control group. On the other hand the individual variation in deposition could be explained by some anatomical factor since airway diameter and bronchial deposition showed a significant negative correlation."}
{"id": "PMID:910123", "title": "Exposure of animals and man to toluene.", "content": "Twenty rats were exposed for 60 min to 14C-labeled toluene (1,950 mg/m3) in the inspired air. The largest amounts of toluene and its metabolites were found in the white adipose tissue. In a second series of experiments seven healthy male subjects were exposed to 375 mg/m3 of toluene in the air rest and during light, moderate and heavy physical exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The duration of each exposure period was 30 min. Of the seven male subjects three were thin, one was slightly overweight, and three were excessively overweight. The concentration of toluene in the alveolar air and the total uptake of toluene were determined during exposure. The thin subjects had a higher concentration of toluene in alveolar air than the other subjects both at rest and during exercise. The total uptake of toluene in the body during exposure showed that the subjects with the least amount of adipose tissue had the smallest uptake and the subjects with the largest amount of adipose tissue had the largest uptake.", "contents": "Exposure of animals and man to toluene. Twenty rats were exposed for 60 min to 14C-labeled toluene (1,950 mg/m3) in the inspired air. The largest amounts of toluene and its metabolites were found in the white adipose tissue. In a second series of experiments seven healthy male subjects were exposed to 375 mg/m3 of toluene in the air rest and during light, moderate and heavy physical exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The duration of each exposure period was 30 min. Of the seven male subjects three were thin, one was slightly overweight, and three were excessively overweight. The concentration of toluene in the alveolar air and the total uptake of toluene were determined during exposure. The thin subjects had a higher concentration of toluene in alveolar air than the other subjects both at rest and during exercise. The total uptake of toluene in the body during exposure showed that the subjects with the least amount of adipose tissue had the smallest uptake and the subjects with the largest amount of adipose tissue had the largest uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:910125", "title": "Work stress in long-line bank fishing.", "content": "The circulatory strain on three Faroe Island and two Norwegian fishermen during long-line bank fishing was assessed by the computerized analysis of their heart rates continuously recorded by portable tape recorders. The urinary excretion of catecholamines was assayed as an indicator of stress response. The average work load of the three Faroe Island deckhands was rather moderate; it corresponded to 26--33% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). However, heart rates higher than 50% of the HRR (9--18 min/24 H) as well as peak heart rates up to 165 beats/min indicated periods of intense physical strain, especially when the fish were being unhooked, an operation which, as a rule, cannot be endured for more than about 25 min at a time and which necessitates a work schedule of job rotation. These observations were confirmed by the findings made on board the Norwegian vessel. The urinary catecholamine excretion rates were lower than those of coastal fishermen and of the same order of magnitude as the excretion rates observed in trawler fishermen. It is concluded that, contrary to general belief, bank fishing need not be unsuitable for older fishermen, provided an effective system of job rotation is practiced and the size of the crew is large enough to allow for an adequate amount of sleep even during periods of exceptionally good fishing.", "contents": "Work stress in long-line bank fishing. The circulatory strain on three Faroe Island and two Norwegian fishermen during long-line bank fishing was assessed by the computerized analysis of their heart rates continuously recorded by portable tape recorders. The urinary excretion of catecholamines was assayed as an indicator of stress response. The average work load of the three Faroe Island deckhands was rather moderate; it corresponded to 26--33% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). However, heart rates higher than 50% of the HRR (9--18 min/24 H) as well as peak heart rates up to 165 beats/min indicated periods of intense physical strain, especially when the fish were being unhooked, an operation which, as a rule, cannot be endured for more than about 25 min at a time and which necessitates a work schedule of job rotation. These observations were confirmed by the findings made on board the Norwegian vessel. The urinary catecholamine excretion rates were lower than those of coastal fishermen and of the same order of magnitude as the excretion rates observed in trawler fishermen. It is concluded that, contrary to general belief, bank fishing need not be unsuitable for older fishermen, provided an effective system of job rotation is practiced and the size of the crew is large enough to allow for an adequate amount of sleep even during periods of exceptionally good fishing."}
{"id": "PMID:910128", "title": "Saltatory motility of uninserted trichocysts and mitochondria in Paramecium tetraurelia.", "content": "In the subcortical regions of the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia, mitochondria and uninserted trichocysts each display saltatory motility with individual characteristics, making them distinguishable from each other and from cellular cyclosis. The saltatory motion of trichocysts is implicated as the means of transporting new trichocysts from the cytoplasm to their ultimate locations in the cellular cortex. Saltatory motion may also be a factor in the intracellular distribution of mitochondria.", "contents": "Saltatory motility of uninserted trichocysts and mitochondria in Paramecium tetraurelia. In the subcortical regions of the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia, mitochondria and uninserted trichocysts each display saltatory motility with individual characteristics, making them distinguishable from each other and from cellular cyclosis. The saltatory motion of trichocysts is implicated as the means of transporting new trichocysts from the cytoplasm to their ultimate locations in the cellular cortex. Saltatory motion may also be a factor in the intracellular distribution of mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:910129", "title": "Erythrocyte lipids in heterozygous carriers of duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Erythrocyte membranes from heterozygous carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy exhibit a diminished amount of palmitoleic acid when compared to membranes from normal subjects. A similar, but more variable, diminution is observed in the case of patients with this disorder. The change in fatty acid composition appears related to a low membrane triglyceride content and may provide both a possible technique for carrier detection and a clue regarding pathogenesis.", "contents": "Erythrocyte lipids in heterozygous carriers of duchenne muscular dystrophy. Erythrocyte membranes from heterozygous carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy exhibit a diminished amount of palmitoleic acid when compared to membranes from normal subjects. A similar, but more variable, diminution is observed in the case of patients with this disorder. The change in fatty acid composition appears related to a low membrane triglyceride content and may provide both a possible technique for carrier detection and a clue regarding pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:910130", "title": "Glyoxalase I polymorphism in the mouse: a new genetic marker linked to H-2.", "content": "Two electrophoretically distinct variants of glyoxalase I (Glo-I) are present in mouse (Mus musculus). The two forms are controlled by two codominant alleles Glo-1a (common) and Glo-1b (rare) at an autosomal locus. A linkage study showed that Glo-1 maps at approximately 3 centimorgans from the Ss locus of the H-2 histocompatibility region. A similar linkage relationship exists in man between GLO and HLA, the human homolog of the H-2 gene complex. Thus, the chromosomal segment evolutionarily preserved in the two species is longer than previously suspected, and it includes genes with no obvious functional relation to the other components of the major histocompatibility complex. Several features of the Glo-1 polymorphism in the mouse recommend it as a marker of choice for the H-2 region.", "contents": "Glyoxalase I polymorphism in the mouse: a new genetic marker linked to H-2. Two electrophoretically distinct variants of glyoxalase I (Glo-I) are present in mouse (Mus musculus). The two forms are controlled by two codominant alleles Glo-1a (common) and Glo-1b (rare) at an autosomal locus. A linkage study showed that Glo-1 maps at approximately 3 centimorgans from the Ss locus of the H-2 histocompatibility region. A similar linkage relationship exists in man between GLO and HLA, the human homolog of the H-2 gene complex. Thus, the chromosomal segment evolutionarily preserved in the two species is longer than previously suspected, and it includes genes with no obvious functional relation to the other components of the major histocompatibility complex. Several features of the Glo-1 polymorphism in the mouse recommend it as a marker of choice for the H-2 region."}
{"id": "PMID:910131", "title": "Elastase release from human alveolar macrophages: comparison between smokers and nonsmokers.", "content": "Alveolar macrophages from smokers, in contrast to those of non-smokers, release elastase into serum-free culture medium. Since enzymes that digest elastin produce pulmonary emphysema in experimental animals, release of elastase by alveolar macrophages from smokers suggests that these cells are important in the pathogenesis of emphysema of smokers.", "contents": "Elastase release from human alveolar macrophages: comparison between smokers and nonsmokers. Alveolar macrophages from smokers, in contrast to those of non-smokers, release elastase into serum-free culture medium. Since enzymes that digest elastin produce pulmonary emphysema in experimental animals, release of elastase by alveolar macrophages from smokers suggests that these cells are important in the pathogenesis of emphysema of smokers."}
{"id": "PMID:910132", "title": "How many anticodons?", "content": "Much new information on codon composition is becoming available from the sequencing of molecules of DNA and RNA. The \"wobble rules\" for codon-anticodon pairing are applicable to this information. These rules provide for only 54 anticodons to pair with 61 codons, because the base A is not found in the first position of anticodons.", "contents": "How many anticodons? Much new information on codon composition is becoming available from the sequencing of molecules of DNA and RNA. The \"wobble rules\" for codon-anticodon pairing are applicable to this information. These rules provide for only 54 anticodons to pair with 61 codons, because the base A is not found in the first position of anticodons."}
{"id": "PMID:910134", "title": "Testing the commitment theory of cellular aging.", "content": "The commitment theory may explain both the finite lifespan of diploid fibroblasts and the apparent immortality of transformed lines. Potentially immortal cells are assumed on division to generate with some fixed probability cells committed to senesce after a specific number of divisions. During the period between commitment and senescence, cells are assumed to maintain normal growth so that the uncommitted cells are diluted by committed ones and may ultimately be lost in subculturing. A number of predictions of this model are described and experiments strongly supporting the theory are reported. We conclude that the limited growth of diploid fibroblasts is, in effect, an artifact of normal culturing procedures.", "contents": "Testing the commitment theory of cellular aging. The commitment theory may explain both the finite lifespan of diploid fibroblasts and the apparent immortality of transformed lines. Potentially immortal cells are assumed on division to generate with some fixed probability cells committed to senesce after a specific number of divisions. During the period between commitment and senescence, cells are assumed to maintain normal growth so that the uncommitted cells are diluted by committed ones and may ultimately be lost in subculturing. A number of predictions of this model are described and experiments strongly supporting the theory are reported. We conclude that the limited growth of diploid fibroblasts is, in effect, an artifact of normal culturing procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:910135", "title": "Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and other vibrios: occurrence and distribution in Chesapeake Bay.", "content": "Vibrio cholerae was isolated at several locations in Chesapeake Bay in fall 1976 and spring 1977. Strains induced fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops and positive activity in Y-1 adrenal cells. Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and related vibrios show a spatial and temporal distribution characteristic of Vibrio species in an estuary. The Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from Chesapeake Bay represent serotypes other than O-group I--that is, so-called nonagglutinable vibrios--and are not recognized as a serious epidemic threat, although they have caused cholera-like diarrhea sporadically.", "contents": "Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and other vibrios: occurrence and distribution in Chesapeake Bay. Vibrio cholerae was isolated at several locations in Chesapeake Bay in fall 1976 and spring 1977. Strains induced fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops and positive activity in Y-1 adrenal cells. Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and related vibrios show a spatial and temporal distribution characteristic of Vibrio species in an estuary. The Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from Chesapeake Bay represent serotypes other than O-group I--that is, so-called nonagglutinable vibrios--and are not recognized as a serious epidemic threat, although they have caused cholera-like diarrhea sporadically."}
{"id": "PMID:910136", "title": "beta-Endorphin: endogenous opiate or neuroleptic?", "content": "The opiatelike neuropeptide beta-endorphin produces a spectrum of effects that contrasts with that induced by the neuroleptic haloperidol. Rats injected intraventricularly or directly into the periaqueductal gray with beta-endorphin (0.5 to 50 micrograms) exhibited rigid immobility accompanied by the loss of righting reflex; the period of rigidity was preceded or followed (depending upon dose) by a state of hyperactivity. In contrast, no dose of haloperidol tested (0.5 to 12 milligrams per kilogram) produced rigidity, loss of righting reflex, or behavioral excitation. Furthermore, whereas animals injected with haloperidol remained stationary on a vertical grid, rats injected with beta-endorphin typically slid off the grid. Moreover, combined beta-endorphin and haloperidol treatment produced flaccidity in most animals. These results do not support the contention that this opiatelike peptide may be a naturally occurring neuroleptic.", "contents": "beta-Endorphin: endogenous opiate or neuroleptic? The opiatelike neuropeptide beta-endorphin produces a spectrum of effects that contrasts with that induced by the neuroleptic haloperidol. Rats injected intraventricularly or directly into the periaqueductal gray with beta-endorphin (0.5 to 50 micrograms) exhibited rigid immobility accompanied by the loss of righting reflex; the period of rigidity was preceded or followed (depending upon dose) by a state of hyperactivity. In contrast, no dose of haloperidol tested (0.5 to 12 milligrams per kilogram) produced rigidity, loss of righting reflex, or behavioral excitation. Furthermore, whereas animals injected with haloperidol remained stationary on a vertical grid, rats injected with beta-endorphin typically slid off the grid. Moreover, combined beta-endorphin and haloperidol treatment produced flaccidity in most animals. These results do not support the contention that this opiatelike peptide may be a naturally occurring neuroleptic."}
{"id": "PMID:910137", "title": "Interdependence of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems on the two sides of the brain in the cat.", "content": "The release of [3H]dopamine in vivo was estimated in the left and right caudate nuclei of the cat during the continuous superfusion of the two structures with L-[3,5-3H]tyrosine by means of two \"push-pull\" cannulas. A lesion made in the left substantia nigra interrupted the release of [3H]dopamine in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus and was associated with a simultaneous increase in the release of [3H]dopamine on the contralateral side. The release of [3H]dopamine also decreased in the left caudate nucleus and increased in the right structure when dopamine was applied to the left substantia nigra which reduces the activity of the left dopaminergic pathway. A total of 120 estimations of the spontaneous release of [3H]dopamine were made simultaneously in the left and right caudate nuclei during periods characterized by a stable physiological state of the animals, and 76% of the estimations showed that an increase in the release of [3H]dopamine on one side corresponded to a decrease in the release of [3H]dopamine on the other side, and vice versa. These results demonstrate a close relation between the two nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems.", "contents": "Interdependence of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems on the two sides of the brain in the cat. The release of [3H]dopamine in vivo was estimated in the left and right caudate nuclei of the cat during the continuous superfusion of the two structures with L-[3,5-3H]tyrosine by means of two \"push-pull\" cannulas. A lesion made in the left substantia nigra interrupted the release of [3H]dopamine in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus and was associated with a simultaneous increase in the release of [3H]dopamine on the contralateral side. The release of [3H]dopamine also decreased in the left caudate nucleus and increased in the right structure when dopamine was applied to the left substantia nigra which reduces the activity of the left dopaminergic pathway. A total of 120 estimations of the spontaneous release of [3H]dopamine were made simultaneously in the left and right caudate nuclei during periods characterized by a stable physiological state of the animals, and 76% of the estimations showed that an increase in the release of [3H]dopamine on one side corresponded to a decrease in the release of [3H]dopamine on the other side, and vice versa. These results demonstrate a close relation between the two nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:910138", "title": "Reversal of cardiopulmonary failure during active sleep in hypoxic kittens: implications for sudden infant death.", "content": "Experimentally induced hypoxia in kittens precipitated episodes of depressed respiration and irregular cardiac function during quiet sleep, waking, and transitional states. The onset of active sleep stimulated both breathing and heart rate and decreased abnormal variability in these functions. However, hypoxia markedly reduced the proportion of active sleep. These data suggest that active sleep protects against respiratory and cardiac abnormalities in infants. Chronic hypoxemia or other factors that reduce active sleep in infants, including the normal developmental decrement in this state, may increase the risk of cardiopulmonary failure and death.", "contents": "Reversal of cardiopulmonary failure during active sleep in hypoxic kittens: implications for sudden infant death. Experimentally induced hypoxia in kittens precipitated episodes of depressed respiration and irregular cardiac function during quiet sleep, waking, and transitional states. The onset of active sleep stimulated both breathing and heart rate and decreased abnormal variability in these functions. However, hypoxia markedly reduced the proportion of active sleep. These data suggest that active sleep protects against respiratory and cardiac abnormalities in infants. Chronic hypoxemia or other factors that reduce active sleep in infants, including the normal developmental decrement in this state, may increase the risk of cardiopulmonary failure and death."}
{"id": "PMID:910139", "title": "Blind man living in normal society has circadian rhythms of 24.9 hours.", "content": "A psychologically normal blind man, living and working in normal society, suffered from a severe cyclic sleep-wake disorder. Investigations showed that he had circadian rhythms of body temperature, alertness, performance, cortisol secretion, and urinary electrolyte excretion which were desynchronized from the 24-hour societal schedule. These rhythms all had periods which were longer than 24 hours and indistinguishable from the period of the lunar day.", "contents": "Blind man living in normal society has circadian rhythms of 24.9 hours. A psychologically normal blind man, living and working in normal society, suffered from a severe cyclic sleep-wake disorder. Investigations showed that he had circadian rhythms of body temperature, alertness, performance, cortisol secretion, and urinary electrolyte excretion which were desynchronized from the 24-hour societal schedule. These rhythms all had periods which were longer than 24 hours and indistinguishable from the period of the lunar day."}
{"id": "PMID:910140", "title": "Increasing frequency of thyroid goiters in Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Great Lakes.", "content": "Coho salmon collected during the 1976 spawning runs from Lakes Michigan, Ontario, and Erie had overt goiter frequencies of 6.3, 47.6, and 79.5%, respectively. These represent significant increases over the frequencies observed in previous years. Epizootiological data suggest that environmental goitrogens (possibly pollutants) may be involved in the etiology of the thyroid disorder.", "contents": "Increasing frequency of thyroid goiters in Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Great Lakes. Coho salmon collected during the 1976 spawning runs from Lakes Michigan, Ontario, and Erie had overt goiter frequencies of 6.3, 47.6, and 79.5%, respectively. These represent significant increases over the frequencies observed in previous years. Epizootiological data suggest that environmental goitrogens (possibly pollutants) may be involved in the etiology of the thyroid disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:910142", "title": "Carbon-14-labeled diethylstilbestrol synthesis by the McMurry method: concurrent formation of hexestrol.", "content": "Isotopically labeled diethylstilbestrol prepared from p-methoxypropiophenone by coupling with TiCl3-LiA1H4 contained approximately 50% hexestrol. Nonlabeled preparations and a subsequent labeled preparation had less than 2% hexestrol in them. Initial examinations for purity by gas-liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and isotope dilution did not show the presence of hexestrol. Specific ion monitoring of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination revealed the presence of the deithylstilbestrol-hexestrol mixture.", "contents": "Carbon-14-labeled diethylstilbestrol synthesis by the McMurry method: concurrent formation of hexestrol. Isotopically labeled diethylstilbestrol prepared from p-methoxypropiophenone by coupling with TiCl3-LiA1H4 contained approximately 50% hexestrol. Nonlabeled preparations and a subsequent labeled preparation had less than 2% hexestrol in them. Initial examinations for purity by gas-liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and isotope dilution did not show the presence of hexestrol. Specific ion monitoring of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination revealed the presence of the deithylstilbestrol-hexestrol mixture."}
{"id": "PMID:910143", "title": "Metal mutagens and carcinogens affect RNA synthesis rates in a distinct manner.", "content": "Five metal salts (lead, cadmium, cobalt, copper, and manganese),which are mutagenic or carcinogenic, decreasing the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro, stimulated chain initiation of RNA synthesis at concentrations that inhibited overall RNA synthesis. In contrast, other metal salts (zinc, magnesium, lithium, sodium,and potassium) not in this category inhibited chain initiation of RNA synthesis at concentrations that inhibited overall RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Metal mutagens and carcinogens affect RNA synthesis rates in a distinct manner. Five metal salts (lead, cadmium, cobalt, copper, and manganese),which are mutagenic or carcinogenic, decreasing the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro, stimulated chain initiation of RNA synthesis at concentrations that inhibited overall RNA synthesis. In contrast, other metal salts (zinc, magnesium, lithium, sodium,and potassium) not in this category inhibited chain initiation of RNA synthesis at concentrations that inhibited overall RNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:910144", "title": "Axon-sparing brain lesioning technique: the use of monosodium-L-glutamate and other amino acids.", "content": "Infusions of monosodium-L-glutamate into the rostral hypothalamus, believed to contain neurons mediating satiety, produced persistent hyperphagia and obesity, thus suggesting that a brain lesion had been produced. Similar infusions into the caudal hypothalamus, believed to contain unmyelinated axons of passage that mediate satiety, failed to alter food intake or body weight. Histological examination of the affected tissue confirmed the behavioral evidence that suggests that this technique spares axons but destroys cell bodies. Infusion of several other amino acids also damaged neurons while sparing axons of passage.", "contents": "Axon-sparing brain lesioning technique: the use of monosodium-L-glutamate and other amino acids. Infusions of monosodium-L-glutamate into the rostral hypothalamus, believed to contain neurons mediating satiety, produced persistent hyperphagia and obesity, thus suggesting that a brain lesion had been produced. Similar infusions into the caudal hypothalamus, believed to contain unmyelinated axons of passage that mediate satiety, failed to alter food intake or body weight. Histological examination of the affected tissue confirmed the behavioral evidence that suggests that this technique spares axons but destroys cell bodies. Infusion of several other amino acids also damaged neurons while sparing axons of passage."}
{"id": "PMID:910145", "title": "Regenerating afferents establish synapses with a target neuron that lacks its cell body.", "content": "When the axons of crayfish tail-fan mechanoreceptor neurons are severed, the axons regenerate into the central nervous system and after 2 to 6 weeks reestablish functional contacts with their standard interneuronal target cells. Removal of the cell body and hence the genes of the largest of these interneurons does not interfere with the successful reestablishment of synapses between it and its afferents.", "contents": "Regenerating afferents establish synapses with a target neuron that lacks its cell body. When the axons of crayfish tail-fan mechanoreceptor neurons are severed, the axons regenerate into the central nervous system and after 2 to 6 weeks reestablish functional contacts with their standard interneuronal target cells. Removal of the cell body and hence the genes of the largest of these interneurons does not interfere with the successful reestablishment of synapses between it and its afferents."}
{"id": "PMID:910146", "title": "Spatial frequency and the mediation of short-term visual storage.", "content": "The perceived duration of a photopically illuminated, fixated grating presented for 50 milliseconds increased (from 300 to 500 milliseconds) with spatial frequency (0.9 to 15 cycles per degree). This suggests a sustained neural channel contribution to short-term visual storage, and argues against a pure photoreceptor, especially a rod, locus for such storage.", "contents": "Spatial frequency and the mediation of short-term visual storage. The perceived duration of a photopically illuminated, fixated grating presented for 50 milliseconds increased (from 300 to 500 milliseconds) with spatial frequency (0.9 to 15 cycles per degree). This suggests a sustained neural channel contribution to short-term visual storage, and argues against a pure photoreceptor, especially a rod, locus for such storage."}
{"id": "PMID:910147", "title": "Corneal endothelium damage with intraocular lenses: contact adhesion between surgical materials and tissue.", "content": "Intraocular lenses destroy corneal endothelial cells by contact adhesion between the acrylic lens and endothelial surfaces during cataract surgery. Glass and rubber surgical glove surfaces produce similar cell damage. This phenomenon may be important in many surgical procedures and appears to be preventable if a hydrophilic polymer interface is interposed between contacting tissue and the surfaces of materials used.", "contents": "Corneal endothelium damage with intraocular lenses: contact adhesion between surgical materials and tissue. Intraocular lenses destroy corneal endothelial cells by contact adhesion between the acrylic lens and endothelial surfaces during cataract surgery. Glass and rubber surgical glove surfaces produce similar cell damage. This phenomenon may be important in many surgical procedures and appears to be preventable if a hydrophilic polymer interface is interposed between contacting tissue and the surfaces of materials used."}
{"id": "PMID:910152", "title": "Carcinogenic risk assessment.", "content": "Carcinogenic risk assessment involves a mixture of statistical, scientific, and public policy considerations. Concepts in current use, such as \"no observed effect levels\" and \"virtual safety,\" and the problems in implementing them by means of dose-response models, particularly the probit-log dose and linear models are reviewed. The upper limits to risk provided by some conservative procedures are inconsistent with coherent balancing of risks and benefits. A common basis to the dose-response curves describing both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic effects is to be found in deactivating reactions. A simplified model in which a toxic substance is activated and deactivated in separate and simultaneous reactions is presented and the dose response curve implied by the model is deduced. This curve has the general form of a hockey stick, with the striking part flat or nearly flat until the dose administered saturates the deactivation system, after which the probability of a response rises rapidly. Such a curve describes the Bryan-Shimkin methylcholanthrene-tumor incidence dose response curve as well as the probit log-dose model. The concept of a saturation dose is relevant to risk assessments for carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic substances alike.", "contents": "Carcinogenic risk assessment. Carcinogenic risk assessment involves a mixture of statistical, scientific, and public policy considerations. Concepts in current use, such as \"no observed effect levels\" and \"virtual safety,\" and the problems in implementing them by means of dose-response models, particularly the probit-log dose and linear models are reviewed. The upper limits to risk provided by some conservative procedures are inconsistent with coherent balancing of risks and benefits. A common basis to the dose-response curves describing both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic effects is to be found in deactivating reactions. A simplified model in which a toxic substance is activated and deactivated in separate and simultaneous reactions is presented and the dose response curve implied by the model is deduced. This curve has the general form of a hockey stick, with the striking part flat or nearly flat until the dose administered saturates the deactivation system, after which the probability of a response rises rapidly. Such a curve describes the Bryan-Shimkin methylcholanthrene-tumor incidence dose response curve as well as the probit log-dose model. The concept of a saturation dose is relevant to risk assessments for carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic substances alike."}
{"id": "PMID:910153", "title": "The code of the scientist and its relationship to ethics.", "content": "Scientist's norms (principally honesty, objectivity, tolerance, doubt of certitude, and unselfish engagement) are in danger of serious distortion unless broadened to apply to the relations between scientists and nonscientists. Also needing supplementation is an ethic of development appropriate to a fast-changing society and advanced as an approach to the more effective and humane regulation of cultural and technological development. Because of their genetic relationships the code of the scientist and the ethic of development are probably complementary and together may overcome the shortcomings of each taken separately. Taken together, furthermore, they indicate the possibility of a humane world order based on the cooperation of a community of scientists and its public.", "contents": "The code of the scientist and its relationship to ethics. Scientist's norms (principally honesty, objectivity, tolerance, doubt of certitude, and unselfish engagement) are in danger of serious distortion unless broadened to apply to the relations between scientists and nonscientists. Also needing supplementation is an ethic of development appropriate to a fast-changing society and advanced as an approach to the more effective and humane regulation of cultural and technological development. Because of their genetic relationships the code of the scientist and the ethic of development are probably complementary and together may overcome the shortcomings of each taken separately. Taken together, furthermore, they indicate the possibility of a humane world order based on the cooperation of a community of scientists and its public."}
{"id": "PMID:910155", "title": "Liposome accumulation in regions of experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "The uptake of liposomes bearing positive, negative, or no net charge on their membrane and containing a radioactive tracer, [99mTc]diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, was studied in 12 intact dogs 24 hours after the induction of myocardial infarction, and compared to the relative regional myocardial blood flow determined from radioactive microspheres. Positively charged and neutral liposomes concentrate in infarcted regions against a flow gradient, while negative liposomes are passively distributed according to regional blood flow. Because positively charged and neutral lipisomes concentrate in infarct areas and have the ability to incorporate pharmacologic agents in their aqueous or lipid phase, they may serve as vehicles for drug delivery to infarct zones of low flow.", "contents": "Liposome accumulation in regions of experimental myocardial infarction. The uptake of liposomes bearing positive, negative, or no net charge on their membrane and containing a radioactive tracer, [99mTc]diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, was studied in 12 intact dogs 24 hours after the induction of myocardial infarction, and compared to the relative regional myocardial blood flow determined from radioactive microspheres. Positively charged and neutral liposomes concentrate in infarcted regions against a flow gradient, while negative liposomes are passively distributed according to regional blood flow. Because positively charged and neutral lipisomes concentrate in infarct areas and have the ability to incorporate pharmacologic agents in their aqueous or lipid phase, they may serve as vehicles for drug delivery to infarct zones of low flow."}
{"id": "PMID:910156", "title": "Screening for twin pregnancy.", "content": "A group of 590 women who, 4 to 5 weeks after their last menstrual period, were confirmed to be pregnant, as measured by the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by radioreceptor assay. Nine of these women had serum hCG levels approximately twofold higher than the others and were suspected of having twin pregnancy. When these women were tested at 12 weeks of gestation, pelvic sonography confirmed twin pregnancies in all the nine cases. Serum hCG levels thus provide a simple, rapid, and easy method to detect twin pregnancy.", "contents": "Screening for twin pregnancy. A group of 590 women who, 4 to 5 weeks after their last menstrual period, were confirmed to be pregnant, as measured by the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by radioreceptor assay. Nine of these women had serum hCG levels approximately twofold higher than the others and were suspected of having twin pregnancy. When these women were tested at 12 weeks of gestation, pelvic sonography confirmed twin pregnancies in all the nine cases. Serum hCG levels thus provide a simple, rapid, and easy method to detect twin pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:910157", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for antibodies to cytoplasmic ribosomes in human serum.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies in human serum to tritium-labeled HeLa cell cytoplasmic ribosomes was developed with the use of Macaloid for the inhibition of endogenous ribonuclease activity. Antibodies were observed in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in high incidence and titer. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic active hepatitis manifested a lower incidence and titer of antibodies to ribosomes, whereas serums from normal individuals and from patients with sarcoidosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, and malignant tumors showed no significant reactivity with cytoplasmic ribosomes. Maximum inhibition of the reaction was achieved with unlabeled HeLa cell ribosomes or rat liver ribosomes and partial inhibition by purified ribosomal RNA.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for antibodies to cytoplasmic ribosomes in human serum. A radioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies in human serum to tritium-labeled HeLa cell cytoplasmic ribosomes was developed with the use of Macaloid for the inhibition of endogenous ribonuclease activity. Antibodies were observed in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in high incidence and titer. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic active hepatitis manifested a lower incidence and titer of antibodies to ribosomes, whereas serums from normal individuals and from patients with sarcoidosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, and malignant tumors showed no significant reactivity with cytoplasmic ribosomes. Maximum inhibition of the reaction was achieved with unlabeled HeLa cell ribosomes or rat liver ribosomes and partial inhibition by purified ribosomal RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:910158", "title": "13-cis-Retinoic acid: inhibition of bladder carcinogenesis induced in rats by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine.", "content": "Transitional cell carcinoma was induced in the bladders of male Fischer rats by 12 oral doses of the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Feeding of 13-cis-retinoic acid after completion of carcinogen treatment diminished the number and severity of cancers and other proliferative lesions of the bladder.", "contents": "13-cis-Retinoic acid: inhibition of bladder carcinogenesis induced in rats by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Transitional cell carcinoma was induced in the bladders of male Fischer rats by 12 oral doses of the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Feeding of 13-cis-retinoic acid after completion of carcinogen treatment diminished the number and severity of cancers and other proliferative lesions of the bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:910159", "title": "Amacrine cells in Necturus retina: evidence for independent gamma-aminobutyric acid- and glycine-releasing neurons.", "content": "About one-half of on-off ganglion cells have inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP's) which are blocked by strychnine, while the remainder have IPSP's which are blocked by picrotoxin or bicuculline. These antagonists do not abolish light activity of the presynaptic inhibitory neuron, the amacrine cell. The existence of separate gamma-aminobutyric acid- and glycine-releasing amacrine cells is implied by these results.", "contents": "Amacrine cells in Necturus retina: evidence for independent gamma-aminobutyric acid- and glycine-releasing neurons. About one-half of on-off ganglion cells have inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP's) which are blocked by strychnine, while the remainder have IPSP's which are blocked by picrotoxin or bicuculline. These antagonists do not abolish light activity of the presynaptic inhibitory neuron, the amacrine cell. The existence of separate gamma-aminobutyric acid- and glycine-releasing amacrine cells is implied by these results."}
{"id": "PMID:910160", "title": "Interactions between rod and cone systems in the goldfish retina.", "content": "Signals from both the rod and the cone receptor systems converge upon the same retinal ganglion cell, but only one or the other of these systems appears to be effective at any particular level of adaptation. In this report we provide evidence that the change from one receptor system to the other is not simply due to the two systems having nonoverlapping dynamic ranges; rather, there is a distance-dependent interaction between the two systems.", "contents": "Interactions between rod and cone systems in the goldfish retina. Signals from both the rod and the cone receptor systems converge upon the same retinal ganglion cell, but only one or the other of these systems appears to be effective at any particular level of adaptation. In this report we provide evidence that the change from one receptor system to the other is not simply due to the two systems having nonoverlapping dynamic ranges; rather, there is a distance-dependent interaction between the two systems."}
{"id": "PMID:910161", "title": "Trichromatic vision in the cat.", "content": "Many cat retinal ganglion cells (types X, Y, and W) have inputs from three separate cone systems. Those with peak sensitivities at 450 and 555 nanometers have been previously shown. A gamma max cone with a peak sensitivity of 500 nanometers can be differentiated from other cones by spectral sensitivity and from rods by receptive field differences, functioning above rod saturation levels, and by cone-rod breaks in the dark-adaptation curves. The similarity of the three-cone cat retina to the extramacular retina of the rhesus monkeys suggests that the cat may have photopic trichromatic vision.", "contents": "Trichromatic vision in the cat. Many cat retinal ganglion cells (types X, Y, and W) have inputs from three separate cone systems. Those with peak sensitivities at 450 and 555 nanometers have been previously shown. A gamma max cone with a peak sensitivity of 500 nanometers can be differentiated from other cones by spectral sensitivity and from rods by receptive field differences, functioning above rod saturation levels, and by cone-rod breaks in the dark-adaptation curves. The similarity of the three-cone cat retina to the extramacular retina of the rhesus monkeys suggests that the cat may have photopic trichromatic vision."}
{"id": "PMID:910167", "title": "Addiction, alcoholism, and anesthesia.", "content": "The two major groups of drug abusers are hard drug addicts and alcoholics. Pulmonary disease and hepatic dysfunction are common in both groups. Choice of anesthetic agents for drug abusers centers around associated illnesses and their severity. The alcoholic often needs vitamin therapy and sedation, but attempting to change drug habits in the face of an acute illness is dangerous. An organized plan of approach is more important than choice of therapeutic agent.", "contents": "Addiction, alcoholism, and anesthesia. The two major groups of drug abusers are hard drug addicts and alcoholics. Pulmonary disease and hepatic dysfunction are common in both groups. Choice of anesthetic agents for drug abusers centers around associated illnesses and their severity. The alcoholic often needs vitamin therapy and sedation, but attempting to change drug habits in the face of an acute illness is dangerous. An organized plan of approach is more important than choice of therapeutic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:910168", "title": "Parietal cell vagotomy without drainage: advantages and clinical applications.", "content": "Parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) without drainage for the elective treatment of duodenal ulcer is a safe procedure. All studies are in agreement that there were fewer gastric complaints following this procedure than after any other type of operative treatment. Dumping occurred in 9% and diarrhea in 3% of our 188 patients. The diarrhea and dumping were mild, easily controlled, and not disabling in any patient. The low rate of recurrent ulcer (3%) suggests that PCV is an effective operation. Considerably more follow-up time is required before this highly rational operation for duodenal ulcer can be considered the successful procedure that the present evidence suggests. The operation is relatively easy to perform, but it does require operative finesse and training which are best acquired in an operating room working with a surgeon who has demonstrated good results with PCV. This will spare beginners the disappointment of an unnecessary high failure rate.", "contents": "Parietal cell vagotomy without drainage: advantages and clinical applications. Parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) without drainage for the elective treatment of duodenal ulcer is a safe procedure. All studies are in agreement that there were fewer gastric complaints following this procedure than after any other type of operative treatment. Dumping occurred in 9% and diarrhea in 3% of our 188 patients. The diarrhea and dumping were mild, easily controlled, and not disabling in any patient. The low rate of recurrent ulcer (3%) suggests that PCV is an effective operation. Considerably more follow-up time is required before this highly rational operation for duodenal ulcer can be considered the successful procedure that the present evidence suggests. The operation is relatively easy to perform, but it does require operative finesse and training which are best acquired in an operating room working with a surgeon who has demonstrated good results with PCV. This will spare beginners the disappointment of an unnecessary high failure rate."}
{"id": "PMID:910169", "title": "Role of tumor immunity in ovarian cancer.", "content": "Antigens associated with ovarian cancer tissue have been identified by the use of heteroantisera. It has also been reported that lymphocytes from patients with ovarian cancer responded to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and keyhole-limpet hemocyanin (KLH) but had failed to respond to autologous tumor extracts. In our series, pretreatment sera from 37 patients with stage III and IV ovarian cancer failed to react with ovarian cancer antigen preparations. After therapy, serum from only three patients was reactive: all three patients were treated by chemoimmunotherapy. Preliminary data from this clinical trial for treating stage III and IV ovarian cancer with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or combined chemoimmunotherapy show that survival of patients treated by chemotherapy or immunotherapy corresponded to that of nonresponders to L-PAM therapy as described in another study. Interestingly, combined chemoimmunotherapy produced a survival curve depicting significant improvement, similar to that for the responders to L-PAM therapy reported in that study.", "contents": "Role of tumor immunity in ovarian cancer. Antigens associated with ovarian cancer tissue have been identified by the use of heteroantisera. It has also been reported that lymphocytes from patients with ovarian cancer responded to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and keyhole-limpet hemocyanin (KLH) but had failed to respond to autologous tumor extracts. In our series, pretreatment sera from 37 patients with stage III and IV ovarian cancer failed to react with ovarian cancer antigen preparations. After therapy, serum from only three patients was reactive: all three patients were treated by chemoimmunotherapy. Preliminary data from this clinical trial for treating stage III and IV ovarian cancer with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or combined chemoimmunotherapy show that survival of patients treated by chemotherapy or immunotherapy corresponded to that of nonresponders to L-PAM therapy as described in another study. Interestingly, combined chemoimmunotherapy produced a survival curve depicting significant improvement, similar to that for the responders to L-PAM therapy reported in that study."}
{"id": "PMID:910170", "title": "Three-year prospective study of carbohydrate metabolism in women using Ovulen.", "content": "Twenty-eight women were tested with a standard three-hour oral glucose tolerance test before and after three years of using a combination-type oral contraceptive containing mestranol and ethynodiol diacetate (Ovulen). At the three-year test time there was a significant elevation of the patients' weights and their 1-, 2-, and 3-hour blood glucose and 2- and 3-hour plasma insulin values. Pretreatment control tests had shown no \"abnormal\" blood glucose curves, whereas at the three-year test 17.2% of the curves were \"abnormal\". Serial follow-up studies in two women after stopping the medication showed that the abnormal glucose curves reverted to their pretreatment status within 12 months.", "contents": "Three-year prospective study of carbohydrate metabolism in women using Ovulen. Twenty-eight women were tested with a standard three-hour oral glucose tolerance test before and after three years of using a combination-type oral contraceptive containing mestranol and ethynodiol diacetate (Ovulen). At the three-year test time there was a significant elevation of the patients' weights and their 1-, 2-, and 3-hour blood glucose and 2- and 3-hour plasma insulin values. Pretreatment control tests had shown no \"abnormal\" blood glucose curves, whereas at the three-year test 17.2% of the curves were \"abnormal\". Serial follow-up studies in two women after stopping the medication showed that the abnormal glucose curves reverted to their pretreatment status within 12 months."}
{"id": "PMID:910171", "title": "Coumarin resistance: a diagnostic and therapeutic approach.", "content": "Resistance to coumarin anticoagulants in two black patients was established. The resistance appears to be of the pharmacodynamic type since high doses of the coumarin drugs (with accompanying high plasma concentrations) were needed to achieve therapeutic prothrombinemia. A pharmacokinetic mechanism for the resistance was ruled out. This phenomenon has no ethnic uniqueness as exemplified by these cases and two earlier reports. A brief review of the problem is presented, with an approach for establishing the type of resistance and a plan for patient management.", "contents": "Coumarin resistance: a diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Resistance to coumarin anticoagulants in two black patients was established. The resistance appears to be of the pharmacodynamic type since high doses of the coumarin drugs (with accompanying high plasma concentrations) were needed to achieve therapeutic prothrombinemia. A pharmacokinetic mechanism for the resistance was ruled out. This phenomenon has no ethnic uniqueness as exemplified by these cases and two earlier reports. A brief review of the problem is presented, with an approach for establishing the type of resistance and a plan for patient management."}
{"id": "PMID:910172", "title": "Intraoperative fluid and electrolyte management in the pediatric surgical patient.", "content": "A comprehensive plan for intraoperative fluid and electrolyte maintenance in the pediatric surgical patient should be made before the start of anesthesia and carried out carefully but aggressively by the surgeon and anesthesiologist. There must be careful assessment of intraoperative blood loss, accurate calculation of the volume of clear fluids given, and frequent measurement of electrolyte levels, blood gas levels, and hematocrit values, particularly during long operative procedures. Tabulated are maintenance fluid requirements, suggested fluid replacement schedules, and formulas for determining blood volume and allowable blood loss, plus a regimen for blood replacement.", "contents": "Intraoperative fluid and electrolyte management in the pediatric surgical patient. A comprehensive plan for intraoperative fluid and electrolyte maintenance in the pediatric surgical patient should be made before the start of anesthesia and carried out carefully but aggressively by the surgeon and anesthesiologist. There must be careful assessment of intraoperative blood loss, accurate calculation of the volume of clear fluids given, and frequent measurement of electrolyte levels, blood gas levels, and hematocrit values, particularly during long operative procedures. Tabulated are maintenance fluid requirements, suggested fluid replacement schedules, and formulas for determining blood volume and allowable blood loss, plus a regimen for blood replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:910174", "title": "Hyporegenerative anemia in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "A series of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism showed a high incidence of anemia. Red cell morphology and indices, iron, folate and B12 were generally normal and reticulocyte counts inappropriately low. Focal fibrosis of the marrow space was observed in marrow biopsies from two patients, but no patient showed overt signs of a myelophthisic process. Anemia tended to occur in those with more severe hyperparathyroidism (higher serum calcium level or radiographic osteitis fibrosa cystica). Since severe hyperparathyroidism frequently compromises renal function, it is not always clear whether the anemia should be attributed to renal failure or to the metabolic disease. In nine of the 24 anemic patients, however, renal function was normal. Hyperparathyroidism may cause a hyporegenerative anemia, the mechanisms for which have not been elucidated.", "contents": "Hyporegenerative anemia in primary hyperparathyroidism. A series of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism showed a high incidence of anemia. Red cell morphology and indices, iron, folate and B12 were generally normal and reticulocyte counts inappropriately low. Focal fibrosis of the marrow space was observed in marrow biopsies from two patients, but no patient showed overt signs of a myelophthisic process. Anemia tended to occur in those with more severe hyperparathyroidism (higher serum calcium level or radiographic osteitis fibrosa cystica). Since severe hyperparathyroidism frequently compromises renal function, it is not always clear whether the anemia should be attributed to renal failure or to the metabolic disease. In nine of the 24 anemic patients, however, renal function was normal. Hyperparathyroidism may cause a hyporegenerative anemia, the mechanisms for which have not been elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:910175", "title": "Use of water in the examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Described is an original technic in which water is used in conjunction with the barium examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. After the routine barium examination, the ingestion of water through a straw with a hole in it, while the patient is upright, results in a triple-contrast study of the stomach. The technic has proven useful in: (1) demonstrating all types of benign and malignant lesions in the stomach, pyloric valve, and duodenum; (2) showing benign and malignant lesions, inaccessible to palpation, in the fundus and upper portions of the stomach body; (3) demonstrating \"occult\" ulcers when the water washes away all of the barium except that which for some unknown reason remains within the ulcer crater; (4) examining the postoperative stomach, particularly when marginal ulceration is suspected after subtotal gastrectomy; and (5) demonstrating hiatal hernias and gastroesophageal reflux. A modified technic is used for patients who can only be examined in the recumbent position.", "contents": "Use of water in the examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Described is an original technic in which water is used in conjunction with the barium examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. After the routine barium examination, the ingestion of water through a straw with a hole in it, while the patient is upright, results in a triple-contrast study of the stomach. The technic has proven useful in: (1) demonstrating all types of benign and malignant lesions in the stomach, pyloric valve, and duodenum; (2) showing benign and malignant lesions, inaccessible to palpation, in the fundus and upper portions of the stomach body; (3) demonstrating \"occult\" ulcers when the water washes away all of the barium except that which for some unknown reason remains within the ulcer crater; (4) examining the postoperative stomach, particularly when marginal ulceration is suspected after subtotal gastrectomy; and (5) demonstrating hiatal hernias and gastroesophageal reflux. A modified technic is used for patients who can only be examined in the recumbent position."}
{"id": "PMID:910176", "title": "Nature and significance of colonic polyps.", "content": "The concept of inevitable premalignancy in all adenomatous polyps of the colon was challenged as early as 1958, and since that time much debate has centered about the malignant potential of adenomatous polyps of the colon. Current thinking indicates that the majority of colonic polyps fall into one of four categories: hyperplastic, villous adenoma, adenomatous, and villoglandular. Analysis of the present series of 387 colonic polyps removed endoscopically indicates that the villoglandular group has a notable malignant potential, and that the pure adenomatous polyp probably carries a minimal malignant threat. The present series does not challenge the accepted concept that hyperplastic polyps are of no malignant potential, and that villous adenomas are quite frequently malignant at the time of diagnosis.", "contents": "Nature and significance of colonic polyps. The concept of inevitable premalignancy in all adenomatous polyps of the colon was challenged as early as 1958, and since that time much debate has centered about the malignant potential of adenomatous polyps of the colon. Current thinking indicates that the majority of colonic polyps fall into one of four categories: hyperplastic, villous adenoma, adenomatous, and villoglandular. Analysis of the present series of 387 colonic polyps removed endoscopically indicates that the villoglandular group has a notable malignant potential, and that the pure adenomatous polyp probably carries a minimal malignant threat. The present series does not challenge the accepted concept that hyperplastic polyps are of no malignant potential, and that villous adenomas are quite frequently malignant at the time of diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:910177", "title": "Papillary adenocarcinoma of a thyroglossal duct cyst.", "content": "Carcinoma in thyroglossal duct tissue is a rare occurrence. A case of papillary adenocarcinoma in a thyroglossal duct cyst is presented. Local excision by the Sistrunk technic appears adequate for the noninfiltrating, nonmetastatic lesion. Thyroid hormone should be given as a suppressive agent. Continuous follow-up is necessary for the rest of the patient's life.", "contents": "Papillary adenocarcinoma of a thyroglossal duct cyst. Carcinoma in thyroglossal duct tissue is a rare occurrence. A case of papillary adenocarcinoma in a thyroglossal duct cyst is presented. Local excision by the Sistrunk technic appears adequate for the noninfiltrating, nonmetastatic lesion. Thyroid hormone should be given as a suppressive agent. Continuous follow-up is necessary for the rest of the patient's life."}
{"id": "PMID:910178", "title": "Acetohexamide hypoglycemia: treatment by peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Acetohexamide hypoglycemia in a patient with renal failure has been successfully treated by peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis was done in such a patient, and specimens of serum were collected to measure levels of acetohexamide and its main active metabolite, hydroxyhexamide. During dialysis, hypoglycemia was corrected. After 17 1/2 hours of dialysis, serum acetohexamide level was essentially unchanged. Serum hydroxyhexamide level had decreased at a slower rate than the rate of decrease previously measured in a uremic patient not on dialysis. Although peritoneal dialysis may correct the hypoglycemia, the data suggest that acetohexamide and hydroxyhexamide are not dialyzable. Due to these problems this drug should not be used in patients with chronic renal failure. The drug of choice to control hyperglycemia in patients with renal insufficiency is insulin. If for any reason insulin cannot be used, tolbutamide is the oral hypoglycemic agent of choice.", "contents": "Acetohexamide hypoglycemia: treatment by peritoneal dialysis. Acetohexamide hypoglycemia in a patient with renal failure has been successfully treated by peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis was done in such a patient, and specimens of serum were collected to measure levels of acetohexamide and its main active metabolite, hydroxyhexamide. During dialysis, hypoglycemia was corrected. After 17 1/2 hours of dialysis, serum acetohexamide level was essentially unchanged. Serum hydroxyhexamide level had decreased at a slower rate than the rate of decrease previously measured in a uremic patient not on dialysis. Although peritoneal dialysis may correct the hypoglycemia, the data suggest that acetohexamide and hydroxyhexamide are not dialyzable. Due to these problems this drug should not be used in patients with chronic renal failure. The drug of choice to control hyperglycemia in patients with renal insufficiency is insulin. If for any reason insulin cannot be used, tolbutamide is the oral hypoglycemic agent of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:910179", "title": "Profound neutropenia caused by oxacillin.", "content": "An instance of profound neutropenia secondary to oxacillin which resolved rapidly on withdrawal of the drug was reported. It was accompanied by eosinophilia. Although the bone marrow findings were indicative of destruction of granulocytes in the periphery, antibody could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Profound neutropenia caused by oxacillin. An instance of profound neutropenia secondary to oxacillin which resolved rapidly on withdrawal of the drug was reported. It was accompanied by eosinophilia. Although the bone marrow findings were indicative of destruction of granulocytes in the periphery, antibody could not be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:910180", "title": "Thyroglossal duct cysts in the elderly.", "content": "An instance of thyroglossal duct cyst in a 68-year-old man was reported. The clinical diagnosis of a thyroglossal duct cyst is suggested by the presence of a cystic mass situated anteriorly in the midline of the neck regardless of the patient's age. A review of the literature revealed that the incidence markedly decreases with age, with the great preponderance of cases occurring in infancy and childhood. Fourteen cases of thyroglossal duct cyst have been reported in the over-60 population.", "contents": "Thyroglossal duct cysts in the elderly. An instance of thyroglossal duct cyst in a 68-year-old man was reported. The clinical diagnosis of a thyroglossal duct cyst is suggested by the presence of a cystic mass situated anteriorly in the midline of the neck regardless of the patient's age. A review of the literature revealed that the incidence markedly decreases with age, with the great preponderance of cases occurring in infancy and childhood. Fourteen cases of thyroglossal duct cyst have been reported in the over-60 population."}
{"id": "PMID:910186", "title": "Biliary tract surgery.", "content": "Postoperative wound infection rates after biliary tract surgery vary tremendously from 2% after uncomplicated cholecystectomy to 20% in series including many jaundiced patients. Almost all such infections arise from organisms growing in the diseased biliary tract, since infection rate of 1% are achieved when the bile is sterile. A history of cholangitis identifies only one third of the patients with infected bile, but four easily recognized clinical factors point to positive bile cultures in 60% to 75% of patients: (1) age over 70, (2) obstructive jaundice, (3) common duct stones without jaundice, and (4) emergent acute cholecystitis. These selected high-risk patients have postoperative infection rates of 20% to 27%. Preoperative administration of cephaloridine reduced this high rate of infection to 5% in a prospective randomized but not blinded trial. The initially reported experience of 84 patients has been extended to 140 and continues to confirm the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in selected high-risk patients. In contrast, there is no present evidence supporting the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in low-risk patients under 70 years of age undergoing uncomplicated cholecystectomy.", "contents": "Biliary tract surgery. Postoperative wound infection rates after biliary tract surgery vary tremendously from 2% after uncomplicated cholecystectomy to 20% in series including many jaundiced patients. Almost all such infections arise from organisms growing in the diseased biliary tract, since infection rate of 1% are achieved when the bile is sterile. A history of cholangitis identifies only one third of the patients with infected bile, but four easily recognized clinical factors point to positive bile cultures in 60% to 75% of patients: (1) age over 70, (2) obstructive jaundice, (3) common duct stones without jaundice, and (4) emergent acute cholecystitis. These selected high-risk patients have postoperative infection rates of 20% to 27%. Preoperative administration of cephaloridine reduced this high rate of infection to 5% in a prospective randomized but not blinded trial. The initially reported experience of 84 patients has been extended to 140 and continues to confirm the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in selected high-risk patients. In contrast, there is no present evidence supporting the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in low-risk patients under 70 years of age undergoing uncomplicated cholecystectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:910187", "title": "Infection surveillance: identifying the problems and the high-risk patient.", "content": "A prospective wound surveillance program (47,917 wounds studied) proved valuable in determining the factors responsible for infection, the operations at risk, and the influence of variables. Because the rate of infection in clean wounds is the most sensitive indicator of surgical technic, it is a useful method of quality control.", "contents": "Infection surveillance: identifying the problems and the high-risk patient. A prospective wound surveillance program (47,917 wounds studied) proved valuable in determining the factors responsible for infection, the operations at risk, and the influence of variables. Because the rate of infection in clean wounds is the most sensitive indicator of surgical technic, it is a useful method of quality control."}
{"id": "PMID:910188", "title": "Vaginal hysterectomy.", "content": "The role of antibiotic prophylaxis in women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy is reviewed. Although there has been a wide range in the reported incidence of postoperative infection and a wide variation in the definition of infectious morbidity, all of the reported studies to date have shown a decrease in the number of infections with this regimen. Currently, a short perioperative course with the cephalosporins is recommended for patients not allergic to penicillin, and this continues to be effective. A short alternative regimen for the penicillin-allergic patient has not been studied as yet.", "contents": "Vaginal hysterectomy. The role of antibiotic prophylaxis in women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy is reviewed. Although there has been a wide range in the reported incidence of postoperative infection and a wide variation in the definition of infectious morbidity, all of the reported studies to date have shown a decrease in the number of infections with this regimen. Currently, a short perioperative course with the cephalosporins is recommended for patients not allergic to penicillin, and this continues to be effective. A short alternative regimen for the penicillin-allergic patient has not been studied as yet."}
{"id": "PMID:910189", "title": "Joint replacement.", "content": "Joint replacement at the Hospital for Secial Surgery has shown that the procedure of cementing total hip replacement components in place carries a high risk of infection. Simple preventive measures against infection are essential, including careful identification of patients at special risk, preoperative eradication of all possible foci of infection, and strict observance of high-quality operative technic. The risk of infection and the disastrous consequences of infection when it occurs justifies the use of perioperative bactericidal-antibiotic prophylaxis against gram-positive organisms in patients undergoing total joint replacement. Studies of the 1,350 patients having total hip replacement in a four-year period, with minimal follow-up of two years while on a preventive program of this kind, show that the regimen as used at the Hospital has been effective and devoid of important harmful side effects.", "contents": "Joint replacement. Joint replacement at the Hospital for Secial Surgery has shown that the procedure of cementing total hip replacement components in place carries a high risk of infection. Simple preventive measures against infection are essential, including careful identification of patients at special risk, preoperative eradication of all possible foci of infection, and strict observance of high-quality operative technic. The risk of infection and the disastrous consequences of infection when it occurs justifies the use of perioperative bactericidal-antibiotic prophylaxis against gram-positive organisms in patients undergoing total joint replacement. Studies of the 1,350 patients having total hip replacement in a four-year period, with minimal follow-up of two years while on a preventive program of this kind, show that the regimen as used at the Hospital has been effective and devoid of important harmful side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:910190", "title": "Microbiologic basis for the rational use of prophylactic antibiotics.", "content": "Appropriate use of antibiotics is enhanced by the effective application of data on antimicrobial susceptibility. A number of methods are currently available for routine determination of susceptibilities, including agar dilution, broth dilution, agar diffusion, and several semiautomated methods. If susceptibility testing is properly done, it can serve as the basis for the generation of statistical data of use to the clinician. Periodically updated tables detailing the antimicrobial susceptibilities of commonly isolated organisms enable the physician to make appropriate choices of antibiotics for prophylaxis and for the initial treatment of serious infections, before the susceptibilities of the infecting organisms are known. With computer assistance, it is possible to use susceptibility data for quality control and for more sophisticated epidemiologic purposes. For the past several years, we have studied a number of potential uses of computer-generated data at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Several of these applications, especially as they might relate to the prophylactic use of antibiotics, are discussed in this paper.", "contents": "Microbiologic basis for the rational use of prophylactic antibiotics. Appropriate use of antibiotics is enhanced by the effective application of data on antimicrobial susceptibility. A number of methods are currently available for routine determination of susceptibilities, including agar dilution, broth dilution, agar diffusion, and several semiautomated methods. If susceptibility testing is properly done, it can serve as the basis for the generation of statistical data of use to the clinician. Periodically updated tables detailing the antimicrobial susceptibilities of commonly isolated organisms enable the physician to make appropriate choices of antibiotics for prophylaxis and for the initial treatment of serious infections, before the susceptibilities of the infecting organisms are known. With computer assistance, it is possible to use susceptibility data for quality control and for more sophisticated epidemiologic purposes. For the past several years, we have studied a number of potential uses of computer-generated data at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Several of these applications, especially as they might relate to the prophylactic use of antibiotics, are discussed in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:910195", "title": "Pathology of aortic valve replacement.", "content": "The autopsy findings in 41 patients with University of Cape Town aortic valve prostheses were studied. Twenty patients died within 1 month of operation and 21 patients died later, up to 141 months after operation. The most important postoperative complications which were common to both groups of patients were arrhythmias, myocardial failure and infection. Systemic embolism was the most important late complication. The type of coronary arterial perfusion or ventricular rhythm during bypass did not influence the myocardial pathology. Patients who died of myocardial failure did not show more severe myocardial alterations than did those who died of other causes.", "contents": "Pathology of aortic valve replacement. The autopsy findings in 41 patients with University of Cape Town aortic valve prostheses were studied. Twenty patients died within 1 month of operation and 21 patients died later, up to 141 months after operation. The most important postoperative complications which were common to both groups of patients were arrhythmias, myocardial failure and infection. Systemic embolism was the most important late complication. The type of coronary arterial perfusion or ventricular rhythm during bypass did not influence the myocardial pathology. Patients who died of myocardial failure did not show more severe myocardial alterations than did those who died of other causes."}
{"id": "PMID:910196", "title": "The effect of prolonged isolation from environmental allergens on the clinical and laboratory manifestations of the allergic state. Observation on members of the South African Antarctic expedition.", "content": "The 1975 South African Antarctic expedition included 8 men with a history of allergy, 7 who showed cutaneous hypersensitivity to common allergens, but denied having experienced symptoms, and 6 who had neither symptoms nor positive skin tests. During a year of residence in the essentially allergen-free, barren environment of Antarctica, allergic subjects were entirely sypmtom-free. Prolonged isolation from environmental allergens did not consistently diminish the serum concentration of total or specific IgE or the intensity of positive skin test reactions, which indicates that the cells responsible for the synthesis and secretion of reaginic antibodies have a prolonged existence and do not require repeated allergenic stimulation for maintenance of function.", "contents": "The effect of prolonged isolation from environmental allergens on the clinical and laboratory manifestations of the allergic state. Observation on members of the South African Antarctic expedition. The 1975 South African Antarctic expedition included 8 men with a history of allergy, 7 who showed cutaneous hypersensitivity to common allergens, but denied having experienced symptoms, and 6 who had neither symptoms nor positive skin tests. During a year of residence in the essentially allergen-free, barren environment of Antarctica, allergic subjects were entirely sypmtom-free. Prolonged isolation from environmental allergens did not consistently diminish the serum concentration of total or specific IgE or the intensity of positive skin test reactions, which indicates that the cells responsible for the synthesis and secretion of reaginic antibodies have a prolonged existence and do not require repeated allergenic stimulation for maintenance of function."}
{"id": "PMID:910197", "title": "Persistent ventricular ectopic beats: a long-term study.", "content": "Electrocardiograms of 8 000 flying personnel, who had been undergoing routine medical examinations from 1963 to 1976, were analysed for the presence of ventricular ectopic beats (VEB). Those in whom VEB persisted, i.e. VEB of the same form recorded in two or more tracings taken at least 1 year apart, were carefully examined for the presence of cardiovascular disease and followed up. VEB were detected in 178 (2,2%) of the 8 000 subjects. Of the 98 subjects followed up after VEB had been detected, 54 (55%) showed persistence of this arrhythmia. Significant cardiovascular disease, i.e. ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or atrial fibrillation, developed in 15 (27%) of these subjects at some time during the study. No instances of sudden death occurred over a mean follow-up period of 8,3 years, even though complex (multiform, repetitive or alternating) VEB were recorded in 20 (37%) of the 54 subjects.", "contents": "Persistent ventricular ectopic beats: a long-term study. Electrocardiograms of 8 000 flying personnel, who had been undergoing routine medical examinations from 1963 to 1976, were analysed for the presence of ventricular ectopic beats (VEB). Those in whom VEB persisted, i.e. VEB of the same form recorded in two or more tracings taken at least 1 year apart, were carefully examined for the presence of cardiovascular disease and followed up. VEB were detected in 178 (2,2%) of the 8 000 subjects. Of the 98 subjects followed up after VEB had been detected, 54 (55%) showed persistence of this arrhythmia. Significant cardiovascular disease, i.e. ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or atrial fibrillation, developed in 15 (27%) of these subjects at some time during the study. No instances of sudden death occurred over a mean follow-up period of 8,3 years, even though complex (multiform, repetitive or alternating) VEB were recorded in 20 (37%) of the 54 subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:910198", "title": "Ankylosing spondylitis in three Zulu men negative for the HLA B27 antigen.", "content": "Three cases of ankylosing spondylitis in Zulu men are presented. They are of interest in that all 3 patients were negative for HLA B27, a tissue-typing antigen that is present in the vast majority of Caucasians with the disease. We draw attention to the rarity of ankylosing spondylitis and also of the B27 antigen in Blacks and offer some postulates on the relationship between these two phenomena.", "contents": "Ankylosing spondylitis in three Zulu men negative for the HLA B27 antigen. Three cases of ankylosing spondylitis in Zulu men are presented. They are of interest in that all 3 patients were negative for HLA B27, a tissue-typing antigen that is present in the vast majority of Caucasians with the disease. We draw attention to the rarity of ankylosing spondylitis and also of the B27 antigen in Blacks and offer some postulates on the relationship between these two phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:910199", "title": "Bile peritonitis and miliary tuberculosis: a case report.", "content": "We report an unusual case of bile peritonitis in a child. The literature on bile peritonitis is reviewed, and its treatment is discussed. According to the literature, bile peritonitis has a good prognosis provided operation is early. Patients in whom bile is septic at the time of surgery have an increased morbidity and a considerable mortality.", "contents": "Bile peritonitis and miliary tuberculosis: a case report. We report an unusual case of bile peritonitis in a child. The literature on bile peritonitis is reviewed, and its treatment is discussed. According to the literature, bile peritonitis has a good prognosis provided operation is early. Patients in whom bile is septic at the time of surgery have an increased morbidity and a considerable mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:910205", "title": "Adenomammectomy.", "content": "Adenomammectomy is an operation for the removal of the glandular element of the female breast with the ultimate goal of reconstruction by prosthesis, by autogenous tissue, or by a combination of the two. Indications, technique, and complications are discussed.", "contents": "Adenomammectomy. Adenomammectomy is an operation for the removal of the glandular element of the female breast with the ultimate goal of reconstruction by prosthesis, by autogenous tissue, or by a combination of the two. Indications, technique, and complications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910200", "title": "Recidivism among patients with gonococcal infection presenting to a venereal disease clinic.", "content": "We studied the incidence of gonorrhea, gonococcal recidivism and related factors in venereal disease clinic patients. A sample of 2029 records, which were selected randomly, were reviewed. Gonorrhea and gonococcal recidivism were more common in nonwhite patients, particularly in nonwhite men. Gonorrhea occurred more than once in 23% of the patients with gonorrhea and those patients accounted for 48% of all cases of gonorrhea. We also interviewed 627 new patients attending the venereal disease clinic. Gonococcal recidivism was reported more often by older men and younger women. Use of contraceptives was less frequent among white women who were gonococcal recidivists. However, contraception was not used by 40% of the patients or their partners. Gonococcal isolation rates were lowest in men who used condoms. The number of sexual partners did not correlate with age, use of contraceptives or results of cultures for gonococci. Men had more sexual partners than women and white women had more partners than non-white women. Nine percent of patients took oral antibiotics prior to their visit to the clinic; antibiotic ingestion did not correlate with the patients' race or the results of their cultures.", "contents": "Recidivism among patients with gonococcal infection presenting to a venereal disease clinic. We studied the incidence of gonorrhea, gonococcal recidivism and related factors in venereal disease clinic patients. A sample of 2029 records, which were selected randomly, were reviewed. Gonorrhea and gonococcal recidivism were more common in nonwhite patients, particularly in nonwhite men. Gonorrhea occurred more than once in 23% of the patients with gonorrhea and those patients accounted for 48% of all cases of gonorrhea. We also interviewed 627 new patients attending the venereal disease clinic. Gonococcal recidivism was reported more often by older men and younger women. Use of contraceptives was less frequent among white women who were gonococcal recidivists. However, contraception was not used by 40% of the patients or their partners. Gonococcal isolation rates were lowest in men who used condoms. The number of sexual partners did not correlate with age, use of contraceptives or results of cultures for gonococci. Men had more sexual partners than women and white women had more partners than non-white women. Nine percent of patients took oral antibiotics prior to their visit to the clinic; antibiotic ingestion did not correlate with the patients' race or the results of their cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:910202", "title": "An evaluation of trichomoniasis in two ethnic groups in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Different population groups in Papua New Guinea were examined for infestation with Trichomonas vaginalis. Melanesian women (44.6%) were more likely to be infected than Caucasian women (14.2%). Similarly, Melanesian men (10.9%) had a higher prevalence of infection than Caucasian men (0%). Among the women, infection with T. vaginalis was also correlated with increasing age, parity, and place of residence.", "contents": "An evaluation of trichomoniasis in two ethnic groups in Papua New Guinea. Different population groups in Papua New Guinea were examined for infestation with Trichomonas vaginalis. Melanesian women (44.6%) were more likely to be infected than Caucasian women (14.2%). Similarly, Melanesian men (10.9%) had a higher prevalence of infection than Caucasian men (0%). Among the women, infection with T. vaginalis was also correlated with increasing age, parity, and place of residence."}
{"id": "PMID:910208", "title": "Results of jejunoileal bypass in two hundred patients with morbid obesity.", "content": "Two hundred massively obese patients were submitted to four variations of jejunoileal bypass during the last decade. The operative mortality rate was 2.5 per cent. Nonfatal postoperative complications occurred in patients who had the small intestine shortened to 18 to 20 inches by end-to-end jejunoileostomy. In follow-up periods up to ten years, there have been nine late fatalities, five of which were unrelated to jejunoileal bypass. Despite late complications which have included renal stones, enterohepatic syndrome and ventral hernia, 66 per cent of the survivors have achieved good results by the criteria used. Metabolic improvements include a profound and sustained reduction in plasma concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride.", "contents": "Results of jejunoileal bypass in two hundred patients with morbid obesity. Two hundred massively obese patients were submitted to four variations of jejunoileal bypass during the last decade. The operative mortality rate was 2.5 per cent. Nonfatal postoperative complications occurred in patients who had the small intestine shortened to 18 to 20 inches by end-to-end jejunoileostomy. In follow-up periods up to ten years, there have been nine late fatalities, five of which were unrelated to jejunoileal bypass. Despite late complications which have included renal stones, enterohepatic syndrome and ventral hernia, 66 per cent of the survivors have achieved good results by the criteria used. Metabolic improvements include a profound and sustained reduction in plasma concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride."}
{"id": "PMID:910210", "title": "A critical reappraisal of Dukes' classification.", "content": "The aim of this survey has been to stress the need of a uniform classification of tumor spread. This requires a standard procedure for processing the surgical specimens. An international standardization would permit a more objective comparison of the results of treatment and survival of carcinoma of the colon and rectum in different clinics.", "contents": "A critical reappraisal of Dukes' classification. The aim of this survey has been to stress the need of a uniform classification of tumor spread. This requires a standard procedure for processing the surgical specimens. An international standardization would permit a more objective comparison of the results of treatment and survival of carcinoma of the colon and rectum in different clinics."}
{"id": "PMID:910211", "title": "Optimal size of resection margin for thin cutaneous melanoma.", "content": "The width of the resection margin for 62 melanomas less than 0.76 millimeter thick ranged from 0.10 to 5.50 centimeters, with 32 per cent being 1.0 centimeter or less. None of these patients has a local recurrence or metastases develop. It appears that these thin tumors should be treated conservatively, the size of the resection margin being dependent upon the anatomic location of the tumor. In most instances, skin grafting should not be necessary.", "contents": "Optimal size of resection margin for thin cutaneous melanoma. The width of the resection margin for 62 melanomas less than 0.76 millimeter thick ranged from 0.10 to 5.50 centimeters, with 32 per cent being 1.0 centimeter or less. None of these patients has a local recurrence or metastases develop. It appears that these thin tumors should be treated conservatively, the size of the resection margin being dependent upon the anatomic location of the tumor. In most instances, skin grafting should not be necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:910212", "title": "Experience with a urinary sphincter prosthesis.", "content": "From February 1974 through April 1975, ten patients have had a Scott urinary sphincter prosthesis implanted for the relief of urinary incontinence. In nine of the patients, incontinence was due to trauma of the sphincter, and in one patient, incontinence was due to a neurogenic bladder. Four patients have been totally continent following operation and, thus far, have not required additional operative procedures. Two additional patients were continent after the initial implant, but incontinence recurred because of mechanical failure of the device. Both patients are again continent following replacement of the defective portion of the prosthesis. Four patients have been classified as failures. Infection was the cause of failure in three of these patients, and in the fourth patient with a neurogenic bladder, failure was due to uncontrollable detrusor hyperreflexia.", "contents": "Experience with a urinary sphincter prosthesis. From February 1974 through April 1975, ten patients have had a Scott urinary sphincter prosthesis implanted for the relief of urinary incontinence. In nine of the patients, incontinence was due to trauma of the sphincter, and in one patient, incontinence was due to a neurogenic bladder. Four patients have been totally continent following operation and, thus far, have not required additional operative procedures. Two additional patients were continent after the initial implant, but incontinence recurred because of mechanical failure of the device. Both patients are again continent following replacement of the defective portion of the prosthesis. Four patients have been classified as failures. Infection was the cause of failure in three of these patients, and in the fourth patient with a neurogenic bladder, failure was due to uncontrollable detrusor hyperreflexia."}
{"id": "PMID:910213", "title": "Replacement of the peritoneum with amnion following pelvic exenteration.", "content": "An analysis was made of 24 patients undergoing pelvic exenteration. By chance, the patients are divided into two groups, 12 having the pelvic floor treated by the traditional means and 12 in whom amniotic membranes have been used. A statistically significant shortening of the hospital stay was experienced by those in the amnion group with a total lack of intestinal complications being related to the raw surface of the pelvis. A large number of recurrent or de novo carcinomas of the vagina following carcinoma of the cervix treated with radiation are identified. Two deaths in this series were related to complications of the small intestine.", "contents": "Replacement of the peritoneum with amnion following pelvic exenteration. An analysis was made of 24 patients undergoing pelvic exenteration. By chance, the patients are divided into two groups, 12 having the pelvic floor treated by the traditional means and 12 in whom amniotic membranes have been used. A statistically significant shortening of the hospital stay was experienced by those in the amnion group with a total lack of intestinal complications being related to the raw surface of the pelvis. A large number of recurrent or de novo carcinomas of the vagina following carcinoma of the cervix treated with radiation are identified. Two deaths in this series were related to complications of the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:910214", "title": "Preoperative localization of adrenal remnants.", "content": "Patients with recurrent Cushing's syndrome after bilateral adrenalectomy should have an adrenal scan prior to any attempt at repeat laparotomy. In those patients with a localized remnant on the adrenal scan and no evidence of a tumor of the pituitary gland, unilateral exploratory laparotomy should be considered for removal of the remnant. In our series of five patients fulfilling the aforementioned criteria, we have been successful in terminating the recurrence of Cushing's syndrome in these patients.", "contents": "Preoperative localization of adrenal remnants. Patients with recurrent Cushing's syndrome after bilateral adrenalectomy should have an adrenal scan prior to any attempt at repeat laparotomy. In those patients with a localized remnant on the adrenal scan and no evidence of a tumor of the pituitary gland, unilateral exploratory laparotomy should be considered for removal of the remnant. In our series of five patients fulfilling the aforementioned criteria, we have been successful in terminating the recurrence of Cushing's syndrome in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:910215", "title": "Reversibility of ischemically induced mitochondrial dysfunction with reperfusion.", "content": "To clarify the reversibility of ischemically induced mitochondrial dysfunction, a murine model of hepatic ischemia was used. Following 60 minutes ischemia to one hepatic lobe, significant alterations in mitochondrial, energy-linked metabolism were apparent. After the ischemic episode, 30 minutes of reperfusion resulted in partial restoration of mitochondrial function with succinate but not alpha-ketoglutarate as substrate. Lactate accumulation was also partially reversed with reperfusion. Histologic examination subsequent to the ischemic episode revealed development of partial necrosis in nine of ten ischemic lobes. alpha-Ketoglutarate oxidation is more sensitive to injury than succinate oxidation. With proper choice of substrate, measurement of mitochondrial function just after an ischemic insult may predict subsequent hepatic failure due to cellular necrosis.", "contents": "Reversibility of ischemically induced mitochondrial dysfunction with reperfusion. To clarify the reversibility of ischemically induced mitochondrial dysfunction, a murine model of hepatic ischemia was used. Following 60 minutes ischemia to one hepatic lobe, significant alterations in mitochondrial, energy-linked metabolism were apparent. After the ischemic episode, 30 minutes of reperfusion resulted in partial restoration of mitochondrial function with succinate but not alpha-ketoglutarate as substrate. Lactate accumulation was also partially reversed with reperfusion. Histologic examination subsequent to the ischemic episode revealed development of partial necrosis in nine of ten ischemic lobes. alpha-Ketoglutarate oxidation is more sensitive to injury than succinate oxidation. With proper choice of substrate, measurement of mitochondrial function just after an ischemic insult may predict subsequent hepatic failure due to cellular necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:910216", "title": "Morbidity and mortality of renal exploration for cyst.", "content": "Surgical exploration for a renal mass is a procedure associated with a low mortality and morbidity, even in a population with a median age of 58 years, most of whom were listed according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists as class II or greater. As a consequence, the procedure warrants serious consideration as a diagnostic measure. Nonsurgical diagnostic procedures are associated with less immediate risk to the patient but with less immediate risk to the patient but with more limited accuracy. The decision as to which methods of evaluation to use in each particular patient must be individualized. The general and related symptoms, physical and laboratory findings and the quality and results of roentgenography and puncture studies of the patient warrant consideration in recommending a reasonable course. Whatever procedures are recommended, the patient should be adequately informed to recognize that alternative treatment approaches are available.", "contents": "Morbidity and mortality of renal exploration for cyst. Surgical exploration for a renal mass is a procedure associated with a low mortality and morbidity, even in a population with a median age of 58 years, most of whom were listed according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists as class II or greater. As a consequence, the procedure warrants serious consideration as a diagnostic measure. Nonsurgical diagnostic procedures are associated with less immediate risk to the patient but with less immediate risk to the patient but with more limited accuracy. The decision as to which methods of evaluation to use in each particular patient must be individualized. The general and related symptoms, physical and laboratory findings and the quality and results of roentgenography and puncture studies of the patient warrant consideration in recommending a reasonable course. Whatever procedures are recommended, the patient should be adequately informed to recognize that alternative treatment approaches are available."}
{"id": "PMID:910247", "title": "An improved radioimmunoassay for 4-androstene-3,17-dione.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay using an antiserum produced against 6beta-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione-6-succinyl-BSA conjugate is described which permits the rapid determination of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in multiple serum samples that are purified by column chromatography on neutral alumina. Steroids which reacted significantly with the antiserum were found to be 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione, 5beta-androstane-3,17-dione, and 6beta-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione. After column chromatography on alumina, however, the only significantly cross-reacting steroids were the 5alpha and 5beta-androstane-3,17-diones, while cross-reactivity from other steroids was reduced to less than 1%.", "contents": "An improved radioimmunoassay for 4-androstene-3,17-dione. A radioimmunoassay using an antiserum produced against 6beta-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione-6-succinyl-BSA conjugate is described which permits the rapid determination of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in multiple serum samples that are purified by column chromatography on neutral alumina. Steroids which reacted significantly with the antiserum were found to be 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione, 5beta-androstane-3,17-dione, and 6beta-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione. After column chromatography on alumina, however, the only significantly cross-reacting steroids were the 5alpha and 5beta-androstane-3,17-diones, while cross-reactivity from other steroids was reduced to less than 1%."}
{"id": "PMID:910248", "title": "Radioimmunological determination of urinary tetrahydroaldosterone.", "content": "A method is presented for radioimmunological determination of 3alpha, 5beta-tetrahydroaldosterone. It is based upon the reactivity of this steroid with an antiserum induced by the 3-carboxymethyloxime of 18, 21-aldosterone diacetate conjugated with bovine serum albumin. One hundred microliters of urine enzymatically hydrolyzed with an helix pomatia preparation, containing tritiated tetrahydroaldosterone for the yield calculation, were extracted with dichloromethane and chromatographed on a small celite column. The yield after extraction and chromatography was 64 +/- 17%. The radioimmunological determination was carried out in a conventional manner. The method is specific, sensitive (10 pg/tube), exact, reproducible, very simple and extremely rapid. The results showed good agreement with values given by a colorimetric method (p less than 0.001). The median value measured in 45 healthy adult subjects under standard sodium diet was 53.3 microgram/24h (95 % of the population within a 16.6 to 131.1 microgram/24h range). In 78 cases of adrenocortical insufficiency, 60 cases of obesity and 28 cases of hypokalemia, the median values (and the ranges : microgram/24h) were respectively 7.7 (1.0 - 51.0), 80.9 (17.0 - 503.0) and 64.3 (8.0 - 181.0). In 330 hypertensive patients the excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone exceeded the normal range in 115 cases (35%) with a median of 199.7 microgram/24h (131 to 620 microgram/24h).", "contents": "Radioimmunological determination of urinary tetrahydroaldosterone. A method is presented for radioimmunological determination of 3alpha, 5beta-tetrahydroaldosterone. It is based upon the reactivity of this steroid with an antiserum induced by the 3-carboxymethyloxime of 18, 21-aldosterone diacetate conjugated with bovine serum albumin. One hundred microliters of urine enzymatically hydrolyzed with an helix pomatia preparation, containing tritiated tetrahydroaldosterone for the yield calculation, were extracted with dichloromethane and chromatographed on a small celite column. The yield after extraction and chromatography was 64 +/- 17%. The radioimmunological determination was carried out in a conventional manner. The method is specific, sensitive (10 pg/tube), exact, reproducible, very simple and extremely rapid. The results showed good agreement with values given by a colorimetric method (p less than 0.001). The median value measured in 45 healthy adult subjects under standard sodium diet was 53.3 microgram/24h (95 % of the population within a 16.6 to 131.1 microgram/24h range). In 78 cases of adrenocortical insufficiency, 60 cases of obesity and 28 cases of hypokalemia, the median values (and the ranges : microgram/24h) were respectively 7.7 (1.0 - 51.0), 80.9 (17.0 - 503.0) and 64.3 (8.0 - 181.0). In 330 hypertensive patients the excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone exceeded the normal range in 115 cases (35%) with a median of 199.7 microgram/24h (131 to 620 microgram/24h)."}
{"id": "PMID:910249", "title": "Progesterone in the uterus. VIII. Uptake of corticosterone and incorporation of progesterone under concurrent injection of corticosterone into rat uterus.", "content": "A study of the subcellular distribution of radioactivity in rat uterus after injection of labelled corticosterone showed that the radioactivity was observed in all fractions from 5 min. to 120 min. A maximum uptake was observed 10 min. after application of the labelled steroid. Competitive uptake of radioactive progesterone and unlabelled corticosterone was assayed 10 min. after injection of the hormone mixture. The ratio between radioactive progesterone and unlabelled corticosterone was 1:1 and 1:2 (moles:moles), respectively. Compared with control experiments with rats which had received radioactive progesterone alone, the results gave evidence that progesterone found in all subcellular fractions and in the total homogenate was not depressed by unlabelled corticosterone. However, unlabelled progesterone reduced the tritiated progesterone in uterine tissue. This observation demonstrates that the uptake of progesterone by rat uterus is specific.", "contents": "Progesterone in the uterus. VIII. Uptake of corticosterone and incorporation of progesterone under concurrent injection of corticosterone into rat uterus. A study of the subcellular distribution of radioactivity in rat uterus after injection of labelled corticosterone showed that the radioactivity was observed in all fractions from 5 min. to 120 min. A maximum uptake was observed 10 min. after application of the labelled steroid. Competitive uptake of radioactive progesterone and unlabelled corticosterone was assayed 10 min. after injection of the hormone mixture. The ratio between radioactive progesterone and unlabelled corticosterone was 1:1 and 1:2 (moles:moles), respectively. Compared with control experiments with rats which had received radioactive progesterone alone, the results gave evidence that progesterone found in all subcellular fractions and in the total homogenate was not depressed by unlabelled corticosterone. However, unlabelled progesterone reduced the tritiated progesterone in uterine tissue. This observation demonstrates that the uptake of progesterone by rat uterus is specific."}
{"id": "PMID:910250", "title": "In vitro steroid metabolic studies in human testes I: Effects of estrogen on progesterone metabolism.", "content": "A technique of incubation of testicular tissue in vitro with radiolabeled precursors was applied in the investigation of the steroid biosynthesis by testes of four young men after long-term, high-dose estrogen treatment. A positive correlation between plasma and testicular steroid levels, and in vitro capacity of the testes to metabolize progesterone was demonstrated. Estrogen administration produced a very significant inhibition of plasma and testicular levels of testosterone. The in vitro synthesis of testosterone from progesterone was very severely impaired; especially 17alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone. 20alpha-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase activity was found to be increased after estrogen treatment, both in vivo and in vitro. These findings suggest that testicular 17alpha-hydroxylase activity (and possibly also 17-20 lyase activity) is either under gonadotropin regulation, or is directly suppressed by estrogen. This could result by decreased enzyme synthesis, direct enzyme inhibition or affectation of the cofactors or cytochromes necessary for the enzymatic activity. 20alpha-reduction of C21-steroids would represent an alternative pathway for their catabolism, not regulated by gonadotropin or not affected by estrogen, that would be significant in situations with reduced 17alpha-hydroxylase activity.", "contents": "In vitro steroid metabolic studies in human testes I: Effects of estrogen on progesterone metabolism. A technique of incubation of testicular tissue in vitro with radiolabeled precursors was applied in the investigation of the steroid biosynthesis by testes of four young men after long-term, high-dose estrogen treatment. A positive correlation between plasma and testicular steroid levels, and in vitro capacity of the testes to metabolize progesterone was demonstrated. Estrogen administration produced a very significant inhibition of plasma and testicular levels of testosterone. The in vitro synthesis of testosterone from progesterone was very severely impaired; especially 17alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone. 20alpha-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase activity was found to be increased after estrogen treatment, both in vivo and in vitro. These findings suggest that testicular 17alpha-hydroxylase activity (and possibly also 17-20 lyase activity) is either under gonadotropin regulation, or is directly suppressed by estrogen. This could result by decreased enzyme synthesis, direct enzyme inhibition or affectation of the cofactors or cytochromes necessary for the enzymatic activity. 20alpha-reduction of C21-steroids would represent an alternative pathway for their catabolism, not regulated by gonadotropin or not affected by estrogen, that would be significant in situations with reduced 17alpha-hydroxylase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:910251", "title": "Sensitive radioimmunoassay for digoxin in plasma and urine.", "content": "A reproducible and sensitive radioimmunoassay for digoxin in either serum, plasma or urine is described. Using 0.5 ml of serum or plasma, the assay sensitivity is 0.05 ng of digoxin/ml. The antiserum and tracer solutions employed are available in a kit sold in the United States. All other reagents were prepared in the laboratory. The assay allows measurement of digoxin in plasma or serum for 96 hours after single 0.5 mg doses of digoxin; this is necessary in human bioavailability studies to accurately estimate the total area under the digoxin concentration, time curve from zero to infinite time. In contrast, with the kit assay, employing 0.2 ml of plasma or serum, it has been reported that the 12 hr serum digoxin levels, after single 0.5 mg doses, are, in most subjects, below the sensitivity limit (about 0.5 ng/ml) of the assay.", "contents": "Sensitive radioimmunoassay for digoxin in plasma and urine. A reproducible and sensitive radioimmunoassay for digoxin in either serum, plasma or urine is described. Using 0.5 ml of serum or plasma, the assay sensitivity is 0.05 ng of digoxin/ml. The antiserum and tracer solutions employed are available in a kit sold in the United States. All other reagents were prepared in the laboratory. The assay allows measurement of digoxin in plasma or serum for 96 hours after single 0.5 mg doses of digoxin; this is necessary in human bioavailability studies to accurately estimate the total area under the digoxin concentration, time curve from zero to infinite time. In contrast, with the kit assay, employing 0.2 ml of plasma or serum, it has been reported that the 12 hr serum digoxin levels, after single 0.5 mg doses, are, in most subjects, below the sensitivity limit (about 0.5 ng/ml) of the assay."}
{"id": "PMID:910252", "title": "Marine sterols. VII. Synthesis of patinosterol, a minor constituent of sterols of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis.", "content": "The structure of patinosterol, a minor sterol from the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, was established as 22-trans-27-nor-(24S)-24-methyl-5alpha-cholest-22-en-3beta-ol by synthesis through Wittig reaction.", "contents": "Marine sterols. VII. Synthesis of patinosterol, a minor constituent of sterols of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. The structure of patinosterol, a minor sterol from the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, was established as 22-trans-27-nor-(24S)-24-methyl-5alpha-cholest-22-en-3beta-ol by synthesis through Wittig reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:910253", "title": "Steroids and related products. XLIII. The synthesis of 17-hydroxymethylprogesterone.", "content": "The synthesis of the first 17-hydroxymethyl analogue of a steroid hormone of the progesterone-corticoid group, 17-hydroxymethylprogesterone, is described. The starting material for its preparation was 3alpha,12alpha-diacetoxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one and the 17-hydroxymethyl structure was developed by functionalization of the 17-methyl group of a 17alpha-methyl etio ester by a Barton reaction. Neither 17-hydroxymethylprogesterone nor its acetate shows appreciable progestational activity in the Clauberg-McPhail assay.", "contents": "Steroids and related products. XLIII. The synthesis of 17-hydroxymethylprogesterone. The synthesis of the first 17-hydroxymethyl analogue of a steroid hormone of the progesterone-corticoid group, 17-hydroxymethylprogesterone, is described. The starting material for its preparation was 3alpha,12alpha-diacetoxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one and the 17-hydroxymethyl structure was developed by functionalization of the 17-methyl group of a 17alpha-methyl etio ester by a Barton reaction. Neither 17-hydroxymethylprogesterone nor its acetate shows appreciable progestational activity in the Clauberg-McPhail assay."}
{"id": "PMID:910254", "title": "Synthesis of pyrogallolestrogens (2,3,4-trihydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrienes) and their methyl ethers.", "content": "The preparation of 2,4-dihydroxyestrone, 2,4-dihydroxyestradiol-17beta and their methyl ethers (14 compounds) is described. The structures were established by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and mass spectra as well as by elemental analyses, microchemical reactions, alternative synthetic routes and by their chromatographic properties.", "contents": "Synthesis of pyrogallolestrogens (2,3,4-trihydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrienes) and their methyl ethers. The preparation of 2,4-dihydroxyestrone, 2,4-dihydroxyestradiol-17beta and their methyl ethers (14 compounds) is described. The structures were established by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and mass spectra as well as by elemental analyses, microchemical reactions, alternative synthetic routes and by their chromatographic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:910255", "title": "Testosterone synthesis in vitro by the fetal testis of the guinea pig.", "content": "Synthesis and secretion of testosterone by testes of guinea pig fetuses were studied in organ culture. The amount of testosterone secreted into the culture medium was estimated by radio-immunoassay. It was demonstrated that testosterone was already secreted by testes explanted at 25 days. The amount of testosterone secreted during the first day in culture by testes from fetuses of different ages (25-30 days) increased with fetal age. The amount of testosterone extracted from fetal guinea pig testes at ages used for explantation (25-30 days) were much lower than the amount secreted during the first 24 hours in culture. During subsequent days in culture, an increase in the amount of testosterone secreted was observed only for testes explanted at 25 days. The amount secreted by testes from older fetuses (26-30 days) stayed constant or decreased. Aminogluthetimide phosphate (100 micron) decreased significantly testosterone secretion by testes explanted at 25 days. These findings indicate that the capacity for biosynthesis of testosterone is present in fetal guinea pig testes at 25 days and increases during the subsequent days.", "contents": "Testosterone synthesis in vitro by the fetal testis of the guinea pig. Synthesis and secretion of testosterone by testes of guinea pig fetuses were studied in organ culture. The amount of testosterone secreted into the culture medium was estimated by radio-immunoassay. It was demonstrated that testosterone was already secreted by testes explanted at 25 days. The amount of testosterone secreted during the first day in culture by testes from fetuses of different ages (25-30 days) increased with fetal age. The amount of testosterone extracted from fetal guinea pig testes at ages used for explantation (25-30 days) were much lower than the amount secreted during the first 24 hours in culture. During subsequent days in culture, an increase in the amount of testosterone secreted was observed only for testes explanted at 25 days. The amount secreted by testes from older fetuses (26-30 days) stayed constant or decreased. Aminogluthetimide phosphate (100 micron) decreased significantly testosterone secretion by testes explanted at 25 days. These findings indicate that the capacity for biosynthesis of testosterone is present in fetal guinea pig testes at 25 days and increases during the subsequent days."}
{"id": "PMID:910258", "title": "Errer rate, precision, and accuracy in immunohematology.", "content": "Quality control in the blood bank has traditionally been concentrated in the areas of reagents, equipment, and components. We have found that it can be extended to the measurement of error rate, accuracy, and reproducibility as well. We propose the use of a \"correction rate\" as a correlate of actual error rate, since numbers of errors in final ABO interpretations are infrequent and difficult ot accumulate. We have measured accuracy as the frequency of false positive anf false negative results, using weakly active antibodies both in the test situation and in actual practice. Finally, reproducibility can be measured with a series of coded duplicate samples covering the range of immunohematologic reactivity. By using these methods, a laboratory can regularly measure error rate, accuracy, and reproducibility as part of its quality control program.", "contents": "Errer rate, precision, and accuracy in immunohematology. Quality control in the blood bank has traditionally been concentrated in the areas of reagents, equipment, and components. We have found that it can be extended to the measurement of error rate, accuracy, and reproducibility as well. We propose the use of a \"correction rate\" as a correlate of actual error rate, since numbers of errors in final ABO interpretations are infrequent and difficult ot accumulate. We have measured accuracy as the frequency of false positive anf false negative results, using weakly active antibodies both in the test situation and in actual practice. Finally, reproducibility can be measured with a series of coded duplicate samples covering the range of immunohematologic reactivity. By using these methods, a laboratory can regularly measure error rate, accuracy, and reproducibility as part of its quality control program."}
{"id": "PMID:910260", "title": "A simplified procedure for deglycerolizing red blood cells frozen in a high glycerol concentration.", "content": "Although the high (40 to 50 per cent) glycerol method of freezing red blood cells has many advantages, no feasible procedure for deglycerolizing with only a clinical centrifuge has been available. Thus this method has been restricted to blood centers that distribute a sufficient number of frozen cells to warrant the installation of automated cell washing equipment. However, by sedimenting the glycerolized cells prior to freezing and discarding the excess glycerol solution, postthaw deglycerolizing can be simplified to consist of an initial double dilution with hypertonic NaCl and isotonic saline-glucose followed by two cycles of sedimentation and resuspension in isotonic saline-glucose. The method is applicable to units frozen either at -80 C or in liquid nitrogen vapor. Units frozen in this way can also be deglycerolized in commercial automated cell washers using suitably modified protocols.", "contents": "A simplified procedure for deglycerolizing red blood cells frozen in a high glycerol concentration. Although the high (40 to 50 per cent) glycerol method of freezing red blood cells has many advantages, no feasible procedure for deglycerolizing with only a clinical centrifuge has been available. Thus this method has been restricted to blood centers that distribute a sufficient number of frozen cells to warrant the installation of automated cell washing equipment. However, by sedimenting the glycerolized cells prior to freezing and discarding the excess glycerol solution, postthaw deglycerolizing can be simplified to consist of an initial double dilution with hypertonic NaCl and isotonic saline-glucose followed by two cycles of sedimentation and resuspension in isotonic saline-glucose. The method is applicable to units frozen either at -80 C or in liquid nitrogen vapor. Units frozen in this way can also be deglycerolized in commercial automated cell washers using suitably modified protocols."}
{"id": "PMID:910259", "title": "Evaluation of a large-scale frozen blood program.", "content": "The characteristics of previously frozen red blood cells, prepared in a large-scale frozen blood program using the Red Cross method were evaluated. The use of the method as originally described resulted in approximately 91 per cent freeze-thaw-wash recovery of red blood cells. When the glycerolization step was modified by adding the partially glycerolized erythrocytes into 300 ml of 6.2M glycerol, freeze-thaw-wash recoveries were decreased. However, gradient addition of glycerol to the red blood cells without the use of stylet, resulted in acceptable in vitro recoveries. Thawing frozen units in waterbath, to which no antiseptic was added, could introduce bacteria into units of previously frozen red blood cells. Therefore, it seems advisable to use dry heat thawing procedures. Previously frozen red blood cells prepared in the large scale maintained normal levels of ATP and 2,3 DPG. Therapeutic transfusions had acceptable 24-hour survival in vivo.", "contents": "Evaluation of a large-scale frozen blood program. The characteristics of previously frozen red blood cells, prepared in a large-scale frozen blood program using the Red Cross method were evaluated. The use of the method as originally described resulted in approximately 91 per cent freeze-thaw-wash recovery of red blood cells. When the glycerolization step was modified by adding the partially glycerolized erythrocytes into 300 ml of 6.2M glycerol, freeze-thaw-wash recoveries were decreased. However, gradient addition of glycerol to the red blood cells without the use of stylet, resulted in acceptable in vitro recoveries. Thawing frozen units in waterbath, to which no antiseptic was added, could introduce bacteria into units of previously frozen red blood cells. Therefore, it seems advisable to use dry heat thawing procedures. Previously frozen red blood cells prepared in the large scale maintained normal levels of ATP and 2,3 DPG. Therapeutic transfusions had acceptable 24-hour survival in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:910261", "title": "Ultrafiltrable adenosine triphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations in cold-stored human erythrocytes.", "content": "Free ATP and DPG concentrations in ACD-preserved human erythrocytes (rbc) were estimated by measuring these organic phosphates in ultrafiltrates of cell lysates prepared at 0 to 2 C. The free ATP concentration in hypotonic hemolysates decreased from 0.59 to 0.08 mumol/ml rbc during four weeks of cold storage. In French Pressure Cell lysates, free ATP increased from 0.23 to 0.47 mumol/ml rbc in the first week and then declined to 0.12 mumol/rbc during the following three weeks. In two weeks, the free DPG level decreased from 0.64 to 0.41 mumol/ml rbc in hypotonic lysates and from 1.08 to 0.15 mumol/ml rbc in French Pressure Cell lysates. It is proposed that, as total DPG concentration decreases during cold storage, free ATP concentration also decreases due to increased ATP binding to hemoglobin sites vacated by DPG. It is suggested that it is the change in the free rather than the total ATP which may be more relevant to the metabolism of the cold-stored erythrocyte.", "contents": "Ultrafiltrable adenosine triphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations in cold-stored human erythrocytes. Free ATP and DPG concentrations in ACD-preserved human erythrocytes (rbc) were estimated by measuring these organic phosphates in ultrafiltrates of cell lysates prepared at 0 to 2 C. The free ATP concentration in hypotonic hemolysates decreased from 0.59 to 0.08 mumol/ml rbc during four weeks of cold storage. In French Pressure Cell lysates, free ATP increased from 0.23 to 0.47 mumol/ml rbc in the first week and then declined to 0.12 mumol/rbc during the following three weeks. In two weeks, the free DPG level decreased from 0.64 to 0.41 mumol/ml rbc in hypotonic lysates and from 1.08 to 0.15 mumol/ml rbc in French Pressure Cell lysates. It is proposed that, as total DPG concentration decreases during cold storage, free ATP concentration also decreases due to increased ATP binding to hemoglobin sites vacated by DPG. It is suggested that it is the change in the free rather than the total ATP which may be more relevant to the metabolism of the cold-stored erythrocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:910262", "title": "Consequences of prior alloimmunization during granulocyte transfusion.", "content": "The transfusion of leukocyte-containing blood products can lead to the production of antibodies to antigens on the surface of leukocytes. Such antibodies can be detected by a variety of techniques including assays for lymphocytotoxicity, granulocytotoxicity, and leukoagglutination. In order to evaluate the effect of preformed anti-leukocyte antibodies during granulocyte transfusion therapy, recipient beagles were sensitized to donor foxhound antigens. After being made granulocytopenic with cyclophosphamide, these animals were transfused with a set dose of granulocytes collected by continuous flow centrifugation. When compared to the results of similar transfusions to nonsensitized recipients, granulocyte transfusions to animals with preformed anti-leukocyte antibodies resulted in lower one-hour posttransfusion leukocyte increments (p less than .04) and in less migration of neutrophils through a skin abrasion into a chamber containing a strong chemoattractant, autologous serum (p less than .0001). Also, profound thrombocytopenia was found in sensitized animals, but not in nonsensitized recipients, one hour after the granulocyte transfusion.", "contents": "Consequences of prior alloimmunization during granulocyte transfusion. The transfusion of leukocyte-containing blood products can lead to the production of antibodies to antigens on the surface of leukocytes. Such antibodies can be detected by a variety of techniques including assays for lymphocytotoxicity, granulocytotoxicity, and leukoagglutination. In order to evaluate the effect of preformed anti-leukocyte antibodies during granulocyte transfusion therapy, recipient beagles were sensitized to donor foxhound antigens. After being made granulocytopenic with cyclophosphamide, these animals were transfused with a set dose of granulocytes collected by continuous flow centrifugation. When compared to the results of similar transfusions to nonsensitized recipients, granulocyte transfusions to animals with preformed anti-leukocyte antibodies resulted in lower one-hour posttransfusion leukocyte increments (p less than .04) and in less migration of neutrophils through a skin abrasion into a chamber containing a strong chemoattractant, autologous serum (p less than .0001). Also, profound thrombocytopenia was found in sensitized animals, but not in nonsensitized recipients, one hour after the granulocyte transfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:910264", "title": "Military blood banking: blood transfusion aboard a Naval hospital ship receiving multiple casualties in a combat zone, a controlled medical environment.", "content": "The materials, methods, and policies used in the Blood Transfusion Service aboard the USS Sanctuary (AH-17) during military operations off South Vietnam to transfuse multiple casualties are outlined. Materials and methods common to any blood bank were used with some modification to meet specific requirements. During the period 10 April 1967 to 1 May 1971, approximately 32,000 units of blood were recieved, and over 2,890 severely injured patients were transfused. The policies and techniques used enabled efficient and safe management of blood transfusion for these patients. These methods should be applicable in solving some of the problems which arises as a result of combat operations and civil disasters. A controlled medical environment is described.", "contents": "Military blood banking: blood transfusion aboard a Naval hospital ship receiving multiple casualties in a combat zone, a controlled medical environment. The materials, methods, and policies used in the Blood Transfusion Service aboard the USS Sanctuary (AH-17) during military operations off South Vietnam to transfuse multiple casualties are outlined. Materials and methods common to any blood bank were used with some modification to meet specific requirements. During the period 10 April 1967 to 1 May 1971, approximately 32,000 units of blood were recieved, and over 2,890 severely injured patients were transfused. The policies and techniques used enabled efficient and safe management of blood transfusion for these patients. These methods should be applicable in solving some of the problems which arises as a result of combat operations and civil disasters. A controlled medical environment is described."}
{"id": "PMID:910265", "title": "An empirical approach to projecting regional blood need.", "content": "An empirical mathematical model was developed for projecting monthly and yearly regional blood utilization. Based upon 1974 data from eight Clark County, Nevada hospitals offering a total of 1,389 medical-surgical, and pediatric beds, an unadjusted projection deviated minus 7.2 per cent from the actual 1975 regional blood utilization. Adjusted projections, modified by an averaging technique that utilized previous month's blood utilization along with historical utilization data, resulted in an annual projection that deviated minus 1.9 per cent from the actual blood use. The adjusted monthly mean projection did not differ significantly from the actual mean monthly blood use. This approach appears to be of value in regional planning for long- and short-range blood needs.", "contents": "An empirical approach to projecting regional blood need. An empirical mathematical model was developed for projecting monthly and yearly regional blood utilization. Based upon 1974 data from eight Clark County, Nevada hospitals offering a total of 1,389 medical-surgical, and pediatric beds, an unadjusted projection deviated minus 7.2 per cent from the actual 1975 regional blood utilization. Adjusted projections, modified by an averaging technique that utilized previous month's blood utilization along with historical utilization data, resulted in an annual projection that deviated minus 1.9 per cent from the actual blood use. The adjusted monthly mean projection did not differ significantly from the actual mean monthly blood use. This approach appears to be of value in regional planning for long- and short-range blood needs."}
{"id": "PMID:910266", "title": "Microaggregate content and flow rates of packed red blood cells.", "content": "Platelet rich red cells (PRRC) and platelet poor red cells (PPRC) are both prepared in the course of red cell production. PRRC tend to have a higher hematocrit (82 +/- 7) than PPRC (77 +/- 5), (p less than .001). There are more microaggregates present in PRRC (2.48 +/- 1.41 gm) than in PPRC (1.46 +/- 0.61 gm), (p less than .001). The infusion rate for PRRC was 4.0 X 1.8 ml/minute, and this was significantly smaller than for PPRC which was 9.7 +/- 1.7 m/minute, (p less than .001). This compares to a rate for whole blood of 32.8 ml/minute. The difference in flow rate of the two types of red blood cells is in part due to a difference in viscosity, but more inportantly due to a difference in microaggregate content. Flow rate is normalized for both types of packed cells by the addition of 100 to 150 ml of saline, while infusion time is normalized by the addition of only 50 to 100 ml of saline to the packed cell units.", "contents": "Microaggregate content and flow rates of packed red blood cells. Platelet rich red cells (PRRC) and platelet poor red cells (PPRC) are both prepared in the course of red cell production. PRRC tend to have a higher hematocrit (82 +/- 7) than PPRC (77 +/- 5), (p less than .001). There are more microaggregates present in PRRC (2.48 +/- 1.41 gm) than in PPRC (1.46 +/- 0.61 gm), (p less than .001). The infusion rate for PRRC was 4.0 X 1.8 ml/minute, and this was significantly smaller than for PPRC which was 9.7 +/- 1.7 m/minute, (p less than .001). This compares to a rate for whole blood of 32.8 ml/minute. The difference in flow rate of the two types of red blood cells is in part due to a difference in viscosity, but more inportantly due to a difference in microaggregate content. Flow rate is normalized for both types of packed cells by the addition of 100 to 150 ml of saline, while infusion time is normalized by the addition of only 50 to 100 ml of saline to the packed cell units."}
{"id": "PMID:910267", "title": "Chronic liver dysfunction in multitransfused hemophiliacs.", "content": "Liver dysfunction and exposure to the hepatitis B antigen were assessed by serum transaminase (SGPT and SGOT) levels and HBsAg and anti-HBs during a three year period in a group of 118 patients with factor VIII or factor IX deficiency. The 107 HBsAg negative patients were divided into four groups according to their mode of therapy. Persistently abnormal transaminase values were present in 51 per cent of patients with a large exposure to factor VIII concentrates, in 43 per cent with a small factor VIII exposure and in 37 per cent exposed to prothrombin complexes. This was contrasted with abnormalities in 8 per cent of patients treated only with cryoprecipitate. The incidence and degree of serum transaminase abnormality appeared independent of a past history of jaundice. All patients without persistent antigenemia who had been treated with pooled plasma products showed antibodies to HBsAg. High titer anti-HBs prior to initial fraction therapy appeared protective against jaundice. The eleven patients with persistent antigenemia had significantly higher transaminase levels than the HBsAg negative group.", "contents": "Chronic liver dysfunction in multitransfused hemophiliacs. Liver dysfunction and exposure to the hepatitis B antigen were assessed by serum transaminase (SGPT and SGOT) levels and HBsAg and anti-HBs during a three year period in a group of 118 patients with factor VIII or factor IX deficiency. The 107 HBsAg negative patients were divided into four groups according to their mode of therapy. Persistently abnormal transaminase values were present in 51 per cent of patients with a large exposure to factor VIII concentrates, in 43 per cent with a small factor VIII exposure and in 37 per cent exposed to prothrombin complexes. This was contrasted with abnormalities in 8 per cent of patients treated only with cryoprecipitate. The incidence and degree of serum transaminase abnormality appeared independent of a past history of jaundice. All patients without persistent antigenemia who had been treated with pooled plasma products showed antibodies to HBsAg. High titer anti-HBs prior to initial fraction therapy appeared protective against jaundice. The eleven patients with persistent antigenemia had significantly higher transaminase levels than the HBsAg negative group."}
{"id": "PMID:910268", "title": "Failure of postfiltration leukapheresis plasma to increase granulocyte yields.", "content": "Autologous plasma collected either during or immediately after continuous flow filtration leukapheresis (CFFL) was infused prior to subsequent donations in an attempt to induce granulocytosis and to augment granulocyte yields. Granulocytosis did not occur in the 15 to 20 minutes following plasma administration and no increase in granulocyte yields could be demonstrated. In addition, the plasma infusion did not affect the timing or magnitude of the transient granulocytopenia which characteristically occurs during CFFL. Although infusion of postfiltration leukapheresis plasma does not appear to feasible or practical means of enhancing granulocyte collection, it may still serve as a valuable tool in the study of granulocyte kinetics.", "contents": "Failure of postfiltration leukapheresis plasma to increase granulocyte yields. Autologous plasma collected either during or immediately after continuous flow filtration leukapheresis (CFFL) was infused prior to subsequent donations in an attempt to induce granulocytosis and to augment granulocyte yields. Granulocytosis did not occur in the 15 to 20 minutes following plasma administration and no increase in granulocyte yields could be demonstrated. In addition, the plasma infusion did not affect the timing or magnitude of the transient granulocytopenia which characteristically occurs during CFFL. Although infusion of postfiltration leukapheresis plasma does not appear to feasible or practical means of enhancing granulocyte collection, it may still serve as a valuable tool in the study of granulocyte kinetics."}
{"id": "PMID:910269", "title": "Evaluation of liquid scintillation counting solutions for radioimmunoassay of hepatitis-associated antigen (HBsAg).", "content": "Liquid scintillation counting solutions for radioimmunoassay of hepatitis associated antigen (HBsAg) are evaluated and discussed. Data is also presented which indicates that liquid scintillation counting could be carried out by placing cut-off Ausria-125 test tubes in counting vials containing 10 ml of either Brays, Unogel, or Instagel solutions. The data suggest that Brays was the least effective and Unogel and Instagel were the most effective liquid scintillation counting solutions. This is a fundamental consideration if a laboratory is contemplating an initial investiment in counting equipment. The acquisition of a liquid scintillation counter provides additional capabilities for the clinical laboratory interested in radioisotope measurements. In addition, if a laboratory already has a liquid scintillation counter (Beta counter), the director of the clinical laboratory may elect not to purchase additional counting equipment (gamma counter) since he already has the added advantage of measuring iodine-125 with the Beta counter. The authors propose liquid scintillation (RIA) as an alternative counting system for HBsAg detection in hospital patients and donors.", "contents": "Evaluation of liquid scintillation counting solutions for radioimmunoassay of hepatitis-associated antigen (HBsAg). Liquid scintillation counting solutions for radioimmunoassay of hepatitis associated antigen (HBsAg) are evaluated and discussed. Data is also presented which indicates that liquid scintillation counting could be carried out by placing cut-off Ausria-125 test tubes in counting vials containing 10 ml of either Brays, Unogel, or Instagel solutions. The data suggest that Brays was the least effective and Unogel and Instagel were the most effective liquid scintillation counting solutions. This is a fundamental consideration if a laboratory is contemplating an initial investiment in counting equipment. The acquisition of a liquid scintillation counter provides additional capabilities for the clinical laboratory interested in radioisotope measurements. In addition, if a laboratory already has a liquid scintillation counter (Beta counter), the director of the clinical laboratory may elect not to purchase additional counting equipment (gamma counter) since he already has the added advantage of measuring iodine-125 with the Beta counter. The authors propose liquid scintillation (RIA) as an alternative counting system for HBsAg detection in hospital patients and donors."}
{"id": "PMID:910270", "title": "Large scale preparation of leukocyte concentrates and further purification of lymphocytes and granulocytes with the IBM 2991 cell processor.", "content": "A procedure is described for the large-scale production of pure suspensions of human lymphocytes and granulocytes. Platelet-poor buffy-coats, obtained by centrifugation of six units of ABO-compatible ACD blood, were pooled and centrifuged again, resulting in a crude leukocyte concentrate containing approximately 60 per cent of the original amount of leukocytes. Further fractionation of such crude leukocyte concentrates was achieved by scaling up B\u00f8yum's Ficoll-Isopaque density gradient technique with the aid of an IBM 2991 blood cell processor. In this way 2.9 +/- 0.3 X 10(9) mononuclear leukocytes, consisting of 90 +/- 0.7 per cent lymphocytes and 5.3 +/- 0.3 X 10(9) polymorphonuclear leukocytes of 92 +/- 0.7 per cent purity could be isolated in one run. The overall yield was 36 per cent of the original amount of leukocytes.", "contents": "Large scale preparation of leukocyte concentrates and further purification of lymphocytes and granulocytes with the IBM 2991 cell processor. A procedure is described for the large-scale production of pure suspensions of human lymphocytes and granulocytes. Platelet-poor buffy-coats, obtained by centrifugation of six units of ABO-compatible ACD blood, were pooled and centrifuged again, resulting in a crude leukocyte concentrate containing approximately 60 per cent of the original amount of leukocytes. Further fractionation of such crude leukocyte concentrates was achieved by scaling up B\u00f8yum's Ficoll-Isopaque density gradient technique with the aid of an IBM 2991 blood cell processor. In this way 2.9 +/- 0.3 X 10(9) mononuclear leukocytes, consisting of 90 +/- 0.7 per cent lymphocytes and 5.3 +/- 0.3 X 10(9) polymorphonuclear leukocytes of 92 +/- 0.7 per cent purity could be isolated in one run. The overall yield was 36 per cent of the original amount of leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:910272", "title": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with anti Jka specificity in a patient taking aldomet.", "content": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (hemoglobin 5.2 g, reticulocyte count 31.0 per cent) developed in a 53-year-old hypertensive woman who was taking Aldomet. Both the patient's serum and the eluate prepared from her red blood cells contained an antibody with anti-Jka specificity. Rapid sustained improvement in the anemia occurred after cessation of Aldomet and a two week course of prednisone therapy. Eight months later, anti-Jka was no longer detectable in the patient's serum and the direct antiglobulin test was nonreactive.", "contents": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with anti Jka specificity in a patient taking aldomet. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (hemoglobin 5.2 g, reticulocyte count 31.0 per cent) developed in a 53-year-old hypertensive woman who was taking Aldomet. Both the patient's serum and the eluate prepared from her red blood cells contained an antibody with anti-Jka specificity. Rapid sustained improvement in the anemia occurred after cessation of Aldomet and a two week course of prednisone therapy. Eight months later, anti-Jka was no longer detectable in the patient's serum and the direct antiglobulin test was nonreactive."}
{"id": "PMID:910274", "title": "Hemoglobin function in stored blood. XIX. Inosine maintenance of 2,3-DPG for 35 days in a CPD-adenine preservative.", "content": "This study establishes that 10 mM inosine is a sufficient additive to maintain 2,3-DPG levels in blood for five weeks of storage in CPD-adenine. No previous experiments were done with CPD-adenine (0.25 mM) using a design which would give statistical proof of the optimal concentration of inosine needed for maintenance of normal hemoglobin function (2,3-DPG) for five weeks of blood bank storage.", "contents": "Hemoglobin function in stored blood. XIX. Inosine maintenance of 2,3-DPG for 35 days in a CPD-adenine preservative. This study establishes that 10 mM inosine is a sufficient additive to maintain 2,3-DPG levels in blood for five weeks of storage in CPD-adenine. No previous experiments were done with CPD-adenine (0.25 mM) using a design which would give statistical proof of the optimal concentration of inosine needed for maintenance of normal hemoglobin function (2,3-DPG) for five weeks of blood bank storage."}
{"id": "PMID:910271", "title": "Discontinuous flow centrifugation leukapheresis and neutrophil function.", "content": "Neutrophils collected by discontinuous flow centrifugation using hydroxyethyl starch were evaluated. Morphology was studied by light and electron microscopy. Functional integrity was assessed by measuring viability, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and killing power. The harvested granulocytes were morphologically normal and showed no functional impairment.", "contents": "Discontinuous flow centrifugation leukapheresis and neutrophil function. Neutrophils collected by discontinuous flow centrifugation using hydroxyethyl starch were evaluated. Morphology was studied by light and electron microscopy. Functional integrity was assessed by measuring viability, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and killing power. The harvested granulocytes were morphologically normal and showed no functional impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:910283", "title": "Immunization against East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection of cattle) by infection and treatment: chemoprophylaxis with N-pyrrolidinomethyl tetracycline.", "content": "Cattle were immunized against East Coast fever by the inoculation of a tick-derived stabilate of Theileria parva infective particles and the intramuscular injection, at daily intervals, of n-pyrrolidinomethyl tetracycline at a dose level of 5 mg/kg. Four doses of the tetracycline, starting on the day of inoculation of the infective stabilate, minimised the ECF reactions in the cattle during immunization. Immunity to homologous T. parva stabilate challenge was demonstrated in 27 out of 27 cattle infected and treated in this manner.", "contents": "Immunization against East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection of cattle) by infection and treatment: chemoprophylaxis with N-pyrrolidinomethyl tetracycline. Cattle were immunized against East Coast fever by the inoculation of a tick-derived stabilate of Theileria parva infective particles and the intramuscular injection, at daily intervals, of n-pyrrolidinomethyl tetracycline at a dose level of 5 mg/kg. Four doses of the tetracycline, starting on the day of inoculation of the infective stabilate, minimised the ECF reactions in the cattle during immunization. Immunity to homologous T. parva stabilate challenge was demonstrated in 27 out of 27 cattle infected and treated in this manner."}
{"id": "PMID:910284", "title": "Bovine haemoglobin types and their possible relationship to resistance to babesiosis: an experimental study.", "content": "Two groups of Droughtmaster cattle, one group previously infected, were challenged with Babesia argentina infected erythrocytes. All animals were typed for haemoglobin and the course of infection followed by regular parasite counts. No conclusive relationship between the frequencies of the HbA and HbB genes and the severity of parasitaemia in the different groups was found. The presence of HbF was not associated with any limitations on the severity of infection in 1 1/2 - 2 1/2 months calves.", "contents": "Bovine haemoglobin types and their possible relationship to resistance to babesiosis: an experimental study. Two groups of Droughtmaster cattle, one group previously infected, were challenged with Babesia argentina infected erythrocytes. All animals were typed for haemoglobin and the course of infection followed by regular parasite counts. No conclusive relationship between the frequencies of the HbA and HbB genes and the severity of parasitaemia in the different groups was found. The presence of HbF was not associated with any limitations on the severity of infection in 1 1/2 - 2 1/2 months calves."}
{"id": "PMID:910273", "title": "Blood typing in disputed paternity cases: capabilities of American laboratories.", "content": "This paper summarizes a survey of the blood typing capabilities of representative American laboratories as they are: 1) currently applied to disputed paternity cases and 2) these laboratories potential for utilizing additional tests in disputed paternity cases.", "contents": "Blood typing in disputed paternity cases: capabilities of American laboratories. This paper summarizes a survey of the blood typing capabilities of representative American laboratories as they are: 1) currently applied to disputed paternity cases and 2) these laboratories potential for utilizing additional tests in disputed paternity cases."}
{"id": "PMID:910285", "title": "Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in different populations of native Liberians.", "content": "An opportunist sero-epidemiological screening of 390 persons during an epidemiologic survey into the distribution of filarial infection in Liberia/West Africa provided data on the distribution of T. gondii antibodies. The average prevalence of antibodies according to the dye-test titers of 1:10 or 1:4 was 45 resp. 58%. After arbitrary division of the total group into regional subgroups there was a rising trend of antibodies with age up to 90% prevalence in the group of coastal residence of origin whereas the prevalence rates remained at a level around 50% in the inland subgroup. The implications of the findings are discussed, but the significance of this observation has to be investigated by a planned study.", "contents": "Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in different populations of native Liberians. An opportunist sero-epidemiological screening of 390 persons during an epidemiologic survey into the distribution of filarial infection in Liberia/West Africa provided data on the distribution of T. gondii antibodies. The average prevalence of antibodies according to the dye-test titers of 1:10 or 1:4 was 45 resp. 58%. After arbitrary division of the total group into regional subgroups there was a rising trend of antibodies with age up to 90% prevalence in the group of coastal residence of origin whereas the prevalence rates remained at a level around 50% in the inland subgroup. The implications of the findings are discussed, but the significance of this observation has to be investigated by a planned study."}
{"id": "PMID:910287", "title": "A comparison of individual dissection and mass separation for recovery of Onchocerca larvae from vector black flies.", "content": "The effectiveness of a mass separation technique, previously used for the extraction of larvae of lymphatic-dwelling filarial worms from batches of vector mosquitoes, was tested as a means of recovering infective-stage larvae of Onchocerca volvulus from Simulium ochraceum in Guatemala. Blood-engorged flies, collected from 10 infected human attractants, were maintained for 9 days to allow ingested microfilariae to develop to the infective stage. The numbers of Onchocerca larvae recovered after groups of these flies were crushed and washed into tissue culture fluid in Baermann funnels was compared with the numbers obtained by individual dissections of flies fed on the same subjects. The mass separation procedure gave a mean recovery rate of 0.03 larva/fly and detected larvae only in flies which had fed on those subjects with the highest microfilarial skin densities. Dissections yielded 0.50 larva/fly (a 16.7-fold increase) and detected larvae in flies collected from all test subjects. The explanation for the ineffectiveness of the mass separation technique may lie in the observed sluggishness of infective-stage Onchocerca larvae and a consequent inability to free themselves from the fly fragments in the Baermann funnel.", "contents": "A comparison of individual dissection and mass separation for recovery of Onchocerca larvae from vector black flies. The effectiveness of a mass separation technique, previously used for the extraction of larvae of lymphatic-dwelling filarial worms from batches of vector mosquitoes, was tested as a means of recovering infective-stage larvae of Onchocerca volvulus from Simulium ochraceum in Guatemala. Blood-engorged flies, collected from 10 infected human attractants, were maintained for 9 days to allow ingested microfilariae to develop to the infective stage. The numbers of Onchocerca larvae recovered after groups of these flies were crushed and washed into tissue culture fluid in Baermann funnels was compared with the numbers obtained by individual dissections of flies fed on the same subjects. The mass separation procedure gave a mean recovery rate of 0.03 larva/fly and detected larvae only in flies which had fed on those subjects with the highest microfilarial skin densities. Dissections yielded 0.50 larva/fly (a 16.7-fold increase) and detected larvae in flies collected from all test subjects. The explanation for the ineffectiveness of the mass separation technique may lie in the observed sluggishness of infective-stage Onchocerca larvae and a consequent inability to free themselves from the fly fragments in the Baermann funnel."}
{"id": "PMID:910289", "title": "[Association between ABO blood groups and fingerprints].", "content": "The ABO blood groups and finger prints were studied for a population of 1170 persons (Ukrainians, Kiev). A statistically significant association was determined between these traits which were similar both in men and women. Maximal values of total ridge count and intensity of patients were found in persons with phenotype B, minimal ones, in persons with phenotypes O and A.", "contents": "[Association between ABO blood groups and fingerprints]. The ABO blood groups and finger prints were studied for a population of 1170 persons (Ukrainians, Kiev). A statistically significant association was determined between these traits which were similar both in men and women. Maximal values of total ridge count and intensity of patients were found in persons with phenotype B, minimal ones, in persons with phenotypes O and A."}
{"id": "PMID:910298", "title": "Pig production in the Solomon Islands. II. Diseases and parasites.", "content": "A study of diseases and parasites of pigs in the Solomon Islands during 1967 to 1969 indicated that infectious diseases were of little consequence. Four arthropod parrasite species were found: one tick, one louse and two tabanids. The tick (Amblyomma cyprium cyprium) was extremely rare. Fifteen species of helminth parasites were recorded and of these Stephanurus dentatus was the most prevalent. All species were identified except a filariid, of which only the microfilariae were seen.", "contents": "Pig production in the Solomon Islands. II. Diseases and parasites. A study of diseases and parasites of pigs in the Solomon Islands during 1967 to 1969 indicated that infectious diseases were of little consequence. Four arthropod parrasite species were found: one tick, one louse and two tabanids. The tick (Amblyomma cyprium cyprium) was extremely rare. Fifteen species of helminth parasites were recorded and of these Stephanurus dentatus was the most prevalent. All species were identified except a filariid, of which only the microfilariae were seen."}
{"id": "PMID:910299", "title": "The anti-echinococcosis campaign in Cyprus.", "content": "A national anti-echinococcosis campaign was started in 1971, in which education of the public, the control of dogs and the control of slaughter were emphasised. The campaign has already achieved almost total elimination of infection in food animals born subsequent to its initiation. Stray dogs are rare and all others are registered and examined three or four times a year. Infection in dogs has decreased by over 80 per cent (from 6-8 in 1972 to 1-1 in 1976). Legislation governing abattoir functioning and dog control is in force. Violation of legislation is penalised, although the level of awareness of the problem by the public, who co-operate willingly, does not often warrant this.", "contents": "The anti-echinococcosis campaign in Cyprus. A national anti-echinococcosis campaign was started in 1971, in which education of the public, the control of dogs and the control of slaughter were emphasised. The campaign has already achieved almost total elimination of infection in food animals born subsequent to its initiation. Stray dogs are rare and all others are registered and examined three or four times a year. Infection in dogs has decreased by over 80 per cent (from 6-8 in 1972 to 1-1 in 1976). Legislation governing abattoir functioning and dog control is in force. Violation of legislation is penalised, although the level of awareness of the problem by the public, who co-operate willingly, does not often warrant this."}
{"id": "PMID:910300", "title": "Tick-borne diseases of domestic animals in northern Nigeria. I. Historical review, 1923-1969.", "content": "Information on the occurrence of tick-borne diseases of domestic animals in northern Nigeria for the period 1923 to 1966 is summarised. Due to lack of obvious outbreaks and diverse interest of the veterinary staff, the published information is very scanty. Significant for the period under review was the complicating factor of Babesia bigemina infections in cattle undergoing rinderpest immunisation procedures or suffering from trypanosomiasis. Tick-borne diseases were also considered important in imported breeds of livestock and in those kept under intensive systems of management.", "contents": "Tick-borne diseases of domestic animals in northern Nigeria. I. Historical review, 1923-1969. Information on the occurrence of tick-borne diseases of domestic animals in northern Nigeria for the period 1923 to 1966 is summarised. Due to lack of obvious outbreaks and diverse interest of the veterinary staff, the published information is very scanty. Significant for the period under review was the complicating factor of Babesia bigemina infections in cattle undergoing rinderpest immunisation procedures or suffering from trypanosomiasis. Tick-borne diseases were also considered important in imported breeds of livestock and in those kept under intensive systems of management."}
{"id": "PMID:910296", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of protoplasts of mesophyll tobacco. I. Ultrastructural and cytochemical study of tobacco protoplasts at early stages of cultivation].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts during the first three days of cultvation were studied. Localization of catalase and peroxidase activities in the freshly isolated protoplasts and 2 days after their cultivation was detected by the cytochemical 3,3'-diaminobenzidine method. A conclusion is drawn that the observed changes in the fine structure and localization of the enzymic activity are due to the following processes: reparation of disturbances caused by the isolation procedure, regeneration of the cell wall and rapid dedifferentiation of the initial parenchymatic leaf cells.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of protoplasts of mesophyll tobacco. I. Ultrastructural and cytochemical study of tobacco protoplasts at early stages of cultivation]. Ultrastructural changes in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts during the first three days of cultvation were studied. Localization of catalase and peroxidase activities in the freshly isolated protoplasts and 2 days after their cultivation was detected by the cytochemical 3,3'-diaminobenzidine method. A conclusion is drawn that the observed changes in the fine structure and localization of the enzymic activity are due to the following processes: reparation of disturbances caused by the isolation procedure, regeneration of the cell wall and rapid dedifferentiation of the initial parenchymatic leaf cells."}
{"id": "PMID:910301", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response in equine babesiosis.", "content": "An intradermal skin test, to demonstrate a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction in Babesia equi infection in donkeys, was developed. A skin reaction to B. equi antigen was elicited in vaccinnated, infected and carrier intact and splenectomised donkeys. The histopathological examination of the skin biopsy revealed infiltration of mononuclear cells and accumulation of oedematous fluid in the deeper layers of the dermis. A leucocyte migration inhibition test was developed and its specificity as an in vitro measure of cell-mediated immunity to B. equi antigen was established. The results of this study demonstrated a correlation between cell-mediated immunity and protection.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response in equine babesiosis. An intradermal skin test, to demonstrate a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction in Babesia equi infection in donkeys, was developed. A skin reaction to B. equi antigen was elicited in vaccinnated, infected and carrier intact and splenectomised donkeys. The histopathological examination of the skin biopsy revealed infiltration of mononuclear cells and accumulation of oedematous fluid in the deeper layers of the dermis. A leucocyte migration inhibition test was developed and its specificity as an in vitro measure of cell-mediated immunity to B. equi antigen was established. The results of this study demonstrated a correlation between cell-mediated immunity and protection."}
{"id": "PMID:910302", "title": "Trypanosomiasis:goats as a possible reservoir of Trypanosoma congolense in the Republic of the Sudan.", "content": "Experimental Trypanosoma congolense infections of goats and calves were compared. Goats developed a chronic form of trypanosomiasis, often recovering spontaneously from a strain which caused an acute fatal disease in calves. Goats may be important in the maintenace of T. congolense in nature in the Sudan.", "contents": "Trypanosomiasis:goats as a possible reservoir of Trypanosoma congolense in the Republic of the Sudan. Experimental Trypanosoma congolense infections of goats and calves were compared. Goats developed a chronic form of trypanosomiasis, often recovering spontaneously from a strain which caused an acute fatal disease in calves. Goats may be important in the maintenace of T. congolense in nature in the Sudan."}
{"id": "PMID:910297", "title": "[Ultrastructure of rat adenohypophysis following exposure to several amines of the polymathylene series].", "content": "Adenohypophysis ultrastructure was studied under the effect of dicyclohexylamine nitrite and oil-soluble salt of cyclohexylamine used as inhibitors of the atmospheric corrosion of metals. It is stated that even due to the early effect they cause a morphofunctional rearrangement of the organ in spite of the same reaction of the adenohypophysis cells to M-1 and dicyclohexylamine nitrite the effect of the latter causes more distinct and pronounced changes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of rat adenohypophysis following exposure to several amines of the polymathylene series]. Adenohypophysis ultrastructure was studied under the effect of dicyclohexylamine nitrite and oil-soluble salt of cyclohexylamine used as inhibitors of the atmospheric corrosion of metals. It is stated that even due to the early effect they cause a morphofunctional rearrangement of the organ in spite of the same reaction of the adenohypophysis cells to M-1 and dicyclohexylamine nitrite the effect of the latter causes more distinct and pronounced changes."}
{"id": "PMID:910292", "title": "[Heterosis, macromolecular composition and several physico-chemical properties of the nucleolar-chromatic complex].", "content": "The nucleolar-chromatin complex of the hybrids liver cells is shown to contain a larger amount of RNA and phospholipids. When teeated with 1.0 M NaCl nucleoproteins of hybrid organisms display greater dissociation. A large number of free loci was determined in the matrix when titrating nucleolar chromatin complex with actinomycin \"D\". The effect of heterosis might be connected with a specific physiochemical state of chromosome in hybrid organisms.", "contents": "[Heterosis, macromolecular composition and several physico-chemical properties of the nucleolar-chromatic complex]. The nucleolar-chromatin complex of the hybrids liver cells is shown to contain a larger amount of RNA and phospholipids. When teeated with 1.0 M NaCl nucleoproteins of hybrid organisms display greater dissociation. A large number of free loci was determined in the matrix when titrating nucleolar chromatin complex with actinomycin \"D\". The effect of heterosis might be connected with a specific physiochemical state of chromosome in hybrid organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:910303", "title": "Heartwater in Nigeria. I. The susceptibility of different local breeds and species of domestic ruminants to heartwater.", "content": "Investigations were carried out on the susceptibility to heartwater of different species of domestic ruminants available in northern Nigeria. Brown goats originating from Zaria and areas north of it, and Friesian-zebu calves from the Shika Agricultural Research Station, were uniformly and highly susceptible to the disease. Brown goats from southern Zaria showed a variable susceptibility with 64 per cent contracting the disease. Many indigenous cattle and some indigenous sheep were resistant to infection.", "contents": "Heartwater in Nigeria. I. The susceptibility of different local breeds and species of domestic ruminants to heartwater. Investigations were carried out on the susceptibility to heartwater of different species of domestic ruminants available in northern Nigeria. Brown goats originating from Zaria and areas north of it, and Friesian-zebu calves from the Shika Agricultural Research Station, were uniformly and highly susceptible to the disease. Brown goats from southern Zaria showed a variable susceptibility with 64 per cent contracting the disease. Many indigenous cattle and some indigenous sheep were resistant to infection."}
{"id": "PMID:910304", "title": "The antibody response in sheep vaccinated with experimental Nairobi sheep disease vaccines.", "content": "The antibody responses to experimental Nairobi sheep disease vaccines have been assayed. The responses to an inactivated methanol precipitated vaccine were comperable with those following infection with virulent virus. The responses to attenuated vaccines were inadequate to protect against challenge with virulent virus.", "contents": "The antibody response in sheep vaccinated with experimental Nairobi sheep disease vaccines. The antibody responses to experimental Nairobi sheep disease vaccines have been assayed. The responses to an inactivated methanol precipitated vaccine were comperable with those following infection with virulent virus. The responses to attenuated vaccines were inadequate to protect against challenge with virulent virus."}
{"id": "PMID:910314", "title": "Hana Kai II: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. I. Objectives, design, and scope.", "content": "The dive (Hana Kai II) described in these papers was designed to determine the effects on man of a prolonged exposure to a dry helium-oxygen hyperbaric environment. Comprehensive studies on energy balance, body fluid balance, cardiorespiratory functions, maximal oxygen uptake, psychological performance, and physiological responses to cold were performed at a simulated depth of 580 ft (18.6 ATA) over a 30-day period in March-April 1975. Following a 3-day predive control period at 1 ATA air (period 1), 5 male divers spent 17 days at 18.6 ATA in a helium-oxygen environment (periods 2-6), and returned to 1 ATA air after 7 days of decompression (periods 7-8). They stayed an additional 3 days inside the chamber for postdive control measurements (period 9). The chamber temperature was maintained at 25-27 degrees C during periods 1 and 9, 30-31 degrees C during periods 2-5, and 27-28 degrees C during period 6. At 18.6 ATA, the PO2 and PCO2 of the chamber gas were maintained at approximately 225 and 2 mmHg, respectively. In this introductory paper, physical and physiological characteristics of individual subjects, the major daily activity schedule, and the scope of investigation are presented.", "contents": "Hana Kai II: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. I. Objectives, design, and scope. The dive (Hana Kai II) described in these papers was designed to determine the effects on man of a prolonged exposure to a dry helium-oxygen hyperbaric environment. Comprehensive studies on energy balance, body fluid balance, cardiorespiratory functions, maximal oxygen uptake, psychological performance, and physiological responses to cold were performed at a simulated depth of 580 ft (18.6 ATA) over a 30-day period in March-April 1975. Following a 3-day predive control period at 1 ATA air (period 1), 5 male divers spent 17 days at 18.6 ATA in a helium-oxygen environment (periods 2-6), and returned to 1 ATA air after 7 days of decompression (periods 7-8). They stayed an additional 3 days inside the chamber for postdive control measurements (period 9). The chamber temperature was maintained at 25-27 degrees C during periods 1 and 9, 30-31 degrees C during periods 2-5, and 27-28 degrees C during period 6. At 18.6 ATA, the PO2 and PCO2 of the chamber gas were maintained at approximately 225 and 2 mmHg, respectively. In this introductory paper, physical and physiological characteristics of individual subjects, the major daily activity schedule, and the scope of investigation are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:910315", "title": "Hana kai ii: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. II. Energy balance.", "content": "Since previous saturation dives have caused loss of body weight despite apparently adequate-to-high food intake, a complete study of energy balance was undertaken during the saturation dive Hana Kai II. Over a 30-day period in the hyperbaric chamber (3 days of predive control, 1 day of compression, 16 days at 18.6 ATA, 7 days of decompression, and 3 days of postdive control), all food, urine, and feces for five men were analyzed by bomb calorimetry; 24-h energy expenditure (M) was measured from continuous VO2, VCO2, and urine N. Body weight was taken daily; body composition was assessed from density, total body water, and skinfold thickness. Food intake was high throughout the 30 days (about 3500 kcal/day) while fecal and urinary losses were a normal 6-8% of intake. Energy expenditure was increased a little by the hyperbaric condition, but averaged only 2431 kcal/day for the 30 days and yet there was an average loss of adipose tissue of 0.8 kg for each man for the entire period. Nitrogen balance was positive. There was no evidence of heat gain or loss. The energy balance, total fuel compared with energy expenditure, required an additional 919 kcal/man-day for 30 days, an unidentified term which is not measured by conventional techniques.", "contents": "Hana kai ii: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. II. Energy balance. Since previous saturation dives have caused loss of body weight despite apparently adequate-to-high food intake, a complete study of energy balance was undertaken during the saturation dive Hana Kai II. Over a 30-day period in the hyperbaric chamber (3 days of predive control, 1 day of compression, 16 days at 18.6 ATA, 7 days of decompression, and 3 days of postdive control), all food, urine, and feces for five men were analyzed by bomb calorimetry; 24-h energy expenditure (M) was measured from continuous VO2, VCO2, and urine N. Body weight was taken daily; body composition was assessed from density, total body water, and skinfold thickness. Food intake was high throughout the 30 days (about 3500 kcal/day) while fecal and urinary losses were a normal 6-8% of intake. Energy expenditure was increased a little by the hyperbaric condition, but averaged only 2431 kcal/day for the 30 days and yet there was an average loss of adipose tissue of 0.8 kg for each man for the entire period. Nitrogen balance was positive. There was no evidence of heat gain or loss. The energy balance, total fuel compared with energy expenditure, required an additional 919 kcal/man-day for 30 days, an unidentified term which is not measured by conventional techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:910316", "title": "Hana kai ii: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. III. Body fluid balance.", "content": "Comprehensive studies on body fluid balance on 5 divers were conducted during the Hana Kai II dive (17 days at 18.6 ATA and 7 days of decompression). Daily urine flow increased from about 2000 ml at 1 ATA to 2600 ml at 18.6 ATA, at 31 degrees C. This diuresis was accompanied by a reduction in urine osmolality (from 650 to 500 mOsm) and a slight increase in osmolal clearance. Endogenous creatinine clearance remained at about 173 ml/min throughout the dive. Despite such a sustained diuresis, neither daily water intake nor total body water volume changed significantly. The plasma renin activity changed little, while both plasma aldosterone concentration and urinary aldosterone excretion increased significantly during the first week at 18.6 ATA. The plasma prolactin concentration showed a significant decrease during the first 3 days at 18.6 ATA. The daily excretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) decreased significantly (by 40%) 4 days after compression and remained low throughout the rest of the dive. Insensible waterloss at 18.6 ATA was 35% lower than that at 1 ATA. It is suggested that the observed hyperbaric diuresis is due primarily to suppression of ADH as a result of suppression of insensible water loss.", "contents": "Hana kai ii: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. III. Body fluid balance. Comprehensive studies on body fluid balance on 5 divers were conducted during the Hana Kai II dive (17 days at 18.6 ATA and 7 days of decompression). Daily urine flow increased from about 2000 ml at 1 ATA to 2600 ml at 18.6 ATA, at 31 degrees C. This diuresis was accompanied by a reduction in urine osmolality (from 650 to 500 mOsm) and a slight increase in osmolal clearance. Endogenous creatinine clearance remained at about 173 ml/min throughout the dive. Despite such a sustained diuresis, neither daily water intake nor total body water volume changed significantly. The plasma renin activity changed little, while both plasma aldosterone concentration and urinary aldosterone excretion increased significantly during the first week at 18.6 ATA. The plasma prolactin concentration showed a significant decrease during the first 3 days at 18.6 ATA. The daily excretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) decreased significantly (by 40%) 4 days after compression and remained low throughout the rest of the dive. Insensible waterloss at 18.6 ATA was 35% lower than that at 1 ATA. It is suggested that the observed hyperbaric diuresis is due primarily to suppression of ADH as a result of suppression of insensible water loss."}
{"id": "PMID:910317", "title": "Hana Kai II: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. IV. Cardiopulmonary functions.", "content": "Impedance plethysmography was used to measure resting cardiac stroke volume (SV) and thoracic conductive volume (TCV) in four divers at intervals during a prolonged dry saturation dive (17 days at 18.6 ATA and 7 days' decompression). Resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and pulmonary minute ventilation (VE) were measured 4 times per day for the duration of the 30-day experiment. The vital capacity (VC) and its subdivisions IC and ERV were measured by spirometry every 3 days. In nonsmokers, VC fell significantly with time (r = 0.64), while VC in smokers increased nearly 400 ml during the first week at pressure before tending to fall with time. Compared to predive, the mean ERV was increased 629 ml at pressure, while VE and respiratory rate were not changed. The increased ERV did not persist postdive and was probably the result of the increased work of breathing a dense gas (4.1 g/liters). Residual volume (RV) measured by nitrogen dilution before and after the dive increased 38% and remained significantly increased (22%) even after one year in 4 divers. It is suggested that hyperoxia (0.3 ATA PO2) combined with increased gas flow resistance caused the VC to fall and RV to increase. The major cardiovascular findings were a transient bradycardia associated with increased stroke volume leading to a significant increase in resting cardiac output associated with an increased rate of rapid ventricular filling, TCV, and BP at depth. Lowering the ambient temperature for 3 days did not re-establish the bradycardia, suggesting that hyperbaric bradycardia is not due to a subtle cold stress.", "contents": "Hana Kai II: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. IV. Cardiopulmonary functions. Impedance plethysmography was used to measure resting cardiac stroke volume (SV) and thoracic conductive volume (TCV) in four divers at intervals during a prolonged dry saturation dive (17 days at 18.6 ATA and 7 days' decompression). Resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and pulmonary minute ventilation (VE) were measured 4 times per day for the duration of the 30-day experiment. The vital capacity (VC) and its subdivisions IC and ERV were measured by spirometry every 3 days. In nonsmokers, VC fell significantly with time (r = 0.64), while VC in smokers increased nearly 400 ml during the first week at pressure before tending to fall with time. Compared to predive, the mean ERV was increased 629 ml at pressure, while VE and respiratory rate were not changed. The increased ERV did not persist postdive and was probably the result of the increased work of breathing a dense gas (4.1 g/liters). Residual volume (RV) measured by nitrogen dilution before and after the dive increased 38% and remained significantly increased (22%) even after one year in 4 divers. It is suggested that hyperoxia (0.3 ATA PO2) combined with increased gas flow resistance caused the VC to fall and RV to increase. The major cardiovascular findings were a transient bradycardia associated with increased stroke volume leading to a significant increase in resting cardiac output associated with an increased rate of rapid ventricular filling, TCV, and BP at depth. Lowering the ambient temperature for 3 days did not re-establish the bradycardia, suggesting that hyperbaric bradycardia is not due to a subtle cold stress."}
{"id": "PMID:910318", "title": "Hana kai ii: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. V. Maximal oxygen uptake.", "content": "Cardiorespiratory responses of four men to submaximal and maximal cycling exercise were observed during 17 days at 18.6 ATA. Inspired gas at pressure consisted of hyperoxic (PO2 = 232 mmHg) and normoxic (PO2 = 159 mmHg) helium mixtures with relative gas densities of 3.8 and 2.8, respectively. The average of pre- and postdive VO2max (1 ATA air), which were not significantly different, was 3.10 liters - min-1. During 5 min of submaximal exercise at 50% of VO2max, no significant difference in work rate, VO2, VCO2, VE, respiratory rate, heart rate (HR), stroke volume, blood pressures, or rectal temperature was noted at 18.6 ATA compared to 1 ATA with either gas mixture. Submaximal HR tended to decrease by 5 to 10 beats - min-1 at pressure, and in hyperoxia the VO2/HR ratio was significantly higher. Maximal exercise was performed to exhaustion at work rates requiring about 120% of VO2max. Significant increased in VO2max of 0.10 liter - min-1 (3%) and in endurance time of 2 min (48%) were found during hyperoxic gas breathing, whereas normoxic values at 18.6 ATA were similar to those at 1 ATA. Significant reductions in maximal HR of 8 beats - min-1 (4%) were observed with both gas mixtures at pressure, and VE was significantly decreased by 36 liters - min-1 (26%) in hyperoxia and 29 liters - min-1 (21%) in normoxia. No change was found in the calculated cardiac output. Maximal voluntary ventilation, which was measured only for the hyperoxic gas, fell significantly by 80 liters - min-1 (40%). Results indicate that aerobic power and endurance performance were affected by oxygen pressure. Normoxic work capacity, however, was not decreased at 18.6 ATA, despite marked reductions in HR and VE.", "contents": "Hana kai ii: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. V. Maximal oxygen uptake. Cardiorespiratory responses of four men to submaximal and maximal cycling exercise were observed during 17 days at 18.6 ATA. Inspired gas at pressure consisted of hyperoxic (PO2 = 232 mmHg) and normoxic (PO2 = 159 mmHg) helium mixtures with relative gas densities of 3.8 and 2.8, respectively. The average of pre- and postdive VO2max (1 ATA air), which were not significantly different, was 3.10 liters - min-1. During 5 min of submaximal exercise at 50% of VO2max, no significant difference in work rate, VO2, VCO2, VE, respiratory rate, heart rate (HR), stroke volume, blood pressures, or rectal temperature was noted at 18.6 ATA compared to 1 ATA with either gas mixture. Submaximal HR tended to decrease by 5 to 10 beats - min-1 at pressure, and in hyperoxia the VO2/HR ratio was significantly higher. Maximal exercise was performed to exhaustion at work rates requiring about 120% of VO2max. Significant increased in VO2max of 0.10 liter - min-1 (3%) and in endurance time of 2 min (48%) were found during hyperoxic gas breathing, whereas normoxic values at 18.6 ATA were similar to those at 1 ATA. Significant reductions in maximal HR of 8 beats - min-1 (4%) were observed with both gas mixtures at pressure, and VE was significantly decreased by 36 liters - min-1 (26%) in hyperoxia and 29 liters - min-1 (21%) in normoxia. No change was found in the calculated cardiac output. Maximal voluntary ventilation, which was measured only for the hyperoxic gas, fell significantly by 80 liters - min-1 (40%). Results indicate that aerobic power and endurance performance were affected by oxygen pressure. Normoxic work capacity, however, was not decreased at 18.6 ATA, despite marked reductions in HR and VE."}
{"id": "PMID:910319", "title": "Hana kai ii: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. VI: Cognitive performance, reaction time, and personality changes.", "content": "Measures of spatial orientation, associative memory, general intelligence, arithmetic ability, reaction time, and personal/social perceptions were administered to five subjects during a 31-day saturation exercise. Performance decrements were noted during 17 days of exposure to hyperbaric Hi-O2 at 18.6 ATA. Significant losses in general intellectual ability were noted, as well as trends toward significant losses in other cognitive tests. Reaction time and arithmetic errors increased significantly during the early testing sessions. Performance during a 3-day cold period was equivocal; arithmetic errors increased, but other measures improved or remained constant. Environmental stressors such as fatigue, anxiety, health problems, personal and social adjustment, and aspects of perceptual deprivation were considered to be influential in reducing performance effectiveness.", "contents": "Hana kai ii: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. VI: Cognitive performance, reaction time, and personality changes. Measures of spatial orientation, associative memory, general intelligence, arithmetic ability, reaction time, and personal/social perceptions were administered to five subjects during a 31-day saturation exercise. Performance decrements were noted during 17 days of exposure to hyperbaric Hi-O2 at 18.6 ATA. Significant losses in general intellectual ability were noted, as well as trends toward significant losses in other cognitive tests. Reaction time and arithmetic errors increased significantly during the early testing sessions. Performance during a 3-day cold period was equivocal; arithmetic errors increased, but other measures improved or remained constant. Environmental stressors such as fatigue, anxiety, health problems, personal and social adjustment, and aspects of perceptual deprivation were considered to be influential in reducing performance effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:910320", "title": "Hana Kai II: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. VII: Auditory, visual, and gustatory sensations.", "content": "Five divers were tested for alterations in auditory, visual, and gustatory functioning during a 17-day saturation exposure to He-O2 at 18.6 ATA. No evidence of permanent hearing loss was disclosed. Critical flicker fusion was not affected, but peripheral visual thresholds were significantly increased during the first two weeks at 18.6 ATA; this was interpreted to be evidence of severe psychological and physiological stress. Foveal vision was unaffected across testings. Magnitude estimation techniques disclosed changes in taste sensitivity, with sweet sensitivity increasing over time and sour sensitivity declining over the course of the dive. Subjects were more sensitive to bitter stimuli at maximum pressure than at sea level, and less sensitive to salt at maximum pressure. The results indicate that appreciable alterations in sensory functioning can occur during saturation exposures, although the sense modalities were differentially affected by such environmental stressors as pressure, psycho-social stress, fatigue, and perceptual deprivation.", "contents": "Hana Kai II: a 17-day dry saturation dive at 18.6 ATA. VII: Auditory, visual, and gustatory sensations. Five divers were tested for alterations in auditory, visual, and gustatory functioning during a 17-day saturation exposure to He-O2 at 18.6 ATA. No evidence of permanent hearing loss was disclosed. Critical flicker fusion was not affected, but peripheral visual thresholds were significantly increased during the first two weeks at 18.6 ATA; this was interpreted to be evidence of severe psychological and physiological stress. Foveal vision was unaffected across testings. Magnitude estimation techniques disclosed changes in taste sensitivity, with sweet sensitivity increasing over time and sour sensitivity declining over the course of the dive. Subjects were more sensitive to bitter stimuli at maximum pressure than at sea level, and less sensitive to salt at maximum pressure. The results indicate that appreciable alterations in sensory functioning can occur during saturation exposures, although the sense modalities were differentially affected by such environmental stressors as pressure, psycho-social stress, fatigue, and perceptual deprivation."}
{"id": "PMID:910324", "title": "Selection of materials for ventricular assist pump development and fabrication.", "content": "A study was undertaken to select 2 of the most promising bladder materials from a list of 8 carefully chosen polymers. The polymers chosen for testing included a wide spectrum of urethanes, as well as a polyester resin and a millable polyolefin rubber. The following materials were studied: Adiprene LW-500, Avcothane 51, Biomer, Hexsyn, Hytrel 4055, Mobay 240313, Pellethane 2103-80 AE, and Tecoflex HR. The selection process was based on a test matrix which was divided into segmented steps, each a logical sequel from its predecessor, and each of increasing technical complexity. Hydrolytic stability, flexure endurance, fabricability, tissue compatibility, hemocompatibility and chronic tissue compatibility were evaluated, forming the basis for the acceptance/rejection criteria. As a result of this search, 2 biomaterials were identified as most suitable for use in conventionally flocked bladders; Biomer and Tecoflex HR. Both Biomer and Tecoflex HR bladders have demonstrated impressive results in circulatory analog loop endurance tests, with Tecoflex bladders surpassing 50 million flexes to date, and Biomer bladders (the longest running bladders) exceeding 150 million flexes. Tests are continuing.", "contents": "Selection of materials for ventricular assist pump development and fabrication. A study was undertaken to select 2 of the most promising bladder materials from a list of 8 carefully chosen polymers. The polymers chosen for testing included a wide spectrum of urethanes, as well as a polyester resin and a millable polyolefin rubber. The following materials were studied: Adiprene LW-500, Avcothane 51, Biomer, Hexsyn, Hytrel 4055, Mobay 240313, Pellethane 2103-80 AE, and Tecoflex HR. The selection process was based on a test matrix which was divided into segmented steps, each a logical sequel from its predecessor, and each of increasing technical complexity. Hydrolytic stability, flexure endurance, fabricability, tissue compatibility, hemocompatibility and chronic tissue compatibility were evaluated, forming the basis for the acceptance/rejection criteria. As a result of this search, 2 biomaterials were identified as most suitable for use in conventionally flocked bladders; Biomer and Tecoflex HR. Both Biomer and Tecoflex HR bladders have demonstrated impressive results in circulatory analog loop endurance tests, with Tecoflex bladders surpassing 50 million flexes to date, and Biomer bladders (the longest running bladders) exceeding 150 million flexes. Tests are continuing."}
{"id": "PMID:910326", "title": "Protracted parenteral drug infusion in ambulatory subjects using an implantable infusion pump.", "content": "This study demonstrates the feasibility of ambulatory heparin therapy and its potential for successful treatment of refractory thromboembolic disease. The proven capability of the implantable infusion pump to provide long-term heparin infusion in ambulatory subjects suggests that it may have application in the delivery of other parenteral drugs as well.", "contents": "Protracted parenteral drug infusion in ambulatory subjects using an implantable infusion pump. This study demonstrates the feasibility of ambulatory heparin therapy and its potential for successful treatment of refractory thromboembolic disease. The proven capability of the implantable infusion pump to provide long-term heparin infusion in ambulatory subjects suggests that it may have application in the delivery of other parenteral drugs as well."}
{"id": "PMID:910329", "title": "Post-permanent access neuropathy.", "content": "1. Carpal tunnel syndrome independent of uremic polyneuropathy has been described in 4 patients. 2. Operative findings are consistent with intraneural vascular compression related to the forearm A-V fistula. 3. Intraneural neurolysis results in immediate and almost total symptomatic relief.", "contents": "Post-permanent access neuropathy. 1. Carpal tunnel syndrome independent of uremic polyneuropathy has been described in 4 patients. 2. Operative findings are consistent with intraneural vascular compression related to the forearm A-V fistula. 3. Intraneural neurolysis results in immediate and almost total symptomatic relief."}
{"id": "PMID:910332", "title": "Clinical use of a totally heparin grafted hemodialysis system in uremic patients.", "content": "1. A totally heparin grafted dialysis system shows great promise in the treatment of chronic uremia associated with bleeding risk. 2. Long-term treatment of chronic uremia with this system has to await: a) Further studies of the chronic toxicity of CPC. b) Evaluation of performance which may be achieved by using a more homogeneous heparin with higher bioactivity. 3. Detailed studies of platelet factor 4 release with subsequent heparin neutralization to determine the importance of this variable in its effect on system performance.", "contents": "Clinical use of a totally heparin grafted hemodialysis system in uremic patients. 1. A totally heparin grafted dialysis system shows great promise in the treatment of chronic uremia associated with bleeding risk. 2. Long-term treatment of chronic uremia with this system has to await: a) Further studies of the chronic toxicity of CPC. b) Evaluation of performance which may be achieved by using a more homogeneous heparin with higher bioactivity. 3. Detailed studies of platelet factor 4 release with subsequent heparin neutralization to determine the importance of this variable in its effect on system performance."}
{"id": "PMID:910335", "title": "Home peritoneal dialysis. A major advance in promoting home dialysis.", "content": "The institution of a home peritoneal dialysis program has allowed us to increase the number of patients with end-stage renal failure entering our home dialysis program from 42.5% to 67.5% of the total population. This represents a 56.5% increase over the rate achieved by home hemodialysis alone. Twenty-four percent of the home peritoneal dialysis patients could have managed home hemodialysis, but 38 could not and this represents 48% of the total patients who entered our home dialysis program, for the period of the study. These patients would have required institutional dialysis which would not have been practical for 52.6% of them because of the distance they live from Toronto. The results of home peritoneal dialysis have compared favorably with home hemodialysis in the 2 concurrent but unmatched series in respect of training time, failure rate, need for in-hospital back-up and patient survival. A long-term study of matched patients randomized to either treatment group such as that described by Blumenkrantz will finally answer the question as to how valid is our contention that peritoneal dialysis compares favourably to hemodialysis for the treatment of end-stage renal failure.", "contents": "Home peritoneal dialysis. A major advance in promoting home dialysis. The institution of a home peritoneal dialysis program has allowed us to increase the number of patients with end-stage renal failure entering our home dialysis program from 42.5% to 67.5% of the total population. This represents a 56.5% increase over the rate achieved by home hemodialysis alone. Twenty-four percent of the home peritoneal dialysis patients could have managed home hemodialysis, but 38 could not and this represents 48% of the total patients who entered our home dialysis program, for the period of the study. These patients would have required institutional dialysis which would not have been practical for 52.6% of them because of the distance they live from Toronto. The results of home peritoneal dialysis have compared favorably with home hemodialysis in the 2 concurrent but unmatched series in respect of training time, failure rate, need for in-hospital back-up and patient survival. A long-term study of matched patients randomized to either treatment group such as that described by Blumenkrantz will finally answer the question as to how valid is our contention that peritoneal dialysis compares favourably to hemodialysis for the treatment of end-stage renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:910339", "title": "An implantable electromagnetic sound source for speech production.", "content": "Our goal is to provide laryngectomized cancer patients with a method of speech rehabilitation as an alternative to esophageal speech when required. With the cooperation of otolaryngologists, biomedical engineers, and speech therapists, an implantable electromagnetic sound source for voice production has been produced. It is biocompatible, durable, and functional in animal experimentation. A small, carefully selected clinical trial will soon begin.", "contents": "An implantable electromagnetic sound source for speech production. Our goal is to provide laryngectomized cancer patients with a method of speech rehabilitation as an alternative to esophageal speech when required. With the cooperation of otolaryngologists, biomedical engineers, and speech therapists, an implantable electromagnetic sound source for voice production has been produced. It is biocompatible, durable, and functional in animal experimentation. A small, carefully selected clinical trial will soon begin."}
{"id": "PMID:910341", "title": "Controlled ultrafiltration (UF) with hemodialysis (HD): analysis of coupling between convective and diffusive mass transfer in a new HD-UF system.", "content": "A convertible and versatile dialysis system consisting of a PMMA hollow fiber unit and UFR controller is shown to be useful for evaluating the effect of solute and fluid removal rates on adequacy of dialysis. Post-dilution mode where high UFR is applied to the patient with matching or comparable dilution rate is concluded to be most effective modification for enhancing the clearance for \"middle molecules\", without sacrificing the removal rates for the small solutes.", "contents": "Controlled ultrafiltration (UF) with hemodialysis (HD): analysis of coupling between convective and diffusive mass transfer in a new HD-UF system. A convertible and versatile dialysis system consisting of a PMMA hollow fiber unit and UFR controller is shown to be useful for evaluating the effect of solute and fluid removal rates on adequacy of dialysis. Post-dilution mode where high UFR is applied to the patient with matching or comparable dilution rate is concluded to be most effective modification for enhancing the clearance for \"middle molecules\", without sacrificing the removal rates for the small solutes."}
{"id": "PMID:910346", "title": "Racial factors in the incidence and causation of end-stage renal disease (ESRD).", "content": "During the years 1973, 1974 and 1975, the average annual rate of new ESRD patients was 50.4/million in a 7-county region of Southeastern Michigan. There were marked differences in the rate of new ESRD cases which paralleled the proportion of black individuals in the population. The ESRD rate for the black population was not significantly different in 3 districts within this region, ranging from 125.4 to 159.4/million. The ESRD rate for the white population ranged from 29.4 to 41.3/million, white individuals in Detroit having a significantly lower ESRD rate than white individuals in the area immediately adjacent to the city. The reason for this difference is not apparent. The data indicate that black individuals are more prone to develop ESRD from glomerulonephritis, hypertension, and diabetic nephropathy. In addition, racial factors are an important consideration in health care planning for ESRD treatment.", "contents": "Racial factors in the incidence and causation of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). During the years 1973, 1974 and 1975, the average annual rate of new ESRD patients was 50.4/million in a 7-county region of Southeastern Michigan. There were marked differences in the rate of new ESRD cases which paralleled the proportion of black individuals in the population. The ESRD rate for the black population was not significantly different in 3 districts within this region, ranging from 125.4 to 159.4/million. The ESRD rate for the white population ranged from 29.4 to 41.3/million, white individuals in Detroit having a significantly lower ESRD rate than white individuals in the area immediately adjacent to the city. The reason for this difference is not apparent. The data indicate that black individuals are more prone to develop ESRD from glomerulonephritis, hypertension, and diabetic nephropathy. In addition, racial factors are an important consideration in health care planning for ESRD treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:910352", "title": "A servo controlled transapical left ventricular to aortic assist device with implantable canulae.", "content": "A servo controlled transapical LV to aortic bypass system employing a roller pump was evaluated. The pump achieved complete LV decompression with reduction of LV pressure below systemic pressure. The servo control was responsive to LA pressure and allowed stable complete bypass during interventions designed to raise and lower LA pressure. A permanently implantable transapical LV cannula and aortic cannula without obturators was evaluated with and without anticoagulants. The teflon felt surface 'healed' rapidly and developed a multi-layered fibrous pseudointima. Anticoagulants appeared to avoid excessive thrombus formation at the cannula sites and embolization.", "contents": "A servo controlled transapical left ventricular to aortic assist device with implantable canulae. A servo controlled transapical LV to aortic bypass system employing a roller pump was evaluated. The pump achieved complete LV decompression with reduction of LV pressure below systemic pressure. The servo control was responsive to LA pressure and allowed stable complete bypass during interventions designed to raise and lower LA pressure. A permanently implantable transapical LV cannula and aortic cannula without obturators was evaluated with and without anticoagulants. The teflon felt surface 'healed' rapidly and developed a multi-layered fibrous pseudointima. Anticoagulants appeared to avoid excessive thrombus formation at the cannula sites and embolization."}
{"id": "PMID:910360", "title": "The need and use of a phosphate-enriched dialysate during regular hemodialysis.", "content": "A disabling osteomalacic syndrome seen only during regular hemodialysis is described. Its features include skeletal fractures, pain, suppression of pre-existing hyperparathyroidism, and failure to improve with any of the vitamin-D metabolites. Phosphate depletion may be an important etiological factor but this could not explain all cases. A trial with phosphate-enriched dialysate and 1alphaOHD3 resulted in sustained clinical improvement in 54% of the patients and healing of fractures in 33%. Other etiological factors independent of 1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency and phosphate depletion must be considered. Current, indirect evidence suggests that accumulation of water toxins including aluminium may be important.", "contents": "The need and use of a phosphate-enriched dialysate during regular hemodialysis. A disabling osteomalacic syndrome seen only during regular hemodialysis is described. Its features include skeletal fractures, pain, suppression of pre-existing hyperparathyroidism, and failure to improve with any of the vitamin-D metabolites. Phosphate depletion may be an important etiological factor but this could not explain all cases. A trial with phosphate-enriched dialysate and 1alphaOHD3 resulted in sustained clinical improvement in 54% of the patients and healing of fractures in 33%. Other etiological factors independent of 1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency and phosphate depletion must be considered. Current, indirect evidence suggests that accumulation of water toxins including aluminium may be important."}
{"id": "PMID:910367", "title": "Week long partial pulmonary bypass with an artificial lung pumped by the right ventricle.", "content": "Extracorporeal pumping PA-LA perfusions were carried out for 24 hrs in 5 awake, alert lambs by cannulating the main PA and the LA with large bore polyurethane cannulae. A mean of 42% of the basal cardiac was pumped through the membrane lung. When the PA occluder cuff was progressively inflated, up to 80% of the basal cardiac output was diverted to the extracorporeal circuit for short periods. Hemothorax remained a significant problem. Three lambs were electively perfused 12 hrs, 36 hrs, and 8 days without a roller pump, using a low resistance spiral coil membrane lung pumped by the RV. By inflating the occluder cuff, a mean of 55% of basal cardiac output was pumped by the RV through the membrane lung. The 8 day bypass lamb remained healthy and active without any bleeding or gross pathology. We did not observe air emboli, thromboemboli or gross infections in either group. We believe that such a mode of cannulation will eventually allow long-term perfusion of a low resistance membrane oxygenator driven directly by the RV.", "contents": "Week long partial pulmonary bypass with an artificial lung pumped by the right ventricle. Extracorporeal pumping PA-LA perfusions were carried out for 24 hrs in 5 awake, alert lambs by cannulating the main PA and the LA with large bore polyurethane cannulae. A mean of 42% of the basal cardiac was pumped through the membrane lung. When the PA occluder cuff was progressively inflated, up to 80% of the basal cardiac output was diverted to the extracorporeal circuit for short periods. Hemothorax remained a significant problem. Three lambs were electively perfused 12 hrs, 36 hrs, and 8 days without a roller pump, using a low resistance spiral coil membrane lung pumped by the RV. By inflating the occluder cuff, a mean of 55% of basal cardiac output was pumped by the RV through the membrane lung. The 8 day bypass lamb remained healthy and active without any bleeding or gross pathology. We did not observe air emboli, thromboemboli or gross infections in either group. We believe that such a mode of cannulation will eventually allow long-term perfusion of a low resistance membrane oxygenator driven directly by the RV."}
{"id": "PMID:910368", "title": "A demand diaphragm pacemaker.", "content": "A PACO2 feedback control system (demand diaphragm pacemaker) was developed in this laboratory to maintain homeostasis during diaphragm pacing, thus avoiding hypo- or hyperventilation. Application of this system to the research animal made it possible to maintain blood gases and pH within normal limits for up to 15 hrs. Oscillation between maximal tidal volume and apnea that occurred with the amplitude feedback control was eliminated by using a rate feedback control. A possible additional benefit of a feedback control system is the reduction of current applied to the nerve as compared to that in asynchronous pacing, thereby minimizing the fatigue phenomenon.", "contents": "A demand diaphragm pacemaker. A PACO2 feedback control system (demand diaphragm pacemaker) was developed in this laboratory to maintain homeostasis during diaphragm pacing, thus avoiding hypo- or hyperventilation. Application of this system to the research animal made it possible to maintain blood gases and pH within normal limits for up to 15 hrs. Oscillation between maximal tidal volume and apnea that occurred with the amplitude feedback control was eliminated by using a rate feedback control. A possible additional benefit of a feedback control system is the reduction of current applied to the nerve as compared to that in asynchronous pacing, thereby minimizing the fatigue phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:910376", "title": "145 days survival of calf with total artificial heart (TAH).", "content": "A calf with a biolized TAH was maintained in reasonably good physiological condition for a major portion of a 145-day experiment as indicated by near normal growth rate and laboratory data. The mechanism for the high CVP and CBV at the beginning and end of the experiment were correlated with protein metabolism. No evidence of thromboembolism was found at autopsy and only modest congestion with minimal parenchymal damage was observed. The cardiac prosthesis itself was free of thrombus, although slight calcification was found on the valves and diaphragms. The pump performance, however, remained satisfactory. In addition, endothelialization appeared to be starting on a portion on the inside of the pump.", "contents": "145 days survival of calf with total artificial heart (TAH). A calf with a biolized TAH was maintained in reasonably good physiological condition for a major portion of a 145-day experiment as indicated by near normal growth rate and laboratory data. The mechanism for the high CVP and CBV at the beginning and end of the experiment were correlated with protein metabolism. No evidence of thromboembolism was found at autopsy and only modest congestion with minimal parenchymal damage was observed. The cardiac prosthesis itself was free of thrombus, although slight calcification was found on the valves and diaphragms. The pump performance, however, remained satisfactory. In addition, endothelialization appeared to be starting on a portion on the inside of the pump."}
{"id": "PMID:910382", "title": "Toxicity of aliphatic amines in uremia.", "content": "Fifty-three samples in 26 patients were analyzed for aliphatic amines (DMA and TMA), and the levels correlated with 2 neurophysiological tests, choice reaction time (CRT), and electroencephalogram (EEG). A significant correlation was found between TMA and CRT and EEG (p less than 0.001 and 0.003, respectively) and between DMA and CRT (p less than 0.01). These amines reflect part of the spectrum of toxic compounds which accumulate in uremia. Dissociation of neurophysiological functions may be helpful in evaluating various classes of potentially toxic compounds found in renal failure, as exemplified by short-chain aliphatic amines.", "contents": "Toxicity of aliphatic amines in uremia. Fifty-three samples in 26 patients were analyzed for aliphatic amines (DMA and TMA), and the levels correlated with 2 neurophysiological tests, choice reaction time (CRT), and electroencephalogram (EEG). A significant correlation was found between TMA and CRT and EEG (p less than 0.001 and 0.003, respectively) and between DMA and CRT (p less than 0.01). These amines reflect part of the spectrum of toxic compounds which accumulate in uremia. Dissociation of neurophysiological functions may be helpful in evaluating various classes of potentially toxic compounds found in renal failure, as exemplified by short-chain aliphatic amines."}
{"id": "PMID:910383", "title": "Determination of plasticizer levels in serum of hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Serum DEHP levels were measured on 27 hemodialysis patients at various time intervals. The following results were obtained: 1) Predialysis levels of DEHP occurred in only one of 22 samples. 2) Postdialysis serum levels reached a mean of 751 nGm DEHP/ml serum. 3) Samples from patients with less than 50 hemodialysis treatments gave a mean of 558 nGm/ml, while those with more than 50 treatments gave a mean of 973 nGM/ml. These numbers were found to be significantly different at a 95% confidence level. 4) No difference in DEHP levels were found for males and females. 5) The appearance of DEHP during dialysis and its disappearance after dialysis were found to be biphasic. 6) No correlation was found between serum DEHP and triglyceride levels in postdialysis serum samples.", "contents": "Determination of plasticizer levels in serum of hemodialysis patients. Serum DEHP levels were measured on 27 hemodialysis patients at various time intervals. The following results were obtained: 1) Predialysis levels of DEHP occurred in only one of 22 samples. 2) Postdialysis serum levels reached a mean of 751 nGm DEHP/ml serum. 3) Samples from patients with less than 50 hemodialysis treatments gave a mean of 558 nGm/ml, while those with more than 50 treatments gave a mean of 973 nGM/ml. These numbers were found to be significantly different at a 95% confidence level. 4) No difference in DEHP levels were found for males and females. 5) The appearance of DEHP during dialysis and its disappearance after dialysis were found to be biphasic. 6) No correlation was found between serum DEHP and triglyceride levels in postdialysis serum samples."}
{"id": "PMID:910384", "title": "An efficient, compact and simple-to-use blood gas exchanger for long-term use.", "content": "The CCF folded coil membrane oxygenator has demonstrated a high capability for mass transfer both in vitro and ex vivo. The membrane-gas net interaction currently under investigation has indicated improved transfer with more controlled blood film thickness. The gas net being evaluated at this time in 3 layers: an open weave inner layer and net number 024 as a direct membrane support structure. No serious adverse effects of ex vivo bypass were found in 4 trials, and in long-term experiments, no deterioration of oxygenator performances could be found. The position of the oxygenator on the pump console and the absence of auxiliary frames, motors or pumps simplify operation of this device. It is felt that, following further detail refinement and ex vivo and clinical testing, this device can be presented as a suitable answer to the need for an efficient, simple to use, and versatile membrane oxygenator.", "contents": "An efficient, compact and simple-to-use blood gas exchanger for long-term use. The CCF folded coil membrane oxygenator has demonstrated a high capability for mass transfer both in vitro and ex vivo. The membrane-gas net interaction currently under investigation has indicated improved transfer with more controlled blood film thickness. The gas net being evaluated at this time in 3 layers: an open weave inner layer and net number 024 as a direct membrane support structure. No serious adverse effects of ex vivo bypass were found in 4 trials, and in long-term experiments, no deterioration of oxygenator performances could be found. The position of the oxygenator on the pump console and the absence of auxiliary frames, motors or pumps simplify operation of this device. It is felt that, following further detail refinement and ex vivo and clinical testing, this device can be presented as a suitable answer to the need for an efficient, simple to use, and versatile membrane oxygenator."}
{"id": "PMID:910386", "title": "Uremic hyperlipoproteinemia: correlation with residual renal function and duration of maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "Our study indicates that in renal failure elevated plasma triglyceride can first be detected when the GFR falls to 50 ml/min. Hypertriglyceridemia is the commonest abnormality found and increases further when the GFR falls below 10 ml/min. Plasma cholesterol levels remain normal even at low levels of renal function. Although plasma growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin levels become elevated when renal function diminishes, there is no definite correlation of their levels and GFR. A decreased incidence of hyperlipidemia observed in patients sustained by maintenance hemodialysis for over 5 yrs may in part be due to the triglyceride lowering effect of growth hormone and glucagon and/or the cholesterol lowering effect of insulin.", "contents": "Uremic hyperlipoproteinemia: correlation with residual renal function and duration of maintenance hemodialysis. Our study indicates that in renal failure elevated plasma triglyceride can first be detected when the GFR falls to 50 ml/min. Hypertriglyceridemia is the commonest abnormality found and increases further when the GFR falls below 10 ml/min. Plasma cholesterol levels remain normal even at low levels of renal function. Although plasma growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin levels become elevated when renal function diminishes, there is no definite correlation of their levels and GFR. A decreased incidence of hyperlipidemia observed in patients sustained by maintenance hemodialysis for over 5 yrs may in part be due to the triglyceride lowering effect of growth hormone and glucagon and/or the cholesterol lowering effect of insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:910388", "title": "Treatment of severe drug overdosage with charcoal hemoperfusion.", "content": "Mortality from severe poisoning remains excessively high in patients managed conservatively. In this report, charcoal hemoperfusion was used as a therapeutic aid to active drug removal in 10 patients (9 of whom were in Grade IV coma) intoxicated with a variety of drugs and a further 3 patients poisoned with the highly lethal herbicide, paraquat. All 10 patients who ingested drugs recovered. One of the 3 patients ingesting paraquat survived. The hemoperfusion treatments were associated with demonstrated drug removal. Complications associated with hemoperfusion were minor. Decreases in platelet levels were observed but were not accompanied by clinically important bleeding. The technique of hemoperfusion is simple and provides a therapeutic aid in the care of the severely poisoned patient.", "contents": "Treatment of severe drug overdosage with charcoal hemoperfusion. Mortality from severe poisoning remains excessively high in patients managed conservatively. In this report, charcoal hemoperfusion was used as a therapeutic aid to active drug removal in 10 patients (9 of whom were in Grade IV coma) intoxicated with a variety of drugs and a further 3 patients poisoned with the highly lethal herbicide, paraquat. All 10 patients who ingested drugs recovered. One of the 3 patients ingesting paraquat survived. The hemoperfusion treatments were associated with demonstrated drug removal. Complications associated with hemoperfusion were minor. Decreases in platelet levels were observed but were not accompanied by clinically important bleeding. The technique of hemoperfusion is simple and provides a therapeutic aid in the care of the severely poisoned patient."}
{"id": "PMID:910390", "title": "Peripheral vascular effects of glucagon, acetylocholine and dopamine with an implanted total artificial heart (TAH).", "content": "Three vasoactive drugs--glucagon, acetylcholine and dopamine were used in calves with an implanted TAH to study their mere vascular effects. We noticed that glucagon, besides being a potent vasodilator, affected the vascular system gradually rather than instantly. Also, it allowed for the gradual recovery of the system, thus avoiding sudden fluctuations in systemic and pulmonary blood pressures. Glucagon was found to have a unique capability of decreasing vascular resistance with only a slight drop in systolic pressure. Acetylcholine action was rather instant, exhibiting a sudden fall in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures. In animals with a TAH, dopamine seemed to work differently from that in subjects with an intact natural heart. While many investigators failed to see any change in pulmonary vascular resistance due to dopamine injection in subjects with an intact natural heart, we noticed about 20% increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (with a dose of 10 muGm/Kg). However, at low dosages of dopamine, we did not notice any appreciable change in pulmonary vascular resistance, which suggests that its action is dose dependent. We tend to believe that glucagon offers promising results in controlling the pulmonary hypertension in calves with a TAH. It is, also, our opinion that further investigation on the vascular effects of dopamine would reveal more pertinent and interesting results and solve the existing discrepancies.", "contents": "Peripheral vascular effects of glucagon, acetylocholine and dopamine with an implanted total artificial heart (TAH). Three vasoactive drugs--glucagon, acetylcholine and dopamine were used in calves with an implanted TAH to study their mere vascular effects. We noticed that glucagon, besides being a potent vasodilator, affected the vascular system gradually rather than instantly. Also, it allowed for the gradual recovery of the system, thus avoiding sudden fluctuations in systemic and pulmonary blood pressures. Glucagon was found to have a unique capability of decreasing vascular resistance with only a slight drop in systolic pressure. Acetylcholine action was rather instant, exhibiting a sudden fall in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures. In animals with a TAH, dopamine seemed to work differently from that in subjects with an intact natural heart. While many investigators failed to see any change in pulmonary vascular resistance due to dopamine injection in subjects with an intact natural heart, we noticed about 20% increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (with a dose of 10 muGm/Kg). However, at low dosages of dopamine, we did not notice any appreciable change in pulmonary vascular resistance, which suggests that its action is dose dependent. We tend to believe that glucagon offers promising results in controlling the pulmonary hypertension in calves with a TAH. It is, also, our opinion that further investigation on the vascular effects of dopamine would reveal more pertinent and interesting results and solve the existing discrepancies."}
{"id": "PMID:910391", "title": "Structural correlates of platelet functional damage by physical forces.", "content": "Human platelets, which were selectively damaged either in a device designed to impose surface injury or one in which damage is primarily limited to shear forces in the fluid bulk, were examined with the electron microscope in an effort to correlate functional and ultrastructural evidence of injury. Surface injury results in more severe inhibition of platelet adhesion and aggregation, as well as PF-3 and PF-4 activity. These functional effects are accompanied by profound and widespread ultrastructural changes, including membrane defects, enlargement of the open cannicular system, alterations in dense bodies and alpha granules, and the development of globular shapes. Very little serotonin is lost, but there is an increase in the number of abnormal dense bodies. In contrast, the shear injured cells demonstrate few functional defects, despite a lesser but still substantial number of structural changes, at forces up to 10(5) dynes/cm2. At higher shears, both functional and structural evidence of severe injury is present, along with apparently normal platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Structural correlates of platelet functional damage by physical forces. Human platelets, which were selectively damaged either in a device designed to impose surface injury or one in which damage is primarily limited to shear forces in the fluid bulk, were examined with the electron microscope in an effort to correlate functional and ultrastructural evidence of injury. Surface injury results in more severe inhibition of platelet adhesion and aggregation, as well as PF-3 and PF-4 activity. These functional effects are accompanied by profound and widespread ultrastructural changes, including membrane defects, enlargement of the open cannicular system, alterations in dense bodies and alpha granules, and the development of globular shapes. Very little serotonin is lost, but there is an increase in the number of abnormal dense bodies. In contrast, the shear injured cells demonstrate few functional defects, despite a lesser but still substantial number of structural changes, at forces up to 10(5) dynes/cm2. At higher shears, both functional and structural evidence of severe injury is present, along with apparently normal platelet aggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:910398", "title": "Gel-bound resealed red cell membranes: a new type of semi-artificial organ.", "content": "A novel type of semi-artificial organ is described, which uses resealed enzyme fille red cell ghosts bound to a matrix as an active metabolizing system. The stability and the selectivity of the system is discussed with enclosed glutaminase and urease as examples.", "contents": "Gel-bound resealed red cell membranes: a new type of semi-artificial organ. A novel type of semi-artificial organ is described, which uses resealed enzyme fille red cell ghosts bound to a matrix as an active metabolizing system. The stability and the selectivity of the system is discussed with enclosed glutaminase and urease as examples."}
{"id": "PMID:910402", "title": "Treatment of intractable ascites by continuous reinfusion of the sterilized, cell-free and concentrated ascitic fluid.", "content": "The new method for continuous reinfusion of sterilized, cell-free and concentrated ascitic fluid is described, and utilized in 72 patients with intractable ascites in both malignancy as well as liver cirrhosis and is described with satisfactory results. The management by repeated ascites reinfusion of patients with benign massive ascites has been possible. This method is capable of being applied to patients with malignant ascites. Symptomatic relief and prolonged survival time is anticipated. The method described in this study is simple and free of adverse effects.", "contents": "Treatment of intractable ascites by continuous reinfusion of the sterilized, cell-free and concentrated ascitic fluid. The new method for continuous reinfusion of sterilized, cell-free and concentrated ascitic fluid is described, and utilized in 72 patients with intractable ascites in both malignancy as well as liver cirrhosis and is described with satisfactory results. The management by repeated ascites reinfusion of patients with benign massive ascites has been possible. This method is capable of being applied to patients with malignant ascites. Symptomatic relief and prolonged survival time is anticipated. The method described in this study is simple and free of adverse effects."}
{"id": "PMID:910404", "title": "Control and monitoring system for clinically employed pneumatic blood pumps.", "content": "Instantaneous position of the flexing member in pneumatic blood pumps is monitored on-line by measuring the electrical capacitance across the gas space within the pump. Monitor output is utilized in closed-loop pump control and for automatic pump shutdown in response to operational abnormalities. Thus, safety and efficacy are enhanced through operational optimization, automatic safety features, and facilitated evaluation.", "contents": "Control and monitoring system for clinically employed pneumatic blood pumps. Instantaneous position of the flexing member in pneumatic blood pumps is monitored on-line by measuring the electrical capacitance across the gas space within the pump. Monitor output is utilized in closed-loop pump control and for automatic pump shutdown in response to operational abnormalities. Thus, safety and efficacy are enhanced through operational optimization, automatic safety features, and facilitated evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:910408", "title": "Advances in electrical assist devices.", "content": "Marked improvements were realized in the development of electrically driven left ventricular assist systems. A volume reduction of 46%, a system weight reduction of 63%, and a factor of 2 improvement in overall efficiency (29%) were realized. The system, operating at a pressure of 120 mm Hg with a flow rate of approximately 7 L, requires only 7.5 W of input power. In addition, a unique brushless commutator was designed to replace standard brushes, thus increasing system life. A new polyurethane was synthesized for utilization in the TMS. This material has demonstrated high flex life in addition to being biocompatible. Further improvements in system weight and size, as well as efficiency, will be realized when flat plate pumps are mated to electric drivers.", "contents": "Advances in electrical assist devices. Marked improvements were realized in the development of electrically driven left ventricular assist systems. A volume reduction of 46%, a system weight reduction of 63%, and a factor of 2 improvement in overall efficiency (29%) were realized. The system, operating at a pressure of 120 mm Hg with a flow rate of approximately 7 L, requires only 7.5 W of input power. In addition, a unique brushless commutator was designed to replace standard brushes, thus increasing system life. A new polyurethane was synthesized for utilization in the TMS. This material has demonstrated high flex life in addition to being biocompatible. Further improvements in system weight and size, as well as efficiency, will be realized when flat plate pumps are mated to electric drivers."}
{"id": "PMID:910409", "title": "Biological reactors for renal support.", "content": "The goal of this research is to develop systems that may be more nearly psysiologic in the treatment of chronic renal failure. The concept of using specific strains of microorganism to achieve this objective is the subject of this study. Studies to date have concentrated on the selection of appropriate microorganisms based upon the efficiency of removal of nitrogenous metabolites in batch reactors. Appreciable quantities of these substances can be removed in time periods approximating those of the interdialytic period. Results of studies indicate that mixed strains are required and that a unique interdependence among the species may be required and desirable for eventual application. Because of these encouraging results, further studies will concentrate on experiments designed to make applicable the concept or to utilize this concept in combination with other technologies for in vivo use. It is believed that further research could conceivably produce an alternative treatment of chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Biological reactors for renal support. The goal of this research is to develop systems that may be more nearly psysiologic in the treatment of chronic renal failure. The concept of using specific strains of microorganism to achieve this objective is the subject of this study. Studies to date have concentrated on the selection of appropriate microorganisms based upon the efficiency of removal of nitrogenous metabolites in batch reactors. Appreciable quantities of these substances can be removed in time periods approximating those of the interdialytic period. Results of studies indicate that mixed strains are required and that a unique interdependence among the species may be required and desirable for eventual application. Because of these encouraging results, further studies will concentrate on experiments designed to make applicable the concept or to utilize this concept in combination with other technologies for in vivo use. It is believed that further research could conceivably produce an alternative treatment of chronic renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:910415", "title": "The principles and in vivo performance of the Edinburgh pivoted aerofoil-disc prosthetic heart valve.", "content": "Prototypes of the Edinburgh prosthetic heart valve, known from previous experiments in vitro to promote exceptionally smooth and undisturbed forward flow, have been shown here in canine experiments to possess hemodynamic characteristics not inferior to those of the Bjork-Shiley valve (a present standard of excellence). In addition, we report a low incidence of valve thrombus deposition among calves in which this prototype valve, fabricated from the conventional materials, Delrin and stainless steel, has been implanted in the tricuspid site for up to 100 days without use of anticoagulants. This suggests that the design of the valve is such as to render it of low thrombogenicity. The new valve is designed for fabrication throughout in vitreous or pyro-coated carbon, materials of very high inherent athrombogenicity. It appears from the results discussed here that the developed form of the prosthesis, composed wholly of these athrombogenic materials, is likely to have both acceptable hemodynamic characteristics and an exceptionally low tendency to form thrombus. The introduction of such valves promises to be very advantageous and the results given here appear to warrant their development as the next stage of this program.", "contents": "The principles and in vivo performance of the Edinburgh pivoted aerofoil-disc prosthetic heart valve. Prototypes of the Edinburgh prosthetic heart valve, known from previous experiments in vitro to promote exceptionally smooth and undisturbed forward flow, have been shown here in canine experiments to possess hemodynamic characteristics not inferior to those of the Bjork-Shiley valve (a present standard of excellence). In addition, we report a low incidence of valve thrombus deposition among calves in which this prototype valve, fabricated from the conventional materials, Delrin and stainless steel, has been implanted in the tricuspid site for up to 100 days without use of anticoagulants. This suggests that the design of the valve is such as to render it of low thrombogenicity. The new valve is designed for fabrication throughout in vitreous or pyro-coated carbon, materials of very high inherent athrombogenicity. It appears from the results discussed here that the developed form of the prosthesis, composed wholly of these athrombogenic materials, is likely to have both acceptable hemodynamic characteristics and an exceptionally low tendency to form thrombus. The introduction of such valves promises to be very advantageous and the results given here appear to warrant their development as the next stage of this program."}
{"id": "PMID:910420", "title": "[Status and developmental prospects of a cytological service in the USSR].", "content": "To date, the experience obtained evidence that the modern level of cytological diagnostics allows its being referred to as a separate branch of clinical medicine, that can provide morphological diagnosis of malignancies and other pathological processes. Cytological assay, as shown by reports of leading oncological institutes, should be employed in any therapeutic establishment already during patients' primary address to a specialist. A special importance is attached to cytological assay in mass prophylactic examinations as an effective adjunct for prophylaxis and early recognition of cancer of the cervix, stomach, lung, skin. The principles of the organization of special service of clinical cytology in the USSR are substantiated.", "contents": "[Status and developmental prospects of a cytological service in the USSR]. To date, the experience obtained evidence that the modern level of cytological diagnostics allows its being referred to as a separate branch of clinical medicine, that can provide morphological diagnosis of malignancies and other pathological processes. Cytological assay, as shown by reports of leading oncological institutes, should be employed in any therapeutic establishment already during patients' primary address to a specialist. A special importance is attached to cytological assay in mass prophylactic examinations as an effective adjunct for prophylaxis and early recognition of cancer of the cervix, stomach, lung, skin. The principles of the organization of special service of clinical cytology in the USSR are substantiated."}
{"id": "PMID:910421", "title": "[Characteristics of the clinical course and the results of the treatment of patients with regional metastases of thyroid gland cancer].", "content": "In the clinic of the P. A. Herzen Research Institute of Oncology, under observation were 227 patients with regional metastases of thyroid cancer. 135 of 227 patients were primarily treated in the clinic. Ninety two patients were admitted to the clinic after nonradical surgical interventions on the thyroid and jugular lymph apparatus. The main groups of regional lymph nodes, where metastases were localized, were as follows: deep jugular group (upper--51.1%, median--80.3%, lower--79.7%); supra-clavicular region--33.8%, paratracheal zone--41.4%. Lymph nodes of the submaxillary region were involved only in 1.3%. Sheath-fascial dissection of lymph nodes and jugular cellular tissue with the removal of paratracheal cellular tissue seems to be the operation of choice for regional metastases. The Kreil operation is indicated only in metastatic proliferation of the internal jugular vein and sterno-cleidomastoid muscle. Such operation was employed in 5 patients (2.5%). 166 patients were followed for 3 years and longer, 117 of them being alive (70.4%). The survival over 5 years was noted in 55 patients (57.9%).", "contents": "[Characteristics of the clinical course and the results of the treatment of patients with regional metastases of thyroid gland cancer]. In the clinic of the P. A. Herzen Research Institute of Oncology, under observation were 227 patients with regional metastases of thyroid cancer. 135 of 227 patients were primarily treated in the clinic. Ninety two patients were admitted to the clinic after nonradical surgical interventions on the thyroid and jugular lymph apparatus. The main groups of regional lymph nodes, where metastases were localized, were as follows: deep jugular group (upper--51.1%, median--80.3%, lower--79.7%); supra-clavicular region--33.8%, paratracheal zone--41.4%. Lymph nodes of the submaxillary region were involved only in 1.3%. Sheath-fascial dissection of lymph nodes and jugular cellular tissue with the removal of paratracheal cellular tissue seems to be the operation of choice for regional metastases. The Kreil operation is indicated only in metastatic proliferation of the internal jugular vein and sterno-cleidomastoid muscle. Such operation was employed in 5 patients (2.5%). 166 patients were followed for 3 years and longer, 117 of them being alive (70.4%). The survival over 5 years was noted in 55 patients (57.9%)."}
{"id": "PMID:910422", "title": "[Effect of interferon on the immune response of mice to immunization with the cells of transplantable leukemias and sarkomas].", "content": "The treatment of cells L-1210 and MX-11 in vitro with interferon, prior to their injection to mice, caused an enhancement of specific humoral response and cytotoxic action of immune lymphocytes to Cr51 labelled target cells. The injecting of mice with allogeneic interferon-containing serum against the background of immunization with L-1210 cells produces an enhancing effect upon the immune response. Much more marked enhancing effect was observed when using syngeneic interferon-containing serum. Short-term treatment of lymphocytes, being immune to L-1210 cells, with interferon in vitro leads to the increase of their specific cytotoxicity to Cr51 labelled cells. Pre-treatment of leukemic cells with interferon would enhance their sensitivity to specific antibodies. It is suggested to use an active immunization of acute leukemia patients with allogeneic leukemic cells pre-incubated in interferon in combination with the injection of interferon-containing donor plasma.", "contents": "[Effect of interferon on the immune response of mice to immunization with the cells of transplantable leukemias and sarkomas]. The treatment of cells L-1210 and MX-11 in vitro with interferon, prior to their injection to mice, caused an enhancement of specific humoral response and cytotoxic action of immune lymphocytes to Cr51 labelled target cells. The injecting of mice with allogeneic interferon-containing serum against the background of immunization with L-1210 cells produces an enhancing effect upon the immune response. Much more marked enhancing effect was observed when using syngeneic interferon-containing serum. Short-term treatment of lymphocytes, being immune to L-1210 cells, with interferon in vitro leads to the increase of their specific cytotoxicity to Cr51 labelled cells. Pre-treatment of leukemic cells with interferon would enhance their sensitivity to specific antibodies. It is suggested to use an active immunization of acute leukemia patients with allogeneic leukemic cells pre-incubated in interferon in combination with the injection of interferon-containing donor plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:910423", "title": "[Formation of blastomogenic diphenylamino derivatives as a result of the metabolism of Direct azo dyes].", "content": "Under study was the urine from 22 workers being in long-term contact with direct azo dyes (direct black 3, direct diazo black, direct pure blue, direct light fast KU). Benzidine was found in the urine of 8 workers and dianisidine--in 3. Consequently, there occurs metabolic decomposition of the dyes concerned to free blastomogenic agents.", "contents": "[Formation of blastomogenic diphenylamino derivatives as a result of the metabolism of Direct azo dyes]. Under study was the urine from 22 workers being in long-term contact with direct azo dyes (direct black 3, direct diazo black, direct pure blue, direct light fast KU). Benzidine was found in the urine of 8 workers and dianisidine--in 3. Consequently, there occurs metabolic decomposition of the dyes concerned to free blastomogenic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:910424", "title": "[Gonadotropic functions of the hypophysis in the induction and suppression of the development of testicular tumors in rats].", "content": "The work was carried out on 1379 mature rats. The content of gonadotropic hormones (TSH, LH, LBH) in the hypophysis was studied during the induction of specific testicular tumors. The development of germinogenic tumors (teratomas and serminomas) of testes was shown to proceed against the background of continuous enhancement of follicle-stimulating function of the hypophysis, while the occurrence of neoplasms from interstitial cells--against the background of persistently increased luteinizing function of the hypophysis. Suppression of FSH or LH production would prevent tumors development.", "contents": "[Gonadotropic functions of the hypophysis in the induction and suppression of the development of testicular tumors in rats]. The work was carried out on 1379 mature rats. The content of gonadotropic hormones (TSH, LH, LBH) in the hypophysis was studied during the induction of specific testicular tumors. The development of germinogenic tumors (teratomas and serminomas) of testes was shown to proceed against the background of continuous enhancement of follicle-stimulating function of the hypophysis, while the occurrence of neoplasms from interstitial cells--against the background of persistently increased luteinizing function of the hypophysis. Suppression of FSH or LH production would prevent tumors development."}
{"id": "PMID:910425", "title": "[Method of computing the effective doses and concentrations of chemical blastomogenic agents].", "content": "It is suggested to use the method of probit-analysis in Litchfield and Wilcockson modification for calculating effective blastomogenic doses and concentrations (BD16, BD50, BD84) of chemical blastomogenic agents belonging to different classes of chemical compounds, which carcinogenicity was studied experimentally on animals. The values of BD16, BD50 and BD84, functions of the angle of inclination of \"S\" and \"tgalpha\" are given for 8 chemical blastomogenic agents.", "contents": "[Method of computing the effective doses and concentrations of chemical blastomogenic agents]. It is suggested to use the method of probit-analysis in Litchfield and Wilcockson modification for calculating effective blastomogenic doses and concentrations (BD16, BD50, BD84) of chemical blastomogenic agents belonging to different classes of chemical compounds, which carcinogenicity was studied experimentally on animals. The values of BD16, BD50 and BD84, functions of the angle of inclination of \"S\" and \"tgalpha\" are given for 8 chemical blastomogenic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:910426", "title": "[Detection and dispensary care of groups of persons at increased risk of bronchogenic cancer disease in Czechoslovakia].", "content": "Epidemiological and clinical studies organized by the Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Research Institute, Prague, revealed that the main high-risk factors associated with the incidence of lung cancer in Czechoslovakia are as follows: are and sex, heavy cigarette smoking, persistent cough, expectoration and other symptoms of chronic respiratory disease, and lung lesions of tuberculosis or probably tuberculosis origin. The methods used in Czechoslovakia for lung cancer detection include photofluorography, which has been combined in some investigations with a standard questionnaire eliciting smoking habits and symptoms of respiratory disease. Cytological sputum investigation in suspicion to lung cancer was found to be a useful contribution to the diagnosis. The systematic dispensary control of persons with bronchogenic carcinoma or at high risk for this disease is provided by polyclinic Departments for Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases of the District Institutes of National Health in collaboration with general physicians, oncological and other specialized departments. Further studies on methods for detection and dispensary control of lung cancer high-risk groups represent an important research task.", "contents": "[Detection and dispensary care of groups of persons at increased risk of bronchogenic cancer disease in Czechoslovakia]. Epidemiological and clinical studies organized by the Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Research Institute, Prague, revealed that the main high-risk factors associated with the incidence of lung cancer in Czechoslovakia are as follows: are and sex, heavy cigarette smoking, persistent cough, expectoration and other symptoms of chronic respiratory disease, and lung lesions of tuberculosis or probably tuberculosis origin. The methods used in Czechoslovakia for lung cancer detection include photofluorography, which has been combined in some investigations with a standard questionnaire eliciting smoking habits and symptoms of respiratory disease. Cytological sputum investigation in suspicion to lung cancer was found to be a useful contribution to the diagnosis. The systematic dispensary control of persons with bronchogenic carcinoma or at high risk for this disease is provided by polyclinic Departments for Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases of the District Institutes of National Health in collaboration with general physicians, oncological and other specialized departments. Further studies on methods for detection and dispensary control of lung cancer high-risk groups represent an important research task."}
{"id": "PMID:910427", "title": "[Ways of studying the role of the nutrition factor in the development of malignant diseases].", "content": "The results of using the dietary regimen, suggested by F. K. Men'shikov and coworkers in 449 patients with pretumor lesions and in 192 patients with malignancies receiving radio- and chemotherapy as well as in 398 patients prior to and after radical surgery for cancer have demonstrated that the diet somewhat improves the efficacy of other medicoprophylactic antitumor measures. The latter contributes to a decreased incidence of pretumor lesions and their less tendency to malignant transformation, to a fall in the intensity of glycolysis processes and enhanced tissue respiration, a lower level of lactic acid and cholesterol in blood. It somewhat suppresses the intensity of malignancies development, reduces the percentage and makes longer the terms of recurrence appearance and contributes to longer survival in oncological patients as well.", "contents": "[Ways of studying the role of the nutrition factor in the development of malignant diseases]. The results of using the dietary regimen, suggested by F. K. Men'shikov and coworkers in 449 patients with pretumor lesions and in 192 patients with malignancies receiving radio- and chemotherapy as well as in 398 patients prior to and after radical surgery for cancer have demonstrated that the diet somewhat improves the efficacy of other medicoprophylactic antitumor measures. The latter contributes to a decreased incidence of pretumor lesions and their less tendency to malignant transformation, to a fall in the intensity of glycolysis processes and enhanced tissue respiration, a lower level of lactic acid and cholesterol in blood. It somewhat suppresses the intensity of malignancies development, reduces the percentage and makes longer the terms of recurrence appearance and contributes to longer survival in oncological patients as well."}
{"id": "PMID:910429", "title": "[Biopsy in rectal cancer recurrences].", "content": "The design of a modified needle for trephine biopsy in rectal cancer recurrence in the perineal region is described. The needle design is simple and can be readily manufactured in a mechanic shop. The biopsy material obtained is large enough to type the tumor histologically. The technic of biopsy is not complicated and requires no special skill. Trephine-biopsy for rectal cancer recurrences may substitute completely knife biopsy, being a safe maneuvre in the complex diagnosis of rectal cancer recurrence.", "contents": "[Biopsy in rectal cancer recurrences]. The design of a modified needle for trephine biopsy in rectal cancer recurrence in the perineal region is described. The needle design is simple and can be readily manufactured in a mechanic shop. The biopsy material obtained is large enough to type the tumor histologically. The technic of biopsy is not complicated and requires no special skill. Trephine-biopsy for rectal cancer recurrences may substitute completely knife biopsy, being a safe maneuvre in the complex diagnosis of rectal cancer recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:910438", "title": "[Interaction of immune and normal macrophages with the influenza virus].", "content": "The interaction of macrophage cultures from immune and non-immune animals with influenza A/PR8/34 virus was studied. Significant differences were demonstrated between immune and normal macrophages. Influenza virus could be found in immune macrophages for a considerably shorter period than in normal macrophages. In immune macrophage cultures as compared with normal macrophages the synthesis of V- and S-antigens occurred only in a small number of cells. The study of the hemadsorbing capacity of macrophages showed the number of cells adsorbing erythrocytes to increase in normal macrophage cultures in contrast to those of immune macrophages. When macrophage cultures were inoculated with influenza virus, it exerted a cytopathic effect on normal macrophages at a lower multiplicity of infection whereas much greater infectious doses were required to produce the CPE in immune macrophages. The experimental results suggest that in infection or immunization certain changes occur in macrophages which may play a role in elimination of influenza virus from the body and in immune response.", "contents": "[Interaction of immune and normal macrophages with the influenza virus]. The interaction of macrophage cultures from immune and non-immune animals with influenza A/PR8/34 virus was studied. Significant differences were demonstrated between immune and normal macrophages. Influenza virus could be found in immune macrophages for a considerably shorter period than in normal macrophages. In immune macrophage cultures as compared with normal macrophages the synthesis of V- and S-antigens occurred only in a small number of cells. The study of the hemadsorbing capacity of macrophages showed the number of cells adsorbing erythrocytes to increase in normal macrophage cultures in contrast to those of immune macrophages. When macrophage cultures were inoculated with influenza virus, it exerted a cytopathic effect on normal macrophages at a lower multiplicity of infection whereas much greater infectious doses were required to produce the CPE in immune macrophages. The experimental results suggest that in infection or immunization certain changes occur in macrophages which may play a role in elimination of influenza virus from the body and in immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:910439", "title": "[Significance of the heterogeneity of an influenza virus population in the cytopathology of influenzal infection].", "content": "Separation of the allantoic cultures of influenza A/Hong Kong/68 and A/England/72 viruses on DEAE-Sephadex-A-50 with 1/15 M phosphate buffer solution containing 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 M NaCl (I, II, and III stages of elution, respectively) produced structurally (in size) and functionally (immunologic properties and invectivity for chick embryos) different subpopulations of influenza virus. When white mice were infected with the virus of the Ist and IInd stages of elution, marked proliferation and desquamation of alveolar cells, their hypertrophy and atypism were observed at 10-30 days, with moderately normal blood supply to the lung tissue. In the lungs of mice infected with virions of the IIIrd elution fraction there was no interstitial reaction and marked hemorrhagic component was observed. Virus persistence up to 6 months in the lungs was observed in mice infected with virus from the Ist and IIIrd elution fractions. The observed differences in the quality of influenza virus populations must be taken into account in evaluations of strain evolution at the expense of certain subpopulations and their implications in manifestations of infection and long-term persistence of virus.", "contents": "[Significance of the heterogeneity of an influenza virus population in the cytopathology of influenzal infection]. Separation of the allantoic cultures of influenza A/Hong Kong/68 and A/England/72 viruses on DEAE-Sephadex-A-50 with 1/15 M phosphate buffer solution containing 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 M NaCl (I, II, and III stages of elution, respectively) produced structurally (in size) and functionally (immunologic properties and invectivity for chick embryos) different subpopulations of influenza virus. When white mice were infected with the virus of the Ist and IInd stages of elution, marked proliferation and desquamation of alveolar cells, their hypertrophy and atypism were observed at 10-30 days, with moderately normal blood supply to the lung tissue. In the lungs of mice infected with virions of the IIIrd elution fraction there was no interstitial reaction and marked hemorrhagic component was observed. Virus persistence up to 6 months in the lungs was observed in mice infected with virus from the Ist and IIIrd elution fractions. The observed differences in the quality of influenza virus populations must be taken into account in evaluations of strain evolution at the expense of certain subpopulations and their implications in manifestations of infection and long-term persistence of virus."}
{"id": "PMID:910440", "title": "[Proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors in experimental influenzal infection].", "content": "The evidence has been obtained indicating an increase in proteolysis in the lungs of mice within 1 1/2 - 2 1/2 hours and on the 2nd day after inoculation of the animals with 1X10(5)-1X10(6) LD50 of influenza AO/32 virus, whereas on the 5th day in the affected organ proteolysis was significantly reduced as compared to the controls. No significant differences in the levels of cateptic activity at pH 5.0 in the lungs of infected and noninfected animals were found at any intervals of the study. At 1 1/2--2 1/2 hours and 5 days postinfection the antitryptic activity of the serum was found to be increased. The increased proteolysis early in infection is considered to be a virus-induced process, while its decline on the 5th day postinfection may be of protective nature. The participation of the system of proteases and their inhibitors in influenza virus--sensitive cells interaction as well as in the pathogenesis of influenza pneumonia is suggested.", "contents": "[Proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors in experimental influenzal infection]. The evidence has been obtained indicating an increase in proteolysis in the lungs of mice within 1 1/2 - 2 1/2 hours and on the 2nd day after inoculation of the animals with 1X10(5)-1X10(6) LD50 of influenza AO/32 virus, whereas on the 5th day in the affected organ proteolysis was significantly reduced as compared to the controls. No significant differences in the levels of cateptic activity at pH 5.0 in the lungs of infected and noninfected animals were found at any intervals of the study. At 1 1/2--2 1/2 hours and 5 days postinfection the antitryptic activity of the serum was found to be increased. The increased proteolysis early in infection is considered to be a virus-induced process, while its decline on the 5th day postinfection may be of protective nature. The participation of the system of proteases and their inhibitors in influenza virus--sensitive cells interaction as well as in the pathogenesis of influenza pneumonia is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:910441", "title": "[Interrelationship of alphavirus-Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus reproduction and oncornavirus type D production with the metabolism of the infected cells].", "content": "A comparative study of the reproduction of an alphavirus. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (VEE), in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and oncornavirus type D (OV-D) produced spontaneously by human continuous cells (HEp-2) was carried out. The differential index of reproduction of both viruses was the yield of RNA-containing virus structures released from the cells. For VEE this index increased in the course of infection 100-150-fold. For OV-D the index changed little during long-term cultivation of the cells and was only 0.2%--1%. The effect of inhibitors, ethidium bromide and cycloheximide, on the RNA synthesis and production of virus structures was studied. Ethidium bromide was shown to inhibit reproduction of both the viruses considerably, whereas the effect of cyclohemimide on them was dissimilar: its effect on VEE virus depended on the time of its addition, while OV-D virus production did not depend on the time of its addition and was even stimulated in the presence of cycloheximide.", "contents": "[Interrelationship of alphavirus-Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus reproduction and oncornavirus type D production with the metabolism of the infected cells]. A comparative study of the reproduction of an alphavirus. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (VEE), in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and oncornavirus type D (OV-D) produced spontaneously by human continuous cells (HEp-2) was carried out. The differential index of reproduction of both viruses was the yield of RNA-containing virus structures released from the cells. For VEE this index increased in the course of infection 100-150-fold. For OV-D the index changed little during long-term cultivation of the cells and was only 0.2%--1%. The effect of inhibitors, ethidium bromide and cycloheximide, on the RNA synthesis and production of virus structures was studied. Ethidium bromide was shown to inhibit reproduction of both the viruses considerably, whereas the effect of cyclohemimide on them was dissimilar: its effect on VEE virus depended on the time of its addition, while OV-D virus production did not depend on the time of its addition and was even stimulated in the presence of cycloheximide."}
{"id": "PMID:910442", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the usual and \"minimal forms\" of oncornaviruses in human embryonic lung cells cataminated with mouse cells].", "content": "Electron microscopic examinations of KLChKM (human embryo cells spontaneously contaminated with mouse cells) cell cultures revealed extracellular oncornaviruses of A and C types and intracisternal virions of A type which in their submicroscopical organization and morphogenesis were identical to oncornaviruses of mouse L cells. Also \"minimal forms\" (MiF) of oncornaviruses of A and C types the diameter of which was 30--70 nm were found. MiF of oncornaviruses were found to be formed in the process of budding through the cytoplasmic membrane or membranes of intracellular vacuoles.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the usual and \"minimal forms\" of oncornaviruses in human embryonic lung cells cataminated with mouse cells]. Electron microscopic examinations of KLChKM (human embryo cells spontaneously contaminated with mouse cells) cell cultures revealed extracellular oncornaviruses of A and C types and intracisternal virions of A type which in their submicroscopical organization and morphogenesis were identical to oncornaviruses of mouse L cells. Also \"minimal forms\" (MiF) of oncornaviruses of A and C types the diameter of which was 30--70 nm were found. MiF of oncornaviruses were found to be formed in the process of budding through the cytoplasmic membrane or membranes of intracellular vacuoles."}
{"id": "PMID:910444", "title": "[Multiple malignant tumours in gynaecology (author's transl)].", "content": "At the radiotherapy unit of the Ist Department of Gynaecology, University of Vienna, 8500 malignant tumours were observed in the years 1950-1975. Multiple primary neoplasms were recorded in 204 of these cases (2.4%). In 76 women (37.2%) the double neoplasms were situated in the genital region (local multiplicity), whilst in 128 cases the second neoplasm was situated in a distant organ, with cancer of the breast predominating (61 cases = 29.9%). A third of the multiple neoplasms were diagnosed simultaneously, whilst in the remaining two thirds a peak occurrence in the first year before or after the diagnosis of the gynaecological neoplasm is observed. Seven cases of triple neoplasms are presented as a separate group. Our observations are compared with the appropriate literature.", "contents": "[Multiple malignant tumours in gynaecology (author's transl)]. At the radiotherapy unit of the Ist Department of Gynaecology, University of Vienna, 8500 malignant tumours were observed in the years 1950-1975. Multiple primary neoplasms were recorded in 204 of these cases (2.4%). In 76 women (37.2%) the double neoplasms were situated in the genital region (local multiplicity), whilst in 128 cases the second neoplasm was situated in a distant organ, with cancer of the breast predominating (61 cases = 29.9%). A third of the multiple neoplasms were diagnosed simultaneously, whilst in the remaining two thirds a peak occurrence in the first year before or after the diagnosis of the gynaecological neoplasm is observed. Seven cases of triple neoplasms are presented as a separate group. Our observations are compared with the appropriate literature."}
{"id": "PMID:910445", "title": "[Dysgerminoma of the ovary during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A report presented of a case of giant dysgerminoma which initiated an acute abdomen necessitating surgical intervention during the mid-trimester of pregnancy. Two months later the patient was delivered of a healthy baby by Caesarean section. Repeated follow-up examinations of the patient have so far confirmed the favourable prognosis based on the pathological findings and intra-operative assessment.", "contents": "[Dysgerminoma of the ovary during pregnancy (author's transl)]. A report presented of a case of giant dysgerminoma which initiated an acute abdomen necessitating surgical intervention during the mid-trimester of pregnancy. Two months later the patient was delivered of a healthy baby by Caesarean section. Repeated follow-up examinations of the patient have so far confirmed the favourable prognosis based on the pathological findings and intra-operative assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:910446", "title": "[The place of the subclavian catheter in the treatment of severe psychotic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The insertion of a central venous catheter in the treatment of psychiatric patients is discussed on the basis of the therapeutic results obtained in 102 cases admitted to a psychiatric intensive care unit. Psychiatric indications and contraindications are now added to the known general indications and contraindications under other circumstances. Hypercaloric solutions, insertion technique into the subclavian and external jugular veins, duration of catether-aided nutrition and incidence of complications are discussed. The groups of psychiatric patients in whom the diagnosis is likely to lead to catheterization are defined. Two well-known catheter systems are discussed.", "contents": "[The place of the subclavian catheter in the treatment of severe psychotic patients (author's transl)]. The insertion of a central venous catheter in the treatment of psychiatric patients is discussed on the basis of the therapeutic results obtained in 102 cases admitted to a psychiatric intensive care unit. Psychiatric indications and contraindications are now added to the known general indications and contraindications under other circumstances. Hypercaloric solutions, insertion technique into the subclavian and external jugular veins, duration of catether-aided nutrition and incidence of complications are discussed. The groups of psychiatric patients in whom the diagnosis is likely to lead to catheterization are defined. Two well-known catheter systems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910448", "title": "[Fluorimetric determination of urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine: assessment of the aluminium oxide-trihydroxyindole method and improvement by the analysis of fluorescence spectra (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is reported for the fluorimetric determination of urinary catecholamines. This method is essentially based on the classic aluminium oxide-trihydroxyindole procedure, but certain modifications have been introduced. A detailed investigation of all relevant parameters provides evidence of the reliability of the method. In cases of questionably increased catecholamine excretion values, the additional analysis of both excitation and fluorescence spectra is recommended in order to distinguish specific from non-specific fluorescence.", "contents": "[Fluorimetric determination of urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine: assessment of the aluminium oxide-trihydroxyindole method and improvement by the analysis of fluorescence spectra (author's transl)]. A method is reported for the fluorimetric determination of urinary catecholamines. This method is essentially based on the classic aluminium oxide-trihydroxyindole procedure, but certain modifications have been introduced. A detailed investigation of all relevant parameters provides evidence of the reliability of the method. In cases of questionably increased catecholamine excretion values, the additional analysis of both excitation and fluorescence spectra is recommended in order to distinguish specific from non-specific fluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:910460", "title": "The metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "1. Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid in isolated perfused rat livers was eliminated from the perfusion system by a first-order process. 2. After 6 h, 16% was excreted in bile as cyclohexylcarbonyl beta-D-glucuronide. The remainder was present in the perfusate as unchanged cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (10%), hippuric acid (50%), hexahydrohippuric acid (2%), 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrohippuric acid (2%), cyclohexylcarbonyl-beta-D-glucuronide (2-4%) and benzoic acid (1-2%). Six per cent of the dose was associated with the red blood cell present in the perfusion medium. 3. Unlike the whole animal, the isolated rat liver produced no detectable benzoyl glucuronide. 4. The identity and kinetics of production of the metabolites are consistent with a metabolic pathway previously proposed for cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and shikimic acid.", "contents": "The metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid in the isolated perfused rat liver. 1. Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid in isolated perfused rat livers was eliminated from the perfusion system by a first-order process. 2. After 6 h, 16% was excreted in bile as cyclohexylcarbonyl beta-D-glucuronide. The remainder was present in the perfusate as unchanged cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (10%), hippuric acid (50%), hexahydrohippuric acid (2%), 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrohippuric acid (2%), cyclohexylcarbonyl-beta-D-glucuronide (2-4%) and benzoic acid (1-2%). Six per cent of the dose was associated with the red blood cell present in the perfusion medium. 3. Unlike the whole animal, the isolated rat liver produced no detectable benzoyl glucuronide. 4. The identity and kinetics of production of the metabolites are consistent with a metabolic pathway previously proposed for cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and shikimic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:910461", "title": "The metabolism of primidone in non-pregnant and 14-day pregnant mice.", "content": "1. Non-pregnant and day-14 pregnant mice treated with a single dose of primidone (5 to 150 mg/kg) by gastric intubation were bled at 1 and 4 h after dosage, and the plasma analysed for primidone, phenobarbitone and phenylethylmalondiamide (PEMA) by g.l.c. 2. Marked differences in the rate of metabolism were observed between the non-pregnant and day-14 pregnant mouse. Plasma levels of primidone and PEMA, but not phenobarbitone, were much lower in the day-14 pregnant mouse than in the non-pregnant animal.", "contents": "The metabolism of primidone in non-pregnant and 14-day pregnant mice. 1. Non-pregnant and day-14 pregnant mice treated with a single dose of primidone (5 to 150 mg/kg) by gastric intubation were bled at 1 and 4 h after dosage, and the plasma analysed for primidone, phenobarbitone and phenylethylmalondiamide (PEMA) by g.l.c. 2. Marked differences in the rate of metabolism were observed between the non-pregnant and day-14 pregnant mouse. Plasma levels of primidone and PEMA, but not phenobarbitone, were much lower in the day-14 pregnant mouse than in the non-pregnant animal."}
{"id": "PMID:910462", "title": "Plasma level studies of primidone and its metabolites in the mouse at various stages of pregnancy.", "content": "1. Mice were treated with a teratogenic dose of primidone (100 mg/kg) by gastric intubation at three different times during pregnancy, viz. days 6-14, days 12-14 on day 14 only. Blood samples were taken on day 14 at 1, 4, 8 and 24 h after dosage. Primidone and its metabolites phenylethylmalondiamide (PEMA), and phenobarbitone, were assayed by g.l.c. 2. There was no accumulation of the parent compound or the metabolites after repeated administration of primidone; each of the substances was cleared from the plasma within 24 h. 3. The rate of metabolism of primidone increased with prolonged treatment. The peak concentration of the metabolites was higher in the two multiple-dose groups than in the single dose group. 4. The concentration of PEMA exceeded that of primidone between 3-8 h and then began to decrease in the multiple-dose groups, a similar pattern was established for phenobarbitone also, although the concentrations were lower than those of PEMA.", "contents": "Plasma level studies of primidone and its metabolites in the mouse at various stages of pregnancy. 1. Mice were treated with a teratogenic dose of primidone (100 mg/kg) by gastric intubation at three different times during pregnancy, viz. days 6-14, days 12-14 on day 14 only. Blood samples were taken on day 14 at 1, 4, 8 and 24 h after dosage. Primidone and its metabolites phenylethylmalondiamide (PEMA), and phenobarbitone, were assayed by g.l.c. 2. There was no accumulation of the parent compound or the metabolites after repeated administration of primidone; each of the substances was cleared from the plasma within 24 h. 3. The rate of metabolism of primidone increased with prolonged treatment. The peak concentration of the metabolites was higher in the two multiple-dose groups than in the single dose group. 4. The concentration of PEMA exceeded that of primidone between 3-8 h and then began to decrease in the multiple-dose groups, a similar pattern was established for phenobarbitone also, although the concentrations were lower than those of PEMA."}
{"id": "PMID:910463", "title": "Fate and distribution of the herbicides 2,4-dichlor-phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in the dogfish shark.", "content": "1. The urinary and biliary excretion, tissue distribution and metabolism of 14C-labelled 2,4-dichloro- or 2,4,5-trichloro-phenoxyacetic acids (2,4-D or 2,4,5-T) were measured in dogfish sharks, Squalus acanthias. 2. Both herbicides are extensively metabolized (greater than 90%) to the corresponding taurine conjugates, and are excreted predominantly via the urine, where ca. 70% of the administered dose appears within 4-6 days after treatment. 3. The highest tissue levels of 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T were found in liver and kidney. Penetration of both herbicides into the CNS was restricted. 4. Plasma elimination was rapid and the 0.5 for either phenoxyacetic acid was less than 45 min. Similarly, rapid clearance as seen from renal tissue. Final t0.5 values for muscle were about 2-3 days while the major organ showing 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T retention was the liver, where t0.5 values were about 5 days for both the herbicides. 5. The overall pharmacokinetics in the dogfish shark for these herbicides resembled those seen in some mammals.", "contents": "Fate and distribution of the herbicides 2,4-dichlor-phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in the dogfish shark. 1. The urinary and biliary excretion, tissue distribution and metabolism of 14C-labelled 2,4-dichloro- or 2,4,5-trichloro-phenoxyacetic acids (2,4-D or 2,4,5-T) were measured in dogfish sharks, Squalus acanthias. 2. Both herbicides are extensively metabolized (greater than 90%) to the corresponding taurine conjugates, and are excreted predominantly via the urine, where ca. 70% of the administered dose appears within 4-6 days after treatment. 3. The highest tissue levels of 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T were found in liver and kidney. Penetration of both herbicides into the CNS was restricted. 4. Plasma elimination was rapid and the 0.5 for either phenoxyacetic acid was less than 45 min. Similarly, rapid clearance as seen from renal tissue. Final t0.5 values for muscle were about 2-3 days while the major organ showing 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T retention was the liver, where t0.5 values were about 5 days for both the herbicides. 5. The overall pharmacokinetics in the dogfish shark for these herbicides resembled those seen in some mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:910464", "title": "Effect of piperonyl butoxide on disposition of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by rainbow trout.", "content": "1. Piperonyl butoxide in vitro inhibits the oxidation and hydrolysis of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, and the hydrolysis of the butyl ester of 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid by liver homogenate fractions and serum from rainbow trout. 2. The rates of oxidation and hydrolysis of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by liver homogenates from rainbow trout pre-exposed to piperonyl butoxide (1 mg/l) were considerably lower than those by liver homogenates from control trout. 3. Disposition of di-2-ethylhexyl [14C]phthalate in rainbow trout in vivo was modified by pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide. The piperonyl butoxide-treated trout had lower levels of 14C in bile and higher levels of 14C in blood and muscle than control trout. 4. Muscle of control and piperonyl butoxide-exposed trout showed similar concentrations of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate but the concentration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in muscle from piperonyl butoxide-exposed trout was three times the control value.", "contents": "Effect of piperonyl butoxide on disposition of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by rainbow trout. 1. Piperonyl butoxide in vitro inhibits the oxidation and hydrolysis of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, and the hydrolysis of the butyl ester of 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid by liver homogenate fractions and serum from rainbow trout. 2. The rates of oxidation and hydrolysis of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by liver homogenates from rainbow trout pre-exposed to piperonyl butoxide (1 mg/l) were considerably lower than those by liver homogenates from control trout. 3. Disposition of di-2-ethylhexyl [14C]phthalate in rainbow trout in vivo was modified by pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide. The piperonyl butoxide-treated trout had lower levels of 14C in bile and higher levels of 14C in blood and muscle than control trout. 4. Muscle of control and piperonyl butoxide-exposed trout showed similar concentrations of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate but the concentration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in muscle from piperonyl butoxide-exposed trout was three times the control value."}
{"id": "PMID:910465", "title": "The disposition and metabolism of 3',4',7-tri-O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)rutoside and 7-mono-O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)rutoside in the mouse.", "content": "1. Following intravenous administration of 3',4',7-tri-O-(beta-hydroxy[14C2]ethyl)rutoside or 7-mono-O-(beta-hydroxy[14C2]ethyl)rutoside to male mice, 68% of the dose of each is excreted in faeces as the corresponding hydroxyethyl-quercetin within 72 h of dosage. Mean urinary excretions of mono- and tri-hydroxyethylrutosides in 72 h were 27 and 21% respectively. Unchanged rutosides and their glucuronides were detected in urine. 2. In biliary-cannulated animals, the mean biliary excretion of both tri- and mono-hydroxyethylrutosides was 71%, in 24 h of dosage. In both cases most 14C was excreted in 3 h, as unchanged rutosides and glucuronide conjugates. 3. Fall of blood 14C concn, was rapid for both compounds. Neither compound was detected in brain but there was short-term accumulation in liver and kidney, and 2--3 h after dosage, most 14C for both compounds was associated with the gastro-intestinal contents. 4. Animals killed 72 h after dosage of either compound contained less than 7% of dose, mostly in the colon and caecal contents. 5. Foetuses removed 3 h after dosage of either compound to the dams did not contain 14C; foetuses removed 5 min after dosage contained low levels of 14C, substantially below the maternal blood level and equiv. to less than 0-1% of dose in each case. No 14C was detected in amniotic fluid.", "contents": "The disposition and metabolism of 3',4',7-tri-O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)rutoside and 7-mono-O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)rutoside in the mouse. 1. Following intravenous administration of 3',4',7-tri-O-(beta-hydroxy[14C2]ethyl)rutoside or 7-mono-O-(beta-hydroxy[14C2]ethyl)rutoside to male mice, 68% of the dose of each is excreted in faeces as the corresponding hydroxyethyl-quercetin within 72 h of dosage. Mean urinary excretions of mono- and tri-hydroxyethylrutosides in 72 h were 27 and 21% respectively. Unchanged rutosides and their glucuronides were detected in urine. 2. In biliary-cannulated animals, the mean biliary excretion of both tri- and mono-hydroxyethylrutosides was 71%, in 24 h of dosage. In both cases most 14C was excreted in 3 h, as unchanged rutosides and glucuronide conjugates. 3. Fall of blood 14C concn, was rapid for both compounds. Neither compound was detected in brain but there was short-term accumulation in liver and kidney, and 2--3 h after dosage, most 14C for both compounds was associated with the gastro-intestinal contents. 4. Animals killed 72 h after dosage of either compound contained less than 7% of dose, mostly in the colon and caecal contents. 5. Foetuses removed 3 h after dosage of either compound to the dams did not contain 14C; foetuses removed 5 min after dosage contained low levels of 14C, substantially below the maternal blood level and equiv. to less than 0-1% of dose in each case. No 14C was detected in amniotic fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:910522", "title": "[Effect of diabetes therapy on the lipid parameters in blood].", "content": "In diabetics with different therapy indications the effect of the treatment on the lipid parameters of blood was examined. We estimated the change of the triglycerides, the cholesterol, the free fatty acids and the glycerol depending on the duration of the therapy. We used a combined stimulation test (combination of 100 g glucose, 1.0 g tolbutamide and 1.0 g glucagon in temporary coupling) as method for characterization of the type of diabetes. At the beginning of the therapy the fat parameters mentioned did not differ in patients with exclusively dietetic treatment and in SuH-patients. After longer duration of the therapy in exclusively dietetically compensated patients the fasting glycerol values decreased, were, however, statistically not significant. There were also no essential changes of the triglycerides, the cholesterol and the values of the free fatty acids in the two forms of treatment. The improvement of the carbohydrate tolerance could not be explained with changes of the insulin secretion. The results plead for the fact that the improvement of the diabetic metabolism develops by an increase of the peripheral insulin effectivity. The behaviour of the lipid parameters is not sufficient for an explanation of the carbohydrate tolerance.", "contents": "[Effect of diabetes therapy on the lipid parameters in blood]. In diabetics with different therapy indications the effect of the treatment on the lipid parameters of blood was examined. We estimated the change of the triglycerides, the cholesterol, the free fatty acids and the glycerol depending on the duration of the therapy. We used a combined stimulation test (combination of 100 g glucose, 1.0 g tolbutamide and 1.0 g glucagon in temporary coupling) as method for characterization of the type of diabetes. At the beginning of the therapy the fat parameters mentioned did not differ in patients with exclusively dietetic treatment and in SuH-patients. After longer duration of the therapy in exclusively dietetically compensated patients the fasting glycerol values decreased, were, however, statistically not significant. There were also no essential changes of the triglycerides, the cholesterol and the values of the free fatty acids in the two forms of treatment. The improvement of the carbohydrate tolerance could not be explained with changes of the insulin secretion. The results plead for the fact that the improvement of the diabetic metabolism develops by an increase of the peripheral insulin effectivity. The behaviour of the lipid parameters is not sufficient for an explanation of the carbohydrate tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:910523", "title": "[Psychological studies on adipositas].", "content": "The obesity belongs to the diseases with a great socio-medical importance. 75 patients with obesity were examined by means of the psychopathological short-time method issued by Hennig and Mehl, which was developed from Kincannon's mini-mult. Here in 30 obese patients (ca. 40%) increased values in at least one clinical scale appeared, which may be estimated as a reference to a neurotic mode of behaviour. Thus, neurotic modes of behaviour seem to appear more frequently in patients with obesity than in the average population (10%), however, more infrequently than in essential hypertonics (70%). Neurotic (Broca index + 30 kg) and non-neurotic (Broca index + 29 kg) patients with obesity had on an average the same overweight.", "contents": "[Psychological studies on adipositas]. The obesity belongs to the diseases with a great socio-medical importance. 75 patients with obesity were examined by means of the psychopathological short-time method issued by Hennig and Mehl, which was developed from Kincannon's mini-mult. Here in 30 obese patients (ca. 40%) increased values in at least one clinical scale appeared, which may be estimated as a reference to a neurotic mode of behaviour. Thus, neurotic modes of behaviour seem to appear more frequently in patients with obesity than in the average population (10%), however, more infrequently than in essential hypertonics (70%). Neurotic (Broca index + 30 kg) and non-neurotic (Broca index + 29 kg) patients with obesity had on an average the same overweight."}
{"id": "PMID:910524", "title": "[Epidermiologic studies on nutritional behavior of adipose subjects].", "content": "In 1,000 obese persons and 250 persons with normal weight detailed anamneses of nutrition concerning the average daily intake of calories, carbohydrates, protein, fats, cholesterol, saturated and manifold unsaturated fatty acids were made. Obese persons ingested less food than persons with normal weight, - findings which on the one hand are explained with the different habits of eating in the dynamic phase (the hyperalimentation takes place above all in this phase) and the stationary one of obesity, on the other hand a further differentiation in hypophages, normophages and hyperphages should be performed. Finally frequency and structure of the meals are of importance. Tendencies of age did not occur in females, whereas all nutrients in males, beginning with the fourth decade of life, were ingested in a smaller degree than in adolescence. Longitudinal studies on the behaviour concerning nutrition are desirable.", "contents": "[Epidermiologic studies on nutritional behavior of adipose subjects]. In 1,000 obese persons and 250 persons with normal weight detailed anamneses of nutrition concerning the average daily intake of calories, carbohydrates, protein, fats, cholesterol, saturated and manifold unsaturated fatty acids were made. Obese persons ingested less food than persons with normal weight, - findings which on the one hand are explained with the different habits of eating in the dynamic phase (the hyperalimentation takes place above all in this phase) and the stationary one of obesity, on the other hand a further differentiation in hypophages, normophages and hyperphages should be performed. Finally frequency and structure of the meals are of importance. Tendencies of age did not occur in females, whereas all nutrients in males, beginning with the fourth decade of life, were ingested in a smaller degree than in adolescence. Longitudinal studies on the behaviour concerning nutrition are desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:910525", "title": "[Significance of fatty tissue hypertrophy for the metabolic risk].", "content": "The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterolemia rised with the weight index until Broca = 1,2; at higher degrees of obesity it remained constant or even slightly decreased Dresden Study). The subcutaneous adipose tissue of the abdomen exhibited against controls an excessive hypertrophy in subclinical diabetics, maturity onset-diabetics and hyperlipoproteinemics of types IIb, IV, and V. With this respect, between these groups there were no significant quantitative differences. Juvenile onset diabetics had abnormal small as well as large fat cells.", "contents": "[Significance of fatty tissue hypertrophy for the metabolic risk]. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterolemia rised with the weight index until Broca = 1,2; at higher degrees of obesity it remained constant or even slightly decreased Dresden Study). The subcutaneous adipose tissue of the abdomen exhibited against controls an excessive hypertrophy in subclinical diabetics, maturity onset-diabetics and hyperlipoproteinemics of types IIb, IV, and V. With this respect, between these groups there were no significant quantitative differences. Juvenile onset diabetics had abnormal small as well as large fat cells."}
{"id": "PMID:910526", "title": "[Therapy of obesity--effectiveness of calorie-reducing diets with various basic nutritional relations].", "content": "Within the research project nutrition and performance on altogether 80 test persons during a three weeks' test period the problem was examined, whether the relations of the basal nutrients have an influence on the effectiveness of a diet with an only moderate reduction of calories. The relations of the nutrients were tested in four variants. The daily caloric intake orients at the optimum weight of the test person: 30 kcal/kg optimum weight a day. It was shown that the so-called optimum weight caloric diet led to a sufficient continuous decrease of weight without disturbances of the general state of health. The variation of the relations of the basal nutrients had no decisive influence on the effectiveness.", "contents": "[Therapy of obesity--effectiveness of calorie-reducing diets with various basic nutritional relations]. Within the research project nutrition and performance on altogether 80 test persons during a three weeks' test period the problem was examined, whether the relations of the basal nutrients have an influence on the effectiveness of a diet with an only moderate reduction of calories. The relations of the nutrients were tested in four variants. The daily caloric intake orients at the optimum weight of the test person: 30 kcal/kg optimum weight a day. It was shown that the so-called optimum weight caloric diet led to a sufficient continuous decrease of weight without disturbances of the general state of health. The variation of the relations of the basal nutrients had no decisive influence on the effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:910527", "title": "[Discriminatory function of serum proteins in liver and biliary tract diseases].", "content": "In 104 patients with acute virus hepatitis, chronic hepatitides, cirrhoses, fatty livers and biliary diseases with partial and complete obstructive jaundice, respectively, IgG, IgA, IgD, beta1A- and beta1E-globulin, cholinesterase, total protein, and albumin, in 45 of these patients additionally prealbumin, retinol binding protein, thymol turbidity test were determined as well as an electrophoretic separation of the serum was performed. 11 persons with healthy liver served as control group. According to the results of univariate and multivariate variance analyses with following test of redundance (test for indispensability) and analysis of discriminance with calculations of reclassification IgD, beta1E-globulin and retinol binding protein were identified as not evident or redundant. Electrophoresis and thymol turbidity test give sufficient basis informations and can further be recommended for orienting examinations. Immune globulinogrammes from IgB, IgA and IgM are suitable as so-called mesenchyma tests particularly for controls of the course. Prealbumin and cholinesterase prove to be the most sensitive parameter of synthesis, whereas albumin and beta1A-globulin possess a high prognostic evidence.", "contents": "[Discriminatory function of serum proteins in liver and biliary tract diseases]. In 104 patients with acute virus hepatitis, chronic hepatitides, cirrhoses, fatty livers and biliary diseases with partial and complete obstructive jaundice, respectively, IgG, IgA, IgD, beta1A- and beta1E-globulin, cholinesterase, total protein, and albumin, in 45 of these patients additionally prealbumin, retinol binding protein, thymol turbidity test were determined as well as an electrophoretic separation of the serum was performed. 11 persons with healthy liver served as control group. According to the results of univariate and multivariate variance analyses with following test of redundance (test for indispensability) and analysis of discriminance with calculations of reclassification IgD, beta1E-globulin and retinol binding protein were identified as not evident or redundant. Electrophoresis and thymol turbidity test give sufficient basis informations and can further be recommended for orienting examinations. Immune globulinogrammes from IgB, IgA and IgM are suitable as so-called mesenchyma tests particularly for controls of the course. Prealbumin and cholinesterase prove to be the most sensitive parameter of synthesis, whereas albumin and beta1A-globulin possess a high prognostic evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:910528", "title": "[Cellular immunoreaction in alcohol-induced liver damage].", "content": "Of 231 patients with alcohol-induced liver diseases of different degrees of severity 170 patients had a pathological result of the migration inhibition test, when autologous homogenate of the liver was used as antigen. Of them in 25 cases a stimulation, in the other patients an inhibition of the migration of leucocytes was present. With increasing degree of severity of the liver lesion the number of cases with migration inhibition increased. These findings refer to a cellular immune reactivity in alcohol induced liver diseases.", "contents": "[Cellular immunoreaction in alcohol-induced liver damage]. Of 231 patients with alcohol-induced liver diseases of different degrees of severity 170 patients had a pathological result of the migration inhibition test, when autologous homogenate of the liver was used as antigen. Of them in 25 cases a stimulation, in the other patients an inhibition of the migration of leucocytes was present. With increasing degree of severity of the liver lesion the number of cases with migration inhibition increased. These findings refer to a cellular immune reactivity in alcohol induced liver diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:910529", "title": "[Catamnestic studies on the prodomal phase of myocardial infarct].", "content": "In a retrospective study by means of a half-standardized method of interview in 154 patients with acute myocardial infarction and in a control group of the same age (n = 100) anamnestic data were established, particularly taking into consideration the preinfarction phase. 27% of the patients were surprised by an acute myocardial infarction without prodromal symptoms, in 32% the first occurrence of complaints of angina pectoris was during the last two months before the infarction. 41% had a preexisting angina pectoris which usually showed a crescendo-course with increasing approximation to the infarction. More than half of the patients reported on physical activity or/and emotional stress as causal factors of the preinfarction complaints. The correlation with the localisation of the infarction showed above all an occurrence of the prodromal symptoms in infarctions of the anterior wall and in lesions of the myocardium which in most cases could be ascertained only enzymatically. A greater accumulation of the prodromi was furthermore found in younger patients, in hypertension and preexisting restriction of the heart function. 70% of the patients with warning symptoms consulted a physician because of their heart complaints. In the control group 22% of the persons reported on heart complaints.", "contents": "[Catamnestic studies on the prodomal phase of myocardial infarct]. In a retrospective study by means of a half-standardized method of interview in 154 patients with acute myocardial infarction and in a control group of the same age (n = 100) anamnestic data were established, particularly taking into consideration the preinfarction phase. 27% of the patients were surprised by an acute myocardial infarction without prodromal symptoms, in 32% the first occurrence of complaints of angina pectoris was during the last two months before the infarction. 41% had a preexisting angina pectoris which usually showed a crescendo-course with increasing approximation to the infarction. More than half of the patients reported on physical activity or/and emotional stress as causal factors of the preinfarction complaints. The correlation with the localisation of the infarction showed above all an occurrence of the prodromal symptoms in infarctions of the anterior wall and in lesions of the myocardium which in most cases could be ascertained only enzymatically. A greater accumulation of the prodromi was furthermore found in younger patients, in hypertension and preexisting restriction of the heart function. 70% of the patients with warning symptoms consulted a physician because of their heart complaints. In the control group 22% of the persons reported on heart complaints."}
{"id": "PMID:910530", "title": "[Therapy of uremic pericarditis].", "content": "An uraemic pericarditis can appear as complication of a haemodialysis in different stages. At the beginning an uraemic pericarditis is still to be referred to the uncompensated retention or to adaptation processes in the cellular mineral metabolism. An uraemic pericarditis in the later course of the dialysis nearly regularly is connected with an underdialysis syndrome which can be evoked by fistula or shunt complications or by infections of different genesis (sepsis, hepatitis, virus infections). - It is reported on own experiences in the dialytic treatment of uraemic pericarditis. In the period from 1970 to 1976 among 83 patients who were in chronic dialytic treatment an uraemic pericarditis was observed in 21 cases. In 3 patients developed haemorrhagic effusions with tamponade. The longest survival time of a patient with uraemic pericarditis and acute cardiac arrest in the early stage of the dialytic treatment is up to now 5 1/2 years after transplantation of a kidney of a corpse. - The possibilities of an operative exonneration of the heart from pericarditic changes are discussed.", "contents": "[Therapy of uremic pericarditis]. An uraemic pericarditis can appear as complication of a haemodialysis in different stages. At the beginning an uraemic pericarditis is still to be referred to the uncompensated retention or to adaptation processes in the cellular mineral metabolism. An uraemic pericarditis in the later course of the dialysis nearly regularly is connected with an underdialysis syndrome which can be evoked by fistula or shunt complications or by infections of different genesis (sepsis, hepatitis, virus infections). - It is reported on own experiences in the dialytic treatment of uraemic pericarditis. In the period from 1970 to 1976 among 83 patients who were in chronic dialytic treatment an uraemic pericarditis was observed in 21 cases. In 3 patients developed haemorrhagic effusions with tamponade. The longest survival time of a patient with uraemic pericarditis and acute cardiac arrest in the early stage of the dialytic treatment is up to now 5 1/2 years after transplantation of a kidney of a corpse. - The possibilities of an operative exonneration of the heart from pericarditic changes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910531", "title": "[Blood viscosity measurements in coronary infarct patients].", "content": "In 63 patients with myocardial infarctions happening longer ago as well as in 17 patients with acute myocardial infarction the viscosity of blood was measured and compared with the values of a control group of 34 healthy persons which was compiled after exclusion of known factors effecting on viscosity, such as hyperfibrinogenaemia or increase of hematocrit. The viscosities of the patients with infarction were significantly higher in all degrees of severity than those of the healthy persons. The hematocrit value, the fibrinogen and cholesterol level which were significantly higher in patients with infarction than in healthy persons were regarded as an explanation for this. Apart from this there existed an increase of the factors of risk total lipids, triglycerides and uric acid in the serum in cases with infarction. The increased blood viscosity may be regarded as a factor of risk for the myocardial infarction, according to our investigations.", "contents": "[Blood viscosity measurements in coronary infarct patients]. In 63 patients with myocardial infarctions happening longer ago as well as in 17 patients with acute myocardial infarction the viscosity of blood was measured and compared with the values of a control group of 34 healthy persons which was compiled after exclusion of known factors effecting on viscosity, such as hyperfibrinogenaemia or increase of hematocrit. The viscosities of the patients with infarction were significantly higher in all degrees of severity than those of the healthy persons. The hematocrit value, the fibrinogen and cholesterol level which were significantly higher in patients with infarction than in healthy persons were regarded as an explanation for this. Apart from this there existed an increase of the factors of risk total lipids, triglycerides and uric acid in the serum in cases with infarction. The increased blood viscosity may be regarded as a factor of risk for the myocardial infarction, according to our investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:910532", "title": "[Diagnostic value of LDH-isoenzyme determination in the urine].", "content": "In patients with chronic pyelonephritis (n = 17), nephrotic syndrome (n = 7) and hyperthyroidism in comparison to a reference group of healthy persons (n = 17) total activity and isoenzymes of the lactate dehydrogenase in the urine were determined. Only in patients with pyelonephritis is not regularly increased activity of the total lactate dehydrogenase a clear increased excretion of the isoenzymes IV and V is established. The isoenzyme pattern shows a dependence on the content of leucocytes in the urine and normalizes in renal infections only in a therapeutic effect.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of LDH-isoenzyme determination in the urine]. In patients with chronic pyelonephritis (n = 17), nephrotic syndrome (n = 7) and hyperthyroidism in comparison to a reference group of healthy persons (n = 17) total activity and isoenzymes of the lactate dehydrogenase in the urine were determined. Only in patients with pyelonephritis is not regularly increased activity of the total lactate dehydrogenase a clear increased excretion of the isoenzymes IV and V is established. The isoenzyme pattern shows a dependence on the content of leucocytes in the urine and normalizes in renal infections only in a therapeutic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:910533", "title": "[Pathophysiology and diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria].", "content": "Apart from the determination of preporphyrin and porphyrin in the urine recently enzymatic methods entered the diagnostics of the acute intermittent porphyria. Of particular importance is the decrease of activity of the uroporphyrogen-1-synthetase in the manifest disease as well as in the clinically healthy carriers of genes. Since the clinical picture as well as the values of chemical laboratory examinations in the acute intermittent porphyria are extraordinarily variable, a long-term control of diagnostics and therapy is necessary.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology and diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria]. Apart from the determination of preporphyrin and porphyrin in the urine recently enzymatic methods entered the diagnostics of the acute intermittent porphyria. Of particular importance is the decrease of activity of the uroporphyrogen-1-synthetase in the manifest disease as well as in the clinically healthy carriers of genes. Since the clinical picture as well as the values of chemical laboratory examinations in the acute intermittent porphyria are extraordinarily variable, a long-term control of diagnostics and therapy is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:910535", "title": "[Erysipelas at the dermatological clinic in Mannheim 1960-1975].", "content": "From 1960-1975 528 patients suffering from erysipelas were treated at the department of dermatology in Mannheim. The relative as well as the absolute incidence of erysipelas increased markedly during this period. There was also a considerable rise in the number of more seriously diseased, therapy-resistent cases. Microbiological studies must be conducted to find an explication for these phenomena.", "contents": "[Erysipelas at the dermatological clinic in Mannheim 1960-1975]. From 1960-1975 528 patients suffering from erysipelas were treated at the department of dermatology in Mannheim. The relative as well as the absolute incidence of erysipelas increased markedly during this period. There was also a considerable rise in the number of more seriously diseased, therapy-resistent cases. Microbiological studies must be conducted to find an explication for these phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:910537", "title": "[Verrucous malignant melanoma (spontaneous regression and simultaneous development of a secondary tumor)].", "content": "A 59 years old woman who was admitted in our hospital had developed two primary melanomas at the lower leg during an interval of 15 years. The histologic diagnosis was a verrucous lentino maligna melanoma for both tumors. The differentiation from superficial spreading melanoma may be difficult. Interestingly enough, in our patient the formation of the new primary melanoma occurred simultaneously with the regression of the older one. In consequence, it seems that regression of a melanoma may not prevent from progression of the disease or from formation of a new primary melanoma.", "contents": "[Verrucous malignant melanoma (spontaneous regression and simultaneous development of a secondary tumor)]. A 59 years old woman who was admitted in our hospital had developed two primary melanomas at the lower leg during an interval of 15 years. The histologic diagnosis was a verrucous lentino maligna melanoma for both tumors. The differentiation from superficial spreading melanoma may be difficult. Interestingly enough, in our patient the formation of the new primary melanoma occurred simultaneously with the regression of the older one. In consequence, it seems that regression of a melanoma may not prevent from progression of the disease or from formation of a new primary melanoma."}
{"id": "PMID:910538", "title": "[Leukocyte migration inhibition test in lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis].", "content": "The Leucocyte-Migration-Inhibition-Test was performed to examine 10 patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), 10 patients with Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) and 4 patients with Dermatomyositis for evidence of cell-mediated immunity to RNA, DNA, human muscle antigen and collagen human type I. Our results support, that cell-mediated immunity plays a pathogenic role in both diseases. Patients with SLE show a correlation between activity of disease, Leucocyte-Migration-Inhibition to DNA and DNA-binding-activity of serum. Muscle-antigen is an obvious relevant partner of reaction of cellular immunity in patients with Dermatomyositis.", "contents": "[Leukocyte migration inhibition test in lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis]. The Leucocyte-Migration-Inhibition-Test was performed to examine 10 patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), 10 patients with Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) and 4 patients with Dermatomyositis for evidence of cell-mediated immunity to RNA, DNA, human muscle antigen and collagen human type I. Our results support, that cell-mediated immunity plays a pathogenic role in both diseases. Patients with SLE show a correlation between activity of disease, Leucocyte-Migration-Inhibition to DNA and DNA-binding-activity of serum. Muscle-antigen is an obvious relevant partner of reaction of cellular immunity in patients with Dermatomyositis."}
{"id": "PMID:910542", "title": "[Vertical diameter (thickness) and prognosis of malignant melanoma].", "content": "By means of an ocular micrometer the maximal vertical thickness of 100 stage I melanomas was measured in mm. Depths of invasion were classified into five categories of patients, whose survival rates were compared. A correlation was found to exist between the thickness of the tumour and the prognosis. 92% of patients with lesions less than 0,70 mm thick survived more than 5 years; 68% of patients with lesions between 1,41 and 2,10 mm thick survived more than 5 years; and only 31% of patients with lesions more than 2,80 mm thick survived 5 or more years.", "contents": "[Vertical diameter (thickness) and prognosis of malignant melanoma]. By means of an ocular micrometer the maximal vertical thickness of 100 stage I melanomas was measured in mm. Depths of invasion were classified into five categories of patients, whose survival rates were compared. A correlation was found to exist between the thickness of the tumour and the prognosis. 92% of patients with lesions less than 0,70 mm thick survived more than 5 years; 68% of patients with lesions between 1,41 and 2,10 mm thick survived more than 5 years; and only 31% of patients with lesions more than 2,80 mm thick survived 5 or more years."}
{"id": "PMID:910549", "title": "[Detection of organophosphorous pesticide residues in food at the ppb level with open tubular column gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (author's transl)].", "content": "The application of the combination open tubular column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer for the detection and identification of organophosphorous pesticide residues in food was demonstrated. 23 of the most frequently used organophosphorous pesticides in Germany were separated on a 20 m SE-54 glas capillary column with the exception of the pair phosphamidone/fenchlorphos. Detection and identification of the individual pesticides were performed by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CI) with isobutane and computerized background subtraction. In an example 10 of these substances were detected in cherries at a residue level of 0.45 ppm by comparison of CI mass spectra.--Mass fragmentography with single and multiple ion detection allowed the unequivocal identification of these 10 pesticides at the 40 ppb level in cherries. The detection limit of the pesticides examined in this study was found in the lower ppb region in food extracts using CI with isobutane. The application of an integrated computer system allowed the determination of all 10 pesticides in a single gc run.--Comparing electron impact and chemical ionization with isobutane in mass fragmentography of organophosphorous pesticide residues in food a considerable lower detection limit was observed using the chemical ionization procedure.", "contents": "[Detection of organophosphorous pesticide residues in food at the ppb level with open tubular column gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (author's transl)]. The application of the combination open tubular column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer for the detection and identification of organophosphorous pesticide residues in food was demonstrated. 23 of the most frequently used organophosphorous pesticides in Germany were separated on a 20 m SE-54 glas capillary column with the exception of the pair phosphamidone/fenchlorphos. Detection and identification of the individual pesticides were performed by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CI) with isobutane and computerized background subtraction. In an example 10 of these substances were detected in cherries at a residue level of 0.45 ppm by comparison of CI mass spectra.--Mass fragmentography with single and multiple ion detection allowed the unequivocal identification of these 10 pesticides at the 40 ppb level in cherries. The detection limit of the pesticides examined in this study was found in the lower ppb region in food extracts using CI with isobutane. The application of an integrated computer system allowed the determination of all 10 pesticides in a single gc run.--Comparing electron impact and chemical ionization with isobutane in mass fragmentography of organophosphorous pesticide residues in food a considerable lower detection limit was observed using the chemical ionization procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:910551", "title": "[The reaction of holo-, apo- and coenzyme of the peroxidase to heating (author's transl)].", "content": "The thermal reaction of the two components of the horseradish peroxidase--the apoenzyme and the prosthetic group--with that of the holoenzyme were compared. From this we conclude that the thermal inactivation of the peroxidase in aqueous solution is not caused by a change of the apoprotein alone, but rather by participation of the entire three-dimensional structure including the prosthetic group. Spectrophotometric studies of the inactivation process in the holoenzyme revealed that the absorbance of the Soret band changes parallely to a reduction of the enzyme activity during heating. Since it has been found that the Soret absorption increases again during storage and simultaneously the enzyme activity regenerates, the change of the Soret absorption during heating can be regarded as the result of both reversible and irreversible denaturation processes.", "contents": "[The reaction of holo-, apo- and coenzyme of the peroxidase to heating (author's transl)]. The thermal reaction of the two components of the horseradish peroxidase--the apoenzyme and the prosthetic group--with that of the holoenzyme were compared. From this we conclude that the thermal inactivation of the peroxidase in aqueous solution is not caused by a change of the apoprotein alone, but rather by participation of the entire three-dimensional structure including the prosthetic group. Spectrophotometric studies of the inactivation process in the holoenzyme revealed that the absorbance of the Soret band changes parallely to a reduction of the enzyme activity during heating. Since it has been found that the Soret absorption increases again during storage and simultaneously the enzyme activity regenerates, the change of the Soret absorption during heating can be regarded as the result of both reversible and irreversible denaturation processes."}
{"id": "PMID:910553", "title": "[The quantitative composition of natural and technologically changed aromas of plants. II. Aroma compounds in oranges and their changes during juice processing (author's transl)].", "content": "After enzyme inhibition with methanol the original volatile compounds of the fruits were investigated in order to compare the quantitative composition of the aroma substances in orange fruits and juices. Aroma compounds of fresh, flash pasteurized and pasteurized juices were analysed. After aroma enrichment by liquid-liquid extraction, prefractionation of the flavor compounds by column chromatography on silicagel 56 flavor substances in the fruits and in the different juices were identified and determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In comparison to their content in the fruits only 10% of the terpenic hydrocarbons and about 30-66% of the esters were found on average in the fruits. Among the secondary flavor substances, which were not present or present only in traces in the fruits, but showed in juices concentrations up to 0,2 ppm,  were 4-terpinenol, carveol and tr-2,8-menthadien-1-ol. After a thermic treatment also 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol were identified.", "contents": "[The quantitative composition of natural and technologically changed aromas of plants. II. Aroma compounds in oranges and their changes during juice processing (author's transl)]. After enzyme inhibition with methanol the original volatile compounds of the fruits were investigated in order to compare the quantitative composition of the aroma substances in orange fruits and juices. Aroma compounds of fresh, flash pasteurized and pasteurized juices were analysed. After aroma enrichment by liquid-liquid extraction, prefractionation of the flavor compounds by column chromatography on silicagel 56 flavor substances in the fruits and in the different juices were identified and determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In comparison to their content in the fruits only 10% of the terpenic hydrocarbons and about 30-66% of the esters were found on average in the fruits. Among the secondary flavor substances, which were not present or present only in traces in the fruits, but showed in juices concentrations up to 0,2 ppm,  were 4-terpinenol, carveol and tr-2,8-menthadien-1-ol. After a thermic treatment also 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol were identified."}
{"id": "PMID:910554", "title": "[Isolation and identification of flavon(ol)-O-glycosides in caraway (Carum carvi L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), and of flavon-C-glycosides in anise. I. Phenolics of spices (author's transl)].", "content": "The flavonoid constituents of various spices were separated by means of chromatography on cellulose colums, and the following compounds were obtained crystalline: Quercetin 3-glucuronide from caraway, fennel, anise, and coriander; isoquercitrin from caraway and fennel; rutin from fennel and anise; quercetin 3-O-caffeylglucoside and kaempferol 3-glucoside from caraway; quercetin 3-arabinoside from fennel, and luteolin 7-glucoside, isoorientin and isovitexin from anise. Other constitutents which were however not obtained crystalline, but which could be identified by the usual procedures were kaempferol 3-glucuronide and kaempferol 3-arabinoside in fennel, apigenin 7-glucoside and a luteolin glycoside in anise, and isoquercitrin and rutin in coriander. The glycosides contained in the fruit of the four spices also occur in the leaves. Leaves of caraway and fennel in addition contain isorhammetin glycosides in low concentration.", "contents": "[Isolation and identification of flavon(ol)-O-glycosides in caraway (Carum carvi L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), and of flavon-C-glycosides in anise. I. Phenolics of spices (author's transl)]. The flavonoid constituents of various spices were separated by means of chromatography on cellulose colums, and the following compounds were obtained crystalline: Quercetin 3-glucuronide from caraway, fennel, anise, and coriander; isoquercitrin from caraway and fennel; rutin from fennel and anise; quercetin 3-O-caffeylglucoside and kaempferol 3-glucoside from caraway; quercetin 3-arabinoside from fennel, and luteolin 7-glucoside, isoorientin and isovitexin from anise. Other constitutents which were however not obtained crystalline, but which could be identified by the usual procedures were kaempferol 3-glucuronide and kaempferol 3-arabinoside in fennel, apigenin 7-glucoside and a luteolin glycoside in anise, and isoquercitrin and rutin in coriander. The glycosides contained in the fruit of the four spices also occur in the leaves. Leaves of caraway and fennel in addition contain isorhammetin glycosides in low concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:910555", "title": "[Determination of cobalt in small samples of tissues and organs of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by flameless atomic-absorption-spectroscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to increase our knowledge about the distribution pattern of the trace mineral cobalt in fish, cobalt contents of tissues and inner organs of rainbow trout were analysed. Cobalt determinations were performed by flameless atomic-absorption-spectroscopy with a heated graphite analyzer after digestion of the organic material with concentrated nitric acid in a closed system under pressure (pressure decomposition). In order to concentrate and separate the trace cobalt quantities from the main matrix constituents a micro-solvent-extraction system with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) as heavy metal chelating reagent and toluene as extraction solvent was developed. The extraction procedure yielded a recovery of more than 95% as determined the use of an isotope method (radiotracer experiments with Co-57). Results (calculated on wet weight basis) showed that the element under study was mainly accumulated in the kidney (0.195-0.449 microgram/g). Smaller amounts were found in blood (0.038-0.090 microgram/g), spleen (0.015-0.078 microgram/g, and liver 0.015-0.068 microgram/g). The values for skeletal and muscle tissue were low and ranged from 0.007 to 0.014 microgram/g a 0.002 to 0.007 microgram/g respectively.", "contents": "[Determination of cobalt in small samples of tissues and organs of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by flameless atomic-absorption-spectroscopy (author's transl)]. In order to increase our knowledge about the distribution pattern of the trace mineral cobalt in fish, cobalt contents of tissues and inner organs of rainbow trout were analysed. Cobalt determinations were performed by flameless atomic-absorption-spectroscopy with a heated graphite analyzer after digestion of the organic material with concentrated nitric acid in a closed system under pressure (pressure decomposition). In order to concentrate and separate the trace cobalt quantities from the main matrix constituents a micro-solvent-extraction system with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) as heavy metal chelating reagent and toluene as extraction solvent was developed. The extraction procedure yielded a recovery of more than 95% as determined the use of an isotope method (radiotracer experiments with Co-57). Results (calculated on wet weight basis) showed that the element under study was mainly accumulated in the kidney (0.195-0.449 microgram/g). Smaller amounts were found in blood (0.038-0.090 microgram/g), spleen (0.015-0.078 microgram/g, and liver 0.015-0.068 microgram/g). The values for skeletal and muscle tissue were low and ranged from 0.007 to 0.014 microgram/g a 0.002 to 0.007 microgram/g respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:910557", "title": "[Isomeric trihydroxy-octadecenoic acids in beer: Evidence for their presence and quantitative determination (author's transl)].", "content": "Evidence is presented that beer contains the following isomerric trihydroxy acids: 9,12,13-Trihydroxy-10 trans-octadecenoic acid (G1), 9,10,13-Trihydroxyl-11 trans-octadecenoic acid (G2), and 9,10, 11-Trihydroxy-12 trans-octadecenoic acid (G3). The compounds were isolated from a CHCl3: MeOH extract of beer by column chromatography and their structures determined by comparison of their mass spectra, Rf-values (TC) and retention times (GC) with the data obtained with the reference compounds G1, G2, and G3 prepared by enzymic oxidation of linoleic acid with barley flour. For the quantitative determination a CHCl3: MeOH extract of 100 ml acidified beer was methylated, silylated and separated by GC. Depending on the specific beer source, the beer contained 4.7--9.0 mg/1 G1, 1--2.4 mg/1 G2 and 0.4--0.7 mg/1 G3. The mechanism of the formation of these compounds from linoleic acid is discussed as well as their possible contribution to the stale flavor of beer which develops upon prolonged storage.", "contents": "[Isomeric trihydroxy-octadecenoic acids in beer: Evidence for their presence and quantitative determination (author's transl)]. Evidence is presented that beer contains the following isomerric trihydroxy acids: 9,12,13-Trihydroxy-10 trans-octadecenoic acid (G1), 9,10,13-Trihydroxyl-11 trans-octadecenoic acid (G2), and 9,10, 11-Trihydroxy-12 trans-octadecenoic acid (G3). The compounds were isolated from a CHCl3: MeOH extract of beer by column chromatography and their structures determined by comparison of their mass spectra, Rf-values (TC) and retention times (GC) with the data obtained with the reference compounds G1, G2, and G3 prepared by enzymic oxidation of linoleic acid with barley flour. For the quantitative determination a CHCl3: MeOH extract of 100 ml acidified beer was methylated, silylated and separated by GC. Depending on the specific beer source, the beer contained 4.7--9.0 mg/1 G1, 1--2.4 mg/1 G2 and 0.4--0.7 mg/1 G3. The mechanism of the formation of these compounds from linoleic acid is discussed as well as their possible contribution to the stale flavor of beer which develops upon prolonged storage."}
{"id": "PMID:910558", "title": "[Determination of the ethyl esters of long chain fatty acids in wine distillate, brandy, and wine. II. (author's transl)].", "content": "Free fatty acids are able to interfere the determination of the ethyl esters by gas chromatography on Carbowax 20 M. Therefore series of tests were made to remove the fatty acids. Sodium hydrogen carbonate was found to be more suitable than sodium carbonate. A method is described to determine the ethyl esters of fatty acids of caproic to stearic acid and of the unsaturated fatty acids with 16 and 18 carbon atoms.", "contents": "[Determination of the ethyl esters of long chain fatty acids in wine distillate, brandy, and wine. II. (author's transl)]. Free fatty acids are able to interfere the determination of the ethyl esters by gas chromatography on Carbowax 20 M. Therefore series of tests were made to remove the fatty acids. Sodium hydrogen carbonate was found to be more suitable than sodium carbonate. A method is described to determine the ethyl esters of fatty acids of caproic to stearic acid and of the unsaturated fatty acids with 16 and 18 carbon atoms."}
{"id": "PMID:910559", "title": "Flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid esters of blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum). Phenolics of fruits 9.", "content": "The major flavonol glycosides of ripe blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum cv. Silvergieters Schwarze), myricetin 3-beta-D-glucopyranoside, rutin, and isoquercitrin, have been isolated in crystalline form. Analysis by thin-layer chromatography confirmed the occurrence of the 3-rutinosides and 3-glucosides of cyanidin and delphinidin. No free flavonoid aglycones could, however, be detected in the fresh berries. The major constituent fluorescing blue under ultraviolet light on paper and cellulose thin-layer chromatograms, was isolated and characterized as 1-O-caffeyl-beta-D-glucopyranose. Also isolated were 1-O-ferulyl- and 1-O-p-coumaryl-beta-D-glucopyranose. The occurrence fo hydroxycinnamyl-D-glucoses in blackcurrants does not appear to have been recognized previously.", "contents": "Flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid esters of blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum). Phenolics of fruits 9. The major flavonol glycosides of ripe blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum cv. Silvergieters Schwarze), myricetin 3-beta-D-glucopyranoside, rutin, and isoquercitrin, have been isolated in crystalline form. Analysis by thin-layer chromatography confirmed the occurrence of the 3-rutinosides and 3-glucosides of cyanidin and delphinidin. No free flavonoid aglycones could, however, be detected in the fresh berries. The major constituent fluorescing blue under ultraviolet light on paper and cellulose thin-layer chromatograms, was isolated and characterized as 1-O-caffeyl-beta-D-glucopyranose. Also isolated were 1-O-ferulyl- and 1-O-p-coumaryl-beta-D-glucopyranose. The occurrence fo hydroxycinnamyl-D-glucoses in blackcurrants does not appear to have been recognized previously."}
{"id": "PMID:910560", "title": "[Methods for determination of vitamins by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). I. Determination of vitamin D in vitamin concentrates, vitamin mixtures and mineral feedstuffs].", "content": "A method is described for the determination of vitamin D in vitamin-concentrates, -mixtures, and mineral feedstuffs. After saponification of the sample, vitamin D is extracted and purified on two columns. Vitamin D is separated by HPLC and determined photometrically.", "contents": "[Methods for determination of vitamins by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). I. Determination of vitamin D in vitamin concentrates, vitamin mixtures and mineral feedstuffs]. A method is described for the determination of vitamin D in vitamin-concentrates, -mixtures, and mineral feedstuffs. After saponification of the sample, vitamin D is extracted and purified on two columns. Vitamin D is separated by HPLC and determined photometrically."}
{"id": "PMID:910561", "title": "[Residues of 1-14C-acrylonitrile in fumigated dry food (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten different kinds of dry food were fumigated with 10 g/m3 of 1-14C-Acrylonitrile (AN, 24 h, 20 degrees C). Residues of 0--19 mg/kg AN were found by Liquid-Scintillation-Spectrometry. The values become smaller as the density of the material increases. 30--70% of this agent are metabolised within two months.", "contents": "[Residues of 1-14C-acrylonitrile in fumigated dry food (author's transl)]. Ten different kinds of dry food were fumigated with 10 g/m3 of 1-14C-Acrylonitrile (AN, 24 h, 20 degrees C). Residues of 0--19 mg/kg AN were found by Liquid-Scintillation-Spectrometry. The values become smaller as the density of the material increases. 30--70% of this agent are metabolised within two months."}
{"id": "PMID:910562", "title": "[Relationships between structure and sweet taste of amino acids (author's transl)].", "content": "90 amino acids, derivatives of amino acids and other related compounds were tested for their taste quality. The taste thresholds of 35 sweet compounds were determined. From these data some relationships between structure and taste are derived. Essential for sweet taste are the ammonium and carboxylate groups as a bipolar (nucleophile/electrophile) contact unit. The intensity of taste depends on length, shape and polarity of the side chain. Definite conditions in respect to the relative position of the groups to each other must be fulfilled. It is shown by superposition of the steric formulas of selected amino acids, that the binding site of the receptor probably is a hydrophobic tube with a bipolar contact point at one end.", "contents": "[Relationships between structure and sweet taste of amino acids (author's transl)]. 90 amino acids, derivatives of amino acids and other related compounds were tested for their taste quality. The taste thresholds of 35 sweet compounds were determined. From these data some relationships between structure and taste are derived. Essential for sweet taste are the ammonium and carboxylate groups as a bipolar (nucleophile/electrophile) contact unit. The intensity of taste depends on length, shape and polarity of the side chain. Definite conditions in respect to the relative position of the groups to each other must be fulfilled. It is shown by superposition of the steric formulas of selected amino acids, that the binding site of the receptor probably is a hydrophobic tube with a bipolar contact point at one end."}
{"id": "PMID:910570", "title": "Toxicity of mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites to Artemia salina larvae.", "content": "We investigated the toxicity of 32 different mycotoxins, 7 macrolides, not 3 other fungal metabolites to Artemia saline (Brine Shrimp) larvae. We modified the known procedures of testing mycotoxins to A. salina larvae and found the latter to be a convenient model for comparing the toxicity of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolities. Results obtained were evaluated by the probit analysis.", "contents": "Toxicity of mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites to Artemia salina larvae. We investigated the toxicity of 32 different mycotoxins, 7 macrolides, not 3 other fungal metabolites to Artemia saline (Brine Shrimp) larvae. We modified the known procedures of testing mycotoxins to A. salina larvae and found the latter to be a convenient model for comparing the toxicity of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolities. Results obtained were evaluated by the probit analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:910571", "title": "[About the influence of frost periods upon the serological detection of Prunus ring spot viruses in cherries (author's transl)].", "content": "During three years serological tests (latex test) were run from Novemeber till April to detect Prunus ring spot viruses in forced buds of Prunus avium L., P. avium L. var. avium, and P. cerasus L. It was found that Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (NRV) could be detected reliably during the winter in all infected trees. In contrary the detection of Prune dwarf virus (PDV) was affected by temperatures below zero. In 1971 a low percentage of positive reacting trees was pointed out after the frost periods in January and March. This result was started after the low temperatures in January 1972. The mild winter 1972/73 hardly influenced the reliability of the PDV-test.", "contents": "[About the influence of frost periods upon the serological detection of Prunus ring spot viruses in cherries (author's transl)]. During three years serological tests (latex test) were run from Novemeber till April to detect Prunus ring spot viruses in forced buds of Prunus avium L., P. avium L. var. avium, and P. cerasus L. It was found that Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (NRV) could be detected reliably during the winter in all infected trees. In contrary the detection of Prune dwarf virus (PDV) was affected by temperatures below zero. In 1971 a low percentage of positive reacting trees was pointed out after the frost periods in January and March. This result was started after the low temperatures in January 1972. The mild winter 1972/73 hardly influenced the reliability of the PDV-test."}
{"id": "PMID:910572", "title": "Studies on protein production by yeasts. I. Isolation, identification, and screening of efficient strains.", "content": "A collection of yeast strains was isolated from different fresh fruits and foodstuffs. Isolates were purified and completely identified up to the species. The ninety isolated yeast strains were screened according to their yield and total nitrogen content, using molasses medium as an available cheap raw-material for yeast propagation.", "contents": "Studies on protein production by yeasts. I. Isolation, identification, and screening of efficient strains. A collection of yeast strains was isolated from different fresh fruits and foodstuffs. Isolates were purified and completely identified up to the species. The ninety isolated yeast strains were screened according to their yield and total nitrogen content, using molasses medium as an available cheap raw-material for yeast propagation."}
{"id": "PMID:910573", "title": "A correlation between the dissipation of insecticides and rhizosphere microflora of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.", "content": "A study to understand the relationship between the dissipation of aldicarb and disulfoton in the rhizosphere region of bhendi and the microbial population revealed a negative correlation between the fungal and Azotobacter population and the residues of both insecticides. However, no definite correlation could be recorded between the populations of bacteria and actinomycetes and the residues of the insecticides.", "contents": "A correlation between the dissipation of insecticides and rhizosphere microflora of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. A study to understand the relationship between the dissipation of aldicarb and disulfoton in the rhizosphere region of bhendi and the microbial population revealed a negative correlation between the fungal and Azotobacter population and the residues of both insecticides. However, no definite correlation could be recorded between the populations of bacteria and actinomycetes and the residues of the insecticides."}
{"id": "PMID:910574", "title": "Studies on the rhizosphere and rhizoplane microflora of common-bean and barley.", "content": "Both broad bean and barley plants stimulated bacteria (total), N-fixing clostridia, Azotobacter ammonifiers, and aerobic cellulose-decomposers in their rhizosphere zone. The rhizosphere effects were generally positive until the 8th week of either plant growth. However, the rhizosphere effect differed according to type of plant, growth phase of each single plant, and type of micro-organism under study. The presence of high numbers of micro-organisms in the rhizoplane samples (washed ruptured roots) of each plant supports the evidence that roots of these plants are colonized with soil micro-organisms.", "contents": "Studies on the rhizosphere and rhizoplane microflora of common-bean and barley. Both broad bean and barley plants stimulated bacteria (total), N-fixing clostridia, Azotobacter ammonifiers, and aerobic cellulose-decomposers in their rhizosphere zone. The rhizosphere effects were generally positive until the 8th week of either plant growth. However, the rhizosphere effect differed according to type of plant, growth phase of each single plant, and type of micro-organism under study. The presence of high numbers of micro-organisms in the rhizoplane samples (washed ruptured roots) of each plant supports the evidence that roots of these plants are colonized with soil micro-organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:910575", "title": "Influence of salts on the microbial activity in arid and simi-humid soils.", "content": "The influence of salt mixtures consisting of Ca (H2PO4)2, trace elements, CaSO4, CaCO3, Na2CO3, NaCl, and K2SO4 in different combinations on the nitrifying power, evolution of carbon dioxide, and the total number of bacteria was studied in arid soils (sandy and alluvial) and semi-humid ones (chernozem and rendzina). Salt mixtures comprising either monocalcium phosphate or sodium chloride showed highly inhibiting action on the studied microbial activities in sandy, alluvial, and chernozem soils, while monocalcium phosphate stimulated the heterotrophs of rendzina. Trace elements favoured the autotrophs of the caly soils. The other different salt mixtures acted according to the salt combination and nature of the microbial activity.", "contents": "Influence of salts on the microbial activity in arid and simi-humid soils. The influence of salt mixtures consisting of Ca (H2PO4)2, trace elements, CaSO4, CaCO3, Na2CO3, NaCl, and K2SO4 in different combinations on the nitrifying power, evolution of carbon dioxide, and the total number of bacteria was studied in arid soils (sandy and alluvial) and semi-humid ones (chernozem and rendzina). Salt mixtures comprising either monocalcium phosphate or sodium chloride showed highly inhibiting action on the studied microbial activities in sandy, alluvial, and chernozem soils, while monocalcium phosphate stimulated the heterotrophs of rendzina. Trace elements favoured the autotrophs of the caly soils. The other different salt mixtures acted according to the salt combination and nature of the microbial activity."}
{"id": "PMID:910576", "title": "[Comparing studies on biochemical characteristics for pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of staphylococci (author's transl)].", "content": "735 strains of staphylococci obtained from routine material were examined for biochemical characteristics claimed by BAIRD-PARKER (Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1974) to be pathogenic features); the behaviour of the strains showing these properties was then compared to that of 12 antibiotics. Thereby, 237 of the 735 strains (32.2%, tab. 2) were positive for the combination of pathogenic features as proposed by BAIRD-PARKER (aerobic and anaerobic mannitol fermentation, beta-haemolysis, and positive coagulase reactivity), with approx. 30% of the Staphylococcus strains showing white pigmentation and 70% of them showing yellow pigmentation. The number of strains showing the combination of aerobic mannitol fermentation, beta-haemolysis, and positive coagulase reactivity was significantly higher: 341 out of 735 strains (46.4%, tab. 2). A comparison of the resistance to 12 antibiotics with the combination of pathogenic features of BAIRD-PARKER (Tab. 4) showed that he white Staphylococcus strains with this combination exhibited a significantly higher resistance to 6 of the tested antibiotics than the white Staphylococcus strains not showing these characteristics. Such a correlation between biochemical characteristics and resistance behaviour could not be demonstrated in the yellow Staphylococcus strains. The value of biochemical characteristics as features of pathogenicity and the resistance behaviour of staphylococcal strains to antibiotics in vitro for their pathogenic behaviour in vivo is discussed in relation to comparable results reported by other authors.", "contents": "[Comparing studies on biochemical characteristics for pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of staphylococci (author's transl)]. 735 strains of staphylococci obtained from routine material were examined for biochemical characteristics claimed by BAIRD-PARKER (Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1974) to be pathogenic features); the behaviour of the strains showing these properties was then compared to that of 12 antibiotics. Thereby, 237 of the 735 strains (32.2%, tab. 2) were positive for the combination of pathogenic features as proposed by BAIRD-PARKER (aerobic and anaerobic mannitol fermentation, beta-haemolysis, and positive coagulase reactivity), with approx. 30% of the Staphylococcus strains showing white pigmentation and 70% of them showing yellow pigmentation. The number of strains showing the combination of aerobic mannitol fermentation, beta-haemolysis, and positive coagulase reactivity was significantly higher: 341 out of 735 strains (46.4%, tab. 2). A comparison of the resistance to 12 antibiotics with the combination of pathogenic features of BAIRD-PARKER (Tab. 4) showed that he white Staphylococcus strains with this combination exhibited a significantly higher resistance to 6 of the tested antibiotics than the white Staphylococcus strains not showing these characteristics. Such a correlation between biochemical characteristics and resistance behaviour could not be demonstrated in the yellow Staphylococcus strains. The value of biochemical characteristics as features of pathogenicity and the resistance behaviour of staphylococcal strains to antibiotics in vitro for their pathogenic behaviour in vivo is discussed in relation to comparable results reported by other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:910577", "title": "Stimulation of reticuloendothelial system and toxicity to macrophages of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall, peptidoglycan, and teichoic acid.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus cell wall possesses several biological activities. It is removed from the blood by reticuloendothelial system (RES) and persists there for a long time. The influence of cell wall components on RES cells in vivo and in vitro was investigated. RES activity was studied in mice by carbon clearance method. Intravenous injection of 10 microgram of cell walls or peptidoglycan caused early stimulation and subsequent suppression of RES activity, while teichoic acid was inactive. Four hundred microgram of peptidoglycan caused RES stimulation with maximum after three days, whereas 400 microgram of cell walls caused no such stimulation. Viability of mouse peritoneal macrophages was studied after four days of culture in the presence of cell walls, peptidoglycan, and teichoic acid. Fifty microgram/ml of cell walls or peptidoglycan caused death of all or 68% of macrophages respectively. Teichoic acid was inactive, exhibiting toxic effects at 400 microgram/ml level.", "contents": "Stimulation of reticuloendothelial system and toxicity to macrophages of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall, peptidoglycan, and teichoic acid. Staphylococcus aureus cell wall possesses several biological activities. It is removed from the blood by reticuloendothelial system (RES) and persists there for a long time. The influence of cell wall components on RES cells in vivo and in vitro was investigated. RES activity was studied in mice by carbon clearance method. Intravenous injection of 10 microgram of cell walls or peptidoglycan caused early stimulation and subsequent suppression of RES activity, while teichoic acid was inactive. Four hundred microgram of peptidoglycan caused RES stimulation with maximum after three days, whereas 400 microgram of cell walls caused no such stimulation. Viability of mouse peritoneal macrophages was studied after four days of culture in the presence of cell walls, peptidoglycan, and teichoic acid. Fifty microgram/ml of cell walls or peptidoglycan caused death of all or 68% of macrophages respectively. Teichoic acid was inactive, exhibiting toxic effects at 400 microgram/ml level."}
{"id": "PMID:910579", "title": "[Phage-typing and tetracycline resistance in Salmonella panama strains of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany (1969-1975) (author's transl)].", "content": "505 out of 1369 S. panama strains isolated mainly from animals, foods, and feedstuffs from 1969 to 1975 were phage-typed. 41% (= 207) of the S. panama isolates examined originated from swine, 26% from cattle and calves, 15% from dogs, and 13% were from other animal species and materials. 465 strains (=92%) showed typical reactions. 23% were specified as phage-type A, 24% as phage-type B and 36% as phage-type G. Phage-types D, E, and F did not occur. In swine, being the most frequent carriers of S. panama, phage-types A, B, and G had nearly the same shares. In dogs, phage-type G predominated to which nearly one half of the examined S. panama isolates from this species belonged. 205 (=41%) out of 505 strains examined for their resistance to antibiotics proved to be tetracycline-resistant. All 123 strains of phage-type B were tetracycline-resistant, all 35 strains of phage-type C were tetracycline-sensitive. 5 strains of phage-type A exhibited transferable tetracycline-resistance determinants.", "contents": "[Phage-typing and tetracycline resistance in Salmonella panama strains of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany (1969-1975) (author's transl)]. 505 out of 1369 S. panama strains isolated mainly from animals, foods, and feedstuffs from 1969 to 1975 were phage-typed. 41% (= 207) of the S. panama isolates examined originated from swine, 26% from cattle and calves, 15% from dogs, and 13% were from other animal species and materials. 465 strains (=92%) showed typical reactions. 23% were specified as phage-type A, 24% as phage-type B and 36% as phage-type G. Phage-types D, E, and F did not occur. In swine, being the most frequent carriers of S. panama, phage-types A, B, and G had nearly the same shares. In dogs, phage-type G predominated to which nearly one half of the examined S. panama isolates from this species belonged. 205 (=41%) out of 505 strains examined for their resistance to antibiotics proved to be tetracycline-resistant. All 123 strains of phage-type B were tetracycline-resistant, all 35 strains of phage-type C were tetracycline-sensitive. 5 strains of phage-type A exhibited transferable tetracycline-resistance determinants."}
{"id": "PMID:910580", "title": "Q-fever soluble vaccine effects in Coxiella burneti sensitized humans.", "content": "A Q-fever soluble vaccine (phase I C. burnetitrichloro-acetic acid extract) was administered in a single dose to 28 persons formerly immunized with the same soluble vaccine one year before and to other 28 persons which had naturally been infected with C. burneti one or two years ago. All these persons were skin-tested with the same but diluted vaccine 48 hrs before vaccination. Mild local and general reactions were found only in the C. burneti previously infected vaccinees (local reactions in 9 cases and general reactions in 6 cases). Serological conversion was obtained in 92.8% (complement fixation test) and in 89.3% (mouse protection test) of the previously immunized individuals and in 96.4% (CF test) of the formerly Q-fever infected persons.", "contents": "Q-fever soluble vaccine effects in Coxiella burneti sensitized humans. A Q-fever soluble vaccine (phase I C. burnetitrichloro-acetic acid extract) was administered in a single dose to 28 persons formerly immunized with the same soluble vaccine one year before and to other 28 persons which had naturally been infected with C. burneti one or two years ago. All these persons were skin-tested with the same but diluted vaccine 48 hrs before vaccination. Mild local and general reactions were found only in the C. burneti previously infected vaccinees (local reactions in 9 cases and general reactions in 6 cases). Serological conversion was obtained in 92.8% (complement fixation test) and in 89.3% (mouse protection test) of the previously immunized individuals and in 96.4% (CF test) of the formerly Q-fever infected persons."}
{"id": "PMID:910581", "title": "The effect of sulfomethoxypyrazine-pyrimethamine therapy on the fine structure of Toxoplasma gondii-cysts in the brain of Mastomys natalensis. Scanning and transmission electron microscopical investigations.", "content": "Two month old chronically infected Mastomys natalensis, which had been treated for ten days with sulfomethoxypyrazine-pyrimethamine, were utilized for testing the effect of chemotherapy on the fine structure of Toxoplasma cysts (strain ALT). After completion of the therapy, cysts were examined from the brains of killed animals in scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The scanning electron microscopic experiments revealed no or only slight morphological differences between the cysts of the untreated controls (Fig. 1) and the treated animals (Fig 2). In transmission electron microscopic studies the cyst membrane appeared less rugged (see Fig. 3,7 and the untreated control Fig. 6). The cyst basic substance often produces an optically empty space (Fig. 3,4). The pellicle of individual parasites display an unusual affinity for the pellicle of neighboring parasites (Fig. 3,5,7). In direct contrast to the untreated cysts no endodyogeny could be observed on the treated cysts examined to this point.", "contents": "The effect of sulfomethoxypyrazine-pyrimethamine therapy on the fine structure of Toxoplasma gondii-cysts in the brain of Mastomys natalensis. Scanning and transmission electron microscopical investigations. Two month old chronically infected Mastomys natalensis, which had been treated for ten days with sulfomethoxypyrazine-pyrimethamine, were utilized for testing the effect of chemotherapy on the fine structure of Toxoplasma cysts (strain ALT). After completion of the therapy, cysts were examined from the brains of killed animals in scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The scanning electron microscopic experiments revealed no or only slight morphological differences between the cysts of the untreated controls (Fig. 1) and the treated animals (Fig 2). In transmission electron microscopic studies the cyst membrane appeared less rugged (see Fig. 3,7 and the untreated control Fig. 6). The cyst basic substance often produces an optically empty space (Fig. 3,4). The pellicle of individual parasites display an unusual affinity for the pellicle of neighboring parasites (Fig. 3,5,7). In direct contrast to the untreated cysts no endodyogeny could be observed on the treated cysts examined to this point."}
{"id": "PMID:910582", "title": "[Investigations on the effect of an electrostatic field free of residual waves on the motility of the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative investigations were carried out concerning the influence on the motility of mice of different electrobioclimatic conditions (electrostatic field with a residual wave component of 1% and a field strength of 4.500 V/m; pure residual wave component: 32 Vs/s, field strength 120 V/m/ss; electrostatic field established by batteries: initial voltage 900 V, field strength 4.500 V/m; shielded from ambient atmospheric electrical fields: damping efficiency at 99%). The Faraday condition represented the control as absolutely objective physical magnitude. All experimental chambers were positioned under Faraday shields. Following a 20 day period of acclimatization to the unaccustomed surroundings for the animals (adaptation period), we established the previously described electrophysical conditions in the cages for a further period of 20 days (experimental period). The lowest values measured during the daily readings were found in the Faraday cage, resp. in the pure electrostatic field, the highest in the DC-field with residual wave component resp. in the residual wave component alone. We draw the following conclusion from the findings: the pure DC-field apparently does not possess those bioclimatologically decisive importance that has been and is being postulated from several sides. Many of the stimtng effects observed and attributed to the electrostatic field are most probably due to the residual wave component resulting from the high-voltage generators employed.", "contents": "[Investigations on the effect of an electrostatic field free of residual waves on the motility of the mouse (author's transl)]. Comparative investigations were carried out concerning the influence on the motility of mice of different electrobioclimatic conditions (electrostatic field with a residual wave component of 1% and a field strength of 4.500 V/m; pure residual wave component: 32 Vs/s, field strength 120 V/m/ss; electrostatic field established by batteries: initial voltage 900 V, field strength 4.500 V/m; shielded from ambient atmospheric electrical fields: damping efficiency at 99%). The Faraday condition represented the control as absolutely objective physical magnitude. All experimental chambers were positioned under Faraday shields. Following a 20 day period of acclimatization to the unaccustomed surroundings for the animals (adaptation period), we established the previously described electrophysical conditions in the cages for a further period of 20 days (experimental period). The lowest values measured during the daily readings were found in the Faraday cage, resp. in the pure electrostatic field, the highest in the DC-field with residual wave component resp. in the residual wave component alone. We draw the following conclusion from the findings: the pure DC-field apparently does not possess those bioclimatologically decisive importance that has been and is being postulated from several sides. Many of the stimtng effects observed and attributed to the electrostatic field are most probably due to the residual wave component resulting from the high-voltage generators employed."}
{"id": "PMID:910583", "title": "[The development of methylcholanthrene-tumors in mice under the environmental influence of various electrobioclimatological conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative analyses of the development rate of a slow Tumor (Methylcholanthrene) in mice were undertaken under conditions of a) an electrostatic field (Field strength 200 V/m, Residual sinus component 0.1%), b) a Faraday cage (Shielding effectivity on atmospheric electrical disturbances: 99%) and c) a laboratory, climatized with conventional methods. The tumor was initiated in each case following a 6-week acclimatisation period to the unaccustomed surroundings. Following this, we observed the appearance rates over a period of 8 months at 14-day intervals. Under customary laboratory conditions these were perceptibly higher than in the electrostatic field or in the Faraday cage. No difference was apparent between the two latter conditions. Any variations in the electrobioclimatological environment can lead to stress reactions resulting in familiar consequences to various defense mechanisms. This allows us to find an explanation for the results otherwise difficult to interpret; for both in the electrostatic field and under shielding from external electrical influences the neoplastic activity was obviously reduced in comparison to normally climatized laboratory conditions. We are continuing the experiments.", "contents": "[The development of methylcholanthrene-tumors in mice under the environmental influence of various electrobioclimatological conditions (author's transl)]. Comparative analyses of the development rate of a slow Tumor (Methylcholanthrene) in mice were undertaken under conditions of a) an electrostatic field (Field strength 200 V/m, Residual sinus component 0.1%), b) a Faraday cage (Shielding effectivity on atmospheric electrical disturbances: 99%) and c) a laboratory, climatized with conventional methods. The tumor was initiated in each case following a 6-week acclimatisation period to the unaccustomed surroundings. Following this, we observed the appearance rates over a period of 8 months at 14-day intervals. Under customary laboratory conditions these were perceptibly higher than in the electrostatic field or in the Faraday cage. No difference was apparent between the two latter conditions. Any variations in the electrobioclimatological environment can lead to stress reactions resulting in familiar consequences to various defense mechanisms. This allows us to find an explanation for the results otherwise difficult to interpret; for both in the electrostatic field and under shielding from external electrical influences the neoplastic activity was obviously reduced in comparison to normally climatized laboratory conditions. We are continuing the experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:910584", "title": "[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soil (author's transl)].", "content": "The discussion about the possible consequences from the agricultural use of composted sewage sludge; which contains considerable amounts of polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), caused us to investigate the normal concentrations of these substances in soil from agricultural land. In 50 soil samples, mainly from various parts of the Federal Republic of Germany the following 6 PAH were determined: fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene, indeno(1.2.3-cd)pyrene. In 74% of the samples benzopyrene concentration was between 2 and 50 microgram/kg, and the sum of the 6 compounds between 50 and 500 microgram/kg. No smaller values were found, and higher concentrations in most cases could be connected to some source of pollution.", "contents": "[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soil (author's transl)]. The discussion about the possible consequences from the agricultural use of composted sewage sludge; which contains considerable amounts of polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), caused us to investigate the normal concentrations of these substances in soil from agricultural land. In 50 soil samples, mainly from various parts of the Federal Republic of Germany the following 6 PAH were determined: fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene, indeno(1.2.3-cd)pyrene. In 74% of the samples benzopyrene concentration was between 2 and 50 microgram/kg, and the sum of the 6 compounds between 50 and 500 microgram/kg. No smaller values were found, and higher concentrations in most cases could be connected to some source of pollution."}
{"id": "PMID:910585", "title": "[Investigations of some chemical compounds produced by the incineration of old tires in the open air (author's transl)].", "content": "The chemical compounds which are discharged from the site at which old tires are incinerated in the open air roughly corresponded to those of waste water. In the smoke \"mushroom\" above the site of incineration, at a height of 31 to 40 metres, many types and large quantities of polycyclic aromatic and also cancerogenic hydrocarbons were found adsorbed on soot particles.", "contents": "[Investigations of some chemical compounds produced by the incineration of old tires in the open air (author's transl)]. The chemical compounds which are discharged from the site at which old tires are incinerated in the open air roughly corresponded to those of waste water. In the smoke \"mushroom\" above the site of incineration, at a height of 31 to 40 metres, many types and large quantities of polycyclic aromatic and also cancerogenic hydrocarbons were found adsorbed on soot particles."}
{"id": "PMID:910586", "title": "Ecological investigations on arsenic dietary intake and endemic chronic poisoning in man: dose-response curve.", "content": "The city of Antofagasta (northern Chile), is an area of endemic chronic arsenic poisoning due to arsenic-polluted drinking water. In order to explore the possibility of a dose-response relationship, a dietary survey was carried out in 1972 in that city for measuring the daily fluid intake in the various age groups. The sample (N = 220) included 13 males and 13 females in each age group, except the 81-90 year-old group with 6 males and 6 females. A linear relationship was found between arsenic dose (mg/kg body weight/day) and age for males being P less than 0.001 (slope) and r = -0.6712; and for females P less than 0.001 (slope) and r = 0.6667. Age-specific prevalence rates per 100,000 population (both sexes combined) for chronic arsenic poisoning in Antofagasta Commune for the 1968-71 period, were plotted against mean arsenic doses (mg/kg body weight/day) by age group. A dose-response curve was computed, being F = 83.19, d.f. = 1,7 and P less than 0.01 (slope). The correlation coefficient was + 0.9604.", "contents": "Ecological investigations on arsenic dietary intake and endemic chronic poisoning in man: dose-response curve. The city of Antofagasta (northern Chile), is an area of endemic chronic arsenic poisoning due to arsenic-polluted drinking water. In order to explore the possibility of a dose-response relationship, a dietary survey was carried out in 1972 in that city for measuring the daily fluid intake in the various age groups. The sample (N = 220) included 13 males and 13 females in each age group, except the 81-90 year-old group with 6 males and 6 females. A linear relationship was found between arsenic dose (mg/kg body weight/day) and age for males being P less than 0.001 (slope) and r = -0.6712; and for females P less than 0.001 (slope) and r = 0.6667. Age-specific prevalence rates per 100,000 population (both sexes combined) for chronic arsenic poisoning in Antofagasta Commune for the 1968-71 period, were plotted against mean arsenic doses (mg/kg body weight/day) by age group. A dose-response curve was computed, being F = 83.19, d.f. = 1,7 and P less than 0.01 (slope). The correlation coefficient was + 0.9604."}
{"id": "PMID:910587", "title": "[Disposal of aerobic treated swine waste by refeeding to finishing swine (author's transl)].", "content": "Simple aerobic treatment of swine waste did not increase the production of microorganismprotein (pure protein). Addition of available energy resulted in a small increase of pure protein: During continuous aerobic treatment 20 g pure protein were produced by 100 g starch, during discontinuous aerobic treatment 10 g pure protein by 100 g organic matter from molasses (mean values). Comparative feeding trials with 90% resp. 80% feed restricted finishing swine without and with added swine waste (continuous treated without supplements resp. discontinuous treated with addition of yeasts and molasses) had as results no improvement in body-weight-gain but a 12% resp. 17% deterioration in feed conversion with 13% less bodyfat formation. Weight gains of both groups with restricted feed (without and with added swine waste) was 22% less in comparison to full fed swine. Losses at slaughter of swine in the group with feed restriction and added swine waste were partly due to higher intestine contents higher than that of swine with feed restriction and without added swine waste. Higher weights of livers and kidneys in swine of the \"waste group\" counts for a possibly higher metabolism-stress.", "contents": "[Disposal of aerobic treated swine waste by refeeding to finishing swine (author's transl)]. Simple aerobic treatment of swine waste did not increase the production of microorganismprotein (pure protein). Addition of available energy resulted in a small increase of pure protein: During continuous aerobic treatment 20 g pure protein were produced by 100 g starch, during discontinuous aerobic treatment 10 g pure protein by 100 g organic matter from molasses (mean values). Comparative feeding trials with 90% resp. 80% feed restricted finishing swine without and with added swine waste (continuous treated without supplements resp. discontinuous treated with addition of yeasts and molasses) had as results no improvement in body-weight-gain but a 12% resp. 17% deterioration in feed conversion with 13% less bodyfat formation. Weight gains of both groups with restricted feed (without and with added swine waste) was 22% less in comparison to full fed swine. Losses at slaughter of swine in the group with feed restriction and added swine waste were partly due to higher intestine contents higher than that of swine with feed restriction and without added swine waste. Higher weights of livers and kidneys in swine of the \"waste group\" counts for a possibly higher metabolism-stress."}
{"id": "PMID:910589", "title": "Age distribution and serological reactivity of viral antigen in brains of mice infected congenitally with LMC virus.", "content": "In continuation of previous studies on the age distribution of viral antigen in spleen and kidneys of mice infected congenitally with LCM virus, the brain was subjected to a similar investigation since it participates to some extent in \"late onset disease\" in such animals. The antigen curve obtained differed from that for the spleen but resembled the curve for the kidneys in that an initial decrease of the antigen content in young mice was followed by a continuous rise later in live. Cerebral antigen titers in newborns and in old mice were considerably higher in carriers of the \"neurotropic\" strain \"WCC\" than in those infected with the \"natural\" strain \"W\". In old carriers of these strains there was a clear correlation between the cerebral antigen titer and the frequency and intensity of nervous symptoms which, in general, were not very striking but clearly recognizable to an experienced observer. In young congenital carriers cases of \"early onset disease\" characterized by spastic symptoms were observed. The latter were missing in old mice. \"Early onset disease\" and the temporary decrease of the cerebral and renal antigen titers in young animals are attributed to an abortive cellular immune response not strong enough to eliminate viral antigen completely from the organs. Specific antibodies, demonstrable by indirect CF in 43% of the mice reaching the age of 6-7 months, were likewise ineffective in this respect. In quantitative direct CF tests, immune sera from non-tolerant mice and, to a lesser degree, an immune serum from guinea pigs reacted better with brain extracts from congenitally infected mice than with extracts of spleens or kidneys in spite of the lower antigen content of the brain. This result seems to indicate a qualitative difference between the respective antigens.", "contents": "Age distribution and serological reactivity of viral antigen in brains of mice infected congenitally with LMC virus. In continuation of previous studies on the age distribution of viral antigen in spleen and kidneys of mice infected congenitally with LCM virus, the brain was subjected to a similar investigation since it participates to some extent in \"late onset disease\" in such animals. The antigen curve obtained differed from that for the spleen but resembled the curve for the kidneys in that an initial decrease of the antigen content in young mice was followed by a continuous rise later in live. Cerebral antigen titers in newborns and in old mice were considerably higher in carriers of the \"neurotropic\" strain \"WCC\" than in those infected with the \"natural\" strain \"W\". In old carriers of these strains there was a clear correlation between the cerebral antigen titer and the frequency and intensity of nervous symptoms which, in general, were not very striking but clearly recognizable to an experienced observer. In young congenital carriers cases of \"early onset disease\" characterized by spastic symptoms were observed. The latter were missing in old mice. \"Early onset disease\" and the temporary decrease of the cerebral and renal antigen titers in young animals are attributed to an abortive cellular immune response not strong enough to eliminate viral antigen completely from the organs. Specific antibodies, demonstrable by indirect CF in 43% of the mice reaching the age of 6-7 months, were likewise ineffective in this respect. In quantitative direct CF tests, immune sera from non-tolerant mice and, to a lesser degree, an immune serum from guinea pigs reacted better with brain extracts from congenitally infected mice than with extracts of spleens or kidneys in spite of the lower antigen content of the brain. This result seems to indicate a qualitative difference between the respective antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:910608", "title": "Measurement of rapid changes in cardiac stroke volume. An evaluation of the impedance cardiography method.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-nine simultaneous measurements were carried out on seven patients, 67 at rest and 62 during the Valsalva manoeuvre, in order to compare impedance cardiography with the thermodilution method, during rapid changes in cardiac stroke volume and pulmonary blood volume. A coefficient of correlation of 0.86 was found following linear regression analysis of the whole material. Analysis of the individual patient showed that the mean coefficient of correlation was 0.94 (range 0.91-0.97), and that the slope of the regression lines was 0.41 to 1.82, and further that the mean intercept was 0.2 ml. It is concluded that impedance cardiography can be employed for measuring the relative intraindividual changes in cardiac stroke volume during the Valsalva manoeuvre, and it is suggested that it may be of use in other situations, such as during haemorrhage or continuous positive pressure ventilation.", "contents": "Measurement of rapid changes in cardiac stroke volume. An evaluation of the impedance cardiography method. One hundred and twenty-nine simultaneous measurements were carried out on seven patients, 67 at rest and 62 during the Valsalva manoeuvre, in order to compare impedance cardiography with the thermodilution method, during rapid changes in cardiac stroke volume and pulmonary blood volume. A coefficient of correlation of 0.86 was found following linear regression analysis of the whole material. Analysis of the individual patient showed that the mean coefficient of correlation was 0.94 (range 0.91-0.97), and that the slope of the regression lines was 0.41 to 1.82, and further that the mean intercept was 0.2 ml. It is concluded that impedance cardiography can be employed for measuring the relative intraindividual changes in cardiac stroke volume during the Valsalva manoeuvre, and it is suggested that it may be of use in other situations, such as during haemorrhage or continuous positive pressure ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:910609", "title": "Anaesthesia for short-stay varicose vein surgery.", "content": "The study was undertaken in order to elucidate the suitability of four different types of general anaesthesia and of epidural block in short-stay varicose vein surgery. Special consideration was given to recovery after anaesthesia. The series consisted of 230 female patients subjected to varicose vein surgery of one lower extremity. The patients' recovery after surgery was observed through tests measuring visual-motor coordination and through questionnaires. The general anaesthesias used were halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia with spontaneous respiration (Ha), relaxant-dominated combined anaesthesia (Re), analgesic-dominated combined anaesthesia (An), and analgesic-dominated combined anaesthesia with hyperventilation (Hy). Of the general anaesthesias, halothane nitrous-oxide inhalation anaesthesia gave the fastest recovery, although there were no major differences between it and analgesic-dominated combined anaesthesia. In contrast, immediate recovery was prolonged after hyperventilation and after relaxant-dominated anaesthesia. Epidural blockade provided a good alternative to general anaesthesia.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for short-stay varicose vein surgery. The study was undertaken in order to elucidate the suitability of four different types of general anaesthesia and of epidural block in short-stay varicose vein surgery. Special consideration was given to recovery after anaesthesia. The series consisted of 230 female patients subjected to varicose vein surgery of one lower extremity. The patients' recovery after surgery was observed through tests measuring visual-motor coordination and through questionnaires. The general anaesthesias used were halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia with spontaneous respiration (Ha), relaxant-dominated combined anaesthesia (Re), analgesic-dominated combined anaesthesia (An), and analgesic-dominated combined anaesthesia with hyperventilation (Hy). Of the general anaesthesias, halothane nitrous-oxide inhalation anaesthesia gave the fastest recovery, although there were no major differences between it and analgesic-dominated combined anaesthesia. In contrast, immediate recovery was prolonged after hyperventilation and after relaxant-dominated anaesthesia. Epidural blockade provided a good alternative to general anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:910610", "title": "A comparison between the influence of halothane or fentanyl and droperidol anaesthesia on the adrenergic receptor response in human adipose tissue in vitro.", "content": "A comparison was made between the adrenergic receptor response in vitro in human adipose tissue obtained under halothane and neuroleptanaesthesia. In both groups the net release of glycerol was significantly stimulated (P less than 0.01) by the combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist, 1-noradrenaline. In the halothane group, the lipolysis was further increased by the addition of phentolamine (an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent). No such effect could be demonstrated in specimens from the fentanyl/droperidol group. This difference in response was most probably explained by the fact that droperidol had quite a long-lasting alpha-adrenergic blocking property, which totally obliterated the effect of another alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. The findings stress the importance of using a standardized procedure, including the choice of anaesthetic agents, when human adipose tissue is sampled for metabolic studies in vitro. The results also indicate the possibility of a difference in metabolic effects in vivo between the two procedures.", "contents": "A comparison between the influence of halothane or fentanyl and droperidol anaesthesia on the adrenergic receptor response in human adipose tissue in vitro. A comparison was made between the adrenergic receptor response in vitro in human adipose tissue obtained under halothane and neuroleptanaesthesia. In both groups the net release of glycerol was significantly stimulated (P less than 0.01) by the combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist, 1-noradrenaline. In the halothane group, the lipolysis was further increased by the addition of phentolamine (an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent). No such effect could be demonstrated in specimens from the fentanyl/droperidol group. This difference in response was most probably explained by the fact that droperidol had quite a long-lasting alpha-adrenergic blocking property, which totally obliterated the effect of another alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. The findings stress the importance of using a standardized procedure, including the choice of anaesthetic agents, when human adipose tissue is sampled for metabolic studies in vitro. The results also indicate the possibility of a difference in metabolic effects in vivo between the two procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:910611", "title": "Prolonged succinylcholine-induced paralysis in connection with caesarean section. A case report.", "content": "A prolonged succinylcholine-induced paralysis was observed in connection with a casearean section in an otherwise healthy, 25-year-old female. Her serum pseudocholinesterase was analysed and found to be pathologically low, displaying in addition an atypical dibucaine number. Ten individuals related to her were also studied as regards pseudocholinesterase in serum. She had two brothers, one displaying the same pattern as herself, while the other had a normal pattern. Both of the parents had ordinary dibucaine numbers, while the father had a slightly decreased pseudocholinesterase activity. Possible mechanisms underlying the disorder are discussed.", "contents": "Prolonged succinylcholine-induced paralysis in connection with caesarean section. A case report. A prolonged succinylcholine-induced paralysis was observed in connection with a casearean section in an otherwise healthy, 25-year-old female. Her serum pseudocholinesterase was analysed and found to be pathologically low, displaying in addition an atypical dibucaine number. Ten individuals related to her were also studied as regards pseudocholinesterase in serum. She had two brothers, one displaying the same pattern as herself, while the other had a normal pattern. Both of the parents had ordinary dibucaine numbers, while the father had a slightly decreased pseudocholinesterase activity. Possible mechanisms underlying the disorder are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910612", "title": "Glomerular filtration rate during halothane anaesthesia and epidural analgesia in combination with halothane anaesthesia.", "content": "Pre- and peroperative determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was performed in nine patients operated during light halothane anaesthesia (group A) and in nine patients operated during epidural analgesia in combination with light halothane anaesthesia (group B). In group A, the mean GFR decreased insignificantly by 7% and the mean arterial blood pressure increased significantly by 10%. In group B, the mean GFR decreased significantly by 19% and the mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly by 15%. It is suggested that the difference in change in GFR between the two groups was caused by differences in mean arterial blood pressure.", "contents": "Glomerular filtration rate during halothane anaesthesia and epidural analgesia in combination with halothane anaesthesia. Pre- and peroperative determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was performed in nine patients operated during light halothane anaesthesia (group A) and in nine patients operated during epidural analgesia in combination with light halothane anaesthesia (group B). In group A, the mean GFR decreased insignificantly by 7% and the mean arterial blood pressure increased significantly by 10%. In group B, the mean GFR decreased significantly by 19% and the mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly by 15%. It is suggested that the difference in change in GFR between the two groups was caused by differences in mean arterial blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:910613", "title": "Parenteral use of diazepam in an emulsion formulation. A clinical study.", "content": "A recently described injection formulation for diazepam, consisting of an oil emulsion where the drug is dissolved in the oil phase, has been found to give a lessened degree of side reactions than commercially available preparations. This emulsion formulation was compared to Valium inj. as premedication in patients undergoing operation for hernia or varices under epidural anaesthesia. The effects, measured as the degree of drowsiness according to an arbitrary scale, were found to be equal for the two formulations. Neither was there any difference in blood concentrations in the two application groups, respectively, between the preparations used. The propylene glycol content of Valium inj. is said to cause a delayed release of the drug from the injection site after i.m. application, and this is briefly discussed, as well as the possibility of administering the diazepam emulsion continuously, diluted with Intralipid, without the risk of precipitation.", "contents": "Parenteral use of diazepam in an emulsion formulation. A clinical study. A recently described injection formulation for diazepam, consisting of an oil emulsion where the drug is dissolved in the oil phase, has been found to give a lessened degree of side reactions than commercially available preparations. This emulsion formulation was compared to Valium inj. as premedication in patients undergoing operation for hernia or varices under epidural anaesthesia. The effects, measured as the degree of drowsiness according to an arbitrary scale, were found to be equal for the two formulations. Neither was there any difference in blood concentrations in the two application groups, respectively, between the preparations used. The propylene glycol content of Valium inj. is said to cause a delayed release of the drug from the injection site after i.m. application, and this is briefly discussed, as well as the possibility of administering the diazepam emulsion continuously, diluted with Intralipid, without the risk of precipitation."}
{"id": "PMID:910615", "title": "Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine and tetracaine in sheep.", "content": "Spinal anesthesia was performed in sheep in order to compare hyperbaric solutions of 0.375 and 0.75% bupivacaine and tetracaine. There was no significant difference between the two compounds in the duration of sensory analgesia in the anal regions nor, at 0.75% in the time required for complete regression of the block. However, at 0.375% the duration of sensory analgesia and motor block in the hind limbs and the time required for complete regression were shorter with bupivacaine. In addition to exhibiting a higher incidence and a longer duration of motor block in the hind limbs, the sheep that received tetracaine were unable to stand on the hind limbs even after complete regression of block had occurred. Although further studies are required to establish the cause of this phenomenon, we suggest this may reflect a block of proprioceptor fibers.", "contents": "Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine and tetracaine in sheep. Spinal anesthesia was performed in sheep in order to compare hyperbaric solutions of 0.375 and 0.75% bupivacaine and tetracaine. There was no significant difference between the two compounds in the duration of sensory analgesia in the anal regions nor, at 0.75% in the time required for complete regression of the block. However, at 0.375% the duration of sensory analgesia and motor block in the hind limbs and the time required for complete regression were shorter with bupivacaine. In addition to exhibiting a higher incidence and a longer duration of motor block in the hind limbs, the sheep that received tetracaine were unable to stand on the hind limbs even after complete regression of block had occurred. Although further studies are required to establish the cause of this phenomenon, we suggest this may reflect a block of proprioceptor fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:910616", "title": "The 600 gram CO2 absorption canister: an experimental study.", "content": "Model investigations were performed on a canister containing 600 g of Sodasorb indicator soda lime in a transparent lime compartment used in the Hafnia circle. The CO2 input was 300 ml per min. Carbon dioxide will be efficiently eliminated from the gas mixture conveyed to the patient connection in this system for at least 4 h, irrespective of the rate of fresh gas flow. There was proportionality between the fresh gas inflow and the duration of effective CO2 elimination. The relative efficacy of the CO2 absorption was investigated at different levels in the canister. The temperature in the axis of the lime compartment was 43-52 degrees C, and the temperature of the gas mixture conveyed to the patient attachment 30-35 degrees C. The colour shift in the lime charge was a reliable indicator of the efficiency of CO2 elimination. The canister should be replaced when the colour shift has progressed to 2/3 of the lime charge. The canister contains no disposable parts except for the lime charge. All the components of the circle system should be taken apart and cleaned after each anaesthesia.", "contents": "The 600 gram CO2 absorption canister: an experimental study. Model investigations were performed on a canister containing 600 g of Sodasorb indicator soda lime in a transparent lime compartment used in the Hafnia circle. The CO2 input was 300 ml per min. Carbon dioxide will be efficiently eliminated from the gas mixture conveyed to the patient connection in this system for at least 4 h, irrespective of the rate of fresh gas flow. There was proportionality between the fresh gas inflow and the duration of effective CO2 elimination. The relative efficacy of the CO2 absorption was investigated at different levels in the canister. The temperature in the axis of the lime compartment was 43-52 degrees C, and the temperature of the gas mixture conveyed to the patient attachment 30-35 degrees C. The colour shift in the lime charge was a reliable indicator of the efficiency of CO2 elimination. The canister should be replaced when the colour shift has progressed to 2/3 of the lime charge. The canister contains no disposable parts except for the lime charge. All the components of the circle system should be taken apart and cleaned after each anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:910617", "title": "Defect of cerebellar Purkinje cell histogenesis associated with type I and type II renal cystic disease.", "content": "The cerebellar vermises from a 1 day old child who died with cystic dysplastic kidneys (Potter Type II) and from a 28 day old who died with infantile polycystic kidneys (Potter Type I) were studied by the Golgi silver method and electron microscopical procedures. Golgi stains showed that Purkinje cells from both cases had the following abnormal characteristics: (1) they retained perikaryal processes even at 37-42 weeks after conception although these processes are normally absent from the cerebellar vermis after 34 weeks of gestation; (2) The Purkinje cell dendrites had dilations at their numerous branchpoints. Ultrastructural studies indicated that climbing fibers remained in contact with the perikaryon of the Purkinje cell in both cases although they are not normally present on the perikaryon after 33 weeks gestation. The 1 day old child (Type II) had unusual synaptic structures of the dyad and serial type. The concurrence of cerebellar and kidney cell maldevelopment in this and a variety of other conditions suggests that there may be a pathogenetic and causal relationship between the two.", "contents": "Defect of cerebellar Purkinje cell histogenesis associated with type I and type II renal cystic disease. The cerebellar vermises from a 1 day old child who died with cystic dysplastic kidneys (Potter Type II) and from a 28 day old who died with infantile polycystic kidneys (Potter Type I) were studied by the Golgi silver method and electron microscopical procedures. Golgi stains showed that Purkinje cells from both cases had the following abnormal characteristics: (1) they retained perikaryal processes even at 37-42 weeks after conception although these processes are normally absent from the cerebellar vermis after 34 weeks of gestation; (2) The Purkinje cell dendrites had dilations at their numerous branchpoints. Ultrastructural studies indicated that climbing fibers remained in contact with the perikaryon of the Purkinje cell in both cases although they are not normally present on the perikaryon after 33 weeks gestation. The 1 day old child (Type II) had unusual synaptic structures of the dyad and serial type. The concurrence of cerebellar and kidney cell maldevelopment in this and a variety of other conditions suggests that there may be a pathogenetic and causal relationship between the two."}
{"id": "PMID:910618", "title": "Intrauterine brain death. Neuraxial reticular core necrosis.", "content": "Report is given on the first example in which the clinical and electrographic criteria of brain death were obtained at birth. Global destruction of the central nervous system of a type seen only with anoxia and circulatory failure had occurred in utero without appreciable disturbance of maternal health. Neuropathologic reaction in fetal tissues was identical with that which has been observed in the child or adult in the brain death syndrome. Functional disturbance of cerebral spinal circulation of sufficient degree to destroy neuronal tissue had happened without change in maternal circulation and without demonstrable lesions in the placenta or the cardiovascular apparatus of the fetus.", "contents": "Intrauterine brain death. Neuraxial reticular core necrosis. Report is given on the first example in which the clinical and electrographic criteria of brain death were obtained at birth. Global destruction of the central nervous system of a type seen only with anoxia and circulatory failure had occurred in utero without appreciable disturbance of maternal health. Neuropathologic reaction in fetal tissues was identical with that which has been observed in the child or adult in the brain death syndrome. Functional disturbance of cerebral spinal circulation of sufficient degree to destroy neuronal tissue had happened without change in maternal circulation and without demonstrable lesions in the placenta or the cardiovascular apparatus of the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:910619", "title": "Spindle-shaped, cross-banded structures in human peripheral nerves.", "content": "Fusiform, cross-banded structures (fibrous long-spacing collagen, or Luse bodies) were found in a nerve contained in the perivascular connective tissue of the short saphenous vein and in the sural nerve in man. The periodicity of cross-bandings was 140-170 nm and there was no intraperiod striation. The banded structures were found either isolated in the endoneurial spaces or contiguous with the surface of Schwann cells or fibroblasts. The nature, origin, and pathological significance of structures of this type in peripheral nerve are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Spindle-shaped, cross-banded structures in human peripheral nerves. Fusiform, cross-banded structures (fibrous long-spacing collagen, or Luse bodies) were found in a nerve contained in the perivascular connective tissue of the short saphenous vein and in the sural nerve in man. The periodicity of cross-bandings was 140-170 nm and there was no intraperiod striation. The banded structures were found either isolated in the endoneurial spaces or contiguous with the surface of Schwann cells or fibroblasts. The nature, origin, and pathological significance of structures of this type in peripheral nerve are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910620", "title": "Splanchnic preganglionic neurons in man. I. Morphometry of preganglionic cytons.", "content": "The thoracic sympathetic preganglionic outflow is important in the maintenance of postural normotension in man. Normative data on the intermediolateral column (ILC) neuron cell bodies is lacking. Counts and measurements on the right ILC cytons have been performed on the T6, T7 and T8 segments of 12 spinal cords of man obtained within 4-6 h of death. A methodology was employed which has been optimized to prevent shrinkage of cytoplasm from the neuropil and which mathematically corrects the number of cytons of neurons and their frequency distribution for split cell error. The mean cyton counts for T6, T7 and T8 spinal cord segments were 5002, 5004 and 4654 respectively. No significant sex difference was shown. Most cytons ranged in diameter from 8-23 micrometer; the major peak in the size histogram is at 12-13 micrometer and a smaller peak is seen at 16 micrometer. There is a progressive reduction of ILC cytons with age. In adult man approximately 370 cytons (approximately 8%) are lost per decade. This reduction in ILC cytons with age may be a morphological basis for postural hypotension of the aged.", "contents": "Splanchnic preganglionic neurons in man. I. Morphometry of preganglionic cytons. The thoracic sympathetic preganglionic outflow is important in the maintenance of postural normotension in man. Normative data on the intermediolateral column (ILC) neuron cell bodies is lacking. Counts and measurements on the right ILC cytons have been performed on the T6, T7 and T8 segments of 12 spinal cords of man obtained within 4-6 h of death. A methodology was employed which has been optimized to prevent shrinkage of cytoplasm from the neuropil and which mathematically corrects the number of cytons of neurons and their frequency distribution for split cell error. The mean cyton counts for T6, T7 and T8 spinal cord segments were 5002, 5004 and 4654 respectively. No significant sex difference was shown. Most cytons ranged in diameter from 8-23 micrometer; the major peak in the size histogram is at 12-13 micrometer and a smaller peak is seen at 16 micrometer. There is a progressive reduction of ILC cytons with age. In adult man approximately 370 cytons (approximately 8%) are lost per decade. This reduction in ILC cytons with age may be a morphological basis for postural hypotension of the aged."}
{"id": "PMID:910621", "title": "Ultrastructural localisation of sterols in ethylnitrosourea-induced Schwannomas.", "content": "Malignant schwannomas of the trigeminal nerves were induced transplacentally by a single intravenous injection of 30 mg of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea per kg of body weight into pregnant BD-IX rats on the 15th day of gestation. These neoplasms consisted of a pleomorphic population of Schwann cells and occasional fibroblasts. In order to preserve sterols the tumours were fixed in a digitonin-containing aldehyde solution. The electron microscope investigation of the tissues so treated revealed various structures: lamellar, tubular and complex formations were all observed. In addition, the unit membranes, including those of various cytoplasmic organelles, showed areas of increased contrast. The abundance of these fine structural configurations indicated the high sterol content of ethyl-nitrosourea-induced schwannomas.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localisation of sterols in ethylnitrosourea-induced Schwannomas. Malignant schwannomas of the trigeminal nerves were induced transplacentally by a single intravenous injection of 30 mg of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea per kg of body weight into pregnant BD-IX rats on the 15th day of gestation. These neoplasms consisted of a pleomorphic population of Schwann cells and occasional fibroblasts. In order to preserve sterols the tumours were fixed in a digitonin-containing aldehyde solution. The electron microscope investigation of the tissues so treated revealed various structures: lamellar, tubular and complex formations were all observed. In addition, the unit membranes, including those of various cytoplasmic organelles, showed areas of increased contrast. The abundance of these fine structural configurations indicated the high sterol content of ethyl-nitrosourea-induced schwannomas."}
{"id": "PMID:910622", "title": "Development of Purkinje cell somatic spines in the weaver mouse.", "content": "The cerebellar cortices of weaver mice and their normal littermates ranging in age from six to thirteen days after birth were examined with the electron microscope. The initial development of spines, both somatic and dendritic, are the same in both the weaver and its normal littermates despite the extreme paucity of parallel fibers in the former.", "contents": "Development of Purkinje cell somatic spines in the weaver mouse. The cerebellar cortices of weaver mice and their normal littermates ranging in age from six to thirteen days after birth were examined with the electron microscope. The initial development of spines, both somatic and dendritic, are the same in both the weaver and its normal littermates despite the extreme paucity of parallel fibers in the former."}
{"id": "PMID:910623", "title": "Ultrastructural changes of the dog myocardium in extracorporeal circulation.", "content": "The effects of the cardiopulmonary bypass circulation on the cardiac muscle cells were studied electron microscopically. Subendocardial hemorrhage was commonly recognized in both ventricles. However, it appeared earlier and more severely in the right ventricle than in the left ventricle. Clear flocculent areas containing numerous filamentous structures were originated from degradation of myofibrils. Degradation of myofibrils occurred within 1 hour after bypass circulation. Degenerative changes of myocardial cells such as zonal lesions, contraction bands and swelling or condensation of mitochondria appeared in both ventricles. Damages of myocardial cells in right ventricular wall were more severer as compared with those in the left throughout the period of observation.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes of the dog myocardium in extracorporeal circulation. The effects of the cardiopulmonary bypass circulation on the cardiac muscle cells were studied electron microscopically. Subendocardial hemorrhage was commonly recognized in both ventricles. However, it appeared earlier and more severely in the right ventricle than in the left ventricle. Clear flocculent areas containing numerous filamentous structures were originated from degradation of myofibrils. Degradation of myofibrils occurred within 1 hour after bypass circulation. Degenerative changes of myocardial cells such as zonal lesions, contraction bands and swelling or condensation of mitochondria appeared in both ventricles. Damages of myocardial cells in right ventricular wall were more severer as compared with those in the left throughout the period of observation."}
{"id": "PMID:910624", "title": "Proliferative fasciitis. A variant of nodular fasciitis.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic features of eight cases of proliferative fasciitis, a variant of nodular fasciitis, were described. The lesion affected adults older than 51 years of age. It involved various parts of the body and grew rapidly in most cases. Follow-up information, however, revealed that the patients took a benign clinical course after a local excision. Microscopically a diffuse proliferation of fibroblastic cells intermingled with a number of large basophilic cells resembling ganglion cells was characteristic, and was accompanied by slight lymphocytic infiltration and by slight fibrinous exudation and hemorrhage. The large basophilic cells seemed to be metamorphosed from cells of fibroblastic series.", "contents": "Proliferative fasciitis. A variant of nodular fasciitis. The clinical and pathologic features of eight cases of proliferative fasciitis, a variant of nodular fasciitis, were described. The lesion affected adults older than 51 years of age. It involved various parts of the body and grew rapidly in most cases. Follow-up information, however, revealed that the patients took a benign clinical course after a local excision. Microscopically a diffuse proliferation of fibroblastic cells intermingled with a number of large basophilic cells resembling ganglion cells was characteristic, and was accompanied by slight lymphocytic infiltration and by slight fibrinous exudation and hemorrhage. The large basophilic cells seemed to be metamorphosed from cells of fibroblastic series."}
{"id": "PMID:910625", "title": "Angiographic, histometric and histopathological studies on the intramural coronary arteries in the infarcted heart.", "content": "Arterial changes of the intramural branches of the coronary arteries were studied angiographically, histometrically and histopathologically in the heart obtained at autopsy from 50 cases with myocardial infarction and 21 control subjects. Stenosis was observed in 14.4% of the intramural coronary arteries in the infarction group, 3.0% in the aged and 0% in the young control group. Hypertrophy of the media was observed in 18.9% of the intramural coronary arteries in the infarction group and 10.7% in the control group. Proliferation of the internal elastic lamina was observed in 6.9% of the intramural coronary arteries in the infarction group and 0.9% in the control group. Stenosis of the intramural branches was the most frequent in those less than 300 mu in diameter and was caused by muscular hypertrophy of the media. Histological changes in the vascular wall of the intramural coronary artery was less frequent in the distal to the epicardial branches with marked stenosis than distal to the epicardial branches without stenosis.", "contents": "Angiographic, histometric and histopathological studies on the intramural coronary arteries in the infarcted heart. Arterial changes of the intramural branches of the coronary arteries were studied angiographically, histometrically and histopathologically in the heart obtained at autopsy from 50 cases with myocardial infarction and 21 control subjects. Stenosis was observed in 14.4% of the intramural coronary arteries in the infarction group, 3.0% in the aged and 0% in the young control group. Hypertrophy of the media was observed in 18.9% of the intramural coronary arteries in the infarction group and 10.7% in the control group. Proliferation of the internal elastic lamina was observed in 6.9% of the intramural coronary arteries in the infarction group and 0.9% in the control group. Stenosis of the intramural branches was the most frequent in those less than 300 mu in diameter and was caused by muscular hypertrophy of the media. Histological changes in the vascular wall of the intramural coronary artery was less frequent in the distal to the epicardial branches with marked stenosis than distal to the epicardial branches without stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:910627", "title": "Malignant change in a solitary hamartoma of the lung. A case report.", "content": "A case report of a malignant hamartoma of the lung observed in a 36-year-old housewife was presented. The hamartoma was non-chondromatous (fibromyomatous), located beneath the pleura of the left upper lobe. The malignant lesion corresponded to anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. A review of the literatures on the malignant hamartoma of the lung revealed rare incidences of the tumor, but hamartoma and hamartomatous lesions of the lung should be regarded as one of the histopathological backgrounds where pulmonary carcinoma may arise.", "contents": "Malignant change in a solitary hamartoma of the lung. A case report. A case report of a malignant hamartoma of the lung observed in a 36-year-old housewife was presented. The hamartoma was non-chondromatous (fibromyomatous), located beneath the pleura of the left upper lobe. The malignant lesion corresponded to anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. A review of the literatures on the malignant hamartoma of the lung revealed rare incidences of the tumor, but hamartoma and hamartomatous lesions of the lung should be regarded as one of the histopathological backgrounds where pulmonary carcinoma may arise."}
{"id": "PMID:910628", "title": "Immunoelectron microscopy of surface immunoglobulins in pseudolymphoma of the lung. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of pseudolymphoma of the lung was studied by light, electron, and immunoelectron microscopy. The tumor consisted predominantly of small lymphoid cells with a few germinal centers. Both light and dark cells were found by electron microscopy. While the dark cells contained abundant free ribosomes, lysosome-like electron dense bodies were more prominent in the light cells. The proportion of surface staining positive pseudolymphoma cells for IgC, IgM, and IgA was high (each about 80%) compared with control spleen cell suspensions by immunoelectron microscopy. But the serum levels of IgG, IgM, and IgA were normal. It is discussed that the polyclonal presence of surface immunoglobulins does not necessarily support the benign nature of the disease.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscopy of surface immunoglobulins in pseudolymphoma of the lung. Report of a case. A case of pseudolymphoma of the lung was studied by light, electron, and immunoelectron microscopy. The tumor consisted predominantly of small lymphoid cells with a few germinal centers. Both light and dark cells were found by electron microscopy. While the dark cells contained abundant free ribosomes, lysosome-like electron dense bodies were more prominent in the light cells. The proportion of surface staining positive pseudolymphoma cells for IgC, IgM, and IgA was high (each about 80%) compared with control spleen cell suspensions by immunoelectron microscopy. But the serum levels of IgG, IgM, and IgA were normal. It is discussed that the polyclonal presence of surface immunoglobulins does not necessarily support the benign nature of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:910629", "title": "Vacuolated meningioma. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Two unusual cases of meningioma with extensive vacuolization have been studied by light and electron microscopy. There were two kinds of vacuoles in the tumor cells which had the characteristic ultrastructure of meningioma as well. The smaller intracytoplasmic vacuoles were lipid droplets, while the larger, more prominent vacuoles were found to be extracellular spaces probably containing plasmatic fluid. The tumor cells were very much stellate with extremely thin and long cytoplasmic processes having desmosome junctions and forming cavernous intercellular spaces, some of which contained collagen fibers and fibrils. Although the xanthomatous change has been well known, the latter features provide a resonable interpretation for the histology of the present tumors and fat-negative vacuoles in the ordinary meningiomas. The picture may be recapitulation of the subarachnoid structure. Furthermore, recognition of this type of meningioma is practically important especially in frozen section diagnosis not to misinterpret the tumor as liposarcoma, chordoma or metastatic adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Vacuolated meningioma. A light and electron microscopic study. Two unusual cases of meningioma with extensive vacuolization have been studied by light and electron microscopy. There were two kinds of vacuoles in the tumor cells which had the characteristic ultrastructure of meningioma as well. The smaller intracytoplasmic vacuoles were lipid droplets, while the larger, more prominent vacuoles were found to be extracellular spaces probably containing plasmatic fluid. The tumor cells were very much stellate with extremely thin and long cytoplasmic processes having desmosome junctions and forming cavernous intercellular spaces, some of which contained collagen fibers and fibrils. Although the xanthomatous change has been well known, the latter features provide a resonable interpretation for the histology of the present tumors and fat-negative vacuoles in the ordinary meningiomas. The picture may be recapitulation of the subarachnoid structure. Furthermore, recognition of this type of meningioma is practically important especially in frozen section diagnosis not to misinterpret the tumor as liposarcoma, chordoma or metastatic adenocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:910630", "title": "Extrarenal renin-secreting tumor associated with hypertension.", "content": "Described herein is an autopsy case of a 16-year-old female with severe hypertension, hyperreninemia and secondary aldosteronism. She had had a progressively growing tumor of her right orbita from the age of 4. The tumor was partially excised 13 months before death. A high content of a renin-like material was detected in the excised tumor, which was histologically a hemangiopericytoma. Bowie stain revealed some granules in small number of tumor cells and electron microscopic study showed some cytoplasmic granules. Following the operation, hypertension was somewhat improved, but the levels of plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration remained elevated, because the tumor was partially resected. At autopsy, the tumor invaded into the cranial base and right frontal lobe, and metastasized to the lungs. In the present case, renal renin-secreting tumor, malignant hypertension and renovascular hypertension were ruled out by the clinical and pathological studies.", "contents": "Extrarenal renin-secreting tumor associated with hypertension. Described herein is an autopsy case of a 16-year-old female with severe hypertension, hyperreninemia and secondary aldosteronism. She had had a progressively growing tumor of her right orbita from the age of 4. The tumor was partially excised 13 months before death. A high content of a renin-like material was detected in the excised tumor, which was histologically a hemangiopericytoma. Bowie stain revealed some granules in small number of tumor cells and electron microscopic study showed some cytoplasmic granules. Following the operation, hypertension was somewhat improved, but the levels of plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration remained elevated, because the tumor was partially resected. At autopsy, the tumor invaded into the cranial base and right frontal lobe, and metastasized to the lungs. In the present case, renal renin-secreting tumor, malignant hypertension and renovascular hypertension were ruled out by the clinical and pathological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:910632", "title": "Complement studies in adipose patients treated with intestinal bypass.", "content": "Seventeen consecutive patients subjected to jejunoileostomy for obesity have been investigated for complement abnormalities and cryoglobulinaemia. The study took place 1-9 1/2 years after the operation. A concomitant clinical examination revealed recurrent arthritis in 6 (30%) of the patients. In 6 of the patients complement abnormalities were found, as activation of the classical pathway in 3 and activation of the alternative pathway in another 3 could be suspected from immunochemical data. One patient showed activation of both the classical and the alternative pathway. Two of the patients with arthritic symptoms belonged to the group showing activation of the alternative pathway. It is suggested that deficient inactivation of bacterial products from intestinal bacteria (lipopolysaccharides) have a role in the complement abnormalities found. No patient exhibited the cryoprotein complexes found earlier in this type of patients.", "contents": "Complement studies in adipose patients treated with intestinal bypass. Seventeen consecutive patients subjected to jejunoileostomy for obesity have been investigated for complement abnormalities and cryoglobulinaemia. The study took place 1-9 1/2 years after the operation. A concomitant clinical examination revealed recurrent arthritis in 6 (30%) of the patients. In 6 of the patients complement abnormalities were found, as activation of the classical pathway in 3 and activation of the alternative pathway in another 3 could be suspected from immunochemical data. One patient showed activation of both the classical and the alternative pathway. Two of the patients with arthritic symptoms belonged to the group showing activation of the alternative pathway. It is suggested that deficient inactivation of bacterial products from intestinal bacteria (lipopolysaccharides) have a role in the complement abnormalities found. No patient exhibited the cryoprotein complexes found earlier in this type of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:910635", "title": "The study of women in Gothenburg 1968-1969. Intake of energy and nutrients in five age groups.", "content": "Women from five age groups (38, 46, 50, 54, and 60 years), participating in the population study \"Women in Gothenburg 1968-1969\", were subjected to a 24-hour recall dietary interview (n = 1361). In a randomized subsample (n = 418), a dietary history was obtained and individuals in another randomized subsample (n = 755) submitted a 24-hour urine specimen for nitrogen analyses. There were significant differences between the 24-hour recall and dietary history figures in all five age groups with respect to energy and all nutrients. The mean protein intake calculated indirectly from the urinary nitrogen excretion came close to the figures calculated from the dietary histories in four out of five age groups. The energy intake and, consequently, the intake of most nutrients calculated from the dietary histories were higher than generally ascribed to Swedish women, as most previous data have been obtained by 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Most women (71-89% in the different age groups) consumed too much fat and most women of fertile age (80-92%) consumed too little iron. A significant decrease in the mean energy intake was apparent only in the age group 60, i.e. 1870 kcal versus 1965--2 105 in the other groups.", "contents": "The study of women in Gothenburg 1968-1969. Intake of energy and nutrients in five age groups. Women from five age groups (38, 46, 50, 54, and 60 years), participating in the population study \"Women in Gothenburg 1968-1969\", were subjected to a 24-hour recall dietary interview (n = 1361). In a randomized subsample (n = 418), a dietary history was obtained and individuals in another randomized subsample (n = 755) submitted a 24-hour urine specimen for nitrogen analyses. There were significant differences between the 24-hour recall and dietary history figures in all five age groups with respect to energy and all nutrients. The mean protein intake calculated indirectly from the urinary nitrogen excretion came close to the figures calculated from the dietary histories in four out of five age groups. The energy intake and, consequently, the intake of most nutrients calculated from the dietary histories were higher than generally ascribed to Swedish women, as most previous data have been obtained by 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Most women (71-89% in the different age groups) consumed too much fat and most women of fertile age (80-92%) consumed too little iron. A significant decrease in the mean energy intake was apparent only in the age group 60, i.e. 1870 kcal versus 1965--2 105 in the other groups."}
{"id": "PMID:910636", "title": "Renal venous output of kinins in patients with hypertension and unilateral renal artery stenosis.", "content": "In four patients with hypertension and angiographically pronounced unilateral renal artery stenosis, kallikrein activity was estimated in each kidney separately by the determination of kinin output in the renal veins. All patients showed suppression of renin release from the kidney with a non-stenotic artery. Accordingly, plasma flow from the kidney with artery stenosis could be estimated. The ratio of venous output of kinins between the kidney with a non-stenotic artery and the one with artery stenosis was 2.6-6.5. This indicates that renal artery stenosis leads to diminished intrarenal kinin generation. Reduced kinin formation may explain the low diuresis and natriuresis found in the kidney with artery stenosis.", "contents": "Renal venous output of kinins in patients with hypertension and unilateral renal artery stenosis. In four patients with hypertension and angiographically pronounced unilateral renal artery stenosis, kallikrein activity was estimated in each kidney separately by the determination of kinin output in the renal veins. All patients showed suppression of renin release from the kidney with a non-stenotic artery. Accordingly, plasma flow from the kidney with artery stenosis could be estimated. The ratio of venous output of kinins between the kidney with a non-stenotic artery and the one with artery stenosis was 2.6-6.5. This indicates that renal artery stenosis leads to diminished intrarenal kinin generation. Reduced kinin formation may explain the low diuresis and natriuresis found in the kidney with artery stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:910637", "title": "The concentration of cadmium in renal tissue from smokers and non-smokers.", "content": "The concentration of cadmium is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry of renal tissue excised at autopsy. Tissue from 19 non-smokers and 42 smokers of either sex in the age group 45-65 years has been analysed. The concentration of cadmium in kidneys from 16 subjects who had been smoking pipes, cigars or cheroots did not differ significantly from the concentration in non-smokers and cigarette smokers. On the other hand, in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals, the concentration of cadmium in kidneys from cigarette smokers was twice as high as in kidneys from non-smokers.", "contents": "The concentration of cadmium in renal tissue from smokers and non-smokers. The concentration of cadmium is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry of renal tissue excised at autopsy. Tissue from 19 non-smokers and 42 smokers of either sex in the age group 45-65 years has been analysed. The concentration of cadmium in kidneys from 16 subjects who had been smoking pipes, cigars or cheroots did not differ significantly from the concentration in non-smokers and cigarette smokers. On the other hand, in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals, the concentration of cadmium in kidneys from cigarette smokers was twice as high as in kidneys from non-smokers."}
{"id": "PMID:910638", "title": "Respiratory distress syndrome and thrombotic, non-bacterial endocarditis after amitriptyline overdose.", "content": "Three patients with documented or suspected amitriptyline poisoning developed a uniform clinical picture with progressive respiratory insufficiency, thrombocytopenia and evidence of embolization. Post-mortem examination revealed equally uniform changes: thrombotic, non-bacterial endocarditis (TNBE) with multiple embolization and marked pulmonary stiffness with extensive invasion of alveoli with connective tissue. The lung pathology and clinical picture of progressive respiratory insufficiency are in agreement with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the adult. The simultaneous occurrence of RDS and TNBE suggests a similar pathogenesis. Prophylactic measures are described.", "contents": "Respiratory distress syndrome and thrombotic, non-bacterial endocarditis after amitriptyline overdose. Three patients with documented or suspected amitriptyline poisoning developed a uniform clinical picture with progressive respiratory insufficiency, thrombocytopenia and evidence of embolization. Post-mortem examination revealed equally uniform changes: thrombotic, non-bacterial endocarditis (TNBE) with multiple embolization and marked pulmonary stiffness with extensive invasion of alveoli with connective tissue. The lung pathology and clinical picture of progressive respiratory insufficiency are in agreement with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the adult. The simultaneous occurrence of RDS and TNBE suggests a similar pathogenesis. Prophylactic measures are described."}
{"id": "PMID:910639", "title": "The hepatic conversion of vitamin D in alcoholics with varying degrees of liver affection.", "content": "The seasonal variations in circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) were studied in 102 alcoholics with fatty liver disease without histologic signs of cirrhosis and in 35 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. The mean levels were compared with those of normal persons. Alcoholics had generally lower 25-HCC values than the controls, particularly in the summer. This was primarily explained by insufficient diet and reduced exposure to sunshine. The ability of the liver to hydroxylate in the 25-position was studied in three groups of alcoholics with 1) fatty liver disease without cirrhosis, 2) compensated cirrhosis, 3) severely incompensated liver cirrhosis. All three groups exhibited a significant increase in serum 25-HCC following the peroral administration of cholecalciferol at a dose of 1 200 U daily for 7 days. Similar rises were seen 7 days after a single injection of 10 000 U cholecalciferol. This indicates a normal intestinal absorption of vitamin D, even in advanced alcoholic liver disease, and is inconsistent with a severely damaged 25-hydroxylation capacity in these patients. Osteomalacia due to impaired liver hydroxylation of vitamin D can hardly explain the increased fracture rate and the decreased bone mass, which have been described in alcoholics.", "contents": "The hepatic conversion of vitamin D in alcoholics with varying degrees of liver affection. The seasonal variations in circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) were studied in 102 alcoholics with fatty liver disease without histologic signs of cirrhosis and in 35 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. The mean levels were compared with those of normal persons. Alcoholics had generally lower 25-HCC values than the controls, particularly in the summer. This was primarily explained by insufficient diet and reduced exposure to sunshine. The ability of the liver to hydroxylate in the 25-position was studied in three groups of alcoholics with 1) fatty liver disease without cirrhosis, 2) compensated cirrhosis, 3) severely incompensated liver cirrhosis. All three groups exhibited a significant increase in serum 25-HCC following the peroral administration of cholecalciferol at a dose of 1 200 U daily for 7 days. Similar rises were seen 7 days after a single injection of 10 000 U cholecalciferol. This indicates a normal intestinal absorption of vitamin D, even in advanced alcoholic liver disease, and is inconsistent with a severely damaged 25-hydroxylation capacity in these patients. Osteomalacia due to impaired liver hydroxylation of vitamin D can hardly explain the increased fracture rate and the decreased bone mass, which have been described in alcoholics."}
{"id": "PMID:910640", "title": "Clinically undiagnosed active tuberculosis. Experience from an autopsy material.", "content": "The incidence of clinically undiagnosed active tuberculosis (CUDAT) was 0.1% in an autopsy material comprising about 75% of all autopsies carried out in Denmark during the period 1.1.1969-1.1.1974. This incidence, corresponding to one case in every 895 autopsies, is a minimum value. From the present study it is apparent that the miliary form is predominant. CUDAT is most often found in elderly patients from medical units. The most common cause of death is the active tuberculosis, especially the miliary form. Fever often occurs during the stay in the hospital and is an almost invariable sign in miliary tuberculosis. Many of the patients had been treated with corticosteroids and/or cytostatics for associated diseases, especially malignancies.", "contents": "Clinically undiagnosed active tuberculosis. Experience from an autopsy material. The incidence of clinically undiagnosed active tuberculosis (CUDAT) was 0.1% in an autopsy material comprising about 75% of all autopsies carried out in Denmark during the period 1.1.1969-1.1.1974. This incidence, corresponding to one case in every 895 autopsies, is a minimum value. From the present study it is apparent that the miliary form is predominant. CUDAT is most often found in elderly patients from medical units. The most common cause of death is the active tuberculosis, especially the miliary form. Fever often occurs during the stay in the hospital and is an almost invariable sign in miliary tuberculosis. Many of the patients had been treated with corticosteroids and/or cytostatics for associated diseases, especially malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:910642", "title": "Pheochromocytoma and renovascular hypertension. A case report on a review of the literature.", "content": "A case of hypertension with simultaneous occurrence of a para-aortal pheochromocytoma and a functionally significant membranous renal artery stenosis is reported. The pheochromocytoma was excised surgically and a vein patch angioplasty was performed. Postoperatively the BP returned to normal. Three years after surgery the patient is normotensive and urinary catecholamines are normal. On the basis of this case and 27 previously reported cases of pheochromocytoma and renal artery stenosis, the possible relationship between the two conditions is discussed.", "contents": "Pheochromocytoma and renovascular hypertension. A case report on a review of the literature. A case of hypertension with simultaneous occurrence of a para-aortal pheochromocytoma and a functionally significant membranous renal artery stenosis is reported. The pheochromocytoma was excised surgically and a vein patch angioplasty was performed. Postoperatively the BP returned to normal. Three years after surgery the patient is normotensive and urinary catecholamines are normal. On the basis of this case and 27 previously reported cases of pheochromocytoma and renal artery stenosis, the possible relationship between the two conditions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910643", "title": "Anticoagulant treatment in sarcoidosis.", "content": "The treatment of sarcoidosis has so far been disappointing. This paper presents a patient in whom persistent disappearance of the pulmonary infiltrations was observed during anticoagulant treatment for venous thrombosis. A possible mechanism for a beneficial effect of anticoagulant treatment in sarcoidosis is discussed.", "contents": "Anticoagulant treatment in sarcoidosis. The treatment of sarcoidosis has so far been disappointing. This paper presents a patient in whom persistent disappearance of the pulmonary infiltrations was observed during anticoagulant treatment for venous thrombosis. A possible mechanism for a beneficial effect of anticoagulant treatment in sarcoidosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910644", "title": "Changes in the subarachnoid space after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage in the dog: scanning electron microscopic observation.", "content": "The possible changes in the subarachnoid space after subarachnoid haemorrhage were studied in animals by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). About 1 ml/kg of autogenous blood was injected intracisternally in 36 adult mongrel dogs to investigate changes in the subarachnoid space, over periods ranging from immediately after the injection to as long as 6 months. We have come to the conclusion that the injected blood disappears in about one to two weeks; the fibrosis or thickening of the arachnoid membrane appears in one to three weeks, and then returns to normal in a month in instances of rapid recovery, but there are some cases in which fibrosis persists for a long period and becomes chronic. The fact that an increase of fibrous tissue was found in the parietal region, where the injected blood had hardly reached, appears to indicate that the fibrosis is not always limited to the site of the haemorrhage but can occur in remote regions. We also discuss the usefulness of the SEM in the observation of the subarachnoid space, and the finding that vascular specimen preparations can be made by perfusing the brain with 2-10% phosphate-buffered formaldehyde solution.", "contents": "Changes in the subarachnoid space after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage in the dog: scanning electron microscopic observation. The possible changes in the subarachnoid space after subarachnoid haemorrhage were studied in animals by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). About 1 ml/kg of autogenous blood was injected intracisternally in 36 adult mongrel dogs to investigate changes in the subarachnoid space, over periods ranging from immediately after the injection to as long as 6 months. We have come to the conclusion that the injected blood disappears in about one to two weeks; the fibrosis or thickening of the arachnoid membrane appears in one to three weeks, and then returns to normal in a month in instances of rapid recovery, but there are some cases in which fibrosis persists for a long period and becomes chronic. The fact that an increase of fibrous tissue was found in the parietal region, where the injected blood had hardly reached, appears to indicate that the fibrosis is not always limited to the site of the haemorrhage but can occur in remote regions. We also discuss the usefulness of the SEM in the observation of the subarachnoid space, and the finding that vascular specimen preparations can be made by perfusing the brain with 2-10% phosphate-buffered formaldehyde solution."}
{"id": "PMID:910645", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine.", "content": "Long term follow up of three patients with aneurysmal bone cysts has allowed us to draw attention to features which facilitate diagnosis and determine adequate treatment. The lesion occurs usually under the age of twenty with a slight female predominance. Treatment consists in complete local excision. Failing this, curettage should be carried out, and this gives good results. The effectiveness of radiotherapy cannot be assessed from our series, but in our opinion it may not be necessary in every case and should be applied judiciously, as postradiation sarcomas have been reported. Special attention must be paid to the tendency for spontaneous regression and cure after incomplete removal, particularly in recurrent cases, with a view to avoiding more aggressive treatment than is necessary. Multilocation (vertebra and distant bone), endothelial proliferation, and obliteration of the lumen of the small blood vessels support the view that this is a vascular lesion.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine. Long term follow up of three patients with aneurysmal bone cysts has allowed us to draw attention to features which facilitate diagnosis and determine adequate treatment. The lesion occurs usually under the age of twenty with a slight female predominance. Treatment consists in complete local excision. Failing this, curettage should be carried out, and this gives good results. The effectiveness of radiotherapy cannot be assessed from our series, but in our opinion it may not be necessary in every case and should be applied judiciously, as postradiation sarcomas have been reported. Special attention must be paid to the tendency for spontaneous regression and cure after incomplete removal, particularly in recurrent cases, with a view to avoiding more aggressive treatment than is necessary. Multilocation (vertebra and distant bone), endothelial proliferation, and obliteration of the lumen of the small blood vessels support the view that this is a vascular lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:910646", "title": "Intrasacral meningocoele.", "content": "A case of an intrasacral meningocoele is described with typical radiological findings and obvious improvement after surgical treatment, but a somewhat unusual neurological picture.", "contents": "Intrasacral meningocoele. A case of an intrasacral meningocoele is described with typical radiological findings and obvious improvement after surgical treatment, but a somewhat unusual neurological picture."}
{"id": "PMID:910647", "title": "Spinal teratoma.", "content": "A very rare case of intramedullary spinal teratoma without spina bifida is described in a man with congenital kyphoscoliosis. A connection is suggested between the spinal tumour and the dorsal deformity.", "contents": "Spinal teratoma. A very rare case of intramedullary spinal teratoma without spina bifida is described in a man with congenital kyphoscoliosis. A connection is suggested between the spinal tumour and the dorsal deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:910648", "title": "Recurrent intraspinal arachnoid cyst treated with a shunt procedure.", "content": "A case of a recurrent arachnoid cyst in the thoracic region in a 13-year-old boy is reported. At the first operation, complete removal of the cyst proved impossible. At a second operation four years later, it was still impossible to remove the cyst so we performed a shunt procedure with drainage through a Hakim valve to the right atrium. This procedure was successful, resulting in complete disappearance of symptoms. In the presence of recurrent intraspinal cysts the authors recommend this treatment, as it is an easy operation which does not cause undue discomfort to the patient.", "contents": "Recurrent intraspinal arachnoid cyst treated with a shunt procedure. A case of a recurrent arachnoid cyst in the thoracic region in a 13-year-old boy is reported. At the first operation, complete removal of the cyst proved impossible. At a second operation four years later, it was still impossible to remove the cyst so we performed a shunt procedure with drainage through a Hakim valve to the right atrium. This procedure was successful, resulting in complete disappearance of symptoms. In the presence of recurrent intraspinal cysts the authors recommend this treatment, as it is an easy operation which does not cause undue discomfort to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:910649", "title": "[Proteolytic enzyme activity in the cerebrospinal fluid after head injury--a preliminary report (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on seven cases of severe head injury, where proteolytic enzyme activity in the ventricular fluid was measured within a period of eight days. The result was positive in four cases. This finding is discussed in relation to clinical features and morphology. Earlier reports and these results are considered.", "contents": "[Proteolytic enzyme activity in the cerebrospinal fluid after head injury--a preliminary report (author's transl)]. Report on seven cases of severe head injury, where proteolytic enzyme activity in the ventricular fluid was measured within a period of eight days. The result was positive in four cases. This finding is discussed in relation to clinical features and morphology. Earlier reports and these results are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:910650", "title": "Serotonin in contused spinal cord.", "content": "An intensive experimental spinal cord impact trauma in rabbits led, after 90 minutes, to a significant increase of serotonin content in the segments of spinal cord at the injury epicentres. Adjacent segments showed normal values. It is suggested that the existing contradictory published data concerning the serotonin concentration in a traumatized spinal cord are accounted for by differences between animal species, the method of analysis used, and the technique employed in causing the injury. Potential involvement of serotonin in the autodestructive process is discussed.", "contents": "Serotonin in contused spinal cord. An intensive experimental spinal cord impact trauma in rabbits led, after 90 minutes, to a significant increase of serotonin content in the segments of spinal cord at the injury epicentres. Adjacent segments showed normal values. It is suggested that the existing contradictory published data concerning the serotonin concentration in a traumatized spinal cord are accounted for by differences between animal species, the method of analysis used, and the technique employed in causing the injury. Potential involvement of serotonin in the autodestructive process is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910652", "title": "[Chondrosarcoma with intraspinal, intra- and extrathoracal extension (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of intraspinal, intrathoracic, and extrathoracic chondrosarcoma is described, and the literature is critically examined. Despite apparently total extirpation by the neurosurgeons and thoracic sugeons of a tumour that was identified histologically as a chondroma, there was an early recurrence noted to be obviously malignant at the second operation. Diagnosis and therapy are discussed briefly.", "contents": "[Chondrosarcoma with intraspinal, intra- and extrathoracal extension (author's transl)]. A case of intraspinal, intrathoracic, and extrathoracic chondrosarcoma is described, and the literature is critically examined. Despite apparently total extirpation by the neurosurgeons and thoracic sugeons of a tumour that was identified histologically as a chondroma, there was an early recurrence noted to be obviously malignant at the second operation. Diagnosis and therapy are discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:910653", "title": "[Malignant degeneration in a parapontine epidermoid (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of malignant degeneration in a right parapontine epidermoid cyst giving rise to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in a 57 year old woman is presented. The malignant tissue had infiltrated the right cerebellar hemisphere and produced a symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia, a change in the psychological state of the patient, and an acute conus and cauda syndrome following metastasis implantation. Only eight unequivocal previous reports of malignant transformation of intracranial epidermoid cyst have been reported in the literature with metastases in four.", "contents": "[Malignant degeneration in a parapontine epidermoid (author's transl)]. A case of malignant degeneration in a right parapontine epidermoid cyst giving rise to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in a 57 year old woman is presented. The malignant tissue had infiltrated the right cerebellar hemisphere and produced a symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia, a change in the psychological state of the patient, and an acute conus and cauda syndrome following metastasis implantation. Only eight unequivocal previous reports of malignant transformation of intracranial epidermoid cyst have been reported in the literature with metastases in four."}
{"id": "PMID:910654", "title": "Decompressive laminectomies with clinical improvement but persistent myelographic blocks.", "content": "Surgical decompression for spinal cord compression secondary to metastatic epidural neoplasms is a common procedure. Preoperative myelography is nearly always done, and clinical improvement postoperatively is assumed to be correlated with relief of the radiologically demonstrated subarachnoid block. Three cases with postoperative clinical improvement but persistent subarachnoid blocks are reported. The recognition of this is important to avoid unnecessary secondary surgery.", "contents": "Decompressive laminectomies with clinical improvement but persistent myelographic blocks. Surgical decompression for spinal cord compression secondary to metastatic epidural neoplasms is a common procedure. Preoperative myelography is nearly always done, and clinical improvement postoperatively is assumed to be correlated with relief of the radiologically demonstrated subarachnoid block. Three cases with postoperative clinical improvement but persistent subarachnoid blocks are reported. The recognition of this is important to avoid unnecessary secondary surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:910665", "title": "Sickle cell lung disease.", "content": "When a patient with sickle cell disease has fever and a lung infiltrate, usually it will be due to infection, even though cultures may be negative. However, pulmonary infarction can be virtually indistinguishable from pneumonia. Pneumonia is likely to be present in those younger than five years, with purulent sputum and upper lobe infiltrates. Coexisting crisis, a normal or low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase score and microangiopathic changes on peripheral blood smear favor thromboembolic disease. The fat embolism syndrome, caused by bone marrow necrosis and infarction, occurs in sickle cell disease.", "contents": "Sickle cell lung disease. When a patient with sickle cell disease has fever and a lung infiltrate, usually it will be due to infection, even though cultures may be negative. However, pulmonary infarction can be virtually indistinguishable from pneumonia. Pneumonia is likely to be present in those younger than five years, with purulent sputum and upper lobe infiltrates. Coexisting crisis, a normal or low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase score and microangiopathic changes on peripheral blood smear favor thromboembolic disease. The fat embolism syndrome, caused by bone marrow necrosis and infarction, occurs in sickle cell disease."}
{"id": "PMID:910667", "title": "Aeromedical evacuation.", "content": "Physicians who use aircraft to transport patients should be familiar with the general principles of altitude physiology, the basic characteristics of aircraft and the specific medical problems which are encountered in an aviation environment. Hypoxia, gas expansion and acceleration forces are common effects of air travel which must be anticipated and avoided in acutely ill patients. Provision of supplemental oxygen, use of decompressive tubes and proper positioning of the patient may obviate or minimize these problems.", "contents": "Aeromedical evacuation. Physicians who use aircraft to transport patients should be familiar with the general principles of altitude physiology, the basic characteristics of aircraft and the specific medical problems which are encountered in an aviation environment. Hypoxia, gas expansion and acceleration forces are common effects of air travel which must be anticipated and avoided in acutely ill patients. Provision of supplemental oxygen, use of decompressive tubes and proper positioning of the patient may obviate or minimize these problems."}
{"id": "PMID:910671", "title": "Common injuries of the fingernail and nail bed.", "content": "The most common injury to the dorsal distal finger is a subungual hematoma. Relief of pain is promptly achieved by draining the  hematoma. If a heated paper clip is used, however, the underlying fluid may be seared and the hole plugged. Local anesthetic block followed by puncture with an 18-guage needle is advocated. When nail avulsion occurs, the free-floating proximal portion should be removed so that it will not serve as an irritant or hide any underlying pathology.", "contents": "Common injuries of the fingernail and nail bed. The most common injury to the dorsal distal finger is a subungual hematoma. Relief of pain is promptly achieved by draining the  hematoma. If a heated paper clip is used, however, the underlying fluid may be seared and the hole plugged. Local anesthetic block followed by puncture with an 18-guage needle is advocated. When nail avulsion occurs, the free-floating proximal portion should be removed so that it will not serve as an irritant or hide any underlying pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:910672", "title": "Nonthyropathic exophthalmos.", "content": "Although most cases of bilateral exophthalmos and many cases of unilateral exophthalmos are related to hyperthyroidism, there are numerous other diagnostic possibilities. These include tumors, hemorrhage, vascular anomalies and infections. Exophthalmometric measurements are useful in diagnosis and follow-up. The determination of a nonthyroidal etiology for exophthalmos may require sophisticated radiologic and other techniques, as well as a team approach.", "contents": "Nonthyropathic exophthalmos. Although most cases of bilateral exophthalmos and many cases of unilateral exophthalmos are related to hyperthyroidism, there are numerous other diagnostic possibilities. These include tumors, hemorrhage, vascular anomalies and infections. Exophthalmometric measurements are useful in diagnosis and follow-up. The determination of a nonthyroidal etiology for exophthalmos may require sophisticated radiologic and other techniques, as well as a team approach."}
{"id": "PMID:910679", "title": "Diagnosis of right ventricular infarction: experimental study through the use of body surface isopotential maps.", "content": "This investigation was designed to diagnose right ventricular infarction, which is difficult to diagnose by the standard twelve-lead ECG, through the use of body surface isopotential maps which have significant diagnostic information. Right ventricular infarction was experimentally caused by ligation of the canine right coronary artery. Each dog had a series of maps recorded before and a week after experimentally-induced myocardial infarction. The common features of maps in right ventricular infarction are: 1. In the early stage of the ventricular depolarization the negative area occupies a comparatively large part of the right anterior chest surface, and in the middle stage, the larger part of the right anterior surface is also occupied by the negative area. 2. A minimum appears on the right anterior chest surface in the early stage. The delayed excitation resulting from intraventricular conduction disturbance caused by infarction, as verified by the epicardial isochronic map, is also well represented by the body surface isopotential map. In conclusion, through the use of body surface isopotential maps, it is much easier to diagnose right ventricular infarction and intraventricular conduction disturbance caused by infarction even in cases in which the standard twelve-lead ECG does not show the abnormalities clearly.", "contents": "Diagnosis of right ventricular infarction: experimental study through the use of body surface isopotential maps. This investigation was designed to diagnose right ventricular infarction, which is difficult to diagnose by the standard twelve-lead ECG, through the use of body surface isopotential maps which have significant diagnostic information. Right ventricular infarction was experimentally caused by ligation of the canine right coronary artery. Each dog had a series of maps recorded before and a week after experimentally-induced myocardial infarction. The common features of maps in right ventricular infarction are: 1. In the early stage of the ventricular depolarization the negative area occupies a comparatively large part of the right anterior chest surface, and in the middle stage, the larger part of the right anterior surface is also occupied by the negative area. 2. A minimum appears on the right anterior chest surface in the early stage. The delayed excitation resulting from intraventricular conduction disturbance caused by infarction, as verified by the epicardial isochronic map, is also well represented by the body surface isopotential map. In conclusion, through the use of body surface isopotential maps, it is much easier to diagnose right ventricular infarction and intraventricular conduction disturbance caused by infarction even in cases in which the standard twelve-lead ECG does not show the abnormalities clearly."}
{"id": "PMID:910678", "title": "The pathophysiologic basis of acute coronary insufficiency. Observations favoring the hypothesis of intermittent reversible coronary obstruction.", "content": "Clinical, coronary angiographic, and myocardial metabolic data were analyzed to test alternative hypotheses for the pathophysiologic basis of acute coronary insufficiency. The initial incidence of coronary collaterals was not low in relation to coexisting coronary obstructive disease; the early subsequent coronary occlusion rate was high; and in asymptomatic intervals during the acute illness, myocardial hypoxia was infrequent and coronary reserve substantial. These observations support the hypothesis that the acute coronary insufficiency syndrome is caused by reversible coronary ischemic episodes rather than by a new permanent atherosclerotic lesion.", "contents": "The pathophysiologic basis of acute coronary insufficiency. Observations favoring the hypothesis of intermittent reversible coronary obstruction. Clinical, coronary angiographic, and myocardial metabolic data were analyzed to test alternative hypotheses for the pathophysiologic basis of acute coronary insufficiency. The initial incidence of coronary collaterals was not low in relation to coexisting coronary obstructive disease; the early subsequent coronary occlusion rate was high; and in asymptomatic intervals during the acute illness, myocardial hypoxia was infrequent and coronary reserve substantial. These observations support the hypothesis that the acute coronary insufficiency syndrome is caused by reversible coronary ischemic episodes rather than by a new permanent atherosclerotic lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:910680", "title": "Clofibrate effects: mitochondria vs exercise tolerance in aging hamsters.", "content": "Mitochondria in skeletal and cardiac muscle have been found to be less stable in aging hamsters, in contrast to preparations from young animals. We have found previously that clofibrate (Atromid-S) will reverse this degeneration in the older hamsters. This study examined the exercise tolerance of aged hamsters, to see if clofibrate had a parallel effect on exercise tolerance as had been shown for muscle mitochondria stability. Maximal duration of exercise for hamsters on a treadmill was measured in a control and treatment group before and after treatment with clofibrate. There was no improvement in exercise tolerance with clofibrate. We conclude that inferences of functional effects in intact animals from changes found in isolated tissue preparations should be drawn with caution.", "contents": "Clofibrate effects: mitochondria vs exercise tolerance in aging hamsters. Mitochondria in skeletal and cardiac muscle have been found to be less stable in aging hamsters, in contrast to preparations from young animals. We have found previously that clofibrate (Atromid-S) will reverse this degeneration in the older hamsters. This study examined the exercise tolerance of aged hamsters, to see if clofibrate had a parallel effect on exercise tolerance as had been shown for muscle mitochondria stability. Maximal duration of exercise for hamsters on a treadmill was measured in a control and treatment group before and after treatment with clofibrate. There was no improvement in exercise tolerance with clofibrate. We conclude that inferences of functional effects in intact animals from changes found in isolated tissue preparations should be drawn with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:910681", "title": "The small coronary arteries in alcoholic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "The small coronary arteries of two patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy were studied by means of fine particle barium injection and soft x-ray technic. The spatial architecture of these small arteries which penetrated into the depth of the right and left ventricular myocardium were normal. Their lumina were somewhat dilated and their luminal surfaces were smooth. The \"tree circulatory units\" were described from this study and were found to be normal. The left ventricular myocardium was richly supplied with small arteries, whereas the myocardium of the right ventricle was not so richly supplied. The myocardium of the papillary muscles and the trabeculae carneae of the left ventricle also had a good supply of small arteries, as did the remote endocardial myocardial appendages. Numerous fine hair-like arteries extended to the epicardial myocardium of the right ventricle to form a brush-like appearance.", "contents": "The small coronary arteries in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. The small coronary arteries of two patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy were studied by means of fine particle barium injection and soft x-ray technic. The spatial architecture of these small arteries which penetrated into the depth of the right and left ventricular myocardium were normal. Their lumina were somewhat dilated and their luminal surfaces were smooth. The \"tree circulatory units\" were described from this study and were found to be normal. The left ventricular myocardium was richly supplied with small arteries, whereas the myocardium of the right ventricle was not so richly supplied. The myocardium of the papillary muscles and the trabeculae carneae of the left ventricle also had a good supply of small arteries, as did the remote endocardial myocardial appendages. Numerous fine hair-like arteries extended to the epicardial myocardium of the right ventricle to form a brush-like appearance."}
{"id": "PMID:910682", "title": "Lenegre's disease in youth.", "content": "The case of a 22-year-old white male without known heart disease who presented with activity related lightheadedness at age 19 and dizziness and fatigue at age 21 is described. Standard electrocardiograms (ECG's) revealed intermittent complete trifascicular block. Rapid progression of symptoms over the succeeding eight months resulted in increasing incapacity. Holter monitoring demonstrated that symptoms were related to development of second and higher degrees of A-V block. Normal A-H interval and markedly prolonged H-Q interval on His bundle electrograms indicated that block was infranodal and localized to bundle branch system. Conduction problems aside, clinical and laboratory evaluation, including echocardiograms and cardiac catheterization, were unremarkable. Progression of bilateral bundle branch disease in a young patient without other demonstrable heart lesions and a negative family background conforms with criteria for Lenegre's disease. To our knowledge, this represents the youngest reported patient with this entity. Possible electrophysiologic basis of block and of exercise induced improvement in A-V conduction also are considered.", "contents": "Lenegre's disease in youth. The case of a 22-year-old white male without known heart disease who presented with activity related lightheadedness at age 19 and dizziness and fatigue at age 21 is described. Standard electrocardiograms (ECG's) revealed intermittent complete trifascicular block. Rapid progression of symptoms over the succeeding eight months resulted in increasing incapacity. Holter monitoring demonstrated that symptoms were related to development of second and higher degrees of A-V block. Normal A-H interval and markedly prolonged H-Q interval on His bundle electrograms indicated that block was infranodal and localized to bundle branch system. Conduction problems aside, clinical and laboratory evaluation, including echocardiograms and cardiac catheterization, were unremarkable. Progression of bilateral bundle branch disease in a young patient without other demonstrable heart lesions and a negative family background conforms with criteria for Lenegre's disease. To our knowledge, this represents the youngest reported patient with this entity. Possible electrophysiologic basis of block and of exercise induced improvement in A-V conduction also are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:910683", "title": "Myocardial infarction association with the Riley-Day syndrome.", "content": "The \"sudden death\" of a 23-year-old Ashkenazy Jew, suffering from \"familial dysautonomia\" was probably caused by an arrhythmia accompanying a myocardial infarction. Such a report is unique. Diffuse coronary atherosclerosis and direct myocardial \"catecholamine cardiomyopathy\" seem responsible for the myocardial damage. However, diversion of the endocardial blood flow toward dpicardium and a \"coronary steal\" phenomenon, both the result of a sudden catecholamine discharge, could aggravate the ischemic injury.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction association with the Riley-Day syndrome. The \"sudden death\" of a 23-year-old Ashkenazy Jew, suffering from \"familial dysautonomia\" was probably caused by an arrhythmia accompanying a myocardial infarction. Such a report is unique. Diffuse coronary atherosclerosis and direct myocardial \"catecholamine cardiomyopathy\" seem responsible for the myocardial damage. However, diversion of the endocardial blood flow toward dpicardium and a \"coronary steal\" phenomenon, both the result of a sudden catecholamine discharge, could aggravate the ischemic injury."}
{"id": "PMID:910696", "title": "The effect of respiration on normal and abnormal Q waves. An electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic analysis.", "content": "The diagnostic significance of Q waves in Leads II, III, and aVF when analyzed retrospectively remains controversial. Persistence of the Q wave on inspiration is said to reflect inferior infarction. Studies in the past, which have evaluated respiratory variation as a means to separate normal from abnormal Q waves, were performed utilizing the ECG only, were often retrospective, and frequently there was inadequate documentation of myocardial infarction. The present study was performed prospectively and utilized both electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic analysis of the first 30 msec. vector before and after inspiration in 33 patients with documented acute myocardial infarction and in 22 normal volunteers. Inferior myocardial infarction was documented prospectively by ECG, VCG, by conventional enzymes, and by MB CPK. The VCG demonstrated increased sensitivity over that of the ECG, but the effect of inspiration noted on ECG and VCG was variable and extremely unreliable as a means of separating normal from abnormal Q waves.", "contents": "The effect of respiration on normal and abnormal Q waves. An electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic analysis. The diagnostic significance of Q waves in Leads II, III, and aVF when analyzed retrospectively remains controversial. Persistence of the Q wave on inspiration is said to reflect inferior infarction. Studies in the past, which have evaluated respiratory variation as a means to separate normal from abnormal Q waves, were performed utilizing the ECG only, were often retrospective, and frequently there was inadequate documentation of myocardial infarction. The present study was performed prospectively and utilized both electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic analysis of the first 30 msec. vector before and after inspiration in 33 patients with documented acute myocardial infarction and in 22 normal volunteers. Inferior myocardial infarction was documented prospectively by ECG, VCG, by conventional enzymes, and by MB CPK. The VCG demonstrated increased sensitivity over that of the ECG, but the effect of inspiration noted on ECG and VCG was variable and extremely unreliable as a means of separating normal from abnormal Q waves."}
{"id": "PMID:910697", "title": "Echocardiographic features of mitral annulus calcification.", "content": "Ten patients with roentgenographically demonstrable mitral annulus calcification (MAC) were found to have distinctive echocardiographic patterns. MAC was confirmed at the time of cardiac catheterization in six of these patients. Standard M-mode echocardiograms revealed a dense band of echoes in the region of the mitral annulus in contrast to the thin and delicate echoes generally recorded from the normal mitral annulus. Intraoperative and pathologic confirmation of thickening and calcification limited to the mitral annulus was made in two patients who underwent mitral valve replacement for severe mitral regurgitation due to myxamatous \"floppy\" valve. Patients with marked MAC may have coexisting aortic valve or papillary muscle calcification which can be recognized by echocardiography. Over-attenuation of left ventricular wall echoes in patients with marked MAC, and reduction in E-F slope of the anterior mitral valve leaflet in others can simulate pericardial effusion and mitral stenosis, respectively. Thus, recognition of MAC can avoid confusion with similar echocardiographic patterns due to other common cardiac abnormalities.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features of mitral annulus calcification. Ten patients with roentgenographically demonstrable mitral annulus calcification (MAC) were found to have distinctive echocardiographic patterns. MAC was confirmed at the time of cardiac catheterization in six of these patients. Standard M-mode echocardiograms revealed a dense band of echoes in the region of the mitral annulus in contrast to the thin and delicate echoes generally recorded from the normal mitral annulus. Intraoperative and pathologic confirmation of thickening and calcification limited to the mitral annulus was made in two patients who underwent mitral valve replacement for severe mitral regurgitation due to myxamatous \"floppy\" valve. Patients with marked MAC may have coexisting aortic valve or papillary muscle calcification which can be recognized by echocardiography. Over-attenuation of left ventricular wall echoes in patients with marked MAC, and reduction in E-F slope of the anterior mitral valve leaflet in others can simulate pericardial effusion and mitral stenosis, respectively. Thus, recognition of MAC can avoid confusion with similar echocardiographic patterns due to other common cardiac abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:910698", "title": "Effect of magnesium chloride on electrical stability of the heart.", "content": "The effect of magnesium chloride on the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) and the threshold for the ventricular premature contraction (VPCT) was studied in 20 dogs. Seven of the dogs were pre-treated with digitalis and four were in the form of heart-lung preparations. In the anesthetized, intact dogs, the VPCT was 0.19 +/- 0.01 mV. After treatment with magnesium chloride (100 mg. per kilogram intravenously), the VPCT increased by 53% (P less than 0.01). In the same group of animals, the VFT averaged 0.50 +/- 0.06 mV., which more than doubled after administration of magnesium. The threshold of VPC in the digitalis-treated dogs measured 0.18 +/- 0.01 mV; this value doubled after magnesium. The VFT in the digitalized dogs also increased after magnesium; however, resistance to electrical defibrillation was encountered in this group. In the heart-lung preparations, VPCT improved by 72% and a gain of 131% in the VFT followed magnesium administration. The results suggest that magnesium increases the ventricular threshold of arrhythmias in normal, denervated (heart-lung preparations) and also digitalis-treated hearts and, thus, indicate its usefulness in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "Effect of magnesium chloride on electrical stability of the heart. The effect of magnesium chloride on the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) and the threshold for the ventricular premature contraction (VPCT) was studied in 20 dogs. Seven of the dogs were pre-treated with digitalis and four were in the form of heart-lung preparations. In the anesthetized, intact dogs, the VPCT was 0.19 +/- 0.01 mV. After treatment with magnesium chloride (100 mg. per kilogram intravenously), the VPCT increased by 53% (P less than 0.01). In the same group of animals, the VFT averaged 0.50 +/- 0.06 mV., which more than doubled after administration of magnesium. The threshold of VPC in the digitalis-treated dogs measured 0.18 +/- 0.01 mV; this value doubled after magnesium. The VFT in the digitalized dogs also increased after magnesium; however, resistance to electrical defibrillation was encountered in this group. In the heart-lung preparations, VPCT improved by 72% and a gain of 131% in the VFT followed magnesium administration. The results suggest that magnesium increases the ventricular threshold of arrhythmias in normal, denervated (heart-lung preparations) and also digitalis-treated hearts and, thus, indicate its usefulness in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:910712", "title": "Provocation of coronary spasm with ergonovine maleate. New test with results in 57 patients undergoing coronary arteriography.", "content": "Ergonovine maleate (Ergotrate) was given to 57 patients undergoing coronary arteriography for investigation of angina occurring at rest or without provocation when routine study showed normal arteries or insufficient occlusive disease to explain their symptoms. This provocative test induced coronary arterial spasm in 13 patients, 10 of whom had definite Prinzmetal's angina. The spasm was easily reversed with sublingually administered nitroglycerin. The spasm was occlusive or nearly occlusive in nine patients, and there was associated reproduction of the chest pain and S-T elevation similar to the spontaneous episodes. One patient with Prinzmetal's angina had S-T depression rather than elevation in association with the chest pain. The other three patients without Prinzmetal's angina had focal narrowing without coronary occlusion, reproduction of the chest pain or electrocardiographic changes. Of the 44 patients who did not demonstrate coronary spasm in response to ergonovine, 29 had normal coronary arteries and 15 had various degrees of atherosclerotic occlusive disease. We conclude that cautious administration of ergonovine maleate during coronary arteriography can be safely used to elicit coronary spasm in some patients who have insufficient fixed occlusive disease to explain their symptoms.", "contents": "Provocation of coronary spasm with ergonovine maleate. New test with results in 57 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Ergonovine maleate (Ergotrate) was given to 57 patients undergoing coronary arteriography for investigation of angina occurring at rest or without provocation when routine study showed normal arteries or insufficient occlusive disease to explain their symptoms. This provocative test induced coronary arterial spasm in 13 patients, 10 of whom had definite Prinzmetal's angina. The spasm was easily reversed with sublingually administered nitroglycerin. The spasm was occlusive or nearly occlusive in nine patients, and there was associated reproduction of the chest pain and S-T elevation similar to the spontaneous episodes. One patient with Prinzmetal's angina had S-T depression rather than elevation in association with the chest pain. The other three patients without Prinzmetal's angina had focal narrowing without coronary occlusion, reproduction of the chest pain or electrocardiographic changes. Of the 44 patients who did not demonstrate coronary spasm in response to ergonovine, 29 had normal coronary arteries and 15 had various degrees of atherosclerotic occlusive disease. We conclude that cautious administration of ergonovine maleate during coronary arteriography can be safely used to elicit coronary spasm in some patients who have insufficient fixed occlusive disease to explain their symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:910713", "title": "Significance of exercise-induced junctional S-T depression in evaluation of coronary artery disease.", "content": "Isolated junctional S-T depression induced during treadmill exercise testing was correlated with coronary arteriographic findings in 230 patients. Of 75 patients with junctional depression of less than 1.5 mm, 10 had 50% or greater stenosis of at least one major coronary artery and 2 patients (3%) had multivessel disease. Of 42 with junctional depression of 1.5 mm or more and a rapid upsloping S-T segment, 23 had 50% or greater coronary stenosis and 12 of these had multivessel disease. Of 35 with an upsloping pattern (junctional depression of more than 2 mm, upsloping S-T segment depressed 2 mm or more, 0.08 second after the J point), 33 (94%) had 50% or greater coronary stenosis compared with 46 (96%) and 30 (97%) with 2 mm or more junctional depression ahd a horizontal or downsloping S-T segment. In conclusion, multivessel disease is rare with isolated exercise-induced junctional depression of less than 1.5 mm but common when the J point is depressed 1.5 mm or more. Junctional depression of more than 2 mm is associated with the same incidence of coronary disease when the S-T segment is slowly ascending (upsloping pattern) as when it is horizontal.", "contents": "Significance of exercise-induced junctional S-T depression in evaluation of coronary artery disease. Isolated junctional S-T depression induced during treadmill exercise testing was correlated with coronary arteriographic findings in 230 patients. Of 75 patients with junctional depression of less than 1.5 mm, 10 had 50% or greater stenosis of at least one major coronary artery and 2 patients (3%) had multivessel disease. Of 42 with junctional depression of 1.5 mm or more and a rapid upsloping S-T segment, 23 had 50% or greater coronary stenosis and 12 of these had multivessel disease. Of 35 with an upsloping pattern (junctional depression of more than 2 mm, upsloping S-T segment depressed 2 mm or more, 0.08 second after the J point), 33 (94%) had 50% or greater coronary stenosis compared with 46 (96%) and 30 (97%) with 2 mm or more junctional depression ahd a horizontal or downsloping S-T segment. In conclusion, multivessel disease is rare with isolated exercise-induced junctional depression of less than 1.5 mm but common when the J point is depressed 1.5 mm or more. Junctional depression of more than 2 mm is associated with the same incidence of coronary disease when the S-T segment is slowly ascending (upsloping pattern) as when it is horizontal."}
{"id": "PMID:910714", "title": "Symptomatic myocardial infarction without chest pain: prevalence and clinical course.", "content": "Symptomatic myocardial infarction without chest pain was identified in 26 of 102 patients (25.5%) admitted to the hospital with acute myocardial infarction. As a group, these patients had a significantly lesser prevalence of a history of angina (P less than 0.05) and cigarette smoking (P less than 0.01). Their mean age was 69.1 years compared with 58.7 years for patients with chest pain (P less than 0.001). The group had a significantly greater median delay between the onset of symptoms and (1) arrival at the hospital (P less than 0.05), (2) examination by a physician in the emergency room (P less than 0.05), (3) diagnosis of possible myocardial infarction (P less than 0.001), and (4) transfer from the emergency room to the intensive care unit (P less than 0.001). They had significantly higher admission values for mean heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature and white blood cell count and more frequent in-hospital complications of pneumonia (P less than 0.001) and cardiogenic shock (P less than 0.05). Mortality in the group was 50% compared with 18% in the group with chest pain (P less than 0.05). Discriminant function analysis identified an at-risk population with 80% reliability.", "contents": "Symptomatic myocardial infarction without chest pain: prevalence and clinical course. Symptomatic myocardial infarction without chest pain was identified in 26 of 102 patients (25.5%) admitted to the hospital with acute myocardial infarction. As a group, these patients had a significantly lesser prevalence of a history of angina (P less than 0.05) and cigarette smoking (P less than 0.01). Their mean age was 69.1 years compared with 58.7 years for patients with chest pain (P less than 0.001). The group had a significantly greater median delay between the onset of symptoms and (1) arrival at the hospital (P less than 0.05), (2) examination by a physician in the emergency room (P less than 0.05), (3) diagnosis of possible myocardial infarction (P less than 0.001), and (4) transfer from the emergency room to the intensive care unit (P less than 0.001). They had significantly higher admission values for mean heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature and white blood cell count and more frequent in-hospital complications of pneumonia (P less than 0.001) and cardiogenic shock (P less than 0.05). Mortality in the group was 50% compared with 18% in the group with chest pain (P less than 0.05). Discriminant function analysis identified an at-risk population with 80% reliability."}
{"id": "PMID:910715", "title": "Atrial fibrillation in the preexcitation syndrome.", "content": "One hundred patients with proved accessory pathways of the Kent bundle type were studied with multiple intracardiac catheters. During the procedure 16 had atrial fibrillation. Two patterns of induction of atrial fibrillation were noted. In most patients an earlier than expected atrial deflection appeared in one of the atrial recordings and was followed by atrial flutter (cycle length less than 220 msec) or atrial fibrillation either immediately or after a brief period of acceleration of atrial rate. In a few patients, intraatrial conduction delay, manifested as 2:1 block or Wenckebach block from the right to the left atrium or vice versa, occurred before the onset of atrial fibrillation. The incidence of atrial fibrillation was not statistically related to any associated cardiac abnormalities. A significantly large incidence of ventricular fibrillation was recorded in patients who had documented atrial fibrillation either before admission or during the catheter study.", "contents": "Atrial fibrillation in the preexcitation syndrome. One hundred patients with proved accessory pathways of the Kent bundle type were studied with multiple intracardiac catheters. During the procedure 16 had atrial fibrillation. Two patterns of induction of atrial fibrillation were noted. In most patients an earlier than expected atrial deflection appeared in one of the atrial recordings and was followed by atrial flutter (cycle length less than 220 msec) or atrial fibrillation either immediately or after a brief period of acceleration of atrial rate. In a few patients, intraatrial conduction delay, manifested as 2:1 block or Wenckebach block from the right to the left atrium or vice versa, occurred before the onset of atrial fibrillation. The incidence of atrial fibrillation was not statistically related to any associated cardiac abnormalities. A significantly large incidence of ventricular fibrillation was recorded in patients who had documented atrial fibrillation either before admission or during the catheter study."}
{"id": "PMID:910716", "title": "Supraventricular tachycardia in Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome: atrionodal versus intranodal reentry.", "content": "The mechanism of the abbreviated atrioventricular (A-V) nodal conduction time and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome was evaluated in six patients. In each the A-H interval increased in response to rapid atrial pacing and atrial extrastimuli; typical dual A-V nodal pathways were demonstrated. In five patients studied at two cycle lengths prolongation of conduction and refractoriness of the \"fast\" pathway was noted at the shorter basic cycle length. Propranolol prolonged conduction and refractoriness of the \"fast\" pathway in three patients and in one produced Wenckebach conduction during atrial pacing which did not occur prior to its administration. In three patients the atrium did not appear necessary to sustain supraventricular tachycardia. These findings suggest that preferential rapidly conducting A-V nodal fibers and intranodal reentry are the responsible mechanisms in those patients with Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome and reciprocating tachycardia.", "contents": "Supraventricular tachycardia in Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome: atrionodal versus intranodal reentry. The mechanism of the abbreviated atrioventricular (A-V) nodal conduction time and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome was evaluated in six patients. In each the A-H interval increased in response to rapid atrial pacing and atrial extrastimuli; typical dual A-V nodal pathways were demonstrated. In five patients studied at two cycle lengths prolongation of conduction and refractoriness of the \"fast\" pathway was noted at the shorter basic cycle length. Propranolol prolonged conduction and refractoriness of the \"fast\" pathway in three patients and in one produced Wenckebach conduction during atrial pacing which did not occur prior to its administration. In three patients the atrium did not appear necessary to sustain supraventricular tachycardia. These findings suggest that preferential rapidly conducting A-V nodal fibers and intranodal reentry are the responsible mechanisms in those patients with Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome and reciprocating tachycardia."}
{"id": "PMID:910717", "title": "Echocardiographic study of cardiac dimensions and function in the endurance-trained athlete.", "content": "Adaptive cardiac responses to isotonic training were studied with echocardiographic measurement of cardiac dimensions and function in 20 endurance runners whose maximal aerobic capacity on the treadmill was 4.88 +/- 0.13 (mean standard error of mean) liters of oxygen/min. They were compared with 26 young sedentary control subjects whose capacity was 3.34 +/- 0.11 liters of oxygen/min (P less than 0.001). A modest degree of right and left ventricular chamber enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy was observed in endurance runners (left ventricular mass index 140 +/- 6 g/m2 compared with 107 +/- 4 g/m2 in sedentary control subjects, (P less than 0.001). Resting heart rate was slower in endurance runners (51 +/- 2 versus 62 +/- 2 beats/min, P less than 0.001) and resting left ventricular function as evaluated with ejection fraction and maximal posterior wall shortening velocity and mean circumferential shortening velocity (VCF) was comparable or slightly depressed in endurance runners (0.98 +/- 0.03 versus 1.02 +/- 0.05 circumferences/sec [difference not significant]). This study suggests that isotonic training results in adaptive changes in ventricular volume and mass, slower heart rates that may be associated with more efficient pumping function (that is, increasing stroke volume) and insignificant alterations in resting ejection phase indexes of left ventricular function.", "contents": "Echocardiographic study of cardiac dimensions and function in the endurance-trained athlete. Adaptive cardiac responses to isotonic training were studied with echocardiographic measurement of cardiac dimensions and function in 20 endurance runners whose maximal aerobic capacity on the treadmill was 4.88 +/- 0.13 (mean standard error of mean) liters of oxygen/min. They were compared with 26 young sedentary control subjects whose capacity was 3.34 +/- 0.11 liters of oxygen/min (P less than 0.001). A modest degree of right and left ventricular chamber enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy was observed in endurance runners (left ventricular mass index 140 +/- 6 g/m2 compared with 107 +/- 4 g/m2 in sedentary control subjects, (P less than 0.001). Resting heart rate was slower in endurance runners (51 +/- 2 versus 62 +/- 2 beats/min, P less than 0.001) and resting left ventricular function as evaluated with ejection fraction and maximal posterior wall shortening velocity and mean circumferential shortening velocity (VCF) was comparable or slightly depressed in endurance runners (0.98 +/- 0.03 versus 1.02 +/- 0.05 circumferences/sec [difference not significant]). This study suggests that isotonic training results in adaptive changes in ventricular volume and mass, slower heart rates that may be associated with more efficient pumping function (that is, increasing stroke volume) and insignificant alterations in resting ejection phase indexes of left ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:910721", "title": "Effect of procainamide, propranolol and verapamil on mechanism of tachycardia in patients with chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "The effect of short-term intravenous administration of procainamide (12 patients), propranolol (4 patients) and verapamil (4 patients) was studied in 12 patients with chronic recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. In all patients tachycardia could reproducibly be initiated and terminated with programmed electrical stimulation of the heart. Procainamide (1) lengthened the effective refractory period of the right ventricle, (2) affected the tachycardia zone, (3) reduced ventricular rate during tachycardia, and (4) lengthened the interval between the tachycardia-initiating premature ventricular beat and the first QRS complex of tachycardia. No effect on the refractory period of the right ventricle or the mechanism of tachycardia was seen after administration of propranolol or verapamil. Apart from their therapeutic implications these data suggest that it may be possible to use drugs to study mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia in the human heart.", "contents": "Effect of procainamide, propranolol and verapamil on mechanism of tachycardia in patients with chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia. The effect of short-term intravenous administration of procainamide (12 patients), propranolol (4 patients) and verapamil (4 patients) was studied in 12 patients with chronic recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. In all patients tachycardia could reproducibly be initiated and terminated with programmed electrical stimulation of the heart. Procainamide (1) lengthened the effective refractory period of the right ventricle, (2) affected the tachycardia zone, (3) reduced ventricular rate during tachycardia, and (4) lengthened the interval between the tachycardia-initiating premature ventricular beat and the first QRS complex of tachycardia. No effect on the refractory period of the right ventricle or the mechanism of tachycardia was seen after administration of propranolol or verapamil. Apart from their therapeutic implications these data suggest that it may be possible to use drugs to study mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia in the human heart."}
{"id": "PMID:910723", "title": "Differences in cardiac function with prolonged physical training for cardiac rehabilitation.", "content": "Ten men aged 40 to 68 years with clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease and who had participated for 2 to 59 months in a physical training program for cardiac rehabilitation were studied. All 10 underwent measurements of maximal oxygen uptake and invasive studies of cardiac output, using the direct Fick method, at rest and at graded levels of exercise in the upright posture. Of four men who left the training program, three continued activities individually. Physiologic measurements were repeated after a lapse of 13 to 38 months (average 23 months). The rate of change in maximal oxygen uptake relative to normal changes with aging was decelerated in four men over an average of 21.8 months and was accelerated in six men over an average of 23.2 months. At comparable oxygen requirements of exercise, stroke volume and cardiac output were unchanged in the former group but significantly decreased in the latter. Arterial oxygen content and arteriovenous oxygen difference increased in both groups. These results show that prolonged physical training results in physiologic adaptations of cardiac rehabilitation even though deterioration of cardiac function with advancing disease is probable in some patients.", "contents": "Differences in cardiac function with prolonged physical training for cardiac rehabilitation. Ten men aged 40 to 68 years with clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease and who had participated for 2 to 59 months in a physical training program for cardiac rehabilitation were studied. All 10 underwent measurements of maximal oxygen uptake and invasive studies of cardiac output, using the direct Fick method, at rest and at graded levels of exercise in the upright posture. Of four men who left the training program, three continued activities individually. Physiologic measurements were repeated after a lapse of 13 to 38 months (average 23 months). The rate of change in maximal oxygen uptake relative to normal changes with aging was decelerated in four men over an average of 21.8 months and was accelerated in six men over an average of 23.2 months. At comparable oxygen requirements of exercise, stroke volume and cardiac output were unchanged in the former group but significantly decreased in the latter. Arterial oxygen content and arteriovenous oxygen difference increased in both groups. These results show that prolonged physical training results in physiologic adaptations of cardiac rehabilitation even though deterioration of cardiac function with advancing disease is probable in some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:910725", "title": "Left heart myxomas.", "content": "Separate left ventricular and left atrial myxomas were detected with echocardiography in an asymptomatic young adult with a systolic murmur. Successful surgical removal of both tumors was performed without complications. The value of echocardiography in evaluating heart murmurs of uncertain origin is demonstrated by this unique case.", "contents": "Left heart myxomas. Separate left ventricular and left atrial myxomas were detected with echocardiography in an asymptomatic young adult with a systolic murmur. Successful surgical removal of both tumors was performed without complications. The value of echocardiography in evaluating heart murmurs of uncertain origin is demonstrated by this unique case."}
{"id": "PMID:910726", "title": "Echocardiographic features of cor triatriatum.", "content": "A patient is presented who had cor triatriatum documented with angiography and surgery. On echocardiographic study, an abnormal, dense linear echo on \"sector scan\" was consistently seen to traverse the left atrial cavity obliquely; the ends of the echo were attached to the posterior aortic and lateral walls of the left atrium. In addition, high frequency oscillatory movements were evident in the echo of the posterior mitral cusp. Both echocardiographic features disappeared promptly after successful resection of the intraatrial fibrinous membrane. This experience indicates that in the presence of strong evidence of mitral stenosis, an unexpectedly normal mitral valve echogram should initiate a thorough echographic search for cor triatriatum, a treatable cardiac malformation whose diagnosis can easily be missed on \"routine\" echocardiographic studies.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features of cor triatriatum. A patient is presented who had cor triatriatum documented with angiography and surgery. On echocardiographic study, an abnormal, dense linear echo on \"sector scan\" was consistently seen to traverse the left atrial cavity obliquely; the ends of the echo were attached to the posterior aortic and lateral walls of the left atrium. In addition, high frequency oscillatory movements were evident in the echo of the posterior mitral cusp. Both echocardiographic features disappeared promptly after successful resection of the intraatrial fibrinous membrane. This experience indicates that in the presence of strong evidence of mitral stenosis, an unexpectedly normal mitral valve echogram should initiate a thorough echographic search for cor triatriatum, a treatable cardiac malformation whose diagnosis can easily be missed on \"routine\" echocardiographic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:910727", "title": "Provocative testing for coronary arterial spasm: rationale, risk and clinical illustrations.", "content": "Two cases of Prinzmetal's variant angina are presented in which coronary spasm was documented by electrocardiographic evidence obtained in the coronary care unit during provocative testing with ergonovine maleate after the arteriographic demonstration of anatomically normal coronary arteries. The rationale and risks of provocative testing for spasm in patients with chest pain and anatomically normal coronary arteries are reviewed. The advantages of performing provocative testing in the coronary care unit after arteriography rather than in the catheterization laboratory during coronary arteriography are discussed.", "contents": "Provocative testing for coronary arterial spasm: rationale, risk and clinical illustrations. Two cases of Prinzmetal's variant angina are presented in which coronary spasm was documented by electrocardiographic evidence obtained in the coronary care unit during provocative testing with ergonovine maleate after the arteriographic demonstration of anatomically normal coronary arteries. The rationale and risks of provocative testing for spasm in patients with chest pain and anatomically normal coronary arteries are reviewed. The advantages of performing provocative testing in the coronary care unit after arteriography rather than in the catheterization laboratory during coronary arteriography are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910728", "title": "Verbal conditioning of angina pectoris during exercise testing.", "content": "A 40 year old man with far advanced coronary heart disease consistently experienced pain and exhibited marked S-T segment depression after 44 crossings during a Master two-step test. When the number of times traversed was miscounted so that he exercised less, the pain occurred at the precise count of 44 and he showed the same marked degree of S-T depression. However, when the count was accurate, he had neither pain nor S-T segment deviation at the reduced exercise level. The possible basis for verbal conditioning provoking angina pectoris is explored.", "contents": "Verbal conditioning of angina pectoris during exercise testing. A 40 year old man with far advanced coronary heart disease consistently experienced pain and exhibited marked S-T segment depression after 44 crossings during a Master two-step test. When the number of times traversed was miscounted so that he exercised less, the pain occurred at the precise count of 44 and he showed the same marked degree of S-T depression. However, when the count was accurate, he had neither pain nor S-T segment deviation at the reduced exercise level. The possible basis for verbal conditioning provoking angina pectoris is explored."}
{"id": "PMID:910730", "title": "Intermittent tachycardia-dependent combined right bundle branch and left anterior conduction block.", "content": "A patient is described who had intermittent tachycardia-dependent combined right bundle branch and left anterior conduction block (left axis deviation) with simultaneous onset and disappearance during observations extending over 15 months. Although the site of conduction block could not be definitely determined the pathologic and electrophysiologic data suggest that there was a lesion in the distal part of the His bundle, presumably in fibers already arranged and predestined to supply the right bundle branch and left anterior areas. A single lesion at the so-called pseudobifurcation or two separate lesions with similar electrophysiologic consequences could also account for the observations.", "contents": "Intermittent tachycardia-dependent combined right bundle branch and left anterior conduction block. A patient is described who had intermittent tachycardia-dependent combined right bundle branch and left anterior conduction block (left axis deviation) with simultaneous onset and disappearance during observations extending over 15 months. Although the site of conduction block could not be definitely determined the pathologic and electrophysiologic data suggest that there was a lesion in the distal part of the His bundle, presumably in fibers already arranged and predestined to supply the right bundle branch and left anterior areas. A single lesion at the so-called pseudobifurcation or two separate lesions with similar electrophysiologic consequences could also account for the observations."}
{"id": "PMID:910736", "title": "The transketolase assay of thiamine in some diseases.", "content": "Erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETKA) and the effect of adding thiamine pyrophosphate have been measured in a group of 27 healthy individuals and in 37 patients diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus, anemia, polyneuritis, or malnourishment secondary to vascular disease of the brain. The observed values for the malnourished group did not differ significantly from those for the control group. The low ETKA values in diabetes mellitus seem to be due to a reduced apoenzyme level resulting from the disease itself rather than thiamine deficiency. Polyneuritis patients had low values of ETKA. In the anemic group as a whole the values showed a difference of only marginal significance from those found in the control group, but the patients with pernicious anemia all had a highly significant elevation of the ETKA values. Although the absolute thiamine pyrophosphate effect differ, there are no significant differences in percentage of thiamine pyrophosphate effect between the groups. It appears that differences in the patient groups studied here reflect variations in apoenzyme levels rather than thiamine status.", "contents": "The transketolase assay of thiamine in some diseases. Erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETKA) and the effect of adding thiamine pyrophosphate have been measured in a group of 27 healthy individuals and in 37 patients diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus, anemia, polyneuritis, or malnourishment secondary to vascular disease of the brain. The observed values for the malnourished group did not differ significantly from those for the control group. The low ETKA values in diabetes mellitus seem to be due to a reduced apoenzyme level resulting from the disease itself rather than thiamine deficiency. Polyneuritis patients had low values of ETKA. In the anemic group as a whole the values showed a difference of only marginal significance from those found in the control group, but the patients with pernicious anemia all had a highly significant elevation of the ETKA values. Although the absolute thiamine pyrophosphate effect differ, there are no significant differences in percentage of thiamine pyrophosphate effect between the groups. It appears that differences in the patient groups studied here reflect variations in apoenzyme levels rather than thiamine status."}
{"id": "PMID:910737", "title": "Calcium balance and calcium requirements in middle-aged women.", "content": "Calcium balance performance was evaluated in 130 normal perimenopausal women ages 35 to 50, studied on their usual, self-selected dietary calcium intakes. Two distinct balance methods were used, one based on customary intake and output measurements, and the other based on absorption and clearance of two simultaneously administered calcium isotopes. Both methods yielded essentially identical results. Under study conditions as closely approximating normal living as possible, these women averaged -24 and -31 mg Ca/day by the two balance methods (exclusive of unmeasured dermal losses). More significantly, there was a positive correlation between intake and balance, with women on higher self-selected intakes exhibiting more positive balance than women selecting lower intakes. The calcium intake predicted from our data which would be required to produce an average balance of zero was 1.241 g/day. This is significantly in excess of the current recommended dietary allowance for calcium. The implications and significance of this discrepancy are explored in detail.", "contents": "Calcium balance and calcium requirements in middle-aged women. Calcium balance performance was evaluated in 130 normal perimenopausal women ages 35 to 50, studied on their usual, self-selected dietary calcium intakes. Two distinct balance methods were used, one based on customary intake and output measurements, and the other based on absorption and clearance of two simultaneously administered calcium isotopes. Both methods yielded essentially identical results. Under study conditions as closely approximating normal living as possible, these women averaged -24 and -31 mg Ca/day by the two balance methods (exclusive of unmeasured dermal losses). More significantly, there was a positive correlation between intake and balance, with women on higher self-selected intakes exhibiting more positive balance than women selecting lower intakes. The calcium intake predicted from our data which would be required to produce an average balance of zero was 1.241 g/day. This is significantly in excess of the current recommended dietary allowance for calcium. The implications and significance of this discrepancy are explored in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:910738", "title": "Nutritional supplementation--whom does it benefit most?", "content": "Two hundred eleven preschool children who had received a food supplement and a group of 82 children who had not received any supplement were classified into various nutritional groups. Data on their increments in height and weight were analyzed to determine whether different groups behaved differently. The results indicated that those who were most severely malnourished benefited the most from the nutritional supplementation program and also that following on such programs nutritional dwarfs would have a chance to move toward normalcy.", "contents": "Nutritional supplementation--whom does it benefit most? Two hundred eleven preschool children who had received a food supplement and a group of 82 children who had not received any supplement were classified into various nutritional groups. Data on their increments in height and weight were analyzed to determine whether different groups behaved differently. The results indicated that those who were most severely malnourished benefited the most from the nutritional supplementation program and also that following on such programs nutritional dwarfs would have a chance to move toward normalcy."}
{"id": "PMID:910739", "title": "Are Eskimos more or less obese than other Canadians? A comparison of skinfold thickness and ponderal index of Canadian Eskimos.", "content": "Skinfold thickness, height, and weight measurements were recorded from 1964 through 1970 for more than 1,000 adult Eskimos who resided in the Central and Eastern Canadian Arctic. Among the men and women of all age groups, 70 to 83% had a low ponderal index (PI less than 12.5). Nutrition Canada reported similar rates in 200 adult Eskimos and therefore considered Eskimos, especially Eskimo men, as more obese than other Canadians. Thin skinfolds were found in most Eskimo men, including those with a low PI. The usefulness of the PI or other height/weight indices for appraisal of body fatness and prevalence of obesity in different population groups is questioned. Marked sex differences were found in the ratio of the skinfold thickness over the triceps to the mean thickness of two sites on the trunk (subscapular and suprailiac). Thus, use of the arm plus trunk sites provides important information about subcutaneous fat distribution, and comparisons of prevalence of obesity in different sex and age groups based only on arm skinfold measurements may be inappropriate.", "contents": "Are Eskimos more or less obese than other Canadians? A comparison of skinfold thickness and ponderal index of Canadian Eskimos. Skinfold thickness, height, and weight measurements were recorded from 1964 through 1970 for more than 1,000 adult Eskimos who resided in the Central and Eastern Canadian Arctic. Among the men and women of all age groups, 70 to 83% had a low ponderal index (PI less than 12.5). Nutrition Canada reported similar rates in 200 adult Eskimos and therefore considered Eskimos, especially Eskimo men, as more obese than other Canadians. Thin skinfolds were found in most Eskimo men, including those with a low PI. The usefulness of the PI or other height/weight indices for appraisal of body fatness and prevalence of obesity in different population groups is questioned. Marked sex differences were found in the ratio of the skinfold thickness over the triceps to the mean thickness of two sites on the trunk (subscapular and suprailiac). Thus, use of the arm plus trunk sites provides important information about subcutaneous fat distribution, and comparisons of prevalence of obesity in different sex and age groups based only on arm skinfold measurements may be inappropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:910740", "title": "Effect of covert nutritive dilution on the spontaneous food intake of obese individuals: a pilot study.", "content": "The present study investigated the feasibility of a new experimental approach for studying the effect of covert nutritive dilution on the spontaneous food intake of obese individuals. Eight obese subjects were studied as inpatients on a metabolic unit for 15 days during which time they were unaware that their food intake was being monitored. A platter method of food presentation encouraged ad libitum ingestion. Caloric dilution was achieved by replacing sucrose-containing products with aspartame-sweetened analogues in an otherwise normal diet. During the base-line period the subjects spontaneously ate sufficient conventional food to maintain or even slightly increase body weight. Covert substitution of aspartame-sweetened products for their sucrose counterparts resulted in an immediate reduction in spontaneous energy intake of approximately 25%. The aspartame analogues were as well accepted as their conventional counterparts, as indicated by the equal quantity of each consumed. These preliminary results demonstrate that, in a metabolic ward setting, it is possible to maintain the spontaneous food intake of obese individuals at levels sufficient to preserve body weight and arbitrarily to decrease those levels of intake by 25% or more through covert changes in the caloric density of the diet.", "contents": "Effect of covert nutritive dilution on the spontaneous food intake of obese individuals: a pilot study. The present study investigated the feasibility of a new experimental approach for studying the effect of covert nutritive dilution on the spontaneous food intake of obese individuals. Eight obese subjects were studied as inpatients on a metabolic unit for 15 days during which time they were unaware that their food intake was being monitored. A platter method of food presentation encouraged ad libitum ingestion. Caloric dilution was achieved by replacing sucrose-containing products with aspartame-sweetened analogues in an otherwise normal diet. During the base-line period the subjects spontaneously ate sufficient conventional food to maintain or even slightly increase body weight. Covert substitution of aspartame-sweetened products for their sucrose counterparts resulted in an immediate reduction in spontaneous energy intake of approximately 25%. The aspartame analogues were as well accepted as their conventional counterparts, as indicated by the equal quantity of each consumed. These preliminary results demonstrate that, in a metabolic ward setting, it is possible to maintain the spontaneous food intake of obese individuals at levels sufficient to preserve body weight and arbitrarily to decrease those levels of intake by 25% or more through covert changes in the caloric density of the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:910741", "title": "Hematological and immunological effects of excess dietary leucine in the young rat.", "content": "Young rats were subjected to a dietary leucine overload for several weeks. Although no significant changes in growth, food consumption, and hematological and immune responsiveness occurred when the basic diet was balanced (18% casein), rats which were both overloaded with leucine and subjected to a protein-poor diet (4% casein) displayed a strong impairment of immunological reactions to sheep red cells (rosette and plaque-forming cells in the spleen, serum hemagglutinins, and hemolysins). The effect was significantly more pronounced than in rats on a protein-poor nonsupplemented diet or in pair-fed controls on a balanced diet. The immunodepression was as profound as after complete protein deprivation. It is suggested that a secondary defect in valine and isoleucine utilization may play a role in the harmful effects of excess leucine, because isoleucine and especially valine have been shown to be highly deleterious to lymphopoiesis.", "contents": "Hematological and immunological effects of excess dietary leucine in the young rat. Young rats were subjected to a dietary leucine overload for several weeks. Although no significant changes in growth, food consumption, and hematological and immune responsiveness occurred when the basic diet was balanced (18% casein), rats which were both overloaded with leucine and subjected to a protein-poor diet (4% casein) displayed a strong impairment of immunological reactions to sheep red cells (rosette and plaque-forming cells in the spleen, serum hemagglutinins, and hemolysins). The effect was significantly more pronounced than in rats on a protein-poor nonsupplemented diet or in pair-fed controls on a balanced diet. The immunodepression was as profound as after complete protein deprivation. It is suggested that a secondary defect in valine and isoleucine utilization may play a role in the harmful effects of excess leucine, because isoleucine and especially valine have been shown to be highly deleterious to lymphopoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:910742", "title": "A comparison of three defined formula diets in normal volunteers.", "content": "Defined formula diets, shown to be clinically effective in separate trials, have never been compared in the same subjects under identical controls. The intent of this study was to determine which one  of three diets, (Vivonex, Flexical, or Precision LR) was most effectively absorbed and utilized. Stool weight and frequency, nitrogen balance and fecal fat, ash and moisture were measured. In addition, subjective comments were recorded regarding overall acceptability and ease of preparation. Statistically significant differences were found only in total stool weight. The data imply that the underlying disease state of the patient, the individual's response to the diet, the composition, cost, availability, and storage requirements of the diet must be taken into consideration when selecting a low residue formulation.", "contents": "A comparison of three defined formula diets in normal volunteers. Defined formula diets, shown to be clinically effective in separate trials, have never been compared in the same subjects under identical controls. The intent of this study was to determine which one  of three diets, (Vivonex, Flexical, or Precision LR) was most effectively absorbed and utilized. Stool weight and frequency, nitrogen balance and fecal fat, ash and moisture were measured. In addition, subjective comments were recorded regarding overall acceptability and ease of preparation. Statistically significant differences were found only in total stool weight. The data imply that the underlying disease state of the patient, the individual's response to the diet, the composition, cost, availability, and storage requirements of the diet must be taken into consideration when selecting a low residue formulation."}
{"id": "PMID:910743", "title": "Vitamin B6 deficiency in cancer patients.", "content": "The plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentration was determined in 30 cases of early breast cancer, 21 patients with locally recurrent disease, and 43 patients with systemic metastases. The two groups of advanced breast cancer had significantly lower plasma pyridoxal phosphate levels than 36 healthy women of similar age. Urinary 4-pyridoxic acid excretion was normal in breast cancer. Plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations were also reduced in 34 women with widespread cancer derived from primary sites other than breast, but were normal in 39 with early disease.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 deficiency in cancer patients. The plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentration was determined in 30 cases of early breast cancer, 21 patients with locally recurrent disease, and 43 patients with systemic metastases. The two groups of advanced breast cancer had significantly lower plasma pyridoxal phosphate levels than 36 healthy women of similar age. Urinary 4-pyridoxic acid excretion was normal in breast cancer. Plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations were also reduced in 34 women with widespread cancer derived from primary sites other than breast, but were normal in 39 with early disease."}
{"id": "PMID:910744", "title": "Chemical interactions between thiamin and tannic acid. I. Kinetics, oxygen dependence and inhibition by ascorbic acid.", "content": "Consumption of food high in tannins can cause thiamin deficiency. The interactions between tannic acid and thiamin were studied by allowing them to react at pH 7.5, 60 C, and determining free remaining thiamin by the thiochrome method and by recording changes in ultraviolet absorption profiles at intervals. The reaction was biphasic, having a rapid initial phase which was oxygen-independent, followed by a slower phase which was oxygen concentration-dependent. Ascorbic acid completely inhibited the reaction if present at the beginning of the reaction and could partially reverse the reaction if added during the first 30 min.", "contents": "Chemical interactions between thiamin and tannic acid. I. Kinetics, oxygen dependence and inhibition by ascorbic acid. Consumption of food high in tannins can cause thiamin deficiency. The interactions between tannic acid and thiamin were studied by allowing them to react at pH 7.5, 60 C, and determining free remaining thiamin by the thiochrome method and by recording changes in ultraviolet absorption profiles at intervals. The reaction was biphasic, having a rapid initial phase which was oxygen-independent, followed by a slower phase which was oxygen concentration-dependent. Ascorbic acid completely inhibited the reaction if present at the beginning of the reaction and could partially reverse the reaction if added during the first 30 min."}
{"id": "PMID:910745", "title": "Effect of repeated food restriction-refeeding on growth rate and weight.", "content": "The effect of repeated food restriction-refeeding was investigated in male Wistar rats. After the first food restriction, rats grew faster than did ad libitum-fed animals. The extent of compensatory growth was less with each subsequent restriction-release episode. Food intake determinations gave similar results: the extent of overeating decreased with each successive restriction. Studies on the effects of the first restriction-refeeding at various sizes (ages) indicate that a considerable portion of the decrease in compensatory growth with increasing number of food restriction-refeeding is due to increasing size (age). However, some of the decreased response can be directly attributed to the repetition of food restriction.", "contents": "Effect of repeated food restriction-refeeding on growth rate and weight. The effect of repeated food restriction-refeeding was investigated in male Wistar rats. After the first food restriction, rats grew faster than did ad libitum-fed animals. The extent of compensatory growth was less with each subsequent restriction-release episode. Food intake determinations gave similar results: the extent of overeating decreased with each successive restriction. Studies on the effects of the first restriction-refeeding at various sizes (ages) indicate that a considerable portion of the decrease in compensatory growth with increasing number of food restriction-refeeding is due to increasing size (age). However, some of the decreased response can be directly attributed to the repetition of food restriction."}
{"id": "PMID:910746", "title": "Factors responsible for weight loss in tropical sprue.", "content": "The respective roles of reduced dietary intake and malabsorption in the pathogenesis of weight loss in persons with chronic tropical sprue have been evaluated . Dietary intake was found to be significantly (P less than 0.001) less in a group of 45 patients with tropical sprue, all of whom had anorexia due to deficiency of folate and/or vitamin B12, than in a group of 51 healthy Puerto Ricans. Weight loss was equally prominent in those patients with tropical sprue who had normal absorption of fat and protein as in those who had excessive fecal loss and reduced absorption of these nutrients. Treatment of five sprue patients with folic acid or vitamin B12 for 2 weeks resulted in improved appetite and increased in dietary intake with weight gain in the absence of significant improvement in intestinal absorption. Treatment with oral tetracycline for a similar period of time in five other patients was not associated with vitamin repletion, return of appetite or weight gain. These observations indicate that reduced dietary intake resulting from anorexia caused by vitamin deficiency is a significant, and sometimes the most important, factor in the pathogenesis of weight loss in persons with chronic tropical sprue.", "contents": "Factors responsible for weight loss in tropical sprue. The respective roles of reduced dietary intake and malabsorption in the pathogenesis of weight loss in persons with chronic tropical sprue have been evaluated . Dietary intake was found to be significantly (P less than 0.001) less in a group of 45 patients with tropical sprue, all of whom had anorexia due to deficiency of folate and/or vitamin B12, than in a group of 51 healthy Puerto Ricans. Weight loss was equally prominent in those patients with tropical sprue who had normal absorption of fat and protein as in those who had excessive fecal loss and reduced absorption of these nutrients. Treatment of five sprue patients with folic acid or vitamin B12 for 2 weeks resulted in improved appetite and increased in dietary intake with weight gain in the absence of significant improvement in intestinal absorption. Treatment with oral tetracycline for a similar period of time in five other patients was not associated with vitamin repletion, return of appetite or weight gain. These observations indicate that reduced dietary intake resulting from anorexia caused by vitamin deficiency is a significant, and sometimes the most important, factor in the pathogenesis of weight loss in persons with chronic tropical sprue."}
{"id": "PMID:910747", "title": "Plasma free amino acid levels in human subjects after meals containing lactalbumin, heated lactalbumin, or no protein.", "content": "Plasma free amino acids were measured in six adult human subjects at four consecutive 1/2 hr intervals following meals containing either 50 g lactalbumin, 50 g heated lactalbumin, or no protein. After the lactalbumin meal, all essential and several nonessential amino acids increased in the plasma. After the heated lactalbumin meal, these increases were either much less or did not appear. Following the no protein meal all measured plasma amino acids fell. The absence of a response to the heated lactalbumin meal was considered to be related to a drop in digestibility of heated lactalbumin as measured in rats.", "contents": "Plasma free amino acid levels in human subjects after meals containing lactalbumin, heated lactalbumin, or no protein. Plasma free amino acids were measured in six adult human subjects at four consecutive 1/2 hr intervals following meals containing either 50 g lactalbumin, 50 g heated lactalbumin, or no protein. After the lactalbumin meal, all essential and several nonessential amino acids increased in the plasma. After the heated lactalbumin meal, these increases were either much less or did not appear. Following the no protein meal all measured plasma amino acids fell. The absence of a response to the heated lactalbumin meal was considered to be related to a drop in digestibility of heated lactalbumin as measured in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:910748", "title": "The public health significance of fat-modified ruminant foods.", "content": "The apparent consumption of dietary fat in Australia is 115 g/person/day, of which two-thirds is contributed by ruminant-derived foods. Consequently, the polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio of the Australian diet is low, approximately 0.2. Recently a process has been developed which allows modification of the fatty acid composition of ruminant body fat, and a range of foodstuffs (fat-modified foods) which have a substantially higher polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio than their conventional counterparts has been produced and marketed. In the clinical trials in which there was complete substitution of fat-modified ruminant foods for conventional ruminant products the fall in serum cholesterol was approximately 10%. In the trial in which there was only partial substitution the fall in serum cholesterol was insignificant. Using the equation developed by Keys, the predicted fall in serum cholesterol resulting from varying degrees of substitution of fat-modified ruminant meats for their conventional counterparts in the Australian diet is shown to be negligible. The fat-modified products were marketed at approximately twice the price of their conventional counterparts and  it is claimed that this will limit the degree of substitution. It is concluded that the public health significance of fat-modified foods is limited.", "contents": "The public health significance of fat-modified ruminant foods. The apparent consumption of dietary fat in Australia is 115 g/person/day, of which two-thirds is contributed by ruminant-derived foods. Consequently, the polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio of the Australian diet is low, approximately 0.2. Recently a process has been developed which allows modification of the fatty acid composition of ruminant body fat, and a range of foodstuffs (fat-modified foods) which have a substantially higher polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio than their conventional counterparts has been produced and marketed. In the clinical trials in which there was complete substitution of fat-modified ruminant foods for conventional ruminant products the fall in serum cholesterol was approximately 10%. In the trial in which there was only partial substitution the fall in serum cholesterol was insignificant. Using the equation developed by Keys, the predicted fall in serum cholesterol resulting from varying degrees of substitution of fat-modified ruminant meats for their conventional counterparts in the Australian diet is shown to be negligible. The fat-modified products were marketed at approximately twice the price of their conventional counterparts and  it is claimed that this will limit the degree of substitution. It is concluded that the public health significance of fat-modified foods is limited."}
{"id": "PMID:910750", "title": "Energy expenditure, productivity, and physical work capacity of sugarcane loaders.", "content": "VO2, E and heart rates (fH) were measured in 28 Colombian sugarcane loaders while loading cane and in the laboratory during a VO2max test. Productivity (metric tons-day-1) of the workers was also obtained. During work, VO2 was 1.251-min-1, VE 38.81 min-1, and fH 120 beats-min-1. The subjects worked at 42% of VO2max (6.3 +/- 1.0 kcal-min-1) during the field measurement periods. Energy expenditure was estimated to average 3,281 kcal-24 hr-1. Productivity was higher in men with lower fat content, resting fH and fH at VO2 = 1.25 1-min-1, indicating a positive relationship between productivity and physical fitness. Productivity was not related to age but, since VO2max decreased with age, the relative effort required to maintain productivity increased in the older workers. Efficiency (kg cane loaded-1 VO2-1) and estimated sustained effort (percent VO2max) were not significantly correlated with productivity in this type of discontinuous, moderate work.", "contents": "Energy expenditure, productivity, and physical work capacity of sugarcane loaders. VO2, E and heart rates (fH) were measured in 28 Colombian sugarcane loaders while loading cane and in the laboratory during a VO2max test. Productivity (metric tons-day-1) of the workers was also obtained. During work, VO2 was 1.251-min-1, VE 38.81 min-1, and fH 120 beats-min-1. The subjects worked at 42% of VO2max (6.3 +/- 1.0 kcal-min-1) during the field measurement periods. Energy expenditure was estimated to average 3,281 kcal-24 hr-1. Productivity was higher in men with lower fat content, resting fH and fH at VO2 = 1.25 1-min-1, indicating a positive relationship between productivity and physical fitness. Productivity was not related to age but, since VO2max decreased with age, the relative effort required to maintain productivity increased in the older workers. Efficiency (kg cane loaded-1 VO2-1) and estimated sustained effort (percent VO2max) were not significantly correlated with productivity in this type of discontinuous, moderate work."}
{"id": "PMID:910751", "title": "The association of population density, reduced space, and uncomfortable temperatures with misconduct in a prison community.", "content": "This study investigated the relation of population size, amount of personal space, and population density to the incidence of disruptive behavior over a 3-year period in a correctional institution for male youthful offenders. Population size was significantly correlated with the number but not the rate of disciplinary violations. The total amount of personal space and the index of population density were significantly correlated with both the number and the rate of violations. A post hoc analysis showed that the incidence of uncomfortably hot days had no relation to disruptive behavior. These results are contrasted with laboratory data on human crowding reporting no relation between population density and behavior pathology. It is suggested that the chronic high density explored in the present field study differs from temporarily crowded conditions produced in laboratory research on human crowding.", "contents": "The association of population density, reduced space, and uncomfortable temperatures with misconduct in a prison community. This study investigated the relation of population size, amount of personal space, and population density to the incidence of disruptive behavior over a 3-year period in a correctional institution for male youthful offenders. Population size was significantly correlated with the number but not the rate of disciplinary violations. The total amount of personal space and the index of population density were significantly correlated with both the number and the rate of violations. A post hoc analysis showed that the incidence of uncomfortably hot days had no relation to disruptive behavior. These results are contrasted with laboratory data on human crowding reporting no relation between population density and behavior pathology. It is suggested that the chronic high density explored in the present field study differs from temporarily crowded conditions produced in laboratory research on human crowding."}
{"id": "PMID:910752", "title": "Treatment environment and staff ideology in two British mental hospitals.", "content": "Hypotheses were derived from assumptions inherent in two contrasting conceptions of a treatment environment, attitudinal and ecological. Research was conducted in two different British mental hospitals, using scales from the OMI and the CTE. As predicted, the OMI scales were related only to staff attributes and did not discriminate among environments of institutions or units that differed in program, philosophy, organization, or type of patients. CTE scales distinguished between hospital treatment environments and wards. There was slight evidence that observed attributes influenced ecological measures of the objective treatment environment, or that staff ideology had any substantial impact upon treatment environments.", "contents": "Treatment environment and staff ideology in two British mental hospitals. Hypotheses were derived from assumptions inherent in two contrasting conceptions of a treatment environment, attitudinal and ecological. Research was conducted in two different British mental hospitals, using scales from the OMI and the CTE. As predicted, the OMI scales were related only to staff attributes and did not discriminate among environments of institutions or units that differed in program, philosophy, organization, or type of patients. CTE scales distinguished between hospital treatment environments and wards. There was slight evidence that observed attributes influenced ecological measures of the objective treatment environment, or that staff ideology had any substantial impact upon treatment environments."}
{"id": "PMID:910753", "title": "The use of paraprofessionals in university mental health settings; a national survey.", "content": "A national survey of 218 counseling centers was conducted to determine the extent and nature of paraprofessional use. Responses from 119 centers indicated that only 38% employ paraprofessionals. Those programs that do exist tended to be at larger, public institutions. Paraprofessionals were generally salaried, and they functioned in multiple roles. The selection  procedure most frequently employed was professional staff interviews with an emphasis on \"interpersonal characteristics\" as the selection criterion. Training and evaluation procedures were usually conducted on an ongoing rather than on a \"one-shot\" basis. Reasons for not employing paraprofessionals varied considerably from center to center.", "contents": "The use of paraprofessionals in university mental health settings; a national survey. A national survey of 218 counseling centers was conducted to determine the extent and nature of paraprofessional use. Responses from 119 centers indicated that only 38% employ paraprofessionals. Those programs that do exist tended to be at larger, public institutions. Paraprofessionals were generally salaried, and they functioned in multiple roles. The selection  procedure most frequently employed was professional staff interviews with an emphasis on \"interpersonal characteristics\" as the selection criterion. Training and evaluation procedures were usually conducted on an ongoing rather than on a \"one-shot\" basis. Reasons for not employing paraprofessionals varied considerably from center to center."}
{"id": "PMID:910754", "title": "A stress inoculation approach to anger management in the training of law enforcement officers.", "content": "Consultation with law enforcement personnel in the area of conflict-management has typically been concerned with interpersonal rather than intrapersonal conflict. An approach to anger management that is based on cognitive self-control techniques is described as it has been used in the training of police officers. The approach follows a procedure called \"stress inoculation\" that has been applied to anxiety and pain (Meichenbaum, 1975). Data are presented on the anger experiences of policemen, and suggestions are offered for the selection of police candidates regarding their proneness for provocation.", "contents": "A stress inoculation approach to anger management in the training of law enforcement officers. Consultation with law enforcement personnel in the area of conflict-management has typically been concerned with interpersonal rather than intrapersonal conflict. An approach to anger management that is based on cognitive self-control techniques is described as it has been used in the training of police officers. The approach follows a procedure called \"stress inoculation\" that has been applied to anxiety and pain (Meichenbaum, 1975). Data are presented on the anger experiences of policemen, and suggestions are offered for the selection of police candidates regarding their proneness for provocation."}
{"id": "PMID:910755", "title": "Sex differences in behavior ratings: male and female teachers rate male and female pupils.", "content": "Male and female primary school teachers rated their male and female pupils using a 16-item classroom behavior rating scale (Modified AML). Male pupils were generally rated more poorly than femal pupils by both male and female teachers. Male teachers rated both male and female pupils more conservatively than did female teachers on the separate factors of the AML scale. There was no difference in ratings by male and femal teachers of the overall adjustment of pupils, where the extreme scale point called for a professional decision as to whether the child should be referred to child guidance services. The findings have methodological implications for epidemiological studies, and for longitudinal studies. The findings fail to support the view that male pupils have more difficulty in school because they are taught by female teachers.", "contents": "Sex differences in behavior ratings: male and female teachers rate male and female pupils. Male and female primary school teachers rated their male and female pupils using a 16-item classroom behavior rating scale (Modified AML). Male pupils were generally rated more poorly than femal pupils by both male and female teachers. Male teachers rated both male and female pupils more conservatively than did female teachers on the separate factors of the AML scale. There was no difference in ratings by male and femal teachers of the overall adjustment of pupils, where the extreme scale point called for a professional decision as to whether the child should be referred to child guidance services. The findings have methodological implications for epidemiological studies, and for longitudinal studies. The findings fail to support the view that male pupils have more difficulty in school because they are taught by female teachers."}
{"id": "PMID:910756", "title": "Which patients respond to a mental health consumer survey.", "content": "Characteristics of patients at the Los Angeles County - University of Southern California Medical Center, Adult Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic who responded to a Los Angeles County voluntary \"Client Satisfaction Survey\" were compared with those who did not. Three significant differences consistently emerged. If an individual was a member of a minority group (black of Spanish surname), had less than a high school education, and was taking antispsychotic medication, his chance of returning a questionnaire to a waiting-room collection box was 79% as compared to the 30% chance of returning if he had none of these three characteristics. Younger patients had \"Anglos\" more often used the U.S. mail than the collection box to return the questionnaires. It is important that both methods be used to minimize bias. Most of the many patient-characteristics studied did not influence return rate. These findings are discussed in relation to the return method, ethnicity, medication, chronic mental illness, diminished freedom, and consumer voice in voluntary questionnaires.", "contents": "Which patients respond to a mental health consumer survey. Characteristics of patients at the Los Angeles County - University of Southern California Medical Center, Adult Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic who responded to a Los Angeles County voluntary \"Client Satisfaction Survey\" were compared with those who did not. Three significant differences consistently emerged. If an individual was a member of a minority group (black of Spanish surname), had less than a high school education, and was taking antispsychotic medication, his chance of returning a questionnaire to a waiting-room collection box was 79% as compared to the 30% chance of returning if he had none of these three characteristics. Younger patients had \"Anglos\" more often used the U.S. mail than the collection box to return the questionnaires. It is important that both methods be used to minimize bias. Most of the many patient-characteristics studied did not influence return rate. These findings are discussed in relation to the return method, ethnicity, medication, chronic mental illness, diminished freedom, and consumer voice in voluntary questionnaires."}
{"id": "PMID:910758", "title": "Postnatal somatic growth in infants with atypical fetal growth patterns.", "content": "We differentiate patterns of postnatal physical growth in 61 fullterm newborns with either normal or atypical somatic fetal growth. At birth, 14 normal babies had average ponderal indices, 14 were overweight for length (high ponderal index), 18 were underweight for length (low ponderal index), and 15 had short crown-heel lengths for dates and normal ponderal indices. Appropriate statistical analyses determined attained and velocity growth of the four groups during the first postnatal year. Statistically significant and marked differences in postnatal growth were noted between short babies and babies with low ponderal indices. The slow postnatal growth of the short infants appeared to be a continuum of their fetal growth pattern. On the other hand, infants born with low ponderal indices accelerated their weight gains and reversed the malnourished state in which they were born. These findings suggest that there are two distinct types of fetal growth retardation.", "contents": "Postnatal somatic growth in infants with atypical fetal growth patterns. We differentiate patterns of postnatal physical growth in 61 fullterm newborns with either normal or atypical somatic fetal growth. At birth, 14 normal babies had average ponderal indices, 14 were overweight for length (high ponderal index), 18 were underweight for length (low ponderal index), and 15 had short crown-heel lengths for dates and normal ponderal indices. Appropriate statistical analyses determined attained and velocity growth of the four groups during the first postnatal year. Statistically significant and marked differences in postnatal growth were noted between short babies and babies with low ponderal indices. The slow postnatal growth of the short infants appeared to be a continuum of their fetal growth pattern. On the other hand, infants born with low ponderal indices accelerated their weight gains and reversed the malnourished state in which they were born. These findings suggest that there are two distinct types of fetal growth retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:910759", "title": "Perceptual-motor functioning in children with phenylketonuria.", "content": "Children with treated phenylketonuria (PKU) have been described as being at high risk for perceptual-motor dysfunction. In this study, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Bender Gestalt test were administered to 19 school age children with treated PKU and of average intelligence who have been off diet from five months to six years four months. Perceptual-motor performance was evaluated, and school functioning was rated by classroom teachers. Substantial impairment of perceptual-motor functioning as measured by the Bender Gestalt test and lower WISC performance IQs than verbal IQs were observed in children of average intelligence. Quality of dietary control was found to be associated with performance on the Bender Gestalt test. These findings suggest the possibility of a specific deficit that could seriously interfere with academic progress, but which is not signalled by obvious impairment of overall intellectual functioning.", "contents": "Perceptual-motor functioning in children with phenylketonuria. Children with treated phenylketonuria (PKU) have been described as being at high risk for perceptual-motor dysfunction. In this study, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Bender Gestalt test were administered to 19 school age children with treated PKU and of average intelligence who have been off diet from five months to six years four months. Perceptual-motor performance was evaluated, and school functioning was rated by classroom teachers. Substantial impairment of perceptual-motor functioning as measured by the Bender Gestalt test and lower WISC performance IQs than verbal IQs were observed in children of average intelligence. Quality of dietary control was found to be associated with performance on the Bender Gestalt test. These findings suggest the possibility of a specific deficit that could seriously interfere with academic progress, but which is not signalled by obvious impairment of overall intellectual functioning."}
{"id": "PMID:910760", "title": "Clindamycin in the treatment of osteomyelitis in children: a report of 29 cases.", "content": "Clindamycin phosphate was used in the treatment of 29 children with osteomyelitis of whom 25 had an acute and four a chronic type of infection. The usual dose was 50 mg/kg/day intravenously for approximately three weeks followed by oral clindamycin palmitate at home in a dose of 30 mg/kg/day for an additional six weeks. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 22 of 29 cases: 96% of strains were penicillin resistant. The clinical and bacteriologic results in the present series were good to excellent. There was prompt clinical and bacteriologic response shortly after initiation of clindamycin therapy. Good bone penetration of the drug was observed. Long-term evaluation revealed satisfactory clinical and roentgenographic progress in all patients. No diarrhea or manifestations of enterocolitis appeared in any patient in spite of high doses of the drug for intervals up to nine weeks.", "contents": "Clindamycin in the treatment of osteomyelitis in children: a report of 29 cases. Clindamycin phosphate was used in the treatment of 29 children with osteomyelitis of whom 25 had an acute and four a chronic type of infection. The usual dose was 50 mg/kg/day intravenously for approximately three weeks followed by oral clindamycin palmitate at home in a dose of 30 mg/kg/day for an additional six weeks. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 22 of 29 cases: 96% of strains were penicillin resistant. The clinical and bacteriologic results in the present series were good to excellent. There was prompt clinical and bacteriologic response shortly after initiation of clindamycin therapy. Good bone penetration of the drug was observed. Long-term evaluation revealed satisfactory clinical and roentgenographic progress in all patients. No diarrhea or manifestations of enterocolitis appeared in any patient in spite of high doses of the drug for intervals up to nine weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:910761", "title": "Respiratory failure in childhood status asthmaticus.", "content": "Thirteen of 356 children consecutively admitted for treatment of status asthmaticus in a 37-month period experienced 19 episodes of respiratory failure, an incidence of 5.3%. In this retrospective study, all children received similar pharmacologic therapy after admission, and all were treated with nasotracheal intubation and controlled ventilation with a volume-cycled ventilator. Mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 54 hours and mean duration of hospital stay was 7.5 days. Complications occurred in nine of 19 episodes and there was one death not directly related to acute asthma. It is possible that 12 of the 19 episodes of respiratory failure might have been prevented by more prompt or more appropriate treatment of the child with acute asthma.", "contents": "Respiratory failure in childhood status asthmaticus. Thirteen of 356 children consecutively admitted for treatment of status asthmaticus in a 37-month period experienced 19 episodes of respiratory failure, an incidence of 5.3%. In this retrospective study, all children received similar pharmacologic therapy after admission, and all were treated with nasotracheal intubation and controlled ventilation with a volume-cycled ventilator. Mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 54 hours and mean duration of hospital stay was 7.5 days. Complications occurred in nine of 19 episodes and there was one death not directly related to acute asthma. It is possible that 12 of the 19 episodes of respiratory failure might have been prevented by more prompt or more appropriate treatment of the child with acute asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:910762", "title": "Perforation of the peritoneum and intra-abdominal hemorrhage: a complication of umbilical vein catheterizations.", "content": "We report a major hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity caused by perforation of the umbilical vein by a venous catheter in a critically ill neonate. A lateral roentgenogram was necessary to confirm the position of the umbilical vein catheter and the peritoneal perforation. Conservative management, including replacement of lost volume and correction of coagulation abnormalities, controlled the hemorrhage, and surgical intervention was not necessary.", "contents": "Perforation of the peritoneum and intra-abdominal hemorrhage: a complication of umbilical vein catheterizations. We report a major hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity caused by perforation of the umbilical vein by a venous catheter in a critically ill neonate. A lateral roentgenogram was necessary to confirm the position of the umbilical vein catheter and the peritoneal perforation. Conservative management, including replacement of lost volume and correction of coagulation abnormalities, controlled the hemorrhage, and surgical intervention was not necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:910763", "title": "Congenital adrenal hypoplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.", "content": "A 19-year-old male patient with congenital adrenal hypoplasia and elevated plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone level was found to have gonadotropin deficiency. Other hypothalamic-pituitary functions were normal. A possible relationship between hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction and development of the cytomegalic form of congenital hypoplasia of the adrenals is suggested.", "contents": "Congenital adrenal hypoplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. A 19-year-old male patient with congenital adrenal hypoplasia and elevated plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone level was found to have gonadotropin deficiency. Other hypothalamic-pituitary functions were normal. A possible relationship between hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction and development of the cytomegalic form of congenital hypoplasia of the adrenals is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:910764", "title": "Wheat-based diets: effect of short-term consumption on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in infants.", "content": "The effect of consumption of wheat-based diets on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels was studied in eight previously malnourished children. While consuming a control diet of casein, soy-cottonseed oil blend, and a mixture of sucrose and starch, the serum cholesterol level was 169 +/- 42 mg/dl (mean +/- SD). This decreased significantly (P less than .001) to 108 +/- 30 mg/dl after nine days' consumption of an isoenergetic-isonitrogenous diet in which whole wheat or white flour provided all the protein and +/- 50% of carbohydrate, and remained at this level for the 27-day dietary period. On changing again to the casein-based diet, the serum cholesterol level rose within nine days to 154 +/- 42 mg/dl. There was no similar diet-related change in serum triglyceride values. None of the known mechanisms whereby diet affects serum cholesterol adequately explains these findings.", "contents": "Wheat-based diets: effect of short-term consumption on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in infants. The effect of consumption of wheat-based diets on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels was studied in eight previously malnourished children. While consuming a control diet of casein, soy-cottonseed oil blend, and a mixture of sucrose and starch, the serum cholesterol level was 169 +/- 42 mg/dl (mean +/- SD). This decreased significantly (P less than .001) to 108 +/- 30 mg/dl after nine days' consumption of an isoenergetic-isonitrogenous diet in which whole wheat or white flour provided all the protein and +/- 50% of carbohydrate, and remained at this level for the 27-day dietary period. On changing again to the casein-based diet, the serum cholesterol level rose within nine days to 154 +/- 42 mg/dl. There was no similar diet-related change in serum triglyceride values. None of the known mechanisms whereby diet affects serum cholesterol adequately explains these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:910765", "title": "Mania in childhood. II. Therapeutic trial of lithium carbonate and further description of manic-depressive illness in children.", "content": "Six children with childhood mania were identified using established diagnostic criteria. Poor response to tranquilizers led to a therapeutic trial of lithium carbonate. Outpatient administration of lithium carbonate in dosages of 30 to 40 mg/kg/day produced therapeutic blood lithium levels, and improved manic symptoms in all six children. Two of the children had a prolonged remission of symptoms with the lithium treatment. Lithium was discontinued in three patients whose depressive symptoms were uncontrollably worsened. Electroencephalographic epileptiform activity developed in one child receiving lithium carbonate. Using the strict diagnostic criteria for childhood mania, further therapeutic trails including double-blind studies are indicated to establish the proper role of lithium carbonate in the treatment of this disorder.", "contents": "Mania in childhood. II. Therapeutic trial of lithium carbonate and further description of manic-depressive illness in children. Six children with childhood mania were identified using established diagnostic criteria. Poor response to tranquilizers led to a therapeutic trial of lithium carbonate. Outpatient administration of lithium carbonate in dosages of 30 to 40 mg/kg/day produced therapeutic blood lithium levels, and improved manic symptoms in all six children. Two of the children had a prolonged remission of symptoms with the lithium treatment. Lithium was discontinued in three patients whose depressive symptoms were uncontrollably worsened. Electroencephalographic epileptiform activity developed in one child receiving lithium carbonate. Using the strict diagnostic criteria for childhood mania, further therapeutic trails including double-blind studies are indicated to establish the proper role of lithium carbonate in the treatment of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:910766", "title": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in infants.", "content": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), a serious complication of asthma, is thought to rarely afflict infants. We report three children less than 2 years of age in whom this disorder developed. The major criteria for the diagnosis include: (1) asthma, (2) recurrent pulmonary infiltrations with peripheral eosinophilia, (3) positive aspergillus skin tests at 15 minutes and at 4 to 6 hours, (4) serum precipitating antibodies to aspergillus, and (5) elevated serum IgE levels. Early diagnosis and treatment of ABPA in infants may prevent the ravages of the disease and help to sharpen our concepts of the course and immunopathogenesis.", "contents": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in infants. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), a serious complication of asthma, is thought to rarely afflict infants. We report three children less than 2 years of age in whom this disorder developed. The major criteria for the diagnosis include: (1) asthma, (2) recurrent pulmonary infiltrations with peripheral eosinophilia, (3) positive aspergillus skin tests at 15 minutes and at 4 to 6 hours, (4) serum precipitating antibodies to aspergillus, and (5) elevated serum IgE levels. Early diagnosis and treatment of ABPA in infants may prevent the ravages of the disease and help to sharpen our concepts of the course and immunopathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:910767", "title": "Lupus-associated chorea in childhood.", "content": "Chorea associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been reported in only 28 patients. The clinical and laboratory features of these cases are reviewed here, along with those of a 7-year-old boy who, we believe, represents the youngest child reported to date. In approximately half of these 29 individuals, most of whom were children, chorea preceded other manifestations of SLE. The age range and clinical characteristics of lupus-associated chorea were not appreciably different from those of Sydenham's chorea and most of the patients in whom chorea developed before other manifestations of SLE were initially assumed to have Sydenham's chorea. Systemic lupus erythematosus should especially be considered if chorea begins in the older child or is associated with a persistently elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate.", "contents": "Lupus-associated chorea in childhood. Chorea associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been reported in only 28 patients. The clinical and laboratory features of these cases are reviewed here, along with those of a 7-year-old boy who, we believe, represents the youngest child reported to date. In approximately half of these 29 individuals, most of whom were children, chorea preceded other manifestations of SLE. The age range and clinical characteristics of lupus-associated chorea were not appreciably different from those of Sydenham's chorea and most of the patients in whom chorea developed before other manifestations of SLE were initially assumed to have Sydenham's chorea. Systemic lupus erythematosus should especially be considered if chorea begins in the older child or is associated with a persistently elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate."}
{"id": "PMID:910769", "title": "The contribution of hyperglycemic hormones to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Changes in cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon levels observed in diabetes mellitus appear to be secondary to insulin deficiency, and can be related to the severity of insulinopenia with its attendant metabolic sequelae. Similarly, disturbances in plasma concentrations of catecholamines in diabetes also appear to be secondary to insulin deficiency, although a primary disturbance in adrenergic function or receptors at the cellular level cannot be excluded. As \"inappropriate\" compensatory responses, these hormones may aggravate the diabetic syndrome, but their dysfunction is not the cause of diabetes and cannot be used to identify prediabetes. To date, the primary hormonal disturbance in insulin-dependent diabetes remains defective insulin secretion.", "contents": "The contribution of hyperglycemic hormones to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Changes in cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon levels observed in diabetes mellitus appear to be secondary to insulin deficiency, and can be related to the severity of insulinopenia with its attendant metabolic sequelae. Similarly, disturbances in plasma concentrations of catecholamines in diabetes also appear to be secondary to insulin deficiency, although a primary disturbance in adrenergic function or receptors at the cellular level cannot be excluded. As \"inappropriate\" compensatory responses, these hormones may aggravate the diabetic syndrome, but their dysfunction is not the cause of diabetes and cannot be used to identify prediabetes. To date, the primary hormonal disturbance in insulin-dependent diabetes remains defective insulin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:910776", "title": "The pancreas and immunoglobulins. II. Immunoglobulin levels in the pancreatic secretions of patients with chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "A comparison of the pancreatic excretory immunoglobulin levels of G, A, M in the normal and chronic pancreatitis patient reveals no satistically significant differences. Further study is indicated to determine whether or not there is a difference between the group as a whole and those patients with chronic pancreatitis whose symptoms continue after cessation of ethanolism.", "contents": "The pancreas and immunoglobulins. II. Immunoglobulin levels in the pancreatic secretions of patients with chronic pancreatitis. A comparison of the pancreatic excretory immunoglobulin levels of G, A, M in the normal and chronic pancreatitis patient reveals no satistically significant differences. Further study is indicated to determine whether or not there is a difference between the group as a whole and those patients with chronic pancreatitis whose symptoms continue after cessation of ethanolism."}
{"id": "PMID:910778", "title": "Malabsorption following radiation therapy.", "content": "Gastrointestinal injury is known to occur following radiation therapy of tumors in the abdominopelvic compartment. Chronic radiation changes may be associated with diarrhea and malabsorption. A patient with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder developed diarrhea following radiotherapy and was treated symptomatically for nine years with the assumption that the diarrhea was secondary to radiation enteritis. Further evaluation including endoscopic cholangiopancreatography, revealed pancreatic insufficiency with steatorrhea as the probable cause of the patient's diarrhea. Although temporally related to radiation therapy, the etiology of his pancreatic insufficiency remains speculative. All patients developing diarrhea and/or malabsorption following radiotherapy should be evaluated thoroughly for treatable causes.", "contents": "Malabsorption following radiation therapy. Gastrointestinal injury is known to occur following radiation therapy of tumors in the abdominopelvic compartment. Chronic radiation changes may be associated with diarrhea and malabsorption. A patient with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder developed diarrhea following radiotherapy and was treated symptomatically for nine years with the assumption that the diarrhea was secondary to radiation enteritis. Further evaluation including endoscopic cholangiopancreatography, revealed pancreatic insufficiency with steatorrhea as the probable cause of the patient's diarrhea. Although temporally related to radiation therapy, the etiology of his pancreatic insufficiency remains speculative. All patients developing diarrhea and/or malabsorption following radiotherapy should be evaluated thoroughly for treatable causes."}
{"id": "PMID:910780", "title": "Papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "Papillary cystadenocarcinoma is a rare lesion of the pancreas. A case is reported in a 38-year old female where radical resection of an extensive lesion resulted in a four-year survival without evidence of recurrence.", "contents": "Papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Papillary cystadenocarcinoma is a rare lesion of the pancreas. A case is reported in a 38-year old female where radical resection of an extensive lesion resulted in a four-year survival without evidence of recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:910781", "title": "Malabsorption in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "A case of infectious mononucleosis, complicated by malabsorption, is presented. Malabsorption was documented by abnormal d-xylose, small bowel series, 72-hour stool fat and jejunal biopsy. Small bowel abnormalities and other gastrointestinal manifestations of infectious mononucleosis are discussed.", "contents": "Malabsorption in infectious mononucleosis. A case of infectious mononucleosis, complicated by malabsorption, is presented. Malabsorption was documented by abnormal d-xylose, small bowel series, 72-hour stool fat and jejunal biopsy. Small bowel abnormalities and other gastrointestinal manifestations of infectious mononucleosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910783", "title": "The radiology corner. Is an air-fluid level within a gastric ulcer a reliable roentgen sign of benignancy?", "content": "A review of 108 cases of benign gastric ulcers and 33 ulcerated malignant gastric neoplasms showed that air-fluid levels were present within 25 benign ulcers and in only one malignant ulcer. These differences are statistically significant. Since, however, in unusual circumstances, a malignant ulcer may contain an air-fluid level, use of this roentgen sign alone to determine benignancy is not recommended. If used in conjunction with other accepted roentgen criteria, the presence of an air-fluid level within a gastric ulcer substantiates the diagnosis of benignancy in the majority of cases.", "contents": "The radiology corner. Is an air-fluid level within a gastric ulcer a reliable roentgen sign of benignancy? A review of 108 cases of benign gastric ulcers and 33 ulcerated malignant gastric neoplasms showed that air-fluid levels were present within 25 benign ulcers and in only one malignant ulcer. These differences are statistically significant. Since, however, in unusual circumstances, a malignant ulcer may contain an air-fluid level, use of this roentgen sign alone to determine benignancy is not recommended. If used in conjunction with other accepted roentgen criteria, the presence of an air-fluid level within a gastric ulcer substantiates the diagnosis of benignancy in the majority of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:910784", "title": "Needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas at laparotomy.", "content": "Thin needle aspiration biopsies obtained from the pancreas during laparotomy have been taken on 56 patients over the past six years. An 18- to 22-gauge spinal needle attached to a disposable syringe was employed. The specimens were fixed immediately and stained according to the method of Papanicolaou. Of the 36 carcinomas, the accuracy was 94%; there were no false positives in the 20 benign lesions. The safety, ease of interpretation and high accuracy of this method make this an extremely useful procedure.", "contents": "Needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas at laparotomy. Thin needle aspiration biopsies obtained from the pancreas during laparotomy have been taken on 56 patients over the past six years. An 18- to 22-gauge spinal needle attached to a disposable syringe was employed. The specimens were fixed immediately and stained according to the method of Papanicolaou. Of the 36 carcinomas, the accuracy was 94%; there were no false positives in the 20 benign lesions. The safety, ease of interpretation and high accuracy of this method make this an extremely useful procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:910785", "title": "Biliary bacteriology based on intraoperative bile cultures.", "content": "This paper presents a study of bile cultures taken during 174 operations on the extrahepatic biliary tract. Twenty-six per cent of the cultures were positive. Septic complications developed in 33.3% in this group. Since septic complications must be the result of intraoperative contamination from the infected bile, an argument is presented for prophylactic preoperative antibiotic administration as well as for routine culture of the bile at time of surgery.", "contents": "Biliary bacteriology based on intraoperative bile cultures. This paper presents a study of bile cultures taken during 174 operations on the extrahepatic biliary tract. Twenty-six per cent of the cultures were positive. Septic complications developed in 33.3% in this group. Since septic complications must be the result of intraoperative contamination from the infected bile, an argument is presented for prophylactic preoperative antibiotic administration as well as for routine culture of the bile at time of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:910786", "title": "Studies on serum gastrin of the patients with gastric cancer.", "content": "In patients with gastric cancer who were to undergo gastrectomy, the fasting serum gastrin concentration in the peripheral vein was estimated by radioimmunoassay. The blood samples were also collected from the gastric veins and artery during the time of operations. These gastrin values were compared with morphological findings in the resected stomach. No significant differences in serum gastrin concentration was found between the patients of gastric cancer and normal subjects. In the patients with mucosal atrophy in the oxyntic gland area but with no atrophy in the pyloric gland area, however, significant increase in serum gastrin concentration was observed. In cases where fundal atrophy was accompanied by atrophy in the pyloric gland area, the increase was not observed. The amount of gastrin content in cancer tissue was negligible. These results indicate that the increase in serum gastrin concentration in some patients with gastric cancer might be due to the accompanied atrophy of oxyntic glands in the stomach.", "contents": "Studies on serum gastrin of the patients with gastric cancer. In patients with gastric cancer who were to undergo gastrectomy, the fasting serum gastrin concentration in the peripheral vein was estimated by radioimmunoassay. The blood samples were also collected from the gastric veins and artery during the time of operations. These gastrin values were compared with morphological findings in the resected stomach. No significant differences in serum gastrin concentration was found between the patients of gastric cancer and normal subjects. In the patients with mucosal atrophy in the oxyntic gland area but with no atrophy in the pyloric gland area, however, significant increase in serum gastrin concentration was observed. In cases where fundal atrophy was accompanied by atrophy in the pyloric gland area, the increase was not observed. The amount of gastrin content in cancer tissue was negligible. These results indicate that the increase in serum gastrin concentration in some patients with gastric cancer might be due to the accompanied atrophy of oxyntic glands in the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:910787", "title": "The diagnostic value of serum lysozyme activity in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Serum lysozyme (muramidase) activity was determined by the Lyso-Plate diffusion technic in 419 subjects consisting of normal persons and patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, nonspecific diarrhea and various other disorders. Lysozyme activity in the normal subjects did not exceed 37.8 microgram/ml. The values in the several groups of patients overlapped markedly with each other and with the normal range. Approximately two-thirds (62.1%) of the 37 patients with Crohn's disease had values that were within the normal range. In about half (51.8%) of the patients with this disease in whom the process was clinically active, serum lysozyme activity was increased. Of 10 patients with Crohn's disease who had undergone resection, heightened serum lysozyme activity was found only in the three patients in whom there was clinical evidence of recurrence of the disease. It is concluded that serum lysozyme activity is not a dependable means of distinguishing Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis or nonspecific diarrheas. The determination would appear to be of value, however, in helping to identify activity, recurrence, or extension of the disease in patients with Crohn's disease.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of serum lysozyme activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Serum lysozyme (muramidase) activity was determined by the Lyso-Plate diffusion technic in 419 subjects consisting of normal persons and patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, nonspecific diarrhea and various other disorders. Lysozyme activity in the normal subjects did not exceed 37.8 microgram/ml. The values in the several groups of patients overlapped markedly with each other and with the normal range. Approximately two-thirds (62.1%) of the 37 patients with Crohn's disease had values that were within the normal range. In about half (51.8%) of the patients with this disease in whom the process was clinically active, serum lysozyme activity was increased. Of 10 patients with Crohn's disease who had undergone resection, heightened serum lysozyme activity was found only in the three patients in whom there was clinical evidence of recurrence of the disease. It is concluded that serum lysozyme activity is not a dependable means of distinguishing Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis or nonspecific diarrheas. The determination would appear to be of value, however, in helping to identify activity, recurrence, or extension of the disease in patients with Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:910788", "title": "A case of afferent loop obstruction secondary to recurrent carcinoma of the stomach with ultrasound and C.T. scan findings.", "content": "A case of afferent loop obstruction secondary to recurrent carcinoma of the stomach is reported. The patient presented in the early recurrence period with the clinical picture similar to that of pancreatic pseudocyst. This was the first reported case of afferent loop obstruction demonstrated by abdominal ultrasound and C.T. scan. The radiological distinguishing features and similarities of pancreatic pseudocyst and afferent loop obstruction are discussed. This case also shows a rarely reported manifestation of recurrent carcinoma of the stomach.", "contents": "A case of afferent loop obstruction secondary to recurrent carcinoma of the stomach with ultrasound and C.T. scan findings. A case of afferent loop obstruction secondary to recurrent carcinoma of the stomach is reported. The patient presented in the early recurrence period with the clinical picture similar to that of pancreatic pseudocyst. This was the first reported case of afferent loop obstruction demonstrated by abdominal ultrasound and C.T. scan. The radiological distinguishing features and similarities of pancreatic pseudocyst and afferent loop obstruction are discussed. This case also shows a rarely reported manifestation of recurrent carcinoma of the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:910789", "title": "Enterobiliary fistula and ERCP.", "content": "A case of ascending cholangitis with a patent enterobiliary fistula is presented. The feasibility of ERCP via the fistula and the safety of the procedure by virtue of the incomplete obstruction is discussed.", "contents": "Enterobiliary fistula and ERCP. A case of ascending cholangitis with a patent enterobiliary fistula is presented. The feasibility of ERCP via the fistula and the safety of the procedure by virtue of the incomplete obstruction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910790", "title": "Pleural effusion with pancreaticopleural fistula: a case report.", "content": "A case of pancreaticopleural fistula with recurrent hemorrhagic pleural effusion has been described and the pathogenesis of pleural effusion associated with pancreatitis was discussed. Importance of thinking about pancreatic disease as a cause and estimation of amylase in pleural fluid is stressed. The diagnostic limitation of endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the pancreatic duct for defining a fistulous tract has also been noted.", "contents": "Pleural effusion with pancreaticopleural fistula: a case report. A case of pancreaticopleural fistula with recurrent hemorrhagic pleural effusion has been described and the pathogenesis of pleural effusion associated with pancreatitis was discussed. Importance of thinking about pancreatic disease as a cause and estimation of amylase in pleural fluid is stressed. The diagnostic limitation of endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the pancreatic duct for defining a fistulous tract has also been noted."}
{"id": "PMID:910791", "title": "Carcinoma of the pancreas presenting as relapsing pancreatitis.", "content": "A case is reported of a 32-year old man, in which relapsing pancreatitis was the presenting symptom of an underlying carcinoma of the body of the pancreas. The rare association of clinically manifest pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma is reviewed and a possible pathogenetic mechanism is proposed in this case. It is suggested that pancreatic carcinoma should be suspected in patients with relapsing so-called idiopathic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the pancreas presenting as relapsing pancreatitis. A case is reported of a 32-year old man, in which relapsing pancreatitis was the presenting symptom of an underlying carcinoma of the body of the pancreas. The rare association of clinically manifest pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma is reviewed and a possible pathogenetic mechanism is proposed in this case. It is suggested that pancreatic carcinoma should be suspected in patients with relapsing so-called idiopathic pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:910792", "title": "Angiographic diagnosis of leiomyomas of the small intestine.", "content": "Leiomyomas of the small intestine were demonstrated by visceral angiography in a 54-year old man with recurrent episodes of severe gastrointestinal bleeding over a five-year period. Angiographic features were irregular vessels within the tumor and early opacification of prominent feeding and draining vessels.", "contents": "Angiographic diagnosis of leiomyomas of the small intestine. Leiomyomas of the small intestine were demonstrated by visceral angiography in a 54-year old man with recurrent episodes of severe gastrointestinal bleeding over a five-year period. Angiographic features were irregular vessels within the tumor and early opacification of prominent feeding and draining vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:910795", "title": "A nationwide survey of heavy metal absorption in children living near primary copper, lead, and zinc smelters.", "content": "Arsenic, lead, and cadmium absorption levels were determined in 1774 children 1-5 years old living in 19 USA towns with primary nonferrous metal smelters. Results were compared with data on 258 children of the same age in three communities without smelters. Increased systemic absorption of arsenic, as reflected by urine arsenic content, was noted in children near 10 of 11 copper smelters. Blood lead levels were also modestly elevated near two copper smelters. Near lead and zinc smelters, elevated levels of lead and cadmium in hair provided evidence of external exposure to these elements. Levels of lead in blood were not, however, elevated near any of three lead smelters and were elevated near only two of five zinc smelters. Blood cadmium levels were high near one lead and two zinc smelters. The apparent sources of exposure (except in one community with elevated levels of arsenic in drinking water) were air, soil, and dust contaminated by smelting operations. While the full biologic significance of these findings is not known exposure of children to toxic heavy metals emitted by smelters should be reduced to a minimum.", "contents": "A nationwide survey of heavy metal absorption in children living near primary copper, lead, and zinc smelters. Arsenic, lead, and cadmium absorption levels were determined in 1774 children 1-5 years old living in 19 USA towns with primary nonferrous metal smelters. Results were compared with data on 258 children of the same age in three communities without smelters. Increased systemic absorption of arsenic, as reflected by urine arsenic content, was noted in children near 10 of 11 copper smelters. Blood lead levels were also modestly elevated near two copper smelters. Near lead and zinc smelters, elevated levels of lead and cadmium in hair provided evidence of external exposure to these elements. Levels of lead in blood were not, however, elevated near any of three lead smelters and were elevated near only two of five zinc smelters. Blood cadmium levels were high near one lead and two zinc smelters. The apparent sources of exposure (except in one community with elevated levels of arsenic in drinking water) were air, soil, and dust contaminated by smelting operations. While the full biologic significance of these findings is not known exposure of children to toxic heavy metals emitted by smelters should be reduced to a minimum."}
{"id": "PMID:910796", "title": "Lung function, respiratory disease, and smoking in families.", "content": "Respiratory symptoms, disease and lung function were studied in 376 families with 816 children who participated in a survey in three USA towns. Parental smoking had no effect on children's symptoms and lung function. Also, there was no evidence that passive smoking affected either lung function or symptoms of adults. There was no association between prevalence of self-reported cough and/or phlegm in parents and their children. There was a highly significant association between the prevalence of wheeze in parents and their younger children, for whom parents reported this symptom. Wheeze in children was also significantly associated with a parental history of asthma, and lung function was lower in children with a family history of asthma. Even after accounting for height, weight, age, sex and race, children's lung function correlated significantly with parents' lung function. However, the contribution of familial factors (i.e., parents' lung function, smoking, and history of asthma) to children's lung function is small compared to the effects of height, weight and age.", "contents": "Lung function, respiratory disease, and smoking in families. Respiratory symptoms, disease and lung function were studied in 376 families with 816 children who participated in a survey in three USA towns. Parental smoking had no effect on children's symptoms and lung function. Also, there was no evidence that passive smoking affected either lung function or symptoms of adults. There was no association between prevalence of self-reported cough and/or phlegm in parents and their children. There was a highly significant association between the prevalence of wheeze in parents and their younger children, for whom parents reported this symptom. Wheeze in children was also significantly associated with a parental history of asthma, and lung function was lower in children with a family history of asthma. Even after accounting for height, weight, age, sex and race, children's lung function correlated significantly with parents' lung function. However, the contribution of familial factors (i.e., parents' lung function, smoking, and history of asthma) to children's lung function is small compared to the effects of height, weight and age."}
{"id": "PMID:910797", "title": "\"Pap\" testing and hysterectomy prevalence: a survey of communities with high and low cervical cancer rates.", "content": "There is an inverse relation between cervical cancer rates and income in Los Angeles County communities, and there is a positive association between level of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing and income. Ethnic differences in cervical cancer rates and Pap testing are dependent on income. The relatively high rate of cervical cancer and low level of systematic screening in low income communities suggest that a community trial to assess the value of cytologic screening in reducing cervical cancer rates is feasible. Information on hysterectomy prevalence by type of procedure supports the idea that the long-observed decline in cervical cancer rates is in part attributable to a concomitant decrease in the ratio of subtotal to total hysterectomy.", "contents": "\"Pap\" testing and hysterectomy prevalence: a survey of communities with high and low cervical cancer rates. There is an inverse relation between cervical cancer rates and income in Los Angeles County communities, and there is a positive association between level of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing and income. Ethnic differences in cervical cancer rates and Pap testing are dependent on income. The relatively high rate of cervical cancer and low level of systematic screening in low income communities suggest that a community trial to assess the value of cytologic screening in reducing cervical cancer rates is feasible. Information on hysterectomy prevalence by type of procedure supports the idea that the long-observed decline in cervical cancer rates is in part attributable to a concomitant decrease in the ratio of subtotal to total hysterectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:910798", "title": "Age-specific correlation analysis of longitudinal blood pressure data.", "content": "To evaluate the predictive value of blood pressures for future levels, longitudinal measurements were analyzed among Welsh subjects from age 5 to 74 at entry. The measurements were taken on 863 individuals from the Vale of Glamorgan in 1956, 1960, 1964, and 1971 and on 734 individuals from the Rhondda Fach in 1954, 1958, 1964, and 1971. The tracking correlation, defined as the correlation between blood pressure readings on the same person taken at two different times, is used as a descriptive measure of the magnitude of the association. The tracking correlations range from 0.25 to 0.6-0.7 with most of the increases occurring before age 20. The tracking correlation depends on initial age, sex, and time interval between measurements. The age-specific tracking correlations decrease as time interval between measurements increases. For a given time interval, the age-specific correlations are slightly higher for females than for males. These findings are very similar for each of the two regions studied.", "contents": "Age-specific correlation analysis of longitudinal blood pressure data. To evaluate the predictive value of blood pressures for future levels, longitudinal measurements were analyzed among Welsh subjects from age 5 to 74 at entry. The measurements were taken on 863 individuals from the Vale of Glamorgan in 1956, 1960, 1964, and 1971 and on 734 individuals from the Rhondda Fach in 1954, 1958, 1964, and 1971. The tracking correlation, defined as the correlation between blood pressure readings on the same person taken at two different times, is used as a descriptive measure of the magnitude of the association. The tracking correlations range from 0.25 to 0.6-0.7 with most of the increases occurring before age 20. The tracking correlation depends on initial age, sex, and time interval between measurements. The age-specific tracking correlations decrease as time interval between measurements increases. For a given time interval, the age-specific correlations are slightly higher for females than for males. These findings are very similar for each of the two regions studied."}
{"id": "PMID:910799", "title": "An epidemiologic study of homicides in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.", "content": "Extensive demographic data concerning homicide victims and perpetrators in Allegheny County, 1966-1974, were obtained retrospectively from the records of the County Coroner's Office and Police Department. Analysis revealed that the demographic characteristics describing perpetrators and victims were essentially identical. Rates of homicide peaked in the young adult years of life. The race ratio (B/W) among victims was 18.7 for males and 6.7 for females, while sex ratio (M/F) was 5.4 for blacks and 1.9 for whites. An inverse relationship between the rate of homicide and socioeconomic status was present among both black and white races. The majority of victims were killed by a spouse, relative, or friend (66%), usually in familiar locations, i.e., residence or place of work (60%), and usually during an alteration (68%). Shooting was the method used to perpetrate 61% of the killings, most of which were by means of a handgun. An increasing trend of homicide was noted, particularly for the type perpetrated by shooting.", "contents": "An epidemiologic study of homicides in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Extensive demographic data concerning homicide victims and perpetrators in Allegheny County, 1966-1974, were obtained retrospectively from the records of the County Coroner's Office and Police Department. Analysis revealed that the demographic characteristics describing perpetrators and victims were essentially identical. Rates of homicide peaked in the young adult years of life. The race ratio (B/W) among victims was 18.7 for males and 6.7 for females, while sex ratio (M/F) was 5.4 for blacks and 1.9 for whites. An inverse relationship between the rate of homicide and socioeconomic status was present among both black and white races. The majority of victims were killed by a spouse, relative, or friend (66%), usually in familiar locations, i.e., residence or place of work (60%), and usually during an alteration (68%). Shooting was the method used to perpetrate 61% of the killings, most of which were by means of a handgun. An increasing trend of homicide was noted, particularly for the type perpetrated by shooting."}
{"id": "PMID:910800", "title": "The overuse of single patient isolation in hospitals.", "content": "Single patient isolation of adults to prevent spread of infection was studied in five high occupancy community hospitals. The acceptable standard was a guideline for isolation in hospitals, published by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Overusage of single patient isolation was found to vary between 4% and 96% of physician's isolation orders. Diagnoses of viral hepatitis, surgical wound infections, skin infections and respiratory infections accounted for the majority of overisolated patients. When infection control personnel rather than attending physicians determined the type and duration of isolation, a decrease in overisolation and a saving of patient (or third party payer) charges could be demonstrated. Reduction in overisolation does not bring about savings for hospitals unless bed occupancy is high and few single rooms are available. No evidence of cross-infection was observed in one hospital as a result of implementation of the CDC guidelines.", "contents": "The overuse of single patient isolation in hospitals. Single patient isolation of adults to prevent spread of infection was studied in five high occupancy community hospitals. The acceptable standard was a guideline for isolation in hospitals, published by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Overusage of single patient isolation was found to vary between 4% and 96% of physician's isolation orders. Diagnoses of viral hepatitis, surgical wound infections, skin infections and respiratory infections accounted for the majority of overisolated patients. When infection control personnel rather than attending physicians determined the type and duration of isolation, a decrease in overisolation and a saving of patient (or third party payer) charges could be demonstrated. Reduction in overisolation does not bring about savings for hospitals unless bed occupancy is high and few single rooms are available. No evidence of cross-infection was observed in one hospital as a result of implementation of the CDC guidelines."}
{"id": "PMID:910805", "title": "Intracranial tumors simulating the presentation of cerebrovascular syndromes. Early detection with cerebral computed tomography (CCT).", "content": "One hundred thirty consecutive patients in whom the initial diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease was made on clinical basis were evaluated by cerebral computed tomographic (CCT) scan. Three of 20 patients with transient ischemic attacks were found to have an abnormality on CCT scan. Of 30 patients with an initial diagnosis of stroke-in-evolution, 13 were found to have a clinically unsuspected lesion by CCT scan. Of 60 patients with completed stroke, CCT scan made possible differentiation of intracerebral hematoma, hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic infarction, and excluded intracranial tumors. Of 20 patients believed to have symptoms of cerebral arteriosclerosis, six had nonvascular lesions and eight had a cerebral atrophic process. This study demonstrates the efficacy of this safe and noninvasive procedure in evaluating patients with cerebrovascular disease.", "contents": "Intracranial tumors simulating the presentation of cerebrovascular syndromes. Early detection with cerebral computed tomography (CCT). One hundred thirty consecutive patients in whom the initial diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease was made on clinical basis were evaluated by cerebral computed tomographic (CCT) scan. Three of 20 patients with transient ischemic attacks were found to have an abnormality on CCT scan. Of 30 patients with an initial diagnosis of stroke-in-evolution, 13 were found to have a clinically unsuspected lesion by CCT scan. Of 60 patients with completed stroke, CCT scan made possible differentiation of intracerebral hematoma, hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic infarction, and excluded intracranial tumors. Of 20 patients believed to have symptoms of cerebral arteriosclerosis, six had nonvascular lesions and eight had a cerebral atrophic process. This study demonstrates the efficacy of this safe and noninvasive procedure in evaluating patients with cerebrovascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:910806", "title": "A controlled study of the efficacy of granulocyte transfusions in patients with neutropenia.", "content": "A randomized clinical trial to determine the efficacy of granulocyte transfusions in neutropenic patients with infection was conducted. Criteria for patient selection included a proved infection, a granulocyte count of less than 300/mm3, availability of a suitable donor and failure to respond to at least 72 horus of appropriate antibiotic therapy. Thirty patients were assigned at random to receive either granulocyte transfusions or to serve as a control group. Antibiotic therapy was continued in both groups. Responses were judged by the degree of diminution of infectious episodes and survival. The results showed that 11 of 13 control patients failed to respond during the period of observation, whereas 10 of 17 patients given transfusions responded. The results were statistically significantly different (p less than 0.05). The median survival was 22.5 days in the group given transfusions (group 2) and 7.7 in the control group (group 1) (p less than 0.01). The granulocyte transfusions were most effective in patients with hypocellular marrows who failed to recover during the period of observation. These results indicate that granulocyte transfusions are effective in the short-term control of infections in neutropenic patients.", "contents": "A controlled study of the efficacy of granulocyte transfusions in patients with neutropenia. A randomized clinical trial to determine the efficacy of granulocyte transfusions in neutropenic patients with infection was conducted. Criteria for patient selection included a proved infection, a granulocyte count of less than 300/mm3, availability of a suitable donor and failure to respond to at least 72 horus of appropriate antibiotic therapy. Thirty patients were assigned at random to receive either granulocyte transfusions or to serve as a control group. Antibiotic therapy was continued in both groups. Responses were judged by the degree of diminution of infectious episodes and survival. The results showed that 11 of 13 control patients failed to respond during the period of observation, whereas 10 of 17 patients given transfusions responded. The results were statistically significantly different (p less than 0.05). The median survival was 22.5 days in the group given transfusions (group 2) and 7.7 in the control group (group 1) (p less than 0.01). The granulocyte transfusions were most effective in patients with hypocellular marrows who failed to recover during the period of observation. These results indicate that granulocyte transfusions are effective in the short-term control of infections in neutropenic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:910807", "title": "Afterload reduction with phentolamine in patients with acute pulmonary edema.", "content": "Phentolamine in amounts of 10 to 40 microgram/kg/min was infused intravenously for the emergency treatment of acute pulmonary edema due to left ventricular failure. Fourteen patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease, ranging in age from 52 to 87 years, had clinical and roentgenographic signs of pulmonary edema. The pulmonary artery wedge pressure was increased to an average of 24 mm Hg and the cardiac index was decreased to 1.9 liters/min/m2 or less prior to the administration of phentolamine. A reduction in the pulmonary artery wedge pressure to 14 mm Hg and an increase in the cardiac index to 2.5 liters/min/m2 was observed in response to this alpha adrenergic blocking agent. Reduction in peripheral resistance with phentolamine was associated with reversal of pulmonary edema.", "contents": "Afterload reduction with phentolamine in patients with acute pulmonary edema. Phentolamine in amounts of 10 to 40 microgram/kg/min was infused intravenously for the emergency treatment of acute pulmonary edema due to left ventricular failure. Fourteen patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease, ranging in age from 52 to 87 years, had clinical and roentgenographic signs of pulmonary edema. The pulmonary artery wedge pressure was increased to an average of 24 mm Hg and the cardiac index was decreased to 1.9 liters/min/m2 or less prior to the administration of phentolamine. A reduction in the pulmonary artery wedge pressure to 14 mm Hg and an increase in the cardiac index to 2.5 liters/min/m2 was observed in response to this alpha adrenergic blocking agent. Reduction in peripheral resistance with phentolamine was associated with reversal of pulmonary edema."}
{"id": "PMID:910809", "title": "Medial calcinosis of M\u00f6nckeberg. A review of the problem and a description of a patient with involvement of peripheral, visceral and coronary arteries.", "content": "Massive medial calcific deposits (M\u00f6nckeberg's calcinosis) are described in the peripheral and visceral arteries, and similar but small-sized deposits in the coronary arteries of a 41 year old woman with diabetes mellitus. Although observed by roentgenogram fairly commonly during life in the muscular arteries of the legs in middle-aged men, medial calcinosis infrequently involves the visceral arteries and has never, to our knowledge, been documented in the coronary arteries. Although it may be associated with intimal atherosclerosis, medial calcinosis, per se, does not obstruct the lumens of the arteries and, therefore, does not lead to symptoms or signs of limb or organ ischemia. The cause of medial calcinosis remains a mystery, but it appears to affect people with diabetes more frequently than those without.", "contents": "Medial calcinosis of M\u00f6nckeberg. A review of the problem and a description of a patient with involvement of peripheral, visceral and coronary arteries. Massive medial calcific deposits (M\u00f6nckeberg's calcinosis) are described in the peripheral and visceral arteries, and similar but small-sized deposits in the coronary arteries of a 41 year old woman with diabetes mellitus. Although observed by roentgenogram fairly commonly during life in the muscular arteries of the legs in middle-aged men, medial calcinosis infrequently involves the visceral arteries and has never, to our knowledge, been documented in the coronary arteries. Although it may be associated with intimal atherosclerosis, medial calcinosis, per se, does not obstruct the lumens of the arteries and, therefore, does not lead to symptoms or signs of limb or organ ischemia. The cause of medial calcinosis remains a mystery, but it appears to affect people with diabetes more frequently than those without."}
{"id": "PMID:910810", "title": "Severe aortic regurgitation secondary to idiopathic aortitis.", "content": "Clinical and morphologic features are described in two relatively young adults with aortic regurgitation secondary to chronic aortitis. The regurgitation in each was severe enough to require aortic valve replacement. Both patients had normochromic, normocytic anemia, considerable weight loss despite congestive cardiac failure, and negative serologic tests for syphilis. These systemic manifestations in association with the aortitis suggest that both had Takayasu's arteritis. In addition, one patient had total occlusion at the origin of one subclavian artery (classic pulseless disease). Takayasu's arteritis must be added to the list of causes of severe aortic regurgitation.", "contents": "Severe aortic regurgitation secondary to idiopathic aortitis. Clinical and morphologic features are described in two relatively young adults with aortic regurgitation secondary to chronic aortitis. The regurgitation in each was severe enough to require aortic valve replacement. Both patients had normochromic, normocytic anemia, considerable weight loss despite congestive cardiac failure, and negative serologic tests for syphilis. These systemic manifestations in association with the aortitis suggest that both had Takayasu's arteritis. In addition, one patient had total occlusion at the origin of one subclavian artery (classic pulseless disease). Takayasu's arteritis must be added to the list of causes of severe aortic regurgitation."}
{"id": "PMID:910811", "title": "Fibrosing mediastinitis causing pulmonary arterial hypertension without pulmonary venous hypertension. Clinical and necropsy observations.", "content": "Clinical and morphologic observations are described in two patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension without pulmonary venous hypertension from fibrosing mediastinitis. In one patient, both main pulmonary arteries and one major pulmonary vein were severely narrowed by dense fibrous tissue; in the second patient, only the right main pulmonary artery was severely narrowed. Both patients had normal intrapulmonary arteries and normal pulmonary parenchyma. Of nine previously described necropsy patients with pulmonary hypertension due to fibrosing mediastinitis, seven had severe narrowing of multiple large pulmonary veins and in six of them the pulmonary hypertension was entirely due to pulmonary venous obstruction. In one other patient, the pulmonary hypertension was due to obstruction of one main pulmonary artery and several large pulmonary veins. Each of these seven previously described patients had severe changes in the small intrapulmonary arteries. Of the other two previously described patients with pulmonary hypertension from fibrosing mediastinitis, one had severe narrowing of only the main right pulmonary artery, and the other, of both main pulmonary arteries. Thus, although pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with fibrosing mediastinitis is usually due to obstruction of multiple large pulmonary veins and to severe secondary changes in small intrapulmonary arteries, fibrosing mediastinitis can cause severe pulmonary hypertension by obstructing the right or both main pulmonary arteries.", "contents": "Fibrosing mediastinitis causing pulmonary arterial hypertension without pulmonary venous hypertension. Clinical and necropsy observations. Clinical and morphologic observations are described in two patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension without pulmonary venous hypertension from fibrosing mediastinitis. In one patient, both main pulmonary arteries and one major pulmonary vein were severely narrowed by dense fibrous tissue; in the second patient, only the right main pulmonary artery was severely narrowed. Both patients had normal intrapulmonary arteries and normal pulmonary parenchyma. Of nine previously described necropsy patients with pulmonary hypertension due to fibrosing mediastinitis, seven had severe narrowing of multiple large pulmonary veins and in six of them the pulmonary hypertension was entirely due to pulmonary venous obstruction. In one other patient, the pulmonary hypertension was due to obstruction of one main pulmonary artery and several large pulmonary veins. Each of these seven previously described patients had severe changes in the small intrapulmonary arteries. Of the other two previously described patients with pulmonary hypertension from fibrosing mediastinitis, one had severe narrowing of only the main right pulmonary artery, and the other, of both main pulmonary arteries. Thus, although pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with fibrosing mediastinitis is usually due to obstruction of multiple large pulmonary veins and to severe secondary changes in small intrapulmonary arteries, fibrosing mediastinitis can cause severe pulmonary hypertension by obstructing the right or both main pulmonary arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:910814", "title": "Blood volume in pre-eclampsia: fantasy and reality.", "content": "A great deal has been stated recently about the importance of hypovolemia in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia from the point of view of pathogenesis and management. Some authors even believe that the so-called hypovolemia represents an etiologic factor and should be \"corrected.\" In this paper, the hemodynamic factors that maintain the circulation in the normal nonpregnant and pregnant states are discussed. These factors are then used as a background for explaining the pathophysiologic abnormalities of the acute hypertensive disease of pregnancy. It is concluded that the slight decrease in blood volume observed in pre-eclampsia has no hemodynamic relevance; the blood volume is merely \"fitting\" a contracted vascular bed. The major abnormality resides in the constricted arteriolar system and not in the blood volume.", "contents": "Blood volume in pre-eclampsia: fantasy and reality. A great deal has been stated recently about the importance of hypovolemia in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia from the point of view of pathogenesis and management. Some authors even believe that the so-called hypovolemia represents an etiologic factor and should be \"corrected.\" In this paper, the hemodynamic factors that maintain the circulation in the normal nonpregnant and pregnant states are discussed. These factors are then used as a background for explaining the pathophysiologic abnormalities of the acute hypertensive disease of pregnancy. It is concluded that the slight decrease in blood volume observed in pre-eclampsia has no hemodynamic relevance; the blood volume is merely \"fitting\" a contracted vascular bed. The major abnormality resides in the constricted arteriolar system and not in the blood volume."}
{"id": "PMID:910815", "title": "Vaginal adenosis and polycystic ovaries during infancy and childhood.", "content": "A histologic study of 40 postmoretem specimens of vagina, uterus, and ovaries obtained from fetuses, infants, and children revealed vaginal or ectocervical adenosis in eight cases (20.0%) and polycystic ovaries in 13 cases (32.5%). All cases of adenosis were associated with polycystic ovaries and moderate to marked theca luteinization. Five patients who had adenosis died of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) such as cerebral injury and hydrocephalus. A total of seven of 13 cases or 53.8% with polycystic ovaries had CNS diseases. The possible roles of neurogenic and hormonal factors in the pathogenesis of these conditions are discussed.", "contents": "Vaginal adenosis and polycystic ovaries during infancy and childhood. A histologic study of 40 postmoretem specimens of vagina, uterus, and ovaries obtained from fetuses, infants, and children revealed vaginal or ectocervical adenosis in eight cases (20.0%) and polycystic ovaries in 13 cases (32.5%). All cases of adenosis were associated with polycystic ovaries and moderate to marked theca luteinization. Five patients who had adenosis died of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) such as cerebral injury and hydrocephalus. A total of seven of 13 cases or 53.8% with polycystic ovaries had CNS diseases. The possible roles of neurogenic and hormonal factors in the pathogenesis of these conditions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910816", "title": "Comparison of uterotrophic and vascular effects of estradiol-17beta and estriol in the mature organism.", "content": "Estradiol-17beta (E2) has been considered the most potent of the natural estrogens in terms of uterine growth and vasodilatation. As a result of studies of uterine growth in rodents, estriol (E3) has been considered an \"impeded\" estrogen. In this study, direct comparisons of the actions of E2 and E3 on the sheep uterus were made in nonpregnant, oophorectomized ewes by using bilateral uterine artery catheters and electromagnetic flow transducers. Intra-arterial injections of E2 or E3 had equal growth-promoting and vascular effects. There were slight but statistically significant differences in the time course of vasodilatation. Estriol induced a more prolonged dilatation than did estradiol.", "contents": "Comparison of uterotrophic and vascular effects of estradiol-17beta and estriol in the mature organism. Estradiol-17beta (E2) has been considered the most potent of the natural estrogens in terms of uterine growth and vasodilatation. As a result of studies of uterine growth in rodents, estriol (E3) has been considered an \"impeded\" estrogen. In this study, direct comparisons of the actions of E2 and E3 on the sheep uterus were made in nonpregnant, oophorectomized ewes by using bilateral uterine artery catheters and electromagnetic flow transducers. Intra-arterial injections of E2 or E3 had equal growth-promoting and vascular effects. There were slight but statistically significant differences in the time course of vasodilatation. Estriol induced a more prolonged dilatation than did estradiol."}
{"id": "PMID:910817", "title": "Neurilemoma-like uterine myomas: an ultrastructural reaffirmation of their non-Schwannian nature.", "content": "Some uterine leiomyomas demonstrate a curious rhythmic pattern of cellular arrangement, suggesting the appearance of nerve sheath tumors. Leiomyomas of similar appearance are more frequently found in the gastrointestinal tract. Ultrastructural examination of two such tumors from the uterus, one simulating the Antoni type A pattern and the other predominantly of the Antoni type B pattern, showed features of smooth muscle cells to be present in both. There also was a close fine structural resemblance to light microscopically similar tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. This study should dispel the implications that these tumors are of Schwannian origin.", "contents": "Neurilemoma-like uterine myomas: an ultrastructural reaffirmation of their non-Schwannian nature. Some uterine leiomyomas demonstrate a curious rhythmic pattern of cellular arrangement, suggesting the appearance of nerve sheath tumors. Leiomyomas of similar appearance are more frequently found in the gastrointestinal tract. Ultrastructural examination of two such tumors from the uterus, one simulating the Antoni type A pattern and the other predominantly of the Antoni type B pattern, showed features of smooth muscle cells to be present in both. There also was a close fine structural resemblance to light microscopically similar tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. This study should dispel the implications that these tumors are of Schwannian origin."}
{"id": "PMID:910818", "title": "Coagulation and the hypertensive diseases of pregnancy.", "content": "The coagulation and fibrinolytic systems were investigated in a group of patients with essential hypertension during pregnancy, and the findings were compared with those of normal gravid women. Patients with essential hypertension exhibited the following significant differences: shortened partial thromboplastin times, thrombocytopenia, and decreased antithrombin III levels. Euglobulin lysis times and assays for fibrin breakdown products suggest that essential hypertension is not associated with changes in the fibrinolytic mechanism. Until more sophisticated studies can be performed on such patients, it cannot be concluded that the increased coagulability observed in pregnant patients with essential hypertension represents a state of intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Coagulation and the hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. The coagulation and fibrinolytic systems were investigated in a group of patients with essential hypertension during pregnancy, and the findings were compared with those of normal gravid women. Patients with essential hypertension exhibited the following significant differences: shortened partial thromboplastin times, thrombocytopenia, and decreased antithrombin III levels. Euglobulin lysis times and assays for fibrin breakdown products suggest that essential hypertension is not associated with changes in the fibrinolytic mechanism. Until more sophisticated studies can be performed on such patients, it cannot be concluded that the increased coagulability observed in pregnant patients with essential hypertension represents a state of intravascular coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:910819", "title": "Enhanced prediction of pregnancy-induced hypertension by combining supine pressor test with mean arterial pressure of middle trimester.", "content": "Both the impact of the mean arterial pressure of the second trimester (MAP-2) on the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and the accuracy of the supine pressor test (SPT) for the prediction of PIH have been demonstrated. Despite good over-all predictability of the SPT, a large percentage of false positive SPT's have been reported, ranging from 6 to 60% with an average of 34%. In an effort to reduce the incidence of false positive SPT's and provide a more accurate method for identifying those primigravidas at risk for PIH, weekly or biweekly SPT's were performed. There were 251 SPT's performed on 97 primigravidas between 28 and 32 weeks' gestation. Along with the performance of serial SPT's, each subject's MAP-2 was calculated. Those primigravidas with an MAP-2 greater than 85 mm. Hg or two or more positive SPT's had a greater incidence of PIH (45 and 46%, respectively). Of greater significance, those women who exhibited both an MAP-2 greater than 85 mm. Hg and two or more positive SPT's had an 88% chance of developing PIH. These results were highly significant (chi square = 9.7, p less than 0.005).", "contents": "Enhanced prediction of pregnancy-induced hypertension by combining supine pressor test with mean arterial pressure of middle trimester. Both the impact of the mean arterial pressure of the second trimester (MAP-2) on the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and the accuracy of the supine pressor test (SPT) for the prediction of PIH have been demonstrated. Despite good over-all predictability of the SPT, a large percentage of false positive SPT's have been reported, ranging from 6 to 60% with an average of 34%. In an effort to reduce the incidence of false positive SPT's and provide a more accurate method for identifying those primigravidas at risk for PIH, weekly or biweekly SPT's were performed. There were 251 SPT's performed on 97 primigravidas between 28 and 32 weeks' gestation. Along with the performance of serial SPT's, each subject's MAP-2 was calculated. Those primigravidas with an MAP-2 greater than 85 mm. Hg or two or more positive SPT's had a greater incidence of PIH (45 and 46%, respectively). Of greater significance, those women who exhibited both an MAP-2 greater than 85 mm. Hg and two or more positive SPT's had an 88% chance of developing PIH. These results were highly significant (chi square = 9.7, p less than 0.005)."}
{"id": "PMID:910820", "title": "Evaluation of an impedance measurement technique for uterine contraction recording.", "content": "An electronic system for the detection of uterine contractions by impedance measurement was evaluated in 30 subjects during the first stage of labor. The advantage of the system was patient comfort and ease of application of the recording electrodes. Simultaneous recordings of uterine contraction activity with conventional extra- or intra-uterine recording systems were made. The available evidence from this study indicated that 82 to 84% of the uterine contractions were accurately detected and that the onset and end of each uterine contraction is a reliable parameter of impedance measurement.", "contents": "Evaluation of an impedance measurement technique for uterine contraction recording. An electronic system for the detection of uterine contractions by impedance measurement was evaluated in 30 subjects during the first stage of labor. The advantage of the system was patient comfort and ease of application of the recording electrodes. Simultaneous recordings of uterine contraction activity with conventional extra- or intra-uterine recording systems were made. The available evidence from this study indicated that 82 to 84% of the uterine contractions were accurately detected and that the onset and end of each uterine contraction is a reliable parameter of impedance measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:910821", "title": "Maternal ingested methadone, body fluid methadone, and the neonatal withdrawal syndrome.", "content": "The relationship between the quantity of methadone ingested by the pregnant mother, the quantity of methadone in maternal and neonatal body fluids, and the subsequent neonatal withdrawal course was studied. The severity of the neonatal withdrawal syndrome was found to be related to the total dose of methadone ingested by the mother during the last 12 weeks of pregnancy (p less than 0.02), the maternal dose of methadone at delivery (p less than 0.01), and the intrapartum serum methadone levels (p less than 0.01). The cord blood levels of methadone were consistently lower than the maternal serum levels. Amniotic fluid methadone levels were not constantly related to maternal or neonatal serum methadone levels. Concentrations of methadone 10 to 60 times greater than that of cord blood were found in neonatal urine.", "contents": "Maternal ingested methadone, body fluid methadone, and the neonatal withdrawal syndrome. The relationship between the quantity of methadone ingested by the pregnant mother, the quantity of methadone in maternal and neonatal body fluids, and the subsequent neonatal withdrawal course was studied. The severity of the neonatal withdrawal syndrome was found to be related to the total dose of methadone ingested by the mother during the last 12 weeks of pregnancy (p less than 0.02), the maternal dose of methadone at delivery (p less than 0.01), and the intrapartum serum methadone levels (p less than 0.01). The cord blood levels of methadone were consistently lower than the maternal serum levels. Amniotic fluid methadone levels were not constantly related to maternal or neonatal serum methadone levels. Concentrations of methadone 10 to 60 times greater than that of cord blood were found in neonatal urine."}
{"id": "PMID:910822", "title": "Changes in the conduction of the fetal electrocardiogram to the maternal abdominal surface during gestation.", "content": "A technique for recording high-quality vectorcardiograms from the fetus in utero is described. A study was conducted to clarify conflicting views on the mechanism of fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) signal transmission to the maternal abdominal surface during the latter half of gestation. The results of this study support the view that a general pattern of uniform conduction of FECG currents exists between 20 and 28 weeks' gestation in most subjects, that signal magnitudes decrease markedly between 28 and 34 weeks' gestation and conduction tends to behave as if it is nonuniform through the maternal abdominal volume, and that a preferred signal pathway, possibly through the oronasal cavities of the fetus, appears to develop after 34 weeks' gestation and continues until term. Two different abdominal FECG lead systems are recommended on the basis of these findings which should maximize the accuracy of FECG monitoring of the preterm fetus.", "contents": "Changes in the conduction of the fetal electrocardiogram to the maternal abdominal surface during gestation. A technique for recording high-quality vectorcardiograms from the fetus in utero is described. A study was conducted to clarify conflicting views on the mechanism of fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) signal transmission to the maternal abdominal surface during the latter half of gestation. The results of this study support the view that a general pattern of uniform conduction of FECG currents exists between 20 and 28 weeks' gestation in most subjects, that signal magnitudes decrease markedly between 28 and 34 weeks' gestation and conduction tends to behave as if it is nonuniform through the maternal abdominal volume, and that a preferred signal pathway, possibly through the oronasal cavities of the fetus, appears to develop after 34 weeks' gestation and continues until term. Two different abdominal FECG lead systems are recommended on the basis of these findings which should maximize the accuracy of FECG monitoring of the preterm fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:910823", "title": "Effect fo potential placental surface area reduction on fetal growth.", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to study the effect of reduction of placental surface area on fetal growth. The right horn of the bicornuate uterus was removed in nonpregnant ewes, the ewes were bred and 11 out of 15 became pregnant. Near term, under experimental conditions, maternal and fetal blood gases, pH, uterine and umbilical blood flows were measured or calculated. Fetal, placental membrane, uterine, and cotyledonary weights and number of cotyledons were recorded. The experimental hemi-hysterectomized group was compared to a control group of 14. Results show that: (1) weight per cotyledon was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in the hemi-hysterectomized series than in the controls, (2) loss of a significant number of placentation sites was compatible with the production of term-sized fetuses, (3) since the difference between the number of cotyledons in the hemihysterectomized and control groups is significantly less than the number of implantation sites removed, the efficiency of implantation is improved, and (4) there were no changes in blood flows, PO2, PCO2, and fetal oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Effect fo potential placental surface area reduction on fetal growth. This investigation was undertaken to study the effect of reduction of placental surface area on fetal growth. The right horn of the bicornuate uterus was removed in nonpregnant ewes, the ewes were bred and 11 out of 15 became pregnant. Near term, under experimental conditions, maternal and fetal blood gases, pH, uterine and umbilical blood flows were measured or calculated. Fetal, placental membrane, uterine, and cotyledonary weights and number of cotyledons were recorded. The experimental hemi-hysterectomized group was compared to a control group of 14. Results show that: (1) weight per cotyledon was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in the hemi-hysterectomized series than in the controls, (2) loss of a significant number of placentation sites was compatible with the production of term-sized fetuses, (3) since the difference between the number of cotyledons in the hemihysterectomized and control groups is significantly less than the number of implantation sites removed, the efficiency of implantation is improved, and (4) there were no changes in blood flows, PO2, PCO2, and fetal oxygen consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:910824", "title": "Fetoscopy in continuing pregnancies.", "content": "A total of 34 fetoscopic procedures were performed in 28 patients whose fetuses were at risk for hemoglobinopathies (22 cases) or short-limbed dwarfism (three cases). An adequate sample of fetal blood for study of globin-chain synthesis was obtained in 23 of the 25 cases (92%), and valuable diagnostic information was obtained in all three cases at risk for an anomalous fetus. Six patients elected to terminate their pregnancies based on the studies, and in the 22 patients continuing their pregnancies there have been no losses. Thus far, data from this series suggest that fetoscopy is associated with low maternal and fetal morbidity.", "contents": "Fetoscopy in continuing pregnancies. A total of 34 fetoscopic procedures were performed in 28 patients whose fetuses were at risk for hemoglobinopathies (22 cases) or short-limbed dwarfism (three cases). An adequate sample of fetal blood for study of globin-chain synthesis was obtained in 23 of the 25 cases (92%), and valuable diagnostic information was obtained in all three cases at risk for an anomalous fetus. Six patients elected to terminate their pregnancies based on the studies, and in the 22 patients continuing their pregnancies there have been no losses. Thus far, data from this series suggest that fetoscopy is associated with low maternal and fetal morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:910825", "title": "Pattern of increase in circulating prolactin levels during human gestation.", "content": "Serum prolactin concentrations, determined serially at weekly intervals from the fifth week of gestation, increase in an approximately linear pattern. It is suggested that in human gestation the increase in prolactin secretion is related to supramaximal estrogen augmentation at all times and is a functional reflection of hypertrophy and hyperplasia of pituitary lactotrophs.", "contents": "Pattern of increase in circulating prolactin levels during human gestation. Serum prolactin concentrations, determined serially at weekly intervals from the fifth week of gestation, increase in an approximately linear pattern. It is suggested that in human gestation the increase in prolactin secretion is related to supramaximal estrogen augmentation at all times and is a functional reflection of hypertrophy and hyperplasia of pituitary lactotrophs."}
{"id": "PMID:910834", "title": "Diagnostic peritoneal lavage for blunt trauma in pregnant women.", "content": "Twelve pregnant women underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage for suspected blunt abdominal trauma. Peritoneal lavage was both safe and accurate. The lavage was negative in four patients. Two of these patients survived without clinical evidence of abdominal injuries. The absence of abdominal injuries was confirmed at autopsy in the two patients who subsequently died. Peritoneal lavage was positive for hemoperitoneum in eight patients. All eight had significant abdominal injuries.", "contents": "Diagnostic peritoneal lavage for blunt trauma in pregnant women. Twelve pregnant women underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage for suspected blunt abdominal trauma. Peritoneal lavage was both safe and accurate. The lavage was negative in four patients. Two of these patients survived without clinical evidence of abdominal injuries. The absence of abdominal injuries was confirmed at autopsy in the two patients who subsequently died. Peritoneal lavage was positive for hemoperitoneum in eight patients. All eight had significant abdominal injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:910836", "title": "Ultrastructure of the placental villi, chorion laeve, and decidua parietalis in normal and hypertensive pregnant women.", "content": "The fine structure of the placental villi, chorion laeve, and decidua parietalis from normal and hypertensive pregnant women is described. Placental villi from hypertensive women revealed an increase in syncytial degeneration and fibrinoid deposition. Also noted were greater numbers of cytotrophoblast cells. On the other hand, there were no morphologic differences detected in the cellular and noncellular elements of the chorion laeve and decidua parietalis between normal and hypertensive subjects. Secretory granules were observed in both the placental villi and the chorion laeve.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the placental villi, chorion laeve, and decidua parietalis in normal and hypertensive pregnant women. The fine structure of the placental villi, chorion laeve, and decidua parietalis from normal and hypertensive pregnant women is described. Placental villi from hypertensive women revealed an increase in syncytial degeneration and fibrinoid deposition. Also noted were greater numbers of cytotrophoblast cells. On the other hand, there were no morphologic differences detected in the cellular and noncellular elements of the chorion laeve and decidua parietalis between normal and hypertensive subjects. Secretory granules were observed in both the placental villi and the chorion laeve."}
{"id": "PMID:910837", "title": "Urinary excretion of calcium in late pregnancy and its relation to creatinine clearance.", "content": "The distribution of the values for the daily urinary excretion of calcium during the last trimester of pregnancy was skewed toward high values in 1,034 women in Bradford, England. The logarithms of the values had a Gaussian distribution. The 95% range of this log-Gaussian distribution was 0.75 to 15.5 mmoles (30 to 620 mg.) per day. Nearly 20% of the values exceeded 8.75 mmoles (350 mg.) per day, which is the reported upper limit of the 95% range for nonpregnant women. Creatinine clearance is known to increase during pregnancy, and a prospective investigation in 112 pregnant Caucasian women in a hospital showed a highly significant correlation between calcium excretion and creatinine clearance. It is suggested that the increase in calcium excretion during pregnancy is due to the increase in glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of calcium in late pregnancy and its relation to creatinine clearance. The distribution of the values for the daily urinary excretion of calcium during the last trimester of pregnancy was skewed toward high values in 1,034 women in Bradford, England. The logarithms of the values had a Gaussian distribution. The 95% range of this log-Gaussian distribution was 0.75 to 15.5 mmoles (30 to 620 mg.) per day. Nearly 20% of the values exceeded 8.75 mmoles (350 mg.) per day, which is the reported upper limit of the 95% range for nonpregnant women. Creatinine clearance is known to increase during pregnancy, and a prospective investigation in 112 pregnant Caucasian women in a hospital showed a highly significant correlation between calcium excretion and creatinine clearance. It is suggested that the increase in calcium excretion during pregnancy is due to the increase in glomerular filtration rate."}
{"id": "PMID:910838", "title": "Fetal cardiac structure: identification and recognition. A preliminary report.", "content": "A rapid sonographic method of fetal cardiac structure identification with the use of gray-scale processing is reported. The characteristic ultrasonographic image display is analyzed as to fetal anatomy.", "contents": "Fetal cardiac structure: identification and recognition. A preliminary report. A rapid sonographic method of fetal cardiac structure identification with the use of gray-scale processing is reported. The characteristic ultrasonographic image display is analyzed as to fetal anatomy."}
{"id": "PMID:910839", "title": "Fetal heart rate acceleration in response to acoustic stimulation as a measure of fetal well-being.", "content": "The search for better means of testing for antepartum fetal well-being is a major objective of perinatal medicine. This preliminary report explores the use of a 2,000 c.p.s. pure-tone auditory stimulus for \"nonstress\" testing, a comparison with the oxytocin challenge test (OCT), and a correlation with fetal outcome. Instead of waiting, when the fetus may be inactive or \"sleeping,\" for a positive fetal heart (FHR) response following a fetal kick or movement, a rapid \"nonstress\" test may be performed by evoking an FHR acceleration after the application of a five-second auditory stimulation at 105 to 120 db. When FHR acceleration evoked exceeded 15 b.p.m., the subsequent OCT was always negative. Suspicious or positive OCT's were frequently obtained when no response to auditory stimuli occurred. Subsequent outcomes as well as safety and potential applications of this rapid test which may eliminate the need for many OCT's are discussed.", "contents": "Fetal heart rate acceleration in response to acoustic stimulation as a measure of fetal well-being. The search for better means of testing for antepartum fetal well-being is a major objective of perinatal medicine. This preliminary report explores the use of a 2,000 c.p.s. pure-tone auditory stimulus for \"nonstress\" testing, a comparison with the oxytocin challenge test (OCT), and a correlation with fetal outcome. Instead of waiting, when the fetus may be inactive or \"sleeping,\" for a positive fetal heart (FHR) response following a fetal kick or movement, a rapid \"nonstress\" test may be performed by evoking an FHR acceleration after the application of a five-second auditory stimulation at 105 to 120 db. When FHR acceleration evoked exceeded 15 b.p.m., the subsequent OCT was always negative. Suspicious or positive OCT's were frequently obtained when no response to auditory stimuli occurred. Subsequent outcomes as well as safety and potential applications of this rapid test which may eliminate the need for many OCT's are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910840", "title": "Amniotic fluid testosterone in the prenatal determination of fetal sex.", "content": "In the field of genetics, a rapid and accurate test for the prenatal determination of fetal sex, especially in cases of sex-linked disorders, is desirable. Amniotic fluid testosterone was measured by the radioimmunoassay technique in 37 samples obtained at saline abortion between 16 and 19 weeks' gestation. Final confirmation of fetal sex was obtained from fetal gonadal histology. In pregnancies with male fetuses, the mean amniotic fluid testosterone value of 27.6 ng. per 100 ml. was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than the mean value of 9.6 ng. per 100 ml. found in pregnancies with female fetuses. The range for pregnancies with male fetuses was 15.5 to 41.3 ng. per 100 ml. and for those with female fetuses 5.7 to 15.1 ng. per 100 ml. With a coefficient of variation of 5 to 8% considered for the method of assay, there was an area of potential overlap from 12 to 18 ng. per 100 ml., giving a predictive error of approximately 16%. For patients in whom the results are clearly outside the area of overlap, this test is of value as a preliminary screen in the prenatal determination of fetal sex, especially in X-linked disorders.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid testosterone in the prenatal determination of fetal sex. In the field of genetics, a rapid and accurate test for the prenatal determination of fetal sex, especially in cases of sex-linked disorders, is desirable. Amniotic fluid testosterone was measured by the radioimmunoassay technique in 37 samples obtained at saline abortion between 16 and 19 weeks' gestation. Final confirmation of fetal sex was obtained from fetal gonadal histology. In pregnancies with male fetuses, the mean amniotic fluid testosterone value of 27.6 ng. per 100 ml. was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than the mean value of 9.6 ng. per 100 ml. found in pregnancies with female fetuses. The range for pregnancies with male fetuses was 15.5 to 41.3 ng. per 100 ml. and for those with female fetuses 5.7 to 15.1 ng. per 100 ml. With a coefficient of variation of 5 to 8% considered for the method of assay, there was an area of potential overlap from 12 to 18 ng. per 100 ml., giving a predictive error of approximately 16%. For patients in whom the results are clearly outside the area of overlap, this test is of value as a preliminary screen in the prenatal determination of fetal sex, especially in X-linked disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:910841", "title": "Vitamin levels in low-birth-weight newborn infants and their mothers.", "content": "The cord blood of 50 normal-birth-weight neonates (more than 2,500 grams) and 50 low-birth-weight neonates (less than 2,500 grams) and the respective mother's blood were analyzed for folate, vitamin B6, riboflavin, nicotinate, pantothenate, thiamin, biotin, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and beta-carotene concentrations at parturition. No mothers had received supplemental vitamin intake. Except for vitamin A and beta-carotene, maternal vitamin levels were lower than those of neonates in all instances. Vitamin levels in the blood of low-birth-weight neonates were the same of those of normal-birth-weight infants except for significantly lower folate, vitamin B12, and pantothenate levels.", "contents": "Vitamin levels in low-birth-weight newborn infants and their mothers. The cord blood of 50 normal-birth-weight neonates (more than 2,500 grams) and 50 low-birth-weight neonates (less than 2,500 grams) and the respective mother's blood were analyzed for folate, vitamin B6, riboflavin, nicotinate, pantothenate, thiamin, biotin, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and beta-carotene concentrations at parturition. No mothers had received supplemental vitamin intake. Except for vitamin A and beta-carotene, maternal vitamin levels were lower than those of neonates in all instances. Vitamin levels in the blood of low-birth-weight neonates were the same of those of normal-birth-weight infants except for significantly lower folate, vitamin B12, and pantothenate levels."}
{"id": "PMID:910842", "title": "Evaluation of conventional diagnostic tests for detection of recurrent carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "The use of routine diagnostic tests to evaluate patients periodically after treatment for carcinoma of the cervix has been reviewed. Of 169 patients treated at Brooke Army Medical Center for carcinoma of the cervix, 73 were evaluated after their treatment by a group of six diagnostic tests referred to collectively as an oncologic survey. The survey consisted of an intravenous pyelogram (IVP), chest roentgenogram, barium enema, cystoscopy, proctoscopy, and bone scan. Although 16 patients developed recurrent tumor, the oncologic survey detected only three recurrences that had not already been suspected by physical examination. Only the IVP and chest roentgenogram were of sufficient benefit to suggest their routine use for the detection of recurrent cancer. The other tests included in the oncologic survey were not beneficial when used routinely and should be reserved to evaluate patients otherwise suspected of recurrent cancer.", "contents": "Evaluation of conventional diagnostic tests for detection of recurrent carcinoma of the cervix. The use of routine diagnostic tests to evaluate patients periodically after treatment for carcinoma of the cervix has been reviewed. Of 169 patients treated at Brooke Army Medical Center for carcinoma of the cervix, 73 were evaluated after their treatment by a group of six diagnostic tests referred to collectively as an oncologic survey. The survey consisted of an intravenous pyelogram (IVP), chest roentgenogram, barium enema, cystoscopy, proctoscopy, and bone scan. Although 16 patients developed recurrent tumor, the oncologic survey detected only three recurrences that had not already been suspected by physical examination. Only the IVP and chest roentgenogram were of sufficient benefit to suggest their routine use for the detection of recurrent cancer. The other tests included in the oncologic survey were not beneficial when used routinely and should be reserved to evaluate patients otherwise suspected of recurrent cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:910843", "title": "Psychosocial function in women treated for vaginal agenesis.", "content": "The psychosocial functioning of 23 women treated both surgically and nonsurgically for vaginal agenesis was assessed by means of a retrospective questionnaire. Subjects were also physically examined to evaluate anatomic outcome. It was concluded that the patients psychological adjustment before treatment and the sensitivity of her family and medical advisors during treatment took precedence over anatomic results in the eventual resolution of this disorder. Sexual function, emotional stability, self-image, and choice of marital partner in these women are described in some detail and are, in general, far healthier than had been depicted in earlier psychological reports.", "contents": "Psychosocial function in women treated for vaginal agenesis. The psychosocial functioning of 23 women treated both surgically and nonsurgically for vaginal agenesis was assessed by means of a retrospective questionnaire. Subjects were also physically examined to evaluate anatomic outcome. It was concluded that the patients psychological adjustment before treatment and the sensitivity of her family and medical advisors during treatment took precedence over anatomic results in the eventual resolution of this disorder. Sexual function, emotional stability, self-image, and choice of marital partner in these women are described in some detail and are, in general, far healthier than had been depicted in earlier psychological reports."}
{"id": "PMID:910844", "title": "Androstenedione metabolism in patients with endometrial cancer.", "content": "The plasma concentration of androstenedione and the instantaneous conversion of androstenedione to estrone was increased in patients with endometrial cancer as compared to postmenopausal control subjects. Moreover, the per cent of estrone derived from androstenedione was increased in the cancer group.", "contents": "Androstenedione metabolism in patients with endometrial cancer. The plasma concentration of androstenedione and the instantaneous conversion of androstenedione to estrone was increased in patients with endometrial cancer as compared to postmenopausal control subjects. Moreover, the per cent of estrone derived from androstenedione was increased in the cancer group."}
{"id": "PMID:910845", "title": "Pituitary-ovarian relationships preceding the menopause. I. A cross-sectional study of serum follice-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, estradiol, and progesterone levels.", "content": "Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations were measured in 58 ovulating women in different age groups (20 to 29, 34 to 39, 40 to 44, and 45 to 50 years) at five- to seven-day intervals through a single menstrual cycle and in 18 postmenopausal women sampled weekly five to six times. The over-all hormone patterns were similar in four premenopausal groups. However, mean serum FSH levels increased with age and significantly higher concentrations were found in the 40 to 50 years group than in the 20 to 29 year group. Serum LH levels did not show a similar rise with age, although follicular LH levels in the oldest group were higher than in the 20 to 29 year group. Prolactin and estradiol concentrations did not change with age prior to the menopause, but luteal progesterone levels were lower in the three older premenopausal groups than in the 20 to 29 year group. Postmenopausal women showed elevated FSH and LH, decreased prolactin, and negligible estradiol and progesterone levels. There was an over-all significant linear correlation between prolactin and estradiol concentrations. It appears that the menopause is preceded by several years of rising gonadotropin, predominantly FSH, levels. During this period, ovarian estrogen production appears to be maintained and ovulation continues, but luteal progesterone levels decline. It is likely that these premenopausal alterations in pituitary-ovarian relationships reflect depletion of ovarian follicles.", "contents": "Pituitary-ovarian relationships preceding the menopause. I. A cross-sectional study of serum follice-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, estradiol, and progesterone levels. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations were measured in 58 ovulating women in different age groups (20 to 29, 34 to 39, 40 to 44, and 45 to 50 years) at five- to seven-day intervals through a single menstrual cycle and in 18 postmenopausal women sampled weekly five to six times. The over-all hormone patterns were similar in four premenopausal groups. However, mean serum FSH levels increased with age and significantly higher concentrations were found in the 40 to 50 years group than in the 20 to 29 year group. Serum LH levels did not show a similar rise with age, although follicular LH levels in the oldest group were higher than in the 20 to 29 year group. Prolactin and estradiol concentrations did not change with age prior to the menopause, but luteal progesterone levels were lower in the three older premenopausal groups than in the 20 to 29 year group. Postmenopausal women showed elevated FSH and LH, decreased prolactin, and negligible estradiol and progesterone levels. There was an over-all significant linear correlation between prolactin and estradiol concentrations. It appears that the menopause is preceded by several years of rising gonadotropin, predominantly FSH, levels. During this period, ovarian estrogen production appears to be maintained and ovulation continues, but luteal progesterone levels decline. It is likely that these premenopausal alterations in pituitary-ovarian relationships reflect depletion of ovarian follicles."}
{"id": "PMID:910851", "title": "Comparison of central corneal endothelial cell numbers with peripheral areas.", "content": "Using a specific fixation device on a group of patients, we compared corneal endothelial cell count areas above, below, and temporally with the central corneal cell counts. Although younger patients, the central cornea mirrored the peripheral cell counts; peripheral counts were similar in each group. Patients with intraocular lenses had fewer cells than patients with uneventful cataract extraction, and the central cornea was representative in the cataract group. Only in the intraocular lens group was there a small difference between central endothelial cell counts and the temporal and inferior cell counts; but even this difference was significantly less than that seen in patients with intracapsular cataract extraction.", "contents": "Comparison of central corneal endothelial cell numbers with peripheral areas. Using a specific fixation device on a group of patients, we compared corneal endothelial cell count areas above, below, and temporally with the central corneal cell counts. Although younger patients, the central cornea mirrored the peripheral cell counts; peripheral counts were similar in each group. Patients with intraocular lenses had fewer cells than patients with uneventful cataract extraction, and the central cornea was representative in the cataract group. Only in the intraocular lens group was there a small difference between central endothelial cell counts and the temporal and inferior cell counts; but even this difference was significantly less than that seen in patients with intracapsular cataract extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:910853", "title": "Mechanisms of failure in the repair of large retinal tears.", "content": "An analysis of large tears treated over a decade revealed that while dialyses responded well to circumferential buckling, horseshoe tears responded poorly. A circumferential intrusion of the globe augmented the redundancy of the posterior edge of long tears and predisposed to leaking radical folds. Tears up to 70 degrees responded favorably to radical buckles, often without drainage of subretinal fluid. Beyond 70 degrees and initial procedure with cryopexy and a gas tamponade without buckling reattached the retina occasionally, and if not, would at least reduce the problem to one manageable by local buckling techniques with a more favorable prognosis.", "contents": "Mechanisms of failure in the repair of large retinal tears. An analysis of large tears treated over a decade revealed that while dialyses responded well to circumferential buckling, horseshoe tears responded poorly. A circumferential intrusion of the globe augmented the redundancy of the posterior edge of long tears and predisposed to leaking radical folds. Tears up to 70 degrees responded favorably to radical buckles, often without drainage of subretinal fluid. Beyond 70 degrees and initial procedure with cryopexy and a gas tamponade without buckling reattached the retina occasionally, and if not, would at least reduce the problem to one manageable by local buckling techniques with a more favorable prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:910852", "title": "Cycloscopy and fluorescein cycloscopy of the ciliary process.", "content": "A new gonio-cycloscope that magnifies an object up to 1.5 times was designed to observe the ciliary process and chamber angle. As a result of aging, the ciliary process became hypertrophic and more branched with discoloration. Leakage of fluorescein from the ciliary process decreased as intraocular pressure artifically increased, stopping completely at 50 mm Hg or more. Water drinking accelerated fluorescein leakage, while oral glycerol diminished it.", "contents": "Cycloscopy and fluorescein cycloscopy of the ciliary process. A new gonio-cycloscope that magnifies an object up to 1.5 times was designed to observe the ciliary process and chamber angle. As a result of aging, the ciliary process became hypertrophic and more branched with discoloration. Leakage of fluorescein from the ciliary process decreased as intraocular pressure artifically increased, stopping completely at 50 mm Hg or more. Water drinking accelerated fluorescein leakage, while oral glycerol diminished it."}
{"id": "PMID:910854", "title": "An ultrasonographic study of the persistence of buckle height three years after segmental sponge explants.", "content": "We studied a consecutive series of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments treated with segmental silicone sponge explants and cryotherapy, with or without drainage, approximately three years postoperatively by ultrasonography to determine the degree and persistence of the height of the buckle measuring 1.5 to 3 mm remained in all patienst examined clinically and ultrasonographically at three years or later. Five of these patients reexamined one year later demonstrated no loss of buckle height between the third and fourth postoperative years. By comparison, in a small group of patients examined early in their postoperative course (2.5 to 4 months), the buckles were only slightly higher than in the group studied at three years. Buckle height thus appeared to stabilize relatively quickly postoperatively and to persist at least three years. We believe encapsulation of the sponge by scar tissue must contribute to the long-term maintenance of buckle height.", "contents": "An ultrasonographic study of the persistence of buckle height three years after segmental sponge explants. We studied a consecutive series of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments treated with segmental silicone sponge explants and cryotherapy, with or without drainage, approximately three years postoperatively by ultrasonography to determine the degree and persistence of the height of the buckle measuring 1.5 to 3 mm remained in all patienst examined clinically and ultrasonographically at three years or later. Five of these patients reexamined one year later demonstrated no loss of buckle height between the third and fourth postoperative years. By comparison, in a small group of patients examined early in their postoperative course (2.5 to 4 months), the buckles were only slightly higher than in the group studied at three years. Buckle height thus appeared to stabilize relatively quickly postoperatively and to persist at least three years. We believe encapsulation of the sponge by scar tissue must contribute to the long-term maintenance of buckle height."}
{"id": "PMID:910855", "title": "Late complications following cryotherapy of lattice degeneration.", "content": "We observed 341 patients who had received cryotherapy for lattice degeneration in order to identify possible late complications. Sequelae such as retinal tears posterior to an operculum or flap tears within treated areas showed that treatment did not necessarily prevent subsequent vitreous traction. Moreover, the newly created flap tears may extend beyond the treated area and can cause retinal detachment. Even scleral buckling did not necesserily prevent further traction. Therefore, we concluded that when cryotherapy is used to treat lattice degeneration, an adequate margin of surrounding retina should be treated and the treatment should extend to the ora serrata.", "contents": "Late complications following cryotherapy of lattice degeneration. We observed 341 patients who had received cryotherapy for lattice degeneration in order to identify possible late complications. Sequelae such as retinal tears posterior to an operculum or flap tears within treated areas showed that treatment did not necessarily prevent subsequent vitreous traction. Moreover, the newly created flap tears may extend beyond the treated area and can cause retinal detachment. Even scleral buckling did not necesserily prevent further traction. Therefore, we concluded that when cryotherapy is used to treat lattice degeneration, an adequate margin of surrounding retina should be treated and the treatment should extend to the ora serrata."}
{"id": "PMID:910856", "title": "Engelmann's disease.", "content": "A 5-year-old boy with diaphyseal dysplasia who exhibited marked involvement of the cranial bones developed marked disk edema in a one-year period. We believed the optic canal was being rapidly compromised by bony proliferation and vision was threatened. Selective bone studies, including tetracycline labeling, demonstrated a rapid accretion of bone 1 1/2 to two times the expected rate for his age. We performed bilateral unroofing of the optic canals with additional temporal decompression of the left orbit. Limited unroofing of the right eye proved to be inadequate and only with additional extensive temporal decompression was the disk edema of the left eye reversed. Tomograms taken one year after surgery revealed regrowth of bone in the optic canal and orbital roof. The usefulness of bony decompression of the orbits in Engelmann's disease is requestionable.", "contents": "Engelmann's disease. A 5-year-old boy with diaphyseal dysplasia who exhibited marked involvement of the cranial bones developed marked disk edema in a one-year period. We believed the optic canal was being rapidly compromised by bony proliferation and vision was threatened. Selective bone studies, including tetracycline labeling, demonstrated a rapid accretion of bone 1 1/2 to two times the expected rate for his age. We performed bilateral unroofing of the optic canals with additional temporal decompression of the left orbit. Limited unroofing of the right eye proved to be inadequate and only with additional extensive temporal decompression was the disk edema of the left eye reversed. Tomograms taken one year after surgery revealed regrowth of bone in the optic canal and orbital roof. The usefulness of bony decompression of the orbits in Engelmann's disease is requestionable."}
{"id": "PMID:910857", "title": "Vitelliform macular degeneration.", "content": "Six patients had macular vitelliform lesions similar to those in Best's vitelliform foveal dystrophy but all had normal electro-oculograms (EOG) and no familial involvement. Two patients had an exudative form of degenerative chroidopathy. The remining four had vitelliform lesions of unknown etiology. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated slight hyperfluorescence through rarefied retinal pigment epithelium but no leakage occurred from perifoveal retinal capillaries. The diagnosis of vitelliform foveal dystrophy should be restricted to those patients who have the morphologic lesions, and abnormal EOG, and a contributory family history.", "contents": "Vitelliform macular degeneration. Six patients had macular vitelliform lesions similar to those in Best's vitelliform foveal dystrophy but all had normal electro-oculograms (EOG) and no familial involvement. Two patients had an exudative form of degenerative chroidopathy. The remining four had vitelliform lesions of unknown etiology. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated slight hyperfluorescence through rarefied retinal pigment epithelium but no leakage occurred from perifoveal retinal capillaries. The diagnosis of vitelliform foveal dystrophy should be restricted to those patients who have the morphologic lesions, and abnormal EOG, and a contributory family history."}
{"id": "PMID:910858", "title": "Complications of cobalt plaque therapy of choroidal malanomas.", "content": "We treated a small series of patients with choroidal malanomas with radioactive cobalt plaques. To assess the effectiveness of radiation, we performed radioactive phosphorus (32P) uptake determinations before and after treatment. The 32P results did not tumor destruction. In five of seven patients with posterior pole melanomas, radiation retinopathy developed after treatment with resultant decrease in vision.", "contents": "Complications of cobalt plaque therapy of choroidal malanomas. We treated a small series of patients with choroidal malanomas with radioactive cobalt plaques. To assess the effectiveness of radiation, we performed radioactive phosphorus (32P) uptake determinations before and after treatment. The 32P results did not tumor destruction. In five of seven patients with posterior pole melanomas, radiation retinopathy developed after treatment with resultant decrease in vision."}
{"id": "PMID:910859", "title": "Bilateral retinal vasculitis associated with clotting disorders.", "content": "We found distinct alterations of the clotting and fibrinolytic mechanisms in a 27-year-old man who suffered from typical bilateral vasculitis, clinically and fluoroangiographically manifest as obstruction of the central retinal veins. The partial thromboplastin time was slightly increased, a partial clot lysis occurred after one hour, the plasminogen level was markedly low, and alpha2-macroglobulin was decreased, as were factor XII and IgG. Kallikrein was absent. Similar changes, though not so pronounced, were also found in the patient's son and in his brother.", "contents": "Bilateral retinal vasculitis associated with clotting disorders. We found distinct alterations of the clotting and fibrinolytic mechanisms in a 27-year-old man who suffered from typical bilateral vasculitis, clinically and fluoroangiographically manifest as obstruction of the central retinal veins. The partial thromboplastin time was slightly increased, a partial clot lysis occurred after one hour, the plasminogen level was markedly low, and alpha2-macroglobulin was decreased, as were factor XII and IgG. Kallikrein was absent. Similar changes, though not so pronounced, were also found in the patient's son and in his brother."}
{"id": "PMID:910860", "title": "Retinoblastoma in a patient with a 13qXp translocation.", "content": "An infant girl with failure to thrive and bilateral retinoblastoma had a translocation of the long arm of chromosome 13 to the short arm of the X chromosome, and possible loss of a portion of the q 14 band. The lack of other major organ malformations in this patient emphasized the importance of considering chromosomal aberrations as a possible etiology of retinoblastoma in patients with nonspecific psychomotor retardation.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma in a patient with a 13qXp translocation. An infant girl with failure to thrive and bilateral retinoblastoma had a translocation of the long arm of chromosome 13 to the short arm of the X chromosome, and possible loss of a portion of the q 14 band. The lack of other major organ malformations in this patient emphasized the importance of considering chromosomal aberrations as a possible etiology of retinoblastoma in patients with nonspecific psychomotor retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:910861", "title": "Bilateral retinal hemorrhages and disk edema in migraine.", "content": "A 27-year-old patient with severe migraine developed bilateral disk edema and retinal hemorrhages during a prolonged attack of his illness, lasting at least two months. The combination of bilateral disk edema and diffuse superficial retinal hemorrhages was considered to be a manifestation of prolonged valsalva efforts accompanying the migraine attack and of not persistent raised intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Bilateral retinal hemorrhages and disk edema in migraine. A 27-year-old patient with severe migraine developed bilateral disk edema and retinal hemorrhages during a prolonged attack of his illness, lasting at least two months. The combination of bilateral disk edema and diffuse superficial retinal hemorrhages was considered to be a manifestation of prolonged valsalva efforts accompanying the migraine attack and of not persistent raised intracranial pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:910862", "title": "Papilledema in endemic typhus.", "content": "A 21-year-old women developed severe bilateral papilledema during an acute febrile disease. Her optic disk margins were blurred and the disks were elevated up to 5 diopters. Splinter hemorrhages, cotton-wool exudates, cytoid bodies, and sheathing of veins were also present. The pyrexia was caused by murine typhus diagnosed by serologic tests. These tests revealed that Proteus OX-19 agglutination titer rose to 1:12800, and a positive complement fixation test titer was 1:640 with Rickettsia mooseri antigens. Neurological examination results, skull roentgenograms, brain scan, electroencephalogram, and the cerebrospinal fluid were all within normal range, thereby excluding intracranial hypertension. After the patient's recovery from the rickettsial disease, the papilledema abated gradually until her fundi reverted to normal.", "contents": "Papilledema in endemic typhus. A 21-year-old women developed severe bilateral papilledema during an acute febrile disease. Her optic disk margins were blurred and the disks were elevated up to 5 diopters. Splinter hemorrhages, cotton-wool exudates, cytoid bodies, and sheathing of veins were also present. The pyrexia was caused by murine typhus diagnosed by serologic tests. These tests revealed that Proteus OX-19 agglutination titer rose to 1:12800, and a positive complement fixation test titer was 1:640 with Rickettsia mooseri antigens. Neurological examination results, skull roentgenograms, brain scan, electroencephalogram, and the cerebrospinal fluid were all within normal range, thereby excluding intracranial hypertension. After the patient's recovery from the rickettsial disease, the papilledema abated gradually until her fundi reverted to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:910863", "title": "Eye position of strabismus patients under general anesthesia.", "content": "We studied the change in eye position under general anesthesia in 317 patients undergoing strabismus surgery. We used the prism cover test to measure preoperative eye position, and the prism reflex test (Krimsky's method) to measure the eye position under general anesthesia. Almost all patients had divergence under anesthesia. We calculated a linear equation and curve to relate the eye position under anesthesia to the preoperative eye position. Patients with a normal amount of divergence (within one standard deviation of the mean) had a higher rate of successful surgical results than those with an abnormal amount of divergence under anesthesia (greater than one standard deviation from the mean).", "contents": "Eye position of strabismus patients under general anesthesia. We studied the change in eye position under general anesthesia in 317 patients undergoing strabismus surgery. We used the prism cover test to measure preoperative eye position, and the prism reflex test (Krimsky's method) to measure the eye position under general anesthesia. Almost all patients had divergence under anesthesia. We calculated a linear equation and curve to relate the eye position under anesthesia to the preoperative eye position. Patients with a normal amount of divergence (within one standard deviation of the mean) had a higher rate of successful surgical results than those with an abnormal amount of divergence under anesthesia (greater than one standard deviation from the mean)."}
{"id": "PMID:910864", "title": "Inadvertent substitution of acetohexamide for acetozolamide.", "content": "In three cases acetohexamide (Dymelor), an oral hypoglycemic agent, was mistakenly given to patients instead of acetazolamide (Diamox), which had been prescribed for their glaucoma. A  number of similarities, including the fact that both medications are 250-mg white tablets, with similar generic and brand names which are generically repackaged medications juxtaposed on the pharmacist's shelf, predispose to the inadvertent substitution of one medication for the other. In one instance a systemic hypoglycemic reaction resulting in head trauma and confusion ended in an emegency hospital admission following the substitution of acetohexamide for acetazolamide.", "contents": "Inadvertent substitution of acetohexamide for acetozolamide. In three cases acetohexamide (Dymelor), an oral hypoglycemic agent, was mistakenly given to patients instead of acetazolamide (Diamox), which had been prescribed for their glaucoma. A  number of similarities, including the fact that both medications are 250-mg white tablets, with similar generic and brand names which are generically repackaged medications juxtaposed on the pharmacist's shelf, predispose to the inadvertent substitution of one medication for the other. In one instance a systemic hypoglycemic reaction resulting in head trauma and confusion ended in an emegency hospital admission following the substitution of acetohexamide for acetazolamide."}
{"id": "PMID:910865", "title": "A modified vitreous scissors.", "content": "A new vitreous scissor combines an immobile shaft and hook with a sliding cutting blade; the blade is angled to trap the vitreous band while it is being cut. A tweezer-action handle is used. This scissors cuts dense membranes while producing only minimal traction on the retina.", "contents": "A modified vitreous scissors. A new vitreous scissor combines an immobile shaft and hook with a sliding cutting blade; the blade is angled to trap the vitreous band while it is being cut. A tweezer-action handle is used. This scissors cuts dense membranes while producing only minimal traction on the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:910867", "title": "Patient responses to gas-permeable hard (Polycon) contact lenses.", "content": "Forty-six patients who were unable to wear polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) contact lenses, owing mainly to corneal edema and associated symptoms, were fitted with gas-permeable hard Polycon lenses of the same dimensions. Thirty-one patients (67%) wore the POLYCON lenses successfully. Thirteen (28%) did not, because of discomfort. For 2 patients, the results were unknown. None of the 46 patients exhibited observable edema with the POLYCON lenses. For a group of 5 patients (10 eyes), mean corneal thickness change after 8 hr of lens wear was insignificant. Oxygen transmissibility of these lenses is approximately 5.0 X 10(-11) (cm2 X ml O2)/(sec X ml X mm Hg), a value less than that for hydrogel lenses which produce more edema. It is predicted that gas-permeable hard lenses will eventually replace PMMA lenses.", "contents": "Patient responses to gas-permeable hard (Polycon) contact lenses. Forty-six patients who were unable to wear polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) contact lenses, owing mainly to corneal edema and associated symptoms, were fitted with gas-permeable hard Polycon lenses of the same dimensions. Thirty-one patients (67%) wore the POLYCON lenses successfully. Thirteen (28%) did not, because of discomfort. For 2 patients, the results were unknown. None of the 46 patients exhibited observable edema with the POLYCON lenses. For a group of 5 patients (10 eyes), mean corneal thickness change after 8 hr of lens wear was insignificant. Oxygen transmissibility of these lenses is approximately 5.0 X 10(-11) (cm2 X ml O2)/(sec X ml X mm Hg), a value less than that for hydrogel lenses which produce more edema. It is predicted that gas-permeable hard lenses will eventually replace PMMA lenses."}
{"id": "PMID:910868", "title": "Development of the modified Frostig Test.", "content": "We developed a screening version of Marianne Frostig's Developmental Test of Visual Perception, which we call the Modified Frostig Test. It was designed to guide optometrists educators, and psychologists in screening kindergarten or first grade children for possible visual perception problems.", "contents": "Development of the modified Frostig Test. We developed a screening version of Marianne Frostig's Developmental Test of Visual Perception, which we call the Modified Frostig Test. It was designed to guide optometrists educators, and psychologists in screening kindergarten or first grade children for possible visual perception problems."}
{"id": "PMID:910869", "title": "A personality profile of \"Gold Retinoscope\" winners: 1961-1975.", "content": "Fifteen Gold Retinoscope winners, each judged the most outstanding student in his/her graduating class of the School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, were compared with samples of optometry students, Academy Fellows, and non-Academy optometrists. Although most Gold Retinoscope winners had entered optometry school with low to average grades, their grades and clinical performance in optometry school were outstanding. When compared with other optometry students and optometrists in practice, these outstanding students were distinguished by greater self-confidence, initiative, and motivation to achieve. It is suggested that these personality traits were important contributors to their superior achievement.", "contents": "A personality profile of \"Gold Retinoscope\" winners: 1961-1975. Fifteen Gold Retinoscope winners, each judged the most outstanding student in his/her graduating class of the School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, were compared with samples of optometry students, Academy Fellows, and non-Academy optometrists. Although most Gold Retinoscope winners had entered optometry school with low to average grades, their grades and clinical performance in optometry school were outstanding. When compared with other optometry students and optometrists in practice, these outstanding students were distinguished by greater self-confidence, initiative, and motivation to achieve. It is suggested that these personality traits were important contributors to their superior achievement."}
{"id": "PMID:910870", "title": "Mathematical model for predicting dioptric effects of optical parameter changes in the eye.", "content": "Changes in refractive status induced by contact lenses have been attributed to changes in various intraocular comonents. Limitation of previous mathematical attempts to quantify the effects of changes in these components are discussed. A series of simple ray-tracing equations is developed which avoids these limitations and provides a practical means of relating calculations to clinical measurements.", "contents": "Mathematical model for predicting dioptric effects of optical parameter changes in the eye. Changes in refractive status induced by contact lenses have been attributed to changes in various intraocular comonents. Limitation of previous mathematical attempts to quantify the effects of changes in these components are discussed. A series of simple ray-tracing equations is developed which avoids these limitations and provides a practical means of relating calculations to clinical measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:910871", "title": "Refractive error distribution in a profoundly retarded population.", "content": "The refractive errors distribution of 103 profoundly retarded individuals (10 of zero to 20) was determined. This distribution was skewed in the direction of myopia. Since no such data were available for any other profoundly retarded population, direct comparison with other studies was not possible. However, a significant difference in mean spherical equivalent was found between the profoundly retarded of this study and the combined severely and profoundly retarded of two earlier studies.", "contents": "Refractive error distribution in a profoundly retarded population. The refractive errors distribution of 103 profoundly retarded individuals (10 of zero to 20) was determined. This distribution was skewed in the direction of myopia. Since no such data were available for any other profoundly retarded population, direct comparison with other studies was not possible. However, a significant difference in mean spherical equivalent was found between the profoundly retarded of this study and the combined severely and profoundly retarded of two earlier studies."}
{"id": "PMID:910873", "title": "Vision training for presbyopic nonstrabismic patients.", "content": "Home vision training was prescribed for 161 presbyopic patients (ages 45 to 89) who had vision-related symptoms and convergence insufficiency or visual skills deficiencies. Most patients required 10 weeks or less of treatment, the longest treatment period being 15 weeks. Elimination of the symptoms and improved responses on certain optometric tests was achieved by 92% of the patients. Evaluation 3 months after therapy indicated that 77 patients required additional training, the older patients requiring it more often, to retain the initial improvement.", "contents": "Vision training for presbyopic nonstrabismic patients. Home vision training was prescribed for 161 presbyopic patients (ages 45 to 89) who had vision-related symptoms and convergence insufficiency or visual skills deficiencies. Most patients required 10 weeks or less of treatment, the longest treatment period being 15 weeks. Elimination of the symptoms and improved responses on certain optometric tests was achieved by 92% of the patients. Evaluation 3 months after therapy indicated that 77 patients required additional training, the older patients requiring it more often, to retain the initial improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:910874", "title": "Diseases of the uvea - 1975 review.", "content": "Papers relating to central serous choroidopathy and clinically similar conditions in the 1975 literature on the uveal tract are reviewed. This disease entity is examined for aspects relevant to optometric practice. Conditions that must be differentiated from central serous choroidopathy are outlined along with diagnostic techniques that may improve detection and diagnosis by optometrists.", "contents": "Diseases of the uvea - 1975 review. Papers relating to central serous choroidopathy and clinically similar conditions in the 1975 literature on the uveal tract are reviewed. This disease entity is examined for aspects relevant to optometric practice. Conditions that must be differentiated from central serous choroidopathy are outlined along with diagnostic techniques that may improve detection and diagnosis by optometrists."}
{"id": "PMID:910881", "title": "Appliances for treatment of oral sensori--motor disorders.", "content": "Cerebral palsied children with predominant oral sensori-motor disorders were treated with functional appliances. Clinical experience with the coordination and the synchronization of interdependent functional chains is reported. Reasonable therapeutic success in control of drooling, masticatory and swallowing defects as well as of perioral dysfunction, dysphonia and dysarticulation suggests a wider use of such functional methods.", "contents": "Appliances for treatment of oral sensori--motor disorders. Cerebral palsied children with predominant oral sensori-motor disorders were treated with functional appliances. Clinical experience with the coordination and the synchronization of interdependent functional chains is reported. Reasonable therapeutic success in control of drooling, masticatory and swallowing defects as well as of perioral dysfunction, dysphonia and dysarticulation suggests a wider use of such functional methods."}
{"id": "PMID:910882", "title": "Serum glucose and lactic acid concentrations during prolonged and strenuous exercise in man.", "content": "Serum glucose and lactic acid levels were determined in 20 young volunteers prior to and following marches with increasing back pack loads (30 and 35 kg) and distances (6 and 12 km). The drop in serum glucose levels correlated well with the degree of effort. A significant mean drop in serum glucose level of 10.3 mg% was detected only in the group carrying 35 kg for a distance of 12 km. In this group, objective physiological parameters as well as subjective grading of the march's difficulty indicated the effort to be strenuous. Serum lactic acid level did not change significantly following any march. Serum glucose level may serve an indicator for determination of work's duration and intensity, determination of optimal distances for untrained hikers and of optimal loads to be carried for various distances.", "contents": "Serum glucose and lactic acid concentrations during prolonged and strenuous exercise in man. Serum glucose and lactic acid levels were determined in 20 young volunteers prior to and following marches with increasing back pack loads (30 and 35 kg) and distances (6 and 12 km). The drop in serum glucose levels correlated well with the degree of effort. A significant mean drop in serum glucose level of 10.3 mg% was detected only in the group carrying 35 kg for a distance of 12 km. In this group, objective physiological parameters as well as subjective grading of the march's difficulty indicated the effort to be strenuous. Serum lactic acid level did not change significantly following any march. Serum glucose level may serve an indicator for determination of work's duration and intensity, determination of optimal distances for untrained hikers and of optimal loads to be carried for various distances."}
{"id": "PMID:910883", "title": "Variation in dental occlusion and arches among Melanesians of Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. I. Methods, age changes, sex differences and population comparisons.", "content": "Population studies of malocclusion lack comparability because of the subjective criteria employed in the definition of malocclusion. Alternatively, individual characteristics of occlusion can be quantified and compared within and between populations. Measurements were taken from the dental cases of 319 male an 359 female Melanesians from Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. The cross-sectional age changes from 12 to 68 years of age included an increase in intermolar arch width, a decrease in arch length and intercanine arch width, and increased crowding and malalignment. Neither age nor sex accounted for a large proportion of the differences among individuals. When compared to industrialized groups, the Bougainville population had a slight reduction in variance for most characteristics. Only the sagittal molar relationship was markedly less variable on Bougainville. The results emphasize that a quantitative evaluation of individual occlusal variables may reveal differences within and between populations not detected when simple malocclusion frequencies are reported.", "contents": "Variation in dental occlusion and arches among Melanesians of Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. I. Methods, age changes, sex differences and population comparisons. Population studies of malocclusion lack comparability because of the subjective criteria employed in the definition of malocclusion. Alternatively, individual characteristics of occlusion can be quantified and compared within and between populations. Measurements were taken from the dental cases of 319 male an 359 female Melanesians from Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. The cross-sectional age changes from 12 to 68 years of age included an increase in intermolar arch width, a decrease in arch length and intercanine arch width, and increased crowding and malalignment. Neither age nor sex accounted for a large proportion of the differences among individuals. When compared to industrialized groups, the Bougainville population had a slight reduction in variance for most characteristics. Only the sagittal molar relationship was markedly less variable on Bougainville. The results emphasize that a quantitative evaluation of individual occlusal variables may reveal differences within and between populations not detected when simple malocclusion frequencies are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:910885", "title": "Sexual dimorphism and mechanics of the human hip: a multivariate assessment.", "content": "The present research was undertaken to determine the effects of sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis and femur on the mechanics of human locomotion. The analysis was based on six biomechanical variables determined from 25 male and 32 female skeletal remains from the Dickson Mound site. Discriminant function analysis indicates that the mechanical variables which primarily contribute to dimorphism are the moment arm of the gluteus medius and the torque produced by the abductors at the hip. These mechanical aspects of hip function produce greater pressure on the femoral head in females.", "contents": "Sexual dimorphism and mechanics of the human hip: a multivariate assessment. The present research was undertaken to determine the effects of sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis and femur on the mechanics of human locomotion. The analysis was based on six biomechanical variables determined from 25 male and 32 female skeletal remains from the Dickson Mound site. Discriminant function analysis indicates that the mechanical variables which primarily contribute to dimorphism are the moment arm of the gluteus medius and the torque produced by the abductors at the hip. These mechanical aspects of hip function produce greater pressure on the femoral head in females."}
{"id": "PMID:910886", "title": "Eskimo craniofacial morphology, cold stress and the maxillary sinus.", "content": "A determination of the capacity of the maxillary sinus was made for eight Eskimo populations, one Mongolian population and one American white population. Statistical analyses reveal strong and significant correlations of the mean temperature of the coldest month where these populations live with differences in mean maxillary sinus volume (MSV) values. Results indicate that maxillary sinus volume in Eskimo populations decreases in colder areas. These changes may be due to commensurate structural ramifications of internal nasal anatomy variation, specifically of the inferior concha (maxilloturbinal) and inferior meatus. A review of the physiological, morphological and cultural responses of the Eskimo to cold suggests that only the facial area as a whole, and the internal nasal apparatus in particular, sustain significant cold exposure. The \"cold-engineered\" hypothesis of Mongoloid craniofacial form (Coon et al., '50) finds little support in the anthropological research and literature.", "contents": "Eskimo craniofacial morphology, cold stress and the maxillary sinus. A determination of the capacity of the maxillary sinus was made for eight Eskimo populations, one Mongolian population and one American white population. Statistical analyses reveal strong and significant correlations of the mean temperature of the coldest month where these populations live with differences in mean maxillary sinus volume (MSV) values. Results indicate that maxillary sinus volume in Eskimo populations decreases in colder areas. These changes may be due to commensurate structural ramifications of internal nasal anatomy variation, specifically of the inferior concha (maxilloturbinal) and inferior meatus. A review of the physiological, morphological and cultural responses of the Eskimo to cold suggests that only the facial area as a whole, and the internal nasal apparatus in particular, sustain significant cold exposure. The \"cold-engineered\" hypothesis of Mongoloid craniofacial form (Coon et al., '50) finds little support in the anthropological research and literature."}
{"id": "PMID:910887", "title": "Principal component analysis of the elongation of metacarpal and phalangeal bones.", "content": "A hypothesis that the first principal component computed from the covariance matrix of logarithms reflected the specific growth rates of corresponding bones was taken to analyze the growth pattern of the tubular bones of the hand. The total length of 19 tubular bones of the right hand was measured on standardized radiographs of Japanese children (33 boys, 33 girls). Metacarpals in boys and bones of the fifth digit in girls showed higher growth coefficients. The second, third and fourth proximal, and the third and fourth middle phalanges showed lower coefficients for both sexes. These observations suggest the signs of proximal row dominance in boys and of fifth ray dominance in girls in the elongation of the hand bones. A marked sex difference was found in the fifth middle phalanx. In girls the growth coefficients of this bone was much larger than any other bones, but was moderate in boys.", "contents": "Principal component analysis of the elongation of metacarpal and phalangeal bones. A hypothesis that the first principal component computed from the covariance matrix of logarithms reflected the specific growth rates of corresponding bones was taken to analyze the growth pattern of the tubular bones of the hand. The total length of 19 tubular bones of the right hand was measured on standardized radiographs of Japanese children (33 boys, 33 girls). Metacarpals in boys and bones of the fifth digit in girls showed higher growth coefficients. The second, third and fourth proximal, and the third and fourth middle phalanges showed lower coefficients for both sexes. These observations suggest the signs of proximal row dominance in boys and of fifth ray dominance in girls in the elongation of the hand bones. A marked sex difference was found in the fifth middle phalanx. In girls the growth coefficients of this bone was much larger than any other bones, but was moderate in boys."}
{"id": "PMID:910888", "title": "The deflecting wrinkle on the teeth of Icelanders and the mongoloid dental complex.", "content": "Three local populations from Northeast Iceland are surveyed for the occurrence of the deflecting wrinkle of the metaconid on second deciduous and first permanent lower molars. The trait occurs more frequently on dm2 than on M1, and no sexual dimorphism is found, as expected. However, the frequencies are clearly within those predicted by the Mongoloid dental complex for Mongoloid populations. It is therefore suggested that the inclusion of the deflecting wrinkle in the Mongoloid dental complex be re-evaluated, and the racial diagnostic value of the trait taken with reservation.", "contents": "The deflecting wrinkle on the teeth of Icelanders and the mongoloid dental complex. Three local populations from Northeast Iceland are surveyed for the occurrence of the deflecting wrinkle of the metaconid on second deciduous and first permanent lower molars. The trait occurs more frequently on dm2 than on M1, and no sexual dimorphism is found, as expected. However, the frequencies are clearly within those predicted by the Mongoloid dental complex for Mongoloid populations. It is therefore suggested that the inclusion of the deflecting wrinkle in the Mongoloid dental complex be re-evaluated, and the racial diagnostic value of the trait taken with reservation."}
{"id": "PMID:910889", "title": "Intra and intertribal genetic variation within a linguistic group: the Ge-speaking indians of Brazil.", "content": "A total  of 562 individuals living in four villages of two Brazilian Indian tribes (Cayapo and Krah\u00f3) was studied in relation to blood groups ABO, MNSs, , Rh, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego; haptoglobin, Gc, acid phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase types. These results were compared with those obtained previously among the Xavante, and the inhabitants of three other Cayapo villages, all of whom speak Ge languages; the ranges in gene frequencies observed in a representative series of South American Indians from all over the continent were also compiled. The Ge Indians are characterized by low frequencies of RZ, medium frequencies of R1, R2, R0, or r, Jka and PGM1/1, and high frequencies of Gc2 and ACPA when compared  with  other South American tribes. Genetic distance analyses based on six loci indicate that the intratribal variability observed among Cayapo is of the same order of magnitude as those obtained among the Xavante and Krah\u00f3, being much less pronounced than those observed among the Yanomama and Makiritare. The intertribal differences within this linguistic group are much less pronounced than those encountered among tribes that speak more differentiated languages.", "contents": "Intra and intertribal genetic variation within a linguistic group: the Ge-speaking indians of Brazil. A total  of 562 individuals living in four villages of two Brazilian Indian tribes (Cayapo and Krah\u00f3) was studied in relation to blood groups ABO, MNSs, , Rh, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego; haptoglobin, Gc, acid phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase types. These results were compared with those obtained previously among the Xavante, and the inhabitants of three other Cayapo villages, all of whom speak Ge languages; the ranges in gene frequencies observed in a representative series of South American Indians from all over the continent were also compiled. The Ge Indians are characterized by low frequencies of RZ, medium frequencies of R1, R2, R0, or r, Jka and PGM1/1, and high frequencies of Gc2 and ACPA when compared  with  other South American tribes. Genetic distance analyses based on six loci indicate that the intratribal variability observed among Cayapo is of the same order of magnitude as those obtained among the Xavante and Krah\u00f3, being much less pronounced than those observed among the Yanomama and Makiritare. The intertribal differences within this linguistic group are much less pronounced than those encountered among tribes that speak more differentiated languages."}
{"id": "PMID:910890", "title": "Corrigenda to \"estimation of stature from long limb bones of American Whites and Negroes,\" American Journal Physical Anthropology (1952).", "content": "The amount of disparity between the lengths of the radii and ulnae of 177 Negro female skeletons of the Terry Collection was questioned. An error was found and corrections have been made in the relevant statistics and tables.", "contents": "Corrigenda to \"estimation of stature from long limb bones of American Whites and Negroes,\" American Journal Physical Anthropology (1952). The amount of disparity between the lengths of the radii and ulnae of 177 Negro female skeletons of the Terry Collection was questioned. An error was found and corrections have been made in the relevant statistics and tables."}
{"id": "PMID:910895", "title": "Membrane permeability of isolated lung cells to nonelectrolytes.", "content": "Mixtures of viable endothelial and epithelial cells were separated by enzymatic digestion from rabbit lung and recovered by centrifugation. The cells were mixed with an extracellular marker and packed by centrifugation into small-diameter polyethylene tubing and pulsed with tritiated water and 14C-labeled alcohols. Calculation of diffusion coefficients for the packed cell column (D), intracellular material (D2), and extracellular fluid (D1) was based on a local steady-state one-dimensional diffusional model. Permeability coefficients were: tritiated water, 288 X 10(-5) cm s-1; methanol, 385 X 10(-5) cm s-1; ethanol, 214 X 10(-5) cm s-1; propanol, 277 X 10(-5) cm s-1; and hexanol, 1255 X 10(-5) cm s-1. The permeability coefficients of these aliphatic alcohols show a minimum at ethanol with hexanol having the highest value of all substances tested. The results support the concept of parallel aqueous and lipid pathways for small solutes in the plasma membrane. Study of the permeability properties of isolated lung cells can provide information on the cellular pathway in the transcapillary transport of water and solutes in the lung.", "contents": "Membrane permeability of isolated lung cells to nonelectrolytes. Mixtures of viable endothelial and epithelial cells were separated by enzymatic digestion from rabbit lung and recovered by centrifugation. The cells were mixed with an extracellular marker and packed by centrifugation into small-diameter polyethylene tubing and pulsed with tritiated water and 14C-labeled alcohols. Calculation of diffusion coefficients for the packed cell column (D), intracellular material (D2), and extracellular fluid (D1) was based on a local steady-state one-dimensional diffusional model. Permeability coefficients were: tritiated water, 288 X 10(-5) cm s-1; methanol, 385 X 10(-5) cm s-1; ethanol, 214 X 10(-5) cm s-1; propanol, 277 X 10(-5) cm s-1; and hexanol, 1255 X 10(-5) cm s-1. The permeability coefficients of these aliphatic alcohols show a minimum at ethanol with hexanol having the highest value of all substances tested. The results support the concept of parallel aqueous and lipid pathways for small solutes in the plasma membrane. Study of the permeability properties of isolated lung cells can provide information on the cellular pathway in the transcapillary transport of water and solutes in the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:910896", "title": "Protein transport across cerebral vessels during metrazole-induced convulsions.", "content": "The effects of pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions on cerebrovascular permeability for horseradish peroxidase were studied in locally anesthetized, artificially respired, paralyzed cats. Horseradish peroxidase circulated for 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min and accumulated in medium-size, i.e., arterial or venous, blood vessel walls. Cerebral neuropil was permeated earliest in thalamic nuclei including medial and lateral geniculate nuclei. No tight junctions containing horseradish peroxidase were found. With 1.0 and 2.5 min circulation of horseradish peroxidase, arterial adventitia and basement membranes contained more peroxidase than surrounding interstitial space in contrast to veins and capillaries. Convulsions increased the number of endothelial vesicles containing horseradish peroxidase in arteries, veins, and capillaries but total number (stained plus unstained) of endothelial vesicles was increased slightly only in capillaries. We conclude that increased permeability is initially at the arterial level, although veins may also become permeable. The role of the endothelial vesicles in transit or protein in and out of the nervous system is not clear.", "contents": "Protein transport across cerebral vessels during metrazole-induced convulsions. The effects of pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions on cerebrovascular permeability for horseradish peroxidase were studied in locally anesthetized, artificially respired, paralyzed cats. Horseradish peroxidase circulated for 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min and accumulated in medium-size, i.e., arterial or venous, blood vessel walls. Cerebral neuropil was permeated earliest in thalamic nuclei including medial and lateral geniculate nuclei. No tight junctions containing horseradish peroxidase were found. With 1.0 and 2.5 min circulation of horseradish peroxidase, arterial adventitia and basement membranes contained more peroxidase than surrounding interstitial space in contrast to veins and capillaries. Convulsions increased the number of endothelial vesicles containing horseradish peroxidase in arteries, veins, and capillaries but total number (stained plus unstained) of endothelial vesicles was increased slightly only in capillaries. We conclude that increased permeability is initially at the arterial level, although veins may also become permeable. The role of the endothelial vesicles in transit or protein in and out of the nervous system is not clear."}
{"id": "PMID:910897", "title": "Mechanical properties of tracheal smooth muscle: effects of temperature.", "content": "The effect of temperature on the isometric tetanic myogram was studied in isolated canine tracheal smooth muscle (TSM). At 37 degrees C and 27 degrees C no significant change occurred in maximum tetanic tension (PO). At 17 degrees C a significant reduction was seen Values of Q10 for contraction time (tPO) were almost halved, whereas those for rate of tension development (dP/dt) were almost doubled. The effect of the same temperatures on the force-velocity (F-v) relationships was also studied. All three F-v curves were described by the Hill equation, (P + a) (v + b) = (PO + a)b. Vmax and b decreased with decreased temperature, with Q10's demonstrating they were dependent on active processes. Finally, the decreased dP/dt of the myogram at lower temperatures was felt to be the probable result of decreased contractile element velocity because no decrease in series elastic component stiffness was demonstrable, there being instead an increase in stiffness at lower temperatures.", "contents": "Mechanical properties of tracheal smooth muscle: effects of temperature. The effect of temperature on the isometric tetanic myogram was studied in isolated canine tracheal smooth muscle (TSM). At 37 degrees C and 27 degrees C no significant change occurred in maximum tetanic tension (PO). At 17 degrees C a significant reduction was seen Values of Q10 for contraction time (tPO) were almost halved, whereas those for rate of tension development (dP/dt) were almost doubled. The effect of the same temperatures on the force-velocity (F-v) relationships was also studied. All three F-v curves were described by the Hill equation, (P + a) (v + b) = (PO + a)b. Vmax and b decreased with decreased temperature, with Q10's demonstrating they were dependent on active processes. Finally, the decreased dP/dt of the myogram at lower temperatures was felt to be the probable result of decreased contractile element velocity because no decrease in series elastic component stiffness was demonstrable, there being instead an increase in stiffness at lower temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:910899", "title": "Adrenergic control of pineal N-acetyltransferase activity: developmental aspects.", "content": "The activity of pineal N-acetyltransferase in the neonatal rat does not exhibit the large daily rhythm seen in the adult and is intermediate between the low day and high night adult values. These intermediate values appear to result from adrenergic stimulation. Blockade of adrenergic receptors or of catecholamine synthesis results in a decrease in enzyme activity in vivo. In vitro studies provide additional evidence of a completely developed postsynaptic adrenergic control system for pineal N-acetyltransferase activity at birth. Our observations indicate that the appearance of a circadian rhythm in pineal N-acetyltransferase at the end of the first week of life reflects the development of presynaptic mechanisms and structures necessary for the control of catecholamine release and uptake. These events follow the developmental appearance of the postsynaptic mechanisms required to mediate the adrenergic-cycle AMP regulation of pineal N-acetyltransferase activity, which can be detected prior to birth.", "contents": "Adrenergic control of pineal N-acetyltransferase activity: developmental aspects. The activity of pineal N-acetyltransferase in the neonatal rat does not exhibit the large daily rhythm seen in the adult and is intermediate between the low day and high night adult values. These intermediate values appear to result from adrenergic stimulation. Blockade of adrenergic receptors or of catecholamine synthesis results in a decrease in enzyme activity in vivo. In vitro studies provide additional evidence of a completely developed postsynaptic adrenergic control system for pineal N-acetyltransferase activity at birth. Our observations indicate that the appearance of a circadian rhythm in pineal N-acetyltransferase at the end of the first week of life reflects the development of presynaptic mechanisms and structures necessary for the control of catecholamine release and uptake. These events follow the developmental appearance of the postsynaptic mechanisms required to mediate the adrenergic-cycle AMP regulation of pineal N-acetyltransferase activity, which can be detected prior to birth."}
{"id": "PMID:910901", "title": "Esophageal manometry in the opossum.", "content": "The opossum esophagus is commonly used as an animal model of the human esophagus. We used esophageal manometry in normal animals to provide basal data about normal esophageal motor functions in vivo in this species. At rest, separate and distinct high pressure zones can be recorded at the level of the lower esophageal sphincter, diaphragmatic hiatus, aortic arch, and upper esophageal sphincter. Each zone demonstrates a characteristic pattern of pressures in the radii of the coronal section and a characteristic response to swallowing. The hiatal and aortic zones can be mistaken for the esophageal sphincters. Pressures in the sphincters fall with swallowing. Peristalsis is not bolus-dependent and occurs with 98% of swallows. Pressures generated by peristalsis are greater in the middle of the esophagus than at the ends. Values for resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure and the characteristics of peristalsis were reproducible between different studies in the same animals.", "contents": "Esophageal manometry in the opossum. The opossum esophagus is commonly used as an animal model of the human esophagus. We used esophageal manometry in normal animals to provide basal data about normal esophageal motor functions in vivo in this species. At rest, separate and distinct high pressure zones can be recorded at the level of the lower esophageal sphincter, diaphragmatic hiatus, aortic arch, and upper esophageal sphincter. Each zone demonstrates a characteristic pattern of pressures in the radii of the coronal section and a characteristic response to swallowing. The hiatal and aortic zones can be mistaken for the esophageal sphincters. Pressures in the sphincters fall with swallowing. Peristalsis is not bolus-dependent and occurs with 98% of swallows. Pressures generated by peristalsis are greater in the middle of the esophagus than at the ends. Values for resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure and the characteristics of peristalsis were reproducible between different studies in the same animals."}
{"id": "PMID:910902", "title": "Effect of thyroparathyroidectomy of calcium metabolism in rats: role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "Thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) decreases plasma calcium, bone formation and resorption, and tubular reabsorption of calcium. It also reduces the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] which very likely results in the decrease in the intestinal calcium absorption (Vna) observed after TPTX. We have examined whether the influence of TPTX on plasma calcium and bone calcium fluxes could be corrected by doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (2 X 13 pmol/day ip), which just normalize Vna. The study was made by calcium balance and 45Ca kinetics in rats receiving a normal supply of vitamin D3. The results show that in TPTX rats physiological doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 increased plasma calcium and decreased plasma phosphate. Calcium retention was not fully corrected because 1,25-(OH)2D3 increased urinary calcium excretion. The deposition into and the release of calcium from bone were enhanced by 1,25-(OH)2D3 but remained lower than in pair-fed sham-operated animals. Thus, in as much as the diminished renal production of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in TPTX is entirely responsible for the reduced Vna, the decrease in 1,25-(OH)2D3 could only partly explain the effect of thyroparathyroidectomy on bone calcium fluxes.", "contents": "Effect of thyroparathyroidectomy of calcium metabolism in rats: role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) decreases plasma calcium, bone formation and resorption, and tubular reabsorption of calcium. It also reduces the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] which very likely results in the decrease in the intestinal calcium absorption (Vna) observed after TPTX. We have examined whether the influence of TPTX on plasma calcium and bone calcium fluxes could be corrected by doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (2 X 13 pmol/day ip), which just normalize Vna. The study was made by calcium balance and 45Ca kinetics in rats receiving a normal supply of vitamin D3. The results show that in TPTX rats physiological doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 increased plasma calcium and decreased plasma phosphate. Calcium retention was not fully corrected because 1,25-(OH)2D3 increased urinary calcium excretion. The deposition into and the release of calcium from bone were enhanced by 1,25-(OH)2D3 but remained lower than in pair-fed sham-operated animals. Thus, in as much as the diminished renal production of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in TPTX is entirely responsible for the reduced Vna, the decrease in 1,25-(OH)2D3 could only partly explain the effect of thyroparathyroidectomy on bone calcium fluxes."}
{"id": "PMID:910903", "title": "Magnesium-fluoride interrelationships in man. I. Effect of fluoride on magnesium metabolism.", "content": "Metabolic balances of fluoride and magnesium were determined in man in control studies and during fluoride supplementation. The studies were carried out during three intake levels of calcium (200, 1,400, and 2,200 mg/day) and during two intake levels of phosphorus (800 mg and 1,400 mg/day). The intake of about 10 mg fluoride per day, given as NaF, resulted in a two- to threefold increase of the urinary and fecal fluoride excretion. However, during the high fluoride intake, the urinary magnesium remained about the same, the fecal magnesium increased slightly, and the magnesium balances did not differ significantly. This was the case whether fluoride was given during a low or high calcium intake in the absence or presence of added phosphorus. Similar results were obtained with large doses of fluoride (40-45 mg/day) given to patients with osteoporosis. The studies have shown that supplemental fluoride ranging from 10 to 45 mg/day did not affect the magnesium balance during calcium intakes that ranged from 200 to 2,200 mg/day and during phosphorus intakes that ranged from 800 to 1,400 mg/day.", "contents": "Magnesium-fluoride interrelationships in man. I. Effect of fluoride on magnesium metabolism. Metabolic balances of fluoride and magnesium were determined in man in control studies and during fluoride supplementation. The studies were carried out during three intake levels of calcium (200, 1,400, and 2,200 mg/day) and during two intake levels of phosphorus (800 mg and 1,400 mg/day). The intake of about 10 mg fluoride per day, given as NaF, resulted in a two- to threefold increase of the urinary and fecal fluoride excretion. However, during the high fluoride intake, the urinary magnesium remained about the same, the fecal magnesium increased slightly, and the magnesium balances did not differ significantly. This was the case whether fluoride was given during a low or high calcium intake in the absence or presence of added phosphorus. Similar results were obtained with large doses of fluoride (40-45 mg/day) given to patients with osteoporosis. The studies have shown that supplemental fluoride ranging from 10 to 45 mg/day did not affect the magnesium balance during calcium intakes that ranged from 200 to 2,200 mg/day and during phosphorus intakes that ranged from 800 to 1,400 mg/day."}
{"id": "PMID:910905", "title": "Gluconeogenesis in the suckling rat.", "content": "Gluconeogenesis from lactate was increased more than twofold in perfused livers and isolated hepatocytes from 10- and 15-day-old suckling rats compared with adult rats and was not increased by fasting. Glucagon (10(-19)-10(-7) M) induced minimal activation of gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes from such animals even though it promoted accumulation of cAMP. Suckling rats had low plasma insulin levels and high plasma glucagon levels. The presented very low insulin/glucagon ratios were associated with high liver cAMP levels. Contrary to the situation in adult rats, glucagon levels fell with fasting. Insulin levels fell proportionally further so that the insulin/glucagon ratios declined. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that the high glucagon and low insulin levels in young suckling rats result in high liver cAMP levels with resultant maximal stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis so that it cannot be further increased by fasting or exogenous glucagon. It is also suggested that milk is an important stimulus to the hyperglucagonemia of suckling rats in view of its high protein and low carbohydrate content.", "contents": "Gluconeogenesis in the suckling rat. Gluconeogenesis from lactate was increased more than twofold in perfused livers and isolated hepatocytes from 10- and 15-day-old suckling rats compared with adult rats and was not increased by fasting. Glucagon (10(-19)-10(-7) M) induced minimal activation of gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes from such animals even though it promoted accumulation of cAMP. Suckling rats had low plasma insulin levels and high plasma glucagon levels. The presented very low insulin/glucagon ratios were associated with high liver cAMP levels. Contrary to the situation in adult rats, glucagon levels fell with fasting. Insulin levels fell proportionally further so that the insulin/glucagon ratios declined. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that the high glucagon and low insulin levels in young suckling rats result in high liver cAMP levels with resultant maximal stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis so that it cannot be further increased by fasting or exogenous glucagon. It is also suggested that milk is an important stimulus to the hyperglucagonemia of suckling rats in view of its high protein and low carbohydrate content."}
{"id": "PMID:910906", "title": "Effect of insulin, glucose, and controlled diabetes mellitus on human jejunal function.", "content": "The effects of serum insulin concentration, serum glucose concentration, and of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on human jejunal glucose, Na, and H2O absorption were assessed. Triple-lumen perfusion studies were carried out in 20 nondiabetic and 9 insulin-requiring diabetic male volunteers. In seven normal subjects, sequential elevation of serum insulin concentrations from 20 muU/ml to 50 and 100 muU/ml for 2 h each, with maintenance of constant serum glucose levels, failed to significantly alter glucose, Na, and H2O absorption. Absorption of glucose, Na, and H2O was similar when the serum glucose concentration was maintained at 125 and at 250 mg/100 ml. Glucose absorption results during 26 perfusion studies in 20 control subjects were compared with results obtained during 20 perfusion studies in 9 diabetic subjects. Glucose concentrations in isotonic perfusates were 25, 40, or 75 mM. Na and H2O absorption rates were similar in both groups. Regression lines relating glucose load or geometric mean study segment glucose concentration to glucose absorption were also comparable. These results indicate that insulin-requiring diabetics absorb glucose, Na, and H2O normally.", "contents": "Effect of insulin, glucose, and controlled diabetes mellitus on human jejunal function. The effects of serum insulin concentration, serum glucose concentration, and of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on human jejunal glucose, Na, and H2O absorption were assessed. Triple-lumen perfusion studies were carried out in 20 nondiabetic and 9 insulin-requiring diabetic male volunteers. In seven normal subjects, sequential elevation of serum insulin concentrations from 20 muU/ml to 50 and 100 muU/ml for 2 h each, with maintenance of constant serum glucose levels, failed to significantly alter glucose, Na, and H2O absorption. Absorption of glucose, Na, and H2O was similar when the serum glucose concentration was maintained at 125 and at 250 mg/100 ml. Glucose absorption results during 26 perfusion studies in 20 control subjects were compared with results obtained during 20 perfusion studies in 9 diabetic subjects. Glucose concentrations in isotonic perfusates were 25, 40, or 75 mM. Na and H2O absorption rates were similar in both groups. Regression lines relating glucose load or geometric mean study segment glucose concentration to glucose absorption were also comparable. These results indicate that insulin-requiring diabetics absorb glucose, Na, and H2O normally."}
{"id": "PMID:910909", "title": "Effect of lumenal contents on colonic cell replacement.", "content": "Recent studies have shown that the rate of colonic cell renewal can be altered through fasting and refeeding, which produces a marked depression and transient stimulation, respectively. In the present study, the role of physical versus nutritional stimulation in the colonic fasting-refeeding response and the renewal of the functional colonic compartment were evaluated via a nondestructive colonic ligation procedure. The results reported herein suggest that physical stimulation by lumenal factors is in part required to initiate the colonic hyperplasia seen after refeeding. Blood-borne nutritional factors, in the absence of physical stimulation, cannot alone stimulate colonic cell production. Additional evidence is presented which suggests that this physical stimulation may be manifested through the lumenal distension produced by the newly ingested food materials. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of influencing the functional colonic compartment and physiological capacity.", "contents": "Effect of lumenal contents on colonic cell replacement. Recent studies have shown that the rate of colonic cell renewal can be altered through fasting and refeeding, which produces a marked depression and transient stimulation, respectively. In the present study, the role of physical versus nutritional stimulation in the colonic fasting-refeeding response and the renewal of the functional colonic compartment were evaluated via a nondestructive colonic ligation procedure. The results reported herein suggest that physical stimulation by lumenal factors is in part required to initiate the colonic hyperplasia seen after refeeding. Blood-borne nutritional factors, in the absence of physical stimulation, cannot alone stimulate colonic cell production. Additional evidence is presented which suggests that this physical stimulation may be manifested through the lumenal distension produced by the newly ingested food materials. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of influencing the functional colonic compartment and physiological capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:910910", "title": "Stimulation of renal phospholipid formation during potassium depletion.", "content": "Potassium depletion induces increased membrane phospholipid formation and renal growth in rats. To determine the mechanism by which potassium depletion augments phospholipid formation, the metabolism of radioactive choline, a precursor of choline-containing phospholipids, was studied in renal slices. Cortical and medullary tissue from potassium-depleted and control animals accumulated extracellular choline and sequentially converted it to phosphorylcholine, cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), and choline phosphoglyceride, thereby demonstrating that renal cells can utilize the Kennedy pathway for phospholipid synthesis. [14C]Choline uptake into intracellular fluid was increased in cortical slices from potassium-depleted animals. The apparent Km and Vmax of the kinase reaction which converts entering [14C]choline to [14C]phosphorylcholine were unchanged during potassium depletion. The rate of [14C]phosphorylcholine conversion to [14C]CDP-choline was also unchanged. In contrast, the Vmax of [14C]choline phosphoglyceride formation from [14C]CDP-choline was increased, whereas the apparent Km for this reaction was unchanged. These results indicate that increased renal choline phosphoglyceride formation during potassium depletion can occur via the Kennedy pathway and appears to be mediated by increases in choline uptake and the rate of CDP-choline incorporation into phospholipid, the first and last steps of the pathway.", "contents": "Stimulation of renal phospholipid formation during potassium depletion. Potassium depletion induces increased membrane phospholipid formation and renal growth in rats. To determine the mechanism by which potassium depletion augments phospholipid formation, the metabolism of radioactive choline, a precursor of choline-containing phospholipids, was studied in renal slices. Cortical and medullary tissue from potassium-depleted and control animals accumulated extracellular choline and sequentially converted it to phosphorylcholine, cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), and choline phosphoglyceride, thereby demonstrating that renal cells can utilize the Kennedy pathway for phospholipid synthesis. [14C]Choline uptake into intracellular fluid was increased in cortical slices from potassium-depleted animals. The apparent Km and Vmax of the kinase reaction which converts entering [14C]choline to [14C]phosphorylcholine were unchanged during potassium depletion. The rate of [14C]phosphorylcholine conversion to [14C]CDP-choline was also unchanged. In contrast, the Vmax of [14C]choline phosphoglyceride formation from [14C]CDP-choline was increased, whereas the apparent Km for this reaction was unchanged. These results indicate that increased renal choline phosphoglyceride formation during potassium depletion can occur via the Kennedy pathway and appears to be mediated by increases in choline uptake and the rate of CDP-choline incorporation into phospholipid, the first and last steps of the pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:910912", "title": "Renal extraction, filtration, absorption, and catabolism of growth hormone.", "content": "Renal handling of homologous labeled rat growth hormone (125I-rGH) was studied in the intact rat and in a filtering and nonfiltering isolated perfused rat kidney preparation. Plasma disappearance rate, renal accumulation, renal clearance (C), glomerular sieving coefficient (GSC), absorption rates, and fate of absorbed hormones were determined. 125I-rGH is extensively filtered (GSC approximately 0.6) and subsequently absorbed by the tubular epithelium (C/GRF less than 1%). The absorption process of 125I-rGH has a high capacity and is inhibited by iodoacetate. Absorbed 125I-rGH is catabolized and a detectable product of catabolism (125I-monoiodotyrosine) is returned to the circulation. A nonfiltering kidney preparation with adequate renal perfusate flow was developed to study the contribution of the peritubular side to the renal handling of small proteins. Experiments in the nonfiltering kidney show that renal accumulation, extraction, and catabolism of 125I-rGH from the peritubular side is minimal when compared to that occurring from the luminal side. The ratio of the renal extraction rate of 125I-rGH in the isolated kidney and the mean plasma disappearance rate of 125I-rGH in the intact rat was 0.67, demonstrating that the kidneys account for the major fraction of the total plasma turnover of GH in the rat.", "contents": "Renal extraction, filtration, absorption, and catabolism of growth hormone. Renal handling of homologous labeled rat growth hormone (125I-rGH) was studied in the intact rat and in a filtering and nonfiltering isolated perfused rat kidney preparation. Plasma disappearance rate, renal accumulation, renal clearance (C), glomerular sieving coefficient (GSC), absorption rates, and fate of absorbed hormones were determined. 125I-rGH is extensively filtered (GSC approximately 0.6) and subsequently absorbed by the tubular epithelium (C/GRF less than 1%). The absorption process of 125I-rGH has a high capacity and is inhibited by iodoacetate. Absorbed 125I-rGH is catabolized and a detectable product of catabolism (125I-monoiodotyrosine) is returned to the circulation. A nonfiltering kidney preparation with adequate renal perfusate flow was developed to study the contribution of the peritubular side to the renal handling of small proteins. Experiments in the nonfiltering kidney show that renal accumulation, extraction, and catabolism of 125I-rGH from the peritubular side is minimal when compared to that occurring from the luminal side. The ratio of the renal extraction rate of 125I-rGH in the isolated kidney and the mean plasma disappearance rate of 125I-rGH in the intact rat was 0.67, demonstrating that the kidneys account for the major fraction of the total plasma turnover of GH in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:910911", "title": "Histamine H1- and H2-receptor vasodilation of canine intestinal circulation.", "content": "Studies were conducted in anesthetized dogs to determine whether the mesenteric vasodilator response to histamine is mediated by H1 receptors alone or whether H2 receptors are also involved in the response. Evidence favoring a role for both receptors included: 1) the vasodilator response to histamine was inhibited by either the H1-receptor antagonist, tripelennamine, or the H2-receptor antagonist, metiamide; 2) both the H1 agonist, 2-methylhistamine, and the H2 agonist, 4-methylhistamine, induced dilator responses in the mesenteric circulation; and 3) two temporal patterns of vasodilation could be distinguished, namely a transient spike and subsequent fade of blood flow (seen with either the H1 agonist or with histamine after H2-receptor blockade) and a sustained and stable increase in flow (seen with either the H2 agonist or with histamine after H1 blockade). Metiamide appeared to be a potent inhibitor of the mesenteric vasodilator response to histamine at least equal to tripelennamine.", "contents": "Histamine H1- and H2-receptor vasodilation of canine intestinal circulation. Studies were conducted in anesthetized dogs to determine whether the mesenteric vasodilator response to histamine is mediated by H1 receptors alone or whether H2 receptors are also involved in the response. Evidence favoring a role for both receptors included: 1) the vasodilator response to histamine was inhibited by either the H1-receptor antagonist, tripelennamine, or the H2-receptor antagonist, metiamide; 2) both the H1 agonist, 2-methylhistamine, and the H2 agonist, 4-methylhistamine, induced dilator responses in the mesenteric circulation; and 3) two temporal patterns of vasodilation could be distinguished, namely a transient spike and subsequent fade of blood flow (seen with either the H1 agonist or with histamine after H2-receptor blockade) and a sustained and stable increase in flow (seen with either the H2 agonist or with histamine after H1 blockade). Metiamide appeared to be a potent inhibitor of the mesenteric vasodilator response to histamine at least equal to tripelennamine."}
{"id": "PMID:910915", "title": "Renal energy metabolism and sodium reabsorption after 2,4-dinitrophenol administration.", "content": "2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) (10 mg/kg body wt i.v.) increased renal cortical and outer medullary heat production rates and oxygen consumption by 70-90% in anesthetized dogs over a 90-min observation period without exerting any natriuretic effect. To examine whether DNP inhibited proximal reabsorption and increased distal delivery, ethacrynic acid (3 mg/kg body wt) was infused during maximal DNP effect. Sodium reabsorption fell by 14 +/- 6% in the cortex and 55 +/- 8% in the outer medulla, not significantly different from control experiments without DNP. Conversely, after ethacrynic acid administration, DNP had no additional natriuretic effect. Since DNP did not stimulate renal anaerobic metabolism (no lactate release), the effect of DNP was examined during hypoxia induced by intravenous infusion of NaCN (0.2 mumol/kg body wt-min) until renal metabolic rates fell. Subsequent infusion of DNP reduced tubular sodium reabsorption from 90 +/- 2 to 78 +/- 6%. Thus, DNP may raise renal metabolic rates by 70-90% without inhibiting sodium reabsorption, but, under conditions of hypoxia, DNP reduces sodium reabsorption and increases sodium excretion.", "contents": "Renal energy metabolism and sodium reabsorption after 2,4-dinitrophenol administration. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) (10 mg/kg body wt i.v.) increased renal cortical and outer medullary heat production rates and oxygen consumption by 70-90% in anesthetized dogs over a 90-min observation period without exerting any natriuretic effect. To examine whether DNP inhibited proximal reabsorption and increased distal delivery, ethacrynic acid (3 mg/kg body wt) was infused during maximal DNP effect. Sodium reabsorption fell by 14 +/- 6% in the cortex and 55 +/- 8% in the outer medulla, not significantly different from control experiments without DNP. Conversely, after ethacrynic acid administration, DNP had no additional natriuretic effect. Since DNP did not stimulate renal anaerobic metabolism (no lactate release), the effect of DNP was examined during hypoxia induced by intravenous infusion of NaCN (0.2 mumol/kg body wt-min) until renal metabolic rates fell. Subsequent infusion of DNP reduced tubular sodium reabsorption from 90 +/- 2 to 78 +/- 6%. Thus, DNP may raise renal metabolic rates by 70-90% without inhibiting sodium reabsorption, but, under conditions of hypoxia, DNP reduces sodium reabsorption and increases sodium excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:910916", "title": "Aldosterone and postprandial renal excretion of sodium and potassium in sheep.", "content": "When sheep rapidly eat a meal of dry feed a period of antinatriuresis and antidiuresis is rapidly initiated and lasts for 2-3 hrs. This is followed by a postprandial period of natriuresis and diuresis. This study tested the hypothesis that the postprandial natriuresis was due to a reduction in the secretion of aldosterone. In unanesthetized ewes of about 50 kg body wt, measurements were made of sodium and potassium excretion beginning in the terminal phase of the feed-induced antinatriuresis and continuing through the period of postprandial natriuresis. Aldosterone, given by constant infusion at a physiological dose (10 microgram/h), inhibited the natriuresis. Spironolactone, a competitive inhibitor of aldosterone given as a single intravenous injection of 5 mg/kg body wt, did not significantly increase the natriuresis. These results support the stated hypothesis. Neither aldosterone nor spironolactone had a significant effect on potassium excretion. This finding supports earlier view that aldosterone has only a small role in the homeostatic control of potassium excretion in sheep.", "contents": "Aldosterone and postprandial renal excretion of sodium and potassium in sheep. When sheep rapidly eat a meal of dry feed a period of antinatriuresis and antidiuresis is rapidly initiated and lasts for 2-3 hrs. This is followed by a postprandial period of natriuresis and diuresis. This study tested the hypothesis that the postprandial natriuresis was due to a reduction in the secretion of aldosterone. In unanesthetized ewes of about 50 kg body wt, measurements were made of sodium and potassium excretion beginning in the terminal phase of the feed-induced antinatriuresis and continuing through the period of postprandial natriuresis. Aldosterone, given by constant infusion at a physiological dose (10 microgram/h), inhibited the natriuresis. Spironolactone, a competitive inhibitor of aldosterone given as a single intravenous injection of 5 mg/kg body wt, did not significantly increase the natriuresis. These results support the stated hypothesis. Neither aldosterone nor spironolactone had a significant effect on potassium excretion. This finding supports earlier view that aldosterone has only a small role in the homeostatic control of potassium excretion in sheep."}
{"id": "PMID:910917", "title": "Feedback control of glomerular filtration rate in isolated, blood-perfused dog kidneys.", "content": "Micropuncture studies were done in isolated, blood-perfused dog kidneys to investigate the intrarenal nature of tubuloglomerular feedback regulation of nephron filtration rate. Collections were made at early proximal tubular sites during alterations in flow through the loop of Henle to elicit the feedback response. Renal blood flow in the 10 isolated kidneys averaged 4 ml/ min-g kidney after an initial vasoconstriction. Filtration rate was 0.52 +/- 0.12 ml/min-g kidney for the period 90-120 min, but progressively fell after 120 min, as did fractional sodium reabsorption and PAH extraction. The feedback regulation of nephron filtration rate was demonstrated during the first 3 hrs of perfusion even with subnormal renal function. The feedback response expressed as the percent reduction of early proximal flow rate when loop of Henle flow was elevated from 0 to 45 nl/min was 41.3 +/- 4.5 (for the first 90 min), 35.3 +/- 7.5 (90-120 min), 24.3 +/- 6.8 (120-150 min), and 26.6 +/- 7.7% (150-180 min). After 180 min, the feedback response was no longer demonstrated. These results show that feedback-induced changes in nephron filtration rate are achieved in the absence of nervous system influences.", "contents": "Feedback control of glomerular filtration rate in isolated, blood-perfused dog kidneys. Micropuncture studies were done in isolated, blood-perfused dog kidneys to investigate the intrarenal nature of tubuloglomerular feedback regulation of nephron filtration rate. Collections were made at early proximal tubular sites during alterations in flow through the loop of Henle to elicit the feedback response. Renal blood flow in the 10 isolated kidneys averaged 4 ml/ min-g kidney after an initial vasoconstriction. Filtration rate was 0.52 +/- 0.12 ml/min-g kidney for the period 90-120 min, but progressively fell after 120 min, as did fractional sodium reabsorption and PAH extraction. The feedback regulation of nephron filtration rate was demonstrated during the first 3 hrs of perfusion even with subnormal renal function. The feedback response expressed as the percent reduction of early proximal flow rate when loop of Henle flow was elevated from 0 to 45 nl/min was 41.3 +/- 4.5 (for the first 90 min), 35.3 +/- 7.5 (90-120 min), 24.3 +/- 6.8 (120-150 min), and 26.6 +/- 7.7% (150-180 min). After 180 min, the feedback response was no longer demonstrated. These results show that feedback-induced changes in nephron filtration rate are achieved in the absence of nervous system influences."}
{"id": "PMID:910920", "title": "Ontogeny of glycine transport in isolated rat renal tubules.", "content": "Isolated renal tubule preparations were made from newborn Sprague-Dawley rats and used to study initial entry rate kinetics of glycine. The results were compared to those obtained in the isolated tubule preparation from the adult rat kidney. While initial rates of glycine uptake were identical for newborn and adult tubules, significant differences in influx kinetics were demonstrated. Of the two apparent transport Km systems shown to be present in the newborn tubule, the high-affinity, low-capacity system accounts for about 40% of total glycine  uptake at physiologic concentrations. The high-affinity, low-capacity system of the adult tissue accounts for about 10% of total uptake at the same concentration range. The data lend strength to the argument against the concept that the physiologic hyperglycinuria of the newborn rat is due to either impaired ability to concentrate glycine intracellularly or to absence of one or more transport mechanisms for glycine.", "contents": "Ontogeny of glycine transport in isolated rat renal tubules. Isolated renal tubule preparations were made from newborn Sprague-Dawley rats and used to study initial entry rate kinetics of glycine. The results were compared to those obtained in the isolated tubule preparation from the adult rat kidney. While initial rates of glycine uptake were identical for newborn and adult tubules, significant differences in influx kinetics were demonstrated. Of the two apparent transport Km systems shown to be present in the newborn tubule, the high-affinity, low-capacity system accounts for about 40% of total glycine  uptake at physiologic concentrations. The high-affinity, low-capacity system of the adult tissue accounts for about 10% of total uptake at the same concentration range. The data lend strength to the argument against the concept that the physiologic hyperglycinuria of the newborn rat is due to either impaired ability to concentrate glycine intracellularly or to absence of one or more transport mechanisms for glycine."}
{"id": "PMID:910921", "title": "Glycerol-induced acute renal failure in the two kidney Goldblatt rat.", "content": "One to four weeks after the left renal artery was clipped and the contralateral kidney was left untouched in Sprague-Dawley rats (two-kidney Goldblatt preparation), the clips were removed under ether anesthesia and 10 ml/kg body wt of either 150 mM NaCl (control) or 50% glycerol in water (experimental) were injected intramuscularly. The next day the rats were anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital) and the renal function of both kidneys was measured, after which the renal cortical renin content was measured by incubation of tissue homogenate with angiotensinase-free rat renin substrate. Radioimmunoassay was used to determine the rate of angiotensin I production. Compared with controls, both kidneys of glycerol-injected rats had reduced GFR (left 28, right 18% of controls), increased percentage of fractional water excretion (left 5, right 6 times controls), and increased percentage of fractional Na excretion (left 3, right 4 times controls). Despite large differences in renal renin (left 28, 676, right 1,329 ng angiotensin I/h per mg protein), the extent of renal failure produced by glycerol was equal in the left and right kidneys. These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that renal renin content is directly related to the severity of glycerol-induced renal failure in rats.", "contents": "Glycerol-induced acute renal failure in the two kidney Goldblatt rat. One to four weeks after the left renal artery was clipped and the contralateral kidney was left untouched in Sprague-Dawley rats (two-kidney Goldblatt preparation), the clips were removed under ether anesthesia and 10 ml/kg body wt of either 150 mM NaCl (control) or 50% glycerol in water (experimental) were injected intramuscularly. The next day the rats were anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital) and the renal function of both kidneys was measured, after which the renal cortical renin content was measured by incubation of tissue homogenate with angiotensinase-free rat renin substrate. Radioimmunoassay was used to determine the rate of angiotensin I production. Compared with controls, both kidneys of glycerol-injected rats had reduced GFR (left 28, right 18% of controls), increased percentage of fractional water excretion (left 5, right 6 times controls), and increased percentage of fractional Na excretion (left 3, right 4 times controls). Despite large differences in renal renin (left 28, 676, right 1,329 ng angiotensin I/h per mg protein), the extent of renal failure produced by glycerol was equal in the left and right kidneys. These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that renal renin content is directly related to the severity of glycerol-induced renal failure in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:910922", "title": "Indirect measurement of total exchangeable potassium.", "content": "A technique is described for the indirect measurement of total exchangeable potassium (Ke) that involves neither the rapidly decaying radioisotopes of potassium nor a total body counter. Total exchangeable sodium (Nae) and total body water (TBW) are measured by isotope dilution. Ke is calculated from Ke = R (TBW) - Nae, where R is the ratio of the sodium plus potassium content divided by the water content, in a sample of whole blood. In 19 normal rats and four rats with uremia there was an insignificant difference between the indirect determination of Ke and its direct measurement by carcass analysis. A similar insignificant difference was recorded between the indirect determination of Ke and its direct measurement by potassium-42 dilution in 15 normal dogs, five dogs with uremia, 14 dogs in an hyposmolar state, and in 20 patients. In 25 normal volunteers, Ke was determined indirectly. The regression of Ke on TBW and the 95% confidence intervals of this population was similar to published data in which Ke was determined by potassium-42 dilution. The indirect measurement of Ke was, therefore, validated experimentally.", "contents": "Indirect measurement of total exchangeable potassium. A technique is described for the indirect measurement of total exchangeable potassium (Ke) that involves neither the rapidly decaying radioisotopes of potassium nor a total body counter. Total exchangeable sodium (Nae) and total body water (TBW) are measured by isotope dilution. Ke is calculated from Ke = R (TBW) - Nae, where R is the ratio of the sodium plus potassium content divided by the water content, in a sample of whole blood. In 19 normal rats and four rats with uremia there was an insignificant difference between the indirect determination of Ke and its direct measurement by carcass analysis. A similar insignificant difference was recorded between the indirect determination of Ke and its direct measurement by potassium-42 dilution in 15 normal dogs, five dogs with uremia, 14 dogs in an hyposmolar state, and in 20 patients. In 25 normal volunteers, Ke was determined indirectly. The regression of Ke on TBW and the 95% confidence intervals of this population was similar to published data in which Ke was determined by potassium-42 dilution. The indirect measurement of Ke was, therefore, validated experimentally."}
{"id": "PMID:910923", "title": "Cross-linking of actin and fibrin by fibrin-stabilizing factor.", "content": "Fibrin-stabilizing factor is known to cross-link fibrin monomers. This study was undertaken to explore whether a similar interaction might occur between actin and fibrin. Purified actin and fibrinogen were labeled with 131I and 125I, respectively. The interaction of actin and fibrin, under different conditions, was evaluated by gel electrophoresis. The data show that actin and fibrin are cross-linked in the presence of fibrin-stabilizing factor.", "contents": "Cross-linking of actin and fibrin by fibrin-stabilizing factor. Fibrin-stabilizing factor is known to cross-link fibrin monomers. This study was undertaken to explore whether a similar interaction might occur between actin and fibrin. Purified actin and fibrinogen were labeled with 131I and 125I, respectively. The interaction of actin and fibrin, under different conditions, was evaluated by gel electrophoresis. The data show that actin and fibrin are cross-linked in the presence of fibrin-stabilizing factor."}
{"id": "PMID:910924", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins and endoperoxide analogs on canine saphenous vein.", "content": "Contractile effects of prostaglandins (PGs) have not been widely studied in the canine saphenous vein, as in vitro model for venous function. We studied responses to two PG endoperoxide analogs (PGEA) and to monoenoic and bisenoic PGs of the A, B, E, and F series in helical strips of canine saphenous veins. Isometric changes in force were measured. All agents elicited marked contractions. PGEA were several orders of magnitude more potent than either primary PGs or other venoconstrictors, including norepinephrine. E- and A-types PG had unusual concentration and contraction at high concentration. B-types PG evoked a biphasic contractile response. Bisenoic PGs tended to be more potent than monoenoic PGs of the same type. These results show that canine saphenous veins are highly responsive to PGs and PGEA. These data suggest that these substances could influence venous tone in vivo. However, PG-induced changes in venous tone would depend on which PG or intermediate was present, on PG concentration, and on the prior state of venous tone.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins and endoperoxide analogs on canine saphenous vein. Contractile effects of prostaglandins (PGs) have not been widely studied in the canine saphenous vein, as in vitro model for venous function. We studied responses to two PG endoperoxide analogs (PGEA) and to monoenoic and bisenoic PGs of the A, B, E, and F series in helical strips of canine saphenous veins. Isometric changes in force were measured. All agents elicited marked contractions. PGEA were several orders of magnitude more potent than either primary PGs or other venoconstrictors, including norepinephrine. E- and A-types PG had unusual concentration and contraction at high concentration. B-types PG evoked a biphasic contractile response. Bisenoic PGs tended to be more potent than monoenoic PGs of the same type. These results show that canine saphenous veins are highly responsive to PGs and PGEA. These data suggest that these substances could influence venous tone in vivo. However, PG-induced changes in venous tone would depend on which PG or intermediate was present, on PG concentration, and on the prior state of venous tone."}
{"id": "PMID:910925", "title": "Estrogen attenuation of the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "To examine the effects of estrogen on the development of high blood pressure in rats with a genetic predisposition toward hypertension, we administered to rats of the spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strains 0.05 mg mestranol daily from ages 4 to 13 wks. Control animals of each strain received corn oil placebos. Systolic blood pressure was measured by a microphonic tail-cuff technique twice a week after the rats were 6 wks of age. Estrogen treatment in SHR was associated with a significant reduction in the level of hypertension attained, but estrogen treatment had no effect on blood pressure in WKY. Estrogen prevented normal growth in SHR and WKY, but this effect (reproduced in another group of SHR and WKY by restriction of food intake) was not related to the lower blood pressures seen in estrogen-treated SHR. Thus, it appeared that estrogen administration attenuated the rise in blood pressure normally seen in SHR and that this attenuation was independent of the estrogenic effect on body weight.", "contents": "Estrogen attenuation of the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. To examine the effects of estrogen on the development of high blood pressure in rats with a genetic predisposition toward hypertension, we administered to rats of the spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strains 0.05 mg mestranol daily from ages 4 to 13 wks. Control animals of each strain received corn oil placebos. Systolic blood pressure was measured by a microphonic tail-cuff technique twice a week after the rats were 6 wks of age. Estrogen treatment in SHR was associated with a significant reduction in the level of hypertension attained, but estrogen treatment had no effect on blood pressure in WKY. Estrogen prevented normal growth in SHR and WKY, but this effect (reproduced in another group of SHR and WKY by restriction of food intake) was not related to the lower blood pressures seen in estrogen-treated SHR. Thus, it appeared that estrogen administration attenuated the rise in blood pressure normally seen in SHR and that this attenuation was independent of the estrogenic effect on body weight."}
{"id": "PMID:910926", "title": "Reflex effects on circulation and respiration from contracting skeletal muscle.", "content": "Isometric exercise induced by ventral root stimulation in the anesthetized cat caused heat rate (HR) to increase from 199 +/- 6 beats/min to 206 +/- 6 (P less than 0.001); mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 99 +/- 5.3 mmHg to 112 +/- 5.8 (P less than 0.001); and left ventricular dp/dt at developed pressure of 25 mmHg from 3,960 +/- 204 mmHg/s to 4,380 +/- 220 (P less than 0.001), while end-diastolic pressure remained unchanged. Respiratory volume (RV) increased from 755 +/- 71 ml/min to 1,160 +/- 123 (P less than 0.001). These changes were abolished by cutting the dorsal roots receiving afferents from the exercising muscle. Beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol (1 mg/kg) abolished the changes in heart rate and contractile state; however, changes in MAP and RV still occurred. Induced isometric exercise causes a small rise in HR with a more marked increase in MAP, the contractile state of the left ventricle and RV. In this preparation the cardiovascular and respiratory changes reflexly originate from contracting skeletal muscle as proven by section of the corresponding dorsal roots, and the cardiovascular changes are mediated in part by activation of beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart.", "contents": "Reflex effects on circulation and respiration from contracting skeletal muscle. Isometric exercise induced by ventral root stimulation in the anesthetized cat caused heat rate (HR) to increase from 199 +/- 6 beats/min to 206 +/- 6 (P less than 0.001); mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 99 +/- 5.3 mmHg to 112 +/- 5.8 (P less than 0.001); and left ventricular dp/dt at developed pressure of 25 mmHg from 3,960 +/- 204 mmHg/s to 4,380 +/- 220 (P less than 0.001), while end-diastolic pressure remained unchanged. Respiratory volume (RV) increased from 755 +/- 71 ml/min to 1,160 +/- 123 (P less than 0.001). These changes were abolished by cutting the dorsal roots receiving afferents from the exercising muscle. Beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol (1 mg/kg) abolished the changes in heart rate and contractile state; however, changes in MAP and RV still occurred. Induced isometric exercise causes a small rise in HR with a more marked increase in MAP, the contractile state of the left ventricle and RV. In this preparation the cardiovascular and respiratory changes reflexly originate from contracting skeletal muscle as proven by section of the corresponding dorsal roots, and the cardiovascular changes are mediated in part by activation of beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:910928", "title": "In situ measurement of papillary muscle dynamics in the dog left ventricle.", "content": "In five open-chest dogs, pairs of ultrasonic dimension gauges were implanted in the anterior papillary muscle and in a circumferential subendocardial segment of the anterior left ventricular free wall, and simultaneous recordings were made with intracardiac pressure. The average shortening of the anterior segment in isovolumetric systole was 6% of end-diastolic length (EDL), with a total shortening of 19%. In the papillary muscles, isovolumetric shortening averaged 2%, total shortening was 10%, and shortening velocity was only 0.60 length/s. With acute pressure and volume overload, or inotropic interventions, changes in EDL were relatively less in papillary muscles than in the free wall. During acute occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery, shortening of anterior segments and papillary muscles was replaced by holosystolic lengthening, and occlussion of the circumflex artery produced augmentation of shortening in  both these regions, with lengthening of the posterior papillary muscle. The present study documents shortening of the anterior left ventricular papillary muscle throughout systole that is substantially less than that of the circumferential free wall, and demonstrates severe papillary muscle dysfunction with systolic elongation during regional ischemia.", "contents": "In situ measurement of papillary muscle dynamics in the dog left ventricle. In five open-chest dogs, pairs of ultrasonic dimension gauges were implanted in the anterior papillary muscle and in a circumferential subendocardial segment of the anterior left ventricular free wall, and simultaneous recordings were made with intracardiac pressure. The average shortening of the anterior segment in isovolumetric systole was 6% of end-diastolic length (EDL), with a total shortening of 19%. In the papillary muscles, isovolumetric shortening averaged 2%, total shortening was 10%, and shortening velocity was only 0.60 length/s. With acute pressure and volume overload, or inotropic interventions, changes in EDL were relatively less in papillary muscles than in the free wall. During acute occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery, shortening of anterior segments and papillary muscles was replaced by holosystolic lengthening, and occlussion of the circumflex artery produced augmentation of shortening in  both these regions, with lengthening of the posterior papillary muscle. The present study documents shortening of the anterior left ventricular papillary muscle throughout systole that is substantially less than that of the circumferential free wall, and demonstrates severe papillary muscle dysfunction with systolic elongation during regional ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:910929", "title": "Loss of regional ventricular postextrasystolic potentiation after coronary occlusion in dogs.", "content": "Postextrasystolic potentiation following coronary artery occlusion was studied serially using pairs of ultrasonic crystals to measure regional myocardial function in control, marginally ischemic, and ischemic segments of the left ventricle in dogs. Prior to coronary occlusion (CO), percent shortening in control (normal) segments increased by an average of 51.4 +/- 4.6% in the beat after a premature ventricular contraction (post-PVC beat), and this response changed little after coronary occlusion. During the 1st min after CO, in ischemic segments, systolic expansion developed but was replaced by active shortening in post-PVC beats; however, after 3 min of CO (average) and thereafter, there was no net positive shortening in post-PVC beats. In marginally ischemic segments early after CO, hypokinesia developed, but there was marked augmentation of percent shortening (208.6 +/- 32.6%) which persisted in post-PVC beats even after 2 h. It is concluded that loss of postextrasystolic potentiation occurs rapidly in ischemic regions after CO and is not indicative of irreversible damage; partially ischemic regions retain this mechanism for prolonged periods.", "contents": "Loss of regional ventricular postextrasystolic potentiation after coronary occlusion in dogs. Postextrasystolic potentiation following coronary artery occlusion was studied serially using pairs of ultrasonic crystals to measure regional myocardial function in control, marginally ischemic, and ischemic segments of the left ventricle in dogs. Prior to coronary occlusion (CO), percent shortening in control (normal) segments increased by an average of 51.4 +/- 4.6% in the beat after a premature ventricular contraction (post-PVC beat), and this response changed little after coronary occlusion. During the 1st min after CO, in ischemic segments, systolic expansion developed but was replaced by active shortening in post-PVC beats; however, after 3 min of CO (average) and thereafter, there was no net positive shortening in post-PVC beats. In marginally ischemic segments early after CO, hypokinesia developed, but there was marked augmentation of percent shortening (208.6 +/- 32.6%) which persisted in post-PVC beats even after 2 h. It is concluded that loss of postextrasystolic potentiation occurs rapidly in ischemic regions after CO and is not indicative of irreversible damage; partially ischemic regions retain this mechanism for prolonged periods."}
{"id": "PMID:910931", "title": "Effect of isoproterenol on relation between maximal rate of contraction and maximal rate of relaxation.", "content": "The relaxing effect of two positive inotropic interventions was studied in the isolated rat heart beating at constant rate and perfused at constant coronary flow. Experiments were performed under isotonic or isometric conditions during heart perfusions with Ca2+, 3.5 X 10(-3) M, and with isoproterenol, 10(-7) to 10(-8) M. Changes induced in maximal velocity of contraction (+L or +T) and maximal velocity of relaxation (-L or -T) were analyzed as the ratio between both maximal velocities (+L/-L or +T/-T). For similar increments in the amount of the apex-to-base shortening or in developed tension during Ca2+ or isoproterenol perfusions, the effect on the maximal velocity of relaxation differed for each intervention. High Ca2+ perfusion increased velocities of contraction and relaxation proportionally without significant changes in their ratio. Isoproterenol increased -L or -T more than +L or +T and the ratio showed a significant fall both in isotonic and isometric experiments (+L/-L, -0.33 +/- 0.11 and +T/-T, -0.38 +/- 0.09; P less than 0.01). The relaxing effect of the beta agonist seems to be related to the activation of the protein kinase system since perfusions with dibutyryl 3',5'-cAMP had a greater effect on the relaxation of the hearts.", "contents": "Effect of isoproterenol on relation between maximal rate of contraction and maximal rate of relaxation. The relaxing effect of two positive inotropic interventions was studied in the isolated rat heart beating at constant rate and perfused at constant coronary flow. Experiments were performed under isotonic or isometric conditions during heart perfusions with Ca2+, 3.5 X 10(-3) M, and with isoproterenol, 10(-7) to 10(-8) M. Changes induced in maximal velocity of contraction (+L or +T) and maximal velocity of relaxation (-L or -T) were analyzed as the ratio between both maximal velocities (+L/-L or +T/-T). For similar increments in the amount of the apex-to-base shortening or in developed tension during Ca2+ or isoproterenol perfusions, the effect on the maximal velocity of relaxation differed for each intervention. High Ca2+ perfusion increased velocities of contraction and relaxation proportionally without significant changes in their ratio. Isoproterenol increased -L or -T more than +L or +T and the ratio showed a significant fall both in isotonic and isometric experiments (+L/-L, -0.33 +/- 0.11 and +T/-T, -0.38 +/- 0.09; P less than 0.01). The relaxing effect of the beta agonist seems to be related to the activation of the protein kinase system since perfusions with dibutyryl 3',5'-cAMP had a greater effect on the relaxation of the hearts."}
{"id": "PMID:910932", "title": "Non-uniform strain distribution in papillary muscles.", "content": "Measurements of surface strains were made on small segments of intact papillary muscles of cats and rabbits. The measured strain is found to be non-uniform, both along the length and across the diameter of the papillary. This observation introduces difficulty in interpreting the data from experiments on the mechanics of the papillary muscle.", "contents": "Non-uniform strain distribution in papillary muscles. Measurements of surface strains were made on small segments of intact papillary muscles of cats and rabbits. The measured strain is found to be non-uniform, both along the length and across the diameter of the papillary. This observation introduces difficulty in interpreting the data from experiments on the mechanics of the papillary muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:910933", "title": "A closed-chest canine model for cross-sectional echocardiographic study.", "content": "Cross-sectional echocardiography has been limited in the intact dog due to the intervening lobes of the left lung. Previous echo studies of the canine heart have utilized implanted transducers, catheter-tip transducers, or opened-chest preparations. The pericardial cradle technique described in this paper provides an acoustical window for echo studies of the entire heart in the closed-chest dog that has several advantages over these prior preparations. The left lung was retained by attaching the pericardium to the thoracic wall in a simple prestudy operation. Cross-sectional real-time echocardiographic studies have been performed on 52 anesthetized animals that were prepared in this manner. The studies were video taped for frame-by-frame analysis.", "contents": "A closed-chest canine model for cross-sectional echocardiographic study. Cross-sectional echocardiography has been limited in the intact dog due to the intervening lobes of the left lung. Previous echo studies of the canine heart have utilized implanted transducers, catheter-tip transducers, or opened-chest preparations. The pericardial cradle technique described in this paper provides an acoustical window for echo studies of the entire heart in the closed-chest dog that has several advantages over these prior preparations. The left lung was retained by attaching the pericardium to the thoracic wall in a simple prestudy operation. Cross-sectional real-time echocardiographic studies have been performed on 52 anesthetized animals that were prepared in this manner. The studies were video taped for frame-by-frame analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:910934", "title": "Ingestive behavior after intracerebral and intracerebroventricular infusions of glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose.", "content": "Direct infusions of 2-DG into the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), the dorsal hippocampus, the amygdaloid complex or the caudate nucleus were all ineffective in eliciting drinking or feeding in satiated rats. However, 2-DG (but not D-glucose) infused into the lateral ventricles of satiated rats elicited feeding preceded by an initial burst of drinking, which could be blocked by prior intraventricular infusion of the alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine, by the serotonergic blocker, methysergide, but only slightly by the dopaminergic receptor blocker, spiroperidol. The feeding response was totally blocked by phentolamine but not by methysergide or spiroperidol. These results show that 1) intraventricular administration of 2-DG can induce feeding, as well as drinking, supporting the hypothesis of cerebral glucoreceptors for the initiation of feeding behavior; and 2) local cytoglucopenia in the LHA, the VMH, or other limbic structures is not sufficient to initiate feeding. It is hypothesized that a specific pattern of cerebral glucoprivation rather than local glucoprivation, or an action of 2-DG on the presynaptic membrane of noradrenergic \"feeding neurons\" could be the mechanisms of 2-DG-induced feeding.", "contents": "Ingestive behavior after intracerebral and intracerebroventricular infusions of glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Direct infusions of 2-DG into the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), the dorsal hippocampus, the amygdaloid complex or the caudate nucleus were all ineffective in eliciting drinking or feeding in satiated rats. However, 2-DG (but not D-glucose) infused into the lateral ventricles of satiated rats elicited feeding preceded by an initial burst of drinking, which could be blocked by prior intraventricular infusion of the alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine, by the serotonergic blocker, methysergide, but only slightly by the dopaminergic receptor blocker, spiroperidol. The feeding response was totally blocked by phentolamine but not by methysergide or spiroperidol. These results show that 1) intraventricular administration of 2-DG can induce feeding, as well as drinking, supporting the hypothesis of cerebral glucoreceptors for the initiation of feeding behavior; and 2) local cytoglucopenia in the LHA, the VMH, or other limbic structures is not sufficient to initiate feeding. It is hypothesized that a specific pattern of cerebral glucoprivation rather than local glucoprivation, or an action of 2-DG on the presynaptic membrane of noradrenergic \"feeding neurons\" could be the mechanisms of 2-DG-induced feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:910936", "title": "Oxygen exchange in a simulated trout gill secondary lamella.", "content": "The complex blood flow patterns occurring in a trout secondary lamella were computed from a theoretical electrical model consisting of a two-dimensional array of unitary resistances representing the blood channels of the lamella. Estimates of oxygen uptake from water to blood were made by means of the standard conductance equations for oxygen and values from the literature for blood and water PO2's in trout. The results were plotted as contour charts of blood and water PO2, O2 transfer, and blood flow. According to the results of various manipulations of this model, oxygen exchange across a given lamella will be largely unaffected by changes in the overall shape of the lamella. However, the model predicted that oxygen exchange would be greatly reduced if 1) the basal pillar cell channels were denied access to the respiratory water flow, 2) pillar cell contraction were to force blood into the larger-diameter marginal channels, or 3) the blood flow rate were to be increased, regardless of a concomitant increase in water flow. These predictions are discussed in terms of current theories of gas exchange in teleost gills.", "contents": "Oxygen exchange in a simulated trout gill secondary lamella. The complex blood flow patterns occurring in a trout secondary lamella were computed from a theoretical electrical model consisting of a two-dimensional array of unitary resistances representing the blood channels of the lamella. Estimates of oxygen uptake from water to blood were made by means of the standard conductance equations for oxygen and values from the literature for blood and water PO2's in trout. The results were plotted as contour charts of blood and water PO2, O2 transfer, and blood flow. According to the results of various manipulations of this model, oxygen exchange across a given lamella will be largely unaffected by changes in the overall shape of the lamella. However, the model predicted that oxygen exchange would be greatly reduced if 1) the basal pillar cell channels were denied access to the respiratory water flow, 2) pillar cell contraction were to force blood into the larger-diameter marginal channels, or 3) the blood flow rate were to be increased, regardless of a concomitant increase in water flow. These predictions are discussed in terms of current theories of gas exchange in teleost gills."}
{"id": "PMID:910938", "title": "Levels and reduction.", "content": "This paper addresses the problem of reconciling pluralism with reductionism, i.e., acknowledging both the variety of the world and the need and possibility to explain it. First the various kinds of monism and pluralism that litter the scientific and philosophical literature are examined cursorily. Then certain maligned notions are examined, mainly those of novelty, self-assembly, level, and levels \"hierarchy.\" They are shown to be amenable to analysis and even mathematization. Then the logic of reduction is analyzed. Two kinds of reduction are distinguished: full or straight, and partial or roundabout. And three stands on reduction are examined: anti-, radical, and moderate reductionism. The former is dismissed for being obscurantist and the second for being quixotic. Moderate reductionism, aiming at the (partial) reduction of higher levels to lower ones without skipping any intermediate levels, is adopted. Finally moderate reductionism is found to be consistent with a certain variety of pluralism, characterized as naturalistic.", "contents": "Levels and reduction. This paper addresses the problem of reconciling pluralism with reductionism, i.e., acknowledging both the variety of the world and the need and possibility to explain it. First the various kinds of monism and pluralism that litter the scientific and philosophical literature are examined cursorily. Then certain maligned notions are examined, mainly those of novelty, self-assembly, level, and levels \"hierarchy.\" They are shown to be amenable to analysis and even mathematization. Then the logic of reduction is analyzed. Two kinds of reduction are distinguished: full or straight, and partial or roundabout. And three stands on reduction are examined: anti-, radical, and moderate reductionism. The former is dismissed for being obscurantist and the second for being quixotic. Moderate reductionism, aiming at the (partial) reduction of higher levels to lower ones without skipping any intermediate levels, is adopted. Finally moderate reductionism is found to be consistent with a certain variety of pluralism, characterized as naturalistic."}
{"id": "PMID:910939", "title": "Evidence for enhanced uptake of ATP by liver and kidney in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "It has been shown that infusion of ATP-MgCl2 proved beneficial in the treatment of shock; however, it is not known whether this effect is due to improvement in the microcirculation or direct provision of energy or a combination of the above or other effects. To elucidate the mechanism of the salutary effect of ATP-MgCl2, we have now examined the in vitro uptake of ATP by liver and kidney of animals in shock. Rats were bled to a mean arterial pressure of 40 Torr and so maintained for 2 hrs. After the rats were killed, liver and kidney were removed and slices of tissue (0.3-0.5 mm thick) were incubated for 1 h in 1.0 ml of Krebs-HCO3 buffer containing 10 mM glucose, 5 mM MgCl2, and 5 mM [8-14C]ATP or 5 mM [8-14C]ADP, or 5 mM [8-14C]AMP, or 5 mM [8-14C]adenosine in 95% O2-5% CO2 and then homogenized. Tissue and medium samples were subjected to electrophoresis to separate and measure the various nucleotides. The uptake of [14C]ATP but not that of [14C]ADP or [14C]adenosine by liver and kidney slices from animals in shock was 2.5 times greater than the corresponding uptake by control slices. Thus, the beneficial effect of ATP-MgCl2 in shock could be due to provision of energy directly to tissue in which ATP levels were lowered.", "contents": "Evidence for enhanced uptake of ATP by liver and kidney in hemorrhagic shock. It has been shown that infusion of ATP-MgCl2 proved beneficial in the treatment of shock; however, it is not known whether this effect is due to improvement in the microcirculation or direct provision of energy or a combination of the above or other effects. To elucidate the mechanism of the salutary effect of ATP-MgCl2, we have now examined the in vitro uptake of ATP by liver and kidney of animals in shock. Rats were bled to a mean arterial pressure of 40 Torr and so maintained for 2 hrs. After the rats were killed, liver and kidney were removed and slices of tissue (0.3-0.5 mm thick) were incubated for 1 h in 1.0 ml of Krebs-HCO3 buffer containing 10 mM glucose, 5 mM MgCl2, and 5 mM [8-14C]ATP or 5 mM [8-14C]ADP, or 5 mM [8-14C]AMP, or 5 mM [8-14C]adenosine in 95% O2-5% CO2 and then homogenized. Tissue and medium samples were subjected to electrophoresis to separate and measure the various nucleotides. The uptake of [14C]ATP but not that of [14C]ADP or [14C]adenosine by liver and kidney slices from animals in shock was 2.5 times greater than the corresponding uptake by control slices. Thus, the beneficial effect of ATP-MgCl2 in shock could be due to provision of energy directly to tissue in which ATP levels were lowered."}
{"id": "PMID:910941", "title": "Fitting straight lines to experimental data.", "content": "The problem associated with use of statistical methods for determining a best linear relationship of the form Y = AX +B have been examined for a condition quite prevalent with experimental research, i.e., when the values of both variables are subject to essentially unknown errors. Under this condition standard least-squares regression analysis underestimates the value of the slope A. A very simple method for determining the best value of the slope and intercept has been introduced which can be used when errors are present in both variables. With this proposed method, the calculated slope is equal to the standard error of Y divided by the standard error of X (with the appropriate sign) and the intercept is found from the mean values of X and Y, i.e., B = Y - AX. The best estimate of the slope is also equal to the slope found with the conventional regression method divided by the absolute value of the correlation coefficient. The line determined with the suggested method can be considered to be a line of symmetry through the data.", "contents": "Fitting straight lines to experimental data. The problem associated with use of statistical methods for determining a best linear relationship of the form Y = AX +B have been examined for a condition quite prevalent with experimental research, i.e., when the values of both variables are subject to essentially unknown errors. Under this condition standard least-squares regression analysis underestimates the value of the slope A. A very simple method for determining the best value of the slope and intercept has been introduced which can be used when errors are present in both variables. With this proposed method, the calculated slope is equal to the standard error of Y divided by the standard error of X (with the appropriate sign) and the intercept is found from the mean values of X and Y, i.e., B = Y - AX. The best estimate of the slope is also equal to the slope found with the conventional regression method divided by the absolute value of the correlation coefficient. The line determined with the suggested method can be considered to be a line of symmetry through the data."}
{"id": "PMID:910942", "title": "Suppression of pineal multiunit response to flash after habenular lesion in quail.", "content": "Habenular nuclei were completely destroyed in male photostimulated and nonphotostimulated quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Lesion of the nuclei habenulae led to a markedly increased pineal multiunit activity (MUA) pattern in both long and short daily photoperiods compared to control values. Intact, as well as habenular lesioned birds, showed a lower level of pineal MUA under long-day rearing than under short-day rearing. The decrease in pineal firing rates found in controls under repetitive flash-light stimulations was suppressed in quail bearing habenular lesions. Data are compared to results obtained in sympathectomized and blinded birds. It is suggested that some acute photic information might reach the pineal organ through retinal receptors and habenular pathways. However chronic influence of lighting on pineal MUA, mediated by the retina, does not seem to involve habenular or cervical sympathetic pathways in quail.", "contents": "Suppression of pineal multiunit response to flash after habenular lesion in quail. Habenular nuclei were completely destroyed in male photostimulated and nonphotostimulated quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Lesion of the nuclei habenulae led to a markedly increased pineal multiunit activity (MUA) pattern in both long and short daily photoperiods compared to control values. Intact, as well as habenular lesioned birds, showed a lower level of pineal MUA under long-day rearing than under short-day rearing. The decrease in pineal firing rates found in controls under repetitive flash-light stimulations was suppressed in quail bearing habenular lesions. Data are compared to results obtained in sympathectomized and blinded birds. It is suggested that some acute photic information might reach the pineal organ through retinal receptors and habenular pathways. However chronic influence of lighting on pineal MUA, mediated by the retina, does not seem to involve habenular or cervical sympathetic pathways in quail."}
{"id": "PMID:910945", "title": "Blood-brain amino acid transport and content during anoxia and reoxygenation.", "content": "The isolated dog brain preparation was used to investigate the dynamics of cerebral amino acid metabolism during perfusion with anoxic blood (PO2 less than 10 mmHg). Significant uptake of histidine and lysine, as determined by arteriovenous (A-V) differences in whole blood samples, was observed during 30 min of cerebral anoxia. The A-V differences determined from plasma samples indicated that uptake of histidine and efflux of glutamic acid and proline had occurred. Nitrogen balance in the preparation appeared to be maintained. Thirty minutes of anoxic perfusion resulted in increased tissue concentrations of five essential amino acids (methionine, histidine, leucine, lysine, and valine) and a decreased tissue level of the essential amino acids threonine and phenylalanine. Taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, alanine, glycerophosphoethanolamine and phosphoethanolamine also increased, whereas the aspartic acid concentration declined. When aerobic perfusion was resumed, the total pool of essential amino acids continued to increase and was nearly twice normal after 120 min of reperfusion. The combined concentration of asparagine and glutamine, serine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, and cystathionine also increased during postanoxic perfusion. Only taurine and phenylalanine concentrations returned toward normal.", "contents": "Blood-brain amino acid transport and content during anoxia and reoxygenation. The isolated dog brain preparation was used to investigate the dynamics of cerebral amino acid metabolism during perfusion with anoxic blood (PO2 less than 10 mmHg). Significant uptake of histidine and lysine, as determined by arteriovenous (A-V) differences in whole blood samples, was observed during 30 min of cerebral anoxia. The A-V differences determined from plasma samples indicated that uptake of histidine and efflux of glutamic acid and proline had occurred. Nitrogen balance in the preparation appeared to be maintained. Thirty minutes of anoxic perfusion resulted in increased tissue concentrations of five essential amino acids (methionine, histidine, leucine, lysine, and valine) and a decreased tissue level of the essential amino acids threonine and phenylalanine. Taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, alanine, glycerophosphoethanolamine and phosphoethanolamine also increased, whereas the aspartic acid concentration declined. When aerobic perfusion was resumed, the total pool of essential amino acids continued to increase and was nearly twice normal after 120 min of reperfusion. The combined concentration of asparagine and glutamine, serine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, and cystathionine also increased during postanoxic perfusion. Only taurine and phenylalanine concentrations returned toward normal."}
{"id": "PMID:910946", "title": "Relationship between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid insulin levels of dogs.", "content": "Several experiments are reported in which insulin or glucose was administered intravenously to anesthetized dogs. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of glucose and immunoreactive insulin were determined at several intervals before and after the administrations. Intravenous insulin (0.2 U/kg) administered as either a pulse or a 1-h infusion caused a large increase of plasma insulin, but a relatively small increase of cerebrospinal fluid insulin. When endogenous insulin was elevated by the administration of glucose (100 mg/kg), cerebrospinal fluid insulin changed only slightly. A significant correlation was found between steady-state plasma and CSF endogenous insulin levels. The results are interpreted to indicate that the level of insulin in the cerebrospinal fluid reflects basal plasma level plus an integral over time of the insulin response to challenge. The implications of such a system are discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid insulin levels of dogs. Several experiments are reported in which insulin or glucose was administered intravenously to anesthetized dogs. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of glucose and immunoreactive insulin were determined at several intervals before and after the administrations. Intravenous insulin (0.2 U/kg) administered as either a pulse or a 1-h infusion caused a large increase of plasma insulin, but a relatively small increase of cerebrospinal fluid insulin. When endogenous insulin was elevated by the administration of glucose (100 mg/kg), cerebrospinal fluid insulin changed only slightly. A significant correlation was found between steady-state plasma and CSF endogenous insulin levels. The results are interpreted to indicate that the level of insulin in the cerebrospinal fluid reflects basal plasma level plus an integral over time of the insulin response to challenge. The implications of such a system are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910947", "title": "Canine gastric emptying of solids and liquids.", "content": "In four dogs, gastric emptying of a digestible solid (50 g of liver tagged with [57Co]-cyanocobalamine and diced into 1-cm cubes), an indigestible solid (40 radiopaque plastic spheres, diameter 7mm), and a liquid (400 ml of either 1 or 10% dextrose tagged with polyethylene[1,2-3H]glycol were simultaneously assessed by quantitating the rate of appearance of the gastric markers in the duodenum. The rate of gastric emptying of cubed liver was similar whether the liver was given alone or with solutions of the rapidly emptying 1% dextrose, but its rate of emptying was slowed by the slower emptying 10% dextrose. Homogenization of the liver speeded its emptying. Moreover, the homogenized liver emptied even faster when dispersed in 1% dextrose and emptied more slowly when dispersed in 10% dextrose, but in both instances the liver emptied at the same rate as the solution in which it was mixed. Indigestible spheres were nearly all retained, whereas the liver and the dextrose were emptied. Our conclusion is that the stomach empties liquids and retains solids for reduction to a smaller size, after which they are discharged at the same rates as the liquid then present in the stomach.", "contents": "Canine gastric emptying of solids and liquids. In four dogs, gastric emptying of a digestible solid (50 g of liver tagged with [57Co]-cyanocobalamine and diced into 1-cm cubes), an indigestible solid (40 radiopaque plastic spheres, diameter 7mm), and a liquid (400 ml of either 1 or 10% dextrose tagged with polyethylene[1,2-3H]glycol were simultaneously assessed by quantitating the rate of appearance of the gastric markers in the duodenum. The rate of gastric emptying of cubed liver was similar whether the liver was given alone or with solutions of the rapidly emptying 1% dextrose, but its rate of emptying was slowed by the slower emptying 10% dextrose. Homogenization of the liver speeded its emptying. Moreover, the homogenized liver emptied even faster when dispersed in 1% dextrose and emptied more slowly when dispersed in 10% dextrose, but in both instances the liver emptied at the same rate as the solution in which it was mixed. Indigestible spheres were nearly all retained, whereas the liver and the dextrose were emptied. Our conclusion is that the stomach empties liquids and retains solids for reduction to a smaller size, after which they are discharged at the same rates as the liquid then present in the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:910948", "title": "Synthesis of macromolecules by intestinal cells incubated with ammonia.", "content": "Mucosal cells isolated from the small intestine of chicks and rats were incubated with concentrations of ammonia normally found in the intestinal tract of mammals and birds. NH4Cl added to the incubation medium increased glucose metabolism in cells from both species. Ammonia stimulated incorporation of precursors into RNA and decarboxylation of orotic acid by cells isolated from chickens, but an increase in incorporation of precursors into DNA was not observed in cells from either species. Cultured embryonic chicken duodena showed increased incorporation of orotate into RNA with NH4Cl added to the medium. Rats immunized against jack bean urease showed lower urease activity per gram of dry intestinal content, lower intestinal weight, lower mucosal cell, and total gut protein and less protein per unit weight of DNA in the mucosal cell fraction. The results are compatible with the conclusion that ammonia PRODUCED IN THE INTESTINE BY BACTERIAL UREASES CAUSES SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE CONTENT OF RNA and protein in intestine cells.", "contents": "Synthesis of macromolecules by intestinal cells incubated with ammonia. Mucosal cells isolated from the small intestine of chicks and rats were incubated with concentrations of ammonia normally found in the intestinal tract of mammals and birds. NH4Cl added to the incubation medium increased glucose metabolism in cells from both species. Ammonia stimulated incorporation of precursors into RNA and decarboxylation of orotic acid by cells isolated from chickens, but an increase in incorporation of precursors into DNA was not observed in cells from either species. Cultured embryonic chicken duodena showed increased incorporation of orotate into RNA with NH4Cl added to the medium. Rats immunized against jack bean urease showed lower urease activity per gram of dry intestinal content, lower intestinal weight, lower mucosal cell, and total gut protein and less protein per unit weight of DNA in the mucosal cell fraction. The results are compatible with the conclusion that ammonia PRODUCED IN THE INTESTINE BY BACTERIAL UREASES CAUSES SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE CONTENT OF RNA and protein in intestine cells."}
{"id": "PMID:910949", "title": "Changes in protein synthesis after trauma: importance of nutrition.", "content": "The effect of trauma (femur fracture) on protein synthesis in rats given four different parenterally administered nutrient formulations (\"diets\") was investigated. Diet I was a maintenance formulation. It contained sufficient amino acids and glucose to keep the rats in nitrogen balance but was inadequate to support growth. Diet II was amino acids only, diet III was severely hypocaloric glucose, and diet IV was diet I minus the amino acids. The rats received parenterally all nutrients for the duration of the 4-5 day study. Twenty-four hours posttrauma, the fractional synthesis rates of liver, lung, heart, kidney, and muscle were estimated by infusing [15N]glycine for 17.5-19 h. (T.P. Stein, J.C. Oram-Smith, M.J. Leskiw, H.W. Wallace, L.C. Long, and J.M. Leonard. The effects of protein  and calorie restriction on protein synthesis in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 230: 1321-1326, 1976.) Two trends were found: i) on the amino acid-containing diets (I and II), most protein synthesis rates were increased posttrauma. Lung was the exception: no change was found; ii) rats on the amino acid deficient diets (III and IV) showed a decrease in the fractional muscle and lung synthesis rates posttrauma. We concluded that in this rat trauma model the requirement is mostly for amino acid nitrogen posttrauma.", "contents": "Changes in protein synthesis after trauma: importance of nutrition. The effect of trauma (femur fracture) on protein synthesis in rats given four different parenterally administered nutrient formulations (\"diets\") was investigated. Diet I was a maintenance formulation. It contained sufficient amino acids and glucose to keep the rats in nitrogen balance but was inadequate to support growth. Diet II was amino acids only, diet III was severely hypocaloric glucose, and diet IV was diet I minus the amino acids. The rats received parenterally all nutrients for the duration of the 4-5 day study. Twenty-four hours posttrauma, the fractional synthesis rates of liver, lung, heart, kidney, and muscle were estimated by infusing [15N]glycine for 17.5-19 h. (T.P. Stein, J.C. Oram-Smith, M.J. Leskiw, H.W. Wallace, L.C. Long, and J.M. Leonard. The effects of protein  and calorie restriction on protein synthesis in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 230: 1321-1326, 1976.) Two trends were found: i) on the amino acid-containing diets (I and II), most protein synthesis rates were increased posttrauma. Lung was the exception: no change was found; ii) rats on the amino acid deficient diets (III and IV) showed a decrease in the fractional muscle and lung synthesis rates posttrauma. We concluded that in this rat trauma model the requirement is mostly for amino acid nitrogen posttrauma."}
{"id": "PMID:910951", "title": "Renal lymph protein in the rat.", "content": "Renal lymph and systemic (posterior) lymph were studied in hydropenic rats. As a consequence of the anatomical arrangement of collecting lymphatics near the kidney, mixed renal and systemic lymph tributaries are situated in such a way that sampling pure renal lymph is difficult. Pure renal lymph contains 1.0 +/- 0.1 g/100 ml total protein with an albumin-to-globulin (A/G) ratio of 2.1 +/- 0.1. Mixed renal and extrarenal lymphatic tributaries contain 3.3 +/- 0.2 g/100 ml total protein with an A/G ratio of 1.8 +/- 0.2. Corresponding values in the plasma are 4.9 +/- 0.2 and 1.2 +/- 0.1 g/100 ml, respectively. Previous studies in which the concentration of renal lymph protein was determined as 30-50% of that in plasma were probably in error due to contamination of renal samples by posterior lymph ducts. The amount of systemic and renal lymph mixing is highly variable from one animal to another. Our renal lymph samples in carefully controlled and prepared Munich-Wistar rats contained a total protein uniformly 20% of that in plasma.", "contents": "Renal lymph protein in the rat. Renal lymph and systemic (posterior) lymph were studied in hydropenic rats. As a consequence of the anatomical arrangement of collecting lymphatics near the kidney, mixed renal and systemic lymph tributaries are situated in such a way that sampling pure renal lymph is difficult. Pure renal lymph contains 1.0 +/- 0.1 g/100 ml total protein with an albumin-to-globulin (A/G) ratio of 2.1 +/- 0.1. Mixed renal and extrarenal lymphatic tributaries contain 3.3 +/- 0.2 g/100 ml total protein with an A/G ratio of 1.8 +/- 0.2. Corresponding values in the plasma are 4.9 +/- 0.2 and 1.2 +/- 0.1 g/100 ml, respectively. Previous studies in which the concentration of renal lymph protein was determined as 30-50% of that in plasma were probably in error due to contamination of renal samples by posterior lymph ducts. The amount of systemic and renal lymph mixing is highly variable from one animal to another. Our renal lymph samples in carefully controlled and prepared Munich-Wistar rats contained a total protein uniformly 20% of that in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:910953", "title": "Development of chronic perinephritic hypertension in dogs without volume expansion.", "content": "The theory of whole body autoregulation to explain the pathogenesis of experimental renal hypertension states that hypertension is initiated in response to an early increase in salt and water retention and a subsequent elevation of the cardiac output. This hypothesis was evaluated in the present study. Dogs (n,5) were made hypertensive by wrapping the left kidney in cellophane and removing the contralateral kidney 3 wk later. One week prior to right nephrectomy, the dogs were volume depleted by placing them on a low sodium intake (less than 3 meq of sodium/day) and giving them a mercurial diuretic for the first 3 days of the diet. This superimposed sodium depletion (negative sodium balance of 137 +/- 17 meq) increased plasma renin activity 3-5 times but did not change arterial pressure or heart rate. Within 2 days after nephrectomy, the mean arterial pressure increased from the control level of 105 +/- 1 to 135 +/- 6 mmHg (P less than 0.005) and pressure remained elevated throughout an additional 4-wk period in which volume depletion was enforced. The present study suggests, therefore, that initial blood volume expansion with such possible consequences as elevated cardiac output are not essential to the pathogenesis of experimental renal hypertension.", "contents": "Development of chronic perinephritic hypertension in dogs without volume expansion. The theory of whole body autoregulation to explain the pathogenesis of experimental renal hypertension states that hypertension is initiated in response to an early increase in salt and water retention and a subsequent elevation of the cardiac output. This hypothesis was evaluated in the present study. Dogs (n,5) were made hypertensive by wrapping the left kidney in cellophane and removing the contralateral kidney 3 wk later. One week prior to right nephrectomy, the dogs were volume depleted by placing them on a low sodium intake (less than 3 meq of sodium/day) and giving them a mercurial diuretic for the first 3 days of the diet. This superimposed sodium depletion (negative sodium balance of 137 +/- 17 meq) increased plasma renin activity 3-5 times but did not change arterial pressure or heart rate. Within 2 days after nephrectomy, the mean arterial pressure increased from the control level of 105 +/- 1 to 135 +/- 6 mmHg (P less than 0.005) and pressure remained elevated throughout an additional 4-wk period in which volume depletion was enforced. The present study suggests, therefore, that initial blood volume expansion with such possible consequences as elevated cardiac output are not essential to the pathogenesis of experimental renal hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:910954", "title": "Renal hemodynamics in the rat before and during inhibition of angiotensin II.", "content": "Renal blood flow (RBF) was measured with a noncannulating electromagnetic flow transducer in anesthetized rats which had been maintained for 3-5 wk on low, normal, or high salt plus deoxycorticosterone diets. After base-line observations, one of two dissimilar inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor SQ 20881 or the structural analogue [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II was administered intravenously. The employed doses of SQ 20881 and [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II effectively inhibited the pressor and renal vasoconstrictor responses induced by exogenous angiotensin I and II, respectively, in each dietary group. Both inhibitors vasodilated kidneys in salt-restricted rats; however, neither affected base-line renal hemodynamics in salt-loaded rats. Pressure-flow relationships were evaluated by clamping the aorta to reduce renal perfusion pressure. Renal blood flow was autoregulated between 100 and 140 mmHg with the same efficiency before and during inhibition of angiotensin II in each dietary group. These data indicate that angiotensin II modifies base-line RBF and renal vascular resistance and are consistent with the view that the renin-angiotensin system is not an essential mechanism responsible for autoregulation of RBF in the rat.", "contents": "Renal hemodynamics in the rat before and during inhibition of angiotensin II. Renal blood flow (RBF) was measured with a noncannulating electromagnetic flow transducer in anesthetized rats which had been maintained for 3-5 wk on low, normal, or high salt plus deoxycorticosterone diets. After base-line observations, one of two dissimilar inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor SQ 20881 or the structural analogue [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II was administered intravenously. The employed doses of SQ 20881 and [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II effectively inhibited the pressor and renal vasoconstrictor responses induced by exogenous angiotensin I and II, respectively, in each dietary group. Both inhibitors vasodilated kidneys in salt-restricted rats; however, neither affected base-line renal hemodynamics in salt-loaded rats. Pressure-flow relationships were evaluated by clamping the aorta to reduce renal perfusion pressure. Renal blood flow was autoregulated between 100 and 140 mmHg with the same efficiency before and during inhibition of angiotensin II in each dietary group. These data indicate that angiotensin II modifies base-line RBF and renal vascular resistance and are consistent with the view that the renin-angiotensin system is not an essential mechanism responsible for autoregulation of RBF in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:910955", "title": "Bicarbonate transport by isolated perfused rabbit proximal convoluted tubules.", "content": "Proximal convoluted tubules were dissected from rabbit kidneys and perfused in vitro in order to investigate the relationship between the reabsorption of fluid and of bicarbonate. Bicarbonate was absorbed when it was initially present in the perfusate. At slow rates of perfusion the mean concentration of total CO2 was 9 mM in collected fluid with 25 mM bicarbonate in the bath. At faster rates of perfusion the mean rate of reabsorption was 13.6 pmol cm-1 tubule length s-1. Absorption of bicarbonate was inhibited to a large but not complete extent by elimination of sodium from the perfusate and bath or potassium from the bath, and by addition of ouabain. It was not inhibited by elimination of the organic solutes from the perfusate nor by elimination of chloride from the perfusate and bath. Considered with previous measurements of fluid absorption these results are consistent with the existence of a linked sodium-for-hydrogen ion exchange mechanism at the luminal border of the tubule cells, but there are other possibilities which are discussed. Additionally, the effect of acetazolamide was investigated. The drug virtually completely inhibited bicarbonate absorption and inhibited fluid absorption by 30-40%.", "contents": "Bicarbonate transport by isolated perfused rabbit proximal convoluted tubules. Proximal convoluted tubules were dissected from rabbit kidneys and perfused in vitro in order to investigate the relationship between the reabsorption of fluid and of bicarbonate. Bicarbonate was absorbed when it was initially present in the perfusate. At slow rates of perfusion the mean concentration of total CO2 was 9 mM in collected fluid with 25 mM bicarbonate in the bath. At faster rates of perfusion the mean rate of reabsorption was 13.6 pmol cm-1 tubule length s-1. Absorption of bicarbonate was inhibited to a large but not complete extent by elimination of sodium from the perfusate and bath or potassium from the bath, and by addition of ouabain. It was not inhibited by elimination of the organic solutes from the perfusate nor by elimination of chloride from the perfusate and bath. Considered with previous measurements of fluid absorption these results are consistent with the existence of a linked sodium-for-hydrogen ion exchange mechanism at the luminal border of the tubule cells, but there are other possibilities which are discussed. Additionally, the effect of acetazolamide was investigated. The drug virtually completely inhibited bicarbonate absorption and inhibited fluid absorption by 30-40%."}
{"id": "PMID:910956", "title": "Relation of distal tubular delivery and reabsorptive rate to nephron filtration.", "content": "The tubuloglomerular feedback hypothesis states that filtration rate in a single nephron unit (SNGFR) is controlled or modified through variations in the rate of either distal delivery or tubular reabsorption in that same nephron. We have reexamined this hypothesis by varying the perfusion rate of the late proximal tubule from normal (10 nl/min) to supranormal values (30 nl/min) in a reversible fashion and measured the resultant nephron filtration rate. Three perfusion fluid were utilized: group I, a solution simulating late proximal tubular fluid (11 mM HCO3); group II, a solution with a higher HCO3 concentration (30 mM HCO3); and group III, a solution simulating early proximal tubular fluid. In group I SNGFR was 27.2 nl/min during perfusion from the late proximal tubule at 10 nl/min and fell to 19.8 nl/min during the 30 nl/min perfusion rate. Group II SNGFR was 27.7 nl/min at the 10 nl/min rate and 19.0 nl/min during the 30 nl/min perfusion. Groups I and II then demonstrated a completely reversible tubuloglomerular feedback response. In group III, the SNGFR at 10 nl/min was 26.2 nl/min and 23.4 nl/min at the 30 nl/min perfusion rate and were significantly different. Evaluation of collections of distal tubule fluid in perfused nephrons revealed that increased absolute reabsorption of water and chloride between late proximal and distal tubules was associated with the reductions in SNGFR in the same nephron. A strong candidate for the afferent limb of this system is the change in absolute chloride reabsorption between late proximal and distal tubules.", "contents": "Relation of distal tubular delivery and reabsorptive rate to nephron filtration. The tubuloglomerular feedback hypothesis states that filtration rate in a single nephron unit (SNGFR) is controlled or modified through variations in the rate of either distal delivery or tubular reabsorption in that same nephron. We have reexamined this hypothesis by varying the perfusion rate of the late proximal tubule from normal (10 nl/min) to supranormal values (30 nl/min) in a reversible fashion and measured the resultant nephron filtration rate. Three perfusion fluid were utilized: group I, a solution simulating late proximal tubular fluid (11 mM HCO3); group II, a solution with a higher HCO3 concentration (30 mM HCO3); and group III, a solution simulating early proximal tubular fluid. In group I SNGFR was 27.2 nl/min during perfusion from the late proximal tubule at 10 nl/min and fell to 19.8 nl/min during the 30 nl/min perfusion rate. Group II SNGFR was 27.7 nl/min at the 10 nl/min rate and 19.0 nl/min during the 30 nl/min perfusion. Groups I and II then demonstrated a completely reversible tubuloglomerular feedback response. In group III, the SNGFR at 10 nl/min was 26.2 nl/min and 23.4 nl/min at the 30 nl/min perfusion rate and were significantly different. Evaluation of collections of distal tubule fluid in perfused nephrons revealed that increased absolute reabsorption of water and chloride between late proximal and distal tubules was associated with the reductions in SNGFR in the same nephron. A strong candidate for the afferent limb of this system is the change in absolute chloride reabsorption between late proximal and distal tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:910957", "title": "Effect of basement membrane and colloid osmotic pressure on renal tubule cell volume.", "content": "Renal tubule cell volume is thought to be kept constant by a cation pump. When active transport is blocked, intracellular impermeant solutes cause cells to swell. Cell size is then determined by transmembrane hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces. We studied the importance of passive transmembrane forces in determining cell size in isolated rabbit proximal straight tubules (PST). We blocked active solute transport with ouabain and evaluated subsequent changes in cell size by measuring outer diameter of nonperfused tubules. Tubules in a ouabain and 6 g/100 ml protein bath swelled only 40% above control. However, removal of the tubule basement membrane with collagenase dissipated a transmembrane hydrostatic pressure and caused more swelling. Final cell volume was determined largely by bath protein concentration. Tubules in ouabain and collagenase swelled enormously in hyponcotic protein, moderately in isoncotic protein, and could be shrunk below control in hyperoncotic protein. Intracellular colloid osmotic pressure was estimated to exceed 38 cmH20. We conclude that hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces are major determinants of cell size in isolated PST treated with ouabain.", "contents": "Effect of basement membrane and colloid osmotic pressure on renal tubule cell volume. Renal tubule cell volume is thought to be kept constant by a cation pump. When active transport is blocked, intracellular impermeant solutes cause cells to swell. Cell size is then determined by transmembrane hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces. We studied the importance of passive transmembrane forces in determining cell size in isolated rabbit proximal straight tubules (PST). We blocked active solute transport with ouabain and evaluated subsequent changes in cell size by measuring outer diameter of nonperfused tubules. Tubules in a ouabain and 6 g/100 ml protein bath swelled only 40% above control. However, removal of the tubule basement membrane with collagenase dissipated a transmembrane hydrostatic pressure and caused more swelling. Final cell volume was determined largely by bath protein concentration. Tubules in ouabain and collagenase swelled enormously in hyponcotic protein, moderately in isoncotic protein, and could be shrunk below control in hyperoncotic protein. Intracellular colloid osmotic pressure was estimated to exceed 38 cmH20. We conclude that hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces are major determinants of cell size in isolated PST treated with ouabain."}
{"id": "PMID:910958", "title": "Tubular localization of adaptation to dietary phosphate in rats.", "content": "The renal tubule of rats adapts its transport capacity for inorganic phosphate (Pi) in response to changes in dietary Pi intake. Tubular localization of this adaptation was studied in rats pair-fed for 10 days a low (LPD), i.e., 0.2 g/100 g, or a high (HPD), i.e., 1.8 g/100 g, phosphorus diet. Free-flow micropunctures under acute Pi infusion were made at elevated but similar filtered loads of Pi: LPD, 6.07 +/- 0.29 (n, 32); HPD 5.34 +/- 0.24 (n, 33) micromol/kidney per min. Fractional excretion of Pi (FEPi) for the whole kidney was: LPD, 0.26 +/- 0.02 (n, 32); HPD, 0.67 +/- 0.02 (n, 33) (P less than 0.001). The fraction of filtered Pi found at various puncture sites suggests that part of the adaptation to dietary Pi occurs in the early proximal tubule. An effect in the later portion of the proximal convoluted tubule cannot be excluded in the present experiments. Furthermore, dietary Pi affects markedly the difference in Pi delivery between distal tubule and final urine. This could be due to a greater adaptive response of deep nephrons. Alternatively, the results could also indicate that an adaptation with a secretory component takes place along the terminal part of the nephrons.", "contents": "Tubular localization of adaptation to dietary phosphate in rats. The renal tubule of rats adapts its transport capacity for inorganic phosphate (Pi) in response to changes in dietary Pi intake. Tubular localization of this adaptation was studied in rats pair-fed for 10 days a low (LPD), i.e., 0.2 g/100 g, or a high (HPD), i.e., 1.8 g/100 g, phosphorus diet. Free-flow micropunctures under acute Pi infusion were made at elevated but similar filtered loads of Pi: LPD, 6.07 +/- 0.29 (n, 32); HPD 5.34 +/- 0.24 (n, 33) micromol/kidney per min. Fractional excretion of Pi (FEPi) for the whole kidney was: LPD, 0.26 +/- 0.02 (n, 32); HPD, 0.67 +/- 0.02 (n, 33) (P less than 0.001). The fraction of filtered Pi found at various puncture sites suggests that part of the adaptation to dietary Pi occurs in the early proximal tubule. An effect in the later portion of the proximal convoluted tubule cannot be excluded in the present experiments. Furthermore, dietary Pi affects markedly the difference in Pi delivery between distal tubule and final urine. This could be due to a greater adaptive response of deep nephrons. Alternatively, the results could also indicate that an adaptation with a secretory component takes place along the terminal part of the nephrons."}
{"id": "PMID:910959", "title": "Statistical models for renal micropuncture studies.", "content": "Statistical issues relating to data analysis of re-collection micropuncture experiments are presented. In the presence of significant animal-treatment interaction, namely, differential response of each animal at different levels of the treatment, the conventional paired or unpaired t testing would not be entirely appropriate. Accordingly, two analysis of variance (ANOVA) models have been derived for the appropriate paired and unpaired designs of micropuncture experiments. Interactive computer programs have been written for both these analyses, and the results are illustrated with experimental data. An example is presented in which the results are statistically significant with paired t testing and by analysis of variance for unequal number of tubules but not when the animal-treatment interaction is included in the analysis of variance model. To investigate linkage in renal transport mechanisms, we propose the use of partial correlation analysis. Experimental results from our laboratory are used to illustrate these techniques.", "contents": "Statistical models for renal micropuncture studies. Statistical issues relating to data analysis of re-collection micropuncture experiments are presented. In the presence of significant animal-treatment interaction, namely, differential response of each animal at different levels of the treatment, the conventional paired or unpaired t testing would not be entirely appropriate. Accordingly, two analysis of variance (ANOVA) models have been derived for the appropriate paired and unpaired designs of micropuncture experiments. Interactive computer programs have been written for both these analyses, and the results are illustrated with experimental data. An example is presented in which the results are statistically significant with paired t testing and by analysis of variance for unequal number of tubules but not when the animal-treatment interaction is included in the analysis of variance model. To investigate linkage in renal transport mechanisms, we propose the use of partial correlation analysis. Experimental results from our laboratory are used to illustrate these techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:910960", "title": "Myocardial oxygen consumption: the role of wall force and shortening.", "content": "The relationship between the force in the left ventricular wall during systole and myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2) was determined. In addition, the relative influence of the load imposed during shortening and fiber shortening on MVO2 was assessed. For this purpose, 14 servo-regulated, paced, isolated canine hearts were used and the steady-state response in total coronary flow and arteriovenous oxygen difference was measured. For both the isovolumetrically beating and the ejecting ventricle, statistically significant linear relations were observed between MVO2 and the integral of systolic force. These relations were not significantly different from one another, indicating that shortening was not a determinant of MVO2. Moreover, when ejecting an isolumetric beats of equivalent developed force were compared, a difference in MVO2 (deltaMVO2) was found. deltaMVO2 was a function of the force integral difference between these contractions and not fiber shortening. Thus, under the conditions of this experiment, the integral of systolic force that includes developed force and shortening load is the predominant factor regulating MVO2 for any given contractile state, whereas the influence of fiber shortening is negligible.", "contents": "Myocardial oxygen consumption: the role of wall force and shortening. The relationship between the force in the left ventricular wall during systole and myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2) was determined. In addition, the relative influence of the load imposed during shortening and fiber shortening on MVO2 was assessed. For this purpose, 14 servo-regulated, paced, isolated canine hearts were used and the steady-state response in total coronary flow and arteriovenous oxygen difference was measured. For both the isovolumetrically beating and the ejecting ventricle, statistically significant linear relations were observed between MVO2 and the integral of systolic force. These relations were not significantly different from one another, indicating that shortening was not a determinant of MVO2. Moreover, when ejecting an isolumetric beats of equivalent developed force were compared, a difference in MVO2 (deltaMVO2) was found. deltaMVO2 was a function of the force integral difference between these contractions and not fiber shortening. Thus, under the conditions of this experiment, the integral of systolic force that includes developed force and shortening load is the predominant factor regulating MVO2 for any given contractile state, whereas the influence of fiber shortening is negligible."}
{"id": "PMID:910961", "title": "Chronology and mode of reinnervation of the surgically denervated canine heart: functional and chemical correlates.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate functionally the time and pattern of inotropic and chronotropic efferent cardiac reinnervation of the deneravated canine heart and to correlate functional data with regional myocardial catecholamine content and supersensitivity to norepinephrine. Our data indicate that efferent autonomic reinnervation takes place first in the atria, followed by a base-to-apex sequence in the ventricles, and that such reinnervation is functionally effective 9-12 mo after denervation. The return of neural function parallels the return of measurable quantities of myocardial norepinephrine and is accompanied by a decrease in supersensitivity to exogenous norepinephrine. The return to apparently complete functional reinnervation, however, cannot be quantitatively related to myocardial levels of catecholamine. Segmental myocardial supersensitivity to norepinephrine is sequentially reversed during progressive adrenergic reinnervation.", "contents": "Chronology and mode of reinnervation of the surgically denervated canine heart: functional and chemical correlates. This study was undertaken to evaluate functionally the time and pattern of inotropic and chronotropic efferent cardiac reinnervation of the deneravated canine heart and to correlate functional data with regional myocardial catecholamine content and supersensitivity to norepinephrine. Our data indicate that efferent autonomic reinnervation takes place first in the atria, followed by a base-to-apex sequence in the ventricles, and that such reinnervation is functionally effective 9-12 mo after denervation. The return of neural function parallels the return of measurable quantities of myocardial norepinephrine and is accompanied by a decrease in supersensitivity to exogenous norepinephrine. The return to apparently complete functional reinnervation, however, cannot be quantitatively related to myocardial levels of catecholamine. Segmental myocardial supersensitivity to norepinephrine is sequentially reversed during progressive adrenergic reinnervation."}
{"id": "PMID:910962", "title": "Positive inotropic response to inosine in the in situ canine heart.", "content": "Effects of inosine on left ventricular contractile force, circumflex blood flow, heart rate, and arterial pressure were investigated in mongrel dogs. Infusion of 50 ml of 10, 25, or 50 mM inosine into the right atrium over 5 min produced arterial blood inosine concentrations of 20-120 microM. Infusion of inosine concentrations of 10 mM or greater produced statistically significant increases in contractile force and circumflex blood flow (P less than 0.05). The increases in contractile force and circumflex blood flow caused by 50 inosine were approximately 40% and 110%, respectively. No statistically significant increases in heart rate or arterial pressure were observed during infusion of inosine at any concentration. Administration of propranolol (2 mg/kg) in no way altered the effects of inosine on contractile force or circumflex blood flow. Thus, the present study suggests that inosine in concentrations which may be produced in the myocardium during stressful conditions causes a substantial effect on the inotropic state of the heart and that the effects of inosine are not mediated through adrenergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Positive inotropic response to inosine in the in situ canine heart. Effects of inosine on left ventricular contractile force, circumflex blood flow, heart rate, and arterial pressure were investigated in mongrel dogs. Infusion of 50 ml of 10, 25, or 50 mM inosine into the right atrium over 5 min produced arterial blood inosine concentrations of 20-120 microM. Infusion of inosine concentrations of 10 mM or greater produced statistically significant increases in contractile force and circumflex blood flow (P less than 0.05). The increases in contractile force and circumflex blood flow caused by 50 inosine were approximately 40% and 110%, respectively. No statistically significant increases in heart rate or arterial pressure were observed during infusion of inosine at any concentration. Administration of propranolol (2 mg/kg) in no way altered the effects of inosine on contractile force or circumflex blood flow. Thus, the present study suggests that inosine in concentrations which may be produced in the myocardium during stressful conditions causes a substantial effect on the inotropic state of the heart and that the effects of inosine are not mediated through adrenergic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:910963", "title": "Cardiac function and metabolism during cholinergic stimulation in the newborn lamb.", "content": "This study was designed to assess the influences of cholinergic stimulation on coronary flow (CF), oxygen metabolism (MVO2) and contractility (MC) of the left ventricle in the newborn. Nineteen lambs, 1-7 days of age, were anesthetized with pentobarbital (20 mg/kg) and prepared for continuous measurement of CF, heart rate (HR), aortic (AP) and left ventricular end-diastolic (LVEDP) pressures, dP/dt max, and cardiac output (CO). HR, AP, and CO could be controlled as desired. Simultaneous arterial and sinus blood samples were analyzed for O2 content, hematocrit, pH, PO2, and PCO2. LV MVO2 and %O2 extraction (Ext) were calculated. Acetylcholine (ACh) infusion (30-50 microgram/min-kg) caused an increase of LVEDP (4 cmH2O), but no significant change in dP/dt max or HR with constant AP and CO. CF increased by 44%, but MVO2 per beat was unchanged. Similar changes were observed with constant HR (pace). Suramaximal efferent stimulation of right or left vagus nerves produced bradycardia (77-68 beats/min) but no significant changes in contractility, CF, Ext, or MVO2. These findings were unaltered by beta blockade. The changes elicited by ACh infusion or vagal stimulation were abolished by giving atropine. It is concluded that although cholinergic sensitivity can be demonstrated, vagal stimulation does not importantly influence MC, CF, or MVO2 in the lamb. This may relate to incomplete development of the adrenergic system.", "contents": "Cardiac function and metabolism during cholinergic stimulation in the newborn lamb. This study was designed to assess the influences of cholinergic stimulation on coronary flow (CF), oxygen metabolism (MVO2) and contractility (MC) of the left ventricle in the newborn. Nineteen lambs, 1-7 days of age, were anesthetized with pentobarbital (20 mg/kg) and prepared for continuous measurement of CF, heart rate (HR), aortic (AP) and left ventricular end-diastolic (LVEDP) pressures, dP/dt max, and cardiac output (CO). HR, AP, and CO could be controlled as desired. Simultaneous arterial and sinus blood samples were analyzed for O2 content, hematocrit, pH, PO2, and PCO2. LV MVO2 and %O2 extraction (Ext) were calculated. Acetylcholine (ACh) infusion (30-50 microgram/min-kg) caused an increase of LVEDP (4 cmH2O), but no significant change in dP/dt max or HR with constant AP and CO. CF increased by 44%, but MVO2 per beat was unchanged. Similar changes were observed with constant HR (pace). Suramaximal efferent stimulation of right or left vagus nerves produced bradycardia (77-68 beats/min) but no significant changes in contractility, CF, Ext, or MVO2. These findings were unaltered by beta blockade. The changes elicited by ACh infusion or vagal stimulation were abolished by giving atropine. It is concluded that although cholinergic sensitivity can be demonstrated, vagal stimulation does not importantly influence MC, CF, or MVO2 in the lamb. This may relate to incomplete development of the adrenergic system."}
{"id": "PMID:910964", "title": "Osmotic flow through the placental barrier of chronically prepared sheep.", "content": "An electromagnetic flow sensor was placed on the distal aorta of sheep fetuses in utero, and catheters were placed in a femoral artery and the common umbilical vein. Catheters were also placed in a carotid artery and a uterine vein of the pregnant ewe. Three days postoperatively maternal plasma was hyperosmotic with respect to fetal plasma by all methods: +5.8 +/- 1.4 SE by vapor-pressure osmometry, +2.2 +/- 0.7 SE by freezing-point depression osmometry corrected for bicarbonate loss; and +3.26 mosmol/liter by chemical measurement of plasma constituents. Maternal or fetal plasma was made hypertonic in vivo by infusion of concentrated solutions of mannitol, sucrose, or NaCl. Transplacental water flux was calculated from placental blood flows and arteriovenous differences in water content of the blood. The apparent osmotic conductivity of the placenta was 61 ml2-mosmol-1-kg-1, but this value should be divided by an unknown reflection coefficient to yield the true osmotic conductivity. Separate measurements were made of the placental diffusional permeability of Na+ and Cl- in five chronically prepared sheep fetuses: PSNa+ =0.20 +/- 0.04, PSCl- = 0.27 +/- 0.04 ml/(min-kg fetus). There was a highly significant positive regression between (total) placental permeability and fetal weight.", "contents": "Osmotic flow through the placental barrier of chronically prepared sheep. An electromagnetic flow sensor was placed on the distal aorta of sheep fetuses in utero, and catheters were placed in a femoral artery and the common umbilical vein. Catheters were also placed in a carotid artery and a uterine vein of the pregnant ewe. Three days postoperatively maternal plasma was hyperosmotic with respect to fetal plasma by all methods: +5.8 +/- 1.4 SE by vapor-pressure osmometry, +2.2 +/- 0.7 SE by freezing-point depression osmometry corrected for bicarbonate loss; and +3.26 mosmol/liter by chemical measurement of plasma constituents. Maternal or fetal plasma was made hypertonic in vivo by infusion of concentrated solutions of mannitol, sucrose, or NaCl. Transplacental water flux was calculated from placental blood flows and arteriovenous differences in water content of the blood. The apparent osmotic conductivity of the placenta was 61 ml2-mosmol-1-kg-1, but this value should be divided by an unknown reflection coefficient to yield the true osmotic conductivity. Separate measurements were made of the placental diffusional permeability of Na+ and Cl- in five chronically prepared sheep fetuses: PSNa+ =0.20 +/- 0.04, PSCl- = 0.27 +/- 0.04 ml/(min-kg fetus). There was a highly significant positive regression between (total) placental permeability and fetal weight."}
{"id": "PMID:910965", "title": "Water and electrolyte acquisition across the placenta of the sheep.", "content": "Fetal plasma is known to be hyperosmotic with respect to maternal plasma. Although some solutes are actively transported across the placenta and occur in higher concentrations in fetal than in maternal plasma, the total concentration difference is reversed by an opposite difference in the concentrations of electrolytes. Calculations on the basis of the Kedem and Katchalsky equations for a homogeneous membrane demonstrate that active solute transfer and a physiologically plausible hydrostatic pressure difference account for the known rates at which water and electrolytes are accumulated in the fetus. Best estimates of the membrane parameters (per kilogram fetal weight) are PSNa, Cl = 0.23 ml-min-1-kg-1, LpS = 5-10(-6) cm5-min-1-kg-1-dyne-1, and sigma NaCl approximately equal to 0.5. (where PS is the permeability-surface area product, LpS is the filtration coefficient, or sigma is the Staverman reflection coefficient). The driving forces for water and electrolyte transfer (active transfer and hydrostatic pressure) are not used as regulators. Rather, electrolyte permeability, which is the major constraint on fetal growth, and which continuously increases during gestation, makes possible the exponential increase in fetal weight during gestation.", "contents": "Water and electrolyte acquisition across the placenta of the sheep. Fetal plasma is known to be hyperosmotic with respect to maternal plasma. Although some solutes are actively transported across the placenta and occur in higher concentrations in fetal than in maternal plasma, the total concentration difference is reversed by an opposite difference in the concentrations of electrolytes. Calculations on the basis of the Kedem and Katchalsky equations for a homogeneous membrane demonstrate that active solute transfer and a physiologically plausible hydrostatic pressure difference account for the known rates at which water and electrolytes are accumulated in the fetus. Best estimates of the membrane parameters (per kilogram fetal weight) are PSNa, Cl = 0.23 ml-min-1-kg-1, LpS = 5-10(-6) cm5-min-1-kg-1-dyne-1, and sigma NaCl approximately equal to 0.5. (where PS is the permeability-surface area product, LpS is the filtration coefficient, or sigma is the Staverman reflection coefficient). The driving forces for water and electrolyte transfer (active transfer and hydrostatic pressure) are not used as regulators. Rather, electrolyte permeability, which is the major constraint on fetal growth, and which continuously increases during gestation, makes possible the exponential increase in fetal weight during gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:910966", "title": "Effect of sex difference and pregnancy on the normal reactive hyperemia curve.", "content": "The 10-min reactive hyperemia reaction was studied in a group of normal males, 10 normal females, 10 females in each trimester of pregnancy, and 10 females 6 wk postpartum. Sex difference had a marked effect on the hyperemic reaction, in that 5 and 15 s after release of circulatory arrest, the mean forearm blood flow in normal males was significantly reduced below that of normal females. During pregnancy there was a shift in the reaction of the pregnant female toward that in the normal male. In the 1st trimester of pregnancy, 5 s after circulatory arrest the mean forearm blood flow was diminished below that of the normal female; in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters at 5 s, the reaction was significantly diminished below that of the normal female. At 6wk postpartum, the reaction was essentially the same as in the nonpregnant female. Although these changes may be explained by a hormonal difference, they portray that there may be a marked difference in vascular reactivity due to sex difference only.", "contents": "Effect of sex difference and pregnancy on the normal reactive hyperemia curve. The 10-min reactive hyperemia reaction was studied in a group of normal males, 10 normal females, 10 females in each trimester of pregnancy, and 10 females 6 wk postpartum. Sex difference had a marked effect on the hyperemic reaction, in that 5 and 15 s after release of circulatory arrest, the mean forearm blood flow in normal males was significantly reduced below that of normal females. During pregnancy there was a shift in the reaction of the pregnant female toward that in the normal male. In the 1st trimester of pregnancy, 5 s after circulatory arrest the mean forearm blood flow was diminished below that of the normal female; in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters at 5 s, the reaction was significantly diminished below that of the normal female. At 6wk postpartum, the reaction was essentially the same as in the nonpregnant female. Although these changes may be explained by a hormonal difference, they portray that there may be a marked difference in vascular reactivity due to sex difference only."}
{"id": "PMID:910967", "title": "Right ventricular performance during ischemia: an anatomic and hemodynamic analysis.", "content": "This study in the pig was designed to characterize right ventricular (RV) contractile responses during infarction involving three areas of the heart--anteroseptal, anterolateral, and inferoseptal. Porcine coronary architecture was studied from multicolor vinyl casts. Distribution of blood supply to ventricular myocardium and papillary muscles was defined by intra-arterial dye injection. High-fidelity pressure and flow data were measured simultaneously in both ventricles following ligation of approximately equal lengths of the anterior descending, left circumflex, or posterior descending arteries. In the three groups, weight of myocardium involved by the occluded artery was comparable and there was significant depression of left ventricular performance, more pronounced in the two anterior infarcts. However, in anterolateral infarction, despite the obligatory drop in RV flow, there was no significant alteration in RV end-diastolic pressure (EDP), peak rate of rise of RV pressure (dP/dt), or time-to-peak developed dP/dt. In contrast, with both anteroseptal and inferoseptal infarctions there were significant alterations in all RV contractile parameters, at increased levels of RVEDP, signifying a primary depression in RV contractile state. With inferoseptal infarction, further occlusion of the right coronary near its origin produced a more exaggerated and selective RV contractile abnormality and, in half of the animals, varying degrees of acute tricuspid insufficiency.", "contents": "Right ventricular performance during ischemia: an anatomic and hemodynamic analysis. This study in the pig was designed to characterize right ventricular (RV) contractile responses during infarction involving three areas of the heart--anteroseptal, anterolateral, and inferoseptal. Porcine coronary architecture was studied from multicolor vinyl casts. Distribution of blood supply to ventricular myocardium and papillary muscles was defined by intra-arterial dye injection. High-fidelity pressure and flow data were measured simultaneously in both ventricles following ligation of approximately equal lengths of the anterior descending, left circumflex, or posterior descending arteries. In the three groups, weight of myocardium involved by the occluded artery was comparable and there was significant depression of left ventricular performance, more pronounced in the two anterior infarcts. However, in anterolateral infarction, despite the obligatory drop in RV flow, there was no significant alteration in RV end-diastolic pressure (EDP), peak rate of rise of RV pressure (dP/dt), or time-to-peak developed dP/dt. In contrast, with both anteroseptal and inferoseptal infarctions there were significant alterations in all RV contractile parameters, at increased levels of RVEDP, signifying a primary depression in RV contractile state. With inferoseptal infarction, further occlusion of the right coronary near its origin produced a more exaggerated and selective RV contractile abnormality and, in half of the animals, varying degrees of acute tricuspid insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:910969", "title": "Influence of the burn wound on peripheral circulation in thermally injured patients.", "content": "Simultaneous measurements of resting leg blood flow and surface and rectal temperatures were made in 45 studies of 9 normal subjects and 28 burn patients. The patients had burns from 3-86% of the total body surface with leg injury ranging from 0-87.5% of the leg surface. In the patient group, blood flow was essentially normal in the uninjured legs, increased in a curvilinear manner with the size of the leg burn, and approached a plateau of 8.0 ml/100 ml-min as the percent of leg burn exceeded 60%. Increasing the leg surface temperature by 5 degrees C increased blood flow in patients with burned and unburned extremities to the same extent as in normal subjects. Increased peripheral blood flow following thermal injury is directed primarily to the burn wound. Variations in surface temperature modify this peripheral vascular response to injury.", "contents": "Influence of the burn wound on peripheral circulation in thermally injured patients. Simultaneous measurements of resting leg blood flow and surface and rectal temperatures were made in 45 studies of 9 normal subjects and 28 burn patients. The patients had burns from 3-86% of the total body surface with leg injury ranging from 0-87.5% of the leg surface. In the patient group, blood flow was essentially normal in the uninjured legs, increased in a curvilinear manner with the size of the leg burn, and approached a plateau of 8.0 ml/100 ml-min as the percent of leg burn exceeded 60%. Increasing the leg surface temperature by 5 degrees C increased blood flow in patients with burned and unburned extremities to the same extent as in normal subjects. Increased peripheral blood flow following thermal injury is directed primarily to the burn wound. Variations in surface temperature modify this peripheral vascular response to injury."}
{"id": "PMID:910970", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of unprocessed sheep blood extracts to follow angiotensin metabolism.", "content": "The acceptability of radioimmunoassay to determine the levels of compounds antigenic to anti-angiotensin antibodies, in unprocessed methanolic blood extracts, was established for sheep blood. This approach was used to follow the clearance of antigenic compounds after administration of angiotensins I and II and fragments of angiotensin II in anesthetized sheep. The organs supplied by the systemic circulation and also the lungs effectively removed angiotensin I, but the removal of octapeptide occurred only in the peripheral tissues. The blood concentrations of compounds reacting with the anti-angiotensin II antibody always increased with passage of angiotensin I through the pulmonary circulation but not with passage of angiotensin II. The results indicate that factors other than efficiency of removal by the tissue is important in establishing blood levels. The sites of administration and of sampling were shown to be important in relation to ratios of the concentrations of antigenic material. There was a similar uptake of both hormones in the kidney; the relative inability of angiotensin I to reduce renal blood flow, therefore, does not result from a failure of uptake.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of unprocessed sheep blood extracts to follow angiotensin metabolism. The acceptability of radioimmunoassay to determine the levels of compounds antigenic to anti-angiotensin antibodies, in unprocessed methanolic blood extracts, was established for sheep blood. This approach was used to follow the clearance of antigenic compounds after administration of angiotensins I and II and fragments of angiotensin II in anesthetized sheep. The organs supplied by the systemic circulation and also the lungs effectively removed angiotensin I, but the removal of octapeptide occurred only in the peripheral tissues. The blood concentrations of compounds reacting with the anti-angiotensin II antibody always increased with passage of angiotensin I through the pulmonary circulation but not with passage of angiotensin II. The results indicate that factors other than efficiency of removal by the tissue is important in establishing blood levels. The sites of administration and of sampling were shown to be important in relation to ratios of the concentrations of antigenic material. There was a similar uptake of both hormones in the kidney; the relative inability of angiotensin I to reduce renal blood flow, therefore, does not result from a failure of uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:910972", "title": "Cost, utilization, and utilization review of mental health services in a prepaid group practice plan.", "content": "The author describes the utilization review process, utilization patterns, and service cost of the Mental Health Service of the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York (HIP). He finds that a mental health care delivery system within a health maintenance organization offers the advantages of sophisticated utilization review procedures, reduced cost per mental health incident, and a low utilization rate and low cost for psychiatric hospitalization. However, the HMO's return-to-function treatment goals may be too limited for the minority of patients who would benefit only from long-term intensive treatment. He recommends that cost accounting be based on cost per illness rather than cost per service.", "contents": "Cost, utilization, and utilization review of mental health services in a prepaid group practice plan. The author describes the utilization review process, utilization patterns, and service cost of the Mental Health Service of the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York (HIP). He finds that a mental health care delivery system within a health maintenance organization offers the advantages of sophisticated utilization review procedures, reduced cost per mental health incident, and a low utilization rate and low cost for psychiatric hospitalization. However, the HMO's return-to-function treatment goals may be too limited for the minority of patients who would benefit only from long-term intensive treatment. He recommends that cost accounting be based on cost per illness rather than cost per service."}
{"id": "PMID:910973", "title": "Cyclothymic disorder: validating criteria for inclusion in the bipolar affective group.", "content": "The authors identified 46 cyclothymic probands from a random pool of 500 psychiatric outpatients and prospectively followed them over a 2-3 year period. They used 50 bipolar patients with a definite history of mania and 50 patients with personality disorders as control groups. Although 66% of the cyclothymic outpatients had previously received the diagnosis of hysteria or sociopathy, their pedigrees were similar to those seen in classical bipolar manic-depressive illness; furthermore, 44% of the cyclothymic group experienced  brief hypomanic episodes while taking tricyclic drugs, and 35% developed full-blown hypomanic, manic, or depressive episodes during drug-free follow-up. The authors conclude that these findings provide evidence for a cyclothymic-bipolar spectrum.", "contents": "Cyclothymic disorder: validating criteria for inclusion in the bipolar affective group. The authors identified 46 cyclothymic probands from a random pool of 500 psychiatric outpatients and prospectively followed them over a 2-3 year period. They used 50 bipolar patients with a definite history of mania and 50 patients with personality disorders as control groups. Although 66% of the cyclothymic outpatients had previously received the diagnosis of hysteria or sociopathy, their pedigrees were similar to those seen in classical bipolar manic-depressive illness; furthermore, 44% of the cyclothymic group experienced  brief hypomanic episodes while taking tricyclic drugs, and 35% developed full-blown hypomanic, manic, or depressive episodes during drug-free follow-up. The authors conclude that these findings provide evidence for a cyclothymic-bipolar spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:910974", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of phencyclidine toxicity.", "content": "Phencyclidine appears to be unique in action compared with other psychedelic drugs, and its effects are less dependent upon the individual's personality than are the effects of LSD or mescaline. The authors discuss the sensory, psychological, and behavioral symptoms of phencyclidine intoxication. Most cases are of short duration and the only treatment necessary may be observation together with minimal stimulation and diazepam. However, prolonged and severe behavioral disturbances, exaggeration of preexisting thought disorder, and serious medical complications commonly occur and must be considered in the treatment plan.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of phencyclidine toxicity. Phencyclidine appears to be unique in action compared with other psychedelic drugs, and its effects are less dependent upon the individual's personality than are the effects of LSD or mescaline. The authors discuss the sensory, psychological, and behavioral symptoms of phencyclidine intoxication. Most cases are of short duration and the only treatment necessary may be observation together with minimal stimulation and diazepam. However, prolonged and severe behavioral disturbances, exaggeration of preexisting thought disorder, and serious medical complications commonly occur and must be considered in the treatment plan."}
{"id": "PMID:910975", "title": "Rape: power, anger, and sexuality.", "content": "Accounts from both offenders and victims of what occurs during a rape suggest that issues of power, anger, and sexuality are important in understanding the rapist's behavior. All three issues seem to operate in every rape, but the proportion varies and one issue seems to dominate in each instance. The authors ranked accounts from 133 offenders and 92 victims for the dominant issue and found that the offenses could be categorized as power rape (sexuality used primarily to express power) or anger rape (use of sexuality to express anger). There were no rapes in which sex was the dominant issue; sexuality was always in the service of other, nonsexual needs.", "contents": "Rape: power, anger, and sexuality. Accounts from both offenders and victims of what occurs during a rape suggest that issues of power, anger, and sexuality are important in understanding the rapist's behavior. All three issues seem to operate in every rape, but the proportion varies and one issue seems to dominate in each instance. The authors ranked accounts from 133 offenders and 92 victims for the dominant issue and found that the offenses could be categorized as power rape (sexuality used primarily to express power) or anger rape (use of sexuality to express anger). There were no rapes in which sex was the dominant issue; sexuality was always in the service of other, nonsexual needs."}
{"id": "PMID:910976", "title": "Problems for women in psychiatric residency.", "content": "Some of the basic problems confronting women in psychiatric training are reflected in four major areas: supervision, administration, research, and peer relationships. The authors recommend a residency seminar on female psychology, flexible-schedule residencies, inclusion of more women in all phases of the profession, reeducation in female psychology for supervisors, more research opportunities, the availability of male and female mentors, and training program encouragement of peer support; these suggestions would help overcome the problems and improve training programs for women and men.", "contents": "Problems for women in psychiatric residency. Some of the basic problems confronting women in psychiatric training are reflected in four major areas: supervision, administration, research, and peer relationships. The authors recommend a residency seminar on female psychology, flexible-schedule residencies, inclusion of more women in all phases of the profession, reeducation in female psychology for supervisors, more research opportunities, the availability of male and female mentors, and training program encouragement of peer support; these suggestions would help overcome the problems and improve training programs for women and men."}
{"id": "PMID:910977", "title": "Psychiatric disturbances associated with Erhard Seminars Training: II. additional cases and theoretical considerations.", "content": "In a previous article, the authors reported on 5 individuals who developed psychoses after participation in Erhard Seminars Training (est). Two additional cases are reported, and the combined case material is discussed in terms of group and psychodynamic theories. The authoritarian est leadership style may mobilize in trainees an overdetermined and pathological reliance on identification with the aggressor. Such a mechanism may be central to the production of psychiatric casualties, particularly in individuals with defective ego boundaries. Future controlled research is necessary to ascertain the rate of occurrence of psychiatric disturbances associated with est and to test the authors' hypotheses.", "contents": "Psychiatric disturbances associated with Erhard Seminars Training: II. additional cases and theoretical considerations. In a previous article, the authors reported on 5 individuals who developed psychoses after participation in Erhard Seminars Training (est). Two additional cases are reported, and the combined case material is discussed in terms of group and psychodynamic theories. The authoritarian est leadership style may mobilize in trainees an overdetermined and pathological reliance on identification with the aggressor. Such a mechanism may be central to the production of psychiatric casualties, particularly in individuals with defective ego boundaries. Future controlled research is necessary to ascertain the rate of occurrence of psychiatric disturbances associated with est and to test the authors' hypotheses."}
{"id": "PMID:910978", "title": "Success rates in psychiatry and neurology certification examinations.", "content": "The authors traced the progress of a sample of 200 psychiatrists and 150 neurologists on the ABPN examination. Overall success rates were high-64% of psychiatrists and 75% of neurologists became Board-certified. Performance on the written exam was a significant predictor of outcome for both groups-88% of psychiatrists and 94% of neurologists who passed Part I on their first try eventually obtained certification. Given the criticism that has been directed toward the oral exam, it was interesting that only 10% of psychiatrists and 5% of neurologists failed to become diplomates because of difficulties with Part II. Future research will deal with the validity and reliability of the oral exam.", "contents": "Success rates in psychiatry and neurology certification examinations. The authors traced the progress of a sample of 200 psychiatrists and 150 neurologists on the ABPN examination. Overall success rates were high-64% of psychiatrists and 75% of neurologists became Board-certified. Performance on the written exam was a significant predictor of outcome for both groups-88% of psychiatrists and 94% of neurologists who passed Part I on their first try eventually obtained certification. Given the criticism that has been directed toward the oral exam, it was interesting that only 10% of psychiatrists and 5% of neurologists failed to become diplomates because of difficulties with Part II. Future research will deal with the validity and reliability of the oral exam."}
{"id": "PMID:910979", "title": "An examinee's perspective on Board certification.", "content": "The author reviews the objectives, sources, preparation, and test-taking strategies commonly used by successful candidates for the certification examination of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc. He suggests that examinees can benefit from the preparation process as well as increase the probability of passing by adopting these strategies.", "contents": "An examinee's perspective on Board certification. The author reviews the objectives, sources, preparation, and test-taking strategies commonly used by successful candidates for the certification examination of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc. He suggests that examinees can benefit from the preparation process as well as increase the probability of passing by adopting these strategies."}
{"id": "PMID:910980", "title": "From board candidate to rookie examiner.", "content": "The author describes his experience as a candidate for the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc., examinations one year and as an oral examiner the next. He discusses the oral examination process, listing the errors most frequently made by candidates.", "contents": "From board candidate to rookie examiner. The author describes his experience as a candidate for the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc., examinations one year and as an oral examiner the next. He discusses the oral examination process, listing the errors most frequently made by candidates."}
{"id": "PMID:910981", "title": "Neurology in the psychiatry Boards.", "content": "On the basis of his experience as an examiner, the author discusses the problems encountered in assessing psychiatrists' abilities in clinical neurology for certification by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. Hoping to stimulate discussion among trainees, training programs, and the Board, he outlines five paradigms designed to survey neurological knowledge and skill potentially needed by psychiatrists in various situations; these are reduced to specific topics on which Board candidates should be questioned. Relationships between training and examination expectations are discussed.", "contents": "Neurology in the psychiatry Boards. On the basis of his experience as an examiner, the author discusses the problems encountered in assessing psychiatrists' abilities in clinical neurology for certification by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. Hoping to stimulate discussion among trainees, training programs, and the Board, he outlines five paradigms designed to survey neurological knowledge and skill potentially needed by psychiatrists in various situations; these are reduced to specific topics on which Board candidates should be questioned. Relationships between training and examination expectations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:910982", "title": "Thyroid function and growth hormone secretion in amitriptyline-treated depression.", "content": "The authors studied changes in indices of thyroid function prospectively in a group of 11 patients given amitriptyline to treat depression. The drug caused no significant alteration in these indices, but scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale improved significantly. In another group of subjects with depression, the stimulation of growth hormone secretion by L-dopa was unaffected by amitriptyline therapy.", "contents": "Thyroid function and growth hormone secretion in amitriptyline-treated depression. The authors studied changes in indices of thyroid function prospectively in a group of 11 patients given amitriptyline to treat depression. The drug caused no significant alteration in these indices, but scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale improved significantly. In another group of subjects with depression, the stimulation of growth hormone secretion by L-dopa was unaffected by amitriptyline therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:910983", "title": "Anniversary reactions masquerading as manic-depressive illness.", "content": "The authors suggest that many patients diagnosed as having manic-depressive illness, depressed type, may in fact be experiencing anniversary reactions--time-specific psychological and physiological reactions to a past trauma. They report three cases of cyclic depressive disorder, two of which were first diagnosed as manic-depressive illness, depressed type. Careful, complete interviewing and attention to temporal sequence led to the correct diagnosis of anniversary reaction.", "contents": "Anniversary reactions masquerading as manic-depressive illness. The authors suggest that many patients diagnosed as having manic-depressive illness, depressed type, may in fact be experiencing anniversary reactions--time-specific psychological and physiological reactions to a past trauma. They report three cases of cyclic depressive disorder, two of which were first diagnosed as manic-depressive illness, depressed type. Careful, complete interviewing and attention to temporal sequence led to the correct diagnosis of anniversary reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:910984", "title": "Urinary catecholamine metabolites in hyperkinetic boys treated with d-amphetamine.", "content": "The authors studied the excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG), normetanephrine (NM), metanephrine, and homovanillic acid in 7 hyperactive and 12 control children. MHPG was lower but NM was significantly higher in hyperactive children than in controls. Administration of d-amphetamine for 2 weeks depressed the levels of MHPG, NM, and metanephrine. The authors suggest a decreased central norepinephrine activity, which may be secondary to the interruption of norepinephrine fibers in the medial forebrain bundle.", "contents": "Urinary catecholamine metabolites in hyperkinetic boys treated with d-amphetamine. The authors studied the excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG), normetanephrine (NM), metanephrine, and homovanillic acid in 7 hyperactive and 12 control children. MHPG was lower but NM was significantly higher in hyperactive children than in controls. Administration of d-amphetamine for 2 weeks depressed the levels of MHPG, NM, and metanephrine. The authors suggest a decreased central norepinephrine activity, which may be secondary to the interruption of norepinephrine fibers in the medial forebrain bundle."}
{"id": "PMID:910985", "title": "In vitro half-life of 14-C-tryptamine in whole blood of drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients.", "content": "The authors found higher in vitro 14C-tryptamine half-lives in the blood of 10 drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients than in the blood of 13 mentally normal control subjects. This finding was negatively correlated for both groups with platelet MAO activity. Repeated determinations of in vitro 14C-tryptamine half-lives over a period of 5 months were positively correlated for the patients, although some blood samples showed statistically significant variability.", "contents": "In vitro half-life of 14-C-tryptamine in whole blood of drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients. The authors found higher in vitro 14C-tryptamine half-lives in the blood of 10 drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients than in the blood of 13 mentally normal control subjects. This finding was negatively correlated for both groups with platelet MAO activity. Repeated determinations of in vitro 14C-tryptamine half-lives over a period of 5 months were positively correlated for the patients, although some blood samples showed statistically significant variability."}
{"id": "PMID:910986", "title": "The Hearst trial and the confidentiality of residency records.", "content": "Review of the Hearst trial transcript reveals that the subpoena Dr. Joel Fort's residency files met with very little effective resistance on the part of the hospital that had trained him. There are few legal mechanisms to stop such a subpoena. The only truly effective solution may be the abstraction and destruction of residency files once the residency has been successfully completed.", "contents": "The Hearst trial and the confidentiality of residency records. Review of the Hearst trial transcript reveals that the subpoena Dr. Joel Fort's residency files met with very little effective resistance on the part of the hospital that had trained him. There are few legal mechanisms to stop such a subpoena. The only truly effective solution may be the abstraction and destruction of residency files once the residency has been successfully completed."}
{"id": "PMID:910987", "title": "Suicide among police.", "content": "The author presents and comments on recently acquired police suicide data from several cities in the United States and from the Metropolitan Police Department of London and on extensive archival police suicide files. He also explores some of the psychosocial factors that may affect the high incidence of suicide among people who actively specialize in police work.", "contents": "Suicide among police. The author presents and comments on recently acquired police suicide data from several cities in the United States and from the Metropolitan Police Department of London and on extensive archival police suicide files. He also explores some of the psychosocial factors that may affect the high incidence of suicide among people who actively specialize in police work."}
{"id": "PMID:910988", "title": "Inhalant abuse in an Indian boarding school.", "content": "The authors describe inhalant abuse among children in an American Indian elementary boarding school. They discuss the initial interventions made to control this problem, such as providing a lower adult-child ratio and improving staff morale and child management skills and developing a volunteer program to improve the quality of the children's experience after school hours. They suggest that such preventive efforts be made early to interrupt the destructive cycle of dependence on external agents.", "contents": "Inhalant abuse in an Indian boarding school. The authors describe inhalant abuse among children in an American Indian elementary boarding school. They discuss the initial interventions made to control this problem, such as providing a lower adult-child ratio and improving staff morale and child management skills and developing a volunteer program to improve the quality of the children's experience after school hours. They suggest that such preventive efforts be made early to interrupt the destructive cycle of dependence on external agents."}
{"id": "PMID:911003", "title": "Health beliefs and smoking patterns in heart patients and their wives: a longitudinal study.", "content": "Smoking patterns of 205 male patients were examined over a period of eight years after a primary myocardial infarction. Smoking data from their wives at one year after the heart attack were also examined. A marked, persistent reduction in smoking was found among the men. Smoking patterns of wives remained essentially unchanged. Smoking patterns before the heart attack were not related to demographic variables, except for the associated between smoker-nonsmoker status and social measures. Conceptions of susceptibility, threat, and power of prevention drawn from theoretical models on preventive health behavior were employed for analysis. High proportions of husbands and wives reported belief in smoking as important in the etiology of the heart attack, and in possibilities of prevention. Specific beliefs concerning threat, susceptibility, and prevention were not found to be related to the massive drop in smoking behavior among the men nor to stability in pattern among the wives. Alternative explanations are reviewed.", "contents": "Health beliefs and smoking patterns in heart patients and their wives: a longitudinal study. Smoking patterns of 205 male patients were examined over a period of eight years after a primary myocardial infarction. Smoking data from their wives at one year after the heart attack were also examined. A marked, persistent reduction in smoking was found among the men. Smoking patterns of wives remained essentially unchanged. Smoking patterns before the heart attack were not related to demographic variables, except for the associated between smoker-nonsmoker status and social measures. Conceptions of susceptibility, threat, and power of prevention drawn from theoretical models on preventive health behavior were employed for analysis. High proportions of husbands and wives reported belief in smoking as important in the etiology of the heart attack, and in possibilities of prevention. Specific beliefs concerning threat, susceptibility, and prevention were not found to be related to the massive drop in smoking behavior among the men nor to stability in pattern among the wives. Alternative explanations are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:911004", "title": "A survey of local public health departments and their directors.", "content": "In 1974 a questionnaire was mailed to the nation's local health officers. Responses were received from 1,345, at least 68 per cent of all local health departments. The present paper presents selected summary data from respondents concerning the health departments, their jurisdictions, organization, finance, functions, staffing, and about the training, salaries, and other characteristics of local health officers. Health departments are extensively involved in rendering health services, including direct personal services (25 per cent of all departments). For many services the health department is the sole provider of essential services in the area of jurisdiction. These services include ambulatory care (8 per cent), maternal and child health (48.5 per cent), home care (44.8 per cent), and family planning (38 per cent). The major constraints to improvement and expansion of programs are perceived as limited financial support, insufficient staff, and inadequate facilities.", "contents": "A survey of local public health departments and their directors. In 1974 a questionnaire was mailed to the nation's local health officers. Responses were received from 1,345, at least 68 per cent of all local health departments. The present paper presents selected summary data from respondents concerning the health departments, their jurisdictions, organization, finance, functions, staffing, and about the training, salaries, and other characteristics of local health officers. Health departments are extensively involved in rendering health services, including direct personal services (25 per cent of all departments). For many services the health department is the sole provider of essential services in the area of jurisdiction. These services include ambulatory care (8 per cent), maternal and child health (48.5 per cent), home care (44.8 per cent), and family planning (38 per cent). The major constraints to improvement and expansion of programs are perceived as limited financial support, insufficient staff, and inadequate facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:911005", "title": "Statutory authorizations for the work of local health departments.", "content": "A study of public health statutes of the 50 states identifies 44 specific services or functions that are assigned to local health departments by all or some of the states. Authorizations are most commonly assigned conjointly both to local and state health departments; exceptions are identified. Data suggest striking inconsistencies between what local health departments are authorized to perform and the services they actually render with regard to a selected group of programs that involve personal health services. The full scope of authorizations for local health departments is not revealed by examination of public health statutes. For this reason, among others, development of up-to-date health codes for all states would be beneficial.", "contents": "Statutory authorizations for the work of local health departments. A study of public health statutes of the 50 states identifies 44 specific services or functions that are assigned to local health departments by all or some of the states. Authorizations are most commonly assigned conjointly both to local and state health departments; exceptions are identified. Data suggest striking inconsistencies between what local health departments are authorized to perform and the services they actually render with regard to a selected group of programs that involve personal health services. The full scope of authorizations for local health departments is not revealed by examination of public health statutes. For this reason, among others, development of up-to-date health codes for all states would be beneficial."}
{"id": "PMID:911015", "title": "Chemical mutagenesis: an emerging issue for public health.", "content": "Chemical mutagens are recognized as prevalent in the environment and a potential threat to the health of future generations. This paper presents an overview of chemical mutagenesis as an issue for public health. Several problems in the determination of risk to human populations are discussed, including difficulties of extrapolating scientific data to humans, the latency period between exposure and recognizable genetic damage, and the large number of chemicals which must be tested. Test systems are described. Possibilities of control through federal regulation are discussed.", "contents": "Chemical mutagenesis: an emerging issue for public health. Chemical mutagens are recognized as prevalent in the environment and a potential threat to the health of future generations. This paper presents an overview of chemical mutagenesis as an issue for public health. Several problems in the determination of risk to human populations are discussed, including difficulties of extrapolating scientific data to humans, the latency period between exposure and recognizable genetic damage, and the large number of chemicals which must be tested. Test systems are described. Possibilities of control through federal regulation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911016", "title": "What kinds of people do not use seat belts?", "content": "In the course of a Community Mental Health Epidemiology study conducted in Washington County, Maryland between December, 1971 and July, 1974, interviews were conducted with randomly selected adults in a weekly systematic sampling of households. In a subsequent re-interview of 1009 respondents who had family cars with seat belts, nearly 47 per cent said they did not use them. Non-use of seat belts was significantly higher among females and among persons with less than high school education or low income. Non-use of seat belts was also higher among those who felt that their station in life as measured by the Cantril ladder was unsatisfactory, who felt powerless to change at least some aspects of their lives, and who were infrequent church attenders. Significant associations were also found with infrequency of two other preventive health behaviors, dental checkups and Pap tests. Among young adults the tendency seemed to be for marriage to increase the non-use of seat belts among females but to decrease non-use among males.", "contents": "What kinds of people do not use seat belts? In the course of a Community Mental Health Epidemiology study conducted in Washington County, Maryland between December, 1971 and July, 1974, interviews were conducted with randomly selected adults in a weekly systematic sampling of households. In a subsequent re-interview of 1009 respondents who had family cars with seat belts, nearly 47 per cent said they did not use them. Non-use of seat belts was significantly higher among females and among persons with less than high school education or low income. Non-use of seat belts was also higher among those who felt that their station in life as measured by the Cantril ladder was unsatisfactory, who felt powerless to change at least some aspects of their lives, and who were infrequent church attenders. Significant associations were also found with infrequency of two other preventive health behaviors, dental checkups and Pap tests. Among young adults the tendency seemed to be for marriage to increase the non-use of seat belts among females but to decrease non-use among males."}
{"id": "PMID:911017", "title": "Head and spinal cord injuries: a pilot study of morbidity survey procedures.", "content": "This paper describes a pilot case-finding survey which allowed statistical resolution of a number of methodological issues facing researchers who conduct such surveys. The pilot study for a national survey assessing the incidence, prevalence, and economic impact of head and spinal cord injuries, was conducted in eight geographically representative country sites and involved a study of field procedures in several different types of medical facilities. The scope of this paper is limited to the study of procedures used in hospitals. It concluded that: (1) inexperienced field staff were as productive as experienced field staff for activities such as listing discharges and abstracting patient records; (2) field staff familiarity with facility record systems was associated with success in securing hospital cooperation; (3) endorsements by national chapters of relevant professional and health-related associations were sufficient for securing hospital cooperation; and (4) neither hospital characteristics (e.g., size) nor the degree of participation by cooperating hospitals was associated with any significant differences in field staff productivity.", "contents": "Head and spinal cord injuries: a pilot study of morbidity survey procedures. This paper describes a pilot case-finding survey which allowed statistical resolution of a number of methodological issues facing researchers who conduct such surveys. The pilot study for a national survey assessing the incidence, prevalence, and economic impact of head and spinal cord injuries, was conducted in eight geographically representative country sites and involved a study of field procedures in several different types of medical facilities. The scope of this paper is limited to the study of procedures used in hospitals. It concluded that: (1) inexperienced field staff were as productive as experienced field staff for activities such as listing discharges and abstracting patient records; (2) field staff familiarity with facility record systems was associated with success in securing hospital cooperation; (3) endorsements by national chapters of relevant professional and health-related associations were sufficient for securing hospital cooperation; and (4) neither hospital characteristics (e.g., size) nor the degree of participation by cooperating hospitals was associated with any significant differences in field staff productivity."}
{"id": "PMID:911018", "title": "A perspective on the significance of pandemic influenza.", "content": "The identification in February 1976 of a new strain of influenza virus led to the enactment of unprecedented federal legislation to minimize the impact of a potential outbreak of pandemic influenza in the fall and winter of 1976-1977. This legislative program does not, however, represent a commitment of federal resources to deal with the more general, longstanding problem of epidemic influenza. This paper presents a series of estimates of the impact and economic consequences of influenza. By including periods of interpandemic as well as pandemic disease, the estimates offer a broadened perspective of the magnitude of the influenza problem. The estimates show that while the proportions of pandemic influenza can be singularly impressive, the cumulative effects of interpandemic outbreaks are generally of greater consequence. The paper discusses the implications of these estimates and the 1976 legislation for the support and implementation of federal policy on the use of influenza vaccine. While the commitment of resources in support of public policy cannot alone guarantee successful implementation, it must be considered an essential prerequisite for dealing with both interpandemic and pandemic influenza.", "contents": "A perspective on the significance of pandemic influenza. The identification in February 1976 of a new strain of influenza virus led to the enactment of unprecedented federal legislation to minimize the impact of a potential outbreak of pandemic influenza in the fall and winter of 1976-1977. This legislative program does not, however, represent a commitment of federal resources to deal with the more general, longstanding problem of epidemic influenza. This paper presents a series of estimates of the impact and economic consequences of influenza. By including periods of interpandemic as well as pandemic disease, the estimates offer a broadened perspective of the magnitude of the influenza problem. The estimates show that while the proportions of pandemic influenza can be singularly impressive, the cumulative effects of interpandemic outbreaks are generally of greater consequence. The paper discusses the implications of these estimates and the 1976 legislation for the support and implementation of federal policy on the use of influenza vaccine. While the commitment of resources in support of public policy cannot alone guarantee successful implementation, it must be considered an essential prerequisite for dealing with both interpandemic and pandemic influenza."}
{"id": "PMID:911019", "title": "A large outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis on the Navajo Nation Indian Reservation, epidemiology and secondary transmission.", "content": "In September 1974, the largest outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis ever reported to the Center for Disease Control--affecting an estimated 3,400 persons--occurred on the Navajo Nation Indian Reservation. The responsible agent was Salmonella newport and the vehicle of transmission was potato salad served to an estimated 11,000 persons at a free barbecue. The cooked ingredients of the potato salad had been stored for up to 16 hours at improper holding temperatures. The magnitude of the outbreak allowed us to study secondary transmission by calculating the rates of diarrheal illness during the 2 weeks following the outbreak in persons who did not attend the barbecue and by examining the results of stool cultures obtained after the outbreak. We found no secondary transmission. We conclude that a health official should monitor food preparation and service at large social gatherings and that person-to-person transmission of salmonellosis probably does not normally occur even in settings considered highly conductive to cross-infection.", "contents": "A large outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis on the Navajo Nation Indian Reservation, epidemiology and secondary transmission. In September 1974, the largest outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis ever reported to the Center for Disease Control--affecting an estimated 3,400 persons--occurred on the Navajo Nation Indian Reservation. The responsible agent was Salmonella newport and the vehicle of transmission was potato salad served to an estimated 11,000 persons at a free barbecue. The cooked ingredients of the potato salad had been stored for up to 16 hours at improper holding temperatures. The magnitude of the outbreak allowed us to study secondary transmission by calculating the rates of diarrheal illness during the 2 weeks following the outbreak in persons who did not attend the barbecue and by examining the results of stool cultures obtained after the outbreak. We found no secondary transmission. We conclude that a health official should monitor food preparation and service at large social gatherings and that person-to-person transmission of salmonellosis probably does not normally occur even in settings considered highly conductive to cross-infection."}
{"id": "PMID:911020", "title": "Fire victims: medical outcomes and demographic characteristics.", "content": "The medical outcomes and demographic characteristics of all victims of fires identified by The Baltimore Fire Department during a 14-month period in Baltimore City were studied. Fifty-nine per cent of victims suffered minor injuries, 25 per cent required hospitalization and 16 per cent were fatalities. The majority of survivable injuries were due to burns, while the majority of deaths were due to pulmonary injury and carbon monoxide intoxication. Deaths occurring at the scene of the fire or during the first 24 hours were predominantly due to carbon monoxide. Exposure to fires was more likely to result in deaths in the very young and very old. Evidence from autopsy protocols suggests that alcohol was a contributory factor.", "contents": "Fire victims: medical outcomes and demographic characteristics. The medical outcomes and demographic characteristics of all victims of fires identified by The Baltimore Fire Department during a 14-month period in Baltimore City were studied. Fifty-nine per cent of victims suffered minor injuries, 25 per cent required hospitalization and 16 per cent were fatalities. The majority of survivable injuries were due to burns, while the majority of deaths were due to pulmonary injury and carbon monoxide intoxication. Deaths occurring at the scene of the fire or during the first 24 hours were predominantly due to carbon monoxide. Exposure to fires was more likely to result in deaths in the very young and very old. Evidence from autopsy protocols suggests that alcohol was a contributory factor."}
{"id": "PMID:911021", "title": "Rubella in Seattle-King County Washington.", "content": "Assessment of the results of rubella hemagglutination-inhibition tests from women of child-bearing age in Seattle-King County suggests no community susceptibility problem except among women age 19 in 1976. Within this cohort 23 per cent were susceptible, probably because these women were too young to experience a full exposure to natural rubella prior to introduction of rubella vaccine and too old to be immunized against rubella in the elementary schools in 1970. Follow-up of women under age 25 who were seronegative for rubella antibody indicated that one-third subsequently received rubella vaccine.", "contents": "Rubella in Seattle-King County Washington. Assessment of the results of rubella hemagglutination-inhibition tests from women of child-bearing age in Seattle-King County suggests no community susceptibility problem except among women age 19 in 1976. Within this cohort 23 per cent were susceptible, probably because these women were too young to experience a full exposure to natural rubella prior to introduction of rubella vaccine and too old to be immunized against rubella in the elementary schools in 1970. Follow-up of women under age 25 who were seronegative for rubella antibody indicated that one-third subsequently received rubella vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:911026", "title": "Prognostic effect of tobacco and alcohol use in patients with oral tongue cancer.", "content": "A retrospective case analysis shows that patients with oral tongue cancer who have chronically used tobacco and alcohol have an increased incidence of death due to tumor, due to a second primary cancer, and due to intercurrent disease when compared with patients with oral tongue cancer who have never used tobacco or alcohol. This difference is not explained by a difference in tumor staging, patients' ages, or type of treatment received.", "contents": "Prognostic effect of tobacco and alcohol use in patients with oral tongue cancer. A retrospective case analysis shows that patients with oral tongue cancer who have chronically used tobacco and alcohol have an increased incidence of death due to tumor, due to a second primary cancer, and due to intercurrent disease when compared with patients with oral tongue cancer who have never used tobacco or alcohol. This difference is not explained by a difference in tumor staging, patients' ages, or type of treatment received."}
{"id": "PMID:911027", "title": "Management of \"localized\" oral cancer.", "content": "We have outlined the clinical manifestations of \"localized\" malignant lesions of the intraoral cavity, their clinical behavior after intraoral excision, and their control rate employing intraoral excision as primary therapy. We must keep in mind that these small \"localized\" cancers are potential \"killers\" and the five year mortality from disease in our series was 25 per cent. This mortality may decrease with (1) more careful selection when patients are included in the \"localized\" lesion group and (2) earlier use of composite procedures in questionable cases.", "contents": "Management of \"localized\" oral cancer. We have outlined the clinical manifestations of \"localized\" malignant lesions of the intraoral cavity, their clinical behavior after intraoral excision, and their control rate employing intraoral excision as primary therapy. We must keep in mind that these small \"localized\" cancers are potential \"killers\" and the five year mortality from disease in our series was 25 per cent. This mortality may decrease with (1) more careful selection when patients are included in the \"localized\" lesion group and (2) earlier use of composite procedures in questionable cases."}
{"id": "PMID:911028", "title": "Correlation between prognosis and degree of lymph node involvement in carcinoma of the oral cavity.", "content": "Accurate histologic determination of lymph node metastasis is most important in predicting prognosis in patients who undergo radical neck dissection. In this study of 340 determinate patients, the five year survival was 75 per cent when lymph nodes were histologically negative, 49 per cent when one lymph node was positive, 30 per cent when two lymph nodes were positive, and 13 per cent when three or more nodes were positive. Other factors useful in predicting prognosis are, to some extent, the level of lymph node metastasis in the neck, and the presence or absence of capsule penetration and soft tissue involvement. Those patients with metastasis to three or more lymph nodes had a five year survival of 13 per cent and belong to a high risk group. In this high risk group among those who died, the incidence of recurrence in the neck was 72 per cent, and the incidence of distant metastasis  was  70 per cent. When autopsy was performed, more still were found to have distant metastasis, 75 to 80 per cent. Most of these high risk patients already have systemic dissemination of cancer at the time of their initial therapy; therefore, the addition of a systemic form of adjuvant therapy, such as chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy, is justified.", "contents": "Correlation between prognosis and degree of lymph node involvement in carcinoma of the oral cavity. Accurate histologic determination of lymph node metastasis is most important in predicting prognosis in patients who undergo radical neck dissection. In this study of 340 determinate patients, the five year survival was 75 per cent when lymph nodes were histologically negative, 49 per cent when one lymph node was positive, 30 per cent when two lymph nodes were positive, and 13 per cent when three or more nodes were positive. Other factors useful in predicting prognosis are, to some extent, the level of lymph node metastasis in the neck, and the presence or absence of capsule penetration and soft tissue involvement. Those patients with metastasis to three or more lymph nodes had a five year survival of 13 per cent and belong to a high risk group. In this high risk group among those who died, the incidence of recurrence in the neck was 72 per cent, and the incidence of distant metastasis  was  70 per cent. When autopsy was performed, more still were found to have distant metastasis, 75 to 80 per cent. Most of these high risk patients already have systemic dissemination of cancer at the time of their initial therapy; therefore, the addition of a systemic form of adjuvant therapy, such as chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy, is justified."}
{"id": "PMID:911029", "title": "A physiologic approach to the problems of simutaneous bilateral neck dissection.", "content": "A number of physiologic derangements have been observed resulting from the management of head and neck cancer with resection and simultaneous bilateral neck dissection. A protocol evolved to minimize morbidity from these complications was used on seventeen patients. Eleven are alive and free of disease and there was no mortality.", "contents": "A physiologic approach to the problems of simutaneous bilateral neck dissection. A number of physiologic derangements have been observed resulting from the management of head and neck cancer with resection and simultaneous bilateral neck dissection. A protocol evolved to minimize morbidity from these complications was used on seventeen patients. Eleven are alive and free of disease and there was no mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:911030", "title": "Results of BCG adjuvant immunotherapy in 100 patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "One hundred patients with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with chemotherapy and BCG as adjuvant immunotherapy. The overall response rate was 35 per cent, and the median duration of response was seventeen weeks. BCG does not prolong duration of remission or survival time.", "contents": "Results of BCG adjuvant immunotherapy in 100 patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck. One hundred patients with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with chemotherapy and BCG as adjuvant immunotherapy. The overall response rate was 35 per cent, and the median duration of response was seventeen weeks. BCG does not prolong duration of remission or survival time."}
{"id": "PMID:911033", "title": "Construction of a pseudolarynx after laryngectomy and radical neck dissection. A preliminary report.", "content": "Voice rehabilitation is a major problem after laryngectomy. A new method to construct a pseudolarynx after total laryngectomy by suturing the trachea to the hyoid bone is described. The surgical technic is relatively simple. Patients are able to speak in the immediate postoperative period without intensive therapy. The quality of speech is good. Aspiration of liquids is a common problem, but in time patients learn to swallow with minimal or no aspiration. This procedure could be utilized in selected cases for good voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy.", "contents": "Construction of a pseudolarynx after laryngectomy and radical neck dissection. A preliminary report. Voice rehabilitation is a major problem after laryngectomy. A new method to construct a pseudolarynx after total laryngectomy by suturing the trachea to the hyoid bone is described. The surgical technic is relatively simple. Patients are able to speak in the immediate postoperative period without intensive therapy. The quality of speech is good. Aspiration of liquids is a common problem, but in time patients learn to swallow with minimal or no aspiration. This procedure could be utilized in selected cases for good voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:911035", "title": "Unusual problems in parathyroid surgery.", "content": "Although parathyroid surgery is difficult because of the smallness of the glands and the variability in their location and number, a surgeon who is well versed in the embryology, gross anatomy, pathology of the glands, and the fine points of gross identification of normal and abnormal tissue should be able to identify these glands in most instances. In a review of 122 cases during a two year period, pathologic change was found in 96 per cent, even though 11 per cent were secondary cervical explorations and the mediastinum was entered by a sternal split approach in only two cases. Although the abnormal glands were found in varying locations and ten were outside the usual areas of search, all were consistent with failure to descend or excessive descent and with a relationship to anatomic structures having similar embryologic origin. Sophisticated localizing procedures such as arteriography and selective venous sampling for parathormone are rarely necessary.", "contents": "Unusual problems in parathyroid surgery. Although parathyroid surgery is difficult because of the smallness of the glands and the variability in their location and number, a surgeon who is well versed in the embryology, gross anatomy, pathology of the glands, and the fine points of gross identification of normal and abnormal tissue should be able to identify these glands in most instances. In a review of 122 cases during a two year period, pathologic change was found in 96 per cent, even though 11 per cent were secondary cervical explorations and the mediastinum was entered by a sternal split approach in only two cases. Although the abnormal glands were found in varying locations and ten were outside the usual areas of search, all were consistent with failure to descend or excessive descent and with a relationship to anatomic structures having similar embryologic origin. Sophisticated localizing procedures such as arteriography and selective venous sampling for parathormone are rarely necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:911036", "title": "Concomitant hydroxyurea and irradiation. Clinical experience with 100 patients with advanced head and neck cancer at Pennsylvania hospital.", "content": "One hundred outpatients with proved advanced epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck underwent complete treatment with concomitant hydroxyurea and irradiation therapy. Seventy-three patients exhibited complete regression of the tumor. All patients became candidates for operation after completion of combination therapy, although not all patients accepted surgery.", "contents": "Concomitant hydroxyurea and irradiation. Clinical experience with 100 patients with advanced head and neck cancer at Pennsylvania hospital. One hundred outpatients with proved advanced epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck underwent complete treatment with concomitant hydroxyurea and irradiation therapy. Seventy-three patients exhibited complete regression of the tumor. All patients became candidates for operation after completion of combination therapy, although not all patients accepted surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:911037", "title": "Morbidity and mortality of mandibular resection for malignant disease.", "content": "Twenty-nine per cent of patients undergoing mandibular resection had an entirely uncomplicated postoperative course. Local complications occurred in 54 per cent and systemic complication in 35 per cent. Increasing the extent of resection or an additional procedure, such as radical neck dissection, increased the local complication rate. Operation in fully irradiated tissue produced an increase in the proportion of life-threatening complications. Systemic complications were responsible for 80 per cent of the postoperative deaths.", "contents": "Morbidity and mortality of mandibular resection for malignant disease. Twenty-nine per cent of patients undergoing mandibular resection had an entirely uncomplicated postoperative course. Local complications occurred in 54 per cent and systemic complication in 35 per cent. Increasing the extent of resection or an additional procedure, such as radical neck dissection, increased the local complication rate. Operation in fully irradiated tissue produced an increase in the proportion of life-threatening complications. Systemic complications were responsible for 80 per cent of the postoperative deaths."}
{"id": "PMID:911038", "title": "Metastases to lymph nodes of the head and neck from an unknown primary site.", "content": "Sixty-four patients with a metastasis to the head and neck from an unknown primary site were reviewed. Survival as a function of cell type, stage of disease, and mode of treatment was analyzed. Survival correlated best with stage of disease prior to treatment.", "contents": "Metastases to lymph nodes of the head and neck from an unknown primary site. Sixty-four patients with a metastasis to the head and neck from an unknown primary site were reviewed. Survival as a function of cell type, stage of disease, and mode of treatment was analyzed. Survival correlated best with stage of disease prior to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:911040", "title": "Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck.", "content": "Only 3 per cent of all melanomas arise in the mucosa of the head and neck region. Melanomas of mucosal origin in this series differed from their cutaneous counterpart in that size of the primary lesion did not influence prognosis. Regional lymph node metastases were infrequent and did not seem to influence prognosis. Nearly all the primary lesions on microscopic review showed the presence of intralesional lymphatic and blood vessel invasion. Local recurrence at the primary site was the most common cause of treatment failure, in spite of seemingly adequate surgical resection. Surgical treatment offers long-term cure to only a limited number of patients.", "contents": "Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck. Only 3 per cent of all melanomas arise in the mucosa of the head and neck region. Melanomas of mucosal origin in this series differed from their cutaneous counterpart in that size of the primary lesion did not influence prognosis. Regional lymph node metastases were infrequent and did not seem to influence prognosis. Nearly all the primary lesions on microscopic review showed the presence of intralesional lymphatic and blood vessel invasion. Local recurrence at the primary site was the most common cause of treatment failure, in spite of seemingly adequate surgical resection. Surgical treatment offers long-term cure to only a limited number of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:911042", "title": "The number of nuclei in adult rat muscles with special reference to satellite cells.", "content": "The number and the size of different populations of nuclei were studied in skeletal muscles and in the diaphragm of male Wistar rats of 200-250 g weight. Nuclei on cross-sections were counted and classified by electron microscopy, their incidence was corrected for their different lengths, and the number of nuclei per mm3 of muscle was determined by light microscopy. The total number of nuclei per mm3 was 5-10(4) in the superficial part of the anterior tibial muscle, it was 10-10(4) in the soleus, and it was 15-10(4) in the diaphragm. Half of the nuclei were localized inside muscle fibres. The incidence of satellite cell nuclei on cross sections was 4% of muscle nuclei in the anterior tibial muscle, and 8% in soleus and diaphragm. The number of satellite cells per mm3 muscle were 900, 4,900, and 5,300 in these muscles. More than half of the satellite cells were closely associated with a capillary. In the anterior tibial muscle, and in 1-micron sections no satellite cells could be identified by light microscopy. In the soleus muscle and in the diaphragm, satellite cells were more rich in cytoplasm and many were visible in the light microscope.", "contents": "The number of nuclei in adult rat muscles with special reference to satellite cells. The number and the size of different populations of nuclei were studied in skeletal muscles and in the diaphragm of male Wistar rats of 200-250 g weight. Nuclei on cross-sections were counted and classified by electron microscopy, their incidence was corrected for their different lengths, and the number of nuclei per mm3 of muscle was determined by light microscopy. The total number of nuclei per mm3 was 5-10(4) in the superficial part of the anterior tibial muscle, it was 10-10(4) in the soleus, and it was 15-10(4) in the diaphragm. Half of the nuclei were localized inside muscle fibres. The incidence of satellite cell nuclei on cross sections was 4% of muscle nuclei in the anterior tibial muscle, and 8% in soleus and diaphragm. The number of satellite cells per mm3 muscle were 900, 4,900, and 5,300 in these muscles. More than half of the satellite cells were closely associated with a capillary. In the anterior tibial muscle, and in 1-micron sections no satellite cells could be identified by light microscopy. In the soleus muscle and in the diaphragm, satellite cells were more rich in cytoplasm and many were visible in the light microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:911043", "title": "Differentiation of olfactory receptor cells in organ culture.", "content": "Presumptive olfactory mucosa was excised from the heads of rat fetuses in the eleventh and twelfth days of gestation and explanted in organ cultures. At the time of explanation, the presumptive olfactory cells were recognizable by their long narrow apical processes and basally located nuclei. However at this stage they were in an early phase of differentiation as indicated by the large numbers of free ribosomes and virtual absence of microtubules and cilia in the apical cytoplasm. After three to eight days in culture, there was a progressive increase in the total number of cells in the epithelium. Differentiation in olfactory receptor cells was detectable by the appearance in the apical processes of axially oriented microtubules and centrioles or basal bodies, some of which generated cilia. At their basal ends, the cytoplasm narrowed into axons and bundles of these axons, arranged in the unique manner of olfactory nerve axons, entered the connective tissue. Olfactory receptor cells, as defined by morphological criteria, differentiated under suitable organ culture conditions in the absence of any tissue from the central nervous system.", "contents": "Differentiation of olfactory receptor cells in organ culture. Presumptive olfactory mucosa was excised from the heads of rat fetuses in the eleventh and twelfth days of gestation and explanted in organ cultures. At the time of explanation, the presumptive olfactory cells were recognizable by their long narrow apical processes and basally located nuclei. However at this stage they were in an early phase of differentiation as indicated by the large numbers of free ribosomes and virtual absence of microtubules and cilia in the apical cytoplasm. After three to eight days in culture, there was a progressive increase in the total number of cells in the epithelium. Differentiation in olfactory receptor cells was detectable by the appearance in the apical processes of axially oriented microtubules and centrioles or basal bodies, some of which generated cilia. At their basal ends, the cytoplasm narrowed into axons and bundles of these axons, arranged in the unique manner of olfactory nerve axons, entered the connective tissue. Olfactory receptor cells, as defined by morphological criteria, differentiated under suitable organ culture conditions in the absence of any tissue from the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:911044", "title": "A technique for the dry preservation of functioning orthopaedic specimens.", "content": "A method is presented by which fresh anatomical material may be preserved in a dry state while maintaining joint function and motion. This method could be likened to the tanning of the tendons and ligaments directly on the bones. Mastery of this technique has allowed the preservation of not only the tendinoskeletal system, but also the nervous, vascular, and endotracheal systems as well. While some skill in dissection is necessary, a large amount of the dissection can be done by chemical methods. The actual processing of the specimen is easily done with materials that are readily available. When finished, the specimen is dry, flexible, essentially odorless, and extremely durable. This method can be utilized for material ranging from simple osseous specimens to highly sophisticated dissections. These specimens have been found to be of exceptional advantage in teaching by demonstrating function as well as spatial relationships.", "contents": "A technique for the dry preservation of functioning orthopaedic specimens. A method is presented by which fresh anatomical material may be preserved in a dry state while maintaining joint function and motion. This method could be likened to the tanning of the tendons and ligaments directly on the bones. Mastery of this technique has allowed the preservation of not only the tendinoskeletal system, but also the nervous, vascular, and endotracheal systems as well. While some skill in dissection is necessary, a large amount of the dissection can be done by chemical methods. The actual processing of the specimen is easily done with materials that are readily available. When finished, the specimen is dry, flexible, essentially odorless, and extremely durable. This method can be utilized for material ranging from simple osseous specimens to highly sophisticated dissections. These specimens have been found to be of exceptional advantage in teaching by demonstrating function as well as spatial relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:911045", "title": "Intercellular junctional complexes of the rat seminiferous tubules: a freeze-fracture study.", "content": "This paper provides a description of the intercellular junctions in the rat testis, as observed using the freeze fracture technique. These intercellular junctions were categorized into four general types: Sertoli cell tight junctions, myoid cell tight junctions, gap junctions, and \"heterogeneous junctions.\" The Sertoli cell tight junctions had a mean depth of 3.1 micron in the basal to apical direction, and contained 25 to 50 (average: 36) parallel rows of particulate sealing elements. The myoid cell tight junction was neither continuous nor extensive, but focal in nature. Interestingly the sealing elements of this junction, like those of the Sertoli cell tight junction, were quite particulate in nature. Typical gap junctions were observed between Sertoli cells where they were intercalated between the parallel rows of the Sertoli cell tight junction. The most interesting observation was the identification of gap junction-like structures, in various stages of formation, on germ cell membrane fracture faces, both in the basal and adluminal compartments. Lastly, the unusual \"heterogeneous junction\" was observed on large membrane fracture faces in close proximity to cells in the adluminal compartment, presumably between Sertoli cells. These junctions appeared to consist of both tight and gap junction elements.", "contents": "Intercellular junctional complexes of the rat seminiferous tubules: a freeze-fracture study. This paper provides a description of the intercellular junctions in the rat testis, as observed using the freeze fracture technique. These intercellular junctions were categorized into four general types: Sertoli cell tight junctions, myoid cell tight junctions, gap junctions, and \"heterogeneous junctions.\" The Sertoli cell tight junctions had a mean depth of 3.1 micron in the basal to apical direction, and contained 25 to 50 (average: 36) parallel rows of particulate sealing elements. The myoid cell tight junction was neither continuous nor extensive, but focal in nature. Interestingly the sealing elements of this junction, like those of the Sertoli cell tight junction, were quite particulate in nature. Typical gap junctions were observed between Sertoli cells where they were intercalated between the parallel rows of the Sertoli cell tight junction. The most interesting observation was the identification of gap junction-like structures, in various stages of formation, on germ cell membrane fracture faces, both in the basal and adluminal compartments. Lastly, the unusual \"heterogeneous junction\" was observed on large membrane fracture faces in close proximity to cells in the adluminal compartment, presumably between Sertoli cells. These junctions appeared to consist of both tight and gap junction elements."}
{"id": "PMID:911046", "title": "The aberrant course of the cutaneous component of the ilioinguinal nerve.", "content": "The ilioinguinal nerve was dissected in 196 adult human cadavers. A normal pattern of distribution, consistent with modern textual descriptions, was defined in 60% of inguinal regions. In 35% of the inguinal regions a previously undescribed aberrant course for the cutaneous component of the ilioinguinal nerve was observed in which it is incorporated within the genitofemoral nerve, entered the inguinal canal at the deep inguinal ring, coursed within the cremasteric layer and emerged into the subcutaneous tissue at the superficial inguinal ring on the dorsal side of the spermatic cord or the round ligament of the uterus. The cutaneous component of the ilioinguinal nerve is most frequently found on the ventral surface of the spermatic cord or round ligament during inguinal hernia operations thus an unrecognized aberrant course of this nerve within the spermatic cord is particularly susceptible to accidental trauma.", "contents": "The aberrant course of the cutaneous component of the ilioinguinal nerve. The ilioinguinal nerve was dissected in 196 adult human cadavers. A normal pattern of distribution, consistent with modern textual descriptions, was defined in 60% of inguinal regions. In 35% of the inguinal regions a previously undescribed aberrant course for the cutaneous component of the ilioinguinal nerve was observed in which it is incorporated within the genitofemoral nerve, entered the inguinal canal at the deep inguinal ring, coursed within the cremasteric layer and emerged into the subcutaneous tissue at the superficial inguinal ring on the dorsal side of the spermatic cord or the round ligament of the uterus. The cutaneous component of the ilioinguinal nerve is most frequently found on the ventral surface of the spermatic cord or round ligament during inguinal hernia operations thus an unrecognized aberrant course of this nerve within the spermatic cord is particularly susceptible to accidental trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:911047", "title": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum in the conducting fibers of the dog heart.", "content": "The ultrastructure or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was studied in the conducting fibers of the dog heart. A dense network of sarcoplasmic tubules occurred in well preserved cytoplasmic areas. Some of the tubules extended into large sacs filled with finely filamentous material. The sacs often appeared in subsarcolemmal apposition connected to the sarcolemma by electron dense projections. The flattened cisternae of SR occurred beneath the sarcolemma in the myofibrillar region of the cell. Long flattened cisternae only partially apposed to the sarcolemma were quite common in one specimen. Sarcoplasmic reticulum was continuous throughout the interfibrillar spaces surrounding each myofibril. At the level of the Z-line the SR formed a quasi tubular flattened structure surrounding the Z-line and closely adhering to it.", "contents": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum in the conducting fibers of the dog heart. The ultrastructure or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was studied in the conducting fibers of the dog heart. A dense network of sarcoplasmic tubules occurred in well preserved cytoplasmic areas. Some of the tubules extended into large sacs filled with finely filamentous material. The sacs often appeared in subsarcolemmal apposition connected to the sarcolemma by electron dense projections. The flattened cisternae of SR occurred beneath the sarcolemma in the myofibrillar region of the cell. Long flattened cisternae only partially apposed to the sarcolemma were quite common in one specimen. Sarcoplasmic reticulum was continuous throughout the interfibrillar spaces surrounding each myofibril. At the level of the Z-line the SR formed a quasi tubular flattened structure surrounding the Z-line and closely adhering to it."}
{"id": "PMID:911051", "title": "Lidocaine treatment of experimental cutaneous lesions from potassium chloride injection.", "content": "Potassium chloride (KCl) given subcutaneously in high concentrations causes necrosis of skin, possibly from vasoconstriction around the injection site. The authors studied guinea pigs given subcutaneous injections of various volumes and concentrations of KCl and observed the severity of the cutaneous lesions. In further experiments, therapeutic agents were injected subcutaneously 10 minutes after KCl infiltration. The severity of cutaneous lesions was not affected by various volumes of KCl of the same concentration, but was correlated positively with increasing concentrations of the salt when concentration was varied. Dextrose, 5%, and sodium bicarbonate, 1 M, had no effect on the cutaneous lesions caused by KCl, while hyaluronidase, 150 U/ml, lessened them. Lidocaine, 1%, a vasodilator, eliminated cutaneous lesions caused by KCl. Kcl-induced lesions may be due to vasocontriction, which can be relieved by lidocaine.", "contents": "Lidocaine treatment of experimental cutaneous lesions from potassium chloride injection. Potassium chloride (KCl) given subcutaneously in high concentrations causes necrosis of skin, possibly from vasoconstriction around the injection site. The authors studied guinea pigs given subcutaneous injections of various volumes and concentrations of KCl and observed the severity of the cutaneous lesions. In further experiments, therapeutic agents were injected subcutaneously 10 minutes after KCl infiltration. The severity of cutaneous lesions was not affected by various volumes of KCl of the same concentration, but was correlated positively with increasing concentrations of the salt when concentration was varied. Dextrose, 5%, and sodium bicarbonate, 1 M, had no effect on the cutaneous lesions caused by KCl, while hyaluronidase, 150 U/ml, lessened them. Lidocaine, 1%, a vasodilator, eliminated cutaneous lesions caused by KCl. Kcl-induced lesions may be due to vasocontriction, which can be relieved by lidocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:911052", "title": "Effects of lidocaine on the anesthetic requirements for nitrous oxide and halothane.", "content": "The effects of various plasma concentrations of lidocaine on nitrous oxide anesthesia in man and halothane requirements in the dog were studied. The response to incision of the skin was observed in 20 patients who were anesthetized with nitrous oxide, 70% inspired, and oxygen, 30%, plus various plasma levels of lidocaine. In addition, changes in the MAC of halothane in dogs were observed at various levels of lidocaine. In both circumstances lidocaine concentrations of 3 to 6 microgram/ml decreased anesthetic requirements approximately 10 to 28%. At clinically common concentrations of lidocaine, significant decreases in anesthetic requirements should be anticipated.", "contents": "Effects of lidocaine on the anesthetic requirements for nitrous oxide and halothane. The effects of various plasma concentrations of lidocaine on nitrous oxide anesthesia in man and halothane requirements in the dog were studied. The response to incision of the skin was observed in 20 patients who were anesthetized with nitrous oxide, 70% inspired, and oxygen, 30%, plus various plasma levels of lidocaine. In addition, changes in the MAC of halothane in dogs were observed at various levels of lidocaine. In both circumstances lidocaine concentrations of 3 to 6 microgram/ml decreased anesthetic requirements approximately 10 to 28%. At clinically common concentrations of lidocaine, significant decreases in anesthetic requirements should be anticipated."}
{"id": "PMID:911054", "title": "Arousal reactions during anesthesia in man.", "content": "Power-spectrum analysis of the electroencephalogram and inhaled-exhaled concentrations of halothane (when used), nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide of 36 patients during surgical operations under general anesthesia were monitored. Electroencephalographic arousal reactions were detected in 24 patients and these were accompanied by irregular respirations in nine patients. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred following an arousal reaction in eight patients. The authors conclude that this electroencephalographic arousal phenomenon occurs frequently and deserves further investigation to define its clinical implications and how it might be avoided.", "contents": "Arousal reactions during anesthesia in man. Power-spectrum analysis of the electroencephalogram and inhaled-exhaled concentrations of halothane (when used), nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide of 36 patients during surgical operations under general anesthesia were monitored. Electroencephalographic arousal reactions were detected in 24 patients and these were accompanied by irregular respirations in nine patients. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred following an arousal reaction in eight patients. The authors conclude that this electroencephalographic arousal phenomenon occurs frequently and deserves further investigation to define its clinical implications and how it might be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:911055", "title": "A simple method for gas chromatographic determination of lidocaine in tissues.", "content": "A simple gas chromatographic method for the determination of lidocaine in tissues is described. Lidocaine is extracted from the tissue samples using liquid nitrogen. The recoveries of lidocaine from brain, liver, and muscle were 98.6, 99.8 and 89.1%, respectively. Results were reproducible to within 1.0% of lidocaine administered.", "contents": "A simple method for gas chromatographic determination of lidocaine in tissues. A simple gas chromatographic method for the determination of lidocaine in tissues is described. Lidocaine is extracted from the tissue samples using liquid nitrogen. The recoveries of lidocaine from brain, liver, and muscle were 98.6, 99.8 and 89.1%, respectively. Results were reproducible to within 1.0% of lidocaine administered."}
{"id": "PMID:911064", "title": "Blood viscosity factors in evaluation of submaximal work output and cardiac activity in men.", "content": "Sixty-two male subjects, including patients with postmyocardial infarction, angina, other disorders, and normals, were studied by exercise testing on the bicycle ergometer, including exercise ECG, and by in vitro determination of blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, aggregation of red cells, and other factors. Significant correlations were found between the blood viscosity factors on the one hand, and different terms describing physical fitness and cardiac functions on the other. In all correlations an elevation of blood viscosity factors led to lower fitness or lower cardiac efficiency; and a decrease of blood viscosity (or plasma viscosity, or compound viscosity product) was associated with better fitness and higher cardiac efficiency. Similarly, ECG ST-segment depression was proportional to increase of blood viscosity factors. All these highly significant correlations were found within a very narrow range of hematocrits, while the hematocrit value itself was not significant in this study.", "contents": "Blood viscosity factors in evaluation of submaximal work output and cardiac activity in men. Sixty-two male subjects, including patients with postmyocardial infarction, angina, other disorders, and normals, were studied by exercise testing on the bicycle ergometer, including exercise ECG, and by in vitro determination of blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, aggregation of red cells, and other factors. Significant correlations were found between the blood viscosity factors on the one hand, and different terms describing physical fitness and cardiac functions on the other. In all correlations an elevation of blood viscosity factors led to lower fitness or lower cardiac efficiency; and a decrease of blood viscosity (or plasma viscosity, or compound viscosity product) was associated with better fitness and higher cardiac efficiency. Similarly, ECG ST-segment depression was proportional to increase of blood viscosity factors. All these highly significant correlations were found within a very narrow range of hematocrits, while the hematocrit value itself was not significant in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:911065", "title": "Phantom sweating.", "content": "Phantom sweating is a sensation in which the patient feels that sweat is about to burst out of skin pores, but in which sweating never actually occurs. In a series of 100 patients undergoing bilateral upper dorsal sympathectomy for palmar hyperihidrosis, 82 patients were specifically questioned and 48 (59%) reported phantom sweating. Phantom sweating started soon after the operation, was triggered by the same stimuli that caused hyperhidrosis preoperatively, lasted for a few seconds, and tended to diminish with time. In an average follow-up of 18 months, the phenomenon disappeared in 11 patients (23%). Phantom sweating is probably a symptom of residual sympathetic activity.", "contents": "Phantom sweating. Phantom sweating is a sensation in which the patient feels that sweat is about to burst out of skin pores, but in which sweating never actually occurs. In a series of 100 patients undergoing bilateral upper dorsal sympathectomy for palmar hyperihidrosis, 82 patients were specifically questioned and 48 (59%) reported phantom sweating. Phantom sweating started soon after the operation, was triggered by the same stimuli that caused hyperhidrosis preoperatively, lasted for a few seconds, and tended to diminish with time. In an average follow-up of 18 months, the phenomenon disappeared in 11 patients (23%). Phantom sweating is probably a symptom of residual sympathetic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:911066", "title": "Bartter's syndrome: an overview.", "content": "Bartter's syndrome, which is characterized by hypokalemic hypochloremic alkalosis, renal juxtaglomerular hyperplasia, elevated renin and aldosterone, and normal or low blood pressure, has been ascribed to a variety of etiologies. Most recently, the prostaglandins have been in the forefront of the pathophysiologic discussion. Two cases with appropriate renal biopsies are reviewed, as are the clinicopathologic pathways. It is important that strict criteria be applied, and confirmation by renal biopsy is urged.", "contents": "Bartter's syndrome: an overview. Bartter's syndrome, which is characterized by hypokalemic hypochloremic alkalosis, renal juxtaglomerular hyperplasia, elevated renin and aldosterone, and normal or low blood pressure, has been ascribed to a variety of etiologies. Most recently, the prostaglandins have been in the forefront of the pathophysiologic discussion. Two cases with appropriate renal biopsies are reviewed, as are the clinicopathologic pathways. It is important that strict criteria be applied, and confirmation by renal biopsy is urged."}
{"id": "PMID:911067", "title": "A comparative study of allergens of canine origin.", "content": "Among 115 children and young adults studied, 52 had current and 25 had past household exposure to dogs, totaling 77 subjects. Of 53 with clinical hypersensitivity to dog, 32 had a history of exposure, 34 positive cutaneous reactions and 15 RAST positive results. Of 62 without clinical hypersensitivity, 45 had a history of household exposure, 24 positive cutaneous reactions and 6 RAST positive results. Cutaneous tests were not done on seven individuals. The major type of clinical symptomatology to dogs was ocular and nasal, 40 of 53. Thirty-two of 53 patients developed asthma exacerbations alone, or in combination with other manifestations, upon dog exposure. Dermal reactions were urticaria is six and contact eczema in two subjects. RAST inhibition results suggested that in vitro testing may be more useful when allergens from specific dog breed extracts are characterized.", "contents": "A comparative study of allergens of canine origin. Among 115 children and young adults studied, 52 had current and 25 had past household exposure to dogs, totaling 77 subjects. Of 53 with clinical hypersensitivity to dog, 32 had a history of exposure, 34 positive cutaneous reactions and 15 RAST positive results. Of 62 without clinical hypersensitivity, 45 had a history of household exposure, 24 positive cutaneous reactions and 6 RAST positive results. Cutaneous tests were not done on seven individuals. The major type of clinical symptomatology to dogs was ocular and nasal, 40 of 53. Thirty-two of 53 patients developed asthma exacerbations alone, or in combination with other manifestations, upon dog exposure. Dermal reactions were urticaria is six and contact eczema in two subjects. RAST inhibition results suggested that in vitro testing may be more useful when allergens from specific dog breed extracts are characterized."}
{"id": "PMID:911068", "title": "Lymphocyte response to grass pollen antigens: a correlation with radioallergosorbent test and effect of immunotherapy.", "content": "The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthetic response of cultured lymphocytes to grass pollen antigens was significantly higher in 66 untreated atopic patients than in 15 non-atopic subjects (p less than 0.05). There was no correlation between the DNA synthetic response and the specific IgE antibody level as measured by radioallergosorbent test in the 81 subjects (r= 0.13; p greater than 0.2). The effect of immunotherapy on proliferative lymphocyte response and specific IgE antibody response to grass pollen antigens was evaluated prospectively in 22 atopic patients. The DNA synthetic response to grass pollen antigens was significantly reduced after immunotherapy (p less than 0.01) but the specific IgE antibody level did not change significantly.", "contents": "Lymphocyte response to grass pollen antigens: a correlation with radioallergosorbent test and effect of immunotherapy. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthetic response of cultured lymphocytes to grass pollen antigens was significantly higher in 66 untreated atopic patients than in 15 non-atopic subjects (p less than 0.05). There was no correlation between the DNA synthetic response and the specific IgE antibody level as measured by radioallergosorbent test in the 81 subjects (r= 0.13; p greater than 0.2). The effect of immunotherapy on proliferative lymphocyte response and specific IgE antibody response to grass pollen antigens was evaluated prospectively in 22 atopic patients. The DNA synthetic response to grass pollen antigens was significantly reduced after immunotherapy (p less than 0.01) but the specific IgE antibody level did not change significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:911069", "title": "Induction of anti-timothy pollen reaginic antibodies and their cross-reactivity in the rat.", "content": "Anti-timothy pollen reaginic antibody produced in rats cross-reacted with a large number of grass pollen antigens (Orchard, June grass, perennial rye grass, velvet, meadow fescue, red top and broncho grass), but did not react with Bermuda, brome and Johnson grass.", "contents": "Induction of anti-timothy pollen reaginic antibodies and their cross-reactivity in the rat. Anti-timothy pollen reaginic antibody produced in rats cross-reacted with a large number of grass pollen antigens (Orchard, June grass, perennial rye grass, velvet, meadow fescue, red top and broncho grass), but did not react with Bermuda, brome and Johnson grass."}
{"id": "PMID:911070", "title": "Ethical considerations in the practice of allergy.", "content": "The great effort of specialty societies to maintain post-graduate education on a high level should be complemented by an equal effort to promote high ethical standards. In the practice of allergy by non-allergists the same ethical and scientific guidelines should be observed as by allergists and it should be the responsibility of the societies to see to it that our specialty offers the patient care based on knowledge but most of all on common sense and commitment.", "contents": "Ethical considerations in the practice of allergy. The great effort of specialty societies to maintain post-graduate education on a high level should be complemented by an equal effort to promote high ethical standards. In the practice of allergy by non-allergists the same ethical and scientific guidelines should be observed as by allergists and it should be the responsibility of the societies to see to it that our specialty offers the patient care based on knowledge but most of all on common sense and commitment."}
{"id": "PMID:911076", "title": "Serologic studies on porcine strains of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (pleuropneumoniae): agglutination reactions.", "content": "Fifteen strains of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (pleuropneumoniae) represented by 6 American isolates, 6 Swedish isolates, and 3 reference strains of Nicolet's serotype 1, 2 and 3, were used in serologic studies by agglutination and agglutinin-adsorption tests. By whole cell-agglutination tests in rabbit antiserums, 3 additional serotypes, 4, 5, and 6, were identified. All strains had strong serotype-specific agglutinating properties. Occasional weak cross reactions could be eliminated by appropriate adsorptions without effect upon type-specific reactivity. The Swedish isolates were assigned to serotypes 2, 3, 4, and 6, and the American isolates, to serotypes 4 and 5. All European isolates were distinct from 5 of the 6 American strains. An American culture isolated from a steer and another from a lamb were identical in their agglutination reactions with the porcine isolates of serotype 5. The serotyping of isolated strains is important in the epizootiologic and immunologic studies of H parahaemolyticus infections.", "contents": "Serologic studies on porcine strains of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (pleuropneumoniae): agglutination reactions. Fifteen strains of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (pleuropneumoniae) represented by 6 American isolates, 6 Swedish isolates, and 3 reference strains of Nicolet's serotype 1, 2 and 3, were used in serologic studies by agglutination and agglutinin-adsorption tests. By whole cell-agglutination tests in rabbit antiserums, 3 additional serotypes, 4, 5, and 6, were identified. All strains had strong serotype-specific agglutinating properties. Occasional weak cross reactions could be eliminated by appropriate adsorptions without effect upon type-specific reactivity. The Swedish isolates were assigned to serotypes 2, 3, 4, and 6, and the American isolates, to serotypes 4 and 5. All European isolates were distinct from 5 of the 6 American strains. An American culture isolated from a steer and another from a lamb were identical in their agglutination reactions with the porcine isolates of serotype 5. The serotyping of isolated strains is important in the epizootiologic and immunologic studies of H parahaemolyticus infections."}
{"id": "PMID:911078", "title": "Contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract in the goat (Capra hircus).", "content": "Radiographic anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract of the goat (Capra hircus) was studied. Intraluminal contrast medium was used to evaluate the mucosal surfaces of stomach and intestines, and extraluminal contrast medium was used to evaluate the serosal surfaces of organs in the peritoneal cavity.", "contents": "Contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract in the goat (Capra hircus). Radiographic anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract of the goat (Capra hircus) was studied. Intraluminal contrast medium was used to evaluate the mucosal surfaces of stomach and intestines, and extraluminal contrast medium was used to evaluate the serosal surfaces of organs in the peritoneal cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:911082", "title": "Oncogenic and nononcogenic bovine adenoviruses and guanine-cytosine content of their DNA.", "content": "Bovine adenoviruses types 1, 2, and 3 were purified and concentrated by polyethylene glycol precipitation and CsCl density-gradient centrifugation. The efficiency of recovery of infective particles was 64 to 80%. The guanine-cytosine contents of DNA of the nononcogenic types 1 and 2 and the highly oncogenic type 3 were found to be 62, 61, and 48%, respectively--a pattern similar to that of nononcogenic and oncogenic human adenoviruses.", "contents": "Oncogenic and nononcogenic bovine adenoviruses and guanine-cytosine content of their DNA. Bovine adenoviruses types 1, 2, and 3 were purified and concentrated by polyethylene glycol precipitation and CsCl density-gradient centrifugation. The efficiency of recovery of infective particles was 64 to 80%. The guanine-cytosine contents of DNA of the nononcogenic types 1 and 2 and the highly oncogenic type 3 were found to be 62, 61, and 48%, respectively--a pattern similar to that of nononcogenic and oncogenic human adenoviruses."}
{"id": "PMID:911083", "title": "Influence of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia infections on the energetic efficiency of steers fed a concentrate ration.", "content": "Studies on effects of subclinical parasitism (low worm burden) in full-fed and maintenance-fed steers indicated that over a short interval low worm burdens do not have a statistically significant effect on the efficiency of energy utilization. In full-fed steers, energy retention tended to be higher in steers with lower worm burdens (mean 95.8 Ostertagia, 12.5 Cooperia) than in those with higher worm burdens (mean 677.5 Ostertagia, 201.8 Cooperia). Maintenance-fed steers generally had larger numbers of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia spp than did the full-fed steers.", "contents": "Influence of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia infections on the energetic efficiency of steers fed a concentrate ration. Studies on effects of subclinical parasitism (low worm burden) in full-fed and maintenance-fed steers indicated that over a short interval low worm burdens do not have a statistically significant effect on the efficiency of energy utilization. In full-fed steers, energy retention tended to be higher in steers with lower worm burdens (mean 95.8 Ostertagia, 12.5 Cooperia) than in those with higher worm burdens (mean 677.5 Ostertagia, 201.8 Cooperia). Maintenance-fed steers generally had larger numbers of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia spp than did the full-fed steers."}
{"id": "PMID:911084", "title": "Application of the direct leukocyte-migration agarose test in cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.", "content": "Four cows with persistent diarrhea and complement-fixing antibodies to johnin were examined, using the leukocyte-migration agarose test (LMAT) with johnin as the specific antigen. The diagnosis of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) was microscopically verified at necropsy. As control animals, 3 healthy cows and 3 cows with disease other than paratuberculosis were examined, using LMAT. The migration indices in the group of cows with paratuberculosis were significantly lower (less than 0.001) than those in the group of control cows. Furthermore, the migration zones of the unstimulated peripheral blood leukocytes in the former group were significantly smaller (less than 0.001) than those of the control group.", "contents": "Application of the direct leukocyte-migration agarose test in cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Four cows with persistent diarrhea and complement-fixing antibodies to johnin were examined, using the leukocyte-migration agarose test (LMAT) with johnin as the specific antigen. The diagnosis of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) was microscopically verified at necropsy. As control animals, 3 healthy cows and 3 cows with disease other than paratuberculosis were examined, using LMAT. The migration indices in the group of cows with paratuberculosis were significantly lower (less than 0.001) than those in the group of control cows. Furthermore, the migration zones of the unstimulated peripheral blood leukocytes in the former group were significantly smaller (less than 0.001) than those of the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:911085", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity related to challenge exposure of cattle inoculated with virulent and attenuated strains of Anaplasma marginale.", "content": "Cattle which were given virulent Anaplasma marginale as a premunization procedure or were vaccinated with live attenuated or killed anaplasma preparations were challenge inoculated with virulent A marginale. Exposure of cattle to virulent or attenuated A marginale, which induced a strong and lasting cell-mediated response as measured by the leukocyte migration-inhibition test, protected against the development of high parasitemia, anemia, and clinical signs of disease after challenge inoculation with virulent A marginale. Cattle which were vaccinated with killed anaplasma preparations that induced transient and low-level cell-mediated responses were not protected against the development of severe anemia after challenge inoculation, although postchallenge parasitemia seemed to be controlled.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity related to challenge exposure of cattle inoculated with virulent and attenuated strains of Anaplasma marginale. Cattle which were given virulent Anaplasma marginale as a premunization procedure or were vaccinated with live attenuated or killed anaplasma preparations were challenge inoculated with virulent A marginale. Exposure of cattle to virulent or attenuated A marginale, which induced a strong and lasting cell-mediated response as measured by the leukocyte migration-inhibition test, protected against the development of high parasitemia, anemia, and clinical signs of disease after challenge inoculation with virulent A marginale. Cattle which were vaccinated with killed anaplasma preparations that induced transient and low-level cell-mediated responses were not protected against the development of severe anemia after challenge inoculation, although postchallenge parasitemia seemed to be controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:911086", "title": "Demonstration of bacteriocin activity in bovine and bison strains of Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "Of 33 strains of Pasteurella multocida examined, 14 showed bacteriocin activity and 17 were susceptible to bacteriocin. The activity was increased by about twofold if the cultures were induced with ultraviolet radiation; however, no increase in bacteriocin activity was observed if the potential producer strains were induced with mitomycin C. The bacteriocin activity of potential producer strains was increased if CaCl2 was incorporated in the medium. The patterns of bacteriocin susceptibility indicate that these substances may ultimately contribute to a typing scheme for the species. An extra-chromosomal genetic element was not detected when a potential producer strain was not detected when a potential producer strain was tested by the dye-buoyant density gradient method. This fact suggests that the genetic material responsible for bacteriocin activity in P multocida is located on the host chromosome proper.", "contents": "Demonstration of bacteriocin activity in bovine and bison strains of Pasteurella multocida. Of 33 strains of Pasteurella multocida examined, 14 showed bacteriocin activity and 17 were susceptible to bacteriocin. The activity was increased by about twofold if the cultures were induced with ultraviolet radiation; however, no increase in bacteriocin activity was observed if the potential producer strains were induced with mitomycin C. The bacteriocin activity of potential producer strains was increased if CaCl2 was incorporated in the medium. The patterns of bacteriocin susceptibility indicate that these substances may ultimately contribute to a typing scheme for the species. An extra-chromosomal genetic element was not detected when a potential producer strain was not detected when a potential producer strain was tested by the dye-buoyant density gradient method. This fact suggests that the genetic material responsible for bacteriocin activity in P multocida is located on the host chromosome proper."}
{"id": "PMID:911087", "title": "Temephos collars for control of fleas on dogs and cats.", "content": "Efficacy of polyvinyl chloride collars containing temephos [0,0'-(thiodi-4,1-phenylene) 0,0,0',0'-tetramethyl bis-(phosphorothioate)] was elevaluated in dogs and cats against the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis). Over a period of 42 weeks, collared (treated) and control dogs were experimentally infested with 100 fleas 23 times, and control and treated cats were similarly infested 20 times during a 41-week period. Flea populations on treated dogs were reduced by 80% or more for at least 36 weeks. Initially, flea reduction by 80% occurred within 1 day, but in dogs wearing the same collars for 26 weeks, this reduction occurred in 3 to 6 or more days. Only during the first 2 weeks of wearing the collars were all fleas killed on all dogs within a 6-day period after infestation. Residual efficiency was lowest on highly active dogs and greatest on inactive dogs. The residual efficiency on cats was somewhat better than on dogs. At the end of 41 weeks, collars on cats reduced the flea population by 85 to 90% within 1 to 5 days following infestation. Collars on cats, as on dogs, were 100% efficacious only during the first 2 weeks of the trial.", "contents": "Temephos collars for control of fleas on dogs and cats. Efficacy of polyvinyl chloride collars containing temephos [0,0'-(thiodi-4,1-phenylene) 0,0,0',0'-tetramethyl bis-(phosphorothioate)] was elevaluated in dogs and cats against the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis). Over a period of 42 weeks, collared (treated) and control dogs were experimentally infested with 100 fleas 23 times, and control and treated cats were similarly infested 20 times during a 41-week period. Flea populations on treated dogs were reduced by 80% or more for at least 36 weeks. Initially, flea reduction by 80% occurred within 1 day, but in dogs wearing the same collars for 26 weeks, this reduction occurred in 3 to 6 or more days. Only during the first 2 weeks of wearing the collars were all fleas killed on all dogs within a 6-day period after infestation. Residual efficiency was lowest on highly active dogs and greatest on inactive dogs. The residual efficiency on cats was somewhat better than on dogs. At the end of 41 weeks, collars on cats reduced the flea population by 85 to 90% within 1 to 5 days following infestation. Collars on cats, as on dogs, were 100% efficacious only during the first 2 weeks of the trial."}
{"id": "PMID:911088", "title": "Half-life of cephaloridine in dogs with reduced renal function.", "content": "Various degrees of renal insufficiency were produced in 9 dogs by nephrectomy, or segmental ligation of the branches of the renal artery, or both. The serum half-life of cephaloridine, measured after a single intramuscular injection, increased progressively as renal function decreased. In dogs with 85% reduction in renal mass, serum half-life was approximately 3 times that of control dogs. To prevent accumulation of cephaloridine in dogs with renal dysfunction, a modified dose schedule was established on the basis of these experimental results.", "contents": "Half-life of cephaloridine in dogs with reduced renal function. Various degrees of renal insufficiency were produced in 9 dogs by nephrectomy, or segmental ligation of the branches of the renal artery, or both. The serum half-life of cephaloridine, measured after a single intramuscular injection, increased progressively as renal function decreased. In dogs with 85% reduction in renal mass, serum half-life was approximately 3 times that of control dogs. To prevent accumulation of cephaloridine in dogs with renal dysfunction, a modified dose schedule was established on the basis of these experimental results."}
{"id": "PMID:911089", "title": "Dose response, prevention, and treatment of a transplantable lymphoid tumor.", "content": "Transplantable lymphoid tumor (TLT) cells in doses ranging from 10(2.43) to 10(6.80) were transplanted into 3-week-old chicks. A total of 199 chicks in 31 dosage groups was included in this 2-year study. Overall mortality was nearly 100% and analysis of the results revealed no significant differences in mortality among the groups. A significant (P less than 0.001) linear relationship existed between log10 of the TLT cell dose and mean survival time. Serum obtained from chickens which survived TLT growth, regression, and challenge inoculation was administered to chicks 4, 7, or 11 days before TLT induction. Of the chickens in each of these 3 groups, 80 to 100% survived compared with 0 to 20% in those given control serum. In chicks with actively growing TLT that were treated with 2 injections of plasma from TLT-resistant chickens, mean survival time was lengthened and survival was increased by 36%. Lymphocytes from resistant chickens or plasma od and survival was increased by 36%. Lymphocytes from resistant chickens or plasma or lymphocytes from control chickens did not affect survival time or percentage of survival. In the present study, results demonstrated a similarity to the TLT model studied 30 years ago and established the usefulness of this model in the study of serum immunotherapy.", "contents": "Dose response, prevention, and treatment of a transplantable lymphoid tumor. Transplantable lymphoid tumor (TLT) cells in doses ranging from 10(2.43) to 10(6.80) were transplanted into 3-week-old chicks. A total of 199 chicks in 31 dosage groups was included in this 2-year study. Overall mortality was nearly 100% and analysis of the results revealed no significant differences in mortality among the groups. A significant (P less than 0.001) linear relationship existed between log10 of the TLT cell dose and mean survival time. Serum obtained from chickens which survived TLT growth, regression, and challenge inoculation was administered to chicks 4, 7, or 11 days before TLT induction. Of the chickens in each of these 3 groups, 80 to 100% survived compared with 0 to 20% in those given control serum. In chicks with actively growing TLT that were treated with 2 injections of plasma from TLT-resistant chickens, mean survival time was lengthened and survival was increased by 36%. Lymphocytes from resistant chickens or plasma od and survival was increased by 36%. Lymphocytes from resistant chickens or plasma or lymphocytes from control chickens did not affect survival time or percentage of survival. In the present study, results demonstrated a similarity to the TLT model studied 30 years ago and established the usefulness of this model in the study of serum immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:911091", "title": "Investigation of the vascular supply of the pectoral muscles of the domestic turkey and comparison of experimentally produced infarcts with naturally occurring deep pectoral myopathy.", "content": "Naturally occurring deep pectoral myopathy in 9 chickens and 6 turkeys was reviewed. The arterial blood supply to the pectoral and supracoracoid muscles was studied in normal mature turkey hens by preparation of arterial casts following perfusion with methyl methacrylate. Also, a latex-perfused turkey was dissected and the blood vessels supplying these muscles were identified. Six mature turkeys (under general anesthesia) were subjected to unilateral surgical obstruction of selected cranial and caudal pectoral arteries and veins and then were euthanatized and necropsied at various postsurgical times. tin 2 of the turkeys, infarction of pectoral and supracoracoid muscles was produced. Gross and microscopic examinations of these infarcts revealed that they were very similar to the lesions of deep pectoral myopathy.", "contents": "Investigation of the vascular supply of the pectoral muscles of the domestic turkey and comparison of experimentally produced infarcts with naturally occurring deep pectoral myopathy. Naturally occurring deep pectoral myopathy in 9 chickens and 6 turkeys was reviewed. The arterial blood supply to the pectoral and supracoracoid muscles was studied in normal mature turkey hens by preparation of arterial casts following perfusion with methyl methacrylate. Also, a latex-perfused turkey was dissected and the blood vessels supplying these muscles were identified. Six mature turkeys (under general anesthesia) were subjected to unilateral surgical obstruction of selected cranial and caudal pectoral arteries and veins and then were euthanatized and necropsied at various postsurgical times. tin 2 of the turkeys, infarction of pectoral and supracoracoid muscles was produced. Gross and microscopic examinations of these infarcts revealed that they were very similar to the lesions of deep pectoral myopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:911092", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of trachea and bronchi from gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.", "content": "Areas of trachea and right apical and right dorsal diaphragmatic bronchi from gnotobiotic neonatal pigs were examined by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy at 7, 13, and 21 days after pigs were given intranasal inoculation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Similar areas were examined by scanning electron microscopy from 2 noninoculated neonatal pigs. Tracheal and bronchial lesions were observed in all inoculated pigs. Severe bronchial lesions were in grossly affected lobes. Early infection consisted of mycoplasmas on ciliated epithelial cells. As the interval between inoculation and euthanasia increased, mycoplasmas and leukocytes on the tracheal and bronchial surfaces became more numerous and fewer cilia remained.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of trachea and bronchi from gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Areas of trachea and right apical and right dorsal diaphragmatic bronchi from gnotobiotic neonatal pigs were examined by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy at 7, 13, and 21 days after pigs were given intranasal inoculation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Similar areas were examined by scanning electron microscopy from 2 noninoculated neonatal pigs. Tracheal and bronchial lesions were observed in all inoculated pigs. Severe bronchial lesions were in grossly affected lobes. Early infection consisted of mycoplasmas on ciliated epithelial cells. As the interval between inoculation and euthanasia increased, mycoplasmas and leukocytes on the tracheal and bronchial surfaces became more numerous and fewer cilia remained."}
{"id": "PMID:911093", "title": "Experimental surgical technique to induce mediastinitis in cats.", "content": "A surgical technique was developed to induce mediastinitis in cats. A left paracostal approach was the most successful for deposition of material into the ventrocaudal mediastinum without rupture of the delicate serous membranes.", "contents": "Experimental surgical technique to induce mediastinitis in cats. A surgical technique was developed to induce mediastinitis in cats. A left paracostal approach was the most successful for deposition of material into the ventrocaudal mediastinum without rupture of the delicate serous membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:911094", "title": "Possible source and control of trauma-induced glucagonemia in dogs.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and glucagon were studied in 10 adult mongrel dogs given (intravenous administration) a large dose of glucose (1g/kg of body weight) both before and after partial (50%) pancreatectomy. A proportional decrease in plasma immunoreactive insulin was observed in partial pancreatectomized dogs. Peak insulin response decreased from presurgery concentrations of 71 +/- 14 muU/ml (mean +/- standard error of the mean) in the dogs before surgical operation (presurgical value) to 52 +/- 6 muU/ml 1 or 4 days after surgical operation. Partial pancreatectomized dogs also showed a reduced plasma glucose removal rate. Fasting plasma concentrations of glucagon, on the other hand, increased by about 80%, from 253 +/- 25 pg/ml to 460 +/- 43 pg/ml 24 hours after operation. Despite an increased glucagon concentration in the dogs after partial pancreatectomy, plasma concentrations of glucagon responded (decreased) to large gulcose dosage administration. Plasma glucagon concentration returned to presurgical value by the 4th postsurgical day.", "contents": "Possible source and control of trauma-induced glucagonemia in dogs. Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and glucagon were studied in 10 adult mongrel dogs given (intravenous administration) a large dose of glucose (1g/kg of body weight) both before and after partial (50%) pancreatectomy. A proportional decrease in plasma immunoreactive insulin was observed in partial pancreatectomized dogs. Peak insulin response decreased from presurgery concentrations of 71 +/- 14 muU/ml (mean +/- standard error of the mean) in the dogs before surgical operation (presurgical value) to 52 +/- 6 muU/ml 1 or 4 days after surgical operation. Partial pancreatectomized dogs also showed a reduced plasma glucose removal rate. Fasting plasma concentrations of glucagon, on the other hand, increased by about 80%, from 253 +/- 25 pg/ml to 460 +/- 43 pg/ml 24 hours after operation. Despite an increased glucagon concentration in the dogs after partial pancreatectomy, plasma concentrations of glucagon responded (decreased) to large gulcose dosage administration. Plasma glucagon concentration returned to presurgical value by the 4th postsurgical day."}
{"id": "PMID:911095", "title": "Equine cerebrospinal fluid: reference values of normal horses.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from the atlanto-occipital (AO) and lumbosacral (LS) subarachnoid spaces of 24 horses and 21 ponies that had no clinical evidence of neurologic disease. Depth of needle insertion, pressures, refractive index, rapid reagent strip test (protein, glucose, blood, pH) results, cell counts, content of protein, glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, urea nitrogen, and cholesterol, and activities of creatine phosphokinase, aspartate transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were determined. The resulting clinical reference values obtained were discussed in light of the published normal values for CSF from horses, other animals, and man. White cell counts in CSF were found to be from 0 to 6/microliters. Values for protein content were distributed between wider limits than previously reported values. The LS-AO difference is proposed as a criterion for clinical evaluation of CSF protein content. Ponies were found to have more protein in their CSF than did the horses, and CSF from the LS site contained more glucose than that from the AO site. The CSF electrolyte composition was similar to that of previous reports. Enzyme activities in equine CSF are reported for the 1st time.", "contents": "Equine cerebrospinal fluid: reference values of normal horses. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from the atlanto-occipital (AO) and lumbosacral (LS) subarachnoid spaces of 24 horses and 21 ponies that had no clinical evidence of neurologic disease. Depth of needle insertion, pressures, refractive index, rapid reagent strip test (protein, glucose, blood, pH) results, cell counts, content of protein, glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, urea nitrogen, and cholesterol, and activities of creatine phosphokinase, aspartate transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were determined. The resulting clinical reference values obtained were discussed in light of the published normal values for CSF from horses, other animals, and man. White cell counts in CSF were found to be from 0 to 6/microliters. Values for protein content were distributed between wider limits than previously reported values. The LS-AO difference is proposed as a criterion for clinical evaluation of CSF protein content. Ponies were found to have more protein in their CSF than did the horses, and CSF from the LS site contained more glucose than that from the AO site. The CSF electrolyte composition was similar to that of previous reports. Enzyme activities in equine CSF are reported for the 1st time."}
{"id": "PMID:911096", "title": "A technique for chronic, extraluminal measurement of uterine activity.", "content": "The construction, calibration, and surgical placement of a device for monitoring uterine motility are described. The device, a linear stretch gauge, consisted of a length of flexible tubing filled with mercury and connected at both ends to copper wire leads. An increase in the length of the mercury-filled tubing caused a change in resistance. This change was quantitated, using a modified Wheatstone bridge circuit. In in vitro test, the stretch gauges demonstrated linear response in millivolt output to elongation over a range that was comparable to physiologic responses observed with the gauges placed in vivo. If surgically placed around 1 uterine horn, stretch gauges responded to uterine contractile events with specificity and sensitivity. Calibration of the device at time of placement permitted monitoring for possible increases in uterine circumference.", "contents": "A technique for chronic, extraluminal measurement of uterine activity. The construction, calibration, and surgical placement of a device for monitoring uterine motility are described. The device, a linear stretch gauge, consisted of a length of flexible tubing filled with mercury and connected at both ends to copper wire leads. An increase in the length of the mercury-filled tubing caused a change in resistance. This change was quantitated, using a modified Wheatstone bridge circuit. In in vitro test, the stretch gauges demonstrated linear response in millivolt output to elongation over a range that was comparable to physiologic responses observed with the gauges placed in vivo. If surgically placed around 1 uterine horn, stretch gauges responded to uterine contractile events with specificity and sensitivity. Calibration of the device at time of placement permitted monitoring for possible increases in uterine circumference."}
{"id": "PMID:911101", "title": "Wound complications.", "content": "An analysis of the wound complications in a six-month period on the Surgical Service of the University of Washington Hospitals is presented. A total of 9.9% of these patients had wound complications of one type or another, singly or in combination. The importance of their record and analysis in the total care of the surgical patient is emphasized.", "contents": "Wound complications. An analysis of the wound complications in a six-month period on the Surgical Service of the University of Washington Hospitals is presented. A total of 9.9% of these patients had wound complications of one type or another, singly or in combination. The importance of their record and analysis in the total care of the surgical patient is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:911102", "title": "Varices of the common bile duct as a surgical hazard.", "content": "In the case of a 78-year-old woman with three common duct stones is reported. The most striking finding at operation, was extensive varices of the common duct. There was no evidence of varices elsewhere nor of an arteriovenous fistula. The varices are assumed to be idiopathic or a unique manifestation of a chronic cholangitic venous disorder. The situation, although unique, is readily recognized. Methods of management directed at avoiding intraoperative bleeding are suggested.", "contents": "Varices of the common bile duct as a surgical hazard. In the case of a 78-year-old woman with three common duct stones is reported. The most striking finding at operation, was extensive varices of the common duct. There was no evidence of varices elsewhere nor of an arteriovenous fistula. The varices are assumed to be idiopathic or a unique manifestation of a chronic cholangitic venous disorder. The situation, although unique, is readily recognized. Methods of management directed at avoiding intraoperative bleeding are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:911103", "title": "Solitary pulmonary paraganglioma: case report and literature review.", "content": "Solitary pulmonary paraganglioma is rare; this is only the eleventh reported case. The tumor grows slowly and may reach a diameter of 9 cm. The treatment includes local resection or lobectomy according to the size and location.", "contents": "Solitary pulmonary paraganglioma: case report and literature review. Solitary pulmonary paraganglioma is rare; this is only the eleventh reported case. The tumor grows slowly and may reach a diameter of 9 cm. The treatment includes local resection or lobectomy according to the size and location."}
{"id": "PMID:911106", "title": "[Viridicine: a bacteriocine from \"Aerococcus viridans\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Viridicine, a new bacteriocine, was extracted from whole cells of Aerococcus viridans by repeated washings with Tris-HCl 5 X 10(-3) M pH 8,1, NaCl 1 M. A crude preparation of the macromolecule was not inactived by heating for one hour at 50 degrees C and was sensitive to the action of protease, lipase and catalase. The molecular weight was about 100,000. A large number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to viridicine action.", "contents": "[Viridicine: a bacteriocine from \"Aerococcus viridans\" (author's transl)]. Viridicine, a new bacteriocine, was extracted from whole cells of Aerococcus viridans by repeated washings with Tris-HCl 5 X 10(-3) M pH 8,1, NaCl 1 M. A crude preparation of the macromolecule was not inactived by heating for one hour at 50 degrees C and was sensitive to the action of protease, lipase and catalase. The molecular weight was about 100,000. A large number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to viridicine action."}
{"id": "PMID:911113", "title": "The state of eye hydrocircular system in view of age pathology and open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "With age the eye drainage system undergoes a number of changes because less favorable conditions arise for intraocular fluid reflux. The manifestation and extent of these changes were closely connected with the manifestation of arteriosclerotic affection of the cardiovascular system. The changes in eye drainage passages in persons with pronounced complicated arteriosclerosis and advanced open-angle glaucoma were identical in character and comparable in the manifestation. The changes in eye drainage passages in persons with pronounced arteriosclerosis and open-angle glaucoma did not have the character of isolated trabecular lesion or lesions of Schlemm's canal or intrascleral tracts, but they were detected in all these sectors. The obtained data indicate that the changes in the eye drainage system connected with age pathology an open-angle glaucoma took place and were more pronounced in the superior sectors of the eye, gradually spreading downward. The conditions for intraocular fluid reflux along the primary tracts being deteriorated, its reflux appears to increase through the uveal tract.", "contents": "The state of eye hydrocircular system in view of age pathology and open-angle glaucoma. With age the eye drainage system undergoes a number of changes because less favorable conditions arise for intraocular fluid reflux. The manifestation and extent of these changes were closely connected with the manifestation of arteriosclerotic affection of the cardiovascular system. The changes in eye drainage passages in persons with pronounced complicated arteriosclerosis and advanced open-angle glaucoma were identical in character and comparable in the manifestation. The changes in eye drainage passages in persons with pronounced arteriosclerosis and open-angle glaucoma did not have the character of isolated trabecular lesion or lesions of Schlemm's canal or intrascleral tracts, but they were detected in all these sectors. The obtained data indicate that the changes in the eye drainage system connected with age pathology an open-angle glaucoma took place and were more pronounced in the superior sectors of the eye, gradually spreading downward. The conditions for intraocular fluid reflux along the primary tracts being deteriorated, its reflux appears to increase through the uveal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:911114", "title": "Noninfectious posterior chorioretinopathies: curious multifocal and contiguous disorders.", "content": "A history of the 2 syndromes, acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy and geographic helicoid peripapillary choroidopathy is presented. A complete review of the literature is beyond the scope of this presentation, but the major contributions in recent years are cited. A more complete bibliography may be obtained from our sources. Four cases are presented, each of which fulfills some of the criteria for both syndromes. It is hypothesized that both entities may be variants of one disorder with an obscure etiology.", "contents": "Noninfectious posterior chorioretinopathies: curious multifocal and contiguous disorders. A history of the 2 syndromes, acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy and geographic helicoid peripapillary choroidopathy is presented. A complete review of the literature is beyond the scope of this presentation, but the major contributions in recent years are cited. A more complete bibliography may be obtained from our sources. Four cases are presented, each of which fulfills some of the criteria for both syndromes. It is hypothesized that both entities may be variants of one disorder with an obscure etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:911108", "title": "[Analysis of various groups of denitrifying microflora in Senegalese paddy soils (author's transl)].", "content": "Dentrifying mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria were looked for in rice paddies of Senegal by culturing samples in medium with high concentrations of nitrate or nitrite (5 g/l) as respiratory substrate. These cultures revealed the existence of two populations. 1) a population of denitrifying mesophiles which tolerate high concentrations of nitrite, these organisms being mostly spore-formers and relatively numerous in these soils; growth studies showed them to be very diverse: a) \"nitrite-dependent\" bacteria unable to reduce NO-3; b) bacteria highly nitrite-tolerant with rapid growth on 5 g/l nitrite; c) bacteria slightly nitrite-tolerant with weak or no growth on more than 3 g/l nitrite; d) NO-tolerant bacteria which use nitric oxide as respiratory substrate for growth; e) N2O-deficient bacteria unable to grow on nitrous oxide; 2) a population of denitrifying thermophilic spore-formers which are numerous in some soils and tolerate nitrite more or less well. Measuring of the denitrifying activity of washed cells demonstrated that, in general, cells grown anaerobically on nitrite show much more activity than cells grown anaerobically on nitrate. This nitrite-tolerant population seems fairly heterogeneous, but it consists mostly of spore-forming species of the genus Bacillus.", "contents": "[Analysis of various groups of denitrifying microflora in Senegalese paddy soils (author's transl)]. Dentrifying mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria were looked for in rice paddies of Senegal by culturing samples in medium with high concentrations of nitrate or nitrite (5 g/l) as respiratory substrate. These cultures revealed the existence of two populations. 1) a population of denitrifying mesophiles which tolerate high concentrations of nitrite, these organisms being mostly spore-formers and relatively numerous in these soils; growth studies showed them to be very diverse: a) \"nitrite-dependent\" bacteria unable to reduce NO-3; b) bacteria highly nitrite-tolerant with rapid growth on 5 g/l nitrite; c) bacteria slightly nitrite-tolerant with weak or no growth on more than 3 g/l nitrite; d) NO-tolerant bacteria which use nitric oxide as respiratory substrate for growth; e) N2O-deficient bacteria unable to grow on nitrous oxide; 2) a population of denitrifying thermophilic spore-formers which are numerous in some soils and tolerate nitrite more or less well. Measuring of the denitrifying activity of washed cells demonstrated that, in general, cells grown anaerobically on nitrite show much more activity than cells grown anaerobically on nitrate. This nitrite-tolerant population seems fairly heterogeneous, but it consists mostly of spore-forming species of the genus Bacillus."}
{"id": "PMID:911115", "title": "Hemophilus orbital cellulitis and panophthalmitis simulating mucormycosis.", "content": "A 47-year-old uncontrolled diabetic presented with proptosis, pain, immobility of the globe, and a perforated corneal ulcer. The clinical impression of mucormycosis was erroneous. Hemophilus aegyptius was grown from the orbit, the vitreous and oropharynx. This is believed to be the first report of panophthalmitis due to this organism.", "contents": "Hemophilus orbital cellulitis and panophthalmitis simulating mucormycosis. A 47-year-old uncontrolled diabetic presented with proptosis, pain, immobility of the globe, and a perforated corneal ulcer. The clinical impression of mucormycosis was erroneous. Hemophilus aegyptius was grown from the orbit, the vitreous and oropharynx. This is believed to be the first report of panophthalmitis due to this organism."}
{"id": "PMID:911116", "title": "A rapid test for dark adaptation.", "content": "With the known relationship between defects in dark adaptation and vitamin A deficiency, liver disease, and retinal degenerative changes, the development of a practical and simple test of dark adaptation has taken on some importance. Standard dark adaptation testing instruments are somewhat impractical, expensive, and not generally available. Therefore a simple, in expensive test for evaluation of dark adaptation is desirable. Using established standards of macular dark adaptation, a test was designed that appears to be relatively simple, reasonably accurate, and rapid. The test and equipment are described.", "contents": "A rapid test for dark adaptation. With the known relationship between defects in dark adaptation and vitamin A deficiency, liver disease, and retinal degenerative changes, the development of a practical and simple test of dark adaptation has taken on some importance. Standard dark adaptation testing instruments are somewhat impractical, expensive, and not generally available. Therefore a simple, in expensive test for evaluation of dark adaptation is desirable. Using established standards of macular dark adaptation, a test was designed that appears to be relatively simple, reasonably accurate, and rapid. The test and equipment are described."}
{"id": "PMID:911109", "title": "[Denitrification in a sporulating thermophilic bacterium].", "content": "Denitrification in a thermophile isolated on nitrite containing-medium (5 g/l) was studied by means of Warburg respirometry and gas chromatography. This strain seems to denitrify nitrite more rapidly than nitrate. Extracts of cells grown anaerobically on nitrate have dissimilatory nitrate reductase (type A); extracts of cells grown aerobically without nitrate have raised levels of the two types of nitrate reductase A and B. The optimal temperature for enzyme A activity is 60 degrees C. Nitrite reductase activity was measured using yeast extract as electron donor. For nitric oxide reductase activity, yeast extract is as efficient an electron donor as sodium lactate. Nitrous oxide reductase activity was found only in the 4 000 g supernatant showing the particulate nature of the enzyme. A mixture of FAD, FMN and NADH served as electron donor. Using acetylene as an inhibitor of nitrous oxide reduction in both whole cells and extracts, we showed that this gas is an intermediate compound in the reduction of NO to N2.", "contents": "[Denitrification in a sporulating thermophilic bacterium]. Denitrification in a thermophile isolated on nitrite containing-medium (5 g/l) was studied by means of Warburg respirometry and gas chromatography. This strain seems to denitrify nitrite more rapidly than nitrate. Extracts of cells grown anaerobically on nitrate have dissimilatory nitrate reductase (type A); extracts of cells grown aerobically without nitrate have raised levels of the two types of nitrate reductase A and B. The optimal temperature for enzyme A activity is 60 degrees C. Nitrite reductase activity was measured using yeast extract as electron donor. For nitric oxide reductase activity, yeast extract is as efficient an electron donor as sodium lactate. Nitrous oxide reductase activity was found only in the 4 000 g supernatant showing the particulate nature of the enzyme. A mixture of FAD, FMN and NADH served as electron donor. Using acetylene as an inhibitor of nitrous oxide reduction in both whole cells and extracts, we showed that this gas is an intermediate compound in the reduction of NO to N2."}
{"id": "PMID:911117", "title": "Intravitreal injections by a Dermojet syringe.", "content": "Dermojet is a spring-loaded device that injects a high velocity microspray capable of perforating the globe. An accidental intraocular injection of triamcinolone acetonide from a Dermojet syringe by a dermatologist is reported. The lack of untoward effects led to experimental intravitreal injections. The Dermojet syringe was used for intravitreal injections in 7 rabbit eyes with normal saline as the vehicle in 6 and India ink in one. There were no irreversible effects attribute to the injection noted clinically or histopathologically. While modification and further animal experimentation with this device are in order, it should not be use on human eyes at this time.", "contents": "Intravitreal injections by a Dermojet syringe. Dermojet is a spring-loaded device that injects a high velocity microspray capable of perforating the globe. An accidental intraocular injection of triamcinolone acetonide from a Dermojet syringe by a dermatologist is reported. The lack of untoward effects led to experimental intravitreal injections. The Dermojet syringe was used for intravitreal injections in 7 rabbit eyes with normal saline as the vehicle in 6 and India ink in one. There were no irreversible effects attribute to the injection noted clinically or histopathologically. While modification and further animal experimentation with this device are in order, it should not be use on human eyes at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:911111", "title": "Rna syntheses in BHK21 cells infected by rabies virus.", "content": "In BHK21 cells infected by rabies virus, viral RNA syntheses are detectable from the first 4 hours till at least 20h after the adsorption period. Cellular RNA syntheses are not inhibited by the virus. The viral RNA syntheses are 10 times lower than syntheses induced in infected cells by VSV. They are also slower since the maximum is between 8 and 12h after infection. At least 3 categories of molecules are synthesized: 1) short (+) molecules sedimenting between 8 and 25 S, and possibly at 30 S; 2) partially or totally double-stranded structures sedimenting between 25 and 35 S; 3) (+) and (--) molecules of the genome length. The relative amount of these 3 categories of molecules does not seem to vary during the viral cycle.", "contents": "Rna syntheses in BHK21 cells infected by rabies virus. In BHK21 cells infected by rabies virus, viral RNA syntheses are detectable from the first 4 hours till at least 20h after the adsorption period. Cellular RNA syntheses are not inhibited by the virus. The viral RNA syntheses are 10 times lower than syntheses induced in infected cells by VSV. They are also slower since the maximum is between 8 and 12h after infection. At least 3 categories of molecules are synthesized: 1) short (+) molecules sedimenting between 8 and 25 S, and possibly at 30 S; 2) partially or totally double-stranded structures sedimenting between 25 and 35 S; 3) (+) and (--) molecules of the genome length. The relative amount of these 3 categories of molecules does not seem to vary during the viral cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:911118", "title": "Changes in the choriocapillaris associated with senile macular degeneration.", "content": "The choroids of 107 postmortem aged eyes were used in this study. Twenty-six eyes were from patients with a clinical history of senile macular degeneration. Five eyes had early or questionable evidence of this condition. The remaining 76 eyes were from normal-aged patients. The choroids were processed by the trypsin digestion technique of Kuwabara and Cogan, as modified by Friedman, Smith and Kuwabara. This study was limited to the choriocapillaris. The most important changes noted in eyes with senile macular degeneration were: (1) thickening and irregular shape of the intercapillary septa; (2) narrowing of the lumen of the capillaries; (3) diminution or loss of cellularity of the capillaries; and (4) basophila of the macular area. The possible effects of these changes on the transport of oxygen and metabolites from the choriocapillaris to the outer layers of the retina are discussed.", "contents": "Changes in the choriocapillaris associated with senile macular degeneration. The choroids of 107 postmortem aged eyes were used in this study. Twenty-six eyes were from patients with a clinical history of senile macular degeneration. Five eyes had early or questionable evidence of this condition. The remaining 76 eyes were from normal-aged patients. The choroids were processed by the trypsin digestion technique of Kuwabara and Cogan, as modified by Friedman, Smith and Kuwabara. This study was limited to the choriocapillaris. The most important changes noted in eyes with senile macular degeneration were: (1) thickening and irregular shape of the intercapillary septa; (2) narrowing of the lumen of the capillaries; (3) diminution or loss of cellularity of the capillaries; and (4) basophila of the macular area. The possible effects of these changes on the transport of oxygen and metabolites from the choriocapillaris to the outer layers of the retina are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911119", "title": "HLA antigens and keratoconus.", "content": "Significant associations have been found between the HLA antigens or haplotypes and certain diseases and deficiencies. These associations have opened up new areas of clinical investigation. In man, associations have been shown between the presence of Hodgkin's Disease and a number of cross-reacting HLA types (BW5, BW15, BW18), between systemic Lupus erythematosus and HLA type BW15 in Caucasians and BW35 in blacks, between HLA B37 and ankylosing spondylitis in Caucasians, between HLA B8 and gluten-sensitive enteropathy and between HLA B13 and psoriasis, a disease having a strong hereditary element. In ophthalmology, Shin and Becker have shown that the prevalence of HLA B7 and B12 antigens was significantly higher in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma than in the non-glaucomatous population. The purpose of this communication is to report the presence of HLA B27 antigen in the mother and two siblings with keratoconus.", "contents": "HLA antigens and keratoconus. Significant associations have been found between the HLA antigens or haplotypes and certain diseases and deficiencies. These associations have opened up new areas of clinical investigation. In man, associations have been shown between the presence of Hodgkin's Disease and a number of cross-reacting HLA types (BW5, BW15, BW18), between systemic Lupus erythematosus and HLA type BW15 in Caucasians and BW35 in blacks, between HLA B37 and ankylosing spondylitis in Caucasians, between HLA B8 and gluten-sensitive enteropathy and between HLA B13 and psoriasis, a disease having a strong hereditary element. In ophthalmology, Shin and Becker have shown that the prevalence of HLA B7 and B12 antigens was significantly higher in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma than in the non-glaucomatous population. The purpose of this communication is to report the presence of HLA B27 antigen in the mother and two siblings with keratoconus."}
{"id": "PMID:911112", "title": "[Rapid detection of rabies antibodies by immunoenzymatic assay].", "content": "The antigen is a semipurified tissue culture virus, and peroxidase conjugated anti-human immunoglobulines are used. When sera from immunized humans are evaluated by this procedure, the values obtained show a good correlation with seroneutralization titres. The detection of antibodies by this method is earlier than by seroneutralization.", "contents": "[Rapid detection of rabies antibodies by immunoenzymatic assay]. The antigen is a semipurified tissue culture virus, and peroxidase conjugated anti-human immunoglobulines are used. When sera from immunized humans are evaluated by this procedure, the values obtained show a good correlation with seroneutralization titres. The detection of antibodies by this method is earlier than by seroneutralization."}
{"id": "PMID:911120", "title": "Hypotelorism and optic disc anomalies: an ignored ocular syndrome.", "content": "Hypotelorism, decreased interpupillary or interocular distance, deserves a wider recognition. Its association with anomalies of the optic disc is emphasized. This association appears to be a well defined ocular syndrome and may be considered another helpful clue in the differential diagnosis of the so-called pseudopapilledema from true papilledema.", "contents": "Hypotelorism and optic disc anomalies: an ignored ocular syndrome. Hypotelorism, decreased interpupillary or interocular distance, deserves a wider recognition. Its association with anomalies of the optic disc is emphasized. This association appears to be a well defined ocular syndrome and may be considered another helpful clue in the differential diagnosis of the so-called pseudopapilledema from true papilledema."}
{"id": "PMID:911121", "title": "Intraocular lens implantation in children.", "content": "The intraocular lens offers an additional parameter to be considered for the visual rehabilitation of children with traumatic or infantile cataracts. The disadvantages of aphakic spectacles or contact lens have committed many of these eyes to the status of visual cripples. Bearing in mind all of the complications and the lack of long-term follow-up, the IOL warrants careful consideration for use in this group of cataract patients. In this series of 27 patients with a maximum of 18 months' follow-up, it is concluded that the IOL may be successfully implanted and that, thus far, no eye has been made worse than the patients preinsertion status.", "contents": "Intraocular lens implantation in children. The intraocular lens offers an additional parameter to be considered for the visual rehabilitation of children with traumatic or infantile cataracts. The disadvantages of aphakic spectacles or contact lens have committed many of these eyes to the status of visual cripples. Bearing in mind all of the complications and the lack of long-term follow-up, the IOL warrants careful consideration for use in this group of cataract patients. In this series of 27 patients with a maximum of 18 months' follow-up, it is concluded that the IOL may be successfully implanted and that, thus far, no eye has been made worse than the patients preinsertion status."}
{"id": "PMID:911122", "title": "[Vascularization of the laryngeal cartilages; true clinical importance (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors specify the role of the ossification process of the larynx cartilages. Only the epiglottis may be considered as a cartilage. The use of microangiography made it possible to describe some peculiar features of the microvascular pattern. The vascular patterns of the thyroid, cricoid and arithenoids cartilages are similar to one another; the cartilage and its two perichondriums must be considered as a complete whole. The epiglottis shows a peculiar vascular pattern. The authors insist upon the important role of the vascular pattern in pathologic studies.", "contents": "[Vascularization of the laryngeal cartilages; true clinical importance (author's transl)]. The authors specify the role of the ossification process of the larynx cartilages. Only the epiglottis may be considered as a cartilage. The use of microangiography made it possible to describe some peculiar features of the microvascular pattern. The vascular patterns of the thyroid, cricoid and arithenoids cartilages are similar to one another; the cartilage and its two perichondriums must be considered as a complete whole. The epiglottis shows a peculiar vascular pattern. The authors insist upon the important role of the vascular pattern in pathologic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:911124", "title": "[Epidermoid cysts of the mandible (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present three cases of epidermoid cyst of the mandible, one of which had undergone malignant change. These cysts are rare. They are most often situated at the angle of the jaw and present as a deep swelling of the cheek. The only treatment is excision, the authors advising the external approach which gave them the best results.", "contents": "[Epidermoid cysts of the mandible (author's transl)]. The authors present three cases of epidermoid cyst of the mandible, one of which had undergone malignant change. These cysts are rare. They are most often situated at the angle of the jaw and present as a deep swelling of the cheek. The only treatment is excision, the authors advising the external approach which gave them the best results."}
{"id": "PMID:911135", "title": "Congenital cricopharyngeal achalasia.", "content": "Fifteen infants with congenital cricopharyngeal achalasia are reviewed. Although most of the patients had symptoms at birth, the diagnosis was frequently not confirmed until later in the first year of life. While four of the infants had only cricopharyngeal achalasia, 11 had associated diseases related to the central nervous system. Those patients without associated diseases improved spontaneously with conservative management; most of the infants with other abnormalities also improved, although their clinical progress was slower and more complicated. In three of the patients, the symptoms were persistent and there were two deaths related to associated diseases. Cricopharyngeal myotomy was performed on two children with only moderate improvement in symptoms. Congenital cricopharyngeal achalasia is more common than formerly recognized. When suspected, an esophagram with tele- or cineradiography is essential to confirm the diagnosis. Esophageal motility studies will quantify changes and also evaluate lower esophageal dysfunction not easily identified on esophagrams.", "contents": "Congenital cricopharyngeal achalasia. Fifteen infants with congenital cricopharyngeal achalasia are reviewed. Although most of the patients had symptoms at birth, the diagnosis was frequently not confirmed until later in the first year of life. While four of the infants had only cricopharyngeal achalasia, 11 had associated diseases related to the central nervous system. Those patients without associated diseases improved spontaneously with conservative management; most of the infants with other abnormalities also improved, although their clinical progress was slower and more complicated. In three of the patients, the symptoms were persistent and there were two deaths related to associated diseases. Cricopharyngeal myotomy was performed on two children with only moderate improvement in symptoms. Congenital cricopharyngeal achalasia is more common than formerly recognized. When suspected, an esophagram with tele- or cineradiography is essential to confirm the diagnosis. Esophageal motility studies will quantify changes and also evaluate lower esophageal dysfunction not easily identified on esophagrams."}
{"id": "PMID:911137", "title": "Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft: the anterior approach.", "content": "Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft was reported by Richter in 1792 after he examined an infant at autopsy and found a common lumen of esophagus and laryngotrachea. The next case was not noted until 1949 by Finlay. A recent review shows 40 cases in the world literature to date. Successful surgical approaches to some of these problems have basically employed a lateral pharyngotomy technique. In the case presented herein, the exact pathology was obscured by a severe tetralogy of Fallot and recurrent pneumonitis from a suspected high H-type tracheoesophageal fistula. The length of this cleft prompted an anterior approach with laryngo-fissure, cricoidotomy, and division of four tracheal rings for a complete and successful repair. Thorough endoscopy of all infants suspected of any laryngeal anomaly would yield an earlier diagnosis and opportunity for reconstruction of the cleft.", "contents": "Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft: the anterior approach. Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft was reported by Richter in 1792 after he examined an infant at autopsy and found a common lumen of esophagus and laryngotrachea. The next case was not noted until 1949 by Finlay. A recent review shows 40 cases in the world literature to date. Successful surgical approaches to some of these problems have basically employed a lateral pharyngotomy technique. In the case presented herein, the exact pathology was obscured by a severe tetralogy of Fallot and recurrent pneumonitis from a suspected high H-type tracheoesophageal fistula. The length of this cleft prompted an anterior approach with laryngo-fissure, cricoidotomy, and division of four tracheal rings for a complete and successful repair. Thorough endoscopy of all infants suspected of any laryngeal anomaly would yield an earlier diagnosis and opportunity for reconstruction of the cleft."}
{"id": "PMID:911138", "title": "Esophageal papillomatosis: case report.", "content": "An unusual case report of asymptomatic multiple esophageal papillomas associated with pedunculated hypopharyngeal papillomas that presented as laryngeal obstruction in a 2 1/2-year-old boy who underwent resection and irradiation of a retroperitoneal neuroblastoma at the age of nine months. Barium swallow and esophagoscopy confirmed the presence of multiple asymptomatic lesions involving the upper two-thirds of the esophagus. Biopsy confirmed the hypopharyngeal and esophageal lesions to be similar in nature.", "contents": "Esophageal papillomatosis: case report. An unusual case report of asymptomatic multiple esophageal papillomas associated with pedunculated hypopharyngeal papillomas that presented as laryngeal obstruction in a 2 1/2-year-old boy who underwent resection and irradiation of a retroperitoneal neuroblastoma at the age of nine months. Barium swallow and esophagoscopy confirmed the presence of multiple asymptomatic lesions involving the upper two-thirds of the esophagus. Biopsy confirmed the hypopharyngeal and esophageal lesions to be similar in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:911136", "title": "Fatal complication from an alkaline battery foreign body in the esophagus.", "content": "Foreign bodies and alkali burns in the trachea and esophagus are potentially fatal. Some camera batteries contain 45% potassium hydroxide electrolyte which can leak and cause liquification necrosis upon tissue contact. This report describes a case of an alkali battery foreign body in the esophagus with a subsequent fatal course which was masked by steroid therapy. A discussion of corrosive burns of the esophagus, their etiology, clinical course and pathology is presented.", "contents": "Fatal complication from an alkaline battery foreign body in the esophagus. Foreign bodies and alkali burns in the trachea and esophagus are potentially fatal. Some camera batteries contain 45% potassium hydroxide electrolyte which can leak and cause liquification necrosis upon tissue contact. This report describes a case of an alkali battery foreign body in the esophagus with a subsequent fatal course which was masked by steroid therapy. A discussion of corrosive burns of the esophagus, their etiology, clinical course and pathology is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:911142", "title": "Physiologic differentiation of upper and lower airway obstruction.", "content": "Usual lower airway obstruction and fixed upper airway obstruction can be differentiated physiologically by means of the flow-volume curve. Normally, maximal flow decreases nearly linearly as lung volume decreases during expiration. In lower airway obstruction, this decrease is greatest at the beginning of expiration resulting in a curve that is concave upward. In fixed obstruction (stenosis) flow is constant throughout the initial part of forced maximal expiration and throughout virtually all of inspiration. This results in a plateau or flat curve which is characteristic and different from the curve in obstruction of lower airways. Cases in which this differentiation is clinically important are discussed.", "contents": "Physiologic differentiation of upper and lower airway obstruction. Usual lower airway obstruction and fixed upper airway obstruction can be differentiated physiologically by means of the flow-volume curve. Normally, maximal flow decreases nearly linearly as lung volume decreases during expiration. In lower airway obstruction, this decrease is greatest at the beginning of expiration resulting in a curve that is concave upward. In fixed obstruction (stenosis) flow is constant throughout the initial part of forced maximal expiration and throughout virtually all of inspiration. This results in a plateau or flat curve which is characteristic and different from the curve in obstruction of lower airways. Cases in which this differentiation is clinically important are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911144", "title": "Idiopathic subglottic stenosis.", "content": "A 2 1/2-year-old child was found to have subglottic stenosis with no obvious etiology. He initially responded well to dilatation, injection of triamcinolone and intermittent stenting of the airway, but four months later developed a marked, unyielding subglottic stenosis requiring tracheostomy. He had a gradual good response to dilatations and injections with triamcinolone and acquired a good subglottic lumen. However, he developed a recurrence following an episode of croup. Systemic steroids were added to the regimen leading to gradual resolution of the stenosis and successful decannulation. The embryogenesis of subglottic stenosis and the correlation with the known anatomy and histology are discussed. Subglottic stenosis may be congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, neoplastic or neurogenic. An additional group of patients has no obvious etiology and are classified as idiopathic. Treatment consists of various combinations of stents, systemic and intralesional steroids, dilatations and various operative procedures in the more refractory cases.", "contents": "Idiopathic subglottic stenosis. A 2 1/2-year-old child was found to have subglottic stenosis with no obvious etiology. He initially responded well to dilatation, injection of triamcinolone and intermittent stenting of the airway, but four months later developed a marked, unyielding subglottic stenosis requiring tracheostomy. He had a gradual good response to dilatations and injections with triamcinolone and acquired a good subglottic lumen. However, he developed a recurrence following an episode of croup. Systemic steroids were added to the regimen leading to gradual resolution of the stenosis and successful decannulation. The embryogenesis of subglottic stenosis and the correlation with the known anatomy and histology are discussed. Subglottic stenosis may be congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, neoplastic or neurogenic. An additional group of patients has no obvious etiology and are classified as idiopathic. Treatment consists of various combinations of stents, systemic and intralesional steroids, dilatations and various operative procedures in the more refractory cases."}
{"id": "PMID:911149", "title": "[Clinical and statistical analysis of the side effects and complications of antibiotic therapy].", "content": "A total of 4936 side reactions and complications in 2311 patients subjected to antibiotic therapy were analyzed. The drug allergy was of the allergic nature in 79.9 per cent of the cases, in 6.03 per cent of the cases it was of the toxic nature and in 6.03 per cent of the cases the drug allergy had a toxico-allergic genesis. Dysbacterioses and candidoses were diagnosed in 7.22 per cent of the cases. The complications were lethal in 0.9 per cent of the patients. The complications due to the antibiotic therapy may be arranged in the following descending order: penicillin (51.56 per cent), tetracycline (18.03 per cent), streptomycin (11.5 per cent), levomycetin and sintomycin (11.07 per cent), macrolide antibiotics (5.43 per cent). Affections of the skin and its appendages, nervous system and gastro-intestinal tract were most common. The penicillin side effects were characterized by more frequent skin allergic reactions amd neuro-psychic impairments. Tetracyclines caused more allergic reactions than it was usually considered. Streptomycin was characterized by high shockogenic properties, neurotoxicity and hematotoxicity. The toxic complications were most often caused by aminoglycosides. They were evident clinically from ototoxic and nephrotoxic reactions. General causes of complications due to antibiotic therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical and statistical analysis of the side effects and complications of antibiotic therapy]. A total of 4936 side reactions and complications in 2311 patients subjected to antibiotic therapy were analyzed. The drug allergy was of the allergic nature in 79.9 per cent of the cases, in 6.03 per cent of the cases it was of the toxic nature and in 6.03 per cent of the cases the drug allergy had a toxico-allergic genesis. Dysbacterioses and candidoses were diagnosed in 7.22 per cent of the cases. The complications were lethal in 0.9 per cent of the patients. The complications due to the antibiotic therapy may be arranged in the following descending order: penicillin (51.56 per cent), tetracycline (18.03 per cent), streptomycin (11.5 per cent), levomycetin and sintomycin (11.07 per cent), macrolide antibiotics (5.43 per cent). Affections of the skin and its appendages, nervous system and gastro-intestinal tract were most common. The penicillin side effects were characterized by more frequent skin allergic reactions amd neuro-psychic impairments. Tetracyclines caused more allergic reactions than it was usually considered. Streptomycin was characterized by high shockogenic properties, neurotoxicity and hematotoxicity. The toxic complications were most often caused by aminoglycosides. They were evident clinically from ototoxic and nephrotoxic reactions. General causes of complications due to antibiotic therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911150", "title": "[Antibiotics and the macroorganism (the causes and the mechanism of occurrence of side effects].", "content": "The main types of side reactions due to antibiotic therapy are described. The antibiotic groups most often being the cause of side reactions are presented. Dependence of the toxic (organotropic) effect of antibiotics on the therapy scheme, age and pathological changes in the mechanism of their excretion is indicated. The biochemical mechanisms of the side and selective effects of antibiotics are discussed.", "contents": "[Antibiotics and the macroorganism (the causes and the mechanism of occurrence of side effects]. The main types of side reactions due to antibiotic therapy are described. The antibiotic groups most often being the cause of side reactions are presented. Dependence of the toxic (organotropic) effect of antibiotics on the therapy scheme, age and pathological changes in the mechanism of their excretion is indicated. The biochemical mechanisms of the side and selective effects of antibiotics are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911151", "title": "[Modern principles for studying the organotropic side effects caused by antibiotics].", "content": "For prophylaxis of the organotropic side reactions in antibiotic therapy it is important to determine correlation between the drug blood level and the effect level. The study of this correlation under experimental conditions provides determination of the maximum permissible concentration of the antibiotic in the blood. When the antibiotic side effects are diagnosed in clinics it is advisable to determine as exact as possible the peculiar properties of the drug pharmacokinetics in the respective patients.", "contents": "[Modern principles for studying the organotropic side effects caused by antibiotics]. For prophylaxis of the organotropic side reactions in antibiotic therapy it is important to determine correlation between the drug blood level and the effect level. The study of this correlation under experimental conditions provides determination of the maximum permissible concentration of the antibiotic in the blood. When the antibiotic side effects are diagnosed in clinics it is advisable to determine as exact as possible the peculiar properties of the drug pharmacokinetics in the respective patients."}
{"id": "PMID:911152", "title": "[Some features of the side effects of antibiotics in bronchopulmonary diseases].", "content": "A total of 1838 cases treated with antibiotics were analyzed in a pulmonological clinic. The antibiotics were used because of acute pneumonia, exacerbated chronic pneumonia, active inflammatory processes in cases with infectious allergic bronchial asthma and other bronchopulmonary diseases. Levomycetin (21 per cent), benzylpenicillin (14 per cent), oletetrin, erythromycin, semi-synthetic penicillins, aminoglycosides and other antibiotics were used most often. The antibiotic side effects were registered in 1.4 per cent of the cases, the allergic complications being 4 times more frequent than toxico-metabolic complications. The main path for prevention of the antibiotic side effects was rational antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic choice should be guided by the following considerations: process localization, patient's age, causative agent species, its antibiotic sensitivity, antibiotic pharmacokinetic characteristics in the organism of the patient, character of the antibiotic side effects on the macroorganism.", "contents": "[Some features of the side effects of antibiotics in bronchopulmonary diseases]. A total of 1838 cases treated with antibiotics were analyzed in a pulmonological clinic. The antibiotics were used because of acute pneumonia, exacerbated chronic pneumonia, active inflammatory processes in cases with infectious allergic bronchial asthma and other bronchopulmonary diseases. Levomycetin (21 per cent), benzylpenicillin (14 per cent), oletetrin, erythromycin, semi-synthetic penicillins, aminoglycosides and other antibiotics were used most often. The antibiotic side effects were registered in 1.4 per cent of the cases, the allergic complications being 4 times more frequent than toxico-metabolic complications. The main path for prevention of the antibiotic side effects was rational antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic choice should be guided by the following considerations: process localization, patient's age, causative agent species, its antibiotic sensitivity, antibiotic pharmacokinetic characteristics in the organism of the patient, character of the antibiotic side effects on the macroorganism."}
{"id": "PMID:911148", "title": "Pulmonary migraine.", "content": "Although it is not uncommon in bronchoesophagological practice to be consulted in cases of unexplained atelectasis, patients presenting with painful atelectasis are indeed rare. Three such cases will be described. The first case, previously unreported, for which Dr. M. E. Avery suggested the term \"pulmonary migraine\" is that of a 14-year-old Caucasian female with a history of recurrent \"asthma\" chest pain, atelectasis and migraine headache. On investigation there was demonstrable spastic obliteration of the lumen of a lobar bronchus. Two similar cases are described.", "contents": "Pulmonary migraine. Although it is not uncommon in bronchoesophagological practice to be consulted in cases of unexplained atelectasis, patients presenting with painful atelectasis are indeed rare. Three such cases will be described. The first case, previously unreported, for which Dr. M. E. Avery suggested the term \"pulmonary migraine\" is that of a 14-year-old Caucasian female with a history of recurrent \"asthma\" chest pain, atelectasis and migraine headache. On investigation there was demonstrable spastic obliteration of the lumen of a lobar bronchus. Two similar cases are described."}
{"id": "PMID:911153", "title": "[Diagnosis of anaphylactic shock caused by antibiotics].", "content": "A total of 277 cases with anaphylactic shock due to the use of various antibiotics were analyzed. Anaphylactic shock due to penicillin (38.2 per cent), streptomycin (19.8 per cent), combihation of streptomycin with penicillin (16.9 per cent) or bicillin (15.2 per cent) was most frequent. The causes of the diagnostic mistakes are shown and the clinical signs of the main typical form of the drug anaphylactic shock are descrifed. Four variants of atypical clinical picture of anaphylactic shock, i.e. hemodynamic (collaptoid), asphyctic, cerebral and abdominal were classified. Examples of diagnostic mistakes are presented. It was shown that the drug allergological anamnesis was not always considered in the therapeutic practice.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of anaphylactic shock caused by antibiotics]. A total of 277 cases with anaphylactic shock due to the use of various antibiotics were analyzed. Anaphylactic shock due to penicillin (38.2 per cent), streptomycin (19.8 per cent), combihation of streptomycin with penicillin (16.9 per cent) or bicillin (15.2 per cent) was most frequent. The causes of the diagnostic mistakes are shown and the clinical signs of the main typical form of the drug anaphylactic shock are descrifed. Four variants of atypical clinical picture of anaphylactic shock, i.e. hemodynamic (collaptoid), asphyctic, cerebral and abdominal were classified. Examples of diagnostic mistakes are presented. It was shown that the drug allergological anamnesis was not always considered in the therapeutic practice."}
{"id": "PMID:911154", "title": "[Toxicity and side effects of antibiotics in radiation sickness and during the use of aminothiol group radioprotective agents].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on mice, rats and rabbits that resistance of animals in the state of acute radiation sickness to severe intoxication by aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin and monomycin did not significantly change. The exception was kanamycin the toxicity of which during the period of the acute state of radiation sickness increased by 30 per cent. The use of cystamine and merkamine before irradiation or their administration to non-irradiated animals resulted in lowering of the antibiotic tolerance by 1.5--2 times. The above aftereffects of the radioprotectors was observed within 3--12 days after their use and was most pronounced for the combination of cystamine and streptomycin. The acute toxicity of tetracyclines did not significantly differ at various stages of radiation disease and at the background of cystamine use. No significant cumulation of the toxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics and tetracyclines or signs of adaptation in the healthy and irradiated animals was observed on prolong treatment with therapeutic doses. Cystamine had no effect on the tolerance of the antibiotics on their prolonged use.", "contents": "[Toxicity and side effects of antibiotics in radiation sickness and during the use of aminothiol group radioprotective agents]. It was shown in experiments on mice, rats and rabbits that resistance of animals in the state of acute radiation sickness to severe intoxication by aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin and monomycin did not significantly change. The exception was kanamycin the toxicity of which during the period of the acute state of radiation sickness increased by 30 per cent. The use of cystamine and merkamine before irradiation or their administration to non-irradiated animals resulted in lowering of the antibiotic tolerance by 1.5--2 times. The above aftereffects of the radioprotectors was observed within 3--12 days after their use and was most pronounced for the combination of cystamine and streptomycin. The acute toxicity of tetracyclines did not significantly differ at various stages of radiation disease and at the background of cystamine use. No significant cumulation of the toxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics and tetracyclines or signs of adaptation in the healthy and irradiated animals was observed on prolong treatment with therapeutic doses. Cystamine had no effect on the tolerance of the antibiotics on their prolonged use."}
{"id": "PMID:911145", "title": "Coccidioidomycosis of the larynx in infants and adults.", "content": "Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease endemic to the southwestern United States. The primary form of the disease is relatively benign and many patients, after exposure by inhalation of the sapyrophytic form of the organism, convert from negative to positive skin testing without significant clinical symptoms. The less common disseminated form represents a serious life-threatening disease and can present with granulomatous changes in the larynx. The authors' experience with disseminated coccidioidomycosis presenting in the larynx of adults and infants successfully treated with amphotericin B are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Coccidioidomycosis of the larynx in infants and adults. Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease endemic to the southwestern United States. The primary form of the disease is relatively benign and many patients, after exposure by inhalation of the sapyrophytic form of the organism, convert from negative to positive skin testing without significant clinical symptoms. The less common disseminated form represents a serious life-threatening disease and can present with granulomatous changes in the larynx. The authors' experience with disseminated coccidioidomycosis presenting in the larynx of adults and infants successfully treated with amphotericin B are presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911155", "title": "[Methodological bases for the hygienic standardization of antibiotics].", "content": "For determination of the maximum permissible concentrations of antibiotics it is necessary to develop some specific approaches conditioned by the peculiarities of the biological effect of antibiotics in addition to the use of the general principles of the hygienic rationing of the factors of the production environment. It is advised to determine the thresholds of the specific antibacterial and allergen effect of antibiotics in the acute experiment in addition to the threshold of the general toxic effect.", "contents": "[Methodological bases for the hygienic standardization of antibiotics]. For determination of the maximum permissible concentrations of antibiotics it is necessary to develop some specific approaches conditioned by the peculiarities of the biological effect of antibiotics in addition to the use of the general principles of the hygienic rationing of the factors of the production environment. It is advised to determine the thresholds of the specific antibacterial and allergen effect of antibiotics in the acute experiment in addition to the threshold of the general toxic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:911156", "title": "[Actinomyces chromogenes var. graecus var. nov., a producer of a new hexaene antibiotic].", "content": "Actinomycete LIA-O832 was isolated from a soil sample of Greece. By its antimicrobial spectrum, morphological and cultural properties the actinomycete was most close to Act. chromogenes but differed from the latter by the antibiotic and physiological properties. The actinomycete was classified as Actinomyces chromogenes var. nov. The culture produced an antibiotic complex including 4 antibiotics, i.e. a tetraen antibiotic primaricin, a new hexaen named grecomycim and 2 non-polyenic antibiotics, one of which was close to kikumycin and the other was close to aksenomycin. The physico-chemical characteristics of the antibiotics are presented.", "contents": "[Actinomyces chromogenes var. graecus var. nov., a producer of a new hexaene antibiotic]. Actinomycete LIA-O832 was isolated from a soil sample of Greece. By its antimicrobial spectrum, morphological and cultural properties the actinomycete was most close to Act. chromogenes but differed from the latter by the antibiotic and physiological properties. The actinomycete was classified as Actinomyces chromogenes var. nov. The culture produced an antibiotic complex including 4 antibiotics, i.e. a tetraen antibiotic primaricin, a new hexaen named grecomycim and 2 non-polyenic antibiotics, one of which was close to kikumycin and the other was close to aksenomycin. The physico-chemical characteristics of the antibiotics are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:911157", "title": "[Effect of triterpene glycosides on RNA biosynthesis in a yeast cell culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis].", "content": "The effect of triterpen glycosides of cauloside C from Caulophyllum robustum, theasaponine from Thea sinensis ahd stichoposide A from Stichopus japonicus on multiplication and biosynthesis of RNA in the cells of a 7-hour culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was studied. It was shown that cauloside C, theasaponine and stichoposide A in concentrations of 7.5 gamma/ml inhibited multiplication of the yeast cells by 65, 10 and 90 per cent respectively. The summation RNA of the yeast cells is divided into 3 zones on Sephadex G-100. The glycosides induced no pronounced changes in the chromotographic profile of RNA. Biosynthesis of the transport and ribosomal RNA were inhibited to the same extent. Triterpen glycosides inhibited the biosynthesis of RNA at the stage of 14C-uridine in corporation into the nucleotide pool of the yeast cells.", "contents": "[Effect of triterpene glycosides on RNA biosynthesis in a yeast cell culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis]. The effect of triterpen glycosides of cauloside C from Caulophyllum robustum, theasaponine from Thea sinensis ahd stichoposide A from Stichopus japonicus on multiplication and biosynthesis of RNA in the cells of a 7-hour culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was studied. It was shown that cauloside C, theasaponine and stichoposide A in concentrations of 7.5 gamma/ml inhibited multiplication of the yeast cells by 65, 10 and 90 per cent respectively. The summation RNA of the yeast cells is divided into 3 zones on Sephadex G-100. The glycosides induced no pronounced changes in the chromotographic profile of RNA. Biosynthesis of the transport and ribosomal RNA were inhibited to the same extent. Triterpen glycosides inhibited the biosynthesis of RNA at the stage of 14C-uridine in corporation into the nucleotide pool of the yeast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:911158", "title": "[Comparative experimental study of the antileukemia activity of carminomycin and rubomycin].", "content": "The antileukemic activity of karminomycin and rubomycin was studied comparatively in parallel experiments with respect to 4 strains of transplantable leukemia, i.e. acute non-differentiated leukemia La, acute lymphoblast leukemia, L-1210 and P-388 and subacute lymphoblast leukemia No. 8 CRIHBT. The doses used were adequate by their toxicity. The tests of the therapeutic effectiveness were: an increase in the life time of the animals treated as compared to the control ones, a decrease in the leukocyte count and the number of the blast cells in the peripheral blood, a decrease in the leukemic infiltration of the organs and tissues of the animals treated. It was shown that karminomycin was more effective in the studied leukemia strains when it was used in the doses with equivalent toxicity. The more pronounced antileukemic activity of karminomycin was especially evident from histological examinations, which showed lower infiltration of the organs and tissues of the mice treated with karminomycin by the leukemic cells as compared to the animals treated with rubomycin.", "contents": "[Comparative experimental study of the antileukemia activity of carminomycin and rubomycin]. The antileukemic activity of karminomycin and rubomycin was studied comparatively in parallel experiments with respect to 4 strains of transplantable leukemia, i.e. acute non-differentiated leukemia La, acute lymphoblast leukemia, L-1210 and P-388 and subacute lymphoblast leukemia No. 8 CRIHBT. The doses used were adequate by their toxicity. The tests of the therapeutic effectiveness were: an increase in the life time of the animals treated as compared to the control ones, a decrease in the leukocyte count and the number of the blast cells in the peripheral blood, a decrease in the leukemic infiltration of the organs and tissues of the animals treated. It was shown that karminomycin was more effective in the studied leukemia strains when it was used in the doses with equivalent toxicity. The more pronounced antileukemic activity of karminomycin was especially evident from histological examinations, which showed lower infiltration of the organs and tissues of the mice treated with karminomycin by the leukemic cells as compared to the animals treated with rubomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:911159", "title": "Effect of monensin on rumen metabolism in vitro.", "content": "The effect of Monensin (Rumensin, Eli Lilly & Co.) in incubations with mixed rumen microorganisms metabolizing carbohydrate or protein substrates was investigated. Monensin partly inhibited methanogenesis and increased propionate production, although the effect was not always statistically significant. Incubations with substrates specific for methane bacteria suggest that inhibition of methanogenesis by Monensin was not due to a specific toxic action on the methanogenic flora, but rather to an inhibition of hydrogen production from formate. Total and net microbial growth were considerably decreased by addition of Monensin, although the amount of substrate fermented was not altered, resulting in lowered values of microbial growth efficiency. In incubations with casein, Monensin lowered protein degradation in line with a lowered ammonia production, whereas a slight accumulation of alpha-amino nitrogen was observed. The results suggest that besides an influence of Monensin on the rumen carbohydrate fermentation pattern, another reason for the beneficial effects observed in vivo might be decreased food protein degradation in the rumen, altering the final site of protein digestion in the animal. Also, the possibility of a decrease in rumen microbial growth efficiency has to be considered when using Monensin as a food additive.", "contents": "Effect of monensin on rumen metabolism in vitro. The effect of Monensin (Rumensin, Eli Lilly & Co.) in incubations with mixed rumen microorganisms metabolizing carbohydrate or protein substrates was investigated. Monensin partly inhibited methanogenesis and increased propionate production, although the effect was not always statistically significant. Incubations with substrates specific for methane bacteria suggest that inhibition of methanogenesis by Monensin was not due to a specific toxic action on the methanogenic flora, but rather to an inhibition of hydrogen production from formate. Total and net microbial growth were considerably decreased by addition of Monensin, although the amount of substrate fermented was not altered, resulting in lowered values of microbial growth efficiency. In incubations with casein, Monensin lowered protein degradation in line with a lowered ammonia production, whereas a slight accumulation of alpha-amino nitrogen was observed. The results suggest that besides an influence of Monensin on the rumen carbohydrate fermentation pattern, another reason for the beneficial effects observed in vivo might be decreased food protein degradation in the rumen, altering the final site of protein digestion in the animal. Also, the possibility of a decrease in rumen microbial growth efficiency has to be considered when using Monensin as a food additive."}
{"id": "PMID:911160", "title": "Effect of coumarin on growth and metabolism of Pythium.", "content": "Coumarin concentrations that inhibited growth of Pythium sp. rapidly decreased the rate of incorporation of [14C]glucose into the mycelium. Coumarin also reduced drastically the carbohydrate and protein content of the cytoplasm and, to a lesser extent, the amino acid content and cell wall fraction. Enzymes related to the metabolism of cell wall polysaccharides were not affected during early exposure to the inhibitor. The possible mechanism of coumarin action via inhibition of glucose uptake is discussed in the light of the present findings.", "contents": "Effect of coumarin on growth and metabolism of Pythium. Coumarin concentrations that inhibited growth of Pythium sp. rapidly decreased the rate of incorporation of [14C]glucose into the mycelium. Coumarin also reduced drastically the carbohydrate and protein content of the cytoplasm and, to a lesser extent, the amino acid content and cell wall fraction. Enzymes related to the metabolism of cell wall polysaccharides were not affected during early exposure to the inhibitor. The possible mechanism of coumarin action via inhibition of glucose uptake is discussed in the light of the present findings."}
{"id": "PMID:911161", "title": "Effects of enrichment media and incubation conditions on isolating salmonellae from ground-meat filtrate.", "content": "Forty-eight combinations of enrichment media, secondary enrichment, incubation times and temperatures, and atmospheres were examined for their efficacy in recovering different serovars of Salmonella that had been inoculated into ground-meat extract. Variations included three selective-enrichment media, two (37 and 43 degrees C) incubation temperatures, two (24 and 48 h) incubation times, two (aerobic and anaerobic) incubation atmospheres, and secondary enrichment to two of the selective-enrichment media. The ratio of Salmonella to other microorganisms was 10: greater than 1,000,000. One-hundred and twenty-four tests were conducted for each enrichment under each condition of incubation. None of the methods recovered Salmonella in more than 60% of the trials. Salmonella typhimurium was recovered most frequently of the serovars tested; S. abortusovis was recovered least frequently. There was considerable variation in the results obtained by the different methods, but there was a statistically significant advantage in the 43 degrees C incubation temperature. Secondary enrichment in tetrathionate broth showed a statistically significant advantage over secondary enrichment in selenite broth. Secondary enrichment into a different medium from the primary enrichment also was advantageous.", "contents": "Effects of enrichment media and incubation conditions on isolating salmonellae from ground-meat filtrate. Forty-eight combinations of enrichment media, secondary enrichment, incubation times and temperatures, and atmospheres were examined for their efficacy in recovering different serovars of Salmonella that had been inoculated into ground-meat extract. Variations included three selective-enrichment media, two (37 and 43 degrees C) incubation temperatures, two (24 and 48 h) incubation times, two (aerobic and anaerobic) incubation atmospheres, and secondary enrichment to two of the selective-enrichment media. The ratio of Salmonella to other microorganisms was 10: greater than 1,000,000. One-hundred and twenty-four tests were conducted for each enrichment under each condition of incubation. None of the methods recovered Salmonella in more than 60% of the trials. Salmonella typhimurium was recovered most frequently of the serovars tested; S. abortusovis was recovered least frequently. There was considerable variation in the results obtained by the different methods, but there was a statistically significant advantage in the 43 degrees C incubation temperature. Secondary enrichment in tetrathionate broth showed a statistically significant advantage over secondary enrichment in selenite broth. Secondary enrichment into a different medium from the primary enrichment also was advantageous."}
{"id": "PMID:911162", "title": "Academic manpower in dermatology.", "content": "A survey showed that there were 338 strict or geographic full-time dermatologist faculty members in the United States. Ninety-six percent of these 338 faculty members were located at the 72 schools of medicine with residency training programs in dermatology or at the 21 approved residency training programs in dermatology, not affiliated with colleges of medicine. The 42 schools of medicine without approved residency training programs in dermatology reported only 11 full-time dermatologist faculty (3% of the total). Women constituted 7% of the faculty, while foreign medical graduates constituted 9%. More than one third of faculty were trained at the institution in which they currently serve. Approximately one third were likewise trained at four major teaching institutions.", "contents": "Academic manpower in dermatology. A survey showed that there were 338 strict or geographic full-time dermatologist faculty members in the United States. Ninety-six percent of these 338 faculty members were located at the 72 schools of medicine with residency training programs in dermatology or at the 21 approved residency training programs in dermatology, not affiliated with colleges of medicine. The 42 schools of medicine without approved residency training programs in dermatology reported only 11 full-time dermatologist faculty (3% of the total). Women constituted 7% of the faculty, while foreign medical graduates constituted 9%. More than one third of faculty were trained at the institution in which they currently serve. Approximately one third were likewise trained at four major teaching institutions."}
{"id": "PMID:911163", "title": "Dermatologists for the nation. Projections of supply and demand.", "content": "Because inappropriate supply of physician specialists involves unnecessary human suffering or waste of human resources and because free market forces are ineffective in the medical sector, deliberate planning of supply is necessary. A model projecting the future supply of dermatologists was formulated on the basis of current residency capacity, which produces 250 dermatologists annually, and current experience regarding life expectancy and retirement. The model implies that an equilibrium supply of 8,800 dermatologists, or three per 100,000 population, will be realized early in the 21st century. A number of methods were used to estimate the demand for care, and, under conditions of general access, three dermatologists per 100,000 appear to be appropriate. Thus, maintaining current training capacity seems to be prudent, but because of many unknown and unpredictable factors, periodic reassessment is necessary.", "contents": "Dermatologists for the nation. Projections of supply and demand. Because inappropriate supply of physician specialists involves unnecessary human suffering or waste of human resources and because free market forces are ineffective in the medical sector, deliberate planning of supply is necessary. A model projecting the future supply of dermatologists was formulated on the basis of current residency capacity, which produces 250 dermatologists annually, and current experience regarding life expectancy and retirement. The model implies that an equilibrium supply of 8,800 dermatologists, or three per 100,000 population, will be realized early in the 21st century. A number of methods were used to estimate the demand for care, and, under conditions of general access, three dermatologists per 100,000 appear to be appropriate. Thus, maintaining current training capacity seems to be prudent, but because of many unknown and unpredictable factors, periodic reassessment is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:911164", "title": "Photocontact dermatitis to halogenated salicylanilides and related compounds. Our experience between 1967 and 1975.", "content": "We evaluated the role of the halogenated salicylanilides and related compounds in the development of photocontact dermatitis between 1967 and 1975 as seen at the University of California, San Francisco clinic. During this period positive photopatch tests to at least one of these chemicals were detected in 98 patients. Prior to 1967, tetrachlorosalicylanilide and the brominated salicylanilides were the most common offenders. Declines occurred in number of patients with positive photopatch tests and patch tests to these agents as well as the number of patients tested to these agents during this period; ie, almost three times as many people were tested and four times as many had positive photopatch tests in the last six months of 1967 as compared to the first nine months of 1975. The most striking reduction in numbers of patients with positive tests occurred after 1968, but the most notable reduction in the total number of positive photopatch tests occurred after 1970. We concluded that these results were most likely due to removal from the market of the more potent photosensitizing chemicals and increased physician familiarity with the disease process.", "contents": "Photocontact dermatitis to halogenated salicylanilides and related compounds. Our experience between 1967 and 1975. We evaluated the role of the halogenated salicylanilides and related compounds in the development of photocontact dermatitis between 1967 and 1975 as seen at the University of California, San Francisco clinic. During this period positive photopatch tests to at least one of these chemicals were detected in 98 patients. Prior to 1967, tetrachlorosalicylanilide and the brominated salicylanilides were the most common offenders. Declines occurred in number of patients with positive photopatch tests and patch tests to these agents as well as the number of patients tested to these agents during this period; ie, almost three times as many people were tested and four times as many had positive photopatch tests in the last six months of 1967 as compared to the first nine months of 1975. The most striking reduction in numbers of patients with positive tests occurred after 1968, but the most notable reduction in the total number of positive photopatch tests occurred after 1970. We concluded that these results were most likely due to removal from the market of the more potent photosensitizing chemicals and increased physician familiarity with the disease process."}
{"id": "PMID:911165", "title": "Staphylococcal infections in patients with atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Cutaneous staphylococcal infections appear to be relatively infrequent in atopic dermatitis even though patients have broken skin heavily colonized with staphylococcal organsism. We found superficial staphylococcal pustules on the skin of 22 patients with atopic dermatitis. Such lesions were more commonly found with severe exacerbations of atopic dermatitis. They appeared on unbroken skin independent of hair follicles and were associated with considerable pruritus. Such lesions were rapidly removed by excoriation and frequently were overlooked by patients and physicians. Most lesions appeared when polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis was depressed. Ineffective chemotaxis combined with high-colonization density and inadequate stratum corneum barrier during exacerbations of atopic dermatitis may lead to mild staphylococcal infections. These infections appear to have no systemic effects but possibly the considerable associated pruritus could worsen the atopic dermatitis. Occasional patients may require intermittent or continuous antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Staphylococcal infections in patients with atopic dermatitis. Cutaneous staphylococcal infections appear to be relatively infrequent in atopic dermatitis even though patients have broken skin heavily colonized with staphylococcal organsism. We found superficial staphylococcal pustules on the skin of 22 patients with atopic dermatitis. Such lesions were more commonly found with severe exacerbations of atopic dermatitis. They appeared on unbroken skin independent of hair follicles and were associated with considerable pruritus. Such lesions were rapidly removed by excoriation and frequently were overlooked by patients and physicians. Most lesions appeared when polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis was depressed. Ineffective chemotaxis combined with high-colonization density and inadequate stratum corneum barrier during exacerbations of atopic dermatitis may lead to mild staphylococcal infections. These infections appear to have no systemic effects but possibly the considerable associated pruritus could worsen the atopic dermatitis. Occasional patients may require intermittent or continuous antibiotic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:911166", "title": "Topical mechlorethamine. Cutaneous changes in patients with mycosis fungoides after its administration.", "content": "Six patients with mycosis fungoides were treated with topical mechlorethamine hydrochloride for periods of two to four years. Clinical and histological studies for radiomimetic and radiodermatitis-like effects failed to demonstrate any abnormalities. The only observed changes were generalized hyperpigmentation of the skin and melanin-containing melanophages in the papillary dermis. We consider that the long-term use of topical mechlorethamine may be a safe form of therapy, but that a continuous indefinite follow-up of patients on this medication should be mandatory.", "contents": "Topical mechlorethamine. Cutaneous changes in patients with mycosis fungoides after its administration. Six patients with mycosis fungoides were treated with topical mechlorethamine hydrochloride for periods of two to four years. Clinical and histological studies for radiomimetic and radiodermatitis-like effects failed to demonstrate any abnormalities. The only observed changes were generalized hyperpigmentation of the skin and melanin-containing melanophages in the papillary dermis. We consider that the long-term use of topical mechlorethamine may be a safe form of therapy, but that a continuous indefinite follow-up of patients on this medication should be mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:911167", "title": "Induction of drug photosensitization in man after parenteral exposure to hematoporphyrin.", "content": "Two patients had acute phototoxic reactions after intravenous injections of hematoporphyrin (7 mg/kg) and exposure to light. These reactions were characterized by pain, redness, and swelling of affected sites. Controlled clinical studies were instituted using known types and amounts of light to ascertain the degree of photosensitivity at various time intervals after drug administration. In addition, action spectrum studies elicited a peak response at 405 nm (+/- 5 nm). Plasma hematoporphyrin concentration was approximately 520 microgram/100 ml one hour after hematoporphyrin infusion and it gradually declined during a period of 42 days with a biphasic diminution that suggested the existence of at least two pools of hematoporphyrin with half-life decay times of 16 hours and 12 days. beta-carotene was administered to ascertain whether or not the phototoxic response could be modified. It is suggested that a degree of protection was obtained that was insufficient to protect the patient.", "contents": "Induction of drug photosensitization in man after parenteral exposure to hematoporphyrin. Two patients had acute phototoxic reactions after intravenous injections of hematoporphyrin (7 mg/kg) and exposure to light. These reactions were characterized by pain, redness, and swelling of affected sites. Controlled clinical studies were instituted using known types and amounts of light to ascertain the degree of photosensitivity at various time intervals after drug administration. In addition, action spectrum studies elicited a peak response at 405 nm (+/- 5 nm). Plasma hematoporphyrin concentration was approximately 520 microgram/100 ml one hour after hematoporphyrin infusion and it gradually declined during a period of 42 days with a biphasic diminution that suggested the existence of at least two pools of hematoporphyrin with half-life decay times of 16 hours and 12 days. beta-carotene was administered to ascertain whether or not the phototoxic response could be modified. It is suggested that a degree of protection was obtained that was insufficient to protect the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:911168", "title": "Failure of dimethyl sulfoxide in the treatment of scleroderma.", "content": "Nineteen patients with systemic scleroderma and five with localized scleroderma were treated with topical dimethyl sulfoxide by painting and immersion techniques. Partial control was obtained by using a very low concentration (5%) on one side when involvement was symmetrical. Duration of treatment ranged from 3 to 15 months. Topical dimethyl sulfoxide did not improve the skin induration, range of motion, or Raynaud's phenomenon in the scleroderma patients. No substantial beneficial effect was noted on the healing of ischemic ulcers, and the continuous application of dimethyl sulfoxide did not prevent new ulceratins from developing. Relief of pain was noted in ten of 16 patients, probably due to the local analgesic effect of dimethyl sulfoxide.", "contents": "Failure of dimethyl sulfoxide in the treatment of scleroderma. Nineteen patients with systemic scleroderma and five with localized scleroderma were treated with topical dimethyl sulfoxide by painting and immersion techniques. Partial control was obtained by using a very low concentration (5%) on one side when involvement was symmetrical. Duration of treatment ranged from 3 to 15 months. Topical dimethyl sulfoxide did not improve the skin induration, range of motion, or Raynaud's phenomenon in the scleroderma patients. No substantial beneficial effect was noted on the healing of ischemic ulcers, and the continuous application of dimethyl sulfoxide did not prevent new ulceratins from developing. Relief of pain was noted in ten of 16 patients, probably due to the local analgesic effect of dimethyl sulfoxide."}
{"id": "PMID:911169", "title": "Failure to induce tolerance to mechlorethamine hydrochloride.", "content": "In view of the contradictory results reported in the literature regarding induction of specific immunologic tolerance to mechlorethamine hydrochloride (HN2), the problem was reinvestigated using a \"tolerogenic\" schedule that had been reported to be effective. Mechlorethamine hydrochloride, 200 microgram, intravenously, was given weekly for five weeks before beginning topical therapy with it. In the test group, five of 13 patients (11 with mycosis fungoides and two with psoriasis) became contact sensitized to mechlorethamine. In another patient, what was probably a contact urticarial reaction developed. In the control group, five of 13 patients (12 with mycosis fungoides, one with parapsoriasis) became contact sensitized to mechlorethamine. Thus, 38% of the patients in both groups became contact sensitized to mechlorethamine. It is concluded that this tolerogenic schedule, just as others previously tried, was not effective in inducing specific tolerance to mechlorethamine.", "contents": "Failure to induce tolerance to mechlorethamine hydrochloride. In view of the contradictory results reported in the literature regarding induction of specific immunologic tolerance to mechlorethamine hydrochloride (HN2), the problem was reinvestigated using a \"tolerogenic\" schedule that had been reported to be effective. Mechlorethamine hydrochloride, 200 microgram, intravenously, was given weekly for five weeks before beginning topical therapy with it. In the test group, five of 13 patients (11 with mycosis fungoides and two with psoriasis) became contact sensitized to mechlorethamine. In another patient, what was probably a contact urticarial reaction developed. In the control group, five of 13 patients (12 with mycosis fungoides, one with parapsoriasis) became contact sensitized to mechlorethamine. Thus, 38% of the patients in both groups became contact sensitized to mechlorethamine. It is concluded that this tolerogenic schedule, just as others previously tried, was not effective in inducing specific tolerance to mechlorethamine."}
{"id": "PMID:911170", "title": "Trichophytin contact sensitivity in patients with dermatophytosis.", "content": "Trichophytin contact sensitivity was investigated in patients with dermatophytosis by patch testing with highly concentrated purified trichophytin on partially stripped skin. The lack of primary irritant reactions was confirmed on the skin of children. Positive patch tests were noted in 113 of 178 patients (63.5%). However, there was a great difference in the incidence of trichophytin contact sensitivity between cases with different clinical types. The highest frequency of positive patch tests was obtained in patients with the vesiculobullous type of tinea pedis (83.3%). In contrast, a very low incidence was noted in patients with tinea corporis (37%) and the squamous hyperkeratotic type of tinea pedis (36%). Causative organisms and the age and sex of the patients did not show a relationship with the reactivity. A diminished incidence of positive reactions was noted in atopic individuals and in patients seen in winter. Patients who had persistent or recurrent infections for a long period of time, especially those having inflammatory lesions, had a higher frequency of positive patch tests.", "contents": "Trichophytin contact sensitivity in patients with dermatophytosis. Trichophytin contact sensitivity was investigated in patients with dermatophytosis by patch testing with highly concentrated purified trichophytin on partially stripped skin. The lack of primary irritant reactions was confirmed on the skin of children. Positive patch tests were noted in 113 of 178 patients (63.5%). However, there was a great difference in the incidence of trichophytin contact sensitivity between cases with different clinical types. The highest frequency of positive patch tests was obtained in patients with the vesiculobullous type of tinea pedis (83.3%). In contrast, a very low incidence was noted in patients with tinea corporis (37%) and the squamous hyperkeratotic type of tinea pedis (36%). Causative organisms and the age and sex of the patients did not show a relationship with the reactivity. A diminished incidence of positive reactions was noted in atopic individuals and in patients seen in winter. Patients who had persistent or recurrent infections for a long period of time, especially those having inflammatory lesions, had a higher frequency of positive patch tests."}
{"id": "PMID:911171", "title": "Pterygium inversum unguis-like changes in scleroderma. Report of four cases.", "content": "During an 18-month period, four patients with scleroderma were found to have nail findings suggestive or pterygium inversum unguis, a recently described condition. In the same time period, two other examples of the disorder were seen. Pterygium inversum unguis-like change may represent an additional nail sign in scleroderma. There are possible mechanisms for its development in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, connective tissue diseases, or peripheral vascular disease.", "contents": "Pterygium inversum unguis-like changes in scleroderma. Report of four cases. During an 18-month period, four patients with scleroderma were found to have nail findings suggestive or pterygium inversum unguis, a recently described condition. In the same time period, two other examples of the disorder were seen. Pterygium inversum unguis-like change may represent an additional nail sign in scleroderma. There are possible mechanisms for its development in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, connective tissue diseases, or peripheral vascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:911172", "title": "Chondrodysplasia punctata. Conradi-H\u00fcnermann syndrome.", "content": "A 10-day-old girl was examined because of a peculiar, patterned hyperkeratosis that was noted at birth. The lesions were distributed over the trunk and limbs and consisted of whorls and streaks of thick, yellow, adherent scales. The salient histologic feature was marked hyperkeratosis with deep invagination of the dilated pilosebaceous ostia nearly to the level of the hair bulb. Additional physical abnormalities included patchy alopecia, bilateral zonular cataracts, a depressed nasal bridge, small stature, and multiple skeletal deformities. Roentgenograms demonstrated widespread stippled epiphyses characteristic of Conradi-H\u00fcnermann syndrome.", "contents": "Chondrodysplasia punctata. Conradi-H\u00fcnermann syndrome. A 10-day-old girl was examined because of a peculiar, patterned hyperkeratosis that was noted at birth. The lesions were distributed over the trunk and limbs and consisted of whorls and streaks of thick, yellow, adherent scales. The salient histologic feature was marked hyperkeratosis with deep invagination of the dilated pilosebaceous ostia nearly to the level of the hair bulb. Additional physical abnormalities included patchy alopecia, bilateral zonular cataracts, a depressed nasal bridge, small stature, and multiple skeletal deformities. Roentgenograms demonstrated widespread stippled epiphyses characteristic of Conradi-H\u00fcnermann syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:911173", "title": "Acral syringoma.", "content": "Although syringoma is a relatively common adnexal tumor, syringoma of the hands has not been reported previously. We report a unique case of multiple acral syringomas that appeared as symmetrical grouped erythematous papules limited to the dorsum of the proximal and middle phalanges of both hands in a young man. This condition should be considered in the diagnosis of papular lesions of the hands.", "contents": "Acral syringoma. Although syringoma is a relatively common adnexal tumor, syringoma of the hands has not been reported previously. We report a unique case of multiple acral syringomas that appeared as symmetrical grouped erythematous papules limited to the dorsum of the proximal and middle phalanges of both hands in a young man. This condition should be considered in the diagnosis of papular lesions of the hands."}
{"id": "PMID:911190", "title": "The ultrastructure of granuloma annulare.", "content": "Nine cases of granuloma annulare at different stages of development were investigated electron microscopically. Special attention was given to collagen changes, to the cellular infiltrate, and to vascular changes. The necrobiotic changes of the collagen were: loosening of the fibers at the borders of the bundles; swelling and loss of cross-striation of the fibrils; and complete degradation of the collagen, with precipitation of mucinous and fibrin material and of glycogen. In 2 cases \"cross-banded filamentous aggregations\" were present. In later stages new collagen synthesis occurred. In the infiltrate, histiocytes/macrophages were seen developing into epithelioid and giant cells. In addition, numerous active lymphocytes and, at later stages, some neutrophils were found. Vascular changes consisted of endothelial swelling and duplications of the basal lamina. A perivascular infiltrate was present, but no distinct vasculitis was seen. Our results indicate that the necrobiosis of the collagen without primary vasculitis may be an initial event in granuloma annulare. A delayed hypersensitivity mechanism is discussed with regard to pathogenesis.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of granuloma annulare. Nine cases of granuloma annulare at different stages of development were investigated electron microscopically. Special attention was given to collagen changes, to the cellular infiltrate, and to vascular changes. The necrobiotic changes of the collagen were: loosening of the fibers at the borders of the bundles; swelling and loss of cross-striation of the fibrils; and complete degradation of the collagen, with precipitation of mucinous and fibrin material and of glycogen. In 2 cases \"cross-banded filamentous aggregations\" were present. In later stages new collagen synthesis occurred. In the infiltrate, histiocytes/macrophages were seen developing into epithelioid and giant cells. In addition, numerous active lymphocytes and, at later stages, some neutrophils were found. Vascular changes consisted of endothelial swelling and duplications of the basal lamina. A perivascular infiltrate was present, but no distinct vasculitis was seen. Our results indicate that the necrobiosis of the collagen without primary vasculitis may be an initial event in granuloma annulare. A delayed hypersensitivity mechanism is discussed with regard to pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:911193", "title": "The influence of synthetic corticoids on the isolated vas deferens of the rat.", "content": "The influence of corticosteroids on the tone of isolated smooth muscle (vas deferens of the rat) is reported. Corticoids alone are without effect on the muscle tone, but they potentiate the constrictor effect of catecholamines. Fluorinated synthetic steroids exhibit a more pronounced effect than non-halogenated ones.", "contents": "The influence of synthetic corticoids on the isolated vas deferens of the rat. The influence of corticosteroids on the tone of isolated smooth muscle (vas deferens of the rat) is reported. Corticoids alone are without effect on the muscle tone, but they potentiate the constrictor effect of catecholamines. Fluorinated synthetic steroids exhibit a more pronounced effect than non-halogenated ones."}
{"id": "PMID:911194", "title": "Absence of arylsulphatases A and B in suction blister fluid interstitial fluid and serum.", "content": "Suction blisters were raised on human skin. The blister fluid was collected for enzymic assay and the epidermis over the bullae was removed before further suction of interstitial fluid. Preliminary work indicated the presence of arylsulphatases A and B in epidermis, and the same assay procedure with 4-methylumbelliferyl sulphate as substrate was used. There appeared to be no enzymatic activity in blister fluid, interstitial fluid and serum.", "contents": "Absence of arylsulphatases A and B in suction blister fluid interstitial fluid and serum. Suction blisters were raised on human skin. The blister fluid was collected for enzymic assay and the epidermis over the bullae was removed before further suction of interstitial fluid. Preliminary work indicated the presence of arylsulphatases A and B in epidermis, and the same assay procedure with 4-methylumbelliferyl sulphate as substrate was used. There appeared to be no enzymatic activity in blister fluid, interstitial fluid and serum."}
{"id": "PMID:911195", "title": "Effects of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and UVA on human lymphocytes.", "content": "Peripheral lymphocytes of 37 psoriatic patients are tested before and under PUVA treatment using as parameter the non specific stimulation effect of HgCl2 (10 microgram/ml) in culture, measuring the 3H-thymidine incorporation after the last 16 h of a 5-days culture. Oral 8-MOP in therapeutic doses is decreasing the lymphocyte stimulation as well as 8-MOP together with UVA irradiation during the first week of treatment. After 1 week, the stimulation is, on the contrary, significantly enhanced after irradiation. Lymphocytes isolated by centrifugation over Lymphoprep are submitted to PUVA conditions in petri dishes (Hank's solution 8-MOP 1 microgram/ml, irradiation with 350 nm, 93-372 mJ/cm2). The total cell number, the E-rosette formation (as marker for T-lymphocytes) and the EAC-rosette formation (as marker for B-lymphocytes) are determined. PUVA conditions have an energy dependent decreasing effect on the cell number, while the T- and B-cell proportions remain constant. UVA irradiation alone has such an effect only with high energies. 8-MOP without UVA has no significant influence on the cell number.", "contents": "Effects of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and UVA on human lymphocytes. Peripheral lymphocytes of 37 psoriatic patients are tested before and under PUVA treatment using as parameter the non specific stimulation effect of HgCl2 (10 microgram/ml) in culture, measuring the 3H-thymidine incorporation after the last 16 h of a 5-days culture. Oral 8-MOP in therapeutic doses is decreasing the lymphocyte stimulation as well as 8-MOP together with UVA irradiation during the first week of treatment. After 1 week, the stimulation is, on the contrary, significantly enhanced after irradiation. Lymphocytes isolated by centrifugation over Lymphoprep are submitted to PUVA conditions in petri dishes (Hank's solution 8-MOP 1 microgram/ml, irradiation with 350 nm, 93-372 mJ/cm2). The total cell number, the E-rosette formation (as marker for T-lymphocytes) and the EAC-rosette formation (as marker for B-lymphocytes) are determined. PUVA conditions have an energy dependent decreasing effect on the cell number, while the T- and B-cell proportions remain constant. UVA irradiation alone has such an effect only with high energies. 8-MOP without UVA has no significant influence on the cell number."}
{"id": "PMID:911198", "title": "Relation between smoking and levels of DDT and dieldrin in human fat.", "content": "The adipose tissue of humans with known patterns of cigarette smoking was collected during 1973-74 and analyzed for DDT components and dieldrin. Although smokers are exposed to high levels of insecticides from smoke of cigarettes and some of these compounds can be stored in adipose tissue, it could not be demonstrated that a relationship exists between smoking habit and residual levels of DDT found in fat. Smokers seem able, through induction of enzymes by substances in tobacco smoke, to metabolize these insecticides at a rate approximately equal to the rate of their intake in the smoke. Dieldrin residues in black male subjects were found to be linearly related to the number of cigarettes smoked, but the factors governing this relationship were not obvious.", "contents": "Relation between smoking and levels of DDT and dieldrin in human fat. The adipose tissue of humans with known patterns of cigarette smoking was collected during 1973-74 and analyzed for DDT components and dieldrin. Although smokers are exposed to high levels of insecticides from smoke of cigarettes and some of these compounds can be stored in adipose tissue, it could not be demonstrated that a relationship exists between smoking habit and residual levels of DDT found in fat. Smokers seem able, through induction of enzymes by substances in tobacco smoke, to metabolize these insecticides at a rate approximately equal to the rate of their intake in the smoke. Dieldrin residues in black male subjects were found to be linearly related to the number of cigarettes smoked, but the factors governing this relationship were not obvious."}
{"id": "PMID:911199", "title": "Elevated blood pressure and high sodium levels in the public drinking water. Preliminary results of a study of high school students.", "content": "High school sophomores residing in a community with elevated levels of sodium in the drinking water (107 mg/1) exhibited a marked upward shift in blood pressure distribution patterns for systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both males and females as compared with a similar group in the control community (8 mg/1). The students group from the high sodium community appears to exhibit a blood pressure distribution characteristic of persons several years older.", "contents": "Elevated blood pressure and high sodium levels in the public drinking water. Preliminary results of a study of high school students. High school sophomores residing in a community with elevated levels of sodium in the drinking water (107 mg/1) exhibited a marked upward shift in blood pressure distribution patterns for systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both males and females as compared with a similar group in the control community (8 mg/1). The students group from the high sodium community appears to exhibit a blood pressure distribution characteristic of persons several years older."}
{"id": "PMID:911202", "title": "Scalp hair as a monitor of community exposure to lead.", "content": "Lead was measured by photon activation analysis in scalp hair from three population groups with varied types of environmental exposure. Concentrations of lead in hair increased from rural to urban to smelter areas with medians of 9.1, 15.3, and 48.5 ppm, respectively. Boys under 16 residing near smelters showed consistently higher lead levels than girls of the same age group and from the same area. A history of exposure to lead was deduced from the distribution of concentration along the hair length by analyzing 1-or 2-cm segments of hair strands. A reasonably good blood lead-hair lead correlation was obtained for individuals who appeared to be in a steady state with respect to intake and excretion of lead. The analytical method for the photonuclear determination of lead in hair, the hair washing procedure, and the advantages of using hair as an epidemiologic monitor are described.", "contents": "Scalp hair as a monitor of community exposure to lead. Lead was measured by photon activation analysis in scalp hair from three population groups with varied types of environmental exposure. Concentrations of lead in hair increased from rural to urban to smelter areas with medians of 9.1, 15.3, and 48.5 ppm, respectively. Boys under 16 residing near smelters showed consistently higher lead levels than girls of the same age group and from the same area. A history of exposure to lead was deduced from the distribution of concentration along the hair length by analyzing 1-or 2-cm segments of hair strands. A reasonably good blood lead-hair lead correlation was obtained for individuals who appeared to be in a steady state with respect to intake and excretion of lead. The analytical method for the photonuclear determination of lead in hair, the hair washing procedure, and the advantages of using hair as an epidemiologic monitor are described."}
{"id": "PMID:911200", "title": "Severe organophosphate poisoning complicated by alcohol and turpentine ingestion.", "content": "A 52-year-old comatose white male was admitted to the hospital with what was later learned to be severe poisoning by a turpentine solution of dicrotophos, an organophosphorous insecticide he had ingested while drunk. The patient was treated effectively with atropine and pralidoxime chloride and required the largest doses of both agents reported to data. The case was complicated by difficulty in evaluating the response to therapy because of the effects of alcohol and turpentine. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the thirty-third day with no apparent sequelae.", "contents": "Severe organophosphate poisoning complicated by alcohol and turpentine ingestion. A 52-year-old comatose white male was admitted to the hospital with what was later learned to be severe poisoning by a turpentine solution of dicrotophos, an organophosphorous insecticide he had ingested while drunk. The patient was treated effectively with atropine and pralidoxime chloride and required the largest doses of both agents reported to data. The case was complicated by difficulty in evaluating the response to therapy because of the effects of alcohol and turpentine. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the thirty-third day with no apparent sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:911201", "title": "Respiratory status of surface coal miners in the United States.", "content": "The United States Public Health Service examined 1,438 surface coal miners to determine the prevalence of coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP), chronic bronchitis, and ventilatory impairment among them. Four percent (fifty-nine individuals) showed some roentgenographic evidence of pneumoconiosis, but only seven miners had films interpreted as CWP of category 2 or greater (according to the UICC/Cincinnati classification system). Moreover, most of the affected miners had worked in underground coal mines for prolonged periods. Significant decrements in pulmonary function to increasing exposure to surface mine dust were demonstrated only in the forced vital capacity of smokers. Increased prevalence of chronic bronchitis with increasing exposure was found in all smoking categories. However, significant airway obstruction was an uncommon finding (6.6%) in nonsmoking miners. Employment in surface mining was not likely to cause either the development of CWP or clinically significant respiratory impairment.", "contents": "Respiratory status of surface coal miners in the United States. The United States Public Health Service examined 1,438 surface coal miners to determine the prevalence of coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP), chronic bronchitis, and ventilatory impairment among them. Four percent (fifty-nine individuals) showed some roentgenographic evidence of pneumoconiosis, but only seven miners had films interpreted as CWP of category 2 or greater (according to the UICC/Cincinnati classification system). Moreover, most of the affected miners had worked in underground coal mines for prolonged periods. Significant decrements in pulmonary function to increasing exposure to surface mine dust were demonstrated only in the forced vital capacity of smokers. Increased prevalence of chronic bronchitis with increasing exposure was found in all smoking categories. However, significant airway obstruction was an uncommon finding (6.6%) in nonsmoking miners. Employment in surface mining was not likely to cause either the development of CWP or clinically significant respiratory impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:911212", "title": "Differentiation between Clostridium acidiurici and Clostridium cylindrosporum on the basis of specific metal requirements for formate dehydrogenase formation.", "content": "The formate dehydrogenases of Clostridium acidiurici and of C. cylindrosporum coupled the oxidation of formate with the reduction of viologen dyes. The basal activity level was about 0.85 mumoles/min X mg of protein for both species. The level of formate dehydrogenase of C. acidiurici increased 12-fold when 10(-7) M tungstate and selenite were present during growth. Molybdate exerted no effect. On the other hand, molybdate and selenite were required to increase the formate dehydrogenase of C. cylindrosporum, and tungstate exhibitedan antagonistic effect in this organism. Growth on hypoxanthine generally depended on the addition of bicarbonate. Supplementation with tungstate and selenite accellerated growth of C. acidiurici and increased again the level of formate dehydrogenase. The addition of both, molybdate and selenite was necessary to initiate growth of C. cyclindrosporum and to form an active formate dehydrogenase. The differences in the requirement for metal ion supplementation to form high levels of formate dehydrogenase and their involvement in hypoxanthine degradation can be used to differentiate between C. acidiurici and C. cylindrosporum.", "contents": "Differentiation between Clostridium acidiurici and Clostridium cylindrosporum on the basis of specific metal requirements for formate dehydrogenase formation. The formate dehydrogenases of Clostridium acidiurici and of C. cylindrosporum coupled the oxidation of formate with the reduction of viologen dyes. The basal activity level was about 0.85 mumoles/min X mg of protein for both species. The level of formate dehydrogenase of C. acidiurici increased 12-fold when 10(-7) M tungstate and selenite were present during growth. Molybdate exerted no effect. On the other hand, molybdate and selenite were required to increase the formate dehydrogenase of C. cylindrosporum, and tungstate exhibitedan antagonistic effect in this organism. Growth on hypoxanthine generally depended on the addition of bicarbonate. Supplementation with tungstate and selenite accellerated growth of C. acidiurici and increased again the level of formate dehydrogenase. The addition of both, molybdate and selenite was necessary to initiate growth of C. cyclindrosporum and to form an active formate dehydrogenase. The differences in the requirement for metal ion supplementation to form high levels of formate dehydrogenase and their involvement in hypoxanthine degradation can be used to differentiate between C. acidiurici and C. cylindrosporum."}
{"id": "PMID:911213", "title": "Fatalities in 2,070 psychiatric outpatients.", "content": "During a three-year period 28 fatalities, twice the rate in the general population, were found in a sample of 2,070 psychiatric outpatients. Death occurred in these psychiatric patients approximately 20 years earlier than is expected. All three modalities of death: accidents, suicide, and natural causes, were higher than that in the population at large. Three suicides were thought to be preventable by psychiatric approaches. The importance of the patient's initial visits was stressed. At least four, and possibly five, cases of death were avoidable by appropriate medico-surgical means. The rate of physical illnesses in all three groups was more than 80%, of which one third were inadequately diagnosed by their referring physicians. The importance of the physical evaluation of psychiatric patients was emphasized.", "contents": "Fatalities in 2,070 psychiatric outpatients. During a three-year period 28 fatalities, twice the rate in the general population, were found in a sample of 2,070 psychiatric outpatients. Death occurred in these psychiatric patients approximately 20 years earlier than is expected. All three modalities of death: accidents, suicide, and natural causes, were higher than that in the population at large. Three suicides were thought to be preventable by psychiatric approaches. The importance of the patient's initial visits was stressed. At least four, and possibly five, cases of death were avoidable by appropriate medico-surgical means. The rate of physical illnesses in all three groups was more than 80%, of which one third were inadequately diagnosed by their referring physicians. The importance of the physical evaluation of psychiatric patients was emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:911214", "title": "Is there a stethoscope in the house (and is it used)?", "content": "A survey was conducted in Rochester, NY, of the attitudes and practices of psychiatrists (both in private practice and fulltime academic settings), psychiatric residents, internists, and fourth-year medical students concerning physical examinations of psychiatric patients. Thirteen percent of the psychiatrists frequently perform an initial physical examination on their inpatients and 8% frequently do an initial physical examination on their outpatients. These percentages are much larger for the resident groups. A very high percentage of all respondents report that they feel a physical examination of psychiatric patients is important especially when the patient is receiving medication. The largest number of psychiatrists report that they omit the physical examination because the patient has been referred to them after a physical examination by another physician or they refer the patient for such an examination. A notable percentage of psychiatrists in this sample report that they do not feel competent performing a physical examination.", "contents": "Is there a stethoscope in the house (and is it used)? A survey was conducted in Rochester, NY, of the attitudes and practices of psychiatrists (both in private practice and fulltime academic settings), psychiatric residents, internists, and fourth-year medical students concerning physical examinations of psychiatric patients. Thirteen percent of the psychiatrists frequently perform an initial physical examination on their inpatients and 8% frequently do an initial physical examination on their outpatients. These percentages are much larger for the resident groups. A very high percentage of all respondents report that they feel a physical examination of psychiatric patients is important especially when the patient is receiving medication. The largest number of psychiatrists report that they omit the physical examination because the patient has been referred to them after a physical examination by another physician or they refer the patient for such an examination. A notable percentage of psychiatrists in this sample report that they do not feel competent performing a physical examination."}
{"id": "PMID:911215", "title": "Patterns of death among suicide attempters, a psychiatric population and a general population.", "content": "This epidemeological study examines patterns of mortality for a population of suicide attempters, a psychiatric population without suicide attempts, and a general population without psychiatric histories in order to clarify earlier reports of differential risks of death associated with these groups. Mortality patterns were investigated over an 11-year period in terms of demographic characteristics and rates of death by various causes. Suicidal deaths were given special attention to identify variables that may have predictive validity for suicide. The results indicate that the suicide attempter group represents a distinctive demographic and mortality entity from either the psychiatric or general populations, and accounts for much of the increased risk of death previously attributed to the psychiatric population. Further, premature deaths due to suicide are strongly associated with the suicide attempter group. The psychiatric and general populations differ in relatively insignificant ways. These results suggest that a profitable approach to the prevention of suicide would be to focus on individuals who were at high risk within the suicide attempter population. Longer-term follow-up of these individuals is necessary if deaths due to suicide are to be prevented. Difficulties associated with implementation of preventive follow-up programs are also discussed.", "contents": "Patterns of death among suicide attempters, a psychiatric population and a general population. This epidemeological study examines patterns of mortality for a population of suicide attempters, a psychiatric population without suicide attempts, and a general population without psychiatric histories in order to clarify earlier reports of differential risks of death associated with these groups. Mortality patterns were investigated over an 11-year period in terms of demographic characteristics and rates of death by various causes. Suicidal deaths were given special attention to identify variables that may have predictive validity for suicide. The results indicate that the suicide attempter group represents a distinctive demographic and mortality entity from either the psychiatric or general populations, and accounts for much of the increased risk of death previously attributed to the psychiatric population. Further, premature deaths due to suicide are strongly associated with the suicide attempter group. The psychiatric and general populations differ in relatively insignificant ways. These results suggest that a profitable approach to the prevention of suicide would be to focus on individuals who were at high risk within the suicide attempter population. Longer-term follow-up of these individuals is necessary if deaths due to suicide are to be prevented. Difficulties associated with implementation of preventive follow-up programs are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911216", "title": "Increase in suicide attempts by drug ingestion. The Boston experience, 1964-1974.", "content": "At the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1964 and 1974, there was an estimated 118% increase in emergency ward admissions for drug overdose suicide attempts and an estimated 257% increase in such attempts by individuals in the 20- to 29-year age range. Approximately 67% of overdoses seen in 1972 and 1974 occurred in individuals under age 30. An increase in drug overdose suicide attempts by males was noted. By 1972, males were making approximately as many attempts as females. Based on extrapolations from the Massachusetts General Hospital drug overdose data, and not including an estimate of non-hospital-treated suicide attempts, an estimated annual (1972) suicide attempt rate of 337/100,000 (0.38%) was obtained for Boston. The estimated suicide attempt-completed suicide ratio for the Boston area was 39:1. These estimates should be interpreted as giving an approximate order of magnitude and not as specifying precise rates.", "contents": "Increase in suicide attempts by drug ingestion. The Boston experience, 1964-1974. At the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1964 and 1974, there was an estimated 118% increase in emergency ward admissions for drug overdose suicide attempts and an estimated 257% increase in such attempts by individuals in the 20- to 29-year age range. Approximately 67% of overdoses seen in 1972 and 1974 occurred in individuals under age 30. An increase in drug overdose suicide attempts by males was noted. By 1972, males were making approximately as many attempts as females. Based on extrapolations from the Massachusetts General Hospital drug overdose data, and not including an estimate of non-hospital-treated suicide attempts, an estimated annual (1972) suicide attempt rate of 337/100,000 (0.38%) was obtained for Boston. The estimated suicide attempt-completed suicide ratio for the Boston area was 39:1. These estimates should be interpreted as giving an approximate order of magnitude and not as specifying precise rates."}
{"id": "PMID:911217", "title": "Bereavement and psychiatric hospitalization.", "content": "Two hundred forty-nine psychiatric inpatients were compared with 249 matched controls and with a psychiatric hospital survey group of 95 patients for incidence of recent bereavement. There were no significant differences between the groups for loss of a first-degree relative in six months and one year prior to admission. There was a preponderance of affective disorder among the psychiatric patients with recent loss. Severe subjective grief reactions were found in the four patients who had lost a spouse or a child and in some patients who had lost a parent, while loss of a sibling usually evoked a mild reaction. Patients with alcoholism tended to increase their drinking during the bereavement period, resulting in incapacitation and hospitalization or, in the case of a control patient, in severe trauma.", "contents": "Bereavement and psychiatric hospitalization. Two hundred forty-nine psychiatric inpatients were compared with 249 matched controls and with a psychiatric hospital survey group of 95 patients for incidence of recent bereavement. There were no significant differences between the groups for loss of a first-degree relative in six months and one year prior to admission. There was a preponderance of affective disorder among the psychiatric patients with recent loss. Severe subjective grief reactions were found in the four patients who had lost a spouse or a child and in some patients who had lost a parent, while loss of a sibling usually evoked a mild reaction. Patients with alcoholism tended to increase their drinking during the bereavement period, resulting in incapacitation and hospitalization or, in the case of a control patient, in severe trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:911218", "title": "Naltrexone and cyclazocine. A controlled treatment study.", "content": "The induction side effects of cyclazocine and naltrexone were compared in double-blind placebo-controlled studies involving 40 patients (20 for each drug). These studies were carried out with a twice-a-day dosage regimen. Naltrexone produced fewer side effects than cyclazocine. Naltrexone side effects fell to levels indistinguishable from those of placebo in the \"induction after placebo\" phase. In contrast, cyclazocine \"induction after placebo\" produced an even higher level of side effects than found in its induction. In no case was naltrexone discontinued because of side effects. On the other hand, three of 20 cyclazocine-treated patients discontinued the drug because of distressing side effects. No toxicity was noted with either agent. The controlled data reported supports the clinical impression that naltrexone produces fewer induction side effects than cyclazocine.", "contents": "Naltrexone and cyclazocine. A controlled treatment study. The induction side effects of cyclazocine and naltrexone were compared in double-blind placebo-controlled studies involving 40 patients (20 for each drug). These studies were carried out with a twice-a-day dosage regimen. Naltrexone produced fewer side effects than cyclazocine. Naltrexone side effects fell to levels indistinguishable from those of placebo in the \"induction after placebo\" phase. In contrast, cyclazocine \"induction after placebo\" produced an even higher level of side effects than found in its induction. In no case was naltrexone discontinued because of side effects. On the other hand, three of 20 cyclazocine-treated patients discontinued the drug because of distressing side effects. No toxicity was noted with either agent. The controlled data reported supports the clinical impression that naltrexone produces fewer induction side effects than cyclazocine."}
{"id": "PMID:911219", "title": "A neuroendocrine study of supersensitivity in tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "A study of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine tract was undertaken in chronic schizophrenic patients with and without tardive dyskinesia. Biochemical evidence of the purported dopamine receptor supersensitivity in tardive dyskinesia was sought by demonstrating a hyperresponse of growth hormone and prolactin to dopamine agonists. Contrary to this prediction, no endocrine supersensitivity occurred in the tardive dyskinesia patients. Rather, a significantly decreased response to dopaminergic stimulation was demonstrated in the total chronic schizophrenic group.", "contents": "A neuroendocrine study of supersensitivity in tardive dyskinesia. A study of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine tract was undertaken in chronic schizophrenic patients with and without tardive dyskinesia. Biochemical evidence of the purported dopamine receptor supersensitivity in tardive dyskinesia was sought by demonstrating a hyperresponse of growth hormone and prolactin to dopamine agonists. Contrary to this prediction, no endocrine supersensitivity occurred in the tardive dyskinesia patients. Rather, a significantly decreased response to dopaminergic stimulation was demonstrated in the total chronic schizophrenic group."}
{"id": "PMID:911220", "title": "The assessment of tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "Available assessment methods for tardive dyskinesia were reviewed under three headings: instrumentation, frequency counts, and rating scales. The more objective methods have better reliability but less certain validity, while for the clinical assessment techniques the converse tends to be true. The optimat assessment method for a given study depends on the research question asked. For most studies, the combination of one of the objective techniques with a rating method may be ideal. Research on prevalence and etiological factors would benefit from one of the multi-item rating scales, while in treatment studies a global scale may be necessary. Videotapes are invaluable for educational purposes and for training raters.", "contents": "The assessment of tardive dyskinesia. Available assessment methods for tardive dyskinesia were reviewed under three headings: instrumentation, frequency counts, and rating scales. The more objective methods have better reliability but less certain validity, while for the clinical assessment techniques the converse tends to be true. The optimat assessment method for a given study depends on the research question asked. For most studies, the combination of one of the objective techniques with a rating method may be ideal. Research on prevalence and etiological factors would benefit from one of the multi-item rating scales, while in treatment studies a global scale may be necessary. Videotapes are invaluable for educational purposes and for training raters."}
{"id": "PMID:911221", "title": "Catatonia. Prevalence and importance in the manic phase of manic-depressive illness.", "content": "Of 123 acutely ill patients with bipolar affective disease, 28% exhibited clinical signs of catatonia. We were unable to differentiate manics with catatonic signs from manics without catatonic signs with regard to demographic characteristics, psychopathology, and the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric illness in their first-degree relatives. Our sample was similar to previously studied groups of manics. Although generally held to be associated with schizophrenia and of poor prognostic import, catatonic signs did not predict a poor treatment response in our manic patients. These data support the growing body of evidence demonstrating that catatonic signs are nonspecific and may be highly prevalent among patients with bipolar affective disease.", "contents": "Catatonia. Prevalence and importance in the manic phase of manic-depressive illness. Of 123 acutely ill patients with bipolar affective disease, 28% exhibited clinical signs of catatonia. We were unable to differentiate manics with catatonic signs from manics without catatonic signs with regard to demographic characteristics, psychopathology, and the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric illness in their first-degree relatives. Our sample was similar to previously studied groups of manics. Although generally held to be associated with schizophrenia and of poor prognostic import, catatonic signs did not predict a poor treatment response in our manic patients. These data support the growing body of evidence demonstrating that catatonic signs are nonspecific and may be highly prevalent among patients with bipolar affective disease."}
{"id": "PMID:911222", "title": "The family history method using diagnostic criteria. Reliability and validity.", "content": "Data concerning familial history of psychiatric disorders are often used to assist in diagnosis, to examine the role of genetic or nongenetic familial factors in etiology, or to develop new methods of classification. Information concerning familial prevalence may be collected by two different methods: the family history method (obtaining information from the patinet or a relative concerning all family members), and the family study method (interviewing directly as many relatives as possible concerning their own present or past symptomatology). This study compares these two methods. In general, the family study method is preferred since information is likely to be more accurate. The family history method leads to significant underreporting, but this can be minimized through the use of diagnostic criteria. This study reports on an instrument that has been developed for collecting information concerning family history and that provides criteria for 12 diagnoses--the Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria. Using diagnostic criteria leads to greater sensitivity, but underreporting remains a major problem of the family history method.", "contents": "The family history method using diagnostic criteria. Reliability and validity. Data concerning familial history of psychiatric disorders are often used to assist in diagnosis, to examine the role of genetic or nongenetic familial factors in etiology, or to develop new methods of classification. Information concerning familial prevalence may be collected by two different methods: the family history method (obtaining information from the patinet or a relative concerning all family members), and the family study method (interviewing directly as many relatives as possible concerning their own present or past symptomatology). This study compares these two methods. In general, the family study method is preferred since information is likely to be more accurate. The family history method leads to significant underreporting, but this can be minimized through the use of diagnostic criteria. This study reports on an instrument that has been developed for collecting information concerning family history and that provides criteria for 12 diagnoses--the Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria. Using diagnostic criteria leads to greater sensitivity, but underreporting remains a major problem of the family history method."}
{"id": "PMID:911223", "title": "Life events and schizophrenia. II. Impact of life events and symptom configuration.", "content": "This study investigates the impact of life events on symptom configuration in a group of 132 posthospitalized schizophrenics living in the community. Multivariate techniques were used to isolate specific dimensions of symptoms and to study the influence of life events, viewed in terms of number, the psychological control dimension, and qualitative nature, in contrast to other factors thought to determine symptoms. Life events exert their greatest influence on nonpsychotic symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and somatic concerns. Aspects of psychotic behavior such as gradiosity, delusions, and looseness of associations appear to be somewhat vulnerable to the impact of life events, particularly those events that are undesirable, social losses, and beyond individual psychological control. We discuss the findings in relation to the issue of causal effect in the study of life events and psychiatric impairment.", "contents": "Life events and schizophrenia. II. Impact of life events and symptom configuration. This study investigates the impact of life events on symptom configuration in a group of 132 posthospitalized schizophrenics living in the community. Multivariate techniques were used to isolate specific dimensions of symptoms and to study the influence of life events, viewed in terms of number, the psychological control dimension, and qualitative nature, in contrast to other factors thought to determine symptoms. Life events exert their greatest influence on nonpsychotic symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and somatic concerns. Aspects of psychotic behavior such as gradiosity, delusions, and looseness of associations appear to be somewhat vulnerable to the impact of life events, particularly those events that are undesirable, social losses, and beyond individual psychological control. We discuss the findings in relation to the issue of causal effect in the study of life events and psychiatric impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:911224", "title": "Measurement of cerebral blood flow with microspheres.", "content": "Labeled microspheres have been used recently to measure cerebral blood flow in experimental animals. The technique allows repeated measurements of regional, as well as total, blood flow to the brain. The microsphere technique has been used to study physiological regulation of cerebral blood flow, and can be used to examine regional cerebral blood flow in experimental models of disease states.", "contents": "Measurement of cerebral blood flow with microspheres. Labeled microspheres have been used recently to measure cerebral blood flow in experimental animals. The technique allows repeated measurements of regional, as well as total, blood flow to the brain. The microsphere technique has been used to study physiological regulation of cerebral blood flow, and can be used to examine regional cerebral blood flow in experimental models of disease states."}
{"id": "PMID:911225", "title": "Cerebral microembolization. I. Pathophysiological studies.", "content": "Unilateral embolization of the brain was performed in cats by intracarotid injection of 10.5 million carbonized microspheres (15 +/- 5 mu). Intracranial pressure increased from 6.1 +/- 1.5 to 14 +/- 2.3 mm Hg within two minutes and continued to rise more slowly to 24 +/- 18.3 mm Hg within four hours. Embolization caused a nonhomogenous distribution of microflow, but initially had no effect on global cerebral blood flow, nor on cortical oxygen tension. Yet, a functional suppression of cortical electrical and metabolic activity occurred. The ipsilateral EEG flattened irreversibly after 15 seconds; the contralateral EEG was transiently suppressed shortly thereafter. Arteriovenous difference of oxygen fell from 10.5 +/- 0.7 to 5.3 +/- 0.6 vol%, and the arteriovenous difference of glucose fell from 11.7 +/- 3.9 to 2.6 +/- 2.1 mg/100 ml as a consequence of reduced oxygen and glucose extraction. Subsequently, severe vasogenic brain edema, secondary ischemia, and severe functional suppression developed between two and four hours.", "contents": "Cerebral microembolization. I. Pathophysiological studies. Unilateral embolization of the brain was performed in cats by intracarotid injection of 10.5 million carbonized microspheres (15 +/- 5 mu). Intracranial pressure increased from 6.1 +/- 1.5 to 14 +/- 2.3 mm Hg within two minutes and continued to rise more slowly to 24 +/- 18.3 mm Hg within four hours. Embolization caused a nonhomogenous distribution of microflow, but initially had no effect on global cerebral blood flow, nor on cortical oxygen tension. Yet, a functional suppression of cortical electrical and metabolic activity occurred. The ipsilateral EEG flattened irreversibly after 15 seconds; the contralateral EEG was transiently suppressed shortly thereafter. Arteriovenous difference of oxygen fell from 10.5 +/- 0.7 to 5.3 +/- 0.6 vol%, and the arteriovenous difference of glucose fell from 11.7 +/- 3.9 to 2.6 +/- 2.1 mg/100 ml as a consequence of reduced oxygen and glucose extraction. Subsequently, severe vasogenic brain edema, secondary ischemia, and severe functional suppression developed between two and four hours."}
{"id": "PMID:911226", "title": "Subclinical optic neuropathy in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Optic neuropathy in multiple sclerosis is often not detectable by conventional clinical assessment. Temporal resolution of vision was measured at localized retinal sites by a simple perceptual test of double light-flash discrimination. Nine of 11 multiple sclerosis patients with normal fundi and no prior history of optic neuritis displayed abnormal temporal resolution. Double-flash discrimination was consistently more sensitive than any of the clinical variables measured and in some cases complementary to them. The more advanced the disease, the more spatially widespread was the double-flash impairment in the central visual field. There was a significantly increased level of double-flash impairment in advanced multiple sclerosis patients compared with patients with spinal forms of the disease and with unilateral retrobulbar neuritis.", "contents": "Subclinical optic neuropathy in multiple sclerosis. Optic neuropathy in multiple sclerosis is often not detectable by conventional clinical assessment. Temporal resolution of vision was measured at localized retinal sites by a simple perceptual test of double light-flash discrimination. Nine of 11 multiple sclerosis patients with normal fundi and no prior history of optic neuritis displayed abnormal temporal resolution. Double-flash discrimination was consistently more sensitive than any of the clinical variables measured and in some cases complementary to them. The more advanced the disease, the more spatially widespread was the double-flash impairment in the central visual field. There was a significantly increased level of double-flash impairment in advanced multiple sclerosis patients compared with patients with spinal forms of the disease and with unilateral retrobulbar neuritis."}
{"id": "PMID:911227", "title": "Long-term prognosis in stroke related to cerebral blood flow.", "content": "In 180 patients, cerebral blood flow was measured between one and six weeks after acute cerebrovascular ischemia. Patients were grouped according to their clinical deficits at the time of blood flow study. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences among the flow values of the groups. The patients were followed up for a period of up to 6 years (mean, 34 months) after the attack, and then regrouped. In these groups, the statistical significances of differences among the flow values was even higher. Patients also were grouped according to changes in neurologic status, and again the flow values differed significantly among the groups. The results show significant relationships among flow values after cerebrovascular ischemia and neurologic deficits, change in status, and the final functional state. Cerebral blood flow measurement together with other clinical signs permits an estimation of a patient's chance for functional recovery after a stroke.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis in stroke related to cerebral blood flow. In 180 patients, cerebral blood flow was measured between one and six weeks after acute cerebrovascular ischemia. Patients were grouped according to their clinical deficits at the time of blood flow study. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences among the flow values of the groups. The patients were followed up for a period of up to 6 years (mean, 34 months) after the attack, and then regrouped. In these groups, the statistical significances of differences among the flow values was even higher. Patients also were grouped according to changes in neurologic status, and again the flow values differed significantly among the groups. The results show significant relationships among flow values after cerebrovascular ischemia and neurologic deficits, change in status, and the final functional state. Cerebral blood flow measurement together with other clinical signs permits an estimation of a patient's chance for functional recovery after a stroke."}
{"id": "PMID:911228", "title": "The effects of epileptogenic activity on auditory evoked potentials in cats.", "content": "Epileptogenic foci were produced by application of penicillin to the auditory cortex of cats. A gradual modification of the evoked potentials to clicks and of the recovery cycle to paired clicks was noted following the application of penicillin. With the onset of interictal spikes, responses were initially depressed. The depression gradually changed till every click triggered a reflex epileptogenic spike. Areas surrounding the primary focus and areas at the mirror focus had depressed evoked potentials, while at the primary focus a click elicited reflex spikes. Progressive recruitment of cortical regions farther away from the primary focus was noted with increased epileptogenicity. The recovery cycle was also affected with prolongation of the absolute refractory period. These complex modifications of sensory input were closely related to the intensity of the epileptogenic disturbance, the distance of the area processing the information from the primary epileptogenic focus, and the time of arrival of the signal to be processed in relation to the interictal and ictal discharges.", "contents": "The effects of epileptogenic activity on auditory evoked potentials in cats. Epileptogenic foci were produced by application of penicillin to the auditory cortex of cats. A gradual modification of the evoked potentials to clicks and of the recovery cycle to paired clicks was noted following the application of penicillin. With the onset of interictal spikes, responses were initially depressed. The depression gradually changed till every click triggered a reflex epileptogenic spike. Areas surrounding the primary focus and areas at the mirror focus had depressed evoked potentials, while at the primary focus a click elicited reflex spikes. Progressive recruitment of cortical regions farther away from the primary focus was noted with increased epileptogenicity. The recovery cycle was also affected with prolongation of the absolute refractory period. These complex modifications of sensory input were closely related to the intensity of the epileptogenic disturbance, the distance of the area processing the information from the primary epileptogenic focus, and the time of arrival of the signal to be processed in relation to the interictal and ictal discharges."}
{"id": "PMID:911229", "title": "Reversible paralysis of automatic respiration in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "On a background of acute bulbar dysfunction, a patient experienced the simultaneous onset of severe proprioceptive loss and paralysis of automatic respiration that rapidly reverted to normal. Subsequent progressive neurological deterioration over several months ended in death, and neuropathological examination revealed demyelination in discrete distribution. The anatomical and diagnostic implications of this are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Reversible paralysis of automatic respiration in multiple sclerosis. On a background of acute bulbar dysfunction, a patient experienced the simultaneous onset of severe proprioceptive loss and paralysis of automatic respiration that rapidly reverted to normal. Subsequent progressive neurological deterioration over several months ended in death, and neuropathological examination revealed demyelination in discrete distribution. The anatomical and diagnostic implications of this are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911230", "title": "'Silent' brain metastasis from lung carcinoma determined by computerized tomography.", "content": "Computerized tomography (CT) was utilized as a preoperative screening procedure in a series of 50 patients with lung carcinoma who were neurologically asymptomatic and whose radionuclide brain scans and skull roentgenograms were normal. Three patients (6%) were discovered to have metastasis (cerebellum, occipital, corpus callosum). The metastatic lesions were only directly visualized after administration of contrast substance. The CT findings greatly influenced the therapeutic planning in these patients, and surgery was avoided in two. When feasible, patients with lung carcinoma should have CT examinations (with contrast administration) prior to thoracic surgery even if they do not have neurologic symtoms.", "contents": "'Silent' brain metastasis from lung carcinoma determined by computerized tomography. Computerized tomography (CT) was utilized as a preoperative screening procedure in a series of 50 patients with lung carcinoma who were neurologically asymptomatic and whose radionuclide brain scans and skull roentgenograms were normal. Three patients (6%) were discovered to have metastasis (cerebellum, occipital, corpus callosum). The metastatic lesions were only directly visualized after administration of contrast substance. The CT findings greatly influenced the therapeutic planning in these patients, and surgery was avoided in two. When feasible, patients with lung carcinoma should have CT examinations (with contrast administration) prior to thoracic surgery even if they do not have neurologic symtoms."}
{"id": "PMID:911231", "title": "Neuroparalytic accidents of antirabies vaccination with suckling mouse brain vaccine. Clinical and pathologic study of 21 cases.", "content": "Twenty-one cases of neuroparalytic accidents of rabies vaccination (with suckling mouse brain vaccine), 11 of them fatal, were observed, occurring predominantly in men; the mean age of the patients was 29 years. On the average, 13 doses of the vaccine were used. Only three patients received less than seven doses. The mean latent period was 14 days (range, 4 to 24 days). In 16 patients (76%), a Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome occurred that was moderate in three, severe in seven, and fatal in six. Pathologically, this was shown to be a typical polyradiculoneuritis. Five patients had fatal involvement of the central nervous system. Three had an acute disseminated perivenous leukoencephalopathy, with concurrent rabies encephalitis in one case. One patient had a perivenous myeloradiculopathy and one a chronic encephalomyelopathy of six years' duration with demyelinating plaques in the periventricular white matter, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Since the reduction of postexposure rabies vaccination to seven doses, no new cases have been observed in Colombia.", "contents": "Neuroparalytic accidents of antirabies vaccination with suckling mouse brain vaccine. Clinical and pathologic study of 21 cases. Twenty-one cases of neuroparalytic accidents of rabies vaccination (with suckling mouse brain vaccine), 11 of them fatal, were observed, occurring predominantly in men; the mean age of the patients was 29 years. On the average, 13 doses of the vaccine were used. Only three patients received less than seven doses. The mean latent period was 14 days (range, 4 to 24 days). In 16 patients (76%), a Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome occurred that was moderate in three, severe in seven, and fatal in six. Pathologically, this was shown to be a typical polyradiculoneuritis. Five patients had fatal involvement of the central nervous system. Three had an acute disseminated perivenous leukoencephalopathy, with concurrent rabies encephalitis in one case. One patient had a perivenous myeloradiculopathy and one a chronic encephalomyelopathy of six years' duration with demyelinating plaques in the periventricular white matter, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Since the reduction of postexposure rabies vaccination to seven doses, no new cases have been observed in Colombia."}
{"id": "PMID:911232", "title": "Neuropsychological correlates of hypertension.", "content": "Twenty newly diagnosed, untreated hypertensive men (diastolic blood pressure greater than 105 mm Hg) and 20 normotensive controls were given a neuropsychological battery, including tests of generalized, more global functions (eg, reaction time and full-scale IQ) and of specific functions (eg, language and visual-spatial abilities) sensitive to focal damage. Tests of specific abilities yielded no differences between the two groups. In contrast, tests of general neuropsychological functioning revealed a deficit among hypertensives, who were significantly slower on the reaction time test and had a shorter span for digits in forward order. Results suggest that arterial hypertension is associated with impairment of vigilance and attention span. Future research will determine whether this impairment is associated with the diffuse pathological changes seen in the brain of hypertensive subjects, or with a more \"functional\" change (eg, reduced cerebral blood flow).", "contents": "Neuropsychological correlates of hypertension. Twenty newly diagnosed, untreated hypertensive men (diastolic blood pressure greater than 105 mm Hg) and 20 normotensive controls were given a neuropsychological battery, including tests of generalized, more global functions (eg, reaction time and full-scale IQ) and of specific functions (eg, language and visual-spatial abilities) sensitive to focal damage. Tests of specific abilities yielded no differences between the two groups. In contrast, tests of general neuropsychological functioning revealed a deficit among hypertensives, who were significantly slower on the reaction time test and had a shorter span for digits in forward order. Results suggest that arterial hypertension is associated with impairment of vigilance and attention span. Future research will determine whether this impairment is associated with the diffuse pathological changes seen in the brain of hypertensive subjects, or with a more \"functional\" change (eg, reduced cerebral blood flow)."}
{"id": "PMID:911233", "title": "Prognosis in hereditary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "Two different forms of hereditary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been separated according to duration of illness. A rapid course with short survival as seen in sporadic ALS is usual, but a comparatively benign type with a mean survival of 12 years has been reported in some families. Four patients from an ALS-afflicted family with five affected members in three generations were examined and then followed up. A conspicuous variability in progression among the patients was observed, with death occurring from 26 months to 12 years after onset; one patient is alive 13 years after onset. Wide differences were also found with respect to initial site of involvement and pyramidal tract signs. Three other families with this mixed pattern of prognosis have been reported previously. Affected individuals within involved families had either short or long duration of the disease, rather than displaying a continuum. However, in view of the existence of a type of hereditary ALS with marked intrafamilial variability, prognosis, even in the presence of previous benign cases, should be cautiously given.", "contents": "Prognosis in hereditary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Two different forms of hereditary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been separated according to duration of illness. A rapid course with short survival as seen in sporadic ALS is usual, but a comparatively benign type with a mean survival of 12 years has been reported in some families. Four patients from an ALS-afflicted family with five affected members in three generations were examined and then followed up. A conspicuous variability in progression among the patients was observed, with death occurring from 26 months to 12 years after onset; one patient is alive 13 years after onset. Wide differences were also found with respect to initial site of involvement and pyramidal tract signs. Three other families with this mixed pattern of prognosis have been reported previously. Affected individuals within involved families had either short or long duration of the disease, rather than displaying a continuum. However, in view of the existence of a type of hereditary ALS with marked intrafamilial variability, prognosis, even in the presence of previous benign cases, should be cautiously given."}
{"id": "PMID:911234", "title": "Screening tests in acute porphyria.", "content": "Two recognized screening procedures for rapid evaluation of urinary porphobilinogen (PBG) concentrations are compared with quantitative PBG determinations (expressed as mg/24 hours and as a concentration in urine, mg/liter). One hundred ninety-one 24-hour urine specimens from 74 patients with suspected or documented acute type porphyria are included in this investigation. The two screening tests are compared with regard to sensitivity and method of performance. In this study, the Watson-Schwartz and Hoesch tests are positive at PBG concentrations in urine greater than 9 mg/liter. Both methods produced the characteristic pink color only once at a concentration below 3 mg/liter. Both methods are useful in detecting the abnormal concentration of urinary PBG observed during an acute porphyric attack. The Hoesch procedure provides a simple and rapid evaluation of urinary PBG. Positive results from either screening test demand quantitative urinary PBG determinations to confirm the suspected abnormality.", "contents": "Screening tests in acute porphyria. Two recognized screening procedures for rapid evaluation of urinary porphobilinogen (PBG) concentrations are compared with quantitative PBG determinations (expressed as mg/24 hours and as a concentration in urine, mg/liter). One hundred ninety-one 24-hour urine specimens from 74 patients with suspected or documented acute type porphyria are included in this investigation. The two screening tests are compared with regard to sensitivity and method of performance. In this study, the Watson-Schwartz and Hoesch tests are positive at PBG concentrations in urine greater than 9 mg/liter. Both methods produced the characteristic pink color only once at a concentration below 3 mg/liter. Both methods are useful in detecting the abnormal concentration of urinary PBG observed during an acute porphyric attack. The Hoesch procedure provides a simple and rapid evaluation of urinary PBG. Positive results from either screening test demand quantitative urinary PBG determinations to confirm the suspected abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:911235", "title": "Anatomic considerations for computed tomography of the optic chiasm.", "content": "When the clinical distinction between lesions of the optic nerves or the chiasm is not apparent, computed tomographic scans should be performed at both 0 degrees and 25 degrees or 35 degrees to the orbital-meatal line (Reid's baseline). The former plane is preferable for the demonstration of the optic nerves or orbital structures, while the latter allows superior visualization of perichiasmatic structures.", "contents": "Anatomic considerations for computed tomography of the optic chiasm. When the clinical distinction between lesions of the optic nerves or the chiasm is not apparent, computed tomographic scans should be performed at both 0 degrees and 25 degrees or 35 degrees to the orbital-meatal line (Reid's baseline). The former plane is preferable for the demonstration of the optic nerves or orbital structures, while the latter allows superior visualization of perichiasmatic structures."}
{"id": "PMID:911236", "title": "A reversible ocular manifestation of thalamic hemorrhage. A case report.", "content": "A patient had a thalamic hemorrhage and periodic downward and medial tonic deviation of the eyes. The ocular findings remitted with ventricular drainage. We discuss the possible contribution of increased intracranial pressure to this ocular syndrome.", "contents": "A reversible ocular manifestation of thalamic hemorrhage. A case report. A patient had a thalamic hemorrhage and periodic downward and medial tonic deviation of the eyes. The ocular findings remitted with ventricular drainage. We discuss the possible contribution of increased intracranial pressure to this ocular syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:911237", "title": "Control of emotional expression in pseudobulbar palsy. A personal experience.", "content": "This report is based on the recorded experience of a patient with lability of emotional expression and other features of the syndrome of pseudobulbar palsy. We describe severe emotional overflow despite an underlying affective tone that is normal. In this context, emotional lability is a misnomer. \"Hyperactive emotional reflexes\" would be a more appropriate descriptive term, as the underlying mood appears normal, and only the degree of emotional expression is pathological.", "contents": "Control of emotional expression in pseudobulbar palsy. A personal experience. This report is based on the recorded experience of a patient with lability of emotional expression and other features of the syndrome of pseudobulbar palsy. We describe severe emotional overflow despite an underlying affective tone that is normal. In this context, emotional lability is a misnomer. \"Hyperactive emotional reflexes\" would be a more appropriate descriptive term, as the underlying mood appears normal, and only the degree of emotional expression is pathological."}
{"id": "PMID:911247", "title": "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in infancy.", "content": "A 5-week-old male infant had small stature, microphthalmia, bilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, ventricular septal defect, and fundus lesions suggestive of previous chorioretinitis. Diagnostic workup failed to disclose a cause of the intraocular disorder. Bilateral retinal detachment surgery, performed when the boy was 2 and 3 months of age, has appeared successful 12 months postoperatively. This may be a description of the youngest patient with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments that were subsequently repaired.", "contents": "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in infancy. A 5-week-old male infant had small stature, microphthalmia, bilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, ventricular septal defect, and fundus lesions suggestive of previous chorioretinitis. Diagnostic workup failed to disclose a cause of the intraocular disorder. Bilateral retinal detachment surgery, performed when the boy was 2 and 3 months of age, has appeared successful 12 months postoperatively. This may be a description of the youngest patient with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments that were subsequently repaired."}
{"id": "PMID:911248", "title": "The fishmouth phenomenon. I. Clinical characteristics and surgical options.", "content": "A typical fishmouth retinal break is a large horseshoe-shaped tear, located near the equator, with an associated bullous retinal detachment. During scleral buckling and drainage of subretinal fluid, the break tends to open more widely, making its closure difficult. Clinical characteristics that permit preoperative anticipation of the fishmouth phenomenon and several surgical methods that were previously suggested for its management are reviewed. The surgical methods include: an equatorial implant with a meridional addition, a two-band procedure, broad scleral buckling, and episcleral silicone sponge. A radial, intrascleral, solid-silicone implant (wedge) with an encircling element is recommended, as are other technical maneuvers that may be helpful in troublesome cases.", "contents": "The fishmouth phenomenon. I. Clinical characteristics and surgical options. A typical fishmouth retinal break is a large horseshoe-shaped tear, located near the equator, with an associated bullous retinal detachment. During scleral buckling and drainage of subretinal fluid, the break tends to open more widely, making its closure difficult. Clinical characteristics that permit preoperative anticipation of the fishmouth phenomenon and several surgical methods that were previously suggested for its management are reviewed. The surgical methods include: an equatorial implant with a meridional addition, a two-band procedure, broad scleral buckling, and episcleral silicone sponge. A radial, intrascleral, solid-silicone implant (wedge) with an encircling element is recommended, as are other technical maneuvers that may be helpful in troublesome cases."}
{"id": "PMID:911249", "title": "The fishmouth phenomenon. II. Wedge scleral buckling.", "content": "Radial retinal folding, associated with equatorial scleral buckling, contributes to the difficulty in repairing a retinal detachment due to a fishmouth break. To minimize this effect, a wedge-shaped implant was designed to approximate more closely the same relative reduction in  the circumference of the circles of the globe along the meridian of the break. The surgical details of use of the implant are described. In a consecutive series of 56 eyes in which the fishmouth phenomenon was expected, 49 (88%) were successfully managed at first encounter using a wedge buckling device. Revised scleral bucklings and open-sky vitrectomies, in early failures and delayed recurrences, salvaged additional eyes for final success in 52 (93%) of the eyes.", "contents": "The fishmouth phenomenon. II. Wedge scleral buckling. Radial retinal folding, associated with equatorial scleral buckling, contributes to the difficulty in repairing a retinal detachment due to a fishmouth break. To minimize this effect, a wedge-shaped implant was designed to approximate more closely the same relative reduction in  the circumference of the circles of the globe along the meridian of the break. The surgical details of use of the implant are described. In a consecutive series of 56 eyes in which the fishmouth phenomenon was expected, 49 (88%) were successfully managed at first encounter using a wedge buckling device. Revised scleral bucklings and open-sky vitrectomies, in early failures and delayed recurrences, salvaged additional eyes for final success in 52 (93%) of the eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:911250", "title": "Ocular involvement in wound botulism.", "content": "A 7-year-old girl developed bilateral ptosis, total ophthalmoplegia, and fixed, dilated pupils associated with bulbar paralysis and generalized weakness six days after she sustained a compound supracondylar fracture of the right humerus. Nerve conduction studies showed a facilitated muscle action potential after repetitive nerve stimulation. Blood cultures were negative. Although the wound site appeared noninfected, the wound was explored. Clostridium botulinum, type B, grew from cultures taken from the depths of the wound. The patient recovered fully with supportive care, and EEG abnormalities present during the acute phase of the illness disappeared.", "contents": "Ocular involvement in wound botulism. A 7-year-old girl developed bilateral ptosis, total ophthalmoplegia, and fixed, dilated pupils associated with bulbar paralysis and generalized weakness six days after she sustained a compound supracondylar fracture of the right humerus. Nerve conduction studies showed a facilitated muscle action potential after repetitive nerve stimulation. Blood cultures were negative. Although the wound site appeared noninfected, the wound was explored. Clostridium botulinum, type B, grew from cultures taken from the depths of the wound. The patient recovered fully with supportive care, and EEG abnormalities present during the acute phase of the illness disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:911251", "title": "Ophthalmoplegia and Ondine's curse.", "content": "Ocular abnormalities and psychomotor difficulties were prominent in two unrelated children; in addition, the older child had respiratory irregularity during sleep. The pathologic findings included lesions of the optic nerve in the case with available material and established the diagnosis of Leigh's subacute necrotizing encephalopathy. This disorder is thought to result from inhibition of a thiamine-dependent enzymatic process and may be modified by greatly increased thiamine intake. Suspicion of the diagnosis in a child with ophthalmoplegia or other ocular abnormalities may lead to earlier recognition and more successful treatment of the disease.", "contents": "Ophthalmoplegia and Ondine's curse. Ocular abnormalities and psychomotor difficulties were prominent in two unrelated children; in addition, the older child had respiratory irregularity during sleep. The pathologic findings included lesions of the optic nerve in the case with available material and established the diagnosis of Leigh's subacute necrotizing encephalopathy. This disorder is thought to result from inhibition of a thiamine-dependent enzymatic process and may be modified by greatly increased thiamine intake. Suspicion of the diagnosis in a child with ophthalmoplegia or other ocular abnormalities may lead to earlier recognition and more successful treatment of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:911252", "title": "Herpes simplex retinitis and encephalitis in an adult.", "content": "A 17-year-old girl developed a viral encephalitis that was followed by massive exudative retinal detachments in both eyes. A diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis and retinitis was made as a result of finding rising herpes simplex viral titers. An examination of the patient's cell-mediated immune system showed it to be grossly intact.", "contents": "Herpes simplex retinitis and encephalitis in an adult. A 17-year-old girl developed a viral encephalitis that was followed by massive exudative retinal detachments in both eyes. A diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis and retinitis was made as a result of finding rising herpes simplex viral titers. An examination of the patient's cell-mediated immune system showed it to be grossly intact."}
{"id": "PMID:911253", "title": "Visually evoked response testing with a stimulator-ophthalmoscope. Macular scars, hereditary macular degenerations, and retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "Visually evoked responses (VERs) were recorded from 47 patients under age 60 years with macular scars, hereditary macular degenerations, or retinitis pigmentosa. A hand-held, two-channel stimulator-ophthalmoscope was used to present to the central fovea a 1.5 degrees flickering stimulus centrally superimposed on a steady 10 degrees background. All 31 patients with visual acuity (VA) 20/50 or less had abnormal VERs; among patients with VA 20/25 to 20/40, all six with macular degenerations and five of ten with retinitis pigmentosa also showed abnormal VERs. Abnormal VERs were either out of phase or indistinguishable from noise. Sensitivity of the technique depended on a low ratio of stimulus to background retinal illuminance and the fact that the stimulus could be visualized by the examiner through the ophthalmoscope and maintained on the central fovea througout testing.", "contents": "Visually evoked response testing with a stimulator-ophthalmoscope. Macular scars, hereditary macular degenerations, and retinitis pigmentosa. Visually evoked responses (VERs) were recorded from 47 patients under age 60 years with macular scars, hereditary macular degenerations, or retinitis pigmentosa. A hand-held, two-channel stimulator-ophthalmoscope was used to present to the central fovea a 1.5 degrees flickering stimulus centrally superimposed on a steady 10 degrees background. All 31 patients with visual acuity (VA) 20/50 or less had abnormal VERs; among patients with VA 20/25 to 20/40, all six with macular degenerations and five of ten with retinitis pigmentosa also showed abnormal VERs. Abnormal VERs were either out of phase or indistinguishable from noise. Sensitivity of the technique depended on a low ratio of stimulus to background retinal illuminance and the fact that the stimulus could be visualized by the examiner through the ophthalmoscope and maintained on the central fovea througout testing."}
{"id": "PMID:911254", "title": "The ocular manifestations of Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "content": "Of 32 patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease, 21 had uveitis. The uveitis was seldom the initial manifestation of systemic disease, but once established, it tended to become chronic and bilateral, involving the anterior and posterior segments. Hypopyon was a relatively uncommon occurrence in this series. All patients with uveal inflammation had obvious cellular reactions within the vitreous body. Other posterior segment manifestations of the disease included localized retinal edema, macular edema, disc edema, retinal pigmentary changes, and accumulation of exudative material in the deep retina. One patient developed a necrotizing retinitis with deep retinal exudation and subsequent retinal detachment. Occlusions of retinal vessels were common. Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of Beh\u00e7et's disease included cranial nerve palsies, a homonymous hemianopic field defect, and papillitis.", "contents": "The ocular manifestations of Beh\u00e7et's disease. Of 32 patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease, 21 had uveitis. The uveitis was seldom the initial manifestation of systemic disease, but once established, it tended to become chronic and bilateral, involving the anterior and posterior segments. Hypopyon was a relatively uncommon occurrence in this series. All patients with uveal inflammation had obvious cellular reactions within the vitreous body. Other posterior segment manifestations of the disease included localized retinal edema, macular edema, disc edema, retinal pigmentary changes, and accumulation of exudative material in the deep retina. One patient developed a necrotizing retinitis with deep retinal exudation and subsequent retinal detachment. Occlusions of retinal vessels were common. Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of Beh\u00e7et's disease included cranial nerve palsies, a homonymous hemianopic field defect, and papillitis."}
{"id": "PMID:911255", "title": "Nevus of Ota with contralateral cerebral melanoma.", "content": "A case of unilateral nevus of Ota was associated with ipsilateral ocular melanocytosis and contralateral malignant melanoma of the CNS. The malignant neoplasm may have arisen from an area of bilateral leptomeningeal melanosis associated with unilateral nevus of Ota.", "contents": "Nevus of Ota with contralateral cerebral melanoma. A case of unilateral nevus of Ota was associated with ipsilateral ocular melanocytosis and contralateral malignant melanoma of the CNS. The malignant neoplasm may have arisen from an area of bilateral leptomeningeal melanosis associated with unilateral nevus of Ota."}
{"id": "PMID:911256", "title": "Choroidal melanoma and retinal tear.", "content": "The patient's eye contained a choroidal melanoma and a horseshoe retinal tear. Clinical recognition of the tumor led to the correct diagnosis and enucleation, avoiding unnecessary and potentially detrimental retinal detachment operations.", "contents": "Choroidal melanoma and retinal tear. The patient's eye contained a choroidal melanoma and a horseshoe retinal tear. Clinical recognition of the tumor led to the correct diagnosis and enucleation, avoiding unnecessary and potentially detrimental retinal detachment operations."}
{"id": "PMID:911257", "title": "Management of persistent filtering cicatrix following cataract extraction.", "content": "We used a safe and simple surgical technique in the management of persistent filtering cicatrices after cataract extraction. The edematous, friable filtering cicatrix was excised entirely and a healthy fornix-based conjunctival flap was sutured over the fistula. Invariably, the fistula was very small, usually only large enough to admit a 27-gauge needle. Of the 27 eyes treated with this technique, there were two failures, but no other complications.", "contents": "Management of persistent filtering cicatrix following cataract extraction. We used a safe and simple surgical technique in the management of persistent filtering cicatrices after cataract extraction. The edematous, friable filtering cicatrix was excised entirely and a healthy fornix-based conjunctival flap was sutured over the fistula. Invariably, the fistula was very small, usually only large enough to admit a 27-gauge needle. Of the 27 eyes treated with this technique, there were two failures, but no other complications."}
{"id": "PMID:911258", "title": "Repair of occluded lower canaliculus.", "content": "Epiphora resulting from traumatic occlusion of the inferior canaliculus has long been a vexing problem. A simple operation to cure some of these cases consists of unroofing the proximal portion of the canaliculus with use of a smooth-tipped pigtail probe passed from above as a guide. Prerequisites for the operation are a patent superior canaliculus, sac, and proximal segment of the inferior canaliculus. Epiphora was corrected in five of seven eyes with this surgery.", "contents": "Repair of occluded lower canaliculus. Epiphora resulting from traumatic occlusion of the inferior canaliculus has long been a vexing problem. A simple operation to cure some of these cases consists of unroofing the proximal portion of the canaliculus with use of a smooth-tipped pigtail probe passed from above as a guide. Prerequisites for the operation are a patent superior canaliculus, sac, and proximal segment of the inferior canaliculus. Epiphora was corrected in five of seven eyes with this surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:911259", "title": "A hand-held, two-channel stimulator-ophthalmoscope.", "content": "A hand-held optical system for presenting focused stimuli on known retinal areas by direct ophthalmoscopy is described. The optical system provides a time-modulated stimulus beam of variable dimension, retinal illuminance, wave-length, and polarization, and a steady background beam of variable retinal illuminance and wavelength. Both beams enter the patient's eye in maxwellian-view for precise control of the ratio of stimulus to background retinal illuminance. The stimulator-ophthalmoscope allows the examiner to compensate easily for variable fixation.", "contents": "A hand-held, two-channel stimulator-ophthalmoscope. A hand-held optical system for presenting focused stimuli on known retinal areas by direct ophthalmoscopy is described. The optical system provides a time-modulated stimulus beam of variable dimension, retinal illuminance, wave-length, and polarization, and a steady background beam of variable retinal illuminance and wavelength. Both beams enter the patient's eye in maxwellian-view for precise control of the ratio of stimulus to background retinal illuminance. The stimulator-ophthalmoscope allows the examiner to compensate easily for variable fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:911267", "title": "Industrial lead poisoning and the family physician.", "content": "According to Health Department Regulations, lead workers are required to undergo periodical medical examinations to determine their fitness for work. These examinations are supervised by the Industrial Hygiene Division which can assist any practitioner with a patient thought to have had excessive exposure to lead.", "contents": "Industrial lead poisoning and the family physician. According to Health Department Regulations, lead workers are required to undergo periodical medical examinations to determine their fitness for work. These examinations are supervised by the Industrial Hygiene Division which can assist any practitioner with a patient thought to have had excessive exposure to lead."}
{"id": "PMID:911272", "title": "The general practitioner's identification and management of emotional disorders.", "content": "In summary, a systematic survey of Sydney metropolitan general practice consultations revealed an appreciable level of emotional disorder in one sixth of the patients. Doctors noted a similar number of patients in whom emotional and social factors were important in that day's consultation. There was concordance of assessment in only one third of the patients and as there are reasons for believing that the questionnaire is valid, inspection of the age and sex differences suggests that the doctors' perception of emotional problmes may be affected by cultural stereotypes of who is likely to be emotionally ill. In contrast, once cases are recognized, the provision of appropriate treatment such as counselling and drugs appears to be prudently and rationally prescribed.", "contents": "The general practitioner's identification and management of emotional disorders. In summary, a systematic survey of Sydney metropolitan general practice consultations revealed an appreciable level of emotional disorder in one sixth of the patients. Doctors noted a similar number of patients in whom emotional and social factors were important in that day's consultation. There was concordance of assessment in only one third of the patients and as there are reasons for believing that the questionnaire is valid, inspection of the age and sex differences suggests that the doctors' perception of emotional problmes may be affected by cultural stereotypes of who is likely to be emotionally ill. In contrast, once cases are recognized, the provision of appropriate treatment such as counselling and drugs appears to be prudently and rationally prescribed."}
{"id": "PMID:911273", "title": "Investigation of hypertension in general practice.", "content": "The responsibility for identifying the hypertensive patients in the community and supervising their long term management is clearly the domain of the general practitioner. Having once decided that a patient's blood pressure warrants lowering, it is necessary that some form of routine investigation be carried out before treatment is started. A simplified approach to the investigation, collection and recording of the relevant data in these patients is outlined.", "contents": "Investigation of hypertension in general practice. The responsibility for identifying the hypertensive patients in the community and supervising their long term management is clearly the domain of the general practitioner. Having once decided that a patient's blood pressure warrants lowering, it is necessary that some form of routine investigation be carried out before treatment is started. A simplified approach to the investigation, collection and recording of the relevant data in these patients is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:911274", "title": "Home care in myocardial infarction.", "content": "Details are given of a prospective study of 131 patients with definite acute myocardial infarction, seen by general practitioners in Victoria from 1972 to 1974. This number was divided into 91 who were treated initially at home and subsequently referred to hospital, and 40 who were treated totally at home; this decision being made by the doctor after the infarct was diagnosed. There was no statistical difference between these two groups with regard to age or sex. The group treated totally at home had a lesser incidence of past history of myocardial disease, was seen later by the doctor of first contact, and had a lesser incidence of arrhythmias when first seen. With regard to mortality and morbidity, those selected patients kept at home fared no worse.", "contents": "Home care in myocardial infarction. Details are given of a prospective study of 131 patients with definite acute myocardial infarction, seen by general practitioners in Victoria from 1972 to 1974. This number was divided into 91 who were treated initially at home and subsequently referred to hospital, and 40 who were treated totally at home; this decision being made by the doctor after the infarct was diagnosed. There was no statistical difference between these two groups with regard to age or sex. The group treated totally at home had a lesser incidence of past history of myocardial disease, was seen later by the doctor of first contact, and had a lesser incidence of arrhythmias when first seen. With regard to mortality and morbidity, those selected patients kept at home fared no worse."}
{"id": "PMID:911277", "title": "Patient compliance in general practice. Factors contributing to poor compliance and suggestions for improvement.", "content": "Patients from a solo general practice were followed up to determine what factors were common to those who were poor compliers. A multiple treatment programme where oral antibiotics were a part of the programme was the most frequent feature of poorly complying patients, especially amongst 0-9 and 30-39-year-olds, and ENT patients of any age. Improvement may be gained by establishing good rapport with patients, ordering a simple treatment programme and avoiding overprescribing for all patients, but especially for those groups of patients who are particularly poor compliers.", "contents": "Patient compliance in general practice. Factors contributing to poor compliance and suggestions for improvement. Patients from a solo general practice were followed up to determine what factors were common to those who were poor compliers. A multiple treatment programme where oral antibiotics were a part of the programme was the most frequent feature of poorly complying patients, especially amongst 0-9 and 30-39-year-olds, and ENT patients of any age. Improvement may be gained by establishing good rapport with patients, ordering a simple treatment programme and avoiding overprescribing for all patients, but especially for those groups of patients who are particularly poor compliers."}
{"id": "PMID:911279", "title": "Brain damage by extracts of parasitised annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in nursling rats.", "content": "Extracts of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) infected with Anguina sp. and Corynebacterium sp., and associated with an outbreak of annual ryegrass toxicity in sheep, were administered to 2-week-old rats by a single intraperitoneal injection. Rats that received a lethal dose of toxin developed neurological signs including incoordination and convulsions from the second day and most died between 2 and 7 days after injection. Histologically, the brains showed widespread lesions of focal necrosis consistent with anoxia. Peripheral circulation rate was greatly reduced after 3 days and gangrene of the tail and hind legs developed in some rats. Evidence of restricted blood flow was also seen in kidneys, lungs and brain. It was concluded that the toxin contains a long-acting vasoconstrictor.", "contents": "Brain damage by extracts of parasitised annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in nursling rats. Extracts of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) infected with Anguina sp. and Corynebacterium sp., and associated with an outbreak of annual ryegrass toxicity in sheep, were administered to 2-week-old rats by a single intraperitoneal injection. Rats that received a lethal dose of toxin developed neurological signs including incoordination and convulsions from the second day and most died between 2 and 7 days after injection. Histologically, the brains showed widespread lesions of focal necrosis consistent with anoxia. Peripheral circulation rate was greatly reduced after 3 days and gangrene of the tail and hind legs developed in some rats. Evidence of restricted blood flow was also seen in kidneys, lungs and brain. It was concluded that the toxin contains a long-acting vasoconstrictor."}
{"id": "PMID:911280", "title": "The physicochemical properties of erythrocyte derived activity which enhances murine bone marrow colony growth in agar culture.", "content": "A stable preparation which retains enhancement activity for the growth of murine granulocyte-macrophage colonies in agar culture has been extracted from human and rat erythrocytes by osmotic lysis and high speed centrifugation. Trypsin digestion followed by Sephadex G-25 column chromatography has resulted in the removal of haemoglobin and the isolation of an active fraction with an apparent molecular weight of 900 to 1000 daltons. Enhancement activity was abolished by n-ethylmaleimide (NEM) treatment, suggesting that the enhancement is dependent on the presence of free sulphydryl groups.", "contents": "The physicochemical properties of erythrocyte derived activity which enhances murine bone marrow colony growth in agar culture. A stable preparation which retains enhancement activity for the growth of murine granulocyte-macrophage colonies in agar culture has been extracted from human and rat erythrocytes by osmotic lysis and high speed centrifugation. Trypsin digestion followed by Sephadex G-25 column chromatography has resulted in the removal of haemoglobin and the isolation of an active fraction with an apparent molecular weight of 900 to 1000 daltons. Enhancement activity was abolished by n-ethylmaleimide (NEM) treatment, suggesting that the enhancement is dependent on the presence of free sulphydryl groups."}
{"id": "PMID:911281", "title": "A pneumatically driven pump for constant perfusion manometry.", "content": "Syringe pumps are almost universally used for constant perfusion oesophageal manometry, despite important technical limitations. A pneumatically driven perfusion pump has been designed specifically for oesophageal manometry. This pump requires less than one third the flow setting of a syringe pump to achieve a given rate of pressure rise. It is simple to operate and needs infrequent refilling. Nearly two years' practical experience with this pump has confirmed its superiority over the syringe pump for constant perfusion manometry.", "contents": "A pneumatically driven pump for constant perfusion manometry. Syringe pumps are almost universally used for constant perfusion oesophageal manometry, despite important technical limitations. A pneumatically driven perfusion pump has been designed specifically for oesophageal manometry. This pump requires less than one third the flow setting of a syringe pump to achieve a given rate of pressure rise. It is simple to operate and needs infrequent refilling. Nearly two years' practical experience with this pump has confirmed its superiority over the syringe pump for constant perfusion manometry."}
{"id": "PMID:911282", "title": "Plasmids mediating resistance to gentamicin and other antibiotics in Enterobacteriaceae from four hospitals in Melbourne.", "content": "In twenty-nine gentamicin-resistant strains (mostly Klebsiella species) isolated from four Melbourne hospitals over a six month period, the genes for gentamicin resistance were carried on conjugative plasmids belonging to the rare incompatibility group L. These plasmids conferred resistance to gentamicin and sisomycin but not to amikacin or tobramycin, and were inferred to specify the enzyme aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase (AAC(3)I or GAT I). In addition, they specified resistance to a number of other antibiotics, including ampicillin and carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and neomycin, spectinomycin and streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. Although they had a wide host range amongst the Enterobacteriaceae, none of these plasmids appeared able to transfer to Pseudomonas.", "contents": "Plasmids mediating resistance to gentamicin and other antibiotics in Enterobacteriaceae from four hospitals in Melbourne. In twenty-nine gentamicin-resistant strains (mostly Klebsiella species) isolated from four Melbourne hospitals over a six month period, the genes for gentamicin resistance were carried on conjugative plasmids belonging to the rare incompatibility group L. These plasmids conferred resistance to gentamicin and sisomycin but not to amikacin or tobramycin, and were inferred to specify the enzyme aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase (AAC(3)I or GAT I). In addition, they specified resistance to a number of other antibiotics, including ampicillin and carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and neomycin, spectinomycin and streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. Although they had a wide host range amongst the Enterobacteriaceae, none of these plasmids appeared able to transfer to Pseudomonas."}
{"id": "PMID:911284", "title": "Genetic similarities and differences between sublines of certain inbred strains of mice held within Australia.", "content": "Inbred mice  of the strains C57B1/6, CBA, C3H, Balb/c and DBA/2 from a total of 17 different sources within Australia were compared, utilizing 12 different blood proteins and a morphometric analysis of a series of lower jaws. Evidence for genetic differentiation between sublines was found in only two cases. Evidence for the recent contamination of an inbred strain with another stock was found in one case.", "contents": "Genetic similarities and differences between sublines of certain inbred strains of mice held within Australia. Inbred mice  of the strains C57B1/6, CBA, C3H, Balb/c and DBA/2 from a total of 17 different sources within Australia were compared, utilizing 12 different blood proteins and a morphometric analysis of a series of lower jaws. Evidence for genetic differentiation between sublines was found in only two cases. Evidence for the recent contamination of an inbred strain with another stock was found in one case."}
{"id": "PMID:911283", "title": "The simulation of the urea cycle: correlation of effects due to inborn errors in the catalytic properties of the enzymes with clinical-biochemical observations.", "content": "Steady-state rate equations are written on the basis of information obtained from the literature describing the kinetics of the four enzyme-catalysed reactions comprising the urea cycle. These equations are formulated into a set which also accounts for fluxes of input and output compounds external to the cycle. Numerical integration of this set of equations is performed employing parameters selected to approximate those pertaining to the operation of the urea cycle in normal liver. The result is a pattern of intermediate metabolite concentrations, which forms a basis for the comparison of patterns reflecting the effects of inborn errors of metabolism. The latter are calculated by varying specified kinetic parameters in the numerical integration. Each of the observed clinical syndromes. Hyperammonemia Types I and II, Hyperarginemia, Citrullinemia and Argininosuccinicaciduria, is discussed.", "contents": "The simulation of the urea cycle: correlation of effects due to inborn errors in the catalytic properties of the enzymes with clinical-biochemical observations. Steady-state rate equations are written on the basis of information obtained from the literature describing the kinetics of the four enzyme-catalysed reactions comprising the urea cycle. These equations are formulated into a set which also accounts for fluxes of input and output compounds external to the cycle. Numerical integration of this set of equations is performed employing parameters selected to approximate those pertaining to the operation of the urea cycle in normal liver. The result is a pattern of intermediate metabolite concentrations, which forms a basis for the comparison of patterns reflecting the effects of inborn errors of metabolism. The latter are calculated by varying specified kinetic parameters in the numerical integration. Each of the observed clinical syndromes. Hyperammonemia Types I and II, Hyperarginemia, Citrullinemia and Argininosuccinicaciduria, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911285", "title": "Importance of luminal lecithin in intestinal absorption and transport of lipid in the rat.", "content": "Feeding a gastric test meal, the absorption and transport of fat was studied in control and bile fistula rats with bile salts replaced but with and without egg lecithin supplemented. No evidence was found that luminal lecithin played an important role in the transport of absorbed fat as chylomicrons.", "contents": "Importance of luminal lecithin in intestinal absorption and transport of lipid in the rat. Feeding a gastric test meal, the absorption and transport of fat was studied in control and bile fistula rats with bile salts replaced but with and without egg lecithin supplemented. No evidence was found that luminal lecithin played an important role in the transport of absorbed fat as chylomicrons."}
{"id": "PMID:911290", "title": "[Experimental infection of horses with Fasciola hepatica].", "content": "Ten pony foals were infected with Fasciola hepatica; five animals received up to 1000 metacercariae orally, the remaining animals received up to 80 specimens of 24 hours old adulescariae intraperitoneally. The rate of development of the parasites varied in a wide range between 0,2 and 41%. Most of the liverflukes were found in animals severely infected with strongyles in the same time. Only 22 weeks after oral infection, the flukes had reached a length of 20 mm and sexual maturity. Fasciola-eggs could not be detected in the feces.", "contents": "[Experimental infection of horses with Fasciola hepatica]. Ten pony foals were infected with Fasciola hepatica; five animals received up to 1000 metacercariae orally, the remaining animals received up to 80 specimens of 24 hours old adulescariae intraperitoneally. The rate of development of the parasites varied in a wide range between 0,2 and 41%. Most of the liverflukes were found in animals severely infected with strongyles in the same time. Only 22 weeks after oral infection, the flukes had reached a length of 20 mm and sexual maturity. Fasciola-eggs could not be detected in the feces."}
{"id": "PMID:911291", "title": "[Fracture of the 1st phalanx in the horse].", "content": "Of 28 fractures of the first phalanx 21 were treated with osteosynthesis; one was treated conservatively. 2 to 4 compression screws have been applied, while the distal part of the limb was immobilized by a light cast bandage for 8 days. The implants were removed 2 to 3 months post operationem. All patients are again used in sports.", "contents": "[Fracture of the 1st phalanx in the horse]. Of 28 fractures of the first phalanx 21 were treated with osteosynthesis; one was treated conservatively. 2 to 4 compression screws have been applied, while the distal part of the limb was immobilized by a light cast bandage for 8 days. The implants were removed 2 to 3 months post operationem. All patients are again used in sports."}
{"id": "PMID:911292", "title": "[Occurrence of Coxiella burneti in foodstuffs in animal origin].", "content": "Some of the organs and secretions from Q fever infected cattle originally intended for human consumption were tested for their Coxiella content. In the cows, the udder and udder lymph nodes were found to contain over 75% of the exciters; the exciters were also found to a large extent in the milk, reaching levels of between 10(1) and 10(5) Inf. E/ml milk. On the other hand, other parts of the animal used as meat were less infected. Lymph nodes in the body contained 28%, liver, kidney, pancreas and lungs 25% and musculature (meat) 8%. Udder infections in cows can last for months or even years, but they persist only for a few weeks in sheep. Treatment and preservation methods used on the meat after the animals is slaughtered also decimate the exciters, thus decreasing any risk to the consumer. Infected milk also loses its capacity for infection when sufficiently pasteurised, though the problem of oral infection in fresh milk still exists. Tests on guinea pigs show that when they are fed fresh milk containing Coxiella the formation of blood antibodies can take place, and also infestation of the organs. Essential conditions for this can be found in the exciter content, the virulence of the exciters and a weak defence mechanism in the organism.", "contents": "[Occurrence of Coxiella burneti in foodstuffs in animal origin]. Some of the organs and secretions from Q fever infected cattle originally intended for human consumption were tested for their Coxiella content. In the cows, the udder and udder lymph nodes were found to contain over 75% of the exciters; the exciters were also found to a large extent in the milk, reaching levels of between 10(1) and 10(5) Inf. E/ml milk. On the other hand, other parts of the animal used as meat were less infected. Lymph nodes in the body contained 28%, liver, kidney, pancreas and lungs 25% and musculature (meat) 8%. Udder infections in cows can last for months or even years, but they persist only for a few weeks in sheep. Treatment and preservation methods used on the meat after the animals is slaughtered also decimate the exciters, thus decreasing any risk to the consumer. Infected milk also loses its capacity for infection when sufficiently pasteurised, though the problem of oral infection in fresh milk still exists. Tests on guinea pigs show that when they are fed fresh milk containing Coxiella the formation of blood antibodies can take place, and also infestation of the organs. Essential conditions for this can be found in the exciter content, the virulence of the exciters and a weak defence mechanism in the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:911293", "title": "[Microbiological and epidemiological problems in the feeding of animal excrements].", "content": "Tests were made to determine the minimal hygiene demands necessary when animal excrement is used as fodder. Research to date give only limited information, as it has been undertaken almost entirely on slamonella. The minimal demands must include guaranteed destruction of vegetative forms of disease exciters and viruses. However, the risk of infection must remain where spores can form and endanger health.", "contents": "[Microbiological and epidemiological problems in the feeding of animal excrements]. Tests were made to determine the minimal hygiene demands necessary when animal excrement is used as fodder. Research to date give only limited information, as it has been undertaken almost entirely on slamonella. The minimal demands must include guaranteed destruction of vegetative forms of disease exciters and viruses. However, the risk of infection must remain where spores can form and endanger health."}
{"id": "PMID:911294", "title": "[The elimination of the sense of smell and its effect on the suckling behavior in young rabbits].", "content": "In the experiments described the ability to smell was eliminated in rabbits aged 1-7 days with two different methods: destruction of the nasal mucous membranes with 2% ZnSO4 solution administered in 2 doses of 100 microliter with a time interval of 12 hours between the two applications and destruction of the olfactory bulbs with high-frequency coagulation (20 V, 80 mA for 12 se.). Both treatments disturbed the suckling behavior, as the young rabbits failed to find the mammary gland. These results suggest that a releaser phenomon is secreted in the mammary gland region, which enables the rabbit to find the test and thus to initiate suckling behavior.", "contents": "[The elimination of the sense of smell and its effect on the suckling behavior in young rabbits]. In the experiments described the ability to smell was eliminated in rabbits aged 1-7 days with two different methods: destruction of the nasal mucous membranes with 2% ZnSO4 solution administered in 2 doses of 100 microliter with a time interval of 12 hours between the two applications and destruction of the olfactory bulbs with high-frequency coagulation (20 V, 80 mA for 12 se.). Both treatments disturbed the suckling behavior, as the young rabbits failed to find the mammary gland. These results suggest that a releaser phenomon is secreted in the mammary gland region, which enables the rabbit to find the test and thus to initiate suckling behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:911296", "title": "Consumption of fat as an important part of the food and nutrition policy in developed countries.", "content": "In developed countries, the excess consumption of some nutritive factors and foodstuffs becomes a major problem. The consumption of fat is included here due to its contribution to the high energy intake and its potential health risks. The consumption of fat as a nutrient is characterized by a steady increase. The physiological requirements of fat intake are not included in many dietary allowances and requirements of other indicators, such as linoleic acid, fatty acids, and cholesterol, are formulated in scientific papers only. The confrontation of existing fat allowances with the effective consumption indicates a tremendous excess. The same is true of some other indicators. The findings about the consumption of fat commodities complete these considerations. The indicated problems of fat consumption reveal the important position of this nutrient and of fat commodities in the food and nutrition situation. But opinions about these important factors are not sufficiently formulated what causes difficulties in food and nutrition planning and therefore in elaborating of the food and nutrition policy. For this reason, the international unification of opinions is urgently needed.", "contents": "Consumption of fat as an important part of the food and nutrition policy in developed countries. In developed countries, the excess consumption of some nutritive factors and foodstuffs becomes a major problem. The consumption of fat is included here due to its contribution to the high energy intake and its potential health risks. The consumption of fat as a nutrient is characterized by a steady increase. The physiological requirements of fat intake are not included in many dietary allowances and requirements of other indicators, such as linoleic acid, fatty acids, and cholesterol, are formulated in scientific papers only. The confrontation of existing fat allowances with the effective consumption indicates a tremendous excess. The same is true of some other indicators. The findings about the consumption of fat commodities complete these considerations. The indicated problems of fat consumption reveal the important position of this nutrient and of fat commodities in the food and nutrition situation. But opinions about these important factors are not sufficiently formulated what causes difficulties in food and nutrition planning and therefore in elaborating of the food and nutrition policy. For this reason, the international unification of opinions is urgently needed."}
{"id": "PMID:911314", "title": "Specific protein synthesis in isolated epithelium of guinea-pig seminal vesicle. General features.", "content": "Four intrinsic soluble proteins are synthesized and secreted by sexually mature guinea-pig seminal-vesicle mucosa, which comprises a monolayer of a homogeneous columnar epithelial cell. All four proteins can be extracted readily in 154mm-NaCl from the organ's luminal constituents in which they are present in high concentration. They are referred to as proteins 1, 2, 3 and 4 in order of their elution during DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Specific primary antibodies were harvested from goats that had been inoculated with the purified vesicular proteins; secondary antibodies were obtained from a donkey inoculated with goat gamma-globulins. Double-antibody-immunoprecipitation techniques were developed to precipitate the vesicular proteins. Thus proteins newly synthesized from (14)C-labelled amino acids could be precipitated and the incorporated radioactivity assessed. Isolated seminal-vesicle mucosa, incubated in only a buffered salt solution containing glucose, readily synthesized the soluble secreted proteins from added [(14)C]lysine plus [(14)C]glycine, [(14)C]histidine plus [(14)C]glutamate, [(14)C]glutamine alone and [(14)C]arginine alone. The rates of incorporation (d.p.m./mg of total soluble protein) of labelled lysine and glycine and of labelled arginine were linear with time over 180min. With the other labelled precursors, rates diminished between 60 and 180min. Labelled protein could be detected after only 10-15min of incubation. Only 4-9% of the newly synthesized protein remained associated with the mucosa; the remainder was found in the cell-free incubation medium. The isolated seminal-vesicle mucosal preparation will provide a unique opportunity to study the synthesis and secretion of abundant cell-specific proteins by this androgen-dependent tissue.", "contents": "Specific protein synthesis in isolated epithelium of guinea-pig seminal vesicle. General features. Four intrinsic soluble proteins are synthesized and secreted by sexually mature guinea-pig seminal-vesicle mucosa, which comprises a monolayer of a homogeneous columnar epithelial cell. All four proteins can be extracted readily in 154mm-NaCl from the organ's luminal constituents in which they are present in high concentration. They are referred to as proteins 1, 2, 3 and 4 in order of their elution during DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Specific primary antibodies were harvested from goats that had been inoculated with the purified vesicular proteins; secondary antibodies were obtained from a donkey inoculated with goat gamma-globulins. Double-antibody-immunoprecipitation techniques were developed to precipitate the vesicular proteins. Thus proteins newly synthesized from (14)C-labelled amino acids could be precipitated and the incorporated radioactivity assessed. Isolated seminal-vesicle mucosa, incubated in only a buffered salt solution containing glucose, readily synthesized the soluble secreted proteins from added [(14)C]lysine plus [(14)C]glycine, [(14)C]histidine plus [(14)C]glutamate, [(14)C]glutamine alone and [(14)C]arginine alone. The rates of incorporation (d.p.m./mg of total soluble protein) of labelled lysine and glycine and of labelled arginine were linear with time over 180min. With the other labelled precursors, rates diminished between 60 and 180min. Labelled protein could be detected after only 10-15min of incubation. Only 4-9% of the newly synthesized protein remained associated with the mucosa; the remainder was found in the cell-free incubation medium. The isolated seminal-vesicle mucosal preparation will provide a unique opportunity to study the synthesis and secretion of abundant cell-specific proteins by this androgen-dependent tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:911315", "title": "Specific protein synthesis in isolated epithelium of guinea-pig seminal vesicle. Effects of castration and androgen replacement.", "content": "Four intrinsic soluble secretory proteins are synthesized in vitro by isolated seminal-vesicle mucosa from sexually mature guinea pigs. Newly synthesized specific proteins labelled with [(14)C]glycine and [(14)C]lysine were precipitated by using double-antibody immunoprecipitation techniques and their radioactivity was assessed. Rates of synthesis were determined on each of 5 days after castration. By 5 days after castration the wet weight of the epithelium decreased to 42% of intact control values; the absolute amount of specific protein synthesized in vitro after 60min incubation decreased to 28% and the 27500g cytoplasmic protein content decreased to 31%. Thus androgen deprivation leads to a decrease in general protein synthesis in vivo, as well as to a decrease in specific protein synthesis in vitro. Specific protein synthesis comprised 76% of the total protein formed in isolated tissue from animals 5 days after castration as compared with 99-100% in tissue from intact animals. At 72h after an injection of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, seminal-vesicle epithelium wet weight, cytoplasmic protein content and capability for synthesizing specific proteins in vitro were restored to approx. 70% of normal values. At 72h after onset of therapy with 3alpha-androstanediol, both epithelium wet weight and cytoplasmic protein content had increased significantly, but without a corresponding increase in the capability of the isolated tissue to synthesize specific proteins. The soluble labelled proteins synthesized in vitro by isolated epithelium from intact animals during 60 or 120min incubation were essentially entirely immunoprecipitable, i.e. specific. In contrast, approx. 29% of all soluble protein newly synthesized by isolated epithelium from animals 5 days after castration was acid-precipitable, but not immunoprecipitable, i.e. ;non-specific'. The injection of testosterone into castrated animals inhibited the synthesis of the non-specific fraction by isolated tissue. The effects of castration on the ultrastructure of guinea-pig seminal-vesicle epithelium are also presented.", "contents": "Specific protein synthesis in isolated epithelium of guinea-pig seminal vesicle. Effects of castration and androgen replacement. Four intrinsic soluble secretory proteins are synthesized in vitro by isolated seminal-vesicle mucosa from sexually mature guinea pigs. Newly synthesized specific proteins labelled with [(14)C]glycine and [(14)C]lysine were precipitated by using double-antibody immunoprecipitation techniques and their radioactivity was assessed. Rates of synthesis were determined on each of 5 days after castration. By 5 days after castration the wet weight of the epithelium decreased to 42% of intact control values; the absolute amount of specific protein synthesized in vitro after 60min incubation decreased to 28% and the 27500g cytoplasmic protein content decreased to 31%. Thus androgen deprivation leads to a decrease in general protein synthesis in vivo, as well as to a decrease in specific protein synthesis in vitro. Specific protein synthesis comprised 76% of the total protein formed in isolated tissue from animals 5 days after castration as compared with 99-100% in tissue from intact animals. At 72h after an injection of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, seminal-vesicle epithelium wet weight, cytoplasmic protein content and capability for synthesizing specific proteins in vitro were restored to approx. 70% of normal values. At 72h after onset of therapy with 3alpha-androstanediol, both epithelium wet weight and cytoplasmic protein content had increased significantly, but without a corresponding increase in the capability of the isolated tissue to synthesize specific proteins. The soluble labelled proteins synthesized in vitro by isolated epithelium from intact animals during 60 or 120min incubation were essentially entirely immunoprecipitable, i.e. specific. In contrast, approx. 29% of all soluble protein newly synthesized by isolated epithelium from animals 5 days after castration was acid-precipitable, but not immunoprecipitable, i.e. ;non-specific'. The injection of testosterone into castrated animals inhibited the synthesis of the non-specific fraction by isolated tissue. The effects of castration on the ultrastructure of guinea-pig seminal-vesicle epithelium are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:911316", "title": "Preferential utilization in vitro of iron bound to diferric transferrin by rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "59Fe uptake by rabbit reticulocytes from human transferrin-bound iron was studied by using transferrin solutions (35, 50, 65, 80 and 100% saturated with iron) whose only common characteristic was their content of diferric transferrin. During the early incubation period, 59Fe uptake from each preparation by reticulocytes was identical despite wide variations in amounts of total transferrin, total iron, monoferric transferrin and apotransferrin in solution. During the later phase of incubation, rate of uptake declined and was proportional to each solution's monoferric transferrin content. Uptake was also studied in a comparative experiment which used two identical, partially saturated transferrin preparations, one uniformly 59Fe-labelled and the other tracer-labelled with [59Fe]diferric transferrin. In both experiments, iron uptake by reticulocytes corresponded to utilization of a ferric ion from diferric transferrin before utilization of iron from monoferric transferrin.", "contents": "Preferential utilization in vitro of iron bound to diferric transferrin by rabbit reticulocytes. 59Fe uptake by rabbit reticulocytes from human transferrin-bound iron was studied by using transferrin solutions (35, 50, 65, 80 and 100% saturated with iron) whose only common characteristic was their content of diferric transferrin. During the early incubation period, 59Fe uptake from each preparation by reticulocytes was identical despite wide variations in amounts of total transferrin, total iron, monoferric transferrin and apotransferrin in solution. During the later phase of incubation, rate of uptake declined and was proportional to each solution's monoferric transferrin content. Uptake was also studied in a comparative experiment which used two identical, partially saturated transferrin preparations, one uniformly 59Fe-labelled and the other tracer-labelled with [59Fe]diferric transferrin. In both experiments, iron uptake by reticulocytes corresponded to utilization of a ferric ion from diferric transferrin before utilization of iron from monoferric transferrin."}
{"id": "PMID:911317", "title": "Induction of peroxidase in corpora lutea of rat ovary by lutropin.", "content": "The lutropin-induced depletion of ascorbate in corpora lutea of albino-rat ovary is shown to be associated with the induction of peroxidase in corpora lutea. An inverse relationship between ascorbate depletion and peroxidase activity was established in a time-course study with lutropin. Analyses made at different phases of the reproductive cycle are in accord with this relationship. It is suggested that ascorbate, which is a well-established donor in peroxidase reactions, undergoes rapid oxidation in the presence of this enzyme, producing an intermediate free radical which, if coupled with pregnenolone, might produce progesterone in the corpora lutea. The exact role of peroxidase in steroidogenesis, however, remains to be elucidated and established.", "contents": "Induction of peroxidase in corpora lutea of rat ovary by lutropin. The lutropin-induced depletion of ascorbate in corpora lutea of albino-rat ovary is shown to be associated with the induction of peroxidase in corpora lutea. An inverse relationship between ascorbate depletion and peroxidase activity was established in a time-course study with lutropin. Analyses made at different phases of the reproductive cycle are in accord with this relationship. It is suggested that ascorbate, which is a well-established donor in peroxidase reactions, undergoes rapid oxidation in the presence of this enzyme, producing an intermediate free radical which, if coupled with pregnenolone, might produce progesterone in the corpora lutea. The exact role of peroxidase in steroidogenesis, however, remains to be elucidated and established."}
{"id": "PMID:911318", "title": "Bacterial catabolism of threonine. Threonine degradation initiated by L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (aldolase) in species of Pseudomonas.", "content": "1. The route of l-threonine degradation was studied in four strains of the genus Pseudomonas able to grow on the amino acid and selected because of their high l-threonine aldolase activity. Growth and manometric results were consistent with the cleavage of l-threonine to acetaldehyde+glycine and their metabolism via acetate and serine respectively. 2. l-Threonine aldolases in these bacteria exhibited pH optima in the range 8.0-8.7 and K(m) values for the substrate of 5-10mm. Extracts exhibited comparable allo-l-threonine aldolase activities, K(m) values for this substrate being 14.5-38.5mm depending on the bacterium. Both activities were essentially constitutive. Similar activity ratios in extracts, independent of growth conditions, suggested a single enzyme. The isolate Pseudomonas D2 (N.C.I.B. 11097) represents the best source of the enzyme known. 3. Extracts of all the l-threonine-grown pseudomonads also possessed a CoA-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase, the synthesis of which was induced, and a reversible alcohol dehydrogenase. The high acetaldehyde reductase activity of most extracts possibly resulted in the underestimation of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. 4. l-Serine dehydratase formation was induced by growth on l-threonine or acetate+glycine. Constitutively synthesized l-serine hydroxymethyltransferase was detected in extracts of Pseudomonas strains D2 and F10. The enzyme could not be detected in strains A1 and N3, probably because of a highly active ;formaldehyde-utilizing' system. 5. Ion-exchange and molecular exclusion chromatography supported other evidence that l-threonine aldolase and allo-l-threonine aldolase activities were catalysed by the same enzyme but that l-serine hydroxymethyltransferase was distinct and different. These results contrast with the specificities of some analogous enzymes of mammalian origin.", "contents": "Bacterial catabolism of threonine. Threonine degradation initiated by L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (aldolase) in species of Pseudomonas. 1. The route of l-threonine degradation was studied in four strains of the genus Pseudomonas able to grow on the amino acid and selected because of their high l-threonine aldolase activity. Growth and manometric results were consistent with the cleavage of l-threonine to acetaldehyde+glycine and their metabolism via acetate and serine respectively. 2. l-Threonine aldolases in these bacteria exhibited pH optima in the range 8.0-8.7 and K(m) values for the substrate of 5-10mm. Extracts exhibited comparable allo-l-threonine aldolase activities, K(m) values for this substrate being 14.5-38.5mm depending on the bacterium. Both activities were essentially constitutive. Similar activity ratios in extracts, independent of growth conditions, suggested a single enzyme. The isolate Pseudomonas D2 (N.C.I.B. 11097) represents the best source of the enzyme known. 3. Extracts of all the l-threonine-grown pseudomonads also possessed a CoA-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase, the synthesis of which was induced, and a reversible alcohol dehydrogenase. The high acetaldehyde reductase activity of most extracts possibly resulted in the underestimation of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. 4. l-Serine dehydratase formation was induced by growth on l-threonine or acetate+glycine. Constitutively synthesized l-serine hydroxymethyltransferase was detected in extracts of Pseudomonas strains D2 and F10. The enzyme could not be detected in strains A1 and N3, probably because of a highly active ;formaldehyde-utilizing' system. 5. Ion-exchange and molecular exclusion chromatography supported other evidence that l-threonine aldolase and allo-l-threonine aldolase activities were catalysed by the same enzyme but that l-serine hydroxymethyltransferase was distinct and different. These results contrast with the specificities of some analogous enzymes of mammalian origin."}
{"id": "PMID:911319", "title": "The degradation and turnover of fucosylated glycoproteins in the plasma membrane of a neuroblastoma-cell line.", "content": "When monolayer cultures of neuroblastoma N2a cells were prelabelled with [(3)H]fucose to steady state, and then reincubated in complete medium in the presence of unlabelled 40mm-l-fucose, there was a rapid metabolism of fucosylated cellular macromolecules and the specific radioactivity of the acid-insoluble material decreased by 22% within 2h. After this period of time the remaining radioactive glycoproteins appeared to be more stable and the rate of loss of specific radioactivity markedly decreased. Since fucose is known to be associated predominantly with plasma-membrane components, the analysis of fucosylated glycoproteins was characterized in plasma-membrane fractions by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Two experimental approaches were used to measure glycoprotein degradation and turnover in the cell-surface membranes. In one set of experiments, with a similar incubation procedure to that used with intact cells, three membrane components were rapidly degraded (150000, 130000 and 48000 daltons), but another surface glycoprotein (68000 daltons) appeared to be more slowly metabolized than the mean rate of glycoprotein degradation. The relationship of the degradation of membrane glycoproteins to their turnover was analysed by dual-label experiments that used both [(14)C]fucose and [(3)H]fucose. Glycoproteins of the surface membrane of neuroblastoma cells were found to turn over at heterogeneous rates. The components mentioned above that exhibited significantly rapid rates of degradation, were also shown to turn over more rapidly than the average surface component. In addition to the membrane components detected by the use of only [(3)H]fucose, dual-label experiments illustrated that numerous surface glycoproteins were metabolized more rapidly or slowly than most of the cell-surface constituents.", "contents": "The degradation and turnover of fucosylated glycoproteins in the plasma membrane of a neuroblastoma-cell line. When monolayer cultures of neuroblastoma N2a cells were prelabelled with [(3)H]fucose to steady state, and then reincubated in complete medium in the presence of unlabelled 40mm-l-fucose, there was a rapid metabolism of fucosylated cellular macromolecules and the specific radioactivity of the acid-insoluble material decreased by 22% within 2h. After this period of time the remaining radioactive glycoproteins appeared to be more stable and the rate of loss of specific radioactivity markedly decreased. Since fucose is known to be associated predominantly with plasma-membrane components, the analysis of fucosylated glycoproteins was characterized in plasma-membrane fractions by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Two experimental approaches were used to measure glycoprotein degradation and turnover in the cell-surface membranes. In one set of experiments, with a similar incubation procedure to that used with intact cells, three membrane components were rapidly degraded (150000, 130000 and 48000 daltons), but another surface glycoprotein (68000 daltons) appeared to be more slowly metabolized than the mean rate of glycoprotein degradation. The relationship of the degradation of membrane glycoproteins to their turnover was analysed by dual-label experiments that used both [(14)C]fucose and [(3)H]fucose. Glycoproteins of the surface membrane of neuroblastoma cells were found to turn over at heterogeneous rates. The components mentioned above that exhibited significantly rapid rates of degradation, were also shown to turn over more rapidly than the average surface component. In addition to the membrane components detected by the use of only [(3)H]fucose, dual-label experiments illustrated that numerous surface glycoproteins were metabolized more rapidly or slowly than most of the cell-surface constituents."}
{"id": "PMID:911320", "title": "Induction of human choriogonadotropin in heLa-cell cultures by aliphatic monocarboxylates and inhibitors of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.", "content": "The ectopic production of the glycopeptide hormone human placental choriogonadotropin by HeLa(65) cells was measured by radioimmunoassay with antiserum against the beta-subunit of choriogonadotropin and with the (125)I-labelled beta-subunit as a tracer antigen. Choriogonadotropin synthesis was markedly (500-fold) stimulated by sodium butyrate. Kinetic studies and the use of an inhibitor of protein synthesis, cycloheximide, indicated that protein synthesis was required for this induction. Investigation of the efficiency of 22 aliphatic short-chain fatty acids and derivatives in causing increased choriogonadotropin synthesis by HeLa cells showed stringent structural requirements. Induction of choriogonadotropin synthesis in HeLa cells was not restricted to butyrate. Other aliphatic acids (propionate, isobutyrate, valerate and hexanoate) were also capable of inducing choriogonadotropin synthesis at 10-50% of the efficiency of butyrate. Hydroxy derivatives of monocarboxylate inducers, related mono- and di-carboxylic acids, alcohols, amines, ketones, esters and sulphoxide were ineffective in increasing choriogonadotropin production by HeLa cells. A saturated C(4) straight-chain acid without substituent hydroxyl groups but with a methyl group at one end and a carboxyl moiety at the other appeared to be most efficient in activating choriogonadotropin production. A second clonal line of HeLa cells, HeLa(71), showed a higher constitutive synthesis of choriogonadotropin than HeLa(65) cells, which was also markedly increased by butyrate. Butyrate and other aliphatic monocarboxylate inducers of choriogonadotropin synthesis inhibited HeLa-cell growth and DNA synthesis. This inhibition of DNA replication may be related to the mechanism of choriogonadotropin synthesis, since two well-characterized anti-neoplastic inhibitors of DNA synthesis, hydroxyurea and 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine, also stimulated a 300-fold increase in choriogonadotropin synthesis in HeLa cells and were synergistic with butyrate in promoting choriogonadotropin synthesis. Thus activation in tumour cells of genes normally expressed by foetal tissue and the consequent ectopic synthesis of polypeptide hormones may require neither cell division nor DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Induction of human choriogonadotropin in heLa-cell cultures by aliphatic monocarboxylates and inhibitors of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. The ectopic production of the glycopeptide hormone human placental choriogonadotropin by HeLa(65) cells was measured by radioimmunoassay with antiserum against the beta-subunit of choriogonadotropin and with the (125)I-labelled beta-subunit as a tracer antigen. Choriogonadotropin synthesis was markedly (500-fold) stimulated by sodium butyrate. Kinetic studies and the use of an inhibitor of protein synthesis, cycloheximide, indicated that protein synthesis was required for this induction. Investigation of the efficiency of 22 aliphatic short-chain fatty acids and derivatives in causing increased choriogonadotropin synthesis by HeLa cells showed stringent structural requirements. Induction of choriogonadotropin synthesis in HeLa cells was not restricted to butyrate. Other aliphatic acids (propionate, isobutyrate, valerate and hexanoate) were also capable of inducing choriogonadotropin synthesis at 10-50% of the efficiency of butyrate. Hydroxy derivatives of monocarboxylate inducers, related mono- and di-carboxylic acids, alcohols, amines, ketones, esters and sulphoxide were ineffective in increasing choriogonadotropin production by HeLa cells. A saturated C(4) straight-chain acid without substituent hydroxyl groups but with a methyl group at one end and a carboxyl moiety at the other appeared to be most efficient in activating choriogonadotropin production. A second clonal line of HeLa cells, HeLa(71), showed a higher constitutive synthesis of choriogonadotropin than HeLa(65) cells, which was also markedly increased by butyrate. Butyrate and other aliphatic monocarboxylate inducers of choriogonadotropin synthesis inhibited HeLa-cell growth and DNA synthesis. This inhibition of DNA replication may be related to the mechanism of choriogonadotropin synthesis, since two well-characterized anti-neoplastic inhibitors of DNA synthesis, hydroxyurea and 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine, also stimulated a 300-fold increase in choriogonadotropin synthesis in HeLa cells and were synergistic with butyrate in promoting choriogonadotropin synthesis. Thus activation in tumour cells of genes normally expressed by foetal tissue and the consequent ectopic synthesis of polypeptide hormones may require neither cell division nor DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:911321", "title": "Effect of endotoxin on tryptophan pyrrolase and delta-aminolaevulinate synthase: evidence for an endogenous regulatory haem fraction in rat liver.", "content": "Endotoxin was administered to rats at a dose shown previously to stimulate hepatic haem oxygenase activity and to block induction of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase, apparently by causing redistribution of haem from cytochrome P-450 to a regulatory haem pool in the liver. Within 5h of the administration of endotoxin (at a time when the effect of the compound on cytochrome P-450 is maximal) the relative saturation of tryptophan pyrrolase with intrinsic haem rose, from a basal value of 50% to 90%, indicating that 'free' haem had become available. Concurrently, the activity of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase was decreased to 25% of its basal value. Haem oxygenase reached peak activity 13h after endotoxin administration. These findings provide new evidence for the existence of an 'unassigned' hepatic haem fraction, which exchanges with cytochrome P-450 haem and regulates these three enzyme functions.", "contents": "Effect of endotoxin on tryptophan pyrrolase and delta-aminolaevulinate synthase: evidence for an endogenous regulatory haem fraction in rat liver. Endotoxin was administered to rats at a dose shown previously to stimulate hepatic haem oxygenase activity and to block induction of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase, apparently by causing redistribution of haem from cytochrome P-450 to a regulatory haem pool in the liver. Within 5h of the administration of endotoxin (at a time when the effect of the compound on cytochrome P-450 is maximal) the relative saturation of tryptophan pyrrolase with intrinsic haem rose, from a basal value of 50% to 90%, indicating that 'free' haem had become available. Concurrently, the activity of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase was decreased to 25% of its basal value. Haem oxygenase reached peak activity 13h after endotoxin administration. These findings provide new evidence for the existence of an 'unassigned' hepatic haem fraction, which exchanges with cytochrome P-450 haem and regulates these three enzyme functions."}
{"id": "PMID:911352", "title": "Experimental radiation synovectomy by 165Dy ferric hydroxide macroaggregate.", "content": "The short half-life beta emitter 165Dy coprecipitated as a macroaggregate with ferric hydroxide (FHMA) has been shown to destroy knee synovium in the antigen-induced arthritic rabbit. Using 153Gd as a gamma tracer for leakage studies revealed that the leakage of this system from rabbit knee joints never exceeded 1.2% over 24 hours. This is such less than the leakage rates reported from any human studies or our rabbit studies using 198Au.", "contents": "Experimental radiation synovectomy by 165Dy ferric hydroxide macroaggregate. The short half-life beta emitter 165Dy coprecipitated as a macroaggregate with ferric hydroxide (FHMA) has been shown to destroy knee synovium in the antigen-induced arthritic rabbit. Using 153Gd as a gamma tracer for leakage studies revealed that the leakage of this system from rabbit knee joints never exceeded 1.2% over 24 hours. This is such less than the leakage rates reported from any human studies or our rabbit studies using 198Au."}
{"id": "PMID:911353", "title": "The activating effect of synovial fluid and washings of synovial membrane on autologous lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The effect of synovial fluid and washings of synovial membrane on autologous lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases has been studied using a rapid method based upon the increase in intranuclear birefringence occurring in the early stages of lymphocyte activation. Retardation of polarized light indicating increased lymphocyte activation was seen in lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis but not in lymphocytes from patients with other diseases.", "contents": "The activating effect of synovial fluid and washings of synovial membrane on autologous lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. The effect of synovial fluid and washings of synovial membrane on autologous lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases has been studied using a rapid method based upon the increase in intranuclear birefringence occurring in the early stages of lymphocyte activation. Retardation of polarized light indicating increased lymphocyte activation was seen in lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis but not in lymphocytes from patients with other diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:911355", "title": "Failure of proteoglycans to form aggregates in morphologically normal aged human hip cartilage.", "content": "The macromolecular organization of proteoglycans in morphologically and histochemically normal hip cartilage from aged humans has been studied. In contrast to findings in articular and nonarticular cartilage from other sources, most of the proteoglycans in these tissues did not exist in large aggregates. Treatment with hyaluronic acid beta1 leads to 3 hydrolase failed to diminish the size of proteoglycans prepared under conditions favoring aggregation, a finding suggesting that they were not complexed with hyaluronic acid. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis failed to demonstrate the presence of link glycoproteins associated with the proteoglycans. After incubation in vitro with hyaluronic acid, minimal augmentation of hydrodynamic size of the preparation occurred, an indication that hyaluronate-proteoglycan interaction had not taken place. These results suggest that proteoglycan aggregation was diminished because of a defect in the core protein of the proteoglycans resulting in an impaired ability of these molecules to interact with hyaluronic acid.", "contents": "Failure of proteoglycans to form aggregates in morphologically normal aged human hip cartilage. The macromolecular organization of proteoglycans in morphologically and histochemically normal hip cartilage from aged humans has been studied. In contrast to findings in articular and nonarticular cartilage from other sources, most of the proteoglycans in these tissues did not exist in large aggregates. Treatment with hyaluronic acid beta1 leads to 3 hydrolase failed to diminish the size of proteoglycans prepared under conditions favoring aggregation, a finding suggesting that they were not complexed with hyaluronic acid. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis failed to demonstrate the presence of link glycoproteins associated with the proteoglycans. After incubation in vitro with hyaluronic acid, minimal augmentation of hydrodynamic size of the preparation occurred, an indication that hyaluronate-proteoglycan interaction had not taken place. These results suggest that proteoglycan aggregation was diminished because of a defect in the core protein of the proteoglycans resulting in an impaired ability of these molecules to interact with hyaluronic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:911356", "title": "Polyclonal hyperviscosity syndrome.", "content": "The clinical course of two patients who presented with polyclonal hyperviscosity syndrome is described. Polymerizing IgG rheumatoid factors were isolated from the serum of both patients. The presence of these polymers with their extraordinary rheologic properties was the principal determinant of the abnormal rheological properties of the plasma. Neither patient had a discrete rheumatic disease. In both, a lymphoproliferative syndrome was present with features suggestive of the \"pseudolymphoma\" of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "contents": "Polyclonal hyperviscosity syndrome. The clinical course of two patients who presented with polyclonal hyperviscosity syndrome is described. Polymerizing IgG rheumatoid factors were isolated from the serum of both patients. The presence of these polymers with their extraordinary rheologic properties was the principal determinant of the abnormal rheological properties of the plasma. Neither patient had a discrete rheumatic disease. In both, a lymphoproliferative syndrome was present with features suggestive of the \"pseudolymphoma\" of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:911354", "title": "The effect of synovial tissue on the breakdown of articular cartilage in organ culture.", "content": "Living (pig) cartilage in contact with synovium lost both proteoglycan and collagen and sometimes became reduced to a mass of fibroblast-like chondrocytes without matrix; dead cartilage lost proteoglycan but less collagen. Similar changes appeared in living cartilage grown at a distance from the synovium but in the same dish; dead cartilage was unaffected. the synovium has a) a direct, presumably enzymatic action on cartilage matrix and b) an indirect effect mediated through the chondrocytes.", "contents": "The effect of synovial tissue on the breakdown of articular cartilage in organ culture. Living (pig) cartilage in contact with synovium lost both proteoglycan and collagen and sometimes became reduced to a mass of fibroblast-like chondrocytes without matrix; dead cartilage lost proteoglycan but less collagen. Similar changes appeared in living cartilage grown at a distance from the synovium but in the same dish; dead cartilage was unaffected. the synovium has a) a direct, presumably enzymatic action on cartilage matrix and b) an indirect effect mediated through the chondrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:911360", "title": "Interaction of D-penicillamine with gold salts: in vivo studies on gold chelation and in vitro studies on protein binding.", "content": "Serum and urinary gold levels were monitored in 18 patients previously treated with gold salts for rheumatoid arthritis and the effects of D-penicillamine studied. There was no statistically significant change in urinary gold levels on D-penicillamine therapy although there were some individual variations. Serum gold levels fell during D-penicillamine therapy but the rates of fall did not differ from those seen in patients not treated. In vitro studies on protein binding of gold salts suggest that a high affinity exists between gold salts and albumin with low levels of unbound gold even at concentrations far exceeding those seen in vivo. These preliminary results suggest that at therapeutic levels only small amounts of gold are available for chelation by penicillamine. It is concluded that penicillamine at low dosage is an unreliable chelator of gold salts in vivo and its use in the management of gold toxicity remains speculative.", "contents": "Interaction of D-penicillamine with gold salts: in vivo studies on gold chelation and in vitro studies on protein binding. Serum and urinary gold levels were monitored in 18 patients previously treated with gold salts for rheumatoid arthritis and the effects of D-penicillamine studied. There was no statistically significant change in urinary gold levels on D-penicillamine therapy although there were some individual variations. Serum gold levels fell during D-penicillamine therapy but the rates of fall did not differ from those seen in patients not treated. In vitro studies on protein binding of gold salts suggest that a high affinity exists between gold salts and albumin with low levels of unbound gold even at concentrations far exceeding those seen in vivo. These preliminary results suggest that at therapeutic levels only small amounts of gold are available for chelation by penicillamine. It is concluded that penicillamine at low dosage is an unreliable chelator of gold salts in vivo and its use in the management of gold toxicity remains speculative."}
{"id": "PMID:911357", "title": "Zymosan-induced arthritis: a model of chronic proliferative arthritis following activation of the alternative pathway of complement.", "content": "Zymosan particles, which are able to activate complement by the alternative pathway and to induce enzyme secretion from macrophages, were injected into knee joints of mice. After various time intervals, synovia were assessed histologically for various markers of inflammation. Within 7 days after intraarticular injection of zymosan, a chronic inflammatory arthritis with mononuclear cell infiltration, synovial hypertrophy and pannus formation was observed. Latex particles, which do not activate complement or macrophages, produced only mild, transient inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "Zymosan-induced arthritis: a model of chronic proliferative arthritis following activation of the alternative pathway of complement. Zymosan particles, which are able to activate complement by the alternative pathway and to induce enzyme secretion from macrophages, were injected into knee joints of mice. After various time intervals, synovia were assessed histologically for various markers of inflammation. Within 7 days after intraarticular injection of zymosan, a chronic inflammatory arthritis with mononuclear cell infiltration, synovial hypertrophy and pannus formation was observed. Latex particles, which do not activate complement or macrophages, produced only mild, transient inflammatory reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:911358", "title": "Use of a hapten-carrier system in experimental immune arthritis in the rabbit.", "content": "Animals immunized systemically with dinitrophenylated-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) in complete Freund's adjuvant, show delayed hypersensitivity skin responses to DNP-BSA and to BSA, but not to other DNP-conjugates. These animals show high levels of antibodies to BSA and to DNP to radioimmunoassay. When injected with the carrier (BSA), the right knee joint develops a chronic arthritis. The left knee, when injected with the DNP hapten conjugated to another carrier (human serum albumin), shows an acute arthus response of the same magnitude as the right knee, but fails to develop a chronic synovitis. It appears that in this model, chronicity is not mediated primarily by a humoral mechanism to the initiator.", "contents": "Use of a hapten-carrier system in experimental immune arthritis in the rabbit. Animals immunized systemically with dinitrophenylated-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) in complete Freund's adjuvant, show delayed hypersensitivity skin responses to DNP-BSA and to BSA, but not to other DNP-conjugates. These animals show high levels of antibodies to BSA and to DNP to radioimmunoassay. When injected with the carrier (BSA), the right knee joint develops a chronic arthritis. The left knee, when injected with the DNP hapten conjugated to another carrier (human serum albumin), shows an acute arthus response of the same magnitude as the right knee, but fails to develop a chronic synovitis. It appears that in this model, chronicity is not mediated primarily by a humoral mechanism to the initiator."}
{"id": "PMID:911368", "title": "Fibrous long spacing collagen in aortic explants of normal rabbit cultured in hypercholesterolemic serum.", "content": "Aortic tissues consisting of all three tunics were removed from normal adult rabbits and cultured in a semisynthetic gelosed medium supplemented by 10% serum obtained either from normal or hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Fibrillar cross-striated aggregates appeared with a high frequency (50%) in the extracellular space of explants cultured from four to eight days in medium supplemented by serum from hypercholesterolemic rabbits, but did not appear in explants cultured in serum from control animals (3%). The electron-dense segment was ruthenium red positive and digested by testicular hyaluronidase. The electron-lucent segment, composed of ruthenium red negative thin filaments, was not modified after hyaluronidase treatment but was strongly digested after collagenase treatment. It is believed that this material was fibrous long spacing collagen synthetized under culture conditions, as shown after tritiated proline incorporation.", "contents": "Fibrous long spacing collagen in aortic explants of normal rabbit cultured in hypercholesterolemic serum. Aortic tissues consisting of all three tunics were removed from normal adult rabbits and cultured in a semisynthetic gelosed medium supplemented by 10% serum obtained either from normal or hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Fibrillar cross-striated aggregates appeared with a high frequency (50%) in the extracellular space of explants cultured from four to eight days in medium supplemented by serum from hypercholesterolemic rabbits, but did not appear in explants cultured in serum from control animals (3%). The electron-dense segment was ruthenium red positive and digested by testicular hyaluronidase. The electron-lucent segment, composed of ruthenium red negative thin filaments, was not modified after hyaluronidase treatment but was strongly digested after collagenase treatment. It is believed that this material was fibrous long spacing collagen synthetized under culture conditions, as shown after tritiated proline incorporation."}
{"id": "PMID:911359", "title": "Patellar whiskers and acute calcific quadriceps tendinitis in a general hospital population.", "content": "Described is a case of acute calcific quadriceps tendinitis which presented as monoarticular arthritis. A survey of general hospital patients revealed a 7% incidence of calcification of the superior patellar tendon. The most common concurrent abnormality was degenerative joint disease (94%); concomitant chondrocalcinosis was not seen. The \"patellar whisker\" is a relatively common x-ray finding that may be the clue to an uncommon cause of acute arthritis.", "contents": "Patellar whiskers and acute calcific quadriceps tendinitis in a general hospital population. Described is a case of acute calcific quadriceps tendinitis which presented as monoarticular arthritis. A survey of general hospital patients revealed a 7% incidence of calcification of the superior patellar tendon. The most common concurrent abnormality was degenerative joint disease (94%); concomitant chondrocalcinosis was not seen. The \"patellar whisker\" is a relatively common x-ray finding that may be the clue to an uncommon cause of acute arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:911370", "title": "Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the catabolism of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester in the rat.", "content": "Rats were fed for 24 days a liquid diet with ethanol as 36% of calories to produce hyperlipemia and hepatic steatosis. The catabolism of chylomicrons doubly-labeled in the triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester moieties was studied in conscious rats after ingestion of their usual liquid diets with or without ethanol. A constant intravenous infusion of chylomicrons revealed a defect in chylomicron catabolism after chronic treatment with ethanol. The plasma clearance of chylomicron cholesteryl ester was impaired to a greater extent than clearance of chylomicron triacylglycerol. These findings are consistent with defective catabolism of chylomicron remnants, and suggest that the accumulation of chylomicron remnants in the plasma contributes to the development of increased post-prandial hyperlipemia and chronic hyperlipemia in association with excessive ethanol consumption.", "contents": "Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the catabolism of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester in the rat. Rats were fed for 24 days a liquid diet with ethanol as 36% of calories to produce hyperlipemia and hepatic steatosis. The catabolism of chylomicrons doubly-labeled in the triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester moieties was studied in conscious rats after ingestion of their usual liquid diets with or without ethanol. A constant intravenous infusion of chylomicrons revealed a defect in chylomicron catabolism after chronic treatment with ethanol. The plasma clearance of chylomicron cholesteryl ester was impaired to a greater extent than clearance of chylomicron triacylglycerol. These findings are consistent with defective catabolism of chylomicron remnants, and suggest that the accumulation of chylomicron remnants in the plasma contributes to the development of increased post-prandial hyperlipemia and chronic hyperlipemia in association with excessive ethanol consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:911371", "title": "Reduction of myocardial reinfarction by the combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid.", "content": "In an ongoing study 558 consecutive survivors of myocardial infarction below 70 years, mean age 59 years, were randomly allocated 4 months after the acute episode into a control group or a chemotherapy group from December 1972 to April 1976. Both groups were given moderate advice about diet and the chemotherapy group was prescribed clofibrate, 1 g twice daily, and nicotinic acid 1 g three times daily. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were lowered around 15-20% and 30% respectively in the chemotherapy group while only insignificant reductions were observed in the control group. Until December 1976 total mortality and mortality from IHD has been the same in the two groups. The number of non-fatal myocardial infarctions has been 38 in the control and 19 in the chemotherapy group, a statistically significant reduction (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Reduction of myocardial reinfarction by the combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid. In an ongoing study 558 consecutive survivors of myocardial infarction below 70 years, mean age 59 years, were randomly allocated 4 months after the acute episode into a control group or a chemotherapy group from December 1972 to April 1976. Both groups were given moderate advice about diet and the chemotherapy group was prescribed clofibrate, 1 g twice daily, and nicotinic acid 1 g three times daily. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were lowered around 15-20% and 30% respectively in the chemotherapy group while only insignificant reductions were observed in the control group. Until December 1976 total mortality and mortality from IHD has been the same in the two groups. The number of non-fatal myocardial infarctions has been 38 in the control and 19 in the chemotherapy group, a statistically significant reduction (P less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:911372", "title": "The fatty acid composition of triglycerides in arteries, depot fat and serum of amputated diabetics.", "content": "The triglyceride fatty acid pattern (TFAP) in arterial wall, adipose tissue and serum in vivo has been estimated in amputated diabetic subjects by gas-liquid chromatography simultaneously. Besides, in some probands the fatty acid pattern of cholesterol esters of vessel walls has been obtained. In arterial wall the percental content of lauric, myristic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linolenic acid was high and that of palmitic and linoleic acid was low, when compared to serum, whereas eicosatrienoic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid were of similar magnitude. In comparison to adipose tissue myristic, palmitic and nervonic acid were decreased and eicosatrienoic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid were increased in arterial wall. In view of the results the speculation is obvious that certain fatty acids have distinct metabolic positions in several tissues, such as depot fatty acids and precursors of prostaglandins, for example.", "contents": "The fatty acid composition of triglycerides in arteries, depot fat and serum of amputated diabetics. The triglyceride fatty acid pattern (TFAP) in arterial wall, adipose tissue and serum in vivo has been estimated in amputated diabetic subjects by gas-liquid chromatography simultaneously. Besides, in some probands the fatty acid pattern of cholesterol esters of vessel walls has been obtained. In arterial wall the percental content of lauric, myristic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linolenic acid was high and that of palmitic and linoleic acid was low, when compared to serum, whereas eicosatrienoic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid were of similar magnitude. In comparison to adipose tissue myristic, palmitic and nervonic acid were decreased and eicosatrienoic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid were increased in arterial wall. In view of the results the speculation is obvious that certain fatty acids have distinct metabolic positions in several tissues, such as depot fatty acids and precursors of prostaglandins, for example."}
{"id": "PMID:911373", "title": "Time dependence of [131I]albumin uptake following removal of an experimental aortic stenosis.", "content": "The uptake of trypan blue and [131I]human serum albumin (HSA) has been studied in the dog's abdominal aorta between 1 and 42 days after removal of an experimental stenosis (approximately 90%) applied 1 week previously. Previous work has shown that when the stenosis was present during circulation of these markers, their uptake was increased immediately proximal to the stenosis decreasing to normal by the renal artery level. Distal to the stenosis uptake was reduced apart from small areas of high uptake probably due to turbulent jet impacts. Within the stenosed section the uptake was normal. In this present study it was found that, after removal of the stenosis, proximal uptake initially remained elevated, returning to normal after approximately 15 days whilst the distal uptake returned to normal after approximately 10 days. In the previously stenosed section uptake was increased markedly following the release of the stenosis but returned to normal within approximately 20 days. The relationship of these findings to alterations in the local haemodynamic state and to possible changes in endothelial morphology are discussed.", "contents": "Time dependence of [131I]albumin uptake following removal of an experimental aortic stenosis. The uptake of trypan blue and [131I]human serum albumin (HSA) has been studied in the dog's abdominal aorta between 1 and 42 days after removal of an experimental stenosis (approximately 90%) applied 1 week previously. Previous work has shown that when the stenosis was present during circulation of these markers, their uptake was increased immediately proximal to the stenosis decreasing to normal by the renal artery level. Distal to the stenosis uptake was reduced apart from small areas of high uptake probably due to turbulent jet impacts. Within the stenosed section the uptake was normal. In this present study it was found that, after removal of the stenosis, proximal uptake initially remained elevated, returning to normal after approximately 15 days whilst the distal uptake returned to normal after approximately 10 days. In the previously stenosed section uptake was increased markedly following the release of the stenosis but returned to normal within approximately 20 days. The relationship of these findings to alterations in the local haemodynamic state and to possible changes in endothelial morphology are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911375", "title": "Effect of selective depletion of fibrinogen on the evolution of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits.", "content": "Atherosclerosis was produced by induced alimentary hyperlipaemia in four groups of rabbits. Animals of groups II and III received cholesterol feeds daily for 2 months while in groups IV and V this was followed by another 3 months of intermittent feeding. Group I comprised normal control rabbits. Selective fibrinogen depletion was produced in groups III and V with Arvin so as to maintain the plasma fibrinogen around 100 mg/dl over the last 2 months of cholesterol feeding. Serum lipids, blood coagulation and euglobulin clot lysis as well as the post mortem histopathology of aorta, heart, kidneys, liver and lungs did not reveal any significant differences between corresponding groups of hyperlipaemic animals treated with (groups III and V) or without (groups II and IV) Arvin. It appears that fibrinogen or fibrin incorporation does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic lesions induced in rabbits by cholesterol feeding.", "contents": "Effect of selective depletion of fibrinogen on the evolution of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis was produced by induced alimentary hyperlipaemia in four groups of rabbits. Animals of groups II and III received cholesterol feeds daily for 2 months while in groups IV and V this was followed by another 3 months of intermittent feeding. Group I comprised normal control rabbits. Selective fibrinogen depletion was produced in groups III and V with Arvin so as to maintain the plasma fibrinogen around 100 mg/dl over the last 2 months of cholesterol feeding. Serum lipids, blood coagulation and euglobulin clot lysis as well as the post mortem histopathology of aorta, heart, kidneys, liver and lungs did not reveal any significant differences between corresponding groups of hyperlipaemic animals treated with (groups III and V) or without (groups II and IV) Arvin. It appears that fibrinogen or fibrin incorporation does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic lesions induced in rabbits by cholesterol feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:911377", "title": "Hypocholesterolemic action of a novel delta8-dihydroabietamide derivative, THD-341, in rats.", "content": "The hypocholesterolemic properties of THD-341, N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-delta8-dihydroabietamide, were studied in rats. THD-341 reduced serum cholesterol levels in cholesterol-cholate-fed rats at a concentration of less than 0.001% in the diet or an oral dose of less than 3 mg/kg, once a day. When compared in terms of the 50% inhibitory dose for serum cholesterol elevation (ID 50%, % in diet), THD-341 (0.0008%) was comparable to D-thyroxine (0.0005%), more potent than estradiol (0.003%), and far more potent than clofibrate (0.2%), beta-sitosterol (0.8%), cholestyramine (2%), or nicotinic acid (3%). A daily intravenous injection of THD-341 was also effective (ID 50%: 7 mg/kg). THD-341 reduced serum and liver cholesterol in rats made hypercholesterolemic by 0.3% dietary thiouracil or 0.25% dietary cholate. Liver cholesteriol was more profoundly affected than the serum cholesterol. In normal rats, cholesterol was reduced in liver but not in serum. Its mechanism of action is unknown but the results suggest that THD-341 inhibits cholesterol absorption or re-absorption.", "contents": "Hypocholesterolemic action of a novel delta8-dihydroabietamide derivative, THD-341, in rats. The hypocholesterolemic properties of THD-341, N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-delta8-dihydroabietamide, were studied in rats. THD-341 reduced serum cholesterol levels in cholesterol-cholate-fed rats at a concentration of less than 0.001% in the diet or an oral dose of less than 3 mg/kg, once a day. When compared in terms of the 50% inhibitory dose for serum cholesterol elevation (ID 50%, % in diet), THD-341 (0.0008%) was comparable to D-thyroxine (0.0005%), more potent than estradiol (0.003%), and far more potent than clofibrate (0.2%), beta-sitosterol (0.8%), cholestyramine (2%), or nicotinic acid (3%). A daily intravenous injection of THD-341 was also effective (ID 50%: 7 mg/kg). THD-341 reduced serum and liver cholesterol in rats made hypercholesterolemic by 0.3% dietary thiouracil or 0.25% dietary cholate. Liver cholesteriol was more profoundly affected than the serum cholesterol. In normal rats, cholesterol was reduced in liver but not in serum. Its mechanism of action is unknown but the results suggest that THD-341 inhibits cholesterol absorption or re-absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:911378", "title": "Appointment-keeping behavior re-evaluated.", "content": "Many of the traditional approaches to the problem of appointment-keeping behavior have ignored the organizational factors that may be implicated in differentially high broken appointment rates leading to an implicit assumption that low-income and ethnic minority patients will be more likely to break appointments. A case study at a Model Cities Health Center which maintains a kept appointment rate of 85 per cent examined the relationship of broken appointments to age, sex, ethnic background, and payment mechanisms. The results suggest alternative explanations for differentially high broken appointments centering on the role of the institution in reinforcing appointment-keeping behavior.", "contents": "Appointment-keeping behavior re-evaluated. Many of the traditional approaches to the problem of appointment-keeping behavior have ignored the organizational factors that may be implicated in differentially high broken appointment rates leading to an implicit assumption that low-income and ethnic minority patients will be more likely to break appointments. A case study at a Model Cities Health Center which maintains a kept appointment rate of 85 per cent examined the relationship of broken appointments to age, sex, ethnic background, and payment mechanisms. The results suggest alternative explanations for differentially high broken appointments centering on the role of the institution in reinforcing appointment-keeping behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:911379", "title": "Experimental studies on myocardial metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid in surface-induced deep hypothermia.", "content": "In surface-induced deep hypothermia, metabolic acidosis resulting from lactacidemia was observed. In the aspect of myocardial metabolism, the rate of reduction in coronary A-V difference ratio of lactate, pyruvate and NEFA was less than that of coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption in the hypothermic heart. Namely, it seems  that lactate, pyruvate and NEFA play an important role as energy fuel in the hypothermic heart. On the other hand, myocardial metabolism of glucose was reduced in the hypothermic heart. Moreover, it seems that exogenous corticosteroid and ATP do not influence on the myocardial metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid in the hypothermic heart.", "contents": "Experimental studies on myocardial metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid in surface-induced deep hypothermia. In surface-induced deep hypothermia, metabolic acidosis resulting from lactacidemia was observed. In the aspect of myocardial metabolism, the rate of reduction in coronary A-V difference ratio of lactate, pyruvate and NEFA was less than that of coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption in the hypothermic heart. Namely, it seems  that lactate, pyruvate and NEFA play an important role as energy fuel in the hypothermic heart. On the other hand, myocardial metabolism of glucose was reduced in the hypothermic heart. Moreover, it seems that exogenous corticosteroid and ATP do not influence on the myocardial metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid in the hypothermic heart."}
{"id": "PMID:911381", "title": "Perceived exertion and stimulus intensity modulation.", "content": "Perceptual augmentation and reduction were considered contrasting styles of Stimulus Intensity Modulation. Differences in perceived exertion between augmenters and reducers were determined for three cycle ergometer work loads. Subjects were 20 males having similar physiological characteristics. Stimulus Intensity Modulation was determined by kinesthetic figural aftereffect. Augmenters rated their perceptions of physical exertion to be more intense than reducers at 450, 750 and 1050 kpm/min. Differences in physiological responses between augmenters and reducers were not significant at the three work loads. Style of Stimulus Intensity Modulation appeared differentially to influence perceived exertion at the work levels studied.", "contents": "Perceived exertion and stimulus intensity modulation. Perceptual augmentation and reduction were considered contrasting styles of Stimulus Intensity Modulation. Differences in perceived exertion between augmenters and reducers were determined for three cycle ergometer work loads. Subjects were 20 males having similar physiological characteristics. Stimulus Intensity Modulation was determined by kinesthetic figural aftereffect. Augmenters rated their perceptions of physical exertion to be more intense than reducers at 450, 750 and 1050 kpm/min. Differences in physiological responses between augmenters and reducers were not significant at the three work loads. Style of Stimulus Intensity Modulation appeared differentially to influence perceived exertion at the work levels studied."}
{"id": "PMID:911384", "title": "Substrate specificities of base-level and induced forms of oncofetal alkaline phosphatase in HeLa cells.", "content": "HeLa65 cells contain an oncofetal form of alkaline phosphatase that exhibits an increase in catalytic activity when cultures are grown in medium containing adrenal glucocorticoid hormones such as hydrocortisone or its analogue prednisolone. The increase in alkaline phosphatase specific activity in cells grown with hormone is apparently the result of a reduced phosphate content of the enzyme which alters the transition state of the enzyme-substrate complex with an increase in catlytic efficiency. Fourteen different substrates possessing aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic configurations were studied with respect to the initial velocities of hydrolysis catalyzed by the base-level and induced forms of the enzyme. The magnitude of increase in catalytic activity was not substantially influenced by the structure of the nonphosphoryl moiety of substrates.", "contents": "Substrate specificities of base-level and induced forms of oncofetal alkaline phosphatase in HeLa cells. HeLa65 cells contain an oncofetal form of alkaline phosphatase that exhibits an increase in catalytic activity when cultures are grown in medium containing adrenal glucocorticoid hormones such as hydrocortisone or its analogue prednisolone. The increase in alkaline phosphatase specific activity in cells grown with hormone is apparently the result of a reduced phosphate content of the enzyme which alters the transition state of the enzyme-substrate complex with an increase in catlytic efficiency. Fourteen different substrates possessing aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic configurations were studied with respect to the initial velocities of hydrolysis catalyzed by the base-level and induced forms of the enzyme. The magnitude of increase in catalytic activity was not substantially influenced by the structure of the nonphosphoryl moiety of substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:911386", "title": "Plasma norepinephrine responses of man in cold water.", "content": "The hypothermic stress of immersion in cold water stimulates release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system. The speed and pattern of this response was studied in six healthy men by serial measurements of plasma norepinephrine concentrations before, during, and after 60 min of immersion in 10 degrees C water. After immersion for 2 min, the mean norepinephrine concentration was increased from 359+/-32 (basal) to 642+/-138 pg/ml and rose gradually to a maximum of 1.171+/-226 pg/ml after 45 min of immersion. Metabolic rate increased approximately threefold during the immersion period. After rewarming in warm water (40 degrees C), the subjects showed a transient peak in plasma norepinephrine followed by a rapid decrease to basal levels after 30 min. The fall in plasma norepinephrine after approximately 8 min of rewarming occurred despite persistent depression of the core temperature and coincided with a sudden decrease in metabolic rate and cessation of body shivering. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous response to cold can be activated or suppressed very quickly and is dependent on the skin temperature.", "contents": "Plasma norepinephrine responses of man in cold water. The hypothermic stress of immersion in cold water stimulates release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system. The speed and pattern of this response was studied in six healthy men by serial measurements of plasma norepinephrine concentrations before, during, and after 60 min of immersion in 10 degrees C water. After immersion for 2 min, the mean norepinephrine concentration was increased from 359+/-32 (basal) to 642+/-138 pg/ml and rose gradually to a maximum of 1.171+/-226 pg/ml after 45 min of immersion. Metabolic rate increased approximately threefold during the immersion period. After rewarming in warm water (40 degrees C), the subjects showed a transient peak in plasma norepinephrine followed by a rapid decrease to basal levels after 30 min. The fall in plasma norepinephrine after approximately 8 min of rewarming occurred despite persistent depression of the core temperature and coincided with a sudden decrease in metabolic rate and cessation of body shivering. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous response to cold can be activated or suppressed very quickly and is dependent on the skin temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:911387", "title": "Clinical diagnosis with the stable isotope 13C in CO2 breath tests: methodology and fundamental considerations.", "content": "The methodology for measuring in vivo oxidation of substrates labeled with the nonradioactive carbon isotope 13C has been developed with isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The use of 13C offers the possibility of utilizing CO2 breath tests in infants, children, pregnant women, and all subjects in whom 14CO2 breath tests cannot be used. The excretion of 140 nmol/kg-hr of 13CO2 produced from the oxidation of the labeled substrate could be detected with 95% confidence during a total CO2 excretion of 9 mM/kg-hr. The precision of CO2 breath tests using 13C is limited by the natural fluctuations of the ratio of 13C/12C in expired CO2, which occur with a standard deviation of 0.72%, or approximately 7 parts 13CO2 per 10(6) parts expired CO2. Larger excursions in the ratio were observed if the subjects ate shortly before or during the breath test. Clinically significant diagnostic tests can reasonably be expected to require the excretion of 2 to 20 times as much labeled CO2, or 0.28 to 1.4 micronM/kg-hr.", "contents": "Clinical diagnosis with the stable isotope 13C in CO2 breath tests: methodology and fundamental considerations. The methodology for measuring in vivo oxidation of substrates labeled with the nonradioactive carbon isotope 13C has been developed with isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The use of 13C offers the possibility of utilizing CO2 breath tests in infants, children, pregnant women, and all subjects in whom 14CO2 breath tests cannot be used. The excretion of 140 nmol/kg-hr of 13CO2 produced from the oxidation of the labeled substrate could be detected with 95% confidence during a total CO2 excretion of 9 mM/kg-hr. The precision of CO2 breath tests using 13C is limited by the natural fluctuations of the ratio of 13C/12C in expired CO2, which occur with a standard deviation of 0.72%, or approximately 7 parts 13CO2 per 10(6) parts expired CO2. Larger excursions in the ratio were observed if the subjects ate shortly before or during the breath test. Clinically significant diagnostic tests can reasonably be expected to require the excretion of 2 to 20 times as much labeled CO2, or 0.28 to 1.4 micronM/kg-hr."}
{"id": "PMID:911388", "title": "Suppression of irreversibly sickled erythrocytes by zinc therapy in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "Zinc administered orally to 12 patients with SCA decreased the mean number of circulating ISC's from 28.0% before treatment to 18.6% during treatment. Seven of the 12 patients had statistically significant individual decreases in ISC counts, and two others had moderate reduction in ISC's of borderline significance. Patients who did not have a significant decrease in ISC count while on zinc therapy had low counts initially. The decrease in ISC's may mean improved oxygenation. The decrease in ISC's provides objective evidence of an in vivo effect of oral zinc treatment in SCA. The role of ISC's in the pathology and symptomatology of SCA is unknown, but some evidence suggests that ISC's may be related to vascular and organ damage. If so, therapies which decrease ISC counts, such as zinc, have the potential of reducing organ damage.", "contents": "Suppression of irreversibly sickled erythrocytes by zinc therapy in sickle cell anemia. Zinc administered orally to 12 patients with SCA decreased the mean number of circulating ISC's from 28.0% before treatment to 18.6% during treatment. Seven of the 12 patients had statistically significant individual decreases in ISC counts, and two others had moderate reduction in ISC's of borderline significance. Patients who did not have a significant decrease in ISC count while on zinc therapy had low counts initially. The decrease in ISC's may mean improved oxygenation. The decrease in ISC's provides objective evidence of an in vivo effect of oral zinc treatment in SCA. The role of ISC's in the pathology and symptomatology of SCA is unknown, but some evidence suggests that ISC's may be related to vascular and organ damage. If so, therapies which decrease ISC counts, such as zinc, have the potential of reducing organ damage."}
{"id": "PMID:911389", "title": "Thrombus formation and endothelial alterations in microarterial anastomoses.", "content": "The sequential hematological and endothelial responses in the postoperative period after end-to-side arterial anastomosis in 1- to 1.3-mm vessels were assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Two minutes after restoration of flow, an amorphous coating covered the vessel lumen around the suture line, and oozing of blood from the suture line ceased. Within 15 minutes, a partially occluding thrombus was present, which was maximal at the anastomotic bifurcation point. The thrombus underwent partial lysis or embolization within 30 minutes, and gross intraluminal thrombi did not recur. The initial thrombi that formed within 2 minutes were composed of platelets and erythrocytes in a loose reticular fibrin network, but the intraluminal thrombi present at the branch point 15 minutes after flow restoration appeared to be composed solely of platelets. Thrombi that did not undergo complete dissolution had a loss of distinct cellular elements at later time intervals. The fibrin-platelet matrix coating the lumen remained unchanged during the initial 24 hours. When examined at 9 days, normal endothelium was present throughout the vessel with the exception of the suture line, which remained covered by a smooth coagulum. This sequence of events suggest that if surgical manipulation is to result in complete occlusion of the anastomosis, it will likely occur in the initial 30 minutes after resumption of blood flow. Anticoagulant regimens were evaluated. Pretreatment with aspirin and intraoperative heparin irrigation of the vessel lumen were not beneficial in altering the quantity of thrombus. All systemic heparin regimes tested resulted in a quantitative decrease of thrombotic material. Five minutes of intravenous heparin therapy after resumption of blood flow was as effective as long-term heparin in decreasing the transient intraluminal thrombotic response.", "contents": "Thrombus formation and endothelial alterations in microarterial anastomoses. The sequential hematological and endothelial responses in the postoperative period after end-to-side arterial anastomosis in 1- to 1.3-mm vessels were assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Two minutes after restoration of flow, an amorphous coating covered the vessel lumen around the suture line, and oozing of blood from the suture line ceased. Within 15 minutes, a partially occluding thrombus was present, which was maximal at the anastomotic bifurcation point. The thrombus underwent partial lysis or embolization within 30 minutes, and gross intraluminal thrombi did not recur. The initial thrombi that formed within 2 minutes were composed of platelets and erythrocytes in a loose reticular fibrin network, but the intraluminal thrombi present at the branch point 15 minutes after flow restoration appeared to be composed solely of platelets. Thrombi that did not undergo complete dissolution had a loss of distinct cellular elements at later time intervals. The fibrin-platelet matrix coating the lumen remained unchanged during the initial 24 hours. When examined at 9 days, normal endothelium was present throughout the vessel with the exception of the suture line, which remained covered by a smooth coagulum. This sequence of events suggest that if surgical manipulation is to result in complete occlusion of the anastomosis, it will likely occur in the initial 30 minutes after resumption of blood flow. Anticoagulant regimens were evaluated. Pretreatment with aspirin and intraoperative heparin irrigation of the vessel lumen were not beneficial in altering the quantity of thrombus. All systemic heparin regimes tested resulted in a quantitative decrease of thrombotic material. Five minutes of intravenous heparin therapy after resumption of blood flow was as effective as long-term heparin in decreasing the transient intraluminal thrombotic response."}
{"id": "PMID:911395", "title": "Hypoplasia of the left ventricle: rare cause of postoperative mortality in tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "Severe left ventricular hypoplasia in tetralogy of Fallot is a rare complication. A case history of a 3 year old child who died after attempted repair of tetralogy is presented. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was 26 ml/m2 (only 45 percent of predicted normal) after repair with normal filling pressure and no evidence of tamponade. Clinical examination, chest X-ray film, electrocardiogram and qualitative assessment of a preoperative left ventriculogram were not useful in assessing this degree of left ventricular hypoplasia; quantitative determination of left ventricular volumes is required for this purpose. When left ventricular end-diastolic volume is less than 55 percent of predicted normal, a shunt procedure may be indicated as an initial procedure with subsequent repair 1 to 2 years later, after left ventricular enlargement.", "contents": "Hypoplasia of the left ventricle: rare cause of postoperative mortality in tetralogy of Fallot. Severe left ventricular hypoplasia in tetralogy of Fallot is a rare complication. A case history of a 3 year old child who died after attempted repair of tetralogy is presented. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was 26 ml/m2 (only 45 percent of predicted normal) after repair with normal filling pressure and no evidence of tamponade. Clinical examination, chest X-ray film, electrocardiogram and qualitative assessment of a preoperative left ventriculogram were not useful in assessing this degree of left ventricular hypoplasia; quantitative determination of left ventricular volumes is required for this purpose. When left ventricular end-diastolic volume is less than 55 percent of predicted normal, a shunt procedure may be indicated as an initial procedure with subsequent repair 1 to 2 years later, after left ventricular enlargement."}
{"id": "PMID:911399", "title": "Preliminary longitudinal studies of serum polyamines in patients with colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Polyamines, whose biosynthesis is a prerequisite for cell proliferation, are potential indicators of malignant growth. In view of this, serum polyamine levels were examined in longitudinal studies of patients with either colorectal carcinoma or Gardner's syndrome (inherited colonic polyposis possessing a potential for malignant degeneration).  Of 10 patients examined longer than one year, serum polyamine levels reflected the disease status. This study indicates that biochemical surveillance of patients by polyamine analysis may be feasible and possibly applicable to other types of tumors.", "contents": "Preliminary longitudinal studies of serum polyamines in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Polyamines, whose biosynthesis is a prerequisite for cell proliferation, are potential indicators of malignant growth. In view of this, serum polyamine levels were examined in longitudinal studies of patients with either colorectal carcinoma or Gardner's syndrome (inherited colonic polyposis possessing a potential for malignant degeneration).  Of 10 patients examined longer than one year, serum polyamine levels reflected the disease status. This study indicates that biochemical surveillance of patients by polyamine analysis may be feasible and possibly applicable to other types of tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:911396", "title": "Case report: low-dose intravenous heparin in the treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "A critically ill patient with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) secondary to gram negative septicemia is reported. Low dose (5-10 mu/kg/h) heparin by intravenous infusion promptly inhibited intravascular coagulation, as reflected by laboratory studies. Fibrin monomer (FM) became undetectable, concentration of fibrin degradation products (FDP) fell, fibrinogen rose, and the activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) shortened. Unintentional, temporary interruption of heparin resulted in transient return of abnormal laboratory values. The patient went on to make a complete recovery. Although the therapeutic contribution of heparin could not be proven in this patient, the laboratory data suggested that it was a valuable adjunct and in the dosage given unlikely to potentiate bleeding. The monitoring of heparin therapy in DIC by measurement of FDP, FM, and fibrinogen rather than clotting time is recommended.", "contents": "Case report: low-dose intravenous heparin in the treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation. A critically ill patient with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) secondary to gram negative septicemia is reported. Low dose (5-10 mu/kg/h) heparin by intravenous infusion promptly inhibited intravascular coagulation, as reflected by laboratory studies. Fibrin monomer (FM) became undetectable, concentration of fibrin degradation products (FDP) fell, fibrinogen rose, and the activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) shortened. Unintentional, temporary interruption of heparin resulted in transient return of abnormal laboratory values. The patient went on to make a complete recovery. Although the therapeutic contribution of heparin could not be proven in this patient, the laboratory data suggested that it was a valuable adjunct and in the dosage given unlikely to potentiate bleeding. The monitoring of heparin therapy in DIC by measurement of FDP, FM, and fibrinogen rather than clotting time is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:911401", "title": "Assembly of bacteriophage phi X174: identification of a virion capsid precursor and proposal of a model for the functions of bacteriophage gene products during morphogenesis.", "content": "A capsomeric structure sedimenting with an S value of 108 in sucrose gradients was isolated from Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage phi X174. The 108S material contained viral proteins F, G, H, and D, and the relative amounts of these proteins in the 108S material were similar to those in the infectious 132S particle, which has previously been described as a possible intermediate in the assembly of 114S phage particles. Electron micrographs indicated that the size and shape of the 108S material resemble those of the 132S particle. The 108S material contained no DNA, and its formation occurred independently of DNA synthesis. The 108S material accumulated in infected cells when viral DNA replication was prevented either by mutation in phage genes A or C or by removal of thymidine from a culture infected with wild-type phage or with a lysis gene E mutant. Upon restoration of thymidine to cells infected with the lysis gene E mutant and then starved of thymidine, the accumulated 108S material was converted to 132S particles and to 114S phage particles, implying that the 108S material is a precursor of phage particles. A model that proposes possible functions for the products of phi X174 genes A, B, C, D, F, and G during viral replication and phage maturation is described.", "contents": "Assembly of bacteriophage phi X174: identification of a virion capsid precursor and proposal of a model for the functions of bacteriophage gene products during morphogenesis. A capsomeric structure sedimenting with an S value of 108 in sucrose gradients was isolated from Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage phi X174. The 108S material contained viral proteins F, G, H, and D, and the relative amounts of these proteins in the 108S material were similar to those in the infectious 132S particle, which has previously been described as a possible intermediate in the assembly of 114S phage particles. Electron micrographs indicated that the size and shape of the 108S material resemble those of the 132S particle. The 108S material contained no DNA, and its formation occurred independently of DNA synthesis. The 108S material accumulated in infected cells when viral DNA replication was prevented either by mutation in phage genes A or C or by removal of thymidine from a culture infected with wild-type phage or with a lysis gene E mutant. Upon restoration of thymidine to cells infected with the lysis gene E mutant and then starved of thymidine, the accumulated 108S material was converted to 132S particles and to 114S phage particles, implying that the 108S material is a precursor of phage particles. A model that proposes possible functions for the products of phi X174 genes A, B, C, D, F, and G during viral replication and phage maturation is described."}
{"id": "PMID:911403", "title": "Glucocorticoids and development of audiogenic seizure susceptibility in DBA/1Bg mice.", "content": "Metopyrone, an inhibitor of glucocorticoid synthesis, blocks the development of susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in C57BL/6Bg mice after either acoustic priming at 19 days of age or ethanol withdrawal at 70-80 days of age, whereas it has no effect on the development of genetic susceptibility in DBA/1Bg mice. This suggests that there may be similar developmental mechanisms for effects of acoustic priming and ethanol withdrawal on audiogenic seizure risk, which may be different from that for the genetic susceptibility of DBA/1Bg mice.", "contents": "Glucocorticoids and development of audiogenic seizure susceptibility in DBA/1Bg mice. Metopyrone, an inhibitor of glucocorticoid synthesis, blocks the development of susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in C57BL/6Bg mice after either acoustic priming at 19 days of age or ethanol withdrawal at 70-80 days of age, whereas it has no effect on the development of genetic susceptibility in DBA/1Bg mice. This suggests that there may be similar developmental mechanisms for effects of acoustic priming and ethanol withdrawal on audiogenic seizure risk, which may be different from that for the genetic susceptibility of DBA/1Bg mice."}
{"id": "PMID:911405", "title": "Study of variations in the male and female glottal wave.", "content": "A reflectionless metal tube which can act as a pseudoinfinite termination of the vocal tract was used to collect glottal volume-velocity waveforms produced by 10 male and female adult subjects. From each subject glottal volume-velocity samples were collected of normal, loud, and soft voice; falsetto and creaky voice; monosyllables with rising and failing intonation; and three-syllable utterances containing primary lexical stress on one of the three syllables. Analysis of the data indicates a wide variation of the glottal waveform shape, its rms intensity and fundamental frequency, phase spectrum, and intensity spectrum. It is observed that as the fundamental frequency changes over time, the glottal source varies in one of two different ways. In one type of change, the harmonic relations in the glottal spectrum become steeper as fundamental frequency rises. In a different type of glottal-wave change, relations between harmonics tend to remain the same despite a change in the fundamental frequency; the source spectrum in this case is simply shifted along the frequency and amplitude axes as a function of fundamental frequency. To account for these variations in the glottal source, at least three factors must be known: the sex of the speaker, the voice register in which he phonates, and the linguistic context in which the phonation occurs.", "contents": "Study of variations in the male and female glottal wave. A reflectionless metal tube which can act as a pseudoinfinite termination of the vocal tract was used to collect glottal volume-velocity waveforms produced by 10 male and female adult subjects. From each subject glottal volume-velocity samples were collected of normal, loud, and soft voice; falsetto and creaky voice; monosyllables with rising and failing intonation; and three-syllable utterances containing primary lexical stress on one of the three syllables. Analysis of the data indicates a wide variation of the glottal waveform shape, its rms intensity and fundamental frequency, phase spectrum, and intensity spectrum. It is observed that as the fundamental frequency changes over time, the glottal source varies in one of two different ways. In one type of change, the harmonic relations in the glottal spectrum become steeper as fundamental frequency rises. In a different type of glottal-wave change, relations between harmonics tend to remain the same despite a change in the fundamental frequency; the source spectrum in this case is simply shifted along the frequency and amplitude axes as a function of fundamental frequency. To account for these variations in the glottal source, at least three factors must be known: the sex of the speaker, the voice register in which he phonates, and the linguistic context in which the phonation occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:911406", "title": "Erythropoietic protoporphyria: juvenile protoporphyrin hepatopathy cirrhosis and death.", "content": "Severe hepatic cirrhosis and failure in erythropoietic protoporphyria is rare. An 11-year-old boy is described who developed protoporphyrin hepatopathy (protoporphyrin 5.75 mg/gm liver wet weight), cirrhosis, and liver failure and died.", "contents": "Erythropoietic protoporphyria: juvenile protoporphyrin hepatopathy cirrhosis and death. Severe hepatic cirrhosis and failure in erythropoietic protoporphyria is rare. An 11-year-old boy is described who developed protoporphyrin hepatopathy (protoporphyrin 5.75 mg/gm liver wet weight), cirrhosis, and liver failure and died."}
{"id": "PMID:911409", "title": "Plasma hormone levels in normal and lead-treated pregnant mice.", "content": "Dietary lead (0.5%) was given to mice which, after mating, exhibited a vaginal plug. Estradiol, progesterone and prostaglandins E and F 2 alpha were determined in the plasma by radioimmuno assay at different times thereafter. The increase in estradiol and decrease in prostaglandins prior implantation are not greatly altered by lead treatment, whereas the subsequent increase in progesterone and later in estradiol is abolished. It is concluded that the lower number of pregnancies seen in lead-treated mothers is due to a maternal hormonal imbalance caused by lead.", "contents": "Plasma hormone levels in normal and lead-treated pregnant mice. Dietary lead (0.5%) was given to mice which, after mating, exhibited a vaginal plug. Estradiol, progesterone and prostaglandins E and F 2 alpha were determined in the plasma by radioimmuno assay at different times thereafter. The increase in estradiol and decrease in prostaglandins prior implantation are not greatly altered by lead treatment, whereas the subsequent increase in progesterone and later in estradiol is abolished. It is concluded that the lower number of pregnancies seen in lead-treated mothers is due to a maternal hormonal imbalance caused by lead."}
{"id": "PMID:911438", "title": "[Placental pathology of the small-for-gestational-age newborn infant].", "content": "The problem of the newborn that is small for its gestational age is emphasized. Fetal growth is dependent upon the growth potential of the fetus and the availability of intrauterine nutrition. Proper nourishment for optimal fetal growth will require adequate maternal and placental circulations, sufficient quantities of circulating nutrients in the maternal blood, and a proper area of placental membrane, which is capable of achieving satisfactory maternal-fetal transfer. Many factors appear to produce this syndrome including genetic anomalies, intrauterine infection and deficiencies of placenta and cord, but in most small-for-dates infantes the common underlying situation appears to be a state of intrauterine malnutrition, mediated by a maternal-fetal vascular insufficiency. Placental factor probably accounts for only a small proportion of deprived fetuses. However, the present knowledge on the histopathology of the placenta from cases of small-for-date babies is relatively poor to reach a final conclusion. More research in the direction of the maternal side of the placenta and in particular to the placental bed, including more complete study of the lesions in the uteroplacental vessels will probably clarify the problem of fetal growth retardation.", "contents": "[Placental pathology of the small-for-gestational-age newborn infant]. The problem of the newborn that is small for its gestational age is emphasized. Fetal growth is dependent upon the growth potential of the fetus and the availability of intrauterine nutrition. Proper nourishment for optimal fetal growth will require adequate maternal and placental circulations, sufficient quantities of circulating nutrients in the maternal blood, and a proper area of placental membrane, which is capable of achieving satisfactory maternal-fetal transfer. Many factors appear to produce this syndrome including genetic anomalies, intrauterine infection and deficiencies of placenta and cord, but in most small-for-dates infantes the common underlying situation appears to be a state of intrauterine malnutrition, mediated by a maternal-fetal vascular insufficiency. Placental factor probably accounts for only a small proportion of deprived fetuses. However, the present knowledge on the histopathology of the placenta from cases of small-for-date babies is relatively poor to reach a final conclusion. More research in the direction of the maternal side of the placenta and in particular to the placental bed, including more complete study of the lesions in the uteroplacental vessels will probably clarify the problem of fetal growth retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:911439", "title": "[Study on breast feeding in a suburban area].", "content": "Human milk is considered the best nourishment a child can have during his first months of life, providing that it exists in sufficient amount. In a study of the feeding characteristics in suburban areas of Mexico City, it was found that 71 mothers would continue to breast-feed their children up to the twelfth month. Supplemental feeding began during the first four months with: fruit, vegetables, eggs, meat and in final stages, soups and cereals. The great majority of the mothers thought that human milk is the ideal food for their babies. The medical concept about breast-feeding in the suburban areas of Mexico City is mistaken, due to information based on foreign studies contrary to national reality. In spite of the widespread belief that breast-feeding has decreased in frequency, in this study it was found that it is still popular and commonplace. We recommend that through all information sources, the inestimable value of human milk as an ideal nourishment, due to its nutritional, economical, psychological and hygienic properties, should be emphasized.", "contents": "[Study on breast feeding in a suburban area]. Human milk is considered the best nourishment a child can have during his first months of life, providing that it exists in sufficient amount. In a study of the feeding characteristics in suburban areas of Mexico City, it was found that 71 mothers would continue to breast-feed their children up to the twelfth month. Supplemental feeding began during the first four months with: fruit, vegetables, eggs, meat and in final stages, soups and cereals. The great majority of the mothers thought that human milk is the ideal food for their babies. The medical concept about breast-feeding in the suburban areas of Mexico City is mistaken, due to information based on foreign studies contrary to national reality. In spite of the widespread belief that breast-feeding has decreased in frequency, in this study it was found that it is still popular and commonplace. We recommend that through all information sources, the inestimable value of human milk as an ideal nourishment, due to its nutritional, economical, psychological and hygienic properties, should be emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:911440", "title": "[Serologic survey for the determination of antibodies against various virus infections, Mycoplasma, beta hemolytic A Streptococcus and Toxoplasma gondii, performed on children of a State-of-Mexico municipality].", "content": "A seroepidemiologic inquest was carried out in 667 children from the county of Huixquilucan, Mexico, looking for serum antibodies against infections caused by the following microorganisms: Epstein-Barr virus; cytomegalovirus; syncytial respiratory; para-influenza 1, 2 and 3; measles; rubella; mumps; Mycoplasma pneumoniae, beta hemolytic A Streptococcus and Toxoplasma gondii. The findings are reported. Considerations are made on the incidence of these diseases in different age groups and a comparison is established with the findings in other countries, since there is no previous information in Mexico for some of the viral agents studied.", "contents": "[Serologic survey for the determination of antibodies against various virus infections, Mycoplasma, beta hemolytic A Streptococcus and Toxoplasma gondii, performed on children of a State-of-Mexico municipality]. A seroepidemiologic inquest was carried out in 667 children from the county of Huixquilucan, Mexico, looking for serum antibodies against infections caused by the following microorganisms: Epstein-Barr virus; cytomegalovirus; syncytial respiratory; para-influenza 1, 2 and 3; measles; rubella; mumps; Mycoplasma pneumoniae, beta hemolytic A Streptococcus and Toxoplasma gondii. The findings are reported. Considerations are made on the incidence of these diseases in different age groups and a comparison is established with the findings in other countries, since there is no previous information in Mexico for some of the viral agents studied."}
{"id": "PMID:911441", "title": "[Osteopetrosis (report of 2 cases)].", "content": "Two distinct and characteristic cases of osteopetrosis are presented. The first concerns a fourth month old baby with the malignant form of the disease, initiated since the newborn period. He was admitted because of abnormal ocular movements and probably deafness. At the physical examination he showed bilateral optic atrophy, abnormal ocular movements, hepatosplenomegaly and petechia. The diagnosis was confirmed by clinical means and radiological studies of virtually all of his skeleton. Several fractures were found. Laboratory tests showed marked anemia, trombocytopenia \"tear cells\", evidence of medullary erythropoiesis and myelofibrosis. An increased alkaline phosphatase was detected in serum and in granulocytes. The second case corresponds to a 26 year-old female with the benign form of the disease. She had multiple pathological fractures specially of her lower limbs, that produced severe impotence in her gait. In this case, the diagnosis is suspected on clinical basis and confirmed with the characteristic radiological findings. Some of the more distinct features of the disease are discussed, specially those concerning the genetic mode of inheritance and consanguinity, the etiopathogenic, pathophysiology, clinical, laboratory, prognosis and treatment, with particular reference to the radiological and hematologic problems related with this metabolic disorder.", "contents": "[Osteopetrosis (report of 2 cases)]. Two distinct and characteristic cases of osteopetrosis are presented. The first concerns a fourth month old baby with the malignant form of the disease, initiated since the newborn period. He was admitted because of abnormal ocular movements and probably deafness. At the physical examination he showed bilateral optic atrophy, abnormal ocular movements, hepatosplenomegaly and petechia. The diagnosis was confirmed by clinical means and radiological studies of virtually all of his skeleton. Several fractures were found. Laboratory tests showed marked anemia, trombocytopenia \"tear cells\", evidence of medullary erythropoiesis and myelofibrosis. An increased alkaline phosphatase was detected in serum and in granulocytes. The second case corresponds to a 26 year-old female with the benign form of the disease. She had multiple pathological fractures specially of her lower limbs, that produced severe impotence in her gait. In this case, the diagnosis is suspected on clinical basis and confirmed with the characteristic radiological findings. Some of the more distinct features of the disease are discussed, specially those concerning the genetic mode of inheritance and consanguinity, the etiopathogenic, pathophysiology, clinical, laboratory, prognosis and treatment, with particular reference to the radiological and hematologic problems related with this metabolic disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:911442", "title": "[Lipoid nephrosis in a child with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma].", "content": "This is a case of an eight year old male, with Hodgkin's disease grade IV-B, with initial clinical presentation of nephrotic syndrome. The renal biopsy showed minimal change lesions. He had a complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome and Hodgkin's disease after been given prednisone and chemotherapy respectively. The remission of the nephrotic persisted 22 months and the Hodgkin's disease, 23 months. It has been established that cellular immunity is altered in Hodgkin's disease. The etiopathogenesis of lipoid nephrosis is unknown. There are clinical and experimental evidences showing cellular immunity in patients with lipoid nephrosis, suggesting a possible involvement of this mechanism in the etiopathogenesis of lipoid nephrosis. This could explain a relationship between the nephrotic syndrome (lipoid) and Hodgkin's disease. Our patient, besides Hodgkin's disease, showed clinical, biochemical and histologic changes, as well as clinical course compatible with nephrotic syndrome with minimal changes lesions.", "contents": "[Lipoid nephrosis in a child with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma]. This is a case of an eight year old male, with Hodgkin's disease grade IV-B, with initial clinical presentation of nephrotic syndrome. The renal biopsy showed minimal change lesions. He had a complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome and Hodgkin's disease after been given prednisone and chemotherapy respectively. The remission of the nephrotic persisted 22 months and the Hodgkin's disease, 23 months. It has been established that cellular immunity is altered in Hodgkin's disease. The etiopathogenesis of lipoid nephrosis is unknown. There are clinical and experimental evidences showing cellular immunity in patients with lipoid nephrosis, suggesting a possible involvement of this mechanism in the etiopathogenesis of lipoid nephrosis. This could explain a relationship between the nephrotic syndrome (lipoid) and Hodgkin's disease. Our patient, besides Hodgkin's disease, showed clinical, biochemical and histologic changes, as well as clinical course compatible with nephrotic syndrome with minimal changes lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:911444", "title": "[Early diagnosis of hip dysplasia].", "content": "Stress is placed on early diagnosis and treatment of dysplasia of the hip, which should ideally be made at birth. The frequency of this condition with dislocation in babies born at Hospital Infantil de Bogot\u00e1 was 2.7 per 1,000. The frequency of breech presentation in babies with dysplasia of the hip was 20.2%. The average age at the first consultation for this condition was 24 months. The most important clinical signs for the diagnosis are Barlow's and Ortolani's signs and limitation in abduction of the hip. X-ray studies bear an unquestionable importance in the diagnosis; however, a normal film in the newborn does not discard a clinical diagnosis of dysplasia. Examination of the hips should be a routine in all newborn services in the country. A special regulation in this sense should be set. In this campaign, there should be a joint participation of pediatricians, obstetricians and orthopedists. The pediatrician must control the hips of the child, even if they apparently normal, until walking is initiated. The principles of treatment of dysplasia of the hip in all its varieties are described. The main objective of this work is to invite the medical body to participate in a preventive campaign directed to detect dysplasia of the hip in the newborn and to obtain, with an early treatment, the solution to this severe nosological and social problem.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of hip dysplasia]. Stress is placed on early diagnosis and treatment of dysplasia of the hip, which should ideally be made at birth. The frequency of this condition with dislocation in babies born at Hospital Infantil de Bogot\u00e1 was 2.7 per 1,000. The frequency of breech presentation in babies with dysplasia of the hip was 20.2%. The average age at the first consultation for this condition was 24 months. The most important clinical signs for the diagnosis are Barlow's and Ortolani's signs and limitation in abduction of the hip. X-ray studies bear an unquestionable importance in the diagnosis; however, a normal film in the newborn does not discard a clinical diagnosis of dysplasia. Examination of the hips should be a routine in all newborn services in the country. A special regulation in this sense should be set. In this campaign, there should be a joint participation of pediatricians, obstetricians and orthopedists. The pediatrician must control the hips of the child, even if they apparently normal, until walking is initiated. The principles of treatment of dysplasia of the hip in all its varieties are described. The main objective of this work is to invite the medical body to participate in a preventive campaign directed to detect dysplasia of the hip in the newborn and to obtain, with an early treatment, the solution to this severe nosological and social problem."}
{"id": "PMID:911445", "title": "[The Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (acrocephalosyndactylia type III)].", "content": "A ten year old girl with Saethre-Chozen's syndrome and normal intelligence is described and her phenotype is compared to previously reported cases.", "contents": "[The Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (acrocephalosyndactylia type III)]. A ten year old girl with Saethre-Chozen's syndrome and normal intelligence is described and her phenotype is compared to previously reported cases."}
{"id": "PMID:911446", "title": "[Kernicterus in a premature infant with a minimun bilirubin amount].", "content": "A case of kernicterus in a premature neonate whose highest level of serum indirect bilirubin was 1 mg. is reported. The predisposing factors are discussed and a strong emphasis is placed upon the need for prevention.", "contents": "[Kernicterus in a premature infant with a minimun bilirubin amount]. A case of kernicterus in a premature neonate whose highest level of serum indirect bilirubin was 1 mg. is reported. The predisposing factors are discussed and a strong emphasis is placed upon the need for prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:911447", "title": "[The general integral medical plan. Preliminary report].", "content": "A  pilot plan of medical studies was started in 1974 as a tentative solution to problems found in general medical practice and in medical education. This article is only a part of the integral evaluation and describes the attitudes assumed by the students when confronted with sets of objectives. Their responses are evaluated and will be used in the prosecution of determined aims.", "contents": "[The general integral medical plan. Preliminary report]. A  pilot plan of medical studies was started in 1974 as a tentative solution to problems found in general medical practice and in medical education. This article is only a part of the integral evaluation and describes the attitudes assumed by the students when confronted with sets of objectives. Their responses are evaluated and will be used in the prosecution of determined aims."}
{"id": "PMID:911448", "title": "[Elongation of the columella in patients with bilateral [abial fissure].", "content": "The results of secondary nasal tip elongation in bilateral cleft lip were analyzed. Brown and Mc Dowell's, Cronin and Millard's techniques, were used in thirty-five patients, who were seen at the Cleft Lip and Palate Clinic at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico for a five year period (1970-1975). Such correction was performed in 16 patients following Brown and Mc Dowell's technique, 10 by Millard, 8 by Cronin's and just one by Abbe Stlander's technique. 60% of the patients were males and 40% were females. The follow-up control (5 years) was made in 30 patients; the results are shown.", "contents": "[Elongation of the columella in patients with bilateral [abial fissure]. The results of secondary nasal tip elongation in bilateral cleft lip were analyzed. Brown and Mc Dowell's, Cronin and Millard's techniques, were used in thirty-five patients, who were seen at the Cleft Lip and Palate Clinic at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico for a five year period (1970-1975). Such correction was performed in 16 patients following Brown and Mc Dowell's technique, 10 by Millard, 8 by Cronin's and just one by Abbe Stlander's technique. 60% of the patients were males and 40% were females. The follow-up control (5 years) was made in 30 patients; the results are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:911449", "title": "[Juvenile rheumatoid artritis (a single or various diseases?].", "content": "Some characteristics of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that appeared in recent literature have led us to think that it can be divided into the following four groups: I. Seronegative poliarthritis, with more or less systemic symptoms. With the same characteristics it may appear in adulthood. II. Seropositive poliarthritis, identical to the adult rheumatoid arthritis. III. B-27 negative oligoarthritis, complicated frequently with chronic uveitis and autolimited course. IV. B-27 positive oligoarthritis evolving to ankylosing spondylitis. These groups may represent different diseases.", "contents": "[Juvenile rheumatoid artritis (a single or various diseases?]. Some characteristics of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that appeared in recent literature have led us to think that it can be divided into the following four groups: I. Seronegative poliarthritis, with more or less systemic symptoms. With the same characteristics it may appear in adulthood. II. Seropositive poliarthritis, identical to the adult rheumatoid arthritis. III. B-27 negative oligoarthritis, complicated frequently with chronic uveitis and autolimited course. IV. B-27 positive oligoarthritis evolving to ankylosing spondylitis. These groups may represent different diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:911450", "title": "[Congestive heart failure].", "content": "A description is made of what it is and what causes a congestive heart failure, together with the symptoms. The aim of a treatment is to increase the strength and efficiency of the heart contraction and to reduce abnormal retention of sodium and water. To achieve this, several regimens and drugs are used.", "contents": "[Congestive heart failure]. A description is made of what it is and what causes a congestive heart failure, together with the symptoms. The aim of a treatment is to increase the strength and efficiency of the heart contraction and to reduce abnormal retention of sodium and water. To achieve this, several regimens and drugs are used."}
{"id": "PMID:911451", "title": "[Heart arrest and reanimation].", "content": "The author describes when stoppage of the heart muscle is really true and the most important causes of it. It is an emergency that must be prevented and to achieve this, the premonitory symtoms and their treatment are described.", "contents": "[Heart arrest and reanimation]. The author describes when stoppage of the heart muscle is really true and the most important causes of it. It is an emergency that must be prevented and to achieve this, the premonitory symtoms and their treatment are described."}
{"id": "PMID:911452", "title": "[Cystinolysinuric lithiasis].", "content": "Cystinuria is a disease characterized by the excessive  elimination of cystine and of dibasic amino acids (lysine, arginine, and ornithine) through urine of homozygotes. This study included 6 children complaining of abdominal pain with or without hematuria. The existence of renal radio-opaque lithiasis was confirmed in 5 of them and in the sixth, it was vesical. The clinical and analytic data were practically normal with the exception of the qualitative test of the amino acid urinary excretion that showed increase in urinary excretion of cystine. Likewise, percentages of tubular reabsorption were pathological in all the patients showing values between 35.4% and 74%. The diagnosis of systini-lysinuric lithiasis was established through amino acid excretion study in the six patients which was below normal; it fluctuated between 36% and 74%. Lysine, together with cystine, was the most frequently affected.", "contents": "[Cystinolysinuric lithiasis]. Cystinuria is a disease characterized by the excessive  elimination of cystine and of dibasic amino acids (lysine, arginine, and ornithine) through urine of homozygotes. This study included 6 children complaining of abdominal pain with or without hematuria. The existence of renal radio-opaque lithiasis was confirmed in 5 of them and in the sixth, it was vesical. The clinical and analytic data were practically normal with the exception of the qualitative test of the amino acid urinary excretion that showed increase in urinary excretion of cystine. Likewise, percentages of tubular reabsorption were pathological in all the patients showing values between 35.4% and 74%. The diagnosis of systini-lysinuric lithiasis was established through amino acid excretion study in the six patients which was below normal; it fluctuated between 36% and 74%. Lysine, together with cystine, was the most frequently affected."}
{"id": "PMID:911460", "title": "[Lymphocyte membrane markers in monoclonal gammopathies].", "content": "The distribution of peripheral blood lymphocytes with immunoglobulins (Ig) in 14 patients with monclonal gammapathies has been studied. The patients have been divided in two groups, one including patients never treated, the other those studied during or after treatment. The results, compared with 11 control subjects, show that lymphocytes with surface Ig from the same class of the serum paraprotein increased in every case of the first group and in some cases of the second.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte membrane markers in monoclonal gammopathies]. The distribution of peripheral blood lymphocytes with immunoglobulins (Ig) in 14 patients with monclonal gammapathies has been studied. The patients have been divided in two groups, one including patients never treated, the other those studied during or after treatment. The results, compared with 11 control subjects, show that lymphocytes with surface Ig from the same class of the serum paraprotein increased in every case of the first group and in some cases of the second."}
{"id": "PMID:911454", "title": "[Physiopathological study in 2 cases of Bartter's syndrome].", "content": "Batter's syndrome is characterized by retardation in growth pitressin-resistant hypostenuria, hypokalemic alkalosis, high activity of the jux angiotensin-renine-aldosterone system with normal blood pressure; vascular insensibility to angiotensin and hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. In both patients we studied, we found negative balance of sodium and potassium conditioned to a renal loss of them.", "contents": "[Physiopathological study in 2 cases of Bartter's syndrome]. Batter's syndrome is characterized by retardation in growth pitressin-resistant hypostenuria, hypokalemic alkalosis, high activity of the jux angiotensin-renine-aldosterone system with normal blood pressure; vascular insensibility to angiotensin and hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. In both patients we studied, we found negative balance of sodium and potassium conditioned to a renal loss of them."}
{"id": "PMID:911461", "title": "[Behavior and clinical significance of the eAg/ anti-e system in carriers of HBsAg].", "content": "An investigation has been carried out in 315 patients with acute and chronic HBsAg positive and negative hepatitis in order to study the relationship between a new recently identified antigen/antibody system designed eAg/anti-e and HBV pathology. eAg was detected in sera of 37,8% patients with acute hepatitis who recovered normally and of 65% patients with acute protracted hepatitis and circulating HBSAg. eAg was not found in the serum of any of 52 cases of acute HBsAg negative hepatitis. Prevalence of eAg positivity was also demonstrated especially in patients with more severe forms of chronic hepatitis. Anti-e was not found in any of 20 patients with acute protracted hepatitis, but in 40% of subjects with acute hepatitis who recovered, in 54,5% of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers and in 30% of patients with chronic persistent hepatitis. Our results confirm the specific association between eAg/anti-e system and hepatitis B infection and indicate that eAg determinant is associated with continuing activity and chronicity of hepatitic process. In contrast, anti-e is correlated with normal recovery of acute hepatitis, but it may be indicative also of asymptomatic carriage of HBsAg and of non-progressive liver disease.", "contents": "[Behavior and clinical significance of the eAg/ anti-e system in carriers of HBsAg]. An investigation has been carried out in 315 patients with acute and chronic HBsAg positive and negative hepatitis in order to study the relationship between a new recently identified antigen/antibody system designed eAg/anti-e and HBV pathology. eAg was detected in sera of 37,8% patients with acute hepatitis who recovered normally and of 65% patients with acute protracted hepatitis and circulating HBSAg. eAg was not found in the serum of any of 52 cases of acute HBsAg negative hepatitis. Prevalence of eAg positivity was also demonstrated especially in patients with more severe forms of chronic hepatitis. Anti-e was not found in any of 20 patients with acute protracted hepatitis, but in 40% of subjects with acute hepatitis who recovered, in 54,5% of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers and in 30% of patients with chronic persistent hepatitis. Our results confirm the specific association between eAg/anti-e system and hepatitis B infection and indicate that eAg determinant is associated with continuing activity and chronicity of hepatitic process. In contrast, anti-e is correlated with normal recovery of acute hepatitis, but it may be indicative also of asymptomatic carriage of HBsAg and of non-progressive liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:911455", "title": "[Usefulness of bone-marrow culture in the etiological diagnosis of septicemia].", "content": "Considerations are made on the importance of septicemia and the difficulty for an early diagnosis in most patients. The great usefulness shown by bone-marrow culture in the diagnosis of typhoid fever is pointed out and it is considered that this procedure may lend great help in the etiologic diagnosis of general infections. Twenty patients with septicemia are analyzed and the frequency of bone-marrow culture and of blood culture positiveness are compared and it is found that the percentage is greater for the first than for the second.", "contents": "[Usefulness of bone-marrow culture in the etiological diagnosis of septicemia]. Considerations are made on the importance of septicemia and the difficulty for an early diagnosis in most patients. The great usefulness shown by bone-marrow culture in the diagnosis of typhoid fever is pointed out and it is considered that this procedure may lend great help in the etiologic diagnosis of general infections. Twenty patients with septicemia are analyzed and the frequency of bone-marrow culture and of blood culture positiveness are compared and it is found that the percentage is greater for the first than for the second."}
{"id": "PMID:911462", "title": "[Histotypes HL-A in the Ligurian population of the islet San Pietro in Sardinia].", "content": "The frequency of 17 HLA antigens of loci A and B has been studied by microlymphocytoxicity test in 114 subjects of islet S. Pietro, very close (a few miles) to South-west of Sardinia, but genetically very different from it, deriving the population from a region (Liguria) of continental Northern Italy. The data have been compared with those of a village of Southern Sardinia and with those of a population living in Liguria (continental Italy). The results confirm the striking genetical difference between people of the two islands (S. Pietro and Sardinia) and the close similarity between S. Pietro and Liguria from the genetical point of view.", "contents": "[Histotypes HL-A in the Ligurian population of the islet San Pietro in Sardinia]. The frequency of 17 HLA antigens of loci A and B has been studied by microlymphocytoxicity test in 114 subjects of islet S. Pietro, very close (a few miles) to South-west of Sardinia, but genetically very different from it, deriving the population from a region (Liguria) of continental Northern Italy. The data have been compared with those of a village of Southern Sardinia and with those of a population living in Liguria (continental Italy). The results confirm the striking genetical difference between people of the two islands (S. Pietro and Sardinia) and the close similarity between S. Pietro and Liguria from the genetical point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:911456", "title": "[Composition of the cerebrospinal fluid in the premature newborn infant].", "content": "The composition of the spinal fluid was determined in 54 healthy premature infants in the first week of life. The infants were divided into three groups according to their gestational age; the results in each group, submitted to variance analysis, indicated similar values. The results in these premature infants were then compared with those in 79 normal full-term infants. The spinal fluid of the pre-term children showed higher bilirubin concentrations, more hemoglobin and higher levels of protein, indicating a greater permeability and immaturity of the blood-brain barrier. There were more erythrocytes in the premature infants, while the number of leukocytes and their differential count were similar in both groups; the only difference was the number of eosinophils, which were absent in the premature infants.", "contents": "[Composition of the cerebrospinal fluid in the premature newborn infant]. The composition of the spinal fluid was determined in 54 healthy premature infants in the first week of life. The infants were divided into three groups according to their gestational age; the results in each group, submitted to variance analysis, indicated similar values. The results in these premature infants were then compared with those in 79 normal full-term infants. The spinal fluid of the pre-term children showed higher bilirubin concentrations, more hemoglobin and higher levels of protein, indicating a greater permeability and immaturity of the blood-brain barrier. There were more erythrocytes in the premature infants, while the number of leukocytes and their differential count were similar in both groups; the only difference was the number of eosinophils, which were absent in the premature infants."}
{"id": "PMID:911463", "title": "L-histidine ammonia-lyase from a T-strain Mycoplasma (Ureaplasma urealyticum).", "content": "L-histidine ammonia-lyase (E.C. 4.3.1.3) activity was shown to occur in cell-free extracts of Ureaplasma urealyticum. The activity of the crude enzyme depends on the presence of thiol compounds. However, higher than optimal concentrations of reduced glutathione, were shown to cause some inhibition of enzyme activity. This enzymatic reaction is characterized by a \"lag\" phase, whose duration depends on assay conditions. The substrate saturation curve shows a sigmoidal pattern probably due to the presence (in crude enzyme preparations) of some inhibiting impurity which reversibly combines with the substrate. Statistically significant increases of enzyme activity were demonstrated in crude enzyme preparations obtained from mycoplasma cells grown in broth medium supplemented with 16 mM L-histidine.", "contents": "L-histidine ammonia-lyase from a T-strain Mycoplasma (Ureaplasma urealyticum). L-histidine ammonia-lyase (E.C. 4.3.1.3) activity was shown to occur in cell-free extracts of Ureaplasma urealyticum. The activity of the crude enzyme depends on the presence of thiol compounds. However, higher than optimal concentrations of reduced glutathione, were shown to cause some inhibition of enzyme activity. This enzymatic reaction is characterized by a \"lag\" phase, whose duration depends on assay conditions. The substrate saturation curve shows a sigmoidal pattern probably due to the presence (in crude enzyme preparations) of some inhibiting impurity which reversibly combines with the substrate. Statistically significant increases of enzyme activity were demonstrated in crude enzyme preparations obtained from mycoplasma cells grown in broth medium supplemented with 16 mM L-histidine."}
{"id": "PMID:911458", "title": "[Infectious agents in diarrhea of hospitalized children in Costa Rica].", "content": "Shigella, toxigenic Escherichia coli (stable toxin) and rotaviruses were frequently found among 50 children hospitalized with diarrhea studied during one year. These agents were less common among 45 controls without diarrhea, of comparable age and from the same wards as the cases reported. There was a greater frequency of respiratory symptoms in the diarrhea associated with rotaviruses. These were characterized by frequent bowel movements and vomiting and often fever. The bacterial diarrheas showed, in general, a more severe clinical picture than the viral ones. The rotaviruses had a low endemic level during April-October, but their prevalence increased in December and January; in such months these viruses were found in more than 50 per cent of the diarrheal cases.", "contents": "[Infectious agents in diarrhea of hospitalized children in Costa Rica]. Shigella, toxigenic Escherichia coli (stable toxin) and rotaviruses were frequently found among 50 children hospitalized with diarrhea studied during one year. These agents were less common among 45 controls without diarrhea, of comparable age and from the same wards as the cases reported. There was a greater frequency of respiratory symptoms in the diarrhea associated with rotaviruses. These were characterized by frequent bowel movements and vomiting and often fever. The bacterial diarrheas showed, in general, a more severe clinical picture than the viral ones. The rotaviruses had a low endemic level during April-October, but their prevalence increased in December and January; in such months these viruses were found in more than 50 per cent of the diarrheal cases."}
{"id": "PMID:911464", "title": "[Microbiological pollution of the environment due to breeding. I. Enterobacteriaceae due to cattle breeding].", "content": "Enterobacteriaceae from faeces of cattle belonging to four cattle farms situated in the Ferrara district were investigated. At the same time, investigation was made of effluent sewage and recipient wells (upstream and downstream). The cattle (of the Italian Frisona breed) resulted uncontaminated by Salmonellae, but proved to be very susceptible to Arizona, Citrobacter, Shigella and S. gallinarum-pullorum infections, coming from the environment. Predominant species in faeces were as follows: Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterbacter and coliforms. One farm proved to be heavily polluted by Edwardsiella tarda. Yersinia enterocolitica strains were also isolated from faeces and sewage.", "contents": "[Microbiological pollution of the environment due to breeding. I. Enterobacteriaceae due to cattle breeding]. Enterobacteriaceae from faeces of cattle belonging to four cattle farms situated in the Ferrara district were investigated. At the same time, investigation was made of effluent sewage and recipient wells (upstream and downstream). The cattle (of the Italian Frisona breed) resulted uncontaminated by Salmonellae, but proved to be very susceptible to Arizona, Citrobacter, Shigella and S. gallinarum-pullorum infections, coming from the environment. Predominant species in faeces were as follows: Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterbacter and coliforms. One farm proved to be heavily polluted by Edwardsiella tarda. Yersinia enterocolitica strains were also isolated from faeces and sewage."}
{"id": "PMID:911465", "title": "The influence of carbohydrate-containing media on some biological properties of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "After growth of S. aureus strains on glucose medium all the colonies obtained were negative for coagulase production. About half of the colonies grown on mannitol or maltose media were coagulase negative. Thermostable-nuclease and hemolysin activity were not affected by the carbohydrate media.", "contents": "The influence of carbohydrate-containing media on some biological properties of Staphylococcus aureus. After growth of S. aureus strains on glucose medium all the colonies obtained were negative for coagulase production. About half of the colonies grown on mannitol or maltose media were coagulase negative. Thermostable-nuclease and hemolysin activity were not affected by the carbohydrate media."}
{"id": "PMID:911459", "title": "[Blood coagulation disorders in infants with infectious gastroenteritis].", "content": "The study included 28 infants with infectious gastroenteritis who evolved with disturbances of coagulation and in whom laboratory tests were practiced by micromethods through capillary puncture. The most frequently seen abnormality was a combination of vitamin K dependent factors deficiency with thrombocytopenia. Another observation in our study is that hypofibrinogenemia in infants with infectious gastroenteritis is not always secondary to disseminated intravascular coagulation. A decrease in fibrinogen in these cases is explained by a lack in synthesis of this factor in infants with malnutrition since out of 16 malnourished infants, 75% evolved with hypofibrinogenemia, while eutrophic infants evolved with normal fibrinogen. The disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome was seen more frequently in patients with infectious gastroenteritis complicated with septicemia and shock, 57% of the patients did not show manifestations of bleeding nor of thrombosis which justifies in these cases a systematic investigation of the coagulation mechanism.", "contents": "[Blood coagulation disorders in infants with infectious gastroenteritis]. The study included 28 infants with infectious gastroenteritis who evolved with disturbances of coagulation and in whom laboratory tests were practiced by micromethods through capillary puncture. The most frequently seen abnormality was a combination of vitamin K dependent factors deficiency with thrombocytopenia. Another observation in our study is that hypofibrinogenemia in infants with infectious gastroenteritis is not always secondary to disseminated intravascular coagulation. A decrease in fibrinogen in these cases is explained by a lack in synthesis of this factor in infants with malnutrition since out of 16 malnourished infants, 75% evolved with hypofibrinogenemia, while eutrophic infants evolved with normal fibrinogen. The disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome was seen more frequently in patients with infectious gastroenteritis complicated with septicemia and shock, 57% of the patients did not show manifestations of bleeding nor of thrombosis which justifies in these cases a systematic investigation of the coagulation mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:911466", "title": "[Effects of diphtheria and tetanus toxins on liver regeneration in the rat].", "content": "The effects of diphtheria toxin and tetanus toxin on the regenerating rat liver were studied. The following parameters were used: liver regeneration percentage, mitotic index, protein content and serum complement C3 fraction level. Diphtheria toxin does not affect the liver regeneration, that what confirms the poor sensitivity of the rat to this toxin. Tetanus toxin inhibits the cellular division, while causes an increase in the cell protein content, resulting in hepatocyte hypertrophy. Both toxins cause a fall of the serum complement C3 fraction.", "contents": "[Effects of diphtheria and tetanus toxins on liver regeneration in the rat]. The effects of diphtheria toxin and tetanus toxin on the regenerating rat liver were studied. The following parameters were used: liver regeneration percentage, mitotic index, protein content and serum complement C3 fraction level. Diphtheria toxin does not affect the liver regeneration, that what confirms the poor sensitivity of the rat to this toxin. Tetanus toxin inhibits the cellular division, while causes an increase in the cell protein content, resulting in hepatocyte hypertrophy. Both toxins cause a fall of the serum complement C3 fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:911549", "title": "[Hemodynamic and respiratory function following acute spinal cord injury (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty two cases of the cervical and thoracic cord injury were studied to determine hemodynamic and respiratory function within 7 days from the injury. Most patients showed a tendency of bradycardia and hypotension on admission which were more remarkable in the group of lower cervical cord or the upper thoracic cord lesion than the upper cervical cord group. Such a hypotension and bradycardia tended to recover within 7 days. In cervical cord injury, cardiac output remained unchanged, which indicated that initial hypotension was due to decreased total peripheral resistance. Respiratory rate was slightly increased in most patients, but did'nt show any significant difference among the level of the lesion. PaO2 and PaCO2 were within normal range on admission, however PaO2 decreased gradually in 7 days only in cervical cord injury. Increased pulmonary arterial pressure was confirmed during the above hypoxemic period. It suggests that disturbance of neurological control of pulmonary circulation might play a significant role in the respiratory insufficiency of cervical cord injury.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic and respiratory function following acute spinal cord injury (author's transl)]. Twenty two cases of the cervical and thoracic cord injury were studied to determine hemodynamic and respiratory function within 7 days from the injury. Most patients showed a tendency of bradycardia and hypotension on admission which were more remarkable in the group of lower cervical cord or the upper thoracic cord lesion than the upper cervical cord group. Such a hypotension and bradycardia tended to recover within 7 days. In cervical cord injury, cardiac output remained unchanged, which indicated that initial hypotension was due to decreased total peripheral resistance. Respiratory rate was slightly increased in most patients, but did'nt show any significant difference among the level of the lesion. PaO2 and PaCO2 were within normal range on admission, however PaO2 decreased gradually in 7 days only in cervical cord injury. Increased pulmonary arterial pressure was confirmed during the above hypoxemic period. It suggests that disturbance of neurological control of pulmonary circulation might play a significant role in the respiratory insufficiency of cervical cord injury."}
{"id": "PMID:911554", "title": "Thyrotoxicosis and lactate-producing angina pectoris with normal coronary arteries.", "content": "Three patients with thyrotoxicosis are described, in whom the presenting symptom was severe cardiac pain at rest or on effort and who were admitted to hospital with suspected or proven myocardial infarction. All patients were studied by selective coronary arteriography and left ventriculography after thyroid function tests which confirmed thyrotoxicosis. There was no demonstrable disease of the major coronary arteries in any of the patients, yet myocardial infarction and left ventricular aneurysm were shown to be present in 1, and there was definite electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemia in all 3. In addition, under stress the myocardium of all 3 patients produced lactate. It is recommended that thyrotoxicosis be seriously considered in the differential diagnosis of cardiac pain, particularly in younger women. The cause of the pain seems related to the cellular effects of thyrotoxicosis on the myocardium and current views of these effects are summarised. Of the 3 patients, 1 died suddenly 6 months after becoming euthyroid, indicating that the disease may not be as benign as expected. A guarded prognosis and continued medical follow-up are recommended when thyrotoxicosis presents with angina pectoris even when normal coronary arteries have been demonstrated.", "contents": "Thyrotoxicosis and lactate-producing angina pectoris with normal coronary arteries. Three patients with thyrotoxicosis are described, in whom the presenting symptom was severe cardiac pain at rest or on effort and who were admitted to hospital with suspected or proven myocardial infarction. All patients were studied by selective coronary arteriography and left ventriculography after thyroid function tests which confirmed thyrotoxicosis. There was no demonstrable disease of the major coronary arteries in any of the patients, yet myocardial infarction and left ventricular aneurysm were shown to be present in 1, and there was definite electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemia in all 3. In addition, under stress the myocardium of all 3 patients produced lactate. It is recommended that thyrotoxicosis be seriously considered in the differential diagnosis of cardiac pain, particularly in younger women. The cause of the pain seems related to the cellular effects of thyrotoxicosis on the myocardium and current views of these effects are summarised. Of the 3 patients, 1 died suddenly 6 months after becoming euthyroid, indicating that the disease may not be as benign as expected. A guarded prognosis and continued medical follow-up are recommended when thyrotoxicosis presents with angina pectoris even when normal coronary arteries have been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:911555", "title": "Effect of verapamil studied by programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in patients with paroxysmal re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Atrioventricular (AV) conduction, ventriculoatrial (VA) conduction, and the mechanism of tachycardia, were studied by programmed electrical stimulation before and after the administration of verapamil, in 10 patients with paroxysmal re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia. In 7 patients the tachycardia circuit was confined to the AV node. In 3 patients an accessory pathway conducting only in the ventriculoatrial direction was used during tachycardia. When administered intravenously during tachycardia, verapamil terminated the arrhythmia in 9 patients. Verapamil lengthened the effective and the functional refractory period of the AV node and the AV nodal transmission time in all patients in whom this could be studied. As a result of these changes, it was not possible to initiate tachycardia in 3 patients. The width of the zone of atrial premature beats able to initiate tachycardia (the tachycardia zone) narrowed in 5 patients, and increased in 2 patients. In 6 of these 7 patients the tachycardia zone shifted to longer premature beat intervals. Verapamil resulted in slowing of the heart rate during tachycardia. Apart from slowing in heart rate during tachycardia and termination of tachycardia after intravenous verapamil, the 3 patients with an accessory pathway showed no beneficial effect of verapamil on the mechanism of initiation of tachycardia. Five patients were restudied after 2 to 3 weeks of oral administration of verapamil. Though less, effects were similar to those obtained after intravenous administration.", "contents": "Effect of verapamil studied by programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in patients with paroxysmal re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia. Atrioventricular (AV) conduction, ventriculoatrial (VA) conduction, and the mechanism of tachycardia, were studied by programmed electrical stimulation before and after the administration of verapamil, in 10 patients with paroxysmal re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia. In 7 patients the tachycardia circuit was confined to the AV node. In 3 patients an accessory pathway conducting only in the ventriculoatrial direction was used during tachycardia. When administered intravenously during tachycardia, verapamil terminated the arrhythmia in 9 patients. Verapamil lengthened the effective and the functional refractory period of the AV node and the AV nodal transmission time in all patients in whom this could be studied. As a result of these changes, it was not possible to initiate tachycardia in 3 patients. The width of the zone of atrial premature beats able to initiate tachycardia (the tachycardia zone) narrowed in 5 patients, and increased in 2 patients. In 6 of these 7 patients the tachycardia zone shifted to longer premature beat intervals. Verapamil resulted in slowing of the heart rate during tachycardia. Apart from slowing in heart rate during tachycardia and termination of tachycardia after intravenous verapamil, the 3 patients with an accessory pathway showed no beneficial effect of verapamil on the mechanism of initiation of tachycardia. Five patients were restudied after 2 to 3 weeks of oral administration of verapamil. Though less, effects were similar to those obtained after intravenous administration."}
{"id": "PMID:911556", "title": "Vasodilator therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Use of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate.", "content": "The haemodynamic effect of a long-acting vasodilator isosorbide dinitrate has been studied in 10 patients after an acute myocardial infarct, all of whom had evidence of left ventricular failure. Left ventricular filling pressure measured as the mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure was raised in all patients and fell significantly from 20+/-6 to 13+/-5 mmHg (P less than 0-001) within 10 minutes of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate. This 35 per cent fall in left ventricular preload was accompanied by significant fall in mean pulmonary artery pressure from 30+/-7 to 20+/-4 mmHg (P +less than 0-001) and mean right atrial pressure from 11+/-3 to 6+/-2 mmHg but cardiac output measured by thermodilution was unchanged. Mean systemic blood pressure was also significantly reduced. This improvement in left ventricular performance resulting from a reduction in left ventricular filling pressure and systemic blood pressure indicates that there may be a place for long-acting vasodilator in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Vasodilator therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Use of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate. The haemodynamic effect of a long-acting vasodilator isosorbide dinitrate has been studied in 10 patients after an acute myocardial infarct, all of whom had evidence of left ventricular failure. Left ventricular filling pressure measured as the mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure was raised in all patients and fell significantly from 20+/-6 to 13+/-5 mmHg (P less than 0-001) within 10 minutes of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate. This 35 per cent fall in left ventricular preload was accompanied by significant fall in mean pulmonary artery pressure from 30+/-7 to 20+/-4 mmHg (P +less than 0-001) and mean right atrial pressure from 11+/-3 to 6+/-2 mmHg but cardiac output measured by thermodilution was unchanged. Mean systemic blood pressure was also significantly reduced. This improvement in left ventricular performance resulting from a reduction in left ventricular filling pressure and systemic blood pressure indicates that there may be a place for long-acting vasodilator in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:911557", "title": "Two-dimensional echocardiography with a wide angle (60 degrees) sector scanner.", "content": "A wide angle (60 degrees) sector scanner producing a real-time two-dimensional echocardiogram has been used to examine healthy infants, children, and adults. Its method of use is described and findings from longitudinal and transverse scans are presented. The points of difference between the various types of electronic and mechanical two-dimensional scanning systems are discussed. This equipment minimises problems of chest contact and rib and lung interference and, by providing echocardiograms of high line density from a wide angle, is a suitable real-time two-dimensional scanning system for examining patients of all ages.", "contents": "Two-dimensional echocardiography with a wide angle (60 degrees) sector scanner. A wide angle (60 degrees) sector scanner producing a real-time two-dimensional echocardiogram has been used to examine healthy infants, children, and adults. Its method of use is described and findings from longitudinal and transverse scans are presented. The points of difference between the various types of electronic and mechanical two-dimensional scanning systems are discussed. This equipment minimises problems of chest contact and rib and lung interference and, by providing echocardiograms of high line density from a wide angle, is a suitable real-time two-dimensional scanning system for examining patients of all ages."}
{"id": "PMID:911559", "title": "Aortic root and left atrial wall motion. An echocardiographic study.", "content": "The echocardiographically recorded movement of the aortic root was studied by analysing the relation between posterior aortic wall motion and other intracardiac events. The systolic anterior movement of the aortic root continued beyond aortic valve closure and in cases with mitral regurgitation began significantly earlier than in normal subjects. The diastolic rapid posterior movement began after mitral valve opening but did not occur in patients with mitral stenosis. The total amplitude of aortic root motion was increased in patients with mitral regurgitation, diminished in cases of mitral stenosis, and was normal with aortic regurgitation. In patients with atrioventricular block an abrupt posterior movement followed the P wave of the electrocardiogram irrespective of its timing in diastole. These observations correlate with the expected changes in left atrial volume during the cardiac cycle both in the normal subjects and patients with heart disease. The results support the hypothesis that phasic changes in left atrial dimension are largely responsible for the echocardiographically observed movement of the aortic root and indicate a potential role for echocardiography in the analysis of left atrial events.", "contents": "Aortic root and left atrial wall motion. An echocardiographic study. The echocardiographically recorded movement of the aortic root was studied by analysing the relation between posterior aortic wall motion and other intracardiac events. The systolic anterior movement of the aortic root continued beyond aortic valve closure and in cases with mitral regurgitation began significantly earlier than in normal subjects. The diastolic rapid posterior movement began after mitral valve opening but did not occur in patients with mitral stenosis. The total amplitude of aortic root motion was increased in patients with mitral regurgitation, diminished in cases of mitral stenosis, and was normal with aortic regurgitation. In patients with atrioventricular block an abrupt posterior movement followed the P wave of the electrocardiogram irrespective of its timing in diastole. These observations correlate with the expected changes in left atrial volume during the cardiac cycle both in the normal subjects and patients with heart disease. The results support the hypothesis that phasic changes in left atrial dimension are largely responsible for the echocardiographically observed movement of the aortic root and indicate a potential role for echocardiography in the analysis of left atrial events."}
{"id": "PMID:911560", "title": "Assessment of ventricular elements of mitral valve by left ventriculography.", "content": "In the left ventriculogram in the right anterior oblique projection the plane of the mitral valve is seen in profile and the papillary muscle shadows are outlined. The distance from the middle of the papillary muscles to the plane of the mitral valve during systole was used to assess the average length of the chordae tendineae, and the area of the papillary muscle shadows was measured as an index of hypertrophy in a series of hearts with mitral valve disease. Valvar mitral stenosis is characterised by slight reduction in the length of chordae tendineae and more hypertrophy of the papillary muscles, while in subvalvar mitral stenosis there is more shortening of the chordae tendineae and less papillary muscle hypertrophy. Valvotomy may lengthen the chordae tendineae in subvalvar mitral stenosis. In rheumatic mitral regurgitation length of chordae tendineae and papillary muscle size were normal. The measurements were not useful in assessing non-rheumatic mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "Assessment of ventricular elements of mitral valve by left ventriculography. In the left ventriculogram in the right anterior oblique projection the plane of the mitral valve is seen in profile and the papillary muscle shadows are outlined. The distance from the middle of the papillary muscles to the plane of the mitral valve during systole was used to assess the average length of the chordae tendineae, and the area of the papillary muscle shadows was measured as an index of hypertrophy in a series of hearts with mitral valve disease. Valvar mitral stenosis is characterised by slight reduction in the length of chordae tendineae and more hypertrophy of the papillary muscles, while in subvalvar mitral stenosis there is more shortening of the chordae tendineae and less papillary muscle hypertrophy. Valvotomy may lengthen the chordae tendineae in subvalvar mitral stenosis. In rheumatic mitral regurgitation length of chordae tendineae and papillary muscle size were normal. The measurements were not useful in assessing non-rheumatic mitral regurgitation."}
{"id": "PMID:911561", "title": "Functional status of patients with large ventricular septal defect and pulmonary vascular disease 6 to 16 years after surgical closure of their defect in childhood.", "content": "We have reviewed 27 patients now 6 to 16 years after closure of a ventricular septal defect at 3 to 12 years of age associated with pulmonary hypertension with a view to assessing their quality of life, respiratory function, and exercise performance. All the patients led normal unrestricted lives. Their subjective lack of symptoms was, in general, confirmed by the results obtained from assessment of lung function tests and two-stage exercise testing in 19 volunteers. Abnormal ventilation in relation to work load was noted in 5 patients and a slightly low exercise cardiac output in 6. Although the patients led normal lives and had a satisfactory response to exercise, measurement of pulmonary artery pressure showed striking pulmonary hypertension on effort. Despite the satisfactory progress of these patients their more long-term future must be one of conjecture and their residual pulmonary hypertension, indicative of residual pulmonary obstruction, must lend weight to arguments for earlier closure of ventricular septal defect before 1 to 2 years of age when changes in the pulmonary vascular bed may be reversed after closure of the defect.", "contents": "Functional status of patients with large ventricular septal defect and pulmonary vascular disease 6 to 16 years after surgical closure of their defect in childhood. We have reviewed 27 patients now 6 to 16 years after closure of a ventricular septal defect at 3 to 12 years of age associated with pulmonary hypertension with a view to assessing their quality of life, respiratory function, and exercise performance. All the patients led normal unrestricted lives. Their subjective lack of symptoms was, in general, confirmed by the results obtained from assessment of lung function tests and two-stage exercise testing in 19 volunteers. Abnormal ventilation in relation to work load was noted in 5 patients and a slightly low exercise cardiac output in 6. Although the patients led normal lives and had a satisfactory response to exercise, measurement of pulmonary artery pressure showed striking pulmonary hypertension on effort. Despite the satisfactory progress of these patients their more long-term future must be one of conjecture and their residual pulmonary hypertension, indicative of residual pulmonary obstruction, must lend weight to arguments for earlier closure of ventricular septal defect before 1 to 2 years of age when changes in the pulmonary vascular bed may be reversed after closure of the defect."}
{"id": "PMID:911562", "title": "Modified axial lead system in children.", "content": "Preliminary studies have been made on the use of the modified axial lead system in infancy and childhood. A highly significant correlation between internipple distance and height suggested that internipple distance be used as an index for the selection of a template to facilitate placement of the chest electrodes (Z and X). A series of 4 triangular templates was designed. The use of a template one size too large or too small was shown not to lead to any significant error in waveform measurement. A further study showed that the reference level for the application of the praecordial electrodes should be the 5th intercostal space as for adults, but that no serious diagnostic error was likely to arise if the 4th or 6th intercostal space was chosen by mistake. A study of the Frank lead system suggested that the use of the 5th intercostal space as a reference level was more appropriate than the 4th intercostal space, which is generally adopted by users of that system. The conclusion reached was that the axial lead system is the preferred orthogonal lead system for children, with templates for 4 ranges of internipple distance (less than 10 cm; 15 to 20 cm; and less than 20 cm--adult build) being proposed to simplify electrode placement.", "contents": "Modified axial lead system in children. Preliminary studies have been made on the use of the modified axial lead system in infancy and childhood. A highly significant correlation between internipple distance and height suggested that internipple distance be used as an index for the selection of a template to facilitate placement of the chest electrodes (Z and X). A series of 4 triangular templates was designed. The use of a template one size too large or too small was shown not to lead to any significant error in waveform measurement. A further study showed that the reference level for the application of the praecordial electrodes should be the 5th intercostal space as for adults, but that no serious diagnostic error was likely to arise if the 4th or 6th intercostal space was chosen by mistake. A study of the Frank lead system suggested that the use of the 5th intercostal space as a reference level was more appropriate than the 4th intercostal space, which is generally adopted by users of that system. The conclusion reached was that the axial lead system is the preferred orthogonal lead system for children, with templates for 4 ranges of internipple distance (less than 10 cm; 15 to 20 cm; and less than 20 cm--adult build) being proposed to simplify electrode placement."}
{"id": "PMID:911563", "title": "Training and electrocardiographic abnormalities in the elderly.", "content": "Electrocardiograms (CM5 lead, where one lead is attached in the V5 position and one at the manubrium sterni, with the neutral lead on the back of the neck) have been recorded from 14 men and 25 women aged 60 to 75 years, at rest, during progressive bicycle ergometer exercise to 75 to 85 per cent maximum oxygen intake, and during the subsequent recovery phase. Earlier studies showing a high frequency of ischaemic electrocardiographic abnormalities in women are confirmed; it is suggested that this may reflect a high work load per unit mass of myocardium. Training induces an elevation of the ST segment at rest and during recovery, with a reduction in ST depression during work at a given heart rate, the exercise changes being related to the intensity and frequency of training selected by the subject. Possible explanations of the response to regular exercise include not only the development of the collateral circulation, but also a lessening of the hyperkalaemia of effort and a reduction in the work load per unit mass of myocardium secondary to hypertrophy or a change in the average dimensions of the heart.", "contents": "Training and electrocardiographic abnormalities in the elderly. Electrocardiograms (CM5 lead, where one lead is attached in the V5 position and one at the manubrium sterni, with the neutral lead on the back of the neck) have been recorded from 14 men and 25 women aged 60 to 75 years, at rest, during progressive bicycle ergometer exercise to 75 to 85 per cent maximum oxygen intake, and during the subsequent recovery phase. Earlier studies showing a high frequency of ischaemic electrocardiographic abnormalities in women are confirmed; it is suggested that this may reflect a high work load per unit mass of myocardium. Training induces an elevation of the ST segment at rest and during recovery, with a reduction in ST depression during work at a given heart rate, the exercise changes being related to the intensity and frequency of training selected by the subject. Possible explanations of the response to regular exercise include not only the development of the collateral circulation, but also a lessening of the hyperkalaemia of effort and a reduction in the work load per unit mass of myocardium secondary to hypertrophy or a change in the average dimensions of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:911564", "title": "Ischaemic heart disease in the elderly.", "content": "Studies were made for evidence of heart disease on 501 people aged 65 and more living at home; 22-4 per cent had clinical and/or electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemic heart disease. The prevalence of ischaemic heart disease increased with age, and was slightly greater in men than women. The frequency of ischaemic heart disease increased with increasing current cigarette consumption and with total cigarette consumption. There was no increase in relation to any of the following possible risk factors: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, skinfold thickness, percentage of ideal body weight. The survival over a 5-year period of all subjects with ischaemic heart disease did not differ significantly from that of all subjects together, but the mortality of subjects with ischaemic heart disease and an abnormal electrocardiogram was 1-5 to 2 times that of subjects in whom ischaemic heart disease was diagnosed on the basis of angina pectoris or past cardiac infarction, the electrocardiogram being normal.", "contents": "Ischaemic heart disease in the elderly. Studies were made for evidence of heart disease on 501 people aged 65 and more living at home; 22-4 per cent had clinical and/or electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemic heart disease. The prevalence of ischaemic heart disease increased with age, and was slightly greater in men than women. The frequency of ischaemic heart disease increased with increasing current cigarette consumption and with total cigarette consumption. There was no increase in relation to any of the following possible risk factors: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, skinfold thickness, percentage of ideal body weight. The survival over a 5-year period of all subjects with ischaemic heart disease did not differ significantly from that of all subjects together, but the mortality of subjects with ischaemic heart disease and an abnormal electrocardiogram was 1-5 to 2 times that of subjects in whom ischaemic heart disease was diagnosed on the basis of angina pectoris or past cardiac infarction, the electrocardiogram being normal."}
{"id": "PMID:911565", "title": "Long-term prognosis of treated acute massive pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Seventy-two patients surviving initial treatment by pulmonary embolectomy, streptokinase, or heparin for acute massive pulmonary embolism have been reviewed 1 to 9 years later. Of these patients, 17 had additional cardiorespiratory disease. There were 12 late deaths (41% of those patients with, and 9% of those patients without additional cardiorespiratory disease). No death was due to chronic pulmonary hypertension, and none to certain recurrence of pulmonary embolism. The causes of death were malignant disease (6 patients), cardiopulmonary disease other than pulmonary embolism (4 patients), and 'sudden' (2 patients). Though venous interruption surgery was not used, and long-term anticoagulation rare, the incidence of possible or probable recurrent embolism was low (6%). There was no definite evidence of persistence or subsequent development of pulmonary hypertension after treatment in any patient. Resolution of embolism as judged by symptoms, signs, electrocardiogram, and chest x-ray examination was almost always complete. Some pulmonary arteriograms 1 to 6 months after initial treatment showed minor abnormalities, but others at a later date were normal. Perfusion lung scans carried out 1 to 8 years after initial treatment often showed minor abnormalities.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis of treated acute massive pulmonary embolism. Seventy-two patients surviving initial treatment by pulmonary embolectomy, streptokinase, or heparin for acute massive pulmonary embolism have been reviewed 1 to 9 years later. Of these patients, 17 had additional cardiorespiratory disease. There were 12 late deaths (41% of those patients with, and 9% of those patients without additional cardiorespiratory disease). No death was due to chronic pulmonary hypertension, and none to certain recurrence of pulmonary embolism. The causes of death were malignant disease (6 patients), cardiopulmonary disease other than pulmonary embolism (4 patients), and 'sudden' (2 patients). Though venous interruption surgery was not used, and long-term anticoagulation rare, the incidence of possible or probable recurrent embolism was low (6%). There was no definite evidence of persistence or subsequent development of pulmonary hypertension after treatment in any patient. Resolution of embolism as judged by symptoms, signs, electrocardiogram, and chest x-ray examination was almost always complete. Some pulmonary arteriograms 1 to 6 months after initial treatment showed minor abnormalities, but others at a later date were normal. Perfusion lung scans carried out 1 to 8 years after initial treatment often showed minor abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:911567", "title": "Nomogram for calculation of left ventricular volumes.", "content": "A nomogram has been devised for the rapid derivation of left ventricular volumes from single-plane angiograms obtained in the 30 degrees right anterior oblique projection. The left ventricular volumes are derived from the use of the area-length formula of Dodge. The computed left ventricular volumes may then be adjusted to correspond to the actual volumes by an appropriate conversion chart.", "contents": "Nomogram for calculation of left ventricular volumes. A nomogram has been devised for the rapid derivation of left ventricular volumes from single-plane angiograms obtained in the 30 degrees right anterior oblique projection. The left ventricular volumes are derived from the use of the area-length formula of Dodge. The computed left ventricular volumes may then be adjusted to correspond to the actual volumes by an appropriate conversion chart."}
{"id": "PMID:911568", "title": "Fistula from coronary arteries to left ventricle after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Coronary arteriography and left ventriculography, performed in a 42-year old patient with unstable angina seven months after a myocardial infarct showed communications from both the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries to the left ventricular chamber. The area of communication corresponded to the site of infarction as established by electrocardiogram and left ventriculogram. Whether this is a congenital or acquired lesion is unclear.", "contents": "Fistula from coronary arteries to left ventricle after myocardial infarction. Coronary arteriography and left ventriculography, performed in a 42-year old patient with unstable angina seven months after a myocardial infarct showed communications from both the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries to the left ventricular chamber. The area of communication corresponded to the site of infarction as established by electrocardiogram and left ventriculogram. Whether this is a congenital or acquired lesion is unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:911569", "title": "Varicella myocarditis presenting with unusual ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "A 10-year-old boy with varicella developed syncopal episodes caused by runs of self-terminating ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. These arrhythmias were thought to be caused by varicella myocarditis and were resistant to most common antiarrhythmic agents. Continuous electrocardiographic recording and analysis proved extremely useful in the management of this case. Mexiletine, a new antiarrhythmic drug, was finally effective in controlling recurrent attacks of ventricular tachycardia.", "contents": "Varicella myocarditis presenting with unusual ventricular arrhythmias. A 10-year-old boy with varicella developed syncopal episodes caused by runs of self-terminating ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. These arrhythmias were thought to be caused by varicella myocarditis and were resistant to most common antiarrhythmic agents. Continuous electrocardiographic recording and analysis proved extremely useful in the management of this case. Mexiletine, a new antiarrhythmic drug, was finally effective in controlling recurrent attacks of ventricular tachycardia."}
{"id": "PMID:911570", "title": "Recurrent migraine after propranolol.", "content": "A 70-year-old woman with angina pectoris developed a migrainous headache 3 days after starting oral propranolol. She had not complained of headaches since her second and third decade when she had suffered occasional attacks of migraine. It is likely that propranolol was the cause of her headache, since it recurred when she was rechallenged with the drug.", "contents": "Recurrent migraine after propranolol. A 70-year-old woman with angina pectoris developed a migrainous headache 3 days after starting oral propranolol. She had not complained of headaches since her second and third decade when she had suffered occasional attacks of migraine. It is likely that propranolol was the cause of her headache, since it recurred when she was rechallenged with the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:911573", "title": "Lack of mutagenic effect of halothane or chloroform on cultured cells using the azaguanine test system.", "content": "Halothane with and without nitrous oxide and chloroform alone were tested for mutagenic effects at the 8-azaguanine locus on the chromosomes of Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells in culture. No significant numbers of mutations were found after 24 h exposures to 1-3% of these anaesthetics, or to 75% nitrous oxide.", "contents": "Lack of mutagenic effect of halothane or chloroform on cultured cells using the azaguanine test system. Halothane with and without nitrous oxide and chloroform alone were tested for mutagenic effects at the 8-azaguanine locus on the chromosomes of Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells in culture. No significant numbers of mutations were found after 24 h exposures to 1-3% of these anaesthetics, or to 75% nitrous oxide."}
{"id": "PMID:911574", "title": "Effect of intermittent exposure to a low concentration of nitrous oxide on haemopoiesis in rats.", "content": "Wistar strain albino rats were exposed to 1% nitrous oxide in air for periods ranging from 1 week to 6 months. Their peripheral blood and bone marrow were examined for evidence of alterations in haemopoiesis. Apart from a transient polycythaemia during the first week no change in haemopoiesis was found.", "contents": "Effect of intermittent exposure to a low concentration of nitrous oxide on haemopoiesis in rats. Wistar strain albino rats were exposed to 1% nitrous oxide in air for periods ranging from 1 week to 6 months. Their peripheral blood and bone marrow were examined for evidence of alterations in haemopoiesis. Apart from a transient polycythaemia during the first week no change in haemopoiesis was found."}
{"id": "PMID:911575", "title": "Evidence of a role for the peripheral chemoreceptors in the ventilatory response to doxapram in man.", "content": "In seven normal subjects premedicated with atropine and pethidine and lightly anesthetized with thiopentone, the ventilatory response evoked by doxapram 20 mg i.v. was delayed on average from 15.7 s to 23.0 s when changing from air to oxygen breathing. Mean VE, immediately after the administration of doxapram was increased by 3.3 litre and 1.9 litre when breathing air and oxygen respectively. These findings indicate that doxapram has an effect on the peripheral chemoreceptors and are consistent with drug activity on both peripheral and central respiratory control mechanisms.", "contents": "Evidence of a role for the peripheral chemoreceptors in the ventilatory response to doxapram in man. In seven normal subjects premedicated with atropine and pethidine and lightly anesthetized with thiopentone, the ventilatory response evoked by doxapram 20 mg i.v. was delayed on average from 15.7 s to 23.0 s when changing from air to oxygen breathing. Mean VE, immediately after the administration of doxapram was increased by 3.3 litre and 1.9 litre when breathing air and oxygen respectively. These findings indicate that doxapram has an effect on the peripheral chemoreceptors and are consistent with drug activity on both peripheral and central respiratory control mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:911576", "title": "Observed and predicted accumulation of local anaesthetic agents during continuous extradural analgesia.", "content": "After lumbar extradural injections of ligocaine or etidocaine for surgical anaesthesia further accumulation in the plasma was minimal following top-up injections for pain relief after operation. The dose regimens were: 20 ml of 2% plain lignocaine HCl solution for surgical anaesthesia followed by 10 ml every 1 h until 4 h, and 20 ml of 1% plain etidocaine HCl solution for surgical anaesthesia followed by 10 ml every 2 h until 8 h. Plasma drug concentrations measured after initial doses were used to predict those following successive doses. Agreement between predicted and experimental values was good and further projections were made concerning the local accumulation of etidocaine.", "contents": "Observed and predicted accumulation of local anaesthetic agents during continuous extradural analgesia. After lumbar extradural injections of ligocaine or etidocaine for surgical anaesthesia further accumulation in the plasma was minimal following top-up injections for pain relief after operation. The dose regimens were: 20 ml of 2% plain lignocaine HCl solution for surgical anaesthesia followed by 10 ml every 1 h until 4 h, and 20 ml of 1% plain etidocaine HCl solution for surgical anaesthesia followed by 10 ml every 2 h until 8 h. Plasma drug concentrations measured after initial doses were used to predict those following successive doses. Agreement between predicted and experimental values was good and further projections were made concerning the local accumulation of etidocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:911578", "title": "The binding of thiopentone to kwashiorkor serum.", "content": "The binding of thiopentone to normal and kwashiorkor serum has been investigated. It has been confirmed that thiopentone is bound to albumin predominantly. In kwashiorkor serum, less binding to albumin occurs, but secondary binding sites appear. The significance of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "The binding of thiopentone to kwashiorkor serum. The binding of thiopentone to normal and kwashiorkor serum has been investigated. It has been confirmed that thiopentone is bound to albumin predominantly. In kwashiorkor serum, less binding to albumin occurs, but secondary binding sites appear. The significance of these observations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911579", "title": "The interrelation of personality and postoperative factors.", "content": "A composite statistical analysis was made of the results from four trials comprising patients undergoing upper abdominal operations. It revealed a marked correlation between the neuroticism score as measured by a personality inventory before operation and the percentage vital capacity impairment found after operation. Neuroticism correlated also with pain as measured by a visual analogue scale. The vital capacity impairment and subjective pain readings were interrelated and both neuroticism and vital capacity impairment were related to the chest complication rate. Personality assessment before operation can identify one group of patients who will have marked pain and limitation of vital capacity after operation.", "contents": "The interrelation of personality and postoperative factors. A composite statistical analysis was made of the results from four trials comprising patients undergoing upper abdominal operations. It revealed a marked correlation between the neuroticism score as measured by a personality inventory before operation and the percentage vital capacity impairment found after operation. Neuroticism correlated also with pain as measured by a visual analogue scale. The vital capacity impairment and subjective pain readings were interrelated and both neuroticism and vital capacity impairment were related to the chest complication rate. Personality assessment before operation can identify one group of patients who will have marked pain and limitation of vital capacity after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:911580", "title": "Serum cholinesterase: effect on the action of suxamethonium following administration to a patient with cholinesterase deficiency.", "content": "Purified serum cholinesterase 90 mg was administered to a patient with cholinesterase deficiency. The effect on the action of suxamethonium was studied. The half-life (44.7 h), time constant (64.5 h), rate constant (0.0155 h-1) and distribution volume (2740 ml) of the cholinesterase activity were determined.", "contents": "Serum cholinesterase: effect on the action of suxamethonium following administration to a patient with cholinesterase deficiency. Purified serum cholinesterase 90 mg was administered to a patient with cholinesterase deficiency. The effect on the action of suxamethonium was studied. The half-life (44.7 h), time constant (64.5 h), rate constant (0.0155 h-1) and distribution volume (2740 ml) of the cholinesterase activity were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:911584", "title": "Macroautoradiographic study of the distribution and excretion of 14C-pentobarbitone in rats pretreated with phenobarbitone.", "content": "The distribution and excretion of pentobarbitone were studied, using macroautoradiography, in two groups of rats at times ranging from 1 min to 70 min after the i.v. injection of 100 muCi given as 30 mg/kg of 14C-pentobarbitone. In a control group, the carbon-14 concentration (concentration of pentobarbitone) in the brain remained always greater than that in heart blood (unchanged pentobarbitone and metabolites). In a group subjected to enzyme induction (pretreated with phenobarbitone), however, the carbon-14 concentration in the brain exceeded that in the heart blood initially and then decreased rapidly. In the induced group, the carbon-14 concentration in the urine and small intestine (almost all of which was metabolites) increased with time. In particular, 70 min after the injection, the carbon-14 concentration in the small intestine of the induction group was twice that of the control group. It was concluded that in the induction group the rapid decrease in carbon-14 concentration in the brain was mainly a result of an increase in the metabolic breakdown of pentobarbitone in the liver.", "contents": "Macroautoradiographic study of the distribution and excretion of 14C-pentobarbitone in rats pretreated with phenobarbitone. The distribution and excretion of pentobarbitone were studied, using macroautoradiography, in two groups of rats at times ranging from 1 min to 70 min after the i.v. injection of 100 muCi given as 30 mg/kg of 14C-pentobarbitone. In a control group, the carbon-14 concentration (concentration of pentobarbitone) in the brain remained always greater than that in heart blood (unchanged pentobarbitone and metabolites). In a group subjected to enzyme induction (pretreated with phenobarbitone), however, the carbon-14 concentration in the brain exceeded that in the heart blood initially and then decreased rapidly. In the induced group, the carbon-14 concentration in the urine and small intestine (almost all of which was metabolites) increased with time. In particular, 70 min after the injection, the carbon-14 concentration in the small intestine of the induction group was twice that of the control group. It was concluded that in the induction group the rapid decrease in carbon-14 concentration in the brain was mainly a result of an increase in the metabolic breakdown of pentobarbitone in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:911585", "title": "Effect of thiopentone on myocardial function.", "content": "In a canine preparation designed to separate myocardial from peripheral cardiovascular effects of the drug. It was found that thiopentone produced minimal depression of the heart. Only in much greater concentrations was significant depression found. It is concluded that the cardiovascular effects of thiopentone i.v. are not a direct effect on the heart.", "contents": "Effect of thiopentone on myocardial function. In a canine preparation designed to separate myocardial from peripheral cardiovascular effects of the drug. It was found that thiopentone produced minimal depression of the heart. Only in much greater concentrations was significant depression found. It is concluded that the cardiovascular effects of thiopentone i.v. are not a direct effect on the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:911586", "title": "Estimation of blood enflurane concentrations by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A simple and reliable method for the estimation of enflurane concentrations in whole blood is described. This involves exraction with n-heptane and estimation by gas-liquid chromatography using methoxyflurane as an internal standard. Reproducibility was good and extraction from whole blood was reliable.", "contents": "Estimation of blood enflurane concentrations by gas-liquid chromatography. A simple and reliable method for the estimation of enflurane concentrations in whole blood is described. This involves exraction with n-heptane and estimation by gas-liquid chromatography using methoxyflurane as an internal standard. Reproducibility was good and extraction from whole blood was reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:911587", "title": "Clinical impressions of enflurane.", "content": "Enflurane was used in 150 non-selected patients and was found to be a most satisfactory inhalation anaesthetic. Induction and recovery times were rapid and these characteristics, together with its rather pleasant smell, made it readily acceptable to the patient. Although such features suggest that it would be an ideal agent for children, very high concentrations of enflurane were required to produce adequate anaesthesia in infants and small children. Normal sinus rhythm continued following the injection of adrenaline during enflurane anaesthesia and adequate muscle relaxation was obtained for lower abdominal surgery. The degree of metabolic breakdown of enflurane is considerably less than with other inhalation agents and, if this is reflected in terms of minimal renal and hepatic toxicity, there is every reason to believe that enflurane may be preferable to the volatile anaesthetics currently in use.", "contents": "Clinical impressions of enflurane. Enflurane was used in 150 non-selected patients and was found to be a most satisfactory inhalation anaesthetic. Induction and recovery times were rapid and these characteristics, together with its rather pleasant smell, made it readily acceptable to the patient. Although such features suggest that it would be an ideal agent for children, very high concentrations of enflurane were required to produce adequate anaesthesia in infants and small children. Normal sinus rhythm continued following the injection of adrenaline during enflurane anaesthesia and adequate muscle relaxation was obtained for lower abdominal surgery. The degree of metabolic breakdown of enflurane is considerably less than with other inhalation agents and, if this is reflected in terms of minimal renal and hepatic toxicity, there is every reason to believe that enflurane may be preferable to the volatile anaesthetics currently in use."}
{"id": "PMID:911588", "title": "Enflurane (Ethrane) anaesthesia in man. Metabolism and effects on biochemical and haematological variables.", "content": "In 10 patients serum inorganic fluoride increased to a mean peak value of 16 micronmol.litre--1 after 2 h of enflurane anaesthesia. Four days after anaesthesia, serum inorganic fluoride had decreased to the values before operation. The maximum daily inorganic fluoride excretion in urine (UFV) did not exceed 200 micronmol.litre--1. In a group of 20 patients routine biochemical and haematological variables were measured before and after enflurane anaesthesia. There were only minor changes in these variables, attributable to the surgical procedure. It is concluded that renal dysfunction is unlikely to follow enflurane anaesthesia in patients with previously normal hepatic and renal function.", "contents": "Enflurane (Ethrane) anaesthesia in man. Metabolism and effects on biochemical and haematological variables. In 10 patients serum inorganic fluoride increased to a mean peak value of 16 micronmol.litre--1 after 2 h of enflurane anaesthesia. Four days after anaesthesia, serum inorganic fluoride had decreased to the values before operation. The maximum daily inorganic fluoride excretion in urine (UFV) did not exceed 200 micronmol.litre--1. In a group of 20 patients routine biochemical and haematological variables were measured before and after enflurane anaesthesia. There were only minor changes in these variables, attributable to the surgical procedure. It is concluded that renal dysfunction is unlikely to follow enflurane anaesthesia in patients with previously normal hepatic and renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:911589", "title": "Hepatitis-B virus infection in anaesthetists.", "content": "To determine whether anaesthetists are at risk from developing hepatitis-B virus (HBV) infection from their patients, 95 anaesthetists working with black South Africans (who have a high prevalence of hepatitis-B antigenaemia) were questioned about attacks of viral hepatitis and their blood was tested for hepatitis-B (surface) antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (Anti-HBs). Anti-HBs was detected in the serum of 17.9% of the anaesthetists, but none was a chronic carrier of HBsAg. Two anaesthetists had suffered from acute viral hepatitis during their careers, one of whom is now positive for Anti-HBs. Forty-five of the anaesthetists (47.4%) were known to have anaesthetized patients with HBs antigenaemia, and of these seven were Anti-HBs-positive. Anaesthetists working with a population having a high carrier rate of HBV appear to be more at risk from HBV infection than the general population.", "contents": "Hepatitis-B virus infection in anaesthetists. To determine whether anaesthetists are at risk from developing hepatitis-B virus (HBV) infection from their patients, 95 anaesthetists working with black South Africans (who have a high prevalence of hepatitis-B antigenaemia) were questioned about attacks of viral hepatitis and their blood was tested for hepatitis-B (surface) antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (Anti-HBs). Anti-HBs was detected in the serum of 17.9% of the anaesthetists, but none was a chronic carrier of HBsAg. Two anaesthetists had suffered from acute viral hepatitis during their careers, one of whom is now positive for Anti-HBs. Forty-five of the anaesthetists (47.4%) were known to have anaesthetized patients with HBs antigenaemia, and of these seven were Anti-HBs-positive. Anaesthetists working with a population having a high carrier rate of HBV appear to be more at risk from HBV infection than the general population."}
{"id": "PMID:911590", "title": "Haemodynamic responses to antagonism of bocurarine block with atropine-neostigmine mixture in children.", "content": "Following antagonism of tubocurarine block with a mixture of atropine 20 microgram/kg and neostigmine 50 microgram/kg in 20 children, heart rate decreased from a control value of 110.4 beat/min to 90.1 at 5 min and 89.2 at 6 min (P less than 0.02). Stroke volume index did not change during the first 5 min from a control value of 36.3 ml. beat--1.m--2 but a significant increase to 48 ml. beat--1. m--2 was observed at the 6th and 7th mins following the injection of the mixture (P less than 0.05). Cardiac index and mean arterial pressure remained unaltered throughout the period of observation. Normal sinus rhythm was maintained in all patients. It was concluded that antagonism of tubocurarine with an atropine-neostigmine mixture does not produce any important haemodynamic change in children.", "contents": "Haemodynamic responses to antagonism of bocurarine block with atropine-neostigmine mixture in children. Following antagonism of tubocurarine block with a mixture of atropine 20 microgram/kg and neostigmine 50 microgram/kg in 20 children, heart rate decreased from a control value of 110.4 beat/min to 90.1 at 5 min and 89.2 at 6 min (P less than 0.02). Stroke volume index did not change during the first 5 min from a control value of 36.3 ml. beat--1.m--2 but a significant increase to 48 ml. beat--1. m--2 was observed at the 6th and 7th mins following the injection of the mixture (P less than 0.05). Cardiac index and mean arterial pressure remained unaltered throughout the period of observation. Normal sinus rhythm was maintained in all patients. It was concluded that antagonism of tubocurarine with an atropine-neostigmine mixture does not produce any important haemodynamic change in children."}
{"id": "PMID:911591", "title": "Modification of the circulatory effects of extradural block combined with general anaesthesia by the addition of adrenaline to lignocaine solutions.", "content": "The cardiovascular changes associated with extradural block were measured in two groups of patients who were also receiving light general anaesthesia. In the first two group (five patients) 2% plain lignocaine 20 ml was used and decreases occurred in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume and peripheral resistance. In the second group (10 patients) 2% lignocaine 20 ml to which adrenaline 1:200,000 had been added was used. Decreases in arterial pressure and peripheral resistance occurred in all patients, but the responses of the cardiac output and heart rate were variable, decreasing in three patients and remaining stable or increasing in seven patients. A high segmental block was presumed to have occurred in those patients who developed bradycardia and a decreased cardiac output. The differences between these studies in anaesthetized patients and those previously reported in conscious volunteers are discussed.", "contents": "Modification of the circulatory effects of extradural block combined with general anaesthesia by the addition of adrenaline to lignocaine solutions. The cardiovascular changes associated with extradural block were measured in two groups of patients who were also receiving light general anaesthesia. In the first two group (five patients) 2% plain lignocaine 20 ml was used and decreases occurred in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume and peripheral resistance. In the second group (10 patients) 2% lignocaine 20 ml to which adrenaline 1:200,000 had been added was used. Decreases in arterial pressure and peripheral resistance occurred in all patients, but the responses of the cardiac output and heart rate were variable, decreasing in three patients and remaining stable or increasing in seven patients. A high segmental block was presumed to have occurred in those patients who developed bradycardia and a decreased cardiac output. The differences between these studies in anaesthetized patients and those previously reported in conscious volunteers are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911592", "title": "Some circulatory and respiratory effects of morphine in patients without pre-existing cardiac disease.", "content": "Haemodynamic and respiratory effects of i.v. morphine (10 mg/70kg body weight) were studied in 10 adults with unimpaired circulatory function. There were significant changes in mean arterial pressure, mean heart rate, respiratory rate and tidal volume, at 10-, 30- and 60-min intervals. Transient changes in mean total systemic resistance and mean stroke volume were also seen at 10 min. The results strongly suggest a peripheral vasodilator response to morphine. Respiratory depression was not demonstrated.", "contents": "Some circulatory and respiratory effects of morphine in patients without pre-existing cardiac disease. Haemodynamic and respiratory effects of i.v. morphine (10 mg/70kg body weight) were studied in 10 adults with unimpaired circulatory function. There were significant changes in mean arterial pressure, mean heart rate, respiratory rate and tidal volume, at 10-, 30- and 60-min intervals. Transient changes in mean total systemic resistance and mean stroke volume were also seen at 10 min. The results strongly suggest a peripheral vasodilator response to morphine. Respiratory depression was not demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:911593", "title": "Peripheral vascular effects of morphine in patients without pre-existing cardiac disease.", "content": "The effect of doses of morphine (10 mg/70 kg) on the forearm blood flow and vascular resistance was evaluated in 10 adults. The present findings were correlated with the central haemodynamic changes observed previously. Consistent and significant increases in forearm blood flow and significant decreases in forearm vascular resistance were observed in all patients.", "contents": "Peripheral vascular effects of morphine in patients without pre-existing cardiac disease. The effect of doses of morphine (10 mg/70 kg) on the forearm blood flow and vascular resistance was evaluated in 10 adults. The present findings were correlated with the central haemodynamic changes observed previously. Consistent and significant increases in forearm blood flow and significant decreases in forearm vascular resistance were observed in all patients."}
{"id": "PMID:911594", "title": "Anaesthesia for patients susceptible to malignant hyperpyrexia. A study of pancuronium and methylprednisolone.", "content": "In a study of human malignant hyperpyrexia-susceptible muscle a comparison between pancuronium and methylprednisolone showed that both drugs produced qualitatively similar depression of the halothane-induced muscle contracture. From this and other evidence, it is suggested that pancuronium is a suitable drug for use in malignant hyperpyrexia-susceptible patients.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for patients susceptible to malignant hyperpyrexia. A study of pancuronium and methylprednisolone. In a study of human malignant hyperpyrexia-susceptible muscle a comparison between pancuronium and methylprednisolone showed that both drugs produced qualitatively similar depression of the halothane-induced muscle contracture. From this and other evidence, it is suggested that pancuronium is a suitable drug for use in malignant hyperpyrexia-susceptible patients."}
{"id": "PMID:911595", "title": "Preoperative serum cholinesterase concentration in chronic renal failure. Clinical experience of suxamethonium in 81 patients undergoing renal transplant.", "content": "Serum cholinesterase concentrations were measured in 181 patients in chronic renal failure. Significant differences in cholinesterase concentrations were not found in patients undergoing dialysis and changes appear to be independent of the method of treatment used. Clinical experience with suxamethonium to facilitate tracheal intubation was satisfactory in 80 patients undergoing renal transplant. Apnoea occurred in one patient who was found subsequently to have atypical cholinesterase inheritance.", "contents": "Preoperative serum cholinesterase concentration in chronic renal failure. Clinical experience of suxamethonium in 81 patients undergoing renal transplant. Serum cholinesterase concentrations were measured in 181 patients in chronic renal failure. Significant differences in cholinesterase concentrations were not found in patients undergoing dialysis and changes appear to be independent of the method of treatment used. Clinical experience with suxamethonium to facilitate tracheal intubation was satisfactory in 80 patients undergoing renal transplant. Apnoea occurred in one patient who was found subsequently to have atypical cholinesterase inheritance."}
{"id": "PMID:911600", "title": "Adverse reactions to procainamide.", "content": "1 Data from a comprehensive drug surveillance programme are analysed to provide details of procainamide use and toxicity in medical wards of teaching hospitals in five countries. 2 Out of a total of 488 recipients 9.2% had one or more adverse effect attributed to the drug; common effects being arrhythmias, gastro-intestinal upsets and drug fever. Although occasionally of major severity, no patient died as a consequence of procainamide toxicity. 3 Toxicity was directly related to total daily dose and duration of hospitalization but was not related to age, weight of the patient or presenting urea or albumin concentrations.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to procainamide. 1 Data from a comprehensive drug surveillance programme are analysed to provide details of procainamide use and toxicity in medical wards of teaching hospitals in five countries. 2 Out of a total of 488 recipients 9.2% had one or more adverse effect attributed to the drug; common effects being arrhythmias, gastro-intestinal upsets and drug fever. Although occasionally of major severity, no patient died as a consequence of procainamide toxicity. 3 Toxicity was directly related to total daily dose and duration of hospitalization but was not related to age, weight of the patient or presenting urea or albumin concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:911601", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of a new inotropic agent, U. K. 14275, in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "1 The chronotropic and inotropic properties of U.K. 14275, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor were assessed in patients with coronary heart disease. 2 Left ventricular function was assessed in eight patients with acute myocardial infarction using the non-invasive measurement of systolic time intervals. 3 Twelve patients with angina pectoris were studied during diagnostic coronary arteriography. Left ventricular function was assessed using a high fidelity catheter tipped transducer in the left ventricle. 4 In both groups of patients U.K. 14275 infused intravenously in doses of 32, 64, 128 and 256 microgram kg-1 bodyweight min-1 enhanced the contractile state of the left ventricle without altering the heart rate.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of a new inotropic agent, U. K. 14275, in patients with coronary heart disease. 1 The chronotropic and inotropic properties of U.K. 14275, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor were assessed in patients with coronary heart disease. 2 Left ventricular function was assessed in eight patients with acute myocardial infarction using the non-invasive measurement of systolic time intervals. 3 Twelve patients with angina pectoris were studied during diagnostic coronary arteriography. Left ventricular function was assessed using a high fidelity catheter tipped transducer in the left ventricle. 4 In both groups of patients U.K. 14275 infused intravenously in doses of 32, 64, 128 and 256 microgram kg-1 bodyweight min-1 enhanced the contractile state of the left ventricle without altering the heart rate."}
{"id": "PMID:911602", "title": "Acebutolol metabolite plasma concentration during chronic oral therapy.", "content": "1 We have measured the plasma concentration of acebutolol and a major metabolite in patients on chronic oral therapy with this drug, using a new assay, specific for each species. Our study suggests: 2 The acetyl metabolite was present in concentrations greater than those of acebutolol at all times during the dosing interval in all seven subjects. 3 The ratio of the mean steady-state plasma concentrations of the acetyl metabolite to unchanged acebutolol was 2.7 +/- 1.0. 4 Previous studies using non-specific methods that measure plasma concentrations of the acetyl metabolite and acebutolol as a single species cannot be used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters or to provide reliable correlations of plasma drug concentration with effect. 5 Future studies determining plasma concentration of acebutolol should take this metabolite into account. 6 Further work will be necessary to determine the metabolite's contribution to acebutolol's effects in man.", "contents": "Acebutolol metabolite plasma concentration during chronic oral therapy. 1 We have measured the plasma concentration of acebutolol and a major metabolite in patients on chronic oral therapy with this drug, using a new assay, specific for each species. Our study suggests: 2 The acetyl metabolite was present in concentrations greater than those of acebutolol at all times during the dosing interval in all seven subjects. 3 The ratio of the mean steady-state plasma concentrations of the acetyl metabolite to unchanged acebutolol was 2.7 +/- 1.0. 4 Previous studies using non-specific methods that measure plasma concentrations of the acetyl metabolite and acebutolol as a single species cannot be used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters or to provide reliable correlations of plasma drug concentration with effect. 5 Future studies determining plasma concentration of acebutolol should take this metabolite into account. 6 Further work will be necessary to determine the metabolite's contribution to acebutolol's effects in man."}
{"id": "PMID:911603", "title": "Carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide concentrations in human brain.", "content": "1 Carbamazepine (CBZ) brain and plasma concentrations were measured in twenty-one patients undergoing brain surgery for tumour removal. The drug was administered prophylactically at doses ranging from 6.9 to 14.8 mg/kg for 4-5 days before the intervention. 2 In seventeen cases where sample were collected 10-14 h after dosing, CBZ brain levels ranged from 2.2-14.5 microgram/g. A significant linear relationship (p less than 0.01) was observed between brain and plasma concentrations with a brain/plasma ratio of 1.1 +/- 0.1. 3 Carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (CBZ-Epox), present in all samples, could be quantified in three brain specimens. Its brain concentrations ranged from 1.5-2.7 microgram/g with a brain/plasma ratio of 1.1-1.2. 4 Parieto-occipital areas tended to show higher CBZ concentrations while lower values were found in temporal regions. Very low CBZ levels were found in two gliomas while in meningiomas CBZ levels were similar to those observed in normal tissue. 5 The data, showing a linear relationship between brain and plasma concentrations of both CBZ and its epoxide, give additional significance to the plasma level monitoring of antiepileptic drugs.", "contents": "Carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide concentrations in human brain. 1 Carbamazepine (CBZ) brain and plasma concentrations were measured in twenty-one patients undergoing brain surgery for tumour removal. The drug was administered prophylactically at doses ranging from 6.9 to 14.8 mg/kg for 4-5 days before the intervention. 2 In seventeen cases where sample were collected 10-14 h after dosing, CBZ brain levels ranged from 2.2-14.5 microgram/g. A significant linear relationship (p less than 0.01) was observed between brain and plasma concentrations with a brain/plasma ratio of 1.1 +/- 0.1. 3 Carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (CBZ-Epox), present in all samples, could be quantified in three brain specimens. Its brain concentrations ranged from 1.5-2.7 microgram/g with a brain/plasma ratio of 1.1-1.2. 4 Parieto-occipital areas tended to show higher CBZ concentrations while lower values were found in temporal regions. Very low CBZ levels were found in two gliomas while in meningiomas CBZ levels were similar to those observed in normal tissue. 5 The data, showing a linear relationship between brain and plasma concentrations of both CBZ and its epoxide, give additional significance to the plasma level monitoring of antiepileptic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:911604", "title": "Factors influencing plasma phenobarbitone levels in epileptic patients.", "content": "1 Various statistical techniques were used to study the effects of age, sex and concurrent therapy with other anticonvulsants on the relation between plasma phenobarbitone levels and doses of (i) phenobarbtione, (ii) methylphenobarbitone or (iii) primidone, in epileptic patients. 2 Methylphenobarbitone and primidone are converted to phenobarbitone in the body. The mean doses of phenobarbitone, methylphenobarbitone and primidone which produced the  same plasma phenobarbitone level (15 microgram/ml) were, respectively, 1.75,2.75 and 7.75 mg kg-1 day-1. 3 For both phenobarbitone and methylphenobarbitone dose requirement to achieve a given plasma phenobarbitone level fell progressively with age. Sex influenced the relation between plasma phenobarbitone level and phenobarbitone or methylphenobarbitone dose. Interactions were detected between primidone and both phenytoin and carbamazepine. 4 In individual patients, within the limits of dosage studied, the relation between plasma phenobarbitone level and drug dose was not rectilinear if phenobarbitone itself was taken, but was rectilinear if methylphenobarbitone was taken.", "contents": "Factors influencing plasma phenobarbitone levels in epileptic patients. 1 Various statistical techniques were used to study the effects of age, sex and concurrent therapy with other anticonvulsants on the relation between plasma phenobarbitone levels and doses of (i) phenobarbtione, (ii) methylphenobarbitone or (iii) primidone, in epileptic patients. 2 Methylphenobarbitone and primidone are converted to phenobarbitone in the body. The mean doses of phenobarbitone, methylphenobarbitone and primidone which produced the  same plasma phenobarbitone level (15 microgram/ml) were, respectively, 1.75,2.75 and 7.75 mg kg-1 day-1. 3 For both phenobarbitone and methylphenobarbitone dose requirement to achieve a given plasma phenobarbitone level fell progressively with age. Sex influenced the relation between plasma phenobarbitone level and phenobarbitone or methylphenobarbitone dose. Interactions were detected between primidone and both phenytoin and carbamazepine. 4 In individual patients, within the limits of dosage studied, the relation between plasma phenobarbitone level and drug dose was not rectilinear if phenobarbitone itself was taken, but was rectilinear if methylphenobarbitone was taken."}
{"id": "PMID:911605", "title": "The influence of age on the response to anticoagulants.", "content": "1 A group of 114 patients on long-term anticoagulant therapy was studied. The daily maintenance dose of both phenprocoumon, bishydroxycoumarin and warfarin was found to be significantly lower in patients aged between 61 and 70 years than in the those between 50 and 60 years of age. The mean daily dose of bishydroxycoumarin, hower, when expressed on a weight basis, was not significantly lower in the elderly. 2 For bishydroxycoumarin but not for phenprocoumon and warfarin there was found a statistically significant correlation between the daily maintenance dose and the weight of the patient. 3 The mean daily dose of both bishydroxycoumarin and warfarin was 30-40% lower than that recommended in the literature. 4 'Correction' was made for potential drug interference by excluding patients in continuous medication with order drugs known to influence the treatment with orally administered anticoagulants. The interindividual variation in dosage requirements of coumarin drug was thereby reduced in the age groups above 60 years. 5 The level of vitamin-k dependent coagulation factors, measured by Owren's 'P and P' method (PP%) was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in patients of advanced age (between 61 and 70 years) than in younger patients (between 50 and 60 years). 6 The plasma concentration of albumin was significantly lower in patients over 60 years than in those under that age. 7 Correlation (P less than 0.01) was found between the daily maintenance dose of phenprocoumon and the plasma concentraction of albumin.", "contents": "The influence of age on the response to anticoagulants. 1 A group of 114 patients on long-term anticoagulant therapy was studied. The daily maintenance dose of both phenprocoumon, bishydroxycoumarin and warfarin was found to be significantly lower in patients aged between 61 and 70 years than in the those between 50 and 60 years of age. The mean daily dose of bishydroxycoumarin, hower, when expressed on a weight basis, was not significantly lower in the elderly. 2 For bishydroxycoumarin but not for phenprocoumon and warfarin there was found a statistically significant correlation between the daily maintenance dose and the weight of the patient. 3 The mean daily dose of both bishydroxycoumarin and warfarin was 30-40% lower than that recommended in the literature. 4 'Correction' was made for potential drug interference by excluding patients in continuous medication with order drugs known to influence the treatment with orally administered anticoagulants. The interindividual variation in dosage requirements of coumarin drug was thereby reduced in the age groups above 60 years. 5 The level of vitamin-k dependent coagulation factors, measured by Owren's 'P and P' method (PP%) was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in patients of advanced age (between 61 and 70 years) than in younger patients (between 50 and 60 years). 6 The plasma concentration of albumin was significantly lower in patients over 60 years than in those under that age. 7 Correlation (P less than 0.01) was found between the daily maintenance dose of phenprocoumon and the plasma concentraction of albumin."}
{"id": "PMID:911606", "title": "Plasma prednisolone levels from enteric and non-enteric coated tablets estimated by an original technique.", "content": "1 A quantitative thin layer chromatographic technique for the estimation of plasma prednisolone levels has been devised with a minimum level of estimation of 10 ng/ml. 2 A comparative study of the absorption of 5 and 10 mg prednisolone from enteric and non-enteric coated tablets (5 mg) was carried out in healthy subjects. 3 Mean plasma half-life and peak plasma concentrations obtained from the non-enteric coated preparation agree well with previous studies in normal subjects reported by other investigators using competitive protein binding or radioimmunoassay techniques. Intersubject variability in bioavailability was noted. 4 Enteric coating increased the lag time before prednisolone appeared in the blood but did not alter the bioavailability of prednisolone compared to the equivalent dose of the non-enteric coated tablet.", "contents": "Plasma prednisolone levels from enteric and non-enteric coated tablets estimated by an original technique. 1 A quantitative thin layer chromatographic technique for the estimation of plasma prednisolone levels has been devised with a minimum level of estimation of 10 ng/ml. 2 A comparative study of the absorption of 5 and 10 mg prednisolone from enteric and non-enteric coated tablets (5 mg) was carried out in healthy subjects. 3 Mean plasma half-life and peak plasma concentrations obtained from the non-enteric coated preparation agree well with previous studies in normal subjects reported by other investigators using competitive protein binding or radioimmunoassay techniques. Intersubject variability in bioavailability was noted. 4 Enteric coating increased the lag time before prednisolone appeared in the blood but did not alter the bioavailability of prednisolone compared to the equivalent dose of the non-enteric coated tablet."}
{"id": "PMID:911607", "title": "Prevention of adverse drug interactions.", "content": "1 The awareness and recognition of adverse interactions between drugs by prescribers is low. 2 A 6-month prospective study on patients on long-term outpatient anticoagulant therapy in the Grampian area has been carried out to evaluate a simple and cheap warning system. 3 The practitioners of patients in the test group were issued with warning labels which showed drugs known to interact. A reduction in the initiation of prescriptions for potentially interacting drugs was shown between the test and control groups (no warning labels). 4 The 140 practitioners who completed the study found the system to be convenient and useful. Extension to other high-risk drugs with the potential to interact with other drugs is planned. This system has the advantage of being drug and patient-orientated whereas lists of drug interactions or drug discs require more conscious effort by the prescriber.", "contents": "Prevention of adverse drug interactions. 1 The awareness and recognition of adverse interactions between drugs by prescribers is low. 2 A 6-month prospective study on patients on long-term outpatient anticoagulant therapy in the Grampian area has been carried out to evaluate a simple and cheap warning system. 3 The practitioners of patients in the test group were issued with warning labels which showed drugs known to interact. A reduction in the initiation of prescriptions for potentially interacting drugs was shown between the test and control groups (no warning labels). 4 The 140 practitioners who completed the study found the system to be convenient and useful. Extension to other high-risk drugs with the potential to interact with other drugs is planned. This system has the advantage of being drug and patient-orientated whereas lists of drug interactions or drug discs require more conscious effort by the prescriber."}
{"id": "PMID:911608", "title": "The disposition of sodium fusidate in man.", "content": "1 In a pharmacokinetic study in six volunteers serum fusidic acid concentrations were obtained after rapid intravenous administration of 100 mg. 2 Analysis of the data suggests that the serum concentration/time curve is biphasic and that the curve can be described by the following equation: cp=5.9e(-1.82t)+4.3e(-0.13t). 3 The disposition characteristics of sodium fusidate have been calculated from this relationship and a plasma half life for sodium fusidate of between 5 and 6 h obtained. 4 Subsequently plasma fusidic acid levels have been measured in the same volunteers on three occasions after sodium fusidate (500 mg) given either as a slow intravenous infusion, or orally as a capsule or as a suspension. 5 Serum levels and AUC after a capsule were about 75% of those obtained after the infusion (30 and 70 mg/1 at peak respectively) whereas levels and AUC after the suspension were only about 50%.", "contents": "The disposition of sodium fusidate in man. 1 In a pharmacokinetic study in six volunteers serum fusidic acid concentrations were obtained after rapid intravenous administration of 100 mg. 2 Analysis of the data suggests that the serum concentration/time curve is biphasic and that the curve can be described by the following equation: cp=5.9e(-1.82t)+4.3e(-0.13t). 3 The disposition characteristics of sodium fusidate have been calculated from this relationship and a plasma half life for sodium fusidate of between 5 and 6 h obtained. 4 Subsequently plasma fusidic acid levels have been measured in the same volunteers on three occasions after sodium fusidate (500 mg) given either as a slow intravenous infusion, or orally as a capsule or as a suspension. 5 Serum levels and AUC after a capsule were about 75% of those obtained after the infusion (30 and 70 mg/1 at peak respectively) whereas levels and AUC after the suspension were only about 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:911646", "title": "Effect of nomifensine on brain amines and epilepsy in photosensitive baboons.", "content": "1. The literature, both clinical and experimental, suggests that tricyclic antidepressants are potentially epileptogenic. Using the experimental model of epilepsy provided by the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio, the epileptic potential of four antidepressant drugs, two of which are tricyclic, has been assessed. The drugs used were imipramine 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg, chlorimipramine 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg, maprotiline 1 and 10 mg/kg and nomifensine 10 and 20 mg/kg. In a second series of experiments the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) 10 and 25 mg/kg has been administered before administration of imipramine 10 mg/kg and chlorimipramine 10 mg/kg. 2. The results of the experiments indicate that at 10 mg/kg imipramine, chlorimipramine and maprotiline all induce seizures and lower the seizure threshold. In contrast nomifensine at this dose did not alter the seizure threshold. 5-HTP 25 mg/kg administered before the antidepressants, abolished seizures. These results are discussed in the light of other experiments which have attempted to explain the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures following antidepressants, and it is concluded that dopaminergic mechanisms are probably responsible for the differing effect noted with nomifensine.", "contents": "Effect of nomifensine on brain amines and epilepsy in photosensitive baboons. 1. The literature, both clinical and experimental, suggests that tricyclic antidepressants are potentially epileptogenic. Using the experimental model of epilepsy provided by the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio, the epileptic potential of four antidepressant drugs, two of which are tricyclic, has been assessed. The drugs used were imipramine 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg, chlorimipramine 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg, maprotiline 1 and 10 mg/kg and nomifensine 10 and 20 mg/kg. In a second series of experiments the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) 10 and 25 mg/kg has been administered before administration of imipramine 10 mg/kg and chlorimipramine 10 mg/kg. 2. The results of the experiments indicate that at 10 mg/kg imipramine, chlorimipramine and maprotiline all induce seizures and lower the seizure threshold. In contrast nomifensine at this dose did not alter the seizure threshold. 5-HTP 25 mg/kg administered before the antidepressants, abolished seizures. These results are discussed in the light of other experiments which have attempted to explain the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures following antidepressants, and it is concluded that dopaminergic mechanisms are probably responsible for the differing effect noted with nomifensine."}
{"id": "PMID:911647", "title": "A simple gas chromatographic method for the determination of nomifensine in plasma and a comparison of the method with other available techniques.", "content": "1. A rapid simple gas chromatographic technique for determining nomifensine in plasma is described. 2. Nomifensine is rapidly absorbed after oral administration to man. 3. Following a 100-mg dose, peak levels of an acid-labile conjugate of 2--3 microgram/ml are reached about 1.5 h after administration. 4. The conjugate is cleared with a half-life of between 1 and 2 hours.", "contents": "A simple gas chromatographic method for the determination of nomifensine in plasma and a comparison of the method with other available techniques. 1. A rapid simple gas chromatographic technique for determining nomifensine in plasma is described. 2. Nomifensine is rapidly absorbed after oral administration to man. 3. Following a 100-mg dose, peak levels of an acid-labile conjugate of 2--3 microgram/ml are reached about 1.5 h after administration. 4. The conjugate is cleared with a half-life of between 1 and 2 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:911648", "title": "Determination of nomifensine by a sensitive radioimmunoassay.", "content": "1. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for determination of both nomifensine and total nomifensine (nomifensine + conjugated nomifensine) in serum, plasma, and urine. 2. Antibodies were prepared in rabbits by immunization with N-(8-Nomifensine) succinamic acid-bovine serum albumin. 3H-labelled drug was used as tracer. Separation of free from antibody-bound nomifensine was carried out using dextran-coated charcoal. For determination of total nomifensine, the acid-labile conjugate was split by acidification. 3. The limit of detection for nomifensine is 300 pg/ml plasma and the cross-reactivity of the metabolites is less that 1%. The influence of conjugated nomifensine on the results of nomifensine can be corrected. 4. Pharmacokinetics of nomifensine were determined in healthy volunteers after oral administration of 100 mg 14C-labelled drug. Peak levels of 14C radioactivity (2,150 ng/ml), total nomifensine (1,252 ng/ml) and nomifensine (53 ng/ml) appeared within 1.5-2 h; the half-life of elimination from plasma was 1.5-2 hours. The advantages of this routine method are high sensitivity, the requirement of small amounts of plasma, and simple handling.", "contents": "Determination of nomifensine by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. 1. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for determination of both nomifensine and total nomifensine (nomifensine + conjugated nomifensine) in serum, plasma, and urine. 2. Antibodies were prepared in rabbits by immunization with N-(8-Nomifensine) succinamic acid-bovine serum albumin. 3H-labelled drug was used as tracer. Separation of free from antibody-bound nomifensine was carried out using dextran-coated charcoal. For determination of total nomifensine, the acid-labile conjugate was split by acidification. 3. The limit of detection for nomifensine is 300 pg/ml plasma and the cross-reactivity of the metabolites is less that 1%. The influence of conjugated nomifensine on the results of nomifensine can be corrected. 4. Pharmacokinetics of nomifensine were determined in healthy volunteers after oral administration of 100 mg 14C-labelled drug. Peak levels of 14C radioactivity (2,150 ng/ml), total nomifensine (1,252 ng/ml) and nomifensine (53 ng/ml) appeared within 1.5-2 h; the half-life of elimination from plasma was 1.5-2 hours. The advantages of this routine method are high sensitivity, the requirement of small amounts of plasma, and simple handling."}
{"id": "PMID:911649", "title": "Influence of nomifensine and desipramine on tyramine pressor responses in healthy volunteers.", "content": "1. Pressor responses following a series of bolus intravenous injections of tyramine were used to assess the influence of single oral doses of nomifensine 75 mg on peripheral sympathetic neuronal uptake mechanisms in healthy volunteers. Desipramine 50 mg served as a positive control. 2. Following each treatment the effect of tyramine was diminished, with a shift to the right in the tyramine dose-response curve. In addition, there was a suggestion that in these experimental conditions nomifensine was less potent than desipramine.", "contents": "Influence of nomifensine and desipramine on tyramine pressor responses in healthy volunteers. 1. Pressor responses following a series of bolus intravenous injections of tyramine were used to assess the influence of single oral doses of nomifensine 75 mg on peripheral sympathetic neuronal uptake mechanisms in healthy volunteers. Desipramine 50 mg served as a positive control. 2. Following each treatment the effect of tyramine was diminished, with a shift to the right in the tyramine dose-response curve. In addition, there was a suggestion that in these experimental conditions nomifensine was less potent than desipramine."}
{"id": "PMID:911650", "title": "Effects of nomifensine in vitro on uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine into human platelets.", "content": "1. The effect of nomifensine on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) into human platelet-rich plasma has been studied. 2. A significant inhibition of DA uptake was observed at nomifensine 10(-6) M. 3. 5-HT uptake was significantly inhibited only at nomifensine 10(-4) M or more. 4. These results are consistent with those from previous animal experiments and suggest that the human platelet may be used as a model for studying DA uptake as well as that of 5-HT.", "contents": "Effects of nomifensine in vitro on uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine into human platelets. 1. The effect of nomifensine on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) into human platelet-rich plasma has been studied. 2. A significant inhibition of DA uptake was observed at nomifensine 10(-6) M. 3. 5-HT uptake was significantly inhibited only at nomifensine 10(-4) M or more. 4. These results are consistent with those from previous animal experiments and suggest that the human platelet may be used as a model for studying DA uptake as well as that of 5-HT."}
{"id": "PMID:911652", "title": "Effects of nomifensine, an inhibitor of endogenous catecholamine re-uptake, in acromegaly, in hyperprolactinaemia, and against stimulated prolactin release in man.", "content": "1. Nomifensine, an inhibitor of endogenous catecholamine re-uptake, did not affect the growth hormone (GH) or prolactin levels in patients with acromegaly or hyperprolactinaemia. It does not, therefore, have any therapeutic role in these conditions at the dosage used in this study. 2. It had no effect on thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced thyrotrophin (TSH) or prolactin release in males, yet caused marked suppression of monoiodotyrosine (MIT)-induced prolactin release in males but not in females. 3. The significant suppression of MIT-induced prolactin release in males is likely to reflect the dopamine (DA) agonist activity of the drug and its lack of effect in the other situations tested could be dose related. 4. It is proposed that the difference in male and female patterns of prolactin response to MIT after nomifensine, could be due to a \"damping\" effect of oestrogen on the hypothalamic dopaminergic system.", "contents": "Effects of nomifensine, an inhibitor of endogenous catecholamine re-uptake, in acromegaly, in hyperprolactinaemia, and against stimulated prolactin release in man. 1. Nomifensine, an inhibitor of endogenous catecholamine re-uptake, did not affect the growth hormone (GH) or prolactin levels in patients with acromegaly or hyperprolactinaemia. It does not, therefore, have any therapeutic role in these conditions at the dosage used in this study. 2. It had no effect on thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced thyrotrophin (TSH) or prolactin release in males, yet caused marked suppression of monoiodotyrosine (MIT)-induced prolactin release in males but not in females. 3. The significant suppression of MIT-induced prolactin release in males is likely to reflect the dopamine (DA) agonist activity of the drug and its lack of effect in the other situations tested could be dose related. 4. It is proposed that the difference in male and female patterns of prolactin response to MIT after nomifensine, could be due to a \"damping\" effect of oestrogen on the hypothalamic dopaminergic system."}
{"id": "PMID:911653", "title": "A profile of nomifensine.", "content": "1. Nomifensine is a new antidepressant of novel chemical structure (a tetrahydroisoquinoline) with a pharmacological and therapeutic profile which differentiates it from any existing group of psychotropic agents. 2. The basic animal pharmacological profile is similar to that of the tricyclic antidepressants, imipramine and desmethylimipramine, but with a comparative lack of peripheral anticholinergic and cardiotoxic effects. 3. The pattern of effects on monoamine neurotransmitters is unique amongst antidepressants in that nomifensine is a potent dopamine agonist, has a powerful inhibitory effect on noradrenaline uptake and a weaker inhibitory effect on serotonin uptake. These pharmacological differences are reflected in the behavioural activity of the drug. 4. Clinically nomifensine has been shown to be an effective non-sedative antidepressant; its relative lack of anticholinergic and other somatic side-effects (particularly on the cardiovascular system) have been confirmed in patients.", "contents": "A profile of nomifensine. 1. Nomifensine is a new antidepressant of novel chemical structure (a tetrahydroisoquinoline) with a pharmacological and therapeutic profile which differentiates it from any existing group of psychotropic agents. 2. The basic animal pharmacological profile is similar to that of the tricyclic antidepressants, imipramine and desmethylimipramine, but with a comparative lack of peripheral anticholinergic and cardiotoxic effects. 3. The pattern of effects on monoamine neurotransmitters is unique amongst antidepressants in that nomifensine is a potent dopamine agonist, has a powerful inhibitory effect on noradrenaline uptake and a weaker inhibitory effect on serotonin uptake. These pharmacological differences are reflected in the behavioural activity of the drug. 4. Clinically nomifensine has been shown to be an effective non-sedative antidepressant; its relative lack of anticholinergic and other somatic side-effects (particularly on the cardiovascular system) have been confirmed in patients."}
{"id": "PMID:911654", "title": "A comparative review of the pharmacology of nomifensine.", "content": "1. Nomifensine is a new substance which showed, in tests for antidepressant activity, a pronounced effect which is quantitatively better than that of the reference substances. 2. With regard to thymoleptic effects in animal studies the effect of nomifensine is similar to that of tricyclic antidepressants, but nomifensine has no pronounced anticholinergic activity. 3. Nomifensine influences the cardiovascular system very slightly. 4. The mechanism of action of nomifensine differs from that of tricyclic antidepressants and must be clearly differentiated from phenylalkyl amines with sympathomimetric activity. 5. Nomifensine is a compound with a special, new profile of action, and thus cannot be calssified in known categories.", "contents": "A comparative review of the pharmacology of nomifensine. 1. Nomifensine is a new substance which showed, in tests for antidepressant activity, a pronounced effect which is quantitatively better than that of the reference substances. 2. With regard to thymoleptic effects in animal studies the effect of nomifensine is similar to that of tricyclic antidepressants, but nomifensine has no pronounced anticholinergic activity. 3. Nomifensine influences the cardiovascular system very slightly. 4. The mechanism of action of nomifensine differs from that of tricyclic antidepressants and must be clearly differentiated from phenylalkyl amines with sympathomimetric activity. 5. Nomifensine is a compound with a special, new profile of action, and thus cannot be calssified in known categories."}
{"id": "PMID:911656", "title": "Enhanced growth of syngeneic Moloney sarcoma with decreased immunity in the regressors.", "content": "S.c. cellular transplants of MS tumours have a high incidence of rejection in adult BALB/c mice, which can then be used as syngeneic regressors. When these tumours were inoculated within a glass cylinder which had been implanted s.c. in BALB/c mice 2 days earlier, 51% of the animals died with progressively growing tumours, compared with 2% in animals which had received the same inoculum directly s.c. This experimental model demonstrates tumour enhancement in a syngeneic system, and duplicates what has been previously reported in two different allogeneic tumour-host combinations, where it was demonstrated that immunological enhancement was operating, since the addition of either progressor serum or soluble tumour antigen significantly increased tumour incidence. For the purpose of investigating whether the glass cylinder model could also modify the immune response of the host to a second tumour challenge, a leukaemia virus known to crossreact with MS was used. Regressors were challenged i.p. with a lethal dose of a leukaemia virus, PLLV. Regressors bearing a glass cylinder showed a 22% survival rate which was significantly lower than that of the s.c. inoculated regressors (71%). This decrease in cross-immunity suggests that the artificially constructed privileged site created by the glass cylinder, by conditioning for tumour enhancement, also decreases immunological memory.", "contents": "Enhanced growth of syngeneic Moloney sarcoma with decreased immunity in the regressors. S.c. cellular transplants of MS tumours have a high incidence of rejection in adult BALB/c mice, which can then be used as syngeneic regressors. When these tumours were inoculated within a glass cylinder which had been implanted s.c. in BALB/c mice 2 days earlier, 51% of the animals died with progressively growing tumours, compared with 2% in animals which had received the same inoculum directly s.c. This experimental model demonstrates tumour enhancement in a syngeneic system, and duplicates what has been previously reported in two different allogeneic tumour-host combinations, where it was demonstrated that immunological enhancement was operating, since the addition of either progressor serum or soluble tumour antigen significantly increased tumour incidence. For the purpose of investigating whether the glass cylinder model could also modify the immune response of the host to a second tumour challenge, a leukaemia virus known to crossreact with MS was used. Regressors were challenged i.p. with a lethal dose of a leukaemia virus, PLLV. Regressors bearing a glass cylinder showed a 22% survival rate which was significantly lower than that of the s.c. inoculated regressors (71%). This decrease in cross-immunity suggests that the artificially constructed privileged site created by the glass cylinder, by conditioning for tumour enhancement, also decreases immunological memory."}
{"id": "PMID:911657", "title": "Further investigations of the effects of the hypoxic-cell radiosensitizer, Ro-07-0582, on local control of a mouse tumour.", "content": "The tumour used, designated MT1, is a more radiosensitive form of the anaplastic MT tumour previously described. No explanation for the increased radiosensitivity was found, but it was shown not to be due to infection or to a change in immunological status, growth rate or histology. The sensitivity has remained constant throughout the present work. No cytotoxicity in the tumour was observed when 1 mg/g body weight of Ro-07-0582 was injected immediately after a single dose of X-rays; indeed a small protective effect was seen. A radiosensitization enhancement of 1-5 was achieved with a relatively low drug dose of Ro-07-0582 in a 5F/4d fractionated regime. The interval between the injection of a low dose of Ro-07-0582 and the start of irradiation was found to be critical, the optimum interval being 45-60 min. The subsequent incidence of distant metastases was not increased by the use of Ro-07-0582 at the time of \"primary\" tumour irradiation.", "contents": "Further investigations of the effects of the hypoxic-cell radiosensitizer, Ro-07-0582, on local control of a mouse tumour. The tumour used, designated MT1, is a more radiosensitive form of the anaplastic MT tumour previously described. No explanation for the increased radiosensitivity was found, but it was shown not to be due to infection or to a change in immunological status, growth rate or histology. The sensitivity has remained constant throughout the present work. No cytotoxicity in the tumour was observed when 1 mg/g body weight of Ro-07-0582 was injected immediately after a single dose of X-rays; indeed a small protective effect was seen. A radiosensitization enhancement of 1-5 was achieved with a relatively low drug dose of Ro-07-0582 in a 5F/4d fractionated regime. The interval between the injection of a low dose of Ro-07-0582 and the start of irradiation was found to be critical, the optimum interval being 45-60 min. The subsequent incidence of distant metastases was not increased by the use of Ro-07-0582 at the time of \"primary\" tumour irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:911658", "title": "Effects of cytotoxic agents on TdR incorporation and growth delay in human colonic tumour xenografts.", "content": "The relationship between the utilization of 3H-thymidine in situ ([3H]-TdR fractional incorporation or TFI) and tumour growth delay after treatment with various cytotoxic agents has been examined. It is shown that (a) it is not possible to predict tumour growth delay, or to select the most effective agent, from changes in TFI 1 day after treatment; (b) there is a good correlation between tumour growth delay and the time for recovery of TFI to the pretreatment level; (c) there is a relationship within a tumour line between the depression of TFI 4 days after treatment and growth dealy induced by the same treatment. This relationship appears to be independent of the mechanism by which the agent exerts its cytotoxic effect.", "contents": "Effects of cytotoxic agents on TdR incorporation and growth delay in human colonic tumour xenografts. The relationship between the utilization of 3H-thymidine in situ ([3H]-TdR fractional incorporation or TFI) and tumour growth delay after treatment with various cytotoxic agents has been examined. It is shown that (a) it is not possible to predict tumour growth delay, or to select the most effective agent, from changes in TFI 1 day after treatment; (b) there is a good correlation between tumour growth delay and the time for recovery of TFI to the pretreatment level; (c) there is a relationship within a tumour line between the depression of TFI 4 days after treatment and growth dealy induced by the same treatment. This relationship appears to be independent of the mechanism by which the agent exerts its cytotoxic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:911659", "title": "Cell kinetics of urethane-induced murine pulmonary adenomas: III. Implications of the disparity between the rates of entry into DNA synthesis and into mitosis.", "content": "Metaphase arrest by vincristine in urethane-induced murine pulmonary adenomas became linear after an interval of 60 min. The rate of entry into metaphase was 0-191%/h, which was considerably less than the 1%/h for the rate of entry into DNA synthesis obtained previously by double labelling. The duration of prophase plus metaphase was calculated to be 1-7 h. A growth fraction of 9% and a cell-loss factor of 52% were derived. The disparity between rates of entry into DNA synthesis and into metaphase was investigated by microdensitometry on Feulgen-stained squash preparations of tumours of varying ages. Tne DNA profiles showed an increasing frequency of hyperdiploid nuclei with age. Circumstantial evidence for polyploidy was provided by the presence of many binucleate cells in the tumours. By analogy with the liver, these cells may well represent a stage in the development of polyploidy, and the possible relevance of these findings to the neoplastic process is considered.", "contents": "Cell kinetics of urethane-induced murine pulmonary adenomas: III. Implications of the disparity between the rates of entry into DNA synthesis and into mitosis. Metaphase arrest by vincristine in urethane-induced murine pulmonary adenomas became linear after an interval of 60 min. The rate of entry into metaphase was 0-191%/h, which was considerably less than the 1%/h for the rate of entry into DNA synthesis obtained previously by double labelling. The duration of prophase plus metaphase was calculated to be 1-7 h. A growth fraction of 9% and a cell-loss factor of 52% were derived. The disparity between rates of entry into DNA synthesis and into metaphase was investigated by microdensitometry on Feulgen-stained squash preparations of tumours of varying ages. Tne DNA profiles showed an increasing frequency of hyperdiploid nuclei with age. Circumstantial evidence for polyploidy was provided by the presence of many binucleate cells in the tumours. By analogy with the liver, these cells may well represent a stage in the development of polyploidy, and the possible relevance of these findings to the neoplastic process is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:911660", "title": "Metastasis of a transplantable mammary tumour in rats treated with cyclophosphamide and/or irradiation.", "content": "We report observations on the spread by metastasis and infiltration of a transplantable tumour in rats treated by 60Co gamma-irradiation of the primary, irradiation plus parenteral cyclophosphamide, or parenteral cyclophosphamide alone. The proportion of animals with overt disseminated disease and the extent of spread were measured with respect to the time elapsed after implantation and treatment of the primary tumour. The incidence of metastatic disease was broadly similar for all treatment groups, but the extent of dissemination was greater in rats whose treatment included cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Metastasis of a transplantable mammary tumour in rats treated with cyclophosphamide and/or irradiation. We report observations on the spread by metastasis and infiltration of a transplantable tumour in rats treated by 60Co gamma-irradiation of the primary, irradiation plus parenteral cyclophosphamide, or parenteral cyclophosphamide alone. The proportion of animals with overt disseminated disease and the extent of spread were measured with respect to the time elapsed after implantation and treatment of the primary tumour. The incidence of metastatic disease was broadly similar for all treatment groups, but the extent of dissemination was greater in rats whose treatment included cyclophosphamide."}
{"id": "PMID:911661", "title": "I-fibrinogen as an oncophilic radiodiagnostic agent: distribution kinetics in tumour-bearing mice.", "content": "Fibrinogen radioiodinated by the iodine monochloride method was tested as a tumour radiodiagnostic agent in mice. The I-fibrinogen cleared from the blood of tumour-bearing mice more rapidly than from that of normal mice, but it cleared from the whole body more slowly, suggesting it accumulated in a substantial tumour-related compartment in the abnormal mice. The tumour concentration steadily increased for 4 h after injection, at which time it reached a peak concentration of 11-4% of the injected dose/g. This concentration was higher than the peak concentration for Ga-citrate (not reached until 24 h) or any other oncophilic radiopharmaceutical tested in this tumour model. The early accumulation is consistent with the use of 123I as a tracer label for fibrinogen. A combination of the large tumour concentration of I-fibrinogen, an increased catabolic rate induced by chemical modification, and the exceptional nuclear properties of 123I for scintigraphic imaging, could lead to a very useful radiodiagnostic procedure for cancer.", "contents": "I-fibrinogen as an oncophilic radiodiagnostic agent: distribution kinetics in tumour-bearing mice. Fibrinogen radioiodinated by the iodine monochloride method was tested as a tumour radiodiagnostic agent in mice. The I-fibrinogen cleared from the blood of tumour-bearing mice more rapidly than from that of normal mice, but it cleared from the whole body more slowly, suggesting it accumulated in a substantial tumour-related compartment in the abnormal mice. The tumour concentration steadily increased for 4 h after injection, at which time it reached a peak concentration of 11-4% of the injected dose/g. This concentration was higher than the peak concentration for Ga-citrate (not reached until 24 h) or any other oncophilic radiopharmaceutical tested in this tumour model. The early accumulation is consistent with the use of 123I as a tracer label for fibrinogen. A combination of the large tumour concentration of I-fibrinogen, an increased catabolic rate induced by chemical modification, and the exceptional nuclear properties of 123I for scintigraphic imaging, could lead to a very useful radiodiagnostic procedure for cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:911662", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance in cancer, XII: Application of NMR malignancy index to human lung tumours.", "content": "Sixty specimens of human lung tissue from 52 individuals were inspected at 22.5 MHz by proton magnetic resonance techniques. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique for the diagnosis of malignancy. The combination of two NMR parameters (spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times) into a malignancy index yielded 3 cases of overlap between the two populations of tissue. The mean and standard deviations obtained were 1.966 +/- 0.262 for normal tissue, and 2.925 +/- 0.864 for malignant specimens. In addition, analysis of the electrolyte and water content of the tissues confirm that factors other than specimen water content influence the relaxation time.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance in cancer, XII: Application of NMR malignancy index to human lung tumours. Sixty specimens of human lung tissue from 52 individuals were inspected at 22.5 MHz by proton magnetic resonance techniques. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique for the diagnosis of malignancy. The combination of two NMR parameters (spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times) into a malignancy index yielded 3 cases of overlap between the two populations of tissue. The mean and standard deviations obtained were 1.966 +/- 0.262 for normal tissue, and 2.925 +/- 0.864 for malignant specimens. In addition, analysis of the electrolyte and water content of the tissues confirm that factors other than specimen water content influence the relaxation time."}
{"id": "PMID:911663", "title": "Spectral and metabolic characteristics of mitochondrial fractions from rotenone-induced tumours.", "content": "Mitochondrial fractions isolated from tumours induced with the respiratory inhibitor rotenone lack respiratory control, oxidative phosphorylation, are partially or totally insensitive to cyanide and have a near-normal content of respiratory carriers. These characteristics are more similar to those of mitochondria from atrophic mammary gland than to those of mitochondria from spontaneous mammary adenomas. Thus, the characteristic structural and biochemical mitochondrial alteration of rotenone-induced tumours would represent a lack of mitochondrial differentiation as the tumour develops from the atrophic mammary gland. Slices of rotenone-induced tumours are insensitive to oligomycin and dinitrophenol, thus indicating that glycolysis would be their sole source of metabolic energy.", "contents": "Spectral and metabolic characteristics of mitochondrial fractions from rotenone-induced tumours. Mitochondrial fractions isolated from tumours induced with the respiratory inhibitor rotenone lack respiratory control, oxidative phosphorylation, are partially or totally insensitive to cyanide and have a near-normal content of respiratory carriers. These characteristics are more similar to those of mitochondria from atrophic mammary gland than to those of mitochondria from spontaneous mammary adenomas. Thus, the characteristic structural and biochemical mitochondrial alteration of rotenone-induced tumours would represent a lack of mitochondrial differentiation as the tumour develops from the atrophic mammary gland. Slices of rotenone-induced tumours are insensitive to oligomycin and dinitrophenol, thus indicating that glycolysis would be their sole source of metabolic energy."}
{"id": "PMID:911664", "title": "Malignant round-cell tumours of bone: an analytical histological study from the Cancer Research Campaign's bone tumour panel.", "content": "A study of 40 cases of malignant round-cell tumour of one was made from the files of the Cancer Research Campaign's Bone Tumour Panel. Five pathologists made a careful study of observer error, involving repeated examination of routine paraffin sections, to determine whether the cases were a homogeneous group or a collection of differing sub-groups. Cell outline, nuclear staining, nuclear pleomorphism, conspicuous nucleoli, reticulin pattern and intracellular glycogen were the histological features selected for study. For each feature, the results were analysed to assess the importance of differences between tumours, between samples of tissue from the same tumour, and between observers. It is concluded that round-cell tumours of bone are a heterogeneous group, although completely distinct sub-groups could not be identified. Certain histological features tend to be associated, and it is reasonable to distinguish on histological grounds between Ewing's sarcoma and reticulum-cell sarcoma, although some tumours are not typical of either group.", "contents": "Malignant round-cell tumours of bone: an analytical histological study from the Cancer Research Campaign's bone tumour panel. A study of 40 cases of malignant round-cell tumour of one was made from the files of the Cancer Research Campaign's Bone Tumour Panel. Five pathologists made a careful study of observer error, involving repeated examination of routine paraffin sections, to determine whether the cases were a homogeneous group or a collection of differing sub-groups. Cell outline, nuclear staining, nuclear pleomorphism, conspicuous nucleoli, reticulin pattern and intracellular glycogen were the histological features selected for study. For each feature, the results were analysed to assess the importance of differences between tumours, between samples of tissue from the same tumour, and between observers. It is concluded that round-cell tumours of bone are a heterogeneous group, although completely distinct sub-groups could not be identified. Certain histological features tend to be associated, and it is reasonable to distinguish on histological grounds between Ewing's sarcoma and reticulum-cell sarcoma, although some tumours are not typical of either group."}
{"id": "PMID:911665", "title": "Influence of irradiation and chemotherapy on the ovaries of children with abdominal tumours.", "content": "The ovaries of children with abdominal tumours were studied in 12 autopsy specimens. Ovaries from 25 children who died in accidents or after a short acute disease served as controls. All ovaries from normal children showed follicle growth, but follicle development was inhibited in 67% of the children with abdominal tumours. The effect of treatment with cytotoxic drugs and/or abdominal irradiation on ovarian morphology was investigated. Normal ovaries were found only in children who had received no chemotherapy or a short course. All patients who had been treated with radiation therapy either alone or in conjunction with chemotherapy had severely damaged ovaries: follicle growth was inhibited in all cases, and the number of small non-growing follicles was markedly reduced in most. It is argued that abdominal irradiation might impair follicle development as well as destroy small follicles.", "contents": "Influence of irradiation and chemotherapy on the ovaries of children with abdominal tumours. The ovaries of children with abdominal tumours were studied in 12 autopsy specimens. Ovaries from 25 children who died in accidents or after a short acute disease served as controls. All ovaries from normal children showed follicle growth, but follicle development was inhibited in 67% of the children with abdominal tumours. The effect of treatment with cytotoxic drugs and/or abdominal irradiation on ovarian morphology was investigated. Normal ovaries were found only in children who had received no chemotherapy or a short course. All patients who had been treated with radiation therapy either alone or in conjunction with chemotherapy had severely damaged ovaries: follicle growth was inhibited in all cases, and the number of small non-growing follicles was markedly reduced in most. It is argued that abdominal irradiation might impair follicle development as well as destroy small follicles."}
{"id": "PMID:911666", "title": "A combination of chlorambucil, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisolone for treatment of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Seventy patients with Hodgkin's disease have been treated with a combination of chlorambucil, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisolone (Ch1VPP). The complete remission rate of 75-7% compares well with that produced by other combinations. The combination is non-toxic, easily administered and can be given safely to outpatients. Its main advantage is that it is far less upsetting to patients than combinations containing nitrogen mustard.", "contents": "A combination of chlorambucil, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisolone for treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Seventy patients with Hodgkin's disease have been treated with a combination of chlorambucil, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisolone (Ch1VPP). The complete remission rate of 75-7% compares well with that produced by other combinations. The combination is non-toxic, easily administered and can be given safely to outpatients. Its main advantage is that it is far less upsetting to patients than combinations containing nitrogen mustard."}
{"id": "PMID:911667", "title": "Thermal injury and the sodium, potassium and water exchanges of skin.", "content": "A number of changes in tissue content of Na, K and water are known to occur after injury. In order to elucidate the exact sequence of these changes, experiments were made on explants of guinea-pig flank skin maintained in vitro. This work explores some techniques using explants subjected to graded thermal injury (37 degrees-50 degrees). Stages of increasing damage were identified as higher temperatures were applied and these could be related to the developing changes in cation and water contents. This study is intended to explore a number of possible methods for use in a complete in vitro model to investigate particular problems and events associated with severe trauma.", "contents": "Thermal injury and the sodium, potassium and water exchanges of skin. A number of changes in tissue content of Na, K and water are known to occur after injury. In order to elucidate the exact sequence of these changes, experiments were made on explants of guinea-pig flank skin maintained in vitro. This work explores some techniques using explants subjected to graded thermal injury (37 degrees-50 degrees). Stages of increasing damage were identified as higher temperatures were applied and these could be related to the developing changes in cation and water contents. This study is intended to explore a number of possible methods for use in a complete in vitro model to investigate particular problems and events associated with severe trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:911668", "title": "Coxsackievirus B3 infection in pregnancy and its influence on foetal heart development.", "content": "Infection of mice on the 12th or 14th day of pregnancy with Coxsackievirus B3 resulted in the birth of growth-retarded young which died soon after birth and exhibited an abnormal heart development. The ratio of heart weight to body weight in these offspring was higher than normal. The auricles were prominent  and the ventricles developed such that the heart apex was bifid in appearance. This anomalous cardiac development may have been due to a direct viral pathogenicity in the developing tissue or, as seems more likely, resulted from a generalized disturbance in foetal growth attributable to a virus-induced pancreatic insufficiency in the mother. Retarded development in the pulmonary system also resulting from aberrations in foetal growth may have been contributory to impaired postnatal cardiac growth.", "contents": "Coxsackievirus B3 infection in pregnancy and its influence on foetal heart development. Infection of mice on the 12th or 14th day of pregnancy with Coxsackievirus B3 resulted in the birth of growth-retarded young which died soon after birth and exhibited an abnormal heart development. The ratio of heart weight to body weight in these offspring was higher than normal. The auricles were prominent  and the ventricles developed such that the heart apex was bifid in appearance. This anomalous cardiac development may have been due to a direct viral pathogenicity in the developing tissue or, as seems more likely, resulted from a generalized disturbance in foetal growth attributable to a virus-induced pancreatic insufficiency in the mother. Retarded development in the pulmonary system also resulting from aberrations in foetal growth may have been contributory to impaired postnatal cardiac growth."}
{"id": "PMID:911669", "title": "Effect of partial portal vein ligation on immune glomerular deposits in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice.", "content": "Portosystemic collateral circulation was induced in mice infected or not with Schistosoma mansoni by partial ligation of the portal vein. The effects on immune glomerular deposits were assessed and compared to findings in unoperated infected, sham-operated and normal animals. Mesangial immune deposits of IgM, IgA, IgG and C3 were found by immunofluorescence significantly more frequently in operated than in unoperated infected mice. Schistosomal antigen was demonstrated in 5 animals out of 38 infected ones, 4 of the 5 having been operated. The results suggest that portosystemic collateral circulation might be an important factor in the genesis of schistosomal glomerulopathy, perhaps by diversion of antigens or complexes from the Kupffer cells. The high percentage of glomerular immune deposits found in uninfected ligated animals (71-4%) suggests furthermore that non-specific immune factors possibly of intestinal origin could be involved.", "contents": "Effect of partial portal vein ligation on immune glomerular deposits in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. Portosystemic collateral circulation was induced in mice infected or not with Schistosoma mansoni by partial ligation of the portal vein. The effects on immune glomerular deposits were assessed and compared to findings in unoperated infected, sham-operated and normal animals. Mesangial immune deposits of IgM, IgA, IgG and C3 were found by immunofluorescence significantly more frequently in operated than in unoperated infected mice. Schistosomal antigen was demonstrated in 5 animals out of 38 infected ones, 4 of the 5 having been operated. The results suggest that portosystemic collateral circulation might be an important factor in the genesis of schistosomal glomerulopathy, perhaps by diversion of antigens or complexes from the Kupffer cells. The high percentage of glomerular immune deposits found in uninfected ligated animals (71-4%) suggests furthermore that non-specific immune factors possibly of intestinal origin could be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:911670", "title": "The effect of anti-lipolytic agents on isoprenaline-induced myocardial necrosis in the rat.", "content": "The effect of inhibiting isoprenaline-induced lipolysis on the degree of damage produced in the rat myocardium by this amine has been investigated by pre-dosing rats with the anti-lipolytic agent 5-fluoro-nicotinic acid. The degree of myocardial necrosis produced in animals given isoprenaline alone and those pre-dosed with the anti-lipolytic agent was measured by the use of an automated flying spot microscope to show absence of formazan from dead muscle fibres in sections treated to demonstrate succinic dehydrogenase. The use of the anti-lipolitic considerably reduced the degree of myocardial damage produced by a standard dose of isoprenaline bitartrate. This was associated with an inhibition of the post-isoprenaline rise in plasma free fatty acid levels. The results are discussed in relation to the possible protective roles of the lowering of plasma free fatty acid levels and inhibition of the adenyl cyclase system at the plasma membrane of the myocardial cell produced directly by the anti-lipolytic.", "contents": "The effect of anti-lipolytic agents on isoprenaline-induced myocardial necrosis in the rat. The effect of inhibiting isoprenaline-induced lipolysis on the degree of damage produced in the rat myocardium by this amine has been investigated by pre-dosing rats with the anti-lipolytic agent 5-fluoro-nicotinic acid. The degree of myocardial necrosis produced in animals given isoprenaline alone and those pre-dosed with the anti-lipolytic agent was measured by the use of an automated flying spot microscope to show absence of formazan from dead muscle fibres in sections treated to demonstrate succinic dehydrogenase. The use of the anti-lipolitic considerably reduced the degree of myocardial damage produced by a standard dose of isoprenaline bitartrate. This was associated with an inhibition of the post-isoprenaline rise in plasma free fatty acid levels. The results are discussed in relation to the possible protective roles of the lowering of plasma free fatty acid levels and inhibition of the adenyl cyclase system at the plasma membrane of the myocardial cell produced directly by the anti-lipolytic."}
{"id": "PMID:911672", "title": "Photochemotherapy for pustular psoriasis (von Zumbusch).", "content": "Photochemotherapy (PUVA) with oral methoxsalen and UV-A was instituted in 8 patients with generalized pustular psoriasis (von Zumbusch). Complete clearing of skin lesions and of systemic symptoms was achieved in all patients. Patients who had been on systemic treatment prior to PUVA had to be treated with considerably more UV-A energy than patients who had received topical therapy alone. Seven patients were kept in complete remission by maintenance therapy for an observation period of up to 1 1/2 years. Side effects of systemic pre-PUVA treatment resolved during several months of maintenance therapy.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy for pustular psoriasis (von Zumbusch). Photochemotherapy (PUVA) with oral methoxsalen and UV-A was instituted in 8 patients with generalized pustular psoriasis (von Zumbusch). Complete clearing of skin lesions and of systemic symptoms was achieved in all patients. Patients who had been on systemic treatment prior to PUVA had to be treated with considerably more UV-A energy than patients who had received topical therapy alone. Seven patients were kept in complete remission by maintenance therapy for an observation period of up to 1 1/2 years. Side effects of systemic pre-PUVA treatment resolved during several months of maintenance therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:911673", "title": "A dosimeter for long wave ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "A polymer film, which incorporates phenothiazine as the chromophore, has been developed as a personnel dosimeter for long wave ultraviolet radiation. It is stable, reproducible and is particularly suited to monitoring the doses received by patients undergoing photochemotherapy for psoriasis.", "contents": "A dosimeter for long wave ultraviolet radiation. A polymer film, which incorporates phenothiazine as the chromophore, has been developed as a personnel dosimeter for long wave ultraviolet radiation. It is stable, reproducible and is particularly suited to monitoring the doses received by patients undergoing photochemotherapy for psoriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:911674", "title": "Histological findings in clinically normal palmar skin of patients with psoriasis.", "content": "Light microscopy was used to examine the clinically normal palmar skin of 18 psoriatic patients (10 inactive and 8 active) and 18 non-psoriatic control patients. Histological changes in both epidermis and dermis vary with activity of the disease. The findings support the view that defective keratin formation precedes excessive proliferation of epidermal cells.", "contents": "Histological findings in clinically normal palmar skin of patients with psoriasis. Light microscopy was used to examine the clinically normal palmar skin of 18 psoriatic patients (10 inactive and 8 active) and 18 non-psoriatic control patients. Histological changes in both epidermis and dermis vary with activity of the disease. The findings support the view that defective keratin formation precedes excessive proliferation of epidermal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:911675", "title": "Thin-layer chromatography of phospholipid components of normal and psoriatic epidermis.", "content": "The phospholipid pattern of human epidermis from 23 psoriatic patients and from 14 healthy individuals has been determined using lipid thin-layer chromatography. An increased amount of total phospholipids and statistically significant differences in some phospholipid components were found in psoriatic patients as compared to healthy controls. These abnormalities may be related to the altered architecture of the plasma membranes and their surface coats observed in psoriatic keratinocytes.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatography of phospholipid components of normal and psoriatic epidermis. The phospholipid pattern of human epidermis from 23 psoriatic patients and from 14 healthy individuals has been determined using lipid thin-layer chromatography. An increased amount of total phospholipids and statistically significant differences in some phospholipid components were found in psoriatic patients as compared to healthy controls. These abnormalities may be related to the altered architecture of the plasma membranes and their surface coats observed in psoriatic keratinocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:911676", "title": "Incorporation of I-14C-acetate into epidermal lipids. A comparison between isolated epidermal cells and epidermal slices.", "content": "Suspensions of pig epidermal cells were prepared by trypsinisation of epidermis and incubated with I-14C-acetate in Eagle's minimum essential medium containing 10% serum. The incorporation of radioactivity into the total lipids of the cells increased with time despite the decrease in the proportion of viable cells which occurred during the period of incubation. The pattern of incorporation into the phospholipids and glycolipids showed similar changes with time to those observed previously with rat epidermal cell suspensions. Pig epidermal slices were incubated with I-14C-acetate in Eagle's minimum essential medium in the presence and absence of 10% serum. The proportion of radioactivity incorporated into the polar lipids was much greater in the epidermal slices than in the suspensions of epidermal cells. The pattern of incorporation in the phospholipids and glycolipids of epidermal slices differed from that found with epidermal cell suspensions and the pattern did not alter so markedly with the time of incubation. However, in each case reproducible patterns of incorporation were obtained under controlled conditions. The method of analysis can therefore be used to study lipid changes in small biopsies of normal and pathological skin.", "contents": "Incorporation of I-14C-acetate into epidermal lipids. A comparison between isolated epidermal cells and epidermal slices. Suspensions of pig epidermal cells were prepared by trypsinisation of epidermis and incubated with I-14C-acetate in Eagle's minimum essential medium containing 10% serum. The incorporation of radioactivity into the total lipids of the cells increased with time despite the decrease in the proportion of viable cells which occurred during the period of incubation. The pattern of incorporation into the phospholipids and glycolipids showed similar changes with time to those observed previously with rat epidermal cell suspensions. Pig epidermal slices were incubated with I-14C-acetate in Eagle's minimum essential medium in the presence and absence of 10% serum. The proportion of radioactivity incorporated into the polar lipids was much greater in the epidermal slices than in the suspensions of epidermal cells. The pattern of incorporation in the phospholipids and glycolipids of epidermal slices differed from that found with epidermal cell suspensions and the pattern did not alter so markedly with the time of incubation. However, in each case reproducible patterns of incorporation were obtained under controlled conditions. The method of analysis can therefore be used to study lipid changes in small biopsies of normal and pathological skin."}
{"id": "PMID:911677", "title": "5-Hydroxytryptamine and tryptamine pathways in scleroderma.", "content": "Levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, indoleacetic acid and total indoles were determined in the urine of 23 patients with systemic scleroderma and 7 patients with cutaneous scleroderma, before and after peroral loading with L-tryptophan (0-1 g/kg body weight). Before loading, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were normal in nearly all cases of systemic scleroderma as well as of cutaneous scleroderma; however after loading, in nearly one half of cases there was no normal increase of this metabolite. These results suggest impaired transformation of serotonin into 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. A disproportionately high ratio of total indoles to indoleacetic acid suggests the presence of excess of tryptamine. The results of the study may indicate that in scleroderma metabolism of biogenic amines derived from tryptophan is abnormal, probably as a result of impaired activity of monoamine oxidase.", "contents": "5-Hydroxytryptamine and tryptamine pathways in scleroderma. Levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, indoleacetic acid and total indoles were determined in the urine of 23 patients with systemic scleroderma and 7 patients with cutaneous scleroderma, before and after peroral loading with L-tryptophan (0-1 g/kg body weight). Before loading, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were normal in nearly all cases of systemic scleroderma as well as of cutaneous scleroderma; however after loading, in nearly one half of cases there was no normal increase of this metabolite. These results suggest impaired transformation of serotonin into 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. A disproportionately high ratio of total indoles to indoleacetic acid suggests the presence of excess of tryptamine. The results of the study may indicate that in scleroderma metabolism of biogenic amines derived from tryptophan is abnormal, probably as a result of impaired activity of monoamine oxidase."}
{"id": "PMID:911678", "title": "Amyloid production by dermal fibroblasts. Electron microscopic studies on the origin of amyloid in various dermatoses and skin tumours.", "content": "Electron microscopic investigations in 7 patients with different dermatoses or skin tumours containing amyloid showed that amyloid is synthesized in the cytoplasm of dermal cells. In 3 cases of localized primary amyloidosis of the skin highly active cells were demonstrated, showing grossly dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, resembling fibroblasts. Their intracellular product seemed amorphous, later filamentous, and was then released into the extracellular space. Extracellular aggregations of typical amyloid filaments were found partially surrounded by thin cytoplasmic remnants of the cells producing them. Subclinical amounts of amyloid found in porokeratosis of Mibelli, in superficial basal-cell carcinoma, in senile skin, and in clinically normal skin of a patient with malignant melanoma showed the same characteristics. Other cell types such as plasma cells and mast cells were well preserved and seemed stimulated; however, no amyloid precursors were found in their cytoplasm and no release was seen. We, therefore, conclude that dermal amyloid is generally produced by falsely programmed fibroblasts.", "contents": "Amyloid production by dermal fibroblasts. Electron microscopic studies on the origin of amyloid in various dermatoses and skin tumours. Electron microscopic investigations in 7 patients with different dermatoses or skin tumours containing amyloid showed that amyloid is synthesized in the cytoplasm of dermal cells. In 3 cases of localized primary amyloidosis of the skin highly active cells were demonstrated, showing grossly dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, resembling fibroblasts. Their intracellular product seemed amorphous, later filamentous, and was then released into the extracellular space. Extracellular aggregations of typical amyloid filaments were found partially surrounded by thin cytoplasmic remnants of the cells producing them. Subclinical amounts of amyloid found in porokeratosis of Mibelli, in superficial basal-cell carcinoma, in senile skin, and in clinically normal skin of a patient with malignant melanoma showed the same characteristics. Other cell types such as plasma cells and mast cells were well preserved and seemed stimulated; however, no amyloid precursors were found in their cytoplasm and no release was seen. We, therefore, conclude that dermal amyloid is generally produced by falsely programmed fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:911679", "title": "The wages of warmth: changes in erythema ab igne.", "content": "Biopsies from 20 patients with erythema ab igne (EAI) were examined and compared with biopsies from the legs of 7 elderly control subjects. Epidermal thinning and flattening of the dermo-epidermal junction were seen in most of the tissues examined but were more prominent in the EAI biopsies. Basal cell degenerative change with vacuolation was frequently observed in the EAI specimens. Epidermal atypia amounting to preneoplastic change was observed in 4 EAI biopsies. The dermis was thinned and showed (a) marked oedema and connective tissue disruption and (b) accumulation of elastic staining material. Both haemosiderin and melanin were found within the dermis. The small blood vessels showed a striking abnormality in 7 patients and 2 control biopsies in that the endothelial cells were enlarged and the nuclei were hyperchromatic and irregular in size and shape. This change may be due more to stasis than to chronic heating.", "contents": "The wages of warmth: changes in erythema ab igne. Biopsies from 20 patients with erythema ab igne (EAI) were examined and compared with biopsies from the legs of 7 elderly control subjects. Epidermal thinning and flattening of the dermo-epidermal junction were seen in most of the tissues examined but were more prominent in the EAI biopsies. Basal cell degenerative change with vacuolation was frequently observed in the EAI specimens. Epidermal atypia amounting to preneoplastic change was observed in 4 EAI biopsies. The dermis was thinned and showed (a) marked oedema and connective tissue disruption and (b) accumulation of elastic staining material. Both haemosiderin and melanin were found within the dermis. The small blood vessels showed a striking abnormality in 7 patients and 2 control biopsies in that the endothelial cells were enlarged and the nuclei were hyperchromatic and irregular in size and shape. This change may be due more to stasis than to chronic heating."}
{"id": "PMID:911680", "title": "Evaluation of crew skin flora under conditions of a full quarantine lunar-exploration mission.", "content": "Crew-members of the Apollo 14 lunar exploration mission underwent a pre-flight seclusion designed to stabilize their health by freeing them from exposure to potentially infectious agents. After the flight, the crew-members were quarantined to protect the biosphere from possible lunar contamination. These isolations, along with the complete isolation of the spaceflight itself, provided the opportunity for a skin flora survey which included the sampling of seven sites at five different times. Quantification and identification of all aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from each site were performed. The results indicated that the pre-flight quarantine measures resulted in a decrease in total numbers of isolates as well as a decrease in the anaerobes. This was followed by a continued decrease throughout the flight with a return to the pre-flight norm within 16 days after the flight. The quantitative load of aerobic bacteria increased during the flight, due largely to an increase in coryneforms and micrococcaceae. The quantitative load of anaerobic bacteria decreased before and during the flight. No instance of microbial shock or intercrew transfer of micro-organisms was demonstrated. These findings indicate that alterations in the skin flora do not pose any unusual problem during short duration space flights. Further, there are no indications that problems will arise on longer missions.", "contents": "Evaluation of crew skin flora under conditions of a full quarantine lunar-exploration mission. Crew-members of the Apollo 14 lunar exploration mission underwent a pre-flight seclusion designed to stabilize their health by freeing them from exposure to potentially infectious agents. After the flight, the crew-members were quarantined to protect the biosphere from possible lunar contamination. These isolations, along with the complete isolation of the spaceflight itself, provided the opportunity for a skin flora survey which included the sampling of seven sites at five different times. Quantification and identification of all aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from each site were performed. The results indicated that the pre-flight quarantine measures resulted in a decrease in total numbers of isolates as well as a decrease in the anaerobes. This was followed by a continued decrease throughout the flight with a return to the pre-flight norm within 16 days after the flight. The quantitative load of aerobic bacteria increased during the flight, due largely to an increase in coryneforms and micrococcaceae. The quantitative load of anaerobic bacteria decreased before and during the flight. No instance of microbial shock or intercrew transfer of micro-organisms was demonstrated. These findings indicate that alterations in the skin flora do not pose any unusual problem during short duration space flights. Further, there are no indications that problems will arise on longer missions."}
{"id": "PMID:911681", "title": "Antibodies to UV DNA and photosensitivity.", "content": "Antibodies to ultraviolet light denatured DNA (UV DNA) have been measured in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, and light sensitive skin lesions. Antibodies were found in significant levels in the patients with SLE but not in the other groups. It appears that although UV denaturation of dermal DNA occurs in vivo this is not sufficient to induce antibodies to UV DNA in patients with a normal DNA repair mechanism. This may not be the case in patients with SLE in whom a break in tolerance to Native (N-) DNA has already occurred and where antibody to N-DNA will cross react with UV DNA.", "contents": "Antibodies to UV DNA and photosensitivity. Antibodies to ultraviolet light denatured DNA (UV DNA) have been measured in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, and light sensitive skin lesions. Antibodies were found in significant levels in the patients with SLE but not in the other groups. It appears that although UV denaturation of dermal DNA occurs in vivo this is not sufficient to induce antibodies to UV DNA in patients with a normal DNA repair mechanism. This may not be the case in patients with SLE in whom a break in tolerance to Native (N-) DNA has already occurred and where antibody to N-DNA will cross react with UV DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:911682", "title": "Ascorbic acid and melanogenesis.", "content": "The ascorbic acid contents of skin, plasma and urine were estimated in 12 vitiligo cases, one albino and 10 normal subjects. All the estimations were repeated after saturation with ascorbic acid. There was no difference between the two groups with regard to the ascorbic acid contents of their plasma or urine. The ascorbic acid level of vitiliginous skin was decreased; however, this difference just falls short of significance at the level P = 0-05. Further investigations with a larger group of patients are indicated.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid and melanogenesis. The ascorbic acid contents of skin, plasma and urine were estimated in 12 vitiligo cases, one albino and 10 normal subjects. All the estimations were repeated after saturation with ascorbic acid. There was no difference between the two groups with regard to the ascorbic acid contents of their plasma or urine. The ascorbic acid level of vitiliginous skin was decreased; however, this difference just falls short of significance at the level P = 0-05. Further investigations with a larger group of patients are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:911683", "title": "Cutaneous sarcoidosis treated with methotrexate.", "content": "Sixteen patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis, 15 of whom also had involvement of other organs, were treated with methotrexate (MTX) orally once a week in an open study. The treatment period was from 1 to 72 months (mean 23 months). In 12 patients the skin lesions cleared, and in 3 of 4 patients who had sarcoid uveitis this cleared as well. The chest X-ray of 6 patients showed no corresponding improvement in pulmonary changes or in hilar adenopathy. Ten patients suffered side effects, usually nausea on the day MTX was taken. Two had transiently increased transaminase levels. Treatment was discontinued in 2 patients due to nausea. It is concluded that MTX is a useful alternative to systemically administered glucocorticoids in the treatment of disfiguring cutaneous sarcoidosis and sarcoid uveitis. The effect of MTX on hilar adenopathy and pulmonary sarcoidosis is uncertain.", "contents": "Cutaneous sarcoidosis treated with methotrexate. Sixteen patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis, 15 of whom also had involvement of other organs, were treated with methotrexate (MTX) orally once a week in an open study. The treatment period was from 1 to 72 months (mean 23 months). In 12 patients the skin lesions cleared, and in 3 of 4 patients who had sarcoid uveitis this cleared as well. The chest X-ray of 6 patients showed no corresponding improvement in pulmonary changes or in hilar adenopathy. Ten patients suffered side effects, usually nausea on the day MTX was taken. Two had transiently increased transaminase levels. Treatment was discontinued in 2 patients due to nausea. It is concluded that MTX is a useful alternative to systemically administered glucocorticoids in the treatment of disfiguring cutaneous sarcoidosis and sarcoid uveitis. The effect of MTX on hilar adenopathy and pulmonary sarcoidosis is uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:911684", "title": "Factitious skin lesions in a mother and two sons.", "content": "A family is described in which a woman, probably in a state of 'hysterical conversion', produced factitious lesions in her own skin (dermatitis artefacta) and in the skin of two sons (child abuse). Non-accidental injury to a child's skin may form part of a spectrum of skin artefacts in the parent.", "contents": "Factitious skin lesions in a mother and two sons. A family is described in which a woman, probably in a state of 'hysterical conversion', produced factitious lesions in her own skin (dermatitis artefacta) and in the skin of two sons (child abuse). Non-accidental injury to a child's skin may form part of a spectrum of skin artefacts in the parent."}
{"id": "PMID:911685", "title": "Cutaneous infection by Cryptococcus laurentii.", "content": "Cryptococcus laurentii was isolated twice from cutaneous granulomas in the leg and foot of a 40-year-old man. Histologically the cells of C. laurentii were found in groups in the dermis and also inside giant cells. There was epithelioid cell infiltration in the dermis and subcutis. An atypical mycobacterium was isolated in addition to C. laurentii. Therapy with anti-tuberculous drugs after an initial amphotericin B infusion was found to be satisfactory.", "contents": "Cutaneous infection by Cryptococcus laurentii. Cryptococcus laurentii was isolated twice from cutaneous granulomas in the leg and foot of a 40-year-old man. Histologically the cells of C. laurentii were found in groups in the dermis and also inside giant cells. There was epithelioid cell infiltration in the dermis and subcutis. An atypical mycobacterium was isolated in addition to C. laurentii. Therapy with anti-tuberculous drugs after an initial amphotericin B infusion was found to be satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:911686", "title": "A mortality study among workers in an English asbestos factory.", "content": "The previous report on this cohort study of workers in an asbestos textile factory (Knox et al., 1968) showed little evidence of increased mortality among workers who had entered the factory after the implementation in 1932 of the first Asbestos Industry Regulation (1931) but observed that no firm conclusions could be drawn, as little carcinogenic effect would be expected for 20 years after first exposure. A further 8 1/2 years of follow-up has revealed some asbestos-related disease in this latter group, although very much less than for employees first exposed before 1933. Among the 963 workers first exposed in 1933 or later, mortality was increased for carcinoma of the bronchus (31 deaths; 19-3 expected for all lung cancers) and non-malignant respiratory disease (35 deaths, 25-0 expected), and a further 5 deaths were attributed to pleural mesothelioma.", "contents": "A mortality study among workers in an English asbestos factory. The previous report on this cohort study of workers in an asbestos textile factory (Knox et al., 1968) showed little evidence of increased mortality among workers who had entered the factory after the implementation in 1932 of the first Asbestos Industry Regulation (1931) but observed that no firm conclusions could be drawn, as little carcinogenic effect would be expected for 20 years after first exposure. A further 8 1/2 years of follow-up has revealed some asbestos-related disease in this latter group, although very much less than for employees first exposed before 1933. Among the 963 workers first exposed in 1933 or later, mortality was increased for carcinoma of the bronchus (31 deaths; 19-3 expected for all lung cancers) and non-malignant respiratory disease (35 deaths, 25-0 expected), and a further 5 deaths were attributed to pleural mesothelioma."}
{"id": "PMID:911687", "title": "Insulation workers in Belfast. A further study of mortality due to asbestos exposure (1940-75).", "content": "A follow-up study of 162 men already working as insulators (laggers) in 1940 has been extended from 1965 to 1975. By the end of 1975 there were 40 survivors when 108 had been expected. Until 1965 there had been an overall excess of deaths; these were due to asbestosis with or without tuberculosis and to alimentary cancer, as well as to bronchial carcinoma and mesothelioma. From 1965 onwards the overall death rate among survivors is not so excessive but there is still a marked excess of deaths from bronchial cancer and mesothelioma. The continued risk of death attributable to malignancy after asbestosis had ceased to contribute directly, does not appear to be caused by any changes which occurred before 1940 in the conditions at work.", "contents": "Insulation workers in Belfast. A further study of mortality due to asbestos exposure (1940-75). A follow-up study of 162 men already working as insulators (laggers) in 1940 has been extended from 1965 to 1975. By the end of 1975 there were 40 survivors when 108 had been expected. Until 1965 there had been an overall excess of deaths; these were due to asbestosis with or without tuberculosis and to alimentary cancer, as well as to bronchial carcinoma and mesothelioma. From 1965 onwards the overall death rate among survivors is not so excessive but there is still a marked excess of deaths from bronchial cancer and mesothelioma. The continued risk of death attributable to malignancy after asbestosis had ceased to contribute directly, does not appear to be caused by any changes which occurred before 1940 in the conditions at work."}
{"id": "PMID:911688", "title": "An investigation into the health of kapok workers.", "content": "Kapok is a cotton-like fibre obtained from the fruits of Ceiba pentandra, a tree surgeon in tropical countries. In Sri Lanka ginning of kapok is usually done by machine in poorly ventilated buildings where workers are exposed to a great deal of dust. Forty-one workers in five ginneries in Colombo were examined. Mill fever occurred in 28 (77-8%) of the 36 workers who were able to give a history. Chronic bronchitis, which is an uncommon condition in Sri Lanka, was detected to seven workers with an average of 20-9 years' service in the industry. It is suggested that chronic bronchitis is an occupational hazard of workers who are exposed to kapok dust for long periods. Byssinosis was not found in any of the workers studied.", "contents": "An investigation into the health of kapok workers. Kapok is a cotton-like fibre obtained from the fruits of Ceiba pentandra, a tree surgeon in tropical countries. In Sri Lanka ginning of kapok is usually done by machine in poorly ventilated buildings where workers are exposed to a great deal of dust. Forty-one workers in five ginneries in Colombo were examined. Mill fever occurred in 28 (77-8%) of the 36 workers who were able to give a history. Chronic bronchitis, which is an uncommon condition in Sri Lanka, was detected to seven workers with an average of 20-9 years' service in the industry. It is suggested that chronic bronchitis is an occupational hazard of workers who are exposed to kapok dust for long periods. Byssinosis was not found in any of the workers studied."}
{"id": "PMID:911690", "title": "Nasal cancers, symptoms and upper airway function in woodworkers.", "content": "In 186 cases of nasal cancer diagnosed over the decade 1965-74, in a population of 2-0 million, 114 of 157 ectodermal tumours were found in men. Adenocarcinoma was found in 17 patients, two women and 15 men; 12 of these had a history of occupational exposure to wood dust in the furniture industry. The period of latency was from 28 to 57 years. Among the remaining 99 tumours in men there was occupational exposure to wood dust in 10 cases. Wood dust concentrations in the breathing zone, respiratory symptoms and upper airway function were studied in 68 workers in the furniture industry. The dust concentrations affecting 63% of the workers were higher than 5 mg/m3 (TLV). Middle ear inflammation and common colds were more frequent at high dust concentrations, and the number of workers with nasal mucostasis was directly proportional to the wood dust concentration.", "contents": "Nasal cancers, symptoms and upper airway function in woodworkers. In 186 cases of nasal cancer diagnosed over the decade 1965-74, in a population of 2-0 million, 114 of 157 ectodermal tumours were found in men. Adenocarcinoma was found in 17 patients, two women and 15 men; 12 of these had a history of occupational exposure to wood dust in the furniture industry. The period of latency was from 28 to 57 years. Among the remaining 99 tumours in men there was occupational exposure to wood dust in 10 cases. Wood dust concentrations in the breathing zone, respiratory symptoms and upper airway function were studied in 68 workers in the furniture industry. The dust concentrations affecting 63% of the workers were higher than 5 mg/m3 (TLV). Middle ear inflammation and common colds were more frequent at high dust concentrations, and the number of workers with nasal mucostasis was directly proportional to the wood dust concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:911691", "title": "Heavy metal pollution among autoworkers. I. Lead.", "content": "Lead pollution was evaluated in 216 individuals working in 10 garages on the Island of Funen, Denmark and related to data from biochemical and medical examinations. Clinical symptoms were recorded by means of a questionnaire. Increased blood test lead levels were foun in 59% with 9% having above 80 microgram lead/100 ml (3-86mumol/1) whole blood. Mechanics in eight out of ten garages had significantly increased blood lead levels. A decrease in delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity was associated with increased blood lead levels but the latter were not related to haematological changes, tobacco consumption or to length of service in the trade. Particulate lead air pollution was not the sole cause of increased blood lead levels. Raised lead values were maximal among diesel engine workers who are exposed to high pressure-resistant lubricants containing lead naphthenate. As these workers complained of skin damage, lead absorption may have occurred through the skin. Assay of lead content showed 9290 ppm in gear oil and 1500-3500 ppm in used motor oils. The data are discussed in relation to the occupational risks in auto repair shops.", "contents": "Heavy metal pollution among autoworkers. I. Lead. Lead pollution was evaluated in 216 individuals working in 10 garages on the Island of Funen, Denmark and related to data from biochemical and medical examinations. Clinical symptoms were recorded by means of a questionnaire. Increased blood test lead levels were foun in 59% with 9% having above 80 microgram lead/100 ml (3-86mumol/1) whole blood. Mechanics in eight out of ten garages had significantly increased blood lead levels. A decrease in delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity was associated with increased blood lead levels but the latter were not related to haematological changes, tobacco consumption or to length of service in the trade. Particulate lead air pollution was not the sole cause of increased blood lead levels. Raised lead values were maximal among diesel engine workers who are exposed to high pressure-resistant lubricants containing lead naphthenate. As these workers complained of skin damage, lead absorption may have occurred through the skin. Assay of lead content showed 9290 ppm in gear oil and 1500-3500 ppm in used motor oils. The data are discussed in relation to the occupational risks in auto repair shops."}
{"id": "PMID:911693", "title": "Simultaneous determination of toluene and xylene metabolites in urine by gas chromatography.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of hippuric and o-, m-, and p-methylhippuric acids (metabolites of toluene and xylene) in urine is described. The analytical procedure is based on the extraction of the aromatic metabolites with ethyl acetate containing the internal standard and on a methylation with 3-methyl-1-p-tolyltriazene. With this method, which does not require much time and handling, the different acids can be satisfactorily determined with high sensitivity and specificity. A statistical study shows a good reproducibility for the determination of hippuric and o-, m-, and p-methylhippuric acids. The coefficient of variation for 10 determinations in all cases was less than 5%.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of toluene and xylene metabolites in urine by gas chromatography. A gas chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of hippuric and o-, m-, and p-methylhippuric acids (metabolites of toluene and xylene) in urine is described. The analytical procedure is based on the extraction of the aromatic metabolites with ethyl acetate containing the internal standard and on a methylation with 3-methyl-1-p-tolyltriazene. With this method, which does not require much time and handling, the different acids can be satisfactorily determined with high sensitivity and specificity. A statistical study shows a good reproducibility for the determination of hippuric and o-, m-, and p-methylhippuric acids. The coefficient of variation for 10 determinations in all cases was less than 5%."}
{"id": "PMID:911694", "title": "The differential diagnosis of homosexuality.", "content": "The treatment of homosexuality presents serious difficulties owing to its multifactorial aetiology and variety of psychopathological views. It is suggested that the combined use of psychiatric and psychoanalytic models can contribute to the establishment of a satisfactory differential diagnosis. Out of the innumerable clinical types seen in practice and described in the literature, three major groups can be isolated. The homosexuality which occurs on the background of hysterical, obsessional and other neurotic personality types and related psychiatric conditions, tends to be linked with latent heterosexuality and responds well to all forms of psychotherapy. On the other hand, true homosexuality is often the major presenting symptom of borderline states, narcissistic disorders, psychopathy and the schizo-affective psychoses and carries an unfavourable prognosis with any form of treatment. Cases of actual bisexuality form the third group with its own specific psychopathology. The homosexual solution is seen as a defence and is regarded as a matter of survival for many individuals. It should be treated with the utmost caution by anyone who attempts to remove it.", "contents": "The differential diagnosis of homosexuality. The treatment of homosexuality presents serious difficulties owing to its multifactorial aetiology and variety of psychopathological views. It is suggested that the combined use of psychiatric and psychoanalytic models can contribute to the establishment of a satisfactory differential diagnosis. Out of the innumerable clinical types seen in practice and described in the literature, three major groups can be isolated. The homosexuality which occurs on the background of hysterical, obsessional and other neurotic personality types and related psychiatric conditions, tends to be linked with latent heterosexuality and responds well to all forms of psychotherapy. On the other hand, true homosexuality is often the major presenting symptom of borderline states, narcissistic disorders, psychopathy and the schizo-affective psychoses and carries an unfavourable prognosis with any form of treatment. Cases of actual bisexuality form the third group with its own specific psychopathology. The homosexual solution is seen as a defence and is regarded as a matter of survival for many individuals. It should be treated with the utmost caution by anyone who attempts to remove it."}
{"id": "PMID:911695", "title": "Homosexuality in adolescence.", "content": "This paper asserts that homosexuality in adolescence should not be regarded in the same way it would be in adults. Different types of homosexuality emerge during adolescence according to the different psychodynamic conditions which occur at different stages of adolescence, particularly the changing relationship to the individual's parents, and these may subside or make an important contribution to the establishment and nature of an individuals' homosexuality in adulthood. The characteristic 'identificatory facility' of adolescence is discussed and it is suggested that this is retained in the make-up of the adult homosexual. Some comments on the clinical assessment of homosexuality in adolescence are briefly made.", "contents": "Homosexuality in adolescence. This paper asserts that homosexuality in adolescence should not be regarded in the same way it would be in adults. Different types of homosexuality emerge during adolescence according to the different psychodynamic conditions which occur at different stages of adolescence, particularly the changing relationship to the individual's parents, and these may subside or make an important contribution to the establishment and nature of an individuals' homosexuality in adulthood. The characteristic 'identificatory facility' of adolescence is discussed and it is suggested that this is retained in the make-up of the adult homosexual. Some comments on the clinical assessment of homosexuality in adolescence are briefly made."}
{"id": "PMID:911696", "title": "Some findings concerning beliefs about alcoholism.", "content": "The beliefs that alcoholics hold about alcoholism and themselves, and the beliefs that hospital staff and other personnel hold about alcoholism, were investigated using methods derived from the repertory grid, with anonymous facial photographs as elements. Data are presented as to the degree of association of various characteristics with alcoholism for the various groups. Differences between groups, and overall changes during group psychotherapy for patients were small. The relative contribution of personal and shared aspects of belief was measured. It was found that the agreement between groups was high and closely similar to that predictable from consistencies within groups. It is concluded that there may be a very general stereotype of alcoholism, consistent with a personality disorder concept which is implicitly held even in the face of nominal acceptance of other concepts. The self constructs of alcoholics were found to be complex. In a small follow-up study of patients, there was found to be a relationship of poor outcome with tightness of construing for key constructs after psychotherapy. The implications of the findings are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Some findings concerning beliefs about alcoholism. The beliefs that alcoholics hold about alcoholism and themselves, and the beliefs that hospital staff and other personnel hold about alcoholism, were investigated using methods derived from the repertory grid, with anonymous facial photographs as elements. Data are presented as to the degree of association of various characteristics with alcoholism for the various groups. Differences between groups, and overall changes during group psychotherapy for patients were small. The relative contribution of personal and shared aspects of belief was measured. It was found that the agreement between groups was high and closely similar to that predictable from consistencies within groups. It is concluded that there may be a very general stereotype of alcoholism, consistent with a personality disorder concept which is implicitly held even in the face of nominal acceptance of other concepts. The self constructs of alcoholics were found to be complex. In a small follow-up study of patients, there was found to be a relationship of poor outcome with tightness of construing for key constructs after psychotherapy. The implications of the findings are discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:911697", "title": "Self-esteem and psychiatric syndromes.", "content": "The purposes of the study were (1) to dichotomize each of the personal illness classes into those expected and those not expected to retain a relatively high degree of anxiety-depression; (2) to seek confirmation of this division by means of the combined DSSI sets of Anxiety and Depression; (3) to examine their respective scores on the Personality Deviance Scales; and (4) to examine the relationship between Anxiety-Depression and intropunitiveness. It was found that within each of the four classes the predicted 'affective' group scored significantly higher on DSSI Anxiety-Depression than did the 'non-affective' group. On intropunitiveness, the 'affective' group scored significantly higher within three classes and almost so in the forth. Although anxiety-depression and intropunitiveness both discriminate between the 'affective' and 'non-affective' groups their conceptual distinction is empirically based.", "contents": "Self-esteem and psychiatric syndromes. The purposes of the study were (1) to dichotomize each of the personal illness classes into those expected and those not expected to retain a relatively high degree of anxiety-depression; (2) to seek confirmation of this division by means of the combined DSSI sets of Anxiety and Depression; (3) to examine their respective scores on the Personality Deviance Scales; and (4) to examine the relationship between Anxiety-Depression and intropunitiveness. It was found that within each of the four classes the predicted 'affective' group scored significantly higher on DSSI Anxiety-Depression than did the 'non-affective' group. On intropunitiveness, the 'affective' group scored significantly higher within three classes and almost so in the forth. Although anxiety-depression and intropunitiveness both discriminate between the 'affective' and 'non-affective' groups their conceptual distinction is empirically based."}
{"id": "PMID:911698", "title": "Hostility, personality and depression.", "content": "The study describes findings on two samples of depressives and normals matched for age, sex, social class and religious affiliation. The following observations on the psychopathology of depression were made by considering the relationships between personality, various aspects of hostility, and the degree of depression: (1) depression, guilt and anxiety are linked together; (2) the extent to which anxiety is somatized is not dependent on the way hostility is handled; also, somatic symptoms occur independently of hysterical symptoms in depressive illness; (3) obsessional symptoms are likely to occur together with hysterical symptoms and to be associated with hostility-aggression during depressive illness; (4) hysterical tendencies may accentuate intropunitiveness.", "contents": "Hostility, personality and depression. The study describes findings on two samples of depressives and normals matched for age, sex, social class and religious affiliation. The following observations on the psychopathology of depression were made by considering the relationships between personality, various aspects of hostility, and the degree of depression: (1) depression, guilt and anxiety are linked together; (2) the extent to which anxiety is somatized is not dependent on the way hostility is handled; also, somatic symptoms occur independently of hysterical symptoms in depressive illness; (3) obsessional symptoms are likely to occur together with hysterical symptoms and to be associated with hostility-aggression during depressive illness; (4) hysterical tendencies may accentuate intropunitiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:911699", "title": "Personality correlates of study difficulty and academic performance in university students. I. The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire and Dynamic Personality Inventory.", "content": "The personality correlates of study difficulty and academic performance in university students have been measured in terms of psychiatric symptomatology and premorbid characteristics. The UCLSQ, MHQ and DPI were administered to two groups of male and female students presenting at an health centre: one (n = 72) of patients seeking psychological help, the other (n = 73) a control group. Significant differences between the two groups were formed on the MHQ, confirming previous results; and these were supplemented by differences on the DPI. Motivational and psychoneurotic components of study difficulty were significantly related to MHQ scores in both groups. DPI scores were more closely related to study difficulty in the patients than controls; and served particularly to characterize their sylbism and work satisfaction. The DPI added to the picture of a subgroup of students observed both in an earlier and the present study: academically successful patients scoring high on phobic anxiety.", "contents": "Personality correlates of study difficulty and academic performance in university students. I. The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire and Dynamic Personality Inventory. The personality correlates of study difficulty and academic performance in university students have been measured in terms of psychiatric symptomatology and premorbid characteristics. The UCLSQ, MHQ and DPI were administered to two groups of male and female students presenting at an health centre: one (n = 72) of patients seeking psychological help, the other (n = 73) a control group. Significant differences between the two groups were formed on the MHQ, confirming previous results; and these were supplemented by differences on the DPI. Motivational and psychoneurotic components of study difficulty were significantly related to MHQ scores in both groups. DPI scores were more closely related to study difficulty in the patients than controls; and served particularly to characterize their sylbism and work satisfaction. The DPI added to the picture of a subgroup of students observed both in an earlier and the present study: academically successful patients scoring high on phobic anxiety."}
{"id": "PMID:911700", "title": "Personality correlates of study difficulty and academic performance in university students. II. Conscience and self-esteem.", "content": "Scales measuring self-esteem and conscience have been included in a further study of work-related symptoms in students. Two groups were tested: a group of patients attending the UCL Student Health Centre for psychological reasons, and a group of normal controls. Conscience and self-esteem were inversely related to one another. Both tests were reliable and differentiated between the groups. The patients tend to have low self-esteem, high conscience, and to score higher than controls both on neurotic symptoms as such as measured by a personality inventory (MHQ) and as assessed on work-related symptoms measured by our study difficulty questionnaire (UCLSQ). In terms of academic performance, an interesting subgroup of students was delineated who are rated highly by their tutors but who appear subjectively troubled with phobic anxiety, low self-esteem and a harsh conscience structure. The conscience and self-esteem scales, in view of their brevity, acceptable reliability, and in terms of the relationships discussed in this paper, will be retained for further research.", "contents": "Personality correlates of study difficulty and academic performance in university students. II. Conscience and self-esteem. Scales measuring self-esteem and conscience have been included in a further study of work-related symptoms in students. Two groups were tested: a group of patients attending the UCL Student Health Centre for psychological reasons, and a group of normal controls. Conscience and self-esteem were inversely related to one another. Both tests were reliable and differentiated between the groups. The patients tend to have low self-esteem, high conscience, and to score higher than controls both on neurotic symptoms as such as measured by a personality inventory (MHQ) and as assessed on work-related symptoms measured by our study difficulty questionnaire (UCLSQ). In terms of academic performance, an interesting subgroup of students was delineated who are rated highly by their tutors but who appear subjectively troubled with phobic anxiety, low self-esteem and a harsh conscience structure. The conscience and self-esteem scales, in view of their brevity, acceptable reliability, and in terms of the relationships discussed in this paper, will be retained for further research."}
{"id": "PMID:911702", "title": "Fetal heart rate patterns and uterine activity after segmental epidural analgesia.", "content": "The effects of low-dose segmental epidural analgesia on fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns, uterine activity, and some clinical features were examined in a series of 105 normal parturients. The aim of the analgesic technique was to relieve pain during the first stage of labour by blocking the sensory nerve fibres at the spinal level of T 10 to T12, with either 0-5 per cent bupivacaine or bupivacaine with adrenaline 1 : 200 000, the dose varying from 10 to 25 mg. Obvious pathological changes (late decelerations, prolonged fetal bradycardia, variable deceleration, or loss of beat to beat variation) in FHR patterns within the first 30 minutes after the beginning of analgesia were noted in 9 per cent of the patients. Addition of adrenaline to the analgesic agent seemed to reduce uterine activity for 60 minutes after the analgesia and this was reflected in a longer interval between the block and delivery. A 25 per cent fall in systolic blood pressure was recorded in 11 per cent of the patients. Nine patients required vacuum extractions. Our results show that the epidural technique employed has distinct advantages over the previous methods, which require larger doses of the analgesic, agent, and is therefore safer for the fetus; the addition of adrenaline to the analgesic agent is contraindicated.", "contents": "Fetal heart rate patterns and uterine activity after segmental epidural analgesia. The effects of low-dose segmental epidural analgesia on fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns, uterine activity, and some clinical features were examined in a series of 105 normal parturients. The aim of the analgesic technique was to relieve pain during the first stage of labour by blocking the sensory nerve fibres at the spinal level of T 10 to T12, with either 0-5 per cent bupivacaine or bupivacaine with adrenaline 1 : 200 000, the dose varying from 10 to 25 mg. Obvious pathological changes (late decelerations, prolonged fetal bradycardia, variable deceleration, or loss of beat to beat variation) in FHR patterns within the first 30 minutes after the beginning of analgesia were noted in 9 per cent of the patients. Addition of adrenaline to the analgesic agent seemed to reduce uterine activity for 60 minutes after the analgesia and this was reflected in a longer interval between the block and delivery. A 25 per cent fall in systolic blood pressure was recorded in 11 per cent of the patients. Nine patients required vacuum extractions. Our results show that the epidural technique employed has distinct advantages over the previous methods, which require larger doses of the analgesic, agent, and is therefore safer for the fetus; the addition of adrenaline to the analgesic agent is contraindicated."}
{"id": "PMID:911703", "title": "Fetal heart rate responses to fetal movements.", "content": "A classification of fetal heart rate (FHR) responses to fetal movements is based on the study of 210 hours of antepartum cardiotocographic tracings in clinically normal pregnant patients between 30 and 42 weeks gestation. The physiological mechanism underlying the FHR responses to fetal movement are discussed.", "contents": "Fetal heart rate responses to fetal movements. A classification of fetal heart rate (FHR) responses to fetal movements is based on the study of 210 hours of antepartum cardiotocographic tracings in clinically normal pregnant patients between 30 and 42 weeks gestation. The physiological mechanism underlying the FHR responses to fetal movement are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911704", "title": "Metabolic effects of salbutamol infusion during premature labour.", "content": "Plasma electrolytes, glucose and insulin concentrations were measured and serial electrocardiograms performed during the intravenous infusion of salbutamol to five women in premature labour. The plasma potassium (mean +/- standard error) fell from 3-5 +/- 0-1 to 2-7 +/- 0-1 mmol/l, and the glucose and insulin rose by 4-2 +/- 0-7 mmol/l (75 +/- 13 mg/100 ml) and 26 +/- 5 mU/l respectively. The maximum fall in potassium, and the rise in glucose and insulin occurred two hours after starting the infusion. No changes in other electrolytes were found. Electrocardiograms showed no signs of hypokalaemia. Highest pulse rates (148 +/- 4 beats per minute) occurred at two hours but no arrhythmias were observed.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of salbutamol infusion during premature labour. Plasma electrolytes, glucose and insulin concentrations were measured and serial electrocardiograms performed during the intravenous infusion of salbutamol to five women in premature labour. The plasma potassium (mean +/- standard error) fell from 3-5 +/- 0-1 to 2-7 +/- 0-1 mmol/l, and the glucose and insulin rose by 4-2 +/- 0-7 mmol/l (75 +/- 13 mg/100 ml) and 26 +/- 5 mU/l respectively. The maximum fall in potassium, and the rise in glucose and insulin occurred two hours after starting the infusion. No changes in other electrolytes were found. Electrocardiograms showed no signs of hypokalaemia. Highest pulse rates (148 +/- 4 beats per minute) occurred at two hours but no arrhythmias were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:911705", "title": "Effect of labour on the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in serial samples of amniotic fluid.", "content": "Serial samples of amniotic fluid were taken from 48 patients during labour. The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was estimated and found to rise in 52 per cent, remain almost unchanged in 33 per cent and fall in 15 per cent. The rate of rise in the L/S ratio seemed inversely related to the length of labour.", "contents": "Effect of labour on the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in serial samples of amniotic fluid. Serial samples of amniotic fluid were taken from 48 patients during labour. The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was estimated and found to rise in 52 per cent, remain almost unchanged in 33 per cent and fall in 15 per cent. The rate of rise in the L/S ratio seemed inversely related to the length of labour."}
{"id": "PMID:911706", "title": "The physiological macrocytosis of pregnancy.", "content": "Sixty-four healthy women were followed during normal pregnancies in which they took supplements of iron or iron+folate or an inactive placebo. The red cell size increased in those patients receiving iron alone or iron+folate. The group on the inactive placebo who received no supplemental iron had red cells of constant size and a falling serum iron. Nineteen women not included in the trial developed macrocytosis during pregnancy:marrow samples from these showed normoblastic erythropoiesis in 18 and minor megaloblastic changes in one. Macrocytosis developing during pregnancy is a physiological change in the majority of cases.", "contents": "The physiological macrocytosis of pregnancy. Sixty-four healthy women were followed during normal pregnancies in which they took supplements of iron or iron+folate or an inactive placebo. The red cell size increased in those patients receiving iron alone or iron+folate. The group on the inactive placebo who received no supplemental iron had red cells of constant size and a falling serum iron. Nineteen women not included in the trial developed macrocytosis during pregnancy:marrow samples from these showed normoblastic erythropoiesis in 18 and minor megaloblastic changes in one. Macrocytosis developing during pregnancy is a physiological change in the majority of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:911707", "title": "Outpatient termination of pregnancy.", "content": "Termination of pregnancy was performed under local anaesthesia as an outpatient procedure on 251 patients. The gestational ages ranged from 5 to 12 weeks. Either the portable Karman curette equipment or the syringe kits were used. The incidence of complications was low. Only 6 per cent of patients would have preferred general anaesthesia. The optimal gestational age at which to terminate pregnancies appeared to be between 6 and 10 weeks. Ninety-one per cent of patients used effective contraception after the termination.", "contents": "Outpatient termination of pregnancy. Termination of pregnancy was performed under local anaesthesia as an outpatient procedure on 251 patients. The gestational ages ranged from 5 to 12 weeks. Either the portable Karman curette equipment or the syringe kits were used. The incidence of complications was low. Only 6 per cent of patients would have preferred general anaesthesia. The optimal gestational age at which to terminate pregnancies appeared to be between 6 and 10 weeks. Ninety-one per cent of patients used effective contraception after the termination."}
{"id": "PMID:911708", "title": "Evacuation of retained products of conception in a treatment room and without general anaesthesia.", "content": "One hundred patients with an incomplete aboriton, 14 patients with retained products of conception after a second trimester termination, 5 patients with missed abortion and 2 patients with secondary postpartum haemorrhages (making a total of 121 patients) had a uterine evacuation in a treatment room using the portable Karman curette equipment. No general anaesthesia was used but patients were given intravenous pethidine or papavaretum (Omnopon) and diazepam. Four patients found the procedure painful but only two of them would have preferred general anaesthesia. There were no immediate complications but three patients required re-evacuation of the uterus.", "contents": "Evacuation of retained products of conception in a treatment room and without general anaesthesia. One hundred patients with an incomplete aboriton, 14 patients with retained products of conception after a second trimester termination, 5 patients with missed abortion and 2 patients with secondary postpartum haemorrhages (making a total of 121 patients) had a uterine evacuation in a treatment room using the portable Karman curette equipment. No general anaesthesia was used but patients were given intravenous pethidine or papavaretum (Omnopon) and diazepam. Four patients found the procedure painful but only two of them would have preferred general anaesthesia. There were no immediate complications but three patients required re-evacuation of the uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:911709", "title": "Colposcopic evaluation of pregnant patients with abnormal cervical smears.", "content": "Colposcopic examination and biopsy were used to assess 123 pregnant patients presenting with abnormal cervical smears. Eighty-seven per cent were 30 years of age or less and 95 (77 per cent) had had one or no previous children. Two patients were found to have microinvasive carcinoma and, in an additional 95 patients, either severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ was present. Fifty-five patients (45 per cent) had subsequent conization or hysterectomy and in no instance was the histological diagnosis more serious than that anticipated from the colposcopic evaluation. Only three patients (1-6 per cent) had a cone biopsy during pregnancy; only one minor complication occurred. Colposcopic examination is the choice method of evaluating patients with abnormal cervical smears in pregnancy.", "contents": "Colposcopic evaluation of pregnant patients with abnormal cervical smears. Colposcopic examination and biopsy were used to assess 123 pregnant patients presenting with abnormal cervical smears. Eighty-seven per cent were 30 years of age or less and 95 (77 per cent) had had one or no previous children. Two patients were found to have microinvasive carcinoma and, in an additional 95 patients, either severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ was present. Fifty-five patients (45 per cent) had subsequent conization or hysterectomy and in no instance was the histological diagnosis more serious than that anticipated from the colposcopic evaluation. Only three patients (1-6 per cent) had a cone biopsy during pregnancy; only one minor complication occurred. Colposcopic examination is the choice method of evaluating patients with abnormal cervical smears in pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:911710", "title": "Maternal plasma testosterone levels in molar pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma testosterone levels in 14 patients with intact molar pregnancy were found to be elevated compared to patients with normal pregnancies of corresponding gestation. The plasma testosterone concentration ranged from 2-0 to 8-4 ng/ml with a mean +/- SE of 5-2 +/- 0-5 ng/ml. After evacuation of the uterus, there was a significant fall in plasma testosterone levels which ranged from 1-6 to 5-9 ng/ml with a mean +/- SE of 3-2 +/-0-3 ng/ml. The trophoblast might have been the source of extra testosterone in molar pregnancy.", "contents": "Maternal plasma testosterone levels in molar pregnancy. Plasma testosterone levels in 14 patients with intact molar pregnancy were found to be elevated compared to patients with normal pregnancies of corresponding gestation. The plasma testosterone concentration ranged from 2-0 to 8-4 ng/ml with a mean +/- SE of 5-2 +/- 0-5 ng/ml. After evacuation of the uterus, there was a significant fall in plasma testosterone levels which ranged from 1-6 to 5-9 ng/ml with a mean +/- SE of 3-2 +/-0-3 ng/ml. The trophoblast might have been the source of extra testosterone in molar pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:911711", "title": "Carbohydrate tolerance in the puerperium during suppression of lactation with bromocriptine and oestrogens.", "content": "The influence of bromocriptine on carbohydrate tolerance in the puerperium was examined and its effects compared with those of an oestrogenic compound. Sixteen patients were studied in each group. The controls consisted of 16 women who were breast-feeding. Compared with the controls, no significant difference was found in the oral glucose tolerance test in patients who had oestrogen, but blood glucose values in women receiving bromocriptine were significantly lower. Inhibition of lactation with bromocriptine may obscure abnormal glucose tolerance.", "contents": "Carbohydrate tolerance in the puerperium during suppression of lactation with bromocriptine and oestrogens. The influence of bromocriptine on carbohydrate tolerance in the puerperium was examined and its effects compared with those of an oestrogenic compound. Sixteen patients were studied in each group. The controls consisted of 16 women who were breast-feeding. Compared with the controls, no significant difference was found in the oral glucose tolerance test in patients who had oestrogen, but blood glucose values in women receiving bromocriptine were significantly lower. Inhibition of lactation with bromocriptine may obscure abnormal glucose tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:911712", "title": "Tuberculosis of the female genital tract-- a changing picture.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with tuberculosis of the female genital tract are presented, and the clinical features, method of diagnosis and treatment are discussed. The condition affected an older group of patients than described earlier, and ofter took the form of chronic infection with abscess formation.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the female genital tract-- a changing picture. Twenty-one patients with tuberculosis of the female genital tract are presented, and the clinical features, method of diagnosis and treatment are discussed. The condition affected an older group of patients than described earlier, and ofter took the form of chronic infection with abscess formation."}
{"id": "PMID:911713", "title": "Perforation of the sigmoid colon during pregnancy: a rare complication of endometriosis. Case report.", "content": "Perforation of the sigmoid colon in a 28-year-old woman during the 37th week of pregnancy is reported. There was almost complete replacement of the bowel wall by endometriotic tissue showing extensive decidualization of its stroma. This appears to be a very rare complication of endometriosis and the effects of pregnancy upon endometriosis are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Perforation of the sigmoid colon during pregnancy: a rare complication of endometriosis. Case report. Perforation of the sigmoid colon in a 28-year-old woman during the 37th week of pregnancy is reported. There was almost complete replacement of the bowel wall by endometriotic tissue showing extensive decidualization of its stroma. This appears to be a very rare complication of endometriosis and the effects of pregnancy upon endometriosis are briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:911714", "title": "Pregnancy following bilateral uterine artery ligation.", "content": "A successful pregnancy following bilateral uterine artery ligation performed in an attempt to relieve dysfunctional menorrhagia is reported. Serial biparietal diameters showed a normal growth curve and the newborn infant weighed 2640 g. The patient was normotensive throughtout the pregnancy. Prior to uterine artery ligation, she had had four pregnancies but there were no surviving children. It is suggested that uterine artery ligation may have a limited place in the management of patients with dysfunctional menorrhagia.", "contents": "Pregnancy following bilateral uterine artery ligation. A successful pregnancy following bilateral uterine artery ligation performed in an attempt to relieve dysfunctional menorrhagia is reported. Serial biparietal diameters showed a normal growth curve and the newborn infant weighed 2640 g. The patient was normotensive throughtout the pregnancy. Prior to uterine artery ligation, she had had four pregnancies but there were no surviving children. It is suggested that uterine artery ligation may have a limited place in the management of patients with dysfunctional menorrhagia."}
{"id": "PMID:911715", "title": "Circulating levels of pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein and human placental lactogen in the third trimester of pregnancy: their relationship to parity, birth weight, and placental weight.", "content": "Circulating levels of pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) and human placental lactogen (HPL) were measured in 153 normal subjects during the third trimester of pregnancy. The levels of SP1 and HPL showed a skewed distribution and rose progressively to reach a plateau by the 36th week. The normal range was calculated by ranking the data and division into centiles as well as by logarithmic transformation of the values. A low but significant correlation was observed between SP1 and HPL levels, SP1 and birth weight. There was also a correlation between HPL levels and placental weight.", "contents": "Circulating levels of pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein and human placental lactogen in the third trimester of pregnancy: their relationship to parity, birth weight, and placental weight. Circulating levels of pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) and human placental lactogen (HPL) were measured in 153 normal subjects during the third trimester of pregnancy. The levels of SP1 and HPL showed a skewed distribution and rose progressively to reach a plateau by the 36th week. The normal range was calculated by ranking the data and division into centiles as well as by logarithmic transformation of the values. A low but significant correlation was observed between SP1 and HPL levels, SP1 and birth weight. There was also a correlation between HPL levels and placental weight."}
{"id": "PMID:911716", "title": "Plasma oestriol and placental proteins: a cross-sectional study at 38 weeks gestation.", "content": "Blood was collected from 53 normal women in the 38th week of pregnancy. The plasma concentration of unconjugated oestriol, total oestriol and oestriol sulphate was measured and also human placental lactogen and pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein. The normal spread of the two proteins was found to be slightly smaller than that of the oestrogens. The concentrations of unconjugated and of total oestriol were related; otherwise these substances varied independently of one another. The concentration of these substances was not related to other obstetric parameters.", "contents": "Plasma oestriol and placental proteins: a cross-sectional study at 38 weeks gestation. Blood was collected from 53 normal women in the 38th week of pregnancy. The plasma concentration of unconjugated oestriol, total oestriol and oestriol sulphate was measured and also human placental lactogen and pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein. The normal spread of the two proteins was found to be slightly smaller than that of the oestrogens. The concentrations of unconjugated and of total oestriol were related; otherwise these substances varied independently of one another. The concentration of these substances was not related to other obstetric parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:911717", "title": "Fetal growth retardation and the arteries of the placental bed.", "content": "The morphology of the placental bed spiral arteries was studied in 68 pregnancies complicated by fetal growth retardation and in 40 pregnancies with a normally grown fetus. When the birth weight was normal the extent and depth of physiological vascular changes were normal except in those pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia. When the birth weight was low and the mothers were normotensive the extent and depth of physiological vascular changes were either normal or restricted, and in all patients with hypertension and a baby with low birth weight the physiological changes were restricted to the decidual segments of the spiral (uteroplacental) arteries. Acute atherosis was only found in pregnancies complicated by hypertension, particularly if there was proteinuria. We do not believe that there exists an arteriopathy which is common to hypertensive and normotensive pregnancies complicated by fetal growth retardation.", "contents": "Fetal growth retardation and the arteries of the placental bed. The morphology of the placental bed spiral arteries was studied in 68 pregnancies complicated by fetal growth retardation and in 40 pregnancies with a normally grown fetus. When the birth weight was normal the extent and depth of physiological vascular changes were normal except in those pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia. When the birth weight was low and the mothers were normotensive the extent and depth of physiological vascular changes were either normal or restricted, and in all patients with hypertension and a baby with low birth weight the physiological changes were restricted to the decidual segments of the spiral (uteroplacental) arteries. Acute atherosis was only found in pregnancies complicated by hypertension, particularly if there was proteinuria. We do not believe that there exists an arteriopathy which is common to hypertensive and normotensive pregnancies complicated by fetal growth retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:911718", "title": "The effect of intrauterine fetal transfusion and a beta-sympathomimetic substance on the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in human amniotic fluid.", "content": "The apparently low incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in babies born prematurely after intrauterine transfusion and the simultaneous prophylactic administration of intravenous isoxsuprine (a beta-sympathomimetic agent) was investigated by serial study of amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios. The ratio rose very significantly after intrauterine transfusions and significantly (but less markedly) after the administration of intravenous isoxsuprine alone.", "contents": "The effect of intrauterine fetal transfusion and a beta-sympathomimetic substance on the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in human amniotic fluid. The apparently low incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in babies born prematurely after intrauterine transfusion and the simultaneous prophylactic administration of intravenous isoxsuprine (a beta-sympathomimetic agent) was investigated by serial study of amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios. The ratio rose very significantly after intrauterine transfusions and significantly (but less markedly) after the administration of intravenous isoxsuprine alone."}
{"id": "PMID:911719", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen-positive obstetric patients.", "content": "In a period of six years (1971--77) 9400 sera taken at booking from antenatal patients were examined for hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg), and 40 patients were positive. These 40 patients had 45 pregnancies and were treated with special precautions so far as venepuncture and the management of delivery were concerned. No member of the hospital staff dealing with the patients developed hepatitis B. All infants born to these mothers were normal, two infants were HBsAg-positive at 7 months and 2 years, but are clinically well. No obstetric problems attributable to the HBsAg-positive state were encountered.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen-positive obstetric patients. In a period of six years (1971--77) 9400 sera taken at booking from antenatal patients were examined for hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg), and 40 patients were positive. These 40 patients had 45 pregnancies and were treated with special precautions so far as venepuncture and the management of delivery were concerned. No member of the hospital staff dealing with the patients developed hepatitis B. All infants born to these mothers were normal, two infants were HBsAg-positive at 7 months and 2 years, but are clinically well. No obstetric problems attributable to the HBsAg-positive state were encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:911720", "title": "Intracranial birth trauma in vaginal breech delivery: the continued importance of injury to the occipital bone.", "content": "Between 1966 and 1976, postmortem examinations revealed significant intracranial birth trauma in 17 infants delivered breech first and in ten infants delivered head first; separation of the squamous and lateral parts of the occipital bone (occipital osteodiastasis) was found in five of the infants who died after breech delivery. The finding of the lesions in these infants is attributed to the adoption, since 1971, of a postmortem technique involving dissection of the suboccipital region before opening the skull. Review of earlier necropsy reports suggests that the lesion was sometimes missed. Analysis of the fresh stillbirths and neonatal deaths occurring in the 477 vaginal breech deliveries at the Hammersmith Hospital (1966 to 1976) showed that all neonatal deaths in infants weighing more than 3000 g at birth associated with intracranial birth trauma: 2 out of 3 had occipital osteodiastasis which seems to be more common than is generally recognized and is only found with careful autopsy technique.", "contents": "Intracranial birth trauma in vaginal breech delivery: the continued importance of injury to the occipital bone. Between 1966 and 1976, postmortem examinations revealed significant intracranial birth trauma in 17 infants delivered breech first and in ten infants delivered head first; separation of the squamous and lateral parts of the occipital bone (occipital osteodiastasis) was found in five of the infants who died after breech delivery. The finding of the lesions in these infants is attributed to the adoption, since 1971, of a postmortem technique involving dissection of the suboccipital region before opening the skull. Review of earlier necropsy reports suggests that the lesion was sometimes missed. Analysis of the fresh stillbirths and neonatal deaths occurring in the 477 vaginal breech deliveries at the Hammersmith Hospital (1966 to 1976) showed that all neonatal deaths in infants weighing more than 3000 g at birth associated with intracranial birth trauma: 2 out of 3 had occipital osteodiastasis which seems to be more common than is generally recognized and is only found with careful autopsy technique."}
{"id": "PMID:911721", "title": "Relationships between spermatogenesis and serum hormone levels in subfertile men.", "content": "The measurements of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were related to the sperm concentration and testicular biopsy in 137 subfertile men. The biopsies were classified into four histological groups: normal, focal tubular atrophy, maturation arrest and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. A positive correlation was found between sperm concentration and the histological grade of spermatogenesis. FSH was directly related to the spermatogenesis and the values were significantly raised in maturation arrest and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. This relationship was present, but to a much lesser extent, for LH. Serum testosterone levels remained unchanged and no relationship between testosterone and either sperm concentration or testicular biopsy was observed. These data indicate the value of FSH in the investigation of the subfertile male, but suggest that the routine measurement of testosterone is unnecessary.", "contents": "Relationships between spermatogenesis and serum hormone levels in subfertile men. The measurements of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were related to the sperm concentration and testicular biopsy in 137 subfertile men. The biopsies were classified into four histological groups: normal, focal tubular atrophy, maturation arrest and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. A positive correlation was found between sperm concentration and the histological grade of spermatogenesis. FSH was directly related to the spermatogenesis and the values were significantly raised in maturation arrest and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. This relationship was present, but to a much lesser extent, for LH. Serum testosterone levels remained unchanged and no relationship between testosterone and either sperm concentration or testicular biopsy was observed. These data indicate the value of FSH in the investigation of the subfertile male, but suggest that the routine measurement of testosterone is unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:911722", "title": "Venous distensibility during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Changes in the distensibility of dorsal hand veins during the menstrual cycle were measured in 19 healthy young women using a new optical method relying upon a pressure-diameter principle. Significantly greater venous distensibility was found during the first half compared with the second half of the menstrual cycle. The possible causes for this finding, particularly the role of oestrogen, are discussed.", "contents": "Venous distensibility during the menstrual cycle. Changes in the distensibility of dorsal hand veins during the menstrual cycle were measured in 19 healthy young women using a new optical method relying upon a pressure-diameter principle. Significantly greater venous distensibility was found during the first half compared with the second half of the menstrual cycle. The possible causes for this finding, particularly the role of oestrogen, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911723", "title": "The bacteriology of the cervix and uterus.", "content": "Fifty hysterectomy specimens were studied by a multiple biopsy technique to determine the normal bacteriological flora of the uterine cavity and cervical canal. All the uterine cavities and 23 of the cervical canals were sterile. The lower half of the other 27 cervical canals contained organisms similar to those found in the vaginal vault.", "contents": "The bacteriology of the cervix and uterus. Fifty hysterectomy specimens were studied by a multiple biopsy technique to determine the normal bacteriological flora of the uterine cavity and cervical canal. All the uterine cavities and 23 of the cervical canals were sterile. The lower half of the other 27 cervical canals contained organisms similar to those found in the vaginal vault."}
{"id": "PMID:911724", "title": "Amniotic fluid testosterone and fetal sex determination in the first half of pregnancy.", "content": "The concentration of freely extractable testosterone in amniotic fluid was measured in 54 patients whose gestational ages ranged from 10 to 20 weeks; 31 of the fetuses were male and 23 were female. The mean amniotic fluid testosterone concentration was significantly higher with a male fetus than with a female fetus. On only 7 out of 31 occasions was the presence of a male fetus associated with amniotic fluid testosterone values below 100 pg/ml, whereas the values associated with a female fetus were never higher than 90 pg/ml. After 14 weeks gestation no amniotic fluid testosterone level was lower than 120 pg/ml in the presence of a male fetus.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid testosterone and fetal sex determination in the first half of pregnancy. The concentration of freely extractable testosterone in amniotic fluid was measured in 54 patients whose gestational ages ranged from 10 to 20 weeks; 31 of the fetuses were male and 23 were female. The mean amniotic fluid testosterone concentration was significantly higher with a male fetus than with a female fetus. On only 7 out of 31 occasions was the presence of a male fetus associated with amniotic fluid testosterone values below 100 pg/ml, whereas the values associated with a female fetus were never higher than 90 pg/ml. After 14 weeks gestation no amniotic fluid testosterone level was lower than 120 pg/ml in the presence of a male fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:911729", "title": "Urokinase in the management of vitreous hemorrhage.", "content": "Urokinase is a plasminogen activator of human origin which breaks up the fibrin base of blood clots. When given as an intravitreal injection it produces hypopyon and glaucoma, both of which transient. In a series of 27 patients (34 eyes) with unresolved vitreous haemorrhage, this simple and relatively atraumatic treatment has produced marked objective improvement in 10, and greatly improved the life styles of a further 9. This series brings the total of reported cases to 93. When compared with recent American reports of surgical vitrectomy for vitreous haemorrhage, intravitreal urokinase appears to have a higher success rate, with a lower complication rate both in the short and long term. This study suggests that, despite the high cost of the purified enzyme, urokinase should be come the first line of attack in vitreous haemorrhage, vitrectomy being reserved for those patients who fail to respond.", "contents": "Urokinase in the management of vitreous hemorrhage. Urokinase is a plasminogen activator of human origin which breaks up the fibrin base of blood clots. When given as an intravitreal injection it produces hypopyon and glaucoma, both of which transient. In a series of 27 patients (34 eyes) with unresolved vitreous haemorrhage, this simple and relatively atraumatic treatment has produced marked objective improvement in 10, and greatly improved the life styles of a further 9. This series brings the total of reported cases to 93. When compared with recent American reports of surgical vitrectomy for vitreous haemorrhage, intravitreal urokinase appears to have a higher success rate, with a lower complication rate both in the short and long term. This study suggests that, despite the high cost of the purified enzyme, urokinase should be come the first line of attack in vitreous haemorrhage, vitrectomy being reserved for those patients who fail to respond."}
{"id": "PMID:911730", "title": "Normal response to pilocarpine and phenylephrine.", "content": "Fifty-eight eyes from 58 patients in which there was no evidence of glaucoma were provoked with pilocarpine and phenylephrine drops. The result was a significant reduction in intraocular pressure and a significant increase in outflow facility. The 58 eyes were randomised and 19 submitted to a 'dummy' provocative test. There was no significant change in either pressure or outflow facility. The effect of the pilocarpine/phenylephrine provocative test in normal eyes is to produce a response that is the opposite of a positive provocative test in eyes at risk of developing closed-angle glaucoma.", "contents": "Normal response to pilocarpine and phenylephrine. Fifty-eight eyes from 58 patients in which there was no evidence of glaucoma were provoked with pilocarpine and phenylephrine drops. The result was a significant reduction in intraocular pressure and a significant increase in outflow facility. The 58 eyes were randomised and 19 submitted to a 'dummy' provocative test. There was no significant change in either pressure or outflow facility. The effect of the pilocarpine/phenylephrine provocative test in normal eyes is to produce a response that is the opposite of a positive provocative test in eyes at risk of developing closed-angle glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:911731", "title": "Association between acute glaucoma and the weather and sunspot activity.", "content": "The dates of presentation of 191 cases of acute closed-angle glaucoma which presented at the Birmingham and Midland Eye Hospital between 1971 and 1974 were analysed and the seasonal incidence of acute glaucoma confirmed (P less than 0-001). These data were compared with meteorological data for air temperature, rainfall, hours of sunshine, atmospheric pressure, cloud amount, terrestrial magnetic field level, and sunspot numbers. A statistically significant direct association (P less than 0-05) was found with hours of sunshine and an inverse association (P greater than 0-05) with cloud amount. A statistically significant inverse association (P less than 0-05) was found with sunspot count, and this assumed high significance (P less than 0-0005) on consideration of sunspot activity in the preceding period. The literature is reviewed and the significance of these findings discussed.", "contents": "Association between acute glaucoma and the weather and sunspot activity. The dates of presentation of 191 cases of acute closed-angle glaucoma which presented at the Birmingham and Midland Eye Hospital between 1971 and 1974 were analysed and the seasonal incidence of acute glaucoma confirmed (P less than 0-001). These data were compared with meteorological data for air temperature, rainfall, hours of sunshine, atmospheric pressure, cloud amount, terrestrial magnetic field level, and sunspot numbers. A statistically significant direct association (P less than 0-05) was found with hours of sunshine and an inverse association (P greater than 0-05) with cloud amount. A statistically significant inverse association (P less than 0-05) was found with sunspot count, and this assumed high significance (P less than 0-0005) on consideration of sunspot activity in the preceding period. The literature is reviewed and the significance of these findings discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911732", "title": "Partial angle closure.", "content": "During the course of negative provocative test for closed-angle glaucoma using pilocarpine and phenylephrine 60% of eyes develop significant reductions in outflow facility at some stage during the test. It is shown that these reductions can be explained by postulating the presence of partial-angle closure since: (1) A random sample (6) of 53 eyes showing an abnormal response subsequently had a peripheral iridectomy. On reprovoking they then behaved as normal eyes with a uniform increase in outflow. (2) Fifty-eight eyes that had a peripheral iridectomy for closed-angle glaucoma (spontaneous or induced) responded to provocative testing as do normal eyes.", "contents": "Partial angle closure. During the course of negative provocative test for closed-angle glaucoma using pilocarpine and phenylephrine 60% of eyes develop significant reductions in outflow facility at some stage during the test. It is shown that these reductions can be explained by postulating the presence of partial-angle closure since: (1) A random sample (6) of 53 eyes showing an abnormal response subsequently had a peripheral iridectomy. On reprovoking they then behaved as normal eyes with a uniform increase in outflow. (2) Fifty-eight eyes that had a peripheral iridectomy for closed-angle glaucoma (spontaneous or induced) responded to provocative testing as do normal eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:911733", "title": "Patient compliance in glaucoma.", "content": "Of a randomly selected sample of 40 patients with chronic simple glaucoma 11 were identified as having failed to comply adequately with medical advice. Noncompliers were more likely: to be men, to have had no other medical disorder but glaucoma, not to rank glaucoma as most troubling if they had another illness, to have experienced side effects from the treatment, and not to have appreciated the association between glaucoma and blindness. Detailed clinical study revealed that several interrelated psychosocial factors contributed to noncompliance.", "contents": "Patient compliance in glaucoma. Of a randomly selected sample of 40 patients with chronic simple glaucoma 11 were identified as having failed to comply adequately with medical advice. Noncompliers were more likely: to be men, to have had no other medical disorder but glaucoma, not to rank glaucoma as most troubling if they had another illness, to have experienced side effects from the treatment, and not to have appreciated the association between glaucoma and blindness. Detailed clinical study revealed that several interrelated psychosocial factors contributed to noncompliance."}
{"id": "PMID:911734", "title": "Trabeculectomy: long-term follow-up.", "content": "The postoperative course of 309 eyes subjected to trabeculectomy has been studied over a 7-year period. The results have been compiled with regard to effectiveness to maintain a normal range of intraocular pressure with and without postoperative medication. The figures have been assessed in toto and for 3 groups of glaucoma, namely, open angle, chronic angle-closure, and acute angle-closure. Results support those of other reports to show that trabeculectomy gives satisfactory control over the years in a reasonably high proportion of eyes and with relatively few postoperative complications. There is also a small group of combined trabeculectomy with cataract extraction.", "contents": "Trabeculectomy: long-term follow-up. The postoperative course of 309 eyes subjected to trabeculectomy has been studied over a 7-year period. The results have been compiled with regard to effectiveness to maintain a normal range of intraocular pressure with and without postoperative medication. The figures have been assessed in toto and for 3 groups of glaucoma, namely, open angle, chronic angle-closure, and acute angle-closure. Results support those of other reports to show that trabeculectomy gives satisfactory control over the years in a reasonably high proportion of eyes and with relatively few postoperative complications. There is also a small group of combined trabeculectomy with cataract extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:911736", "title": "Penetrating wound of the orbit: a 31-year follow-up.", "content": "The case is described of a man who at the age of 17 suffered accidental penetration of his right orbit by a rod and spring from a machine gun. Operation was successful, and follow-up 31 years later showed normal vision at 20/20 in both eyes.", "contents": "Penetrating wound of the orbit: a 31-year follow-up. The case is described of a man who at the age of 17 suffered accidental penetration of his right orbit by a rod and spring from a machine gun. Operation was successful, and follow-up 31 years later showed normal vision at 20/20 in both eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:911735", "title": "Tear calcium levels and contact lens wear.", "content": "Hydrophilic contact lens spoliation can be associated with the deposition of calcium salts. The relationship between the concentration of calcium in tear fluid and contact lens use has been studied in healthy volunteers and in patients using various forms of hard and soft contact lenses, tear samples being collected with Schirmer strips and with lenses in situ. Methods are suggested for correcting data on calcium per strip to concentration when this cannot be directly determined. Further data were obtained by direct extraction of freshly removed soft contact lenses. The collected results indicate some variation in tear calcium concentrations, but values are unrelated to use of contact lens and type of lens fitted, and to the rates of tear flow with our procedures for collection. Local calcium concentrations are unlikely therefore to be a significant primary factor in soft contact lens spoliation, but the enlargement of the tear pool associated with the use of a soft contact lens does greatly increase the amount of calcium present, and this may be a factor in secondary deposition.", "contents": "Tear calcium levels and contact lens wear. Hydrophilic contact lens spoliation can be associated with the deposition of calcium salts. The relationship between the concentration of calcium in tear fluid and contact lens use has been studied in healthy volunteers and in patients using various forms of hard and soft contact lenses, tear samples being collected with Schirmer strips and with lenses in situ. Methods are suggested for correcting data on calcium per strip to concentration when this cannot be directly determined. Further data were obtained by direct extraction of freshly removed soft contact lenses. The collected results indicate some variation in tear calcium concentrations, but values are unrelated to use of contact lens and type of lens fitted, and to the rates of tear flow with our procedures for collection. Local calcium concentrations are unlikely therefore to be a significant primary factor in soft contact lens spoliation, but the enlargement of the tear pool associated with the use of a soft contact lens does greatly increase the amount of calcium present, and this may be a factor in secondary deposition."}
{"id": "PMID:911737", "title": "Autolok band.", "content": "A braided polyester band to encircle the globe for retinal detachment has been tested. It has some advantages over other types of band.", "contents": "Autolok band. A braided polyester band to encircle the globe for retinal detachment has been tested. It has some advantages over other types of band."}
{"id": "PMID:911738", "title": "Effect of exercise during rehabilitation on swimming performance, metabolism and function of muscle in rats.", "content": "1. It has been observed previously that gastrocnemius muscles from rats rehabilitated after early nutritional stress have low endurance and oxidative capacity (Raju, 1974). 2. Exercise during rehabilitation reversed the effects of early malnutrition on muscle function and metabolism. The swimming performance of rehabilitated rats was poor and exercise during rehabilitation improved it. 3. The specific activity of gastrocnemius muscle myosin ATP phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.3) was not altered by either early malnutrition or exercise.", "contents": "Effect of exercise during rehabilitation on swimming performance, metabolism and function of muscle in rats. 1. It has been observed previously that gastrocnemius muscles from rats rehabilitated after early nutritional stress have low endurance and oxidative capacity (Raju, 1974). 2. Exercise during rehabilitation reversed the effects of early malnutrition on muscle function and metabolism. The swimming performance of rehabilitated rats was poor and exercise during rehabilitation improved it. 3. The specific activity of gastrocnemius muscle myosin ATP phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.3) was not altered by either early malnutrition or exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:911740", "title": "Digestibilities of nitrogen compounds in rumen bacteria and in other components of digesta in the small intestine of the young steer.", "content": "1. Mixed bacteria were obtained from the rumen contents of steers and were taken at different times after the animals had been given different feeds. The feeds contained [15N]urea and in some experiments Na2 35SO4 so that the bacteria were labelled with these isotopes. 2. Samples of labelled bacteria were subjected to a simulated abomasal digestion with pepsin and the digests were infused with a non-absorbed marker, polyethylene glycol, into the duodenums of test steers equipped with re-entrant ileal cannulas. Except for samples taken after a 24 h fast, which sometimes gave somewhat lower values, mean values for digestibilities of 15N and 35S in the small intestine were 0-79 and 0-85 respectively. 3. The corresponding value for the digestibility of 15N in similarly-treated wheat-leaf protein concentrate was 0-86. 4. Net digestibilities of total N in the small intestine of the test steers when they were given either a mainly protein-free diet of straw, tapioca and urea or a diet of flaked maize and hay were approximately 0-62. 5. From these and other values it was calculated that approximately 5-2 g intestinally-secreted endogenous N/d flowed through the ileum of a 100 kg steer.", "contents": "Digestibilities of nitrogen compounds in rumen bacteria and in other components of digesta in the small intestine of the young steer. 1. Mixed bacteria were obtained from the rumen contents of steers and were taken at different times after the animals had been given different feeds. The feeds contained [15N]urea and in some experiments Na2 35SO4 so that the bacteria were labelled with these isotopes. 2. Samples of labelled bacteria were subjected to a simulated abomasal digestion with pepsin and the digests were infused with a non-absorbed marker, polyethylene glycol, into the duodenums of test steers equipped with re-entrant ileal cannulas. Except for samples taken after a 24 h fast, which sometimes gave somewhat lower values, mean values for digestibilities of 15N and 35S in the small intestine were 0-79 and 0-85 respectively. 3. The corresponding value for the digestibility of 15N in similarly-treated wheat-leaf protein concentrate was 0-86. 4. Net digestibilities of total N in the small intestine of the test steers when they were given either a mainly protein-free diet of straw, tapioca and urea or a diet of flaked maize and hay were approximately 0-62. 5. From these and other values it was calculated that approximately 5-2 g intestinally-secreted endogenous N/d flowed through the ileum of a 100 kg steer."}
{"id": "PMID:911741", "title": "The effect of acute illness on leucocyte and plasma ascorbic acid levels.", "content": "1. Serial estimations of plasma (PAA) and leucocyte (LAA) ascorbic acid concentrations were made in geriatric patients in a stable phase of their illness, and compared with a similar ('unstable') group suffering from acute illness. 2. In the 'unstable' group, though PAA levels were unchanged, LAA levels were reduced. 3. The 'follow-up' period of 7-8 d there was much greater variation in both PAA and LAA levels in the 'unstable' group. 4. Acute illness was often accompanied by an increase and then a decrease in LAA levels. Recovery was associated with an increase in LAA levels.", "contents": "The effect of acute illness on leucocyte and plasma ascorbic acid levels. 1. Serial estimations of plasma (PAA) and leucocyte (LAA) ascorbic acid concentrations were made in geriatric patients in a stable phase of their illness, and compared with a similar ('unstable') group suffering from acute illness. 2. In the 'unstable' group, though PAA levels were unchanged, LAA levels were reduced. 3. The 'follow-up' period of 7-8 d there was much greater variation in both PAA and LAA levels in the 'unstable' group. 4. Acute illness was often accompanied by an increase and then a decrease in LAA levels. Recovery was associated with an increase in LAA levels."}
{"id": "PMID:911742", "title": "On the role of higher plant and microbial lipases in the ruminal hydrolysis of grass lipids.", "content": "1. The galactolipids of heat-treated, 14C-labelled rye grass S24 administered intraruminally to a sheep fed on an autoclaved diet were rapidly catabolized. 2. When grass was homogenized with rumen contents devoid of higher plant lipases the grass galactolipids were rapidly metabolized, but were not metabolized when the rumen contents were boiled to destroy microbial galactolipases. 3. 14C-labelled monogalactosyldiglyceride, digalactosyldiglyceride and triolein were metabolized, with the release of 14C-labelled fatty acids when incubated with a homogenate (100 g/l) of grass or clover in rumen fluid from a starved sheep, but not when the rumen fluid was heat-treated to destroy microbial enzymes. 4. It is concluded that in the sheep the lipases of rumen micro-organisms play a major part in the ruminal degradation of ingested complex lipids of pasture.", "contents": "On the role of higher plant and microbial lipases in the ruminal hydrolysis of grass lipids. 1. The galactolipids of heat-treated, 14C-labelled rye grass S24 administered intraruminally to a sheep fed on an autoclaved diet were rapidly catabolized. 2. When grass was homogenized with rumen contents devoid of higher plant lipases the grass galactolipids were rapidly metabolized, but were not metabolized when the rumen contents were boiled to destroy microbial galactolipases. 3. 14C-labelled monogalactosyldiglyceride, digalactosyldiglyceride and triolein were metabolized, with the release of 14C-labelled fatty acids when incubated with a homogenate (100 g/l) of grass or clover in rumen fluid from a starved sheep, but not when the rumen fluid was heat-treated to destroy microbial enzymes. 4. It is concluded that in the sheep the lipases of rumen micro-organisms play a major part in the ruminal degradation of ingested complex lipids of pasture."}
{"id": "PMID:911743", "title": "The effect of in utero protein malnutrition and subsequent renutrition on rat saliva and some salivary enzymes.", "content": "1. Rat pups developed chronic protein insufficiency resulting from malnutrition diet in utero while their dams received 40 g protein/kg diet. 2. Before weaning they were found to have decreased salivary amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and aminopeptidase activities. 3. A complete diet (250 g protein/kg) rapidly restored salivary amylase activity before weight normalization. However, renourished pups (malnourished pups given 250 g protein/kg for 14 d) still had increased numbers of Streptococcus multans in their plaque.", "contents": "The effect of in utero protein malnutrition and subsequent renutrition on rat saliva and some salivary enzymes. 1. Rat pups developed chronic protein insufficiency resulting from malnutrition diet in utero while their dams received 40 g protein/kg diet. 2. Before weaning they were found to have decreased salivary amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and aminopeptidase activities. 3. A complete diet (250 g protein/kg) rapidly restored salivary amylase activity before weight normalization. However, renourished pups (malnourished pups given 250 g protein/kg for 14 d) still had increased numbers of Streptococcus multans in their plaque."}
{"id": "PMID:911744", "title": "The effect of dietary protein deprivation on protein synthesis in the isolated liver parenchymal cell.", "content": "1. Parenchymal cells were isolated from the liver of rats that had been deprived of dietary protein for 3 weeks. 2. The cells were two-thirds the diameter of those derived from livers of normal animals and consumed oxygen at a rate of 16-2 +/- 2-7 mu1/h per 10(6) viable cells, half the normal value. 3. Albumin and transferrin were synthesized at rates of 0-94 +/- 0-12 and 0-60 +/- 0-07 microgram/h per 10(6) viable cells respectively and urea at a rate of 0-77 +/- 0-12 microgram/h per 10(6) cells. This represents a 25-50% decrease in the rates of synthesis measured in cells isolated from normal livers. 4. The results are discussed in relation to the long-term effects of malnutrition on liver cell function.", "contents": "The effect of dietary protein deprivation on protein synthesis in the isolated liver parenchymal cell. 1. Parenchymal cells were isolated from the liver of rats that had been deprived of dietary protein for 3 weeks. 2. The cells were two-thirds the diameter of those derived from livers of normal animals and consumed oxygen at a rate of 16-2 +/- 2-7 mu1/h per 10(6) viable cells, half the normal value. 3. Albumin and transferrin were synthesized at rates of 0-94 +/- 0-12 and 0-60 +/- 0-07 microgram/h per 10(6) viable cells respectively and urea at a rate of 0-77 +/- 0-12 microgram/h per 10(6) cells. This represents a 25-50% decrease in the rates of synthesis measured in cells isolated from normal livers. 4. The results are discussed in relation to the long-term effects of malnutrition on liver cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:911747", "title": "A note on the effect of food restriction on tissue ascorbic acid in guinea-pigs.", "content": "1. Male, adult guinea-pigs received a scorbutogenic diet and a daily supplement of 1-0 mg ascorbic acid/100 g body-weight. 2. Restriction of food intake for a period of 17 d resulted in a 25% loss in body-weight and a significant reduction in the retention of ascorbic acid by the spleen, liver and adrenal glands.", "contents": "A note on the effect of food restriction on tissue ascorbic acid in guinea-pigs. 1. Male, adult guinea-pigs received a scorbutogenic diet and a daily supplement of 1-0 mg ascorbic acid/100 g body-weight. 2. Restriction of food intake for a period of 17 d resulted in a 25% loss in body-weight and a significant reduction in the retention of ascorbic acid by the spleen, liver and adrenal glands."}
{"id": "PMID:911750", "title": "Characterization of two major neutral glyceroglucolipids of the human gastric content.", "content": "Two major neutral glyceroglucolipids (A and B) have been isolated from lipid extract of human gastric content by the procedure involving column fractionation on DEAE-Sephadex, silicic acid, and thin-layer chromatography. Both glycolipids contained glucose, glyceryl ethers, and fatty acids. The structures of these glycolipids were identified by mild alkaline methanolysis, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide, and permethylation studies. Based on the obtained data, we propose that glycolipid A is a monoalkylmonoacylglyceryl hexaglucoside and glycolipid B is a monoalkylmonoacylglyceryl octaglucoside. The diglyceride portion of these glycolipids consists mostly of 1-O-alkyl-2-O-acylglycerol.", "contents": "Characterization of two major neutral glyceroglucolipids of the human gastric content. Two major neutral glyceroglucolipids (A and B) have been isolated from lipid extract of human gastric content by the procedure involving column fractionation on DEAE-Sephadex, silicic acid, and thin-layer chromatography. Both glycolipids contained glucose, glyceryl ethers, and fatty acids. The structures of these glycolipids were identified by mild alkaline methanolysis, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide, and permethylation studies. Based on the obtained data, we propose that glycolipid A is a monoalkylmonoacylglyceryl hexaglucoside and glycolipid B is a monoalkylmonoacylglyceryl octaglucoside. The diglyceride portion of these glycolipids consists mostly of 1-O-alkyl-2-O-acylglycerol."}
{"id": "PMID:911751", "title": "Hydroperoxidase activities of ferrihemes: heme analogues of peroxidase enzyme intermediates.", "content": "By reaction of deuteroferriheme (DFH) with peroxo acids, spectroscopically distinct and peroxidatically active deuteroferriheme-peroxide compounds (DPC) are formed. These species closely resemble, and are probably identical with, the species formed by reaction of DFH with H2O2, which has previously been considered to be an analogue of peroxidase compound I. Stopped-flow spectrophotometric titration studies imply: (a) that DPC is formed by reaction of 1.9 +/- 0.2 mol of DFH with 1 mol of peroxo acid; (b) that the spectral change accompanying formation of DPC is independent of the peroxo acid oxidant used. Titration of the oxidizing power of DPC formed with H2O2 implies that submaximal yields of DPC are obtained, a result that could implicate DPC species as analogues of catalase compound I in the catalase action of ferrihemes. Preliminary results suggest that DPC may involve both monomeric and dimeric heme components.", "contents": "Hydroperoxidase activities of ferrihemes: heme analogues of peroxidase enzyme intermediates. By reaction of deuteroferriheme (DFH) with peroxo acids, spectroscopically distinct and peroxidatically active deuteroferriheme-peroxide compounds (DPC) are formed. These species closely resemble, and are probably identical with, the species formed by reaction of DFH with H2O2, which has previously been considered to be an analogue of peroxidase compound I. Stopped-flow spectrophotometric titration studies imply: (a) that DPC is formed by reaction of 1.9 +/- 0.2 mol of DFH with 1 mol of peroxo acid; (b) that the spectral change accompanying formation of DPC is independent of the peroxo acid oxidant used. Titration of the oxidizing power of DPC formed with H2O2 implies that submaximal yields of DPC are obtained, a result that could implicate DPC species as analogues of catalase compound I in the catalase action of ferrihemes. Preliminary results suggest that DPC may involve both monomeric and dimeric heme components."}
{"id": "PMID:911752", "title": "Rabbit muscle aldolase catalyzed proton exchange of hydroxyacetone phosphate with solvent.", "content": "Rabbit muscle aldolase catalyzes the exchange with solvent of all three methyl hydrogens of hydroxyacetone phosphate. Under saturating conditions, rates of the following processes have been measured: deuteration of hydroxyacetone phosphate in 2H2O (by an NMR method), tritiation of hydroxyacetone phosphate in H2O and 2H2O, and detritiation of tritiated hydroxyacetone phosphate in H2O and 2H2O. It is clear from these measurements (1) that there is no primary kinetic isotope effect and hence that hydrogen abstraction is not rate determining to the exchange and (2) that only one (as the closest integer) methyl hydrogen exchanges per turnover. The argument is made that these observations are mutually exclusive in terms of the accepted aldolase mechanism in the absence of further restrictions imposed by the enzyme. Possible restrictions are discussed.", "contents": "Rabbit muscle aldolase catalyzed proton exchange of hydroxyacetone phosphate with solvent. Rabbit muscle aldolase catalyzes the exchange with solvent of all three methyl hydrogens of hydroxyacetone phosphate. Under saturating conditions, rates of the following processes have been measured: deuteration of hydroxyacetone phosphate in 2H2O (by an NMR method), tritiation of hydroxyacetone phosphate in H2O and 2H2O, and detritiation of tritiated hydroxyacetone phosphate in H2O and 2H2O. It is clear from these measurements (1) that there is no primary kinetic isotope effect and hence that hydrogen abstraction is not rate determining to the exchange and (2) that only one (as the closest integer) methyl hydrogen exchanges per turnover. The argument is made that these observations are mutually exclusive in terms of the accepted aldolase mechanism in the absence of further restrictions imposed by the enzyme. Possible restrictions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911755", "title": "Mouse sperm chromatin proteins: quantitative isolation and partial characterization.", "content": "Conditions are described that permit the quantitative extraction of chromatin proteins from the epididymal sperm of the mouse. These proteins have been isolated free of contaminating tail proteins following removal of the tails with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Without this treatment, numerous acid-soluble tail proteins coextract with the nuclear proteins isolated from partially purified heads. The proteins isolated in this manner do not require prior modification with iodoacetamide and show no evidence of proteolytic degradation. In acid-urea polyacrylamide gels, 99% of the sperm protein migrates as one electrophoretic band. Evidence is presented that suggests that this single band contains two protamine-like proteins.", "contents": "Mouse sperm chromatin proteins: quantitative isolation and partial characterization. Conditions are described that permit the quantitative extraction of chromatin proteins from the epididymal sperm of the mouse. These proteins have been isolated free of contaminating tail proteins following removal of the tails with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Without this treatment, numerous acid-soluble tail proteins coextract with the nuclear proteins isolated from partially purified heads. The proteins isolated in this manner do not require prior modification with iodoacetamide and show no evidence of proteolytic degradation. In acid-urea polyacrylamide gels, 99% of the sperm protein migrates as one electrophoretic band. Evidence is presented that suggests that this single band contains two protamine-like proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:911758", "title": "Characterization of mechanisms for transfer of cholesterol between human erythrocytes and plasma.", "content": "The removal from human erythrocytes of cholesterol (mass) and of [3H]cholesterol which had been introduced into the erythrocyte by exchange was studied. Removal was accomplished by incubating erythrocytes in plasma, the free cholesterol content of which had been lowered by the action of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. It was shown that the exchange of cholesterol between erythrocytes and plasma and the net movement of cholesterol out of the membrane into plasma are characterized by the same rate constant and are driven by cholesterol to phospholipid ratios in cells and plasma. The apparent limitation on cholesterol depletion of erythrocytes observed in experiments of this type is explicable as the result of equilibrium between cholesterol in the membrane and in the plasma, an equilibrium reached when there is still cholesterol left in the cells. It is concluded from this study that all the exchangeable cholesterol in human erythrocytes is available for removal from the membrane.", "contents": "Characterization of mechanisms for transfer of cholesterol between human erythrocytes and plasma. The removal from human erythrocytes of cholesterol (mass) and of [3H]cholesterol which had been introduced into the erythrocyte by exchange was studied. Removal was accomplished by incubating erythrocytes in plasma, the free cholesterol content of which had been lowered by the action of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. It was shown that the exchange of cholesterol between erythrocytes and plasma and the net movement of cholesterol out of the membrane into plasma are characterized by the same rate constant and are driven by cholesterol to phospholipid ratios in cells and plasma. The apparent limitation on cholesterol depletion of erythrocytes observed in experiments of this type is explicable as the result of equilibrium between cholesterol in the membrane and in the plasma, an equilibrium reached when there is still cholesterol left in the cells. It is concluded from this study that all the exchangeable cholesterol in human erythrocytes is available for removal from the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:911759", "title": "Phospholipid head-group conformations; intermolecular interactions and cholesterol effects.", "content": "The predominant orientation of the phosphorylcholine polar head group in phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin bilayers and cholesterol perturbations of that orientation have been identified by exploiting the 31P (1H) nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) in the 31P NMR spectra of phospholipid bilayers. In pure egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers, a NOE of 40% is observed. The magnitude of the NOE has been measured as a function of continuous-wave proton-decoupler frequency in order to identify the proton source of the NOE. In pure egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers, the maximum NOE occurs at the N-methyl proton resonance position of the choline moiety. In a modified phosphatidylcholine in which all the N-methyl protons were replaced by deuterium, the NOE arose from methylene protons next to the phosphate. In mixed systems of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine and diphosphatidylglycerol, both phospholipid resonances attained maximum NOE at the position of the N-methyl proton resonance of phosphatidylcholine. An analogous result was obtained with pure sphingomyelin. These results are explained by orienting the phosphorylcholine portion of the molecule parallel to the surface of the bilayer so that the positively charged N-methyl moiety is located close to the negatively charged phosphate on a neighboring phospholipid in an intermolecular interaction. Addition of cholesterol is shown to disrupt the intermolecular interaction in phosphatidylcholine bilayers.", "contents": "Phospholipid head-group conformations; intermolecular interactions and cholesterol effects. The predominant orientation of the phosphorylcholine polar head group in phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin bilayers and cholesterol perturbations of that orientation have been identified by exploiting the 31P (1H) nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) in the 31P NMR spectra of phospholipid bilayers. In pure egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers, a NOE of 40% is observed. The magnitude of the NOE has been measured as a function of continuous-wave proton-decoupler frequency in order to identify the proton source of the NOE. In pure egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers, the maximum NOE occurs at the N-methyl proton resonance position of the choline moiety. In a modified phosphatidylcholine in which all the N-methyl protons were replaced by deuterium, the NOE arose from methylene protons next to the phosphate. In mixed systems of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine and diphosphatidylglycerol, both phospholipid resonances attained maximum NOE at the position of the N-methyl proton resonance of phosphatidylcholine. An analogous result was obtained with pure sphingomyelin. These results are explained by orienting the phosphorylcholine portion of the molecule parallel to the surface of the bilayer so that the positively charged N-methyl moiety is located close to the negatively charged phosphate on a neighboring phospholipid in an intermolecular interaction. Addition of cholesterol is shown to disrupt the intermolecular interaction in phosphatidylcholine bilayers."}
{"id": "PMID:911760", "title": "A theory of phase transitions and phase diagrams for one- and two-component phospholipid bilayers.", "content": "A statistical mechanical partition function for phospholipid bilayers is constructed to obtain a theoretical description of the chain melting phase transition in lipid bilayer membranes and of the phase diagrams for two-component bilayers. In addition to providing an accurate representation of the transition temperatures and enthalpies of one-component bilayers composed of 1,2-diacylphosphatidylcholines, the theory can also account for the shapes of the phase diagrams observed for bilayers which are binary mixtures of these compounds with two different hydrocarbon chain lenghts.", "contents": "A theory of phase transitions and phase diagrams for one- and two-component phospholipid bilayers. A statistical mechanical partition function for phospholipid bilayers is constructed to obtain a theoretical description of the chain melting phase transition in lipid bilayer membranes and of the phase diagrams for two-component bilayers. In addition to providing an accurate representation of the transition temperatures and enthalpies of one-component bilayers composed of 1,2-diacylphosphatidylcholines, the theory can also account for the shapes of the phase diagrams observed for bilayers which are binary mixtures of these compounds with two different hydrocarbon chain lenghts."}
{"id": "PMID:911762", "title": "Molecular asymmetry in an abortive ternary complex of lobster glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "An abortive ternary complex of lobster glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was produced by the covalent attachment of 3,3,3-trifluoroacetone to Cys- 149 in each subunit. X-ray diffraction analysis of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-trifluoroacetone-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide complex showed asymmetry with respect to the active-site conformations of the trifluoroacetone substrate analogue and some catalytic groups. These results are consistent with 19F nuclear magnetic resonance observations of this complex (Bode, J., Blumenstein, M., and Raftery, M. A. (1975), Biochemistry 14, 1153--1160). Different substrate conformations were found on opposite sides of the molecular diad relating subunits whose active centers are in close proximity (the R axis).", "contents": "Molecular asymmetry in an abortive ternary complex of lobster glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. An abortive ternary complex of lobster glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was produced by the covalent attachment of 3,3,3-trifluoroacetone to Cys- 149 in each subunit. X-ray diffraction analysis of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-trifluoroacetone-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide complex showed asymmetry with respect to the active-site conformations of the trifluoroacetone substrate analogue and some catalytic groups. These results are consistent with 19F nuclear magnetic resonance observations of this complex (Bode, J., Blumenstein, M., and Raftery, M. A. (1975), Biochemistry 14, 1153--1160). Different substrate conformations were found on opposite sides of the molecular diad relating subunits whose active centers are in close proximity (the R axis)."}
{"id": "PMID:911763", "title": "Distribution of alkali light chains in myosin: isolation of isoenzymes.", "content": "Antibodies have been isolated which are specific for the \"difference peptide\" unique to the alkali 1 light chain (mol wt 20 700) of chicken breast muscle myosin. When coupled to Sepharose as an immunoadsorbent, they are capable of resolving subfragment 1, heavy meromyosin, and myosin into two fractions, one rich in alkali 1 and the other rich in alkali 2. This fractionation provides direct evidence for the existence of two isoenzymic populations in vertebrate skeletal myosin. The ability of antibodies to the difference peptide to distinguish between alkali 1 and 2 provides a marker which will allow the distribution of alkali light chains in muscle fibers and filaments to be investigated.", "contents": "Distribution of alkali light chains in myosin: isolation of isoenzymes. Antibodies have been isolated which are specific for the \"difference peptide\" unique to the alkali 1 light chain (mol wt 20 700) of chicken breast muscle myosin. When coupled to Sepharose as an immunoadsorbent, they are capable of resolving subfragment 1, heavy meromyosin, and myosin into two fractions, one rich in alkali 1 and the other rich in alkali 2. This fractionation provides direct evidence for the existence of two isoenzymic populations in vertebrate skeletal myosin. The ability of antibodies to the difference peptide to distinguish between alkali 1 and 2 provides a marker which will allow the distribution of alkali light chains in muscle fibers and filaments to be investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:911764", "title": "Optical activity of disulfide bonds in proteins: studies on human choriomammotropin and bovine pituitary somatotropin.", "content": "The contributions of the homologous carboxyl-terminal disulfide bonds in human choriomammotropin (human chorionic somatomammotropin, human placental lactogen) and bovine somatotropin (pituitary growth hormone), to the near ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra of these two proteins have been evaluated. The disulfide bond in the human placental protein displays a broad, negative band centered near 260 nm ([theta]M, 260nm = -2100 +/- 160 deg cm2 dmol-1) which is equivalent, within experimental error, to the band previously assigned to the identical disulfide in plasmin modified human somatotropin. The homologous disulfide in the bovine hormone also exhibits a negative band, very similar in intensity ([theta]M, 254nm = -2200 +/- 210 deg cm2 dmol-1), with an estimated band center blue-shifted relative to the human proteins to 252-255 nm. Reoxidation of either partially reduced protein results in complete repair of the circular dichroism spectrum to that of the native protein. No definite contributions could be assigned below 240 nm to the optical activity of these disulfide bonds. Circular dichroism measurements have also been used to approximate the rates of reduction of the two proteins.", "contents": "Optical activity of disulfide bonds in proteins: studies on human choriomammotropin and bovine pituitary somatotropin. The contributions of the homologous carboxyl-terminal disulfide bonds in human choriomammotropin (human chorionic somatomammotropin, human placental lactogen) and bovine somatotropin (pituitary growth hormone), to the near ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra of these two proteins have been evaluated. The disulfide bond in the human placental protein displays a broad, negative band centered near 260 nm ([theta]M, 260nm = -2100 +/- 160 deg cm2 dmol-1) which is equivalent, within experimental error, to the band previously assigned to the identical disulfide in plasmin modified human somatotropin. The homologous disulfide in the bovine hormone also exhibits a negative band, very similar in intensity ([theta]M, 254nm = -2200 +/- 210 deg cm2 dmol-1), with an estimated band center blue-shifted relative to the human proteins to 252-255 nm. Reoxidation of either partially reduced protein results in complete repair of the circular dichroism spectrum to that of the native protein. No definite contributions could be assigned below 240 nm to the optical activity of these disulfide bonds. Circular dichroism measurements have also been used to approximate the rates of reduction of the two proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:911766", "title": "Isolation and amino-terminal sequence analysis of a new pancreatic trypsinogen of the African lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus.", "content": "The purification and characterization of three pancreatic trypsinogens A1, A2, and A3, from the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus, is reported. These zymogens are activated by trypsin, by enterokinase, by an acid protease from Aspergillus oryzae, and by autoactivation. The three trypsinogens contain the same amino-terminal amino acid sequence, beginning with the activation peptide Leu-Pro-Leu-Glu-Asp-Asp-Lys-. Like the activation peptide of the previously characterized trypsinogen B [Reeck, G. R., & Neurath, H. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 503] of the same organism, it lacks the tetraaspartyl sequence characteristic of other vertebrate trypsinogens. Two of the corresponding lungfish trypsins were found to have identical amino-terminal sequences for at least 27 residues. These data suggest that the three enzymes are allelic variants. In contrast, the amino acid sequences differ sufficiently from that of trypsinogen B of the same organism to indicate that trypsinogens A and B are the products of different gene loci.", "contents": "Isolation and amino-terminal sequence analysis of a new pancreatic trypsinogen of the African lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus. The purification and characterization of three pancreatic trypsinogens A1, A2, and A3, from the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus, is reported. These zymogens are activated by trypsin, by enterokinase, by an acid protease from Aspergillus oryzae, and by autoactivation. The three trypsinogens contain the same amino-terminal amino acid sequence, beginning with the activation peptide Leu-Pro-Leu-Glu-Asp-Asp-Lys-. Like the activation peptide of the previously characterized trypsinogen B [Reeck, G. R., & Neurath, H. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 503] of the same organism, it lacks the tetraaspartyl sequence characteristic of other vertebrate trypsinogens. Two of the corresponding lungfish trypsins were found to have identical amino-terminal sequences for at least 27 residues. These data suggest that the three enzymes are allelic variants. In contrast, the amino acid sequences differ sufficiently from that of trypsinogen B of the same organism to indicate that trypsinogens A and B are the products of different gene loci."}
{"id": "PMID:911768", "title": "A Raman spectroscopic investigation of the disulfide conformation in oxytocin and lysine vasopressin.", "content": "The conformation of the CCSSCC moiety in oxytocin and lysine vasopressin is investigated using laser Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra of solutions of these hormones in water and in dimethyl sulfoxide show an intense band at 508 cm-1 which is assigned to the S-S stretching mode. The presence of shoulders on this band between 490 and 525 cm-1 shows that there is an equilibrium among several conformations for the disulfide unit of these hormones in solution. Most of the CS-SC dihedral angles are within 30 degrees of +/-90 degrees, but some of the molecules have CS-SC dihedral angles strained away from this value by more than 30 degrees. The previously published circular dichroism spectra of these hormones are reinterpreted, and it is shown that the circular dichroism spectra indicate the presence of more than one conformation for the disulfide unit, in agreement with the Raman results.", "contents": "A Raman spectroscopic investigation of the disulfide conformation in oxytocin and lysine vasopressin. The conformation of the CCSSCC moiety in oxytocin and lysine vasopressin is investigated using laser Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra of solutions of these hormones in water and in dimethyl sulfoxide show an intense band at 508 cm-1 which is assigned to the S-S stretching mode. The presence of shoulders on this band between 490 and 525 cm-1 shows that there is an equilibrium among several conformations for the disulfide unit of these hormones in solution. Most of the CS-SC dihedral angles are within 30 degrees of +/-90 degrees, but some of the molecules have CS-SC dihedral angles strained away from this value by more than 30 degrees. The previously published circular dichroism spectra of these hormones are reinterpreted, and it is shown that the circular dichroism spectra indicate the presence of more than one conformation for the disulfide unit, in agreement with the Raman results."}
{"id": "PMID:911769", "title": "Incorporation of deoxynucleotides into DNA by diethylaminoethyldextran-treated lymphocytes.", "content": "In the presence of diethylaminoethyldextran cultured human lymphocytes will utilize deoxynucleotides for the synthesis of DNA, whereas in the absence of diethylaminoethyldextran no incorporation of deoxynucleotides is detected. Labeled deoxynucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates are incorporated into DNA at approximately the same rate. Deoxynucleotide incorporation is essentially linear for 10 min but continues at a gradually diminishing rate for an additional 20 to 50 min. The initial rate of DNA synthesis is at least 20 to 40% of the in vivo rate, and in those cells that are in S phase 0.7-1.5% of the DNA is synthesized. By the three properties examined (restriction to S phase, semiconservative mode, and initial product in short chains), DNA synthesis in diethylaminoethyldextran-treated cells resembles DNA synthesis in vivo.", "contents": "Incorporation of deoxynucleotides into DNA by diethylaminoethyldextran-treated lymphocytes. In the presence of diethylaminoethyldextran cultured human lymphocytes will utilize deoxynucleotides for the synthesis of DNA, whereas in the absence of diethylaminoethyldextran no incorporation of deoxynucleotides is detected. Labeled deoxynucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates are incorporated into DNA at approximately the same rate. Deoxynucleotide incorporation is essentially linear for 10 min but continues at a gradually diminishing rate for an additional 20 to 50 min. The initial rate of DNA synthesis is at least 20 to 40% of the in vivo rate, and in those cells that are in S phase 0.7-1.5% of the DNA is synthesized. By the three properties examined (restriction to S phase, semiconservative mode, and initial product in short chains), DNA synthesis in diethylaminoethyldextran-treated cells resembles DNA synthesis in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:911770", "title": "Intermediates in excision repair by human cells: use of S1 nuclease and benzoylated naphthoylated cellulose to reveal single-strand breaks.", "content": "Treatment of human lymphoid cells with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) results in discontinuities in cellular DNA. Discontinuities can be detected by sedimentation through neutral sucrose gradients after digestion with S1 nuclease on top of the gradient and by benzoylated naphthoylated diethylaminoethylcellulose (BND-cellulose) chromatography. DNA with discontinuities is sensitive to shear which produces single-stranded regions and causes the DNA to adhere to BND-cellulose. The shear-sensitive and S1-sensitive sites produced by MMS treatment are probably identical. Treatment of cells with acetoxyacetylaminofluorene (AAAF) does not result in detectable discontinuities either at doses which produce the same number of adducts as observed after MMS treatment or at doses which inhibit DNA excision repair. Addition of aromatic adducts to DNA can also result in adherence to BND-cellulose but such DNA is not S1 sensitive. We conclude that MMS- and AAAF-induced damage are repaired by different pathways in human cells and that DNA with discontinuities is a readily detectable intermediate only in the repair of MMS damage by the apurinic pathway.", "contents": "Intermediates in excision repair by human cells: use of S1 nuclease and benzoylated naphthoylated cellulose to reveal single-strand breaks. Treatment of human lymphoid cells with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) results in discontinuities in cellular DNA. Discontinuities can be detected by sedimentation through neutral sucrose gradients after digestion with S1 nuclease on top of the gradient and by benzoylated naphthoylated diethylaminoethylcellulose (BND-cellulose) chromatography. DNA with discontinuities is sensitive to shear which produces single-stranded regions and causes the DNA to adhere to BND-cellulose. The shear-sensitive and S1-sensitive sites produced by MMS treatment are probably identical. Treatment of cells with acetoxyacetylaminofluorene (AAAF) does not result in detectable discontinuities either at doses which produce the same number of adducts as observed after MMS treatment or at doses which inhibit DNA excision repair. Addition of aromatic adducts to DNA can also result in adherence to BND-cellulose but such DNA is not S1 sensitive. We conclude that MMS- and AAAF-induced damage are repaired by different pathways in human cells and that DNA with discontinuities is a readily detectable intermediate only in the repair of MMS damage by the apurinic pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:911773", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the four major proteins in the virion of bacteriophage phiX174.", "content": "A preparative method is described for the isolation of the major protein species from the virion of bacteriophage phiX174. Two proteins, the cistron G and H products, are located in the virion spikes. After removal of the spikes, the capsid contains the cistron F product as well as a small protein which is the product of cistron J and the majority of the DNA. During the removal of the spikes, a precipitate containing the F and G proteins is formed. The proteins from the spike, capsid, or precipitate can be isolated on the basis of size by gel-filtration chromatography. The cistron G protein has an aminoterminal methionine, while the small J protein has an amino-terminal serine. Amino acid compositions as well as peptide maps indicate each species is unique and that, in sum, they account for over half the coding capacity of the viral genome.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the four major proteins in the virion of bacteriophage phiX174. A preparative method is described for the isolation of the major protein species from the virion of bacteriophage phiX174. Two proteins, the cistron G and H products, are located in the virion spikes. After removal of the spikes, the capsid contains the cistron F product as well as a small protein which is the product of cistron J and the majority of the DNA. During the removal of the spikes, a precipitate containing the F and G proteins is formed. The proteins from the spike, capsid, or precipitate can be isolated on the basis of size by gel-filtration chromatography. The cistron G protein has an aminoterminal methionine, while the small J protein has an amino-terminal serine. Amino acid compositions as well as peptide maps indicate each species is unique and that, in sum, they account for over half the coding capacity of the viral genome."}
{"id": "PMID:911774", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the small core protein from bacteriophage phiX174.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of small core protein of bacteriophage phiX174 has been determined by a combination of automated Edman degradation of the intact polypeptide and by analysis of tryptic and thermolytic peptides. The six lysyl and six arginyl residues of this 37-residue polypeptide are concentrated in two structurally homologous 12-residue segments of the sequence. The hydrophobic residues of valine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine are contained in the carboxyl-terminal nine residues of the protein, together with one of the two leucyl residues and two of the three glutaminyl residues. The single free carboxyl group in the protein is the alpha-COOH of the C-terminal phenylalanyl residue. The overall sequence of this small core protein suggests that it may function as a DNA-condensing protein. The protein sequence presented here corresponds exactly to the DNA base sequence of the cistron J region of the phiX174 genome determined in another laboratory.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the small core protein from bacteriophage phiX174. The amino acid sequence of small core protein of bacteriophage phiX174 has been determined by a combination of automated Edman degradation of the intact polypeptide and by analysis of tryptic and thermolytic peptides. The six lysyl and six arginyl residues of this 37-residue polypeptide are concentrated in two structurally homologous 12-residue segments of the sequence. The hydrophobic residues of valine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine are contained in the carboxyl-terminal nine residues of the protein, together with one of the two leucyl residues and two of the three glutaminyl residues. The single free carboxyl group in the protein is the alpha-COOH of the C-terminal phenylalanyl residue. The overall sequence of this small core protein suggests that it may function as a DNA-condensing protein. The protein sequence presented here corresponds exactly to the DNA base sequence of the cistron J region of the phiX174 genome determined in another laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:911777", "title": "Solanesyl pyrophosphate synthetase from Micrococcus lysodeikticus.", "content": "Solanesyl pyrophosphate synthetase from extracts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus was purified by DEAE-Sephadex, hydroxylapatite, and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. This enzyme was found to catalyze the trans condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate with geranyl pyrophosphate to afford all-trans-octaprenyl (C40) and alltrans-nonaprenyl (C45) pyrophosphate without accumulation of prenyl pyrophosphate with chain length shorter than C40. all-trans-Farnesyl and all-trans-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate also were active as cosubstrates, though they were less effective than geranyl pyrophosphate. However, neither dimethylallyl nor cis,trans,trans-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was active. The molecular weight of this enzyme was estimated to be 78 000 by Sephadex G-100 filtration. An enzyme preparation from young shoots of potato was found to hydrolyze the polyprenyl pyrophosphates effectively to give the corresponding prenols.", "contents": "Solanesyl pyrophosphate synthetase from Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Solanesyl pyrophosphate synthetase from extracts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus was purified by DEAE-Sephadex, hydroxylapatite, and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. This enzyme was found to catalyze the trans condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate with geranyl pyrophosphate to afford all-trans-octaprenyl (C40) and alltrans-nonaprenyl (C45) pyrophosphate without accumulation of prenyl pyrophosphate with chain length shorter than C40. all-trans-Farnesyl and all-trans-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate also were active as cosubstrates, though they were less effective than geranyl pyrophosphate. However, neither dimethylallyl nor cis,trans,trans-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was active. The molecular weight of this enzyme was estimated to be 78 000 by Sephadex G-100 filtration. An enzyme preparation from young shoots of potato was found to hydrolyze the polyprenyl pyrophosphates effectively to give the corresponding prenols."}
{"id": "PMID:911781", "title": "Effects of ultrasound on nucleic acid bases.", "content": "To understand the effects of ultrasound in biological systems at the molecular level, sonolysis of nucleic acid bases at sonic intensities less than or equal to 5 W/cm2 was studied. These sonoreactions were followed by UV-spectral decrease and by sonoproduct analysis. The order of reactivity was found to be thymine greater than uracil greater than cytosine greater than guanine greater than adenine. The extent of sonoreactions depends on the exposure time and the rate of the intensity. Aeration was necessary for maintenance of a reasonable reaction rate. \"Threshold\" intensities for uracil and thymine were observed at approximately 0.5 W/cm2. The effectiveness of the dissolved gases in producing sonoreactions was Ar greater than 02 greater than air greater than N2 greater than He greater than N2O, suggestive of free radicals mediating these reactions since N2O is an effective radical scavenger. Studies of the effects of substituents have shown that electronic rather than steric effects may have a greater influence. Preliminary identification indicates that cis- and trans-uracil glycols are the major products of uracil. Thus, a stepwise mechanism of pyrimidine sonolysis is proposed. Sonolysis of a dilute aqueous solution of uracil yielded pseudo-first-order kinetics in terms of [Ura] with a rate constant of 3.9 X 10(-2) min-1, implying that the rate-limiting step is the reaction of HO- with the base.", "contents": "Effects of ultrasound on nucleic acid bases. To understand the effects of ultrasound in biological systems at the molecular level, sonolysis of nucleic acid bases at sonic intensities less than or equal to 5 W/cm2 was studied. These sonoreactions were followed by UV-spectral decrease and by sonoproduct analysis. The order of reactivity was found to be thymine greater than uracil greater than cytosine greater than guanine greater than adenine. The extent of sonoreactions depends on the exposure time and the rate of the intensity. Aeration was necessary for maintenance of a reasonable reaction rate. \"Threshold\" intensities for uracil and thymine were observed at approximately 0.5 W/cm2. The effectiveness of the dissolved gases in producing sonoreactions was Ar greater than 02 greater than air greater than N2 greater than He greater than N2O, suggestive of free radicals mediating these reactions since N2O is an effective radical scavenger. Studies of the effects of substituents have shown that electronic rather than steric effects may have a greater influence. Preliminary identification indicates that cis- and trans-uracil glycols are the major products of uracil. Thus, a stepwise mechanism of pyrimidine sonolysis is proposed. Sonolysis of a dilute aqueous solution of uracil yielded pseudo-first-order kinetics in terms of [Ura] with a rate constant of 3.9 X 10(-2) min-1, implying that the rate-limiting step is the reaction of HO- with the base."}
{"id": "PMID:911784", "title": "Properties of the partially purified activated glucocorticoid receptor of rat liver. Binding to chromatin subunits.", "content": "The activated glucocorticoid receptor from rat liver has been purified over 3000-fold by repeated adsorption to phosphocellulose. The partially purified receptor-triamcinolone complex is stable for sever weeks at -75 degrees C in the presence of 0.1% bovine serum albumin, and sediments at 2.9 (+/- 0.1) S in sucrose gradients containing 0.15 M Na Cl. The Stokes' radius of the partially purified receptor is 26.5 A, and the frictional ratio is 1.14, indicating that at near physiological salt concentration the activated receptor is slightly elongated and has a molecular weight of 33 500. These preparations of receptor are free of exo- and endonucleases and bind to DNA and chromatin, as well as to the native chromatin subunits, the nucleosomes. Removal of histone H1 and further digestion of the nucleosomal DNA to the core size of about 140 base pairs indicate that the integrity of the nucleosome structure determines the extent of interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor. Although the binding of receptor to unfractionated rat liver chromatin is more efficient than to chicken erythrocyte chromatin, the nucleosomes of both tissues bind equal amounts of receptor. Therefore, the factors responsible for this tissue difference do not reside in the nucleosomes, but rather in a higher order structure of the chromatin or in that part of the genome which is not organized as nucleosomes.", "contents": "Properties of the partially purified activated glucocorticoid receptor of rat liver. Binding to chromatin subunits. The activated glucocorticoid receptor from rat liver has been purified over 3000-fold by repeated adsorption to phosphocellulose. The partially purified receptor-triamcinolone complex is stable for sever weeks at -75 degrees C in the presence of 0.1% bovine serum albumin, and sediments at 2.9 (+/- 0.1) S in sucrose gradients containing 0.15 M Na Cl. The Stokes' radius of the partially purified receptor is 26.5 A, and the frictional ratio is 1.14, indicating that at near physiological salt concentration the activated receptor is slightly elongated and has a molecular weight of 33 500. These preparations of receptor are free of exo- and endonucleases and bind to DNA and chromatin, as well as to the native chromatin subunits, the nucleosomes. Removal of histone H1 and further digestion of the nucleosomal DNA to the core size of about 140 base pairs indicate that the integrity of the nucleosome structure determines the extent of interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor. Although the binding of receptor to unfractionated rat liver chromatin is more efficient than to chicken erythrocyte chromatin, the nucleosomes of both tissues bind equal amounts of receptor. Therefore, the factors responsible for this tissue difference do not reside in the nucleosomes, but rather in a higher order structure of the chromatin or in that part of the genome which is not organized as nucleosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:911785", "title": "Intramitochondrial intermembranal reversible translocation of aspartate aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase through the inner mitochondrial membrane.", "content": "The translocation of aspartate aminotransferase, malate dehydrogenase, and bulk protein from the rat liver inner mitochondrial membrane and matrix toward the intermembranal space induced by certain organic acids (movement effectors) has been studied. Experiments involving a two-stage dissolution of the mitochondrial membranes by the use of detergents strongly suggest that enzymes like aspartate amino-transferase can cross the inner mitochondrial membrane providing exogenous movement effector was present. Experiments which measured the changes in membranal distribution of malate dehydrogenase induced by the movement effectors also suggested the occurrence of a similar phenomenon for this enzyme in intact mitochondria. Control experiments revealed that under our experimental conditions, the inner mitochondrial membrane remained impermeable to small molecules, e.g., sucrose, and that the release of aspartate aminotransferease, malate dehydrogenase, insocitrate dehydrogenase, and bulk protein into the intermembranal space in the presence of succinate occurred at a much lower concentration of digitonin than that required to disrupt the inner mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "Intramitochondrial intermembranal reversible translocation of aspartate aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase through the inner mitochondrial membrane. The translocation of aspartate aminotransferase, malate dehydrogenase, and bulk protein from the rat liver inner mitochondrial membrane and matrix toward the intermembranal space induced by certain organic acids (movement effectors) has been studied. Experiments involving a two-stage dissolution of the mitochondrial membranes by the use of detergents strongly suggest that enzymes like aspartate amino-transferase can cross the inner mitochondrial membrane providing exogenous movement effector was present. Experiments which measured the changes in membranal distribution of malate dehydrogenase induced by the movement effectors also suggested the occurrence of a similar phenomenon for this enzyme in intact mitochondria. Control experiments revealed that under our experimental conditions, the inner mitochondrial membrane remained impermeable to small molecules, e.g., sucrose, and that the release of aspartate aminotransferease, malate dehydrogenase, insocitrate dehydrogenase, and bulk protein into the intermembranal space in the presence of succinate occurred at a much lower concentration of digitonin than that required to disrupt the inner mitochondrial membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:911788", "title": "Measurement of binding constants for protein-DNA interactions by DNA-cellulose chromatography.", "content": "We describe the application of DNA-cellulose chromatography to the determination of binding constants for the nonspecific interaction between proteins and DNA. The method involves loading a small DNA-cellulose column to a low binding density and subsequently eluting the protein with buffer at a constant salt concentration. The elution is conveniently followed by monitoring the protein fluorescence of the eluate. From the shape of the elution profile, the binding constant for the interaction can be calculated. Employing columns containing double-stranded calf thymus DNA-cellulose, we have measured binding constants in the range of 10(4) to 10(6) M-1. Extension of this range is possible by varying the amount of DNA on the column. For lac repressor, agreement between our measurements and those of Revzin, A., and von Hippel, P.H. [(1977) Biochemistry 16 (second of five papers in a series in this issue)], who employ an absolute boundary sedimentation method, is good. The column method should be useful for the rapid screening of the effect of a large number of variables on protein-DNA binding constants.", "contents": "Measurement of binding constants for protein-DNA interactions by DNA-cellulose chromatography. We describe the application of DNA-cellulose chromatography to the determination of binding constants for the nonspecific interaction between proteins and DNA. The method involves loading a small DNA-cellulose column to a low binding density and subsequently eluting the protein with buffer at a constant salt concentration. The elution is conveniently followed by monitoring the protein fluorescence of the eluate. From the shape of the elution profile, the binding constant for the interaction can be calculated. Employing columns containing double-stranded calf thymus DNA-cellulose, we have measured binding constants in the range of 10(4) to 10(6) M-1. Extension of this range is possible by varying the amount of DNA on the column. For lac repressor, agreement between our measurements and those of Revzin, A., and von Hippel, P.H. [(1977) Biochemistry 16 (second of five papers in a series in this issue)], who employ an absolute boundary sedimentation method, is good. The column method should be useful for the rapid screening of the effect of a large number of variables on protein-DNA binding constants."}
{"id": "PMID:911789", "title": "Nonspecific interaction of lac repressor with DNA: an association reaction driven by counterion release.", "content": "We have investigated the nonspecific interaction of lac repressor protein with DNA by a quantitative application of DNA-cellulose chromatography (deHaseth, P.L., et al. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (third of five papers in a series in this issue)). The observed association constant for the interaction, KRD obsd, is a sensitive function of ion concentrations and pH. Application of binding theory to interpret these effects gives the results that 11 +/- 2 monovalent ions are released in the interaction and two groups on repressor must be protonated for repressor to bind to DNA. We argue that much of the ion release results from the displacement of cations from the DNA, and estimate on this basis that 12 +/- 2 phosphates are involved in ionic interactions with the protein. Ion release drives the protonation reaction and the overall repressor-DNA interaction. The major role of low molecular weight ions in the repressor-DNA interaction suggests that ion concentration changes must be considered in discussing mechanisms of control of gene expression.", "contents": "Nonspecific interaction of lac repressor with DNA: an association reaction driven by counterion release. We have investigated the nonspecific interaction of lac repressor protein with DNA by a quantitative application of DNA-cellulose chromatography (deHaseth, P.L., et al. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (third of five papers in a series in this issue)). The observed association constant for the interaction, KRD obsd, is a sensitive function of ion concentrations and pH. Application of binding theory to interpret these effects gives the results that 11 +/- 2 monovalent ions are released in the interaction and two groups on repressor must be protonated for repressor to bind to DNA. We argue that much of the ion release results from the displacement of cations from the DNA, and estimate on this basis that 12 +/- 2 phosphates are involved in ionic interactions with the protein. Ion release drives the protonation reaction and the overall repressor-DNA interaction. The major role of low molecular weight ions in the repressor-DNA interaction suggests that ion concentration changes must be considered in discussing mechanisms of control of gene expression."}
{"id": "PMID:911790", "title": "Interpretation of monovalent and divalent cation effects on the lac repressor-operator interaction.", "content": "We have investigated the effects of mixed Na+: Mg2+ ionic solutions on the stability of the nonspecific lac repressor-DNA complex. The effects of Mg2+ are simply interpreted in terms of its role as a competitor (with repressor) for DNA sites. From these studies, the binding constant of the Mg-DNA complex can be determined as a function of the concentration of Na+. We have used this information to interpret the data of Riggs and collaborators (Riggs, A.D., et al. (1970), J. Mol. Biol. 48, 67-83; 53, 401-417) on the ion dependence of the repressor-operator interaction. We find that there are approximately 70% as many ionic interactions in the repressor-operator complex as in the nonspecific complex. Our best estimate is that 8 +/- 1 ion pairs are formed. We calculate that the release of counterions in the formation of the specific complex contributes approximately 40% of the favorable free energy change in the association reaction under in vivo ionic conditions. Implications of these findings for the control of the lac operon and for the molecular relationship between the specific and nonspecific complexes are considered.", "contents": "Interpretation of monovalent and divalent cation effects on the lac repressor-operator interaction. We have investigated the effects of mixed Na+: Mg2+ ionic solutions on the stability of the nonspecific lac repressor-DNA complex. The effects of Mg2+ are simply interpreted in terms of its role as a competitor (with repressor) for DNA sites. From these studies, the binding constant of the Mg-DNA complex can be determined as a function of the concentration of Na+. We have used this information to interpret the data of Riggs and collaborators (Riggs, A.D., et al. (1970), J. Mol. Biol. 48, 67-83; 53, 401-417) on the ion dependence of the repressor-operator interaction. We find that there are approximately 70% as many ionic interactions in the repressor-operator complex as in the nonspecific complex. Our best estimate is that 8 +/- 1 ion pairs are formed. We calculate that the release of counterions in the formation of the specific complex contributes approximately 40% of the favorable free energy change in the association reaction under in vivo ionic conditions. Implications of these findings for the control of the lac operon and for the molecular relationship between the specific and nonspecific complexes are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:911791", "title": "Composition and template activity of chromatin fractionated by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "HeLa cell interphase chromatin has been sheared and fractionated by isoelectric focusing. Chromatin fractions are obtained with a wide range of isoelectric points. No free DNA is observed. While protein/DNA rations are similar in the various fractions, they appear to contain different nonhistone chromosomal proteins. A minor chromatin fraction with isoelectric point congruent to 7.0 does not contain histone H1. This fraction is considerably more active as template with different RNA polymerases than the other fractions. Kinetic studies, in which RNA polymerase activity is assayed at various concentrations of chromatin, indicate that the greater activity of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is due to an increased rate of transcription at saturating concentrations of template (Vmax) and is not due to a lower concentration required for half-maximal rate of transciption (Km). In contrast, the increased rate of transcription by calf-thymus RNA polymerases II and III is due to a decrease in chromatin concentration required for half-maximal rate of transcription rather than an increased rate of transcription at saturating concentrations of template. These results suggest that chromatin with isoelectric point congruent to 7 offers a greater frequency of binding sites for mammalian RNA polymerases, as would be expected for a \"transcriptionally active\" fraction.", "contents": "Composition and template activity of chromatin fractionated by isoelectric focusing. HeLa cell interphase chromatin has been sheared and fractionated by isoelectric focusing. Chromatin fractions are obtained with a wide range of isoelectric points. No free DNA is observed. While protein/DNA rations are similar in the various fractions, they appear to contain different nonhistone chromosomal proteins. A minor chromatin fraction with isoelectric point congruent to 7.0 does not contain histone H1. This fraction is considerably more active as template with different RNA polymerases than the other fractions. Kinetic studies, in which RNA polymerase activity is assayed at various concentrations of chromatin, indicate that the greater activity of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is due to an increased rate of transcription at saturating concentrations of template (Vmax) and is not due to a lower concentration required for half-maximal rate of transciption (Km). In contrast, the increased rate of transcription by calf-thymus RNA polymerases II and III is due to a decrease in chromatin concentration required for half-maximal rate of transcription rather than an increased rate of transcription at saturating concentrations of template. These results suggest that chromatin with isoelectric point congruent to 7 offers a greater frequency of binding sites for mammalian RNA polymerases, as would be expected for a \"transcriptionally active\" fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:911793", "title": "Active-site labeling of aspartate aminotransferases by the beta,gamma-unsaturated amino acid vinylglycine.", "content": "The pyridoxal form of both cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase is irreversibly inactivated consequent to its interaction with the beta,gamma-unsaturated substrate analogue vinylglycine. Per catalytic cycle, 90% of the enzyme molecules are inactivated while 10% escape inactivation by transamination to the pyridoxamine form. In the presence of vinylglycine plus 2-oxoglutarate, inactivation is complete because of retransamination of the pyridoxamine form to the susceptible pyridoxal form. Peptide analyses after inactivation with [1-14C]vinylglycine showed that vinylglycine alkylates the active-site lysine residue 258 which forms the internal aldimine with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The coenzyme itself is left intact; resolution of the inactivated enzyme by base or trichloroacetic acid yields pyridoxal-5'-P. The absorption spectrum of the inactivated enzyme (lambdamax 335 nm) suggests that the cofactor is bound as a substituted aldimine. The proposed pathway of alkylation of Lys-258 involves abstraction of the alpha proton from vinylglycine, isomerization to the alpha,beta-unsaturated enamine, and subsequent nucleophilic attack of the epsilon-amino group of the lysyl residue at the beta carbon of the inhibitor. The determination of the amino acid sequence around the coenzyme-binding lysyl residue in the mitochondrial isoenzyme from chicken gave Ala-(epsilon-Pxy)Lys-Asn-Met-(Gly,Leu,Tyr) which is identical with the other mitochondrial transaminases examined so far.", "contents": "Active-site labeling of aspartate aminotransferases by the beta,gamma-unsaturated amino acid vinylglycine. The pyridoxal form of both cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase is irreversibly inactivated consequent to its interaction with the beta,gamma-unsaturated substrate analogue vinylglycine. Per catalytic cycle, 90% of the enzyme molecules are inactivated while 10% escape inactivation by transamination to the pyridoxamine form. In the presence of vinylglycine plus 2-oxoglutarate, inactivation is complete because of retransamination of the pyridoxamine form to the susceptible pyridoxal form. Peptide analyses after inactivation with [1-14C]vinylglycine showed that vinylglycine alkylates the active-site lysine residue 258 which forms the internal aldimine with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The coenzyme itself is left intact; resolution of the inactivated enzyme by base or trichloroacetic acid yields pyridoxal-5'-P. The absorption spectrum of the inactivated enzyme (lambdamax 335 nm) suggests that the cofactor is bound as a substituted aldimine. The proposed pathway of alkylation of Lys-258 involves abstraction of the alpha proton from vinylglycine, isomerization to the alpha,beta-unsaturated enamine, and subsequent nucleophilic attack of the epsilon-amino group of the lysyl residue at the beta carbon of the inhibitor. The determination of the amino acid sequence around the coenzyme-binding lysyl residue in the mitochondrial isoenzyme from chicken gave Ala-(epsilon-Pxy)Lys-Asn-Met-(Gly,Leu,Tyr) which is identical with the other mitochondrial transaminases examined so far."}
{"id": "PMID:911795", "title": "Rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate. Use of chorismate mutase inhibitors to define the transition state structure.", "content": "The enzymically catalyzed conversion of chorismate to prephenate may proceed through either a chair-like or a boat-like transition state. To distinguish between these alternatives, we have prepared a series of structural analogues of the two possible transition state structures and tested them as inhibitors of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli K12. The results indicate that the enzymically catalyzed reaction passes through a chair-like intermediate. None of the compounds studied is an ideal transition state analogue; it seems likely that the partial bond structure of the transition state precludes the corresponding orientation of the side chain in stable molecules. Nevertheless, the new inhibitors are stronger than any previously available, and the degree of inhibition is consistent with bacteriostatic activity recently observed in some of the compounds.", "contents": "Rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate. Use of chorismate mutase inhibitors to define the transition state structure. The enzymically catalyzed conversion of chorismate to prephenate may proceed through either a chair-like or a boat-like transition state. To distinguish between these alternatives, we have prepared a series of structural analogues of the two possible transition state structures and tested them as inhibitors of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli K12. The results indicate that the enzymically catalyzed reaction passes through a chair-like intermediate. None of the compounds studied is an ideal transition state analogue; it seems likely that the partial bond structure of the transition state precludes the corresponding orientation of the side chain in stable molecules. Nevertheless, the new inhibitors are stronger than any previously available, and the degree of inhibition is consistent with bacteriostatic activity recently observed in some of the compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:911796", "title": "Volume changes in the formation of internal complexes of flavinyltryptophan peptides.", "content": "The effect of pressure, up to 10 kbar, on the fluorescence yield and lifetime of two flavinyltryptophan peptides was investigated. These peptides differed only in the number of methylene groups, respectively three and five, separating the chromophores. At atmospheric pressure the closed nonfluorescent form predominated in both compounds constitutin 94% of the total in the short-linked peptide and 80% in the long-linked one. The fluorescence of both peptides decreased at high pressure and the volume change upon formation of the nonfluorescent complex in the short peptide (--1.8 mL/mol) was less than half of the change in the long peptide (--4.8 mL/mol) or the value for FAD (--4.3 mL/mol). The much smaller compressibility of the short peptides is attributed to the mechanical constraint to the approach of the interacting rings, imposed by the short link. Mechanical constraints of similar nature may be expected to be operative in proteins. Their importance in pressure denaturation is discussed.", "contents": "Volume changes in the formation of internal complexes of flavinyltryptophan peptides. The effect of pressure, up to 10 kbar, on the fluorescence yield and lifetime of two flavinyltryptophan peptides was investigated. These peptides differed only in the number of methylene groups, respectively three and five, separating the chromophores. At atmospheric pressure the closed nonfluorescent form predominated in both compounds constitutin 94% of the total in the short-linked peptide and 80% in the long-linked one. The fluorescence of both peptides decreased at high pressure and the volume change upon formation of the nonfluorescent complex in the short peptide (--1.8 mL/mol) was less than half of the change in the long peptide (--4.8 mL/mol) or the value for FAD (--4.3 mL/mol). The much smaller compressibility of the short peptides is attributed to the mechanical constraint to the approach of the interacting rings, imposed by the short link. Mechanical constraints of similar nature may be expected to be operative in proteins. Their importance in pressure denaturation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911797", "title": "Antiproteolytic aldehydes and ketones: substituent and secondary deuterium isotope effects on equilibrium addition of water and other nucleophiles.", "content": "Equilibrium constants for hydration of ketones, in dilute D2O solution at 34 degrees C, observed by proton magnetic resonance under conditions of slow exchange, were acetone 0.002, chloroacetone 0.08, 1,3-dichloroacetone 4.17, bromoacetone 0.07, and 1,3-dibromoacetone (an inhibitor of papain) 1.85. Neither acetamidoacetone nor N,N-diacetylaminoacetone showed evidence of appreciable hydration in dilute aqueous solution, nor was any hydrate detectable in solutions of tosylglycine chloromethyl ketone. Substitution of acetaldehyde with acylamido substituents, as in several potent reversible inhibitors of papain, was found to enhance its equilibrium constant for covalent hydration by an order of magnitude; these inhibitors are about 90% hydrated in dilute aqueous solution, and their affinity for proteases may have been underestimated accordingly. The effects of deuterium substitution at C-1 of acetaldehyde, on equilibrium addition of oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles, are substantial and vary with the nature of the nucleophile. These isotope effects may be useful as a mean of distinguishing between alternative structures of complexes formed between enzymes and aldehydes.", "contents": "Antiproteolytic aldehydes and ketones: substituent and secondary deuterium isotope effects on equilibrium addition of water and other nucleophiles. Equilibrium constants for hydration of ketones, in dilute D2O solution at 34 degrees C, observed by proton magnetic resonance under conditions of slow exchange, were acetone 0.002, chloroacetone 0.08, 1,3-dichloroacetone 4.17, bromoacetone 0.07, and 1,3-dibromoacetone (an inhibitor of papain) 1.85. Neither acetamidoacetone nor N,N-diacetylaminoacetone showed evidence of appreciable hydration in dilute aqueous solution, nor was any hydrate detectable in solutions of tosylglycine chloromethyl ketone. Substitution of acetaldehyde with acylamido substituents, as in several potent reversible inhibitors of papain, was found to enhance its equilibrium constant for covalent hydration by an order of magnitude; these inhibitors are about 90% hydrated in dilute aqueous solution, and their affinity for proteases may have been underestimated accordingly. The effects of deuterium substitution at C-1 of acetaldehyde, on equilibrium addition of oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles, are substantial and vary with the nature of the nucleophile. These isotope effects may be useful as a mean of distinguishing between alternative structures of complexes formed between enzymes and aldehydes."}
{"id": "PMID:911798", "title": "Thiohemiacetal formation by inhibitory aldehydes at the active site of papain.", "content": "Papain is strongly inhibited by aldehydes resembling carboxylic acids, released by hydrolysis of specific substrates (Westerik, J. O'C., and Wolfenden, R. (1972), J. Biol. Chem. 247, 8195-8197). Inhibitory complexes might involve binding of the aldehyde intact or as a covalent hydrate, or the aldehyde might undergo covalent addition of an active site sulfhydryl group to form a thiohemiacetal derivative. In an attempt to distinguish between these possibilities, benzamidoacetaldehyde-1-d has been synthesized, and its properties compared with those of the undeuterated inhibitor. After correction for differences in hydration, the observed effect on inhibition is found to be compatible with formation of a thiohemiacetal. In keeping with this conclusion, benzamidoethanol (a partial analogue of the covalent hydrate) and benzamide, N-methylbenzamide and N-ethylbenzamide (somewhat similar to the free aldehyde in size and hydrophobic character) are found to exhibit negligible affinity for the active site.", "contents": "Thiohemiacetal formation by inhibitory aldehydes at the active site of papain. Papain is strongly inhibited by aldehydes resembling carboxylic acids, released by hydrolysis of specific substrates (Westerik, J. O'C., and Wolfenden, R. (1972), J. Biol. Chem. 247, 8195-8197). Inhibitory complexes might involve binding of the aldehyde intact or as a covalent hydrate, or the aldehyde might undergo covalent addition of an active site sulfhydryl group to form a thiohemiacetal derivative. In an attempt to distinguish between these possibilities, benzamidoacetaldehyde-1-d has been synthesized, and its properties compared with those of the undeuterated inhibitor. After correction for differences in hydration, the observed effect on inhibition is found to be compatible with formation of a thiohemiacetal. In keeping with this conclusion, benzamidoethanol (a partial analogue of the covalent hydrate) and benzamide, N-methylbenzamide and N-ethylbenzamide (somewhat similar to the free aldehyde in size and hydrophobic character) are found to exhibit negligible affinity for the active site."}
{"id": "PMID:911801", "title": "Effect of estradiol-17 beta on  preprolactin messenger ribonucleic acid activity in the rat pituitary gland.", "content": "Rat pituitary RNA was translated in the wheat germ system. Preprolactin messenger RNA activity was estimated by adsorption of cell-free products to solid phase antiprolactin. When male rats were injected for 4 days with estradiol-17beta, pituitary preprolactin mRNA activity was increased 2.5- to 3.0-fold over controls. This increase was evident when either total RNA, poly(adenylic acid) RNA, or polysomal RNA was translated in the cell-free system. In male rats receiving daily injections of estradiol-17beta, preprolactin mRNA activity was increased to an apparent maximum of 300% of controls after 7 days of treatment. Our data also indicate that estradiol increases preprolactin mRNA activity per microgram of RNA as well as the pituitary content of RNA. After estradiol treatment was discontinued, preprolactin mRNA activity declined to 50% of the maximum stimulation after approximately 2 days. In ovariectomized retired breeder female rats, a 5-fold increase in preprolactin activity over ovariectomized controls was obtained. In other studies, a 2-fold increase in preprolactin mRNA activity was obtained in male rats 24 h after a single injection of pimozide, a dopamine blocking drug.", "contents": "Effect of estradiol-17 beta on  preprolactin messenger ribonucleic acid activity in the rat pituitary gland. Rat pituitary RNA was translated in the wheat germ system. Preprolactin messenger RNA activity was estimated by adsorption of cell-free products to solid phase antiprolactin. When male rats were injected for 4 days with estradiol-17beta, pituitary preprolactin mRNA activity was increased 2.5- to 3.0-fold over controls. This increase was evident when either total RNA, poly(adenylic acid) RNA, or polysomal RNA was translated in the cell-free system. In male rats receiving daily injections of estradiol-17beta, preprolactin mRNA activity was increased to an apparent maximum of 300% of controls after 7 days of treatment. Our data also indicate that estradiol increases preprolactin mRNA activity per microgram of RNA as well as the pituitary content of RNA. After estradiol treatment was discontinued, preprolactin mRNA activity declined to 50% of the maximum stimulation after approximately 2 days. In ovariectomized retired breeder female rats, a 5-fold increase in preprolactin activity over ovariectomized controls was obtained. In other studies, a 2-fold increase in preprolactin mRNA activity was obtained in male rats 24 h after a single injection of pimozide, a dopamine blocking drug."}
{"id": "PMID:911804", "title": "Histone composition of nucleosomes isolated from cultured Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Nuclei isolated from cultured Chinese hamster cells were treated with micrococcal nuclease and lysed, and the resulting chromatin subunit classes (nucleosomes) were purified by sedimentation and resedimentation through isokinetic sucrose gradients. Nucleosomes isolated from [3H]thymidine-labeled cells were analyzed for DNA size using both polyacrylamide gel and electron microscopic techniques. Nucleosomes isolated from [14C]lysine-labeled cells were analyzed for protein content using a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel system. The results from monitoring the [14c]lysine in each protein indicate that, in the nucleosome classes (monomer through tetramer), the molar ratios of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 are equivalent. Furthermore, in each population of the nucleosome classes monomer through tetramer, it was possible to demonstrate that this histone unit (H2A + H2B + H3 + H4) is present, on the average, in the amount of two for monomers, four for dimers, six for trimers, and eight for tetramers. This is direct experimental confirmation of the prediction of R.D. Kornberg [(1974) Science 184, 868] concerning the substructure of chromatin.", "contents": "Histone composition of nucleosomes isolated from cultured Chinese hamster cells. Nuclei isolated from cultured Chinese hamster cells were treated with micrococcal nuclease and lysed, and the resulting chromatin subunit classes (nucleosomes) were purified by sedimentation and resedimentation through isokinetic sucrose gradients. Nucleosomes isolated from [3H]thymidine-labeled cells were analyzed for DNA size using both polyacrylamide gel and electron microscopic techniques. Nucleosomes isolated from [14C]lysine-labeled cells were analyzed for protein content using a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel system. The results from monitoring the [14c]lysine in each protein indicate that, in the nucleosome classes (monomer through tetramer), the molar ratios of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 are equivalent. Furthermore, in each population of the nucleosome classes monomer through tetramer, it was possible to demonstrate that this histone unit (H2A + H2B + H3 + H4) is present, on the average, in the amount of two for monomers, four for dimers, six for trimers, and eight for tetramers. This is direct experimental confirmation of the prediction of R.D. Kornberg [(1974) Science 184, 868] concerning the substructure of chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:911805", "title": "Isolation of the unliganded adenosine 5'-diphosphate, adenosine 5'-triphosphate carrier-linked binding protein and incorporation into the membranes of liposomes.", "content": "The ADP,ATP carrier-linked binding protein of beef heart mitochondria was isolated free of ligands, using the detergent 3-lauramido-N,N-dimethylpropylamine oxide. Unlike the preparation of the carboxyatractylate (CAT)-protein complex described earlier, this protein enables direct binding studies to be made with the inhibitor ligands. The protein was characterized with respect to its polypeptide composition, stability against degradation, and immunological properties; the identity of the binding protein with the previously isolated CAT-protein complex was thereby shown. As a step toward reconstitution studies, the isolated binding protein was incorporated into liposomes by a simple rapid mixing process. The complete insertion into the vesicular membrane was demonstrated by chromatography on Sepharose 6B and by immunoprecipitation reactions.", "contents": "Isolation of the unliganded adenosine 5'-diphosphate, adenosine 5'-triphosphate carrier-linked binding protein and incorporation into the membranes of liposomes. The ADP,ATP carrier-linked binding protein of beef heart mitochondria was isolated free of ligands, using the detergent 3-lauramido-N,N-dimethylpropylamine oxide. Unlike the preparation of the carboxyatractylate (CAT)-protein complex described earlier, this protein enables direct binding studies to be made with the inhibitor ligands. The protein was characterized with respect to its polypeptide composition, stability against degradation, and immunological properties; the identity of the binding protein with the previously isolated CAT-protein complex was thereby shown. As a step toward reconstitution studies, the isolated binding protein was incorporated into liposomes by a simple rapid mixing process. The complete insertion into the vesicular membrane was demonstrated by chromatography on Sepharose 6B and by immunoprecipitation reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:911806", "title": "Reconstitution of inhibitor binding properties of the isolated adenosine 5'-diphosphate,adenosine 5'-triphosphate carrier-linked binding protein.", "content": "We studied the binding of carboxyatractylate (CAT) and bongkrekate (BKA) to the solubilized ATP,ADP carrier-linked binding protein, which had been incorporated into liposomes. After solubilization with 3-lauramido-N,N-dimethylpropylamine oxide the binding protein had largely lost it affinity and binding capacity for both CAT and BKA. On incorporation into phospholipid vesicles, CAT binding was restored to a considerable extent (3.5 mumol of CAT/g of protein), reaching the original affinity as observed in mitochondria (Kd = 10(-8) M). With high amounts of CAT and under the influence of ADP the binding can be increased to 6.8 mumol of CAT/g of protein, indicating a movement of binding sites in the liposomal membrane. The binding of BKA was also reconstituted with high affinity (Kd = 8 X 10(-8) M) and to the same extent (6.4 mumol of BKA/g of protein). As in the case of intact mitochondria, this reconstituted binding depends on the presence of ADP. This dependence on ADP has an apparent Km = 7 muM, similar to the carrier affinity for ADP in intact mitochondria. The reorientation model of Klingenberg for the ADP,ATP carrier implicating an ADP-catalyzed transition between the CAT binding form (c state) and BKA binding form (m state) in the inner mitochondrial membrane has been confirmed in this reconstituted system.", "contents": "Reconstitution of inhibitor binding properties of the isolated adenosine 5'-diphosphate,adenosine 5'-triphosphate carrier-linked binding protein. We studied the binding of carboxyatractylate (CAT) and bongkrekate (BKA) to the solubilized ATP,ADP carrier-linked binding protein, which had been incorporated into liposomes. After solubilization with 3-lauramido-N,N-dimethylpropylamine oxide the binding protein had largely lost it affinity and binding capacity for both CAT and BKA. On incorporation into phospholipid vesicles, CAT binding was restored to a considerable extent (3.5 mumol of CAT/g of protein), reaching the original affinity as observed in mitochondria (Kd = 10(-8) M). With high amounts of CAT and under the influence of ADP the binding can be increased to 6.8 mumol of CAT/g of protein, indicating a movement of binding sites in the liposomal membrane. The binding of BKA was also reconstituted with high affinity (Kd = 8 X 10(-8) M) and to the same extent (6.4 mumol of BKA/g of protein). As in the case of intact mitochondria, this reconstituted binding depends on the presence of ADP. This dependence on ADP has an apparent Km = 7 muM, similar to the carrier affinity for ADP in intact mitochondria. The reorientation model of Klingenberg for the ADP,ATP carrier implicating an ADP-catalyzed transition between the CAT binding form (c state) and BKA binding form (m state) in the inner mitochondrial membrane has been confirmed in this reconstituted system."}
{"id": "PMID:911807", "title": "Oxidative titrations of reduced cytochrome aa3: correlation of midpoint potentials and extinction coefficients observed at three major absorption bands.", "content": "Anaerobic oxidative titrations of purified cytochrome aa3 were monitored at three wavelengths (444, 604, and 820 nm), in both the absence and the presence of carbon monoxide. Computer simulation of each titration curve was utilized to ascertain the midpoint potentials of the four oxidation-reduction centers of the enzyme. For experiments performed under nitrogen, two components were found to titrate with low potential (heme aL = 220 mV, CuL = 240 mV) and two with high potential (heme ath, cuH = 340 mV), consistent with results obtained previously in reductive titrations. Unequal heme extinction coefficients were observed at 444 nm. Oxidation by either potassium ferricyanide or 1,1'-bis(hydroxymethyl)ferricinium ion showed that the low potential heme component contributed 75% of the absorbance change at 444 nm. At 820 nm, the entire absorbance change could be attributed to a single, low potential copper component. Midpoint potentials calculated for the carbon monoxide complexed enzyme agreed with previously reported values. The copper components retained the values observed under nitrogen, while the titratable heme group gave an apparent midpoint potential of 260 mV. These results enable us to assign absorbance changes at various wavelengths to specific redox components of cytochrome aa3.", "contents": "Oxidative titrations of reduced cytochrome aa3: correlation of midpoint potentials and extinction coefficients observed at three major absorption bands. Anaerobic oxidative titrations of purified cytochrome aa3 were monitored at three wavelengths (444, 604, and 820 nm), in both the absence and the presence of carbon monoxide. Computer simulation of each titration curve was utilized to ascertain the midpoint potentials of the four oxidation-reduction centers of the enzyme. For experiments performed under nitrogen, two components were found to titrate with low potential (heme aL = 220 mV, CuL = 240 mV) and two with high potential (heme ath, cuH = 340 mV), consistent with results obtained previously in reductive titrations. Unequal heme extinction coefficients were observed at 444 nm. Oxidation by either potassium ferricyanide or 1,1'-bis(hydroxymethyl)ferricinium ion showed that the low potential heme component contributed 75% of the absorbance change at 444 nm. At 820 nm, the entire absorbance change could be attributed to a single, low potential copper component. Midpoint potentials calculated for the carbon monoxide complexed enzyme agreed with previously reported values. The copper components retained the values observed under nitrogen, while the titratable heme group gave an apparent midpoint potential of 260 mV. These results enable us to assign absorbance changes at various wavelengths to specific redox components of cytochrome aa3."}
{"id": "PMID:911808", "title": "Complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin of Pacific common dolphin (Delphinus delphis).", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from Pacific common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, was determined by the automatic Edman degradation of several large peptides obtained by specific cleavages of the protein. More than 80% of the covalent structure was established by the degradation of the apomyoglobin and five peptides from: (1) cyanogen bromide cleavage at the two methionine residues, (2) trypsin cleavage of the acetimidated apomyoglobin at the three arginine residues, and (3) 2-p-nitrophenylsulfenyl-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolenine cleavage at the two tryptophan residues. The rest of the sequence was determined by use of the peptides prepared from further digestion of the central cyanogen bromide peptide with staphylococcal protease and trypsin. The primary structure of this myoglobin proved identical with that from the Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, but showed four substitutions with respect to the sequence reported for the Black Sea dolphin which has also been given the designation Delphinus delphis.", "contents": "Complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin of Pacific common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from Pacific common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, was determined by the automatic Edman degradation of several large peptides obtained by specific cleavages of the protein. More than 80% of the covalent structure was established by the degradation of the apomyoglobin and five peptides from: (1) cyanogen bromide cleavage at the two methionine residues, (2) trypsin cleavage of the acetimidated apomyoglobin at the three arginine residues, and (3) 2-p-nitrophenylsulfenyl-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolenine cleavage at the two tryptophan residues. The rest of the sequence was determined by use of the peptides prepared from further digestion of the central cyanogen bromide peptide with staphylococcal protease and trypsin. The primary structure of this myoglobin proved identical with that from the Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, but showed four substitutions with respect to the sequence reported for the Black Sea dolphin which has also been given the designation Delphinus delphis."}
{"id": "PMID:911815", "title": "Mitochondrial neutral amino acid transport: evidence for a carrier mediated mechanism.", "content": "Swelling of rat liver mitochondria induced by various neutral amino acids indicates that the L isomers of serine, alanine, methionine, valine, threonine, and leucine enter the mitochondrial matrix by a stereospecific process. Chemical modification of mitochondria with diazobenzenesulfonate or p-mercuribenzoate inhibited the rapid uptake of these compounds, as well as that of L-proline and glycine, to various extents. Diazobenzenesulfonate did not inhibit the transport of compounds that enter the mitochondrial matrix by simple diffusion, i.e., thiocyanate, nitrate, formate, bicarbonate, and acetate. Inhibition by p-mercuribenzoate was reversed by treatment with dithiothreitol. Inclusion of various neutral amino acids in the p-mercuribenzoate preincubation mixture substantially prevented inactivation of transport. Glycine, D- or L-serine, L-threonine, L-methionine, L-alanine, and L-valine all individually protected against the inactivation of glycine, L-serine, L-threonine, L-methionine, L-alanine, L-valine, L-proline, and beta-alanine transport, while L-proline, beta-alanine,", "contents": "Mitochondrial neutral amino acid transport: evidence for a carrier mediated mechanism. Swelling of rat liver mitochondria induced by various neutral amino acids indicates that the L isomers of serine, alanine, methionine, valine, threonine, and leucine enter the mitochondrial matrix by a stereospecific process. Chemical modification of mitochondria with diazobenzenesulfonate or p-mercuribenzoate inhibited the rapid uptake of these compounds, as well as that of L-proline and glycine, to various extents. Diazobenzenesulfonate did not inhibit the transport of compounds that enter the mitochondrial matrix by simple diffusion, i.e., thiocyanate, nitrate, formate, bicarbonate, and acetate. Inhibition by p-mercuribenzoate was reversed by treatment with dithiothreitol. Inclusion of various neutral amino acids in the p-mercuribenzoate preincubation mixture substantially prevented inactivation of transport. Glycine, D- or L-serine, L-threonine, L-methionine, L-alanine, and L-valine all individually protected against the inactivation of glycine, L-serine, L-threonine, L-methionine, L-alanine, L-valine, L-proline, and beta-alanine transport, while L-proline, beta-alanine,"}
{"id": "PMID:911816", "title": "Isolation and characterization of rat liver free and membrane-bound polysomal messenger ribonucleoprotein particles.", "content": "Rat liver mRNA-labeled free and membrane-bound polysomes uncontaminated with nuclear or cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein particles were dissociated with EDTA and the released messenger ribonucleoprotein particles isolated using an oligo(dT)-cellulose column. Seventy percent of the labeled mRNA applied bound to the column. Binding of mRNP was dependent on the presence of a poly(A) segment in the RNA. The nonbound material contained most of the ribosomal subunits and also messenger-sized poly(A-)RNA molecules associated with protein. The free mRNP fraction bound to the column, washed with 250 mM NaCl, and subsequently eluted contained seven proteins ranging in molecular weight from 52 000 to 138 000 only one of which was found in the fraction not bound to the column. Furthermore, these proteins were shown to have a higher affinity for poly(A+)RNA as compared with rRNA. The membrane-bound mRNP contained five proteins, four of which were identical with those associated with free mRNP. Membrane-bound mRNP were disrupted at a lower salt concentration than the free. The proteins found associated with free and membrane-bound polysomal mRNP appeared to be clustered in the poly(A) region of the molecule. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of rat liver free and membrane-bound polysomal messenger ribonucleoprotein particles. Rat liver mRNA-labeled free and membrane-bound polysomes uncontaminated with nuclear or cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein particles were dissociated with EDTA and the released messenger ribonucleoprotein particles isolated using an oligo(dT)-cellulose column. Seventy percent of the labeled mRNA applied bound to the column. Binding of mRNP was dependent on the presence of a poly(A) segment in the RNA. The nonbound material contained most of the ribosomal subunits and also messenger-sized poly(A-)RNA molecules associated with protein. The free mRNP fraction bound to the column, washed with 250 mM NaCl, and subsequently eluted contained seven proteins ranging in molecular weight from 52 000 to 138 000 only one of which was found in the fraction not bound to the column. Furthermore, these proteins were shown to have a higher affinity for poly(A+)RNA as compared with rRNA. The membrane-bound mRNP contained five proteins, four of which were identical with those associated with free mRNP. Membrane-bound mRNP were disrupted at a lower salt concentration than the free. The proteins found associated with free and membrane-bound polysomal mRNP appeared to be clustered in the poly(A) region of the molecule. The implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911818", "title": "Some photoreactions of isolated cytochrome b-559.", "content": "Cytochrome b-559 was isolated from spinach and the alga Bumilleriopsis filiformis (Xanthophyceae) and characterized by functional properties: (a) It was active as electron acceptor in a diaphorase system using NADPH as donor and ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP reductase as redox proteins. (b) It exhibited photooxidation with Photosystem-I particles, when illuminated with 707 nm light. (c) It was photooxidized by Photosystem-II particles and 652 nm light at room temperature. Light greater than 702 nm was ineffective. The data corroborate previous reports on redox reactions of bound cytochrome b-559.", "contents": "Some photoreactions of isolated cytochrome b-559. Cytochrome b-559 was isolated from spinach and the alga Bumilleriopsis filiformis (Xanthophyceae) and characterized by functional properties: (a) It was active as electron acceptor in a diaphorase system using NADPH as donor and ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP reductase as redox proteins. (b) It exhibited photooxidation with Photosystem-I particles, when illuminated with 707 nm light. (c) It was photooxidized by Photosystem-II particles and 652 nm light at room temperature. Light greater than 702 nm was ineffective. The data corroborate previous reports on redox reactions of bound cytochrome b-559."}
{"id": "PMID:911819", "title": "Influence of the energetic state of rat liver mitochondria on the sensitivity of the phosphate carrier towards SH reagents.", "content": "Phosphate transport into rat liver mitochondria was measured by the swelling technique in 0.1 M ammonium phosphate. Energized or non-energized mitochondria were preincubated with different thiol reagents and evidence is given that with a slow-reacting thiol reagent, ethacrynate, the inactivation of the phosphate carrier is obtained when mitochondria are energized, while poor or no inactivation occurs when mitochondria are non-energized or preincubated with Pi. Moreover, the inactivation depends on the presence of Mg2+ and on the nature of the substrate. Some comparative essays were done using N-ethylmaleimide as a thiol reagent, but no energy-linked variation of N-ethylmaleimide inhibition on phosphate transport was obtained. Taking into account the fact that both thiol-reagents incorporation into rat liver mitochondria is sitmulated by the presence of substrate, the different behaviour of these two thiol-reagents towards Pi transport is discussed on the basis of their different reactivity with SH groups.", "contents": "Influence of the energetic state of rat liver mitochondria on the sensitivity of the phosphate carrier towards SH reagents. Phosphate transport into rat liver mitochondria was measured by the swelling technique in 0.1 M ammonium phosphate. Energized or non-energized mitochondria were preincubated with different thiol reagents and evidence is given that with a slow-reacting thiol reagent, ethacrynate, the inactivation of the phosphate carrier is obtained when mitochondria are energized, while poor or no inactivation occurs when mitochondria are non-energized or preincubated with Pi. Moreover, the inactivation depends on the presence of Mg2+ and on the nature of the substrate. Some comparative essays were done using N-ethylmaleimide as a thiol reagent, but no energy-linked variation of N-ethylmaleimide inhibition on phosphate transport was obtained. Taking into account the fact that both thiol-reagents incorporation into rat liver mitochondria is sitmulated by the presence of substrate, the different behaviour of these two thiol-reagents towards Pi transport is discussed on the basis of their different reactivity with SH groups."}
{"id": "PMID:911820", "title": "Studies on the inner mitochondrial membrane localization of proline dehydrogenase.", "content": "1. The site of proline dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99.-) activity in blowfly (Phormia regina) flight muscle mitochondria has been investigated employing the inner membrane-impermeable Fe(CN)63-as electron acceptor. Antimycin had no inhibitory effect on ferricyanide reduction due to proline dehydrogenase activity. Ferricyanide reductase activity due to inside localized dehydrogenase activity was antimycin sensitive. These results indicate that the interaction between proline dehydrogenase and ferricyanide was direct and not dependent on respiratory chain activity. 2. The stimulatory action of the effector, ADP, on proline dehydrogenase activity was insensitive to atractyloside, an indication that the site of dehydrogenase interaction with ADP was external to the atractyloside barrier. 3. Swelling studies revealed that proline does not readily penetrate the matrix space. 4. An outside localization for proline dehydrogenase is discussed in terms of the role of proline in insect flight muscle metabolism.", "contents": "Studies on the inner mitochondrial membrane localization of proline dehydrogenase. 1. The site of proline dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99.-) activity in blowfly (Phormia regina) flight muscle mitochondria has been investigated employing the inner membrane-impermeable Fe(CN)63-as electron acceptor. Antimycin had no inhibitory effect on ferricyanide reduction due to proline dehydrogenase activity. Ferricyanide reductase activity due to inside localized dehydrogenase activity was antimycin sensitive. These results indicate that the interaction between proline dehydrogenase and ferricyanide was direct and not dependent on respiratory chain activity. 2. The stimulatory action of the effector, ADP, on proline dehydrogenase activity was insensitive to atractyloside, an indication that the site of dehydrogenase interaction with ADP was external to the atractyloside barrier. 3. Swelling studies revealed that proline does not readily penetrate the matrix space. 4. An outside localization for proline dehydrogenase is discussed in terms of the role of proline in insect flight muscle metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:911822", "title": "Excited state annihilation in the photosynthetic unit.", "content": "The kinetics of the in vivo fluorescence decays and fluorescence yields, as a function of excitation intensity, have been analysed with a model using excited state annihilation and time-dependent quenching processes. Triplet states, formed in the singlet-singlet annihilation processes, account for additional quenching of singlet states and the persistence of annihilation at longer times than the fluorescence life-time. Together these processes give a satisfactory account of existing experimental data of the intensity dependence of fluorescence in vivo.", "contents": "Excited state annihilation in the photosynthetic unit. The kinetics of the in vivo fluorescence decays and fluorescence yields, as a function of excitation intensity, have been analysed with a model using excited state annihilation and time-dependent quenching processes. Triplet states, formed in the singlet-singlet annihilation processes, account for additional quenching of singlet states and the persistence of annihilation at longer times than the fluorescence life-time. Together these processes give a satisfactory account of existing experimental data of the intensity dependence of fluorescence in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:911824", "title": "The relationship between the activity of chloroplast photosystem II and the midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of cytochrome b-559.", "content": "The role of cytochrome b-559 in Photosystem II reactions has been investigated using hydroxylamine treatment of chloroplast membranes. Incubation of chloroplasts with hydroxylamine in darkness resulted in inhibition of water oxidation and a decrease in the amplitude of cytochrome b-559 reducible by hydroquinone. The loss of water oxidizing activity perfectly correlated with the decrease in amplitude of cytochrome b-559 reduction. Potentiometric titration of cytochrome b-559 after hydroxylamine treatment revealed a component with Em7.8 at +240 mV in addition to a lower potential species at +90 mV. This compared to control chloroplasts in which cytochrome b-559 exists in the typical high potential state, Em7.8 = +383 mV, in addition to some of the low potential (Em7.8 = +77 mV) form. Photosystem II activity could be further inhibited by incubation with hydroxylamine in the light. In these chloroplasts only low rates of photooxidation of artificial electron donors were observed compared to 'dark' chloroplasts. In addition, the hydroxylamine light treatment caused a further change in cytochrome b-559 redox properties; a single component, Em7.8 = 90 mV is seen in titration curves. The role of cytochrome b-559 in Photosystem II functioning is discussed on the basis of these observations which suggest a dependence of photooxidizing ability of Photosystem II on the redox properties of this cytochrome.", "contents": "The relationship between the activity of chloroplast photosystem II and the midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of cytochrome b-559. The role of cytochrome b-559 in Photosystem II reactions has been investigated using hydroxylamine treatment of chloroplast membranes. Incubation of chloroplasts with hydroxylamine in darkness resulted in inhibition of water oxidation and a decrease in the amplitude of cytochrome b-559 reducible by hydroquinone. The loss of water oxidizing activity perfectly correlated with the decrease in amplitude of cytochrome b-559 reduction. Potentiometric titration of cytochrome b-559 after hydroxylamine treatment revealed a component with Em7.8 at +240 mV in addition to a lower potential species at +90 mV. This compared to control chloroplasts in which cytochrome b-559 exists in the typical high potential state, Em7.8 = +383 mV, in addition to some of the low potential (Em7.8 = +77 mV) form. Photosystem II activity could be further inhibited by incubation with hydroxylamine in the light. In these chloroplasts only low rates of photooxidation of artificial electron donors were observed compared to 'dark' chloroplasts. In addition, the hydroxylamine light treatment caused a further change in cytochrome b-559 redox properties; a single component, Em7.8 = 90 mV is seen in titration curves. The role of cytochrome b-559 in Photosystem II functioning is discussed on the basis of these observations which suggest a dependence of photooxidizing ability of Photosystem II on the redox properties of this cytochrome."}
{"id": "PMID:911825", "title": "13 C NMR measurements of unsonicated phosphatidylcholine bilayers of different fatty acid and sterol composition.", "content": "(1) 13C NMR linewidths were measured for various 13 C resonances in unsonicated dispersions of synthetic and natural phosphatidylcholines both in the absence and presence of cholesterol at temperatures where the acyl chains are in the liquid-crystalline state. (2) In the absence of cholesterol the linewidths of the various resolved chain resonances were decreased with increasing unsaturation and decreasing chain length. The motion of the delta9-cis olefinic carbon atoms in dioleoylphosphatidylcholine was more restricted than the motion of the delts9-cis olefinic carbon atoms in 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine despite the higher overall fluidity of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine. The polar head-group motion was not dependent upon the fatty acid composition. (3) Incorporation of cholesterol broadens all observed chain resonances of all phosphatidylcholines, thus demonstrating a reduction in chain motion by cholesterol. For both the saturated and unsaturated phosphatidylcholines the reduction of the chain motion is decreased with increasing chain length. (4) The chemical shift of the carbonyl resonances of sonicated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicle labelled with 13C in both chains in the 1-position was slightly decreased by the incorporation of 50 mol% of cholesterol. In contrast, 50 mol% of epicholesterol, the 3alpha0OH isomer, produced a large downfield shift and a splitting of the carbonyl resonance.", "contents": "13 C NMR measurements of unsonicated phosphatidylcholine bilayers of different fatty acid and sterol composition. (1) 13C NMR linewidths were measured for various 13 C resonances in unsonicated dispersions of synthetic and natural phosphatidylcholines both in the absence and presence of cholesterol at temperatures where the acyl chains are in the liquid-crystalline state. (2) In the absence of cholesterol the linewidths of the various resolved chain resonances were decreased with increasing unsaturation and decreasing chain length. The motion of the delta9-cis olefinic carbon atoms in dioleoylphosphatidylcholine was more restricted than the motion of the delts9-cis olefinic carbon atoms in 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine despite the higher overall fluidity of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine. The polar head-group motion was not dependent upon the fatty acid composition. (3) Incorporation of cholesterol broadens all observed chain resonances of all phosphatidylcholines, thus demonstrating a reduction in chain motion by cholesterol. For both the saturated and unsaturated phosphatidylcholines the reduction of the chain motion is decreased with increasing chain length. (4) The chemical shift of the carbonyl resonances of sonicated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicle labelled with 13C in both chains in the 1-position was slightly decreased by the incorporation of 50 mol% of cholesterol. In contrast, 50 mol% of epicholesterol, the 3alpha0OH isomer, produced a large downfield shift and a splitting of the carbonyl resonance."}
{"id": "PMID:911826", "title": "The interaction of spectrin - actin and synthetic phospholipids.", "content": "Using differential scanning calorimetry and freeze fracture electron microscopy interactions were studied between lipids and a spectrin - actin complex isolated from human erythrocyte membranes. With dispersions of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol and mixtures of these two compounds, which for experimental reasons were chosen as the lipid counterpart, such an interaction could clearly be deduced from changes in the temperature and the enthalpy of the phase transition. Furthermore it was demonstrated that the interaction with this membrane protein protects the bilayer against the action of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and prevents fusion of lipid vesicles which easily occurs in some of the systems when divalent ions were added to the pure lipid vesicles.", "contents": "The interaction of spectrin - actin and synthetic phospholipids. Using differential scanning calorimetry and freeze fracture electron microscopy interactions were studied between lipids and a spectrin - actin complex isolated from human erythrocyte membranes. With dispersions of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol and mixtures of these two compounds, which for experimental reasons were chosen as the lipid counterpart, such an interaction could clearly be deduced from changes in the temperature and the enthalpy of the phase transition. Furthermore it was demonstrated that the interaction with this membrane protein protects the bilayer against the action of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and prevents fusion of lipid vesicles which easily occurs in some of the systems when divalent ions were added to the pure lipid vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:911827", "title": "Theory of self-assembly of lipid bilayers and vesicles.", "content": "A simple theory is developed that explains the formation of bilayers and vesicles and accounts quantitatively for many of their physical properties: Properties including vesicle size distributions and bilayer elasticity emerge from a unified theory that links thermodynamics, interaction free energy, and molecular geometry. The theory may be applied to the analysis of more complicated membrane structures and mechanisms.", "contents": "Theory of self-assembly of lipid bilayers and vesicles. A simple theory is developed that explains the formation of bilayers and vesicles and accounts quantitatively for many of their physical properties: Properties including vesicle size distributions and bilayer elasticity emerge from a unified theory that links thermodynamics, interaction free energy, and molecular geometry. The theory may be applied to the analysis of more complicated membrane structures and mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:911829", "title": "Small-angle X-ray scattering from mitochondria.", "content": "X-ray (CuKalpha) scattering curves of rat liver mitochondria are characterized by continuously decreasing intensity from 0.5 to 5 mrad and a broad maximum centered near 20 mrad. The condensed-to-orthodox morphological transition of the inner membranes of intact mitochondria causes a dramatic decrease in scattering at very small angle and a marked shift of the 20 mrad maximum to smaller angle. A similar small-angle scattering maximum is observed with inner mitochondrial membrane fractions prepared by digitonin treatment and osmotic shock/step gradient centrifugation procedures. However, the small-angle X-ray scattering curves of mitochondria after acetone treatment and osmoticlysis/sonication are essentially continuous. These characteristics of mitochondrial X-ray scattering are discussed in terms of known structural features of the organelle.", "contents": "Small-angle X-ray scattering from mitochondria. X-ray (CuKalpha) scattering curves of rat liver mitochondria are characterized by continuously decreasing intensity from 0.5 to 5 mrad and a broad maximum centered near 20 mrad. The condensed-to-orthodox morphological transition of the inner membranes of intact mitochondria causes a dramatic decrease in scattering at very small angle and a marked shift of the 20 mrad maximum to smaller angle. A similar small-angle scattering maximum is observed with inner mitochondrial membrane fractions prepared by digitonin treatment and osmotic shock/step gradient centrifugation procedures. However, the small-angle X-ray scattering curves of mitochondria after acetone treatment and osmoticlysis/sonication are essentially continuous. These characteristics of mitochondrial X-ray scattering are discussed in terms of known structural features of the organelle."}
{"id": "PMID:911831", "title": "Movement of sodium into human platelets induced by ADP.", "content": "1. In normal human platelets the concentrations of Na+ and K+ were 42.1 +/- 4.3 and 98.8 +/- 3.7 mequiv/l of platelet water respectively (mean +/- S.E. of 22 samples). 2. When platelet-rich plasma was incubated with 22Na+ at 37 degrees C for 2-3 h an increase in platelet Na+ concentration was found which was significant after 210 min. Platelet K+ concentration did not change significantly. The platelet 22Na+ radioactivity increased faster than did the total Na+ suggesting a Na+o-Na+ exchange process in unactivated platelets. 3. Addition of ADP to platelet-rich plasma resulted in platelet aggregation and a rapid rise (within seconds) in 22Na+-radioactivity within the platelets and after 300 s this increase diminished toward control levels. 4. Under the same experimental conditions, ADP did not bring about an increase of 36Cl- in the platelets. 5. Ouabain (10-(6) M) added to platelet-rich plasma induced an increase in Na+ concentration and 22Na+ radioactivity in the platelets, as well as a decrease in K+ concentration. ADP produced a further increase in 22Na+, which did not return toward control values, in the presence of ouabain. 6. The association of an increase in 22Na+ but not of 36Cl- accompanying aggregation by ADP suggests a selective mechanism for the movement of Na+ into platelets rather than a movement of NaCl together with water under an osmotic gradient.", "contents": "Movement of sodium into human platelets induced by ADP. 1. In normal human platelets the concentrations of Na+ and K+ were 42.1 +/- 4.3 and 98.8 +/- 3.7 mequiv/l of platelet water respectively (mean +/- S.E. of 22 samples). 2. When platelet-rich plasma was incubated with 22Na+ at 37 degrees C for 2-3 h an increase in platelet Na+ concentration was found which was significant after 210 min. Platelet K+ concentration did not change significantly. The platelet 22Na+ radioactivity increased faster than did the total Na+ suggesting a Na+o-Na+ exchange process in unactivated platelets. 3. Addition of ADP to platelet-rich plasma resulted in platelet aggregation and a rapid rise (within seconds) in 22Na+-radioactivity within the platelets and after 300 s this increase diminished toward control levels. 4. Under the same experimental conditions, ADP did not bring about an increase of 36Cl- in the platelets. 5. Ouabain (10-(6) M) added to platelet-rich plasma induced an increase in Na+ concentration and 22Na+ radioactivity in the platelets, as well as a decrease in K+ concentration. ADP produced a further increase in 22Na+, which did not return toward control values, in the presence of ouabain. 6. The association of an increase in 22Na+ but not of 36Cl- accompanying aggregation by ADP suggests a selective mechanism for the movement of Na+ into platelets rather than a movement of NaCl together with water under an osmotic gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:911832", "title": "Specific interaction of concanavalin A with glycolipid monolayers.", "content": "The effect of 131I-labelled concanavalin A on the surface pressure and surface radioactivity of monolayers formed from phospholipids and from natural and synthetic glycolipids has been studied. The lectin binds to and penetrates dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine monolayers at a surface pressure of 15 dynes/cm and this interaction is inhibited by the presence of alpha-methyl mannose in the subphase. At surface pressures of 25 dynes/cm or higher, concanavalin A will interact with monoglucosyl diglyceride or diglucosyl diglyceride from Acholeplasma laidlawii and with synthetic glycolipids containing 2 or 3 alpha 1 leads to 4-linked D-glucose residues in the headgroup, but not with phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, or with the ganglioside II3NeuAc-GgOse4-Cer. The binding to the glycolipid sugar group and penetration of the hydrocarbon region seem to occur simultaneously, as the time courses for the development of surface pressure and surface radioactivity coincide.", "contents": "Specific interaction of concanavalin A with glycolipid monolayers. The effect of 131I-labelled concanavalin A on the surface pressure and surface radioactivity of monolayers formed from phospholipids and from natural and synthetic glycolipids has been studied. The lectin binds to and penetrates dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine monolayers at a surface pressure of 15 dynes/cm and this interaction is inhibited by the presence of alpha-methyl mannose in the subphase. At surface pressures of 25 dynes/cm or higher, concanavalin A will interact with monoglucosyl diglyceride or diglucosyl diglyceride from Acholeplasma laidlawii and with synthetic glycolipids containing 2 or 3 alpha 1 leads to 4-linked D-glucose residues in the headgroup, but not with phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, or with the ganglioside II3NeuAc-GgOse4-Cer. The binding to the glycolipid sugar group and penetration of the hydrocarbon region seem to occur simultaneously, as the time courses for the development of surface pressure and surface radioactivity coincide."}
{"id": "PMID:911836", "title": "Physicochemical studies of non-histone protein HMG17 with DNA.", "content": "Non-histone protein high mobility group-17 (HMG17) isolated from calf thymus consists of 89 amino acids and the complete sequence is known (Walker, J.M., Hastings, J.R.B. and Johns, E.W. (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 176, 461-468). We have studied its conformation and interaction with DNA by a variety of technics. The results show that the protein has a random structure. It binds non-cooperatively, non-specifically and reversibly to DNA. It is estimated that each molecule of protein binds to 57 nucleotides of calf thymus DNA. The equilibrium constant for binding is approx. 1 - 10(6) M-1. HMG17 induces conformational changes in DNA similar to some of the histones in particular H1.", "contents": "Physicochemical studies of non-histone protein HMG17 with DNA. Non-histone protein high mobility group-17 (HMG17) isolated from calf thymus consists of 89 amino acids and the complete sequence is known (Walker, J.M., Hastings, J.R.B. and Johns, E.W. (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 176, 461-468). We have studied its conformation and interaction with DNA by a variety of technics. The results show that the protein has a random structure. It binds non-cooperatively, non-specifically and reversibly to DNA. It is estimated that each molecule of protein binds to 57 nucleotides of calf thymus DNA. The equilibrium constant for binding is approx. 1 - 10(6) M-1. HMG17 induces conformational changes in DNA similar to some of the histones in particular H1."}
{"id": "PMID:911838", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of purified eukaryote messenger RNA.", "content": "Rat liver mRNA, hen and rabbit globin messenger RNA (mRNA) were investigated by electron microscopy. No secondary structures were visible in the molecules of these mRNAs under conditions where short secondary structures of other types of RNA, i.e. MS2 phage RNA and 28 S rRNA, were clearly demonstrated. The contour lengths of these mRNAs were also determined by electron microscopy and compared with the sizes estimated by other techniques. The contour lengths of rabbit short and long globin mRNA are 0.1498 +/- 0.0019 and 0.1908 +/- 0.0021 micrometer, respectively. The former is assumed to be globin mRNA for alpha chain and the latter for beta chain. Similarly, hen \"alpha\" and \"beta\" globin mRNA have mean lengths of 0.1449 +/- 0.0011 and 0.1891 +/- 0.0017 micrometer, respectively. Hen and rabbit reticulocytes contain 1.8-2.0 times as much mRNA for alpha globin chains as for beta.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of purified eukaryote messenger RNA. Rat liver mRNA, hen and rabbit globin messenger RNA (mRNA) were investigated by electron microscopy. No secondary structures were visible in the molecules of these mRNAs under conditions where short secondary structures of other types of RNA, i.e. MS2 phage RNA and 28 S rRNA, were clearly demonstrated. The contour lengths of these mRNAs were also determined by electron microscopy and compared with the sizes estimated by other techniques. The contour lengths of rabbit short and long globin mRNA are 0.1498 +/- 0.0019 and 0.1908 +/- 0.0021 micrometer, respectively. The former is assumed to be globin mRNA for alpha chain and the latter for beta chain. Similarly, hen \"alpha\" and \"beta\" globin mRNA have mean lengths of 0.1449 +/- 0.0011 and 0.1891 +/- 0.0017 micrometer, respectively. Hen and rabbit reticulocytes contain 1.8-2.0 times as much mRNA for alpha globin chains as for beta."}
{"id": "PMID:911839", "title": "Induction of thymidine kinases in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes.", "content": "Thymidine kinase (ATP:thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21) activity increased approx. 200-fold during transformation of human lymphocytes with phytohaemagglutinin. Two peaks of thymidine kinase (peak IS and peak IIS) were separated from stimulated lymphocytes on DEAE-Sephadex. The activity in peak IS was 20-fold the activity in peak IIS. Only one peak was obtained from normal lymphocytes (peak IIN). The elution volume of this peak was identical to that of peak IIS. The Km values for ATP were 1 mM for peak IS, 0.2 mM for peak IIS and 0.3 mM for peak IIN. 90 micronM dTTP gave 50% inhibition of the activity in peak IS, while the same inhibition of the activities in peak IIS and peak IIN was obtained with only 15 micronM dTTP. Km for thymidine was about 6 micronM for peak IS. The kinetic relation between thymidine and the activity in peak IIS was complex but very similar to that of peak IIN. It is suggested, that a new form of thymidine kinase appears in the lymphocytes due to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation.", "contents": "Induction of thymidine kinases in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes. Thymidine kinase (ATP:thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21) activity increased approx. 200-fold during transformation of human lymphocytes with phytohaemagglutinin. Two peaks of thymidine kinase (peak IS and peak IIS) were separated from stimulated lymphocytes on DEAE-Sephadex. The activity in peak IS was 20-fold the activity in peak IIS. Only one peak was obtained from normal lymphocytes (peak IIN). The elution volume of this peak was identical to that of peak IIS. The Km values for ATP were 1 mM for peak IS, 0.2 mM for peak IIS and 0.3 mM for peak IIN. 90 micronM dTTP gave 50% inhibition of the activity in peak IS, while the same inhibition of the activities in peak IIS and peak IIN was obtained with only 15 micronM dTTP. Km for thymidine was about 6 micronM for peak IS. The kinetic relation between thymidine and the activity in peak IIS was complex but very similar to that of peak IIN. It is suggested, that a new form of thymidine kinase appears in the lymphocytes due to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:911840", "title": "Suppression of phytohemagglutinin-induction of thymidine uptake in guinea pig lymphocytes by methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) treatment.", "content": "Treatment with methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), a specific inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50), suppressed the phytohemagglutinin-induction of [3H]thymidine uptake by guinea pig lymphocytes. The kinetics of [3H]thymidine uptake revealed that the Km value for thymidine was not changed, but the V value was markedly lowered by the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) treatment. The induction of ATP: thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.75) (thymidine kinase) activity by phytohemagglutinin was suppressed to about the same extent as the induction of thymidine uptake. These suppressions were dependent on the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) doses and on duration of the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) treatment. Analysis of [3H]thymidine labelled compounds of the acid-soluble fraction showed that conversion of thymidine to thymidine 5'-triphosphate was inhibited by the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) treatment. DNA polymerase activity was less inhibited by the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) treatment in comparison with the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) inhibition of thymidine uptake by whole cells. These results strongly suggested that blocking of polyamine accumulation by the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) treatment influenced phytohemagglutinin induction of thymidine phosphorylation, resulting in a decrease of thymidine incorporation into DNA.", "contents": "Suppression of phytohemagglutinin-induction of thymidine uptake in guinea pig lymphocytes by methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) treatment. Treatment with methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), a specific inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50), suppressed the phytohemagglutinin-induction of [3H]thymidine uptake by guinea pig lymphocytes. The kinetics of [3H]thymidine uptake revealed that the Km value for thymidine was not changed, but the V value was markedly lowered by the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) treatment. The induction of ATP: thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.75) (thymidine kinase) activity by phytohemagglutinin was suppressed to about the same extent as the induction of thymidine uptake. These suppressions were dependent on the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) doses and on duration of the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) treatment. Analysis of [3H]thymidine labelled compounds of the acid-soluble fraction showed that conversion of thymidine to thymidine 5'-triphosphate was inhibited by the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) treatment. DNA polymerase activity was less inhibited by the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) treatment in comparison with the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) inhibition of thymidine uptake by whole cells. These results strongly suggested that blocking of polyamine accumulation by the methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) treatment influenced phytohemagglutinin induction of thymidine phosphorylation, resulting in a decrease of thymidine incorporation into DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:911841", "title": "The canine erythroid cell system: a new model for study of regulatory mechanism in hemoglobin synthesis.", "content": "The total methodology for a new mammalian erythroid cell system which permits direct investigation of the terminal stages of hemoglobin synthesis and assembly is described. The canine system allows quantitative separation of native heme containing alpha and beta chains which recombine to for tetrameric hemoglobin with normal functional properties (n = 2.17). These chains can be utilized for investigation in a cell-free system in which the rates of synthesis of alpha and beta chains are equal (alpha/beta = 0.96 +/- 0.05). Methodology for the quantitative separation of globin allows study of the effects of balanced and unbalanced globin chain synthesis in both the intact cells and the cell-free system.", "contents": "The canine erythroid cell system: a new model for study of regulatory mechanism in hemoglobin synthesis. The total methodology for a new mammalian erythroid cell system which permits direct investigation of the terminal stages of hemoglobin synthesis and assembly is described. The canine system allows quantitative separation of native heme containing alpha and beta chains which recombine to for tetrameric hemoglobin with normal functional properties (n = 2.17). These chains can be utilized for investigation in a cell-free system in which the rates of synthesis of alpha and beta chains are equal (alpha/beta = 0.96 +/- 0.05). Methodology for the quantitative separation of globin allows study of the effects of balanced and unbalanced globin chain synthesis in both the intact cells and the cell-free system."}
{"id": "PMID:911843", "title": "DNA damage in ultraviolet-irradiated HeLa and CHO-Kl cells examined by alkaline lysis and hydroxyapatite chromatography.", "content": "DNA damage and repair activity have been examined in cultured mammalian cells by the technique of alkaline lysis followed by analysis of the single-strand content of DNA by hydroxyapatite chromatography; the rate of unwinding of DNA in alkali is related to the number of single-strand breaks present. When HeLa cells are ultraviolet-irradiated and incubated, on subsequent alkaline lysis the DNA unwinds at a faster rate than the DNA of unirradiated cells. The rate is increased if inhibitors of DNA synthesis (hydroxyurea, deoxyadenosine or 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine) are present during the incubation. Similar effects are seen in CHO-Kl cells synchronised in G1 phase, though mitotic CHO-Kl cells show little effect of post-irradiation incubation or of the presence of inhibitors. It appears that agents known to block replicative DNA synthesis can also inhibit repair DNA synthesis following ultraviolet irradiation, leading to an accumulation of single-strand breaks in DNA produced by repair nuclease activity. This phenomenon is probably responsible for the retarded sedimentation of such DNA on alkaline sucrose gradients.", "contents": "DNA damage in ultraviolet-irradiated HeLa and CHO-Kl cells examined by alkaline lysis and hydroxyapatite chromatography. DNA damage and repair activity have been examined in cultured mammalian cells by the technique of alkaline lysis followed by analysis of the single-strand content of DNA by hydroxyapatite chromatography; the rate of unwinding of DNA in alkali is related to the number of single-strand breaks present. When HeLa cells are ultraviolet-irradiated and incubated, on subsequent alkaline lysis the DNA unwinds at a faster rate than the DNA of unirradiated cells. The rate is increased if inhibitors of DNA synthesis (hydroxyurea, deoxyadenosine or 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine) are present during the incubation. Similar effects are seen in CHO-Kl cells synchronised in G1 phase, though mitotic CHO-Kl cells show little effect of post-irradiation incubation or of the presence of inhibitors. It appears that agents known to block replicative DNA synthesis can also inhibit repair DNA synthesis following ultraviolet irradiation, leading to an accumulation of single-strand breaks in DNA produced by repair nuclease activity. This phenomenon is probably responsible for the retarded sedimentation of such DNA on alkaline sucrose gradients."}
{"id": "PMID:911844", "title": "Turnover of rat liver 28 S ribosomal RNA: nicking as the initial step of degradation.", "content": "The large ribosomal subunits of rat liver contain small amount of minor RNA components which migrate through polyacrylamide gels between the two major rRNAs, and some 28 S rRNA molecules contain hidden nicks which can be revealed by heat treatment. The minor RNA components were isolated, labeled in vitro with 125I, and hybridized with nucleolar DNA from rat liver. The hybridization-competition experiments with 28 S RNA established that the minor RNA components and 28 S rRNA have a common DNA origin. When RNA components were isolated from rats that had received [14C]orotate and [3H]orotate, 1 week and 16 h, respectively, before sacrifice, the 14C : 3H ratio was the highest in the minor components, followed by the nicked RNA, and the intact 28 S rRNA showed the lowest ratio. We also found that partial hepatectomy decreases and the actinomycin C-treatment increases the amount of the minor RNA components as well as the nicked 28 S RNA. From these observations, we conclude that the initial step of degradation of 28 S rRNA in vivo is the nick formation and that the nicked RNA subsequently gives rise to the minor components.", "contents": "Turnover of rat liver 28 S ribosomal RNA: nicking as the initial step of degradation. The large ribosomal subunits of rat liver contain small amount of minor RNA components which migrate through polyacrylamide gels between the two major rRNAs, and some 28 S rRNA molecules contain hidden nicks which can be revealed by heat treatment. The minor RNA components were isolated, labeled in vitro with 125I, and hybridized with nucleolar DNA from rat liver. The hybridization-competition experiments with 28 S RNA established that the minor RNA components and 28 S rRNA have a common DNA origin. When RNA components were isolated from rats that had received [14C]orotate and [3H]orotate, 1 week and 16 h, respectively, before sacrifice, the 14C : 3H ratio was the highest in the minor components, followed by the nicked RNA, and the intact 28 S rRNA showed the lowest ratio. We also found that partial hepatectomy decreases and the actinomycin C-treatment increases the amount of the minor RNA components as well as the nicked 28 S RNA. From these observations, we conclude that the initial step of degradation of 28 S rRNA in vivo is the nick formation and that the nicked RNA subsequently gives rise to the minor components."}
{"id": "PMID:911846", "title": "Semi-conservative and non-conservative replication of DNA in temperature-sensitive mouse L-cells.", "content": "The mode of DNA replication has been studied in wild-type mouse L-cells (WT-4) and in two subclones (TS A1S9 and ts C1 cells) which are temperature-sensitive in DNA synthesis. It has been demonstrated that DNA is replicated by the semi-conservative mechanism in WT-4 cells grown at 34 degrees C or at 38.5 degrees C throughout the logarithmic phase and into the stationary phase. Similar results were obtained with ts A1S9 and ts C1 cells grown at the permissive temperature (34 degrees C). When the latter cells were incubated at the non-permissive temperature (38.5 degrees C) inactivation of DNA synthesis appeared to proceed through three general stages. During the first 24 h after temperature upshift suppression of semi-conservative DNA replication occurred. During the second stage a very low level of semi-conservative synthesis was maintained. During the third stage, incorporation of dThd into DNA began to increase, often reaching 10-20% of control levels after 3-5 days. During this third stage DNA synthesis was effected by a non-conservative mechanism. Temperature-inactivated ts A1S9 cells and ts C1 cells were able to perform semi-conservative synthesis upon back-shift to 34 degrees C, using as template that DNA synthesized prior to temperature upshift.", "contents": "Semi-conservative and non-conservative replication of DNA in temperature-sensitive mouse L-cells. The mode of DNA replication has been studied in wild-type mouse L-cells (WT-4) and in two subclones (TS A1S9 and ts C1 cells) which are temperature-sensitive in DNA synthesis. It has been demonstrated that DNA is replicated by the semi-conservative mechanism in WT-4 cells grown at 34 degrees C or at 38.5 degrees C throughout the logarithmic phase and into the stationary phase. Similar results were obtained with ts A1S9 and ts C1 cells grown at the permissive temperature (34 degrees C). When the latter cells were incubated at the non-permissive temperature (38.5 degrees C) inactivation of DNA synthesis appeared to proceed through three general stages. During the first 24 h after temperature upshift suppression of semi-conservative DNA replication occurred. During the second stage a very low level of semi-conservative synthesis was maintained. During the third stage, incorporation of dThd into DNA began to increase, often reaching 10-20% of control levels after 3-5 days. During this third stage DNA synthesis was effected by a non-conservative mechanism. Temperature-inactivated ts A1S9 cells and ts C1 cells were able to perform semi-conservative synthesis upon back-shift to 34 degrees C, using as template that DNA synthesized prior to temperature upshift."}
{"id": "PMID:911847", "title": "The effects of thromboxane B2 and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha on cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "The effects of thromboxane B2 and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha on the synthesis of DNA, RNA and hexosamine-containing substances were studied. Thromboxane B2 (1 microgram/ml) added to cultures in the stationary phase caused the initiation of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in a small proportion of cells. The same amount of thromboxane B2 also increased [3H]uridine incorporation into acid-insoluble fraction by 50% in 24 h, and stimulated the production of hexosamine-containing substances 2.5 fold over the control during the first 6 h. On the other hand, 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha was essentially inactive on these indexes except slight stimulation of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "The effects of thromboxane B2 and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha on cultured fibroblasts. The effects of thromboxane B2 and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha on the synthesis of DNA, RNA and hexosamine-containing substances were studied. Thromboxane B2 (1 microgram/ml) added to cultures in the stationary phase caused the initiation of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in a small proportion of cells. The same amount of thromboxane B2 also increased [3H]uridine incorporation into acid-insoluble fraction by 50% in 24 h, and stimulated the production of hexosamine-containing substances 2.5 fold over the control during the first 6 h. On the other hand, 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha was essentially inactive on these indexes except slight stimulation of DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:911848", "title": "Change of ribonuclease H activity in developing and regenerating rat liver.", "content": "Ribonuclease H (RNAase H), which specifically degrades RNA in RNA-DNA hybrids, has been studied with proliferating normal liver. Partial hepatectomy results in approximately two-fold increase of RNAase H activity in 24 h after 16 h lag phase in liver after operation. The activity of RNAase H as well as DNA ligase in the liver of newborn rats is high and the activities of both enzymes gradually decrease with same ratio during differentiation to low levels in the adult.", "contents": "Change of ribonuclease H activity in developing and regenerating rat liver. Ribonuclease H (RNAase H), which specifically degrades RNA in RNA-DNA hybrids, has been studied with proliferating normal liver. Partial hepatectomy results in approximately two-fold increase of RNAase H activity in 24 h after 16 h lag phase in liver after operation. The activity of RNAase H as well as DNA ligase in the liver of newborn rats is high and the activities of both enzymes gradually decrease with same ratio during differentiation to low levels in the adult."}
{"id": "PMID:911849", "title": "An ATP-dependent inhibition of protein synthesis in ascites cell extracts by wheat germ protein.", "content": "A high speed supernatant fraction from wheat germ was shown to be a very effective inhibitor of protein synthesis in a cell-free protein synthesizing system from Ehrlich ascites cells. Low concentrations of the extract were equally effective in inhibiting the translation of EMC viral RNA, ascites cell mRNA (exogenous) and endogenous mRNA. The kinetics of inhibition in the presence and absence of pactamycin, as well as the observed inhibition of polyphenylalanine synthesis, indicate that the wheat germ inhibitor acts at the level of elongation. Preincubation of the ascites system with the wheat germ inhibitor in the presence and absence of ATP showed that ATP was required for the development of the inhibition. The inhibitor was partially purified and appears to be a basic protein with a molecular weight of 30 000--40 000. These results are discussed with respect to the hypothesis that this may be another example of a protein kinase-induced inhibition of protein synthesis.", "contents": "An ATP-dependent inhibition of protein synthesis in ascites cell extracts by wheat germ protein. A high speed supernatant fraction from wheat germ was shown to be a very effective inhibitor of protein synthesis in a cell-free protein synthesizing system from Ehrlich ascites cells. Low concentrations of the extract were equally effective in inhibiting the translation of EMC viral RNA, ascites cell mRNA (exogenous) and endogenous mRNA. The kinetics of inhibition in the presence and absence of pactamycin, as well as the observed inhibition of polyphenylalanine synthesis, indicate that the wheat germ inhibitor acts at the level of elongation. Preincubation of the ascites system with the wheat germ inhibitor in the presence and absence of ATP showed that ATP was required for the development of the inhibition. The inhibitor was partially purified and appears to be a basic protein with a molecular weight of 30 000--40 000. These results are discussed with respect to the hypothesis that this may be another example of a protein kinase-induced inhibition of protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:911850", "title": "Functional modification of liver form-B RNA polymerase activity by a protein fraction from rats accustomed to controlled feeding schedules.", "content": "A protein fraction extracted from the liver of rats accustomed to eating during the first 8 h of a daily 12 h dark period is able to increase homologous form-B RNA polymerase activity. When the protein factor is added to RNA polymerase extracted at the end of the daily fasted period (0.9:OOh) the sensitivity of enzyme to ionic strength is modified, and resembles that of the enzyme extracted during the eating period (15:00 h) either using liver deproteinized DNA or chromatin as template. The chromatin-bound RNA polymerase activity is also modified in the presence of the factor, showing a modification of enzyme sensitivity to ionic strength similar to the one induced by food intake.", "contents": "Functional modification of liver form-B RNA polymerase activity by a protein fraction from rats accustomed to controlled feeding schedules. A protein fraction extracted from the liver of rats accustomed to eating during the first 8 h of a daily 12 h dark period is able to increase homologous form-B RNA polymerase activity. When the protein factor is added to RNA polymerase extracted at the end of the daily fasted period (0.9:OOh) the sensitivity of enzyme to ionic strength is modified, and resembles that of the enzyme extracted during the eating period (15:00 h) either using liver deproteinized DNA or chromatin as template. The chromatin-bound RNA polymerase activity is also modified in the presence of the factor, showing a modification of enzyme sensitivity to ionic strength similar to the one induced by food intake."}
{"id": "PMID:911851", "title": "Purification and properties of RNA polymerase I from Ehrlich ascites cells.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I (or A) (nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) was purified from Ehrlich ascites cells after solubilization from isolated nuclei. The purification was accomplished by a procedure involving initial precipitation with ammonium sulfate, following by chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex and phosphocellulose ion exchange resins and gel filtration on Sepharose 6B. A chromatographically homogeneous enzyme was obtained which was purified about 2300-fold relative to nuclear extracts. The specific activity of the most purified enzyme fraction was 230 nmol of [3H]UTP incorporated into RNA per mg of protein in 10 min at 37 degrees C, which is similar to those reported for the highly purified RNA polymerase I from mouse myeloma and calf thymus. The elution position on Sepharose 6B gel filtration indicated a molecular weight of approx. 580 000. Analysis of the purified enzyme by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions revealed only one protein band. Certain heterogeneity in the RNA polymerase I fractions was found in the early chromatographic steps, but not in the most purified fractions.", "contents": "Purification and properties of RNA polymerase I from Ehrlich ascites cells. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I (or A) (nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) was purified from Ehrlich ascites cells after solubilization from isolated nuclei. The purification was accomplished by a procedure involving initial precipitation with ammonium sulfate, following by chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex and phosphocellulose ion exchange resins and gel filtration on Sepharose 6B. A chromatographically homogeneous enzyme was obtained which was purified about 2300-fold relative to nuclear extracts. The specific activity of the most purified enzyme fraction was 230 nmol of [3H]UTP incorporated into RNA per mg of protein in 10 min at 37 degrees C, which is similar to those reported for the highly purified RNA polymerase I from mouse myeloma and calf thymus. The elution position on Sepharose 6B gel filtration indicated a molecular weight of approx. 580 000. Analysis of the purified enzyme by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions revealed only one protein band. Certain heterogeneity in the RNA polymerase I fractions was found in the early chromatographic steps, but not in the most purified fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:911852", "title": "Synthesis, separation and characterization of the mono- and diazide analogs of ethidium bromide.", "content": "Ethidium bromide is used to characterize nucleic acid secondary and tertiary structural properties and the biological consequences of drug interactions. The mono- and diazido analogs of ethidium have proven valuable as photoaffinity probes in chemical and biological studies on nucleic acids, since they render the ethidium-nucleic acid interaction covalent. Although both of these compounds have been synthesized previously, the published synthesis procedure for the monoazide is inadeqlate since a major portion of the product has been identified as the diazide analog. This lack of purity severely limits the usefulness for nucleic acid research. The procedure presented here for the synthesis, separation, purification and crystallization of these analogs should provide the quantities and quality of these important reagents needed to perform a variety of chemical and biological experiments.", "contents": "Synthesis, separation and characterization of the mono- and diazide analogs of ethidium bromide. Ethidium bromide is used to characterize nucleic acid secondary and tertiary structural properties and the biological consequences of drug interactions. The mono- and diazido analogs of ethidium have proven valuable as photoaffinity probes in chemical and biological studies on nucleic acids, since they render the ethidium-nucleic acid interaction covalent. Although both of these compounds have been synthesized previously, the published synthesis procedure for the monoazide is inadeqlate since a major portion of the product has been identified as the diazide analog. This lack of purity severely limits the usefulness for nucleic acid research. The procedure presented here for the synthesis, separation, purification and crystallization of these analogs should provide the quantities and quality of these important reagents needed to perform a variety of chemical and biological experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:911853", "title": "Complex kinetics of human leukocyte and platelet pyruvate kinases.", "content": "In the presence of SH group protectors, human leukocyte and platelet pyruvate kinases demonstrate biphasic kinetics with respect to the phosphoenolpyruvate substrate. SH group oxidation by oxidized glutathione reveals positive cooperativity kinetics for purified preparations of leukocyte and platelet pyruvate kinases. Complete reversal of the phenomenon may be obtained by incubation for several hours in dithiothreitol. This communication illustrates the existing relationships between enzyme conformation, the redox state of the SH groups, and the observed kinetics.", "contents": "Complex kinetics of human leukocyte and platelet pyruvate kinases. In the presence of SH group protectors, human leukocyte and platelet pyruvate kinases demonstrate biphasic kinetics with respect to the phosphoenolpyruvate substrate. SH group oxidation by oxidized glutathione reveals positive cooperativity kinetics for purified preparations of leukocyte and platelet pyruvate kinases. Complete reversal of the phenomenon may be obtained by incubation for several hours in dithiothreitol. This communication illustrates the existing relationships between enzyme conformation, the redox state of the SH groups, and the observed kinetics."}
{"id": "PMID:911854", "title": "Selective reactivity of rhodanese sulfhydryl groups with 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid).", "content": "The reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups of sulfur-containing and sulfur-free rhodanese (thiosulfate : cyanide sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) with 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) has been investigated. Only 0.6 sulfhydryl group of the sulfur-containing enzyme reacts with DTNB. After removal of sulfur from persulfide groups a further 0.6 sulfhydryl group (i.e. a total of 1.2) becomes accessible to the reagent. The resulting enzyme-thionitrobenzoate complex shows an absorption spectrum with a shoulder at 325 nm due to bound thionitrobenzoate. Both thiosulfate and cyanide remove thionitrobenzoate from the enzyme restoring its catalytic properties. The modified enzyme is protected from alkylation by iodoacetate until thionitrobenzoate is removed. The existence of a further sulfhydryl group close to the catalytic one is suggested.", "contents": "Selective reactivity of rhodanese sulfhydryl groups with 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups of sulfur-containing and sulfur-free rhodanese (thiosulfate : cyanide sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) with 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) has been investigated. Only 0.6 sulfhydryl group of the sulfur-containing enzyme reacts with DTNB. After removal of sulfur from persulfide groups a further 0.6 sulfhydryl group (i.e. a total of 1.2) becomes accessible to the reagent. The resulting enzyme-thionitrobenzoate complex shows an absorption spectrum with a shoulder at 325 nm due to bound thionitrobenzoate. Both thiosulfate and cyanide remove thionitrobenzoate from the enzyme restoring its catalytic properties. The modified enzyme is protected from alkylation by iodoacetate until thionitrobenzoate is removed. The existence of a further sulfhydryl group close to the catalytic one is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:911855", "title": "RMI 12330 A, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase in rat liver.", "content": "RMI 12330 A, (N,-(cis-2-phenylcyclopentyl) azacyclotridecan-2-imine hydrochloride), has been reported to inhibit choleratoxin-induced intestinal hypersecretion, presumably via an inhibition of mucosal adenylate cyclase (ATP:pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1). We report here that the adenylate cyclase activity of a rat liver plasma membrane preparation was inhibited by concentrations of RMI 12330 A ranging from 10 muM to 5mM. Similar effects were observed when the adenylate cyclase preparation was assayed in the presence of 10 mM NaF, 0.1 muM glucagon or 1 muM (--)-epinephrine plus 10 muM GTP. The effect of RMI 12330 A was not due to the inhibition of the regenerating system present in the incubation medium, since the effect was preserved in its absence. The inhibition brought about by RMI 12330 A was due to a decrease in the maximal velocity of the reaction; the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate remained unmodified. The inhibition was immediate and irreversible, even after several washes of the membranes previously preincubated with the drug. Complete inhibition of cyclase was obtained at a concentration of 370 nmol of RMI 12330 A per mg of membrane protein. The drug acted with a similar dose-response curve upon intact as well as detergent-dispersed cyclase preparations.", "contents": "RMI 12330 A, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase in rat liver. RMI 12330 A, (N,-(cis-2-phenylcyclopentyl) azacyclotridecan-2-imine hydrochloride), has been reported to inhibit choleratoxin-induced intestinal hypersecretion, presumably via an inhibition of mucosal adenylate cyclase (ATP:pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1). We report here that the adenylate cyclase activity of a rat liver plasma membrane preparation was inhibited by concentrations of RMI 12330 A ranging from 10 muM to 5mM. Similar effects were observed when the adenylate cyclase preparation was assayed in the presence of 10 mM NaF, 0.1 muM glucagon or 1 muM (--)-epinephrine plus 10 muM GTP. The effect of RMI 12330 A was not due to the inhibition of the regenerating system present in the incubation medium, since the effect was preserved in its absence. The inhibition brought about by RMI 12330 A was due to a decrease in the maximal velocity of the reaction; the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate remained unmodified. The inhibition was immediate and irreversible, even after several washes of the membranes previously preincubated with the drug. Complete inhibition of cyclase was obtained at a concentration of 370 nmol of RMI 12330 A per mg of membrane protein. The drug acted with a similar dose-response curve upon intact as well as detergent-dispersed cyclase preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:911856", "title": "Some properties of the membrane-bound and solubilised forms of the protein disulphide isomerase of rat liver microsomes.", "content": "1. An improved method of measurement of the protein disulphide isomerase (protein disulphide-isomerase, EC 5.3.4.1) activity of microsomal preparations is described. 2. This enzyme is shown to be released from the membranes into solution in the ultracentrifuge. 3. Some of the properties of the enzyme in the membrane bound and soluble forms are described. 4. The results lead to the suggestion that the enzyme present in rough membrane is different from the present in smooth membrane as well as being differently situated in the membrane. 5. Some of the effects of sucrose on the activity of the membrane bound enzyme are consistent with the view that the membranes may undergo irreversible conformational changes during preparation and storage.", "contents": "Some properties of the membrane-bound and solubilised forms of the protein disulphide isomerase of rat liver microsomes. 1. An improved method of measurement of the protein disulphide isomerase (protein disulphide-isomerase, EC 5.3.4.1) activity of microsomal preparations is described. 2. This enzyme is shown to be released from the membranes into solution in the ultracentrifuge. 3. Some of the properties of the enzyme in the membrane bound and soluble forms are described. 4. The results lead to the suggestion that the enzyme present in rough membrane is different from the present in smooth membrane as well as being differently situated in the membrane. 5. Some of the effects of sucrose on the activity of the membrane bound enzyme are consistent with the view that the membranes may undergo irreversible conformational changes during preparation and storage."}
{"id": "PMID:911859", "title": "External yeast beta-fructosidase: stereospecific labeling by [3H]conduritol-beta-epoxide and isolation of labeled peptides from the active site.", "content": "1. External yeast beta-fructosidase (beta-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase EC 3.2.1.26) was labeled by [3H]conduritol-B-epoxide, an active-site directed inhibitor of this enzyme. During the inactivation 1--2 mol of inhibitor were bound covalently per mol of enzyme. The labeled enzyme was digested with pepsin and 3H-labeled peptides were isolated. 2. Conduritol-B-epoxide is a racemic mixture of 1-D-1,2-anhydro-myo-inositol and 1-L-1,2-anhydro-myo-inositol, but only the latter one was now shown to be the reactive component. 3. The label was released from the enzyme by milk alkaline treatment and identified by paper chromatography as 1-D- or L-chiro-inositol, which suggested that an ester linkage had been formed by reaction of the epoxide with a carboxylate group at the active site of the enzyme. Position and role of this carboxylate group are discussed.", "contents": "External yeast beta-fructosidase: stereospecific labeling by [3H]conduritol-beta-epoxide and isolation of labeled peptides from the active site. 1. External yeast beta-fructosidase (beta-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase EC 3.2.1.26) was labeled by [3H]conduritol-B-epoxide, an active-site directed inhibitor of this enzyme. During the inactivation 1--2 mol of inhibitor were bound covalently per mol of enzyme. The labeled enzyme was digested with pepsin and 3H-labeled peptides were isolated. 2. Conduritol-B-epoxide is a racemic mixture of 1-D-1,2-anhydro-myo-inositol and 1-L-1,2-anhydro-myo-inositol, but only the latter one was now shown to be the reactive component. 3. The label was released from the enzyme by milk alkaline treatment and identified by paper chromatography as 1-D- or L-chiro-inositol, which suggested that an ester linkage had been formed by reaction of the epoxide with a carboxylate group at the active site of the enzyme. Position and role of this carboxylate group are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911860", "title": "A comparison of the alpha-L-fucosidase activities of human liver and serum.", "content": "Human liver alpha-L-fucosidase (alpha-L-fucoside fucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.51) has been separated into four components by chromatography on Sephadex G-150 or DEAE-cellulose. These components differ in their relative stability to heat and acid treatment, and their response to neuraminidase. The serum enzyme was devoid of high molecular weight activity and probably contained more sialic acid residues than the corresponding enzyme from liver. All the liver components tested were able to liberate fucose from 2'-fucosyllactose but not fucose from other oligosaccharides.", "contents": "A comparison of the alpha-L-fucosidase activities of human liver and serum. Human liver alpha-L-fucosidase (alpha-L-fucoside fucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.51) has been separated into four components by chromatography on Sephadex G-150 or DEAE-cellulose. These components differ in their relative stability to heat and acid treatment, and their response to neuraminidase. The serum enzyme was devoid of high molecular weight activity and probably contained more sialic acid residues than the corresponding enzyme from liver. All the liver components tested were able to liberate fucose from 2'-fucosyllactose but not fucose from other oligosaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:911861", "title": "Natural plant enzyme inhibitors. V. A trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor from Alocasia macrorhiza tuber.", "content": "A trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor was isolated from the tubers of Alocasia macrorhiza by extraction at pH 7.6, heat treatment at 80 degrees C, ammonium sulphate precipitation and successive column chromatography on CM-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-100. The inhibitor was pure by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The molecular weight was approximately 32 000 as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The inhibitor acted on bovine trypsin, human trypsin and bovine chymotrypsin. It had no action on human chymotrypsin, subtilisin BPN', pronase, Aspergillus oryzae protease, human and porcine pepsins. The binding sites for bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin are not mutually exclusive. The inhibitor was stable over a pH range of 1--10. The purified inhibitor was far more thermostable than the crude inhibitor. The purified inhibitor lost only 33% of activity on heat treatment at 95 degrees C for 2 h. Trinitrobenzene sulphonate treatment resulted in the loss of antichymotryptic activity faster than the antitrypsin activity of the inhibitor.", "contents": "Natural plant enzyme inhibitors. V. A trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor from Alocasia macrorhiza tuber. A trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor was isolated from the tubers of Alocasia macrorhiza by extraction at pH 7.6, heat treatment at 80 degrees C, ammonium sulphate precipitation and successive column chromatography on CM-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-100. The inhibitor was pure by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The molecular weight was approximately 32 000 as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The inhibitor acted on bovine trypsin, human trypsin and bovine chymotrypsin. It had no action on human chymotrypsin, subtilisin BPN', pronase, Aspergillus oryzae protease, human and porcine pepsins. The binding sites for bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin are not mutually exclusive. The inhibitor was stable over a pH range of 1--10. The purified inhibitor was far more thermostable than the crude inhibitor. The purified inhibitor lost only 33% of activity on heat treatment at 95 degrees C for 2 h. Trinitrobenzene sulphonate treatment resulted in the loss of antichymotryptic activity faster than the antitrypsin activity of the inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:911862", "title": "Purification of proenzymic and activated human C1s free ofC1r. Effect of calcium and ionic strength on activated C1s.", "content": "1. A rapid method for the purification of the proenzymic and activated forms of C1s is presented. In the case of proenzymic C1s, di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate (0.5--5 mM) is added at all stages of the purification procedure, which includes euglobulin precipation followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and affinity chromatography on anti-C1r IgG-Sepharose 6B. The final step completely removes contaminant traces of C1r and/or C1r, ensuring that the final preparation of C1s is stable in the proenzyme form and suitable for activation studies. 2. The apparent molecular weight of C1s and C1s determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 85 000 +/- 2000. Reduction followed by alkylation of C1s gives two fragments of apparent molecular weights 57 000 and 28 000. Results of N-terminal amino acid determination and labelling with di-iso[3H]propyl phosphorofluoridate are consistent with previous reports. 3. The influence of calcium and ionic strength on the structure and activity of C1s has been investigated. Calcium leads to a shift of the sedimentation coefficient from 4.3 to 5.6 S, whereas variation in ionic strength has no effect on this parameter. The thermal inactivation curve is profoundly modified both by calcium and ionic strength. In contrast, the esterase activity is only slightly influenced as judged from the absence of gross modification of Km and V.", "contents": "Purification of proenzymic and activated human C1s free ofC1r. Effect of calcium and ionic strength on activated C1s. 1. A rapid method for the purification of the proenzymic and activated forms of C1s is presented. In the case of proenzymic C1s, di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate (0.5--5 mM) is added at all stages of the purification procedure, which includes euglobulin precipation followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and affinity chromatography on anti-C1r IgG-Sepharose 6B. The final step completely removes contaminant traces of C1r and/or C1r, ensuring that the final preparation of C1s is stable in the proenzyme form and suitable for activation studies. 2. The apparent molecular weight of C1s and C1s determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 85 000 +/- 2000. Reduction followed by alkylation of C1s gives two fragments of apparent molecular weights 57 000 and 28 000. Results of N-terminal amino acid determination and labelling with di-iso[3H]propyl phosphorofluoridate are consistent with previous reports. 3. The influence of calcium and ionic strength on the structure and activity of C1s has been investigated. Calcium leads to a shift of the sedimentation coefficient from 4.3 to 5.6 S, whereas variation in ionic strength has no effect on this parameter. The thermal inactivation curve is profoundly modified both by calcium and ionic strength. In contrast, the esterase activity is only slightly influenced as judged from the absence of gross modification of Km and V."}
{"id": "PMID:911863", "title": "Bovine serum albumin as a catalyst. VI. Specificity of several nucleophilic groups in the protein for N-dansylaziridine.", "content": "The reaction of N-dansylaziridine with serum albumin (both bovine and human) results in incorporation of about 3 mol of covalently bound dansyl label per mol protein. This indicates that a number of nucleophilic groups in these proteins (in addition to the free sulfhydryl group) will react with this reagent. The reaction has been studied in detail for bovine serum albumin and the results suggest that one of the sites labelled by the reagent may be at the unusual \"catalytic site\" responsible for the enzyme-like activity of bovine serum albumin recently described (Taylor, R.P., Chau, V., Bryner, C. and Berga, S. (1975) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 1934-1942). The reaction of N-dansylaziridine with a variety of other proteins indicates a pattern of labelling consistent with high specificity for the sulfhydryl group. The explanation for the unexpected excess reactivity of albumin with the \"sulfhydryl specific\" reagent N-dansylaziridine must be related to the three-dimensional structure in albumin which enables a number of specific residues to manifest unusually high degrees of nucleophilic reactivity.", "contents": "Bovine serum albumin as a catalyst. VI. Specificity of several nucleophilic groups in the protein for N-dansylaziridine. The reaction of N-dansylaziridine with serum albumin (both bovine and human) results in incorporation of about 3 mol of covalently bound dansyl label per mol protein. This indicates that a number of nucleophilic groups in these proteins (in addition to the free sulfhydryl group) will react with this reagent. The reaction has been studied in detail for bovine serum albumin and the results suggest that one of the sites labelled by the reagent may be at the unusual \"catalytic site\" responsible for the enzyme-like activity of bovine serum albumin recently described (Taylor, R.P., Chau, V., Bryner, C. and Berga, S. (1975) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 1934-1942). The reaction of N-dansylaziridine with a variety of other proteins indicates a pattern of labelling consistent with high specificity for the sulfhydryl group. The explanation for the unexpected excess reactivity of albumin with the \"sulfhydryl specific\" reagent N-dansylaziridine must be related to the three-dimensional structure in albumin which enables a number of specific residues to manifest unusually high degrees of nucleophilic reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:911864", "title": "Multiple forms of brain adenylate cyclase: stimulation by Mn2+.", "content": "Mn2+-stimulated adenylate cyclase (ATP pyrophosphate-lyase-(cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1) activity in detergent solubilized preparations from mouse brain. While NaF-stimulated activity was decreased by both solubilization and storage at 0--4 degrees C, the ability of the enzyme to be stimulated by Mn2+ was maintained for up to one week. By including Mn2+ in the assay of adenylate cyclase in gel fractions after isoelectric focusing, two distinct peaks of enzyme activity (pI1 - 5.8, pI2 = 6.4) were detected, suggesting the existence of more than one type of catalytic subunit in mouse brain cell membranes.", "contents": "Multiple forms of brain adenylate cyclase: stimulation by Mn2+. Mn2+-stimulated adenylate cyclase (ATP pyrophosphate-lyase-(cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1) activity in detergent solubilized preparations from mouse brain. While NaF-stimulated activity was decreased by both solubilization and storage at 0--4 degrees C, the ability of the enzyme to be stimulated by Mn2+ was maintained for up to one week. By including Mn2+ in the assay of adenylate cyclase in gel fractions after isoelectric focusing, two distinct peaks of enzyme activity (pI1 - 5.8, pI2 = 6.4) were detected, suggesting the existence of more than one type of catalytic subunit in mouse brain cell membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:911865", "title": "Comparison of intrinsic stabilities of free and bound enzymes by graphical removal of diffusional effects.", "content": "The enhanced stability usually exhibited by enzymes after immobilization may be attributed either to a stabilization effect of the solid matrix on the bound enzyme molecule or to the influences of diffusional limitations on the observed activity. To allow the comparison of the intrinsic statilities of free and bound enzymes a simple graphical procedure for the removal of external diffusional effects of stability curves is described. It is based on the determination of substrate concentration differences between the enzyme micro- and macroenvironment. Application of the method to aspartate aminotransferase bound to collagen membranes indicates that diffusional limitations for oxaloacetate are partly responsible for the observed stability enhancement. Comparison of the graphically obtained intrinsic profile with the stability curve of the soluble enzyme further demonstrate that the binding itself greatly increases the stability of aspartate aminotransferase.", "contents": "Comparison of intrinsic stabilities of free and bound enzymes by graphical removal of diffusional effects. The enhanced stability usually exhibited by enzymes after immobilization may be attributed either to a stabilization effect of the solid matrix on the bound enzyme molecule or to the influences of diffusional limitations on the observed activity. To allow the comparison of the intrinsic statilities of free and bound enzymes a simple graphical procedure for the removal of external diffusional effects of stability curves is described. It is based on the determination of substrate concentration differences between the enzyme micro- and macroenvironment. Application of the method to aspartate aminotransferase bound to collagen membranes indicates that diffusional limitations for oxaloacetate are partly responsible for the observed stability enhancement. Comparison of the graphically obtained intrinsic profile with the stability curve of the soluble enzyme further demonstrate that the binding itself greatly increases the stability of aspartate aminotransferase."}
{"id": "PMID:911866", "title": "Regulation of human erythrocyte hexokinase. The influence of glycolytic intermediates and inorganic phosphate.", "content": "Human erythrocyte hexokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) was inhibited competitively with respect to MgATP2- by glucose-6-P (Ki - 10.8 muM) and fructose-6-P (Ki = 160 muM). Low concentrations of inorganic phosphate were competitive with respect to glucose-6-P and fructose-6-P, although higher concentrations of Pi were not able to overcome completely the inhibition by the hexose phosphates. The results are consistent with a model in which hexokinase exists in equilibrium either as free or phosphate-associated enzyme, the latter having a reduced but still substantial affinity for hexose phosphate. An alternative explanation could be found in the presence of two different enzymes, one with a high affinity for glucose-6-P being sensitive to regulation by Pi, one with a lower affinity for glucose-6-P being insensitive to Pi. A similar but less pronounced effect of Pi, was found on the inhibition by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (Ki = 4.0 mM). Pi in the absence of inhibitor was also a competitive inhibitor with respect to MgATP2- (Ki = 20 mM). Furthermore a competitive inhibition with respect to MgATP2- was found by fructose 1,6-diphosphate (Ki = 4.3 mM), glycerate-3-P (Ki = 3.8 mM), glycerate-2-P (Ki = 12.5 mM), MgADP- (Ki = 1.0 mM) and MgAMP (Ki = 1.7 mM).", "contents": "Regulation of human erythrocyte hexokinase. The influence of glycolytic intermediates and inorganic phosphate. Human erythrocyte hexokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) was inhibited competitively with respect to MgATP2- by glucose-6-P (Ki - 10.8 muM) and fructose-6-P (Ki = 160 muM). Low concentrations of inorganic phosphate were competitive with respect to glucose-6-P and fructose-6-P, although higher concentrations of Pi were not able to overcome completely the inhibition by the hexose phosphates. The results are consistent with a model in which hexokinase exists in equilibrium either as free or phosphate-associated enzyme, the latter having a reduced but still substantial affinity for hexose phosphate. An alternative explanation could be found in the presence of two different enzymes, one with a high affinity for glucose-6-P being sensitive to regulation by Pi, one with a lower affinity for glucose-6-P being insensitive to Pi. A similar but less pronounced effect of Pi, was found on the inhibition by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (Ki = 4.0 mM). Pi in the absence of inhibitor was also a competitive inhibitor with respect to MgATP2- (Ki = 20 mM). Furthermore a competitive inhibition with respect to MgATP2- was found by fructose 1,6-diphosphate (Ki = 4.3 mM), glycerate-3-P (Ki = 3.8 mM), glycerate-2-P (Ki = 12.5 mM), MgADP- (Ki = 1.0 mM) and MgAMP (Ki = 1.7 mM)."}
{"id": "PMID:911867", "title": "Autophosphorylation of cardiac 3',5'-cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase. Kinetic evidence for the regulatory subunit directly acting at the active site in the R2C2 complex.", "content": "The mechanism of the autophosphorylation reaction of bovine heart cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (ATP: protein phosphotranferase, EC 2.7.1.31) has been further examined using a kinetic approach. The reaction is first order in both ATP and protein kinase when both are present at comparable concentrations. Dilution has no effect on the fraction of regulatory subunit phosphorylated over a given interval of time, and this finding is in accord with the autophosphorylation proceeding via an intramolecular (or, more appropriately in this case, by an intracomplex) reaction. The possibility of regulatory subunit phosphorylation by uncomplex catalytic subunit or another R2C2 complex (the protein kinase complex of two catalytic subunits and the regulatory dimer) was clearly eliminated. These results are compatible with a subunit geometry permitting the regulatory subunit to bind at the protein substrate region of the kinase's active site and to undergo subsequent phosphorylation.", "contents": "Autophosphorylation of cardiac 3',5'-cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase. Kinetic evidence for the regulatory subunit directly acting at the active site in the R2C2 complex. The mechanism of the autophosphorylation reaction of bovine heart cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (ATP: protein phosphotranferase, EC 2.7.1.31) has been further examined using a kinetic approach. The reaction is first order in both ATP and protein kinase when both are present at comparable concentrations. Dilution has no effect on the fraction of regulatory subunit phosphorylated over a given interval of time, and this finding is in accord with the autophosphorylation proceeding via an intramolecular (or, more appropriately in this case, by an intracomplex) reaction. The possibility of regulatory subunit phosphorylation by uncomplex catalytic subunit or another R2C2 complex (the protein kinase complex of two catalytic subunits and the regulatory dimer) was clearly eliminated. These results are compatible with a subunit geometry permitting the regulatory subunit to bind at the protein substrate region of the kinase's active site and to undergo subsequent phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:911868", "title": "Studies of the N-bromosuccinimide inactivation of the enzyme rhodanese.", "content": "The enzyme rhodanese (Thiosulfate: cyanide sulphurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) is rapidly inactivated by treatment with N-bromosuccinimide. Spectrophotometric titration and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show that neither tryptophan oxidation nor polypeptide chain cleavage can account for the inactivation. Sulfhydryl group assays using the colormetric reagent 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) after destruction of excess N-bromosuccinmide, indicate that approximately 2 sulfhydryl groups per enzyme molecule are lost. Further, rhodanese inactivated by N-bromosuccinimide can be reactivated (approximately 95%) by incubation with the substrate thiosulfate. It is postulated that N-bromosuccinimide inactivates rhodanese by inducing the formation of a disulfide bond involving the active site sulfhydryl group of the enzyme and a second sulfhydryl group which can be brought close to the active site in the flexible native structure.", "contents": "Studies of the N-bromosuccinimide inactivation of the enzyme rhodanese. The enzyme rhodanese (Thiosulfate: cyanide sulphurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) is rapidly inactivated by treatment with N-bromosuccinimide. Spectrophotometric titration and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show that neither tryptophan oxidation nor polypeptide chain cleavage can account for the inactivation. Sulfhydryl group assays using the colormetric reagent 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) after destruction of excess N-bromosuccinmide, indicate that approximately 2 sulfhydryl groups per enzyme molecule are lost. Further, rhodanese inactivated by N-bromosuccinimide can be reactivated (approximately 95%) by incubation with the substrate thiosulfate. It is postulated that N-bromosuccinimide inactivates rhodanese by inducing the formation of a disulfide bond involving the active site sulfhydryl group of the enzyme and a second sulfhydryl group which can be brought close to the active site in the flexible native structure."}
{"id": "PMID:911873", "title": "Age-dependent modulation of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-galactosylceramide sulfotransferase by lipids extracted from the microsomal membranes and artificial lipid mixtures.", "content": "The 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-galactosylceramide-sulfotransferase (cerebroside sulfotransferase) is microsomal enzyme, which shows a definite developmental activity pattern. This report gives evidence that the enzyme activity of partially delipidated microsomes is modulated by the cholesterol:phospholipid ratio of the extracted microsomal lipids in an age-dependent manner. These findings suggest that in vivo the enzyme activity is modulated by the lipid surrounding.", "contents": "Age-dependent modulation of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-galactosylceramide sulfotransferase by lipids extracted from the microsomal membranes and artificial lipid mixtures. The 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-galactosylceramide-sulfotransferase (cerebroside sulfotransferase) is microsomal enzyme, which shows a definite developmental activity pattern. This report gives evidence that the enzyme activity of partially delipidated microsomes is modulated by the cholesterol:phospholipid ratio of the extracted microsomal lipids in an age-dependent manner. These findings suggest that in vivo the enzyme activity is modulated by the lipid surrounding."}
{"id": "PMID:911874", "title": "Enzyme affinity in the acylation of lysophosphatidylcholine.", "content": "Analogues of 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine were used to ascertain the respective roles of the 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero and choline groups in binding this substrate to the transferase catalyzing the acylation reaction. 1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylhomocholine proved to be an effective competitive inhibitor whereas 1-palmitoyl-2-deoxyglycero-3-phosphorylcholine was totally ineffective. The data support the view that the 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero group plays the major role in determining enzyme affinity whereas the choline group functions primarily in the subsequent steps of the acylation reaction.", "contents": "Enzyme affinity in the acylation of lysophosphatidylcholine. Analogues of 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine were used to ascertain the respective roles of the 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero and choline groups in binding this substrate to the transferase catalyzing the acylation reaction. 1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylhomocholine proved to be an effective competitive inhibitor whereas 1-palmitoyl-2-deoxyglycero-3-phosphorylcholine was totally ineffective. The data support the view that the 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero group plays the major role in determining enzyme affinity whereas the choline group functions primarily in the subsequent steps of the acylation reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:911876", "title": "Quantitative 250 MHz proton magnetic resonance study of hydrogen-deuterium exchange. Angiotensin II hormone in trifluoroethanol.", "content": "Hydrogen-deuterium exchange kinetics of (Asn1-Val5) angiotensin II has been investigated by proton magnetic resonance at 250 MHz in deuterated trifluoroethanol, as an approach to the \"in situ\" hormone conformation. An interactive program was specially developed to perform the data analysis on a computer similar to those used for spectroscopic data acquisition. Nine exchange sites are evidenced and characterized by their individual kinetic parameters. Three of them are assigned to peptide NH hydrogens, and the six remaining to slowly exchanging side chain protons. At 11 degrees C, more than three peptide hydrogens, sterically hindered or involved in hydrogen bonds, do not exchange. These results corroborate previous circular dichroism and infrared investigations performed in the same solvent, and suggest a family of well-folded conformations, stabilized in trifluoroethanol by internal hydrogen bonds, involving both the backbone and the side chain hydrogens.", "contents": "Quantitative 250 MHz proton magnetic resonance study of hydrogen-deuterium exchange. Angiotensin II hormone in trifluoroethanol. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange kinetics of (Asn1-Val5) angiotensin II has been investigated by proton magnetic resonance at 250 MHz in deuterated trifluoroethanol, as an approach to the \"in situ\" hormone conformation. An interactive program was specially developed to perform the data analysis on a computer similar to those used for spectroscopic data acquisition. Nine exchange sites are evidenced and characterized by their individual kinetic parameters. Three of them are assigned to peptide NH hydrogens, and the six remaining to slowly exchanging side chain protons. At 11 degrees C, more than three peptide hydrogens, sterically hindered or involved in hydrogen bonds, do not exchange. These results corroborate previous circular dichroism and infrared investigations performed in the same solvent, and suggest a family of well-folded conformations, stabilized in trifluoroethanol by internal hydrogen bonds, involving both the backbone and the side chain hydrogens."}
{"id": "PMID:911877", "title": "Proteins from disassembled microtubules characterized by oligospecific antisera.", "content": "The immunochemical properties of in vitro reassembled microtubules were investigated by immunoelectrophoretic techniques. The tubulin dimer gave no measurable immunochemical response, but the tubulin oligomer, the tau-factor and an antigen of about 135 000 daltons all gave precipitating antibodies. Those four proteins were investigated in reassembled microtubules, in DEAE-cellulose purified tubulin, and after molecular sieve chromatography of disassembled and NaCl-dissociated microtubules. Reconstitution of tubulin oligomer from tubulin dimer and tau-factor was also performed. The presence of a unique antigenic structure on tubulin oligomer which was not found in the dissociated components and the role of this aggregate as a nucleation center or intermediate in the assembly of microtubules is discussed.", "contents": "Proteins from disassembled microtubules characterized by oligospecific antisera. The immunochemical properties of in vitro reassembled microtubules were investigated by immunoelectrophoretic techniques. The tubulin dimer gave no measurable immunochemical response, but the tubulin oligomer, the tau-factor and an antigen of about 135 000 daltons all gave precipitating antibodies. Those four proteins were investigated in reassembled microtubules, in DEAE-cellulose purified tubulin, and after molecular sieve chromatography of disassembled and NaCl-dissociated microtubules. Reconstitution of tubulin oligomer from tubulin dimer and tau-factor was also performed. The presence of a unique antigenic structure on tubulin oligomer which was not found in the dissociated components and the role of this aggregate as a nucleation center or intermediate in the assembly of microtubules is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911878", "title": "Stability of phage T4 lysozymes. I. Native properties and thermal stability of wild type and two mutant lysozymes.", "content": "Two mutants of phage T4 lysozyme were prepared and characterized. One mutation substituted a tyrosine residue for tryptophan at position 138. The other substituted tyrosines at all three tryptophan positions of the wild type molecule (126, 138, 158). Comparative studies of the physical properties (absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism) of the three enzymes were performed as a function of pH. Also, the proteins were reversibly melted as a function of pH. Since the unfolding reaction appeared to be a two-state process for all these proteins, the data were analyzed by the van 't Hoff procedure. The changes in stability and activity produced by substitution of Trp 138 were especially significant. The other substitutions were neutral. See the end of the paper for a summary of conclusions. In the appendix the appropriate thermodynamic relations are developed for a constant deltaCp transition.", "contents": "Stability of phage T4 lysozymes. I. Native properties and thermal stability of wild type and two mutant lysozymes. Two mutants of phage T4 lysozyme were prepared and characterized. One mutation substituted a tyrosine residue for tryptophan at position 138. The other substituted tyrosines at all three tryptophan positions of the wild type molecule (126, 138, 158). Comparative studies of the physical properties (absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism) of the three enzymes were performed as a function of pH. Also, the proteins were reversibly melted as a function of pH. Since the unfolding reaction appeared to be a two-state process for all these proteins, the data were analyzed by the van 't Hoff procedure. The changes in stability and activity produced by substitution of Trp 138 were especially significant. The other substitutions were neutral. See the end of the paper for a summary of conclusions. In the appendix the appropriate thermodynamic relations are developed for a constant deltaCp transition."}
{"id": "PMID:911879", "title": "Purification and characterization of rabbit transcobalamin II.", "content": "Rabbit transcobalamin II has been purified by labile ligand affinity chromatography and G-200 Sephadex gel filtration. Structural studies indicate Stokes' radii of 2.7 nm and 3.0 nm for transocobalamin II saturated and unsaturated with cobalamin. The amino acid content of the protein is very similar to that of human transcobalamin II (Allen, R. H. (1975) Prog. Hematol. 9, 59-84). The aminoterminal sequence for transcobalamin II is reported for the first time: Glu-Ile-Cys-Gly-Val-Pro-Lys-Val-Asp-Ser-Glu-Leu-Val-Glu-Lys-Leu-Gly-Gln-Arg-Leu-Leu-Pro-(Trp)-Met-Thr).  The ultraviolet and circular dichroic spectra of aquo-, hydroxo-, azido- and cyanocobalamin bound to rabbit transcobalamin II are described. On complex formation the molar absorption of the cobalamins increases and the major bands shift to longer wavelengths. The spectra are little affected by change in the fifth ligand, which indicates that the electron density around the cobalt atom is kept fairly constant by the transcobalamin II molecule. This is in contrast to the observations for the same cobalamins attached to human intrinsic factor and human transcobalamin I (Nexo, E. and Olesen, H. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 446, 143-150).", "contents": "Purification and characterization of rabbit transcobalamin II. Rabbit transcobalamin II has been purified by labile ligand affinity chromatography and G-200 Sephadex gel filtration. Structural studies indicate Stokes' radii of 2.7 nm and 3.0 nm for transocobalamin II saturated and unsaturated with cobalamin. The amino acid content of the protein is very similar to that of human transcobalamin II (Allen, R. H. (1975) Prog. Hematol. 9, 59-84). The aminoterminal sequence for transcobalamin II is reported for the first time: Glu-Ile-Cys-Gly-Val-Pro-Lys-Val-Asp-Ser-Glu-Leu-Val-Glu-Lys-Leu-Gly-Gln-Arg-Leu-Leu-Pro-(Trp)-Met-Thr).  The ultraviolet and circular dichroic spectra of aquo-, hydroxo-, azido- and cyanocobalamin bound to rabbit transcobalamin II are described. On complex formation the molar absorption of the cobalamins increases and the major bands shift to longer wavelengths. The spectra are little affected by change in the fifth ligand, which indicates that the electron density around the cobalt atom is kept fairly constant by the transcobalamin II molecule. This is in contrast to the observations for the same cobalamins attached to human intrinsic factor and human transcobalamin I (Nexo, E. and Olesen, H. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 446, 143-150)."}
{"id": "PMID:911880", "title": "Conformational changes induced by the addition of carbamyl phosphate to sickle cell hemoglobin.", "content": "The conformational changes upon anaerobic carbamyl phosphate addition to dilute hemoglobin solutions have been studied by means of circular dichroism. Freshly prepared carbamyl phosphate stabilizes the conformation of pure deoxyhemoglobin without detectable NH2-terminal carbamylation. Addition of preincubated (i.e. partially converted to cyanate) carbamyl phosphate, however, results in such carbamylation and in the formation of the conformationally different carbamyldeoxyhemoglobin which exhibits enhanced oxygen affinity. Fresh carbamyl phosphate carbamylates hemoglobin in deoxygenated hemolysates containing erythrocyte phosphatases. Therefore the reversal of SS erythrocyte sickling by carbamyl phosphate is attributable to carbamylation by the carbamyl phosphate hydrolysis product, cyanate.", "contents": "Conformational changes induced by the addition of carbamyl phosphate to sickle cell hemoglobin. The conformational changes upon anaerobic carbamyl phosphate addition to dilute hemoglobin solutions have been studied by means of circular dichroism. Freshly prepared carbamyl phosphate stabilizes the conformation of pure deoxyhemoglobin without detectable NH2-terminal carbamylation. Addition of preincubated (i.e. partially converted to cyanate) carbamyl phosphate, however, results in such carbamylation and in the formation of the conformationally different carbamyldeoxyhemoglobin which exhibits enhanced oxygen affinity. Fresh carbamyl phosphate carbamylates hemoglobin in deoxygenated hemolysates containing erythrocyte phosphatases. Therefore the reversal of SS erythrocyte sickling by carbamyl phosphate is attributable to carbamylation by the carbamyl phosphate hydrolysis product, cyanate."}
{"id": "PMID:911883", "title": "The isolation and partial characterization of transferrin binding components of the rabbit reticulocyte plasma membrane.", "content": "An affinity chromatograpy method utilising transferrin liganded agarose has been developed for the partial purification of transferrin binding components from Triton X-100 solubilised rabbit reticulocyte plasma membranes. A protein of molecular weight 30-35 000, shown to be located at the reticulocyte extra-cellular surface by lactoperoxidase 125I labelling, was isolated by the affinity method. The protein appeared to form a dimer of molecular weight 65-70 000 in Triton X-100 solution and was shown to associate with both 125I-labelled and unlabelled rabbit transferrin to form a high molecular weight complex in the same solution. N-[14C]Ethylmaleimide appeared to disrupt this association with transferrin and inhibit the formation of the dimer in Triton X-100 by binding to the protein. The protein appeared as a broad band of molecular weight 40 000 on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "The isolation and partial characterization of transferrin binding components of the rabbit reticulocyte plasma membrane. An affinity chromatograpy method utilising transferrin liganded agarose has been developed for the partial purification of transferrin binding components from Triton X-100 solubilised rabbit reticulocyte plasma membranes. A protein of molecular weight 30-35 000, shown to be located at the reticulocyte extra-cellular surface by lactoperoxidase 125I labelling, was isolated by the affinity method. The protein appeared to form a dimer of molecular weight 65-70 000 in Triton X-100 solution and was shown to associate with both 125I-labelled and unlabelled rabbit transferrin to form a high molecular weight complex in the same solution. N-[14C]Ethylmaleimide appeared to disrupt this association with transferrin and inhibit the formation of the dimer in Triton X-100 by binding to the protein. The protein appeared as a broad band of molecular weight 40 000 on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:911884", "title": "Structural and composition of the N2 neuraminidase of influenza virus. Effect of carbohydrate content on the validity of molecular weight estimations.", "content": "Neuraminidase was isolated by proteolysis of the X7-(F1) (HON2) strain of influenza virus, and purified by gel filtration. The molecule contained a total of 46% (w/w) carbohydrate. The Mr was estimated as 152 500 (sedimentation diffusion) and 147 000 (sedimentation equilibrium). In 6 M guanidine-HCl the molecular weight was halved to 66 000 (sedimentation equilibrium). After irreversible reduction and blocking of sulphydryl groups the molecular weight was halved again to 33 500 (sedimentation equilibrium). These results confirm the tetrameric model of neuraminidase structure. They also provide strong evidence that the tetramer is composed of two disulphide linked dimers, themselves associated by non-covalent linkages. Theoretical considerations based on this model predict that assembly of the molecule must be accompanied by allosteric conformational changes in the subunits. The high carbohydrate content was thought to explain the discrepancy between the molecular weight values for the neuraminidase polypeptide obtained by different methods, and also the exceptional resistance of the molecule to digestion by proteolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Structural and composition of the N2 neuraminidase of influenza virus. Effect of carbohydrate content on the validity of molecular weight estimations. Neuraminidase was isolated by proteolysis of the X7-(F1) (HON2) strain of influenza virus, and purified by gel filtration. The molecule contained a total of 46% (w/w) carbohydrate. The Mr was estimated as 152 500 (sedimentation diffusion) and 147 000 (sedimentation equilibrium). In 6 M guanidine-HCl the molecular weight was halved to 66 000 (sedimentation equilibrium). After irreversible reduction and blocking of sulphydryl groups the molecular weight was halved again to 33 500 (sedimentation equilibrium). These results confirm the tetrameric model of neuraminidase structure. They also provide strong evidence that the tetramer is composed of two disulphide linked dimers, themselves associated by non-covalent linkages. Theoretical considerations based on this model predict that assembly of the molecule must be accompanied by allosteric conformational changes in the subunits. The high carbohydrate content was thought to explain the discrepancy between the molecular weight values for the neuraminidase polypeptide obtained by different methods, and also the exceptional resistance of the molecule to digestion by proteolytic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:911887", "title": "Interaction of sodium dodecyl sulfate and of non-ionic detergents with S-carboxyamidomethyl-k-casein.", "content": "Sodium dodecyl sulfate binds to S-carboxyamidomethyl-k-casein in a highly cooperative manner at a concentration near the critical micelle concentration, showing a strong dependence on ionic strength. The maximum number of sodium dodecyl sulfate molecules bound is attained above the critical micelle concentration, and is very close to the micelle aggregation number in the absence of protein. The binding sites on the protein for sodium dodecyl sulfate are localized mainly on para-k-casein part, which is a hydrophobic fragment of k-casein produced by rennin attack. The mode of the action of sodium dodecyl sulfate on S-carboxyamidomethyl-k-casein resembles that of several integral membrane proteins, rather than of water soluble proteins. On considering possible situations, it is suggested that the unusual interaction of S-carboxyamidomethyl-k-casein with sodium dodecyl sulfate is responsible for an anomalous migration of reduced k-casein observed in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Further, the suggestion was made by the binding studies of sodium dodecyl sulfate and non-ionic detergents that the sites which were involved in self-association of S-carboxyamidomethyl-k-casein participated in the binding sites of detergents.", "contents": "Interaction of sodium dodecyl sulfate and of non-ionic detergents with S-carboxyamidomethyl-k-casein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate binds to S-carboxyamidomethyl-k-casein in a highly cooperative manner at a concentration near the critical micelle concentration, showing a strong dependence on ionic strength. The maximum number of sodium dodecyl sulfate molecules bound is attained above the critical micelle concentration, and is very close to the micelle aggregation number in the absence of protein. The binding sites on the protein for sodium dodecyl sulfate are localized mainly on para-k-casein part, which is a hydrophobic fragment of k-casein produced by rennin attack. The mode of the action of sodium dodecyl sulfate on S-carboxyamidomethyl-k-casein resembles that of several integral membrane proteins, rather than of water soluble proteins. On considering possible situations, it is suggested that the unusual interaction of S-carboxyamidomethyl-k-casein with sodium dodecyl sulfate is responsible for an anomalous migration of reduced k-casein observed in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Further, the suggestion was made by the binding studies of sodium dodecyl sulfate and non-ionic detergents that the sites which were involved in self-association of S-carboxyamidomethyl-k-casein participated in the binding sites of detergents."}
{"id": "PMID:911888", "title": "Cellular localization of alpha-ketoglutarate: glyoxylate carboligase in rat tissues.", "content": "alpha-Ketoglutarate: glyoxylate carboligase activity has been reported by other laboratories to be present in mitochondria and in the cytosol of mammalian tissues; the mitochondrial activity is associated with the alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase moiety of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. The cellular distribution of the carboligase has been re-examined here using marker enzymes of known localization in order to monitor the composition of subcellular fractions prepared by differential centrifugation. Carboligase activity paralleled the activity of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme citrate synthase in subcellular fractions prepared from rat liver, heart and brain as well as from rabbit liver. Whole rat liver mitochondria upon lysis released both carboligase and citrate synthase. The activity patterns of several other extramitochondrial marker enzymes differed significantly from that of carboligase in rat liver. In addition, the distribution pattern of carboligase was similar to that of alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase and of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. The data indicate that alpha-ketoglutarate: glyoxylate carboligase activity is located exclusively within the mitochondria of the rat and rabbit tissues investigated. There is no evidence for a cytosolic form of the enzyme. Thus the report from other laboratory that the molecular etiology of the human genetic disorder hyperoxaluria type I is a deficiency of cytosolic carboligase must be questioned.", "contents": "Cellular localization of alpha-ketoglutarate: glyoxylate carboligase in rat tissues. alpha-Ketoglutarate: glyoxylate carboligase activity has been reported by other laboratories to be present in mitochondria and in the cytosol of mammalian tissues; the mitochondrial activity is associated with the alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase moiety of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. The cellular distribution of the carboligase has been re-examined here using marker enzymes of known localization in order to monitor the composition of subcellular fractions prepared by differential centrifugation. Carboligase activity paralleled the activity of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme citrate synthase in subcellular fractions prepared from rat liver, heart and brain as well as from rabbit liver. Whole rat liver mitochondria upon lysis released both carboligase and citrate synthase. The activity patterns of several other extramitochondrial marker enzymes differed significantly from that of carboligase in rat liver. In addition, the distribution pattern of carboligase was similar to that of alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase and of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. The data indicate that alpha-ketoglutarate: glyoxylate carboligase activity is located exclusively within the mitochondria of the rat and rabbit tissues investigated. There is no evidence for a cytosolic form of the enzyme. Thus the report from other laboratory that the molecular etiology of the human genetic disorder hyperoxaluria type I is a deficiency of cytosolic carboligase must be questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:911889", "title": "Plasma ceruloplasmin. Evidence for its presence in and uptake by heart and other organs of the rat.", "content": "Evidence for the presence of the plasma protein, ceruloplasmin, in heart and other tissues of the rat was sought using various techniques. With p-phenylenediamine, ceruloplasmin-like oxidase activity was detected in heart post-mitochondrial and 100 000 X g supernatants in amounts far exceeding those that could be accounted for by residual blood. Much lower levels were detected in kidney, brain and liver. Oxidase activity of heart purified on DEAE-cellulose in the same way as rat plasma ceruloplasmin and behaved identically also in disc gel electrophoresis. The presence of ceruloplasmin in heart extracts was confirmed immunologically by Ouchterlony diffusion, using rabbit antibody raised against pure rat ceruloplasmin. When pure [3H]leucine-labeled ceruloplasmin was infused intravenously into a copper-deficient rat, radioactivity was concentrated in the heart and brain within 2 h; radioactive counts per g attained 11 and 3 times those of plasma in the two organs, respectively. A lesser concentration occurred in the liver. the results suggest that circulating ceruloplasmin (made by the liver) finds its way into the cells of some organs, especially the heart, a phenomenon which may be related to the function of ceruloplasmin to provide copper to the cytochrome oxidase of various tissues.", "contents": "Plasma ceruloplasmin. Evidence for its presence in and uptake by heart and other organs of the rat. Evidence for the presence of the plasma protein, ceruloplasmin, in heart and other tissues of the rat was sought using various techniques. With p-phenylenediamine, ceruloplasmin-like oxidase activity was detected in heart post-mitochondrial and 100 000 X g supernatants in amounts far exceeding those that could be accounted for by residual blood. Much lower levels were detected in kidney, brain and liver. Oxidase activity of heart purified on DEAE-cellulose in the same way as rat plasma ceruloplasmin and behaved identically also in disc gel electrophoresis. The presence of ceruloplasmin in heart extracts was confirmed immunologically by Ouchterlony diffusion, using rabbit antibody raised against pure rat ceruloplasmin. When pure [3H]leucine-labeled ceruloplasmin was infused intravenously into a copper-deficient rat, radioactivity was concentrated in the heart and brain within 2 h; radioactive counts per g attained 11 and 3 times those of plasma in the two organs, respectively. A lesser concentration occurred in the liver. the results suggest that circulating ceruloplasmin (made by the liver) finds its way into the cells of some organs, especially the heart, a phenomenon which may be related to the function of ceruloplasmin to provide copper to the cytochrome oxidase of various tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:911890", "title": "Studies on the solubilized porcine ileal intrinsic factor receptor and on a 340 000-dalton component binding vitamin B-12.", "content": "A 340 000-dalton component \"C-III\" was found when Triton X-100-containing extracts of ileal mucosa were incubated with human or porcine intrinsic factor vitamin B-12 preparations. It was not formed when abnormal human intrinsic factor, unable to attach to the intrinsic factor receptor, was used. Prolonged storage promoted the trnasfer of vitamin B-12 to it from the vitamin B-12-intrinsic factor recptor species C-I and C-II. The component was also present in ileal extracts prepared with or without detergent and it bound vitamin B-12 directly. Immunologically and by electrofocusing it could be classified as a cobalophilin but its molecular dimensions were larger than described for cobalophilin. It thus represents a novel vitamin B-12 binding protein, possibly a macromolecular acceptor of vitamin B-12 which accepts vitamin B-12 bound via intrinsic factor to the ileal intrinsic factor recptor. In the presence of EDTA or at low pH, vitamin B-12-intrinsic factor did not bind to any of the receptor species and under the same conditions it could all be dissociated from the receptor complexes but not from C-III. The dissociated receptor was able to recombine with vitamin B-12-intrinsic factor and it appeared to bind free and vitamin B-12-bound intrinsic factor in vivo.", "contents": "Studies on the solubilized porcine ileal intrinsic factor receptor and on a 340 000-dalton component binding vitamin B-12. A 340 000-dalton component \"C-III\" was found when Triton X-100-containing extracts of ileal mucosa were incubated with human or porcine intrinsic factor vitamin B-12 preparations. It was not formed when abnormal human intrinsic factor, unable to attach to the intrinsic factor receptor, was used. Prolonged storage promoted the trnasfer of vitamin B-12 to it from the vitamin B-12-intrinsic factor recptor species C-I and C-II. The component was also present in ileal extracts prepared with or without detergent and it bound vitamin B-12 directly. Immunologically and by electrofocusing it could be classified as a cobalophilin but its molecular dimensions were larger than described for cobalophilin. It thus represents a novel vitamin B-12 binding protein, possibly a macromolecular acceptor of vitamin B-12 which accepts vitamin B-12 bound via intrinsic factor to the ileal intrinsic factor recptor. In the presence of EDTA or at low pH, vitamin B-12-intrinsic factor did not bind to any of the receptor species and under the same conditions it could all be dissociated from the receptor complexes but not from C-III. The dissociated receptor was able to recombine with vitamin B-12-intrinsic factor and it appeared to bind free and vitamin B-12-bound intrinsic factor in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:911892", "title": "Nephritogenoside, the receptor glycoprotein for concanavalin A in rat glomerular basement membrane. Demonstration of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl unit at the non-reducing terminus.", "content": "Rat glomerular basement membrane was extracted for 3 h with trypsin, pH 8.0. The supernatant solution was treated with trichloroacetic acid and the supernatant thus obtained was applied to Bio-Gel P200. The first of the two glycoprotein peaks was applied onto Sepharose derivatives of concanavalin A (Con A). Examination of the material retained by the unsolubilized Con A and subsequently eluted with methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside reveals that the principal high affinity receptor for Con A is the renal glycoprotein, having antigenic activity that induces nephrotoxic antibody. This glycoprotein has also nephritogenicity (the activity capable of inducing glomerulonephritis in homologous animals by a single foot pad injection with Freund's incomplete adjuvant). Evidence  is given to show that this binding is specific. The remainder of the renal glycoprotein is unretarded and is revealed to contain none of the activities described above. When fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Con A is, conversely, injected into rats through the renal artery, the specific binding of Con A to the glomerular capillary loop is proved. The results demonstrated appear to, indicate that the receptor for Con A present in normal rat glomerular basement membrane can be identified as the well-established chemical substance, the nephritogenoside, having the alpha-D-glucopyranosyl unit at the non-reducing terminus which is facing the endothelial aspects of the glomerular capillary loop.", "contents": "Nephritogenoside, the receptor glycoprotein for concanavalin A in rat glomerular basement membrane. Demonstration of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl unit at the non-reducing terminus. Rat glomerular basement membrane was extracted for 3 h with trypsin, pH 8.0. The supernatant solution was treated with trichloroacetic acid and the supernatant thus obtained was applied to Bio-Gel P200. The first of the two glycoprotein peaks was applied onto Sepharose derivatives of concanavalin A (Con A). Examination of the material retained by the unsolubilized Con A and subsequently eluted with methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside reveals that the principal high affinity receptor for Con A is the renal glycoprotein, having antigenic activity that induces nephrotoxic antibody. This glycoprotein has also nephritogenicity (the activity capable of inducing glomerulonephritis in homologous animals by a single foot pad injection with Freund's incomplete adjuvant). Evidence  is given to show that this binding is specific. The remainder of the renal glycoprotein is unretarded and is revealed to contain none of the activities described above. When fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Con A is, conversely, injected into rats through the renal artery, the specific binding of Con A to the glomerular capillary loop is proved. The results demonstrated appear to, indicate that the receptor for Con A present in normal rat glomerular basement membrane can be identified as the well-established chemical substance, the nephritogenoside, having the alpha-D-glucopyranosyl unit at the non-reducing terminus which is facing the endothelial aspects of the glomerular capillary loop."}
{"id": "PMID:911893", "title": "The supression of milk fat globule secretion by clochicine: an effect coupled to inhibition of exocytosis.", "content": "The effects of colchicine on release of milk lipids from mammary tissue were evaluated by biochemical analysis of milk and morphological study of the tissue following intramammary infusions of the alkaloid into lactating goats. Colchicine produces a reversible drop in milk yield. As the flow of milk resumes, 36--48 h after infusion, the fat content of the milk increases, phospholipid per g of total globule lipid falls, mean size of milk fat globules increases and diameters of fat droplets (presecretory milk fat globules) within lactating cells approximately double. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that colchicine suppresses milk fat globule secretion but that globules continue to grow in size wihtin cells during the suppression period. These findings indicate that secretion of milk fat globules and the skim milk phase are coupled.", "contents": "The supression of milk fat globule secretion by clochicine: an effect coupled to inhibition of exocytosis. The effects of colchicine on release of milk lipids from mammary tissue were evaluated by biochemical analysis of milk and morphological study of the tissue following intramammary infusions of the alkaloid into lactating goats. Colchicine produces a reversible drop in milk yield. As the flow of milk resumes, 36--48 h after infusion, the fat content of the milk increases, phospholipid per g of total globule lipid falls, mean size of milk fat globules increases and diameters of fat droplets (presecretory milk fat globules) within lactating cells approximately double. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that colchicine suppresses milk fat globule secretion but that globules continue to grow in size wihtin cells during the suppression period. These findings indicate that secretion of milk fat globules and the skim milk phase are coupled."}
{"id": "PMID:911894", "title": "[Nature of the electron-excited state in redox reactions of pigments. I. Photooxidation of chlorophyll a by n-benzoquine].", "content": "A method for studying the nature of electronic excited state under photooxidation is proposed. It is shown by an example of the oxidation of chlorophyll a with p-benzoquinone that the formation of cation-radicals of pigments proceeds only through the triplet state. On the basis of experimental data the values of the rate constants of formation of chlorophyll cation-radicals through the singlet-excited state (K2(1)--10(7) M-1 s-1) and triplet state (Kr=10(9) M-1 s-1) of the pigment are evaluated.", "contents": "[Nature of the electron-excited state in redox reactions of pigments. I. Photooxidation of chlorophyll a by n-benzoquine]. A method for studying the nature of electronic excited state under photooxidation is proposed. It is shown by an example of the oxidation of chlorophyll a with p-benzoquinone that the formation of cation-radicals of pigments proceeds only through the triplet state. On the basis of experimental data the values of the rate constants of formation of chlorophyll cation-radicals through the singlet-excited state (K2(1)--10(7) M-1 s-1) and triplet state (Kr=10(9) M-1 s-1) of the pigment are evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:911895", "title": "[Quenching of triplet states by Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-porphyrins].", "content": "The quenching of triplet states of metalloporphyrin molecules differing in the position of the lowest triplet state (from 9.000 to 15.000 cm-1) by ion complexes of octaethylporphin (OEP) has been investigated. High-spin ferric complex FeCl-OEP in dimethylformamide, toluene and ethanol, low-spin ferric complex FeCl(imidazole)2-OEP in toluene and diamagnetic ferrous complex Fe(piperidine)2-OEP in pyridine-piperidine (25:1) were used as quenchers. It has been found that all iron complexes investigated are effective quenchers of triplet states. The values of bimolecular quenching constants fall within the limits of (1 divided by 4) X 10(9) M-1 sec-1. Energy transfer to low-lying excited levels of iron porphyrins which are due to the presence of 3d electrons of ferric (ferrous) ion has been shown to play an essential role in the quenching process.", "contents": "[Quenching of triplet states by Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-porphyrins]. The quenching of triplet states of metalloporphyrin molecules differing in the position of the lowest triplet state (from 9.000 to 15.000 cm-1) by ion complexes of octaethylporphin (OEP) has been investigated. High-spin ferric complex FeCl-OEP in dimethylformamide, toluene and ethanol, low-spin ferric complex FeCl(imidazole)2-OEP in toluene and diamagnetic ferrous complex Fe(piperidine)2-OEP in pyridine-piperidine (25:1) were used as quenchers. It has been found that all iron complexes investigated are effective quenchers of triplet states. The values of bimolecular quenching constants fall within the limits of (1 divided by 4) X 10(9) M-1 sec-1. Energy transfer to low-lying excited levels of iron porphyrins which are due to the presence of 3d electrons of ferric (ferrous) ion has been shown to play an essential role in the quenching process."}
{"id": "PMID:911897", "title": "[Study of the interaction of water with cholesterol in organic media by the methods of dielectric and NMR spectroscopy].", "content": "Interaction between water and cholesterine in organic media was studied by means of dielectric and NMR-spectroscopy. It is shown that cholestine binds water in an equimolar ratio with the formation of strong hydrogen bonds between the hydroxil groups of cholesterine and water molecules. It is assumed that an ordered structure of cholesterine in the form of micellae is being formed around the water molecules. The conformation and size of the micellaes depend on cholesterine concentration and water content in dispersion.", "contents": "[Study of the interaction of water with cholesterol in organic media by the methods of dielectric and NMR spectroscopy]. Interaction between water and cholesterine in organic media was studied by means of dielectric and NMR-spectroscopy. It is shown that cholestine binds water in an equimolar ratio with the formation of strong hydrogen bonds between the hydroxil groups of cholesterine and water molecules. It is assumed that an ordered structure of cholesterine in the form of micellae is being formed around the water molecules. The conformation and size of the micellaes depend on cholesterine concentration and water content in dispersion."}
{"id": "PMID:911898", "title": "[Determination of the molecular weight and form of the molecule histidine decarboxylase by the method of small-angle x-ray scattering].", "content": "Shape and molecular weight of histidine-decarboxylase from Micrococus sp. n. were studied by the method of X-ray small-angle scattering. The inertion radius of the molecule: Rg-2,93 nm. The shape of the molecule is adequately approximated by rotation ellipsoids of two possible variants: the elongated and flattened ones. The eccentricity in both cases is 1.6. The volume of the enzyme molecule V=190 nm3. The molecular weight of histidine-dexarboxilase obtained from the X-ray experiment M=102 000 c.u.", "contents": "[Determination of the molecular weight and form of the molecule histidine decarboxylase by the method of small-angle x-ray scattering]. Shape and molecular weight of histidine-decarboxylase from Micrococus sp. n. were studied by the method of X-ray small-angle scattering. The inertion radius of the molecule: Rg-2,93 nm. The shape of the molecule is adequately approximated by rotation ellipsoids of two possible variants: the elongated and flattened ones. The eccentricity in both cases is 1.6. The volume of the enzyme molecule V=190 nm3. The molecular weight of histidine-dexarboxilase obtained from the X-ray experiment M=102 000 c.u."}
{"id": "PMID:911899", "title": "[Heat denaturation of hemocytocardiotoxin from the venom of the Central Asian cobra].", "content": "It has been stated that boiled for three hours haemocytocardiotoxin (HT) from cobra poison loses \"direct\" hemolytic activity and is unable to potentiate a haemolytic effect of phospholipase A. Surface activity of HT does not change. It is shown that in the course of heat denaturation the aggregation of toxin molecules to dimers and trimers takes place and electrophoretic mobility is decreased. The fluorescence of HT tyroxin residues supported the fact of its irreversible heat denaturation.", "contents": "[Heat denaturation of hemocytocardiotoxin from the venom of the Central Asian cobra]. It has been stated that boiled for three hours haemocytocardiotoxin (HT) from cobra poison loses \"direct\" hemolytic activity and is unable to potentiate a haemolytic effect of phospholipase A. Surface activity of HT does not change. It is shown that in the course of heat denaturation the aggregation of toxin molecules to dimers and trimers takes place and electrophoretic mobility is decreased. The fluorescence of HT tyroxin residues supported the fact of its irreversible heat denaturation."}
{"id": "PMID:911901", "title": "[The cell as an electrical circuit. I. Theoretical part].", "content": "The study deals with a theoretical analysis of the interaction between alternating signal and the model presenting the cells as a spatially closed formation with distributed parameters. Particular attention is paid to the distribution of the potential induced by an external alternating signal on the membrane surface; a significant influence of intracellular content on this distribution is proved. It is shown that at some values of electric parameters of the cell and signal frequency definite sites exist on the membrane surface where the conditions are realized at which the potential equals zero.", "contents": "[The cell as an electrical circuit. I. Theoretical part]. The study deals with a theoretical analysis of the interaction between alternating signal and the model presenting the cells as a spatially closed formation with distributed parameters. Particular attention is paid to the distribution of the potential induced by an external alternating signal on the membrane surface; a significant influence of intracellular content on this distribution is proved. It is shown that at some values of electric parameters of the cell and signal frequency definite sites exist on the membrane surface where the conditions are realized at which the potential equals zero."}
{"id": "PMID:911900", "title": "[Study of the microstructure of the water-protein layer of spin-labeled preparations of lysozyme by the magnetic relaxation method].", "content": "Possible applications of magnetic relaxation to the studies of microstructures of water-protein layer of spin-labelled proteins and enzymes are analyzed on lyzozymes taken as an example. It is shown that the effective time of correlation of dipole-dipole interaction of the complex spin label--water proton (Tauc), as well as thermodynamic parameters Eeff. and delta Seff. reflect the local state of solvatic surrounding of lyzozyme in case of long labels. Conformation transitions of lyzozyme are revealed at the change of temperature (5--80 degrees C) and as a result of binding of a specific inhibitor NAG. It is concluded that local physico-chemical properties of water-protein matrix of lyzozyme spin-labelled preparations depend on protein conformational state.", "contents": "[Study of the microstructure of the water-protein layer of spin-labeled preparations of lysozyme by the magnetic relaxation method]. Possible applications of magnetic relaxation to the studies of microstructures of water-protein layer of spin-labelled proteins and enzymes are analyzed on lyzozymes taken as an example. It is shown that the effective time of correlation of dipole-dipole interaction of the complex spin label--water proton (Tauc), as well as thermodynamic parameters Eeff. and delta Seff. reflect the local state of solvatic surrounding of lyzozyme in case of long labels. Conformation transitions of lyzozyme are revealed at the change of temperature (5--80 degrees C) and as a result of binding of a specific inhibitor NAG. It is concluded that local physico-chemical properties of water-protein matrix of lyzozyme spin-labelled preparations depend on protein conformational state."}
{"id": "PMID:911904", "title": "[Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. IV. Role of the closed state of mitochondrial membranes].", "content": "The clousness of membrane of rat brain mitochondria isolated in Krebs-Ringer's solution was broken by suspending the mitochondria in distilled water. Function characteristics of lyzed organells did not decrease but were somewhat higher than those of the organells suspended in Krebs-Ringer's solution. The results were discussed in relation to the question of the role of clousness of the mitochondrial membrane in the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "[Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. IV. Role of the closed state of mitochondrial membranes]. The clousness of membrane of rat brain mitochondria isolated in Krebs-Ringer's solution was broken by suspending the mitochondria in distilled water. Function characteristics of lyzed organells did not decrease but were somewhat higher than those of the organells suspended in Krebs-Ringer's solution. The results were discussed in relation to the question of the role of clousness of the mitochondrial membrane in the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:911903", "title": "[Polarity of cell permeability and its control by phytochrome].", "content": "Growing chloronema and rhizoid cells of the intact protonema of Funaria hygrometrica absorb luminescent stains selectively. The cation stains--acridine orange and neutral red, at pH 5.0 are absorbed by growing tips of the apical cells. The anion stain (uranine) is absorbed by the basal end of the apical cells and by intercalary cells of the protonema filaments. Red light inactivates the cell permeability to the cation and anion stains. Far-red light partly reversed the action of the red light solely on the initial stages of the irradiation. During the red light induced branching of apical cells the cation stains enter the cells through a new originated growing point.", "contents": "[Polarity of cell permeability and its control by phytochrome]. Growing chloronema and rhizoid cells of the intact protonema of Funaria hygrometrica absorb luminescent stains selectively. The cation stains--acridine orange and neutral red, at pH 5.0 are absorbed by growing tips of the apical cells. The anion stain (uranine) is absorbed by the basal end of the apical cells and by intercalary cells of the protonema filaments. Red light inactivates the cell permeability to the cation and anion stains. Far-red light partly reversed the action of the red light solely on the initial stages of the irradiation. During the red light induced branching of apical cells the cation stains enter the cells through a new originated growing point."}
{"id": "PMID:911907", "title": "[Chemiluminescence of plant tissues preserved in aldehydes and exposed to the salts of heavy metals].", "content": "It was established that plant tissues killed by various aldehydes in low concentrations, which evoked general enzyme inactivation for a long time retain permeability and lipoprotein bonds in the cell membranes. Such preparations from Elodea Canadensis leaves are used for: Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg toxical effect investigation. It was stated by chemoluminescence methods that these ions induce slow developed oxidative radical chain reaction in lipid cell membranes and break the lipoprotein bonds.", "contents": "[Chemiluminescence of plant tissues preserved in aldehydes and exposed to the salts of heavy metals]. It was established that plant tissues killed by various aldehydes in low concentrations, which evoked general enzyme inactivation for a long time retain permeability and lipoprotein bonds in the cell membranes. Such preparations from Elodea Canadensis leaves are used for: Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg toxical effect investigation. It was stated by chemoluminescence methods that these ions induce slow developed oxidative radical chain reaction in lipid cell membranes and break the lipoprotein bonds."}
{"id": "PMID:911906", "title": "[Influence of chlorpromazine and temperature on glucose transport in human erythrocyte ghosts].", "content": "Glucose transport was determined by oxygen adsorption in solution when glucose was oxidized with glucoseoxidase, injected into erythrocyte ghosts. Temperature dependence of glucose transport velocity shows a break at 20 degrees C, which was described in literature. Small concentrations of chlorpromazine (about 2-10(-5) M) somewhat activates the transport but does not changes its temperature dependence. Higher concentrations of anaesthetics (beginning with 1-10(-4) M) inhibit the transport, decrease the temperature of break and increase the activation energyies of the process both lower and higher of the transition temperature. The change of working velocity of glucose carrier under the action of anaesthetic and temperature is accounted for by structural reconstructions in lipids, which are heterogeneously distributed along the erythrocyte membrane plane.", "contents": "[Influence of chlorpromazine and temperature on glucose transport in human erythrocyte ghosts]. Glucose transport was determined by oxygen adsorption in solution when glucose was oxidized with glucoseoxidase, injected into erythrocyte ghosts. Temperature dependence of glucose transport velocity shows a break at 20 degrees C, which was described in literature. Small concentrations of chlorpromazine (about 2-10(-5) M) somewhat activates the transport but does not changes its temperature dependence. Higher concentrations of anaesthetics (beginning with 1-10(-4) M) inhibit the transport, decrease the temperature of break and increase the activation energyies of the process both lower and higher of the transition temperature. The change of working velocity of glucose carrier under the action of anaesthetic and temperature is accounted for by structural reconstructions in lipids, which are heterogeneously distributed along the erythrocyte membrane plane."}
{"id": "PMID:911908", "title": "[Model of an excitable medium in which may exist several stable impulses of different duration].", "content": "It is shown how with the help of minor changes of the type of non-linear function (corresponding for example to the current voltage characteristics of the active biological membrane) a non-monotonous relationship between the excitation pattern velocity and the value of the slow variable is obtained in a model of the excitable medium. In such a model several steady impulses may exist which propagate with equal velocity, but having different duration.", "contents": "[Model of an excitable medium in which may exist several stable impulses of different duration]. It is shown how with the help of minor changes of the type of non-linear function (corresponding for example to the current voltage characteristics of the active biological membrane) a non-monotonous relationship between the excitation pattern velocity and the value of the slow variable is obtained in a model of the excitable medium. In such a model several steady impulses may exist which propagate with equal velocity, but having different duration."}
{"id": "PMID:911909", "title": "[Autoactivation in cell populations].", "content": "A mathematical model of cell population with cooperatively controlled mitotic activity is analysed. The mitotic activity of stem cells is activated by the cells themselves and is inhibited by differentiated cells. Analysis of the model shows that steady-state oscillations in the mitotic activity are possible in such populations. The appearance of self oscillations is due to a delay in the negative feedback loop. The oscillation period, determined to a linear approximation, is greater than a quadruplicate delay.", "contents": "[Autoactivation in cell populations]. A mathematical model of cell population with cooperatively controlled mitotic activity is analysed. The mitotic activity of stem cells is activated by the cells themselves and is inhibited by differentiated cells. Analysis of the model shows that steady-state oscillations in the mitotic activity are possible in such populations. The appearance of self oscillations is due to a delay in the negative feedback loop. The oscillation period, determined to a linear approximation, is greater than a quadruplicate delay."}
{"id": "PMID:911910", "title": "[Patterns in the reaction of rabbit visual cortex neurons to constant illumination].", "content": "A number of informational estimates for the reactions of excitation, inhibition and of A-type (according to Young) of rabbits' visual cortex neurons to constant light was calculated by means of electronic computer -6. It has been found that entropy as well as redundancy are sometimes the characteristics of reactions intensity: the correlation of their values is regularly connected with the type of reactions. Possibility of optimal (for exposing the reactions) quantization of records with respect to time was shown. The regularities of \"thin\" statistical reactions' structure consisting in the change in \"force\" and \"distance\" of intercennection action were found. Possible informational value of the obtained results is discussed.", "contents": "[Patterns in the reaction of rabbit visual cortex neurons to constant illumination]. A number of informational estimates for the reactions of excitation, inhibition and of A-type (according to Young) of rabbits' visual cortex neurons to constant light was calculated by means of electronic computer -6. It has been found that entropy as well as redundancy are sometimes the characteristics of reactions intensity: the correlation of their values is regularly connected with the type of reactions. Possibility of optimal (for exposing the reactions) quantization of records with respect to time was shown. The regularities of \"thin\" statistical reactions' structure consisting in the change in \"force\" and \"distance\" of intercennection action were found. Possible informational value of the obtained results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911911", "title": "[Model system of binaural hearing. III. Binaural processing of information about short sounds].", "content": "A model of neuronal structures of the medial superior olivary nuclei and inferior colliculus performing the determination of the direction on the source of the short (shorter than 10 ms) sound signals is presented. In the model the difference between the moments of the arrival of the two informational messages formed on the stage of monaural information processing is calculated. The result of this calculation is the firing probability of the primary detector (the neuron of the medial superior olivary nucleus). Because of the internal noise the curve of this probability as a function of the direction on the source is smoothly sloped. The estimation of the direction is the result of the statistical processing of the responses of the primary detectors ensemble. The direction on the source of sound is coded by a position of the secondary detector (the neuron of the inferior colliculus) on the direction \"scale\".", "contents": "[Model system of binaural hearing. III. Binaural processing of information about short sounds]. A model of neuronal structures of the medial superior olivary nuclei and inferior colliculus performing the determination of the direction on the source of the short (shorter than 10 ms) sound signals is presented. In the model the difference between the moments of the arrival of the two informational messages formed on the stage of monaural information processing is calculated. The result of this calculation is the firing probability of the primary detector (the neuron of the medial superior olivary nucleus). Because of the internal noise the curve of this probability as a function of the direction on the source is smoothly sloped. The estimation of the direction is the result of the statistical processing of the responses of the primary detectors ensemble. The direction on the source of sound is coded by a position of the secondary detector (the neuron of the inferior colliculus) on the direction \"scale\"."}
{"id": "PMID:911913", "title": "[Calculation of potential accuracy in measuring the angular coordinates of targets by the echolocator of bats using the equal-signal zone method].", "content": "Potential accuracy in measuring the course to a target is calculated. This accuracy is physically achievable it the hypothesis that an accurate measurement of angular coordinates of the target of bat's echolocator is realized by the method similar to that of equally signaling zone in radiolocation is true. Possible application of such a method is based on the \"pulsation\" of direction diagram in the course of radiation of the probing impulse. In this case crossing of partial diagrams of radiation corresponding to high- and low-frequancy regions of the impulse form the equally signaling zine. If the target is in this direction the amplitudes of autocorrelation functions formed by corresponding regions of reflected and probing impulses will be equal. The minimal error of the method is limited by the optimum duration of each of the compared correlation functions, which forms the basis for derivation of the formula evaluating this error. Numerical calculation of the accuracy of measurements of the angle achievable for the echolocator of Myotis blythi is performed by this formula proceeding from average experimental values of the echolocator characteristics. The model under consideration is shown to agree with a number of experimental data.", "contents": "[Calculation of potential accuracy in measuring the angular coordinates of targets by the echolocator of bats using the equal-signal zone method]. Potential accuracy in measuring the course to a target is calculated. This accuracy is physically achievable it the hypothesis that an accurate measurement of angular coordinates of the target of bat's echolocator is realized by the method similar to that of equally signaling zone in radiolocation is true. Possible application of such a method is based on the \"pulsation\" of direction diagram in the course of radiation of the probing impulse. In this case crossing of partial diagrams of radiation corresponding to high- and low-frequancy regions of the impulse form the equally signaling zine. If the target is in this direction the amplitudes of autocorrelation functions formed by corresponding regions of reflected and probing impulses will be equal. The minimal error of the method is limited by the optimum duration of each of the compared correlation functions, which forms the basis for derivation of the formula evaluating this error. Numerical calculation of the accuracy of measurements of the angle achievable for the echolocator of Myotis blythi is performed by this formula proceeding from average experimental values of the echolocator characteristics. The model under consideration is shown to agree with a number of experimental data."}
{"id": "PMID:911912", "title": "[Relationship between the amplitude of myocardial contractions in frogs and the frequency of electrical stimulation. Role of external and intracellular calcium in the coupling of excitation and contraction].", "content": "Ionic currents were studied on the frog atrial trabeculae (Rana ridibunda) at 20 degrees C using a double sucrose gap voltage clamp arrangement. The net inward current peaks did not change in the course of repetitive stimulation (0,5/s) in contrast to the increase of the contraction amplitude (isometric tension) in the similar conditions (Bowdich staircase). The slow component of the net inward current revealed under the action of TTX (2-10(-8) g/ml) was increased upon the increase of external Ca concentration but was blocked when D-600 was introduced into the solution. The inhibitory action of D-600 on the contraction amplitude was frequency independent (in the ranges: 0,1--0,7/s). The decrease of external Na+ (isoosmotic replacement of 70% NaCl by sucrose) or the increase (5-fold) of the external Ca2+ significantly enhanced the myocardial contraction depressed with D-600. However these contractions fall in the course of rhythmical stimulation, and the effect being strongly dependent on the rate of stimulation. The results confirm the assumption (see: Biophysics, 6, 1024, 1976), that intracellular Ca stores (sarcoplasmic reticulum, internal surface of the cellular membrane) are involved in the control of the contractility in the amphibian myocardial cells. Many peculiarities of the excitation-contraction coupling in the frog myocardial cells can be explaned if one assumes that: 1) there is no space separation of primary uptake and release of Ca ion sites in the frog myocardium; 2) the system of \"resting Ca chanels\" in the frog myocardial cells is not so well developed as in the mammalian myocardial cells.", "contents": "[Relationship between the amplitude of myocardial contractions in frogs and the frequency of electrical stimulation. Role of external and intracellular calcium in the coupling of excitation and contraction]. Ionic currents were studied on the frog atrial trabeculae (Rana ridibunda) at 20 degrees C using a double sucrose gap voltage clamp arrangement. The net inward current peaks did not change in the course of repetitive stimulation (0,5/s) in contrast to the increase of the contraction amplitude (isometric tension) in the similar conditions (Bowdich staircase). The slow component of the net inward current revealed under the action of TTX (2-10(-8) g/ml) was increased upon the increase of external Ca concentration but was blocked when D-600 was introduced into the solution. The inhibitory action of D-600 on the contraction amplitude was frequency independent (in the ranges: 0,1--0,7/s). The decrease of external Na+ (isoosmotic replacement of 70% NaCl by sucrose) or the increase (5-fold) of the external Ca2+ significantly enhanced the myocardial contraction depressed with D-600. However these contractions fall in the course of rhythmical stimulation, and the effect being strongly dependent on the rate of stimulation. The results confirm the assumption (see: Biophysics, 6, 1024, 1976), that intracellular Ca stores (sarcoplasmic reticulum, internal surface of the cellular membrane) are involved in the control of the contractility in the amphibian myocardial cells. Many peculiarities of the excitation-contraction coupling in the frog myocardial cells can be explaned if one assumes that: 1) there is no space separation of primary uptake and release of Ca ion sites in the frog myocardium; 2) the system of \"resting Ca chanels\" in the frog myocardial cells is not so well developed as in the mammalian myocardial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:911915", "title": "[Model of representation of the phage structure of a 2-tone stimulus in the impulses of the neurons of the cochlear nucleus].", "content": "A model of the representation of information about the phase structure of oscillations in bitonal stimuli at the level of the neurons in cochlear neucleus is described. It is shown that for an agreement with the experimental results the degree of excitation of the final neuron of the model has to be proportional to the absolute value of the difference between the excitations coming to it from different groups of auditory nerve fibres. It is supposed that the sensitivity of neurons' response to the phase relations between the oscillations from which the stimulus consists could be due to possible dependence of the degree of receptor excitation either on bending or the hear cells or on the change of the sound pressure level in endolimphe.", "contents": "[Model of representation of the phage structure of a 2-tone stimulus in the impulses of the neurons of the cochlear nucleus]. A model of the representation of information about the phase structure of oscillations in bitonal stimuli at the level of the neurons in cochlear neucleus is described. It is shown that for an agreement with the experimental results the degree of excitation of the final neuron of the model has to be proportional to the absolute value of the difference between the excitations coming to it from different groups of auditory nerve fibres. It is supposed that the sensitivity of neurons' response to the phase relations between the oscillations from which the stimulus consists could be due to possible dependence of the degree of receptor excitation either on bending or the hear cells or on the change of the sound pressure level in endolimphe."}
{"id": "PMID:911917", "title": "[Photoluminescence of singlet oxygen in solutions of chlorophylls and pheophytins].", "content": "With the use of mechanical phosphoroscopes the photoinduced luminescence of singlet oxygen (1270 nm) have been found in air saturated solutions of chlorophyll a, bacteriochlorophyll a, protochlorophyll and pheophytins in CCl4, CS2, and freon 112. The excitation spectra of the luminescence coincide with the absorption spectra of the pigments. The relative quantum yields of the luminescence are determined, the data are used for calculation the probablities of intersystem crossing in pigment molecules. All the pigments are shown to quench 1O2, the rate constants of the quenching are measured. The quenching efficiency of the chlorophylls increases with reduction of the semiisolated double bonds, reduction of these bonds in molecules of the pheophytins decreases the constants of the quenching.", "contents": "[Photoluminescence of singlet oxygen in solutions of chlorophylls and pheophytins]. With the use of mechanical phosphoroscopes the photoinduced luminescence of singlet oxygen (1270 nm) have been found in air saturated solutions of chlorophyll a, bacteriochlorophyll a, protochlorophyll and pheophytins in CCl4, CS2, and freon 112. The excitation spectra of the luminescence coincide with the absorption spectra of the pigments. The relative quantum yields of the luminescence are determined, the data are used for calculation the probablities of intersystem crossing in pigment molecules. All the pigments are shown to quench 1O2, the rate constants of the quenching are measured. The quenching efficiency of the chlorophylls increases with reduction of the semiisolated double bonds, reduction of these bonds in molecules of the pheophytins decreases the constants of the quenching."}
{"id": "PMID:911918", "title": "[Kinetics of dissociation of cyanide peroxidase complex].", "content": "The kinetics of dissociation ofHRP--CN- complex after reduction of the enzyme with ditionite was studied. The process goes in two consequent stages with different rate constants. The first stage can be related to the removal of CN- from Fe2+ and formation of out-of-equilibrium state of high-spin enzyme. The second stage possibly represents conformational relaxation of this state of the enzyme molecule.", "contents": "[Kinetics of dissociation of cyanide peroxidase complex]. The kinetics of dissociation ofHRP--CN- complex after reduction of the enzyme with ditionite was studied. The process goes in two consequent stages with different rate constants. The first stage can be related to the removal of CN- from Fe2+ and formation of out-of-equilibrium state of high-spin enzyme. The second stage possibly represents conformational relaxation of this state of the enzyme molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:911919", "title": "[Problem of choosing radiation for x-ray analysis of biological objects in their native form (for instance collagen treated within the substance of the dermis)].", "content": "Some authors report that collagen in derma after industrial treating by the salts of chrom imply rather diffuse X-ray patterns. At the same time our X-ray photographs of these samples using Cr Ka-irradiation rather then Cu Ka-irradiation are all of fine quality. Therefore the collagen in derma is not distroed after salt treatment. In fact Ka-seria of Cu (using in all other investigations) cause transitions in Cr-atoms implying as diffuse phone on the film.", "contents": "[Problem of choosing radiation for x-ray analysis of biological objects in their native form (for instance collagen treated within the substance of the dermis)]. Some authors report that collagen in derma after industrial treating by the salts of chrom imply rather diffuse X-ray patterns. At the same time our X-ray photographs of these samples using Cr Ka-irradiation rather then Cu Ka-irradiation are all of fine quality. Therefore the collagen in derma is not distroed after salt treatment. In fact Ka-seria of Cu (using in all other investigations) cause transitions in Cr-atoms implying as diffuse phone on the film."}
{"id": "PMID:911924", "title": "[Relationship between the modulus of elasticity in the surface of a membrane and the magnitude of its deformity].", "content": "The elasticity modulus E parallel in the membrane plane is frequency-independent in the range of 5--10 c.p.s. At room temperature E parallel 6-10(8) dn/cm2, at 4 degrees C E parallel depends strongly upon the degree of deformation-relative membrane surface change delta S/S, E parallel falls from 2-10(9) dn/cm2 if delta S/S = 0.1% down to 6-10(8) dn/cm2 if delta S/S = 1%. This property of E parallel explains the ability of mechanoreceptor membranes to produce a reaction if small stimulii are applied and to oppose the destruction if the latter are large.", "contents": "[Relationship between the modulus of elasticity in the surface of a membrane and the magnitude of its deformity]. The elasticity modulus E parallel in the membrane plane is frequency-independent in the range of 5--10 c.p.s. At room temperature E parallel 6-10(8) dn/cm2, at 4 degrees C E parallel depends strongly upon the degree of deformation-relative membrane surface change delta S/S, E parallel falls from 2-10(9) dn/cm2 if delta S/S = 0.1% down to 6-10(8) dn/cm2 if delta S/S = 1%. This property of E parallel explains the ability of mechanoreceptor membranes to produce a reaction if small stimulii are applied and to oppose the destruction if the latter are large."}
{"id": "PMID:911925", "title": "[Role of lipid composition in the kinetics of free radical lipid oxidation in photoreceptor membranes].", "content": "The initial rate of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in photoreceptor membranes (PRM) of walleye pollock is 1.8--2.3 times higher than in frog PRM. Rhodopsin bleaching leads to an increase of LPO initial rate in PRM while having no effect on LPO in walleye pollack PRM. The content of unsaturated fatty acids in walleye pollock PRM is 1.4 times greater than in frog PRM. It is suggested that differences in LPO kinetics in PRM of walleye pollack and frog are caused by the differences in the lipid composition of the membranes (primarily by a high level of phospholipid molecular species with two unsaturated fatty acid residues in walleye pollock retina rod outer segments).", "contents": "[Role of lipid composition in the kinetics of free radical lipid oxidation in photoreceptor membranes]. The initial rate of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in photoreceptor membranes (PRM) of walleye pollock is 1.8--2.3 times higher than in frog PRM. Rhodopsin bleaching leads to an increase of LPO initial rate in PRM while having no effect on LPO in walleye pollack PRM. The content of unsaturated fatty acids in walleye pollock PRM is 1.4 times greater than in frog PRM. It is suggested that differences in LPO kinetics in PRM of walleye pollack and frog are caused by the differences in the lipid composition of the membranes (primarily by a high level of phospholipid molecular species with two unsaturated fatty acid residues in walleye pollock retina rod outer segments)."}
{"id": "PMID:911923", "title": "[Alteration of lipid peroxidation of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum in the presence of steroid hormones].", "content": "Effect of steroid hormones on peroxidation of lipids of rats' liver endoplasmic reticulum was studied. Accumulation of peroxidation products was measured by the change in chemoluminescence intensity and by the rate of malone dealdehydeformation. It was shown that typical antioxidants--estrogenes were the inhibitors of NADH-H and ascorbate-dependent systems of lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes, the enzymatic system being the most sensitive one.", "contents": "[Alteration of lipid peroxidation of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum in the presence of steroid hormones]. Effect of steroid hormones on peroxidation of lipids of rats' liver endoplasmic reticulum was studied. Accumulation of peroxidation products was measured by the change in chemoluminescence intensity and by the rate of malone dealdehydeformation. It was shown that typical antioxidants--estrogenes were the inhibitors of NADH-H and ascorbate-dependent systems of lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes, the enzymatic system being the most sensitive one."}
{"id": "PMID:911926", "title": "[Thermal properties of DNA and polydeoxyribonucleotides in a wide range of ionic concentration of neutral salts and a polymer].", "content": "deltaHm, deltaT, Tm of melting of polydesoxyribonucletides polydAdT,, polyd(A--T)d(A--T), polyd(A--C)d(T--G) and DNA with different basic composition in a wide range of (10-2--4.0 M) ions (C2H5)4N+, Cs+ and Na+ were determined by the method microcalorimetry. It was established that the difference in melting heats of deltaHpolydAdT--deltaHpolyd(A--T)d(A--T) being approximately 0.6 kcal/mol b. p. represents that part of the energy which is caused by the heterogeneity of Stacking of interaction between (formula: see text) pairs. It is shown that the narrowing of deltaTm with increasing DNA concentration is connected with the decrease of the difference of polyGC and poly AT melting temperatures, what is with the parameter TGC--TAT which characterizes the melting of a free macromolecule.", "contents": "[Thermal properties of DNA and polydeoxyribonucleotides in a wide range of ionic concentration of neutral salts and a polymer]. deltaHm, deltaT, Tm of melting of polydesoxyribonucletides polydAdT,, polyd(A--T)d(A--T), polyd(A--C)d(T--G) and DNA with different basic composition in a wide range of (10-2--4.0 M) ions (C2H5)4N+, Cs+ and Na+ were determined by the method microcalorimetry. It was established that the difference in melting heats of deltaHpolydAdT--deltaHpolyd(A--T)d(A--T) being approximately 0.6 kcal/mol b. p. represents that part of the energy which is caused by the heterogeneity of Stacking of interaction between (formula: see text) pairs. It is shown that the narrowing of deltaTm with increasing DNA concentration is connected with the decrease of the difference of polyGC and poly AT melting temperatures, what is with the parameter TGC--TAT which characterizes the melting of a free macromolecule."}
{"id": "PMID:911934", "title": "[Mitochondrial ribosomes].", "content": "Some present-day conceptions on the structure and physiochemical and functional properties of mitochondrial ribosomes of higher and lower eukaryotes are reviewed. Mitochondrial ribosomes are compared to the ribosomes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic types and plastid ribosomes; biogenesis and functions of mitochondrial ribosomes are also discussed.", "contents": "[Mitochondrial ribosomes]. Some present-day conceptions on the structure and physiochemical and functional properties of mitochondrial ribosomes of higher and lower eukaryotes are reviewed. Mitochondrial ribosomes are compared to the ribosomes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic types and plastid ribosomes; biogenesis and functions of mitochondrial ribosomes are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911935", "title": "[Activity of chloroplast RNase under drought].", "content": "It is found, that the protein content in chloroplasts remained constant in conditions of drought, while RNase activity in chloroplasts was decreased in 2-2.5 times as compared with total leaves and hyaloplasma. No reliable differences in base composition of DNA and RNA were found in cotton variety \"Tashkent 2\" under the lack of water.", "contents": "[Activity of chloroplast RNase under drought]. It is found, that the protein content in chloroplasts remained constant in conditions of drought, while RNase activity in chloroplasts was decreased in 2-2.5 times as compared with total leaves and hyaloplasma. No reliable differences in base composition of DNA and RNA were found in cotton variety \"Tashkent 2\" under the lack of water."}
{"id": "PMID:911936", "title": "[Changes in the properties of hexokinase from hyaloplasm on binding with mitochondria].", "content": "It has been found that adenylic nucleotides at physiological concentrations solubilize mitochondrial hexokinase from muscles. The solubilizing effect of ATP is reversible in the presence of Mg2+ ions. It is shown that Mg2+ and glucose induce the transition of isoenzymes I and II of hexokinase from the free state to the bound one. Kinetic parameters of the free and bound forms of hexokinase have been determined. The stability of hexokinase has been found to vary, depending on its localization in the cell. Possible action mechanisms of reagents, exerting solubilizing and binding effects on the enzyme and the physiological role of hexokinase ability to exist in free and bound states are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the properties of hexokinase from hyaloplasm on binding with mitochondria]. It has been found that adenylic nucleotides at physiological concentrations solubilize mitochondrial hexokinase from muscles. The solubilizing effect of ATP is reversible in the presence of Mg2+ ions. It is shown that Mg2+ and glucose induce the transition of isoenzymes I and II of hexokinase from the free state to the bound one. Kinetic parameters of the free and bound forms of hexokinase have been determined. The stability of hexokinase has been found to vary, depending on its localization in the cell. Possible action mechanisms of reagents, exerting solubilizing and binding effects on the enzyme and the physiological role of hexokinase ability to exist in free and bound states are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911937", "title": "[Conformational changes of erythrocyte membranes under the influence of biologically active substances].", "content": "As a result of studying rabbit erythrocyte membranes by using infrared spectroscopy method the absorption bands 1635 cm-1, 1645 cm-1, 1685 cm-1, 1695 cm-1 that probably belong to beta-structure of protein membranes have been discovered. The increase of the intensity of these bands under the influence of carbochol or eserine on membranes corresponds to increasing the lobe of beta-structure. The increase of theintensity of absorbtion bands corresponding to beta-structure and the change of intensity of absorption band of amide-1 in the field 1650-1662 cm-1 relating to alpha-helical and unordered structure are due to alpha leads to beta-transition in contractile protein. The change of a half of width of absorption band of amides A 3310 cm-1 under the influence of carbochol and other substances on cholinereactive systems has been found. This change correlates with the intensity of bands corresponding to beta-structure.", "contents": "[Conformational changes of erythrocyte membranes under the influence of biologically active substances]. As a result of studying rabbit erythrocyte membranes by using infrared spectroscopy method the absorption bands 1635 cm-1, 1645 cm-1, 1685 cm-1, 1695 cm-1 that probably belong to beta-structure of protein membranes have been discovered. The increase of the intensity of these bands under the influence of carbochol or eserine on membranes corresponds to increasing the lobe of beta-structure. The increase of theintensity of absorbtion bands corresponding to beta-structure and the change of intensity of absorption band of amide-1 in the field 1650-1662 cm-1 relating to alpha-helical and unordered structure are due to alpha leads to beta-transition in contractile protein. The change of a half of width of absorption band of amides A 3310 cm-1 under the influence of carbochol and other substances on cholinereactive systems has been found. This change correlates with the intensity of bands corresponding to beta-structure."}
{"id": "PMID:911938", "title": "[Content of 5-methylcytosine in various families of repeating sequences of DNA in some higher plants].", "content": "Three families of repeating DNA sequences from 6 higher plants species are isolated. It is found that DNAs of plants examined at the same developmental stages differ considerably in the content of fractions with different repetition frequency of nucleotide sequences. The content of non-repeating sequences in the genome of the plants varies from 23.8 to 41.4%, the differences in the content of highly repeating fractions are less expressed (from 20.3 to 29.4% of the genome). The ratio of fractions changes considerably during ontogenesis: DNA of seeds contains more highly repeating sequences than DNA of seedlings. Fractions of nucleotide sequences with different repetition frequency, isolated from the same DNA, are little distinguished in the GC-pair content, and are characterized by a relatively high content of 5-methylcytosine: the methylation degree of cytosine is at least 17%. However, the degree of cytosine methylation is increased in fractions with high content of copies per genome in seedlings and leaves DNA of all the plants studied. The content of 5-methylcytosine in highly repeating fractions is 12% higher than in non-repeating sequences. Seed DNAs have some other distribution of 5-methylcytosine in different fractions: the degree of cytosine methylation in non-repeating and highly repeating sequences is practically the same.", "contents": "[Content of 5-methylcytosine in various families of repeating sequences of DNA in some higher plants]. Three families of repeating DNA sequences from 6 higher plants species are isolated. It is found that DNAs of plants examined at the same developmental stages differ considerably in the content of fractions with different repetition frequency of nucleotide sequences. The content of non-repeating sequences in the genome of the plants varies from 23.8 to 41.4%, the differences in the content of highly repeating fractions are less expressed (from 20.3 to 29.4% of the genome). The ratio of fractions changes considerably during ontogenesis: DNA of seeds contains more highly repeating sequences than DNA of seedlings. Fractions of nucleotide sequences with different repetition frequency, isolated from the same DNA, are little distinguished in the GC-pair content, and are characterized by a relatively high content of 5-methylcytosine: the methylation degree of cytosine is at least 17%. However, the degree of cytosine methylation is increased in fractions with high content of copies per genome in seedlings and leaves DNA of all the plants studied. The content of 5-methylcytosine in highly repeating fractions is 12% higher than in non-repeating sequences. Seed DNAs have some other distribution of 5-methylcytosine in different fractions: the degree of cytosine methylation in non-repeating and highly repeating sequences is practically the same."}
{"id": "PMID:911939", "title": "[Characterization of protein composition of guinea pig skin melanosomes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis].", "content": "Protein composition and molecular weights of guinea pig skin melanosoma proteins were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Treatment of melanosomas extracts with sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-100 and 1 N NaOH followed by electrophoresis revealed 26, 15 and 8-10 protein zones, respectively. It was found that melanosomas contain 4 main protein groups with respective molecular weights of 10 000-13 000, 21 000-42 000-94 000 and over 100 000.", "contents": "[Characterization of protein composition of guinea pig skin melanosomes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis]. Protein composition and molecular weights of guinea pig skin melanosoma proteins were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Treatment of melanosomas extracts with sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-100 and 1 N NaOH followed by electrophoresis revealed 26, 15 and 8-10 protein zones, respectively. It was found that melanosomas contain 4 main protein groups with respective molecular weights of 10 000-13 000, 21 000-42 000-94 000 and over 100 000."}
{"id": "PMID:911940", "title": "[Metabolism of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in various mouse tissues under inhibition of protein and nucleic acid synthesis].", "content": "The contribution of C1-pool and antimetabolite utilization to modification (labeling) of macromolecules of various mouse tissues after a single injection of 1-14C-methylnitrosourea was studied, using inhibitors of protein and nucleic acid synthesis. It was shown that about 50% of radioactivity found in the proteins, lipoproteins and DNA (but not in RNA) might be supplied by the C1-pool and/or through utilization of radioactive metabolites in the first 3-6 hours following the injection of 1-14C-methylnitrosourea. The data obtained allow to evaluete the degree of alkylation of macromolecules in various organs and tissues.", "contents": "[Metabolism of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in various mouse tissues under inhibition of protein and nucleic acid synthesis]. The contribution of C1-pool and antimetabolite utilization to modification (labeling) of macromolecules of various mouse tissues after a single injection of 1-14C-methylnitrosourea was studied, using inhibitors of protein and nucleic acid synthesis. It was shown that about 50% of radioactivity found in the proteins, lipoproteins and DNA (but not in RNA) might be supplied by the C1-pool and/or through utilization of radioactive metabolites in the first 3-6 hours following the injection of 1-14C-methylnitrosourea. The data obtained allow to evaluete the degree of alkylation of macromolecules in various organs and tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:911941", "title": "[Purification and comparative study of superoxide dismutase from animal tissues].", "content": "Cuprozinc superoxide dismutases were isolated from bovine liver, kidney and adrenal medulla. It was found that the enzyme from these sources exists in the form of three isoenzymes, the main izoenzyme being the most basic form. Physico-chemical properties of superoxide dismutases isolated from different tissues were found similar. Copper atoms in active sites of all superoxide dismutases investigated are bound with 4 nitrogen atoms.", "contents": "[Purification and comparative study of superoxide dismutase from animal tissues]. Cuprozinc superoxide dismutases were isolated from bovine liver, kidney and adrenal medulla. It was found that the enzyme from these sources exists in the form of three isoenzymes, the main izoenzyme being the most basic form. Physico-chemical properties of superoxide dismutases isolated from different tissues were found similar. Copper atoms in active sites of all superoxide dismutases investigated are bound with 4 nitrogen atoms."}
{"id": "PMID:911942", "title": "[Specificity of fungal alpha-glucosidases].", "content": "Studies of substrate and cosubstrate specificities of mould alpha-glucosidases suggest that the binding site of the active center of mould alpha-glucosidase consits of two subsites--glucone and aglucone ones. The glucone site is capable to bind glucose and mannose, whereas the aglucone one- some compounds whose affinity for the enzyme may be expressed as follows: glucose greater than galactose greater than paranitrophenol greater than or equal to glycerol greater than ethanol approximately equal to methanol. Upon interaction of enzyme with alpha-D-glucoside the formation of a productive enzyme-substrate complex occurs when the glucosyl residue located at the non-reducible end of the substrate molecule occupies the glucone subsite and aglucone of the substrate occupies the aglucone subsite of the enzyme. After removal of the first product from the aglucone subsite the substrate is bound at this subsite. It is assumed that under cosubstrate excess it is capable to bind at the aglucone subsite prior to the removal of the first product and the formation of the substituted form enzyme--glycosyl. Under these conditions the cosubstrate removes the substrate from the aglucone subsite resulting in a formation of a non-productive tertiary complex enzyme--substrate--cosubstrate. The anomeric configuration of glucose produced under the action of alpha-glucosidase on maltose and starch was determined using a kinetic method.", "contents": "[Specificity of fungal alpha-glucosidases]. Studies of substrate and cosubstrate specificities of mould alpha-glucosidases suggest that the binding site of the active center of mould alpha-glucosidase consits of two subsites--glucone and aglucone ones. The glucone site is capable to bind glucose and mannose, whereas the aglucone one- some compounds whose affinity for the enzyme may be expressed as follows: glucose greater than galactose greater than paranitrophenol greater than or equal to glycerol greater than ethanol approximately equal to methanol. Upon interaction of enzyme with alpha-D-glucoside the formation of a productive enzyme-substrate complex occurs when the glucosyl residue located at the non-reducible end of the substrate molecule occupies the glucone subsite and aglucone of the substrate occupies the aglucone subsite of the enzyme. After removal of the first product from the aglucone subsite the substrate is bound at this subsite. It is assumed that under cosubstrate excess it is capable to bind at the aglucone subsite prior to the removal of the first product and the formation of the substituted form enzyme--glycosyl. Under these conditions the cosubstrate removes the substrate from the aglucone subsite resulting in a formation of a non-productive tertiary complex enzyme--substrate--cosubstrate. The anomeric configuration of glucose produced under the action of alpha-glucosidase on maltose and starch was determined using a kinetic method."}
{"id": "PMID:911943", "title": "[The nature of peptides firmly associated with the protein part of membrane lipoproteins in chloroplast biogenesis].", "content": "The biosynthesis of membrane lipoproteins in maize plastids at different stages of differentiation of the chloroplast lamellar system was studied. Prolamellar and lamellar system preparations were isolated from maize plastids and been or kidney bean chloroplasts, disintegrated by osmotic shock. Chloroplast lipoproteins are membraneous proteins of chloroplast lamellar systems. Peptids, lipids and carbohydrates \"firmly\" associated with the protein part of membrane lipoproteins were found at all stages of chloroplast ultrastructure formation. Incorporation of C14 amino acid increased with the time of incubation in \"firmly\" lipoprotein--bound peptids and in the polypeptid part of lipoproteins. Puromycin but not actidion D inhibited amino acid incorporation into the peptids and polypeptids of chloroplasts in vitro experiments. The maximal level of C14-peptids \"firmly\" associated with the protein part of membrane lipoproteins was observed in the membrane fraction of proplastids in vivo. It is pointed out that biogenesis process leads to the decrease of content of \"firmly\" lipoprotein--bound peptids in the chloroplast lamellae fraction.", "contents": "[The nature of peptides firmly associated with the protein part of membrane lipoproteins in chloroplast biogenesis]. The biosynthesis of membrane lipoproteins in maize plastids at different stages of differentiation of the chloroplast lamellar system was studied. Prolamellar and lamellar system preparations were isolated from maize plastids and been or kidney bean chloroplasts, disintegrated by osmotic shock. Chloroplast lipoproteins are membraneous proteins of chloroplast lamellar systems. Peptids, lipids and carbohydrates \"firmly\" associated with the protein part of membrane lipoproteins were found at all stages of chloroplast ultrastructure formation. Incorporation of C14 amino acid increased with the time of incubation in \"firmly\" lipoprotein--bound peptids and in the polypeptid part of lipoproteins. Puromycin but not actidion D inhibited amino acid incorporation into the peptids and polypeptids of chloroplasts in vitro experiments. The maximal level of C14-peptids \"firmly\" associated with the protein part of membrane lipoproteins was observed in the membrane fraction of proplastids in vivo. It is pointed out that biogenesis process leads to the decrease of content of \"firmly\" lipoprotein--bound peptids in the chloroplast lamellae fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:911944", "title": "[Mechanisms of stabilizing effect of vitamin E against lipid peroxidation in biological membranes].", "content": "Mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of vitamin E on the process of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in biological membranes are studied. Both alpha-tocopherol and its derivatives (a-tocopherylacetate, o- and p-tocopherylquinones possess no radical scavenging activity) inhibit non-enzymatic (Fe2+ + ascorbate)-induced LPO and prevent LPO-dependent inhibition of Ca2+ transport in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes from skeletal muscles. The protective effect of alpha-tocopherylacetate, tocopherilquinones and partially of alpha-tocopherol is due to a stabilizing effect of these compounds on sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, registered by a decrease of fluidity of membrane lipid bilayer (probed by nitroxile radical TEMPO) and by a decrease of its passive permeability for Ca2+. Under the enzymatic NADPH-dependent LPO induction in rat liver microsomal fraction a strong inhibitory effect of tocopherylquinones is similar to the effect of other electron acceptors (methylnaphtoquinone, TEMPO) and is due to their ability to compete with LPO reaction for reducing equivalents in NADPH-dependent electron carriers wich results in the formation of hydroxy-derivatives having pronounced radical scavenging activity.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of stabilizing effect of vitamin E against lipid peroxidation in biological membranes]. Mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of vitamin E on the process of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in biological membranes are studied. Both alpha-tocopherol and its derivatives (a-tocopherylacetate, o- and p-tocopherylquinones possess no radical scavenging activity) inhibit non-enzymatic (Fe2+ + ascorbate)-induced LPO and prevent LPO-dependent inhibition of Ca2+ transport in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes from skeletal muscles. The protective effect of alpha-tocopherylacetate, tocopherilquinones and partially of alpha-tocopherol is due to a stabilizing effect of these compounds on sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, registered by a decrease of fluidity of membrane lipid bilayer (probed by nitroxile radical TEMPO) and by a decrease of its passive permeability for Ca2+. Under the enzymatic NADPH-dependent LPO induction in rat liver microsomal fraction a strong inhibitory effect of tocopherylquinones is similar to the effect of other electron acceptors (methylnaphtoquinone, TEMPO) and is due to their ability to compete with LPO reaction for reducing equivalents in NADPH-dependent electron carriers wich results in the formation of hydroxy-derivatives having pronounced radical scavenging activity."}
{"id": "PMID:911946", "title": "[Isolation of NAG-vibrio neuraminidase by affinity chromatography].", "content": "Three molecular forms of non-agglutinating vibrio neuraminidase were isolated by affinity chromatography. All the three forms were found to be immunochemically related and had molecular weights of 90.000, 58.000 and 52.000, respectively.", "contents": "[Isolation of NAG-vibrio neuraminidase by affinity chromatography]. Three molecular forms of non-agglutinating vibrio neuraminidase were isolated by affinity chromatography. All the three forms were found to be immunochemically related and had molecular weights of 90.000, 58.000 and 52.000, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:911947", "title": "[Applicability of quantitative kinetic spectrophotometric method for glucose determination].", "content": "A simple kinetic method for quantitative determination of glucose has been developed. The method is based on two enzyme reactions, catalyzed by glucose oxidase (E. C. 1.1.3.4) and peroxidase (E. C. 1.11.1.7). The advantages of the method are high sensitivity (up to 2 X 10(-5) M glucose in a sample) and rapidity (3-4 min per analysis). The method gives reliable results for determination of small glucose concentrations in the presence of cellobiose. The conditions have been found when the reproducibility of the method does not depend on the glucose oxidase activity.", "contents": "[Applicability of quantitative kinetic spectrophotometric method for glucose determination]. A simple kinetic method for quantitative determination of glucose has been developed. The method is based on two enzyme reactions, catalyzed by glucose oxidase (E. C. 1.1.3.4) and peroxidase (E. C. 1.11.1.7). The advantages of the method are high sensitivity (up to 2 X 10(-5) M glucose in a sample) and rapidity (3-4 min per analysis). The method gives reliable results for determination of small glucose concentrations in the presence of cellobiose. The conditions have been found when the reproducibility of the method does not depend on the glucose oxidase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:911948", "title": "[Proteolytic activity of lysosomes from dog kidney under the effect of amphotericin B in vitro].", "content": "Amphotericin B at concentration of 0.1-1 mcg/ml is found to increase the yield of proteases from isolated dog kidney lysosomes. Further increase of amphotericin B concentration results in the decrease of proteolytic activity in the incubation medium, which is due to a considerable inactivation of proteases by high concentrations of antibiotic. Like amphotericin B, sodium deoxycholate, which is a part of many drugs, sharply inhibits the activity of enzyme, but, in contrast to the antibiotic, it almost does not release proteases from lysosomes. It is suggested that early described degradation of proteins of plasmic membranes and chromatin in dog kidney cells under the injection of amphotericin B is a result of the damage of lysosome membranes by the antibiotic.", "contents": "[Proteolytic activity of lysosomes from dog kidney under the effect of amphotericin B in vitro]. Amphotericin B at concentration of 0.1-1 mcg/ml is found to increase the yield of proteases from isolated dog kidney lysosomes. Further increase of amphotericin B concentration results in the decrease of proteolytic activity in the incubation medium, which is due to a considerable inactivation of proteases by high concentrations of antibiotic. Like amphotericin B, sodium deoxycholate, which is a part of many drugs, sharply inhibits the activity of enzyme, but, in contrast to the antibiotic, it almost does not release proteases from lysosomes. It is suggested that early described degradation of proteins of plasmic membranes and chromatin in dog kidney cells under the injection of amphotericin B is a result of the damage of lysosome membranes by the antibiotic."}
{"id": "PMID:911949", "title": "[Some properties of cytoplasmic thymidine kinase and nucleoside phosphotransferase from rat liver].", "content": "The activities of two deoxythymidine-phosphorylating enzymes--thymidine kinase and nucleoside phosphotransferase--were found in the cytoplasmic fraction of normal and regenerating rat liver. The specific activity of nucleoside phosphotransferase appeared to be by 50% higher than that of thymidine kinase. Nucleoside phosphotransferase has a broad specificity for the phosphate donor. This enzyme is more stable to heating and prolonged dialysis as compared to thymidine kinase. The enzymes respond differently to the addition of d-TTP, d-CTP and sturins A and B: thymidine kinase is strongly inhibited by these agents whereas nucleoside phosphotransferase is insensitive to d-TTP and d-CTP and is only slightly inhibited by sturins. On the other hand the activity of nucleoside phosphotransferase is considerably decreased after addition of ATP. Changes in the activities of both enzymes during 50 hrs following partial hepatectomy were studied. Two activity maxima were observed at 20-22 and 40-46 hrs of regeneration. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, three isoforms of both enzymes were found. The ratio between the isoenzyme content of the two enzymes from the cytoplasmic fraction of regenerating liver varied as compared to normal.", "contents": "[Some properties of cytoplasmic thymidine kinase and nucleoside phosphotransferase from rat liver]. The activities of two deoxythymidine-phosphorylating enzymes--thymidine kinase and nucleoside phosphotransferase--were found in the cytoplasmic fraction of normal and regenerating rat liver. The specific activity of nucleoside phosphotransferase appeared to be by 50% higher than that of thymidine kinase. Nucleoside phosphotransferase has a broad specificity for the phosphate donor. This enzyme is more stable to heating and prolonged dialysis as compared to thymidine kinase. The enzymes respond differently to the addition of d-TTP, d-CTP and sturins A and B: thymidine kinase is strongly inhibited by these agents whereas nucleoside phosphotransferase is insensitive to d-TTP and d-CTP and is only slightly inhibited by sturins. On the other hand the activity of nucleoside phosphotransferase is considerably decreased after addition of ATP. Changes in the activities of both enzymes during 50 hrs following partial hepatectomy were studied. Two activity maxima were observed at 20-22 and 40-46 hrs of regeneration. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, three isoforms of both enzymes were found. The ratio between the isoenzyme content of the two enzymes from the cytoplasmic fraction of regenerating liver varied as compared to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:911950", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of pigment-protein complexes from green serobacteria Chlorobium limicola forma thiosulfatophilum].", "content": "A subchromatophore fraction containing the reaction center P-840 was isolated from the chromatophores of green serobacteria Chlorobium limicola forma thiosulfatophilum by ultracentrifugation and its protein composition was characterized. After treatment of the chromatophores by Triton X-100 and subsequent polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis two pigment-protein complex containing bacterioviridin. The proteins of the pigment-protein complex containing bacterioviridin. The proteins of the pigment-protein complexes were obtained. The first complex contained mainly bacteriochlorophyll alpha with bacterioviridin contaminations and the second one-only bacterioviridin. The low-temperature absorption spectrum of the bacteriochlorophyll alpha-containing pigment-protein complex is identical to the absorption spectrum of a water-soluble pigment-protein complex isolated and characterized by Olson and contains proteins with molecular weights of 34.800, 33.100, 27.500 and 23.200. A protein with molecular weight of 32.700 was found in the pigment-protein complexes were compared to the proteins of the photochemically active subchromatophore fraction and chromatophores.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of pigment-protein complexes from green serobacteria Chlorobium limicola forma thiosulfatophilum]. A subchromatophore fraction containing the reaction center P-840 was isolated from the chromatophores of green serobacteria Chlorobium limicola forma thiosulfatophilum by ultracentrifugation and its protein composition was characterized. After treatment of the chromatophores by Triton X-100 and subsequent polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis two pigment-protein complex containing bacterioviridin. The proteins of the pigment-protein complex containing bacterioviridin. The proteins of the pigment-protein complexes were obtained. The first complex contained mainly bacteriochlorophyll alpha with bacterioviridin contaminations and the second one-only bacterioviridin. The low-temperature absorption spectrum of the bacteriochlorophyll alpha-containing pigment-protein complex is identical to the absorption spectrum of a water-soluble pigment-protein complex isolated and characterized by Olson and contains proteins with molecular weights of 34.800, 33.100, 27.500 and 23.200. A protein with molecular weight of 32.700 was found in the pigment-protein complexes were compared to the proteins of the photochemically active subchromatophore fraction and chromatophores."}
{"id": "PMID:911951", "title": "[Antigenic activity of angiotensin II and its fragments].", "content": "The antigenic activity of angiotensin and its seven fragments has been studied in cross-reaction with specific antibodies, elicited to angiotensin and its fragments: C-terminal hexapeptide and middle tetrapeptide. It has been found that all the fragments studied possess certain affinity for antibodies elicited to angiotensin, C-terminal hexapeptide and middle tetrapeptide. The middle tetrapeptide was identified to be the immunologically active centre of the angiotensin molecule.", "contents": "[Antigenic activity of angiotensin II and its fragments]. The antigenic activity of angiotensin and its seven fragments has been studied in cross-reaction with specific antibodies, elicited to angiotensin and its fragments: C-terminal hexapeptide and middle tetrapeptide. It has been found that all the fragments studied possess certain affinity for antibodies elicited to angiotensin, C-terminal hexapeptide and middle tetrapeptide. The middle tetrapeptide was identified to be the immunologically active centre of the angiotensin molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:911958", "title": "Use of partial mammectomy to produce malnutrition in the rat.", "content": "Partial mammectomy in the Sprague-Dawley rat was studied as a method for producing malnutrition without accompanying differences in litter size. Throughout the litter period, experimental litters weighed less than controls. No difference in the rate of development of various anatomical landmarks was noted with this degree of malnutrition. Maternal behavior in the nursing dam was measured with respect to nursing, nesting, and retrieval behavior. Mammectomized subjects built and maintained better nests and spent more time in a nursing posture, but were less likely to retrieve their litter than were control animals. At weaning the intact mammae of the experimental animals were larger than those of control animals.", "contents": "Use of partial mammectomy to produce malnutrition in the rat. Partial mammectomy in the Sprague-Dawley rat was studied as a method for producing malnutrition without accompanying differences in litter size. Throughout the litter period, experimental litters weighed less than controls. No difference in the rate of development of various anatomical landmarks was noted with this degree of malnutrition. Maternal behavior in the nursing dam was measured with respect to nursing, nesting, and retrieval behavior. Mammectomized subjects built and maintained better nests and spent more time in a nursing posture, but were less likely to retrieve their litter than were control animals. At weaning the intact mammae of the experimental animals were larger than those of control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:911959", "title": "Effect of chronic maternal methadone exposure on perinatal development.", "content": "The effect of perinatal exposure to methadone on body growth and brain development was studied in rat. Female Sprague-Dawley albino rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of 5 mg/kg dl-methadone-HCl during gestation and lactation. Body weights were reduced in drug-treated mothers during gestation and the first 2 weeks of lactation. No differences in gestation time, litter size, or infant mortality were recorded, however methadone-treated offspring grew more slowly than controls. Weight deficits persisted in rats observed 5-1/2 weeks after cessationof drug exposure (group 1) and in animals continuing to receive daily interperitoneal injections of 5 mg/kg (group 2). From birth to day 21, brain weight and length, cerebral width and cerebellar weight and width were generally smaller in methadone-exposed rats. Brain measurements of group 1 and group 2 animals on day 60 revealed a reduction in brain and cerebellar weights and cerebral and cerebellar widths from control values. Brain:body weight and cerebellum:brain weight ratios were similar to controls. Analysis of these results indicates that maternal methadone treatment retards the growth of young rats and affects brain development.", "contents": "Effect of chronic maternal methadone exposure on perinatal development. The effect of perinatal exposure to methadone on body growth and brain development was studied in rat. Female Sprague-Dawley albino rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of 5 mg/kg dl-methadone-HCl during gestation and lactation. Body weights were reduced in drug-treated mothers during gestation and the first 2 weeks of lactation. No differences in gestation time, litter size, or infant mortality were recorded, however methadone-treated offspring grew more slowly than controls. Weight deficits persisted in rats observed 5-1/2 weeks after cessationof drug exposure (group 1) and in animals continuing to receive daily interperitoneal injections of 5 mg/kg (group 2). From birth to day 21, brain weight and length, cerebral width and cerebellar weight and width were generally smaller in methadone-exposed rats. Brain measurements of group 1 and group 2 animals on day 60 revealed a reduction in brain and cerebellar weights and cerebral and cerebellar widths from control values. Brain:body weight and cerebellum:brain weight ratios were similar to controls. Analysis of these results indicates that maternal methadone treatment retards the growth of young rats and affects brain development."}
{"id": "PMID:911960", "title": "Fetal exposure to 1:8 dihydroxyanthraquinone.", "content": "A survey of 160 consecutive maternity cases showed that a high percentage of mothers had exposed their fetus to laxatives of the anthraquinone type at some stage during the pregnancy. Administration of 1:8 dihydroxyanthraquinone at the time of induction of labour with estimation of the substance in maternal urine, amniotic fluid and the first urine obtained from the baby, indicated that the substance is absorbed from the maternal gut, crosses the placenta and is excreted via the fetal kidney into the liquor. In mothers and babies most of the drug appeared as glucuronide. Fetal catharsis did not appear to occur and the reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "Fetal exposure to 1:8 dihydroxyanthraquinone. A survey of 160 consecutive maternity cases showed that a high percentage of mothers had exposed their fetus to laxatives of the anthraquinone type at some stage during the pregnancy. Administration of 1:8 dihydroxyanthraquinone at the time of induction of labour with estimation of the substance in maternal urine, amniotic fluid and the first urine obtained from the baby, indicated that the substance is absorbed from the maternal gut, crosses the placenta and is excreted via the fetal kidney into the liquor. In mothers and babies most of the drug appeared as glucuronide. Fetal catharsis did not appear to occur and the reasons for this are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911961", "title": "Iodoprotein and iodoamino acid distribution in pig thyroid tissues at different periods of development.", "content": "A biochemical study of the thyroid tissue in pigs at various stages of development was undertaken. The iodine and protein concentrations, and the iodoamino acid content of thyroglobulin (TG) were determined. Expressed as mu 127I/100 mg wet tissue, the mean iodine content of pig fetus is 66.4, 89.2 in the piglet and 168 in the adult pig. TG accounts for 95% of total proteins; its content increases with age. Mean iodine content of TG is 0.70 mug 127I/100 microgram in the fetus, 0.78 in the piglet and 0.97 in the adult pig. The average number of molecules of thyroxine residues is 1.6 in the fetus, 2.2 in the piglet and 3.5 in the adult. Average triiodothyronine residues are lower around birth than in the adult. At all stages of development, synthesis of thyroxine is less effective in the pig than in the human, relative to the iodine content of TG. In contrast to the human, iodinated compounds are not found at a very low level near birth, but TG and iodine content regularly increase.", "contents": "Iodoprotein and iodoamino acid distribution in pig thyroid tissues at different periods of development. A biochemical study of the thyroid tissue in pigs at various stages of development was undertaken. The iodine and protein concentrations, and the iodoamino acid content of thyroglobulin (TG) were determined. Expressed as mu 127I/100 mg wet tissue, the mean iodine content of pig fetus is 66.4, 89.2 in the piglet and 168 in the adult pig. TG accounts for 95% of total proteins; its content increases with age. Mean iodine content of TG is 0.70 mug 127I/100 microgram in the fetus, 0.78 in the piglet and 0.97 in the adult pig. The average number of molecules of thyroxine residues is 1.6 in the fetus, 2.2 in the piglet and 3.5 in the adult. Average triiodothyronine residues are lower around birth than in the adult. At all stages of development, synthesis of thyroxine is less effective in the pig than in the human, relative to the iodine content of TG. In contrast to the human, iodinated compounds are not found at a very low level near birth, but TG and iodine content regularly increase."}
{"id": "PMID:911962", "title": "Plasma renin activity and its postnatal development in preterm infants. Preliminary report.", "content": "Immunoassayable plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in 16 healthy preterm infants of different gestational ages. A total of 52 measurements have been performed between the second week of life and the date of the expected term. PRA was found markedly increased in preterm infants and a highly significative negative correlation with postmenstrual age was proved.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity and its postnatal development in preterm infants. Preliminary report. Immunoassayable plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in 16 healthy preterm infants of different gestational ages. A total of 52 measurements have been performed between the second week of life and the date of the expected term. PRA was found markedly increased in preterm infants and a highly significative negative correlation with postmenstrual age was proved."}
{"id": "PMID:911963", "title": "Amino acid nutrition of the fetal lamb.", "content": "With three exceptions amino acids were retained by the fetal lamb from the maternal circulation in proportions appropriate for the synthesis of whole blody protein. Only glutamate, aspartate and serine, amino acids involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids, seemed to be produced by the fetus itself.", "contents": "Amino acid nutrition of the fetal lamb. With three exceptions amino acids were retained by the fetal lamb from the maternal circulation in proportions appropriate for the synthesis of whole blody protein. Only glutamate, aspartate and serine, amino acids involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids, seemed to be produced by the fetus itself."}
{"id": "PMID:911964", "title": "Metabolic response to fasting in experimental intrauterine growth retardation induced by surgical and nonsurgical maternal stress.", "content": "Experimental intrauterine growth retardation was produced by two groups of neonatal rats by maternal sham surgery or by maternal obligatory exercise during the last 5 days of gestation (forced swim). Both experimental groups of neonates had lower plasma glucose and higher plasma insulin levels than controls after a 4-hour fast. Fetal stunting may be produced by a variety of maternal stresses in the rat and may be associated with alterations in the hormonal and glycemic response to fasting. Studies of the metabolic effects of experimental intrauterine growth retardation must be interpreted with caution if control animals have been subjected to intrauterine stress.", "contents": "Metabolic response to fasting in experimental intrauterine growth retardation induced by surgical and nonsurgical maternal stress. Experimental intrauterine growth retardation was produced by two groups of neonatal rats by maternal sham surgery or by maternal obligatory exercise during the last 5 days of gestation (forced swim). Both experimental groups of neonates had lower plasma glucose and higher plasma insulin levels than controls after a 4-hour fast. Fetal stunting may be produced by a variety of maternal stresses in the rat and may be associated with alterations in the hormonal and glycemic response to fasting. Studies of the metabolic effects of experimental intrauterine growth retardation must be interpreted with caution if control animals have been subjected to intrauterine stress."}
{"id": "PMID:911965", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of 14C-palmitate by fetal rabbit tissues.", "content": "The uptake and esterification of 14C-palmitate into lipid classes in placenta, fetal brown adipose tissue (BAT) and liver of rabbits were investigated in vitro. Fetal BAT showed a high rate of fatty acid uptake, 8.5 mumol-a-1 tissue-h-1. From 5 min onwards, the majority of incorporated label was in the triglyceride fraction. The placenta and fetal liver also incorporated I-[14C]-palmitate into both FFA and esterified lipid fractions, although at much lower rates than observed for BAT. In the liver, triglycerides, but in the placenta phospholipids, contained the majority of the label after 1 h incubation. BAT from both fetal and newborn rabbits released 14CO2 and the production of 14 CO2 was greater in the presence of noradrenaline. The specific activity of the CO2 was the same in stimulated and unstimulated tissue. It is concluded that BAT as well as the liver are important sites of free fatty acid removal from the fetal circulation. The potential for fatty acid oxidation is present in BAT of the 28-day rabbit fetus.", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of 14C-palmitate by fetal rabbit tissues. The uptake and esterification of 14C-palmitate into lipid classes in placenta, fetal brown adipose tissue (BAT) and liver of rabbits were investigated in vitro. Fetal BAT showed a high rate of fatty acid uptake, 8.5 mumol-a-1 tissue-h-1. From 5 min onwards, the majority of incorporated label was in the triglyceride fraction. The placenta and fetal liver also incorporated I-[14C]-palmitate into both FFA and esterified lipid fractions, although at much lower rates than observed for BAT. In the liver, triglycerides, but in the placenta phospholipids, contained the majority of the label after 1 h incubation. BAT from both fetal and newborn rabbits released 14CO2 and the production of 14 CO2 was greater in the presence of noradrenaline. The specific activity of the CO2 was the same in stimulated and unstimulated tissue. It is concluded that BAT as well as the liver are important sites of free fatty acid removal from the fetal circulation. The potential for fatty acid oxidation is present in BAT of the 28-day rabbit fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:911966", "title": "Measurement of placental blood flow in the pig and its relation to placental and fetal weight.", "content": "In 12 pregnant sows (Sus scrofa domestica), containing 144 live fetuses, placental blood flow was measured by the indicator fractionation technique using radioactive microspheres. In 8 of these litters, which contained 96 live fetuses, placental blood flow as obtained in absolute units. Significant positive correlations were observed between placental blood flow and placental weight, between placental blood flow and fetal weight, and between placental weight and fetal weight. It is clear that the runt, by comparison with his littermates, has a low birthweight in association with a small placenta and a low placental blood flow.", "contents": "Measurement of placental blood flow in the pig and its relation to placental and fetal weight. In 12 pregnant sows (Sus scrofa domestica), containing 144 live fetuses, placental blood flow was measured by the indicator fractionation technique using radioactive microspheres. In 8 of these litters, which contained 96 live fetuses, placental blood flow as obtained in absolute units. Significant positive correlations were observed between placental blood flow and placental weight, between placental blood flow and fetal weight, and between placental weight and fetal weight. It is clear that the runt, by comparison with his littermates, has a low birthweight in association with a small placenta and a low placental blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:911967", "title": "Baroreflex activity in conscious fetal and newborn lambs.", "content": "The immediate transient baroreceptor sensitivity was measured in 9 conscious fetal and 7 conscious newborn lambs for periods of at least 35 days following bolus injections of phenylephrine (20-50 mug/kg). Mean sensitivities were unchanged throughout gestation from 105 days at 6.7 +/- 0.4 msec/cm H2O (n = 45) and were insignificantly different from those in the newborn period, 5.9 +/- 0.4 msec/cm H2O (n = 78). In contrast, baroreflex sensitivities were less in 2 fetuses and 2 newborn lambs when pressures were increased by chronically implanted thoracic aortic balloon cuff; they were 3.03 +/- 0.11 (n = 127) and 0.91 +/- 0.11 msec/cm H2O (n =61), respectively. \"Steady-state\" heart period-arterial pressure curves indicate that the baroreflex operates down to levels of 40 cm H2O in the fetus which is lower than that achieved in the adult of other species, rabbit and man.", "contents": "Baroreflex activity in conscious fetal and newborn lambs. The immediate transient baroreceptor sensitivity was measured in 9 conscious fetal and 7 conscious newborn lambs for periods of at least 35 days following bolus injections of phenylephrine (20-50 mug/kg). Mean sensitivities were unchanged throughout gestation from 105 days at 6.7 +/- 0.4 msec/cm H2O (n = 45) and were insignificantly different from those in the newborn period, 5.9 +/- 0.4 msec/cm H2O (n = 78). In contrast, baroreflex sensitivities were less in 2 fetuses and 2 newborn lambs when pressures were increased by chronically implanted thoracic aortic balloon cuff; they were 3.03 +/- 0.11 (n = 127) and 0.91 +/- 0.11 msec/cm H2O (n =61), respectively. \"Steady-state\" heart period-arterial pressure curves indicate that the baroreflex operates down to levels of 40 cm H2O in the fetus which is lower than that achieved in the adult of other species, rabbit and man."}
{"id": "PMID:911968", "title": "Confidence intervals and test of hypotheses concerning dose response relations inferred from animal carcinogenicity data.", "content": "Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests are developed for dose-response relations based on dichotomous data from animal carcinogenicity experiments. The functional form of the dose-response curve comes from the Armitage-Doll multistage carcinogenesis model and involves a polynomial in the dose-rate, with non-negative coefficients. Asymptotic distributions of the maximum likelihood estimators of these coefficients are used to construct confidence bounds on risk at a given dose and on the dose corresponding to a given risk. Likelihood ratio tests are developed for the presence of a positive dose-related effect and for the existence of a positive slope to the dose-response curve at zero dose. The latter test is of practical importance since a positive slope of the dose-response curve at zero dose rules out any \"threshold-like\" behavior and would often mean that any concentration low enough to insure a negligibly low cancer risk (e.g., 10(-6)) would be too low to be economically useful for applications such as food additives. Simulation experiments are performed to provide guidelines for applying the theory.", "contents": "Confidence intervals and test of hypotheses concerning dose response relations inferred from animal carcinogenicity data. Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests are developed for dose-response relations based on dichotomous data from animal carcinogenicity experiments. The functional form of the dose-response curve comes from the Armitage-Doll multistage carcinogenesis model and involves a polynomial in the dose-rate, with non-negative coefficients. Asymptotic distributions of the maximum likelihood estimators of these coefficients are used to construct confidence bounds on risk at a given dose and on the dose corresponding to a given risk. Likelihood ratio tests are developed for the presence of a positive dose-related effect and for the existence of a positive slope to the dose-response curve at zero dose. The latter test is of practical importance since a positive slope of the dose-response curve at zero dose rules out any \"threshold-like\" behavior and would often mean that any concentration low enough to insure a negligibly low cancer risk (e.g., 10(-6)) would be too low to be economically useful for applications such as food additives. Simulation experiments are performed to provide guidelines for applying the theory."}
{"id": "PMID:911969", "title": "An extension of the sign test for replicated measurements.", "content": "An extension of the sign test is proposed for the case where there are paired groups or sets of replicated measurements; the individual measurements are unpaired between groups. A class of methods is investigated where the values of the groups of replicates are replaced by summary statistics (exceedances) whose distribution is independent, under the null hypothesis, of the underlying parametric structure. Possible adjustment for discontinuity of the underlying distribution (ties) is discussed and a normal approximation is presented. The proposed sign text extension, appropriate for small samples and large numbers of replicates, is used to compare the relative strengths of aqueous and lyophilized solutions of ragweed pollen at three dilutions for two types of reactions (erythematous and wheal area). Because correlations for individual reactions at two separate measurement times could not be estimated under the non-parametric procedures the analyses were performed for the cases where the responses at two measurement times were presumed to be (1) perfectly correlated, and (2) uncorrelated. Comparison of exact results with the normal approximation showed good correspondence for both cases, e.g., where n = 4 (n = number of subjects) and r = 8 (r = replicates) and n = 8 and r = 4. The analysis showed that the lyophilized product was superior to the aqueous at all solution strengths and for both measures of reactivity.", "contents": "An extension of the sign test for replicated measurements. An extension of the sign test is proposed for the case where there are paired groups or sets of replicated measurements; the individual measurements are unpaired between groups. A class of methods is investigated where the values of the groups of replicates are replaced by summary statistics (exceedances) whose distribution is independent, under the null hypothesis, of the underlying parametric structure. Possible adjustment for discontinuity of the underlying distribution (ties) is discussed and a normal approximation is presented. The proposed sign text extension, appropriate for small samples and large numbers of replicates, is used to compare the relative strengths of aqueous and lyophilized solutions of ragweed pollen at three dilutions for two types of reactions (erythematous and wheal area). Because correlations for individual reactions at two separate measurement times could not be estimated under the non-parametric procedures the analyses were performed for the cases where the responses at two measurement times were presumed to be (1) perfectly correlated, and (2) uncorrelated. Comparison of exact results with the normal approximation showed good correspondence for both cases, e.g., where n = 4 (n = number of subjects) and r = 8 (r = replicates) and n = 8 and r = 4. The analysis showed that the lyophilized product was superior to the aqueous at all solution strengths and for both measures of reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:911970", "title": "On the treatment of grouped observations in life studies.", "content": "Assuming a model of proportional failure rates, Cox (1972) presents a systematic study of the use of covariates in the analysis of life time. The treatment of tied observations is a particularly troublesome point in both theory and application. It appears that grouping rather than discrete time is the right way to handle ties. This paper studies methodology for grouped observations. A logistic model, which makes explicit use of Cox's earlier binary data methods, is introduced and illustrated with a numerical example. The model leads back to Cox's proportional failure rates when the lengths of the grouping intervals approach zero. This limiting process provides some enlightenment on controversial issues such as ignoring intervals in which no failures occur, determining whether the covariates may be functions of time, and treating ties.", "contents": "On the treatment of grouped observations in life studies. Assuming a model of proportional failure rates, Cox (1972) presents a systematic study of the use of covariates in the analysis of life time. The treatment of tied observations is a particularly troublesome point in both theory and application. It appears that grouping rather than discrete time is the right way to handle ties. This paper studies methodology for grouped observations. A logistic model, which makes explicit use of Cox's earlier binary data methods, is introduced and illustrated with a numerical example. The model leads back to Cox's proportional failure rates when the lengths of the grouping intervals approach zero. This limiting process provides some enlightenment on controversial issues such as ignoring intervals in which no failures occur, determining whether the covariates may be functions of time, and treating ties."}
{"id": "PMID:911971", "title": "Estimation for discrete time branching processes with application to epidemics.", "content": "Certain estimators for the mean of the offspring distribution of a Galton-Watson process are considered. The asymptotic behaviour of each of these estimators is studied when the true underlying model is in fact a multitype branching process or a branching process with a random environment. It is revealed which of the estimators remain consistent indicators of whether or not the process is subcritical, under these alternative underlying models. It is then indicated how this \"robustness\" result might influence the choice of an estimator by considering the problem of estimating the level of immunity required in a community in order to prevent major epidemics. The application is illustrated with references to smallpox using data from an outbreak in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.", "contents": "Estimation for discrete time branching processes with application to epidemics. Certain estimators for the mean of the offspring distribution of a Galton-Watson process are considered. The asymptotic behaviour of each of these estimators is studied when the true underlying model is in fact a multitype branching process or a branching process with a random environment. It is revealed which of the estimators remain consistent indicators of whether or not the process is subcritical, under these alternative underlying models. It is then indicated how this \"robustness\" result might influence the choice of an estimator by considering the problem of estimating the level of immunity required in a community in order to prevent major epidemics. The application is illustrated with references to smallpox using data from an outbreak in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}
{"id": "PMID:911972", "title": "Assumptions for different ascertainment models in human genetics.", "content": "Some aspects of sampling family data in human genetics are discussed. Two well-investigated ascertainment models, the complete ascertainment model and the single ascertainment model, which have been derived using restrictive sampling assumptions, are shown to hold under four more general sets of assumptions.", "contents": "Assumptions for different ascertainment models in human genetics. Some aspects of sampling family data in human genetics are discussed. Two well-investigated ascertainment models, the complete ascertainment model and the single ascertainment model, which have been derived using restrictive sampling assumptions, are shown to hold under four more general sets of assumptions."}
{"id": "PMID:911974", "title": "Estimation of relative risk from matched pairs in epidemiologic research.", "content": "The matched pairs design is often used in epidemiologic research, both in prospective and retrospective studies. The Kraus estimator of relative risk (1958) has been derived in a number of ways. The development presented here employs an unconditional likelihood function. The estimator is shown to be valid only when disease incidence is low and relative risk is constant over the levels of the covariate. Asymptotic variances are derived.", "contents": "Estimation of relative risk from matched pairs in epidemiologic research. The matched pairs design is often used in epidemiologic research, both in prospective and retrospective studies. The Kraus estimator of relative risk (1958) has been derived in a number of ways. The development presented here employs an unconditional likelihood function. The estimator is shown to be valid only when disease incidence is low and relative risk is constant over the levels of the covariate. Asymptotic variances are derived."}
{"id": "PMID:911975", "title": "An example on the risk dependence and additivity of intensities in the theory of competing risks.", "content": "Let vk(x) be the force of mortality when only risk Rk is acting in a population, and let muk(x) be the force of mortality due to Rk when all of the risks of death are acting, k = 1, ---, c. On the assumption of the independence of the risks of death, the sum of intensitives vk(x) equals the total force of mortality. This example shows that the equality can also hold when the risks of death are dependent and the forces of mortality, muk(x) and vk(x), differ.", "contents": "An example on the risk dependence and additivity of intensities in the theory of competing risks. Let vk(x) be the force of mortality when only risk Rk is acting in a population, and let muk(x) be the force of mortality due to Rk when all of the risks of death are acting, k = 1, ---, c. On the assumption of the independence of the risks of death, the sum of intensitives vk(x) equals the total force of mortality. This example shows that the equality can also hold when the risks of death are dependent and the forces of mortality, muk(x) and vk(x), differ."}
{"id": "PMID:911976", "title": "Circadian rhythm analysis when output is collected at intervals.", "content": "It has long been recognized that many physiological and biochemical parameters show a repeating pattern of variation over 24 hours, i.e., a circadian rhythm. Halberg, Tong and Johnson (1965) used the sinusoidal model with 24-hour cycle to describe this variation. Tong (1976) described the polar coordinate transformation by which the sinusoidal regression problem can be treated as a linear regression problem. When the output of a system following diurnal variation, e.g. the human kidney, is collected at regular intervals and assayed, the expected quantity of substance present corresponds to the integral of the underlying output function. This paper shows that the polar coordinate transformation also linearizes this regression problem. More importantly, the covariance structure of Halberg et al. does not include interindividual variation. An alternative and more general model is proposed here based upon Rao's (1959) growth curve analyses. The latter method allows testing for adequacy of the sinusoidal model and leads to inferences about population parameters. An example is given.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm analysis when output is collected at intervals. It has long been recognized that many physiological and biochemical parameters show a repeating pattern of variation over 24 hours, i.e., a circadian rhythm. Halberg, Tong and Johnson (1965) used the sinusoidal model with 24-hour cycle to describe this variation. Tong (1976) described the polar coordinate transformation by which the sinusoidal regression problem can be treated as a linear regression problem. When the output of a system following diurnal variation, e.g. the human kidney, is collected at regular intervals and assayed, the expected quantity of substance present corresponds to the integral of the underlying output function. This paper shows that the polar coordinate transformation also linearizes this regression problem. More importantly, the covariance structure of Halberg et al. does not include interindividual variation. An alternative and more general model is proposed here based upon Rao's (1959) growth curve analyses. The latter method allows testing for adequacy of the sinusoidal model and leads to inferences about population parameters. An example is given."}
{"id": "PMID:911977", "title": "Effects of serum-free culture media on human liver and fibroblastic cells.", "content": "The morphological aspects and amino acid variations of human fibroblast and liver cell monolayer cultures were studied in serum free media. Under these conditions, the behaviour of the two cell types differed greatly. The morphological changes for the liver cells, as compared with the fibroblasts, appear more quickly and some of these changes are particular. Furthermore, extracellular amino acid variations are of lesser importance for the liver cells, during the 10 days following the suppression of serum, except for serine.", "contents": "Effects of serum-free culture media on human liver and fibroblastic cells. The morphological aspects and amino acid variations of human fibroblast and liver cell monolayer cultures were studied in serum free media. Under these conditions, the behaviour of the two cell types differed greatly. The morphological changes for the liver cells, as compared with the fibroblasts, appear more quickly and some of these changes are particular. Furthermore, extracellular amino acid variations are of lesser importance for the liver cells, during the 10 days following the suppression of serum, except for serine."}
{"id": "PMID:911978", "title": "Monodomain samples of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine with varying concentrations of water and other ingredients.", "content": "Methods are presented for the preparation of large monodomain phospholipid bilayer arrays containing variable amounts of water approaching the two-phase limit. The optical birefringence of these lamellar phases of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DDPC) is measured over a range of temperature and water content, and phase transitions are observed. The techniques employed for pure DPPC and water are extended in order to produce macroscopically aligned samples containing varying concentrations of cholesterol, inorganic salts, antibiotics, and chlorophyll a. Polarization studies of the 670-nm band of chlorophyll a indicate macroscopic orientational order in the chromophore under the same conditions.", "contents": "Monodomain samples of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine with varying concentrations of water and other ingredients. Methods are presented for the preparation of large monodomain phospholipid bilayer arrays containing variable amounts of water approaching the two-phase limit. The optical birefringence of these lamellar phases of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DDPC) is measured over a range of temperature and water content, and phase transitions are observed. The techniques employed for pure DPPC and water are extended in order to produce macroscopically aligned samples containing varying concentrations of cholesterol, inorganic salts, antibiotics, and chlorophyll a. Polarization studies of the 670-nm band of chlorophyll a indicate macroscopic orientational order in the chromophore under the same conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:911979", "title": "An extrapolation method for reducing equilibration times in sedimentation equilibrium experiments.", "content": "We present a detailed investigation of the use of an extrapolation technique to decrease running times of sedimentation equilibrium experiments. If concentration profiles are available at time delta tau, 2delta tau, 3delta tau,...., cn(r) = c(r, n delta tau), then the Aitken transformation replaces the cn(r) + \u0109n(r) = [cn + 1(r) cn - 1(r) - c2n(r)]/[cn + 1(r) + cn - 1(r) - 2cn(r)]. We show that the \u0109n(r) converge to the equilibrium values c infinity (r) much more quickly than the cn(r). Savings in time are shown to range from a factor of approximately 2 for meniscus depletion experiments to factors of between 4 and 8 for lower speeds or smaller molecular weights. It is also shown that the technique is quite sensitive to noise, so that an accurate optical system is required to allow its optimal use.", "contents": "An extrapolation method for reducing equilibration times in sedimentation equilibrium experiments. We present a detailed investigation of the use of an extrapolation technique to decrease running times of sedimentation equilibrium experiments. If concentration profiles are available at time delta tau, 2delta tau, 3delta tau,...., cn(r) = c(r, n delta tau), then the Aitken transformation replaces the cn(r) + \u0109n(r) = [cn + 1(r) cn - 1(r) - c2n(r)]/[cn + 1(r) + cn - 1(r) - 2cn(r)]. We show that the \u0109n(r) converge to the equilibrium values c infinity (r) much more quickly than the cn(r). Savings in time are shown to range from a factor of approximately 2 for meniscus depletion experiments to factors of between 4 and 8 for lower speeds or smaller molecular weights. It is also shown that the technique is quite sensitive to noise, so that an accurate optical system is required to allow its optimal use."}
{"id": "PMID:911980", "title": "Hydration of phosphatidylocholine. Adsorption isotherm and proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies.", "content": "Adsorption-desorption isotherms were obtained for water binding by 1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine in the temperature range 15 degrees-35 degrees C. The isotherms were analyzed by Brunauer et al.'s (BET) theory and also a polarization theory, the latter being more successful in fitting the data. There was some evidence for a change in the surface field of the lipid bilayer around 25 degrees C. Proton T1 and T2 measurements were used to obtain a log-normal molecular correlation time distribution for water protons in these systems. This distribution was compared with the isotherm data to effect a description of several classes of water molecules.", "contents": "Hydration of phosphatidylocholine. Adsorption isotherm and proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Adsorption-desorption isotherms were obtained for water binding by 1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine in the temperature range 15 degrees-35 degrees C. The isotherms were analyzed by Brunauer et al.'s (BET) theory and also a polarization theory, the latter being more successful in fitting the data. There was some evidence for a change in the surface field of the lipid bilayer around 25 degrees C. Proton T1 and T2 measurements were used to obtain a log-normal molecular correlation time distribution for water protons in these systems. This distribution was compared with the isotherm data to effect a description of several classes of water molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:911981", "title": "Human red cell hemolysis rates in the subsecond to seconds range. An analysis.", "content": "Hypoosmotic shock kinetics of the normal human red cell (25 degrees C) were investigated by means of a rapid kinetics apparatus, with a resolving time of about 50 ms. The results are compared with some current models for hemolysis. The fast hemolysis plots are not true symmetric sigmoids, in contrast to results from less stressful conditions, nor can they be simply fitted to an \"all or none\" process. In the most severe conditions, mixing with neat water, the velocities with which red cells start to hemolyze depend on the rate at which the cell is converted to a swollen sphere (lag phase). Under such conditions, the mean time to rupture and start of leaking is about 0.6 s. The rate of osmotically driven solvent flow is probably the principal controlling factor in the discocyte to sphere transformation. The overall course of hemolysis can be described in terms of two rate processes and a distribution of cell fragilities. The fragilities probably depend on the age of individual cells in the samples. In the low-salt region, the effect of hypotonicity as well as hypoosmolality is discerned. The surface charge on the red cell provided no driving force for rupture above salt concentration 0.10M, but at 0.05 M salt and below, electrostatic effects may contribute.", "contents": "Human red cell hemolysis rates in the subsecond to seconds range. An analysis. Hypoosmotic shock kinetics of the normal human red cell (25 degrees C) were investigated by means of a rapid kinetics apparatus, with a resolving time of about 50 ms. The results are compared with some current models for hemolysis. The fast hemolysis plots are not true symmetric sigmoids, in contrast to results from less stressful conditions, nor can they be simply fitted to an \"all or none\" process. In the most severe conditions, mixing with neat water, the velocities with which red cells start to hemolyze depend on the rate at which the cell is converted to a swollen sphere (lag phase). Under such conditions, the mean time to rupture and start of leaking is about 0.6 s. The rate of osmotically driven solvent flow is probably the principal controlling factor in the discocyte to sphere transformation. The overall course of hemolysis can be described in terms of two rate processes and a distribution of cell fragilities. The fragilities probably depend on the age of individual cells in the samples. In the low-salt region, the effect of hypotonicity as well as hypoosmolality is discerned. The surface charge on the red cell provided no driving force for rupture above salt concentration 0.10M, but at 0.05 M salt and below, electrostatic effects may contribute."}
{"id": "PMID:911982", "title": "Physics of chemoreception.", "content": "Statistical fluctuations limit the precision with which a microorganism can, in a given time T, determine the concentration of a chemoattractant in the surrounding medium. The best a cell can do is to monitor continually the state of occupation of receptors distributed over its surface. For nearly optimum performance only a small fraction of the surface need be specifically adsorbing. The probability that a molecule that has collided with the cell will find a receptor is Ns/(Ns + pi a), if N receptors, each with a binding site of radius s, are evenly distributed over a cell of radius a. There is ample room for many indenpendent systems of specific receptors. The adsorption rate for molecules of moderate size cannot be significantly enhanced by motion of the cell or by stirring of the medium by the cell. The least fractional error attainable in the determination of a concentration c is approximately (TcaD) - 1/2, where D is diffusion constant of the attractant. The number of specific receptors needed to attain such precision is about a/s. Data on bacteriophage absorption, bacterial chemotaxis, and chemotaxis in a cellular slime mold are evaluated. The chemotactic sensitivity of Escherichia coli approaches that of the cell of optimum design.", "contents": "Physics of chemoreception. Statistical fluctuations limit the precision with which a microorganism can, in a given time T, determine the concentration of a chemoattractant in the surrounding medium. The best a cell can do is to monitor continually the state of occupation of receptors distributed over its surface. For nearly optimum performance only a small fraction of the surface need be specifically adsorbing. The probability that a molecule that has collided with the cell will find a receptor is Ns/(Ns + pi a), if N receptors, each with a binding site of radius s, are evenly distributed over a cell of radius a. There is ample room for many indenpendent systems of specific receptors. The adsorption rate for molecules of moderate size cannot be significantly enhanced by motion of the cell or by stirring of the medium by the cell. The least fractional error attainable in the determination of a concentration c is approximately (TcaD) - 1/2, where D is diffusion constant of the attractant. The number of specific receptors needed to attain such precision is about a/s. Data on bacteriophage absorption, bacterial chemotaxis, and chemotaxis in a cellular slime mold are evaluated. The chemotactic sensitivity of Escherichia coli approaches that of the cell of optimum design."}
{"id": "PMID:911983", "title": "Side-chain mobility and the calculation of tyrosyl circular dichroism of proteins. Implications of a test with insulin and des-B1-phenylalanine insulin.", "content": "Previous calculations using crystal structure coordinates (Strickland and Mercola [1976], Biochemistry. 15: 3857) have predicted that about 40 percent of the calculated tyrosyl circular dichroism of hexameric insulin is due to one of the four tyrosine residues: viz. the A14-tyrosine interacting with the nearby B1-phenylalanine ring group. We have tested this prediction by measuring the tyrosyl circular dichroism of an isomorphous analogue of insulin, des-B1-phenylalanine-insulin. Contrary to expectation, the resulting circular dichroism was the same as that of insulin. It is concluded that the B1-phenylalanine residue does not in fact make a large contribution to the circular dichroism of A14-tyrosine. This result is probably due to the thermal motion of the B1 and A14 ring groups not taken into account by the calculations. An example of the effects of thermal motion on the calculated circular dichroism is given and improvements that do take into account thermal motion are discussed.", "contents": "Side-chain mobility and the calculation of tyrosyl circular dichroism of proteins. Implications of a test with insulin and des-B1-phenylalanine insulin. Previous calculations using crystal structure coordinates (Strickland and Mercola [1976], Biochemistry. 15: 3857) have predicted that about 40 percent of the calculated tyrosyl circular dichroism of hexameric insulin is due to one of the four tyrosine residues: viz. the A14-tyrosine interacting with the nearby B1-phenylalanine ring group. We have tested this prediction by measuring the tyrosyl circular dichroism of an isomorphous analogue of insulin, des-B1-phenylalanine-insulin. Contrary to expectation, the resulting circular dichroism was the same as that of insulin. It is concluded that the B1-phenylalanine residue does not in fact make a large contribution to the circular dichroism of A14-tyrosine. This result is probably due to the thermal motion of the B1 and A14 ring groups not taken into account by the calculations. An example of the effects of thermal motion on the calculated circular dichroism is given and improvements that do take into account thermal motion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:911984", "title": "Thermal-stimulated pressure and current studies of bound water in lysozyme.", "content": "The state of bound water in crystalized lysozyme was studied by four techniques: electret thermal depolarization currents, thermal-stimulated pressure, isothermal polization decay, and thermogravimetry. Hydration levels ranged from 0 to 40 mg water/g protein. Desorption of bound water dipoles was found to be the main process responsible for electrical depolarization. Two different binding sites for water were identified with long relaxation times at room temperature (order 10(2)s) and activation energies of 0.34 plus or minus 0.02 eV and 0.55 plus or minus 0.04 eV.", "contents": "Thermal-stimulated pressure and current studies of bound water in lysozyme. The state of bound water in crystalized lysozyme was studied by four techniques: electret thermal depolarization currents, thermal-stimulated pressure, isothermal polization decay, and thermogravimetry. Hydration levels ranged from 0 to 40 mg water/g protein. Desorption of bound water dipoles was found to be the main process responsible for electrical depolarization. Two different binding sites for water were identified with long relaxation times at room temperature (order 10(2)s) and activation energies of 0.34 plus or minus 0.02 eV and 0.55 plus or minus 0.04 eV."}
{"id": "PMID:911985", "title": "The representation of membrane admittance.", "content": "An integral representation for the membrane admittance in terms of its known current response to a voltage step function is presented. It is demonstrated that the frequency-dependent terms in the contribution to the membrane admittance by the ion-selective conductance of the nerve membrane are proportional to the static conductances. The additional information contained in the real and imaginary parts of the membrane admittance should allow the parameters of the ion conductance to be determined. Eventually, these measurements should also give information about the electric dipole displacement currents of the conductance systems themselves, and about the metabolically supported active ion transport currents that maintain the ion concentration gradients.", "contents": "The representation of membrane admittance. An integral representation for the membrane admittance in terms of its known current response to a voltage step function is presented. It is demonstrated that the frequency-dependent terms in the contribution to the membrane admittance by the ion-selective conductance of the nerve membrane are proportional to the static conductances. The additional information contained in the real and imaginary parts of the membrane admittance should allow the parameters of the ion conductance to be determined. Eventually, these measurements should also give information about the electric dipole displacement currents of the conductance systems themselves, and about the metabolically supported active ion transport currents that maintain the ion concentration gradients."}
{"id": "PMID:911986", "title": "A field-dissociation relation for polyelectrolytes with an application to field-induced conformational changes of polynucleotides.", "content": "An extension to polyelectrolyte solutions of Onsager's field-dissociation relation for weak electrolytes can be derived in a simple way. It is found that, except in the limit of zero ionic strength, a strong applied electric field prevents counterion condensation from proceeding to completion. The extent of incompleteness initially varies linearly with the applied field. The field-dissociation relation can easily be incorporated into the theory of ionic effects on the stability of ordered polynucleotide structures, whereupon a dependence of the stability on field strength emerges. An explicit calculation for a co-operative transition of the DNA melting type is presented, and it is concluded that for sufficiently low ionic strengths, a field of the order of 10 kV/cm may be able to induce melting by lowering the Tm by a few degrees. The threshold effect found experimentally by P\u00f6rschke, and particularly the observed linear dependence of the threshold field on the logarithm of the ionic strength, appears here as a simple consequence of the linear increase of the stabilization free energy with the logarithm of ionic strength.", "contents": "A field-dissociation relation for polyelectrolytes with an application to field-induced conformational changes of polynucleotides. An extension to polyelectrolyte solutions of Onsager's field-dissociation relation for weak electrolytes can be derived in a simple way. It is found that, except in the limit of zero ionic strength, a strong applied electric field prevents counterion condensation from proceeding to completion. The extent of incompleteness initially varies linearly with the applied field. The field-dissociation relation can easily be incorporated into the theory of ionic effects on the stability of ordered polynucleotide structures, whereupon a dependence of the stability on field strength emerges. An explicit calculation for a co-operative transition of the DNA melting type is presented, and it is concluded that for sufficiently low ionic strengths, a field of the order of 10 kV/cm may be able to induce melting by lowering the Tm by a few degrees. The threshold effect found experimentally by P\u00f6rschke, and particularly the observed linear dependence of the threshold field on the logarithm of the ionic strength, appears here as a simple consequence of the linear increase of the stabilization free energy with the logarithm of ionic strength."}
{"id": "PMID:911987", "title": "Dielectric studies on self-associating nucleosides and bases in aqueous solution.", "content": "Measurments have been made of the dielectric properties of aqueous solutions in which aggregates are formed by stacking. The nucleosides cytidine, uridine and thymidine, and the bases purine, pyrimidine and 6-methylamino-9-methyl-purine (N6,N9-dimethyladenine) were investigated at around 1 MHz, where the static increments can be determined, and for cytidine, dimethyladenine, uridine and pyrimidine measurements were also made in the 100-2000 MHz range where the main relaxation of the solute dipoles is found. Whereas cytidine and purine show a positive static dielectric increment increasing linearly with concentration, dimethyladenine, uridine, thymidine and pyrimidine show a similar negative effect. Also, within the experimental accuracy, single relaxation times are found for the solute dispersions investigated. It is suggested that these relaxations correspond to the effects of free rotation of individual polar molecules in the plane of stacking. This phenomenon would also account for the linear variation of the dielectric increments with concentration. These increments are thought to be positive or negative due to the varying balance in the solutions between the loss of polarization due to displaced and \"bound\" water and the corresponding gain due to the polarity of the solute molecules.", "contents": "Dielectric studies on self-associating nucleosides and bases in aqueous solution. Measurments have been made of the dielectric properties of aqueous solutions in which aggregates are formed by stacking. The nucleosides cytidine, uridine and thymidine, and the bases purine, pyrimidine and 6-methylamino-9-methyl-purine (N6,N9-dimethyladenine) were investigated at around 1 MHz, where the static increments can be determined, and for cytidine, dimethyladenine, uridine and pyrimidine measurements were also made in the 100-2000 MHz range where the main relaxation of the solute dipoles is found. Whereas cytidine and purine show a positive static dielectric increment increasing linearly with concentration, dimethyladenine, uridine, thymidine and pyrimidine show a similar negative effect. Also, within the experimental accuracy, single relaxation times are found for the solute dispersions investigated. It is suggested that these relaxations correspond to the effects of free rotation of individual polar molecules in the plane of stacking. This phenomenon would also account for the linear variation of the dielectric increments with concentration. These increments are thought to be positive or negative due to the varying balance in the solutions between the loss of polarization due to displaced and \"bound\" water and the corresponding gain due to the polarity of the solute molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:911988", "title": "A calorimetric investigation of single stranded base stacking in the ribo-oligonucleotide A7.", "content": "Differential scanning calorimetry has been employed to determine the energy change associated with single stranded base stacking in the ribo-oligonucleotide A7. A total enthalpy change of 20.3 kcal (mole of heptamer)-1 was measured. This corresponds to 2.9 kcal (mole of adenine)-1 or 3.4 kcal (mole of A-A stack)-1 if one assumes that all six stacking interactions are energetically equivalent. These results represent the first direct determination of this important parameter for a ribo-oligonucleotide. It is noted that the calorimetrically determined value reported here is considerably lower than any of the previously published van't Hoff enthalpies but is consistent with values that can be derived from other calorimetric data.", "contents": "A calorimetric investigation of single stranded base stacking in the ribo-oligonucleotide A7. Differential scanning calorimetry has been employed to determine the energy change associated with single stranded base stacking in the ribo-oligonucleotide A7. A total enthalpy change of 20.3 kcal (mole of heptamer)-1 was measured. This corresponds to 2.9 kcal (mole of adenine)-1 or 3.4 kcal (mole of A-A stack)-1 if one assumes that all six stacking interactions are energetically equivalent. These results represent the first direct determination of this important parameter for a ribo-oligonucleotide. It is noted that the calorimetrically determined value reported here is considerably lower than any of the previously published van't Hoff enthalpies but is consistent with values that can be derived from other calorimetric data."}
{"id": "PMID:911989", "title": "Relaxation kinetics of the helix-coil transition of a self-complementary ribo-oligonucleotide: A7U7.", "content": "Relaxation measurements on the kinetics of the double helix to coil transition for the self-complementary ribo-oligonucleotide A7U7 are reported over a concentration range of 6.9 micrometer to 19.6 micrometer in single strand in 1 M NaCl. The rate constants for helix formation are about 2 X 10(6) M-1 s-1 and decrease with increasing temperature yielding an activation enthalpy of -6 kcal/mole. The rate constants for helix dissociation range from 3 to 250 s-1 and increase with increasing temperature yielding an activation enthalpy of +45 kcal/mole. The kinetic data reported here for 1 M NaCl is compared with previously published results obtained at lower salt concentrations. These data are discussed in terms of the quantitative effect of ionic strength on the kinetics of helix-coil transitions in oligo- and polynucleotides.", "contents": "Relaxation kinetics of the helix-coil transition of a self-complementary ribo-oligonucleotide: A7U7. Relaxation measurements on the kinetics of the double helix to coil transition for the self-complementary ribo-oligonucleotide A7U7 are reported over a concentration range of 6.9 micrometer to 19.6 micrometer in single strand in 1 M NaCl. The rate constants for helix formation are about 2 X 10(6) M-1 s-1 and decrease with increasing temperature yielding an activation enthalpy of -6 kcal/mole. The rate constants for helix dissociation range from 3 to 250 s-1 and increase with increasing temperature yielding an activation enthalpy of +45 kcal/mole. The kinetic data reported here for 1 M NaCl is compared with previously published results obtained at lower salt concentrations. These data are discussed in terms of the quantitative effect of ionic strength on the kinetics of helix-coil transitions in oligo- and polynucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:911990", "title": "The circular polarization of fluorescence of the ionophore lasalocid A(X-537A) and some of its metal complexes.", "content": "The conformation of the ionophore lasalocid A (X-537A) and its complexes with metal ions was probed by the circular polarization of their luminescence (CPL). The CPL of each complex in methanol was found to be different than when in n-hexane. Furthermore, the different metal ion complexes investigated had a different CPL spectrum in each solvent. These findings indicate wide variability in the conformation of the complexes depending on the metal ion and the solvent. From the spectral behaviour of the CPL it was concluded that at least some of the complexes exist in more than one form in solution. A comparison between the CPL and CD spectra indicates a change in the conformation of the ionophore in the vicinity of the salicylate chromophore upon electronic excitation.", "contents": "The circular polarization of fluorescence of the ionophore lasalocid A(X-537A) and some of its metal complexes. The conformation of the ionophore lasalocid A (X-537A) and its complexes with metal ions was probed by the circular polarization of their luminescence (CPL). The CPL of each complex in methanol was found to be different than when in n-hexane. Furthermore, the different metal ion complexes investigated had a different CPL spectrum in each solvent. These findings indicate wide variability in the conformation of the complexes depending on the metal ion and the solvent. From the spectral behaviour of the CPL it was concluded that at least some of the complexes exist in more than one form in solution. A comparison between the CPL and CD spectra indicates a change in the conformation of the ionophore in the vicinity of the salicylate chromophore upon electronic excitation."}
{"id": "PMID:911991", "title": "Equivalency of linear least squares curve fitting and reciprocal functions in protein circular dichroic spectra analysis.", "content": "Two methods for the analysis of the circular dichroism spectra of proteins for determination of secondary structure have been examined. These are the linear curve fitting of the data, minimized in the least squares sense, and the method of reciprocal functions proposed by C.C. Baker and I. Isenberg, Biochemistry 15 (1976) 629. It is shown that the use of these two methods give results that are identical, providing the same set of reference spectra are used in each case, and, therefore, that no new information is obtained by the use of either one over the other.", "contents": "Equivalency of linear least squares curve fitting and reciprocal functions in protein circular dichroic spectra analysis. Two methods for the analysis of the circular dichroism spectra of proteins for determination of secondary structure have been examined. These are the linear curve fitting of the data, minimized in the least squares sense, and the method of reciprocal functions proposed by C.C. Baker and I. Isenberg, Biochemistry 15 (1976) 629. It is shown that the use of these two methods give results that are identical, providing the same set of reference spectra are used in each case, and, therefore, that no new information is obtained by the use of either one over the other."}
{"id": "PMID:911992", "title": "Consecutive immobilized enzymatic reactions with and without enzyme denaturation.", "content": "Consecutive biochemical reactions in an immobilized enzyme particle under the effects of internal and external diffusional resistances are analyzed. A rigorous nonlinear reaction kinetics is employed and the steady state effectiveness factor with negligible enzyme denaturation compared with the previous prediction by the first-order kinetics. It is found that the difference between them is rather substantial under most circumstances. The cases with significant enzyme denaturation are also investigated by using an unsteady state model. The substrate concentration responses to variation of the physical and kinetic parameters reveal many interesting characteristics of the reaction system.", "contents": "Consecutive immobilized enzymatic reactions with and without enzyme denaturation. Consecutive biochemical reactions in an immobilized enzyme particle under the effects of internal and external diffusional resistances are analyzed. A rigorous nonlinear reaction kinetics is employed and the steady state effectiveness factor with negligible enzyme denaturation compared with the previous prediction by the first-order kinetics. It is found that the difference between them is rather substantial under most circumstances. The cases with significant enzyme denaturation are also investigated by using an unsteady state model. The substrate concentration responses to variation of the physical and kinetic parameters reveal many interesting characteristics of the reaction system."}
{"id": "PMID:912016", "title": "Quinoxalinol derivatives of aliphatic 2-oxocarboxylic acids. Infrared and mass spectra of the O-trimethylsilylated compounds.", "content": "In acidic media o-phenylenediamine and 2-oxoacids react to yield quinoxaline derivatives. On derivatization in pyridine with silylating reagents quinoxalinol-O-TMS ethers or O-TMS-ether-TMS-esters are formed exclusively as shown by gas chromatography infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. These derivatives have very favourable properties for gas chromatographic detection and quantitation of the parent 2-oxoacids. The mass spectra have characteristic fragments which facilitate easy identification. In addition, 'single ion monitoring' of all aliphatic 2-oxoacids can be performed with only three fragments at m/e 217,232 and 245. In some aspects the mass spectra resemble those of other heterocyclic compounds which contain an O-alkyl sidechain. The fragmentation mechanisms were deduced by low resolution mass spectrometry with and without deuteration, high resolution mass spectrometry and metastable ion evidence. A new type of rearrangement alpha-beta-elimination of ethylene or propylene from the aliphatic sidechain, is proposed for some O-TMS quinoxalinols.", "contents": "Quinoxalinol derivatives of aliphatic 2-oxocarboxylic acids. Infrared and mass spectra of the O-trimethylsilylated compounds. In acidic media o-phenylenediamine and 2-oxoacids react to yield quinoxaline derivatives. On derivatization in pyridine with silylating reagents quinoxalinol-O-TMS ethers or O-TMS-ether-TMS-esters are formed exclusively as shown by gas chromatography infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. These derivatives have very favourable properties for gas chromatographic detection and quantitation of the parent 2-oxoacids. The mass spectra have characteristic fragments which facilitate easy identification. In addition, 'single ion monitoring' of all aliphatic 2-oxoacids can be performed with only three fragments at m/e 217,232 and 245. In some aspects the mass spectra resemble those of other heterocyclic compounds which contain an O-alkyl sidechain. The fragmentation mechanisms were deduced by low resolution mass spectrometry with and without deuteration, high resolution mass spectrometry and metastable ion evidence. A new type of rearrangement alpha-beta-elimination of ethylene or propylene from the aliphatic sidechain, is proposed for some O-TMS quinoxalinols."}
{"id": "PMID:912017", "title": "MASSFORM: a computer program for the assignment of elemental compositions to high resolution mass spectral data.", "content": "This paper describes a computer program which calculates all possible empirical formulas for each accurately measured mass in a high resolution mass spectrum. The program, MASSFORM, incorporates a novel mechanism for classifying the empirical formulas generated according to their empirical formula. This mechanism makes it possible to use a set of general empirical formulas to aid in the analysis of complex mixtures in much less time than most other such programs. The program is being used as an important aid to environmental studies.", "contents": "MASSFORM: a computer program for the assignment of elemental compositions to high resolution mass spectral data. This paper describes a computer program which calculates all possible empirical formulas for each accurately measured mass in a high resolution mass spectrum. The program, MASSFORM, incorporates a novel mechanism for classifying the empirical formulas generated according to their empirical formula. This mechanism makes it possible to use a set of general empirical formulas to aid in the analysis of complex mixtures in much less time than most other such programs. The program is being used as an important aid to environmental studies."}
{"id": "PMID:912018", "title": "Mass spectrometric characterization of activated N-(2-chloroethyl)amino oxazaphosphorine derivative.", "content": "The hydroperoxy and several alkylthio derivatives of the antitumor agents cyclophosphamide (2-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide), ifosfamide (3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-(2-chloroethylamino)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,1-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide) and trofosfamide (3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide) were characterized by electron impact and field desorption mass spectrometry. The compounds, which are stabilized derivatives of the activated hydroxylated intermediates of cyclophosphamide (ifosfamide, trofosfamide), could be identified as 4-hydroperoxy and 4-alkylthio oxazaphosphorines. The existence of diastereomers of these products was demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography and f.d. mass spectra. Derivatization with benzylmercaptan was found to be an appropriate method for the quantitative isolation and mass spectral identification of the activated metabolic intermediates of cyclophosphamide from biological material. Using this reaction, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and its acyclic tautomer, aldophosphamide, which are too unstable for direct identification, were detected in urine and serum of patients treated with 3H-cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric characterization of activated N-(2-chloroethyl)amino oxazaphosphorine derivative. The hydroperoxy and several alkylthio derivatives of the antitumor agents cyclophosphamide (2-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide), ifosfamide (3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-(2-chloroethylamino)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,1-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide) and trofosfamide (3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide) were characterized by electron impact and field desorption mass spectrometry. The compounds, which are stabilized derivatives of the activated hydroxylated intermediates of cyclophosphamide (ifosfamide, trofosfamide), could be identified as 4-hydroperoxy and 4-alkylthio oxazaphosphorines. The existence of diastereomers of these products was demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography and f.d. mass spectra. Derivatization with benzylmercaptan was found to be an appropriate method for the quantitative isolation and mass spectral identification of the activated metabolic intermediates of cyclophosphamide from biological material. Using this reaction, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and its acyclic tautomer, aldophosphamide, which are too unstable for direct identification, were detected in urine and serum of patients treated with 3H-cyclophosphamide."}
{"id": "PMID:912019", "title": "Location of functional groups with the aid of mass spectrometry. XVI.--Mass spectra of trimethylsilylated androstan-3,16,17 beta-triols.", "content": "The mass spectra of androstan-3,16,17beta-triols are very similar, so that a distinction between isomers is rather difficult. Main degradation reactions correspond to expulsion of substituents and loss of parts of the D-ring system.", "contents": "Location of functional groups with the aid of mass spectrometry. XVI.--Mass spectra of trimethylsilylated androstan-3,16,17 beta-triols. The mass spectra of androstan-3,16,17beta-triols are very similar, so that a distinction between isomers is rather difficult. Main degradation reactions correspond to expulsion of substituents and loss of parts of the D-ring system."}
{"id": "PMID:912020", "title": "Mass spectrometric studies of twenty-one metabolically important acylglycines.", "content": "The mass spectra of the methyl esters of twenty-one metabolically important N-acylglycines are reported. The spectra are discussed in terms of their fragmentations and their application to studies of metabolic diseases. In particular, the high relative abundance of the peak at m/e 30 in the spectra of many aliphatic acylglycine methyl esters was studied by using ([2,2-2H2]propionyl)glycine and high resolution mass spectrometry. This fragment was assigned to the even-electron ion [CH2 = NH2]+.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric studies of twenty-one metabolically important acylglycines. The mass spectra of the methyl esters of twenty-one metabolically important N-acylglycines are reported. The spectra are discussed in terms of their fragmentations and their application to studies of metabolic diseases. In particular, the high relative abundance of the peak at m/e 30 in the spectra of many aliphatic acylglycine methyl esters was studied by using ([2,2-2H2]propionyl)glycine and high resolution mass spectrometry. This fragment was assigned to the even-electron ion [CH2 = NH2]+."}
{"id": "PMID:912021", "title": "Characterization of diastereomeric and enantiomeric ephedrines by gas chromatography combined with electron impact mass spectrometry and isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "The diastereomeric hydroxyamines, ephedrine and psi-ephedrine, were well differentiated by gas chromatography of their N-acetyl O-trimethylsilyl derivatives. For the analytical separation of enantiomers, conversion into N-(R)-alpha-phenylbutyryl O-trimethylsilyl derivatives was effective in the cases of ephedrine, psi-ephedrine and nor-psi-ephedrine (but not that of nor-ephedrine, on the two stationary phases used). Electron impact mass spectra showed structurally diagnostic fragmentations, but the two diastereomeric amides from each pair of enantiomers yielded generally similar spectra. Molecular ions were of low abundance, but under chemical ionization conditions (isobutane) abundant protonated molecular ions were produced.", "contents": "Characterization of diastereomeric and enantiomeric ephedrines by gas chromatography combined with electron impact mass spectrometry and isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The diastereomeric hydroxyamines, ephedrine and psi-ephedrine, were well differentiated by gas chromatography of their N-acetyl O-trimethylsilyl derivatives. For the analytical separation of enantiomers, conversion into N-(R)-alpha-phenylbutyryl O-trimethylsilyl derivatives was effective in the cases of ephedrine, psi-ephedrine and nor-psi-ephedrine (but not that of nor-ephedrine, on the two stationary phases used). Electron impact mass spectra showed structurally diagnostic fragmentations, but the two diastereomeric amides from each pair of enantiomers yielded generally similar spectra. Molecular ions were of low abundance, but under chemical ionization conditions (isobutane) abundant protonated molecular ions were produced."}
{"id": "PMID:912022", "title": "Mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance confirmation of a 3,3-spirocyclic indole derivative formed from melatonin and related acyl tryptamines.", "content": "When melatonin is reacted with pentafluoropropionic anhydride for selected ion monitoring or electron capture gas chromatographic analysis a volatile product results. Examination of the product by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry has established that the molecular weight of 360 corresponds to the addition of one molecule of pentafluoropropionic acid followed by dehydration. Further spectroscopic and chemical examination using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance with isotopic labelling has established that the product is a 3,3-spirocyclic indole derivative. Several analogous compounds were also examined and their mass spectra studied.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance confirmation of a 3,3-spirocyclic indole derivative formed from melatonin and related acyl tryptamines. When melatonin is reacted with pentafluoropropionic anhydride for selected ion monitoring or electron capture gas chromatographic analysis a volatile product results. Examination of the product by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry has established that the molecular weight of 360 corresponds to the addition of one molecule of pentafluoropropionic acid followed by dehydration. Further spectroscopic and chemical examination using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance with isotopic labelling has established that the product is a 3,3-spirocyclic indole derivative. Several analogous compounds were also examined and their mass spectra studied."}
{"id": "PMID:912023", "title": "Mass spectrometric determination of new prostaglandin derivatives (series A and E).", "content": "The reaction of prostaglandins E1, E2, A1 and A2 with a 1:1 mixture of N,O-bis-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide and piperidine favours the quantitative enolization of the 9-keto group of prostaglandins E, thus giving the corresponding tetrakis-TMS derivatives with molecular ions at m/e 642 and m/e 640 for prostaglandins E1 and E2, respectively, and also gives a new type of prostaglandin A-piperidyl-TMS derivative characterized by very strong base peaks at m/e 464 and 462, with molecular ions at m/e 637 and 635 for prostaglandins A1 and A2, respectively. The probable reaction mechanisms prevailing in both cases are discussed in accordance with the low and high resolution mass spectral data presented.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric determination of new prostaglandin derivatives (series A and E). The reaction of prostaglandins E1, E2, A1 and A2 with a 1:1 mixture of N,O-bis-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide and piperidine favours the quantitative enolization of the 9-keto group of prostaglandins E, thus giving the corresponding tetrakis-TMS derivatives with molecular ions at m/e 642 and m/e 640 for prostaglandins E1 and E2, respectively, and also gives a new type of prostaglandin A-piperidyl-TMS derivative characterized by very strong base peaks at m/e 464 and 462, with molecular ions at m/e 637 and 635 for prostaglandins A1 and A2, respectively. The probable reaction mechanisms prevailing in both cases are discussed in accordance with the low and high resolution mass spectral data presented."}
{"id": "PMID:912024", "title": "Analysis of drugs by pyrolysis. I. Selected ion monitoring combined with a pyrolysis method for the determination of carpronium chloride in biological samples.", "content": "In order to establish an analytical method for carpronium chloride, a parasympathomimetic agent, the pyrolysis reaction of carpronium chloride was examined in a g.c.m.s. system, which revealed that gamma-butyrolactone was produced directly from the drug as the main pyrolysis product. In the case of conversion of [2,2,3,3-2H4]carpronium chloride into the deuterated gamma-butyrolactone, 2H/1H scrambling was observed and confirmed to occur during the pyrolysis process of the deuterated compound. The proportion of gamma-[2H4]butyrolactone among the pyrolysis products was almost independent of the operating conditions, so [2,2,3,3-2H4]carpronium chloride was of practical use as an internal standard for selected ion monitoring. By incorporation of the pyrolysis reaction of carpronium chloride with selected ion monitoring and the use of [2,2,3,3-2H4]carpronium chloride as an internal standard, a rapid, sensitive and selective method was devised for the determination of the drug in biological samples. The method was utilized successfully for the biopharmaceutical studies of carpronium chloride in ma.", "contents": "Analysis of drugs by pyrolysis. I. Selected ion monitoring combined with a pyrolysis method for the determination of carpronium chloride in biological samples. In order to establish an analytical method for carpronium chloride, a parasympathomimetic agent, the pyrolysis reaction of carpronium chloride was examined in a g.c.m.s. system, which revealed that gamma-butyrolactone was produced directly from the drug as the main pyrolysis product. In the case of conversion of [2,2,3,3-2H4]carpronium chloride into the deuterated gamma-butyrolactone, 2H/1H scrambling was observed and confirmed to occur during the pyrolysis process of the deuterated compound. The proportion of gamma-[2H4]butyrolactone among the pyrolysis products was almost independent of the operating conditions, so [2,2,3,3-2H4]carpronium chloride was of practical use as an internal standard for selected ion monitoring. By incorporation of the pyrolysis reaction of carpronium chloride with selected ion monitoring and the use of [2,2,3,3-2H4]carpronium chloride as an internal standard, a rapid, sensitive and selective method was devised for the determination of the drug in biological samples. The method was utilized successfully for the biopharmaceutical studies of carpronium chloride in ma."}
{"id": "PMID:912025", "title": "The measurement of acetanilide in plasma by spectrophotometric and selected ion monitoring methods.", "content": "Plasma samples from volunteers who had received an oral dose of acetanilide have been analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and ultraviolet absorption techniques. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry method involved extraction of the plasma and analysis of the acetanilide using selected ion monitoring with a deuterated internal standard. In the ultraviolet method the plasma was hydrolysed with acid to convert the acetanilide to aniline, and this compound was diazotized and coupled with N-1-naphthylethylene-diamine. The absorbance of the resulting complex was read at 550 nm. Acetanilide levels in plasma determined by the selected ion monitoring method were significantly lower than those measured by spectrophotometry. Pharmacokinetic data calculated from the results obtained using these two assays are very different and illustrate the need for an accurate and specific method of analysis. The major metabolites of acetanilide are shown not to interfere with these assays and the results suggest the possible presence of a new metabolite of acetanilide.", "contents": "The measurement of acetanilide in plasma by spectrophotometric and selected ion monitoring methods. Plasma samples from volunteers who had received an oral dose of acetanilide have been analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and ultraviolet absorption techniques. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry method involved extraction of the plasma and analysis of the acetanilide using selected ion monitoring with a deuterated internal standard. In the ultraviolet method the plasma was hydrolysed with acid to convert the acetanilide to aniline, and this compound was diazotized and coupled with N-1-naphthylethylene-diamine. The absorbance of the resulting complex was read at 550 nm. Acetanilide levels in plasma determined by the selected ion monitoring method were significantly lower than those measured by spectrophotometry. Pharmacokinetic data calculated from the results obtained using these two assays are very different and illustrate the need for an accurate and specific method of analysis. The major metabolites of acetanilide are shown not to interfere with these assays and the results suggest the possible presence of a new metabolite of acetanilide."}
{"id": "PMID:912026", "title": "Gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry of prostaglandin Falpha cyclic boronate derivatives.", "content": "The electron impact mass spectra of prostaglandins F 1alpha, F 2alpha and F 3alpha methyl ester cyclic 9,11-methane-, n-butane-, cyclohexane- and benzeneboronate 15-trimethylsilyl ethers show base peaks corresponding to [M-(C-16-C-20)]+, i.e. [M-71]+ for prostaglandins F 1alpha and F 2alpha but [M-69]+ for prostaglandin F 3alpha yielding identical ions in the latter two cases. Derivatives of prostaglandin F 2alpha and F 3alpha are difficult to separate by gas chromatography, so that the use of this ion type for single ion monitoring of either prostaglandin (as has been reported) is ambiguous. The chemical ionization mass spectra of these cyclic boronates, however, show distinctive base peaks for prostaglandins F 1alpha, F 2alpha and F 3alpha at m/e 317,315 and 313 respectively, corresponding to [M-RBO2H2-TMSO]+. Fragmentation patterns have been investigated by the use of [3,3,4,4-2H4]prostaglandin F 2alpha and by the formation of [2H9]trimethylsilyl ethers and a [2H3]methyl ester. Cleavage of the C-15-C-16 bond is of minor importance under chemical ionization conditions. The possible value of the [M-RBO2H2-TMSO]+ ions for single ion monitoring is explored: specificity is aided by the formation of the same ions from a series of boronates of characteristic retention indices.", "contents": "Gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry of prostaglandin Falpha cyclic boronate derivatives. The electron impact mass spectra of prostaglandins F 1alpha, F 2alpha and F 3alpha methyl ester cyclic 9,11-methane-, n-butane-, cyclohexane- and benzeneboronate 15-trimethylsilyl ethers show base peaks corresponding to [M-(C-16-C-20)]+, i.e. [M-71]+ for prostaglandins F 1alpha and F 2alpha but [M-69]+ for prostaglandin F 3alpha yielding identical ions in the latter two cases. Derivatives of prostaglandin F 2alpha and F 3alpha are difficult to separate by gas chromatography, so that the use of this ion type for single ion monitoring of either prostaglandin (as has been reported) is ambiguous. The chemical ionization mass spectra of these cyclic boronates, however, show distinctive base peaks for prostaglandins F 1alpha, F 2alpha and F 3alpha at m/e 317,315 and 313 respectively, corresponding to [M-RBO2H2-TMSO]+. Fragmentation patterns have been investigated by the use of [3,3,4,4-2H4]prostaglandin F 2alpha and by the formation of [2H9]trimethylsilyl ethers and a [2H3]methyl ester. Cleavage of the C-15-C-16 bond is of minor importance under chemical ionization conditions. The possible value of the [M-RBO2H2-TMSO]+ ions for single ion monitoring is explored: specificity is aided by the formation of the same ions from a series of boronates of characteristic retention indices."}
{"id": "PMID:912028", "title": "Hydantoin ring glucuronidation: characterization of a new metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin in man and the rat.", "content": "A new metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin has been found in human urine and in rat bile. This new metabolite arises by direct glucuronidation of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (i.e. no prior aryl hydroxylation occurs) and is characterized as the N-3 glucuronide. This structure assignment is based on (a) study of mass spectra of permethyl, perdeuteriomethyl, N-methyl-per-O-deuteriomethyl and deuteriomethyl ester permethyl derivatives and (b) comparison of the reactions of the new glucuronide metabolite and 5,5-diphenyl-3-methylhydantoin with diazomethane. Prominent ions at m/e 322 and 378 in the mass spectrum of the permethylated derivative of the glucuronide metabolite arise via retro Diels-Alder reactions of the glycone ring.", "contents": "Hydantoin ring glucuronidation: characterization of a new metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin in man and the rat. A new metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin has been found in human urine and in rat bile. This new metabolite arises by direct glucuronidation of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (i.e. no prior aryl hydroxylation occurs) and is characterized as the N-3 glucuronide. This structure assignment is based on (a) study of mass spectra of permethyl, perdeuteriomethyl, N-methyl-per-O-deuteriomethyl and deuteriomethyl ester permethyl derivatives and (b) comparison of the reactions of the new glucuronide metabolite and 5,5-diphenyl-3-methylhydantoin with diazomethane. Prominent ions at m/e 322 and 378 in the mass spectrum of the permethylated derivative of the glucuronide metabolite arise via retro Diels-Alder reactions of the glycone ring."}
{"id": "PMID:912029", "title": "Analysis of hexosaminitol-containing disaccharide alditols from rat brain glycoproteins and gangliosides as O-trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "The O-trimethylsilyl derivatives of five reference disaccharide alditols composed of a N-acetylhexosaminitol substituted at C-3, C-4 or C-6 with a hexose moiety were studied by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The data were used in the determination of the linkage in disaccharide alditols derived from rat brain glycoproteins and gangliosides. The O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate units of brain glycoproteins contained two oligosaccharides, alpha-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol and beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol, whereas only the latter was obtained from brain gangliosides after partial acid hydrolysis and reduction.", "contents": "Analysis of hexosaminitol-containing disaccharide alditols from rat brain glycoproteins and gangliosides as O-trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The O-trimethylsilyl derivatives of five reference disaccharide alditols composed of a N-acetylhexosaminitol substituted at C-3, C-4 or C-6 with a hexose moiety were studied by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The data were used in the determination of the linkage in disaccharide alditols derived from rat brain glycoproteins and gangliosides. The O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate units of brain glycoproteins contained two oligosaccharides, alpha-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol and beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol, whereas only the latter was obtained from brain gangliosides after partial acid hydrolysis and reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:912030", "title": "Phosphazenes: high molecular weight reference compounds for field desorption mass spectrometry.", "content": "Because of poor field ionization sensitivity or an insufficient number of peaks, conventional reference materials are inadequate for field desorption mass spectrometry. Hexakis (multifluoroalkoxy)cyclotriphosphazenes satisfy a growing need for high molecular weight reference compounds amenable to either electron impact or field ionization. In comparison with tris(perfluoroalkyl)-s-triazine standards, the substituted phosphazenes offer greater volatility, easier synthesis and better mass spectral characteristics. Phosphazene mixtures, in particular, cover a broad mass range in either ionization mode, creating new measurement capabilities for ions at high masses.", "contents": "Phosphazenes: high molecular weight reference compounds for field desorption mass spectrometry. Because of poor field ionization sensitivity or an insufficient number of peaks, conventional reference materials are inadequate for field desorption mass spectrometry. Hexakis (multifluoroalkoxy)cyclotriphosphazenes satisfy a growing need for high molecular weight reference compounds amenable to either electron impact or field ionization. In comparison with tris(perfluoroalkyl)-s-triazine standards, the substituted phosphazenes offer greater volatility, easier synthesis and better mass spectral characteristics. Phosphazene mixtures, in particular, cover a broad mass range in either ionization mode, creating new measurement capabilities for ions at high masses."}
{"id": "PMID:912031", "title": "Metabolism of DL-[14C]prenylamine in man.", "content": "Following oral administration of DL-[14C]prenylamine, about 40% of the dose administered was excreted in urine within 10 days. Less than 0.1% of the dose was excreted as unchanged prenylamine. The drug was extensively metabolized to at least 20 to 25 metabolites. The structure of 12 metabolites could be elucidated by means of g.c.m.s. Ring hydroxylation and further methylation of the phenolic metabolites are the main metabolic pathways involved. A substantial part of the drug and/or its metabolites is metabolized via cleavage of the C--N--C bond, giving rise to amphetamine and diphenylpropylamine which are further metabolized by aromatic and sidechain hydroxylation.", "contents": "Metabolism of DL-[14C]prenylamine in man. Following oral administration of DL-[14C]prenylamine, about 40% of the dose administered was excreted in urine within 10 days. Less than 0.1% of the dose was excreted as unchanged prenylamine. The drug was extensively metabolized to at least 20 to 25 metabolites. The structure of 12 metabolites could be elucidated by means of g.c.m.s. Ring hydroxylation and further methylation of the phenolic metabolites are the main metabolic pathways involved. A substantial part of the drug and/or its metabolites is metabolized via cleavage of the C--N--C bond, giving rise to amphetamine and diphenylpropylamine which are further metabolized by aromatic and sidechain hydroxylation."}
{"id": "PMID:912032", "title": "The mass spectra of 8-azapurines.", "content": "The mass spectra of 8-azaadenine, 8-azahypoxanthine, 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine, 8-azaxanthine and 8-azaguanine are all characterized by intense molecular ion peaks. Fragmentation pathways are advanced to account for the other ions observed in the mass spectra and are supported by metastable transitions, accurate mass measurements and deuterium labelling studies. 8-azaadenine and 8-azahypoxanthine fragment initially by elimination of nitrogen from the molecular ion, but this is a minor process with the other compounds. In many respects the electron impact induced fragmentation of the 8-azapurines is analogous to that of the corresponding purine derivatives.", "contents": "The mass spectra of 8-azapurines. The mass spectra of 8-azaadenine, 8-azahypoxanthine, 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine, 8-azaxanthine and 8-azaguanine are all characterized by intense molecular ion peaks. Fragmentation pathways are advanced to account for the other ions observed in the mass spectra and are supported by metastable transitions, accurate mass measurements and deuterium labelling studies. 8-azaadenine and 8-azahypoxanthine fragment initially by elimination of nitrogen from the molecular ion, but this is a minor process with the other compounds. In many respects the electron impact induced fragmentation of the 8-azapurines is analogous to that of the corresponding purine derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:912033", "title": "Identification of hydroxyhalobiphenyls as their methyl ethers by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "The mass spectra and gas chromatographic properties of 17 synthetic fluoro-, chloro- and bromomethoxy-biphenyls and 12 dichlorodimethoxybiphenyls have been examined. From this representative series it appears that the position of the methoxy group (ortho, meta and para to the biphenyl bond) in all monomethoxy compounds examined, and the positions of the two methoxy groups in most of the dimethoxy compounds, can be assigned unambiguously by their difference in fragmentation pattern. The value of this method was shown by metabolism experiments in which 4,4'-difluoro- and 4,4'-dibromobiphenyl were fed to rats and 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl was administered to plants. All hydroxylated metabolites found were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Relationships between structure and gas chromatographic retention time of these compounds are discussed.", "contents": "Identification of hydroxyhalobiphenyls as their methyl ethers by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The mass spectra and gas chromatographic properties of 17 synthetic fluoro-, chloro- and bromomethoxy-biphenyls and 12 dichlorodimethoxybiphenyls have been examined. From this representative series it appears that the position of the methoxy group (ortho, meta and para to the biphenyl bond) in all monomethoxy compounds examined, and the positions of the two methoxy groups in most of the dimethoxy compounds, can be assigned unambiguously by their difference in fragmentation pattern. The value of this method was shown by metabolism experiments in which 4,4'-difluoro- and 4,4'-dibromobiphenyl were fed to rats and 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl was administered to plants. All hydroxylated metabolites found were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Relationships between structure and gas chromatographic retention time of these compounds are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912034", "title": "Determination of bupivacaine in human fetal and neonatal blood samples by quantitative single ion monitoring.", "content": "The blood levels of bupivacaine administered epidurally during labour have been determined in mother, fetus and the newborn infant by quantitative single ion monitoring, following gas chromatographic separation. Concentrations were determined from the height of the peak obtained at m/e 140 derived from bupivacaine compared with that at m/e 154 derived from the internal standard, 1-n-pentyl-2-(2',6'-xylylcarbamoyl)piperidine. Results from six mothers and their infants showed that the drug passed rapidly from the maternal circulation to the infant. The plasma half-life of the drug in the newborn infant was 18 h compared with 1.25 h for the adult.", "contents": "Determination of bupivacaine in human fetal and neonatal blood samples by quantitative single ion monitoring. The blood levels of bupivacaine administered epidurally during labour have been determined in mother, fetus and the newborn infant by quantitative single ion monitoring, following gas chromatographic separation. Concentrations were determined from the height of the peak obtained at m/e 140 derived from bupivacaine compared with that at m/e 154 derived from the internal standard, 1-n-pentyl-2-(2',6'-xylylcarbamoyl)piperidine. Results from six mothers and their infants showed that the drug passed rapidly from the maternal circulation to the infant. The plasma half-life of the drug in the newborn infant was 18 h compared with 1.25 h for the adult."}
{"id": "PMID:912035", "title": "Studies of molecular species of fetal lung lecithins by gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "The molecular species of lung lecithins obtained from rabbit and rat fetuses at different days of gestation and from newborns were analysed as TMS derivatives of the corresponding diglycerides in a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer system by selected ion retrieval. In the latter part of gestation, the order of the main molecular species of lung lecithins, PCn, was PC32 greater than PC34 greater than PC30, while at an earlier stage it was PC34 greater than PC32 greater than PC30. During gestation the change of PC32:0, dipalmitoyllecithin, was remarkable. Ether lecithins are also discussed.", "contents": "Studies of molecular species of fetal lung lecithins by gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The molecular species of lung lecithins obtained from rabbit and rat fetuses at different days of gestation and from newborns were analysed as TMS derivatives of the corresponding diglycerides in a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer system by selected ion retrieval. In the latter part of gestation, the order of the main molecular species of lung lecithins, PCn, was PC32 greater than PC34 greater than PC30, while at an earlier stage it was PC34 greater than PC32 greater than PC30. During gestation the change of PC32:0, dipalmitoyllecithin, was remarkable. Ether lecithins are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912048", "title": "[Autonomic reactions arising during skeletal muscle contraction in freely moving cats].", "content": "Cardiovascular responses, evoked by n. gastrocnemius stimulation, were studied in intact cats with implanted electrodes. Non-noxious m. gastrocnemius contraction caused a rise of blood pressure and tachycardia. During curarization painless and threshold painful nerve activation failed to lead to vegetative shifts. The reflex vegetative responses during muscle contraction in intact animals may be used as a model of hemodynamic and respiratory changes in man during muscle exercise.", "contents": "[Autonomic reactions arising during skeletal muscle contraction in freely moving cats]. Cardiovascular responses, evoked by n. gastrocnemius stimulation, were studied in intact cats with implanted electrodes. Non-noxious m. gastrocnemius contraction caused a rise of blood pressure and tachycardia. During curarization painless and threshold painful nerve activation failed to lead to vegetative shifts. The reflex vegetative responses during muscle contraction in intact animals may be used as a model of hemodynamic and respiratory changes in man during muscle exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:912049", "title": "[Blood pressure reflexes to stimulation of tibial nerve A fibers in mesencephalic and bulbar cats].", "content": "In bulbar and mesencephalic unanesthetized cats, as well as in anesthetized cats with intact brain the role of impulses of different tibial nerve A-fiber subgroups (electrical stimulation at a frequency of 10 S--1) in the reflex changes of arterial pressure was studied. The lowest thresholds were registered in anesthetized cats with intact brain, the highest -- in the bulbar ones. In the former the A-fiber excitation evoked only depressor reflexes. In some of the bulbar and mesencephalic animals only pressure reflexes originated. In this experimental series the reflexes in mesencephalic cats were nearly maximal when the fibers with conduction velocity of over 15 m/s were excited. In bulbar cats it was necessary to excite also the thinner A-fibers for such an effect. Thus, the exclusion of suprabulbar structures in unanesthetized cats lowered the sensitivity of the central mechanism of vasomotor regulation to the impulses from the low-threshold A-fibers. This influence is not apparent in the other group of experiments where depressor reflexes occurred only on stimulation of A-fibers with high conduction velocity. In these experiments stimulation of A-fibers with lower conduction velocity also evoked pressor reflexes, but the difference in their value in bulbar and mesencephalic cats was insignificant.", "contents": "[Blood pressure reflexes to stimulation of tibial nerve A fibers in mesencephalic and bulbar cats]. In bulbar and mesencephalic unanesthetized cats, as well as in anesthetized cats with intact brain the role of impulses of different tibial nerve A-fiber subgroups (electrical stimulation at a frequency of 10 S--1) in the reflex changes of arterial pressure was studied. The lowest thresholds were registered in anesthetized cats with intact brain, the highest -- in the bulbar ones. In the former the A-fiber excitation evoked only depressor reflexes. In some of the bulbar and mesencephalic animals only pressure reflexes originated. In this experimental series the reflexes in mesencephalic cats were nearly maximal when the fibers with conduction velocity of over 15 m/s were excited. In bulbar cats it was necessary to excite also the thinner A-fibers for such an effect. Thus, the exclusion of suprabulbar structures in unanesthetized cats lowered the sensitivity of the central mechanism of vasomotor regulation to the impulses from the low-threshold A-fibers. This influence is not apparent in the other group of experiments where depressor reflexes occurred only on stimulation of A-fibers with high conduction velocity. In these experiments stimulation of A-fibers with lower conduction velocity also evoked pressor reflexes, but the difference in their value in bulbar and mesencephalic cats was insignificant."}
{"id": "PMID:912050", "title": "[Segmental reciprocal reflexes of the thoracic region of the spinal cord].", "content": "Under conditions of routine experiment stimulation of the central cut end of the intercostal nerve evoked reflex discharges simultaneously in several intercostal nerves of the same and contralateral side of the thorax. No reciprocity in these reflexes was noted. In the present experiments it was shown (that in unanesthetised spinal cats the reflex discharges in the intercostal nerves were facilitated by the mechanical stimulation of the ipsilateral parietal pleura and were inhibited by the same kind of stimulation of the contralateral pleura. Thus, the existence of the reciprocal segmental reflexes between the left and the right sides of the thorax was established for the first time.", "contents": "[Segmental reciprocal reflexes of the thoracic region of the spinal cord]. Under conditions of routine experiment stimulation of the central cut end of the intercostal nerve evoked reflex discharges simultaneously in several intercostal nerves of the same and contralateral side of the thorax. No reciprocity in these reflexes was noted. In the present experiments it was shown (that in unanesthetised spinal cats the reflex discharges in the intercostal nerves were facilitated by the mechanical stimulation of the ipsilateral parietal pleura and were inhibited by the same kind of stimulation of the contralateral pleura. Thus, the existence of the reciprocal segmental reflexes between the left and the right sides of the thorax was established for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:912051", "title": "[Gas exchange and hemodynamics following complete replacement of blood with a solution of purified hemoglobin].", "content": "Complete exchange blood substitution (down to hematocrit level of 1--3%) by 7--8% solution of hemoglobin (Hb) completely free of stromas and procoagulant activity of human hemoglobin was performed in cats. The Hb solution is capable of carrying oxygen and maintaining the life of the animal with a complete blood loss for some time. The Hb solution is readily saturated with oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen in the tissues, although to a significantly lesser degree than Hb in the red cell; besides, the Hb solution maintains the basic value of hemodynamics for some time.", "contents": "[Gas exchange and hemodynamics following complete replacement of blood with a solution of purified hemoglobin]. Complete exchange blood substitution (down to hematocrit level of 1--3%) by 7--8% solution of hemoglobin (Hb) completely free of stromas and procoagulant activity of human hemoglobin was performed in cats. The Hb solution is capable of carrying oxygen and maintaining the life of the animal with a complete blood loss for some time. The Hb solution is readily saturated with oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen in the tissues, although to a significantly lesser degree than Hb in the red cell; besides, the Hb solution maintains the basic value of hemodynamics for some time."}
{"id": "PMID:912052", "title": "[Dynamics of transcallosal potentials following local exposure of the cerebral cortex to high temperature].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on cats, anesthetized with nembutal. The influence of local heating of the sensomotor cortex on the transcallosum response was examined. It was revealed that heating for short and long periods of limited regions of the cortex of both hemispheres induced a primary depression of the negative component of the transcallosum response at 44 degrees C and above it. The depression was replaced by an irreversible block of both response phases at 47--49 degrees C. It was concluded that the direct inhibitory influence of high temperatures on the cortical neurons was expressed only within the range of extreme temperature incompatible with vital activity of the whole organism. Experiments with the thermal block of the hemisphere region could testify to the fact that the transcallosum responses occurred mainly as a result of the direct irritation of the callosum fibers by stimulating electrodes and entirely reflected the post-synaptic potentials.", "contents": "[Dynamics of transcallosal potentials following local exposure of the cerebral cortex to high temperature]. Experiments were conducted on cats, anesthetized with nembutal. The influence of local heating of the sensomotor cortex on the transcallosum response was examined. It was revealed that heating for short and long periods of limited regions of the cortex of both hemispheres induced a primary depression of the negative component of the transcallosum response at 44 degrees C and above it. The depression was replaced by an irreversible block of both response phases at 47--49 degrees C. It was concluded that the direct inhibitory influence of high temperatures on the cortical neurons was expressed only within the range of extreme temperature incompatible with vital activity of the whole organism. Experiments with the thermal block of the hemisphere region could testify to the fact that the transcallosum responses occurred mainly as a result of the direct irritation of the callosum fibers by stimulating electrodes and entirely reflected the post-synaptic potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:912053", "title": "[Effect of enteric oxygen therapy on the functional state of the liver in acute dystrophy].", "content": "Enteral oxygenotherapy influence was studied on rats with acute liver dystrophy caused by CCl4. Intragastric introduction of oxygen foam dicreased the intoxication and promoted a more rapid and complete restoration of the bile secretion intensity, the synthesis of primary biliary acids and their conjugation with amino acids, and also improved bile stabilizing properties.", "contents": "[Effect of enteric oxygen therapy on the functional state of the liver in acute dystrophy]. Enteral oxygenotherapy influence was studied on rats with acute liver dystrophy caused by CCl4. Intragastric introduction of oxygen foam dicreased the intoxication and promoted a more rapid and complete restoration of the bile secretion intensity, the synthesis of primary biliary acids and their conjugation with amino acids, and also improved bile stabilizing properties."}
{"id": "PMID:912054", "title": "[Mechanism of the hypercoagulation effect of hyperoxia].", "content": "It was shown in man and rabbits that a 30-minute inhalation of a 100% O2 under normal atmospheric pressure was accompanied by an elevation of the blood coagulation capacity and a sharp reduction of the count of platelets with the change of their structure. The trigger mechanism of the described hypercoagulation effect is possibly the viscous metamorphosis of platelets developing under the effect of oxygen activation of Hageman's factor.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the hypercoagulation effect of hyperoxia]. It was shown in man and rabbits that a 30-minute inhalation of a 100% O2 under normal atmospheric pressure was accompanied by an elevation of the blood coagulation capacity and a sharp reduction of the count of platelets with the change of their structure. The trigger mechanism of the described hypercoagulation effect is possibly the viscous metamorphosis of platelets developing under the effect of oxygen activation of Hageman's factor."}
{"id": "PMID:912055", "title": "[Block of presynaptic inhibition of spinal cord reflexes by ammonium acetate].", "content": "In experiments on cats ammonium acetate (AA) injected intravenously (2--4 mM/kg body weight) depressed the process of primary afferent depolarization (PAD) which were thought to be responsible for presynaptic inhibition of spinal reflexes. PAD depression is reversible and proceeds in parallel to depression of postsynaptic inhibition of monosynaptic reflexes. The ammonium depression of PAD is not connected with the block of the negative postsynaptic potential recorded from the dorsal surface of the spinal cord or with the block of the reflex electrical discharges from the ventral roots. A conclusion was drawn that one of the possible mechanisms for convulsive action of AA consists in depression of presynaptic inhibition. It is supposed that the depression of PAD by AA results from the block of the chloride ion pump existing in primary afferent terminals. The block of the pump leads to abolition of the EMF for the outwardly directed transmembrane chloride current producing PAD.", "contents": "[Block of presynaptic inhibition of spinal cord reflexes by ammonium acetate]. In experiments on cats ammonium acetate (AA) injected intravenously (2--4 mM/kg body weight) depressed the process of primary afferent depolarization (PAD) which were thought to be responsible for presynaptic inhibition of spinal reflexes. PAD depression is reversible and proceeds in parallel to depression of postsynaptic inhibition of monosynaptic reflexes. The ammonium depression of PAD is not connected with the block of the negative postsynaptic potential recorded from the dorsal surface of the spinal cord or with the block of the reflex electrical discharges from the ventral roots. A conclusion was drawn that one of the possible mechanisms for convulsive action of AA consists in depression of presynaptic inhibition. It is supposed that the depression of PAD by AA results from the block of the chloride ion pump existing in primary afferent terminals. The block of the pump leads to abolition of the EMF for the outwardly directed transmembrane chloride current producing PAD."}
{"id": "PMID:912056", "title": "[Distribution of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in different portions of the brain and in the serum of rats during anesthesia].", "content": "Dynamics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) accumulation in different parts of the rat brain (the thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, corpus striatum, cerebral hemispheres, medulla oblongata, corpora duadrigemina) and in the serum was studied by the improved gas-chromatographic method after intraperitoneal injection of gamma sodium oxybutyrate (1.5 g/kg). The GHBA content failed to differ much in the brain parts under study at the beginning of anesthesia, during and after it, only a somewhat higher GHBA content was seen at all the periods of anesthesia in the cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum, and corpus striatum. The GHBA level was constantly higher (especially at the initial period of anesthesia in the serum, then in the brain tissue.", "contents": "[Distribution of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in different portions of the brain and in the serum of rats during anesthesia]. Dynamics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) accumulation in different parts of the rat brain (the thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, corpus striatum, cerebral hemispheres, medulla oblongata, corpora duadrigemina) and in the serum was studied by the improved gas-chromatographic method after intraperitoneal injection of gamma sodium oxybutyrate (1.5 g/kg). The GHBA content failed to differ much in the brain parts under study at the beginning of anesthesia, during and after it, only a somewhat higher GHBA content was seen at all the periods of anesthesia in the cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum, and corpus striatum. The GHBA level was constantly higher (especially at the initial period of anesthesia in the serum, then in the brain tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:912057", "title": "[Effect of furosemide on the transport of organic substances in the kidneys].", "content": "The influence of furosemide on the maximal glucose reabsorption, cardiotrast secretion and urate excretion was studied in chronic experiment. Single injection of furosemide increased the maximal glucose reabsorption in dogs. Thesere was no alteration in the secretory cardiotrast transport in response to the drug administration. Furosemide administration produced an uricosuric action in dogs and rats.", "contents": "[Effect of furosemide on the transport of organic substances in the kidneys]. The influence of furosemide on the maximal glucose reabsorption, cardiotrast secretion and urate excretion was studied in chronic experiment. Single injection of furosemide increased the maximal glucose reabsorption in dogs. Thesere was no alteration in the secretory cardiotrast transport in response to the drug administration. Furosemide administration produced an uricosuric action in dogs and rats."}
{"id": "PMID:912058", "title": "[Effect of thymus extract and late thymectomy on interferon generation].", "content": "No production of interferon was observed in ten-day mice in response to the injection of the Newcastle disease virus. Single injection of the calf thymus extract fraction obtained by the method of Gujlling et al. to newborn mice induced the capacity of interferon genesis in the animals at the age of ten days. Adult rats produced interferon in response to Newcastle disease virus. The intensity of interferon synthesis was unaltered 2 to 3 months after thymectomy.", "contents": "[Effect of thymus extract and late thymectomy on interferon generation]. No production of interferon was observed in ten-day mice in response to the injection of the Newcastle disease virus. Single injection of the calf thymus extract fraction obtained by the method of Gujlling et al. to newborn mice induced the capacity of interferon genesis in the animals at the age of ten days. Adult rats produced interferon in response to Newcastle disease virus. The intensity of interferon synthesis was unaltered 2 to 3 months after thymectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:912059", "title": "[Inhibition of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis by dipeptides].", "content": "The action of some dipeptides (Lalpha-alanyl-histidine, Lbeta-alanyl-histidine, histidyl-leicine and glycyl-histidine), and histidine on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis of guinea pigs was studied. Lbeta-alanyl-histidine (karnosine) and Lalpha-alanyl-histidine proved to inhibit the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Histidyl-leicine, glycyl-histidine, and histidine failed to produce any inhibitory effect on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.", "contents": "[Inhibition of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis by dipeptides]. The action of some dipeptides (Lalpha-alanyl-histidine, Lbeta-alanyl-histidine, histidyl-leicine and glycyl-histidine), and histidine on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis of guinea pigs was studied. Lbeta-alanyl-histidine (karnosine) and Lalpha-alanyl-histidine proved to inhibit the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Histidyl-leicine, glycyl-histidine, and histidine failed to produce any inhibitory effect on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:912061", "title": "[Influence of the nervous system on the process of transplantation regeneration of skeletal muscle].", "content": "Completely excised Testudo horsfieldi gastrocnemius muscles were regrafted to the same site both with the nerve brought in contact with the graft and under denervation. The restoration of contractility and innervation of the grafts from the contacting nerve started one month after the operation and had not been completed 6 months after the operation. The grafts had a muscular structure type only after the restoration of innervation; otherwise, the connective tissue developed in the grafts. Two months after the operation a significant difference in the weight of the innervated and denervated grafts was recorded. With regard to restoration of innervation and graft weight indices, T. horsfieldi proved to be intermediate between the previously examined rat and frog.", "contents": "[Influence of the nervous system on the process of transplantation regeneration of skeletal muscle]. Completely excised Testudo horsfieldi gastrocnemius muscles were regrafted to the same site both with the nerve brought in contact with the graft and under denervation. The restoration of contractility and innervation of the grafts from the contacting nerve started one month after the operation and had not been completed 6 months after the operation. The grafts had a muscular structure type only after the restoration of innervation; otherwise, the connective tissue developed in the grafts. Two months after the operation a significant difference in the weight of the innervated and denervated grafts was recorded. With regard to restoration of innervation and graft weight indices, T. horsfieldi proved to be intermediate between the previously examined rat and frog."}
{"id": "PMID:912062", "title": "[Implantation growth of nephrogenic tissue and the epithelium of renal nephron tubules in cultures within the body].", "content": "Comparative study of the implantation growth of nephrogenic tissue in a 17-day-old embryo of rats and the epithelium of nephrons in the one-month-old animals showed that nephrogenic tissue in the implants manifested regularities characteristic of its histogenesis. The nephron epithelium of the one-month-old animals is characterized by tissue growth and formation of atypical organ structures, this indicating its capacity for tissue and organotypical differentiation. A conclusion was drawn on wide range of the reactive and plastic properties of a nephron epithelium, as well as on the existence of its organotypical differentiation.", "contents": "[Implantation growth of nephrogenic tissue and the epithelium of renal nephron tubules in cultures within the body]. Comparative study of the implantation growth of nephrogenic tissue in a 17-day-old embryo of rats and the epithelium of nephrons in the one-month-old animals showed that nephrogenic tissue in the implants manifested regularities characteristic of its histogenesis. The nephron epithelium of the one-month-old animals is characterized by tissue growth and formation of atypical organ structures, this indicating its capacity for tissue and organotypical differentiation. A conclusion was drawn on wide range of the reactive and plastic properties of a nephron epithelium, as well as on the existence of its organotypical differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:912063", "title": "[Morphofunctional changes in the immune system during reparative regeneration of the liver].", "content": "A rise of the functional activity of the immune system was noted during reparative processes in the liver Resection of the liver was accompanied by sharp changes in the thymus and spleen structure. The thymus-dependent parts of the spleen were particularly reactive. Resection of the liver in rats was accompanied by an elevation in the bone marrow of the stem cell count (determined by the splenic colony method). The number of the colony-forming cells was significantly greater in the spleen of the recipients of lymphoid cells taken from the operated animals than in the spleen of the recipients of lymphoid cells from intact rats. In screening the limb the capacity to form endogenous colonies proved to be greater in partially hepatectomized rats as compared to the unoperated animals. In rabbits resection of the liver was accompanied by a significant increase of the immunological reactivity on the 1st-3rd postoperative days. Leukergia and leukocytolysis reaction displayed a marked intensification at this period.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional changes in the immune system during reparative regeneration of the liver]. A rise of the functional activity of the immune system was noted during reparative processes in the liver Resection of the liver was accompanied by sharp changes in the thymus and spleen structure. The thymus-dependent parts of the spleen were particularly reactive. Resection of the liver in rats was accompanied by an elevation in the bone marrow of the stem cell count (determined by the splenic colony method). The number of the colony-forming cells was significantly greater in the spleen of the recipients of lymphoid cells taken from the operated animals than in the spleen of the recipients of lymphoid cells from intact rats. In screening the limb the capacity to form endogenous colonies proved to be greater in partially hepatectomized rats as compared to the unoperated animals. In rabbits resection of the liver was accompanied by a significant increase of the immunological reactivity on the 1st-3rd postoperative days. Leukergia and leukocytolysis reaction displayed a marked intensification at this period."}
{"id": "PMID:912064", "title": "[Morphofunctional reaction of the cortical lamina of the adrenal gland to reparative osteogenesis and administration of thyrocalcitonin].", "content": "A complex of morphofunctional changes of the adrenal cortex was studied on 150 albino male rats in case of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) administration and experimental fracture. There proved to be an increase of functional activity of the gland under conditions of reparative osteogenesis. The state of hyperfunction developed the first five days of TCT administration in a dose of 5 Units daily. The following saturation of the organism with TCT caused depression of the adrenal gland, particularly of its glucocorticoid function. It is supposed that the inhibitory effect of TCT on the adrenal cortex served as one of the mechanisms accelerating the repair processes in the bone tissue.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional reaction of the cortical lamina of the adrenal gland to reparative osteogenesis and administration of thyrocalcitonin]. A complex of morphofunctional changes of the adrenal cortex was studied on 150 albino male rats in case of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) administration and experimental fracture. There proved to be an increase of functional activity of the gland under conditions of reparative osteogenesis. The state of hyperfunction developed the first five days of TCT administration in a dose of 5 Units daily. The following saturation of the organism with TCT caused depression of the adrenal gland, particularly of its glucocorticoid function. It is supposed that the inhibitory effect of TCT on the adrenal cortex served as one of the mechanisms accelerating the repair processes in the bone tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:912065", "title": "[Effect of repeated partial hepatectomy on cell division in regenerating rat liver].", "content": "The repeated partial hepatectomy (PH) on day after a 70% PH induced the following effect on the passage of rat regenerating hepatocytes through the mitotic cycle: it delayed (for about 2 hours) the cells in the G2-period, it almost failed to change the duration of the S period and delayed (by 6 to 8 hours) the cells in the G1-period. The sham repeated operation induced an analogous effect. This indicated that the action of repeated PH on the mitotic cycle of regenerating hepatocytes was determined by the operation stress factor. An additional stimulation of division by the repeated PH influenced the regenerative process as a whole.", "contents": "[Effect of repeated partial hepatectomy on cell division in regenerating rat liver]. The repeated partial hepatectomy (PH) on day after a 70% PH induced the following effect on the passage of rat regenerating hepatocytes through the mitotic cycle: it delayed (for about 2 hours) the cells in the G2-period, it almost failed to change the duration of the S period and delayed (by 6 to 8 hours) the cells in the G1-period. The sham repeated operation induced an analogous effect. This indicated that the action of repeated PH on the mitotic cycle of regenerating hepatocytes was determined by the operation stress factor. An additional stimulation of division by the repeated PH influenced the regenerative process as a whole."}
{"id": "PMID:912066", "title": "[Quantitative distribution of satellite associations differing according to the number of chromosomes in human lymphocytes].", "content": "Statistical analysis of quantitative distribution of associations formed by 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 acrocentrics (associations with a different numerical composition) revealed a good concordance of the empirical frequencies with the theretical ones calculated by the exponential distribution law with the basis of two. A good concordance in all the donors studied pointed to the strict regularity of the quantitative distribution of associations with a different number of acrocentrics and their special significance in human lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Quantitative distribution of satellite associations differing according to the number of chromosomes in human lymphocytes]. Statistical analysis of quantitative distribution of associations formed by 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 acrocentrics (associations with a different numerical composition) revealed a good concordance of the empirical frequencies with the theretical ones calculated by the exponential distribution law with the basis of two. A good concordance in all the donors studied pointed to the strict regularity of the quantitative distribution of associations with a different number of acrocentrics and their special significance in human lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:912067", "title": "[Differences in the ultrastructure of the subunits of compact and diffuse chromatin].", "content": "The ultrastructure of subunits of the compact and diffuse chromatin of isolated Wistar rat hepatocytes nuclei was studied. The complexity of the chromatin subunits composed of the centrally situated nucleosome and of its capsule was confirmed. It was found that the capsule could exist in either compact or diffuse form, thus determining whether the chromatin was compact or diffuse. The capsule of the nucleosome in its diffuse form was supposed to represent the site of transcription.", "contents": "[Differences in the ultrastructure of the subunits of compact and diffuse chromatin]. The ultrastructure of subunits of the compact and diffuse chromatin of isolated Wistar rat hepatocytes nuclei was studied. The complexity of the chromatin subunits composed of the centrally situated nucleosome and of its capsule was confirmed. It was found that the capsule could exist in either compact or diffuse form, thus determining whether the chromatin was compact or diffuse. The capsule of the nucleosome in its diffuse form was supposed to represent the site of transcription."}
{"id": "PMID:912068", "title": "[Development of the accessory apparatus of the chemosensitive structures of the rat tongue during ontogenesis according to scanning electron microscope findings].", "content": "The changes in the formation of pores of the taste bulb on the rat tongue was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The heterochronic maturation of the lingual chemosensory auxiliary apparatus at different periods of postnatal ontogenesis was shown. The pores first appeared in the papilli localized on the radix and the dorsum of the tongue and later along the lateral lingual surface.", "contents": "[Development of the accessory apparatus of the chemosensitive structures of the rat tongue during ontogenesis according to scanning electron microscope findings]. The changes in the formation of pores of the taste bulb on the rat tongue was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The heterochronic maturation of the lingual chemosensory auxiliary apparatus at different periods of postnatal ontogenesis was shown. The pores first appeared in the papilli localized on the radix and the dorsum of the tongue and later along the lateral lingual surface."}
{"id": "PMID:912069", "title": "[New findings with regard to the fine structural organization of the subsynaptic zone of nerve cells].", "content": "Fine structure of the neurone subsynaptic area was studied by electron microscopy. Special cell organellae - microtubules - were found to be in close association with this neurone postsynpatic region. Dilating in the form of a funnel, their peripheral ends closely adhered to the post-synaptic membrane and as if coalesce with its internal osmiophilic layer. These observations definitely showed that there were direct structurally organized connections between the neurone synaptic area and the inner parts of the nerve cell cytoplasm. Functional importance of these connections is discussed.", "contents": "[New findings with regard to the fine structural organization of the subsynaptic zone of nerve cells]. Fine structure of the neurone subsynaptic area was studied by electron microscopy. Special cell organellae - microtubules - were found to be in close association with this neurone postsynpatic region. Dilating in the form of a funnel, their peripheral ends closely adhered to the post-synaptic membrane and as if coalesce with its internal osmiophilic layer. These observations definitely showed that there were direct structurally organized connections between the neurone synaptic area and the inner parts of the nerve cell cytoplasm. Functional importance of these connections is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912071", "title": "[Electrical activity of the myocardium during work and at rest under hyperbaric conditions of many days duration].", "content": "Electrical activity of the myocardium in divers at rest and during physical work of various intensity under normal pressure and during one-week stay of these divers under the pressure of 5 absolute atmospheres (aatm) of N2O2. At rest and during the work of the same intensity the frequency of cardiac contractions under hyperbaric conditions was less than at 1 aatm. However, an increase in cardiac contractions during work was greater than at 1 aatm. During the work under increased pressure elevation of P wave of the ECG was more pronounced; this was possibly associated with the increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation in hyperbaria. There was noted reduction of the T wave amplitude and depression of the ST interval. Some divers displayed signs of aggravation of metabolic processes in the myocardium, disturbances of automation and conductivity.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of the myocardium during work and at rest under hyperbaric conditions of many days duration]. Electrical activity of the myocardium in divers at rest and during physical work of various intensity under normal pressure and during one-week stay of these divers under the pressure of 5 absolute atmospheres (aatm) of N2O2. At rest and during the work of the same intensity the frequency of cardiac contractions under hyperbaric conditions was less than at 1 aatm. However, an increase in cardiac contractions during work was greater than at 1 aatm. During the work under increased pressure elevation of P wave of the ECG was more pronounced; this was possibly associated with the increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation in hyperbaria. There was noted reduction of the T wave amplitude and depression of the ST interval. Some divers displayed signs of aggravation of metabolic processes in the myocardium, disturbances of automation and conductivity."}
{"id": "PMID:912072", "title": "[Changes in the electrogenic properties of striated muscle fibers during experimental botulism].", "content": "Changes in the electrical parameters of fibers of fast and slow muscles of rats during development of local botulism were studied. At the early stage of intoxication a decrease of the membrane potential of the fast and slow muscle fibers was found. At the stage of intoxication, alongside with an expressed membrane depolarization, there was a change of the input resistance, of the membrane electrical time constant, the threshold currents and the amplitude of action potentials, caused by direct intra-cell stimulation. Changes in the electrical parameters are more expressed in the fibers of the fast muscle.", "contents": "[Changes in the electrogenic properties of striated muscle fibers during experimental botulism]. Changes in the electrical parameters of fibers of fast and slow muscles of rats during development of local botulism were studied. At the early stage of intoxication a decrease of the membrane potential of the fast and slow muscle fibers was found. At the stage of intoxication, alongside with an expressed membrane depolarization, there was a change of the input resistance, of the membrane electrical time constant, the threshold currents and the amplitude of action potentials, caused by direct intra-cell stimulation. Changes in the electrical parameters are more expressed in the fibers of the fast muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:912073", "title": "[Myocardial resistance to adrenaline in rats adapted to hypoxia].", "content": "Expression of the damaging effect of adrenalin on the myocardium of rats adapted to hypoxia was studied under condition of adrenalin being injected into the integral body or in perfusion of an isolated heart. The damage was tested by the histoenzymatic reaction for the succinic dehydrogenase activity and staining for lipids. When the cardiotoxic dose (2.0 mg/kg) of adrenalin was injected intramuscularly to the adapted rats no damage of the myocardium was found, but perfusion of the isolated heart with adrenalin (20 microgram/ml) induced cardiocyte micronecrosis. The volume of these necroses was statistically less than in the isolated heart of the intact rats under analogous treatment. The difference between the sensitivity of the myocardium in vivo and in vitro indicated that in rats adapted to hypoxia the phenomenon of the myocardium protection from the damaging effect of adrenalin acted on the integral body level. An increased resistance of the myocardium proper seems to be caused by the increase of the metabolic system force during adaptation.", "contents": "[Myocardial resistance to adrenaline in rats adapted to hypoxia]. Expression of the damaging effect of adrenalin on the myocardium of rats adapted to hypoxia was studied under condition of adrenalin being injected into the integral body or in perfusion of an isolated heart. The damage was tested by the histoenzymatic reaction for the succinic dehydrogenase activity and staining for lipids. When the cardiotoxic dose (2.0 mg/kg) of adrenalin was injected intramuscularly to the adapted rats no damage of the myocardium was found, but perfusion of the isolated heart with adrenalin (20 microgram/ml) induced cardiocyte micronecrosis. The volume of these necroses was statistically less than in the isolated heart of the intact rats under analogous treatment. The difference between the sensitivity of the myocardium in vivo and in vitro indicated that in rats adapted to hypoxia the phenomenon of the myocardium protection from the damaging effect of adrenalin acted on the integral body level. An increased resistance of the myocardium proper seems to be caused by the increase of the metabolic system force during adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:912074", "title": "[Changes in the bioelectrical activity of pacemaker cells of the desympathized and reserpinized frog heart under conditions of parasympathetic rhythm acceleration].", "content": "A study was made of the mechanism of parasympathetic acceleration on Rana temporaria hearts with the preliminarily exhausted catecholamine stores due to desympathization and reserpinization of the animals. Bioelectrical activity of the cells of the isolated pace-maker was recorded. Parasympathetic acceleration was accompanied by an increase in the rate of accretion of slow diastolic depolarization (this indicating an active mechanism of this acceleration), and also a slight hyperpolarization and a decrease of the action potential duration. The acceleration effect and the changes of the form of the action potential were absent after atropine treatment of the preparation, this confirming the cholinergic nature of the parasympathetic acceleration. It is supposed that the parasympathetic system mediator acetylcholine--could decrease potassium or increase sodium permeability of the Pacemaker cell membrane, this leading to increase of the slow diastolic depolarization rate and to discharge acceleration.", "contents": "[Changes in the bioelectrical activity of pacemaker cells of the desympathized and reserpinized frog heart under conditions of parasympathetic rhythm acceleration]. A study was made of the mechanism of parasympathetic acceleration on Rana temporaria hearts with the preliminarily exhausted catecholamine stores due to desympathization and reserpinization of the animals. Bioelectrical activity of the cells of the isolated pace-maker was recorded. Parasympathetic acceleration was accompanied by an increase in the rate of accretion of slow diastolic depolarization (this indicating an active mechanism of this acceleration), and also a slight hyperpolarization and a decrease of the action potential duration. The acceleration effect and the changes of the form of the action potential were absent after atropine treatment of the preparation, this confirming the cholinergic nature of the parasympathetic acceleration. It is supposed that the parasympathetic system mediator acetylcholine--could decrease potassium or increase sodium permeability of the Pacemaker cell membrane, this leading to increase of the slow diastolic depolarization rate and to discharge acceleration."}
{"id": "PMID:912075", "title": "[Restoration of the vital functions of animals resuscitated with the help of a donor following prolonged circulatory arrest].", "content": "Experiments were carried out on anesthetized dogs which had sustained a 15--20-minute circulatory arrest and were reanimated with the aid of donor circulation. In the I group of experiments the blood flow from the donor was directed to the heart of the revived dog, and in the II group--to the heart and the brain. Unlike other methods, donor reanimation, especially in the II variant of experiments, promoted a more rapid recovery of the vital functions of the organism and increased the number of survived animals. In spite of a complete apparent recovery of dogs after a prolonged circulatory arrest there were different changes in their brain depending both upon the duration of clinical death and the reanimation methods.", "contents": "[Restoration of the vital functions of animals resuscitated with the help of a donor following prolonged circulatory arrest]. Experiments were carried out on anesthetized dogs which had sustained a 15--20-minute circulatory arrest and were reanimated with the aid of donor circulation. In the I group of experiments the blood flow from the donor was directed to the heart of the revived dog, and in the II group--to the heart and the brain. Unlike other methods, donor reanimation, especially in the II variant of experiments, promoted a more rapid recovery of the vital functions of the organism and increased the number of survived animals. In spite of a complete apparent recovery of dogs after a prolonged circulatory arrest there were different changes in their brain depending both upon the duration of clinical death and the reanimation methods."}
{"id": "PMID:912076", "title": "[State of microcirculation following massive administration of homologous donor blood to dogs].", "content": "Homologous normovolemic donor blood exchange provoked a moderate slowing down of the blood flow in the microcirculation and intravascular aggregation of the red blood cells--moderate or severe. Acute phenomena of blood deposition in the mesenteric vessels with a simultaneous reduction of the perfusion level in the microvessels of the bulbar conjunctiva developed in 25% of cases. Acute microcirculatory disturbances were transitory in character.", "contents": "[State of microcirculation following massive administration of homologous donor blood to dogs]. Homologous normovolemic donor blood exchange provoked a moderate slowing down of the blood flow in the microcirculation and intravascular aggregation of the red blood cells--moderate or severe. Acute phenomena of blood deposition in the mesenteric vessels with a simultaneous reduction of the perfusion level in the microvessels of the bulbar conjunctiva developed in 25% of cases. Acute microcirculatory disturbances were transitory in character."}
{"id": "PMID:912077", "title": "[Participation of individual brain regions in the development of acute prolapse of the brain].", "content": "Acute experiments were conducted on cats; the stereotaxis method was applied to search for morphological formations whose stimulation led to acute brain prolabination. This effect resulted from stimulation of the area hypothalamic lateralis, zona incerta, zonae H1 and H2, parafascicular, interstitial, and interpeduncular nuclei, and nucleus Darkschevitch. Against the background of the histological picture of acute prolabination, signs of brain edema and swelling were revealed in stimulation of the area hypothalamica lateralis, zone incerta, zonae H1 and H2.", "contents": "[Participation of individual brain regions in the development of acute prolapse of the brain]. Acute experiments were conducted on cats; the stereotaxis method was applied to search for morphological formations whose stimulation led to acute brain prolabination. This effect resulted from stimulation of the area hypothalamic lateralis, zona incerta, zonae H1 and H2, parafascicular, interstitial, and interpeduncular nuclei, and nucleus Darkschevitch. Against the background of the histological picture of acute prolabination, signs of brain edema and swelling were revealed in stimulation of the area hypothalamica lateralis, zone incerta, zonae H1 and H2."}
{"id": "PMID:912078", "title": "[Influence of cation dyes on blood coagulation].", "content": "Experiments on rabbits showed that intravenous injection of dyestuffs of the thionine series (toluidine blue, azur A, 1:9 dimethylene blue) was accompanied by hypofibrinogenemia, a decrease in the concentration of prothrombin complex factors, thrombocytopenia and the lowering of the blood platelets adhesion against the background of delayed blood thrombogenesis. The blood heparin tolerance and the amount of free heparin were sharply lowered. The authors consider that the hypocoagulative effect of cationic dyestuffs on the blood was caused by the thrombocytopenia and by the lowering of the platelet aggregation activity.", "contents": "[Influence of cation dyes on blood coagulation]. Experiments on rabbits showed that intravenous injection of dyestuffs of the thionine series (toluidine blue, azur A, 1:9 dimethylene blue) was accompanied by hypofibrinogenemia, a decrease in the concentration of prothrombin complex factors, thrombocytopenia and the lowering of the blood platelets adhesion against the background of delayed blood thrombogenesis. The blood heparin tolerance and the amount of free heparin were sharply lowered. The authors consider that the hypocoagulative effect of cationic dyestuffs on the blood was caused by the thrombocytopenia and by the lowering of the platelet aggregation activity."}
{"id": "PMID:912079", "title": "[Antithromin activity following blockade of the reticuloendothelial system, splenectomy and partial removal of the liver].", "content": "The level of antithrombins II, III and IV decreased in proportion to the extent of intervention in destruction or removal of a part of the liver in rats. Destruction of the spleen led to depression, and removal--to activation of antithrombin IV. Back of the reticuloendothelial system caused a lesser fall of the antithrombin level than partial hepatectomy. The spleen is supposed to produce antithrombin IV inhibitor.", "contents": "[Antithromin activity following blockade of the reticuloendothelial system, splenectomy and partial removal of the liver]. The level of antithrombins II, III and IV decreased in proportion to the extent of intervention in destruction or removal of a part of the liver in rats. Destruction of the spleen led to depression, and removal--to activation of antithrombin IV. Back of the reticuloendothelial system caused a lesser fall of the antithrombin level than partial hepatectomy. The spleen is supposed to produce antithrombin IV inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:912080", "title": "[Prevention of acute pulmonary edema in irradiated organisms].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 212 albino rats. Preparations giving a marked prophylactic effect in the progress of the lung edema in the nonirradiated animals failed to influence the course of edema and even aggravated it in some of irradiated (650 R) animals. On the contrary, preparations ineffective or negatively influencing the nonirradiated animals were capable of causing a marked prophylactic effect in the irradiated animals. Consequently, the antiedema preventive measures in the irradiated and nonirradiated organisms should be different.", "contents": "[Prevention of acute pulmonary edema in irradiated organisms]. Experiments were conducted on 212 albino rats. Preparations giving a marked prophylactic effect in the progress of the lung edema in the nonirradiated animals failed to influence the course of edema and even aggravated it in some of irradiated (650 R) animals. On the contrary, preparations ineffective or negatively influencing the nonirradiated animals were capable of causing a marked prophylactic effect in the irradiated animals. Consequently, the antiedema preventive measures in the irradiated and nonirradiated organisms should be different."}
{"id": "PMID:912081", "title": "[Thermal effect of interaction of ATP with flaccid and contracted glycerinized fibers].", "content": "Heat accompanying the interaction between relaxed and contracted glycerinized fiber bundles of the striated muscles of rats and ATP was measured. Investigation of  the interaction concerned both relaxed and preliminarily contracted bundles. As apparent from the thermokinetic curves, the interaction of ATP with the noncontracted bundles yields a peak of the thermal potency which coincides in time with the contraction process; no such effect was produced in case of preliminarily contracted fibers. The authors conclude that a direct interrelationship exists between the rate of ATPase activity and the conformation of actomyosin system.", "contents": "[Thermal effect of interaction of ATP with flaccid and contracted glycerinized fibers]. Heat accompanying the interaction between relaxed and contracted glycerinized fiber bundles of the striated muscles of rats and ATP was measured. Investigation of  the interaction concerned both relaxed and preliminarily contracted bundles. As apparent from the thermokinetic curves, the interaction of ATP with the noncontracted bundles yields a peak of the thermal potency which coincides in time with the contraction process; no such effect was produced in case of preliminarily contracted fibers. The authors conclude that a direct interrelationship exists between the rate of ATPase activity and the conformation of actomyosin system."}
{"id": "PMID:912082", "title": "[Characteristics of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum of the skin in the presence of thermal lesions].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rats; a study was made of the activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes in the zone of affection and in the adjacent areas of the skin at various periods after the burn infliction; on the 1st--8th day there occurred a reduction of the sum total LDH activity in the scab zone and the underlying tissue by 70--80%, and in the margin and the intact skin--by 50%. These changes were accompanied by shifts in the isoenzymatic LDH spectrum in the affected tissue; the activity of fraction 5 displayed a sharp rise on the 1st day and that of fractions 2 and 3--a reduction, on the contrary, by the 8th day there was seen some diminution of fraction 5 activity and an elevation of fractions 2 and 3 activity. The following picture is observed on the 14th--22nd day after the burn; the sum total LDH activity remains low, the isoenzymatic LDH spectrum in the margin and the scab is largely normalized, whereas in the underlying tissue there persist changes in the LDH enzyme ratio (a reduction of fractions 1--3 activity, and a rise of fraction 5 activity).", "contents": "[Characteristics of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum of the skin in the presence of thermal lesions]. Experiments were conducted on rats; a study was made of the activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes in the zone of affection and in the adjacent areas of the skin at various periods after the burn infliction; on the 1st--8th day there occurred a reduction of the sum total LDH activity in the scab zone and the underlying tissue by 70--80%, and in the margin and the intact skin--by 50%. These changes were accompanied by shifts in the isoenzymatic LDH spectrum in the affected tissue; the activity of fraction 5 displayed a sharp rise on the 1st day and that of fractions 2 and 3--a reduction, on the contrary, by the 8th day there was seen some diminution of fraction 5 activity and an elevation of fractions 2 and 3 activity. The following picture is observed on the 14th--22nd day after the burn; the sum total LDH activity remains low, the isoenzymatic LDH spectrum in the margin and the scab is largely normalized, whereas in the underlying tissue there persist changes in the LDH enzyme ratio (a reduction of fractions 1--3 activity, and a rise of fraction 5 activity)."}
{"id": "PMID:912083", "title": "[Guinea pig brain and spinal cord phospholipids and cholesterol in tricresyl phosphate poisoning].", "content": "Chronic intoxication of guinea pigs was induced by intracutaneous inoculation of tricresylphosphate (TCP). The brain stem and spinal cord total phospholipids and total, free and esterified cholesterol were determined during the severe neuroparalytic stage of TCP intoxication. The content of phosphilipids and of total cholesterol was not altered, but cholesterol esters appeared to accumulate both in the brain stem and the spinal cord. Cholesterol esters are characteristic products of degraded myelin sheaths.", "contents": "[Guinea pig brain and spinal cord phospholipids and cholesterol in tricresyl phosphate poisoning]. Chronic intoxication of guinea pigs was induced by intracutaneous inoculation of tricresylphosphate (TCP). The brain stem and spinal cord total phospholipids and total, free and esterified cholesterol were determined during the severe neuroparalytic stage of TCP intoxication. The content of phosphilipids and of total cholesterol was not altered, but cholesterol esters appeared to accumulate both in the brain stem and the spinal cord. Cholesterol esters are characteristic products of degraded myelin sheaths."}
{"id": "PMID:912084", "title": "[Serotonin binding activity of light and heavy synaptosomes from different animal brain structures following light deprivation].", "content": "The extent of interaction between serotonin (ST) with light and heavy synaptosomes from different brain regions of normal and dark-reared rabbits was studied by the author's technique, using gel filtration. The activity of this interaction in the heavy synaptosomes of the visual cortex and the colliculi superiores of the control rabbits was the same and significantly higher than that in the motor cortex. The light synaptosomes of all the investigated regions were similar by the extent of this process activity. In dark-reared rabbits the activity of ST binding by heavy synaptosomes in the visual cortex and the colliculi superiores decreased by 74--81 per cent only. A fall in the ST binding by light synaptosomes in all the regions was the same (approximately 73 per cent as compared to the control). The results obtained are discussed in the light of a possible mediator or modulator role of ST in the visual system structures.", "contents": "[Serotonin binding activity of light and heavy synaptosomes from different animal brain structures following light deprivation]. The extent of interaction between serotonin (ST) with light and heavy synaptosomes from different brain regions of normal and dark-reared rabbits was studied by the author's technique, using gel filtration. The activity of this interaction in the heavy synaptosomes of the visual cortex and the colliculi superiores of the control rabbits was the same and significantly higher than that in the motor cortex. The light synaptosomes of all the investigated regions were similar by the extent of this process activity. In dark-reared rabbits the activity of ST binding by heavy synaptosomes in the visual cortex and the colliculi superiores decreased by 74--81 per cent only. A fall in the ST binding by light synaptosomes in all the regions was the same (approximately 73 per cent as compared to the control). The results obtained are discussed in the light of a possible mediator or modulator role of ST in the visual system structures."}
{"id": "PMID:912085", "title": "[Vectorgraphic assessment of the influence of different psychic stimulators on the avoidance behavior of rats].", "content": "The authors assessed the influence of psychostimulants on relearning of rats of the avoidance direction in a Y-maze. The effects were analyzed vectorographically with the absolute and relative values by the main response indices. The behaviour curve of the group of animals was drawn in both cases. Sydnocarb (20 mg/kg) produced the most optimal effect; in difference from caffeine (25 mg/kg) and d,1-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) it not only stimulated the active avoidance, but also improved the animal relearning. An increase of the sydnocarb dose to 50 mg/kg failed to disturb rat behaviour, whereas caffeine (50 mg/kg), and particularly d, 1-amphetamine (5 mg/kg) did cause such disturbance. The behaviour curve of the latter coursed beyond the level of the initial level and was characterized by a marked aggravation of passive avoidance.", "contents": "[Vectorgraphic assessment of the influence of different psychic stimulators on the avoidance behavior of rats]. The authors assessed the influence of psychostimulants on relearning of rats of the avoidance direction in a Y-maze. The effects were analyzed vectorographically with the absolute and relative values by the main response indices. The behaviour curve of the group of animals was drawn in both cases. Sydnocarb (20 mg/kg) produced the most optimal effect; in difference from caffeine (25 mg/kg) and d,1-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) it not only stimulated the active avoidance, but also improved the animal relearning. An increase of the sydnocarb dose to 50 mg/kg failed to disturb rat behaviour, whereas caffeine (50 mg/kg), and particularly d, 1-amphetamine (5 mg/kg) did cause such disturbance. The behaviour curve of the latter coursed beyond the level of the initial level and was characterized by a marked aggravation of passive avoidance."}
{"id": "PMID:912086", "title": "[Effect of phentolamine on cerebral circulation].", "content": "The influence of phentolamine hydrochloride on the volumentric circulation rate of the cerebral blood flow, the tone of the cerebral vessels and oxygen tension in the cerebral tissue was studied in acute experiments on anesthetized and nonanesthetized cats. Injected intravenously, phentolamine hydrochloride was found to lower the intra- and extracranial  vessels for a long time, the latter to a greater extent. The circulation rate of the cerebral blood flow decreased under conditions of a significant hypotension caused by phentolamine hydrochloride and increased with a stable perfused pressure; pO2 changes in the cerebral tissue corresponded mostly to the blood flow. Preliminary atropinization of the animals and denervation of the carotid regions failed to influence the effect of phentolamine hydrochloride. The latter decreased or prevented the vasoconstrictor action of norepinephrine and phenylephrine hydrochloride (mesatone) on the cerebral vessels.", "contents": "[Effect of phentolamine on cerebral circulation]. The influence of phentolamine hydrochloride on the volumentric circulation rate of the cerebral blood flow, the tone of the cerebral vessels and oxygen tension in the cerebral tissue was studied in acute experiments on anesthetized and nonanesthetized cats. Injected intravenously, phentolamine hydrochloride was found to lower the intra- and extracranial  vessels for a long time, the latter to a greater extent. The circulation rate of the cerebral blood flow decreased under conditions of a significant hypotension caused by phentolamine hydrochloride and increased with a stable perfused pressure; pO2 changes in the cerebral tissue corresponded mostly to the blood flow. Preliminary atropinization of the animals and denervation of the carotid regions failed to influence the effect of phentolamine hydrochloride. The latter decreased or prevented the vasoconstrictor action of norepinephrine and phenylephrine hydrochloride (mesatone) on the cerebral vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:912087", "title": "[Correlation between the antiarrhythmic activity of acyl derivatives of phenothiazine and their affinity for phospholipid membranes].", "content": "The interaction of thirteen antiarrhythmic active phenothiazine 10-acylaminopropionil derivatives with artificial phospholipid membranes was studied. Blinding constant (K) of this interaction was determined by means of a fluorescent probe. There was found a valid correlation between K and antiarrhythmic activity (A) for 10 substances; the greater the K--the greater the A. Three substances characterized by the greatest K had, however, a low A. It can be assumed that the interaction of antiarrhythmic drugs with phospholipids of target membranes in vivo is an important element of the molecular mechanism of action. At the same time a very high affinity to lipids can possibly cause a delocalization of the drug in the organism and a decrease of its antiarrhythmic activity.", "contents": "[Correlation between the antiarrhythmic activity of acyl derivatives of phenothiazine and their affinity for phospholipid membranes]. The interaction of thirteen antiarrhythmic active phenothiazine 10-acylaminopropionil derivatives with artificial phospholipid membranes was studied. Blinding constant (K) of this interaction was determined by means of a fluorescent probe. There was found a valid correlation between K and antiarrhythmic activity (A) for 10 substances; the greater the K--the greater the A. Three substances characterized by the greatest K had, however, a low A. It can be assumed that the interaction of antiarrhythmic drugs with phospholipids of target membranes in vivo is an important element of the molecular mechanism of action. At the same time a very high affinity to lipids can possibly cause a delocalization of the drug in the organism and a decrease of its antiarrhythmic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:912088", "title": "[Possible pharmacologic regulation of the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "The authors present the results of pharmacological study of the effects of gallic salt cynoglossofin-geliosupin alkaloid (cyngal), isolated from the Cynoglossum officinale, on the gastrointestinal motor activity. A high stimulating activity of this preparation both in acute and chronic experiments on dogs was shown by using the balloon and electrographic recording technique. The ability of cyngal to release serotonin from the bound state can account for the gastrointestinal motor function stimulation.", "contents": "[Possible pharmacologic regulation of the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract]. The authors present the results of pharmacological study of the effects of gallic salt cynoglossofin-geliosupin alkaloid (cyngal), isolated from the Cynoglossum officinale, on the gastrointestinal motor activity. A high stimulating activity of this preparation both in acute and chronic experiments on dogs was shown by using the balloon and electrographic recording technique. The ability of cyngal to release serotonin from the bound state can account for the gastrointestinal motor function stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:912089", "title": "[Mechanism of the lipid mobilizing effect of etimizol].", "content": "The influence of ethymizol on the mobilization of free fatty acids and the role of hormones of the pituitary-adrenal system in the lipolytic effect of this drug was studied in experiments on rats. The lipomobilizing effect of ethymizol was clearly expressed in the intact, hypophysectomized and adrenalectomized rats. The effect of the drug disappears in rats with a simultaneous extirpation of the pituitary and the adrenal glands, but it again manifests itself after hydrocortisone injection to these animals. A conclusion on the presence of direct ethymizol action on the mobilization of fatty acids and on the permissive role of corticosteroids in lipid mobilization effect of ethymizol was made.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the lipid mobilizing effect of etimizol]. The influence of ethymizol on the mobilization of free fatty acids and the role of hormones of the pituitary-adrenal system in the lipolytic effect of this drug was studied in experiments on rats. The lipomobilizing effect of ethymizol was clearly expressed in the intact, hypophysectomized and adrenalectomized rats. The effect of the drug disappears in rats with a simultaneous extirpation of the pituitary and the adrenal glands, but it again manifests itself after hydrocortisone injection to these animals. A conclusion on the presence of direct ethymizol action on the mobilization of fatty acids and on the permissive role of corticosteroids in lipid mobilization effect of ethymizol was made."}
{"id": "PMID:912090", "title": "[Suppression of hypersensitivity of the delayed and immediate types in guinea pigs by methylene diphosphonic acid].", "content": "The effect of methylene diphosphonic acid subcutaneous injection on delayed, as well as on the immediate hypersensitivity in guinea pigs was studied. It was shown that methylene diphosphonic acid (30 microgram/g) inhibited the delayed and immediate hypersensitivity by 60--80%, as compared to control animals.", "contents": "[Suppression of hypersensitivity of the delayed and immediate types in guinea pigs by methylene diphosphonic acid]. The effect of methylene diphosphonic acid subcutaneous injection on delayed, as well as on the immediate hypersensitivity in guinea pigs was studied. It was shown that methylene diphosphonic acid (30 microgram/g) inhibited the delayed and immediate hypersensitivity by 60--80%, as compared to control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:912091", "title": "[Suppression of the anaphylactic response of isolated smooth muscle organs by potassium arsenite].", "content": "A possibility of inhibition of the anaphylactic reaction of the isolated human smooth muscle and smooth muscle of guinea pigs by inorganic arsenic was studied. Liquor kalii arsenicosi (Fowler's solution) completely blocked the development of anaphylactic bronchospasm and anaphylactic release of the pharmacologically active substances from the guinea pig lungs.", "contents": "[Suppression of the anaphylactic response of isolated smooth muscle organs by potassium arsenite]. A possibility of inhibition of the anaphylactic reaction of the isolated human smooth muscle and smooth muscle of guinea pigs by inorganic arsenic was studied. Liquor kalii arsenicosi (Fowler's solution) completely blocked the development of anaphylactic bronchospasm and anaphylactic release of the pharmacologically active substances from the guinea pig lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:912092", "title": "[DNA synthesis by granulation tissue fibroblasts under conditions of stimulation of the wound process].", "content": "The changes in the DNA synthesis in the granulation  tissue fibroblasts in the wounds of adult animals given potassium orotate and in controls were studied. For this purpose a daily autoradiographic examination of the wound areas were conducted in the both groups of animals. It appeared that under the effect of potassium orotate (0.2 ml of 2% solution) there was more frequent involvement of fibroblasts  into  the DNA synthesis; under conditions of the wound process stimulation there occurred an increase of the proliferative activity of these cells.", "contents": "[DNA synthesis by granulation tissue fibroblasts under conditions of stimulation of the wound process]. The changes in the DNA synthesis in the granulation  tissue fibroblasts in the wounds of adult animals given potassium orotate and in controls were studied. For this purpose a daily autoradiographic examination of the wound areas were conducted in the both groups of animals. It appeared that under the effect of potassium orotate (0.2 ml of 2% solution) there was more frequent involvement of fibroblasts  into  the DNA synthesis; under conditions of the wound process stimulation there occurred an increase of the proliferative activity of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:912093", "title": "[Influence of physiologically active substances isolated from the thymus on the course of the wound process following cryodestruction in rats].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 40 male albino rats subjected to general irradiation in a dose of 200 R, to study the influence of \"thymarin\"--a compound obtained from the thymus of cattle (representing a complex of three physiologically active polypeptide fractions with an average mol wt 10 000) on the course of local wound process after cryodestruction of the hard palate mucosa. The preparation was injected subcutaneously for ten  days after cryodestruction. The experimental data obtained pointed to a favourable influence of \"thymarin\" on the course of regenerative processes, as shown by accelerated rejection of necrotic tissues, more rapid epithelialization of wound surface, and prevention of secondary infection.", "contents": "[Influence of physiologically active substances isolated from the thymus on the course of the wound process following cryodestruction in rats]. Experiments were conducted on 40 male albino rats subjected to general irradiation in a dose of 200 R, to study the influence of \"thymarin\"--a compound obtained from the thymus of cattle (representing a complex of three physiologically active polypeptide fractions with an average mol wt 10 000) on the course of local wound process after cryodestruction of the hard palate mucosa. The preparation was injected subcutaneously for ten  days after cryodestruction. The experimental data obtained pointed to a favourable influence of \"thymarin\" on the course of regenerative processes, as shown by accelerated rejection of necrotic tissues, more rapid epithelialization of wound surface, and prevention of secondary infection."}
{"id": "PMID:912094", "title": "[Character and frequency of pathologic changes in the single kidney of rats following removal of the other in old age].", "content": "Unilateral nephrectomy was performed in male rats weighing 500--850 g; the remaining kidney underwent compensatory hypertrophy which in rats weighing 700--850 g proved to be higher in 1 to 2 months than in the animals weighing 500--600 g (hypertrophy index--70--92 and 56--58%, respectively). Histological examination demonstrated that such a marked hypertrophy of the single kidney in senile rats was not the result of its sickness, since pathological changes, sometimes encountered in the intact and hypertrophied kidneys were revealed in 38 of 223 animals. The data obtained permit to suppose that the compensatory -restorative capacity of the kidneys fails to diminish in senile animals.", "contents": "[Character and frequency of pathologic changes in the single kidney of rats following removal of the other in old age]. Unilateral nephrectomy was performed in male rats weighing 500--850 g; the remaining kidney underwent compensatory hypertrophy which in rats weighing 700--850 g proved to be higher in 1 to 2 months than in the animals weighing 500--600 g (hypertrophy index--70--92 and 56--58%, respectively). Histological examination demonstrated that such a marked hypertrophy of the single kidney in senile rats was not the result of its sickness, since pathological changes, sometimes encountered in the intact and hypertrophied kidneys were revealed in 38 of 223 animals. The data obtained permit to suppose that the compensatory -restorative capacity of the kidneys fails to diminish in senile animals."}
{"id": "PMID:912095", "title": "[Mycoplasma hominis as an agent of respiratory tract diseases].", "content": "Respiratory organs of newborn rats inoculated intranasally with broth culture of Myc. hominis were studied by the histological, histochemical and immunofluorescence methods. Tracheitis and development of purulent and interstitial pneumonia with a hemorrhagic component were revealed 24 hours after the infection. These changes were observed up to the 7th day of the experiment. At the same period a specific fluorescence of the Myc. hominis antigen was found by the antibody fluorescent test. The present study pointed to the pathogenicity of the Myc. hominis for the respiratory tract of the newborn rats.", "contents": "[Mycoplasma hominis as an agent of respiratory tract diseases]. Respiratory organs of newborn rats inoculated intranasally with broth culture of Myc. hominis were studied by the histological, histochemical and immunofluorescence methods. Tracheitis and development of purulent and interstitial pneumonia with a hemorrhagic component were revealed 24 hours after the infection. These changes were observed up to the 7th day of the experiment. At the same period a specific fluorescence of the Myc. hominis antigen was found by the antibody fluorescent test. The present study pointed to the pathogenicity of the Myc. hominis for the respiratory tract of the newborn rats."}
{"id": "PMID:912096", "title": "[New model of dynamic work in small laboratory animalsu].", "content": "A new method of compelling rats and mice to perform uninterrupted dynamic work has been devised. The animal, fixed from its tail and situated in vertical position in respect to the surface of the water with which it comes in contact only with its muzzle and forepaws, is compelled to execute uninterrupted muscular work. Total exhaustion is determined by the cessation of muscular activity, as a result of which the animal, choked by water, perishes. The method is suitable for carrying out the screening of pompounds having adaptogenic properties, for studying the mechanism of raising the endurance; it also allows registration of  physiological parameters in the course of the experiment.", "contents": "[New model of dynamic work in small laboratory animalsu]. A new method of compelling rats and mice to perform uninterrupted dynamic work has been devised. The animal, fixed from its tail and situated in vertical position in respect to the surface of the water with which it comes in contact only with its muzzle and forepaws, is compelled to execute uninterrupted muscular work. Total exhaustion is determined by the cessation of muscular activity, as a result of which the animal, choked by water, perishes. The method is suitable for carrying out the screening of pompounds having adaptogenic properties, for studying the mechanism of raising the endurance; it also allows registration of  physiological parameters in the course of the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:912097", "title": "[Improvement in the histochemical method of detecting open capillaries].", "content": "A modification of Pickworth's method for detection of open capillaries is described. The special feature of this method consists in freezing the organ in situ with liquid propane, cooled with liquid nitrogen, with the subsequent lyophilization of the preparation and its fixing in gazeous formaldehyde. The slides were stained strictly according to Pickworth.", "contents": "[Improvement in the histochemical method of detecting open capillaries]. A modification of Pickworth's method for detection of open capillaries is described. The special feature of this method consists in freezing the organ in situ with liquid propane, cooled with liquid nitrogen, with the subsequent lyophilization of the preparation and its fixing in gazeous formaldehyde. The slides were stained strictly according to Pickworth."}
{"id": "PMID:912098", "title": "[Microthermal method of separating red cells into groups according to age].", "content": "The microthermal method of red blood cells' division according to their age is based on the formation of a temperature gradient with the aid of microthermoresistor. The red blood cells of different age fractions are consecutively localized and selected in the zone of microthermoresistor. They differ from one another according to their biochemical indices. The microthermal method of erythrocytes' division offers a possibility of differential studying the blood cells.", "contents": "[Microthermal method of separating red cells into groups according to age]. The microthermal method of red blood cells' division according to their age is based on the formation of a temperature gradient with the aid of microthermoresistor. The red blood cells of different age fractions are consecutively localized and selected in the zone of microthermoresistor. They differ from one another according to their biochemical indices. The microthermal method of erythrocytes' division offers a possibility of differential studying the blood cells."}
{"id": "PMID:912099", "title": "Differential responses to transmural stimulation and vasopressin in isolated strips of artery and vein of human mesoappendix.", "content": "Responses to exogenous norepinephrine (NE), transmural electrical stimulation, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and lysine vasopressin were studied in isolated helical strips of the small artery and vein from the mesoappendix of patients undergoing incidental appendectomy at the time of cholecystectomy. Responses to NE and 5-HT were similar in each vessel. Arterial strips were unresponsive to electrical stimulation and responses to vasopressin were greater than those to NE in this tissue. Venous strips were unresponsive to vasopressin. Relaxation of exogenous NE responses following oil immersion of arterial strips was unaffected by cocaine whereas relaxation of similarly treated venous strips was markedly prolonged. The data suggest: (1) that the artery of human mesoappendix is poorly innervated and (2) that vasopressin is clearly more active on human mesoappendix artery than it is on human mexoappendix vein. The latter observation may help to explain the efficacy of vasopressin infusion in gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to portal hypertension.", "contents": "Differential responses to transmural stimulation and vasopressin in isolated strips of artery and vein of human mesoappendix. Responses to exogenous norepinephrine (NE), transmural electrical stimulation, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and lysine vasopressin were studied in isolated helical strips of the small artery and vein from the mesoappendix of patients undergoing incidental appendectomy at the time of cholecystectomy. Responses to NE and 5-HT were similar in each vessel. Arterial strips were unresponsive to electrical stimulation and responses to vasopressin were greater than those to NE in this tissue. Venous strips were unresponsive to vasopressin. Relaxation of exogenous NE responses following oil immersion of arterial strips was unaffected by cocaine whereas relaxation of similarly treated venous strips was markedly prolonged. The data suggest: (1) that the artery of human mesoappendix is poorly innervated and (2) that vasopressin is clearly more active on human mesoappendix artery than it is on human mexoappendix vein. The latter observation may help to explain the efficacy of vasopressin infusion in gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to portal hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:912102", "title": "[Penicillin-induced immunhaemolytic anaemia. In vitro studies using separated monocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "Under certain conditions human monocytes were able to bind and ingest red cell-antibody complexes in vitro. Using penicillincoated red cells and purified monocytes we investigated sera of patients with penicillin allergy. It was shown that sera containing IgG-antibodies against penicillin induced the binding of penicillin-coated red cells to isolated monocytes provided IgG-antibodies of high titer were present. Inhibition and absorption tests demonstrated the specificity of the reaction in terms of IgG-antibodies and the drug. Monocyte binding was also studied in respect to the cross reactivity of penicillin antibodies and cephalosporins. We concluded that antipenicillin-antibodies of the IgG-class were able to induce an immunphagocytosis in vitro, if the drug was present in the test system. The reaction was dependent on the amount of antibodies of the IgG-class.", "contents": "[Penicillin-induced immunhaemolytic anaemia. In vitro studies using separated monocytes (author's transl)]. Under certain conditions human monocytes were able to bind and ingest red cell-antibody complexes in vitro. Using penicillincoated red cells and purified monocytes we investigated sera of patients with penicillin allergy. It was shown that sera containing IgG-antibodies against penicillin induced the binding of penicillin-coated red cells to isolated monocytes provided IgG-antibodies of high titer were present. Inhibition and absorption tests demonstrated the specificity of the reaction in terms of IgG-antibodies and the drug. Monocyte binding was also studied in respect to the cross reactivity of penicillin antibodies and cephalosporins. We concluded that antipenicillin-antibodies of the IgG-class were able to induce an immunphagocytosis in vitro, if the drug was present in the test system. The reaction was dependent on the amount of antibodies of the IgG-class."}
{"id": "PMID:912103", "title": "Glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency type Li\u00e8ge: a new variant with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia.", "content": "GPI deficiency was detected in a three year old girl of Morrocan origin suffering, since birth, from hemolytic anemia. The defective GPI is very thermolabile and migrates on starch gel electrophoresis as a single band with a mobility of 96% of the normal main band. The purification of the patient's GPI resulted in a 16000-fold enriched preparation, free of any other enzyme activity. The yield was 35%. The purified enzyme was very unstable even at low temperature. The kinetic constants of the forward and backward reaction as well as the inhibitory constants of 2,3-DPG and 6-PG do not significantly differ from normal values. The biochemical properties of the patient's GPI indicate a new variant designated type Li\u00e9ge.", "contents": "Glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency type Li\u00e8ge: a new variant with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. GPI deficiency was detected in a three year old girl of Morrocan origin suffering, since birth, from hemolytic anemia. The defective GPI is very thermolabile and migrates on starch gel electrophoresis as a single band with a mobility of 96% of the normal main band. The purification of the patient's GPI resulted in a 16000-fold enriched preparation, free of any other enzyme activity. The yield was 35%. The purified enzyme was very unstable even at low temperature. The kinetic constants of the forward and backward reaction as well as the inhibitory constants of 2,3-DPG and 6-PG do not significantly differ from normal values. The biochemical properties of the patient's GPI indicate a new variant designated type Li\u00e9ge."}
{"id": "PMID:912104", "title": "Cryopreservation of blood mononuclear leukocytes and stem cells suspended in a large fluid volume. A preclinical model for a blood stem cell bank.", "content": "It was the purpose of this study to establish and evaluate a freezing-and-thawing method for preservation of hemopoietic stem cells from the peripheral blood. Blood leukocytes collected by means of an IBM Blood-Cell-Separator were frozen in plastic bags using 10% DMSO and controlled cooling rates. Thawing was performed rapidly, and DMSO was diluted and removed prior to the in-vitro and in-vivo assays. The mean recovery of mononuclear cells collected from 82 leukaphereses was 86%. To assess the recovery of cryopreserved hemopoietic stem cells, the soft agar culture method adapted for the dog was used. There was no significant difference in the CFUc recovery per 1 X 10(6) mononuclear cells or in per leukapheresis after different cryopreservation times (1--6 and 7--27 months). To evaluate the hemopoietic repopulation capability of cryopreserved blood stem cells, leukapheresis-derived leukocytes were transfused into 1200 R whole body x-irradiated dogs. The hemopoietic repopulation pattern at day 10 after transfusion of comparable numbers of fresh or frozen leukocytes was not significantly different, as measured in bone marrow smears and sections and by granulocyte concentration in the peripheral blood.", "contents": "Cryopreservation of blood mononuclear leukocytes and stem cells suspended in a large fluid volume. A preclinical model for a blood stem cell bank. It was the purpose of this study to establish and evaluate a freezing-and-thawing method for preservation of hemopoietic stem cells from the peripheral blood. Blood leukocytes collected by means of an IBM Blood-Cell-Separator were frozen in plastic bags using 10% DMSO and controlled cooling rates. Thawing was performed rapidly, and DMSO was diluted and removed prior to the in-vitro and in-vivo assays. The mean recovery of mononuclear cells collected from 82 leukaphereses was 86%. To assess the recovery of cryopreserved hemopoietic stem cells, the soft agar culture method adapted for the dog was used. There was no significant difference in the CFUc recovery per 1 X 10(6) mononuclear cells or in per leukapheresis after different cryopreservation times (1--6 and 7--27 months). To evaluate the hemopoietic repopulation capability of cryopreserved blood stem cells, leukapheresis-derived leukocytes were transfused into 1200 R whole body x-irradiated dogs. The hemopoietic repopulation pattern at day 10 after transfusion of comparable numbers of fresh or frozen leukocytes was not significantly different, as measured in bone marrow smears and sections and by granulocyte concentration in the peripheral blood."}
{"id": "PMID:912105", "title": "Comparative haematological changes after 15 mev neutron- and X-irradiation. I. Differentiation counts in peripheral blood and bone marrow.", "content": "The effect of 15 MeV fast neutrons on blood and marrow cells of young NMRI-mice was compared to that of X-rays after single doses of whole-body irradiation. Using differential cell counts in peripheral blood and bone marrow smears, quantitative data are presented. Complete recovery of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells to control values was not observed. Lymphocytic regeneration was particularly retarded. Irradiation with fast neutrons affected the regneration of marrow cells more severely than with X-rays.", "contents": "Comparative haematological changes after 15 mev neutron- and X-irradiation. I. Differentiation counts in peripheral blood and bone marrow. The effect of 15 MeV fast neutrons on blood and marrow cells of young NMRI-mice was compared to that of X-rays after single doses of whole-body irradiation. Using differential cell counts in peripheral blood and bone marrow smears, quantitative data are presented. Complete recovery of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells to control values was not observed. Lymphocytic regeneration was particularly retarded. Irradiation with fast neutrons affected the regneration of marrow cells more severely than with X-rays."}
{"id": "PMID:912106", "title": "[A simple filtration technique for the observation of the deformation of human erythrocytes during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple rheological test method, as developed by Reid and Dormandy, was applied. In a group of pregnant women (n = 25) without pathological conditions the filtrability of whole blood and of a 10% erythrocyte suspension was determined. The control is a group of healthy nonpregnant patients (n = 7) at different times of the ovulatory cycle. Compared with the control group the flow rate of whole blood in the pregnant state is decreased about 30%, whereas that of the erythrocyte suspension about 40%.", "contents": "[A simple filtration technique for the observation of the deformation of human erythrocytes during pregnancy (author's transl)]. A simple rheological test method, as developed by Reid and Dormandy, was applied. In a group of pregnant women (n = 25) without pathological conditions the filtrability of whole blood and of a 10% erythrocyte suspension was determined. The control is a group of healthy nonpregnant patients (n = 7) at different times of the ovulatory cycle. Compared with the control group the flow rate of whole blood in the pregnant state is decreased about 30%, whereas that of the erythrocyte suspension about 40%."}
{"id": "PMID:912107", "title": "Human lymphocyte culture: intrinsic factors influencing the quality of chromosome preparations.", "content": "In a cytogenetic study of the consecutive cell cycles (M1, M2 etc.) from human lymphocyte cultures after 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation followed by differential Giemsa staining, the metaphases of M2 and subsequent in vitro divisions have been found to spread better than those of M1 cells, as if the cells of in vitro generation suffer some membrane alterations. Moreover presence of S or G2 phase, leukocytes in a blood sample may result into early proliferation in a PHA stimulated culture system, so that the metaphase yield at 72 h will be larger than otherwise, a sizeable portion of which, being in M2 or subsequent cell cycles, will spread better. Thus such individual or transient intrinsic factors of haematologic state may influence the success of a leukocyte culture and the quality of chromosome preparation.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte culture: intrinsic factors influencing the quality of chromosome preparations. In a cytogenetic study of the consecutive cell cycles (M1, M2 etc.) from human lymphocyte cultures after 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation followed by differential Giemsa staining, the metaphases of M2 and subsequent in vitro divisions have been found to spread better than those of M1 cells, as if the cells of in vitro generation suffer some membrane alterations. Moreover presence of S or G2 phase, leukocytes in a blood sample may result into early proliferation in a PHA stimulated culture system, so that the metaphase yield at 72 h will be larger than otherwise, a sizeable portion of which, being in M2 or subsequent cell cycles, will spread better. Thus such individual or transient intrinsic factors of haematologic state may influence the success of a leukocyte culture and the quality of chromosome preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:912108", "title": "[Coagulation factors in human born blisters (author's transl)].", "content": "Following clotting factor assays were performed on the fluid of burn blisters of 11 patients with severe burns: Fibrinogen levels, Factor II, V, X and XIII, thrombin time, fibrin split products, plasminogen, antithrombin III, IgA, IgM, IgG, ethanol gelation test and total proteins. The results showed, that a quantity of Factor II, X and XIII, antithrombin III, plasminogen and IgG had left the circulation. On the contrary we found only small concentrations of Factor V, fibrinogen, IgM and IgA in the fluid of burn blisters. This distribution suggested that the losses of plasma proteins into the burn blisters were correlated to their concentration and their molecular weight. The decrease of plasma coagulation proteins during the first days after severe burns was probably partly due to losses through the walls of the vessels, because of the increased capillary permeability.", "contents": "[Coagulation factors in human born blisters (author's transl)]. Following clotting factor assays were performed on the fluid of burn blisters of 11 patients with severe burns: Fibrinogen levels, Factor II, V, X and XIII, thrombin time, fibrin split products, plasminogen, antithrombin III, IgA, IgM, IgG, ethanol gelation test and total proteins. The results showed, that a quantity of Factor II, X and XIII, antithrombin III, plasminogen and IgG had left the circulation. On the contrary we found only small concentrations of Factor V, fibrinogen, IgM and IgA in the fluid of burn blisters. This distribution suggested that the losses of plasma proteins into the burn blisters were correlated to their concentration and their molecular weight. The decrease of plasma coagulation proteins during the first days after severe burns was probably partly due to losses through the walls of the vessels, because of the increased capillary permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:912109", "title": "Apparent \"inhibition\" as tested by means of the dilution curve system in patients with clotting defect due to liver damage.", "content": "At equivalent Thrombotest basal values on undiluted non-contacted plasma, there is no difference between coumarin plasma and liver damage plasma in the dilution curve system. A hemophilia BM plasma with longer basal clotting times yielded a much flatter curve and a very large \"inhibitory\" effect (greater than 6 Units). A coumarin plasma with the same basal Thrombotest clotting times as Hemophilia BM plasma, namely 100 seconds, yielded a much steeper curve and a very low inhibition (0.7 Units). These findings are against the presence of inhibitors in coumarin or liver damage plasmas.", "contents": "Apparent \"inhibition\" as tested by means of the dilution curve system in patients with clotting defect due to liver damage. At equivalent Thrombotest basal values on undiluted non-contacted plasma, there is no difference between coumarin plasma and liver damage plasma in the dilution curve system. A hemophilia BM plasma with longer basal clotting times yielded a much flatter curve and a very large \"inhibitory\" effect (greater than 6 Units). A coumarin plasma with the same basal Thrombotest clotting times as Hemophilia BM plasma, namely 100 seconds, yielded a much steeper curve and a very low inhibition (0.7 Units). These findings are against the presence of inhibitors in coumarin or liver damage plasmas."}
{"id": "PMID:912110", "title": "[Electronic platelet counting with particular reference to thrombocytopenias (author's transl)].", "content": "Platelet counts in platelet-rich plasma without hematocrit dependent correction were performed by following rapid and simple steps: 1. pre-dilution of 20 microliter of whole blood by an isotonic solution 1:25; 2. stabilized low-speed centrifugation with 55 g for 5 minutes; 3. final dilution 1 : 5000; 4. enumeration by use of a TOA platelet counter PL-100 which has been technically improved in comparison to similar machines. Erroneously high results were obtained after a too short or too low centrifugation. As reason for this artifical small pulses due to disturbances of the flow patterns around the aperture (so-called vortex-effect) can be assumed having been caused by large-volumed erythrocytes and leukocytes in the suspension. The routinely used procedure was reliable for all platelet ranges, especially in thrombocytopenias between 100 X 10(9)/l and 25 X 10(9)l. In lower ranges comparisons with visual counts are essential.", "contents": "[Electronic platelet counting with particular reference to thrombocytopenias (author's transl)]. Platelet counts in platelet-rich plasma without hematocrit dependent correction were performed by following rapid and simple steps: 1. pre-dilution of 20 microliter of whole blood by an isotonic solution 1:25; 2. stabilized low-speed centrifugation with 55 g for 5 minutes; 3. final dilution 1 : 5000; 4. enumeration by use of a TOA platelet counter PL-100 which has been technically improved in comparison to similar machines. Erroneously high results were obtained after a too short or too low centrifugation. As reason for this artifical small pulses due to disturbances of the flow patterns around the aperture (so-called vortex-effect) can be assumed having been caused by large-volumed erythrocytes and leukocytes in the suspension. The routinely used procedure was reliable for all platelet ranges, especially in thrombocytopenias between 100 X 10(9)/l and 25 X 10(9)l. In lower ranges comparisons with visual counts are essential."}
{"id": "PMID:912112", "title": "[Aetiology of the thrombocytopenia in vinylchloride disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Thrombocytopenia is often one of the first signs of vinylchloride disease. Morphological investigations showed that it is caused by splenic alterations. Besides splenomegaly, there are significant structural changes in the red pulp cords affecting the microcirculation. These quantitative and qualitative alterations cause increased platelet pooling and and increased destruction of platelets, which result in a decrease in thrombocytes in the peripheral blood.", "contents": "[Aetiology of the thrombocytopenia in vinylchloride disease (author's transl)]. Thrombocytopenia is often one of the first signs of vinylchloride disease. Morphological investigations showed that it is caused by splenic alterations. Besides splenomegaly, there are significant structural changes in the red pulp cords affecting the microcirculation. These quantitative and qualitative alterations cause increased platelet pooling and and increased destruction of platelets, which result in a decrease in thrombocytes in the peripheral blood."}
{"id": "PMID:912128", "title": "Chronic superficial dermatitis and poikiloderma.", "content": "The terms chronic superficial dermatitis and poikiloderma have in the past both been called parapsoriasis en plaques although they are entirely different disorders. Chronic superficial dermatitis is benign and does not advance to a reticulosis. Poikiloderma of the prereticulate type, on the other hand, may progress and may be the cause of death in some cases. It should no longer be considered a separate entity but should be regarded as part of the spectrum of mycosis fungoides.", "contents": "Chronic superficial dermatitis and poikiloderma. The terms chronic superficial dermatitis and poikiloderma have in the past both been called parapsoriasis en plaques although they are entirely different disorders. Chronic superficial dermatitis is benign and does not advance to a reticulosis. Poikiloderma of the prereticulate type, on the other hand, may progress and may be the cause of death in some cases. It should no longer be considered a separate entity but should be regarded as part of the spectrum of mycosis fungoides."}
{"id": "PMID:912131", "title": "Evaluation and staging in the Scottish Dermatological Society mycosis fungoides register.", "content": "The patients registered in the first two years of the Scottish Dermatological Society's Malignant Lymphoid Neoplasm Register are described. Criteria for inclusion in the Register and laboratory tests carried out in the staging of these patients is listed. Significant abnormalities detected to date include low levels of circulating E and EAC rosette forming cells and an elevated IgE level in a proportion of patients. It is hoped that continued monitoring of these patient will clarify the relationship of these abnormalities to the natural progression of the disease.", "contents": "Evaluation and staging in the Scottish Dermatological Society mycosis fungoides register. The patients registered in the first two years of the Scottish Dermatological Society's Malignant Lymphoid Neoplasm Register are described. Criteria for inclusion in the Register and laboratory tests carried out in the staging of these patients is listed. Significant abnormalities detected to date include low levels of circulating E and EAC rosette forming cells and an elevated IgE level in a proportion of patients. It is hoped that continued monitoring of these patient will clarify the relationship of these abnormalities to the natural progression of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:912132", "title": "Scandinavian mycosis fungoides study group.", "content": "A multicenter study group on Mycosis Fungoides in Denmark, Norway and Sweden has been active since 1974. Staging procedures based on a 5 stage-system have been established, and treatment protocols have been worked out. Topical nitrogen mustard with and without toleranceinduction has been applied on stage II, and Bleomycin has been randomized against Bleomycin and Methotrexate in stage, III, IV, and V. Protocols containings PUVA are now activated, with PUVA given in combination with Cyclophosphamide for extracutaneous forms of Mycosis Fungoides.", "contents": "Scandinavian mycosis fungoides study group. A multicenter study group on Mycosis Fungoides in Denmark, Norway and Sweden has been active since 1974. Staging procedures based on a 5 stage-system have been established, and treatment protocols have been worked out. Topical nitrogen mustard with and without toleranceinduction has been applied on stage II, and Bleomycin has been randomized against Bleomycin and Methotrexate in stage, III, IV, and V. Protocols containings PUVA are now activated, with PUVA given in combination with Cyclophosphamide for extracutaneous forms of Mycosis Fungoides."}
{"id": "PMID:912133", "title": "Whole cutaneous irradiation in mycosis fungoides with 55KV x-rays. Technical study.", "content": "The authors describe a technique for a whole cutaneous superficial irradiation of mycosis fungoides by means of a fixed 55 KV X-Rays generator and a moving couche. Results of the dosimetric study are compared with thoses obtained with Lithium fluoride. Since 1964, twenty five patients have been treated. The results appear to be equivalent to those obtained with electrons. The technical problems of each methods are discussed.", "contents": "Whole cutaneous irradiation in mycosis fungoides with 55KV x-rays. Technical study. The authors describe a technique for a whole cutaneous superficial irradiation of mycosis fungoides by means of a fixed 55 KV X-Rays generator and a moving couche. Results of the dosimetric study are compared with thoses obtained with Lithium fluoride. Since 1964, twenty five patients have been treated. The results appear to be equivalent to those obtained with electrons. The technical problems of each methods are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912146", "title": "The control of influenza.", "content": "Influenza virus differs from the usual agents of epidemic disease by its extreme variability. Since consecutive outbreaks are caused by antigenically different viruses, both herd immunity and vaccination are largely ineffective and the epidemiology is characterized by pandemics, sensu stricto. Severe pandemics occur every 10-12 years, followed by a period (subtype era) over which the evolution of the virus follows a predictably regular course. This process can be imitated in the laboratory, yielding mutant viruses which may serve as prospective vaccines. The transition between subtypes is abrupt and hitherto unpredictable. There are indications, however, that the number of subtypes is limited and that they are linked in a secular cycle of about 70 years. If this proves to be correct, it should be possible to anticipate even the major antigenic shifts and thus eventually fully control the disease.", "contents": "The control of influenza. Influenza virus differs from the usual agents of epidemic disease by its extreme variability. Since consecutive outbreaks are caused by antigenically different viruses, both herd immunity and vaccination are largely ineffective and the epidemiology is characterized by pandemics, sensu stricto. Severe pandemics occur every 10-12 years, followed by a period (subtype era) over which the evolution of the virus follows a predictably regular course. This process can be imitated in the laboratory, yielding mutant viruses which may serve as prospective vaccines. The transition between subtypes is abrupt and hitherto unpredictable. There are indications, however, that the number of subtypes is limited and that they are linked in a secular cycle of about 70 years. If this proves to be correct, it should be possible to anticipate even the major antigenic shifts and thus eventually fully control the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:912147", "title": "[Epidemiology and control of rabies].", "content": "The epidemiological criteria of the present sylvatic rabies epizootic are shown using the situation in the Federal Republic of Germany and its neighbouring countries as an example. It is demonstrated that the fox plays the leading role in transmitting the disease to other animal species and remains the main vector in the epizootic. Mustelids are of secondary importance. Cervides, rodents and domestic animals are of no concern in the spread of rabies. Rabies control measures have to be aimed at the population reduction of but one species, the fox, since the frequency of rabies among this species is primarily dependent on the population density. Other wild carnivores especially badgers should be spared. Intensified shooting of foxes as a single control measure has proven ineffective. According to the results obtained in Central Europe, the gassing of fox dens, where applicable, has proven to be the best single measure regularly resulting in a decrease of rabies cases. In individual instances this has led to a complete extinction of rabies. The oral immunization of foxes is not yet regarded as acceptable; large-scale success with this method is not to be expected.", "contents": "[Epidemiology and control of rabies]. The epidemiological criteria of the present sylvatic rabies epizootic are shown using the situation in the Federal Republic of Germany and its neighbouring countries as an example. It is demonstrated that the fox plays the leading role in transmitting the disease to other animal species and remains the main vector in the epizootic. Mustelids are of secondary importance. Cervides, rodents and domestic animals are of no concern in the spread of rabies. Rabies control measures have to be aimed at the population reduction of but one species, the fox, since the frequency of rabies among this species is primarily dependent on the population density. Other wild carnivores especially badgers should be spared. Intensified shooting of foxes as a single control measure has proven ineffective. According to the results obtained in Central Europe, the gassing of fox dens, where applicable, has proven to be the best single measure regularly resulting in a decrease of rabies cases. In individual instances this has led to a complete extinction of rabies. The oral immunization of foxes is not yet regarded as acceptable; large-scale success with this method is not to be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:912148", "title": "The significance and nature of defective interfering viruses.", "content": "Deletions in viral genomes appear to be a common occurrence in the replication of all DNA and RNA viruses which have been adequately studied. Such defective genomes can replicate in the presence in the same cell of a helper virus as long as the deletion does not involve the initiation site for genome replication. Coinfection of a cell with defective and \"normal\" infectious virus leads to reduction in the yield of the latter. The nature of DI viruses and genomes found in Sindbis virus-infected vertebrate cells during \"undiluted passage\" series is discussed. This procedure leads to the accumulation of progressively shorter viral RNA genomes with internal deletions. The enrichment is limited to genome lengths which are integral fractions (1/2, 1/3, 1/4, etc.) of the complete genome, and these are also found in viral particles released at the corresponding passage levels. It is believed that the selective accumulation of these fragments is governed by constraints of assembly which demand that one full genome equivalent be packaged in a released particle. In contrast to vertebrate cells, cultured mosquito cells do not seem to produce or \"recognize\" DI particles. Possible implications for the epidemiology of arthropod-transmitted alphaviruses are presented.", "contents": "The significance and nature of defective interfering viruses. Deletions in viral genomes appear to be a common occurrence in the replication of all DNA and RNA viruses which have been adequately studied. Such defective genomes can replicate in the presence in the same cell of a helper virus as long as the deletion does not involve the initiation site for genome replication. Coinfection of a cell with defective and \"normal\" infectious virus leads to reduction in the yield of the latter. The nature of DI viruses and genomes found in Sindbis virus-infected vertebrate cells during \"undiluted passage\" series is discussed. This procedure leads to the accumulation of progressively shorter viral RNA genomes with internal deletions. The enrichment is limited to genome lengths which are integral fractions (1/2, 1/3, 1/4, etc.) of the complete genome, and these are also found in viral particles released at the corresponding passage levels. It is believed that the selective accumulation of these fragments is governed by constraints of assembly which demand that one full genome equivalent be packaged in a released particle. In contrast to vertebrate cells, cultured mosquito cells do not seem to produce or \"recognize\" DI particles. Possible implications for the epidemiology of arthropod-transmitted alphaviruses are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:912149", "title": "[Genetically conditioned resistance against influenza viruses].", "content": "A strain of influenza A virus adapted to macrophages replicated and caused a cytopathic effect in macrophages from susceptible mice. Neither replication nor cell destruction occurred in macrophages from genetically resistant animals.", "contents": "[Genetically conditioned resistance against influenza viruses]. A strain of influenza A virus adapted to macrophages replicated and caused a cytopathic effect in macrophages from susceptible mice. Neither replication nor cell destruction occurred in macrophages from genetically resistant animals."}
{"id": "PMID:912150", "title": "[Pathogenesis of equine infectious anemia (with reference to similar chronic viral infection)].", "content": "1. Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is an immunologically-medicated disease. Immune complexes formed in blood and tissues are responsible for most symptoms and lesions (anemia, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, glomerulonephritis, etc.). In addition, a state of cellular hypersensitivity of the delayed type is involved in the pathogenesis. 2. Periodical attacks of pyrexia and clinical illness in the presence of immunity are caused by antigenically-modified variants of virus. By means of immunosuppressive treatments similar relapses of fever associated with the appearance of new virus variants can be also provoked during longlasting asymptomatic periods. 3. The mechanisms responsible for the lifelong persistence of virus are not fully elucidated. Obviously of prime importance is the viral antigenic drift allowing the virus to escape from humoral and cellular immune reaction. Finally, however, a state of cell-mediated immunity ensuring protection against homologous and heterologous virus strains may be reached. 4. Pathogenetic analogies and differences existing between EIA and other chronic viral infections of animals are recorded.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of equine infectious anemia (with reference to similar chronic viral infection)]. 1. Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is an immunologically-medicated disease. Immune complexes formed in blood and tissues are responsible for most symptoms and lesions (anemia, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, glomerulonephritis, etc.). In addition, a state of cellular hypersensitivity of the delayed type is involved in the pathogenesis. 2. Periodical attacks of pyrexia and clinical illness in the presence of immunity are caused by antigenically-modified variants of virus. By means of immunosuppressive treatments similar relapses of fever associated with the appearance of new virus variants can be also provoked during longlasting asymptomatic periods. 3. The mechanisms responsible for the lifelong persistence of virus are not fully elucidated. Obviously of prime importance is the viral antigenic drift allowing the virus to escape from humoral and cellular immune reaction. Finally, however, a state of cell-mediated immunity ensuring protection against homologous and heterologous virus strains may be reached. 4. Pathogenetic analogies and differences existing between EIA and other chronic viral infections of animals are recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:912163", "title": "The cardiovascular response to dimaprit, a selective histamine H2-receptor agonist.", "content": "1 The cardiovascular responses to dimaprit (S-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) isothiourea) a selective histamine H2-receptor agonist have been studied in anaesthetized cats, dogs, rats and rabbits. 2 Dimaprit lowered systemic arterial blood pressure in all species whether given by intravenous injection or by continous infusion. Intra-arterial injections or infusions caused vasodilatation in the femoral vascular bed. 3 In the cat, continuous intravenous infusions of dimaprit lowered blood pressure without any significant change in heart rate or cardiac output. The fall in blood pressure was thus due to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. 4 Dimaprit, given intravenously, increased coronary and gastric blood flows and there were associated marked reductions in vascular resistance. Small reductions in vascular resistance occurred in skeletal muscle, in the intestine and the kidneys. 5 The histamine H2-receptor antagonists, metiamide and cimetidine, antagonized the depressor and vasodilator responses to dimaprit.", "contents": "The cardiovascular response to dimaprit, a selective histamine H2-receptor agonist. 1 The cardiovascular responses to dimaprit (S-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) isothiourea) a selective histamine H2-receptor agonist have been studied in anaesthetized cats, dogs, rats and rabbits. 2 Dimaprit lowered systemic arterial blood pressure in all species whether given by intravenous injection or by continous infusion. Intra-arterial injections or infusions caused vasodilatation in the femoral vascular bed. 3 In the cat, continuous intravenous infusions of dimaprit lowered blood pressure without any significant change in heart rate or cardiac output. The fall in blood pressure was thus due to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. 4 Dimaprit, given intravenously, increased coronary and gastric blood flows and there were associated marked reductions in vascular resistance. Small reductions in vascular resistance occurred in skeletal muscle, in the intestine and the kidneys. 5 The histamine H2-receptor antagonists, metiamide and cimetidine, antagonized the depressor and vasodilator responses to dimaprit."}
{"id": "PMID:912164", "title": "Effects of N-benzyl-L-valine on contractions of guinea-pig myometrium in vitro.", "content": "A claim that N-benzylvaline is an exceedingly potent stimulant of guinea-pig myometrium has not been confirmed, but less potent stimulant or inhibitory effects were seen in a few experiments.", "contents": "Effects of N-benzyl-L-valine on contractions of guinea-pig myometrium in vitro. A claim that N-benzylvaline is an exceedingly potent stimulant of guinea-pig myometrium has not been confirmed, but less potent stimulant or inhibitory effects were seen in a few experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:912208", "title": "Interdependence of ion transport and the action of quabain in heart muscle.", "content": "1 The influence of ouabain (0.4 muM) on contractile force and cellular Na and K concentrations was investigated in isolated left atria of the guinea-pig at rest and at different beat frequencies. Simultaneously the binding of ouabain to the tissue was determined.2 Strict dependence of rates of onset of positive iontropic action and of binding of ouabain on beat frequency are limited to conditions where no alterations of cellular Na and K concentrations occur. A correlation was observed between sodium flux per unit time and the development of positive inotropism and binding to the receptors of ouabain.3 Ouabain exerts its positive inotropic effect without affecting the intracellular Na and K concentrations in spite of the fact that under these conditions even the majority of binding sites, i.e. Na-K-adenosine triphosphatases (Na-K-ATPases), are occupied by the drug. The positive inotropic effect may be explained by a ouabain-induced conformational alteration of the Na-K-ATPase which leads to structural alterations of the plasmalemma connected with an increased availability of coupling calcium.4 Increasing the frequency of stimulation over a critical value, which appears to be determined by an overloading of the Na pump, induces a decrease in contractile force, cellular accumulation of Na and loss of K, and eventually contracture.5 The rate of binding of ouabain appears to depend on the actual concentration of particular conformations of the Na-K-ATPase with high affinity for ouabain. These conformations transiently occur during a pumping cycle and their concentration may therefore be dependent on the frequency of cycling which in turn is determined by the frequency of contraction.6 Ouabain can easily be washed out from the tissue irrespective of the condition of the muscle. If, however, the intracellular Na and K homeostasis is impaired, the inhibition of the pump persists even if ouabain is released from the binding sites upon wash-out. It is suggested that the inhibition of the pump is maintained by an increased intracellular Ca ion concentration and a depletion of ATP.7 A kinetic model is proposed for the interaction between cardiac glycosides and the Na-K-ATPase in intact heart muscle cells.", "contents": "Interdependence of ion transport and the action of quabain in heart muscle. 1 The influence of ouabain (0.4 muM) on contractile force and cellular Na and K concentrations was investigated in isolated left atria of the guinea-pig at rest and at different beat frequencies. Simultaneously the binding of ouabain to the tissue was determined.2 Strict dependence of rates of onset of positive iontropic action and of binding of ouabain on beat frequency are limited to conditions where no alterations of cellular Na and K concentrations occur. A correlation was observed between sodium flux per unit time and the development of positive inotropism and binding to the receptors of ouabain.3 Ouabain exerts its positive inotropic effect without affecting the intracellular Na and K concentrations in spite of the fact that under these conditions even the majority of binding sites, i.e. Na-K-adenosine triphosphatases (Na-K-ATPases), are occupied by the drug. The positive inotropic effect may be explained by a ouabain-induced conformational alteration of the Na-K-ATPase which leads to structural alterations of the plasmalemma connected with an increased availability of coupling calcium.4 Increasing the frequency of stimulation over a critical value, which appears to be determined by an overloading of the Na pump, induces a decrease in contractile force, cellular accumulation of Na and loss of K, and eventually contracture.5 The rate of binding of ouabain appears to depend on the actual concentration of particular conformations of the Na-K-ATPase with high affinity for ouabain. These conformations transiently occur during a pumping cycle and their concentration may therefore be dependent on the frequency of cycling which in turn is determined by the frequency of contraction.6 Ouabain can easily be washed out from the tissue irrespective of the condition of the muscle. If, however, the intracellular Na and K homeostasis is impaired, the inhibition of the pump persists even if ouabain is released from the binding sites upon wash-out. It is suggested that the inhibition of the pump is maintained by an increased intracellular Ca ion concentration and a depletion of ATP.7 A kinetic model is proposed for the interaction between cardiac glycosides and the Na-K-ATPase in intact heart muscle cells."}
{"id": "PMID:912209", "title": "The enhancement of chlorpromazine-induced hypothermia by lesions in the anterior hypothalamus.", "content": "1 Administration of chlorpromazine (Cpz), either systemically or centrally, to unanaesthetized rats at an environmental temperature of 23 degrees C caused dose-dependent hypothermia. 2 In order to achieve equivalent hypothermia, intraventricular administration required a total dose of 20 microgram Cpz and and intraperitoneal administration a dose of 9.7 mg/kg body weight. Accordingly, the dose-ratio between intraventricular and intraperitoneal administration was 1 to 110. Cpz apparently exerts its hypothermic effect by acting directly on central nervous structures rather than through peripheral sites. 3 Cpz-induced hypothermia was potentiated by preoptic anterior hypothalamic (POAH) lesions but not by lesions of the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of the hypothalamus. It was found that Cpz induced hypothermia most readily in rats with large POAH lesions (-10.4 degrees C), less so in rats with spinal lesions (-5.5 degrees C) at least with control rats (-2.9 degrees C).", "contents": "The enhancement of chlorpromazine-induced hypothermia by lesions in the anterior hypothalamus. 1 Administration of chlorpromazine (Cpz), either systemically or centrally, to unanaesthetized rats at an environmental temperature of 23 degrees C caused dose-dependent hypothermia. 2 In order to achieve equivalent hypothermia, intraventricular administration required a total dose of 20 microgram Cpz and and intraperitoneal administration a dose of 9.7 mg/kg body weight. Accordingly, the dose-ratio between intraventricular and intraperitoneal administration was 1 to 110. Cpz apparently exerts its hypothermic effect by acting directly on central nervous structures rather than through peripheral sites. 3 Cpz-induced hypothermia was potentiated by preoptic anterior hypothalamic (POAH) lesions but not by lesions of the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of the hypothalamus. It was found that Cpz induced hypothermia most readily in rats with large POAH lesions (-10.4 degrees C), less so in rats with spinal lesions (-5.5 degrees C) at least with control rats (-2.9 degrees C)."}
{"id": "PMID:912210", "title": "Do central dopamine receptors have a physiological role in thermoregulation?", "content": "1 Core and tail skin temperature was measured in rats which had guide cannulae implanted into their brains to allow drug injections directly into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus. 2 Apomorphine and dopamine (10 microgram in 1 microliter) injected into the area of the preoptic anterior hypothalamus caused a fall in core temperature which was preceded by a rise in tail skin temperature. 3 The decrease in core temperature following central injection of either apomorphine or dopamine was significantly reduced by pretreating rats for 2 h with pikozide 0.5 mg/kg i.p.). 4 Bilateral intrahypothalamic injection of pimozide (0.5 microgram in 1 microliter) significantly reduced the hypothermic effect of systemic apomorphine (1.25 mg/kg i.p.). 5 Control rats placed 65 cm below a 250 W infrared lamp responded with vasodilation of tail skin blood vessels as indicated by an increase in tail skin temperature. Pimozide pretreatment (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reduced this response. 6 These results suggest that the preoptic anterior hypothalamus contains dopamine receptors which mediate hypothermia in rodents and raise the possibility that endogenous dopamine has a physiological role in thermoregulation.", "contents": "Do central dopamine receptors have a physiological role in thermoregulation? 1 Core and tail skin temperature was measured in rats which had guide cannulae implanted into their brains to allow drug injections directly into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus. 2 Apomorphine and dopamine (10 microgram in 1 microliter) injected into the area of the preoptic anterior hypothalamus caused a fall in core temperature which was preceded by a rise in tail skin temperature. 3 The decrease in core temperature following central injection of either apomorphine or dopamine was significantly reduced by pretreating rats for 2 h with pikozide 0.5 mg/kg i.p.). 4 Bilateral intrahypothalamic injection of pimozide (0.5 microgram in 1 microliter) significantly reduced the hypothermic effect of systemic apomorphine (1.25 mg/kg i.p.). 5 Control rats placed 65 cm below a 250 W infrared lamp responded with vasodilation of tail skin blood vessels as indicated by an increase in tail skin temperature. Pimozide pretreatment (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reduced this response. 6 These results suggest that the preoptic anterior hypothalamus contains dopamine receptors which mediate hypothermia in rodents and raise the possibility that endogenous dopamine has a physiological role in thermoregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:912211", "title": "Inhibition by a stable analogue of adenosine triphosphate of platelet aggregation by adenosine diphosphate.", "content": "1 In citrated platelet-rich plasma, freshly prepared from rabbit blood, the velocity of platelet aggregation was within limits proportional to the log of the concentration of added adenosine diphosphate (ADP). 2 Addition of either adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or its beta,y-methylene analogue inhibited aggregation similarly except that the analogue was about half as potent as ATP. beta,y-Methylene ATP also reversed the optical effects associated with the shape change of platelets very similarly to ATP itself. 3 As beta,y-methylene ATP is not a substrate for nucleoside diphosphokinase, these observations do not support the proposition that inhibition of aggregation by added ATP is due to its utilization by the nucleoside diphosphokinase of platelets.", "contents": "Inhibition by a stable analogue of adenosine triphosphate of platelet aggregation by adenosine diphosphate. 1 In citrated platelet-rich plasma, freshly prepared from rabbit blood, the velocity of platelet aggregation was within limits proportional to the log of the concentration of added adenosine diphosphate (ADP). 2 Addition of either adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or its beta,y-methylene analogue inhibited aggregation similarly except that the analogue was about half as potent as ATP. beta,y-Methylene ATP also reversed the optical effects associated with the shape change of platelets very similarly to ATP itself. 3 As beta,y-methylene ATP is not a substrate for nucleoside diphosphokinase, these observations do not support the proposition that inhibition of aggregation by added ATP is due to its utilization by the nucleoside diphosphokinase of platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:912212", "title": "Hyperthermic effects of morphine: set point manipulation by a direct spinal action.", "content": "U Rats were implanted with chronic indwelling catheters in the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space in order to study the effects of morphine on body temperature. 2 Morphine administered intrathecally produced a dose-dependent rise in body temperature that was antagonized by naloxone. 3 The rise in body temperature evoked by a given dose of morphine appeared to be independent of the environmental temperture ((4 degrees C to 32 degrees C) and was consistently associated with coordinated thermoregulatory responses (i.e. shivering and tail vasoconstriction). The fall in body temperature observed in these hyperthermic animals, following naloxone, was associated with a vasodilatation which coincided with the fall to the premorphine temperature level. 4 Morphine administered systemically also produced hyperthermia. This was only partially reversed by intrathecal naloxone. In animals made tolerant to the hyperthermic effects of systemic morphine, the intrathecal administration of naloxone produced a fall in body temperature. 5 Naloxone alone, administered either intrathecally or systemically, had no effect upon body temperature. 6 We suggest that morphine exerts a direct, pharmacologically specific effect on the spinal cord, which results in an altered thermoregulatory set point in the rat.", "contents": "Hyperthermic effects of morphine: set point manipulation by a direct spinal action. U Rats were implanted with chronic indwelling catheters in the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space in order to study the effects of morphine on body temperature. 2 Morphine administered intrathecally produced a dose-dependent rise in body temperature that was antagonized by naloxone. 3 The rise in body temperature evoked by a given dose of morphine appeared to be independent of the environmental temperture ((4 degrees C to 32 degrees C) and was consistently associated with coordinated thermoregulatory responses (i.e. shivering and tail vasoconstriction). The fall in body temperature observed in these hyperthermic animals, following naloxone, was associated with a vasodilatation which coincided with the fall to the premorphine temperature level. 4 Morphine administered systemically also produced hyperthermia. This was only partially reversed by intrathecal naloxone. In animals made tolerant to the hyperthermic effects of systemic morphine, the intrathecal administration of naloxone produced a fall in body temperature. 5 Naloxone alone, administered either intrathecally or systemically, had no effect upon body temperature. 6 We suggest that morphine exerts a direct, pharmacologically specific effect on the spinal cord, which results in an altered thermoregulatory set point in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:912213", "title": "Comparative inhibitory effects of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) and atropine on amylase release from rat pancreas.", "content": "1 Secrection of amylase from rat pancreas stimualted by urecholine was studied in relation to its inhibition by atropine and 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). 2 Urecholine-induced secretion was completely abolished by atropine at 10(-6)M and QNB at 10(-8)M. Significant inhibition could be detected at 10(-8)M atropine and 10(-10)M QNB. 3 The secretory response to pancreozymin was not blocked either by atropine or QNB. 4 The inhibitory effect of QNB remained for at least 90 min after its removal from the incubation medium. 5 It is concluded that QNB is 10 times more potent than atropine in inhibiting pancreatic amylase secretion induced by urecholine.", "contents": "Comparative inhibitory effects of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) and atropine on amylase release from rat pancreas. 1 Secrection of amylase from rat pancreas stimualted by urecholine was studied in relation to its inhibition by atropine and 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). 2 Urecholine-induced secretion was completely abolished by atropine at 10(-6)M and QNB at 10(-8)M. Significant inhibition could be detected at 10(-8)M atropine and 10(-10)M QNB. 3 The secretory response to pancreozymin was not blocked either by atropine or QNB. 4 The inhibitory effect of QNB remained for at least 90 min after its removal from the incubation medium. 5 It is concluded that QNB is 10 times more potent than atropine in inhibiting pancreatic amylase secretion induced by urecholine."}
{"id": "PMID:912214", "title": "Assessing dangerousness in criminals.", "content": "This article formulates a definition of the term dangerousness, indicates why the commission of dangerous offences cannot be reliably predicted, and then reviews the several factors which have been or might be used by those who have to make decisions about dangerousness in criminals. Its suggests that these factors are useful insofar as they help to illuminate the individual's capacity to feel sympathy and to learn by experience. Since the accuracy of prediction varies inversely with time, the maintenance of personal relationships and good communication seems the inescapable requirement in the management of potentially dangerous criminals.", "contents": "Assessing dangerousness in criminals. This article formulates a definition of the term dangerousness, indicates why the commission of dangerous offences cannot be reliably predicted, and then reviews the several factors which have been or might be used by those who have to make decisions about dangerousness in criminals. Its suggests that these factors are useful insofar as they help to illuminate the individual's capacity to feel sympathy and to learn by experience. Since the accuracy of prediction varies inversely with time, the maintenance of personal relationships and good communication seems the inescapable requirement in the management of potentially dangerous criminals."}
{"id": "PMID:912215", "title": "Writer's cramp--a rational approach to treatment?", "content": "The history of writer's cramp is reviewed, and the study of ten cases described. Nine of the patients were male with obsessional personalities, and involved in a conflict with some bearing on the act of writing. Treatment by psychotherapy and re-education produced either temporary or little improvement; biofeedback, used in six cases, produced some benefit in four, of which only one relapsed. Although no statistical weight can be attached to the results of so short a series, biofeedback appears to offer a promise of response which merits further investigation. The use of the electromyograph is discussed also as a means of discriminating between tension and tremor in such cases, with particular reference to their psychosomatic meaning.", "contents": "Writer's cramp--a rational approach to treatment? The history of writer's cramp is reviewed, and the study of ten cases described. Nine of the patients were male with obsessional personalities, and involved in a conflict with some bearing on the act of writing. Treatment by psychotherapy and re-education produced either temporary or little improvement; biofeedback, used in six cases, produced some benefit in four, of which only one relapsed. Although no statistical weight can be attached to the results of so short a series, biofeedback appears to offer a promise of response which merits further investigation. The use of the electromyograph is discussed also as a means of discriminating between tension and tremor in such cases, with particular reference to their psychosomatic meaning."}
{"id": "PMID:912216", "title": "Psychiatric morbidity among university students in Egypt.", "content": "During a nine-month period (1974-75), 1,050 students (846 male, 204 female) at Ain Shams University, Cairo, attended the Student Health Centre. Fifty-two per cent were referred there by their general practitioners, 5 per cent by their families and 3 per cent through their faculties; the remainder (41 per cent) were self-referred. Male patients represented 2-8 per cent of the male students, but female patients only 0-9 per cent of the female students. In faculties dealing with practical subjects the male-female ratio was higher than in those dealing with more theoretical subjects. The diagnoses included anxiety neurosis (36 per cent of the cases), schizophrenia (18 per cent), depression (15 per cent) and neurotic depression (12 per cent).", "contents": "Psychiatric morbidity among university students in Egypt. During a nine-month period (1974-75), 1,050 students (846 male, 204 female) at Ain Shams University, Cairo, attended the Student Health Centre. Fifty-two per cent were referred there by their general practitioners, 5 per cent by their families and 3 per cent through their faculties; the remainder (41 per cent) were self-referred. Male patients represented 2-8 per cent of the male students, but female patients only 0-9 per cent of the female students. In faculties dealing with practical subjects the male-female ratio was higher than in those dealing with more theoretical subjects. The diagnoses included anxiety neurosis (36 per cent of the cases), schizophrenia (18 per cent), depression (15 per cent) and neurotic depression (12 per cent)."}
{"id": "PMID:912217", "title": "Hyperostosis frontalis interna and mental morbidity.", "content": "Forty-six mentally ill women with radiologically verified hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) were compared with 46 matched mentally ill women without HFI in respect of mental morbidity among the full siblings of the two groups. It was found that mental morbidity was lower among the siblings on mentally ill women with HFI than among those of similar mentally ill women without HFI. A reasonable interpretation of these findings is that the combination mental illness-HFI is more often exogenously determined than other forms of mental illness.", "contents": "Hyperostosis frontalis interna and mental morbidity. Forty-six mentally ill women with radiologically verified hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) were compared with 46 matched mentally ill women without HFI in respect of mental morbidity among the full siblings of the two groups. It was found that mental morbidity was lower among the siblings on mentally ill women with HFI than among those of similar mentally ill women without HFI. A reasonable interpretation of these findings is that the combination mental illness-HFI is more often exogenously determined than other forms of mental illness."}
{"id": "PMID:912219", "title": "Correlation between plasma chlorpromazine and its metabolites and clinical ratings in patients with acute relapse of schizophrenic and paranoid psychosis.", "content": "Nine patients diagnosed as having acute schizophrenic psychosis were treated with chlorpromazine. Their clinical response to drug treatment was measured by the use of a clinical rating scale developed from the Present State Examination, and a nurses rating scale. Plasma levels of chlorpromazine (CPZ), 7-hydroxychlorpromazine (7OHCPZ), monodesmethylchlorpromazine (NOR1CPZ) and chlorpromazine sulphoxide (SOCPZ), were monitored during the period of hospital treatment. Correlations were made between the increase in plasma levels of drug or metabolites and improvement in the different PSE scores. These showed that the most significant correlations occurred when symptoms with high diagnostic significance for schizophrenia (Group 1) and symptoms rating perceptual disorders (P) were correlated with plasma 7OHCPZ levels in plasma samples taken before the first morning dose of CPZ. The ration of 7OHCPZ to CPZ in these samples increased significantly as clinical ratings improved, this correlation being most highly significant against the Group 1 and P scores. The ratio of 7OHPCZ to SOCPZ increased significantly only in the case of Group 1 and P scores. This indicates a preferential shift of CPZ metabolism towards the formation of the active 7OHCPZ during the period of clinical improvement.", "contents": "Correlation between plasma chlorpromazine and its metabolites and clinical ratings in patients with acute relapse of schizophrenic and paranoid psychosis. Nine patients diagnosed as having acute schizophrenic psychosis were treated with chlorpromazine. Their clinical response to drug treatment was measured by the use of a clinical rating scale developed from the Present State Examination, and a nurses rating scale. Plasma levels of chlorpromazine (CPZ), 7-hydroxychlorpromazine (7OHCPZ), monodesmethylchlorpromazine (NOR1CPZ) and chlorpromazine sulphoxide (SOCPZ), were monitored during the period of hospital treatment. Correlations were made between the increase in plasma levels of drug or metabolites and improvement in the different PSE scores. These showed that the most significant correlations occurred when symptoms with high diagnostic significance for schizophrenia (Group 1) and symptoms rating perceptual disorders (P) were correlated with plasma 7OHCPZ levels in plasma samples taken before the first morning dose of CPZ. The ration of 7OHCPZ to CPZ in these samples increased significantly as clinical ratings improved, this correlation being most highly significant against the Group 1 and P scores. The ratio of 7OHPCZ to SOCPZ increased significantly only in the case of Group 1 and P scores. This indicates a preferential shift of CPZ metabolism towards the formation of the active 7OHCPZ during the period of clinical improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:912220", "title": "The social network, support and neurosis. The function of attachment in adult life.", "content": "The psychological function of the social network is considered in terms of attachment theory. Social bonds are proposed as essential for obtaining a commodity commonly but unsatisfactorily referred to as support. Requirements for this complex commodity can be discerned in a wide range of contexts. Examples considered are the evolutionary origin of the social network itself, the concept of psychosocial supplies, the distribution of neurosis in Western and non-Western populations, the use of medical consultations, psychotherapy and habitual responses to adversity or disaster. In these and other contexts, it is apparent that individuals have, quite simply, a requirement for affectively positive interaction with others. Under stressful conditions this interaction is called 'support'. When support is lacking there is evidence that psychiatric and perhaps medical morbidity rates increase. For reaseach, the objective must now be to determine whether depleted primary group interaction is causally related to morbidity, or whether it is only an associated or a secondary factor in aetiology, or indeed wholly unrelated. Elucidating more precisely why people need people constitutes an important new task for social psychiatry.", "contents": "The social network, support and neurosis. The function of attachment in adult life. The psychological function of the social network is considered in terms of attachment theory. Social bonds are proposed as essential for obtaining a commodity commonly but unsatisfactorily referred to as support. Requirements for this complex commodity can be discerned in a wide range of contexts. Examples considered are the evolutionary origin of the social network itself, the concept of psychosocial supplies, the distribution of neurosis in Western and non-Western populations, the use of medical consultations, psychotherapy and habitual responses to adversity or disaster. In these and other contexts, it is apparent that individuals have, quite simply, a requirement for affectively positive interaction with others. Under stressful conditions this interaction is called 'support'. When support is lacking there is evidence that psychiatric and perhaps medical morbidity rates increase. For reaseach, the objective must now be to determine whether depleted primary group interaction is causally related to morbidity, or whether it is only an associated or a secondary factor in aetiology, or indeed wholly unrelated. Elucidating more precisely why people need people constitutes an important new task for social psychiatry."}
{"id": "PMID:912221", "title": "Screening schoolchildren for high risk of emotional and educational disorder.", "content": "Junior schoolchildren were screened for high risk of emotional and educational disorder. The information was gathered from the school, using standard and objective tests. The multiple criterion screen employed, comprised: (a) classroom behaviour scale (Rutter B Scale), rated by teachers; (b) sociometric tests; choice of companions by classmates. From these, lack of positive choices was taken as a measure of isolation and a high rate of negative choices, as a measure of rejection; (c) Reading quotient of 75 or below on the Young Reading Test; (d) Absence from school for reasons considered by teachers to be trivial. The number of cases identified by the screening was found to be 322 children per thousand. They may be seen as representing a high risk rate. Using extreme scores as indicative of high risk, approximately 17 per cent of children were identified on the basis of the behaviour test; 12 per cent by the reading test; 9 per cent by the isolation test; 8 per cent by the rejection test and 3 per cent by the absenteeism test. Seventy per cent of the identified children were rated clinically as disturbed. Absenteeism identified the smallest percentage of cases and made the smallest independent contribution of identification. Isolation was not impressively related to neurotic or antisocial behaviour. The three important criteria, therefore, were behaviour, rejection and reading. Corrected disturbance rates for our population of 7-8-year-old children, including those not identified by the screen, were 6-8 per cent markedly maladjusted and 33-7 per cent somewhat maladjusted.", "contents": "Screening schoolchildren for high risk of emotional and educational disorder. Junior schoolchildren were screened for high risk of emotional and educational disorder. The information was gathered from the school, using standard and objective tests. The multiple criterion screen employed, comprised: (a) classroom behaviour scale (Rutter B Scale), rated by teachers; (b) sociometric tests; choice of companions by classmates. From these, lack of positive choices was taken as a measure of isolation and a high rate of negative choices, as a measure of rejection; (c) Reading quotient of 75 or below on the Young Reading Test; (d) Absence from school for reasons considered by teachers to be trivial. The number of cases identified by the screening was found to be 322 children per thousand. They may be seen as representing a high risk rate. Using extreme scores as indicative of high risk, approximately 17 per cent of children were identified on the basis of the behaviour test; 12 per cent by the reading test; 9 per cent by the isolation test; 8 per cent by the rejection test and 3 per cent by the absenteeism test. Seventy per cent of the identified children were rated clinically as disturbed. Absenteeism identified the smallest percentage of cases and made the smallest independent contribution of identification. Isolation was not impressively related to neurotic or antisocial behaviour. The three important criteria, therefore, were behaviour, rejection and reading. Corrected disturbance rates for our population of 7-8-year-old children, including those not identified by the screen, were 6-8 per cent markedly maladjusted and 33-7 per cent somewhat maladjusted."}
{"id": "PMID:912226", "title": "Drug dependent individuals dealt with by London casualty departments.", "content": "During a study of drug incidents dealt with in one month by 62 casualty departments in Greater London, 395 drug-dependent individuals were identified. The great majority of these patients were seen in hospital following an overdose, and barbiturates were the drugs used most frequently. A high incidence of multi-drug use was noted, and many individuals had obtained their drugs from an illicit source. A history of repeated overdosing was common, and one fifth of the patients behaved aggressively while they were in casualty. The implications of these findings are discussed, with particular reference to the demands that are made on casualty departments by drug-dependent individuals.", "contents": "Drug dependent individuals dealt with by London casualty departments. During a study of drug incidents dealt with in one month by 62 casualty departments in Greater London, 395 drug-dependent individuals were identified. The great majority of these patients were seen in hospital following an overdose, and barbiturates were the drugs used most frequently. A high incidence of multi-drug use was noted, and many individuals had obtained their drugs from an illicit source. A history of repeated overdosing was common, and one fifth of the patients behaved aggressively while they were in casualty. The implications of these findings are discussed, with particular reference to the demands that are made on casualty departments by drug-dependent individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:912227", "title": "A framework for adolescent disorder: some clinical presentations.", "content": "Seven frequently-occurring, more or less sterotyped, adolescent presentations are described to illustrate the relevance of a specific clinical framework for adolescent disorder. This recognizes the maturational background in adolescence, the family involvement in this process and the various factors that can affect it. Disorder is viewed in terms of inappropriate identity choice at this time, a state of maturational deadlock, and can be categorized according to the types and severity of the maladaptive responses. Treatment, capitalizing on the adolescent's state of change and flux, concentrates on more adaptive future identity formation, and can be most rewarding. Orthodox assessment procedures, as used with adult patients, stand the risk of reinforcing a dependent 'psychiatric patient' identity.", "contents": "A framework for adolescent disorder: some clinical presentations. Seven frequently-occurring, more or less sterotyped, adolescent presentations are described to illustrate the relevance of a specific clinical framework for adolescent disorder. This recognizes the maturational background in adolescence, the family involvement in this process and the various factors that can affect it. Disorder is viewed in terms of inappropriate identity choice at this time, a state of maturational deadlock, and can be categorized according to the types and severity of the maladaptive responses. Treatment, capitalizing on the adolescent's state of change and flux, concentrates on more adaptive future identity formation, and can be most rewarding. Orthodox assessment procedures, as used with adult patients, stand the risk of reinforcing a dependent 'psychiatric patient' identity."}
{"id": "PMID:912228", "title": "The husbands of agoraphobic women and their influence on treatment outcome.", "content": "Thirty-three married women, all agoraphobic but most with additional phobias, were exposed to a standard four-day intensive behavioural treatment programme as out-patients. The effects of this on the patients and their spouses throughout a one-year follow-up are reported and discussed.", "contents": "The husbands of agoraphobic women and their influence on treatment outcome. Thirty-three married women, all agoraphobic but most with additional phobias, were exposed to a standard four-day intensive behavioural treatment programme as out-patients. The effects of this on the patients and their spouses throughout a one-year follow-up are reported and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912229", "title": "Provoked anxiety as a treatment of exhibitionism.", "content": "A treatment for male genital exposure (exhibitionism) has been given successfully to 15 persons who have previously been resistant to change. The procedure involves the subject undressing before a mixed sex audience, followed by video-taping and subsequent replay to the patient. During the period of nakedness the subject describes in detail the events, his expectations and attitudes, and those attributed to his victim during exposure. The success of the treatment appears to depend on the profound anxiety induced. During the phase of greatly increased anxiety, cognitive changes previously resisted seem to be made possible.", "contents": "Provoked anxiety as a treatment of exhibitionism. A treatment for male genital exposure (exhibitionism) has been given successfully to 15 persons who have previously been resistant to change. The procedure involves the subject undressing before a mixed sex audience, followed by video-taping and subsequent replay to the patient. During the period of nakedness the subject describes in detail the events, his expectations and attitudes, and those attributed to his victim during exposure. The success of the treatment appears to depend on the profound anxiety induced. During the phase of greatly increased anxiety, cognitive changes previously resisted seem to be made possible."}
{"id": "PMID:912230", "title": "Maternal age and incidence of schizophrenia in the Republic of Ireland.", "content": "The excess incidence of schizophrenia reported from Ireland may partly be due to the unusual distribution of the irish population by maternal age at birth.", "contents": "Maternal age and incidence of schizophrenia in the Republic of Ireland. The excess incidence of schizophrenia reported from Ireland may partly be due to the unusual distribution of the irish population by maternal age at birth."}
{"id": "PMID:912233", "title": "Prisoners' personality: a factor analytically derived structure.", "content": "A factor analytic study of personality questionnaire data obtained from a group of 175 long-term prisoners revealed a factor structure which appears to be peculiar to prisoners. In particular, hostility and anxiety obtain prominence in the structure, while the theoretically significant dimension of extraversion is relegated in importance.", "contents": "Prisoners' personality: a factor analytically derived structure. A factor analytic study of personality questionnaire data obtained from a group of 175 long-term prisoners revealed a factor structure which appears to be peculiar to prisoners. In particular, hostility and anxiety obtain prominence in the structure, while the theoretically significant dimension of extraversion is relegated in importance."}
{"id": "PMID:912234", "title": "A report on the psychological test results of battering parents.", "content": "The short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Cattell's 16PF test have been given to patients attending the National Advisory Centre on the Battered Child (NSPCC) and in the case of the personality questionnaire the results compared to non-battering control adults' scores. The intelligence levels of battering parents conform to normal expectation although there is a non-significant trend to marginally lower than normal results especially in verbal tests. The 16PF test reveals immature impetuosity on the part of the mothers as a main finding and introversion in the fathers. The relevance of these findings to battering is discussed.", "contents": "A report on the psychological test results of battering parents. The short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Cattell's 16PF test have been given to patients attending the National Advisory Centre on the Battered Child (NSPCC) and in the case of the personality questionnaire the results compared to non-battering control adults' scores. The intelligence levels of battering parents conform to normal expectation although there is a non-significant trend to marginally lower than normal results especially in verbal tests. The 16PF test reveals immature impetuosity on the part of the mothers as a main finding and introversion in the fathers. The relevance of these findings to battering is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912235", "title": "An experimental study of compliance and post-hypnotic amnesia.", "content": "A procedure was devised to test the hypothesis that the traditional measure of post-hypnotic amnesia, which involves determining the number of items recalled before and after a 'release' signal, may be significantly biased by compliance. One group of subjects (group B) was given an opportunity to 'own-up' to compliant behaviour before being tested for post-hypnotic amnesia. Another group (group A) was only given the opportunity to own-up after being tested for amnesia. Results indicated a very strong compliance effect, group A showed significantly more post-hypnotic amnesia than group B.", "contents": "An experimental study of compliance and post-hypnotic amnesia. A procedure was devised to test the hypothesis that the traditional measure of post-hypnotic amnesia, which involves determining the number of items recalled before and after a 'release' signal, may be significantly biased by compliance. One group of subjects (group B) was given an opportunity to 'own-up' to compliant behaviour before being tested for post-hypnotic amnesia. Another group (group A) was only given the opportunity to own-up after being tested for amnesia. Results indicated a very strong compliance effect, group A showed significantly more post-hypnotic amnesia than group B."}
{"id": "PMID:912236", "title": "Psychoticism and thinking.", "content": "In view of evidence linking psychosis with high creative ability, an attempt was made to evaluate the relationship between thinking abilities and personality traits. Tests of divergent thinking and convergent thinking were administered, along with the Eysencks' Personality Questionnaire, to 100 university students. The hypothesis that 'psychoticism' is related to divergent thinking was strongly confirmed. The hypothesis that psychoticism would be related inversely to speed in a convergent-thinking task was rejected. No evidence was found for any relationship between extraversion--introversion or neuroticism--stability and either thinking style.", "contents": "Psychoticism and thinking. In view of evidence linking psychosis with high creative ability, an attempt was made to evaluate the relationship between thinking abilities and personality traits. Tests of divergent thinking and convergent thinking were administered, along with the Eysencks' Personality Questionnaire, to 100 university students. The hypothesis that 'psychoticism' is related to divergent thinking was strongly confirmed. The hypothesis that psychoticism would be related inversely to speed in a convergent-thinking task was rejected. No evidence was found for any relationship between extraversion--introversion or neuroticism--stability and either thinking style."}
{"id": "PMID:912237", "title": "An investigation into disordered adolescents by means of the Brook Reaction Test.", "content": "Three groups of psychologically disordered male adolescents were matched with controls for age and intelligence, on a one-to-one basis. Group a (n = 83) comprised delinquents, this designation being determined by a history of at least one court conviction. All of these were in borstals or approved schools. Group b (n = 65) were delinquent-and-disturbed: these too had had at least one court conviction and, in addition, they were having psychiatric treatment. Members of group b were also in institutions: these included psychiatric hospitals and prisons, as well as borstals and approved schools. Group c (n = 41) consisted of 'disturbed-only' youths: they had had no convictions but were receiving psychiatric treatment. Each group covered a very wide range of intelligence. All the subjects took the Brook Reaction Test, the aim of the inquiry being to ascertain whether this test differentiates (scored blind) between the experimental groups and their controls. Significant differentiation was found on the following Brook indices: (1) Number of points gained on questionable responses; (2) type of questionable response given; (3) sexual responses; (4) pattern of interests. In all six groups richness of interests proved to be associated with high intelligence.", "contents": "An investigation into disordered adolescents by means of the Brook Reaction Test. Three groups of psychologically disordered male adolescents were matched with controls for age and intelligence, on a one-to-one basis. Group a (n = 83) comprised delinquents, this designation being determined by a history of at least one court conviction. All of these were in borstals or approved schools. Group b (n = 65) were delinquent-and-disturbed: these too had had at least one court conviction and, in addition, they were having psychiatric treatment. Members of group b were also in institutions: these included psychiatric hospitals and prisons, as well as borstals and approved schools. Group c (n = 41) consisted of 'disturbed-only' youths: they had had no convictions but were receiving psychiatric treatment. Each group covered a very wide range of intelligence. All the subjects took the Brook Reaction Test, the aim of the inquiry being to ascertain whether this test differentiates (scored blind) between the experimental groups and their controls. Significant differentiation was found on the following Brook indices: (1) Number of points gained on questionable responses; (2) type of questionable response given; (3) sexual responses; (4) pattern of interests. In all six groups richness of interests proved to be associated with high intelligence."}
{"id": "PMID:912238", "title": "Sex differences in response to a self-rating depression scale.", "content": "Fifty-five male and 80 female psychiatric in-patients complaining of depression completed the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Both quantitative and qualitative differences were found between male and female respondents. Females had significantly higher (more pathological) total scores than males and significantly higher scores on six individual items. Examination of factor profiles for males and females revealed further differences. These differences are consistent with the thesis that men and women subjectively perceive feelings of depression in disparate ways. The implication of this findings is that the clinical use of the SDS be modified to take such differences into account.", "contents": "Sex differences in response to a self-rating depression scale. Fifty-five male and 80 female psychiatric in-patients complaining of depression completed the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Both quantitative and qualitative differences were found between male and female respondents. Females had significantly higher (more pathological) total scores than males and significantly higher scores on six individual items. Examination of factor profiles for males and females revealed further differences. These differences are consistent with the thesis that men and women subjectively perceive feelings of depression in disparate ways. The implication of this findings is that the clinical use of the SDS be modified to take such differences into account."}
{"id": "PMID:912240", "title": "Renography in the assessment of patients with uretero-sigmoid diversion.", "content": "A comparison was made between the excretion urogram and the radio-isotope renogram in 35 patients with uretero-sigmoid anastomosis. A good correlation was obtained between the 2 tests in the presence of radiographic evidence of (a) hydronephrosis, (b) poor renal function and (c) absent function. Renographic evidence of mild impairment of secretory function and of delayed excretion was associated with a significant number of normal excretion urograms and in a few instances there was later progression to severe renal impairment or hydronephrosis. Hydro-ureter associated with a normal renogram carried a good functional prognosis. Renography is recommended in the long-term supervision of patients with uretero-sigmoid anastomosis.", "contents": "Renography in the assessment of patients with uretero-sigmoid diversion. A comparison was made between the excretion urogram and the radio-isotope renogram in 35 patients with uretero-sigmoid anastomosis. A good correlation was obtained between the 2 tests in the presence of radiographic evidence of (a) hydronephrosis, (b) poor renal function and (c) absent function. Renographic evidence of mild impairment of secretory function and of delayed excretion was associated with a significant number of normal excretion urograms and in a few instances there was later progression to severe renal impairment or hydronephrosis. Hydro-ureter associated with a normal renogram carried a good functional prognosis. Renography is recommended in the long-term supervision of patients with uretero-sigmoid anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:912241", "title": "The behaviour of the ureters following radiotherapy and Wertheim hysterectomy.", "content": "The pyelographic appearances following Wertheim hysterectomy have been studied in 19 cases. The dilatation of the lumbar segments with unusually rapid transmission through the pelvic segments has been found 6 weeks postoperatively although this dilatation has disappeared in most cases by 6 months. Late ureteric dilatation is of no value in itself in determining the presence or absence of recurrent growth.", "contents": "The behaviour of the ureters following radiotherapy and Wertheim hysterectomy. The pyelographic appearances following Wertheim hysterectomy have been studied in 19 cases. The dilatation of the lumbar segments with unusually rapid transmission through the pelvic segments has been found 6 weeks postoperatively although this dilatation has disappeared in most cases by 6 months. Late ureteric dilatation is of no value in itself in determining the presence or absence of recurrent growth."}
{"id": "PMID:912243", "title": "A psychiatric study of women with urgency and urgency incontinence.", "content": "26 patients with frequency, urgency and urgency incontinence, without bladder or urethral abnormality, underwent psychiatric evaluation. They were divided into 2 groups according to the degree of neuroticism found. Treatment by group and individual psychotherapy showed that approximately one-third of the patients benefited considerably, one-third refused treatment or ceased prematurely and one-third improved slightly or not at all. The importance of excluding organic bladder or urethral disease prior to psychiatric assessment is stressed.", "contents": "A psychiatric study of women with urgency and urgency incontinence. 26 patients with frequency, urgency and urgency incontinence, without bladder or urethral abnormality, underwent psychiatric evaluation. They were divided into 2 groups according to the degree of neuroticism found. Treatment by group and individual psychotherapy showed that approximately one-third of the patients benefited considerably, one-third refused treatment or ceased prematurely and one-third improved slightly or not at all. The importance of excluding organic bladder or urethral disease prior to psychiatric assessment is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:912244", "title": "Closed catheter drainage and urinary infection--a comparison of two methods of catheter drainage.", "content": "The incidence of urinary infection following urological operations is compared using 2 methods of closed catheter drainage in 214 patients. No significant difference was observed. The overall infection rates for the whole series were 32%. The most significant influence on the rate of infection appears to be the duration of catheter drainage. Failure of chemotherapy to eradicate infection while the catheter was still in situ was mostly due to the use of inappropriate antimicrobials. Only 2 of the 35 cases with infected urine had succeeded in clearing their infection at the 4-week follow-up without chemotherapy.", "contents": "Closed catheter drainage and urinary infection--a comparison of two methods of catheter drainage. The incidence of urinary infection following urological operations is compared using 2 methods of closed catheter drainage in 214 patients. No significant difference was observed. The overall infection rates for the whole series were 32%. The most significant influence on the rate of infection appears to be the duration of catheter drainage. Failure of chemotherapy to eradicate infection while the catheter was still in situ was mostly due to the use of inappropriate antimicrobials. Only 2 of the 35 cases with infected urine had succeeded in clearing their infection at the 4-week follow-up without chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:912245", "title": "Adjuvant immunotherapy with B.C.G. in carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "8 previously untreated patients with Stage III and Stage IV prostatic cancer who had had the bulk of their primary tumour removed by transurethral resection, and residual tumour suppressed by bilateral total orchidectomy, were given adjuvant immunotherapy by direct injection of B.C.G. into the prostate. The pyrexial reaction to, and the histological changes from B.C.G. have been more marked in the patients whose disease is no longer controlled by conventional therapy. Granulomas have been found in the lungs, liver, myocardium, spleen and bone marrow. Granulomas in carcinomatous areas have been associated with tumour cell degeneration.", "contents": "Adjuvant immunotherapy with B.C.G. in carcinoma of the prostate. 8 previously untreated patients with Stage III and Stage IV prostatic cancer who had had the bulk of their primary tumour removed by transurethral resection, and residual tumour suppressed by bilateral total orchidectomy, were given adjuvant immunotherapy by direct injection of B.C.G. into the prostate. The pyrexial reaction to, and the histological changes from B.C.G. have been more marked in the patients whose disease is no longer controlled by conventional therapy. Granulomas have been found in the lungs, liver, myocardium, spleen and bone marrow. Granulomas in carcinomatous areas have been associated with tumour cell degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:912246", "title": "Renal function in patients with hydronephrosis.", "content": "The glomerular filtration rate and pelvic drainage function were reinvestigated after 3-5 years in 50 patients with hydronephrosis secondary to functional obstruction in the pelvic-ureteric junction. Pyeloplasty by the Anderson-Hynes' technique had been performed in 28 kidneys, while 12 patients were not operated upon and 10 had had a nephrectomy. The glomerular filtration rate was determined with the clearance technique and isotope renography. 16 out of 28 kidneys subjected to pyeloplasty and 11/12 non-operated kidneys had a normal renal parenchymal function at the first investigation in spite of severely disturbed drainage function. In the non-operated series the renal parenchymal function was unchanged in 11 patients. Deterioration was observed in 1 kidney, probably because of chronic pyelonephritis. Uncomplicated cases of pelvic-ureteric junction obstruction should not be operated upon unless necessitated by symptoms. A yearly control programme including a renal function test and plain films of the upper urinary tract is recommended for these patients.", "contents": "Renal function in patients with hydronephrosis. The glomerular filtration rate and pelvic drainage function were reinvestigated after 3-5 years in 50 patients with hydronephrosis secondary to functional obstruction in the pelvic-ureteric junction. Pyeloplasty by the Anderson-Hynes' technique had been performed in 28 kidneys, while 12 patients were not operated upon and 10 had had a nephrectomy. The glomerular filtration rate was determined with the clearance technique and isotope renography. 16 out of 28 kidneys subjected to pyeloplasty and 11/12 non-operated kidneys had a normal renal parenchymal function at the first investigation in spite of severely disturbed drainage function. In the non-operated series the renal parenchymal function was unchanged in 11 patients. Deterioration was observed in 1 kidney, probably because of chronic pyelonephritis. Uncomplicated cases of pelvic-ureteric junction obstruction should not be operated upon unless necessitated by symptoms. A yearly control programme including a renal function test and plain films of the upper urinary tract is recommended for these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:912248", "title": "Causes of renal deterioration in patients with meningomyelocoeles.", "content": "The patient records of 122 children with meningomyelocoeles were analysed in an attempt to find a common factor causing upper tract deterioration. The results clearly show that grade III reflux followed by obstructive hydroureter are the commonest factors associated with significant renal deterioration.", "contents": "Causes of renal deterioration in patients with meningomyelocoeles. The patient records of 122 children with meningomyelocoeles were analysed in an attempt to find a common factor causing upper tract deterioration. The results clearly show that grade III reflux followed by obstructive hydroureter are the commonest factors associated with significant renal deterioration."}
{"id": "PMID:912249", "title": "Renography as a prognostic index of urinary tract problems in childhood.", "content": "Many radiological methods are used in investigating urinary tract problems in children, and some are poorly tolerated. The simplest and most acceptable technique is isotope renography. Its value has been assessed in predicting the outcome of urinary tract problems in 91 children over the age of 2 years presenting consecutively over a period of 3 months. The results of initial assessment by renography and radiography have been compared with the final clinical assessment 7 years later. 35 patients were identified as being \"at risk\" and all of these had abnormal renograms and radiograms. Normal renographys was found unexpectedly in some patients with severe reflux but with a good final result. It is concluded that renography can be used to screen children with urinary tract infection, thereby excluding the less acceptable radiological investigations unless the renogram is abnormal.", "contents": "Renography as a prognostic index of urinary tract problems in childhood. Many radiological methods are used in investigating urinary tract problems in children, and some are poorly tolerated. The simplest and most acceptable technique is isotope renography. Its value has been assessed in predicting the outcome of urinary tract problems in 91 children over the age of 2 years presenting consecutively over a period of 3 months. The results of initial assessment by renography and radiography have been compared with the final clinical assessment 7 years later. 35 patients were identified as being \"at risk\" and all of these had abnormal renograms and radiograms. Normal renographys was found unexpectedly in some patients with severe reflux but with a good final result. It is concluded that renography can be used to screen children with urinary tract infection, thereby excluding the less acceptable radiological investigations unless the renogram is abnormal."}
{"id": "PMID:912251", "title": "Seasonal variations in the incidence of ureteric colic.", "content": "A retrospective study of 1097 male in-patients with ureteric colic was conducted to try and define the aetiological effect of climate on the disease. The overall monthly incidence for the study period of 10 years was found, on statistical analysis to correlate with ambient temperature thus: (1) directly with the mean temperature of the preceding month, (2) directly with the difference between mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures of the same month, and (3) inversely with the mean maximum temperature of the same month. The correlation was interpreted on the basis that hot ambient temperatures promoted stone generation whereas cold ones promoted stone descent through cold-induced diuresis. This trend, among its other implications, could pinpoint the reason for the increase in nephrolithiasis with industralisation.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in the incidence of ureteric colic. A retrospective study of 1097 male in-patients with ureteric colic was conducted to try and define the aetiological effect of climate on the disease. The overall monthly incidence for the study period of 10 years was found, on statistical analysis to correlate with ambient temperature thus: (1) directly with the mean temperature of the preceding month, (2) directly with the difference between mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures of the same month, and (3) inversely with the mean maximum temperature of the same month. The correlation was interpreted on the basis that hot ambient temperatures promoted stone generation whereas cold ones promoted stone descent through cold-induced diuresis. This trend, among its other implications, could pinpoint the reason for the increase in nephrolithiasis with industralisation."}
{"id": "PMID:912253", "title": "Seasonal variations in urinary crystals.", "content": "Individual urine samples from normal subjects and stone-formers with idiopathic hypercalciuria have been examined for crystals both qualitatively and quantitatively at 37 degrees C. The group as a whole showed a rise in incidence of urinary crystals in the summer months of June to August inclusive. This rise was seen most clearly in overnight urines, collected on rising in the morning, and the patients appeared to be at risk overnight during the summer. In the untreated patients the summer rise in incidence of phosphate crystals was quite dramatic but was only small in the cellulose phosphate treated group, who showed a rather constant and raised incidence of oxalate crystals right through the year. Seasonal crystal incidence has been compared with seasonal changes in urinary composition. The rise in crystal incidence during the summer was associated with increased creatinine concentration in the same urine samples and with increased oxalate concentration in 24-hour urine collections.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in urinary crystals. Individual urine samples from normal subjects and stone-formers with idiopathic hypercalciuria have been examined for crystals both qualitatively and quantitatively at 37 degrees C. The group as a whole showed a rise in incidence of urinary crystals in the summer months of June to August inclusive. This rise was seen most clearly in overnight urines, collected on rising in the morning, and the patients appeared to be at risk overnight during the summer. In the untreated patients the summer rise in incidence of phosphate crystals was quite dramatic but was only small in the cellulose phosphate treated group, who showed a rather constant and raised incidence of oxalate crystals right through the year. Seasonal crystal incidence has been compared with seasonal changes in urinary composition. The rise in crystal incidence during the summer was associated with increased creatinine concentration in the same urine samples and with increased oxalate concentration in 24-hour urine collections."}
{"id": "PMID:912255", "title": "Manometric and electromyographic assessment of urethral resistances in children.", "content": "In an attempt to define urethral resistances in children, 84 cystometries were performed, combined with an anal EMG in 54 cases. The urethral pressure profile was measured in each patient. The following parameters were studied: bladder tone, activity and contractility; micturition EMG; maximal urethral pressure; aspects of the urine stream; and residual urine. It was found that each parameter considered alone is insufficient for assessment of bladder outlet obstruction. Only the complete investigation proved to be highly reliable as a complement to radiological findings, and allowed a dynamic assessment of bladder and sphincter functions.", "contents": "Manometric and electromyographic assessment of urethral resistances in children. In an attempt to define urethral resistances in children, 84 cystometries were performed, combined with an anal EMG in 54 cases. The urethral pressure profile was measured in each patient. The following parameters were studied: bladder tone, activity and contractility; micturition EMG; maximal urethral pressure; aspects of the urine stream; and residual urine. It was found that each parameter considered alone is insufficient for assessment of bladder outlet obstruction. Only the complete investigation proved to be highly reliable as a complement to radiological findings, and allowed a dynamic assessment of bladder and sphincter functions."}
{"id": "PMID:912257", "title": "Cystic duplication of ejaculatory duct: case report.", "content": "A case of complex malformation of the genito-urinary tract, including cystic dilatation and partial duplication of the ejaculatory duct is reported. The lesion was visible on retrograde and anterograde vasovesiculography; its complete removal was possible using an abdominal approach.", "contents": "Cystic duplication of ejaculatory duct: case report. A case of complex malformation of the genito-urinary tract, including cystic dilatation and partial duplication of the ejaculatory duct is reported. The lesion was visible on retrograde and anterograde vasovesiculography; its complete removal was possible using an abdominal approach."}
{"id": "PMID:912259", "title": "Parameatal urethral cysts: a review of 6 cases.", "content": "6 cases of parameatal urethral cysts are reported in 3 males and 3 females. The condition is considered to be rare. The aetiology is thought to be obstruction of the para-urethral ducts possibly due to infection. The treatment of choice is complete excision.", "contents": "Parameatal urethral cysts: a review of 6 cases. 6 cases of parameatal urethral cysts are reported in 3 males and 3 females. The condition is considered to be rare. The aetiology is thought to be obstruction of the para-urethral ducts possibly due to infection. The treatment of choice is complete excision."}
{"id": "PMID:912261", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of scrotal swellings.", "content": "Scrotal swellings in 18 patients were examined by ultrasound. Sonography can differentiate fluid from solid masses. All but 2 patients who had torsion of the testicle were correctly diagnosed prior to operation. Although this is only a preliminary report, it does demonstrate that useful information may be obtained by this method.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of scrotal swellings. Scrotal swellings in 18 patients were examined by ultrasound. Sonography can differentiate fluid from solid masses. All but 2 patients who had torsion of the testicle were correctly diagnosed prior to operation. Although this is only a preliminary report, it does demonstrate that useful information may be obtained by this method."}
{"id": "PMID:912262", "title": "A papilloma of epididymis of M\u00fcllerian vestigial origin.", "content": "A 20 mm diam. nodule attached to the lower pole of the epididymis was found in a 48-year-old man presenting with recurrent hydrocele. Histology showed a benign papillary tumour of a type apparently not previously described. It is believed to have arisen from M\u00fcllerian remnants.", "contents": "A papilloma of epididymis of M\u00fcllerian vestigial origin. A 20 mm diam. nodule attached to the lower pole of the epididymis was found in a 48-year-old man presenting with recurrent hydrocele. Histology showed a benign papillary tumour of a type apparently not previously described. It is believed to have arisen from M\u00fcllerian remnants."}
{"id": "PMID:912263", "title": "The significance of retroperitoneal lymph node morphology in testicular tumours.", "content": "The role of the regional lymph nodes in cancer is controversial. Non-neoplastic changes in lymph node histology can be correlated with prognosis for some tumour types and reactivity has been interpreted as evidence of an immune response to the tumour. Attempts to correlate the patterns of retroperitoneal lymph node activity with prognosis in patients with seminoma and non-seminoma germinal testicular tumours have not been successful. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The significance of retroperitoneal lymph node morphology in testicular tumours. The role of the regional lymph nodes in cancer is controversial. Non-neoplastic changes in lymph node histology can be correlated with prognosis for some tumour types and reactivity has been interpreted as evidence of an immune response to the tumour. Attempts to correlate the patterns of retroperitoneal lymph node activity with prognosis in patients with seminoma and non-seminoma germinal testicular tumours have not been successful. The implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912269", "title": "1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol for renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "Fourteen patients with renal osteodystrophy were treated for at least one year with 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-alpha-OHD3) in a dose varying from 1 microgram/week to 3 microgram/day. Plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations increased significantly. The plasma alkaline phosphatase concentration fell in 11 of the 12 patients in whom it was initially raised and returned to normal in seven. Serum parathyroid hormone concentrations were initially raised in all patients, but they decreased significantly with treatment and became normal in eight patients within one year. The 10 patients with radiological abnormalities showed some improvement. Hypercalcaemia occurred in 11 patients, and necessitated a reduction in the dose of 1-alpha-OHD3 in some. 1-alpha-OHD3 was effective in reducing the biochemical and radiological abnormalities of renal osteodystrophy, but it should be used wtih care, and plasma calcium concentrations should be monitored.", "contents": "1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol for renal osteodystrophy. Fourteen patients with renal osteodystrophy were treated for at least one year with 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-alpha-OHD3) in a dose varying from 1 microgram/week to 3 microgram/day. Plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations increased significantly. The plasma alkaline phosphatase concentration fell in 11 of the 12 patients in whom it was initially raised and returned to normal in seven. Serum parathyroid hormone concentrations were initially raised in all patients, but they decreased significantly with treatment and became normal in eight patients within one year. The 10 patients with radiological abnormalities showed some improvement. Hypercalcaemia occurred in 11 patients, and necessitated a reduction in the dose of 1-alpha-OHD3 in some. 1-alpha-OHD3 was effective in reducing the biochemical and radiological abnormalities of renal osteodystrophy, but it should be used wtih care, and plasma calcium concentrations should be monitored."}
{"id": "PMID:912270", "title": "Enhanced allergic tissue injury in Goodpasture's syndrome by intercurrent bacterial infection.", "content": "Studies of 16 relapses in seven patients receiving treatment for Goodpasture's syndrome showed that intercurrent bacterial infection seemed to be the precipitating event in 13 cases, whereas a rising antibody titre to glomerular basement membrane was responsible in only one. This association between infection and relapse in Goodpasture's syndrome has several implications for the pathogenesis of antibody-mediated tissue damage, and, clearly, more experiments are needed. Whatever the explanation, however, prevention and early diagnosis and treatment of infection in anti-GBM disease are important.", "contents": "Enhanced allergic tissue injury in Goodpasture's syndrome by intercurrent bacterial infection. Studies of 16 relapses in seven patients receiving treatment for Goodpasture's syndrome showed that intercurrent bacterial infection seemed to be the precipitating event in 13 cases, whereas a rising antibody titre to glomerular basement membrane was responsible in only one. This association between infection and relapse in Goodpasture's syndrome has several implications for the pathogenesis of antibody-mediated tissue damage, and, clearly, more experiments are needed. Whatever the explanation, however, prevention and early diagnosis and treatment of infection in anti-GBM disease are important."}
{"id": "PMID:912271", "title": "Hepatic structure and function after modified jejunoileal bypass surgery for obesity.", "content": "The most serious adverse effect of standard intestinal bypass for obesity is the high incidence of hepatic dysfunction and death from hepatic failure. We therefore examined the long-term effects of a modified form of jejunoileal bypass (in which a greater continuous length of ileum is retained), on liver function in 120 patients. Substantial weight loss (119-0+/-SD 23-3 kg to 82-3+/-18-8 kg) occurred during the first nine months after surgery, accompanied by a significant rise in serum concentrations of bilirubin, alanine transferase, and alkaline phosphatase, and a significant reduction in albumin concentrations. Biochemical changes were unrelated to weight loss or halothane anaesthesia. After weight stabilisation liver function reverted to normal, and four years after bypass sulphobromophthalein retention and hepatic histology did not differ from those in obese controls. There were two postoperative deaths. Three other patients died during the period of rapid weight loss with severe hepatic steatosis. While transient mild impairment of liver function is common after modified jejunoileal bypass, clinically significant hepatic dysfunction is a rare and unexplained early complication.", "contents": "Hepatic structure and function after modified jejunoileal bypass surgery for obesity. The most serious adverse effect of standard intestinal bypass for obesity is the high incidence of hepatic dysfunction and death from hepatic failure. We therefore examined the long-term effects of a modified form of jejunoileal bypass (in which a greater continuous length of ileum is retained), on liver function in 120 patients. Substantial weight loss (119-0+/-SD 23-3 kg to 82-3+/-18-8 kg) occurred during the first nine months after surgery, accompanied by a significant rise in serum concentrations of bilirubin, alanine transferase, and alkaline phosphatase, and a significant reduction in albumin concentrations. Biochemical changes were unrelated to weight loss or halothane anaesthesia. After weight stabilisation liver function reverted to normal, and four years after bypass sulphobromophthalein retention and hepatic histology did not differ from those in obese controls. There were two postoperative deaths. Three other patients died during the period of rapid weight loss with severe hepatic steatosis. While transient mild impairment of liver function is common after modified jejunoileal bypass, clinically significant hepatic dysfunction is a rare and unexplained early complication."}
{"id": "PMID:912272", "title": "Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour in twin pregnancy.", "content": "Fifty twin pregnancies in which the mother received epidural analgesia in labour were compared with 92 in which the mother received standard parenteral analgesia. The duration of the first and second stages of labour; the incidence of assisted deliveries when the head presented; the proportion of breech extractions when either the first or second twin presented by the breech; the incidence of low Apgar scores; and the perinatal mortality were not significantly different in the two groups. These findings suggest that lumbar epidural analgesia is safe for providing pain relief in labour for patients with a twin pregnancy. Moreover, an epidural block is preferable to conventional analgesia in these cases as it allows prompt intervention to effect delivery of the second twin.", "contents": "Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour in twin pregnancy. Fifty twin pregnancies in which the mother received epidural analgesia in labour were compared with 92 in which the mother received standard parenteral analgesia. The duration of the first and second stages of labour; the incidence of assisted deliveries when the head presented; the proportion of breech extractions when either the first or second twin presented by the breech; the incidence of low Apgar scores; and the perinatal mortality were not significantly different in the two groups. These findings suggest that lumbar epidural analgesia is safe for providing pain relief in labour for patients with a twin pregnancy. Moreover, an epidural block is preferable to conventional analgesia in these cases as it allows prompt intervention to effect delivery of the second twin."}
{"id": "PMID:912273", "title": "Respiratory arrest in familial hemiplegic migraine: a clinical and neuropathological study.", "content": "We describe a fatal case of familial hemiplegic migraine. A transient respiratory arrest in this patient led to a persistent \"vegetative state,\" culminating in death four months later. Neuropathological findings included deep microinfarcts in the basal ganglia and a remarkable sparing of brain-stem nuclei associated with the function of respiration.", "contents": "Respiratory arrest in familial hemiplegic migraine: a clinical and neuropathological study. We describe a fatal case of familial hemiplegic migraine. A transient respiratory arrest in this patient led to a persistent \"vegetative state,\" culminating in death four months later. Neuropathological findings included deep microinfarcts in the basal ganglia and a remarkable sparing of brain-stem nuclei associated with the function of respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:912282", "title": "Mothers' experiences of induction.", "content": "Mothers of a random sample of 2182 legitimate live births were interviewed about their experiences of pregnancy, labour, and delivery. Of these, 24% reported that their labours were induced, and data about this from a subsample of mothers tallied with information obtained through the doctors in charge in 88% of cases. All but 3% of the mothers who were induced perceived some medical reason for the induction. The proportion of inductions in the 24 study areas ranged from 6% to 39%. A relatively small proportion of labours in \"teaching\" hospitals, small hospitals with less than 100 beds, and GP maternity hospitals were induced, but a comparatively high proportion of private patients had an induction. There was no clear association between induction and the mother's age or parity. Despite being given more pain relief, those who were induced reported similar intensities of pain during the first and second stages of labour to those whose labour started spontaneously; they also reported that they had \"bad pains\" for a similar period. The period they had contractions was shorter for the induced than for those starting spontaneously, and the intensity of pain at delivery was rated somewhat less by those who were induced.There was no difference between induced babies and others in the proportion who were held by their mothers immediately after their birth. Two-fifths of the mothers who were induced would have liked more information about induction; and a similar proportion said they had not discussed induction with a doctor, midwife, or nurse during their pregnancy. Only 17% of the mothers who had an induction said they would prefer to be induced if they had another baby. This contrasts with 63% of those who had epidural analgesia who would opt for the same procedure next time, while 83% of those who had had a baby in hospital, and 91% of those having had a home birth, would want their next baby in the same type of place.", "contents": "Mothers' experiences of induction. Mothers of a random sample of 2182 legitimate live births were interviewed about their experiences of pregnancy, labour, and delivery. Of these, 24% reported that their labours were induced, and data about this from a subsample of mothers tallied with information obtained through the doctors in charge in 88% of cases. All but 3% of the mothers who were induced perceived some medical reason for the induction. The proportion of inductions in the 24 study areas ranged from 6% to 39%. A relatively small proportion of labours in \"teaching\" hospitals, small hospitals with less than 100 beds, and GP maternity hospitals were induced, but a comparatively high proportion of private patients had an induction. There was no clear association between induction and the mother's age or parity. Despite being given more pain relief, those who were induced reported similar intensities of pain during the first and second stages of labour to those whose labour started spontaneously; they also reported that they had \"bad pains\" for a similar period. The period they had contractions was shorter for the induced than for those starting spontaneously, and the intensity of pain at delivery was rated somewhat less by those who were induced.There was no difference between induced babies and others in the proportion who were held by their mothers immediately after their birth. Two-fifths of the mothers who were induced would have liked more information about induction; and a similar proportion said they had not discussed induction with a doctor, midwife, or nurse during their pregnancy. Only 17% of the mothers who had an induction said they would prefer to be induced if they had another baby. This contrasts with 63% of those who had epidural analgesia who would opt for the same procedure next time, while 83% of those who had had a baby in hospital, and 91% of those having had a home birth, would want their next baby in the same type of place."}
{"id": "PMID:912283", "title": "Patients' attitudes to induction and labour.", "content": "An attempt was made to ascertain patients' attitudes towards planned induction and labour. Twenty per cent of patients had not heard of induction before their pregnancy, and those who had had most probably heard about it from relations and friends rather than the media. Most patients had no firm opinions on induction of labour but were usually glad to have their pregnancy ended. Many considered that they had not been given enough information by the medical staff on their induction. The amount of pain experienced by patients at amniotomy was related to the \"favourability\" of the cervix. Possibly women with a low cervical score should be given more premedication or inhalation analgesia at amniotomy. Most patients found injections of narcotic agents adequate analgesia in labour. Those patients who did not receive adequate analgesia were principally those who had either very short or quite long labours. Patients with long labours may benefit from more liberal use of analgesia, but no satisfactory form of analgesia seems to be available for patients who are likely to deliver within two or three hours of induction.", "contents": "Patients' attitudes to induction and labour. An attempt was made to ascertain patients' attitudes towards planned induction and labour. Twenty per cent of patients had not heard of induction before their pregnancy, and those who had had most probably heard about it from relations and friends rather than the media. Most patients had no firm opinions on induction of labour but were usually glad to have their pregnancy ended. Many considered that they had not been given enough information by the medical staff on their induction. The amount of pain experienced by patients at amniotomy was related to the \"favourability\" of the cervix. Possibly women with a low cervical score should be given more premedication or inhalation analgesia at amniotomy. Most patients found injections of narcotic agents adequate analgesia in labour. Those patients who did not receive adequate analgesia were principally those who had either very short or quite long labours. Patients with long labours may benefit from more liberal use of analgesia, but no satisfactory form of analgesia seems to be available for patients who are likely to deliver within two or three hours of induction."}
{"id": "PMID:912324", "title": "Prospective trial of oestrogen and calcium in postmenopausal women.", "content": "In a prospective trial in 72 postmenopausal women to compare the effects on bone loss of no treatment, treatment with oestrogen, and treatment with calcium the women were followed up for at least two years and examined densitometrically and morphometrically. Women in the untreated control group continued to lose bone during the two years, whereas the oestrogen-treated group lost none. Loss in the calcium-treated group was intermediate. Oestrogen appeared to inhibit endosteal bone resorption and may have stimulated subperiosteal bone apposition.", "contents": "Prospective trial of oestrogen and calcium in postmenopausal women. In a prospective trial in 72 postmenopausal women to compare the effects on bone loss of no treatment, treatment with oestrogen, and treatment with calcium the women were followed up for at least two years and examined densitometrically and morphometrically. Women in the untreated control group continued to lose bone during the two years, whereas the oestrogen-treated group lost none. Loss in the calcium-treated group was intermediate. Oestrogen appeared to inhibit endosteal bone resorption and may have stimulated subperiosteal bone apposition."}
{"id": "PMID:912325", "title": "Kinetics of indium-III labelled lymphocytes in normal subjects and patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The distribution in the body and the circulation in the blood of autologous lymphocytes labelled with indium-III were studied in two normal subjects and two patients with Hodgkin's disease. Four hours after injection radioactivity was identified in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Radioactivity, followed by imaging and whole body scanning, began to appear in the lymph nodes four to 18 hours after injection, and some, though not all, lymph node groups in the body could be readily visualised. There were no differences between the normal subjects and the patients with Hodgkin's disease. The pattern of clearance of radioactivity from the blood was consistent with a normal circulation between blood and lymphoid tissues of the labelled lymphocytes. Since indium-111 stays firmly attached to the cell, it seems an ideal label for studying lymphocyte kinetics, and the use of this technique may have further clinical application.", "contents": "Kinetics of indium-III labelled lymphocytes in normal subjects and patients with Hodgkin's disease. The distribution in the body and the circulation in the blood of autologous lymphocytes labelled with indium-III were studied in two normal subjects and two patients with Hodgkin's disease. Four hours after injection radioactivity was identified in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Radioactivity, followed by imaging and whole body scanning, began to appear in the lymph nodes four to 18 hours after injection, and some, though not all, lymph node groups in the body could be readily visualised. There were no differences between the normal subjects and the patients with Hodgkin's disease. The pattern of clearance of radioactivity from the blood was consistent with a normal circulation between blood and lymphoid tissues of the labelled lymphocytes. Since indium-111 stays firmly attached to the cell, it seems an ideal label for studying lymphocyte kinetics, and the use of this technique may have further clinical application."}
{"id": "PMID:912326", "title": "Demand for patient care.", "content": "A study was performed to determine the extent to which patients of all types were receiving inappropriate levels of care. The needs of patients in acute and supporting hospitals, people in residential homes, and patients cared for at home were assessed. A sixth of the hospital inpatients did not need hospital care, while 5% of those in residential homes and 5% of those at home did need hospital services. These findings indicate that a realistic provision of hospital beds would be 4 per 1000 population for all specialties except regional specialties, psychiatry, mental subnormality, obstetrics, and paediatrics. About a third of these beds need to be acute, while the rest may be in supporting or community hospitals. Thus the current provision of acute beds (2-0 to 2-5 per 1000 population) exceeds actual need.", "contents": "Demand for patient care. A study was performed to determine the extent to which patients of all types were receiving inappropriate levels of care. The needs of patients in acute and supporting hospitals, people in residential homes, and patients cared for at home were assessed. A sixth of the hospital inpatients did not need hospital care, while 5% of those in residential homes and 5% of those at home did need hospital services. These findings indicate that a realistic provision of hospital beds would be 4 per 1000 population for all specialties except regional specialties, psychiatry, mental subnormality, obstetrics, and paediatrics. About a third of these beds need to be acute, while the rest may be in supporting or community hospitals. Thus the current provision of acute beds (2-0 to 2-5 per 1000 population) exceeds actual need."}
{"id": "PMID:912335", "title": "The diagnostic process: a comparison of scanning techniques.", "content": "In choosing between various scanning techniques the factors to be considered include availability, cost, the type of equipment, the expertise of the medical and technical staff, and the inherent capabilities of the system. Although it is difficult to state dogmatically which scanning technique is best for each patient and condition, one or other technique is clearly preferable in some areas of medicine. Ultrasound, for example, should be used in obstetrics, while computerized tomography has revolutionised neuroradiological diagnosis. Nevertheless, there is still no substitute for good history taking and a thorough physical examination. The most important factor determining the choice of technique is the system's ability to answer the specific question required for the management of the patient.", "contents": "The diagnostic process: a comparison of scanning techniques. In choosing between various scanning techniques the factors to be considered include availability, cost, the type of equipment, the expertise of the medical and technical staff, and the inherent capabilities of the system. Although it is difficult to state dogmatically which scanning technique is best for each patient and condition, one or other technique is clearly preferable in some areas of medicine. Ultrasound, for example, should be used in obstetrics, while computerized tomography has revolutionised neuroradiological diagnosis. Nevertheless, there is still no substitute for good history taking and a thorough physical examination. The most important factor determining the choice of technique is the system's ability to answer the specific question required for the management of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:912337", "title": "Regional co-ordinator for haemophilia in domiciliary practice.", "content": "The North-east Thames Region has appointed a nursing sister to co-ordinate the organisation of care for haemophiliacs in the region. As a result of the appointment, facilities for home treatment have expanded rapidly. Several associate centres providing care to haemophiliacs have been set up around the region in addition to the four main haemophilia centres, which are all in the south-west corner of the region. As well as providing support and supervision of patients on home treatment, the co-ordinator helps to place haemophiliac children in suitable schools, maintains the regional register of haemophiliacs, and has a more general role in ensuring that services are available where they are needed throughout the region.", "contents": "Regional co-ordinator for haemophilia in domiciliary practice. The North-east Thames Region has appointed a nursing sister to co-ordinate the organisation of care for haemophiliacs in the region. As a result of the appointment, facilities for home treatment have expanded rapidly. Several associate centres providing care to haemophiliacs have been set up around the region in addition to the four main haemophilia centres, which are all in the south-west corner of the region. As well as providing support and supervision of patients on home treatment, the co-ordinator helps to place haemophiliac children in suitable schools, maintains the regional register of haemophiliacs, and has a more general role in ensuring that services are available where they are needed throughout the region."}
{"id": "PMID:912370", "title": "Plasma creatinine and urea: creatinine ratio in patients with raised plasma urea.", "content": "We examined the plasma urea and creatinine concentrations and the ratio between them according to diagnosis in 100 unselected and 31 selected adult hospital patients with a plasma urea concentration greater than or equal to 10 mmol/l (60mg/100ml). We also examined plasma urea and creatinine concentrations in 350 unselected consecutive patients, but found no useful relation between the two values. Congestive heart failure was the most common identifiable cause of a raised plasma urea concentration in the 100 unselected patients (36%). Among these 100 patinets the plasma creatinine concentration was a more useful discriminant between prerenal uraemia and intrinsic renal failure than was the urea:creatinine ratio or the plasma urea concentration. A plasma creatinine concentration greater than 250 mumol/1 (2-8 mg/100ml) indicated intrinsic renal failure with a 90% probability.", "contents": "Plasma creatinine and urea: creatinine ratio in patients with raised plasma urea. We examined the plasma urea and creatinine concentrations and the ratio between them according to diagnosis in 100 unselected and 31 selected adult hospital patients with a plasma urea concentration greater than or equal to 10 mmol/l (60mg/100ml). We also examined plasma urea and creatinine concentrations in 350 unselected consecutive patients, but found no useful relation between the two values. Congestive heart failure was the most common identifiable cause of a raised plasma urea concentration in the 100 unselected patients (36%). Among these 100 patinets the plasma creatinine concentration was a more useful discriminant between prerenal uraemia and intrinsic renal failure than was the urea:creatinine ratio or the plasma urea concentration. A plasma creatinine concentration greater than 250 mumol/1 (2-8 mg/100ml) indicated intrinsic renal failure with a 90% probability."}
{"id": "PMID:912376", "title": "Disproportion in the falling birth rate.", "content": "Since 1962 there has been a disproportionately greater fall in the number of small (less than 1000 g) live births than total live births: this has applied to Sheffield and to England and Wales but more to the former. This may have affected falling neonatal mortality rates.", "contents": "Disproportion in the falling birth rate. Since 1962 there has been a disproportionately greater fall in the number of small (less than 1000 g) live births than total live births: this has applied to Sheffield and to England and Wales but more to the former. This may have affected falling neonatal mortality rates."}
{"id": "PMID:912377", "title": "Post-\"pill\" amenorrhoea--cause or coincidence?", "content": "The relationship of contraceptive history to diagnostic category of amenorrhoea was analysed in 131 consecutively investigated cases of secondary amenorrhoea. Amenorrhoea occurred in 52 patients immediately after discontinuing the oral contraceptive. Twenty-two had had amenorrhoea before oral contraceptive treatment and 23 patients before the episode of non-contraceptive-related amenorrhoea investigated here. When these cases were excluded from analysis there was no significant difference in the distribution of any of the diagnostic categories between those who had used the oral contraceptive and those who had not. The results suggest that using oral contraceptives does not cause subsequent amenorrhoea.", "contents": "Post-\"pill\" amenorrhoea--cause or coincidence? The relationship of contraceptive history to diagnostic category of amenorrhoea was analysed in 131 consecutively investigated cases of secondary amenorrhoea. Amenorrhoea occurred in 52 patients immediately after discontinuing the oral contraceptive. Twenty-two had had amenorrhoea before oral contraceptive treatment and 23 patients before the episode of non-contraceptive-related amenorrhoea investigated here. When these cases were excluded from analysis there was no significant difference in the distribution of any of the diagnostic categories between those who had used the oral contraceptive and those who had not. The results suggest that using oral contraceptives does not cause subsequent amenorrhoea."}
{"id": "PMID:912378", "title": "Applications submitted to regional research committees in 1976 and their outcome.", "content": "In 1976 regional research committees in England and their equivalent in the Welsh Office judged 608 proposals for funding under the locally organised research scheme. Of these, 521 were new proposals and 87 were resubmissions. Medically and dentally qualified applicants made 451 (87%) of the new proposals; nearly two-thirds came from teaching areas and 21% from staff of academic departments. Two hundred and ninety new proposals were approved, 154 rejected, and 77 were referred back for modification. Approval was commoner for applications from teaching areas, from medical staff, and for the less expensive projects. Some regional committees did not support research into the organisation of health services. Under a quarter of the resubmitted projects were rejected. The scheme is not yet used by a wide range of health-care professions. Medical staff in teaching areas still use it most. In some regions prospective researchers, especially those without previous experience, need a comprehensive and easily identifiable counselling service, so that the fund may be exploited in the way originally intended and the number of unsuccessful proposals reduced.", "contents": "Applications submitted to regional research committees in 1976 and their outcome. In 1976 regional research committees in England and their equivalent in the Welsh Office judged 608 proposals for funding under the locally organised research scheme. Of these, 521 were new proposals and 87 were resubmissions. Medically and dentally qualified applicants made 451 (87%) of the new proposals; nearly two-thirds came from teaching areas and 21% from staff of academic departments. Two hundred and ninety new proposals were approved, 154 rejected, and 77 were referred back for modification. Approval was commoner for applications from teaching areas, from medical staff, and for the less expensive projects. Some regional committees did not support research into the organisation of health services. Under a quarter of the resubmitted projects were rejected. The scheme is not yet used by a wide range of health-care professions. Medical staff in teaching areas still use it most. In some regions prospective researchers, especially those without previous experience, need a comprehensive and easily identifiable counselling service, so that the fund may be exploited in the way originally intended and the number of unsuccessful proposals reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:912399", "title": "Cytochemical localization of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction by means of horseradish peroxidase-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin.", "content": "The cytochemical localization of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors at the neuromuscular junction was investigated with a procedure utilizing alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BtX) labeled directly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following incubation of tissues in the conjugate and reaction for peroxidase, activity was observed on the junctional folds of the motor endplate. A uniform layer of reaction product approximately 15 nm thick occurred over the apical portions of the junctional folds. Membranes at the bases of the synaptic cleft showed only small amounts of reaction product. Non-junctional regions of the muscle fiber were unreactive. Activity was also observed in the membrane of the axon facing the muscle surface, often including the axolemma overlying the \"active zones\" of the nerve terminal. Such presynaptic activity was still evident on nerve terminals disjuncted from the synapse by enzymatic treatment prior to incubation in the conjugate. This localization indicates the possible presence of presynaptic ACh receptors within the axolemma. In muscle denervated for 7-12 days, motor endplates were reactive and parajunctional sarcolemma showed slight activity, but most extrajunctional regions contained no obvious accumulations of reaction product. Activity at all sites was prevented by preincubation of tissues in native alpha-BTX prior to incubation in the conjugate and reaction for HRP. This procedure represents a simple and convenient method for the high resolution localization of ACh receptors.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction by means of horseradish peroxidase-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin. The cytochemical localization of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors at the neuromuscular junction was investigated with a procedure utilizing alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BtX) labeled directly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following incubation of tissues in the conjugate and reaction for peroxidase, activity was observed on the junctional folds of the motor endplate. A uniform layer of reaction product approximately 15 nm thick occurred over the apical portions of the junctional folds. Membranes at the bases of the synaptic cleft showed only small amounts of reaction product. Non-junctional regions of the muscle fiber were unreactive. Activity was also observed in the membrane of the axon facing the muscle surface, often including the axolemma overlying the \"active zones\" of the nerve terminal. Such presynaptic activity was still evident on nerve terminals disjuncted from the synapse by enzymatic treatment prior to incubation in the conjugate. This localization indicates the possible presence of presynaptic ACh receptors within the axolemma. In muscle denervated for 7-12 days, motor endplates were reactive and parajunctional sarcolemma showed slight activity, but most extrajunctional regions contained no obvious accumulations of reaction product. Activity at all sites was prevented by preincubation of tissues in native alpha-BTX prior to incubation in the conjugate and reaction for HRP. This procedure represents a simple and convenient method for the high resolution localization of ACh receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:912400", "title": "Body weight and regulatory deficits following unilateral nigrostriatal lesions.", "content": "Unilateral nigrostriatal lesions were performed in rats by punctate injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Lesioned animals exhibited anorexia and weight loss for 7-11 days after surgery. These animals then displayed normal rate of weight gain. However, there was a chronic depression of body weight in the lesioned animals relative to sham controls, evident for over two months after 6-hydroxydopamine administration. Unilateral nigrostriatal damage also produced major deficits in the animals' water intake in tests of prandial drinking, response to water deprivation, and response to osmotic challenge. The relationship of nigrostriatal damage to the \"lateral hypothalamic syndrome\" and the role of dopaminergic neurons in regulation and ingestive behaviors are discussed.", "contents": "Body weight and regulatory deficits following unilateral nigrostriatal lesions. Unilateral nigrostriatal lesions were performed in rats by punctate injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Lesioned animals exhibited anorexia and weight loss for 7-11 days after surgery. These animals then displayed normal rate of weight gain. However, there was a chronic depression of body weight in the lesioned animals relative to sham controls, evident for over two months after 6-hydroxydopamine administration. Unilateral nigrostriatal damage also produced major deficits in the animals' water intake in tests of prandial drinking, response to water deprivation, and response to osmotic challenge. The relationship of nigrostriatal damage to the \"lateral hypothalamic syndrome\" and the role of dopaminergic neurons in regulation and ingestive behaviors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912401", "title": "Prolactin in human and rat serum and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Rats treated with haloperidol or bearing subcutaneous implants of prolactin-secreting tumors had elevated CSF prolactin levels compared to those observed in control rats. These levels were commensurate with the increased serum level of prolactin, although there appeared to be an upper limit to the CSF prolactin concentration. Patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas had elevated CSF hormone levels as compared to patients with non-endocrine neurologic disease. This obtained, regardless of whether the tumor was intra- or extrasellar in its growth. The implications for the route of entry of prolactin into CSF under both normal and abnormal conditions, and the potential role for CSF prolactin as part of a feedback regulatory system on pituitary prolactin release are discussed.", "contents": "Prolactin in human and rat serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Rats treated with haloperidol or bearing subcutaneous implants of prolactin-secreting tumors had elevated CSF prolactin levels compared to those observed in control rats. These levels were commensurate with the increased serum level of prolactin, although there appeared to be an upper limit to the CSF prolactin concentration. Patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas had elevated CSF hormone levels as compared to patients with non-endocrine neurologic disease. This obtained, regardless of whether the tumor was intra- or extrasellar in its growth. The implications for the route of entry of prolactin into CSF under both normal and abnormal conditions, and the potential role for CSF prolactin as part of a feedback regulatory system on pituitary prolactin release are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912410", "title": "Antagonistic action of diphenylhydantoin and calcium on the level of phosphorylation of particular rat and human brain proteins.", "content": "The opposing actions of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and calcium on the level of [32P]phosphate incorporation into particular rat and human brain proteins have been demonstrated in this study by employing the techniques of acrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. In the presence of calcium several brain proteins showed a marked increase in the incorporation of [32P]phosphate from [gamma-32P]ATP. The calcium-induced increase in phosphorylation of two proteins, designated proteins DPH-L and DPH-M, was significantly inhibited by DPH. DPH inhibited both the calcium-stimulated initial rate and net level of [32P]phosphate incorporated into proteins DPH-L and DPH-M in homogenate and synaptosomal preparations. The data presented in this study are compatible with the hypothesis that the effect of DPH on protein phosphorylation may play an important role in mediating the stabilizing actions of this anticonvulsant on neuronal tissue and seizure discharge.", "contents": "Antagonistic action of diphenylhydantoin and calcium on the level of phosphorylation of particular rat and human brain proteins. The opposing actions of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and calcium on the level of [32P]phosphate incorporation into particular rat and human brain proteins have been demonstrated in this study by employing the techniques of acrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. In the presence of calcium several brain proteins showed a marked increase in the incorporation of [32P]phosphate from [gamma-32P]ATP. The calcium-induced increase in phosphorylation of two proteins, designated proteins DPH-L and DPH-M, was significantly inhibited by DPH. DPH inhibited both the calcium-stimulated initial rate and net level of [32P]phosphate incorporated into proteins DPH-L and DPH-M in homogenate and synaptosomal preparations. The data presented in this study are compatible with the hypothesis that the effect of DPH on protein phosphorylation may play an important role in mediating the stabilizing actions of this anticonvulsant on neuronal tissue and seizure discharge."}
{"id": "PMID:912411", "title": "Cellular events induced in the molecular layer of the piriform cortex by ablation of the olfactory bulb in the mouse.", "content": "Cellular events associated with degeneration of the projection of the olfactory bulb to the molecular layer of the piriform cortex of the mouse have been studied with rapid-Golgi and Fink-Heimer impregnations and with the electron microscope. Four classes of axon terminals: s-1, s-d, f-1, and f-d, are differentiated on the basis of whether the synaptic vesicles are spherical or flattened and whether the axoplasm is lightly or darkly stained. The majority of s-1 terminals, the predominant class in sublamina Ia of the molecular layer, degenerate after bulb ablation. Degeneration of axon terminals is associated with dilation and, eventually, degeneration of segments of dendrites in Ia. Both s-1 and s-d terminals contribute to a partial reconstitution of the neuropil of Ia during the weeks after bulb ablation.", "contents": "Cellular events induced in the molecular layer of the piriform cortex by ablation of the olfactory bulb in the mouse. Cellular events associated with degeneration of the projection of the olfactory bulb to the molecular layer of the piriform cortex of the mouse have been studied with rapid-Golgi and Fink-Heimer impregnations and with the electron microscope. Four classes of axon terminals: s-1, s-d, f-1, and f-d, are differentiated on the basis of whether the synaptic vesicles are spherical or flattened and whether the axoplasm is lightly or darkly stained. The majority of s-1 terminals, the predominant class in sublamina Ia of the molecular layer, degenerate after bulb ablation. Degeneration of axon terminals is associated with dilation and, eventually, degeneration of segments of dendrites in Ia. Both s-1 and s-d terminals contribute to a partial reconstitution of the neuropil of Ia during the weeks after bulb ablation."}
{"id": "PMID:912422", "title": "Discharge patterns of the nucleus parabrachialis lateralis neurons of the cat during sleep and waking.", "content": "Discharge patterns of the nucleus parabrachialis lateralis (PbL) neurons located in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum were investigated in 7 unrestrained, freely behaving cats with a multiwire electrode bundle method. Among 84 PbL units recorded so far, 31% of the units exhibited a marked reduction or complete cessation of firing during paradoxical sleep (PS) (PS-off cells), while 55% of the units exhibited an increase of firing during PS (PS-on cells) as compared with quiet wakefulness (QW) and slow wave sleep (SWS). The remaining 14% of the PbL units exhibited no remarkable change of firing rate and pattern during the sleep-walking cycle. The PbL PS-off cells were further characterized by a slow and regular firing pattern during QW and SWS, and they were similar in several respects to the PS-off cells reported in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and locus coeruleus complex. Six of the PbL PS-on cells were tightly phase-locked with PGO waves, and the spikes preceded by 5-25 msec the onset of the PGO waves recorded in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Seven other PbL PS-on cells were related to the locomotor activity observed in active wakefulness. In light of the present results, the functional significance of the PbL units has been discussed.", "contents": "Discharge patterns of the nucleus parabrachialis lateralis neurons of the cat during sleep and waking. Discharge patterns of the nucleus parabrachialis lateralis (PbL) neurons located in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum were investigated in 7 unrestrained, freely behaving cats with a multiwire electrode bundle method. Among 84 PbL units recorded so far, 31% of the units exhibited a marked reduction or complete cessation of firing during paradoxical sleep (PS) (PS-off cells), while 55% of the units exhibited an increase of firing during PS (PS-on cells) as compared with quiet wakefulness (QW) and slow wave sleep (SWS). The remaining 14% of the PbL units exhibited no remarkable change of firing rate and pattern during the sleep-walking cycle. The PbL PS-off cells were further characterized by a slow and regular firing pattern during QW and SWS, and they were similar in several respects to the PS-off cells reported in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and locus coeruleus complex. Six of the PbL PS-on cells were tightly phase-locked with PGO waves, and the spikes preceded by 5-25 msec the onset of the PGO waves recorded in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Seven other PbL PS-on cells were related to the locomotor activity observed in active wakefulness. In light of the present results, the functional significance of the PbL units has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912423", "title": "Midbrain unit activity during classical conditioning.", "content": "In behaving rats, unit activity recorded from the ventral tegmentum and from the reticular formation was monitored during classical conditioning. Rewarding electric stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle was used as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Only those cells possessing prior responses to the conditioned stimulus (CS) changed their responses as a result of conditioning. Responses recorded from cells which were driven by both the auditory CS and the brain shock UCS were significantly more often changed than those driven by the CS alohe. These data show that the auditory and brain shock fields of influence interact in at least some brain regions prior to conditioning and that pairing the two kinds of stimuli is more likely to influence auditory responses recorded from these regions than those recorded elsewhere. It is possible to imagine that the intersection of the two fields is a sine qua non of conditioning and that the two prior actions caused the change by interacting at or near the recording point.", "contents": "Midbrain unit activity during classical conditioning. In behaving rats, unit activity recorded from the ventral tegmentum and from the reticular formation was monitored during classical conditioning. Rewarding electric stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle was used as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Only those cells possessing prior responses to the conditioned stimulus (CS) changed their responses as a result of conditioning. Responses recorded from cells which were driven by both the auditory CS and the brain shock UCS were significantly more often changed than those driven by the CS alohe. These data show that the auditory and brain shock fields of influence interact in at least some brain regions prior to conditioning and that pairing the two kinds of stimuli is more likely to influence auditory responses recorded from these regions than those recorded elsewhere. It is possible to imagine that the intersection of the two fields is a sine qua non of conditioning and that the two prior actions caused the change by interacting at or near the recording point."}
{"id": "PMID:912425", "title": "Lack of acquisition in dopamine denervated animals tested in an underwater Y-maze.", "content": "There are a number of conflicting reports in the literature on the ability of dopamine (DA) denervated animals to acquire various instrumental tasks, mostly conditioned avoidance responding. The interpretational difficulties stem partly from the difficulties to test an animal that is deficient in initiating voluntary movements and partly from the difficulties to produce complete DA denervations. We have tried to solve these problems by testing DA denervated animals in an underwater swim maze where even severely denervated animals will overcome their akinesia and swim the maze. 6-Hydroxydopamine was injected into the bundle of ascending DA axons in order to produce the best possible DA degeneration and the animals were tested as soon as the degeneration was complete (48 h) in order to avoid compensatory processes. We found that such animals were unable to acquire a brightness as well as a spatial discrimination task even when the experimental situation was such that they were able to overcome their difficulties to initiate voluntary movements. Possible explanations to the discrepancies between our studies and others are discussed.", "contents": "Lack of acquisition in dopamine denervated animals tested in an underwater Y-maze. There are a number of conflicting reports in the literature on the ability of dopamine (DA) denervated animals to acquire various instrumental tasks, mostly conditioned avoidance responding. The interpretational difficulties stem partly from the difficulties to test an animal that is deficient in initiating voluntary movements and partly from the difficulties to produce complete DA denervations. We have tried to solve these problems by testing DA denervated animals in an underwater swim maze where even severely denervated animals will overcome their akinesia and swim the maze. 6-Hydroxydopamine was injected into the bundle of ascending DA axons in order to produce the best possible DA degeneration and the animals were tested as soon as the degeneration was complete (48 h) in order to avoid compensatory processes. We found that such animals were unable to acquire a brightness as well as a spatial discrimination task even when the experimental situation was such that they were able to overcome their difficulties to initiate voluntary movements. Possible explanations to the discrepancies between our studies and others are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912427", "title": "Binding of [3H]estradiol by brain cell nuclei and female rat sexual behavior: inhibition by experimental diabetes.", "content": "In streptozotocin-diabetic female rats acute (24 h) withdrawal of insulin significantly impairs both estradiol + progesterone-induced sexual receptivity and cell nuclear concentration of [3H]estradiol in hypothalamus, preoptic area, and pituitary gland. Omission of insulin treatment for the first 24 h of a 30-h or 54-h estradiol benzoate-conditioning period significantly reduced mean lordosis ratings of ovariectomized-diabetic rats. Insulin withdrawal at the time of progesterone treatment and behavioral testing did not diminish sexual receptivity. One-half or 2 h after an intravenous injection of [3H]estradiol-17beta diabetic rats without insulin exhibited reduced cell nuclear [3H]estradiol concentrations (2 h) and/or diminished cell nuclear/whole homogenate concentration ratios (0.5 and 2 h). Twenty-four hour insulin withdrawal affected neither whole tissue [3H]estradiol uptake nor hypothalamus-preoptic area cytoplasmic estrogen-receptor content. These results: (1) suggest that diminished estradiol binding by target tissue cell nuclei may contribute to the well-known reproductive failures of female diabetics, and (2) support the concept that estradiol acts at the level of brain cell nuclei to induce female sexual behavior.", "contents": "Binding of [3H]estradiol by brain cell nuclei and female rat sexual behavior: inhibition by experimental diabetes. In streptozotocin-diabetic female rats acute (24 h) withdrawal of insulin significantly impairs both estradiol + progesterone-induced sexual receptivity and cell nuclear concentration of [3H]estradiol in hypothalamus, preoptic area, and pituitary gland. Omission of insulin treatment for the first 24 h of a 30-h or 54-h estradiol benzoate-conditioning period significantly reduced mean lordosis ratings of ovariectomized-diabetic rats. Insulin withdrawal at the time of progesterone treatment and behavioral testing did not diminish sexual receptivity. One-half or 2 h after an intravenous injection of [3H]estradiol-17beta diabetic rats without insulin exhibited reduced cell nuclear [3H]estradiol concentrations (2 h) and/or diminished cell nuclear/whole homogenate concentration ratios (0.5 and 2 h). Twenty-four hour insulin withdrawal affected neither whole tissue [3H]estradiol uptake nor hypothalamus-preoptic area cytoplasmic estrogen-receptor content. These results: (1) suggest that diminished estradiol binding by target tissue cell nuclei may contribute to the well-known reproductive failures of female diabetics, and (2) support the concept that estradiol acts at the level of brain cell nuclei to induce female sexual behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:912438", "title": "Electron microscopic effects of thallium poisoning on the rat hypothalamus and hippocampus: biochemica changes in the cerebrum.", "content": "Rats were given thallous acetate (5 mg elemental thallium/kg body weight) IP daily for 7 days and prepared for electron microscopy (perfusion-fixation) and for biochemical study. Increased incidence of Golgi zones and electron-dense bodies were observed in the anterior hypothalamus and hippocampus. Sequestrated axons were seen in the hypothalamus. Depletion of succinic dehydrogenase and guanine deaminase occurred in the cerebrum.", "contents": "Electron microscopic effects of thallium poisoning on the rat hypothalamus and hippocampus: biochemica changes in the cerebrum. Rats were given thallous acetate (5 mg elemental thallium/kg body weight) IP daily for 7 days and prepared for electron microscopy (perfusion-fixation) and for biochemical study. Increased incidence of Golgi zones and electron-dense bodies were observed in the anterior hypothalamus and hippocampus. Sequestrated axons were seen in the hypothalamus. Depletion of succinic dehydrogenase and guanine deaminase occurred in the cerebrum."}
{"id": "PMID:912436", "title": "Stimulation increases incorporation of [3H]lysine into rat brain and liver proteins.", "content": "Exposure of rats to electric footshocks or merely to the footshock apparatus increased the incorporation of [3H]lysine into brain and liver protein. The effect was present in both fore-and hindbrain. The footshock treatment was the more effective stimulus, producing larger and more significant changes. These results resemble those previously observed in C57Bl/6J mice, and thus suggest that altered protein or amino acid metabolism is a general response to stress in rodents.", "contents": "Stimulation increases incorporation of [3H]lysine into rat brain and liver proteins. Exposure of rats to electric footshocks or merely to the footshock apparatus increased the incorporation of [3H]lysine into brain and liver protein. The effect was present in both fore-and hindbrain. The footshock treatment was the more effective stimulus, producing larger and more significant changes. These results resemble those previously observed in C57Bl/6J mice, and thus suggest that altered protein or amino acid metabolism is a general response to stress in rodents."}
{"id": "PMID:912439", "title": "Removal of olfactory bulbs in chickens: consequent changes in food intake and thyroid activity.", "content": "Surgical removal of the olfactory bulbs (O.B) in the chicken caused a marked increase in food intake, which was not accompanied by development of obestiy. Oxygen consumption of the O.B. removed birds was significantly higher than that of the controls. Alcianophylic-thyrotropic cell population of the adenohypophysis and the percentage of active follicles in the thyroid gland were higher for the O.B. removed birds than for those of the controls. Feed supplementation of 0.1% propylthiouracil to the O.B removed birds abolished the previously exhibited hyperphagia and caused a significant decline in oxygen consumption. The possibility that the O.B removal caused a primary increase in thyrotropic axis activity follwoed by a secondary compensatory hyperphagia, is discussed.", "contents": "Removal of olfactory bulbs in chickens: consequent changes in food intake and thyroid activity. Surgical removal of the olfactory bulbs (O.B) in the chicken caused a marked increase in food intake, which was not accompanied by development of obestiy. Oxygen consumption of the O.B. removed birds was significantly higher than that of the controls. Alcianophylic-thyrotropic cell population of the adenohypophysis and the percentage of active follicles in the thyroid gland were higher for the O.B. removed birds than for those of the controls. Feed supplementation of 0.1% propylthiouracil to the O.B removed birds abolished the previously exhibited hyperphagia and caused a significant decline in oxygen consumption. The possibility that the O.B removal caused a primary increase in thyrotropic axis activity follwoed by a secondary compensatory hyperphagia, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912441", "title": "Differential morphine effects on evoked impulse activity in the caudate and central grey.", "content": "This study had two primary objectives: (1) to develop a new physiological method for investigating opiate action, based on the effect of morphine on evoked impulse activity in small neuronal populations, and (2) to test the hypothesis that morphine's effects would vary with response site (caudate and central grey), and with stimulation site (sciatic nerve, substantia nigra). Bipolar recordings were made from curarized, artificially respired rats. Morphine increased stimulus thresholds for sciatic evoked responses in both brain areas, with especially marked effects in the central grey. Sciatic stimulation produced phasic (transient) responses in both brain areas to mild stimulation and tonic (sustained) responses to more intense stimulation; the tonic responses were depressed more effectively than phasic responses. Substantia nigra stimulation produced only tonic responses in both areas, and morphine did not alter these stimulation thresholds. Morphine effects were blocked and reversed by naloxone. Thus, clear differential depressive effects of morphine were demonstrated in terms of function (phasic vs. tonic responses), in terms of stimulus site, and in terms of responding site.", "contents": "Differential morphine effects on evoked impulse activity in the caudate and central grey. This study had two primary objectives: (1) to develop a new physiological method for investigating opiate action, based on the effect of morphine on evoked impulse activity in small neuronal populations, and (2) to test the hypothesis that morphine's effects would vary with response site (caudate and central grey), and with stimulation site (sciatic nerve, substantia nigra). Bipolar recordings were made from curarized, artificially respired rats. Morphine increased stimulus thresholds for sciatic evoked responses in both brain areas, with especially marked effects in the central grey. Sciatic stimulation produced phasic (transient) responses in both brain areas to mild stimulation and tonic (sustained) responses to more intense stimulation; the tonic responses were depressed more effectively than phasic responses. Substantia nigra stimulation produced only tonic responses in both areas, and morphine did not alter these stimulation thresholds. Morphine effects were blocked and reversed by naloxone. Thus, clear differential depressive effects of morphine were demonstrated in terms of function (phasic vs. tonic responses), in terms of stimulus site, and in terms of responding site."}
{"id": "PMID:912437", "title": "Slow-wave sleep induced in cats by extremely small amounts of synthetic and pineal vasotocin injected into the third ventricle of the brain.", "content": "A single injection of 10(-6) pg synthetic arginine vasotocin (AVT), corresponding to about 600 molecules AVT, into the third ventricle of unanesthetized cats, induced slow-wave sleep 5 min after the injection. An equivalent amount, of a partially purified pineal AVT injected into the third ventricle, produced the same effects. After incubation with trypsin, pineal AVT completely lost its ability to induce slow-wave sleep. The slow-wave sleep induced by 10(-6) pg synthetic AVT injected intraventricularly could be matched by 1 microgram synthetic AVT injected intraperitoneally. Neither synthetic arginine vasopressin, nor synthetic oxytocin, injected intraventricularly in the amount of 10(-6) pg, was able to induce slow-wave sleep. Whereas in the control animals injected with pineal AVT after incubation with trypsin, or in the control animals injected with vasopressin or oxytocin, the paradoxical sleep averaged 21.9--22.8% of the sleep time, during a total recording time of 5 hr, in the cats injected with synthetic or pineal AVT, the paradoxical sleep was completely suppressed.", "contents": "Slow-wave sleep induced in cats by extremely small amounts of synthetic and pineal vasotocin injected into the third ventricle of the brain. A single injection of 10(-6) pg synthetic arginine vasotocin (AVT), corresponding to about 600 molecules AVT, into the third ventricle of unanesthetized cats, induced slow-wave sleep 5 min after the injection. An equivalent amount, of a partially purified pineal AVT injected into the third ventricle, produced the same effects. After incubation with trypsin, pineal AVT completely lost its ability to induce slow-wave sleep. The slow-wave sleep induced by 10(-6) pg synthetic AVT injected intraventricularly could be matched by 1 microgram synthetic AVT injected intraperitoneally. Neither synthetic arginine vasopressin, nor synthetic oxytocin, injected intraventricularly in the amount of 10(-6) pg, was able to induce slow-wave sleep. Whereas in the control animals injected with pineal AVT after incubation with trypsin, or in the control animals injected with vasopressin or oxytocin, the paradoxical sleep averaged 21.9--22.8% of the sleep time, during a total recording time of 5 hr, in the cats injected with synthetic or pineal AVT, the paradoxical sleep was completely suppressed."}
{"id": "PMID:912440", "title": "Effects of intracerebroventricular L-DOPA on caudate unit firing.", "content": "Single units were recorded bilaterally from the caudate nuclei of cats before and after 50 microliter injections of either Merlis solution or L-DOPA (200 microgram) dissolved in Merlis into the left lateral cerebral ventricle. After injection of L-DOPA, but not Merlis solution, there was a period of unit silence in both caudates with an onset of about 10 min and a duration of 30-50 min. This period of caudate silence was coincident with a significant reduction of systolic blood pressure and heart rate. Upon resumption of unit firing in caudate, it was found that the interspike intervals on the contralateral side were markedly increased from 30 min-2 hr postinjection while there was no change on the side of injection. The similarity of this response to that following lesions which interrupt the caudate to thalamus pathway unilaterally was discussed. It is suggested that L-DOPA injection may produce this lesion-like effect by altering the firing of caudate output neurons.", "contents": "Effects of intracerebroventricular L-DOPA on caudate unit firing. Single units were recorded bilaterally from the caudate nuclei of cats before and after 50 microliter injections of either Merlis solution or L-DOPA (200 microgram) dissolved in Merlis into the left lateral cerebral ventricle. After injection of L-DOPA, but not Merlis solution, there was a period of unit silence in both caudates with an onset of about 10 min and a duration of 30-50 min. This period of caudate silence was coincident with a significant reduction of systolic blood pressure and heart rate. Upon resumption of unit firing in caudate, it was found that the interspike intervals on the contralateral side were markedly increased from 30 min-2 hr postinjection while there was no change on the side of injection. The similarity of this response to that following lesions which interrupt the caudate to thalamus pathway unilaterally was discussed. It is suggested that L-DOPA injection may produce this lesion-like effect by altering the firing of caudate output neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:912443", "title": "Unit responses in the ventrobasal thalamus (VPL) of the cat of bradykinin injected into somatic and visceral arteries.", "content": "Under light to moderate sodium pentobarbital anesthesia one half of the thalamic neurons displaying place and modality specific responses to low intensity mechanical stimulation of contralateral receptive fields also responded, by excitation or by inhibition, to bradykinin injections into somatic and visceral arteries. Partial or complete somatovisceral convergence was commonly seen in neurons with otherwise typical lemniscal properties. The response intensities varied considerably for different neurons; the responses to somatic bradykinin were always stronger than to visceral injections. The time course of the response was comparable to that seen in peripheral nerves, other central sites, and the behavioral reaction to bradykinin. Control experiments indicated the independence of the bradykinin responses from variations in blood pressure or general arousal effects. It is suggested that modulation of ventrobasal thalamic activity may be an important factor in central nociceptive processing.", "contents": "Unit responses in the ventrobasal thalamus (VPL) of the cat of bradykinin injected into somatic and visceral arteries. Under light to moderate sodium pentobarbital anesthesia one half of the thalamic neurons displaying place and modality specific responses to low intensity mechanical stimulation of contralateral receptive fields also responded, by excitation or by inhibition, to bradykinin injections into somatic and visceral arteries. Partial or complete somatovisceral convergence was commonly seen in neurons with otherwise typical lemniscal properties. The response intensities varied considerably for different neurons; the responses to somatic bradykinin were always stronger than to visceral injections. The time course of the response was comparable to that seen in peripheral nerves, other central sites, and the behavioral reaction to bradykinin. Control experiments indicated the independence of the bradykinin responses from variations in blood pressure or general arousal effects. It is suggested that modulation of ventrobasal thalamic activity may be an important factor in central nociceptive processing."}
{"id": "PMID:912442", "title": "Characterization of two subcellular fractions isolated from myelinated axons.", "content": "Myelin and a heavy membrane fraction (1.0/1.2 fraction) were isolated from rabbit white matter by a slight modification of the procedure for bovine CNS. The specific activities of acetylcholinesterase and Na+, K+-ATPase were higher in the 1.0/1.2 fraction than in myelin. In contrast, the cerebroside content and 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase activity in the 1.0/1.2 fraction were 4.5 and 3.4 times lower than in myelin. Total lipids accounted for only 30% of the 1.0/1.2 fracton's dry weight; for myelin, they represented 70%. Polacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the presence of many high molecular weight proteins and glycoproteins in the 1.0/1.2 fraction but myelin components were practically missing. Cytochrome c oxidase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities suggested about 15% contamination in the 1.0/1.2 fraction but less than 5% for myelin. In electron micrographs of the 1.0/1.2 fraction, there were many membraneous profiles that varied in size, some mitochondrial fragments, and only a few lamellar whorls of compact myelin. The results suggest that the 1.0/1.2 fraction is different from other myelin-related fractions and is probably enriched in axolemma.", "contents": "Characterization of two subcellular fractions isolated from myelinated axons. Myelin and a heavy membrane fraction (1.0/1.2 fraction) were isolated from rabbit white matter by a slight modification of the procedure for bovine CNS. The specific activities of acetylcholinesterase and Na+, K+-ATPase were higher in the 1.0/1.2 fraction than in myelin. In contrast, the cerebroside content and 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase activity in the 1.0/1.2 fraction were 4.5 and 3.4 times lower than in myelin. Total lipids accounted for only 30% of the 1.0/1.2 fracton's dry weight; for myelin, they represented 70%. Polacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the presence of many high molecular weight proteins and glycoproteins in the 1.0/1.2 fraction but myelin components were practically missing. Cytochrome c oxidase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities suggested about 15% contamination in the 1.0/1.2 fraction but less than 5% for myelin. In electron micrographs of the 1.0/1.2 fraction, there were many membraneous profiles that varied in size, some mitochondrial fragments, and only a few lamellar whorls of compact myelin. The results suggest that the 1.0/1.2 fraction is different from other myelin-related fractions and is probably enriched in axolemma."}
{"id": "PMID:912466", "title": "Exencephaly in chicken-pheasant hybrids.", "content": "1. The incidence of exencephaly was investigated in chicken-pheasant hybrids. 2. With the pheasant as sire, fertility was 7-6%, but with the fowl it was 19-5%; hatchability of fertile eggs, however, was similar, 42% and 41% respectivley. 3. Only one exencephalic hybrid was obtained when the sire was the pheasant but 70 were noted when the fowl was sire. The incidence of this malformation in hatched chicks was 12 times more in crosses with the fowl as sire than in the reverse cross. 4. The frequency of exencephaly was greater with Rhode Island Red, Barred Leghorn or White Leghorn roosters than with Columbian Rock roosters.", "contents": "Exencephaly in chicken-pheasant hybrids. 1. The incidence of exencephaly was investigated in chicken-pheasant hybrids. 2. With the pheasant as sire, fertility was 7-6%, but with the fowl it was 19-5%; hatchability of fertile eggs, however, was similar, 42% and 41% respectivley. 3. Only one exencephalic hybrid was obtained when the sire was the pheasant but 70 were noted when the fowl was sire. The incidence of this malformation in hatched chicks was 12 times more in crosses with the fowl as sire than in the reverse cross. 4. The frequency of exencephaly was greater with Rhode Island Red, Barred Leghorn or White Leghorn roosters than with Columbian Rock roosters."}
{"id": "PMID:912468", "title": "Excess iodide and the accumulation of 125I by the thyroid, plasma and developing oocytes of the Japanese quail.", "content": "1. Developing oocytes of the Japanese quail accumulated 0-44 microgram of each 1 microgram of 125I-labelled iodide after intra-muscular injection of doses up to 500 microgram iodide as NaI but only 0-007 microgram after injection of more than this: the abrupt change in the rate of accumulation was attributed to saturation of the iodide transport mechanism. 2. The proportion of available iodide transferred into the oocytes appeared to be more dependent on the amount of iodide injected and the total weight of growing oocytes than on a requirement for either a store of iodide for the embryo or an iodide excretory pathway for the hen. 3. The thyroid was about four times more active in accumulating iodide than the oocyte. 4. The percentage of iodide accumulated by the plasma was the same at all dose rates.", "contents": "Excess iodide and the accumulation of 125I by the thyroid, plasma and developing oocytes of the Japanese quail. 1. Developing oocytes of the Japanese quail accumulated 0-44 microgram of each 1 microgram of 125I-labelled iodide after intra-muscular injection of doses up to 500 microgram iodide as NaI but only 0-007 microgram after injection of more than this: the abrupt change in the rate of accumulation was attributed to saturation of the iodide transport mechanism. 2. The proportion of available iodide transferred into the oocytes appeared to be more dependent on the amount of iodide injected and the total weight of growing oocytes than on a requirement for either a store of iodide for the embryo or an iodide excretory pathway for the hen. 3. The thyroid was about four times more active in accumulating iodide than the oocyte. 4. The percentage of iodide accumulated by the plasma was the same at all dose rates."}
{"id": "PMID:912469", "title": "Lithium induction of premature oviposition by the Japanese quail.", "content": "1. The intramuscular injection of LiCl into laying Japanese quail 6 or 12 h subsequent to an oviposition induced early oviposition of the next egg. 2. The shells of eggs from Li-treated birds were without speckling and weighed half or less as much as shells from Na-treated birds. Many eggs were also deficient in albumen.", "contents": "Lithium induction of premature oviposition by the Japanese quail. 1. The intramuscular injection of LiCl into laying Japanese quail 6 or 12 h subsequent to an oviposition induced early oviposition of the next egg. 2. The shells of eggs from Li-treated birds were without speckling and weighed half or less as much as shells from Na-treated birds. Many eggs were also deficient in albumen."}
{"id": "PMID:912470", "title": "The effect of tonicity of storage media for fowl semen on the occurrence of neck-bending spermatozoa, fertility and hatchability.", "content": "1. Semen of White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red males was stored for 24 h in diluents hypertonic (460 mOsm/kg H2O) and isotonic (340 mOsm/kg H2O) to cock seminal plasma. 2. Compared with the fertility results with semen that had been stored in the hypertonic diluent or was fresh, the fertility of the White Leghorns was not affected after storage in the isotonic diluent; a decrease (P less than 0-05) was observed, however, using Rhode Island Red semen and isotonic diluent. 3. Fresh RIR semen contained 2-3% \"neck-bent spermatozoa\" (NBS)  which was increased to 4-23% and 5-76% after dilution in hypertonic and isotonic diluents respectively and stored for 24 h. It is doubtful whether this increase (P less than 0-05) is the sole reason for the lowered fertility obtained with this breed after storage in the isotonic diluent.", "contents": "The effect of tonicity of storage media for fowl semen on the occurrence of neck-bending spermatozoa, fertility and hatchability. 1. Semen of White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red males was stored for 24 h in diluents hypertonic (460 mOsm/kg H2O) and isotonic (340 mOsm/kg H2O) to cock seminal plasma. 2. Compared with the fertility results with semen that had been stored in the hypertonic diluent or was fresh, the fertility of the White Leghorns was not affected after storage in the isotonic diluent; a decrease (P less than 0-05) was observed, however, using Rhode Island Red semen and isotonic diluent. 3. Fresh RIR semen contained 2-3% \"neck-bent spermatozoa\" (NBS)  which was increased to 4-23% and 5-76% after dilution in hypertonic and isotonic diluents respectively and stored for 24 h. It is doubtful whether this increase (P less than 0-05) is the sole reason for the lowered fertility obtained with this breed after storage in the isotonic diluent."}
{"id": "PMID:912465", "title": "Endoscopical biopsy in the differential diagnosis of lung diseases.", "content": "The results of endoscopical sampling methods, as described in this study, were performed on 5276 patients with different pulmonary lesions. Illustrations were made of the diagnostic possibilities of biopsy methods and their dependence on size and localization of pulmonary lesions. Most appropriate sequence was outlined for the use of different sampling methods.", "contents": "Endoscopical biopsy in the differential diagnosis of lung diseases. The results of endoscopical sampling methods, as described in this study, were performed on 5276 patients with different pulmonary lesions. Illustrations were made of the diagnostic possibilities of biopsy methods and their dependence on size and localization of pulmonary lesions. Most appropriate sequence was outlined for the use of different sampling methods."}
{"id": "PMID:912472", "title": "Persistent right oviduct in ring-necked pheasant.", "content": "1. A right oviduct, approximately two-thirds the length of the left oviduct, and with a separate opening into the cloaca was observed in a female Ring-necked pheasant. 2. It is suggested that interference of the synthesis of M\u00fcllerian inhibiting factor from the gonads may have allowed its development.", "contents": "Persistent right oviduct in ring-necked pheasant. 1. A right oviduct, approximately two-thirds the length of the left oviduct, and with a separate opening into the cloaca was observed in a female Ring-necked pheasant. 2. It is suggested that interference of the synthesis of M\u00fcllerian inhibiting factor from the gonads may have allowed its development."}
{"id": "PMID:912473", "title": "Divergent selection for yolk cholesterol in laying hens.", "content": "1. Lines were selected for divergence in yolk-cholesterol concentration for three and four generations in the Cornell Controll (Leghorn) and Athens-Canadian (AC) (meat-type) randombred populations respectively. Selection was based on both individual and family records. 2. Cholesterol values were obtained from two consecutively laid eggs when birds were 28 weeks of age. The yolks of eggs from individual hens were pooled and analysed for cholesterol content by the colorimetric assay of Zlatkis et al. (1953) on the \"fat extract\" obtained by a modification of the procedure of Folch et al. (1956). 3. The largest differences between high and low lines (1-27 and 1-38 mg cholesterol/g yolk) were observed in the last generation of selection. There was evidence of a lack of response in the low lines. Realized heritability estimates obtained by dividing the difference between high and low lines by half the cumulative selection differential ranged from 0-11 to 0-25 in the AC population and from 0-21 to 0-25 in the Leghorn population. Realised estimates on a within-line bassis suggest that selection for yolk cholesterol is effective only in the upward direction.", "contents": "Divergent selection for yolk cholesterol in laying hens. 1. Lines were selected for divergence in yolk-cholesterol concentration for three and four generations in the Cornell Controll (Leghorn) and Athens-Canadian (AC) (meat-type) randombred populations respectively. Selection was based on both individual and family records. 2. Cholesterol values were obtained from two consecutively laid eggs when birds were 28 weeks of age. The yolks of eggs from individual hens were pooled and analysed for cholesterol content by the colorimetric assay of Zlatkis et al. (1953) on the \"fat extract\" obtained by a modification of the procedure of Folch et al. (1956). 3. The largest differences between high and low lines (1-27 and 1-38 mg cholesterol/g yolk) were observed in the last generation of selection. There was evidence of a lack of response in the low lines. Realized heritability estimates obtained by dividing the difference between high and low lines by half the cumulative selection differential ranged from 0-11 to 0-25 in the AC population and from 0-21 to 0-25 in the Leghorn population. Realised estimates on a within-line bassis suggest that selection for yolk cholesterol is effective only in the upward direction."}
{"id": "PMID:912475", "title": "Uptake of certain amino acids in vitro in chickens previously subjected to three methods of dietary restriction.", "content": "From 8 weeks of age cockerels and pullets were restricted for 8 or 12 weeks either by rationing, by feeding a low lysine diet or by feeding a diet low in protein but balanced in respect of all amino acids. 2. There was a significant decrease in growth rate of the birds as a result of the restrictive treatments. 3. The dietary treatments affected the rate of uptake of the four amino acids tested--arginine, lysine, histidine and glycine--although the effect was not significant in all cases, neither was it consistent throughout.", "contents": "Uptake of certain amino acids in vitro in chickens previously subjected to three methods of dietary restriction. From 8 weeks of age cockerels and pullets were restricted for 8 or 12 weeks either by rationing, by feeding a low lysine diet or by feeding a diet low in protein but balanced in respect of all amino acids. 2. There was a significant decrease in growth rate of the birds as a result of the restrictive treatments. 3. The dietary treatments affected the rate of uptake of the four amino acids tested--arginine, lysine, histidine and glycine--although the effect was not significant in all cases, neither was it consistent throughout."}
{"id": "PMID:912476", "title": "Incorporation of uridine and leucine by the germinal discs of quail eggs kept cool or warmed periodically during storage.", "content": "Nucleic acid and protein biosyntheses are characteristic of the fertilised germinal disc and continue during storage at 20 degrees C though at a reduced rate. There is no comparable activity in unfertilised eggs. 2. Warming the fertilised eggs for 30 min/d during storage increased the rate of incorporation of uridine and leucine into proteins and nucleic acids by a factor of three.", "contents": "Incorporation of uridine and leucine by the germinal discs of quail eggs kept cool or warmed periodically during storage. Nucleic acid and protein biosyntheses are characteristic of the fertilised germinal disc and continue during storage at 20 degrees C though at a reduced rate. There is no comparable activity in unfertilised eggs. 2. Warming the fertilised eggs for 30 min/d during storage increased the rate of incorporation of uridine and leucine into proteins and nucleic acids by a factor of three."}
{"id": "PMID:912477", "title": "Plasma growth hormone concentrations during growth in turkeys.", "content": "The concentrations of circulating GH were low in 1-week-old birds (male plasma pool 30 ng/ml, female 32 ng/ml), reached a maximum at 7 weeks in male birds (142 +/- 26 SEM ng/ml) or 4 weeks in females (185 +/- 32 ng/ml) and then decreased to 17-3 +/- 2-8 ng/ml in males and 8-7 +/- 0-6 ng/ml in females at 17 weeks. 2. Significant inverse correlations between GH concentration and age or body weight were found (male, r = -0-693), female, r = -0-623). 3. In males, but not females, the weekly increase in body weight was correlated with the plasma GH concentration (r = 0-291).", "contents": "Plasma growth hormone concentrations during growth in turkeys. The concentrations of circulating GH were low in 1-week-old birds (male plasma pool 30 ng/ml, female 32 ng/ml), reached a maximum at 7 weeks in male birds (142 +/- 26 SEM ng/ml) or 4 weeks in females (185 +/- 32 ng/ml) and then decreased to 17-3 +/- 2-8 ng/ml in males and 8-7 +/- 0-6 ng/ml in females at 17 weeks. 2. Significant inverse correlations between GH concentration and age or body weight were found (male, r = -0-693), female, r = -0-623). 3. In males, but not females, the weekly increase in body weight was correlated with the plasma GH concentration (r = 0-291)."}
{"id": "PMID:912478", "title": "Effect of dietary DL-ethionine on growth and liver metabolism.", "content": "The effects of DL-ethionine, given in the diet or by injection, on growth, hepatic glycogen and lipids, and the activities of some cytoplasmic NAD-linked dehydrogenases and NADPH-producing enzymes were investigated. 2. Growth virtually ceased after feeding ethionine for 2 d. 3. Ethionine induced an accumulation of lipid, decreased the activities of malic enzyme and isocitrate dehydrogenase and increased the activity of lactate dehydrogenase. 4. The concentration of glycogen in the liver of ethionine-fed chickens increased for 3 d in spite of a decrease in food intake, but then decreased.", "contents": "Effect of dietary DL-ethionine on growth and liver metabolism. The effects of DL-ethionine, given in the diet or by injection, on growth, hepatic glycogen and lipids, and the activities of some cytoplasmic NAD-linked dehydrogenases and NADPH-producing enzymes were investigated. 2. Growth virtually ceased after feeding ethionine for 2 d. 3. Ethionine induced an accumulation of lipid, decreased the activities of malic enzyme and isocitrate dehydrogenase and increased the activity of lactate dehydrogenase. 4. The concentration of glycogen in the liver of ethionine-fed chickens increased for 3 d in spite of a decrease in food intake, but then decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:912479", "title": "Reversal of ethionine intoxication in the domestic fowl with methionine and adenine sulphate.", "content": "When DL-methionine was administered to young chickens fed on a diet containing DL-ethionine (2 g/kg) growth recommenced and proceeded linearly for the first 2 d; the rate was dependent on the amount of methionine administered. 2. Adenine sulphate did not stimulate growth but when given with methionine the response was enhanced.", "contents": "Reversal of ethionine intoxication in the domestic fowl with methionine and adenine sulphate. When DL-methionine was administered to young chickens fed on a diet containing DL-ethionine (2 g/kg) growth recommenced and proceeded linearly for the first 2 d; the rate was dependent on the amount of methionine administered. 2. Adenine sulphate did not stimulate growth but when given with methionine the response was enhanced."}
{"id": "PMID:912480", "title": "The ultrastructure of the follicle wall of the domestic fowl during the phase of rapid growth.", "content": "The development of a standard technique for fixing the developing follicle for ultrastructural studies is described. 2. The follicle wall is shown to be a multi-layered structure which exhibits a number of morphological changes concomitant with yolk protein transfer, the most significant of which are the intercellular channels which form between the granulosa cells during the fast phase of protein transfer.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the follicle wall of the domestic fowl during the phase of rapid growth. The development of a standard technique for fixing the developing follicle for ultrastructural studies is described. 2. The follicle wall is shown to be a multi-layered structure which exhibits a number of morphological changes concomitant with yolk protein transfer, the most significant of which are the intercellular channels which form between the granulosa cells during the fast phase of protein transfer."}
{"id": "PMID:912595", "title": "Wheat embryo ribonucleates. IX. Generation of N2-dimethylguanylate when bulk wheat embryo tRNA is used as substrate for wheat embryo S-adenosylmethionine-tRNA methyltransferases, in vitro.", "content": "Although the cellular ribonucleates in normally growing cells are virtually saturated with respect to their customary complement of methyl substituents, it has often been reported that 'marginal' levels of (homologous) methylation can be detected when ribonucleates and enzymes from the same source material are incubated, together with S-adenosylmethionine, in vitro. Experiments were designed to acquire new insights that might be useful for circumscribing the number of possible interpretations that could be advanced to account for the introduction of 'supernumerary' methyl groups during (homologous) methylation of wheat RNA by wheat enzymes, in vitro. For a large fraction of the supernumerary methyl groups that can be introduced into wheat RNA, in vitro, it was not possible to adduce convincing evidence in support of the view that any appreciable quantity of methyl groups is ever introduced at these same sites, in vivo. The possibility that these supernumerary methyl groups might have transient existence, in vivo, and the potential physiological significance of any such occurrence are dealt with as part of a more general discussion of the experimental findings.", "contents": "Wheat embryo ribonucleates. IX. Generation of N2-dimethylguanylate when bulk wheat embryo tRNA is used as substrate for wheat embryo S-adenosylmethionine-tRNA methyltransferases, in vitro. Although the cellular ribonucleates in normally growing cells are virtually saturated with respect to their customary complement of methyl substituents, it has often been reported that 'marginal' levels of (homologous) methylation can be detected when ribonucleates and enzymes from the same source material are incubated, together with S-adenosylmethionine, in vitro. Experiments were designed to acquire new insights that might be useful for circumscribing the number of possible interpretations that could be advanced to account for the introduction of 'supernumerary' methyl groups during (homologous) methylation of wheat RNA by wheat enzymes, in vitro. For a large fraction of the supernumerary methyl groups that can be introduced into wheat RNA, in vitro, it was not possible to adduce convincing evidence in support of the view that any appreciable quantity of methyl groups is ever introduced at these same sites, in vivo. The possibility that these supernumerary methyl groups might have transient existence, in vivo, and the potential physiological significance of any such occurrence are dealt with as part of a more general discussion of the experimental findings."}
{"id": "PMID:912596", "title": "Inhibition of rat liver CDPethanolamine: 1,2-diacylglycerol ethanolamine-phosphotransferase activity by ATP and pantothenic acid derivatives.", "content": "The properties of rat liver microsomal CDPethanolamine: 1,2-diacylglycerol ethanolamine-phosphotransferase (ethanolaminephosphotransferase; EC 2.7.8.1) are studied with respect to metal ion and substrate concentration. The enzyme requires magnesium (20 mM) or manganese (1 mM) ions for optimum activity. Manganese ions are better activators of ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity than are magnesium ions. Calcium 1 mM) inhibits the magnesium-activated ethanolaminephosphotransferase by 86% and the manganese-activated enzyme by 57%. The Km for CDPethanolamine is 2.4 and 0.7 x 10(-4) M, in the presence of magnesium or manganese ions, respectively. ATP plus pantetheine significantly inhibit the manganese-activated ethanolaminephosphotransferase, while the magnesium-activated enzyme is inhibited by ATP plus pantetheine and slightly stimulated by ATP plus CoA. In the presence of either metal ion, ATP itself inhibits enzyme activity, while CoA or pantetheine when added alone have no effect. Evidence is presented indicating that the inhibition of ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity by ATP plus CoA or ATP plus pantetheine is not due to the formation of acyl-CoA or acyl-S-pantetheine esters. At the present time, however, the true mechanism of inhibition is unknown. The results indicate that the cellular levels of ATP, CoA, pantetheine, magnesium, manganese, and calcium ions may all play a role in the regulation of phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of rat liver CDPethanolamine: 1,2-diacylglycerol ethanolamine-phosphotransferase activity by ATP and pantothenic acid derivatives. The properties of rat liver microsomal CDPethanolamine: 1,2-diacylglycerol ethanolamine-phosphotransferase (ethanolaminephosphotransferase; EC 2.7.8.1) are studied with respect to metal ion and substrate concentration. The enzyme requires magnesium (20 mM) or manganese (1 mM) ions for optimum activity. Manganese ions are better activators of ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity than are magnesium ions. Calcium 1 mM) inhibits the magnesium-activated ethanolaminephosphotransferase by 86% and the manganese-activated enzyme by 57%. The Km for CDPethanolamine is 2.4 and 0.7 x 10(-4) M, in the presence of magnesium or manganese ions, respectively. ATP plus pantetheine significantly inhibit the manganese-activated ethanolaminephosphotransferase, while the magnesium-activated enzyme is inhibited by ATP plus pantetheine and slightly stimulated by ATP plus CoA. In the presence of either metal ion, ATP itself inhibits enzyme activity, while CoA or pantetheine when added alone have no effect. Evidence is presented indicating that the inhibition of ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity by ATP plus CoA or ATP plus pantetheine is not due to the formation of acyl-CoA or acyl-S-pantetheine esters. At the present time, however, the true mechanism of inhibition is unknown. The results indicate that the cellular levels of ATP, CoA, pantetheine, magnesium, manganese, and calcium ions may all play a role in the regulation of phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:912597", "title": "Purification and properties of a soluble polymer of glucose from cultures of Acetobacter xylinum.", "content": "A soluble nondialyzable polymer of glucose was isolated and purified by selective ethanol and ammonium sulfate precipitation from the supernatant of a culture of Acetobacter xylinum which was actively producing cellulose. This polymer was heterogeneous in size with an average sedimentation constant S20,w, of the most abundant fraction of 11.1. On drying from dilute solution in water, the polymer(s) showed extended linear fibrils or aggregates of such fibrils by transmission electron microscopy. The infrared spectrum resembled closely that of cellulose II. Preparations of the lyophilized polymer were amorphous by X-ray diffraction. Composition and structure of the polymer were established by enzymatic digestion, acid hydrolysis before paper chromatography, and methylation followed by gas-liquid chromatography. Glucose was the only component of the polymer. There were few, if any, alpha 1 leads to 4 linkages between glucose residues. The polymer(s) is a linear chain of glucose units linked beta 1 leads to 4 with single glucose residues as branches at position 2 of every third glucose on the average. The possibility that this branched glucose polymer is an intermediate in cellulose biosynthesis is examined.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a soluble polymer of glucose from cultures of Acetobacter xylinum. A soluble nondialyzable polymer of glucose was isolated and purified by selective ethanol and ammonium sulfate precipitation from the supernatant of a culture of Acetobacter xylinum which was actively producing cellulose. This polymer was heterogeneous in size with an average sedimentation constant S20,w, of the most abundant fraction of 11.1. On drying from dilute solution in water, the polymer(s) showed extended linear fibrils or aggregates of such fibrils by transmission electron microscopy. The infrared spectrum resembled closely that of cellulose II. Preparations of the lyophilized polymer were amorphous by X-ray diffraction. Composition and structure of the polymer were established by enzymatic digestion, acid hydrolysis before paper chromatography, and methylation followed by gas-liquid chromatography. Glucose was the only component of the polymer. There were few, if any, alpha 1 leads to 4 linkages between glucose residues. The polymer(s) is a linear chain of glucose units linked beta 1 leads to 4 with single glucose residues as branches at position 2 of every third glucose on the average. The possibility that this branched glucose polymer is an intermediate in cellulose biosynthesis is examined."}
{"id": "PMID:912598", "title": "Discrete electrophoretic products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in the Chinese hamster ovary cell line.", "content": "Mitochondrial proteins labelled with [35S]methionine for 1 h in whole Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in the presence of cycloheximide or emetine, known inhibitors of cytosolic protein synthesis, have been enumerated and characterized by their electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate slab gel electrophoresis. Ten distinct electrophoretic bands were observed. The components were relatively stable during a 2 h postlabelling period. The same 10 bands were also seen with the CHO cell line tsH1, labelled at 40 degrees C, a temperature at which cytosolic but not mitochondrial protein synthesis is inhibited in this cell line, and with isolated mitochondria labelled in the presence of cycloheximide. An 11th band was present when [3H]leucine but not [35S]methionine was used for labelling. The width of the major band suggested that it consists of two components making a total of at least 12 proteins synthesized in mitochondria. The molecular weights of these mitochondrial proteins ranged from 5000 to 50 000 and there was a sixfold difference in the relative molar amounts synthesized in a 1-h period in the presence of [3H]leucine or [35S]methionine. No differences in number or electrophoretic mobility of the mitochondrially synthesized proteins were found among the seven CHO cell lines examined. These results suggest the stability of the mitochondrial genome in the CHO cell line.", "contents": "Discrete electrophoretic products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in the Chinese hamster ovary cell line. Mitochondrial proteins labelled with [35S]methionine for 1 h in whole Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in the presence of cycloheximide or emetine, known inhibitors of cytosolic protein synthesis, have been enumerated and characterized by their electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate slab gel electrophoresis. Ten distinct electrophoretic bands were observed. The components were relatively stable during a 2 h postlabelling period. The same 10 bands were also seen with the CHO cell line tsH1, labelled at 40 degrees C, a temperature at which cytosolic but not mitochondrial protein synthesis is inhibited in this cell line, and with isolated mitochondria labelled in the presence of cycloheximide. An 11th band was present when [3H]leucine but not [35S]methionine was used for labelling. The width of the major band suggested that it consists of two components making a total of at least 12 proteins synthesized in mitochondria. The molecular weights of these mitochondrial proteins ranged from 5000 to 50 000 and there was a sixfold difference in the relative molar amounts synthesized in a 1-h period in the presence of [3H]leucine or [35S]methionine. No differences in number or electrophoretic mobility of the mitochondrially synthesized proteins were found among the seven CHO cell lines examined. These results suggest the stability of the mitochondrial genome in the CHO cell line."}
{"id": "PMID:912599", "title": "Preferential in vivo accumulation of sn-2,3-diacylglycerols in postheparin plasma of rats.", "content": "The stereochemical course of in vivo hydrolysis of triacylglycerols by lipoprotein lipase was investigated by determining the structure of diacylglycerol intermediates in postheparin plasma of rats which had been fed [3H]glycerol-labeled Intralipid 2 h before an injection of heparin or had been given an injection of a mixture of [3H]glycerol-Intralipid and heparin. During the clearance of both the natural chylomicrons and the artificial emulsion, sn-2,3-diacylglycerols (60-80%) were found to be the dominant enantiomers. Similar results were obtained when the contribution of the hepatic lipase was altered, either by tying off the mesentery artery and portal vein before injection of heparin, or by injection of heparin directly into the portal vein. These findings are consistent with a preferential release of the acyl group from the sn-1 position of the triacylglycerol molecule as demonstrated previously in vitro. A preferential orientation of the substrate in the enzyme-substrate complex or at the oil-water interface is discussed as a possible basis for these effects.", "contents": "Preferential in vivo accumulation of sn-2,3-diacylglycerols in postheparin plasma of rats. The stereochemical course of in vivo hydrolysis of triacylglycerols by lipoprotein lipase was investigated by determining the structure of diacylglycerol intermediates in postheparin plasma of rats which had been fed [3H]glycerol-labeled Intralipid 2 h before an injection of heparin or had been given an injection of a mixture of [3H]glycerol-Intralipid and heparin. During the clearance of both the natural chylomicrons and the artificial emulsion, sn-2,3-diacylglycerols (60-80%) were found to be the dominant enantiomers. Similar results were obtained when the contribution of the hepatic lipase was altered, either by tying off the mesentery artery and portal vein before injection of heparin, or by injection of heparin directly into the portal vein. These findings are consistent with a preferential release of the acyl group from the sn-1 position of the triacylglycerol molecule as demonstrated previously in vitro. A preferential orientation of the substrate in the enzyme-substrate complex or at the oil-water interface is discussed as a possible basis for these effects."}
{"id": "PMID:912600", "title": "Biosynthesis of chlorophyll b.", "content": "Using [14C]chlorophyll a derived from a mutant of wheat lacking chlorophyll b, spinach thylakoids from very young leaves and cucumber thylakoids of irradiated, etiolated cotyledons convert chlorophyll a to b with apparent yields of 19% and 5%, respectively.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of chlorophyll b. Using [14C]chlorophyll a derived from a mutant of wheat lacking chlorophyll b, spinach thylakoids from very young leaves and cucumber thylakoids of irradiated, etiolated cotyledons convert chlorophyll a to b with apparent yields of 19% and 5%, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:912601", "title": "[Kinetics of transcutaneous penetration and fixation of 3-propoxy-17-methoxyestradiol and estradiol in various rat tissues].", "content": "The transcutaneous penetration of 3-propyl ether, 17-methyl ether oestradiol (POM) occurs by a diffusion phenomenon and does not seem to be modulated by a cutaneous receptor as it is the case for oestradiol. After transcutaneous administration of POM and oestradiol, a comparison of the kinetics of uptake on the uterus and of uterotrophic effects, as well as an analysis of radioactivity taken up by a partition method between petroleum ether and sodium hydroxide, indicates that cleavage of both ether groups of POM occurs leading to estradiol. It is likely that this de-etherification takes place in the liver after a period of quiescence. The lipophilic nature of POM allows an obvious uptake by the aorta and a very significant uptake by the adipose tissue. The etherification of the alcohol functions of oestradiol allows an adequate protection of the hormone against hepatic catabolism. This may explain, along with the release of metabolites taken up by the adipose tissue, that POM is bound to a greater extent than oestradiol by various tissues.", "contents": "[Kinetics of transcutaneous penetration and fixation of 3-propoxy-17-methoxyestradiol and estradiol in various rat tissues]. The transcutaneous penetration of 3-propyl ether, 17-methyl ether oestradiol (POM) occurs by a diffusion phenomenon and does not seem to be modulated by a cutaneous receptor as it is the case for oestradiol. After transcutaneous administration of POM and oestradiol, a comparison of the kinetics of uptake on the uterus and of uterotrophic effects, as well as an analysis of radioactivity taken up by a partition method between petroleum ether and sodium hydroxide, indicates that cleavage of both ether groups of POM occurs leading to estradiol. It is likely that this de-etherification takes place in the liver after a period of quiescence. The lipophilic nature of POM allows an obvious uptake by the aorta and a very significant uptake by the adipose tissue. The etherification of the alcohol functions of oestradiol allows an adequate protection of the hormone against hepatic catabolism. This may explain, along with the release of metabolites taken up by the adipose tissue, that POM is bound to a greater extent than oestradiol by various tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:912602", "title": "In vivo studies on the conversion of m-tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the rat.", "content": "The question whether m-tyrosine can give rise to catechols in vivo has been investigated using labelled precursor. DL-[2-14C]m-tyrosine (38 muCi/mmol (1 Ci = 37 GBq)) was synthesized from [2-14C]glycine. Radioactive catechols in rat brain, liver, and kidneys were examined 15 min after intraperitoneal administration of DL-[2-14C]m-tyrosine (100 mg/kg). The kidney was the only organ which showed demonstrable amounts of radioactive catechols, and about 14% of the catechols formed was identified as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), 22% as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 56% as dopamine. However, when the animals were pretreated with dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, labelled catechols were also observed in liver and brain, and dopa accounted for over 95% of the catechols formed in all three organs examined. Thus it is clear that m-tyrosine can by hydroxylated in vivo. Results from experiments using [2-14C]m-tyrosine enantiomers and specific enzyme inhibitors suggest that phenylalanine hydroxylase could be the enzyme catalyzing this reaction.", "contents": "In vivo studies on the conversion of m-tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the rat. The question whether m-tyrosine can give rise to catechols in vivo has been investigated using labelled precursor. DL-[2-14C]m-tyrosine (38 muCi/mmol (1 Ci = 37 GBq)) was synthesized from [2-14C]glycine. Radioactive catechols in rat brain, liver, and kidneys were examined 15 min after intraperitoneal administration of DL-[2-14C]m-tyrosine (100 mg/kg). The kidney was the only organ which showed demonstrable amounts of radioactive catechols, and about 14% of the catechols formed was identified as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), 22% as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 56% as dopamine. However, when the animals were pretreated with dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, labelled catechols were also observed in liver and brain, and dopa accounted for over 95% of the catechols formed in all three organs examined. Thus it is clear that m-tyrosine can by hydroxylated in vivo. Results from experiments using [2-14C]m-tyrosine enantiomers and specific enzyme inhibitors suggest that phenylalanine hydroxylase could be the enzyme catalyzing this reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:912603", "title": "Solubilization and partial purification of particulate catechol-O-methyltransferase from rat liver.", "content": "Particulate catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) from rat liver has been solubilized by acetone treatment and partially purified. Results from the present study demonstrate that the solubilized, partially purified enzyme is similar to the cytosol COMT with respect to molecular weight, pH profile, sensitivity toward inhibitors, Mg2+ requirement, and substrate affinities. However, a comparison of the crude particulate COMT and the solubilized enzyme shows that there is a significant difference in their affinity for catechol substrates. This finding suggests that membrane protein and (or) lipid components may play an important role in catecholamine metabolism. The relationship of particulate COMT to [3H]norepinephrine binding was investigated. No correlation between the COMT and [3H]norepinephrine binding activities was observed in vitro.", "contents": "Solubilization and partial purification of particulate catechol-O-methyltransferase from rat liver. Particulate catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) from rat liver has been solubilized by acetone treatment and partially purified. Results from the present study demonstrate that the solubilized, partially purified enzyme is similar to the cytosol COMT with respect to molecular weight, pH profile, sensitivity toward inhibitors, Mg2+ requirement, and substrate affinities. However, a comparison of the crude particulate COMT and the solubilized enzyme shows that there is a significant difference in their affinity for catechol substrates. This finding suggests that membrane protein and (or) lipid components may play an important role in catecholamine metabolism. The relationship of particulate COMT to [3H]norepinephrine binding was investigated. No correlation between the COMT and [3H]norepinephrine binding activities was observed in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:912604", "title": "Inhibition of nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from mouse ascites tumors and liver by glycerol.", "content": "Nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were isolated from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, TA3 ascites adenocarcinoma, and mouse liver and tested for inhibition by glycerol. The results confirm the finding of Smith and Duerksen ((1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 916-923) that glycerol may inhibit nuclear RNA polymerase II, but because different grades of glycerol inhibited mouse liver RNA polymerase IIa to different extents, it is suggested that an inhibitory contaminant is present. RNA polymerases IIa and IIb from the two tumors and mouse liver were proportionately inhibited by A.C.S. reagent-grade glycerol at concentrations above 10%. RNA polymerase Ia from liver and the TA3 tumor was not inhibited by any concentration of glycerol tested (2-32.3%), but RNA polymerase Ia from Ehrlich carcinoma was inhibited by glycerol concentrations above 16%.", "contents": "Inhibition of nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from mouse ascites tumors and liver by glycerol. Nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were isolated from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, TA3 ascites adenocarcinoma, and mouse liver and tested for inhibition by glycerol. The results confirm the finding of Smith and Duerksen ((1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 916-923) that glycerol may inhibit nuclear RNA polymerase II, but because different grades of glycerol inhibited mouse liver RNA polymerase IIa to different extents, it is suggested that an inhibitory contaminant is present. RNA polymerases IIa and IIb from the two tumors and mouse liver were proportionately inhibited by A.C.S. reagent-grade glycerol at concentrations above 10%. RNA polymerase Ia from liver and the TA3 tumor was not inhibited by any concentration of glycerol tested (2-32.3%), but RNA polymerase Ia from Ehrlich carcinoma was inhibited by glycerol concentrations above 16%."}
{"id": "PMID:912615", "title": "Estimation of gestational age from study of amniotic fluid and clinical assessment.", "content": "Study of 108 samples of amniotic fluid obtained between 28 and 42 weeks' gestation from 101 patients revealed that in normal pregnancies the creatinine concentration, lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and percentage of fat cells correlated better with the gestational age of the newborn--assessed by clinical criteria--than did the bilirubin and sodium concentrations. A creatinine concentration of 1.75 mg/dL or more, an L/S ratio of 4 or more and a fat cell percentage of 10 or more correlated significantly with a gestational age of 37 weeks or more. In abnormal pregnancies (those with obstetric or medical complications, or both) the mean creatinine concentration in the amniotic fluid was significantly less than expected for gestational age in fetal dysmaturity and greater than expected when the mother had diabetes. The mean L/S ratio in the amniotic fluid was elevated when the mother had hypertension or smoked and in cases of fetal dysmaturity or long interval between rupture of the membranes and delivery, whereas it was significantly lower than normal when the mother had diabetes. The mean bilirubin concentration in the amniotic fluid was significantly lower than normal when the mother had hypertension. When the mother had diabetes, maturity of the fetal lung, liver, skin and brain appeared to be delayed, according to the values for the amniotic fluid constituents.", "contents": "Estimation of gestational age from study of amniotic fluid and clinical assessment. Study of 108 samples of amniotic fluid obtained between 28 and 42 weeks' gestation from 101 patients revealed that in normal pregnancies the creatinine concentration, lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and percentage of fat cells correlated better with the gestational age of the newborn--assessed by clinical criteria--than did the bilirubin and sodium concentrations. A creatinine concentration of 1.75 mg/dL or more, an L/S ratio of 4 or more and a fat cell percentage of 10 or more correlated significantly with a gestational age of 37 weeks or more. In abnormal pregnancies (those with obstetric or medical complications, or both) the mean creatinine concentration in the amniotic fluid was significantly less than expected for gestational age in fetal dysmaturity and greater than expected when the mother had diabetes. The mean L/S ratio in the amniotic fluid was elevated when the mother had hypertension or smoked and in cases of fetal dysmaturity or long interval between rupture of the membranes and delivery, whereas it was significantly lower than normal when the mother had diabetes. The mean bilirubin concentration in the amniotic fluid was significantly lower than normal when the mother had hypertension. When the mother had diabetes, maturity of the fetal lung, liver, skin and brain appeared to be delayed, according to the values for the amniotic fluid constituents."}
{"id": "PMID:912616", "title": "A survey of two cohorts of women who graduated from a Canadian medical school.", "content": "The careers of 71 women who graduated in medicine from the University of Western Ontario between 1961 and 1970 are compared with those of 84 women who graduated from the same university between 1924 and 1958. In both cohorts approximately 65% were working full time. Fewer members of the 1961-70 cohort were doing no medical work and more were working part time.", "contents": "A survey of two cohorts of women who graduated from a Canadian medical school. The careers of 71 women who graduated in medicine from the University of Western Ontario between 1961 and 1970 are compared with those of 84 women who graduated from the same university between 1924 and 1958. In both cohorts approximately 65% were working full time. Fewer members of the 1961-70 cohort were doing no medical work and more were working part time."}
{"id": "PMID:912617", "title": "Clinical significance of a high mean corpuscular volume in nonanemic patients.", "content": "A prospective study of the clinical significance of macrocytosis (mean corpuscular volume 100 fL or more) was carried out for 9 months in a teaching hospital in 1975. Of the 140 patients with macrocytosis at the time of admission (0l7% of all hospital admissions) 46 (33%) had low activity of serum or erythrocyte folate, or both, and 16 (11%) had low serum vitamin B12 concentrations. Among the 78 patients with normal B12 and folate values the most commonly associated significant clinical conditions were alcoholism or hepatic disease (36 patients), malignant disease or the effects of chemotherapy (25 patients) and chronic obstructive lung disease (10 patients).", "contents": "Clinical significance of a high mean corpuscular volume in nonanemic patients. A prospective study of the clinical significance of macrocytosis (mean corpuscular volume 100 fL or more) was carried out for 9 months in a teaching hospital in 1975. Of the 140 patients with macrocytosis at the time of admission (0l7% of all hospital admissions) 46 (33%) had low activity of serum or erythrocyte folate, or both, and 16 (11%) had low serum vitamin B12 concentrations. Among the 78 patients with normal B12 and folate values the most commonly associated significant clinical conditions were alcoholism or hepatic disease (36 patients), malignant disease or the effects of chemotherapy (25 patients) and chronic obstructive lung disease (10 patients)."}
{"id": "PMID:912618", "title": "Infection of the skin by Mycobacterium marinum: report of five cases.", "content": "Five patients 6 to 47 years of age had bacteriologically confirmed Mycobacterium marinum infections of the skin. In four patients the initial lesions were chancriform and were on a finger or a hand; ascending lymphadenitis followed. The other patient had nodular inflammatory lesions on one cheek. Biopsies were performed in four patients; all specimens showed a granuloma, and acid-fast bacilli were identified in one of the four. Four of the five patients were untreated; the fifth was given antituberculous drugs. In all five patients the condition was chronic, with progressive resolution of the lesions during follow-up periods of 1 to 6 years. M. marinum infections of the skin are rare in Canada. This may be due in part of lack of clinical awareness or failure to identify the organism. Biopsy specimens should be obtained under sterile conditions and nondigested material should be inoculated into the footpads of mice.", "contents": "Infection of the skin by Mycobacterium marinum: report of five cases. Five patients 6 to 47 years of age had bacteriologically confirmed Mycobacterium marinum infections of the skin. In four patients the initial lesions were chancriform and were on a finger or a hand; ascending lymphadenitis followed. The other patient had nodular inflammatory lesions on one cheek. Biopsies were performed in four patients; all specimens showed a granuloma, and acid-fast bacilli were identified in one of the four. Four of the five patients were untreated; the fifth was given antituberculous drugs. In all five patients the condition was chronic, with progressive resolution of the lesions during follow-up periods of 1 to 6 years. M. marinum infections of the skin are rare in Canada. This may be due in part of lack of clinical awareness or failure to identify the organism. Biopsy specimens should be obtained under sterile conditions and nondigested material should be inoculated into the footpads of mice."}
{"id": "PMID:912625", "title": "Ambulant management of patients with recent myocardial infarction.", "content": "Thirty-two patients who had remained ambulant and active after suffering an acute myocardial infarction were observed for 6 months. Complications were present initially in 11 but proved transient. One patient died of a new coronary thrombosis 15 weeks after the initial episode. There were no recurrences among the 31 surviving patients. After the 6 months all but two patients were as well as before the attack; 21 were free of symptoms and there was no undue incidence of objective findings that could be attributed to failure to rest after the attack. It is therefore concluded that, for patients who suffer an acute myocardial infarction, immediate diagnosis and admission to a coronary care unit need not be equated invariably with immobilization in bed. Our experience suggests that selected patients can be allowed moderate activity without ill effects and thus avoid the undesirable consequences of enforced bed rest.", "contents": "Ambulant management of patients with recent myocardial infarction. Thirty-two patients who had remained ambulant and active after suffering an acute myocardial infarction were observed for 6 months. Complications were present initially in 11 but proved transient. One patient died of a new coronary thrombosis 15 weeks after the initial episode. There were no recurrences among the 31 surviving patients. After the 6 months all but two patients were as well as before the attack; 21 were free of symptoms and there was no undue incidence of objective findings that could be attributed to failure to rest after the attack. It is therefore concluded that, for patients who suffer an acute myocardial infarction, immediate diagnosis and admission to a coronary care unit need not be equated invariably with immobilization in bed. Our experience suggests that selected patients can be allowed moderate activity without ill effects and thus avoid the undesirable consequences of enforced bed rest."}
{"id": "PMID:912626", "title": "Normative standards of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in Canadians of working age.", "content": "Fasting plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined for 6407 working Canadian adults aged 20 to 69 years in Toronto and Hamilton. Means, medians and 5th and 95th percentiles were ascertained from the data for men, women taking oral contraceptives or estrogen preparations, and women not taking such medication. Mean plasma cholesterol values (mg/dL) ranged in men from 168.3 at ages 20 to 24 years to 211.5 at ages 45 to 49 years, and in women using hormone preparations from 180.3 at ages 20 to 24 years to 224.2 at ages 50 to 54 years; corresponding values in women not using these preparations were 164.9 and 220.6. Plasma triglyceride means (mg/dL) ranged in men from 108.7 at ages 20 to 24 years to 166.7 at ages 40 to 44 years, in women using hormone preparations from 115.4 at ages 20 to 24 years to 145.3 at ages 45 to 59 years, and in women not using these preparations from 77.5 at ages 20 to 24 years to 112.4 at ages 50 to 54 years.", "contents": "Normative standards of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in Canadians of working age. Fasting plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined for 6407 working Canadian adults aged 20 to 69 years in Toronto and Hamilton. Means, medians and 5th and 95th percentiles were ascertained from the data for men, women taking oral contraceptives or estrogen preparations, and women not taking such medication. Mean plasma cholesterol values (mg/dL) ranged in men from 168.3 at ages 20 to 24 years to 211.5 at ages 45 to 49 years, and in women using hormone preparations from 180.3 at ages 20 to 24 years to 224.2 at ages 50 to 54 years; corresponding values in women not using these preparations were 164.9 and 220.6. Plasma triglyceride means (mg/dL) ranged in men from 108.7 at ages 20 to 24 years to 166.7 at ages 40 to 44 years, in women using hormone preparations from 115.4 at ages 20 to 24 years to 145.3 at ages 45 to 59 years, and in women not using these preparations from 77.5 at ages 20 to 24 years to 112.4 at ages 50 to 54 years."}
{"id": "PMID:912627", "title": "Cervical cytology screening: experience of a general hospital.", "content": "At Henderson General Hospital, Hamilton, a program was introduced whereby cervical smears were taken routinely for cytologic study from all women admitted aged 17 years or older. The procedure was performed by a specially trained nurse. In a 5-year period 53% of eligible patients were screened. Of these, 32% had not had a cervical smear taken before. In 7681 smears nine instances of invasive disease were discovered: three of the cervix, three of the endometrium and three metastatic. There were 20 cases of carcinoma in situ and 2 of severe dysplasia. Evidence of infection was present in a high percentage of the smears. Hospital admission affords an excellent opportunity of applying this valuable screening procedure.", "contents": "Cervical cytology screening: experience of a general hospital. At Henderson General Hospital, Hamilton, a program was introduced whereby cervical smears were taken routinely for cytologic study from all women admitted aged 17 years or older. The procedure was performed by a specially trained nurse. In a 5-year period 53% of eligible patients were screened. Of these, 32% had not had a cervical smear taken before. In 7681 smears nine instances of invasive disease were discovered: three of the cervix, three of the endometrium and three metastatic. There were 20 cases of carcinoma in situ and 2 of severe dysplasia. Evidence of infection was present in a high percentage of the smears. Hospital admission affords an excellent opportunity of applying this valuable screening procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:912628", "title": "Prognosis in anorexia nervosa as influenced by clinical features, treatment and self-perception.", "content": "The use of behaviour modification in the treatment of anorexia nervosa has been controversial and has not undergone controlled studies. An investigation of 42 patients with anorexia nervosa treated a mean of 31.7 months earlier was conducted to determine factors related to prognosis. The three areas studied were (a) clinical features, (b) treatment (behaviour modification versus medical and psychologic therapy) and (c) self-perception (with a distorting photographic technique). Clinical outcome was assessed as \"excellent\" in 7, \"much improved\" in 14, \"symptomatic\" in 13 and \"poor\" In 8. Analysis of variance showed that vomiting (P less than 0.01), bulimia (P less than 0.01), poor educational/vocational adjustment (P less than 0.01) and higher global clinical score (P less than 0.001) were associated with a poor prognosis. There were no differences at follow-up between patients treated by behaviour modification and those treated by other methods; the data suggest that behaviour modification, while not harmful, does not provide long-term benefits. Self-estimates of body size were highly predictive of outcome (P less than 0.002); all patients with a poor outcome overestimated their size. Patients with only marginal improvement might be helped by treatment directed to self-perceptual disturbances.", "contents": "Prognosis in anorexia nervosa as influenced by clinical features, treatment and self-perception. The use of behaviour modification in the treatment of anorexia nervosa has been controversial and has not undergone controlled studies. An investigation of 42 patients with anorexia nervosa treated a mean of 31.7 months earlier was conducted to determine factors related to prognosis. The three areas studied were (a) clinical features, (b) treatment (behaviour modification versus medical and psychologic therapy) and (c) self-perception (with a distorting photographic technique). Clinical outcome was assessed as \"excellent\" in 7, \"much improved\" in 14, \"symptomatic\" in 13 and \"poor\" In 8. Analysis of variance showed that vomiting (P less than 0.01), bulimia (P less than 0.01), poor educational/vocational adjustment (P less than 0.01) and higher global clinical score (P less than 0.001) were associated with a poor prognosis. There were no differences at follow-up between patients treated by behaviour modification and those treated by other methods; the data suggest that behaviour modification, while not harmful, does not provide long-term benefits. Self-estimates of body size were highly predictive of outcome (P less than 0.002); all patients with a poor outcome overestimated their size. Patients with only marginal improvement might be helped by treatment directed to self-perceptual disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:912629", "title": "Obstructive jaundice due to a chlorinated hydrocarbon in breast milk.", "content": "A 6-week-old breast-fed infant had obstructive jaundice and hepatomegaly. When a dry-cleaning solvent, tetrachloroethylene, was detected in the mother's milk and blood, breast-feeding was discontinued. Rapid clinical and biochemical improvement followed. The child grew normally and had normal liver function during 2 years of follow-up.", "contents": "Obstructive jaundice due to a chlorinated hydrocarbon in breast milk. A 6-week-old breast-fed infant had obstructive jaundice and hepatomegaly. When a dry-cleaning solvent, tetrachloroethylene, was detected in the mother's milk and blood, breast-feeding was discontinued. Rapid clinical and biochemical improvement followed. The child grew normally and had normal liver function during 2 years of follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:912644", "title": "Chemotherapy of malignant histiocytosis in adults.", "content": "Malignant histiocytosis is a fulminant neoplasm resistent to single agent chemotherapy and resulting in death within 6 months. Sixteen patients have received chemotherapy for this disorder between 1965-1975 at Stanford. Nine patients responded to chemotherapy. Responders had a median survival of 23 months from onset of symptoms and a significantly longer survival than non-responders (p = 0.03). The most promising responses were in seven patients treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone. Five of the seven responded, with two of the five later relapsing and dying, two having equivocal evidence of disease while on chemotherapy for 6 and 9 months, and one free of disease for 17 months after completing 8 months of chemotherapy. Three patients had central nervous system (CNS) relapses, two during peripheral remission. One of these had control of CNS disease with brain irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate, but all three eventually died. It is hoped that with combination chemotherapy and prophylactic CNS treatment, long term disease-free survivals will be achieved.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of malignant histiocytosis in adults. Malignant histiocytosis is a fulminant neoplasm resistent to single agent chemotherapy and resulting in death within 6 months. Sixteen patients have received chemotherapy for this disorder between 1965-1975 at Stanford. Nine patients responded to chemotherapy. Responders had a median survival of 23 months from onset of symptoms and a significantly longer survival than non-responders (p = 0.03). The most promising responses were in seven patients treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone. Five of the seven responded, with two of the five later relapsing and dying, two having equivocal evidence of disease while on chemotherapy for 6 and 9 months, and one free of disease for 17 months after completing 8 months of chemotherapy. Three patients had central nervous system (CNS) relapses, two during peripheral remission. One of these had control of CNS disease with brain irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate, but all three eventually died. It is hoped that with combination chemotherapy and prophylactic CNS treatment, long term disease-free survivals will be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:912645", "title": "Infections in patients with malignant lymphoma treated with combination chemotherapy.", "content": "The records of 360 patients with malignant lymphoma treated with various forms of combination chemotherapy from 1966 to 1974 were reviewed. A total of 181 infections was found in 125 patients. The most frequent types of infection were pneumonia (31%), skin infections (17%), urinary tract infections (13%) and septicemia (11%). An etiologic organism was was identified in 133 infections (73%). The most common causative organisms were bacteria (77%), especially gram-negative bacilli. Viral infections accounted for 18% of the infections with 21 of the 24 being due to herpes zoster. These were more frequently found in patients with Hodgkin's disease (14/21) than in the other lymphomas. Among patients with Hodgkin's disease, 53% treated with COP developed infections compared to only 27% treated with MOPP (p = 0.039). Among patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, infections were more frequent in patients treated with Adriamycin containing combinations than with COP. Neutropenia (i.e. less than 1,000 neutrophils/mm3) was associated with 35% of infections in this study and was seen more often in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (p = 0.048).", "contents": "Infections in patients with malignant lymphoma treated with combination chemotherapy. The records of 360 patients with malignant lymphoma treated with various forms of combination chemotherapy from 1966 to 1974 were reviewed. A total of 181 infections was found in 125 patients. The most frequent types of infection were pneumonia (31%), skin infections (17%), urinary tract infections (13%) and septicemia (11%). An etiologic organism was was identified in 133 infections (73%). The most common causative organisms were bacteria (77%), especially gram-negative bacilli. Viral infections accounted for 18% of the infections with 21 of the 24 being due to herpes zoster. These were more frequently found in patients with Hodgkin's disease (14/21) than in the other lymphomas. Among patients with Hodgkin's disease, 53% treated with COP developed infections compared to only 27% treated with MOPP (p = 0.039). Among patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, infections were more frequent in patients treated with Adriamycin containing combinations than with COP. Neutropenia (i.e. less than 1,000 neutrophils/mm3) was associated with 35% of infections in this study and was seen more often in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (p = 0.048)."}
{"id": "PMID:912646", "title": "The ultrastructure of pulmonary hamartoma.", "content": "Ultrastructural and histochemical examination of chondromatous pulmonary hamartomas revealed the epithelial component to be comprised elements similar to those lining the distal bronchioles and the alveoli of adult lung. The stromal cells nearest the epithelium include a population resembling mature fibroblasts and a population of glycogen-containing, primitive appearing cells. More deeply situated stromal cells showed features of chrondroid differentiation.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of pulmonary hamartoma. Ultrastructural and histochemical examination of chondromatous pulmonary hamartomas revealed the epithelial component to be comprised elements similar to those lining the distal bronchioles and the alveoli of adult lung. The stromal cells nearest the epithelium include a population resembling mature fibroblasts and a population of glycogen-containing, primitive appearing cells. More deeply situated stromal cells showed features of chrondroid differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:912647", "title": "Tumor growth patterns in multiple myeloma.", "content": "Serial changes in tumor mass were evaluated in 61 patients with multiple myeloma who had received intermittent courses of melphalan-prednisone until death. The variations in the kinetics of tumor reduction and relapse could be explained by a mathematical model based on two cell populations, one sensitive to and one resistant to chemotherapy. For all responding patients, the median tumor halving-time was 1.3 months and the median doubling time was 2.9 months. The duration of a constant tumor mass during remission was brief in most patients. A larger fraction of resistant cells prior to therapy was associated with a slower tumor doubling-time during relapse. With a constant fractional reduction of sensitive cells and a tumor halving-time of one month or less, all cells sensitive to alkylating agents would be eliminated with 3 years of uninterrupted intermittent therapy.", "contents": "Tumor growth patterns in multiple myeloma. Serial changes in tumor mass were evaluated in 61 patients with multiple myeloma who had received intermittent courses of melphalan-prednisone until death. The variations in the kinetics of tumor reduction and relapse could be explained by a mathematical model based on two cell populations, one sensitive to and one resistant to chemotherapy. For all responding patients, the median tumor halving-time was 1.3 months and the median doubling time was 2.9 months. The duration of a constant tumor mass during remission was brief in most patients. A larger fraction of resistant cells prior to therapy was associated with a slower tumor doubling-time during relapse. With a constant fractional reduction of sensitive cells and a tumor halving-time of one month or less, all cells sensitive to alkylating agents would be eliminated with 3 years of uninterrupted intermittent therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:912648", "title": "On the histology of human seminoma: development of the solid tumor from intratubular seminoma cells.", "content": "Intratubular seminomas of the testis associated with solid tumors were studied by light and electron microscopy in order to obtain information about the earliest stage of emigration from the tubules and invasion of the interstitial space. Careful examination of numerous sections reveals that at this stage neoplastic cells protrude into evaginations of the tubule covered by basement membrance or directly invade that membrane. At the site of tumor cell emigration, the basement membrane is thickened and multilayered. Tumor cells devoid of basement membrane were found in the interstitium. Their transmigration through the basement membrane was never observed. Subsequent to the migration of seminoma cells the tubules are smaller in diameter and contain only Sertoli cells. From the observations described it is inferred that tumor cells in the interstitial tissue increase in number, form strands and lobules, and finally build up the solid tumor.", "contents": "On the histology of human seminoma: development of the solid tumor from intratubular seminoma cells. Intratubular seminomas of the testis associated with solid tumors were studied by light and electron microscopy in order to obtain information about the earliest stage of emigration from the tubules and invasion of the interstitial space. Careful examination of numerous sections reveals that at this stage neoplastic cells protrude into evaginations of the tubule covered by basement membrance or directly invade that membrane. At the site of tumor cell emigration, the basement membrane is thickened and multilayered. Tumor cells devoid of basement membrane were found in the interstitium. Their transmigration through the basement membrane was never observed. Subsequent to the migration of seminoma cells the tubules are smaller in diameter and contain only Sertoli cells. From the observations described it is inferred that tumor cells in the interstitial tissue increase in number, form strands and lobules, and finally build up the solid tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:912649", "title": "Metaplastic squamous cell carcinoma of bronchus simulating giant cell tumor of bone.", "content": "A 57-year-old man underwent a right pneumonectomy for a bronchogenic carcinoma following bronchoscopy and bronchial biopsy. The tumor was a polypoid mass arising from the lower lobe bronchus. Microscopically it was characterized by mononuclear cells mixed with randomly distributed multinucleated giant cells similar to those seen in giant-cell tumor of bone. Also found were portions showing typical squamous cell and spindle cell carcinoma. Based on the light and electron microscopic findings, we suggest that the current case represents a metaplastic squamous carcinoma showing mesenchymal cell differentiation. A hypothesis on the histogenesis of pleomorphic carcinomas was presented. The problems of histological diagnosis generated by such a tumor should be emphasized.", "contents": "Metaplastic squamous cell carcinoma of bronchus simulating giant cell tumor of bone. A 57-year-old man underwent a right pneumonectomy for a bronchogenic carcinoma following bronchoscopy and bronchial biopsy. The tumor was a polypoid mass arising from the lower lobe bronchus. Microscopically it was characterized by mononuclear cells mixed with randomly distributed multinucleated giant cells similar to those seen in giant-cell tumor of bone. Also found were portions showing typical squamous cell and spindle cell carcinoma. Based on the light and electron microscopic findings, we suggest that the current case represents a metaplastic squamous carcinoma showing mesenchymal cell differentiation. A hypothesis on the histogenesis of pleomorphic carcinomas was presented. The problems of histological diagnosis generated by such a tumor should be emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:912650", "title": "Alterations in plasma sialyltransferase levels in patients with neoplastic disease.", "content": "Levels of glycoprotein:sialyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.99.1; CMP-acetyl-neuraminate:D-galactosyl-glycoprotein N-acetylneuraminyl-transferase) were measured in plasma of patients with neoplastic disease, and were found elevated above normal control values in 85% of patients examined. There was a correlation between enzyme levels and course of disea-e in 46 of 57 patients studied serially during therapy. Plasma sialyltransferase may be a useful marker enzyme for monitoring effectiveness of therapeutic programs for disseminated neoplasms.", "contents": "Alterations in plasma sialyltransferase levels in patients with neoplastic disease. Levels of glycoprotein:sialyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.99.1; CMP-acetyl-neuraminate:D-galactosyl-glycoprotein N-acetylneuraminyl-transferase) were measured in plasma of patients with neoplastic disease, and were found elevated above normal control values in 85% of patients examined. There was a correlation between enzyme levels and course of disea-e in 46 of 57 patients studied serially during therapy. Plasma sialyltransferase may be a useful marker enzyme for monitoring effectiveness of therapeutic programs for disseminated neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:912651", "title": "Malignant lymphoma obscured by concomitant extensive epithelioid granulomas: report of three cases with similar clinicopathologic features.", "content": "Three similar cases are described of an unusual combination of malignant lymphoma and extensive non-necrotic granulomas. The three patients presented with prominent splenomegaly without peripheral lymphadenopathy. They had normal or moderately elevated lymphocyte counts, abnormal lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow, and abnormalities of serum immunoglobulins. The lymphoid tumor was difficult to recognize but it was best identified in abdominal lymph nodes, it was composed of small atypical lymphocytes proliferating in a vaguely nodular pattern. The presence of multiple epithelioid granulomas obscured the neoplastic proliferation in the spleens and misled or delayed the final interpretation of the malignant disease. Abdominal lymph nodes and liver also contained granulomas although to a lesser extent. Studies of the lymphocyte surface characteristics in one patient suggested that the neoplasm derived from a monoclonal proliferation of B cells. The relationship between the exuberant epithelioid granulomas and the underlying neoplastic lymphoid proliferation is not clear. Regardless of whether it represents a distinct clinicopathological entity, recognition of this remarkable association has important practical implications since the lesions may be erroneously interpreted by the pathologist.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma obscured by concomitant extensive epithelioid granulomas: report of three cases with similar clinicopathologic features. Three similar cases are described of an unusual combination of malignant lymphoma and extensive non-necrotic granulomas. The three patients presented with prominent splenomegaly without peripheral lymphadenopathy. They had normal or moderately elevated lymphocyte counts, abnormal lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow, and abnormalities of serum immunoglobulins. The lymphoid tumor was difficult to recognize but it was best identified in abdominal lymph nodes, it was composed of small atypical lymphocytes proliferating in a vaguely nodular pattern. The presence of multiple epithelioid granulomas obscured the neoplastic proliferation in the spleens and misled or delayed the final interpretation of the malignant disease. Abdominal lymph nodes and liver also contained granulomas although to a lesser extent. Studies of the lymphocyte surface characteristics in one patient suggested that the neoplasm derived from a monoclonal proliferation of B cells. The relationship between the exuberant epithelioid granulomas and the underlying neoplastic lymphoid proliferation is not clear. Regardless of whether it represents a distinct clinicopathological entity, recognition of this remarkable association has important practical implications since the lesions may be erroneously interpreted by the pathologist."}
{"id": "PMID:912652", "title": "The histologic spectrum, prognosis, and histogenesis of the sarcomatoid carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "A series of 12 cases of pancreatic carcinoma with sacroma-like transformation were studied. Four distinctive histologic types were identified: spindle cell carcinoma, malignant giant cell tumor, pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma, and round cell anaplastic carcinoma. The spindle cell carcinoma had a predominance of malignant spindle and undifferentiated cells. Hemorrhage and sarcomatoid stroma with abundant osteoclast-like giant cells were the features in the malignant giant cell tumor. The pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma was characterized by abundant malignant giant cells. The round cell anaplastic type was formed by monotonous sheaths of small, round, and plump cells with rare giant cells. The first three types are considered to be ductal in origin, whereas the fourth type is believed to arise from acinar or possibly insular tissue. The differential diagnosis includes various types of true sarcoma. Although the malignant giant cell tumor of the pancreas might have a better prognosis, the prognosis in the other three types does not differ significantly from that of the ordinary type of pancreatic carcinoma.", "contents": "The histologic spectrum, prognosis, and histogenesis of the sarcomatoid carcinoma of the pancreas. A series of 12 cases of pancreatic carcinoma with sacroma-like transformation were studied. Four distinctive histologic types were identified: spindle cell carcinoma, malignant giant cell tumor, pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma, and round cell anaplastic carcinoma. The spindle cell carcinoma had a predominance of malignant spindle and undifferentiated cells. Hemorrhage and sarcomatoid stroma with abundant osteoclast-like giant cells were the features in the malignant giant cell tumor. The pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma was characterized by abundant malignant giant cells. The round cell anaplastic type was formed by monotonous sheaths of small, round, and plump cells with rare giant cells. The first three types are considered to be ductal in origin, whereas the fourth type is believed to arise from acinar or possibly insular tissue. The differential diagnosis includes various types of true sarcoma. Although the malignant giant cell tumor of the pancreas might have a better prognosis, the prognosis in the other three types does not differ significantly from that of the ordinary type of pancreatic carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:912653", "title": "Cell cycle parameters in human colon: comparison between primary and recurrent adenocarcinomas, benign polyps and adjacent unaffected mucosa.", "content": "The duration of S phase and the labeling index were measured in adenocarcinomas, in polyps and in adjacent unaffected mucosa of a same patient. The in vitro double labeling technique was employed. The S phase duration in tumors was significantly longer than in unaffected mucosa and polyps. This agrees with previously reported data on human skin, colon and rectum and supports the suggestion that a long S phase might correlated with carcinogenesis. The labeling index in the mucosa adjacent to the tumors is higher than previously measured in normal tissue. Following colectomy however, the labeling index in unaffected mucosa and tumor was lower than prior to surgery. This suggests the disappearance of a systemic factor (in the colon?) which positively regulates the proliferative activity in the rectal and colonic musoca. The maintainance of a lengthened S phase duration in the recurrent tumor where L.I. is lowered, indicates that the proliferation rate and the S phase duration are regulated by separate control factors.", "contents": "Cell cycle parameters in human colon: comparison between primary and recurrent adenocarcinomas, benign polyps and adjacent unaffected mucosa. The duration of S phase and the labeling index were measured in adenocarcinomas, in polyps and in adjacent unaffected mucosa of a same patient. The in vitro double labeling technique was employed. The S phase duration in tumors was significantly longer than in unaffected mucosa and polyps. This agrees with previously reported data on human skin, colon and rectum and supports the suggestion that a long S phase might correlated with carcinogenesis. The labeling index in the mucosa adjacent to the tumors is higher than previously measured in normal tissue. Following colectomy however, the labeling index in unaffected mucosa and tumor was lower than prior to surgery. This suggests the disappearance of a systemic factor (in the colon?) which positively regulates the proliferative activity in the rectal and colonic musoca. The maintainance of a lengthened S phase duration in the recurrent tumor where L.I. is lowered, indicates that the proliferation rate and the S phase duration are regulated by separate control factors."}
{"id": "PMID:912654", "title": "Prognostic significance of vascular invasion in colorectal cancer of Dukes' B class.", "content": "To further characterize important prognostic factors in colorectal cancer of the Dukes' B class the pathologic material from 143 Dukes' B patients was reviewed for the presence of lymphatic and/or blood vessel invasion and correlated with the postoperative tumor-free interval and overall length of survival. In 27 patients with vascular invasion within the bowel wall, both the tumor-free interval and the overall survival time were not significantly different from the same parameters in 116 patients without vascular invasion (P = 0.28, P = 0.12 respectively). These data suggest that vascular invasion within the bowel wall per se is not an important prognostic factor among patients with colorectal cancer of the Dukes' B class.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of vascular invasion in colorectal cancer of Dukes' B class. To further characterize important prognostic factors in colorectal cancer of the Dukes' B class the pathologic material from 143 Dukes' B patients was reviewed for the presence of lymphatic and/or blood vessel invasion and correlated with the postoperative tumor-free interval and overall length of survival. In 27 patients with vascular invasion within the bowel wall, both the tumor-free interval and the overall survival time were not significantly different from the same parameters in 116 patients without vascular invasion (P = 0.28, P = 0.12 respectively). These data suggest that vascular invasion within the bowel wall per se is not an important prognostic factor among patients with colorectal cancer of the Dukes' B class."}
{"id": "PMID:912655", "title": "The frequency and distribution of mitotic figures in dysplasia and carcinoma in situ.", "content": "The frequency and topographical (i.e. vertical and lateral) distribution of mitotic figures in normal cervical epithelium as well as in various degrees of dysplasia and in carcinoma in situ, was studied in punch biopsies and in subsequent cone specimens from 40 patients. The frequency of cells in mitosis in the whole thickness of the epithelium increased step-wise from normal epithelium to slight-moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. A difference in the frequency of mitotic figures between slight and moderate dysplasia was recorded in the superficial cell layers of the epithelium. These findings, together with earlier reported differences in the frequency of DNA synthetizing cells between the various epithelial alterations support the validity of the histological classification of cervical atypias. Areas with mitosis alternated with areas without mitosis, supporting even here previous autoradiographical findings. The possible co-existence of proliferative and non-proliferative epithelial compartments in dysplasia and in carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix is suggested.", "contents": "The frequency and distribution of mitotic figures in dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. The frequency and topographical (i.e. vertical and lateral) distribution of mitotic figures in normal cervical epithelium as well as in various degrees of dysplasia and in carcinoma in situ, was studied in punch biopsies and in subsequent cone specimens from 40 patients. The frequency of cells in mitosis in the whole thickness of the epithelium increased step-wise from normal epithelium to slight-moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. A difference in the frequency of mitotic figures between slight and moderate dysplasia was recorded in the superficial cell layers of the epithelium. These findings, together with earlier reported differences in the frequency of DNA synthetizing cells between the various epithelial alterations support the validity of the histological classification of cervical atypias. Areas with mitosis alternated with areas without mitosis, supporting even here previous autoradiographical findings. The possible co-existence of proliferative and non-proliferative epithelial compartments in dysplasia and in carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:912656", "title": "Squamous carcinoma arising in benign cystic teratoma of the ovary: a report of four cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Four cases of squamous carcinoma arising in benign cystic teratoma of the ovary are presented, with a detailed correlation of clinical, operative and pathological findings with prognosis. Confinement of tumor to the ovary, with an intact ovarian capsule, is the most important prognostic factor since patients wih extracapsular extension succumb to their disease within 2 years. The literature dealing with this subject is reviewed.", "contents": "Squamous carcinoma arising in benign cystic teratoma of the ovary: a report of four cases and review of the literature. Four cases of squamous carcinoma arising in benign cystic teratoma of the ovary are presented, with a detailed correlation of clinical, operative and pathological findings with prognosis. Confinement of tumor to the ovary, with an intact ovarian capsule, is the most important prognostic factor since patients wih extracapsular extension succumb to their disease within 2 years. The literature dealing with this subject is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:912657", "title": "High dose irradiation to biopsy confirmed aortic node metastases from carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Twenty-one women with biopsy proven aortic node metastases from previously untreated carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with high dose irradiation to the pelvis and para-aortic areas. The majority received 6000 rads to the pelvis and para-aortic nodes by split course therapy plus 2500 rads by intracavitary radium to point A; 57.1% sustained severe complications to the stomach, small intestine or colon. Only 14.2% are surviving over 2 years free of recurrence. Though approximately 40% of women with Stages III and IV cervical cancer will have metastases to the para-aortic nodes, to date there is no satisfactory therapy that results in a significant number of such women surviving free of recurrent cervical cancer.", "contents": "High dose irradiation to biopsy confirmed aortic node metastases from carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Twenty-one women with biopsy proven aortic node metastases from previously untreated carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with high dose irradiation to the pelvis and para-aortic areas. The majority received 6000 rads to the pelvis and para-aortic nodes by split course therapy plus 2500 rads by intracavitary radium to point A; 57.1% sustained severe complications to the stomach, small intestine or colon. Only 14.2% are surviving over 2 years free of recurrence. Though approximately 40% of women with Stages III and IV cervical cancer will have metastases to the para-aortic nodes, to date there is no satisfactory therapy that results in a significant number of such women surviving free of recurrent cervical cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:912658", "title": "A cohort analysis of pancreatic cancer, 1939--1969.", "content": "Pancreatic cancer mortality in the United States was examined by cohort analysis for the period of 1939 to 1969. Birth cohorts at 5-year intervals were studied. White males and non-whites of both sexes showed a shift of the cohort mortality rate curves by age toward younger groups as birth cohorts went from 1870--1874 to 1900--1904. This shift disappeared in white males and diminished in non-whites of both sexes between the cohorts of 1890--1894 and 1900--1904. The shift in non-whites was larger than in white males so that although non-whites had lower rates than whites in earlier birth cohorts, their rates exceeded those of whites in the most recent cohort. In the search for environmental cause(s) of pancreatic cancer, exposure characteristics should be compatible with these observations.", "contents": "A cohort analysis of pancreatic cancer, 1939--1969. Pancreatic cancer mortality in the United States was examined by cohort analysis for the period of 1939 to 1969. Birth cohorts at 5-year intervals were studied. White males and non-whites of both sexes showed a shift of the cohort mortality rate curves by age toward younger groups as birth cohorts went from 1870--1874 to 1900--1904. This shift disappeared in white males and diminished in non-whites of both sexes between the cohorts of 1890--1894 and 1900--1904. The shift in non-whites was larger than in white males so that although non-whites had lower rates than whites in earlier birth cohorts, their rates exceeded those of whites in the most recent cohort. In the search for environmental cause(s) of pancreatic cancer, exposure characteristics should be compatible with these observations."}
{"id": "PMID:912661", "title": "Fibrous inflammatory polyps of the ileum and cecum: review of five cases with emphasis on differentiation from mesenchymal neoplasm.", "content": "Five case histories of patients with fibrous inflammatory polyps of the ileocecum are reported. Clinical impression in all five cases was that these tumefactions represented gastrointestinal malignancies. Gross pathologic examination revealed polypoid intramural growths ranging from 2.5 to 7.0 cm in greatest dimension. Transmural desmoplasia through the bowel wall into subserosal fat was initially thought to be indicative of neoplastic invasion. Microscopic evaluation revealed a fibroblastic and vascular proliferative process. Pseudosarcomatous changes were identified in cellular fibroblastic areas with plemorphism and mitotic activity. The manner of dissection among bundles of muscularis mucosae and muscularis propria suggests an inflammatory process as opposed to the pushing aside of whole large muscle bundles as seen in mesenchymal neoplasms arising in bowel wall. All five patients experienced survival of 6 to 17 years following surgery. These lesions are thought by us to represent localized exuberant polypoid granulation tissue proliferations which simulate mesenchymal neoplasm.", "contents": "Fibrous inflammatory polyps of the ileum and cecum: review of five cases with emphasis on differentiation from mesenchymal neoplasm. Five case histories of patients with fibrous inflammatory polyps of the ileocecum are reported. Clinical impression in all five cases was that these tumefactions represented gastrointestinal malignancies. Gross pathologic examination revealed polypoid intramural growths ranging from 2.5 to 7.0 cm in greatest dimension. Transmural desmoplasia through the bowel wall into subserosal fat was initially thought to be indicative of neoplastic invasion. Microscopic evaluation revealed a fibroblastic and vascular proliferative process. Pseudosarcomatous changes were identified in cellular fibroblastic areas with plemorphism and mitotic activity. The manner of dissection among bundles of muscularis mucosae and muscularis propria suggests an inflammatory process as opposed to the pushing aside of whole large muscle bundles as seen in mesenchymal neoplasms arising in bowel wall. All five patients experienced survival of 6 to 17 years following surgery. These lesions are thought by us to represent localized exuberant polypoid granulation tissue proliferations which simulate mesenchymal neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:912662", "title": "Hemangiopericytoma of the bladder after polyvinyl alcohol exposure.", "content": "A patient with hemangiopericytoma of the bladder following intensive exposure to polyvinyl alcohol is reported. Some early studies on polymer carcinogenesis are reviewed and recent work on vinyl chloride as a mutagen and potent carcinogen is cited. The need for epidemiologic and animal studies of other monomers is presented.", "contents": "Hemangiopericytoma of the bladder after polyvinyl alcohol exposure. A patient with hemangiopericytoma of the bladder following intensive exposure to polyvinyl alcohol is reported. Some early studies on polymer carcinogenesis are reviewed and recent work on vinyl chloride as a mutagen and potent carcinogen is cited. The need for epidemiologic and animal studies of other monomers is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:912664", "title": "Fever, neutropenia and malignancy: a clinical syndrome in evolution.", "content": "During a 12-month period, 43 consecutive episodes of new fever in neutropenic cancer patients were evaluated. A two-drug combination of cephalothin, gentamicin or carbenicillin was used empirically for each episode. Overall mortality for this series was 28%. Microbiologic documentation of infection occurred in only nine of 43 episodes but a probable site of infection was observed in 14 others. The lungs were the most common site of infection and pneumonia was associated with a 100% fatal outcome. Despite the large number of febrile episodes with no infectious isolates, response to empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics was common (n = 23) and was associated with 4% mortality compared to 55% mortality in episodes with no response. Superinfection occurred only in patients treated with antibiotics longer than 7 days (4 of 30). Bone marrow recovery was associated with lower mortality but was not essential for survival. The routine use  of empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics for all unexplained febrile episodes in neutropenic cancer patients has led to an increased frequency of culture-negative episodes. Care must be taken to avoid over-use of these empiric drugs.", "contents": "Fever, neutropenia and malignancy: a clinical syndrome in evolution. During a 12-month period, 43 consecutive episodes of new fever in neutropenic cancer patients were evaluated. A two-drug combination of cephalothin, gentamicin or carbenicillin was used empirically for each episode. Overall mortality for this series was 28%. Microbiologic documentation of infection occurred in only nine of 43 episodes but a probable site of infection was observed in 14 others. The lungs were the most common site of infection and pneumonia was associated with a 100% fatal outcome. Despite the large number of febrile episodes with no infectious isolates, response to empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics was common (n = 23) and was associated with 4% mortality compared to 55% mortality in episodes with no response. Superinfection occurred only in patients treated with antibiotics longer than 7 days (4 of 30). Bone marrow recovery was associated with lower mortality but was not essential for survival. The routine use  of empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics for all unexplained febrile episodes in neutropenic cancer patients has led to an increased frequency of culture-negative episodes. Care must be taken to avoid over-use of these empiric drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:912665", "title": "Giant-cell tumor of vertebrae above the sacrum: a review of 31 cases.", "content": "A study of 31 cases of giant-cell tumor of vertebrae above the sacrum indicates that this unusual diagnosis is sometimes appropriate. Several entities, especially aneurysmal bone cyst and osteoblastoma, should be considered in the diffferential diagnosis. Evidence indicates that excision, sometimes with ancillary irradiation, provides a better chance for cure than would be expected with giant-cell tumor in other sites--sites where recurrent, generally large tumors develop in nearly half of the cases. Giant-cell tumors of vertebrae may affect vertebral bodies or arches and may cause irreversible damage to the spinal cord or to the emerging roots.", "contents": "Giant-cell tumor of vertebrae above the sacrum: a review of 31 cases. A study of 31 cases of giant-cell tumor of vertebrae above the sacrum indicates that this unusual diagnosis is sometimes appropriate. Several entities, especially aneurysmal bone cyst and osteoblastoma, should be considered in the diffferential diagnosis. Evidence indicates that excision, sometimes with ancillary irradiation, provides a better chance for cure than would be expected with giant-cell tumor in other sites--sites where recurrent, generally large tumors develop in nearly half of the cases. Giant-cell tumors of vertebrae may affect vertebral bodies or arches and may cause irreversible damage to the spinal cord or to the emerging roots."}
{"id": "PMID:912672", "title": "1H-N.M.R., 13C-N.M.R., and mass spectra of glucosinolates and related compounds.", "content": "The mass spectra of per(trimethylsilyl) ethers of desulfated glucosinolates are dominated by ions derived from the glucose moiety. The ions at m/e 271 and 361 are much more abundant than in the spectra shown by the corresponding derivatives of hexoses and their simple glycosides. The individual glucosinolates are distinguished by a few ions originating from their respective aglycon groups. The 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectra of sinigrin and some closely related compounds have been analyzed.", "contents": "1H-N.M.R., 13C-N.M.R., and mass spectra of glucosinolates and related compounds. The mass spectra of per(trimethylsilyl) ethers of desulfated glucosinolates are dominated by ions derived from the glucose moiety. The ions at m/e 271 and 361 are much more abundant than in the spectra shown by the corresponding derivatives of hexoses and their simple glycosides. The individual glucosinolates are distinguished by a few ions originating from their respective aglycon groups. The 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectra of sinigrin and some closely related compounds have been analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:912673", "title": "Photochemical conversion of sugar dimethylthiocarbamates into deoxy sugars.", "content": "Protected sugar derivatives having one free hydroxyl group may be deoxygenated at the alcoholic position by ultraviolet irradiation of the corresponding dimethylthiocarbamic esters; a concomitant process leads also to the original alcohol. Thus, on photolysis, the 6-dimethylthiocarbamate (1) of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-galactopyranose (3) gives 6-deoxy-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-galactopyranose (2) together with 3. Likewise, the 4-dimethylthiocarbamate (6) of 1,6-anhydro-2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-mannopyranose (8) gives a mixture of the 4-deoxy derivative 7 and the alcohol 8. 3-Deoxy-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-ribo-hexofuranose (10) was obtained by irradiation of 3-O-(dimethylthiocarbamoyl)-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose (9), and was accompanied by 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose (11). The 3-deoxy-3-iodo analog (14) of 11 underwent conversion into 10 by photolysis, and the deoxy sugar 10 was also prepared from 3,3'-dithiobis(1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose) (12) by the action of Raney nickel. Photolysis of the 2-dimethylthiocarbamate (16) of methyl 3,4-O-isopropylidene-beta-L-arabinopyranoside (18 gave the 2-deoxy derivative (17), together with the parent alcohol 18, and the same pair of products was obtained by the action of tributylstannane on the 2-(methylthio)thiocarbonyl derivative (19) of 18, although the dimethylthiocarbamate 16 was unreactive toward tributylstannane.", "contents": "Photochemical conversion of sugar dimethylthiocarbamates into deoxy sugars. Protected sugar derivatives having one free hydroxyl group may be deoxygenated at the alcoholic position by ultraviolet irradiation of the corresponding dimethylthiocarbamic esters; a concomitant process leads also to the original alcohol. Thus, on photolysis, the 6-dimethylthiocarbamate (1) of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-galactopyranose (3) gives 6-deoxy-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-galactopyranose (2) together with 3. Likewise, the 4-dimethylthiocarbamate (6) of 1,6-anhydro-2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-mannopyranose (8) gives a mixture of the 4-deoxy derivative 7 and the alcohol 8. 3-Deoxy-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-ribo-hexofuranose (10) was obtained by irradiation of 3-O-(dimethylthiocarbamoyl)-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose (9), and was accompanied by 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose (11). The 3-deoxy-3-iodo analog (14) of 11 underwent conversion into 10 by photolysis, and the deoxy sugar 10 was also prepared from 3,3'-dithiobis(1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose) (12) by the action of Raney nickel. Photolysis of the 2-dimethylthiocarbamate (16) of methyl 3,4-O-isopropylidene-beta-L-arabinopyranoside (18 gave the 2-deoxy derivative (17), together with the parent alcohol 18, and the same pair of products was obtained by the action of tributylstannane on the 2-(methylthio)thiocarbonyl derivative (19) of 18, although the dimethylthiocarbamate 16 was unreactive toward tributylstannane."}
{"id": "PMID:912674", "title": "Preparation of 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-D-arabino-hexose hydrochloride and its N-trifluoroacetyl derivative.", "content": "Methyl 3-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-D-arabino-hexopyranoside (5) was converted by treatment with N-bromosuccinimide into the 4-O-benzoyl-6-bromo derivative 6. Reduction with Raney nickel followed by catalytic transesterification of the resultant 4-benzoate 7 afforded methyl 3-acetamido-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-D-arabino-hexopyranoside (8), which could readily be converted into the 4-acetate 11. N-Decetylation of 7 and subsequent acid hydrolysis furnished 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-D-arabino-hexose hydrochloride (9), the D enantiomorph of acosamine. The 3-benzamido analog (12) of 8 was prepared from 8 by N-deacetylation and subsequent benzoylation. Hydrolysis of 8 and 12 gave the 3-acetamido (10) and 3-benzamido (13) analogs of 9, which crystallized in the alpha anomeric form. 2,3,6-Trideoxy-3-trifluoro-acetamido-alpha-D-arabino-hexopyranose (15), a key intermediate for the synthesis of glycosidically coupled derivatives of 9, was obtained from 7 by saponification with barium hydroxide followed by N-trifluoracetylation of the resultant glycoside 14 and subsequent selective hydrolysis.", "contents": "Preparation of 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-D-arabino-hexose hydrochloride and its N-trifluoroacetyl derivative. Methyl 3-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-D-arabino-hexopyranoside (5) was converted by treatment with N-bromosuccinimide into the 4-O-benzoyl-6-bromo derivative 6. Reduction with Raney nickel followed by catalytic transesterification of the resultant 4-benzoate 7 afforded methyl 3-acetamido-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-D-arabino-hexopyranoside (8), which could readily be converted into the 4-acetate 11. N-Decetylation of 7 and subsequent acid hydrolysis furnished 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-D-arabino-hexose hydrochloride (9), the D enantiomorph of acosamine. The 3-benzamido analog (12) of 8 was prepared from 8 by N-deacetylation and subsequent benzoylation. Hydrolysis of 8 and 12 gave the 3-acetamido (10) and 3-benzamido (13) analogs of 9, which crystallized in the alpha anomeric form. 2,3,6-Trideoxy-3-trifluoro-acetamido-alpha-D-arabino-hexopyranose (15), a key intermediate for the synthesis of glycosidically coupled derivatives of 9, was obtained from 7 by saponification with barium hydroxide followed by N-trifluoracetylation of the resultant glycoside 14 and subsequent selective hydrolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:912675", "title": "Preparative syntheses of 2,6-dideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexose (2-deoxy-alpha-L-fucose) and its D-ribo epimer (digitoxose).", "content": "Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranoside (1) is converted into methyl 3,4-di-O-benzoyl-6-bromo-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranoside (3) via the 3-O-benzoyl derivative (2) of 1 by subsequent treatment with N-bromosuccinimide. Compound 3 is the key intermediate in high-yielding, preparative syntheses of the title dideoxy sugars, which are constituents of many antibiotics, Dehydrohalogenation of 3 affords the 5,6-unsaturated glycoside 7, which undergoes stereospecific reduction by hydrogen with net inversion at C-5 to give methyl 3,4-di-O-benzoyl-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside (8), whereas reductive dehalogenation of 3 provides the corresponding D-ribo derivative 4. The unprotected glycosides 9 (L-lyxo) and 5 (D-ribo) are readily obtained by catalytic transesterification, and mild, acid hydrolysis gives the crystalline title sugars 10 (L-lyxo) and 6 (D-ribo) in 45 and 57% overall yield from 1 without the necessity of chromatographic purification at any of the steps.", "contents": "Preparative syntheses of 2,6-dideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexose (2-deoxy-alpha-L-fucose) and its D-ribo epimer (digitoxose). Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranoside (1) is converted into methyl 3,4-di-O-benzoyl-6-bromo-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranoside (3) via the 3-O-benzoyl derivative (2) of 1 by subsequent treatment with N-bromosuccinimide. Compound 3 is the key intermediate in high-yielding, preparative syntheses of the title dideoxy sugars, which are constituents of many antibiotics, Dehydrohalogenation of 3 affords the 5,6-unsaturated glycoside 7, which undergoes stereospecific reduction by hydrogen with net inversion at C-5 to give methyl 3,4-di-O-benzoyl-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside (8), whereas reductive dehalogenation of 3 provides the corresponding D-ribo derivative 4. The unprotected glycosides 9 (L-lyxo) and 5 (D-ribo) are readily obtained by catalytic transesterification, and mild, acid hydrolysis gives the crystalline title sugars 10 (L-lyxo) and 6 (D-ribo) in 45 and 57% overall yield from 1 without the necessity of chromatographic purification at any of the steps."}
{"id": "PMID:912686", "title": "Determination (by methylation analysis) of the substitution pattern of 2-amino-2-deoxyhexitols obtained from O-glycosylic carbohydrate units of glycoproteins.", "content": "The derivatives obtained by permethylation of unsubstituted 2-amino-2-deoxy-hexitols and of these compounds monosubstituted at C-3, C-4, or C-6, and disubstituted at C-3 and C-6, have been analysed by g.l.c.-m.s. Each derivative can be identified on the basis of retention time and mass spectrum. In methylation analysis, methanolysis gave one derivative of each hexitol, whereas a mixture of products was formed when degradation was effected by acetolysis followed by hydrolysis. An application in the analysis of amino-sugar linkages in alkali-labile O-glycosylic oligosaccharides from rat-brain glycoproteins is described.", "contents": "Determination (by methylation analysis) of the substitution pattern of 2-amino-2-deoxyhexitols obtained from O-glycosylic carbohydrate units of glycoproteins. The derivatives obtained by permethylation of unsubstituted 2-amino-2-deoxy-hexitols and of these compounds monosubstituted at C-3, C-4, or C-6, and disubstituted at C-3 and C-6, have been analysed by g.l.c.-m.s. Each derivative can be identified on the basis of retention time and mass spectrum. In methylation analysis, methanolysis gave one derivative of each hexitol, whereas a mixture of products was formed when degradation was effected by acetolysis followed by hydrolysis. An application in the analysis of amino-sugar linkages in alkali-labile O-glycosylic oligosaccharides from rat-brain glycoproteins is described."}
{"id": "PMID:912687", "title": "Preparation of derivatives of L-idose and L-iduronic acid from 1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose by way of acetylenic intermediates.", "content": "The products (1) from the periodate oxidation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose were converted by ethynylmagnesium bromide into a separable, 14:11 mixture of 6,7-dideoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-beta-L-ido-hept-6-ynofuranose (2) and its alpha-D-gluco analog 3. These crystalline products were further characterized as their respective 3,5-diacetates (5 and 7) and 3,5-dibenzoates (4 and 6). Ozonolysis of 2 and 3 led to 1,2-O-isopropylidene-beta-L-idofuranurono-6,3-lactone (8) and its alpha-D-gluco analog 9, respectively; similar ozonolysis of the dibenzoates 4 and 6, followed by treatment with diazomethane, gave methyl 3,5-di-O-benzoyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-idofuranuronate (10) and its alpha-D-gluco analog 11, respectively. Diborane reduction of the ozonolysis products from 4 gave 1,2-O-isopropylidene-beta-tl-idofuranose (13) as its 3,5-dibenzoate (12), and a similar sequence was performed with 6. The propargylic alcohols 2 and 3 were reduced by lithium aluminum hydride, in high yield, to the allylic alcohol analogs 15 and 16, further characterized as their 3,5-dibenzoates 17 and 18; compounds 15 and 16 were also obtainable by vinylation of compounds 1. The two series of derivatives in this work, epimeric at C-5, were examined comparatively by polarimetry and p.m.r. spectroscopy.", "contents": "Preparation of derivatives of L-idose and L-iduronic acid from 1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose by way of acetylenic intermediates. The products (1) from the periodate oxidation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose were converted by ethynylmagnesium bromide into a separable, 14:11 mixture of 6,7-dideoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-beta-L-ido-hept-6-ynofuranose (2) and its alpha-D-gluco analog 3. These crystalline products were further characterized as their respective 3,5-diacetates (5 and 7) and 3,5-dibenzoates (4 and 6). Ozonolysis of 2 and 3 led to 1,2-O-isopropylidene-beta-L-idofuranurono-6,3-lactone (8) and its alpha-D-gluco analog 9, respectively; similar ozonolysis of the dibenzoates 4 and 6, followed by treatment with diazomethane, gave methyl 3,5-di-O-benzoyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-idofuranuronate (10) and its alpha-D-gluco analog 11, respectively. Diborane reduction of the ozonolysis products from 4 gave 1,2-O-isopropylidene-beta-tl-idofuranose (13) as its 3,5-dibenzoate (12), and a similar sequence was performed with 6. The propargylic alcohols 2 and 3 were reduced by lithium aluminum hydride, in high yield, to the allylic alcohol analogs 15 and 16, further characterized as their 3,5-dibenzoates 17 and 18; compounds 15 and 16 were also obtainable by vinylation of compounds 1. The two series of derivatives in this work, epimeric at C-5, were examined comparatively by polarimetry and p.m.r. spectroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:912688", "title": "Predicting circular-dichroism spectra of pyranoid monosaccharides.", "content": "Fragment spectra are presented that may be summed algebraically to predict the vacuum-ultraviolet, circular-dichroism spectra of certain pyranoid monosaccharides. It is shown that a limited number of these fragment spectra can be used to calculate a larger number of circular-dichroism spectra that had been measured previously. Furthermore, the circular-dichroism spectra of a number of other monosaccharides, whose spectra have not yet been measured, can be predicted.", "contents": "Predicting circular-dichroism spectra of pyranoid monosaccharides. Fragment spectra are presented that may be summed algebraically to predict the vacuum-ultraviolet, circular-dichroism spectra of certain pyranoid monosaccharides. It is shown that a limited number of these fragment spectra can be used to calculate a larger number of circular-dichroism spectra that had been measured previously. Furthermore, the circular-dichroism spectra of a number of other monosaccharides, whose spectra have not yet been measured, can be predicted."}
{"id": "PMID:912690", "title": "A simple procedure for the isolation of L-fucose-binding lectins from Ulex europaeus and Lotus tetragonolobus.", "content": "L-Fucose-binding lectins from Ulex europeaus and Lotus tetragonolobus were isolated by affinity chromatography on columns of L-fucose-Sepharose 6B. L-Fucose was coupled to Sepharose 6B after divinyl sulfone-activation of the gel to give an affinity adsorbent capable of binding more than 1.2 mg of Ulex lextin/ml of gel, which could then be eluted with 0.1M or 0.05M L-fucose. Analysis of the isolated lectins by hemagglutination assay, by gel filtration, and polyacrylamide disc-electrophoresis revealed the presence of isolectins, or aggregated species, or both. The apparent mol. wt. of the major lectin fraction from Lotus was 35000 when determined on Sephadex G-200 or Ultrogel AcA 34. In contrast, the apparent mol. wt. of the major lectin fraction from Ulex was 68 000 when chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 and 45 000 when chromatographed on Ultrogel AcA 34. The yields of lectins were 4.5 mg/100 g of Ulex seeds and 394 mg/100 g of Lotus seeds.", "contents": "A simple procedure for the isolation of L-fucose-binding lectins from Ulex europaeus and Lotus tetragonolobus. L-Fucose-binding lectins from Ulex europeaus and Lotus tetragonolobus were isolated by affinity chromatography on columns of L-fucose-Sepharose 6B. L-Fucose was coupled to Sepharose 6B after divinyl sulfone-activation of the gel to give an affinity adsorbent capable of binding more than 1.2 mg of Ulex lextin/ml of gel, which could then be eluted with 0.1M or 0.05M L-fucose. Analysis of the isolated lectins by hemagglutination assay, by gel filtration, and polyacrylamide disc-electrophoresis revealed the presence of isolectins, or aggregated species, or both. The apparent mol. wt. of the major lectin fraction from Lotus was 35000 when determined on Sephadex G-200 or Ultrogel AcA 34. In contrast, the apparent mol. wt. of the major lectin fraction from Ulex was 68 000 when chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 and 45 000 when chromatographed on Ultrogel AcA 34. The yields of lectins were 4.5 mg/100 g of Ulex seeds and 394 mg/100 g of Lotus seeds."}
{"id": "PMID:912691", "title": "Rapid and sensitive, colorimetric determination of the anomers of D-glucose with D-glucose oxidase, peroxidase, and mutarotase.", "content": "A modification, utilising mutarotase, of an enzymic, colorimetric system for determining D-glucose with D-glucose oxidase, peroxidase, and ABTS was satisfactory for the assay of the anomers of D-glucose in aqueous solution. The time required for a single assay is approximately 10 min, and the lower limit is 0.4 microgram of D-glucose. The method is applicable to the anomer analysis of D-glucose released by enzymic hydrolysis of D-glucosides.", "contents": "Rapid and sensitive, colorimetric determination of the anomers of D-glucose with D-glucose oxidase, peroxidase, and mutarotase. A modification, utilising mutarotase, of an enzymic, colorimetric system for determining D-glucose with D-glucose oxidase, peroxidase, and ABTS was satisfactory for the assay of the anomers of D-glucose in aqueous solution. The time required for a single assay is approximately 10 min, and the lower limit is 0.4 microgram of D-glucose. The method is applicable to the anomer analysis of D-glucose released by enzymic hydrolysis of D-glucosides."}
{"id": "PMID:912692", "title": "Synthesis of derivatives of 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-L-hexoses related to daunosamine (3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-L-lyxo-hexose).", "content": "The synthesis is described of 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose (10), methyl 2,3-dideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside(17), methyl 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranoside (21), methyl 2,3-dideoxy-3-trifluoroacetamido-alpha-L-xylo-hexopyranoside (26), and certain derivatives from methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside (3). Conversion of 2-deoxy-L-arabino-hexose into 3 by modified, standard procedures, and on a large scale, gave a 75% yield.", "contents": "Synthesis of derivatives of 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-L-hexoses related to daunosamine (3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-L-lyxo-hexose). The synthesis is described of 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose (10), methyl 2,3-dideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside(17), methyl 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranoside (21), methyl 2,3-dideoxy-3-trifluoroacetamido-alpha-L-xylo-hexopyranoside (26), and certain derivatives from methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside (3). Conversion of 2-deoxy-L-arabino-hexose into 3 by modified, standard procedures, and on a large scale, gave a 75% yield."}
{"id": "PMID:912693", "title": "Syntheses of 3',4',5,6-tetradioxyneamine and 5,6-dideoxyneamine.", "content": "3',4',5,6-Tetradoxyneamine (7) was synthesized from neamine by the reaction sequence N-acetylation, O-mesylation, treatment with sodium iodide-zinc dust, hydrogenation, and base hyrolysis, Alternatively, 7 was obtained by treatment of tetra-(N-methoxycarbonyl)neamine with sulphuryl chloride, followed by hydrogenation in the presence of palladium-on-charcoal and triethylamine, and removal of the N-protecting groups. 5,6-Dideoxyneamine (11) was synthesized from known 5,6-O-cyclohexylidene-tetra-(N-methoxycarbonyl)neamine by the reaction sequence 3',4'-O-acetylation, removal of the 5,6-O-cyclohexylidene group, 5,6-di-O-mesylation, treatment with sodium iodide-zinc dust, hydrogenation, and base hydrolysis. An alternative route involved treatment of 3',4'-di-O-acetyl-tetra-(N-methoxycarbonyl)-neamine (8) with sulphuryl chloride, hydrogenation of the product, and removal of the protecting groups to give 11.", "contents": "Syntheses of 3',4',5,6-tetradioxyneamine and 5,6-dideoxyneamine. 3',4',5,6-Tetradoxyneamine (7) was synthesized from neamine by the reaction sequence N-acetylation, O-mesylation, treatment with sodium iodide-zinc dust, hydrogenation, and base hyrolysis, Alternatively, 7 was obtained by treatment of tetra-(N-methoxycarbonyl)neamine with sulphuryl chloride, followed by hydrogenation in the presence of palladium-on-charcoal and triethylamine, and removal of the N-protecting groups. 5,6-Dideoxyneamine (11) was synthesized from known 5,6-O-cyclohexylidene-tetra-(N-methoxycarbonyl)neamine by the reaction sequence 3',4'-O-acetylation, removal of the 5,6-O-cyclohexylidene group, 5,6-di-O-mesylation, treatment with sodium iodide-zinc dust, hydrogenation, and base hydrolysis. An alternative route involved treatment of 3',4'-di-O-acetyl-tetra-(N-methoxycarbonyl)-neamine (8) with sulphuryl chloride, hydrogenation of the product, and removal of the protecting groups to give 11."}
{"id": "PMID:912696", "title": "High-pressure liquid-chromatographic assay of nucleotide-pool concentrations during polysaccharide biosynthesis in four ascomycetes.", "content": "High-resolution liquid-chromatographic methods developed for analyzing nucleotide pools at the nanogram level in four representative species of ascomycetes (Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium moniliforme, and Cladosporium herbarum) were used to study polysaccharide biosynthesis. Nucleotides extracted from the mycelial mat were preseparated from interfering polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and nucleic acids on a column of Biogel P-2. Resolution of 18 nucleotides from each fungal species was accomplished on AS-Pellionex-SAX, pellicular anion-exchanger by using a high-pressure liquid chromatograph. Nucleotides were identified by comparing peak retention-times, by differential u.v. absorption with two detectors in series at selected wavelengths, and by acid or enzymic hydrolysis with product identification by liquid chromatography. Pyrimidine bases exceeded purines by at least three fold, and uridine nucleotides often constituted 60-80 mole percent of the total nucleotides; extractable cytidine nucleotides were negligible. Uridine 5'-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl disphosphate) is the preponderant nucleotide throughout the growth cycles of all four species, amounting to 30-60% of all nucleotides present. For all four fungal species, a burst of nucleotide formation was observed after the first 48h (15-30 mumol/g tissue), with fluctuations that eventually fell to 0.1 mumol/g on the tenth day.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid-chromatographic assay of nucleotide-pool concentrations during polysaccharide biosynthesis in four ascomycetes. High-resolution liquid-chromatographic methods developed for analyzing nucleotide pools at the nanogram level in four representative species of ascomycetes (Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium moniliforme, and Cladosporium herbarum) were used to study polysaccharide biosynthesis. Nucleotides extracted from the mycelial mat were preseparated from interfering polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and nucleic acids on a column of Biogel P-2. Resolution of 18 nucleotides from each fungal species was accomplished on AS-Pellionex-SAX, pellicular anion-exchanger by using a high-pressure liquid chromatograph. Nucleotides were identified by comparing peak retention-times, by differential u.v. absorption with two detectors in series at selected wavelengths, and by acid or enzymic hydrolysis with product identification by liquid chromatography. Pyrimidine bases exceeded purines by at least three fold, and uridine nucleotides often constituted 60-80 mole percent of the total nucleotides; extractable cytidine nucleotides were negligible. Uridine 5'-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl disphosphate) is the preponderant nucleotide throughout the growth cycles of all four species, amounting to 30-60% of all nucleotides present. For all four fungal species, a burst of nucleotide formation was observed after the first 48h (15-30 mumol/g tissue), with fluctuations that eventually fell to 0.1 mumol/g on the tenth day."}
{"id": "PMID:912731", "title": "Cardiac catheterization experience in hospitals without cardiovascular surgery programs.", "content": "In order to study the cardiac catheterization experience in hospitals without cardiovascular surgery programs, data was collected from all 8 Washington \"satellite\" laboratories over a 5-year period. There were 5 deaths (0.13%) during the 3878 coronary arteriography procedures. Of the 5, 4 had severe left main coronary artery lesions. Of these patients, 2 died during the 24-hour follow-up period after an uncomplicated study. This mortality rate is remarkably good considering that the 5-year period includes the early experience of 7 laboratories. There were 7 myocardial infarctions (0.18%) and 6 strokes (0.15%). The average number of coronary arteriograms done per angiographer during 1976 was 65. The experience of the Washington State \"satellite\" cardiac catheterization laboratories proves that the immediate availability of cardiovascular surgery and large case loads per angiographer are not necessary in order to safely perform cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriographic studies. Additional studies should be undertaken to determine the appropriate distribution of cardiac diagnostic facilities.", "contents": "Cardiac catheterization experience in hospitals without cardiovascular surgery programs. In order to study the cardiac catheterization experience in hospitals without cardiovascular surgery programs, data was collected from all 8 Washington \"satellite\" laboratories over a 5-year period. There were 5 deaths (0.13%) during the 3878 coronary arteriography procedures. Of the 5, 4 had severe left main coronary artery lesions. Of these patients, 2 died during the 24-hour follow-up period after an uncomplicated study. This mortality rate is remarkably good considering that the 5-year period includes the early experience of 7 laboratories. There were 7 myocardial infarctions (0.18%) and 6 strokes (0.15%). The average number of coronary arteriograms done per angiographer during 1976 was 65. The experience of the Washington State \"satellite\" cardiac catheterization laboratories proves that the immediate availability of cardiovascular surgery and large case loads per angiographer are not necessary in order to safely perform cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriographic studies. Additional studies should be undertaken to determine the appropriate distribution of cardiac diagnostic facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:912735", "title": "Coronary artery fistula: estimation of shunt using 99m Tc-albumin particles.", "content": "A 60-year-old man presented with complaints on angina pectoris and was found to have a coronary artery fistula between his left main truck and main pulmonary artery. Particles of 99m Tc-Albumin were injected in the ostium of the left coronary artery, and differential radioactive counts were injected in the ostium of the left coronary artery, and differential radioactive counts were obtained over both lung fields and myocardium. The degree of left to right shunt was calculated at 56% of total left coronary artery flow. The patient underwent ligation of the fistula without any complications. This case report represents a new application of myocardial radioisotopic scanning.", "contents": "Coronary artery fistula: estimation of shunt using 99m Tc-albumin particles. A 60-year-old man presented with complaints on angina pectoris and was found to have a coronary artery fistula between his left main truck and main pulmonary artery. Particles of 99m Tc-Albumin were injected in the ostium of the left coronary artery, and differential radioactive counts were injected in the ostium of the left coronary artery, and differential radioactive counts were obtained over both lung fields and myocardium. The degree of left to right shunt was calculated at 56% of total left coronary artery flow. The patient underwent ligation of the fistula without any complications. This case report represents a new application of myocardial radioisotopic scanning."}
{"id": "PMID:912737", "title": "Plain film identification of failure of interior vena caval-right atrial continuity.", "content": "The identification of absence of continuity of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with the right atrium assumes major importance at the time of right heart catheterization. The appearance of the IVC in the lateral chest radiogram is diagnostically different from the normal when discontinuity is present and 2 radiographic patterns have been recognized: 1) total absence of the IVC shadow; 2) straightened and posteriorly directed IVC shadow contrasting sharply with the anteriorly directed normally continuous IVC. This latter sign is considered reproducibly accurate in the identification of the IVC which fails to have continuity with the right atrium.", "contents": "Plain film identification of failure of interior vena caval-right atrial continuity. The identification of absence of continuity of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with the right atrium assumes major importance at the time of right heart catheterization. The appearance of the IVC in the lateral chest radiogram is diagnostically different from the normal when discontinuity is present and 2 radiographic patterns have been recognized: 1) total absence of the IVC shadow; 2) straightened and posteriorly directed IVC shadow contrasting sharply with the anteriorly directed normally continuous IVC. This latter sign is considered reproducibly accurate in the identification of the IVC which fails to have continuity with the right atrium."}
{"id": "PMID:912739", "title": "Atypical late cardiac tamponade after mitral valve replacement: case presentation with hemodynamic and echocardiographic observations.", "content": "A patient developed oliguria, peripheral edema, and dyspnea 5 days after mitral valve replacement. Chest roentgenogram and echocardiogram suggested pericardial effusion. Although pulsus paradoxus was absent, cardiac tamponade was suspected and subsequently confirmed during pericardiocentesis. Before pericardiocentesis right and left ventricular diastolic pressures were equal, as well as intrapericardial and right atrial pressures. The left ventricular cavity was reduced in size on the echocardiogram. Interventricular septal motion was normal. Pericardiocentesis normalized the hemodynamics and allowed the left ventricle to reexpand. Certain atypical features are tentatively explained as the combined effect of constrictive and effusive components caused by intrapericardial hemorrhage.", "contents": "Atypical late cardiac tamponade after mitral valve replacement: case presentation with hemodynamic and echocardiographic observations. A patient developed oliguria, peripheral edema, and dyspnea 5 days after mitral valve replacement. Chest roentgenogram and echocardiogram suggested pericardial effusion. Although pulsus paradoxus was absent, cardiac tamponade was suspected and subsequently confirmed during pericardiocentesis. Before pericardiocentesis right and left ventricular diastolic pressures were equal, as well as intrapericardial and right atrial pressures. The left ventricular cavity was reduced in size on the echocardiogram. Interventricular septal motion was normal. Pericardiocentesis normalized the hemodynamics and allowed the left ventricle to reexpand. Certain atypical features are tentatively explained as the combined effect of constrictive and effusive components caused by intrapericardial hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:912740", "title": "Longitudinal angulation in coronary arteriography: apparatus and evaluation.", "content": "When good visualization of the left coronary artery and proximal branches is difficult, the longitudinally angulated projection has proved useful. An accessory for achieving this angulation with a conventional angiographic table and without sacrificing the advantages of video monitoring and the protection of lead vinyl shielding is described.", "contents": "Longitudinal angulation in coronary arteriography: apparatus and evaluation. When good visualization of the left coronary artery and proximal branches is difficult, the longitudinally angulated projection has proved useful. An accessory for achieving this angulation with a conventional angiographic table and without sacrificing the advantages of video monitoring and the protection of lead vinyl shielding is described."}
{"id": "PMID:912741", "title": "Pediatric cardiac angiography using a 4 French catheter.", "content": "Thirty specially designed 4 French pigtail white Teflon catheters 50 cm in length were utilized for angiography using the retrograde arterial approach in 26 infants and children. Angiographic opacification was considered very satisfactory. Apart from one episode of temporary occlusion of the right coronary artery ostium, there were no other significant complications. The catheters were introduced percutaneously in 21 instances and distal pulses were palpable in 18 patients by the second day after catheterization. At postcatheterization testing with increasing volumes and flow rates, the first rupture occurred, delivering 13 ml at 13 ml/second. On testing an additional 15 catheters using fixed volumes of 5, 10, and 15 ml at increasing flow rates, rupture first occurred at 34, 22, and 18 ml/second, respectively. We conclude that this small catheter is relatively safe and satisfactory for the retrograde arterial approach in the study of infants and children.", "contents": "Pediatric cardiac angiography using a 4 French catheter. Thirty specially designed 4 French pigtail white Teflon catheters 50 cm in length were utilized for angiography using the retrograde arterial approach in 26 infants and children. Angiographic opacification was considered very satisfactory. Apart from one episode of temporary occlusion of the right coronary artery ostium, there were no other significant complications. The catheters were introduced percutaneously in 21 instances and distal pulses were palpable in 18 patients by the second day after catheterization. At postcatheterization testing with increasing volumes and flow rates, the first rupture occurred, delivering 13 ml at 13 ml/second. On testing an additional 15 catheters using fixed volumes of 5, 10, and 15 ml at increasing flow rates, rupture first occurred at 34, 22, and 18 ml/second, respectively. We conclude that this small catheter is relatively safe and satisfactory for the retrograde arterial approach in the study of infants and children."}
{"id": "PMID:912742", "title": "Antegrade left heart catheterization.", "content": "Retograde arterial catheterization has been the standard approach to hemodynamic and angiographic evaluation of the left ventricle and systemic arterial system. An alternative approach--antegrade left heart catheterization--is reported that circumvents arterial puncture. During cardiac catheterization from the femoral vein in 18 children with normally related great arteries who had interatrial communications, a balloon-tipped catheter was looped in a \"clockwise\" fashion through the left atrium and left ventricle and into the ascending aorta. In 17 children the maneuver was rapidly accomplished without complications; it proved possible to perform in an infant with a hypoplastic left ventricular cavity, and was employed to perform a renal arteriogram. The major advantage of antegrade left heart catheterization is avoidance of complications related to arterial puncture. The antegrade approach also avoids right arm cut-down in children with coarctation of the aorta.", "contents": "Antegrade left heart catheterization. Retograde arterial catheterization has been the standard approach to hemodynamic and angiographic evaluation of the left ventricle and systemic arterial system. An alternative approach--antegrade left heart catheterization--is reported that circumvents arterial puncture. During cardiac catheterization from the femoral vein in 18 children with normally related great arteries who had interatrial communications, a balloon-tipped catheter was looped in a \"clockwise\" fashion through the left atrium and left ventricle and into the ascending aorta. In 17 children the maneuver was rapidly accomplished without complications; it proved possible to perform in an infant with a hypoplastic left ventricular cavity, and was employed to perform a renal arteriogram. The major advantage of antegrade left heart catheterization is avoidance of complications related to arterial puncture. The antegrade approach also avoids right arm cut-down in children with coarctation of the aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:912743", "title": "Unsuspected left-to-right shunt: is routine use of hydrogen platinum electrode system indicated in shunt detection?", "content": "Unsuspected left-to-right shunt was found in 6 of 1,500 adult patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. In 3 patients were found unsuspected secundum atrial septal defects (1 associated with mitral stenosis and 2 with coronary artery disease). In 3 patients, unsuspected partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage was found (1 associated with aortic valve disease and 2 with severe coronary artery disease). It is concluded that the incidence of unsuspected left-to-right shunt diagnosed during routine cardiac catheterization is very low. Careful physical examination and the application of conventional techniques during cardiac catheterization should suggest the possibility of such a shunt. Hydrogen platinum electrode system (HPES) should be reserved for patients in whom the right heart catheter takes an abnormal course or when the pulmonary artery oxygen saturation is high and the arteriovenous oxygen difference is small.", "contents": "Unsuspected left-to-right shunt: is routine use of hydrogen platinum electrode system indicated in shunt detection? Unsuspected left-to-right shunt was found in 6 of 1,500 adult patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. In 3 patients were found unsuspected secundum atrial septal defects (1 associated with mitral stenosis and 2 with coronary artery disease). In 3 patients, unsuspected partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage was found (1 associated with aortic valve disease and 2 with severe coronary artery disease). It is concluded that the incidence of unsuspected left-to-right shunt diagnosed during routine cardiac catheterization is very low. Careful physical examination and the application of conventional techniques during cardiac catheterization should suggest the possibility of such a shunt. Hydrogen platinum electrode system (HPES) should be reserved for patients in whom the right heart catheter takes an abnormal course or when the pulmonary artery oxygen saturation is high and the arteriovenous oxygen difference is small."}
{"id": "PMID:912745", "title": "Forward and reverse mutations affecting the kinetics and apparent molecular weight of mammalian HGPRT.", "content": "Chinese hamster cells selected for resistance to 8-azaguanine following mutagenesis have hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT; E.C. 2.4.2.8) with characteristics compatible with different mutations in the structural gene for that enzyme. Using immunopurification and SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis, mutants producing antigenically active forms of the enzyme can be analyzed for changes in the molecular weight of HGPRT. Enzyme subunits from mutants RJK3 and RJK39 are reduced in molecular weight by an estimated 4 and 2%, respectively. HGPRT activity is not detectable in RJK39. The enzyme from RJK3 is active but has altered substrate binding properties. Enzymes from two other mutants with altered kinetic properties, RJK44 and RJK47, have normal molecular weights. The genetic alterations of RJK44 and 47 are probably missense mutations, while RJK3 and 39 might contain either deletions or mutations causing premature peptide chain termination. Somatic cell hybridization between RJK39 and a revertant of that strain with HGPRT of normal molecular weight revealed that the revertant probably arose by intragenic mutation rather than extragenic mutation or suppression.", "contents": "Forward and reverse mutations affecting the kinetics and apparent molecular weight of mammalian HGPRT. Chinese hamster cells selected for resistance to 8-azaguanine following mutagenesis have hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT; E.C. 2.4.2.8) with characteristics compatible with different mutations in the structural gene for that enzyme. Using immunopurification and SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis, mutants producing antigenically active forms of the enzyme can be analyzed for changes in the molecular weight of HGPRT. Enzyme subunits from mutants RJK3 and RJK39 are reduced in molecular weight by an estimated 4 and 2%, respectively. HGPRT activity is not detectable in RJK39. The enzyme from RJK3 is active but has altered substrate binding properties. Enzymes from two other mutants with altered kinetic properties, RJK44 and RJK47, have normal molecular weights. The genetic alterations of RJK44 and 47 are probably missense mutations, while RJK3 and 39 might contain either deletions or mutations causing premature peptide chain termination. Somatic cell hybridization between RJK39 and a revertant of that strain with HGPRT of normal molecular weight revealed that the revertant probably arose by intragenic mutation rather than extragenic mutation or suppression."}
{"id": "PMID:912747", "title": "Catabolism of thymidine during the lymphocyte cell cycle.", "content": "Concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes degrade thymidine to beta-aminoisobutyric acid. Thymidine-catabolizing enzymes are active in the cells during G1, G2 and mitosis, but activity falls to very low levels just prior to the onset of S and remains low throughout the S period. The data suggest that cell pools of thymidine are regulated by degradation.", "contents": "Catabolism of thymidine during the lymphocyte cell cycle. Concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes degrade thymidine to beta-aminoisobutyric acid. Thymidine-catabolizing enzymes are active in the cells during G1, G2 and mitosis, but activity falls to very low levels just prior to the onset of S and remains low throughout the S period. The data suggest that cell pools of thymidine are regulated by degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:912748", "title": "The isolation of a suppressible nonsense mutant in mammalian cells.", "content": "An HGPRT- cell line derived from mouse L cells has been shown to have the following properties: it is CRM+; the defective HGPRT molecules are altered in the carboxyterminal peptide; the mutant cells regain HGPRT activity when ochre-suppressor tRNA is microinjected into them, but not when amber-suppressor or wild-type tRNAs are injected. We conclude from these properties that this mutant cell line contains an ochre nonsense mutation (UAA) in the structural gene for HGPRT.", "contents": "The isolation of a suppressible nonsense mutant in mammalian cells. An HGPRT- cell line derived from mouse L cells has been shown to have the following properties: it is CRM+; the defective HGPRT molecules are altered in the carboxyterminal peptide; the mutant cells regain HGPRT activity when ochre-suppressor tRNA is microinjected into them, but not when amber-suppressor or wild-type tRNAs are injected. We conclude from these properties that this mutant cell line contains an ochre nonsense mutation (UAA) in the structural gene for HGPRT."}
{"id": "PMID:912749", "title": "Regulation of flagellin synthesis in the cell cycle of caulobacter: dependence on DNA replication.", "content": "Synthesis of the two filament proteins (flagellin A and flagellin B) of the Caulobacter creascentus flagellum was measured during the cell cycle. Synchronous cells were pulse-labeled with 36S-methionine, and flagellin proteins were isolated from crude extracts by radioimmune precipitation. The results showed that both proteins are maximally induced during the G2 period and that their induction requires de novo transcription. Flagellin A, however, continues to be made in the progeny swarmer cells after flagellin B synthesis has stopped. This discoordination in flagellin A and B synthesis and the relative abundance of the two proteins may result in part from the longer functional half-life of the flagellin A messenger RNA. Analysis of temperature-sensitive DNA chain elongation mutants suggests that the periodicity of flagellin A and B synthesis in the cell cycle is controlled by a late cell cycle event, presumably the completion of chromosome replication.", "contents": "Regulation of flagellin synthesis in the cell cycle of caulobacter: dependence on DNA replication. Synthesis of the two filament proteins (flagellin A and flagellin B) of the Caulobacter creascentus flagellum was measured during the cell cycle. Synchronous cells were pulse-labeled with 36S-methionine, and flagellin proteins were isolated from crude extracts by radioimmune precipitation. The results showed that both proteins are maximally induced during the G2 period and that their induction requires de novo transcription. Flagellin A, however, continues to be made in the progeny swarmer cells after flagellin B synthesis has stopped. This discoordination in flagellin A and B synthesis and the relative abundance of the two proteins may result in part from the longer functional half-life of the flagellin A messenger RNA. Analysis of temperature-sensitive DNA chain elongation mutants suggests that the periodicity of flagellin A and B synthesis in the cell cycle is controlled by a late cell cycle event, presumably the completion of chromosome replication."}
{"id": "PMID:912750", "title": "Effects of androgens on the complexity of poly(A) RNA from rat prostate.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing RNA, isolated from rat ventral prostate, has been analyzed for its base sequence complexity. The kinetics of hybridization of total cellular poly(A)-containing RNA with its complementary DNA (cDNA) from normal and castrated animals are markedly different. RNA from normal animals consists of three abundance classes, about 36% comprises one or two highly abundant RNA sequences, 29% consists of about 24 sequences and the remainder is a scarce class of approximately 8200 sequences. In contrast, the hybridization kinetics of prostatic RNA from castrated animals demonstrate that there is a moderate abundance class of 53 sequences and a scarce class of about 7800 sequences, but that a class of abundant sequences is not present. Using normal prostatic cDNA as a probe, we showed that the abundant sequences were not absent but reduced 10 fold following a 3-day castration period and 100 fold after 100 fold after 7 days. Such heterologous hybridization experiments also suggest that there is significant sequence homology in the RNA sequences present in the prostate irrespective of the hormonal status of the animals. The major effect of testosterone appears to be the regulation of the abundance of specific RNA sequences.", "contents": "Effects of androgens on the complexity of poly(A) RNA from rat prostate. Poly(A)-containing RNA, isolated from rat ventral prostate, has been analyzed for its base sequence complexity. The kinetics of hybridization of total cellular poly(A)-containing RNA with its complementary DNA (cDNA) from normal and castrated animals are markedly different. RNA from normal animals consists of three abundance classes, about 36% comprises one or two highly abundant RNA sequences, 29% consists of about 24 sequences and the remainder is a scarce class of approximately 8200 sequences. In contrast, the hybridization kinetics of prostatic RNA from castrated animals demonstrate that there is a moderate abundance class of 53 sequences and a scarce class of about 7800 sequences, but that a class of abundant sequences is not present. Using normal prostatic cDNA as a probe, we showed that the abundant sequences were not absent but reduced 10 fold following a 3-day castration period and 100 fold after 100 fold after 7 days. Such heterologous hybridization experiments also suggest that there is significant sequence homology in the RNA sequences present in the prostate irrespective of the hormonal status of the animals. The major effect of testosterone appears to be the regulation of the abundance of specific RNA sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:912751", "title": "Histone neighbors in nuclei and extended chromatin.", "content": "Histone neighbors in compact and extended chromatin have been investigated by cross-linking histones in nuclei and in nucleohistone extended with 6 M urea, using the bifunctional reversible reagent methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate (MMB). Similar histone dimers are found in both conformational states of chromatin. The dimers most frequently found are H2b-H2a, H2b-H3 and H3-H2a; dimers found less frequently are H3-H4, H3-H3 and H2b-H4. More H3-H3 is found in nuclei than in extended chromatin. H1 is found predominantly as poly-H1, although it can be cross-linked to H2b or H3. After reaction with MMB, native compact chromatin is no longer extendable in 6 M urea, which shows that the reagent is capable of linking together histones holding the chromatin in a compact conformation. Thus the histone propinquity in extended chromatin mimics and intimate histone associations in compact chromatin.", "contents": "Histone neighbors in nuclei and extended chromatin. Histone neighbors in compact and extended chromatin have been investigated by cross-linking histones in nuclei and in nucleohistone extended with 6 M urea, using the bifunctional reversible reagent methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate (MMB). Similar histone dimers are found in both conformational states of chromatin. The dimers most frequently found are H2b-H2a, H2b-H3 and H3-H2a; dimers found less frequently are H3-H4, H3-H3 and H2b-H4. More H3-H3 is found in nuclei than in extended chromatin. H1 is found predominantly as poly-H1, although it can be cross-linked to H2b or H3. After reaction with MMB, native compact chromatin is no longer extendable in 6 M urea, which shows that the reagent is capable of linking together histones holding the chromatin in a compact conformation. Thus the histone propinquity in extended chromatin mimics and intimate histone associations in compact chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:912752", "title": "A physical map of the DNA regions flanking the rabbit beta-globin gene.", "content": "Rabbit liver DNA was cleaved with the restriction endonucleases Eco RI, Pst I or Kpn I. Resulting DNA fragments were denatured, separated by electrophoresis in agarose gels and subsequently transferred by blotting onto nitrocellulose filters. Filters were then hybridized with a plasmid containing a DNA copy of rabbit beta-globin messenger RNA (plasmid PbetaG1; Maniatis et al., 1976) which had been labeled by nick translation to a high specific activity with 32P. A very limited number of discrete rabbit DNA fragments was found which could form well matched hybrids with PbetaG1 DNA. Endonuclease Eco RI, which cleaves the rabbit beta-globin gene, produced two beta-globin DNA fragments, whereas endonucleases Pst I and Kpn I, which do not cut the gene, each generated only one fragment. Using double digests, these fragments could be ordered into a physical map of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites around the beta-globin gene on the rabbit genome. This map is consistent with the presence of a single copy of the beta-globin gene per haploid genome. The direction of transcription of the beta-globin gene within the physical map was determined.", "contents": "A physical map of the DNA regions flanking the rabbit beta-globin gene. Rabbit liver DNA was cleaved with the restriction endonucleases Eco RI, Pst I or Kpn I. Resulting DNA fragments were denatured, separated by electrophoresis in agarose gels and subsequently transferred by blotting onto nitrocellulose filters. Filters were then hybridized with a plasmid containing a DNA copy of rabbit beta-globin messenger RNA (plasmid PbetaG1; Maniatis et al., 1976) which had been labeled by nick translation to a high specific activity with 32P. A very limited number of discrete rabbit DNA fragments was found which could form well matched hybrids with PbetaG1 DNA. Endonuclease Eco RI, which cleaves the rabbit beta-globin gene, produced two beta-globin DNA fragments, whereas endonucleases Pst I and Kpn I, which do not cut the gene, each generated only one fragment. Using double digests, these fragments could be ordered into a physical map of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites around the beta-globin gene on the rabbit genome. This map is consistent with the presence of a single copy of the beta-globin gene per haploid genome. The direction of transcription of the beta-globin gene within the physical map was determined."}
{"id": "PMID:912753", "title": "Accumulation of alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNAs in mouse erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "The accumulation of alpha- and beta-globin mRNA sequences in murine erythroleukemia cells (MELC) treated with various inducers has been studied using specific alpha- and beta-globin complementary DNAs (cDNAs). In cells cultured with dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO), hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) or butyric acid, accumulation of alpha-globin mRNA is detectable after 16, 12 and 8 hr of culture, respectively. An increase in beta-globin mRNA sequences is not detected until 20-24 hr after culture. In cells exposed to hemin, both alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs are detectable by 6 hr of culture, and a constant ratio of alpha/beta-mRNA is maintained during induction. In maximally induced cells, the alpha/beta-globin mRNA ratios are approximately 1 in cells induced by Me2SO and HMBA, and 0.66 and 0.3-0.50 in cells induced by butyric acid and hemin, respectively. Thus different inducers of erythroid differentiation in MELC lead to different times of onset of the expression of alpha- and beta-like genes. In addition, the relative accumulation of alpha- and beta-globulin mRNAs in induced cells differs with various types of inducers.", "contents": "Accumulation of alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNAs in mouse erythroleukemia cells. The accumulation of alpha- and beta-globin mRNA sequences in murine erythroleukemia cells (MELC) treated with various inducers has been studied using specific alpha- and beta-globin complementary DNAs (cDNAs). In cells cultured with dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO), hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) or butyric acid, accumulation of alpha-globin mRNA is detectable after 16, 12 and 8 hr of culture, respectively. An increase in beta-globin mRNA sequences is not detected until 20-24 hr after culture. In cells exposed to hemin, both alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs are detectable by 6 hr of culture, and a constant ratio of alpha/beta-mRNA is maintained during induction. In maximally induced cells, the alpha/beta-globin mRNA ratios are approximately 1 in cells induced by Me2SO and HMBA, and 0.66 and 0.3-0.50 in cells induced by butyric acid and hemin, respectively. Thus different inducers of erythroid differentiation in MELC lead to different times of onset of the expression of alpha- and beta-like genes. In addition, the relative accumulation of alpha- and beta-globulin mRNAs in induced cells differs with various types of inducers."}
{"id": "PMID:912754", "title": "Initiator RNA of discontinuous DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes.", "content": "A short RNA covalently associated with nascent DNA has been isolated after synthesis in vitro with labeled ribonucleaside triphosphates and the removal of DNA by DNAase digestion. The RNA migrates in polyacrylamide gels or chromatographs on DEAE-Sephadex columns as a relatively discrete oligonucleotide 8-11 nucleotides in length. The RNA is associated primarily with nascent DNA with stoichiometry of approximately one per DNA chain. The RNA has a triphosphate group at the 5' end and 2 or 3 deoxynucleotide residues at the 3' end that are not removed by DNAase. These results further support a role for the RNA as an initiator of discontinuous DNA synthesis. Examination of sequences present at the 3' end of the RNA using RNAase to effect transfer of 32PO4 from 32P-labeled DNA to covalently attached RNA indicates that a diverse, rather than unique, set of sequences are present in the RNA.", "contents": "Initiator RNA of discontinuous DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes. A short RNA covalently associated with nascent DNA has been isolated after synthesis in vitro with labeled ribonucleaside triphosphates and the removal of DNA by DNAase digestion. The RNA migrates in polyacrylamide gels or chromatographs on DEAE-Sephadex columns as a relatively discrete oligonucleotide 8-11 nucleotides in length. The RNA is associated primarily with nascent DNA with stoichiometry of approximately one per DNA chain. The RNA has a triphosphate group at the 5' end and 2 or 3 deoxynucleotide residues at the 3' end that are not removed by DNAase. These results further support a role for the RNA as an initiator of discontinuous DNA synthesis. Examination of sequences present at the 3' end of the RNA using RNAase to effect transfer of 32PO4 from 32P-labeled DNA to covalently attached RNA indicates that a diverse, rather than unique, set of sequences are present in the RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:912755", "title": "Detection of myosin heavy chain mRNA during myogenesis in tissue culture by in vitro and in situ hybridization.", "content": "A cDNA copy of purified chick embryonic skeletal myosin heavy chain mRNA (MHC mRNA) distinguished between myogenic and nonmyogenic cells compared by in vitro and in situ hybridization. The majority of cells in replicating mononucleate myogenic cell cultures contained no detectable MHC mRNA. Among the earliest cells to contain MHC mRNA were cells engaged in mitosis. A relatively large amount of MHC mRNA was found in postmitotic monucleate cells and myotubes, and we observed nucleolar localization of MHC mRNA in these cells.", "contents": "Detection of myosin heavy chain mRNA during myogenesis in tissue culture by in vitro and in situ hybridization. A cDNA copy of purified chick embryonic skeletal myosin heavy chain mRNA (MHC mRNA) distinguished between myogenic and nonmyogenic cells compared by in vitro and in situ hybridization. The majority of cells in replicating mononucleate myogenic cell cultures contained no detectable MHC mRNA. Among the earliest cells to contain MHC mRNA were cells engaged in mitosis. A relatively large amount of MHC mRNA was found in postmitotic monucleate cells and myotubes, and we observed nucleolar localization of MHC mRNA in these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:912757", "title": "Development of choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase activities in enteric ganglia derives from presumptive adrenergic and cholinergic levels of the neural crest.", "content": "The cholinergic differentiation of enteric ganglia in embryos of chick and quail was studied with particular reference to cholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase activities. Differentiation during normal development was compared with that obtained after culture of the neural primordium or neural crest in direct association with aneural hindgut. Biochemically differentiated cholinergic ganglia developed in explants containing cells from either the 'vagal' (presumptive cholinergic) or 'truncal' (presumptive adrenergic) levels of the neural crest. Neither extra-intestinal migration of neural crest cell nor the presence of central preganglionic fibres is a prerequisite for enteric ganglion differentiation.", "contents": "Development of choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase activities in enteric ganglia derives from presumptive adrenergic and cholinergic levels of the neural crest. The cholinergic differentiation of enteric ganglia in embryos of chick and quail was studied with particular reference to cholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase activities. Differentiation during normal development was compared with that obtained after culture of the neural primordium or neural crest in direct association with aneural hindgut. Biochemically differentiated cholinergic ganglia developed in explants containing cells from either the 'vagal' (presumptive cholinergic) or 'truncal' (presumptive adrenergic) levels of the neural crest. Neither extra-intestinal migration of neural crest cell nor the presence of central preganglionic fibres is a prerequisite for enteric ganglion differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:912758", "title": "Hormonal control of milk protein synthesis in cultured mouse mammary explants.", "content": "SDS-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of mouse milk proteins revealed the presence of three major phosphoproteins (caseins) of m.w. 44,000, 26,000 and 22,000 daltons. By using an antiserum against crude casein fraction, an immunoprecipitation method was developed for the quantitative measurement of the rate of milk protein synthesis in the mouse mammary tissue. Cultivation of mammary explants with insulin, cortisol and prolactin resulted in the induction of milk protein synthesis as evidenced by the incorporation of [3H]amino acid and [32P]orthophosphate into immune precipitable materials. The present immunoprecipitation method coupled with a simplified explant culture technique provides a suitable procedure for the study of mouse mammary gland differentiation.", "contents": "Hormonal control of milk protein synthesis in cultured mouse mammary explants. SDS-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of mouse milk proteins revealed the presence of three major phosphoproteins (caseins) of m.w. 44,000, 26,000 and 22,000 daltons. By using an antiserum against crude casein fraction, an immunoprecipitation method was developed for the quantitative measurement of the rate of milk protein synthesis in the mouse mammary tissue. Cultivation of mammary explants with insulin, cortisol and prolactin resulted in the induction of milk protein synthesis as evidenced by the incorporation of [3H]amino acid and [32P]orthophosphate into immune precipitable materials. The present immunoprecipitation method coupled with a simplified explant culture technique provides a suitable procedure for the study of mouse mammary gland differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:912759", "title": "Altered histone-DNA interactions in rat liver chromatin containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted DNA.", "content": "The extractability of the different histone types from rat liver chromatin was studied following the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrUdR) in liver DNA. This was accomplished by a continuous application of 20 mumol BrUdR/ml/h 17--41 after partial hepatectomy. As a result, thymidine (TdR) replacement by BrUdR of about 80% in the newly-synthesized DNA strand of approx. 30% of total liver DNA was obtained; this causes remarkable changes in the histone--DNA interactions as determined from the release of histones from liver nuclei by ammonium sulfate and ethidium bromide (EB), respectively. In particular, the relative amounts of the two slightly lysine-rich histones H2A and H2B remaining on the BrUdR chromatin proved to be about 3-fold higher than those remaining on the control chromatin of TdR-treated animals. Similarly, histones H1 and H3 tend to bind closer to BrUdR-containing DNA. These results may be of interst with regard to the well-known selective effects of BrUdR on differentiation processes.", "contents": "Altered histone-DNA interactions in rat liver chromatin containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted DNA. The extractability of the different histone types from rat liver chromatin was studied following the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrUdR) in liver DNA. This was accomplished by a continuous application of 20 mumol BrUdR/ml/h 17--41 after partial hepatectomy. As a result, thymidine (TdR) replacement by BrUdR of about 80% in the newly-synthesized DNA strand of approx. 30% of total liver DNA was obtained; this causes remarkable changes in the histone--DNA interactions as determined from the release of histones from liver nuclei by ammonium sulfate and ethidium bromide (EB), respectively. In particular, the relative amounts of the two slightly lysine-rich histones H2A and H2B remaining on the BrUdR chromatin proved to be about 3-fold higher than those remaining on the control chromatin of TdR-treated animals. Similarly, histones H1 and H3 tend to bind closer to BrUdR-containing DNA. These results may be of interst with regard to the well-known selective effects of BrUdR on differentiation processes."}
{"id": "PMID:912813", "title": "Action of 1,10-phenanthroline transition metal chelates and their constituents on the rat isolated diaphragm preparation.", "content": "The actions of two related series of fully co-ordinated, divalent 1,10-phenanthroline transition metal chelates have been investigated on the rat isolated diaphragm muscle-phrenic nerve preparation and, where possible, compared with those of their constituent metal ions and ligands. Each member of both series of chelates produced blockade of neuromuscular transmission, although mechanistically not of a uniform type, and several elicited varying degrees of muscle contracture. The kinetic reactivity of the metal chelate appeared to be an important factor determining the nature of the biological response and profound differences in response were observed between labile and inert chelates differing in some cases by only one electron in the 3d shell.", "contents": "Action of 1,10-phenanthroline transition metal chelates and their constituents on the rat isolated diaphragm preparation. The actions of two related series of fully co-ordinated, divalent 1,10-phenanthroline transition metal chelates have been investigated on the rat isolated diaphragm muscle-phrenic nerve preparation and, where possible, compared with those of their constituent metal ions and ligands. Each member of both series of chelates produced blockade of neuromuscular transmission, although mechanistically not of a uniform type, and several elicited varying degrees of muscle contracture. The kinetic reactivity of the metal chelate appeared to be an important factor determining the nature of the biological response and profound differences in response were observed between labile and inert chelates differing in some cases by only one electron in the 3d shell."}
{"id": "PMID:912815", "title": "In vitro binding of beta-propiolactone to calf thymus DNA and mouse liver DNA to form 1-(2-carboxyethyl) adenine.", "content": "In vitro reaction of beta-propiolactone (BPL) with calf thymus DNA and mouse liver DNA followed by acid (HCL) hydrolyses of the BPL-reacted DNA's resulted in the isolation of a new compound, 1-(2-carboxyethyl)-adenine (1-CEA). The structure was assigned on the basis of ultraviolet spectra at acidic, alkaline and neutral pH and electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectra as well as chemical synthesis of 1-CEA from BPL and 2'-adenosine-5'-monophosphoric acid. The only other compound previously isolated from the in vitro and in vivo reactions of BPL and DNA was 7-(2-carboxyethyl)guanine (7-CEG) which we also identified as a product of our in vitro reaction. Under the conditions used the main product of alkylation was 1-CEA and the ratios of the concentrations of 1-CEA to 7-CEG was approx 3 : 1. The possible effect of the formation of 1-CEA on the structure of DNA and its role in chemical carcinogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro binding of beta-propiolactone to calf thymus DNA and mouse liver DNA to form 1-(2-carboxyethyl) adenine. In vitro reaction of beta-propiolactone (BPL) with calf thymus DNA and mouse liver DNA followed by acid (HCL) hydrolyses of the BPL-reacted DNA's resulted in the isolation of a new compound, 1-(2-carboxyethyl)-adenine (1-CEA). The structure was assigned on the basis of ultraviolet spectra at acidic, alkaline and neutral pH and electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectra as well as chemical synthesis of 1-CEA from BPL and 2'-adenosine-5'-monophosphoric acid. The only other compound previously isolated from the in vitro and in vivo reactions of BPL and DNA was 7-(2-carboxyethyl)guanine (7-CEG) which we also identified as a product of our in vitro reaction. Under the conditions used the main product of alkylation was 1-CEA and the ratios of the concentrations of 1-CEA to 7-CEG was approx 3 : 1. The possible effect of the formation of 1-CEA on the structure of DNA and its role in chemical carcinogenesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912816", "title": "Effect of various chemicals on the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by cultured rat colon.", "content": "The effect of various co- and anti-carcinogens of colon carcinogenesis on the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) in cultured rat colon is reported. Rat colon enzymatically converted BP into metabolites which bind to cellular macromolecules i.e., DNA and protein. Activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity and binding levels of BP to macromolecules were higher in the descending colon when compared to other segments. The major metabolites of BP, extractable with ethylacetate, were quinones, tetrols, 7,8-diol and a peak containing 9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene and 7,8,9-trihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene. The binding levels of BP to DNA and protein in the explant was lowered by co-incubation with 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) (3.6 and 18.0 micron), a known inhibitor of AHH, and with disulfiram (100 micron), an anti-oxidant. The absence of vitamin A in the media also resulted in a lower level of BP binding to DNA and protein and in lower activity of AHH. Pretreatment with known inducers of AHH such as phenobarbital (PB) or benz(a)anthracene (BA), did not have any significant effect on the binding levels of BP to DNA or on the AHH activity. Of the bile acids investigated only taurodeoxycholic acid significantly increased the binding level of BP to DNA.", "contents": "Effect of various chemicals on the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by cultured rat colon. The effect of various co- and anti-carcinogens of colon carcinogenesis on the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) in cultured rat colon is reported. Rat colon enzymatically converted BP into metabolites which bind to cellular macromolecules i.e., DNA and protein. Activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity and binding levels of BP to macromolecules were higher in the descending colon when compared to other segments. The major metabolites of BP, extractable with ethylacetate, were quinones, tetrols, 7,8-diol and a peak containing 9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene and 7,8,9-trihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene. The binding levels of BP to DNA and protein in the explant was lowered by co-incubation with 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) (3.6 and 18.0 micron), a known inhibitor of AHH, and with disulfiram (100 micron), an anti-oxidant. The absence of vitamin A in the media also resulted in a lower level of BP binding to DNA and protein and in lower activity of AHH. Pretreatment with known inducers of AHH such as phenobarbital (PB) or benz(a)anthracene (BA), did not have any significant effect on the binding levels of BP to DNA or on the AHH activity. Of the bile acids investigated only taurodeoxycholic acid significantly increased the binding level of BP to DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:912818", "title": "[Effect of dicarboxylic lecithins on liposomes].", "content": "We have investigated the effect of dicarboxylic lecithins on liposomes prepared from egg-lecithins and their incorporation into liposome preparation. In the presence of phospholipids, liposome cell permeability to glucose is five times higher than in controls. The incorporation of dicarboxylic lecithins into liposomes at a molar concentration of 50 molecules per cent reduces by 60% the amount of glucose trapped inside the liposomes. Measurements of ovolecithin-glutaryl-lecithin liposomes stability show that stable structures are formed at a molar concentration of 70 molecules per cent in the presence of cholesterol. On the contrary, the liposomes prepared in the absence of cholesterol are not stable at a molar concentration of 50 molecules per cent. Measurements of sedimentation of mixed dispersions of monocarboxylic lecithins and glutaryl-lecithins show that glutaryl-lecithins must be in the form of micelles to solubilize the phosphatidyl cholines.", "contents": "[Effect of dicarboxylic lecithins on liposomes]. We have investigated the effect of dicarboxylic lecithins on liposomes prepared from egg-lecithins and their incorporation into liposome preparation. In the presence of phospholipids, liposome cell permeability to glucose is five times higher than in controls. The incorporation of dicarboxylic lecithins into liposomes at a molar concentration of 50 molecules per cent reduces by 60% the amount of glucose trapped inside the liposomes. Measurements of ovolecithin-glutaryl-lecithin liposomes stability show that stable structures are formed at a molar concentration of 70 molecules per cent in the presence of cholesterol. On the contrary, the liposomes prepared in the absence of cholesterol are not stable at a molar concentration of 50 molecules per cent. Measurements of sedimentation of mixed dispersions of monocarboxylic lecithins and glutaryl-lecithins show that glutaryl-lecithins must be in the form of micelles to solubilize the phosphatidyl cholines."}
{"id": "PMID:912817", "title": "Mechanism of alkylation by N-nitroso compounds: detection of rearranged alcohol in the microsomal metabolism of N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine and base-catalyzed decomposition of N-n-propyl-N-nitrosourea.", "content": "Metabolism of N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine by an isolated rat liver microsomal fraction yielded 17% isopropanol and 83% n-propanol (expressed as a percentage of total propanol formed). Base-catalyzed decomposition of N-n-propyl-N-nitrosourea yielded 39% isopropanol and 61% n-propanol. The values provide evidence for involvement of carbocations in both of these reactions.", "contents": "Mechanism of alkylation by N-nitroso compounds: detection of rearranged alcohol in the microsomal metabolism of N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine and base-catalyzed decomposition of N-n-propyl-N-nitrosourea. Metabolism of N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine by an isolated rat liver microsomal fraction yielded 17% isopropanol and 83% n-propanol (expressed as a percentage of total propanol formed). Base-catalyzed decomposition of N-n-propyl-N-nitrosourea yielded 39% isopropanol and 61% n-propanol. The values provide evidence for involvement of carbocations in both of these reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:912819", "title": "The crystal structure of cholesteryl 17-bromoheptadecanoate.", "content": "Crystals of cholesteryl-17-bromoheptadecanoate (C44H77BrO2) are monoclinic (P21) with a = 7.663(2), b = 10.311(5), c = 55.96(2) A and beta = 103.10(3 degrees). These are two molecules in the asymmetric unit which have different conformations of the cholesterol side chain and about the ester bond. The molecules pack with regions of only steroid skeleta alternating with regions of hydrocarbon chains. Due to the packing requirements of the skeleta the carbon chains are forced into a hybrid type packing which contains features of the earlier known O perpendicular and T parallel subcells. The subcell (HS1) is orthorhombic with as = 10.3, bs = 7.5 and cs = 2.54 A. The molecular packing is such that the omega-bromine atoms do not continue the trans-carbon chains but adopt a gauche conformation.", "contents": "The crystal structure of cholesteryl 17-bromoheptadecanoate. Crystals of cholesteryl-17-bromoheptadecanoate (C44H77BrO2) are monoclinic (P21) with a = 7.663(2), b = 10.311(5), c = 55.96(2) A and beta = 103.10(3 degrees). These are two molecules in the asymmetric unit which have different conformations of the cholesterol side chain and about the ester bond. The molecules pack with regions of only steroid skeleta alternating with regions of hydrocarbon chains. Due to the packing requirements of the skeleta the carbon chains are forced into a hybrid type packing which contains features of the earlier known O perpendicular and T parallel subcells. The subcell (HS1) is orthorhombic with as = 10.3, bs = 7.5 and cs = 2.54 A. The molecular packing is such that the omega-bromine atoms do not continue the trans-carbon chains but adopt a gauche conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:912820", "title": "Structural studies on branched fucosphingolipids of hog gastric mucosa.", "content": "A structural studies have been performed on new complex glycolipids extracted from hog gastric mucosa by 0.4 M sodium acetate in methanol-chloroform-water, and which were purified to homogeneity by DEAE-Sephadex and Florisil column chromatography and by preparative thin-layer chromatography in three solvent systems. Five branched fucolipids have been purified from this extract, three of which have been characterized previously [1] and remaining two were subject of this investigations. Based on the results of partial acid hydrolyses, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide, permethylation and serological activities following structures were proposed.", "contents": "Structural studies on branched fucosphingolipids of hog gastric mucosa. A structural studies have been performed on new complex glycolipids extracted from hog gastric mucosa by 0.4 M sodium acetate in methanol-chloroform-water, and which were purified to homogeneity by DEAE-Sephadex and Florisil column chromatography and by preparative thin-layer chromatography in three solvent systems. Five branched fucolipids have been purified from this extract, three of which have been characterized previously [1] and remaining two were subject of this investigations. Based on the results of partial acid hydrolyses, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide, permethylation and serological activities following structures were proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:912822", "title": "A study of some environmental influences in language development.", "content": "A study of the language development of a group of three year old children living on a housing estate is described. Various factors in their environment are examined in relation to their development. The only significant finding was that children possessing toys which encouraged creative play were more advanced in both verbal comprehension and expressive language. The role of language in intellectual development and possible implications for pre-school facilities are discussed.", "contents": "A study of some environmental influences in language development. A study of the language development of a group of three year old children living on a housing estate is described. Various factors in their environment are examined in relation to their development. The only significant finding was that children possessing toys which encouraged creative play were more advanced in both verbal comprehension and expressive language. The role of language in intellectual development and possible implications for pre-school facilities are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912827", "title": "Neural regulation of renin release: experimental evidence and clinical implications in arterial hypertension.", "content": "The assessment of the possible role played by the renin-angiotensin system in maintaining arterial hypertension requires an understanding of the mechanisms regulating renin release from the kidney. In addition to intrarenal mechanisms of control, recent investigation stresses the importance of sympathetic influences on the juxtaglomerular cells both in experimental animals and in man. Studies with beta-adrenergic blocking agents, interfering with sympathetic release of renin, and with peptides interfering with sympathetic release of renin, and with peptides interfering with the generation or action of angiotensin II, suggest that renin may play some pressor role in a number of cases of hypertension: a major one in the small group of patients with high plasma renin, and possibly a minor one in the large population of patients whose renin is stimulated by treatment with diuretics and vasodilators. On the whole, available evidence suggests that renin disturbances in essential hypertension are rarely primary. It is unlikely, therefore, that renin levels alone can suffice as guideline for treatment of hypertension. A more comprehensive approach should be based on a multifaceted profile, including but not limited to renin.", "contents": "Neural regulation of renin release: experimental evidence and clinical implications in arterial hypertension. The assessment of the possible role played by the renin-angiotensin system in maintaining arterial hypertension requires an understanding of the mechanisms regulating renin release from the kidney. In addition to intrarenal mechanisms of control, recent investigation stresses the importance of sympathetic influences on the juxtaglomerular cells both in experimental animals and in man. Studies with beta-adrenergic blocking agents, interfering with sympathetic release of renin, and with peptides interfering with sympathetic release of renin, and with peptides interfering with the generation or action of angiotensin II, suggest that renin may play some pressor role in a number of cases of hypertension: a major one in the small group of patients with high plasma renin, and possibly a minor one in the large population of patients whose renin is stimulated by treatment with diuretics and vasodilators. On the whole, available evidence suggests that renin disturbances in essential hypertension are rarely primary. It is unlikely, therefore, that renin levels alone can suffice as guideline for treatment of hypertension. A more comprehensive approach should be based on a multifaceted profile, including but not limited to renin."}
{"id": "PMID:912828", "title": "Tetralogy of Fallot: postoperative electrophysiologic studies.", "content": "Electrophysiologic studies performed during postoperative cardiac catheterization in 51 patients following repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TF) were compared with studies performed in a control group of 30 patients. These studies include His bundle electrograms, measurement of atrioventricular (A-V) conduction at progressively increasing atrial pacing rates, and evaluation of sinus node recovery time. More postoperative TF patients (20%) had prolonged H-V intervals compared to the controls (7%). With atrial pacing, no patient in the control group developed second degree A-V block below 160 beats/min, while 23% of the postoperative TF patients developed block below this level. Half of these patients had normal His bundle studies. Stress of the A-V conduction system by atrial pacing may unmask conduction abnormalities not present on the surface electrocardiogram or on His bundle electrogram. Two-thirds of the patients had some form of conduction abnormality on the basis of evaluation of one or more parameters but about half of the patients with a given abnormality had normal findings in other areas. The high incidence of electrophysiologic abnormalities following TF repair may have future prognostic significance. Systematic evaluation of atrioventricular conduction during preoperative and postoperative cardiac catheterization may be of value.", "contents": "Tetralogy of Fallot: postoperative electrophysiologic studies. Electrophysiologic studies performed during postoperative cardiac catheterization in 51 patients following repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TF) were compared with studies performed in a control group of 30 patients. These studies include His bundle electrograms, measurement of atrioventricular (A-V) conduction at progressively increasing atrial pacing rates, and evaluation of sinus node recovery time. More postoperative TF patients (20%) had prolonged H-V intervals compared to the controls (7%). With atrial pacing, no patient in the control group developed second degree A-V block below 160 beats/min, while 23% of the postoperative TF patients developed block below this level. Half of these patients had normal His bundle studies. Stress of the A-V conduction system by atrial pacing may unmask conduction abnormalities not present on the surface electrocardiogram or on His bundle electrogram. Two-thirds of the patients had some form of conduction abnormality on the basis of evaluation of one or more parameters but about half of the patients with a given abnormality had normal findings in other areas. The high incidence of electrophysiologic abnormalities following TF repair may have future prognostic significance. Systematic evaluation of atrioventricular conduction during preoperative and postoperative cardiac catheterization may be of value."}
{"id": "PMID:912825", "title": "Observations on the development of spontaneous tele-kinesic communication in babies and young children.", "content": "Specialized body movements are universally employed to convey information between individuals and groups across some distance, near or far. The natural development of facial expressions, limb gestures and whole body movements, for the purpose of interpersonal communications in young children, is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Observations on the development of spontaneous tele-kinesic communication in babies and young children. Specialized body movements are universally employed to convey information between individuals and groups across some distance, near or far. The natural development of facial expressions, limb gestures and whole body movements, for the purpose of interpersonal communications in young children, is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912824", "title": "Playgroups-their effects on the language and socialization of children.", "content": "This paper attempts to evaluate the effects of pre-school playgroups on child development by reporting the views of first year infant school teachers.", "contents": "Playgroups-their effects on the language and socialization of children. This paper attempts to evaluate the effects of pre-school playgroups on child development by reporting the views of first year infant school teachers."}
{"id": "PMID:912829", "title": "Modification and abolition of re-entry within the His-Purkinje system in man by diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "The phenomenon of macrore-entry (Re) within the His-Purkinje system (HPS) was consistently observed in 10 of 19 patients during retrograde refractory period studies. Effects of intravenous infusion of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on Re were studied in these 10 patients 10 minutes after completion of infusion (mean plasma level equal to 17.0 microgram/ml). Diphenylhydantoin modified determinants of Re in seven patients (group I) and abolished Re in the remaining three patients (group II). In group I, DPH shortened the critical V1 V2 from 310.0 +/- 30.5 to 292.9 +/- 25.6 msec (P less than 0.025) and critical V2 H2 intervals for Re from 201.4 +/- 18.4 to 185.0 +/- 13.8 msec (P greater than 0.05). In group II, DPH abolished Re in two of three patients by precluding attainment of critical V2 H2 intervals whereas Re was abolished in the remaining one patient despite attainment of critical V2 H2 intervals (vs control). For both groups, DPH significantly shortened functional and effective refractory periods of the HPS (P less than 0.001 and less than 0.01, respectively) without significantly affecting the effective refractory period of the ventricular muscle. Diphenylhydantoin either completely abolished or significantly shortened the retrograde gap zones in the HPS. It is concluded that diphenylhydantoin significantly shortens His-Purkinje system refractoriness, abolishing Re in the patients with higher degree of improvement in refractoriness.", "contents": "Modification and abolition of re-entry within the His-Purkinje system in man by diphenylhydantoin. The phenomenon of macrore-entry (Re) within the His-Purkinje system (HPS) was consistently observed in 10 of 19 patients during retrograde refractory period studies. Effects of intravenous infusion of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on Re were studied in these 10 patients 10 minutes after completion of infusion (mean plasma level equal to 17.0 microgram/ml). Diphenylhydantoin modified determinants of Re in seven patients (group I) and abolished Re in the remaining three patients (group II). In group I, DPH shortened the critical V1 V2 from 310.0 +/- 30.5 to 292.9 +/- 25.6 msec (P less than 0.025) and critical V2 H2 intervals for Re from 201.4 +/- 18.4 to 185.0 +/- 13.8 msec (P greater than 0.05). In group II, DPH abolished Re in two of three patients by precluding attainment of critical V2 H2 intervals whereas Re was abolished in the remaining one patient despite attainment of critical V2 H2 intervals (vs control). For both groups, DPH significantly shortened functional and effective refractory periods of the HPS (P less than 0.001 and less than 0.01, respectively) without significantly affecting the effective refractory period of the ventricular muscle. Diphenylhydantoin either completely abolished or significantly shortened the retrograde gap zones in the HPS. It is concluded that diphenylhydantoin significantly shortens His-Purkinje system refractoriness, abolishing Re in the patients with higher degree of improvement in refractoriness."}
{"id": "PMID:912826", "title": "Dimensions of parental involvement in pre-school programmes.", "content": "This report describes an approach towards the clarification of the role of parent involvement in the decision-making process and assessment of preschool programmes. A model-placing involvement on a continuum is developed using as its endpoints high and low levels of parent involvement. The implications of this distinction in the decision-making process are examined from the viewpoint of practical consequences for all those concerned with maximizing the effects of various pre-school programmes. Finally, an example of a case of programme evaluation which actively sought high levels of parent involvement in the development of a behaviour rating scale is presented and an extension of the model to other aspects of a child's life is suggested.", "contents": "Dimensions of parental involvement in pre-school programmes. This report describes an approach towards the clarification of the role of parent involvement in the decision-making process and assessment of preschool programmes. A model-placing involvement on a continuum is developed using as its endpoints high and low levels of parent involvement. The implications of this distinction in the decision-making process are examined from the viewpoint of practical consequences for all those concerned with maximizing the effects of various pre-school programmes. Finally, an example of a case of programme evaluation which actively sought high levels of parent involvement in the development of a behaviour rating scale is presented and an extension of the model to other aspects of a child's life is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:912831", "title": "Entrainment and interruption of atrial flutter with atrial pacing: studies in man following open heart surgery.", "content": "To examine the question of why the pacing rate and duration of atrial pacing are crucial factors in the successful interruption of atrial flutter, studies were performed on 30 patients in the period following open heart surgery. In each patient the diagnosis of atrial flutter was made using a pair of wire electrodes placed on the right atrial epicardium at the time of operation and brought out through the anterior chest wall. The same electrodes were used for atrial pacing. Pacing faster than the spontaneous rate of the atrial flutter which failed to interrupt the atrial flutter was associated with transient entrainment of the atrial flutter up to the atrial pacing rate. Atrial flutter was interrupted successfully when the atria were paced at a rate which was too fast for the atrial flutter to follow. This was heralded by the conversion of previously negative flutter waves to positive atrial complexes in ECG lead II. When pacing the atria at a constant rate, 2-22 seconds with a mean of 10 seconds were required to interrupt the atrial flutter.", "contents": "Entrainment and interruption of atrial flutter with atrial pacing: studies in man following open heart surgery. To examine the question of why the pacing rate and duration of atrial pacing are crucial factors in the successful interruption of atrial flutter, studies were performed on 30 patients in the period following open heart surgery. In each patient the diagnosis of atrial flutter was made using a pair of wire electrodes placed on the right atrial epicardium at the time of operation and brought out through the anterior chest wall. The same electrodes were used for atrial pacing. Pacing faster than the spontaneous rate of the atrial flutter which failed to interrupt the atrial flutter was associated with transient entrainment of the atrial flutter up to the atrial pacing rate. Atrial flutter was interrupted successfully when the atria were paced at a rate which was too fast for the atrial flutter to follow. This was heralded by the conversion of previously negative flutter waves to positive atrial complexes in ECG lead II. When pacing the atria at a constant rate, 2-22 seconds with a mean of 10 seconds were required to interrupt the atrial flutter."}
{"id": "PMID:912823", "title": "The use of Glasgow hospital beds by children under the age of one year.", "content": "A study of computer-based hospital discharge data for Glasgow infants showed a 50% rise in the number of discharges per 1000 births from 1968 to 1972. This was attributable to increased rates for infections of the alimentary and respiratory systems. There was no evidence of a rise in disease prevalence nor a fall in mortality rates. It is hypothesized that hospital resources may be used inappropriately to meet demand when the actual need is for primary care services.", "contents": "The use of Glasgow hospital beds by children under the age of one year. A study of computer-based hospital discharge data for Glasgow infants showed a 50% rise in the number of discharges per 1000 births from 1968 to 1972. This was attributable to increased rates for infections of the alimentary and respiratory systems. There was no evidence of a rise in disease prevalence nor a fall in mortality rates. It is hypothesized that hospital resources may be used inappropriately to meet demand when the actual need is for primary care services."}
{"id": "PMID:912832", "title": "Transthoracic ventricular defibrillation in the 100 kg calf with unidirectional rectangular pulses.", "content": "The effectiveness in reversing ventricular fibrillation of 30 seconds duration of unidirectional rectangular-wave shocks having pulse widths of 0.5 through 64 msec, pulse amplitudes of 35, 50, 70, 100, and 140 amp, and pulse energies of 109 through 1,660 J was studied in 3,303 transthoracic fibrillation-defibrillation episodes in 100 kg calves. A total of 38 animals were used in the study. Postdefibrillation electrocardiograms were recorded. Families of curves of percent successful defibrillation vs pulse duration, percent successful defibrillation vs pulse energy, duration of postdefibrillation complete block or standstill vs energy, and time required for a return to normal sinus rhythm vs energy were derived. The most effective waveform studied (70 amp--8 msec--862 J) yielded defibrillation on the initial attempt in 93% of 120 episodes. In general, the duration of complete block or standstill and the time required for a return to normal sinus rhythm increased with increasing pulse current and pulse energy.", "contents": "Transthoracic ventricular defibrillation in the 100 kg calf with unidirectional rectangular pulses. The effectiveness in reversing ventricular fibrillation of 30 seconds duration of unidirectional rectangular-wave shocks having pulse widths of 0.5 through 64 msec, pulse amplitudes of 35, 50, 70, 100, and 140 amp, and pulse energies of 109 through 1,660 J was studied in 3,303 transthoracic fibrillation-defibrillation episodes in 100 kg calves. A total of 38 animals were used in the study. Postdefibrillation electrocardiograms were recorded. Families of curves of percent successful defibrillation vs pulse duration, percent successful defibrillation vs pulse energy, duration of postdefibrillation complete block or standstill vs energy, and time required for a return to normal sinus rhythm vs energy were derived. The most effective waveform studied (70 amp--8 msec--862 J) yielded defibrillation on the initial attempt in 93% of 120 episodes. In general, the duration of complete block or standstill and the time required for a return to normal sinus rhythm increased with increasing pulse current and pulse energy."}
{"id": "PMID:912833", "title": "A comparison of unipolar and bipolar electrograms for cardiac pacemaker sensing.", "content": "Simultaneous unipolar and bipolar electrograms were recorded and compared from 49 pacemaker patients with bipolar endocardial electrodes. Average bipolar depolarization signal voltage equalled that of unipolar but showed greater variation. Bipolar and unipolar slew rates were equal in both mean and variance. The proximal pole voltage had little effect on the bipolar result in 8% of the cases, tended to cancel the tip voltage in 49% of the cases and augmented the tip voltage in 43% of the electrograms. The average bipolar R wave duration was 28% less, the T wave amplitude 34% less, and the ST-segment elevation 37% less than the unipolar values. By consistently attenuating the undersirable T waves and ST elevations, while leaving the depolarization signal unaffected, the bipolar electrode offered the advantage of a superior signal-to-noise ratio for sensing depolarization. In one case, however, the bipolar signal was so small as to cause a clinical sensing failure.", "contents": "A comparison of unipolar and bipolar electrograms for cardiac pacemaker sensing. Simultaneous unipolar and bipolar electrograms were recorded and compared from 49 pacemaker patients with bipolar endocardial electrodes. Average bipolar depolarization signal voltage equalled that of unipolar but showed greater variation. Bipolar and unipolar slew rates were equal in both mean and variance. The proximal pole voltage had little effect on the bipolar result in 8% of the cases, tended to cancel the tip voltage in 49% of the cases and augmented the tip voltage in 43% of the electrograms. The average bipolar R wave duration was 28% less, the T wave amplitude 34% less, and the ST-segment elevation 37% less than the unipolar values. By consistently attenuating the undersirable T waves and ST elevations, while leaving the depolarization signal unaffected, the bipolar electrode offered the advantage of a superior signal-to-noise ratio for sensing depolarization. In one case, however, the bipolar signal was so small as to cause a clinical sensing failure."}
{"id": "PMID:912835", "title": "Real-time cross-sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta: a prospective study of echocardiographic-angiographic correlations.", "content": "Real-time cross-sectional echocardiographic sector scan examinations were performed from a suprasternal notch location to image aortic anatomy in 15 children (ages 1 day to 21 years) who were subsequently shown at cardiac catheterization to have coarctation of the descending thoracic aorta. The resulting echocardiographic images of the ascending, transverse and descending aorta imaged juxtaductal coarctation in all 15 patients. Echocardiography predicted discrete coarctation of the aorta in eight, isthmic hypoplasia in two, hourglass type coarctation deformities in three and longer segment coarctation in four patients. Catheterization and angiography confirmed all of these anatomic observations. The control group, 100 patients with congenital heart disease but without angiographic coarctations, included four patients with right-sided aortic arch and six patients with dextrocardia. The ascending, transverse and descending aorta were adequately imaged in 94 of these and no descending aortic abnormalities were noted. This study shows the potential utility of cross-sectional echocardiography for the noninvasive precatheterization or preoperative assessment of coarctation of the aorta in children and critically ill newborns.", "contents": "Real-time cross-sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta: a prospective study of echocardiographic-angiographic correlations. Real-time cross-sectional echocardiographic sector scan examinations were performed from a suprasternal notch location to image aortic anatomy in 15 children (ages 1 day to 21 years) who were subsequently shown at cardiac catheterization to have coarctation of the descending thoracic aorta. The resulting echocardiographic images of the ascending, transverse and descending aorta imaged juxtaductal coarctation in all 15 patients. Echocardiography predicted discrete coarctation of the aorta in eight, isthmic hypoplasia in two, hourglass type coarctation deformities in three and longer segment coarctation in four patients. Catheterization and angiography confirmed all of these anatomic observations. The control group, 100 patients with congenital heart disease but without angiographic coarctations, included four patients with right-sided aortic arch and six patients with dextrocardia. The ascending, transverse and descending aorta were adequately imaged in 94 of these and no descending aortic abnormalities were noted. This study shows the potential utility of cross-sectional echocardiography for the noninvasive precatheterization or preoperative assessment of coarctation of the aorta in children and critically ill newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:912836", "title": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic visualization of the stenotic pulmonary valve.", "content": "Real-time, cross-sectional echocardiograms of the pulmonary valve were recorded in 22 patients with valvular pulmonary stenosis (VPS) (14 mild, eight moderate or severe) and 25 normal subjects. Normally during systole the pulmonary leaflet echoes moved rapidly apart and in the fully opened position lay parallel and in close apposition to the margins of the pulmonary artery. In 20 of 22 patients with VPS in whom the pulmonary valve was recorded the systolic configuration of the leaflets, opening pattern of the leaflet echoes, and presence of presystolic doming served to differentiate the stenotic valve from normal. In contrast M-mode recordings of the pulmonary valve were possible in only 12 of these 22 cases (seven mild and five moderate or severe) and suggested VPS in only the five cases with moderate or severe stenosis. Cross-sectional echocardiography offers a direct, noninvasive method for visualizing the stenotic pulmonary valve and should be improvement over the indirect M-mode data.", "contents": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic visualization of the stenotic pulmonary valve. Real-time, cross-sectional echocardiograms of the pulmonary valve were recorded in 22 patients with valvular pulmonary stenosis (VPS) (14 mild, eight moderate or severe) and 25 normal subjects. Normally during systole the pulmonary leaflet echoes moved rapidly apart and in the fully opened position lay parallel and in close apposition to the margins of the pulmonary artery. In 20 of 22 patients with VPS in whom the pulmonary valve was recorded the systolic configuration of the leaflets, opening pattern of the leaflet echoes, and presence of presystolic doming served to differentiate the stenotic valve from normal. In contrast M-mode recordings of the pulmonary valve were possible in only 12 of these 22 cases (seven mild and five moderate or severe) and suggested VPS in only the five cases with moderate or severe stenosis. Cross-sectional echocardiography offers a direct, noninvasive method for visualizing the stenotic pulmonary valve and should be improvement over the indirect M-mode data."}
{"id": "PMID:912837", "title": "Right ventricular compression as a sign of cardiac tamponade: an analysis of echocardiographic ventricular dimensions and their clinical implications.", "content": "We have identified pericardial effusion by echocardiography in 174 patients. Seventeen had cardiac tamponade which was not always clinically obvious. Right ventricular narrowing or compression, occurring in the minor axis at end diastole and end expiration, to 7 +/- 2 mm or less, was strongly associated with tamponade in patients with effusion. Right ventricular compression and signs of tamponade abated with pericardiocentesis. One patient was in tamponade without obvious right ventricular narrowing. Nonetheless, he demonstrated serial increases in right ventricular dimensions which paralleled hemodynamic improvement. Diminished left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, \"swinging heart,\" electrical alternans, reciprocal respiratory variations in right and left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions and variation in amplitude of the mitral D-E slope were nonspecific for tamponade. Evaluation of right ventricular dimensions may be clinically useful to diagnose and monitor cardiac tamponade.", "contents": "Right ventricular compression as a sign of cardiac tamponade: an analysis of echocardiographic ventricular dimensions and their clinical implications. We have identified pericardial effusion by echocardiography in 174 patients. Seventeen had cardiac tamponade which was not always clinically obvious. Right ventricular narrowing or compression, occurring in the minor axis at end diastole and end expiration, to 7 +/- 2 mm or less, was strongly associated with tamponade in patients with effusion. Right ventricular compression and signs of tamponade abated with pericardiocentesis. One patient was in tamponade without obvious right ventricular narrowing. Nonetheless, he demonstrated serial increases in right ventricular dimensions which paralleled hemodynamic improvement. Diminished left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, \"swinging heart,\" electrical alternans, reciprocal respiratory variations in right and left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions and variation in amplitude of the mitral D-E slope were nonspecific for tamponade. Evaluation of right ventricular dimensions may be clinically useful to diagnose and monitor cardiac tamponade."}
{"id": "PMID:912839", "title": "The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. 1. Myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs.", "content": "Irreversible ischemic myocardial cell injury developes in an increasing number of cells as the duration of coronary occlusion is prolonged. The present study quantitates myocardial necrosis produced by 40 minutes, 3 hours, or 6 hours of temporary circumflex coronary occlusion (CO) followed by 2 to 4 days of reperfusion, or by 24 or 96 hours of permanent circumflex ligation in pentobarbital anesthetized open chest dogs. After 40 minutes of ischemia, myocyte necrosis was subendocardial but with increasing duration of coronary occlusion, irreversible injury progressed as a wavefront toward the subepicardium. Transmural necrosis was 38 +/- 4% after 40 min, 57 +/- 7% after 3 hours, 71 +/- 7% after 6 hours and 85 +/- 2% after 24 hours of ischemic injury. These results document the presence of a subepicardial zone of ischemic but viable myocardium which is available for pharmacologic or surgical salvage for at least three and perhaps six hours following circumflex occlusion in the dog.", "contents": "The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. 1. Myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Irreversible ischemic myocardial cell injury developes in an increasing number of cells as the duration of coronary occlusion is prolonged. The present study quantitates myocardial necrosis produced by 40 minutes, 3 hours, or 6 hours of temporary circumflex coronary occlusion (CO) followed by 2 to 4 days of reperfusion, or by 24 or 96 hours of permanent circumflex ligation in pentobarbital anesthetized open chest dogs. After 40 minutes of ischemia, myocyte necrosis was subendocardial but with increasing duration of coronary occlusion, irreversible injury progressed as a wavefront toward the subepicardium. Transmural necrosis was 38 +/- 4% after 40 min, 57 +/- 7% after 3 hours, 71 +/- 7% after 6 hours and 85 +/- 2% after 24 hours of ischemic injury. These results document the presence of a subepicardial zone of ischemic but viable myocardium which is available for pharmacologic or surgical salvage for at least three and perhaps six hours following circumflex occlusion in the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:912840", "title": "Infarct size reduction by propranolol before and after coronary ligation in dogs.", "content": "Coronary occlusion in the dog results in irreversible myocardial cell injury which develops first in subendocardial areas of severe ischemica and subsequently spreads into mid and subepicardial areas of moderate ischemia. The effect of propranolol on this progression of ischemic injury was evaluated. Three groups of dogs were studied: 1) untreated, 2) treated with propranolol before and throughout coronary ligation, and 3) treated with propranolol beginning three hours after ligation. Dogs were sacrificed 24 hours after coronary ligation and necrosis was quantitated from histologic sections of transmural slices through the posterior papillary muscle. Propranolol reduced infarct size by preventing necrosis in peripheral (subepicardial) areas of moderately ischemic myocardium. Pretreatment with propranolol reduced necrosis from 85 +/- 3% (untreated) to 52 +/- 4% (P less than 0.05). Delayed propranolol therapy was about half as effective as pre-treatment and reduced necrosis to 71 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05). Propranolol also limited microvascular injury so that perfusion defects, detected with the dye thioflavin S, were smaller in treated dogs.", "contents": "Infarct size reduction by propranolol before and after coronary ligation in dogs. Coronary occlusion in the dog results in irreversible myocardial cell injury which develops first in subendocardial areas of severe ischemica and subsequently spreads into mid and subepicardial areas of moderate ischemia. The effect of propranolol on this progression of ischemic injury was evaluated. Three groups of dogs were studied: 1) untreated, 2) treated with propranolol before and throughout coronary ligation, and 3) treated with propranolol beginning three hours after ligation. Dogs were sacrificed 24 hours after coronary ligation and necrosis was quantitated from histologic sections of transmural slices through the posterior papillary muscle. Propranolol reduced infarct size by preventing necrosis in peripheral (subepicardial) areas of moderately ischemic myocardium. Pretreatment with propranolol reduced necrosis from 85 +/- 3% (untreated) to 52 +/- 4% (P less than 0.05). Delayed propranolol therapy was about half as effective as pre-treatment and reduced necrosis to 71 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05). Propranolol also limited microvascular injury so that perfusion defects, detected with the dye thioflavin S, were smaller in treated dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:912841", "title": "New criteria to enhance the predictability of coronary artery disease by exercise testing in asymptomatic subjects.", "content": "Thirty-seven subjects (10 asymptomatic and 27 symptomatic) who had undergone maximal treadmill exercise tests and coronary arteriography were selected to determine whether the predictive value of ST-segment depression as a marker of coronary artery disease (CAD) in asymptomatic subjects could be enhanced. All subjects had greater than or equal to 2 mm ST-segment depression during testing. Three of the ten asymptomatic subjects had significant CAD (predictive accuracy 30%) and all had greater than or equal to 2 mm ST depression in the one-minute recovery tracing. ST-segment depression resolved by one minute in all seven subjects without CAD. All 27 symptomatic subjects had CAD (predictive accuracy 100%) and 26 of 27 had greater than or equal to 1 mm (21/24 greater than or equal to 2 mm) ST depression in the one-minute recovery tracing. The age, maximum heart rate and exercise tolerance did not differ significantly between the symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Thus the predictive accuracy for CAD in asymptomatic subjects is not enhanced by increasing the degree of ST depression required for a positive exercise test. The predictive value may be enhanced if ST depression persists for greater than or equal to 2 minutes into recovery. These data suggest that by using new criteria accurate identification of asymptomatic patients with CAD by exercise testing may be practical.", "contents": "New criteria to enhance the predictability of coronary artery disease by exercise testing in asymptomatic subjects. Thirty-seven subjects (10 asymptomatic and 27 symptomatic) who had undergone maximal treadmill exercise tests and coronary arteriography were selected to determine whether the predictive value of ST-segment depression as a marker of coronary artery disease (CAD) in asymptomatic subjects could be enhanced. All subjects had greater than or equal to 2 mm ST-segment depression during testing. Three of the ten asymptomatic subjects had significant CAD (predictive accuracy 30%) and all had greater than or equal to 2 mm ST depression in the one-minute recovery tracing. ST-segment depression resolved by one minute in all seven subjects without CAD. All 27 symptomatic subjects had CAD (predictive accuracy 100%) and 26 of 27 had greater than or equal to 1 mm (21/24 greater than or equal to 2 mm) ST depression in the one-minute recovery tracing. The age, maximum heart rate and exercise tolerance did not differ significantly between the symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Thus the predictive accuracy for CAD in asymptomatic subjects is not enhanced by increasing the degree of ST depression required for a positive exercise test. The predictive value may be enhanced if ST depression persists for greater than or equal to 2 minutes into recovery. These data suggest that by using new criteria accurate identification of asymptomatic patients with CAD by exercise testing may be practical."}
{"id": "PMID:912843", "title": "\"Reverse coronary steal\" induced by coronary vasoconstriction following coronary artery occlusion in dogs.", "content": "The phenomenon of \"coronary steal,\" i.e., the shunting of blood from ischemic to normally perfused areas of myocardium, has been described as an effect of the administration of several vasodilating agents. This study was performed to ascertain whether the reverse situation can be induced, i.e., whether vasoconstriction of the vessels supplying the nonischemic zone could increase the collateral flow to the ischemic area. In 16 open chest dogs, 15 and 30 min after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, epicardial electrograms were recorded and regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) was measured with radiolabeled microspheres. Methoxamine was infused intravenously between 17 and 30 min, the mean arterial pressure being kept constant. The results indicate that while the coronary arterial flow to the normal myocardium fell from 90.6 +/- 4.3 to 77.7 +/- 3.2 ml/min/100 g (P less than 0.01), the collateral blood flow to the ischemic area increased from 21.4 +/- 3.5 to 41.0 +/- 4.2 ml/min/100 g (P less than 0.01), and thereby reduced acute myocardial ischemic injury. This favorable redistribution of blood flow might be considered a \"reverse coronary steal.\"", "contents": "\"Reverse coronary steal\" induced by coronary vasoconstriction following coronary artery occlusion in dogs. The phenomenon of \"coronary steal,\" i.e., the shunting of blood from ischemic to normally perfused areas of myocardium, has been described as an effect of the administration of several vasodilating agents. This study was performed to ascertain whether the reverse situation can be induced, i.e., whether vasoconstriction of the vessels supplying the nonischemic zone could increase the collateral flow to the ischemic area. In 16 open chest dogs, 15 and 30 min after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, epicardial electrograms were recorded and regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) was measured with radiolabeled microspheres. Methoxamine was infused intravenously between 17 and 30 min, the mean arterial pressure being kept constant. The results indicate that while the coronary arterial flow to the normal myocardium fell from 90.6 +/- 4.3 to 77.7 +/- 3.2 ml/min/100 g (P less than 0.01), the collateral blood flow to the ischemic area increased from 21.4 +/- 3.5 to 41.0 +/- 4.2 ml/min/100 g (P less than 0.01), and thereby reduced acute myocardial ischemic injury. This favorable redistribution of blood flow might be considered a \"reverse coronary steal.\""}
{"id": "PMID:912844", "title": "Prognostic efficacy of early clinical categorization of myocardial infarction patients.", "content": "To assess the prognostic validity of \"low risk\" classification at 24-36 hours as the basis for early transfer to an intermediate coronary care unit, Killip and Hutter/Sidel criteria for risk classicication were applied to 410 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and prospectively compared with respect to mortality and morbidity. Six percent of \"low risk\" patients by the Killip classification subsequently died and were therefore misclassified. No patients in the group classified as \"low risk\" by the Hutter/Sidel criteria died; however, more than two and a half times as many potentially \"low risk\" patients were excluded from this group. With respect to morbidity, 35 of 87 patients (40%) classified as \"low risk\" by Hutter/Sidel criteria developed 43 major complications during their hospitalization. Nine of these patients developed 11 of the 43 complications (26%) on day six or later, and for five of these patients, this was their first major complication during hospitalization. This significant incidence of morbidity in \"low risk\" patients, despite their low mortality rates as a group, must be taken into account in developing intermediate coronary care units.", "contents": "Prognostic efficacy of early clinical categorization of myocardial infarction patients. To assess the prognostic validity of \"low risk\" classification at 24-36 hours as the basis for early transfer to an intermediate coronary care unit, Killip and Hutter/Sidel criteria for risk classicication were applied to 410 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and prospectively compared with respect to mortality and morbidity. Six percent of \"low risk\" patients by the Killip classification subsequently died and were therefore misclassified. No patients in the group classified as \"low risk\" by the Hutter/Sidel criteria died; however, more than two and a half times as many potentially \"low risk\" patients were excluded from this group. With respect to morbidity, 35 of 87 patients (40%) classified as \"low risk\" by Hutter/Sidel criteria developed 43 major complications during their hospitalization. Nine of these patients developed 11 of the 43 complications (26%) on day six or later, and for five of these patients, this was their first major complication during hospitalization. This significant incidence of morbidity in \"low risk\" patients, despite their low mortality rates as a group, must be taken into account in developing intermediate coronary care units."}
{"id": "PMID:912846", "title": "The use of \"fresh\" unstented homograft valves for replacement of the aortic valve: analysis of 6 1/2 years experience.", "content": "Between August 1969 and January 1976, 561 patients underwent homograft replacement of the aortic valve (AVR). Isolated AVR was performed in 339 patients, ranging in age between 18 months and 74 years. The valves were sterilized in antibiotic solution and preserved at 4 degrees C in tissue culture medium. There were 11 early deaths (3.2%) and 23 late deaths (6.8%). Actuarial analysis showed 88% survival at 5 years and 85% at 6 years. Valve failure occurred in 13 patients (3.8%) due to prolapse of one cusp in five patients (1.5%), infective endocarditis in three and degeneration of the graft in five (1.5%). Degenerative valve failure was encountered after the fourth year with an incidence of 3.5% of patients at risk, and occurred only in grafts from donors over the age of 70 years. Diastolic murmurs were present in 22% of patients followed up for more than one month and increased very slightly with time. The clinical result was judged to be good or excellent in approximately 90% of the surviving patients.", "contents": "The use of \"fresh\" unstented homograft valves for replacement of the aortic valve: analysis of 6 1/2 years experience. Between August 1969 and January 1976, 561 patients underwent homograft replacement of the aortic valve (AVR). Isolated AVR was performed in 339 patients, ranging in age between 18 months and 74 years. The valves were sterilized in antibiotic solution and preserved at 4 degrees C in tissue culture medium. There were 11 early deaths (3.2%) and 23 late deaths (6.8%). Actuarial analysis showed 88% survival at 5 years and 85% at 6 years. Valve failure occurred in 13 patients (3.8%) due to prolapse of one cusp in five patients (1.5%), infective endocarditis in three and degeneration of the graft in five (1.5%). Degenerative valve failure was encountered after the fourth year with an incidence of 3.5% of patients at risk, and occurred only in grafts from donors over the age of 70 years. Diastolic murmurs were present in 22% of patients followed up for more than one month and increased very slightly with time. The clinical result was judged to be good or excellent in approximately 90% of the surviving patients."}
{"id": "PMID:912847", "title": "Mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening in prolapsed mitral leaflet syndrome.", "content": "In 26 patients with mitral valve prolapse, ventricular function was evaluated by mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (MVCF) as measured along the basilar, middle and apical axes. Significantly increased rates of MVCF were found in patients with mitral prolapse along the basilar axis (1.75 +/- 0.23 circ/sec) and middle axis (2.09 +/- 0.34 cir/sec) (P less than 0.025 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Patients with mitral valve prolapse and regurgitation demonstrated a significant increase in MVCF along the basilar axes (1.72 +/- 0.15 cir/sec) (P less than 0.05). Asynergy apperars to have a negative effect on the MVCF along the middle axis. The MVCF was found not to be related to clinical findings, symptoms or electrocardiographic changes. The mechanism for the increase in MVCF in patients with mitral valve prolapse remains unsettled.", "contents": "Mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening in prolapsed mitral leaflet syndrome. In 26 patients with mitral valve prolapse, ventricular function was evaluated by mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (MVCF) as measured along the basilar, middle and apical axes. Significantly increased rates of MVCF were found in patients with mitral prolapse along the basilar axis (1.75 +/- 0.23 circ/sec) and middle axis (2.09 +/- 0.34 cir/sec) (P less than 0.025 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Patients with mitral valve prolapse and regurgitation demonstrated a significant increase in MVCF along the basilar axes (1.72 +/- 0.15 cir/sec) (P less than 0.05). Asynergy apperars to have a negative effect on the MVCF along the middle axis. The MVCF was found not to be related to clinical findings, symptoms or electrocardiographic changes. The mechanism for the increase in MVCF in patients with mitral valve prolapse remains unsettled."}
{"id": "PMID:912848", "title": "Urinary kallikrein in normal renin essential hypertension.", "content": "The relationship between urinary kallikrein, urinary aldosterone, and plasma renin activity (PRA) was studied in hypertensive patients and normal subjects. Kallikrein was measured by a radiochemical esterolytic assay. Nine white males with normal renin, mild essential hypertension (25 +/- 5 [SD] yr; blood pressure [BP] 143 +/- 7 / 95 +/- 5 mm Hg) and six white normal males (23 +/- 3 yr; BP 115 +/- 15 / 70 +/- 6 mm Hg) were placed on a one-week diet consisting of 400 mEq Na+, 80 mEq K+ diet and a one week diet of a 10 mEq Na+, 80 mEq K+ diet. During salt restriction, PRA, urinary aldosterone, and urinary kallikrein progressively rose. (Urinary kallikrein on day 7: normals 18.3 +/- 13.7 esterase units [EU] per 24 hr; hypertensives 22.7 +/- 12.5 EU/24 hrs). There were no significant differences between the normals and hypertensives in PRA, aldosterone, or kallikrein excretion. After sodium balance was achieved, during salt loading, the PRA, aldosterone and kallikrein values were similar in both normals and hypertensives. (Urinary kallikrein on day 7: normals 5.0 +/- 5.2; hypertensives 7.9 +/- 4.4 EU/24 hrs.) Abnormalities in urinary kallikrein in hypertensives were not found when young white males with normal renin essential hypertension were compared to age-matched white male normal subjects. PRA appears related to urinary kallikrein excretion in this type of patient.", "contents": "Urinary kallikrein in normal renin essential hypertension. The relationship between urinary kallikrein, urinary aldosterone, and plasma renin activity (PRA) was studied in hypertensive patients and normal subjects. Kallikrein was measured by a radiochemical esterolytic assay. Nine white males with normal renin, mild essential hypertension (25 +/- 5 [SD] yr; blood pressure [BP] 143 +/- 7 / 95 +/- 5 mm Hg) and six white normal males (23 +/- 3 yr; BP 115 +/- 15 / 70 +/- 6 mm Hg) were placed on a one-week diet consisting of 400 mEq Na+, 80 mEq K+ diet and a one week diet of a 10 mEq Na+, 80 mEq K+ diet. During salt restriction, PRA, urinary aldosterone, and urinary kallikrein progressively rose. (Urinary kallikrein on day 7: normals 18.3 +/- 13.7 esterase units [EU] per 24 hr; hypertensives 22.7 +/- 12.5 EU/24 hrs). There were no significant differences between the normals and hypertensives in PRA, aldosterone, or kallikrein excretion. After sodium balance was achieved, during salt loading, the PRA, aldosterone and kallikrein values were similar in both normals and hypertensives. (Urinary kallikrein on day 7: normals 5.0 +/- 5.2; hypertensives 7.9 +/- 4.4 EU/24 hrs.) Abnormalities in urinary kallikrein in hypertensives were not found when young white males with normal renin essential hypertension were compared to age-matched white male normal subjects. PRA appears related to urinary kallikrein excretion in this type of patient."}
{"id": "PMID:912849", "title": "The aortic closure sound in pure aortic insufficiency.", "content": "The second sound in aortic insufficiency has been described as accentuated, normal, or moderately diminished. A study of intracardiac phonocardiograms was performed to evaluate its intensity and to eliminate extracardiac factors. Pressure and intracardiac sound measurements were made in 28 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Recordings were obtained above the aortic valve and within the left ventricle in 14 patients with normal aortic valves and 11 patients with aortic insufficiency uncomplicated by aortic stenosis. The amplitude of the aortic closure sound in the patients with pure aortic insufficiency, 1000 +/- 100 dynes/cm2, was significantly lower than in those patients with normal aortic valves, 3100 +/- 200 dynes/cm2 (P less than 0.001). The results indicate, therefore, that the presence of aortic insufficiency causes a diminished amplitude of the aortic closure sound. These results are supportive of the theory that the second heart sound is caused by diastolic vibrations of the closed aortic cusps. Diminished valvular vibrations and sound would occur in pure aortic insufficiency if the valve is unable to properly tense during diastole, or if the rate of development of the driving pressure is diminished.", "contents": "The aortic closure sound in pure aortic insufficiency. The second sound in aortic insufficiency has been described as accentuated, normal, or moderately diminished. A study of intracardiac phonocardiograms was performed to evaluate its intensity and to eliminate extracardiac factors. Pressure and intracardiac sound measurements were made in 28 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Recordings were obtained above the aortic valve and within the left ventricle in 14 patients with normal aortic valves and 11 patients with aortic insufficiency uncomplicated by aortic stenosis. The amplitude of the aortic closure sound in the patients with pure aortic insufficiency, 1000 +/- 100 dynes/cm2, was significantly lower than in those patients with normal aortic valves, 3100 +/- 200 dynes/cm2 (P less than 0.001). The results indicate, therefore, that the presence of aortic insufficiency causes a diminished amplitude of the aortic closure sound. These results are supportive of the theory that the second heart sound is caused by diastolic vibrations of the closed aortic cusps. Diminished valvular vibrations and sound would occur in pure aortic insufficiency if the valve is unable to properly tense during diastole, or if the rate of development of the driving pressure is diminished."}
{"id": "PMID:912850", "title": "Relationship between plasma lipid concentrations and coronary artery disease in 496 patients.", "content": "The relationship between fasting plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and the frequency and extensiveness of coronary artery disease (CAD) was studied in 496 subjects evaluated for chest pain by coronary arteriography at The Methodist Hospital. One hundred six of the patients had no CAD while 390 had 25% or greater stenosis of one or more major vessels. Ninety-one percent had 75% or greater stenosis of at least one major vessel. Mean age for the group with CAD was 55.7 +/- 8.7 and without disease 49.4 +/- 11.6 (P less than 0.01). Both cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were higher (P less than 0.001) in the group with CAD. Mean cholesterol concentration in males increased from 195 +/- 36 mg/dl in the group without CAD to 219 +/- 41 in the group with three vessel disease and in females from 207 +/- 40 to 252 +/- 42. A progressive increase in triglyceride values was also detected but was less consistent. At the level of 25% and greater obstruction, the partial correlation coefficients between the number of vessels involved and the cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, respectively, were +0.201 and +0.181.", "contents": "Relationship between plasma lipid concentrations and coronary artery disease in 496 patients. The relationship between fasting plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and the frequency and extensiveness of coronary artery disease (CAD) was studied in 496 subjects evaluated for chest pain by coronary arteriography at The Methodist Hospital. One hundred six of the patients had no CAD while 390 had 25% or greater stenosis of one or more major vessels. Ninety-one percent had 75% or greater stenosis of at least one major vessel. Mean age for the group with CAD was 55.7 +/- 8.7 and without disease 49.4 +/- 11.6 (P less than 0.01). Both cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were higher (P less than 0.001) in the group with CAD. Mean cholesterol concentration in males increased from 195 +/- 36 mg/dl in the group without CAD to 219 +/- 41 in the group with three vessel disease and in females from 207 +/- 40 to 252 +/- 42. A progressive increase in triglyceride values was also detected but was less consistent. At the level of 25% and greater obstruction, the partial correlation coefficients between the number of vessels involved and the cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, respectively, were +0.201 and +0.181."}
{"id": "PMID:912851", "title": "Clinical primary pulmonary hypertension: three pathologic types.", "content": "Clinically, there is a group of patients with elevated pulmonary arterial pressure in whom the underlying cause is not apparent. The pulmonary arterial wedge pressure is not elevated. For such cases, the designation of primary pulmonary hypertension may be made clinically. From the clinical categorization of primary pulmonary hypertension, three distinct pathologic entities emerge, namely 1) plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy, 2) recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism, and 3) pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. The plexogenic type is characterized initially by pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction with medial hypertrophy. Secondary proliferative intimal lesions, including the plexiform lesion, develop. Recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism is characterized by the presence of arterial thrombi of varying ages involving the microscopic-sized pulmonary arteries. Thrombi may be embolic in nature or may develop in situ. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease is characterized by obstructive lesions of pulmonary veins and venules. The clinical presentation of the three pathologic types may be so similar that definitive diagnosis depends upon histologic examination of the lung from tissue obtained either by biopsy or at necropsy.", "contents": "Clinical primary pulmonary hypertension: three pathologic types. Clinically, there is a group of patients with elevated pulmonary arterial pressure in whom the underlying cause is not apparent. The pulmonary arterial wedge pressure is not elevated. For such cases, the designation of primary pulmonary hypertension may be made clinically. From the clinical categorization of primary pulmonary hypertension, three distinct pathologic entities emerge, namely 1) plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy, 2) recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism, and 3) pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. The plexogenic type is characterized initially by pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction with medial hypertrophy. Secondary proliferative intimal lesions, including the plexiform lesion, develop. Recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism is characterized by the presence of arterial thrombi of varying ages involving the microscopic-sized pulmonary arteries. Thrombi may be embolic in nature or may develop in situ. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease is characterized by obstructive lesions of pulmonary veins and venules. The clinical presentation of the three pathologic types may be so similar that definitive diagnosis depends upon histologic examination of the lung from tissue obtained either by biopsy or at necropsy."}
{"id": "PMID:912852", "title": "Methysergide-induced heart disease: a case of multivalvular and myocardial fibrosis.", "content": "Methysergide (Sansert) is known to cause mitral and aortic valvular fibrosis and dysfunction, but has generally not been known to damage right heart valves or the myocardium, and cardiac fibrosis has not been considered to be a risk if therapy is intermittently interrupted. The woman who is the subject of this case report developed catheterization-proven severe tricuspid and moderate aortic and mitral regurgitation during noncontinuous therapy with methysergide. In addition, right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy revealed extensive endocardial and intramyocardial fibrosis.", "contents": "Methysergide-induced heart disease: a case of multivalvular and myocardial fibrosis. Methysergide (Sansert) is known to cause mitral and aortic valvular fibrosis and dysfunction, but has generally not been known to damage right heart valves or the myocardium, and cardiac fibrosis has not been considered to be a risk if therapy is intermittently interrupted. The woman who is the subject of this case report developed catheterization-proven severe tricuspid and moderate aortic and mitral regurgitation during noncontinuous therapy with methysergide. In addition, right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy revealed extensive endocardial and intramyocardial fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:912856", "title": "Urinary mandelic acid: identified in normal individuals following a single oral load of phenylethylamine.", "content": "1. An increased urinary mandelic acid was identified by gas-liquid chromatography in the urine of 3 healthy subjects following the oral ingestion of phenylethylamine. 2. The pathway for the formation of mandelic acid from phenylethylamine was suggested to involve the intermediate phenylethanolamine. The basic similarity of the metabolism of phenylethylamine and tyramine was suggested by the excretion of 4.5% of phenulethlamine as mandelic acid which correlated well to a reported 7.2% of p-tyramine excreted as p-hydroxy mandelic acid.", "contents": "Urinary mandelic acid: identified in normal individuals following a single oral load of phenylethylamine. 1. An increased urinary mandelic acid was identified by gas-liquid chromatography in the urine of 3 healthy subjects following the oral ingestion of phenylethylamine. 2. The pathway for the formation of mandelic acid from phenylethylamine was suggested to involve the intermediate phenylethanolamine. The basic similarity of the metabolism of phenylethylamine and tyramine was suggested by the excretion of 4.5% of phenulethlamine as mandelic acid which correlated well to a reported 7.2% of p-tyramine excreted as p-hydroxy mandelic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:912855", "title": "The measurement of volatile chromium in biological materials.", "content": "Chromium is an essential trace element in mammals since dietary chromium deficiency results in glucose intolerance due to decreased sensitivity to insulin. In humans, both adults and children with glucose intolerance have been improved by treatment with chromium. Furthermore, chromium deficiency has been implicated as a causative factor in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. However, little is known of the metabolism of chromium in humans, primarily because of analytical difficulties. The biologically active form of chromium is the \"glucose tolerance factor\" (GTF) which is a co-ordination complex of trivalent chromium with nicotinic acid and certain amino acids. At physiological pH, ionic chromium as a simple inorganic salt is insoluble in water, but trivalent chromium forms stable complexes with ascorbic acid, amino acids and other substances present in blood and tissue. Chromium is present in serum, bound to protein and also as dialysable or ultrafiltrable chromium (free chromium). The free chromium includes G.T.F. and other coordination complexes and represents the metabolically active form of the element; the ratio free/protein bound chromium in serum varies within the individual according to the diet and the metabolic state.", "contents": "The measurement of volatile chromium in biological materials. Chromium is an essential trace element in mammals since dietary chromium deficiency results in glucose intolerance due to decreased sensitivity to insulin. In humans, both adults and children with glucose intolerance have been improved by treatment with chromium. Furthermore, chromium deficiency has been implicated as a causative factor in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. However, little is known of the metabolism of chromium in humans, primarily because of analytical difficulties. The biologically active form of chromium is the \"glucose tolerance factor\" (GTF) which is a co-ordination complex of trivalent chromium with nicotinic acid and certain amino acids. At physiological pH, ionic chromium as a simple inorganic salt is insoluble in water, but trivalent chromium forms stable complexes with ascorbic acid, amino acids and other substances present in blood and tissue. Chromium is present in serum, bound to protein and also as dialysable or ultrafiltrable chromium (free chromium). The free chromium includes G.T.F. and other coordination complexes and represents the metabolically active form of the element; the ratio free/protein bound chromium in serum varies within the individual according to the diet and the metabolic state."}
{"id": "PMID:912857", "title": "An improved filter-disc assay for 3H-DNA and serum deoxyribonucleases.", "content": "1. The filter-paper disc assay for tritium-labeled nucleic acids was modified to reduce washing and manipulation. Evaluation of the procedure indicated greatly enhanced counting efficiency for tritium, complete removal of nuclease digestion products and retention of even nanogram levels of radioactive DNA on the discs in the presence of protein. The modified assay was quite sensitive and had a coefficient of variation of 5.2%. Quite low concentrations of DNase I and endogenous human serum nuclease activity were readily measured by the improved technique, 22 sera yielding a mean value equivalent to about 0.5 ng DNase I/ml serum. We are now using the disc assay to follow serum DNA and DNase levels in patients with autoimmune disorders and various types of cancers.", "contents": "An improved filter-disc assay for 3H-DNA and serum deoxyribonucleases. 1. The filter-paper disc assay for tritium-labeled nucleic acids was modified to reduce washing and manipulation. Evaluation of the procedure indicated greatly enhanced counting efficiency for tritium, complete removal of nuclease digestion products and retention of even nanogram levels of radioactive DNA on the discs in the presence of protein. The modified assay was quite sensitive and had a coefficient of variation of 5.2%. Quite low concentrations of DNase I and endogenous human serum nuclease activity were readily measured by the improved technique, 22 sera yielding a mean value equivalent to about 0.5 ng DNase I/ml serum. We are now using the disc assay to follow serum DNA and DNase levels in patients with autoimmune disorders and various types of cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:912858", "title": "The use of equilin as an internal standard to quantitate estriol in pregnancy urine.", "content": "The assay of pregnancy urine estriol by gas chromatography is most often carried out by adding cholesterol as an internal standard at the end of the extraction procedure. The reason for this is that cholesterol does not contain a phenolic ring, and would be lost during the extraction procedure for estriol. This does not allow for corrections of recovery loss, which would be the case if the internal standard was a phenolic steroid. This paper describes the utilization of equilin (delta 1,3,5,7-estratetraen-3-01-17-one) as the internal standard. The sample is hydrolyzed to remove sulfate and glucuronide groups and then the equilin is added. If equilin is added before hydrolysis, variable destruction takes place. Derivative studies indicate that room temperature silylation can be used with bis (trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide/trichlorosilane/trimethylsilylimidazole, 3:3:2 by weight. Results on control material containing a low, critical pregnancy concentration of estriol were as follows--listed value 5.0 mg/1, found 5.3 mg/1, co-efficient of variation %, 8.9% for 17 runs on different days.", "contents": "The use of equilin as an internal standard to quantitate estriol in pregnancy urine. The assay of pregnancy urine estriol by gas chromatography is most often carried out by adding cholesterol as an internal standard at the end of the extraction procedure. The reason for this is that cholesterol does not contain a phenolic ring, and would be lost during the extraction procedure for estriol. This does not allow for corrections of recovery loss, which would be the case if the internal standard was a phenolic steroid. This paper describes the utilization of equilin (delta 1,3,5,7-estratetraen-3-01-17-one) as the internal standard. The sample is hydrolyzed to remove sulfate and glucuronide groups and then the equilin is added. If equilin is added before hydrolysis, variable destruction takes place. Derivative studies indicate that room temperature silylation can be used with bis (trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide/trichlorosilane/trimethylsilylimidazole, 3:3:2 by weight. Results on control material containing a low, critical pregnancy concentration of estriol were as follows--listed value 5.0 mg/1, found 5.3 mg/1, co-efficient of variation %, 8.9% for 17 runs on different days."}
{"id": "PMID:912860", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of anti-epileptic drugs: a summary of current information.", "content": "This compendium represents what we believe to be the most current and reliable pharmacological data on anticonvulsant drugs. The information presented is derived from determinations of the drugs in plasma or serum by gas--liquid chromatography in studies of the efficacy of anti-epileptic agents. We present information on the limitations of therapeutic concentration ranges, half-lives, active and inactive metabolites, and structure/activity relationships of anticonvulsant drugs. This report provides answers to many of the questions clinicians direct to anticonvulsant-monitoring laboratories. Information on other pharmacoloical variables supplements this review in the interest of the clinical investigator.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of anti-epileptic drugs: a summary of current information. This compendium represents what we believe to be the most current and reliable pharmacological data on anticonvulsant drugs. The information presented is derived from determinations of the drugs in plasma or serum by gas--liquid chromatography in studies of the efficacy of anti-epileptic agents. We present information on the limitations of therapeutic concentration ranges, half-lives, active and inactive metabolites, and structure/activity relationships of anticonvulsant drugs. This report provides answers to many of the questions clinicians direct to anticonvulsant-monitoring laboratories. Information on other pharmacoloical variables supplements this review in the interest of the clinical investigator."}
{"id": "PMID:912861", "title": "Fluorescent assay of total serum cholesterol, with use of gas-liquid chromatography to study saponification efficiency.", "content": "We describe a fluorescent determination of total cholesterol in serum for which the accuracy and precision are comparable to that for the method of Abell-Kendall, a method of generally accepted accuracy. By the use of quality reagents and the rigorous exclusion of water, the strong fluorophor that develops on reacting concentrated sulfuric acid with cholesterol can be used to quantitatively determine the total cholesterol in serum. We used gas-liquid chromatography to monitor the extent of saponification of the cholesterol esters, because we found them to have fluorescent efficiencies that differed from that of free cholesterol. Sodium methoxide in methanol/methylene chloride (1/3 by vol) was shown by gas-liquid chromatography to very effectively saponify the cholesterol esters in serum.", "contents": "Fluorescent assay of total serum cholesterol, with use of gas-liquid chromatography to study saponification efficiency. We describe a fluorescent determination of total cholesterol in serum for which the accuracy and precision are comparable to that for the method of Abell-Kendall, a method of generally accepted accuracy. By the use of quality reagents and the rigorous exclusion of water, the strong fluorophor that develops on reacting concentrated sulfuric acid with cholesterol can be used to quantitatively determine the total cholesterol in serum. We used gas-liquid chromatography to monitor the extent of saponification of the cholesterol esters, because we found them to have fluorescent efficiencies that differed from that of free cholesterol. Sodium methoxide in methanol/methylene chloride (1/3 by vol) was shown by gas-liquid chromatography to very effectively saponify the cholesterol esters in serum."}
{"id": "PMID:912862", "title": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic analysis for tryptophan in serum.", "content": "Concentrations of total tryptophan were determined rapidly and sensitively in 50 microliter of serum by a reversed-phase partition version of high-performance liquid chromatography. For determination of total tryptophan, sample preparation requires only precipitation of the serum protein with trichloroacetic acid and removing excess trichloroacetic acid with a 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane(Freon)/tri-N-octylamine solution. Tryptophan in serum samples was detected by ultraviolet and fluorescence spectrometry. No interferences from the naturally occurring constituents of serum were observed. Elution time for tryptophan is 15 min, the limit of detection is 1 pmol.", "contents": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic analysis for tryptophan in serum. Concentrations of total tryptophan were determined rapidly and sensitively in 50 microliter of serum by a reversed-phase partition version of high-performance liquid chromatography. For determination of total tryptophan, sample preparation requires only precipitation of the serum protein with trichloroacetic acid and removing excess trichloroacetic acid with a 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane(Freon)/tri-N-octylamine solution. Tryptophan in serum samples was detected by ultraviolet and fluorescence spectrometry. No interferences from the naturally occurring constituents of serum were observed. Elution time for tryptophan is 15 min, the limit of detection is 1 pmol."}
{"id": "PMID:912863", "title": "Colorimetric determination of phospholipids by use of molybdophosphate, and its application to amniotic fluid.", "content": "We studied the reaction between molybdophosphoric acid and lecithin. The resulting complex was isolated and shown to contain molybdophosphate and lecithin in the molar ratio 1/3. It is insoluble in water but soluble in chloroform, and the reaction is specific for molecules containing electrophilic nitrogen, indicating good specificity in biological fluids for nitrogen-containing phospholipids. In solution the complex may be reduced, yielding molybdenum blue. We applied the reaction to the measurement of phospholipid concentrations in amniotic fluid. As compared with procedures involving either digestion or the determination of lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio, the present technique is faster and its analytical precision exceeds that of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio determination. Although results by the three methods do not correlate well, the predictive value of the present method appears to be comparable with the other two.", "contents": "Colorimetric determination of phospholipids by use of molybdophosphate, and its application to amniotic fluid. We studied the reaction between molybdophosphoric acid and lecithin. The resulting complex was isolated and shown to contain molybdophosphate and lecithin in the molar ratio 1/3. It is insoluble in water but soluble in chloroform, and the reaction is specific for molecules containing electrophilic nitrogen, indicating good specificity in biological fluids for nitrogen-containing phospholipids. In solution the complex may be reduced, yielding molybdenum blue. We applied the reaction to the measurement of phospholipid concentrations in amniotic fluid. As compared with procedures involving either digestion or the determination of lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio, the present technique is faster and its analytical precision exceeds that of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio determination. Although results by the three methods do not correlate well, the predictive value of the present method appears to be comparable with the other two."}
{"id": "PMID:912864", "title": "Methaqualone metabolites in human urine after therapeutic doses.", "content": "We measured five principal metabolites of methaqualone in the urine of seven volunteers after single and multiple doses of the drug. Urine, collected for up to 72 hours after the last dose, was analyzed for methaqualone and its principal metabolites by high-resolution capillary-column gas chromatography. The major biotransformation of methaqualone under therapeutic conditions occurred through benzylic and para-hydroxylation of the o-tolyl moiety. Methaqualone itself was present in concentrations of no more than 1 mg/liter, if it could be detected at all. The observed physiological effects ant total urinary excretion of metabolites reflected the cumulative nature of the parent drug when it was administered in multiple doses. No clear relationship was found between appearance of a specific metabolite and time after ingestion of the drug, although higher amounts of 2-methyl-3-(2'-hydroxymethylphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone were noted in those individuals who tolerated the drug less well.", "contents": "Methaqualone metabolites in human urine after therapeutic doses. We measured five principal metabolites of methaqualone in the urine of seven volunteers after single and multiple doses of the drug. Urine, collected for up to 72 hours after the last dose, was analyzed for methaqualone and its principal metabolites by high-resolution capillary-column gas chromatography. The major biotransformation of methaqualone under therapeutic conditions occurred through benzylic and para-hydroxylation of the o-tolyl moiety. Methaqualone itself was present in concentrations of no more than 1 mg/liter, if it could be detected at all. The observed physiological effects ant total urinary excretion of metabolites reflected the cumulative nature of the parent drug when it was administered in multiple doses. No clear relationship was found between appearance of a specific metabolite and time after ingestion of the drug, although higher amounts of 2-methyl-3-(2'-hydroxymethylphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone were noted in those individuals who tolerated the drug less well."}
{"id": "PMID:912865", "title": "Improved colorimetry of urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid).", "content": "Homovanillic acid is an important metabolite of dopamine, and a high proportion of patients with neuroblastoma excrete increased amounts of it in their urine. When this diagnosis is suspected, both homovanillic acid and vanilmandelic acid should be measured, because such a combined measurement reportedly leads to detection of 95% of cases. Although rapid and reliable chemical methods are available for vanilmandelic acid, the same is not true for homovanillic acid. We report here a colorimetric method for homovanillic acid that reasonably fills this void and that can be used in most clinical laboratories. In addition, we present normal values determined for children of various age groups.", "contents": "Improved colorimetry of urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid). Homovanillic acid is an important metabolite of dopamine, and a high proportion of patients with neuroblastoma excrete increased amounts of it in their urine. When this diagnosis is suspected, both homovanillic acid and vanilmandelic acid should be measured, because such a combined measurement reportedly leads to detection of 95% of cases. Although rapid and reliable chemical methods are available for vanilmandelic acid, the same is not true for homovanillic acid. We report here a colorimetric method for homovanillic acid that reasonably fills this void and that can be used in most clinical laboratories. In addition, we present normal values determined for children of various age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:912866", "title": "Design of quality-control specimens for use with a small multi-channel analyzer.", "content": "Specimens having linear relationships between concentration and instrument response for seven analytes were prepared for use with a small multi-channel analyzer. The specimens had inter-specimen and inter-constituent relationships that facilitated the performance evaluation of all channels simultaneously with each individual specimen. Techniques are described for use of the specimens in various aspects of quality control.", "contents": "Design of quality-control specimens for use with a small multi-channel analyzer. Specimens having linear relationships between concentration and instrument response for seven analytes were prepared for use with a small multi-channel analyzer. The specimens had inter-specimen and inter-constituent relationships that facilitated the performance evaluation of all channels simultaneously with each individual specimen. Techniques are described for use of the specimens in various aspects of quality control."}
{"id": "PMID:912867", "title": "Specific serum quinidine assay by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "The cardioactive drug quinidine has a narrow therapeutic index; consequently, determination of serum quinidine concentrations can be important. We describe a relatively rapid and specific assay for quinidine in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. It is suitable for use in patient monitoring or pharmacodynamic studies. Alkalinized serum is extracted with benzene, which is evaporated under nitrogen and reconstituted with methanol; an aliquot is chromatographed. Quinidine is separated from its metabolites and dihydroquinidine (a contaminant in quinidine raw materials). The retention time for quinidine is 4 min 10 s, for dihydroquinidine it is 5.5 min. Results for patients' sera by this assay method and the double-extraction method of Cramer and Isaksson [Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 15, 553 (1963] correlate well (r = .975).", "contents": "Specific serum quinidine assay by high-performance liquid chromatography. The cardioactive drug quinidine has a narrow therapeutic index; consequently, determination of serum quinidine concentrations can be important. We describe a relatively rapid and specific assay for quinidine in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. It is suitable for use in patient monitoring or pharmacodynamic studies. Alkalinized serum is extracted with benzene, which is evaporated under nitrogen and reconstituted with methanol; an aliquot is chromatographed. Quinidine is separated from its metabolites and dihydroquinidine (a contaminant in quinidine raw materials). The retention time for quinidine is 4 min 10 s, for dihydroquinidine it is 5.5 min. Results for patients' sera by this assay method and the double-extraction method of Cramer and Isaksson [Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 15, 553 (1963] correlate well (r = .975)."}
{"id": "PMID:912868", "title": "Removal of an endogenous antigen from an antibody to increase its effective affinity constant, as illustrated by triiodothyronine assay.", "content": "Antisera to triiodothyronine were shown to contain large quantities of the hormone, well in excess of normal circulating concentrations. Extracting the triiodothyronine from the antiserum with alkaline ethanol yielded an antibody of increased affinity. Use of this antibody in a radioimmunoassay resulted in a fourfold increase in sensitivity as compared with the unextracted material.", "contents": "Removal of an endogenous antigen from an antibody to increase its effective affinity constant, as illustrated by triiodothyronine assay. Antisera to triiodothyronine were shown to contain large quantities of the hormone, well in excess of normal circulating concentrations. Extracting the triiodothyronine from the antiserum with alkaline ethanol yielded an antibody of increased affinity. Use of this antibody in a radioimmunoassay resulted in a fourfold increase in sensitivity as compared with the unextracted material."}
{"id": "PMID:912869", "title": "Binding proteins from fish sera and intrinsic factor compared in vitamin B12 radioassay.", "content": "We compare serum proteins from rainbow trout, chinook salmon, coho salmon, and oyster toadfish with intrinsic factor as binding proteins in a simplified radioassay for B12. Regression analysis of B12 values, determined in 21 serum samples, shows good correlation (r greater than .975) between results for the fish sera and intrinsic factor. The accuracy of the five assays, as evaluated by analytical recovery of B12 added to pooled human serum, ranges from 90 to 110%. Intra-assay precision ranges from 2.6% for coho salmon serum to 5.5% for intrinsic factor, Ionic strength and variations in pH influence binding of [57Co]vit B12 to the fish sera. Maximum binding occurs from pH 6 to 10 at an ionic strength of 0.1 for all sera. The sera are stable for longer than two years when stored at -20 degrees C. Important advantages of fish sera are their high binding capacity (typical assay dilutions range from 1500-fold for trout serum to more than 50 000-fold for chinook salmon); high affinity for B12 (K greater than 10(12) liter/mol); their relative constant binding characteristics as compared to commercial intrinsic factor preparations; and the finding that the accuracy of radioassays with use of fish sera is not significantly affected by the amount of B12 or human serum proteins present.", "contents": "Binding proteins from fish sera and intrinsic factor compared in vitamin B12 radioassay. We compare serum proteins from rainbow trout, chinook salmon, coho salmon, and oyster toadfish with intrinsic factor as binding proteins in a simplified radioassay for B12. Regression analysis of B12 values, determined in 21 serum samples, shows good correlation (r greater than .975) between results for the fish sera and intrinsic factor. The accuracy of the five assays, as evaluated by analytical recovery of B12 added to pooled human serum, ranges from 90 to 110%. Intra-assay precision ranges from 2.6% for coho salmon serum to 5.5% for intrinsic factor, Ionic strength and variations in pH influence binding of [57Co]vit B12 to the fish sera. Maximum binding occurs from pH 6 to 10 at an ionic strength of 0.1 for all sera. The sera are stable for longer than two years when stored at -20 degrees C. Important advantages of fish sera are their high binding capacity (typical assay dilutions range from 1500-fold for trout serum to more than 50 000-fold for chinook salmon); high affinity for B12 (K greater than 10(12) liter/mol); their relative constant binding characteristics as compared to commercial intrinsic factor preparations; and the finding that the accuracy of radioassays with use of fish sera is not significantly affected by the amount of B12 or human serum proteins present."}
{"id": "PMID:912870", "title": "Electrophoretic patterns for serum glycoproteins reflect the presence of human breast cancer.", "content": "We describe a group of glycoproteins that are synthesized and released by human breast tumors maintained in organ culture and similar glycoproteins released by a human breast carcinoma cell line (BT-20). The electrophoretic mobility of these glycoproteins on cellulose acetate is consistent with increased glycoprotein-staining material present in the alpha2- to beta-globulin region of serum glycoprotein electropherograms from patients with breast cancer. Moreover, after mastectomy, this glycoprotein material in serum decreases to concentrations seen in a control population of patients with benign breast lesions. Patients with proven metastatic breast cancer have patterns reflecting their clinical status: those who respond to treatment have glycoprotein electropherograms similar to the group of patients with benign breast lesions, while those who do not have increased amounts of alpha2- beta-glycoprotein. We believe serum glycoprotein measurements in breast-cancer patients reflect the presence of glycoproteins that are released by the malignant cells and enter the circulation.", "contents": "Electrophoretic patterns for serum glycoproteins reflect the presence of human breast cancer. We describe a group of glycoproteins that are synthesized and released by human breast tumors maintained in organ culture and similar glycoproteins released by a human breast carcinoma cell line (BT-20). The electrophoretic mobility of these glycoproteins on cellulose acetate is consistent with increased glycoprotein-staining material present in the alpha2- to beta-globulin region of serum glycoprotein electropherograms from patients with breast cancer. Moreover, after mastectomy, this glycoprotein material in serum decreases to concentrations seen in a control population of patients with benign breast lesions. Patients with proven metastatic breast cancer have patterns reflecting their clinical status: those who respond to treatment have glycoprotein electropherograms similar to the group of patients with benign breast lesions, while those who do not have increased amounts of alpha2- beta-glycoprotein. We believe serum glycoprotein measurements in breast-cancer patients reflect the presence of glycoproteins that are released by the malignant cells and enter the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:912871", "title": "Electrophoretic assay of specific estrogen receptors: a contribution to methodology.", "content": "Experimental evidence is presented that supports the use of the cold agar-gel electrophoretic method for the clinical quantitation of specific estrogen-binding protein present in some human mammary carcinomas. It is necessary to dilute tumor extracts to avoid interference by serum-borne, non-relevant hormone-binding proteins such as albumin, which migrates to the same anodal region as does the binding protein. Dilution to 2.5 mg or less of total protein per milliliter circumvents such interference while still permitting reliable quantitation of the binding protein. Seventy-two mammary carcinomas were compared for binding-protein content by both the cold agar-gel electrophoresis and a single-point dextran-coated charcoal assay. The correlation coefficient (0.96) indicated excellent agreement between results by the two methods. In addition results are presented which indicate that the preparation of tumor extracts for electrophoresis does not require the use of an ultracentrifuge.", "contents": "Electrophoretic assay of specific estrogen receptors: a contribution to methodology. Experimental evidence is presented that supports the use of the cold agar-gel electrophoretic method for the clinical quantitation of specific estrogen-binding protein present in some human mammary carcinomas. It is necessary to dilute tumor extracts to avoid interference by serum-borne, non-relevant hormone-binding proteins such as albumin, which migrates to the same anodal region as does the binding protein. Dilution to 2.5 mg or less of total protein per milliliter circumvents such interference while still permitting reliable quantitation of the binding protein. Seventy-two mammary carcinomas were compared for binding-protein content by both the cold agar-gel electrophoresis and a single-point dextran-coated charcoal assay. The correlation coefficient (0.96) indicated excellent agreement between results by the two methods. In addition results are presented which indicate that the preparation of tumor extracts for electrophoresis does not require the use of an ultracentrifuge."}
{"id": "PMID:912872", "title": "Serum creatinine assay by use of 3,5-dinitrobenzoates: a critique.", "content": "Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate and 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride are demonstrated to react with creatinine through their conversion to 3,5-dinitrobenzoate. Analytical recovery of creatinine added to serum is improved by an \"acid-supernate\" modification, which is also much less susceptible to a combination of known interfering agents than is the picrate procedure. The \"neutral-supernate\" procedure shows negligible interference by cephalothin as compared to commonly used picrate procedures. Replacement of tetramethylammonium hydroxide by sodium hydroxide was also tested. The interrelationships between dimethyl sulfoxide concentration, recoveries of creatinine, and slopes of correlations (r greater than .992) of various dinitrobenzoate and picrate methods are critically assessed. Because of its precision, greater specificity, and other criteria, we recommend the methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate (or 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid) neutral-supernate method for routine applications.", "contents": "Serum creatinine assay by use of 3,5-dinitrobenzoates: a critique. Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate and 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride are demonstrated to react with creatinine through their conversion to 3,5-dinitrobenzoate. Analytical recovery of creatinine added to serum is improved by an \"acid-supernate\" modification, which is also much less susceptible to a combination of known interfering agents than is the picrate procedure. The \"neutral-supernate\" procedure shows negligible interference by cephalothin as compared to commonly used picrate procedures. Replacement of tetramethylammonium hydroxide by sodium hydroxide was also tested. The interrelationships between dimethyl sulfoxide concentration, recoveries of creatinine, and slopes of correlations (r greater than .992) of various dinitrobenzoate and picrate methods are critically assessed. Because of its precision, greater specificity, and other criteria, we recommend the methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate (or 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid) neutral-supernate method for routine applications."}
{"id": "PMID:912873", "title": "Use of protein containing magnetic microparticles in radioassays.", "content": "We describe a radioassay method that involves the use of magnetic protein microparticles composed of a water-insoluble protein matrix containing magnetically responsive material. We define two different types of particles according to the mechanism of action: (a) The substrate is sorbed nonspecifically by the protein matrix of the particle or by a second substance such as charcoal or ion-exchange resin incorporated within the protein matrix of the particle. These particles are useful for separating free from bound substrate. Examples of these are albumin magnetic microparticles for use in a total thyroxine radioassay and triiodothyronine uptake test, or albumin magnetic microparticles containing charcoal for use in a vitamin B12 radioassay. (b) The substrate is sorbed specifically by a binding protein incorporated within the matrix of the particles. The binding protein can include antibodies or other specific nonimmune proteins. Particles of this type are useful in solid-phase radioassays. These particles are exemplified by albumin magnetic microparticles containing sockeye salmon serum, used in a solid-phase B12 radioassay. We discuss the methods for the preparation of both types of magnetic microparticles and their use in radioassays. We describe a unique inexpensive magnetic separation rack, which provides simple, fast, and reproducible separation of the magnetic microparticles from their suspending medium during the assay.", "contents": "Use of protein containing magnetic microparticles in radioassays. We describe a radioassay method that involves the use of magnetic protein microparticles composed of a water-insoluble protein matrix containing magnetically responsive material. We define two different types of particles according to the mechanism of action: (a) The substrate is sorbed nonspecifically by the protein matrix of the particle or by a second substance such as charcoal or ion-exchange resin incorporated within the protein matrix of the particle. These particles are useful for separating free from bound substrate. Examples of these are albumin magnetic microparticles for use in a total thyroxine radioassay and triiodothyronine uptake test, or albumin magnetic microparticles containing charcoal for use in a vitamin B12 radioassay. (b) The substrate is sorbed specifically by a binding protein incorporated within the matrix of the particles. The binding protein can include antibodies or other specific nonimmune proteins. Particles of this type are useful in solid-phase radioassays. These particles are exemplified by albumin magnetic microparticles containing sockeye salmon serum, used in a solid-phase B12 radioassay. We discuss the methods for the preparation of both types of magnetic microparticles and their use in radioassays. We describe a unique inexpensive magnetic separation rack, which provides simple, fast, and reproducible separation of the magnetic microparticles from their suspending medium during the assay."}
{"id": "PMID:912874", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for flupenthixol in plasma.", "content": "We describe a radioimmunoassay for the neuroleptic drug flupenthixol, suitable for routine monitoring of its concentration in blood. Antibodies for the assay were raised in a sheep against a 7-carboxyflupenthixol/ovalbumin conjugate. The resulting assay, with [3H] flupenthixol as the label, is capable of detecting 2.0 microgram of flupenthixol per liter, in a 100-microliter plasma sample. The antiserum shows no cross reactivity with tricyclic drugs and low interference from the major metabolites of flupenthixol. Concentrations in plasma after a single oral dose of flupenthixol have been followed in one volunteer. Peak values were reached after 3 h. Determinations of flupenthixol after fortnightly intramuscular depot injections of the sustained-release preparation, flupenthixol decanoate, showed the extent of fluctuations during this period.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for flupenthixol in plasma. We describe a radioimmunoassay for the neuroleptic drug flupenthixol, suitable for routine monitoring of its concentration in blood. Antibodies for the assay were raised in a sheep against a 7-carboxyflupenthixol/ovalbumin conjugate. The resulting assay, with [3H] flupenthixol as the label, is capable of detecting 2.0 microgram of flupenthixol per liter, in a 100-microliter plasma sample. The antiserum shows no cross reactivity with tricyclic drugs and low interference from the major metabolites of flupenthixol. Concentrations in plasma after a single oral dose of flupenthixol have been followed in one volunteer. Peak values were reached after 3 h. Determinations of flupenthixol after fortnightly intramuscular depot injections of the sustained-release preparation, flupenthixol decanoate, showed the extent of fluctuations during this period."}
{"id": "PMID:912875", "title": "New method for determining thrombin-clottable fibrinogen.", "content": "We describe a new method for determination of thrombin-clottable fibrinogen, which eliminates the systematic error caused by occlusion of other serum proteins in the fibrin clot and reduces the sensitivity to high concentrations of fibrin degradation products. Essentially, the method consists of densitometric quantitation of the fibrin band after a standard electrophoresis run of plasma, thrombin fixation of the fibrinogen, and removal of the non-clotted proteins by washing in saline. The procedure shows good precision and gives results that are accurate, significantly correlate with results for the classical thrombin clotting method (r = 0.92, P less than .001), and are not affected by fibrin degradation product concentrations up to 900 mg/liter. These characteristics make the method especially valuable in establishing fibrogen concentration in patients who are undergoing thrombolytic therapy.", "contents": "New method for determining thrombin-clottable fibrinogen. We describe a new method for determination of thrombin-clottable fibrinogen, which eliminates the systematic error caused by occlusion of other serum proteins in the fibrin clot and reduces the sensitivity to high concentrations of fibrin degradation products. Essentially, the method consists of densitometric quantitation of the fibrin band after a standard electrophoresis run of plasma, thrombin fixation of the fibrinogen, and removal of the non-clotted proteins by washing in saline. The procedure shows good precision and gives results that are accurate, significantly correlate with results for the classical thrombin clotting method (r = 0.92, P less than .001), and are not affected by fibrin degradation product concentrations up to 900 mg/liter. These characteristics make the method especially valuable in establishing fibrogen concentration in patients who are undergoing thrombolytic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:912876", "title": "Development, validation, and application of a single-tube radioimmunoassay for cholic and chenodeoxycholic conjugated bile acids in human serum.", "content": "A single-tube radioimmunoassay for both cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid conjugates in serum is based on the use of [1-(14)C]glycocholic acid and [H-3H]glycochenodeoxycholic acid as tracers. The assay was shown to be specific, sensitive, accurate, and precise (CV = 13% at low concentrations, 5.5% at higher concentrations) when used for serum samples from subjects and patients with increased bile acid in the serum because of liver disease, and results correlate well with those by gas chromatography (r = .99).", "contents": "Development, validation, and application of a single-tube radioimmunoassay for cholic and chenodeoxycholic conjugated bile acids in human serum. A single-tube radioimmunoassay for both cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid conjugates in serum is based on the use of [1-(14)C]glycocholic acid and [H-3H]glycochenodeoxycholic acid as tracers. The assay was shown to be specific, sensitive, accurate, and precise (CV = 13% at low concentrations, 5.5% at higher concentrations) when used for serum samples from subjects and patients with increased bile acid in the serum because of liver disease, and results correlate well with those by gas chromatography (r = .99)."}
{"id": "PMID:912877", "title": "A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for serum ferritin.", "content": "We describe an enzyme immunoassay for human serum ferritin in which antibody adsorbed on polystyrene tubes is used. Adsorbed gamma-globulins against human ferritin were first allowed to react with ferritin and a second antiferritin antibody, labeled with alkaline phosphatase, was added. The amount of bound enzyme/antibody conjugate was proportional to the ferritin titer in the assay. This method offers stable reagents that can be kept for many months at 4 degrees C. The average values for ferritin in normal men and women were, respectively, 58 and 43 microgram/liter. The lowest detectable concentration was 5 microgram/liter.", "contents": "A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for serum ferritin. We describe an enzyme immunoassay for human serum ferritin in which antibody adsorbed on polystyrene tubes is used. Adsorbed gamma-globulins against human ferritin were first allowed to react with ferritin and a second antiferritin antibody, labeled with alkaline phosphatase, was added. The amount of bound enzyme/antibody conjugate was proportional to the ferritin titer in the assay. This method offers stable reagents that can be kept for many months at 4 degrees C. The average values for ferritin in normal men and women were, respectively, 58 and 43 microgram/liter. The lowest detectable concentration was 5 microgram/liter."}
{"id": "PMID:912878", "title": "Determination of 14CO2 in breath and 14C in stool after oral administration of cholyl-1-[14C]glycine: clinical application.", "content": "Twenty patients with intestinal bacterial overgrowth and 20 control subjects were investigated for bile acid deconjugation, by measuring 14CO2 in the breath after cholyl-1-[14C]glycine administration. 14CO2 output/24h was 11.0 +/- 5.2% (mean +/- SD) in controls and 54.2 +/- 14.0% (mean +/- SD) in bacterial-overgrowth patients (P less than .001). 14CO2 excretion rate in 12h, when normalized to 100% of the dose at the 12th hour, gave an even finer discrimination between the two groups (no false responses). 14C in stool, analyzed in 20 malabsorption patients and 20 controls by two different techniques, was 6.6 +/- 4% and 31.38 +/- 21.7% (mean +/- SD), respectively. Results by the two different techniques described here correlated well (r = .99). Bile acid malabsorption was in reasonable agreement (r = .67) with percentage of \"chenoid\" (chenodeoxycholic acid plus ursodeoxycholic acid) in the stool by gas-liquid chromatography; a poorer correlation was observed when \"chenoid\" plus \"choloid\" (cholic acid plus its epimers) were plotted vs. -4C in stool (r = .57, n = 15).", "contents": "Determination of 14CO2 in breath and 14C in stool after oral administration of cholyl-1-[14C]glycine: clinical application. Twenty patients with intestinal bacterial overgrowth and 20 control subjects were investigated for bile acid deconjugation, by measuring 14CO2 in the breath after cholyl-1-[14C]glycine administration. 14CO2 output/24h was 11.0 +/- 5.2% (mean +/- SD) in controls and 54.2 +/- 14.0% (mean +/- SD) in bacterial-overgrowth patients (P less than .001). 14CO2 excretion rate in 12h, when normalized to 100% of the dose at the 12th hour, gave an even finer discrimination between the two groups (no false responses). 14C in stool, analyzed in 20 malabsorption patients and 20 controls by two different techniques, was 6.6 +/- 4% and 31.38 +/- 21.7% (mean +/- SD), respectively. Results by the two different techniques described here correlated well (r = .99). Bile acid malabsorption was in reasonable agreement (r = .67) with percentage of \"chenoid\" (chenodeoxycholic acid plus ursodeoxycholic acid) in the stool by gas-liquid chromatography; a poorer correlation was observed when \"chenoid\" plus \"choloid\" (cholic acid plus its epimers) were plotted vs. -4C in stool (r = .57, n = 15)."}
{"id": "PMID:912880", "title": "Removal of interference by erythromycin, phenazopyridine, and methenamine mandelate in the Porter-Silber reaction.", "content": "Erythromycin, phenazopyridine, methenamine mandelate, acetazolamide, and ascorbic acid reportedly interfere with the Porter-Silber reaction in the determination of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. Sodium bisulfite, added to the urine after hydrolysis with glucuronidase, removed almost all nonsteroidal interferences in urine from healthy adults medicated with the first three drugs, but such studies proved that acetazolamide and ascorbic acid do not interfere with the Porter--Silber reaction, whether or not sodium bisulfite is added.", "contents": "Removal of interference by erythromycin, phenazopyridine, and methenamine mandelate in the Porter-Silber reaction. Erythromycin, phenazopyridine, methenamine mandelate, acetazolamide, and ascorbic acid reportedly interfere with the Porter-Silber reaction in the determination of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. Sodium bisulfite, added to the urine after hydrolysis with glucuronidase, removed almost all nonsteroidal interferences in urine from healthy adults medicated with the first three drugs, but such studies proved that acetazolamide and ascorbic acid do not interfere with the Porter--Silber reaction, whether or not sodium bisulfite is added."}
{"id": "PMID:912881", "title": "Methotrexate assay by enzymatic inhibition, with use of centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "We present a method for measuring methotrexate by enzymatic inhibition, with use of the centrifugal analyzer. In the presence of dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3), dihydrofolic acid is converted to tetrahydrofolate. NADPH acts as a coenzyme. Methotrexate inhibits the action of dihydrofolate reductase. Increasing concentrations of methotrexate depress the conversion of NADPH to NADP+, and the reaction may be followed at 340 nm. Precision, accuracy, and sensitivity are satisfactory. A comparison to the radioimmunoassay method (x) showed the following least-squares regression: y = 0.9813x + 5.6 microgram/liter;  r = .9812; Sy = 6.3 microgram/liter. Some interference was noted from bilirubin, lipermia, and hemoglobin. Up to 60 patients' samples per hour may be estimated by this technique.", "contents": "Methotrexate assay by enzymatic inhibition, with use of centrifugal analyzer. We present a method for measuring methotrexate by enzymatic inhibition, with use of the centrifugal analyzer. In the presence of dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3), dihydrofolic acid is converted to tetrahydrofolate. NADPH acts as a coenzyme. Methotrexate inhibits the action of dihydrofolate reductase. Increasing concentrations of methotrexate depress the conversion of NADPH to NADP+, and the reaction may be followed at 340 nm. Precision, accuracy, and sensitivity are satisfactory. A comparison to the radioimmunoassay method (x) showed the following least-squares regression: y = 0.9813x + 5.6 microgram/liter;  r = .9812; Sy = 6.3 microgram/liter. Some interference was noted from bilirubin, lipermia, and hemoglobin. Up to 60 patients' samples per hour may be estimated by this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:912882", "title": "Hemoglobin interference with Du Pont Automatic Clinical Analyzer procedure for calcium.", "content": "Hemoglobin in concentrations of approximately 2.5 g/liter or greater significantly increases values for apparent calcium in serum as determined with the Du Pont aca, an interference attributable to the 575-nm absorption band of oxyhemoglobin being uncompensated by the 577--600 nm differential absorption reading of the calcium o-cresolphthalein complexone complex.", "contents": "Hemoglobin interference with Du Pont Automatic Clinical Analyzer procedure for calcium. Hemoglobin in concentrations of approximately 2.5 g/liter or greater significantly increases values for apparent calcium in serum as determined with the Du Pont aca, an interference attributable to the 575-nm absorption band of oxyhemoglobin being uncompensated by the 577--600 nm differential absorption reading of the calcium o-cresolphthalein complexone complex."}
{"id": "PMID:912883", "title": "Plasma alkaline phosphatase assay: interconversion of results by two methods.", "content": "Two methods for measuring plasma alkaline phosphatase activity are compared: one makes use of phenyl phosphate, carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, and continuous-flow methodology; the other of p-nitrophenyl phosphate, diethanolamine buffer, and reaction-rate analysis. Results by the methods correlate well (r = 0.98) over a wide range of values (up to 10-fold the upper limit of normal). A factor can therefore be applied to convert results by one method into those that would be obtained by the other. The possibility that the presence of different proportions of isoenzymes in the plasma will affect this factor is considered. We have used the new method, with a conversion factor, as the routine method of alkaline phosphatase measurement in a clinical chemistry laboratory, with no problems.", "contents": "Plasma alkaline phosphatase assay: interconversion of results by two methods. Two methods for measuring plasma alkaline phosphatase activity are compared: one makes use of phenyl phosphate, carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, and continuous-flow methodology; the other of p-nitrophenyl phosphate, diethanolamine buffer, and reaction-rate analysis. Results by the methods correlate well (r = 0.98) over a wide range of values (up to 10-fold the upper limit of normal). A factor can therefore be applied to convert results by one method into those that would be obtained by the other. The possibility that the presence of different proportions of isoenzymes in the plasma will affect this factor is considered. We have used the new method, with a conversion factor, as the routine method of alkaline phosphatase measurement in a clinical chemistry laboratory, with no problems."}
{"id": "PMID:912884", "title": "Determination of urinary total phenolic compounds with use of 4-aminoantipyrine: suggested screening test for hyperthyroidism and for catecholamine-producing tumor.", "content": "We describe a method for determining those urinary total phenolic compounds that are tyrosine analogs or metabolites, such as thyroxine and catecholamines. The urine sample, 4-aminoantipyrine in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, and potassium ferricyanide solution are mixed and the quinoneimine dye that forms is measured at 500 nm. Some cases of hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, nephrosis, obesity, hypertension, or catecholamine-producing tumor showed above-normal values, so that this determination seems useful as a screening test for these disorders.", "contents": "Determination of urinary total phenolic compounds with use of 4-aminoantipyrine: suggested screening test for hyperthyroidism and for catecholamine-producing tumor. We describe a method for determining those urinary total phenolic compounds that are tyrosine analogs or metabolites, such as thyroxine and catecholamines. The urine sample, 4-aminoantipyrine in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, and potassium ferricyanide solution are mixed and the quinoneimine dye that forms is measured at 500 nm. Some cases of hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, nephrosis, obesity, hypertension, or catecholamine-producing tumor showed above-normal values, so that this determination seems useful as a screening test for these disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:912886", "title": "Method for measuring increased plasma hemoglobin in the presence of erythrocytes.", "content": "Despite its many drawbacks the classic benzidine technique is the method most widely used for determining plasma hemoglobin. An additional disadvantage, reported here, is that the method measures hemoglobin in erythrocytes as well as in plasma. Thus, if plasma specimens are accidentally contaminated with erythrocytes, apparent free hemoglobin in plasma will be artifactually high. Although the present method lacks the sensitivity of the benzidine technique, it self-corrects for the presence of erythrocytes. We have found it particularly useful for specimens of rodent (rat mouse) blood, where some cells appear to resist centrifugation, where the small sample sizes frequently result in accidental contamination of plasma with cells, and where normal values may be higher than those for human plasma.", "contents": "Method for measuring increased plasma hemoglobin in the presence of erythrocytes. Despite its many drawbacks the classic benzidine technique is the method most widely used for determining plasma hemoglobin. An additional disadvantage, reported here, is that the method measures hemoglobin in erythrocytes as well as in plasma. Thus, if plasma specimens are accidentally contaminated with erythrocytes, apparent free hemoglobin in plasma will be artifactually high. Although the present method lacks the sensitivity of the benzidine technique, it self-corrects for the presence of erythrocytes. We have found it particularly useful for specimens of rodent (rat mouse) blood, where some cells appear to resist centrifugation, where the small sample sizes frequently result in accidental contamination of plasma with cells, and where normal values may be higher than those for human plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:912900", "title": "Simultaneous measurement of mitochondrial and microsomal cytochrome levels in human liver biopsy.", "content": "The mitochondrial and microsomal cytochromes in patients' livers obtained from needle biopsies have been analyzed using a sensitive spectrophotometric method. To determine simultaneously the concentration of these cytochromes from hemoglobin-contaminated liver, difference spectra of liver homogenates were taken at the temperature of liquid nitrogen before and after photolysis of carbon monoxide molecules from various hemoprotein-CO complexes. This method utilizes a characteristic property of hemoprotein-CO complexes, in which the reassociation of CO molecules with photolyzed hemoglobin, cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome alpha3 is temperature-dependent. The results in 69 cases with a variety of liver diseases have revealed that the concentrations of cytochromes alphaalpha3, P-450 and beta5 showed a huge variation in the injured livers as compared with those in the normal controls. The significance of the measurement of these cytochrome concentrations and their ratios is discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurement of mitochondrial and microsomal cytochrome levels in human liver biopsy. The mitochondrial and microsomal cytochromes in patients' livers obtained from needle biopsies have been analyzed using a sensitive spectrophotometric method. To determine simultaneously the concentration of these cytochromes from hemoglobin-contaminated liver, difference spectra of liver homogenates were taken at the temperature of liquid nitrogen before and after photolysis of carbon monoxide molecules from various hemoprotein-CO complexes. This method utilizes a characteristic property of hemoprotein-CO complexes, in which the reassociation of CO molecules with photolyzed hemoglobin, cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome alpha3 is temperature-dependent. The results in 69 cases with a variety of liver diseases have revealed that the concentrations of cytochromes alphaalpha3, P-450 and beta5 showed a huge variation in the injured livers as compared with those in the normal controls. The significance of the measurement of these cytochrome concentrations and their ratios is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:912901", "title": "Measurement of creatine kinase Z in human sera using a DEAE-cellulose mini-column method.", "content": "A DEAE-cellulose mini-column method has been developed which allows for the quantitation in human serum of creatine kinase Z, a sub-band of creatine kinase first described by Lim ((1975) Clin. Chem. 21, 975, Abstract 181) and Sax et al. (Sax, S.M., Moore, J.J., Giegel, J.L. and Welsh, M. (1976) Clin. Chem. 22, 87). We have shown that creatine kinase Z is rather unstable in nature, and converts to a form which electrophoreses with creatine kinase MM on agarose gel electrophoresis. CK-Z is not present in normal human serum. CK-Z is present in human heart extracts, in patients with myocardial infarcts and in patients with skeletal muscle trauma. In infarct patients CK-Z levels paralleled changes in the CK-MB levels. CK-Z ranged in activity from 8.8-67.2 I.U. whereas CK-MB ranged from 29.6-121.6 I.U. in infarct patients. CK-Z and CK-MB activity were measured at or close to the peak rise in total CK activity.", "contents": "Measurement of creatine kinase Z in human sera using a DEAE-cellulose mini-column method. A DEAE-cellulose mini-column method has been developed which allows for the quantitation in human serum of creatine kinase Z, a sub-band of creatine kinase first described by Lim ((1975) Clin. Chem. 21, 975, Abstract 181) and Sax et al. (Sax, S.M., Moore, J.J., Giegel, J.L. and Welsh, M. (1976) Clin. Chem. 22, 87). We have shown that creatine kinase Z is rather unstable in nature, and converts to a form which electrophoreses with creatine kinase MM on agarose gel electrophoresis. CK-Z is not present in normal human serum. CK-Z is present in human heart extracts, in patients with myocardial infarcts and in patients with skeletal muscle trauma. In infarct patients CK-Z levels paralleled changes in the CK-MB levels. CK-Z ranged in activity from 8.8-67.2 I.U. whereas CK-MB ranged from 29.6-121.6 I.U. in infarct patients. CK-Z and CK-MB activity were measured at or close to the peak rise in total CK activity."}
{"id": "PMID:912902", "title": "Rise of unconjugated sex hormones in human urine on storage.", "content": "Levels of unconjugated testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, oestradiol and progesterone in human urine were measured before and after storage at various temperatures. Specific radioimmunoassays were used for all measurements. Levels did not change at -20 degrees C, and no change was detected at 4 degrees C for up to 5 days. Testosterone showed an average increase of 100% in 2-3 days at 18 degrees C and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone about 200%. At 37 degrees C, the rise was two to three times faster still. The addition of enzyme inhibitors, bacteriostatic agents and various salts had no effect on the increase of the unconjugated androgens. Adjustment of the pH of samples to 2 caused about 4-fold rise of the androgens within 10 min, but at pH 8.6 there was no significant effect. Unconjugated oestradiol and progesterone levels showed a rise in a few samples at 18 degrees C for three days. At 37 degrees C both hormones showed a rise after 18 h in about two-thirds of samples, about 2-fold for progesterone and 6-fold for oestradiol.", "contents": "Rise of unconjugated sex hormones in human urine on storage. Levels of unconjugated testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, oestradiol and progesterone in human urine were measured before and after storage at various temperatures. Specific radioimmunoassays were used for all measurements. Levels did not change at -20 degrees C, and no change was detected at 4 degrees C for up to 5 days. Testosterone showed an average increase of 100% in 2-3 days at 18 degrees C and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone about 200%. At 37 degrees C, the rise was two to three times faster still. The addition of enzyme inhibitors, bacteriostatic agents and various salts had no effect on the increase of the unconjugated androgens. Adjustment of the pH of samples to 2 caused about 4-fold rise of the androgens within 10 min, but at pH 8.6 there was no significant effect. Unconjugated oestradiol and progesterone levels showed a rise in a few samples at 18 degrees C for three days. At 37 degrees C both hormones showed a rise after 18 h in about two-thirds of samples, about 2-fold for progesterone and 6-fold for oestradiol."}
{"id": "PMID:912903", "title": "Removal of background interference in nephelometric determination of serum proteins.", "content": "By precipitation of beta-lipoprotein by a dextran sulphate and calcium chloride mixture the background light scattering in continuous flow nephelometric systems can be reduced to such a level that it can be neglected in practice. No loss of IgG, IgA, IgM, orosomucoid or transferrin on precipitation could be demonstrated. The supernatant could not be used for immunoelectrophoresis or radial immunodiffusion in analysis of these proteins since significantly lower values were obtained for some of them than in native serum.", "contents": "Removal of background interference in nephelometric determination of serum proteins. By precipitation of beta-lipoprotein by a dextran sulphate and calcium chloride mixture the background light scattering in continuous flow nephelometric systems can be reduced to such a level that it can be neglected in practice. No loss of IgG, IgA, IgM, orosomucoid or transferrin on precipitation could be demonstrated. The supernatant could not be used for immunoelectrophoresis or radial immunodiffusion in analysis of these proteins since significantly lower values were obtained for some of them than in native serum."}
{"id": "PMID:912904", "title": "Comparison of methods for the determination of total and free tryptophan in plasma.", "content": "A comparison is made between two fluorimetric techniques for the determination of total and free plasma tryptophan. Comparison is also made between methods for the separation of the unbound and bound fraction of plasma tryptophan using ultrafiltration, Centricones and small-scale equilibrium dialysis.", "contents": "Comparison of methods for the determination of total and free tryptophan in plasma. A comparison is made between two fluorimetric techniques for the determination of total and free plasma tryptophan. Comparison is also made between methods for the separation of the unbound and bound fraction of plasma tryptophan using ultrafiltration, Centricones and small-scale equilibrium dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:912905", "title": "Properties of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in human blood platelets, plasma, lymphocytes and granulocytes.", "content": "The properties of monoamine oxidase in plasma, platelets, lymphocytes and granulocytes have been studied using cells prepared from a single small (about 20 ml) sample of blood. The three substrates, 5-hydroxytryptamine, tyramine and benzylamine, have been used to obtain a more complete picture of blood monoamine oxidase than was previously possible. Measurement of Michaelis constants, use of selective inhibitors, and activity against the three substrates distinguished three types of activity. The monoamine oxidases in platelets and lymphocytes are very similar, being most active with tyramine or benzylamine as substrate and inhibited by low concentrations of deprenil. The enzymes in plasma and granulocytes are similar in their relatively high activity against 5-hydroxytryptamine and in their inhibition by semicarbazide and cuprizone with tyramine or benzylamine as substrates. They differ in their affinities for 5-hydroxytryptamine and their activity against tyramine. The activity in platelets, plasma, lymphocytes and granulocytes has been measured in a group of 15 normal subjects using three substrates.", "contents": "Properties of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in human blood platelets, plasma, lymphocytes and granulocytes. The properties of monoamine oxidase in plasma, platelets, lymphocytes and granulocytes have been studied using cells prepared from a single small (about 20 ml) sample of blood. The three substrates, 5-hydroxytryptamine, tyramine and benzylamine, have been used to obtain a more complete picture of blood monoamine oxidase than was previously possible. Measurement of Michaelis constants, use of selective inhibitors, and activity against the three substrates distinguished three types of activity. The monoamine oxidases in platelets and lymphocytes are very similar, being most active with tyramine or benzylamine as substrate and inhibited by low concentrations of deprenil. The enzymes in plasma and granulocytes are similar in their relatively high activity against 5-hydroxytryptamine and in their inhibition by semicarbazide and cuprizone with tyramine or benzylamine as substrates. They differ in their affinities for 5-hydroxytryptamine and their activity against tyramine. The activity in platelets, plasma, lymphocytes and granulocytes has been measured in a group of 15 normal subjects using three substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:912906", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "1. Using acrylamide gel electrophoresis the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzyme patterns of 204 patients with chronic renal failure have been examined for periods up to 18 months in length. 2. Of those with elevated serum ALP activity the bone isoenzyme was largely responsible. The presence of increasing amounts of the bone isoenzyme even if the total serum ALP activity remains within the normal reference range should also indicate bone pathology. 3. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase was the major serum alkaline phosphatase in 15% of patients on regular haemodialysis and 10% of uraemic patients not on dialysis. The overall incidence of detectable intestinal alkaline phosphatase in those with normal serum ALP activity was 36%. 4. With those patients whose serum ALP activity changed significantly during the investigation this usually reflected changes in the amount of the bone isoenzyme. Patients with abnormal amounts of the intestinal isoenzymes in their serum usually showed little variation in serum ALP activity over the period of the study.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in patients with chronic renal failure. 1. Using acrylamide gel electrophoresis the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzyme patterns of 204 patients with chronic renal failure have been examined for periods up to 18 months in length. 2. Of those with elevated serum ALP activity the bone isoenzyme was largely responsible. The presence of increasing amounts of the bone isoenzyme even if the total serum ALP activity remains within the normal reference range should also indicate bone pathology. 3. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase was the major serum alkaline phosphatase in 15% of patients on regular haemodialysis and 10% of uraemic patients not on dialysis. The overall incidence of detectable intestinal alkaline phosphatase in those with normal serum ALP activity was 36%. 4. With those patients whose serum ALP activity changed significantly during the investigation this usually reflected changes in the amount of the bone isoenzyme. Patients with abnormal amounts of the intestinal isoenzymes in their serum usually showed little variation in serum ALP activity over the period of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:912907", "title": "Seasonal variations in the composition of urine from normal subjects: a longitudinal study.", "content": "The volume, pH and composition of 24-h urine samples, collected by 13 healthy male adults, were followed over a period of one year. Significant and systematic variations in urine pH, calcium, phosphate, oxalate, uric acid, potassium and magnesium were observed. A significant but non-sinusoidal variation in sodium excretion was found but there were no significant changes in urinary volume, creatinine or hydroxyproline. Many of the observed changes could be attributed to variations in the pattern of food consumption throughout the year but calcium, phosphate and oxalate were exceptions in that seasonal variations in these parameters appeared to be due to the effects of sunlight (or vitamin D) rather than to the diet.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in the composition of urine from normal subjects: a longitudinal study. The volume, pH and composition of 24-h urine samples, collected by 13 healthy male adults, were followed over a period of one year. Significant and systematic variations in urine pH, calcium, phosphate, oxalate, uric acid, potassium and magnesium were observed. A significant but non-sinusoidal variation in sodium excretion was found but there were no significant changes in urinary volume, creatinine or hydroxyproline. Many of the observed changes could be attributed to variations in the pattern of food consumption throughout the year but calcium, phosphate and oxalate were exceptions in that seasonal variations in these parameters appeared to be due to the effects of sunlight (or vitamin D) rather than to the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:912911", "title": "Electrophoretic patterns of serum albumins collected from different blood vessels.", "content": "Rabbit sera collected from different blood vessels, e.g. vena renales, vena mesenterica, vena portae, vena hepatica and aorta, were electrophoresed in an urea-containing polyacrylamide gel. The albumin fraction was separated into 5-6 sub-bands. The profile of these sub-bands (electrophoretic pattern) of the sample from one blood vessel differed from that of another blood vessel. Especially, the electrophoretic pattern of serum collected from the renal vein 2h after deprivation of food differed from that of other blood vessels. Free fatty acid concentrations of each sample were also measured, and differences in these levels were observed in sera collected from different blood vessels. However, the fatty acid concentrations in serum from the renal vein were not low enough to permit detection of any abnormality in electrophoretic pattern in the albumin. This suggests the possibility of decreased concentration of lysolecithin in the renal vein which binds to albumin and changes the electrophoretic mobility of albumin, as do the free fatty acids.", "contents": "Electrophoretic patterns of serum albumins collected from different blood vessels. Rabbit sera collected from different blood vessels, e.g. vena renales, vena mesenterica, vena portae, vena hepatica and aorta, were electrophoresed in an urea-containing polyacrylamide gel. The albumin fraction was separated into 5-6 sub-bands. The profile of these sub-bands (electrophoretic pattern) of the sample from one blood vessel differed from that of another blood vessel. Especially, the electrophoretic pattern of serum collected from the renal vein 2h after deprivation of food differed from that of other blood vessels. Free fatty acid concentrations of each sample were also measured, and differences in these levels were observed in sera collected from different blood vessels. However, the fatty acid concentrations in serum from the renal vein were not low enough to permit detection of any abnormality in electrophoretic pattern in the albumin. This suggests the possibility of decreased concentration of lysolecithin in the renal vein which binds to albumin and changes the electrophoretic mobility of albumin, as do the free fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:912912", "title": "Pyruvate kinase: diagnostic value in neuromuscular disease.", "content": "Pyruvate kinase activity was examined in the sera of a group of patients with neuromuscular disease and in carriers, and compared with that of creatine kinase. The following observations were made: 1. Pyruvate kinase activity was elevated in all 14 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, with very high values generally correlating inversely with age or disease duration. Elevated values of pyruvate kinase were usually, but not invariably, associated with elevated values of creatine kinase. 2. Almost all patients with other muscle diseases and those with neural atrophy had modest elevations in pyruvate kinase activity. 3. ten of 17 individuals were identified as carriers of muscle disease by using both pyruvate kinase and creatine kinase while eight and nine, respectively, were detected using either assay alone. 4. When frozen stored EDTA-plasma was used for pyruvate kinase estimation, higher levels, as compared with the corresponding sera or fresh plasma, were found in controls and carriers but not in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Frozen stored EDTA-plasma should, therefore, not be used for diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "Pyruvate kinase: diagnostic value in neuromuscular disease. Pyruvate kinase activity was examined in the sera of a group of patients with neuromuscular disease and in carriers, and compared with that of creatine kinase. The following observations were made: 1. Pyruvate kinase activity was elevated in all 14 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, with very high values generally correlating inversely with age or disease duration. Elevated values of pyruvate kinase were usually, but not invariably, associated with elevated values of creatine kinase. 2. Almost all patients with other muscle diseases and those with neural atrophy had modest elevations in pyruvate kinase activity. 3. ten of 17 individuals were identified as carriers of muscle disease by using both pyruvate kinase and creatine kinase while eight and nine, respectively, were detected using either assay alone. 4. When frozen stored EDTA-plasma was used for pyruvate kinase estimation, higher levels, as compared with the corresponding sera or fresh plasma, were found in controls and carriers but not in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Frozen stored EDTA-plasma should, therefore, not be used for diagnostic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:912914", "title": "Development of radioimmunoassays for the measurement of aldosterone in unprocessed plasma and simple plasma extracts.", "content": "Inexpensive and rapid radioimmunoassay techniques for the measurement of aldosterone in unprocessed plasma and simple plasma extracts are described. The use of low pH (pH 5.0) and merthiolate to minimise plasma protein binding and the use of aldosterone-free plasma in the standards allows the measurement of aldosterone in 50 microliter of unprocessed plasma, which has been found useful in the diagnostic screening and classification of hyperaldosteronism. Despite quantitative recovery of added (+)-aldosterone and high specificity, the aldosterone content of unprocessed plasma is overestimated, probably by the presence of a water-soluble compound which closely resembles aldosterone. The use of a simple preliminary dichloromethane extraction procedure gives an excellent correlation with values obtained after chromatography. Values are given for chosen normal people and people with benign essential hypertension, using both assay procedures in three different physiological contexts.", "contents": "Development of radioimmunoassays for the measurement of aldosterone in unprocessed plasma and simple plasma extracts. Inexpensive and rapid radioimmunoassay techniques for the measurement of aldosterone in unprocessed plasma and simple plasma extracts are described. The use of low pH (pH 5.0) and merthiolate to minimise plasma protein binding and the use of aldosterone-free plasma in the standards allows the measurement of aldosterone in 50 microliter of unprocessed plasma, which has been found useful in the diagnostic screening and classification of hyperaldosteronism. Despite quantitative recovery of added (+)-aldosterone and high specificity, the aldosterone content of unprocessed plasma is overestimated, probably by the presence of a water-soluble compound which closely resembles aldosterone. The use of a simple preliminary dichloromethane extraction procedure gives an excellent correlation with values obtained after chromatography. Values are given for chosen normal people and people with benign essential hypertension, using both assay procedures in three different physiological contexts."}
{"id": "PMID:912915", "title": "A semi-automated measurement of urinary catecholamines using high-speed ion-exchange column chromatography.", "content": "Semi-automated measurement of urinary catecholamines, specific for dopa, noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine and other metabolites has been developed. Steps included alumina extraction, separation by high-speed ion-exchange column chromatography and fluorescent development by trihydroxyindole (THI) method without interference by other fluorescent substances. Recovery, reproducibility and sensitivity were satisfactory. alpha-Methyldopa, a metabolite of alpha-methyldopa, and isoproterenol were separated completely without interfering with the measurement of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine.", "contents": "A semi-automated measurement of urinary catecholamines using high-speed ion-exchange column chromatography. Semi-automated measurement of urinary catecholamines, specific for dopa, noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine and other metabolites has been developed. Steps included alumina extraction, separation by high-speed ion-exchange column chromatography and fluorescent development by trihydroxyindole (THI) method without interference by other fluorescent substances. Recovery, reproducibility and sensitivity were satisfactory. alpha-Methyldopa, a metabolite of alpha-methyldopa, and isoproterenol were separated completely without interfering with the measurement of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine."}
{"id": "PMID:912916", "title": "Production and characterization of an antiserum against pancreatic glucagon.", "content": "To produce a carboxy-terminal specific antiserum against pancreatic glucagon, glucagon was coupled mainly via its amino-terminal histidine to thyroglobulin, using the amino group reactive pentandial at pH 7.0 for the conjugation procedure. After repeated immunization of rabbits, one high titer antiserum was obtained with a combining site recognizing a part of the carboxy-terminal portion of glucagon as judged from the cross-reaction curves with glucagon fragments, duck pancreatic glucagon and gut glucagon-like immunoreactive substances. There was no cross-reaction with secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and gastric inhibitory peptide. In spite of strong immunoreactive similarities with the antiserum 30K (Unger) this antiserum results in determinations of a somewhat higher amount of plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG). The difference was found to depend on a higher content of IRG with a molecular size close to immunoglobulin IgG. A patient with agamma-globulinemia had no measurable IRG of molecular size close to that of IgG, indicating a possible competitive binding of some immunoglobulins to the antiserum.", "contents": "Production and characterization of an antiserum against pancreatic glucagon. To produce a carboxy-terminal specific antiserum against pancreatic glucagon, glucagon was coupled mainly via its amino-terminal histidine to thyroglobulin, using the amino group reactive pentandial at pH 7.0 for the conjugation procedure. After repeated immunization of rabbits, one high titer antiserum was obtained with a combining site recognizing a part of the carboxy-terminal portion of glucagon as judged from the cross-reaction curves with glucagon fragments, duck pancreatic glucagon and gut glucagon-like immunoreactive substances. There was no cross-reaction with secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and gastric inhibitory peptide. In spite of strong immunoreactive similarities with the antiserum 30K (Unger) this antiserum results in determinations of a somewhat higher amount of plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG). The difference was found to depend on a higher content of IRG with a molecular size close to immunoglobulin IgG. A patient with agamma-globulinemia had no measurable IRG of molecular size close to that of IgG, indicating a possible competitive binding of some immunoglobulins to the antiserum."}
{"id": "PMID:912917", "title": "Influence of the rebox state of glutathione upon pyruvate kinase in the intact erythrocyte.", "content": "1. In isolated erythrocytes the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione was modified by the addition of diazinedicarboxylic acid bis-dimethylamide (diamide). Incubation of erythrocytes, with a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio, resulted in an increase in [S]0.5 of pyruvate kinase of phosphoenolpyruvate as measured in haemolysates. We presume this increase to be due to oxidation of the enzyme. 2. The apparent affinity of pyruvate kinase for phosphoenolpyruvate returned to normal when the GSSG formed was reduced to GSH intracellularly. Oxidation of pyruvate kinase could also be reversed by incubation of haemolysates with reducing agents such as 2-mercaptoethanol or dithioerythritol. 3. Intracellular oxidation of pyruvate kinase caused no significant changes in the Hill coefficient (n) or Vmax of the enzyme. However, the heat stability of the oxidized enzyme was lower than normal. Lability increased with increasing oxidation of the enzyme. 4. The possible role of oxidation processes in pyruvate kinase deficiency is discussed. It is concluded that not only 'in vitro' but also in the intact erythrocyte, pyruvate kinase is sensitive to oxidizing agents and intracellular redox state. However, that a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio can be a single cause of acquired pyruvate kinase deficiency seems highly improbable.", "contents": "Influence of the rebox state of glutathione upon pyruvate kinase in the intact erythrocyte. 1. In isolated erythrocytes the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione was modified by the addition of diazinedicarboxylic acid bis-dimethylamide (diamide). Incubation of erythrocytes, with a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio, resulted in an increase in [S]0.5 of pyruvate kinase of phosphoenolpyruvate as measured in haemolysates. We presume this increase to be due to oxidation of the enzyme. 2. The apparent affinity of pyruvate kinase for phosphoenolpyruvate returned to normal when the GSSG formed was reduced to GSH intracellularly. Oxidation of pyruvate kinase could also be reversed by incubation of haemolysates with reducing agents such as 2-mercaptoethanol or dithioerythritol. 3. Intracellular oxidation of pyruvate kinase caused no significant changes in the Hill coefficient (n) or Vmax of the enzyme. However, the heat stability of the oxidized enzyme was lower than normal. Lability increased with increasing oxidation of the enzyme. 4. The possible role of oxidation processes in pyruvate kinase deficiency is discussed. It is concluded that not only 'in vitro' but also in the intact erythrocyte, pyruvate kinase is sensitive to oxidizing agents and intracellular redox state. However, that a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio can be a single cause of acquired pyruvate kinase deficiency seems highly improbable."}
{"id": "PMID:912918", "title": "Urinary amino acid excretion by patients with beta-thalassemia.", "content": "Twenty-four hour urinary amino acid excretion has been studied in patients with beta-thalassemia (four adult major, two adult intermedia, and three children major). beta-Aminoisobutyric acid was found to be increased (14-fold on the average) in patients with beta-thalassemia without evidence for increase in the excretion of most other amino acids. No correlation of beta-aminoisobutyric acid excretion with the hematological status of the patient was found. Elevated taurine excretion (2-fold) was also noted in the adult patients with beta-thalassemia. Greatly increased excretion of beta-aminoisobutyric acid appears to correlate with a poor prognosis and may reflect generalized tissue catabolism rather than being a specific indicator of ineffective erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Urinary amino acid excretion by patients with beta-thalassemia. Twenty-four hour urinary amino acid excretion has been studied in patients with beta-thalassemia (four adult major, two adult intermedia, and three children major). beta-Aminoisobutyric acid was found to be increased (14-fold on the average) in patients with beta-thalassemia without evidence for increase in the excretion of most other amino acids. No correlation of beta-aminoisobutyric acid excretion with the hematological status of the patient was found. Elevated taurine excretion (2-fold) was also noted in the adult patients with beta-thalassemia. Greatly increased excretion of beta-aminoisobutyric acid appears to correlate with a poor prognosis and may reflect generalized tissue catabolism rather than being a specific indicator of ineffective erythropoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:912919", "title": "Serum urate in subjects with hypercalcaemic hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "A positive correlation was found between serum urate and elevated serum calcium in patients with hypercalcaemic primary hyperparathyroidism. No such correlation was detected in normocalcaemic controls, matched with respect to age and sex. Neither was such a correlation confirmed either in subjects with normalized serum calcium levels after extirpation of parathyroid adenomata, or in subjects with hypercalcaemia due to other conditions than primary hyperparathyroidism, such as various malignancies, sarcoidosis and hyperthyroidism. The positive correlation between elevated serum calcium and serum urate (within normal limits) in subjects with hypercalcaemic hyperparathyroidism is suggested in subjects with hypercalcaemic hyperparathyroidism is suggested to be a clue to the explanation of an association between hyperparathyroidism and urate retention.", "contents": "Serum urate in subjects with hypercalcaemic hyperparathyroidism. A positive correlation was found between serum urate and elevated serum calcium in patients with hypercalcaemic primary hyperparathyroidism. No such correlation was detected in normocalcaemic controls, matched with respect to age and sex. Neither was such a correlation confirmed either in subjects with normalized serum calcium levels after extirpation of parathyroid adenomata, or in subjects with hypercalcaemia due to other conditions than primary hyperparathyroidism, such as various malignancies, sarcoidosis and hyperthyroidism. The positive correlation between elevated serum calcium and serum urate (within normal limits) in subjects with hypercalcaemic hyperparathyroidism is suggested in subjects with hypercalcaemic hyperparathyroidism is suggested to be a clue to the explanation of an association between hyperparathyroidism and urate retention."}
{"id": "PMID:912920", "title": "The effect of bile salts on the esterolytic assay of trypsin.", "content": "A bile salt mixture and pure sodium taurocholate were each shown to increase the esterolytic activity of trypsin in aqueous solution and in intestinal juice. rho-Toluene-sulphonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME) was used as a substrate, and both a spectrophotometric and a potentiometric assay system were used. The maximal potentiation of the esterolytic activity of trypsin by bile salts was about 1.6 to 2.2 times the activity without bile salts (depending on the assay conditions and whether the trypsin was in aqueous solution or intestinal juice). The proteolytic activity of trypsin was decreased by the addition of bile salts. It seemed likely, therefore, that the potentiating effect of bile salts on trypsin esterolytic activity is primarily on the substrate (TAME) rather than trypsin itself. It was thought that TAME might be taken up into bile salt micelles and thus be more readily hydrolysed by trypsin, but we were unable to substantiate this hypothesis. The precision of the trypsin esterolytic assay was better when bile salts were not added. If however bile salts were to be used routinely in the trypsin assay, it would be useful to ensure that the concentration of calcium, included as activator, is sufficiently low to prevent the formation of a precipitate. This precipitate is probably a complex of calcium and bile salts.", "contents": "The effect of bile salts on the esterolytic assay of trypsin. A bile salt mixture and pure sodium taurocholate were each shown to increase the esterolytic activity of trypsin in aqueous solution and in intestinal juice. rho-Toluene-sulphonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME) was used as a substrate, and both a spectrophotometric and a potentiometric assay system were used. The maximal potentiation of the esterolytic activity of trypsin by bile salts was about 1.6 to 2.2 times the activity without bile salts (depending on the assay conditions and whether the trypsin was in aqueous solution or intestinal juice). The proteolytic activity of trypsin was decreased by the addition of bile salts. It seemed likely, therefore, that the potentiating effect of bile salts on trypsin esterolytic activity is primarily on the substrate (TAME) rather than trypsin itself. It was thought that TAME might be taken up into bile salt micelles and thus be more readily hydrolysed by trypsin, but we were unable to substantiate this hypothesis. The precision of the trypsin esterolytic assay was better when bile salts were not added. If however bile salts were to be used routinely in the trypsin assay, it would be useful to ensure that the concentration of calcium, included as activator, is sufficiently low to prevent the formation of a precipitate. This precipitate is probably a complex of calcium and bile salts."}
{"id": "PMID:912921", "title": "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay. Evalution of chromatographic and non-chromatographic procedures.", "content": "A competitive protein binding assay for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is described in which normal human serum is used as the source of binding protein. A serum sample is extracted with diethyl ether/methanol and then chromatographed using silica gel. Validation of the method is reported. Silica gel chromatography is compared with LH20 chromatography. The method is also compared with extraction techniques using diethyl ether and ethanol without subsequent chromatography. It is concluded that chromatography with either silica gel or LH20 is essential. The non-chromatographic methods investigated, in addition to giving much higher values than chromatographic methods, did not meet validation requirements with respect to accuracy and behaviour of samples on dilution.", "contents": "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay. Evalution of chromatographic and non-chromatographic procedures. A competitive protein binding assay for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is described in which normal human serum is used as the source of binding protein. A serum sample is extracted with diethyl ether/methanol and then chromatographed using silica gel. Validation of the method is reported. Silica gel chromatography is compared with LH20 chromatography. The method is also compared with extraction techniques using diethyl ether and ethanol without subsequent chromatography. It is concluded that chromatography with either silica gel or LH20 is essential. The non-chromatographic methods investigated, in addition to giving much higher values than chromatographic methods, did not meet validation requirements with respect to accuracy and behaviour of samples on dilution."}
{"id": "PMID:912922", "title": "A rapid, sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for methotrexate.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive, radioimmunoassay for methotrexate has been developed using tritiated methotrexate and an antiserum raised in rabbits against the immunogen, bovine serum albumin containing 34 methotrexate residues per protein molecule. Separation of bound and free drug was attained using donkey anti-rabbit precipitating serum. The method can accurately measure as little as 50 fmol methotrexate in capillary blood samples and is not interfered with by vast excesses of natural folates nor citrovorum rescue factor. The method can handle 30 samples per day with the results available after 6 h. This makes it suitable for monitoring serum methotrexate levels after high dose therapy when a result is required within 24 h to provide helpful information regarding impending toxicity and the need for extended citrovorum rescue factor or maintenance of urinary pH.", "contents": "A rapid, sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for methotrexate. A rapid, sensitive, radioimmunoassay for methotrexate has been developed using tritiated methotrexate and an antiserum raised in rabbits against the immunogen, bovine serum albumin containing 34 methotrexate residues per protein molecule. Separation of bound and free drug was attained using donkey anti-rabbit precipitating serum. The method can accurately measure as little as 50 fmol methotrexate in capillary blood samples and is not interfered with by vast excesses of natural folates nor citrovorum rescue factor. The method can handle 30 samples per day with the results available after 6 h. This makes it suitable for monitoring serum methotrexate levels after high dose therapy when a result is required within 24 h to provide helpful information regarding impending toxicity and the need for extended citrovorum rescue factor or maintenance of urinary pH."}
{"id": "PMID:912923", "title": "Study of the lipods in the skin lesions in Urbach-Wiethe disease.", "content": "A patient with Urbach-Wiethe disease was studied, with special attention given to the analysis of the skin and mucosal lesions. An eosinophilia in the peripheral blood and a diabetic tendency were found. The skin papules and mucosal plaques contain abundant lipids, especially cholesterol (66 percent) and phospholipids (27 percent).", "contents": "Study of the lipods in the skin lesions in Urbach-Wiethe disease. A patient with Urbach-Wiethe disease was studied, with special attention given to the analysis of the skin and mucosal lesions. An eosinophilia in the peripheral blood and a diabetic tendency were found. The skin papules and mucosal plaques contain abundant lipids, especially cholesterol (66 percent) and phospholipids (27 percent)."}
{"id": "PMID:912937", "title": "The origin of the rapidly adhering cells found in amniotic fluids from foetuses with neural tube defects.", "content": "The number and morphologies of cells rapidly adhering to glass (RA cells) found in amniotic fluids from foetuses with neural tube defects is independent of soluble factors in the supernatant fluid. Cells taken directly from brain and spinal cord of normal foetuses, which are rapidly adherent in culture, show numerous similarities to those RA cells which are present in the amniotic fluids of foetuses with neural tube defects. This suggests that RA cells in amniotic fluid may be reliably used as a diagnostic marker of foetal lesions involving neural tissue, in particular spina bifida and anencephaly. Other RA cells extracted from foetal peritoneal cavity and bone marrow also have distinctive morphologies and may be useful in early antenatal diagnosis of congenital defects such as exomphalos.", "contents": "The origin of the rapidly adhering cells found in amniotic fluids from foetuses with neural tube defects. The number and morphologies of cells rapidly adhering to glass (RA cells) found in amniotic fluids from foetuses with neural tube defects is independent of soluble factors in the supernatant fluid. Cells taken directly from brain and spinal cord of normal foetuses, which are rapidly adherent in culture, show numerous similarities to those RA cells which are present in the amniotic fluids of foetuses with neural tube defects. This suggests that RA cells in amniotic fluid may be reliably used as a diagnostic marker of foetal lesions involving neural tissue, in particular spina bifida and anencephaly. Other RA cells extracted from foetal peritoneal cavity and bone marrow also have distinctive morphologies and may be useful in early antenatal diagnosis of congenital defects such as exomphalos."}
{"id": "PMID:912938", "title": "Trisomy 9 syndrome.", "content": "An infant is described with multiple congenital anomalies associated with mosaic trisomy 9. Review of the three previously reported cases of trisomy 9 shows that these patients have several common features which make trisomy 9 a clinically distinct syndrome. The frequently encountered findings are: upward-slanted eyes, small palpebral fissures, enophthalmos or microphthalmos, broad base and prominent tip of the nose, microcephaly, micrognathia, low-set malformed ears, high-arched palate, congenital heart disease, skeletal and genito-urinary anomalies, abnormal palmar creases, failure to thrive, hypotonia and retardation.", "contents": "Trisomy 9 syndrome. An infant is described with multiple congenital anomalies associated with mosaic trisomy 9. Review of the three previously reported cases of trisomy 9 shows that these patients have several common features which make trisomy 9 a clinically distinct syndrome. The frequently encountered findings are: upward-slanted eyes, small palpebral fissures, enophthalmos or microphthalmos, broad base and prominent tip of the nose, microcephaly, micrognathia, low-set malformed ears, high-arched palate, congenital heart disease, skeletal and genito-urinary anomalies, abnormal palmar creases, failure to thrive, hypotonia and retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:912939", "title": "Trisomy 8 syndrome. A psychological and somatic study of a mentally non-retarded male with 46,XY/47,XY,+8 chromosome constitution.", "content": "A 27-year-old, non-retarded male with trisomy 8 mosaicism (46,XY/47,XY,+8) had a short head, a short broad-bridged nose, a protruding upper lip, pterygium colli, moderate kypho-scoliosis, camptodactyly of all fingers and deep furrowing on the soles. Radiographic examination of columna showed spina bifida of L1 and fusion of L5 and S1. These findings are characteristic for the trisomy 8 syndrome. A psychological study showed a personality characterized by immaturity and lack of spontaneity and self-confidence. An intelligence test (WAIS) placed him within the normal range, but presented an uneven development of the cognitive functions with special difficulties in synthetic abilities and visual scanning. His auditive span was rather low, and his memory functions were somewhat below average.", "contents": "Trisomy 8 syndrome. A psychological and somatic study of a mentally non-retarded male with 46,XY/47,XY,+8 chromosome constitution. A 27-year-old, non-retarded male with trisomy 8 mosaicism (46,XY/47,XY,+8) had a short head, a short broad-bridged nose, a protruding upper lip, pterygium colli, moderate kypho-scoliosis, camptodactyly of all fingers and deep furrowing on the soles. Radiographic examination of columna showed spina bifida of L1 and fusion of L5 and S1. These findings are characteristic for the trisomy 8 syndrome. A psychological study showed a personality characterized by immaturity and lack of spontaneity and self-confidence. An intelligence test (WAIS) placed him within the normal range, but presented an uneven development of the cognitive functions with special difficulties in synthetic abilities and visual scanning. His auditive span was rather low, and his memory functions were somewhat below average."}
{"id": "PMID:912940", "title": "7q deletion syndrome (7q32 leads to 7qter).", "content": "Four independently ascertained children who presented with unusual facies and delayed mental and physical development were found to have a similar deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 7 (46,XX or XY, del(7)(q32); 46,XX or XY,del(7)(pter leads to q32:)). Comparison of the findings of these four cases with one other case report of a similar deletion revealed similar dysmorphologic features in all five cases.", "contents": "7q deletion syndrome (7q32 leads to 7qter). Four independently ascertained children who presented with unusual facies and delayed mental and physical development were found to have a similar deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 7 (46,XX or XY, del(7)(q32); 46,XX or XY,del(7)(pter leads to q32:)). Comparison of the findings of these four cases with one other case report of a similar deletion revealed similar dysmorphologic features in all five cases."}
{"id": "PMID:912941", "title": "Phenotypic correlations in patients with ring chromosome 22.", "content": "This paper reports two patients with a ring 22 chromosome which has been confirmed by Q-banding. The literature contains 19 patients with a ring G-group chromosome which has been shown by chromosome banding to be a ring 22. The most commonly reported features in affected patients have included: retardation with disproportionate verbal delay, reduced head circumference, hypotonia, unsteady gait, large ears with abnormal configuration, and epicanthic folds.  The importance of these, as well as other, less often noted findings, is discussed in relation to a possible r(22) syndrome.", "contents": "Phenotypic correlations in patients with ring chromosome 22. This paper reports two patients with a ring 22 chromosome which has been confirmed by Q-banding. The literature contains 19 patients with a ring G-group chromosome which has been shown by chromosome banding to be a ring 22. The most commonly reported features in affected patients have included: retardation with disproportionate verbal delay, reduced head circumference, hypotonia, unsteady gait, large ears with abnormal configuration, and epicanthic folds.  The importance of these, as well as other, less often noted findings, is discussed in relation to a possible r(22) syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:912942", "title": "High incidence of spinal muscular atrophy type I (Werdnig - Hoffmann disease) in the Karaite community in Israel.", "content": "Spinal muscular atrophy (S.M.A.) type I (Infantile werdnig - Hoffmann Disease) was found in 4:1,600 (1:400) infants of the Egyptian Karaite community. This group constitutes a representative sample of the Egyptian Karaite community in Israel, which numbers at present somewhat more than 7,000. The community existed as a religious and reproductive isolate for over 10 centuries. The very high gene frequency, 0.05 for the autosomal recessive gene of S.M.A. type I, is probably the result of genetic drift.", "contents": "High incidence of spinal muscular atrophy type I (Werdnig - Hoffmann disease) in the Karaite community in Israel. Spinal muscular atrophy (S.M.A.) type I (Infantile werdnig - Hoffmann Disease) was found in 4:1,600 (1:400) infants of the Egyptian Karaite community. This group constitutes a representative sample of the Egyptian Karaite community in Israel, which numbers at present somewhat more than 7,000. The community existed as a religious and reproductive isolate for over 10 centuries. The very high gene frequency, 0.05 for the autosomal recessive gene of S.M.A. type I, is probably the result of genetic drift."}
{"id": "PMID:912944", "title": "A pharmacological investigation of synthetic substance P on the isolated guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "1. The pharmacological properties of synthetic substance P have been studied on the guinea-pig ileum and compared with those of acetylcholine and other agonists. 2. The effects of synthetic substance P in the presence of atropine, hexamethonium, mepyramine and certain of the drugs which antagonize serotonin are in close agreement with those reported for the naturally occurring peptide. 3. The spasmogenic action of substance P is not mediated by cholinergic mechanisms or release of prostaglandins, and does not appear to involve release of serotonin. The inability of tetrodotoxin to attenuate responses to substance P suggests that its spasmogenic action is not elicited through neural mechanisms. Thus, it is likely that substance P acts directly on the smooth muscle of the ileum. 4. Since substance P is present in the brain and can depolarize neurones, it may be a neurotransmitter. A screening of various centrally acting drugs, whose mechanisms of action are unclear, was undertaken to seek possible interactions with substance P. Pimozide was the most potent in depressing responses to substance P but none of the drugs caused the specific antagonism which would assist in elucidating a possible physiological role for substance P.", "contents": "A pharmacological investigation of synthetic substance P on the isolated guinea-pig ileum. 1. The pharmacological properties of synthetic substance P have been studied on the guinea-pig ileum and compared with those of acetylcholine and other agonists. 2. The effects of synthetic substance P in the presence of atropine, hexamethonium, mepyramine and certain of the drugs which antagonize serotonin are in close agreement with those reported for the naturally occurring peptide. 3. The spasmogenic action of substance P is not mediated by cholinergic mechanisms or release of prostaglandins, and does not appear to involve release of serotonin. The inability of tetrodotoxin to attenuate responses to substance P suggests that its spasmogenic action is not elicited through neural mechanisms. Thus, it is likely that substance P acts directly on the smooth muscle of the ileum. 4. Since substance P is present in the brain and can depolarize neurones, it may be a neurotransmitter. A screening of various centrally acting drugs, whose mechanisms of action are unclear, was undertaken to seek possible interactions with substance P. Pimozide was the most potent in depressing responses to substance P but none of the drugs caused the specific antagonism which would assist in elucidating a possible physiological role for substance P."}
{"id": "PMID:912943", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of carbachol and other cholinomimetics administered into the cerebral ventricles of conscious cats.", "content": "1. The cholinomimetic substances acetylcholine, nicotine, tetramethylammonium chloride and carbachol were infused intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) into conscious, normotensive cats and their effects on behaviour, blood pressure and heart rate recorded. 2. Intracerebroventricular acetylcholine, nicotine and tetramethylammonium chloride each produced small, mainly stimulant, effects on the cardiovascular system which were not accompanied by any marked behavioural effects. 3. Intracerebroventricular carbachol at a dose of 30 microgram produced marked and persistent cardiovascular stimulant effects accompanied by a striking rage/fear reaction. When the dose of carbachol was reduced to 7.5 microgram the behavioural effects were no longer seen but marked cardiovascular stimulant effects remained. 4. The cardiovascular stimulant effects of i.c.v. carbachol were apparently mediated via the peripheral sympathetic system since they were abolished by peripheral adrenergic neurone blockade. 5. The blood pressure and heart rate increases produced by i.c.v. carbachol were blocked by prior i.c.v. treatment with atropine, hexamethonium, guanethidine, bethanidine or propranolol. 6. The data are consistent with an interaction between central cholinergic and catecholaminergic neural pathways involved in central regulation of blood pressure and further suggest the involvement of beta-adrenoreceptors in the responses to centrally-administered cholinomimetics.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of carbachol and other cholinomimetics administered into the cerebral ventricles of conscious cats. 1. The cholinomimetic substances acetylcholine, nicotine, tetramethylammonium chloride and carbachol were infused intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) into conscious, normotensive cats and their effects on behaviour, blood pressure and heart rate recorded. 2. Intracerebroventricular acetylcholine, nicotine and tetramethylammonium chloride each produced small, mainly stimulant, effects on the cardiovascular system which were not accompanied by any marked behavioural effects. 3. Intracerebroventricular carbachol at a dose of 30 microgram produced marked and persistent cardiovascular stimulant effects accompanied by a striking rage/fear reaction. When the dose of carbachol was reduced to 7.5 microgram the behavioural effects were no longer seen but marked cardiovascular stimulant effects remained. 4. The cardiovascular stimulant effects of i.c.v. carbachol were apparently mediated via the peripheral sympathetic system since they were abolished by peripheral adrenergic neurone blockade. 5. The blood pressure and heart rate increases produced by i.c.v. carbachol were blocked by prior i.c.v. treatment with atropine, hexamethonium, guanethidine, bethanidine or propranolol. 6. The data are consistent with an interaction between central cholinergic and catecholaminergic neural pathways involved in central regulation of blood pressure and further suggest the involvement of beta-adrenoreceptors in the responses to centrally-administered cholinomimetics."}
{"id": "PMID:912951", "title": "Prevention of hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients using hepatitis B immunoglobulin. A controlled study.", "content": "In a controlled study, the protection effect of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) was evaluated in patients hemodialyzed for less than one month in two collaborating units. Fifteen randomly selected patients received HBIG at five to eight week intervals throughout the study, and 13 other control patients received no immunoglobulin. During a follow-up period of 14 to 30 months, none of the HBIG-treated and 12 of the control patients developed evidence of exposure to virus B hepatitis, including 10 with HBs Ag antigenemia (p is less than 0.001): five of these remained persistently antigen positive. Evidence of non-B hepatitis was found in 8 HBIG-treated and in 3 non-treated patients. Only two HBIG-treated patients developed active antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen. Thus, HBIG seems effective in preventing hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients, provided the interval between two injections is not greater than two months. However, prolonged administration of HBIG may impair passive-active immunization to hepatitis B virus.", "contents": "Prevention of hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients using hepatitis B immunoglobulin. A controlled study. In a controlled study, the protection effect of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) was evaluated in patients hemodialyzed for less than one month in two collaborating units. Fifteen randomly selected patients received HBIG at five to eight week intervals throughout the study, and 13 other control patients received no immunoglobulin. During a follow-up period of 14 to 30 months, none of the HBIG-treated and 12 of the control patients developed evidence of exposure to virus B hepatitis, including 10 with HBs Ag antigenemia (p is less than 0.001): five of these remained persistently antigen positive. Evidence of non-B hepatitis was found in 8 HBIG-treated and in 3 non-treated patients. Only two HBIG-treated patients developed active antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen. Thus, HBIG seems effective in preventing hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients, provided the interval between two injections is not greater than two months. However, prolonged administration of HBIG may impair passive-active immunization to hepatitis B virus."}
{"id": "PMID:912952", "title": "The kidney in tropical snakebite.", "content": "Renal pathological changes were studied by renal biopsy in 31 patients bitten by tropical poisonous snakes which included seasnake (2 cases), cobra (11 cases), green-pit viper (8 cases) and Russell's viper (10 cases). Renal failure was present only in patients bitten by seasnake and Russell's viper. Glomerular mesangial proliferation was noted in the victims of cobra, green-pit viper and Russell's viper. There was deposition of IgM AND C3 in the glomerular mesangium with extension along the capillary walls. Fibrin deposition was seen in green-pit viper cases. By electron microscopy electron dense deposits were observed in the glomerular basement membrane-like matrix. Irregular thickening of the basement membrane was found in cobra cases. Vascular changes included arteritis of the interlobular artery with C3 deposition in the arterial walls in Russell's viper cases and thrombophlebitis in both green-pit viper's and Russell's viper's victims. Dense deposits of C3 in the arteriolar walls were noted in viper-bite and cobra-bite. Tubular necrosis was demonstrated in patients envenomated by green-pit viper and Russell's viper. Necrosis was severe in seasnake and Russell's viper poisoning, but was mild in green-pit viper cases.", "contents": "The kidney in tropical snakebite. Renal pathological changes were studied by renal biopsy in 31 patients bitten by tropical poisonous snakes which included seasnake (2 cases), cobra (11 cases), green-pit viper (8 cases) and Russell's viper (10 cases). Renal failure was present only in patients bitten by seasnake and Russell's viper. Glomerular mesangial proliferation was noted in the victims of cobra, green-pit viper and Russell's viper. There was deposition of IgM AND C3 in the glomerular mesangium with extension along the capillary walls. Fibrin deposition was seen in green-pit viper cases. By electron microscopy electron dense deposits were observed in the glomerular basement membrane-like matrix. Irregular thickening of the basement membrane was found in cobra cases. Vascular changes included arteritis of the interlobular artery with C3 deposition in the arterial walls in Russell's viper cases and thrombophlebitis in both green-pit viper's and Russell's viper's victims. Dense deposits of C3 in the arteriolar walls were noted in viper-bite and cobra-bite. Tubular necrosis was demonstrated in patients envenomated by green-pit viper and Russell's viper. Necrosis was severe in seasnake and Russell's viper poisoning, but was mild in green-pit viper cases."}
{"id": "PMID:912953", "title": "Glucose tolerance tests and their insulin and growth hormone responses in hemodialysis patients: are they reproducible?", "content": "The concept that carbohydrate intolerance improves after hemodialysis has been challenged. Critical to this issue is the reproducibility of GTT in a dialysis population. Thirty-nine oral or i.v. GTT were performed on ten stable hemodialysis patients at weekly intervals for three weeks. Blood glucose was determined by both oxygen consumption rate during glucose oxidation and the ferricyanide method. The coefficient of variation of blood glucose ratios (Glucose at time X/Fasting glucose) by glucose oxidase varied considerably. With the i.v. GTT the coefficients of variation at 90 and 120 minutes were 27.9 and 36.8 percent in one patient but below 15 percent at 60, 90, and 120 minutes in the other four patients. Three of the five patients who received oral GTT displayed coefficients of variation greater than 20 percent at one or more sampling times. The coefficients of variation of the growth hormone ratio (Growth hormone at time X/Fasting growth hormone) during i.v. and oral GTT ranged from 2.1 to 83.6 percent. Coefficients of variation of insulinogenic indexes ranged from 16.3 to 59.3 percent. In summary, large variations in glucose, growth hormone and insulin occur during both oral and i.v. GTT when repeated on a weekly basis in stable hemodialysis patients.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance tests and their insulin and growth hormone responses in hemodialysis patients: are they reproducible? The concept that carbohydrate intolerance improves after hemodialysis has been challenged. Critical to this issue is the reproducibility of GTT in a dialysis population. Thirty-nine oral or i.v. GTT were performed on ten stable hemodialysis patients at weekly intervals for three weeks. Blood glucose was determined by both oxygen consumption rate during glucose oxidation and the ferricyanide method. The coefficient of variation of blood glucose ratios (Glucose at time X/Fasting glucose) by glucose oxidase varied considerably. With the i.v. GTT the coefficients of variation at 90 and 120 minutes were 27.9 and 36.8 percent in one patient but below 15 percent at 60, 90, and 120 minutes in the other four patients. Three of the five patients who received oral GTT displayed coefficients of variation greater than 20 percent at one or more sampling times. The coefficients of variation of the growth hormone ratio (Growth hormone at time X/Fasting growth hormone) during i.v. and oral GTT ranged from 2.1 to 83.6 percent. Coefficients of variation of insulinogenic indexes ranged from 16.3 to 59.3 percent. In summary, large variations in glucose, growth hormone and insulin occur during both oral and i.v. GTT when repeated on a weekly basis in stable hemodialysis patients."}
{"id": "PMID:912954", "title": "Acute renal failure secondary to acute pyelonephritis.", "content": "A six year-old girl presented with acute oliguric renal failure, secondary to acute, non-obstructive pyelonephritis. Evidence for pyelonephritis as the cause of renal failure included: the evolution of typical changes on serial intravenous pyelograms, an acute interstitial inflammatory exudate on percutaneous renal biopsy, and gram-positive cocci on gram stain of the biopsy tissue. Although a specific causative organism was not conclusively identified, enterococcus was isolated from the initial catheterized urine specimen. The patient recovered from the acute illness but was left with impaired renal function, hypertension, and cortical scarring. Acute, non-obstructive pyelonephritis can produce acute renal failure in children and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of this syndrome.", "contents": "Acute renal failure secondary to acute pyelonephritis. A six year-old girl presented with acute oliguric renal failure, secondary to acute, non-obstructive pyelonephritis. Evidence for pyelonephritis as the cause of renal failure included: the evolution of typical changes on serial intravenous pyelograms, an acute interstitial inflammatory exudate on percutaneous renal biopsy, and gram-positive cocci on gram stain of the biopsy tissue. Although a specific causative organism was not conclusively identified, enterococcus was isolated from the initial catheterized urine specimen. The patient recovered from the acute illness but was left with impaired renal function, hypertension, and cortical scarring. Acute, non-obstructive pyelonephritis can produce acute renal failure in children and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:912955", "title": "Glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis B. report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A 45-year old developed membranoproliferative GN seven years after acute hepatitis. He was found to be a chronic carrier of HBsAg, and glomeruli contained granular deposits of immunoglobulins (Ig), complement (C) and HBsAg. Six months later, HN persisted, but HBsAg has disappeared from glomeruli; Ig and C were still present. It was concluded that GN was probably due to a hepatitis B associated antigen, but not necessarily to HBsAg.", "contents": "Glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis B. report of a case and review of the literature. A 45-year old developed membranoproliferative GN seven years after acute hepatitis. He was found to be a chronic carrier of HBsAg, and glomeruli contained granular deposits of immunoglobulins (Ig), complement (C) and HBsAg. Six months later, HN persisted, but HBsAg has disappeared from glomeruli; Ig and C were still present. It was concluded that GN was probably due to a hepatitis B associated antigen, but not necessarily to HBsAg."}
{"id": "PMID:912956", "title": "Radioiron and erythropoiesis: methods, interpretation and clinical application.", "content": "Ferrokinetic studies have fallen somewhat out of fashion and this is probably because T 1/2, PIT and percentage utilization give a poor reflection of the state of erythropoiesis. Recent advances have, however, enabled total, effective and ineffective erythropoiesis to be measured. The technique is simple but time-consuming, and analysis of the data requires access to computing facilities. Nevertheless, when bone marrow erythroid activity must be assessed these radioiron methods offer a rational approach.", "contents": "Radioiron and erythropoiesis: methods, interpretation and clinical application. Ferrokinetic studies have fallen somewhat out of fashion and this is probably because T 1/2, PIT and percentage utilization give a poor reflection of the state of erythropoiesis. Recent advances have, however, enabled total, effective and ineffective erythropoiesis to be measured. The technique is simple but time-consuming, and analysis of the data requires access to computing facilities. Nevertheless, when bone marrow erythroid activity must be assessed these radioiron methods offer a rational approach."}
{"id": "PMID:912957", "title": "The kinetics of platelet production and destruction in man.", "content": "Platelets are derived from the cytoplasm of mature marrow megakaryocytes through cytoplasmic demarcation by invaginating plasma membrane and fragmentation of cytoplasmic protrusions into marrow sinusoids. Thereafter, platelets survive in the circulation for about 9 to 10 days. Platelet production is regulated to meet the demands for circulating platelets by means of humoral stimulation. Mean platelet volume, about 10 fl, remains constant over a wide range of survival times and production rates. In normal individuals platelets are produced at a rate of 35 X 10(9)/1/day (or 2.5 X 10(10) fl/kg body wt.) and reflect directly the marrow megakaryocyte cytoplasmic mass. Platelets have important roles in haemostasis, arterial thrombogenesis, wound healing and atherogenesis. Measurements of platelet survival are useful as an in vivo indicator of platelet participation in pathogenesis and pharmacological prevention of these processes. At present platelet survival is most reliably determined by in vitro radiochromium population labelling. 51Cr-platelet disappearance curves require objective unbiased analysis, preferably by non-linear gamma function least squares computer fitting procedures.", "contents": "The kinetics of platelet production and destruction in man. Platelets are derived from the cytoplasm of mature marrow megakaryocytes through cytoplasmic demarcation by invaginating plasma membrane and fragmentation of cytoplasmic protrusions into marrow sinusoids. Thereafter, platelets survive in the circulation for about 9 to 10 days. Platelet production is regulated to meet the demands for circulating platelets by means of humoral stimulation. Mean platelet volume, about 10 fl, remains constant over a wide range of survival times and production rates. In normal individuals platelets are produced at a rate of 35 X 10(9)/1/day (or 2.5 X 10(10) fl/kg body wt.) and reflect directly the marrow megakaryocyte cytoplasmic mass. Platelets have important roles in haemostasis, arterial thrombogenesis, wound healing and atherogenesis. Measurements of platelet survival are useful as an in vivo indicator of platelet participation in pathogenesis and pharmacological prevention of these processes. At present platelet survival is most reliably determined by in vitro radiochromium population labelling. 51Cr-platelet disappearance curves require objective unbiased analysis, preferably by non-linear gamma function least squares computer fitting procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:912965", "title": "Comparison of metrizamide with other myelographic agents.", "content": "Metrizamide is an attractive myelographic agent with several advantages over other available myelographic agents. Radiographic detail is generally superior to Pantopaque and gas myelography, the material need not be aspiradted and does not appear to result in long-term complicaitons. Because of its low neuro-toxicity, it may be allowed to come into contact with the spinal cord and brain, unlike other water-soluble agents. Its main disadvantages are its tendency to diffuse into the CSF when run from one portion of the spinal canal to another and the occurrence of acute toxic effects such as vomiting and, rarely, seizures.", "contents": "Comparison of metrizamide with other myelographic agents. Metrizamide is an attractive myelographic agent with several advantages over other available myelographic agents. Radiographic detail is generally superior to Pantopaque and gas myelography, the material need not be aspiradted and does not appear to result in long-term complicaitons. Because of its low neuro-toxicity, it may be allowed to come into contact with the spinal cord and brain, unlike other water-soluble agents. Its main disadvantages are its tendency to diffuse into the CSF when run from one portion of the spinal canal to another and the occurrence of acute toxic effects such as vomiting and, rarely, seizures."}
{"id": "PMID:912966", "title": "Pulmonary embolism and its prophylaxis following the Charnley total hip replacement.", "content": "The incidence of pulmonary emboli after a standardized technique of total hip replacement in a series of 7,959 hip arthroplasties operated on between 1962 and 1973 was 1.04% fatal and 7.89% non-fatal. 1,174 had no prophylaxis against embolism with a fatality rate of 2.3% and non-fatal embolism in 15.2%. Phenindione, intravenous heparin and dextran all reduced the complication rate to about 1% fatal and 8% non-fatal but none was statistically better than another. Statistically, plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulphate), was as good as any of the other methods used and had few complications. Analysis of the blood groups, pre and post-operative hemoglobin levels, major and revision surgery showed little relationship to the incidence of embolism. The most frequent time of onset of embolism (75%) occurred in the second and third postoperative weeks with only 10% in the first week.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolism and its prophylaxis following the Charnley total hip replacement. The incidence of pulmonary emboli after a standardized technique of total hip replacement in a series of 7,959 hip arthroplasties operated on between 1962 and 1973 was 1.04% fatal and 7.89% non-fatal. 1,174 had no prophylaxis against embolism with a fatality rate of 2.3% and non-fatal embolism in 15.2%. Phenindione, intravenous heparin and dextran all reduced the complication rate to about 1% fatal and 8% non-fatal but none was statistically better than another. Statistically, plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulphate), was as good as any of the other methods used and had few complications. Analysis of the blood groups, pre and post-operative hemoglobin levels, major and revision surgery showed little relationship to the incidence of embolism. The most frequent time of onset of embolism (75%) occurred in the second and third postoperative weeks with only 10% in the first week."}
{"id": "PMID:912967", "title": "Hemorrhagic neuropathy of the sciatic, femoral and obturator nerves: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A 70-year-old female developed hemorragic neuropathy, involving the sciatic, femoral and obturator nerves, secondary to infection and trauma. Function returned adequately in one year in the manner of neuropraxia. Hemorrhagic neuropathy of the proximal lower extremity has been associated with hemophilia, anticoagulation therapy, trauma, hip surgery and bleeding arteriosclerotic disease of the distal aorta and iliac vessels. The majority of cases regain function in 1 year using conservative therapy.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic neuropathy of the sciatic, femoral and obturator nerves: case report and review of the literature. A 70-year-old female developed hemorragic neuropathy, involving the sciatic, femoral and obturator nerves, secondary to infection and trauma. Function returned adequately in one year in the manner of neuropraxia. Hemorrhagic neuropathy of the proximal lower extremity has been associated with hemophilia, anticoagulation therapy, trauma, hip surgery and bleeding arteriosclerotic disease of the distal aorta and iliac vessels. The majority of cases regain function in 1 year using conservative therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:912968", "title": "Early detction of avascular necrosis of the femoral head by 99m technetium diphosphonate bone scan: a preliminary report.", "content": "Since roentgenographic changes characteristic of avascular necrosis of the femoral head frequently do not appear for several months after onset of symptoms, it may be difficult to diagnose this condition in its early stages and then institute therapeutic measures designed to prevent collapse of the femoral head and to enhance repair. Bone scans made after intravenous injection of 99mTc DP revealed increased activity over the femoral head in 5 patients with avascular necrosis 2 to 5 months before changes appeared on conventional roentgenograms. Although increased activity at the site of the lesion is not specific for avascular necrosis, the correct diagnosis can usually be established by taking into account other clinical, roentegenographic, and laboratory findings. Bone scanning with 99mTc DP is safe, even for high-risk patients, and relatively simple to perform.", "contents": "Early detction of avascular necrosis of the femoral head by 99m technetium diphosphonate bone scan: a preliminary report. Since roentgenographic changes characteristic of avascular necrosis of the femoral head frequently do not appear for several months after onset of symptoms, it may be difficult to diagnose this condition in its early stages and then institute therapeutic measures designed to prevent collapse of the femoral head and to enhance repair. Bone scans made after intravenous injection of 99mTc DP revealed increased activity over the femoral head in 5 patients with avascular necrosis 2 to 5 months before changes appeared on conventional roentgenograms. Although increased activity at the site of the lesion is not specific for avascular necrosis, the correct diagnosis can usually be established by taking into account other clinical, roentegenographic, and laboratory findings. Bone scanning with 99mTc DP is safe, even for high-risk patients, and relatively simple to perform."}
{"id": "PMID:912969", "title": "Primary results of conservative treatment and osteotomy in coxa plana: a radiological comparison.", "content": "In comparison with conservatives measures, does varus and derotation osteotomy accelerate recovery and prevent femoral deformation in Perthes Disease? In groups of 25 treated with osteotomy, and 22 treated conservatively, the primary anatomic result after reossification was judged from the radiographs by visual appraisal, and that is without introducing any measurements. The severity of the disease (the maximum epiphyseal involment) was the same in both treatment groups. The anatomic result (the shape of the femoral head after reossification) was in both groups found to be related closely to the age of patient and the severity of the disease. There was no demonstrable improvement in anatomic result in the osteotomized group. This could be explained by a similar effect of the conservative and surgical treatments or that neither was effective.", "contents": "Primary results of conservative treatment and osteotomy in coxa plana: a radiological comparison. In comparison with conservatives measures, does varus and derotation osteotomy accelerate recovery and prevent femoral deformation in Perthes Disease? In groups of 25 treated with osteotomy, and 22 treated conservatively, the primary anatomic result after reossification was judged from the radiographs by visual appraisal, and that is without introducing any measurements. The severity of the disease (the maximum epiphyseal involment) was the same in both treatment groups. The anatomic result (the shape of the femoral head after reossification) was in both groups found to be related closely to the age of patient and the severity of the disease. There was no demonstrable improvement in anatomic result in the osteotomized group. This could be explained by a similar effect of the conservative and surgical treatments or that neither was effective."}
{"id": "PMID:912970", "title": "Degenerative osteoarthritis associated with osteopetrosis.", "content": "A case of osteopetrosis has been described in which bilateral osteoarthritis of the hips occurred before the age of 40. As the osteoarthritis was not explicable on the bases of deformity it was considered that osteoprtrosis might be the etiological factor. Further circumstantial evidence for this causal relationship has been found in a review of the literature.", "contents": "Degenerative osteoarthritis associated with osteopetrosis. A case of osteopetrosis has been described in which bilateral osteoarthritis of the hips occurred before the age of 40. As the osteoarthritis was not explicable on the bases of deformity it was considered that osteoprtrosis might be the etiological factor. Further circumstantial evidence for this causal relationship has been found in a review of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:912971", "title": "Hip instability in myelodysplasia.", "content": "Hip stability with reference to the ambulatory capacity of the myelodysplastic child is considered in a retrospective study. In 104 cases followed between 1950 and 1975, the patients were subdivided into 6 groups based on lowest functional neurological level as determined by hip motor power. Ninety-eight major operative procedures were performed about the hip in 50 patients. Over 50% of these operative procedures proved unsuccessful in stabilizing the involved hips. Mustard's transfer of the iliopsoas was used in a small group of patients and hip stability was attained in all cases. Sharrard's transfer was successful in only 2/3 of the cases. In all 6 groups, no difference in ambulatory capacity could be shown whether or not the patient had hip stability.", "contents": "Hip instability in myelodysplasia. Hip stability with reference to the ambulatory capacity of the myelodysplastic child is considered in a retrospective study. In 104 cases followed between 1950 and 1975, the patients were subdivided into 6 groups based on lowest functional neurological level as determined by hip motor power. Ninety-eight major operative procedures were performed about the hip in 50 patients. Over 50% of these operative procedures proved unsuccessful in stabilizing the involved hips. Mustard's transfer of the iliopsoas was used in a small group of patients and hip stability was attained in all cases. Sharrard's transfer was successful in only 2/3 of the cases. In all 6 groups, no difference in ambulatory capacity could be shown whether or not the patient had hip stability."}
{"id": "PMID:912972", "title": "Treatment of fractures of the hip and ipsilateral femur with the Zickel device: a report of three cases.", "content": "Three case reports demonstrate the successful management of patients with fractures of the hip and ipsilateral femur using the Zickel device. The hip fractures were base of the femoral neck, trochanteric and substrochanteric. The ipsilateral femur fractures consisted of 2 shaft fractures and 1 supracondylar femur fracture. These 3 cases, added to those previously reported in the literature, suggest that this form of intramedullary fixation should be considered for fractures of the hip combined with fractures of the shaft of the femur and possibly even supracondylar region.", "contents": "Treatment of fractures of the hip and ipsilateral femur with the Zickel device: a report of three cases. Three case reports demonstrate the successful management of patients with fractures of the hip and ipsilateral femur using the Zickel device. The hip fractures were base of the femoral neck, trochanteric and substrochanteric. The ipsilateral femur fractures consisted of 2 shaft fractures and 1 supracondylar femur fracture. These 3 cases, added to those previously reported in the literature, suggest that this form of intramedullary fixation should be considered for fractures of the hip combined with fractures of the shaft of the femur and possibly even supracondylar region."}
{"id": "PMID:912973", "title": "Aseptic necrosis of the humeral trochlea: a case report.", "content": "An 8-year-old boy was diagnosed as having unilateral aseptic necrosis of the humeral trochlea on the basis of: loss of elbow carrying angle and decreased range of motion, radiographic demonstration of trochlear collapse and sclerosis. Partial resolution of the radiographic changes occurred within 17 months. In the absence of marked functional impairement, the treatment is conservative clinical observation.", "contents": "Aseptic necrosis of the humeral trochlea: a case report. An 8-year-old boy was diagnosed as having unilateral aseptic necrosis of the humeral trochlea on the basis of: loss of elbow carrying angle and decreased range of motion, radiographic demonstration of trochlear collapse and sclerosis. Partial resolution of the radiographic changes occurred within 17 months. In the absence of marked functional impairement, the treatment is conservative clinical observation."}
{"id": "PMID:912974", "title": "Fibrous replacement of the deltoid muscle: a remediable cause of abduction contracture of the shoulder in scleroderma.", "content": "A 32-year-old male with progressive systemic sclerosis developed shoulder abduction contractures secondary to fibrous replacement of the central portions of his deltoid muscles. Surgical release of the fibrous bands resulted in prompt restoration of nearly full shoulder motion. One month later, however, a similar band developed in the triceps muscle. Although the association in this cases may have been coincidental, the neraly simultaneous onset of muscle fibrosis and cutaneous manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis suggests a causal relationship.", "contents": "Fibrous replacement of the deltoid muscle: a remediable cause of abduction contracture of the shoulder in scleroderma. A 32-year-old male with progressive systemic sclerosis developed shoulder abduction contractures secondary to fibrous replacement of the central portions of his deltoid muscles. Surgical release of the fibrous bands resulted in prompt restoration of nearly full shoulder motion. One month later, however, a similar band developed in the triceps muscle. Although the association in this cases may have been coincidental, the neraly simultaneous onset of muscle fibrosis and cutaneous manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis suggests a causal relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:912975", "title": "Loosening associated with G.S.B. hinge total elbow replacement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Total elbow replacement utilizing the G.S.B. hinge prosthesis will improve function in patients with ankylosed or painful, unstable elbows in the early postoperative period. However, painful loosening has been the primary long-term problem and has led to the abandonment of this concept even for salvage of the destroyed rheumatoid elbow joint.", "contents": "Loosening associated with G.S.B. hinge total elbow replacement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Total elbow replacement utilizing the G.S.B. hinge prosthesis will improve function in patients with ankylosed or painful, unstable elbows in the early postoperative period. However, painful loosening has been the primary long-term problem and has led to the abandonment of this concept even for salvage of the destroyed rheumatoid elbow joint."}
{"id": "PMID:912977", "title": "Flexor tendon ruptures in the rheumatoid hand: bilateral flexor pollicis longus rupture.", "content": "In a 42-year-old male with a 15-year history of rheumatoid arthritis, bilateral rupture of the flexor pollicis longus was associated with subluxation with radial deviation of the carpus and increased angulation of the tendon in relation to the navicular. Flexor tenosynovitis in the rheumatoid hand may present as carpal tunnel syndrome or ruptured flexor tendons. The condition is associated with invasive rheumatoid granulation tissue, vasculitis, ischemic necrosis due to compartment compression, and attrition rupture due to navicular bony protuberance.", "contents": "Flexor tendon ruptures in the rheumatoid hand: bilateral flexor pollicis longus rupture. In a 42-year-old male with a 15-year history of rheumatoid arthritis, bilateral rupture of the flexor pollicis longus was associated with subluxation with radial deviation of the carpus and increased angulation of the tendon in relation to the navicular. Flexor tenosynovitis in the rheumatoid hand may present as carpal tunnel syndrome or ruptured flexor tendons. The condition is associated with invasive rheumatoid granulation tissue, vasculitis, ischemic necrosis due to compartment compression, and attrition rupture due to navicular bony protuberance."}
{"id": "PMID:912978", "title": "Force and motion analysis of the normal, diseased, and prosthetic ankle joint.", "content": "A 2-dimensional motion and force study of the ankle joint during gait has been carried out on normal subjects and patients with ankle joint disease, before and 1 year following total ankle replacemetn. The methods employed involved the use of high-speed motion picture film, force plate and foot-switch data. The Achilles and anterior tibial tendon forces, the compressive and tangential (shear) forces across the ankle during stance phase of gait were determined, based on a quasi-static analysis. During stance phase of gait normal subjects used a mean of 24.4 degree of sagittal plane ankle motion. Patients with ankle joint disease showed reduced motion which returned to near normal values 1 year following total ankle replacement. Compressive force across the ankle joint rose to about 5 times body weight during the latter part of stance phase. Backward, or aft, shear forces or nearly full body weight were demonstrated during all but the last 20% of stance phase. Patients with ankle joint disease apparently altered their gait to markedly reduce these forces. Following total ankle replacement, shear forces returned toward more normal values, but compressive forces were not significantly changed.", "contents": "Force and motion analysis of the normal, diseased, and prosthetic ankle joint. A 2-dimensional motion and force study of the ankle joint during gait has been carried out on normal subjects and patients with ankle joint disease, before and 1 year following total ankle replacemetn. The methods employed involved the use of high-speed motion picture film, force plate and foot-switch data. The Achilles and anterior tibial tendon forces, the compressive and tangential (shear) forces across the ankle during stance phase of gait were determined, based on a quasi-static analysis. During stance phase of gait normal subjects used a mean of 24.4 degree of sagittal plane ankle motion. Patients with ankle joint disease showed reduced motion which returned to near normal values 1 year following total ankle replacement. Compressive force across the ankle joint rose to about 5 times body weight during the latter part of stance phase. Backward, or aft, shear forces or nearly full body weight were demonstrated during all but the last 20% of stance phase. Patients with ankle joint disease apparently altered their gait to markedly reduce these forces. Following total ankle replacement, shear forces returned toward more normal values, but compressive forces were not significantly changed."}
{"id": "PMID:912979", "title": "Benign osteoblastoma of the calcaneous.", "content": "This is a case report of a 29-year-old male with a chondroblastoma of the os calcis successfully treated by almost total resection of the tuber calcanei without sacrifice insertion of the tendon achilles.", "contents": "Benign osteoblastoma of the calcaneous. This is a case report of a 29-year-old male with a chondroblastoma of the os calcis successfully treated by almost total resection of the tuber calcanei without sacrifice insertion of the tendon achilles."}
{"id": "PMID:912980", "title": "Preliminary report of total ankle arthroplasty for osteonecrosis of the talus.", "content": "Osteonecrosis of the talus secondary to adrenal corticosteroids is rare. The pathophysiology of the disorder is controversial. This is a report of bilateral talar necrosis secondary to steroid medications in a 23-year-old male. Conservative methods of management of the condition are not altogether satisfactory. Bilateral ankle replacement in this case resulted in alleviation of pain and improvement of function.", "contents": "Preliminary report of total ankle arthroplasty for osteonecrosis of the talus. Osteonecrosis of the talus secondary to adrenal corticosteroids is rare. The pathophysiology of the disorder is controversial. This is a report of bilateral talar necrosis secondary to steroid medications in a 23-year-old male. Conservative methods of management of the condition are not altogether satisfactory. Bilateral ankle replacement in this case resulted in alleviation of pain and improvement of function."}
{"id": "PMID:912981", "title": "Morton's metatarsalgia.", "content": "In a series of 25 patients (predominantly women) with Morton's metatarsalgia, the most likely site for a neuroma is the third cleft of the left foot. If a swelling is present or if radiographic examination shows toe divergence then the diagnosis in unlikely to be a simple digital neuroma. A review of the literature suggests that there are other causes of pain in the forefoot. Usually the pain is diffuse by when it is localized, Morton's metatarsalgia is diagnosed. However, causes other than a digital neuroma, e.g. traumatic bursitis and rheumatoid arthritis, epithelial cyst, and foreign body should be borne in mind.", "contents": "Morton's metatarsalgia. In a series of 25 patients (predominantly women) with Morton's metatarsalgia, the most likely site for a neuroma is the third cleft of the left foot. If a swelling is present or if radiographic examination shows toe divergence then the diagnosis in unlikely to be a simple digital neuroma. A review of the literature suggests that there are other causes of pain in the forefoot. Usually the pain is diffuse by when it is localized, Morton's metatarsalgia is diagnosed. However, causes other than a digital neuroma, e.g. traumatic bursitis and rheumatoid arthritis, epithelial cyst, and foreign body should be borne in mind."}
{"id": "PMID:912982", "title": "Monostotic Paget's disease of the spine.", "content": "Mnostotic Paget's disease in the spine often presents with an atypical clinical and radiographic picture. Paget's disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of any sclerotic lesion of the spine. Although uncommon, the disease occurs even in young adults, and may present a diagnostic problem.", "contents": "Monostotic Paget's disease of the spine. Mnostotic Paget's disease in the spine often presents with an atypical clinical and radiographic picture. Paget's disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of any sclerotic lesion of the spine. Although uncommon, the disease occurs even in young adults, and may present a diagnostic problem."}
{"id": "PMID:912983", "title": "Ulnar nerve palsy in Paget's disease.", "content": "A 73-year-old housewife with enlargement of her distal right humerus and especially the medial epicondyle due to Paget's disease developed an ulnar nerve palsy. Transposition of her ulnar nerve anterior to her elbow completely relieved her symptoms. A similar case of ulnar nerve palsy associated with expansion of the distal humerus due to Paget's disease seems not to have been previously reported.", "contents": "Ulnar nerve palsy in Paget's disease. A 73-year-old housewife with enlargement of her distal right humerus and especially the medial epicondyle due to Paget's disease developed an ulnar nerve palsy. Transposition of her ulnar nerve anterior to her elbow completely relieved her symptoms. A similar case of ulnar nerve palsy associated with expansion of the distal humerus due to Paget's disease seems not to have been previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:912984", "title": "Fibrous contracture of muscles following intramuscular injections in adults.", "content": "Periarticular fibrous muscle contractures in adults from repeated injections in the same site is predictable. The causes of joint contracture in children are many and complex, but in adults it seems certain that this phenomenon is the result of repeated injections of analgesics or other agents into 1 muscle area. Any drug if repeatedly injected locally may cause fibrosis of the muscle and subsequent joint contracture. Five cases of bilateral abduction contracture of the shoulder in adults including the first case of bilateral abduction contractures of shoulder and hip plus bilateral flexion contracture of elbow and extension contracture of a knee are reported. No underlying disease which might predispose to this fibrosis of muscles was noted. The frequency and period of injections were variable over several years. In all patients the interference in activtities of daily living were serious, but the deformities were corrected by release of the fibrous band with relief of discomfort and restoration of joint motion without recurrence. Noting the potential complication of repeated intramuscular injections in one area, this practice should be avoided whenever possible in adults, as well as in children.", "contents": "Fibrous contracture of muscles following intramuscular injections in adults. Periarticular fibrous muscle contractures in adults from repeated injections in the same site is predictable. The causes of joint contracture in children are many and complex, but in adults it seems certain that this phenomenon is the result of repeated injections of analgesics or other agents into 1 muscle area. Any drug if repeatedly injected locally may cause fibrosis of the muscle and subsequent joint contracture. Five cases of bilateral abduction contracture of the shoulder in adults including the first case of bilateral abduction contractures of shoulder and hip plus bilateral flexion contracture of elbow and extension contracture of a knee are reported. No underlying disease which might predispose to this fibrosis of muscles was noted. The frequency and period of injections were variable over several years. In all patients the interference in activtities of daily living were serious, but the deformities were corrected by release of the fibrous band with relief of discomfort and restoration of joint motion without recurrence. Noting the potential complication of repeated intramuscular injections in one area, this practice should be avoided whenever possible in adults, as well as in children."}
{"id": "PMID:912985", "title": "Cryosurgery in the treatment of bone metastases from renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Solitary metastasis is uncommon, occurring in 1.6% to 3.2% of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Because of the potential of survival, amputation of an extremity with a metastasis is frequently advocated, particularly after successful nephrectomy. The cure rate with amputation is approximately 30%. Cryosurgery for treatment of localized and limited bony metastasis in an alternative to more radical surgery. This is a report of follow-up observation of the original series of cases as well as the addition of 4 new cases with multiple metastasis.", "contents": "Cryosurgery in the treatment of bone metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Solitary metastasis is uncommon, occurring in 1.6% to 3.2% of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Because of the potential of survival, amputation of an extremity with a metastasis is frequently advocated, particularly after successful nephrectomy. The cure rate with amputation is approximately 30%. Cryosurgery for treatment of localized and limited bony metastasis in an alternative to more radical surgery. This is a report of follow-up observation of the original series of cases as well as the addition of 4 new cases with multiple metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:912986", "title": "Low doses of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol increase mature bone mass in adult normal rats.", "content": "Low doses of 1,25-DHCC cause a significant increase in trabecular and cortical bone mass of the mature rat skeleton by stimulated endosteal bone formation. The increased serum contents of calcium and inorganic phosphate give rise to a moderate nephrocalcinosis. An increased bone resorption occurs upon toxic dose levels causing profound nephrocalcinosis. Similar doses of 25-HCC do not affect the mature bone.", "contents": "Low doses of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol increase mature bone mass in adult normal rats. Low doses of 1,25-DHCC cause a significant increase in trabecular and cortical bone mass of the mature rat skeleton by stimulated endosteal bone formation. The increased serum contents of calcium and inorganic phosphate give rise to a moderate nephrocalcinosis. An increased bone resorption occurs upon toxic dose levels causing profound nephrocalcinosis. Similar doses of 25-HCC do not affect the mature bone."}
{"id": "PMID:912987", "title": "The cellular basis of bone turnover and bone loss: a rebuttal of the osteocytic resorption--bone flow theory.", "content": "There is now sufficient evidence to conclude that the osteocytic resorption--bone flow theory of bone turnove is untenable. According to this theory bone is resorbed not from the surface by osteoclasts but from within by osteocytes, towards which bone flows through tissue space away from bone forming surfaces. The need to invoke resorption by osteocytes stems from the belief that too few osteoclasts are present to account for normal bone resoption, a belief which reflects unawareness of the enormous capacity of the osteoclast and the rapidity of its advance. The belief that osteocytes resorb substantial amounts of bone rests on invalid conclusions from indirect techniques, various artifacts of specimen processing and unawareness of the microscopic characteristics of woven bone. Osteocytes enlarge their lacunae by resorbing bone only as a prelude to resorption from the surface, the osteocyte and osteoclast working together as a resorbing unit. The belief that bone can flow is incompatible both with the physical properties of bone and with a substantial body of evidence relating to Haversian remodelling; the experimental data purporting to demonstrate such flow can all be explained by conventional concepts of bone turnover.", "contents": "The cellular basis of bone turnover and bone loss: a rebuttal of the osteocytic resorption--bone flow theory. There is now sufficient evidence to conclude that the osteocytic resorption--bone flow theory of bone turnove is untenable. According to this theory bone is resorbed not from the surface by osteoclasts but from within by osteocytes, towards which bone flows through tissue space away from bone forming surfaces. The need to invoke resorption by osteocytes stems from the belief that too few osteoclasts are present to account for normal bone resoption, a belief which reflects unawareness of the enormous capacity of the osteoclast and the rapidity of its advance. The belief that osteocytes resorb substantial amounts of bone rests on invalid conclusions from indirect techniques, various artifacts of specimen processing and unawareness of the microscopic characteristics of woven bone. Osteocytes enlarge their lacunae by resorbing bone only as a prelude to resorption from the surface, the osteocyte and osteoclast working together as a resorbing unit. The belief that bone can flow is incompatible both with the physical properties of bone and with a substantial body of evidence relating to Haversian remodelling; the experimental data purporting to demonstrate such flow can all be explained by conventional concepts of bone turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:912988", "title": "Chondrogenesis in outgrowths of muscle tissue onto modified bone matrix in tissue culture.", "content": "Connective tissue outgrowths of muscle occur in vitro onto a substratum of bone matrix gelatin (BMG) chemically modified by various inorganic and organic cations or anions. Outgrowths onto BMG denatured by lyotropic concentrations of Ca2+ or complexed by only 1 mmole/1 of Cu2+ differentiate into fibrous tissue only. Onto BMG complexed with either positively or negatively charged organic molecules, the product was also fibrous tissue. Outgrowths onto undenatured and partially recalcified MBG differentiated into cartilage. These observations substantiate the view that differentiation of cartilage in tissue culture occurs in response to the undenatured form of a bone matrix protein molecular and not an unspecific surface net electrochemical charge.", "contents": "Chondrogenesis in outgrowths of muscle tissue onto modified bone matrix in tissue culture. Connective tissue outgrowths of muscle occur in vitro onto a substratum of bone matrix gelatin (BMG) chemically modified by various inorganic and organic cations or anions. Outgrowths onto BMG denatured by lyotropic concentrations of Ca2+ or complexed by only 1 mmole/1 of Cu2+ differentiate into fibrous tissue only. Onto BMG complexed with either positively or negatively charged organic molecules, the product was also fibrous tissue. Outgrowths onto undenatured and partially recalcified MBG differentiated into cartilage. These observations substantiate the view that differentiation of cartilage in tissue culture occurs in response to the undenatured form of a bone matrix protein molecular and not an unspecific surface net electrochemical charge."}
{"id": "PMID:912989", "title": "The glycosaminoglycans of human articular cartilage: concentration and distribution in different layers in the adult individual.", "content": "The articular cartilage from morphologically normal femoral heads from 7 humans, aged 50-85 years, was sectioned parallel to the surface firstly at 40 micron thickness and then serially at 200 micron thickness to the cartilage-bone junction. Pooled sections from separate layers were used for analysis of the glycosaminoglycans by Cetylpyridinum chloride and ECTEOLA-cellulose microcolumns. The total concentration of glycosaminoglycans per dry weight tissue showed an increase with distance from the articular surface. The increase was shown to be due, principally, to keratan sulphate, while the levels of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate showed a proportional decrease with depth. The 40 micron thick superficial layer contained a considerably lower concentration of both keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate than the rest of the cartilage. These superficial layer glycosaminoglycans, and particularly chondroitin sulphate, showed a more polydisperse distribution according to molecular weight/charge density than the corresponding glycosaminoglycans of the more deeply situated layers. In view of findings on bovine articular cartilage of different age-classes reported previously, these features of the superficial layer appear to represent the normal biochemical structure.", "contents": "The glycosaminoglycans of human articular cartilage: concentration and distribution in different layers in the adult individual. The articular cartilage from morphologically normal femoral heads from 7 humans, aged 50-85 years, was sectioned parallel to the surface firstly at 40 micron thickness and then serially at 200 micron thickness to the cartilage-bone junction. Pooled sections from separate layers were used for analysis of the glycosaminoglycans by Cetylpyridinum chloride and ECTEOLA-cellulose microcolumns. The total concentration of glycosaminoglycans per dry weight tissue showed an increase with distance from the articular surface. The increase was shown to be due, principally, to keratan sulphate, while the levels of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate showed a proportional decrease with depth. The 40 micron thick superficial layer contained a considerably lower concentration of both keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate than the rest of the cartilage. These superficial layer glycosaminoglycans, and particularly chondroitin sulphate, showed a more polydisperse distribution according to molecular weight/charge density than the corresponding glycosaminoglycans of the more deeply situated layers. In view of findings on bovine articular cartilage of different age-classes reported previously, these features of the superficial layer appear to represent the normal biochemical structure."}
{"id": "PMID:912990", "title": "Compact bone fatigue damage: a microscopic examination.", "content": "Flexural fatigue tests of bovine bone specimens produced fracture surfaces that were transverse on the tension side and oblique on the compression side. Similar fracture patterns were produced by bending tests with a single applied loading. Microscopic examination of flexural fatigue specimens prior to complete established that fatigue fracture is caused by the progressive accumulation of diffuse structural damage. The microdamage observed on the tension side consisted primarily of separation (or debonding) at cement lines and interlamellar cement bands. Tensile cracks in interstitial bone were also observed. The major damage modes on the compression side were oblique cracking and longitudinal splitting. The fatigue fracture patterns observed for the bone specimens correspond to the types of fatigue fractures observed clinically. Compact bone fatigue fractures in areas of longitudinal tensile stresses are generally seen as transverse lesions, whereas fatigue fractures in areas of longitudinal compressive stresses are normally oblique fractures. The diffuse nature of the observed fatigue damage is consistent with the hypothesis that microdamage caused by mechanical loading may serve as a stimulus for in vivo bone remodeling.", "contents": "Compact bone fatigue damage: a microscopic examination. Flexural fatigue tests of bovine bone specimens produced fracture surfaces that were transverse on the tension side and oblique on the compression side. Similar fracture patterns were produced by bending tests with a single applied loading. Microscopic examination of flexural fatigue specimens prior to complete established that fatigue fracture is caused by the progressive accumulation of diffuse structural damage. The microdamage observed on the tension side consisted primarily of separation (or debonding) at cement lines and interlamellar cement bands. Tensile cracks in interstitial bone were also observed. The major damage modes on the compression side were oblique cracking and longitudinal splitting. The fatigue fracture patterns observed for the bone specimens correspond to the types of fatigue fractures observed clinically. Compact bone fatigue fractures in areas of longitudinal tensile stresses are generally seen as transverse lesions, whereas fatigue fractures in areas of longitudinal compressive stresses are normally oblique fractures. The diffuse nature of the observed fatigue damage is consistent with the hypothesis that microdamage caused by mechanical loading may serve as a stimulus for in vivo bone remodeling."}
{"id": "PMID:912991", "title": "Etiological factors in the pathogenesis of femoral trabecular fatigue fractures.", "content": "Detailed histological evaluation of 72 femoral heads in terms of bone density, cartilagenous integrity and number of stress fractures in 3 different clinical groups of patients suggest that femoral trabecular fatigue fractures are largely determined by the degree of osteoporosis in all clinical states. The state of the hyaline cartilage also contibutes to the development of these fractures but only when the cartilage is degenerated to a severe degree as seen in rheumatoid arthritis. Both bone density and cartilage viability may be determining factors in the pathogenesis of trabecular stress fractures in rheumatoid hips.", "contents": "Etiological factors in the pathogenesis of femoral trabecular fatigue fractures. Detailed histological evaluation of 72 femoral heads in terms of bone density, cartilagenous integrity and number of stress fractures in 3 different clinical groups of patients suggest that femoral trabecular fatigue fractures are largely determined by the degree of osteoporosis in all clinical states. The state of the hyaline cartilage also contibutes to the development of these fractures but only when the cartilage is degenerated to a severe degree as seen in rheumatoid arthritis. Both bone density and cartilage viability may be determining factors in the pathogenesis of trabecular stress fractures in rheumatoid hips."}
{"id": "PMID:912992", "title": "The etiology of Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "The etiology of Paget's disease is not known but recent studies of the ultrastructure of bone cells in pagetic lesions have raised the possibility of a viral etiology. In 41 of 41 patients evaluated in France and Los Angeles characteristic nuclear inclusions were found in osteoclasts only. These structures were similar to nuclear inclusions found in the slow virus infection of the brain, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Definitive identification of a virus or viral antigens in pagetic lesions awaits future studies. Other possible etiologies of Paget's disease include an inborn error of connective tissue biosynthesis, a disorder of hormone secretion, a vascular disorder, an autoimmune state, and a neoplastic transformation of bone cells.", "contents": "The etiology of Paget's disease of bone. The etiology of Paget's disease is not known but recent studies of the ultrastructure of bone cells in pagetic lesions have raised the possibility of a viral etiology. In 41 of 41 patients evaluated in France and Los Angeles characteristic nuclear inclusions were found in osteoclasts only. These structures were similar to nuclear inclusions found in the slow virus infection of the brain, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Definitive identification of a virus or viral antigens in pagetic lesions awaits future studies. Other possible etiologies of Paget's disease include an inborn error of connective tissue biosynthesis, a disorder of hormone secretion, a vascular disorder, an autoimmune state, and a neoplastic transformation of bone cells."}
{"id": "PMID:912993", "title": "Orthopedic management of Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "The role of the orthopedic surgeon in the management of Paget's disease is in: evaluation and treatment of the cause of a patient's pain; evaluation of any deformities; treatment of fractures and tumors in affected bones. Pain due to active disease must be differentiated from nerve compression syndromes and arthritic pain because effective medical treatment is now available for pagetic bones. Spinal stenosis and sciatica are frequent in patients with Paget's desease because of vertebral body remodeling and collpase. Femoral and pelvic osseus pain may improve with treatment while an arthritic hip will remain symptomatic and require hip joint replacement. On one hand, bowed femora with inactive disease appear to be subject to an aching type of pain that does not respond well to antipagetic agents. On the other hand, for some unknown reason, tibial symptoms may respond dramatically to the same treatment. Biopsy is necessary only to exclude neoplastic transformation. Bone scans are useful to screen for distribution of the disease. The serum alkaline phosphatase and 24 hour urinary hydroxyproline determinations are the main indicators of the response of the disease to treatment.", "contents": "Orthopedic management of Paget's disease of bone. The role of the orthopedic surgeon in the management of Paget's disease is in: evaluation and treatment of the cause of a patient's pain; evaluation of any deformities; treatment of fractures and tumors in affected bones. Pain due to active disease must be differentiated from nerve compression syndromes and arthritic pain because effective medical treatment is now available for pagetic bones. Spinal stenosis and sciatica are frequent in patients with Paget's desease because of vertebral body remodeling and collpase. Femoral and pelvic osseus pain may improve with treatment while an arthritic hip will remain symptomatic and require hip joint replacement. On one hand, bowed femora with inactive disease appear to be subject to an aching type of pain that does not respond well to antipagetic agents. On the other hand, for some unknown reason, tibial symptoms may respond dramatically to the same treatment. Biopsy is necessary only to exclude neoplastic transformation. Bone scans are useful to screen for distribution of the disease. The serum alkaline phosphatase and 24 hour urinary hydroxyproline determinations are the main indicators of the response of the disease to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:912995", "title": "Human calcitonin treatment of Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "Human calcitonin has proven to be an effective drug in the management of Paget's disease. Bone pain decreased in a high percentage of cases and biochemical indices improved in all but a few instances. Radiologic regression of the disease often was seen after several years of treatment. The drug has been uniformly effective when administered to patients who have develped resistance to porcine or salmon calcitonin due to circulating antibodies. The incidence of side effects, mainly facial flushing and nausea, was variable and uncommonly resulted in discontinuation of treatment. Further studies are required to establish the minimum effective dose.", "contents": "Human calcitonin treatment of Paget's disease of bone. Human calcitonin has proven to be an effective drug in the management of Paget's disease. Bone pain decreased in a high percentage of cases and biochemical indices improved in all but a few instances. Radiologic regression of the disease often was seen after several years of treatment. The drug has been uniformly effective when administered to patients who have develped resistance to porcine or salmon calcitonin due to circulating antibodies. The incidence of side effects, mainly facial flushing and nausea, was variable and uncommonly resulted in discontinuation of treatment. Further studies are required to establish the minimum effective dose."}
{"id": "PMID:913006", "title": "The X isochromosome-X syndrome [46,X,i(Xq)]. Report of three cases with review of the phenotype.", "content": "It is important not to confuse the 46,X,i(Xq) syndrome with the 45,X classical Turner's syndrome. There are profound cytogenetic and clinical differences between the two syndromes, which must be borne in mind in the differential diagnosis of amenorrhea and of infertility.", "contents": "The X isochromosome-X syndrome [46,X,i(Xq)]. Report of three cases with review of the phenotype. It is important not to confuse the 46,X,i(Xq) syndrome with the 45,X classical Turner's syndrome. There are profound cytogenetic and clinical differences between the two syndromes, which must be borne in mind in the differential diagnosis of amenorrhea and of infertility."}
{"id": "PMID:913007", "title": "Accidental bed deaths in infants due to unsafe sleeping situations.", "content": "Sixteen accidental deaths of infants occcurred in Wayne County (Detroit) during 1974-1975 as a result of unsafe sleeping environments. Thirteen of these deaths resulted from different modes of asphyxia, two were due to falls, and one drowned. Differential diagnoses are pointed out. It is estimated that over 600 infants die each year in the United States due to unsafe sleeping conditions. Despite the magnitude and importance of this problem, little has been provided to the public in the form of preventive education. Federal regulations, passed in 1974, control the manufacture of new cribs but do not affect the existing unsafe cribs. Suggestions for the prevention of such fatal accidents are outlined, including a safety check list for infant beds. The cooperation of all health professions is required to educate the public of these dangers to their infants.", "contents": "Accidental bed deaths in infants due to unsafe sleeping situations. Sixteen accidental deaths of infants occcurred in Wayne County (Detroit) during 1974-1975 as a result of unsafe sleeping environments. Thirteen of these deaths resulted from different modes of asphyxia, two were due to falls, and one drowned. Differential diagnoses are pointed out. It is estimated that over 600 infants die each year in the United States due to unsafe sleeping conditions. Despite the magnitude and importance of this problem, little has been provided to the public in the form of preventive education. Federal regulations, passed in 1974, control the manufacture of new cribs but do not affect the existing unsafe cribs. Suggestions for the prevention of such fatal accidents are outlined, including a safety check list for infant beds. The cooperation of all health professions is required to educate the public of these dangers to their infants."}
{"id": "PMID:913016", "title": "Pindolol availability in hypertensive patients with normal and impaired renal function.", "content": "Intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of pinlolol were studied in 18 hypertensive patients-9 with normal renal function and 9 with impaired renal function. Analysis of data showed that a linear two-compartment model was suitable to describe the pindolol kinetics. Compared with patients with normal renal function, patients with chronic renal failure exhibited: (1) unchanged transfer rate constants and distribution volumes and (2) decreased total body clearance with decreased renal clearance and unchanged nonrenal clearance. Analysis of oral data by the Loo-Riegelman method showed that the pindolol absorption kinetic was not first order. Compared with patients with normal renal function, patients with chronic renal failure exhibited decreased fraction of dose effectively absorbed and increased initial rate of absorption. The initial rate of absorption was inversely correlated with the creatinine clearance. The study disclosed evidence that absorption was modified in chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Pindolol availability in hypertensive patients with normal and impaired renal function. Intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of pinlolol were studied in 18 hypertensive patients-9 with normal renal function and 9 with impaired renal function. Analysis of data showed that a linear two-compartment model was suitable to describe the pindolol kinetics. Compared with patients with normal renal function, patients with chronic renal failure exhibited: (1) unchanged transfer rate constants and distribution volumes and (2) decreased total body clearance with decreased renal clearance and unchanged nonrenal clearance. Analysis of oral data by the Loo-Riegelman method showed that the pindolol absorption kinetic was not first order. Compared with patients with normal renal function, patients with chronic renal failure exhibited decreased fraction of dose effectively absorbed and increased initial rate of absorption. The initial rate of absorption was inversely correlated with the creatinine clearance. The study disclosed evidence that absorption was modified in chronic renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:913017", "title": "Physiologic and pharmacologic influences on adrenergic regulation of renin release.", "content": "Changes in hemodynamic variables and plasma renin activity (PRA) induced by short-term alteration of blood pressure and sympathetic nervous system activity were studied in normotensive and hypertensive men on high-sodium and low-sodium intake. Blood pressure and heart rate alterations caused by standard cold pressor tests, amyl nitrite inhalation, phentolamine infusion, and phenylephrine infusion were recorded. PRA was measured at time 0, 5, 15, and 30 min. No change in PRA occurred in either group following cold pressore test and amyl nitrite inhalation. Phenylephrine suppressed PRA in normal but not hypertensive subjects, and phentolamine elevated PRA in normotensive and hypertensive subjects regardless of diet. Short-term stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system does not appear to elevate PRA in man. Suppression of PRA by an alpha agonist was not observed in hypertensives and may reflect barorecptor insensitivity in this group of subjects.", "contents": "Physiologic and pharmacologic influences on adrenergic regulation of renin release. Changes in hemodynamic variables and plasma renin activity (PRA) induced by short-term alteration of blood pressure and sympathetic nervous system activity were studied in normotensive and hypertensive men on high-sodium and low-sodium intake. Blood pressure and heart rate alterations caused by standard cold pressor tests, amyl nitrite inhalation, phentolamine infusion, and phenylephrine infusion were recorded. PRA was measured at time 0, 5, 15, and 30 min. No change in PRA occurred in either group following cold pressore test and amyl nitrite inhalation. Phenylephrine suppressed PRA in normal but not hypertensive subjects, and phentolamine elevated PRA in normotensive and hypertensive subjects regardless of diet. Short-term stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system does not appear to elevate PRA in man. Suppression of PRA by an alpha agonist was not observed in hypertensives and may reflect barorecptor insensitivity in this group of subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:913018", "title": "Nifedipine, a new antihypertensive with rapid action.", "content": "Oral (17 cases) or sublingual (9 cases) administration of nifedipine (10 mg), a new coronary dilator, induced a prompt and large pressure reduction in patients with severe primary hypertension. Pressure started to fall within 20 and 5 min after oral and sublingual administration, respectively, and reached the lowest levels in the next 10 min. Maximal mean arterial pressure reduction averaged 36 mm Hg; 120 min after the drug, mean arterial pressure was diminished by 19.5% of control. The hypotension was mediated through diminished peripheral resistance associated with rise of cardiac output and pulse rate. Nifedipine was also administered siblingually in 3 cases with hypertensive encephalopathy and acute left ventricular failure with average systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures from 307/164 and 91/55 mm Hg, respectively, which fell to 237/115 and 68/35 mm Hg 15 min after 10 mg of the drug, and were further reduced to 176/89 and to 47/19 mm Hg by an additional 10 mg.", "contents": "Nifedipine, a new antihypertensive with rapid action. Oral (17 cases) or sublingual (9 cases) administration of nifedipine (10 mg), a new coronary dilator, induced a prompt and large pressure reduction in patients with severe primary hypertension. Pressure started to fall within 20 and 5 min after oral and sublingual administration, respectively, and reached the lowest levels in the next 10 min. Maximal mean arterial pressure reduction averaged 36 mm Hg; 120 min after the drug, mean arterial pressure was diminished by 19.5% of control. The hypotension was mediated through diminished peripheral resistance associated with rise of cardiac output and pulse rate. Nifedipine was also administered siblingually in 3 cases with hypertensive encephalopathy and acute left ventricular failure with average systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures from 307/164 and 91/55 mm Hg, respectively, which fell to 237/115 and 68/35 mm Hg 15 min after 10 mg of the drug, and were further reduced to 176/89 and to 47/19 mm Hg by an additional 10 mg."}
{"id": "PMID:913019", "title": "Digoxin in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "A patient with chronic atrial fibrillation developed hyperthyroidism. Increasing doses of digoxin were required to maintain satisfactor ventricular rate control. The systemic availability of oral digoxin was decreased in this patient. The metabolism of digoxin was studied in the hyperthyroid rats. The plasma digoxin concentrations were significantly decreased in the hyperthyroid rats. A threefold increase in digoxin excretion in the bile of the hyperthyroid rats was associated with these changes in plasma digoxin concentrations. Conversely, hypothyroid rats excreted less digoxin in the bile when compared with control and hyperthyroid rats. Thus, changes in digoxin absorption and its biliary excretion result, in part, in a decreased therapeutic effect of digoxin based on dose in hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Digoxin in hyperthyroidism. A patient with chronic atrial fibrillation developed hyperthyroidism. Increasing doses of digoxin were required to maintain satisfactor ventricular rate control. The systemic availability of oral digoxin was decreased in this patient. The metabolism of digoxin was studied in the hyperthyroid rats. The plasma digoxin concentrations were significantly decreased in the hyperthyroid rats. A threefold increase in digoxin excretion in the bile of the hyperthyroid rats was associated with these changes in plasma digoxin concentrations. Conversely, hypothyroid rats excreted less digoxin in the bile when compared with control and hyperthyroid rats. Thus, changes in digoxin absorption and its biliary excretion result, in part, in a decreased therapeutic effect of digoxin based on dose in hyperthyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:913020", "title": "Plasma protein binding of basic drugs. I. Selective displacement from alpha 1-acid glycoprotein by tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate.", "content": "The protein binding of a number of basic drugs has been shown to be inhibited when blood is collected in Vacutainer tubes. We found that the plasticizer tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), present in plasma collected in Vacutainers, was a potent inhibitor of alprenolol and imipramine protein binding. Its concentration in the plasma could quantitatively explain the displacement phenomenon. Alprenolol binding to a solution of a physiologic concentration (0.67 gm/L, 0.015 mM) of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) was decreased from 75% to 16% by addition of 10 microgram/ml (0.026 mM) of TBEP, while imipramine binding was decreased from 69% to 13%. Alprenolol and imipramine binding to albumin and lipoproteins was virtually unchanged by TBEP. Due to its selective effect on binding to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, TBEP may be a useful tool for studying plasma protein binding of basic drugs.", "contents": "Plasma protein binding of basic drugs. I. Selective displacement from alpha 1-acid glycoprotein by tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate. The protein binding of a number of basic drugs has been shown to be inhibited when blood is collected in Vacutainer tubes. We found that the plasticizer tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), present in plasma collected in Vacutainers, was a potent inhibitor of alprenolol and imipramine protein binding. Its concentration in the plasma could quantitatively explain the displacement phenomenon. Alprenolol binding to a solution of a physiologic concentration (0.67 gm/L, 0.015 mM) of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) was decreased from 75% to 16% by addition of 10 microgram/ml (0.026 mM) of TBEP, while imipramine binding was decreased from 69% to 13%. Alprenolol and imipramine binding to albumin and lipoproteins was virtually unchanged by TBEP. Due to its selective effect on binding to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, TBEP may be a useful tool for studying plasma protein binding of basic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:913021", "title": "Plasma protein binding of basic drugs. II. Importance of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein for interindividual variation.", "content": "The protein binding of two basic drugs, alprenolol and imipramine, and the acidic drug, naproxen, was determined in plasma obtained from 23 healthy subjects. A 2-fold variation was found between individuals in the free fraction of the two bases, while the range was even greater with naproxen. The free fraction correlated with the plasma concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein for alprenolol (r = -0.75, p less than 0.001) and imipramine (r = -0.78, p less than 0.001), while there was no correlation for naproxen (r - 0.24, p greater than 0.1). This confirms recent experiments which showed that isolated alpha 1-acid glycoprotein avidly bound both alprenolol and imipramine. Drug binding, however, did not correlate with albumin concentration, although experiments with isolated albumin demonstrated its unusually high affinity for naproxen.", "contents": "Plasma protein binding of basic drugs. II. Importance of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein for interindividual variation. The protein binding of two basic drugs, alprenolol and imipramine, and the acidic drug, naproxen, was determined in plasma obtained from 23 healthy subjects. A 2-fold variation was found between individuals in the free fraction of the two bases, while the range was even greater with naproxen. The free fraction correlated with the plasma concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein for alprenolol (r = -0.75, p less than 0.001) and imipramine (r = -0.78, p less than 0.001), while there was no correlation for naproxen (r - 0.24, p greater than 0.1). This confirms recent experiments which showed that isolated alpha 1-acid glycoprotein avidly bound both alprenolol and imipramine. Drug binding, however, did not correlate with albumin concentration, although experiments with isolated albumin demonstrated its unusually high affinity for naproxen."}
{"id": "PMID:913022", "title": "Tolerance to marijuana: heart rate and subjective \"high\".", "content": "In a 94-day supervised study of 30 subjects smoking marijuana, with drug-free periods interspersed, mean heart rate and subjective \"high\" decreased over the smoking period. Light smokers had greater chronotrophic and subjective effects than heavy smokers, but both demonstrated evidence of tolerance. Cumulation and minor withdrawal effects were noted.", "contents": "Tolerance to marijuana: heart rate and subjective \"high\". In a 94-day supervised study of 30 subjects smoking marijuana, with drug-free periods interspersed, mean heart rate and subjective \"high\" decreased over the smoking period. Light smokers had greater chronotrophic and subjective effects than heavy smokers, but both demonstrated evidence of tolerance. Cumulation and minor withdrawal effects were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:913023", "title": "Acebutolol disposition after intravenous administration.", "content": "The disposition of acebutolol has been studied following intravenous doses of 0.25 to 1.0 mg/kg in 9 healthy subjects using a specific chromatographic assay to determine concentrations of drug in blood. The mean blood clearance was 6.55 ml/min/kg and the mean renal clearance, 2.68 ml/min/kg. Blood clearance was found to have a coefficient of variation of 14% for the group, to be independent of dose, and to remain essentially constant over approximately 3 wk. The fraction of the dose excreted in the urine unchanged was 0.405. Data were fitted to an equation for a two-compartment model. The mean fast and slow half-lives were 6.08 and 156.8 min, respectively. The volume of the central compartment was 0.223 L/kg, and the volume of distribution at steady-state was 1.165 L/kg. The fraction of acebutolol unbound to plasma proteins was 0.743 and was independent of drug concentration in the range examined. Data obtained from 15-min infusions were used to predict plateau blood concentrations with good accuracy during an 8-hr dosage regimen.", "contents": "Acebutolol disposition after intravenous administration. The disposition of acebutolol has been studied following intravenous doses of 0.25 to 1.0 mg/kg in 9 healthy subjects using a specific chromatographic assay to determine concentrations of drug in blood. The mean blood clearance was 6.55 ml/min/kg and the mean renal clearance, 2.68 ml/min/kg. Blood clearance was found to have a coefficient of variation of 14% for the group, to be independent of dose, and to remain essentially constant over approximately 3 wk. The fraction of the dose excreted in the urine unchanged was 0.405. Data were fitted to an equation for a two-compartment model. The mean fast and slow half-lives were 6.08 and 156.8 min, respectively. The volume of the central compartment was 0.223 L/kg, and the volume of distribution at steady-state was 1.165 L/kg. The fraction of acebutolol unbound to plasma proteins was 0.743 and was independent of drug concentration in the range examined. Data obtained from 15-min infusions were used to predict plateau blood concentrations with good accuracy during an 8-hr dosage regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:913024", "title": "Uricosuric effects of niridazole.", "content": "Niridazole, an antischistosomal drug, caused a 44% decrease in the serum uric acid (SUA) concentration in 11 patients with schistosomiasis. The mean SUA (+/- SE) was 6.3 +/- 1.4 mg/100 ml at baseline and 3.5 +/- 1.5 mg/100 ml (p less than 0.01) on day 7 of treatment. There was a significant increase in the urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio, from 0.446 +/- 0.165 at baseline to 0.550 +/- 0.145 on day 3. There was no significant difference on day 7. The fractional clearance of uric acid rose from 7.2 +/- 6.8% to 13.9 +/- 17.3% (p less than 0.01), indicating a uricosuric effect. Oxypurine excretion was unchanged. In a separate study on 7 other patients, the SUA remained low for 4 to 7 days after the last dose. Niridazole, although not an organic acid, has uricosuric effects.", "contents": "Uricosuric effects of niridazole. Niridazole, an antischistosomal drug, caused a 44% decrease in the serum uric acid (SUA) concentration in 11 patients with schistosomiasis. The mean SUA (+/- SE) was 6.3 +/- 1.4 mg/100 ml at baseline and 3.5 +/- 1.5 mg/100 ml (p less than 0.01) on day 7 of treatment. There was a significant increase in the urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio, from 0.446 +/- 0.165 at baseline to 0.550 +/- 0.145 on day 3. There was no significant difference on day 7. The fractional clearance of uric acid rose from 7.2 +/- 6.8% to 13.9 +/- 17.3% (p less than 0.01), indicating a uricosuric effect. Oxypurine excretion was unchanged. In a separate study on 7 other patients, the SUA remained low for 4 to 7 days after the last dose. Niridazole, although not an organic acid, has uricosuric effects."}
{"id": "PMID:913025", "title": "Mechanisms of inhibition of tolbutamide metabolism: phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, sulfaphenazole.", "content": "Tolbutamide half-life was increased by chronic administration of sulfaphenazole (9.5 hr to 28.6 hr, n = 2), phenylbutazone (7.9 hr to 23.1 hr, n = 8), and oxyphenbutazone (8.1 hr to 30.2 hr, n = 2). The rate of elimination of tolbutamide was decreased within 1 to 2 hr of a single dose of sulfaphenazole and the tolbutamide half-life was increased from 9.2 hr to 25.7 hr (n = 2). In contrast, phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone, administered as single oral doses of 800 mg, had no immediate effect on tolbutamide elimination. At times greater than 20 to 30 hr after the single dose of phenylbutazone or oxyphenbutazone the rate of tolbutamide elimination was decreased. It is suggested that phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone act by inducing form of cytochrome P-450 with low activity for tolbutamide hydroxylation, whereas sulfaphenazole acts by direct inhibition of the microsomal mixed function oxidase system.", "contents": "Mechanisms of inhibition of tolbutamide metabolism: phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, sulfaphenazole. Tolbutamide half-life was increased by chronic administration of sulfaphenazole (9.5 hr to 28.6 hr, n = 2), phenylbutazone (7.9 hr to 23.1 hr, n = 8), and oxyphenbutazone (8.1 hr to 30.2 hr, n = 2). The rate of elimination of tolbutamide was decreased within 1 to 2 hr of a single dose of sulfaphenazole and the tolbutamide half-life was increased from 9.2 hr to 25.7 hr (n = 2). In contrast, phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone, administered as single oral doses of 800 mg, had no immediate effect on tolbutamide elimination. At times greater than 20 to 30 hr after the single dose of phenylbutazone or oxyphenbutazone the rate of tolbutamide elimination was decreased. It is suggested that phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone act by inducing form of cytochrome P-450 with low activity for tolbutamide hydroxylation, whereas sulfaphenazole acts by direct inhibition of the microsomal mixed function oxidase system."}
{"id": "PMID:913027", "title": "Monoacetylhydrazine as a metabolite of isoniazid in man.", "content": "The potent hepatotoxin, acetylhydrazine (monoacetylhydrazine), has been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a urinary metabolite of isoniazid in man. Using a specific gas chromatographic assay procedure for acetylhydrazine, the urinary excretion of this metabolite in volunteers given a 300-mg dose of isoniazid was found to be 1.8 +/- 0.4% and 2.5 +/- 0.5% of the dose in the rapid and slow acetylators, respectively. In the same subjects the urinary excretion of diacetylhydrazine was significantly greater in the rapid acetylators, 23.0 +/- 2.0%, than in the slow acetylators, 4.9 +/- 0.9%. The results suggests that only part of the acetylhydrazine formed as a metabolite of isoniazid is excreted in the urine as acetylhydrazine and diacetylhydrazine and that a substantial proportion of the acetylhydrazine formed is further metabolized, possibly through the microsomal enzyme pathway known to be responsible for hepatotoxicity in experimental animals.", "contents": "Monoacetylhydrazine as a metabolite of isoniazid in man. The potent hepatotoxin, acetylhydrazine (monoacetylhydrazine), has been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a urinary metabolite of isoniazid in man. Using a specific gas chromatographic assay procedure for acetylhydrazine, the urinary excretion of this metabolite in volunteers given a 300-mg dose of isoniazid was found to be 1.8 +/- 0.4% and 2.5 +/- 0.5% of the dose in the rapid and slow acetylators, respectively. In the same subjects the urinary excretion of diacetylhydrazine was significantly greater in the rapid acetylators, 23.0 +/- 2.0%, than in the slow acetylators, 4.9 +/- 0.9%. The results suggests that only part of the acetylhydrazine formed as a metabolite of isoniazid is excreted in the urine as acetylhydrazine and diacetylhydrazine and that a substantial proportion of the acetylhydrazine formed is further metabolized, possibly through the microsomal enzyme pathway known to be responsible for hepatotoxicity in experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:913028", "title": "Error dependent on renal function when monoexponential equation assumed. Serum clearances of 125I-iothalamate and 131I-o-iodohippurate.", "content": "An example from the literature has been used to demonstrate errors involved in calculating drug clearance by inappropriate use of the apparent drug distribution volume Vdext. The Vdext is always an overestimate of the true volume of distribution in a multicompartment system, and the degree of overestimation in using it to calculate clearance for such a system will increase as renal function increases. Drug dosages calculated on the basis of overestimated clearance values may give rise to overdosage in normal individuals, or therapeutic failure in severely uremic patients. Problems associated with the use of an oversimplified pharmacokinetic model for clearance calculations are discussed, together with the concept of model-independent calculations.", "contents": "Error dependent on renal function when monoexponential equation assumed. Serum clearances of 125I-iothalamate and 131I-o-iodohippurate. An example from the literature has been used to demonstrate errors involved in calculating drug clearance by inappropriate use of the apparent drug distribution volume Vdext. The Vdext is always an overestimate of the true volume of distribution in a multicompartment system, and the degree of overestimation in using it to calculate clearance for such a system will increase as renal function increases. Drug dosages calculated on the basis of overestimated clearance values may give rise to overdosage in normal individuals, or therapeutic failure in severely uremic patients. Problems associated with the use of an oversimplified pharmacokinetic model for clearance calculations are discussed, together with the concept of model-independent calculations."}
{"id": "PMID:913032", "title": "Drug metabolism in heavy consumers of ethyl alcohol.", "content": "Data are presented on the rate of removal of tolbutamide from the blood from studies in heavy drinking, unemployed, male alcoholic subjects. In such subjects tolbutamide was removed faster than it was in normal subjects and faster than in patients with cirrhosis who are not drinking. This rapid removal rate persists for 4 to 9 wk after hospitalization and is reproduced with 400 gm of pure ethanol in 2 or 3 wk but cannot be reproduced with lesser amounts of beverage alcohol taken outside of the experimental study. Similar acceleration of the clearance rates was observed for warfarin and for phenytoin but could not be demonstrated for aminopyrine.", "contents": "Drug metabolism in heavy consumers of ethyl alcohol. Data are presented on the rate of removal of tolbutamide from the blood from studies in heavy drinking, unemployed, male alcoholic subjects. In such subjects tolbutamide was removed faster than it was in normal subjects and faster than in patients with cirrhosis who are not drinking. This rapid removal rate persists for 4 to 9 wk after hospitalization and is reproduced with 400 gm of pure ethanol in 2 or 3 wk but cannot be reproduced with lesser amounts of beverage alcohol taken outside of the experimental study. Similar acceleration of the clearance rates was observed for warfarin and for phenytoin but could not be demonstrated for aminopyrine."}
{"id": "PMID:913035", "title": "Phenacetin metabolism: effect of hydrocarbons and cigarette smoking.", "content": "The effects of cigarette smoking on phenacetin metabolism in the rat and in man have been investigated. Exposure of rats to cigarette smoke or pretreatment with the polycyclic hydrocarbon, 3,4-benzpyrene (benzo[a]pyrene), resulted in a more rapid disappearance of phenacetin in vivo. Additional studies demonstrated that hydrocarbon and smoking pretreatment of rats enhanced the  0-dealkylation of phenacetin to N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) by the intestinal mucosa. Cigarette smoking also increased the metabolism of phenacetin in man. The plasma concentration of phenacetin in cigarette smokers was lower than that in nonsmokers, whereas the ratio of the concentration of APAP to that of phenacetin was increased severalfold in the smokers. No difference in plasma half-life of elimination of phenacetin or in the amount of APAP excreted was found between smokers and nonsmokers. The lower blood levels of phenacetin in cigarette smokers could be the result of increased intestinal metabolism of the drug and/or first-pass metabolism in the liver.", "contents": "Phenacetin metabolism: effect of hydrocarbons and cigarette smoking. The effects of cigarette smoking on phenacetin metabolism in the rat and in man have been investigated. Exposure of rats to cigarette smoke or pretreatment with the polycyclic hydrocarbon, 3,4-benzpyrene (benzo[a]pyrene), resulted in a more rapid disappearance of phenacetin in vivo. Additional studies demonstrated that hydrocarbon and smoking pretreatment of rats enhanced the  0-dealkylation of phenacetin to N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) by the intestinal mucosa. Cigarette smoking also increased the metabolism of phenacetin in man. The plasma concentration of phenacetin in cigarette smokers was lower than that in nonsmokers, whereas the ratio of the concentration of APAP to that of phenacetin was increased severalfold in the smokers. No difference in plasma half-life of elimination of phenacetin or in the amount of APAP excreted was found between smokers and nonsmokers. The lower blood levels of phenacetin in cigarette smokers could be the result of increased intestinal metabolism of the drug and/or first-pass metabolism in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:913036", "title": "Toxicity to heavy metals and relationship to seizure thresholds.", "content": "The present study was designed to provide information on the effects of lead, mercury, and nickel on lethality, body weight, and brain excitability in the adult rat. Both short- (2 days) and long-term (6 wk) drug administrations were carried out in adult male albino rats (Sprague-Dawley, Zivic-Miller). Based on the mg/kg/day of drug given over a 2-day period, the LD50 values were as follows: Pb(Ac)2, 215; Pb(NO3)2, 65.9; MMC, 11.9; HgCl2, 4.5; Ni(Ac)2, 35-40; NiSO4, 35-40. High doses of each of the metals administered acutely caused a drop in body weight but had an inconsistent effect on flurothyl-induced seizure thresholds. Pb(Ac)2, 200 mg/kg/day for 2 days, produced a statistically significant anticonvulsant effect, while 50 mg/kg Pb(NO3)2 resulted in a fall in threshold. Both NiSO4 and Ni(Ac)2, 30 mg/kg, increased seizure threshold. Neither the organic nor inorganic mercury altered thresholds. Long-term administration of Pb(Ac)2, MMC, or HgCl2 resulted in marked effects on body weight but no significant change in brain excitability.", "contents": "Toxicity to heavy metals and relationship to seizure thresholds. The present study was designed to provide information on the effects of lead, mercury, and nickel on lethality, body weight, and brain excitability in the adult rat. Both short- (2 days) and long-term (6 wk) drug administrations were carried out in adult male albino rats (Sprague-Dawley, Zivic-Miller). Based on the mg/kg/day of drug given over a 2-day period, the LD50 values were as follows: Pb(Ac)2, 215; Pb(NO3)2, 65.9; MMC, 11.9; HgCl2, 4.5; Ni(Ac)2, 35-40; NiSO4, 35-40. High doses of each of the metals administered acutely caused a drop in body weight but had an inconsistent effect on flurothyl-induced seizure thresholds. Pb(Ac)2, 200 mg/kg/day for 2 days, produced a statistically significant anticonvulsant effect, while 50 mg/kg Pb(NO3)2 resulted in a fall in threshold. Both NiSO4 and Ni(Ac)2, 30 mg/kg, increased seizure threshold. Neither the organic nor inorganic mercury altered thresholds. Long-term administration of Pb(Ac)2, MMC, or HgCl2 resulted in marked effects on body weight but no significant change in brain excitability."}
{"id": "PMID:913040", "title": "Late problems in burns.", "content": "In summary, the commonest late physical complications of the burn injury have been reviewed and an approach to their management described. An understanding of the pathophysiology of the conditions is invaluable in planning one's approach to these problems. The techniques to control and correct chronic wound and hypertrophic scar and contractural deformities have been described. We present only a brief summary of the techniques found most reliable in the management of a large group of burned children over many years.", "contents": "Late problems in burns. In summary, the commonest late physical complications of the burn injury have been reviewed and an approach to their management described. An understanding of the pathophysiology of the conditions is invaluable in planning one's approach to these problems. The techniques to control and correct chronic wound and hypertrophic scar and contractural deformities have been described. We present only a brief summary of the techniques found most reliable in the management of a large group of burned children over many years."}
{"id": "PMID:913041", "title": "Surgical reconstruction for congenital auriculomandibular deformities.", "content": "The patient with ear, jaw, and cephalofacial soft tissue deformity presents a challenge, the resolution of which requires a careful program of surgical reconstruction. Restoration of the concavity in the ear region caused by the underdeveloped temporal bone and the hypoplastic paratid gland should precede otoplasty to insure proper spacial positioning of the new ear on the skull. The parotid-mastoid mound may be effectively augmented with autogenous jump-flap pedicled tissue, autogenous bone grafting, microvascular free-flap tissue transfer and alloplastic implants. Cartilage of Silastic frames may be used for subsequent otoplasty. When Silastic frames are used in ear reconstruction, we strongly recommend prophylactic use of a protective fascial-periosteal \"fan\" flap.", "contents": "Surgical reconstruction for congenital auriculomandibular deformities. The patient with ear, jaw, and cephalofacial soft tissue deformity presents a challenge, the resolution of which requires a careful program of surgical reconstruction. Restoration of the concavity in the ear region caused by the underdeveloped temporal bone and the hypoplastic paratid gland should precede otoplasty to insure proper spacial positioning of the new ear on the skull. The parotid-mastoid mound may be effectively augmented with autogenous jump-flap pedicled tissue, autogenous bone grafting, microvascular free-flap tissue transfer and alloplastic implants. Cartilage of Silastic frames may be used for subsequent otoplasty. When Silastic frames are used in ear reconstruction, we strongly recommend prophylactic use of a protective fascial-periosteal \"fan\" flap."}
{"id": "PMID:913044", "title": "The role of alanine and glutamine in steroid-induced nitrogen wasting in man.", "content": "1. Administration of dexamethasone, 8 mg/day (0-02 mmol/day), for 5 days to normal subjects produced negative nitrogen balance, due to early and sustained increases in urinary urea nitrogen excretion 2. In eight subjects ingesting 0-9--1-6 g of protein day-1 kg-1 body weight the cumulative increment in urea nitrogen excretion averaged + 12-5 g (SEM 2-8, P less than 0-01) over the 5 days of glucocorticoid administration. 3. Increases in urinary urea nitrogen excretion could be related to both plasma alanine and blood glutamine changes by using a multiple regression equation. 4. These results suggest that corticosteroids induce increased release of alanine and glutamine by peripheral tissues, which may augment urea formation and negative nitrogen balance. 5. The correlation between increments in urea nitrogen excretion and increases in plasma arginine remains unexplained.", "contents": "The role of alanine and glutamine in steroid-induced nitrogen wasting in man. 1. Administration of dexamethasone, 8 mg/day (0-02 mmol/day), for 5 days to normal subjects produced negative nitrogen balance, due to early and sustained increases in urinary urea nitrogen excretion 2. In eight subjects ingesting 0-9--1-6 g of protein day-1 kg-1 body weight the cumulative increment in urea nitrogen excretion averaged + 12-5 g (SEM 2-8, P less than 0-01) over the 5 days of glucocorticoid administration. 3. Increases in urinary urea nitrogen excretion could be related to both plasma alanine and blood glutamine changes by using a multiple regression equation. 4. These results suggest that corticosteroids induce increased release of alanine and glutamine by peripheral tissues, which may augment urea formation and negative nitrogen balance. 5. The correlation between increments in urea nitrogen excretion and increases in plasma arginine remains unexplained."}
{"id": "PMID:913045", "title": "Effects of adrenaline injection on human plasma tryptophan and non-esterified fatty acids.", "content": "1. Subcutaneous injection of adrenaline into normal male volunteer subjects caused large increases of plasma non-esterified fatty acids and free tryptophan, but plasma total tryptophan fell considerably. Therefore increases of the percentage of plasma tryptophan in the free state were more marked than absolute increases of free tryptophan. 2. Plasma tyrosine fell slightly and plasma phenylalanine and cortisol were unaffected. 3. It is suggested that catecholamine release could lead to abnormalities of tryptophan disposition in stress and psychiatric illness.", "contents": "Effects of adrenaline injection on human plasma tryptophan and non-esterified fatty acids. 1. Subcutaneous injection of adrenaline into normal male volunteer subjects caused large increases of plasma non-esterified fatty acids and free tryptophan, but plasma total tryptophan fell considerably. Therefore increases of the percentage of plasma tryptophan in the free state were more marked than absolute increases of free tryptophan. 2. Plasma tyrosine fell slightly and plasma phenylalanine and cortisol were unaffected. 3. It is suggested that catecholamine release could lead to abnormalities of tryptophan disposition in stress and psychiatric illness."}
{"id": "PMID:913046", "title": "Potentiation of pressor effects of noradrenaline and potassium ions in the rat mesenteric arteries by physiological concentrations of angiotensin II: effects of prostaglandin E2 and cortisol.", "content": "1. In the perfused rat mesenteric vascular bed, the effects of angiotensin II, cortisol and prostaglandin E2 on the vascular responses to noradrenaline or potassium chloride were studied. 2. Angiotensin II in subpressor concentrations potentiated the vasoconstrictor response to noradrenaline and potassium chloride. This effect of angiotensin II was inhibited in the presence of indomethacin and prostaglandin E2. 3. Cortisol in physiological concentrations inhibited the potentiating effect of angiotensin II. 4. Prostaglandin E2 enhanced the vasoconstrictor response to noradrenaline. This effect was not abolished by cortisol. 5. These results suggest that some actions of angiotensin II and cortisol in vivo are mediated by the regulation of prostaglandin synthesis or release.", "contents": "Potentiation of pressor effects of noradrenaline and potassium ions in the rat mesenteric arteries by physiological concentrations of angiotensin II: effects of prostaglandin E2 and cortisol. 1. In the perfused rat mesenteric vascular bed, the effects of angiotensin II, cortisol and prostaglandin E2 on the vascular responses to noradrenaline or potassium chloride were studied. 2. Angiotensin II in subpressor concentrations potentiated the vasoconstrictor response to noradrenaline and potassium chloride. This effect of angiotensin II was inhibited in the presence of indomethacin and prostaglandin E2. 3. Cortisol in physiological concentrations inhibited the potentiating effect of angiotensin II. 4. Prostaglandin E2 enhanced the vasoconstrictor response to noradrenaline. This effect was not abolished by cortisol. 5. These results suggest that some actions of angiotensin II and cortisol in vivo are mediated by the regulation of prostaglandin synthesis or release."}
{"id": "PMID:913050", "title": "The effect of human pregnancy on the pulmonary transfer factor for carbon monoxide as measured by the single-breath method.", "content": "1. The pulmonary transfer factor for carbon monoxide was measured by the single-breath method in 21 pregnant women with no previous history of cardiac or respiratory disease. Measurements were made at monthly intervals throughout pregnancy and once post partum. 2. The transfer factor was higher in the first trimester of pregnancy than in the non-pregnant state. There was a fall in the transfer factor during pregnancy until 26 weeks gestation, after which no further decrease was observed. 3. The changes in transfer factor were not explained by alterations in haemoglobin concentration or alveolar volume. 4. Simultaneous serial estimation of plasma 17beta-oestradiol were performed in all the subjects. There was no obvious direct relation between changes in the concentration of this hormone and transfer factor measurements.", "contents": "The effect of human pregnancy on the pulmonary transfer factor for carbon monoxide as measured by the single-breath method. 1. The pulmonary transfer factor for carbon monoxide was measured by the single-breath method in 21 pregnant women with no previous history of cardiac or respiratory disease. Measurements were made at monthly intervals throughout pregnancy and once post partum. 2. The transfer factor was higher in the first trimester of pregnancy than in the non-pregnant state. There was a fall in the transfer factor during pregnancy until 26 weeks gestation, after which no further decrease was observed. 3. The changes in transfer factor were not explained by alterations in haemoglobin concentration or alveolar volume. 4. Simultaneous serial estimation of plasma 17beta-oestradiol were performed in all the subjects. There was no obvious direct relation between changes in the concentration of this hormone and transfer factor measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:913053", "title": "Two methods for determination of renin secretion rates in rats.", "content": "1. Renin secretion rates in normal rats were determined with two different methods: (a) the product of renal plasma flow as measured by sodium p-aminohippurate and the difference between renal and peripheral vein renin activity; (b) the product of this latter difference and the renal plasma flow as calculated from the clearance and extraction of inulin. 2. The renin secretion rates, as calculated by these two methods, were not significantly different (P greater than 0-1) and were found to be highly correlated (r = 0-943; P less than 0-001).", "contents": "Two methods for determination of renin secretion rates in rats. 1. Renin secretion rates in normal rats were determined with two different methods: (a) the product of renal plasma flow as measured by sodium p-aminohippurate and the difference between renal and peripheral vein renin activity; (b) the product of this latter difference and the renal plasma flow as calculated from the clearance and extraction of inulin. 2. The renin secretion rates, as calculated by these two methods, were not significantly different (P greater than 0-1) and were found to be highly correlated (r = 0-943; P less than 0-001)."}
{"id": "PMID:913054", "title": "Inter-relationships of carbonate, phosphate, monohydrogen phosphate, calcium, magnesium and sodium in uraemic bone: comparison of dialysed and non-dialysed patients.", "content": "1. Chemical and morphological features of uraemic bone disease were studied by comparison of bone composition in 44 patients with uraemia (12 dialysed and 32 non-dialysed) and 36 control subjects. The significant changes included decreased bone mineral carbonate associated with calcium, a concomitant increase in phosphate, and an increase in magnesium. There was also an increase in osteoid and a reduction in the specific gravity of the compact bone. 2. The most marked changes in bone composition were observed in patients with uraemia of more than 1 year's duration, who had been dialysed. Bone mineral sodium concentrations were not significantly altered in any group. 3. The changes in bone mineral composition appeared to be the result of several simultaneous and/or successive mechanisms: (i) loss of fixed base, calcium carbonate; (ii) replacement of carbonate by phosphate; (iii) the addition of immature bone mineral, which contains high concentrations of phosphate and relatively low concentrations of carbonate. 4. These observations are consistent with earlier views of the bone salt as an indefinite calcium/phosphate/carbonate complex. Variations in bone composition may arise from a reciprocal relationship between phosphate and carbonate. The bone mineral analogue that best explains these variations in bone composition is octacalcium phosphate carbonate [Ca4 (PO4)2(HPO4)x(CO3)1-x,zH2O].", "contents": "Inter-relationships of carbonate, phosphate, monohydrogen phosphate, calcium, magnesium and sodium in uraemic bone: comparison of dialysed and non-dialysed patients. 1. Chemical and morphological features of uraemic bone disease were studied by comparison of bone composition in 44 patients with uraemia (12 dialysed and 32 non-dialysed) and 36 control subjects. The significant changes included decreased bone mineral carbonate associated with calcium, a concomitant increase in phosphate, and an increase in magnesium. There was also an increase in osteoid and a reduction in the specific gravity of the compact bone. 2. The most marked changes in bone composition were observed in patients with uraemia of more than 1 year's duration, who had been dialysed. Bone mineral sodium concentrations were not significantly altered in any group. 3. The changes in bone mineral composition appeared to be the result of several simultaneous and/or successive mechanisms: (i) loss of fixed base, calcium carbonate; (ii) replacement of carbonate by phosphate; (iii) the addition of immature bone mineral, which contains high concentrations of phosphate and relatively low concentrations of carbonate. 4. These observations are consistent with earlier views of the bone salt as an indefinite calcium/phosphate/carbonate complex. Variations in bone composition may arise from a reciprocal relationship between phosphate and carbonate. The bone mineral analogue that best explains these variations in bone composition is octacalcium phosphate carbonate [Ca4 (PO4)2(HPO4)x(CO3)1-x,zH2O]."}
{"id": "PMID:913055", "title": "The effect of certain chelating compounds on the urinary excretion of copper by the rat: observations on their clinical significance.", "content": "1. A screening procedure is described to assess rapidly the clinical potential of chelating agents for the treatment of Wilson's disease. 2. Rats were used as the test animal; they were kept in metabolic cages and the urine was collected in copper-free containers. The compounds investigated were given by mouth as a standard dose of 100 mg. Copper was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 3. Basal urine copper excretion was 65-1 +/- SE 2-93 nmol/24 h (4-1 microgram +/- 0-185). After penicillamine this rose to 367-1 nmol and after trien to 305-9 nmol. 4. Certain compounds caused a reduction in the amount of copper excreted in the urine, probably by forming insoluble chelates with the metal, hence rendering it unavailable for excretion at the glomerulus.", "contents": "The effect of certain chelating compounds on the urinary excretion of copper by the rat: observations on their clinical significance. 1. A screening procedure is described to assess rapidly the clinical potential of chelating agents for the treatment of Wilson's disease. 2. Rats were used as the test animal; they were kept in metabolic cages and the urine was collected in copper-free containers. The compounds investigated were given by mouth as a standard dose of 100 mg. Copper was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 3. Basal urine copper excretion was 65-1 +/- SE 2-93 nmol/24 h (4-1 microgram +/- 0-185). After penicillamine this rose to 367-1 nmol and after trien to 305-9 nmol. 4. Certain compounds caused a reduction in the amount of copper excreted in the urine, probably by forming insoluble chelates with the metal, hence rendering it unavailable for excretion at the glomerulus."}
{"id": "PMID:913057", "title": "Alterations in the activity of enzymes of haem biosynthesis in lead poisoning and acute hepatic prophyria.", "content": "1. The activities of six of the enzymes of haem biosynthesis have been assayed in peripheral blood from patients with lead poisoning, acute intermittent porphyria or hereditary coproprophyria. 2. Compared with normal subjects the lead-poisoned subjects had highly significant depression of delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, coproporphyrinogen oxidase and ferrochelatase. 3. Lead-poisoned subjects had highly significant elevation of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase activity. 4. delta-Aminolaevulinate synthase activity was inversely related to the haemoglobin concentration. 5. Increased delta-aminolaevulinate synthase and decreased delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase activity are also found in acute intermittent porphyria. 6. Increased delta-aminolaevulinate synthase, normal prophobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase and decreased coproporphyrinogen oxidase are found in both lead poisoning  and hereditary coproporphyria. 7. These enzyme changes explain the recognized patterns of porphyrins and prophyrin precurosrs in blood and urine in these conditions.", "contents": "Alterations in the activity of enzymes of haem biosynthesis in lead poisoning and acute hepatic prophyria. 1. The activities of six of the enzymes of haem biosynthesis have been assayed in peripheral blood from patients with lead poisoning, acute intermittent porphyria or hereditary coproprophyria. 2. Compared with normal subjects the lead-poisoned subjects had highly significant depression of delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, coproporphyrinogen oxidase and ferrochelatase. 3. Lead-poisoned subjects had highly significant elevation of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase activity. 4. delta-Aminolaevulinate synthase activity was inversely related to the haemoglobin concentration. 5. Increased delta-aminolaevulinate synthase and decreased delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase activity are also found in acute intermittent porphyria. 6. Increased delta-aminolaevulinate synthase, normal prophobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase and decreased coproporphyrinogen oxidase are found in both lead poisoning  and hereditary coproporphyria. 7. These enzyme changes explain the recognized patterns of porphyrins and prophyrin precurosrs in blood and urine in these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:913058", "title": "Plasma catecholamines and the pressor response to Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II in man.", "content": "1. The initial blood pressure response to saralasin (Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II) infusion was examined in 15 normal subjects, eight patients with untreated essential hypertension and 65 patients established on chronic haemogialysis (including six anephric patients), and related to measurements of plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II, plasma catecholamines (noradrenaline and adrenaline), blood volume and extracellular fluid volume ([35S]sulphate space or exchangeable sodium). 2. A transient rise in arterial pressure, maximum after 5-6 min, occurred in all normal subjects, patient with essential hypertension and anephric patients, and in 41 of the 59 dialysis patients with kidneys. 3. In the normal subjects, saralasin infusion resulted in a significant rise in plasma noradrenaline (mean increase 360%, P less than 0-02) without change in plasma adrenaline concentration. The change in noradrenaline was significantly related to the change in mean blood pressure (P less than 0-05) and was similar to the response to 5 min of a 40 degree head-up tilt. 4. An increase in plasma noradrenaline also occurred in dialysis patients (P less than 0-005) but the change in mean blood pressure with saralasin in this group was inversely related to PRA (P less than 0-001) and angiotensin II (P less than 0-001), directly related to blood volume (P less than 0-001), but unrelated to the change in plasma noradrenaline. 5. The pressor response to saralasin may be mediated not only by angiotensin-like action on vascular receptors but also by an action on the central or peripheral autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamines and the pressor response to Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II in man. 1. The initial blood pressure response to saralasin (Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II) infusion was examined in 15 normal subjects, eight patients with untreated essential hypertension and 65 patients established on chronic haemogialysis (including six anephric patients), and related to measurements of plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II, plasma catecholamines (noradrenaline and adrenaline), blood volume and extracellular fluid volume ([35S]sulphate space or exchangeable sodium). 2. A transient rise in arterial pressure, maximum after 5-6 min, occurred in all normal subjects, patient with essential hypertension and anephric patients, and in 41 of the 59 dialysis patients with kidneys. 3. In the normal subjects, saralasin infusion resulted in a significant rise in plasma noradrenaline (mean increase 360%, P less than 0-02) without change in plasma adrenaline concentration. The change in noradrenaline was significantly related to the change in mean blood pressure (P less than 0-05) and was similar to the response to 5 min of a 40 degree head-up tilt. 4. An increase in plasma noradrenaline also occurred in dialysis patients (P less than 0-005) but the change in mean blood pressure with saralasin in this group was inversely related to PRA (P less than 0-001) and angiotensin II (P less than 0-001), directly related to blood volume (P less than 0-001), but unrelated to the change in plasma noradrenaline. 5. The pressor response to saralasin may be mediated not only by angiotensin-like action on vascular receptors but also by an action on the central or peripheral autonomic nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:913059", "title": "Leg blood flow and central circulation at various blood volumes: a peroperative study of nine patients with varicose veins.", "content": "1. In a group of nine middle-aged patients undergoing varicose vein surgery, cardiac output, right atrial, pulmonary arterial and capillary pressures, and leg blood flow were measured after induction of general anaesthesia but before operation, and also during operation before and after blood substitution. 2. Under anaesthesia, the mean pre-operative blood flows in the superficial and common femoral arteries were 160 ml/min and 280 ml/min respectively. These flows are comparable with those obtained in other studies under similar conditions but lower than values obtained in conscious subjects. During the operation the leg blood flow decreased by 24%. As cardiac output remained unchanged, the fractional leg blood flow fell. After transfusion of 900 ml of blood the leg blood flow doubled. 3. It is concluded that anaesthesia, surgical trauma and variations in blood volume greatly influence the leg blood flow and that an adequate substitution of operative blood loss is of utmost importance to achieve an optimum peripheral circulation.", "contents": "Leg blood flow and central circulation at various blood volumes: a peroperative study of nine patients with varicose veins. 1. In a group of nine middle-aged patients undergoing varicose vein surgery, cardiac output, right atrial, pulmonary arterial and capillary pressures, and leg blood flow were measured after induction of general anaesthesia but before operation, and also during operation before and after blood substitution. 2. Under anaesthesia, the mean pre-operative blood flows in the superficial and common femoral arteries were 160 ml/min and 280 ml/min respectively. These flows are comparable with those obtained in other studies under similar conditions but lower than values obtained in conscious subjects. During the operation the leg blood flow decreased by 24%. As cardiac output remained unchanged, the fractional leg blood flow fell. After transfusion of 900 ml of blood the leg blood flow doubled. 3. It is concluded that anaesthesia, surgical trauma and variations in blood volume greatly influence the leg blood flow and that an adequate substitution of operative blood loss is of utmost importance to achieve an optimum peripheral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:913060", "title": "Effects of phenylalanine analogues on renal tubular reabsorption of amino acids in the rat.", "content": "1. A method is described for the serial determination of renal tubular reabsorption of amino acids in the ethanol-anaesthetized rat. It utilizes intravenous radio-labelled inulins, automated amino acid analysis and forced diuresis. 2. Intravenous loading with phenylalanine and infusion of phenylalanine analogues in this preparation decrease reabsorption of endogenous amino acids in accordance with existing concepts of amino acid transport. 3. Maximal tubular reabsorption (Tmax) could not be demonstrated for phenylalanine at plasma concentration below 9 mmol/l. 4. Infusion of phenylalanine analogues into phenylalanine-loaded ('phenylketonuric') rats did not specifically inhibit tubular reabsorption of phenylalanine and it is unlikely that any of the substances tested have a potential therapeutic use in man. 5. p-Guanidino derivatives of phenylalanine, in contrast to p-amino derivatives, appear to cause a dose-related basic aminoaciduria. 6. Consideration of urinary flow rates and sodium excretion suggests that the ethanol anesthesia does not modify amino acid reabsorption through effects on sodium transport or antidiuretic hormone.", "contents": "Effects of phenylalanine analogues on renal tubular reabsorption of amino acids in the rat. 1. A method is described for the serial determination of renal tubular reabsorption of amino acids in the ethanol-anaesthetized rat. It utilizes intravenous radio-labelled inulins, automated amino acid analysis and forced diuresis. 2. Intravenous loading with phenylalanine and infusion of phenylalanine analogues in this preparation decrease reabsorption of endogenous amino acids in accordance with existing concepts of amino acid transport. 3. Maximal tubular reabsorption (Tmax) could not be demonstrated for phenylalanine at plasma concentration below 9 mmol/l. 4. Infusion of phenylalanine analogues into phenylalanine-loaded ('phenylketonuric') rats did not specifically inhibit tubular reabsorption of phenylalanine and it is unlikely that any of the substances tested have a potential therapeutic use in man. 5. p-Guanidino derivatives of phenylalanine, in contrast to p-amino derivatives, appear to cause a dose-related basic aminoaciduria. 6. Consideration of urinary flow rates and sodium excretion suggests that the ethanol anesthesia does not modify amino acid reabsorption through effects on sodium transport or antidiuretic hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:913061", "title": "The treatment of acute intermittent porphyria with laevulose.", "content": "1. The activities of the enzymes of haem biosynthesis were studied in 23 patients with acute intermittent porphyria. The mitochondrial enzymes delta-aminolaevulinate synthase, coproporphyrinogen oxidase and ferrochelatase were measured in leucocytes and the cytosolic enzymes delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, porphobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in erythrocytes. 2. Leucocyte delta-aminolaevulinate synthase activity was elevated (P less than 0-001), with marked diminution of porphobilinogen deaminase activity (P less than 0-001) and reduction in the activities of delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase (P less than 0-01) and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (P less than 0-005). 3. A therapeutic regimen based on intravenous laevulose infusion was studied. In four patients in acute attack and one in remission laevulose treatment was associated with a fall in delta-aminolaevulinate synthase activity, a rise in porphobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activities, and a fall in urinary prophyrin precursor excretion (P less than 0-001). These studies provide a basis for the evaluation of the use of sugars in acute intermittent porphyria.", "contents": "The treatment of acute intermittent porphyria with laevulose. 1. The activities of the enzymes of haem biosynthesis were studied in 23 patients with acute intermittent porphyria. The mitochondrial enzymes delta-aminolaevulinate synthase, coproporphyrinogen oxidase and ferrochelatase were measured in leucocytes and the cytosolic enzymes delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, porphobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in erythrocytes. 2. Leucocyte delta-aminolaevulinate synthase activity was elevated (P less than 0-001), with marked diminution of porphobilinogen deaminase activity (P less than 0-001) and reduction in the activities of delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase (P less than 0-01) and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (P less than 0-005). 3. A therapeutic regimen based on intravenous laevulose infusion was studied. In four patients in acute attack and one in remission laevulose treatment was associated with a fall in delta-aminolaevulinate synthase activity, a rise in porphobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activities, and a fall in urinary prophyrin precursor excretion (P less than 0-001). These studies provide a basis for the evaluation of the use of sugars in acute intermittent porphyria."}
{"id": "PMID:913062", "title": "Excretion of active metabolites of vitamin D in urine and bile of the adult rat.", "content": "1. One-year-old male rats were injected intravenously with 200 pmol of 25-hydroxy[26(27)-methyl-3H]cholecalciferol per 100 g body weight and the presence of this metabolite of vitamin D, as well as other metabolites, produced during the following 8 h was examined in serum, urine and bile. 2. The chromatography data indicated an excretion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol both in bile and urine and, in urine, also of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. In bile, fractions of labelled substances were also obtained which, according to their elution positions, might represent cholecalciferol and conjugated metabolites. 3. The excretion of active metabolites of vitamin D in normal urine might be elevated in chronic renal failure and, in conjunction with a reduced synthesis, contribute to the occurrence of renal osteodystrophy.", "contents": "Excretion of active metabolites of vitamin D in urine and bile of the adult rat. 1. One-year-old male rats were injected intravenously with 200 pmol of 25-hydroxy[26(27)-methyl-3H]cholecalciferol per 100 g body weight and the presence of this metabolite of vitamin D, as well as other metabolites, produced during the following 8 h was examined in serum, urine and bile. 2. The chromatography data indicated an excretion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol both in bile and urine and, in urine, also of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. In bile, fractions of labelled substances were also obtained which, according to their elution positions, might represent cholecalciferol and conjugated metabolites. 3. The excretion of active metabolites of vitamin D in normal urine might be elevated in chronic renal failure and, in conjunction with a reduced synthesis, contribute to the occurrence of renal osteodystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:913064", "title": "Effect of 30% oxygen on local matching of perfusion and ventilation in chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "1. Sixteen patients with chronic bronchitis and airways obstruction were given radioactive nitrogen (13N) by intravenous injection and by inhalation, while breathing air and after 10-20 min breathing 30% oxygen. The clearance of 13N from four zones of each patient's whole lung field was monitored. 2. The 13N clearance of each region in these patients with chronic bronchitis was much slower than in normal subjects. Oxygen breathing produced a significant delay in the clearance of intravenously administered 13N in 23 zones in 10 patients but no systematic change in clearance after inhaled 13N. 3. With inhalation of 30% oxygen there was no no significant change in the mean minute ventilation, tidal volume or arterial PCO2. 4. The results suggest that local hypoxic vasoconstriction is present in some patients on breathing air and that this is relieved by 30% oxygen, resulting in a diversion of local blood flow from well-ventilated to more poorly ventilated areas. The fall in VA/Q on 30% oxygen is insufficient to increase arterial PCO2.", "contents": "Effect of 30% oxygen on local matching of perfusion and ventilation in chronic airways obstruction. 1. Sixteen patients with chronic bronchitis and airways obstruction were given radioactive nitrogen (13N) by intravenous injection and by inhalation, while breathing air and after 10-20 min breathing 30% oxygen. The clearance of 13N from four zones of each patient's whole lung field was monitored. 2. The 13N clearance of each region in these patients with chronic bronchitis was much slower than in normal subjects. Oxygen breathing produced a significant delay in the clearance of intravenously administered 13N in 23 zones in 10 patients but no systematic change in clearance after inhaled 13N. 3. With inhalation of 30% oxygen there was no no significant change in the mean minute ventilation, tidal volume or arterial PCO2. 4. The results suggest that local hypoxic vasoconstriction is present in some patients on breathing air and that this is relieved by 30% oxygen, resulting in a diversion of local blood flow from well-ventilated to more poorly ventilated areas. The fall in VA/Q on 30% oxygen is insufficient to increase arterial PCO2."}
{"id": "PMID:913065", "title": "Effect of acute hypoxaemia on plasma arginine vasopressin in conscious man.", "content": "1. Acute hypoxaemia had been reported to stimulate vasopressin release in animals. 2. Hypoxaemia induced by breathing 9-3% oxygen for 15-20 min failed to produce a rise in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration in six out of eight healthy human subjects. The two subjects who developed an increase in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration had a significant rise in serum cortisol. 3. Breathing 100% nitrogen until impairment of consciousness caused no rise in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration.", "contents": "Effect of acute hypoxaemia on plasma arginine vasopressin in conscious man. 1. Acute hypoxaemia had been reported to stimulate vasopressin release in animals. 2. Hypoxaemia induced by breathing 9-3% oxygen for 15-20 min failed to produce a rise in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration in six out of eight healthy human subjects. The two subjects who developed an increase in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration had a significant rise in serum cortisol. 3. Breathing 100% nitrogen until impairment of consciousness caused no rise in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:913070", "title": "A fatality involving methapyrilene.", "content": "Tissue concentrations of methapyrilene are given in a fatal case. There are no indications that methapyrilene had any synergistic or antagonistic effect with the patient's cardiopulmonary condition, although when taken in high overdosages the pharmacologic effects may be altered. This case was supported by other data in an attempt to elucidate as many contributing factors as possible in evaluating lethal levels.", "contents": "A fatality involving methapyrilene. Tissue concentrations of methapyrilene are given in a fatal case. There are no indications that methapyrilene had any synergistic or antagonistic effect with the patient's cardiopulmonary condition, although when taken in high overdosages the pharmacologic effects may be altered. This case was supported by other data in an attempt to elucidate as many contributing factors as possible in evaluating lethal levels."}
{"id": "PMID:913071", "title": "Methapyrilene toxicity.", "content": "Seven cases of drug overdosage involving methapyrilene have been presented, five of which resulted in death. Methapyrilene blood levels ranged fron 1.2 to 3.0 mg% (Table 2). Five of the seven cases involved multiple drug dosage with ethanol, salicylamide, amobarbital, secobarbital, and/or scopolamine. Of the remaining cases, involving only methapyrilene, ome fatality occurred at a blood level of 2.7 mg%. The surviving case involved the reported ingestion of 100 tablets of Sleep-eze (2.5 gm methapyrilene), wherein serial lavage removed 1.1 gm of methapyrilene. Urinalysis revealed 2.52 mg% of methapyrilene in 1300 ml of urine. The methapyrilene blood level was too low to quantitate.", "contents": "Methapyrilene toxicity. Seven cases of drug overdosage involving methapyrilene have been presented, five of which resulted in death. Methapyrilene blood levels ranged fron 1.2 to 3.0 mg% (Table 2). Five of the seven cases involved multiple drug dosage with ethanol, salicylamide, amobarbital, secobarbital, and/or scopolamine. Of the remaining cases, involving only methapyrilene, ome fatality occurred at a blood level of 2.7 mg%. The surviving case involved the reported ingestion of 100 tablets of Sleep-eze (2.5 gm methapyrilene), wherein serial lavage removed 1.1 gm of methapyrilene. Urinalysis revealed 2.52 mg% of methapyrilene in 1300 ml of urine. The methapyrilene blood level was too low to quantitate."}
{"id": "PMID:913072", "title": "A death involving propranolol (Inderal).", "content": "A 35-year-old female with a history of cardiac problems was found dead. She had been prescribed 40 mg of propranolol (Inderal) to be taken twice daily. Autopsy revealed the presence of a green liquid in the stomach, but there was no anatomic cause of death. Toxicologic analyses of appropriate body fluids confirmed the suspicion that the deceased had ingested a massive overdose of propranolol.", "contents": "A death involving propranolol (Inderal). A 35-year-old female with a history of cardiac problems was found dead. She had been prescribed 40 mg of propranolol (Inderal) to be taken twice daily. Autopsy revealed the presence of a green liquid in the stomach, but there was no anatomic cause of death. Toxicologic analyses of appropriate body fluids confirmed the suspicion that the deceased had ingested a massive overdose of propranolol."}
{"id": "PMID:913073", "title": "Hemodialysis in a patient with acute mercuric cyanide intoxication. Concentrations of mercury in blood, dialysate, urine, vomitus, and feces.", "content": "The effectiveness of hemodialysis in removing mercury was examined in a 14-year-old boy with acute renal failure due to intoxication by 1.5 gm of mercuric cyanide. Mercury concentrations in blood, dialysate, urine, vomitus, and feces were measured. In some materials, the total mercury and the \"free\" mercury (inorganic and weakly bound) were determined separately. With the first hemodialysis, 1.4 mg of mercury was removed, but this amount decreased rapidly with subsequent dialyses. Fecal mercury excretion, on the other hand, was approximately 1 mg daily during the first two weeks. Excretion of mercury in urine did not exceed 126 microgram/day even during the polyuric phase. Losses in vomitus were insignificant. It is concluded that hemodialysis is of little use in elimination of mercury, even if performed after administration of dimercaprol.", "contents": "Hemodialysis in a patient with acute mercuric cyanide intoxication. Concentrations of mercury in blood, dialysate, urine, vomitus, and feces. The effectiveness of hemodialysis in removing mercury was examined in a 14-year-old boy with acute renal failure due to intoxication by 1.5 gm of mercuric cyanide. Mercury concentrations in blood, dialysate, urine, vomitus, and feces were measured. In some materials, the total mercury and the \"free\" mercury (inorganic and weakly bound) were determined separately. With the first hemodialysis, 1.4 mg of mercury was removed, but this amount decreased rapidly with subsequent dialyses. Fecal mercury excretion, on the other hand, was approximately 1 mg daily during the first two weeks. Excretion of mercury in urine did not exceed 126 microgram/day even during the polyuric phase. Losses in vomitus were insignificant. It is concluded that hemodialysis is of little use in elimination of mercury, even if performed after administration of dimercaprol."}
{"id": "PMID:913074", "title": "Fluoride accumulation in bone and the effect on their physical properties in guinea pigs given different levels of fluoridated water.", "content": "Guinea pigs were exposed to fluoridated water (2-20 ppm) for a period ranging from 15 to 42 weeks. The fluoride content of the bones increased in proportion to the concentration of fluoride in drinking water and the period of exposure. The rate constant of accumulation of fluoride in guinea pig bones was estimated to be 2.5 X 10(-2) week-1, with a half-life of plateau formation in the order of 28 weeks. This indicated that maximum accumulation of fluoride during a continuous exposure, or a computed complete elimination of fluoride after exposure, will take approximately four years. Although fluoridated water improved the weight gain of guinea pigs, no effect on physical properties of bones was observed. No other toxic effects of fluoride under these conditions were noted.", "contents": "Fluoride accumulation in bone and the effect on their physical properties in guinea pigs given different levels of fluoridated water. Guinea pigs were exposed to fluoridated water (2-20 ppm) for a period ranging from 15 to 42 weeks. The fluoride content of the bones increased in proportion to the concentration of fluoride in drinking water and the period of exposure. The rate constant of accumulation of fluoride in guinea pig bones was estimated to be 2.5 X 10(-2) week-1, with a half-life of plateau formation in the order of 28 weeks. This indicated that maximum accumulation of fluoride during a continuous exposure, or a computed complete elimination of fluoride after exposure, will take approximately four years. Although fluoridated water improved the weight gain of guinea pigs, no effect on physical properties of bones was observed. No other toxic effects of fluoride under these conditions were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:913075", "title": "Rapid identification of drugs in the overdosed patient.", "content": "A rapid analytical procedure is described for a variety of drugs that could be present in the overdosed patient. The technique used gives quantitative results for most of the drugs analyzed in serum using gas chromatography and incorporates thin-layer chromatography and spot tests for drug confirmation. The procedure is novel for it relies on the initial extraction of acidics, basics, and neutrals from serum acidified with hydroxhloric acid.", "contents": "Rapid identification of drugs in the overdosed patient. A rapid analytical procedure is described for a variety of drugs that could be present in the overdosed patient. The technique used gives quantitative results for most of the drugs analyzed in serum using gas chromatography and incorporates thin-layer chromatography and spot tests for drug confirmation. The procedure is novel for it relies on the initial extraction of acidics, basics, and neutrals from serum acidified with hydroxhloric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:913076", "title": "Direct extraction procedure for the analysis of neutral drugs in tissue.", "content": "This paper describes an efficient extraction technique for the determination of neutral drugs in tissue. The extracts are clean and can be analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The method gives good recoveries of most of the neutral drugs and the sensitivity is such that therapeutic levels can easily be detected.", "contents": "Direct extraction procedure for the analysis of neutral drugs in tissue. This paper describes an efficient extraction technique for the determination of neutral drugs in tissue. The extracts are clean and can be analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The method gives good recoveries of most of the neutral drugs and the sensitivity is such that therapeutic levels can easily be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:913079", "title": "Women's liberation groups as a primary preventive mental health strategy.", "content": "As a preventive mental health worker in a community mental health center, I considered it part of my role to explore the possible therapeutic value of women's liberation groups in the community. I was particularly concerned with countering the sense of isolation and powerlessness prevalent among female adults in our suburban catchment area. Subsequent investigation and participant observation of women's groups bore out my expectation that many of the goals, premises, and methods of preventive mental health were compatible with those of women's liberation groups. These groups provided a very effective framework for personal as well as interpersonal and sociocultrual change in the direction of psychological growth.", "contents": "Women's liberation groups as a primary preventive mental health strategy. As a preventive mental health worker in a community mental health center, I considered it part of my role to explore the possible therapeutic value of women's liberation groups in the community. I was particularly concerned with countering the sense of isolation and powerlessness prevalent among female adults in our suburban catchment area. Subsequent investigation and participant observation of women's groups bore out my expectation that many of the goals, premises, and methods of preventive mental health were compatible with those of women's liberation groups. These groups provided a very effective framework for personal as well as interpersonal and sociocultrual change in the direction of psychological growth."}
{"id": "PMID:913080", "title": "The ombudsman: a serendipitous mental health intervention.", "content": "It is proposed that the ombudsman program, originally conceived of as a protection of the political rights of individual citizens, can be profitably viewed as a primary prevention of psychological disorders. The ombudsman attempts to alleviate reality problems prior to the onset of psychological disruption by engaging in active change agentry in public and private bureaucracies. Two hundred randomly selected written complaints were analyzed to ascertain the types of problems brought to this program. The role of the mental health professional and training issues are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The ombudsman: a serendipitous mental health intervention. It is proposed that the ombudsman program, originally conceived of as a protection of the political rights of individual citizens, can be profitably viewed as a primary prevention of psychological disorders. The ombudsman attempts to alleviate reality problems prior to the onset of psychological disruption by engaging in active change agentry in public and private bureaucracies. Two hundred randomly selected written complaints were analyzed to ascertain the types of problems brought to this program. The role of the mental health professional and training issues are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913081", "title": "Based on cultural strengths, a school primary prevention program for Asian-American youth.", "content": "As Asian-American mental health workers in a community mental health center where there is very little being done to provide appropriate services to its Asian-American population, we felt a need to find effective mental health models for the unique cultural and linguistic characteristics of our people. The high-school primary prevention program described in this paper provides Filipino youth with a positive view of their cultural identity and a supportive place to examine how their cultural values and behavior differ from those of mainstream Americans. Recognizing that ethnic minorities need to rely on their own subculture for the kind of psychological and social support required for a positive mental health, the program is aimed at mobilizing the strengths and resources of that particular subculture. In this way, its members can more effectively cope with the larger culture.", "contents": "Based on cultural strengths, a school primary prevention program for Asian-American youth. As Asian-American mental health workers in a community mental health center where there is very little being done to provide appropriate services to its Asian-American population, we felt a need to find effective mental health models for the unique cultural and linguistic characteristics of our people. The high-school primary prevention program described in this paper provides Filipino youth with a positive view of their cultural identity and a supportive place to examine how their cultural values and behavior differ from those of mainstream Americans. Recognizing that ethnic minorities need to rely on their own subculture for the kind of psychological and social support required for a positive mental health, the program is aimed at mobilizing the strengths and resources of that particular subculture. In this way, its members can more effectively cope with the larger culture."}
{"id": "PMID:913082", "title": "Control and service implementation in drug abuse treatment programs.", "content": "The major purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between control and implementation of drug treatment services while controlling for the structure of the organization. It is based on a study of 19 drug abuse programs in eight counties of North Carolina. The analysis of the data indicates that greater control will not necessarily increase the effectiveness of organization performance; rather, for change to occur, control by professional personnel will have to decrease. This would allow the organization to be more responsive to environmental concerns, and therefore more effective.", "contents": "Control and service implementation in drug abuse treatment programs. The major purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between control and implementation of drug treatment services while controlling for the structure of the organization. It is based on a study of 19 drug abuse programs in eight counties of North Carolina. The analysis of the data indicates that greater control will not necessarily increase the effectiveness of organization performance; rather, for change to occur, control by professional personnel will have to decrease. This would allow the organization to be more responsive to environmental concerns, and therefore more effective."}
{"id": "PMID:913117", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of flurbiprofen: a novel inhibitor of platelet aggregation.", "content": "Studies are reviewed of the inhibitory effect of flurbiprofen, given in doses ranging from 50 mg to 200 mg per day for 1 week, on platelet aggregation measured by biological tests (adenosine diphosphate and collagen methods). Flurbiprofen at doses of 50 mg and 100 mg daily had a peak time of action of between 1 and 2 hours, the effects usually disappearing after 24 hours, and 100 mg flurbiprofen caused a similar decrease in platelet aggregation to 1 g aspirin daily. In a clinical study of 72 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis treated with doses of flurbiprofen up to 200 daily there was a significant correlation between the parameters of aggregation measured and treatment, and between proteinuria and adenosine disphosphate aggregation when the flurbiprofen dose did not exceed 100 mg daily.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of flurbiprofen: a novel inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Studies are reviewed of the inhibitory effect of flurbiprofen, given in doses ranging from 50 mg to 200 mg per day for 1 week, on platelet aggregation measured by biological tests (adenosine diphosphate and collagen methods). Flurbiprofen at doses of 50 mg and 100 mg daily had a peak time of action of between 1 and 2 hours, the effects usually disappearing after 24 hours, and 100 mg flurbiprofen caused a similar decrease in platelet aggregation to 1 g aspirin daily. In a clinical study of 72 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis treated with doses of flurbiprofen up to 200 daily there was a significant correlation between the parameters of aggregation measured and treatment, and between proteinuria and adenosine disphosphate aggregation when the flurbiprofen dose did not exceed 100 mg daily."}
{"id": "PMID:913119", "title": "Serum concentrations of flurbiprofen in rheumatoid patients receiving flurbiprofen over long periods of time.", "content": "Serum concentrations of flurbiprofen were measured following single oral doses of 50 mg to 200 mg in patients who previously had received flurbiprofen over long periods of time. The apparent elimination half-lives in groups of patients who received different doses were not significantly different from each other nor from the value previously obtained in a group of healthy volunteers given a single oral dose of 50 mg. Areas under serum concentration versus time curves were linearly related to dose over the range of doses examined. The results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of flurbiprofen are not significantly dose-dependent over the range of doses studied and that administration of relatively high doses of flurbiprofen over long periods of time neither induces nor inhibits flurbiprofen metabolism.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of flurbiprofen in rheumatoid patients receiving flurbiprofen over long periods of time. Serum concentrations of flurbiprofen were measured following single oral doses of 50 mg to 200 mg in patients who previously had received flurbiprofen over long periods of time. The apparent elimination half-lives in groups of patients who received different doses were not significantly different from each other nor from the value previously obtained in a group of healthy volunteers given a single oral dose of 50 mg. Areas under serum concentration versus time curves were linearly related to dose over the range of doses examined. The results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of flurbiprofen are not significantly dose-dependent over the range of doses studied and that administration of relatively high doses of flurbiprofen over long periods of time neither induces nor inhibits flurbiprofen metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:913120", "title": "Interaction study between phenprocoumon and flurbiprofen.", "content": "The effects of flurbiprofen on various coagulation and haemostasis parameters were studied in 19 patients adequately anticoagulated on a fixed dose of phenprocoumon. Laboratory controls were performed 5 times at weekly intervals. Flurbiprofen 50 mg 3-times daily was given for 2 weeks after an initial control period of 2 weeks. The last control followed 1 week after cessation of flurbiprofen. All changes observed during the administration of flurbiprofen were quantitatively moderate; some reached statistical significance. The prothrombin time (%) Factor II and Factor X values fell; Factor II values remained unchanged. Factor IX values fell only in the first week on flurbiprofen and reached control values thereafter. Phenprocoumon concentration remained constant throughout. There was no change in spontaneous platelet aggregation. Although there was a slight, statistically significant increase in the Ivy bleeding time, it remained within the normal range. These findings suggest that the interference of flurbiprofen with oral anticoagulation is minimal and probably of no clinical relevance.", "contents": "Interaction study between phenprocoumon and flurbiprofen. The effects of flurbiprofen on various coagulation and haemostasis parameters were studied in 19 patients adequately anticoagulated on a fixed dose of phenprocoumon. Laboratory controls were performed 5 times at weekly intervals. Flurbiprofen 50 mg 3-times daily was given for 2 weeks after an initial control period of 2 weeks. The last control followed 1 week after cessation of flurbiprofen. All changes observed during the administration of flurbiprofen were quantitatively moderate; some reached statistical significance. The prothrombin time (%) Factor II and Factor X values fell; Factor II values remained unchanged. Factor IX values fell only in the first week on flurbiprofen and reached control values thereafter. Phenprocoumon concentration remained constant throughout. There was no change in spontaneous platelet aggregation. Although there was a slight, statistically significant increase in the Ivy bleeding time, it remained within the normal range. These findings suggest that the interference of flurbiprofen with oral anticoagulation is minimal and probably of no clinical relevance."}
{"id": "PMID:913121", "title": "Flurbiprofen in rheumatoid arthritis therapy.", "content": "Preliminary findings are reported from an open study of 300 mg flurbiprofen daily in 24 patients and from 6 out of 30 patients treated so far in a double-blind crossover comparison of 300 mg flurbiprofen daily and 150 mg indomethacin daily in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The results indicate that flurbiprofen is effective in relieving symptoms and is better tolerated than indomethacin. Using an experimental model in rats to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of flurbiprofen, data suggest that flurbiprofen is unable to prevent an immunological type of inflammation but is capable of modifying the type and extent of cellular infiltration.", "contents": "Flurbiprofen in rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Preliminary findings are reported from an open study of 300 mg flurbiprofen daily in 24 patients and from 6 out of 30 patients treated so far in a double-blind crossover comparison of 300 mg flurbiprofen daily and 150 mg indomethacin daily in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The results indicate that flurbiprofen is effective in relieving symptoms and is better tolerated than indomethacin. Using an experimental model in rats to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of flurbiprofen, data suggest that flurbiprofen is unable to prevent an immunological type of inflammation but is capable of modifying the type and extent of cellular infiltration."}
{"id": "PMID:913131", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the clinical differentiation between dyspnea due to left ventricular dysfunction and that due to pulmonary events is difficult. Invasive techniques have been the only reliable diagnostic approach. To assess the potential value of noninvasive techniques in this context, 27 patients with COPD and with clinically suspected left ventricular dysfunction were studied by echocardiography, radionuclide angiography, and right cardiac catheterization. In 20 (74%), adequate echocardiogram were obtained. Of these 20 patients, 17 had normal pulmonary arterial wedge pressures at rest and during submaximal handgrip exercise. Sixteen of these 17 had normal left ventricular performance by all three echocardiographic criteria used; in one patient, two criteria were not interpretable, but the third was normal. Results of radionuclide studies were normal in 15 patients, borderline in one, and not measurable in one. Of the three patients with abnormal wedge pressures, at least one echocardiographic criterion was abnormal in all. Radionuclide data were abnormal in two and not measurable in one. We conclude that left ventricular dysfunction is infrequently present in patients with COPD in whom such dysfunction is clinically suspected, that the two noninvasive techniques described here can be applied successfully to a high percentage of patients with COPD, and that the agreement among echocardiographic, radionuclide, and wedge pressure data is excellent.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the clinical differentiation between dyspnea due to left ventricular dysfunction and that due to pulmonary events is difficult. Invasive techniques have been the only reliable diagnostic approach. To assess the potential value of noninvasive techniques in this context, 27 patients with COPD and with clinically suspected left ventricular dysfunction were studied by echocardiography, radionuclide angiography, and right cardiac catheterization. In 20 (74%), adequate echocardiogram were obtained. Of these 20 patients, 17 had normal pulmonary arterial wedge pressures at rest and during submaximal handgrip exercise. Sixteen of these 17 had normal left ventricular performance by all three echocardiographic criteria used; in one patient, two criteria were not interpretable, but the third was normal. Results of radionuclide studies were normal in 15 patients, borderline in one, and not measurable in one. Of the three patients with abnormal wedge pressures, at least one echocardiographic criterion was abnormal in all. Radionuclide data were abnormal in two and not measurable in one. We conclude that left ventricular dysfunction is infrequently present in patients with COPD in whom such dysfunction is clinically suspected, that the two noninvasive techniques described here can be applied successfully to a high percentage of patients with COPD, and that the agreement among echocardiographic, radionuclide, and wedge pressure data is excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:913132", "title": "Hemodynamic changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Right cardiac catheterization was performed in 136 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Forty-three of these patients had a second study a mean of 25 months later (range, 18 to 38 months). The changes in hemodynamic data over a period of 25 months were small. The cardiac index decreased 6%, and the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased 7%. The changes were similar in patients with and those without emphysema.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Right cardiac catheterization was performed in 136 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Forty-three of these patients had a second study a mean of 25 months later (range, 18 to 38 months). The changes in hemodynamic data over a period of 25 months were small. The cardiac index decreased 6%, and the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased 7%. The changes were similar in patients with and those without emphysema."}
{"id": "PMID:913133", "title": "Arrhythmias in the post CCU phase of myocardial infarction: their correlation with the acute illness.", "content": "To estimate the frequency of potentially life-threatening arrhythmias in myocardial infarction following transfer from the coronary care unit (CCU) and to identify features of the acute illness which predict such events, 66 patients were monitored on-line by means of a computer assisted system. Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) were detected following transfer from the CCU in 64 patients (97%). In 29 (44%) they fell in classes 2 to 4 of Lown. Accelerated ventricular rhythm was detected in five and ventricular tachycardia in three. The presence of these rhythm disturbances did not correlate with age, sex, infarct location, the occurrence of previous infarction, the level of serum cardiac enzymes, the presence of heart failure, atrial arrhythmias, heart block, or serious ventricular arrhythmia in the CCU. Use of procaine amide or quinidine for persistent ventricular arrhythmia in the CCU was correlated with detection of class 2, 3 or 4 PVCs. Thus, PVCs are nearly universal in the late phase of hospitalization for myocardial infarction. Frequent and complicated PVCs are common and occur most frequently in individuals in whom such events have been persistent in the CCU.", "contents": "Arrhythmias in the post CCU phase of myocardial infarction: their correlation with the acute illness. To estimate the frequency of potentially life-threatening arrhythmias in myocardial infarction following transfer from the coronary care unit (CCU) and to identify features of the acute illness which predict such events, 66 patients were monitored on-line by means of a computer assisted system. Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) were detected following transfer from the CCU in 64 patients (97%). In 29 (44%) they fell in classes 2 to 4 of Lown. Accelerated ventricular rhythm was detected in five and ventricular tachycardia in three. The presence of these rhythm disturbances did not correlate with age, sex, infarct location, the occurrence of previous infarction, the level of serum cardiac enzymes, the presence of heart failure, atrial arrhythmias, heart block, or serious ventricular arrhythmia in the CCU. Use of procaine amide or quinidine for persistent ventricular arrhythmia in the CCU was correlated with detection of class 2, 3 or 4 PVCs. Thus, PVCs are nearly universal in the late phase of hospitalization for myocardial infarction. Frequent and complicated PVCs are common and occur most frequently in individuals in whom such events have been persistent in the CCU."}
{"id": "PMID:913134", "title": "Role of cardiac catheterization in infective endocarditis.", "content": "The benefits and hazards of catheterization and angiography were evaluated in 19 patients with acute aortic and/or mitral endocarditis and heart failure. In 14 patients (74%), the bedside diagnosis of valvular insufficiency and heart failure was proved correct. In three patients with both aortic and mitral valve disease, angiography (without hemodynamic measurements) was necessary to clarify the diagnosis. Angiography detected four aortic aneurysmal erosions that were unsuspected clinically, but missed three others. After angiography, heart failure worsened in two patients with severe progressive aortic insufficiency and one died. Thus, catheterization-angiography was of greatest value if more than one left-sided valve lesion was present, if extravalvular diseases mimicked heart failure, or if extravalvular infection was present. Patients with isolated, clear-cut mitral insufficiency usually do not need these diagnostic procedures, and they are probably contraindicated in patients with severe aortic regurgitation with rapidly progressing heart failure.", "contents": "Role of cardiac catheterization in infective endocarditis. The benefits and hazards of catheterization and angiography were evaluated in 19 patients with acute aortic and/or mitral endocarditis and heart failure. In 14 patients (74%), the bedside diagnosis of valvular insufficiency and heart failure was proved correct. In three patients with both aortic and mitral valve disease, angiography (without hemodynamic measurements) was necessary to clarify the diagnosis. Angiography detected four aortic aneurysmal erosions that were unsuspected clinically, but missed three others. After angiography, heart failure worsened in two patients with severe progressive aortic insufficiency and one died. Thus, catheterization-angiography was of greatest value if more than one left-sided valve lesion was present, if extravalvular diseases mimicked heart failure, or if extravalvular infection was present. Patients with isolated, clear-cut mitral insufficiency usually do not need these diagnostic procedures, and they are probably contraindicated in patients with severe aortic regurgitation with rapidly progressing heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:913135", "title": "Pulmonary lavage in patients treated with mechanical ventilation.", "content": "Mucous plugs and secretions in smaller bronchi may be responsible for impaired exchange of gases and abnormal compliance. Conventional therapy is often insufficient for removal of these plugs and secretions, especially in patients treated with mechanical ventilation. Therefore, pulmonary lavage with 237 +/- 6 ml of physiologic saline solution infused through the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in patients with respiratory failure was accomplished on 43 occasions to evaluate the therapeutic benefit of this procedure on oxygenation and compliance. Eighty-one percent (35) of the 43 lavages were associated with a significant increase of the ratio of arterial to alveolar oxygen pressures (PaO2/PAO2) (11 +/- 1) hours after lavage; 63% (27) of the 43 lavages were associated with a significant increase in effective static compliance (Cst) at 8 (+/- 1) hours after lavage. There were no persistent complications other than transient decreases in PaO2/PAO2 and effective Cst soon after lavage. The results suggest that this procedure is a useful therapeutic method in selected patients with respiratory failure.", "contents": "Pulmonary lavage in patients treated with mechanical ventilation. Mucous plugs and secretions in smaller bronchi may be responsible for impaired exchange of gases and abnormal compliance. Conventional therapy is often insufficient for removal of these plugs and secretions, especially in patients treated with mechanical ventilation. Therefore, pulmonary lavage with 237 +/- 6 ml of physiologic saline solution infused through the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in patients with respiratory failure was accomplished on 43 occasions to evaluate the therapeutic benefit of this procedure on oxygenation and compliance. Eighty-one percent (35) of the 43 lavages were associated with a significant increase of the ratio of arterial to alveolar oxygen pressures (PaO2/PAO2) (11 +/- 1) hours after lavage; 63% (27) of the 43 lavages were associated with a significant increase in effective static compliance (Cst) at 8 (+/- 1) hours after lavage. There were no persistent complications other than transient decreases in PaO2/PAO2 and effective Cst soon after lavage. The results suggest that this procedure is a useful therapeutic method in selected patients with respiratory failure."}
{"id": "PMID:913136", "title": "Comparison of three techniques of lung lavage in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "One hundred fifty-three lung lavage procedures were performed on 81 cystic fibrosis patients during the years 1963 to 1976. Local analgesia was used in 24 lavages done via a rigid bronchoscope and in a group of 73 lavages directed by a fiberoptic bronchoscope. No abnormalities in cardiac rate or rhythm were observed with the lavages directed by fiberoptic bronchoscope. Fifty-six lavages were performed under general anesthesia with 20 cardiac abnormalities being noted among this group. Subjective improvement was noted in 96% of the 56 patients who had lavage under general anesthesia. Objective improvement was apparent in 45% of the 24 patients who had lavage with the rigid bronchoscope and 64% of the 36 patients who had lavage by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. It is concluded that patients with cystic fibrosis of varying stages of disability can more safety (and with good improvement) have bronchial washouts with the fiber-optic bronchoscope than with either of the other two techniques.", "contents": "Comparison of three techniques of lung lavage in patients with cystic fibrosis. One hundred fifty-three lung lavage procedures were performed on 81 cystic fibrosis patients during the years 1963 to 1976. Local analgesia was used in 24 lavages done via a rigid bronchoscope and in a group of 73 lavages directed by a fiberoptic bronchoscope. No abnormalities in cardiac rate or rhythm were observed with the lavages directed by fiberoptic bronchoscope. Fifty-six lavages were performed under general anesthesia with 20 cardiac abnormalities being noted among this group. Subjective improvement was noted in 96% of the 56 patients who had lavage under general anesthesia. Objective improvement was apparent in 45% of the 24 patients who had lavage with the rigid bronchoscope and 64% of the 36 patients who had lavage by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. It is concluded that patients with cystic fibrosis of varying stages of disability can more safety (and with good improvement) have bronchial washouts with the fiber-optic bronchoscope than with either of the other two techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:913137", "title": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in three patients with normal chest x-ray films.", "content": "Three patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis had normal chest x-ray films at the time of dianosis. None had a history of pneumonitis or abnormal chest x-ray films in the past. On the basis of clinical and immunologic data that indicated the presence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, bronchograms were obtained, which revealed evidence of proximal bronchiectasis in each patient. These early changes in bronchial architecture were not evident on the plain x-ray films of the chest but were revealed by bronchographic study. The diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis may be made even in the presence of normal chest x-ray films.", "contents": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in three patients with normal chest x-ray films. Three patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis had normal chest x-ray films at the time of dianosis. None had a history of pneumonitis or abnormal chest x-ray films in the past. On the basis of clinical and immunologic data that indicated the presence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, bronchograms were obtained, which revealed evidence of proximal bronchiectasis in each patient. These early changes in bronchial architecture were not evident on the plain x-ray films of the chest but were revealed by bronchographic study. The diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis may be made even in the presence of normal chest x-ray films."}
{"id": "PMID:913138", "title": "Death-producing hemoptysis in tuberculosis.", "content": "Massive hemoptysis in patients with tuberculosis is reported infrequently and then virtually always in association with cavitary disease or aspergilloma. In contrast, we describe herein five cases characterized by hemoptysis on admission, bilateral pulmonary disease, samples of sputum positive for acid-fast bacilli by Ziehl-Neelsen stain, and no obvious cavitary disease. In each, hemoptysis subsided and then suddenly recurred in prodigious amounts, leading to death, probably from asyphyxiation. In patients hospitalized with tuberculous hemoptysis of any amount, with or without an obvious cavity, aggressive diagnostic evaluation, including bronchoscopic examination, may define the site of bleeding, thus permitting rapid surgical intervention if the hemoptysis increases.", "contents": "Death-producing hemoptysis in tuberculosis. Massive hemoptysis in patients with tuberculosis is reported infrequently and then virtually always in association with cavitary disease or aspergilloma. In contrast, we describe herein five cases characterized by hemoptysis on admission, bilateral pulmonary disease, samples of sputum positive for acid-fast bacilli by Ziehl-Neelsen stain, and no obvious cavitary disease. In each, hemoptysis subsided and then suddenly recurred in prodigious amounts, leading to death, probably from asyphyxiation. In patients hospitalized with tuberculous hemoptysis of any amount, with or without an obvious cavity, aggressive diagnostic evaluation, including bronchoscopic examination, may define the site of bleeding, thus permitting rapid surgical intervention if the hemoptysis increases."}
{"id": "PMID:913139", "title": "Respiratory failure in pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Of 852 patients admitted to Cook County Hospital with bacteriologically-proved pulmonary tuberculosis, 16 suffered respiratory failure. Of these 16, 5 died and 11 recovered. On follow-up, the survivors demonstrated significant improvement in oxygenation, but continued to show a severe restrictive ventilatory defect. Our patients, unlike those in previous reports, did not show airway obstruction. The principles of management are the same as for other pulmonary patients. Arterial blood gas analyses should be done on patients with advanced tuberculosis so that abnormalities of gas exchange will not be missed.", "contents": "Respiratory failure in pulmonary tuberculosis. Of 852 patients admitted to Cook County Hospital with bacteriologically-proved pulmonary tuberculosis, 16 suffered respiratory failure. Of these 16, 5 died and 11 recovered. On follow-up, the survivors demonstrated significant improvement in oxygenation, but continued to show a severe restrictive ventilatory defect. Our patients, unlike those in previous reports, did not show airway obstruction. The principles of management are the same as for other pulmonary patients. Arterial blood gas analyses should be done on patients with advanced tuberculosis so that abnormalities of gas exchange will not be missed."}
{"id": "PMID:913140", "title": "The effect on expiratory flow rates of smoking three cigarettes in rapid succession.", "content": "The effect of smoking three cigarettes in rapid succession on maximal and partial expiratory flow rates was studied in ten healthy smokers. The mean decrease in maximal midexpiratory flow and partial midexpiratory and end-expiratory flow was statistically significant. The response was maximal after the first cigarette. These results suggest that the instantaneous midexpiratory flow after 50% of the forced vital capacity has been exhaled is a useful indicator of irritation of the airways. Reduction of partial expiratory flow rates was three times greater than reduction of maximal expiratory flow rates. We suggest the use of partial expiratory flow curves as a screening test for irritants of the airways.", "contents": "The effect on expiratory flow rates of smoking three cigarettes in rapid succession. The effect of smoking three cigarettes in rapid succession on maximal and partial expiratory flow rates was studied in ten healthy smokers. The mean decrease in maximal midexpiratory flow and partial midexpiratory and end-expiratory flow was statistically significant. The response was maximal after the first cigarette. These results suggest that the instantaneous midexpiratory flow after 50% of the forced vital capacity has been exhaled is a useful indicator of irritation of the airways. Reduction of partial expiratory flow rates was three times greater than reduction of maximal expiratory flow rates. We suggest the use of partial expiratory flow curves as a screening test for irritants of the airways."}
{"id": "PMID:913141", "title": "Effect of hypertension on myocardial rupture after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Fifty-three of 4,369 patients with acute myocardial infarction died of myocardial rupture. The incidence of rupture varied directly, among men, with the systolic blood pressure on admission to the coronary care unit (CCU), and the highest systolic pressure while in the CCU. Rupture occurred in 0.3% of the men with systolic pressures on admission to the CCU between 110-129 mm Hg, increasing to 2.0% of men with pressures between 170-189 mm Hg. Similarly, 0.3% of the men with a highest systolic pressure less than 150 mm Hg had a rupture, while 1.6% of those with pressures between 170-189 mm Hg ruptured. Diastolic blood pressure, past history of hypertension, and sustained hypertension after infarction were not related to the occurrence of rupture. Eighteen of the 53 patients who sustained rupture had systolic hypertension (greater than or equal to 150 mm Hg) sometime during the 24 hours before rupture, and 14 had diastolic hypertension (greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg). Hypertension appears to be one of several variables interacting to influence the occurrence of myocardial rupture.", "contents": "Effect of hypertension on myocardial rupture after acute myocardial infarction. Fifty-three of 4,369 patients with acute myocardial infarction died of myocardial rupture. The incidence of rupture varied directly, among men, with the systolic blood pressure on admission to the coronary care unit (CCU), and the highest systolic pressure while in the CCU. Rupture occurred in 0.3% of the men with systolic pressures on admission to the CCU between 110-129 mm Hg, increasing to 2.0% of men with pressures between 170-189 mm Hg. Similarly, 0.3% of the men with a highest systolic pressure less than 150 mm Hg had a rupture, while 1.6% of those with pressures between 170-189 mm Hg ruptured. Diastolic blood pressure, past history of hypertension, and sustained hypertension after infarction were not related to the occurrence of rupture. Eighteen of the 53 patients who sustained rupture had systolic hypertension (greater than or equal to 150 mm Hg) sometime during the 24 hours before rupture, and 14 had diastolic hypertension (greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg). Hypertension appears to be one of several variables interacting to influence the occurrence of myocardial rupture."}
{"id": "PMID:913142", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of chlorpromazine in patients with acute myocardial infarction and pump failure.", "content": "The intravenous administration of chlorpromazine in 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction and altered pump function was followed by a significant reduction in systemic vascular resistance (28.4%) and an increased cardiac index (23.0%). The drug also produced a significant decline in mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (38.2%), while the heart rate and mean stroke work index did not change significantly. Although the mean blood pressure decreased by 18.3%, the transymocardial pressure gradient was not affected. A significant reduction in the major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption, such as arterial blood pressure and left ventricular wall tension, suggested a decrease in myocardial demand for oxygen. Improvement of left ventricular performance was associated with a sedative effect in most of the patients. Intravenous administration of chlorpromazine proved to be of benefit in patients with moderate to severe congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of chlorpromazine in patients with acute myocardial infarction and pump failure. The intravenous administration of chlorpromazine in 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction and altered pump function was followed by a significant reduction in systemic vascular resistance (28.4%) and an increased cardiac index (23.0%). The drug also produced a significant decline in mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (38.2%), while the heart rate and mean stroke work index did not change significantly. Although the mean blood pressure decreased by 18.3%, the transymocardial pressure gradient was not affected. A significant reduction in the major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption, such as arterial blood pressure and left ventricular wall tension, suggested a decrease in myocardial demand for oxygen. Improvement of left ventricular performance was associated with a sedative effect in most of the patients. Intravenous administration of chlorpromazine proved to be of benefit in patients with moderate to severe congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock."}
{"id": "PMID:913144", "title": "Silicosis in workers dealing with tonoko: case reports and analyses of tonoko.", "content": "We found three cases of pneumoconiosis among those workers who had been dealing with tonoko (a mineral powder) for more than ten years at a shop making wooden furniture in Sendai, Japan. In the factory the workers were exposed to tonoko dust and had been inhaling it for a long time. Until now, this disease has not been found in employees of furniture factories; and, furthermore, tonoko has not been regarded as a harmful material. Tonoko is a very fine mineral powder used widely in Japan for filling the grains of surfaces of wooden products. The three workers had scanty clinical symptoms; however, their chest x-ray films revealed disseminated nodulations throughout both pulmonary fields. One of the workers suffered from the complication of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Some of the analyses revealed that tonoko contained about 50% quartz. Accordingly, the disease is strongly suspected to be a sort of silicosis caused by inhalation of tonoko dust.", "contents": "Silicosis in workers dealing with tonoko: case reports and analyses of tonoko. We found three cases of pneumoconiosis among those workers who had been dealing with tonoko (a mineral powder) for more than ten years at a shop making wooden furniture in Sendai, Japan. In the factory the workers were exposed to tonoko dust and had been inhaling it for a long time. Until now, this disease has not been found in employees of furniture factories; and, furthermore, tonoko has not been regarded as a harmful material. Tonoko is a very fine mineral powder used widely in Japan for filling the grains of surfaces of wooden products. The three workers had scanty clinical symptoms; however, their chest x-ray films revealed disseminated nodulations throughout both pulmonary fields. One of the workers suffered from the complication of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Some of the analyses revealed that tonoko contained about 50% quartz. Accordingly, the disease is strongly suspected to be a sort of silicosis caused by inhalation of tonoko dust."}
{"id": "PMID:913149", "title": "Recurrent brain abscess: manifestation of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.", "content": "A unique case of recurrent brain abscess as the primary manifestation of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is presented. In the absence of hematologic abnormalities and characteristic physical findings, the diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is particularly elusive. Patients with brain abscess must be carefully evaluated for the presence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.", "contents": "Recurrent brain abscess: manifestation of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. A unique case of recurrent brain abscess as the primary manifestation of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is presented. In the absence of hematologic abnormalities and characteristic physical findings, the diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is particularly elusive. Patients with brain abscess must be carefully evaluated for the presence of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia."}
{"id": "PMID:913150", "title": "Double coronary arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "Coronary arteriovenous fistula is an uncommon, although not rare, congenital cardiac malformation, especially in the adult. Most such reported such cases have involved but a single coronary vessel. This report documents the second case of coronary arteriovenous fistulae involving the right and circumflex coronary vessels draining into the coronary sinus. At the present time the patient is free of definite ischemic symptoms or obvious impairment of hemodynamic function and is being followed-up medically.", "contents": "Double coronary arteriovenous fistula. Coronary arteriovenous fistula is an uncommon, although not rare, congenital cardiac malformation, especially in the adult. Most such reported such cases have involved but a single coronary vessel. This report documents the second case of coronary arteriovenous fistulae involving the right and circumflex coronary vessels draining into the coronary sinus. At the present time the patient is free of definite ischemic symptoms or obvious impairment of hemodynamic function and is being followed-up medically."}
{"id": "PMID:913151", "title": "The role of bronchial arteriography and therapeutic embolization in hemoptysis.", "content": "A case is presented which demonstrates the value of bronchial arteriographic studies in localizing and treating hemoptysis. The patient was bleeding from an old post-tuberculous bulla and for several reasons was not a candidate for surgery. Bronchial arteriographic studies demonstrated both hypervascularity in the region of the cavity and also a mycotic aneurysm of a bronchial artery. After therapeutic embolization with gelatin (Gelfoam), the hypervascularity and aneurysm were no longer opacified. Active bleeding abruptly ceased and, except for a single mild recurrence, has not recurred during the three months since therapeutic embolization. The major theoretic risk of bronchial arteriographic study and therapeutic embolization is spinal injury. It is believed that permanent injury can almost be avoided, providing proper technique is used.", "contents": "The role of bronchial arteriography and therapeutic embolization in hemoptysis. A case is presented which demonstrates the value of bronchial arteriographic studies in localizing and treating hemoptysis. The patient was bleeding from an old post-tuberculous bulla and for several reasons was not a candidate for surgery. Bronchial arteriographic studies demonstrated both hypervascularity in the region of the cavity and also a mycotic aneurysm of a bronchial artery. After therapeutic embolization with gelatin (Gelfoam), the hypervascularity and aneurysm were no longer opacified. Active bleeding abruptly ceased and, except for a single mild recurrence, has not recurred during the three months since therapeutic embolization. The major theoretic risk of bronchial arteriographic study and therapeutic embolization is spinal injury. It is believed that permanent injury can almost be avoided, providing proper technique is used."}
{"id": "PMID:913152", "title": "Tracheal hamartoma.", "content": "We present the findings in a man with longstanding airway obstruction attributed to chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease. After hospitalization, a tracheal hamartoma was found and resected, without complications. Symptoms of chronic airway obstruction can cause the physician to treat medically a surgically curable lesion.", "contents": "Tracheal hamartoma. We present the findings in a man with longstanding airway obstruction attributed to chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease. After hospitalization, a tracheal hamartoma was found and resected, without complications. Symptoms of chronic airway obstruction can cause the physician to treat medically a surgically curable lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:913153", "title": "Dissimilar atrial rhythms in a patient with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "In this report, we present the findings in a patient who had paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and atrial flutter associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. During atrial flutter, localized atrial fibrillation was recorded in the coronary sinus (dissimilar atrial rhythms), near the accessory pathway; and during 90 minutes of observation, ventricular activation occurred solely over the normal pathway. We postulate that localized atrial fibrillation repetitively invaded the accessory pathway and rendered it refractory to conduction by flutter impulses.", "contents": "Dissimilar atrial rhythms in a patient with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In this report, we present the findings in a patient who had paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and atrial flutter associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. During atrial flutter, localized atrial fibrillation was recorded in the coronary sinus (dissimilar atrial rhythms), near the accessory pathway; and during 90 minutes of observation, ventricular activation occurred solely over the normal pathway. We postulate that localized atrial fibrillation repetitively invaded the accessory pathway and rendered it refractory to conduction by flutter impulses."}
{"id": "PMID:913154", "title": "Spontaneous thymic hemorrhage in an adult.", "content": "Acute hemorrhage in a normal thymus in neonates and infants has been reported in the literature. These patients were known to have an antecedent cause or defects in coagulation. The case of an adult who developed acute hemorrhage in a normal thymus and who was known not to have any defects in coagulation, hypertension, or other underlying cause is reported.", "contents": "Spontaneous thymic hemorrhage in an adult. Acute hemorrhage in a normal thymus in neonates and infants has been reported in the literature. These patients were known to have an antecedent cause or defects in coagulation. The case of an adult who developed acute hemorrhage in a normal thymus and who was known not to have any defects in coagulation, hypertension, or other underlying cause is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:913155", "title": "Familial congenital bicuspid aortic valve: secondary calcific aortic stenosis and aortic aneurysm.", "content": "A patient with an aneurysm of the ascending aorta and calcific stenosis of a congenital bicuspid aortic valve, whose brother also had a stenotic congenital bicuspid aortic valve, is described. Predominant aortic stenosis at cardiac catheterization and the presence of an aneurysm distal to and not including the aortic valvular ring made the initial diagnosis of Marfan's syndrome unlikely. Cystic medial necrosis present in the aneurysmal wall probably arose as a consequence of poststenotic dilation. Adequate noninvasive evaluation of the ascending aorta requires echocardiographic studies, as well as a chest x-ray film.", "contents": "Familial congenital bicuspid aortic valve: secondary calcific aortic stenosis and aortic aneurysm. A patient with an aneurysm of the ascending aorta and calcific stenosis of a congenital bicuspid aortic valve, whose brother also had a stenotic congenital bicuspid aortic valve, is described. Predominant aortic stenosis at cardiac catheterization and the presence of an aneurysm distal to and not including the aortic valvular ring made the initial diagnosis of Marfan's syndrome unlikely. Cystic medial necrosis present in the aneurysmal wall probably arose as a consequence of poststenotic dilation. Adequate noninvasive evaluation of the ascending aorta requires echocardiographic studies, as well as a chest x-ray film."}
{"id": "PMID:913156", "title": "Bronchiectasis and spontaneous pneumothorax in Marfan's syndrome.", "content": "A Chinese girl with Marfan's syndrome had spontaneous pneumothorax and bronchiectasis. Spontaneous pneumothorax is not an infrequent pulmonary manifestation of Marfan's syndrome, but bronchiectasis is rarely reported to occur. So far, it has not been reported that both bronchiectasis and spontaneous pneumothorax can occur in the same patient with Marfan's syndrome.", "contents": "Bronchiectasis and spontaneous pneumothorax in Marfan's syndrome. A Chinese girl with Marfan's syndrome had spontaneous pneumothorax and bronchiectasis. Spontaneous pneumothorax is not an infrequent pulmonary manifestation of Marfan's syndrome, but bronchiectasis is rarely reported to occur. So far, it has not been reported that both bronchiectasis and spontaneous pneumothorax can occur in the same patient with Marfan's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:913157", "title": "Suspected superior vena cava syndrome: the role of the Swan-Ganz catheter.", "content": "The use of the Swan-Ganz flow-directed catheter in establishing the diagnosis of the superior vena cava syndrome in two patients (one with Hodgkin's disease and the other with carcinoma of the lung) is described. A pressure tracing showing elevated pressure above the obstruction without respiratory or cardiac fluctuations is characteristic of obstruction of the superior vena cava.", "contents": "Suspected superior vena cava syndrome: the role of the Swan-Ganz catheter. The use of the Swan-Ganz flow-directed catheter in establishing the diagnosis of the superior vena cava syndrome in two patients (one with Hodgkin's disease and the other with carcinoma of the lung) is described. A pressure tracing showing elevated pressure above the obstruction without respiratory or cardiac fluctuations is characteristic of obstruction of the superior vena cava."}
{"id": "PMID:913158", "title": "Primary carcinoma of the trachea: physiologic diagnosis and review of the literature.", "content": "A patient with primary carcinoma of the trachea is described. The diagnosis was established physiologically by employing maximal expiratory flow-volume loops obtained while the patient was breathing air and a mixture of helium and oxygen.", "contents": "Primary carcinoma of the trachea: physiologic diagnosis and review of the literature. A patient with primary carcinoma of the trachea is described. The diagnosis was established physiologically by employing maximal expiratory flow-volume loops obtained while the patient was breathing air and a mixture of helium and oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:913159", "title": "Echocardiography in Lutembacher's syndrome.", "content": "The findings in a patient with surgically proven Lutembacher's syndrome (coexisting mitral stenosis and atrial septal defect) are presented. In addition to a typical pattern of mitral stenosis, the preoperative echocardiogram revealed paradoxical septal motion, thereby providing, prior to cardiac catheterization, a basis for the suspicion of an associated lesion due to diastolic overload of the right ventricle.", "contents": "Echocardiography in Lutembacher's syndrome. The findings in a patient with surgically proven Lutembacher's syndrome (coexisting mitral stenosis and atrial septal defect) are presented. In addition to a typical pattern of mitral stenosis, the preoperative echocardiogram revealed paradoxical septal motion, thereby providing, prior to cardiac catheterization, a basis for the suspicion of an associated lesion due to diastolic overload of the right ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:913160", "title": "Tuberculous pneumonia with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone: cause of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Bilateral tuberculous pneumonia with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone was the cause of the adult respiratory distress syndrome in an elderly patient. Early recognition and prompt therapy enabled the patient to make a complete recovery without the necessity for mechanical ventilation. With the shift of care of tuberculous patients out of the sanitorium, the practicing physician should be aware of the varied manifestations of tuberculosis.", "contents": "Tuberculous pneumonia with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone: cause of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Bilateral tuberculous pneumonia with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone was the cause of the adult respiratory distress syndrome in an elderly patient. Early recognition and prompt therapy enabled the patient to make a complete recovery without the necessity for mechanical ventilation. With the shift of care of tuberculous patients out of the sanitorium, the practicing physician should be aware of the varied manifestations of tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:913161", "title": "Endocarditis due to Hemophilus aphrophilus: report of a case with possible transmission from dog to man.", "content": "A 44-year-old man was treated for bacterial endocarditis due to Hemophilus aphrophilus. The characteristics of the organism are reviewed, along with other cases of endocarditis. There is an association of this organism with dogs and a potential for transmission from this source to man.", "contents": "Endocarditis due to Hemophilus aphrophilus: report of a case with possible transmission from dog to man. A 44-year-old man was treated for bacterial endocarditis due to Hemophilus aphrophilus. The characteristics of the organism are reviewed, along with other cases of endocarditis. There is an association of this organism with dogs and a potential for transmission from this source to man."}
{"id": "PMID:913165", "title": "A selective comparison of psychological, developmental, social, and academic factors among emotionally disturbed children in three treatment settings.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine whether there were significant differences among three groups of emotionally disturbed children in Massachusetts: children in private residential schools; children in private day schools; and children in special classes for the emotionally disturbed in public schools. The subjects involved in the study consisted of three groups of children who were evaluated as being emotionally disturbed and whose initial enrollments in the respective programs were accomplished during the 1972 to 1973 school year. This represented 129 children enrolled in private day schools, 72 children enrolled in private residential schools, and 309 children enrolled in public school special classes for the emotionally disturbed. Data for these populations were obtained from the records for each of the children on file at the Massachusetts Department of Education, Division of Special Education. This included data on psychiatric diagnosis, IQ, parental separation, geographical location, family income, family social position, and assessment of the child's physical well-being. In addition, two tests were administered to all subjects: The Rutter Child Behavior Scale was completed by each child's classroom teacher, and the Wide Range Achievement Test was administered by the professional having the responsibility for psychometric testing in the respective school.", "contents": "A selective comparison of psychological, developmental, social, and academic factors among emotionally disturbed children in three treatment settings. This study was undertaken to determine whether there were significant differences among three groups of emotionally disturbed children in Massachusetts: children in private residential schools; children in private day schools; and children in special classes for the emotionally disturbed in public schools. The subjects involved in the study consisted of three groups of children who were evaluated as being emotionally disturbed and whose initial enrollments in the respective programs were accomplished during the 1972 to 1973 school year. This represented 129 children enrolled in private day schools, 72 children enrolled in private residential schools, and 309 children enrolled in public school special classes for the emotionally disturbed. Data for these populations were obtained from the records for each of the children on file at the Massachusetts Department of Education, Division of Special Education. This included data on psychiatric diagnosis, IQ, parental separation, geographical location, family income, family social position, and assessment of the child's physical well-being. In addition, two tests were administered to all subjects: The Rutter Child Behavior Scale was completed by each child's classroom teacher, and the Wide Range Achievement Test was administered by the professional having the responsibility for psychometric testing in the respective school."}
{"id": "PMID:913166", "title": "Brief therapy for monocular hysterical blindness in childhood.", "content": "A case report of monocular hysterical blindness, a rare form of childhood conversion reaction, is presented. A brief description of the treatment is included, which utilized a team approach and short-term management. An attempt is made to compare this patient's motivation with other cases of conversion reactions and to identify a possible dynamic mechanism for monocular hysterical blindness.", "contents": "Brief therapy for monocular hysterical blindness in childhood. A case report of monocular hysterical blindness, a rare form of childhood conversion reaction, is presented. A brief description of the treatment is included, which utilized a team approach and short-term management. An attempt is made to compare this patient's motivation with other cases of conversion reactions and to identify a possible dynamic mechanism for monocular hysterical blindness."}
{"id": "PMID:913167", "title": "Coping in the barrio: case studies of Mexican-American families.", "content": "This paper reports preliminary finds of a study of coping abilities of Mexican-American families. The purpose of the study was to identify variables related to styles of behavior that can be characterized as adaptive. A complex of factors differentiated families who were judged to be dealing effectively with their environment (\"copers\") from those who were not (\"noncopers\"). The factors included the health status of the children, various child-rearing attitudes and practices, and patterns of decision making as they related to a more general ability of parents to conceptualize and organize time.", "contents": "Coping in the barrio: case studies of Mexican-American families. This paper reports preliminary finds of a study of coping abilities of Mexican-American families. The purpose of the study was to identify variables related to styles of behavior that can be characterized as adaptive. A complex of factors differentiated families who were judged to be dealing effectively with their environment (\"copers\") from those who were not (\"noncopers\"). The factors included the health status of the children, various child-rearing attitudes and practices, and patterns of decision making as they related to a more general ability of parents to conceptualize and organize time."}
{"id": "PMID:913171", "title": "The price of privacy in the social dynamics of child abuse.", "content": "Under certain conditions, family isolation serves as the catalytic agent for child abuse. Privacy that excludes intrusive kinship and neighborhood networks can be a danger to children.", "contents": "The price of privacy in the social dynamics of child abuse. Under certain conditions, family isolation serves as the catalytic agent for child abuse. Privacy that excludes intrusive kinship and neighborhood networks can be a danger to children."}
{"id": "PMID:913172", "title": "Alcoholism: early identification and intervention in the social service agency.", "content": "Alcohol-related problems are often basic--though concealed--in families seeking aid through social service. The social worker aware of this can use techniques to achieve early identification and effective intervention.", "contents": "Alcoholism: early identification and intervention in the social service agency. Alcohol-related problems are often basic--though concealed--in families seeking aid through social service. The social worker aware of this can use techniques to achieve early identification and effective intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:913173", "title": "A community reentry model.", "content": "This model for an interagency program to facilitate the transition of multiproblem adolescents from the institution back into the community may be readily applicable to noninstitutional settings.", "contents": "A community reentry model. This model for an interagency program to facilitate the transition of multiproblem adolescents from the institution back into the community may be readily applicable to noninstitutional settings."}
{"id": "PMID:913175", "title": "A behavioral-psychodynamic approach to day treatment for emotionally disturbed children.", "content": "A low-cost, short-term day treatment program for emotionally disturbed children that combined behavioral and psychodynamic techniques proved successful in returning the children to public school classes.", "contents": "A behavioral-psychodynamic approach to day treatment for emotionally disturbed children. A low-cost, short-term day treatment program for emotionally disturbed children that combined behavioral and psychodynamic techniques proved successful in returning the children to public school classes."}
{"id": "PMID:913176", "title": "[The thoracic stomach. Etiology--diagnosis--therapy].", "content": "Congenital, acquired, and traumatic defects of the diaphragm are reported. Special consideration is given to positional changes of the stomach due to the above lesions. Clinical examples are used to point out the diagnostics and surgical possibilities of reparation.", "contents": "[The thoracic stomach. Etiology--diagnosis--therapy]. Congenital, acquired, and traumatic defects of the diaphragm are reported. Special consideration is given to positional changes of the stomach due to the above lesions. Clinical examples are used to point out the diagnostics and surgical possibilities of reparation."}
{"id": "PMID:913177", "title": "[Positional anomalies of the intestine in adults].", "content": "Anomalous intestine positions arise during embryologic development. They are rare in adults and cause uncharacteristic but chronic discomforts. They can produce life-threatening complications at any time. They are thought of too rarely, and radiologically shown anomalies are easily misinterpreted. Frequently they are discovered only during operation. The 178 anomalous intestine positions are here analyzed partly newly named and discussed to facilitate detection, to prevent complications, and to make rational treatment possible. There are 24 different typical forms, which are explained by disturbances of the embryologic rotation, growth, or fixation of the intestine.", "contents": "[Positional anomalies of the intestine in adults]. Anomalous intestine positions arise during embryologic development. They are rare in adults and cause uncharacteristic but chronic discomforts. They can produce life-threatening complications at any time. They are thought of too rarely, and radiologically shown anomalies are easily misinterpreted. Frequently they are discovered only during operation. The 178 anomalous intestine positions are here analyzed partly newly named and discussed to facilitate detection, to prevent complications, and to make rational treatment possible. There are 24 different typical forms, which are explained by disturbances of the embryologic rotation, growth, or fixation of the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:913178", "title": "[Current status in the diagnosis and therapy of meconium ileus].", "content": "Meconium ileus is in most cases difficult to diagnose preoperatively; however, aganglionosis should be excluded in every case (rectal double-suction biopsy, manometry). In cases of uncomplicated meconium ileus (no perforation, no further intestinal obstructions) lysis of the meconium by a Gastrografin enema is tried first. In case of no relief, an intraoperative puncture of the bowel and Gastrografin instillation is performed. If there is no relief a small bowel resection is performed and a Bishop-Koop anastomosis or a chimney anastomosis established. A distinction must be made between meconium ileus, meconium disease, meconium plug syndrome, and curd obstruction. Results show a survival rate of 80%.", "contents": "[Current status in the diagnosis and therapy of meconium ileus]. Meconium ileus is in most cases difficult to diagnose preoperatively; however, aganglionosis should be excluded in every case (rectal double-suction biopsy, manometry). In cases of uncomplicated meconium ileus (no perforation, no further intestinal obstructions) lysis of the meconium by a Gastrografin enema is tried first. In case of no relief, an intraoperative puncture of the bowel and Gastrografin instillation is performed. If there is no relief a small bowel resection is performed and a Bishop-Koop anastomosis or a chimney anastomosis established. A distinction must be made between meconium ileus, meconium disease, meconium plug syndrome, and curd obstruction. Results show a survival rate of 80%."}
{"id": "PMID:913179", "title": "[Mathematical-physical deliberations over the development of artificial-anus prolapse (and the therefrom derived attachment technic for the artificial anus)].", "content": "It is established that most colostomies which lead to prolapse because of imperfect operative technique are shaped like a truncated cone. Mathematical-physical considerations show mechanisms which in such cases can produce prolapse of the colostomy. Considering these criteria and recent clinical experience, a suitable colostomy is described.", "contents": "[Mathematical-physical deliberations over the development of artificial-anus prolapse (and the therefrom derived attachment technic for the artificial anus)]. It is established that most colostomies which lead to prolapse because of imperfect operative technique are shaped like a truncated cone. Mathematical-physical considerations show mechanisms which in such cases can produce prolapse of the colostomy. Considering these criteria and recent clinical experience, a suitable colostomy is described."}
{"id": "PMID:913180", "title": "[The medullary (C-cell) carcinoma of the thyroid. A therapeutic dilemma].", "content": "Medullary carcinoma originates from the parafollicular cells (C-cells) of the thyroid. Significant for these cancers are early metastases in thyroid and in the regional lymph nodes. Total thyroidectomy combined with local excision of any palpable metastases is the procedure of choice. Radioiodine therapy of metastases as in papillary and follicular carcinoma is not possible because C-cells do not metabolise iodine. This tumor is also resistant on X-ray therapy. Follow-up and early diagnosis of medullary carcinoma is possible by determination of calcitonin in serum. The local recurrence or metastases in lymph nodes should be surgically removed.", "contents": "[The medullary (C-cell) carcinoma of the thyroid. A therapeutic dilemma]. Medullary carcinoma originates from the parafollicular cells (C-cells) of the thyroid. Significant for these cancers are early metastases in thyroid and in the regional lymph nodes. Total thyroidectomy combined with local excision of any palpable metastases is the procedure of choice. Radioiodine therapy of metastases as in papillary and follicular carcinoma is not possible because C-cells do not metabolise iodine. This tumor is also resistant on X-ray therapy. Follow-up and early diagnosis of medullary carcinoma is possible by determination of calcitonin in serum. The local recurrence or metastases in lymph nodes should be surgically removed."}
{"id": "PMID:913181", "title": "[Orthograde, free, femoro-popliteo-crural, venous bypass].", "content": "A new method of autologous vein bypass with the nonreversed free transplanted great saphenous vein is described. By this technique, 53 patients received long femoropopliteal and 10 patients femorocrural bypasses, between March, 1973, and March, 1976. Patency rate was 88% after 1 year and 84% after 3 years. Operative procedure and results are reported in detail.", "contents": "[Orthograde, free, femoro-popliteo-crural, venous bypass]. A new method of autologous vein bypass with the nonreversed free transplanted great saphenous vein is described. By this technique, 53 patients received long femoropopliteal and 10 patients femorocrural bypasses, between March, 1973, and March, 1976. Patency rate was 88% after 1 year and 84% after 3 years. Operative procedure and results are reported in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:913209", "title": "Carcinoid tumors, vascular elastosis, and ischemic disease of the small intestine.", "content": "Ischemic enteritis or infarction occurred in four of 15 patients who had carcinoid tumors of the small intestine. All four, in addition, had elastic vascular sclerosis of the mesenteric vessels. Both arteries and veins were involved, and the change occurred in the region of tumor deposit. In none of the cases was the tumor occluding the lumen of the vessels, nor was there any evidence of thrombosis. Similar elastosis is seen in cancers of the colon, stomach, and breast, and occurs also with thermal injury and irradiation. The findings of the present study would suggest a direct rather than a humoral effect. It would appear that cancer cells exert an inductive effect on the fibroblast or smooth-muscle cell in vascular walls, with excess production of elastic tissue.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumors, vascular elastosis, and ischemic disease of the small intestine. Ischemic enteritis or infarction occurred in four of 15 patients who had carcinoid tumors of the small intestine. All four, in addition, had elastic vascular sclerosis of the mesenteric vessels. Both arteries and veins were involved, and the change occurred in the region of tumor deposit. In none of the cases was the tumor occluding the lumen of the vessels, nor was there any evidence of thrombosis. Similar elastosis is seen in cancers of the colon, stomach, and breast, and occurs also with thermal injury and irradiation. The findings of the present study would suggest a direct rather than a humoral effect. It would appear that cancer cells exert an inductive effect on the fibroblast or smooth-muscle cell in vascular walls, with excess production of elastic tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:913210", "title": "Age-related impairment of tumor-associated lymphocytotoxicity in patients with colonic adenocarcinoma.", "content": "The in-vitro lymphocytotoxic responses of 27 preoperative colonic-carcinoma patients and 61 healthy volunteers were correlated with age by linear regression analysis. Cytotoxicity obtained with leukocytes from the colonic-cancer patients on the colonic cancer cell line decreased with increasing age. In contrast, cytotoxicity obtained with leukocytes from the control group on the same cell line did not correlate with age of the donor. Furthermore, the decline in cytolysis in the patient group could not be attributed to more extensive disease. These observations suggest that increasing age is an important factor associated with the decline in ability of colorectal cancer patients to generate a disease-related cytolytic reaction.", "contents": "Age-related impairment of tumor-associated lymphocytotoxicity in patients with colonic adenocarcinoma. The in-vitro lymphocytotoxic responses of 27 preoperative colonic-carcinoma patients and 61 healthy volunteers were correlated with age by linear regression analysis. Cytotoxicity obtained with leukocytes from the colonic-cancer patients on the colonic cancer cell line decreased with increasing age. In contrast, cytotoxicity obtained with leukocytes from the control group on the same cell line did not correlate with age of the donor. Furthermore, the decline in cytolysis in the patient group could not be attributed to more extensive disease. These observations suggest that increasing age is an important factor associated with the decline in ability of colorectal cancer patients to generate a disease-related cytolytic reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:913211", "title": "The results of treatment for complete prolapse of the rectum in the adult patient.", "content": "A method of anterior fixation of the bowel in complete prolapse of the rectum is described. The treatment is based on the concept that abdominal pressure should be directed on the bowel against the pubis rather than directly onto the perineum. The results have been universally successful, without mortality and with excellent functional results.", "contents": "The results of treatment for complete prolapse of the rectum in the adult patient. A method of anterior fixation of the bowel in complete prolapse of the rectum is described. The treatment is based on the concept that abdominal pressure should be directed on the bowel against the pubis rather than directly onto the perineum. The results have been universally successful, without mortality and with excellent functional results."}
{"id": "PMID:913212", "title": "The study of anorectal disease by colposcopy.", "content": "The incidence of significant, but otherwise nonapparent, perianal and anal disease in mildly symptomatic patients in this series was 6 per cent. Colposcopy helped define these lesions. Because perianal and anal neoplasms develop slowly and become manifest late, diagnosis is difficult. Colposcopy allows easier and earlier detection in patients with vague early complaints.", "contents": "The study of anorectal disease by colposcopy. The incidence of significant, but otherwise nonapparent, perianal and anal disease in mildly symptomatic patients in this series was 6 per cent. Colposcopy helped define these lesions. Because perianal and anal neoplasms develop slowly and become manifest late, diagnosis is difficult. Colposcopy allows easier and earlier detection in patients with vague early complaints."}
{"id": "PMID:913213", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the anus: report of a case.", "content": "We have presented an unusual case of leiomyosarcoma of the anus. On reviewing the literature, we did not find a similar case. This tumor metastasizes mainly to distant organs through the bloodstream. We treated the tumor by wide excision, followed by chemo-immunotherapy, hoping to sterilize possible microemboli. Since this type of lesion is very aggressive, we strongly suggest that any mass in the perianal region be excised and biopsied.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the anus: report of a case. We have presented an unusual case of leiomyosarcoma of the anus. On reviewing the literature, we did not find a similar case. This tumor metastasizes mainly to distant organs through the bloodstream. We treated the tumor by wide excision, followed by chemo-immunotherapy, hoping to sterilize possible microemboli. Since this type of lesion is very aggressive, we strongly suggest that any mass in the perianal region be excised and biopsied."}
{"id": "PMID:913214", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum: radical vs. conservative therapy and report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of leiomyosarcoma of the rectum are presented. A review of the literature appears to indicate that there is little relationship between Broders' pathologic classification and survival. Size of the tumor, presence of ulceration of the rectal mucosa, and fixation of the lesion appear to have a significant relationship to survival. In appropriately selected patients (no ulceration or fixation, small size), local excision appears to offer as good a chance of survival as abdominoperineal resection.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum: radical vs. conservative therapy and report of three cases. Three cases of leiomyosarcoma of the rectum are presented. A review of the literature appears to indicate that there is little relationship between Broders' pathologic classification and survival. Size of the tumor, presence of ulceration of the rectal mucosa, and fixation of the lesion appear to have a significant relationship to survival. In appropriately selected patients (no ulceration or fixation, small size), local excision appears to offer as good a chance of survival as abdominoperineal resection."}
{"id": "PMID:913215", "title": "Presacral myelolipoma: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A benign presacral tumor composed of adipose and hematopoietic tissue was found in an asymptomatic 47-year-old woman. Due to the patient's associated medical conditions the tumor was diagnosed by transanal biopsy and was not removed. Only three similar cases have been reported.", "contents": "Presacral myelolipoma: report of a case and review of the literature. A benign presacral tumor composed of adipose and hematopoietic tissue was found in an asymptomatic 47-year-old woman. Due to the patient's associated medical conditions the tumor was diagnosed by transanal biopsy and was not removed. Only three similar cases have been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:913216", "title": "Procidentia of the rectum after the pull-through operation: an unusual complication and report of two cases.", "content": "Procidentia or complete prolapse of the rectum following the pull-through operation is unusual, if not altogether rare. It appears to be a late complication of the procedure. A multitude of factors may be implicated in its genesis, and certainly the inadequacy of the pelvic floor is principal among them. Though the exact mechanism is not entirely clear, we favor an intussusceptive process for the reasons and observations cited. It is surmised that its late appearance is primarily due to the formation of adhesions that effectively fix the bowel to the sacrum. The process of aging and ensuing laxity of tissues subsequently detract from this protective factor. Perineal repair was used in both cases but, in the ultimate analysis, the procedure of choice should be individualized, based upon the surgeon's own judgment and experience and particular circumstances attending procidentia.", "contents": "Procidentia of the rectum after the pull-through operation: an unusual complication and report of two cases. Procidentia or complete prolapse of the rectum following the pull-through operation is unusual, if not altogether rare. It appears to be a late complication of the procedure. A multitude of factors may be implicated in its genesis, and certainly the inadequacy of the pelvic floor is principal among them. Though the exact mechanism is not entirely clear, we favor an intussusceptive process for the reasons and observations cited. It is surmised that its late appearance is primarily due to the formation of adhesions that effectively fix the bowel to the sacrum. The process of aging and ensuing laxity of tissues subsequently detract from this protective factor. Perineal repair was used in both cases but, in the ultimate analysis, the procedure of choice should be individualized, based upon the surgeon's own judgment and experience and particular circumstances attending procidentia."}
{"id": "PMID:913217", "title": "An unusual complication of the teflon-sling repair of rectal prolapse: report of a case.", "content": "A previously unreported late complication of the Teflon-sling repair for rectal prolapse is described. Two years after operation the Teflon had eroded into the lumen of the bowel. Avulsion of the sling was effected by gentle traction. There has been no further complication or recurrence of the prolapse.", "contents": "An unusual complication of the teflon-sling repair of rectal prolapse: report of a case. A previously unreported late complication of the Teflon-sling repair for rectal prolapse is described. Two years after operation the Teflon had eroded into the lumen of the bowel. Avulsion of the sling was effected by gentle traction. There has been no further complication or recurrence of the prolapse."}
{"id": "PMID:913218", "title": "Recurrent colonic ulcers in celiac sprue, an unrecognized fatal complication: report of a case.", "content": "In a patient who had celic sprue intractable to a gluten-free diet, volvulus and jejunal and colonic ulcers developed. Following segmental colonic resection, these ulcers recurred at the site of the previous anastomosis, and proved a fatal complication because of colonic perforation. Since no obvious etiology of colonic ulcers could be identified in this case, it is possible that they may represent an unrecognized intestinal complication of celiac sprue similar to jejunoileal ulcers.", "contents": "Recurrent colonic ulcers in celiac sprue, an unrecognized fatal complication: report of a case. In a patient who had celic sprue intractable to a gluten-free diet, volvulus and jejunal and colonic ulcers developed. Following segmental colonic resection, these ulcers recurred at the site of the previous anastomosis, and proved a fatal complication because of colonic perforation. Since no obvious etiology of colonic ulcers could be identified in this case, it is possible that they may represent an unrecognized intestinal complication of celiac sprue similar to jejunoileal ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:913219", "title": "Colitis cystica profunda: report of a case in which differentiation from rectal cancer was difficult.", "content": "Colitis cystica profunda is a benign condition that has been confused with carcinoma. This rarely recognized condition is characterized by submucosal cysts. Macroscopically, the ulcerated character of the mass suggests carcinoma. Microscopically, attenuation of the innocuous-appearing cyst linings may give the false impression of a mucus-secreting carcinoma. A case of colitis cystica profunda in which the macroscopic appearance was so suggestive of malignancy that operation was carried out is reported.", "contents": "Colitis cystica profunda: report of a case in which differentiation from rectal cancer was difficult. Colitis cystica profunda is a benign condition that has been confused with carcinoma. This rarely recognized condition is characterized by submucosal cysts. Macroscopically, the ulcerated character of the mass suggests carcinoma. Microscopically, attenuation of the innocuous-appearing cyst linings may give the false impression of a mucus-secreting carcinoma. A case of colitis cystica profunda in which the macroscopic appearance was so suggestive of malignancy that operation was carried out is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:913222", "title": "Implementation of laboratory screening procedures on a short-term psychiatric inpatient unit.", "content": "A health maintenance screening procedure was done on blood and urine specimens on 636 patients admitted to short term adult psychiatric ward. The data obtained was assessed by laboratory test and by its effect on the subsequent work-up and diagnostic thinking about those patients who had unexpected abnormal findings. The overall incidence of unexpected abnormal tests was low (3.0%). Similarly the incidence of new disease found by these procedures was low (between 2.2% and 8.5%). In no case was an underlying medical cause for the mental disorder for which the patient was admitted detected by the screening procedure. The authors conclude that these routine blood and urine screening tests add very little to the care of psychiatric inpatients.", "contents": "Implementation of laboratory screening procedures on a short-term psychiatric inpatient unit. A health maintenance screening procedure was done on blood and urine specimens on 636 patients admitted to short term adult psychiatric ward. The data obtained was assessed by laboratory test and by its effect on the subsequent work-up and diagnostic thinking about those patients who had unexpected abnormal findings. The overall incidence of unexpected abnormal tests was low (3.0%). Similarly the incidence of new disease found by these procedures was low (between 2.2% and 8.5%). In no case was an underlying medical cause for the mental disorder for which the patient was admitted detected by the screening procedure. The authors conclude that these routine blood and urine screening tests add very little to the care of psychiatric inpatients."}
{"id": "PMID:913223", "title": "Marital status, anomie, and forms of social isolation: a case of high suicide rate among the widowed in an urban sub-area.", "content": "This study examines the high suicide rate among the widowed in a census tract population in Flint, Michigan, and identifies the social psychological factors of anomie, actual social isolation, and future social isolation as etiologic factors in widow suicide. Explanations of widow suicide are discussed, and recommendations are made for the reduction of the suicide rate.", "contents": "Marital status, anomie, and forms of social isolation: a case of high suicide rate among the widowed in an urban sub-area. This study examines the high suicide rate among the widowed in a census tract population in Flint, Michigan, and identifies the social psychological factors of anomie, actual social isolation, and future social isolation as etiologic factors in widow suicide. Explanations of widow suicide are discussed, and recommendations are made for the reduction of the suicide rate."}
{"id": "PMID:913225", "title": "Brain injury and criminality. A retrospective study.", "content": "This follow-up study elucidates the incidence of criminality among brain injured persons. All the 1930 Finnish veterans who survived a penetrating brain injury during World War II were included in the study. The follow-up covered a period of 32-37 years. Five hundred randomly selected non-injured veterans of the same war were used as controls. A comparison of the frequency of convictions for crimes punishable by imprisonment among the injured and non-injured groups revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. This result shows, in accord with several reports on this subject published in the last two decades, that criminal behavior is not a sequela of injury to the brain.", "contents": "Brain injury and criminality. A retrospective study. This follow-up study elucidates the incidence of criminality among brain injured persons. All the 1930 Finnish veterans who survived a penetrating brain injury during World War II were included in the study. The follow-up covered a period of 32-37 years. Five hundred randomly selected non-injured veterans of the same war were used as controls. A comparison of the frequency of convictions for crimes punishable by imprisonment among the injured and non-injured groups revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. This result shows, in accord with several reports on this subject published in the last two decades, that criminal behavior is not a sequela of injury to the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:913227", "title": "Normal pressure hydrocephalus and hypertensive cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "This report compares the clinical and post mortem findings in a case of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) syndrome occurring in association with hypertensive cerebrovascular disease, with the only two such previously reported autopsied cases. The presence of hypertension and focal neurological findings in a patient with otherwise classic clinical and radiologic features of NPH syndrome should alert one to the possibility of hypertensive cerebrovascular disease as the cause of the syndrome. Transient improvement occurred following shunting in two, and none in the third case. All died within three years of illness. It appears shunting is not of significant benefit in these patients.", "contents": "Normal pressure hydrocephalus and hypertensive cerebrovascular disease. This report compares the clinical and post mortem findings in a case of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) syndrome occurring in association with hypertensive cerebrovascular disease, with the only two such previously reported autopsied cases. The presence of hypertension and focal neurological findings in a patient with otherwise classic clinical and radiologic features of NPH syndrome should alert one to the possibility of hypertensive cerebrovascular disease as the cause of the syndrome. Transient improvement occurred following shunting in two, and none in the third case. All died within three years of illness. It appears shunting is not of significant benefit in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:913228", "title": "Hemiballismus-hemichorea treated with dimethylaminoethanol.", "content": "An elderly lady with subacute onset of disabling hemiballismus experienced sustained remission on dimethylaminoethanol 150 mg/day. Two exacerbations followed interruption of therapy. Remission followed resumption of therapy. No undesirable side effects occurred with this treatment. A lady age 85 experienced a very favorable sustained reduction of hemiballismus when treated with dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE or Deanol). Her age and hypertension made the risk of thalamotomy unacceptably high. DMAE was tried because of reports of reduction of chorea, and other dyskinesias with this drug.", "contents": "Hemiballismus-hemichorea treated with dimethylaminoethanol. An elderly lady with subacute onset of disabling hemiballismus experienced sustained remission on dimethylaminoethanol 150 mg/day. Two exacerbations followed interruption of therapy. Remission followed resumption of therapy. No undesirable side effects occurred with this treatment. A lady age 85 experienced a very favorable sustained reduction of hemiballismus when treated with dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE or Deanol). Her age and hypertension made the risk of thalamotomy unacceptably high. DMAE was tried because of reports of reduction of chorea, and other dyskinesias with this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:913229", "title": "Hypnotic elucidation of isolation and displacement following a sexual assualt.", "content": "A 19 year old girl was physically beaten and her life endangered during an abortive sexual assault. The repressed emotional components of the experience were retrieved during hypnosis 10 years later, and displacement of affect in relation to the event was also clarified. The psychological issues involved in these circumstances were related to weight reduction efforts by the patient and for which she was seeking help.", "contents": "Hypnotic elucidation of isolation and displacement following a sexual assualt. A 19 year old girl was physically beaten and her life endangered during an abortive sexual assault. The repressed emotional components of the experience were retrieved during hypnosis 10 years later, and displacement of affect in relation to the event was also clarified. The psychological issues involved in these circumstances were related to weight reduction efforts by the patient and for which she was seeking help."}
{"id": "PMID:913230", "title": "Butaclamol in newly admitted chronic schizophrenic patients: a modified fixed-dose dose-range design.", "content": "In a double-blind placebo controlled study of newly admitted chronic schizophrenics, an attempt was made to further evaluate the safety, acceptability, and effectiveness of BT in doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg. Significant dose related responses occurred on several behavioral variables by the first week of treatment. Maximum clinical response appeared to be at the 20-40 mg. dose level. Extrapyramidal signs occurred at all doses, but with greater severity at higher doses. Excessive daytime drowsiness occurred in all groups but with longer duration and greater intensity in the 20 mg. group. Rebound insomnia occurred after the abrupt withdrawal of BT at all dose levels suggesting the desirability of further study of its hypnotic properties.", "contents": "Butaclamol in newly admitted chronic schizophrenic patients: a modified fixed-dose dose-range design. In a double-blind placebo controlled study of newly admitted chronic schizophrenics, an attempt was made to further evaluate the safety, acceptability, and effectiveness of BT in doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg. Significant dose related responses occurred on several behavioral variables by the first week of treatment. Maximum clinical response appeared to be at the 20-40 mg. dose level. Extrapyramidal signs occurred at all doses, but with greater severity at higher doses. Excessive daytime drowsiness occurred in all groups but with longer duration and greater intensity in the 20 mg. group. Rebound insomnia occurred after the abrupt withdrawal of BT at all dose levels suggesting the desirability of further study of its hypnotic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:913239", "title": "Tolerance to an effect of ethanol on post-tetanic potentiation in Aplysia.", "content": "Repetitive electrical stimulation of an identified synapase in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica results in post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) which decays with a single exponential time course. The rate of decay of PTP is accelerated by the initial perfusion of the abdominal ganglion with 0.8 M ethanol in seawater . Each subsequent exposure to ethanol has progressively less of an effect on the rate of decay of PTP such that, upon the fourth application (on the average), ethanol no longer accelerates the decay of PTP. If the perfusion with 0.8 M ethanol is not accompanied by stimulation of the identified synapse, tolerance does not develop. Evidence is presented which suggests that the initial exposure to ethanol accelerates the decay of PTP through fluidization of critical components of the pre-synaptic membrane. Arguments suggesting that tolerance is a compensatory change in the composition of the synaptic membrane are discussed.", "contents": "Tolerance to an effect of ethanol on post-tetanic potentiation in Aplysia. Repetitive electrical stimulation of an identified synapase in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica results in post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) which decays with a single exponential time course. The rate of decay of PTP is accelerated by the initial perfusion of the abdominal ganglion with 0.8 M ethanol in seawater . Each subsequent exposure to ethanol has progressively less of an effect on the rate of decay of PTP such that, upon the fourth application (on the average), ethanol no longer accelerates the decay of PTP. If the perfusion with 0.8 M ethanol is not accompanied by stimulation of the identified synapse, tolerance does not develop. Evidence is presented which suggests that the initial exposure to ethanol accelerates the decay of PTP through fluidization of critical components of the pre-synaptic membrane. Arguments suggesting that tolerance is a compensatory change in the composition of the synaptic membrane are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913241", "title": "Ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in the pregnant mouse.", "content": "Liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was found to be two-fold greater in pregnant (days 16-20 of gestation) mice than in non-pregnant controls. A subcellular fractionation revealed that the increase in ALDH  activity was confined to the cystosolic fraction of the liver. Kinetic characterization of partially purified liver ALDH revealed similar Km values for either acetaldehyde or propionaldehyde in pregnant and non-pregnant animals. The similarity of apparent Km values suggests that the increase in cytosolic ALDH may involve induction of normally present ALDH isozyme, rather than originating from synthesis of a new enzyme. Induction of liver ALDH was found to significantly decrease blood acetaldehyde concentrations in pregnant mice receiving 2.0 or 3.0 g/kg ethanol when compared to the respective control (non-pregnant) animals. However, differences in blood acetaldehyde levels measured in pregnant and control animals were not apparent when blood ethanol concentrations were below 40 mumol/ml.", "contents": "Ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in the pregnant mouse. Liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was found to be two-fold greater in pregnant (days 16-20 of gestation) mice than in non-pregnant controls. A subcellular fractionation revealed that the increase in ALDH  activity was confined to the cystosolic fraction of the liver. Kinetic characterization of partially purified liver ALDH revealed similar Km values for either acetaldehyde or propionaldehyde in pregnant and non-pregnant animals. The similarity of apparent Km values suggests that the increase in cytosolic ALDH may involve induction of normally present ALDH isozyme, rather than originating from synthesis of a new enzyme. Induction of liver ALDH was found to significantly decrease blood acetaldehyde concentrations in pregnant mice receiving 2.0 or 3.0 g/kg ethanol when compared to the respective control (non-pregnant) animals. However, differences in blood acetaldehyde levels measured in pregnant and control animals were not apparent when blood ethanol concentrations were below 40 mumol/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:913240", "title": "Inhibition of epinephrine-induced myocardial necrosis in rats by administration of single doses of ethanol.", "content": "The oral administration of single doses (0.5-6.0 g/kg) of ethanol to rats, shortly before injecting them with a large dose (3.0 mg base/kg) of epinephrine subcutaneously, significantly reduced the severity of the myocardial damage produced by the epinephrine. The larger the dose of ethanol, the greater was the protective effect. The results were the same, regardless of the method used to determine the degree of cardiac injury. Experiments employing various agents to determine the mechanisms of ethanol action have tentatively suggested that a platelet de-aggregating or an osmotic effect of alcohol may be involved.", "contents": "Inhibition of epinephrine-induced myocardial necrosis in rats by administration of single doses of ethanol. The oral administration of single doses (0.5-6.0 g/kg) of ethanol to rats, shortly before injecting them with a large dose (3.0 mg base/kg) of epinephrine subcutaneously, significantly reduced the severity of the myocardial damage produced by the epinephrine. The larger the dose of ethanol, the greater was the protective effect. The results were the same, regardless of the method used to determine the degree of cardiac injury. Experiments employing various agents to determine the mechanisms of ethanol action have tentatively suggested that a platelet de-aggregating or an osmotic effect of alcohol may be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:913249", "title": "[Treatment of pseudomonas infection with the new ureidopenicillin, azlocillin (author's transl)].", "content": "Azlocillin, in vitro four to eight times more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than carbenicillin, was administered to 30 patients severely ill and having an additional pseudomonas infection. The drug was given at a dose of 4-6 g, in one case 8 g, per day, sometimes together with an aminoglycoside. Treatment was effective in 20, improvement occurred in five and failure only in four. In one instance the effect of the drug could not be evaluated. Results were particularly striking in septicaemia and necrotising external otitis. Pulmonary and wound infections in patients with circulatory disturbances did not respond so well. There were no serious side effects. The drug should not as yet be used at too high a dosage.", "contents": "[Treatment of pseudomonas infection with the new ureidopenicillin, azlocillin (author's transl)]. Azlocillin, in vitro four to eight times more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than carbenicillin, was administered to 30 patients severely ill and having an additional pseudomonas infection. The drug was given at a dose of 4-6 g, in one case 8 g, per day, sometimes together with an aminoglycoside. Treatment was effective in 20, improvement occurred in five and failure only in four. In one instance the effect of the drug could not be evaluated. Results were particularly striking in septicaemia and necrotising external otitis. Pulmonary and wound infections in patients with circulatory disturbances did not respond so well. There were no serious side effects. The drug should not as yet be used at too high a dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:913242", "title": "Behavioral effects of salsolinol and ethanol on mice selected for sensitivity to alcohol-induced sleep time.", "content": "Two lines of mice, selected for differential sensitivity to alcohol, were tested following intracisternal administration of salsolinol, a compound putatively formed following ethanol ingestion. Both lines showed dose-dependent decreases in activity following salsolinol. When injected with ethanol, alcohol-insensitive short-sleep (SS) mice increased in activity while alcohol-sensitive long-sleep (LS) mice showed no change. Measures of coordination, taken following ethanol, demonstrated that LS mice were more incapacitated than SS mice. Salsolinol effects are discussed with reference to possible adrenergic blocking actions. Genetic differences in sensitivity to the incoordinating effects of alcohol were found.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of salsolinol and ethanol on mice selected for sensitivity to alcohol-induced sleep time. Two lines of mice, selected for differential sensitivity to alcohol, were tested following intracisternal administration of salsolinol, a compound putatively formed following ethanol ingestion. Both lines showed dose-dependent decreases in activity following salsolinol. When injected with ethanol, alcohol-insensitive short-sleep (SS) mice increased in activity while alcohol-sensitive long-sleep (LS) mice showed no change. Measures of coordination, taken following ethanol, demonstrated that LS mice were more incapacitated than SS mice. Salsolinol effects are discussed with reference to possible adrenergic blocking actions. Genetic differences in sensitivity to the incoordinating effects of alcohol were found."}
{"id": "PMID:913243", "title": "Effects of initial tolerance on acquired tolerance to alcohol in two selectively bred rat strains.", "content": "The extent to which initial sensitivity to alcohol influences acquired tolerance was investigated in two selectively bred rat lines. These two lines have been selectively bred for differences in initial sensitivity to alcohol. The most affected (MA) line shows about a 90% reduction in motor activity following a 1.5 g/kg dose of alcohol compared with only a 40% reduction in least affected (LA) animals. In an initial investigation using stabilimeter activity, MA animals demonstrated increased tolerance following regular alcohol exposure, while LA animals showed little change from their initial levels of tolerance. In a second study following a similar intubation procedure, tolerance was assessed by sleeping time. Both MA and LA rats evidenced increased tolerance to alcohol, although MA animals did not approach the levels of tolerance shown by LA animals. In both studies the amount of initial tolerance was correlated with the degree of acquired tolerance. The potential for using these animals in the study of the underlying mechanisms of tolerance is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of initial tolerance on acquired tolerance to alcohol in two selectively bred rat strains. The extent to which initial sensitivity to alcohol influences acquired tolerance was investigated in two selectively bred rat lines. These two lines have been selectively bred for differences in initial sensitivity to alcohol. The most affected (MA) line shows about a 90% reduction in motor activity following a 1.5 g/kg dose of alcohol compared with only a 40% reduction in least affected (LA) animals. In an initial investigation using stabilimeter activity, MA animals demonstrated increased tolerance following regular alcohol exposure, while LA animals showed little change from their initial levels of tolerance. In a second study following a similar intubation procedure, tolerance was assessed by sleeping time. Both MA and LA rats evidenced increased tolerance to alcohol, although MA animals did not approach the levels of tolerance shown by LA animals. In both studies the amount of initial tolerance was correlated with the degree of acquired tolerance. The potential for using these animals in the study of the underlying mechanisms of tolerance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913244", "title": "Possible involvement of acetaldehyde, norepinephrine and their tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives in the regulation of ethanol seld-administration.", "content": "In this study, we examined the possible role of acetaldehyde in the mediation of the reinforcing properties of ethanol. We also examined the possible interaction of acetaldehyde and brain norepinephrine in this mediation. We found that rats will self-administer acetaldehyde delivered into the cerebral ventricles, and that this operant behaviour can be attenuated by injections of a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. The results are discussed in terms of a role for tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids in alcoholism.", "contents": "Possible involvement of acetaldehyde, norepinephrine and their tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives in the regulation of ethanol seld-administration. In this study, we examined the possible role of acetaldehyde in the mediation of the reinforcing properties of ethanol. We also examined the possible interaction of acetaldehyde and brain norepinephrine in this mediation. We found that rats will self-administer acetaldehyde delivered into the cerebral ventricles, and that this operant behaviour can be attenuated by injections of a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. The results are discussed in terms of a role for tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids in alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:913256", "title": "[Reactions to inactivated influenza vaccines (alorbat and begrivac s) (author's transl)].", "content": "Possible side effects to two commercial influenza vaccines (Alorbat and Begrivac S) were investigated in 893 adults (18-60 years). Both vaccines, administered by jet injections, were similarly tolerated. About 90% of vaccinated subjects had neither subjective nor objective reactions. Swelling or pain at the site of injection was reported by 11.5% of those vaccinated by Alorbat, 4.5% complained of not feeling well but only 1.1% had verifiable disorders. Local reactions occurred in 12.4% of those receiving Begrivac S, with 7.7% systemic reactions of which 1.1% were verifiable. Those re-vaccinated had a similar incidence of side reactions to those with primary vaccinations. Reactions which did occur were obviously due to the vaccination method. One person had urticaria and oedema, possibly due to reaction to foreign protein; this would suggest that the degree of purity of the vaccine should be checked by the manufacturers.", "contents": "[Reactions to inactivated influenza vaccines (alorbat and begrivac s) (author's transl)]. Possible side effects to two commercial influenza vaccines (Alorbat and Begrivac S) were investigated in 893 adults (18-60 years). Both vaccines, administered by jet injections, were similarly tolerated. About 90% of vaccinated subjects had neither subjective nor objective reactions. Swelling or pain at the site of injection was reported by 11.5% of those vaccinated by Alorbat, 4.5% complained of not feeling well but only 1.1% had verifiable disorders. Local reactions occurred in 12.4% of those receiving Begrivac S, with 7.7% systemic reactions of which 1.1% were verifiable. Those re-vaccinated had a similar incidence of side reactions to those with primary vaccinations. Reactions which did occur were obviously due to the vaccination method. One person had urticaria and oedema, possibly due to reaction to foreign protein; this would suggest that the degree of purity of the vaccine should be checked by the manufacturers."}
{"id": "PMID:913257", "title": "[Secondary hyperparathyroidism: comparison of clinical findings with the degree of early parathyroid hyperplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 580 consecutive nonselected necropsies there were 145 cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In 74 instances blood concentrations of Ca2+, PO4(3-), urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin and alkaline phosphatase were available for comparison with the histomorpholgical degree of parathyroid hyperplasia matched with a control group of 32 patients with normal parathyroids. Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in the levels of PO4 (3-) and creatinine between the normal group and that with minimal hyperplasia. Minimal and moderate diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia was associated with significant difference in calcium, phosphate, urea, creatinine, and total protein concentrations.", "contents": "[Secondary hyperparathyroidism: comparison of clinical findings with the degree of early parathyroid hyperplasia (author's transl)]. Among 580 consecutive nonselected necropsies there were 145 cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In 74 instances blood concentrations of Ca2+, PO4(3-), urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin and alkaline phosphatase were available for comparison with the histomorpholgical degree of parathyroid hyperplasia matched with a control group of 32 patients with normal parathyroids. Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in the levels of PO4 (3-) and creatinine between the normal group and that with minimal hyperplasia. Minimal and moderate diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia was associated with significant difference in calcium, phosphate, urea, creatinine, and total protein concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:913258", "title": "[Cutaneous myiasis caused by the larvae of the fly Dermatobia hominis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of cutaneous myiasis is reported, caused by larvae of the fly Dermatobia hominis, found in South and Central America where the disease was contracted during a journey. With the spread of air travel such parasites may be carried to Europe and elsewhere. There are also fly species in Central Europe whose larvae could potentially cause myiasis.", "contents": "[Cutaneous myiasis caused by the larvae of the fly Dermatobia hominis (author's transl)]. A case of cutaneous myiasis is reported, caused by larvae of the fly Dermatobia hominis, found in South and Central America where the disease was contracted during a journey. With the spread of air travel such parasites may be carried to Europe and elsewhere. There are also fly species in Central Europe whose larvae could potentially cause myiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:913268", "title": "[\"Hypothyroid\" goitre in puberty treated with a combined T3/T4 preparation (author's transl)].", "content": "After administration of combined T3/T4 preparations (ratio of 4 : 1) to juveniles with goitre, size II-III (WHO), and hypothyroid T4 or PBI levels, the T3 value reached hyperthyroid levels 7-8 hours afterwards. The increased T3 level with normal T4 blood levels can lead to iatrogenic T3 hyperthyroidism. Serial tests demonstrated that at increasing doses a raised T3/T4 ratio, which is observed with low T4 values, can return to normal but with increasing doses this ratio, caused by T3 rise, can again become elevated. For this reason one should reconsider treatment with T3/T4 preparations and, if necessary, replace it by monotherapy with L-thyroxine.", "contents": "[\"Hypothyroid\" goitre in puberty treated with a combined T3/T4 preparation (author's transl)]. After administration of combined T3/T4 preparations (ratio of 4 : 1) to juveniles with goitre, size II-III (WHO), and hypothyroid T4 or PBI levels, the T3 value reached hyperthyroid levels 7-8 hours afterwards. The increased T3 level with normal T4 blood levels can lead to iatrogenic T3 hyperthyroidism. Serial tests demonstrated that at increasing doses a raised T3/T4 ratio, which is observed with low T4 values, can return to normal but with increasing doses this ratio, caused by T3 rise, can again become elevated. For this reason one should reconsider treatment with T3/T4 preparations and, if necessary, replace it by monotherapy with L-thyroxine."}
{"id": "PMID:913269", "title": "[Appearance and persistence of rubella-specific IgM antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate the validity of rubella-specific IgM antibodies for current or recent infections serum samples of 103 persons were investigated after natural infection or immunisation. 41 patients with natural infections and 7 immunised persons could be observed until complete disappearance of IgM antibodies. In all cases rubella-specific IgM could be demonstrated up to 10 weeks after infection. The percentage of positive findings decreased gradually thereafter. Lower concentrations of rubella IgM were demonstrable for several months after infection in some cases and for as long as 379 days in one case. The concentration of specific IgM antibodies was shown to be very high for the first 50 days after infection whereas only low concentrations were found after the 80th day.", "contents": "[Appearance and persistence of rubella-specific IgM antibodies (author's transl)]. In order to investigate the validity of rubella-specific IgM antibodies for current or recent infections serum samples of 103 persons were investigated after natural infection or immunisation. 41 patients with natural infections and 7 immunised persons could be observed until complete disappearance of IgM antibodies. In all cases rubella-specific IgM could be demonstrated up to 10 weeks after infection. The percentage of positive findings decreased gradually thereafter. Lower concentrations of rubella IgM were demonstrable for several months after infection in some cases and for as long as 379 days in one case. The concentration of specific IgM antibodies was shown to be very high for the first 50 days after infection whereas only low concentrations were found after the 80th day."}
{"id": "PMID:913277", "title": "[Prolymphocytic leukaemia: a new clinical entity (author's transl)].", "content": "A 67-year-old woman, at first diagnosed to have acute lymphocytic leukaemia, developed all the characteristic signs of so-called prolymphocytic leukaemia, namely severe general symptoms of illness, marked hepatosplenomegaly in the absence of lymphadenopathy, extreme leukocytosis (at times more than 1000 x 10(9)/l). Prolymphocytic leukaemia is now considered to be an especially unfavourable form of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "contents": "[Prolymphocytic leukaemia: a new clinical entity (author's transl)]. A 67-year-old woman, at first diagnosed to have acute lymphocytic leukaemia, developed all the characteristic signs of so-called prolymphocytic leukaemia, namely severe general symptoms of illness, marked hepatosplenomegaly in the absence of lymphadenopathy, extreme leukocytosis (at times more than 1000 x 10(9)/l). Prolymphocytic leukaemia is now considered to be an especially unfavourable form of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:913278", "title": "[Late-onset cutis laxa (generalized elastolysis)].", "content": "Cutis laxa is a heterogeneous disease of elastic fibres, divided into three congenital and two acquired forms. Its aetiology is unknown except for the X-linked recessive form. A late form with slow progression in a 52-year-old woman and a probably postinflammatory form in a 29-year-old woman are reported. In both cases histological examination revealed severe damage of the elastic fibres of the skin, in the first one also calcium deposits and (electronmicroscopically) damage to collagen fibres. Treatment is entirely symptomatic, but in severe cases plastic surgery may help cosmetically.", "contents": "[Late-onset cutis laxa (generalized elastolysis)]. Cutis laxa is a heterogeneous disease of elastic fibres, divided into three congenital and two acquired forms. Its aetiology is unknown except for the X-linked recessive form. A late form with slow progression in a 52-year-old woman and a probably postinflammatory form in a 29-year-old woman are reported. In both cases histological examination revealed severe damage of the elastic fibres of the skin, in the first one also calcium deposits and (electronmicroscopically) damage to collagen fibres. Treatment is entirely symptomatic, but in severe cases plastic surgery may help cosmetically."}
{"id": "PMID:913279", "title": "[Changes in aminophenazone metabolism with acute hepatitis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum half-life of aminophenazone was measured in 23 children with acute viral hepatitis and children with normal liver biopsy of matched ages. In acute hepatitis the value was 6.71 +/- 3.34, significantly longer than in the normal controls (2.79 +/- 0.53). Two hours after oral intake of the drug the serum concentration was higher in healthy children than in those with hepatitis, but the difference was not significant. Especially in children with intercurrent acute hepatic disease account must be taken of impaired metabolism during long-term drug treatment.", "contents": "[Changes in aminophenazone metabolism with acute hepatitis in children (author's transl)]. Serum half-life of aminophenazone was measured in 23 children with acute viral hepatitis and children with normal liver biopsy of matched ages. In acute hepatitis the value was 6.71 +/- 3.34, significantly longer than in the normal controls (2.79 +/- 0.53). Two hours after oral intake of the drug the serum concentration was higher in healthy children than in those with hepatitis, but the difference was not significant. Especially in children with intercurrent acute hepatic disease account must be taken of impaired metabolism during long-term drug treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:913280", "title": "[Intravascular coagulation in anorexia nervosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypercoagulation and intravascular coagulation developed a nearly 12-year-old girl with a one-year history of typical anorexia. Because of extreme cachexia she had been treated with numerous drugs elsewhere, among them ACTH an infusions of amino-acids. At the end of the second week of hospitalisation acute venous thrombosis of the right leg developed which was treated with heparin. Severe disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and thrombosis of the right leg were diagnosed on admission, the previously administered heparin was neutralised and streptokinase given for 60 hours, heparin was then given for several days, and the cachexia then treated. Both the local and general condition of the patient having been cured, the emotional state has also very much improved during the last year.", "contents": "[Intravascular coagulation in anorexia nervosa (author's transl)]. Hypercoagulation and intravascular coagulation developed a nearly 12-year-old girl with a one-year history of typical anorexia. Because of extreme cachexia she had been treated with numerous drugs elsewhere, among them ACTH an infusions of amino-acids. At the end of the second week of hospitalisation acute venous thrombosis of the right leg developed which was treated with heparin. Severe disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and thrombosis of the right leg were diagnosed on admission, the previously administered heparin was neutralised and streptokinase given for 60 hours, heparin was then given for several days, and the cachexia then treated. Both the local and general condition of the patient having been cured, the emotional state has also very much improved during the last year."}
{"id": "PMID:913287", "title": "[Fibroadenoma of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 412 female patients with fibroadenoma 30 (7.1%) were shown to have considerable epithelial proliferations, 7 (1.7%) carcinoma in situ (n = 4) or carcinoma (n = 3). All patients with carcinoma or carcinoma in situ in the fibroadenoma were older than 40 years of age. Differentiation of coarse or fine granulation of microcalcifications did not improve the accuracy of mammography. In 32% of fibroadenomas with epithelial proliferations similar changes were also found in the adjacent area of the breast whereas only in 8.8% of fibroadenomas without proliferative changes could epithelial proliferation be observed in adjoining areas. With increasing age the risk of carcinomatous degeneration in fibroadenomas rises to 17%. In multiple fibroadenomas only one of them may show carcinomatous changes whereas the others may appear unremarkable. This necessitates excision of all such tumours. In the same way as carcinomas fibroadenomas are most frequently found in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Total resection including a surrounding layer of healthy tissue remains the treatment of choice.", "contents": "[Fibroadenoma of the breast (author's transl)]. Among 412 female patients with fibroadenoma 30 (7.1%) were shown to have considerable epithelial proliferations, 7 (1.7%) carcinoma in situ (n = 4) or carcinoma (n = 3). All patients with carcinoma or carcinoma in situ in the fibroadenoma were older than 40 years of age. Differentiation of coarse or fine granulation of microcalcifications did not improve the accuracy of mammography. In 32% of fibroadenomas with epithelial proliferations similar changes were also found in the adjacent area of the breast whereas only in 8.8% of fibroadenomas without proliferative changes could epithelial proliferation be observed in adjoining areas. With increasing age the risk of carcinomatous degeneration in fibroadenomas rises to 17%. In multiple fibroadenomas only one of them may show carcinomatous changes whereas the others may appear unremarkable. This necessitates excision of all such tumours. In the same way as carcinomas fibroadenomas are most frequently found in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Total resection including a surrounding layer of healthy tissue remains the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:913293", "title": "[Cytological investigation of needle aspiration and endoscopy samples using stain-covered glass slides (author's transl)].", "content": "Early morning sputum (n = 46), sputum and bronchial secretion obtained by aspiration (n = 87), pleural, ascitic, and pericardial fluids (n = 53), and pulmonary aspirate and gastric wash-out fluid (n = 10) were investigated cytologicallly using stain-covered glass slides (Testsimplets, Boehringer Mannheim). It was shown that the method was equal to classical cytological stains (Pappeheim and Papanicolaou) when exudates and biopsy material were investigated. The method is suitable for diagnostic purposes in hospitals and practice.", "contents": "[Cytological investigation of needle aspiration and endoscopy samples using stain-covered glass slides (author's transl)]. Early morning sputum (n = 46), sputum and bronchial secretion obtained by aspiration (n = 87), pleural, ascitic, and pericardial fluids (n = 53), and pulmonary aspirate and gastric wash-out fluid (n = 10) were investigated cytologicallly using stain-covered glass slides (Testsimplets, Boehringer Mannheim). It was shown that the method was equal to classical cytological stains (Pappeheim and Papanicolaou) when exudates and biopsy material were investigated. The method is suitable for diagnostic purposes in hospitals and practice."}
{"id": "PMID:913294", "title": "[Triamterene in the treatment of hypertension with hydrochlorothiazide and propranolol (author's transl)].", "content": "In 36 patients with essential hypertension the action and side effects of hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/d), hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene (25 and 50 mg/d) and propranolol (160 mg/d) were investigated. Hydrochlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene led to an average decrease of the systolic blood pressure by 21 and 30 mm Hg and of the diastolic pressure by 11 and 18 mm Hg. Propranolol alone decreased the systolic pressure by 35 mm Hg on average in 8 out of 16 patients. The diastolic pressure was lowered by 20 mm Hg. In the remaining 8 patients the systolic pressure, when propranolol was used alone, decreased by 21.3 mm Hg, the diastolic pressure by 11.3 mm Hg. Addition of hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene lowered pressures by a further 22.5 (systolic) and 10.6 (diastolic) mm Hg. No disturbances of the potassium or acid-base balance were observed using hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene.", "contents": "[Triamterene in the treatment of hypertension with hydrochlorothiazide and propranolol (author's transl)]. In 36 patients with essential hypertension the action and side effects of hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/d), hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene (25 and 50 mg/d) and propranolol (160 mg/d) were investigated. Hydrochlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene led to an average decrease of the systolic blood pressure by 21 and 30 mm Hg and of the diastolic pressure by 11 and 18 mm Hg. Propranolol alone decreased the systolic pressure by 35 mm Hg on average in 8 out of 16 patients. The diastolic pressure was lowered by 20 mm Hg. In the remaining 8 patients the systolic pressure, when propranolol was used alone, decreased by 21.3 mm Hg, the diastolic pressure by 11.3 mm Hg. Addition of hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene lowered pressures by a further 22.5 (systolic) and 10.6 (diastolic) mm Hg. No disturbances of the potassium or acid-base balance were observed using hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene."}
{"id": "PMID:913295", "title": "[Secundum atrial septal defect with prolonged atrioventricular conduction: an autosomal dominant hereditary cardiac defect (author's transl)].", "content": "Secundum ASD was diagnosed in five members of three generations of one family. Three of them had prolonged A-V conduction. These findings and those reported in the literature suggest that the combination of secundum ASD with prolonged A-V conduction is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease.", "contents": "[Secundum atrial septal defect with prolonged atrioventricular conduction: an autosomal dominant hereditary cardiac defect (author's transl)]. Secundum ASD was diagnosed in five members of three generations of one family. Three of them had prolonged A-V conduction. These findings and those reported in the literature suggest that the combination of secundum ASD with prolonged A-V conduction is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:913296", "title": "[Paralysis, organic brain syndrome, and cardiac dysrhythmias caused by chronic laxative abuse (author's transl)].", "content": "A 39-year-old woman developed generalised paralysis, reversible organic brain syndrome, and cardiac dysrhythmias after 15 years of laxative abuse. Under continuous and cautious administration of potassium the cardiac rhythm became normal within four days and two days later the paralysis and organic brain syndrome almost disappeared. The cause of the psychiatric symptoms is thought to be cerebral potassium deficiency and an abnormal sodium/potassium equilibrium. Other clinical signs and symptoms due to extreme potassium depletion are presented. The importance of Na+/K+-activated membrane ATP-ase in myocardium and CNS is discussed.", "contents": "[Paralysis, organic brain syndrome, and cardiac dysrhythmias caused by chronic laxative abuse (author's transl)]. A 39-year-old woman developed generalised paralysis, reversible organic brain syndrome, and cardiac dysrhythmias after 15 years of laxative abuse. Under continuous and cautious administration of potassium the cardiac rhythm became normal within four days and two days later the paralysis and organic brain syndrome almost disappeared. The cause of the psychiatric symptoms is thought to be cerebral potassium deficiency and an abnormal sodium/potassium equilibrium. Other clinical signs and symptoms due to extreme potassium depletion are presented. The importance of Na+/K+-activated membrane ATP-ase in myocardium and CNS is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913324", "title": "Changes in estrogen receptor levels during deciduomata development in the pseudopregnant rat.", "content": "The presence of a cytoplasmic estradiol receptor with an affinity constant of 10(10)M-1 has been demonstrated in the differentiated fibroblasts comprising the deciduomata in pseudopregnant rats. The receptor had a sedimentation coefficient of 6S in sucrose density gradients containing a physiological concentration of salt, and estradiol binding was completely abolished by a hundred-fold excess of unlabeled estradiol. During the early stages of decidualization (days 2 and 3), the decidualized uterine horn or isolated deciduomal tissue contained a concentration of receptor comparable to that in non-gravid uteri from rats ovariectomized at estrus. By day 5 of decidualization, the concentration of estradiol binding in deciduomal tissue decreased to about one-half the concentration measurable at days 2 and 3 of decidualization despite continued tissue growth until day 7. By day 7 of decidualization, estradiol binding had decreased to about 20% of the concentration on days 2 and 3 of decidualization. Cytosol from untreated uterine horns of rats bearing deciduomata bound the same amount of estradiol through day 7 as that in uteri of rats ovariectomized at estrus. These observations are discussed in terms of steroid hormone involved in deciduomal growth and regression.", "contents": "Changes in estrogen receptor levels during deciduomata development in the pseudopregnant rat. The presence of a cytoplasmic estradiol receptor with an affinity constant of 10(10)M-1 has been demonstrated in the differentiated fibroblasts comprising the deciduomata in pseudopregnant rats. The receptor had a sedimentation coefficient of 6S in sucrose density gradients containing a physiological concentration of salt, and estradiol binding was completely abolished by a hundred-fold excess of unlabeled estradiol. During the early stages of decidualization (days 2 and 3), the decidualized uterine horn or isolated deciduomal tissue contained a concentration of receptor comparable to that in non-gravid uteri from rats ovariectomized at estrus. By day 5 of decidualization, the concentration of estradiol binding in deciduomal tissue decreased to about one-half the concentration measurable at days 2 and 3 of decidualization despite continued tissue growth until day 7. By day 7 of decidualization, estradiol binding had decreased to about 20% of the concentration on days 2 and 3 of decidualization. Cytosol from untreated uterine horns of rats bearing deciduomata bound the same amount of estradiol through day 7 as that in uteri of rats ovariectomized at estrus. These observations are discussed in terms of steroid hormone involved in deciduomal growth and regression."}
{"id": "PMID:913325", "title": "Changes in progesterone receptor levels during deciduomata development in the pseudopregnant rat.", "content": "A specific cytoplasmic progesterone receptor has been identified and quantified in the deciduomata of the pseudopregnant rat. The receptor had a sedimentation coefficient of 6-7S on sucrose density gradients and was inactivated by proteolytic enzymes, sulfhydryl blocking agents and elevated temperature. The equilibrium association constant for the binding of progesterone by the deciduomal receptor was determined to be approximately 10(9)M-1. The concentrations of progesterone receptor sites in cytosols prepared from deciduomata on day 3 and 5 of decidualization were 3.4 +/- 0.3 X 10(-10)M and 3.6 +/- 0.4 X 10(10)M, respectively, when normalized to a protein concentration of 1 mg/ml. These concentrations of progesterone receptor sites were similar to that measured in the uterine cytosol of estrous rats or in the contralateral untreated uterine horn of rats undergoing decidualization. Following day 5 of decidualization the concentrations of progesterone receptor sites decreased linearly so that by day 7 the concentration was approximately one-half that at days 3 and 5. The physiological significance of the progesterone receptor and the decrease in its concentration with time are discussed with regard to their influence on the decidualization reaction.", "contents": "Changes in progesterone receptor levels during deciduomata development in the pseudopregnant rat. A specific cytoplasmic progesterone receptor has been identified and quantified in the deciduomata of the pseudopregnant rat. The receptor had a sedimentation coefficient of 6-7S on sucrose density gradients and was inactivated by proteolytic enzymes, sulfhydryl blocking agents and elevated temperature. The equilibrium association constant for the binding of progesterone by the deciduomal receptor was determined to be approximately 10(9)M-1. The concentrations of progesterone receptor sites in cytosols prepared from deciduomata on day 3 and 5 of decidualization were 3.4 +/- 0.3 X 10(-10)M and 3.6 +/- 0.4 X 10(10)M, respectively, when normalized to a protein concentration of 1 mg/ml. These concentrations of progesterone receptor sites were similar to that measured in the uterine cytosol of estrous rats or in the contralateral untreated uterine horn of rats undergoing decidualization. Following day 5 of decidualization the concentrations of progesterone receptor sites decreased linearly so that by day 7 the concentration was approximately one-half that at days 3 and 5. The physiological significance of the progesterone receptor and the decrease in its concentration with time are discussed with regard to their influence on the decidualization reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:913329", "title": "Ovine placental lactogen induces somatomedin: a a possible role in fetal growth.", "content": "Ovine placental lactogen (oPL) and bovine growth hormone (bGH) increase the circulating concentration of somatomedin in hypophysectomized rats. This finding indicates that some of the somatotropic properties of oPL may be due to the induction of somatomedin and raises the possibility that oPL has a role in the control of fetal growth.", "contents": "Ovine placental lactogen induces somatomedin: a a possible role in fetal growth. Ovine placental lactogen (oPL) and bovine growth hormone (bGH) increase the circulating concentration of somatomedin in hypophysectomized rats. This finding indicates that some of the somatotropic properties of oPL may be due to the induction of somatomedin and raises the possibility that oPL has a role in the control of fetal growth."}
{"id": "PMID:913330", "title": "beta-Endorphin secretion of arginine vasopressin in vivo.", "content": "The effect of beta-endorphin upon plasma arg8-vasopressin release was studied in vivo in rabbits and in vitro in rat neural lobes. Following intravenous administration of 200 mug/kg synthetic beta-endorphin plasma AVP rose significantly by five minutes after injection and remained elevated for twenty-five minutes compared to controls. In contrast beta-endorphin had no significant effect on AVP release from isolated rat neural lobes in vitro. beta-Endorphin stimulates AVP secretion in vivo, but this is not due to a direct action upon the neural lobe.", "contents": "beta-Endorphin secretion of arginine vasopressin in vivo. The effect of beta-endorphin upon plasma arg8-vasopressin release was studied in vivo in rabbits and in vitro in rat neural lobes. Following intravenous administration of 200 mug/kg synthetic beta-endorphin plasma AVP rose significantly by five minutes after injection and remained elevated for twenty-five minutes compared to controls. In contrast beta-endorphin had no significant effect on AVP release from isolated rat neural lobes in vitro. beta-Endorphin stimulates AVP secretion in vivo, but this is not due to a direct action upon the neural lobe."}
{"id": "PMID:913331", "title": "Suppression of serum follicle stimulating hormone in intact and acutely ovariecomized rats by porcine follicular fluid.", "content": "Sham ovariectomy (SOV) or ovariectomy (OVX) was performed at 0800h of metastrus; porcine serum (PS) or porcine follicular fluid (PFF) was injected intraperitoneally at 0830h and/or 1130h, with terminal blood samples collected at 1700h. Fluid from medium and large follicles in porcine ovaries, charcoal extracted to remove steroids, significantly reduced serum FSH, in a dose-dependent manner. Futhermore, the SOV rats were more sensitive to PFF with respect to serum FSH lowering than the OVX rats, although when enough PFF was injected, both groups showed the same level of suppression. Since serum LH was very low, the possible effect of PFF on this hormone could not be assessed.", "contents": "Suppression of serum follicle stimulating hormone in intact and acutely ovariecomized rats by porcine follicular fluid. Sham ovariectomy (SOV) or ovariectomy (OVX) was performed at 0800h of metastrus; porcine serum (PS) or porcine follicular fluid (PFF) was injected intraperitoneally at 0830h and/or 1130h, with terminal blood samples collected at 1700h. Fluid from medium and large follicles in porcine ovaries, charcoal extracted to remove steroids, significantly reduced serum FSH, in a dose-dependent manner. Futhermore, the SOV rats were more sensitive to PFF with respect to serum FSH lowering than the OVX rats, although when enough PFF was injected, both groups showed the same level of suppression. Since serum LH was very low, the possible effect of PFF on this hormone could not be assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:913332", "title": "Further evidence of the presence of progesterone-binding proteins in female rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Utilizing techniques of Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and dextran-coated charcoal adsorption, the characterization of progesterone-binding proteins was attempted in cytosols obtained from the medial basal hypothalamus including the median eminence, the remaining hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex of ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats. Ater incubation of the medial basal hypothalamic cytosol with 3H-progesterone in the absence or in the presence of various unlabeled steroids, a specific progesterone-binding protein was found in the 7 S region with its binding capacity of approximately 2 X 10(14) moles per mg protein and dissociation constant of approximately 6 X 10(-9) M. No specific binding was, however, found in the remaining hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Further evidence of the presence of progesterone-binding proteins in female rat hypothalamus. Utilizing techniques of Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and dextran-coated charcoal adsorption, the characterization of progesterone-binding proteins was attempted in cytosols obtained from the medial basal hypothalamus including the median eminence, the remaining hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex of ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats. Ater incubation of the medial basal hypothalamic cytosol with 3H-progesterone in the absence or in the presence of various unlabeled steroids, a specific progesterone-binding protein was found in the 7 S region with its binding capacity of approximately 2 X 10(14) moles per mg protein and dissociation constant of approximately 6 X 10(-9) M. No specific binding was, however, found in the remaining hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:913333", "title": "Immune complexes in diabetes insipidus syndrome of rabbits immunized with vasopressin.", "content": "Rabbits immunized with lysine-vasopressin bovine serum albumin conjugate showed the diabetes insipidus syndrome intermittently manifested by polyuria and polydipsia with various degrees of peaking from the eighth to fourteenth day post injection during boosters. The antibody-antidiuretic hormone immune complexes which may interfere with the action of the endogenous vasopressin on the kidney were found in the diabetes insipidus rabbits. However, the degree of the polyuria was not necessarily related to the quantities of the formed immune complexes, the titer, nor the affinity of the antiserum. It is suggested that the degree of the polyuria is related not only to the binding ability of the antiserum to the endogeneous vasopressin, but also to other factors.", "contents": "Immune complexes in diabetes insipidus syndrome of rabbits immunized with vasopressin. Rabbits immunized with lysine-vasopressin bovine serum albumin conjugate showed the diabetes insipidus syndrome intermittently manifested by polyuria and polydipsia with various degrees of peaking from the eighth to fourteenth day post injection during boosters. The antibody-antidiuretic hormone immune complexes which may interfere with the action of the endogenous vasopressin on the kidney were found in the diabetes insipidus rabbits. However, the degree of the polyuria was not necessarily related to the quantities of the formed immune complexes, the titer, nor the affinity of the antiserum. It is suggested that the degree of the polyuria is related not only to the binding ability of the antiserum to the endogeneous vasopressin, but also to other factors."}
{"id": "PMID:913334", "title": "Immunological stability in vitro and in vivo of eel calcitonin.", "content": "The immunological activity of eel calcitonin was more persistent than that of porcine and human calcitonin when incubated in vitro with rabbit serum, human serum, liver homogenate or kidney homogenate, respectively. Both eel and human calcitonin were more stable than porcine calcitonin when injected iv into rabbits.", "contents": "Immunological stability in vitro and in vivo of eel calcitonin. The immunological activity of eel calcitonin was more persistent than that of porcine and human calcitonin when incubated in vitro with rabbit serum, human serum, liver homogenate or kidney homogenate, respectively. Both eel and human calcitonin were more stable than porcine calcitonin when injected iv into rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:913335", "title": "Effect of vagotomy on hyperinsulinemia in obese rats with hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "With the purpose of investigating the pathogenesis of obesity and hyperinsulinemia in rats with hypothalamic lesions (HTL), HTL were made in vagotomized rats, and the development of obesity was serially followed up to 15 weeks as well as the changes of plasma triglyceride and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels. Even in vagotomized rats, obesity developed after HTL and plasma triglyceride and IRI levels increased significantly. However, obesity was slightly less in grade and occurred later as compared with sham-vagotomy-HTL rats. Plasma IRI levels in vagotomized rats significantly correlated with the body weight, Lee's index, the weight of adipose tissue and plasma triglyceride level. Similar results were also obtained in rats with HTL which were pair-fed following vagotomy. These results suggest that the hyperinsulinemia in obese rats with HTL may be involved not only by hypersecretion of insulin mediated by hypothalamo-vagal nerve system but also by some insulin-antagonistic factors such as increases of adipose tissues and plasma lipids.", "contents": "Effect of vagotomy on hyperinsulinemia in obese rats with hypothalamic lesions. With the purpose of investigating the pathogenesis of obesity and hyperinsulinemia in rats with hypothalamic lesions (HTL), HTL were made in vagotomized rats, and the development of obesity was serially followed up to 15 weeks as well as the changes of plasma triglyceride and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels. Even in vagotomized rats, obesity developed after HTL and plasma triglyceride and IRI levels increased significantly. However, obesity was slightly less in grade and occurred later as compared with sham-vagotomy-HTL rats. Plasma IRI levels in vagotomized rats significantly correlated with the body weight, Lee's index, the weight of adipose tissue and plasma triglyceride level. Similar results were also obtained in rats with HTL which were pair-fed following vagotomy. These results suggest that the hyperinsulinemia in obese rats with HTL may be involved not only by hypersecretion of insulin mediated by hypothalamo-vagal nerve system but also by some insulin-antagonistic factors such as increases of adipose tissues and plasma lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:913336", "title": "Growth hormone and prolactin in tissue culture of pituitary adenoma.", "content": "Pituitary adenomas obtained from 6 patients with acromegaly and 8 patients with chromophobe adenoma were subjected to the tissue culture to correlate in vitro secretion of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) to preoperative in vivo endocrine studies and endocrinilogical manifestations. Tissue culture demonstrated that all of the acromegalic tumors secreted large amounts of GH for 2-4 weeks and some of the PRL-secreting chromophobe adenoma without any clinical and endocrinological evidences of GH secretion secreted considerable amounts of GH; however, no recognizable GH secretion was noted in the remaining chromophobe adenomas. PRL was secreted in vitro in large amounts by tumors obtained from patients with hyperprolactinemia with and without acromegaly. It is interesting to note that tumors obtained from 2 patients who showed very slight elevation of plasma PRL of less than 40 ng/ml secreted large amounts of PRL in vitro. This finding suggests that PRL-secreting adenoma could not be ruled out in patients with mild hyperprolactinemia. The duration of in vitro PRL release was longer than that of GH and its rate of decrease was slower than that of GH.", "contents": "Growth hormone and prolactin in tissue culture of pituitary adenoma. Pituitary adenomas obtained from 6 patients with acromegaly and 8 patients with chromophobe adenoma were subjected to the tissue culture to correlate in vitro secretion of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) to preoperative in vivo endocrine studies and endocrinilogical manifestations. Tissue culture demonstrated that all of the acromegalic tumors secreted large amounts of GH for 2-4 weeks and some of the PRL-secreting chromophobe adenoma without any clinical and endocrinological evidences of GH secretion secreted considerable amounts of GH; however, no recognizable GH secretion was noted in the remaining chromophobe adenomas. PRL was secreted in vitro in large amounts by tumors obtained from patients with hyperprolactinemia with and without acromegaly. It is interesting to note that tumors obtained from 2 patients who showed very slight elevation of plasma PRL of less than 40 ng/ml secreted large amounts of PRL in vitro. This finding suggests that PRL-secreting adenoma could not be ruled out in patients with mild hyperprolactinemia. The duration of in vitro PRL release was longer than that of GH and its rate of decrease was slower than that of GH."}
{"id": "PMID:913337", "title": "Effect of LATS, TSH and cholera toxin on the thyroid gland in nude mice.", "content": "Three thyroid stimulators; LATS, TSH, and cholera toxin, have been tested by bioassay using congenitally athymic homozygous mice (nu/nu), nude mice and control littermates (nu/+) possessing normal thymic function. nu/+ Animals showed a response to LATS similarly to normal white mice of the ddN strain. The assay response to LATS in nu/nu animals was about half that in normal mice. TSH also showed a less stimulating action in nude mice. Cholera toxin made a long acting response similarly to LATS. The response to cholera toxin in nude mice was about half that of normal control mice. The thyroid of nude mice has a receptor for LATS-immunoglobulin, TSH or cholera toxin, which is similar to that of normal mice.", "contents": "Effect of LATS, TSH and cholera toxin on the thyroid gland in nude mice. Three thyroid stimulators; LATS, TSH, and cholera toxin, have been tested by bioassay using congenitally athymic homozygous mice (nu/nu), nude mice and control littermates (nu/+) possessing normal thymic function. nu/+ Animals showed a response to LATS similarly to normal white mice of the ddN strain. The assay response to LATS in nu/nu animals was about half that in normal mice. TSH also showed a less stimulating action in nude mice. Cholera toxin made a long acting response similarly to LATS. The response to cholera toxin in nude mice was about half that of normal control mice. The thyroid of nude mice has a receptor for LATS-immunoglobulin, TSH or cholera toxin, which is similar to that of normal mice."}
{"id": "PMID:913338", "title": "Stability of [Asu1,7]-eel calcitonin and eel calcitonin in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Stability of [Asu1,7]-eel calcitonin was compared with that of eel calcitonin by the radioimmunoassay method. [Asu1,7]-Eel calcitonin cross-reacted with anti-eel calcitonin antisera. [Asu1,7]-Eel calcitonin was as stable as eel calcitonin in rabbit liver or rabbit kidney extracts when incubated at 37 degrees C. Disappearance curves from the plasma of [Asu1,7]-eel calcitonin and eel calcitonin following iv injection in rabbits were quite similar.", "contents": "Stability of [Asu1,7]-eel calcitonin and eel calcitonin in vitro and in vivo. Stability of [Asu1,7]-eel calcitonin was compared with that of eel calcitonin by the radioimmunoassay method. [Asu1,7]-Eel calcitonin cross-reacted with anti-eel calcitonin antisera. [Asu1,7]-Eel calcitonin was as stable as eel calcitonin in rabbit liver or rabbit kidney extracts when incubated at 37 degrees C. Disappearance curves from the plasma of [Asu1,7]-eel calcitonin and eel calcitonin following iv injection in rabbits were quite similar."}
{"id": "PMID:913340", "title": "Relationship between the follicular cells and marginal layer cells of the anterior pituitary.", "content": "In the anterior pituitaries of adult rats of both sexes, follicular cells resemble marginal layer cells in fine structure. Numerous occurrences of cilia were electronmicroscopically confirmed on the free surface of both cells. The absence of secretory granules, the poor development of endoplasmic reticula and abundant free ribosomes and polysomes are the other coincidental cytological properties between both cells showing the immaturity. Thus, the two cells seem to be intimately related. The follicular cells may play an important role in the mitotic activity of the gland. Cilia and microvilli on the free surface of follicular cells are not easily changed by some experimental conditions.", "contents": "Relationship between the follicular cells and marginal layer cells of the anterior pituitary. In the anterior pituitaries of adult rats of both sexes, follicular cells resemble marginal layer cells in fine structure. Numerous occurrences of cilia were electronmicroscopically confirmed on the free surface of both cells. The absence of secretory granules, the poor development of endoplasmic reticula and abundant free ribosomes and polysomes are the other coincidental cytological properties between both cells showing the immaturity. Thus, the two cells seem to be intimately related. The follicular cells may play an important role in the mitotic activity of the gland. Cilia and microvilli on the free surface of follicular cells are not easily changed by some experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:913341", "title": "Studies on some unusual lipids of the preputial glands of rats and mice and their hormonal influence.", "content": "Major neutral lipid fractions of the preputial glands of mice have been identified by analytical and preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) as wax esters, neutral plasmalogen, alkyl diglyceride, triglyceride and cholesterol. An unusual lipid fraction between wax esters and neutral plasmalogens was identified as alkyl acetate, which has been reported earlier to function as sex attractant. The lipid pattern of the preputial glands of rats in both sexes was similarly studied. Three unknown bands of lipids were identified by TLC between wax ester and alk-1-enyl diglycerides, which on further analysis by GLC and infrared spectroscopy gave preliminary indication of aliphatic diester waxes. Administration of androgen stimulated the biosynthesis of these substances.", "contents": "Studies on some unusual lipids of the preputial glands of rats and mice and their hormonal influence. Major neutral lipid fractions of the preputial glands of mice have been identified by analytical and preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) as wax esters, neutral plasmalogen, alkyl diglyceride, triglyceride and cholesterol. An unusual lipid fraction between wax esters and neutral plasmalogens was identified as alkyl acetate, which has been reported earlier to function as sex attractant. The lipid pattern of the preputial glands of rats in both sexes was similarly studied. Three unknown bands of lipids were identified by TLC between wax ester and alk-1-enyl diglycerides, which on further analysis by GLC and infrared spectroscopy gave preliminary indication of aliphatic diester waxes. Administration of androgen stimulated the biosynthesis of these substances."}
{"id": "PMID:913342", "title": "Pentose phosphate pathway and testicular steroidogenesis in rats following oxythiamine treatment.", "content": "Suppression of delta5-3beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (delta5-3beta-OHD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-P-D) activities along with concomitant stimulation of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity were observed in the rat testicular tissues following treatment with oxythiamine HC1, an inhibitor of pentose phosphate pathway. The same treatment also resulted in an accumulation of cholesterol and ascorbic acid in the gland associated with a decrease in the weights of seminal vesicle and prostate. The results suggest a diminution in testicular steroid biogenesis following an alteration of pentose phosphate pathway.", "contents": "Pentose phosphate pathway and testicular steroidogenesis in rats following oxythiamine treatment. Suppression of delta5-3beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (delta5-3beta-OHD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-P-D) activities along with concomitant stimulation of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity were observed in the rat testicular tissues following treatment with oxythiamine HC1, an inhibitor of pentose phosphate pathway. The same treatment also resulted in an accumulation of cholesterol and ascorbic acid in the gland associated with a decrease in the weights of seminal vesicle and prostate. The results suggest a diminution in testicular steroid biogenesis following an alteration of pentose phosphate pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:913343", "title": "Effect of testosterone on estrogen-induced accumulation of intrauterine fluid in rats.", "content": "The effect of various doses of testosterone propionate (Tp) (twice 0.01 to 10 mg i.m. in two days) on the accumulation of intrauterine fluid produced by various doses of estradiol benzoate (Eb) (twice 0.2 to 200 microgram i.m. in two days) was studied in ovariectomized adult rats. A small dose of Tp (0.01 mg) augmented the effect of a moderate dose of Eb (2 microgram). Higher doses of Tp inhibited the effect of Eb. The inhibition of the smallest Eb dose (0.2 microgram) began with a lower dose of Tp (0.1 mg) than the inhibition of other Eb doses (for 2 microgram and more EB 1 mg was necessary). There is a similarity of the action of Tp to that of progesterone.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone on estrogen-induced accumulation of intrauterine fluid in rats. The effect of various doses of testosterone propionate (Tp) (twice 0.01 to 10 mg i.m. in two days) on the accumulation of intrauterine fluid produced by various doses of estradiol benzoate (Eb) (twice 0.2 to 200 microgram i.m. in two days) was studied in ovariectomized adult rats. A small dose of Tp (0.01 mg) augmented the effect of a moderate dose of Eb (2 microgram). Higher doses of Tp inhibited the effect of Eb. The inhibition of the smallest Eb dose (0.2 microgram) began with a lower dose of Tp (0.1 mg) than the inhibition of other Eb doses (for 2 microgram and more EB 1 mg was necessary). There is a similarity of the action of Tp to that of progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:913344", "title": "The oestrogenic activity of danazol in the female gerbil (Meriones hurrianae Jerdon).", "content": "Antifertility and estrogenic effects of Danazol have been studied in female gerbils. Danazol brings about supression of ovarian weight, presumably by inhibiting gonadotrophin secretion. Enlargement of uterine horns and well defined vaginal keratinization was seen in Danazol treated ovariectomized animals. The results were similar to that of oestradiol dipropionate confirming the oestrogenic activity of Danazol.", "contents": "The oestrogenic activity of danazol in the female gerbil (Meriones hurrianae Jerdon). Antifertility and estrogenic effects of Danazol have been studied in female gerbils. Danazol brings about supression of ovarian weight, presumably by inhibiting gonadotrophin secretion. Enlargement of uterine horns and well defined vaginal keratinization was seen in Danazol treated ovariectomized animals. The results were similar to that of oestradiol dipropionate confirming the oestrogenic activity of Danazol."}
{"id": "PMID:913345", "title": "Oestradiol receptors and histogenesis in normal female breast of Holtzman rat.", "content": "This paper embodies observations on the specific oestrogen receptor concentrations and histogenesis in the breast tissues of female Holtzman rat from day 10 of birth to day 260. It is noted that up to day 60, even though the normal differentiation and morphological growth of mammary tissue is in progress, oestradiol receptors are not detected. On the contrary, during this period maximum receptor concentrations have been observed in another target tissue viz. uterus. After day 60, it is the uterus which shows minimal amounts of receptors, while the breast tissue has appreciable amounts of receptor proteins. During this period, the morphological growth of the breast is maximum and this ceases apparently by day 90. Repeated estimations fail to reveal any receptors between days 73 to 87 and this phenomenon cannot be explained at present. Similarly from day 140 onwards no oestradiol receptors are evident. This probably is the cut off point for the receptors in the normal rat breast tissue.", "contents": "Oestradiol receptors and histogenesis in normal female breast of Holtzman rat. This paper embodies observations on the specific oestrogen receptor concentrations and histogenesis in the breast tissues of female Holtzman rat from day 10 of birth to day 260. It is noted that up to day 60, even though the normal differentiation and morphological growth of mammary tissue is in progress, oestradiol receptors are not detected. On the contrary, during this period maximum receptor concentrations have been observed in another target tissue viz. uterus. After day 60, it is the uterus which shows minimal amounts of receptors, while the breast tissue has appreciable amounts of receptor proteins. During this period, the morphological growth of the breast is maximum and this ceases apparently by day 90. Repeated estimations fail to reveal any receptors between days 73 to 87 and this phenomenon cannot be explained at present. Similarly from day 140 onwards no oestradiol receptors are evident. This probably is the cut off point for the receptors in the normal rat breast tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:913346", "title": "[The effect of glucocorticosteroids on sex differentiation in rats].", "content": "The influence of two glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone and dexamethasone) on the somatic sex differentiation of female rats was investigated. During the time of sexual differentiation of their foetuses, pregnant rats were given dexamethasone (0.1-0.3 mg/day) or hydrocortisone (20-200 mg). Both compounds interfere with foetal development by virtue of their strong growth-inhibitory activity which manifests itself in reduction of the body weight, the crown-rump length, the length of the genital folds and the genital cord. The inhibition of growth seems to be reversible. Only hydrocortisone acts teratogenically as it causes a shift of the differentiation of the female genital tract into male direction. This virilisation consists of partial stabilisation of the Wolffian ducts, the suppression of mammary nipple development and a male-type differentiation of the urogenital sinus. The relevance of these findings for human beings is briefly discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of glucocorticosteroids on sex differentiation in rats]. The influence of two glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone and dexamethasone) on the somatic sex differentiation of female rats was investigated. During the time of sexual differentiation of their foetuses, pregnant rats were given dexamethasone (0.1-0.3 mg/day) or hydrocortisone (20-200 mg). Both compounds interfere with foetal development by virtue of their strong growth-inhibitory activity which manifests itself in reduction of the body weight, the crown-rump length, the length of the genital folds and the genital cord. The inhibition of growth seems to be reversible. Only hydrocortisone acts teratogenically as it causes a shift of the differentiation of the female genital tract into male direction. This virilisation consists of partial stabilisation of the Wolffian ducts, the suppression of mammary nipple development and a male-type differentiation of the urogenital sinus. The relevance of these findings for human beings is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913347", "title": "The sensitivity of sugar receptors--analysis in adult animals of influences exerted at neonatal age.", "content": "Rats treated once with glucosamine at neonatal age show a long-lasting decrease in blood sugar level, and a permanent increase in insulin level, as well as a decrease in body weight. Glucuronic acid and mannose give rise to similar significant changes which were quantitatively less than the changes seen following pre-treatment with glucosamine. Taken together with earlier experiments, it seems likely that receptors are \"plastic\" at neonatal age and may be influenced by substances resembling the hormone or inducer, but differing from these to some extent.", "contents": "The sensitivity of sugar receptors--analysis in adult animals of influences exerted at neonatal age. Rats treated once with glucosamine at neonatal age show a long-lasting decrease in blood sugar level, and a permanent increase in insulin level, as well as a decrease in body weight. Glucuronic acid and mannose give rise to similar significant changes which were quantitatively less than the changes seen following pre-treatment with glucosamine. Taken together with earlier experiments, it seems likely that receptors are \"plastic\" at neonatal age and may be influenced by substances resembling the hormone or inducer, but differing from these to some extent."}
{"id": "PMID:913348", "title": "[Isolation of growth hormone from swine hypophysis].", "content": "The present work describes a procedure for the isolation of a highly purified growth hormone from fresh-frozen porcine pituitary glands. With regard to the similarity of the primary structure and the physicochemical behaviour between the hormone molecules of canine and porcine it was possible to use a method for the isolation of the growth hormone from canine pituitaries according to a direction of Wilhelmi, carried out by a partially modified technique. The concentration and further purification was performed by a fractionation with ammonium sulfate and ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose. Porcine growth hormone was obtained in a yield of 1,43 mg per g fresh weight of glands. With the aid of a double antibody radioimmunoassay for porcine growth hormone 0,78 mg hormone per 1 mg of the purified product could be determined. The disc-gel electrophoretic patterns contained besides the typical double band of growth hormone no mark of any other protein component.", "contents": "[Isolation of growth hormone from swine hypophysis]. The present work describes a procedure for the isolation of a highly purified growth hormone from fresh-frozen porcine pituitary glands. With regard to the similarity of the primary structure and the physicochemical behaviour between the hormone molecules of canine and porcine it was possible to use a method for the isolation of the growth hormone from canine pituitaries according to a direction of Wilhelmi, carried out by a partially modified technique. The concentration and further purification was performed by a fractionation with ammonium sulfate and ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose. Porcine growth hormone was obtained in a yield of 1,43 mg per g fresh weight of glands. With the aid of a double antibody radioimmunoassay for porcine growth hormone 0,78 mg hormone per 1 mg of the purified product could be determined. The disc-gel electrophoretic patterns contained besides the typical double band of growth hormone no mark of any other protein component."}
{"id": "PMID:913349", "title": "A possible mechanism of the puberty-delaying effect of hippocampal lesions in female rats.", "content": "Untreated female Wister rats and females in which advancement of the onset of puberty was induced by bilateral lesioning of the medial preoptic area or the ventromedial-arcuate region, or by the daily s.c. injection of 0.05 microgram oestradiol benzoate/100 g b.w., were bilaterally lesioned in the anterior part of the ventral hippocampus at 21 days of age. Irrespective of the applied treatment, a significant delay of vaginal opening and of the first puberal ovulation resulted from the hippocampal lesions. This delay of the onset of puberty was consistently associated with a retardation of the body weight increase, so that the stage of body development necessary for the occurrence of spontaneous or precocious puberty was reached at later ages in these rats. The results suggest that a normal function of the hippocampus may be necessary for adequate somatic development during sexual maturation.", "contents": "A possible mechanism of the puberty-delaying effect of hippocampal lesions in female rats. Untreated female Wister rats and females in which advancement of the onset of puberty was induced by bilateral lesioning of the medial preoptic area or the ventromedial-arcuate region, or by the daily s.c. injection of 0.05 microgram oestradiol benzoate/100 g b.w., were bilaterally lesioned in the anterior part of the ventral hippocampus at 21 days of age. Irrespective of the applied treatment, a significant delay of vaginal opening and of the first puberal ovulation resulted from the hippocampal lesions. This delay of the onset of puberty was consistently associated with a retardation of the body weight increase, so that the stage of body development necessary for the occurrence of spontaneous or precocious puberty was reached at later ages in these rats. The results suggest that a normal function of the hippocampus may be necessary for adequate somatic development during sexual maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:913350", "title": "Maturation of the oestrogen-dependent LH-stimulating activity of the mediocortical amygdala in female rats.", "content": "Immature female Wistar rats were unilaterally implanted with oestradiol benzoate (OB) into the anterior (AMAN) or posterior part (PMAN) of the medial amygdaloid nucleus, or into the central part of the cortical amygdaloid nucleus (CCAN) at different ages. Autopsy was performed 56h after implantation, and the LH concentration in the plasma was estimated by radioimmunoassay. A significant rise of the LH level resulted from implantation of OB: into the PMAN at 21, 26 and 32 days of age, into the AMAN at 32 and into the CCAN at 26 and 36, but not at 32 days of age. The conclusion was drawn that the medial amygdaloid nucleus may be involved in the maturation of the positive oestrogen feedback mechanism. The prepuberal change in the oestrogen-dependent LH-controlling activity of the cortical amygdaloid nucleus indicates that this nucleus may participate in the control of the onset of puberty.", "contents": "Maturation of the oestrogen-dependent LH-stimulating activity of the mediocortical amygdala in female rats. Immature female Wistar rats were unilaterally implanted with oestradiol benzoate (OB) into the anterior (AMAN) or posterior part (PMAN) of the medial amygdaloid nucleus, or into the central part of the cortical amygdaloid nucleus (CCAN) at different ages. Autopsy was performed 56h after implantation, and the LH concentration in the plasma was estimated by radioimmunoassay. A significant rise of the LH level resulted from implantation of OB: into the PMAN at 21, 26 and 32 days of age, into the AMAN at 32 and into the CCAN at 26 and 36, but not at 32 days of age. The conclusion was drawn that the medial amygdaloid nucleus may be involved in the maturation of the positive oestrogen feedback mechanism. The prepuberal change in the oestrogen-dependent LH-controlling activity of the cortical amygdaloid nucleus indicates that this nucleus may participate in the control of the onset of puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:913352", "title": "Some observations on gonadotropin inhibitor (anti-LH) for human urine--with discussion on its possible source of origin.", "content": "Physicochemical characteristics of an anti-LH substance, partially purified from human urine, has been determined. It is an acid-precipitable, sialic acid containing glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 162,000. This substance on mg to mg basis has a 50 fold biological potency when compared to that of the crude gonadotropin inhibiting material. Dialysed human pineal protein extracts also showed anti-LH activity which was not attributed to sialidase activity. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of such pineal extracts revealed a glycoprotein component with the same mobility as that of the urinary anti-LH protein. These observations suggest a possibility that the human pineal gland may be associated either with secretion or storage of this gonadotropin inhibiting entity.", "contents": "Some observations on gonadotropin inhibitor (anti-LH) for human urine--with discussion on its possible source of origin. Physicochemical characteristics of an anti-LH substance, partially purified from human urine, has been determined. It is an acid-precipitable, sialic acid containing glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 162,000. This substance on mg to mg basis has a 50 fold biological potency when compared to that of the crude gonadotropin inhibiting material. Dialysed human pineal protein extracts also showed anti-LH activity which was not attributed to sialidase activity. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of such pineal extracts revealed a glycoprotein component with the same mobility as that of the urinary anti-LH protein. These observations suggest a possibility that the human pineal gland may be associated either with secretion or storage of this gonadotropin inhibiting entity."}
{"id": "PMID:913353", "title": "Influence of sex steroids on the secretory function of the epididymis in castrated rats.", "content": "Secretory response of the epididymis to exogenously administered testosterone, estrogen and progesterone was investigated using the levels of sialic acid and glycerylphosphorylcholine as indices. Testosterone was found to be most potent in stimulating the (GPC) secretory function of the organ. An enigmatic finding of the present study was that while estrogen showed the ability to stimulate both sialic acid and GPC levels, progesterone exerted its influence only on sialic acid. Studies on the accessory genital organs (weight of seminal vesicles and ventral prostate and fructose level of coagulating gland) also revealed a stimulatory effect of the steroids.", "contents": "Influence of sex steroids on the secretory function of the epididymis in castrated rats. Secretory response of the epididymis to exogenously administered testosterone, estrogen and progesterone was investigated using the levels of sialic acid and glycerylphosphorylcholine as indices. Testosterone was found to be most potent in stimulating the (GPC) secretory function of the organ. An enigmatic finding of the present study was that while estrogen showed the ability to stimulate both sialic acid and GPC levels, progesterone exerted its influence only on sialic acid. Studies on the accessory genital organs (weight of seminal vesicles and ventral prostate and fructose level of coagulating gland) also revealed a stimulatory effect of the steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:913354", "title": "Adrenal testis inter-relationship in male Indian palm squirrel Funambulus pennanti Wroughton.", "content": "The present work attempts to study adrenal-testes relationship in a seasonal breeder, Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. To assess the functional status of the adrenals, its two major components i.e. cholesterol and ascorbic acid were estimated biochemically and the results related with testicular functioning and its cholesterol concentration. In addition, histological studies of the above tissues were also carried out. Variation in adrenal function is clearly manifested by fluctuations in its cholesterol and ascorbic acid contents. However, no alteration in adrenal histology was discernible. Testicular recrudescence starts in January and peak activity is reached in April and May when adrenals are most inactive. End of June markes the beginning of testicular regression and maximal regression is reached in October.", "contents": "Adrenal testis inter-relationship in male Indian palm squirrel Funambulus pennanti Wroughton. The present work attempts to study adrenal-testes relationship in a seasonal breeder, Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. To assess the functional status of the adrenals, its two major components i.e. cholesterol and ascorbic acid were estimated biochemically and the results related with testicular functioning and its cholesterol concentration. In addition, histological studies of the above tissues were also carried out. Variation in adrenal function is clearly manifested by fluctuations in its cholesterol and ascorbic acid contents. However, no alteration in adrenal histology was discernible. Testicular recrudescence starts in January and peak activity is reached in April and May when adrenals are most inactive. End of June markes the beginning of testicular regression and maximal regression is reached in October."}
{"id": "PMID:913355", "title": "Radioactivity in pituitaries and cerebrums of neonatal rats following [3H]-estradiol administration.", "content": "The uptake of radioactivity by the pituitary, cerebrum and muscle of female and male neonatal and prepuberal rats 1 hour after administration of [3H]-estradiol was measured by liquid scintillation. Tissues were homogenized and aqueous, lipid, and protein-nucleoprotein fractions were separated for quantification of radioactivity. No significant sex differences in the radioactivity associated with the pituitary fractions were noted at any of the ages studied.", "contents": "Radioactivity in pituitaries and cerebrums of neonatal rats following [3H]-estradiol administration. The uptake of radioactivity by the pituitary, cerebrum and muscle of female and male neonatal and prepuberal rats 1 hour after administration of [3H]-estradiol was measured by liquid scintillation. Tissues were homogenized and aqueous, lipid, and protein-nucleoprotein fractions were separated for quantification of radioactivity. No significant sex differences in the radioactivity associated with the pituitary fractions were noted at any of the ages studied."}
{"id": "PMID:913356", "title": "Testicular degeneration and necrosis induced by chronic administration of cannabis extract in dogs.", "content": "1. Daily administration of cannabis extract (12.5 mg/kg body wt. for 30 days) produced a complete arrest of spermatogenesis in dogs. Distinct degenerative effects were produced in the form of extensive fibrosis and exfoliation of the seminiferous elements. 2. RNA, protein and sialic acid contents of the testis and epididymides were reduced after cannabis extract administration, whereas, testicular cholesterol and enzyme phosphatase were elevated. 3. Serum transaminases were slightly elevated, whereas the alkaline phosphatase and haemoglobin/haematocrit values were in normal range. 4. Histophysiological examination of the liver did not show any damage. 5. Reduced androgen production was reflected in low levels of sialic acid in the testis and epididymides, and shrunken Leydig cell nuclei and luminal epididymal epithelium. 6. Cannabis extract at 12.5 mg/kg body wt. dose level did not cause severe damage to the vital organs but it produced an effective inhibition of spermatogenesis in male dogs in 30 days and thus induces an antifertility state. The possibility of an adverse effect of frequent marihuana use on male reproductive organ functioning in man is alarming.", "contents": "Testicular degeneration and necrosis induced by chronic administration of cannabis extract in dogs. 1. Daily administration of cannabis extract (12.5 mg/kg body wt. for 30 days) produced a complete arrest of spermatogenesis in dogs. Distinct degenerative effects were produced in the form of extensive fibrosis and exfoliation of the seminiferous elements. 2. RNA, protein and sialic acid contents of the testis and epididymides were reduced after cannabis extract administration, whereas, testicular cholesterol and enzyme phosphatase were elevated. 3. Serum transaminases were slightly elevated, whereas the alkaline phosphatase and haemoglobin/haematocrit values were in normal range. 4. Histophysiological examination of the liver did not show any damage. 5. Reduced androgen production was reflected in low levels of sialic acid in the testis and epididymides, and shrunken Leydig cell nuclei and luminal epididymal epithelium. 6. Cannabis extract at 12.5 mg/kg body wt. dose level did not cause severe damage to the vital organs but it produced an effective inhibition of spermatogenesis in male dogs in 30 days and thus induces an antifertility state. The possibility of an adverse effect of frequent marihuana use on male reproductive organ functioning in man is alarming."}
{"id": "PMID:913357", "title": "Protective role of hydrocortisone on galactosamine-induced hepatitis into rats.", "content": "The effects of hydrocortisone administration in rats intoxicated with one injection of 75 mg galactosamine i.p. per 100 g of body weight are described. Hydrocortisone was given at two schedules; according to the first schedule it was given at the dose of 150 microgram per 100 g of body weight i.p. 1 min before galactosamine administration and after 6 hours at half this dose, while according to the second the animals were pretreated for 24 hours before galactosamine injection at 6 hour intervals four times at the dose of 150 microgram. Both treatments diminished significantly liver cell necrosis induced by galactosamine and lowered serum transaminases activities (P less than 0.001). Liver glycogen depletion and excessive fatty accumulation found in the animals that had received galactosamine alone did not exist after hydrocortisone treatment. The protective hydrocortisone effect is briefly discussed, the present findings remaining unknown.", "contents": "Protective role of hydrocortisone on galactosamine-induced hepatitis into rats. The effects of hydrocortisone administration in rats intoxicated with one injection of 75 mg galactosamine i.p. per 100 g of body weight are described. Hydrocortisone was given at two schedules; according to the first schedule it was given at the dose of 150 microgram per 100 g of body weight i.p. 1 min before galactosamine administration and after 6 hours at half this dose, while according to the second the animals were pretreated for 24 hours before galactosamine injection at 6 hour intervals four times at the dose of 150 microgram. Both treatments diminished significantly liver cell necrosis induced by galactosamine and lowered serum transaminases activities (P less than 0.001). Liver glycogen depletion and excessive fatty accumulation found in the animals that had received galactosamine alone did not exist after hydrocortisone treatment. The protective hydrocortisone effect is briefly discussed, the present findings remaining unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:913359", "title": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in hypothyroidism before and after exercise.", "content": "Eleven men and 50 women with severe hypothyroidism were studied. All patients had a serum PBI less than 3.0 mug/100 ml, 131I 24 hours uptake less than 13% and a a photomotogram contraction and half relaxation time of 380 msec or more. Before exercise the mean +/- SE heart rate was 68.39 +/- 3.26/min, the PR interval 17.08 +/- 0.37 csec, the QRS voltage (sum of the QRS amplitude in leads I, II and III) 16.44 +/- 0.89 mm (10mm = 1.0 mV) and the T wave amplitude 0.06 +/- 0.15 mm. A significant correlation (p less than 0.05) existed between the PBI values and the QRS voltage. Following exercise there was a significant acceleration of the heart rate (+ 23.39/min, p less than 0.001), shortening of the PR interval (-0.66 csec, p less than 0.02) and T wave elevation (+ 0.40 mm, p less than 0.001). ST segment changes were not observed in any case. Replacement treatment in 7 cases resulted in a significant change in the resting heart rate (+ 11.86/min. p less than 0.025), PR interval (-3.28 mm, p less than 0.025) and T wave height (+ 2.50 mm, p less than 0.01). These findings suggest that exercise may be used in the differentiation between hypothyroidism and coronary heart disease. The theoretical importance of these findings is also discussed. An increase in cardiac energy demands during exercise may be the cause for some of the ECG changes observed on exertion.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in hypothyroidism before and after exercise. Eleven men and 50 women with severe hypothyroidism were studied. All patients had a serum PBI less than 3.0 mug/100 ml, 131I 24 hours uptake less than 13% and a a photomotogram contraction and half relaxation time of 380 msec or more. Before exercise the mean +/- SE heart rate was 68.39 +/- 3.26/min, the PR interval 17.08 +/- 0.37 csec, the QRS voltage (sum of the QRS amplitude in leads I, II and III) 16.44 +/- 0.89 mm (10mm = 1.0 mV) and the T wave amplitude 0.06 +/- 0.15 mm. A significant correlation (p less than 0.05) existed between the PBI values and the QRS voltage. Following exercise there was a significant acceleration of the heart rate (+ 23.39/min, p less than 0.001), shortening of the PR interval (-0.66 csec, p less than 0.02) and T wave elevation (+ 0.40 mm, p less than 0.001). ST segment changes were not observed in any case. Replacement treatment in 7 cases resulted in a significant change in the resting heart rate (+ 11.86/min. p less than 0.025), PR interval (-3.28 mm, p less than 0.025) and T wave height (+ 2.50 mm, p less than 0.01). These findings suggest that exercise may be used in the differentiation between hypothyroidism and coronary heart disease. The theoretical importance of these findings is also discussed. An increase in cardiac energy demands during exercise may be the cause for some of the ECG changes observed on exertion."}
{"id": "PMID:913361", "title": "Ovarian changes during the first spontaneous ovulation in intact and indomethacin treated rats.", "content": "Ovarian events during first spontaneous ovulation were studied and compared with those during later ovulations in adult rats. During the period of ovulation, from 24.000 hours to 04.00 hours, the pubertal ovaries showed, probably because of disappearance of marked interstitial oedema, a decrease in weight not observed in the adult animals. The preovulatory follicles showed prior to ovulation a similar increase in size in the pubertal and the adult animals. However, in the pubertal animals follicles were smaller and showed characteristic structural features. A group of pubertal rats received indomethacin (2.5 mg/rat) at prooestrus. This treatment reduced the increase in ovarian weight normally developing in the period before onset of ovulation, 17.00 hours at 24.00 hours. Indomethacin caused furthermore a greater increase in size of the preovulatory follicles during this same period and led to ovulatory processes at which only few eggs left the ovaries, the majority either remaining trapped in the follicles or being released into the ovarian stroma.", "contents": "Ovarian changes during the first spontaneous ovulation in intact and indomethacin treated rats. Ovarian events during first spontaneous ovulation were studied and compared with those during later ovulations in adult rats. During the period of ovulation, from 24.000 hours to 04.00 hours, the pubertal ovaries showed, probably because of disappearance of marked interstitial oedema, a decrease in weight not observed in the adult animals. The preovulatory follicles showed prior to ovulation a similar increase in size in the pubertal and the adult animals. However, in the pubertal animals follicles were smaller and showed characteristic structural features. A group of pubertal rats received indomethacin (2.5 mg/rat) at prooestrus. This treatment reduced the increase in ovarian weight normally developing in the period before onset of ovulation, 17.00 hours at 24.00 hours. Indomethacin caused furthermore a greater increase in size of the preovulatory follicles during this same period and led to ovulatory processes at which only few eggs left the ovaries, the majority either remaining trapped in the follicles or being released into the ovarian stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:913365", "title": "Fiberendoscopic monitorised dilatation of oesophageal strictures in children.", "content": "Oesophageal dilatations were performed 55 times in 10 children aged 2 months to 8 years presenting with acquired strictures of several origins. Classical bougienage with rubber material and newer technique with the Eder-Puestow's metallic olives system were used successively. The conjunction of the latter with systematic use of fiberendoscopy enhances considerably the safety of the procedure and permits better functional results.", "contents": "Fiberendoscopic monitorised dilatation of oesophageal strictures in children. Oesophageal dilatations were performed 55 times in 10 children aged 2 months to 8 years presenting with acquired strictures of several origins. Classical bougienage with rubber material and newer technique with the Eder-Puestow's metallic olives system were used successively. The conjunction of the latter with systematic use of fiberendoscopy enhances considerably the safety of the procedure and permits better functional results."}
{"id": "PMID:913366", "title": "Duodenal mucosal damage associated with chronic use of anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "As duodenofiberscopy becomes popular, duodenal mucosal damage associated with aspirin ingestion has come to draw more attention than before. Duodenal mucosal injury, with or without gastric lesions, related to long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen, diclofenac or others are reported in three patients, in which the diagnosis was confirmed by emergency endoscopy after hematemesis. Some possible explanations for pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Duodenal mucosal damage associated with chronic use of anti-inflammatory drugs. As duodenofiberscopy becomes popular, duodenal mucosal damage associated with aspirin ingestion has come to draw more attention than before. Duodenal mucosal injury, with or without gastric lesions, related to long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen, diclofenac or others are reported in three patients, in which the diagnosis was confirmed by emergency endoscopy after hematemesis. Some possible explanations for pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913367", "title": "\"Plunging biopsy\": a new aimed bioptic technique.", "content": "A new technique for aimed bioptic sampling is described, by which it is possible to obtain satisfactory tissue fragments also with front view instruments and normal forceps in those areas, such as the esophagus and gastric prepyloric lesser curvature, where the bioptic material obtained is often unsuitable for histologic diagnosis.", "contents": "\"Plunging biopsy\": a new aimed bioptic technique. A new technique for aimed bioptic sampling is described, by which it is possible to obtain satisfactory tissue fragments also with front view instruments and normal forceps in those areas, such as the esophagus and gastric prepyloric lesser curvature, where the bioptic material obtained is often unsuitable for histologic diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:913368", "title": "Duodenoscopic guided biopsy of the biliary and pancreatic duct.", "content": "First experiences with duodenoscopic guided biopsy of the biliary and the pancreatic duct on 11 cases using a special designed forceps showed that this method gave good and representative results in the biliary duct and from the papilla. However, in the present stage of development guided biopsy from the pancreatic duct does not aid exact differential diagnosis of benign or malignant lesions. In 3 out of 4 cases with pancreatic cancer the histological diagnosis was false negative. The biopsy specimens are very small and need an exact preparation and great experience of the histologist. Cytologic criteria must be relied on more here as in other areas of the GI-tract. However, the criteria of malignancy rest not in the nature of the individual cell but in the manner of proliferation, namely the infiltration of the deeper layers. This is the advantage of guided biopsy compared to cytological examination. Complications of the method may be avoided by exact guiding of the forceps and by limiting the numbers of specimens.", "contents": "Duodenoscopic guided biopsy of the biliary and pancreatic duct. First experiences with duodenoscopic guided biopsy of the biliary and the pancreatic duct on 11 cases using a special designed forceps showed that this method gave good and representative results in the biliary duct and from the papilla. However, in the present stage of development guided biopsy from the pancreatic duct does not aid exact differential diagnosis of benign or malignant lesions. In 3 out of 4 cases with pancreatic cancer the histological diagnosis was false negative. The biopsy specimens are very small and need an exact preparation and great experience of the histologist. Cytologic criteria must be relied on more here as in other areas of the GI-tract. However, the criteria of malignancy rest not in the nature of the individual cell but in the manner of proliferation, namely the infiltration of the deeper layers. This is the advantage of guided biopsy compared to cytological examination. Complications of the method may be avoided by exact guiding of the forceps and by limiting the numbers of specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:913369", "title": "Endoscopic choledochoduodenostomy for choledocholithiasis through choledochoduodenal fistula.", "content": "A new endoscopic method for treatment of choledocholithiasis in patients with choledochoduodenal fistula is described. In 2 patients with common bile duct stones a choledochoduodenostomy was performed by means of a diathermy snare. In both patients the calculi passed into the duodenum within some days. No complications occurred. It is concluded that the described technique may be helpful when surgery is contraindicated and when endoscopic papillotomy is difficult to perform.", "contents": "Endoscopic choledochoduodenostomy for choledocholithiasis through choledochoduodenal fistula. A new endoscopic method for treatment of choledocholithiasis in patients with choledochoduodenal fistula is described. In 2 patients with common bile duct stones a choledochoduodenostomy was performed by means of a diathermy snare. In both patients the calculi passed into the duodenum within some days. No complications occurred. It is concluded that the described technique may be helpful when surgery is contraindicated and when endoscopic papillotomy is difficult to perform."}
{"id": "PMID:913370", "title": "The ultrasonically guided puncture of the gallbladder in amimals. A new methodological procedure for a simple and non-surgical collection of gallbladder bile.", "content": "In 4 piglets the gallbladder was punctured under sonographic control threetimes during a period of 46 days. Each puncture was proved by X-ray controls after application of 2-4 ml of a water soluble contrast medium. One day after the third puncture all animals were killed in order to look for macroscopic or microscopic lesions of the gallbladder, the adjacent liver tissue and the peritoneum resulting from the experimental procedure. The results indicate that the ultrasonically guided puncture of the gallbladder represents a procedure to obtain pure bile samples in the piglet or animals of similar size in a simple and non surgical and, therefore, most physiological manner.", "contents": "The ultrasonically guided puncture of the gallbladder in amimals. A new methodological procedure for a simple and non-surgical collection of gallbladder bile. In 4 piglets the gallbladder was punctured under sonographic control threetimes during a period of 46 days. Each puncture was proved by X-ray controls after application of 2-4 ml of a water soluble contrast medium. One day after the third puncture all animals were killed in order to look for macroscopic or microscopic lesions of the gallbladder, the adjacent liver tissue and the peritoneum resulting from the experimental procedure. The results indicate that the ultrasonically guided puncture of the gallbladder represents a procedure to obtain pure bile samples in the piglet or animals of similar size in a simple and non surgical and, therefore, most physiological manner."}
{"id": "PMID:913371", "title": "A new chair support for flexible endoscopes.", "content": "A new chair support for flexible endoscopes simplifies sigmoidoscopic endoscopy. The endoscopist sits on a stool with a moveable support for the endoscope. This allows working without much fatigue and the endoscopist can insert and move the endoscope himself. We examined 50 patients in the described technique. We reached an average depth of intubation of 45-50 cm and the average examination took less than 5 minutes.", "contents": "A new chair support for flexible endoscopes. A new chair support for flexible endoscopes simplifies sigmoidoscopic endoscopy. The endoscopist sits on a stool with a moveable support for the endoscope. This allows working without much fatigue and the endoscopist can insert and move the endoscope himself. We examined 50 patients in the described technique. We reached an average depth of intubation of 45-50 cm and the average examination took less than 5 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:913372", "title": "Endoscopy in lye burns of oesophagus and stomach.", "content": "Upon ingestion of lye and its compounds severe corrosive lesions may develop not only in the oesophagus but also of the stomach. These are frequently not recognized until life-threatening complications have set in. Two case histories are reported to point to the need for early endoscopic examinations. Brown-black discoloration of the mucosa of the stomach signifies necrosis through the thickness of the wall which is an indication for immediate resection.", "contents": "Endoscopy in lye burns of oesophagus and stomach. Upon ingestion of lye and its compounds severe corrosive lesions may develop not only in the oesophagus but also of the stomach. These are frequently not recognized until life-threatening complications have set in. Two case histories are reported to point to the need for early endoscopic examinations. Brown-black discoloration of the mucosa of the stomach signifies necrosis through the thickness of the wall which is an indication for immediate resection."}
{"id": "PMID:913373", "title": "Unusual cause of gastric bleeding: Cronkhite-Canada polyposis.", "content": "A 39-year-old male presented with melena and sideropenic anemia. Gastric barium meal showed multiple feeling defects and gastric endoscopy showed in the antrum several polypoid lesions that histopathologically were consistent with Cronkhite-Canada polyposis. Studies on intestinal absorption were within normal limits.", "contents": "Unusual cause of gastric bleeding: Cronkhite-Canada polyposis. A 39-year-old male presented with melena and sideropenic anemia. Gastric barium meal showed multiple feeling defects and gastric endoscopy showed in the antrum several polypoid lesions that histopathologically were consistent with Cronkhite-Canada polyposis. Studies on intestinal absorption were within normal limits."}
{"id": "PMID:913374", "title": "Lymphangioma of the duodenum. (Diagnosis by endoscopic resection).", "content": "Submucosal lymphangiomas of the gastrointestinal tract are extremely rare entities. A case of a lymphangioma of the duodenum in a 66-year-old woman is reported. Diagnosis was made by endoscopy and tumor excision with a diathermy snare. The patient complained of crampy upper abdominal pain which only partially was referable to an gastric ulcer and stopped after polypectomy. Endoscopically, compressibility of the tumor is a characteristic sign. Roentgenographically, it may be easily overlooked.", "contents": "Lymphangioma of the duodenum. (Diagnosis by endoscopic resection). Submucosal lymphangiomas of the gastrointestinal tract are extremely rare entities. A case of a lymphangioma of the duodenum in a 66-year-old woman is reported. Diagnosis was made by endoscopy and tumor excision with a diathermy snare. The patient complained of crampy upper abdominal pain which only partially was referable to an gastric ulcer and stopped after polypectomy. Endoscopically, compressibility of the tumor is a characteristic sign. Roentgenographically, it may be easily overlooked."}
{"id": "PMID:913382", "title": "Effects of 8 weeks' endurance training on skeletal muscle metabolism in 56-70-year-old sedentary men.", "content": "The effects of 8 weeks' endurance training on muscle metabolism at rest and after a submaximal bicycle ergometer exercise were studied in 31 previously sedentary men, aged 56-70. Training consisted of 3-5 one hour exercise bouts per week including walking-jogging, swimming, gymnastics and ball games. The effects of training were similar to those previously reported for younger men. Mean maximal oxygen uptake increased (11%), as did the resting values for muscle glycogen concentration, the enzymes representing aerobic energy metabolism (malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase), and also some of the anaerobic enzymes (creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase). Lactate production during submaximal work decreased. The enzyme activities were lower following acute exercise both before and after training.", "contents": "Effects of 8 weeks' endurance training on skeletal muscle metabolism in 56-70-year-old sedentary men. The effects of 8 weeks' endurance training on muscle metabolism at rest and after a submaximal bicycle ergometer exercise were studied in 31 previously sedentary men, aged 56-70. Training consisted of 3-5 one hour exercise bouts per week including walking-jogging, swimming, gymnastics and ball games. The effects of training were similar to those previously reported for younger men. Mean maximal oxygen uptake increased (11%), as did the resting values for muscle glycogen concentration, the enzymes representing aerobic energy metabolism (malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase), and also some of the anaerobic enzymes (creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase). Lactate production during submaximal work decreased. The enzyme activities were lower following acute exercise both before and after training."}
{"id": "PMID:913383", "title": "Peripheral and central inputs to the effort sense during cycling exercise.", "content": "The relationships between some physical and physiological events, and perceived effort were studied at several equivalent work outputs (W) at two pedalling rates (30 and 60 rev-min-1). Subjects judged effort throughout a 4 min exercise bout. After 4 min at any W it was always more effortful to pedal at 30 rev-min-1 even though there were no differences in VE, VO2, or integrated electromyography per minute (IEMG-min-1) between pedalling rates. Effort was related to VO2 and IEMG-min-1 but it was more effortful to pedal at 30 rev-min-1. Effort was also related to pedal resistance and IEMG of single contractions but was influenced by pedalling rate after 4 min of exercise. At any resistance it was more effortful to pedal at 60 rev-min-1, however, when effort was plotted as a function of resistance after 15 s, there was virtually no effect of pedalling rate. The rate effect grows with time from the onset of exercise and appears to be related to the central signal to the effort sense. The interaction of peripheral and central signals suggests a model of the effort sense during exercise.", "contents": "Peripheral and central inputs to the effort sense during cycling exercise. The relationships between some physical and physiological events, and perceived effort were studied at several equivalent work outputs (W) at two pedalling rates (30 and 60 rev-min-1). Subjects judged effort throughout a 4 min exercise bout. After 4 min at any W it was always more effortful to pedal at 30 rev-min-1 even though there were no differences in VE, VO2, or integrated electromyography per minute (IEMG-min-1) between pedalling rates. Effort was related to VO2 and IEMG-min-1 but it was more effortful to pedal at 30 rev-min-1. Effort was also related to pedal resistance and IEMG of single contractions but was influenced by pedalling rate after 4 min of exercise. At any resistance it was more effortful to pedal at 60 rev-min-1, however, when effort was plotted as a function of resistance after 15 s, there was virtually no effect of pedalling rate. The rate effect grows with time from the onset of exercise and appears to be related to the central signal to the effort sense. The interaction of peripheral and central signals suggests a model of the effort sense during exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:913384", "title": "Validity of the W170 test for predicting maximal oxygen intake.", "content": "Recent research has related pedalling frequency to perceived exertion, indicating that subjects pedalling at higher frequencies tend to perceive lower levels of exertion. If tests administered at higher pedalling speeds are valid, then more accurate data on extremely low fit individuals might be possible. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the Wahlund-Sjostrand W170 test administered at 50 and 80 rpm. Maximal oxygen intake was determined for thirty male volunteer college students using standard open-circuit techniques. W170 tests were administered at 50 and 80 rpm using standard test protocol. The results indicated a differential effect of pedalling speed upon the validity of the W170 tests. Validity coefficients of rxy = 0.73 and rxy = 0.64 were found for the 50 and 80 rpm tests, respectively. Maximal oxygen intake predicted from the W170 test administered at 80 rpm was significantly different from both the criterion maximal oxygen intake and the W170 prediction at 50 rpm. This difference was attributed to a significantly higher heart rate response to 80 rpm tests at the lower workload of 600 kpm/min. It was concluded that more valid W170 tests are attained at the conventional pedalling speed of 50 rpm.", "contents": "Validity of the W170 test for predicting maximal oxygen intake. Recent research has related pedalling frequency to perceived exertion, indicating that subjects pedalling at higher frequencies tend to perceive lower levels of exertion. If tests administered at higher pedalling speeds are valid, then more accurate data on extremely low fit individuals might be possible. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the Wahlund-Sjostrand W170 test administered at 50 and 80 rpm. Maximal oxygen intake was determined for thirty male volunteer college students using standard open-circuit techniques. W170 tests were administered at 50 and 80 rpm using standard test protocol. The results indicated a differential effect of pedalling speed upon the validity of the W170 tests. Validity coefficients of rxy = 0.73 and rxy = 0.64 were found for the 50 and 80 rpm tests, respectively. Maximal oxygen intake predicted from the W170 test administered at 80 rpm was significantly different from both the criterion maximal oxygen intake and the W170 prediction at 50 rpm. This difference was attributed to a significantly higher heart rate response to 80 rpm tests at the lower workload of 600 kpm/min. It was concluded that more valid W170 tests are attained at the conventional pedalling speed of 50 rpm."}
{"id": "PMID:913385", "title": "Physical exercise after induced alkalosis (bicarbonate or tris-buffer).", "content": "The influence of bicarbonate and Tris-buffer infusions on the performance capacity for maximal, brief exercise (400 m run) was studied using 10 normal males in their twenties. Run time, maximal lactate concentration and heart rate remained unchanged after the buffer infusions. As a result of the induced elevated buffering capacity, the average pH after exercise was about 0.1 unit higher. Corresponding values for base excess and standard bicarbonate were found. The arterial pCO2 was higher after infusion as a result of the active respiratory compensation. Since the reduction in the work-related metabolic acidosis by the buffering substances caused no improvement in performance, the importance of pH as the performance-limiting factor must be questioned because the investigation gave no evidence for alterations of intracellular pH.", "contents": "Physical exercise after induced alkalosis (bicarbonate or tris-buffer). The influence of bicarbonate and Tris-buffer infusions on the performance capacity for maximal, brief exercise (400 m run) was studied using 10 normal males in their twenties. Run time, maximal lactate concentration and heart rate remained unchanged after the buffer infusions. As a result of the induced elevated buffering capacity, the average pH after exercise was about 0.1 unit higher. Corresponding values for base excess and standard bicarbonate were found. The arterial pCO2 was higher after infusion as a result of the active respiratory compensation. Since the reduction in the work-related metabolic acidosis by the buffering substances caused no improvement in performance, the importance of pH as the performance-limiting factor must be questioned because the investigation gave no evidence for alterations of intracellular pH."}
{"id": "PMID:913386", "title": "Loss of body weight and fat during exercise in a cold chamber.", "content": "Ten men spent one week in a cold climatic facility performing a simulated arctic military exercise demanding an energy expenditure of 13-16 MJ-day-1. Although the ration pack was adequate, extensive plate wastage led to a negative energy balance of 2.2 MJ-day-1. Fluid intake was also insufficient, with a 3.25% decrease of body weight, and a 9.7% decrease in skin thickness over the cold exposure. Extensive fat mobilization was indicated by a decrease of skinfold thicknesses, an increase of body density, and associated ketonuria and glycosuria. The fat breakdown far exceeded the calculated energy deficit, and it is postulated that much of the \"surplus\" energy was required for synthesis of additional muscle protein. In the arctic environment, both energy and fluid balances are better maintained because there are few distraction from the simple pleasure of preparing and eating meals.", "contents": "Loss of body weight and fat during exercise in a cold chamber. Ten men spent one week in a cold climatic facility performing a simulated arctic military exercise demanding an energy expenditure of 13-16 MJ-day-1. Although the ration pack was adequate, extensive plate wastage led to a negative energy balance of 2.2 MJ-day-1. Fluid intake was also insufficient, with a 3.25% decrease of body weight, and a 9.7% decrease in skin thickness over the cold exposure. Extensive fat mobilization was indicated by a decrease of skinfold thicknesses, an increase of body density, and associated ketonuria and glycosuria. The fat breakdown far exceeded the calculated energy deficit, and it is postulated that much of the \"surplus\" energy was required for synthesis of additional muscle protein. In the arctic environment, both energy and fluid balances are better maintained because there are few distraction from the simple pleasure of preparing and eating meals."}
{"id": "PMID:913387", "title": "The use of pedometer and actometer in studying daily physical activity in man. Part I: reliability of pedometer and actometer.", "content": "The purpose of this study was a critical evaluation of pedometer and actometer for estimating daily physical activity. Both instruments were tested for reliability on a carriage with movements in different directions. To obtain comparable data of different pedometers it was necessary to adjust the spring tension very carefully. The reliability of the individual actometer was satisfactory, but there are large differences between the watches. Therefore, a correction factor (C.F.) was introduced. Some experiments were carried out on a treadmill. 9 Children (aged 5-6 years) and 6 young adult males (aged 21-31 years) walked and ran at different speeds. The energy expenditure was calculated from formulas. The pedometer overestimates the actual step rate with 0.1-0.3 counts per step during fast walking (6-9 km-h-1) and fast running (15 km-h-1). It underestimates the actual step rate with 0.2-0.7 counts per step, while walking slowly. It was shown that the pedometer does not reflect the differences in energy expenditure levels at different speed very well. The actometer units per step increases more or less proportional to the speed of walking and running. In contrast to the pedometer results the actometer results are more related to the energy expediture levels at different speed. The results of this study suggest that the actometer might be a valid indicator of the daily physical activity in terms of energy expenditure.", "contents": "The use of pedometer and actometer in studying daily physical activity in man. Part I: reliability of pedometer and actometer. The purpose of this study was a critical evaluation of pedometer and actometer for estimating daily physical activity. Both instruments were tested for reliability on a carriage with movements in different directions. To obtain comparable data of different pedometers it was necessary to adjust the spring tension very carefully. The reliability of the individual actometer was satisfactory, but there are large differences between the watches. Therefore, a correction factor (C.F.) was introduced. Some experiments were carried out on a treadmill. 9 Children (aged 5-6 years) and 6 young adult males (aged 21-31 years) walked and ran at different speeds. The energy expenditure was calculated from formulas. The pedometer overestimates the actual step rate with 0.1-0.3 counts per step during fast walking (6-9 km-h-1) and fast running (15 km-h-1). It underestimates the actual step rate with 0.2-0.7 counts per step, while walking slowly. It was shown that the pedometer does not reflect the differences in energy expenditure levels at different speed very well. The actometer units per step increases more or less proportional to the speed of walking and running. In contrast to the pedometer results the actometer results are more related to the energy expediture levels at different speed. The results of this study suggest that the actometer might be a valid indicator of the daily physical activity in terms of energy expenditure."}
{"id": "PMID:913388", "title": "The use of pedometer and actometer in studying daily physical activity in man. Part II: validity of pedometer and actometer measuring the daily physical activity.", "content": "The validity of the pedometer and actometer for estimating the daily physical activity was evaluated by means of an observation study. The physical activity in a classroom of 11 pupils of a kindergarten was assessed by means of a pedometer, actometer and by observation. Besides this an activity questionnaire was completed by the infant-quide. On basis of the individual observation it is clear that the infant-guide can give valuable information about the activity of the children at school. The results of the pedometer attached to the waist and the actometers attached to the ankle were significantly correlated with the results of the observation method. The wrist actometer showed a smaller but still significant correlation with the other variables. Implications of this findings are discussed in regard toward the physical activity. The pedometer results point out that when the percentage of intense activity is high the pedometer tends to underestimate the level of activity. The actometer results indicate that such a motion recorder gives a reliable estimation of activity in children. The findings are discussed in terms of the practical applications of the actometer in the research of daily physical activity and the physical rehabilitation treatment of certain diseases.", "contents": "The use of pedometer and actometer in studying daily physical activity in man. Part II: validity of pedometer and actometer measuring the daily physical activity. The validity of the pedometer and actometer for estimating the daily physical activity was evaluated by means of an observation study. The physical activity in a classroom of 11 pupils of a kindergarten was assessed by means of a pedometer, actometer and by observation. Besides this an activity questionnaire was completed by the infant-quide. On basis of the individual observation it is clear that the infant-guide can give valuable information about the activity of the children at school. The results of the pedometer attached to the waist and the actometers attached to the ankle were significantly correlated with the results of the observation method. The wrist actometer showed a smaller but still significant correlation with the other variables. Implications of this findings are discussed in regard toward the physical activity. The pedometer results point out that when the percentage of intense activity is high the pedometer tends to underestimate the level of activity. The actometer results indicate that such a motion recorder gives a reliable estimation of activity in children. The findings are discussed in terms of the practical applications of the actometer in the research of daily physical activity and the physical rehabilitation treatment of certain diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:913389", "title": "Glucose tolerance and physical fitness: an epidemiologic study in an entire community.", "content": "A modification of the Harvard Step Test was administered to approximately 4700 males and females, age 10-69 in Tecumseh, Michigan. Heart rate response to this standardized exercise test is an estimate of capacity for muscular work. A blood sample was drawn 1 h after a glucose challenge on the same day the exercise test was given. Four skinfolds were measured as an index of body fatnes. It was the purpose of this analysis to study the relationship of glucose tolerance to heart rate response to exercise. All analyses were done in age and sex-specific sub-groups. The correlation coefficients are low but positive in all but one sub-group and half of the coefficients are statistically significant. This suggests that poor fitness for work (high heart rate in response to exercise) was related, albeit weakly, to lowered glucose tolerance. However, there is a positive relationship between body fatness on the one hand and serum glucose and heart rate response to exercise on the other. When the effect of body fatness was eliminated the relationship of heart rate response to exercise ahd glucose tolerance remained about the same; low but statistically significant in some age groups.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance and physical fitness: an epidemiologic study in an entire community. A modification of the Harvard Step Test was administered to approximately 4700 males and females, age 10-69 in Tecumseh, Michigan. Heart rate response to this standardized exercise test is an estimate of capacity for muscular work. A blood sample was drawn 1 h after a glucose challenge on the same day the exercise test was given. Four skinfolds were measured as an index of body fatnes. It was the purpose of this analysis to study the relationship of glucose tolerance to heart rate response to exercise. All analyses were done in age and sex-specific sub-groups. The correlation coefficients are low but positive in all but one sub-group and half of the coefficients are statistically significant. This suggests that poor fitness for work (high heart rate in response to exercise) was related, albeit weakly, to lowered glucose tolerance. However, there is a positive relationship between body fatness on the one hand and serum glucose and heart rate response to exercise on the other. When the effect of body fatness was eliminated the relationship of heart rate response to exercise ahd glucose tolerance remained about the same; low but statistically significant in some age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:913390", "title": "Repetitive and non-repetitive sequences in the transcript in vitro of porcine thyroid chromatin.", "content": "Purified pig thyroid chromatin has been transcribed in vitro with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The transcript, analyzed by DNA-RNA hybridization, shows two major kinetic components: 40% of the transcript is copied by repetitive sequences present 100 times per haploid genome; another 25% anneals to DNA with a rate constant Kh 10-4 M - S-1, typical of single-copy sequences. The transcript annealed at cot = 40 M - S to fractions of 2000-nucleotide DNA, when banded in neutral CsCl gradient only hybridizes to the heavy side of the main band. At cot = 3000 M - S, another hybridizing fraction appears on the light side of the main band of the gradient. The reassociation properties of these fractions show that the heavy DNA fraction is reiterated about 100 times per haploid genome, whereas the light DNA appears as a unique sequence, associated to small repetitive elements. The transcript, analyzed by formamide/sucrose gradient, shows two peaks with sedimentation coefficients of 10 S and 4 S, respectively. The 10-S RNA, hybridized to native 2000-nucleotide-length DNA, has a Kh of 10-4 M - S-1 and a cot1/2 of 10(3) M - S, typical of single-copy sequences.", "contents": "Repetitive and non-repetitive sequences in the transcript in vitro of porcine thyroid chromatin. Purified pig thyroid chromatin has been transcribed in vitro with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The transcript, analyzed by DNA-RNA hybridization, shows two major kinetic components: 40% of the transcript is copied by repetitive sequences present 100 times per haploid genome; another 25% anneals to DNA with a rate constant Kh 10-4 M - S-1, typical of single-copy sequences. The transcript annealed at cot = 40 M - S to fractions of 2000-nucleotide DNA, when banded in neutral CsCl gradient only hybridizes to the heavy side of the main band. At cot = 3000 M - S, another hybridizing fraction appears on the light side of the main band of the gradient. The reassociation properties of these fractions show that the heavy DNA fraction is reiterated about 100 times per haploid genome, whereas the light DNA appears as a unique sequence, associated to small repetitive elements. The transcript, analyzed by formamide/sucrose gradient, shows two peaks with sedimentation coefficients of 10 S and 4 S, respectively. The 10-S RNA, hybridized to native 2000-nucleotide-length DNA, has a Kh of 10-4 M - S-1 and a cot1/2 of 10(3) M - S, typical of single-copy sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:913391", "title": "Purification, crystallisation and preliminary X-ray studies on avian pancreatic polypeptide.", "content": "A pancreatic polypeptide with some hormonal properties has been purified from chicken and turkey pancreas using acid-ethanol extraction, gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. The material has been crystallised. The crystals are monoclinic with space group C2. Preliminary isomorphous replacement experiments have so far provided a single-site derivative with Hg(NO3)2. A low-resolution electron density map phased with this derivative using anomalous scattering considered together with Patterson function calculations suggest that the molecules are partly helical and are arranged as a compact dimer about the crystallographic two-fold axis. The structure and association of these molecules are compared with those of insulin and glucagon, pancreatic protein and polypeptide hormones respectively, which have been studied in great detail.", "contents": "Purification, crystallisation and preliminary X-ray studies on avian pancreatic polypeptide. A pancreatic polypeptide with some hormonal properties has been purified from chicken and turkey pancreas using acid-ethanol extraction, gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. The material has been crystallised. The crystals are monoclinic with space group C2. Preliminary isomorphous replacement experiments have so far provided a single-site derivative with Hg(NO3)2. A low-resolution electron density map phased with this derivative using anomalous scattering considered together with Patterson function calculations suggest that the molecules are partly helical and are arranged as a compact dimer about the crystallographic two-fold axis. The structure and association of these molecules are compared with those of insulin and glucagon, pancreatic protein and polypeptide hormones respectively, which have been studied in great detail."}
{"id": "PMID:913392", "title": "The interactive binding of two ligands by an allosteric protein.", "content": "The equilibrium constants describing the simultaneous binding of the ligands AMP and 1-anilinonapthalene-8-sulfonate (ansyl) by phosphorylase b have been evaluated. The binding of a single molecule of AMP per dimer unit causes only a moderate reduction in the binding constant for a single molecule of ansyl, but reduces that for a second molecule of ansyl by 10-fold. The binding of two molecules of AMP per dimer unit almost abolishes the binding of a single molecule of ansyl.", "contents": "The interactive binding of two ligands by an allosteric protein. The equilibrium constants describing the simultaneous binding of the ligands AMP and 1-anilinonapthalene-8-sulfonate (ansyl) by phosphorylase b have been evaluated. The binding of a single molecule of AMP per dimer unit causes only a moderate reduction in the binding constant for a single molecule of ansyl, but reduces that for a second molecule of ansyl by 10-fold. The binding of two molecules of AMP per dimer unit almost abolishes the binding of a single molecule of ansyl."}
{"id": "PMID:913393", "title": "Structural rearrangements due to ligand binding and haem replacement in myoglobin and leghaemoglobins.", "content": "Structural rearrangements in sperm whale myoglobin and leghaemoglobins caused by changes in the spin or oxidation state of the iron as a consequence of ligand binding have been measured by difference spectroscopy in the ultraviolet. When compared with the high-spin acetate complex, ligands which cause a transition to the low-spin state also cause large perturbations of tyrosine(s) remote from the haem pocket in myoglobin but only minor perturbations of tryptophan (s) in leghaem calobin. This may indicate a weaker coupling between events at the haem site and conformational changes in the protein in leghaemoglobins. The absorption spectra of various haem-liganded forms of the two proteins as well as the binding of the dye rose Bengal to the two apoproteins are consistent with weaker interactions between the haem ano apoprotein and a more solvent-exposed haem pocket in leghaemoglobin compared with myoglobin.", "contents": "Structural rearrangements due to ligand binding and haem replacement in myoglobin and leghaemoglobins. Structural rearrangements in sperm whale myoglobin and leghaemoglobins caused by changes in the spin or oxidation state of the iron as a consequence of ligand binding have been measured by difference spectroscopy in the ultraviolet. When compared with the high-spin acetate complex, ligands which cause a transition to the low-spin state also cause large perturbations of tyrosine(s) remote from the haem pocket in myoglobin but only minor perturbations of tryptophan (s) in leghaem calobin. This may indicate a weaker coupling between events at the haem site and conformational changes in the protein in leghaemoglobins. The absorption spectra of various haem-liganded forms of the two proteins as well as the binding of the dye rose Bengal to the two apoproteins are consistent with weaker interactions between the haem ano apoprotein and a more solvent-exposed haem pocket in leghaemoglobin compared with myoglobin."}
{"id": "PMID:913394", "title": "Isolation and characterization of two methionine: tRNA ligases from wheat germ.", "content": "Two methionine: tRNA ligases (here called ligase A and ligase B) with distinctly different enzymatic and molecular properties were isolated in homogenous form from extracts of raw wheat germ. Both the A and B enzyme are composed of single polypeptide chains of Mr 105000 and 70000 respectively. The smaller molecule (B) has been shown not to be a proteolytic fragment of the larger one (A). The catalytic properties of both the A and B enzymes have been established and the Mg2-dependent capacity to charge six purified methionine-accepting tRNAs have been compared to those of the methionine: tRNA ligases from Escherichia coli and bakers' yeast. The possible reasons for the presence of two methionine: tRNA ligases and their unusual monomeric nature are discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of two methionine: tRNA ligases from wheat germ. Two methionine: tRNA ligases (here called ligase A and ligase B) with distinctly different enzymatic and molecular properties were isolated in homogenous form from extracts of raw wheat germ. Both the A and B enzyme are composed of single polypeptide chains of Mr 105000 and 70000 respectively. The smaller molecule (B) has been shown not to be a proteolytic fragment of the larger one (A). The catalytic properties of both the A and B enzymes have been established and the Mg2-dependent capacity to charge six purified methionine-accepting tRNAs have been compared to those of the methionine: tRNA ligases from Escherichia coli and bakers' yeast. The possible reasons for the presence of two methionine: tRNA ligases and their unusual monomeric nature are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913395", "title": "Microtubule assembly in vitro. Purification of assembly-promoting factors.", "content": "The role of microtubule-associated proteins in the assembly of tubulin to microtubules in vitro has been studied. 1. It has been confirmed that pure tubulin obtained by phosphocellulose column chromatography does not significantly assemble in vitro in the absence of minor components which co-polymerize with tubulin. Although tubulin aggregates in a morpholino-ethanesulfonate buffer containing high Mg2+ concentrations, this process was neither inhibited by Ca2+ or colchicine, nor reversed by cold exposure. 2. Microtubule-associated proteins were prepared, either by phosphocellulose column chromatography or by a direct method based on boiling reassembled microtubules in the presence of 2 mM dithiothreitol and 0.75 M NaCl. From each of these preparations two protein fractions were purified, either by Ultrogel ACA34 chromatography or by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The first one, with a high molecular weight, did not promote tubulin assembly; ageing of this material did not induce any activity. On the other hand, the second fraction, with an apparent molecular weight of 70 000 (tau protein), when almost completely purified, was active in promoting assembly. Thus a single specific protein is able to promote assembly of pure tubulin.", "contents": "Microtubule assembly in vitro. Purification of assembly-promoting factors. The role of microtubule-associated proteins in the assembly of tubulin to microtubules in vitro has been studied. 1. It has been confirmed that pure tubulin obtained by phosphocellulose column chromatography does not significantly assemble in vitro in the absence of minor components which co-polymerize with tubulin. Although tubulin aggregates in a morpholino-ethanesulfonate buffer containing high Mg2+ concentrations, this process was neither inhibited by Ca2+ or colchicine, nor reversed by cold exposure. 2. Microtubule-associated proteins were prepared, either by phosphocellulose column chromatography or by a direct method based on boiling reassembled microtubules in the presence of 2 mM dithiothreitol and 0.75 M NaCl. From each of these preparations two protein fractions were purified, either by Ultrogel ACA34 chromatography or by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The first one, with a high molecular weight, did not promote tubulin assembly; ageing of this material did not induce any activity. On the other hand, the second fraction, with an apparent molecular weight of 70 000 (tau protein), when almost completely purified, was active in promoting assembly. Thus a single specific protein is able to promote assembly of pure tubulin."}
{"id": "PMID:913397", "title": "The amino-acid sequence of trout-testis histone H1.", "content": "The complete amino-acid sequence of 194 residues of trout testis histone H1 has been elucidated by automated Edman degradation of large peptides derived from specific cleavages at infrequent amino-acid residues. Trout testis histone H1 has a molecular weight of 19314, is only slighly microheterogeneous, and possesses pentapeptide sequences related to Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys-Lys repeated six times in the complete sequence. Although the N-terminus of histone H1 is known to be blocked, some 10% of intact trout testis H1 contains a free N-terminal alanine residue. Three seryl residues in the C-terminal half (97-194) of the molecule occur in the sequence Lys-Ser-Pro-Lys known to be phosphorylated in trout testis H1. The sequence has been compared to the known partial sequence of rabbit thymus H1. The results are consistent with a role for histone H1 in the maintenance of the higher-order structure of chromatin.", "contents": "The amino-acid sequence of trout-testis histone H1. The complete amino-acid sequence of 194 residues of trout testis histone H1 has been elucidated by automated Edman degradation of large peptides derived from specific cleavages at infrequent amino-acid residues. Trout testis histone H1 has a molecular weight of 19314, is only slighly microheterogeneous, and possesses pentapeptide sequences related to Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys-Lys repeated six times in the complete sequence. Although the N-terminus of histone H1 is known to be blocked, some 10% of intact trout testis H1 contains a free N-terminal alanine residue. Three seryl residues in the C-terminal half (97-194) of the molecule occur in the sequence Lys-Ser-Pro-Lys known to be phosphorylated in trout testis H1. The sequence has been compared to the known partial sequence of rabbit thymus H1. The results are consistent with a role for histone H1 in the maintenance of the higher-order structure of chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:913398", "title": "Glycolipids of the human gastric content. Structure of the sulfated glyceroglucolipid.", "content": "A new sulfated glycolipid has been isolated from the lipid extract of human gastric content by the procedure involving column fractionation on silicic acid and thin-layer chromatography. Degradation studies revealed the presence of glucose, sulfate, fatty acids and glyceryl monoethers. The structure of this glycolipid was identified by partial acid hydrolysis, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide, and permethylation studies, as: SO3H-6Glcalphal leads to 6Glcalphal leads to 6Glcalphal leads to 3-diglyceride. The diglyceride portion of this glycolipid consists mostly of 1-O-alkyl-2-O-acyl-glycerol.", "contents": "Glycolipids of the human gastric content. Structure of the sulfated glyceroglucolipid. A new sulfated glycolipid has been isolated from the lipid extract of human gastric content by the procedure involving column fractionation on silicic acid and thin-layer chromatography. Degradation studies revealed the presence of glucose, sulfate, fatty acids and glyceryl monoethers. The structure of this glycolipid was identified by partial acid hydrolysis, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide, and permethylation studies, as: SO3H-6Glcalphal leads to 6Glcalphal leads to 6Glcalphal leads to 3-diglyceride. The diglyceride portion of this glycolipid consists mostly of 1-O-alkyl-2-O-acyl-glycerol."}
{"id": "PMID:913401", "title": "The incorporation of [14C]glucosamine into dolichol diphosphate N-acetyl[14C] glucosamine by unbroken liver cells in culture.", "content": "Incubation of whole Chang liver cells with D-[1-14C]glucosamine results in incorporation of radioactivity into both proteins and lipids. A minor (approximately 3%) amount of the labelled lipid has the chromatographic, solubility and chemical properties of dolichol diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine. A similar compound is formed when membrane preparations of the cells are incubated with UDP-N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine. The same membrane fractions catalyse the transfer of [14C]-mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose to dolichol phosphate.", "contents": "The incorporation of [14C]glucosamine into dolichol diphosphate N-acetyl[14C] glucosamine by unbroken liver cells in culture. Incubation of whole Chang liver cells with D-[1-14C]glucosamine results in incorporation of radioactivity into both proteins and lipids. A minor (approximately 3%) amount of the labelled lipid has the chromatographic, solubility and chemical properties of dolichol diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine. A similar compound is formed when membrane preparations of the cells are incubated with UDP-N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine. The same membrane fractions catalyse the transfer of [14C]-mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose to dolichol phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:913403", "title": "Evidence for an adenylate-cyclase activity in neurosecretory granule membranes from bovine neurohypophysis.", "content": "Purified bovine neurosecretory granules and their corresponding membranes were prepared after fractionation and purification processes from bovine pituitaries. An adenylate cyclase activity was detected both in the granules (apparent Km = 0.5 mM) and the corresponding preparations of the membranes (apparent Km = 0.5 mM). This enzyme was activated by fluoride in a way markedly dependent on the concentration of this ion, and with a maximum for a concentration of F- = 3.5 mM. The cyclase activity was also significantly enhanced by GTP. The reaction rate showed a strong dependence on the molar ration [Mg2+]/[ATP] with maximal velocity for 7. It is suggested that this activity might play an important role in the control and regulation of neurosecretion in the neurohypophysis.", "contents": "Evidence for an adenylate-cyclase activity in neurosecretory granule membranes from bovine neurohypophysis. Purified bovine neurosecretory granules and their corresponding membranes were prepared after fractionation and purification processes from bovine pituitaries. An adenylate cyclase activity was detected both in the granules (apparent Km = 0.5 mM) and the corresponding preparations of the membranes (apparent Km = 0.5 mM). This enzyme was activated by fluoride in a way markedly dependent on the concentration of this ion, and with a maximum for a concentration of F- = 3.5 mM. The cyclase activity was also significantly enhanced by GTP. The reaction rate showed a strong dependence on the molar ration [Mg2+]/[ATP] with maximal velocity for 7. It is suggested that this activity might play an important role in the control and regulation of neurosecretion in the neurohypophysis."}
{"id": "PMID:913406", "title": "Proton-magnetic-resonance study of copper(I) complexes with peptides containing sulfhydryl and imidazole groups as possible model ligands for copper proteins.", "content": "The copper(I) complexes of peptides containing sulfhydryl and imidazole groups have been investigated in aqueous solution by proton magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The N-mercaptoacetyl-L-histidine coordinates through the sulfhydryl sulfur and imidazole nitrogen atoms to form the unique 1:1 Cu(I) complex species containing bridged imidazole. The sulfhydryl and imidazole groups are adequate ligands for not only Cu(II) but also Cu(I). The 1H NMR spectra show that the peptide nitrogen group is not involved in complex formation of Cu(I) with N-mercaptoacetyl-L-histidine and 3-mercaptopropionyl-L-histidine. The results have been discussed with respect to the protein ligands for 'blue' copper centers.", "contents": "Proton-magnetic-resonance study of copper(I) complexes with peptides containing sulfhydryl and imidazole groups as possible model ligands for copper proteins. The copper(I) complexes of peptides containing sulfhydryl and imidazole groups have been investigated in aqueous solution by proton magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The N-mercaptoacetyl-L-histidine coordinates through the sulfhydryl sulfur and imidazole nitrogen atoms to form the unique 1:1 Cu(I) complex species containing bridged imidazole. The sulfhydryl and imidazole groups are adequate ligands for not only Cu(II) but also Cu(I). The 1H NMR spectra show that the peptide nitrogen group is not involved in complex formation of Cu(I) with N-mercaptoacetyl-L-histidine and 3-mercaptopropionyl-L-histidine. The results have been discussed with respect to the protein ligands for 'blue' copper centers."}
{"id": "PMID:913407", "title": "A new purification procedure for fumarase based of affinity chromatography. Isolation and characterization of pig-liver fumarase.", "content": "A new procedure has been developed for the isolation of fumarase (EC 4.2.1.2). It is described for the purification of pigheart and liver enzyme. Pyromellitic acid has been covalently coupled to Sepharose-4B with diaminopropanol as spacer arr. When a dialysed 0.55 saturated ammonium sulphate precipitate is applied to the column, in Tris-acetate buffer, pH 7.3, fumarase remains quantitatively bound. It is eluted by competition, together with a few other proteins, by the natural product L-malate. Malate is removed from the eluate by dialysis. After this highly efficient purification step the enzyme is very easily crystallized. The final yield by 67% for both pig heart and liver preparations. The specific activity of fumarase purified from both tissues is found to be the same. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in dodecylsulphate shows one single band corresponding with a subunit molecular weightof 48500. A single band is also obtained by electrophoresis in acid urea. This new procedure based on biospecific affinity chromatography allows a fast and easy preparation of gram quantities of fumarase.", "contents": "A new purification procedure for fumarase based of affinity chromatography. Isolation and characterization of pig-liver fumarase. A new procedure has been developed for the isolation of fumarase (EC 4.2.1.2). It is described for the purification of pigheart and liver enzyme. Pyromellitic acid has been covalently coupled to Sepharose-4B with diaminopropanol as spacer arr. When a dialysed 0.55 saturated ammonium sulphate precipitate is applied to the column, in Tris-acetate buffer, pH 7.3, fumarase remains quantitatively bound. It is eluted by competition, together with a few other proteins, by the natural product L-malate. Malate is removed from the eluate by dialysis. After this highly efficient purification step the enzyme is very easily crystallized. The final yield by 67% for both pig heart and liver preparations. The specific activity of fumarase purified from both tissues is found to be the same. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in dodecylsulphate shows one single band corresponding with a subunit molecular weightof 48500. A single band is also obtained by electrophoresis in acid urea. This new procedure based on biospecific affinity chromatography allows a fast and easy preparation of gram quantities of fumarase."}
{"id": "PMID:913409", "title": "Binding of 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside to tetrameric concanavalin A Fluorescence temperature-jump relaxation study.", "content": "The kinetics of saccharide binding to the treatment form of concanavalin A have been studies at pH 7.2 with the temperature-jump method. 4-Methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside was used as a ligand; its fluorescence is totally quenched upon binding. A single relaxation of ligand fluorescence (tau = 20-400 ms) was observed and was investigated at three different temperatures, using kinetic titration and dilution types of experiments. The concentration dependence of the relaxation time and amplitude was consistent with a single-step bimolecular association and independent binding sites. In the temperature range 13-24 degrees C the association and dissociation rate parameters are in the range (6-10) X 10(4) M-1 s-1 and (1.4-3.2)s-1 respectively, corresponding to activation energies for the forward and reverse reactions equal to approx. 13 and 8 kcal/mol (54 and 33 kJ/mol) respectively. Two additional relaxations of protein fluorescence (3 ms and larger than 1 s at 25 degrees C) were unaffected by carbohydrate binding. Tetrameric concanavalin A shows carbohydrate binding parameters that are almost identical to those of native or derivatized dimeric concanavalin A.", "contents": "Binding of 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside to tetrameric concanavalin A Fluorescence temperature-jump relaxation study. The kinetics of saccharide binding to the treatment form of concanavalin A have been studies at pH 7.2 with the temperature-jump method. 4-Methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside was used as a ligand; its fluorescence is totally quenched upon binding. A single relaxation of ligand fluorescence (tau = 20-400 ms) was observed and was investigated at three different temperatures, using kinetic titration and dilution types of experiments. The concentration dependence of the relaxation time and amplitude was consistent with a single-step bimolecular association and independent binding sites. In the temperature range 13-24 degrees C the association and dissociation rate parameters are in the range (6-10) X 10(4) M-1 s-1 and (1.4-3.2)s-1 respectively, corresponding to activation energies for the forward and reverse reactions equal to approx. 13 and 8 kcal/mol (54 and 33 kJ/mol) respectively. Two additional relaxations of protein fluorescence (3 ms and larger than 1 s at 25 degrees C) were unaffected by carbohydrate binding. Tetrameric concanavalin A shows carbohydrate binding parameters that are almost identical to those of native or derivatized dimeric concanavalin A."}
{"id": "PMID:913410", "title": "Structural studies on the four repetitive Fc-binding regions in protein A from Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The convalent structures of the four highly homologous Fc-binding regions in protein A, regions D, A, B, and C, have been studied by enzymic fragmentations of previously isolated fragments originating from these regions and subsequent isolation of the generated peptides by ion-exchange chromatography, molecular-sieve chromatography, high-voltage paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography. The complete seqeunce of region B was elucidated by combining the results of Edman degradations on isolated fragment B peptides with the previously reported N-terminal seqeunce of the same fragment. Furthermore, Edman degradations of fragments D, A and C peptides differing from the region B sequence provided the structures of subregions not identical to corresponding subregions within region B. Thus, it is possible to propose a highly probably covalent structure for the N-terminal 27000-molecular-weight portion of protein A responsible for the IgG-Fc-binding activities. However, it was not possible to assign the activities to specific structures within the regions. The sequence data indicate that not only mutual homology between the four regions exists, but also internal homologies within the regions. Furthermore, the data strongly supports the hypothesis of a stepwise gene fusion procedure being involved in the evolution of the protein.", "contents": "Structural studies on the four repetitive Fc-binding regions in protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. The convalent structures of the four highly homologous Fc-binding regions in protein A, regions D, A, B, and C, have been studied by enzymic fragmentations of previously isolated fragments originating from these regions and subsequent isolation of the generated peptides by ion-exchange chromatography, molecular-sieve chromatography, high-voltage paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography. The complete seqeunce of region B was elucidated by combining the results of Edman degradations on isolated fragment B peptides with the previously reported N-terminal seqeunce of the same fragment. Furthermore, Edman degradations of fragments D, A and C peptides differing from the region B sequence provided the structures of subregions not identical to corresponding subregions within region B. Thus, it is possible to propose a highly probably covalent structure for the N-terminal 27000-molecular-weight portion of protein A responsible for the IgG-Fc-binding activities. However, it was not possible to assign the activities to specific structures within the regions. The sequence data indicate that not only mutual homology between the four regions exists, but also internal homologies within the regions. Furthermore, the data strongly supports the hypothesis of a stepwise gene fusion procedure being involved in the evolution of the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:913411", "title": "Interaction of non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and HMG2 with DNA.", "content": "Interaction between non-histone protein HMG1 or HMG2 and DNA has been studied by using thermal denaturation and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. We have made the following observations. 1. The binding of each of these two proteins to DNA stabilizes the latter, as shown by an increase in melting temperature of 20 degrees C (from 45 degrees C to about 65 degrees C). 2. There are 6.0 amino acids/nucleotide in HMG1-bound DNA and 5.0 in HMGI-bound DNA which suggests that each HMB1 moleculae would cover about 20 base pairs of DNA and each HMG2 molecule would cover about 25 base pairs. 3. The alpha-helical content of these two non-histone proteins in the complexes, estimated from the CD value at 220 nm, is about one third to one half that of total proteins in calf thymus chromatin. 4. DNA conformation is distorted only slightly by the binding of protein HMG1 or HMG2. 5. Neither the melting nor the CD properties of HMG1-DNA or HMG2-DNA complexes differ substantially whether they are prepared by NaCl-gradient dialysis in urea or by direct mixing of protein and DNA at 0.15 M NaCl, followed by dialysis against the same buffer i.e. 0.25 mM EDTA (pH 8.0).", "contents": "Interaction of non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and HMG2 with DNA. Interaction between non-histone protein HMG1 or HMG2 and DNA has been studied by using thermal denaturation and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. We have made the following observations. 1. The binding of each of these two proteins to DNA stabilizes the latter, as shown by an increase in melting temperature of 20 degrees C (from 45 degrees C to about 65 degrees C). 2. There are 6.0 amino acids/nucleotide in HMG1-bound DNA and 5.0 in HMGI-bound DNA which suggests that each HMB1 moleculae would cover about 20 base pairs of DNA and each HMG2 molecule would cover about 25 base pairs. 3. The alpha-helical content of these two non-histone proteins in the complexes, estimated from the CD value at 220 nm, is about one third to one half that of total proteins in calf thymus chromatin. 4. DNA conformation is distorted only slightly by the binding of protein HMG1 or HMG2. 5. Neither the melting nor the CD properties of HMG1-DNA or HMG2-DNA complexes differ substantially whether they are prepared by NaCl-gradient dialysis in urea or by direct mixing of protein and DNA at 0.15 M NaCl, followed by dialysis against the same buffer i.e. 0.25 mM EDTA (pH 8.0)."}
{"id": "PMID:913412", "title": "Transcriptional units for ribosomal proteins in yeast.", "content": "The effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the rates of synthesis of individual ribosomal proteins in yeast were examined and compared with the ultraviolet sensitivities of the synthesis of other yeast proteins. It was found that the synthesis of yeast ribosomal proteins is much more sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation than that of other yeast cellular proteins. Taking into account the half-life of yeast mRNA, the results obtained indicate that the genes coding for ribosomal proteins form part of long transcriptional units, which are much longer than the DNA stretch needed to code for a ribosomal protein of average molecular weight. Saturation hybridization of total poly(A)-containing mRNA with yeast nuclear DNA revealed that as much as 30% of DNA is complementary to yeast mRNA. Thus, the primary transcript of a protein gene on the average is about 1.7 times the length of the actual messenger. On the basis of the various experimental data we suggest a clustering of the yeast ribosomal protein genes in a number of common transcriptional units.", "contents": "Transcriptional units for ribosomal proteins in yeast. The effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the rates of synthesis of individual ribosomal proteins in yeast were examined and compared with the ultraviolet sensitivities of the synthesis of other yeast proteins. It was found that the synthesis of yeast ribosomal proteins is much more sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation than that of other yeast cellular proteins. Taking into account the half-life of yeast mRNA, the results obtained indicate that the genes coding for ribosomal proteins form part of long transcriptional units, which are much longer than the DNA stretch needed to code for a ribosomal protein of average molecular weight. Saturation hybridization of total poly(A)-containing mRNA with yeast nuclear DNA revealed that as much as 30% of DNA is complementary to yeast mRNA. Thus, the primary transcript of a protein gene on the average is about 1.7 times the length of the actual messenger. On the basis of the various experimental data we suggest a clustering of the yeast ribosomal protein genes in a number of common transcriptional units."}
{"id": "PMID:913413", "title": "Synthesis of lens protein in vitro: formation of beta-crystallin.", "content": "Upon addition of lens polyribosomes to a reticulocyte-cell-free system, alpha, beta L-, and gamma crystallin are synthesized, while beta H crystallin is not formed. This phenomenon is comparable to the biosynthetic events in the lens-cell-free system and in tissue culture. It is shown that beta H crystallin formation depends upon the presence of a polypeptide beta B1 b which arises by posttranslational modification. The putative precursor for beta B1 b is a polypeptide beta BU a of which the messenger with a sedimentation coefficient of 12.5 S has been isolated.", "contents": "Synthesis of lens protein in vitro: formation of beta-crystallin. Upon addition of lens polyribosomes to a reticulocyte-cell-free system, alpha, beta L-, and gamma crystallin are synthesized, while beta H crystallin is not formed. This phenomenon is comparable to the biosynthetic events in the lens-cell-free system and in tissue culture. It is shown that beta H crystallin formation depends upon the presence of a polypeptide beta B1 b which arises by posttranslational modification. The putative precursor for beta B1 b is a polypeptide beta BU a of which the messenger with a sedimentation coefficient of 12.5 S has been isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:913415", "title": "The effects of histidine starvation on the methylation of ribosomal RNA.", "content": "The effect of amino acid starvation on the control of ribosome biosynthesis at the post-transcriptional level has been studied in Ehrlich ascites cells. A comparison of the turnover rates of ribosomal precursor RNA (pre-rRNA) and the degree of methylation of ribosomal RNA after histidine deprivation revealed that the slow down of ribosome formation is accompanied by a significant inhibition of rRNA methylation. Analysis of nucleolar and cytoplasmic RNA double-labelled with L-[Me-3H]methionine and [14C]uridine, as well as a quantitative determination of alkali-stable dinucleotides on DEAE-Sephadex, showed that methylation of rRNA species was inhibited by about 50% under shift-down conditions. This decrease in RNA methylation does not reflect an inhibition of rRNA methylases caused by amino acid starvation but is rather brought about by a shrinkage in the pool size of S-adenosylmethionine, the donor of methyl groups. It is suggested that amino acid starvation might exert its blocking effect on proper ribosome maturation by affecting the methylation of 45-S RNA.", "contents": "The effects of histidine starvation on the methylation of ribosomal RNA. The effect of amino acid starvation on the control of ribosome biosynthesis at the post-transcriptional level has been studied in Ehrlich ascites cells. A comparison of the turnover rates of ribosomal precursor RNA (pre-rRNA) and the degree of methylation of ribosomal RNA after histidine deprivation revealed that the slow down of ribosome formation is accompanied by a significant inhibition of rRNA methylation. Analysis of nucleolar and cytoplasmic RNA double-labelled with L-[Me-3H]methionine and [14C]uridine, as well as a quantitative determination of alkali-stable dinucleotides on DEAE-Sephadex, showed that methylation of rRNA species was inhibited by about 50% under shift-down conditions. This decrease in RNA methylation does not reflect an inhibition of rRNA methylases caused by amino acid starvation but is rather brought about by a shrinkage in the pool size of S-adenosylmethionine, the donor of methyl groups. It is suggested that amino acid starvation might exert its blocking effect on proper ribosome maturation by affecting the methylation of 45-S RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:913416", "title": "Polypeptide chains of 19-S thyroglobulin from several mammalian species and of porcine 27-S iodoprotein.", "content": "Undegraded 19-S thyroglobulin was purified from hog, ox, man, dog, sheep and rat thyroid glands. Sodium dodecylsulfate/ polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the reduced proteins showed that all are formed of peptide chains of molecular weight about 330000. Carboxypeptidase A digestion of porcine 19-S thyroglobulin released consecutively two moles of leucine and then two moles of serine, thus offering strong evidence in favour of the idea that the protein is formed of two identical chains. The same C-terminal amino acids were detected in sheep, ox, dog and man thyroglobulins. No N-terminal amino acid was found by appropriate chemical and enzymatic techniques. Porcine 27-S iodoprotein was shown by carboxypeptidase A analysis to be formed of four single-stranded 330000-Mr subunits identical to those constituting the 19-S protein. Identity, both qualitatively and quantitatively, of the peptides obtained by CNBr cleavage of the two proteins as shown by sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has confirmed this conclusion. Since 19-S and 27-S thyroid iodoproteins are formed of two and four probably identical chains, they must be termed 19-S and 27-S thyroglobulins or alternatively thyroglobulin dimer and tetramer, respectively.", "contents": "Polypeptide chains of 19-S thyroglobulin from several mammalian species and of porcine 27-S iodoprotein. Undegraded 19-S thyroglobulin was purified from hog, ox, man, dog, sheep and rat thyroid glands. Sodium dodecylsulfate/ polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the reduced proteins showed that all are formed of peptide chains of molecular weight about 330000. Carboxypeptidase A digestion of porcine 19-S thyroglobulin released consecutively two moles of leucine and then two moles of serine, thus offering strong evidence in favour of the idea that the protein is formed of two identical chains. The same C-terminal amino acids were detected in sheep, ox, dog and man thyroglobulins. No N-terminal amino acid was found by appropriate chemical and enzymatic techniques. Porcine 27-S iodoprotein was shown by carboxypeptidase A analysis to be formed of four single-stranded 330000-Mr subunits identical to those constituting the 19-S protein. Identity, both qualitatively and quantitatively, of the peptides obtained by CNBr cleavage of the two proteins as shown by sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has confirmed this conclusion. Since 19-S and 27-S thyroid iodoproteins are formed of two and four probably identical chains, they must be termed 19-S and 27-S thyroglobulins or alternatively thyroglobulin dimer and tetramer, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:913417", "title": "Inhibition of papain by N-acyl-aminoacetaldehydes and N-acyl-aminopropanones. Evidence for hemithioacetal formation by a cross-saturation technique in nuclear-magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "N-Acyl-aminoacetaldehydes are potent inhibitors of the proteolytic enzyme, papain. Although they exist predominantly in their hydrated form in aqueous solution only the aldehyde is an effective inhibitor. The binding constants for related amides and methyl ketones confirm that it is principally the lower steric requirement of the aldehyde rather than its increased electrophilicity which is responsible for its powerful inhibitor properties. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, evidence is provided for an N-acetyl-aminoacetaldehyde-papain complex. Using a cross-saturation technique evidence is also provided for a hemithioacetal, formed from the aldehyde and the active-site thiol group. Hemithioacetal formation has also been detected between N-benzoyl-aminoacetaldehyde and papain. This provides the first direct evidence for a tetrahedral adduct with papain and supports the proposed involvement of such intermediates in papain-catalysed hydrolyses.", "contents": "Inhibition of papain by N-acyl-aminoacetaldehydes and N-acyl-aminopropanones. Evidence for hemithioacetal formation by a cross-saturation technique in nuclear-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. N-Acyl-aminoacetaldehydes are potent inhibitors of the proteolytic enzyme, papain. Although they exist predominantly in their hydrated form in aqueous solution only the aldehyde is an effective inhibitor. The binding constants for related amides and methyl ketones confirm that it is principally the lower steric requirement of the aldehyde rather than its increased electrophilicity which is responsible for its powerful inhibitor properties. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, evidence is provided for an N-acetyl-aminoacetaldehyde-papain complex. Using a cross-saturation technique evidence is also provided for a hemithioacetal, formed from the aldehyde and the active-site thiol group. Hemithioacetal formation has also been detected between N-benzoyl-aminoacetaldehyde and papain. This provides the first direct evidence for a tetrahedral adduct with papain and supports the proposed involvement of such intermediates in papain-catalysed hydrolyses."}
{"id": "PMID:913419", "title": "Quantitative determination of glycosphingolipids illustrated by using erythrocyte membranes of various mammalian species.", "content": "A procedure for the quantative determination of glycosphingolipids is described, involving extraction of total lipids, fractionation on a column, acid cleavage and photometry of a complex formed between sphingosine and methyl orange. The level of glycosphingolipid sphigosine of erythrocyte membranes of a variety of mammals ranges from 59.1 (rat) to 410.1 (pig) nmol/ml packed cells.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of glycosphingolipids illustrated by using erythrocyte membranes of various mammalian species. A procedure for the quantative determination of glycosphingolipids is described, involving extraction of total lipids, fractionation on a column, acid cleavage and photometry of a complex formed between sphingosine and methyl orange. The level of glycosphingolipid sphigosine of erythrocyte membranes of a variety of mammals ranges from 59.1 (rat) to 410.1 (pig) nmol/ml packed cells."}
{"id": "PMID:913422", "title": "Dependence of tRNA structure in solution upon ionic condition of the solvent. Fluorescence studies of monovalent cation binding to tRNAPhe from barley embryos.", "content": "Dependence of barley phenylalanine tRNA (tRNAPhe) fluorescence intensity at 430 nm upon LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl or NH4Cl concentration was measured in 0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 0.001 M Na2EDTA solutions. Increase of monovalent cation concentration in the solvent from 0 to 2 M induced about 3-fold fluorescence intensity enhancement. The fractional fluorescence change was used as a measure of bound ligand concentration. Fluorescence Scatchard plots revealed three classes of monovalent cation binding sites on the tRNA molecule: interacting (strong) and independent (weak and very weak) sites. Calculated from Scatchard plots binding constants (K), for strong and weak binding of monovalent cations (in the case of Na+ binding: Ks = 26 M-1 and Kw = 4.3 M-1 respectively) exhibit linear dependence upon ionic radius (r). Two limiting values obtained from the plot of K versus r: K(max) at r = 0 r(max) at K = 0, characterize additionally strong and weak monovalent cation binding sites (Ks(max) = 42 M-1 Kw(max) = 8.5 M-1, rs(max) = 0.23 nm and rw(max) = 0.22 nm). A model of the relationship between weak Mg2+ binding sites and monovalent cation binding sites as well as of monovalent cations binding to tRNA is proposed.", "contents": "Dependence of tRNA structure in solution upon ionic condition of the solvent. Fluorescence studies of monovalent cation binding to tRNAPhe from barley embryos. Dependence of barley phenylalanine tRNA (tRNAPhe) fluorescence intensity at 430 nm upon LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl or NH4Cl concentration was measured in 0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 0.001 M Na2EDTA solutions. Increase of monovalent cation concentration in the solvent from 0 to 2 M induced about 3-fold fluorescence intensity enhancement. The fractional fluorescence change was used as a measure of bound ligand concentration. Fluorescence Scatchard plots revealed three classes of monovalent cation binding sites on the tRNA molecule: interacting (strong) and independent (weak and very weak) sites. Calculated from Scatchard plots binding constants (K), for strong and weak binding of monovalent cations (in the case of Na+ binding: Ks = 26 M-1 and Kw = 4.3 M-1 respectively) exhibit linear dependence upon ionic radius (r). Two limiting values obtained from the plot of K versus r: K(max) at r = 0 r(max) at K = 0, characterize additionally strong and weak monovalent cation binding sites (Ks(max) = 42 M-1 Kw(max) = 8.5 M-1, rs(max) = 0.23 nm and rw(max) = 0.22 nm). A model of the relationship between weak Mg2+ binding sites and monovalent cation binding sites as well as of monovalent cations binding to tRNA is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:913423", "title": "Frequency and pattern of radionuclide administration to medical patients in a general hospital.", "content": "As part of a drug surveillance programme details of nuclide administration were recorded for 5288 consecutive patients admitted to the medical wards of a large general hospital. Overall use of nuclides amongst this group was found to be low, and multiple exposure to radiation as a result of nuclide administration is not a major hazard when compared to the diagnostic information provided.", "contents": "Frequency and pattern of radionuclide administration to medical patients in a general hospital. As part of a drug surveillance programme details of nuclide administration were recorded for 5288 consecutive patients admitted to the medical wards of a large general hospital. Overall use of nuclides amongst this group was found to be low, and multiple exposure to radiation as a result of nuclide administration is not a major hazard when compared to the diagnostic information provided."}
{"id": "PMID:913424", "title": "Effect of aluminium impurities in the generator-produced pertechnetate-99m ion on thyroid scintigrams.", "content": "Cases of reduced uptake of pertechnetate-99m ion in the thyroid gland due to the presence, in the injected solution, of aluminum species at concentrations higher than 4 microgram/cm3 are reported. This inconvenience can be avoided either by injecting chromatographically pure pertechnetate-99m ion or by allowing the eluate of high aluminium content to stand for about 4 h.", "contents": "Effect of aluminium impurities in the generator-produced pertechnetate-99m ion on thyroid scintigrams. Cases of reduced uptake of pertechnetate-99m ion in the thyroid gland due to the presence, in the injected solution, of aluminum species at concentrations higher than 4 microgram/cm3 are reported. This inconvenience can be avoided either by injecting chromatographically pure pertechnetate-99m ion or by allowing the eluate of high aluminium content to stand for about 4 h."}
{"id": "PMID:913425", "title": "Lasting disappearance of autonomously functioning thyroid nodule (AFTN) following the TSH stimulation test.", "content": "Two AFTNs in one thyroid lobe were detected in a eumetabolic woman, with complete suppression of uptake in the paranodular tissue. After TSH stimulation, performed 2 months later, uptake was found in paranodular tissue only, both nodules being cold on the 131I scan. The same distribution of 131I was found on the next scan after a further 2 months without stimulation. Cystic degeneration was found by sonography and confirmed by aspiration biopsy. The destruction of one of the AFTNs was incomplete, as witnessed by a reappearance of function after 16 months. No differences in the thyroid handling of pertechnetate and iodide were detected. It is believed that the TSH stimulation might have hastened the otherwise spontaneous degenerative changes in the AFTNs.", "contents": "Lasting disappearance of autonomously functioning thyroid nodule (AFTN) following the TSH stimulation test. Two AFTNs in one thyroid lobe were detected in a eumetabolic woman, with complete suppression of uptake in the paranodular tissue. After TSH stimulation, performed 2 months later, uptake was found in paranodular tissue only, both nodules being cold on the 131I scan. The same distribution of 131I was found on the next scan after a further 2 months without stimulation. Cystic degeneration was found by sonography and confirmed by aspiration biopsy. The destruction of one of the AFTNs was incomplete, as witnessed by a reappearance of function after 16 months. No differences in the thyroid handling of pertechnetate and iodide were detected. It is believed that the TSH stimulation might have hastened the otherwise spontaneous degenerative changes in the AFTNs."}
{"id": "PMID:913426", "title": "A new fast mathematical technique for resolution enhancement applied to simulated scans of the thyroid phantom.", "content": "The authors present a new mathematical technique for resolution enhancement. It has been applied to scans of the international thyroid phantom simulated by computer, in standard measurement conditions. The effect of random fluctuations and the choice of the optimal image are investigated. The results obtained are satisfactory and superior to those of smoothings.", "contents": "A new fast mathematical technique for resolution enhancement applied to simulated scans of the thyroid phantom. The authors present a new mathematical technique for resolution enhancement. It has been applied to scans of the international thyroid phantom simulated by computer, in standard measurement conditions. The effect of random fluctuations and the choice of the optimal image are investigated. The results obtained are satisfactory and superior to those of smoothings."}
{"id": "PMID:913427", "title": "Positive 131cesium scanning in parathyroid adenoma.", "content": "In a case of primary hyperparathyroidism, a palpable nodule, at the base of the right lobe of the thyroid, proved 'cool' during 99mTc scanning, but 'hot' when scanned with radiocesium. The uptake of this tracer was higher than the uptake of 75Seselenomethionine after suppression with T3. The authors discuss the possibility of cases of 'false-positive' radiocesium uptake in extrathyroid nodules, and in particular, the use of this tracer for the detection of parathyroid adenoma by scanning.", "contents": "Positive 131cesium scanning in parathyroid adenoma. In a case of primary hyperparathyroidism, a palpable nodule, at the base of the right lobe of the thyroid, proved 'cool' during 99mTc scanning, but 'hot' when scanned with radiocesium. The uptake of this tracer was higher than the uptake of 75Seselenomethionine after suppression with T3. The authors discuss the possibility of cases of 'false-positive' radiocesium uptake in extrathyroid nodules, and in particular, the use of this tracer for the detection of parathyroid adenoma by scanning."}
{"id": "PMID:913428", "title": "Investigations into the use of 77Br labelled 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone for scanning the prostate.", "content": "The potential use of a potent androgen labelled with a gamma emitting radionuclide for scanning the prostate was investigated. 2alphabromo 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone was synthesized and subsequently labelled with 77Br. The distribution of this compound was studied in rat and human tissues. The maximum concentration of radioactivity in the rat prostate at 1-4 h following the injection was found to be between 0.5-0.8% of the injected dose per gram of the tissue. In the human however, that value was 0.002-0.003%. Considering the overall results it was concluded that this compound is not appropriate for scanning the prostate.", "contents": "Investigations into the use of 77Br labelled 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone for scanning the prostate. The potential use of a potent androgen labelled with a gamma emitting radionuclide for scanning the prostate was investigated. 2alphabromo 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone was synthesized and subsequently labelled with 77Br. The distribution of this compound was studied in rat and human tissues. The maximum concentration of radioactivity in the rat prostate at 1-4 h following the injection was found to be between 0.5-0.8% of the injected dose per gram of the tissue. In the human however, that value was 0.002-0.003%. Considering the overall results it was concluded that this compound is not appropriate for scanning the prostate."}
{"id": "PMID:913429", "title": "A scintigraphic method of examining the patency of oviducts using 133Xe.", "content": "Described below is the radioisotope method of examining the patency of oviducts using a solution of 133Xe. Scintigraphic pictures of the uterine cavity and oviducts were obtained with a Jumbo Toshiba gamma-camera; they were subsequently analysed by an Informatek SIMIS-3 data processing system. A total of 30 women aged between 20 and 36 with primary or secondary infertility were examined. The patency of oviducts and the shape of the uterine cavity was assessed on the basis of: the overall picture of the activity of 133Xe in the uterine cavity and oviducts, the isocontours of the overall picture, curves of increasing and decreasing activity in the fallopian tubes, and the spatial picture of activity distribution in the uterus and fallopian tubes. The results of the examinations corresponded in all cases with the diagnosis made on the basis of hysterosalpingography. An advantage of the isotope method of examining the patency of fallopian tubes and the shape of the uterine cavity is the fact that it is an examination of a dynamic nature, completely safe for the patient and exposes the patients to a considerably lower dose of irradiation than during hysterosalpingography.", "contents": "A scintigraphic method of examining the patency of oviducts using 133Xe. Described below is the radioisotope method of examining the patency of oviducts using a solution of 133Xe. Scintigraphic pictures of the uterine cavity and oviducts were obtained with a Jumbo Toshiba gamma-camera; they were subsequently analysed by an Informatek SIMIS-3 data processing system. A total of 30 women aged between 20 and 36 with primary or secondary infertility were examined. The patency of oviducts and the shape of the uterine cavity was assessed on the basis of: the overall picture of the activity of 133Xe in the uterine cavity and oviducts, the isocontours of the overall picture, curves of increasing and decreasing activity in the fallopian tubes, and the spatial picture of activity distribution in the uterus and fallopian tubes. The results of the examinations corresponded in all cases with the diagnosis made on the basis of hysterosalpingography. An advantage of the isotope method of examining the patency of fallopian tubes and the shape of the uterine cavity is the fact that it is an examination of a dynamic nature, completely safe for the patient and exposes the patients to a considerably lower dose of irradiation than during hysterosalpingography."}
{"id": "PMID:913430", "title": "The radiospirometric flow-volume diagram recording technique and comparative study with conventional spirometry.", "content": "The spirometric flow-volume diagram recorded for a forced expiration gives information which is used in assessing obstructive or restrictive pulmonary diseases. Regional data of the same kind can be achieved using a simple radiospirometric technique and scintillation camera. A series of images during inspiration and expiration are defined and a time-activity curve with an integration time constant of about 100-200 ms is obtained from the images during the forced expiration phase. The equivalent of the flow-volume diagram, i.e., the time derivative of the activity vs. activity is computed. There were 21 subjects studied in this series. Normal subjects or patients with various diseases underwent classical spirometry, so that the global radioactive diagram could then be compared to the spirometric flow-volume diagram and its parameters expressed in terms of volumes and flow: vital capacity, peak flow, mean flow, flow at mean volume. The correlation with classical spirometry is highly significant. Similarly regional data are consistent with the pulmonary results.", "contents": "The radiospirometric flow-volume diagram recording technique and comparative study with conventional spirometry. The spirometric flow-volume diagram recorded for a forced expiration gives information which is used in assessing obstructive or restrictive pulmonary diseases. Regional data of the same kind can be achieved using a simple radiospirometric technique and scintillation camera. A series of images during inspiration and expiration are defined and a time-activity curve with an integration time constant of about 100-200 ms is obtained from the images during the forced expiration phase. The equivalent of the flow-volume diagram, i.e., the time derivative of the activity vs. activity is computed. There were 21 subjects studied in this series. Normal subjects or patients with various diseases underwent classical spirometry, so that the global radioactive diagram could then be compared to the spirometric flow-volume diagram and its parameters expressed in terms of volumes and flow: vital capacity, peak flow, mean flow, flow at mean volume. The correlation with classical spirometry is highly significant. Similarly regional data are consistent with the pulmonary results."}
{"id": "PMID:913431", "title": "Measurement of separate kidney clearance by means of 99mTc-DTPA complex and a scintillation camera.", "content": "A new radioisotopic method of determining the separate glomerular clearance of the kidneys is described. After injection of 99mTc-DTPA, the data from a scintillation camera are recorded by computer. The renal curves are corrected for extrarenal activity and the plasma curve is obtained from a precordial curve. At each instant the slope of the renal curve divided by the corresponding plasma concentration gives the separate clearance value, in the period extending from 80 to 180 s after injection of the tracer. The error and correction factors introduced are discussed. Normal values are established on 25 patients and correspond to inulin clearance values. Left kidney: 60 ml/min (SD=13). Right kidney: 57 ml/min (SD=12). The method is simple for the patient, takes only 20 min, is not dangerous, is particularly applicable to young children and can be repeated frequently in the same patient.", "contents": "Measurement of separate kidney clearance by means of 99mTc-DTPA complex and a scintillation camera. A new radioisotopic method of determining the separate glomerular clearance of the kidneys is described. After injection of 99mTc-DTPA, the data from a scintillation camera are recorded by computer. The renal curves are corrected for extrarenal activity and the plasma curve is obtained from a precordial curve. At each instant the slope of the renal curve divided by the corresponding plasma concentration gives the separate clearance value, in the period extending from 80 to 180 s after injection of the tracer. The error and correction factors introduced are discussed. Normal values are established on 25 patients and correspond to inulin clearance values. Left kidney: 60 ml/min (SD=13). Right kidney: 57 ml/min (SD=12). The method is simple for the patient, takes only 20 min, is not dangerous, is particularly applicable to young children and can be repeated frequently in the same patient."}
{"id": "PMID:913432", "title": "The influence of circadian variations in plasma iron on the measure of plasma iron turnover.", "content": "In 92 cases studied in vivo with 59Fe, the variations of plasma iron during the study were measured. Errors in calculation of plasma iron turnover of up to 25% can be made in normosideremic patients if such variations are not taken into account. In hypersideremic patients the variations of plasma iron are low or nil; in hyposideremic patients the slow variations of plasma iron concentration do not alter the rapid slope of radio-iron removal.", "contents": "The influence of circadian variations in plasma iron on the measure of plasma iron turnover. In 92 cases studied in vivo with 59Fe, the variations of plasma iron during the study were measured. Errors in calculation of plasma iron turnover of up to 25% can be made in normosideremic patients if such variations are not taken into account. In hypersideremic patients the variations of plasma iron are low or nil; in hyposideremic patients the slow variations of plasma iron concentration do not alter the rapid slope of radio-iron removal."}
{"id": "PMID:913433", "title": "Direct radioimmunoassay of estradiol in serum extracts.", "content": "The feasibility of direct radioimmunoassay of unconjugated estradiol in dried serum extracts in the assessment of ovarian function in the regulation of the menstrual cycle has been investigated. Using an antiserum to an estradiol-6-conjugate, assay reliability was evaluated and the procedure standardized through a series of tests aimed at assessing accuracy, sensitivity, and precision. These included multiple titration with competing steroids, the definition of blank effects from solvent and sample, the assay both of samples to which known amounts of estradiol had been added and of serially diluted samples, and clinical validation using as a reference samples related to well-defined physiological situations. The variability of replicate estimates and the repeatability of the calibration curve were evaluated to obtain information on assay precision and sensitivity. The analytical performances proved to be perfectly adequate for the clinical purposes for which the assay was intended, in terms both of reliability of results and of methodologic practicability.", "contents": "Direct radioimmunoassay of estradiol in serum extracts. The feasibility of direct radioimmunoassay of unconjugated estradiol in dried serum extracts in the assessment of ovarian function in the regulation of the menstrual cycle has been investigated. Using an antiserum to an estradiol-6-conjugate, assay reliability was evaluated and the procedure standardized through a series of tests aimed at assessing accuracy, sensitivity, and precision. These included multiple titration with competing steroids, the definition of blank effects from solvent and sample, the assay both of samples to which known amounts of estradiol had been added and of serially diluted samples, and clinical validation using as a reference samples related to well-defined physiological situations. The variability of replicate estimates and the repeatability of the calibration curve were evaluated to obtain information on assay precision and sensitivity. The analytical performances proved to be perfectly adequate for the clinical purposes for which the assay was intended, in terms both of reliability of results and of methodologic practicability."}
{"id": "PMID:913434", "title": "Evaluation of cold areas on the thyroid scan with 99mTc solcocitran.", "content": "Cold areas on a 99mTc pertechnetate thyroid scan were reevaluated using 99mTc Solcocitran in 31 patients. In 27 patients surgical specimens were obtained for histologic studies. Of 20 benign lesions, five showed a relatively increased uptake of 99mTc Solcocitran. Two of seven malignant lesions were interpreted as positive on the 99mTc Solcocitran scan. This study indicates that 99mTc Solcocitran is not a valuable radiopharmaceutical for differentiating cold areas.", "contents": "Evaluation of cold areas on the thyroid scan with 99mTc solcocitran. Cold areas on a 99mTc pertechnetate thyroid scan were reevaluated using 99mTc Solcocitran in 31 patients. In 27 patients surgical specimens were obtained for histologic studies. Of 20 benign lesions, five showed a relatively increased uptake of 99mTc Solcocitran. Two of seven malignant lesions were interpreted as positive on the 99mTc Solcocitran scan. This study indicates that 99mTc Solcocitran is not a valuable radiopharmaceutical for differentiating cold areas."}
{"id": "PMID:913435", "title": "New chromosomal dysmorphic syndromes. 2. Trisomy 10p.", "content": "This is the report of a family in which a balanced translocation in the mother t(5;10)(p15;p13) led to an unbalanced chromosomal constitution in two children. It was identified by G-banding analysis as trisomy of the distal portion of the short arm of chromosome 10 (p13 leads to pter). Comparison with 15 previous reports of trisomy 10p confirms the existence of a characteristic dysmorphic syndrome.", "contents": "New chromosomal dysmorphic syndromes. 2. Trisomy 10p. This is the report of a family in which a balanced translocation in the mother t(5;10)(p15;p13) led to an unbalanced chromosomal constitution in two children. It was identified by G-banding analysis as trisomy of the distal portion of the short arm of chromosome 10 (p13 leads to pter). Comparison with 15 previous reports of trisomy 10p confirms the existence of a characteristic dysmorphic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:913436", "title": "Prognosis of Wilson's disease in childhood.", "content": "Wilson's disease in childhood has several characters distinct from those in adults. The progression of the disease tends to be rapid, hepatic manifestations are common, cerebral symptoms related to dystonia are predominant, and tremor is rare. Forty-nine children with Wilson's disease under the age of 15 were treated with D-penicillamine for 2 to 15 years. None of the presymptomatic patients subsequently developed any symptoms of the disease. The results of treatment in patients who had exhibited only hepatic symptoms were also excellent. However, neurological manifestations associated with a history of jaundice or ascites responded less well to chelation. These observations clearly indicate that early diagnosis and treatment are extremely important to ensure normal lives for children with Wilson's disease.", "contents": "Prognosis of Wilson's disease in childhood. Wilson's disease in childhood has several characters distinct from those in adults. The progression of the disease tends to be rapid, hepatic manifestations are common, cerebral symptoms related to dystonia are predominant, and tremor is rare. Forty-nine children with Wilson's disease under the age of 15 were treated with D-penicillamine for 2 to 15 years. None of the presymptomatic patients subsequently developed any symptoms of the disease. The results of treatment in patients who had exhibited only hepatic symptoms were also excellent. However, neurological manifestations associated with a history of jaundice or ascites responded less well to chelation. These observations clearly indicate that early diagnosis and treatment are extremely important to ensure normal lives for children with Wilson's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:913437", "title": "\"Fast isoamylases\" in the parotid saliva of children with cystic fibrosis and heterozygous carriers.", "content": "On electrophoresis, parotid saliva always exhibits a basic pattern of 6 isoamylases. Additional faster migrating isoamylases occur in varying numbers. These \"fast isoamylases\" are generated, at least in part, by deamidation. Compared with juvenile and adult controls, a significantly greater number of \"fast isoamylases\" was found in the parotid saliva of children with cystic fibrosis and their healthy heterozygous parents. A shift in the equilibrium between amidation and deamidation is discussed in terms of its possible connection with the metabolic defect responsible for cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "\"Fast isoamylases\" in the parotid saliva of children with cystic fibrosis and heterozygous carriers. On electrophoresis, parotid saliva always exhibits a basic pattern of 6 isoamylases. Additional faster migrating isoamylases occur in varying numbers. These \"fast isoamylases\" are generated, at least in part, by deamidation. Compared with juvenile and adult controls, a significantly greater number of \"fast isoamylases\" was found in the parotid saliva of children with cystic fibrosis and their healthy heterozygous parents. A shift in the equilibrium between amidation and deamidation is discussed in terms of its possible connection with the metabolic defect responsible for cystic fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:913438", "title": "Opsoclonus and palatal myoclonus during prolonged post-traumatic coma. A clinico-pathologic study.", "content": "A case of opsoclonus and palatal myoclonus following blunt head injury is described. The syndrome appeared 1 month after the injury and lasted unchanged until death. Postmortem examination showed the presence of widespread lesions of the brain stem affecting the dentato-rubro-olivary system. The main clinical features of the syndrome and their anatomical correlates are discussed.", "contents": "Opsoclonus and palatal myoclonus during prolonged post-traumatic coma. A clinico-pathologic study. A case of opsoclonus and palatal myoclonus following blunt head injury is described. The syndrome appeared 1 month after the injury and lasted unchanged until death. Postmortem examination showed the presence of widespread lesions of the brain stem affecting the dentato-rubro-olivary system. The main clinical features of the syndrome and their anatomical correlates are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913439", "title": "Vascularization and angioarchitecture of the human pes hippocampi.", "content": "After studying the vascularization and the angioarchitecture of the pes hippocampi by means of selective arteriograms, the authors suggest a number of modifications to the classical concepts of arteriolar penetration into this area. Their most striking finding was the typical stratification of the paraventricular area as compared with the gyrus dentatus which is more monomorphically vascularized. The stratum granulosum appeared not to represent a vascular barrier between these two zones. The authors emphasize the remarkable correlation between the fibrillar and cytological construction of the various layers on one hand and their angioarchitectural characteristics on the other.", "contents": "Vascularization and angioarchitecture of the human pes hippocampi. After studying the vascularization and the angioarchitecture of the pes hippocampi by means of selective arteriograms, the authors suggest a number of modifications to the classical concepts of arteriolar penetration into this area. Their most striking finding was the typical stratification of the paraventricular area as compared with the gyrus dentatus which is more monomorphically vascularized. The stratum granulosum appeared not to represent a vascular barrier between these two zones. The authors emphasize the remarkable correlation between the fibrillar and cytological construction of the various layers on one hand and their angioarchitectural characteristics on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:913440", "title": "Critical assessment of the local curare test in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "In a group of 60 patients of which 30 were affected by myasthenia, we used the regional curare test. The results were evaluated from a critical point of view and were then compared with the results obtained by the repetitive stimulation of the circumflex nerve, deriving from deltoid muscle. We considered too the specificity of the regional curare test for the evaluation of ocular myasthenia.", "contents": "Critical assessment of the local curare test in myasthenia gravis. In a group of 60 patients of which 30 were affected by myasthenia, we used the regional curare test. The results were evaluated from a critical point of view and were then compared with the results obtained by the repetitive stimulation of the circumflex nerve, deriving from deltoid muscle. We considered too the specificity of the regional curare test for the evaluation of ocular myasthenia."}
{"id": "PMID:913441", "title": "Neurological features as presenting manifestations of brucellosis.", "content": "Four cases of brucellosis in whom acute neurological conditions were the first manifestations of the disease are presented. These cases are acute meningitis, acute encephalitis with generalized and focal signs, acute transverse myelitis with paraplegia, and acute radiculitis with \"sciatica\". The neurological manifestations, the laboratory findings, the treatment and certain features related to problems of diagnosis and differential diagnosis have been briefly discussed.", "contents": "Neurological features as presenting manifestations of brucellosis. Four cases of brucellosis in whom acute neurological conditions were the first manifestations of the disease are presented. These cases are acute meningitis, acute encephalitis with generalized and focal signs, acute transverse myelitis with paraplegia, and acute radiculitis with \"sciatica\". The neurological manifestations, the laboratory findings, the treatment and certain features related to problems of diagnosis and differential diagnosis have been briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913442", "title": "Myotubular (centronuclear) (neuro-)myopathy. I. Clinical, genetical and morphological studies.", "content": "Five new cases of myotubular (centronuclear) (neuro-)myopathy are presented. Myometric studies revealed type I fibre atrophy and mispositioned nuclei, at various stages between the myotubular structure and the normal subsarcolemmic position. Certain morphological changes, for instance target structures, suggest denervation involving the fibres in an early stage of myogenesis; differentiation seems to be more affected than growth. The genetic defect has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance with penetrance and degree of expressivity varying from one case to another in the three families.", "contents": "Myotubular (centronuclear) (neuro-)myopathy. I. Clinical, genetical and morphological studies. Five new cases of myotubular (centronuclear) (neuro-)myopathy are presented. Myometric studies revealed type I fibre atrophy and mispositioned nuclei, at various stages between the myotubular structure and the normal subsarcolemmic position. Certain morphological changes, for instance target structures, suggest denervation involving the fibres in an early stage of myogenesis; differentiation seems to be more affected than growth. The genetic defect has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance with penetrance and degree of expressivity varying from one case to another in the three families."}
{"id": "PMID:913443", "title": "Effect of salbumatol on acute gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin in the rat.", "content": "Indomethacin produces gastric ulceration in the rat when given by subcutaneous injection. Salbutamol, a beta2-adrenergic agonist, provided full protection from the development of these lesions. This observation may have a bearing on the genesis and therapy of some forms of peptic ulceration.", "contents": "Effect of salbumatol on acute gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin in the rat. Indomethacin produces gastric ulceration in the rat when given by subcutaneous injection. Salbutamol, a beta2-adrenergic agonist, provided full protection from the development of these lesions. This observation may have a bearing on the genesis and therapy of some forms of peptic ulceration."}
{"id": "PMID:913444", "title": "Effect of dopamine in stress ulcer of rats.", "content": "The effect of dopamine in stress-induced ulceration of stomach mucosa employing a hypoxia-immobilisation stress, was investigated in rats. Intravenous administration of small doses of dopamine (3 mug/kg body weight/min) significantly lowered the development of mucosa erosions. A bilious reflux which was observed after dopamine infusion but not in controls may be considered as a side effect of this agent.", "contents": "Effect of dopamine in stress ulcer of rats. The effect of dopamine in stress-induced ulceration of stomach mucosa employing a hypoxia-immobilisation stress, was investigated in rats. Intravenous administration of small doses of dopamine (3 mug/kg body weight/min) significantly lowered the development of mucosa erosions. A bilious reflux which was observed after dopamine infusion but not in controls may be considered as a side effect of this agent."}
{"id": "PMID:913445", "title": "Microsomal hexobarbital metabolizing enzymes in regenerating cholestatic rat liver.", "content": "Microsomal changes were studied in regenerating liver cholestatic rats by measuring hexobarbital metabolzing capacity (HMC) in vitro. Total extrahepatic biliary obstruction was induced by ligating the common duct, 3 days later, a 70% liver resection was performed. Sham-operated animals served as controls. Analysis of HMC showed a similar pattern of microsomal regeneration in cholestatic as in sham-operated rats. This indicates that in the rat, cholestasis per se does not interfere with the development of this enzyme system during regeneration.", "contents": "Microsomal hexobarbital metabolizing enzymes in regenerating cholestatic rat liver. Microsomal changes were studied in regenerating liver cholestatic rats by measuring hexobarbital metabolzing capacity (HMC) in vitro. Total extrahepatic biliary obstruction was induced by ligating the common duct, 3 days later, a 70% liver resection was performed. Sham-operated animals served as controls. Analysis of HMC showed a similar pattern of microsomal regeneration in cholestatic as in sham-operated rats. This indicates that in the rat, cholestasis per se does not interfere with the development of this enzyme system during regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:913446", "title": "Therapeutic embolization of renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "The technique of embolization of renal cell carcinoma is assessed on the basis of the authors' experience. The procedure is usually envisaged in case of hypervascularized extracapsular tumors, with the purpose of obtaining the preoperative occlusion of the renal artery. Nevertheless, it cannot replace surgery, which can accomplish it with much more safety. The technique of embolization itself, which should be as selective as possible, is also discussed and its clinicobiological (immunological) implications are introduced.", "contents": "Therapeutic embolization of renal cell carcinoma. The technique of embolization of renal cell carcinoma is assessed on the basis of the authors' experience. The procedure is usually envisaged in case of hypervascularized extracapsular tumors, with the purpose of obtaining the preoperative occlusion of the renal artery. Nevertheless, it cannot replace surgery, which can accomplish it with much more safety. The technique of embolization itself, which should be as selective as possible, is also discussed and its clinicobiological (immunological) implications are introduced."}
{"id": "PMID:913447", "title": "Urodynamic assessment of women with urethral syndrome.", "content": "43 women with urethral syndrome were investigated. A full urologic, gynecologic and urodynamic assessment was carried out. In 27 women an obstruction was demonstrated by urodynamic and other parameters. Two types of obstruction were seen: the first one occurred mainly in postmenopausal women. Here, a narrow distal segment of the urethra was noted. These women responded well to dilatation and external urethroplasty. The second type of obstruction was mainly seen in younger women. The cause was an incomplete relaxation or spasm of the external striated sphincter. This dysfunction was caused by various disorders like local inflammation, colpitis, etc. Dilatation and urethroplasty did not cure all patients of this group. Other causes of symptoms were instability and atony of the detrusor. In some women the cause for their symptoms and recurrent urinary infection could not be found.", "contents": "Urodynamic assessment of women with urethral syndrome. 43 women with urethral syndrome were investigated. A full urologic, gynecologic and urodynamic assessment was carried out. In 27 women an obstruction was demonstrated by urodynamic and other parameters. Two types of obstruction were seen: the first one occurred mainly in postmenopausal women. Here, a narrow distal segment of the urethra was noted. These women responded well to dilatation and external urethroplasty. The second type of obstruction was mainly seen in younger women. The cause was an incomplete relaxation or spasm of the external striated sphincter. This dysfunction was caused by various disorders like local inflammation, colpitis, etc. Dilatation and urethroplasty did not cure all patients of this group. Other causes of symptoms were instability and atony of the detrusor. In some women the cause for their symptoms and recurrent urinary infection could not be found."}
{"id": "PMID:913448", "title": "Cystometric and urine flow studies on patients with calcified bladders and ureters.", "content": "The urodynamic effects of calcification of the bladders and ureters secondary to schistosomiasis, have been studied in eight patients. Bladder calcification in this disease involves mainly the mucosa and submucosa. Calcification per se does not interfere with detrusor function. Ureteral calcification involves mainly the muscle layer and periureteral tissues leading to stasis of urine along such ureters. The layers involved may explain the disparity in the incidence of bilharzial related tumours in the bladders and ureters. The higher incidence of urinary calculi in patients with bilharziasis is probably due to stasis along involved ureters.", "contents": "Cystometric and urine flow studies on patients with calcified bladders and ureters. The urodynamic effects of calcification of the bladders and ureters secondary to schistosomiasis, have been studied in eight patients. Bladder calcification in this disease involves mainly the mucosa and submucosa. Calcification per se does not interfere with detrusor function. Ureteral calcification involves mainly the muscle layer and periureteral tissues leading to stasis of urine along such ureters. The layers involved may explain the disparity in the incidence of bilharzial related tumours in the bladders and ureters. The higher incidence of urinary calculi in patients with bilharziasis is probably due to stasis along involved ureters."}
{"id": "PMID:913449", "title": "Renal function after ligation of the left renal vein.", "content": "In animal experiments the ligation of the left renal vein after nephrectomy on the right side and the ligation of the suprarenal inferior vena cava is explored by four different methods. Degree and length of postoperative renal dysfunction depend on the preliminary ligation or the narrowing of the suprarenal inferior vena cava. The period of adaptation is correlated to the development of a collateral circulation of the left renal vein.", "contents": "Renal function after ligation of the left renal vein. In animal experiments the ligation of the left renal vein after nephrectomy on the right side and the ligation of the suprarenal inferior vena cava is explored by four different methods. Degree and length of postoperative renal dysfunction depend on the preliminary ligation or the narrowing of the suprarenal inferior vena cava. The period of adaptation is correlated to the development of a collateral circulation of the left renal vein."}
{"id": "PMID:913450", "title": "Urinary hydroxyproline concentration in primary hyperparathyroidism with and without renal stones.", "content": "Eleven cases with histologically confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism have been studied. Although histologically, bone turnover increased in all but 1 patient, urinary hydroxyproline excretion and serum alkaline phosphatase in patients with renal stones were within the upper normal limits of slightly elevated (27.5 mg/24 h, concentration 19.5 microgram/ml, alkaline phosphatase 35.0 IU/l). On the contrary, 3 cases without renal stones exhibited an increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion (129 mg/24 h, concentration 95.6 microgram/ml) and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (99.9IU/l). Serum total hydroxyproline was elevated in both groups (renal stones, 2.00 mg%; no renal stones, 3.16 mg%; p = 0.006). Hydroxyproline was determined under conditions of a very low proline diet and 1.5 liters of daily fluid intake. There were no statistically significant differences between serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathormone between urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus. Creatinine clearance was within normal limits in all patients. The possible relevance of urinary hydroxyproline for stone formation is discussed.", "contents": "Urinary hydroxyproline concentration in primary hyperparathyroidism with and without renal stones. Eleven cases with histologically confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism have been studied. Although histologically, bone turnover increased in all but 1 patient, urinary hydroxyproline excretion and serum alkaline phosphatase in patients with renal stones were within the upper normal limits of slightly elevated (27.5 mg/24 h, concentration 19.5 microgram/ml, alkaline phosphatase 35.0 IU/l). On the contrary, 3 cases without renal stones exhibited an increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion (129 mg/24 h, concentration 95.6 microgram/ml) and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (99.9IU/l). Serum total hydroxyproline was elevated in both groups (renal stones, 2.00 mg%; no renal stones, 3.16 mg%; p = 0.006). Hydroxyproline was determined under conditions of a very low proline diet and 1.5 liters of daily fluid intake. There were no statistically significant differences between serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathormone between urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus. Creatinine clearance was within normal limits in all patients. The possible relevance of urinary hydroxyproline for stone formation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913451", "title": "Clinical and laboratory assessment of the efficacy of baclofen (Lioresal) on urethral sphincter spasticity in patients with traumatic paraplegia.", "content": "A comparative clinical trial with oral and intravenous baclofen (Lioresal) was performed in a homogeneous group of 70 male patients, hospitalized with traumatic paraplegia. The dosage was 75 mg daily by mouth over a period of 10 days or 20 mg daily i.v. for 2 days. Drug efficacy was evaluated both clinically (residual urine; facilitation of micturition) and urodynamically (integrated cystosphincterometry, sphincter electromyography and micturition cysto-urethrograms). During oral therapy there were no significant changes in any of the studied parameters. Intravenous administration, on the contrary, proved highly effective and better tolerated.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory assessment of the efficacy of baclofen (Lioresal) on urethral sphincter spasticity in patients with traumatic paraplegia. A comparative clinical trial with oral and intravenous baclofen (Lioresal) was performed in a homogeneous group of 70 male patients, hospitalized with traumatic paraplegia. The dosage was 75 mg daily by mouth over a period of 10 days or 20 mg daily i.v. for 2 days. Drug efficacy was evaluated both clinically (residual urine; facilitation of micturition) and urodynamically (integrated cystosphincterometry, sphincter electromyography and micturition cysto-urethrograms). During oral therapy there were no significant changes in any of the studied parameters. Intravenous administration, on the contrary, proved highly effective and better tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:913452", "title": "A case of lithiasis of a persistent urachus.", "content": "A rarely encountered case of lithiasis in a persistent urachus with asymptomatic course, in a patient with recurrent nephrolithiasis, is presented. Diagnosis was established by roentgenographic examination and was surgically confirmed.", "contents": "A case of lithiasis of a persistent urachus. A rarely encountered case of lithiasis in a persistent urachus with asymptomatic course, in a patient with recurrent nephrolithiasis, is presented. Diagnosis was established by roentgenographic examination and was surgically confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:913454", "title": "Continent caecal bladder.", "content": "A new method of urinary diversion using the terminal ileum and the caecum as a reservoir, and an invaginated and sutured ileal segment interposed as a lid for the caecal portion has been experimented in 5 patients. Four of them are now completely continent and use a continence-enxuring device at regular intervals.", "contents": "Continent caecal bladder. A new method of urinary diversion using the terminal ileum and the caecum as a reservoir, and an invaginated and sutured ileal segment interposed as a lid for the caecal portion has been experimented in 5 patients. Four of them are now completely continent and use a continence-enxuring device at regular intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:913456", "title": "The treatment of advanced carcinoma of the bladder with a combination of adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "52 patients with advanced bladder cancer, no longer controlled by conventional therapy, have been treated by combination chemotherapy with Adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil. The objective remission rate has been 40%. The morbidity of the chemotherapy has not been excessive. The response has not been related to the histological grade of the primary tumour and previous treatment. Patients with a good performance status (Karnofsky index) have responded better than those with a poor performance status.", "contents": "The treatment of advanced carcinoma of the bladder with a combination of adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil. 52 patients with advanced bladder cancer, no longer controlled by conventional therapy, have been treated by combination chemotherapy with Adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil. The objective remission rate has been 40%. The morbidity of the chemotherapy has not been excessive. The response has not been related to the histological grade of the primary tumour and previous treatment. Patients with a good performance status (Karnofsky index) have responded better than those with a poor performance status."}
{"id": "PMID:913457", "title": "Treatment of renal adenocarcinoma by embolization: a follow-up of 38 cases.", "content": "The experience from 38 patients treated with embolization are presented. The technique and results are discussed. Other techniques intended to cause embolization as well as further possibilities within this field are discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of renal adenocarcinoma by embolization: a follow-up of 38 cases. The experience from 38 patients treated with embolization are presented. The technique and results are discussed. Other techniques intended to cause embolization as well as further possibilities within this field are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913458", "title": "Relationship between germinal cells function and dynamics of FSH secretion.", "content": "Tubular histology was correlated to FSH levels assayed under basal conditions (8 cases) or in response to Gn-RH (24 cases) in 32 infertile males, in whom a testicular biopsy was indicated as part of the work-up. A good correlation was found between number of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes and levels of FSH, under basal conditions or, even more, in response to Gn-RH; correlation was less close with respect to spermatids 1 and 2 and nonexistent with respect to Serotoli cells. In spite of those findings, when taking into account only mean counts of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, some overlapping of values in individual cases still existed. On the other hand, when correcting the above perameters for tubular diameter and number of tubules per LPF, a much closer correlation between parameters of tubular function and dynamics of FSH regulation was obtained; the overlapping of values was found only in 1 out of 32 cases.", "contents": "Relationship between germinal cells function and dynamics of FSH secretion. Tubular histology was correlated to FSH levels assayed under basal conditions (8 cases) or in response to Gn-RH (24 cases) in 32 infertile males, in whom a testicular biopsy was indicated as part of the work-up. A good correlation was found between number of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes and levels of FSH, under basal conditions or, even more, in response to Gn-RH; correlation was less close with respect to spermatids 1 and 2 and nonexistent with respect to Serotoli cells. In spite of those findings, when taking into account only mean counts of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, some overlapping of values in individual cases still existed. On the other hand, when correcting the above perameters for tubular diameter and number of tubules per LPF, a much closer correlation between parameters of tubular function and dynamics of FSH regulation was obtained; the overlapping of values was found only in 1 out of 32 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:913459", "title": "The value of lymphography for the TNM classification of renal carcinoma.", "content": "Preoperative lymphography is a basic condition for uniform tumor classification of renal carcinoma, according to the T, N and M categories. The comparison of 148 lymphographic findings with 170 intraoperative and histopathological lymph node results showed a satisfactory correlation. The total frequency of lymph node metastasis was of 21.6%. Carcinomas with positive lymph nodes showed a significant increase of far distant metastasis up to 50%. Lymph node metastases have to be considered in 10% of all carcinomas of the T1 and T2 categories and in 15.5% of the cases with unclear preoperative lymphographic diagnosis. These results point out the necessity of a radical lymphadenectomy in all T categories.", "contents": "The value of lymphography for the TNM classification of renal carcinoma. Preoperative lymphography is a basic condition for uniform tumor classification of renal carcinoma, according to the T, N and M categories. The comparison of 148 lymphographic findings with 170 intraoperative and histopathological lymph node results showed a satisfactory correlation. The total frequency of lymph node metastasis was of 21.6%. Carcinomas with positive lymph nodes showed a significant increase of far distant metastasis up to 50%. Lymph node metastases have to be considered in 10% of all carcinomas of the T1 and T2 categories and in 15.5% of the cases with unclear preoperative lymphographic diagnosis. These results point out the necessity of a radical lymphadenectomy in all T categories."}
{"id": "PMID:913460", "title": "Diagnostic value of computerised isotopic section renal scanning.", "content": "Isotope section renal scanning in the diagnosis of kidney disease has been compared with ultrasonic examination adn specialised radiological techniques. The computerised isotope tomographic section technique developed in Aberdeen has increased the accuracy and differential diagnosis of renal lesions especially cysts and tumours.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of computerised isotopic section renal scanning. Isotope section renal scanning in the diagnosis of kidney disease has been compared with ultrasonic examination adn specialised radiological techniques. The computerised isotope tomographic section technique developed in Aberdeen has increased the accuracy and differential diagnosis of renal lesions especially cysts and tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:913461", "title": "Combined mesterolon-clomiphene citrate therapy for treatment of oligospermia.", "content": "42 subfertile patients with normal levels of plasma testerone (26 subnormal, suffering from oligospermia) have been treated with a combination of clomiphene citrate (50 mg Clomid daily) and mesterolon (50 mg Proviron daily) over a period of at least 3-6 months. The treatment resulted in pregnancy in 6 cases and in a significant improvement of the sperm count in 16. In 7, however, whilst the sperm count improved the qualitative results were unsatisfactory as many sperms were immature. Restricted spermatogenesis and a sperm count below 5 million/ml must be considered unfavourable but does not constitute a counter-indication to the combined therapy. No hazardous complications were observed.", "contents": "Combined mesterolon-clomiphene citrate therapy for treatment of oligospermia. 42 subfertile patients with normal levels of plasma testerone (26 subnormal, suffering from oligospermia) have been treated with a combination of clomiphene citrate (50 mg Clomid daily) and mesterolon (50 mg Proviron daily) over a period of at least 3-6 months. The treatment resulted in pregnancy in 6 cases and in a significant improvement of the sperm count in 16. In 7, however, whilst the sperm count improved the qualitative results were unsatisfactory as many sperms were immature. Restricted spermatogenesis and a sperm count below 5 million/ml must be considered unfavourable but does not constitute a counter-indication to the combined therapy. No hazardous complications were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:913462", "title": "Sexual behaviour after prostatectomy.", "content": "Sexual behaviour after prostatectomy has been observed in 100 patients who have undergone a Millin prostatectomy with preventive haemostasis. The results have been compared with 100 patients subjected to other urological operations and 100 patients who have undergone general surgical operations. From the data obtained we conclude that: (1) one third of the patients who have undergone prostatectomy no longer have sexual activity; (2) prostatectomy does not affect sexual potency more than any other operation of the same gravity at the same age; (3) among the patients sexually active 6 months before prostatectomy, 45% have a better sexual life 6 months afterwards, 26% have a diminished sexual life and 3.5% have become impotent; (4) the development of an adenoma seems to have an unfavourable influence on sexual activity.", "contents": "Sexual behaviour after prostatectomy. Sexual behaviour after prostatectomy has been observed in 100 patients who have undergone a Millin prostatectomy with preventive haemostasis. The results have been compared with 100 patients subjected to other urological operations and 100 patients who have undergone general surgical operations. From the data obtained we conclude that: (1) one third of the patients who have undergone prostatectomy no longer have sexual activity; (2) prostatectomy does not affect sexual potency more than any other operation of the same gravity at the same age; (3) among the patients sexually active 6 months before prostatectomy, 45% have a better sexual life 6 months afterwards, 26% have a diminished sexual life and 3.5% have become impotent; (4) the development of an adenoma seems to have an unfavourable influence on sexual activity."}
{"id": "PMID:913463", "title": "Erictile impotence, small-carrion prosthesis and the 'infrapubic' approach.", "content": "Today erectile impotence is surgically best treated with the implantation of a Small-Carrion prosthesis through the infrapubic approach. A psychoanalysis or -therapy should always accompany the surgical approach.", "contents": "Erictile impotence, small-carrion prosthesis and the 'infrapubic' approach. Today erectile impotence is surgically best treated with the implantation of a Small-Carrion prosthesis through the infrapubic approach. A psychoanalysis or -therapy should always accompany the surgical approach."}
{"id": "PMID:913469", "title": "Persistence of complementary afterimages as a function of adult age and exposure duration.", "content": "The persistence of complementary afterimages was studied in 36 young (X age 18.8 years) and old (X age 62.1 years) male and female subjects. Afterimage persistence was found to be a direct function of exposure duration and to be greater for the older subjects as compared with the younger ones. The interactions between age and duration and between presentation order and duration were also significant. The data extend support for the \"stimulus persistence\" model to age differences in retinal function.", "contents": "Persistence of complementary afterimages as a function of adult age and exposure duration. The persistence of complementary afterimages was studied in 36 young (X age 18.8 years) and old (X age 62.1 years) male and female subjects. Afterimage persistence was found to be a direct function of exposure duration and to be greater for the older subjects as compared with the younger ones. The interactions between age and duration and between presentation order and duration were also significant. The data extend support for the \"stimulus persistence\" model to age differences in retinal function."}
{"id": "PMID:913470", "title": "Differences in unconspicuous word identification as a function of age and reversible-figure training.", "content": "Inconspicuous word identification was studied in 48 young (X age 19.3 years), middle-aged (X age 44.5 years) and old (X age 69.5 years) male and female subjects. Although this task appeared to be an easy one for the young subjects, it was strikingly difficult for the middle-aged and elderly subjects. Reversible-figure training apparently led to a small but significant overall improvement in inconspicuous word identification but did not at all diminish the age differences in such performance. The interactions of sex by reversible-figure training and age by first set-second set of words were also significant. Further research will be needed to fully examine the remediability of age-related perceptual skill deficits.", "contents": "Differences in unconspicuous word identification as a function of age and reversible-figure training. Inconspicuous word identification was studied in 48 young (X age 19.3 years), middle-aged (X age 44.5 years) and old (X age 69.5 years) male and female subjects. Although this task appeared to be an easy one for the young subjects, it was strikingly difficult for the middle-aged and elderly subjects. Reversible-figure training apparently led to a small but significant overall improvement in inconspicuous word identification but did not at all diminish the age differences in such performance. The interactions of sex by reversible-figure training and age by first set-second set of words were also significant. Further research will be needed to fully examine the remediability of age-related perceptual skill deficits."}
{"id": "PMID:913471", "title": "Simultaneous brightness contrast in young and old adults.", "content": "The illusion of simultaneous brightness contrast was used to investigate age changes in contrast sensitivity under suprathreshold conditions. Contrary to findings for threshold measures of visual functioning in older adults, the 20 older adults (aged 60-79 yrs.) showed a significantly larger simultaneous brightness contrast effect (p less than .05) than the 20 younger adults (aged 17-26 yrs.). The increase in simultaneous brightness contrast in older adults is attributed to a degeneration of damping fibers in the visual system.", "contents": "Simultaneous brightness contrast in young and old adults. The illusion of simultaneous brightness contrast was used to investigate age changes in contrast sensitivity under suprathreshold conditions. Contrary to findings for threshold measures of visual functioning in older adults, the 20 older adults (aged 60-79 yrs.) showed a significantly larger simultaneous brightness contrast effect (p less than .05) than the 20 younger adults (aged 17-26 yrs.). The increase in simultaneous brightness contrast in older adults is attributed to a degeneration of damping fibers in the visual system."}
{"id": "PMID:913472", "title": "Behavioral-immunologic relationships in older men and women.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgA and IgM) and intellectual performance were examined in a group of fourteen elderly men (mean age 74.2) and twenty-three women (mean age 73.2) who reported that they were in good health. Significant negative Pearson product-moment correlations between performance and IgG and IgA emerged for men. Among women the relationship was not significant.", "contents": "Behavioral-immunologic relationships in older men and women. Serum immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgA and IgM) and intellectual performance were examined in a group of fourteen elderly men (mean age 74.2) and twenty-three women (mean age 73.2) who reported that they were in good health. Significant negative Pearson product-moment correlations between performance and IgG and IgA emerged for men. Among women the relationship was not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:913483", "title": "Long-term results following closure of isolated ostium secundum atrial septal defect in children and adults.", "content": "Information is presented on 166 patients operated  for isolated atrial septal defect of secundum type with a mean follow-up time of 12 yr (range 8-21 yr). The mean age at operation was 23 yr (range 4-63 yr). The incidence of suspected mitral regurgitation is very low (4 cases). Postoperative flutter or fibrillation occurred in 24 cases, 20 out of these were operated after the age of 20 yr. In all 24 cases intermittent or permanent atrial dysrhythmia was present immediately postoperatively. The long-term results with regard to the occurrence of dysrhythmias and increased heart volumes is better in the younger age group.", "contents": "Long-term results following closure of isolated ostium secundum atrial septal defect in children and adults. Information is presented on 166 patients operated  for isolated atrial septal defect of secundum type with a mean follow-up time of 12 yr (range 8-21 yr). The mean age at operation was 23 yr (range 4-63 yr). The incidence of suspected mitral regurgitation is very low (4 cases). Postoperative flutter or fibrillation occurred in 24 cases, 20 out of these were operated after the age of 20 yr. In all 24 cases intermittent or permanent atrial dysrhythmia was present immediately postoperatively. The long-term results with regard to the occurrence of dysrhythmias and increased heart volumes is better in the younger age group."}
{"id": "PMID:913484", "title": "The electrophysiological evaluation of intravenous acebutolol, a beta-blocking drug.", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of acebutolol were studied in 12 patients. Heart rate and systemic arterial pressure were monitored. Plasma acebutolol levels were estimated. The first 6 patients (group A) received 0.3 mg/kg body weight I.V. The subsequent 6 patients (group B) received 0.5 mg/kg body weight I.V. Acebutolol delayed both antegrade and retrograde conduction through the AV node. The effect was greater in group B patients. Effective and functional refractory periods of the AV node were also increased after acebutolol. Intraatrial and intraventricular conduction and the effective refractory periods of the atrium and ventricle were not affected. Acebutolol did not alter significantly the sinus node recovery time or the QTc interval. Heart rate fell, especially where initial rates were fast. Systolic arterial pressure was lowered in group B patients. Peak mean levels of acebutolol were reached 5 min after injection of the drug. In the doses used, acebutolol, although well tolerated, failed to demonstrate electrophysiological evidence of a membrane-stabilizing effect and is therefore unlikely to add to the areas of success achieved by other beta-blocking drugs in the management of arrhythmias.", "contents": "The electrophysiological evaluation of intravenous acebutolol, a beta-blocking drug. The electrophysiological effects of acebutolol were studied in 12 patients. Heart rate and systemic arterial pressure were monitored. Plasma acebutolol levels were estimated. The first 6 patients (group A) received 0.3 mg/kg body weight I.V. The subsequent 6 patients (group B) received 0.5 mg/kg body weight I.V. Acebutolol delayed both antegrade and retrograde conduction through the AV node. The effect was greater in group B patients. Effective and functional refractory periods of the AV node were also increased after acebutolol. Intraatrial and intraventricular conduction and the effective refractory periods of the atrium and ventricle were not affected. Acebutolol did not alter significantly the sinus node recovery time or the QTc interval. Heart rate fell, especially where initial rates were fast. Systolic arterial pressure was lowered in group B patients. Peak mean levels of acebutolol were reached 5 min after injection of the drug. In the doses used, acebutolol, although well tolerated, failed to demonstrate electrophysiological evidence of a membrane-stabilizing effect and is therefore unlikely to add to the areas of success achieved by other beta-blocking drugs in the management of arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:913485", "title": "Evaluation of pressure-derived indices of right ventricular contractility.", "content": "Myocardial function was studied in 23 subjects using indices of contractility based on the right ventricular pressure pulse. Pressure-velocity curves were plotted during early systole and contractile element velocity was derived. The pressure-velocity curves varied in shape and curves with single, linear descending slopes occurred in only 7 subjects. The other pressure-velocity curves were either biphasic or hyperbolic in form. The derivation of Vmax and Vpm and beat-to-beat analysis of these indices was therefore difficult. The effects of a number of physiological variables, e.g. right ventricular enddiastolic pressure, respiration and the infusion of isoprenaline were examined. It was demonstrated that Vmax and Vpm were not independent of the loading conditions of the ventricle. The infusion of isoprenaline changed the shape of the pressure-velocity curves and increased the problems of analysis. The theoretical and practical difficulties involved in this type of analysis are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of pressure-derived indices of right ventricular contractility. Myocardial function was studied in 23 subjects using indices of contractility based on the right ventricular pressure pulse. Pressure-velocity curves were plotted during early systole and contractile element velocity was derived. The pressure-velocity curves varied in shape and curves with single, linear descending slopes occurred in only 7 subjects. The other pressure-velocity curves were either biphasic or hyperbolic in form. The derivation of Vmax and Vpm and beat-to-beat analysis of these indices was therefore difficult. The effects of a number of physiological variables, e.g. right ventricular enddiastolic pressure, respiration and the infusion of isoprenaline were examined. It was demonstrated that Vmax and Vpm were not independent of the loading conditions of the ventricle. The infusion of isoprenaline changed the shape of the pressure-velocity curves and increased the problems of analysis. The theoretical and practical difficulties involved in this type of analysis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913486", "title": "Another look at Prinzmetal's variant angina.", "content": "Prinzmetal's variant angina is commonly referred to as a syndrome apart from the usual spectrum of atherosclerotic disease. 2 well-studied patients with this form of angina gave past histories compatible with classical angina. They were found to have, in addition to severe atheromatous lesions, coronary artery spasm resulting in complete obstruction of the vessel during Prinzmetal attacks. The concomitant electrocardiographic ST segment elevations are probably the reflection of transmural ischemia injury resulting from the transient complete occlusion of the corresponding coronary artery. Electrocardiograms taken during milder resting anginal attacks showed minimal nonspecific changes of the electrocardiogram or T wave inversions which may possibly reflect less severe ischemia, secondary to milder coronary spasm. These observations support the possibility that at least in some cases, Prinzmetal's angina may just be a phase in the life history of patients with atherosclerotic disease, during which recurrent severe coronary spasms may occur.", "contents": "Another look at Prinzmetal's variant angina. Prinzmetal's variant angina is commonly referred to as a syndrome apart from the usual spectrum of atherosclerotic disease. 2 well-studied patients with this form of angina gave past histories compatible with classical angina. They were found to have, in addition to severe atheromatous lesions, coronary artery spasm resulting in complete obstruction of the vessel during Prinzmetal attacks. The concomitant electrocardiographic ST segment elevations are probably the reflection of transmural ischemia injury resulting from the transient complete occlusion of the corresponding coronary artery. Electrocardiograms taken during milder resting anginal attacks showed minimal nonspecific changes of the electrocardiogram or T wave inversions which may possibly reflect less severe ischemia, secondary to milder coronary spasm. These observations support the possibility that at least in some cases, Prinzmetal's angina may just be a phase in the life history of patients with atherosclerotic disease, during which recurrent severe coronary spasms may occur."}
{"id": "PMID:913487", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function. Investigation of infants, children and teenagers without heart disease.", "content": "Echocardiography was used to study left ventricular function in 75 infants, children and teenagers  without heart disease. Normal values for echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular contractility were obtained and are presented in Tables. Systolic time intervals were measured from aortic cusp echoes and the normal range and correlation to heart rate and age are given. Computer analyses of echocardiograms from the left ventricle and the anterior mitral leaflet were done and normal values for the instantaneous velocities thus derived are given. To test the normal variation of left ventricular function with time 12 children were examined repeatedly during 1 wk. 95% tolerance limits for the variation of the different functional parameters are given. To test the reproducibility of the echocardiographic measurements 11 children with various forms of heart disease were examined consecutively by two different observers and the 95% tolerance limits for the difference between measurements were calculated.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function. Investigation of infants, children and teenagers without heart disease. Echocardiography was used to study left ventricular function in 75 infants, children and teenagers  without heart disease. Normal values for echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular contractility were obtained and are presented in Tables. Systolic time intervals were measured from aortic cusp echoes and the normal range and correlation to heart rate and age are given. Computer analyses of echocardiograms from the left ventricle and the anterior mitral leaflet were done and normal values for the instantaneous velocities thus derived are given. To test the normal variation of left ventricular function with time 12 children were examined repeatedly during 1 wk. 95% tolerance limits for the variation of the different functional parameters are given. To test the reproducibility of the echocardiographic measurements 11 children with various forms of heart disease were examined consecutively by two different observers and the 95% tolerance limits for the difference between measurements were calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:913488", "title": "Bidimensional real-time echocardiological visualization of a ventricular right-to-left shunt following peripheral vein injection.", "content": "Contrast techniques were used in the echocardiological evaluation of a 28-yr-old patient with congenital cyanotic heart disease; catheterization showed an association of an atrial septum defect, a ventricular septum defect, and a patent ductus arteriosus, with equalization of pulmonary artery and systemic pressures. Glucose 5% in water, injected as a 10-ml bolus into an antecubital vein, constituted an adequate echogenic contrast solution. The heart was examined with both a single-crystal transducer (echoes recorded in M mode) and with a 51-elements dynamically focuses multiscan system (echoes recorded on video-tape). Contrast echocardiology showed that right-to-left shunting occurred at the level of the ventricular septum defect and was not significant at the atrial level.", "contents": "Bidimensional real-time echocardiological visualization of a ventricular right-to-left shunt following peripheral vein injection. Contrast techniques were used in the echocardiological evaluation of a 28-yr-old patient with congenital cyanotic heart disease; catheterization showed an association of an atrial septum defect, a ventricular septum defect, and a patent ductus arteriosus, with equalization of pulmonary artery and systemic pressures. Glucose 5% in water, injected as a 10-ml bolus into an antecubital vein, constituted an adequate echogenic contrast solution. The heart was examined with both a single-crystal transducer (echoes recorded in M mode) and with a 51-elements dynamically focuses multiscan system (echoes recorded on video-tape). Contrast echocardiology showed that right-to-left shunting occurred at the level of the ventricular septum defect and was not significant at the atrial level."}
{"id": "PMID:913512", "title": "Adaptation of evoked potentials by patterns of texture-contrast.", "content": "Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to a briefly presented pattern in black-ahd-white are reduced by pre-exposure to the same pattern formed only by contrasting textures. When such texture-contrast patterns are used as stimuli, however, the VEP is different in latency and in its sensitivity to changes in pattern geometry.", "contents": "Adaptation of evoked potentials by patterns of texture-contrast. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to a briefly presented pattern in black-ahd-white are reduced by pre-exposure to the same pattern formed only by contrasting textures. When such texture-contrast patterns are used as stimuli, however, the VEP is different in latency and in its sensitivity to changes in pattern geometry."}
{"id": "PMID:913513", "title": "Biases for oriented moving bars in lateral geniculate nucleus neurons of normal and stripe-reared cats.", "content": "Visual receptive fields of 42 LGN cells from normal cats and 110 cells from striped cylinder-reared kittens were studied with the aid of a computer controlled optical system. In the normal cats, ten of the 42 cells were weakly biased for orientation of the visual stimulus when tested with bars swept through the receptive field. Of those ten, eight were classified as transient. The orientation preferences of the ten biased units appeared randomly distributed around the clock. Of the LGN cells from the cylinder-reared group, about half of the transient cells had weak biases for orientation; only 7% of the sustained cells had biases. The orientation preferences of the biased LGN cells in the stripe-reared animals were either parallel to or orthogonal to the stripes each animal saw during its time in the conditioning cylinder. In 16 out of 18 of the biased LGN cells it was found that increasing the velocity of the test target reduced or eliminated the bias apparent at the lower velocity. For some LGN cells special techniques, such as inhibition of activated discharge, were needed to reveal orientation biases. The results described here, considered with data from others, suggest a role for the corticofugal projection in modulating the responses of some LGN cells.", "contents": "Biases for oriented moving bars in lateral geniculate nucleus neurons of normal and stripe-reared cats. Visual receptive fields of 42 LGN cells from normal cats and 110 cells from striped cylinder-reared kittens were studied with the aid of a computer controlled optical system. In the normal cats, ten of the 42 cells were weakly biased for orientation of the visual stimulus when tested with bars swept through the receptive field. Of those ten, eight were classified as transient. The orientation preferences of the ten biased units appeared randomly distributed around the clock. Of the LGN cells from the cylinder-reared group, about half of the transient cells had weak biases for orientation; only 7% of the sustained cells had biases. The orientation preferences of the biased LGN cells in the stripe-reared animals were either parallel to or orthogonal to the stripes each animal saw during its time in the conditioning cylinder. In 16 out of 18 of the biased LGN cells it was found that increasing the velocity of the test target reduced or eliminated the bias apparent at the lower velocity. For some LGN cells special techniques, such as inhibition of activated discharge, were needed to reveal orientation biases. The results described here, considered with data from others, suggest a role for the corticofugal projection in modulating the responses of some LGN cells."}
{"id": "PMID:913515", "title": "Thalamic inputs to the rabbit visual cortex: identification and organization using horseradish peroxidase (HRP).", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been injected in visual cortical area 1 (V1, striate cortex) of 33 rabbits (16 received a unilateral injection, 17 bilateral injections) in order to identify its thalamic inputs and to determine their retinotopic organization. This study has shown that when HRP is injected into different portions of V1: 1. Labeled cells are consistently seen in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and are always organized into horizontal columns arranged perpendicularly to the long axis of the LGNd; although the columns are always present in the alpha sector of the LGNd, they extend into the beta sector of this nucleus only occasionally. 2. With a series of injection sites that lie on or near the medial edge of V1 and run rostrocaudally, cell columns shift from ventromedial to dorsolateral within the LGNd. With a series of injection sites that are located along the lateral border of V1 and run from rostral to caudal, columns of labeled cells move from ventral to dorsal along the medial edge of the LGNd. 3. In some of the experiments, with injections in either medial or lateral portions of V1, columns of HRP-labeled cells have also been found within the pulvinar.", "contents": "Thalamic inputs to the rabbit visual cortex: identification and organization using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been injected in visual cortical area 1 (V1, striate cortex) of 33 rabbits (16 received a unilateral injection, 17 bilateral injections) in order to identify its thalamic inputs and to determine their retinotopic organization. This study has shown that when HRP is injected into different portions of V1: 1. Labeled cells are consistently seen in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and are always organized into horizontal columns arranged perpendicularly to the long axis of the LGNd; although the columns are always present in the alpha sector of the LGNd, they extend into the beta sector of this nucleus only occasionally. 2. With a series of injection sites that lie on or near the medial edge of V1 and run rostrocaudally, cell columns shift from ventromedial to dorsolateral within the LGNd. With a series of injection sites that are located along the lateral border of V1 and run from rostral to caudal, columns of labeled cells move from ventral to dorsal along the medial edge of the LGNd. 3. In some of the experiments, with injections in either medial or lateral portions of V1, columns of HRP-labeled cells have also been found within the pulvinar."}
{"id": "PMID:913516", "title": "Responses in the hypoglossal nucleus to delayed regeneration of the transected hypoglossal nerve, a quantitative ultrastructural study.", "content": "Electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus of adult male albino rats were quantitatively analyzed from 9-70 days after allowing the transected left hypoglossal nerve to regenerate after an 84 day delay. Delay was achieved by implanting the proximal stump into already innervated sternomastoid muscle, where no regeneration occurred. Regeneration was then allowed by denervating the sternomastoid. During the regenerative period the initially high number of abnormally electron dense perikarya and dendrites decreased to almost normal values, but no cell removal was seen. This suggested that the degenerate appearance of many profiles after prolonged prevention of regeneration, was reversible. The neuropil bouton and dendrite counts, and the numbers of synapsing boutons per dendrite, increased steadily to normal values from the low values of suppressed regeneration. Somatic bouton frequencies, even though already low, decreased further at 32 days, and later increased but not to normal values. The decrease at 32 days coincided with the loss of many subsurface cisterns, and dispersion of Nissl substance, all suggestive of chromatolysis. Later the subsurface cisterns and Nissl substance returned. It was suggested that the delay of complete recovery of somatic bouton frequencies might be because of lack of sensory information from the denervated muscle into which the hypoglossal nerve was regenerating, or because of abnormally low starting values for the recovery phase. Astrocyte (or, occasionally microglial) sheaths persisted along bouton-free perikaryal surfaces.", "contents": "Responses in the hypoglossal nucleus to delayed regeneration of the transected hypoglossal nerve, a quantitative ultrastructural study. Electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus of adult male albino rats were quantitatively analyzed from 9-70 days after allowing the transected left hypoglossal nerve to regenerate after an 84 day delay. Delay was achieved by implanting the proximal stump into already innervated sternomastoid muscle, where no regeneration occurred. Regeneration was then allowed by denervating the sternomastoid. During the regenerative period the initially high number of abnormally electron dense perikarya and dendrites decreased to almost normal values, but no cell removal was seen. This suggested that the degenerate appearance of many profiles after prolonged prevention of regeneration, was reversible. The neuropil bouton and dendrite counts, and the numbers of synapsing boutons per dendrite, increased steadily to normal values from the low values of suppressed regeneration. Somatic bouton frequencies, even though already low, decreased further at 32 days, and later increased but not to normal values. The decrease at 32 days coincided with the loss of many subsurface cisterns, and dispersion of Nissl substance, all suggestive of chromatolysis. Later the subsurface cisterns and Nissl substance returned. It was suggested that the delay of complete recovery of somatic bouton frequencies might be because of lack of sensory information from the denervated muscle into which the hypoglossal nerve was regenerating, or because of abnormally low starting values for the recovery phase. Astrocyte (or, occasionally microglial) sheaths persisted along bouton-free perikaryal surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:913517", "title": "The influence of the amygdala on the basal septum and preoptic area of the rat.", "content": "Extracellular microelectrode recordings were made from single neurones in the medial preoptic area and basal septum of normal female rats anaesthetised with urethane and the effects of stimulation of the ipsilateral amygdala (AMY) was tested. 1. Quiescent cells were excited with latencies between 4 and greater than 40 msec with the majority being between 10 and 27 msec. Variable latency, changing latency and recruitment were observed and suggest that many pathways are oligo- or polysynaptic. 2. A minority of spontaneously active units (20.6%) were excited with latencies between 5 and 36 msec. The predominant initial response was inhibition (67.1%). The remaining 12.3% of neurones did not respond. 3. A predominantly positive complex field potential was associated with excitation, particularly of quiescent neurones. 4. Inhibitory responses were classified according to duration (short: 20-60 msec; long: 100-400 msec). All responses contained an inhibitory component. Responses were further described on the basis of presence and rhythmicity of post-inhibitory excitation. 5. The majority of action potentials evoked from quiescent neurones were of small amplitude (80-150 mu/V) and occurred in small groups. These characteristics and their occurrence at the onset of inhibition are consistent with the view that all or a proportion of them may be generated by inhibitory interneurones. 6. Only minor differences were observed between response characteristics evoked by stimulation of the corticomedial or basolateral AMY indicating that differential effects of these regions on adenohypophysial hormone secretion are determined at the septopreoptic level.", "contents": "The influence of the amygdala on the basal septum and preoptic area of the rat. Extracellular microelectrode recordings were made from single neurones in the medial preoptic area and basal septum of normal female rats anaesthetised with urethane and the effects of stimulation of the ipsilateral amygdala (AMY) was tested. 1. Quiescent cells were excited with latencies between 4 and greater than 40 msec with the majority being between 10 and 27 msec. Variable latency, changing latency and recruitment were observed and suggest that many pathways are oligo- or polysynaptic. 2. A minority of spontaneously active units (20.6%) were excited with latencies between 5 and 36 msec. The predominant initial response was inhibition (67.1%). The remaining 12.3% of neurones did not respond. 3. A predominantly positive complex field potential was associated with excitation, particularly of quiescent neurones. 4. Inhibitory responses were classified according to duration (short: 20-60 msec; long: 100-400 msec). All responses contained an inhibitory component. Responses were further described on the basis of presence and rhythmicity of post-inhibitory excitation. 5. The majority of action potentials evoked from quiescent neurones were of small amplitude (80-150 mu/V) and occurred in small groups. These characteristics and their occurrence at the onset of inhibition are consistent with the view that all or a proportion of them may be generated by inhibitory interneurones. 6. Only minor differences were observed between response characteristics evoked by stimulation of the corticomedial or basolateral AMY indicating that differential effects of these regions on adenohypophysial hormone secretion are determined at the septopreoptic level."}
{"id": "PMID:913518", "title": "Time of origin and distribution of a new cell type in the rat cerebellar cortex.", "content": "A new cell type was identified in the granular layer of the rat cerebellum. It has a lightly staining nucleus with a nucleolus, it is spherical in shape and is larger than granule cells and smaller than Golgi cells. These pale cells are preferentially concentrated in the nodulus, the ventral uvula, the lingula, the flocculus, and parts of the paraflocculus. According to autoradiographic (3H-thymidine) evidence, over 60% of these pale cells are formed on embryonic days 19 and 20, and their production comes to an end soon after birth, prior to the differentiation of granule cells. The possible relation of pale cells to vestibular afferents of the cerebellar cortex is discussed.", "contents": "Time of origin and distribution of a new cell type in the rat cerebellar cortex. A new cell type was identified in the granular layer of the rat cerebellum. It has a lightly staining nucleus with a nucleolus, it is spherical in shape and is larger than granule cells and smaller than Golgi cells. These pale cells are preferentially concentrated in the nodulus, the ventral uvula, the lingula, the flocculus, and parts of the paraflocculus. According to autoradiographic (3H-thymidine) evidence, over 60% of these pale cells are formed on embryonic days 19 and 20, and their production comes to an end soon after birth, prior to the differentiation of granule cells. The possible relation of pale cells to vestibular afferents of the cerebellar cortex is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913519", "title": "Electrophysiological studies on interpositus neurones in the normal and Lurcher mutant mouse.", "content": "The response characteristics of interpositus neurones (IP) to sciatic nerve stimulation were studied in normal and Lurcher mutant mice under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. The response of IP neurones in the normal mouse was a short latency bimodal excitation (E1-I1-E2) followed by a depression of the firing rate (I2) and ending with a longer latency excitation (E3) which was completed within 225 msec. The response of the majority of IP neurones in the Lurcher mouse was a short latency unimodal excitation (LE1) which corresponded in time to the E1-I1-E2 phase in the normal. This was followed by a pause in the excitation. The response ended with a longer latency excitation (LE2) corresponding in time to the E3 phase in the normal mouse but which persisted for a considerably greater period of time. The response of IP neurones in normal and Lurcher mice appear to be similar to those observed in the normal and experimentally cerebellar decorticate cat, respectively.", "contents": "Electrophysiological studies on interpositus neurones in the normal and Lurcher mutant mouse. The response characteristics of interpositus neurones (IP) to sciatic nerve stimulation were studied in normal and Lurcher mutant mice under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. The response of IP neurones in the normal mouse was a short latency bimodal excitation (E1-I1-E2) followed by a depression of the firing rate (I2) and ending with a longer latency excitation (E3) which was completed within 225 msec. The response of the majority of IP neurones in the Lurcher mouse was a short latency unimodal excitation (LE1) which corresponded in time to the E1-I1-E2 phase in the normal. This was followed by a pause in the excitation. The response ended with a longer latency excitation (LE2) corresponding in time to the E3 phase in the normal mouse but which persisted for a considerably greater period of time. The response of IP neurones in normal and Lurcher mice appear to be similar to those observed in the normal and experimentally cerebellar decorticate cat, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:913520", "title": "Lack of centripetal connection between the lateral olfactory tract and the caudate nucleus. Evoked potential study in the rat.", "content": "In rats under alpha-chloralose or without general anesthesia the effect of a lateral olfactory tract stimulus on the caudate nucleus electric activity was explored by bipolar macroelectrodes. The stimulation effectiveness and the reactivity of recording sites to somatic stimuli were systematically tested. Under these conditions, no functional connection from the lateral olfactory tract to the caudate nucleus was demonstrated.", "contents": "Lack of centripetal connection between the lateral olfactory tract and the caudate nucleus. Evoked potential study in the rat. In rats under alpha-chloralose or without general anesthesia the effect of a lateral olfactory tract stimulus on the caudate nucleus electric activity was explored by bipolar macroelectrodes. The stimulation effectiveness and the reactivity of recording sites to somatic stimuli were systematically tested. Under these conditions, no functional connection from the lateral olfactory tract to the caudate nucleus was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:913522", "title": "Frequency transfer properties of three distinct types of cat horizontal cells.", "content": "Intracellular responses of horizontal cells in the retina were recorded from the intact eye in situ of anesthetized and paralyzed cats. The responses to large (15 X 15 degrees) high modulation (0.6-0.9) photopic (140-200 cd/m2) sinewave light stimuli could be grouped unequivocally into three distinct classes on the basis of the critical flicker frequency (CFF); Hn-units had a CEF of 25-40 Hz, hm-units of 55-70 Hz and Hw-units of 95-110 Hz. For some stimulus situations small oscillations could be seen in Hm-responses (resonance frequency of about 43 Hz) and Hw-responses (resonance frequency 95 Hz). Hn-responses never showed such an oscillatory tendency. Frequency transfer functions are presented for the three types of H-units and a phenomenological model is discussed that describes these results quantitatively.", "contents": "Frequency transfer properties of three distinct types of cat horizontal cells. Intracellular responses of horizontal cells in the retina were recorded from the intact eye in situ of anesthetized and paralyzed cats. The responses to large (15 X 15 degrees) high modulation (0.6-0.9) photopic (140-200 cd/m2) sinewave light stimuli could be grouped unequivocally into three distinct classes on the basis of the critical flicker frequency (CFF); Hn-units had a CEF of 25-40 Hz, hm-units of 55-70 Hz and Hw-units of 95-110 Hz. For some stimulus situations small oscillations could be seen in Hm-responses (resonance frequency of about 43 Hz) and Hw-responses (resonance frequency 95 Hz). Hn-responses never showed such an oscillatory tendency. Frequency transfer functions are presented for the three types of H-units and a phenomenological model is discussed that describes these results quantitatively."}
{"id": "PMID:913523", "title": "The response of cat horizontal cells to flicker stimuli of different area, intensity and frequency.", "content": "In the cat's retina we analyzed the sinewave light flicker response nonlinearity of Hm-type horizontal cells. (For a description of the three types of dynamic responses of cat retinal H-units see Foerster et al., 1977). For equal decreases in the Hm-response amplitude an increase in stimulus frequency had a much stronger linearizing effect than a decrease in stimulus area. Thus the distortion is not simply proportional to response amplitude. Both Hm- and Hn-units had frequency dependent nonlinear area-response functions. The receptive field of Hm-units increased dramatically with stimulus frequency, e.g. from 1 degrees at 1 Hz to 8 degrees or more at 44 Hz. Intensity transfer data could be described by the function Lb-(sigmab + Lb)-1 with b approximately 1 for Hm-units and b approximately 0.5 for Hn-units. Distortion values predicted from intensity transfer data were too high. It was also found that higher harmonics were attenuated more than the first harmonic at increasing frequencies. Therefore it appeared that some filtering preceded the amplitude compression stage.", "contents": "The response of cat horizontal cells to flicker stimuli of different area, intensity and frequency. In the cat's retina we analyzed the sinewave light flicker response nonlinearity of Hm-type horizontal cells. (For a description of the three types of dynamic responses of cat retinal H-units see Foerster et al., 1977). For equal decreases in the Hm-response amplitude an increase in stimulus frequency had a much stronger linearizing effect than a decrease in stimulus area. Thus the distortion is not simply proportional to response amplitude. Both Hm- and Hn-units had frequency dependent nonlinear area-response functions. The receptive field of Hm-units increased dramatically with stimulus frequency, e.g. from 1 degrees at 1 Hz to 8 degrees or more at 44 Hz. Intensity transfer data could be described by the function Lb-(sigmab + Lb)-1 with b approximately 1 for Hm-units and b approximately 0.5 for Hn-units. Distortion values predicted from intensity transfer data were too high. It was also found that higher harmonics were attenuated more than the first harmonic at increasing frequencies. Therefore it appeared that some filtering preceded the amplitude compression stage."}
{"id": "PMID:913524", "title": "Analysis of the circuitry responsible for primary afferent depolarization in the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis of cats.", "content": "Depth analysis was performed on the field potential evoked by stimulation of the infraorbital nerve in the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis and the subjacent lateral reticular formation of cats. It was shown by dye marking of the recording positions that each subnucleus of the nucleus caudalis (subnucleus marginalis, gelatinosus and magnocellularis) and the reticular formation could be differentiated from one another by the characteristics of the peripherally evoked field potentials. Responses of neurons were extracellularly recorded in the subnuclei gelatinosus and magnocellularis of the nucleus caudalis and in the reticular formation to stimulation of the trigeminal sensory branches (the frontal, infraorbital and lingual nerves), the nucleus ventralis posteromedialis of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. The properties of the neurons were studied in relation to their thresholds, latencies, receptive fields (sensory branches effective for spike generation) and frequency-following capacities. These responses were then compared with properties of the PAD induced in the fibers terminating in the nucleus caudalis by similar peripheral and central stimulation. It was found that the neurons in the subnucleus magnocellularis were the most likely candidates for the interneurons mediating the peripherally evoked disynaptic PAD in the trigeminal nerve fibers terminating in the nucleus caudalis.", "contents": "Analysis of the circuitry responsible for primary afferent depolarization in the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis of cats. Depth analysis was performed on the field potential evoked by stimulation of the infraorbital nerve in the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis and the subjacent lateral reticular formation of cats. It was shown by dye marking of the recording positions that each subnucleus of the nucleus caudalis (subnucleus marginalis, gelatinosus and magnocellularis) and the reticular formation could be differentiated from one another by the characteristics of the peripherally evoked field potentials. Responses of neurons were extracellularly recorded in the subnuclei gelatinosus and magnocellularis of the nucleus caudalis and in the reticular formation to stimulation of the trigeminal sensory branches (the frontal, infraorbital and lingual nerves), the nucleus ventralis posteromedialis of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. The properties of the neurons were studied in relation to their thresholds, latencies, receptive fields (sensory branches effective for spike generation) and frequency-following capacities. These responses were then compared with properties of the PAD induced in the fibers terminating in the nucleus caudalis by similar peripheral and central stimulation. It was found that the neurons in the subnucleus magnocellularis were the most likely candidates for the interneurons mediating the peripherally evoked disynaptic PAD in the trigeminal nerve fibers terminating in the nucleus caudalis."}
{"id": "PMID:913525", "title": "Visual movement perception in the cat is directionally selective.", "content": "Behavioral experiments show that the visual system of cat contains mechanisms which are selective for direction of stimulus movement. The cat's contrast detection threshold for a drifting grating is unaffected by the addition of a grating moving in the opposite direction; this same pattern of results is found for human observers. The convergence of cat and human psychophysical data suggests that man's brain may hold direction-specific neurons, similar to those known to exist in the cat brain.", "contents": "Visual movement perception in the cat is directionally selective. Behavioral experiments show that the visual system of cat contains mechanisms which are selective for direction of stimulus movement. The cat's contrast detection threshold for a drifting grating is unaffected by the addition of a grating moving in the opposite direction; this same pattern of results is found for human observers. The convergence of cat and human psychophysical data suggests that man's brain may hold direction-specific neurons, similar to those known to exist in the cat brain."}
{"id": "PMID:913526", "title": "Representation of the cochlea in the neocortex of guinea pigs.", "content": "By recording unit clusters and local evoked responses in the auditory cortex of guinea pigs the cortical representation of best frequencies was studied. In penetrations vertical to the cortical surface best frequencies were similar. Parallel to the cortical surface, however, different frequencies were found in the antero-posterior direction, whereas medio-laterally best frequencies usually remained in the same range (isofrequency stripes). Two auditory cortical fields could be distinguished, which are tonotopically organized. With increasing sound intensity the cortical response field for a given frequency and thus the frequency overlap increased. All along the isofrequency stripes in the medio-lateral direction, the stimulation of the contralateral ear produces larger responses than the same stimulus delivered to the ipsilateral ear.", "contents": "Representation of the cochlea in the neocortex of guinea pigs. By recording unit clusters and local evoked responses in the auditory cortex of guinea pigs the cortical representation of best frequencies was studied. In penetrations vertical to the cortical surface best frequencies were similar. Parallel to the cortical surface, however, different frequencies were found in the antero-posterior direction, whereas medio-laterally best frequencies usually remained in the same range (isofrequency stripes). Two auditory cortical fields could be distinguished, which are tonotopically organized. With increasing sound intensity the cortical response field for a given frequency and thus the frequency overlap increased. All along the isofrequency stripes in the medio-lateral direction, the stimulation of the contralateral ear produces larger responses than the same stimulus delivered to the ipsilateral ear."}
{"id": "PMID:913527", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for bouton proliferation in the partially deafferented dentate gyrus of the adult rat.", "content": "A quantitative morphological study of the changes in the dentate gyrus molecular layer in response to the removal of perforant path afferents was made utilizing electron microscopic techniques. Alterations in 1. the population of remaining afferents, 2. glial cells, and 3. granule cell dendrites are reported. The major observation was an increase in intact bouton density in the region of denervation which began at 5 days post-lesion and continued through 11 days post-lesion, the longest post-lesion survival time studied.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for bouton proliferation in the partially deafferented dentate gyrus of the adult rat. A quantitative morphological study of the changes in the dentate gyrus molecular layer in response to the removal of perforant path afferents was made utilizing electron microscopic techniques. Alterations in 1. the population of remaining afferents, 2. glial cells, and 3. granule cell dendrites are reported. The major observation was an increase in intact bouton density in the region of denervation which began at 5 days post-lesion and continued through 11 days post-lesion, the longest post-lesion survival time studied."}
{"id": "PMID:913528", "title": "Cholinergic involvement in cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat.", "content": "In rats with cobalt implanted in the right frontal cerebral cortex, acetylcholine (ACh) levels were depressed in the visually non-necotic, surrounding cortex at 7 and 14 days after surgery in comparison with values for controls treated with glass. At 21 days post-implantation, ACh levels were not different for glass and cobalt treatments. Effects of drugs affecting cholinergic function on electro-corticographic (ECoG) epileptiform activity were determined in rats implanted bilaterally with cobalt. The cholinesterase inhibitors, physostigmine and diisopropylfluorophosphate reduced both seizure activity and interictal spiking in these cobalt-treated rats. Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), given subacutely initially inhibited seizures, but seizure frequency increased later during treatment. HC-3 did not appear to inhibit interictal spiking. These results suggest an involvement of brain cholinergic system in chronic cobalt experimental epilepsy. Seven days after cobalt implantation, HC-3 was less effective in depleting ACh in cerebral cortex adjacent to the cobalt-lesion than in similar tissue from rats with no cobalt implants. This suggests that the cholinergic neurons adjacent to the implant are not highly active at a time when seizure frequency is maximal.", "contents": "Cholinergic involvement in cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat. In rats with cobalt implanted in the right frontal cerebral cortex, acetylcholine (ACh) levels were depressed in the visually non-necotic, surrounding cortex at 7 and 14 days after surgery in comparison with values for controls treated with glass. At 21 days post-implantation, ACh levels were not different for glass and cobalt treatments. Effects of drugs affecting cholinergic function on electro-corticographic (ECoG) epileptiform activity were determined in rats implanted bilaterally with cobalt. The cholinesterase inhibitors, physostigmine and diisopropylfluorophosphate reduced both seizure activity and interictal spiking in these cobalt-treated rats. Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), given subacutely initially inhibited seizures, but seizure frequency increased later during treatment. HC-3 did not appear to inhibit interictal spiking. These results suggest an involvement of brain cholinergic system in chronic cobalt experimental epilepsy. Seven days after cobalt implantation, HC-3 was less effective in depleting ACh in cerebral cortex adjacent to the cobalt-lesion than in similar tissue from rats with no cobalt implants. This suggests that the cholinergic neurons adjacent to the implant are not highly active at a time when seizure frequency is maximal."}
{"id": "PMID:913530", "title": "Corticofugal influence on evoked activity of lateral geniculate neurons in the rabbit.", "content": "Corticofugal influence upon lateral geniculate units was evaluated by inactivating the visual cortex with a topical application of 3M KCL in rabbits. The results revealed a decrease of spontaneous firing in slow P cells following cortical depression suggesting a tonic corticofugal influence. The most consistently observed alteration was an enhancement of the ON response with a decrease of the response to the opposite stimulus (OFF); and vice versa: the short latency excitation being augmented. It is suggested that the visual cortex exerts a powerful influence on intra-geniculate inhibitory processes.", "contents": "Corticofugal influence on evoked activity of lateral geniculate neurons in the rabbit. Corticofugal influence upon lateral geniculate units was evaluated by inactivating the visual cortex with a topical application of 3M KCL in rabbits. The results revealed a decrease of spontaneous firing in slow P cells following cortical depression suggesting a tonic corticofugal influence. The most consistently observed alteration was an enhancement of the ON response with a decrease of the response to the opposite stimulus (OFF); and vice versa: the short latency excitation being augmented. It is suggested that the visual cortex exerts a powerful influence on intra-geniculate inhibitory processes."}
{"id": "PMID:913529", "title": "The release of amino acids synthesised from various compartmented precursors in rat spinal cord slices.", "content": "[14C]Glucose and [14C]acetate have been used to label amino acid pools believed to be localised in neurones and glia, respectively, in small slices of rat spinal cord. The effects of depolarising agents on the efflux of amino acids from these pools were compared and contrasted with their effect on the efflux of exogenous [3H]glutamate. Elevated (50 mM) potassium in the superfusing medium increased the release of glutamate, aspartate and GABA synthesised from either glucose or acetate and that of exogenous glutamate. These increases were not, however, abolished by tetrodotoxin (2 micron). Protoveratrine A (10(-4) M), on the other hand, elevated the efflux of glutamate, GABA and possibly aspartate when these amino acids were synthesised from glucose, but not when acetate was the labelled precursor. Furthermore, this effect was abolished by 2 micron tetrodotoxin. It is concluded that these techniques point to the existence in slices of spinal cord of neuronal pools of glutamate, GABA and possibly aspartate that may be released as a consequence of neuronal activity, and that these pools probably represent transmitter stores of these amino acids.", "contents": "The release of amino acids synthesised from various compartmented precursors in rat spinal cord slices. [14C]Glucose and [14C]acetate have been used to label amino acid pools believed to be localised in neurones and glia, respectively, in small slices of rat spinal cord. The effects of depolarising agents on the efflux of amino acids from these pools were compared and contrasted with their effect on the efflux of exogenous [3H]glutamate. Elevated (50 mM) potassium in the superfusing medium increased the release of glutamate, aspartate and GABA synthesised from either glucose or acetate and that of exogenous glutamate. These increases were not, however, abolished by tetrodotoxin (2 micron). Protoveratrine A (10(-4) M), on the other hand, elevated the efflux of glutamate, GABA and possibly aspartate when these amino acids were synthesised from glucose, but not when acetate was the labelled precursor. Furthermore, this effect was abolished by 2 micron tetrodotoxin. It is concluded that these techniques point to the existence in slices of spinal cord of neuronal pools of glutamate, GABA and possibly aspartate that may be released as a consequence of neuronal activity, and that these pools probably represent transmitter stores of these amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:913531", "title": "Light and electron microscopic study of hermorrhagic hepatitis induced by trimethyllysine and D-galactosamine.", "content": "In the present paper the effect of the pretreatment with epsilon-amino-trimethyllysine (TML) 10 mg/kg on the DGA-induced hepatitis in mice is described. TML-pretreatment was chosen because experiments indicated that TML treatment elicits processes in the liver similar to that occurring during regeneration on one hand, on the other hand because it was shown that DGA proved to be ineffective in newborn or in partially hepatectomized animals, that is to say on regenerating liver. It was expected that TML pretreatment would protect the animals against the hepatitis inducing effect of DGA. Unexpectedly pretreatment with TML had just the opposite effect, resulting in a severe hemorrhagic hepatitis in several animals. Biochemical and morphological studies are in progress to elucidate the mechanism of this peculiar effect.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic study of hermorrhagic hepatitis induced by trimethyllysine and D-galactosamine. In the present paper the effect of the pretreatment with epsilon-amino-trimethyllysine (TML) 10 mg/kg on the DGA-induced hepatitis in mice is described. TML-pretreatment was chosen because experiments indicated that TML treatment elicits processes in the liver similar to that occurring during regeneration on one hand, on the other hand because it was shown that DGA proved to be ineffective in newborn or in partially hepatectomized animals, that is to say on regenerating liver. It was expected that TML pretreatment would protect the animals against the hepatitis inducing effect of DGA. Unexpectedly pretreatment with TML had just the opposite effect, resulting in a severe hemorrhagic hepatitis in several animals. Biochemical and morphological studies are in progress to elucidate the mechanism of this peculiar effect."}
{"id": "PMID:913532", "title": "[Image processing in pathology. III. Structure and use of an automatic morphometry system for recording morphometric features of nuclei (author's transl)].", "content": "An image processing system for morphological investigation of liver cell nuclei in biopsy specimens is demonstrated. The present study deals with the age dependence of normal hepatic nuclear areas. The results were compared with those of conventional methods. The image processing system consists of a microscope, an image dissector and a computer (central processing unit, display, teletype, magnetic tape devices and line printer). 74 liver biopsies were investigated. They sshowed no signs of acute or chronic diseases. Paraffin sections of 4 micron in thickness were prepared and stained by Feulgen method. 8-10 biopsies were available for each decade from 1-8. 18,000 liver cell nuclei from all specimens were isolated and measured automatically. Using the image processing system and adequate computer programs 20 parameters of all isolated nuclei were gained (parameters of shape, size and structure of the nuclei). For sampling and processing of the information the following programs are developed: PROBE Program for investigation of optimal parameters of scanning and processing. SAMPL Program for scanning, object isolation, feature extraction and storage of data records. KORRL Program for investigation of correlations between the features of objects. LISTE Program for listing of data records. ULTRA Program for search of objects with extremal features. CODER Program for correction od data records. ADAPT Program for training of classificators. SCHAU Program for demonstration and checking of the classificator. MORPH Program for output of feature distributions and statistical parameters. Following object features were calculated and investigated: features of size: KOFL area within the object contour; KKFL minimal covex area of the object; ZKFL object area without holes; KONL length of the object contour.", "contents": "[Image processing in pathology. III. Structure and use of an automatic morphometry system for recording morphometric features of nuclei (author's transl)]. An image processing system for morphological investigation of liver cell nuclei in biopsy specimens is demonstrated. The present study deals with the age dependence of normal hepatic nuclear areas. The results were compared with those of conventional methods. The image processing system consists of a microscope, an image dissector and a computer (central processing unit, display, teletype, magnetic tape devices and line printer). 74 liver biopsies were investigated. They sshowed no signs of acute or chronic diseases. Paraffin sections of 4 micron in thickness were prepared and stained by Feulgen method. 8-10 biopsies were available for each decade from 1-8. 18,000 liver cell nuclei from all specimens were isolated and measured automatically. Using the image processing system and adequate computer programs 20 parameters of all isolated nuclei were gained (parameters of shape, size and structure of the nuclei). For sampling and processing of the information the following programs are developed: PROBE Program for investigation of optimal parameters of scanning and processing. SAMPL Program for scanning, object isolation, feature extraction and storage of data records. KORRL Program for investigation of correlations between the features of objects. LISTE Program for listing of data records. ULTRA Program for search of objects with extremal features. CODER Program for correction od data records. ADAPT Program for training of classificators. SCHAU Program for demonstration and checking of the classificator. MORPH Program for output of feature distributions and statistical parameters. Following object features were calculated and investigated: features of size: KOFL area within the object contour; KKFL minimal covex area of the object; ZKFL object area without holes; KONL length of the object contour."}
{"id": "PMID:913533", "title": "[Ultrastructural study on formal pathogenesis of experimentally induced rhabdomyosarcomas (author's transl)].", "content": "During oncogenesis the rhabdomyosarcomas pass different stages of differentiation. In experimentally induced rhabdomyosarcomas the chronological sequence of cytoplasmatic changes can be analysed. 10 mg 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benz-anthracene were injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly in the hind-paw of Wistar rats with 100 gms weight. 30, 60, 105, and 150 days later the animals were killed and specimens withdrawn. The soft-tissue was prepared for light- and electron-microscopy. In the soft-tissue tumors, experimentally produced with DMBA, 4 different cell types can be observed, which--depending on exposition time--dominate in the histological picture: (1) The myofibrillar cells. These cells are similar to rhabdomyocytes and contain numerous cytoplasmatic fibrillae with sarcomere-like structure. (2) The myofilamentous cells. These cells contain the fibrillar structure, but without sarcomere-like arrangement. (3) The undifferentiated sarcoma cells. These cells show a pathologically changed ergastoplasm and chondrioma. (4) The matured fibrosarcoma cells are nearly similar to fibrocytes. Under the cytoplasmatic changes especially the hyperplasia of the chondrioma can be observed, in which dystrophic megamitochondriae are found. These possibly reflect the abnormal glycolysis in cancer tissue. Also mitochondrial antibodies are discussed at the form pathogenesis of this change in organelles. Regarding the change of the endoplasmatic reticulu, the annulatae lamellae can be noticed which are typical for tumor cells. Furthermore megacisterns are found, in which protein-containing material is condensed as a consequence of a disturbed synthesis and secretion.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study on formal pathogenesis of experimentally induced rhabdomyosarcomas (author's transl)]. During oncogenesis the rhabdomyosarcomas pass different stages of differentiation. In experimentally induced rhabdomyosarcomas the chronological sequence of cytoplasmatic changes can be analysed. 10 mg 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benz-anthracene were injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly in the hind-paw of Wistar rats with 100 gms weight. 30, 60, 105, and 150 days later the animals were killed and specimens withdrawn. The soft-tissue was prepared for light- and electron-microscopy. In the soft-tissue tumors, experimentally produced with DMBA, 4 different cell types can be observed, which--depending on exposition time--dominate in the histological picture: (1) The myofibrillar cells. These cells are similar to rhabdomyocytes and contain numerous cytoplasmatic fibrillae with sarcomere-like structure. (2) The myofilamentous cells. These cells contain the fibrillar structure, but without sarcomere-like arrangement. (3) The undifferentiated sarcoma cells. These cells show a pathologically changed ergastoplasm and chondrioma. (4) The matured fibrosarcoma cells are nearly similar to fibrocytes. Under the cytoplasmatic changes especially the hyperplasia of the chondrioma can be observed, in which dystrophic megamitochondriae are found. These possibly reflect the abnormal glycolysis in cancer tissue. Also mitochondrial antibodies are discussed at the form pathogenesis of this change in organelles. Regarding the change of the endoplasmatic reticulu, the annulatae lamellae can be noticed which are typical for tumor cells. Furthermore megacisterns are found, in which protein-containing material is condensed as a consequence of a disturbed synthesis and secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:913534", "title": "The binding of 3-14C-coumarin to serum proteins in the rat: a comparison between in vitro and in vivo estimations.", "content": "Like other benzo-pyrones, coumarin has been shown to bind to serum proteins. Under in vitro conditions irrespective of the dose which ranged from 50--3.31 microgramm/ml, the binding remained at approximately 40%. With intravenous administration an average of 4.6% of the injected dose remained in the vascular system, of this an average of 37% was bound to serum albumins. With intraperitoneal administration an average of 4% of the injected dose entered the vascular system of which an average of 36.5% was in the bound form.", "contents": "The binding of 3-14C-coumarin to serum proteins in the rat: a comparison between in vitro and in vivo estimations. Like other benzo-pyrones, coumarin has been shown to bind to serum proteins. Under in vitro conditions irrespective of the dose which ranged from 50--3.31 microgramm/ml, the binding remained at approximately 40%. With intravenous administration an average of 4.6% of the injected dose remained in the vascular system, of this an average of 37% was bound to serum albumins. With intraperitoneal administration an average of 4% of the injected dose entered the vascular system of which an average of 36.5% was in the bound form."}
{"id": "PMID:913535", "title": "Hepatic effect of two hypolipidemic drugs in rats.", "content": "Some hepatic effects of the hypolipidemic agents 3,9-di-3-pyridyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro-5,5-undecane (compound A) and 2-(4-dibenzofuranyloxy)-2-methylpropionic acid (compound B) were investigated in male rats. The animals were treated orally with these drugs and a reference compound-clofibrate for 10 weeks, the daily doses being 250, 300 and 300 mg/kg body weight respectively. All three drugs caused hepatomegaly with a normal microscopic appearance in liver cells. In rats given compound A, part of some liver cells could be occupied by numerous membranes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The hepatocytes of the rats treated with compound B or clofibrate showed a marked increase in microbody profiles and an elevated hepatic catalase activity in comparison to the control animals. Neither the microbodies nor the catalase activity were affected by compound A. Hypolipidemic effects were demonstrated with all three compounds, the most potent activity being shown by compound B. Treatment with this agent resulted in significantly higher catalse activity than with clofibrate.", "contents": "Hepatic effect of two hypolipidemic drugs in rats. Some hepatic effects of the hypolipidemic agents 3,9-di-3-pyridyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro-5,5-undecane (compound A) and 2-(4-dibenzofuranyloxy)-2-methylpropionic acid (compound B) were investigated in male rats. The animals were treated orally with these drugs and a reference compound-clofibrate for 10 weeks, the daily doses being 250, 300 and 300 mg/kg body weight respectively. All three drugs caused hepatomegaly with a normal microscopic appearance in liver cells. In rats given compound A, part of some liver cells could be occupied by numerous membranes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The hepatocytes of the rats treated with compound B or clofibrate showed a marked increase in microbody profiles and an elevated hepatic catalase activity in comparison to the control animals. Neither the microbodies nor the catalase activity were affected by compound A. Hypolipidemic effects were demonstrated with all three compounds, the most potent activity being shown by compound B. Treatment with this agent resulted in significantly higher catalse activity than with clofibrate."}
{"id": "PMID:913536", "title": "The autoradiographic pattern of DNA synthesis in Papova virus- and N-methyl-N-nitroso urea (MNU)-induced skin tumors of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "In skin tumors induced in Syrian hamsters by Papova viruses or produced chemically by dripping of methylnitroso urea (MNU) the pattern of DNA synthesis was studied in vitro and in vivo by autoradiography. The greater part of DNA synthesis in the Papova tumor of the hamster is of cellular origin. Only the cells localized adjacent to keratinizing regions of the tumors may be considered as virus-infected with progressive maultiplication of viruses. This also applies to all nuclei with cellular DNA synthesis only in the marginal chromatin. Moreover viral DNA synthesis is supposed in the cytoplasm, too. In methylnitroso urea-induced squamous cell carcinoma labeled cells were likewise found adjacent to keratinizing tumor regions and the pattern of DNA synthesis is generally not limited to the \"stratum basale\". With increasing malignancy the pattern of DNA synthesis is changing also in chemically induced tumors and is no longer limited to the stratum basale where it still can be demonstrated in the papilloma.", "contents": "The autoradiographic pattern of DNA synthesis in Papova virus- and N-methyl-N-nitroso urea (MNU)-induced skin tumors of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). In skin tumors induced in Syrian hamsters by Papova viruses or produced chemically by dripping of methylnitroso urea (MNU) the pattern of DNA synthesis was studied in vitro and in vivo by autoradiography. The greater part of DNA synthesis in the Papova tumor of the hamster is of cellular origin. Only the cells localized adjacent to keratinizing regions of the tumors may be considered as virus-infected with progressive maultiplication of viruses. This also applies to all nuclei with cellular DNA synthesis only in the marginal chromatin. Moreover viral DNA synthesis is supposed in the cytoplasm, too. In methylnitroso urea-induced squamous cell carcinoma labeled cells were likewise found adjacent to keratinizing tumor regions and the pattern of DNA synthesis is generally not limited to the \"stratum basale\". With increasing malignancy the pattern of DNA synthesis is changing also in chemically induced tumors and is no longer limited to the stratum basale where it still can be demonstrated in the papilloma."}
{"id": "PMID:913607", "title": "[Fucosterol-24,28-epoxide, an intermediate in the oxidative biodegredation of fucosterol to cholesterol by the cricket (Locusta migratoria (R. and F.)].", "content": "beta-Sitosterol 1 is metabolised to cholesterol 5 by phytophagous insects. It has been previously shown that fucosterol-24,28 epoxide 3 is transformed into 5 in Locusta migratoria, desmosterol 4 being an intermediate. It is now established that locusts transform [3-3H]fucosterol propionate into the corresponding labelled epoxide 3, recovered as such or as an oxazoline derivative 11.", "contents": "[Fucosterol-24,28-epoxide, an intermediate in the oxidative biodegredation of fucosterol to cholesterol by the cricket (Locusta migratoria (R. and F.)]. beta-Sitosterol 1 is metabolised to cholesterol 5 by phytophagous insects. It has been previously shown that fucosterol-24,28 epoxide 3 is transformed into 5 in Locusta migratoria, desmosterol 4 being an intermediate. It is now established that locusts transform [3-3H]fucosterol propionate into the corresponding labelled epoxide 3, recovered as such or as an oxazoline derivative 11."}
{"id": "PMID:913612", "title": "Structural determinants of glomerular permselectivity.", "content": "Molecular size has been considered in the past to be the major factor in glomerular restriction of macromolecules. Ultrastructural tracer studies have suggested that the restrictive barriers(s) are present in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), the epithelial filtration slits, or both. Recent morphologic and functional tracer studies have indicated that, in addition to size, molecular charge and possibly shape are important determinants in the ultrafiltration process. Negatively charged macromolecules are restricted by the glomerulus more than neutral molecules, while positively charged macromolecules of similar size are filtered in greater amounts. The elements responsible for this specific restriction of polyanions and facilitated transport of polycations are glycoproteins rich in carboxyl groups (sialic acid, dicarboxylic amino acids), which constitute the endothelial and epithelial cell coats and part of the matrix of the glomerular basement membrane. Ultrastructurally, the polyanionic elements of the GBM are localized in its subendothelial and subepithelial layers; the lamina densa, in contrast, appears more neutral, containing most likely a collagen-like glycoprotein.", "contents": "Structural determinants of glomerular permselectivity. Molecular size has been considered in the past to be the major factor in glomerular restriction of macromolecules. Ultrastructural tracer studies have suggested that the restrictive barriers(s) are present in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), the epithelial filtration slits, or both. Recent morphologic and functional tracer studies have indicated that, in addition to size, molecular charge and possibly shape are important determinants in the ultrafiltration process. Negatively charged macromolecules are restricted by the glomerulus more than neutral molecules, while positively charged macromolecules of similar size are filtered in greater amounts. The elements responsible for this specific restriction of polyanions and facilitated transport of polycations are glycoproteins rich in carboxyl groups (sialic acid, dicarboxylic amino acids), which constitute the endothelial and epithelial cell coats and part of the matrix of the glomerular basement membrane. Ultrastructurally, the polyanionic elements of the GBM are localized in its subendothelial and subepithelial layers; the lamina densa, in contrast, appears more neutral, containing most likely a collagen-like glycoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:913617", "title": "Profound hypothermia in mammals treated with tetrahydrocannabinols, morphine, or chlorpromazine.", "content": "The tetrahydrocannabinols are among the most potent hypothermic agents known. A comparison of the hypothermic action of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) with chlorpromazine (CPZ) and morphine shows the following order of hypothermic potency: CPZ greater than delta9-THC greater than morphine. A marked depression of oxygen consumption is produced by delta9-THC both in vivo and in the isolated perfused liver preparation. Simultaneous measurement of core temperature and tail temperature after delta9-THC shows that tail temperature is decreased more by delta9-THC than it is in animals that attain comparable core hypothermia without drug treatment. From these results, it is concluded that delta9-THC-induced hypothermia results primarily from decreased heat production and not from increased heat loss. Therefore, the processes involved in the hypothermic response to delta9-THC appear to differ from those that mediate CPZ- or morphine-induced hypothermia. A hypothesis is discussed in which the hypothermic action of delta9-THC is related to inhibition of membrane ATPase.", "contents": "Profound hypothermia in mammals treated with tetrahydrocannabinols, morphine, or chlorpromazine. The tetrahydrocannabinols are among the most potent hypothermic agents known. A comparison of the hypothermic action of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) with chlorpromazine (CPZ) and morphine shows the following order of hypothermic potency: CPZ greater than delta9-THC greater than morphine. A marked depression of oxygen consumption is produced by delta9-THC both in vivo and in the isolated perfused liver preparation. Simultaneous measurement of core temperature and tail temperature after delta9-THC shows that tail temperature is decreased more by delta9-THC than it is in animals that attain comparable core hypothermia without drug treatment. From these results, it is concluded that delta9-THC-induced hypothermia results primarily from decreased heat production and not from increased heat loss. Therefore, the processes involved in the hypothermic response to delta9-THC appear to differ from those that mediate CPZ- or morphine-induced hypothermia. A hypothesis is discussed in which the hypothermic action of delta9-THC is related to inhibition of membrane ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:913619", "title": "Filtration dynamics in dogs: glomerular capillary pressure.", "content": "Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries, the primary driving force for glomerular ultrafiltration, is directly measurable only in those species with glomeruli present on the capsular surface of the kidney. Accordingly, this crucial measurement must be made indirectly in species not so endowed, such as the dog. Several different methods have been utilized in the dog; unfortunately each is indirect. This review deals with an assessment of the following methods for the determination of glomerular capillary pressure in dogs: a) reduction of arterial pressure method; b) ureteral occlusion method; c) the Winton or venous occlusion method; d) fraction of arterial pressure method; e) back calculation from forces opposing filtration; f) sieving method; and g) single nephron occlusion of the Gertz stop-flow method. Recent studies in the dog, utilizing single nephron occlusion techniques, provide estimates of glomerular capillary pressures of approximately 60 mn Hg in the autoregulatory range of blood pressure.", "contents": "Filtration dynamics in dogs: glomerular capillary pressure. Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries, the primary driving force for glomerular ultrafiltration, is directly measurable only in those species with glomeruli present on the capsular surface of the kidney. Accordingly, this crucial measurement must be made indirectly in species not so endowed, such as the dog. Several different methods have been utilized in the dog; unfortunately each is indirect. This review deals with an assessment of the following methods for the determination of glomerular capillary pressure in dogs: a) reduction of arterial pressure method; b) ureteral occlusion method; c) the Winton or venous occlusion method; d) fraction of arterial pressure method; e) back calculation from forces opposing filtration; f) sieving method; and g) single nephron occlusion of the Gertz stop-flow method. Recent studies in the dog, utilizing single nephron occlusion techniques, provide estimates of glomerular capillary pressures of approximately 60 mn Hg in the autoregulatory range of blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:913620", "title": "Determinants of the transglomerular passage of macromolecules.", "content": "In addition to molecular size, at least two other factors influence the transglomerular passage of macromolecules. The hemodynamic determinants of glomerular filtration rate affect macromolecule transport by altering the volume flux through the glomerular capillary wall and the profile of macromolecule concentrations along a glomerular capillary. The electrostatic properties of the glomerular capillary wall markedly restrict the passage of circulating polyanions, relative to neutral macromolecules of similar size. In the normal animal, the combined effects of these various mechanisms ensure that only very small quantities of plasma proteins are filtered. In experimental proteinuric conditions such as nephrotoxic serum nephritis and puromycin-induced nephrosis, reduction in the fixed negative charges on the glomerular capillary wall appears to be largely responsible for the increased transglomerular passage of anionic macromolecules such as albumin. Other evidence suggests that hemodynamic factors may contribute to proteinuria under certain circumstance. The possibility of an increase in number and/or radius of glomerular \"pores\" being responsible for proteinuria, perhaps the most intuitively obvious and widely held view, has yet to receive direct experimental support.", "contents": "Determinants of the transglomerular passage of macromolecules. In addition to molecular size, at least two other factors influence the transglomerular passage of macromolecules. The hemodynamic determinants of glomerular filtration rate affect macromolecule transport by altering the volume flux through the glomerular capillary wall and the profile of macromolecule concentrations along a glomerular capillary. The electrostatic properties of the glomerular capillary wall markedly restrict the passage of circulating polyanions, relative to neutral macromolecules of similar size. In the normal animal, the combined effects of these various mechanisms ensure that only very small quantities of plasma proteins are filtered. In experimental proteinuric conditions such as nephrotoxic serum nephritis and puromycin-induced nephrosis, reduction in the fixed negative charges on the glomerular capillary wall appears to be largely responsible for the increased transglomerular passage of anionic macromolecules such as albumin. Other evidence suggests that hemodynamic factors may contribute to proteinuria under certain circumstance. The possibility of an increase in number and/or radius of glomerular \"pores\" being responsible for proteinuria, perhaps the most intuitively obvious and widely held view, has yet to receive direct experimental support."}
{"id": "PMID:913622", "title": "Blood-tissue exchange in liver and heart: the influence of heterogeneity of capillary transit times.", "content": "The single-injection multiple indicator-dilution technique has been used to explore blood-tissue exchange in the heart and the liver. Analysis of the classical description of exchange at the level of the single capillary following an impulse injection indicates that the loss of the material from the impulse in each capillary depends on the transit time of that capillary. Thus, in a multiple indicator-dilution experiment, early in time, for barrier-limited substances, the relation between the reference and diffusible substances as a function of time will reflect the manner in which the underlying capillary transit times have varied. In the heart, labeled sucrose exchange was used to quantitate the underlying pattern of capillary heterogeneity. With maximal coronary vasodilation, the capillary transit times appeared uniform (and there was a corresponding maximal heterogeneity of large vessel transit times). With more normal coronary tone, both the underlying capillary and large vessel transit times were found to increase along the outflow curve with the outflow arrival time. In the liver, in contrast, the transit times through the exchange area were found to show a maximal heterogeneity (and there was, in the large vessels, a corresponding uniform transit time).", "contents": "Blood-tissue exchange in liver and heart: the influence of heterogeneity of capillary transit times. The single-injection multiple indicator-dilution technique has been used to explore blood-tissue exchange in the heart and the liver. Analysis of the classical description of exchange at the level of the single capillary following an impulse injection indicates that the loss of the material from the impulse in each capillary depends on the transit time of that capillary. Thus, in a multiple indicator-dilution experiment, early in time, for barrier-limited substances, the relation between the reference and diffusible substances as a function of time will reflect the manner in which the underlying capillary transit times have varied. In the heart, labeled sucrose exchange was used to quantitate the underlying pattern of capillary heterogeneity. With maximal coronary vasodilation, the capillary transit times appeared uniform (and there was a corresponding maximal heterogeneity of large vessel transit times). With more normal coronary tone, both the underlying capillary and large vessel transit times were found to increase along the outflow curve with the outflow arrival time. In the liver, in contrast, the transit times through the exchange area were found to show a maximal heterogeneity (and there was, in the large vessels, a corresponding uniform transit time)."}
{"id": "PMID:913623", "title": "Studies on bone ion exchanges using multiple-tracer indicator-dilution techniques.", "content": "Free diffusion appears to be the principal mechanism for movement of ions, known to concentrate in bone, across the capillaries of bone. The interstitial fluid space appears large enough to allow for determination of instantaneous fractional escape by the indicator-dilution method. The mechanism by which large molecules, such as the diphosphonate 99mTc-labeled EHDP or 99mTc-labeled pyrophosphate, pass through capillaries in bone is by passive diffusion. These molecules are larger than 85Sr and their lower extraction rate is presumably due to the effect of their sizes on passage through transcapillary clefts. A corollary of these studies might be that if transcapillary exchange is passive, then partition of anions and cations likely lies beyond the capillary and therefore is controlled by osteal cellular processes.", "contents": "Studies on bone ion exchanges using multiple-tracer indicator-dilution techniques. Free diffusion appears to be the principal mechanism for movement of ions, known to concentrate in bone, across the capillaries of bone. The interstitial fluid space appears large enough to allow for determination of instantaneous fractional escape by the indicator-dilution method. The mechanism by which large molecules, such as the diphosphonate 99mTc-labeled EHDP or 99mTc-labeled pyrophosphate, pass through capillaries in bone is by passive diffusion. These molecules are larger than 85Sr and their lower extraction rate is presumably due to the effect of their sizes on passage through transcapillary clefts. A corollary of these studies might be that if transcapillary exchange is passive, then partition of anions and cations likely lies beyond the capillary and therefore is controlled by osteal cellular processes."}
{"id": "PMID:913660", "title": "[Invariability of stimulus recognition by dolphins].", "content": "The echo-location characteristics were studied in dolphins with the aid of transformation of stimuli not altering the reception characteristics in analysing systems. The dolphin locator was shown to be able to single out a class of equivalent in respect to certain transformations echo-signals. The probability of the target recognition is invariable in respect to transformations of homothetic type and module transformations, i.e. the principle of invariability spreads over the work of dolphin's auditory analyser in active regimen too.", "contents": "[Invariability of stimulus recognition by dolphins]. The echo-location characteristics were studied in dolphins with the aid of transformation of stimuli not altering the reception characteristics in analysing systems. The dolphin locator was shown to be able to single out a class of equivalent in respect to certain transformations echo-signals. The probability of the target recognition is invariable in respect to transformations of homothetic type and module transformations, i.e. the principle of invariability spreads over the work of dolphin's auditory analyser in active regimen too."}
{"id": "PMID:913662", "title": "[Participation of vertical semicircular canals in the vestibulo-oculomotor response to the horizontal rotation test].", "content": "The horizontal rotatory test was shown to elicit in rabbits a complex three-plane vestibular oculomotor response with rotatory nystagmus (RN) in sagittal plane. The leftward accelerating rotation caused the clockwise RN of the right eye; during decelerating rotation the RN was directed counterclockwise. Its frequency may differ from that of the horizontal nystagmus. The cupulo-endolymphatic displacements seem to occur not only in the horizontal canal, i.e. in the plane of rotation, but also in the vertical canals as a result of a hypothetical hydrodynamic interaction between the canals. The displacements in the anterior and the horizontal canals of the labyrinth were analogous, whereas that in the posterior canal was of the opposite direction. That suggests that the utriculofugal displacements in the horizontal and the anterior canals are accompanied by an utriculofugal displacement in the posterior canal, and vice versa.", "contents": "[Participation of vertical semicircular canals in the vestibulo-oculomotor response to the horizontal rotation test]. The horizontal rotatory test was shown to elicit in rabbits a complex three-plane vestibular oculomotor response with rotatory nystagmus (RN) in sagittal plane. The leftward accelerating rotation caused the clockwise RN of the right eye; during decelerating rotation the RN was directed counterclockwise. Its frequency may differ from that of the horizontal nystagmus. The cupulo-endolymphatic displacements seem to occur not only in the horizontal canal, i.e. in the plane of rotation, but also in the vertical canals as a result of a hypothetical hydrodynamic interaction between the canals. The displacements in the anterior and the horizontal canals of the labyrinth were analogous, whereas that in the posterior canal was of the opposite direction. That suggests that the utriculofugal displacements in the horizontal and the anterior canals are accompanied by an utriculofugal displacement in the posterior canal, and vice versa."}
{"id": "PMID:913661", "title": "[Effect of a change in the temperature of the midbrain and skin on the activity of posterior hypothalamic neurons].", "content": "Changes of the mean firing rate of neurons in the posterior hypothalamus on a regional increase or decrease in the midbrain temperature (0.6-2.0 degrees C) and skin temperature (3-5 degrees C) were studied in unanesthetized rabbits. In the posterior hypothalamus, neurons were found which responded both to the midbrain and skin temperature changes. The data suggest that the posterior hypothalamus takes part in the integration of signals from different central and peripheral temperature sensitive agents.", "contents": "[Effect of a change in the temperature of the midbrain and skin on the activity of posterior hypothalamic neurons]. Changes of the mean firing rate of neurons in the posterior hypothalamus on a regional increase or decrease in the midbrain temperature (0.6-2.0 degrees C) and skin temperature (3-5 degrees C) were studied in unanesthetized rabbits. In the posterior hypothalamus, neurons were found which responded both to the midbrain and skin temperature changes. The data suggest that the posterior hypothalamus takes part in the integration of signals from different central and peripheral temperature sensitive agents."}
{"id": "PMID:913663", "title": "[Effect of magnesium and calcium ions on the electrical activity of Pacinian corpuscles].", "content": "The effect of magnesium and calcium ions of the electrical activity of Pacinian corpuscles was studied in isolated decapsulated preparations. The sensitivity of the corpuscles and the amplitude of receptor potential increased in magnesium-rich solution (5-15 mM). The amplitude of receptor potential increased over the first 60 min and then decreased in calcium-free EDTA solution. Magnesium ions slow down or prevent the depressant effects of the lack of calcium on the receptor potential. Divalent cations are supposed to take no part in mechano-electrical transduction conduction in Pacinian corpuscles.", "contents": "[Effect of magnesium and calcium ions on the electrical activity of Pacinian corpuscles]. The effect of magnesium and calcium ions of the electrical activity of Pacinian corpuscles was studied in isolated decapsulated preparations. The sensitivity of the corpuscles and the amplitude of receptor potential increased in magnesium-rich solution (5-15 mM). The amplitude of receptor potential increased over the first 60 min and then decreased in calcium-free EDTA solution. Magnesium ions slow down or prevent the depressant effects of the lack of calcium on the receptor potential. Divalent cations are supposed to take no part in mechano-electrical transduction conduction in Pacinian corpuscles."}
{"id": "PMID:913664", "title": "[Relationship between metabolic and hemodynamic characteristics during isometric tetanus of the cat gastrocnemius muscle].", "content": "In anesthetized cats, the increase in duration of the isometric tetanic contraction of the m. gastrocnemius from 7 to 30 sec elicited a 4-fold increase in the muscular mechanical performance. During the postcontraction hyperemia, a 5-6-fold increase in the rate of lactic acid and inorganic phosphates removal into venous blood were opposed to only a 1.5-2-fold increase in the blood supply and oxygen consumption by the muscle. The role of metabolic and metabolic factors in the mechanism of hyperemia in skeletal muscle after strong tetanic contractions is discussed.", "contents": "[Relationship between metabolic and hemodynamic characteristics during isometric tetanus of the cat gastrocnemius muscle]. In anesthetized cats, the increase in duration of the isometric tetanic contraction of the m. gastrocnemius from 7 to 30 sec elicited a 4-fold increase in the muscular mechanical performance. During the postcontraction hyperemia, a 5-6-fold increase in the rate of lactic acid and inorganic phosphates removal into venous blood were opposed to only a 1.5-2-fold increase in the blood supply and oxygen consumption by the muscle. The role of metabolic and metabolic factors in the mechanism of hyperemia in skeletal muscle after strong tetanic contractions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913666", "title": "[Chromotopography of ventricular depolarization in northern reindeer].", "content": "With the aid of intramural multipolar technique, the sequence of the heart ventricles depolarization was studied in deer. Electric potentials were led from 1500-1700 points in the myocardium. Primary foci of excitation were revealed in the subendocardium of the caudal and cranial areas of the middle third of left and cranial portions of the upper third of right side of the interventricle partition. Within 5-10 msec. the ventricles subendocardium is wholly involved into the wave of depolarization. For 10-20 msec., the main lot of free walls, the central and upper portions of the partition, are excited. This period is characterized by spreading of the depolarization wave from numerous foci of excitation in all directions. Last the upper portions of the pulmonary artery output cone (40-45 msec.) and portions of the interventricle partition adjacent to the ventricles basis (45-50 msec.), become excited.", "contents": "[Chromotopography of ventricular depolarization in northern reindeer]. With the aid of intramural multipolar technique, the sequence of the heart ventricles depolarization was studied in deer. Electric potentials were led from 1500-1700 points in the myocardium. Primary foci of excitation were revealed in the subendocardium of the caudal and cranial areas of the middle third of left and cranial portions of the upper third of right side of the interventricle partition. Within 5-10 msec. the ventricles subendocardium is wholly involved into the wave of depolarization. For 10-20 msec., the main lot of free walls, the central and upper portions of the partition, are excited. This period is characterized by spreading of the depolarization wave from numerous foci of excitation in all directions. Last the upper portions of the pulmonary artery output cone (40-45 msec.) and portions of the interventricle partition adjacent to the ventricles basis (45-50 msec.), become excited."}
{"id": "PMID:913667", "title": "[Adrenergic regulation and adrenoreactivity of the rat heart during adaptation to altitude hypoxia].", "content": "Male albino rats were adapted to 6 km \"altitude\" in barocamber. Responses of their hearts in open chest and on artificial respiration to noradrenaline and propranolol were studied. Values of the heart contractory function were by 32-140% higher in experimental animals than in control those. This excess could be eliminated by propranolol which shows it to be due to exaggerated effect of the adrenergic regulatory link. Adrenaline raises the heart function almost up to the maximal limit in adapted animals. This is followed by an increased rate of disappearance of the noradrenaline inotropic effect.", "contents": "[Adrenergic regulation and adrenoreactivity of the rat heart during adaptation to altitude hypoxia]. Male albino rats were adapted to 6 km \"altitude\" in barocamber. Responses of their hearts in open chest and on artificial respiration to noradrenaline and propranolol were studied. Values of the heart contractory function were by 32-140% higher in experimental animals than in control those. This excess could be eliminated by propranolol which shows it to be due to exaggerated effect of the adrenergic regulatory link. Adrenaline raises the heart function almost up to the maximal limit in adapted animals. This is followed by an increased rate of disappearance of the noradrenaline inotropic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:913668", "title": "[Role of the vagus nerves in the respiratory rate changes in decerebrate cats].", "content": "Durations of respiratory cycle, of inspiration (TI), of expiration (TE) and tidal volume (VT) was measured. With vagus nerves intact increasing of lung ventilation was accompanied by increasing of breathing frequency (f) dependent on diminution of TI and TE. After bilateral vagotomy increasing of VT was accompanied by increasing of TE. In cases of well pronounced VT-TI relationship changes of f were determined by slope of contradictory changes of TI and TE. With increasing VT f could be constant or weakly increased or diminished. In cases of weak VT-TI relationship increase of VT was accompanied by f diminshing at the expense of TE increase. It is concluded that lungs mechanoreceptors cause f increment with VT increasing by 1) VT-TI curve displacement to left and down and 2) producing the linear relationship between TI and TE. After vagotomy TI and TE are determined by central mechanisms with certain degree of independence.", "contents": "[Role of the vagus nerves in the respiratory rate changes in decerebrate cats]. Durations of respiratory cycle, of inspiration (TI), of expiration (TE) and tidal volume (VT) was measured. With vagus nerves intact increasing of lung ventilation was accompanied by increasing of breathing frequency (f) dependent on diminution of TI and TE. After bilateral vagotomy increasing of VT was accompanied by increasing of TE. In cases of well pronounced VT-TI relationship changes of f were determined by slope of contradictory changes of TI and TE. With increasing VT f could be constant or weakly increased or diminished. In cases of weak VT-TI relationship increase of VT was accompanied by f diminshing at the expense of TE increase. It is concluded that lungs mechanoreceptors cause f increment with VT increasing by 1) VT-TI curve displacement to left and down and 2) producing the linear relationship between TI and TE. After vagotomy TI and TE are determined by central mechanisms with certain degree of independence."}
{"id": "PMID:913669", "title": "[Dynamics of emptying of the antral portion of the stomach].", "content": "In 3 dogs with antral and duodenal fistulas, the time of remaining of a portion of chyme in the antrum was constant and did not depend on the rate of gastric emptying. No retropulsion of antral contents into the fundus was observed. The data suggest that: 1) the antrum is only involved in discharge of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum during the period which depends but a little on the amount of food evacuated; 2) the rate of gastric emptying is determined by fundus and corpus of the stomach.", "contents": "[Dynamics of emptying of the antral portion of the stomach]. In 3 dogs with antral and duodenal fistulas, the time of remaining of a portion of chyme in the antrum was constant and did not depend on the rate of gastric emptying. No retropulsion of antral contents into the fundus was observed. The data suggest that: 1) the antrum is only involved in discharge of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum during the period which depends but a little on the amount of food evacuated; 2) the rate of gastric emptying is determined by fundus and corpus of the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:913670", "title": "[Relationship between the amylolytic activity of the small intestine and the blood amylolytic activity].", "content": "In acute experiments on dogs and rats, soon after ligation of the bile-pancreatic duct or i.v. administration of alpha-amylase, the rise of the amylolytic activity, of amylase excretion with peripheral blood, was shown. The amylolytic activity of the small intestine mucose increased with higher hydrolysis of starch in the abdominal cavity rather than of the membrane. The amylolytic activity greatly increased in apical zone of the fibres rather than in their base, the amylolytic activity of enterocytes suspension increasing too. The great amount of amylase in the blood not only increases the recrement of alpha-amylase by the small intestine, but also induces the synthesis of the intestinal gamma-amylase. This can be observed in adrenalectomized rats, but not in the isolated in vitro small intestine.", "contents": "[Relationship between the amylolytic activity of the small intestine and the blood amylolytic activity]. In acute experiments on dogs and rats, soon after ligation of the bile-pancreatic duct or i.v. administration of alpha-amylase, the rise of the amylolytic activity, of amylase excretion with peripheral blood, was shown. The amylolytic activity of the small intestine mucose increased with higher hydrolysis of starch in the abdominal cavity rather than of the membrane. The amylolytic activity greatly increased in apical zone of the fibres rather than in their base, the amylolytic activity of enterocytes suspension increasing too. The great amount of amylase in the blood not only increases the recrement of alpha-amylase by the small intestine, but also induces the synthesis of the intestinal gamma-amylase. This can be observed in adrenalectomized rats, but not in the isolated in vitro small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:913671", "title": "[Relationship between temperature and the rate of reabsorption in the proximal tubules of the river lamprey kidney].", "content": "In conditions of temperature raising from 9 degrees C to 19 degrees C, Q10 of the NaCl reabsorption in the proximal tubule was 2.01; Q10 for the short-circuit current in the frog skin was 1.93. Different values of Q10 for reabsorption of isotonic solutions with different contents of NaCl and NaHCO3, were revealed. The data obtained suggest the primary importance of the active transport rather than of physical factors, for the mechanism of proximal reabsorption.", "contents": "[Relationship between temperature and the rate of reabsorption in the proximal tubules of the river lamprey kidney]. In conditions of temperature raising from 9 degrees C to 19 degrees C, Q10 of the NaCl reabsorption in the proximal tubule was 2.01; Q10 for the short-circuit current in the frog skin was 1.93. Different values of Q10 for reabsorption of isotonic solutions with different contents of NaCl and NaHCO3, were revealed. The data obtained suggest the primary importance of the active transport rather than of physical factors, for the mechanism of proximal reabsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:913672", "title": "[Urea concentration and arginase activity in the organs of rats during acclimatization to cold].", "content": "Arginase activity in the brain and liver and the urine contents in the brain, liver, and blood of rats on the 1st, 3rd, 30th, and 45th days of the cold acclimation (+2--+4 degrees C), were studied. The arginase activity was also studied in the brain, liver, and kidneys of adrenalectomized rats. During the acclimation, the arginase activity decreases by 1.5--2 times in the brain and increases 202.5-fold in the liver. The urine contents in the tissues raised dur to arginase activation in the liver. The brain activity of adrenalectomized animals does not differ from the control, while decreasing in the liver and kidneys by 33% and 60% respectively. We suppose that the difference between responses of the brain and liver arginases to cold is based on their different regulation by the adrenal hormones.", "contents": "[Urea concentration and arginase activity in the organs of rats during acclimatization to cold]. Arginase activity in the brain and liver and the urine contents in the brain, liver, and blood of rats on the 1st, 3rd, 30th, and 45th days of the cold acclimation (+2--+4 degrees C), were studied. The arginase activity was also studied in the brain, liver, and kidneys of adrenalectomized rats. During the acclimation, the arginase activity decreases by 1.5--2 times in the brain and increases 202.5-fold in the liver. The urine contents in the tissues raised dur to arginase activation in the liver. The brain activity of adrenalectomized animals does not differ from the control, while decreasing in the liver and kidneys by 33% and 60% respectively. We suppose that the difference between responses of the brain and liver arginases to cold is based on their different regulation by the adrenal hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:913675", "title": "[Correlation spectral analysis of the spontaneous impulse activity of cerebral cortex neurons].", "content": "Spontaneous unit activity in alert unrestrained rabbits was recorded simultaneously with two microelectrodes from the visual and sensorimotor cortex. The correlation analysis revealed that activity of majority of the neurons had no regular rhythm. But spectral analysis of the average correlograms showed existence of oscillations in the delta- and theta-ranges. The synergic type of interaction between cortical neurons was prevalent. Analysis of structure of the distant interaction showed the reduced probability of synergic spikes with periods 150-200 msec and less and the increased one with periods within 200-500 msec.", "contents": "[Correlation spectral analysis of the spontaneous impulse activity of cerebral cortex neurons]. Spontaneous unit activity in alert unrestrained rabbits was recorded simultaneously with two microelectrodes from the visual and sensorimotor cortex. The correlation analysis revealed that activity of majority of the neurons had no regular rhythm. But spectral analysis of the average correlograms showed existence of oscillations in the delta- and theta-ranges. The synergic type of interaction between cortical neurons was prevalent. Analysis of structure of the distant interaction showed the reduced probability of synergic spikes with periods 150-200 msec and less and the increased one with periods within 200-500 msec."}
{"id": "PMID:913676", "title": "[Low-threshold mechanisms and pathways of corticofugal activation].", "content": "In chronic experiments of alert cats, moderate electrical stimulation of different points on the lateral cortical surface led to activation of different cerebral areas. Both the high-threshold and the low-threshold points were revealed in the sensorimotor cortex and in the Ep field of auditory area. The latter had as low a threshold of the activation response as the points within the mesencephalic RF and the thalamic CM, VPL and GM. In the morphological aspect, projections from the auditory Ep field to the thalamic intralaminar nuclei and to the brain stem RF, were revealed. Major projections spread from the dorsal part of the Ep field to the lateral tegmentum. The data obtained seem to provide better comprehending of the mechanisms for corticofugal activation. The functional role of the low-threshold loci in the cortex can involve triggering of unspecific apparatus of activation with a graduated volley which controls its excitation in accordance with biological significance of analysed signals.", "contents": "[Low-threshold mechanisms and pathways of corticofugal activation]. In chronic experiments of alert cats, moderate electrical stimulation of different points on the lateral cortical surface led to activation of different cerebral areas. Both the high-threshold and the low-threshold points were revealed in the sensorimotor cortex and in the Ep field of auditory area. The latter had as low a threshold of the activation response as the points within the mesencephalic RF and the thalamic CM, VPL and GM. In the morphological aspect, projections from the auditory Ep field to the thalamic intralaminar nuclei and to the brain stem RF, were revealed. Major projections spread from the dorsal part of the Ep field to the lateral tegmentum. The data obtained seem to provide better comprehending of the mechanisms for corticofugal activation. The functional role of the low-threshold loci in the cortex can involve triggering of unspecific apparatus of activation with a graduated volley which controls its excitation in accordance with biological significance of analysed signals."}
{"id": "PMID:913677", "title": "[Long term transformation of neuronal activity in the superior colliculus isolated from corticofugal influences].", "content": "Neuronal activity of the superior colliculus isolated from the corticofugal influences was studied in various periods of time (from 3 to 20 months) after unilateral dissection of cortico-subcortical projections. In 16 unanesthetized immobilized cats, after the surgery, spontaneous activity of collicular neurons became more regular and with less complex bursts during the postoperative period. Evoked activity was completely suppressed during early hours of the postoperative period. Only 31.5% of collicular cells were sensitive to light 3 months after the operation. Evoked responses to light of 90.4% cells reappeared in the isolated colliculus not earlier than 10-12 months after the isolation, while directional and movement sensitivity practically did not restore even within 20 months after the surgery. Corticocollicular influences are considered to be a necessary condition for effective visual information processing in the colliculi superiores.", "contents": "[Long term transformation of neuronal activity in the superior colliculus isolated from corticofugal influences]. Neuronal activity of the superior colliculus isolated from the corticofugal influences was studied in various periods of time (from 3 to 20 months) after unilateral dissection of cortico-subcortical projections. In 16 unanesthetized immobilized cats, after the surgery, spontaneous activity of collicular neurons became more regular and with less complex bursts during the postoperative period. Evoked activity was completely suppressed during early hours of the postoperative period. Only 31.5% of collicular cells were sensitive to light 3 months after the operation. Evoked responses to light of 90.4% cells reappeared in the isolated colliculus not earlier than 10-12 months after the isolation, while directional and movement sensitivity practically did not restore even within 20 months after the surgery. Corticocollicular influences are considered to be a necessary condition for effective visual information processing in the colliculi superiores."}
{"id": "PMID:913678", "title": "[Probability neuronal ensembles from the position of the theory of fuzzy sets].", "content": "The questions of organization and functioning of the probability neuronal ensembles in the cerebral central analysatory structures were regarded from the standpoints of the washed out multitudes theory. The possibility of formalization of structure of a neuronal ensemble (the washed out multitude of neurons) was shown, examples of determining the function of a neuron belonging to a neuronal ensemble were presented, the questions of transition from washed out multitudes to unwashed those were considered.", "contents": "[Probability neuronal ensembles from the position of the theory of fuzzy sets]. The questions of organization and functioning of the probability neuronal ensembles in the cerebral central analysatory structures were regarded from the standpoints of the washed out multitudes theory. The possibility of formalization of structure of a neuronal ensemble (the washed out multitude of neurons) was shown, examples of determining the function of a neuron belonging to a neuronal ensemble were presented, the questions of transition from washed out multitudes to unwashed those were considered."}
{"id": "PMID:913679", "title": "[Participation of the hypothalamus in regulation of the pituitary-adrenal system in accordance with the feedback principle].", "content": "The multiunit activity and activity of pituitary-adrenocortical system were studied in chronic experiments on intact unrestrained rabbits injected with cortisol (1 mg/kg, i.v.). The pituitary-adrenocortical system was inhibited by cortisol (the level of corticosterone decreased) as well as the majority of the neuronal pools in the medial and lateral hypothalamus. The anterior hypothalamic neurons mostly responded to cortisol by a rise in firing rate. The changes observed suggest the existence of some electrophysiological correlates of the corticosteroid feedback mechanisms.", "contents": "[Participation of the hypothalamus in regulation of the pituitary-adrenal system in accordance with the feedback principle]. The multiunit activity and activity of pituitary-adrenocortical system were studied in chronic experiments on intact unrestrained rabbits injected with cortisol (1 mg/kg, i.v.). The pituitary-adrenocortical system was inhibited by cortisol (the level of corticosterone decreased) as well as the majority of the neuronal pools in the medial and lateral hypothalamus. The anterior hypothalamic neurons mostly responded to cortisol by a rise in firing rate. The changes observed suggest the existence of some electrophysiological correlates of the corticosteroid feedback mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:913680", "title": "[Characteristics of the thermosensitivity of posterior hypothalamic neurons].", "content": "Changes in the mean firing rate of 260 neurons in the rabbit posterior hypothalamus at a local increase (0.6-1.5 degrees C) or decrease in the posterior hypothalamus temperature (0.6-2.0 degrees C), were studied. 45 (17%) warm-sensitive neurons (the increase of firing rate at an increase of local temperature) and 28 (11%) cold-sensitive neurons (the increase of firing rate at a decrease of local temperature), were found. Most of these neurons had a certain threshold for their frequency-temperature relation.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the thermosensitivity of posterior hypothalamic neurons]. Changes in the mean firing rate of 260 neurons in the rabbit posterior hypothalamus at a local increase (0.6-1.5 degrees C) or decrease in the posterior hypothalamus temperature (0.6-2.0 degrees C), were studied. 45 (17%) warm-sensitive neurons (the increase of firing rate at an increase of local temperature) and 28 (11%) cold-sensitive neurons (the increase of firing rate at a decrease of local temperature), were found. Most of these neurons had a certain threshold for their frequency-temperature relation."}
{"id": "PMID:913682", "title": "[Damping of oscillations in arterial pressure in the internal carotid arteries].", "content": "In dogs, recording of fluctuations of the inlet and outlet pressure in the internal carotid artery showed a decrease of the amplitude of fluctuations along the artery, the damping index (Id) being about 60-90%. The Id was almost unchanged when the skull was either intact or largely opened. The amplitude of blood pressure fluctuations in the circle of Willis was always decreased after occlusion of the vertebral arteries, being evidently unrelated to superposition of the pulse waves that reach the circle of Willis through the internal carotid and the vertebral arteries. Therefore the decrease of the amplitude of pulsation was dependent on the damping of the pulsatile waves along the internal carotid arteries. The rise of the tone of the latter increased the Id, and vice cersa. The Id was almost independent of the size of amplitude and of the frequency of the fluctuations of the systemic arterial pressure, but decreased when the latter rised.", "contents": "[Damping of oscillations in arterial pressure in the internal carotid arteries]. In dogs, recording of fluctuations of the inlet and outlet pressure in the internal carotid artery showed a decrease of the amplitude of fluctuations along the artery, the damping index (Id) being about 60-90%. The Id was almost unchanged when the skull was either intact or largely opened. The amplitude of blood pressure fluctuations in the circle of Willis was always decreased after occlusion of the vertebral arteries, being evidently unrelated to superposition of the pulse waves that reach the circle of Willis through the internal carotid and the vertebral arteries. Therefore the decrease of the amplitude of pulsation was dependent on the damping of the pulsatile waves along the internal carotid arteries. The rise of the tone of the latter increased the Id, and vice cersa. The Id was almost independent of the size of amplitude and of the frequency of the fluctuations of the systemic arterial pressure, but decreased when the latter rised."}
{"id": "PMID:913683", "title": "[Neurohypophyseal hormones in the cerebrospinal fluid with different degrees of hydration].", "content": "Antidiuretic and oxytocic activities of venous blood plasma and liquor of ambient cistern of the cerebrum were studied in chronic experiments on alert dogs at different levels of hydration. Liquor was found to have oxytocic activity and practically no antidiuretic activity at ordinary hydration and after two days of thirst. After three days of thirst, dog's liquor caused antidiuretic reaction in rats anesthetized with alcohol, the reaction being lesser than those caused by simultaneously received plasma samples. Liquor displayed an obvious antidiuretic reaction similar to that of vasopressin after prolonged i.v. administration of hypotonic NaCl solution, while plasma samples only had the diuretic effect.", "contents": "[Neurohypophyseal hormones in the cerebrospinal fluid with different degrees of hydration]. Antidiuretic and oxytocic activities of venous blood plasma and liquor of ambient cistern of the cerebrum were studied in chronic experiments on alert dogs at different levels of hydration. Liquor was found to have oxytocic activity and practically no antidiuretic activity at ordinary hydration and after two days of thirst. After three days of thirst, dog's liquor caused antidiuretic reaction in rats anesthetized with alcohol, the reaction being lesser than those caused by simultaneously received plasma samples. Liquor displayed an obvious antidiuretic reaction similar to that of vasopressin after prolonged i.v. administration of hypotonic NaCl solution, while plasma samples only had the diuretic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:913684", "title": "[Osmo-, iono- and volume receptors of the liver].", "content": "by dissecting very fine strands of the liver afferent nerves, in cats, it has been possible to record activity of single fibers during intraportal infusion of different test-solutions. Different fibers were found which responded specifically to increase in the intraportal volume, to change of the osmosis and of concentration of ions. The liver was found to have highly selective specific populations of receptors: mechano (volume)-, osmo-, Na+-sensitive and K+ sensitive receptors.", "contents": "[Osmo-, iono- and volume receptors of the liver]. by dissecting very fine strands of the liver afferent nerves, in cats, it has been possible to record activity of single fibers during intraportal infusion of different test-solutions. Different fibers were found which responded specifically to increase in the intraportal volume, to change of the osmosis and of concentration of ions. The liver was found to have highly selective specific populations of receptors: mechano (volume)-, osmo-, Na+-sensitive and K+ sensitive receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:913685", "title": "[Fibrinolysis in several organs following splenectomy in animals].", "content": "Spleenectomy was found to have a disturbing effect on the anticoagulating system (ACS) function and to elicit changes of the fibrinolytic activity in tissues of some organs. At the greatest ACS suppression, on the 7th day after spleenectomy, the animals had a decreased total fibrinolytic activity (TFA) in extracts from the liver and lungs, while the activity was utterly absent in extracts from the heart. By the end of the restoration period of ACS function, on the 21st day after the surgery, in experimental animals no fibrinolysis was revealed in the extract from the myocardium, neither the unfermentative fibrinolysis (UF) was observed in extracts from the liver and lungs. Simultaneously a considerable fibrinolytic activity occurred in the tissues of kidneys and thymus, mainly on account of UF. Evidently, after spleenectomy the biosynthesis and accumulation of agents exerting unfermentative fibrinolytic activity is transferred from some organs to others.", "contents": "[Fibrinolysis in several organs following splenectomy in animals]. Spleenectomy was found to have a disturbing effect on the anticoagulating system (ACS) function and to elicit changes of the fibrinolytic activity in tissues of some organs. At the greatest ACS suppression, on the 7th day after spleenectomy, the animals had a decreased total fibrinolytic activity (TFA) in extracts from the liver and lungs, while the activity was utterly absent in extracts from the heart. By the end of the restoration period of ACS function, on the 21st day after the surgery, in experimental animals no fibrinolysis was revealed in the extract from the myocardium, neither the unfermentative fibrinolysis (UF) was observed in extracts from the liver and lungs. Simultaneously a considerable fibrinolytic activity occurred in the tissues of kidneys and thymus, mainly on account of UF. Evidently, after spleenectomy the biosynthesis and accumulation of agents exerting unfermentative fibrinolytic activity is transferred from some organs to others."}
{"id": "PMID:913694", "title": "[Leucocyte migration inhibition test in diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "The leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMT) using the agarose plate method introduced by Clausen is simple and highly reproducible. Using thyroglobulin, mitochondria and thyroid microsomal fractions as antigens, LMT was performed on ten patients with insulin dependent diabetics, twenty patients with insulin independent diabetics, eleven patients with Graves' diseases, ten patients with chronic thyroiditis and ten healthy controls. The migration index was expressed as a percentage of migration and calculated from the following formula; (formula: see text). Using a thyroid microsomal fraction, the mean migration index for the insulin dependent diabetics (93.2 +/- 11.6) was significantly lower than in the normal subjects (104.3 +/- 10.9) (0.025 less than p less than 0.05). Using thyroglobulin as an antigen for the insulin dependent diabetics and insulin independent diabetics, the mean migration indices (+/-SD) were 93.7+/-10.8 and 102.8+/-10.6 respectively. The corresponding values for the control group were 100.6+/-7.3. Using a mitochondria, MI values for insulin dependent and independent diabetics were 97.7+/-5.5 and 99.6+/-12.6 respectively, while MI value for the control group was 103.9+/-13.6. The mean migration indices obtained with the mitochondria and thyroglobulin were not significantly depressed when the diabetic groups were compared with the normal subjects.", "contents": "[Leucocyte migration inhibition test in diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. The leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMT) using the agarose plate method introduced by Clausen is simple and highly reproducible. Using thyroglobulin, mitochondria and thyroid microsomal fractions as antigens, LMT was performed on ten patients with insulin dependent diabetics, twenty patients with insulin independent diabetics, eleven patients with Graves' diseases, ten patients with chronic thyroiditis and ten healthy controls. The migration index was expressed as a percentage of migration and calculated from the following formula; (formula: see text). Using a thyroid microsomal fraction, the mean migration index for the insulin dependent diabetics (93.2 +/- 11.6) was significantly lower than in the normal subjects (104.3 +/- 10.9) (0.025 less than p less than 0.05). Using thyroglobulin as an antigen for the insulin dependent diabetics and insulin independent diabetics, the mean migration indices (+/-SD) were 93.7+/-10.8 and 102.8+/-10.6 respectively. The corresponding values for the control group were 100.6+/-7.3. Using a mitochondria, MI values for insulin dependent and independent diabetics were 97.7+/-5.5 and 99.6+/-12.6 respectively, while MI value for the control group was 103.9+/-13.6. The mean migration indices obtained with the mitochondria and thyroglobulin were not significantly depressed when the diabetic groups were compared with the normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:913699", "title": "[Analysis of estrone, estradiol and estriol in serum and urine by mass fragmentography using GC-MS (author's transl)].", "content": "The first successful analysis of estrogens in serum and urine was performed by mass fragmentography using a GC-MS combined system. The equipment used was Shimadzu LKB 9000 GC-MS (MID-PM). The TMSi derivative of the compounds were analyzed using the GC-MS system equipped with a 3 ft x 3mm column packed with 1.5% OV-1 and the temperature was programed from 200 degrees to 260 degrees C at 10 degrees C/min increments. The mass spectrum showed molecular ions at m/e 342, 416 and 504 which correspond to the TMSi derivatives of Estrone (E-1), Estradiol (E-2) and Estriol (E-3) respectively. Molecular ion peak of each compound was applied to establish the precise quantitative evaluation of E-1, E-2 and E-3. 1) The minimum detectable limits of the compounds injected into the column were ca. 2 pg for E-1, E-2 and 5 pg for E-3 respectively. 2) The sensitivity was of the order of ng or pg which enables quantitation with 2 ml of human serum and urine samples obtained from normally ovulating women. 3) This method was very convenient for extracting the compounds from biological fluids, and the procedure can be carried out easily in a short time. 4) Mass fragmentography makes possible the simultaneous measurements of E-1, E-2 and E-3 in samples obtained from pregnant women.", "contents": "[Analysis of estrone, estradiol and estriol in serum and urine by mass fragmentography using GC-MS (author's transl)]. The first successful analysis of estrogens in serum and urine was performed by mass fragmentography using a GC-MS combined system. The equipment used was Shimadzu LKB 9000 GC-MS (MID-PM). The TMSi derivative of the compounds were analyzed using the GC-MS system equipped with a 3 ft x 3mm column packed with 1.5% OV-1 and the temperature was programed from 200 degrees to 260 degrees C at 10 degrees C/min increments. The mass spectrum showed molecular ions at m/e 342, 416 and 504 which correspond to the TMSi derivatives of Estrone (E-1), Estradiol (E-2) and Estriol (E-3) respectively. Molecular ion peak of each compound was applied to establish the precise quantitative evaluation of E-1, E-2 and E-3. 1) The minimum detectable limits of the compounds injected into the column were ca. 2 pg for E-1, E-2 and 5 pg for E-3 respectively. 2) The sensitivity was of the order of ng or pg which enables quantitation with 2 ml of human serum and urine samples obtained from normally ovulating women. 3) This method was very convenient for extracting the compounds from biological fluids, and the procedure can be carried out easily in a short time. 4) Mass fragmentography makes possible the simultaneous measurements of E-1, E-2 and E-3 in samples obtained from pregnant women."}
{"id": "PMID:913702", "title": "[Effect of phentolamine on the catecholamine output from the perifused pig adrenal medulla in response to infusions of acetylcholine (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of phentolamine (regitine) on the in vitro release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla has been studied. Firstly, a continuous flow incubation (perifusion) system was developed in which secretory responses of adrenal medulla to acetylcholine were characterized by serial fluorimetric assay of catecholamine in the effluent medium. There was an initial massive release of catecholamine, which in the absence of acetylcholine, declined to a low basal level. The basal level was stable. Following 2.5 h preincubation, catecholamine release rose abruptly after addition of 10(-2) M acetylcholine to the medium and returned promptly to baseline after withdrawal. Pretreatment of pig adrenal medulla with 10(-2) M phentalamine blocked the increase of catecholamine overflow by 10(-2) M acetylcholine. It was also found that phentolamine, itself, caused no effect on catecholamine release from adrenal medulla. These results show that phentolamine blocked the catecholamine release from perifused pig adrenal medulla in response to acetylcholine infusion.", "contents": "[Effect of phentolamine on the catecholamine output from the perifused pig adrenal medulla in response to infusions of acetylcholine (author's transl)]. The effect of phentolamine (regitine) on the in vitro release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla has been studied. Firstly, a continuous flow incubation (perifusion) system was developed in which secretory responses of adrenal medulla to acetylcholine were characterized by serial fluorimetric assay of catecholamine in the effluent medium. There was an initial massive release of catecholamine, which in the absence of acetylcholine, declined to a low basal level. The basal level was stable. Following 2.5 h preincubation, catecholamine release rose abruptly after addition of 10(-2) M acetylcholine to the medium and returned promptly to baseline after withdrawal. Pretreatment of pig adrenal medulla with 10(-2) M phentalamine blocked the increase of catecholamine overflow by 10(-2) M acetylcholine. It was also found that phentolamine, itself, caused no effect on catecholamine release from adrenal medulla. These results show that phentolamine blocked the catecholamine release from perifused pig adrenal medulla in response to acetylcholine infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:913709", "title": "[High pressure liquid chromatography of corticosteroids: I. Preliminary report of the determinations of plasma corticosterone by HPLC combined with radioimmunoassay (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of corticosteroids (CDS) was preliminarily investigated using a DU PONT 830 High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a UV detector and a Permaphase column ETH. 1) Firstly, the best condition for the separation of mixed CS was investigated. In a linear gradient elution, ten authentic steroids, varying greatly in polarity (including native CS such as DOC, Corticosterone and Cortisol) were sharply separated in about 20 minutes. Recovery of the steroid injected into the column was 96 approximately 100%. 2) Standard CS added to the chloroform extracts from plasma or urine were also clearly separated in the same condition as above. In the experiment using predonisolone and estrone-propionate in different doses, the synthetic steroids were quantitatively separated, giving a linear calibration curve. 3) Sensitivity of the steroid determination was ng order photochemically in a plot study, but the method, using a UV detector, was not sufficient to apply to small amount of samples extracted with choloroform. To solve this problem, radioimmunoassay was applied to the eluate containing biological steroid, which was roughly separated using the synthetic steroid marker. As for the determination of plasma corticosterone using this method of HPLC combined with radioimmunoassay, the results were satisfactory for practical use; the mean based values and SD of 10 normal controls were 0.4+/-0.2 microgram/100ml for corticosterone, and they showed 4 to 5-fold increases to 250 microgram of synthetic ACTH injection.", "contents": "[High pressure liquid chromatography of corticosteroids: I. Preliminary report of the determinations of plasma corticosterone by HPLC combined with radioimmunoassay (author's transl)]. The analysis of corticosteroids (CDS) was preliminarily investigated using a DU PONT 830 High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a UV detector and a Permaphase column ETH. 1) Firstly, the best condition for the separation of mixed CS was investigated. In a linear gradient elution, ten authentic steroids, varying greatly in polarity (including native CS such as DOC, Corticosterone and Cortisol) were sharply separated in about 20 minutes. Recovery of the steroid injected into the column was 96 approximately 100%. 2) Standard CS added to the chloroform extracts from plasma or urine were also clearly separated in the same condition as above. In the experiment using predonisolone and estrone-propionate in different doses, the synthetic steroids were quantitatively separated, giving a linear calibration curve. 3) Sensitivity of the steroid determination was ng order photochemically in a plot study, but the method, using a UV detector, was not sufficient to apply to small amount of samples extracted with choloroform. To solve this problem, radioimmunoassay was applied to the eluate containing biological steroid, which was roughly separated using the synthetic steroid marker. As for the determination of plasma corticosterone using this method of HPLC combined with radioimmunoassay, the results were satisfactory for practical use; the mean based values and SD of 10 normal controls were 0.4+/-0.2 microgram/100ml for corticosterone, and they showed 4 to 5-fold increases to 250 microgram of synthetic ACTH injection."}
{"id": "PMID:913710", "title": "[A simple method for the simultaneous analysis of urinary homovanillic acid, vanilmandelic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxy mandeli acid by mass fragmentography (author's transl)].", "content": "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry makes possible the simultaneous measurement of homovanillic acid (HVA), vanilmandelic acid (VMA) and 3, 4-dihydroxy mandelic acid (DOMA) in 2ml urine samples. The equipment used was the Shimadzu LKB 9000 GC-MS (MID-PM). The TMSi derivatives of the compounds were analysed by the GC-MS system equipped with a 3ft. X 3mm column packed with 1.5% OV-1 and the temperature was programed from 130 degrees to 260 degrees C at 10 degrees C/min increments. The mass spectrum showed molecular ions at m/e 326, 414, and 472 which correspond to the TMSi derivatives of HVA, VMA AND DOMA respectively. The peaks at m/e 326 (HVA), 297 (VMA) and 355 (DOMA)  were applied to avail themselves of simultaneous multiple ion analyses by GC-MS. As little as 1pg of the compounds injected into the column could be measured reproducibly. The sensitivity is of the order of pg or ng, and the linearity of the response is maintained up to at least 200ng. The procedure was simpler and less time consuming than previous methods. It consists of extraction of the free acid into ether followed by complete silylation of the phenolic, alcoholic and carboxylic acid group with bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide. Recoveried of HVA, VMA, DOMA added to urine were 93.8%, 71.2% and 23.6% respectively. The specificity of this method surpasses and cannot be compared to any other existing quantitative methods.", "contents": "[A simple method for the simultaneous analysis of urinary homovanillic acid, vanilmandelic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxy mandeli acid by mass fragmentography (author's transl)]. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry makes possible the simultaneous measurement of homovanillic acid (HVA), vanilmandelic acid (VMA) and 3, 4-dihydroxy mandelic acid (DOMA) in 2ml urine samples. The equipment used was the Shimadzu LKB 9000 GC-MS (MID-PM). The TMSi derivatives of the compounds were analysed by the GC-MS system equipped with a 3ft. X 3mm column packed with 1.5% OV-1 and the temperature was programed from 130 degrees to 260 degrees C at 10 degrees C/min increments. The mass spectrum showed molecular ions at m/e 326, 414, and 472 which correspond to the TMSi derivatives of HVA, VMA AND DOMA respectively. The peaks at m/e 326 (HVA), 297 (VMA) and 355 (DOMA)  were applied to avail themselves of simultaneous multiple ion analyses by GC-MS. As little as 1pg of the compounds injected into the column could be measured reproducibly. The sensitivity is of the order of pg or ng, and the linearity of the response is maintained up to at least 200ng. The procedure was simpler and less time consuming than previous methods. It consists of extraction of the free acid into ether followed by complete silylation of the phenolic, alcoholic and carboxylic acid group with bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide. Recoveried of HVA, VMA, DOMA added to urine were 93.8%, 71.2% and 23.6% respectively. The specificity of this method surpasses and cannot be compared to any other existing quantitative methods."}
{"id": "PMID:913711", "title": "[An improved method for the simultaneous analysis of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine at the picogram level by mass fragmentography (author's transl)].", "content": "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry makes possible the simultaneous measurement of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and dopamine (DA) at the picogram level. The equipment used was the Shimadzu LKB 9000 GC-MS (MID-MD. The TFA derivatives of the compounds were analysed by the GC-MS system equipped with a 3ft X 3mm column packed with 1.5%OV-1 and the temperature was programed from 135 degrees to 260 degrees C at 10 degrees C/min increments. The mass spectrum showed molecular ions at m/e 552, 566 and 440 which corresponds to the TFA derivatives of NE, E and DA respectively. The base peaks of NE, E and DA were m/e 109, 140 and 328 respectively. The peaks at m/e 126 (NE and DA) and 140 (E) were applied to avail themselves of simultaneous multiple-ion analyses by mass fragmentography. As little as 4pg of the compounds injected into the column could be measured with good reproducibility, and the linearity of the response was maintained up to 120 pg. The sensitivity was of the order of ng or pg which enable quantitation with 1ml of human serum and urine sample. The procedures were simpler and less time consuming than previously reported methods. Recovery rates of NE, E and DA from serum were 25.7%, 13.7% and 76.1%, whereas those from urine were 100%, 89.6% and 100% respectively. The specificity of this method surpasses and cannot be compared to any other existing quantitative methods.", "contents": "[An improved method for the simultaneous analysis of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine at the picogram level by mass fragmentography (author's transl)]. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry makes possible the simultaneous measurement of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and dopamine (DA) at the picogram level. The equipment used was the Shimadzu LKB 9000 GC-MS (MID-MD. The TFA derivatives of the compounds were analysed by the GC-MS system equipped with a 3ft X 3mm column packed with 1.5%OV-1 and the temperature was programed from 135 degrees to 260 degrees C at 10 degrees C/min increments. The mass spectrum showed molecular ions at m/e 552, 566 and 440 which corresponds to the TFA derivatives of NE, E and DA respectively. The base peaks of NE, E and DA were m/e 109, 140 and 328 respectively. The peaks at m/e 126 (NE and DA) and 140 (E) were applied to avail themselves of simultaneous multiple-ion analyses by mass fragmentography. As little as 4pg of the compounds injected into the column could be measured with good reproducibility, and the linearity of the response was maintained up to 120 pg. The sensitivity was of the order of ng or pg which enable quantitation with 1ml of human serum and urine sample. The procedures were simpler and less time consuming than previously reported methods. Recovery rates of NE, E and DA from serum were 25.7%, 13.7% and 76.1%, whereas those from urine were 100%, 89.6% and 100% respectively. The specificity of this method surpasses and cannot be compared to any other existing quantitative methods."}
{"id": "PMID:913712", "title": "[A simplified radioimmunoassay for serum aldosterone--non-extraction method with 125I-labeled aldosterone (author's transl)].", "content": "A simplified direct radioimmunoassay system for serum aldosterone measurement was developed by using radio iodine-labeled aldosterone and highly specific antiserum to aldosterone. 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid(ANS) was used to prevent the binding of aldosterone to serum proteins. Polyethylene glycol was used to separate the antibody-bound aldosterone from the free aldosterone as the precipitant. The minimum measurable concentration of aldosterone is 30pg/ml of serum by short incubation method (at 25 degrees C for 3hr incubation) and 15pg/ml of serum by long incubation method (at 4 degrees C for 20 hr incubation) respectively. Present radioimmunoassay eliminates extraction of the aldosterone from serum and chromatographic separation procedures, and requires only 0.1ml of serum sample for assay. The intra-assay precision was C. V. 6.9% (average of 4 samples) and the inter-assay precision was C. V. 10.7% (average of 4 samples). There is an excellent correlation between the extraction method and this direct method in serum aldosterone value obtained (correlation coefficient, 0.96). The normal value was 36.8+/-25.9pg/ml (recumbent) and 113.6+/-6.15pg/ml (upright).", "contents": "[A simplified radioimmunoassay for serum aldosterone--non-extraction method with 125I-labeled aldosterone (author's transl)]. A simplified direct radioimmunoassay system for serum aldosterone measurement was developed by using radio iodine-labeled aldosterone and highly specific antiserum to aldosterone. 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid(ANS) was used to prevent the binding of aldosterone to serum proteins. Polyethylene glycol was used to separate the antibody-bound aldosterone from the free aldosterone as the precipitant. The minimum measurable concentration of aldosterone is 30pg/ml of serum by short incubation method (at 25 degrees C for 3hr incubation) and 15pg/ml of serum by long incubation method (at 4 degrees C for 20 hr incubation) respectively. Present radioimmunoassay eliminates extraction of the aldosterone from serum and chromatographic separation procedures, and requires only 0.1ml of serum sample for assay. The intra-assay precision was C. V. 6.9% (average of 4 samples) and the inter-assay precision was C. V. 10.7% (average of 4 samples). There is an excellent correlation between the extraction method and this direct method in serum aldosterone value obtained (correlation coefficient, 0.96). The normal value was 36.8+/-25.9pg/ml (recumbent) and 113.6+/-6.15pg/ml (upright)."}
{"id": "PMID:913713", "title": "[A simple method measuring plasma aldosterone by radioimmunoassay without extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "A radioimmunoassay method was developed to measure plasma aldosterone levels. Antibody was produced in rabbits by injecting aldosterone oxime coupled with bovine gamma-globulin once a month. Plasma aldosterone was measured simultaneously by two methods: the direct method without extraction and a method using paper chromatography. 125I-aldosterone was used in the first method and 3H-aldosterone in the second. The antibody had a high specificity adequate to show zero water blank in the first method. Adequate precision, accuracy and sensitivity were obtained in a direct method using 125I-aldosterone. Plasma aldosterone levels were 7.1+/-3.0ng/100ml (Mean +/-SD) in normal subjects and slightly higher after injecting ACTH-Z. The correlative coefficient between the first and the second method was significantly high (r=0.970, P less than 0.001, n=37). Plasma aldosterone was high (34.3+/-14.1ng/100ml, n=7) in primary aldosteronism, slightly high (14.2+/-2.6ng/100ml) in secondary aldosteronism, normal in Cushing's syndrome (10ng/100ml) and low in Addison's disease (1ng/100ml), hypopituitarism (1ng/100ml) and pseudoaldosteronism (2ng/100ml). From these results, it is concluded that the direct method without extraction was a very useful and reliable method for measuring plasma aldosterone. It was superior in simplicity and there is no need to use a liquid scintillation counter.", "contents": "[A simple method measuring plasma aldosterone by radioimmunoassay without extraction (author's transl)]. A radioimmunoassay method was developed to measure plasma aldosterone levels. Antibody was produced in rabbits by injecting aldosterone oxime coupled with bovine gamma-globulin once a month. Plasma aldosterone was measured simultaneously by two methods: the direct method without extraction and a method using paper chromatography. 125I-aldosterone was used in the first method and 3H-aldosterone in the second. The antibody had a high specificity adequate to show zero water blank in the first method. Adequate precision, accuracy and sensitivity were obtained in a direct method using 125I-aldosterone. Plasma aldosterone levels were 7.1+/-3.0ng/100ml (Mean +/-SD) in normal subjects and slightly higher after injecting ACTH-Z. The correlative coefficient between the first and the second method was significantly high (r=0.970, P less than 0.001, n=37). Plasma aldosterone was high (34.3+/-14.1ng/100ml, n=7) in primary aldosteronism, slightly high (14.2+/-2.6ng/100ml) in secondary aldosteronism, normal in Cushing's syndrome (10ng/100ml) and low in Addison's disease (1ng/100ml), hypopituitarism (1ng/100ml) and pseudoaldosteronism (2ng/100ml). From these results, it is concluded that the direct method without extraction was a very useful and reliable method for measuring plasma aldosterone. It was superior in simplicity and there is no need to use a liquid scintillation counter."}
{"id": "PMID:913718", "title": "[Leucocyte migration inhibition test in diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "The leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMT) using the agarose plate method introduced by Clausen is simple and highly reproducible. Using human pancreas extract and beef insulin as antigen, LMT was performed on ten patients with insulin dependent diabetes, twenty patients with insulin independent diabetes, and twelve healthy controls. The migration index was expressed as a percentage of migration calculated from the following formula. Migration index (MI) = average areas of migration in test suspension/average areas of migration in control suspension. Using human pancreas extract, the mean migration index for the insulin dependent diabetics (87.6 +/- 11.1) was significantly lower than in the normal subjects (99.3 +/- 6.3) (p less than 0.05). Using beef insulin as antigen for the insulin dependent diabetics and insulin independent diabetics, the mean migration indices (+/- SD) were 95.8 +/- 14.9 and 98.7 +/- 12.3 respectively. The corresponding values for the control group were 98.9 +/- 7.8. Cellular hypersensitivity to human pancreas extract was shown in the leucocyte migration inhibition test with insulin dependent diabetics, but a negative result was obtained with beef insulin.", "contents": "[Leucocyte migration inhibition test in diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. The leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMT) using the agarose plate method introduced by Clausen is simple and highly reproducible. Using human pancreas extract and beef insulin as antigen, LMT was performed on ten patients with insulin dependent diabetes, twenty patients with insulin independent diabetes, and twelve healthy controls. The migration index was expressed as a percentage of migration calculated from the following formula. Migration index (MI) = average areas of migration in test suspension/average areas of migration in control suspension. Using human pancreas extract, the mean migration index for the insulin dependent diabetics (87.6 +/- 11.1) was significantly lower than in the normal subjects (99.3 +/- 6.3) (p less than 0.05). Using beef insulin as antigen for the insulin dependent diabetics and insulin independent diabetics, the mean migration indices (+/- SD) were 95.8 +/- 14.9 and 98.7 +/- 12.3 respectively. The corresponding values for the control group were 98.9 +/- 7.8. Cellular hypersensitivity to human pancreas extract was shown in the leucocyte migration inhibition test with insulin dependent diabetics, but a negative result was obtained with beef insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:913722", "title": "[Studies on the role of high pressure baroreceptors in vasopressin (ADH) secretion. Effect of occlusion of common carotid and vertebral arteries on blood ADH level (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of baroreceptors in common carotid and vertebral arteries and arteries in the thoracic cavity in vasopressin secretion was investigated in this study. Effects of bilateral occlusion of common carotid and vertebral arteries on blood ADH level as well as mean arterial pressure were studied in common carotid arterial plexus-denervated dogs, cervically vagotomized dogs and intact dogs. Blood ADH titers were determined by bioassay technic before and 5 minutes after the occlusion of the arteries and were compared with the changes of mean arterial pressure (MAP). The following results were obtained. (1) Blood ADH titers and MAP were elevated by the occlusion of the common carotid arteries in both intact and vagotomized dogs, while they were not significantly affected in denervated dogs. Elevation of blood ADH titers was more pronounced in vagotomized dogs than in intact dogs. (2) Blood ADH titers and MAP were elevated by the occlusion of vertebral arteries in all groups of dogs. However, the elevation of blood ADH titers in denervated dogs was more pronounced than in intact dogs, but less than in vagotomized dogs. (3) The effects of the occlusion of common carotid arteries on blood ADH titers and MPA were more pronounced than those of the occlusion of vertebral arteries. These results may suggest that: a. baroreceptors involved in vasopressin secretion are present in vertebral arteries as well, and that b. the intrathoracic baroreceptors are dominant in controlling vasopressin secretion, while those in common carotid arteries are secondly and those in vertebral arteries thirdly dominant.", "contents": "[Studies on the role of high pressure baroreceptors in vasopressin (ADH) secretion. Effect of occlusion of common carotid and vertebral arteries on blood ADH level (author's transl)]. The role of baroreceptors in common carotid and vertebral arteries and arteries in the thoracic cavity in vasopressin secretion was investigated in this study. Effects of bilateral occlusion of common carotid and vertebral arteries on blood ADH level as well as mean arterial pressure were studied in common carotid arterial plexus-denervated dogs, cervically vagotomized dogs and intact dogs. Blood ADH titers were determined by bioassay technic before and 5 minutes after the occlusion of the arteries and were compared with the changes of mean arterial pressure (MAP). The following results were obtained. (1) Blood ADH titers and MAP were elevated by the occlusion of the common carotid arteries in both intact and vagotomized dogs, while they were not significantly affected in denervated dogs. Elevation of blood ADH titers was more pronounced in vagotomized dogs than in intact dogs. (2) Blood ADH titers and MAP were elevated by the occlusion of vertebral arteries in all groups of dogs. However, the elevation of blood ADH titers in denervated dogs was more pronounced than in intact dogs, but less than in vagotomized dogs. (3) The effects of the occlusion of common carotid arteries on blood ADH titers and MPA were more pronounced than those of the occlusion of vertebral arteries. These results may suggest that: a. baroreceptors involved in vasopressin secretion are present in vertebral arteries as well, and that b. the intrathoracic baroreceptors are dominant in controlling vasopressin secretion, while those in common carotid arteries are secondly and those in vertebral arteries thirdly dominant."}
{"id": "PMID:913727", "title": "The impact of breast feeding patterns on the biometric analysis of infant mortality.", "content": "A major assumption of the biometric analysis of infant mortality as developed by Bourgeois-Pichat is that the age structure of infant deaths after the first month of life is virtually constant across time and cultures. Reanalysis of results from studies which compare the mortality of infants according to the type of feeding indicated that the relationship between mortality and age within the first year of life followed different patterns for breast fed and artificially fed infants. Historical data for populations with different breast feeding customs reveal similar differences in the age pattern of infant mortality. In populations where breast feeding was uncommon or of very short duration, infant mortality rises particularly steeply during the early months of the first year of life. The age structure of infant mortality in less developed countries where breast feeding is decreasing rapidly may bsimilarly affected. When substantial deviations from the linear relationship are evident, particular caution is required in applying the biometric technique, since in such situations the estimated endogenous mortality is very much affected by the particular set of data points within the first year of life which are chosen for the basis of the estimates.", "contents": "The impact of breast feeding patterns on the biometric analysis of infant mortality. A major assumption of the biometric analysis of infant mortality as developed by Bourgeois-Pichat is that the age structure of infant deaths after the first month of life is virtually constant across time and cultures. Reanalysis of results from studies which compare the mortality of infants according to the type of feeding indicated that the relationship between mortality and age within the first year of life followed different patterns for breast fed and artificially fed infants. Historical data for populations with different breast feeding customs reveal similar differences in the age pattern of infant mortality. In populations where breast feeding was uncommon or of very short duration, infant mortality rises particularly steeply during the early months of the first year of life. The age structure of infant mortality in less developed countries where breast feeding is decreasing rapidly may bsimilarly affected. When substantial deviations from the linear relationship are evident, particular caution is required in applying the biometric technique, since in such situations the estimated endogenous mortality is very much affected by the particular set of data points within the first year of life which are chosen for the basis of the estimates."}
{"id": "PMID:913728", "title": "What difference would it make if cancer were eradicated? An examination of the Taeuber paradox.", "content": "The immediate effect of discovering a way to cure cancer would be a reduction in the number of deaths in the United States by the number of people now dying from that cause. Within a short time, however, deaths from other causes would increase, and the net long-term effect would be relatively small. A parameter is derived that measures how much the expectation of life is increased by a marginal reduction in any cause of death. That parameter is additive in the several causes and has other advantages, though it does not avoid the assumption of independence.", "contents": "What difference would it make if cancer were eradicated? An examination of the Taeuber paradox. The immediate effect of discovering a way to cure cancer would be a reduction in the number of deaths in the United States by the number of people now dying from that cause. Within a short time, however, deaths from other causes would increase, and the net long-term effect would be relatively small. A parameter is derived that measures how much the expectation of life is increased by a marginal reduction in any cause of death. That parameter is additive in the several causes and has other advantages, though it does not avoid the assumption of independence."}
{"id": "PMID:913729", "title": "Measuring the effects of race differentials in mortality upon surviving family members.", "content": "A model is developed to use marital history data from the U.S. Current Population Survey and mortality statistics from the federal registration system to estimate color differences in (a) the risk of widowhood among women in the working ages and (by the cumulative duration of widowhood. Color differentials in mortality among married males are thereby translated into person-years of dependent survivorship among women, in anticipation of our later estimating average and cumulative lifetime income losses for the survivors. Initial results of this model, dealing with the demographic aspects of survivorship, are presented.", "contents": "Measuring the effects of race differentials in mortality upon surviving family members. A model is developed to use marital history data from the U.S. Current Population Survey and mortality statistics from the federal registration system to estimate color differences in (a) the risk of widowhood among women in the working ages and (by the cumulative duration of widowhood. Color differentials in mortality among married males are thereby translated into person-years of dependent survivorship among women, in anticipation of our later estimating average and cumulative lifetime income losses for the survivors. Initial results of this model, dealing with the demographic aspects of survivorship, are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:913730", "title": "The predictive validity of reproductive intentions.", "content": "On the basis of data collected in the 1975 National Fertility Study (NFS) in which continuously married white women interviewed in the 1970 NFS were reinterviewed five years later, the aggregate and individual validity of reported fertility intentions is evaluated. The main finding about aggregate prediction is that 1970 intentions overestimated 1971-1975 fertility to the same extent as the conventional 1970 total fertility rate. The conclusion is that intentions suffer all of the same vulnerabilities as other period measures. At the individual level, the validity of intentions is considerable in comparison with most other indicators.", "contents": "The predictive validity of reproductive intentions. On the basis of data collected in the 1975 National Fertility Study (NFS) in which continuously married white women interviewed in the 1970 NFS were reinterviewed five years later, the aggregate and individual validity of reported fertility intentions is evaluated. The main finding about aggregate prediction is that 1970 intentions overestimated 1971-1975 fertility to the same extent as the conventional 1970 total fertility rate. The conclusion is that intentions suffer all of the same vulnerabilities as other period measures. At the individual level, the validity of intentions is considerable in comparison with most other indicators."}
{"id": "PMID:913731", "title": "Target fertility, contraception, and aggregate rates: toward a formal synthesis.", "content": "This paper develops a stock adjustment model relating total expected births to conventional aggregate fertility rated for married women over 25. Each year, cohorts bear about 20 percent of their additional expected births. Aggregate U.S. rates have been consistent with expectations as expressed in surveys between 1955 and 1975; indeed, total expected births may be inferred from aggregate fertility behavior. A peculiar empirical finding is that the additional expected fertility of nonterminators has not changed since 1955, despite the dramatic decline in total expected and actual fertility. The model leads to a dynamic expression for the duration pattern of current and cumulative fertility and for the proportion of couples who have terminated childbearing. The model is also used to analyze the effects of changing contraceptive failure rates on fertility patterns. For example, a decline in \"timing\" failure rates increases duration-specific fertility five years later.", "contents": "Target fertility, contraception, and aggregate rates: toward a formal synthesis. This paper develops a stock adjustment model relating total expected births to conventional aggregate fertility rated for married women over 25. Each year, cohorts bear about 20 percent of their additional expected births. Aggregate U.S. rates have been consistent with expectations as expressed in surveys between 1955 and 1975; indeed, total expected births may be inferred from aggregate fertility behavior. A peculiar empirical finding is that the additional expected fertility of nonterminators has not changed since 1955, despite the dramatic decline in total expected and actual fertility. The model leads to a dynamic expression for the duration pattern of current and cumulative fertility and for the proportion of couples who have terminated childbearing. The model is also used to analyze the effects of changing contraceptive failure rates on fertility patterns. For example, a decline in \"timing\" failure rates increases duration-specific fertility five years later."}
{"id": "PMID:913732", "title": "Son preference and the demand for additional children in Pakistan.", "content": "This paper tries to take into account the sequential element in fertility decisions and continues an investigation originally begun by Namboodiri. We examine the extent to which the \"desire to have additional children\" can be explained by a variety of economic, sociological, and demographic variables. The probit maximum likelihood estimation procedure is utilized, and the analysis is based on cross-sectional data on 2,910 currently married women obtained from a national survey conducted in Pakistan in 1968-1969. The principal finding is the presence of a strong son preference both for the husband and for the wife.", "contents": "Son preference and the demand for additional children in Pakistan. This paper tries to take into account the sequential element in fertility decisions and continues an investigation originally begun by Namboodiri. We examine the extent to which the \"desire to have additional children\" can be explained by a variety of economic, sociological, and demographic variables. The probit maximum likelihood estimation procedure is utilized, and the analysis is based on cross-sectional data on 2,910 currently married women obtained from a national survey conducted in Pakistan in 1968-1969. The principal finding is the presence of a strong son preference both for the husband and for the wife."}
{"id": "PMID:913733", "title": "Residential segregation in urbanized areas of the United States in 1970: an analysis of social class and racial differences.", "content": "Sociologists and urban commentators often portray metropolitan areas as highly segregated by social class and race. We measured the extent of socioeconomic residential segregation in urbanized areas of the United States in 1970, determined whether cities were as segregated as suburban rings, and compared levels of socioeconomic and racial residential segregation. We found moderate levels of residential segregation and socioeconomic groups. Levels of social class segregation varied little from one urbanized area to another and were about the same in central cities and suburban rings. Racial residentail segregation was much greater than the segregation of social classes within either the black or white communities. The extent of racial residential segregation does not vary by educational attainment, occupation, or income.", "contents": "Residential segregation in urbanized areas of the United States in 1970: an analysis of social class and racial differences. Sociologists and urban commentators often portray metropolitan areas as highly segregated by social class and race. We measured the extent of socioeconomic residential segregation in urbanized areas of the United States in 1970, determined whether cities were as segregated as suburban rings, and compared levels of socioeconomic and racial residential segregation. We found moderate levels of residential segregation and socioeconomic groups. Levels of social class segregation varied little from one urbanized area to another and were about the same in central cities and suburban rings. Racial residentail segregation was much greater than the segregation of social classes within either the black or white communities. The extent of racial residential segregation does not vary by educational attainment, occupation, or income."}
{"id": "PMID:913734", "title": "The dimensionality of the urban functional system.", "content": "This paper suggests that the formulation and testing of hypotheses relating the functional role of cities in a society to other urban structure and process variables might be facilitated by substituting a continous variable approach to the functional system for the prevailing discrete typologies. Using variables indexing the scope of economic activities in U.S. communities at two points in time, we elaborate a technique for identifying the dimensions underlying an existing typology, and the 56 largest SMSA's are ranked along these dimensions.", "contents": "The dimensionality of the urban functional system. This paper suggests that the formulation and testing of hypotheses relating the functional role of cities in a society to other urban structure and process variables might be facilitated by substituting a continous variable approach to the functional system for the prevailing discrete typologies. Using variables indexing the scope of economic activities in U.S. communities at two points in time, we elaborate a technique for identifying the dimensions underlying an existing typology, and the 56 largest SMSA's are ranked along these dimensions."}
{"id": "PMID:913735", "title": "Sampling variability of own-children fertility estimates.", "content": "This paper develops methodology for estimating standard errors and confidence intervals for own-children estimates of age-specific birth rates and total fertility rates. The methodology applies to systematic samples of households, which are treated as simple random samples of women. The assumption of simple random selection, together with the treatment of sample subgroup size and reverse-survival ratios as constants instead of random variables, imply that sampling variability is slightly underestimated. The methodology is applied illustratively to fertility estimates based on the 1970 census of the Philippines.", "contents": "Sampling variability of own-children fertility estimates. This paper develops methodology for estimating standard errors and confidence intervals for own-children estimates of age-specific birth rates and total fertility rates. The methodology applies to systematic samples of households, which are treated as simple random samples of women. The assumption of simple random selection, together with the treatment of sample subgroup size and reverse-survival ratios as constants instead of random variables, imply that sampling variability is slightly underestimated. The methodology is applied illustratively to fertility estimates based on the 1970 census of the Philippines."}
{"id": "PMID:913736", "title": "Measuring the impact of child mortality on fertility: a methodological note.", "content": "Recent studies of the impact of child mortality on children ever born have used the \"replacement factor\" to measure mortality. When microlevel data are used, however, use of the replacement factor (or other variables which are nonlinear in the family's experienced child mortality rate) yields biased coefficients. An alternative model suggests a sequential, rather than a static, decision-making process to relate the decision to have an additional child to the reproductive experience to date. In this case, unbiased coefficients are obtained if the functional form is correctly specified. In the abscence of a priori knowledge of the functional form, it is difficult to untangle true effects from spurious ones.", "contents": "Measuring the impact of child mortality on fertility: a methodological note. Recent studies of the impact of child mortality on children ever born have used the \"replacement factor\" to measure mortality. When microlevel data are used, however, use of the replacement factor (or other variables which are nonlinear in the family's experienced child mortality rate) yields biased coefficients. An alternative model suggests a sequential, rather than a static, decision-making process to relate the decision to have an additional child to the reproductive experience to date. In this case, unbiased coefficients are obtained if the functional form is correctly specified. In the abscence of a priori knowledge of the functional form, it is difficult to untangle true effects from spurious ones."}
{"id": "PMID:913743", "title": "Intradermal triamcinolone treatment of psoriatic onychodystrophy.", "content": "Intradermal injections of triamcinolone acetonide have used in the treatment of psoriatic onychodystrophies in seven patients. The therapeutic response initially is good but relapses appear inevitable. One patient developed rather persistent periungual hypopigmentation, thereby limiting the routine recommendation of this form of treatment.", "contents": "Intradermal triamcinolone treatment of psoriatic onychodystrophy. Intradermal injections of triamcinolone acetonide have used in the treatment of psoriatic onychodystrophies in seven patients. The therapeutic response initially is good but relapses appear inevitable. One patient developed rather persistent periungual hypopigmentation, thereby limiting the routine recommendation of this form of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:913744", "title": "[Does a circumscribed melanosis secondary to malignant melanoma exist?].", "content": "Regarding the rare phenomenon of diffuse melanosis of the skin secondary to widespread melanoma, the possibility of a circumscribed melanosis in melanoma patients is hypothetically discussed on the basis of a personal observation. Microscopically, such a circumscribed melanosis appears as clusters of melanin-laden macrophages.", "contents": "[Does a circumscribed melanosis secondary to malignant melanoma exist?]. Regarding the rare phenomenon of diffuse melanosis of the skin secondary to widespread melanoma, the possibility of a circumscribed melanosis in melanoma patients is hypothetically discussed on the basis of a personal observation. Microscopically, such a circumscribed melanosis appears as clusters of melanin-laden macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:913745", "title": "Erythema dyschromicum perstans. A follow-up study from northern Finand.", "content": "Four patients with ashy dermatosis are described. Their ages varied from 8 to 12 years. Three had typical widespread macular eruptions and one had a linear lesion not described before. The follow-up investigation revealed that the eruption disappeared within 2 years in three of the patients. One patient could not be followed. The duration of the disease and the linearity of one lesion resembled lichen ruber planus.", "contents": "Erythema dyschromicum perstans. A follow-up study from northern Finand. Four patients with ashy dermatosis are described. Their ages varied from 8 to 12 years. Three had typical widespread macular eruptions and one had a linear lesion not described before. The follow-up investigation revealed that the eruption disappeared within 2 years in three of the patients. One patient could not be followed. The duration of the disease and the linearity of one lesion resembled lichen ruber planus."}
{"id": "PMID:913746", "title": "Dermatofibrosarcoma of the face. Report of two cases from Nigeria.", "content": "Two Nigerian patients with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the face are described. Both patients developed histologically typical tumours of unusual size. The condition is discussed in relation to previous reports of this unusual location and the frequency of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in Africa.", "contents": "Dermatofibrosarcoma of the face. Report of two cases from Nigeria. Two Nigerian patients with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the face are described. Both patients developed histologically typical tumours of unusual size. The condition is discussed in relation to previous reports of this unusual location and the frequency of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in Africa."}
{"id": "PMID:913748", "title": "Evaluation in clinical practice of Dextrostix and the Eyetone Reflectance Meter.", "content": "Venous blood glucose concentration measured by Dextrostix-Eyetone Reflectance Meter method were compared with conventional enzymatic measurements of plasma glucose in the same 373 blood samples over the range of 0.55-22.2 mmol/l (10-400 mg/100 ml). Agreement between the two methods was good up to 5.5 mmol/l (100 mg/100 ml) but above 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/100 ml) the Dextrostix-Eyetone method gave higher results for glucose concentration. The Dextrostix-Eyetone method is a reliable means of confirming or refuting the clinical diagnosis of hypoglycaemia and is useful in the day-to-day management of diabetes mellitus in situations where insulin dosage requirements are varying and where access to clinical laboratory facilities are not readily available.", "contents": "Evaluation in clinical practice of Dextrostix and the Eyetone Reflectance Meter. Venous blood glucose concentration measured by Dextrostix-Eyetone Reflectance Meter method were compared with conventional enzymatic measurements of plasma glucose in the same 373 blood samples over the range of 0.55-22.2 mmol/l (10-400 mg/100 ml). Agreement between the two methods was good up to 5.5 mmol/l (100 mg/100 ml) but above 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/100 ml) the Dextrostix-Eyetone method gave higher results for glucose concentration. The Dextrostix-Eyetone method is a reliable means of confirming or refuting the clinical diagnosis of hypoglycaemia and is useful in the day-to-day management of diabetes mellitus in situations where insulin dosage requirements are varying and where access to clinical laboratory facilities are not readily available."}
{"id": "PMID:913751", "title": "Genetic heterogeneity in thyrotoxicosis patients with and without endocrine ophthalmopathy.", "content": "HLA antigens and humoral antithyroid immunity have been studied in 97 thyrotoxic patients [48 without and 49 with endocrine ophthalmopathy (EOP)]. A statistical significant increase of HLA-B8 frequency could be observed only in the thyrotoxic patients with EOP, whereas in patients without EOP B8 frequency was similar as to the one in the controls. The C locus antigen Cw3 was significantly different between both groups of patients: increased in those with EOP and statistically significantly decreased in those without EOP. Thyroid microsomal antibodies were found to be associated with HLA-B8 positivity and were noted with highest incidence in B8 positive EOP patients. No such association was observed for thyroglobulin antibodies. These data show a genetic heterogeneity in thyrotoxicosis patients with and without EOP. HLA-Cw3 positivity represents and increased risk to develop EOP in thyrotoxicosis, as frequency of this antigen was significantly decreased in thyrotoxicosis patients without any signs of EOP. The increased frequency for microsomal antibodies in thyrotoxic patients with EOP, especially in B8 positives underlines the genetically influenced autoimmune reactivity in that disorder.", "contents": "Genetic heterogeneity in thyrotoxicosis patients with and without endocrine ophthalmopathy. HLA antigens and humoral antithyroid immunity have been studied in 97 thyrotoxic patients [48 without and 49 with endocrine ophthalmopathy (EOP)]. A statistical significant increase of HLA-B8 frequency could be observed only in the thyrotoxic patients with EOP, whereas in patients without EOP B8 frequency was similar as to the one in the controls. The C locus antigen Cw3 was significantly different between both groups of patients: increased in those with EOP and statistically significantly decreased in those without EOP. Thyroid microsomal antibodies were found to be associated with HLA-B8 positivity and were noted with highest incidence in B8 positive EOP patients. No such association was observed for thyroglobulin antibodies. These data show a genetic heterogeneity in thyrotoxicosis patients with and without EOP. HLA-Cw3 positivity represents and increased risk to develop EOP in thyrotoxicosis, as frequency of this antigen was significantly decreased in thyrotoxicosis patients without any signs of EOP. The increased frequency for microsomal antibodies in thyrotoxic patients with EOP, especially in B8 positives underlines the genetically influenced autoimmune reactivity in that disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:913750", "title": "A comparison of phenformin and metformin in the treatment of maturity onset diabetes.", "content": "A comparison of the effects of two dose levels of phenformin (50 mg once and twice daily) and metformin (850 mg twice daily and 1,700 mg twice daily) has been undertaken in 24 maturity onset diabetics whose diabetes had remained inadequately controlled with dietary measures alone. Both biguanides effectively reduced the fasting blood sugar and body weight of the patients, metformin apparently having a greater effect on blood sugar than phenformin. Serum triglycerides were lower on the larger dose of metformin than on either dose of phenformin. Both drugs in the larger doses reduced the serum cholesterol. Side effects were more common with metformin, particularly in the higher dosage and overall control of the diabetes was achieved in the same proportion of patients (33%).", "contents": "A comparison of phenformin and metformin in the treatment of maturity onset diabetes. A comparison of the effects of two dose levels of phenformin (50 mg once and twice daily) and metformin (850 mg twice daily and 1,700 mg twice daily) has been undertaken in 24 maturity onset diabetics whose diabetes had remained inadequately controlled with dietary measures alone. Both biguanides effectively reduced the fasting blood sugar and body weight of the patients, metformin apparently having a greater effect on blood sugar than phenformin. Serum triglycerides were lower on the larger dose of metformin than on either dose of phenformin. Both drugs in the larger doses reduced the serum cholesterol. Side effects were more common with metformin, particularly in the higher dosage and overall control of the diabetes was achieved in the same proportion of patients (33%)."}
{"id": "PMID:913752", "title": "Intra-HLA recombinations in juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Complete HLA and Bf typing of 18 families with juvenile diabetes mellitus (J.D.M.) showed that of 68 children, 9 bore recombinant haplotypes (13%). This frequency is significantly higher than the currently accepted 1.6% for intra-HLA recombinations with a p of 1.3 X 10(6) (binomial expansion) and may be related to the J.D.M. gene itself. Five of the nine crossovers were between HLA-A and B, and four between HLA-B and D. In one informative A/B recombination, Bf segregated with the HLA-B-D segment while in another two, it segregated in cis with HLA-A. This suggests the existence of two genetic sequences within the HLA region, one with Bf on the A site and a second one with Bf on the D site.", "contents": "Intra-HLA recombinations in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Complete HLA and Bf typing of 18 families with juvenile diabetes mellitus (J.D.M.) showed that of 68 children, 9 bore recombinant haplotypes (13%). This frequency is significantly higher than the currently accepted 1.6% for intra-HLA recombinations with a p of 1.3 X 10(6) (binomial expansion) and may be related to the J.D.M. gene itself. Five of the nine crossovers were between HLA-A and B, and four between HLA-B and D. In one informative A/B recombination, Bf segregated with the HLA-B-D segment while in another two, it segregated in cis with HLA-A. This suggests the existence of two genetic sequences within the HLA region, one with Bf on the A site and a second one with Bf on the D site."}
{"id": "PMID:913856", "title": "Temazepam (Euhypnos) as a hypnotic: a twelve-week trial in general practice.", "content": "One hundred and forty-seven patients requiring a hypnotic, took soft gelatine capsules containing 10 mg temazepam (Euhypnos) 10-30 mg at night, for up to twelve weeks. One hundred and thirty-three patients (90-5%) completed twelve weeks on drug. Hypnotic performance was rated Good or Very Good in 90% of their assessments and 93-2% of the assessments recorded no hangover effect. Adverse reactions were occasional headaches and nausea. There were no drug-related accidents. One hundred and forty-two patients (96-6%) said there was no adverse effect on their work. Seven patients who did not complete twelve weeks resumed normal sleep patterns and had no further need for hypnotics.", "contents": "Temazepam (Euhypnos) as a hypnotic: a twelve-week trial in general practice. One hundred and forty-seven patients requiring a hypnotic, took soft gelatine capsules containing 10 mg temazepam (Euhypnos) 10-30 mg at night, for up to twelve weeks. One hundred and thirty-three patients (90-5%) completed twelve weeks on drug. Hypnotic performance was rated Good or Very Good in 90% of their assessments and 93-2% of the assessments recorded no hangover effect. Adverse reactions were occasional headaches and nausea. There were no drug-related accidents. One hundred and forty-two patients (96-6%) said there was no adverse effect on their work. Seven patients who did not complete twelve weeks resumed normal sleep patterns and had no further need for hypnotics."}
{"id": "PMID:913857", "title": "Temazepam (Euhypnos) as a hypnotic: a multicentre trial in general practice.", "content": "In a one week study of 236 patients, soft gelatine capsules containing 10 mg temazepam (Euhypnos) were evaluated as a hypnotic in general practice. Doses of 10-30 mg were generally well tolerated and performed satisfactorily in 76% of the patients. Seventy-two per cent experienced no hangover effect and 72% rated Euhypnos as good as or better than their previous hypnotic drugs.", "contents": "Temazepam (Euhypnos) as a hypnotic: a multicentre trial in general practice. In a one week study of 236 patients, soft gelatine capsules containing 10 mg temazepam (Euhypnos) were evaluated as a hypnotic in general practice. Doses of 10-30 mg were generally well tolerated and performed satisfactorily in 76% of the patients. Seventy-two per cent experienced no hangover effect and 72% rated Euhypnos as good as or better than their previous hypnotic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:913858", "title": "Ticarcillin: pharmacokinetics in man according to different administration schedules.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ticarcillin, a semisynthetic penicillin more active than carbenicillin against Pseudomonas, were studied. Following a rapid intravenous infusion of 1 g, 2 g, 5 g and 10 g ticarcillin respectively the serum half-life was 72-4 minutes independent of the dosage administered. If ticarcillin is administered under steady-state conditions, e.g. continuous infusion of either 2g/hr or 1g/hr following a loading dose of 1g (total dose 5 g) the average steady-state serum concentrations are 125 microgram/ml and 105 microgram/ml respectively.", "contents": "Ticarcillin: pharmacokinetics in man according to different administration schedules. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ticarcillin, a semisynthetic penicillin more active than carbenicillin against Pseudomonas, were studied. Following a rapid intravenous infusion of 1 g, 2 g, 5 g and 10 g ticarcillin respectively the serum half-life was 72-4 minutes independent of the dosage administered. If ticarcillin is administered under steady-state conditions, e.g. continuous infusion of either 2g/hr or 1g/hr following a loading dose of 1g (total dose 5 g) the average steady-state serum concentrations are 125 microgram/ml and 105 microgram/ml respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:913859", "title": "Lower respiratory tract infections treated with bacampicillin: a dose comparison.", "content": "In an open multicentre study of bacampicillin (Penglobe), a new orally well absorb ed prodrug of ampicillin, 516 patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis or pneumonia were treated by a group of Belgian pneumologists or internists. Bacampicillin was given in a dosage regimen of 400 mg or 800 mg three times daily. In patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis the clinical success rate was high, over 95% in both groups. An improvement in the sputum purulence score was seen in 93% of the patients with an initially purulent sputum and 69% had a normal mucoid sputum at follow-up. The clinical success rate in patients with pneumonia was also similar in both dosage groups with success rates over 96%. The total number of patients with adverse reactions was not more than 5-4%, of which the majority were considered mild or moderate. Each type of side-effect occurred in a frequency of 1-2% or less. There were no differences between the two dosage regiments as regards the frequency of side-effects indicates a remarkably good tolerance of bacampicillin also with the higher dosage.", "contents": "Lower respiratory tract infections treated with bacampicillin: a dose comparison. In an open multicentre study of bacampicillin (Penglobe), a new orally well absorb ed prodrug of ampicillin, 516 patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis or pneumonia were treated by a group of Belgian pneumologists or internists. Bacampicillin was given in a dosage regimen of 400 mg or 800 mg three times daily. In patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis the clinical success rate was high, over 95% in both groups. An improvement in the sputum purulence score was seen in 93% of the patients with an initially purulent sputum and 69% had a normal mucoid sputum at follow-up. The clinical success rate in patients with pneumonia was also similar in both dosage groups with success rates over 96%. The total number of patients with adverse reactions was not more than 5-4%, of which the majority were considered mild or moderate. Each type of side-effect occurred in a frequency of 1-2% or less. There were no differences between the two dosage regiments as regards the frequency of side-effects indicates a remarkably good tolerance of bacampicillin also with the higher dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:913860", "title": "Serum levels and urinary concentrations of kanamicin, bekanamicin and amikacin (BB-K8) in diabetic children and a control group.", "content": "Serum levels of kanamicin, bekanamicin, and amikacin were studied, after a single intramuscular dose of each antibiotic, in three groups of diabetic children, with their respective normal controls, paired by age, weight and sex. Lower serum levels were observed with kanamicin and bekanamicin in diabetic children compared to their controls. The difference in low serum levels was less noticeable with amikacin.", "contents": "Serum levels and urinary concentrations of kanamicin, bekanamicin and amikacin (BB-K8) in diabetic children and a control group. Serum levels of kanamicin, bekanamicin, and amikacin were studied, after a single intramuscular dose of each antibiotic, in three groups of diabetic children, with their respective normal controls, paired by age, weight and sex. Lower serum levels were observed with kanamicin and bekanamicin in diabetic children compared to their controls. The difference in low serum levels was less noticeable with amikacin."}
{"id": "PMID:913861", "title": "A clinical evaluation of pivampicillin in childhood pneumonia.", "content": "A clinical trial was done at the University Teaching (Children's) Hospital on 20 children suffering from clinical pneumonias with a specific drug regime with pivampicillin suspension. Every child was reexamined after 7-10 days of discharge from hospital. Only one chhild developed diarrhoea. There was no significant adverse drug toxicity shown in the biomedical investigations. Pivampicillin, three times a day at a dosage of 175 mg t.d.s. was found to be therapeutically effective in the treatment of childhood pneumonias.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of pivampicillin in childhood pneumonia. A clinical trial was done at the University Teaching (Children's) Hospital on 20 children suffering from clinical pneumonias with a specific drug regime with pivampicillin suspension. Every child was reexamined after 7-10 days of discharge from hospital. Only one chhild developed diarrhoea. There was no significant adverse drug toxicity shown in the biomedical investigations. Pivampicillin, three times a day at a dosage of 175 mg t.d.s. was found to be therapeutically effective in the treatment of childhood pneumonias."}
{"id": "PMID:913862", "title": "Aladione (diftalone) in the treatment of subacute thyroiditis.", "content": "During 1974 and 1975 thirty patients with subacute thyroiditis referred to us were treated with diftalone (Aladione), a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, at a daily oral dose of 750 mg. The average treatment lasted 39 days (range 15-100), the mean age of the patients was 43-5 years (range: 22-70). The response to this therapy was prompt and excellent, in no patient was it necessary to switch to any other kind of treatment, such as the corticosteroids. The drug was tolerated very well although among our patients there were two diabetics on insulin and two patients with chronic duodenal ulcer. Following our experience in thirty patients we suggest that diftalone can be considered a treatment of choice in patients with subacute thyroiditis. We also think that during its prolonged administration leucocyte counts and transaminase levels should be regularly controlled.", "contents": "Aladione (diftalone) in the treatment of subacute thyroiditis. During 1974 and 1975 thirty patients with subacute thyroiditis referred to us were treated with diftalone (Aladione), a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, at a daily oral dose of 750 mg. The average treatment lasted 39 days (range 15-100), the mean age of the patients was 43-5 years (range: 22-70). The response to this therapy was prompt and excellent, in no patient was it necessary to switch to any other kind of treatment, such as the corticosteroids. The drug was tolerated very well although among our patients there were two diabetics on insulin and two patients with chronic duodenal ulcer. Following our experience in thirty patients we suggest that diftalone can be considered a treatment of choice in patients with subacute thyroiditis. We also think that during its prolonged administration leucocyte counts and transaminase levels should be regularly controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:913863", "title": "Effect of beta-blockade on performance: use of beta-blockade in bowling and in shooting competitions.", "content": "The effect of oxprenolol on performance has been investigated on a double-blind basis in eight bowlers during a 30 hour continuous bowling competition (\"marathon bowling\") and in twenty-four pistol shooters in four internal competitions. An administration of 40 mg oxpernolol every six hours during the marathon bowling did not impair the scoring of the bowlers as compared with the subjects receiving placebo. Oxprenolol likewise exerted little influence on the subjective feelings of general tiredness as measured hourly during the bowling on a visual analogue scale. The beta-blockade effectively prevented metabolic changes, such as increases in plasma renin activity and in plasma free fatty acids, evoked by the prolonged physical stress. A single dose of oxprenolol (40 mg) given to pistol shooters 60 minutes prior to internal shooting matches resulted in a significant improvement of the scoring as compared on a double-blind basis with similar placebo matches. Some evidence was obtained to indicate that the latter improvement by oxprenolol might have been associated with a prevention of cardiovascular manifestations (mainly tachycardia) occurring during the shooting competitions. Unwanted effects were not recorded either in bowlers or shooters, by contrast, the beta-blockade appeared to produce a general feeling of well-being as frequently experienced by the shooters.", "contents": "Effect of beta-blockade on performance: use of beta-blockade in bowling and in shooting competitions. The effect of oxprenolol on performance has been investigated on a double-blind basis in eight bowlers during a 30 hour continuous bowling competition (\"marathon bowling\") and in twenty-four pistol shooters in four internal competitions. An administration of 40 mg oxpernolol every six hours during the marathon bowling did not impair the scoring of the bowlers as compared with the subjects receiving placebo. Oxprenolol likewise exerted little influence on the subjective feelings of general tiredness as measured hourly during the bowling on a visual analogue scale. The beta-blockade effectively prevented metabolic changes, such as increases in plasma renin activity and in plasma free fatty acids, evoked by the prolonged physical stress. A single dose of oxprenolol (40 mg) given to pistol shooters 60 minutes prior to internal shooting matches resulted in a significant improvement of the scoring as compared on a double-blind basis with similar placebo matches. Some evidence was obtained to indicate that the latter improvement by oxprenolol might have been associated with a prevention of cardiovascular manifestations (mainly tachycardia) occurring during the shooting competitions. Unwanted effects were not recorded either in bowlers or shooters, by contrast, the beta-blockade appeared to produce a general feeling of well-being as frequently experienced by the shooters."}
{"id": "PMID:913864", "title": "The use of disopyramide in resistant cardiac arrhythmias due to acute ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Disopyramide, a new anti-arrhythmic drug, has been assessed in twenty-one episodes of cardiac arrhythmia secondary to acute ischaemic heart disease which failed to respond to more conventional suppressive therapy with lignocaine and other standard drugs. The intravenous administration of 100 mg of disopyramide resulted in suppression of two out of seven episodes of supraventricular arrhythmia, and eleven out of fourteen episodes of ventricular arrhythmias. Successful suppression correlated with blood levels of disopyramide in most cases of ventricular arrhythmias but not in the supraventricular arrhythmias. There were no adverse effects on blood pressure or cardiac function. There were minimal effects on conduction in the electrocardiogram. It is concluded that disopyramide, which probably acts by direct depression of myocardial irritability, is a useful new anti-arrhythmic drug in acute myocardial infarction, especially in those patients with ventricular arrhythmias resistant to more conventional anti-arrhythmic therapy.", "contents": "The use of disopyramide in resistant cardiac arrhythmias due to acute ischaemic heart disease. Disopyramide, a new anti-arrhythmic drug, has been assessed in twenty-one episodes of cardiac arrhythmia secondary to acute ischaemic heart disease which failed to respond to more conventional suppressive therapy with lignocaine and other standard drugs. The intravenous administration of 100 mg of disopyramide resulted in suppression of two out of seven episodes of supraventricular arrhythmia, and eleven out of fourteen episodes of ventricular arrhythmias. Successful suppression correlated with blood levels of disopyramide in most cases of ventricular arrhythmias but not in the supraventricular arrhythmias. There were no adverse effects on blood pressure or cardiac function. There were minimal effects on conduction in the electrocardiogram. It is concluded that disopyramide, which probably acts by direct depression of myocardial irritability, is a useful new anti-arrhythmic drug in acute myocardial infarction, especially in those patients with ventricular arrhythmias resistant to more conventional anti-arrhythmic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:913865", "title": "Preparation of the large bowel for endoscopy.", "content": "After the use of a number of varied purgation regimens for precolonoscopy preparation of the bowel and use of X-Prep liquid for the purgation phase in 500 patients with a very high success rate and low side-effects, we have found that this preparation provides the best results, both for the patient and the endoscopist.", "contents": "Preparation of the large bowel for endoscopy. After the use of a number of varied purgation regimens for precolonoscopy preparation of the bowel and use of X-Prep liquid for the purgation phase in 500 patients with a very high success rate and low side-effects, we have found that this preparation provides the best results, both for the patient and the endoscopist."}
{"id": "PMID:913866", "title": "The use of betadine antiseptic paint in the treatment of Herpes simplex and Herpes Zoster.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with Herpes Simplex were treated with Betadine (povidone iodine) Antiseptic paint and seven with 5% idoxuridine in dimethyl sulphoxide, also one patient with bilateral lesions was treated with the two solutions, one on each side. The povidone iodine alcohol solution appeared to be at least as effective as the idoxuridine with minimal side-effects (some stinging in two patients). Good results were also obtained with this solution in twelve patients with Herpes Zoster.", "contents": "The use of betadine antiseptic paint in the treatment of Herpes simplex and Herpes Zoster. Twenty-two patients with Herpes Simplex were treated with Betadine (povidone iodine) Antiseptic paint and seven with 5% idoxuridine in dimethyl sulphoxide, also one patient with bilateral lesions was treated with the two solutions, one on each side. The povidone iodine alcohol solution appeared to be at least as effective as the idoxuridine with minimal side-effects (some stinging in two patients). Good results were also obtained with this solution in twelve patients with Herpes Zoster."}
{"id": "PMID:913867", "title": "Topically applied griseofulvin in the treatment of superficial dermatomycoses in Egypt.", "content": "One-hundred and fifty-five patients suffering from T. Capitis, T. Corporis, T. Cruris and T. Verisicolor participated in studies of topically applied griseofulvin. Various concentrations of the drug were prepared in an ointment form in a new solvent system. Successful results were obtained with the 2% preparation in cases of T. Corporis, T. Cruris and T. Versicolor. Failure of the therapy was observed in cases of T. Capitis. No side-effects occurred in any patient using the 2% preparation. In the opinion of the authors, topically applied griseofulvin in the new solvent system is safe and highly effective in the treatment of superficial dermatomycoses.", "contents": "Topically applied griseofulvin in the treatment of superficial dermatomycoses in Egypt. One-hundred and fifty-five patients suffering from T. Capitis, T. Corporis, T. Cruris and T. Verisicolor participated in studies of topically applied griseofulvin. Various concentrations of the drug were prepared in an ointment form in a new solvent system. Successful results were obtained with the 2% preparation in cases of T. Corporis, T. Cruris and T. Versicolor. Failure of the therapy was observed in cases of T. Capitis. No side-effects occurred in any patient using the 2% preparation. In the opinion of the authors, topically applied griseofulvin in the new solvent system is safe and highly effective in the treatment of superficial dermatomycoses."}
{"id": "PMID:913869", "title": "Phenylbutazone: factors influencing plasma concentrations.", "content": "The author points out that whilst the total metabolic fate of phenylbutazone in man is better understood, discrepancies between single and multiple dose half-lives, as shown in the studies described, still remain to be explained. It is concluded that the mechanism responsible for limiting the plasma concentration of phenylbutazone when doses are increased requires further study.", "contents": "Phenylbutazone: factors influencing plasma concentrations. The author points out that whilst the total metabolic fate of phenylbutazone in man is better understood, discrepancies between single and multiple dose half-lives, as shown in the studies described, still remain to be explained. It is concluded that the mechanism responsible for limiting the plasma concentration of phenylbutazone when doses are increased requires further study."}
{"id": "PMID:913870", "title": "The effects of antacids on the absorption of enteric-coated phenylbutazone (butacote).", "content": "Phenylbutazone bioavailability from an enteric-coated formulation (Butacote) has been studied in normal volunteers following ingestion of a single 200 mg dose with water, aluminium hydroxide and magnesium trisilicate. No significant alteration in bioavailability of phenylbutazone from Butacote was noted in the presence of the antacids.", "contents": "The effects of antacids on the absorption of enteric-coated phenylbutazone (butacote). Phenylbutazone bioavailability from an enteric-coated formulation (Butacote) has been studied in normal volunteers following ingestion of a single 200 mg dose with water, aluminium hydroxide and magnesium trisilicate. No significant alteration in bioavailability of phenylbutazone from Butacote was noted in the presence of the antacids."}
{"id": "PMID:913871", "title": "Investigation of phenylbutazone in synovial fluid.", "content": "1. Phenylbutazone was measured in the synovial fluid of 15 patients and found to be present in appreciable amounts which were related to plasma levels. 2. 80% of fluid levels were between 55% and 80% of those in plasma. 3. There was some evidence that in very actively inflamed joints phenylbutazone levels were lower. 4. There was no relationship to plasma or synovial fluid protein levels. 5. Phenylbutazone was found in one patient's synovial fluid three weeks after stopping the drug.", "contents": "Investigation of phenylbutazone in synovial fluid. 1. Phenylbutazone was measured in the synovial fluid of 15 patients and found to be present in appreciable amounts which were related to plasma levels. 2. 80% of fluid levels were between 55% and 80% of those in plasma. 3. There was some evidence that in very actively inflamed joints phenylbutazone levels were lower. 4. There was no relationship to plasma or synovial fluid protein levels. 5. Phenylbutazone was found in one patient's synovial fluid three weeks after stopping the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:913872", "title": "Have the anti-inflammatory drugs helped our understanding in rheumatology?", "content": "The author discusses the part that certain anti-inflammatory drugs have played in increasing our understanding of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and in adding to our knowledge of the mediators of the inflammatory response. Increasingly, the therapeutic agents under discussion have directed attention to the role of the macrophage in inflammation. Closer examination of existing anti-inflammatory or anti-rheumatic drugs and their mode of action has more recently directed attention towards immunomodulation.", "contents": "Have the anti-inflammatory drugs helped our understanding in rheumatology? The author discusses the part that certain anti-inflammatory drugs have played in increasing our understanding of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and in adding to our knowledge of the mediators of the inflammatory response. Increasingly, the therapeutic agents under discussion have directed attention to the role of the macrophage in inflammation. Closer examination of existing anti-inflammatory or anti-rheumatic drugs and their mode of action has more recently directed attention towards immunomodulation."}
{"id": "PMID:913873", "title": "Phenylbutazone: plasma concentrations and effectiveness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Phenylbutazone in doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/day has been given for four periods of three weeks to seven patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The trial was double/blind and the order of administration of the doses was arranged to eliminate order and carry-over effects. Before and at the end of each period the patient's clinical state was assessed by measurement of the pain score, duration of morning stiffness, paracetamol tablet count, grip strength, digital joint size, articular index and overall patient preference. The plasma phenylbutazone concentration was measured by gas liquid chromatography and the expected concentration of phenylbutazone in plasma was also predicted from a knowledge of the antipyrine half-life in each patient. Phenylbutazone had a significant therapeutic effect, in some cases after only 50 mg/day. There was however no correlation between the plasma concentration of phenylbutazone and its therapeutic effect. The observed plasma concentration of phenylbutazone agreed well with that predicted at doses of 50 and 100 mg/day. However, at 200 and 300 mg/day the observed plasma concentration was significantly lower than that predicted, perhaps due to saturation of the protein binding sites.", "contents": "Phenylbutazone: plasma concentrations and effectiveness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Phenylbutazone in doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/day has been given for four periods of three weeks to seven patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The trial was double/blind and the order of administration of the doses was arranged to eliminate order and carry-over effects. Before and at the end of each period the patient's clinical state was assessed by measurement of the pain score, duration of morning stiffness, paracetamol tablet count, grip strength, digital joint size, articular index and overall patient preference. The plasma phenylbutazone concentration was measured by gas liquid chromatography and the expected concentration of phenylbutazone in plasma was also predicted from a knowledge of the antipyrine half-life in each patient. Phenylbutazone had a significant therapeutic effect, in some cases after only 50 mg/day. There was however no correlation between the plasma concentration of phenylbutazone and its therapeutic effect. The observed plasma concentration of phenylbutazone agreed well with that predicted at doses of 50 and 100 mg/day. However, at 200 and 300 mg/day the observed plasma concentration was significantly lower than that predicted, perhaps due to saturation of the protein binding sites."}
{"id": "PMID:913875", "title": "Juvenile chronic polyarthritis: clinical sub-groups and response to medication.", "content": "Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, as a clinical entity, is outlined. A double-blind trial compared Safapryn and Butazolidin, each given for 3 months, for 15 treatment periods in 11 patients. No differences were shown, but the study highlighted the problems of assessing this condition, and some comments are made, hopefully, to guide further investigators in this field.", "contents": "Juvenile chronic polyarthritis: clinical sub-groups and response to medication. Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, as a clinical entity, is outlined. A double-blind trial compared Safapryn and Butazolidin, each given for 3 months, for 15 treatment periods in 11 patients. No differences were shown, but the study highlighted the problems of assessing this condition, and some comments are made, hopefully, to guide further investigators in this field."}
{"id": "PMID:913883", "title": "Danazol treatment and follow-up of patients with endometriosis.", "content": "In conclusion, we find that danazol has proved to be highly effective as a treatment for endometriosis. On the dosage used, we have not achieved the freedom from side-effects which we had hoped for, but in general these have been much less severe than those with combined oestrogen progestogen preparations. We propose continuing the trial with a reduced dosage of 400 mg daily in the hope of further reducing the incidence of side-effects.", "contents": "Danazol treatment and follow-up of patients with endometriosis. In conclusion, we find that danazol has proved to be highly effective as a treatment for endometriosis. On the dosage used, we have not achieved the freedom from side-effects which we had hoped for, but in general these have been much less severe than those with combined oestrogen progestogen preparations. We propose continuing the trial with a reduced dosage of 400 mg daily in the hope of further reducing the incidence of side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:913888", "title": "Offspring survival, development, and operant performance following maternal ethanol consumption.", "content": "Gravid Sprague-Dawley-derived rats received 35-40% of their total calories in alcohol during pregnancy or pregnancy and the 23-day nursing period. Ethanol was administered both as the sole fluid source in a .1% saccharin solution and by twice daily subcutaneous injections. Two gravid control groups were matched for caloric and fluid intake to the experimental groups and received injections of the saline vehicle. The offspring were monitored from birth to adulthood on a variety of vital, developmental, and operant measures. Littermates of the behavioral offspring were sacrificed  and necropsied at 1 and 12 months of age and the major organs examined for pathology. Differences between alcohol and control groups were found for maternal weight gain, length of gestation, number of neonatal deaths, growth retardation of offspring to postnatal Day 72, date of eye opening, distance traversed on Day 15, contingent performance in the 1st week on continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio, and timing appetitive schedules, and on number of shock initiations and ability to discriminate contingencies on punishment schedules. No gross abnormalities were observed in the major organs at necropsy.", "contents": "Offspring survival, development, and operant performance following maternal ethanol consumption. Gravid Sprague-Dawley-derived rats received 35-40% of their total calories in alcohol during pregnancy or pregnancy and the 23-day nursing period. Ethanol was administered both as the sole fluid source in a .1% saccharin solution and by twice daily subcutaneous injections. Two gravid control groups were matched for caloric and fluid intake to the experimental groups and received injections of the saline vehicle. The offspring were monitored from birth to adulthood on a variety of vital, developmental, and operant measures. Littermates of the behavioral offspring were sacrificed  and necropsied at 1 and 12 months of age and the major organs examined for pathology. Differences between alcohol and control groups were found for maternal weight gain, length of gestation, number of neonatal deaths, growth retardation of offspring to postnatal Day 72, date of eye opening, distance traversed on Day 15, contingent performance in the 1st week on continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio, and timing appetitive schedules, and on number of shock initiations and ability to discriminate contingencies on punishment schedules. No gross abnormalities were observed in the major organs at necropsy."}
{"id": "PMID:913889", "title": "Development of postural asymmetry in premature human infants.", "content": "The head position of 95 infants, born between 30 and 37 weeks gestational age, was observed every 15 min for 2 hr weekly from birth until 39 weeks conceptional age. At 35 weeks and increasingly thereafter, significantly more time was spent with the head to the right than to the left. By 39 weeks the infants were similar to term infants: almost 90% spent 80% or more time with their heads to the right. The increase appeared independent of intra- or extrauterine experience; neither age at birth nor time since birth was consistently related to head position. Unlike term infants, prematures were equally likely to turn left as right and have their heads left as right 15 min after release from a midline position. These findings suggest complex determinants of asymmetry including factors intrinsic to the fetus and those contributed by the uterine environment.", "contents": "Development of postural asymmetry in premature human infants. The head position of 95 infants, born between 30 and 37 weeks gestational age, was observed every 15 min for 2 hr weekly from birth until 39 weeks conceptional age. At 35 weeks and increasingly thereafter, significantly more time was spent with the head to the right than to the left. By 39 weeks the infants were similar to term infants: almost 90% spent 80% or more time with their heads to the right. The increase appeared independent of intra- or extrauterine experience; neither age at birth nor time since birth was consistently related to head position. Unlike term infants, prematures were equally likely to turn left as right and have their heads left as right 15 min after release from a midline position. These findings suggest complex determinants of asymmetry including factors intrinsic to the fetus and those contributed by the uterine environment."}
{"id": "PMID:913890", "title": "The role of motor learning and cage size in the early enrichment effect in mice.", "content": "Three experiments with C57BL/10J mice examined the possible roles of cage size and simple motor practice as factors responsible for producing improved performance of animals reared in enriched environments. Neither factor was found sufficient to improve subsequent performance in a food-seeking task. Mice reared in flat environments containing a variety of objects, but designed to prevent any climbing practice, out-performed nonenriched animals on a task requiring extensive climbing activity.", "contents": "The role of motor learning and cage size in the early enrichment effect in mice. Three experiments with C57BL/10J mice examined the possible roles of cage size and simple motor practice as factors responsible for producing improved performance of animals reared in enriched environments. Neither factor was found sufficient to improve subsequent performance in a food-seeking task. Mice reared in flat environments containing a variety of objects, but designed to prevent any climbing practice, out-performed nonenriched animals on a task requiring extensive climbing activity."}
{"id": "PMID:913891", "title": "Measurement of \"true\" glucose production rates in infancy and childhood with 6,6-dideuteroglucose.", "content": "\"New\" glucose production has been measured in 54 infants and children for the first time by continuous three-to-four-hour influsion of the safe, nonradioactive tracer 6,6-dideuteroglucose. The use of combined gas chromatography--mass spectrometry with monitoring of selected ions allowed deuterium enrichment in blood glucose to be measured on microliter samples with an error of less than 2 per cent. In the young child, glucose production increased in a slightly curvilinear manner from 1 kg. to 25 kg. body weight, when it reached 140 mg. per minute, almost the adult value of 173 mg. per minute (2.28 +/- 0.23 mg./kg.-min., mean +/- S.E.). Normalized for weight, glucose production in premature infants was 5.46 +/- 0.31 mg./kg.-min., in term neonates averaged 6.07 +/- 0.27 mg./kg.-min., in children below the age of six years was 7.1 +/- 0.27 mg./kg.-min., and in late childhood averaged 5.4 +/- 0.28 mg./kg.-min. Relative to estimated brain weight, however, glucose production was essentially linear from the 1-kg. premature infant to the 80-kg. adult. These data, the first measurements of \"new\" glucose production in childhood, suggest that brain size may be a principal determinant of those factors that regulate hepatic glucose output throughout life.", "contents": "Measurement of \"true\" glucose production rates in infancy and childhood with 6,6-dideuteroglucose. \"New\" glucose production has been measured in 54 infants and children for the first time by continuous three-to-four-hour influsion of the safe, nonradioactive tracer 6,6-dideuteroglucose. The use of combined gas chromatography--mass spectrometry with monitoring of selected ions allowed deuterium enrichment in blood glucose to be measured on microliter samples with an error of less than 2 per cent. In the young child, glucose production increased in a slightly curvilinear manner from 1 kg. to 25 kg. body weight, when it reached 140 mg. per minute, almost the adult value of 173 mg. per minute (2.28 +/- 0.23 mg./kg.-min., mean +/- S.E.). Normalized for weight, glucose production in premature infants was 5.46 +/- 0.31 mg./kg.-min., in term neonates averaged 6.07 +/- 0.27 mg./kg.-min., in children below the age of six years was 7.1 +/- 0.27 mg./kg.-min., and in late childhood averaged 5.4 +/- 0.28 mg./kg.-min. Relative to estimated brain weight, however, glucose production was essentially linear from the 1-kg. premature infant to the 80-kg. adult. These data, the first measurements of \"new\" glucose production in childhood, suggest that brain size may be a principal determinant of those factors that regulate hepatic glucose output throughout life."}
{"id": "PMID:913894", "title": "Diminution of bone mass in childhood diabetes.", "content": "Photon absorption measurements of forearm bone density in 196 insulin-dependent patients, age 6--26 years, were compared with findings in 124 controls. Expected density, gm. Ca/cm.2 bone width (M/W), was calculated from regressions of M/W on ulnar length for white and black male and female controls. There were no significant correlations between M/W differences from expected and serum Ca, Mg, P, or alkaline phosphatase levels, estimated physical activity level, insulin dosage, or the presence of joint contracture. White females averaged 8.2 per cent (+/- 1 S.E.M.) loss of M/W, as against white male average loss of 4.7 per cent +/- 1 and black female loss of 2 per cent +/- 2 (p less than 0.001); the black male population was too small for separate analysis. M/W loss greater than 10 per cent was seen in 29 per cent of white males, 19 per cent of blacks, and 48 per cent of white females (p less than 0.02). When the groups were further divided into those with duration of diabetes less than or equal to five years and those with duration greater than five years, significant reduction in M/W average loss over time was seen with white females (10.6 per cent +/- 1.2 to 3.7 per cent+/- 1.5, p less than 0.0001). Expression of this defect in bone mineralization is controlled by race and sex acting independently of each other.", "contents": "Diminution of bone mass in childhood diabetes. Photon absorption measurements of forearm bone density in 196 insulin-dependent patients, age 6--26 years, were compared with findings in 124 controls. Expected density, gm. Ca/cm.2 bone width (M/W), was calculated from regressions of M/W on ulnar length for white and black male and female controls. There were no significant correlations between M/W differences from expected and serum Ca, Mg, P, or alkaline phosphatase levels, estimated physical activity level, insulin dosage, or the presence of joint contracture. White females averaged 8.2 per cent (+/- 1 S.E.M.) loss of M/W, as against white male average loss of 4.7 per cent +/- 1 and black female loss of 2 per cent +/- 2 (p less than 0.001); the black male population was too small for separate analysis. M/W loss greater than 10 per cent was seen in 29 per cent of white males, 19 per cent of blacks, and 48 per cent of white females (p less than 0.02). When the groups were further divided into those with duration of diabetes less than or equal to five years and those with duration greater than five years, significant reduction in M/W average loss over time was seen with white females (10.6 per cent +/- 1.2 to 3.7 per cent+/- 1.5, p less than 0.0001). Expression of this defect in bone mineralization is controlled by race and sex acting independently of each other."}
{"id": "PMID:913896", "title": "A study of factors promoting and inhibiting lactation.", "content": "The present series of studies, made between 1972 and 1975, has shown that existing routines in the maternity ward, such as weighing the baby before and after breast feeding, can inhibit the establishment of lactation and increase the number of early failures. Giving information to the father in the maternity ward may be an important factor in promoting breast-feeding, as judged from the findings on duration of breast feeding and from the mothers' comments. The greatest effect observed was that of skin-to-skin and suckling contact during the first hour after delivery, which increased the median duration of breast feeding by 2 1/2 months. These findings illustrate that existing routines during the neonatal period should be re-examined as to their influence in promoting or inhibiting breast feeding.", "contents": "A study of factors promoting and inhibiting lactation. The present series of studies, made between 1972 and 1975, has shown that existing routines in the maternity ward, such as weighing the baby before and after breast feeding, can inhibit the establishment of lactation and increase the number of early failures. Giving information to the father in the maternity ward may be an important factor in promoting breast-feeding, as judged from the findings on duration of breast feeding and from the mothers' comments. The greatest effect observed was that of skin-to-skin and suckling contact during the first hour after delivery, which increased the median duration of breast feeding by 2 1/2 months. These findings illustrate that existing routines during the neonatal period should be re-examined as to their influence in promoting or inhibiting breast feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:913897", "title": "Skinfold thickness as an indicator of neonatal hypoglycaemia in infants with birthweights over 2500g.", "content": "Some full-term infants with birthweights over 2500g suffer neonatal hypoglycaemia. These infants often appear to be poorly nourished, due to decreased amounts of subcutaneous fat. 100 normal term infants with birthweights over 2500g who were nursed, apparently asymptomatically, beside their mothers were chosen at random for study. As an objective indicator of malnourishment, standard deviation scores of skinfold thickness as a function of birthweight were derived from standards for each infant. Those infants with low skinfold standard deviation scores had significantly lower plasma glucose levels at four hours of age, but the correlation between plasma glucose and skinfold standard deviation scores, although significant, was too low for use as a screening method. The importance of finding an objective measurement for predicting neonatal hypoglycaemia in term neonates weighing over 2500g at birth is discussed.", "contents": "Skinfold thickness as an indicator of neonatal hypoglycaemia in infants with birthweights over 2500g. Some full-term infants with birthweights over 2500g suffer neonatal hypoglycaemia. These infants often appear to be poorly nourished, due to decreased amounts of subcutaneous fat. 100 normal term infants with birthweights over 2500g who were nursed, apparently asymptomatically, beside their mothers were chosen at random for study. As an objective indicator of malnourishment, standard deviation scores of skinfold thickness as a function of birthweight were derived from standards for each infant. Those infants with low skinfold standard deviation scores had significantly lower plasma glucose levels at four hours of age, but the correlation between plasma glucose and skinfold standard deviation scores, although significant, was too low for use as a screening method. The importance of finding an objective measurement for predicting neonatal hypoglycaemia in term neonates weighing over 2500g at birth is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913898", "title": "Neural-tube defects and mid-cycle abstinence: a test of the 'over-ripeness' hypothesis in man.", "content": "The prevalence of mid-cycle abstinence at the time of conception of infants born with neural-tube defects was found to be only 6-7 per cent (8/119) compared with that of 9-8 per cent (32/325) at the time of conception of non-affected siblings. This is suggestive evidence against mid-cycle abstinence--and, by inference, over-ripeness--as an important possible cause of neural-tube defects.", "contents": "Neural-tube defects and mid-cycle abstinence: a test of the 'over-ripeness' hypothesis in man. The prevalence of mid-cycle abstinence at the time of conception of infants born with neural-tube defects was found to be only 6-7 per cent (8/119) compared with that of 9-8 per cent (32/325) at the time of conception of non-affected siblings. This is suggestive evidence against mid-cycle abstinence--and, by inference, over-ripeness--as an important possible cause of neural-tube defects."}
{"id": "PMID:913899", "title": "H. influenzae meningitis treated with ampicillin or chloramphenicol, and subsequent hearing loss.", "content": "Sensori-neural hearing loss after H. influenzae meningitis in children has been reported to occur more frequently after treatment with ampicillin than with chloramphenicol. In the present survey, hearing was assessed clinically and, in most cases, audiometrically in 47 children seen after H. influenzae meningitis. Three children were found to have some sensori-neural hearing loss. In no case was this severe or suspected prior to examination. One was among 27 children treated with ampicillin; one was among eight treated with ampicillin and chloramphenicol; and one was treated with chloramphenicol and streptomycin. Most of the children received ampicillin in a dose of 250mg/kg/day or less, but the two who were treated with ampicillin and developed hearing loss were among five children who received higher doses, suggesting that ampicillin may be ototoxic when given in very high doses.", "contents": "H. influenzae meningitis treated with ampicillin or chloramphenicol, and subsequent hearing loss. Sensori-neural hearing loss after H. influenzae meningitis in children has been reported to occur more frequently after treatment with ampicillin than with chloramphenicol. In the present survey, hearing was assessed clinically and, in most cases, audiometrically in 47 children seen after H. influenzae meningitis. Three children were found to have some sensori-neural hearing loss. In no case was this severe or suspected prior to examination. One was among 27 children treated with ampicillin; one was among eight treated with ampicillin and chloramphenicol; and one was treated with chloramphenicol and streptomycin. Most of the children received ampicillin in a dose of 250mg/kg/day or less, but the two who were treated with ampicillin and developed hearing loss were among five children who received higher doses, suggesting that ampicillin may be ototoxic when given in very high doses."}
{"id": "PMID:913900", "title": "Longitudinal study of bowel and bladder control by day and at night in the first six years of life. I: Epidemiology and interrelations between bowel and bladder control.", "content": "The development of bowel and bladder control by day and at night during the first six years of life in 320 Swiss children in the Zurich longitudinal study (1955--1976) is described in detail. A scoring system was used which included intermediate stages of control. With toilet-training started in 96 per cent of the children during the first year of life, bowel control was completed in 32 per cent at age one, in 75 per cent at age two and in 97 per cent at age three. Complete bladder control by day and at night were established in none of the children at age one, in 20 per cent at ages two and three and in 90 per cent at age four. Complete bowel control and complete bladder control by day and at night were found in 5 per cent at age two, in 11 per cent at age three, in 77 per cent at age four and in 91 per cent at age six. The significant relationships between bowel control, bladder control during the day and bladder control at night (p less than 0-001) demonstrate that the same developmental process acts in bowel and bladder control. Highly correlated to each other, first bowel control develops, then bladder control by day and finally bladder control at night. The relevance of these interrelations for toilet-training and for the management of enuretic and encopretic children is discussed.", "contents": "Longitudinal study of bowel and bladder control by day and at night in the first six years of life. I: Epidemiology and interrelations between bowel and bladder control. The development of bowel and bladder control by day and at night during the first six years of life in 320 Swiss children in the Zurich longitudinal study (1955--1976) is described in detail. A scoring system was used which included intermediate stages of control. With toilet-training started in 96 per cent of the children during the first year of life, bowel control was completed in 32 per cent at age one, in 75 per cent at age two and in 97 per cent at age three. Complete bladder control by day and at night were established in none of the children at age one, in 20 per cent at ages two and three and in 90 per cent at age four. Complete bowel control and complete bladder control by day and at night were found in 5 per cent at age two, in 11 per cent at age three, in 77 per cent at age four and in 91 per cent at age six. The significant relationships between bowel control, bladder control during the day and bladder control at night (p less than 0-001) demonstrate that the same developmental process acts in bowel and bladder control. Highly correlated to each other, first bowel control develops, then bladder control by day and finally bladder control at night. The relevance of these interrelations for toilet-training and for the management of enuretic and encopretic children is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913901", "title": "Longitudinal study of bowel and bladder control by day and at night in the first six years of life. II: The r\u00f4le of potty training and the child's initiative.", "content": "The r\u00f4le of potty training and the child's own initiative to use the pot were evaluated in 320 Swiss children in the Zurich longitudinal study (1955--1976). Initiating potty training in the first months of life has a short-term effect on bowel control, but no effect on bladder control by day or at night. Frequent daily prompting to use the pot results in a higher percentage of completely bowel-trained children, and of children partially but not completely dry during the day. It has no influence on bladder control at night. Asking for the pot is part of the maturation process of bladder control. A child who does not ask for the pot may not soil himself but is unlikely to be dry by day nor, especially, by night. The child's asking for the pot cannot be induced by frequent prompting.", "contents": "Longitudinal study of bowel and bladder control by day and at night in the first six years of life. II: The r\u00f4le of potty training and the child's initiative. The r\u00f4le of potty training and the child's own initiative to use the pot were evaluated in 320 Swiss children in the Zurich longitudinal study (1955--1976). Initiating potty training in the first months of life has a short-term effect on bowel control, but no effect on bladder control by day or at night. Frequent daily prompting to use the pot results in a higher percentage of completely bowel-trained children, and of children partially but not completely dry during the day. It has no influence on bladder control at night. Asking for the pot is part of the maturation process of bladder control. A child who does not ask for the pot may not soil himself but is unlikely to be dry by day nor, especially, by night. The child's asking for the pot cannot be induced by frequent prompting."}
{"id": "PMID:913903", "title": "Mothers' speech to young children: variation in context.", "content": "Recent research has demonstrated the importance of particular features of mothers' speech in influencing the rate of language acquisition in very young children. In the present study of 22 mother-child pairs, the occurrence of these features was examined in samples of mothers' speech to children (aged 18 to 29 months), obtained in unstructured observations in the homes. The features facilitating language acquisition were found to be more frequent in the context of joint attention to pictures or books; speech in other contexts showed social-class differences, with a higher frequency of 'facilitating' features in the speech of middle-class mothers. There was also a tendency for the relative frequency of these features to be positively associated with the children's linguistic ability.", "contents": "Mothers' speech to young children: variation in context. Recent research has demonstrated the importance of particular features of mothers' speech in influencing the rate of language acquisition in very young children. In the present study of 22 mother-child pairs, the occurrence of these features was examined in samples of mothers' speech to children (aged 18 to 29 months), obtained in unstructured observations in the homes. The features facilitating language acquisition were found to be more frequent in the context of joint attention to pictures or books; speech in other contexts showed social-class differences, with a higher frequency of 'facilitating' features in the speech of middle-class mothers. There was also a tendency for the relative frequency of these features to be positively associated with the children's linguistic ability."}
{"id": "PMID:913904", "title": "Teaching medical students about mental handicap.", "content": "The care and management of mental handicap is a relatively increasing problem, and medical responsibilities for the prevention, detection, treatment and management of mental handicap are undergoing significant changes in emphasis. The present paper examines the current position of undergraduate medical training in this field in medical schools in the United Kingdom and in Eire. Although there are considerable training variations between different schools, the over-all style of presentation is not thought to facilitate appropriate learning in this subject for future doctors. There is a suggestion that medical students themselves would welcome more attention to this field. Greater co-ordination is needed within existing teaching programmes. The appointment of senior academics with multiple departmental attachments and a major commitment to the subject of mental handicap may be a valuable step forward.", "contents": "Teaching medical students about mental handicap. The care and management of mental handicap is a relatively increasing problem, and medical responsibilities for the prevention, detection, treatment and management of mental handicap are undergoing significant changes in emphasis. The present paper examines the current position of undergraduate medical training in this field in medical schools in the United Kingdom and in Eire. Although there are considerable training variations between different schools, the over-all style of presentation is not thought to facilitate appropriate learning in this subject for future doctors. There is a suggestion that medical students themselves would welcome more attention to this field. Greater co-ordination is needed within existing teaching programmes. The appointment of senior academics with multiple departmental attachments and a major commitment to the subject of mental handicap may be a valuable step forward."}
{"id": "PMID:913905", "title": "Ablepheron macrostomia syndrome.", "content": "Two male children are reported with similar features, including absent eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes and hair, fusion defects of the mouth, expressionless facies, rudimentary external ears (but normal hearing), ambiguous genitalia, absent or rudimentary nipples, coarse dry skin with redundant skin folds and delayed expressive language development. The relationship of this syndrome to previously reported cryptophthalmos syndromes is discussed.", "contents": "Ablepheron macrostomia syndrome. Two male children are reported with similar features, including absent eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes and hair, fusion defects of the mouth, expressionless facies, rudimentary external ears (but normal hearing), ambiguous genitalia, absent or rudimentary nipples, coarse dry skin with redundant skin folds and delayed expressive language development. The relationship of this syndrome to previously reported cryptophthalmos syndromes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:913906", "title": "Atelencephaly.", "content": "A 13 1/2-month-old boy with severe microcephaly was found to have nearly total absence of the telencephalon. The patient had marmorated skin, hypoplastic penis and undescended testes. Spastic tetraparesis was present. Moro, grasp and sucking reflexes were easily elicited. He could not sit or stand, but was able to raise and support his head. He had occasional convulsions and a tendency to hypothermia and vomiting. The EEG showed symmetrical low-voltage theta-delta activity. His psychomotor development was severely retarded. Bone age was normal. Head circumference was 28cm at six months and did not increase after this age. At autopsy the small cranial vault and meninges were found to be intact. Brain weight was 105g. The supratentorial part of the brain was extremely small, consisting of an irregularly lobulated mass about 3cm in diameter and without any median fissure or ventricular cavity. The telencephalon was severely involved and partly replaced by gliomesenchymal scar tissue, while the diencephalic structures, including the eyes and the optic nerves and chiasm, were comparatively well-developed. The cerebellum and brain stem were essentially intact.", "contents": "Atelencephaly. A 13 1/2-month-old boy with severe microcephaly was found to have nearly total absence of the telencephalon. The patient had marmorated skin, hypoplastic penis and undescended testes. Spastic tetraparesis was present. Moro, grasp and sucking reflexes were easily elicited. He could not sit or stand, but was able to raise and support his head. He had occasional convulsions and a tendency to hypothermia and vomiting. The EEG showed symmetrical low-voltage theta-delta activity. His psychomotor development was severely retarded. Bone age was normal. Head circumference was 28cm at six months and did not increase after this age. At autopsy the small cranial vault and meninges were found to be intact. Brain weight was 105g. The supratentorial part of the brain was extremely small, consisting of an irregularly lobulated mass about 3cm in diameter and without any median fissure or ventricular cavity. The telencephalon was severely involved and partly replaced by gliomesenchymal scar tissue, while the diencephalic structures, including the eyes and the optic nerves and chiasm, were comparatively well-developed. The cerebellum and brain stem were essentially intact."}
{"id": "PMID:913908", "title": "Migraine and migraine equivalents in children.", "content": "Migraine is one of the most common disorders seen in paediatric neurological practice. It may present with an obvious diagnosis of 'classical migraine' or it may mimic acute neurological disease. It may require extensive investigation and, before the more classical full-blown features of migraine appear, there can be a worrying period of follow-up for the physician, wondering whether he has missed some serious pathology--especially in cases of hemiplegic and ophthalmoplegic migraine. Differentiation from epilepsy, particularly of psychomotor type, may be impossible. Migraine frequently presents as a stress reaction to school failure. If this underlying cause is unrecognised and uncorrected, the response to medication will be poor.", "contents": "Migraine and migraine equivalents in children. Migraine is one of the most common disorders seen in paediatric neurological practice. It may present with an obvious diagnosis of 'classical migraine' or it may mimic acute neurological disease. It may require extensive investigation and, before the more classical full-blown features of migraine appear, there can be a worrying period of follow-up for the physician, wondering whether he has missed some serious pathology--especially in cases of hemiplegic and ophthalmoplegic migraine. Differentiation from epilepsy, particularly of psychomotor type, may be impossible. Migraine frequently presents as a stress reaction to school failure. If this underlying cause is unrecognised and uncorrected, the response to medication will be poor."}
{"id": "PMID:913912", "title": "Effects of somatostatin and human gastrin I on the lower esophageal sphincter in man.", "content": "The influence of gastrin and somatostatin on the lower esophageal sphincter was investigated in a total of ten metabolically healthy volunteers and one patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It could be shown that only unphysiologically high concentrations of gastrin produce a rise in pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter, while somatostatin has neither an effect on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure, nor is it able to inhibit the pharmacological effect of exogenic gastrin administration. The results of this study demonstrate that normal levels of serum gastrin do not seem to have much effect of resting LES pressure, nor does somatostatin. (Gastrin, in fact, in pharmacologic dosage does have an effecton the tonicity of the lower esophageal sphincter.)", "contents": "Effects of somatostatin and human gastrin I on the lower esophageal sphincter in man. The influence of gastrin and somatostatin on the lower esophageal sphincter was investigated in a total of ten metabolically healthy volunteers and one patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It could be shown that only unphysiologically high concentrations of gastrin produce a rise in pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter, while somatostatin has neither an effect on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure, nor is it able to inhibit the pharmacological effect of exogenic gastrin administration. The results of this study demonstrate that normal levels of serum gastrin do not seem to have much effect of resting LES pressure, nor does somatostatin. (Gastrin, in fact, in pharmacologic dosage does have an effecton the tonicity of the lower esophageal sphincter.)"}
{"id": "PMID:913913", "title": "Bile acids in liver disease associated with inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "To investigate the possibility that bowel-related liver disease is due to accumulation of abnormal bile acids in the enterohepatic circulation, bile acids have been measured in gall-bladder bile and portal blood of patients with chronic bowel disease, none of whom had liver disease. There was no difference in the composition and concentration of bile acids in bile and portal blood compared with control patients. In a second study, serum bile acid composition and concentrations were similar in two groups of patients with liver disease, whether they had bowel disease or not. In a further study, post-prandial serum bile acid concentrations were not elevated in a group of patients with chronic bowel disease, making it unlikely that subcliical liver disease was present. No evidence has been found to support the hypothesis that bowel-related liver disease in man results from the action of abnormal bile acids.", "contents": "Bile acids in liver disease associated with inflammatory bowel disease. To investigate the possibility that bowel-related liver disease is due to accumulation of abnormal bile acids in the enterohepatic circulation, bile acids have been measured in gall-bladder bile and portal blood of patients with chronic bowel disease, none of whom had liver disease. There was no difference in the composition and concentration of bile acids in bile and portal blood compared with control patients. In a second study, serum bile acid composition and concentrations were similar in two groups of patients with liver disease, whether they had bowel disease or not. In a further study, post-prandial serum bile acid concentrations were not elevated in a group of patients with chronic bowel disease, making it unlikely that subcliical liver disease was present. No evidence has been found to support the hypothesis that bowel-related liver disease in man results from the action of abnormal bile acids."}
{"id": "PMID:913914", "title": "Intramural ganglion cell degeneration in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Comparable histologic alterations of intramural nervous tissue were reported in various diseases of the small and large intestine. In 6 cases, an intestinal obstruction was present which led to secondary intramural inflammation. The obstruction was induced by the spastic segment in Hirschsprung's disease (3 cases), by rectal atresia (2 cases) and by postoperative ischemic damage to the intestinal wall (1 case). In 4 other patients, the inflammation was predominant. The diseases considered were necrotizing enterocolitis (1 case), membranous enteritis (1 case) and Crohn's disease (2 cases). On the one hand, inflammatory infiltration composed primarily of lymphocytes was observed histologically in various degrees proximal to the obstruction in all cases. On the other, comparable alterations were found in splittering of nerve fibers and deterioration of nerve cells (degenerative alterations) in the plexus myentericus as well as hyperplasia and hyperchromasia of ganglion cells. Schwann cell proliferation and fibrosis in nerve fibers (reactive alterations). Until now such alterations were only observed in Chagas' disease and in ulcerative colitis, especially complicated by toxic megacolon. It is suspected that the neurodegenerative alterations in these diseases are toxically induced.", "contents": "Intramural ganglion cell degeneration in inflammatory bowel disease. Comparable histologic alterations of intramural nervous tissue were reported in various diseases of the small and large intestine. In 6 cases, an intestinal obstruction was present which led to secondary intramural inflammation. The obstruction was induced by the spastic segment in Hirschsprung's disease (3 cases), by rectal atresia (2 cases) and by postoperative ischemic damage to the intestinal wall (1 case). In 4 other patients, the inflammation was predominant. The diseases considered were necrotizing enterocolitis (1 case), membranous enteritis (1 case) and Crohn's disease (2 cases). On the one hand, inflammatory infiltration composed primarily of lymphocytes was observed histologically in various degrees proximal to the obstruction in all cases. On the other, comparable alterations were found in splittering of nerve fibers and deterioration of nerve cells (degenerative alterations) in the plexus myentericus as well as hyperplasia and hyperchromasia of ganglion cells. Schwann cell proliferation and fibrosis in nerve fibers (reactive alterations). Until now such alterations were only observed in Chagas' disease and in ulcerative colitis, especially complicated by toxic megacolon. It is suspected that the neurodegenerative alterations in these diseases are toxically induced."}
{"id": "PMID:913915", "title": "Methylation of histamine in the gastric mucosa.", "content": "Methylation of histamine in the gastric mucosa of various species has been studied in vitro and in vivo. When gastric mucosal homogenates of rat, guinea pig, cat, dog, and pig were incubated with 14C-histamine in the presence of S-adenosyl methionine Ntau-methylhistamine was formed as the only methylated histamine derivative. Excessive concentration of Ntau-methylhistamine inhibited the formation of Ntau-methylhistamine. Pretreatment of guinea pigs with prednisolone, aminoguanidine, or pentagastrin neither influenced in vitro the formation of Ntau-methylhistamine significantly nor shifted the methylation reaction towards the side chain. Pretreatment of guinea pigs with the histamine H2-receptor blocker cimetidine significantly enhanced the formation of Ntau-methylhistamine in vitro. In pooled samples of guinea pig gastric mucosa histamine and Ntau-methylhistamine were found. Under none of these circumstances was Nalpha-methyl-or Nalpha,Nalpha-dimethylhistamine found. It is concluded that in rat (to a small extent), guinea pig, cat, dog, and pig gastric mucosa the formation of Ntau-methylhistamine is the only methylating pathway of histamine. In cases where other methylated histamine derivates (Nalpha-methyl- and/or Nalpha,Nalpha-dimethylhistamine) are found they must origin in sources other than the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Methylation of histamine in the gastric mucosa. Methylation of histamine in the gastric mucosa of various species has been studied in vitro and in vivo. When gastric mucosal homogenates of rat, guinea pig, cat, dog, and pig were incubated with 14C-histamine in the presence of S-adenosyl methionine Ntau-methylhistamine was formed as the only methylated histamine derivative. Excessive concentration of Ntau-methylhistamine inhibited the formation of Ntau-methylhistamine. Pretreatment of guinea pigs with prednisolone, aminoguanidine, or pentagastrin neither influenced in vitro the formation of Ntau-methylhistamine significantly nor shifted the methylation reaction towards the side chain. Pretreatment of guinea pigs with the histamine H2-receptor blocker cimetidine significantly enhanced the formation of Ntau-methylhistamine in vitro. In pooled samples of guinea pig gastric mucosa histamine and Ntau-methylhistamine were found. Under none of these circumstances was Nalpha-methyl-or Nalpha,Nalpha-dimethylhistamine found. It is concluded that in rat (to a small extent), guinea pig, cat, dog, and pig gastric mucosa the formation of Ntau-methylhistamine is the only methylating pathway of histamine. In cases where other methylated histamine derivates (Nalpha-methyl- and/or Nalpha,Nalpha-dimethylhistamine) are found they must origin in sources other than the gastric mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:913916", "title": "Serotonin distribution in the canine gastric mucosa: acute response to feeding and pouch preparation.", "content": "The gastric mucosa of anesthetized dogs was examined for serotonin (5-HT) in all major stomach regions. In animals examined immediately after anesthesia induction, the proximal corpus or antrum had substantially more 5-HT than the pyloric canal. Histological studies in 4 animals reveal a general pattern of declining enterochromaffin cell populations, from proximal corpus to pyloric canal. Either antral distention or digestive activity was induced in different groups of dogs, and only the latter produced a demonstrable, albeit transient, change in 5-HT. In 6 animals prepared with gastric fistulas, a uniform distribution of 5-HT was found throughout the stomach, after secreting 0.4 ml/h for 4 h neutral gastric juice. Their 5-HT concentrations in most regions of the stomach were substantailly greater than in any other animals in this study.", "contents": "Serotonin distribution in the canine gastric mucosa: acute response to feeding and pouch preparation. The gastric mucosa of anesthetized dogs was examined for serotonin (5-HT) in all major stomach regions. In animals examined immediately after anesthesia induction, the proximal corpus or antrum had substantially more 5-HT than the pyloric canal. Histological studies in 4 animals reveal a general pattern of declining enterochromaffin cell populations, from proximal corpus to pyloric canal. Either antral distention or digestive activity was induced in different groups of dogs, and only the latter produced a demonstrable, albeit transient, change in 5-HT. In 6 animals prepared with gastric fistulas, a uniform distribution of 5-HT was found throughout the stomach, after secreting 0.4 ml/h for 4 h neutral gastric juice. Their 5-HT concentrations in most regions of the stomach were substantailly greater than in any other animals in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:913917", "title": "Gastric ulceration associated with experimental vascular occlusion.", "content": "The left gastric artery was cannulated in 17 cats, and a single dose of microspheres was injected into the artery, after which it was ligated. Microspheres with diameters of 8-10 micrometer induced gastric mucosal erosions that healed within 1-2 weeks. Microscopic examination revealed that there were few microspheres in the submucosa, more in the muscularis and large numbers in the glandular layer. The muscularis mucosae was intact. After injection of 50 +/- 5 micrometer spheres a large gastric ulcer developed. The ulcers healed after 4 weeks. Microscopically, the ulcer penetrated through the muscularis mucosae, and many microspheres were seen in the submucosa and serosa beneath the ulcer.", "contents": "Gastric ulceration associated with experimental vascular occlusion. The left gastric artery was cannulated in 17 cats, and a single dose of microspheres was injected into the artery, after which it was ligated. Microspheres with diameters of 8-10 micrometer induced gastric mucosal erosions that healed within 1-2 weeks. Microscopic examination revealed that there were few microspheres in the submucosa, more in the muscularis and large numbers in the glandular layer. The muscularis mucosae was intact. After injection of 50 +/- 5 micrometer spheres a large gastric ulcer developed. The ulcers healed after 4 weeks. Microscopically, the ulcer penetrated through the muscularis mucosae, and many microspheres were seen in the submucosa and serosa beneath the ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:913918", "title": "Inhibition of gastric electrical and mechanical activity by intraduodenal agents in pigs and the effects of vagotomy.", "content": "Miniature pigs were chronically implanted with gastric electrodes, strain gauge devices allowing the measurement of circular contractions in the antrum and body of the stomach, and with a duodenal catheter through which duodenal infusions were administered. Inhibition of gastric motility by intraduodenal agents was measured before and after truncal vagotomy in conscious animals 20 min after feeding of a normal meal. The agents infused in the duodenum (10 ml/min, 4 min), were: HCl 75 mEq/l(A), glucose 100 g/l(G), olive oil 10% pH 7(L), amino acids (AA) and saline. Before vagotomy, motor activity during the first 5 min was inhibited 50-80% with respect to basal levels; the duration of action was G No. L greater than A; AA had very little effect, and saline no effect. Inhibition was on the whole similar in the antrum and gastric body. After vagotomy, the inhibitory effect of A was reduced from 80 to 20% in the antrum, and completely suppressed in the gastric body. Inhibitory effects of G and L were completely suppressed.", "contents": "Inhibition of gastric electrical and mechanical activity by intraduodenal agents in pigs and the effects of vagotomy. Miniature pigs were chronically implanted with gastric electrodes, strain gauge devices allowing the measurement of circular contractions in the antrum and body of the stomach, and with a duodenal catheter through which duodenal infusions were administered. Inhibition of gastric motility by intraduodenal agents was measured before and after truncal vagotomy in conscious animals 20 min after feeding of a normal meal. The agents infused in the duodenum (10 ml/min, 4 min), were: HCl 75 mEq/l(A), glucose 100 g/l(G), olive oil 10% pH 7(L), amino acids (AA) and saline. Before vagotomy, motor activity during the first 5 min was inhibited 50-80% with respect to basal levels; the duration of action was G No. L greater than A; AA had very little effect, and saline no effect. Inhibition was on the whole similar in the antrum and gastric body. After vagotomy, the inhibitory effect of A was reduced from 80 to 20% in the antrum, and completely suppressed in the gastric body. Inhibitory effects of G and L were completely suppressed."}
{"id": "PMID:913919", "title": "Barbiturate-induced choleresis: possible independence from microsomal enzyme induction.", "content": "The influence of four barbiturates, phenobarbital, barbital, thiopental, and pentobarbital, on bile secretion and on the hepatic microsomal system was studied in anesthetized rats. The barbiturates were injected intraperitoneally for 4 days and the animals were studied on the 5th day. It was found that: (1) phenobarbital, barbital, and thiopental, but not pentobarbital, significantly increased liver weight, cytochrome P-450 concentration in the liver, decreased pentobarbital sleeping time and induced a hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocytes at electron microscopy; (2) in contrast, the four barbiturates, including pentobarbital, significantly increased bile flow; this increase was attributed to an increase in the bile acid independent bile flow. There was no correlation between the increase in bile flow and the cytochrome P-450 concentration in the liver. It is concluded that the increase in bile flow observed after barbiturate treatment in the rat is possibly independent of the hepatic microsomal enzyme induction produced by these drugs.", "contents": "Barbiturate-induced choleresis: possible independence from microsomal enzyme induction. The influence of four barbiturates, phenobarbital, barbital, thiopental, and pentobarbital, on bile secretion and on the hepatic microsomal system was studied in anesthetized rats. The barbiturates were injected intraperitoneally for 4 days and the animals were studied on the 5th day. It was found that: (1) phenobarbital, barbital, and thiopental, but not pentobarbital, significantly increased liver weight, cytochrome P-450 concentration in the liver, decreased pentobarbital sleeping time and induced a hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocytes at electron microscopy; (2) in contrast, the four barbiturates, including pentobarbital, significantly increased bile flow; this increase was attributed to an increase in the bile acid independent bile flow. There was no correlation between the increase in bile flow and the cytochrome P-450 concentration in the liver. It is concluded that the increase in bile flow observed after barbiturate treatment in the rat is possibly independent of the hepatic microsomal enzyme induction produced by these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:913920", "title": "Incidence, seasonal and geographical patterns of juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Denmark.", "content": "The incidence, sex, seasonal and geographical patterns of juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (j.i.d.m.) were studied retrospectively on one third of the Danish population 1970-1974. The j.i.d.m. incidence remained fairly constant during the study period, the average being 13.2 per 100000 per year. The total number of boys exceeded the number of girls by 27%. A marked peak of incidence was found at 12-14 years, earlier for females than for males. A seasonal variation in onset (diagnosis) of j.i.d.m. was observed with the lowest number of new cases in May-July. The j.i.d.m. incidence seemed to show socioeconomic differences, being highest in those parts of the survey area with lower status.", "contents": "Incidence, seasonal and geographical patterns of juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Denmark. The incidence, sex, seasonal and geographical patterns of juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (j.i.d.m.) were studied retrospectively on one third of the Danish population 1970-1974. The j.i.d.m. incidence remained fairly constant during the study period, the average being 13.2 per 100000 per year. The total number of boys exceeded the number of girls by 27%. A marked peak of incidence was found at 12-14 years, earlier for females than for males. A seasonal variation in onset (diagnosis) of j.i.d.m. was observed with the lowest number of new cases in May-July. The j.i.d.m. incidence seemed to show socioeconomic differences, being highest in those parts of the survey area with lower status."}
{"id": "PMID:913921", "title": "Biological activity of synthetic human insulin.", "content": "The biological activity of human insulin, prepared by total chemical synthesis, was compared in various tests in vivo and in vitro with that of natural human or pork insulin. The potencies of the synthetic and natural hormone, as determined by the mouse convulsion assay, by hypoglycaemic effect and diaphragm glycogen increase in fasted rats in vivo, or by stimulation of 14C-glucose metabolism in fat cells and binding to anti-insulin serum in vitro, did not differ significantly. It is concluded that this synthetic human insulin is biologically equivalent to the natural hormone.", "contents": "Biological activity of synthetic human insulin. The biological activity of human insulin, prepared by total chemical synthesis, was compared in various tests in vivo and in vitro with that of natural human or pork insulin. The potencies of the synthetic and natural hormone, as determined by the mouse convulsion assay, by hypoglycaemic effect and diaphragm glycogen increase in fasted rats in vivo, or by stimulation of 14C-glucose metabolism in fat cells and binding to anti-insulin serum in vitro, did not differ significantly. It is concluded that this synthetic human insulin is biologically equivalent to the natural hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:913923", "title": "Lipids in the pulmonary artery and the lungs of severely diabetic rats. A histochemical and chemical study.", "content": "To investigate the effect of diabetes on the lipid composition of the lungs and of the pulmonary artery, 43 streptozotocin diabetic rats and 43 control rats were examined. Triglyceride deposits were observed by a histochemical method in the branches of the pulmonary artery in 10 diabetic rats but in none of the controls. In the pulmonary tissue of the diabetic rats the total lipid content was not different from that of control animals, but the relative amount of phospholipids was decreased (p less than 0.001), and that of non-esterified fatty acids (p less than 0.001) and triglycerides (p less than 0.05) increased as compared to the control rats. These results indicate abnormalities in the lipid metabolism of the pulmonary artery and lungs during insulin deficiency.", "contents": "Lipids in the pulmonary artery and the lungs of severely diabetic rats. A histochemical and chemical study. To investigate the effect of diabetes on the lipid composition of the lungs and of the pulmonary artery, 43 streptozotocin diabetic rats and 43 control rats were examined. Triglyceride deposits were observed by a histochemical method in the branches of the pulmonary artery in 10 diabetic rats but in none of the controls. In the pulmonary tissue of the diabetic rats the total lipid content was not different from that of control animals, but the relative amount of phospholipids was decreased (p less than 0.001), and that of non-esterified fatty acids (p less than 0.001) and triglycerides (p less than 0.05) increased as compared to the control rats. These results indicate abnormalities in the lipid metabolism of the pulmonary artery and lungs during insulin deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:913924", "title": "Does glucagon play a role in the insulin resistance of patients with adult non-ketotic diabetes?", "content": "Using a constant intravenous infusion technique we have measured in vivo insulin resistance in 17 normal subjects, five patients with chemical diabetes, and 13 non-ketotic diabetic patients with fasting hyperglycaemia (FBS greater than 120 mg/100 ml). All of the diabetic patients were non-obese. The results demonstrated that the diabetic patients were insulin resistant compared to normals and that the degree of insulin resistance was greater the more severe the diabetes. No differences in plasma glucagon levels were found among the different groups during the infusion studies. These results demonstrate that non-obese, non-ketotic diabetic patients are insulin resistant and that abnormalities in plasma glucagon concentrations do not account for this insulin resistance.", "contents": "Does glucagon play a role in the insulin resistance of patients with adult non-ketotic diabetes? Using a constant intravenous infusion technique we have measured in vivo insulin resistance in 17 normal subjects, five patients with chemical diabetes, and 13 non-ketotic diabetic patients with fasting hyperglycaemia (FBS greater than 120 mg/100 ml). All of the diabetic patients were non-obese. The results demonstrated that the diabetic patients were insulin resistant compared to normals and that the degree of insulin resistance was greater the more severe the diabetes. No differences in plasma glucagon levels were found among the different groups during the infusion studies. These results demonstrate that non-obese, non-ketotic diabetic patients are insulin resistant and that abnormalities in plasma glucagon concentrations do not account for this insulin resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:913925", "title": "Mortality from cardiovascular diseases among diabetics.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of a cohort of 5210 diabetic patients revealed a mortality rate 1.3 times higher than in the general population of Warsaw. The higher death rate in the cohort under study was mainly due to an excess mortality from coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The excess mortality was greater in men than in women. Th risk of death from cardiovascular diseases was higher among the patients with early onset diabetes. Mortality from cerebrovascular disease was highest in patients treated with insulin, intermediate in the group treated with oral drugs, and lowest in the group treated only with diet. The mortality ratio from coronary heart disease in men was not related to the method of hypoglycaemic therapy given at the onset or during the course of the diabetes. In women, the highest mortality was in the group treated with insulin, intermediate in the group treated with oral agents, and lowest in the group treated with diet only.", "contents": "Mortality from cardiovascular diseases among diabetics. A retrospective analysis of a cohort of 5210 diabetic patients revealed a mortality rate 1.3 times higher than in the general population of Warsaw. The higher death rate in the cohort under study was mainly due to an excess mortality from coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The excess mortality was greater in men than in women. Th risk of death from cardiovascular diseases was higher among the patients with early onset diabetes. Mortality from cerebrovascular disease was highest in patients treated with insulin, intermediate in the group treated with oral drugs, and lowest in the group treated only with diet. The mortality ratio from coronary heart disease in men was not related to the method of hypoglycaemic therapy given at the onset or during the course of the diabetes. In women, the highest mortality was in the group treated with insulin, intermediate in the group treated with oral agents, and lowest in the group treated with diet only."}
{"id": "PMID:913926", "title": "Plasma insulin and glucose levels in maturity onset diabetics treated with chlorpropamide.", "content": "19 diabetic patients taking various doses of chlorpropamide were studied throughout a normal day. Plasma chlorpropamide levels were related to the daily dose of the drug and were relatively constant throughout the day. Blood glucose concentration was highest and the plasma insulin concentration lowest in patients taking the largest dose of chlorpropamide. Patients on a small daily dose of chlorpropamide were well controlled and had higher than normal insulin levels. --12 patients were restudied 10 days after stopping chlorpropamide. Although diabetic control deteriorated in all patients, plasma insulin concentration did not change significantly. This suggests that the long-term hypoglycaemic action of chlorpropamide is not dependent on an effect on the concentration of insulin in peripheral venous blood.", "contents": "Plasma insulin and glucose levels in maturity onset diabetics treated with chlorpropamide. 19 diabetic patients taking various doses of chlorpropamide were studied throughout a normal day. Plasma chlorpropamide levels were related to the daily dose of the drug and were relatively constant throughout the day. Blood glucose concentration was highest and the plasma insulin concentration lowest in patients taking the largest dose of chlorpropamide. Patients on a small daily dose of chlorpropamide were well controlled and had higher than normal insulin levels. --12 patients were restudied 10 days after stopping chlorpropamide. Although diabetic control deteriorated in all patients, plasma insulin concentration did not change significantly. This suggests that the long-term hypoglycaemic action of chlorpropamide is not dependent on an effect on the concentration of insulin in peripheral venous blood."}
{"id": "PMID:913933", "title": "[\"Pericarditis epistenocardica\" as as a marker of extensive myocardial infarction. Clinical, electrocardiographic and enzymatic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Pericarditis may complicate the early phase of myocardial infarction (MI). It occurs when necrosis involves the epicardial surface. To verify if pericarditis may be regarded as a marker of extensive MI, 60 patients with anterior or inferior MI admitted to the Coronary Care Unit within 6 hours from onset of symptoms, were studied by clinical, electrocardiographic and enzymatic parameters. 20 patients developed left ventricular failure (LVF) assessed by clinical, radiologic and hemodynamic indexes (15 mmHg has been considered the upper normal value for mean wedge pulmonary pressure). 9 of the 11 patients with pericarditis (PP) had LVF, versus 11 of the 49 non PP group (P = 0.002). Life threatening arrhythmias (ventricular tachicardia and fibrillation) appeared in 5 of the 11 PP versus 7 of the 49 non PP group (P = 0.04). No significant difference has been found between the two groups concerning the inhospital mortality. In a follow-up of 3 to 18 months, no difference in mortality was observed, while the functional recovery in the PP group was significantly worse (I and II versus III and IV New York Heart Association classes P = 0.003). Higher sigmaST values were found in precordial maps of the PP group, on admission (P = 0.03). After a deep spontaneous fall, sigmaST showed a reelevation which was similar in the two groups. SigmaR showed a greater % decrease however not statistically significant in PP. Creatinekinase enzymatic infarct size was significantly higher in PP group (P = 0.0002). It is concluded that pericarditis is a clinical marker of extensive MI and may be useful in evaluating prognosis and effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in MI.", "contents": "[\"Pericarditis epistenocardica\" as as a marker of extensive myocardial infarction. Clinical, electrocardiographic and enzymatic study (author's transl)]. Pericarditis may complicate the early phase of myocardial infarction (MI). It occurs when necrosis involves the epicardial surface. To verify if pericarditis may be regarded as a marker of extensive MI, 60 patients with anterior or inferior MI admitted to the Coronary Care Unit within 6 hours from onset of symptoms, were studied by clinical, electrocardiographic and enzymatic parameters. 20 patients developed left ventricular failure (LVF) assessed by clinical, radiologic and hemodynamic indexes (15 mmHg has been considered the upper normal value for mean wedge pulmonary pressure). 9 of the 11 patients with pericarditis (PP) had LVF, versus 11 of the 49 non PP group (P = 0.002). Life threatening arrhythmias (ventricular tachicardia and fibrillation) appeared in 5 of the 11 PP versus 7 of the 49 non PP group (P = 0.04). No significant difference has been found between the two groups concerning the inhospital mortality. In a follow-up of 3 to 18 months, no difference in mortality was observed, while the functional recovery in the PP group was significantly worse (I and II versus III and IV New York Heart Association classes P = 0.003). Higher sigmaST values were found in precordial maps of the PP group, on admission (P = 0.03). After a deep spontaneous fall, sigmaST showed a reelevation which was similar in the two groups. SigmaR showed a greater % decrease however not statistically significant in PP. Creatinekinase enzymatic infarct size was significantly higher in PP group (P = 0.0002). It is concluded that pericarditis is a clinical marker of extensive MI and may be useful in evaluating prognosis and effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in MI."}
{"id": "PMID:913934", "title": "[The specificity of the CPK MB enzyme kinetic test for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical usefullness of the CPK MB test (spectophotometric method) was evaluated on 139 patients admitted to a Cardiovascular Diseases Department with a diagnosis of suspected myocardial infarction. Serial determinations of serum MB isoenzyme creatine kinase, total creatine kinase, lacate dehydrogenase and hydrossibutirrate dehydrogenase were made at 1st, 2th, 3th, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th day. Incidence of CPK MB false positive and false negative data were also determined and correlated with the electrocardiogram pattern and serum levels of other standard enzymes. Results indicate that the CPK MB kinetic test is highly specific (94%) and promptly available in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[The specificity of the CPK MB enzyme kinetic test for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. The clinical usefullness of the CPK MB test (spectophotometric method) was evaluated on 139 patients admitted to a Cardiovascular Diseases Department with a diagnosis of suspected myocardial infarction. Serial determinations of serum MB isoenzyme creatine kinase, total creatine kinase, lacate dehydrogenase and hydrossibutirrate dehydrogenase were made at 1st, 2th, 3th, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th day. Incidence of CPK MB false positive and false negative data were also determined and correlated with the electrocardiogram pattern and serum levels of other standard enzymes. Results indicate that the CPK MB kinetic test is highly specific (94%) and promptly available in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:913935", "title": "[Blood and plasma viscosity during the various phases of the acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Preliminary study (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of 29 infarct cases, the behaviour of the same blood and plasma viscosity at the initial stage and two weeks after the AMI was. At the same time as the rheological tests, we evaluated a few parameters of the lipid (cholesterol-triglyceride), proteic (fibrinogen) and glycoproteic (haptogloben-alpha1 acid GP ceruloplasmin) balance. Though noting significant variations of all the parameters studied, the correlation between the viscosity of blood and plasm and the other humoral parameters is of little significance. In fact except for the good correlation between the blood viscosity with hematocrit and with the fibrinogen (only on 7th day and at high gradient) the other correlations, when present, are occasional or of little significance. It is our intention to continue the research undertaken, considering either the utility of the early diagnosis of a rheological change or the possibility that the latter may be a further parameter to be related to clinical, hemodynamic and humoral parameters useful for determining the prognosis of the AMI.", "contents": "[Blood and plasma viscosity during the various phases of the acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Preliminary study (author's transl)]. In a group of 29 infarct cases, the behaviour of the same blood and plasma viscosity at the initial stage and two weeks after the AMI was. At the same time as the rheological tests, we evaluated a few parameters of the lipid (cholesterol-triglyceride), proteic (fibrinogen) and glycoproteic (haptogloben-alpha1 acid GP ceruloplasmin) balance. Though noting significant variations of all the parameters studied, the correlation between the viscosity of blood and plasm and the other humoral parameters is of little significance. In fact except for the good correlation between the blood viscosity with hematocrit and with the fibrinogen (only on 7th day and at high gradient) the other correlations, when present, are occasional or of little significance. It is our intention to continue the research undertaken, considering either the utility of the early diagnosis of a rheological change or the possibility that the latter may be a further parameter to be related to clinical, hemodynamic and humoral parameters useful for determining the prognosis of the AMI."}
{"id": "PMID:913936", "title": "[Electrophysiological mechanisms of tachyarrhythmias associated with the sick sinus syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Atrail programmed stimulation (APS) and His bundle recordings were performed in 24 patients with assessed sick sinus syndrome, 14 of whom had previously suffered from bouts of spontaneous paroxysmal tachycardias (Group I) and 10 with no history of previous similar complication (Group II). APS reproduced re-entry arrhythmias in 13 cases of Group I (92%). In 6 cases, junctional reciprocating tachycardia was elicited and the atrioventricular node function curve showed a typical steplike profile, consistent with longitudinal dissociation of the node itself as a cause of reciprocation. In 7 cases with previous paroxysmal atrial tachycardias, APS elicited intra-atrial re-entry arrhythmias. Absolutely no arrhythmia was elicited by APS in the 10 cases of Group II. High incidence of basal prolongation of conduction intervals was observed in both Groups (11 cases in Group I, 6 cases in Group II). Intra-atrial and/or atrio-nodel conduction delays were recognized in all the cases with intra-atrial re-entry arrhythmias. These results suggest that so called bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome should be regarded as an independent clinical form from the sick sinus syndrome, sharing with the latter the sinusal disfunction only. Re-entry mechanisms seems to be mainly responsible for the inititation of paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias: re-entry in the atrium, based on stable conduction delays, is probably correlated with scattered lesions of the same degenerative process affecting the sinus node. On the contrary, the frequent association of sick sinus syndrome with junctional paroxysmal tachycardia and its comples dissociation mechanism of the a-v node, raises the suspicion that, in such cases, two completely different processes are merely coexisting: a degenerative lesion of the sinus node and an anatomical or functional anomaly of a separate portion of the conduction system.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological mechanisms of tachyarrhythmias associated with the sick sinus syndrome (author's transl)]. Atrail programmed stimulation (APS) and His bundle recordings were performed in 24 patients with assessed sick sinus syndrome, 14 of whom had previously suffered from bouts of spontaneous paroxysmal tachycardias (Group I) and 10 with no history of previous similar complication (Group II). APS reproduced re-entry arrhythmias in 13 cases of Group I (92%). In 6 cases, junctional reciprocating tachycardia was elicited and the atrioventricular node function curve showed a typical steplike profile, consistent with longitudinal dissociation of the node itself as a cause of reciprocation. In 7 cases with previous paroxysmal atrial tachycardias, APS elicited intra-atrial re-entry arrhythmias. Absolutely no arrhythmia was elicited by APS in the 10 cases of Group II. High incidence of basal prolongation of conduction intervals was observed in both Groups (11 cases in Group I, 6 cases in Group II). Intra-atrial and/or atrio-nodel conduction delays were recognized in all the cases with intra-atrial re-entry arrhythmias. These results suggest that so called bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome should be regarded as an independent clinical form from the sick sinus syndrome, sharing with the latter the sinusal disfunction only. Re-entry mechanisms seems to be mainly responsible for the inititation of paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias: re-entry in the atrium, based on stable conduction delays, is probably correlated with scattered lesions of the same degenerative process affecting the sinus node. On the contrary, the frequent association of sick sinus syndrome with junctional paroxysmal tachycardia and its comples dissociation mechanism of the a-v node, raises the suspicion that, in such cases, two completely different processes are merely coexisting: a degenerative lesion of the sinus node and an anatomical or functional anomaly of a separate portion of the conduction system."}
{"id": "PMID:913937", "title": "[Mitral valve prolapse in patients with coronary artery insufficiency. Report of two unusual cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors illustrate two peculiar cases of mitral valve prolapse in patients with coronary artery disease. The first case reports a mitral valve prolapse that, absent in basal conditions, is unmasked by a premature ventricular beat. In the second case concerns about the manifestation of a mitral valve prolapse developed during the course of retrosternal chest pain.", "contents": "[Mitral valve prolapse in patients with coronary artery insufficiency. Report of two unusual cases (author's transl)]. The authors illustrate two peculiar cases of mitral valve prolapse in patients with coronary artery disease. The first case reports a mitral valve prolapse that, absent in basal conditions, is unmasked by a premature ventricular beat. In the second case concerns about the manifestation of a mitral valve prolapse developed during the course of retrosternal chest pain."}
{"id": "PMID:913938", "title": "[Unfavourable effects of the sublingual isosorbide dinitrate. Osbervations on nine personal cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine among our patients have shown some phenomena of intolerance owing to the engagement of the sublingual isosorbide dinitrate. Even if these troubles are comparatively rare (no more than 10% of the cases we have examined), nevertheless we deem it necessary to exhort to some prudence in the administration of this drug, at least for the first time.", "contents": "[Unfavourable effects of the sublingual isosorbide dinitrate. Osbervations on nine personal cases (author's transl)]. Nine among our patients have shown some phenomena of intolerance owing to the engagement of the sublingual isosorbide dinitrate. Even if these troubles are comparatively rare (no more than 10% of the cases we have examined), nevertheless we deem it necessary to exhort to some prudence in the administration of this drug, at least for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:913952", "title": "Host origin of lymphoid cells in thymomas developed from subcutaneous thymus grafts in Buffalo rats.", "content": "Ten out of 31 male Buffalo rats developed thymomas, 18 months after birth, from the subcutaneous thymuses grafted neonatally either from female or male litter mates. Most of them were of lymphoid cell type and contained numerous lymphoid cells within the network composed of neoplastic epithelial cells, as mediastinal thymomas. Lymphoid cells in the subcutaneous thymomas had normal diploid karyotype and were of host type with the Y chromosomes. These facts may indicate that lymphois cells intermingled in the network of neoplastic epithelial cells are non-neoplastic in nature.", "contents": "Host origin of lymphoid cells in thymomas developed from subcutaneous thymus grafts in Buffalo rats. Ten out of 31 male Buffalo rats developed thymomas, 18 months after birth, from the subcutaneous thymuses grafted neonatally either from female or male litter mates. Most of them were of lymphoid cell type and contained numerous lymphoid cells within the network composed of neoplastic epithelial cells, as mediastinal thymomas. Lymphoid cells in the subcutaneous thymomas had normal diploid karyotype and were of host type with the Y chromosomes. These facts may indicate that lymphois cells intermingled in the network of neoplastic epithelial cells are non-neoplastic in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:913953", "title": "Measurement of tritiated thymidine labeling index by incubation in vitro of surgically removed cervical cancer.", "content": "Autoradiographic study was made on 24 cases of uterine cervical tumor, including 22 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, using a technique of in vitro labeling of surgical specimens with tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) under hyperbaric oxygen. Labeling index of the cervical cancer ranged from 8.7 to 30.4% and was well correlated with the histological subtypes (spinal, transitional, and basal cell types). The upper limit of the growth fraction was also estimated from the general relationship between phase lengths. The necessity of sufficient oxygen tension for the S-phase cells to effect synthesis of DNA was stressed.", "contents": "Measurement of tritiated thymidine labeling index by incubation in vitro of surgically removed cervical cancer. Autoradiographic study was made on 24 cases of uterine cervical tumor, including 22 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, using a technique of in vitro labeling of surgical specimens with tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) under hyperbaric oxygen. Labeling index of the cervical cancer ranged from 8.7 to 30.4% and was well correlated with the histological subtypes (spinal, transitional, and basal cell types). The upper limit of the growth fraction was also estimated from the general relationship between phase lengths. The necessity of sufficient oxygen tension for the S-phase cells to effect synthesis of DNA was stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:913954", "title": "Effect of diethylstilbestrol on the cell kinetics of subcutaneous growth of diethylstilbestrol-induced renal carcinoma.", "content": "A response to diethylstilbestrol (DES) of DES-induced renal carcinoma in Syrian hamster was studied by comparing subcutaneous growth of this tumor in DES-treated and untreated animals with respect to the growth curve, cell cycle time, Tc, growth fraction, GF, and cell loss factor, phi. In both conditions the tumor growth followed the Gompertz curve, but the latent period was 14 days longer without DES than with DES. In the untreated animals, Tc was 80% longer due to increases of TGl and TS. However, phi was not changed significantly and GF rather increased without DES. It was concluded that DES-dependency of this tumor growth was manifested in the prolongation of Tc.", "contents": "Effect of diethylstilbestrol on the cell kinetics of subcutaneous growth of diethylstilbestrol-induced renal carcinoma. A response to diethylstilbestrol (DES) of DES-induced renal carcinoma in Syrian hamster was studied by comparing subcutaneous growth of this tumor in DES-treated and untreated animals with respect to the growth curve, cell cycle time, Tc, growth fraction, GF, and cell loss factor, phi. In both conditions the tumor growth followed the Gompertz curve, but the latent period was 14 days longer without DES than with DES. In the untreated animals, Tc was 80% longer due to increases of TGl and TS. However, phi was not changed significantly and GF rather increased without DES. It was concluded that DES-dependency of this tumor growth was manifested in the prolongation of Tc."}
{"id": "PMID:913955", "title": "Inhibitory effect of mepitiostane on the growth of mammary tumor of a rat.", "content": "Mepitiostane (2alpha,3alpha-epithio-5alpha-androstan-17beta-yl 1-methoxycyclopentyl ether) is an orally active anti-estrogenic and anabolic-androgenic steroid compound. Mepitiostane administered orally suppressed the growth of transplanted estrogen-dependent mammary tumor in rats. This result was compared with the oral administration of fluoxymesterone, which is widely used orally for treatment of advanced breast cancer. Experimental result showed that Mepitiostane has a more dominant antitumor activity than fluoxymesterone. Therefore, this new compound may be useful for clinical treatment of breast cancer.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of mepitiostane on the growth of mammary tumor of a rat. Mepitiostane (2alpha,3alpha-epithio-5alpha-androstan-17beta-yl 1-methoxycyclopentyl ether) is an orally active anti-estrogenic and anabolic-androgenic steroid compound. Mepitiostane administered orally suppressed the growth of transplanted estrogen-dependent mammary tumor in rats. This result was compared with the oral administration of fluoxymesterone, which is widely used orally for treatment of advanced breast cancer. Experimental result showed that Mepitiostane has a more dominant antitumor activity than fluoxymesterone. Therefore, this new compound may be useful for clinical treatment of breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:913956", "title": "Induction of squamous cell carcinoma in the lung of C57BL/6 mice by intratracheal instillation of benzo[a]pyrene with charcoal powder.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinomas were readily induced in the lung of C57BL/6 mice by repeated intratracheal instillations of benzo[a]pyrene with charcoal powder suspended in saline solution. Intratracheal instillations were performed once a week for 8 weeks, and the observation period of the experiment was 40 weeks. Some of the tumors were highly keratinized and others were moderately keratinized squamous cell carcinomas. At a later period of observation, poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas were found. Invasion into blood vessels was occasionally seen but metastasis to regional lymph nodes or distant metastasis was not found. One tumor from the mouse killed on the 280th day was successfully transplanted subcutaneously into C56BL/6 mice. This mouse, killed on the 84th day after the first tranplantation, had a pulmonary metastasis.", "contents": "Induction of squamous cell carcinoma in the lung of C57BL/6 mice by intratracheal instillation of benzo[a]pyrene with charcoal powder. Squamous cell carcinomas were readily induced in the lung of C57BL/6 mice by repeated intratracheal instillations of benzo[a]pyrene with charcoal powder suspended in saline solution. Intratracheal instillations were performed once a week for 8 weeks, and the observation period of the experiment was 40 weeks. Some of the tumors were highly keratinized and others were moderately keratinized squamous cell carcinomas. At a later period of observation, poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas were found. Invasion into blood vessels was occasionally seen but metastasis to regional lymph nodes or distant metastasis was not found. One tumor from the mouse killed on the 280th day was successfully transplanted subcutaneously into C56BL/6 mice. This mouse, killed on the 84th day after the first tranplantation, had a pulmonary metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:913957", "title": "Comparative study on radiosensitivities of cultured cell lines derived from several human tumors under hypoxic condition.", "content": "Three human cell lines, Burkitt lymphoma cells (P3HR-1), epidermoid carcinoma cells (HeLa S3-1), and melanoma cells (HMV) were irradiated with 200 kV X-rays under three different oxygen conditions. The values of D0 and D10(-2) were estimated for survival curves, and then the dose-modifying factors (DMF) were calculated, for the oxygenated and hypoxic irradiations. These DMF values for oxygenation were not different for each cell line, but those for hypoxia revealed considerable difference for cell lines. From the comparison of modifications due to variable oxygen concentrations on the survival curves of Burkitt lymphoma cells with those of other resistant cells, it is concluded that the shoulder of the survival curves becomes larger primarily with lowering of the oxygen tension, and then D0 value increases followed by a decrease in n value, while in oxygenation, the decrease in D0 value takes place after n value becomes close to 1.", "contents": "Comparative study on radiosensitivities of cultured cell lines derived from several human tumors under hypoxic condition. Three human cell lines, Burkitt lymphoma cells (P3HR-1), epidermoid carcinoma cells (HeLa S3-1), and melanoma cells (HMV) were irradiated with 200 kV X-rays under three different oxygen conditions. The values of D0 and D10(-2) were estimated for survival curves, and then the dose-modifying factors (DMF) were calculated, for the oxygenated and hypoxic irradiations. These DMF values for oxygenation were not different for each cell line, but those for hypoxia revealed considerable difference for cell lines. From the comparison of modifications due to variable oxygen concentrations on the survival curves of Burkitt lymphoma cells with those of other resistant cells, it is concluded that the shoulder of the survival curves becomes larger primarily with lowering of the oxygen tension, and then D0 value increases followed by a decrease in n value, while in oxygenation, the decrease in D0 value takes place after n value becomes close to 1."}
{"id": "PMID:913969", "title": "Cancer in colitis: assessment of the individual risk by clinical and histological criteria.", "content": "The cancer risk among 229 patients with extensive ulcerative colitis observed during January 1, 1966 to February 29, 1976 is correlated with the length of history and the histological findings in rectal and colonic biopsies. Five patients are known to have developed carcinoma. No carcinoma was observed in 578 patient years of follow-up within 10 years of onset of the colitis, but the risk in the second decade was approximately 1 in 200 patient years and in the third, 1 in 60 patient years. Severe epithelial dysplasia was rare and found in 32 biopsies from 13 patients. No carcinoma has occurred during the period of follow-up in patients without dysplasia. It has not been possible to follow the development of dysplasia in sequential biopsies. Seven patients with consistent severe dysplasia on biopsy have been treated surgically; carcinoma confined to the bowel wall (Dukes' A) was found in 4. A scheme of management for patients with extensive colitis, including regular rectal and colonic biopsies, is proposed. Our results suggest that such a program will isolate a small group of patients who require surgical treatment for established precancerous change or carcinoma with a high likelihood of cure.", "contents": "Cancer in colitis: assessment of the individual risk by clinical and histological criteria. The cancer risk among 229 patients with extensive ulcerative colitis observed during January 1, 1966 to February 29, 1976 is correlated with the length of history and the histological findings in rectal and colonic biopsies. Five patients are known to have developed carcinoma. No carcinoma was observed in 578 patient years of follow-up within 10 years of onset of the colitis, but the risk in the second decade was approximately 1 in 200 patient years and in the third, 1 in 60 patient years. Severe epithelial dysplasia was rare and found in 32 biopsies from 13 patients. No carcinoma has occurred during the period of follow-up in patients without dysplasia. It has not been possible to follow the development of dysplasia in sequential biopsies. Seven patients with consistent severe dysplasia on biopsy have been treated surgically; carcinoma confined to the bowel wall (Dukes' A) was found in 4. A scheme of management for patients with extensive colitis, including regular rectal and colonic biopsies, is proposed. Our results suggest that such a program will isolate a small group of patients who require surgical treatment for established precancerous change or carcinoma with a high likelihood of cure."}
{"id": "PMID:913970", "title": "Effects of arginine vasopressin on capillary filtration in the cat ileum.", "content": "The effect of local intraarterial infusion of arginine vasopressin was studied in a vascularly perfused segment of cat ileum. Systemic arterial pressure (Pa), superior mesenteric arterial pressure (Pma), superior mesenteric venous pressure (Pv), blood flow (QB) and intestinal volume (V) were continuously monitored. Intestinal lymph flow (QL), lymphatic protein clearance (LPC), isovolumetric capillary pressure (PC), capillary filtration coefficient (KF,C) and vascular resistances were also determined. A dose-response relationship was obtained for several parameters and a dosage of 17.5 mU per kg per min was chosen for more extensive study. At this level vasopressin was found to increase both systemic (Pa) and local (Pma) arterial pressures while decreasing superior mesenteric venous pressure (Pv), capillary pressure (PC) and blood flow (QB). Precapillary (Ra), postcapillary (Rv), and total (Rt) vascular resistance were all increased during the vasopressin infusion; however, a greater effect was demonstrated on the precapillary vessels as indicated by an increased pre- to postcapillary resistance ratio (Ra/Rv). Vasopressin infusion also reduced the capillary filtration coefficient(KF,C), intestinal volume (VT), lymph flow (QL) and lymphatic protein clearance (LPC). The results of this study clearly establish an effect of vasopressin on transcapillary and lymphatic volume flows in the small intestine.", "contents": "Effects of arginine vasopressin on capillary filtration in the cat ileum. The effect of local intraarterial infusion of arginine vasopressin was studied in a vascularly perfused segment of cat ileum. Systemic arterial pressure (Pa), superior mesenteric arterial pressure (Pma), superior mesenteric venous pressure (Pv), blood flow (QB) and intestinal volume (V) were continuously monitored. Intestinal lymph flow (QL), lymphatic protein clearance (LPC), isovolumetric capillary pressure (PC), capillary filtration coefficient (KF,C) and vascular resistances were also determined. A dose-response relationship was obtained for several parameters and a dosage of 17.5 mU per kg per min was chosen for more extensive study. At this level vasopressin was found to increase both systemic (Pa) and local (Pma) arterial pressures while decreasing superior mesenteric venous pressure (Pv), capillary pressure (PC) and blood flow (QB). Precapillary (Ra), postcapillary (Rv), and total (Rt) vascular resistance were all increased during the vasopressin infusion; however, a greater effect was demonstrated on the precapillary vessels as indicated by an increased pre- to postcapillary resistance ratio (Ra/Rv). Vasopressin infusion also reduced the capillary filtration coefficient(KF,C), intestinal volume (VT), lymph flow (QL) and lymphatic protein clearance (LPC). The results of this study clearly establish an effect of vasopressin on transcapillary and lymphatic volume flows in the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:913971", "title": "Value of a single forceps biopsy of colonic polyps.", "content": "The accuracy of colonoscopic biopsies in predicting the histological diagnosis of colonic polyps removed at colonoscopy or at laparotomy was studied. Forty-two patients were colonoscoped before the removal of 50 polyps. A single fractional biopsy was obtained from each lesion with the standard endoscopic biopsy forceps and was compared to the final histological diagnosis of each excised lesion. Thirteen (26%) of the singular fractional biopsies did not demonstrate the significant histological features of the excised polyps. These tiny biopsies do not adequately represent the entire polyp. Moreover, the 2- to 3-mm size of the biopsy does not permit the study of the central submucosal area of the polyp stalk, the critical area for assessing invasive malignancy. Histological examination of a completely excised polyp is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Value of a single forceps biopsy of colonic polyps. The accuracy of colonoscopic biopsies in predicting the histological diagnosis of colonic polyps removed at colonoscopy or at laparotomy was studied. Forty-two patients were colonoscoped before the removal of 50 polyps. A single fractional biopsy was obtained from each lesion with the standard endoscopic biopsy forceps and was compared to the final histological diagnosis of each excised lesion. Thirteen (26%) of the singular fractional biopsies did not demonstrate the significant histological features of the excised polyps. These tiny biopsies do not adequately represent the entire polyp. Moreover, the 2- to 3-mm size of the biopsy does not permit the study of the central submucosal area of the polyp stalk, the critical area for assessing invasive malignancy. Histological examination of a completely excised polyp is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:913972", "title": "Duodenal ulcerogens, cysteamine and propionitrile, stimulate serum gastrin levels in the rat.", "content": "Cysteamine and propionitrile are members of a family of compounds which induce the formation of acute duodenal ulcers in fasted and fed rats. Gastric acid secretion is increased by both agents, and acid hypersecretion appears to be required for ulcer formation. To determine the role of gastrin in the ulcerogenic mechanism, cysteamine and propionitrile were administered to fasted rats and their effect on fasting and food-stimulated serum gastrin levels was studied. Intragastric administration of cysteamine caused a 3- to 4-fold increase in fasting serum gastrin levels over the values of controls. Propionitrile was a less effective stimulant of gastrin release, causing a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in gastrin levels over matched control rats. The food-stimulated rise in serum gastrin levels after either a chow meal or intragastric instillation of a peptone solution was markedly enhanced by cysteamine pretreatment. Three hours after feeding the serum gastrin levels of cysteamine pretreated rats were 6 times higher than those of fed controls. The high serum gastrin levels of cysteamine-pretreated fed rats could not be explained solely by the additive effects of cysteamine and food, indicating that a potentiating interaction may exist between the two stimulants of gastrin release. The importance of this drug-induced stimulation of gastrin release, under both fasted and fed conditions, in the ulcerogenic process has yet to be ascertained.", "contents": "Duodenal ulcerogens, cysteamine and propionitrile, stimulate serum gastrin levels in the rat. Cysteamine and propionitrile are members of a family of compounds which induce the formation of acute duodenal ulcers in fasted and fed rats. Gastric acid secretion is increased by both agents, and acid hypersecretion appears to be required for ulcer formation. To determine the role of gastrin in the ulcerogenic mechanism, cysteamine and propionitrile were administered to fasted rats and their effect on fasting and food-stimulated serum gastrin levels was studied. Intragastric administration of cysteamine caused a 3- to 4-fold increase in fasting serum gastrin levels over the values of controls. Propionitrile was a less effective stimulant of gastrin release, causing a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in gastrin levels over matched control rats. The food-stimulated rise in serum gastrin levels after either a chow meal or intragastric instillation of a peptone solution was markedly enhanced by cysteamine pretreatment. Three hours after feeding the serum gastrin levels of cysteamine pretreated rats were 6 times higher than those of fed controls. The high serum gastrin levels of cysteamine-pretreated fed rats could not be explained solely by the additive effects of cysteamine and food, indicating that a potentiating interaction may exist between the two stimulants of gastrin release. The importance of this drug-induced stimulation of gastrin release, under both fasted and fed conditions, in the ulcerogenic process has yet to be ascertained."}
{"id": "PMID:913973", "title": "Studies of esophageal epithelial cell proliferation in patients with reflux esophagitis.", "content": "Accelerated cell turnover has been held responsible for the basal zone thickening of the esophageal squamous mucosa of patients with reflux esophagitis. We have studied the in vitro proliferative activity of the basal zone in suction biopsy specimens obtained from normal subjects, from patients with medically treated esophagitis, and from patients who had previously undergone anterior fundoplication. In patients with severe esophagitis, the basal zone showed a significantly elevated [3H]thymidine labeling index in contrast to that of mild esophagitis patients and that of normal subjects. When esophagitis was associated with mucosal lesions at endoscopy, the labeling index was higher than that seen in esophagitis patients without endoscopic abnormalities. Significantly increased thymidine labeling was found only in patients with the most severe changes of papillary length or basal layer thickening. We therefore conclude that there is an increased basal zone uptake of [3H]thymidine in severe esophagitis which suggests increased cell turnover as the mechanism for basal zone hyperplasia. Present techniques for measuring mucosal uptake of [3H]thymidine, however, do not permit the distinction of mild degrees of esophagitis from normal epithelium.", "contents": "Studies of esophageal epithelial cell proliferation in patients with reflux esophagitis. Accelerated cell turnover has been held responsible for the basal zone thickening of the esophageal squamous mucosa of patients with reflux esophagitis. We have studied the in vitro proliferative activity of the basal zone in suction biopsy specimens obtained from normal subjects, from patients with medically treated esophagitis, and from patients who had previously undergone anterior fundoplication. In patients with severe esophagitis, the basal zone showed a significantly elevated [3H]thymidine labeling index in contrast to that of mild esophagitis patients and that of normal subjects. When esophagitis was associated with mucosal lesions at endoscopy, the labeling index was higher than that seen in esophagitis patients without endoscopic abnormalities. Significantly increased thymidine labeling was found only in patients with the most severe changes of papillary length or basal layer thickening. We therefore conclude that there is an increased basal zone uptake of [3H]thymidine in severe esophagitis which suggests increased cell turnover as the mechanism for basal zone hyperplasia. Present techniques for measuring mucosal uptake of [3H]thymidine, however, do not permit the distinction of mild degrees of esophagitis from normal epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:913974", "title": "Krebs cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, and glycolysis in the uninvolved gastric mucosa of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer patients.", "content": "Uninvolved gastric mucosa from duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and gastric cancer patients was incubated with [1-14C]glucose and [6-14C]glucose in order to assess the relative contributions of the pentose phosphate pathway and Krebs cycle to glucose metabolism. [14C]Glucose counts retained by the tissue, glycolysis, and pyruvate formation were also measured. Tumor tissue from the cancer patients was included in the study. Less than 1.2% of the glucose entering the tissues was metabolized via the pentose phosphate pathway; suggesting that this pathway plays a minor role in energy production from glucose. The major determinant of energy production was the Krebs cycle. Its contribution to glucose metabolism was greatest in the body mucosa of duodenal ulcer patients, less in the uninvolved body mucosa of gastric ulcer patients, and lower still in the corresponding body mucosa of gastric cancer patients. The low levels of Krebs cycle activity seen in the latter tissue resembled those of uninvolved antral mucosa. The smallest Krebs cycle contribution was seen in tumor tissue. [14C]Glucose counts retained by the tissue and glycolysis both tended to vary inversely with Krebs cycle activity among the tissues studied. Thus, both were small in the body mucosa of noncancer patients and somewhat larger in the body mucosa of cancer patients, in uninvolved antral mucosa and in tumor tissue.", "contents": "Krebs cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, and glycolysis in the uninvolved gastric mucosa of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer patients. Uninvolved gastric mucosa from duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and gastric cancer patients was incubated with [1-14C]glucose and [6-14C]glucose in order to assess the relative contributions of the pentose phosphate pathway and Krebs cycle to glucose metabolism. [14C]Glucose counts retained by the tissue, glycolysis, and pyruvate formation were also measured. Tumor tissue from the cancer patients was included in the study. Less than 1.2% of the glucose entering the tissues was metabolized via the pentose phosphate pathway; suggesting that this pathway plays a minor role in energy production from glucose. The major determinant of energy production was the Krebs cycle. Its contribution to glucose metabolism was greatest in the body mucosa of duodenal ulcer patients, less in the uninvolved body mucosa of gastric ulcer patients, and lower still in the corresponding body mucosa of gastric cancer patients. The low levels of Krebs cycle activity seen in the latter tissue resembled those of uninvolved antral mucosa. The smallest Krebs cycle contribution was seen in tumor tissue. [14C]Glucose counts retained by the tissue and glycolysis both tended to vary inversely with Krebs cycle activity among the tissues studied. Thus, both were small in the body mucosa of noncancer patients and somewhat larger in the body mucosa of cancer patients, in uninvolved antral mucosa and in tumor tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:913975", "title": "Proliferation rate and transit time of mucosal cells in small intestine of the diabetic rat.", "content": "Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat alters intestinal function, causes hyperphagia and arrests body growth, but stimulates intestinal growth, particularly in the mucosa. Therefore we measured several indices of epithelial cell proliferation to gain insight on possible factors responsible for the increased mucosal cell mass in the small intestine. We examined epithelial cell proliferation in upper jejunum and terminal ileum of weight-matched control and diabetic rats pair fed or eating ad libitum. Cell proliferation was measured two ways: (1) isolating whole crypts 1 hr after injection of [3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) and calculating disintegrations per minute per crypt (dpm per crypt), and (2) autoradiography of mucosal sections to obtain labeled cells per crypt, total cells per crypt-villus column, and cell migration rates. Autoradiography showed diabetes: (1) increased cell number of crypt-villus columns and increased labeled cells per crypt section, primarily jejunum, and (2) did not alter cell migration except for an increase in the ileum of diabetics eating ad libitum. Cell proliferation measured as dpm per crypt virtually doubled in diabetics in both segments regarless of dietary regimen. Dpm per crypt is a three-dimensional measurement based on the whole crypt. The increase in cell number and labeled cells per crypt in jejunal sections is also consistent with increased cell division, but shows a much smaller effect. The nature of the histological technique (two-dimensional) limits its usefulness for measuring morphological changes, and this may explain the discrepancy. Hence, the primary effect of diabetes is increased DNA synthesis (dpm per crypt) and this appears to be the main explanation for stimulated mucosal growth.", "contents": "Proliferation rate and transit time of mucosal cells in small intestine of the diabetic rat. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat alters intestinal function, causes hyperphagia and arrests body growth, but stimulates intestinal growth, particularly in the mucosa. Therefore we measured several indices of epithelial cell proliferation to gain insight on possible factors responsible for the increased mucosal cell mass in the small intestine. We examined epithelial cell proliferation in upper jejunum and terminal ileum of weight-matched control and diabetic rats pair fed or eating ad libitum. Cell proliferation was measured two ways: (1) isolating whole crypts 1 hr after injection of [3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) and calculating disintegrations per minute per crypt (dpm per crypt), and (2) autoradiography of mucosal sections to obtain labeled cells per crypt, total cells per crypt-villus column, and cell migration rates. Autoradiography showed diabetes: (1) increased cell number of crypt-villus columns and increased labeled cells per crypt section, primarily jejunum, and (2) did not alter cell migration except for an increase in the ileum of diabetics eating ad libitum. Cell proliferation measured as dpm per crypt virtually doubled in diabetics in both segments regarless of dietary regimen. Dpm per crypt is a three-dimensional measurement based on the whole crypt. The increase in cell number and labeled cells per crypt in jejunal sections is also consistent with increased cell division, but shows a much smaller effect. The nature of the histological technique (two-dimensional) limits its usefulness for measuring morphological changes, and this may explain the discrepancy. Hence, the primary effect of diabetes is increased DNA synthesis (dpm per crypt) and this appears to be the main explanation for stimulated mucosal growth."}
{"id": "PMID:913976", "title": "Myogenic and neural control systems for esophageal motility.", "content": "The role of myogenic and neural control systems in esophageal motility was studied in anesthetized opossums by applying electrical pulses at 20 to 40 v, and 100 to 400-msec pulse width directly to muscle layers, by cervical vagal stimulation (10 to 25 pulses per sec, 0.5 to 5-msec pulse width, 10 to 40 v), and by balloon distention. Direct muscle stimulation resulted in a propagated contraction in 13 of 22 opossums (proximal propagation from a distal stimulation site and vice versa). The velocity of propagation was of the same order of magnitude as that of a spontaneous swallow (less than 5 cm per sec). The propagated contractions were not blocked by intravenous or close intraarterial atropine and hexamethonium or by intraarterial tetrodoxotine. Smooth muscle depolarization by intraarterial KCl or tetraethylammonium brought about propagated contractions in those oppossums that did not show this in the first place. Generally, these propagated contractions could also be intiated in these opposums by applying 2 to 3 stimulating pulses 1 to 1.5 sec apart. The propagated contractions in response to direct muscle stimulation were observed in all opossums 2 to 20 min after death. Cessation of vagal stimulation and balloon relaxation produced \"off-responses\" which were blocked by tetrodotoxin. The propagation of off-responses was much faster than the swallow-induced peristaltic contractions. In conclusion, the myogenic control system in the esophagus is capable of producing propagated contractions independently which resemble normal esophageal peristalsis in propagation velocity, and may be the underlying system responsible for it. This system may, however, be modulated by the extrinsic and intrinsic nerves.", "contents": "Myogenic and neural control systems for esophageal motility. The role of myogenic and neural control systems in esophageal motility was studied in anesthetized opossums by applying electrical pulses at 20 to 40 v, and 100 to 400-msec pulse width directly to muscle layers, by cervical vagal stimulation (10 to 25 pulses per sec, 0.5 to 5-msec pulse width, 10 to 40 v), and by balloon distention. Direct muscle stimulation resulted in a propagated contraction in 13 of 22 opossums (proximal propagation from a distal stimulation site and vice versa). The velocity of propagation was of the same order of magnitude as that of a spontaneous swallow (less than 5 cm per sec). The propagated contractions were not blocked by intravenous or close intraarterial atropine and hexamethonium or by intraarterial tetrodoxotine. Smooth muscle depolarization by intraarterial KCl or tetraethylammonium brought about propagated contractions in those oppossums that did not show this in the first place. Generally, these propagated contractions could also be intiated in these opposums by applying 2 to 3 stimulating pulses 1 to 1.5 sec apart. The propagated contractions in response to direct muscle stimulation were observed in all opossums 2 to 20 min after death. Cessation of vagal stimulation and balloon relaxation produced \"off-responses\" which were blocked by tetrodotoxin. The propagation of off-responses was much faster than the swallow-induced peristaltic contractions. In conclusion, the myogenic control system in the esophagus is capable of producing propagated contractions independently which resemble normal esophageal peristalsis in propagation velocity, and may be the underlying system responsible for it. This system may, however, be modulated by the extrinsic and intrinsic nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:913977", "title": "Individual bile acids in portal venous and systemic blood serum of fasting man.", "content": "The serum concentrations of cholic acid (C), chenodeoxycholic acid (CD), and deoxycholic acid (D) were determined in peripheral venous and portal venous blood from 10 otherwise healthy patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. A highly specific and accurate gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique was used. Peripheral venous serum contained 0.49 +/- 0.16 (mean +/- SEM) mumole per liter of C, 1.55 +/- 0.32 mumoles per liter of CD, and 1.44 +/- 0.57 mumoles per liter of D. Arterial serum, obtained from 5 of the subjects, did not show any differences in bile acid concentrations compared to venous serum. In contrast, the portal venous content of each bile acid was several-fold greater, 6.14 +/- 1.20 mumoles per liter of C, 8.40 +/- 1.84 mumoles per liter of CD, and 6.18 +/- 2.27 mumoles per liter of D. The hepatic uptake of C was estimated to be about 90%, whereas that of CD and D was lower, about 70%. This difference in hepatic uptake between the individual bile acids was reflected in the relative composition of the total bile acids, which was 30:39:31 (C:CD:D) in portal venous serum and 13:50:37 in peripheral serum. Compared to common duct bile obtained simultaneously, the portal vein contained a greater proportion of CD. The relevance of the data obtained to our present concept of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids is discussed, and it is suggested that the higher fasting level of CD compared to C in peripheral serum results from the combination of a lower fractional hepatic extraction and a higher portal venous input to the systemic circulation.", "contents": "Individual bile acids in portal venous and systemic blood serum of fasting man. The serum concentrations of cholic acid (C), chenodeoxycholic acid (CD), and deoxycholic acid (D) were determined in peripheral venous and portal venous blood from 10 otherwise healthy patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. A highly specific and accurate gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique was used. Peripheral venous serum contained 0.49 +/- 0.16 (mean +/- SEM) mumole per liter of C, 1.55 +/- 0.32 mumoles per liter of CD, and 1.44 +/- 0.57 mumoles per liter of D. Arterial serum, obtained from 5 of the subjects, did not show any differences in bile acid concentrations compared to venous serum. In contrast, the portal venous content of each bile acid was several-fold greater, 6.14 +/- 1.20 mumoles per liter of C, 8.40 +/- 1.84 mumoles per liter of CD, and 6.18 +/- 2.27 mumoles per liter of D. The hepatic uptake of C was estimated to be about 90%, whereas that of CD and D was lower, about 70%. This difference in hepatic uptake between the individual bile acids was reflected in the relative composition of the total bile acids, which was 30:39:31 (C:CD:D) in portal venous serum and 13:50:37 in peripheral serum. Compared to common duct bile obtained simultaneously, the portal vein contained a greater proportion of CD. The relevance of the data obtained to our present concept of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids is discussed, and it is suggested that the higher fasting level of CD compared to C in peripheral serum results from the combination of a lower fractional hepatic extraction and a higher portal venous input to the systemic circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:913978", "title": "Giant mitochondria in hepatocytes: a diagnostic hint for alcoholic liver disease.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-five coded liver biopsy specimens were studied by light microscopy to evaluate the occurrence and diagnostic significance of giant mitochondria, which have been identified as periodic acid-Schiff-negative globular hyaline cytoplasmic inclusions of regular outline, clearly distinguishable from Mallory bodies. In 4 cases, electron microscopy confirmed that these globules were in fact enlarged mitochondria. The incidence of giant mitochondria was significantly higher in patients with high alcohol consumption (72%) than in those with low or no alcohol intake (10%). Their presence was related to the amount of daily ethanol consumption and to the shortness of abstinence before the biopsy. It was independent of other changes in the liver, and was detected with similar frequency in biopsies showing different alcoholic liver diseases. Our study emphasizes that giant mitochondria may be detected by light microscopy in a high proportion of alcoholics, and rarely in nonalcoholic liver diseases. Although less specific, they are much more frequent than Mallory bodies. Consequently they should be considered as a diagnostic hint of recent and heavy alcoholsm.", "contents": "Giant mitochondria in hepatocytes: a diagnostic hint for alcoholic liver disease. One hundred and sixty-five coded liver biopsy specimens were studied by light microscopy to evaluate the occurrence and diagnostic significance of giant mitochondria, which have been identified as periodic acid-Schiff-negative globular hyaline cytoplasmic inclusions of regular outline, clearly distinguishable from Mallory bodies. In 4 cases, electron microscopy confirmed that these globules were in fact enlarged mitochondria. The incidence of giant mitochondria was significantly higher in patients with high alcohol consumption (72%) than in those with low or no alcohol intake (10%). Their presence was related to the amount of daily ethanol consumption and to the shortness of abstinence before the biopsy. It was independent of other changes in the liver, and was detected with similar frequency in biopsies showing different alcoholic liver diseases. Our study emphasizes that giant mitochondria may be detected by light microscopy in a high proportion of alcoholics, and rarely in nonalcoholic liver diseases. Although less specific, they are much more frequent than Mallory bodies. Consequently they should be considered as a diagnostic hint of recent and heavy alcoholsm."}
{"id": "PMID:913979", "title": "Disposition of nafcillin in patients with cirrhosis and extrahepatic biliary obstruction.", "content": "Nafcillin, a semisynthetic penicillin effective against penicillinase-producing staphylococci, is eliminated largely in man via the liver. This study assessed the effect of cirrhosis and extrahepatic biliary obstruction in man on the pharmacokinetics of nafcillin. The plasma clearance of nafcillin controls was 583 +/- 144.2 ml per min (mean +/- SD) and fell strikingly to 291 +/- 147.6  and 163 +/- 56.3 ml per min in patients with cirrhosis and extrahepatic obstruction, respectively (P less than 0.001). In the latter two groups nafcillin excreted in urine increased from about 30 to 50% of administered dose (P less than 0.02), suggesting that renal disease superimposed on hepatic disease would further decrease over-all nafcillin clearance. The depression of nafcillin clearance with hepatobiliary disease did not correlate with any conventional liver laboratory test. The initial volume of distribution of nafcillin (V1) was unaltered but at steady state (Vd()) there was a significant reduction in the distribution volume in the patients with liver disease. Accordingly, the impairment in drug elimination, as assessed by its clearance from plasma, was underestimated by the prolongation of the nafcillin elimination half-life (t1/2(beta)) which was 1.02 +/- 0.20 hr in controls, and 1.23 +/- 0.31 (P greater than 0.05) and 1.73 +/- 0.44 hr (P less than 0.03), respectively, in patients with cirrhosis and extrahepatic obstruction.", "contents": "Disposition of nafcillin in patients with cirrhosis and extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Nafcillin, a semisynthetic penicillin effective against penicillinase-producing staphylococci, is eliminated largely in man via the liver. This study assessed the effect of cirrhosis and extrahepatic biliary obstruction in man on the pharmacokinetics of nafcillin. The plasma clearance of nafcillin controls was 583 +/- 144.2 ml per min (mean +/- SD) and fell strikingly to 291 +/- 147.6  and 163 +/- 56.3 ml per min in patients with cirrhosis and extrahepatic obstruction, respectively (P less than 0.001). In the latter two groups nafcillin excreted in urine increased from about 30 to 50% of administered dose (P less than 0.02), suggesting that renal disease superimposed on hepatic disease would further decrease over-all nafcillin clearance. The depression of nafcillin clearance with hepatobiliary disease did not correlate with any conventional liver laboratory test. The initial volume of distribution of nafcillin (V1) was unaltered but at steady state (Vd()) there was a significant reduction in the distribution volume in the patients with liver disease. Accordingly, the impairment in drug elimination, as assessed by its clearance from plasma, was underestimated by the prolongation of the nafcillin elimination half-life (t1/2(beta)) which was 1.02 +/- 0.20 hr in controls, and 1.23 +/- 0.31 (P greater than 0.05) and 1.73 +/- 0.44 hr (P less than 0.03), respectively, in patients with cirrhosis and extrahepatic obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:913980", "title": "Endoscopic papillotomy.", "content": "Obstruction of the common bile duct can now be relieved by endoscopic electrosurgery. This report describes our experience with 267 patients. In 192 of 222 patients with choledocholithiasis all calculi were evacuated by endoscopic papillotomy (EP). The remaining patients had EP because of papillary stenosis. Complications of EP included nine instances of pancreatitis, seven of bleeding, and two perforations. In 2 of 32 patients having EP for papillary stenosis, restenosis has appeared on follow-up. The two fatalities were attributable to purulent cholangitis and acute bleeding. This required to manage these situations. The endoscopic method requires less hospitalization and recuperation. EP and stone extraction are the methods of choice for managing common duct obstruction in high risk patients before cholecystectomy, for retained or reformed stones after cholecystectomy, and for papillary stenosis.", "contents": "Endoscopic papillotomy. Obstruction of the common bile duct can now be relieved by endoscopic electrosurgery. This report describes our experience with 267 patients. In 192 of 222 patients with choledocholithiasis all calculi were evacuated by endoscopic papillotomy (EP). The remaining patients had EP because of papillary stenosis. Complications of EP included nine instances of pancreatitis, seven of bleeding, and two perforations. In 2 of 32 patients having EP for papillary stenosis, restenosis has appeared on follow-up. The two fatalities were attributable to purulent cholangitis and acute bleeding. This required to manage these situations. The endoscopic method requires less hospitalization and recuperation. EP and stone extraction are the methods of choice for managing common duct obstruction in high risk patients before cholecystectomy, for retained or reformed stones after cholecystectomy, and for papillary stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:913982", "title": "Absence of mucosal atrophy in human small intestine after prolonged isolation.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic evaluation of segments of human jejunum (bypassed for 3 1/3 years in treatment of morbid obesity) and ileum (bypassed for 6 years as a Thirty-Vella fistula in treatment of postsurgical fistula) showed no obvious evidence of widespread mucosal atrophy. The findings contrast with those reported in experimental animals and in most human patients with ileal urinary conduits, where atrophy of the isolated segment is the rule. Perhaps nonluminal factors in the human subject are sufficient to maintain small intestinal mucosa for long periods in the absence of intestinal chyme.", "contents": "Absence of mucosal atrophy in human small intestine after prolonged isolation. Light and electron microscopic evaluation of segments of human jejunum (bypassed for 3 1/3 years in treatment of morbid obesity) and ileum (bypassed for 6 years as a Thirty-Vella fistula in treatment of postsurgical fistula) showed no obvious evidence of widespread mucosal atrophy. The findings contrast with those reported in experimental animals and in most human patients with ileal urinary conduits, where atrophy of the isolated segment is the rule. Perhaps nonluminal factors in the human subject are sufficient to maintain small intestinal mucosa for long periods in the absence of intestinal chyme."}
{"id": "PMID:913983", "title": "Mucinous biliary obstruction associated with a cystic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "Obstruction of the biliary tree by large amounts of mucinous material is reported in a patient with a mucin-producing cystic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas invading the common bile duct. Although preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography suggested bile duct invasion, mucinous obstruction, as in the previous cases in which it has been reported, was not suspected. Mucinous obstruction, although unusual, should be considered in patients with cystic carcinomas of the pancreas in the presence of jaundice or episodes of cholangitis.", "contents": "Mucinous biliary obstruction associated with a cystic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Obstruction of the biliary tree by large amounts of mucinous material is reported in a patient with a mucin-producing cystic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas invading the common bile duct. Although preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography suggested bile duct invasion, mucinous obstruction, as in the previous cases in which it has been reported, was not suspected. Mucinous obstruction, although unusual, should be considered in patients with cystic carcinomas of the pancreas in the presence of jaundice or episodes of cholangitis."}
{"id": "PMID:913991", "title": "Cytoenzymology of benign and malignant tumours of the corpus uteri. II. Lysosomal enzymes in relation to Golgi apparatus.", "content": "Cytological and cytochemical studies were carried out on benign and malignant tumours of the human corpus uteri. It was found that the Golgi complex was present in the form of granules of crescent-like structure. The elements of Golgi apparatus have two modes of distribution, the perinuclear and scattered types. The activity of acid phosphatase only which was located in the lysosomes had the same topographical configuration as Golgi apparatus. The degree of development of Golgi elements and the activity of both acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatase increased in malignant tumours as compared with benign tumours and normal tissues.", "contents": "Cytoenzymology of benign and malignant tumours of the corpus uteri. II. Lysosomal enzymes in relation to Golgi apparatus. Cytological and cytochemical studies were carried out on benign and malignant tumours of the human corpus uteri. It was found that the Golgi complex was present in the form of granules of crescent-like structure. The elements of Golgi apparatus have two modes of distribution, the perinuclear and scattered types. The activity of acid phosphatase only which was located in the lysosomes had the same topographical configuration as Golgi apparatus. The degree of development of Golgi elements and the activity of both acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatase increased in malignant tumours as compared with benign tumours and normal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:913992", "title": "Seasonal histological changes in the gonads of two teleost fishes, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) and Colisa fasciatus (Bloch. Schn.).", "content": "1. The reproductive cycle of the gonads of the Notopterus notopterus and Colisa fasciatus have been studied in the present account. 2. In the ovary of both the fishes same developmental stages have been observed. Ovarian cycle is distinguished in the 4 phases depending upon their changes in nucleus. Before spawning the enlargement of the ovary is due to the accumulation of the yolk in the egg. 3. Similar accounts of 4 important stages in the maturation of testis are given. A detailed description is given to gametogenesis in both species, and correspond closely with the macroscopic field stages. The tubules of testis in both the fishes are divided by the connective tissue strands. Spermatogonia present in these tubules play main part in spermatogenesis. 4. The spawning in both the fishes occurs during late May to August.", "contents": "Seasonal histological changes in the gonads of two teleost fishes, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) and Colisa fasciatus (Bloch. Schn.). 1. The reproductive cycle of the gonads of the Notopterus notopterus and Colisa fasciatus have been studied in the present account. 2. In the ovary of both the fishes same developmental stages have been observed. Ovarian cycle is distinguished in the 4 phases depending upon their changes in nucleus. Before spawning the enlargement of the ovary is due to the accumulation of the yolk in the egg. 3. Similar accounts of 4 important stages in the maturation of testis are given. A detailed description is given to gametogenesis in both species, and correspond closely with the macroscopic field stages. The tubules of testis in both the fishes are divided by the connective tissue strands. Spermatogonia present in these tubules play main part in spermatogenesis. 4. The spawning in both the fishes occurs during late May to August."}
{"id": "PMID:913995", "title": "Ultrastructure of the C cells forming adenoma-like nodules of the thyroid in experimental hypervitaminosis A.", "content": "The degranulation of the C cells, their hypertrophy and hyperplasia leading to the formation adenoma-like nodules were observed under conditions of prolonged hypervitaminosis A which causes bone damage without associated hypercalcemia. These changes which are probably the morphologic manifestation of the increased requirement of the body for calcitonin, connected with the damage of the bone tissue seem to indicate  that calcitonin is an important factor essential for the protection of skeleton from its excessive mineralization.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the C cells forming adenoma-like nodules of the thyroid in experimental hypervitaminosis A. The degranulation of the C cells, their hypertrophy and hyperplasia leading to the formation adenoma-like nodules were observed under conditions of prolonged hypervitaminosis A which causes bone damage without associated hypercalcemia. These changes which are probably the morphologic manifestation of the increased requirement of the body for calcitonin, connected with the damage of the bone tissue seem to indicate  that calcitonin is an important factor essential for the protection of skeleton from its excessive mineralization."}
{"id": "PMID:913996", "title": "[Histochemical study of glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the medulla, bulb and in the central cerebellar nuclei of various vertebrates].", "content": "In this work we research into the GDH location of the spinal cord, in the medullar oblongata and in the central cerebellar nuclei of the rat, cat, dog, chicken, lizard (Lacerta lepida), and Toad (Bufo calamita). The GDH is located at the cytoplasm and at the neuronal prolongations, at oligodendrocytes cells, at Lecerta ependimary glial cells, and at the capillary walls.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the medulla, bulb and in the central cerebellar nuclei of various vertebrates]. In this work we research into the GDH location of the spinal cord, in the medullar oblongata and in the central cerebellar nuclei of the rat, cat, dog, chicken, lizard (Lacerta lepida), and Toad (Bufo calamita). The GDH is located at the cytoplasm and at the neuronal prolongations, at oligodendrocytes cells, at Lecerta ependimary glial cells, and at the capillary walls."}
{"id": "PMID:913997", "title": "[Biomathematical procedure for quantitative oscillation analysis].", "content": "In the first part of the paper oscillating phenomena are discussed which one can observe on different levels in anorganic and organic systems. This discussion will be performed from physical, biorhythmic, control, and general system theoretical point of view. Especially biorhythmic phenomena are taken into account by the stated classification scheme. In the second part four numerical procedures for biomathematical analysis of biorhythmic oscillations are explained. The analysis is understood as determination of the number of harmonic suboscillations which set up the whole process, and calculating the values of frequency, amplitude, and phase of these suboscillations. To perform the mentioned four numerical procedures computer programs are available which are written in ALGOL.", "contents": "[Biomathematical procedure for quantitative oscillation analysis]. In the first part of the paper oscillating phenomena are discussed which one can observe on different levels in anorganic and organic systems. This discussion will be performed from physical, biorhythmic, control, and general system theoretical point of view. Especially biorhythmic phenomena are taken into account by the stated classification scheme. In the second part four numerical procedures for biomathematical analysis of biorhythmic oscillations are explained. The analysis is understood as determination of the number of harmonic suboscillations which set up the whole process, and calculating the values of frequency, amplitude, and phase of these suboscillations. To perform the mentioned four numerical procedures computer programs are available which are written in ALGOL."}
{"id": "PMID:913998", "title": "[Enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic studies on the problem of infiltrating (invasive) tumor growth. 2. Electron microscopic studies].", "content": "Tumour cells of 12 mammary carcinomas, 14 ovarian carcinomas, 10 malignant melanomas of the man and 24 transplantation tumours of rats were studied by the electron microscope in their relation to the surrounding tissue. On the contact surface between tumour cells (mammary carcinomas) and surrounding tissue a focal or extensive loss of the cell membranes in seen. This causes a release of cytoplasmic parts, especially of ribosome-like material. The adjacent connective tissue shows a splitting of the collagenous bundles and a fibrilloysis. In the infiltrated skeletal muscle (ransplantation tumours of rats) the tumour cells connect directly to the muscle cells. These are eroded showing ruptured fibres and loosened filaments and mitochondria, giving a moth eaten appearance. As a result of these findings we presume that the destruction of the tissue surrounding the tumour is mainly initiated by the tumour cells. For ovarian carcinomas and malignant melanomas (with few exceptions) there is no morphological sign for a specific enzymatic-lytic effect of the living tumour cells to the surrounding tissue. The findings are discussed in the aspect of the invasive tumour growth.", "contents": "[Enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic studies on the problem of infiltrating (invasive) tumor growth. 2. Electron microscopic studies]. Tumour cells of 12 mammary carcinomas, 14 ovarian carcinomas, 10 malignant melanomas of the man and 24 transplantation tumours of rats were studied by the electron microscope in their relation to the surrounding tissue. On the contact surface between tumour cells (mammary carcinomas) and surrounding tissue a focal or extensive loss of the cell membranes in seen. This causes a release of cytoplasmic parts, especially of ribosome-like material. The adjacent connective tissue shows a splitting of the collagenous bundles and a fibrilloysis. In the infiltrated skeletal muscle (ransplantation tumours of rats) the tumour cells connect directly to the muscle cells. These are eroded showing ruptured fibres and loosened filaments and mitochondria, giving a moth eaten appearance. As a result of these findings we presume that the destruction of the tissue surrounding the tumour is mainly initiated by the tumour cells. For ovarian carcinomas and malignant melanomas (with few exceptions) there is no morphological sign for a specific enzymatic-lytic effect of the living tumour cells to the surrounding tissue. The findings are discussed in the aspect of the invasive tumour growth."}
{"id": "PMID:914001", "title": "[Biostatical and biomathematical evaluation of morphometric data--illustrated on the example of the relationship between axon diameter and thickness of the myelin sheat. I. 1st data evaluation step: empiric regression].", "content": "Application of the biostatistical procedure of empirical regression on a first data processing stage is demonstrated by examples from morphometrical research concerning the connection between axon caliber and thickness of myelin sheat of nerve fibers. This mathematical kind of describing connections between continuous random variables offers advantages which are discussed under the aspects of information compressing, of automatic data processing, and of providing objective basis for the process of data handling and decision making of further evaluations.", "contents": "[Biostatical and biomathematical evaluation of morphometric data--illustrated on the example of the relationship between axon diameter and thickness of the myelin sheat. I. 1st data evaluation step: empiric regression]. Application of the biostatistical procedure of empirical regression on a first data processing stage is demonstrated by examples from morphometrical research concerning the connection between axon caliber and thickness of myelin sheat of nerve fibers. This mathematical kind of describing connections between continuous random variables offers advantages which are discussed under the aspects of information compressing, of automatic data processing, and of providing objective basis for the process of data handling and decision making of further evaluations."}
{"id": "PMID:914002", "title": "[Linear relationship between body length and brain weight].", "content": "A total of 3406 brains were used to determine the relationship between length of body and weight of brain, which at a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.3 are not very close. Individual results are in good agreement with those reported in a similar paper by Polish authors. It is suggested that additional influential factors be included in such considerations.", "contents": "[Linear relationship between body length and brain weight]. A total of 3406 brains were used to determine the relationship between length of body and weight of brain, which at a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.3 are not very close. Individual results are in good agreement with those reported in a similar paper by Polish authors. It is suggested that additional influential factors be included in such considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:914003", "title": "[Studies of transketolase activity in the kidney and the ultrastructure of liver cells of the Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) on an energy rich, thiamine-free diet].", "content": "The liver cells of Rainbow trouts (Salmo Gairdneri) were examined with electron-microscopic methods. The animals were fed for 30, 60 or 100 days with a thiaminefree diet. After such a treatment, the mitochondria are swollen in the hepatocytes, the ER often is destroyed and there are large autophagosomes. The effects were the clearer the longer the time of thiaminefree feeding. The activity of transketolase (as an indicator for the supply with thiamine) in the kidney was decreased all the longer the time of thiaminefree feeding. These effects were significant.", "contents": "[Studies of transketolase activity in the kidney and the ultrastructure of liver cells of the Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) on an energy rich, thiamine-free diet]. The liver cells of Rainbow trouts (Salmo Gairdneri) were examined with electron-microscopic methods. The animals were fed for 30, 60 or 100 days with a thiaminefree diet. After such a treatment, the mitochondria are swollen in the hepatocytes, the ER often is destroyed and there are large autophagosomes. The effects were the clearer the longer the time of thiaminefree feeding. The activity of transketolase (as an indicator for the supply with thiamine) in the kidney was decreased all the longer the time of thiaminefree feeding. These effects were significant."}
{"id": "PMID:914004", "title": "[Myelinized oxytocinergic neurosecretory fibers in the region of the median eminence of the rat].", "content": "The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract of the rat passes the zona interna of the median eminence. The oxytocinergic fibres of this tract were demonstrated by their yellow secondary fluorescence using the pseudoisocyanine-technique. In the same area the staining for myelin sheats gives positive results. The electron microscopical analysis has shown, that nerve fibres containing neurophysin vesicles in the hypothalamo-neurophysial tract can be myelinated partially. The myelinated part of the fibre tract is localized between the caudal end of the optic chiasma and the proximal part of the infundibular stalk. In the infundibulum and in the neurohypophysis myelin sheats are lacking, but the preterminal part of the paraventriculo-neurohypophysical tract is myelinated partially. Concerning the functional significance of the myelin sheats of oxytocinergic fibres it is assumed that in the region of the median eminence a release of neurohormones is prevented.", "contents": "[Myelinized oxytocinergic neurosecretory fibers in the region of the median eminence of the rat]. The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract of the rat passes the zona interna of the median eminence. The oxytocinergic fibres of this tract were demonstrated by their yellow secondary fluorescence using the pseudoisocyanine-technique. In the same area the staining for myelin sheats gives positive results. The electron microscopical analysis has shown, that nerve fibres containing neurophysin vesicles in the hypothalamo-neurophysial tract can be myelinated partially. The myelinated part of the fibre tract is localized between the caudal end of the optic chiasma and the proximal part of the infundibular stalk. In the infundibulum and in the neurohypophysis myelin sheats are lacking, but the preterminal part of the paraventriculo-neurohypophysical tract is myelinated partially. Concerning the functional significance of the myelin sheats of oxytocinergic fibres it is assumed that in the region of the median eminence a release of neurohormones is prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:914005", "title": "[Quantitative analytical registration of body-length growth in man].", "content": "Measured values concerning the body hight growth process of male human beings, and reaching from praenatal to adult state are taken from anthropometric literature. After a discussion of the mathematical tools for description (differential equation, analytical function), and of the problems connected with subdividing the whole growth period in subsequent periods the results of numerical adjustments of growth functions to measured courses of these subperiods are presented. The obtained goodness of fit is excellent so that for the purpose of formal quantitative description of the whole growth process a set of mathematical functions is available. Each of these expressions is effective only in the time interval of the corresponding growth subperiod. This set of mathematical functions will provide a objective basis for further investigations, especially for comparisons between populations, and for a mathematical analysis of acceleration phenomena in development. In the last part of the paper a mathematical-phenomenological model for the growth process is sketched. The main features of this model consist in a subdividing of the whole process in growth parts with a biological meaning, and in a mathematical description of these parts which are mutually independent but superposing one with another. Therefore the number of growth parts and also of mathematical terms are determined by biological (theoretical or phenomenological) arguments. Now each of these calculated function terms is valid for the whole time intervals in which the body hight growth process performs. The entirety of all these terms gives a seamless steady description of the changes of the growth variable in time.", "contents": "[Quantitative analytical registration of body-length growth in man]. Measured values concerning the body hight growth process of male human beings, and reaching from praenatal to adult state are taken from anthropometric literature. After a discussion of the mathematical tools for description (differential equation, analytical function), and of the problems connected with subdividing the whole growth period in subsequent periods the results of numerical adjustments of growth functions to measured courses of these subperiods are presented. The obtained goodness of fit is excellent so that for the purpose of formal quantitative description of the whole growth process a set of mathematical functions is available. Each of these expressions is effective only in the time interval of the corresponding growth subperiod. This set of mathematical functions will provide a objective basis for further investigations, especially for comparisons between populations, and for a mathematical analysis of acceleration phenomena in development. In the last part of the paper a mathematical-phenomenological model for the growth process is sketched. The main features of this model consist in a subdividing of the whole process in growth parts with a biological meaning, and in a mathematical description of these parts which are mutually independent but superposing one with another. Therefore the number of growth parts and also of mathematical terms are determined by biological (theoretical or phenomenological) arguments. Now each of these calculated function terms is valid for the whole time intervals in which the body hight growth process performs. The entirety of all these terms gives a seamless steady description of the changes of the growth variable in time."}
{"id": "PMID:914007", "title": "[Numerical procedure for the decomposition of biorhythmic processes into harmonic oscillating components].", "content": "A numerical procedure for decomposition of time series into inherent periodic nonstochastic components in form of harmonic oscillations will be explained. It is supposed that the rhythmic process is built up by these harmonic oscillating components and by a stochastic component. The procedure is a combination of Harmonic Analyses for intervals with different numbers of measured values with a significance test elaborated by R.A. Fisher for the greatest component in the spectrum. The parameter values of the harmonic oscillating components are elevated by the procedure, and the partial oscillations will be successively eliminated from the time series. The revelant application of Harmonic Analysis in any form on the one hand and of power spectra on the other will be discussed. Hints for an efficient combination of several numerical procedures are given for a decomposition of biorhythmic processes in harmonic oscillating components, and for the statistical significance of the decomposition.", "contents": "[Numerical procedure for the decomposition of biorhythmic processes into harmonic oscillating components]. A numerical procedure for decomposition of time series into inherent periodic nonstochastic components in form of harmonic oscillations will be explained. It is supposed that the rhythmic process is built up by these harmonic oscillating components and by a stochastic component. The procedure is a combination of Harmonic Analyses for intervals with different numbers of measured values with a significance test elaborated by R.A. Fisher for the greatest component in the spectrum. The parameter values of the harmonic oscillating components are elevated by the procedure, and the partial oscillations will be successively eliminated from the time series. The revelant application of Harmonic Analysis in any form on the one hand and of power spectra on the other will be discussed. Hints for an efficient combination of several numerical procedures are given for a decomposition of biorhythmic processes in harmonic oscillating components, and for the statistical significance of the decomposition."}
{"id": "PMID:914009", "title": "Cytoenzymology of benign and malignant tumours of the corpus uteri. III. Alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase and leucine aminopeptidase.", "content": "The localization and enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase and leucine aminopeptidase were studied in normal menopausal corpus uterine tissues and its benign (fibromyoma and cellular fibromyoma) and malignant tumours (endometrium adenocarcinomata and spindle cell sarcoma). Alkaline phosphatase was localized in the cytoplasm and nuclear structures and showed the highest intense activity in well-differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma. Non-specific esterase was confined to the cytoplasm and was particularly marked in undifferentiated adenocarcinoma cells. Leucine aminopeptidase was considerably higher in spindle cell sarcoma than endometrium adenocarcinoma. Generally, the aforementioned enzymes were increased in neoplastic tumour tissues of the uterus than the homologous normal tissues.", "contents": "Cytoenzymology of benign and malignant tumours of the corpus uteri. III. Alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase and leucine aminopeptidase. The localization and enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase and leucine aminopeptidase were studied in normal menopausal corpus uterine tissues and its benign (fibromyoma and cellular fibromyoma) and malignant tumours (endometrium adenocarcinomata and spindle cell sarcoma). Alkaline phosphatase was localized in the cytoplasm and nuclear structures and showed the highest intense activity in well-differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma. Non-specific esterase was confined to the cytoplasm and was particularly marked in undifferentiated adenocarcinoma cells. Leucine aminopeptidase was considerably higher in spindle cell sarcoma than endometrium adenocarcinoma. Generally, the aforementioned enzymes were increased in neoplastic tumour tissues of the uterus than the homologous normal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:914010", "title": "Effect of estrogen on the melanin content of liver of toad (Bufo melanostictus).", "content": "Estrogen injection (1 microgram/g of body weight, single injection) reduced significantly the melanin content of liver of both male and female toads. Estrogen at the dose of 0.1 microgram/g did not cause any change in the amount of melanin in liver of toads. With higher doses of the hormone (2 microgram/g, single injection) the melanin content of liver tended to decrease further but the differences was not statistically significant in comparison with the results of injection of 1 microgram of estrogen per g of body weight. The reduction in the amount of melanin in liver of both male and female toads was noticed within 24 h of injection and was contained up to the 7th day of experiment. It was also found that the maximum fall in the amount of melanin in liver took place within 3 days.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on the melanin content of liver of toad (Bufo melanostictus). Estrogen injection (1 microgram/g of body weight, single injection) reduced significantly the melanin content of liver of both male and female toads. Estrogen at the dose of 0.1 microgram/g did not cause any change in the amount of melanin in liver of toads. With higher doses of the hormone (2 microgram/g, single injection) the melanin content of liver tended to decrease further but the differences was not statistically significant in comparison with the results of injection of 1 microgram of estrogen per g of body weight. The reduction in the amount of melanin in liver of both male and female toads was noticed within 24 h of injection and was contained up to the 7th day of experiment. It was also found that the maximum fall in the amount of melanin in liver took place within 3 days."}
{"id": "PMID:914011", "title": "[Biomathematical evaluation of morphometric data--presented illustrated on the example of the relationship between axon diameter and thickness of the myelin sheath. II. Nonlinear approximations].", "content": "After the process of measuring morphometrical characteristics performing empirical regressions as a first stage of data processing is treated in the foregoing part I of the paper. The morphometrical datas have to characterize a functional relationship between two variables X and Y, in the cases in question this is the connection between axon caliber and thickness of myelin sheat of nerve fibres. Based on the results of empirical regression the second data processing stage consists in performing nonlinear approximations of the measured courses by a suitable chosen mathematical function. For this purpose the generalized logistic function is chosen for a quantitative and qualitative description of the connection between axon caliber and myelin sheat thickness. The numerical procedure and the various possibilities of the ALGOL-program for performing the approximation task are sketched. The results of this second data processing stage are discussed under the aspects of information compressing, of automatic data processing, and of providing an objective basis for the further process of evaluation and interpretation.", "contents": "[Biomathematical evaluation of morphometric data--presented illustrated on the example of the relationship between axon diameter and thickness of the myelin sheath. II. Nonlinear approximations]. After the process of measuring morphometrical characteristics performing empirical regressions as a first stage of data processing is treated in the foregoing part I of the paper. The morphometrical datas have to characterize a functional relationship between two variables X and Y, in the cases in question this is the connection between axon caliber and thickness of myelin sheat of nerve fibres. Based on the results of empirical regression the second data processing stage consists in performing nonlinear approximations of the measured courses by a suitable chosen mathematical function. For this purpose the generalized logistic function is chosen for a quantitative and qualitative description of the connection between axon caliber and myelin sheat thickness. The numerical procedure and the various possibilities of the ALGOL-program for performing the approximation task are sketched. The results of this second data processing stage are discussed under the aspects of information compressing, of automatic data processing, and of providing an objective basis for the further process of evaluation and interpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:914012", "title": "[Anatomy of the upper and lower lips between the 4th intrauterine month and labor].", "content": "Report on the histological development of the lips between the 4th and 10th month of intrauterine life with a survey of the literature. It is proposed to classify the different segments of the lip into 5 zones: Pars cutanea--Pars glabra--Pars intermedia--Pars villosa--Pars mucosa. Special interest is given to the arising of the papillae which are first to be seen around the 4th month. From the 8th month forward, they become villi which rise above the surface of the epithelium. Due to proliferation of the epithelium there is found between the 4th and 7th month a torus at the end of the Pars Villosa which ought to be named \"Torus labialis internus\". Beside this a so called \"Torus labialis externus\" is described stipulating the typical doublelip of the newborn infant. The function of the villi is discussed in connection with the bloodvessels. Because of their number and location there is likely to be a swelling-function of the lips. Finally a case is presented dealing with a sebaceous gland in the Pars mucosa.", "contents": "[Anatomy of the upper and lower lips between the 4th intrauterine month and labor]. Report on the histological development of the lips between the 4th and 10th month of intrauterine life with a survey of the literature. It is proposed to classify the different segments of the lip into 5 zones: Pars cutanea--Pars glabra--Pars intermedia--Pars villosa--Pars mucosa. Special interest is given to the arising of the papillae which are first to be seen around the 4th month. From the 8th month forward, they become villi which rise above the surface of the epithelium. Due to proliferation of the epithelium there is found between the 4th and 7th month a torus at the end of the Pars Villosa which ought to be named \"Torus labialis internus\". Beside this a so called \"Torus labialis externus\" is described stipulating the typical doublelip of the newborn infant. The function of the villi is discussed in connection with the bloodvessels. Because of their number and location there is likely to be a swelling-function of the lips. Finally a case is presented dealing with a sebaceous gland in the Pars mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:914014", "title": "[Systematic value of the larval structure and details of postlarval morphogenesis in Bryozoa gymnolaemates].", "content": "Among the various species of Bryozoa Gymnolaemata, the larvae and their development were studied, comparing the larval structure and the evolution of their cellular categories during the post-larval morphogenesis the existence of nine well-defined larval types could be revealed. Cases of insufficiently described larvae are discussed. The present systematic of Bryozoa Gymnolaemata is compared with the classification of various larval types. For the major part of cases, each systematic family is marked by a precise type of larva; however there are some exceptions, especially in the ordre Ctenostomata. These discordances may suggest some rearrangements of the classification utilized at the present time.", "contents": "[Systematic value of the larval structure and details of postlarval morphogenesis in Bryozoa gymnolaemates]. Among the various species of Bryozoa Gymnolaemata, the larvae and their development were studied, comparing the larval structure and the evolution of their cellular categories during the post-larval morphogenesis the existence of nine well-defined larval types could be revealed. Cases of insufficiently described larvae are discussed. The present systematic of Bryozoa Gymnolaemata is compared with the classification of various larval types. For the major part of cases, each systematic family is marked by a precise type of larva; however there are some exceptions, especially in the ordre Ctenostomata. These discordances may suggest some rearrangements of the classification utilized at the present time."}
{"id": "PMID:914016", "title": "[Carcinoma of the cervix, the distribution of stages from 1963 to 1976 in one hospital using the same diagnostic and therapeutic principles (author's transl)].", "content": "Advanced carcinomas of the cervix are today diagnosed in an earlier stage than previously. This phenomenon is not explained by preventive examinations. Apparently there are two different ways of avoiding the consequences of advanced carcinoma of the cervix. 1. Early diagnostic measures are expensive. This method promises the best results if it were possible to persuade those women who do not come for preventive examinations to present themselves. 2. A rising level of health consciousness is not directly related to actions by physicians. This avenue of avoiding advanced carcinoma of the cervix is however very promising. If the complex reasons for the favorable development of earlier diagnosis of invasive carcinoma of the cervix could be analyzed exactly, improvements could also be obtained through this second avenue.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the cervix, the distribution of stages from 1963 to 1976 in one hospital using the same diagnostic and therapeutic principles (author's transl)]. Advanced carcinomas of the cervix are today diagnosed in an earlier stage than previously. This phenomenon is not explained by preventive examinations. Apparently there are two different ways of avoiding the consequences of advanced carcinoma of the cervix. 1. Early diagnostic measures are expensive. This method promises the best results if it were possible to persuade those women who do not come for preventive examinations to present themselves. 2. A rising level of health consciousness is not directly related to actions by physicians. This avenue of avoiding advanced carcinoma of the cervix is however very promising. If the complex reasons for the favorable development of earlier diagnosis of invasive carcinoma of the cervix could be analyzed exactly, improvements could also be obtained through this second avenue."}
{"id": "PMID:914017", "title": "[Trace-element concentration in the human placenta in a strong contaminated environment (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of NAA the content of trace elements in human placentae from a strong contaminated environment (Essen) was determinated and compared with former results from Bavaria. The data show highly significant elevation of the concentration of Cd, Cr, La and Br in Essen, which counts for the industrial waste of this region. In contrast the element As is highly increased in placentae from the rural Bavarian districts. This may be caused by the wide spread application of plant protective insecticides in the past.", "contents": "[Trace-element concentration in the human placenta in a strong contaminated environment (author's transl)]. By means of NAA the content of trace elements in human placentae from a strong contaminated environment (Essen) was determinated and compared with former results from Bavaria. The data show highly significant elevation of the concentration of Cd, Cr, La and Br in Essen, which counts for the industrial waste of this region. In contrast the element As is highly increased in placentae from the rural Bavarian districts. This may be caused by the wide spread application of plant protective insecticides in the past."}
{"id": "PMID:914018", "title": "[The biparietal fetal diameter during twin and normal pregnancy. An ultrasonographic comparison (author's transl)].", "content": "The growth of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) of twins is compared with the BPD of the normal pregnancy during gestation. Until 26th week of gestation the growth curves of both groups are nearly identic. From the 28th week onwards the growth of the twins' BPD is remarkably less than in normal pregnancies. The difference in the 40th week is about 10 mm, it is statistically highly significant. In pregnancies of unknown duration the BPD should be measured early, i.e. before 28th-30th week with a control 4 weeks later. No twin pregnancy lasted until the 280th day post menstruationem. So in twin pregnancies the day of delivery should be determined to an earlier date, i.e. ca the 27th day post menstruationem.", "contents": "[The biparietal fetal diameter during twin and normal pregnancy. An ultrasonographic comparison (author's transl)]. The growth of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) of twins is compared with the BPD of the normal pregnancy during gestation. Until 26th week of gestation the growth curves of both groups are nearly identic. From the 28th week onwards the growth of the twins' BPD is remarkably less than in normal pregnancies. The difference in the 40th week is about 10 mm, it is statistically highly significant. In pregnancies of unknown duration the BPD should be measured early, i.e. before 28th-30th week with a control 4 weeks later. No twin pregnancy lasted until the 280th day post menstruationem. So in twin pregnancies the day of delivery should be determined to an earlier date, i.e. ca the 27th day post menstruationem."}
{"id": "PMID:914019", "title": "[Late cervical pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A cervical pregnancy which develops into the last trimester of gestation with a viable infant is a very dangerous and rare condition. A personal observation of such a case at 31 weeks gestation is added to the 8 cases known in the literature. Extreme dilatation of the cervical wall with extensive vascularization is typical for this condition associated with placenta increta or accreta. The uterine body tops the cervical pregnancy like a cap. Cesarean section followed by hysterectomy is the management of choice.", "contents": "[Late cervical pregnancy (author's transl)]. A cervical pregnancy which develops into the last trimester of gestation with a viable infant is a very dangerous and rare condition. A personal observation of such a case at 31 weeks gestation is added to the 8 cases known in the literature. Extreme dilatation of the cervical wall with extensive vascularization is typical for this condition associated with placenta increta or accreta. The uterine body tops the cervical pregnancy like a cap. Cesarean section followed by hysterectomy is the management of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:914020", "title": "[Endometrioid carcinoma of the spinal canal (author's transl)].", "content": "A woman, born in 1923, suffered since menarche of pain of the vertebra and has had a headache during menstrual periods. 1963 she developed a transverse lesion of the cord with an incomplete paraplegia because of an endometriosis externa of spinal canal. After a 12 years symptomless interval, she complained again of a transverse lesion. Histological examination disclosed an endometrioid carcinoma with infiltration of vertebral bodies. The rare occurrence of malignant transformation in endometriotic tissue is pointed out.", "contents": "[Endometrioid carcinoma of the spinal canal (author's transl)]. A woman, born in 1923, suffered since menarche of pain of the vertebra and has had a headache during menstrual periods. 1963 she developed a transverse lesion of the cord with an incomplete paraplegia because of an endometriosis externa of spinal canal. After a 12 years symptomless interval, she complained again of a transverse lesion. Histological examination disclosed an endometrioid carcinoma with infiltration of vertebral bodies. The rare occurrence of malignant transformation in endometriotic tissue is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:914021", "title": "[A comparative study of the suction and customary curettage methods in the termination of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "90 hysteroscopies using CO2 were performed to evaluate differences in effectiveness between the customary curettage and the suction methods in terminating pregnancy during the first trimenon. Following suction, the uterine cavity was nearly always thoroughly evacuated. Very seldom is there any residual tissue seen. On the contrary, the uterine cavity following termination by customary curettage was almost never completely evacuated. Very often rest tissue of decidua, usually chorionic, in some cases with villous structures, were found. Tissue remnants following termination by either method were removed by target biopsy or curettage and examined histologically. Having made the above observations and comparison, it must be concluded that the suction method is clearly the more advantageous. If applied correctly, it becomes unnecessary to perform curettage right after the suction.", "contents": "[A comparative study of the suction and customary curettage methods in the termination of pregnancy (author's transl)]. 90 hysteroscopies using CO2 were performed to evaluate differences in effectiveness between the customary curettage and the suction methods in terminating pregnancy during the first trimenon. Following suction, the uterine cavity was nearly always thoroughly evacuated. Very seldom is there any residual tissue seen. On the contrary, the uterine cavity following termination by customary curettage was almost never completely evacuated. Very often rest tissue of decidua, usually chorionic, in some cases with villous structures, were found. Tissue remnants following termination by either method were removed by target biopsy or curettage and examined histologically. Having made the above observations and comparison, it must be concluded that the suction method is clearly the more advantageous. If applied correctly, it becomes unnecessary to perform curettage right after the suction."}
{"id": "PMID:914022", "title": "[First experiences with the Fischer-score for antepartal cardiotocograms (author's transl)].", "content": "1048 antepartal cardiotocogram of 230 pregnant women have been staged on the basis of the Fischer-Score published in April 1976. Their clinical and prognostical value has been evaluated. We compared this staging with other antepartal diagnostic parameters as there are: human-placental-lactogen, estriol and retrospectively the morphology of the placenta. Fischer-Score shows in 96,5% of all defined cases an exact and actual diagnosis of the fetal status. A Fischer-Score of 4 or less is not compatible with an improvement of the fetal status. Further stage of labour must be observed very carefully and preparations for caesarean section should be performed.", "contents": "[First experiences with the Fischer-score for antepartal cardiotocograms (author's transl)]. 1048 antepartal cardiotocogram of 230 pregnant women have been staged on the basis of the Fischer-Score published in April 1976. Their clinical and prognostical value has been evaluated. We compared this staging with other antepartal diagnostic parameters as there are: human-placental-lactogen, estriol and retrospectively the morphology of the placenta. Fischer-Score shows in 96,5% of all defined cases an exact and actual diagnosis of the fetal status. A Fischer-Score of 4 or less is not compatible with an improvement of the fetal status. Further stage of labour must be observed very carefully and preparations for caesarean section should be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:914023", "title": "[The limits of tetracycline treatment in infections of the vagina (author's transl)].", "content": "The minimal inhibition concentration of Tetracycline was tested in 177 strains of gram positive and gram negative species of bacteria from the vagina which were found to be resistant to Tetracycline in the Agardiffusion Test. 170 of the 177 strains (96%) were inhibited with a Tetracycline concentration of 512 microgram/ml. Six Klebsiella-enterobacter strains and one proteus morgaini strain needed a minimal inhibition concentration of 1024 microgram/ml. For a successful local treatment of vaginitis by Tetracycline against species highly resistant to Tetracycline local Tetracycline levels of 1000 microgram/ml or better have to be obtained. Concomitant preventive treatment of fungi for instance, with amphotericin containing drugs such as mysteclin is indicated.", "contents": "[The limits of tetracycline treatment in infections of the vagina (author's transl)]. The minimal inhibition concentration of Tetracycline was tested in 177 strains of gram positive and gram negative species of bacteria from the vagina which were found to be resistant to Tetracycline in the Agardiffusion Test. 170 of the 177 strains (96%) were inhibited with a Tetracycline concentration of 512 microgram/ml. Six Klebsiella-enterobacter strains and one proteus morgaini strain needed a minimal inhibition concentration of 1024 microgram/ml. For a successful local treatment of vaginitis by Tetracycline against species highly resistant to Tetracycline local Tetracycline levels of 1000 microgram/ml or better have to be obtained. Concomitant preventive treatment of fungi for instance, with amphotericin containing drugs such as mysteclin is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:914024", "title": "[Spontaneous vaginal delivery in a case of total placenta previa (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 26 year old gravida 2, Para O, Aborta 1, a total placenta previa was diagnosed at 30 weeks gestation in an ultrasound tomogram. A repeat ultrasound examination 9 weeks later showed no more placenta previa in front of the cervix. This was at first interpreted as a change in the site of the placenta during the pregnancy. During the spontaneous labour the contractions, fetal heart rate and the intermittent scalp pH were monitored. A spontaneous vertex presentation delivery of a normal infant through the placenta resulted. Microscopic examination of the placenta showed a central defect with wide marginal infarcts probably due to compression atrophy by the presenting part.", "contents": "[Spontaneous vaginal delivery in a case of total placenta previa (author's transl)]. In a 26 year old gravida 2, Para O, Aborta 1, a total placenta previa was diagnosed at 30 weeks gestation in an ultrasound tomogram. A repeat ultrasound examination 9 weeks later showed no more placenta previa in front of the cervix. This was at first interpreted as a change in the site of the placenta during the pregnancy. During the spontaneous labour the contractions, fetal heart rate and the intermittent scalp pH were monitored. A spontaneous vertex presentation delivery of a normal infant through the placenta resulted. Microscopic examination of the placenta showed a central defect with wide marginal infarcts probably due to compression atrophy by the presenting part."}
{"id": "PMID:914025", "title": "[Population problems of the present (author's transl)].", "content": "At present objective predications on the trend of the population development at give economic and social conditions are very difficult since neither the axiom to report the facts correctly nor the axiom of neutrality in reporting determine what should or should not be included into the description of a situation. Common expressions such as population politics, marriage fatigue, contraction of the birth rate, generative behavior, contraception, termination of pregnancies, birth corntol capitalist economic order are loaded with emotions and can therefore not be considered to be neutral determinants in the description. In the field of demography and sociology no exact methodology and theory comparable to the natural sciences is existent. The solution to the described problem is probably linked to the question whether increasing technology and increasing intricacy of the organizations and increasing productions are compatable with the improvement of individual life expression. Temporarily attention is diverted by theoretical fashion trends, however old interest in finding the truth is not eliminated and the realization that the wish for a scientific solution is not within the realm of possibility, leads to resignation. Clarification of the basic factors requires a lot of individual thought. Demography and sociology are in danger when the demographer and sociologic identify with a certain economic or sociologic system, since this threatens to eliminate logical thought. Divergent opinions are given factors in any demographic or sociologic problem and must be accepted although they should always be criticized.", "contents": "[Population problems of the present (author's transl)]. At present objective predications on the trend of the population development at give economic and social conditions are very difficult since neither the axiom to report the facts correctly nor the axiom of neutrality in reporting determine what should or should not be included into the description of a situation. Common expressions such as population politics, marriage fatigue, contraction of the birth rate, generative behavior, contraception, termination of pregnancies, birth corntol capitalist economic order are loaded with emotions and can therefore not be considered to be neutral determinants in the description. In the field of demography and sociology no exact methodology and theory comparable to the natural sciences is existent. The solution to the described problem is probably linked to the question whether increasing technology and increasing intricacy of the organizations and increasing productions are compatable with the improvement of individual life expression. Temporarily attention is diverted by theoretical fashion trends, however old interest in finding the truth is not eliminated and the realization that the wish for a scientific solution is not within the realm of possibility, leads to resignation. Clarification of the basic factors requires a lot of individual thought. Demography and sociology are in danger when the demographer and sociologic identify with a certain economic or sociologic system, since this threatens to eliminate logical thought. Divergent opinions are given factors in any demographic or sociologic problem and must be accepted although they should always be criticized."}
{"id": "PMID:914026", "title": "[Clinical studies on analgesia in obstetrics using intravenous administration of droperidol and pethidin (author's transl)].", "content": "In 70 healthy women under labor, the clinical properties of the combination DHB (0,1 mg/kg) and Pethidin (0.4 mg/kg) was studied for analgesia purposes in obstetrics; on request, Pethidin was given repeatedly. The fallowing conclusions can be drawn from this study: 1. The recommended \"analgesic mixture\" of DHB and Pethidin i.v. in the above mentioned doses is usually without harm to mothers and fetuses or new born respectively. 2. The Pethidin dosage, used in this study, agrees with the doses, recommended in the literature (0,4 mg/kg/h). 3. There was no difference between I-para, II, III-para etc., as far as the Pethidin requirement are concerned. 4. The analgesic properties of the mixture, judged by using clinical criteria only, were not quite convincing. This may be due to an increase of the intensity of uterine contractions by the mixture itself.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on analgesia in obstetrics using intravenous administration of droperidol and pethidin (author's transl)]. In 70 healthy women under labor, the clinical properties of the combination DHB (0,1 mg/kg) and Pethidin (0.4 mg/kg) was studied for analgesia purposes in obstetrics; on request, Pethidin was given repeatedly. The fallowing conclusions can be drawn from this study: 1. The recommended \"analgesic mixture\" of DHB and Pethidin i.v. in the above mentioned doses is usually without harm to mothers and fetuses or new born respectively. 2. The Pethidin dosage, used in this study, agrees with the doses, recommended in the literature (0,4 mg/kg/h). 3. There was no difference between I-para, II, III-para etc., as far as the Pethidin requirement are concerned. 4. The analgesic properties of the mixture, judged by using clinical criteria only, were not quite convincing. This may be due to an increase of the intensity of uterine contractions by the mixture itself."}
{"id": "PMID:914027", "title": "[Experience with the trans-uterine tubal coagulation with high frequency current and the thermo method under hysteroscopic control (author's transl)].", "content": "With the aid of the carbon dioxide hysteroscope, 152 patients underwent transuterine tubal sterilization. 106 women had high frequency current coagulations of the tubes. At follow-up examinations 62 tubes were occluded and 30 showed a unilateral tubal occlusion. These results did not improve by using the thermo coagulation method since only 10 out of 24 patients showed bilateral tubal occlusion and two unilateral tubal occlusions. Up to 20 months following the transuterine tubal sterilization, 28 of the 152 women became pregnant. Of these, 16 became pregnant in spite of hysterosalpingographic evidence of bilateral tubal occlusion. Two patients required emegency laparotomies because of small bowel injuries. Within the coagulation times and temperature ranges used in this series, the results of trans-uterine tubal sterilization are unsatisfactory. It is possible that other types of hysteroscopic tubal sterilizations which are now being developed will be more successful.", "contents": "[Experience with the trans-uterine tubal coagulation with high frequency current and the thermo method under hysteroscopic control (author's transl)]. With the aid of the carbon dioxide hysteroscope, 152 patients underwent transuterine tubal sterilization. 106 women had high frequency current coagulations of the tubes. At follow-up examinations 62 tubes were occluded and 30 showed a unilateral tubal occlusion. These results did not improve by using the thermo coagulation method since only 10 out of 24 patients showed bilateral tubal occlusion and two unilateral tubal occlusions. Up to 20 months following the transuterine tubal sterilization, 28 of the 152 women became pregnant. Of these, 16 became pregnant in spite of hysterosalpingographic evidence of bilateral tubal occlusion. Two patients required emegency laparotomies because of small bowel injuries. Within the coagulation times and temperature ranges used in this series, the results of trans-uterine tubal sterilization are unsatisfactory. It is possible that other types of hysteroscopic tubal sterilizations which are now being developed will be more successful."}
{"id": "PMID:914028", "title": "Induction of thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutants and single-strand breaks in the DNA of Chinese hamster ovary cells by 3H-thymidine.", "content": "Cultured Chinese hamster cells were labeled with 6-3H-thymidine or 5-methyl-3H-thymidine and allowed to accumulate damage from 3H decays for various periods of time while frozen. The frequencies of cells resistant to 6-thioguanine or ouabain and the amount of DNA damage (i.e., number of single-strand breaks) were determined and compared with the mutation frequencies resulting from X and ultraviolet light irradiation. Whereas 3H decays and X rays made only 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants, ultraviolet light made both 6-thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutants. 3H decays originating at the 6 position were two to three times as effective as decays at the 5-methyl position in making drug-resistant mutants, but decays at both sites were equally effective in making single-strand breaks. Mutants and strand breaks produced by beta irradiation of the nucleus probably are the same irrespective of the site of the decay in thymine; these results indicate that the local transmutation effects of 3H decay produce more mutations when they occur at the 6 position than at the 5-methyl position.", "contents": "Induction of thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutants and single-strand breaks in the DNA of Chinese hamster ovary cells by 3H-thymidine. Cultured Chinese hamster cells were labeled with 6-3H-thymidine or 5-methyl-3H-thymidine and allowed to accumulate damage from 3H decays for various periods of time while frozen. The frequencies of cells resistant to 6-thioguanine or ouabain and the amount of DNA damage (i.e., number of single-strand breaks) were determined and compared with the mutation frequencies resulting from X and ultraviolet light irradiation. Whereas 3H decays and X rays made only 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants, ultraviolet light made both 6-thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutants. 3H decays originating at the 6 position were two to three times as effective as decays at the 5-methyl position in making drug-resistant mutants, but decays at both sites were equally effective in making single-strand breaks. Mutants and strand breaks produced by beta irradiation of the nucleus probably are the same irrespective of the site of the decay in thymine; these results indicate that the local transmutation effects of 3H decay produce more mutations when they occur at the 6 position than at the 5-methyl position."}
{"id": "PMID:914029", "title": "Adaptation at specific loci. I. Natural selection on phosphoglucose isomerase of Colias butterflies: Biochemical and population aspects.", "content": "Electrophoretic variants of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) in Colias butterflies have been studied from field and laboratory viewpoints. The transmission pattern is that of a dimeric enzyme controlled by one structural gene locus. Populations usually harbor four to six allelic mobility classes. These mobility classes are shared among species complexes, though their frequencies differ widely. Preliminary Ferguson plot analysis of the variants has been carried out. Purified preparations of Colias PGI alleles are more effective in standardizing Ferguson plots than heterologous proteins, such as ferritin. Variation of Ferguson plot parameters is not an infallible guide to electrophoretically \"cryptic alleles,\" as one putative case proved to be due to nonallele-specific effects. S, M, and F mobility classes in two Colias semispecies show the same retardation coefficients in Ferguson plots. Adults early in the flight periods of their nonoverlapping generations show genotype frequencies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but heterozygote excess develops as the insects age. Simple directional selection and large-scale population mixing are unlikely to be causes of this, although several other selection modes remain possible. Identical-by-descent lines of the four frequent-to-common alleles in C. eurytheme have been set up in culture, and enzyme has been purified from these for study of functional properties. Major differenecs in heat stability and in various kinetic parameters are found among the ten possible genotypes. In some cases, heterosis for kinetic parameters is seen; in other cases, opposing trends in kinetic function and heat stability create potential for net heterosis in function. Possible interpretations of these results in an adaptive metabolic context are discussed, and directions for further work are stated.", "contents": "Adaptation at specific loci. I. Natural selection on phosphoglucose isomerase of Colias butterflies: Biochemical and population aspects. Electrophoretic variants of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) in Colias butterflies have been studied from field and laboratory viewpoints. The transmission pattern is that of a dimeric enzyme controlled by one structural gene locus. Populations usually harbor four to six allelic mobility classes. These mobility classes are shared among species complexes, though their frequencies differ widely. Preliminary Ferguson plot analysis of the variants has been carried out. Purified preparations of Colias PGI alleles are more effective in standardizing Ferguson plots than heterologous proteins, such as ferritin. Variation of Ferguson plot parameters is not an infallible guide to electrophoretically \"cryptic alleles,\" as one putative case proved to be due to nonallele-specific effects. S, M, and F mobility classes in two Colias semispecies show the same retardation coefficients in Ferguson plots. Adults early in the flight periods of their nonoverlapping generations show genotype frequencies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but heterozygote excess develops as the insects age. Simple directional selection and large-scale population mixing are unlikely to be causes of this, although several other selection modes remain possible. Identical-by-descent lines of the four frequent-to-common alleles in C. eurytheme have been set up in culture, and enzyme has been purified from these for study of functional properties. Major differenecs in heat stability and in various kinetic parameters are found among the ten possible genotypes. In some cases, heterosis for kinetic parameters is seen; in other cases, opposing trends in kinetic function and heat stability create potential for net heterosis in function. Possible interpretations of these results in an adaptive metabolic context are discussed, and directions for further work are stated."}
{"id": "PMID:914030", "title": "[Change in the radiosensitivity of chromosomes during the S-period in cells of regenerating rat liver].", "content": "Change in radiosensitivity of chromosomes in the course of the S-period and the degree of the post-irradiation inhibition of DNA synthesis in cells of regenerating rat liver is studied. The frequency of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations at 150-600 r doses was established to vary during the S-period, being the highest at the early stage of this period and the lowest at its late stage. The dependence of the frequency of initiation of chromosome aberrations on the radiation dose is the most conspicuous for cells irradiated in the beginning of the S-period, whereas in the end of the S-period no such dependency is observed. Besides, it is found that the irradiation of animals at 150-600 r doses results in the inhibition of DNA synthesis mainly in the end of the S-period. As it is shown by the comparison of the yield of chromosome aberrations to the inhibition of DNA synthesis, the yield of chromosome aberrations decreases in case of DNA synthesis suppression during the S-period.", "contents": "[Change in the radiosensitivity of chromosomes during the S-period in cells of regenerating rat liver]. Change in radiosensitivity of chromosomes in the course of the S-period and the degree of the post-irradiation inhibition of DNA synthesis in cells of regenerating rat liver is studied. The frequency of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations at 150-600 r doses was established to vary during the S-period, being the highest at the early stage of this period and the lowest at its late stage. The dependence of the frequency of initiation of chromosome aberrations on the radiation dose is the most conspicuous for cells irradiated in the beginning of the S-period, whereas in the end of the S-period no such dependency is observed. Besides, it is found that the irradiation of animals at 150-600 r doses results in the inhibition of DNA synthesis mainly in the end of the S-period. As it is shown by the comparison of the yield of chromosome aberrations to the inhibition of DNA synthesis, the yield of chromosome aberrations decreases in case of DNA synthesis suppression during the S-period."}
{"id": "PMID:914031", "title": "[Age specificity of the effect of 5-bromdeoxyuridine on the differentiation and puff spectrum of the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila virilis Sturt. I. Relationship between the viability of individuals and induction of new puffs and the period of action of 5-bromdeoxyuridine].", "content": "5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) influences the differentiation of the imaginal discs, larval viability and the chromosome puffing throughout the larval development. The differentiation of imaginal discs is more sensitive during the early 3rd instar. \"cryptocephal\" phenocopy appeared if the larvae were reared in the BUdR medium till the late 2nd instar. 2nd and 3rd instars are critical for the larval viability. During the period of the middle 3rd instar BUdR induced the complete spectrum of the newly forming specific puffs.", "contents": "[Age specificity of the effect of 5-bromdeoxyuridine on the differentiation and puff spectrum of the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila virilis Sturt. I. Relationship between the viability of individuals and induction of new puffs and the period of action of 5-bromdeoxyuridine]. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) influences the differentiation of the imaginal discs, larval viability and the chromosome puffing throughout the larval development. The differentiation of imaginal discs is more sensitive during the early 3rd instar. \"cryptocephal\" phenocopy appeared if the larvae were reared in the BUdR medium till the late 2nd instar. 2nd and 3rd instars are critical for the larval viability. During the period of the middle 3rd instar BUdR induced the complete spectrum of the newly forming specific puffs."}
{"id": "PMID:914032", "title": "[Stable inheritable increase in the level of cell mortality (experiments on Amoeba proteus exposed to heat and radiation)].", "content": "Amoeba proteus cultivated as individual lines qt 24 degrees C were exposed to heating at 29 degrees C during three days or to X-rays of 200 kv at a dose of 5 kh or to combination of both. The original method -- periodical resumption of individual lines from sister-cells -- was used to observe the offspring of amoebae during 8 months. It is found that not only radiation but slight heating as well induce unusual hereditary effect in amoebae: stable increase of cell mortality level. The effect was the same at combination of both radiation and heating. It is likely that radiation as well as temperature act on one and the same cell responsible system.", "contents": "[Stable inheritable increase in the level of cell mortality (experiments on Amoeba proteus exposed to heat and radiation)]. Amoeba proteus cultivated as individual lines qt 24 degrees C were exposed to heating at 29 degrees C during three days or to X-rays of 200 kv at a dose of 5 kh or to combination of both. The original method -- periodical resumption of individual lines from sister-cells -- was used to observe the offspring of amoebae during 8 months. It is found that not only radiation but slight heating as well induce unusual hereditary effect in amoebae: stable increase of cell mortality level. The effect was the same at combination of both radiation and heating. It is likely that radiation as well as temperature act on one and the same cell responsible system."}
{"id": "PMID:914033", "title": "[Undifferentiated X-linked oligophrenias].", "content": "In the course of investigation of 262 families with non-differentiated forms of oligophrenias it is established that in 48 families (18.3%) mental deficiency in sibs is caused by pathological mutations in the X-chromosome. Besides, it is not excluded that in certain inbred families oligophrenia in female persons is also, due to mutations linked with X-chromosome. This is supported by the dependence established between the frequency of the cases of oligophrenia among female persons and the inbreeding coefficient for the X-linked loci. The possibility of manifestation of the recessive genes of oligophrenia linked with X-chromosomes in heterozygous state is discussed.", "contents": "[Undifferentiated X-linked oligophrenias]. In the course of investigation of 262 families with non-differentiated forms of oligophrenias it is established that in 48 families (18.3%) mental deficiency in sibs is caused by pathological mutations in the X-chromosome. Besides, it is not excluded that in certain inbred families oligophrenia in female persons is also, due to mutations linked with X-chromosome. This is supported by the dependence established between the frequency of the cases of oligophrenia among female persons and the inbreeding coefficient for the X-linked loci. The possibility of manifestation of the recessive genes of oligophrenia linked with X-chromosomes in heterozygous state is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914034", "title": "[Quantitative aspects of the formation of a half chromatid chiasma as an intermediate product of genetic recombination in bacteriophages].", "content": "Formal genetic consequences of generation and break-up of a half chromatid chiasma have been studied on the basis of a model with the symmetric exchange of two strands between parental DNA molecules. In recombination analysis, generation and break-up of this structure gives rise to a critical frequency R (zeta), which corresponds to recombination between two markers separated by a distance equal to the mean genetic length zeta of the hybrid region at the time of scission of the cross connection. The use of the distance zata as a natural unit of a genetic map is suggested. In the case of bacteriophage T4 under conditions of standard crosses the half chromatid chiasma is characterized by the value R (zata) equal to 3.0-10(-2), the structure acquiring with equal probability either of the two alternative isomeric configurations at the time of scission of the cross connection. About four per cent of the total number of mismatches as a result of break-up to the half chromatid chiasm were repaired.", "contents": "[Quantitative aspects of the formation of a half chromatid chiasma as an intermediate product of genetic recombination in bacteriophages]. Formal genetic consequences of generation and break-up of a half chromatid chiasma have been studied on the basis of a model with the symmetric exchange of two strands between parental DNA molecules. In recombination analysis, generation and break-up of this structure gives rise to a critical frequency R (zeta), which corresponds to recombination between two markers separated by a distance equal to the mean genetic length zeta of the hybrid region at the time of scission of the cross connection. The use of the distance zata as a natural unit of a genetic map is suggested. In the case of bacteriophage T4 under conditions of standard crosses the half chromatid chiasma is characterized by the value R (zata) equal to 3.0-10(-2), the structure acquiring with equal probability either of the two alternative isomeric configurations at the time of scission of the cross connection. About four per cent of the total number of mismatches as a result of break-up to the half chromatid chiasm were repaired."}
{"id": "PMID:914035", "title": "[Survival of mutant clones. I. Qualitative analysis of the competition of 2 clones].", "content": "Effects which are not in fact connected with the selection or are connected with usual selection (\"s\" is constant) are errouneously described in some works on \"randomly varying selection coefficient s\" as specific ones. A model is suggested for the scription of the two clones competition in terms of matrix game theory. Using this model, gene-mutator was shown not to be selectively valid in the case when its activity is not controlled by genetic system.", "contents": "[Survival of mutant clones. I. Qualitative analysis of the competition of 2 clones]. Effects which are not in fact connected with the selection or are connected with usual selection (\"s\" is constant) are errouneously described in some works on \"randomly varying selection coefficient s\" as specific ones. A model is suggested for the scription of the two clones competition in terms of matrix game theory. Using this model, gene-mutator was shown not to be selectively valid in the case when its activity is not controlled by genetic system."}
{"id": "PMID:914036", "title": "[Survival of mutant clones. II. Majorant analysis of the fate of a mutant in a polymorphic colony].", "content": "Selection of mutants with small differences in selection coefficients was shown not to be essential for the clone evolution. A decrease in propagation is essential for surviving in inadeptive conditions, but this fact is an obstacle of the genetic adaptation.", "contents": "[Survival of mutant clones. II. Majorant analysis of the fate of a mutant in a polymorphic colony]. Selection of mutants with small differences in selection coefficients was shown not to be essential for the clone evolution. A decrease in propagation is essential for surviving in inadeptive conditions, but this fact is an obstacle of the genetic adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:914050", "title": "Skeletal status in mentally retarded patients on anticonvulsive therapy.", "content": "X-ray densitometric measurement of radius mineral content and radiogrammetry of the cortical index of the second metacarpal were made on 644 institutionalized mentally retarded males and females, 224 of whom had received long-term anticonvulsant drug treatment. Analysis of variance of radius mineral content and metacarpal cortical index indicated that values for mentally retarded persons are not significantly different from the normal-for-age values. Radius density among anticonvulsant males, however, was significantly lower than that of non-anticonvulsant males in four out of five age groups. Among females the anticonvulsant patients were not significantly lower in radius density than the non-anticonvulsant females. Similar trends were evident in cortical indices of the second metacarpal: Two out of five age groups of anticonvulsant males were significantly lower than non-anticonvulsant males, while only one of five age groups of anticonvulsant females was significantly lower than non-anticonvulsant females. The effects of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital are similar in their adverse effects on bone growth and development.", "contents": "Skeletal status in mentally retarded patients on anticonvulsive therapy. X-ray densitometric measurement of radius mineral content and radiogrammetry of the cortical index of the second metacarpal were made on 644 institutionalized mentally retarded males and females, 224 of whom had received long-term anticonvulsant drug treatment. Analysis of variance of radius mineral content and metacarpal cortical index indicated that values for mentally retarded persons are not significantly different from the normal-for-age values. Radius density among anticonvulsant males, however, was significantly lower than that of non-anticonvulsant males in four out of five age groups. Among females the anticonvulsant patients were not significantly lower in radius density than the non-anticonvulsant females. Similar trends were evident in cortical indices of the second metacarpal: Two out of five age groups of anticonvulsant males were significantly lower than non-anticonvulsant males, while only one of five age groups of anticonvulsant females was significantly lower than non-anticonvulsant females. The effects of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital are similar in their adverse effects on bone growth and development."}
{"id": "PMID:914051", "title": "Proteoglycan and collagen of \"achondroplastic\" (cn/cn) neonatal mouse cartilage.", "content": "Proteoglycans and collagen were analyzed in epiphyseal cartilage of 5 day old mice homozygous for the recessive gene, achondroplasia, and their normal littermates. No significant differences were observed in either hydroxyproline or hexosamine content. Extractable proteoglycans from control and mutant tissue were found to contain a similar distribution of aggregate and monomer. The component glycosaminoglycans were similar in size and composition. Collagen from both was identified as type II collagen. In addition, the collagen content of hind limb bones of 28 day dwarf mice was found to be similar to control amounts. These findings suggest that dwarfism in the cn/cn mouse is not associated with a defect in any of the major matrix constituents.", "contents": "Proteoglycan and collagen of \"achondroplastic\" (cn/cn) neonatal mouse cartilage. Proteoglycans and collagen were analyzed in epiphyseal cartilage of 5 day old mice homozygous for the recessive gene, achondroplasia, and their normal littermates. No significant differences were observed in either hydroxyproline or hexosamine content. Extractable proteoglycans from control and mutant tissue were found to contain a similar distribution of aggregate and monomer. The component glycosaminoglycans were similar in size and composition. Collagen from both was identified as type II collagen. In addition, the collagen content of hind limb bones of 28 day dwarf mice was found to be similar to control amounts. These findings suggest that dwarfism in the cn/cn mouse is not associated with a defect in any of the major matrix constituents."}
{"id": "PMID:914052", "title": "Correlation between maternal weight gain during gestation and fetal and placental growth in rats.", "content": "In rats, maternal weight gain during the later third of pregnancy was correlated with fetal body weight, brain weight and DNA content as well as placental weight near term. Fetal body and placental growth was unrelated to maternal weight increases during pregnancy. A significant inverse correlation between fetal brain DNA content and maternal weight gain was found. This was related to litter size since the smaller the litter size, the less the maternal weight gain during pregnancy and the greater the DNA content of the fetal brain. These data emphasize the importance of controlling for litter number in growth studies.", "contents": "Correlation between maternal weight gain during gestation and fetal and placental growth in rats. In rats, maternal weight gain during the later third of pregnancy was correlated with fetal body weight, brain weight and DNA content as well as placental weight near term. Fetal body and placental growth was unrelated to maternal weight increases during pregnancy. A significant inverse correlation between fetal brain DNA content and maternal weight gain was found. This was related to litter size since the smaller the litter size, the less the maternal weight gain during pregnancy and the greater the DNA content of the fetal brain. These data emphasize the importance of controlling for litter number in growth studies."}
{"id": "PMID:914053", "title": "The effects of audiogenic stress on the growth of long bones in the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus).", "content": "It has been demonstrated that experimentally induced cold stress produces a stunting effect in the limbs of rodents. Such an effect has also been reported for the dentition and limbs in response to other stressors (heat, cold). Recent research into the effects of various stressors on the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry demonstrated that general stress increases the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry in experimental animals. However, no increase in the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry of limb length was reported as a response of general stress. In the light of such studies the present research investigates the relationship between stress and the mass per unit length of limbs. The stressor chosen for the present study was audiogenic stress as it has been demonstrated to induce the general stress syndrome and also increase the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry. Audiogenic stress is found to produce increases in the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry of the mass per unit length of long bones in the laboratory rat. Also the absolute values of long bone length and mass per unit length are significantly smaller in stressed animals when compared with controls. The relationship between the stress induced stunting of linear dimensions and the increase in the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of audiogenic stress on the growth of long bones in the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus). It has been demonstrated that experimentally induced cold stress produces a stunting effect in the limbs of rodents. Such an effect has also been reported for the dentition and limbs in response to other stressors (heat, cold). Recent research into the effects of various stressors on the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry demonstrated that general stress increases the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry in experimental animals. However, no increase in the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry of limb length was reported as a response of general stress. In the light of such studies the present research investigates the relationship between stress and the mass per unit length of limbs. The stressor chosen for the present study was audiogenic stress as it has been demonstrated to induce the general stress syndrome and also increase the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry. Audiogenic stress is found to produce increases in the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry of the mass per unit length of long bones in the laboratory rat. Also the absolute values of long bone length and mass per unit length are significantly smaller in stressed animals when compared with controls. The relationship between the stress induced stunting of linear dimensions and the increase in the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914054", "title": "Molar polymorphisms and the timing of dentition mineralization.", "content": "The chronological age, skeletal age, and morphological age at the time of mineralization of 14 stages of the permanent teeth of 121 boys and 111 girls of the serial experimental sample of the Burlington Growth Centre were contrasted according to whether or not the children had 4- or 5-cusped mandibular permanent first molars, and whether or not they had agenesis of one or more third molars. In the boys with 4-cusped mandibular first molars, the mineralization of the teeth occurred at significantly earlier chronological and skeletal ages when they were significantly shorter in stature. Tooth mineralization was not consistently earlier in the girls with 4-cusped molars, but these girls tended to be taller and heavier than those with 5-cusped molars. In contrast, in both sexes with agenesis of third molars, the mineralization of the teeth was significantly delayed according to chronological, skeletal and morphological evaluation. The change in timing of mineralization was greatest for the second premolars and second molars, and least for the first molars.", "contents": "Molar polymorphisms and the timing of dentition mineralization. The chronological age, skeletal age, and morphological age at the time of mineralization of 14 stages of the permanent teeth of 121 boys and 111 girls of the serial experimental sample of the Burlington Growth Centre were contrasted according to whether or not the children had 4- or 5-cusped mandibular permanent first molars, and whether or not they had agenesis of one or more third molars. In the boys with 4-cusped mandibular first molars, the mineralization of the teeth occurred at significantly earlier chronological and skeletal ages when they were significantly shorter in stature. Tooth mineralization was not consistently earlier in the girls with 4-cusped molars, but these girls tended to be taller and heavier than those with 5-cusped molars. In contrast, in both sexes with agenesis of third molars, the mineralization of the teeth was significantly delayed according to chronological, skeletal and morphological evaluation. The change in timing of mineralization was greatest for the second premolars and second molars, and least for the first molars."}
{"id": "PMID:914055", "title": "Modulation of lipids in the chick liver by \"hypophysectomy\" and replacement.", "content": "The effect of \"hypophysectomy\" by means of surgical decapitation upon total lipids in developing chick embryo liver has been studied from 10.5 to 18.5 days of incubation. \"Hypophysectomy\" results in subnormal levels of hepatic lipid per whole liver throughout this period. Data expressed as mg lipid per 100 mg liver corrected wet weight also results in decreased liver lipid concentrations after day 14.5. In \"hypophysectomized\" embryos bearing pituitary transplants, liver total lipid amounts and concentrations are significantly increased toward normal values. The possible role(s) of the pituitary in the control of embryonic liver lipid metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "Modulation of lipids in the chick liver by \"hypophysectomy\" and replacement. The effect of \"hypophysectomy\" by means of surgical decapitation upon total lipids in developing chick embryo liver has been studied from 10.5 to 18.5 days of incubation. \"Hypophysectomy\" results in subnormal levels of hepatic lipid per whole liver throughout this period. Data expressed as mg lipid per 100 mg liver corrected wet weight also results in decreased liver lipid concentrations after day 14.5. In \"hypophysectomized\" embryos bearing pituitary transplants, liver total lipid amounts and concentrations are significantly increased toward normal values. The possible role(s) of the pituitary in the control of embryonic liver lipid metabolism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914056", "title": "Alaskan Malamute chondrodysplasia III. Connective tissue of bone.", "content": "The dwarf Alaskan Malamute was compared in these studies with normal Alaskan Malamutes of the same age with regard to collagen and mucopolysaccharide components of the bone. The hydroxyproline concentration of bone segments was normal in most instances, whereas, the hexosamine concentration was increased (P less than .05) in distal segments. Alterations in amounts of collagen soluble in neutral salt, dilute acid and 5 M guanidine hydrochloride were observed and these were related to changes in subunits found following chromatography on carboxymethyl (CM) cellulose. The presence of an increased keratosulfate fraction in dwarf Alaskan Malamutes was consistent with an apparent delayed bone ossification process. These changes in the connective tissue moieties may account for the gross morphology with respect to the bowed legs. The primary cause for these changes has not yet been determined but alterations in factors related to processes of normal development in bone are suggested. The present observations tend to support the hypothesis that the changes in the bone are secondary to some other primary metabolic defect.", "contents": "Alaskan Malamute chondrodysplasia III. Connective tissue of bone. The dwarf Alaskan Malamute was compared in these studies with normal Alaskan Malamutes of the same age with regard to collagen and mucopolysaccharide components of the bone. The hydroxyproline concentration of bone segments was normal in most instances, whereas, the hexosamine concentration was increased (P less than .05) in distal segments. Alterations in amounts of collagen soluble in neutral salt, dilute acid and 5 M guanidine hydrochloride were observed and these were related to changes in subunits found following chromatography on carboxymethyl (CM) cellulose. The presence of an increased keratosulfate fraction in dwarf Alaskan Malamutes was consistent with an apparent delayed bone ossification process. These changes in the connective tissue moieties may account for the gross morphology with respect to the bowed legs. The primary cause for these changes has not yet been determined but alterations in factors related to processes of normal development in bone are suggested. The present observations tend to support the hypothesis that the changes in the bone are secondary to some other primary metabolic defect."}
{"id": "PMID:914057", "title": "Alaskan malamute chondrodysplasia IV. Concentrations of zinc, copper and iron in various tissues.", "content": "Trace mineral concentrations in various tissues of the chondrodysplastic (dwarf) Alaskan Malamute are remarkably different as compared to normal. The zinc level in heart tissue was depressed in dwarf animals (26 weeks). Copper concentration in the liver is elevated two to four fold in 26 week old dwarf animals and iron levels are significantly elevated in kidney, liver and pancreas of these animals. These observations suggest that the dwarf Alaskan Malamutes suffer from a genetic defect in trace mineral metabolism. If this is the case, then many of the skeletal lesions reported for these animals may be attributed to disorders in either zinc or copper metabolism.", "contents": "Alaskan malamute chondrodysplasia IV. Concentrations of zinc, copper and iron in various tissues. Trace mineral concentrations in various tissues of the chondrodysplastic (dwarf) Alaskan Malamute are remarkably different as compared to normal. The zinc level in heart tissue was depressed in dwarf animals (26 weeks). Copper concentration in the liver is elevated two to four fold in 26 week old dwarf animals and iron levels are significantly elevated in kidney, liver and pancreas of these animals. These observations suggest that the dwarf Alaskan Malamutes suffer from a genetic defect in trace mineral metabolism. If this is the case, then many of the skeletal lesions reported for these animals may be attributed to disorders in either zinc or copper metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:914058", "title": "Effect of dietary restrictions and source of rats on growth rate and efficiency of conversion of food into muscles, bones and organs.", "content": "Differences in weight of the body, six different skeletal muscles, epididymal fat pads, three different bones, spleen, heart, kidneys, testes and liver were observed in 21-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats from two different suppliers. All rats were pair-fed a 10% casein diet ad libitum, 10%, 20%, 30% restricted for 4 or 8 weeks. Original body and tissue weight differences between the two strains of rats were maintained in all diets during the 4 and 8 week feeding periods. Trends in body and tissue weight changes due to dietary restriction were similar in both strains of rats. Diet restrictions for 4 or 8 weeks caused similar patterns of weight decrease in most tissues. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) was reduced significantly at the 20% and 30% restriction for 4 weeks only in the lighter strain of rats. FER was higher in the heavier strain than in the lighter strain of rats at all levels of diet restriction. Food conversion efficiency with reduced food intake was constant or decreased depending on the skeletal muscle studied; decreased significantly for epididymal fat pad, bone weight (one strain only), kidneys and liver (one strain only) with the 30% reduced diet for 4 weeks; and increased for bone length and testes weight. Therefore, significant deviations from ad libitum controls were found only at 30% diet restriction, and the wide differences in body and tissue weight of two strains of Sprague-Dawley rats did not affect the interpretation of results when fed the same restricted diets.", "contents": "Effect of dietary restrictions and source of rats on growth rate and efficiency of conversion of food into muscles, bones and organs. Differences in weight of the body, six different skeletal muscles, epididymal fat pads, three different bones, spleen, heart, kidneys, testes and liver were observed in 21-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats from two different suppliers. All rats were pair-fed a 10% casein diet ad libitum, 10%, 20%, 30% restricted for 4 or 8 weeks. Original body and tissue weight differences between the two strains of rats were maintained in all diets during the 4 and 8 week feeding periods. Trends in body and tissue weight changes due to dietary restriction were similar in both strains of rats. Diet restrictions for 4 or 8 weeks caused similar patterns of weight decrease in most tissues. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) was reduced significantly at the 20% and 30% restriction for 4 weeks only in the lighter strain of rats. FER was higher in the heavier strain than in the lighter strain of rats at all levels of diet restriction. Food conversion efficiency with reduced food intake was constant or decreased depending on the skeletal muscle studied; decreased significantly for epididymal fat pad, bone weight (one strain only), kidneys and liver (one strain only) with the 30% reduced diet for 4 weeks; and increased for bone length and testes weight. Therefore, significant deviations from ad libitum controls were found only at 30% diet restriction, and the wide differences in body and tissue weight of two strains of Sprague-Dawley rats did not affect the interpretation of results when fed the same restricted diets."}
{"id": "PMID:914079", "title": "Generation of coagulation factors V, XI, and XII by the isolated rat liver.", "content": "When isolated rat livers were perfused with platelet-free erythrocytes suspended in Tyrode's solution containing 6% bovine serum albumin, the generation of factors V, XI, and XII was clearly demonstrable. On average, after 5 h of perfusion of a single liver, the concentrations in the perfusate (as a percentage of normal rat plasma) were about 6% for factor V, 8% for factor XI, and 5% for factor XII, compared with 20% for factor VII, which was used as the reference standard. When two livers were perfused, approximately twice these concentrations were achieved. When the properties of these factors in perfusate and plasma were compared, they agreed well except for differences in the celite adsorbability of factors XI and XII.", "contents": "Generation of coagulation factors V, XI, and XII by the isolated rat liver. When isolated rat livers were perfused with platelet-free erythrocytes suspended in Tyrode's solution containing 6% bovine serum albumin, the generation of factors V, XI, and XII was clearly demonstrable. On average, after 5 h of perfusion of a single liver, the concentrations in the perfusate (as a percentage of normal rat plasma) were about 6% for factor V, 8% for factor XI, and 5% for factor XII, compared with 20% for factor VII, which was used as the reference standard. When two livers were perfused, approximately twice these concentrations were achieved. When the properties of these factors in perfusate and plasma were compared, they agreed well except for differences in the celite adsorbability of factors XI and XII."}
{"id": "PMID:914082", "title": "Effect of hypovolemic shock on the generalized Shwartzman reaction.", "content": "The generalized Shwartzman reaction was produced in rabbits by two intravenous injections of endotoxin given 20-22 h apart. Prior to the second injection of endotoxin, the animals were made hypovolemic by removal of 40% blood volume or reduction of the systolic pressure to 70% of normal whichever came first. This blood removal produced a persistent hypotensive episode. 8/9 rabbits made hypotensive in this manner had evidence of glomerular capillary thrombi compared to 8/8 in a group that did not have blood removed. It is concluded that hypovolemic shock of this magnitude does not prevent the generalized Shwartzman reaction.", "contents": "Effect of hypovolemic shock on the generalized Shwartzman reaction. The generalized Shwartzman reaction was produced in rabbits by two intravenous injections of endotoxin given 20-22 h apart. Prior to the second injection of endotoxin, the animals were made hypovolemic by removal of 40% blood volume or reduction of the systolic pressure to 70% of normal whichever came first. This blood removal produced a persistent hypotensive episode. 8/9 rabbits made hypotensive in this manner had evidence of glomerular capillary thrombi compared to 8/8 in a group that did not have blood removed. It is concluded that hypovolemic shock of this magnitude does not prevent the generalized Shwartzman reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:914083", "title": "Low dose heparin in major surgery: clinical relevance of plasma heparin concentrations.", "content": "56 patients undergoing elective major surgery received low dose heparin prophylaxis, 5,000 IU 2 h before surgery and every 8 h for 7 days. The patients were tested by the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test, which, if positive, was controlled by venography. The heparin concentrations were measured by the method of DENSON and BONNAR and by the chromogenic method of TEIEN et al. in blood samples drained immediately before and after surgery and on the 1st and 5th postoperative day 2 and 4h after the injection of heparin. The values were found higher when estimated by the method of DENSON and BONNAR than by the chromogenic method. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) developed in 11 patients, and in 10 of them within the first 48 after the operative procedure, in 1 after 4 days. The preoperative values were not lower in the patients who developed DVT, and the heparin concentrations found on the 1st and 5th postoperative day were at the same level as in those who did not develop DVT.", "contents": "Low dose heparin in major surgery: clinical relevance of plasma heparin concentrations. 56 patients undergoing elective major surgery received low dose heparin prophylaxis, 5,000 IU 2 h before surgery and every 8 h for 7 days. The patients were tested by the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test, which, if positive, was controlled by venography. The heparin concentrations were measured by the method of DENSON and BONNAR and by the chromogenic method of TEIEN et al. in blood samples drained immediately before and after surgery and on the 1st and 5th postoperative day 2 and 4h after the injection of heparin. The values were found higher when estimated by the method of DENSON and BONNAR than by the chromogenic method. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) developed in 11 patients, and in 10 of them within the first 48 after the operative procedure, in 1 after 4 days. The preoperative values were not lower in the patients who developed DVT, and the heparin concentrations found on the 1st and 5th postoperative day were at the same level as in those who did not develop DVT."}
{"id": "PMID:914084", "title": "The stiff proximal interphalangeal joint.", "content": "The anatomical factors causing stiffness at the proximal interphalangeal joint are considered, a rational approach to the surgical treatment is proposed, and the results in thirty joints are presented.", "contents": "The stiff proximal interphalangeal joint. The anatomical factors causing stiffness at the proximal interphalangeal joint are considered, a rational approach to the surgical treatment is proposed, and the results in thirty joints are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:914085", "title": "Swan neck deformity in rheumatoid arthritis of the hand.", "content": "Swan neck deformity is not a single entity. Significantly different types of swan neck deformity are found, each demanding careful clinical evaluation and specialised treatment. This paper discusses the pathomechanics of swan neck deformity and presents a classification upon which rational treatment can be based. The surgical treatment of each variant is briefly outlined.", "contents": "Swan neck deformity in rheumatoid arthritis of the hand. Swan neck deformity is not a single entity. Significantly different types of swan neck deformity are found, each demanding careful clinical evaluation and specialised treatment. This paper discusses the pathomechanics of swan neck deformity and presents a classification upon which rational treatment can be based. The surgical treatment of each variant is briefly outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:914086", "title": "Arthritis of the trapezial articulations treated by prosthetic replacement.", "content": "This paper reviews experience with thirty-six trapezial replacements over a period of six years. The indications for replacement are given, the group of patients analysed and the technique outlined, with particular attention given to tendinous reinforcement of the capsular repair. The results with regard to pain, dislocation and other complications are recorded. The causes of dislocation and its prevention are discussed.", "contents": "Arthritis of the trapezial articulations treated by prosthetic replacement. This paper reviews experience with thirty-six trapezial replacements over a period of six years. The indications for replacement are given, the group of patients analysed and the technique outlined, with particular attention given to tendinous reinforcement of the capsular repair. The results with regard to pain, dislocation and other complications are recorded. The causes of dislocation and its prevention are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914087", "title": "Interposition arthroplasty of the carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb.", "content": "Nine patients with osteoarthrosis of the carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb were treated surgically with the metacarpo-trapezial silicone rubber prosthesis designed by Kessler. Patients with pantrapezoidal changes were specifically excluded. All patients at follow-up had chronic synovitis and in five the prosthesis was dislocated. In three patients who had revision operations the previously inserted prostheses were found to be badly torn.", "contents": "Interposition arthroplasty of the carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb. Nine patients with osteoarthrosis of the carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb were treated surgically with the metacarpo-trapezial silicone rubber prosthesis designed by Kessler. Patients with pantrapezoidal changes were specifically excluded. All patients at follow-up had chronic synovitis and in five the prosthesis was dislocated. In three patients who had revision operations the previously inserted prostheses were found to be badly torn."}
{"id": "PMID:914088", "title": "Hand assessment--a realistic reappraisal.", "content": "In order to evaluate surgical procedures practised on the rheumatoid hand, assessment of hand function, both before and after surgery, must be made on a practical basis rather than a mathematical one.", "contents": "Hand assessment--a realistic reappraisal. In order to evaluate surgical procedures practised on the rheumatoid hand, assessment of hand function, both before and after surgery, must be made on a practical basis rather than a mathematical one."}
{"id": "PMID:914090", "title": "Strength of human pulleys.", "content": "The length, breaking stength, and tensile strength of each of the annular fibroosseous pulleys of digital flexor sheath in ten fresh human cadaver specimens were measured. The first annular pulley and the fourth annular pulley were found to be the strongest, while the second annular pulley was the weakest. The design of artificial pulleys should reproduce the strength of the first annular and fourth annular pulleys. Suggested minimum requirements for the breaking strength of artificial implant pulleys may be made based on these studies.", "contents": "Strength of human pulleys. The length, breaking stength, and tensile strength of each of the annular fibroosseous pulleys of digital flexor sheath in ten fresh human cadaver specimens were measured. The first annular pulley and the fourth annular pulley were found to be the strongest, while the second annular pulley was the weakest. The design of artificial pulleys should reproduce the strength of the first annular and fourth annular pulleys. Suggested minimum requirements for the breaking strength of artificial implant pulleys may be made based on these studies."}
{"id": "PMID:914091", "title": "The place of peripheral nerve blocks in reconstructive hand surgery.", "content": "Seventy reconstfuctive operations on the hand were done with the patient's full co-operation during the procedure. Anaesthesia was provided by a peripheral nerve block at the level of the wrist or the metacarpo-phalangeal joint. This technique enabled the surgeon to estimate the required extent of such operations as tenolysis, arthrolysis, arthroplasty, and tendon graft. It also helped the patient to appreciate the movement he could achieve post-operatively.", "contents": "The place of peripheral nerve blocks in reconstructive hand surgery. Seventy reconstfuctive operations on the hand were done with the patient's full co-operation during the procedure. Anaesthesia was provided by a peripheral nerve block at the level of the wrist or the metacarpo-phalangeal joint. This technique enabled the surgeon to estimate the required extent of such operations as tenolysis, arthrolysis, arthroplasty, and tendon graft. It also helped the patient to appreciate the movement he could achieve post-operatively."}
{"id": "PMID:914092", "title": "Delayed rupture of extensor pollicis longus tendon following closed injury.", "content": "Closed rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon is most often seen following lower radial fractures, but is uncommon in the absence of fracture. Redden has recently described rupture following rotational injury of the forearm. I wish to record three cases of closed delayed rupture following direct injury to the area of the tendon.", "contents": "Delayed rupture of extensor pollicis longus tendon following closed injury. Closed rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon is most often seen following lower radial fractures, but is uncommon in the absence of fracture. Redden has recently described rupture following rotational injury of the forearm. I wish to record three cases of closed delayed rupture following direct injury to the area of the tendon."}
{"id": "PMID:914095", "title": "Congenital dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the hand.", "content": "A case of congenital dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is presented. It was treated by local radical surgical excision, the function of the hand remaining normal. Six months post operatively the child is in excellent health, and there are no signs of recurrence.", "contents": "Congenital dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the hand. A case of congenital dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is presented. It was treated by local radical surgical excision, the function of the hand remaining normal. Six months post operatively the child is in excellent health, and there are no signs of recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:914097", "title": "False aneurysm of the digital artery.", "content": "A case of false aneurysm of the digital artery is described. To the best of our knowledge it is the first reported case of false aneurysm involving the thumb. The aetiological factors which are usually responsible for the development of a false aneurysm are briefly discussed. The most common factor seems to be a direct injury of the arterial wall by a sharp tool and continuing flow of the blood in the artery. Although the fingers are commonly exposed to injuries with sharp tools, development of a false aneurysm in them seems to be extremely rare.", "contents": "False aneurysm of the digital artery. A case of false aneurysm of the digital artery is described. To the best of our knowledge it is the first reported case of false aneurysm involving the thumb. The aetiological factors which are usually responsible for the development of a false aneurysm are briefly discussed. The most common factor seems to be a direct injury of the arterial wall by a sharp tool and continuing flow of the blood in the artery. Although the fingers are commonly exposed to injuries with sharp tools, development of a false aneurysm in them seems to be extremely rare."}
{"id": "PMID:914099", "title": "Cigarette smoking: impairment of digital blood flow and wound healing in the hand.", "content": "Smoking a single cigarette can reduce digital blood flow. Sarin (1974) showed a 42% reduction in digital blood flow in his series, and other investigators have shown similar findings (Ludbrook 1974, Rottenstein 1960). The focus of this paper is on the pharmacological effects of the various components of cigarette smoke and their potentials effects on wound healing in the hand. A case is described to illustrate the effect of stopping smoking upon a non-healing fingertip ulcer.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking: impairment of digital blood flow and wound healing in the hand. Smoking a single cigarette can reduce digital blood flow. Sarin (1974) showed a 42% reduction in digital blood flow in his series, and other investigators have shown similar findings (Ludbrook 1974, Rottenstein 1960). The focus of this paper is on the pharmacological effects of the various components of cigarette smoke and their potentials effects on wound healing in the hand. A case is described to illustrate the effect of stopping smoking upon a non-healing fingertip ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:914102", "title": "[Failures and complications in vascular microsurgery].", "content": "Intraoperative and postoperative complications in the field of microvascular surgery are summarised. Some of them are discussed in detail (confusion of vessels, anastomosis under tension etc.), and precautions are outlined to avoid these complications. Failures can result from wrong indications, from incorrect technique of operation or from incorrect postoperative care.", "contents": "[Failures and complications in vascular microsurgery]. Intraoperative and postoperative complications in the field of microvascular surgery are summarised. Some of them are discussed in detail (confusion of vessels, anastomosis under tension etc.), and precautions are outlined to avoid these complications. Failures can result from wrong indications, from incorrect technique of operation or from incorrect postoperative care."}
{"id": "PMID:914103", "title": "[Complications in the replantation of amputated digits].", "content": "The reason for thrombosis in replantation is very often the injured intima of the vessel ends. The vessel ends should be excised until absolutely normal tissue is reached. In many cases of oblique cutting, avulsion or crushing it is then difficult or impossible to approximate the ends and venous grafts are employed to avoid undue skeletal shortening.", "contents": "[Complications in the replantation of amputated digits]. The reason for thrombosis in replantation is very often the injured intima of the vessel ends. The vessel ends should be excised until absolutely normal tissue is reached. In many cases of oblique cutting, avulsion or crushing it is then difficult or impossible to approximate the ends and venous grafts are employed to avoid undue skeletal shortening."}
{"id": "PMID:914104", "title": "[Problems in replantation surgery].", "content": "The development of replantation centres presents problems with respect to availability of operating rooms and staff. Attention must be paid to improving facilities at such centres but care is required in selecting cases suitable for replantation. This involves consideration of distance between the patient and the centre, the level of amputation and the condition of the patient and the amputated part. Furthermore, age, occupation, pre-existing disease and concomitant injury must be taken into account. This not only will make inappropriate replantation of a single digit because of resultant impairment of the entire hand seldom but the problems of staffing and accommodation will also be minimized by correct decision.", "contents": "[Problems in replantation surgery]. The development of replantation centres presents problems with respect to availability of operating rooms and staff. Attention must be paid to improving facilities at such centres but care is required in selecting cases suitable for replantation. This involves consideration of distance between the patient and the centre, the level of amputation and the condition of the patient and the amputated part. Furthermore, age, occupation, pre-existing disease and concomitant injury must be taken into account. This not only will make inappropriate replantation of a single digit because of resultant impairment of the entire hand seldom but the problems of staffing and accommodation will also be minimized by correct decision."}
{"id": "PMID:914105", "title": "[Tumors and tumor-like lesions of the hand].", "content": "Between 1967 and 1976, 269 tumors of the hand were treated. Among the 56 epithelial tumors the malignant ones played the dominant role whereas they are seldom found in those of soft tissue and osseous skeleton. From the tumors of the hand the \"tumorlike lesions\" have to be separed according to the recommendations of the World Health Organisation in 1969. In the epithelium the most frequent ones are the verruca vulgaris, the verruca plana, the atheroma, the molluscum contagiosum and the mucoid epithelial cyst. In the soft tissues most common are ganglion, traumatic neuroma, nodular tenosynovitis, giant cell tumor of synovium, hygroma, foreign body granuloma and other inflammatory or metabolic alterations, as for example on the basis of degenerative arthritis or primary chronic polyarthritis. Dupuytren's contracture and keloid are also considered \"tumorlike lesions\" within the frame of fibromatosis. The osseous skeleton is included in the so-called solitary bone cysts.", "contents": "[Tumors and tumor-like lesions of the hand]. Between 1967 and 1976, 269 tumors of the hand were treated. Among the 56 epithelial tumors the malignant ones played the dominant role whereas they are seldom found in those of soft tissue and osseous skeleton. From the tumors of the hand the \"tumorlike lesions\" have to be separed according to the recommendations of the World Health Organisation in 1969. In the epithelium the most frequent ones are the verruca vulgaris, the verruca plana, the atheroma, the molluscum contagiosum and the mucoid epithelial cyst. In the soft tissues most common are ganglion, traumatic neuroma, nodular tenosynovitis, giant cell tumor of synovium, hygroma, foreign body granuloma and other inflammatory or metabolic alterations, as for example on the basis of degenerative arthritis or primary chronic polyarthritis. Dupuytren's contracture and keloid are also considered \"tumorlike lesions\" within the frame of fibromatosis. The osseous skeleton is included in the so-called solitary bone cysts."}
{"id": "PMID:914121", "title": "[Central action of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives (9). Effects of intracerebral administration of metaraminol on brain monoamine in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of intracerebral (i.c.) administration of metaraminol (MA) on brain monoamine in mice were studied. The results were as follows: MA, dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were separated with phosphate buffer using a phosphorylated cellulose column (1X11 cm, 9 ml, Lot No. 2809). When MA was i.c. injected into mice, fluorescence of MA at 275/305 nm decreased in proportion to the time course and remained even at 12 hr after injection. Thirty min after MA in doses of either 40 or 80 microgram, a significant decrease of DA as compared with that of saline-treated group occurred and MA, in doses of 40, 80 and 160 microgram produced a significant decrease of NA and 5-HT. Thirty min after 160 microgram of MA, there was no significant difference in DA. Three hr after MA, DA levels significantly decreased, and 168 hr after were restored to the levels of the saline-treated group. Thirty min after MA, NA and 5-HT signficantly decreased compared with those of the saline-treated group and recovery took place 48 hr and 168 hr after respectively. It was concluded that MA depletes not only NA but also DA and 5-HT in the mouse brain.", "contents": "[Central action of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives (9). Effects of intracerebral administration of metaraminol on brain monoamine in mice (author's transl)]. Effects of intracerebral (i.c.) administration of metaraminol (MA) on brain monoamine in mice were studied. The results were as follows: MA, dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were separated with phosphate buffer using a phosphorylated cellulose column (1X11 cm, 9 ml, Lot No. 2809). When MA was i.c. injected into mice, fluorescence of MA at 275/305 nm decreased in proportion to the time course and remained even at 12 hr after injection. Thirty min after MA in doses of either 40 or 80 microgram, a significant decrease of DA as compared with that of saline-treated group occurred and MA, in doses of 40, 80 and 160 microgram produced a significant decrease of NA and 5-HT. Thirty min after 160 microgram of MA, there was no significant difference in DA. Three hr after MA, DA levels significantly decreased, and 168 hr after were restored to the levels of the saline-treated group. Thirty min after MA, NA and 5-HT signficantly decreased compared with those of the saline-treated group and recovery took place 48 hr and 168 hr after respectively. It was concluded that MA depletes not only NA but also DA and 5-HT in the mouse brain."}
{"id": "PMID:914123", "title": "[Pharmacological studies on diuretics  (8). Diuretic activity and mechanism of action of a new hypotensive diuretic, SE-1520 (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of SE-1520 were compared with those of thiazide diuretics, hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and trichlormethiazide (TCM) in rats and dogs. SE-1520 in an oral dose of 0.1 approximately 10.0 mg/kg resulted in a strong and dose-dependent increase in urine volume as well as in the urinary excretion of Na+ and Cl-, while that of K+ significantly increased with an oral dose over 3.0 mg/kg. In experimental acidotic, alkalotic, nephritic and spontaneously hypertensive rats, almost the same strong natriuretic activity seen in normal rats was observed with SE-1520. The diuretic potency of these three diuretics in rats was MCT greater than or equal to SE-1520 greater than HCT. SE-1520 also exhibited a strong diuretic activity in dogs. In the renal clearance test of dogs, SE-1520 0.1 approximately 1.0 mg/kg i.v. did not influence the renal plasma flow (RPF) or glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The renal tubular Na+ reabsorption rate decreased by a maximum of 2.11% and the urinary Na+ excretion increased by 15.3 times the normal level 20 min after the injection of SE-1520 in a dose of 1.0 mg/kg i.v. From the results of clearance test and stop flow test in dogs, the site of action of SE-1520 was observed to be mainly in the distal tubules.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies on diuretics  (8). Diuretic activity and mechanism of action of a new hypotensive diuretic, SE-1520 (author's transl)]. Effects of SE-1520 were compared with those of thiazide diuretics, hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and trichlormethiazide (TCM) in rats and dogs. SE-1520 in an oral dose of 0.1 approximately 10.0 mg/kg resulted in a strong and dose-dependent increase in urine volume as well as in the urinary excretion of Na+ and Cl-, while that of K+ significantly increased with an oral dose over 3.0 mg/kg. In experimental acidotic, alkalotic, nephritic and spontaneously hypertensive rats, almost the same strong natriuretic activity seen in normal rats was observed with SE-1520. The diuretic potency of these three diuretics in rats was MCT greater than or equal to SE-1520 greater than HCT. SE-1520 also exhibited a strong diuretic activity in dogs. In the renal clearance test of dogs, SE-1520 0.1 approximately 1.0 mg/kg i.v. did not influence the renal plasma flow (RPF) or glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The renal tubular Na+ reabsorption rate decreased by a maximum of 2.11% and the urinary Na+ excretion increased by 15.3 times the normal level 20 min after the injection of SE-1520 in a dose of 1.0 mg/kg i.v. From the results of clearance test and stop flow test in dogs, the site of action of SE-1520 was observed to be mainly in the distal tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:914124", "title": "Competition for meat between chimpanzees and baboons of the Gombe National Park.", "content": "Both chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and baboons (Papio anubis) at the Gombe National Park in Western Tanzania are know to catch and eat meat. There are five occasions recorded when chimpanzees were seen to seize prey from baboons and five other occasions when there was evidence strongly suggesting that an appropriation had taken place. This paper describes these observations.", "contents": "Competition for meat between chimpanzees and baboons of the Gombe National Park. Both chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and baboons (Papio anubis) at the Gombe National Park in Western Tanzania are know to catch and eat meat. There are five occasions recorded when chimpanzees were seen to seize prey from baboons and five other occasions when there was evidence strongly suggesting that an appropriation had taken place. This paper describes these observations."}
{"id": "PMID:914125", "title": "Status interactions of captive female lowland gorillas.", "content": "Agonistic interactions and incentive competition data were examined both under paired confrontations and during a 2-month group living situation. These preliminary data suggest the presence of interactions which may be operationally described as a quasilinear dominance structure for female gorillas. Particular rankings appear to be sensitive to the total social situation and change to readapt to modifications induced in the social environment. These findings are hypothesized to reflect the overall adaptation of  this species in terms of spatial deployment, other signaling systems and the physical characteristics of the animals. Priority to incentives was found to be a valid measure of assertion and competitive success, and appears to be only indirectly related to other motivational states.", "contents": "Status interactions of captive female lowland gorillas. Agonistic interactions and incentive competition data were examined both under paired confrontations and during a 2-month group living situation. These preliminary data suggest the presence of interactions which may be operationally described as a quasilinear dominance structure for female gorillas. Particular rankings appear to be sensitive to the total social situation and change to readapt to modifications induced in the social environment. These findings are hypothesized to reflect the overall adaptation of  this species in terms of spatial deployment, other signaling systems and the physical characteristics of the animals. Priority to incentives was found to be a valid measure of assertion and competitive success, and appears to be only indirectly related to other motivational states."}
{"id": "PMID:914126", "title": "Dental variation in early eocene Teilhardinal belgica, with notes on the anterior dentition of some early tarsiiformes.", "content": "Statistical analysis of dental variation in specimens currently placed in Teilhardina belgica from the Belgian locality of Dormaal suggests that these specimens probably represent no more than a single biological species. Within this species sample, most specimens have an alveolus for 'P1' (or the anterior root of P2), but one specimen clearly lacks this alveolus. In the type specimen of Teilhardina belgica, the alveolus for the lower central incisor was only slightly larger than that for I2, a similarity to some other omomyids. The similarities shared by Teilhardina and Eocene Adapidae all appear to be retentions of primitive primate morphology, and thus they do not necessarily indicate any close relationship of early Omomyidae and Adapidae.", "contents": "Dental variation in early eocene Teilhardinal belgica, with notes on the anterior dentition of some early tarsiiformes. Statistical analysis of dental variation in specimens currently placed in Teilhardina belgica from the Belgian locality of Dormaal suggests that these specimens probably represent no more than a single biological species. Within this species sample, most specimens have an alveolus for 'P1' (or the anterior root of P2), but one specimen clearly lacks this alveolus. In the type specimen of Teilhardina belgica, the alveolus for the lower central incisor was only slightly larger than that for I2, a similarity to some other omomyids. The similarities shared by Teilhardina and Eocene Adapidae all appear to be retentions of primitive primate morphology, and thus they do not necessarily indicate any close relationship of early Omomyidae and Adapidae."}
{"id": "PMID:914127", "title": "[New studies and considerations on the pathology of the primate skull. A contribution to the \"Gundu\" problem].", "content": "The problem of 'Gundu' in primates is discussed. Cases of so-called 'Gundu' in the literature, two cases in Gorilla and one in Lagothrix, are dealt with. Histological and X-ray techniques are used. One case (Lagothrix) represents the so-called simian bone disease, which is metabolic disorder and is due to a secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism. The other two cases (Gorilla) show symmetrical bony tumors of the maxilla. The origin  is uncertain. Gundu, Paget's disease and primary hyperparathyroidism Recklinghausen have not been observed  in primates so far.", "contents": "[New studies and considerations on the pathology of the primate skull. A contribution to the \"Gundu\" problem]. The problem of 'Gundu' in primates is discussed. Cases of so-called 'Gundu' in the literature, two cases in Gorilla and one in Lagothrix, are dealt with. Histological and X-ray techniques are used. One case (Lagothrix) represents the so-called simian bone disease, which is metabolic disorder and is due to a secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism. The other two cases (Gorilla) show symmetrical bony tumors of the maxilla. The origin  is uncertain. Gundu, Paget's disease and primary hyperparathyroidism Recklinghausen have not been observed  in primates so far."}
{"id": "PMID:914128", "title": "A new Arican miocene gibbon-like genus, Dendropithecus (hominoidea, primates) with distinctive postcranial adaptations: its significance to origin of hylobatidae.", "content": "The small, common apes of the Miocene deposits of East Africa previously assigned to two species of one genus, Limnopithecus, have been shown to differ at the generic level in both dental and postcranial features. The prior and smaller of the two species (the genotype of Limnopithecus) somewhat resembles in dental morphology African dryopithecines of subgenus Proconsul, while the larger and later described species more nearly resembles European Pliopithecus in dental details but is strikingly different from the latter in comparable postcranial bones. A new genus, Dendropithecus, is here proposed for Limnopithecus macinnesi Clark and Leakey, 1950. Numerous associated postcranial bones and dentitions of Dendropithecus macinnesi were found in a block of red limestone by L.S.B. Leakey in 1948 on Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya. These bones make it one of the best known Miocene apes and show clearly that it had advanced away from other Miocene apes in its higher degree of development of suspensory or arm swinging postcranial adaptations. Thus, among known Miocene ape species it has the greatest demonstrated potential to be near the line of ancestry of the modern gibbon and siamang.", "contents": "A new Arican miocene gibbon-like genus, Dendropithecus (hominoidea, primates) with distinctive postcranial adaptations: its significance to origin of hylobatidae. The small, common apes of the Miocene deposits of East Africa previously assigned to two species of one genus, Limnopithecus, have been shown to differ at the generic level in both dental and postcranial features. The prior and smaller of the two species (the genotype of Limnopithecus) somewhat resembles in dental morphology African dryopithecines of subgenus Proconsul, while the larger and later described species more nearly resembles European Pliopithecus in dental details but is strikingly different from the latter in comparable postcranial bones. A new genus, Dendropithecus, is here proposed for Limnopithecus macinnesi Clark and Leakey, 1950. Numerous associated postcranial bones and dentitions of Dendropithecus macinnesi were found in a block of red limestone by L.S.B. Leakey in 1948 on Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya. These bones make it one of the best known Miocene apes and show clearly that it had advanced away from other Miocene apes in its higher degree of development of suspensory or arm swinging postcranial adaptations. Thus, among known Miocene ape species it has the greatest demonstrated potential to be near the line of ancestry of the modern gibbon and siamang."}
{"id": "PMID:914129", "title": "Nest and home.", "content": "A nest as a rather loose construction of plant material, as it is used by most birds and some of the lowest primates, never serves as a goal of flight, very rarely as a sleeping place but mainly as a support for the offspring. A home, however, as used by many nonprimate mammals and other vertebrates, is a solid construction or an excavation in a solid material (tree hole, burrow, etc.) which serves principally as a goal of flight in case of danger, also as a sleeping place and temporarily as a nest, that is a fix-point for raising the young. In the phylogeny of primates the nest has been given up very early. The sleeping nest of pongids has nothing to do with it. Whereas the most primitive primates using nests transport their young with the mouth, in all other primates the young has to grasp actively the mother's (parent's) hair to be tranported. When the hair disappeared phylogenetically, technical devices came into use.", "contents": "Nest and home. A nest as a rather loose construction of plant material, as it is used by most birds and some of the lowest primates, never serves as a goal of flight, very rarely as a sleeping place but mainly as a support for the offspring. A home, however, as used by many nonprimate mammals and other vertebrates, is a solid construction or an excavation in a solid material (tree hole, burrow, etc.) which serves principally as a goal of flight in case of danger, also as a sleeping place and temporarily as a nest, that is a fix-point for raising the young. In the phylogeny of primates the nest has been given up very early. The sleeping nest of pongids has nothing to do with it. Whereas the most primitive primates using nests transport their young with the mouth, in all other primates the young has to grasp actively the mother's (parent's) hair to be tranported. When the hair disappeared phylogenetically, technical devices came into use."}
{"id": "PMID:914130", "title": "Chimpanzee simian-type blood groups: reproducibility of formerly described antisera and demonstration of new blood groups Oc and Pc1.", "content": "A chimpanzee of simian-type blood groups V.A, cef, G, H, L was isoimmunized with the red cells of another chimpanzee of simian-type V.B, cef, G, H, 1 in order to obtain antibodies of specificity anti-Bc, originally produced in another chimpanzee in 1964. In addition to the desired anti-Bc, the immunized chimpanzee produced also three other antibodies; anti-Yc cross-reactive with chimpanzee red cells of the simian-type Bc and/or Dc, a potent cold autoantibody reactive for red cells of all chimpanzees tested, and 'new' antibodies anti-Oc and anti-Pc. This study confirms the reproducibility of results obtained over a period of 13 years.", "contents": "Chimpanzee simian-type blood groups: reproducibility of formerly described antisera and demonstration of new blood groups Oc and Pc1. A chimpanzee of simian-type blood groups V.A, cef, G, H, L was isoimmunized with the red cells of another chimpanzee of simian-type V.B, cef, G, H, 1 in order to obtain antibodies of specificity anti-Bc, originally produced in another chimpanzee in 1964. In addition to the desired anti-Bc, the immunized chimpanzee produced also three other antibodies; anti-Yc cross-reactive with chimpanzee red cells of the simian-type Bc and/or Dc, a potent cold autoantibody reactive for red cells of all chimpanzees tested, and 'new' antibodies anti-Oc and anti-Pc. This study confirms the reproducibility of results obtained over a period of 13 years."}
{"id": "PMID:914132", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations of hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of uterine neoplasms].", "content": "The use of hysteroscopy for the diagnosis of corpus neoplasma has its limitations. In 180 cases with suspected neoplasma or with an unknown localisation of a corpus neoplasma, identification by histology and hysteroscopy was performed. The results lead to the conclusion that the CO2-hysteroscopy is a valuable additional method in single cases. As an endoscopic method however, it cannot replace the sample of cell material and histologic preparation. Hysteroscopy might be of clinical value not only for the localization of a tumor with reoccurring bleeding after a negative curettage, but also to evaluate the extent of a malignant tumor. However, this method takes too much time for it to be recommended as a screening method.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations of hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of uterine neoplasms]. The use of hysteroscopy for the diagnosis of corpus neoplasma has its limitations. In 180 cases with suspected neoplasma or with an unknown localisation of a corpus neoplasma, identification by histology and hysteroscopy was performed. The results lead to the conclusion that the CO2-hysteroscopy is a valuable additional method in single cases. As an endoscopic method however, it cannot replace the sample of cell material and histologic preparation. Hysteroscopy might be of clinical value not only for the localization of a tumor with reoccurring bleeding after a negative curettage, but also to evaluate the extent of a malignant tumor. However, this method takes too much time for it to be recommended as a screening method."}
{"id": "PMID:914133", "title": "[Comparison between frozen section histology and touch cytology of the breast].", "content": "Tissue biopsies of the breast with and without carcinomas were examined simultaneously by intraoperative histology and imprint cytology. In 95 per cent of the cases there was a good correlation between the histologic and cytologic diagnoses. The reliability of imprint cytology was tested in some complicated cases such as proliferating fibroadenomas, pseudoinvasive adenosis and carcinomas. In 20,2 per cent of the cases with carcinoma, the tumor cells showed peculiar intracytoplasmic inclusions, whereas such inclusions were found only in 0,43 per cent of the biopsies of mammas without carcinoma. Their morphological variations and the histochemical pattern are discussed. The results have demonstrated that simultaneous cytologic examination of unfixed mamma biopsies can be a good screening method and that the intracytoplasmic inclusions may be an especially helpful histopathologic feature in the diagnosis of breast cancer.", "contents": "[Comparison between frozen section histology and touch cytology of the breast]. Tissue biopsies of the breast with and without carcinomas were examined simultaneously by intraoperative histology and imprint cytology. In 95 per cent of the cases there was a good correlation between the histologic and cytologic diagnoses. The reliability of imprint cytology was tested in some complicated cases such as proliferating fibroadenomas, pseudoinvasive adenosis and carcinomas. In 20,2 per cent of the cases with carcinoma, the tumor cells showed peculiar intracytoplasmic inclusions, whereas such inclusions were found only in 0,43 per cent of the biopsies of mammas without carcinoma. Their morphological variations and the histochemical pattern are discussed. The results have demonstrated that simultaneous cytologic examination of unfixed mamma biopsies can be a good screening method and that the intracytoplasmic inclusions may be an especially helpful histopathologic feature in the diagnosis of breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:914135", "title": "[Obstetric results and problems after induction of ovulation].", "content": "Ovulation induction has been used regularly in our department for several years to treat functional sterility. 4. various preparations and methods have been applied. The success rate is 31.3%. Altogether there have been 400 pregnancies, 274 of them have come to term, 126 patients are still pregnant. In 50% of the cases the pregnancy was uncomplicated and in 48.7% labour was normal. The number of abortions and premature labour is high and the prophylactic gestagene therapy has been successful in protecting the pregnancy. There have been more pathologies during labour, so the frequency of interventions is higher. The perinatal mortality of the mature newborn is 2.3%, but the perinatal mortality in premature labour is very high (14.7%). The total perinatal loss is 9.8%. The frequency of malformations is not higher as was previously suspected.", "contents": "[Obstetric results and problems after induction of ovulation]. Ovulation induction has been used regularly in our department for several years to treat functional sterility. 4. various preparations and methods have been applied. The success rate is 31.3%. Altogether there have been 400 pregnancies, 274 of them have come to term, 126 patients are still pregnant. In 50% of the cases the pregnancy was uncomplicated and in 48.7% labour was normal. The number of abortions and premature labour is high and the prophylactic gestagene therapy has been successful in protecting the pregnancy. There have been more pathologies during labour, so the frequency of interventions is higher. The perinatal mortality of the mature newborn is 2.3%, but the perinatal mortality in premature labour is very high (14.7%). The total perinatal loss is 9.8%. The frequency of malformations is not higher as was previously suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:914139", "title": "[The validity of HPL-determinations in prolonged pregnancy].", "content": "Till now there is no unequivocal diagnostic tool for the discovery of prolonged pregnancy. Therefore the present study was performed to evaluate whether HPL-values correlate with the presence of postmaturity syndrome in coherence with other known symptoms. 86 cases, partly with signs of postmaturity (n = 12), partly without such signs (n = 74), were compared with a non-postmature group. In prolonged pregnancy HPL-values were distinctly lower than at term. The more severe the condition, the lower were the HPL-values. There was a significant incidence of higher rates of meconium stained amniotic fluid beyond 42 weeks of gestation. After careful delivery the babies were generally in good condition. There was a slight shift to lower Apgar-values, but base excess and actual pH were found to be normal in umbilical artery. Birth-weights of the postmature infants did not show any differences to those born at term.", "contents": "[The validity of HPL-determinations in prolonged pregnancy]. Till now there is no unequivocal diagnostic tool for the discovery of prolonged pregnancy. Therefore the present study was performed to evaluate whether HPL-values correlate with the presence of postmaturity syndrome in coherence with other known symptoms. 86 cases, partly with signs of postmaturity (n = 12), partly without such signs (n = 74), were compared with a non-postmature group. In prolonged pregnancy HPL-values were distinctly lower than at term. The more severe the condition, the lower were the HPL-values. There was a significant incidence of higher rates of meconium stained amniotic fluid beyond 42 weeks of gestation. After careful delivery the babies were generally in good condition. There was a slight shift to lower Apgar-values, but base excess and actual pH were found to be normal in umbilical artery. Birth-weights of the postmature infants did not show any differences to those born at term."}
{"id": "PMID:914141", "title": "[Idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis].", "content": "The prognostic features of the disease are summed up. The leading symptom of the disease is the dyspnoe followed by a dry hacking cough, loss of weight and fever. Clinically we find rales, cyanosis clubbing and signs of right heart insufficiency. Lung function data point to a decreased vital capacity and diffusing capacity; residual volume and functional residual capacity are about normal. Corticosteroid monotherapy is not an efficient treatment. The combination of prednisolon + azathioprine improves vital capacity but not working capacity. Prednisolone and d-penicillamine improve all parameters including working capacity. This can be enhanced by still adding azathioprine or cyclophosphamide to prednisolone and d-penicillamine.", "contents": "[Idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis]. The prognostic features of the disease are summed up. The leading symptom of the disease is the dyspnoe followed by a dry hacking cough, loss of weight and fever. Clinically we find rales, cyanosis clubbing and signs of right heart insufficiency. Lung function data point to a decreased vital capacity and diffusing capacity; residual volume and functional residual capacity are about normal. Corticosteroid monotherapy is not an efficient treatment. The combination of prednisolon + azathioprine improves vital capacity but not working capacity. Prednisolone and d-penicillamine improve all parameters including working capacity. This can be enhanced by still adding azathioprine or cyclophosphamide to prednisolone and d-penicillamine."}
{"id": "PMID:914142", "title": "[Contoursonagraphic analysis of heart sound phenomena and sounds produced by various heart valve prostheses].", "content": "The normal heart sounds, murmurs, opening and closing sounds of aortic and mitral valve prostheses were recorded on a tape and analyzed in terms of contour sonagrams in order to obtain the highest frequencies which were recordable on the chest wall. The peak frequencies showed a broad range, the maximum beeing reached at about 8000 c.p.s. in the case of the sounds of prosthetic valves. Furthermore, sound level examinations of the normal first and second heart sound, as well as of the opening and closing sounds of the aortic valve prostheses were performed. The highest sound level of all of these sounds was found to lie within the low frequency range of 40 to 100 c.p.s.", "contents": "[Contoursonagraphic analysis of heart sound phenomena and sounds produced by various heart valve prostheses]. The normal heart sounds, murmurs, opening and closing sounds of aortic and mitral valve prostheses were recorded on a tape and analyzed in terms of contour sonagrams in order to obtain the highest frequencies which were recordable on the chest wall. The peak frequencies showed a broad range, the maximum beeing reached at about 8000 c.p.s. in the case of the sounds of prosthetic valves. Furthermore, sound level examinations of the normal first and second heart sound, as well as of the opening and closing sounds of the aortic valve prostheses were performed. The highest sound level of all of these sounds was found to lie within the low frequency range of 40 to 100 c.p.s."}
{"id": "PMID:914144", "title": "[Modification of the plasmatic blood coagulation system by normal and leukemic leukocytes].", "content": "Homogenates of leukocytes of normal persons and of patients with acute and chronic leukemias have a weak tissue factor activity. The recalcification time is prolonged and the prothrombin consumption decreased, however, upon addition of these cell homogenates to the test mixture. The inhibition of the clotting is due to an antithrombin activity in the leukocytes. Massive cell destruction in chronic leukemias does not lead to a consumption coagulopathy. In acute leukemias a consumption coagulopathy following cell destruction is not uncommon.", "contents": "[Modification of the plasmatic blood coagulation system by normal and leukemic leukocytes]. Homogenates of leukocytes of normal persons and of patients with acute and chronic leukemias have a weak tissue factor activity. The recalcification time is prolonged and the prothrombin consumption decreased, however, upon addition of these cell homogenates to the test mixture. The inhibition of the clotting is due to an antithrombin activity in the leukocytes. Massive cell destruction in chronic leukemias does not lead to a consumption coagulopathy. In acute leukemias a consumption coagulopathy following cell destruction is not uncommon."}
{"id": "PMID:914145", "title": "[Frequency and distribution of risk factors in hearing loss].", "content": "In 45 patients with hearing loss we found metabolic and other \"risk factors\" above average. In 96% of those patients there was one \"risk factor\" at least. Latent (63.8%) or manifest diabetes (6.6%) was most frequent. Hyperuricemia was observed in 35.9% and hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa/IIb or IV in 24.2%. Non-metabolic risk factors (overweight, elevated blood pressure, smoking, stress) were found in 80% of the patients. It seems possible and more likely that hearing loss is caused by \"risk factors\" and consecutive vascular complications of the inner ear than by neurologic or orthopedic diseases. The diagnosis \"hearing loss\" should motivate the otologist to look for \"risk factors\" by interdisciplinary cooperation.", "contents": "[Frequency and distribution of risk factors in hearing loss]. In 45 patients with hearing loss we found metabolic and other \"risk factors\" above average. In 96% of those patients there was one \"risk factor\" at least. Latent (63.8%) or manifest diabetes (6.6%) was most frequent. Hyperuricemia was observed in 35.9% and hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa/IIb or IV in 24.2%. Non-metabolic risk factors (overweight, elevated blood pressure, smoking, stress) were found in 80% of the patients. It seems possible and more likely that hearing loss is caused by \"risk factors\" and consecutive vascular complications of the inner ear than by neurologic or orthopedic diseases. The diagnosis \"hearing loss\" should motivate the otologist to look for \"risk factors\" by interdisciplinary cooperation."}
{"id": "PMID:914146", "title": "[Biologic availability and \"1st pass\" effect of drugs].", "content": "Bioavailability and \"first pass\"-effect are of increasing importance in Clinical Pharmacology. Bioavailability is the rate and above all the extent to which a drug reaches the systemic circulation. Reduced bioavailability may result from the physico-chemical properties of the drug, its solubility in the intestinal tract and its ability to permeate the gut wall. Reduced bioavailability may also result from a \"first pass\"-effect if the drug is metabolized during absorption by the enteral mucosa or during its first liver passage. Some conclusions may be drawn which are of importance for the clinic and pharmacy from the presented empirical and theoretical examples.", "contents": "[Biologic availability and \"1st pass\" effect of drugs]. Bioavailability and \"first pass\"-effect are of increasing importance in Clinical Pharmacology. Bioavailability is the rate and above all the extent to which a drug reaches the systemic circulation. Reduced bioavailability may result from the physico-chemical properties of the drug, its solubility in the intestinal tract and its ability to permeate the gut wall. Reduced bioavailability may also result from a \"first pass\"-effect if the drug is metabolized during absorption by the enteral mucosa or during its first liver passage. Some conclusions may be drawn which are of importance for the clinic and pharmacy from the presented empirical and theoretical examples."}
{"id": "PMID:914148", "title": "[Monoglyceride lipase. A new diagnostic liver and thrombocyte enzyme].", "content": "Monoglyceride hydrolase can be found in blood bound to thrombocytes or as free enzyme after the injection of heparin. Measurement can be performed easily with a new photometric method. The post-heparin activity is decreased in liver disease. This is probably due to the fact, that monoglyceride hydrolase is liberated from the liver's vessels.", "contents": "[Monoglyceride lipase. A new diagnostic liver and thrombocyte enzyme]. Monoglyceride hydrolase can be found in blood bound to thrombocytes or as free enzyme after the injection of heparin. Measurement can be performed easily with a new photometric method. The post-heparin activity is decreased in liver disease. This is probably due to the fact, that monoglyceride hydrolase is liberated from the liver's vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:914152", "title": "[Therapy of hepatic insufficiency].", "content": "Hepatic insufficiency is generally caused by active liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension. The final stage is the exogenous hepatic coma. Much rarer is the endogenous hepatic coma caused by fulminant acute hepatitis or severe intoxications. In the treatment of hepatic insufficiency it is first necessary to eliminate all exacerbating factors such as too high protein-intake, gastrointestinal bleedings, abuse of alcohol and diuretics. Because hepatic encephalopathy is mainly produced by toxic intestinal protein metabolites no protein should be adminstered at the beginining of the disease. The production of toxic protein metabolites in the gut can be diminished as well by enemas with sodium acetate buffer (pH 4, 5) as by neomycin (6-8 gm daily). Because long-term treatment with neomycin reduces also the physiological intestinal bacteria combination with lactulose (70-100 gm daily) is better. Treatment with lactulose reduces not only significantly hyperammoniemia but also increases serum phenols. The same effect have so-called ammonia reducing amino acids such as arginine, ornithine and glutamic acid. In endogenous hepatic coma blood exchange transfusions, liver perfusions and charcoal perfusions are necessary. Nevertheless, the prognosis of hepatic insufficiency caused by fulminant hepatitis is very poor in the final stage of the disease. Therefore early diagnosis and treatment in special departments with intensive care is necessary.", "contents": "[Therapy of hepatic insufficiency]. Hepatic insufficiency is generally caused by active liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension. The final stage is the exogenous hepatic coma. Much rarer is the endogenous hepatic coma caused by fulminant acute hepatitis or severe intoxications. In the treatment of hepatic insufficiency it is first necessary to eliminate all exacerbating factors such as too high protein-intake, gastrointestinal bleedings, abuse of alcohol and diuretics. Because hepatic encephalopathy is mainly produced by toxic intestinal protein metabolites no protein should be adminstered at the beginining of the disease. The production of toxic protein metabolites in the gut can be diminished as well by enemas with sodium acetate buffer (pH 4, 5) as by neomycin (6-8 gm daily). Because long-term treatment with neomycin reduces also the physiological intestinal bacteria combination with lactulose (70-100 gm daily) is better. Treatment with lactulose reduces not only significantly hyperammoniemia but also increases serum phenols. The same effect have so-called ammonia reducing amino acids such as arginine, ornithine and glutamic acid. In endogenous hepatic coma blood exchange transfusions, liver perfusions and charcoal perfusions are necessary. Nevertheless, the prognosis of hepatic insufficiency caused by fulminant hepatitis is very poor in the final stage of the disease. Therefore early diagnosis and treatment in special departments with intensive care is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:914153", "title": "[Acute pancreatitis: diagnosis and therapy in general practice].", "content": "Acute pancreatitis is a frequently serious abdominal condition. The cause remains unknown. Biliary tract diseases as well as alcohol are the most important etiological factors. Diagnostic measures, of help in the emergency situation, differential diagnosis and therapeutic procedures, which can be initiated in general practice, are discussed.", "contents": "[Acute pancreatitis: diagnosis and therapy in general practice]. Acute pancreatitis is a frequently serious abdominal condition. The cause remains unknown. Biliary tract diseases as well as alcohol are the most important etiological factors. Diagnostic measures, of help in the emergency situation, differential diagnosis and therapeutic procedures, which can be initiated in general practice, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914154", "title": "[Traveler's diarrhea].", "content": "Travellers' diarrhea afflicts up to 50 percent of tourists in certain geographic regions. It is a syndrome caused by a variety of pathogens, the most common of which is enterotoxigenic E. coli. Other responsible pathogens include salmonellae, shigellae, Entamoeba histolytica, Yersinia enterocolitica, Giardia lamblia and virus-like agents, seldom vibrios. Symptoms persist for only a few days and are only serious in 1/5 of the cases.", "contents": "[Traveler's diarrhea]. Travellers' diarrhea afflicts up to 50 percent of tourists in certain geographic regions. It is a syndrome caused by a variety of pathogens, the most common of which is enterotoxigenic E. coli. Other responsible pathogens include salmonellae, shigellae, Entamoeba histolytica, Yersinia enterocolitica, Giardia lamblia and virus-like agents, seldom vibrios. Symptoms persist for only a few days and are only serious in 1/5 of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:914156", "title": "[The current state of autogenic training].", "content": "First some methodical peculiarities of autogenic training are described, insisting specially on the \"basic exercises of autogenic training\", pointing out their advantages. Then the increasing importance of autogenic training for children is stressed, showing several variations in the practice of it. The very great importance of the psychohygienic dimension of autogenic training is pointed out showing how this method may substantially contribute to the reduction of costs in medical treatment. Finally the connection of autogenic states producing methods, like autogenic training and graduated active hypnosis, is described and the advantages of such a double-track psychotherapy are shown. Adequately used the method may contribute to a shortening of the treatment with a corresponding lowering of costs, without at least hindering the depth of analysis.", "contents": "[The current state of autogenic training]. First some methodical peculiarities of autogenic training are described, insisting specially on the \"basic exercises of autogenic training\", pointing out their advantages. Then the increasing importance of autogenic training for children is stressed, showing several variations in the practice of it. The very great importance of the psychohygienic dimension of autogenic training is pointed out showing how this method may substantially contribute to the reduction of costs in medical treatment. Finally the connection of autogenic states producing methods, like autogenic training and graduated active hypnosis, is described and the advantages of such a double-track psychotherapy are shown. Adequately used the method may contribute to a shortening of the treatment with a corresponding lowering of costs, without at least hindering the depth of analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:914157", "title": "[From phlebothrombosis to the postthrombotic syndrome].", "content": "The same pathomechanism causes both thrombosis of the superficial and deep veins. For practical purposes one may separate phlebothrombosis of bed-patients and that of out-patients. Superficial phlebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis of the out-patients heal in shorter time by compression according to Heinrich Fisher. Patients should not be immobilized. Phlebothrombosis of the bed-patient should be reserved to clinical therapy including fibrinolysis, thrombectomy and anticoagulants. The post-thrombotic syndrome is treated usually by the practitioner. Treatment first has to activate drainage by lymphatic vessels and by paravenous tissue. Correct compression will improve circulation of fluid from tissue to capillaries. When balance is achieved, further physical measurements will be of help.", "contents": "[From phlebothrombosis to the postthrombotic syndrome]. The same pathomechanism causes both thrombosis of the superficial and deep veins. For practical purposes one may separate phlebothrombosis of bed-patients and that of out-patients. Superficial phlebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis of the out-patients heal in shorter time by compression according to Heinrich Fisher. Patients should not be immobilized. Phlebothrombosis of the bed-patient should be reserved to clinical therapy including fibrinolysis, thrombectomy and anticoagulants. The post-thrombotic syndrome is treated usually by the practitioner. Treatment first has to activate drainage by lymphatic vessels and by paravenous tissue. Correct compression will improve circulation of fluid from tissue to capillaries. When balance is achieved, further physical measurements will be of help."}
{"id": "PMID:914158", "title": "[Surgical treatment of acute deep leg and pelvic vein trombosis].", "content": "In the last 3 years 93 cases of iliofermoral trombosis were treated by surgery. We prefer the method used by Brunner, but under general anaesthesia and using a Bentley-Autotransfusion-System (ATS). The average age of our patients was 55 years (age ranged between 17 and 87 years). No lethal pulmonary embolism was observed. 2, 1 percent of the patients died following apoplex or acute heart failure. Of 67 patients who were operated on 6 months ago or more 70 percent have no further complaints, 28 percent still have some residual edema and only 2 patients have a severe postthrombotic syndrome. 50 percent of 40 control-phlebograms demonstrated patency of all veins. 20 percent had short segmentary occlusions with definite signs of recanalisation, while in 27 percent of the cases occlusions of the lower leg and thigh were found, the iliac veins being free. Only 2 postoperative phlebograms showed a complete iliofemoral venous occlusion. Our results prove, that the operative thrombectomy is a successful method, with which the main complications of the iliofemoral thrombosis-pulmonary embolisation and postthrombotic syndrome-can difinitely be reduced. Also because of better long term results, the operative therapy of acute ilofemoral thrombosis should be generally prefered instead of conservative treatment.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of acute deep leg and pelvic vein trombosis]. In the last 3 years 93 cases of iliofermoral trombosis were treated by surgery. We prefer the method used by Brunner, but under general anaesthesia and using a Bentley-Autotransfusion-System (ATS). The average age of our patients was 55 years (age ranged between 17 and 87 years). No lethal pulmonary embolism was observed. 2, 1 percent of the patients died following apoplex or acute heart failure. Of 67 patients who were operated on 6 months ago or more 70 percent have no further complaints, 28 percent still have some residual edema and only 2 patients have a severe postthrombotic syndrome. 50 percent of 40 control-phlebograms demonstrated patency of all veins. 20 percent had short segmentary occlusions with definite signs of recanalisation, while in 27 percent of the cases occlusions of the lower leg and thigh were found, the iliac veins being free. Only 2 postoperative phlebograms showed a complete iliofemoral venous occlusion. Our results prove, that the operative thrombectomy is a successful method, with which the main complications of the iliofemoral thrombosis-pulmonary embolisation and postthrombotic syndrome-can difinitely be reduced. Also because of better long term results, the operative therapy of acute ilofemoral thrombosis should be generally prefered instead of conservative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:914161", "title": "[Alcohol embryo-fetpathies].", "content": "A short description of the clinical entity \"alcohol embryo-fetopathy\" is given. Following the first publication of 127 cases by Lemoine et al. (1968) numerous papers with together more than 400 cases have been published. Dysmorphic symptoms, intellectual and motoric retardation and facultative anomalies are listed. The diagnosis can be confirmed by the phenotypical signs and the alcohol history of the mother.", "contents": "[Alcohol embryo-fetpathies]. A short description of the clinical entity \"alcohol embryo-fetopathy\" is given. Following the first publication of 127 cases by Lemoine et al. (1968) numerous papers with together more than 400 cases have been published. Dysmorphic symptoms, intellectual and motoric retardation and facultative anomalies are listed. The diagnosis can be confirmed by the phenotypical signs and the alcohol history of the mother."}
{"id": "PMID:914163", "title": "[Plastics or glass for children's eyeglasses?].", "content": "Up to +5 dpt glass should be used in spectacles for children. There is more protection for the eye than danger of injury. Glasses out of plastic material are scratched very quickly, also they are more expensive.", "contents": "[Plastics or glass for children's eyeglasses?]. Up to +5 dpt glass should be used in spectacles for children. There is more protection for the eye than danger of injury. Glasses out of plastic material are scratched very quickly, also they are more expensive."}
{"id": "PMID:914165", "title": "[Current problems in juvenile tuberculosis. 1. The current epidemiological state of tuberculosis].", "content": "Although tuberculosis as an epidemic is generally regressing it must still be considered as a disease which is widespread throughout Germany and throughout the world. The yearly rate of new infections is high - nearly 36,000 cases in the Federal Republic of Germany, Nearly 40% of our population is virulently infected and therefore a possible factor in the outbreak of new epidemics. Even if tuberculosis were to be exterminated in our country, it is possible that immigrants, returning emigrants or guest-workers coming from infected regions, may bring further epidemics. They would then come in contact with a non-immunized population. It is therefore urgently necessary to recognize and not to neglect this disease. This is the only possible way to combat this imminent danger and to successfully implement the almost certain methods of treatment.", "contents": "[Current problems in juvenile tuberculosis. 1. The current epidemiological state of tuberculosis]. Although tuberculosis as an epidemic is generally regressing it must still be considered as a disease which is widespread throughout Germany and throughout the world. The yearly rate of new infections is high - nearly 36,000 cases in the Federal Republic of Germany, Nearly 40% of our population is virulently infected and therefore a possible factor in the outbreak of new epidemics. Even if tuberculosis were to be exterminated in our country, it is possible that immigrants, returning emigrants or guest-workers coming from infected regions, may bring further epidemics. They would then come in contact with a non-immunized population. It is therefore urgently necessary to recognize and not to neglect this disease. This is the only possible way to combat this imminent danger and to successfully implement the almost certain methods of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:914167", "title": "[Psychohygiene in obstetrics. Rooming-in the nursing].", "content": "The development of highly technical and highly computerized labour-rooms is contrasted by the mother's need for close personal contact with her baby and for close personal caring. If suitable conditions are to be created, the mother must be psychologically prepared for pregnancy and birth, the father must be admitted into the labour-room and rooming-in of mother and new born baby should be allowed. Breast-feeding is the beginning of the basic trust relationship (Urvertrauen) between mother and child. However, only 40% of the mothers continue breast-feeding after discharge from hospital and only 5,7% breast feed their babies for more than 3 months. The babies miss the intensive skin contact between mother and child that is so important for the child's development. This is confirmed by the experiences of the Offenbacher Modell\" where mothers nurture their prematurely born babies. Psychohygienic methods with new born babies are related to diminuished infant mortality. In the Federal Republic of Germany, 105 maternity hospitals and wards allow mothers and new born babies to be together without restriction.", "contents": "[Psychohygiene in obstetrics. Rooming-in the nursing]. The development of highly technical and highly computerized labour-rooms is contrasted by the mother's need for close personal contact with her baby and for close personal caring. If suitable conditions are to be created, the mother must be psychologically prepared for pregnancy and birth, the father must be admitted into the labour-room and rooming-in of mother and new born baby should be allowed. Breast-feeding is the beginning of the basic trust relationship (Urvertrauen) between mother and child. However, only 40% of the mothers continue breast-feeding after discharge from hospital and only 5,7% breast feed their babies for more than 3 months. The babies miss the intensive skin contact between mother and child that is so important for the child's development. This is confirmed by the experiences of the Offenbacher Modell\" where mothers nurture their prematurely born babies. Psychohygienic methods with new born babies are related to diminuished infant mortality. In the Federal Republic of Germany, 105 maternity hospitals and wards allow mothers and new born babies to be together without restriction."}
{"id": "PMID:914168", "title": "[Diagnostic list for epileptics. A new introduction for the control in long-term antiepileptic treatment].", "content": "A new booklet for the control of long-term antiepileptic treatment was developed in our hospital with the aim to improve the exchange of information among the various treating physicians. In addition to the check list names of drugs, recommended dosages and concentrations space is provided for the documentation of measured serum levels.", "contents": "[Diagnostic list for epileptics. A new introduction for the control in long-term antiepileptic treatment]. A new booklet for the control of long-term antiepileptic treatment was developed in our hospital with the aim to improve the exchange of information among the various treating physicians. In addition to the check list names of drugs, recommended dosages and concentrations space is provided for the documentation of measured serum levels."}
{"id": "PMID:914169", "title": "[Women's self examination of the breast. Value, frequency, self examination; A psychometric study on 532 women].", "content": "Immediate cooperation between doctor and patient is of extreme importance for the early detection of mamma carcinoma. In addition to the doctor's examination and palpation of the mammary and the keeping of an up-to-date health record, the patient must conduct frequent self-examinations of the breast. An attitude-study concerning self-examinations was conducted with 500 women using a questionnaire and the psychometric test method.", "contents": "[Women's self examination of the breast. Value, frequency, self examination; A psychometric study on 532 women]. Immediate cooperation between doctor and patient is of extreme importance for the early detection of mamma carcinoma. In addition to the doctor's examination and palpation of the mammary and the keeping of an up-to-date health record, the patient must conduct frequent self-examinations of the breast. An attitude-study concerning self-examinations was conducted with 500 women using a questionnaire and the psychometric test method."}
{"id": "PMID:914172", "title": "[Hyperuricemia due to therapeutic measures].", "content": "Some therapeutic measures cause hyperuricemia, which may require treatment in certain cases. The following may induce hyperuricemia: cytostatic long-term treatment, weight reduction through fasting, antihypertensive treatment with different chlorothiazides but also furosemide and etacrynic acid, anti-tuberculostatic therapy and Parkinson long-term treatment.", "contents": "[Hyperuricemia due to therapeutic measures]. Some therapeutic measures cause hyperuricemia, which may require treatment in certain cases. The following may induce hyperuricemia: cytostatic long-term treatment, weight reduction through fasting, antihypertensive treatment with different chlorothiazides but also furosemide and etacrynic acid, anti-tuberculostatic therapy and Parkinson long-term treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:914176", "title": "[Water and mineral balance in refeeding after total fasting].", "content": "The water balance and the electrolyte balance were measured in 6 patients after 14 days of total starvation. After fasting a 600 calorie formula diet was given for the whole period. The potassium balance was +32 mval/day and that of sodium +120 mval/day. The total loss of potassium in 14 days was 488 mval and that of sodium only 126 mval. Sodium loss is replaced within one day of refeeding. No replacement of the potassium loss was noticed during the 4 day treatment.", "contents": "[Water and mineral balance in refeeding after total fasting]. The water balance and the electrolyte balance were measured in 6 patients after 14 days of total starvation. After fasting a 600 calorie formula diet was given for the whole period. The potassium balance was +32 mval/day and that of sodium +120 mval/day. The total loss of potassium in 14 days was 488 mval and that of sodium only 126 mval. Sodium loss is replaced within one day of refeeding. No replacement of the potassium loss was noticed during the 4 day treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:914178", "title": "[Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Antibody dependent cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against myelin basic proteins in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "In 79 of 100 patients with multiple sclerosis, serum antibodies of the IgG type were demonstrated which render normal lymphocytes cytotoxic against basic protein of myelin. In 11 cerebrospinal fluids which were tested the antibody was also found. The method used was the release of 51Cr from chicken erythrocytes coated with antigen. The antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity is related to the degree of activity of the disease and not to the evolution of the disease or its course. As the disease worsens, the frequency of positive reactions is higher than in inactive stages. The immunological reaction is very specific for multiple sclerosis, in patients with other neurological disorders only 5% had positive findings. The antibody-dependent cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against basic protein of myelin may be attributed with a certain diagnostic significance. The reaction seems suitable for the supervision of the course of multiple sclerosis and to check the effect of therapeutic measures. The antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity against basic protein of myelin is considered to be significant in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Antibody dependent cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against myelin basic proteins in multiple sclerosis]. In 79 of 100 patients with multiple sclerosis, serum antibodies of the IgG type were demonstrated which render normal lymphocytes cytotoxic against basic protein of myelin. In 11 cerebrospinal fluids which were tested the antibody was also found. The method used was the release of 51Cr from chicken erythrocytes coated with antigen. The antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity is related to the degree of activity of the disease and not to the evolution of the disease or its course. As the disease worsens, the frequency of positive reactions is higher than in inactive stages. The immunological reaction is very specific for multiple sclerosis, in patients with other neurological disorders only 5% had positive findings. The antibody-dependent cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against basic protein of myelin may be attributed with a certain diagnostic significance. The reaction seems suitable for the supervision of the course of multiple sclerosis and to check the effect of therapeutic measures. The antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity against basic protein of myelin is considered to be significant in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:914179", "title": "[Perfusion scintigraphy of the myocardium in cardiological diagnosis. Coronary diseases, primary myocardial diseases and rheumatic heart valve diseases].", "content": "In 123 patients perfusion scintigrams were compared with the data of clinical investigation, right and left heart catheterisation and coronary arteriography. The intracoronary application of radioactive labelled human-albumin-microspheres and human-microaggregates were without any complications. The patients suffered from coronary heart diseases, primary myocardial diseases and rheumatic valvula heart diseases. There was a good correlation between the myocardial perfusion defect and the degree of coronary artery stenoses. Furthermore an excellent correlation was found between perfusion defects and levocardiographic findings: left ventricular aneurysms, akinetic or hypokinetic areas and the ejection fraction of the left ventricle. All myocardial infarctions were detected by a perfusion defect in the scintigrams. In 16 cardiacsurgery-patients large myocardial perfusion defects were found to be myocardial scars. In primary myocardial diseases perfusion scintigraphy is an effective method of detecting pathological myocardial patterns. The degree of perfusion defects correlates excellently with the levocardiographic findings. It seems that in rheumatic valvular diseases perfusion-scintigraphy is a method to discover rheumatic myocardial abnormalities--probably scar tissue. In comparison with thallium scintigrams it was shown that extensive myocardial failures (aneurysms) can be represented by both nuclear medical procedures but that perfusion scintigraphy is more sensitive and correlates more closely to the levocardiogram findings.", "contents": "[Perfusion scintigraphy of the myocardium in cardiological diagnosis. Coronary diseases, primary myocardial diseases and rheumatic heart valve diseases]. In 123 patients perfusion scintigrams were compared with the data of clinical investigation, right and left heart catheterisation and coronary arteriography. The intracoronary application of radioactive labelled human-albumin-microspheres and human-microaggregates were without any complications. The patients suffered from coronary heart diseases, primary myocardial diseases and rheumatic valvula heart diseases. There was a good correlation between the myocardial perfusion defect and the degree of coronary artery stenoses. Furthermore an excellent correlation was found between perfusion defects and levocardiographic findings: left ventricular aneurysms, akinetic or hypokinetic areas and the ejection fraction of the left ventricle. All myocardial infarctions were detected by a perfusion defect in the scintigrams. In 16 cardiacsurgery-patients large myocardial perfusion defects were found to be myocardial scars. In primary myocardial diseases perfusion scintigraphy is an effective method of detecting pathological myocardial patterns. The degree of perfusion defects correlates excellently with the levocardiographic findings. It seems that in rheumatic valvular diseases perfusion-scintigraphy is a method to discover rheumatic myocardial abnormalities--probably scar tissue. In comparison with thallium scintigrams it was shown that extensive myocardial failures (aneurysms) can be represented by both nuclear medical procedures but that perfusion scintigraphy is more sensitive and correlates more closely to the levocardiogram findings."}
{"id": "PMID:914180", "title": "[Therapy of hypertension with dimapres. Studies on the effect of the anti-hypertensive drug dimapres in newly adjusted and pretreated hypertensive patients].", "content": "41 hypertensive patients were treated with the new anti-hypertensive agent dimapres (1 tablet contains 0.150 mg clonidine and 2.5 mg cyclothiazide). 20 patients had not been treated before, 17 had reserpine-saluretic-combinations and 4 alpha-methyldopa. The dose of the medicament was adapted to the particular requirements of the individual patient and lay between 2 X 1/2 and 3 X 1 tablet daily. After conspicuously high blood pressure readings at the first examination, the previously treated patients showed almost normal blood pressures after discontinuation of the therapy and 2-3 days acclimatisation, while the untreated patients showed pressures slightly above normal. The preparation was well tolerated and normal blood pressures could be obtained with dimapres in all patients. Changing over from other preparations presented no problems. Exercise tolerance tests showed that there was less tendency for the blood pressure to rise to any great height during treatment with dimapres. The patients could tolerate effort better. dimapres reduces the raised reactivity to external stimuli in the hypertensive patient to a normal level.", "contents": "[Therapy of hypertension with dimapres. Studies on the effect of the anti-hypertensive drug dimapres in newly adjusted and pretreated hypertensive patients]. 41 hypertensive patients were treated with the new anti-hypertensive agent dimapres (1 tablet contains 0.150 mg clonidine and 2.5 mg cyclothiazide). 20 patients had not been treated before, 17 had reserpine-saluretic-combinations and 4 alpha-methyldopa. The dose of the medicament was adapted to the particular requirements of the individual patient and lay between 2 X 1/2 and 3 X 1 tablet daily. After conspicuously high blood pressure readings at the first examination, the previously treated patients showed almost normal blood pressures after discontinuation of the therapy and 2-3 days acclimatisation, while the untreated patients showed pressures slightly above normal. The preparation was well tolerated and normal blood pressures could be obtained with dimapres in all patients. Changing over from other preparations presented no problems. Exercise tolerance tests showed that there was less tendency for the blood pressure to rise to any great height during treatment with dimapres. The patients could tolerate effort better. dimapres reduces the raised reactivity to external stimuli in the hypertensive patient to a normal level."}
{"id": "PMID:914184", "title": "[Microsurgery for the treatment of windshield injuries].", "content": "During the last few years, eye injuries caused by fragments of shattered windscreen have increased enormously in the Federal Republic of Germany and in West Berlin. About 1000 people per year suffer severe eye- and eyelid injuries due to traffic accidents. Microsurgery of ocular injuries allows particular attention to be paid to each part of the eye and restoration of its functions. Although the prognosis of such injuries has been improved by a more developed surgery technique using microscopes, the eye specialist as well as legislation should make every possible effort to diminish eye injuries and their serious consequences for the patients.", "contents": "[Microsurgery for the treatment of windshield injuries]. During the last few years, eye injuries caused by fragments of shattered windscreen have increased enormously in the Federal Republic of Germany and in West Berlin. About 1000 people per year suffer severe eye- and eyelid injuries due to traffic accidents. Microsurgery of ocular injuries allows particular attention to be paid to each part of the eye and restoration of its functions. Although the prognosis of such injuries has been improved by a more developed surgery technique using microscopes, the eye specialist as well as legislation should make every possible effort to diminish eye injuries and their serious consequences for the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:914187", "title": "[Rooming-in at the maternity department. Results of a questionnaire-action].", "content": "The authors report from the Univ.-Frauenklinik in Giessen, where rooming-in was first introduced in 1976; the newborn baby's bed is now put in the mother's room. When 171 outpatients, who had never heard of rooming-in, and 81 patients in the maternity ward were consulted, the women agreed to a trial period for rooming-in. It was shown that more than 70% of the women would have prefered a clinic where rooming-in was possible to a traditional type clinic. This tendency was particularly strongly felt among women with a higher level of secondary education and among women who held the view that the fathers should be more involved in the family and in the upbringing of small children. The results of individual questionnaires showed that support for rooming-in was significantly strong on the grounds of interhuman relations; also, the rejection of the traditional mother-image was apparent. Reasons for the introduction of rooming-in, as well as the difficulties involved in putting it into practice are outlined.", "contents": "[Rooming-in at the maternity department. Results of a questionnaire-action]. The authors report from the Univ.-Frauenklinik in Giessen, where rooming-in was first introduced in 1976; the newborn baby's bed is now put in the mother's room. When 171 outpatients, who had never heard of rooming-in, and 81 patients in the maternity ward were consulted, the women agreed to a trial period for rooming-in. It was shown that more than 70% of the women would have prefered a clinic where rooming-in was possible to a traditional type clinic. This tendency was particularly strongly felt among women with a higher level of secondary education and among women who held the view that the fathers should be more involved in the family and in the upbringing of small children. The results of individual questionnaires showed that support for rooming-in was significantly strong on the grounds of interhuman relations; also, the rejection of the traditional mother-image was apparent. Reasons for the introduction of rooming-in, as well as the difficulties involved in putting it into practice are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:914188", "title": "[The biological availability of digitoxin].", "content": "The bioavailability of digitoxin after a single dose of 0.5 mg was studied in 6 healthy volunteers by estimation of tmax, cmax, AUC und urinary excretion rate. After tablets, absorption was rapid, after drag\u00e9es delayed. The mean t1/2 of digitoxin for i.v. administration was 9.5 +/- 0.9 days, for oral administration of tablets 7.4 +/- 0.5 days and for drag\u00e9es 9.7 +/- 2.0 days. The cumulative recovery of glycosides in urine during the first 48 hours was higher after tablets than after i.v. administration. The shorter t1/2 of digitoxin after tablets compared with the longer t1/2 after gastric juice resistent drag\u00e9es demonstrated the presence of a substantial extrahepatic \"first pass\"-effect by degradation of digitoxin before absorption. Such mechanism would partly explain the shorter t1/2 after digitoxin-tablets due to an increased elimination of splitting products. By extrapolation to t-infinite AUC and urinary excretion rates were not significantly different between various formulations. The mean absolute bioavailability of digitoxin-drag\u00e9es amounted to 82-88 percent and the relative bioavailability of digitoxin-tablets to 84-93 percent.", "contents": "[The biological availability of digitoxin]. The bioavailability of digitoxin after a single dose of 0.5 mg was studied in 6 healthy volunteers by estimation of tmax, cmax, AUC und urinary excretion rate. After tablets, absorption was rapid, after drag\u00e9es delayed. The mean t1/2 of digitoxin for i.v. administration was 9.5 +/- 0.9 days, for oral administration of tablets 7.4 +/- 0.5 days and for drag\u00e9es 9.7 +/- 2.0 days. The cumulative recovery of glycosides in urine during the first 48 hours was higher after tablets than after i.v. administration. The shorter t1/2 of digitoxin after tablets compared with the longer t1/2 after gastric juice resistent drag\u00e9es demonstrated the presence of a substantial extrahepatic \"first pass\"-effect by degradation of digitoxin before absorption. Such mechanism would partly explain the shorter t1/2 after digitoxin-tablets due to an increased elimination of splitting products. By extrapolation to t-infinite AUC and urinary excretion rates were not significantly different between various formulations. The mean absolute bioavailability of digitoxin-drag\u00e9es amounted to 82-88 percent and the relative bioavailability of digitoxin-tablets to 84-93 percent."}
{"id": "PMID:914190", "title": "[1st studies on the problem of rectal resorption of MPS in the treatment of arthroses].", "content": "Ten patients suffering from degenerative arthropathies were treated to demonstrate a significant influence of suppositoroes containing 500 mg mucopolysaccharide polysulfuric acid ester on certain clotting parameters such as plasma recalcification time, partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time. These investigations had been preceeded by blank determinations and tests with suppositories containing 250 and 400 mg resp. of active substance. It could be shown that the active substance is absorbed even if the substance is applied rectally in form of suppositories if these contain sufficient doses of MPS. Consequently, suppositories containing MPS could be used for a therapy of degenerative arthropathies whenever intraarticular and periarticular or intramuscular administration are not possible.", "contents": "[1st studies on the problem of rectal resorption of MPS in the treatment of arthroses]. Ten patients suffering from degenerative arthropathies were treated to demonstrate a significant influence of suppositoroes containing 500 mg mucopolysaccharide polysulfuric acid ester on certain clotting parameters such as plasma recalcification time, partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time. These investigations had been preceeded by blank determinations and tests with suppositories containing 250 and 400 mg resp. of active substance. It could be shown that the active substance is absorbed even if the substance is applied rectally in form of suppositories if these contain sufficient doses of MPS. Consequently, suppositories containing MPS could be used for a therapy of degenerative arthropathies whenever intraarticular and periarticular or intramuscular administration are not possible."}
{"id": "PMID:914192", "title": "[Intrauterine devices for  contraception? Results of an inquiry conducted in the BRD in 1976].", "content": "The results of the 1098 responses to a questionnaire show a remarkable increase in the use of intra-uterine devices (IUD) as a method of contraception (especially in the last 3 years) in the FRG too. The main reasons for the insertion of IUD were specified as \"incompatibility\" with the pill or \"weariness induced through constant use of the pill\". IUD are also used by nulliparae. At the moment T-shaped models containing copper are most popular. The majority of insertions are performed without general anaesthesia. The optimal length of time for wearing an IUD is considered to be 2 years or more. The foremost reasons for removal of IUD are bleeding or pain. Failures (pregnancies) however, are rather frequently recorded. Most gynecologists remove the IUD if pregnancy has occurred and in this case only few of them try to maintain the pregnancy on the patients request. In 1976, the majority of gynecologists attended patients composed of 40 : 1 users of the pill : users of IUD. Numerically speaking therefore, IUD are the method which actually takes second place. In our opinion however, if attention is paid to indications and contra-indications and to the necessity for intensive education of the patient, IUD are a real alternative to the pill and to the increasing use of any type of female sterilization.", "contents": "[Intrauterine devices for  contraception? Results of an inquiry conducted in the BRD in 1976]. The results of the 1098 responses to a questionnaire show a remarkable increase in the use of intra-uterine devices (IUD) as a method of contraception (especially in the last 3 years) in the FRG too. The main reasons for the insertion of IUD were specified as \"incompatibility\" with the pill or \"weariness induced through constant use of the pill\". IUD are also used by nulliparae. At the moment T-shaped models containing copper are most popular. The majority of insertions are performed without general anaesthesia. The optimal length of time for wearing an IUD is considered to be 2 years or more. The foremost reasons for removal of IUD are bleeding or pain. Failures (pregnancies) however, are rather frequently recorded. Most gynecologists remove the IUD if pregnancy has occurred and in this case only few of them try to maintain the pregnancy on the patients request. In 1976, the majority of gynecologists attended patients composed of 40 : 1 users of the pill : users of IUD. Numerically speaking therefore, IUD are the method which actually takes second place. In our opinion however, if attention is paid to indications and contra-indications and to the necessity for intensive education of the patient, IUD are a real alternative to the pill and to the increasing use of any type of female sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:914193", "title": "[The capacitation of spermatozoa].", "content": "Mammalian spermatozoa attain their fertilization capacity only after reaching the female genital tract. This process takes place in several stages. First there is a degradation of inhibitors (decapacitation factor and acrosin inhibitor) in the vagina, cervix and uterus. Concurrent with or subsequent to this process the actual capacitation in the uterus and tubes occurs. Capacitation is characterized by an increase in metabolism, alteration of motility and activation of lytic enzymes of the spermatozoa. The acrosome reaction takes place only on direct contact with the ovum. This reaction is accompanied by morphological changes in the spermatozoon and enables the proteolytic enzymes (corona-penetrating enzyme, acrosin and hyaluronidase) to leave the sperm head. With the help of these enzymes, the spermatozoon is able to break down the various egg envelopes, to penetrate the ovum and initiate fertilization.", "contents": "[The capacitation of spermatozoa]. Mammalian spermatozoa attain their fertilization capacity only after reaching the female genital tract. This process takes place in several stages. First there is a degradation of inhibitors (decapacitation factor and acrosin inhibitor) in the vagina, cervix and uterus. Concurrent with or subsequent to this process the actual capacitation in the uterus and tubes occurs. Capacitation is characterized by an increase in metabolism, alteration of motility and activation of lytic enzymes of the spermatozoa. The acrosome reaction takes place only on direct contact with the ovum. This reaction is accompanied by morphological changes in the spermatozoon and enables the proteolytic enzymes (corona-penetrating enzyme, acrosin and hyaluronidase) to leave the sperm head. With the help of these enzymes, the spermatozoon is able to break down the various egg envelopes, to penetrate the ovum and initiate fertilization."}
{"id": "PMID:914195", "title": "[Convention surgical therapy of tubal sterility].", "content": "Rates of success after surgical treatment of tubal occlusions are limited by the etiologic factros of the female tubal sterility and by the operative techniques. The results of tuboplastic surgery have been improved during the last decade by critical preoperative selection of patients and subtile perioperative therapy. Nevertheless, rates of success are by no means satisfactory. Statistical evaluation of 5,056 cases reported in the literature shows an overall success rate of 26.5% intrauterine pregnancies with 19% live births. The classical surgical techniques are described. Preoperative examination and indications for the operations are discussed. Complementary surgical procedures may be helpful to prevent postoperative adhesions. Further improvement of tuboplastic surgery can be achieved by the introduction of microsurgery and endoscopic methods in the treatment of tubal sterility.", "contents": "[Convention surgical therapy of tubal sterility]. Rates of success after surgical treatment of tubal occlusions are limited by the etiologic factros of the female tubal sterility and by the operative techniques. The results of tuboplastic surgery have been improved during the last decade by critical preoperative selection of patients and subtile perioperative therapy. Nevertheless, rates of success are by no means satisfactory. Statistical evaluation of 5,056 cases reported in the literature shows an overall success rate of 26.5% intrauterine pregnancies with 19% live births. The classical surgical techniques are described. Preoperative examination and indications for the operations are discussed. Complementary surgical procedures may be helpful to prevent postoperative adhesions. Further improvement of tuboplastic surgery can be achieved by the introduction of microsurgery and endoscopic methods in the treatment of tubal sterility."}
{"id": "PMID:914196", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of sterile marriages. Retrospective studies on the sterility of 500 childless couples].", "content": "In the retrospective analysis of 500 involuntarily childless couples the following results were observed: The pregnancy rate was 37.2%. The age of the women did not influence the conception rate significantly. Women with a sterility of less than 5 years duration had a statistically higher conception rate than those with longer lasting sterility. Patients with oligomenorrhea had a significantly higher pregnancy rate than those with normal menstrual cycle. Cyclofenil therapy resulted in a significantly higher conception rate than treatment without ovulation inducing compounds. Homologeous insemination had a pregnancy rate of 25,4%. The additional therapy with ovulation inducers did not influence the results significantly. Patients with uterine hypoplasia had a significantly higher conception rate than women with normal uterine size. Women who showed uterine hypoplasia before sterility treatment had taken oral contraceptives less often than women with normal uterine size. There was a significant correlation between uterine hypoplasia and cyclic disorders. Women with cyclic disorders had hirsutism more often than those with a normal cycle. In cases with normal sperm count (40 mill./ml) there was a significantly better pregnancy rate than in those with oligozoospermia (40 mill./ml). In cases of sperm motility of over 70% a significantly higher pregnancy rate was observed than in those with a motility below 70%. In spermiograms with more than 70% of normally configurated sperms the results were significantly better than in those with less than 70% normal sperms.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of sterile marriages. Retrospective studies on the sterility of 500 childless couples]. In the retrospective analysis of 500 involuntarily childless couples the following results were observed: The pregnancy rate was 37.2%. The age of the women did not influence the conception rate significantly. Women with a sterility of less than 5 years duration had a statistically higher conception rate than those with longer lasting sterility. Patients with oligomenorrhea had a significantly higher pregnancy rate than those with normal menstrual cycle. Cyclofenil therapy resulted in a significantly higher conception rate than treatment without ovulation inducing compounds. Homologeous insemination had a pregnancy rate of 25,4%. The additional therapy with ovulation inducers did not influence the results significantly. Patients with uterine hypoplasia had a significantly higher conception rate than women with normal uterine size. Women who showed uterine hypoplasia before sterility treatment had taken oral contraceptives less often than women with normal uterine size. There was a significant correlation between uterine hypoplasia and cyclic disorders. Women with cyclic disorders had hirsutism more often than those with a normal cycle. In cases with normal sperm count (40 mill./ml) there was a significantly better pregnancy rate than in those with oligozoospermia (40 mill./ml). In cases of sperm motility of over 70% a significantly higher pregnancy rate was observed than in those with a motility below 70%. In spermiograms with more than 70% of normally configurated sperms the results were significantly better than in those with less than 70% normal sperms."}
{"id": "PMID:914197", "title": "[Cytology of reversible and irreversible epithelial changes in the uterine cervix].", "content": "The etiology and the experimentally founded concept of pathogenesis of reversible and irreversible epithelial changes of the cervix uteri are described. The possibilities and limitations of differential diagnosis of dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma are discussed. Cytological criteria of differential diagnosis are mentioned and summarized in table form. Rates of regression, persistence and progression of different forms of dysplasia as potential forerunners of invasive carcinoma are mentioned. By the use of all cytological parameters a primary differential diagnosis of the mentioned lesions may be reached to a degree of 90% (Patten 1969; Wied et al. 1976). Diagnostic findings should be precisely formulated to give the best information for further diagnostic or therapeutic procedures concerning the individual case.", "contents": "[Cytology of reversible and irreversible epithelial changes in the uterine cervix]. The etiology and the experimentally founded concept of pathogenesis of reversible and irreversible epithelial changes of the cervix uteri are described. The possibilities and limitations of differential diagnosis of dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma are discussed. Cytological criteria of differential diagnosis are mentioned and summarized in table form. Rates of regression, persistence and progression of different forms of dysplasia as potential forerunners of invasive carcinoma are mentioned. By the use of all cytological parameters a primary differential diagnosis of the mentioned lesions may be reached to a degree of 90% (Patten 1969; Wied et al. 1976). Diagnostic findings should be precisely formulated to give the best information for further diagnostic or therapeutic procedures concerning the individual case."}
{"id": "PMID:914198", "title": "[Biochemical and morphological changes in the uterus after the use of estradiol].", "content": "A review is given of data concerning changes in the uterus after estradiol administration. It is concluded that the time intervals between hormone administration and appearance of cellular changes cannot always be compared as they depend upon many variables, e.g. species, dose of hormone, route of application, age of animals, and time elapsed after ovariectomy. Several hypotheses on the mechanism of estrogen action are discussed.", "contents": "[Biochemical and morphological changes in the uterus after the use of estradiol]. A review is given of data concerning changes in the uterus after estradiol administration. It is concluded that the time intervals between hormone administration and appearance of cellular changes cannot always be compared as they depend upon many variables, e.g. species, dose of hormone, route of application, age of animals, and time elapsed after ovariectomy. Several hypotheses on the mechanism of estrogen action are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914199", "title": "[Pathology and clinical aspects of retarded child development. Diagnosis and therapy of defective development].", "content": "21 cases of \"small for date\" pregnancies were analysed. Serial ultrasonic tracings and determinations of total estrogen excretion in the 24-hour-urine and of serum HPL concentration were carried out. The fetal heart rate was measured by cardiotocogram. Retrospectively, the patients were divided into 3 groups according to birth weight. All patients were treated with a combination of Complamin, Calciparin and Partusisten. Fetal growth retardation could not be stopped by this treatment; there was, however, definite fetal weight gain following long term therapy. Results of HPL and total estrogen determinations were inconclusive; in most cases, however, a fall of concentrations was observed. Following long term therapy a rise in concentration up to almost normal values was seen. The positive effect of therapy was best shown by serial cardiotograms.", "contents": "[Pathology and clinical aspects of retarded child development. Diagnosis and therapy of defective development]. 21 cases of \"small for date\" pregnancies were analysed. Serial ultrasonic tracings and determinations of total estrogen excretion in the 24-hour-urine and of serum HPL concentration were carried out. The fetal heart rate was measured by cardiotocogram. Retrospectively, the patients were divided into 3 groups according to birth weight. All patients were treated with a combination of Complamin, Calciparin and Partusisten. Fetal growth retardation could not be stopped by this treatment; there was, however, definite fetal weight gain following long term therapy. Results of HPL and total estrogen determinations were inconclusive; in most cases, however, a fall of concentrations was observed. Following long term therapy a rise in concentration up to almost normal values was seen. The positive effect of therapy was best shown by serial cardiotograms."}
{"id": "PMID:914200", "title": "[Prevention of thromboembolism with heparin in gynecological and obstetric surgery].", "content": "During a period of 28 months 983 gynaecological patients had major abdominal or vaginal operations under Heparin prophylaxis. In no case thrombosis or pulmonary embolism occurred. 5 hemorrhages required surgical revision and temporary reduction of Heparin dose. Global tests for preoperative diagnosis of hemostasis and for postoperative control of Heparin effect are discussed. Possible reactive fibrinolysis under Heparin administration, its complications and control are mentioned. Peri- and postoperative prophylaxis of thrombo-embolism with Heparin in daily dosages up to 20,00 I.U. seems well suitable.", "contents": "[Prevention of thromboembolism with heparin in gynecological and obstetric surgery]. During a period of 28 months 983 gynaecological patients had major abdominal or vaginal operations under Heparin prophylaxis. In no case thrombosis or pulmonary embolism occurred. 5 hemorrhages required surgical revision and temporary reduction of Heparin dose. Global tests for preoperative diagnosis of hemostasis and for postoperative control of Heparin effect are discussed. Possible reactive fibrinolysis under Heparin administration, its complications and control are mentioned. Peri- and postoperative prophylaxis of thrombo-embolism with Heparin in daily dosages up to 20,00 I.U. seems well suitable."}
{"id": "PMID:914201", "title": "[Bone scintigraphy in osteodystrophia deformans (Paget's disease)].", "content": "The value of combined investigations using both scintiscanning and radiological procedures has been proved for the disease's extension and activity in 28 patients suffering from osteodystrophia deformans (Pagets disease). It was seen that such a method leads to more precise results concerning the patient's condition. Special therapy indications were set up, based on these summarized findings. A further advantage of bones scanning alone is the lower radiation dose, which is mainly indicated for control tests in Paget's course. At present, we have no experience of malignant forms of this disease among our group of patients.", "contents": "[Bone scintigraphy in osteodystrophia deformans (Paget's disease)]. The value of combined investigations using both scintiscanning and radiological procedures has been proved for the disease's extension and activity in 28 patients suffering from osteodystrophia deformans (Pagets disease). It was seen that such a method leads to more precise results concerning the patient's condition. Special therapy indications were set up, based on these summarized findings. A further advantage of bones scanning alone is the lower radiation dose, which is mainly indicated for control tests in Paget's course. At present, we have no experience of malignant forms of this disease among our group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:914202", "title": "[Rescue helicopters in secondary missions].", "content": "During the last five years, we have had to fly 560 primary and 1150 secondary missions with the rescue helicopter of the Ulm Rescue Centre. This relationship of approximately 1 : 2 is distinctly different from the numbers obtained in other helicopter bases. The geographical location and structure of the hospitals within range of the Ulm rescue helicopter account for the large proportion of urgent secondary missions. The evaluation of these secondary missions concurs with the ADAC statistics and shows that the quick transport of the emergency doctor to the scene of the emergency, is only one component in the functions of the rescue helicopter. During primary and secondary missions, the ability to transport emergency patients to the nearest qualified hospital by helicopter, which is a mobile intensive care unit, is of equal importance. In the future, rescue helicopters will have to take these requirements into account by providing the necessary equipment and more especially, by providing sufficient space to carry out emergency diagnostic and therapeutic treatment.", "contents": "[Rescue helicopters in secondary missions]. During the last five years, we have had to fly 560 primary and 1150 secondary missions with the rescue helicopter of the Ulm Rescue Centre. This relationship of approximately 1 : 2 is distinctly different from the numbers obtained in other helicopter bases. The geographical location and structure of the hospitals within range of the Ulm rescue helicopter account for the large proportion of urgent secondary missions. The evaluation of these secondary missions concurs with the ADAC statistics and shows that the quick transport of the emergency doctor to the scene of the emergency, is only one component in the functions of the rescue helicopter. During primary and secondary missions, the ability to transport emergency patients to the nearest qualified hospital by helicopter, which is a mobile intensive care unit, is of equal importance. In the future, rescue helicopters will have to take these requirements into account by providing the necessary equipment and more especially, by providing sufficient space to carry out emergency diagnostic and therapeutic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:914205", "title": "[Quantitative studies on recruitment in objective audiometry with evoked potentials and the relationship to Fowler's loudness test].", "content": "Recruitment of loudness in patients with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss--an abnormal subjective sensation-is quantitatively measurable by means of objective audiometry with auditory evoked potentials without patients' help. Recruitment measure subjectively and objectively corresponds quantitatively. The only diminution of the latency of the evoked potential in comparison to the latency of a standard group is not proof of an existing recruitment.", "contents": "[Quantitative studies on recruitment in objective audiometry with evoked potentials and the relationship to Fowler's loudness test]. Recruitment of loudness in patients with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss--an abnormal subjective sensation-is quantitatively measurable by means of objective audiometry with auditory evoked potentials without patients' help. Recruitment measure subjectively and objectively corresponds quantitatively. The only diminution of the latency of the evoked potential in comparison to the latency of a standard group is not proof of an existing recruitment."}
{"id": "PMID:914206", "title": "[The hidden intrauterine device].", "content": "The hidden intrauterine device (IUD) may result because of disapperance of the tails into the uterus, unobserved loss of the device and perforation. The localization can be estimated by sonography, x-ray and probing of the uterine cavity. In most of the cases the device can be removed without hospitalization, surgical procedures are rarely neccessary. If pregnancy did occur the hidden intrauterine device cannot be removed without termination of the pregnancy in most cases.", "contents": "[The hidden intrauterine device]. The hidden intrauterine device (IUD) may result because of disapperance of the tails into the uterus, unobserved loss of the device and perforation. The localization can be estimated by sonography, x-ray and probing of the uterine cavity. In most of the cases the device can be removed without hospitalization, surgical procedures are rarely neccessary. If pregnancy did occur the hidden intrauterine device cannot be removed without termination of the pregnancy in most cases."}
{"id": "PMID:914209", "title": "[Differential diagnosis and therapy in Adie's syndrome].", "content": "In general, Adie's syndrome does not represent a serious diagnostic problem. In cases of cerebrospinal syphilis the Argyll-Robertson phenomenon or even absolute pupillary rigidity will be observed. Positive syphilis reactions will clarify these cases. The erroneous diagnosis of brain tumour may arise because of anisocoria. However, if pupillotonia can be ascertained by means of conjunctival instillation of drugs no further invasive diagnostics will be necessary. In some cases of Adie's syndrome concomitant emotional instability may be present. This dysautonomic reaction type of personality will hardly ever be confounded with the psychological disturbances encountered in brain tumours. Therapy is restricted to symptomatic measures. Pupillotonia can be influenced by strychnine and thymoxamine. Headache and facial neuralgia respond to the usual therapeutic schemes. Sweating disorder cannot be influenced. Neuropharmacological treatment may become necessary in periods of acute emotional disturbance.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis and therapy in Adie's syndrome]. In general, Adie's syndrome does not represent a serious diagnostic problem. In cases of cerebrospinal syphilis the Argyll-Robertson phenomenon or even absolute pupillary rigidity will be observed. Positive syphilis reactions will clarify these cases. The erroneous diagnosis of brain tumour may arise because of anisocoria. However, if pupillotonia can be ascertained by means of conjunctival instillation of drugs no further invasive diagnostics will be necessary. In some cases of Adie's syndrome concomitant emotional instability may be present. This dysautonomic reaction type of personality will hardly ever be confounded with the psychological disturbances encountered in brain tumours. Therapy is restricted to symptomatic measures. Pupillotonia can be influenced by strychnine and thymoxamine. Headache and facial neuralgia respond to the usual therapeutic schemes. Sweating disorder cannot be influenced. Neuropharmacological treatment may become necessary in periods of acute emotional disturbance."}
{"id": "PMID:914220", "title": "[The mouse mutant \"Jimpy\". Animal model of leukodystrophy].", "content": "The Jimpy mouse is an x-linked recessive mutation of the house mouse resulting a myelin deficiency in the central nervous system. It is of interest as an animal model of human leukodystrophy. Clinical symptoms include ataxia  and tremor as initial signs, followed by tonic-clonic convulsions prefinally. The myelin deficiency is probably caused by a developmental disturbance of the oligodendrogial cell line. Clinical and pathological findings in the mouse mutant Jimpy show some remarkable similarities to Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease.", "contents": "[The mouse mutant \"Jimpy\". Animal model of leukodystrophy]. The Jimpy mouse is an x-linked recessive mutation of the house mouse resulting a myelin deficiency in the central nervous system. It is of interest as an animal model of human leukodystrophy. Clinical symptoms include ataxia  and tremor as initial signs, followed by tonic-clonic convulsions prefinally. The myelin deficiency is probably caused by a developmental disturbance of the oligodendrogial cell line. Clinical and pathological findings in the mouse mutant Jimpy show some remarkable similarities to Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease."}
{"id": "PMID:914221", "title": "[Experimental carcinogenesis in the respiratory tract using the European field hamster (Cricetus cricetus L.) as a model].", "content": "Subcutaneous treatment of European hamsters with aliphatic (diethyl-, diisopropanol-,dibutylnitrosamine) and cyclic nitroso compounds (nitrosopiperidine, morpholine, and heptamethyleneimine) led to the development of respiratory tract tumors. Most of the neoplasms were seen in the nasal cavity and lungs, although tumors were also found in the larynx and trachea. Histologically, the tumors were diagnosed as papillary polyps, papillomas, adenomas, adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas and mixed carcinomas. The length and weight of this species permit the performance of routine diagnostic methods such as radiography, bronchography and bronchoscopy. All such methods help towards a particularly early diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions.", "contents": "[Experimental carcinogenesis in the respiratory tract using the European field hamster (Cricetus cricetus L.) as a model]. Subcutaneous treatment of European hamsters with aliphatic (diethyl-, diisopropanol-,dibutylnitrosamine) and cyclic nitroso compounds (nitrosopiperidine, morpholine, and heptamethyleneimine) led to the development of respiratory tract tumors. Most of the neoplasms were seen in the nasal cavity and lungs, although tumors were also found in the larynx and trachea. Histologically, the tumors were diagnosed as papillary polyps, papillomas, adenomas, adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas and mixed carcinomas. The length and weight of this species permit the performance of routine diagnostic methods such as radiography, bronchography and bronchoscopy. All such methods help towards a particularly early diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:914223", "title": "[Microsymptoms in leptospirosis].", "content": "Leptospirosis is not an exotic disease, still it is  seen more frequent in southern countries. Microsymptoms, such as supraorbital headache, muscle pain in the legs, herpes naso-labialis or axillaris (often symmetrical), pharynxenanthema, fugitive rash, epistaxis, confusion, etc., are very important for early diagnosis. An intradermal test for early diagnosis was developed and is described here.", "contents": "[Microsymptoms in leptospirosis]. Leptospirosis is not an exotic disease, still it is  seen more frequent in southern countries. Microsymptoms, such as supraorbital headache, muscle pain in the legs, herpes naso-labialis or axillaris (often symmetrical), pharynxenanthema, fugitive rash, epistaxis, confusion, etc., are very important for early diagnosis. An intradermal test for early diagnosis was developed and is described here."}
{"id": "PMID:914232", "title": "[Studies on the estimation of the postmortem interval. 1. The temperature of cadaver (author's transl)].", "content": "The relationship was investigated between the postmortem intervals and the rectal temperatures of 35 persons who had died at known times and had been subjected to medico-legal autopsies after exposed to changed environments. The influence of air temperature, body size and cause of death upon the cooling rate of cadaver has been found to be complex and not to be analyzed quantitatively. It has been concluded that the time of death cannot be estimated merely by means of the temperature reading of cadaver.", "contents": "[Studies on the estimation of the postmortem interval. 1. The temperature of cadaver (author's transl)]. The relationship was investigated between the postmortem intervals and the rectal temperatures of 35 persons who had died at known times and had been subjected to medico-legal autopsies after exposed to changed environments. The influence of air temperature, body size and cause of death upon the cooling rate of cadaver has been found to be complex and not to be analyzed quantitatively. It has been concluded that the time of death cannot be estimated merely by means of the temperature reading of cadaver."}
{"id": "PMID:914235", "title": "[Studies on the pharmacokinetics and effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents, sotalol (author's transl)].", "content": "Present investigation was undertaken to elucidate what pharmacokinetic parameters in animal experiment could be of more predictable for human clinical trial of beta-blocking agents. Sotalol was administered as a model drug to dogs, rats, and men. Dog experiments disclosed that the apparent volume of distribution of sotalol was about 4 times larger than the space of total body water and the plasma level of sotalol was 1.0-2.0 and 2.3-3.4 microgram/ml when the beta-blocking index showed 50 and 100% to the intravenous bolus injection of isoproterenol (0.1-1.0 microgram/kg). The clearance studies of dogs and men suggested that the elimination of sotalol depended essentially on renal excretion. The regression coefficient of beta-blocking index and plasma level of this agent in dog experiment using 0.1 microgram/kg isoproterenol was nearly equal to that of human study in which maximal exercise test was performed. Rat experiments showed a large apparent volume of distribution as well as in human study and high concentrations of sotalol in various tissues of rats. The plasma level of sotalol was well correlated with the content of the drug in such organs as heart, lung, liver, and kidneys.", "contents": "[Studies on the pharmacokinetics and effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents, sotalol (author's transl)]. Present investigation was undertaken to elucidate what pharmacokinetic parameters in animal experiment could be of more predictable for human clinical trial of beta-blocking agents. Sotalol was administered as a model drug to dogs, rats, and men. Dog experiments disclosed that the apparent volume of distribution of sotalol was about 4 times larger than the space of total body water and the plasma level of sotalol was 1.0-2.0 and 2.3-3.4 microgram/ml when the beta-blocking index showed 50 and 100% to the intravenous bolus injection of isoproterenol (0.1-1.0 microgram/kg). The clearance studies of dogs and men suggested that the elimination of sotalol depended essentially on renal excretion. The regression coefficient of beta-blocking index and plasma level of this agent in dog experiment using 0.1 microgram/kg isoproterenol was nearly equal to that of human study in which maximal exercise test was performed. Rat experiments showed a large apparent volume of distribution as well as in human study and high concentrations of sotalol in various tissues of rats. The plasma level of sotalol was well correlated with the content of the drug in such organs as heart, lung, liver, and kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:914236", "title": "Metabolism of labeled fatty ozonides administrated intravenously in rats.", "content": "The distribution and metabolism of uniformly labeled fatty ozonides administrated intravenously in rats were studied. More than 90% of radioactivity was recovered in the lung tissue even 4 to 8 hr after injection of labeled ozonides, and approximately 60% of total radioactivity incorporated into the lung tissue remained as fatty ozonides. A slight amount of radioactivity, which was mainly incorporated into phospholipid and triglyceride, was recovered in liver and kidney.", "contents": "Metabolism of labeled fatty ozonides administrated intravenously in rats. The distribution and metabolism of uniformly labeled fatty ozonides administrated intravenously in rats were studied. More than 90% of radioactivity was recovered in the lung tissue even 4 to 8 hr after injection of labeled ozonides, and approximately 60% of total radioactivity incorporated into the lung tissue remained as fatty ozonides. A slight amount of radioactivity, which was mainly incorporated into phospholipid and triglyceride, was recovered in liver and kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:914239", "title": "Criminal justice procedures in civil commitment.", "content": "The actions of federal district courts and state legislatures in recent years have resulted in the growing application of procedures of the criminal justice system to the civil commitment process. Increasingly patients can be confined only if they are dangerous to others, and increasingly due-process procedures of the criminal law are required, to the detriment of the patient's treatment and his survival in the community. The author says that allegations of patients' being railroaded into hospitals are, with few exceptions, fictitious. Abuses thet do exist should be handled through writs of habeas corpus and malpractice suits, remedies much more available now than in the past. The principal abuse in commitment occurs not when patients are admitted, the author believes, but at discharge, when so many patients are turned out into communities that lack proper services for them.", "contents": "Criminal justice procedures in civil commitment. The actions of federal district courts and state legislatures in recent years have resulted in the growing application of procedures of the criminal justice system to the civil commitment process. Increasingly patients can be confined only if they are dangerous to others, and increasingly due-process procedures of the criminal law are required, to the detriment of the patient's treatment and his survival in the community. The author says that allegations of patients' being railroaded into hospitals are, with few exceptions, fictitious. Abuses thet do exist should be handled through writs of habeas corpus and malpractice suits, remedies much more available now than in the past. The principal abuse in commitment occurs not when patients are admitted, the author believes, but at discharge, when so many patients are turned out into communities that lack proper services for them."}
{"id": "PMID:914240", "title": "A study of involuntary patients in Seattle.", "content": "The authors describe a study of 224 involuntary patients admitted to, Harborview Medical Center in Seattle in 1974, the first year of the implementation of Washington States Involuntary Treatment Act. The patients, 115 men and 109 women, had a total of 297 episodes of hospitalization, with an average length of stay of 12.7 days. Fifty-one per cent were discharged in less than ten days. The authors compare the findings with studies of similar patient groups in Sacramento, California, and New York City. They concur with others who believe involuntary treatment statues provide a means of dealing with the small group of psychiatric patients whose needs would otherwise go unattended.", "contents": "A study of involuntary patients in Seattle. The authors describe a study of 224 involuntary patients admitted to, Harborview Medical Center in Seattle in 1974, the first year of the implementation of Washington States Involuntary Treatment Act. The patients, 115 men and 109 women, had a total of 297 episodes of hospitalization, with an average length of stay of 12.7 days. Fifty-one per cent were discharged in less than ten days. The authors compare the findings with studies of similar patient groups in Sacramento, California, and New York City. They concur with others who believe involuntary treatment statues provide a means of dealing with the small group of psychiatric patients whose needs would otherwise go unattended."}
{"id": "PMID:914241", "title": "A review of criminally insane patients in Ohio: a personal narrative.", "content": "In 1974, acting on precedents set in other cases, a federal district court in Ohio ordered the re-evaluation of all patients committed to Lima State Hospital to determine the need for their continuing to be held in a maximum-security facility. The court set a 12 week period for the review of more than 600 patients by three-member teams consisting of a psychiatrist, a psychologist, and a social worker. The author, a psychoanalyst, was one of approximately 30 professionals who volunteered to participate in the project, which was completed three weeks ahead of schedule. He describes the review process and his personal reactions and observations as a participant.", "contents": "A review of criminally insane patients in Ohio: a personal narrative. In 1974, acting on precedents set in other cases, a federal district court in Ohio ordered the re-evaluation of all patients committed to Lima State Hospital to determine the need for their continuing to be held in a maximum-security facility. The court set a 12 week period for the review of more than 600 patients by three-member teams consisting of a psychiatrist, a psychologist, and a social worker. The author, a psychoanalyst, was one of approximately 30 professionals who volunteered to participate in the project, which was completed three weeks ahead of schedule. He describes the review process and his personal reactions and observations as a participant."}
{"id": "PMID:914242", "title": "No-red-tape counseling for clients alienated from traditional services. Walk-in counseling center. Minneapolis, Minnesota.", "content": "Since 1969 the Walk-In Counseling Center in Minneapolis has offered free, no-red tape counseling to individuals and families alienated from traditional services. All counseling is provided by teams of mental health professionals who volunteer their services. The emphasis is on crisis and short-term counseling with a maximum of ten sessions. The center was established mainly to serve young drug abusers, but the clientele has diversified to include individuals of all ages and socioeconomic groups. The center also conducts an active consultation and education program with more than 200 community groups a year.", "contents": "No-red-tape counseling for clients alienated from traditional services. Walk-in counseling center. Minneapolis, Minnesota. Since 1969 the Walk-In Counseling Center in Minneapolis has offered free, no-red tape counseling to individuals and families alienated from traditional services. All counseling is provided by teams of mental health professionals who volunteer their services. The emphasis is on crisis and short-term counseling with a maximum of ten sessions. The center was established mainly to serve young drug abusers, but the clientele has diversified to include individuals of all ages and socioeconomic groups. The center also conducts an active consultation and education program with more than 200 community groups a year."}
{"id": "PMID:914268", "title": "The role of diet in renal disease.", "content": "Reutilization of endogenous nitrogen makes it possible to manage many chronic uremics for long periods on diets low in protein without dialysis or transplantation, provided that the protein is of high biologic value and is accompanied by enough calories from nonprotein sources to meet energy needs. But while dietary management of uremia is now feasible, its efficacy is limited by gaps in knowledge about nitrogen metabolism.", "contents": "The role of diet in renal disease. Reutilization of endogenous nitrogen makes it possible to manage many chronic uremics for long periods on diets low in protein without dialysis or transplantation, provided that the protein is of high biologic value and is accompanied by enough calories from nonprotein sources to meet energy needs. But while dietary management of uremia is now feasible, its efficacy is limited by gaps in knowledge about nitrogen metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:914273", "title": "The changing face of hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Despite its earlier reputation as a relentlessly progressive disease, hyperparathyroidism may actually remain asymptomatic for many year. If its possible presence is signaled by hypercalcemia and supported by other laboratory findings, surgery is often indicated because no medical treatment is effective, and long-term follow-up of this frequently malignant condition is difficult; the surgical cure rate is about 95%.", "contents": "The changing face of hyperparathyroidism. Despite its earlier reputation as a relentlessly progressive disease, hyperparathyroidism may actually remain asymptomatic for many year. If its possible presence is signaled by hypercalcemia and supported by other laboratory findings, surgery is often indicated because no medical treatment is effective, and long-term follow-up of this frequently malignant condition is difficult; the surgical cure rate is about 95%."}
{"id": "PMID:914274", "title": "X-chromosome replication in parthenogenic benign ovarian teratomas.", "content": "Somatic cells from human females undergo X-differentiation, which curtails expression of most, if not all, of the genes on one X-chromosome. According to the Lyon hypothesis, the designation of whick X will be inactive in eutherian females is random. However, in spite of the obvious biologic importance of X chromosome differentiation, little is known about either the mechanism of this process or the role played by fertilization. Benign ovarian teratomas provide a system for assessing the importance of fertilization in X chromosome differentiation. Biochemical and cytologic data indicate that these teratomas are of germ-cell origin. They are comprised entirely of one of the products of the first meiotic division and are thus parthenogens. In the absence of appropriate recombinational events, ovarian teratomas are consistently homozygous at autosomal loci, even when the host is heterozygous. Analysis of X chromosome replication kinetics provides one additional approach for investigating X-differentiation in individual teratoma cells. We utilized BrdU-dye techniques to study terminal replication patterns in ovarian teratomas and in normal fibroblasts and peripheral lymphocytes from the same individuals. The results confirm that human ovarian teratomas possess a single late-replicating X chromosome. Moreover, the pattern of replication in this X is identical to that in normal fibroblasts, but different from that usually observed in peripheral lymphocytes. Thus, if late replication is an accurate gauge of X-inactivation, the data confirm that X-inactivation can occur without fertilization.", "contents": "X-chromosome replication in parthenogenic benign ovarian teratomas. Somatic cells from human females undergo X-differentiation, which curtails expression of most, if not all, of the genes on one X-chromosome. According to the Lyon hypothesis, the designation of whick X will be inactive in eutherian females is random. However, in spite of the obvious biologic importance of X chromosome differentiation, little is known about either the mechanism of this process or the role played by fertilization. Benign ovarian teratomas provide a system for assessing the importance of fertilization in X chromosome differentiation. Biochemical and cytologic data indicate that these teratomas are of germ-cell origin. They are comprised entirely of one of the products of the first meiotic division and are thus parthenogens. In the absence of appropriate recombinational events, ovarian teratomas are consistently homozygous at autosomal loci, even when the host is heterozygous. Analysis of X chromosome replication kinetics provides one additional approach for investigating X-differentiation in individual teratoma cells. We utilized BrdU-dye techniques to study terminal replication patterns in ovarian teratomas and in normal fibroblasts and peripheral lymphocytes from the same individuals. The results confirm that human ovarian teratomas possess a single late-replicating X chromosome. Moreover, the pattern of replication in this X is identical to that in normal fibroblasts, but different from that usually observed in peripheral lymphocytes. Thus, if late replication is an accurate gauge of X-inactivation, the data confirm that X-inactivation can occur without fertilization."}
{"id": "PMID:914275", "title": "The frequency and distribution of sister chromatid exchanges in human chromosomes.", "content": "The distribution of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) both between and within chromosomes was studied in cultured human lymphocytes using the BRDU-Giemsa technique. In general, the distribution of SCEs between chromosomes was a function of chromosome length. However, chromosomes of the B group had more exchanges than expected on this basis, while the E, F, and G groups had less than expected. Analysis of cells showing both G-banding and sister chromatid differential staining indicates that the distribution of exchanges within the chromosomes is non-random and possible reasons for the observed distribution pattern are discussed.", "contents": "The frequency and distribution of sister chromatid exchanges in human chromosomes. The distribution of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) both between and within chromosomes was studied in cultured human lymphocytes using the BRDU-Giemsa technique. In general, the distribution of SCEs between chromosomes was a function of chromosome length. However, chromosomes of the B group had more exchanges than expected on this basis, while the E, F, and G groups had less than expected. Analysis of cells showing both G-banding and sister chromatid differential staining indicates that the distribution of exchanges within the chromosomes is non-random and possible reasons for the observed distribution pattern are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914276", "title": "Evidence for postmeiotic expression of ribosomal RNA genes during male gametogenesis.", "content": "Pre- and postmeiotic stages of male gametogenesis of 10 different vertebrate species belonging to mammals, birds, amphibians, and fishes were subjected to the Ag-AS staining technique (Goodpasture and Bloom, 1975). A uniform pattern of silver-staining is observable during spermatogenesis of the different vertebrate species. Silver-staining is present in spermatogonia and during the whole period of meiotic prophase, but totally absent during diakinesis and metaphase II of meiosis. In early spermatids silver-staining reappears and only disappears around the beginning of elongation of the spermatid nucleus. Since the Ag-AS technique is believed to stain only transcriptionally active nucleolus organizer regions, our findings indicate that ribosomal RNA genes become reactivated in the haploid spermatid.", "contents": "Evidence for postmeiotic expression of ribosomal RNA genes during male gametogenesis. Pre- and postmeiotic stages of male gametogenesis of 10 different vertebrate species belonging to mammals, birds, amphibians, and fishes were subjected to the Ag-AS staining technique (Goodpasture and Bloom, 1975). A uniform pattern of silver-staining is observable during spermatogenesis of the different vertebrate species. Silver-staining is present in spermatogonia and during the whole period of meiotic prophase, but totally absent during diakinesis and metaphase II of meiosis. In early spermatids silver-staining reappears and only disappears around the beginning of elongation of the spermatid nucleus. Since the Ag-AS technique is believed to stain only transcriptionally active nucleolus organizer regions, our findings indicate that ribosomal RNA genes become reactivated in the haploid spermatid."}
{"id": "PMID:914277", "title": "Intellectual level (IQ) in heterozygotes for phenylketonuria (PKU). Is the PKU gene also acting by means other than phenylalanine-blood level elevation?", "content": "There is a statistically significant difference in the IQ's of PKU and histidinemia parents. The difference is due entirely to the verbal part of the Hamburg-Wechsler test. There is no significant difference in performance. The heterozygous state of histidinemia does not seem to bear an intellectual (evolutionary) advantage, since the IQ's of histidinemia parents show the same distribution as a normal population. In early and mostly well-treated PKU patients, the same slight deficit in verbal IQ appears with increasing age (changing test methods). These patients, simultaneously tested at 4 years of age with the B\u00fchler-Hetzer and Kramer tests, exhibit a statistically significant difference between the results in favor of the less verbal B\u00fchler-Hetzer. Since heterozygots for PKU never have elevated phenylalanine blood levels, and because tryosine deficiency as argued by others seems highly improbable, we believe that the PKU gene has a more direct action on (or in) at least certain ganglion cells, lowering the verbal IQ slightly but significantly. This action is not reflected by phenylalanine increase in the extracellular space in heterozygots and is not abolished by dietary treatment in homozygous PKU patients. The major damage in PKU patients must be due to chronic phenylalanine poisoning, which deteriorates cells and/or functions on a much larger scale, because it can be easily prevented by decreasing the phenylalanine blood level with correct dietary treatment.", "contents": "Intellectual level (IQ) in heterozygotes for phenylketonuria (PKU). Is the PKU gene also acting by means other than phenylalanine-blood level elevation? There is a statistically significant difference in the IQ's of PKU and histidinemia parents. The difference is due entirely to the verbal part of the Hamburg-Wechsler test. There is no significant difference in performance. The heterozygous state of histidinemia does not seem to bear an intellectual (evolutionary) advantage, since the IQ's of histidinemia parents show the same distribution as a normal population. In early and mostly well-treated PKU patients, the same slight deficit in verbal IQ appears with increasing age (changing test methods). These patients, simultaneously tested at 4 years of age with the B\u00fchler-Hetzer and Kramer tests, exhibit a statistically significant difference between the results in favor of the less verbal B\u00fchler-Hetzer. Since heterozygots for PKU never have elevated phenylalanine blood levels, and because tryosine deficiency as argued by others seems highly improbable, we believe that the PKU gene has a more direct action on (or in) at least certain ganglion cells, lowering the verbal IQ slightly but significantly. This action is not reflected by phenylalanine increase in the extracellular space in heterozygots and is not abolished by dietary treatment in homozygous PKU patients. The major damage in PKU patients must be due to chronic phenylalanine poisoning, which deteriorates cells and/or functions on a much larger scale, because it can be easily prevented by decreasing the phenylalanine blood level with correct dietary treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:914278", "title": "Bloom's syndrome: DNA replication in cultured fibroblasts and lymphocytes.", "content": "Analysis of DNA fiber autoradiograms from Bloom's syndrome skin fibroblasts and blood lymphocytes shows a retarded rate of replication fork movement compared to normal adult controls. Other measurements from the autoradiograms--replication unit length, incidence of bidirectional replication, and degree of initiation synchrony--are normal in Bloom's syndrome cells. These results suggest that a slow rate of fork movement is a specific manifestation of defective DNA synthesis in all Bloom's syndrome cells.", "contents": "Bloom's syndrome: DNA replication in cultured fibroblasts and lymphocytes. Analysis of DNA fiber autoradiograms from Bloom's syndrome skin fibroblasts and blood lymphocytes shows a retarded rate of replication fork movement compared to normal adult controls. Other measurements from the autoradiograms--replication unit length, incidence of bidirectional replication, and degree of initiation synchrony--are normal in Bloom's syndrome cells. These results suggest that a slow rate of fork movement is a specific manifestation of defective DNA synthesis in all Bloom's syndrome cells."}
{"id": "PMID:914279", "title": "LBA technique in the detection of chromosome variants. II. Chromosomes except for those with Q variants.", "content": "In Part I of this communication, a technique (LBA) was described which used DNA replication in the evaluation of chromosome variants in man. It was shown that the method was very useful in the detection of variants in D- and G-group chromosomes. Results on pars 3 and 4 were also presented. In Part II, the rest of chromosomes were examined. In the evaluation of qh variants in 1, 9 and 16, the LBA technique proved itself to be a very effective implement. It was practically free of technical variables coherent with C-band technique and, therefore, it was possible to use the size of an euchromatic segment of a chromosome as a reference standard. LBA variants were observed in about 50% of the members of the remaining 12 pairs of chromosomes, i.e., 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, and 20.", "contents": "LBA technique in the detection of chromosome variants. II. Chromosomes except for those with Q variants. In Part I of this communication, a technique (LBA) was described which used DNA replication in the evaluation of chromosome variants in man. It was shown that the method was very useful in the detection of variants in D- and G-group chromosomes. Results on pars 3 and 4 were also presented. In Part II, the rest of chromosomes were examined. In the evaluation of qh variants in 1, 9 and 16, the LBA technique proved itself to be a very effective implement. It was practically free of technical variables coherent with C-band technique and, therefore, it was possible to use the size of an euchromatic segment of a chromosome as a reference standard. LBA variants were observed in about 50% of the members of the remaining 12 pairs of chromosomes, i.e., 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, and 20."}
{"id": "PMID:914281", "title": "A case of (13q;18q) translocation with proximal 13q monosomy.", "content": "A case of partial monosomy of the 13p terminal to 13q12, associated with a de novo 13/18 translocation, is reported. The symptoms appeared to be derived from both 18q- and partial monosomy 13, the latter giving rise to: high arched palate, epicanthus, antimongolian slant, small eye fissure, flat nasal bridge, hypoplastic helix, and large clitoris. Serum Ig-A and Ig-M levels were normal in our case.", "contents": "A case of (13q;18q) translocation with proximal 13q monosomy. A case of partial monosomy of the 13p terminal to 13q12, associated with a de novo 13/18 translocation, is reported. The symptoms appeared to be derived from both 18q- and partial monosomy 13, the latter giving rise to: high arched palate, epicanthus, antimongolian slant, small eye fissure, flat nasal bridge, hypoplastic helix, and large clitoris. Serum Ig-A and Ig-M levels were normal in our case."}
{"id": "PMID:914282", "title": "Partial monosomy of the long arm of chromosome 16 in a malformed newborn: karyotype 46,XX,del(16))q21).", "content": "A polymalformed newborn with partial monosomy for the long arm of chromosome 16 is presented. Karyotype 46,XX,del(16)(q21).", "contents": "Partial monosomy of the long arm of chromosome 16 in a malformed newborn: karyotype 46,XX,del(16))q21). A polymalformed newborn with partial monosomy for the long arm of chromosome 16 is presented. Karyotype 46,XX,del(16)(q21)."}
{"id": "PMID:914283", "title": "Partial trisomy 16q-.", "content": "A 5-month-old female was found with a 16q- trisomy; her mother was the carrier of a balanced translocation 46,XX,t(15p+;16q-)(15p12;16q11). This is the first report in the literature of a liveborn with this chromosome abnormality.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 16q-. A 5-month-old female was found with a 16q- trisomy; her mother was the carrier of a balanced translocation 46,XX,t(15p+;16q-)(15p12;16q11). This is the first report in the literature of a liveborn with this chromosome abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:914284", "title": "Nonmosaic 46,X,r(Y) karyotype with female phenotype.", "content": "A nonmosaic case of ring Y chromosome is described. The patient is phenotypically female and has streak gonads. The histologic examination revealed dysgenetic seminiferous tubules in the streaks and epididymislike tubules besides them. The possibilities of the development of the phenotype and the streaks are discussed.", "contents": "Nonmosaic 46,X,r(Y) karyotype with female phenotype. A nonmosaic case of ring Y chromosome is described. The patient is phenotypically female and has streak gonads. The histologic examination revealed dysgenetic seminiferous tubules in the streaks and epididymislike tubules besides them. The possibilities of the development of the phenotype and the streaks are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914285", "title": "A casuistic report on the Gruber or Meckel syndrome.", "content": "A case of Meckel or Gruber syndrome is reported, together with a survey of the relevant literature of recent years (1971-1977), in reference to a probably autosomal recessive inheritance of this malformation.", "contents": "A casuistic report on the Gruber or Meckel syndrome. A case of Meckel or Gruber syndrome is reported, together with a survey of the relevant literature of recent years (1971-1977), in reference to a probably autosomal recessive inheritance of this malformation."}
{"id": "PMID:914313", "title": "[Nosocomial infections of the urinary tract by Proteus rettgeri (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of urine samples from 170 male patients strains of the genus Proteus with atypical biochemical characteristics and extensive corresponding multiresistance were isolated. Their significance as causative agents in urinary tract infection looks to be established as well as their ability of transfer by cross infection. Because of this we are concerned with the epidemiological occurrence of a special biotype of Proteus rettgeri as a causative agent in urinary tract infections.", "contents": "[Nosocomial infections of the urinary tract by Proteus rettgeri (author's transl)]. Out of urine samples from 170 male patients strains of the genus Proteus with atypical biochemical characteristics and extensive corresponding multiresistance were isolated. Their significance as causative agents in urinary tract infection looks to be established as well as their ability of transfer by cross infection. Because of this we are concerned with the epidemiological occurrence of a special biotype of Proteus rettgeri as a causative agent in urinary tract infections."}
{"id": "PMID:914361", "title": "Medical implications of macrolide resistance and its relationship to the use of tylosin in animal feeds.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from human patients were tested for susceptibility to erythromycin and certain related antibiotics by the disc method. The incidence of resistance to erythromycin has remained relatively constant at less thatn 20 percent. Only four percent of erythromycin-resistant human clinical isolates were cross-resistant to tylosin. Oral administration to humans of tylosin or erythromycin did not cause an imbalance in the gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae nor did it cause the selection of resistance factors. It is concluded that, from the human medical standpoint, the use of tylosin in animal feeds does not present any threat to human health.", "contents": "Medical implications of macrolide resistance and its relationship to the use of tylosin in animal feeds. Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from human patients were tested for susceptibility to erythromycin and certain related antibiotics by the disc method. The incidence of resistance to erythromycin has remained relatively constant at less thatn 20 percent. Only four percent of erythromycin-resistant human clinical isolates were cross-resistant to tylosin. Oral administration to humans of tylosin or erythromycin did not cause an imbalance in the gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae nor did it cause the selection of resistance factors. It is concluded that, from the human medical standpoint, the use of tylosin in animal feeds does not present any threat to human health."}
{"id": "PMID:914362", "title": "[Occurence, significance and clinical consequences of lipid A antibody titers in patients with urinary tract infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Lipid A antibody titers were measured by the passive hemolysis test in 349 humans. In two out of 20 healthy adults and 16 out of 18 children with recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) in the presence of anomalies anti-lipid A antibodies were present. In contrast, no titers were found in 23 newborn babies. In a group of 156 patients with acute UTI, 28% revealed positive titers, whereas in a group of 132 patients with recurrent UTI titers occurred in 81%. In a selected group of 132 patients with recurrent infections of the upper tract 59 (=96%) showed definite titers. There was no difference in the development of anti-lipid A antibodies between men and women and the height of the titers did not correlate with the clinical picture of the disease (acute or chronic). The combination of proteinuria and anti-lipid A antibodies indicates the presence of recurrent UTI or chronic pyelonephritis with about 90% accuracy. The titers are caused by immunogenically active lipid A in the body. Since lipid A has the ability to remain in the renal tissue for a long period of time and thereby to maintain the inflamatory response, long-term antimicrobial prophylaxis (six months) should be given to patients with a high risk of recurrent UTI.", "contents": "[Occurence, significance and clinical consequences of lipid A antibody titers in patients with urinary tract infection (author's transl)]. Lipid A antibody titers were measured by the passive hemolysis test in 349 humans. In two out of 20 healthy adults and 16 out of 18 children with recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) in the presence of anomalies anti-lipid A antibodies were present. In contrast, no titers were found in 23 newborn babies. In a group of 156 patients with acute UTI, 28% revealed positive titers, whereas in a group of 132 patients with recurrent UTI titers occurred in 81%. In a selected group of 132 patients with recurrent infections of the upper tract 59 (=96%) showed definite titers. There was no difference in the development of anti-lipid A antibodies between men and women and the height of the titers did not correlate with the clinical picture of the disease (acute or chronic). The combination of proteinuria and anti-lipid A antibodies indicates the presence of recurrent UTI or chronic pyelonephritis with about 90% accuracy. The titers are caused by immunogenically active lipid A in the body. Since lipid A has the ability to remain in the renal tissue for a long period of time and thereby to maintain the inflamatory response, long-term antimicrobial prophylaxis (six months) should be given to patients with a high risk of recurrent UTI."}
{"id": "PMID:914363", "title": "The changing subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen in Hungary and the lack of correlation with severity and chronicity of the disease.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty sera from asymptomatic carriers and 129 sera from acute hepatitis patients were subtyped. Subtype adw was found in a significantly higher percentage of asymptomatic carriers. The indices of disease severity and chronicity were compared in adw and ayw cases. Now significnat difference was found. The incidence of subtype ayw in acute hepatitis patient was seen to be increasing. The difference between the two patient groups was thus explained by epidemiological factors with reference to current data.", "contents": "The changing subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen in Hungary and the lack of correlation with severity and chronicity of the disease. Two hundred and twenty sera from asymptomatic carriers and 129 sera from acute hepatitis patients were subtyped. Subtype adw was found in a significantly higher percentage of asymptomatic carriers. The indices of disease severity and chronicity were compared in adw and ayw cases. Now significnat difference was found. The incidence of subtype ayw in acute hepatitis patient was seen to be increasing. The difference between the two patient groups was thus explained by epidemiological factors with reference to current data."}
{"id": "PMID:914365", "title": "[Detection of meningococci in the sputum of bronchitis patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Within a period of only three months meningococci, Sero B, C and also Y, were detected among the patients of a hospital. The meningococci were isolated as sole pathogen, or in association with other bronchopathogens in five cases of purulent respiratory tract infection, most of whom were suffering from acute or chronic bronchitis. The pathogens were initially identified falsely as \"facultative\" Neisseria subflava. It is stressed that meningococci must be considered as possible pathogens in such infections if large numbers of the socalled facultative Neisseria have been detected with corresponding culture findings. Reference is made to the possible epidemiological significance of such findings.", "contents": "[Detection of meningococci in the sputum of bronchitis patients (author's transl)]. Within a period of only three months meningococci, Sero B, C and also Y, were detected among the patients of a hospital. The meningococci were isolated as sole pathogen, or in association with other bronchopathogens in five cases of purulent respiratory tract infection, most of whom were suffering from acute or chronic bronchitis. The pathogens were initially identified falsely as \"facultative\" Neisseria subflava. It is stressed that meningococci must be considered as possible pathogens in such infections if large numbers of the socalled facultative Neisseria have been detected with corresponding culture findings. Reference is made to the possible epidemiological significance of such findings."}
{"id": "PMID:914364", "title": "Chronic active hepatitis in patients with and without hepatitis B surface antigenemia.", "content": "This study was designed to compare the clinical and immunological characteristics of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive and HBsAg-negative (cryptogenic) forms of chronic active hepatitis. The data of 48 patients with chronic active hepatitis, 24 with persistent HBs antigenemia and 24 without HBsAg, were analysed. HBsAg was detected by counter-immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay. The clinical features, biochemical liver function tests, immunoglobulins, complement C3, antoantibodies, and cell-mediated immunoreactivity of the two forms of the disease were compared. Cirrhosis was found to occur more frequently at the time of diagnosis in the HBsAg-negative group, and the serum alkaline phosphatase level was raised significantly compared to the HBsAg-positive form. The elevation of the IgG level was greater in the cryptogenic form, but the difference was not statistically significant compared to the HBsAg-positive patients. There was a marked difference in the frequency of the mitochondrial antibodies, but not of the antinuclear factor and other autoantibody-like serum factors. Lymphoblastic transformation revealed a similar diminution in response to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation in both groups of patients compared to the normal controls. An increase of the 3H-thymidine incorporation was seen after stimulation with human liver mitochondrial antigen, and leukocyte migration inhibition could be observed with this antigen in both forms of chronic active hepatitis.", "contents": "Chronic active hepatitis in patients with and without hepatitis B surface antigenemia. This study was designed to compare the clinical and immunological characteristics of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive and HBsAg-negative (cryptogenic) forms of chronic active hepatitis. The data of 48 patients with chronic active hepatitis, 24 with persistent HBs antigenemia and 24 without HBsAg, were analysed. HBsAg was detected by counter-immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay. The clinical features, biochemical liver function tests, immunoglobulins, complement C3, antoantibodies, and cell-mediated immunoreactivity of the two forms of the disease were compared. Cirrhosis was found to occur more frequently at the time of diagnosis in the HBsAg-negative group, and the serum alkaline phosphatase level was raised significantly compared to the HBsAg-positive form. The elevation of the IgG level was greater in the cryptogenic form, but the difference was not statistically significant compared to the HBsAg-positive patients. There was a marked difference in the frequency of the mitochondrial antibodies, but not of the antinuclear factor and other autoantibody-like serum factors. Lymphoblastic transformation revealed a similar diminution in response to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation in both groups of patients compared to the normal controls. An increase of the 3H-thymidine incorporation was seen after stimulation with human liver mitochondrial antigen, and leukocyte migration inhibition could be observed with this antigen in both forms of chronic active hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:914366", "title": "[Fall in serum complement prior to manifestation of hepatitis B in patients on chronic haemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemolytic complement activity was measured in a long-term study in patients on haemodialysis. Four of the patients studied developed hepatitis B while under investigation. In all four patients a fall in haemolytic complement activity was observed one to three months before hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in the serum. The fall in complement activity also occurred prior to a rise in transaminase. The maximum fall averaged 27%.", "contents": "[Fall in serum complement prior to manifestation of hepatitis B in patients on chronic haemodialysis (author's transl)]. Haemolytic complement activity was measured in a long-term study in patients on haemodialysis. Four of the patients studied developed hepatitis B while under investigation. In all four patients a fall in haemolytic complement activity was observed one to three months before hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in the serum. The fall in complement activity also occurred prior to a rise in transaminase. The maximum fall averaged 27%."}
{"id": "PMID:914378", "title": "Cerebral edema.", "content": "Great strides have been made in understanding the pathogenesis of cerebral edema. Treatment is usually successful, particularly with the newer modes of management (mannitol, steroids, hyperventilation); however, cerebral edema is occasionally resistant to all modes of therapy. At that point, no treatment is effective; even if the patient does survive, he is left with a major severe neurological deficit. Future research must be directed toward methods of reversing this presently untreatable state.", "contents": "Cerebral edema. Great strides have been made in understanding the pathogenesis of cerebral edema. Treatment is usually successful, particularly with the newer modes of management (mannitol, steroids, hyperventilation); however, cerebral edema is occasionally resistant to all modes of therapy. At that point, no treatment is effective; even if the patient does survive, he is left with a major severe neurological deficit. Future research must be directed toward methods of reversing this presently untreatable state."}
{"id": "PMID:914394", "title": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity against autologous tumour biopsy cells in humans.", "content": "By the application of separation techniques in a stepwise manner to mechanically prepared cell suspensions from human tumour biopsies it has been possible to isolate tumour cells having high viability and low contamination with host cells. These tumour cells have been used as targets in 51Cr release cytotoxicity assays using autologous lymphocytes from blood or lymph node as effectors. It has been possible to investigate this reactivity in 30 patients with malignant and four patients with benign tumours. Significant autologous cytotoxicity in the blood lymphocytes was detectable in two of 12 lung tumours, nine of 18 other carcinomas and sarcomas but in none of the benign cases. Cytotoxicity was not limited by the presence of obvious residual disease at the time of operation although reactivity was less frequently detectable in patients with secondary involvement. Reactivity in the tumour-draining lymph nodes largely paralleled that in the blood in the limited number of patients examined. The technical problems encountered during this study and the role of natural cytotoxicity in the interpretation of these data are discussed.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity against autologous tumour biopsy cells in humans. By the application of separation techniques in a stepwise manner to mechanically prepared cell suspensions from human tumour biopsies it has been possible to isolate tumour cells having high viability and low contamination with host cells. These tumour cells have been used as targets in 51Cr release cytotoxicity assays using autologous lymphocytes from blood or lymph node as effectors. It has been possible to investigate this reactivity in 30 patients with malignant and four patients with benign tumours. Significant autologous cytotoxicity in the blood lymphocytes was detectable in two of 12 lung tumours, nine of 18 other carcinomas and sarcomas but in none of the benign cases. Cytotoxicity was not limited by the presence of obvious residual disease at the time of operation although reactivity was less frequently detectable in patients with secondary involvement. Reactivity in the tumour-draining lymph nodes largely paralleled that in the blood in the limited number of patients examined. The technical problems encountered during this study and the role of natural cytotoxicity in the interpretation of these data are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914395", "title": "The metabolism and DNA binding of 3-methyl-cholanthrene.", "content": "Tritiated 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) was administered to mouse embryo cells in culture from which DNA was later isolated and hydrolysed to deoxyribonucleosides. The hydrolysate was analysed by LH20 chromatography, HPLC and fluorescence spectroscopy. The 3MC-nucleoside products were compared with the nucleoside derivatives obtained from 3MC-11,12-oxide-treated DNA and found to differ in both fluorescence spectra and chromatographic behaviour. Microsome-catalyzed DNA binding of primary metabolites of 3MC identified two metabolites for which DNA reaction was extensive. These metabolites were characterized by their chromatographic and spectrophotometric properties. The products of their microsome-induced DNA binding were isolated, and comparison with the products derived from cell-mediate 3MC-DNA reaction suggested that these metabolites might be precursors of this latter reaction. The chemical nature of the metabolites and of their DNA reaction products is discussed in relation to the \"bay region\" and carbonium ion concepts of the ultimate carcinogen of polycyclic hydrocarbons.", "contents": "The metabolism and DNA binding of 3-methyl-cholanthrene. Tritiated 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) was administered to mouse embryo cells in culture from which DNA was later isolated and hydrolysed to deoxyribonucleosides. The hydrolysate was analysed by LH20 chromatography, HPLC and fluorescence spectroscopy. The 3MC-nucleoside products were compared with the nucleoside derivatives obtained from 3MC-11,12-oxide-treated DNA and found to differ in both fluorescence spectra and chromatographic behaviour. Microsome-catalyzed DNA binding of primary metabolites of 3MC identified two metabolites for which DNA reaction was extensive. These metabolites were characterized by their chromatographic and spectrophotometric properties. The products of their microsome-induced DNA binding were isolated, and comparison with the products derived from cell-mediate 3MC-DNA reaction suggested that these metabolites might be precursors of this latter reaction. The chemical nature of the metabolites and of their DNA reaction products is discussed in relation to the \"bay region\" and carbonium ion concepts of the ultimate carcinogen of polycyclic hydrocarbons."}
{"id": "PMID:914396", "title": "Two-step chromosomal control of tumorigenicity of Chinese hamster cells in nude mice.", "content": "A simple method for microinjecting isolated chromosomes into a single living cell under an inverted microscope has been developed. Of the 368 injected cells, 85 were able to form a colony and could be cloned. Clones of Chinese hamster V79 cells microinjected with chromosomes isolated from murine D56 cells [V79 (D56) cells] were tested for tumorigenicity in immunodeficient nude mice and for colony-forming ability in soft agar. Untreated recipient V79 cells were highly tumorigenic and had a high colony-forming ability in soft agar. In contrast, two out of the 21 microinjected clones tested were non-tumorigenic in nude mice and had only weak colony-forming ability in soft agar. The chromosome banding pattern was analyzed in microinjected clones and tumors derived from cells of these clones. In cells of the two non-tumorigenic clones, a telocentric chhromosome 1 (t1) was specifically involved in translocations with other chromosomes or chromosome fragments. In all tumor cells obtained from nude mice, a supernumerary piece or a whole biarmed chromosome 14 (b14) was specifically found. The results suggest that the t1 chromosome bears the gene which controls in vitro transformation and that the additional genetic change, i.e. the extra piece of b14 chromosome, was required for tumor formation in vivo.", "contents": "Two-step chromosomal control of tumorigenicity of Chinese hamster cells in nude mice. A simple method for microinjecting isolated chromosomes into a single living cell under an inverted microscope has been developed. Of the 368 injected cells, 85 were able to form a colony and could be cloned. Clones of Chinese hamster V79 cells microinjected with chromosomes isolated from murine D56 cells [V79 (D56) cells] were tested for tumorigenicity in immunodeficient nude mice and for colony-forming ability in soft agar. Untreated recipient V79 cells were highly tumorigenic and had a high colony-forming ability in soft agar. In contrast, two out of the 21 microinjected clones tested were non-tumorigenic in nude mice and had only weak colony-forming ability in soft agar. The chromosome banding pattern was analyzed in microinjected clones and tumors derived from cells of these clones. In cells of the two non-tumorigenic clones, a telocentric chhromosome 1 (t1) was specifically involved in translocations with other chromosomes or chromosome fragments. In all tumor cells obtained from nude mice, a supernumerary piece or a whole biarmed chromosome 14 (b14) was specifically found. The results suggest that the t1 chromosome bears the gene which controls in vitro transformation and that the additional genetic change, i.e. the extra piece of b14 chromosome, was required for tumor formation in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:914397", "title": "Enhancement of anti-tumor activity of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine by encapsulation in liposomes.", "content": "1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) was encapsulated in four different types of unsonicated artificial vesicles of phospholipid (liposomes) to compare the anti-tumor effect on mouse leukemia L1210 inoculated in CD2F, mice with that of free ara-C. The anti-tumor activity of ara-C was markedly enhanced by encapsulation in liposomes when given in a single IP injection. Among the four types of liposomes, a physically stable and positively charged liposome consisting of sphingomyelin, stearylamine and cholesterol (20:2:15 molar ratio) most effectively enhanced the effect of ara-C. A single IP dose of 50 mg/kg of ara-C, encapsulated in this kind of liposome exhibited high activity, producing a survival rate of 60% of the treated mice at 60 days. This enhanced effect of ara-C encapsulated in liposomes was also demonstrated when the drug was administered either IV or SC, and the range between the minimum effective and the maximum tolerable doses was wide enough to allow the safe use of the encapsulated ara-C. Intraperitoneal administration of encapsulated ara-C induced a more prolonged survival of mice inocualted with L1210 than did free ara-C, regardless of whether it was given in single or multiple doses.", "contents": "Enhancement of anti-tumor activity of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine by encapsulation in liposomes. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) was encapsulated in four different types of unsonicated artificial vesicles of phospholipid (liposomes) to compare the anti-tumor effect on mouse leukemia L1210 inoculated in CD2F, mice with that of free ara-C. The anti-tumor activity of ara-C was markedly enhanced by encapsulation in liposomes when given in a single IP injection. Among the four types of liposomes, a physically stable and positively charged liposome consisting of sphingomyelin, stearylamine and cholesterol (20:2:15 molar ratio) most effectively enhanced the effect of ara-C. A single IP dose of 50 mg/kg of ara-C, encapsulated in this kind of liposome exhibited high activity, producing a survival rate of 60% of the treated mice at 60 days. This enhanced effect of ara-C encapsulated in liposomes was also demonstrated when the drug was administered either IV or SC, and the range between the minimum effective and the maximum tolerable doses was wide enough to allow the safe use of the encapsulated ara-C. Intraperitoneal administration of encapsulated ara-C induced a more prolonged survival of mice inocualted with L1210 than did free ara-C, regardless of whether it was given in single or multiple doses."}
{"id": "PMID:914398", "title": "Neoplastic transformation induced by furylfuramide and nitromethylfuran of embryonic hamster cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Secondary cultures of Syrian hamster embryonic fibroblasts were tested for transformation and neoplastic properties after exposure in vitro to furylfuramine (AF-2) and other nitrofurans. Typical morphological transformation was seen in five of six cultures between 30 and 186 days following treatment with 5-10X10(6) M AF-2 for 24 h. Transformation was seen in only one of four cultures 145 days after treatment for 6 h with AF-2. Treatment with 5-10X10(6) M NMF (5-nitro-2-methylfuran) for 24 h also induced transformation after 50 and 118 days in two cultures. In contrast, untreated cultures and cultures treated with 5-10X10(-6) M NFT [4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole] for 24 h were not transformed within 200 days. Three of the six lines transformed by AF-2 and both lines transformed by NMF also became tumorigenic 7-24 days after morphologic transformation. The other three transformed lines produced nodules which regressed within a few weeks of transplantation. Untreated and treated non-transformed lines did not produce tumors during an observation period of 6 months. The tumors were classified as fibrosarcomas. The ability to form colonies in soft agar was acquired by only one tumorigenic line.", "contents": "Neoplastic transformation induced by furylfuramide and nitromethylfuran of embryonic hamster cells in tissue culture. Secondary cultures of Syrian hamster embryonic fibroblasts were tested for transformation and neoplastic properties after exposure in vitro to furylfuramine (AF-2) and other nitrofurans. Typical morphological transformation was seen in five of six cultures between 30 and 186 days following treatment with 5-10X10(6) M AF-2 for 24 h. Transformation was seen in only one of four cultures 145 days after treatment for 6 h with AF-2. Treatment with 5-10X10(6) M NMF (5-nitro-2-methylfuran) for 24 h also induced transformation after 50 and 118 days in two cultures. In contrast, untreated cultures and cultures treated with 5-10X10(-6) M NFT [4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole] for 24 h were not transformed within 200 days. Three of the six lines transformed by AF-2 and both lines transformed by NMF also became tumorigenic 7-24 days after morphologic transformation. The other three transformed lines produced nodules which regressed within a few weeks of transplantation. Untreated and treated non-transformed lines did not produce tumors during an observation period of 6 months. The tumors were classified as fibrosarcomas. The ability to form colonies in soft agar was acquired by only one tumorigenic line."}
{"id": "PMID:914399", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity against particulate and solubilized tumor-associated antigens of murine plasmacytomas detected by macrophage migration inhibition assays.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity (CMI), as detected by the agarose microdroplet macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) assay, was investigated using peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of BALB/c mice and several crude membrane (CM) and solubilized preparations of murine plasmacytomas. The MMI assay was quite sensitive and detected inhibition of macrophage migration as low as picogram quantities of CM, NP40 detergent- and papainsolubilized preparations (CS) of ADJ-PC5 and LPC-1 plasmacytomas. The data were highly reproducible from one experiment to the next with the same or different lots of the CM or solubilized extracts. Specificity studies demonstrated that ADJ-PC5 and LPC-1 plasmacytomas expressed cross-reactive tumor-associated antigens (TAA) as detected by MMI and confirmed by tumor challenge and Winn neutralization experiments. No cross-reactivity was observed with similar extracts prepared from an unrelated syngeneic simian virus 40 (SV40)-induced sarcoma. The inhibition of macrophage migration observed was mediated by culture supernatants generated from the mixture of plasmacytoma-immune spleen cells with antigens and then assayed in an indirect MMI assay on normal PEC. The agarose microdroplet MMI assay appeared to be a rapid and sensitive method to measure TAA recognition and to monitor TAA isolation and solubilization with minimum numbers of immune cells.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity against particulate and solubilized tumor-associated antigens of murine plasmacytomas detected by macrophage migration inhibition assays. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI), as detected by the agarose microdroplet macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) assay, was investigated using peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of BALB/c mice and several crude membrane (CM) and solubilized preparations of murine plasmacytomas. The MMI assay was quite sensitive and detected inhibition of macrophage migration as low as picogram quantities of CM, NP40 detergent- and papainsolubilized preparations (CS) of ADJ-PC5 and LPC-1 plasmacytomas. The data were highly reproducible from one experiment to the next with the same or different lots of the CM or solubilized extracts. Specificity studies demonstrated that ADJ-PC5 and LPC-1 plasmacytomas expressed cross-reactive tumor-associated antigens (TAA) as detected by MMI and confirmed by tumor challenge and Winn neutralization experiments. No cross-reactivity was observed with similar extracts prepared from an unrelated syngeneic simian virus 40 (SV40)-induced sarcoma. The inhibition of macrophage migration observed was mediated by culture supernatants generated from the mixture of plasmacytoma-immune spleen cells with antigens and then assayed in an indirect MMI assay on normal PEC. The agarose microdroplet MMI assay appeared to be a rapid and sensitive method to measure TAA recognition and to monitor TAA isolation and solubilization with minimum numbers of immune cells."}
{"id": "PMID:914400", "title": "Does unemployment cause the death rate peak in each business cycle? A multifactor model of death rate change.", "content": "Natural time series and prospective studies are combined to determine the contribution of many causal factors to the business cycle variation of the death rate. The variation of housing and nutrition together accounts for roughly a tenth of the death rate fluctuation. Drug consumption accounts for about one-sixth, with 11 percent of the total variation due to alcohol and 6 percent due to cigarette smoking. Social relationship changes, both as sources of stress and as means of relief, account for the greatest part (72 percent) of the business cycle variation of the death rate.", "contents": "Does unemployment cause the death rate peak in each business cycle? A multifactor model of death rate change. Natural time series and prospective studies are combined to determine the contribution of many causal factors to the business cycle variation of the death rate. The variation of housing and nutrition together accounts for roughly a tenth of the death rate fluctuation. Drug consumption accounts for about one-sixth, with 11 percent of the total variation due to alcohol and 6 percent due to cigarette smoking. Social relationship changes, both as sources of stress and as means of relief, account for the greatest part (72 percent) of the business cycle variation of the death rate."}
{"id": "PMID:914402", "title": "Principles of justice as a basis for conceptualizing a health care system.", "content": "This paper opens with a concern for the causes of the maldistribution of health care throughout most of the world. It then explores briefly the question of entitlement to health care, focusing on the appropriateness of expressing that entitlement in terms of social justice. Some principles of justice as related to health care are formulated, drawing on the thinking of John Rawls and his Theory of Justice, and the ideas of distributive justice that have been set forth by Nicholas Rescher. These principles are then used as a basis for planning a theoretical health care system in the setting of a less-developed country. This theoretical health care system is intended to reflect a just distribution of health care under conditions of varying limitations of resources, including those in which resources are not adequate to provide care for all of the people. Some of the technical, social, and political implications of such a system are discussed.", "contents": "Principles of justice as a basis for conceptualizing a health care system. This paper opens with a concern for the causes of the maldistribution of health care throughout most of the world. It then explores briefly the question of entitlement to health care, focusing on the appropriateness of expressing that entitlement in terms of social justice. Some principles of justice as related to health care are formulated, drawing on the thinking of John Rawls and his Theory of Justice, and the ideas of distributive justice that have been set forth by Nicholas Rescher. These principles are then used as a basis for planning a theoretical health care system in the setting of a less-developed country. This theoretical health care system is intended to reflect a just distribution of health care under conditions of varying limitations of resources, including those in which resources are not adequate to provide care for all of the people. Some of the technical, social, and political implications of such a system are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914404", "title": "Experience with a clinical pharmacological service in a teaching hospital.", "content": "The clinical functions of our Pharmacology department involves teaching, research and patient service. Patient service is rendered at two levels. 1. Clinical Pharmacologists: These are medically trained people and one of them is available for 24 hours a day for therapeutic and toxicological consultation, for channeling requests for laboratory aid and for interpretation and distribution of laboratory results. At the time of preparing this report we received an average of 34 consultations per day (1/3 therapeutic, 2/3 toxicological) of which about 38% are personally seen. 2. Laboratory based Pharmacologists: These people have basic training in Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry and are involved in qualitative and quantitative investigation of body fluids in cases of poisoning and therapeutic problems. A laboratory-based pharmacologist is available for 24 hours per day but clinicians do not have direct access to him but have to channel their requests through the clinical pharmacologist on call. The laboratory handled 2302 specimens of body fluids during 1975 of which about 75% were of a therapeutic and 25% of a toxicological nature.", "contents": "Experience with a clinical pharmacological service in a teaching hospital. The clinical functions of our Pharmacology department involves teaching, research and patient service. Patient service is rendered at two levels. 1. Clinical Pharmacologists: These are medically trained people and one of them is available for 24 hours a day for therapeutic and toxicological consultation, for channeling requests for laboratory aid and for interpretation and distribution of laboratory results. At the time of preparing this report we received an average of 34 consultations per day (1/3 therapeutic, 2/3 toxicological) of which about 38% are personally seen. 2. Laboratory based Pharmacologists: These people have basic training in Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry and are involved in qualitative and quantitative investigation of body fluids in cases of poisoning and therapeutic problems. A laboratory-based pharmacologist is available for 24 hours per day but clinicians do not have direct access to him but have to channel their requests through the clinical pharmacologist on call. The laboratory handled 2302 specimens of body fluids during 1975 of which about 75% were of a therapeutic and 25% of a toxicological nature."}
{"id": "PMID:914405", "title": "Digitalis effect and blood concentration.", "content": "Comparing cardial and extracardial effects of digitalis with corresponding digoxin blood concentrations, we determine the therapeutic range of glycosides. These studies are based on 1109 determinations in 317 patients with heart failure. The clear intoxication limit is above 2.0 ng/ml.", "contents": "Digitalis effect and blood concentration. Comparing cardial and extracardial effects of digitalis with corresponding digoxin blood concentrations, we determine the therapeutic range of glycosides. These studies are based on 1109 determinations in 317 patients with heart failure. The clear intoxication limit is above 2.0 ng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:914406", "title": "Opposite changes in blood histamine and force expiratory volume during bronchial inhalation challenge.", "content": "Lack of in vivo data on blood histamine changes in subjects during induced attacks of asthma prompted serial determinations of blood histamine levels and of the forced expiratory volume of the first second (FEV1) in 2 asthmatic undergoing antigen (house dust) inhalation challenge and in 3 subjected to methacholine inhalation. In 1 of 2 dust-sensitive asthmatics inhaling house dust (10(4) pnu), a prominent histamine spike occurred 5 minutes after challenge termination, coinciding with a fall in FEV1 by about 15%. In the other, blood histamine had risen steeply at 7 minutes, FEV1 not falling, due presumably to increased bronchial tolerance acquired by hyposensitization therapy. In 1 of 3 asthmatics inhaling methacholine, 0.75 cumulative units/5 breaths (c.u.) entailed a blood histamine spike coinciding with a fall in FEV1 by 26%; after return of both variables to control levels, a second histamine rise preceded a second FEV1 fall. In another, a blood histamine spike coinciding with a fall in FEV1 by 19% occurred 6 1/2 minutes after the methacholine increment affording 99.15 c.u. In the third, FEV1 from the outset fell progressively before blood histamine rose steeply, reaching its lowest value (-26%) likewise with 99.15 c.u. The mechanisms and the source(s) of the histamine accounting for its short-lived increases in blood remain to be determined.", "contents": "Opposite changes in blood histamine and force expiratory volume during bronchial inhalation challenge. Lack of in vivo data on blood histamine changes in subjects during induced attacks of asthma prompted serial determinations of blood histamine levels and of the forced expiratory volume of the first second (FEV1) in 2 asthmatic undergoing antigen (house dust) inhalation challenge and in 3 subjected to methacholine inhalation. In 1 of 2 dust-sensitive asthmatics inhaling house dust (10(4) pnu), a prominent histamine spike occurred 5 minutes after challenge termination, coinciding with a fall in FEV1 by about 15%. In the other, blood histamine had risen steeply at 7 minutes, FEV1 not falling, due presumably to increased bronchial tolerance acquired by hyposensitization therapy. In 1 of 3 asthmatics inhaling methacholine, 0.75 cumulative units/5 breaths (c.u.) entailed a blood histamine spike coinciding with a fall in FEV1 by 26%; after return of both variables to control levels, a second histamine rise preceded a second FEV1 fall. In another, a blood histamine spike coinciding with a fall in FEV1 by 19% occurred 6 1/2 minutes after the methacholine increment affording 99.15 c.u. In the third, FEV1 from the outset fell progressively before blood histamine rose steeply, reaching its lowest value (-26%) likewise with 99.15 c.u. The mechanisms and the source(s) of the histamine accounting for its short-lived increases in blood remain to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:914407", "title": "Methodology of kinetic interaction studies in clinical pharmacology: an experimental contribution on diftalone and acetylsalicylic acid.", "content": "The possible interaction of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and diftalone (DIF), a new anti-inflammatory drug, was studied in 6 volunteers. All subjects received each of the following three treatments: ASA 1 g, DIF 0.5 g, ASA 1 g plus DIF 0.5 g at 4-day intervals (stage 1 of the study). In stage II of the same study, each subject received ASA 1 g plus DIF 0.5 g in three different occasions 1 week apart; after a 7-day pre-treatment with either DIF 0.25 g b.i.d., or ASA 0.5 g b.i.d., or DIF 0.25 g b.i.d. plus ASA 0.5 g b.i.d. A total of four different comparisons were made. After pre-treatment with DIF, but not after pre-treatment with DIF plus ASA, the peak level of salicylate was significantly reduced by about 15%. No other evidence of interaction was found.", "contents": "Methodology of kinetic interaction studies in clinical pharmacology: an experimental contribution on diftalone and acetylsalicylic acid. The possible interaction of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and diftalone (DIF), a new anti-inflammatory drug, was studied in 6 volunteers. All subjects received each of the following three treatments: ASA 1 g, DIF 0.5 g, ASA 1 g plus DIF 0.5 g at 4-day intervals (stage 1 of the study). In stage II of the same study, each subject received ASA 1 g plus DIF 0.5 g in three different occasions 1 week apart; after a 7-day pre-treatment with either DIF 0.25 g b.i.d., or ASA 0.5 g b.i.d., or DIF 0.25 g b.i.d. plus ASA 0.5 g b.i.d. A total of four different comparisons were made. After pre-treatment with DIF, but not after pre-treatment with DIF plus ASA, the peak level of salicylate was significantly reduced by about 15%. No other evidence of interaction was found."}
{"id": "PMID:914413", "title": "Scabies in a Semiurban area of India: an epidemiologic study.", "content": "An epidemiologic survey was conducted in a population of 1,727 persons living in 253 households in a semiurban area of Goa, India. The prevalence of scabies was 9.7% by persons, 22.5% by households and 22.8% by families. Prevalence of scabies was highly associated with age. The highest prevalence (23.7%) was in school-age children. Prevalence was higher for females than males age 25 or older, but there was no significant difference in prevalence by sex for all ages. Prevalence rate by persons was approximately the same in Hindus and Christians but prevalence rate between families was higher for Hindus, although prevalence within families was higher for Crhistians. First to contact scabies in the family was generally a school child.", "contents": "Scabies in a Semiurban area of India: an epidemiologic study. An epidemiologic survey was conducted in a population of 1,727 persons living in 253 households in a semiurban area of Goa, India. The prevalence of scabies was 9.7% by persons, 22.5% by households and 22.8% by families. Prevalence of scabies was highly associated with age. The highest prevalence (23.7%) was in school-age children. Prevalence was higher for females than males age 25 or older, but there was no significant difference in prevalence by sex for all ages. Prevalence rate by persons was approximately the same in Hindus and Christians but prevalence rate between families was higher for Hindus, although prevalence within families was higher for Crhistians. First to contact scabies in the family was generally a school child."}
{"id": "PMID:914419", "title": "Pachyonychia congenita (Jadassohn-Lewandowsky) and Kyrle's disease in the same patient.", "content": "An 11-year-old boy with typical lesions of pachyonychia congenita (Jadassohn-Lewandowsky) type II and with keratotic lesions histologically characteristic of Kyrle's Disease is described.", "contents": "Pachyonychia congenita (Jadassohn-Lewandowsky) and Kyrle's disease in the same patient. An 11-year-old boy with typical lesions of pachyonychia congenita (Jadassohn-Lewandowsky) type II and with keratotic lesions histologically characteristic of Kyrle's Disease is described."}
{"id": "PMID:914421", "title": "Investigation on the reaction of molybdenum with collagen in vivo.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were treated with Mo in a single dose or over a period of 84 days. The course of molybdenum excretion after a single dose was expressed mathematically. It was shown that various tissues produced different excretion curves and a high retention was observed only in skin. In long-term treatment it was possible to ascribe this retention to direct binding of molybdenum to collagen. In contrast to some other heavy metals molybdenum causes a decrease of collagen stability. The mechanism of this effect is discussed.", "contents": "Investigation on the reaction of molybdenum with collagen in vivo. Male Wistar rats were treated with Mo in a single dose or over a period of 84 days. The course of molybdenum excretion after a single dose was expressed mathematically. It was shown that various tissues produced different excretion curves and a high retention was observed only in skin. In long-term treatment it was possible to ascribe this retention to direct binding of molybdenum to collagen. In contrast to some other heavy metals molybdenum causes a decrease of collagen stability. The mechanism of this effect is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914422", "title": "Cylic peptides. I. Synthesis of AM-toxin analog containing O-methyl-l-tyrosine.", "content": "An AM-toxin analog, cyclotetradepsipeptide, containing an O-methyl-L-tyrosine residue in place of an L-2-amino-5-arylpentanoic acid residue in AM-toxins has been prepared by a conventional method. The synthesis was attempted through six different routes and the desired analog was obtained by one such procedure. This compound showed extremely weak activity in causing necrosis on apple leaves.", "contents": "Cylic peptides. I. Synthesis of AM-toxin analog containing O-methyl-l-tyrosine. An AM-toxin analog, cyclotetradepsipeptide, containing an O-methyl-L-tyrosine residue in place of an L-2-amino-5-arylpentanoic acid residue in AM-toxins has been prepared by a conventional method. The synthesis was attempted through six different routes and the desired analog was obtained by one such procedure. This compound showed extremely weak activity in causing necrosis on apple leaves."}
{"id": "PMID:914423", "title": "Cyclic peptides. II. Synthesis of a cyclodepsipeptide, rotodestruxin.", "content": "Synthesis of a cyclohexadepsipeptide corresponding to the sequence of protodestruxin from linear hexapeptides was attempted through five different routes in a conventional method, and three routes afforded the same cyclopeptide. Biological and physiocochemical properties of the synthetic peptide were identical to those of natural protodestruxin. Differences in the yields of the cyclization were explained through the assumed conformations of the linear hexapeptides.", "contents": "Cyclic peptides. II. Synthesis of a cyclodepsipeptide, rotodestruxin. Synthesis of a cyclohexadepsipeptide corresponding to the sequence of protodestruxin from linear hexapeptides was attempted through five different routes in a conventional method, and three routes afforded the same cyclopeptide. Biological and physiocochemical properties of the synthetic peptide were identical to those of natural protodestruxin. Differences in the yields of the cyclization were explained through the assumed conformations of the linear hexapeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:914424", "title": "Short- and long-range spectral perturbants: dependence on solvent concentration and chromophore structure.", "content": "Some perturbing solvents appear to be short-range perturbants at 20% concentration, but long-range at 40%, based on delta epsilon/epsilon for phenols and their ethers. The apparent long- or short-range character of a solvent also depends on the chromophore. It is possible that perturbants, which are apparently of long-range character at 20% concentration, are really of short-range character because they interact rather similarly with phenols and their ethers. For ethers delta epsilon/epsilon increases faster than for phenols with increasing concentrations of some perturbants.", "contents": "Short- and long-range spectral perturbants: dependence on solvent concentration and chromophore structure. Some perturbing solvents appear to be short-range perturbants at 20% concentration, but long-range at 40%, based on delta epsilon/epsilon for phenols and their ethers. The apparent long- or short-range character of a solvent also depends on the chromophore. It is possible that perturbants, which are apparently of long-range character at 20% concentration, are really of short-range character because they interact rather similarly with phenols and their ethers. For ethers delta epsilon/epsilon increases faster than for phenols with increasing concentrations of some perturbants."}
{"id": "PMID:914425", "title": "Chemical studies on a hamster sublingual glycoprotein.", "content": "A secretory glycoprotein was isolated from the hamster sublingual gland. It contains 65% carbohydrates, the remainder being protein. The principal type of sialic acid was identified as N-acetylneuraminic acid with about 1/4 of the molecules O-acetylated. The hexosamine occurs mainly as N-acetylgalactosamine; other sugars present are galactose and fucose. The carbohydrate side chains are linked to the protein core by an O-glycosyl linkage between seryl and threonyl residues and N-acetylgalactosamine. The glycoprotein has an apparent molecular weight of 330,000. The sialogly coprotein may act as a biological antifreeze. Relevant differences in the chemical composition of the secretory glycoproteins of the sublingual and submaxillary salivary glands of this species are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Chemical studies on a hamster sublingual glycoprotein. A secretory glycoprotein was isolated from the hamster sublingual gland. It contains 65% carbohydrates, the remainder being protein. The principal type of sialic acid was identified as N-acetylneuraminic acid with about 1/4 of the molecules O-acetylated. The hexosamine occurs mainly as N-acetylgalactosamine; other sugars present are galactose and fucose. The carbohydrate side chains are linked to the protein core by an O-glycosyl linkage between seryl and threonyl residues and N-acetylgalactosamine. The glycoprotein has an apparent molecular weight of 330,000. The sialogly coprotein may act as a biological antifreeze. Relevant differences in the chemical composition of the secretory glycoproteins of the sublingual and submaxillary salivary glands of this species are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914426", "title": "Conformational analysis of cyclo (L-cystine).", "content": "Conformational analysis of cyclo(L-cystine) shows that the diketopiperazine ring has to exist only in the boat form. With this geometry, the molecule can adopt two distinct forms differing mainly in the chirality of the disulphide bridge. In both the P- and M-models, corresponding to dihedral angles of nearly +90 degrees and -90 degrees respectively about the S-S- bond, the molecule displays an approximate two-fold symmetry. According to our semi-empirical energy calculations, the minimum energy of the M-model is --9.2 kcal/mol, only 0.3 kcal/mol lower than that of the P-model. Because the difference between the two minima is so small, neither form is clearly superior to the other. However, the number of low energy conformations of the M-model in the allowed conformational space is significantly larger than that of the P-model by a ratio of 3 to 1, and therefore the former is likely to be thermodynamically favoured.", "contents": "Conformational analysis of cyclo (L-cystine). Conformational analysis of cyclo(L-cystine) shows that the diketopiperazine ring has to exist only in the boat form. With this geometry, the molecule can adopt two distinct forms differing mainly in the chirality of the disulphide bridge. In both the P- and M-models, corresponding to dihedral angles of nearly +90 degrees and -90 degrees respectively about the S-S- bond, the molecule displays an approximate two-fold symmetry. According to our semi-empirical energy calculations, the minimum energy of the M-model is --9.2 kcal/mol, only 0.3 kcal/mol lower than that of the P-model. Because the difference between the two minima is so small, neither form is clearly superior to the other. However, the number of low energy conformations of the M-model in the allowed conformational space is significantly larger than that of the P-model by a ratio of 3 to 1, and therefore the former is likely to be thermodynamically favoured."}
{"id": "PMID:914427", "title": "Solid phase synthesis and some hormonal activities of 1-deamino-4-L-valine-8-D-homolysine-and 1-deamino-4-L-valine-8-D-homoarginine-vasopressin.", "content": "1-Deamino-4-L-valine-8-DL-homolysine-vasopressin and protected 1-deamino-4-l-valine-8-D-lysine-vasopressin were synthesized by the solid phase method and were then converted into the title compounds (dVDHLVP and dVDHAVP) by tryptic digestion and epsilon-guanidination, respectively. The new hormone analogues exhibit only moderate antidiuretic potency, dVDHLVP 21 units/mg and dVDHAVP 31 units/mg, but since they are essentially devoid of pressor activity (o.o1 units/mg/ the A/P ratios are very high. In fact, dVDHLVP is the most specific antidiuretic agent in the lysine series known so far.", "contents": "Solid phase synthesis and some hormonal activities of 1-deamino-4-L-valine-8-D-homolysine-and 1-deamino-4-L-valine-8-D-homoarginine-vasopressin. 1-Deamino-4-L-valine-8-DL-homolysine-vasopressin and protected 1-deamino-4-l-valine-8-D-lysine-vasopressin were synthesized by the solid phase method and were then converted into the title compounds (dVDHLVP and dVDHAVP) by tryptic digestion and epsilon-guanidination, respectively. The new hormone analogues exhibit only moderate antidiuretic potency, dVDHLVP 21 units/mg and dVDHAVP 31 units/mg, but since they are essentially devoid of pressor activity (o.o1 units/mg/ the A/P ratios are very high. In fact, dVDHLVP is the most specific antidiuretic agent in the lysine series known so far."}
{"id": "PMID:914428", "title": "Predicted secondary structure of snake venom toxins from their primary structures.", "content": "We have predicted the secondary structure of 38 snake venom toxins using the  method of Chou and Fasman. Our predictions indicate that beta-chain and random coil structures predominate in these proteins. The conformations of long neurotoxins, short neurotoxins and cytotoxins are less similar than previously believed. Cytotoxins contain 40--50% of beta-structure and they form a notably homogeneous group. Short neurotoxins contain less beta-structure (13--30%) and more random coil than cytotoxins, and they also form a more heterogeneous group in terms of secondary structure. The characteristics of long neurotoxins are intermediate to the above mentioned groups. Experimental evidence supporting these propositions is discussed.", "contents": "Predicted secondary structure of snake venom toxins from their primary structures. We have predicted the secondary structure of 38 snake venom toxins using the  method of Chou and Fasman. Our predictions indicate that beta-chain and random coil structures predominate in these proteins. The conformations of long neurotoxins, short neurotoxins and cytotoxins are less similar than previously believed. Cytotoxins contain 40--50% of beta-structure and they form a notably homogeneous group. Short neurotoxins contain less beta-structure (13--30%) and more random coil than cytotoxins, and they also form a more heterogeneous group in terms of secondary structure. The characteristics of long neurotoxins are intermediate to the above mentioned groups. Experimental evidence supporting these propositions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914430", "title": "The therapist's use of metaphor.", "content": "A linguistic perspective is applied to the therapist's use of original metaphors in psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy. I present a review of the literature along with a view of psychotherapy and metaphor from a linguistic perspective. Three examples from psychotherapy are used to illustrate properties of metaphorical interpretations. An examination of the portion of the hour that precedes the therapist's metaphor suggests the importance of context in reducing the dangers of misunderstanding inherent in the use of metaphor.", "contents": "The therapist's use of metaphor. A linguistic perspective is applied to the therapist's use of original metaphors in psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy. I present a review of the literature along with a view of psychotherapy and metaphor from a linguistic perspective. Three examples from psychotherapy are used to illustrate properties of metaphorical interpretations. An examination of the portion of the hour that precedes the therapist's metaphor suggests the importance of context in reducing the dangers of misunderstanding inherent in the use of metaphor."}
{"id": "PMID:914431", "title": "Symbiotic block with psychotic patients.", "content": "An impasse, which I term symbiotic block, occurs commonly in psychoanalytic psychotherapy with psychotic patients. Three cases, representing  different levels of psychotic transference relatedness, are chosen to exemplify this phenomenon. This impasse is defined in terms of undifferentiated symbiotic transference-countertransference phenomena which interfere with the separation-individuation process. The resolution process is defined in terms of concretizing issues of self-object differentiation and causality. A brief review of the literature is presented, along with discussion of the nature of the phenomenon and some key technical points.", "contents": "Symbiotic block with psychotic patients. An impasse, which I term symbiotic block, occurs commonly in psychoanalytic psychotherapy with psychotic patients. Three cases, representing  different levels of psychotic transference relatedness, are chosen to exemplify this phenomenon. This impasse is defined in terms of undifferentiated symbiotic transference-countertransference phenomena which interfere with the separation-individuation process. The resolution process is defined in terms of concretizing issues of self-object differentiation and causality. A brief review of the literature is presented, along with discussion of the nature of the phenomenon and some key technical points."}
{"id": "PMID:914432", "title": "Transitional phenomena in the treatment of a psychotic adolescent.", "content": "The clinical history and the initial phase of the psychotherapy of a hospitalized psychotic adolescent are presented to demonstrate the loss of \"transitional capabilities\" coinciding with the onset of a psychotic regression and their subsequent restoration as the patient reemerged from overt psychosis. Winnicott's concept of transitional phenomena is reexamined, highlighting its function in the capacity for illusion, its internalization as psychic structure, and its interpersonal dimension in the establishment of a \"transitional mode of relatedness\" within the psychotherapeutic situation.", "contents": "Transitional phenomena in the treatment of a psychotic adolescent. The clinical history and the initial phase of the psychotherapy of a hospitalized psychotic adolescent are presented to demonstrate the loss of \"transitional capabilities\" coinciding with the onset of a psychotic regression and their subsequent restoration as the patient reemerged from overt psychosis. Winnicott's concept of transitional phenomena is reexamined, highlighting its function in the capacity for illusion, its internalization as psychic structure, and its interpersonal dimension in the establishment of a \"transitional mode of relatedness\" within the psychotherapeutic situation."}
{"id": "PMID:914433", "title": "Countertransference aspects of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of schizophrenia.", "content": "Emphasis is placed on largely unconscious aspects of the therapeutic relationship which determine the inappropriate or untimely use of psychotropic drugs, particularly on the therapist's response to the regressive modes of relating and sharing emotional experience which characterize therapeutic work with schizophrenic patients. Case examples illustrate the use of drugs to establish interpersonal boundaries, to disavow frightening feelings within the self, and to renounce forbidden regressive pleasures-thus defending against the regressive pull of the developing symbiotic relationship. The effect of postpsychotic depression on the therapeutic relationship is explored with regard to the dynamics of psychotropic drug usage in treatment.", "contents": "Countertransference aspects of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of schizophrenia. Emphasis is placed on largely unconscious aspects of the therapeutic relationship which determine the inappropriate or untimely use of psychotropic drugs, particularly on the therapist's response to the regressive modes of relating and sharing emotional experience which characterize therapeutic work with schizophrenic patients. Case examples illustrate the use of drugs to establish interpersonal boundaries, to disavow frightening feelings within the self, and to renounce forbidden regressive pleasures-thus defending against the regressive pull of the developing symbiotic relationship. The effect of postpsychotic depression on the therapeutic relationship is explored with regard to the dynamics of psychotropic drug usage in treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:914434", "title": "The treatment of a narcissistic disturbance in childhood.", "content": "This paper surveys four years of psychotherapy, beginning at age eight and a half, of a boy whose psychopathology appears to be a precursor of the narcissitic charater disorder described by Kernberg (1975). The vicissitudes of the transference related chiefly to the patient's underlying narcissistic vulnerability. Interventions were generally aimed at demonstrating the relation of the patient's naricissistic (grandiose) defense to his underlying concern about devaluation by the therapist. The advantages of focuisng on such a patient's current needs and reactions are emphasized. The speed and success of the treatment of this child vis-a-vis adults with similar psychopathology is attributed to the relative ease with which his underlying needs (and related pathological envy, rage, and fear of retaliation) could be mobilized within the therapeutic relationship. This probably reflects the fact that his character defense was not yet fully entrenched. The contribution of normal development to the therapeutic process is also identified, as is the importance of both the real relationship and times of direct gratification of the patient by the therapist.", "contents": "The treatment of a narcissistic disturbance in childhood. This paper surveys four years of psychotherapy, beginning at age eight and a half, of a boy whose psychopathology appears to be a precursor of the narcissitic charater disorder described by Kernberg (1975). The vicissitudes of the transference related chiefly to the patient's underlying narcissistic vulnerability. Interventions were generally aimed at demonstrating the relation of the patient's naricissistic (grandiose) defense to his underlying concern about devaluation by the therapist. The advantages of focuisng on such a patient's current needs and reactions are emphasized. The speed and success of the treatment of this child vis-a-vis adults with similar psychopathology is attributed to the relative ease with which his underlying needs (and related pathological envy, rage, and fear of retaliation) could be mobilized within the therapeutic relationship. This probably reflects the fact that his character defense was not yet fully entrenched. The contribution of normal development to the therapeutic process is also identified, as is the importance of both the real relationship and times of direct gratification of the patient by the therapist."}
{"id": "PMID:914435", "title": "Depersonalization in a female adolescent.", "content": "This paper demonstrates the relationship between the onset and persistent manifestation of the depersonalization phenomenon in a femal adolescent. On the basis of a case report it is postulated that certain external stimuli coinciding with anxiety lead to a physiologically induced altered state of consciousness which defends against the maintenance or repetition of these events. If the state functions effectively, as in the presented case, a symptom pattern develops which resembles very closely that altered state of consciousness. The particular form of the altered state is postulated to depend upon the personality configuration of the individual patient.", "contents": "Depersonalization in a female adolescent. This paper demonstrates the relationship between the onset and persistent manifestation of the depersonalization phenomenon in a femal adolescent. On the basis of a case report it is postulated that certain external stimuli coinciding with anxiety lead to a physiologically induced altered state of consciousness which defends against the maintenance or repetition of these events. If the state functions effectively, as in the presented case, a symptom pattern develops which resembles very closely that altered state of consciousness. The particular form of the altered state is postulated to depend upon the personality configuration of the individual patient."}
{"id": "PMID:914436", "title": "Impotence, frigidity and depersonalization.", "content": "A review of important psychoanalytic literature in the perplexing area of depersonalization focuses primarily on its phenomenology and genesis. Case material from two patients elucidates a relatively neglected, specific substate. These two analyses center about prominent complaints of impotence and frigidity which are seen as equivalents of, or screens for, underlying depersonalization. Only by understanding and working through the genesis of the masked depersonalization could these sexual dysfunctions be adequately treated. Depersonalization was also manifest outside the sexual sphere, but its presence there led to a more thorough elucidation of its etiology, in which actual childhood observations of the primal scene were of paramount importance. A comprehensive description of depersonalization phenomenology is offered which considers this state as a compromise formulation with contributions from each structure of the mental apparatus. Normal and pathological determinants of the sesation of a split within the self into observing and participating aspects are described, as is the genesis of feelings of alienation and estrangement.", "contents": "Impotence, frigidity and depersonalization. A review of important psychoanalytic literature in the perplexing area of depersonalization focuses primarily on its phenomenology and genesis. Case material from two patients elucidates a relatively neglected, specific substate. These two analyses center about prominent complaints of impotence and frigidity which are seen as equivalents of, or screens for, underlying depersonalization. Only by understanding and working through the genesis of the masked depersonalization could these sexual dysfunctions be adequately treated. Depersonalization was also manifest outside the sexual sphere, but its presence there led to a more thorough elucidation of its etiology, in which actual childhood observations of the primal scene were of paramount importance. A comprehensive description of depersonalization phenomenology is offered which considers this state as a compromise formulation with contributions from each structure of the mental apparatus. Normal and pathological determinants of the sesation of a split within the self into observing and participating aspects are described, as is the genesis of feelings of alienation and estrangement."}
{"id": "PMID:914437", "title": "Adverse response to neuroleptics in schizophrenia.", "content": "Negative therapeutic reactions to neuroleptics in schizophrenic patients are examined from the psychoanalytic perspective through case examples. Intrapsychic changes resulting from this medication, ordinarily considered beneficial, are shown, in some cases, to be disruptive of schizophrenic functioning and organization and potentially to endanger the continuation of medication itself. Changes are described which effect defenses, object relations, psychotic restitution, use of external reality, body image and cognition, and the symbolic significance of medication. Alterations in narcissistic ego states and disruption in preconscious processes, superimposed upon defective ego functioning, are used as explanatory concepts. These interact with transference based responses; in some cases, important psychodynamic issues emerge amenable to transference interpretations. Further study of intrapsychic changes may be useful in delineating a previously inexplicable response, understanding symptom formation, recognizing shifts in the patient-psychotherapist relationship, and forestalling premature cessation of medication.", "contents": "Adverse response to neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Negative therapeutic reactions to neuroleptics in schizophrenic patients are examined from the psychoanalytic perspective through case examples. Intrapsychic changes resulting from this medication, ordinarily considered beneficial, are shown, in some cases, to be disruptive of schizophrenic functioning and organization and potentially to endanger the continuation of medication itself. Changes are described which effect defenses, object relations, psychotic restitution, use of external reality, body image and cognition, and the symbolic significance of medication. Alterations in narcissistic ego states and disruption in preconscious processes, superimposed upon defective ego functioning, are used as explanatory concepts. These interact with transference based responses; in some cases, important psychodynamic issues emerge amenable to transference interpretations. Further study of intrapsychic changes may be useful in delineating a previously inexplicable response, understanding symptom formation, recognizing shifts in the patient-psychotherapist relationship, and forestalling premature cessation of medication."}
{"id": "PMID:914438", "title": "The psychotic character.", "content": "A warp in the childhood emotional pattern may involve the ego and superego enough to cause psychotic elements or coloring, which may evolve into the psychotic character or into the potential for it or for psychosis. A brief review of relevant literature and a series of clinical vignettes are presented from the perspective of Alexander's model of the neurotic character. The psychotic is seen as showing: the dynamics of the neuroses acted out as in the neurotic character; narcissistic egocentricity and a failure of emphathetic, sympathetic identification and loving object relations; id impulses rationalized by a distortion of reality (manifested not in specific delusions, but rather, more diffusely throughout the ego); minimal or no insight into illness, as in criminality; and a failure of defenses against id impulse although the ego organization is intact. The clinical material reveals that these elements are encountered in all combinations and gradations; several types of psychotic character are discussed.", "contents": "The psychotic character. A warp in the childhood emotional pattern may involve the ego and superego enough to cause psychotic elements or coloring, which may evolve into the psychotic character or into the potential for it or for psychosis. A brief review of relevant literature and a series of clinical vignettes are presented from the perspective of Alexander's model of the neurotic character. The psychotic is seen as showing: the dynamics of the neuroses acted out as in the neurotic character; narcissistic egocentricity and a failure of emphathetic, sympathetic identification and loving object relations; id impulses rationalized by a distortion of reality (manifested not in specific delusions, but rather, more diffusely throughout the ego); minimal or no insight into illness, as in criminality; and a failure of defenses against id impulse although the ego organization is intact. The clinical material reveals that these elements are encountered in all combinations and gradations; several types of psychotic character are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914439", "title": "The alcohol induced hypnoid state and its analytic corollary.", "content": "Alcohol can be ingested to achieve a hypnoid state. This altered awareness is actively sought by the alcoholic as part of an ongoing attempt at mastery. By this symptomatic resort to a change in consciousness, the painful affects connected with earlier assaults and seductions carried out by severely disturbed parents, are maintained in repression. At the same time this self-induced hypnoid state facilitates the gratification of both conscious and unconscious fantasies. The case history of a patient is reported who while in analysis, and on the analytic couch, evoked a hypnoid state. For this patient the analysis of this hypnoid state led to the recall and verbalization of early traumatic experiences. The similarity of early life circumstances, in regard to disturbed and inadequate parenting, in both the carefully studied analytic patient and the less frequently available data on patients treated by psychotherapy in an alcohol clinic is discussed.", "contents": "The alcohol induced hypnoid state and its analytic corollary. Alcohol can be ingested to achieve a hypnoid state. This altered awareness is actively sought by the alcoholic as part of an ongoing attempt at mastery. By this symptomatic resort to a change in consciousness, the painful affects connected with earlier assaults and seductions carried out by severely disturbed parents, are maintained in repression. At the same time this self-induced hypnoid state facilitates the gratification of both conscious and unconscious fantasies. The case history of a patient is reported who while in analysis, and on the analytic couch, evoked a hypnoid state. For this patient the analysis of this hypnoid state led to the recall and verbalization of early traumatic experiences. The similarity of early life circumstances, in regard to disturbed and inadequate parenting, in both the carefully studied analytic patient and the less frequently available data on patients treated by psychotherapy in an alcohol clinic is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914440", "title": "Frightened men: a wish for intimacy and a fear of closeness.", "content": "Men who failed to achieve an adequate separation from their mothers are particularly prone to experience serious distress with their marriages during their middle years, when the wish for intimacy, coupled with a fear of closeness never resolved during infancy, is retriggered. An onslaught of biological, social, and psychological stresses force acknowledgement of previously denied needs for succor, plunging them into battle with their wife-surrogate mother. The resulting counterphobic, hypersexual, ofter self-destructive behaviors are usually falsely interpreted as oedipal. Clinical material in this report strongly suggests this distress is not primarily related to genital sexual issues or fears of castration, but more often concerns issues of autonomy and independence which typically involve the mother and which arose in the toddler or anal phase. Supportive evidence for this thesis from cross-cultural observations, child developmental studies, and primatology is presented, and the usefulness of this view in facilitating clinical work with such men is described.", "contents": "Frightened men: a wish for intimacy and a fear of closeness. Men who failed to achieve an adequate separation from their mothers are particularly prone to experience serious distress with their marriages during their middle years, when the wish for intimacy, coupled with a fear of closeness never resolved during infancy, is retriggered. An onslaught of biological, social, and psychological stresses force acknowledgement of previously denied needs for succor, plunging them into battle with their wife-surrogate mother. The resulting counterphobic, hypersexual, ofter self-destructive behaviors are usually falsely interpreted as oedipal. Clinical material in this report strongly suggests this distress is not primarily related to genital sexual issues or fears of castration, but more often concerns issues of autonomy and independence which typically involve the mother and which arose in the toddler or anal phase. Supportive evidence for this thesis from cross-cultural observations, child developmental studies, and primatology is presented, and the usefulness of this view in facilitating clinical work with such men is described."}
{"id": "PMID:914441", "title": "Alienation: character neuroses and narcissistic disorders.", "content": "Various defensive adaptations are described that patients with structural defects involving the self-representation (character neurotics) use to adapt to the external world, often achieving an organization sufficiently stable to lead to considerable success. Externalization rather than projection is used. The differences between these two psychic processes are important for our understanding of character neurotics. Projection signifies placing impulses or parts of the self into external objects whereas externalization involves creating or finding a reality to support the defences, including projecting. The patient externalizes his infantile traumatic environment to construct a current world after his early environment which he finds both threatening and familar. Clinical material illustrates how the process of externalization operating within the transference context may lead to special technical problems. One type of character neurotic demonstrates a special type of externalization which supports overcompensatory feelings of self-aggrandizement, which are in effect, narcissistic defenses. To varying degrees, all character neurotics have some narcissistic defenses. Countertransference problems are also discussed.", "contents": "Alienation: character neuroses and narcissistic disorders. Various defensive adaptations are described that patients with structural defects involving the self-representation (character neurotics) use to adapt to the external world, often achieving an organization sufficiently stable to lead to considerable success. Externalization rather than projection is used. The differences between these two psychic processes are important for our understanding of character neurotics. Projection signifies placing impulses or parts of the self into external objects whereas externalization involves creating or finding a reality to support the defences, including projecting. The patient externalizes his infantile traumatic environment to construct a current world after his early environment which he finds both threatening and familar. Clinical material illustrates how the process of externalization operating within the transference context may lead to special technical problems. One type of character neurotic demonstrates a special type of externalization which supports overcompensatory feelings of self-aggrandizement, which are in effect, narcissistic defenses. To varying degrees, all character neurotics have some narcissistic defenses. Countertransference problems are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914442", "title": "Transference phenomena in initial interviews.", "content": "Transference phenomena can be used effectively in pursuing diagnostic and therapeutic aims in initial interviews. Theorectical and clinical aspects of transference phenomena are discussed with special reference to preformed transference expectations, the dynamic and genetic aspects of transference, the differentiation of transference phenomena from transference and the transference neurosis, and their relevance to other analytic data. A case is presented, and two transference phenomena is the initial interviews are traced through later stages of the analysis; their origins and multiple determinants are demonstrated.", "contents": "Transference phenomena in initial interviews. Transference phenomena can be used effectively in pursuing diagnostic and therapeutic aims in initial interviews. Theorectical and clinical aspects of transference phenomena are discussed with special reference to preformed transference expectations, the dynamic and genetic aspects of transference, the differentiation of transference phenomena from transference and the transference neurosis, and their relevance to other analytic data. A case is presented, and two transference phenomena is the initial interviews are traced through later stages of the analysis; their origins and multiple determinants are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:914443", "title": "Countertransference.", "content": "Countertransference can be used as an instrument in understanding the patient's projective identification. An analogy for the patient/therapist interaction is found in Bion's model of the infant's communicating by projection to the breast and the mother as containing and modifying such projections. The particular countertransference problems created by patients who have been objects of massive parental projections are examined. In such cases the patient's projections induce in the analyst diverse experience of past helplessness in relation to projections.", "contents": "Countertransference. Countertransference can be used as an instrument in understanding the patient's projective identification. An analogy for the patient/therapist interaction is found in Bion's model of the infant's communicating by projection to the breast and the mother as containing and modifying such projections. The particular countertransference problems created by patients who have been objects of massive parental projections are examined. In such cases the patient's projections induce in the analyst diverse experience of past helplessness in relation to projections."}
{"id": "PMID:914444", "title": "The evolution of a shoe fetish.", "content": "This paper deals with clinical material gathered from the long-term, psychoanalytically-oriented treatment of a patient with a shoe fetish. Genetic and dynamic aspects of this problem are emphasized. The combination of a dominating mother and a passive and absent father, the sharing of a bed with an older sister until age eleven, and the receipt of frequent enemas contributed directly to the development of the fetish, the most crucial determinant being the commulative traumatic effect of the enemas. During adolescence, the patient also resorted to transvestism to deal with the intensification of castration fears. Becoming a husband and father threatened to disrupt his tenuous defenses and forced him to seek therapy for two years, during which he was able to gain sufficient insight to forego the fetish and to engage in heterosexual activity in reasonably conflict-free manner. Previous theorectical contributions on the subject are included and theorectical issues are dealt with, particularly the role of the core fantasy of the phallic woman in the perversions.", "contents": "The evolution of a shoe fetish. This paper deals with clinical material gathered from the long-term, psychoanalytically-oriented treatment of a patient with a shoe fetish. Genetic and dynamic aspects of this problem are emphasized. The combination of a dominating mother and a passive and absent father, the sharing of a bed with an older sister until age eleven, and the receipt of frequent enemas contributed directly to the development of the fetish, the most crucial determinant being the commulative traumatic effect of the enemas. During adolescence, the patient also resorted to transvestism to deal with the intensification of castration fears. Becoming a husband and father threatened to disrupt his tenuous defenses and forced him to seek therapy for two years, during which he was able to gain sufficient insight to forego the fetish and to engage in heterosexual activity in reasonably conflict-free manner. Previous theorectical contributions on the subject are included and theorectical issues are dealt with, particularly the role of the core fantasy of the phallic woman in the perversions."}
{"id": "PMID:914445", "title": "Prevention, infant therapy, and the treatment of adults. 1. Toward understanding mutuality.", "content": "This is the first in a series of papers about the relevance of infant therapy to the treatment of adults. A description of maternal and infantile movement patterns is used to substantiate our thesis that not only does the mother hold the child, but the child holds the mother. A good-enough holding environment is maintained when the mother's adult patterns of effort and shaping dovetail with the infant's inborn reflexes to make mutual holding possible. Mutual support enables mother and child attune in tension-flow rhythms (used for need satisfaction) and to adjust in shape-flow rhythms (used for intake and output). Attunement is the physical core of empathy, and adjustment is the cradle of trust. Empathy and trust between therapist and patient develop in a good-enough holding environment which is derived from mutual holding in early infancy. Not only does the therapist provide a holding environment for the patient, but the patient does his share to support the therapist in his aims.", "contents": "Prevention, infant therapy, and the treatment of adults. 1. Toward understanding mutuality. This is the first in a series of papers about the relevance of infant therapy to the treatment of adults. A description of maternal and infantile movement patterns is used to substantiate our thesis that not only does the mother hold the child, but the child holds the mother. A good-enough holding environment is maintained when the mother's adult patterns of effort and shaping dovetail with the infant's inborn reflexes to make mutual holding possible. Mutual support enables mother and child attune in tension-flow rhythms (used for need satisfaction) and to adjust in shape-flow rhythms (used for intake and output). Attunement is the physical core of empathy, and adjustment is the cradle of trust. Empathy and trust between therapist and patient develop in a good-enough holding environment which is derived from mutual holding in early infancy. Not only does the therapist provide a holding environment for the patient, but the patient does his share to support the therapist in his aims."}
{"id": "PMID:914446", "title": "Prevention, infant therapy, and the treatment of adults: 2. Mutual holding and holding-oneself-up.", "content": "This is the second paper in a series of papers concerned with the relevance of infant therapy to the treatment of adults. The detailed presentation of a case of infant therapy illustrates our thesis that (1) early failures in mutual holding lead to a distortion of the body image, to an insufficient development of trust and empathy, and to a difficulty in holding-oneself-up and becoming self-reliant; (2) movement retraining of mother and infant is a method of choice to prevent the sequelae of holding failures; (3) insight gained from infant-therapy through movement retraining helps us understand adult patients whose body attitudes reveal their attempts to hold themselves up by putting strain on their neck, back, or shoulders; (4) the analysis of the defensive use of certain parts of the body for self-support reveals the underlying fear of falling, collapsing or falling apart.", "contents": "Prevention, infant therapy, and the treatment of adults: 2. Mutual holding and holding-oneself-up. This is the second paper in a series of papers concerned with the relevance of infant therapy to the treatment of adults. The detailed presentation of a case of infant therapy illustrates our thesis that (1) early failures in mutual holding lead to a distortion of the body image, to an insufficient development of trust and empathy, and to a difficulty in holding-oneself-up and becoming self-reliant; (2) movement retraining of mother and infant is a method of choice to prevent the sequelae of holding failures; (3) insight gained from infant-therapy through movement retraining helps us understand adult patients whose body attitudes reveal their attempts to hold themselves up by putting strain on their neck, back, or shoulders; (4) the analysis of the defensive use of certain parts of the body for self-support reveals the underlying fear of falling, collapsing or falling apart."}
{"id": "PMID:914447", "title": "On neutrality.", "content": "The various meanings of neutrality are traditionally assigned either to the psychoanalytic model, which developed within psychoanalysis, or to the natural science model whose meanings and methods were imported from the observational methods of natural science. The rules of abstinence and anonymity and the analyt's respect for the patient's autonomy are the principal distinctly psychoanalytic meanings of neutrality. These are discussed and illustrated by case examples. Psychoanalytic neutrality is founded upon and regulated by ethical principles of truthfulness, personal freedom, and the analyst's caring commitment to the patient. The natural science model includes the inhibition of the analyst's affective reactions, the attitude of impersonal detachment, and the requirement that the analyst's evaluations and interpretations be value-free. It is nether possible nor desirable for analysis to adopt the neutral attitudes and techniques of the natural science observer.", "contents": "On neutrality. The various meanings of neutrality are traditionally assigned either to the psychoanalytic model, which developed within psychoanalysis, or to the natural science model whose meanings and methods were imported from the observational methods of natural science. The rules of abstinence and anonymity and the analyt's respect for the patient's autonomy are the principal distinctly psychoanalytic meanings of neutrality. These are discussed and illustrated by case examples. Psychoanalytic neutrality is founded upon and regulated by ethical principles of truthfulness, personal freedom, and the analyst's caring commitment to the patient. The natural science model includes the inhibition of the analyst's affective reactions, the attitude of impersonal detachment, and the requirement that the analyst's evaluations and interpretations be value-free. It is nether possible nor desirable for analysis to adopt the neutral attitudes and techniques of the natural science observer."}
{"id": "PMID:914448", "title": "On lying fallow: an aspect of leisure.", "content": "The capacity for lying fallow is discussed as a nonconflictual affective state and as a function of the process of personalization and growth. The qualities and achievements of the fallow mood are indicated, as are the factors on which this state is dependent.", "contents": "On lying fallow: an aspect of leisure. The capacity for lying fallow is discussed as a nonconflictual affective state and as a function of the process of personalization and growth. The qualities and achievements of the fallow mood are indicated, as are the factors on which this state is dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:914449", "title": "Notes on Ibsen's Peer Gynt.", "content": "A short account of the verse drama Peer Gynt is given, showing its setting in Ibsen's life and work, and its content. The paper relates what the poem tells us about Ibsen to what I know of him from elsewhere, specifically to certain conflicts and the search for his \"true self.\" It also relates the poem to the experience of psychoanalysts and psychiatrists (illustrating this with clinical material), and finally, to aspects of the world today.", "contents": "Notes on Ibsen's Peer Gynt. A short account of the verse drama Peer Gynt is given, showing its setting in Ibsen's life and work, and its content. The paper relates what the poem tells us about Ibsen to what I know of him from elsewhere, specifically to certain conflicts and the search for his \"true self.\" It also relates the poem to the experience of psychoanalysts and psychiatrists (illustrating this with clinical material), and finally, to aspects of the world today."}
{"id": "PMID:914450", "title": "Psychoanalytic notes on suicide.", "content": "The typology of and theories on suicidal behavior are reviewed to integrate various points of view in terms of the paranoid process. Freud's theory of internalized aggression, the relation of suicide impulses to depression, the operation of narcissistic components in the complex motivation of suicide are related to the concept of the victim-introject as central to the pathology of suicide. Suicidal patterns play out the dynamics inherent in the victim-introject and its correlative component the aggressor-introject. The victim-introject serves as the core internalization around which a false-self system is organized; the suicide represents the attempt to destroy the false-self as a means of realizing the dynamic purposes of the victim-introject. The concept of the victim-introject integrates previous psychoanalytic formulations of suicide and provides a template  for the development of a therapeutic rationale. Implications for therapeutic response are considered, particularly in terms of the need to undermine the patient's attempts to maintain and reinforce his victimization.", "contents": "Psychoanalytic notes on suicide. The typology of and theories on suicidal behavior are reviewed to integrate various points of view in terms of the paranoid process. Freud's theory of internalized aggression, the relation of suicide impulses to depression, the operation of narcissistic components in the complex motivation of suicide are related to the concept of the victim-introject as central to the pathology of suicide. Suicidal patterns play out the dynamics inherent in the victim-introject and its correlative component the aggressor-introject. The victim-introject serves as the core internalization around which a false-self system is organized; the suicide represents the attempt to destroy the false-self as a means of realizing the dynamic purposes of the victim-introject. The concept of the victim-introject integrates previous psychoanalytic formulations of suicide and provides a template  for the development of a therapeutic rationale. Implications for therapeutic response are considered, particularly in terms of the need to undermine the patient's attempts to maintain and reinforce his victimization."}
{"id": "PMID:914451", "title": "Obsessional phenomena and the concept of intentionality.", "content": "Obsessional phenomena exist in a variety of character types. The particular phenomena may be of limited value in total personality assessment. Some speculative links are made between obsessional phenomena and preanal developmental steps. It is suggested that the concept of intentionality of thought and action be examined in these patients to distinguish obsessionals with core conflicts that are primarily neurotic and triadic, from those with more significant, earlier difficulty in the oral period. The concept of intentionality is related to self-object distinction, the use of projections, the sense of self, pathologic ego-superego condensation, and the existence of the ability to tolerate and recognize aggressiveness within. More accurate and rapid diagnostic distinction among obsessionals has implications for different treatment approaches.", "contents": "Obsessional phenomena and the concept of intentionality. Obsessional phenomena exist in a variety of character types. The particular phenomena may be of limited value in total personality assessment. Some speculative links are made between obsessional phenomena and preanal developmental steps. It is suggested that the concept of intentionality of thought and action be examined in these patients to distinguish obsessionals with core conflicts that are primarily neurotic and triadic, from those with more significant, earlier difficulty in the oral period. The concept of intentionality is related to self-object distinction, the use of projections, the sense of self, pathologic ego-superego condensation, and the existence of the ability to tolerate and recognize aggressiveness within. More accurate and rapid diagnostic distinction among obsessionals has implications for different treatment approaches."}
{"id": "PMID:914452", "title": "The eroding concept of intrapsychic conflict.", "content": "With the increased interest in borderline and psychotic patients, concepts are being introduced which erode the concept of intrapsychic conflict between the ego and the other macrostructures. In particular, the drive derivative as source of danger is being lost sight of as expressions such as fear of the loss of ego boundaries and struggles against identification are introduced. Some authors who use these expressions, judging from their clinical material, do uncover their patients' fantasies and the drive derivatives and defenses they reflect. Nonetheless, they contribute to the problem by introducing inaccurate new terms. Other authors, having embraced recent innovations in theory, seem to disregard intrapsychic conflict.", "contents": "The eroding concept of intrapsychic conflict. With the increased interest in borderline and psychotic patients, concepts are being introduced which erode the concept of intrapsychic conflict between the ego and the other macrostructures. In particular, the drive derivative as source of danger is being lost sight of as expressions such as fear of the loss of ego boundaries and struggles against identification are introduced. Some authors who use these expressions, judging from their clinical material, do uncover their patients' fantasies and the drive derivatives and defenses they reflect. Nonetheless, they contribute to the problem by introducing inaccurate new terms. Other authors, having embraced recent innovations in theory, seem to disregard intrapsychic conflict."}
{"id": "PMID:914453", "title": "Monologue, dialogue, and soliloquy.", "content": "Psychoanalytical therapy can be seen along developmental lines of three phases, the phases correlating with the early mother/child relationship which is reenacted in the transference relationship. At times one or the other of the phases can be totally permanent, but there can be alternation of the various phases both within a session and between sessions. Techniques implied for therapy are outlined and discussed, as the phases are explicated and related to Rickman's one-, two-, and three-or-more-body relationships.", "contents": "Monologue, dialogue, and soliloquy. Psychoanalytical therapy can be seen along developmental lines of three phases, the phases correlating with the early mother/child relationship which is reenacted in the transference relationship. At times one or the other of the phases can be totally permanent, but there can be alternation of the various phases both within a session and between sessions. Techniques implied for therapy are outlined and discussed, as the phases are explicated and related to Rickman's one-, two-, and three-or-more-body relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:914454", "title": "On Guntrip's analysis with Fairbairn and Winnicott.", "content": "Guntrip's paper is an account of his ananlytic experience, first with Fairbairn and then with Winnicott. Although attempting to be objective, he cannot disguise the fact that he is frustrated and dissatisfied. He raises this question: \"How complete a result does psychoanalytic therapy achieve?\" The question Guntrip is, in effect, asking himself, is: \"What went wrong?\" We suggest the following points: The failure of both analysts to recognize a very specific form of resistance and to deal with an unusual transference situation. Fiarbairn's insistence on giving oedipal interpretation to a patient who, as Winnicott recognized, did not have an oedipus complex. The failure of both analysts to recognize Guntrip's infantile megalomania; to expose his insistence that the blame for his neurosis must be attached to a \"totally\" bad mother; and the failure to recognize the intensity of his sibling rivalry. Psychoanalytic therapy is not merely \"correct\" interpretation and \"correct\" technique. It involves the interaction of two human beings. The countertransference of Fairbain and Winnicott prevented their perceiving and dealing with the essential problem of this exceptionally gifted patient.", "contents": "On Guntrip's analysis with Fairbairn and Winnicott. Guntrip's paper is an account of his ananlytic experience, first with Fairbairn and then with Winnicott. Although attempting to be objective, he cannot disguise the fact that he is frustrated and dissatisfied. He raises this question: \"How complete a result does psychoanalytic therapy achieve?\" The question Guntrip is, in effect, asking himself, is: \"What went wrong?\" We suggest the following points: The failure of both analysts to recognize a very specific form of resistance and to deal with an unusual transference situation. Fiarbairn's insistence on giving oedipal interpretation to a patient who, as Winnicott recognized, did not have an oedipus complex. The failure of both analysts to recognize Guntrip's infantile megalomania; to expose his insistence that the blame for his neurosis must be attached to a \"totally\" bad mother; and the failure to recognize the intensity of his sibling rivalry. Psychoanalytic therapy is not merely \"correct\" interpretation and \"correct\" technique. It involves the interaction of two human beings. The countertransference of Fairbain and Winnicott prevented their perceiving and dealing with the essential problem of this exceptionally gifted patient."}
{"id": "PMID:914455", "title": "Visual imagery and defensive processes.", "content": "The ideas and feelings that a patient usually avoids gain expression in therapy as words, images, or acts. The model presented of these representational systems conceptualizes defensive processes as information processing decisions at the boundaries of particular systems and describes in detail the cognitive maneuvers that regulate image formation. Specification of these operations allows for acute observation and selective wording of the interpretation and direction on the part of the therapist that may help a patient override unconscious defenses by conscious choice.", "contents": "Visual imagery and defensive processes. The ideas and feelings that a patient usually avoids gain expression in therapy as words, images, or acts. The model presented of these representational systems conceptualizes defensive processes as information processing decisions at the boundaries of particular systems and describes in detail the cognitive maneuvers that regulate image formation. Specification of these operations allows for acute observation and selective wording of the interpretation and direction on the part of the therapist that may help a patient override unconscious defenses by conscious choice."}
{"id": "PMID:914456", "title": "Nutritional evaluation of B groups of vitamins in institutionalised aged.", "content": "The nutritional consequences of institutionalisation of the aged are poorly defined apart from hospital admissions. Food intake has been measured and correlated with biochemical assessment of B group vitamin function. Results reveal the dietary intake of thiamine and riboflavin were barely adequate while pyridoxine was deficient in 90%. Enzyme function tests revealed deficiencies at cellular level in up to 60% of subjects. In view of the increasing numbers in the ageing population these trends in nutrition require further study.", "contents": "Nutritional evaluation of B groups of vitamins in institutionalised aged. The nutritional consequences of institutionalisation of the aged are poorly defined apart from hospital admissions. Food intake has been measured and correlated with biochemical assessment of B group vitamin function. Results reveal the dietary intake of thiamine and riboflavin were barely adequate while pyridoxine was deficient in 90%. Enzyme function tests revealed deficiencies at cellular level in up to 60% of subjects. In view of the increasing numbers in the ageing population these trends in nutrition require further study."}
{"id": "PMID:914459", "title": "The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on some parameters of the human immunological defence system.", "content": "We have investigated the effect of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation on some parameters of the human immune defence system in a group of 25 healthy, male university students. The subjects ingested 1 g ascorbic acid per day for a period of 75 days. Serum levels of IgA, IgG, IgM, C-3 complement component, cortisol and transcortin were measured before and after the ascorbic acid course. Corresponding measurements were performed on a control group of 20 healthy, male university students receiving no extra-dietary vitamin C. Our results showed that ascorbic acid supplementation caused a statistically significant increase in the serum levels of IgA, IgM and C-3 complement. Our study does not permit of conclusions regarding the mechanisms of action of ascorbic acid.", "contents": "The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on some parameters of the human immunological defence system. We have investigated the effect of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation on some parameters of the human immune defence system in a group of 25 healthy, male university students. The subjects ingested 1 g ascorbic acid per day for a period of 75 days. Serum levels of IgA, IgG, IgM, C-3 complement component, cortisol and transcortin were measured before and after the ascorbic acid course. Corresponding measurements were performed on a control group of 20 healthy, male university students receiving no extra-dietary vitamin C. Our results showed that ascorbic acid supplementation caused a statistically significant increase in the serum levels of IgA, IgM and C-3 complement. Our study does not permit of conclusions regarding the mechanisms of action of ascorbic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:914460", "title": "Iron and hemoglobin status of the offspring of guinea pigs whose mother received large doses of vitamin C during pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "1. Lower level of serum and liver iron were noted in the offspring of experimental group quinea pigs who received 1, 2 and 3 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g body weight per day. 2. Similar results were obtained in the hemoglobin content of same animals. 3. Normal values were observed for hemoglobin and the content of iron in serum and liver in the same group of offsprings when they were fed 4 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g body weight per day.", "contents": "Iron and hemoglobin status of the offspring of guinea pigs whose mother received large doses of vitamin C during pregnancy and lactation. 1. Lower level of serum and liver iron were noted in the offspring of experimental group quinea pigs who received 1, 2 and 3 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g body weight per day. 2. Similar results were obtained in the hemoglobin content of same animals. 3. Normal values were observed for hemoglobin and the content of iron in serum and liver in the same group of offsprings when they were fed 4 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g body weight per day."}
{"id": "PMID:914461", "title": "Dietary vitamin E and levels of reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in rat blood.", "content": "The effects of dietary vitamin E on the important cellular antioxidant defense systems were studied in rat blood. One-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a basal vitamin E-deficient diet and supplemented with either none or 45 ppm vitamin E for 4 months. The activity of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase was decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) in the red blood cells and plasma of vitamin E-deficient rats. The level of GSH in the red cells of vitamin E-deficient rats was also significantly decreased. No detectable GSH was found in the plasma of both groups of animals. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were not significantly altered by the status of dietary vitamin E. Similar results were obtained when 2-month-old male rats were fed the respective diets for 3 months. The results suggest that the decreased levels of GSH and GSH peroxidase in the red cells of animals fed a vitamine E-deficient diet may in part contribute to their increased susceptibility to hemolytic agents.", "contents": "Dietary vitamin E and levels of reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in rat blood. The effects of dietary vitamin E on the important cellular antioxidant defense systems were studied in rat blood. One-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a basal vitamin E-deficient diet and supplemented with either none or 45 ppm vitamin E for 4 months. The activity of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase was decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) in the red blood cells and plasma of vitamin E-deficient rats. The level of GSH in the red cells of vitamin E-deficient rats was also significantly decreased. No detectable GSH was found in the plasma of both groups of animals. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were not significantly altered by the status of dietary vitamin E. Similar results were obtained when 2-month-old male rats were fed the respective diets for 3 months. The results suggest that the decreased levels of GSH and GSH peroxidase in the red cells of animals fed a vitamine E-deficient diet may in part contribute to their increased susceptibility to hemolytic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:914462", "title": "[Alkaline and acid phosphatase activity in the liver and serum during Ni versus Fe deficiency].", "content": "In previous studies on the essentiality of nickel, a reduced iron absorption causing anemia was observed. Since Ni deficiency also affects Zn metabolism, the different phosphatase activities were determined. Ni deficiency, however, resulted in an increased activity of the alkaline phosphatase in liver. On the other hand, the activity of the alkaline phosphatase was deduced by 59% during Fe deficiency. Similarly, the alkaline and acid phosphatases in serum were reduced during Fe deficiency. Consequently, determination of the activity of the alkaline phosphatase in serum, besides that of various liver enzymes, is suited well to differentiate between Fe and Ni deficiency.", "contents": "[Alkaline and acid phosphatase activity in the liver and serum during Ni versus Fe deficiency]. In previous studies on the essentiality of nickel, a reduced iron absorption causing anemia was observed. Since Ni deficiency also affects Zn metabolism, the different phosphatase activities were determined. Ni deficiency, however, resulted in an increased activity of the alkaline phosphatase in liver. On the other hand, the activity of the alkaline phosphatase was deduced by 59% during Fe deficiency. Similarly, the alkaline and acid phosphatases in serum were reduced during Fe deficiency. Consequently, determination of the activity of the alkaline phosphatase in serum, besides that of various liver enzymes, is suited well to differentiate between Fe and Ni deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:914463", "title": "[Influence of zinc deficiency on lipid metabolism].", "content": "Thirty-five male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats with an average live weight of 32 g were divided into three groups. The Zn-deficient group of 14 animals was given 1.3 mg Zn/kg of diet for 23 days, while the pair-fed control group with 14 animals and the ad libitum fed control group with 7 animals were both fed 100 mg Zn/kg of diet. Serum was assayed for triglycerides, total lipids, cholesterol, cholintesterase, free fatty acids and beta-lipoproteins, and duodenal juice for trypsin. While the serum concentrations of beta-lipoprotein, total lipids and total cholesterol were not different in response to Zn deficiency, the activity of the cholinesterase activity was reduced, the triglyceride concentrations and trypsin activity increased. Similarly, the serum free fatty acids were elevated compared to the ad libitum fed controls. This disturbances in Zn-deficient rats are discussed in connection with the lipid metabolism.", "contents": "[Influence of zinc deficiency on lipid metabolism]. Thirty-five male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats with an average live weight of 32 g were divided into three groups. The Zn-deficient group of 14 animals was given 1.3 mg Zn/kg of diet for 23 days, while the pair-fed control group with 14 animals and the ad libitum fed control group with 7 animals were both fed 100 mg Zn/kg of diet. Serum was assayed for triglycerides, total lipids, cholesterol, cholintesterase, free fatty acids and beta-lipoproteins, and duodenal juice for trypsin. While the serum concentrations of beta-lipoprotein, total lipids and total cholesterol were not different in response to Zn deficiency, the activity of the cholinesterase activity was reduced, the triglyceride concentrations and trypsin activity increased. Similarly, the serum free fatty acids were elevated compared to the ad libitum fed controls. This disturbances in Zn-deficient rats are discussed in connection with the lipid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:914464", "title": "Effects of level of dietary sulfur on the growth performance and blood mineral profile of sheep fed urea-supplemented corn silage.", "content": "Several blood constituents were measured in whether receiving a basal diet of corn silage, urea and a mineral-vitamin supplement to which various levels of sulfur (S) were added. The amounts of S in the total diets were: .16, .26, .38, .47 and .57% of dry matter. After a six-month experimental period, the levels of copper and iron in the plasma and of urea and manganese in the blood had been effected, lower levels being associated with higher levels of dietary S. Plasma zinc and magnesium levels showed a quadratic response to dietary S levels. However , plasma calcium levels and blood selenium levels were not significantly affected. Plasma sulfate-S content was higher in those animals receiving higher levels of S in the diet. The quantity of S ingested did not significantly affect voluntary feed intake, growth rate, or diet digestibility; however, nitrogen retention was lowered. The higher dietary S levels resulted in higher urinary excretion of the element, while fecal S remained unchanged.", "contents": "Effects of level of dietary sulfur on the growth performance and blood mineral profile of sheep fed urea-supplemented corn silage. Several blood constituents were measured in whether receiving a basal diet of corn silage, urea and a mineral-vitamin supplement to which various levels of sulfur (S) were added. The amounts of S in the total diets were: .16, .26, .38, .47 and .57% of dry matter. After a six-month experimental period, the levels of copper and iron in the plasma and of urea and manganese in the blood had been effected, lower levels being associated with higher levels of dietary S. Plasma zinc and magnesium levels showed a quadratic response to dietary S levels. However , plasma calcium levels and blood selenium levels were not significantly affected. Plasma sulfate-S content was higher in those animals receiving higher levels of S in the diet. The quantity of S ingested did not significantly affect voluntary feed intake, growth rate, or diet digestibility; however, nitrogen retention was lowered. The higher dietary S levels resulted in higher urinary excretion of the element, while fecal S remained unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:914465", "title": "Effect of dietary carbohydrates on intestinal transport and accumulation of 59Fe++ in iron deficients rats.", "content": "Laboratory rats were fed several types of carbohydrates incorporated into iron-deficient diets. The lowest active transport of 59Fe++ across the intestinal wall as well as the lowest intestinal accumulation of radioiron occurred in rats fed either dextrin or fructose, while rats fed cornstarch, sucrose, or sucrose plus lactose exhibited the highest active transport and the highest accumulation of radioiron in the intestinal tissue. Animals which received dextrin as the dietary carbohydrate also maintained the highest hematocrit and hemoglobin levels during the iron depletion period.", "contents": "Effect of dietary carbohydrates on intestinal transport and accumulation of 59Fe++ in iron deficients rats. Laboratory rats were fed several types of carbohydrates incorporated into iron-deficient diets. The lowest active transport of 59Fe++ across the intestinal wall as well as the lowest intestinal accumulation of radioiron occurred in rats fed either dextrin or fructose, while rats fed cornstarch, sucrose, or sucrose plus lactose exhibited the highest active transport and the highest accumulation of radioiron in the intestinal tissue. Animals which received dextrin as the dietary carbohydrate also maintained the highest hematocrit and hemoglobin levels during the iron depletion period."}
{"id": "PMID:914467", "title": "Research of international suicide.", "content": "Twenty two variables of social, economic, geographic and psychological significance, including  suicide rate, were factor analysed for forty world nations. Five factors achieved eigenvalues of 1.00 or more, which were the Modern Technological State (France, Germany, Sweden), the Affluent State (the U.S.A.), the City-State (Israel, Singapore), the Horizontal Society (Chile, Guatamala), and the Developing Nation (Guyana, Costa Rica). A high national suicide rate was found to be significantly related to the Modern Technological State (P less than .001), and a low national suicide rate was found to be significantly associated with the Horizontal Nation (P less than .05). Results were interpreted in view of frustration theory and Durkheim's theory of suicide.", "contents": "Research of international suicide. Twenty two variables of social, economic, geographic and psychological significance, including  suicide rate, were factor analysed for forty world nations. Five factors achieved eigenvalues of 1.00 or more, which were the Modern Technological State (France, Germany, Sweden), the Affluent State (the U.S.A.), the City-State (Israel, Singapore), the Horizontal Society (Chile, Guatamala), and the Developing Nation (Guyana, Costa Rica). A high national suicide rate was found to be significantly related to the Modern Technological State (P less than .001), and a low national suicide rate was found to be significantly associated with the Horizontal Nation (P less than .05). Results were interpreted in view of frustration theory and Durkheim's theory of suicide."}
{"id": "PMID:914470", "title": "Report on a three-year follow-up of 100 cases of suicidal attempts in Shiraz, Iran.", "content": "One hundred cases of attempted suicide were followed up after three years. Only 50 records were recovered and of these 26 subjects were personally contacted. There had been only one subsequent suicide and three suicide attempts after three years. The possible relationship between psychiatric intervention and the low incidence of subsequent suicide attempts was discussed. The psychological adaptation after a suicidal attempt was also discussed.", "contents": "Report on a three-year follow-up of 100 cases of suicidal attempts in Shiraz, Iran. One hundred cases of attempted suicide were followed up after three years. Only 50 records were recovered and of these 26 subjects were personally contacted. There had been only one subsequent suicide and three suicide attempts after three years. The possible relationship between psychiatric intervention and the low incidence of subsequent suicide attempts was discussed. The psychological adaptation after a suicidal attempt was also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914472", "title": "The problem of cultural specificity of mental illness: a survey of comparative psychiatry.", "content": "The question posed in the present paper arises from the relationship of psychiatric disorder to culture. This question is: Are mental diseases the same all over the world, or do certain mental diseases exist only in one country or cultural setting and therefore are the specific product of that given culture? After a careful review of the literature supplemented by his own anthropological observations and psychiatric reports, the author was able to conclude that most of the allegedly \"specific\" mental sickness, which reflect in their behaviour the specific cultural content of the victim's society, are simply local varieties of a common disease process to which human beings, as such, are vulnerable.", "contents": "The problem of cultural specificity of mental illness: a survey of comparative psychiatry. The question posed in the present paper arises from the relationship of psychiatric disorder to culture. This question is: Are mental diseases the same all over the world, or do certain mental diseases exist only in one country or cultural setting and therefore are the specific product of that given culture? After a careful review of the literature supplemented by his own anthropological observations and psychiatric reports, the author was able to conclude that most of the allegedly \"specific\" mental sickness, which reflect in their behaviour the specific cultural content of the victim's society, are simply local varieties of a common disease process to which human beings, as such, are vulnerable."}
{"id": "PMID:914473", "title": "Circadian rhythm of circulatory functions in depressives and on sleep deprivation.", "content": "Continuous examinations of circulatory functions in three 24-hour periods, before, during and after sleep deprivation, were carried out on 26 endogenous depressives and 10 neurotic depressives. The blood pressure recordings scarcely revealed relevant findings. The diurnal rhythm of heart rate in endogenous depressives is less pronounced than in healthy subjects, a phasal shift not being noted. A correlation between diurnal variation of depression symptomatology and the circadian rhythm of hear rate could be presumed on the basis of these findings. The heart rate curve is further flattened, almost levelling off, on sleep deprivation. The extent of this change is related to the therapeutic effect of sleep deprivation. A less pronounced diurnal rhythm of heart rate was also noted in neurotic depressives; however, there was no relationship between the therapeutic effect of sleep deprivation and its influence on heart rate.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of circulatory functions in depressives and on sleep deprivation. Continuous examinations of circulatory functions in three 24-hour periods, before, during and after sleep deprivation, were carried out on 26 endogenous depressives and 10 neurotic depressives. The blood pressure recordings scarcely revealed relevant findings. The diurnal rhythm of heart rate in endogenous depressives is less pronounced than in healthy subjects, a phasal shift not being noted. A correlation between diurnal variation of depression symptomatology and the circadian rhythm of hear rate could be presumed on the basis of these findings. The heart rate curve is further flattened, almost levelling off, on sleep deprivation. The extent of this change is related to the therapeutic effect of sleep deprivation. A less pronounced diurnal rhythm of heart rate was also noted in neurotic depressives; however, there was no relationship between the therapeutic effect of sleep deprivation and its influence on heart rate."}
{"id": "PMID:914474", "title": "Noncontact detection of ocular pulse--correlation with carotid stenosis.", "content": "Differences in ocular pulses from both eyes are well known to be associated with pathology; correlation of ocular pulse amplitude with the degree of carotid stenosis is made by a new method. Detection of ocular pulse is done by noncontact air-propagated ultrasound. Experimental results with dogs show detection of 10 to 15% carotid stenosis. By this method, one can screen for potential stroke in its incipient stages.", "contents": "Noncontact detection of ocular pulse--correlation with carotid stenosis. Differences in ocular pulses from both eyes are well known to be associated with pathology; correlation of ocular pulse amplitude with the degree of carotid stenosis is made by a new method. Detection of ocular pulse is done by noncontact air-propagated ultrasound. Experimental results with dogs show detection of 10 to 15% carotid stenosis. By this method, one can screen for potential stroke in its incipient stages."}
{"id": "PMID:914477", "title": "Minimizing corneal endothelial damage due to intraocular lens contact.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that momentary contact between a methylmethacrylate intraocular lens and the corneal endothelial cells results in extensive cell damage. This contact damage is reduced by coating the pseudophake with various solutions prior to contact with the endothelium.", "contents": "Minimizing corneal endothelial damage due to intraocular lens contact. Previous studies have shown that momentary contact between a methylmethacrylate intraocular lens and the corneal endothelial cells results in extensive cell damage. This contact damage is reduced by coating the pseudophake with various solutions prior to contact with the endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:914478", "title": "Enzyme-synthetic approach to demonstration of phosphorylase activity in the living rabbit cornea.", "content": "An enzyme-synthetic method of demonstrating phosphorylase was applied to the living rabbit cornea, and polyglucose particles synthesized from glucose-1-phosphate in vivo were studied electron microscopically. In the corneas in which the medium for phosphorylase was applied from the anterior chamber or the bulbar subconjunctiva, synthesized polyglucose particles were found in the cytoplasmic matrices of the epithelium. When the medium was deposited in the conjunctival sac, a few synthesized polyglucose particles were found in the cytoplasmic matrices of only the superficial layer of the corneal epithelium. These findings suggest that metabolites for glycogen metabolism come mainly from the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber. The polyglucose particles synthesized by the enzyme-synthetic method in vivo resemble native glycogen particles. In addition, these particles were not overproduced because the synthesis of polyglucose is probably regulated in vivo.", "contents": "Enzyme-synthetic approach to demonstration of phosphorylase activity in the living rabbit cornea. An enzyme-synthetic method of demonstrating phosphorylase was applied to the living rabbit cornea, and polyglucose particles synthesized from glucose-1-phosphate in vivo were studied electron microscopically. In the corneas in which the medium for phosphorylase was applied from the anterior chamber or the bulbar subconjunctiva, synthesized polyglucose particles were found in the cytoplasmic matrices of the epithelium. When the medium was deposited in the conjunctival sac, a few synthesized polyglucose particles were found in the cytoplasmic matrices of only the superficial layer of the corneal epithelium. These findings suggest that metabolites for glycogen metabolism come mainly from the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber. The polyglucose particles synthesized by the enzyme-synthetic method in vivo resemble native glycogen particles. In addition, these particles were not overproduced because the synthesis of polyglucose is probably regulated in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:914479", "title": "Choroid tension and facility of aqueous outflow.", "content": "Tension of the choroid of enucleated eyes was adjusted by incising the sclera and lengthening the eye. The facility of outflow increased in direct proportion to choroid stretch. The present results are compared with reported results of anterior chamber deepening and lens depression in vitro and with accommodation and goniospasis in vivo. Choroid stretch in the enucleated eye is less efficient in increasing outflow facility than is equivalent choroid movement in accommodation. Anterior chamber deepening and lens depression also appear to be relatively inefficient means of enhancing outflow facility, although goniospasis appears to be relatively efficient. The suggestion is made that traction of the ciliary body on the trabecular mesh in an axipetal direction is more efficient in enhancing outflow facility than is traction in the meridional direction.", "contents": "Choroid tension and facility of aqueous outflow. Tension of the choroid of enucleated eyes was adjusted by incising the sclera and lengthening the eye. The facility of outflow increased in direct proportion to choroid stretch. The present results are compared with reported results of anterior chamber deepening and lens depression in vitro and with accommodation and goniospasis in vivo. Choroid stretch in the enucleated eye is less efficient in increasing outflow facility than is equivalent choroid movement in accommodation. Anterior chamber deepening and lens depression also appear to be relatively inefficient means of enhancing outflow facility, although goniospasis appears to be relatively efficient. The suggestion is made that traction of the ciliary body on the trabecular mesh in an axipetal direction is more efficient in enhancing outflow facility than is traction in the meridional direction."}
{"id": "PMID:914480", "title": "Photosensitization of the lens by 8-methoxypsoralen.", "content": "During the past decade, ambient ultraviolet radiation has been implicated in the age-related increase in fluorescence and pigmentation of the human lens nucleus. 8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) (currently in vogue for the treatment of psoriasis) is a well-known photosensitizing agent. This drug lar fluorescence (360/440 nm.) and a change in receiving a single intraperitoneal dose (4 to 8 mg./kg.) of 8-MOP. When such rats are subjected to ambient light or ultraviolet (UV) radiation in vivo, there is an enhancement of lenticular fluorescence (360/440 nm.) and a change in their phosphorescence spectra. In vitro studies on lenses derived from rats given 8-MOP and exposed to monochromatic UV radiation show effects similar to those of the in vivo experiments. The foregoing studies demonstrate that 8-methoxypsoralen enters the lens and can be affected by ambient light as well as UV radiation, resulting in a photosensitized enhancement of lenticular fluorescence and a binding of this photosensitizing agent to macromolecules within the lens.", "contents": "Photosensitization of the lens by 8-methoxypsoralen. During the past decade, ambient ultraviolet radiation has been implicated in the age-related increase in fluorescence and pigmentation of the human lens nucleus. 8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) (currently in vogue for the treatment of psoriasis) is a well-known photosensitizing agent. This drug lar fluorescence (360/440 nm.) and a change in receiving a single intraperitoneal dose (4 to 8 mg./kg.) of 8-MOP. When such rats are subjected to ambient light or ultraviolet (UV) radiation in vivo, there is an enhancement of lenticular fluorescence (360/440 nm.) and a change in their phosphorescence spectra. In vitro studies on lenses derived from rats given 8-MOP and exposed to monochromatic UV radiation show effects similar to those of the in vivo experiments. The foregoing studies demonstrate that 8-methoxypsoralen enters the lens and can be affected by ambient light as well as UV radiation, resulting in a photosensitized enhancement of lenticular fluorescence and a binding of this photosensitizing agent to macromolecules within the lens."}
{"id": "PMID:914481", "title": "Binocular interactions in the human visual evoked potential after short-term occlusion and anisometropia.", "content": "The human visual evoked potential was recorded during 9 hr. of monocular occlusion or deprivation of fine detail by anisometropia. Some decrement in the response from the occluded eye was evident, but the major result was a sustained increase in the response from the nonoccluded eye. The anisometropic condition produced no decrement for stimulation of the deprived eye, but again there was an increase in the response from the nondeprived eye. Under some conditions the changes became apparent after only 6 hr. of deprivation. The data may be interpreted in terms of binocular competition or reciprocal inhibition at the level of the visual cortex or lateral geniculate nucleus.", "contents": "Binocular interactions in the human visual evoked potential after short-term occlusion and anisometropia. The human visual evoked potential was recorded during 9 hr. of monocular occlusion or deprivation of fine detail by anisometropia. Some decrement in the response from the occluded eye was evident, but the major result was a sustained increase in the response from the nonoccluded eye. The anisometropic condition produced no decrement for stimulation of the deprived eye, but again there was an increase in the response from the nondeprived eye. Under some conditions the changes became apparent after only 6 hr. of deprivation. The data may be interpreted in terms of binocular competition or reciprocal inhibition at the level of the visual cortex or lateral geniculate nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:914482", "title": "Objective determination of human visual acuity: pattern evoked potentials.", "content": "The natural visual acuities of 15 adult persons were predicted on the basis of changes in visual evoked potentials (VEP's) to flashed patterns of various sized dots. An objective method was used to quantify the VEP's, based on the minimum-sized stimulus that would elicit a pattern VEP- the VEP pattern threshold. This measure was highly correlated with recognition and resolution measures of perceptual visual acuity (r's as high as 0.89). The regression equation between the VEP measures and predicted perceptual measures of acuity enabled the objective estimation of perceptual acuity to within +/- 0.29 decimal units.", "contents": "Objective determination of human visual acuity: pattern evoked potentials. The natural visual acuities of 15 adult persons were predicted on the basis of changes in visual evoked potentials (VEP's) to flashed patterns of various sized dots. An objective method was used to quantify the VEP's, based on the minimum-sized stimulus that would elicit a pattern VEP- the VEP pattern threshold. This measure was highly correlated with recognition and resolution measures of perceptual visual acuity (r's as high as 0.89). The regression equation between the VEP measures and predicted perceptual measures of acuity enabled the objective estimation of perceptual acuity to within +/- 0.29 decimal units."}
{"id": "PMID:914483", "title": "Acidosis, alkalosis, and aqueous humor dynamics in rabbits.", "content": "Systemic acidosis induced by intravenous administration of hydrochloric acid lowered intraocular pressure in unanesthetized rabbits. Aqueous humor flow was reduced by approximately 50%, as measured by the iodide method and as calculated from tonographic data. Outflow facility, episcleral venous pressure, plasma osmolality, blood pressure, pulse, and body temperature were not altered by systemic acidosis. Systemic alkalosis induced by intravenously administered sodium bicarbonate was associated with an increased intraocular pressure. Aqueous humor flow following systemic alkalosis was increased by approximately 100%, as measured by the iodide method and as calculated from tonographic data. Alkalosis was not associated with alterations in outflow facility, episcleral venous pressure, plasma osmality, blood pressure, pulse, or rectal temperature.", "contents": "Acidosis, alkalosis, and aqueous humor dynamics in rabbits. Systemic acidosis induced by intravenous administration of hydrochloric acid lowered intraocular pressure in unanesthetized rabbits. Aqueous humor flow was reduced by approximately 50%, as measured by the iodide method and as calculated from tonographic data. Outflow facility, episcleral venous pressure, plasma osmolality, blood pressure, pulse, and body temperature were not altered by systemic acidosis. Systemic alkalosis induced by intravenously administered sodium bicarbonate was associated with an increased intraocular pressure. Aqueous humor flow following systemic alkalosis was increased by approximately 100%, as measured by the iodide method and as calculated from tonographic data. Alkalosis was not associated with alterations in outflow facility, episcleral venous pressure, plasma osmality, blood pressure, pulse, or rectal temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:914485", "title": "Dangers of left main coronary artery lesions: angiographic technique and evaluation.", "content": "Five hundred consecutive coronary arteriograms were reviewed to evaluate left main coronary artery lesions. This entity has been associated with a high incidence of angiographic deaths. Clinical signs claimed to be diagnostic were analyzed together with the value of various projections for making the diagnosis. Pressure damping was a vital sign, and when persistent, it required 3-5 mm to be cut from the catheter's tip for a safe study to be performed. Shallow 10-15 degrees oblique and AP projections were found to be essential for a complete evaluation of the left main trunk. Marked ST depression or hypotension during treadmill exercise testing, as well as the presence of coronary calcification were not statistically significant in anticipating this lesion. The incidence of left main lesions nearly 15% (74/500) in this series is higher than previously reported (2.4-5.9%); however, in 8% (40/500), the stenosis was 75% or greater in degree which more closely approximates to the incidence previously reported in the literature. This may be the result of the additional projections recommended, but is probably also related to the population studied. No complications occurred in this series.", "contents": "Dangers of left main coronary artery lesions: angiographic technique and evaluation. Five hundred consecutive coronary arteriograms were reviewed to evaluate left main coronary artery lesions. This entity has been associated with a high incidence of angiographic deaths. Clinical signs claimed to be diagnostic were analyzed together with the value of various projections for making the diagnosis. Pressure damping was a vital sign, and when persistent, it required 3-5 mm to be cut from the catheter's tip for a safe study to be performed. Shallow 10-15 degrees oblique and AP projections were found to be essential for a complete evaluation of the left main trunk. Marked ST depression or hypotension during treadmill exercise testing, as well as the presence of coronary calcification were not statistically significant in anticipating this lesion. The incidence of left main lesions nearly 15% (74/500) in this series is higher than previously reported (2.4-5.9%); however, in 8% (40/500), the stenosis was 75% or greater in degree which more closely approximates to the incidence previously reported in the literature. This may be the result of the additional projections recommended, but is probably also related to the population studied. No complications occurred in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:914484", "title": "Renal renin and hemodynamic responses to selective renal artery catheterization and angiography.", "content": "Selective renal artery catheterization and renal angiography are commonly performed diagnostic procedures; however, the effects of these procedures on renal blood flow (RBF) and renin release have only been partially described. A biphasic RBF response has been well documented furing selective angiography in dogs. The renal autoregulatory mechanisms governing the responses are uncertain. The renin-angiotensin system and the major parameters of contrast media, hypertonicity and viscosity, have been suggested as important factors. In the canine model, we examined the acute changes in renal venous renin activity along with the renal hemodynamic effects of hypertonicity and viscosity. Our results do not support a primary effect mediated by the renin-angiotensin system. Hypertonicity and the contrast medium per se are significant in active and passive autoregulatory responses at the smooth muscle cellular level.", "contents": "Renal renin and hemodynamic responses to selective renal artery catheterization and angiography. Selective renal artery catheterization and renal angiography are commonly performed diagnostic procedures; however, the effects of these procedures on renal blood flow (RBF) and renin release have only been partially described. A biphasic RBF response has been well documented furing selective angiography in dogs. The renal autoregulatory mechanisms governing the responses are uncertain. The renin-angiotensin system and the major parameters of contrast media, hypertonicity and viscosity, have been suggested as important factors. In the canine model, we examined the acute changes in renal venous renin activity along with the renal hemodynamic effects of hypertonicity and viscosity. Our results do not support a primary effect mediated by the renin-angiotensin system. Hypertonicity and the contrast medium per se are significant in active and passive autoregulatory responses at the smooth muscle cellular level."}
{"id": "PMID:914487", "title": "Grid versus non-grid techniques for the detection of pulmonary nodules in a chest phantom.", "content": "A partial chest phantom was constructed to compare two commonly employed radiographic techniques, 70 kVp without a grid and 120 kVp with a grid, for the detection of pulmonary nodules. The phantom consisted of human ribs embedded in paraffin, the lungs of a dog injected with silicone rubber, a tissue equivalent wax heart and beeswax nodules. The nodules ranged in size from 3-7 mm. A series of 120 films was exposed, half with each technique, and the films were interpreted by three senior residents and seven staff radiologists. More nodules of all sizes except 3 mm were detected with the 120 kVp technique. The 3 mm nodules were rarely detected with either technique. The disadvantages of the 120 kVp technique were an approximate 50 percent increase in patient exposures and almost twice as many false-positive nodule detections.", "contents": "Grid versus non-grid techniques for the detection of pulmonary nodules in a chest phantom. A partial chest phantom was constructed to compare two commonly employed radiographic techniques, 70 kVp without a grid and 120 kVp with a grid, for the detection of pulmonary nodules. The phantom consisted of human ribs embedded in paraffin, the lungs of a dog injected with silicone rubber, a tissue equivalent wax heart and beeswax nodules. The nodules ranged in size from 3-7 mm. A series of 120 films was exposed, half with each technique, and the films were interpreted by three senior residents and seven staff radiologists. More nodules of all sizes except 3 mm were detected with the 120 kVp technique. The 3 mm nodules were rarely detected with either technique. The disadvantages of the 120 kVp technique were an approximate 50 percent increase in patient exposures and almost twice as many false-positive nodule detections."}
{"id": "PMID:914486", "title": "Renal vein renin activity in primary hypertension: variability and influence of contrast material.", "content": "Despite recognized limitations, the renal vein renin ratio (RVRR) remains the most commonly used index of surgical curability in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis. It is generally held that a ratio exceeding 1.5 forecasts a favorable response to surgery. Measurement of this ratio in 40 patients with essential hypertension (no arteriographically demonstrated stenosis) showed 8 (20%) with RVRR over 1.5, confirming an overlap of this ratio between patients with essential and renovascular hypertension. Intra-arterial injection of contrast material influenced renal vein renin activity (RVRA) in some individuals, but we were unable to demonstrate significant alterations in the group as a whole. Since the influence of intra-arterial contrast material on RVRA is variable and unpredictable, it appears unwise to collect renal venous blood for renin measurements soon after angiography.", "contents": "Renal vein renin activity in primary hypertension: variability and influence of contrast material. Despite recognized limitations, the renal vein renin ratio (RVRR) remains the most commonly used index of surgical curability in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis. It is generally held that a ratio exceeding 1.5 forecasts a favorable response to surgery. Measurement of this ratio in 40 patients with essential hypertension (no arteriographically demonstrated stenosis) showed 8 (20%) with RVRR over 1.5, confirming an overlap of this ratio between patients with essential and renovascular hypertension. Intra-arterial injection of contrast material influenced renal vein renin activity (RVRA) in some individuals, but we were unable to demonstrate significant alterations in the group as a whole. Since the influence of intra-arterial contrast material on RVRA is variable and unpredictable, it appears unwise to collect renal venous blood for renin measurements soon after angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:914489", "title": "A new in vivo method of quantitating the rate of magnitude of mineralization of an experimental osseous defect.", "content": "An in vivo, quantitative, non-destructive method of measuring bone mineral deposition in a repairing osseous defect has been developed. A circular osteotomy, used as a controlled fracture, was found to be extremely reproducible, and could be introduced with a minimum of trauma. The rate and magnitude of mineralization of the osteotomy was directly related to the attenuation of a highly collimated photon beam produced by Iodine-125. Changes in bone mineral content of 4% can be detected using this system.", "contents": "A new in vivo method of quantitating the rate of magnitude of mineralization of an experimental osseous defect. An in vivo, quantitative, non-destructive method of measuring bone mineral deposition in a repairing osseous defect has been developed. A circular osteotomy, used as a controlled fracture, was found to be extremely reproducible, and could be introduced with a minimum of trauma. The rate and magnitude of mineralization of the osteotomy was directly related to the attenuation of a highly collimated photon beam produced by Iodine-125. Changes in bone mineral content of 4% can be detected using this system."}
{"id": "PMID:914488", "title": "Dose reduction in mammography.", "content": "Two mammographic imaging systems (Xerox and Kodak Min-R) were evaluated. Three hundred consecutive mammographic examinations were performed utilizing both imaging systems. Results of these studies indicated equivalency of image detail at identical source-to-image receptor distance (SID). Patient exposure as measured by the thermoluminescent dose meter for Kodak Min-R system was approximately 25% that of Xeromammography system. Due to reduced power requirement, it is possible to increase the SID when Min-R system is employed for imaging. Improved geometric arrangement provided superior diagnostic images in 5.5% of 200 comparison cases.", "contents": "Dose reduction in mammography. Two mammographic imaging systems (Xerox and Kodak Min-R) were evaluated. Three hundred consecutive mammographic examinations were performed utilizing both imaging systems. Results of these studies indicated equivalency of image detail at identical source-to-image receptor distance (SID). Patient exposure as measured by the thermoluminescent dose meter for Kodak Min-R system was approximately 25% that of Xeromammography system. Due to reduced power requirement, it is possible to increase the SID when Min-R system is employed for imaging. Improved geometric arrangement provided superior diagnostic images in 5.5% of 200 comparison cases."}
{"id": "PMID:914501", "title": "Relationships between base-exchange reaction and synaptosomal phospholipid pool in the rabbit brain in vitro.", "content": "The calcium-stimulated incorporation of ethanolamine, L-serine and choline into rabbit synaptosomal phospholipids in vitro has been investigated. The synaptosomal membranes were prelabelled in vitro in their choline-, ethanolamine- or serine-phosphoglycerides by base-exchange and then chasing experiments were performed by displacing the lipid-bound base by ethanolamine, choline of L-serine labelled with a different isotope. The results indicate that membrane phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine are substrates for the exchange with all the three mentioned bases. A very small phospholipid pool (0.5-2% of the total available pool) is active in the calcium-dependent exchange between membrane phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine and free bases, whereas the pool of exchanging phosphatidylserine molecules is sensibly larger (2-9%). The possible physiological importance of these small phospholipid pools, involved in base-exchange reaction at brain membrane level, is discussed.", "contents": "Relationships between base-exchange reaction and synaptosomal phospholipid pool in the rabbit brain in vitro. The calcium-stimulated incorporation of ethanolamine, L-serine and choline into rabbit synaptosomal phospholipids in vitro has been investigated. The synaptosomal membranes were prelabelled in vitro in their choline-, ethanolamine- or serine-phosphoglycerides by base-exchange and then chasing experiments were performed by displacing the lipid-bound base by ethanolamine, choline of L-serine labelled with a different isotope. The results indicate that membrane phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine are substrates for the exchange with all the three mentioned bases. A very small phospholipid pool (0.5-2% of the total available pool) is active in the calcium-dependent exchange between membrane phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine and free bases, whereas the pool of exchanging phosphatidylserine molecules is sensibly larger (2-9%). The possible physiological importance of these small phospholipid pools, involved in base-exchange reaction at brain membrane level, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914503", "title": "Some characteristics of the residue obtained after pronase treatment of sheep erythrocyte membranes. II. Carbohydrate patterns.", "content": "The composition of single carbohydrate classes of intact and pronase treated sheep erythrocyte membranes has been studied. In comparison with the data obtained from untreated stromata after proteolytic digestion the amount of each class of sugars is decreased. A high disappearance of sialic acids and hexosamines can be observed. Nevertheless if the total sugar content is referred to the residual protein content (16% of the native proteins, an enrichment in carbohydrates, specially neutral hexoses, can be observed. The results indicate that most of the carbohydrate fractions solubilized by pronase treatment are sialic acids and hexosamines. Different molar ratios obtained for the single carbohydrate classes in comparison with NANA before and after pronase treatment suggest a microheterogeneity of the glycoprotein structure of sheep erythrocyte membranes. By the use of several analytical methods the residue obtained after pronase treatment shows two major fractions containing proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. The data are discussed in view of the possible arrangement of lipo-glycoproteins in sheep erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Some characteristics of the residue obtained after pronase treatment of sheep erythrocyte membranes. II. Carbohydrate patterns. The composition of single carbohydrate classes of intact and pronase treated sheep erythrocyte membranes has been studied. In comparison with the data obtained from untreated stromata after proteolytic digestion the amount of each class of sugars is decreased. A high disappearance of sialic acids and hexosamines can be observed. Nevertheless if the total sugar content is referred to the residual protein content (16% of the native proteins, an enrichment in carbohydrates, specially neutral hexoses, can be observed. The results indicate that most of the carbohydrate fractions solubilized by pronase treatment are sialic acids and hexosamines. Different molar ratios obtained for the single carbohydrate classes in comparison with NANA before and after pronase treatment suggest a microheterogeneity of the glycoprotein structure of sheep erythrocyte membranes. By the use of several analytical methods the residue obtained after pronase treatment shows two major fractions containing proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. The data are discussed in view of the possible arrangement of lipo-glycoproteins in sheep erythrocyte membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:914502", "title": "Some characteristics of the residue obtained after pronase treatment of sheep erythrocyte membranes. I. Protein and phospholipid patterns.", "content": "In this note some data regarding analysis of sheep erythrocyte stromata after pronase treatment are reported. The membrane material obtained after pronase treatment was analyzed by density gradient ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, acrylamide gel electrophoresis and for phospholipid content. With all techniques employed two major lipo or glycolipopeptides can be observed. The whole body of phospholipids is not lost after pronase treatment, therefore lipid-lipid interactions are maintained after pronase treatment, moreover sodium dodecyl sulphate is not efficient in the breakdown of some protein-lipid interactions. The results are discussed in view of the correspondence of the two fractions obtained with portions of the major glycoproteins of the erythrocyte membranes.", "contents": "Some characteristics of the residue obtained after pronase treatment of sheep erythrocyte membranes. I. Protein and phospholipid patterns. In this note some data regarding analysis of sheep erythrocyte stromata after pronase treatment are reported. The membrane material obtained after pronase treatment was analyzed by density gradient ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, acrylamide gel electrophoresis and for phospholipid content. With all techniques employed two major lipo or glycolipopeptides can be observed. The whole body of phospholipids is not lost after pronase treatment, therefore lipid-lipid interactions are maintained after pronase treatment, moreover sodium dodecyl sulphate is not efficient in the breakdown of some protein-lipid interactions. The results are discussed in view of the correspondence of the two fractions obtained with portions of the major glycoproteins of the erythrocyte membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:914515", "title": "[Diffuse melanosis in malignant melanoma].", "content": "A patient with widely metastasized malignant melanoma assocaited with diffuse melanosis is presented. The widespread metastases in liver; skin and tonsilla are remarkable. The cutaneous melanosis in the form of the slate-blue colour caused by the increased dermal melanin deposits can arise in two different ways. One possibility is that melanin or precursors can be released from liver or other metastases and reach the dermis via the circulation. On the other hand a diffuse direct haematogenic single cell metastatic formation in the dermis with melanin formation and release can occur. In the case of the described patient the first etiopathology is dominating as it is shown by the light and electron microscopical results presented here.", "contents": "[Diffuse melanosis in malignant melanoma]. A patient with widely metastasized malignant melanoma assocaited with diffuse melanosis is presented. The widespread metastases in liver; skin and tonsilla are remarkable. The cutaneous melanosis in the form of the slate-blue colour caused by the increased dermal melanin deposits can arise in two different ways. One possibility is that melanin or precursors can be released from liver or other metastases and reach the dermis via the circulation. On the other hand a diffuse direct haematogenic single cell metastatic formation in the dermis with melanin formation and release can occur. In the case of the described patient the first etiopathology is dominating as it is shown by the light and electron microscopical results presented here."}
{"id": "PMID:914516", "title": "[Contact thermographic studies on primary cutaneous melanomas].", "content": "Contact thermography in diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas is only a complementary method of investigation. Positive thermograms should lead to a diagnosis of malignancy without being pathonomic of malignancy.", "contents": "[Contact thermographic studies on primary cutaneous melanomas]. Contact thermography in diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas is only a complementary method of investigation. Positive thermograms should lead to a diagnosis of malignancy without being pathonomic of malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:914517", "title": "[Treatment of oligozoospermia with HMG and HCG in normogonadotropic men].", "content": "The treatment of subfertile men with HCG and HMG over 20 days does not produce statistically significant increase of sperm count, their motility and their mophology.", "contents": "[Treatment of oligozoospermia with HMG and HCG in normogonadotropic men]. The treatment of subfertile men with HCG and HMG over 20 days does not produce statistically significant increase of sperm count, their motility and their mophology."}
{"id": "PMID:914518", "title": "[Determination of IgE using PRIST].", "content": "In 160 allergic patients the total IgE level was determined by PRIST, a paper sandwich technic, and compared with the corresponding RAST values. Judging the IgE levels in positive RAST as pathologic and in negative RAST as normal we found IgE levels up to 20 U/ml as normal and IgE levels higher than 100 U/ml as pathologic. When used alone the PRIST gives a reliability of 73% as a screening test in allergic patients.", "contents": "[Determination of IgE using PRIST]. In 160 allergic patients the total IgE level was determined by PRIST, a paper sandwich technic, and compared with the corresponding RAST values. Judging the IgE levels in positive RAST as pathologic and in negative RAST as normal we found IgE levels up to 20 U/ml as normal and IgE levels higher than 100 U/ml as pathologic. When used alone the PRIST gives a reliability of 73% as a screening test in allergic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:914519", "title": "[Swimming-pool granuloma].", "content": "The swimming pool granuloma is a chronic granulomatous skin disease, caused by atypical quick growing mycobacteria in areas of minor injuries with high self-healing rate.", "contents": "[Swimming-pool granuloma]. The swimming pool granuloma is a chronic granulomatous skin disease, caused by atypical quick growing mycobacteria in areas of minor injuries with high self-healing rate."}
{"id": "PMID:914523", "title": "Viral hepatitis B: aspects of environmental control.", "content": "In recent years it has become increasingly evident that viral hepatitis type B is a major disease problem among patients and/or health professionals associated with environments such as hemodialysis centers, dental operatories, clinical laboratories, and institutions for the mentally retarded. Studies have incriminated the intramural environment as well as specialized equipment and procedures as important factors in disease transmission. With hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as a marker of potentially infectious blood or body fluids such as saliva, it is possible to assess the environmental role in transmission of hepatitis B by use of a swab-rinse technique coupled with radioimmune assay. Assay procedures have been developed and utilized for detecting HBsAg on surfaces and in air and for quantitating of HBsAg in thermal and chemical inactivation studies. Specific decontamination strategies and recommendations for sterilization or disinfection procedures are described.", "contents": "Viral hepatitis B: aspects of environmental control. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that viral hepatitis type B is a major disease problem among patients and/or health professionals associated with environments such as hemodialysis centers, dental operatories, clinical laboratories, and institutions for the mentally retarded. Studies have incriminated the intramural environment as well as specialized equipment and procedures as important factors in disease transmission. With hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as a marker of potentially infectious blood or body fluids such as saliva, it is possible to assess the environmental role in transmission of hepatitis B by use of a swab-rinse technique coupled with radioimmune assay. Assay procedures have been developed and utilized for detecting HBsAg on surfaces and in air and for quantitating of HBsAg in thermal and chemical inactivation studies. Specific decontamination strategies and recommendations for sterilization or disinfection procedures are described."}
{"id": "PMID:914524", "title": "Qualitative evaluation of macroscopic flocculation tests for syphilis.", "content": "Five thousand two hundred and two sera were tested in parallel using the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Card Test, the Reagin Screen Test (RST), and the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Slide Test. The fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test was then used to confirm the reactive specimens. This comparison study was to evaluate the RPR and the RST when used in a screening program. Of the total 5,202 samples, 199 (3.8%) were VDRL reactive, 187 (3.6%) were RPR reactive, and 183 (3.5%) were RST reactive. Of the 199 VDRL reactive, 116 (58.2%) were confirmed by the FTA-ABS, 137 (73.3%) of the 187 RPR reactives were confirmed by the FTA-ABS and of the 183 RST reactives, 115 (62.8%) were confirmed by the FTA-ABS. Included in this discussion are some testing and procedural problems encountered during the study.", "contents": "Qualitative evaluation of macroscopic flocculation tests for syphilis. Five thousand two hundred and two sera were tested in parallel using the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Card Test, the Reagin Screen Test (RST), and the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Slide Test. The fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test was then used to confirm the reactive specimens. This comparison study was to evaluate the RPR and the RST when used in a screening program. Of the total 5,202 samples, 199 (3.8%) were VDRL reactive, 187 (3.6%) were RPR reactive, and 183 (3.5%) were RST reactive. Of the 199 VDRL reactive, 116 (58.2%) were confirmed by the FTA-ABS, 137 (73.3%) of the 187 RPR reactives were confirmed by the FTA-ABS and of the 183 RST reactives, 115 (62.8%) were confirmed by the FTA-ABS. Included in this discussion are some testing and procedural problems encountered during the study."}
{"id": "PMID:914525", "title": "Primary laboratory medicine.", "content": "A list of laboratory tests which should be available in a primary care facility is presented. The primary physician should be able to perform or obtain reports of blood smears, urinalysis, hematocrit, white blood counts, sedimentation and prothrombin information during the patient's visit. In general, those tests that are not practical to perform include those that are seldom used, that require extended time for performance, that are complicated and require special technical skills and that demand expensive and elaborate equipment and unstable expensive reagents. Equipment recommended for a primary laboratory is also listed. Tests to be run on each individual patient should be selected carefully because of the cost factor as there are limited financial resources for health care delivery.", "contents": "Primary laboratory medicine. A list of laboratory tests which should be available in a primary care facility is presented. The primary physician should be able to perform or obtain reports of blood smears, urinalysis, hematocrit, white blood counts, sedimentation and prothrombin information during the patient's visit. In general, those tests that are not practical to perform include those that are seldom used, that require extended time for performance, that are complicated and require special technical skills and that demand expensive and elaborate equipment and unstable expensive reagents. Equipment recommended for a primary laboratory is also listed. Tests to be run on each individual patient should be selected carefully because of the cost factor as there are limited financial resources for health care delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:914526", "title": "Referrals and demand for specialist care in the Netherlands.", "content": "Three independent sets of data are analyzed to investigate the determinants of referrals from general practitioners to specialists, the demand for specialist care, and the rapid increase in referrals and use of specialists in the Netherlands. Individual determinants of demand are examined with data from a three-man group practice; macroanalyses are conducted on cross-section data from all service areas of the Dutch Sickness Fund Organization for 1971 and 1973 and cross-section time-series data from all provinces for the period from 1960 to 1972. Regression coefficients are estimated for the number of referrals to specialists and the amount of care given by specialists, with respect to explanatory variables that induce both socioeconomic and care-supply factors. Results are discussed in light of M. Feldstein's classification of three types of care, in which for some types the physician is seen as generating the demand for care. The authors conclude that demand for specialist outpatient care is in large part supply-determined and that general practitioners substitute for specialists; they also suggest that the dual physician-payment system in the Netherlands (capitation for legally insured patients and fee-for-service for privately insured patients) contributes to increased use of specialist care.", "contents": "Referrals and demand for specialist care in the Netherlands. Three independent sets of data are analyzed to investigate the determinants of referrals from general practitioners to specialists, the demand for specialist care, and the rapid increase in referrals and use of specialists in the Netherlands. Individual determinants of demand are examined with data from a three-man group practice; macroanalyses are conducted on cross-section data from all service areas of the Dutch Sickness Fund Organization for 1971 and 1973 and cross-section time-series data from all provinces for the period from 1960 to 1972. Regression coefficients are estimated for the number of referrals to specialists and the amount of care given by specialists, with respect to explanatory variables that induce both socioeconomic and care-supply factors. Results are discussed in light of M. Feldstein's classification of three types of care, in which for some types the physician is seen as generating the demand for care. The authors conclude that demand for specialist outpatient care is in large part supply-determined and that general practitioners substitute for specialists; they also suggest that the dual physician-payment system in the Netherlands (capitation for legally insured patients and fee-for-service for privately insured patients) contributes to increased use of specialist care."}
{"id": "PMID:914527", "title": "Test sequences in screening for breast cancer.", "content": "Published data of Stark and Way on the screening of 2,684 women at high risk of breast cancer are analyzed to arrive at a preferred sequence of screening tests. In the practical situation where palpation first signals a problem, the analysis suggests thermography to follow. Women with positive thermograms should then be biopsied, and those with negative thermograms should be mammographed. A positive mammogram calls for biopsy, and a negative one calls for close follow-up. For high-risk women whose breasts appear normal on palpation, a subsequent negative thermogram is not definitive enough to terminate investigation, but a negative mammogram after a negative palpation is enough evidence to waive further investigation for some time. A positive mammogram calls for immediate biopsy in any circumstance.", "contents": "Test sequences in screening for breast cancer. Published data of Stark and Way on the screening of 2,684 women at high risk of breast cancer are analyzed to arrive at a preferred sequence of screening tests. In the practical situation where palpation first signals a problem, the analysis suggests thermography to follow. Women with positive thermograms should then be biopsied, and those with negative thermograms should be mammographed. A positive mammogram calls for biopsy, and a negative one calls for close follow-up. For high-risk women whose breasts appear normal on palpation, a subsequent negative thermogram is not definitive enough to terminate investigation, but a negative mammogram after a negative palpation is enough evidence to waive further investigation for some time. A positive mammogram calls for immediate biopsy in any circumstance."}
{"id": "PMID:914528", "title": "Nurse clinician productivity using a relative value scale.", "content": "The use of relative value units to measure the productivity of nurse clinicians in four primary care practices is described. Relative value points and equivalent dollar values assigned to services provided by professionals yielded a different assessment of productivity than that provided by a count of patient visits. The physician-nurse clinician teams studied were only 6 percent more productive than the physician-nurse teams when productivity was measured by the number of patient visits processed during an 8-hour period but were 26 percent more productive in terms of the value of services they produced per day.", "contents": "Nurse clinician productivity using a relative value scale. The use of relative value units to measure the productivity of nurse clinicians in four primary care practices is described. Relative value points and equivalent dollar values assigned to services provided by professionals yielded a different assessment of productivity than that provided by a count of patient visits. The physician-nurse clinician teams studied were only 6 percent more productive than the physician-nurse teams when productivity was measured by the number of patient visits processed during an 8-hour period but were 26 percent more productive in terms of the value of services they produced per day."}
{"id": "PMID:914529", "title": "Consultation frequencies in general practice.", "content": "Some models of the process by which individuals seek medical care suggest the negative binomial as the underlying distribution of the frequencies of consultations in a given practice. Data from the 1970-71 National Morbidity Survey of General Practice are used to test these competing models. It is shown that the negative binomial distribution successfully fits consultation frequencies in aggregate and in subdivisions according to age, sex, and duration of registration. In this article is is assumed that the consultation process has two components: the patient's decision to visit his doctor for a new illness and the follow-up visits that results from this new problem. Supplementing previous evidence that the distribution of episodes of new illnesses follows a negative binomial distribution, this article shows that consultation frequencies among individuals presenting with one new illness also follow a negative binomial distribution. A unifying model is required to synthesize these findings.", "contents": "Consultation frequencies in general practice. Some models of the process by which individuals seek medical care suggest the negative binomial as the underlying distribution of the frequencies of consultations in a given practice. Data from the 1970-71 National Morbidity Survey of General Practice are used to test these competing models. It is shown that the negative binomial distribution successfully fits consultation frequencies in aggregate and in subdivisions according to age, sex, and duration of registration. In this article is is assumed that the consultation process has two components: the patient's decision to visit his doctor for a new illness and the follow-up visits that results from this new problem. Supplementing previous evidence that the distribution of episodes of new illnesses follows a negative binomial distribution, this article shows that consultation frequencies among individuals presenting with one new illness also follow a negative binomial distribution. A unifying model is required to synthesize these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:914530", "title": "Location and cost of ambulances serving a rural area.", "content": "A location model is used to determine the most efficient (i.e., least-cost) number and location of ambulance facilities in a rural area. The model incorporates response time and service time standards into the analysis and indicates the trade-off between costs and various time standards. The financial feasibility of individual facility locations is then analyzed. The results indicate why many rural areas depend on volunteer or part-time purveyors of emergency medical transportation.", "contents": "Location and cost of ambulances serving a rural area. A location model is used to determine the most efficient (i.e., least-cost) number and location of ambulance facilities in a rural area. The model incorporates response time and service time standards into the analysis and indicates the trade-off between costs and various time standards. The financial feasibility of individual facility locations is then analyzed. The results indicate why many rural areas depend on volunteer or part-time purveyors of emergency medical transportation."}
{"id": "PMID:914531", "title": "Self-sufficiency in a regional hospital system.", "content": "This article considers measures that indicate the degree of regionalization within a hospital system. In particular, regional independence is characterized with a \"self-sufficiency\" index. The basis of these measures is the use of facilities in one region by residents of another region, that is, interregional flows. Examples of the use of the suggested measure in the Nova Scotia hospital system are presented.", "contents": "Self-sufficiency in a regional hospital system. This article considers measures that indicate the degree of regionalization within a hospital system. In particular, regional independence is characterized with a \"self-sufficiency\" index. The basis of these measures is the use of facilities in one region by residents of another region, that is, interregional flows. Examples of the use of the suggested measure in the Nova Scotia hospital system are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:914532", "title": "Three statistical models for estimating length of stay.", "content": "The probability density functions implied by three methods of collecting data on the length of stay in an institution are derived. The expected values associated with these density functions are used to calculate unbiased estimates of the expected length of stay. Two of the methods require an assumption about the form of the underlying distribution of length of stay; the third method does not. The three methods are illustrated with hypothetical data exhibiting the Poisson distribution, and the third (distribution-independent) method is used to estimate the length of stay in a skilled nursing facility and in an intermediate care facility for patients enrolled in California's MediCal program.", "contents": "Three statistical models for estimating length of stay. The probability density functions implied by three methods of collecting data on the length of stay in an institution are derived. The expected values associated with these density functions are used to calculate unbiased estimates of the expected length of stay. Two of the methods require an assumption about the form of the underlying distribution of length of stay; the third method does not. The three methods are illustrated with hypothetical data exhibiting the Poisson distribution, and the third (distribution-independent) method is used to estimate the length of stay in a skilled nursing facility and in an intermediate care facility for patients enrolled in California's MediCal program."}
{"id": "PMID:914634", "title": "Effect of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate on the solubility of deoxy-sickle hemoglobin.", "content": "We have examined the effect of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) on the solubility of deoxy-sickle hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb S) under conditions such that concentration, pH, and osmolarity of deoxy-Hb S solutions approached physiological. The range of DPG/Hb molar ratios encompassed the extremes found for this ratio in erythrocytes from individuals with sickle cell anemia. After monomer-polyer equilibrium had been established, the phases were separated by centrifugation and assayed for concentrations of Hb and DPG. DPG had no effect on the solubility of deoxy-Hb S. Furthermore, at DPG/Hb molar ratios less than one, there was no preferential incorporation of deoxy-Hb S containing bound DPG into polymers. At DPG/Hb molar ratios greater than one, concentrations of free DPG in monomer and polymer phases were virtually identical. Thus, under the specified equilibrium conditions, DPG is not a determining factor in the polymerization of deoxy-Hb S.", "contents": "Effect of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate on the solubility of deoxy-sickle hemoglobin. We have examined the effect of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) on the solubility of deoxy-sickle hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb S) under conditions such that concentration, pH, and osmolarity of deoxy-Hb S solutions approached physiological. The range of DPG/Hb molar ratios encompassed the extremes found for this ratio in erythrocytes from individuals with sickle cell anemia. After monomer-polyer equilibrium had been established, the phases were separated by centrifugation and assayed for concentrations of Hb and DPG. DPG had no effect on the solubility of deoxy-Hb S. Furthermore, at DPG/Hb molar ratios less than one, there was no preferential incorporation of deoxy-Hb S containing bound DPG into polymers. At DPG/Hb molar ratios greater than one, concentrations of free DPG in monomer and polymer phases were virtually identical. Thus, under the specified equilibrium conditions, DPG is not a determining factor in the polymerization of deoxy-Hb S."}
{"id": "PMID:914635", "title": "The molecular defects of alpha-thalassemia in the Filipino.", "content": "Molecular hybridization with synthetic radioactive DNA (cDNA) complementry to alpha globin mRNA sequences shows that, as in most other Southeast Asian populations, the alpha globin structural genes are deleted in Filipinos affected by the alpha-thalassemia syndromes. Thus, all 4 alpha-globin structural genes are deleted in homozygous alpha-thalassemia with hydrops fetalis, 3 and 2 structural genes are deleted in hemoglobin H disease and alpha-thalassemia-1 respectively.", "contents": "The molecular defects of alpha-thalassemia in the Filipino. Molecular hybridization with synthetic radioactive DNA (cDNA) complementry to alpha globin mRNA sequences shows that, as in most other Southeast Asian populations, the alpha globin structural genes are deleted in Filipinos affected by the alpha-thalassemia syndromes. Thus, all 4 alpha-globin structural genes are deleted in homozygous alpha-thalassemia with hydrops fetalis, 3 and 2 structural genes are deleted in hemoglobin H disease and alpha-thalassemia-1 respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:914636", "title": "An improved chromatographic procedure for quantitation of human fetal hemoglobin.", "content": "The DEAE-cellulose chromatographic procedure which uses glycine-KCN-NaCl solutions as Developers and a NaCl gradient to elute the hemoglobin zones was found to be useful for the quantitation of Hb F in samples containing Hb A, provided the level of Hb F exceeds 2 percent. The method has been evaluted through a study of artificial mixtures and of blood samples from patients with various disorders. The data have been compared with results obtained by four other procedures that are used for the quantitation of Hb F.", "contents": "An improved chromatographic procedure for quantitation of human fetal hemoglobin. The DEAE-cellulose chromatographic procedure which uses glycine-KCN-NaCl solutions as Developers and a NaCl gradient to elute the hemoglobin zones was found to be useful for the quantitation of Hb F in samples containing Hb A, provided the level of Hb F exceeds 2 percent. The method has been evaluted through a study of artificial mixtures and of blood samples from patients with various disorders. The data have been compared with results obtained by four other procedures that are used for the quantitation of Hb F."}
{"id": "PMID:914637", "title": "The linkage relationships of the beta and delta hemoglobin genes.", "content": "Three new families providing information on the linkage relationships between the delta and beta hemoglobin loci are reported. One of the families contains the first reported individuals having Hb S and Hb B2 in coupling. Analysis of the information found in the literture is compatible with a recombination frequency of 3 percent between beta thalassemia and the delta structural locus. This highly improbable frequency might be explained by either diagnostic errors or paternity problems in the pedigrees containing recombinants or by the conceivable possibility that certain thalassemia genes increase the probability for recombination in the chromosomal region containing the non alpha globin genes.", "contents": "The linkage relationships of the beta and delta hemoglobin genes. Three new families providing information on the linkage relationships between the delta and beta hemoglobin loci are reported. One of the families contains the first reported individuals having Hb S and Hb B2 in coupling. Analysis of the information found in the literture is compatible with a recombination frequency of 3 percent between beta thalassemia and the delta structural locus. This highly improbable frequency might be explained by either diagnostic errors or paternity problems in the pedigrees containing recombinants or by the conceivable possibility that certain thalassemia genes increase the probability for recombination in the chromosomal region containing the non alpha globin genes."}
{"id": "PMID:914638", "title": "Absolute identification of Hb D-Los Angeles (beta121 Glu replaced by Gln).", "content": "This paper describes a method which permits the absolute identification of Hb D-Los Angeles without the need for N-terminal or amino acid analysis on peptide beta DT-13. The procedure involves the formation of the 5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinecarboxyl derivative of the N-terminal glutamine residue ot betaDT-13. This method, together with the use of cadmium acetate/ninhydrin staining, allows the identification of Hb D-Los Angeles, and other possible mutations of beta121, by peptide mapping.", "contents": "Absolute identification of Hb D-Los Angeles (beta121 Glu replaced by Gln). This paper describes a method which permits the absolute identification of Hb D-Los Angeles without the need for N-terminal or amino acid analysis on peptide beta DT-13. The procedure involves the formation of the 5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinecarboxyl derivative of the N-terminal glutamine residue ot betaDT-13. This method, together with the use of cadmium acetate/ninhydrin staining, allows the identification of Hb D-Los Angeles, and other possible mutations of beta121, by peptide mapping."}
{"id": "PMID:914640", "title": "Hemoglobin S-O Arab-alpha-thalassemia: globin biosynthesis and clinical picture.", "content": "A 22 year old American negro with mild anemia was found to be triply heterozygous for hemoglobin S, hemoglobin O Arab and alpha thalassemia. Hemoglobin A was not detected in the subject's hemolysate. The alpha thalassemia gene was expressed by an alpha/non-alpha synthesis ratio of 0.71 plus or minus 0.07 and was equally rates unbalanced in the peripheral blood and the bone marrow. The total radioactivity of the abnormal chains was equal, indicating equal rates of transcription and translation of the abnormal structural genes. Since the rate of synthesis of betaS and betaO was equal to the proportions of these abnormal chains in the peripheral blood, the abnormal gene products were equally stable. The mildness of the anemia, compared to that of the other reported S-O Arab double heterozygotes, may be due to the moderating influene of the alpha thal gene.", "contents": "Hemoglobin S-O Arab-alpha-thalassemia: globin biosynthesis and clinical picture. A 22 year old American negro with mild anemia was found to be triply heterozygous for hemoglobin S, hemoglobin O Arab and alpha thalassemia. Hemoglobin A was not detected in the subject's hemolysate. The alpha thalassemia gene was expressed by an alpha/non-alpha synthesis ratio of 0.71 plus or minus 0.07 and was equally rates unbalanced in the peripheral blood and the bone marrow. The total radioactivity of the abnormal chains was equal, indicating equal rates of transcription and translation of the abnormal structural genes. Since the rate of synthesis of betaS and betaO was equal to the proportions of these abnormal chains in the peripheral blood, the abnormal gene products were equally stable. The mildness of the anemia, compared to that of the other reported S-O Arab double heterozygotes, may be due to the moderating influene of the alpha thal gene."}
{"id": "PMID:914641", "title": "Biosynthetic and structural studies of hemoglobin in a patient with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I.", "content": "A 25 year old woman with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) Type I is described. Typical morphologic abnormalities of the erythroid precursors in the bone marrow by light and electron microscopy, marked ineffective erythropoiesis and iron loading were present, Globin chain synthetic ratios as well as functional and structural studies on the patients hemoglobin were normal, ruling out the presence of thalassemia or a mutant hemoglobin which can both give rise to morphologic and clinical features similar to CDA. The laboratory findings on this patient and family members and a brief review of the literature are presented.", "contents": "Biosynthetic and structural studies of hemoglobin in a patient with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I. A 25 year old woman with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) Type I is described. Typical morphologic abnormalities of the erythroid precursors in the bone marrow by light and electron microscopy, marked ineffective erythropoiesis and iron loading were present, Globin chain synthetic ratios as well as functional and structural studies on the patients hemoglobin were normal, ruling out the presence of thalassemia or a mutant hemoglobin which can both give rise to morphologic and clinical features similar to CDA. The laboratory findings on this patient and family members and a brief review of the literature are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:914642", "title": "Binding of Protoporphyrin to hemoglobin in red blood cells of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.", "content": "Virtually all protoporphyrin in erythrocytes of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria is bound to hemoglobin. The maximum of the fluorescence excitation spectrum of this protoporphyrin-hemoglobin complex shifted, with increasing concentration, from 405 nm to 389 nm. A similar shift was observed when titrating a solution of free protoporphyrin with hemoglobin. The Soret maximum of free protoporphyrin itself, on the other hand, was not concentration-dependent. These observations indicate that spectrofluorometric measurements do not allow conclusions concerning the mode of protoporphyrin binding to hemoglobin. Experiments on protoporphyrin exchange between the hemoglobins A, F and S reinforced the previously drawn conclusion that protoporphyrin is bound to hemoglobin at the heme-binding sites.", "contents": "Binding of Protoporphyrin to hemoglobin in red blood cells of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. Virtually all protoporphyrin in erythrocytes of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria is bound to hemoglobin. The maximum of the fluorescence excitation spectrum of this protoporphyrin-hemoglobin complex shifted, with increasing concentration, from 405 nm to 389 nm. A similar shift was observed when titrating a solution of free protoporphyrin with hemoglobin. The Soret maximum of free protoporphyrin itself, on the other hand, was not concentration-dependent. These observations indicate that spectrofluorometric measurements do not allow conclusions concerning the mode of protoporphyrin binding to hemoglobin. Experiments on protoporphyrin exchange between the hemoglobins A, F and S reinforced the previously drawn conclusion that protoporphyrin is bound to hemoglobin at the heme-binding sites."}
{"id": "PMID:914650", "title": "Adrenergic influences on the permeability of rabbit submandibular salivary glands to blood-borne horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) administered close-arterially, has been found to enter rabbit submandibular saliva elicited by parasympathetic nerve stimulation. Adrenalin, superimposed on parasympathetic nerve stimulation, increased the passage of HRP into the saliva. Use of alpha- and  beta-adrenoceptor agonists, either separately or together, and use of alpha- or beta-adrenoceptor antagonists together with adrenalin indicate that both alpha- and beta-receptor stimulation is necessary for this increase in glandular permeability to occur. Histochemical assessment showed  that HRP had permeated the interstitial spaces of the gland and entered the spaces between adjacent parenchymal cells. However, in unstimulated glands it had only reached the lumina of striated ducts, but after adrenalin administration, peroxidase was also observed within acinar lumina. This work indicates that the predominant pathway taken by the HRP was via intercellular spaces and it is suggested that the permeability between junctional complexes of parenchymal cells is capable of being modified in vivo.", "contents": "Adrenergic influences on the permeability of rabbit submandibular salivary glands to blood-borne horseradish peroxidase. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) administered close-arterially, has been found to enter rabbit submandibular saliva elicited by parasympathetic nerve stimulation. Adrenalin, superimposed on parasympathetic nerve stimulation, increased the passage of HRP into the saliva. Use of alpha- and  beta-adrenoceptor agonists, either separately or together, and use of alpha- or beta-adrenoceptor antagonists together with adrenalin indicate that both alpha- and beta-receptor stimulation is necessary for this increase in glandular permeability to occur. Histochemical assessment showed  that HRP had permeated the interstitial spaces of the gland and entered the spaces between adjacent parenchymal cells. However, in unstimulated glands it had only reached the lumina of striated ducts, but after adrenalin administration, peroxidase was also observed within acinar lumina. This work indicates that the predominant pathway taken by the HRP was via intercellular spaces and it is suggested that the permeability between junctional complexes of parenchymal cells is capable of being modified in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:914651", "title": "Effects of secretory nerve stimulation on acid phosphatase and  peroxidase in submandibular saliva and acini in cats.", "content": "The effects of parasympathetic or sympathetic nerve stimulation either alone, or in combination, on the acid phosphatase-containing central acinar cells and the peroxidase-containing demilunar cells of the cat submandibular salivary gland have been investigated by histochemical and cytochemical techniques. The results obtained with these techniques were correlated with biochemical assays for both enzymes in the saliva secreted. The results indicate that, although both sets of nerves probably affect both sets of cells, the predominant secretory effect of parasympathetic stimulation is on the central cells and, conversely, the predominant secretory effect of sympathetic stimulation is on the demilunes. Sympathetic stimulation appeared also to have initiated synthesis of peroxidase in the demilunar cells, especially when it was superimposed upon parasympathetic stimulation.", "contents": "Effects of secretory nerve stimulation on acid phosphatase and  peroxidase in submandibular saliva and acini in cats. The effects of parasympathetic or sympathetic nerve stimulation either alone, or in combination, on the acid phosphatase-containing central acinar cells and the peroxidase-containing demilunar cells of the cat submandibular salivary gland have been investigated by histochemical and cytochemical techniques. The results obtained with these techniques were correlated with biochemical assays for both enzymes in the saliva secreted. The results indicate that, although both sets of nerves probably affect both sets of cells, the predominant secretory effect of parasympathetic stimulation is on the central cells and, conversely, the predominant secretory effect of sympathetic stimulation is on the demilunes. Sympathetic stimulation appeared also to have initiated synthesis of peroxidase in the demilunar cells, especially when it was superimposed upon parasympathetic stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:914652", "title": "Secretory behaviour of hypertrophic and hyperplastic salivary gland.", "content": "The enzyme content and the secretory behaviour of normal rat salivary glands were compared with these properties in glands made hypertrophic and hyperplastic by the chronic administration of isoproterenol. The enlarged glands displayed reductions in the concentrations of ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease and amylase. The secretory behaviour in vivo was similar for all enzymes in both types of glands, but the enlarged glands secreted a lower percentage of their content in vitro. The reduction in amylase activity was shown by immunological techniques to be due to a reduction in the number of enzyme molecules. The reduction in ribonuclease activity was not due to changes in the level of ribonuclease inhibitors.", "contents": "Secretory behaviour of hypertrophic and hyperplastic salivary gland. The enzyme content and the secretory behaviour of normal rat salivary glands were compared with these properties in glands made hypertrophic and hyperplastic by the chronic administration of isoproterenol. The enlarged glands displayed reductions in the concentrations of ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease and amylase. The secretory behaviour in vivo was similar for all enzymes in both types of glands, but the enlarged glands secreted a lower percentage of their content in vitro. The reduction in amylase activity was shown by immunological techniques to be due to a reduction in the number of enzyme molecules. The reduction in ribonuclease activity was not due to changes in the level of ribonuclease inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:914653", "title": "Histochemistry and ultrastructure of amphibian lingual glands and phylogenetic relations.", "content": "The lingual glands of amphibians are confined to the dorsal face of the tongue and are formed by invaginations of the lingual epithelium. The secretory products have a heterogeneous composition. Mucosubstances are usually associated with proteins. The secretory product of the outer glandular cells is rich in mucosubstances of an acidity varying with species. In Anourans and Urodeles, the secretory product of the tubes contains abundant proteins and, where present, mucosubstances are less abundant and less acid than those produced at the surface of the tongue. Proteins and mucosubstances coexist in the same secretory granules, which exhibit a more or less homogeneous appearance in Gymnophiona and in Anourans while having a complex structure in Urodeles. In spite of their primitive anatomical features, the amphibian lingual glands present histochemical signs of a complete cellular evolution.", "contents": "Histochemistry and ultrastructure of amphibian lingual glands and phylogenetic relations. The lingual glands of amphibians are confined to the dorsal face of the tongue and are formed by invaginations of the lingual epithelium. The secretory products have a heterogeneous composition. Mucosubstances are usually associated with proteins. The secretory product of the outer glandular cells is rich in mucosubstances of an acidity varying with species. In Anourans and Urodeles, the secretory product of the tubes contains abundant proteins and, where present, mucosubstances are less abundant and less acid than those produced at the surface of the tongue. Proteins and mucosubstances coexist in the same secretory granules, which exhibit a more or less homogeneous appearance in Gymnophiona and in Anourans while having a complex structure in Urodeles. In spite of their primitive anatomical features, the amphibian lingual glands present histochemical signs of a complete cellular evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:914655", "title": "Vascular reactions to horseradish peroxidase in the guinea pig.", "content": "Albino guinea pigs were given intradermal injections of the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase. In a 0.1 mM concentration the tracer did not increase vascular permeability to Evans blue-labelled plasma proteins. In a 1 mM concentration, however, the peroxidase induced a local vascular leakage. This leakage was almost totally inhibited by pretreating the animals with acetylsalicylic acid, while antihistamine had only a weak inhibitory effect. We therefore believe that prostaglandins are important mediators in this HRP-induced vascular reaction.", "contents": "Vascular reactions to horseradish peroxidase in the guinea pig. Albino guinea pigs were given intradermal injections of the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase. In a 0.1 mM concentration the tracer did not increase vascular permeability to Evans blue-labelled plasma proteins. In a 1 mM concentration, however, the peroxidase induced a local vascular leakage. This leakage was almost totally inhibited by pretreating the animals with acetylsalicylic acid, while antihistamine had only a weak inhibitory effect. We therefore believe that prostaglandins are important mediators in this HRP-induced vascular reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:914656", "title": "Ultracytochemical localisation and comparison of adenyl cyclase activities in pineal bodies of Wistar rats and Mongolian gerbils.", "content": "In the pineal bodies of Wistar rats and mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculati) the main concentration of adenyl cyclase was found in capillary endothelial cells, their basal laminae, pericapillary amorphous material and in nerve endings. In the intercellular clefts between the rat pineal cells there was no adenyl cyclase activity, but a considerable amount of this enzyme was detected in the gerbils. The adenyl cyclase lacks completely in the pinealocyte cytoplasms of both species. It was concluded that the gerbil pineal cells may be more reactive to various hormonal influence than those of the rat.", "contents": "Ultracytochemical localisation and comparison of adenyl cyclase activities in pineal bodies of Wistar rats and Mongolian gerbils. In the pineal bodies of Wistar rats and mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculati) the main concentration of adenyl cyclase was found in capillary endothelial cells, their basal laminae, pericapillary amorphous material and in nerve endings. In the intercellular clefts between the rat pineal cells there was no adenyl cyclase activity, but a considerable amount of this enzyme was detected in the gerbils. The adenyl cyclase lacks completely in the pinealocyte cytoplasms of both species. It was concluded that the gerbil pineal cells may be more reactive to various hormonal influence than those of the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:914657", "title": "A perfusion method of incubation to demonstrate horseradish peroxidase in bone.", "content": "A perfusion method of incubation to show horseradish peroxidase in the bone of young mice is presented. After perfusion fixation, the incubation medium is perfused from the descending aorta into the entire lower half of the animal. From the vessels there is good penetration of the medium into all tissues. This allows the preparation of any one perfused bone to ground-, semithin-, and ultrathin sections. Differences in peroxidase distribution in the entire bone suggest regional differences in vascular supply. The tracer enzyme diffuses freely from the vessels into the extracellular fluid of bone. 3 min. after injection, peroxidase is found between all bone lining cells and in osteocyte lacunae.", "contents": "A perfusion method of incubation to demonstrate horseradish peroxidase in bone. A perfusion method of incubation to show horseradish peroxidase in the bone of young mice is presented. After perfusion fixation, the incubation medium is perfused from the descending aorta into the entire lower half of the animal. From the vessels there is good penetration of the medium into all tissues. This allows the preparation of any one perfused bone to ground-, semithin-, and ultrathin sections. Differences in peroxidase distribution in the entire bone suggest regional differences in vascular supply. The tracer enzyme diffuses freely from the vessels into the extracellular fluid of bone. 3 min. after injection, peroxidase is found between all bone lining cells and in osteocyte lacunae."}
{"id": "PMID:914658", "title": "DNA-fluorometry of mammalian sperm.", "content": "The Dna-content of sperm and testicular cells was measured by pulse-cytophotometry with high resolution. From flat sperm symmetric and narrow fluorescene distributions were obtained. Enzymatic treatment with papain or pronase and staining with an ethidiumbromide-mithramycin dye solution generate stoichiometric DNA-staining including that of mature sperm with a coefficient of variation below 2%.", "contents": "DNA-fluorometry of mammalian sperm. The Dna-content of sperm and testicular cells was measured by pulse-cytophotometry with high resolution. From flat sperm symmetric and narrow fluorescene distributions were obtained. Enzymatic treatment with papain or pronase and staining with an ethidiumbromide-mithramycin dye solution generate stoichiometric DNA-staining including that of mature sperm with a coefficient of variation below 2%."}
{"id": "PMID:914659", "title": "Phenidone-ascorbic acid development in electronmicroscopic autoradiography.", "content": "Phenidone-ascorbic acid development in electronmicroscopic autoradiography, using Ilford L4 as photographic emulsion and microdol-x as reference developer. Grain yield and efficiency were studied on pale gold section of uniformly labeled tritium methacrylate. For determination of the resolution, a radioactive line source was prepared by cross-sectioning of an epon-embedded film of tritium labeled albumin. The spatial relationship between silver grains and silver bromide crystals was investigated by shadowing the emulsion with platinumcarbon before development. In shadowed autoradiographs both, silver grains and silver bromide crystal were visible. Phenidone was about twice as sensitive as microdol-x and had a half distance value (Salpeter et al., 1969) of 175 mm. Most of the silver grains of both developers were located within the perimeters of their parent silver bromide crystals. In the case of phenidone more than 80% of the excited crystals gave rise to just one silver deposit. These parameters, together with grain size and shape, and counting feasibility make phenidone a useful developer for quantitative EM-autoradiography.", "contents": "Phenidone-ascorbic acid development in electronmicroscopic autoradiography. Phenidone-ascorbic acid development in electronmicroscopic autoradiography, using Ilford L4 as photographic emulsion and microdol-x as reference developer. Grain yield and efficiency were studied on pale gold section of uniformly labeled tritium methacrylate. For determination of the resolution, a radioactive line source was prepared by cross-sectioning of an epon-embedded film of tritium labeled albumin. The spatial relationship between silver grains and silver bromide crystals was investigated by shadowing the emulsion with platinumcarbon before development. In shadowed autoradiographs both, silver grains and silver bromide crystal were visible. Phenidone was about twice as sensitive as microdol-x and had a half distance value (Salpeter et al., 1969) of 175 mm. Most of the silver grains of both developers were located within the perimeters of their parent silver bromide crystals. In the case of phenidone more than 80% of the excited crystals gave rise to just one silver deposit. These parameters, together with grain size and shape, and counting feasibility make phenidone a useful developer for quantitative EM-autoradiography."}
{"id": "PMID:914660", "title": "Electron microscopic dry-mounting radioautography for diffusible compounds by means of ultracryotomy.", "content": "Cultured HeLa cells or mouse liver and pancreas tissues were labeled with 3H-thymidine, -uridine or -glycine for varying periods in vitro, frozen in liquid nitrogen and cut on an LKB ultrotome equipped with LKB Cryokit. Dry ultrathin sections were mounted on grid meshes and were either air-dried, freeze-substituted or freeze-dried, and were covered with dry films of radioautographic emulsions, exposed, developed, stained and were observed in electron microscopes. After a number of trials, it was possible to obtain fairly good preservation of both cell structure and radioisotopes by means of freeze-dried and dry-mounted ultrathin frozen sections. However, the results are not completely satisfactory at the present time.", "contents": "Electron microscopic dry-mounting radioautography for diffusible compounds by means of ultracryotomy. Cultured HeLa cells or mouse liver and pancreas tissues were labeled with 3H-thymidine, -uridine or -glycine for varying periods in vitro, frozen in liquid nitrogen and cut on an LKB ultrotome equipped with LKB Cryokit. Dry ultrathin sections were mounted on grid meshes and were either air-dried, freeze-substituted or freeze-dried, and were covered with dry films of radioautographic emulsions, exposed, developed, stained and were observed in electron microscopes. After a number of trials, it was possible to obtain fairly good preservation of both cell structure and radioisotopes by means of freeze-dried and dry-mounted ultrathin frozen sections. However, the results are not completely satisfactory at the present time."}
{"id": "PMID:914661", "title": "[The treatment of acute acoustic trauma (blast injury) with dextran 40 (author's transl)].", "content": "In a prospective study the results of treatment of 72 patients with deafness due to blast injury were assessed. All patients received infusions of Dextran 40. When treatment started within 3 days of the injury 74% showed complete recovery of hearing and the remaining 26% showed some improvement. When treatment started within 3 weeks of the injury 26.5% showed complete recovery, 61.8% had some improvement and 11.8% had no improvement. In 87.5% of those patients who attended after a longer interval no change in the audiograms occurred and only 12.5% had any significant improvement. The disappearance of tinnitus was effectively more common with early treatment. On account of these results the use of Dextran 40 is strongly advised.", "contents": "[The treatment of acute acoustic trauma (blast injury) with dextran 40 (author's transl)]. In a prospective study the results of treatment of 72 patients with deafness due to blast injury were assessed. All patients received infusions of Dextran 40. When treatment started within 3 days of the injury 74% showed complete recovery of hearing and the remaining 26% showed some improvement. When treatment started within 3 weeks of the injury 26.5% showed complete recovery, 61.8% had some improvement and 11.8% had no improvement. In 87.5% of those patients who attended after a longer interval no change in the audiograms occurred and only 12.5% had any significant improvement. The disappearance of tinnitus was effectively more common with early treatment. On account of these results the use of Dextran 40 is strongly advised."}
{"id": "PMID:914662", "title": "[The reaction time as a source of error in threshold audiometry (author's transl)].", "content": "An investigation of reaction times at the threshold of hearing is described. 96 subjects were classified into two groups of sensorineural hearing loss utilizing Types I and II Bekesy audiometry, and compared with one normal group as control. The results show that reaction times are largely unaffected by the type of hearing loss and test frequency. Increasing age, however, may result in increasing reaction times. These results and possible sources of error are discussed as effecting an exact threshold audiometry.", "contents": "[The reaction time as a source of error in threshold audiometry (author's transl)]. An investigation of reaction times at the threshold of hearing is described. 96 subjects were classified into two groups of sensorineural hearing loss utilizing Types I and II Bekesy audiometry, and compared with one normal group as control. The results show that reaction times are largely unaffected by the type of hearing loss and test frequency. Increasing age, however, may result in increasing reaction times. These results and possible sources of error are discussed as effecting an exact threshold audiometry."}
{"id": "PMID:914663", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of bronchoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of therapeutic bronchoscopy into diagnostic bronchoscopy is described. Based on a personal experience of more than 35,000 bronchoscopies, attention is given to some important points in diagnosis and therapy. In diagnosis, these factors include: 1) color of mucosa, 2) structure of cartilage, 3) minimal tissue changes (nodules, vessels, folds), 4) tonus, 5) secretion, 6) miscellaneous peculiarities. Therapeutic studies involve: 1) recanalisation (from secretion to foreign body and tumor), 2) scrubbing (in treatment of fibrinous bronchitis and tracheitis, 3) bougies, 4) irrigation, 5) washing (for status asthmaticus, aspiration of gastric contents, etc.), 6) tamponade for persistent hemoptysis.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of bronchoscopy (author's transl)]. The development of therapeutic bronchoscopy into diagnostic bronchoscopy is described. Based on a personal experience of more than 35,000 bronchoscopies, attention is given to some important points in diagnosis and therapy. In diagnosis, these factors include: 1) color of mucosa, 2) structure of cartilage, 3) minimal tissue changes (nodules, vessels, folds), 4) tonus, 5) secretion, 6) miscellaneous peculiarities. Therapeutic studies involve: 1) recanalisation (from secretion to foreign body and tumor), 2) scrubbing (in treatment of fibrinous bronchitis and tracheitis, 3) bougies, 4) irrigation, 5) washing (for status asthmaticus, aspiration of gastric contents, etc.), 6) tamponade for persistent hemoptysis."}
{"id": "PMID:914664", "title": "[Inhalation anaesthesia in bronchoscopies on infants and small children (author's transl)].", "content": "Over the past 5 years 37 bronchoscopies were performed on children aged 7 months to 3 years for the removal of foreign bodies, the diagnosis of inflammations, and the cause of chronic stridor. Because of improved instrumentation, illumination with \"cold light\" and cooperation between endoscopist and anaesthesist there were no complications. Anaesthesia was achieved by a mixture of oxygen, nitrous oxide and fluothane without use of muscle relaxants. Each child was given Atropine and Solu-Decortin H and if indicated Calcium gluconate and Euphillin. These endoscopies, except in three children with gross inflammation, were carried out as out-patient procedures. Early endoscopy in the doubtful case is desirable, since later complications may make anaesthetic conditions hazardous.", "contents": "[Inhalation anaesthesia in bronchoscopies on infants and small children (author's transl)]. Over the past 5 years 37 bronchoscopies were performed on children aged 7 months to 3 years for the removal of foreign bodies, the diagnosis of inflammations, and the cause of chronic stridor. Because of improved instrumentation, illumination with \"cold light\" and cooperation between endoscopist and anaesthesist there were no complications. Anaesthesia was achieved by a mixture of oxygen, nitrous oxide and fluothane without use of muscle relaxants. Each child was given Atropine and Solu-Decortin H and if indicated Calcium gluconate and Euphillin. These endoscopies, except in three children with gross inflammation, were carried out as out-patient procedures. Early endoscopy in the doubtful case is desirable, since later complications may make anaesthetic conditions hazardous."}
{"id": "PMID:914672", "title": "Side branch and parallel vent effects in real ears and in acoustical and electrical models.", "content": "The purpose of the project was to demonstrate and explain the acoustic effects of side branch and parallel vents in individual real ears. It was shown that parallel and side branch vents produce similar low frequency filtering effects and vent-associated reactance resonances. However, when the input system incorporates a side branch vent the sound pressure produced in the ear canal at frequencies above the vent-associated resonance is less than that produced when the input system is unvented. This effect is not seen when the input system is associated with a parallel vent. Data obtained in the real ear canals were compared to analogous measurements made using an acoustical model (the Zwislocki coupler) and an electrical model designed to simulate the hearing aid receiver, input tubing, earmold, ear canal, and eardrum. Both models yielded data very similar to the real ear results. The advantages of each model in predicting the effects of individual earmold vents are discussed.", "contents": "Side branch and parallel vent effects in real ears and in acoustical and electrical models. The purpose of the project was to demonstrate and explain the acoustic effects of side branch and parallel vents in individual real ears. It was shown that parallel and side branch vents produce similar low frequency filtering effects and vent-associated reactance resonances. However, when the input system incorporates a side branch vent the sound pressure produced in the ear canal at frequencies above the vent-associated resonance is less than that produced when the input system is unvented. This effect is not seen when the input system is associated with a parallel vent. Data obtained in the real ear canals were compared to analogous measurements made using an acoustical model (the Zwislocki coupler) and an electrical model designed to simulate the hearing aid receiver, input tubing, earmold, ear canal, and eardrum. Both models yielded data very similar to the real ear results. The advantages of each model in predicting the effects of individual earmold vents are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914673", "title": "Brainstem evoked response (BER) audiometry at various stimulus presentation rates.", "content": "The utilization of the latency of the brainstem auditory evoked response to estimate the status of high frequency hearing is rapidly becoming a part of the audiologist's clinical armamentarium. Because it is important to utilize the most efficient rate of stimulus presentation, the present investigation was undertaken to provide some initial latency information for three commonly used stimulus rates. Brainstem auditory evoked responses were recorded from 22 adults for three click rates (13.3/sec, 33.3/sec, and 67/sec) at seven intensity levels (10 to 60 dB sensation level). It was shown that rate of click presentation markedly affects the intensity-latency functions for wave V. In clinical use, norms must be established for each stimulus rate used to maximize the accuracy of the test results.", "contents": "Brainstem evoked response (BER) audiometry at various stimulus presentation rates. The utilization of the latency of the brainstem auditory evoked response to estimate the status of high frequency hearing is rapidly becoming a part of the audiologist's clinical armamentarium. Because it is important to utilize the most efficient rate of stimulus presentation, the present investigation was undertaken to provide some initial latency information for three commonly used stimulus rates. Brainstem auditory evoked responses were recorded from 22 adults for three click rates (13.3/sec, 33.3/sec, and 67/sec) at seven intensity levels (10 to 60 dB sensation level). It was shown that rate of click presentation markedly affects the intensity-latency functions for wave V. In clinical use, norms must be established for each stimulus rate used to maximize the accuracy of the test results."}
{"id": "PMID:914674", "title": "Sound levels in a 2-cc cavity, a Zwislocki coupler, and occluded ear canals.", "content": "Probe-tube measurements of the differences in sound levels at three locations in ear canals were compared to the differences in levels measured at analogous positions in a Zwislocki coupler and a 2-cc cavity. The results support the recommendation of Sachs and Burkhard that probe tube measurements should not be made with the probe tube flush with the earmold tip and close to the sound inlet bore. In real ear canals the transfer functions to the eardrum presented by Bruel, Frederikson, and Rasmussen and by Studebaker agree well with each other but differ somewhat from the one used by Sachs and Burkhard. In agreement with Bruel et al., the data of this study reveal a plateau in the relationship between real ear and 2-cc cavity responses between about 1.6 and 4.0 kHz, the relative intensity level of which may depend upon residual ear canal volume.", "contents": "Sound levels in a 2-cc cavity, a Zwislocki coupler, and occluded ear canals. Probe-tube measurements of the differences in sound levels at three locations in ear canals were compared to the differences in levels measured at analogous positions in a Zwislocki coupler and a 2-cc cavity. The results support the recommendation of Sachs and Burkhard that probe tube measurements should not be made with the probe tube flush with the earmold tip and close to the sound inlet bore. In real ear canals the transfer functions to the eardrum presented by Bruel, Frederikson, and Rasmussen and by Studebaker agree well with each other but differ somewhat from the one used by Sachs and Burkhard. In agreement with Bruel et al., the data of this study reveal a plateau in the relationship between real ear and 2-cc cavity responses between about 1.6 and 4.0 kHz, the relative intensity level of which may depend upon residual ear canal volume."}
{"id": "PMID:914671", "title": "Pure tone delayed auditory feedback. Effect of hearing loss on disruption of tapping performance.", "content": "Pure tone delayed auditory feedback audiometry was administered to 20 veterans with normal hearing at 1 kHz and a sensorineural hearing loss associated with noise exposure at 4 kHz. Absolute and relative time errors as well as pattern errors were analyzed for the group and for each individual. Mean data showed no difference between error measures for the two frequencies. However, individual data revealed that errors in the subjects' performance occurred at a level slightly closer to threshold at the frequency with the hearing loss (4 kHz) than at the frequency at which hearing was normal (1 kHz).", "contents": "Pure tone delayed auditory feedback. Effect of hearing loss on disruption of tapping performance. Pure tone delayed auditory feedback audiometry was administered to 20 veterans with normal hearing at 1 kHz and a sensorineural hearing loss associated with noise exposure at 4 kHz. Absolute and relative time errors as well as pattern errors were analyzed for the group and for each individual. Mean data showed no difference between error measures for the two frequencies. However, individual data revealed that errors in the subjects' performance occurred at a level slightly closer to threshold at the frequency with the hearing loss (4 kHz) than at the frequency at which hearing was normal (1 kHz)."}
{"id": "PMID:914676", "title": "Effects of human middle ear muscle contractions on speech intelligibility.", "content": "The present study assessed the relationship between the acoustic reflex and speech intelligibility. Monosyllabic words mixed with noise were presented at -6, -3.0 and +3 dB signal-to-noise ratios. The word lists were presented with a 2000-Hz tone in the contralateral ear at a level 15 dB above or 20 dB below the acoustic reflex threshold to evaluate intelligibility differences with the acoustic reflex contracted and relaxed. The results indicated that a significant decrement in speech intelligibility differences with the acoustic reflex contracted and relaxed. The results indicated that a significant decrement in speech intelligibility occurred with the reflex contracted at signal-to-noise ratios of -3, and 0 dB. Slight but not significant decrements were seen at -6 and +3 dB signal-to-noise ratios. These results are discussed along with possible reasons for the lack of agreement with previous research.", "contents": "Effects of human middle ear muscle contractions on speech intelligibility. The present study assessed the relationship between the acoustic reflex and speech intelligibility. Monosyllabic words mixed with noise were presented at -6, -3.0 and +3 dB signal-to-noise ratios. The word lists were presented with a 2000-Hz tone in the contralateral ear at a level 15 dB above or 20 dB below the acoustic reflex threshold to evaluate intelligibility differences with the acoustic reflex contracted and relaxed. The results indicated that a significant decrement in speech intelligibility differences with the acoustic reflex contracted and relaxed. The results indicated that a significant decrement in speech intelligibility occurred with the reflex contracted at signal-to-noise ratios of -3, and 0 dB. Slight but not significant decrements were seen at -6 and +3 dB signal-to-noise ratios. These results are discussed along with possible reasons for the lack of agreement with previous research."}
{"id": "PMID:914683", "title": "The mediastinum and hemothorax, pyothorax, and pneumothorax in the dog.", "content": "Contrary to the reported clinical, anatomic, and histologic evidence of communication between the 2 pleural cavities through the mediastinum in the dog, it was found that acute or chronic pathologic processes in one pleural cavity remained confined to that cavity unless the mediastinum was mechanically injured. These results were obtained in a series of experiments involving 39 dogs in which hemothorax or pyothorax or pneumothorax was unintentionally induced.", "contents": "The mediastinum and hemothorax, pyothorax, and pneumothorax in the dog. Contrary to the reported clinical, anatomic, and histologic evidence of communication between the 2 pleural cavities through the mediastinum in the dog, it was found that acute or chronic pathologic processes in one pleural cavity remained confined to that cavity unless the mediastinum was mechanically injured. These results were obtained in a series of experiments involving 39 dogs in which hemothorax or pyothorax or pneumothorax was unintentionally induced."}
{"id": "PMID:914677", "title": "Bone conduction speech audiometry in normal subjects.", "content": "The present study was designed to investigate: (1) the relationship among bone conduction (BC) pure tone averages, BC speech reception thresholds (SRTs), and BC speech detection thresholds for normal subjects; (2) short term reliability of BC SRTs; and (3) characteristics of the articulation functions for spondees obtained by bone conduction. Twenty-five normal-hearing young adults participated. The data revealed that BC SRT-pure tone average and SRT-speech detection threshold relationships are essentially the same as for air conduction. A comparison of the articulation functions for air conduction and BC revealed no practical difference between the two modes of stimulus presentation.", "contents": "Bone conduction speech audiometry in normal subjects. The present study was designed to investigate: (1) the relationship among bone conduction (BC) pure tone averages, BC speech reception thresholds (SRTs), and BC speech detection thresholds for normal subjects; (2) short term reliability of BC SRTs; and (3) characteristics of the articulation functions for spondees obtained by bone conduction. Twenty-five normal-hearing young adults participated. The data revealed that BC SRT-pure tone average and SRT-speech detection threshold relationships are essentially the same as for air conduction. A comparison of the articulation functions for air conduction and BC revealed no practical difference between the two modes of stimulus presentation."}
{"id": "PMID:914675", "title": "Decibel notation with correlated and uncorrelated signals.", "content": "Audiologists perform sound level measurements in a variety of settings. These measurements typically involve clinical audiometric calibration, specification of sound field levels in industrial environments, psychoacoustic experimentation, or specification of sound levels in hearing and test boxes or anechoic chambers. Any of these circumstances can present problem situations in which some form of signal combination is involved. Solutions of such problems require use of the concepts of average power and signal correlation, as they are related to decibel notation. These concepts are discussed in the present paper, and several examples that apply these concepts to specific measurement situations are presented.", "contents": "Decibel notation with correlated and uncorrelated signals. Audiologists perform sound level measurements in a variety of settings. These measurements typically involve clinical audiometric calibration, specification of sound field levels in industrial environments, psychoacoustic experimentation, or specification of sound levels in hearing and test boxes or anechoic chambers. Any of these circumstances can present problem situations in which some form of signal combination is involved. Solutions of such problems require use of the concepts of average power and signal correlation, as they are related to decibel notation. These concepts are discussed in the present paper, and several examples that apply these concepts to specific measurement situations are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:914680", "title": "Auditory effects of noise on infant and adult guinea pigs.", "content": "This pilot study compared the susceptibility of the infant (48 hr) and adult (120 days) guinea pig to the effects of noise. Subjects were exposed to a narrow band of noise (center frequency 4 kHz) at an intensity of 115 dB sound pressure level (SPL) for 1 hr. Postexposure thresholds were obtained by a conditioned suppression technique. Results indicated that the infant animals displayed a mean hearing threshold of 25 dB SPL that significantly differed from the adult mean threshold of 7.5 dB SPL.", "contents": "Auditory effects of noise on infant and adult guinea pigs. This pilot study compared the susceptibility of the infant (48 hr) and adult (120 days) guinea pig to the effects of noise. Subjects were exposed to a narrow band of noise (center frequency 4 kHz) at an intensity of 115 dB sound pressure level (SPL) for 1 hr. Postexposure thresholds were obtained by a conditioned suppression technique. Results indicated that the infant animals displayed a mean hearing threshold of 25 dB SPL that significantly differed from the adult mean threshold of 7.5 dB SPL."}
{"id": "PMID:914687", "title": "Septic polyarthritis associated with bacterial endocarditis in two dogs.", "content": "Two dogs were examined because of chronic shifting lameness. In each case, lameness was attributed to septic polyarthritis, as documented by synovial fluid analysis and culture. In 1 dog, antemortem diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis was verified by clinical and culture data. Treatment of both dogs was unsuccessful, and necropsy of each dog revealed bacterial endocarditis with coexistent septic polyarthritis. Bacteriologic blood cultures yielded an anaerobic Streptococcus sp (dog 1) and Pasteurella multocida (dog 2).", "contents": "Septic polyarthritis associated with bacterial endocarditis in two dogs. Two dogs were examined because of chronic shifting lameness. In each case, lameness was attributed to septic polyarthritis, as documented by synovial fluid analysis and culture. In 1 dog, antemortem diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis was verified by clinical and culture data. Treatment of both dogs was unsuccessful, and necropsy of each dog revealed bacterial endocarditis with coexistent septic polyarthritis. Bacteriologic blood cultures yielded an anaerobic Streptococcus sp (dog 1) and Pasteurella multocida (dog 2)."}
{"id": "PMID:914688", "title": "Myxomatosis in domestic rabbits in Oregon.", "content": "An epizootic of myxomatosis involved 26 rabbitries in western Oregon. Major clinical signs were inflammation and edema of the eyelids, conjunctiva, and anogenital area. Mortality ranged from 20 to 50%. On histologic examination, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were readily apparent in the epithelial cells of the conjunctiva. Lymphoid depletion of the spleen was also a common finding.", "contents": "Myxomatosis in domestic rabbits in Oregon. An epizootic of myxomatosis involved 26 rabbitries in western Oregon. Major clinical signs were inflammation and edema of the eyelids, conjunctiva, and anogenital area. Mortality ranged from 20 to 50%. On histologic examination, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were readily apparent in the epithelial cells of the conjunctiva. Lymphoid depletion of the spleen was also a common finding."}
{"id": "PMID:914678", "title": "Eye closure and the acoustic reflex threshold.", "content": "Eye closure during measurement of the acoustic reflex threshold has been found on average to lower the threshold by 1.2 dB. It had no significant effect on the intra- or intersubject variability of the measure. It is concluded that it probably has little significance from the standpoint of clinical testing.", "contents": "Eye closure and the acoustic reflex threshold. Eye closure during measurement of the acoustic reflex threshold has been found on average to lower the threshold by 1.2 dB. It had no significant effect on the intra- or intersubject variability of the measure. It is concluded that it probably has little significance from the standpoint of clinical testing."}
{"id": "PMID:914679", "title": "Admittance tympanometry in otosclerotic ears.", "content": "Twenty-eight surgically confirmed otosclerotic ears were evaluated to determine whether tympanometric admittance measurements could differentiate otosclerosis from a normal population. Subjects were tympanometrically measured at test conditions B220, B660, G220 and G660 Hz. When comparing mean curve peak amplitude to normative standards, 20 ears showed significantly low admittance tympanograms. Further investigation revealed no significant differences in curve width or pressure of the curve peak. Of the remaining eight otosclerotic ears, all produced diphasic \"W\"-notched tympanometric configurations. Diagnostic implications and physiological hypothesis are discussed.", "contents": "Admittance tympanometry in otosclerotic ears. Twenty-eight surgically confirmed otosclerotic ears were evaluated to determine whether tympanometric admittance measurements could differentiate otosclerosis from a normal population. Subjects were tympanometrically measured at test conditions B220, B660, G220 and G660 Hz. When comparing mean curve peak amplitude to normative standards, 20 ears showed significantly low admittance tympanograms. Further investigation revealed no significant differences in curve width or pressure of the curve peak. Of the remaining eight otosclerotic ears, all produced diphasic \"W\"-notched tympanometric configurations. Diagnostic implications and physiological hypothesis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914691", "title": "Oak poisoning of cattle in Ohio.", "content": "Fourteen cases of oak poisoning were diagnosed at the Ohio Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Reynoldsburg, Oh, in the fall of 1976. The poisoning was attributed to ingestion of oak shrubs, oak leaves, and acorns. Clinical signs included anorexia, rumen atony, hemorrhagic diarrhea, subcutaneous edema, and abnormal renal function. Perirenal edema and hemorrhage, ascites, hydrothorax, and hemorrhagic enteritis were frequently encountered pathologic changes. Histologic examination of the kidney revealed multifocal necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubules, which is a characteristic feature of this type of poisoning.", "contents": "Oak poisoning of cattle in Ohio. Fourteen cases of oak poisoning were diagnosed at the Ohio Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Reynoldsburg, Oh, in the fall of 1976. The poisoning was attributed to ingestion of oak shrubs, oak leaves, and acorns. Clinical signs included anorexia, rumen atony, hemorrhagic diarrhea, subcutaneous edema, and abnormal renal function. Perirenal edema and hemorrhage, ascites, hydrothorax, and hemorrhagic enteritis were frequently encountered pathologic changes. Histologic examination of the kidney revealed multifocal necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubules, which is a characteristic feature of this type of poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:914692", "title": "Plasma total protein measurement for prediction of disease and mortality in calves.", "content": "Plasma concentration of total protein (TP) was measured by refractometer in 76 calves, 1 to 8 days of age, on 3 farms. Three calves died before weaning at 5 weeks; all had plasma TP less than 6 g/dl. The frequency of disease before weaning was 17/29 (59%) in calves that had plasma TP of less than or equal to 6 g/dl, and this was significantly (P less than 0.001) less than the disease frequency of 9/47 (19%) in those with higher values of plasma TP. For 9 calves, plasma TP content was 4.72 +/- 0.22 (mean +/- SD) before ingestion of colostrum. The increment of plasma TP after colostrum feeding was 2.03 +/- 0.61 mg/dl (P less than 0.001). Plasma TP was as useful as serum zinc sulfate turbidity test results or total immunoglobins (as measured by radial immunodiffusion) in predicting disease susceptibility during the first 5 weeks of life, based on determinations made in 32 calves during the first 8 days of life. It was concluded that determination of plasma TP is the most convenient method of evaluating the immune status of calves under field conditions.", "contents": "Plasma total protein measurement for prediction of disease and mortality in calves. Plasma concentration of total protein (TP) was measured by refractometer in 76 calves, 1 to 8 days of age, on 3 farms. Three calves died before weaning at 5 weeks; all had plasma TP less than 6 g/dl. The frequency of disease before weaning was 17/29 (59%) in calves that had plasma TP of less than or equal to 6 g/dl, and this was significantly (P less than 0.001) less than the disease frequency of 9/47 (19%) in those with higher values of plasma TP. For 9 calves, plasma TP content was 4.72 +/- 0.22 (mean +/- SD) before ingestion of colostrum. The increment of plasma TP after colostrum feeding was 2.03 +/- 0.61 mg/dl (P less than 0.001). Plasma TP was as useful as serum zinc sulfate turbidity test results or total immunoglobins (as measured by radial immunodiffusion) in predicting disease susceptibility during the first 5 weeks of life, based on determinations made in 32 calves during the first 8 days of life. It was concluded that determination of plasma TP is the most convenient method of evaluating the immune status of calves under field conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:914694", "title": "Haemophilus parasuis infection in swine.", "content": "Septicemic disease occurred in 49 of 126 pigs several days after being transported 80 km. All affected pigs died. The main changes in acutely affected pigs were skin discoloration, pulmonary edema, arthritis, meningitis, and renal glomerular thrombosis. In peracute cases, gross findings were minimal. Haemophilus parasuis was isolated from multiple organ sites in most affected pigs. Haemophilus parasuis was isolated from nasal swab specimens from 17 of 20 clinically normal pigs on the farm of origin. Fatal acute septicemia was reproduced in 2 pigs by intravenous or intratracheal exposure to an isolant of H parasuis obtained from 1 of of the 49 fatally affected pigs. Aerosol exposure of 5 pigs resulted in mild pneumonia in 4 pigs and severe pneumonia, pleurisy, pericarditis, and terminal septicemia in 1 pig.", "contents": "Haemophilus parasuis infection in swine. Septicemic disease occurred in 49 of 126 pigs several days after being transported 80 km. All affected pigs died. The main changes in acutely affected pigs were skin discoloration, pulmonary edema, arthritis, meningitis, and renal glomerular thrombosis. In peracute cases, gross findings were minimal. Haemophilus parasuis was isolated from multiple organ sites in most affected pigs. Haemophilus parasuis was isolated from nasal swab specimens from 17 of 20 clinically normal pigs on the farm of origin. Fatal acute septicemia was reproduced in 2 pigs by intravenous or intratracheal exposure to an isolant of H parasuis obtained from 1 of of the 49 fatally affected pigs. Aerosol exposure of 5 pigs resulted in mild pneumonia in 4 pigs and severe pneumonia, pleurisy, pericarditis, and terminal septicemia in 1 pig."}
{"id": "PMID:914695", "title": "Intramural esophageal cyst in a horse.", "content": "A yearling Quarter Horse colt was examined because of intermittent esophageal obstruction. A soft tissue mass was palpated in the cervical portion of the esophagus. Plain and contrast radiography and esophagoscopy were utilized to confirm the location of the lesion in the esophageal wall. Surgical exploration and removal of the mass was performed through a ventral midline cervical incision. Histologically, the mass was a keratinizing squamous epithelial inclusion cyst.", "contents": "Intramural esophageal cyst in a horse. A yearling Quarter Horse colt was examined because of intermittent esophageal obstruction. A soft tissue mass was palpated in the cervical portion of the esophagus. Plain and contrast radiography and esophagoscopy were utilized to confirm the location of the lesion in the esophageal wall. Surgical exploration and removal of the mass was performed through a ventral midline cervical incision. Histologically, the mass was a keratinizing squamous epithelial inclusion cyst."}
{"id": "PMID:914699", "title": "The effect of adrenal glucocorticoid administration on eruption rates and tissue dimensions in rat mandibular incisors.", "content": "A quantitative investigation was undertaken to evaluate the changes which occur in the dental tissues of the rat incisor following the systemic administration of adrenal glucocorticoid hormone. Of the 53 rats used in the 5 week experiment, 21 acted as untreated controls while the remaining 32 each received weekly subcutaneous injections of 0-1 ml Depo-Medrone. Throughout the experimental period the mandibular incisor eruption rates of a selection of both groups of rats were recorded. Transverse ground sections were prepared from the left mandibular incisor of each animal. Measurements taken on sections prepared at a standard reference level enabled comparisons to be made between control and hormone-treated animals in the dimensions of their incisor dentine and pulp. The results indicated that maintaining mature rats in a hyperglucocorticoid state caused a significant increase in incisal eruption rate, together with a thinning of the dentine walls and an increase in size of the pulp chambers of these teeth.", "contents": "The effect of adrenal glucocorticoid administration on eruption rates and tissue dimensions in rat mandibular incisors. A quantitative investigation was undertaken to evaluate the changes which occur in the dental tissues of the rat incisor following the systemic administration of adrenal glucocorticoid hormone. Of the 53 rats used in the 5 week experiment, 21 acted as untreated controls while the remaining 32 each received weekly subcutaneous injections of 0-1 ml Depo-Medrone. Throughout the experimental period the mandibular incisor eruption rates of a selection of both groups of rats were recorded. Transverse ground sections were prepared from the left mandibular incisor of each animal. Measurements taken on sections prepared at a standard reference level enabled comparisons to be made between control and hormone-treated animals in the dimensions of their incisor dentine and pulp. The results indicated that maintaining mature rats in a hyperglucocorticoid state caused a significant increase in incisal eruption rate, together with a thinning of the dentine walls and an increase in size of the pulp chambers of these teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:914700", "title": "Remodelling in immature hyaline cartilage: changes in matrix dry mass.", "content": "Scanning microinterferometric measurements were made of matrix dry mass in the intermediate layer of normal rabbit patellar articular cartilage and in the area surrounding standard, experimental, full-thickness lesions of 1-5 mm diameter. The lesions were created in 1 kg animals and were allowed to heal for up to 3 weeks. Changes in matrix dry mass were recorded in predetermined zones around the lesions immediately after surgery, and at 1 week, and at 3 weeks post-operatively. After 1 week the rapid early fall in matrix solids was partly offset in areas corresponding to a zone of locally proliferating chondrocytes which appeared to maintain the matrix dry mass close to normal levels. The maximal fall occurred at the extreme edge of the lesion where, it is suggested, total glycosaminoglycan loss had taken place. After 3 weeks the matrix dry mass values had risen to the normal range, apart from a narrow zone adjacent to the wound edge. The findings are discussed in the light of previous quantitative work on the composition of articular cartilage and on the nature of the reactions of cartilage to injury.", "contents": "Remodelling in immature hyaline cartilage: changes in matrix dry mass. Scanning microinterferometric measurements were made of matrix dry mass in the intermediate layer of normal rabbit patellar articular cartilage and in the area surrounding standard, experimental, full-thickness lesions of 1-5 mm diameter. The lesions were created in 1 kg animals and were allowed to heal for up to 3 weeks. Changes in matrix dry mass were recorded in predetermined zones around the lesions immediately after surgery, and at 1 week, and at 3 weeks post-operatively. After 1 week the rapid early fall in matrix solids was partly offset in areas corresponding to a zone of locally proliferating chondrocytes which appeared to maintain the matrix dry mass close to normal levels. The maximal fall occurred at the extreme edge of the lesion where, it is suggested, total glycosaminoglycan loss had taken place. After 3 weeks the matrix dry mass values had risen to the normal range, apart from a narrow zone adjacent to the wound edge. The findings are discussed in the light of previous quantitative work on the composition of articular cartilage and on the nature of the reactions of cartilage to injury."}
{"id": "PMID:914701", "title": "Cortical bone loss in triamcinolone-treated mice.", "content": "Immature mice were treated for up to 8 weeks with daily doses of triamcinolone diacetate. The humerus was studied radiographically at regular intervals. Roentgenographic measurements included midshaft width, medullary width, cortical thickness and total length. By the time of the tenth injection significant cortical bone loss was noted, followed by increased width of the medullary cavity and osteoporosis. An initial phase of active endosteal bone resorption was replaced by a prolonged steady state which extended throughout the experimental period. Possible explanations for the above findings are discussed.", "contents": "Cortical bone loss in triamcinolone-treated mice. Immature mice were treated for up to 8 weeks with daily doses of triamcinolone diacetate. The humerus was studied radiographically at regular intervals. Roentgenographic measurements included midshaft width, medullary width, cortical thickness and total length. By the time of the tenth injection significant cortical bone loss was noted, followed by increased width of the medullary cavity and osteoporosis. An initial phase of active endosteal bone resorption was replaced by a prolonged steady state which extended throughout the experimental period. Possible explanations for the above findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914702", "title": "Changes in the mucosal surface area of the small gut of rats of different ages.", "content": "Changes in the mucosal surface area of the small intestine of the ageing male Wistar rat were investigated. The results show that the mucosal surface area (Ma) and, even more, the mucosal area per unit serosal area (Ra) diminishes along the length of the small intestine (excluding the duodenum) in the young rat. In adults, however, there is relative constancy of these parameters along the small intestine. The serosal circumference (Sc) of the intestinal segments investigated increased considerably with advancing age.", "contents": "Changes in the mucosal surface area of the small gut of rats of different ages. Changes in the mucosal surface area of the small intestine of the ageing male Wistar rat were investigated. The results show that the mucosal surface area (Ma) and, even more, the mucosal area per unit serosal area (Ra) diminishes along the length of the small intestine (excluding the duodenum) in the young rat. In adults, however, there is relative constancy of these parameters along the small intestine. The serosal circumference (Sc) of the intestinal segments investigated increased considerably with advancing age."}
{"id": "PMID:914703", "title": "Histochemistry of blood and bone marrow smears of the straw-coloured fruit-eating bat, Eidolon helvum.", "content": "Blood and bone marrow cells of the straw-coloured fruit bat, Eidolon helvum were examined for Sudan black B and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive material, peroxidase, naphthol ASD chloroacetate esterase and beta-glucuronidase. A strong peroxidase reaction was given by developing granulocytes and monocytes in bone marrow smears, but the mature cells in the peripheral blood smears showed no reactivity. Further, developing and mature erythrocytes in both blood and bone marrow smears showed intense peroxidase reactivity.", "contents": "Histochemistry of blood and bone marrow smears of the straw-coloured fruit-eating bat, Eidolon helvum. Blood and bone marrow cells of the straw-coloured fruit bat, Eidolon helvum were examined for Sudan black B and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive material, peroxidase, naphthol ASD chloroacetate esterase and beta-glucuronidase. A strong peroxidase reaction was given by developing granulocytes and monocytes in bone marrow smears, but the mature cells in the peripheral blood smears showed no reactivity. Further, developing and mature erythrocytes in both blood and bone marrow smears showed intense peroxidase reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:914704", "title": "A quantitative study of myelination following hypoxic stress.", "content": "The total number of axons, percentage myelination, mean number of myelin lamellae, and mean diameters of myelinated and unmyelinated axons, were studied in the anterior limb of the anterior commissure in mice subjected to hypoxia at 390 mm Hg for two days. There was no significant difference in any of these parameters, either between the control group and the hypoxic group, or between the control group and a group allowed to recover for one week after removal from the decompression chamber. This suggests that the astrocytes, which decrease in number markedly following hypoxia, are not necessary for the metabolic support of the myelin sheath, either directly or indirectly via an influence on the oligodendrocytes.", "contents": "A quantitative study of myelination following hypoxic stress. The total number of axons, percentage myelination, mean number of myelin lamellae, and mean diameters of myelinated and unmyelinated axons, were studied in the anterior limb of the anterior commissure in mice subjected to hypoxia at 390 mm Hg for two days. There was no significant difference in any of these parameters, either between the control group and the hypoxic group, or between the control group and a group allowed to recover for one week after removal from the decompression chamber. This suggests that the astrocytes, which decrease in number markedly following hypoxia, are not necessary for the metabolic support of the myelin sheath, either directly or indirectly via an influence on the oligodendrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:914707", "title": "Uptake of horseradish peroxidase by sensory nerve fibres in vitro.", "content": "After 47 3/4 hours in vitro, organotypic cultures of dorsal root ganglia of rat were exposed to horseradish peroxidase at a concentration of 4 mg/ml of nutrient medium for 15 minutes. Observations on the living nerve fibres revealed pinocytotic vesicles in the growth cones which were transported toward the perikarya for several hundreds of micrometer at a rate of 0-5-10 micrometer/min. Electron microscopic sections displayed uptake of peroxidase into the growth cones by means of endocytosis. The enzyme marker was contained in small-sized vesicles, as well as in large vacuoles which measured up to 2 micrometer in diameter. The more proximal parts of the axon contained tiny vesicles which were well below the level of resolution of the light microscope. Pinocytotic phenomena were abundant at the fibre tips, but could also be observed occasionally in the intermediate and more proximal portions of contiguous axons. It is proposed tentatively that the large vacuoles in the distal and intermediate parts of the axon had formed from the small vesicles. Furthermore, it is suggested that the profuse uptake and backward transport of vesicles in these regenerating neurons might be meaningful for the neuron in terms of intercellular and environmental recognition.", "contents": "Uptake of horseradish peroxidase by sensory nerve fibres in vitro. After 47 3/4 hours in vitro, organotypic cultures of dorsal root ganglia of rat were exposed to horseradish peroxidase at a concentration of 4 mg/ml of nutrient medium for 15 minutes. Observations on the living nerve fibres revealed pinocytotic vesicles in the growth cones which were transported toward the perikarya for several hundreds of micrometer at a rate of 0-5-10 micrometer/min. Electron microscopic sections displayed uptake of peroxidase into the growth cones by means of endocytosis. The enzyme marker was contained in small-sized vesicles, as well as in large vacuoles which measured up to 2 micrometer in diameter. The more proximal parts of the axon contained tiny vesicles which were well below the level of resolution of the light microscope. Pinocytotic phenomena were abundant at the fibre tips, but could also be observed occasionally in the intermediate and more proximal portions of contiguous axons. It is proposed tentatively that the large vacuoles in the distal and intermediate parts of the axon had formed from the small vesicles. Furthermore, it is suggested that the profuse uptake and backward transport of vesicles in these regenerating neurons might be meaningful for the neuron in terms of intercellular and environmental recognition."}
{"id": "PMID:914709", "title": "Mechanisms by which histamine stimulates rapidly adapting receptors in dog lungs.", "content": "The stimulant effect of histamine on intrapulmonary rapidly adapting receptors was studied in anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated dogs, to determine whether it was dependent on contraction of airway smooth muscle. Single- or few-afferent fiber recordings were made from small strands dissected from the otherwise intact vagus nerve. Aerosols of histamine increased both receptor discharge and tracheal pressure (Pt). In 27 experiments, isoproterenol prevented the increase in Pt but not in receptor activity induced by histamine. In another 32 experiments, acetylcholine (ACh) increased Pt to a greater extent than did histamine, whereas histamine increased receptor discharge more than ACh. When given as aerosol directly to the vicinity of the sensory receptor via a fiber bronchoscope, histamine stimulated 12 receptors, whereas ACh and buffer solution did not. Isoproterenol reduced slightly the stimulant effect of locally applied histamine on 8 receptors. We conclude that smooth muscle contraction is not essential for stimulant effects of histamine on rapidly adapting receptors in dog lungs, and that histamine acts directly on the receptors to increase their activity.", "contents": "Mechanisms by which histamine stimulates rapidly adapting receptors in dog lungs. The stimulant effect of histamine on intrapulmonary rapidly adapting receptors was studied in anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated dogs, to determine whether it was dependent on contraction of airway smooth muscle. Single- or few-afferent fiber recordings were made from small strands dissected from the otherwise intact vagus nerve. Aerosols of histamine increased both receptor discharge and tracheal pressure (Pt). In 27 experiments, isoproterenol prevented the increase in Pt but not in receptor activity induced by histamine. In another 32 experiments, acetylcholine (ACh) increased Pt to a greater extent than did histamine, whereas histamine increased receptor discharge more than ACh. When given as aerosol directly to the vicinity of the sensory receptor via a fiber bronchoscope, histamine stimulated 12 receptors, whereas ACh and buffer solution did not. Isoproterenol reduced slightly the stimulant effect of locally applied histamine on 8 receptors. We conclude that smooth muscle contraction is not essential for stimulant effects of histamine on rapidly adapting receptors in dog lungs, and that histamine acts directly on the receptors to increase their activity."}
{"id": "PMID:914710", "title": "Influence of exercise and heat stress on pulmonary function during ozone exposure.", "content": "We studied the effects of a 2-h exposure to ozone (0.5 ppm) in 14 nonsmoking males under four environmental conditions (WBGT (wet bulb-globe temperature index) = 64.4, 80.0, 85.2, and 92.0 degrees F). The subjects were divided into two groups, A (n = 8) and B (n = 6). Thirty minutes of exercise at 40% Vo2 max was performed from 60 to 90 min for group A and 30 to 60 min for group B. Pulmonary function changes, determined throughout exposure, were greatest immediately after exercise in both groups. Few changes occurred before the exercise period. However, the decrease in FVC (826 ml) and FEV1.0 (937 ml) following exercise was more than twice as large as the decrement seen at end exosure (388 and 423 ml, respectively). Measures of maximum expiratory flow (FEF 25-75%, FEF 50% FEF 75%) showed similar reductions. In many cases, reversal of these changes occurred during the remainder of the exposure period. The greatest decrease in FVC occurred when heat and ozone exposures were combined (WBGT = 92.0 degrees F). We conclude that the effects of ozone are most severe immediately after exercise and that heat stress may modify the overall effect of ozone on pulmonary function.", "contents": "Influence of exercise and heat stress on pulmonary function during ozone exposure. We studied the effects of a 2-h exposure to ozone (0.5 ppm) in 14 nonsmoking males under four environmental conditions (WBGT (wet bulb-globe temperature index) = 64.4, 80.0, 85.2, and 92.0 degrees F). The subjects were divided into two groups, A (n = 8) and B (n = 6). Thirty minutes of exercise at 40% Vo2 max was performed from 60 to 90 min for group A and 30 to 60 min for group B. Pulmonary function changes, determined throughout exposure, were greatest immediately after exercise in both groups. Few changes occurred before the exercise period. However, the decrease in FVC (826 ml) and FEV1.0 (937 ml) following exercise was more than twice as large as the decrement seen at end exosure (388 and 423 ml, respectively). Measures of maximum expiratory flow (FEF 25-75%, FEF 50% FEF 75%) showed similar reductions. In many cases, reversal of these changes occurred during the remainder of the exposure period. The greatest decrease in FVC occurred when heat and ozone exposures were combined (WBGT = 92.0 degrees F). We conclude that the effects of ozone are most severe immediately after exercise and that heat stress may modify the overall effect of ozone on pulmonary function."}
{"id": "PMID:914711", "title": "In vivo gas trapping induced by nitrous oxide.", "content": "Repeated vital capacity (VC) breaths in 17 anesthetized and curarized dogs induced a small but significant increase in residual volume (RV). This trapping was greatly enhanced when a mixture of 80% N2O and 20% O2 (N2O-O2) was used instead of air. VC breaths with N2O-O2 also increased closing volume, closing capacity and closing pressure determined with 133Xe. Successive quasi-static pressure volume (PV) curves of the lung showed a shift to the right at high lung volume and to the left at low lung volume. Again these changes were more impressive with N2O-O2). The PV curve of the chest wall was unchanged. Insufflations from RV were necessary to produce the gas trapping. Increase in RV was positively related to the size of the inspired volume, to N2O concentration, and inversely related to the inspiratory flow rate. Vagotomy, intravenous isoproterenol, and intravenous propanolol did not alter the phenomena. We propose that these observations can be explained by the presence of foam in the airways and that N2O leads to an increase of foam by osmotic liquid shift into the bronchioli, and/or to an increase in bubble's size by gas diffusion.", "contents": "In vivo gas trapping induced by nitrous oxide. Repeated vital capacity (VC) breaths in 17 anesthetized and curarized dogs induced a small but significant increase in residual volume (RV). This trapping was greatly enhanced when a mixture of 80% N2O and 20% O2 (N2O-O2) was used instead of air. VC breaths with N2O-O2 also increased closing volume, closing capacity and closing pressure determined with 133Xe. Successive quasi-static pressure volume (PV) curves of the lung showed a shift to the right at high lung volume and to the left at low lung volume. Again these changes were more impressive with N2O-O2). The PV curve of the chest wall was unchanged. Insufflations from RV were necessary to produce the gas trapping. Increase in RV was positively related to the size of the inspired volume, to N2O concentration, and inversely related to the inspiratory flow rate. Vagotomy, intravenous isoproterenol, and intravenous propanolol did not alter the phenomena. We propose that these observations can be explained by the presence of foam in the airways and that N2O leads to an increase of foam by osmotic liquid shift into the bronchioli, and/or to an increase in bubble's size by gas diffusion."}
{"id": "PMID:914712", "title": "Renin, aldosterone, electrolyte, and cortisol responses to hypoxic decompression.", "content": "Responses of plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, plasma cortisol, and plasma electrolyte concentration and urinary electrolyte and aldosterone excretion were studied in four men during hypoxic decompression to a stimulated altitude of 4,760 m in a pressure chamber. Three of the four subjects developed significant acute mountain sickness. Plasma sodium and potassium concentrations were unchanged. No significant change in plasma renin activity was observed, but values tended to fall. Plasma aldosterone concentration was depressed while plasma cortisol was elevated and diurnal variation lost. Urinary sodium excretion was unchanged, but urinary potassium and aldosterone excretion were decreased. The decrease in plasma and urinary aldosterone and urinary potassium in the absence of change in plasma renin activity or plasma potassium is of uncertain origin. It is unlikely to be due to a decrease in adrenocorticotropin secretion since plasma cortisol rose during the same time. None of the changes could be causally implicated in the development of acute mountain sickness although the increase in plasma cortisol was greatest in the most ill.", "contents": "Renin, aldosterone, electrolyte, and cortisol responses to hypoxic decompression. Responses of plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, plasma cortisol, and plasma electrolyte concentration and urinary electrolyte and aldosterone excretion were studied in four men during hypoxic decompression to a stimulated altitude of 4,760 m in a pressure chamber. Three of the four subjects developed significant acute mountain sickness. Plasma sodium and potassium concentrations were unchanged. No significant change in plasma renin activity was observed, but values tended to fall. Plasma aldosterone concentration was depressed while plasma cortisol was elevated and diurnal variation lost. Urinary sodium excretion was unchanged, but urinary potassium and aldosterone excretion were decreased. The decrease in plasma and urinary aldosterone and urinary potassium in the absence of change in plasma renin activity or plasma potassium is of uncertain origin. It is unlikely to be due to a decrease in adrenocorticotropin secretion since plasma cortisol rose during the same time. None of the changes could be causally implicated in the development of acute mountain sickness although the increase in plasma cortisol was greatest in the most ill."}
{"id": "PMID:914714", "title": "Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise. II. Effects of walking speed and work rate.", "content": "A comparison of walking against vertical (gradient) and horizontal (trailing weight) forces was made during steady-rate exercise at 0.250, 500, and 750 kg-m/min with speeds of 3,0, 4.5, and 6.0 km/h. In all cases exponential relationships between energy expenditure (calculated from the steady-rate respiration) and increasing work rate and speed were observed which indicated that muscular efficiency during walking is inversely related to speed and work rate. \"Work\" (level, unloaded walking as the baseline correction), \"delta\" (measured work rate as the baseline correction), and \"instantaneous\" (derived from the equation describing the caloric cost of work) efficiencies were computed. All definitions yielded decreasing efficiencies with increasing work rates. At work rates above 250 kg-m/min the curves describing the relationship between energy expenditure and work rate were parallel for vertical and horizontal forces, indicating equivalent efficiencies in this range. Only the delta and instantaneous definitions accurately described these relationships for vertical and horizontal work. Determinations of combined work loads (gradient plus trailing weight) were made and the energy costs of both types of work found to be additive.", "contents": "Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise. II. Effects of walking speed and work rate. A comparison of walking against vertical (gradient) and horizontal (trailing weight) forces was made during steady-rate exercise at 0.250, 500, and 750 kg-m/min with speeds of 3,0, 4.5, and 6.0 km/h. In all cases exponential relationships between energy expenditure (calculated from the steady-rate respiration) and increasing work rate and speed were observed which indicated that muscular efficiency during walking is inversely related to speed and work rate. \"Work\" (level, unloaded walking as the baseline correction), \"delta\" (measured work rate as the baseline correction), and \"instantaneous\" (derived from the equation describing the caloric cost of work) efficiencies were computed. All definitions yielded decreasing efficiencies with increasing work rates. At work rates above 250 kg-m/min the curves describing the relationship between energy expenditure and work rate were parallel for vertical and horizontal forces, indicating equivalent efficiencies in this range. Only the delta and instantaneous definitions accurately described these relationships for vertical and horizontal work. Determinations of combined work loads (gradient plus trailing weight) were made and the energy costs of both types of work found to be additive."}
{"id": "PMID:914716", "title": "Temperature and CO2 effect on phrenic activity and tracheal occlusion pressure.", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken to study the interaction of CO2 and body temperature on phrenic activity (moving average) and tracheal occlusion pressure. Studies were performed on spontaneously ventilated cats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium at different body temperatures (32-41 degrees C) while breathing room air, 2 and 4% CO2 in 50% O2. At any given chemical drive, increased body temperature caused a similar increase in rate of phrenic activity and tracheal occlusion pressure, while their peak values remained virtually unchanged. At any given body temperature, increased chemical drive caused an increase in both rate of rise and peak values of phrenic activity and tracheal occlusion pressure. These results confirm previous findings that body temperature affects the rate of rise of the central inspiratory activity (CIA), but not the inspiratory \"off-switch\" threshold, while CO2 increases both the rate of rise of CIA and off-switch threshold. In addition the results indicate that tracheal occlusion pressure provides a similar index of CIA as \"integrated\" phrenic activity.", "contents": "Temperature and CO2 effect on phrenic activity and tracheal occlusion pressure. The present investigation was undertaken to study the interaction of CO2 and body temperature on phrenic activity (moving average) and tracheal occlusion pressure. Studies were performed on spontaneously ventilated cats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium at different body temperatures (32-41 degrees C) while breathing room air, 2 and 4% CO2 in 50% O2. At any given chemical drive, increased body temperature caused a similar increase in rate of phrenic activity and tracheal occlusion pressure, while their peak values remained virtually unchanged. At any given body temperature, increased chemical drive caused an increase in both rate of rise and peak values of phrenic activity and tracheal occlusion pressure. These results confirm previous findings that body temperature affects the rate of rise of the central inspiratory activity (CIA), but not the inspiratory \"off-switch\" threshold, while CO2 increases both the rate of rise of CIA and off-switch threshold. In addition the results indicate that tracheal occlusion pressure provides a similar index of CIA as \"integrated\" phrenic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:914717", "title": "Protein metabolism by rat lung: influence of fasting, glucose, and insulin.", "content": "We studied protein metabolism by rat lung slices. We found that phenylalanine is not metabolized to other substances by the lung and that the rate of incorporation of L-[U-14C]phenylalanine into protein, calculated using its intracellular specific radioactivity, reached a maximum within 20 min and remained stable for the rest of a 3-h incubation. The rate of protein degradation, determined using [12C]phenylalanine as a marker, was linear over a 3-h incubation. Fasting for 3 days slowed the increase in lung protein content of fasted compared to nonfasted rats; there was also a decrease in protein synthesis and an increase in proteolysis. In fed rats, glucose, insulin, and glucose plus insulin did not alter protein synthesis. Glucose, insulin alone, and glucose plus insulin decreased proteolysis. We conclude that the in vitro system reflected changes in the in vivo protein content of the lung. Fasting decreases protein synthesis and increases proteolysis. Glucose and insulin alone modulate protein metabolism in the lung by acting on the degradative rather than the synthetic process.", "contents": "Protein metabolism by rat lung: influence of fasting, glucose, and insulin. We studied protein metabolism by rat lung slices. We found that phenylalanine is not metabolized to other substances by the lung and that the rate of incorporation of L-[U-14C]phenylalanine into protein, calculated using its intracellular specific radioactivity, reached a maximum within 20 min and remained stable for the rest of a 3-h incubation. The rate of protein degradation, determined using [12C]phenylalanine as a marker, was linear over a 3-h incubation. Fasting for 3 days slowed the increase in lung protein content of fasted compared to nonfasted rats; there was also a decrease in protein synthesis and an increase in proteolysis. In fed rats, glucose, insulin, and glucose plus insulin did not alter protein synthesis. Glucose, insulin alone, and glucose plus insulin decreased proteolysis. We conclude that the in vitro system reflected changes in the in vivo protein content of the lung. Fasting decreases protein synthesis and increases proteolysis. Glucose and insulin alone modulate protein metabolism in the lung by acting on the degradative rather than the synthetic process."}
{"id": "PMID:914718", "title": "Respiratory patterns during progressive asphyxia in newborn rabbits.", "content": "During acute progressive asphyxia an abrupt transition occurs from regular respiratory efforts to primary apnea and gasping. To study this transition we measured inspiratory duration (TI), expiratory duration (TE), maximal inspiratory tracheal pressure (Pmax), electromyographic activity (EMG) of different muscle groups, and the electrocorticogram (ECoG) of 3- to 5-day-old rabbits following airway occlusion at functional residual capacity (FRC). The onset of primary apnea was associated with other central nervous system events as indicated by decerebrate posture and maximal EMG activity which were followed by relaxation, loss of EMG activity, and an isoelectric ECoG. Indices of inspiratory drive (Pmax and Pmax/TI) were preserved or accentuated following primary apnea despite a reduction of overall respiratory activity (frequency X Pmax). The onset of primary apnea appears to be due to interruption of the respiratory cycling controls rather than failure of the respiratory center which regulates inspiratory force. Gasping appears to be linked with progressive changes in respiratory patterns which are observed prior to primary apnea. These findings do not support the concept of a \"gasping\" center.", "contents": "Respiratory patterns during progressive asphyxia in newborn rabbits. During acute progressive asphyxia an abrupt transition occurs from regular respiratory efforts to primary apnea and gasping. To study this transition we measured inspiratory duration (TI), expiratory duration (TE), maximal inspiratory tracheal pressure (Pmax), electromyographic activity (EMG) of different muscle groups, and the electrocorticogram (ECoG) of 3- to 5-day-old rabbits following airway occlusion at functional residual capacity (FRC). The onset of primary apnea was associated with other central nervous system events as indicated by decerebrate posture and maximal EMG activity which were followed by relaxation, loss of EMG activity, and an isoelectric ECoG. Indices of inspiratory drive (Pmax and Pmax/TI) were preserved or accentuated following primary apnea despite a reduction of overall respiratory activity (frequency X Pmax). The onset of primary apnea appears to be due to interruption of the respiratory cycling controls rather than failure of the respiratory center which regulates inspiratory force. Gasping appears to be linked with progressive changes in respiratory patterns which are observed prior to primary apnea. These findings do not support the concept of a \"gasping\" center."}
{"id": "PMID:914719", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the front crawl in men and women.", "content": "Body drag, D, and the overall mechanical efficiency of swimming, e, were measured from the relationship between extra oxygen consumption and extra drag loads in 42 male and 22 female competitive swimmers using the front crawl at speeds ranging from 0.4 to 1.2 m/s. D increased from 3.4 (1.9) kg at 0.5 m/s to 8.2 (7.0) kg at 1.2 m/s, with D of women (in brackets) being significantly less (P less than 0.05) than that of men. Mechanical efficiency increased from 2.9% at 0.5 m/s to 7.4% at 1.2 m/s for men, the values for women being somewhat greater than those for men. The ratio, D/e was shown to be identical to the directly measured energy cost of swimming one unit distance, V02/d, and was independent of the velocity up to 1.2 m/s. It averaged 52 and 37 l/km for men and women respectively (P less than 0.05). When corrected for body surface area the values were 27 and 22 l/km-m2 for men and women, respectively (P less than 0.05). The underwater torque, T, a measure of the tendency of the feet to sink, was 1.44 kg-m for men and 0.70 kg-m for women (P less than 0.05). VO2/d increased linearly with T for both men and women of similar competitive experience. However, the proportionality constant delta VO2/d-delta T was significantly less for competitive than noncompetitive swimmers. The analysis of the relationship VO2/d vs. T provides a valuable approach to the understanding of the energetics of swimming.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the front crawl in men and women. Body drag, D, and the overall mechanical efficiency of swimming, e, were measured from the relationship between extra oxygen consumption and extra drag loads in 42 male and 22 female competitive swimmers using the front crawl at speeds ranging from 0.4 to 1.2 m/s. D increased from 3.4 (1.9) kg at 0.5 m/s to 8.2 (7.0) kg at 1.2 m/s, with D of women (in brackets) being significantly less (P less than 0.05) than that of men. Mechanical efficiency increased from 2.9% at 0.5 m/s to 7.4% at 1.2 m/s for men, the values for women being somewhat greater than those for men. The ratio, D/e was shown to be identical to the directly measured energy cost of swimming one unit distance, V02/d, and was independent of the velocity up to 1.2 m/s. It averaged 52 and 37 l/km for men and women respectively (P less than 0.05). When corrected for body surface area the values were 27 and 22 l/km-m2 for men and women, respectively (P less than 0.05). The underwater torque, T, a measure of the tendency of the feet to sink, was 1.44 kg-m for men and 0.70 kg-m for women (P less than 0.05). VO2/d increased linearly with T for both men and women of similar competitive experience. However, the proportionality constant delta VO2/d-delta T was significantly less for competitive than noncompetitive swimmers. The analysis of the relationship VO2/d vs. T provides a valuable approach to the understanding of the energetics of swimming."}
{"id": "PMID:914720", "title": "Albumin clearance from alveoli: tissue permeation vs. airway displacement.", "content": "In anesthetized, ventilated dogs, clearance of 2 +/- 0.2 ml alveolar-instilled 1% isosmolar [125I]albumin ([125I]RISA) was separated into bulk airway displacement and transalveolar tissue permeation by the use of collimated external detectors and by sampling of blood and lymph. The detectors were positioned perpendicular to the plane of bronchial drainage, and collimator resolution was characterized by a 50% decrease in count rate for a 5-mm lateral (transbronchial) instillate shift. Detector signals demonstrated no airway shift in 10 dogs studied, the signal decay equaling [125I]RISA absorption determined by lung homogenates. The mean rate constants of [125I]RISA lung clearance and epithelial permeation were 4.08 X 10(-4)-min-1 and 5.48 X 10(-4)-min-1, respectively. The diffusional permeability coefficient of alveolar epithelium for albumin was 4.06 X 10(-9) CM-S-1. Absorbed [125I]RISA was separated into blood and lymph components by collecting lymph from the right lymphatic duct (RLD) and thoracic duct. Mean blood/lymph removal ratio was 6.3/1, and correlated with plasma/RLD lymph steady-state albumin concentration ratios in individual animals. Over a mean observation period of 5.4 h, an average of 12.3% [125I]RISA was cleared from the instilled region. The data suggest that this amount was cleared by permeation; there was little evidence of airway clearance.", "contents": "Albumin clearance from alveoli: tissue permeation vs. airway displacement. In anesthetized, ventilated dogs, clearance of 2 +/- 0.2 ml alveolar-instilled 1% isosmolar [125I]albumin ([125I]RISA) was separated into bulk airway displacement and transalveolar tissue permeation by the use of collimated external detectors and by sampling of blood and lymph. The detectors were positioned perpendicular to the plane of bronchial drainage, and collimator resolution was characterized by a 50% decrease in count rate for a 5-mm lateral (transbronchial) instillate shift. Detector signals demonstrated no airway shift in 10 dogs studied, the signal decay equaling [125I]RISA absorption determined by lung homogenates. The mean rate constants of [125I]RISA lung clearance and epithelial permeation were 4.08 X 10(-4)-min-1 and 5.48 X 10(-4)-min-1, respectively. The diffusional permeability coefficient of alveolar epithelium for albumin was 4.06 X 10(-9) CM-S-1. Absorbed [125I]RISA was separated into blood and lymph components by collecting lymph from the right lymphatic duct (RLD) and thoracic duct. Mean blood/lymph removal ratio was 6.3/1, and correlated with plasma/RLD lymph steady-state albumin concentration ratios in individual animals. Over a mean observation period of 5.4 h, an average of 12.3% [125I]RISA was cleared from the instilled region. The data suggest that this amount was cleared by permeation; there was little evidence of airway clearance."}
{"id": "PMID:914721", "title": "Wave-speed limitation on expiratory flow-a unifying concept.", "content": "The mechanism limiting forced expiratory flow is explained on the basis that a local flow velocity reaches the local speed of wave propagation at a point, called the choke point, in intrathoracic airways. This theoretical approach to the \"waterfall effect\" leads to selection of the analogy of constricted open-channel flow to apply to the elastic network of airway tubes. Quantitative results are derived for the case of negligible friction by use of the Bernoulli principle. Shapes predicted for the maximum-flow static recoil curves depend only upon the nature of the pressure-area curve at the choke point in the case of negligible friction; and the magnitude of the critical rate of flow depends on reference values of cross-sectional area and elastic modulus at the choke point, on gas density, and on the static recoil pressure. The present theoretical results are used to interpret previous experiments, but quantitative applicability is limited because of frictional effects and lack of knowledge of choke point conditions.", "contents": "Wave-speed limitation on expiratory flow-a unifying concept. The mechanism limiting forced expiratory flow is explained on the basis that a local flow velocity reaches the local speed of wave propagation at a point, called the choke point, in intrathoracic airways. This theoretical approach to the \"waterfall effect\" leads to selection of the analogy of constricted open-channel flow to apply to the elastic network of airway tubes. Quantitative results are derived for the case of negligible friction by use of the Bernoulli principle. Shapes predicted for the maximum-flow static recoil curves depend only upon the nature of the pressure-area curve at the choke point in the case of negligible friction; and the magnitude of the critical rate of flow depends on reference values of cross-sectional area and elastic modulus at the choke point, on gas density, and on the static recoil pressure. The present theoretical results are used to interpret previous experiments, but quantitative applicability is limited because of frictional effects and lack of knowledge of choke point conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:914723", "title": "Airway geometry by analysis of acoustic pulse response measurements.", "content": "Serial distribution of airway properties determines in part the response of the lung to high frequency oscillations. We measured the response of excised dog lungs and lobes between 156 and 10,000 Hz and determined the area-distance function of the acoustically equivalent structure having rigid walls, regular branching, and negligible internal losses. The utility of this techique was tested by determining the effects of air trapping, removal of pleura from a dried lung, central airway smooth muscle tone. A strong correlation was found between relative changes in equivalent acoustic area and relative area changes measured radiographically in individual airways at corresponding distances. We conclude that despite departures of the properties of the real lung from the characteristics of the acoustically equivalent structure, changes in the area-distance function computed by this technique provide reasonable estimates of the magnitude and serial distribution of actual changes in airway cross-sectional area.", "contents": "Airway geometry by analysis of acoustic pulse response measurements. Serial distribution of airway properties determines in part the response of the lung to high frequency oscillations. We measured the response of excised dog lungs and lobes between 156 and 10,000 Hz and determined the area-distance function of the acoustically equivalent structure having rigid walls, regular branching, and negligible internal losses. The utility of this techique was tested by determining the effects of air trapping, removal of pleura from a dried lung, central airway smooth muscle tone. A strong correlation was found between relative changes in equivalent acoustic area and relative area changes measured radiographically in individual airways at corresponding distances. We conclude that despite departures of the properties of the real lung from the characteristics of the acoustically equivalent structure, changes in the area-distance function computed by this technique provide reasonable estimates of the magnitude and serial distribution of actual changes in airway cross-sectional area."}
{"id": "PMID:914724", "title": "Maximum expiratory flow changes induced by longitudinal tension on trachea in normal subjects.", "content": "Maximal expiratory flow (Vmax) was noticed to increase in some subjects during neck hypertension. Maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves were obtained in 15 normal young subjects at regular and hyperextended neck posture. Eleven of the subjects had consistently higher Vmax during neck hyperextension at high lung volumes, accompanied by MEFV configuration changes in the form of the obliteration of a concavity towards the volume axis that existed in the curve at regular neck posture. Effort independency was documented at lung volumes where the changes occurred. Radiographic studies indicate tracheal elongation with a relatively fixed carina during neck hyperextension. We propose that at high lung volumes in normal young subjects, the flow-limiting mechanism resides in the trachea and that the increased Vmax with neck hyperextension. We propose that at high lung volumes in normal young subjects, the flow-limiting mechanism resides in the trachea and that the increased Vmax with neck hyperextension reflects the effect of tracheal elongation which stiffens the trachea under dynamic conditions and increases its tube-wave speed. This concept was confirmed by MEFV curves obtained from anesthetized tracheostomized dogs when increased tracheal longitudinal tension resulted in an increase of Vmax.", "contents": "Maximum expiratory flow changes induced by longitudinal tension on trachea in normal subjects. Maximal expiratory flow (Vmax) was noticed to increase in some subjects during neck hypertension. Maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves were obtained in 15 normal young subjects at regular and hyperextended neck posture. Eleven of the subjects had consistently higher Vmax during neck hyperextension at high lung volumes, accompanied by MEFV configuration changes in the form of the obliteration of a concavity towards the volume axis that existed in the curve at regular neck posture. Effort independency was documented at lung volumes where the changes occurred. Radiographic studies indicate tracheal elongation with a relatively fixed carina during neck hyperextension. We propose that at high lung volumes in normal young subjects, the flow-limiting mechanism resides in the trachea and that the increased Vmax with neck hyperextension. We propose that at high lung volumes in normal young subjects, the flow-limiting mechanism resides in the trachea and that the increased Vmax with neck hyperextension reflects the effect of tracheal elongation which stiffens the trachea under dynamic conditions and increases its tube-wave speed. This concept was confirmed by MEFV curves obtained from anesthetized tracheostomized dogs when increased tracheal longitudinal tension resulted in an increase of Vmax."}
{"id": "PMID:914725", "title": "A digital computer technique for analyzing respiratory muscle EMG's.", "content": "A method is described for extracting from the electromyograms of respiratory muscles a continuous signal which has primarily the periodicity of respiratory pressure and flow wave forms. The EMG is first band-pass-filtered from 50 to 500 Hz, then digitized, full-wave rectified, passed through a nonlinear voltage window to reduce noise (particularly ECG) artifacts, then low-pass filtered with a digital continuous, or moving, averager. An average wave form corresponding to one respiratory cycle is produced by ensemble averaging of the wave forms from several consecutive breaths. Diaphragmatic electromyograms from a human and from a rabbit are processed in this manner, and the effect on the processed wave forms of changes in inspired CO2 and of a change in end-expiratory lung volume are demonstrated.", "contents": "A digital computer technique for analyzing respiratory muscle EMG's. A method is described for extracting from the electromyograms of respiratory muscles a continuous signal which has primarily the periodicity of respiratory pressure and flow wave forms. The EMG is first band-pass-filtered from 50 to 500 Hz, then digitized, full-wave rectified, passed through a nonlinear voltage window to reduce noise (particularly ECG) artifacts, then low-pass filtered with a digital continuous, or moving, averager. An average wave form corresponding to one respiratory cycle is produced by ensemble averaging of the wave forms from several consecutive breaths. Diaphragmatic electromyograms from a human and from a rabbit are processed in this manner, and the effect on the processed wave forms of changes in inspired CO2 and of a change in end-expiratory lung volume are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:914726", "title": "An analog approach to measuring O2 uptake on-line.", "content": "An analog circuit has been designed to provide a solution to the Haldane transformation that yields true O2 fraction. Incoming signals proportional to fractional concentration of CO2 and O2 in mixed expired gas are utilized in the circuit and the results are multiplied by a value proportional to ventilation. The final products are analog signals proportional to O2 uptake and CO2 output. The system is applicable to the anesthetized and paralyzed animal kept at a known constant ventilation. The final products are analog signals proportional to O2 uptake and CO2 output. The system is applicable to the anesthetized and paralyzed animal kept at a known constant ventilation. Diagrams of the circuit and expired gas collection and analysis arrangements are provided.", "contents": "An analog approach to measuring O2 uptake on-line. An analog circuit has been designed to provide a solution to the Haldane transformation that yields true O2 fraction. Incoming signals proportional to fractional concentration of CO2 and O2 in mixed expired gas are utilized in the circuit and the results are multiplied by a value proportional to ventilation. The final products are analog signals proportional to O2 uptake and CO2 output. The system is applicable to the anesthetized and paralyzed animal kept at a known constant ventilation. The final products are analog signals proportional to O2 uptake and CO2 output. The system is applicable to the anesthetized and paralyzed animal kept at a known constant ventilation. Diagrams of the circuit and expired gas collection and analysis arrangements are provided."}
{"id": "PMID:914728", "title": "Panic-fear in asthma: generalized personality trait vs. specific situational state.", "content": "Previous studies have found that both ASC and MMPI Panic-Fear scale scores are related to the maintenance of the medical intractability of asthma. Despite the large overlap of these two scales, they measure somewhat different aspects of \"Panic-Fear\". The ASC measures a situational response (state variable) to breathing difficulties, while the MMPI measures a more stable, diffuse, and global personality characteristic (trait variable). The present study analyzes the relationship between these state and trait variables as they relate to the intensity of prescribed discharge medication. The results indicate that it is the trait variable which is more important in the maintenance of the medical intractability of asthma. The state variable is implicated in maintaining the illness only to the extent that it is a specific manifestation of the trait variable.", "contents": "Panic-fear in asthma: generalized personality trait vs. specific situational state. Previous studies have found that both ASC and MMPI Panic-Fear scale scores are related to the maintenance of the medical intractability of asthma. Despite the large overlap of these two scales, they measure somewhat different aspects of \"Panic-Fear\". The ASC measures a situational response (state variable) to breathing difficulties, while the MMPI measures a more stable, diffuse, and global personality characteristic (trait variable). The present study analyzes the relationship between these state and trait variables as they relate to the intensity of prescribed discharge medication. The results indicate that it is the trait variable which is more important in the maintenance of the medical intractability of asthma. The state variable is implicated in maintaining the illness only to the extent that it is a specific manifestation of the trait variable."}
{"id": "PMID:914772", "title": "Bisulfite reductase of Desulfovibrio vulgaris: explanation for product formation.", "content": "Bisulfite reductase, purified from Desulfovibrio vulgaris, was coupled with the pyruvate phosphoroclastic reaction. Moderate to low reducing conditions resulted in the formation of trithionate; however, when the concentration of reductant was high, a mixture of trithionate and thiosulfate was formed. Sulfide was also a detectable product, but only when the concentration of bisulfite was low. Flavodoxin mediated native coupling between bisulfite reductase and the phosphoroclastic reaction. A model for bisulfite reductase activity is proposed.", "contents": "Bisulfite reductase of Desulfovibrio vulgaris: explanation for product formation. Bisulfite reductase, purified from Desulfovibrio vulgaris, was coupled with the pyruvate phosphoroclastic reaction. Moderate to low reducing conditions resulted in the formation of trithionate; however, when the concentration of reductant was high, a mixture of trithionate and thiosulfate was formed. Sulfide was also a detectable product, but only when the concentration of bisulfite was low. Flavodoxin mediated native coupling between bisulfite reductase and the phosphoroclastic reaction. A model for bisulfite reductase activity is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:914773", "title": "Effect of urea concentration on growth of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain mycoplasma).", "content": "The effect of urea on growth of Ureaplasma urealyticum type VIII was studied by cultivating the organisms in a dialysate broth, prepared from soy peptone and autoclaved yeast, supplemented with 5% dialyzed horse serum, 100 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid buffer (pH 5.75), and defined amounts of urea. Without urea, growth did not occur. Total growth was directly related to urea concentration. The least amount of urea that supported growth was 0.032 mM, which resulted in 3 x 10(4) colony-forming units per ml. The maximum yield of organisms, 8.0 x 10(7) colony-forming units per ml, was observed at 32 mM urea. Growth was limited not only by urea concentration, but also by the buffer capacity of the medium. The maximum amount of 2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid buffer that could be employed was 100 mM; at higher concentrations, growth was inhibited. The yield of U. urealyticum was small even in medium with 32 mM urea and 100 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid buffer: 0.63 mg of protein per liter of culture containing 5 x 10(10) total colony-forming units. The molar growth yield was 20 mg of protein per mol of urea. The growth rate was also a function of urea concentration. Generation times ranged from 8 h at 0.032 mM urea to 1.6 h at 3.2 mM urea, where the substrate level was saturating. The K(s) value for growth was 2.0 x 10(-4) M urea. Thus, urea is a growth-limiting factor for U. urealyticum, but remarkably large amounts of this substrate are required.", "contents": "Effect of urea concentration on growth of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain mycoplasma). The effect of urea on growth of Ureaplasma urealyticum type VIII was studied by cultivating the organisms in a dialysate broth, prepared from soy peptone and autoclaved yeast, supplemented with 5% dialyzed horse serum, 100 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid buffer (pH 5.75), and defined amounts of urea. Without urea, growth did not occur. Total growth was directly related to urea concentration. The least amount of urea that supported growth was 0.032 mM, which resulted in 3 x 10(4) colony-forming units per ml. The maximum yield of organisms, 8.0 x 10(7) colony-forming units per ml, was observed at 32 mM urea. Growth was limited not only by urea concentration, but also by the buffer capacity of the medium. The maximum amount of 2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid buffer that could be employed was 100 mM; at higher concentrations, growth was inhibited. The yield of U. urealyticum was small even in medium with 32 mM urea and 100 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid buffer: 0.63 mg of protein per liter of culture containing 5 x 10(10) total colony-forming units. The molar growth yield was 20 mg of protein per mol of urea. The growth rate was also a function of urea concentration. Generation times ranged from 8 h at 0.032 mM urea to 1.6 h at 3.2 mM urea, where the substrate level was saturating. The K(s) value for growth was 2.0 x 10(-4) M urea. Thus, urea is a growth-limiting factor for U. urealyticum, but remarkably large amounts of this substrate are required."}
{"id": "PMID:914774", "title": "Mercury and organomercurial resistances determined by plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Penicillinase plasmids of Staphylococcus aureus often contain genes conferring resistance to inorganic mercury (Hg(2+)) and the organomercurial phenylmercury acetate. The mechanism of resistance was found to be the enzymatic hydrolysis of the organomercurial phenylmercury to benzene plus inorganic ionic mercury, which was then enzymatically reduced to metallic mercury (Hg(0)). The Hg(0) was rapidly volatilized from the medium into the atmosphere. After the mercurial was degraded and the mercury was volatilized, the resistant cells were able to grow. These plasmids also conferred the ability to volatilize mercury from thimerosal, although the plasmid-bearing strains were equally as thimerosal sensitive as the S. aureus without plasmids. None of the plasmids conferred the ability to volatilize mercury from several other organomercurials, however: methylmercury, ethylmercury, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, merbromin, and fluorescein mercuric acetate. (Organomercurial resistance-conferring plasmids of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that we have been studying confer the ability to degrade two or three of these organomercurials.) Although mercury was not volatilized from p-hydroxymercuribenzoate or fluorescein mercuric acetate, the plasmid-bearing strains were resistant to these organomercurials. The ability to volatilize mercury from Hg(2+) and phenylmercury was inducible. The range of inducers included Hg(2+), phenylmercury, and several organomercurials that were not substrates for the degradation system. Mercury-sensitive mutants have been isolated from the parental plasmids pI258 and pII147. Thirty-one such mercury-sensitive strains fall into three classes: (i) mercury-sensitive strains totally devoid of the phenylmercury hydrolase and Hg(2+) reductase activities; (ii) mutants with normal hydrolase levels and no detectable reductase; and (iii) mutants with essentially normal hydrolase levels and low and variable (5 to 25%) levels of reductase activities. The mercury-sensitive strains were also sensitive to phenylmercury, including those with the potential for hydrolase activity.", "contents": "Mercury and organomercurial resistances determined by plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus. Penicillinase plasmids of Staphylococcus aureus often contain genes conferring resistance to inorganic mercury (Hg(2+)) and the organomercurial phenylmercury acetate. The mechanism of resistance was found to be the enzymatic hydrolysis of the organomercurial phenylmercury to benzene plus inorganic ionic mercury, which was then enzymatically reduced to metallic mercury (Hg(0)). The Hg(0) was rapidly volatilized from the medium into the atmosphere. After the mercurial was degraded and the mercury was volatilized, the resistant cells were able to grow. These plasmids also conferred the ability to volatilize mercury from thimerosal, although the plasmid-bearing strains were equally as thimerosal sensitive as the S. aureus without plasmids. None of the plasmids conferred the ability to volatilize mercury from several other organomercurials, however: methylmercury, ethylmercury, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, merbromin, and fluorescein mercuric acetate. (Organomercurial resistance-conferring plasmids of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that we have been studying confer the ability to degrade two or three of these organomercurials.) Although mercury was not volatilized from p-hydroxymercuribenzoate or fluorescein mercuric acetate, the plasmid-bearing strains were resistant to these organomercurials. The ability to volatilize mercury from Hg(2+) and phenylmercury was inducible. The range of inducers included Hg(2+), phenylmercury, and several organomercurials that were not substrates for the degradation system. Mercury-sensitive mutants have been isolated from the parental plasmids pI258 and pII147. Thirty-one such mercury-sensitive strains fall into three classes: (i) mercury-sensitive strains totally devoid of the phenylmercury hydrolase and Hg(2+) reductase activities; (ii) mutants with normal hydrolase levels and no detectable reductase; and (iii) mutants with essentially normal hydrolase levels and low and variable (5 to 25%) levels of reductase activities. The mercury-sensitive strains were also sensitive to phenylmercury, including those with the potential for hydrolase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:914775", "title": "Protein synthesis during morphogenesis of Mucor racemosus.", "content": "Cells of Mucor racemosus were labeled with l-[(14)C]leucine during the yeast-to-hyphae morphogenesis that follows a change of atmosphere from CO(2) to air. Pulse-labeling kinetics and the steady-state accumulation of incorporated l-[(14)C]leucine were determined throughout the period of cellular differentiation. We determined that the l-[(14)C]leucine was taken up by all forms of the organism, was not altered from the form of l-leucine, and was incorporated exclusively into protein. The intracellular pool of free l-leucine was small in comparison with those of the other l-amino acids, remained relatively constant in size during morphogenesis, and was rapidly equilibrated with exogenous leucine. Approximately the same internal radiospecific activities were attained throughout development shortly after addition of l-[(14)C]leucine to a culture. Experiments performed with leucine auxotrophs suggested that endogenous synthesis of leucine in prototrophs does not affect the measured rates of incorporation. Experiments performed with (14)C-labeled l-isoleucine, l-proline, l-lysine, and l-arginine produced results qualitatively the same as with l-leucine. The accumulation of incorporated l-[(14)C]leucine in a culture of M. racemosus undergoing the air-induced yeast-to-hyphae transition reflected the change in growth rate that accompanied the morphogenesis. However, the specific rate of protein synthesis measured throughout the developmental process displayed a characteristic acceleration during the emergence of germ tubes which was followed by a decline when all further growth took the form of hyphal elongation. Data are presented suggesting that this response is a correlate of morphogenesis rather than a consequence of the atmospheric change per se.", "contents": "Protein synthesis during morphogenesis of Mucor racemosus. Cells of Mucor racemosus were labeled with l-[(14)C]leucine during the yeast-to-hyphae morphogenesis that follows a change of atmosphere from CO(2) to air. Pulse-labeling kinetics and the steady-state accumulation of incorporated l-[(14)C]leucine were determined throughout the period of cellular differentiation. We determined that the l-[(14)C]leucine was taken up by all forms of the organism, was not altered from the form of l-leucine, and was incorporated exclusively into protein. The intracellular pool of free l-leucine was small in comparison with those of the other l-amino acids, remained relatively constant in size during morphogenesis, and was rapidly equilibrated with exogenous leucine. Approximately the same internal radiospecific activities were attained throughout development shortly after addition of l-[(14)C]leucine to a culture. Experiments performed with leucine auxotrophs suggested that endogenous synthesis of leucine in prototrophs does not affect the measured rates of incorporation. Experiments performed with (14)C-labeled l-isoleucine, l-proline, l-lysine, and l-arginine produced results qualitatively the same as with l-leucine. The accumulation of incorporated l-[(14)C]leucine in a culture of M. racemosus undergoing the air-induced yeast-to-hyphae transition reflected the change in growth rate that accompanied the morphogenesis. However, the specific rate of protein synthesis measured throughout the developmental process displayed a characteristic acceleration during the emergence of germ tubes which was followed by a decline when all further growth took the form of hyphal elongation. Data are presented suggesting that this response is a correlate of morphogenesis rather than a consequence of the atmospheric change per se."}
{"id": "PMID:914776", "title": "Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Acholeplasma laidlawii B: incorporation of exogenous fatty acids into membrane glyco- and phospholipids by growing cells.", "content": "The extent of incorporation of a wide variety of exogenous saturated, unsaturated, branched-chain, and cyclopropane fatty acids into the membrane lipids of Acholeplasma laidlawii B was systematically studied. Within each fatty acid class the extent of incorporation generally increased markedly with increasing chain length, reached a maximum, and then declined progressively but less sharply with further increases above that chain length giving maximal direct incorporation. Certain shorter-chain members of each fatty acid class underwent complete or partial conversion to longer-chain homologues before utilization for complex lipid biosynthesis. The degree and extent of chain elongation and direct incorporation and the characteristic dependence of each of these processes on fatty acid chain length and structure correlated well with the physical properties (melting temperatures) of the exogenous fatty acids. The in vivo specificity of the enzyme systems responsible for the incorporation of exogenous fatty acids was such that the fluidity and physical state of the membrane lipids were maintained within a definite, albeit a relatively wide, range. We also observed that the neutral glycolipids typically have similar fatty acid compositions, which are somewhat different from those of the major phosphatides, which also exhibit similar fatty acid spectra. The phosphorylated glycolipid glycerophosphoryldiglucosyl diglyceride, however, always maintained a unique fatty acid composition quite different from that of the diglucosyl diglyceride from which it is presumably derived. These characteristic differences in fatty acid composition appear to function to minimize differences in phase transition temperatures, thus producing a more physicochemically homogeneous mixture of membrane lipids than would result from a nonspecific incorporation of fatty acids.", "contents": "Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Acholeplasma laidlawii B: incorporation of exogenous fatty acids into membrane glyco- and phospholipids by growing cells. The extent of incorporation of a wide variety of exogenous saturated, unsaturated, branched-chain, and cyclopropane fatty acids into the membrane lipids of Acholeplasma laidlawii B was systematically studied. Within each fatty acid class the extent of incorporation generally increased markedly with increasing chain length, reached a maximum, and then declined progressively but less sharply with further increases above that chain length giving maximal direct incorporation. Certain shorter-chain members of each fatty acid class underwent complete or partial conversion to longer-chain homologues before utilization for complex lipid biosynthesis. The degree and extent of chain elongation and direct incorporation and the characteristic dependence of each of these processes on fatty acid chain length and structure correlated well with the physical properties (melting temperatures) of the exogenous fatty acids. The in vivo specificity of the enzyme systems responsible for the incorporation of exogenous fatty acids was such that the fluidity and physical state of the membrane lipids were maintained within a definite, albeit a relatively wide, range. We also observed that the neutral glycolipids typically have similar fatty acid compositions, which are somewhat different from those of the major phosphatides, which also exhibit similar fatty acid spectra. The phosphorylated glycolipid glycerophosphoryldiglucosyl diglyceride, however, always maintained a unique fatty acid composition quite different from that of the diglucosyl diglyceride from which it is presumably derived. These characteristic differences in fatty acid composition appear to function to minimize differences in phase transition temperatures, thus producing a more physicochemically homogeneous mixture of membrane lipids than would result from a nonspecific incorporation of fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:914777", "title": "Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Acholeplasma laidlawii B: de novo biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids by growing cells.", "content": "The de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids of 12 to 18 carbons from precursors of 5 carbons or fewer has been demonstrated in Acholeplasma laidlawii B. Radiolabeling experiments indicated that the normal primers for the synthesis of the even- and odd-chain fatty acids are acetate and propionate or valerate, respectively. Saturated straight-chain monomethyl-branched fatty acids of up to five carbons were readily utilized as primers, wheras more highly branched species and those possessing halogen substituents or unsaturation were not utilized. At primer concentrations of 1 to 3 mM, up to 80% of the total cellular lipid fatty acids were derived from exogenous primer. The mean chain length of the exogenous primer-derived fatty acids rose with increasing primer incorporation for methyl-branched short-chain fatty acids but was invariant for propionate. The products of de novo biosynthesis varied only slightly with temperature or cholesterol supplementation, suggesting that de novo biosynthesis is not directly influenced by membrane fluidity. Cerulenin inhibited de novo biosynthesis in a fashion that suggests the presence of two beta-ketoacyl thioester synthetases, which differ in substrate chain length specificity and in susceptibility to inhibition by the antibiotic.", "contents": "Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Acholeplasma laidlawii B: de novo biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids by growing cells. The de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids of 12 to 18 carbons from precursors of 5 carbons or fewer has been demonstrated in Acholeplasma laidlawii B. Radiolabeling experiments indicated that the normal primers for the synthesis of the even- and odd-chain fatty acids are acetate and propionate or valerate, respectively. Saturated straight-chain monomethyl-branched fatty acids of up to five carbons were readily utilized as primers, wheras more highly branched species and those possessing halogen substituents or unsaturation were not utilized. At primer concentrations of 1 to 3 mM, up to 80% of the total cellular lipid fatty acids were derived from exogenous primer. The mean chain length of the exogenous primer-derived fatty acids rose with increasing primer incorporation for methyl-branched short-chain fatty acids but was invariant for propionate. The products of de novo biosynthesis varied only slightly with temperature or cholesterol supplementation, suggesting that de novo biosynthesis is not directly influenced by membrane fluidity. Cerulenin inhibited de novo biosynthesis in a fashion that suggests the presence of two beta-ketoacyl thioester synthetases, which differ in substrate chain length specificity and in susceptibility to inhibition by the antibiotic."}
{"id": "PMID:914778", "title": "Macromolecular synthesis and degradation in Arthrobacter during periods of nutrient deprivation.", "content": "Cells of Arthrobacter atrocyaneus and A. crystallopoietes, harvested during their exponential phase, were starved in 0.03 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) for 28 days. During this time, the cells maintained 90 to 100% viability. Experimental results were similar for both organisms. Total cellular deoxyribonucleic acid was maintained. Measurable degradation rates for deoxyribonucleic acid as determined by radioisotope techniques were not observed, and only during the initial hours of starvation could a synthetic rate be determined. Total ribonucleic acid levels remained stable for the first 24 h of starvation, after which slow, continuous loss of orcinol-reactive material occurred. Synthetic and degradative rates of ribonucleic acid, as determined by radioisotope techniques, dropped quickly at the onset of starvation. Constant basal rates were attained after 24 h. In A. atrocyaneus, total cell protein was degraded continuously from the onset of starvation. In A. crystallopoietes, total cell protein remained stable for the first 24 h, after which slow continuous loss occurred. After 28 days, the total protein per cell was similar for both organisms. In the first week, amino acid pools stabilized at about 50% of the values characteristic of growth. Rates of degradation of protein decreased rapidly for the first 24 h for both organisms, but leveled to a constant basal rate thereafter. Rates of new protein synthesis dropped during the first 24 h and by 48 h achieved a constant basal rate.", "contents": "Macromolecular synthesis and degradation in Arthrobacter during periods of nutrient deprivation. Cells of Arthrobacter atrocyaneus and A. crystallopoietes, harvested during their exponential phase, were starved in 0.03 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) for 28 days. During this time, the cells maintained 90 to 100% viability. Experimental results were similar for both organisms. Total cellular deoxyribonucleic acid was maintained. Measurable degradation rates for deoxyribonucleic acid as determined by radioisotope techniques were not observed, and only during the initial hours of starvation could a synthetic rate be determined. Total ribonucleic acid levels remained stable for the first 24 h of starvation, after which slow, continuous loss of orcinol-reactive material occurred. Synthetic and degradative rates of ribonucleic acid, as determined by radioisotope techniques, dropped quickly at the onset of starvation. Constant basal rates were attained after 24 h. In A. atrocyaneus, total cell protein was degraded continuously from the onset of starvation. In A. crystallopoietes, total cell protein remained stable for the first 24 h, after which slow continuous loss occurred. After 28 days, the total protein per cell was similar for both organisms. In the first week, amino acid pools stabilized at about 50% of the values characteristic of growth. Rates of degradation of protein decreased rapidly for the first 24 h for both organisms, but leveled to a constant basal rate thereafter. Rates of new protein synthesis dropped during the first 24 h and by 48 h achieved a constant basal rate."}
{"id": "PMID:914779", "title": "Oxidoreductases involved in cell carbon synthesis of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum.", "content": "Cell-free extracts of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were found to contain high activities of the following oxidoreductases (at 60 degrees C): pyruvate dehydrogenase (coenzyme A acetylating), 275 nmol/min per mg of protein; alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (coenzyme A acylating), 100 nmol/min per mg; fumarate reductase, 360 nmol/min per mg; malate dehydrogenase, 240 nmol/min per mg; and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 100 nmol/min per mg. The kinetic properties (apparent V(max) and K(M) values), pH optimum, temperature dependence of the rate, and specificity for electron acceptors/donors of the different oxidoreductases were examined. Pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase were shown to be two separate enzymes specific for factor 420 rather than for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), NADP, or ferredoxin as the electron acceptor. Both activities catalyzed the reduction of methyl viologen with the respective alpha-ketoacid and a coenzyme A-dependent exchange between the carboxyl group of the alpha-ketoacid and CO(2). The data indicate that the two enzymes are similar to pyruvate synthase and alpha-ketoglutarate synthase, respectively. Fumarate reductase was found in the soluble cell fraction. This enzyme activity coupled with reduced benzyl viologen as the electron donor, but reduced factor 420, NADH, or NADPH was not effective. The cells did not contain menaquinone, thus excluding this compound as the physiological electron donor for fumarate reduction. NAD was the preferred coenzyme for malate dehydrogenase, whereas NADP was preferred for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The organism also possessed a factor 420-dependent hydrogenase and a factor 420-linked NADP reductase. The involvement of the described oxidoreductases in cell carbon synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Oxidoreductases involved in cell carbon synthesis of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Cell-free extracts of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were found to contain high activities of the following oxidoreductases (at 60 degrees C): pyruvate dehydrogenase (coenzyme A acetylating), 275 nmol/min per mg of protein; alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (coenzyme A acylating), 100 nmol/min per mg; fumarate reductase, 360 nmol/min per mg; malate dehydrogenase, 240 nmol/min per mg; and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 100 nmol/min per mg. The kinetic properties (apparent V(max) and K(M) values), pH optimum, temperature dependence of the rate, and specificity for electron acceptors/donors of the different oxidoreductases were examined. Pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase were shown to be two separate enzymes specific for factor 420 rather than for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), NADP, or ferredoxin as the electron acceptor. Both activities catalyzed the reduction of methyl viologen with the respective alpha-ketoacid and a coenzyme A-dependent exchange between the carboxyl group of the alpha-ketoacid and CO(2). The data indicate that the two enzymes are similar to pyruvate synthase and alpha-ketoglutarate synthase, respectively. Fumarate reductase was found in the soluble cell fraction. This enzyme activity coupled with reduced benzyl viologen as the electron donor, but reduced factor 420, NADH, or NADPH was not effective. The cells did not contain menaquinone, thus excluding this compound as the physiological electron donor for fumarate reduction. NAD was the preferred coenzyme for malate dehydrogenase, whereas NADP was preferred for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The organism also possessed a factor 420-dependent hydrogenase and a factor 420-linked NADP reductase. The involvement of the described oxidoreductases in cell carbon synthesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914780", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of the principal deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Mycoplasmatales.", "content": "In this report we present the first description of the isolation and partial characterization of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase activity from two species of Mycoplasmatales, Mycoplasma orale type 1 and M. hyorhinis. We have identified only a single DNA polymerase species in the mycoplasma crude extracts, and the enzymes from the two organisms are very similar in their structural and enzymatic properties. The purified polymerase from each source has a specific activity of greater than 50,000 U/mg of protein, a sedimentation coefficient of 5.6s, and an estimated molecular weight by gel filtration of 130,000. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the most highly purified M. orale fraction contains a single major protein band of 130,000 daltons, which we believe may represent the polymerase protein. The enzymes are most reactive with gapped (activated) DNA and show a marked preference for this primer template over oligodeoxyribonucleotide-initiated homoribo- or homodeoxyribo-polymers. The most purified preparations are devoid of contaminating endonuclease activity and also appear to lack associated 5' leads to 3'- or 3' leads to 5'-exonuclease activities, as determined by highly sensitive assays. The absence of the 3' leads to 5'-exonuclease is particularly remarkable in that this activity is essentially ubiquitous among the DNA polymerases that have thus far been characterized from procaryotes.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of the principal deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Mycoplasmatales. In this report we present the first description of the isolation and partial characterization of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase activity from two species of Mycoplasmatales, Mycoplasma orale type 1 and M. hyorhinis. We have identified only a single DNA polymerase species in the mycoplasma crude extracts, and the enzymes from the two organisms are very similar in their structural and enzymatic properties. The purified polymerase from each source has a specific activity of greater than 50,000 U/mg of protein, a sedimentation coefficient of 5.6s, and an estimated molecular weight by gel filtration of 130,000. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the most highly purified M. orale fraction contains a single major protein band of 130,000 daltons, which we believe may represent the polymerase protein. The enzymes are most reactive with gapped (activated) DNA and show a marked preference for this primer template over oligodeoxyribonucleotide-initiated homoribo- or homodeoxyribo-polymers. The most purified preparations are devoid of contaminating endonuclease activity and also appear to lack associated 5' leads to 3'- or 3' leads to 5'-exonuclease activities, as determined by highly sensitive assays. The absence of the 3' leads to 5'-exonuclease is particularly remarkable in that this activity is essentially ubiquitous among the DNA polymerases that have thus far been characterized from procaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:914781", "title": "Molecular basis for the maximum growth temperature of an obligately psychrophilic yeast, Leucosporidium stokesii.", "content": "Cells of the obligately psychrophilic yeast Leucosporidium stokesii were subjected to permissive (15 and 20 degrees C) and restrictive (23 and 25 degrees C) temperatures to determine the event(s) responsible for the low maximum growth temperature of this organism. An investigation of subcellular morphology by nuclear staining revealed that buds formed at 20 degrees C were anucleate but showed nuclear migration within the parent cell. Cells incubated initially at 23 degrees C and then shifted down to a permissive growth temperature of 15 degrees C in the presence of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis inhibitor, hydroxyurea, confirmed the observation that the anucleate condition of atypical buds was the result of temperature-sensitive DNA synthesis. Concomitantly, the incorporation of labeled adenine into DNA was inhibited at 23 and 25 degrees C. The synthesis of ribonucleic acid, however, was enhanced at 23 degrees C but impaired at 25 degres C. Similarly, protein synthesis was unaffected at either restrictive temperature.", "contents": "Molecular basis for the maximum growth temperature of an obligately psychrophilic yeast, Leucosporidium stokesii. Cells of the obligately psychrophilic yeast Leucosporidium stokesii were subjected to permissive (15 and 20 degrees C) and restrictive (23 and 25 degrees C) temperatures to determine the event(s) responsible for the low maximum growth temperature of this organism. An investigation of subcellular morphology by nuclear staining revealed that buds formed at 20 degrees C were anucleate but showed nuclear migration within the parent cell. Cells incubated initially at 23 degrees C and then shifted down to a permissive growth temperature of 15 degrees C in the presence of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis inhibitor, hydroxyurea, confirmed the observation that the anucleate condition of atypical buds was the result of temperature-sensitive DNA synthesis. Concomitantly, the incorporation of labeled adenine into DNA was inhibited at 23 and 25 degrees C. The synthesis of ribonucleic acid, however, was enhanced at 23 degrees C but impaired at 25 degres C. Similarly, protein synthesis was unaffected at either restrictive temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:914782", "title": "Distribution and conformation of crystalline nigeran in hyphal walls of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus awamori.", "content": "Hyphal walls of Aspergillus awamori containing increased amount of the alpha-glucan, nigeran, became correspondingly more opaque when viewed in the electron microscope as shadowed preparations. However, increased polymer deposition was not accompanied by any significant change in wall thickness. The nigeran of both A. awamori and Aspergillus niger occurred in situ in a crystalline conformation identical to that of single crystals prepared with pure polysaccharide. Furthermore, this polymer was the dominant crystalline material in the hyphae whether or not they were enriched in nigeran. Enzymic digestion of nigeran in A. niger and A. awamori revealed that the bulk of the polymer was exposed to the cell's exterior. However, a certain fraction was accessible to enzymic attack only after the wall was treated with boiling water. A third portion, detectable only by x-ray diffraction, was associated with other components and could not be extracted, even with prolonged boiling. It was removed by hot, dilute alkali and was associated in the wall with another glucan fraction. Dry heating of A. niger walls altered their susceptibility to enzymic digestion of nigeran in situ. It is proposed that this treatment introduces interstices in the crystal surface that facilitate attack.", "contents": "Distribution and conformation of crystalline nigeran in hyphal walls of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus awamori. Hyphal walls of Aspergillus awamori containing increased amount of the alpha-glucan, nigeran, became correspondingly more opaque when viewed in the electron microscope as shadowed preparations. However, increased polymer deposition was not accompanied by any significant change in wall thickness. The nigeran of both A. awamori and Aspergillus niger occurred in situ in a crystalline conformation identical to that of single crystals prepared with pure polysaccharide. Furthermore, this polymer was the dominant crystalline material in the hyphae whether or not they were enriched in nigeran. Enzymic digestion of nigeran in A. niger and A. awamori revealed that the bulk of the polymer was exposed to the cell's exterior. However, a certain fraction was accessible to enzymic attack only after the wall was treated with boiling water. A third portion, detectable only by x-ray diffraction, was associated with other components and could not be extracted, even with prolonged boiling. It was removed by hot, dilute alkali and was associated in the wall with another glucan fraction. Dry heating of A. niger walls altered their susceptibility to enzymic digestion of nigeran in situ. It is proposed that this treatment introduces interstices in the crystal surface that facilitate attack."}
{"id": "PMID:914783", "title": "Caulobacter flagellins.", "content": "Flagellins from 17 Caulobacter strains were partially purified. Their molecular weights and immunological properties indicated that a two-component flagellin system is common among Caulobacters.", "contents": "Caulobacter flagellins. Flagellins from 17 Caulobacter strains were partially purified. Their molecular weights and immunological properties indicated that a two-component flagellin system is common among Caulobacters."}
{"id": "PMID:914785", "title": "Connectin, an elastic protein of muscle. Its abundance in cardiac myofibrils.", "content": "Pure myofibrils were isolated from bovine heart by sucrose layer ultracentrifugation. Cardiac myofibrils thus prepared contained more protein as insoluble stroma than skeletal muscle. The insoluble stroma largely consisted of connectin, an elastic protein of muscle. The connectin content in cardiac myofibrils was about 18% of the total myofibrillar protein and was three times that in skeletal myofibrils. In view of the role of connectin as an elastic component of muscle, the abundance of connectin in cardiac myofibrils may be responsible for keeping myofibrils short at rest. This would account for the more effective tension generation in cardiac muscle on passive stretching due to blood inflow (Stirling's law).", "contents": "Connectin, an elastic protein of muscle. Its abundance in cardiac myofibrils. Pure myofibrils were isolated from bovine heart by sucrose layer ultracentrifugation. Cardiac myofibrils thus prepared contained more protein as insoluble stroma than skeletal muscle. The insoluble stroma largely consisted of connectin, an elastic protein of muscle. The connectin content in cardiac myofibrils was about 18% of the total myofibrillar protein and was three times that in skeletal myofibrils. In view of the role of connectin as an elastic component of muscle, the abundance of connectin in cardiac myofibrils may be responsible for keeping myofibrils short at rest. This would account for the more effective tension generation in cardiac muscle on passive stretching due to blood inflow (Stirling's law)."}
{"id": "PMID:914787", "title": "Mitochondrial sulfhydryl groups. A possible endogenous probe of conformational changes in the mitochondrial membrane.", "content": "The protein-bound sulfhydryl (SH) groups of the mitochondrial membrane were determined with Ellman's reagent in energized and non-energized configurational states of mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. When beef heart mitochondria were energized by respiration, there was a decrease in titratable protein-bound SH groups which varied according to substrate: NADH-linked substrates induced a decrease of about 10 nmol per mg of protein,succinate about 7, and ascorbate-tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine about 3. Similar changes occurred in phosphorylating submitochondrial particles. A decrease in SH titer was also observed in non-energized conditions, induced by hypotonic treatment and by some reagents inhibiting electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation and inducing orthodox configuration. These changes in protein-bound SH groups might be useful in analyzing the conformational states of mitochondrial membranes.", "contents": "Mitochondrial sulfhydryl groups. A possible endogenous probe of conformational changes in the mitochondrial membrane. The protein-bound sulfhydryl (SH) groups of the mitochondrial membrane were determined with Ellman's reagent in energized and non-energized configurational states of mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. When beef heart mitochondria were energized by respiration, there was a decrease in titratable protein-bound SH groups which varied according to substrate: NADH-linked substrates induced a decrease of about 10 nmol per mg of protein,succinate about 7, and ascorbate-tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine about 3. Similar changes occurred in phosphorylating submitochondrial particles. A decrease in SH titer was also observed in non-energized conditions, induced by hypotonic treatment and by some reagents inhibiting electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation and inducing orthodox configuration. These changes in protein-bound SH groups might be useful in analyzing the conformational states of mitochondrial membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:914790", "title": "Purification and some properties of glutathione-S-epoxide transferase from guinea pig liver.", "content": "Glutathione-S-epoxide transferase has been purified from guinea pig liver in a homogeneous form having a sedimentation coefficient, s20,w of 3.8S, and a molecular weight of 46,000, and dissociable into subunits with a molecular weight of 25,000. The activities with four substrates, styrene oxide, naphthalene oxide, iodomethane, and p-nitrobenzyl chloride, were all copurified during purification of the enzyme from 100,000 X g supernatant of guinea pig liver. However, kinetic data suggest different mechanisms for the glutathione conjugating reaction with iodomethane and p-nitrobenzyl chloride. The view that the epoxide transferase does not distinguish between simple epoxides and arene oxides has been confirmed with the guinea pig liver enzyme.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of glutathione-S-epoxide transferase from guinea pig liver. Glutathione-S-epoxide transferase has been purified from guinea pig liver in a homogeneous form having a sedimentation coefficient, s20,w of 3.8S, and a molecular weight of 46,000, and dissociable into subunits with a molecular weight of 25,000. The activities with four substrates, styrene oxide, naphthalene oxide, iodomethane, and p-nitrobenzyl chloride, were all copurified during purification of the enzyme from 100,000 X g supernatant of guinea pig liver. However, kinetic data suggest different mechanisms for the glutathione conjugating reaction with iodomethane and p-nitrobenzyl chloride. The view that the epoxide transferase does not distinguish between simple epoxides and arene oxides has been confirmed with the guinea pig liver enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:914792", "title": "Decrease of seminolipid content in the testes of rats with vitamin A deficiency determined by high performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Changes of seminolipid content in vitamin A-deficient rat testes were quantitatively determined by improved and facile high performance liquid chromatography using a reversed phase column under an ion pair chromatographical condition. The seminolipid content of the testes of rats fed a vitamin A-deficient diet for 46 days decreased to 13% of that of the control rats fed a vitamin A-deficient for 20 days and then supplemented with 140 microgram/rat/day of vitamin A palmitate for 26 days. Total lipid, phospholipid and DNA of vitamin A-deficient rats were slightly reduced. Histological examinations showed that seminiferous tubular cells degenerated to aspermatogenesis with a vitamin A-deficient diet. The remarkable reduction of seminolipid content, compared to the slight decrease of DNA content, is considered to be the result of damage to the seminiferous tubular elements, especially at the differentiated step of germinal cells from spermatogonia to the next. These results further support the theory that seminolipid biosynthesis is characterized by strict dependence on the differentiation of seminiferous tubular cells or spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Decrease of seminolipid content in the testes of rats with vitamin A deficiency determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Changes of seminolipid content in vitamin A-deficient rat testes were quantitatively determined by improved and facile high performance liquid chromatography using a reversed phase column under an ion pair chromatographical condition. The seminolipid content of the testes of rats fed a vitamin A-deficient diet for 46 days decreased to 13% of that of the control rats fed a vitamin A-deficient for 20 days and then supplemented with 140 microgram/rat/day of vitamin A palmitate for 26 days. Total lipid, phospholipid and DNA of vitamin A-deficient rats were slightly reduced. Histological examinations showed that seminiferous tubular cells degenerated to aspermatogenesis with a vitamin A-deficient diet. The remarkable reduction of seminolipid content, compared to the slight decrease of DNA content, is considered to be the result of damage to the seminiferous tubular elements, especially at the differentiated step of germinal cells from spermatogonia to the next. These results further support the theory that seminolipid biosynthesis is characterized by strict dependence on the differentiation of seminiferous tubular cells or spermatogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:914793", "title": "Pea histones H2A and H2B. Variable and conserved regions in the sequences.", "content": "Pea histone II group, a mixture of H2A and H2B obtained by chromatography on an ion-exchange resin, was further fractionated by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography and purified by Bio-Gel P-60 chromatography. Their chromatographic behaviors and gel electrophoretic mobilities of single bands differed significantly from those of calf H2A and H2B. Their amino acid compositions were similar to those of the calf histones as a whole, but differed in detail in certain respects. The partial sequence of pea H2B was deduced from the amino acid compositions of BrCN cleavage fragments and tryptic peptides in comparison with the known sequence of calf H2B. It is different in the amino-terminal basic region from the calf H2B, with a blocked amino terminal and a larger number of residues. In contrast, the middle and carboxy-terminal hydrophobic regions are relatively similar, with at least 19-21 different residues and microheterogeneity at two positions of the pea sequence. The sequence of H2A may vary in much the same way as that of H2B, as suggested by the similar extent of differences in their amino acid compositions. It is thus assumed that the amino-terminal regions, at least, of H2A and H2B histones are variable in evolution provided that they remain basic enough to bind DNA, whereas the middle and carboxy-terminal hydrophobic regions of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 should be conserved to ensure precise histone core formation inside the repeated units of chromatin.", "contents": "Pea histones H2A and H2B. Variable and conserved regions in the sequences. Pea histone II group, a mixture of H2A and H2B obtained by chromatography on an ion-exchange resin, was further fractionated by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography and purified by Bio-Gel P-60 chromatography. Their chromatographic behaviors and gel electrophoretic mobilities of single bands differed significantly from those of calf H2A and H2B. Their amino acid compositions were similar to those of the calf histones as a whole, but differed in detail in certain respects. The partial sequence of pea H2B was deduced from the amino acid compositions of BrCN cleavage fragments and tryptic peptides in comparison with the known sequence of calf H2B. It is different in the amino-terminal basic region from the calf H2B, with a blocked amino terminal and a larger number of residues. In contrast, the middle and carboxy-terminal hydrophobic regions are relatively similar, with at least 19-21 different residues and microheterogeneity at two positions of the pea sequence. The sequence of H2A may vary in much the same way as that of H2B, as suggested by the similar extent of differences in their amino acid compositions. It is thus assumed that the amino-terminal regions, at least, of H2A and H2B histones are variable in evolution provided that they remain basic enough to bind DNA, whereas the middle and carboxy-terminal hydrophobic regions of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 should be conserved to ensure precise histone core formation inside the repeated units of chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:914794", "title": "Structural studies on the reducing-end sugar residues of polysaccharides by GLC and mass spectrometry.", "content": "The reducing-end sugar residues of pachyman, amylose, dextran, and cold water-insoluble laminaran were isolated from the polymers as penta-O-methylhexitols or penta-O-ethylhexitols by treatment with a strongly basic anion-exchange resin (OH-form) after reductjion, alkylation, and acid hydrolysis. The penta-O-alkylhexitols obtained were analyzed by GLC and combined GLC-mass spectrometry as acetates and found to be in accord with expectations based on the known structures of the polysaccharides. 3- and 4-mono-O-acetyl-penta-O-alkylhexitols, which have the same substitution pattern, were easily distinguishable on the mass spectograms, using sodium borodeuteride for reduction.", "contents": "Structural studies on the reducing-end sugar residues of polysaccharides by GLC and mass spectrometry. The reducing-end sugar residues of pachyman, amylose, dextran, and cold water-insoluble laminaran were isolated from the polymers as penta-O-methylhexitols or penta-O-ethylhexitols by treatment with a strongly basic anion-exchange resin (OH-form) after reductjion, alkylation, and acid hydrolysis. The penta-O-alkylhexitols obtained were analyzed by GLC and combined GLC-mass spectrometry as acetates and found to be in accord with expectations based on the known structures of the polysaccharides. 3- and 4-mono-O-acetyl-penta-O-alkylhexitols, which have the same substitution pattern, were easily distinguishable on the mass spectograms, using sodium borodeuteride for reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:914795", "title": "L-Lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate epsilon-aminotransferease. Properties of the bound pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.", "content": "L-Lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate epsilon-aminotransferase of Flavobacterium lutescens (Achromobacter liquidum) IFO 3084 shows positive circular dichroic bands at 340 and 415 nm where absorption maxima are observed, and fluorescence maxima at 380 and 490 nm on excitation at 340 and 415 nm, respectively. The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate absorbing at 415 nm is bound through an aldimine linkage to an epsilon-amino group of the lysine residue of the protein. Upon aging, the 415 nm pyridoxal 5'-phosphate changes to a less active form (lambda max, 325 nm), which is distinguishable from the 340 nm pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. This 325 nm bound pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is reduced with sodium borohydride and shows no circular dichroism. When the semiapoenzyme is aged under the same conditions, no spectral change is observed. These findings suggest that the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate bound through an aldimine linkage may be converted into a carbinol amine or some other related form by aging.", "contents": "L-Lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate epsilon-aminotransferease. Properties of the bound pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate epsilon-aminotransferase of Flavobacterium lutescens (Achromobacter liquidum) IFO 3084 shows positive circular dichroic bands at 340 and 415 nm where absorption maxima are observed, and fluorescence maxima at 380 and 490 nm on excitation at 340 and 415 nm, respectively. The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate absorbing at 415 nm is bound through an aldimine linkage to an epsilon-amino group of the lysine residue of the protein. Upon aging, the 415 nm pyridoxal 5'-phosphate changes to a less active form (lambda max, 325 nm), which is distinguishable from the 340 nm pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. This 325 nm bound pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is reduced with sodium borohydride and shows no circular dichroism. When the semiapoenzyme is aged under the same conditions, no spectral change is observed. These findings suggest that the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate bound through an aldimine linkage may be converted into a carbinol amine or some other related form by aging."}
{"id": "PMID:914796", "title": "The carbohydrate structure of a glycopeptide released by the action of plasma kallikrein on bovine plasma high-molecular-weight kininogen.", "content": "Fragment 1, released from bovine plasma high-molecular-weight kininogen by the action of plasma kallikrein, is a glycopeptide with approximately 3 mol of each of N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose and sialic acid in one molecule. All these sugars were in the T-1 fragment obtained by tryptic digestion of fragment 1. Sialic acid can be completely released from the T-1 fragment by sialidase digestion. When this sialic acid-free T-1 fragment was incubated with purified diplococcal endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, all remaining sugars were released as a disaccharide. By Smith degradation and beta-galactosidase digestion, the structure of this disaccharide was found to be Gal beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc. Methylation analysis of the trisaccharide released from fragment T-1 by alkaline borohydride treatment indicated that all the galactose was obtained as the 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl derivative. Based on this evidence, the complete structure of the carbohydrate moieties of fragment 1 was proposed as Sialyl alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc. In addition, small amounts of a tetrasaccharide, Sialyl alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(Sialyl alpha 2 leads to 6)GalNAc also occurred as a carbohydrate chain of fragment 1.", "contents": "The carbohydrate structure of a glycopeptide released by the action of plasma kallikrein on bovine plasma high-molecular-weight kininogen. Fragment 1, released from bovine plasma high-molecular-weight kininogen by the action of plasma kallikrein, is a glycopeptide with approximately 3 mol of each of N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose and sialic acid in one molecule. All these sugars were in the T-1 fragment obtained by tryptic digestion of fragment 1. Sialic acid can be completely released from the T-1 fragment by sialidase digestion. When this sialic acid-free T-1 fragment was incubated with purified diplococcal endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, all remaining sugars were released as a disaccharide. By Smith degradation and beta-galactosidase digestion, the structure of this disaccharide was found to be Gal beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc. Methylation analysis of the trisaccharide released from fragment T-1 by alkaline borohydride treatment indicated that all the galactose was obtained as the 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl derivative. Based on this evidence, the complete structure of the carbohydrate moieties of fragment 1 was proposed as Sialyl alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc. In addition, small amounts of a tetrasaccharide, Sialyl alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(Sialyl alpha 2 leads to 6)GalNAc also occurred as a carbohydrate chain of fragment 1."}
{"id": "PMID:914799", "title": "Studies of peroxisomes. VIII. Evidence for framework protein of the cores of rat liver peroxisomes.", "content": "The cores of peroxisomes were purified 670 fold from a rat liver homogenate and the protein in the preparation was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two bands of protein were detected on 10% polyacrylamide gel, and their molecular weights were calculated to be about 32,000 and 27,000. On treatment of the core fraction with alkali, urate oxidase was solubilized and on 10% polyacrylamide gel this fraction gave a single band of protein with an estimated molecular weight of 32,000. These results suggests that the protein component having a molecular weight of 27,000 is the framework protein of the core of rat liver peroxisomes.", "contents": "Studies of peroxisomes. VIII. Evidence for framework protein of the cores of rat liver peroxisomes. The cores of peroxisomes were purified 670 fold from a rat liver homogenate and the protein in the preparation was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two bands of protein were detected on 10% polyacrylamide gel, and their molecular weights were calculated to be about 32,000 and 27,000. On treatment of the core fraction with alkali, urate oxidase was solubilized and on 10% polyacrylamide gel this fraction gave a single band of protein with an estimated molecular weight of 32,000. These results suggests that the protein component having a molecular weight of 27,000 is the framework protein of the core of rat liver peroxisomes."}
{"id": "PMID:914803", "title": "Studies on papain catalysis with substrates containing the trans-p-phenylazobenzoyl group as a probe for hydrophobic interaction.", "content": "The susceptible bonds of substrates of the type PABz-GLYn-Arg-R (R=OCH3, n=0,1,2; R=OH, n=1,2) to papain [EC 3.4.22.2] have been identified. PABz-Arg-OMe was found to  be approximately 30 times more reactive than benzoylarginine ethyl ester, due to a Km(app) value 25 times smaller. The finding that PABz-Gly2-Arg-OMe was specifically hydrolyzed at the ester bond with a second-order rate constant comparable with that of PABz-Arg-OMe indicated that the S4 subsite of the enzyme is capable of accommodating a large hydrophobic group. Other substrates were cleaved at the peptide bond one residue removed from the PABz group, in accord with the well-known fact that the S2 subsite interacts preferentially with a hydrophobic P2 residue. A negative charge on the substrate at the P2' or P3' position greatly decrease the acylation rate and also the noncovalent binding affinity. The hydrolysis of PABz-Arg-OMe and PABz-Gly2-Arg-OMe was little affected by the acridine dye proflavine.", "contents": "Studies on papain catalysis with substrates containing the trans-p-phenylazobenzoyl group as a probe for hydrophobic interaction. The susceptible bonds of substrates of the type PABz-GLYn-Arg-R (R=OCH3, n=0,1,2; R=OH, n=1,2) to papain [EC 3.4.22.2] have been identified. PABz-Arg-OMe was found to  be approximately 30 times more reactive than benzoylarginine ethyl ester, due to a Km(app) value 25 times smaller. The finding that PABz-Gly2-Arg-OMe was specifically hydrolyzed at the ester bond with a second-order rate constant comparable with that of PABz-Arg-OMe indicated that the S4 subsite of the enzyme is capable of accommodating a large hydrophobic group. Other substrates were cleaved at the peptide bond one residue removed from the PABz group, in accord with the well-known fact that the S2 subsite interacts preferentially with a hydrophobic P2 residue. A negative charge on the substrate at the P2' or P3' position greatly decrease the acylation rate and also the noncovalent binding affinity. The hydrolysis of PABz-Arg-OMe and PABz-Gly2-Arg-OMe was little affected by the acridine dye proflavine."}
{"id": "PMID:914806", "title": "Isolation of nonhistone-protein-rich chromatin fragments differing in composition and recovery between transcriptionally active and inactive sources.", "content": "Soluble chromatin was fragmented by deoxyribonuclease I[EC 3.1.4.5] or II[EC 3.1.4.6] digestion or sonication, followed by 0.7 m NaCl treatment, which preferentially removed DNA fragments and histones from the fragmented chromatin, but not from intact chromatin, leaving an insoluble fraction of DNA-histone-nonhistone protein complex  without appreciable redistribution of the chromatin components. Fragmentation of DNA and concentration of nonhistone proteins in the fraction were most effective with deoxyribonuclease I under the conditions used. Thus, only 1% of the DNA in transcriptionally inactive chicken erythrocyte chromatin was recovered, together with 2% of the total histone and 50-100% of the total nonhistone protein. Separate experiments showed that this DNA fraction was among the double-stranded segments having in average size of 210 base pairs and was associated with histone components responsible for the nucleosome conformation as well as most of the nonhistone protein components in the original chromatin. From transcriptionally active  chicken liver or calf thymus chromatin, however, 5-10% of the total DNA, 20-40% of the histone, and 80-100% of the nonhistone protein were recovered  in  the corresponding fraction. These results may reflect the native states and template activities in situ of various chromatins.", "contents": "Isolation of nonhistone-protein-rich chromatin fragments differing in composition and recovery between transcriptionally active and inactive sources. Soluble chromatin was fragmented by deoxyribonuclease I[EC 3.1.4.5] or II[EC 3.1.4.6] digestion or sonication, followed by 0.7 m NaCl treatment, which preferentially removed DNA fragments and histones from the fragmented chromatin, but not from intact chromatin, leaving an insoluble fraction of DNA-histone-nonhistone protein complex  without appreciable redistribution of the chromatin components. Fragmentation of DNA and concentration of nonhistone proteins in the fraction were most effective with deoxyribonuclease I under the conditions used. Thus, only 1% of the DNA in transcriptionally inactive chicken erythrocyte chromatin was recovered, together with 2% of the total histone and 50-100% of the total nonhistone protein. Separate experiments showed that this DNA fraction was among the double-stranded segments having in average size of 210 base pairs and was associated with histone components responsible for the nucleosome conformation as well as most of the nonhistone protein components in the original chromatin. From transcriptionally active  chicken liver or calf thymus chromatin, however, 5-10% of the total DNA, 20-40% of the histone, and 80-100% of the nonhistone protein were recovered  in  the corresponding fraction. These results may reflect the native states and template activities in situ of various chromatins."}
{"id": "PMID:914809", "title": "Fluorometric studies on the light chains of skeletal muscle myosin. I. Effects of temperature, ionic strength, divalent metal ions, and nucleotides.", "content": "Light chains of skeletal muscle myosin were studied through the reactivity of their SH groups with a fluorescent thiol reagent, N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl) maleimide (DACM). The experiments were carried out by reacting the reagent with myosin for a short time and measuring the amounts of reacted dye by fluorometry after separating light chains by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two classes of light chains, alkali light chains and DTNB light chain, were clearly distinguished by their manner of reactivity change, and differences in their environment and in their function were suggested. Although we found that the SH groups of the DTNB light chain were susceptible to very low concentrations of Mg ions (of the order of 10-5 M), we could not observe Ca2+-induced conformational change by our technique. We also estimated the stoichiometry of light chains in skeletal muscle myosin to be 1.37 mol alkali light chain 1, 1.95 mol of DTNB light chain and 0.77 mol of alkali light chain 2 per mole of myosin from the total amounts of our reagent that reacted with each light chain.", "contents": "Fluorometric studies on the light chains of skeletal muscle myosin. I. Effects of temperature, ionic strength, divalent metal ions, and nucleotides. Light chains of skeletal muscle myosin were studied through the reactivity of their SH groups with a fluorescent thiol reagent, N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl) maleimide (DACM). The experiments were carried out by reacting the reagent with myosin for a short time and measuring the amounts of reacted dye by fluorometry after separating light chains by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two classes of light chains, alkali light chains and DTNB light chain, were clearly distinguished by their manner of reactivity change, and differences in their environment and in their function were suggested. Although we found that the SH groups of the DTNB light chain were susceptible to very low concentrations of Mg ions (of the order of 10-5 M), we could not observe Ca2+-induced conformational change by our technique. We also estimated the stoichiometry of light chains in skeletal muscle myosin to be 1.37 mol alkali light chain 1, 1.95 mol of DTNB light chain and 0.77 mol of alkali light chain 2 per mole of myosin from the total amounts of our reagent that reacted with each light chain."}
{"id": "PMID:914811", "title": "Large-scale preparation of cytosolic and mitochondrial asparatate aminotransferases from pig heart.", "content": "A procedure is described for the large-scale preparation of the cytosolic and mitochondrial isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart. The procedure consists of: 1. extraction of both isoenzymes by heat treatment of homogenates prepared from minced and frozen heat muscle; 2. separation of each isoenzyme on a hydroxyapatite column; 3. purification of each isoenzyme by combinations of heat treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on ion-exchange cellulose columns. Purified preparations of each isoenzyme thus obtained were homogeneous proteins as judged from their spectral properties and behavior on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using the present procedure, 1.2 g of the cytosolic isoenzyme and 1.7 g of the mitochondrial isoenzyme were obtained from 20 kg of minced heart muscle.", "contents": "Large-scale preparation of cytosolic and mitochondrial asparatate aminotransferases from pig heart. A procedure is described for the large-scale preparation of the cytosolic and mitochondrial isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart. The procedure consists of: 1. extraction of both isoenzymes by heat treatment of homogenates prepared from minced and frozen heat muscle; 2. separation of each isoenzyme on a hydroxyapatite column; 3. purification of each isoenzyme by combinations of heat treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on ion-exchange cellulose columns. Purified preparations of each isoenzyme thus obtained were homogeneous proteins as judged from their spectral properties and behavior on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using the present procedure, 1.2 g of the cytosolic isoenzyme and 1.7 g of the mitochondrial isoenzyme were obtained from 20 kg of minced heart muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:914812", "title": "Studies on the synthesis of proteinase inhibitors. I. Synthesis and activity of nonapeptide fragments of soybean Bowman-Birk inhibitor.", "content": "Two heterodetic cyclic nonapeptides, X-Cys-Thr-Lys-Ser-Asn-Pro-Pro-Gln-Cys-Y (Ia: X = Ac,  Y = NH2; Ib: X = H, Y = OH), which correspond to residues 14-22 in the sequence of Bowman-Birk inhibitor, have been synthesized by Merrifield's solid-phase method. Inhibitory activities of Ia and Ib on tryptic hydrolysis of amide and ester substrates were examined. When Gly2-Lys-Gly3 and Tos-Arg-OMe were used as substrates, the values of I50 for the peptide Ia were calculated to  be 3.6 micron and 40 micron, respectively. When Gly2-Lys-Gly3 was used as a substrate, the value of Ki was calculated to be 1.5 micron. Ia was hydrolyzed slowly by trypsin, losing the inhibitory activity. When the Lys-Ser bond of Ia  was cleved with trypsin, the modified Ia could not be regenerated by trypsin. The linear peptide S, S'-dicarboxamidomethyl-Ia also was inactive and appeared to be a good substrate. Optical rotatory dispersion studies showed that the active fragments have characteristic  conformations  which  were lost upon modification to inactive derivatives.", "contents": "Studies on the synthesis of proteinase inhibitors. I. Synthesis and activity of nonapeptide fragments of soybean Bowman-Birk inhibitor. Two heterodetic cyclic nonapeptides, X-Cys-Thr-Lys-Ser-Asn-Pro-Pro-Gln-Cys-Y (Ia: X = Ac,  Y = NH2; Ib: X = H, Y = OH), which correspond to residues 14-22 in the sequence of Bowman-Birk inhibitor, have been synthesized by Merrifield's solid-phase method. Inhibitory activities of Ia and Ib on tryptic hydrolysis of amide and ester substrates were examined. When Gly2-Lys-Gly3 and Tos-Arg-OMe were used as substrates, the values of I50 for the peptide Ia were calculated to  be 3.6 micron and 40 micron, respectively. When Gly2-Lys-Gly3 was used as a substrate, the value of Ki was calculated to be 1.5 micron. Ia was hydrolyzed slowly by trypsin, losing the inhibitory activity. When the Lys-Ser bond of Ia  was cleved with trypsin, the modified Ia could not be regenerated by trypsin. The linear peptide S, S'-dicarboxamidomethyl-Ia also was inactive and appeared to be a good substrate. Optical rotatory dispersion studies showed that the active fragments have characteristic  conformations  which  were lost upon modification to inactive derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:914813", "title": "Protein in the food prolongs DNA synthesis in the liver of rats after starvation.", "content": "After a  period on protein-free diet and then starvation,  high protein diet induces DNA synthesis in rat liver for a longer period than diet containing an equivalent amount of amino acids. The requirement for high protein diet is limited to an early part of the prereplicative period and administration of the high protein diet later did not prolong DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Protein in the food prolongs DNA synthesis in the liver of rats after starvation. After a  period on protein-free diet and then starvation,  high protein diet induces DNA synthesis in rat liver for a longer period than diet containing an equivalent amount of amino acids. The requirement for high protein diet is limited to an early part of the prereplicative period and administration of the high protein diet later did not prolong DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:914814", "title": "Purification to homogeneity of spinach nitrite reductase by ferredoxin-sepharose affinity chromatography.", "content": "Assimilatory nitrite reductase was purified 1,700-fold with a yield of 22% from spinach leaves with a procedure involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, gel filtration and ferredoxin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme was apparently homogeneous as shown by disc and SDS-gel electrophoresis with a specific activity (mumol NO2-reduced/min/mg protein) of 140.", "contents": "Purification to homogeneity of spinach nitrite reductase by ferredoxin-sepharose affinity chromatography. Assimilatory nitrite reductase was purified 1,700-fold with a yield of 22% from spinach leaves with a procedure involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, gel filtration and ferredoxin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme was apparently homogeneous as shown by disc and SDS-gel electrophoresis with a specific activity (mumol NO2-reduced/min/mg protein) of 140."}
{"id": "PMID:914815", "title": "Colicin E3 induced cleavage of 16s rRNA of isolated 30S ribosomal subunits.", "content": "Contrary to  the previous findings we found that a specific cleavage of 16S rRNA occurred when protein A, the active component of colicin E3, was interacted with isolated 30S ribosomal subunits at high concentrations. Necessary experiments to disprove the possibility of artefacts are described.", "contents": "Colicin E3 induced cleavage of 16s rRNA of isolated 30S ribosomal subunits. Contrary to  the previous findings we found that a specific cleavage of 16S rRNA occurred when protein A, the active component of colicin E3, was interacted with isolated 30S ribosomal subunits at high concentrations. Necessary experiments to disprove the possibility of artefacts are described."}
{"id": "PMID:914816", "title": "Metabolism of thromboxane B2 in man. Identification of the major urinary metabolite.", "content": "One and five-tenths milligrams of [3H8]thromboxane B2 (12.2 Ci/mol) was infused at a maximum rate of 6.4 microgram/min into a healthy male volunteer. Seventy-four per cent of the infused radioactivity was recovered in the urine within 13 h. Urinary metabolites of thromboxane B2 were isolated by reversed phase partition chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The major urinary metabolite was found to represent approximately 16.8% of the total radioactivity in the urine. The structure of this metabolite was shown by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to be 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2, the product of a single step of beta-oxidation. The rate of excretion of infused radioactivity and the relative percentage represented by 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2 in the urine of man are very similar and the major urinary metabolite identical to that previously found by us in the non-human primate.", "contents": "Metabolism of thromboxane B2 in man. Identification of the major urinary metabolite. One and five-tenths milligrams of [3H8]thromboxane B2 (12.2 Ci/mol) was infused at a maximum rate of 6.4 microgram/min into a healthy male volunteer. Seventy-four per cent of the infused radioactivity was recovered in the urine within 13 h. Urinary metabolites of thromboxane B2 were isolated by reversed phase partition chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The major urinary metabolite was found to represent approximately 16.8% of the total radioactivity in the urine. The structure of this metabolite was shown by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to be 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2, the product of a single step of beta-oxidation. The rate of excretion of infused radioactivity and the relative percentage represented by 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2 in the urine of man are very similar and the major urinary metabolite identical to that previously found by us in the non-human primate."}
{"id": "PMID:914817", "title": "A role for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in the regulation of amino acid transport in mammalian cell lines.", "content": "The regulation of neutral amino acid transport was examined utilizing two temperature-sensitive aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutants, by comparison of their transport activities at permissive and marginally permissive temperatures. When the temperature-sensitive leucyl-tRNA -synthetase mutant tsH1 was shifted from a normal growth temperature of 34 degrees to a marginally permissive temperature for growth of 38%, a significant enhancement in the initial rate of uptake of leucine and other L system amino acids was observed when compared with that of the parental cells (CHO-S). In contrast, the uptake of A system-specific amino acids (alanine, glycine, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid) showed no significant differences relative to the parent strain. In a similar manner, a temperature-sensitive asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase mutant RJK-4 exhibited a significant enhancement of the transport activity of A system amino acids relative to its parental strain RJK-0 when the growth temperature was shifted from 33 degrees to 39.5 degrees. Preliminary kinetic data suggest that the Vmax for transport is increased when the mutants are grown under conditions of amino acid limitation. These experiments suggest that the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase or a related product may function in the regulation of neutral amino acid transport in Chinese hamster cells.", "contents": "A role for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in the regulation of amino acid transport in mammalian cell lines. The regulation of neutral amino acid transport was examined utilizing two temperature-sensitive aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutants, by comparison of their transport activities at permissive and marginally permissive temperatures. When the temperature-sensitive leucyl-tRNA -synthetase mutant tsH1 was shifted from a normal growth temperature of 34 degrees to a marginally permissive temperature for growth of 38%, a significant enhancement in the initial rate of uptake of leucine and other L system amino acids was observed when compared with that of the parental cells (CHO-S). In contrast, the uptake of A system-specific amino acids (alanine, glycine, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid) showed no significant differences relative to the parent strain. In a similar manner, a temperature-sensitive asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase mutant RJK-4 exhibited a significant enhancement of the transport activity of A system amino acids relative to its parental strain RJK-0 when the growth temperature was shifted from 33 degrees to 39.5 degrees. Preliminary kinetic data suggest that the Vmax for transport is increased when the mutants are grown under conditions of amino acid limitation. These experiments suggest that the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase or a related product may function in the regulation of neutral amino acid transport in Chinese hamster cells."}
{"id": "PMID:914818", "title": "Tunicamycin inhibits GlcNAc-lipid formation in plants.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory (Forsee, W. T., and Elbein, A. D. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 9283-9293; Forsee, W. T., Valkovich, G., and Elbein, A. D. (1976) Arch Biochem. Biophys. 174, 469-479) have shown that particulate extracts from cotton fibers and mung been seedlings catalyze the transfer of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose and GlcNAc from UDP-[3H]GlcNAc into lipid-linked saccharides, Concentrations of tunicamycin of 5 microgram/ml or higher inhibit the incorporation of GlcNAc into GlcNAc-pyrophosphoryl-polyprenol but this antibiotic, even at 500 microgram/ml, had no effect on the synthesis of mannosyl-phosphoryldolichol. Tunicamycin also caused a slight inhibition in the incorporation of mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides. The concentration of tunicamycin necessary for inhibition was dependent on the amount of particulate enzyme in the incubations.", "contents": "Tunicamycin inhibits GlcNAc-lipid formation in plants. Previous studies from this laboratory (Forsee, W. T., and Elbein, A. D. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 9283-9293; Forsee, W. T., Valkovich, G., and Elbein, A. D. (1976) Arch Biochem. Biophys. 174, 469-479) have shown that particulate extracts from cotton fibers and mung been seedlings catalyze the transfer of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose and GlcNAc from UDP-[3H]GlcNAc into lipid-linked saccharides, Concentrations of tunicamycin of 5 microgram/ml or higher inhibit the incorporation of GlcNAc into GlcNAc-pyrophosphoryl-polyprenol but this antibiotic, even at 500 microgram/ml, had no effect on the synthesis of mannosyl-phosphoryldolichol. Tunicamycin also caused a slight inhibition in the incorporation of mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides. The concentration of tunicamycin necessary for inhibition was dependent on the amount of particulate enzyme in the incubations."}
{"id": "PMID:914819", "title": "Binding and biologic activity of glucagon in liver cell membranes of chronically hyperglucagonemic rats.", "content": "Glucagon binding by liver cell membranes was examined in rats with chronically elevated plasma levels of immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) resulting from insulin deficiency, starvation, or twice daily glucagon injections. The concentration of specific glucagon binding sites was significantly reduced in the three chronically hyperglucagonemic (IRG greater than 125 pg/ml) groups as compared with nondiabetic controls and insulin-treated diabetic control rats with only mild hyperglucagonemia. A reduction in glucagon binding sites did not occur with hyperglucagonemia of 12 h or less. Despite the reduced binding of glucagon in the three chronically hyperglucagonemic groups, the ability of glucagon to stimulate cAMP production was not reduced. It is concluded that while decreased glucagon binding occures in the forms of chronic hyperglucagonemia studied, it is not associated with a reduction in the ability of glucagon to stimulate cAMP production.", "contents": "Binding and biologic activity of glucagon in liver cell membranes of chronically hyperglucagonemic rats. Glucagon binding by liver cell membranes was examined in rats with chronically elevated plasma levels of immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) resulting from insulin deficiency, starvation, or twice daily glucagon injections. The concentration of specific glucagon binding sites was significantly reduced in the three chronically hyperglucagonemic (IRG greater than 125 pg/ml) groups as compared with nondiabetic controls and insulin-treated diabetic control rats with only mild hyperglucagonemia. A reduction in glucagon binding sites did not occur with hyperglucagonemia of 12 h or less. Despite the reduced binding of glucagon in the three chronically hyperglucagonemic groups, the ability of glucagon to stimulate cAMP production was not reduced. It is concluded that while decreased glucagon binding occures in the forms of chronic hyperglucagonemia studied, it is not associated with a reduction in the ability of glucagon to stimulate cAMP production."}
{"id": "PMID:914820", "title": "Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat heart. Effects of thyroidectomy.", "content": "The effects of thyroid status on muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the rat myocardium were investigated. The potent muscarinic antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate was used to identify muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat heart particulate fractions from control, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid rats. Thyroidectomy increased specific [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to heart particulate fractions by about 60% as compared to euthyroid rat cardiac preparations. Administration of triiodothyronine to euthyroid rats decreased specific binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors by about 20%. Scatchard analysis revealed that the cardiac particulate fraction from thyroidectomized rats contained 134 fmol of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding sites per mg of protein, as compared with 85 fmol/mg of protein found in the heart preparation of thyroidectomized rats chrinically treated with triiodothyronine. The equilibrium dissociation constant for the interaction of receptors with quinuclidinyl benzilate was the same (1 nM) in the heart particulate fractions derived from these two groups of rats. The results of this study demonstrate that thyroid hormone can regulate the number of cardiac muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Thus, the parasympathetic nervous system may participate in the cardiovascular abnormalities in different thyroid states.", "contents": "Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat heart. Effects of thyroidectomy. The effects of thyroid status on muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the rat myocardium were investigated. The potent muscarinic antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate was used to identify muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat heart particulate fractions from control, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid rats. Thyroidectomy increased specific [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to heart particulate fractions by about 60% as compared to euthyroid rat cardiac preparations. Administration of triiodothyronine to euthyroid rats decreased specific binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors by about 20%. Scatchard analysis revealed that the cardiac particulate fraction from thyroidectomized rats contained 134 fmol of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding sites per mg of protein, as compared with 85 fmol/mg of protein found in the heart preparation of thyroidectomized rats chrinically treated with triiodothyronine. The equilibrium dissociation constant for the interaction of receptors with quinuclidinyl benzilate was the same (1 nM) in the heart particulate fractions derived from these two groups of rats. The results of this study demonstrate that thyroid hormone can regulate the number of cardiac muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Thus, the parasympathetic nervous system may participate in the cardiovascular abnormalities in different thyroid states."}
{"id": "PMID:914821", "title": "Activation of glycogen phosphorylase kinase by a calcium-activated, cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase system.", "content": "A protein kinase, which was produced from its proenzyme occurring in rat brain upon limited proteolysis by a Ca2+-dependent protease from the same tissue (Inoue, M., Kishimoto, A., Takai, Y., and Nishizlka, Y. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 7610-7616, was capable of phosphorylating alpha and beta subunits of rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase kinase, resulting in a marked enhancement of the enzymatic activity. This protein kinase was entirely independent of cyclic nucleotides and differed from the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The activation of phosphorylase kinase by this active protein kinase was not inhibited by a protein inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, nor by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N',N'-tetraacetic acid, which prevented autophosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase. The proenzyme was distinguishable from cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases, since it did not bind cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, and was inactive in the phosphorylation and activation of phosphorylase kinase both in the presence and absence of these cyclic nucleotides. Neither the protein kinase nor its proenzyme showed phosphorylase kinase activity. Available evidence indicates that the Ca2+-activated, cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase system as well as cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase shows an ability to stimulate glycogen breakdown as far as tested in vitro.", "contents": "Activation of glycogen phosphorylase kinase by a calcium-activated, cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase system. A protein kinase, which was produced from its proenzyme occurring in rat brain upon limited proteolysis by a Ca2+-dependent protease from the same tissue (Inoue, M., Kishimoto, A., Takai, Y., and Nishizlka, Y. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 7610-7616, was capable of phosphorylating alpha and beta subunits of rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase kinase, resulting in a marked enhancement of the enzymatic activity. This protein kinase was entirely independent of cyclic nucleotides and differed from the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The activation of phosphorylase kinase by this active protein kinase was not inhibited by a protein inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, nor by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N',N'-tetraacetic acid, which prevented autophosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase. The proenzyme was distinguishable from cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases, since it did not bind cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, and was inactive in the phosphorylation and activation of phosphorylase kinase both in the presence and absence of these cyclic nucleotides. Neither the protein kinase nor its proenzyme showed phosphorylase kinase activity. Available evidence indicates that the Ca2+-activated, cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase system as well as cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase shows an ability to stimulate glycogen breakdown as far as tested in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:914823", "title": "Kinetics of bilirubin binding to bovine serum albumin and the effects of palmitate.", "content": "The binding of bilirubin to bovine serum albumin has been determined to be a second order process, first order in each reactant. Formation of the bilirubin-albumin complex was observed as an increase in absorbance at 480 nm by stopped flow spectrophotometry. The effect of long chain fatty acid on the binding of bilirubin was investigated at palmitic acid levels of 0 to 7 mol/mol of albumin at 37 degrees and pH 7.4. The second order rate constant is 1.5 X 10(6) M-1 S-1 when the palmitate/albumin ratio is less than 5 and drops to 0.5 X 10(6) M-1 S-1 when the palmitate/albumin ratio reaches 6. The equilibrium association constant for the bilirubin-albumin complex is 5.5 X 10(6) M-1 when the palmitate/albumin ratio is less than 1, 18 X 10(6) M-1 when the palmitate/albumin ratio is between 1 and 5, and 3 X 10(6) M-1 when the palmitate/albumin ratio is greater than 5. The mechanism of the effect of palmitate varies with the total palmitate level. At low molar ratios, addition of palmitate has no effect on the association rate but decreases the dissociation rate. At high molar ratios, addition of palmitate decreases the association rate and increases the dissociation rate. It is suggested that palmitate affects the ability of the protein to undergo the conformational changes needed to accommodate bilirubin.", "contents": "Kinetics of bilirubin binding to bovine serum albumin and the effects of palmitate. The binding of bilirubin to bovine serum albumin has been determined to be a second order process, first order in each reactant. Formation of the bilirubin-albumin complex was observed as an increase in absorbance at 480 nm by stopped flow spectrophotometry. The effect of long chain fatty acid on the binding of bilirubin was investigated at palmitic acid levels of 0 to 7 mol/mol of albumin at 37 degrees and pH 7.4. The second order rate constant is 1.5 X 10(6) M-1 S-1 when the palmitate/albumin ratio is less than 5 and drops to 0.5 X 10(6) M-1 S-1 when the palmitate/albumin ratio reaches 6. The equilibrium association constant for the bilirubin-albumin complex is 5.5 X 10(6) M-1 when the palmitate/albumin ratio is less than 1, 18 X 10(6) M-1 when the palmitate/albumin ratio is between 1 and 5, and 3 X 10(6) M-1 when the palmitate/albumin ratio is greater than 5. The mechanism of the effect of palmitate varies with the total palmitate level. At low molar ratios, addition of palmitate has no effect on the association rate but decreases the dissociation rate. At high molar ratios, addition of palmitate decreases the association rate and increases the dissociation rate. It is suggested that palmitate affects the ability of the protein to undergo the conformational changes needed to accommodate bilirubin."}
{"id": "PMID:914824", "title": "Rotational  relaxation of the \"microviscosity\" probe diphenylhexatriene in paraffin oil and egg lecithin vesicles.", "content": "The rotational relaxation of the widely used \"microviscosity\" probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, was examined by the technique of  nanosecond time-resolved fluorescence depolarization. The decays of the emission anisotropy were determined at five temperatures in the range 3-31 degrees both in a reference paraffin oil and in sonicated egg lecithin vesicles. These decays were complex in both media. Marked qualitative as well as quantitative  differences were observed in the rotational behavior of the probe in the complex bilayer medium as opposed to the homogeneous reference solvent. The results are discussed in relation to the structure of the hydrophobic bilayer membrane interior and the concept of its \"microviscosity\".", "contents": "Rotational  relaxation of the \"microviscosity\" probe diphenylhexatriene in paraffin oil and egg lecithin vesicles. The rotational relaxation of the widely used \"microviscosity\" probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, was examined by the technique of  nanosecond time-resolved fluorescence depolarization. The decays of the emission anisotropy were determined at five temperatures in the range 3-31 degrees both in a reference paraffin oil and in sonicated egg lecithin vesicles. These decays were complex in both media. Marked qualitative as well as quantitative  differences were observed in the rotational behavior of the probe in the complex bilayer medium as opposed to the homogeneous reference solvent. The results are discussed in relation to the structure of the hydrophobic bilayer membrane interior and the concept of its \"microviscosity\"."}
{"id": "PMID:914828", "title": "Reactivation of thymocyte glucocorticoid receptors in a cell-free system.", "content": "The specific glucocorticoid binding capacity of the 100,000 X g supernatant from thymocytes becomes rapidly inactivated with a half-life of approximately 4 h at 0 degrees. Following this inactivation, the receptor can be reactivated by a factor (or factors) present in the high speed supernatant of L929 mouse fibroblasts. The L cell activating factor is excluded from Sephadex G-25. It can be separated from the glucocorticoid receptor of L cells by chromatography of Sephadex G-150 where it elutes with the small molecular weight material. The probable molecular weight range for the activating factor is 5,000 to 20,000. Approximately 50% of the activating activity is retained after heating at 90 degrees for 15 min.", "contents": "Reactivation of thymocyte glucocorticoid receptors in a cell-free system. The specific glucocorticoid binding capacity of the 100,000 X g supernatant from thymocytes becomes rapidly inactivated with a half-life of approximately 4 h at 0 degrees. Following this inactivation, the receptor can be reactivated by a factor (or factors) present in the high speed supernatant of L929 mouse fibroblasts. The L cell activating factor is excluded from Sephadex G-25. It can be separated from the glucocorticoid receptor of L cells by chromatography of Sephadex G-150 where it elutes with the small molecular weight material. The probable molecular weight range for the activating factor is 5,000 to 20,000. Approximately 50% of the activating activity is retained after heating at 90 degrees for 15 min."}
{"id": "PMID:914830", "title": "Staphylococcal nuclease and pancreatic DNase cleave the DNA within the chromatin core particle at different sites.", "content": "Staphylococcal nuclease (micrococcal nuclease) and pancreatic DNase (DNase I) were used to digest HeLa chromatin core particles which had been labeled with 32P at their 5'-DNA termini. In contrast to DNase I, which cleaves core particle DNA at 10-nucleotide intervals from the 5' termini, staphylococcal nuclease cleaves core particle DNA at different sites, both fewer in number and less regularly spaced. Thus, it is unlikely that simple physical protection of DNA is the sole mechanism whereby chromosomal proteins restrict the nucleolytic cleavage of chromatin; furthermore, it seems likely that these nucleases may recognize different geometric configurations along the chromatin core particle.", "contents": "Staphylococcal nuclease and pancreatic DNase cleave the DNA within the chromatin core particle at different sites. Staphylococcal nuclease (micrococcal nuclease) and pancreatic DNase (DNase I) were used to digest HeLa chromatin core particles which had been labeled with 32P at their 5'-DNA termini. In contrast to DNase I, which cleaves core particle DNA at 10-nucleotide intervals from the 5' termini, staphylococcal nuclease cleaves core particle DNA at different sites, both fewer in number and less regularly spaced. Thus, it is unlikely that simple physical protection of DNA is the sole mechanism whereby chromosomal proteins restrict the nucleolytic cleavage of chromatin; furthermore, it seems likely that these nucleases may recognize different geometric configurations along the chromatin core particle."}
{"id": "PMID:914832", "title": "Purification and characterization of CTP: cholinephosphate cytidylytransferase from rat liver cytosol.", "content": "Two forms of CTP:cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase have been identified in the cytosol of rat liver. The L-form has a molecular weight of about 2.0 X 10(5) and low specific activity. The activity of the L-form is markedly stimulated by liposomes made from rat liver lipids. The L-form is the major species present in fresh cytosol. When the cytosol is incubated at 4 degrees for 5 days, the H-form (high molecular weight) of the enzyme is generated from the L-form. The H-form consists of multiple copies of the L-form and requires a lipid-containing fraction for optimal activity. The H-form has a wide range of molecular weights with a median value of 1.3 X 10(6). It was possible to dissociate partially the H-form of the enzyme into the L-form by incubation with 0.05% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The H-form of the enzyme could be generated by incubation of the L-form with liposomes. The L-form of the cytidylyltransferase was purified from rat liver cytosol. The enzyme gave a single band when stained for protein or assayed for activity after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both forms of the enzyme were active over a wide range of pH with an optimum at pH 7.0. The K'c (pH 6.4) was 0.80. The true Michaelis constants for the forward and reverse reactions of both forms of the enzyme are given. The H-form of the enzyme from the cytosol could be precipitated by centrifugation at 100,000 X g for 1 h.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of CTP: cholinephosphate cytidylytransferase from rat liver cytosol. Two forms of CTP:cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase have been identified in the cytosol of rat liver. The L-form has a molecular weight of about 2.0 X 10(5) and low specific activity. The activity of the L-form is markedly stimulated by liposomes made from rat liver lipids. The L-form is the major species present in fresh cytosol. When the cytosol is incubated at 4 degrees for 5 days, the H-form (high molecular weight) of the enzyme is generated from the L-form. The H-form consists of multiple copies of the L-form and requires a lipid-containing fraction for optimal activity. The H-form has a wide range of molecular weights with a median value of 1.3 X 10(6). It was possible to dissociate partially the H-form of the enzyme into the L-form by incubation with 0.05% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The H-form of the enzyme could be generated by incubation of the L-form with liposomes. The L-form of the cytidylyltransferase was purified from rat liver cytosol. The enzyme gave a single band when stained for protein or assayed for activity after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both forms of the enzyme were active over a wide range of pH with an optimum at pH 7.0. The K'c (pH 6.4) was 0.80. The true Michaelis constants for the forward and reverse reactions of both forms of the enzyme are given. The H-form of the enzyme from the cytosol could be precipitated by centrifugation at 100,000 X g for 1 h."}
{"id": "PMID:914834", "title": "Native form of renin in the kidney.", "content": "Renin (EC 3.4.99.19) has been observed to exist in a high molecular weight (Mr greater than 50,000) and a low molecular weight from (Mr approximately 42,000) in various tissues. Little is known concerning the origin and function of the high molecular weight form of renin and its relationship to low molecular weight renin. We have found that the high molecular weight form of renin in the kidney was converted to the low molecular weight form during the extraction process. The conversion is apparenly catalyzed by an agent(s) which requires free sulfhydryl groups since blockers of sulfhydryl groups completely suppress the conversion. This conversion could not be prevented by various specific inhibitors of serine proteases nor by the metal chelator EDTA. By the use of Na-tetrathionate it was possible to preserve the renin activity of hog kidney exclusively in the high molecular weight form. Similarly, using N-ethylmaleimide it was shown that a similar high molecular weight form of renin is the exclusive form present in rat kidney. These results suggest that the high molecular weight form of renin is the native form stored in the kidney and that it is converted by an enzyme or agent requiring sulfhydryl groups to the circulating (low molecular weight) form when it is secreted into blood. Renin activity was increased to approximately 155% of the original level upon conversion.", "contents": "Native form of renin in the kidney. Renin (EC 3.4.99.19) has been observed to exist in a high molecular weight (Mr greater than 50,000) and a low molecular weight from (Mr approximately 42,000) in various tissues. Little is known concerning the origin and function of the high molecular weight form of renin and its relationship to low molecular weight renin. We have found that the high molecular weight form of renin in the kidney was converted to the low molecular weight form during the extraction process. The conversion is apparenly catalyzed by an agent(s) which requires free sulfhydryl groups since blockers of sulfhydryl groups completely suppress the conversion. This conversion could not be prevented by various specific inhibitors of serine proteases nor by the metal chelator EDTA. By the use of Na-tetrathionate it was possible to preserve the renin activity of hog kidney exclusively in the high molecular weight form. Similarly, using N-ethylmaleimide it was shown that a similar high molecular weight form of renin is the exclusive form present in rat kidney. These results suggest that the high molecular weight form of renin is the native form stored in the kidney and that it is converted by an enzyme or agent requiring sulfhydryl groups to the circulating (low molecular weight) form when it is secreted into blood. Renin activity was increased to approximately 155% of the original level upon conversion."}
{"id": "PMID:914835", "title": "Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of peptide-bound glutamate. The active species of \"CO2\" utilized by the membrane-bound preprothrombin carboxylase.", "content": "Vitamin K participates in the post-translational carboxylation of peptide-bound glutamate to form the gamma-carboxy-glutamate residues of prothrombin. The reaction requires reduced vitamin K, bicarbonate, oxygen, and a membrane-bound carboxylase. The active species of \"CO2,\" i.e. CO2 or HCO3-, utilized in this carboxylation was determined by the low temperature method of Filmer and Cooper ((1970) J. Theor. Biol. 29, 131-145), taking advantage of the fact that menaquinone-2, in contrast to phylloquinone, is very active at 10 degrees. Microsomes from livers of vitamin K-deficient rats, were incubated in the presence of cycloheximide, avidin, NADH, menaquinone-2, 1 mM acetazolamide (to inhibit carbonic anhydrase), and either 14CO2 or H14CO3-. At 1-min intervals aliquots were removed from the reaction mixture. gamma-Carboxyglutamate was isolated from these samples by ion exchange chromatography after alkaline hydrolysis. After 1 min the incorporation of 14CO2 into gamma-carboxyglutamate was 8 to 10 times as great as that found with H14CO3-. When the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor was omited (with or without addition of exogenous carbonic anhydrase) the two incorporation curves approximated each other at a rate near that exhibited by bicarbonate alone. Similar results were obtained in a microsomal carboxylase system solubilized with Triton X-100. It is concluded that CO2 is the active species of \"CO2\" initially participating in the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of preprothrombin and that neither ATP nor biotin is required for the reaction.", "contents": "Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of peptide-bound glutamate. The active species of \"CO2\" utilized by the membrane-bound preprothrombin carboxylase. Vitamin K participates in the post-translational carboxylation of peptide-bound glutamate to form the gamma-carboxy-glutamate residues of prothrombin. The reaction requires reduced vitamin K, bicarbonate, oxygen, and a membrane-bound carboxylase. The active species of \"CO2,\" i.e. CO2 or HCO3-, utilized in this carboxylation was determined by the low temperature method of Filmer and Cooper ((1970) J. Theor. Biol. 29, 131-145), taking advantage of the fact that menaquinone-2, in contrast to phylloquinone, is very active at 10 degrees. Microsomes from livers of vitamin K-deficient rats, were incubated in the presence of cycloheximide, avidin, NADH, menaquinone-2, 1 mM acetazolamide (to inhibit carbonic anhydrase), and either 14CO2 or H14CO3-. At 1-min intervals aliquots were removed from the reaction mixture. gamma-Carboxyglutamate was isolated from these samples by ion exchange chromatography after alkaline hydrolysis. After 1 min the incorporation of 14CO2 into gamma-carboxyglutamate was 8 to 10 times as great as that found with H14CO3-. When the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor was omited (with or without addition of exogenous carbonic anhydrase) the two incorporation curves approximated each other at a rate near that exhibited by bicarbonate alone. Similar results were obtained in a microsomal carboxylase system solubilized with Triton X-100. It is concluded that CO2 is the active species of \"CO2\" initially participating in the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of preprothrombin and that neither ATP nor biotin is required for the reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:914836", "title": "Sequence of the A-protein of coliphage MS2. I. Isolation of A-protein, determination of the NH2- and COOH-terminal sequences, isolation and amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptides.", "content": "The A-protein of coliphage MS2 was purified to a state of sufficient homogeneity to study its primary structure. The NH2-terminal sequence was determined for the first 8 residues. Comparison with the reported sequence of R17 protein (Weiner, A. M., Platt, T., and Weber, K. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 3242-3251) shows a difference at position 6 where alanine in R17 is replaced by threonine in MS2. The COOH-terminal sequence was shown to be -Arg-Leu-Ser-Arg, confirming the existence of UAG as the termination codon of the maturation protein (Comtreras, R., Ysebaert, M., Min Jou, W., and Fiers, W. (19731 Nature New Biol. 241, 99-101; Vandekerckhove, J., Nolf, F., and Van Montagu, M. C. (1973) Nature New Biol. 241, 102; Remaut E., and Fiers, W. (1972) J. Mol. Biol. 71, 243-261). Peptides obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis with trypsin were fractionated by a combination of gel filtration and paper electrophoresis and chromatography. Thirty-eight peptides were analyzed for amino acid composition and sequence. They provide information for 312 of the 393 residues of the A-protein polypeptide chain.", "contents": "Sequence of the A-protein of coliphage MS2. I. Isolation of A-protein, determination of the NH2- and COOH-terminal sequences, isolation and amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptides. The A-protein of coliphage MS2 was purified to a state of sufficient homogeneity to study its primary structure. The NH2-terminal sequence was determined for the first 8 residues. Comparison with the reported sequence of R17 protein (Weiner, A. M., Platt, T., and Weber, K. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 3242-3251) shows a difference at position 6 where alanine in R17 is replaced by threonine in MS2. The COOH-terminal sequence was shown to be -Arg-Leu-Ser-Arg, confirming the existence of UAG as the termination codon of the maturation protein (Comtreras, R., Ysebaert, M., Min Jou, W., and Fiers, W. (19731 Nature New Biol. 241, 99-101; Vandekerckhove, J., Nolf, F., and Van Montagu, M. C. (1973) Nature New Biol. 241, 102; Remaut E., and Fiers, W. (1972) J. Mol. Biol. 71, 243-261). Peptides obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis with trypsin were fractionated by a combination of gel filtration and paper electrophoresis and chromatography. Thirty-eight peptides were analyzed for amino acid composition and sequence. They provide information for 312 of the 393 residues of the A-protein polypeptide chain."}
{"id": "PMID:914837", "title": "Sequence of the A-protein of coliphage MS2. II. Isolation and sequence determination of chymotryptic peptides.", "content": "A total of 94 different peptides have been isolated from chymotryptic digests of underivatized (35 mg) and of reduced, carboxymethylated and citraconylated (48 mg) A-protein. Their amino acid sequences provide information for 375 residues of the total of 393 amino acids of the A-protein polypeptide chain. Abnormal specificity of chymotrypsin in the digestion of citraconylated A-protein was observed.", "contents": "Sequence of the A-protein of coliphage MS2. II. Isolation and sequence determination of chymotryptic peptides. A total of 94 different peptides have been isolated from chymotryptic digests of underivatized (35 mg) and of reduced, carboxymethylated and citraconylated (48 mg) A-protein. Their amino acid sequences provide information for 375 residues of the total of 393 amino acids of the A-protein polypeptide chain. Abnormal specificity of chymotrypsin in the digestion of citraconylated A-protein was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:914839", "title": "Rat liver glucose-6-p dehydrogenase. Dietary regulation of the rate of synthesis.", "content": "The rate of synthesis of rat liver glucose-6-P dehydrogenase was determined in hepatocytes isolated from rats in three different nutritional states. In induced rats (fasted 2 days and refed a high carbohydrate diet for 4 days) synthesis of the enzyme represents 0.12% of the total soluble protein synthesized. In rats fed a standard pellet chow diet synthesis of the enzyme is reduced to 0.0067% of the total soluble protein synthesized. In rats fasted for 2 days the rate of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase synthesis is too low to be detected by our methods. In addition, there is a 27-fold difference in the amount 125I-anti-glucose-6-P dehydrogenase serum bound under saturating conditions to polysomes isolated from induced and pellet-fed rats. Both of these methods indicate that there is a large increase in the rate of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase synthesis during the dietary induction of the enzyme. Methods are described for the purification of rat liver glucose-6-P dehydrogenase to homogeneity and the preparation of an antiserum specific for the enzyme. The time course for the increase in the rate of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase and 6-P-gluconate dehydrogenase synthesis in fasted-refed rats suggests that the half-life for the mRNAs coding for the synthesis of both enzymes is 3 to 6 h in the induced rat.", "contents": "Rat liver glucose-6-p dehydrogenase. Dietary regulation of the rate of synthesis. The rate of synthesis of rat liver glucose-6-P dehydrogenase was determined in hepatocytes isolated from rats in three different nutritional states. In induced rats (fasted 2 days and refed a high carbohydrate diet for 4 days) synthesis of the enzyme represents 0.12% of the total soluble protein synthesized. In rats fed a standard pellet chow diet synthesis of the enzyme is reduced to 0.0067% of the total soluble protein synthesized. In rats fasted for 2 days the rate of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase synthesis is too low to be detected by our methods. In addition, there is a 27-fold difference in the amount 125I-anti-glucose-6-P dehydrogenase serum bound under saturating conditions to polysomes isolated from induced and pellet-fed rats. Both of these methods indicate that there is a large increase in the rate of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase synthesis during the dietary induction of the enzyme. Methods are described for the purification of rat liver glucose-6-P dehydrogenase to homogeneity and the preparation of an antiserum specific for the enzyme. The time course for the increase in the rate of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase and 6-P-gluconate dehydrogenase synthesis in fasted-refed rats suggests that the half-life for the mRNAs coding for the synthesis of both enzymes is 3 to 6 h in the induced rat."}
{"id": "PMID:914840", "title": "New stereochemical analogies between iron-sulfur electron transport proteins.", "content": "Active sites of Chromatium high potential iron protein (HiPIP) and Pseudomonas Aerogenes ferredoxin can be brought into equivalent orientations by assuming that their Fe4S4Sgamma4 clusters have the effective symmetry of the non-axial molecular point group Cs. Previously undetected analogies between the two proteins emerge as a result of selecting a common orientation in this mammer. Polypeptide segments connecting Cys 46 to Cys 63 in HiPIP and Cys 18 to Cys 35 in ferredoxin are analogous in the sense that they are the same length, they connect equivalent cysteinyl sulfur atoms, and they have similar, twisted antiparalled beta conformations. Tyrosine residues 19 (HiPIP) and 2 (ferredoxin) are analogous in the sense that they interact closely with equivalent inorganic sulfur atoms. To a good approximation, interactions with the polypeptide backbone and with tyrosine side chains in the two proteins place their Fe4S4Sgamma4 moieties into diastereomeric environments, which would be expected to induce different physical and chemical behavior. Circular dichroism spectra of native and super reducible HiPIP (Cammack, R. (1973) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 54, 548-554) suggest that this relationship can help to explain the contrasting oxidoreduction properties of the two proteins.", "contents": "New stereochemical analogies between iron-sulfur electron transport proteins. Active sites of Chromatium high potential iron protein (HiPIP) and Pseudomonas Aerogenes ferredoxin can be brought into equivalent orientations by assuming that their Fe4S4Sgamma4 clusters have the effective symmetry of the non-axial molecular point group Cs. Previously undetected analogies between the two proteins emerge as a result of selecting a common orientation in this mammer. Polypeptide segments connecting Cys 46 to Cys 63 in HiPIP and Cys 18 to Cys 35 in ferredoxin are analogous in the sense that they are the same length, they connect equivalent cysteinyl sulfur atoms, and they have similar, twisted antiparalled beta conformations. Tyrosine residues 19 (HiPIP) and 2 (ferredoxin) are analogous in the sense that they interact closely with equivalent inorganic sulfur atoms. To a good approximation, interactions with the polypeptide backbone and with tyrosine side chains in the two proteins place their Fe4S4Sgamma4 moieties into diastereomeric environments, which would be expected to induce different physical and chemical behavior. Circular dichroism spectra of native and super reducible HiPIP (Cammack, R. (1973) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 54, 548-554) suggest that this relationship can help to explain the contrasting oxidoreduction properties of the two proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:914841", "title": "Biochemical and immunological properties of gag genecoded structural proteins of endogenous tyep C RNA tumor viruses of diverse mammalian species.", "content": "The major nonglycosylated structure proteins of mammalian type C RNA tumor viruses are synthesized in the form of a high molecular weight precursor coded for by a viral gene disignated \"gag\". Previous genetic analysis of a prototype virus isolated of mouse origin has led to a determination of the internal arragnement of the regions within the gag gene coding for individual structural proteins. In the present study, the biochemical properties of structural proteins of type C virus isolates of additional mammalian species were analyzed. The results obtained indicate that the biochemical properties of immunologically cross-reactive proteins have been highly conserved throughout the evolution of this group of viruses. Moreover, these findings provide a means of mapping the gag genes of a broad range of mammalian type C viruses. In view of the results obtained, a new nomenclature system for type C viral gag gene-coded translational products is proposed.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological properties of gag genecoded structural proteins of endogenous tyep C RNA tumor viruses of diverse mammalian species. The major nonglycosylated structure proteins of mammalian type C RNA tumor viruses are synthesized in the form of a high molecular weight precursor coded for by a viral gene disignated \"gag\". Previous genetic analysis of a prototype virus isolated of mouse origin has led to a determination of the internal arragnement of the regions within the gag gene coding for individual structural proteins. In the present study, the biochemical properties of structural proteins of type C virus isolates of additional mammalian species were analyzed. The results obtained indicate that the biochemical properties of immunologically cross-reactive proteins have been highly conserved throughout the evolution of this group of viruses. Moreover, these findings provide a means of mapping the gag genes of a broad range of mammalian type C viruses. In view of the results obtained, a new nomenclature system for type C viral gag gene-coded translational products is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:914842", "title": "Primary structure of a high potential iron sulfur protein from a moderately halophilic denitrifying coccus.", "content": "The occurrence of a specific high potential iron-sulfur protein in a halophilic, denitrifying coccus provisionally assigned to the genus Paracoccus has been confirmed through primary structure determination. This protein, known as \"HiPIP\", has been found previously only in photosynthetic bacteria. The sequence of this 71-residue protein is as similar to the HiPEPs from photosynthetic bacteria as they, in turn, are to one another (average number of identically matching residues is 38%). Paracoccus HiPIP is a highly acidic protein in accord with general observations on the proteins of halophilic bacteria. A possible explanation for its occurrence in Paracoccus is that gene transfer is involved.", "contents": "Primary structure of a high potential iron sulfur protein from a moderately halophilic denitrifying coccus. The occurrence of a specific high potential iron-sulfur protein in a halophilic, denitrifying coccus provisionally assigned to the genus Paracoccus has been confirmed through primary structure determination. This protein, known as \"HiPIP\", has been found previously only in photosynthetic bacteria. The sequence of this 71-residue protein is as similar to the HiPEPs from photosynthetic bacteria as they, in turn, are to one another (average number of identically matching residues is 38%). Paracoccus HiPIP is a highly acidic protein in accord with general observations on the proteins of halophilic bacteria. A possible explanation for its occurrence in Paracoccus is that gene transfer is involved."}
{"id": "PMID:914843", "title": "Initiator regions from the small size class of reovirus messenger RNA protected by rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes.", "content": "In order to investigate the general utility of the rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translating system for isolation of ribosome-protected initiator regions of eukaryotic mRNA, we have studied ribosome protection of 32P-labeled reovirus small mRNA species. Our studies show that rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes protect initiator regions in at least two of the four reovirus small mRNA molecules. RNA sequence analysis demonstrates that 40 S subunits protect additional sequences to the 5' side of the initiator AUG triplet.", "contents": "Initiator regions from the small size class of reovirus messenger RNA protected by rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes. In order to investigate the general utility of the rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translating system for isolation of ribosome-protected initiator regions of eukaryotic mRNA, we have studied ribosome protection of 32P-labeled reovirus small mRNA species. Our studies show that rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes protect initiator regions in at least two of the four reovirus small mRNA molecules. RNA sequence analysis demonstrates that 40 S subunits protect additional sequences to the 5' side of the initiator AUG triplet."}
{"id": "PMID:914844", "title": "In vitro replication of mitochondrial DNA. Elongation  of the endogenous primer sequence in D loop mitochondrial DNA by human DNA polymerase beta.", "content": "Whe incubated in the presence of Mn2+ as the divalent metal activator, highly purified human DNA polymerase beta performs a selective and limited replication of KB cell closed circular mtDNA. On the basis of biochemical and electron microscopic analyses of the reaction product, we demonstrate that the polymerase specifically recognizes and elongates the 9 S primer sequence in D loop mtDNA and then proceeds to copy the displaced strand. The point at which the enzyme switches template strands is most likely that at which all negative superhelical turns have been removed and an energetically unfavorable introduction of positive superhelical turns would be required for further synthesis on the initial parental template strand. The product of the reaction is an enlarged D loop that has been converted to a duplex structure. This is the first description of the capacity of a pure eukaryotic DNA polymerase to replicate a naturally occurring, specifically initiated duplex DNA molecule. Our results suggest that this system may be particularly useful in developing an in vitro duplex circular DNA replication system with purified eukaryotic components.", "contents": "In vitro replication of mitochondrial DNA. Elongation  of the endogenous primer sequence in D loop mitochondrial DNA by human DNA polymerase beta. Whe incubated in the presence of Mn2+ as the divalent metal activator, highly purified human DNA polymerase beta performs a selective and limited replication of KB cell closed circular mtDNA. On the basis of biochemical and electron microscopic analyses of the reaction product, we demonstrate that the polymerase specifically recognizes and elongates the 9 S primer sequence in D loop mtDNA and then proceeds to copy the displaced strand. The point at which the enzyme switches template strands is most likely that at which all negative superhelical turns have been removed and an energetically unfavorable introduction of positive superhelical turns would be required for further synthesis on the initial parental template strand. The product of the reaction is an enlarged D loop that has been converted to a duplex structure. This is the first description of the capacity of a pure eukaryotic DNA polymerase to replicate a naturally occurring, specifically initiated duplex DNA molecule. Our results suggest that this system may be particularly useful in developing an in vitro duplex circular DNA replication system with purified eukaryotic components."}
{"id": "PMID:914845", "title": "Localization of the enzyme system for glycosylation of proteins via the lipid-linked pathway in rough endoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "A crude preparation of microsomal membranes (postmitochondrial supernatant fraction) from the magnum portion of the hen oviduct was further subfractionated using a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Preparations of purified smooth surfaced membranes and rough endoplasmic reticulum, characterized by electron microscopy and nucleic acid content, were isolated. The enzymes involved in formation of mannose-containing glycoproteins via the lipid-linked pathway were shown to be localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, a galactosyltransferase that catalyzed transfer of galactose to asialo-agalacto-orosomucoid was localized in the smooth membrane fraction. There was no evidence for the involvement of lipid intermediates in the galactosyl transfer observed in this fraction.", "contents": "Localization of the enzyme system for glycosylation of proteins via the lipid-linked pathway in rough endoplasmic reticulum. A crude preparation of microsomal membranes (postmitochondrial supernatant fraction) from the magnum portion of the hen oviduct was further subfractionated using a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Preparations of purified smooth surfaced membranes and rough endoplasmic reticulum, characterized by electron microscopy and nucleic acid content, were isolated. The enzymes involved in formation of mannose-containing glycoproteins via the lipid-linked pathway were shown to be localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, a galactosyltransferase that catalyzed transfer of galactose to asialo-agalacto-orosomucoid was localized in the smooth membrane fraction. There was no evidence for the involvement of lipid intermediates in the galactosyl transfer observed in this fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:914846", "title": "Activation of hepatic adenylate cyclase by guanyl nucleotides. Modeling of the transient kinetics suggests an \"excited\" state of GTPase is a control component of the system.", "content": "A three-state model developed originally from analysis of the steady state kinetics of hepatic adenylate cyclase has been extended to account for the transient kinetics of activation by guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p). In contrast to activation by Gpp(NH)p, activation of the enzyme by GTP proceeds not only without a lag phase but is of considerably lower magnitude. These differences between Gpp(NH)p and GTP can be explained by the hypothesis that GTP is hydrolyzed at the nucleotide regulatory site(s) associated with adenylate cyclase and that GTPase activity is revealed uniquely when the enzyme system is in its state of highest adenylate cyclase activity. With this hypothesis, the characteristics of activation by GTP could be simulated. The implications of this model are discussed with respect to the actions of hormones and cholera toxin on adenylate cyclase activity.", "contents": "Activation of hepatic adenylate cyclase by guanyl nucleotides. Modeling of the transient kinetics suggests an \"excited\" state of GTPase is a control component of the system. A three-state model developed originally from analysis of the steady state kinetics of hepatic adenylate cyclase has been extended to account for the transient kinetics of activation by guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p). In contrast to activation by Gpp(NH)p, activation of the enzyme by GTP proceeds not only without a lag phase but is of considerably lower magnitude. These differences between Gpp(NH)p and GTP can be explained by the hypothesis that GTP is hydrolyzed at the nucleotide regulatory site(s) associated with adenylate cyclase and that GTPase activity is revealed uniquely when the enzyme system is in its state of highest adenylate cyclase activity. With this hypothesis, the characteristics of activation by GTP could be simulated. The implications of this model are discussed with respect to the actions of hormones and cholera toxin on adenylate cyclase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:914847", "title": "Kinetics of avian vitellogenin messenger RNA induction. Comparison between primary and secondary response to estrogen.", "content": "Following either primary or secondary stimulation of cockerels with 17beta-estradiol, vitellogenin mRNA begins to accumulate in the liver after about 30 min, reaches a maximum in 3 days, and decays thereafter with a half-life of 30 h. During primary induction, accumulation of vitellogenin mRNA begins at a low rate (50 nucleotides/s/nuclear equivalent of DNA) and after 4 h, shifts to a higher rate (340 nucleotides/s/nuclear equivalent of DNA). In contrast, during secondary induction (administration of estrogen several weeks after the primary response has ceased), accumulation of vitellogenin mRNA begins at the rate of 350 nucleotides/s/nuclear equivalent of DNA and subsequently increases by about 40%. These accumulation rates result in a maximal level of vitellogenin mRNA that is approximately 1.5 times higher during secondary stimulation than that found during primary stimulation. This difference is sufficient to explain the anamnestic response to secondary hormonal stimulation that results in higher levels of circulating vitellogenin in the plasma of the rooster.", "contents": "Kinetics of avian vitellogenin messenger RNA induction. Comparison between primary and secondary response to estrogen. Following either primary or secondary stimulation of cockerels with 17beta-estradiol, vitellogenin mRNA begins to accumulate in the liver after about 30 min, reaches a maximum in 3 days, and decays thereafter with a half-life of 30 h. During primary induction, accumulation of vitellogenin mRNA begins at a low rate (50 nucleotides/s/nuclear equivalent of DNA) and after 4 h, shifts to a higher rate (340 nucleotides/s/nuclear equivalent of DNA). In contrast, during secondary induction (administration of estrogen several weeks after the primary response has ceased), accumulation of vitellogenin mRNA begins at the rate of 350 nucleotides/s/nuclear equivalent of DNA and subsequently increases by about 40%. These accumulation rates result in a maximal level of vitellogenin mRNA that is approximately 1.5 times higher during secondary stimulation than that found during primary stimulation. This difference is sufficient to explain the anamnestic response to secondary hormonal stimulation that results in higher levels of circulating vitellogenin in the plasma of the rooster."}
{"id": "PMID:914848", "title": "Incorporation of a naturally occurring fluorescent fatty acid into lipids of cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "A fluorescent fatty acid, cis-parinaric acid (cis-PnA), has been biosynthetically incorporated by cultured mammalian cells. The fatty acid probe is predominantly incorporated into phospholipids, with a small amount of incorporation into the neutral lipid fraction. Both phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine are labeled with the fluorescent probe. The temperature dependence of the fluorescence intensity of cis-PnA, either biosynthetically incorporated or added as the free fatty acid, suggests thermally induced structural reorganizations in phospholipids isolated from cultured cells enriched in palmitic acid. Results are essentially identical with both forms of the probe.", "contents": "Incorporation of a naturally occurring fluorescent fatty acid into lipids of cultured mammalian cells. A fluorescent fatty acid, cis-parinaric acid (cis-PnA), has been biosynthetically incorporated by cultured mammalian cells. The fatty acid probe is predominantly incorporated into phospholipids, with a small amount of incorporation into the neutral lipid fraction. Both phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine are labeled with the fluorescent probe. The temperature dependence of the fluorescence intensity of cis-PnA, either biosynthetically incorporated or added as the free fatty acid, suggests thermally induced structural reorganizations in phospholipids isolated from cultured cells enriched in palmitic acid. Results are essentially identical with both forms of the probe."}
{"id": "PMID:914849", "title": "Kinetics of soluble and collagen-bound aspartate aminotransferase: diffusional effects with a two-substrate enzymatic reaction.", "content": "The kinetic properties of aspartate aminotransferase covalently bound to collagen are compared to those of the free enzyme. In the bound state, the enzyme exhibits a greater affinity for glutamate, but a lower affinity for oxalacetate. In order to assess precisely the contribution of diffusional limitations on the heterogeneous enzyme kinetics, a simple modeling of diffusional effects on a two-substrate enzymatic reaction is developed. According to this quantitative analysis, diffusional limitations for oxalacetate alone account for the increased and decreased enzyme affinities toward its two substrates. Consequently, coupling of the enzyme to collagen does not significantly affect its intrinsic kinetic properties.", "contents": "Kinetics of soluble and collagen-bound aspartate aminotransferase: diffusional effects with a two-substrate enzymatic reaction. The kinetic properties of aspartate aminotransferase covalently bound to collagen are compared to those of the free enzyme. In the bound state, the enzyme exhibits a greater affinity for glutamate, but a lower affinity for oxalacetate. In order to assess precisely the contribution of diffusional limitations on the heterogeneous enzyme kinetics, a simple modeling of diffusional effects on a two-substrate enzymatic reaction is developed. According to this quantitative analysis, diffusional limitations for oxalacetate alone account for the increased and decreased enzyme affinities toward its two substrates. Consequently, coupling of the enzyme to collagen does not significantly affect its intrinsic kinetic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:914850", "title": "Lipid and polypeptide components of the crystalline yolk system from Xenopus laevis.", "content": "The polypeptide and lipid components of the crystallinelipoprotein-phosphoprotein from the yolk system of Xenopus laevis are described. This lipoprotein complex contains 17% lipid of which 75% is phospholipid. The phospholipid fraction consists of mostly phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The neutral lipid fraction contains mainly triglyceride. The phosphoprotein, phosvitin, has been separated from the lipoprotein, lipovitellin, by classical methods. Three polypeptide chains can be observed in the lipoprotein and their molecular weights as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis are 105,500, 35,500, and 32,000. Phosvitin behaves abnormally on these gels, but analysis of the results suggests Mr = approximately 16,000 to 19,000/polypeptide chain. The lipovitellin component of the yolk complex contains approximately 100 bound lipid molecules/dimer. The stoichiometry of the components of this crystalline lipoprotein system is discussed in terms of the results obtained in this study and those of other workers.", "contents": "Lipid and polypeptide components of the crystalline yolk system from Xenopus laevis. The polypeptide and lipid components of the crystallinelipoprotein-phosphoprotein from the yolk system of Xenopus laevis are described. This lipoprotein complex contains 17% lipid of which 75% is phospholipid. The phospholipid fraction consists of mostly phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The neutral lipid fraction contains mainly triglyceride. The phosphoprotein, phosvitin, has been separated from the lipoprotein, lipovitellin, by classical methods. Three polypeptide chains can be observed in the lipoprotein and their molecular weights as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis are 105,500, 35,500, and 32,000. Phosvitin behaves abnormally on these gels, but analysis of the results suggests Mr = approximately 16,000 to 19,000/polypeptide chain. The lipovitellin component of the yolk complex contains approximately 100 bound lipid molecules/dimer. The stoichiometry of the components of this crystalline lipoprotein system is discussed in terms of the results obtained in this study and those of other workers."}
{"id": "PMID:914851", "title": "Quantitation of water-soluble acylcarnitines and carnitine acyltransferases in rat tissues.", "content": "The water-soluble acylcarnitines isolated from rat heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and testis have been characterized. The following acyl residues derived from the acylcarnitine fraction were found: acetyl, propionyl, isobutyryl, butyryl, alpha-methylbutyryl, isovaleryl, tiglyl, caproyl, beta-methylcrotonyl and methacrylyl. The amounts of these acylcarnitines in heart, liver, testis and skeletal muscle from fed rats were determined. Acetylcarnitine was the most abundant acylcarnitine; however, appreciable quantities of propionyl-, isobutyryl-, isovaleryl-, and tiglyl-carnitine were found. The levels of carnitine octanyltransferse, carnitine acetyltransferase and carnitine palmityltransferase activities were determined in several tissues. In addition, carnitine isovaleryltransferase and isobutyryltransferase activities were measured in heart, skeletal muscle, liver, testis and kidney. In all instances the specific activity of isobutyryltransferase was similar to the specific activity of acetyltransferase. The results are consistent with the proposal that carnitine is involved in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids.", "contents": "Quantitation of water-soluble acylcarnitines and carnitine acyltransferases in rat tissues. The water-soluble acylcarnitines isolated from rat heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and testis have been characterized. The following acyl residues derived from the acylcarnitine fraction were found: acetyl, propionyl, isobutyryl, butyryl, alpha-methylbutyryl, isovaleryl, tiglyl, caproyl, beta-methylcrotonyl and methacrylyl. The amounts of these acylcarnitines in heart, liver, testis and skeletal muscle from fed rats were determined. Acetylcarnitine was the most abundant acylcarnitine; however, appreciable quantities of propionyl-, isobutyryl-, isovaleryl-, and tiglyl-carnitine were found. The levels of carnitine octanyltransferse, carnitine acetyltransferase and carnitine palmityltransferase activities were determined in several tissues. In addition, carnitine isovaleryltransferase and isobutyryltransferase activities were measured in heart, skeletal muscle, liver, testis and kidney. In all instances the specific activity of isobutyryltransferase was similar to the specific activity of acetyltransferase. The results are consistent with the proposal that carnitine is involved in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:914854", "title": "Photodissociation of ligands from heme and heme proteins. Effect of temperature and organic phosphate.", "content": "The effect of temperature on ligand photodissociation from protoheme and the heme proteins hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) has been examined. The quantum yield of photodissociation (phi) is greater at 40 degrees than at 0 degrees; in general, larger increases are seen in the less photosensitive complexes, while phi does not change in the most photosensitive complexes. The ratio of phi at 40 degrees to phi at 0 degrees is 1.8 for HbCO, 2.3 for n-butyl isocyanide Hb, 2.7 for HbO2, and 1.3 for HbNO, with initial phi values of 0.38, 0.26, 0.028, and 0.003, respectively. This pattern of quantum yield increases is seen in protoheme as well as Hb and Mb ligand photolysis. The allosteric effector inositol hexaphosphate increases the quantum yield of lignad photolysis from hemoglobin. As with temperature, inositol hexaphosphate addition has a larger effect on complexes of low quantum yield; phi increases 1.2-fold for HbCO and 2.2-fold for HbO2 at 0 degrees. The results are discussed in terms of a model containing a photoexcited intermediate (Phillipson, P.E., Ackerson, B.J., and Wyman, J. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 1550-1553).", "contents": "Photodissociation of ligands from heme and heme proteins. Effect of temperature and organic phosphate. The effect of temperature on ligand photodissociation from protoheme and the heme proteins hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) has been examined. The quantum yield of photodissociation (phi) is greater at 40 degrees than at 0 degrees; in general, larger increases are seen in the less photosensitive complexes, while phi does not change in the most photosensitive complexes. The ratio of phi at 40 degrees to phi at 0 degrees is 1.8 for HbCO, 2.3 for n-butyl isocyanide Hb, 2.7 for HbO2, and 1.3 for HbNO, with initial phi values of 0.38, 0.26, 0.028, and 0.003, respectively. This pattern of quantum yield increases is seen in protoheme as well as Hb and Mb ligand photolysis. The allosteric effector inositol hexaphosphate increases the quantum yield of lignad photolysis from hemoglobin. As with temperature, inositol hexaphosphate addition has a larger effect on complexes of low quantum yield; phi increases 1.2-fold for HbCO and 2.2-fold for HbO2 at 0 degrees. The results are discussed in terms of a model containing a photoexcited intermediate (Phillipson, P.E., Ackerson, B.J., and Wyman, J. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 1550-1553)."}
{"id": "PMID:914856", "title": "Immunological and chemical characterization of bovine preproinsulin.", "content": "Fetal bovine pancreatic poly(A)-containing RNA directs the synthesis of an insulin immunoreactive polypeptide that is larger than proinsulin, preproinsulin, in the wheat germ cell-free translation system. We have characterized this peptide in detail both immunologically and chemically and have shown that it is 2500 daltons larger than bovine proinsulin (8700 daltons), possesses both insulin and bovine C-peptide-specific antigenic determinants, and contains all the tryptic peptides found in bovine proinsulin. Preproinsulin synthesized in the wheat germ cell-free system was precipitated with approximately 4-fold greater efficiency by bovine proinsulin antiserum than by insulin antiserum. Additional evidence was obtained which indicated that the preprotein folds and undergoes correct sulfhydryl oxidation less efficiently than proinsulin, perhaps due to the presence of the hydrophobic NH2-terminal extension. Automated sequential Edman degradation of bovine preproinsulin revealed the presence of an additional NH2-terminal sequence of 23 residues, preceding the B chain segment of proinsulin. The positions of 6 of the 7 leucine residues found in the bovine preproinsulin extension were identical to those reported previously for the rat preproinsulins. This close sequence similarity between the extensions of the bovine and rat preproinsulins supports the hypothesis that these molecules fulfill similar biosynthetic functions in vivo.", "contents": "Immunological and chemical characterization of bovine preproinsulin. Fetal bovine pancreatic poly(A)-containing RNA directs the synthesis of an insulin immunoreactive polypeptide that is larger than proinsulin, preproinsulin, in the wheat germ cell-free translation system. We have characterized this peptide in detail both immunologically and chemically and have shown that it is 2500 daltons larger than bovine proinsulin (8700 daltons), possesses both insulin and bovine C-peptide-specific antigenic determinants, and contains all the tryptic peptides found in bovine proinsulin. Preproinsulin synthesized in the wheat germ cell-free system was precipitated with approximately 4-fold greater efficiency by bovine proinsulin antiserum than by insulin antiserum. Additional evidence was obtained which indicated that the preprotein folds and undergoes correct sulfhydryl oxidation less efficiently than proinsulin, perhaps due to the presence of the hydrophobic NH2-terminal extension. Automated sequential Edman degradation of bovine preproinsulin revealed the presence of an additional NH2-terminal sequence of 23 residues, preceding the B chain segment of proinsulin. The positions of 6 of the 7 leucine residues found in the bovine preproinsulin extension were identical to those reported previously for the rat preproinsulins. This close sequence similarity between the extensions of the bovine and rat preproinsulins supports the hypothesis that these molecules fulfill similar biosynthetic functions in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:914857", "title": "Glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas. Purification, properties, and relation to L-lysine catabolism.", "content": "The lysine-induced glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from a mutant strain lacking delta-aminovalerate transaminase. The properties of the enzyme, including molecular weight, amino acid composition, electrophoretic behavior, and kinetic features, distinguish it from similar dehydrogenases induced in the same cell strain by hydroxyproline or by glucarate. Enzyme induction patterns and the growth behavior of a mutant deficient in glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase clearly relate this enzyme to the so-called delta-aminovalerate pathway of L-lysine catabolism. Induction studies also indicate that delta-aminovalerate is a better inducer of the dehydrogenase than L-lysine. Cells of a mutant strain lacking delta-aminovalerate transaminase contained higher levels of the dehydrogenase, presumably as a result of the accumulation of delta-aminovalerate, making this mutant a useful preparative source of the enzyme. The marked reduction of lysine-inducible glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase in a mutant strain permitted assessment of the basal levels of hydroxyproline/glucarate-inducible ketoglutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenases not possible in wild type cells.", "contents": "Glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas. Purification, properties, and relation to L-lysine catabolism. The lysine-induced glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from a mutant strain lacking delta-aminovalerate transaminase. The properties of the enzyme, including molecular weight, amino acid composition, electrophoretic behavior, and kinetic features, distinguish it from similar dehydrogenases induced in the same cell strain by hydroxyproline or by glucarate. Enzyme induction patterns and the growth behavior of a mutant deficient in glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase clearly relate this enzyme to the so-called delta-aminovalerate pathway of L-lysine catabolism. Induction studies also indicate that delta-aminovalerate is a better inducer of the dehydrogenase than L-lysine. Cells of a mutant strain lacking delta-aminovalerate transaminase contained higher levels of the dehydrogenase, presumably as a result of the accumulation of delta-aminovalerate, making this mutant a useful preparative source of the enzyme. The marked reduction of lysine-inducible glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase in a mutant strain permitted assessment of the basal levels of hydroxyproline/glucarate-inducible ketoglutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenases not possible in wild type cells."}
{"id": "PMID:914859", "title": "Effect of solutes on the cold-induced insolubility of monoclonal cryoimmunoglobulins.", "content": "The effects of a variety of compounds upon the cold-induced insolubility of the IgM-K cryoglobulin McE have been examined. Cryoprecipitation was found to be inhibited by certain neutral salts, ureas, amides, tetraalkylammonium salts, long chain sodium alkyl sulfates, sugars, and a number of other agents. Cryoprecipitation was enhanced by increasing the hydrophobicity of alcohols, ureas, amides, and tetraalkylammonium salts, as well as by low concentrations of many solutes. With the exception of the alkyl sulfates, inhibition was not accompanied by detectable changes in conformation of the cryoimmunoglobulin. These inhibitions and enhancements were also associated with changes in the temperature at which cryoprecipitation was initiated as well as the temperature at which a low temperature-induced conformation change occurs in the McE protein. The effects of solutes on McE are compared to results obtained with five other (two IgG, three IgM) cryoimmunoglobulins, and it is hypothesized that electrostatic and dispersion forces are primarily responsible for the cold insolubility of monoclonal cryoimmunoglobulins.", "contents": "Effect of solutes on the cold-induced insolubility of monoclonal cryoimmunoglobulins. The effects of a variety of compounds upon the cold-induced insolubility of the IgM-K cryoglobulin McE have been examined. Cryoprecipitation was found to be inhibited by certain neutral salts, ureas, amides, tetraalkylammonium salts, long chain sodium alkyl sulfates, sugars, and a number of other agents. Cryoprecipitation was enhanced by increasing the hydrophobicity of alcohols, ureas, amides, and tetraalkylammonium salts, as well as by low concentrations of many solutes. With the exception of the alkyl sulfates, inhibition was not accompanied by detectable changes in conformation of the cryoimmunoglobulin. These inhibitions and enhancements were also associated with changes in the temperature at which cryoprecipitation was initiated as well as the temperature at which a low temperature-induced conformation change occurs in the McE protein. The effects of solutes on McE are compared to results obtained with five other (two IgG, three IgM) cryoimmunoglobulins, and it is hypothesized that electrostatic and dispersion forces are primarily responsible for the cold insolubility of monoclonal cryoimmunoglobulins."}
{"id": "PMID:914860", "title": "Separation and allosteric properties of two forms of UDP-glucuronate carboxy-lyase.", "content": "DEAE-cellulose chromatography of partially purified preparations of UDP-glucuronate carboxy-lyase from wheat germ results in the separation of two forms of the enzyme. Both are fully active in the absence of added DPN, have indistinguishable molecular weights (210,000), but differ in charge and kinetic properties. Both are cooperatively activated by UDP-glucuronate, however Enzyme 1 is activated at lower concentrations than Enzyme 2. At low substrate concentrations (less than or equal to 5 micron), both enzymes are activated by UDP-glucose, 2 mM concentrations of activator increasing the activity of Enzyme 1 2-fold and of Enzyme 2 2.5-fold. UDP-xylose allosterically inhibits both enzymes. At substrate concentrations equal to the apparent Km values, inhibition of Enzyme 1 is much greater than that of Enzyme 2 (83 and 28% at 0.33 mM inhibitor concentration). The data suggest that synthesis of UDP-xylose is controlled both by substrate activation and product inhibition of UDP-glucuronate carboxy-lyase. The existence of a \"more active\" and a \"less active\" species of the enzyme suggests the possibility of two interconvertible forms of the same protein and the involvement of such interconversion in further regulation of UDP-xylose biosynthesis. However it is equally possible that both represent true isoenzymes.", "contents": "Separation and allosteric properties of two forms of UDP-glucuronate carboxy-lyase. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of partially purified preparations of UDP-glucuronate carboxy-lyase from wheat germ results in the separation of two forms of the enzyme. Both are fully active in the absence of added DPN, have indistinguishable molecular weights (210,000), but differ in charge and kinetic properties. Both are cooperatively activated by UDP-glucuronate, however Enzyme 1 is activated at lower concentrations than Enzyme 2. At low substrate concentrations (less than or equal to 5 micron), both enzymes are activated by UDP-glucose, 2 mM concentrations of activator increasing the activity of Enzyme 1 2-fold and of Enzyme 2 2.5-fold. UDP-xylose allosterically inhibits both enzymes. At substrate concentrations equal to the apparent Km values, inhibition of Enzyme 1 is much greater than that of Enzyme 2 (83 and 28% at 0.33 mM inhibitor concentration). The data suggest that synthesis of UDP-xylose is controlled both by substrate activation and product inhibition of UDP-glucuronate carboxy-lyase. The existence of a \"more active\" and a \"less active\" species of the enzyme suggests the possibility of two interconvertible forms of the same protein and the involvement of such interconversion in further regulation of UDP-xylose biosynthesis. However it is equally possible that both represent true isoenzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:914862", "title": "Structural study of circulating thymic factor: a peptide isolated from pig serum. II. Amino acid sequence.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of a circulating thymic factor (FTS, facteur thymique s\u00e9rique) isolated from pig serum has been established as less than Glu-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn-OH. This sequence was obtained by Edman analysis both on the intact peptide and after tryptic digestion. The COOH-terminal residue was identified by carboxypeptidase A digestion. A synthetic peptide was prepared which showed the same biological activities as native pig circulating thymic factor, thus confirming the proposed primary structure.", "contents": "Structural study of circulating thymic factor: a peptide isolated from pig serum. II. Amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequence of a circulating thymic factor (FTS, facteur thymique s\u00e9rique) isolated from pig serum has been established as less than Glu-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn-OH. This sequence was obtained by Edman analysis both on the intact peptide and after tryptic digestion. The COOH-terminal residue was identified by carboxypeptidase A digestion. A synthetic peptide was prepared which showed the same biological activities as native pig circulating thymic factor, thus confirming the proposed primary structure."}
{"id": "PMID:914863", "title": "Reiteration frequency of the protamine genes in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii).", "content": "Protamine mRNA was isolated in a very pure form from trout testis and used as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA of high specific activity. The cDNA represented a full copy of the mRNA template and was used in hybridization reactions with purified trout DNA to determine the number of genes for protamines in trout testis. Our results indicate that there are less than four genes for each protamine polypeptide per the content of DNA in the male gamete and that the control of protamine synthesis in trout testis cells does not involve specific amplification of the protamine genes.", "contents": "Reiteration frequency of the protamine genes in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). Protamine mRNA was isolated in a very pure form from trout testis and used as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA of high specific activity. The cDNA represented a full copy of the mRNA template and was used in hybridization reactions with purified trout DNA to determine the number of genes for protamines in trout testis. Our results indicate that there are less than four genes for each protamine polypeptide per the content of DNA in the male gamete and that the control of protamine synthesis in trout testis cells does not involve specific amplification of the protamine genes."}
{"id": "PMID:914865", "title": "Isolation and characterization of trypsin inhibitor from opaque-2 corn seeds.", "content": "Trypsin inhibitor was isolated from seeds of opaque-2 corn by affinity chromatography on a trypsin/Sepharose column. The two major forms of inhibitor eluted from the affinity column were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography in the presence of urea. One form of inhibitor is a single-chain protein that has a molecular weight of approximately 12,500; the second inhibitor has two polypeptide chains and appears to have been produced from the single-chain inhibitor by exposure to trypsin in the affinity chromatography step. The relationship of the inhibitor isolated from opaque-2 corn to an inhibitor previously isolated from an unspecified strain of maize by Hochstrasser et al. (Hochstrasser, K., Muss, M., and Werle, E. (1967) Z. Physiol. Chem. 348, 1337-1340) is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of trypsin inhibitor from opaque-2 corn seeds. Trypsin inhibitor was isolated from seeds of opaque-2 corn by affinity chromatography on a trypsin/Sepharose column. The two major forms of inhibitor eluted from the affinity column were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography in the presence of urea. One form of inhibitor is a single-chain protein that has a molecular weight of approximately 12,500; the second inhibitor has two polypeptide chains and appears to have been produced from the single-chain inhibitor by exposure to trypsin in the affinity chromatography step. The relationship of the inhibitor isolated from opaque-2 corn to an inhibitor previously isolated from an unspecified strain of maize by Hochstrasser et al. (Hochstrasser, K., Muss, M., and Werle, E. (1967) Z. Physiol. Chem. 348, 1337-1340) is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914867", "title": "Mouse liver metallothioneins. Complete amino acid sequence of metallothionein-I.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of thionein-I, a major mouse liver thionein, is presented. Thionein-I is a single chain polypeptide which consists of 61 amino acid residues and has the amino acid composition Cys20, Asp3, Asn1, Thr5, Ser9, Gln1, Pro2, Gly5, Ala5, Val2, Met1, Lys7, with N-acetylmethionine and alanine as NH2- and COOH-terminal amino acids, respectively. Automated sequence analysis of a major cyanogen bromide peptide consisting of 60 amino acid residues, as well as characterization of the peptides obtained from trypsin and papain digestion, led to the elucidation of the complete primary structure of this protein. Remarkable structural homology is observed between the mouse thionein-I and the equine renal thionein-1B (Kojima, Y., Berger, C., Vallee, B.L., and K\u00e4gi, J.H.R. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 3413-3417).", "contents": "Mouse liver metallothioneins. Complete amino acid sequence of metallothionein-I. The amino acid sequence of thionein-I, a major mouse liver thionein, is presented. Thionein-I is a single chain polypeptide which consists of 61 amino acid residues and has the amino acid composition Cys20, Asp3, Asn1, Thr5, Ser9, Gln1, Pro2, Gly5, Ala5, Val2, Met1, Lys7, with N-acetylmethionine and alanine as NH2- and COOH-terminal amino acids, respectively. Automated sequence analysis of a major cyanogen bromide peptide consisting of 60 amino acid residues, as well as characterization of the peptides obtained from trypsin and papain digestion, led to the elucidation of the complete primary structure of this protein. Remarkable structural homology is observed between the mouse thionein-I and the equine renal thionein-1B (Kojima, Y., Berger, C., Vallee, B.L., and K\u00e4gi, J.H.R. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 3413-3417)."}
{"id": "PMID:914869", "title": "U-G-A suppressor of bacteriophage T4 associated with arginine transfer RNA.", "content": "A U-G-A suppressor of bacteriophage T4, designated psu4+op, has been isolated and characterized. The transfer RNA species previously shown to have an anticodon sequence complementary to arginine codons is affected by the psu4+op mutation. Wild type and psu4+op arginine tRNAs have the same sequence except for their anticodons, where U-C-U in the wild type species is mutated to U-C-A in the psu4+op species. This mutation is believed to confer U-G-A suppressor activity on the psu4+op arginine tRNA.", "contents": "U-G-A suppressor of bacteriophage T4 associated with arginine transfer RNA. A U-G-A suppressor of bacteriophage T4, designated psu4+op, has been isolated and characterized. The transfer RNA species previously shown to have an anticodon sequence complementary to arginine codons is affected by the psu4+op mutation. Wild type and psu4+op arginine tRNAs have the same sequence except for their anticodons, where U-C-U in the wild type species is mutated to U-C-A in the psu4+op species. This mutation is believed to confer U-G-A suppressor activity on the psu4+op arginine tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:914870", "title": "Heterogeneity in nucleosome spacing.", "content": "The organization of spacer DNA connecting 160 base-pair cores of bovine thymus polynucleosomes has been studied by a combination of biochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The results reveal that a major fraction of chromatin consists of a spectrum of repeating units; these differ from each other by up to 20 base-pairs due to variation in spacer DNA length. Those polynucleosomes which have larger spacer DNA lengths are processed by micrococcal nuclease to mononucleosomes more rapidly than those organized with shorter spacers. Although a distribution of spacer DNA lengths exists, a significant proportion of spacers that are nearest neighbors share common DNA lengths. These findings imply that functional roles may be related to the manners in which spacers are organized along chromatin fibers.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in nucleosome spacing. The organization of spacer DNA connecting 160 base-pair cores of bovine thymus polynucleosomes has been studied by a combination of biochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The results reveal that a major fraction of chromatin consists of a spectrum of repeating units; these differ from each other by up to 20 base-pairs due to variation in spacer DNA length. Those polynucleosomes which have larger spacer DNA lengths are processed by micrococcal nuclease to mononucleosomes more rapidly than those organized with shorter spacers. Although a distribution of spacer DNA lengths exists, a significant proportion of spacers that are nearest neighbors share common DNA lengths. These findings imply that functional roles may be related to the manners in which spacers are organized along chromatin fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:914874", "title": "In vitro translation of avian vitellogenin messenger RNA.", "content": "Administration of 17beta-estradiol to roosters induced the synthesis of vitellogenin in the liver. The mRNA that specifies this protein has been purified from the livers of estrogen-treated roosters and has been shown to have a molecular weight of 2.3 X 10(6) (Deeley, R.G., Gordon, J.I., Burns, A.T.H., Mullinix, K.P., Bina-Stein, M., and Goldberger R.F. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 8310-8319). In order to rigorously establish the identity of the polypeptide specified by this mRNA, we used a staphylococcal nuclease-treated, mRNA-dependent wheat germ cell-free translation system capable of synthesizing polypeptides as large as vitellogenin (monomer Mr = 240,000). Vitellogenin mRNA directs the in vitro synthesis of a polypeptide with the following features: (a) it co-migrates with authentic vitellogenin in SDS-polyacrylamide gels; (b) it is highly enriched for serine but is not phosphorylated; (c) it is immunoprecipitated by purified, monospecific, anti-vitellogenin antibody; and (d) it has an unusual cyanogen bromide cleavage pattern characteristic of vitellogenin. The most striking characteristic of the cyanogen bromide cleavage products is an extremely large polypeptide (Mr = 90,000) that contains two phosvitins. The kinetics of incorporation of serine and methionine into vitellogenin synthesized in the wheat germ cell-free translation system indicates that the phosvitins are located near the COOH-terminal portion of the molecule.", "contents": "In vitro translation of avian vitellogenin messenger RNA. Administration of 17beta-estradiol to roosters induced the synthesis of vitellogenin in the liver. The mRNA that specifies this protein has been purified from the livers of estrogen-treated roosters and has been shown to have a molecular weight of 2.3 X 10(6) (Deeley, R.G., Gordon, J.I., Burns, A.T.H., Mullinix, K.P., Bina-Stein, M., and Goldberger R.F. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 8310-8319). In order to rigorously establish the identity of the polypeptide specified by this mRNA, we used a staphylococcal nuclease-treated, mRNA-dependent wheat germ cell-free translation system capable of synthesizing polypeptides as large as vitellogenin (monomer Mr = 240,000). Vitellogenin mRNA directs the in vitro synthesis of a polypeptide with the following features: (a) it co-migrates with authentic vitellogenin in SDS-polyacrylamide gels; (b) it is highly enriched for serine but is not phosphorylated; (c) it is immunoprecipitated by purified, monospecific, anti-vitellogenin antibody; and (d) it has an unusual cyanogen bromide cleavage pattern characteristic of vitellogenin. The most striking characteristic of the cyanogen bromide cleavage products is an extremely large polypeptide (Mr = 90,000) that contains two phosvitins. The kinetics of incorporation of serine and methionine into vitellogenin synthesized in the wheat germ cell-free translation system indicates that the phosvitins are located near the COOH-terminal portion of the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:914892", "title": "The identification of two intra-axonally transported polypeptides resembling myosin in some respects in the rabbit visual system.", "content": "Two polypeptides (M1 and M2) which co-sediment with F-actin in an ATP-reversible way have been detected in extracts of tissue from the rabbit visual system. Both polypeptides resemble skeletal muscle myosin in their ATP-sensitive co-sedimentation with actin, while they resemble the heavy chain of myosin and the lighter polypeptide of erythrocyte spectrin in their electrophoretic mobilities. (The estimated molecular weights are: MI congruent to 195,000; myosin congruent 200,000; M2 and spectrin congruent to 220,000). M1 and M2 were labeled in the cell bodies of the retinal ganglion cells with a radioactive amino acid and subsequently recovered in tissues (optic nerve, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, and superior colliculus) containing segments of the retinal ganglion cell axons. The temporal sequence of labeling M1 and M2 in these tissues indicated that both polypeptides were synthesized in the cell bodies of retinal ganglion cells and subsequently transported down their axons at different maximum velocities. The estimated velocities were: M1, 4-8 mm per day; and M2, 2-4 mm per day.", "contents": "The identification of two intra-axonally transported polypeptides resembling myosin in some respects in the rabbit visual system. Two polypeptides (M1 and M2) which co-sediment with F-actin in an ATP-reversible way have been detected in extracts of tissue from the rabbit visual system. Both polypeptides resemble skeletal muscle myosin in their ATP-sensitive co-sedimentation with actin, while they resemble the heavy chain of myosin and the lighter polypeptide of erythrocyte spectrin in their electrophoretic mobilities. (The estimated molecular weights are: MI congruent to 195,000; myosin congruent 200,000; M2 and spectrin congruent to 220,000). M1 and M2 were labeled in the cell bodies of the retinal ganglion cells with a radioactive amino acid and subsequently recovered in tissues (optic nerve, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, and superior colliculus) containing segments of the retinal ganglion cell axons. The temporal sequence of labeling M1 and M2 in these tissues indicated that both polypeptides were synthesized in the cell bodies of retinal ganglion cells and subsequently transported down their axons at different maximum velocities. The estimated velocities were: M1, 4-8 mm per day; and M2, 2-4 mm per day."}
{"id": "PMID:914893", "title": "Osteoclast cell-surface changes during the egg-laying cycle in Japanese quail.", "content": "The medullary bone serves as a source of labile calcium mobilized during calcification of the egg shell in birds. Quantitative histological methods demonstrate that the numbers of medullary bone osteoclasts and nuclei per osteoclast remain unchanged during the egg cycle in the Japanese quail (Coturnix). Therefore, cyclic changes in bone resorption cannot be explained by modulations of osteoclasts from and into other bone cells, a mechanism previously suggested for certain species of birds. Rather, dramatic changes in osteoclast cell-surface features occur during the egg cycle, which might account for cyclic variations in resorptive activity. During egg shell calcification, osteoclasts with ruffled borders are closely apposed to bone surfaces; the cytoplasm is rich in vacuoles that contain mineral crystals and seem to derive from the ruffled border. At the completion of egg shell calcification, the ruffled borders and vacuoles move away from the bone surface, although the osteoclast remains attached to the bone along the filamentous or \"clear\" zone. Associated with the disappearance of the ruffled borders is the appearance of extensive interdigitated cell processes along the peripheral surface of the osteoclast away from the bone. These unusual structures, which may serve as a reservoir of membrane, largely disappear when ruffled borders and associated structures reappear. Therefore, in these hens, the osteoclasts modulate their cell surface rather than their population during the egg cycle.", "contents": "Osteoclast cell-surface changes during the egg-laying cycle in Japanese quail. The medullary bone serves as a source of labile calcium mobilized during calcification of the egg shell in birds. Quantitative histological methods demonstrate that the numbers of medullary bone osteoclasts and nuclei per osteoclast remain unchanged during the egg cycle in the Japanese quail (Coturnix). Therefore, cyclic changes in bone resorption cannot be explained by modulations of osteoclasts from and into other bone cells, a mechanism previously suggested for certain species of birds. Rather, dramatic changes in osteoclast cell-surface features occur during the egg cycle, which might account for cyclic variations in resorptive activity. During egg shell calcification, osteoclasts with ruffled borders are closely apposed to bone surfaces; the cytoplasm is rich in vacuoles that contain mineral crystals and seem to derive from the ruffled border. At the completion of egg shell calcification, the ruffled borders and vacuoles move away from the bone surface, although the osteoclast remains attached to the bone along the filamentous or \"clear\" zone. Associated with the disappearance of the ruffled borders is the appearance of extensive interdigitated cell processes along the peripheral surface of the osteoclast away from the bone. These unusual structures, which may serve as a reservoir of membrane, largely disappear when ruffled borders and associated structures reappear. Therefore, in these hens, the osteoclasts modulate their cell surface rather than their population during the egg cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:914894", "title": "Studies of the secretory process in the mammalian exocrine pancreas. I. The condensing vacuoles.", "content": "Phosphatase cytochemistry was used to distinguish between the Golgi apparatus and GERL (considered as a specialized region of endoplasmic reticulum [ER] at the inner [trans] aspect of the Golgi stack) in pancreatic exocrine cells of guinea pig, rat, rabbit, and hamster. The trans element of the Golgi stack exhibits thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) but no acid phosphatase (AcPase) activity. In contrast, GERL shows AcPase but no TPPase activity. The nascent secretory granules, or condensing vacuoles, are expanded cisternal portions of GERL. Continuities of condensing vacuoles with rough ER are suggested, and it is proposed that some secretory components may have direct access to the condensing vacuoles from ER. Connections of Golgi apparatus with GERL were not seen.", "contents": "Studies of the secretory process in the mammalian exocrine pancreas. I. The condensing vacuoles. Phosphatase cytochemistry was used to distinguish between the Golgi apparatus and GERL (considered as a specialized region of endoplasmic reticulum [ER] at the inner [trans] aspect of the Golgi stack) in pancreatic exocrine cells of guinea pig, rat, rabbit, and hamster. The trans element of the Golgi stack exhibits thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) but no acid phosphatase (AcPase) activity. In contrast, GERL shows AcPase but no TPPase activity. The nascent secretory granules, or condensing vacuoles, are expanded cisternal portions of GERL. Continuities of condensing vacuoles with rough ER are suggested, and it is proposed that some secretory components may have direct access to the condensing vacuoles from ER. Connections of Golgi apparatus with GERL were not seen."}
{"id": "PMID:914895", "title": "Localization of acetylcholine receptors in central synapses.", "content": "The localization of cholinergic receptors in brain synaptosomes and in synapses of the midbrain reticular formation and hypothalamic preoptic nucleus has been demonstrated by means of a horseradish peroxidase-alpha-bungarotoxin (HRP-alpha-Btx) conjugate. Only a small proportion of the total number of synapses was reactive. Axon terminals of reactive synapses contained primarily small clear vesicles, while synapses characterized by large numbers of dense core vesicles were unreactive. Toxin-binding sites were found to occur in a thickened zone of the postsynaptic surface. This procedure can be employed to study the regional distribution and localization of nicotinic receptor sites in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Localization of acetylcholine receptors in central synapses. The localization of cholinergic receptors in brain synaptosomes and in synapses of the midbrain reticular formation and hypothalamic preoptic nucleus has been demonstrated by means of a horseradish peroxidase-alpha-bungarotoxin (HRP-alpha-Btx) conjugate. Only a small proportion of the total number of synapses was reactive. Axon terminals of reactive synapses contained primarily small clear vesicles, while synapses characterized by large numbers of dense core vesicles were unreactive. Toxin-binding sites were found to occur in a thickened zone of the postsynaptic surface. This procedure can be employed to study the regional distribution and localization of nicotinic receptor sites in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:914896", "title": "Isolation of pure cholinergic nerve endings from Torpedo electric organ. Evaluation of their metabolic properties.", "content": "Pure cholinergic nerve endings (synaptosomes) were isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo by a rapid procedure. These synaptosomes are approximately 3 micron in diameter. They contain an occasional mitochondrion, numerous synaptic vesicles, and sometimes an active zone is observed. No postynaptic membrane attachment is found. This nerve ending fraction is extremely pure as shown by morphological controls and biochemical data. It is rich in choline acetyltransferase (450 nmol/h per mg protein) and acetylcholine (ACh) (130 nmol/mg protein). The isolated endings retain their cytoplasmic components and they synthesize ACh and are stable in vitro for several hours, as shown by biochemical measurements and morphological analysis.", "contents": "Isolation of pure cholinergic nerve endings from Torpedo electric organ. Evaluation of their metabolic properties. Pure cholinergic nerve endings (synaptosomes) were isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo by a rapid procedure. These synaptosomes are approximately 3 micron in diameter. They contain an occasional mitochondrion, numerous synaptic vesicles, and sometimes an active zone is observed. No postynaptic membrane attachment is found. This nerve ending fraction is extremely pure as shown by morphological controls and biochemical data. It is rich in choline acetyltransferase (450 nmol/h per mg protein) and acetylcholine (ACh) (130 nmol/mg protein). The isolated endings retain their cytoplasmic components and they synthesize ACh and are stable in vitro for several hours, as shown by biochemical measurements and morphological analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:914897", "title": "[Autotransfusion in surgical practice (author's transl)].", "content": "From their experiences on animals and from its surgical applications the authors can say that the procedure of autotransfusion in vascular operations is worthwhile and safe. Elements of blood auto transfused are a little or not at all altered. Autotransfusion reduces requiremnts of bank blood, rare and containing risks.", "contents": "[Autotransfusion in surgical practice (author's transl)]. From their experiences on animals and from its surgical applications the authors can say that the procedure of autotransfusion in vascular operations is worthwhile and safe. Elements of blood auto transfused are a little or not at all altered. Autotransfusion reduces requiremnts of bank blood, rare and containing risks."}
{"id": "PMID:914899", "title": "[Hyperlipemia. Post-operative fat embolism, with psychiatric signs, and persistent lipuria (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report an exceptional case of fat embolism with neuro-psychiatric signs, following a digestive by-pass operation for hypercholesterolemia. They emphasize the difficulty in diagnosis and attach value to the lipuria when it is massive. A short review of the literature recalls the various pathogenic theories of fat embolism.", "contents": "[Hyperlipemia. Post-operative fat embolism, with psychiatric signs, and persistent lipuria (author's transl)]. The authors report an exceptional case of fat embolism with neuro-psychiatric signs, following a digestive by-pass operation for hypercholesterolemia. They emphasize the difficulty in diagnosis and attach value to the lipuria when it is massive. A short review of the literature recalls the various pathogenic theories of fat embolism."}
{"id": "PMID:914900", "title": "[Surgical management of left colon and rectal radiation injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "A. First of all, we can affirm after the analysis of 132 records: the predominance of gynecologic cancers and the frequent responsibility of medical associations in the determinism of advanced radiation injuries of colon and rectum; the typically variable appearence of these injuries with an usual delay going from 6 months to a year and limits from 2 months to 35 years; the difficulty of diagnosis between radiation injurie and recurrence of cancer especially in case of fistula and the severe forecost in case of cancer radiation injurie association. B. The surgical management exist only for non-indications and failures of medical treatment; the one stage resection with end to end anastomosis will be made exclusively on advanced, therefore non evolving and limited injuries; in most cases, the multiple stage resection must be preferred: first derivation in selected part (sigmoid or transverse colon) and secondary resection in healthy area; as regards the closure of colostomy, it must never occur before a 6 months delay and anastomosis radiologic check.", "contents": "[Surgical management of left colon and rectal radiation injuries (author's transl)]. A. First of all, we can affirm after the analysis of 132 records: the predominance of gynecologic cancers and the frequent responsibility of medical associations in the determinism of advanced radiation injuries of colon and rectum; the typically variable appearence of these injuries with an usual delay going from 6 months to a year and limits from 2 months to 35 years; the difficulty of diagnosis between radiation injurie and recurrence of cancer especially in case of fistula and the severe forecost in case of cancer radiation injurie association. B. The surgical management exist only for non-indications and failures of medical treatment; the one stage resection with end to end anastomosis will be made exclusively on advanced, therefore non evolving and limited injuries; in most cases, the multiple stage resection must be preferred: first derivation in selected part (sigmoid or transverse colon) and secondary resection in healthy area; as regards the closure of colostomy, it must never occur before a 6 months delay and anastomosis radiologic check."}
{"id": "PMID:914903", "title": "[A year's practice of surgery for arteritis after the age of 70 years (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgery of the elderly arteritic raises the problem of operative risk due to pre-existing defects at an advanced stage of the arterial disease and the danger of tiring investigations, anesthetics and repeated operations. Out of 271 arteritics operated on during 1975, half (135) were aged over 70 years. 92, i.e. two thirds were operated on at the terminal stage of their arteritis. The operative indications depended on the clinical, arteriographic, psychological and sociological data. The past history in many cases of heart attacks and cerebro-vascular accidents made the utility and necessity of the operation debatable. The technical choice, sympathectomy or plastic operation, depended on which presented the less risk. Although amputation is still necessary for massive gangrene (50 p. cent survival) one should always attempt to save the leg. Lumbar sympathectomy seems less aggressive; reconstructive surgery is, with greater risk, more effective at stage IV. The final result of the year showed 72.6 p. cent survivors including 56.3 p. cent successes and 16.3 p. cent amputations and a mortality of 27.4 p. cent. But all the failures were situated at stage IV of the arteritis, and the disturbances are increased by the patients' age. We can thus say that it is possible to render survival comfortable for three quarters of our operated patients.", "contents": "[A year's practice of surgery for arteritis after the age of 70 years (author's transl)]. Surgery of the elderly arteritic raises the problem of operative risk due to pre-existing defects at an advanced stage of the arterial disease and the danger of tiring investigations, anesthetics and repeated operations. Out of 271 arteritics operated on during 1975, half (135) were aged over 70 years. 92, i.e. two thirds were operated on at the terminal stage of their arteritis. The operative indications depended on the clinical, arteriographic, psychological and sociological data. The past history in many cases of heart attacks and cerebro-vascular accidents made the utility and necessity of the operation debatable. The technical choice, sympathectomy or plastic operation, depended on which presented the less risk. Although amputation is still necessary for massive gangrene (50 p. cent survival) one should always attempt to save the leg. Lumbar sympathectomy seems less aggressive; reconstructive surgery is, with greater risk, more effective at stage IV. The final result of the year showed 72.6 p. cent survivors including 56.3 p. cent successes and 16.3 p. cent amputations and a mortality of 27.4 p. cent. But all the failures were situated at stage IV of the arteritis, and the disturbances are increased by the patients' age. We can thus say that it is possible to render survival comfortable for three quarters of our operated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:914909", "title": "Determination of 8-methoxypsoralen in plasma by electron capture gas chromatography.", "content": "A method is given for the determination of 8-methoxypsoralen in human plasma at the low ng/ml level using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. 8-Methoxypsoralen was extracted from plasma with methylene chloride at pH 7.0. After addition of the internal standard, 8-butoxypsoralen, the psoralens were hydrolysed in sodium hydroxide and the aqueous phase was purified by extraction with methylene chloride and toluene. The aqueous phase was acidified and the re-lactonized psoralens were extracted with toluene and analysed. Some determinations of plasma levels of 8-methoxypsoralen after oral administration are presented.", "contents": "Determination of 8-methoxypsoralen in plasma by electron capture gas chromatography. A method is given for the determination of 8-methoxypsoralen in human plasma at the low ng/ml level using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. 8-Methoxypsoralen was extracted from plasma with methylene chloride at pH 7.0. After addition of the internal standard, 8-butoxypsoralen, the psoralens were hydrolysed in sodium hydroxide and the aqueous phase was purified by extraction with methylene chloride and toluene. The aqueous phase was acidified and the re-lactonized psoralens were extracted with toluene and analysed. Some determinations of plasma levels of 8-methoxypsoralen after oral administration are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:914912", "title": "Simplified method for the determination of residues of carbofuran and its metabolites in crops using gas-liquid chromatography-mass fragmentography.", "content": "The gas-liquid chromatographic behaviour of 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate (carbofuran), its 3-keto-, and 3-hydroxy-derivatives, their respective phenolic hydrolysis products and the heptafluorobutyryl (HFB) derivatives of the carbamates and phenols were studied by examining the column effluent using chemical ionization mass spectrometry. In contrast to the behaviour of the carbamates, their HFB derivatives consistently produced ions having intensities proportional to the quantities injected. The common base-peak ion at 228 a.m.u. was used to quantitate these materials at the 0.02-1 ppm level in field-treated carrots, celery, tomatoes and corn with minimal sample preparation.", "contents": "Simplified method for the determination of residues of carbofuran and its metabolites in crops using gas-liquid chromatography-mass fragmentography. The gas-liquid chromatographic behaviour of 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate (carbofuran), its 3-keto-, and 3-hydroxy-derivatives, their respective phenolic hydrolysis products and the heptafluorobutyryl (HFB) derivatives of the carbamates and phenols were studied by examining the column effluent using chemical ionization mass spectrometry. In contrast to the behaviour of the carbamates, their HFB derivatives consistently produced ions having intensities proportional to the quantities injected. The common base-peak ion at 228 a.m.u. was used to quantitate these materials at the 0.02-1 ppm level in field-treated carrots, celery, tomatoes and corn with minimal sample preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:914913", "title": "Analysis of C19O3 steroids by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.", "content": "The separation of twenty-six saturated and two unsaturated C19O3 steroids has been studied by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel F254, with seven mobile phases, and by gas-liquid chromatography on packed columns with four stationary phases; combination of both techniques permitted separation of all the test compounds. The mass spectra of the steroids were obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and are presented. Fragmentation processes have been studied, and characteristic ions that may be used for multiple ion detection or lead to identification of biologically produced C19O3 steroids are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of C19O3 steroids by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The separation of twenty-six saturated and two unsaturated C19O3 steroids has been studied by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel F254, with seven mobile phases, and by gas-liquid chromatography on packed columns with four stationary phases; combination of both techniques permitted separation of all the test compounds. The mass spectra of the steroids were obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and are presented. Fragmentation processes have been studied, and characteristic ions that may be used for multiple ion detection or lead to identification of biologically produced C19O3 steroids are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:914914", "title": "Single-step separation of major and rare ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides by high-performance liquid cation-exchange chromatography for the determination of the purity of nucleic acid preparations.", "content": "A method is described for the separation of 13 major and minor ribo- and deoxyribonucleosides in a single chromatographic run using high-performance liquid chromatography on strongly acidic cation-exchange columns. The method proved useful for the routine determination of small amounts of ribonucleic acid impurities in deoxyribonucleic acid preparations and vice versa. About 3% or even less of nucleic acid contamination in a given sample can be easily detected and quantitatively determined under the conditions used.", "contents": "Single-step separation of major and rare ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides by high-performance liquid cation-exchange chromatography for the determination of the purity of nucleic acid preparations. A method is described for the separation of 13 major and minor ribo- and deoxyribonucleosides in a single chromatographic run using high-performance liquid chromatography on strongly acidic cation-exchange columns. The method proved useful for the routine determination of small amounts of ribonucleic acid impurities in deoxyribonucleic acid preparations and vice versa. About 3% or even less of nucleic acid contamination in a given sample can be easily detected and quantitatively determined under the conditions used."}
{"id": "PMID:914927", "title": "High-performance thin-layer chromatographic determination of psychopharmacologic agents in blood serum.", "content": "High-performance thin-layer chromatography affords a rapid, sensitive method for determination of psychopharmacologic agents in blood serum samples. Quantitation of the representative drugs chlorpromazine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, and desipramine at levels as low as 5 ng/ml is demonstrated by scanning the developed thin-layer plates with a chromatographic spectrophotometer in the ultraviolet absorption mode. Neither derivatization prior to, nor color development after chromatographic separation is required to achieve sensitivity and reproducibility of determinations.", "contents": "High-performance thin-layer chromatographic determination of psychopharmacologic agents in blood serum. High-performance thin-layer chromatography affords a rapid, sensitive method for determination of psychopharmacologic agents in blood serum samples. Quantitation of the representative drugs chlorpromazine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, and desipramine at levels as low as 5 ng/ml is demonstrated by scanning the developed thin-layer plates with a chromatographic spectrophotometer in the ultraviolet absorption mode. Neither derivatization prior to, nor color development after chromatographic separation is required to achieve sensitivity and reproducibility of determinations."}
{"id": "PMID:914928", "title": "Quantitation with high-performance thin-layer chromatography and programmed multiple development with high-performance micro-thin-layer material for drug analyses in biological fluids.", "content": "The programmed multiple development thin-layer chromatography (PMD-TLC) technique was compared with the conventional chromatographic technique on both normal and HPTLC plates. The potency of this high-performance TLC is illustrated and discussed by means of the data obtained with the determination of digitoxin in human serum. Improvement of the efficiency of TLC, resulting in a better resolution and sensitivity with PMD-TLC using using HPTLC plates, makes this high-performance TLC technique comparable to high-performance liquid chromatography. This TLC approach might lead to a sensitive, rapid, selective and simply assay for routine serial analyses and, because of its specificity and flexibility, it may facilitate drug interaction studies.", "contents": "Quantitation with high-performance thin-layer chromatography and programmed multiple development with high-performance micro-thin-layer material for drug analyses in biological fluids. The programmed multiple development thin-layer chromatography (PMD-TLC) technique was compared with the conventional chromatographic technique on both normal and HPTLC plates. The potency of this high-performance TLC is illustrated and discussed by means of the data obtained with the determination of digitoxin in human serum. Improvement of the efficiency of TLC, resulting in a better resolution and sensitivity with PMD-TLC using using HPTLC plates, makes this high-performance TLC technique comparable to high-performance liquid chromatography. This TLC approach might lead to a sensitive, rapid, selective and simply assay for routine serial analyses and, because of its specificity and flexibility, it may facilitate drug interaction studies."}
{"id": "PMID:914929", "title": "Thin-layer densitometric determination of muzolimine (BAY g 2821), a structurally new diuretic drug, at the nanogram level in biological fluids.", "content": "A sensitive and specific thin-layer densitometric method was developed for the determination of muzolimine (BAY g 2821), a structurally new diuretic drug of the pyrazolinone type. For detection of the drug on thin-layer chromatographic plates, a colour reaction with 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde is carried out. The detection limit was 50 pg per spot on commercially available silica gel 60 plates. A nearly linear relationship between integrated peak area and amount per spot was obtained in the range from 100 pg to 1 mug per spot. For quantitative determination in biological fluids, a recovery of about 100% is achieved by a single extraction with dichloromethane, and the extract is spotted directly on to the plate. The detection limit of muzolimine in plasma and urine was 1 ng/ml, and inaccuracy in the nanogram range was found to be 5-8%. The assay was applied to pharmacokinetic studies and can be recommended for monitoring plasma levels of muzolimine in patients.", "contents": "Thin-layer densitometric determination of muzolimine (BAY g 2821), a structurally new diuretic drug, at the nanogram level in biological fluids. A sensitive and specific thin-layer densitometric method was developed for the determination of muzolimine (BAY g 2821), a structurally new diuretic drug of the pyrazolinone type. For detection of the drug on thin-layer chromatographic plates, a colour reaction with 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde is carried out. The detection limit was 50 pg per spot on commercially available silica gel 60 plates. A nearly linear relationship between integrated peak area and amount per spot was obtained in the range from 100 pg to 1 mug per spot. For quantitative determination in biological fluids, a recovery of about 100% is achieved by a single extraction with dichloromethane, and the extract is spotted directly on to the plate. The detection limit of muzolimine in plasma and urine was 1 ng/ml, and inaccuracy in the nanogram range was found to be 5-8%. The assay was applied to pharmacokinetic studies and can be recommended for monitoring plasma levels of muzolimine in patients."}
{"id": "PMID:914930", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of phospholipid mixtures after enzymic hydrolysis.", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS), employing an open-tubular Silanox-type glass column, has been applied to the products of phospholipase C hydrolysis of natural and synthetic phospholipid mixtures. The materials studied were egg lysolecithin, synthetic L-alpha-l-stearoyl-2-oleoyl lecithin, bovine brain sphingomyelin, and phospholipids derived from human arterial tissue. l-Monoglycerides and ceramides were analysed as methaneboronates, and 1,2-diglycerides as trimethylsilyl ethers. The results indicate the potential value of open-tubular GLC-MS in a rapid procedure for the concurrent analysis of the major classes or polar lipids after enzymic dephosphorylation.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of phospholipid mixtures after enzymic hydrolysis. Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS), employing an open-tubular Silanox-type glass column, has been applied to the products of phospholipase C hydrolysis of natural and synthetic phospholipid mixtures. The materials studied were egg lysolecithin, synthetic L-alpha-l-stearoyl-2-oleoyl lecithin, bovine brain sphingomyelin, and phospholipids derived from human arterial tissue. l-Monoglycerides and ceramides were analysed as methaneboronates, and 1,2-diglycerides as trimethylsilyl ethers. The results indicate the potential value of open-tubular GLC-MS in a rapid procedure for the concurrent analysis of the major classes or polar lipids after enzymic dephosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:914931", "title": "Organic acid profiles of human tissue biopsies by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "A method is described to determine the organic acid content of tissue specimens comparable in size to those obtainable by closed biopsy. The method involves solvent extraction of tissue homogenates followed by analysis of trimethylsilyl derivatives of the organic acids by combined capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Organic acid profiles of human liver, pancreas, kidney and muscle are shown.", "contents": "Organic acid profiles of human tissue biopsies by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A method is described to determine the organic acid content of tissue specimens comparable in size to those obtainable by closed biopsy. The method involves solvent extraction of tissue homogenates followed by analysis of trimethylsilyl derivatives of the organic acids by combined capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Organic acid profiles of human liver, pancreas, kidney and muscle are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:914932", "title": "Volatile substances in blood serum: profile analysis and quantitative determination.", "content": "Alcohols, ketones and aldehydes have been identified in the profiles of volatile substances in blood serum. A 5-ml sample is required in order to obtain a complete gas chromatographic profile, selective profiles of alcohols or individual ketones by computer mass fragmentography, and to permit mass spectrometric identification of the compounds. The quantitative determination of total 4-heptanone using an extraction and gas chromatographic-mass fragmentographic procedure demonstrated concentrations of 10-50 nmole/l in normal serum, whereas in the serum of patients with chronic renal insufficiency the concentrations were 10- to 40-fold higher. Ethanol and total acetone were quantitatively measured by direct injection of serum. For 10 patients, concentrations between 25 and 85 mumole/l of acetone and 10-170 mumole/l of ethanol were determined.", "contents": "Volatile substances in blood serum: profile analysis and quantitative determination. Alcohols, ketones and aldehydes have been identified in the profiles of volatile substances in blood serum. A 5-ml sample is required in order to obtain a complete gas chromatographic profile, selective profiles of alcohols or individual ketones by computer mass fragmentography, and to permit mass spectrometric identification of the compounds. The quantitative determination of total 4-heptanone using an extraction and gas chromatographic-mass fragmentographic procedure demonstrated concentrations of 10-50 nmole/l in normal serum, whereas in the serum of patients with chronic renal insufficiency the concentrations were 10- to 40-fold higher. Ethanol and total acetone were quantitatively measured by direct injection of serum. For 10 patients, concentrations between 25 and 85 mumole/l of acetone and 10-170 mumole/l of ethanol were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:914933", "title": "Gas chromatographic procedure for the determination of meta- and para-hydroxyphenylacetic acids.", "content": "m- and p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acids have been identified and quantitated in rat brain by gas chromatography of their pentafluoropropionyl hexafluoroisopropyl diesters. The procedure differs from those employed in earlier studies on the catecholic acids in that a support-coated open-tubular column was used, a preliminary purification of the acids by thin-layer chromatography was carried out, and excess derivatizing reagent was removed by extraction with a phosphate buffer.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic procedure for the determination of meta- and para-hydroxyphenylacetic acids. m- and p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acids have been identified and quantitated in rat brain by gas chromatography of their pentafluoropropionyl hexafluoroisopropyl diesters. The procedure differs from those employed in earlier studies on the catecholic acids in that a support-coated open-tubular column was used, a preliminary purification of the acids by thin-layer chromatography was carried out, and excess derivatizing reagent was removed by extraction with a phosphate buffer."}
{"id": "PMID:914934", "title": "Quantitation of deuterated and non-deuterated phenylalanine and tyrosine in human plasma using the selective ion monitoring method with combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Application to the in vivo measurement of phenylalanine-4-monooxygenase activity.", "content": "A specific method is described for the quantitative analysis of deuterated and non-deuterated phenylalanine and tyrosine in human plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using selective ion monitoring. From the several derivatives investigated, the N- or N,O-trifluoroacetyl methyl esters were found to be the most suitable for our purposes. DL-Phenylalanine-4-d1 and L-tyrosine-d7 were used as internal standards. The sensitivity of this method permits the measurement of amounts as small as ca. 2.5 ng/ml in plasma for both phenylalanine and tyrosine. The coefficients of variation were found to be ca. 1.6% (n = 12) for phenylalanine and 3.0% (n = 12) for tyrosine. Using this method, an in vivo determination of phenylalanine-4-monooxygenase activity in humans is possible by loading the subjects with deuterated L-phenylalanine-d5 (accepted as substrate by phenylalanine-4-monooxygenase E.C. 1.14.16.1) and the subsequent measuring of deuterated L-tyrosine-d4 formed and residual L-phenylalanine-d5.", "contents": "Quantitation of deuterated and non-deuterated phenylalanine and tyrosine in human plasma using the selective ion monitoring method with combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Application to the in vivo measurement of phenylalanine-4-monooxygenase activity. A specific method is described for the quantitative analysis of deuterated and non-deuterated phenylalanine and tyrosine in human plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using selective ion monitoring. From the several derivatives investigated, the N- or N,O-trifluoroacetyl methyl esters were found to be the most suitable for our purposes. DL-Phenylalanine-4-d1 and L-tyrosine-d7 were used as internal standards. The sensitivity of this method permits the measurement of amounts as small as ca. 2.5 ng/ml in plasma for both phenylalanine and tyrosine. The coefficients of variation were found to be ca. 1.6% (n = 12) for phenylalanine and 3.0% (n = 12) for tyrosine. Using this method, an in vivo determination of phenylalanine-4-monooxygenase activity in humans is possible by loading the subjects with deuterated L-phenylalanine-d5 (accepted as substrate by phenylalanine-4-monooxygenase E.C. 1.14.16.1) and the subsequent measuring of deuterated L-tyrosine-d4 formed and residual L-phenylalanine-d5."}
{"id": "PMID:914935", "title": "Quantitative determination of drugs in biological materials by means of extractive alkylation and gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Analytical methods utilizing extractive alkylation followed by gas-liquid chromatography are described for the quantitative determination of (neo)sulfalepsine and its metabolites, chlorthalidone and chlorquinaldol. The applications described indicate that, for the use of this technique, careful optimization and the introduction of a suitable internal standard at the beginning of the analytical manipulations are essential.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of drugs in biological materials by means of extractive alkylation and gas-liquid chromatography. Analytical methods utilizing extractive alkylation followed by gas-liquid chromatography are described for the quantitative determination of (neo)sulfalepsine and its metabolites, chlorthalidone and chlorquinaldol. The applications described indicate that, for the use of this technique, careful optimization and the introduction of a suitable internal standard at the beginning of the analytical manipulations are essential."}
{"id": "PMID:914936", "title": "Direct gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer connection of glass capillary columns for the analysis of serotonin and metabolites by selective ion monitoring.", "content": "A direct connection system that requires no modifications to either the gas chromatograph or the mass spectrometer is described for the coupling of glass capillary columns to a commercial mass spectrometer. Vacuum-tight connections can be readily achieved with standard 1/16-in. fittings and septum discs. The system can be operated with column outlet helium flow-rates of 1.5-2 ml/min at ion source pressures of 2-5 - 10(-5) mmHg. Although an injector splitter of our own design has been used, the initial test results obtained with a splitless injection method based on the use of a solids injection syringe together with a packed column injector assembly indicate the feasibility of developing a totally splitless and connection system that is simple to use. The system has been applied to the detection of the pentafluoropropionyl derivatives of serotonin, methoxytryptamine, methoxytryptophol and 5-hydroxytryptophol by selective ion monitoring techniques. Column performances under both sets of conditions (gas-liquid chromatography alone and combined with mass spectrometry) are compared and the evaluation of direct versus indirect coupling showed yields of the order of 50% through the molecular separator.", "contents": "Direct gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer connection of glass capillary columns for the analysis of serotonin and metabolites by selective ion monitoring. A direct connection system that requires no modifications to either the gas chromatograph or the mass spectrometer is described for the coupling of glass capillary columns to a commercial mass spectrometer. Vacuum-tight connections can be readily achieved with standard 1/16-in. fittings and septum discs. The system can be operated with column outlet helium flow-rates of 1.5-2 ml/min at ion source pressures of 2-5 - 10(-5) mmHg. Although an injector splitter of our own design has been used, the initial test results obtained with a splitless injection method based on the use of a solids injection syringe together with a packed column injector assembly indicate the feasibility of developing a totally splitless and connection system that is simple to use. The system has been applied to the detection of the pentafluoropropionyl derivatives of serotonin, methoxytryptamine, methoxytryptophol and 5-hydroxytryptophol by selective ion monitoring techniques. Column performances under both sets of conditions (gas-liquid chromatography alone and combined with mass spectrometry) are compared and the evaluation of direct versus indirect coupling showed yields of the order of 50% through the molecular separator."}
{"id": "PMID:914937", "title": "Preparation, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of methyl and trimethylsilyl esters of indomethacin.", "content": "The preparation and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric behavior of the methyl and trimethylsilyl esters of indomethacin, 1-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-acetic acid, are described. Reaction of this anti-inflammatory drug with diazomethane or bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide forms the expected esters. Derivatization with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal yields two compounds, the methyl ester (major product) and a methyl ester-dimethylaminomethylene condensation (at the alpha-carbon of the side chain) product (minor). Experiments with 5-O-desmethyl-indomethacin have demonstrated that using the described diazomethane methylation conditions no alkylation of the phenolic group occurs. Esterification combined with an isolation procedure allows the determination of indomethacin levels in plasma and aqueous humor of rabbits, the 4-fluorobenzoyl analog serving as internal standard. The derivatives exhibit excellent electron capture properties allowing quantitative assay of the drug at the submicrogram level. Precision and accuracy for plasma samples varied from 92 +/- 19% (5 ng/ml) to 96 +/- 1.5% (1000 ng/ml). The analogous values for aqueous humor are superior: 97 +/- 5.6% and 99 +/- 2.2%, resectively.", "contents": "Preparation, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of methyl and trimethylsilyl esters of indomethacin. The preparation and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric behavior of the methyl and trimethylsilyl esters of indomethacin, 1-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-acetic acid, are described. Reaction of this anti-inflammatory drug with diazomethane or bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide forms the expected esters. Derivatization with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal yields two compounds, the methyl ester (major product) and a methyl ester-dimethylaminomethylene condensation (at the alpha-carbon of the side chain) product (minor). Experiments with 5-O-desmethyl-indomethacin have demonstrated that using the described diazomethane methylation conditions no alkylation of the phenolic group occurs. Esterification combined with an isolation procedure allows the determination of indomethacin levels in plasma and aqueous humor of rabbits, the 4-fluorobenzoyl analog serving as internal standard. The derivatives exhibit excellent electron capture properties allowing quantitative assay of the drug at the submicrogram level. Precision and accuracy for plasma samples varied from 92 +/- 19% (5 ng/ml) to 96 +/- 1.5% (1000 ng/ml). The analogous values for aqueous humor are superior: 97 +/- 5.6% and 99 +/- 2.2%, resectively."}
{"id": "PMID:914938", "title": "Capillary gas chromatography of s-triazines.", "content": "In order to achieve better resolution and lower detection limits for s-triazines, glass capillary columns made of soft soda-lime glass and etched with gaseous hydrogen chloride have been introduced. Columns with non-polar (OV-101, SE-30) mixed (Carbowax 20M + SE-30) and polar stationary liquids (Carbowax 20M) were used. The thickness of the ultra-thin film columns was determined by weighing the capillaries before and after coating of the capillary with stationary phase and conditioning, and varied from 0.05 to 0.5 mum. From the capacity ratios of s-triazines and n-alkanes measured in sections of an originally long dynamically coated column after it had been cut into several equal parts, the constancy of the film thickness along the whole column was judged. The film thickness was not uniform and increased along the whole column. It was found that glass capillary columns with non-polar stationary phase are not very suitable for the analysis of s-triazine herbicides, as tailing occurs with some of them. Symmetrical peaks and the separation of 17 from 18 analysed s-triazines were achieved on glass capillary columns coated with Carbowax 20M.", "contents": "Capillary gas chromatography of s-triazines. In order to achieve better resolution and lower detection limits for s-triazines, glass capillary columns made of soft soda-lime glass and etched with gaseous hydrogen chloride have been introduced. Columns with non-polar (OV-101, SE-30) mixed (Carbowax 20M + SE-30) and polar stationary liquids (Carbowax 20M) were used. The thickness of the ultra-thin film columns was determined by weighing the capillaries before and after coating of the capillary with stationary phase and conditioning, and varied from 0.05 to 0.5 mum. From the capacity ratios of s-triazines and n-alkanes measured in sections of an originally long dynamically coated column after it had been cut into several equal parts, the constancy of the film thickness along the whole column was judged. The film thickness was not uniform and increased along the whole column. It was found that glass capillary columns with non-polar stationary phase are not very suitable for the analysis of s-triazine herbicides, as tailing occurs with some of them. Symmetrical peaks and the separation of 17 from 18 analysed s-triazines were achieved on glass capillary columns coated with Carbowax 20M."}
{"id": "PMID:914939", "title": "Separation of amino acids and peptides on non-polar stationary phases by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Microparticulate non-polar stationary phases, such as octadecyl-silica offer a rapid and efficient means for the separation of peptides and amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. Retention is attributed to hydrophobic interaction between the solutes and the hydrocarbonaceous functions covalently bound to the stationary phase surface. Consequently the species are eluted in the order of increasing hydrophobicity. Various peptide mixtures were analyzed by using gradient elution with increasing acetonitrile concentration in the eluent and monitoring the column effluent at 200 or 210 nm with an UV detector. The separation of angiotensins and enzymic digest of polypeptides illustrates the speed of the method which can be used to assay the purity of peptide hormones such as alpha-melanotropin and gramicidin or to analyze the composition of reaction mixtures involving peptides. The efficiency of the method is superior to that obtained on the conventionally used ion-exchanger columns, except for hydrophilic amino acids and peptides that are poorly retarded. Nevertheless, with a suitable ionic surfactant in the mobile phase, non-polar stationary phases can be used for the separation of these species as well.", "contents": "Separation of amino acids and peptides on non-polar stationary phases by high-performance liquid chromatography. Microparticulate non-polar stationary phases, such as octadecyl-silica offer a rapid and efficient means for the separation of peptides and amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. Retention is attributed to hydrophobic interaction between the solutes and the hydrocarbonaceous functions covalently bound to the stationary phase surface. Consequently the species are eluted in the order of increasing hydrophobicity. Various peptide mixtures were analyzed by using gradient elution with increasing acetonitrile concentration in the eluent and monitoring the column effluent at 200 or 210 nm with an UV detector. The separation of angiotensins and enzymic digest of polypeptides illustrates the speed of the method which can be used to assay the purity of peptide hormones such as alpha-melanotropin and gramicidin or to analyze the composition of reaction mixtures involving peptides. The efficiency of the method is superior to that obtained on the conventionally used ion-exchanger columns, except for hydrophilic amino acids and peptides that are poorly retarded. Nevertheless, with a suitable ionic surfactant in the mobile phase, non-polar stationary phases can be used for the separation of these species as well."}
{"id": "PMID:914940", "title": "Determination of paracetamol and its metabolites in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography using reversed-phase bonded supports.", "content": "Paracetamol and its four main metabolites, the sulphate (S), glucuronide (G), cysteine (C) and mercapturic acid (M) conjugates, are readily separated in a synthetic mixture using slightly acidic aqueous alcoholic eluents (e.g. water-methanol-formic acid, 85:15:0.15, v/v/v) on either octadecyl silica (ODS silica) or octadecyl silica which has been further silanized to remove residual hydroxyl groups (ODS/TMS silica). The dependences of k' upon alcohol, acid and added salt concentrations are reported for both materials. The latter material gives the higher plate efficiencies and is much superior when applied to analysis of urines taken after therapeutic doses and overdoses of paracetamol. At least four additional metabolites are reported in overdose urines. Mass spectrometric analysis (high and low resolution) has confirmed the identity of M and identified one of the additional metabolites as methoxyparacetamol. Mass spectra of the remaining additional metabolites enable major structural features to be deduced. One of these metabolites may be associated with liver damage.", "contents": "Determination of paracetamol and its metabolites in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography using reversed-phase bonded supports. Paracetamol and its four main metabolites, the sulphate (S), glucuronide (G), cysteine (C) and mercapturic acid (M) conjugates, are readily separated in a synthetic mixture using slightly acidic aqueous alcoholic eluents (e.g. water-methanol-formic acid, 85:15:0.15, v/v/v) on either octadecyl silica (ODS silica) or octadecyl silica which has been further silanized to remove residual hydroxyl groups (ODS/TMS silica). The dependences of k' upon alcohol, acid and added salt concentrations are reported for both materials. The latter material gives the higher plate efficiencies and is much superior when applied to analysis of urines taken after therapeutic doses and overdoses of paracetamol. At least four additional metabolites are reported in overdose urines. Mass spectrometric analysis (high and low resolution) has confirmed the identity of M and identified one of the additional metabolites as methoxyparacetamol. Mass spectra of the remaining additional metabolites enable major structural features to be deduced. One of these metabolites may be associated with liver damage."}
{"id": "PMID:914941", "title": "Solvent-generated ion-exchange systems with anionic surfactants for rapid separations of amino acids.", "content": "The retention behaviour of amino acids in phase systems consisting of a hydrophobic solid support as the stationary phase and water-organic solvent mixtures containing a small amount of an anionic detergent as the mobile phase was investigated. Such phase systems are found to behave like conventional ion-exchange systems. The degree and order of retention of amino acids can be influenced by changing the temperature, the nature of the hydrophobic support, the pH and the nature and concentration of the anionic detergent, organic constituent and counter ion in the eluent. In many instances this solvent-generated (dynamic) ion-exchange chromatography shows a greater selectivity than conventional ion-exchange systems towards amino acids. The results obtained so far indicate that a complete separation of the 19 protein amino acids by applying solvent gradients or/and multi-column system is possible within 30 min.", "contents": "Solvent-generated ion-exchange systems with anionic surfactants for rapid separations of amino acids. The retention behaviour of amino acids in phase systems consisting of a hydrophobic solid support as the stationary phase and water-organic solvent mixtures containing a small amount of an anionic detergent as the mobile phase was investigated. Such phase systems are found to behave like conventional ion-exchange systems. The degree and order of retention of amino acids can be influenced by changing the temperature, the nature of the hydrophobic support, the pH and the nature and concentration of the anionic detergent, organic constituent and counter ion in the eluent. In many instances this solvent-generated (dynamic) ion-exchange chromatography shows a greater selectivity than conventional ion-exchange systems towards amino acids. The results obtained so far indicate that a complete separation of the 19 protein amino acids by applying solvent gradients or/and multi-column system is possible within 30 min."}
{"id": "PMID:914942", "title": "Correlation of retention behaviour of steroidal pharmaceuticals in polar and bonded reversed-phase liquid column chromatography.", "content": "For systematization of the correlation between the chemical structures of solutes and retention behaviour in liquid column chromatography, the retention volumes of 43 modified steroids on silica and chemically bonded reversed-phase columns were examined using various binary solvent systems. Retention parameters for the functional groups of the steroids were calculated according to Martin's additive rule. By comparing these values obtained on normal and reversed-phase columns, characteristic features of both packings with regard to solute structures and the solvent systems were elaborated.", "contents": "Correlation of retention behaviour of steroidal pharmaceuticals in polar and bonded reversed-phase liquid column chromatography. For systematization of the correlation between the chemical structures of solutes and retention behaviour in liquid column chromatography, the retention volumes of 43 modified steroids on silica and chemically bonded reversed-phase columns were examined using various binary solvent systems. Retention parameters for the functional groups of the steroids were calculated according to Martin's additive rule. By comparing these values obtained on normal and reversed-phase columns, characteristic features of both packings with regard to solute structures and the solvent systems were elaborated."}
{"id": "PMID:914943", "title": "Use of high-performance liquid chromatography to separate very small quantities of radio-labelled metabolites from biological tissue.", "content": "In order to study the absorption, metabolism and tissue distribution of chemicals in cattle ticks Amblyomma variegatum, a method of separating and recovering metabolites in picogram quantities was required. A high-performance liquid chromatographic system has been investigated for this purpose, using tritium-labelled amitraz and some potential metabolites. Separation was carried out on Nucleosil 5 mum NO2 bonded phase. Interchangeable pre-columns were used to extend the range of compounds which could be separated in one run and to keep the main column free of radioactive contamination. Amitraz, 2,4-dimethylaniline and 2,4-dimethylformanilide were eluted from the column quantitatively without the addition of unlabelled carrier, down to quantities of 0.75 pg, 0.78 pg and 1.60 pg, respectively. Apparatus for automated collection of the column eluate in scintillation vials and a method for data processing are described.", "contents": "Use of high-performance liquid chromatography to separate very small quantities of radio-labelled metabolites from biological tissue. In order to study the absorption, metabolism and tissue distribution of chemicals in cattle ticks Amblyomma variegatum, a method of separating and recovering metabolites in picogram quantities was required. A high-performance liquid chromatographic system has been investigated for this purpose, using tritium-labelled amitraz and some potential metabolites. Separation was carried out on Nucleosil 5 mum NO2 bonded phase. Interchangeable pre-columns were used to extend the range of compounds which could be separated in one run and to keep the main column free of radioactive contamination. Amitraz, 2,4-dimethylaniline and 2,4-dimethylformanilide were eluted from the column quantitatively without the addition of unlabelled carrier, down to quantities of 0.75 pg, 0.78 pg and 1.60 pg, respectively. Apparatus for automated collection of the column eluate in scintillation vials and a method for data processing are described."}
{"id": "PMID:914944", "title": "Quantitative analysis of d-tubocurarine chloride in curare by column liquid chromatography.", "content": "An improved quantitative analysis of d-tubocurarine chloride in the plant extract curare is presented. Gradient high-performance liquid chromatography on a hydrophobic stationary phase was found to be very suitable for the analysis of quaternary ammonium bases such as the complex mixture of curare alkaloids. Owing to the residual free silanol groups on the modified silica surface, the curare alkaloids are eluted from a reversed-phase column only if an electrolyte is added to the mobile phase. In order to optimize the separation, the effects of pH, the nature of the cation in the buffer and the concentration of the buffer of the retention of the alkaloids were investigated. Using a tetramethylammonium phosphate buffer at pH 4 in a gradient of water-methanol, undesirable retardation effects on the reversed-phase column could be suppressed sufficiently. As a result, an accurate method for the determination of d-tubocurarine chloride in curare was obtained. The coefficient of variation of this analysis is only 1.3%.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of d-tubocurarine chloride in curare by column liquid chromatography. An improved quantitative analysis of d-tubocurarine chloride in the plant extract curare is presented. Gradient high-performance liquid chromatography on a hydrophobic stationary phase was found to be very suitable for the analysis of quaternary ammonium bases such as the complex mixture of curare alkaloids. Owing to the residual free silanol groups on the modified silica surface, the curare alkaloids are eluted from a reversed-phase column only if an electrolyte is added to the mobile phase. In order to optimize the separation, the effects of pH, the nature of the cation in the buffer and the concentration of the buffer of the retention of the alkaloids were investigated. Using a tetramethylammonium phosphate buffer at pH 4 in a gradient of water-methanol, undesirable retardation effects on the reversed-phase column could be suppressed sufficiently. As a result, an accurate method for the determination of d-tubocurarine chloride in curare was obtained. The coefficient of variation of this analysis is only 1.3%."}
{"id": "PMID:914945", "title": "Determination of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in plasma by means of liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method is presented for the determination of clomipramine and its major metabolite desmethylclomipramine in plasma. After extraction with n-hexane, the components are separated by high performance liquid-solid chromatography on silica gel and detected with a UV detector. The detection limits are 2 ng/ml for clomipramine and 10 ng/ml for desmethylclomipramine. Recoveries from plasma exceed 95% for both drugs. In routine analysis, 30-40 samples can be handled in one day. The practical use of the method is shown in plasma concentration-time curves after oral and intramuscular administration of clomipramine.", "contents": "Determination of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in plasma by means of liquid chromatography. A method is presented for the determination of clomipramine and its major metabolite desmethylclomipramine in plasma. After extraction with n-hexane, the components are separated by high performance liquid-solid chromatography on silica gel and detected with a UV detector. The detection limits are 2 ng/ml for clomipramine and 10 ng/ml for desmethylclomipramine. Recoveries from plasma exceed 95% for both drugs. In routine analysis, 30-40 samples can be handled in one day. The practical use of the method is shown in plasma concentration-time curves after oral and intramuscular administration of clomipramine."}
{"id": "PMID:914946", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and photometric detection of phospholipids.", "content": "A rapid and efficient method for the separation of (phospho)lipids by high-performance liquid chromatography using n-hexane-2-propanol-water mixtures as the solvent system is described. The lipid separation occurs on silica gel columns and the individual components are monitored directly by UV absorption at 206 nm. Of a total lipid extract from erythrocytes as well as suboesophageal ganglia of the snail Helix pomatia, a complete separation is achieved of cholesterol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine, whereas phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are partly separated under these circumstances. In addition to separation of phospholipids in different classes, separation of molecular species can also be achieved in some instances, as is shown for phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and photometric detection of phospholipids. A rapid and efficient method for the separation of (phospho)lipids by high-performance liquid chromatography using n-hexane-2-propanol-water mixtures as the solvent system is described. The lipid separation occurs on silica gel columns and the individual components are monitored directly by UV absorption at 206 nm. Of a total lipid extract from erythrocytes as well as suboesophageal ganglia of the snail Helix pomatia, a complete separation is achieved of cholesterol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine, whereas phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are partly separated under these circumstances. In addition to separation of phospholipids in different classes, separation of molecular species can also be achieved in some instances, as is shown for phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins."}
{"id": "PMID:914947", "title": "Environmental trace analysis of organics in water by glass capillary column chromatography and ancillary techniques. Products of ozonolysis.", "content": "A method employing a polymeric sorbent has been used for analysis of volatile organic components in water. Trace level organics are sparged from water with nitrogen gas and are concentrated on Tenax GC prior to analysis with either flame ionization gas chromatography or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Glass capillary columns were used to obtain maximum resolution of chromatographic peaks. Specifically, the method has been applied to a qualitative and quantitative study of the products which result from ozonization of secondary treated domestic wastewater. The principal volatile products of ozonolysis are n-hexanal, n-heptanal, n-octanal and n-nonanal. Representative samples contained 0.7 ppb** of n-heptanal and less than 1 ppb of any of the volatile compounds.", "contents": "Environmental trace analysis of organics in water by glass capillary column chromatography and ancillary techniques. Products of ozonolysis. A method employing a polymeric sorbent has been used for analysis of volatile organic components in water. Trace level organics are sparged from water with nitrogen gas and are concentrated on Tenax GC prior to analysis with either flame ionization gas chromatography or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Glass capillary columns were used to obtain maximum resolution of chromatographic peaks. Specifically, the method has been applied to a qualitative and quantitative study of the products which result from ozonization of secondary treated domestic wastewater. The principal volatile products of ozonolysis are n-hexanal, n-heptanal, n-octanal and n-nonanal. Representative samples contained 0.7 ppb** of n-heptanal and less than 1 ppb of any of the volatile compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:914948", "title": "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of volatile organic compounds in an urban atmosphere.", "content": "Polysorbimide and carbochrome, new sorbents with high temperature stability, have been used to concentrate trace amounts of atmospheric pollutants, and 136 C1-C13 organic compounds, including 126 hydrocarbons, 6 oxygen derivatives and 3 chlorides, were identified in air samples collected in the streets of Leningrad. One of the major features of the composition of the organic constituents of the urban air sampled is the presence of a number of CnH2n hydrocarbons (mainly olefins), and also CnH2n-2 and CnH2n-4 unsaturated hydrocarbons (including alpha-pinene and camphene). A comparison of the results with those of similar studies carried out on air samples from Z\u00fcrich, Houston and Paris is of considerable interest in connection with the possible effect of geographical factors on the composition and lifetime of organic pollutants in the atmosphere.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of volatile organic compounds in an urban atmosphere. Polysorbimide and carbochrome, new sorbents with high temperature stability, have been used to concentrate trace amounts of atmospheric pollutants, and 136 C1-C13 organic compounds, including 126 hydrocarbons, 6 oxygen derivatives and 3 chlorides, were identified in air samples collected in the streets of Leningrad. One of the major features of the composition of the organic constituents of the urban air sampled is the presence of a number of CnH2n hydrocarbons (mainly olefins), and also CnH2n-2 and CnH2n-4 unsaturated hydrocarbons (including alpha-pinene and camphene). A comparison of the results with those of similar studies carried out on air samples from Z\u00fcrich, Houston and Paris is of considerable interest in connection with the possible effect of geographical factors on the composition and lifetime of organic pollutants in the atmosphere."}
{"id": "PMID:914949", "title": "Mass fragmentographic determination of lofepramine and its metabolites in human plasma and urine using deuterated internal standards.", "content": "A sensitive and specific method for the determination of lofepramine and its matabolites, desipramine and 2-hydroxydesipramine, in human plasma and urine is described. Lofepramine, desipramine and 2-hydroxydesipramine were derivatized to ethyl p-chlorobenzoate, the bis(heptafluorobutyryl) derivative and teh N,O-bis(trifluoroacetyl) derivative, respectively, and then analysed by gas chromatogrphy--mass fragmentography. Corresponding deuterated compounds were used as internal standards. Determination was possible at levels as low as 2 ng/ml for lofepramine and desipramine and 20 ng/ml for 2-hydroxydesipramine.", "contents": "Mass fragmentographic determination of lofepramine and its metabolites in human plasma and urine using deuterated internal standards. A sensitive and specific method for the determination of lofepramine and its matabolites, desipramine and 2-hydroxydesipramine, in human plasma and urine is described. Lofepramine, desipramine and 2-hydroxydesipramine were derivatized to ethyl p-chlorobenzoate, the bis(heptafluorobutyryl) derivative and teh N,O-bis(trifluoroacetyl) derivative, respectively, and then analysed by gas chromatogrphy--mass fragmentography. Corresponding deuterated compounds were used as internal standards. Determination was possible at levels as low as 2 ng/ml for lofepramine and desipramine and 20 ng/ml for 2-hydroxydesipramine."}
{"id": "PMID:914950", "title": "Ion-pair liquid chromatography of steady-state plasma levels of chlorimipramine and demethylchlorimipramine.", "content": "A method for the determination of chlorimipramine and its metabolite demethylchlorimipramine in the plasma of depressed patients during treatment is described. The method involves extraction of the parent drug, its metabolite and the internal standard from plasma, back-extraction into an acidic aqueous phase and re-extraction into a small volume of organic phase. Separation and quantitation are carried out by ion-pair partition chromatography with UV detection. Accurate determination if possible down to levels of 30 and 60 nmole per liter of plasma for chlorimipramine and the metabolite, respectively, when 1 ml of plasma is used. The coefficient of variation is 7.3% or less at different levels for chlorimipramine and demethylchlorimipramine. Plasma levels of the parent drug and the metabolite measured by this liquid chromatographic method and by a gas chromatographic procedure with electron-capture detection were in good agreement (r = 0.98). The steady-state plasma level of the metabolite was always higher than that of the parent drug in the 34 depressed patients investigated. The mean ratio between the metabolite and the parent drug was 2.7 +/- 1.1 (S.D.) Large inter-individual differences in the levels of the two compounds in patients receiving similar doses were found.", "contents": "Ion-pair liquid chromatography of steady-state plasma levels of chlorimipramine and demethylchlorimipramine. A method for the determination of chlorimipramine and its metabolite demethylchlorimipramine in the plasma of depressed patients during treatment is described. The method involves extraction of the parent drug, its metabolite and the internal standard from plasma, back-extraction into an acidic aqueous phase and re-extraction into a small volume of organic phase. Separation and quantitation are carried out by ion-pair partition chromatography with UV detection. Accurate determination if possible down to levels of 30 and 60 nmole per liter of plasma for chlorimipramine and the metabolite, respectively, when 1 ml of plasma is used. The coefficient of variation is 7.3% or less at different levels for chlorimipramine and demethylchlorimipramine. Plasma levels of the parent drug and the metabolite measured by this liquid chromatographic method and by a gas chromatographic procedure with electron-capture detection were in good agreement (r = 0.98). The steady-state plasma level of the metabolite was always higher than that of the parent drug in the 34 depressed patients investigated. The mean ratio between the metabolite and the parent drug was 2.7 +/- 1.1 (S.D.) Large inter-individual differences in the levels of the two compounds in patients receiving similar doses were found."}
{"id": "PMID:914951", "title": "[Fluorometric determination of hydrochlorothiazide in body fluids by direct measurement of thin-layer chromatographic plates (author's transl)].", "content": "Two fluorometric methods for analysis of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) are described utilizing direct measurement of thin-layer plates. The first method employs a modification of the Bratton-Marshall reaction and is therefore applicable to all aromatic primary amines. Following diazotation and azocoupling of the HCT hydrolysis product, a fluorescent group is added to the compound. For this purpose N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine is first coupled with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2,1,3-oxadiazole. In the second method, the intrinsic fluorescence of underivatized HCT, following its extraction from plasma, urine or saliva, is used. It is shown that the sensitivity of this method is sufficient for estimating the kinetics following oral administration of 25 mg HCT.", "contents": "[Fluorometric determination of hydrochlorothiazide in body fluids by direct measurement of thin-layer chromatographic plates (author's transl)]. Two fluorometric methods for analysis of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) are described utilizing direct measurement of thin-layer plates. The first method employs a modification of the Bratton-Marshall reaction and is therefore applicable to all aromatic primary amines. Following diazotation and azocoupling of the HCT hydrolysis product, a fluorescent group is added to the compound. For this purpose N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine is first coupled with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2,1,3-oxadiazole. In the second method, the intrinsic fluorescence of underivatized HCT, following its extraction from plasma, urine or saliva, is used. It is shown that the sensitivity of this method is sufficient for estimating the kinetics following oral administration of 25 mg HCT."}
{"id": "PMID:914955", "title": "Detection of benzoylecgonine in human urine.", "content": "A thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method is described that can be used to detect benzoylecgonine (BE), a metabolite of cocaine, in human urine. It is a two-part procedure that can be integrated into a rapid screening program for drug abuse. The first part of the method utilizes two TLC solvent systems to identify a variety of drugs, including BE. The second part is specific for the cocaine metabolite and can be used as a confirmation method. The procedure is sensitive to 3-4 microgram/ml of BE in urine.", "contents": "Detection of benzoylecgonine in human urine. A thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method is described that can be used to detect benzoylecgonine (BE), a metabolite of cocaine, in human urine. It is a two-part procedure that can be integrated into a rapid screening program for drug abuse. The first part of the method utilizes two TLC solvent systems to identify a variety of drugs, including BE. The second part is specific for the cocaine metabolite and can be used as a confirmation method. The procedure is sensitive to 3-4 microgram/ml of BE in urine."}
{"id": "PMID:914963", "title": "[Comparative chromatographic analyses of s-triazines (author's transl)].", "content": "The applicabilities of gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for residue analysis of s-triazine herbicides are compared. With the conditions discussed the detection limit for the 14 s-triazines was determined as follows: 0.02-0.03 ng in GC alkali flame-ionization detection, 0.8 ng in GC flame-ionization detection, 1 ng in HPLC (UV detection), 3-5 ng in HPTLC (UV detection) and 8-13 ng in TLC (UV detection). The linear range in GC (AFID) was 10(4) whereas in the three liquid chromatographic methods it was 10(2). The reproducibility with a confidence limit of P = 95% had a coefficient of variation of +/- 5%. In routine analysis requiring a large number of separations HPTLC has advantages, because the time for a single separation is only 40 sec.", "contents": "[Comparative chromatographic analyses of s-triazines (author's transl)]. The applicabilities of gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for residue analysis of s-triazine herbicides are compared. With the conditions discussed the detection limit for the 14 s-triazines was determined as follows: 0.02-0.03 ng in GC alkali flame-ionization detection, 0.8 ng in GC flame-ionization detection, 1 ng in HPLC (UV detection), 3-5 ng in HPTLC (UV detection) and 8-13 ng in TLC (UV detection). The linear range in GC (AFID) was 10(4) whereas in the three liquid chromatographic methods it was 10(2). The reproducibility with a confidence limit of P = 95% had a coefficient of variation of +/- 5%. In routine analysis requiring a large number of separations HPTLC has advantages, because the time for a single separation is only 40 sec."}
{"id": "PMID:914964", "title": "Three alkylation methods for the determination of indometacin in plasma by electron capture gas chromatography.", "content": "The following alkylation methods for the determination of indometacin in plasma by electron capture gas chromatography are compared: 1, alkylation with diazopropane; 2, extractive alkylation; 3, alkylation by a solid-liquid phase transfer catalysed process. The drug in plasma at pH 4.0 is initially extracted with heptane containing 5% n-pentanol. The methyl ester of indometacin is based as internal standard. After alkylation to the propyl ester according to one of the three alkylation methods, indometacin can be determined down to 5 ng per sample by electron capture gas chromatography. The relative standard deviations (n = 10) at the 200 ng level are 5.1% for the alkylation with diazopropane, 7.5% for the extractive alkylation technique and 3.5% for the alkylation by the solid-liquid phase transfer catalysed process. The comparatively low value obtained by the last method indicates that decomposition of indometacin can be avoided under such mild conditions.", "contents": "Three alkylation methods for the determination of indometacin in plasma by electron capture gas chromatography. The following alkylation methods for the determination of indometacin in plasma by electron capture gas chromatography are compared: 1, alkylation with diazopropane; 2, extractive alkylation; 3, alkylation by a solid-liquid phase transfer catalysed process. The drug in plasma at pH 4.0 is initially extracted with heptane containing 5% n-pentanol. The methyl ester of indometacin is based as internal standard. After alkylation to the propyl ester according to one of the three alkylation methods, indometacin can be determined down to 5 ng per sample by electron capture gas chromatography. The relative standard deviations (n = 10) at the 200 ng level are 5.1% for the alkylation with diazopropane, 7.5% for the extractive alkylation technique and 3.5% for the alkylation by the solid-liquid phase transfer catalysed process. The comparatively low value obtained by the last method indicates that decomposition of indometacin can be avoided under such mild conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:914965", "title": "Separation of degradation products of double-labeled benzylpenicillin on a cation-exchange column.", "content": "By using a cation-exchange resin and eluting with a lithium citrate buffer gradient, good separations were obtained for several degradation products of double-labeled benzylpenicillin.", "contents": "Separation of degradation products of double-labeled benzylpenicillin on a cation-exchange column. By using a cation-exchange resin and eluting with a lithium citrate buffer gradient, good separations were obtained for several degradation products of double-labeled benzylpenicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:914966", "title": "Evaluation of allyldimethylsilyl ethers as steroid derivatives for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "The preparation of allyldimethysilyl steroid ethers for the analysis of steroids by GC-MS has been studied in depth. The application of these derivatives is shown to be unsatisfactory due to competitive formation of allylsiloxane derivatives.", "contents": "Evaluation of allyldimethylsilyl ethers as steroid derivatives for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The preparation of allyldimethysilyl steroid ethers for the analysis of steroids by GC-MS has been studied in depth. The application of these derivatives is shown to be unsatisfactory due to competitive formation of allylsiloxane derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:914967", "title": "A sampling technique for organic components in human breath.", "content": "An analytical sampling system was developed for trace organic components in breath. The sampling system was designed to maximize analyte concentrations while minimizing interference from exogenous contamination. Details of the sampling system design and its operation are presented.", "contents": "A sampling technique for organic components in human breath. An analytical sampling system was developed for trace organic components in breath. The sampling system was designed to maximize analyte concentrations while minimizing interference from exogenous contamination. Details of the sampling system design and its operation are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:914968", "title": "An analytical approach to the quantitation of known drugs in human biological samples by HPLC.", "content": "Although many HPLC methods are available in the literature only a fraction of these are applicable to the analysis of known drugs in human biological fluids. This paper presents the favoured approach of a laboratory involved in the quantitative assay of drugs in man for the subsequent study of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability.", "contents": "An analytical approach to the quantitation of known drugs in human biological samples by HPLC. Although many HPLC methods are available in the literature only a fraction of these are applicable to the analysis of known drugs in human biological fluids. This paper presents the favoured approach of a laboratory involved in the quantitative assay of drugs in man for the subsequent study of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability."}
{"id": "PMID:914969", "title": "Progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione in peripheral blood of normal young women: Daily measurements throughout the menstrual cycle.", "content": "The peripheral plasma concentrations of progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione were measured daily throughout the ovarian cycle of five presumptively ovulatory women. The concentrations of progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione during the follicular phase were 0.11 +/- 0.02 ng/ml (mean +/- SE) and 0.16 +/- 0.01 ng/ml, respectively. In four of these women the concentrations of both progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione began to rise immediately after the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak and reached maximal concentrations five to eight days later (progesterone: 8.6 to 19.9 ng/ml; 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione: 1.4 to 2.8 ng/ml). The luteal phases in these women, measured from the day of the LH peak to the onset of the next menses, varied from 13 to 18 days. In the other woman with a late LH surge (day 27 of the cycle) the peak concentrations of progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione were reached four days after the LH peak (8.9 ng/ml and 0.8 ng/ml, respectively). The luteal phase in this woman was 11 days. From the results of this study, it appears that the concentrations of 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione in peripheral blood during the luteal phase are proportional to the availability of progesterone as substrate for the 5alpha-reductase enzyme system.", "contents": "Progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione in peripheral blood of normal young women: Daily measurements throughout the menstrual cycle. The peripheral plasma concentrations of progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione were measured daily throughout the ovarian cycle of five presumptively ovulatory women. The concentrations of progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione during the follicular phase were 0.11 +/- 0.02 ng/ml (mean +/- SE) and 0.16 +/- 0.01 ng/ml, respectively. In four of these women the concentrations of both progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione began to rise immediately after the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak and reached maximal concentrations five to eight days later (progesterone: 8.6 to 19.9 ng/ml; 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione: 1.4 to 2.8 ng/ml). The luteal phases in these women, measured from the day of the LH peak to the onset of the next menses, varied from 13 to 18 days. In the other woman with a late LH surge (day 27 of the cycle) the peak concentrations of progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione were reached four days after the LH peak (8.9 ng/ml and 0.8 ng/ml, respectively). The luteal phase in this woman was 11 days. From the results of this study, it appears that the concentrations of 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione in peripheral blood during the luteal phase are proportional to the availability of progesterone as substrate for the 5alpha-reductase enzyme system."}
{"id": "PMID:914971", "title": "Pubertal progression in the presence of elevated serum gonadotropins in girls with multiple endocrine deficiencies.", "content": "Pubertal progression in the presence of abnormally elevated serum gonadotropins was followed over several years in two girls with multiple endocrine deficiencies and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Both had hypoparathyroidism and one had adrenal failure as well. A serum level of progesterone (8 ng/ml) consistent with ovulation was documented in the one girl who had regular monthly menses. High serum levels of FSH (30--60 mIU/ml) at times when serum estradiol was in the normal pubertal range (100--200 pg/ml) may indicate partial ovarian end-organ resistance or failure. Since premature menopause is associated with this syndrome, we postulate that we are observing puberty in girls whose ovaries are in the early stages of a destructive process which may eventually result in irreversible ovarian failure. A possible explanation could be the existence of increased resistance to gonadotropins at the ovarian level because of gonadotropin receptor antibodies or an inherent receptor defect.", "contents": "Pubertal progression in the presence of elevated serum gonadotropins in girls with multiple endocrine deficiencies. Pubertal progression in the presence of abnormally elevated serum gonadotropins was followed over several years in two girls with multiple endocrine deficiencies and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Both had hypoparathyroidism and one had adrenal failure as well. A serum level of progesterone (8 ng/ml) consistent with ovulation was documented in the one girl who had regular monthly menses. High serum levels of FSH (30--60 mIU/ml) at times when serum estradiol was in the normal pubertal range (100--200 pg/ml) may indicate partial ovarian end-organ resistance or failure. Since premature menopause is associated with this syndrome, we postulate that we are observing puberty in girls whose ovaries are in the early stages of a destructive process which may eventually result in irreversible ovarian failure. A possible explanation could be the existence of increased resistance to gonadotropins at the ovarian level because of gonadotropin receptor antibodies or an inherent receptor defect."}
{"id": "PMID:914972", "title": "25-hydroxyvitamin D and its binding protein in maternal and cord serum.", "content": "Serum calcium, phosphorus, albumin, total protein, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and the vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) were measured in 30 cord sera and in 30 sera obtained simultaneously from their respective mothers. The maternal serum concentration of 25OHD (14.0 +/- 6.9 microgram/l, mean +/- SD) and of DBP (574 +/- 72 mg/l) were significantly higher than the respective cord serum concentration (8.0 +/- 4.4 microgram/l and 268 +/- 39 mg/l). The calculated concentration of \"free 25OHD,\" however, was slightly but significantly higher in cord serum (0.44 +/- 0.24 ng/l) than in maternal serum (0.34 +/- 0.18 ng/l). Serum calcium and phoshporus were lower in maternal than in cord serum. A highly significant positive correlation was found between maternal and cord serum concentration of DBP (r = 0.59), total 25OHD (r = 0.79), \"free 25OHD\" (r = 0.86) and phosphorus (r = 0.73). These data indicate that the concentration of DBP is important for the evaluation of the placental transfer of 25OHD. Indeed, the concentration of \"free 25OHD\" is slightly higher in cord serum than in maternal serum, despite the maternal-to-fetal gradient of total 25OHD. The low fetal concentration of DBP is also unfavorable for the fetal storage of 25OHD during intrauterine life.", "contents": "25-hydroxyvitamin D and its binding protein in maternal and cord serum. Serum calcium, phosphorus, albumin, total protein, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and the vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) were measured in 30 cord sera and in 30 sera obtained simultaneously from their respective mothers. The maternal serum concentration of 25OHD (14.0 +/- 6.9 microgram/l, mean +/- SD) and of DBP (574 +/- 72 mg/l) were significantly higher than the respective cord serum concentration (8.0 +/- 4.4 microgram/l and 268 +/- 39 mg/l). The calculated concentration of \"free 25OHD,\" however, was slightly but significantly higher in cord serum (0.44 +/- 0.24 ng/l) than in maternal serum (0.34 +/- 0.18 ng/l). Serum calcium and phoshporus were lower in maternal than in cord serum. A highly significant positive correlation was found between maternal and cord serum concentration of DBP (r = 0.59), total 25OHD (r = 0.79), \"free 25OHD\" (r = 0.86) and phosphorus (r = 0.73). These data indicate that the concentration of DBP is important for the evaluation of the placental transfer of 25OHD. Indeed, the concentration of \"free 25OHD\" is slightly higher in cord serum than in maternal serum, despite the maternal-to-fetal gradient of total 25OHD. The low fetal concentration of DBP is also unfavorable for the fetal storage of 25OHD during intrauterine life."}
{"id": "PMID:914973", "title": "Renin reactivity, renin activity and renin concentration in patients with normal and low renin essential hypertension.", "content": "Renin activity, concentration, substrate and reactivity were determined in normal subjects as well as in hypertensive subjects with suppressed and normal plasma renin activity. Renin substrate measurements were similar in all groups. Renin reactivity, a measure of circulating modifiers of the renin reaction, was significantly increased in both hypertensive groups. Reactivity was significantly greater in the normal renin hypertensive group than the low renin hypertensive group. Renin concentration was significantly suppressed in both hypertensive groups, but to a greater degree in the low renin hypertensives. These findings suggest that plasma renin concentration may be suppressed in most hypertensive subjects. Furthermore, plasma renin activity may be \"normalized\" in most hypertensive subjects by the effect of circulating modifiers of the renin reaction. While renin reactivity in the plasma of low-renin hypertensive subjects is accelerated to a lesser degree than that of the normal-renin hypertensives, this finding alone does not explain the low plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Renin reactivity, renin activity and renin concentration in patients with normal and low renin essential hypertension. Renin activity, concentration, substrate and reactivity were determined in normal subjects as well as in hypertensive subjects with suppressed and normal plasma renin activity. Renin substrate measurements were similar in all groups. Renin reactivity, a measure of circulating modifiers of the renin reaction, was significantly increased in both hypertensive groups. Reactivity was significantly greater in the normal renin hypertensive group than the low renin hypertensive group. Renin concentration was significantly suppressed in both hypertensive groups, but to a greater degree in the low renin hypertensives. These findings suggest that plasma renin concentration may be suppressed in most hypertensive subjects. Furthermore, plasma renin activity may be \"normalized\" in most hypertensive subjects by the effect of circulating modifiers of the renin reaction. While renin reactivity in the plasma of low-renin hypertensive subjects is accelerated to a lesser degree than that of the normal-renin hypertensives, this finding alone does not explain the low plasma renin activity."}
{"id": "PMID:914974", "title": "Inappropriate secretion of antiduretic hormone, hypertension, and hypoplastic corpus callosum.", "content": "The threshold of serum osmolality causing release of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) was shifted to an abnormally low level (262 mosmol/kg H2O) in a 14-year-old girl with hypertension and signs of hypoplastic corpus callosum. There was a physiologically meaningful control of vasopressin release in response to water restriction and water load. Plasma vasopressin concentrations (range 1.2--11.9 pg/ml) were of the same magnitude as those of healthy adults, being abnormally high only when related to the hypotonicity of serum observed. Plasma concentrations of angiotensin II were higher than expected from the suppressed levels of plasma renin activity. Blood-pressure response to angiotensin II infusion was increased. Resetting of the osmostat and hypertension may both be explained by lesions of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Inappropriate secretion of antiduretic hormone, hypertension, and hypoplastic corpus callosum. The threshold of serum osmolality causing release of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) was shifted to an abnormally low level (262 mosmol/kg H2O) in a 14-year-old girl with hypertension and signs of hypoplastic corpus callosum. There was a physiologically meaningful control of vasopressin release in response to water restriction and water load. Plasma vasopressin concentrations (range 1.2--11.9 pg/ml) were of the same magnitude as those of healthy adults, being abnormally high only when related to the hypotonicity of serum observed. Plasma concentrations of angiotensin II were higher than expected from the suppressed levels of plasma renin activity. Blood-pressure response to angiotensin II infusion was increased. Resetting of the osmostat and hypertension may both be explained by lesions of the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:914975", "title": "Ovarian dysgenesis due to 45 X, 0/46 dic (X) mosaicism.", "content": "A 16 year old girl was evaluated for short stature, primary amenorrhea, and lack of development of secondary sex characterisics. She did not have the classical phenotypic signs of Turner's syndrome. However, she was short, had infantile genitalia and the adnexa were not palpable. There was a minor bone malformation and no signs of visceral abnormalities. The hormonal studies showed hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and borderline hypothyroidism. The rest of the endocrine functions was normal. The Barr bodies on the buccal smear were decreased and in part abnormal, large or bipartite. The karyotype showed mosaicism of about equal proportions of 45 X, 0/46, X, dic (X). The large dicentric chromosome was due to the end to end fusion of two X chromosomes by their short arms. Sequential binding studies were performed and failed to document any loss of genetic material of the dicentric X. It is speculated that the fusion of X chromosomes during an early mitotic division was responsible for the 45 X, U cell line, and that the short stature and gonadal dysgenesis in this patient was due to the presence of the 45 X, 0 line.", "contents": "Ovarian dysgenesis due to 45 X, 0/46 dic (X) mosaicism. A 16 year old girl was evaluated for short stature, primary amenorrhea, and lack of development of secondary sex characterisics. She did not have the classical phenotypic signs of Turner's syndrome. However, she was short, had infantile genitalia and the adnexa were not palpable. There was a minor bone malformation and no signs of visceral abnormalities. The hormonal studies showed hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and borderline hypothyroidism. The rest of the endocrine functions was normal. The Barr bodies on the buccal smear were decreased and in part abnormal, large or bipartite. The karyotype showed mosaicism of about equal proportions of 45 X, 0/46, X, dic (X). The large dicentric chromosome was due to the end to end fusion of two X chromosomes by their short arms. Sequential binding studies were performed and failed to document any loss of genetic material of the dicentric X. It is speculated that the fusion of X chromosomes during an early mitotic division was responsible for the 45 X, U cell line, and that the short stature and gonadal dysgenesis in this patient was due to the presence of the 45 X, 0 line."}
{"id": "PMID:914976", "title": "A study of plasma vasopressin in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "Plasma vasopressin (VP) was determined in 28 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. Plasma VP levels were significantly higher in the patients than in the normal subjects. It was also observed that plasma VP levels did not fall significantly despite a marked decrease of effective plasma osmolality following hemodialysis, and that no correlation was obtained between the plasma VP levels and effective plasma osmolality, both before and after hemodialysis. By analyzing the changes in blood volume and blood pressure in addition to plasma osmolality in each case, a dysfunction of VP release in response to osmotic stimulus was found in 5 out of 28 patients.", "contents": "A study of plasma vasopressin in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Plasma vasopressin (VP) was determined in 28 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. Plasma VP levels were significantly higher in the patients than in the normal subjects. It was also observed that plasma VP levels did not fall significantly despite a marked decrease of effective plasma osmolality following hemodialysis, and that no correlation was obtained between the plasma VP levels and effective plasma osmolality, both before and after hemodialysis. By analyzing the changes in blood volume and blood pressure in addition to plasma osmolality in each case, a dysfunction of VP release in response to osmotic stimulus was found in 5 out of 28 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:914977", "title": "Human amniotic membrane corticosteroid 11-oxidoreductase activity.", "content": "The ability of amniotic membrane, obtained with 3 h of delivery of 28 infants, to interconvert 3H-cortisol and 14-C-cortisone has been examined. The conversion of cortisone to cortisol increases as a function of gestational age, being first seen at 29.5 weeks and reaching values of 50--55% at term (n = 28, r = 0.615, P less than 0.01). Furthermore, a net gain of the active hormone (cortisol) resulting from the bidirectional interconversion of cortisol and cortisone (\"C-11 activation index\") appears at 31 weeks and reaches 40--50% by term (n = 28, r = 0.674, P less than .001). We speculate that this phenomenon could be an important source of active glucocorticoid for the fetus.", "contents": "Human amniotic membrane corticosteroid 11-oxidoreductase activity. The ability of amniotic membrane, obtained with 3 h of delivery of 28 infants, to interconvert 3H-cortisol and 14-C-cortisone has been examined. The conversion of cortisone to cortisol increases as a function of gestational age, being first seen at 29.5 weeks and reaching values of 50--55% at term (n = 28, r = 0.615, P less than 0.01). Furthermore, a net gain of the active hormone (cortisol) resulting from the bidirectional interconversion of cortisol and cortisone (\"C-11 activation index\") appears at 31 weeks and reaches 40--50% by term (n = 28, r = 0.674, P less than .001). We speculate that this phenomenon could be an important source of active glucocorticoid for the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:914978", "title": "A non-chromatographic non-extraction radioimmunoassay for serum aldosterone.", "content": "A direct radioimmunoassay for serum aldosterone was developed using a highly specific sntibody and 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid as a blocking agent to inhibit the binding of aldosterone to serum proteins. 125I-labeled aldosterone was used as the labeled antigen and polyethylene glycol was used to separate antibody-bound and free aldosterone. The minimum detectable concentration was 1.5 pg/tube. There were excellent correlations between the present method and other methods, i.e., 1) a method using tritiated aldosterone, 2) a method using dichloromethane extraction before assay, and 3) a commercial kit method. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 6.9%, and the inter-assay coefficient of variation was 10.7%. The values found in normal human serum were comparable with those reported using other methods. The present radioimmunoassay eliminates both extraction of aldosterone from serum and chromatographic separation and requires only 0.1 ml of serum for assay.", "contents": "A non-chromatographic non-extraction radioimmunoassay for serum aldosterone. A direct radioimmunoassay for serum aldosterone was developed using a highly specific sntibody and 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid as a blocking agent to inhibit the binding of aldosterone to serum proteins. 125I-labeled aldosterone was used as the labeled antigen and polyethylene glycol was used to separate antibody-bound and free aldosterone. The minimum detectable concentration was 1.5 pg/tube. There were excellent correlations between the present method and other methods, i.e., 1) a method using tritiated aldosterone, 2) a method using dichloromethane extraction before assay, and 3) a commercial kit method. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 6.9%, and the inter-assay coefficient of variation was 10.7%. The values found in normal human serum were comparable with those reported using other methods. The present radioimmunoassay eliminates both extraction of aldosterone from serum and chromatographic separation and requires only 0.1 ml of serum for assay."}
{"id": "PMID:914979", "title": "Studies of androgen production and binding in 13 male pseudohermaphrodites and 13 males with micropenis.", "content": "We studied androgen production by morphologic and biochemical criteria plus androgen binding by skin fibroblasts in 13 male pseudohermaphrodites and 13 males with micropenis, none of whom had evidence of androgen insensitivity. Seventeen of the 26 patients had evidence of deficient androgen production, suggesting this as the cause of their incomplete virilization in utero. Fibroblasts from all 26 patients demonstrated normal androgen binding and affinity of the steroid for the receptor. Although these results exclude a deficiency of androgen binding in these individuals, other end organ defects are possible. Guidelines for diagnosis and management of such patients are presented.", "contents": "Studies of androgen production and binding in 13 male pseudohermaphrodites and 13 males with micropenis. We studied androgen production by morphologic and biochemical criteria plus androgen binding by skin fibroblasts in 13 male pseudohermaphrodites and 13 males with micropenis, none of whom had evidence of androgen insensitivity. Seventeen of the 26 patients had evidence of deficient androgen production, suggesting this as the cause of their incomplete virilization in utero. Fibroblasts from all 26 patients demonstrated normal androgen binding and affinity of the steroid for the receptor. Although these results exclude a deficiency of androgen binding in these individuals, other end organ defects are possible. Guidelines for diagnosis and management of such patients are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:914981", "title": "The effects of oral melatonin on skin color and on the release of pituitary hormones.", "content": "We studied the effects of prolonged ingestion of melatonin, 1 g per day, on skin color and the serum levels of pituitary hormones in 5 human subjects with hyperpigmented skin. Melatonin lightened hyperpigmented skin of one patient with untreated adrenogenital syndrome, but had no effect on three patients' skin with idiopathic hyperpigmentation and one patient with treated Addison's disease. Melatonin appeared to depress the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum and may have inhibited in some patients the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland after stimulation by stress or L-dopa. The subjects all noted increased drowsiness but through studies on the eyes, liver, kidneys, and bone marrow revealed no other evidence of toxicity.", "contents": "The effects of oral melatonin on skin color and on the release of pituitary hormones. We studied the effects of prolonged ingestion of melatonin, 1 g per day, on skin color and the serum levels of pituitary hormones in 5 human subjects with hyperpigmented skin. Melatonin lightened hyperpigmented skin of one patient with untreated adrenogenital syndrome, but had no effect on three patients' skin with idiopathic hyperpigmentation and one patient with treated Addison's disease. Melatonin appeared to depress the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum and may have inhibited in some patients the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland after stimulation by stress or L-dopa. The subjects all noted increased drowsiness but through studies on the eyes, liver, kidneys, and bone marrow revealed no other evidence of toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:914983", "title": "Sex differences in corticosteroids in man.", "content": "The serum concentrations of progesterone (P), 17-OH-progesterone (17-OHP), 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), corticosterone (B), 11-deoxycortisol (S), 18-OH-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC), aldosterone (Aldo) and cortisol (F) were measured in 18 normal men (M), 14 normal women in the folicular phase (FF) and 14 normal women in the luteal phase (FL) of menstrual cycle from blood samples obtained between 0800 and 0900 h. Steroids were estimated by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay allowing the simultaneous determination of all steroids studied from one 3 ml serum sample. The mean steroid concentrations (ng/1dl) in FF were found to be as follows: P, 20.3; 17-OHP, 58; DOC, 3.8; B, 241; S, 20.7; 18-OH-DOC, 12.3; Aldo, 8.8; F, 9860. Apart from P, steroid concentrations in FF were significantly lower than in M. Serum 17-OHP, DOC, B and Aldo in FF were significantly lower than in FL. With the exception of P, there were no significant differences of mean steroid concentrations between M and FL.", "contents": "Sex differences in corticosteroids in man. The serum concentrations of progesterone (P), 17-OH-progesterone (17-OHP), 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), corticosterone (B), 11-deoxycortisol (S), 18-OH-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC), aldosterone (Aldo) and cortisol (F) were measured in 18 normal men (M), 14 normal women in the folicular phase (FF) and 14 normal women in the luteal phase (FL) of menstrual cycle from blood samples obtained between 0800 and 0900 h. Steroids were estimated by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay allowing the simultaneous determination of all steroids studied from one 3 ml serum sample. The mean steroid concentrations (ng/1dl) in FF were found to be as follows: P, 20.3; 17-OHP, 58; DOC, 3.8; B, 241; S, 20.7; 18-OH-DOC, 12.3; Aldo, 8.8; F, 9860. Apart from P, steroid concentrations in FF were significantly lower than in M. Serum 17-OHP, DOC, B and Aldo in FF were significantly lower than in FL. With the exception of P, there were no significant differences of mean steroid concentrations between M and FL."}
{"id": "PMID:914984", "title": "Permeability of antidiuretic hormone and other hormones through the dialysis membrane in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "In eight patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, ultrafiltration was performed for 1 h in each patient. The concentration of urea nitrogen, creatinine, ADH, cortisol, GH, prolactin and TSH was measured in plasma and the filtering solution, and the permeability of each substance was determined. The plasma concentration of ADH coincided with that of the filtering solution, and no significant difference was noted between the permeability of creating and ADH. In contrast, cortisol, GH, prolactin and TSH were not detected in the filtering solution. Chromatographic study showed that ADH in the filtering solution coincided with synthetic ADH. From a comparison of the permeability with the molecular weight, it was suggested that ADH in the blood exists in free form without binding with plasma proteins or neurophysin.", "contents": "Permeability of antidiuretic hormone and other hormones through the dialysis membrane in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. In eight patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, ultrafiltration was performed for 1 h in each patient. The concentration of urea nitrogen, creatinine, ADH, cortisol, GH, prolactin and TSH was measured in plasma and the filtering solution, and the permeability of each substance was determined. The plasma concentration of ADH coincided with that of the filtering solution, and no significant difference was noted between the permeability of creating and ADH. In contrast, cortisol, GH, prolactin and TSH were not detected in the filtering solution. Chromatographic study showed that ADH in the filtering solution coincided with synthetic ADH. From a comparison of the permeability with the molecular weight, it was suggested that ADH in the blood exists in free form without binding with plasma proteins or neurophysin."}
{"id": "PMID:914985", "title": "The insulin receptor in myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "Insulin binding was studied using circulating monocytes obtained from seven patients with myotonic dystrophy and seven control subjects. During an oral glucose tolerance test the 2 h plasma glucose value was significantly higher in patients with myotonic dystrophy compared to controls, and 5 out of the 7 patients demonstrated hyperinsulinemia. This combination of abnormal glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia suggests insulin resistance. There was no difference in insulin binding to monocyte receptors between the two groups. These results suggest that no abnormality exists in the insulin receptor in myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "The insulin receptor in myotonic dystrophy. Insulin binding was studied using circulating monocytes obtained from seven patients with myotonic dystrophy and seven control subjects. During an oral glucose tolerance test the 2 h plasma glucose value was significantly higher in patients with myotonic dystrophy compared to controls, and 5 out of the 7 patients demonstrated hyperinsulinemia. This combination of abnormal glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia suggests insulin resistance. There was no difference in insulin binding to monocyte receptors between the two groups. These results suggest that no abnormality exists in the insulin receptor in myotonic dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:914986", "title": "Serum somatomedin peptides measured by somatomedin A radioreceptor assay in chronic liver disease.", "content": "The levels of serum somatomedin peptides were determined with a somatomedin A radioreceptor assay utilizing human placental membranes. Low levels were found in 25 patients with liver cirrhosis and 28 patients with chronic hepatitis with the mean of 0.47 +/- 0.05 and 0.60 +/- 0.04 U/ml, respectively. There was a positive correlation between somatomedin A on one hand and serum albumin, cholinesterase, total cholesterol and thrombotest on the other. There was a negative correlation between somatomedin A and the indocyanine green retention test. These findings confirm earlier results obtained with bioassay.", "contents": "Serum somatomedin peptides measured by somatomedin A radioreceptor assay in chronic liver disease. The levels of serum somatomedin peptides were determined with a somatomedin A radioreceptor assay utilizing human placental membranes. Low levels were found in 25 patients with liver cirrhosis and 28 patients with chronic hepatitis with the mean of 0.47 +/- 0.05 and 0.60 +/- 0.04 U/ml, respectively. There was a positive correlation between somatomedin A on one hand and serum albumin, cholinesterase, total cholesterol and thrombotest on the other. There was a negative correlation between somatomedin A and the indocyanine green retention test. These findings confirm earlier results obtained with bioassay."}
{"id": "PMID:914987", "title": "Ultracentrifugal characterization of cytosol-binding proteins for thyroxine and triiodothyronine in human liver.", "content": "Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation was performed on human liver cytosol containing double tracers of 131I-thyroxine(T4) and 125I-triiodothyronine(T3) together with or without large amount of stable hormones. Tracer T4 bound to the cytosol indicated 2 peaks of 8.3S and 4.7S, both of which were displaced with stable T4, but not with T3. Maximal binding capacity of the 8.3S component averaged 43.2 microgram/100ml of 33% cytosol. Tracer T3 in the cytosol showed a single peak of 4.2S which was displaced with stable T3 and also with T4. The results indicate thtat the human liver cytosol contains limited-capacity binding proteins: the one specific for T4, and the other relatively specific for T3.", "contents": "Ultracentrifugal characterization of cytosol-binding proteins for thyroxine and triiodothyronine in human liver. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation was performed on human liver cytosol containing double tracers of 131I-thyroxine(T4) and 125I-triiodothyronine(T3) together with or without large amount of stable hormones. Tracer T4 bound to the cytosol indicated 2 peaks of 8.3S and 4.7S, both of which were displaced with stable T4, but not with T3. Maximal binding capacity of the 8.3S component averaged 43.2 microgram/100ml of 33% cytosol. Tracer T3 in the cytosol showed a single peak of 4.2S which was displaced with stable T3 and also with T4. The results indicate thtat the human liver cytosol contains limited-capacity binding proteins: the one specific for T4, and the other relatively specific for T3."}
{"id": "PMID:914988", "title": "Decreased cortical thickness & osteopenia in children with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A recent study using the photon absorption technique has revealed a high frequency of significant bone loss in diabetic adults regardless of age or duration of diabetes. In this study 107 diabetic children age 4-18 were studied using cortical bone thickness and skeletal maturation as indicators of bone development. Overall, 25% of all diabetic children had cortical thickness values below the five percent limit for normal children. This was more common in boys than girls and was unrelated to duration of diabetes. A modest increase in delayed skeletal maturation did not account for the cortical thinning and osteopenia observed. The cause of the osteopenia of diabetic children remains an enigma.", "contents": "Decreased cortical thickness & osteopenia in children with diabetes mellitus. A recent study using the photon absorption technique has revealed a high frequency of significant bone loss in diabetic adults regardless of age or duration of diabetes. In this study 107 diabetic children age 4-18 were studied using cortical bone thickness and skeletal maturation as indicators of bone development. Overall, 25% of all diabetic children had cortical thickness values below the five percent limit for normal children. This was more common in boys than girls and was unrelated to duration of diabetes. A modest increase in delayed skeletal maturation did not account for the cortical thinning and osteopenia observed. The cause of the osteopenia of diabetic children remains an enigma."}
{"id": "PMID:914989", "title": "Effect of food intake on the metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone.", "content": "The effect of eating on the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of aldosterone was investigated in 10 adult individuals. 3H-aldosterone was infused continuously over a period of 5 h while the subjects remained supine. Three h after the start of the infusion, each subject ate a bowl of soup. The MCR of aldosterone, before and after the intake of food, was calculated by dividing the rate of infusion of 3H-aldosterone by the mean concentration of under the same conditions but without eating. The MCR of aldosterone (mean +/- 1 SD) was 1284 +/- 513 L/24 h before food intake and 2182 +/- 180 L/24 h after food intake in the 10 individuals who ate. The MCR in the 11 subjects who did not eat was 1363 +/- 446 and 1357 +/- 434 during the same periods (p greater than 0.05). The 29% increase in the MCR induced by eating was highly significant (p less than 0.001); it was similar in magnitude and duration to a previously reported effect of food intake on the hepatic blood flow (13).", "contents": "Effect of food intake on the metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone. The effect of eating on the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of aldosterone was investigated in 10 adult individuals. 3H-aldosterone was infused continuously over a period of 5 h while the subjects remained supine. Three h after the start of the infusion, each subject ate a bowl of soup. The MCR of aldosterone, before and after the intake of food, was calculated by dividing the rate of infusion of 3H-aldosterone by the mean concentration of under the same conditions but without eating. The MCR of aldosterone (mean +/- 1 SD) was 1284 +/- 513 L/24 h before food intake and 2182 +/- 180 L/24 h after food intake in the 10 individuals who ate. The MCR in the 11 subjects who did not eat was 1363 +/- 446 and 1357 +/- 434 during the same periods (p greater than 0.05). The 29% increase in the MCR induced by eating was highly significant (p less than 0.001); it was similar in magnitude and duration to a previously reported effect of food intake on the hepatic blood flow (13)."}
{"id": "PMID:914990", "title": "Latex agglutination tests for measurement of antiplague antibodies.", "content": "A latex agglutination test was evaluated as a method for detection and titration of antiplague antibodies. Slide and microtiter techniques using polystyrene latex particles coated with specific fraction-I-antigen of Yersinia pestis were found to be comparable in specificity and sensitivity to serological tests commonly used in laboratory practice. The latex agglutination titers correlated well with those measured by the World Health Organization standard method of indirect hemagglutination, although there was a tendency for the former to be a little lower than the latter. With further study, the latex agglutination test may have application in the seroinvestigation of plague infection in rodents.", "contents": "Latex agglutination tests for measurement of antiplague antibodies. A latex agglutination test was evaluated as a method for detection and titration of antiplague antibodies. Slide and microtiter techniques using polystyrene latex particles coated with specific fraction-I-antigen of Yersinia pestis were found to be comparable in specificity and sensitivity to serological tests commonly used in laboratory practice. The latex agglutination titers correlated well with those measured by the World Health Organization standard method of indirect hemagglutination, although there was a tendency for the former to be a little lower than the latter. With further study, the latex agglutination test may have application in the seroinvestigation of plague infection in rodents."}
{"id": "PMID:914991", "title": "Mouse potency assay for Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterins.", "content": "A potency assay for Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterins has been developed using mice. The immunogenicities of three bacterins, B, C, and D, were evaluated for ability to prevent death in mice as compared with a reference standard bacterin (RSB-A). Bacterins RSB-A, B, and C were evaluated for ability to prevent death in mice as compared with a reference standard bacterin (RSB-A). Bacterins RSB-A, B, and C were evaluated in swine for efficacy against nasal turbinate atrophy. Swine immunized with RSB-A demonstrated 25% gross nasal turbinate atrophy (GNTA), whereas nonimmunized swine had 85% GNTA. Swine vaccinated with bacterins B and C demonstrated 0 and 100% GNTA, respectively, whereas the nonimmunized groups had 64 and 75% GNTA, respectively. RSB-A and bacterins B, C, and D provided average mouse survivals of 94, 88, 49, and 32%, respectively when the mice were given 1/10,000 of a recommended swine-immunizing dose, whereas an average of 88% of the unvaccinated mice died.", "contents": "Mouse potency assay for Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterins. A potency assay for Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterins has been developed using mice. The immunogenicities of three bacterins, B, C, and D, were evaluated for ability to prevent death in mice as compared with a reference standard bacterin (RSB-A). Bacterins RSB-A, B, and C were evaluated for ability to prevent death in mice as compared with a reference standard bacterin (RSB-A). Bacterins RSB-A, B, and C were evaluated in swine for efficacy against nasal turbinate atrophy. Swine immunized with RSB-A demonstrated 25% gross nasal turbinate atrophy (GNTA), whereas nonimmunized swine had 85% GNTA. Swine vaccinated with bacterins B and C demonstrated 0 and 100% GNTA, respectively, whereas the nonimmunized groups had 64 and 75% GNTA, respectively. RSB-A and bacterins B, C, and D provided average mouse survivals of 94, 88, 49, and 32%, respectively when the mice were given 1/10,000 of a recommended swine-immunizing dose, whereas an average of 88% of the unvaccinated mice died."}
{"id": "PMID:914992", "title": "Comparative evaluation of different types of blood culture media for isolation of aerobes.", "content": "The possible advantage of hypertonic sucrose medium over isotonic medium for isolating aerobic organisms from blood was studied. Approximately 50 ml of medium and 5 ml of blood inoculum were present in each culture bottle. In the first phase of the study, supplemented peptone broth (SPB) was compared with brucella broth containing 10% sucrose (BB-10S). There were 194 significant clinical isolates in at least one of the two bottles in each set during a 7-month period; 160 (82%) of the isolates grew in SPB, whereas 191 (98%) grew in BB-10S (P less than 0.01). Of the 158 isolates that grew in both media, 13 (8%) appeared earlier in BB-10S, whereas none did so in SPB. In the second phase of the study, SPB with 10% sucrose (SPB-10S) was compared with BB-10S. There were 187 isolates during a 9-month period; 173 (93%) grew in SPB-10S compared with 179 (96%) for BB-10S. In this comparison there was no apparent difference in the time interval required for recovery of organisms. The two hypertonic sucrose media (SPB-10S and BB-10S) were comparable for isolating organisms under aerobic conditions and superior to the nonhypertonic medium (SPB).", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of different types of blood culture media for isolation of aerobes. The possible advantage of hypertonic sucrose medium over isotonic medium for isolating aerobic organisms from blood was studied. Approximately 50 ml of medium and 5 ml of blood inoculum were present in each culture bottle. In the first phase of the study, supplemented peptone broth (SPB) was compared with brucella broth containing 10% sucrose (BB-10S). There were 194 significant clinical isolates in at least one of the two bottles in each set during a 7-month period; 160 (82%) of the isolates grew in SPB, whereas 191 (98%) grew in BB-10S (P less than 0.01). Of the 158 isolates that grew in both media, 13 (8%) appeared earlier in BB-10S, whereas none did so in SPB. In the second phase of the study, SPB with 10% sucrose (SPB-10S) was compared with BB-10S. There were 187 isolates during a 9-month period; 173 (93%) grew in SPB-10S compared with 179 (96%) for BB-10S. In this comparison there was no apparent difference in the time interval required for recovery of organisms. The two hypertonic sucrose media (SPB-10S and BB-10S) were comparable for isolating organisms under aerobic conditions and superior to the nonhypertonic medium (SPB)."}
{"id": "PMID:914993", "title": "Early detection and preliminary susceptibility testing of positive pediatric blood cultures with the Steers replicator.", "content": "Early replicator subculturing of blood specimens after 4 to 16 h of incubation detected 135 of 217 (59%) of all positive cultures, including 56 of 64 (87%) Haemophilus influenzae type b, 7 of 22 (32%) Staphylococcus aureus, 19 of 20 (95%) pathogenic streptococci, and 20 of 24 (83%) Enterobacteriaceae. The mean time to detection of the common pediatric pathogens (36 h) was significantly less than that of contaminants (85 h) (P less than 0.001). Blind subculturing to differential media aided in the rapid identification of isolates and the detection of mixed cultures. In addition, a method of obtaining rapid susceptibilities of blood and body fluid isolates to selected antibiotics by blind subculturing to antibiotic-containing media was evaluated. Immediate susceptibility information was obtained for 214 of the 245 (87.3%) isolate-antibiotic combinations. There was complete correlation with a standard Kirby-Bauer reading for 94.9% of these observations. Replicator blood subculturing before 24 h of incubation results in early detection of the majority of pediatric pathogens. The inoculation of additional differential and antibiotic-containing media with each blind subculture aids in rapid identification of isolates and may give limited, but clinically important, immediate susceptibility information.", "contents": "Early detection and preliminary susceptibility testing of positive pediatric blood cultures with the Steers replicator. Early replicator subculturing of blood specimens after 4 to 16 h of incubation detected 135 of 217 (59%) of all positive cultures, including 56 of 64 (87%) Haemophilus influenzae type b, 7 of 22 (32%) Staphylococcus aureus, 19 of 20 (95%) pathogenic streptococci, and 20 of 24 (83%) Enterobacteriaceae. The mean time to detection of the common pediatric pathogens (36 h) was significantly less than that of contaminants (85 h) (P less than 0.001). Blind subculturing to differential media aided in the rapid identification of isolates and the detection of mixed cultures. In addition, a method of obtaining rapid susceptibilities of blood and body fluid isolates to selected antibiotics by blind subculturing to antibiotic-containing media was evaluated. Immediate susceptibility information was obtained for 214 of the 245 (87.3%) isolate-antibiotic combinations. There was complete correlation with a standard Kirby-Bauer reading for 94.9% of these observations. Replicator blood subculturing before 24 h of incubation results in early detection of the majority of pediatric pathogens. The inoculation of additional differential and antibiotic-containing media with each blind subculture aids in rapid identification of isolates and may give limited, but clinically important, immediate susceptibility information."}
{"id": "PMID:914994", "title": "Effect of freezing on the viability of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine feces.", "content": "Three bovine fecal specimens were cultured for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis before freezing and after frozen storage at -70 degrees C for 3 and 15 weeks. The losses in viability from 0 to 3 weeks of storage were significant (P = 0.01) for all three samples. The losses in viability between 3 and 15 weeks of storage were not significant (P greater than 0.05) for two specimens in which the M. paratuberculosis occurred naturally, but the loss was significant (P = 0.01) in a simulated specimen (M. paratuberculosis culture added to feces from a healthy cow).", "contents": "Effect of freezing on the viability of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine feces. Three bovine fecal specimens were cultured for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis before freezing and after frozen storage at -70 degrees C for 3 and 15 weeks. The losses in viability from 0 to 3 weeks of storage were significant (P = 0.01) for all three samples. The losses in viability between 3 and 15 weeks of storage were not significant (P greater than 0.05) for two specimens in which the M. paratuberculosis occurred naturally, but the loss was significant (P = 0.01) in a simulated specimen (M. paratuberculosis culture added to feces from a healthy cow)."}
{"id": "PMID:914995", "title": "Isolation of bacteriophage from Thermoactinomyces.", "content": "Bacteriophages were isolated from strains of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, T. candidus, and T. sacchari used to produce antigen for hypersensitivity pneumonitis screening at the Marshfield Medical Foundation. Whereas the one phage isolated from T. sacchari and two phages from T. vulgaris were species specific, three other phages isolated from T. vulgaris and the two phages isolated from T. candidus were infectious for both T. vulgaris and T. candidus, thus indicating a close relationship between these two species. A simple reproducible scheme for classification of newly isolated T. vulgaris-T. candidus phages into seven groups on the basis of host range is presented. Examination of plaque morphology of the T. vulgaris-T. candidus phages supported the host range classification scheme. The ease of isolation of phages from cultures of Thermoactinomyces suggests that they are commonly associated with this genus.", "contents": "Isolation of bacteriophage from Thermoactinomyces. Bacteriophages were isolated from strains of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, T. candidus, and T. sacchari used to produce antigen for hypersensitivity pneumonitis screening at the Marshfield Medical Foundation. Whereas the one phage isolated from T. sacchari and two phages from T. vulgaris were species specific, three other phages isolated from T. vulgaris and the two phages isolated from T. candidus were infectious for both T. vulgaris and T. candidus, thus indicating a close relationship between these two species. A simple reproducible scheme for classification of newly isolated T. vulgaris-T. candidus phages into seven groups on the basis of host range is presented. Examination of plaque morphology of the T. vulgaris-T. candidus phages supported the host range classification scheme. The ease of isolation of phages from cultures of Thermoactinomyces suggests that they are commonly associated with this genus."}
{"id": "PMID:914996", "title": "Group VE-2 (Chromobacterium typhiflavum) bacteremia.", "content": "Group VE-2 (Chromobacterium typhiflavum) bacteremia occurred in a severely traumatized, post-neurosurgical patient. A discussion of the clinical occurrence of the organism, bacteriological characteristics, and antibiotic sensitivities is presented.", "contents": "Group VE-2 (Chromobacterium typhiflavum) bacteremia. Group VE-2 (Chromobacterium typhiflavum) bacteremia occurred in a severely traumatized, post-neurosurgical patient. A discussion of the clinical occurrence of the organism, bacteriological characteristics, and antibiotic sensitivities is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:914997", "title": "The effect of granulomatous pulmonary disease in dogs on the response of the pulmonary circulation to hypoxia.", "content": "We studied the effect of diffuse granulomatous pulmonary disease on the reponse of the pulmonary circulation to hypoxia in two series of experiments in intact dogs. First, in animals with unilateral disease, vasoconstriction in the diseased lung was compared to that in the contralateral control lung. Second, in animals with bilateral disease, the vasoconstriction of pulmonary shunt pathways was compared to that of the rest of the pulmonary vasculature. We assessed vasoconstriction in each study by measuring the distribution of pulmonary blood flow between the test and control set of vessels during 21 and 12% oxygen breathing. In the first set of experiments, we measured apportionment of the blood flow between the two lungs by bronchospirometry and the krypton bolus method. In normal dogs, hypoxia did not shift blood flow systematically from one lung to the other. In 10 dogs with unilateral disease, general hypoxia increased the proportion of blood flow to the diseased lung. The mean percent of blood flow to the left lung in eight dogs with disease in that lung rose from 29% during air breathing to 32% (P < 0.001). In the second set of experiments, we measured apportionment of the blood flow between shunt pathways and gas-exchanging pathways by a constant infusion of radio-active krypton and the standard shunt formula. In eight dogs with bilateral disease, hypoxia consistently increased the flow through shunt pathways, from a mean value of 10% of pulmonary blood flow to 14% (P < 0.005).Thus, diffuse granulomatous disease causes a decreased vasoconstrictive response to hypoxia both in diseased, gas-exchanging regions and in shunt pathways. In proliferative interstitial pulmonary disease, generalized hypoxia causes shifts in pulmonary blood flow which do not ameliorate but rather worsen the hypoxemia of systemic arterial blood.", "contents": "The effect of granulomatous pulmonary disease in dogs on the response of the pulmonary circulation to hypoxia. We studied the effect of diffuse granulomatous pulmonary disease on the reponse of the pulmonary circulation to hypoxia in two series of experiments in intact dogs. First, in animals with unilateral disease, vasoconstriction in the diseased lung was compared to that in the contralateral control lung. Second, in animals with bilateral disease, the vasoconstriction of pulmonary shunt pathways was compared to that of the rest of the pulmonary vasculature. We assessed vasoconstriction in each study by measuring the distribution of pulmonary blood flow between the test and control set of vessels during 21 and 12% oxygen breathing. In the first set of experiments, we measured apportionment of the blood flow between the two lungs by bronchospirometry and the krypton bolus method. In normal dogs, hypoxia did not shift blood flow systematically from one lung to the other. In 10 dogs with unilateral disease, general hypoxia increased the proportion of blood flow to the diseased lung. The mean percent of blood flow to the left lung in eight dogs with disease in that lung rose from 29% during air breathing to 32% (P < 0.001). In the second set of experiments, we measured apportionment of the blood flow between shunt pathways and gas-exchanging pathways by a constant infusion of radio-active krypton and the standard shunt formula. In eight dogs with bilateral disease, hypoxia consistently increased the flow through shunt pathways, from a mean value of 10% of pulmonary blood flow to 14% (P < 0.005).Thus, diffuse granulomatous disease causes a decreased vasoconstrictive response to hypoxia both in diseased, gas-exchanging regions and in shunt pathways. In proliferative interstitial pulmonary disease, generalized hypoxia causes shifts in pulmonary blood flow which do not ameliorate but rather worsen the hypoxemia of systemic arterial blood."}
{"id": "PMID:914998", "title": "Lanthanum probe studies of cellular pathophysiology induced by hypoxia in isolated cardiac muscle.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate directly the relationship between evolution of irreversible myocardial injury induced by hypoxia in an isolated papillary muscle preparation and the development of pathophysiological alterations related to severely impaired membrane function. An ionic lanthanum probe technique was employed as a cytochemical marker to monitor the progression of cellular injury, and data from this cytologic technique were correlated with ultrastructure and measurements of contractile parameters in a total of 67 muscles subjected to control conditions or to graded intervals of hypoxia with or without reoxygenation. Marked depression of developed tension and rate of tension development occurred after 30 min of hypoxia. Contractile function showed significant recovery with reoxygenation after 1 h and 15 min of hypoxia but remained depressed when reoxygenation was provided after 2 or 3 h of hypoxia. Examination by transmission and analytical electron microscopy (energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis) revealed lanthanum deposition only in extracellular regions of control muscles and muscles subjected to 30 min of hypoxia. After hypoxic intervals of over 1 h, abnormal intracytoplasmic and intramitochondrial localization of lanthanum were detected. After 1 h and 15 min of hypoxia, abnormal intracellular lanthanum accumulation was associated with only minimal ultrastructural evidence of injury; muscle provided reoxygenation after 1 h and 15 min of hypoxia showed improved ultrastructure and did not exhibit intracellular lanthanum deposits upon exposure to lanthanum during the reoxygenation period. After 2 to 3 h of hypoxia, abnormal intracellular lanthanum accumulation was associated with ultrastructural evidence of severe muscle injury which persisted after reoxygenation. Thus, the data support the conclusion that cellular and membrane alterations responsible for abnormal intracellular lanthanum deposition precede the development of irreversible injury but evolve at a transitional stage in the progression from reversible to irreversible injury induced by hypoxia in isolated feline papillary muscles.", "contents": "Lanthanum probe studies of cellular pathophysiology induced by hypoxia in isolated cardiac muscle. This study was undertaken to evaluate directly the relationship between evolution of irreversible myocardial injury induced by hypoxia in an isolated papillary muscle preparation and the development of pathophysiological alterations related to severely impaired membrane function. An ionic lanthanum probe technique was employed as a cytochemical marker to monitor the progression of cellular injury, and data from this cytologic technique were correlated with ultrastructure and measurements of contractile parameters in a total of 67 muscles subjected to control conditions or to graded intervals of hypoxia with or without reoxygenation. Marked depression of developed tension and rate of tension development occurred after 30 min of hypoxia. Contractile function showed significant recovery with reoxygenation after 1 h and 15 min of hypoxia but remained depressed when reoxygenation was provided after 2 or 3 h of hypoxia. Examination by transmission and analytical electron microscopy (energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis) revealed lanthanum deposition only in extracellular regions of control muscles and muscles subjected to 30 min of hypoxia. After hypoxic intervals of over 1 h, abnormal intracytoplasmic and intramitochondrial localization of lanthanum were detected. After 1 h and 15 min of hypoxia, abnormal intracellular lanthanum accumulation was associated with only minimal ultrastructural evidence of injury; muscle provided reoxygenation after 1 h and 15 min of hypoxia showed improved ultrastructure and did not exhibit intracellular lanthanum deposits upon exposure to lanthanum during the reoxygenation period. After 2 to 3 h of hypoxia, abnormal intracellular lanthanum accumulation was associated with ultrastructural evidence of severe muscle injury which persisted after reoxygenation. Thus, the data support the conclusion that cellular and membrane alterations responsible for abnormal intracellular lanthanum deposition precede the development of irreversible injury but evolve at a transitional stage in the progression from reversible to irreversible injury induced by hypoxia in isolated feline papillary muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:914999", "title": "Reversal of advanced digitoxin toxicity and modification of pharmacokinetics by specific antibodies and Fab fragments.", "content": "The effects of Fab fragments of high-affinity specific antibodies have been studied in a canine experimental model of lethal digitoxin toxicity. Selected antiserum from sheep immunized and boosted with a digoxin-serum albumin conjugate contained antibodies that cross-reacted with digitoxin with an average intrinsic association constant of 1.4 x 10(10) M(-1) as determined by equilibrium dialysis. Rapid second-order association kinetics (k(f) = 3.7 x 10(6) M(-1) per s) and slow dissociation kinetics (k(r) = 1.9 x 10(-4) per s) were documented for the antibody-digitoxin complex. Eight dogs given 0.5 mg/kg digitoxin intravenously developed ventricular tachycardia after 23+/-4 (SEM) min. Control nonspecific Fab fragments were then given. All animals died an average of 101+/-36 min after digitoxin administration. Another eight dogs given the same digitoxin dose similarly developed ventricular tachycardia after 28+/-3 min. This group then received a molar equivalent dose of specific Fab fragments intravenously over 3 min, followed by a 30-min infusion of one-third of the initial dose. All dogs survived. Conducted sinus beats reappeared 18+/-4 min after initial Fab infusion, and stable normal sinus rhythm was present at 54+/-16 min. Plasma total digitoxin concentrations increased threefold during the hour after initial Fab infusion, while plasma free digitoxin concentration decreased to less than 0.1 ng/ml. Effects on digitoxin pharmacokinetics of these Fab fragments and the antibody population from which they were derived were further investigated in a primate species. Unlike common laboratory animals previously studied, the rhesus monkey was found to have a prolonged elimination half-life, estimated at 135 and 118 h by radioimmunoassay and [(3)H]digitoxin measurements, respectively, similar to man and thus providing a clinically relevant experimental model. Intravenous administration of 2 mol of specific Fab fragments per mole of digitoxin 6 h after 0.2 mg of digitoxin produced a rapid 4.3-fold increase in plasma total digitoxin concentration followed by a rapid fall (t((1/2)) 4 h) accompanied by a 14-fold enhancement of urinary digitoxin excretion over control values during the 6-h period after Fab was given. Analytical studies were consistent with increased excretion of native digitoxin rather than metabolites, and the glycoside was found in equilibrium dialysis studies to be excreted in the urine in Fab-bound form. Administration of 2 mol of specific antibody binding sites per mole of digitoxin as intact IgG caused a greater and more prolonged increase in plasma total digitoxin concentration, peaking 13-fold above control levels. In contrast to the effects of Fab, however, specific IgG reduced the rate of urinary digitoxin excretion substantially below control values. We conclude that Fab fragments of antibodies with high affinity for digitoxin are capable of rapid reversal of advanced, otherwise lethal digitoxin toxicity, and are capable of reducing the plasma half-life and accelerating urinary excretion of digitoxin.", "contents": "Reversal of advanced digitoxin toxicity and modification of pharmacokinetics by specific antibodies and Fab fragments. The effects of Fab fragments of high-affinity specific antibodies have been studied in a canine experimental model of lethal digitoxin toxicity. Selected antiserum from sheep immunized and boosted with a digoxin-serum albumin conjugate contained antibodies that cross-reacted with digitoxin with an average intrinsic association constant of 1.4 x 10(10) M(-1) as determined by equilibrium dialysis. Rapid second-order association kinetics (k(f) = 3.7 x 10(6) M(-1) per s) and slow dissociation kinetics (k(r) = 1.9 x 10(-4) per s) were documented for the antibody-digitoxin complex. Eight dogs given 0.5 mg/kg digitoxin intravenously developed ventricular tachycardia after 23+/-4 (SEM) min. Control nonspecific Fab fragments were then given. All animals died an average of 101+/-36 min after digitoxin administration. Another eight dogs given the same digitoxin dose similarly developed ventricular tachycardia after 28+/-3 min. This group then received a molar equivalent dose of specific Fab fragments intravenously over 3 min, followed by a 30-min infusion of one-third of the initial dose. All dogs survived. Conducted sinus beats reappeared 18+/-4 min after initial Fab infusion, and stable normal sinus rhythm was present at 54+/-16 min. Plasma total digitoxin concentrations increased threefold during the hour after initial Fab infusion, while plasma free digitoxin concentration decreased to less than 0.1 ng/ml. Effects on digitoxin pharmacokinetics of these Fab fragments and the antibody population from which they were derived were further investigated in a primate species. Unlike common laboratory animals previously studied, the rhesus monkey was found to have a prolonged elimination half-life, estimated at 135 and 118 h by radioimmunoassay and [(3)H]digitoxin measurements, respectively, similar to man and thus providing a clinically relevant experimental model. Intravenous administration of 2 mol of specific Fab fragments per mole of digitoxin 6 h after 0.2 mg of digitoxin produced a rapid 4.3-fold increase in plasma total digitoxin concentration followed by a rapid fall (t((1/2)) 4 h) accompanied by a 14-fold enhancement of urinary digitoxin excretion over control values during the 6-h period after Fab was given. Analytical studies were consistent with increased excretion of native digitoxin rather than metabolites, and the glycoside was found in equilibrium dialysis studies to be excreted in the urine in Fab-bound form. Administration of 2 mol of specific antibody binding sites per mole of digitoxin as intact IgG caused a greater and more prolonged increase in plasma total digitoxin concentration, peaking 13-fold above control levels. In contrast to the effects of Fab, however, specific IgG reduced the rate of urinary digitoxin excretion substantially below control values. We conclude that Fab fragments of antibodies with high affinity for digitoxin are capable of rapid reversal of advanced, otherwise lethal digitoxin toxicity, and are capable of reducing the plasma half-life and accelerating urinary excretion of digitoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:915000", "title": "Parathyroidectomy reduces 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity in the hypocalcemic vitamin D-deficient chick.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that in the vitamin D-deficient state the activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase (25-OHD3-1 alpha-hydroxylase) is modulated by parathyroid hormone and the plasma concentration of phosphate only in the presence of small amounts of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (or some other metabolite of vitamin D), we measured the activity of this enzyme 24 h after parathyroidectomy (PTX) in frankly hypocalcemic, vitamin D-deficient chicks that were not supplemented with vitamin D or one of its metabolites. The otherwise predictable complications of PTX in this metabolic setting (hypocalcemia of increasing severity, tetany, moribundity, and death) were prevented by continuous intravenous administration of calcium (as a solution of calcium chloride/calcium gluconate 1:1) through a catheter in the external jugular vein placed at the time of PTX. The findings were as follows: (a) The activity of 25-OHD3-1 alpha-hydroxylase was significantly less in the parathyroidectomized group than in the sham-operated control chicks (P less than 0.001). (b) The reductive effect of PTX on the activity of this enzyme was significantly attenuated when hypophosphatemia was increased in severity by administration of glucose. (c) In the post-PTX state the activity of 25-OHD3-1 alpha-hydroxylase and plasma concentration of phosphate were significantly, inversely related (P less than 0.001). (d) In the sham-operated control group the activity of this enzyme and the plasma concentration of phosphate were not significantly correlated. These findings indicate that in the vitamin D-deficient state, both circulating parathyroid hormone and the plasma concentration of phosphate can significantly modulate the activity of 25-OHD3-1 alpha-hydroxylase in the absence of vitamin D or its metabolites. The findings also suggest that in the vitamin D-deficient state the plasma concentration of phosphate modulates the activity of this enzyme only when the concentration of circulating parathyroid hormone is not increased.", "contents": "Parathyroidectomy reduces 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity in the hypocalcemic vitamin D-deficient chick. To test the hypothesis that in the vitamin D-deficient state the activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase (25-OHD3-1 alpha-hydroxylase) is modulated by parathyroid hormone and the plasma concentration of phosphate only in the presence of small amounts of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (or some other metabolite of vitamin D), we measured the activity of this enzyme 24 h after parathyroidectomy (PTX) in frankly hypocalcemic, vitamin D-deficient chicks that were not supplemented with vitamin D or one of its metabolites. The otherwise predictable complications of PTX in this metabolic setting (hypocalcemia of increasing severity, tetany, moribundity, and death) were prevented by continuous intravenous administration of calcium (as a solution of calcium chloride/calcium gluconate 1:1) through a catheter in the external jugular vein placed at the time of PTX. The findings were as follows: (a) The activity of 25-OHD3-1 alpha-hydroxylase was significantly less in the parathyroidectomized group than in the sham-operated control chicks (P less than 0.001). (b) The reductive effect of PTX on the activity of this enzyme was significantly attenuated when hypophosphatemia was increased in severity by administration of glucose. (c) In the post-PTX state the activity of 25-OHD3-1 alpha-hydroxylase and plasma concentration of phosphate were significantly, inversely related (P less than 0.001). (d) In the sham-operated control group the activity of this enzyme and the plasma concentration of phosphate were not significantly correlated. These findings indicate that in the vitamin D-deficient state, both circulating parathyroid hormone and the plasma concentration of phosphate can significantly modulate the activity of 25-OHD3-1 alpha-hydroxylase in the absence of vitamin D or its metabolites. The findings also suggest that in the vitamin D-deficient state the plasma concentration of phosphate modulates the activity of this enzyme only when the concentration of circulating parathyroid hormone is not increased."}
{"id": "PMID:915001", "title": "Study of factors causing excess protoporphyrin accumulation in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with protoporphyria.", "content": "The activity of heme synthetase, which catalyzes the chelation of ferrous iron to protoporphyrin to form heme, is deficient in sonicates of skin fibroblasts cultured from patients with protoporphyria. During culture in Eagle's medium supplemented with fetal calf serum, these cells do not accumulate protoporphyrin, however. This may be due to a minimal requirement for heme synthesis, since glycine is incorporated into heme at a low rate which is similar to that in normal fibroblasts. In addition, the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of heme biosynthesis which catalyzes the formation of ALA from glycine, is normal in lysates of the fibroblasts. Cultured fibroblasts were therefore incubated with ALA in order to bypass the rate-limiting step of heme biosynthesis. In the presence of 25 muM iron, protoporphyrin was detected in protoporphyria cell lines when the concentration of ALA in the medium reached 50 muM, but not in normal lines. As the concentration of ALA was increased above 50 muM, all lines accumulated protoporphyrin. However, the amount was 2-3 times more in cultured fibroblasts from patients with protoporphyria, reflecting their deficiency of heme synthetase activity. When iron was not added to the medium, protoporphyrin accumulated to a similar degree in normal and protoporphyria fibroblasts; this was significantly more than that in the presence of iron. These studies indicate that excessive protoporphyrin accumulation in protoporphyria, which is due principally to deficient heme synthetase activity, may be modified by the rate of ALA formation in heme-producing tissues, and by the availability of iron.", "contents": "Study of factors causing excess protoporphyrin accumulation in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with protoporphyria. The activity of heme synthetase, which catalyzes the chelation of ferrous iron to protoporphyrin to form heme, is deficient in sonicates of skin fibroblasts cultured from patients with protoporphyria. During culture in Eagle's medium supplemented with fetal calf serum, these cells do not accumulate protoporphyrin, however. This may be due to a minimal requirement for heme synthesis, since glycine is incorporated into heme at a low rate which is similar to that in normal fibroblasts. In addition, the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of heme biosynthesis which catalyzes the formation of ALA from glycine, is normal in lysates of the fibroblasts. Cultured fibroblasts were therefore incubated with ALA in order to bypass the rate-limiting step of heme biosynthesis. In the presence of 25 muM iron, protoporphyrin was detected in protoporphyria cell lines when the concentration of ALA in the medium reached 50 muM, but not in normal lines. As the concentration of ALA was increased above 50 muM, all lines accumulated protoporphyrin. However, the amount was 2-3 times more in cultured fibroblasts from patients with protoporphyria, reflecting their deficiency of heme synthetase activity. When iron was not added to the medium, protoporphyrin accumulated to a similar degree in normal and protoporphyria fibroblasts; this was significantly more than that in the presence of iron. These studies indicate that excessive protoporphyrin accumulation in protoporphyria, which is due principally to deficient heme synthetase activity, may be modified by the rate of ALA formation in heme-producing tissues, and by the availability of iron."}
{"id": "PMID:915002", "title": "Lead poisoning. Further observations on erythrocyte pyrimidine-nucleotidase deficiency and intracellular accumulation of pyrimidine nucleotides.", "content": "Pyrimidine nucleotides, detectable in normal erythrocytes only in trace quantities if at all, were found to comprise 7-80% of the intracellular nucleotide pools in nine subjects with severe lead over-burden. Blood lead concentrations ranged from approximately equal to 200- to 400-microgram/dl packed cells, and the greatest accumulations of pyrimidine-containing nucleotides occurred in the two subjects with the highest blood lead levels. Most of the patients had mild or moderate anemia and moderate basophilic stippling evident in Wright's-stained peripheral smears. Pyrimidine nucleotidase activities were inhibited to 13-28% of the mean activity in normal control erythrocytes and even more so (5-15%) when compared to specimens with increased reticulocytes and young cells. Reticulocytosis was absent in two subjects and modest to moderate in the remainder, but erythrocyte assays revealed the substantial elevations in populations of young mean cell age. Inappropriately low reticulocyttial elevations in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase expected in populations of young mean cell age. Inappropriately low reticulocyte responses may reflect hematopoietic suppressive effects of lead at a variety of metabolic loci.", "contents": "Lead poisoning. Further observations on erythrocyte pyrimidine-nucleotidase deficiency and intracellular accumulation of pyrimidine nucleotides. Pyrimidine nucleotides, detectable in normal erythrocytes only in trace quantities if at all, were found to comprise 7-80% of the intracellular nucleotide pools in nine subjects with severe lead over-burden. Blood lead concentrations ranged from approximately equal to 200- to 400-microgram/dl packed cells, and the greatest accumulations of pyrimidine-containing nucleotides occurred in the two subjects with the highest blood lead levels. Most of the patients had mild or moderate anemia and moderate basophilic stippling evident in Wright's-stained peripheral smears. Pyrimidine nucleotidase activities were inhibited to 13-28% of the mean activity in normal control erythrocytes and even more so (5-15%) when compared to specimens with increased reticulocytes and young cells. Reticulocytosis was absent in two subjects and modest to moderate in the remainder, but erythrocyte assays revealed the substantial elevations in populations of young mean cell age. Inappropriately low reticulocyttial elevations in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase expected in populations of young mean cell age. Inappropriately low reticulocyte responses may reflect hematopoietic suppressive effects of lead at a variety of metabolic loci."}
{"id": "PMID:915003", "title": "Immunoheterogeneity of parathyroid hormone in venous effluent serum from hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands.", "content": "The immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) in the plasma of hyperparathyroid man consists largely of carboxyl (COOH)-terminal fragments of the hormone. Although these fragments have been thought to arise principally or solely from peripheral metabolism of intact human PTH {hPTH(1-84)} secreted from the parathyroid gland, there is disagreement about the source of iPTH fragments in vivo. To reexamine this question, we fractionated peripheral and thyroid or parathyroid venous effluent sera from four patients with primary hyperparathyroidism using a high-resolution gel filtration system (Bio-Gel P-150 columns run by reverse flow). The column effluents were analyzed using two PTH radioimmunoassays, one directed toward the amino(NH(2))-terminal region of the molecule, the other toward the COOH-terminal region. In all four thyroid or parathyroid venous effluent sera studied, iPTH was 9-180 times higher than in peripheral serum from the same patient; after fractionation, hPTH(1-84) accounted for only a portion of the total iPTH (35-55% with the assay directed toward the COOH-terminal region of hPTH, >90% with the NH(2)-terminal directed assay.) The remaining iPTH eluted from Bio-Gel P-150 after hPTH(1-84) as NH(2)-or COOH-terminal hPTH fragments. These results suggest that parathyroid tumors secrete large quantities of hPTH fragments. Based on estimates of their molar concentrations in serum, tumor-secreted COOH-terminal hPTH fragments could account for most of these peptides in peripheral serum if their survival times were, as estimated by several other workers, 5-10 times that of hPTH(1-84). We conclude that, in contrast to published information, secretory products of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue are probably a major source of serum PTH immunoheterogeneity.", "contents": "Immunoheterogeneity of parathyroid hormone in venous effluent serum from hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. The immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) in the plasma of hyperparathyroid man consists largely of carboxyl (COOH)-terminal fragments of the hormone. Although these fragments have been thought to arise principally or solely from peripheral metabolism of intact human PTH {hPTH(1-84)} secreted from the parathyroid gland, there is disagreement about the source of iPTH fragments in vivo. To reexamine this question, we fractionated peripheral and thyroid or parathyroid venous effluent sera from four patients with primary hyperparathyroidism using a high-resolution gel filtration system (Bio-Gel P-150 columns run by reverse flow). The column effluents were analyzed using two PTH radioimmunoassays, one directed toward the amino(NH(2))-terminal region of the molecule, the other toward the COOH-terminal region. In all four thyroid or parathyroid venous effluent sera studied, iPTH was 9-180 times higher than in peripheral serum from the same patient; after fractionation, hPTH(1-84) accounted for only a portion of the total iPTH (35-55% with the assay directed toward the COOH-terminal region of hPTH, >90% with the NH(2)-terminal directed assay.) The remaining iPTH eluted from Bio-Gel P-150 after hPTH(1-84) as NH(2)-or COOH-terminal hPTH fragments. These results suggest that parathyroid tumors secrete large quantities of hPTH fragments. Based on estimates of their molar concentrations in serum, tumor-secreted COOH-terminal hPTH fragments could account for most of these peptides in peripheral serum if their survival times were, as estimated by several other workers, 5-10 times that of hPTH(1-84). We conclude that, in contrast to published information, secretory products of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue are probably a major source of serum PTH immunoheterogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:915004", "title": "Association of factor XI and high molecular weight kininogen in human plasma.", "content": "Factor XI and high molecular weight kininogen were found associated in normal human plasma at mol wt 380,000 as assessed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The molecular weight of Factor XI in high molecular weight kininogen-deficient plasma was 175,000, the same value obtained for purified Factor XI. When high molecular weight kininogen-deficient plasma was reconstituted with purified high molecular weight kininogen, all of the Factor XI was then found at mol wt 380,000. Complex formation was also demonstrable upon incubation of Factor XI and highly purified high molecular weight kininogen. This complex was distinct from the prekallikrein-high molecular weight kininogen complex; thus high molecular weight kininogen forms bimolecular complexes with either Factor XI or prekallikrein but does not form a trimolecular complex that includes both Factor XI and prekallikrein. Neither Hageman factor nor plasminogen were found associated with high molecular weight kininogen; binding to high molecular weight kininogen appeared to be a specific property of the Hageman factor substrates.", "contents": "Association of factor XI and high molecular weight kininogen in human plasma. Factor XI and high molecular weight kininogen were found associated in normal human plasma at mol wt 380,000 as assessed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The molecular weight of Factor XI in high molecular weight kininogen-deficient plasma was 175,000, the same value obtained for purified Factor XI. When high molecular weight kininogen-deficient plasma was reconstituted with purified high molecular weight kininogen, all of the Factor XI was then found at mol wt 380,000. Complex formation was also demonstrable upon incubation of Factor XI and highly purified high molecular weight kininogen. This complex was distinct from the prekallikrein-high molecular weight kininogen complex; thus high molecular weight kininogen forms bimolecular complexes with either Factor XI or prekallikrein but does not form a trimolecular complex that includes both Factor XI and prekallikrein. Neither Hageman factor nor plasminogen were found associated with high molecular weight kininogen; binding to high molecular weight kininogen appeared to be a specific property of the Hageman factor substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:915005", "title": "Absorption, plasma transport, and cellular retention of cobalamin analogues in the rabbit. Evidence for the existence of multiple mechanisms that prevent the absorption and tissue dissemination of naturally occurring cobalamin analogues.", "content": "Analogues of cobalamin (Cbl; vitamin B(12)) are prevalent in nature as a result of bacterial synthesis, and are of additional interest because of their potential use as antimetabolites and chemotherapeutic agents. We have synthesized 14 Cbl analogues containing (57)Co and have compared their gastrointestinal absorption, plasma transport, and cellular retention to that of [(58)Co]Cbl in rabbits. Many of the Cbl analogues were bound with low affinity by intrinsic factor, and none of these [(57)Co]Cbl analogues were taken up by the ileum or absorbed into the body in amounts comparable to that of [(58)Co]Cbl. The Cbl analogues that were bound by intrinsic factor with high affinity were taken up by the ileum but, in many cases, they were retained there in significant amounts. Most of the Cbl analogues were bound by plasma transcobalamin II with high affinity and all of these transcobalamin II-[(57)Co]Cbl analogue complexes were taken up by a variety of tissues in a manner that was indistinguishable from that of transcobalamin II-[(58)Co]Cbl. The few analogues that were bound by transcobalamin II with low affinity were taken up by tissues in lesser amounts, and 20-70% of these analogues was rapidly excreted in the urine as occurs with native Cbl when it is present in plasma in unbound form. All of the Cbl analogues were bound by the granulocyte R-type Cbl-binding protein with high affinity and all of the R-type protein-[(57)Co]Cbl analogue complexes were cleared rapidly from plasma exclusively by hepatocytes as occurs with R-type protein-[(58)Co]Cbl. Some Cbl analogues were released back into the plasma and were disseminated among a variety of tissues via transcobalamin II as occurs with native Cbl. Other Cbl analogues were retained in the liver and eventually excreted in the feces and urine without accumulating in other tissues. These studies indicate that intrinsic factor and the ileum prevent certain Cbl analogues from entering the body and that the granulocyte R-type protein and hepatocytes prevent the dissemination of certain Cbl analogues that may gain entry such as during infections with Cbl analogue-producing bacteria. The fact that transcobalamin II binds and transports a large number of Cbl analogues indicates that these protective mechanisms can be circumvented and supports the feasibility of using Cbl analogues as antimetabolites in vivo.", "contents": "Absorption, plasma transport, and cellular retention of cobalamin analogues in the rabbit. Evidence for the existence of multiple mechanisms that prevent the absorption and tissue dissemination of naturally occurring cobalamin analogues. Analogues of cobalamin (Cbl; vitamin B(12)) are prevalent in nature as a result of bacterial synthesis, and are of additional interest because of their potential use as antimetabolites and chemotherapeutic agents. We have synthesized 14 Cbl analogues containing (57)Co and have compared their gastrointestinal absorption, plasma transport, and cellular retention to that of [(58)Co]Cbl in rabbits. Many of the Cbl analogues were bound with low affinity by intrinsic factor, and none of these [(57)Co]Cbl analogues were taken up by the ileum or absorbed into the body in amounts comparable to that of [(58)Co]Cbl. The Cbl analogues that were bound by intrinsic factor with high affinity were taken up by the ileum but, in many cases, they were retained there in significant amounts. Most of the Cbl analogues were bound by plasma transcobalamin II with high affinity and all of these transcobalamin II-[(57)Co]Cbl analogue complexes were taken up by a variety of tissues in a manner that was indistinguishable from that of transcobalamin II-[(58)Co]Cbl. The few analogues that were bound by transcobalamin II with low affinity were taken up by tissues in lesser amounts, and 20-70% of these analogues was rapidly excreted in the urine as occurs with native Cbl when it is present in plasma in unbound form. All of the Cbl analogues were bound by the granulocyte R-type Cbl-binding protein with high affinity and all of the R-type protein-[(57)Co]Cbl analogue complexes were cleared rapidly from plasma exclusively by hepatocytes as occurs with R-type protein-[(58)Co]Cbl. Some Cbl analogues were released back into the plasma and were disseminated among a variety of tissues via transcobalamin II as occurs with native Cbl. Other Cbl analogues were retained in the liver and eventually excreted in the feces and urine without accumulating in other tissues. These studies indicate that intrinsic factor and the ileum prevent certain Cbl analogues from entering the body and that the granulocyte R-type protein and hepatocytes prevent the dissemination of certain Cbl analogues that may gain entry such as during infections with Cbl analogue-producing bacteria. The fact that transcobalamin II binds and transports a large number of Cbl analogues indicates that these protective mechanisms can be circumvented and supports the feasibility of using Cbl analogues as antimetabolites in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:915006", "title": "Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the renal handling of Pi in thyroparathyroidectomized rats.", "content": "The kidney adapts its tubular capacity to transport inorganic phosphate (P(i)) according to the dietary supply of P(i) in both intact and thyropara-thyroidectomized (TPTX) rats. However, in TPTX rats the capability of the renal tubule to adapt to a high P(i) diet is diminished. In TPTX rats the production of the active vitamin D(3) metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)], is also reduced. 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) has been shown to have a marked effect on P(i) metabolism. Therefore the question arises whether the deficient production of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) contributes to the alteration of the tubular transport of P(i) observed in chronically TPTX rats. In the present investigation, vitamin D-replete rats were sham operated (SHAM) or thyroparathyroidectomized and then pair fed diets containing either 0.2 or 1.2 g/100 g P for 7 days. During this period, groups of SHAM and TPTX rats received i.p. 2 x 13 pmol/day of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), a dose which was shown to just normalize the decreased intestinal absorption of Ca and P(i) in TPTX rats. The capacity of tubular P(i) transport was then assessed by measuring the fractional excretion of P(i) (FEP(i)) at increasing plasma P(i) concentration ([P(i)](Pl)) obtained by acute infusion of P(i). The results show that in SHAM rats fed either P diet, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) has no effect on the renal handling of P(i). In TPTX rats fed 1.2 g/100 g P diet, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) increases FEP(i) over a wide range of [P(i)](Pl.) In TPTX rats fed a 0.2 g/100 g P diet, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) does not alter FEP(i) up to a [P(i)](Pl) of 3.0-3.5 mM, but does increase it at higher [P(i)](Pl.) In fact, on both diets TPTX rats supplemented with 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) appear to have the same renal handling of P(i) as SHAM counterparts. The effect of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) was not associated with a change in urine pH or in urinary excretion of cyclic AMP and was maintained under marked extracellular volume expansion. It was associated with a rise in plasma calcium in the TPTX rats fed the high, but not the low, P diet. In TPTX rats fed 1.2 g/100 g P diet, 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) in doses of 2 x 130 or 2 x 1,300 pmol/day i.p. did not increase FEP(i.)In conclusion, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) administered in physiological amounts to TPTX rats restores to normal the capability of the renal tubule to excrete P(i) and to adapt to large variation in dietary P(i). The results suggest that 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) plays an important role in the regulation of the renal handling of P(i) and that the chronic change in the tubular capacity to transport P(i) after TPTX may be due to the decreased formation of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3).", "contents": "Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the renal handling of Pi in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. The kidney adapts its tubular capacity to transport inorganic phosphate (P(i)) according to the dietary supply of P(i) in both intact and thyropara-thyroidectomized (TPTX) rats. However, in TPTX rats the capability of the renal tubule to adapt to a high P(i) diet is diminished. In TPTX rats the production of the active vitamin D(3) metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)], is also reduced. 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) has been shown to have a marked effect on P(i) metabolism. Therefore the question arises whether the deficient production of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) contributes to the alteration of the tubular transport of P(i) observed in chronically TPTX rats. In the present investigation, vitamin D-replete rats were sham operated (SHAM) or thyroparathyroidectomized and then pair fed diets containing either 0.2 or 1.2 g/100 g P for 7 days. During this period, groups of SHAM and TPTX rats received i.p. 2 x 13 pmol/day of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), a dose which was shown to just normalize the decreased intestinal absorption of Ca and P(i) in TPTX rats. The capacity of tubular P(i) transport was then assessed by measuring the fractional excretion of P(i) (FEP(i)) at increasing plasma P(i) concentration ([P(i)](Pl)) obtained by acute infusion of P(i). The results show that in SHAM rats fed either P diet, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) has no effect on the renal handling of P(i). In TPTX rats fed 1.2 g/100 g P diet, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) increases FEP(i) over a wide range of [P(i)](Pl.) In TPTX rats fed a 0.2 g/100 g P diet, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) does not alter FEP(i) up to a [P(i)](Pl) of 3.0-3.5 mM, but does increase it at higher [P(i)](Pl.) In fact, on both diets TPTX rats supplemented with 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) appear to have the same renal handling of P(i) as SHAM counterparts. The effect of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) was not associated with a change in urine pH or in urinary excretion of cyclic AMP and was maintained under marked extracellular volume expansion. It was associated with a rise in plasma calcium in the TPTX rats fed the high, but not the low, P diet. In TPTX rats fed 1.2 g/100 g P diet, 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) in doses of 2 x 130 or 2 x 1,300 pmol/day i.p. did not increase FEP(i.)In conclusion, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) administered in physiological amounts to TPTX rats restores to normal the capability of the renal tubule to excrete P(i) and to adapt to large variation in dietary P(i). The results suggest that 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) plays an important role in the regulation of the renal handling of P(i) and that the chronic change in the tubular capacity to transport P(i) after TPTX may be due to the decreased formation of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)."}
{"id": "PMID:915007", "title": "The interaction of dietary fibers and cholesterol upon the plasma lipids and lipoproteins, sterol balance, and bowel function in human subjects.", "content": "To identify any metabolic effects of dietary fiber upon cholesterol metabolism in man, six adult volunteer subjects were fed eucaloric cholesterol-free formula diets, with and without added dietary fiber for two 4-wk periods. A large quantity of dietary fiber was fed, some 60 g of plant cell wall material (or 16 g of crude fiber) derived from corn, beans, bran, pectin, and purified cellulose. This provided about five times the fiber intake of the typical American diet. The addition of fiber to the cholesterol-free diet did not change either the plasma cholesterol level (171+/-21 mg/dl, SEM, to 167+/-18) or the triglyceride (103+/-39 to 93+/-27 mg/dl). The excretion of both endogenous neutral steroids and bile acids were unchanged with fiber (505+/-41 to 636+/-75 mg/day and 194+/-23 to 266+/-47 mg/day, respectively.) However, total fecal steroid excretion was increased 699+/-29 to 902+/-64 mg/day, P < 0.025). With fiber, intestinal transit time was decreased (59+/-9 to 35+/-8 h, P < 0.005), and both the wet and dry stool weights were greatly increased.A second group of six subjects was fed similar diets containing 1,000 mg cholesterol derived from egg yolk. The addition of fiber to the 1,000-mg cholesterol diet did not alter either plasma cholesterol level (233+/-26 to 223+/-36 mg/dl) or triglyceride (102+/-19 to 83+/-11 mg/dl). The excretion of endogenous neutral steroids (618+/-84 to 571+/-59 mg/day), of bile acids (423+/-122 to 401+/-89 mg/day), and of total fecal steroids (1,041+/-175 to 972+/-111 mg/day) were unchanged by fiber. The absorption of dietary cholesterol was not altered when fiber was added to the 1,000-mg cholesterol diet (44.0+/-3.3 to 42.9+/-2.5%). A two-way analysis of variance utilizing both groups of subjects indicated a significant (P < 0.001) effect of dietary cholesterol upon the plasma cholesterol concentration. We concluded that a large quantity of dietary fiber from diverse sources had little or no effect upon the plasma lipids and sterol balance in man in spite of the fact that intestinal transit time and stool bulk changed greatly.", "contents": "The interaction of dietary fibers and cholesterol upon the plasma lipids and lipoproteins, sterol balance, and bowel function in human subjects. To identify any metabolic effects of dietary fiber upon cholesterol metabolism in man, six adult volunteer subjects were fed eucaloric cholesterol-free formula diets, with and without added dietary fiber for two 4-wk periods. A large quantity of dietary fiber was fed, some 60 g of plant cell wall material (or 16 g of crude fiber) derived from corn, beans, bran, pectin, and purified cellulose. This provided about five times the fiber intake of the typical American diet. The addition of fiber to the cholesterol-free diet did not change either the plasma cholesterol level (171+/-21 mg/dl, SEM, to 167+/-18) or the triglyceride (103+/-39 to 93+/-27 mg/dl). The excretion of both endogenous neutral steroids and bile acids were unchanged with fiber (505+/-41 to 636+/-75 mg/day and 194+/-23 to 266+/-47 mg/day, respectively.) However, total fecal steroid excretion was increased 699+/-29 to 902+/-64 mg/day, P < 0.025). With fiber, intestinal transit time was decreased (59+/-9 to 35+/-8 h, P < 0.005), and both the wet and dry stool weights were greatly increased.A second group of six subjects was fed similar diets containing 1,000 mg cholesterol derived from egg yolk. The addition of fiber to the 1,000-mg cholesterol diet did not alter either plasma cholesterol level (233+/-26 to 223+/-36 mg/dl) or triglyceride (102+/-19 to 83+/-11 mg/dl). The excretion of endogenous neutral steroids (618+/-84 to 571+/-59 mg/day), of bile acids (423+/-122 to 401+/-89 mg/day), and of total fecal steroids (1,041+/-175 to 972+/-111 mg/day) were unchanged by fiber. The absorption of dietary cholesterol was not altered when fiber was added to the 1,000-mg cholesterol diet (44.0+/-3.3 to 42.9+/-2.5%). A two-way analysis of variance utilizing both groups of subjects indicated a significant (P < 0.001) effect of dietary cholesterol upon the plasma cholesterol concentration. We concluded that a large quantity of dietary fiber from diverse sources had little or no effect upon the plasma lipids and sterol balance in man in spite of the fact that intestinal transit time and stool bulk changed greatly."}
{"id": "PMID:915008", "title": "The interrelationship between the release of renin and vasopressin as defined by orthostasis and propranolol.", "content": "The concentration of both plasma renin and plasma arginine vasopressin rose in normal subjects after an 85 degrees head-up tilt. Plasma renin activity, which increased 70-80% above the supine value, was maximal at 15 or 30 min, whereas the six- to seven-fold increase of plasma arginine vasopressin concentration was observed between 30 and 45 min. Intravenous propranolol administered just before tilt was used to investigate the possibility that the delayed rise of arginine vasopressin was stimulated by renin. Although the response of plasma renin was completely abolished by propranolol, the response of vasopressin was unaffected. These findings suggest that the release of vasopressin that follows isosmolar hypovolemia achieved by orthostasis may occur independently of changes in the renin-angiotensin system in the presence of propranolol.", "contents": "The interrelationship between the release of renin and vasopressin as defined by orthostasis and propranolol. The concentration of both plasma renin and plasma arginine vasopressin rose in normal subjects after an 85 degrees head-up tilt. Plasma renin activity, which increased 70-80% above the supine value, was maximal at 15 or 30 min, whereas the six- to seven-fold increase of plasma arginine vasopressin concentration was observed between 30 and 45 min. Intravenous propranolol administered just before tilt was used to investigate the possibility that the delayed rise of arginine vasopressin was stimulated by renin. Although the response of plasma renin was completely abolished by propranolol, the response of vasopressin was unaffected. These findings suggest that the release of vasopressin that follows isosmolar hypovolemia achieved by orthostasis may occur independently of changes in the renin-angiotensin system in the presence of propranolol."}
{"id": "PMID:915009", "title": "HBsAg, chronic lymphoproliferative disorders, and cirrhosis of liver.", "content": "This study reports the incidence of HBsAg in a series of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders in which a high incidence of cirrhoses had been previously observed. Twenty-three cases were collected from the necropsy records. The type of lymphoma was reviewed in the light of the new functional classifications of non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas introduced by Lennert and Lukes. The presence of HBsAg in the liver was investigated by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Eleven cases showed plasmocytoid features and were considered as immunocytomas. Seven cases showed cirrhosis of the liver; six of them belonged to the immunocytoma group. Four cases were positive for HBsAg. Three of them were found among the group combining cirrhosis and immunocytoma. They presented the abundant nodular distribution of HBsAg typical of inactive cirrhosis.A parallel is drawn between the often reported association of Waldenstr\u00f6m's syndrome and cirrhosis and the association of immunocytoma and cirrhosis observed in this study. The analogy is all the more justified since most of the lymphomas associated with Waldenstr\u00f6m's syndrome happen to be immunocytomas. Therefore the association between HB virus infection and cirrhosis on the one hand and chronic lymphoproliferative disorders on the other may not be purely coincidental. A chronic antigenic stimulus such as persisting HBsAg could trigger the proliferation of a malignant lymphoid clone.", "contents": "HBsAg, chronic lymphoproliferative disorders, and cirrhosis of liver. This study reports the incidence of HBsAg in a series of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders in which a high incidence of cirrhoses had been previously observed. Twenty-three cases were collected from the necropsy records. The type of lymphoma was reviewed in the light of the new functional classifications of non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas introduced by Lennert and Lukes. The presence of HBsAg in the liver was investigated by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Eleven cases showed plasmocytoid features and were considered as immunocytomas. Seven cases showed cirrhosis of the liver; six of them belonged to the immunocytoma group. Four cases were positive for HBsAg. Three of them were found among the group combining cirrhosis and immunocytoma. They presented the abundant nodular distribution of HBsAg typical of inactive cirrhosis.A parallel is drawn between the often reported association of Waldenstr\u00f6m's syndrome and cirrhosis and the association of immunocytoma and cirrhosis observed in this study. The analogy is all the more justified since most of the lymphomas associated with Waldenstr\u00f6m's syndrome happen to be immunocytomas. Therefore the association between HB virus infection and cirrhosis on the one hand and chronic lymphoproliferative disorders on the other may not be purely coincidental. A chronic antigenic stimulus such as persisting HBsAg could trigger the proliferation of a malignant lymphoid clone."}
{"id": "PMID:915010", "title": "Lymphocyte tubular structures in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Two types of lymphocyte tubular structures were studied by electron microscopy in 80 patients with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fifteen patients with unequivocal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 10 healthy persons were studied as controls. Lymphocyte tubulo-reticular structures were found in 13 of the 80 patients with RA and in 10 of the 15 patients with SLE. No tubuloreticular structures were found in any of the healthy subjects. In the RA patients antinuclear antibodies, LE cell phenomenon, and chlorambucil treatment were associated significantly with these inclusions but disease activity was not related to their presence. In cases in which tubuloreticular structures were present the number of cells containing inclusions was on average much lower in patients with RA than in those with SLE. Lymphocyte tubular parallel arrays were found in all the patients with RA and SLE and in all the healthy persons. In all three groups the average number of cells containing parallel tubular arrays was similar.", "contents": "Lymphocyte tubular structures in rheumatoid arthritis. Two types of lymphocyte tubular structures were studied by electron microscopy in 80 patients with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fifteen patients with unequivocal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 10 healthy persons were studied as controls. Lymphocyte tubulo-reticular structures were found in 13 of the 80 patients with RA and in 10 of the 15 patients with SLE. No tubuloreticular structures were found in any of the healthy subjects. In the RA patients antinuclear antibodies, LE cell phenomenon, and chlorambucil treatment were associated significantly with these inclusions but disease activity was not related to their presence. In cases in which tubuloreticular structures were present the number of cells containing inclusions was on average much lower in patients with RA than in those with SLE. Lymphocyte tubular parallel arrays were found in all the patients with RA and SLE and in all the healthy persons. In all three groups the average number of cells containing parallel tubular arrays was similar."}
{"id": "PMID:915011", "title": "Subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Report of a case with a review of the literature.", "content": "A case of subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is reported. The patient was successfully treated first by a combination of gentamicin and ampicillin and then, because of severe allergic reactions, ampicillin was replaced by co-trimoxazole; symptoms did not recur and blood cultures remained sterile. A synoptic table is presented of 19 reported cases of infection caused by A. actinomycetemcomitans not connected with actinomycosis, with particular regard to their clinical features, treatment, and outcome.", "contents": "Subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Report of a case with a review of the literature. A case of subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is reported. The patient was successfully treated first by a combination of gentamicin and ampicillin and then, because of severe allergic reactions, ampicillin was replaced by co-trimoxazole; symptoms did not recur and blood cultures remained sterile. A synoptic table is presented of 19 reported cases of infection caused by A. actinomycetemcomitans not connected with actinomycosis, with particular regard to their clinical features, treatment, and outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:915012", "title": "Two cases of monoclonal immunoglobulins with antistreptolysin activity: clinical and laboratory study.", "content": "In two patients with a persisting, high antistreptolysin titre the antistreptolysin activity in both cases resided exclusively in a monoclonal IgG component in the serum. This component had all the characteristics of a true antibody. A history in both patients of arthritis with or without angina suggested that the monoclonal antibodies were reactive in origin, although definite proof was lacking. In one case there was a suggestion of incipient myeloma. Whenever an extremely high antistreptolysin titre persists after antibiotic treatment the possibility of paraproteinaemia should be considered.", "contents": "Two cases of monoclonal immunoglobulins with antistreptolysin activity: clinical and laboratory study. In two patients with a persisting, high antistreptolysin titre the antistreptolysin activity in both cases resided exclusively in a monoclonal IgG component in the serum. This component had all the characteristics of a true antibody. A history in both patients of arthritis with or without angina suggested that the monoclonal antibodies were reactive in origin, although definite proof was lacking. In one case there was a suggestion of incipient myeloma. Whenever an extremely high antistreptolysin titre persists after antibiotic treatment the possibility of paraproteinaemia should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:915013", "title": "Abnormal lipoproteins in multiple myelomatosis.", "content": "In a study of the lipoprotein pattern in multiple myelomatosis electrophoresis on agarose gel showed abnormal lipoproteins, named paralipoproteins (p-Lp), in 24 out of 30 normolipidaemic patients. These paralipoproteins were grouped according to their mobility into one or another of the following types: (1) p-Lp1 with a mobility identical with that of gamma-globulin, (2) p-Lp2 with a mobility between that of beta- and gamma-globulin, (3) p-Lp3 with a mobility identical with that of beta-globulin. On ultracentrifugation the abnormal lipoproteins were found to have a density above 1-063 g/ml.", "contents": "Abnormal lipoproteins in multiple myelomatosis. In a study of the lipoprotein pattern in multiple myelomatosis electrophoresis on agarose gel showed abnormal lipoproteins, named paralipoproteins (p-Lp), in 24 out of 30 normolipidaemic patients. These paralipoproteins were grouped according to their mobility into one or another of the following types: (1) p-Lp1 with a mobility identical with that of gamma-globulin, (2) p-Lp2 with a mobility between that of beta- and gamma-globulin, (3) p-Lp3 with a mobility identical with that of beta-globulin. On ultracentrifugation the abnormal lipoproteins were found to have a density above 1-063 g/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:915014", "title": "IgG myeloma presenting as ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Two patients who presented with ulcerative colitis are described. Both were found to have evidence of IgG monoclonal gammopathy and Bence-Jones proteinuria. This association has been reported previously only in the presence of myelomatous infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract or in amyloidosis, and hence the cases reported appear to be unique.", "contents": "IgG myeloma presenting as ulcerative colitis. Two patients who presented with ulcerative colitis are described. Both were found to have evidence of IgG monoclonal gammopathy and Bence-Jones proteinuria. This association has been reported previously only in the presence of myelomatous infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract or in amyloidosis, and hence the cases reported appear to be unique."}
{"id": "PMID:915015", "title": "Acquired cystic disease of the kidneys: a hazard of long-term intermittent maintenance haemodialysis.", "content": "In the period 1968-76, necropsies were carried out on 30 patients who had been treated by long-term intermittent maintenance haemodialysis. Fourteen of these patients developed bilateral cystic disease of the kidney. Clinical, pathological, and radiological investigation of these patients when they first presented did not reveal any evidence of renal cystic change. The main complications of this condition are haemorrhage and tumour formation. Six patients developed renal tumours, and in five cases these were multiple. The histological appearance of these neoplasms gave no indication as to whether they would behave in an aggressive manner. One patient died of metastatic carcinomatosis from a renal primary. The condition of acquired cystic disease of the kidney should be suspected if patients on maintenance haemodialysis suffer from recurrent haematuria or are found to have enlarging kidneys.", "contents": "Acquired cystic disease of the kidneys: a hazard of long-term intermittent maintenance haemodialysis. In the period 1968-76, necropsies were carried out on 30 patients who had been treated by long-term intermittent maintenance haemodialysis. Fourteen of these patients developed bilateral cystic disease of the kidney. Clinical, pathological, and radiological investigation of these patients when they first presented did not reveal any evidence of renal cystic change. The main complications of this condition are haemorrhage and tumour formation. Six patients developed renal tumours, and in five cases these were multiple. The histological appearance of these neoplasms gave no indication as to whether they would behave in an aggressive manner. One patient died of metastatic carcinomatosis from a renal primary. The condition of acquired cystic disease of the kidney should be suspected if patients on maintenance haemodialysis suffer from recurrent haematuria or are found to have enlarging kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:915016", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in thyroid disease.", "content": "Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were measured by the Z-Gel technique in 138 patients with benign thyroidopathies, 25 patients with thyroid cancer, and 141 normal persons. Levels were raised (above 5 ng/ml) in 2% of the normal subjects, in none of the patients with benign thyroidopathies, and in 20% of the patients with thyroid cancer. They were considerably raised in all cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid but they were also high in other histological types of thyroid cancer. Measurement of plasma CEA may be of value in the preoperative diagnosis and follow-up of patients with thyroid cancer.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in thyroid disease. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were measured by the Z-Gel technique in 138 patients with benign thyroidopathies, 25 patients with thyroid cancer, and 141 normal persons. Levels were raised (above 5 ng/ml) in 2% of the normal subjects, in none of the patients with benign thyroidopathies, and in 20% of the patients with thyroid cancer. They were considerably raised in all cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid but they were also high in other histological types of thyroid cancer. Measurement of plasma CEA may be of value in the preoperative diagnosis and follow-up of patients with thyroid cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:915017", "title": "Standardisation of a simple method for the determination of antithrombin activity.", "content": "A procedure is described for performing a functional assay of serum antithrombin activity. The method consists of adding serum to a thrombin solution and measuring, after a fixed incubation time, the residual thrombin activity on a substrate plasma. The mean serum antithrombin activity found in 96 healthy blood donors using this procedure was 109.5% (range 82%-160%). The method was linear over an activity range between 30.5% and 176%, was significantly correlated with antithrombin-III protein concentration determined by radial immunodiffusion (r = 0.86, P less than 0.01), and showed good reproducibility (coefficient of variation 2.7%). On account of its simplicity and precision this functional assay should be of considerable use in evaluating hypercoagulability.", "contents": "Standardisation of a simple method for the determination of antithrombin activity. A procedure is described for performing a functional assay of serum antithrombin activity. The method consists of adding serum to a thrombin solution and measuring, after a fixed incubation time, the residual thrombin activity on a substrate plasma. The mean serum antithrombin activity found in 96 healthy blood donors using this procedure was 109.5% (range 82%-160%). The method was linear over an activity range between 30.5% and 176%, was significantly correlated with antithrombin-III protein concentration determined by radial immunodiffusion (r = 0.86, P less than 0.01), and showed good reproducibility (coefficient of variation 2.7%). On account of its simplicity and precision this functional assay should be of considerable use in evaluating hypercoagulability."}
{"id": "PMID:915018", "title": "Diagnosis of alpha-thalassemia trait from Coulter Counter 'S' indices.", "content": "A number of patients of Mediterranean and Asian origins were found to have unexplained microcytic hypochromic red blood cells. Iron deficiency and beta-thalassaemia trait were both satisfactorily excluded in all of them. The haematological indices of these patients, obtained on a Coulter Model 'S' Counter, were found to be very similar to those seen in obligatory heterozygotes for alpha-thalassaemia. It is postulated that these patients were also carriers for alpha-thalassaemia. Subsequent investigation of some of these patients showed the characteristically reduced rates of alpha-chain synthesis seen in this condition. The discriminant function of England and Fraser (1973) may be of help in diagnosing this state. alpha-Thalassaemia trait should be considered in all patients of 'high-risk' ethnic origins with a blood picture suggestive of beta-thalassaemia trait but in whom the levels of Hb A2 and Hb F are within normal limits.", "contents": "Diagnosis of alpha-thalassemia trait from Coulter Counter 'S' indices. A number of patients of Mediterranean and Asian origins were found to have unexplained microcytic hypochromic red blood cells. Iron deficiency and beta-thalassaemia trait were both satisfactorily excluded in all of them. The haematological indices of these patients, obtained on a Coulter Model 'S' Counter, were found to be very similar to those seen in obligatory heterozygotes for alpha-thalassaemia. It is postulated that these patients were also carriers for alpha-thalassaemia. Subsequent investigation of some of these patients showed the characteristically reduced rates of alpha-chain synthesis seen in this condition. The discriminant function of England and Fraser (1973) may be of help in diagnosing this state. alpha-Thalassaemia trait should be considered in all patients of 'high-risk' ethnic origins with a blood picture suggestive of beta-thalassaemia trait but in whom the levels of Hb A2 and Hb F are within normal limits."}
{"id": "PMID:915023", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin on repetitive dosing.", "content": "Serum erythromycin concentration data from several repetitive dosing studies were analyzed with newly developed computer methods for fitting multiple-dose data and generating nonlinear least-squares estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters. This analysis indicates that the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin can be described by a one-compartment linear model with the following characteristics: (a) a lag time between the time of drug administration and the onset of absorption; (b) apparent zero-order rather than first-order absorption; (c) dose-to-dose variability in the rate and extent of absorption; and (d) day-to-day variability in the kinetics of elimination. The bioavailability of the third dose of erythromycin on a given day is considerably lower than that of the second dose or of the fourth and last dose of the day. The average apparent half-life of erythromycin was 1.8 hour on day 1 and 2.6 hours on day 3 of the repetitive dosing regimen.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin on repetitive dosing. Serum erythromycin concentration data from several repetitive dosing studies were analyzed with newly developed computer methods for fitting multiple-dose data and generating nonlinear least-squares estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters. This analysis indicates that the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin can be described by a one-compartment linear model with the following characteristics: (a) a lag time between the time of drug administration and the onset of absorption; (b) apparent zero-order rather than first-order absorption; (c) dose-to-dose variability in the rate and extent of absorption; and (d) day-to-day variability in the kinetics of elimination. The bioavailability of the third dose of erythromycin on a given day is considerably lower than that of the second dose or of the fourth and last dose of the day. The average apparent half-life of erythromycin was 1.8 hour on day 1 and 2.6 hours on day 3 of the repetitive dosing regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:915033", "title": "Physiological identification and analysis of dentate granule cell responses to stimulation of the medial and lateral perforant pathways in the rat.", "content": "Stimulation of the dorsomedial or ventrolateral perforant pathways resulted in quantitatively different extracellularly recorded EPSPs in the fascia dentata of the rat. The two potentials differed in latency to peak and in width at half amplitude in a manner consistent with the different locus of termination of the two pathways on the granule cell dendrites. Both potentials were able to follow brief stimulus trains of 100 Hz, which suggests that they are monosynaptic. Medially elicited responses had their peak negativity approximately 100 to 180 micrometer deeper in the molecular layer than laterally elicited responses. Stimulation at short intervals along a dorsomedial to ventrolateral track in the angular bundle yielded a step function rather than a continuum of EPSP peak latency and half-width, in agreement with Hjorth-Simonsen's ('72) evidence for the separateness of the two pathways. Both pathways were able to induce granule cell discharge. Laterally elicited spikes, however, were delayed. Stimulation at intermediate locations frequently elicited double spikes from the granule cell population. Population spikes elicited by either pathway were inhibited for as long as 100 msec after a single discharge. Both pathways showed facilitation with double stimuli at short intervals, and both showed post-tetanic potentiation lasting at least 30 minutes. Under conditions where it could be shown that the two pathways at least partially converged onto the same granule cells, the response of one pathway did not increase when long lasting potentiation was induced on the other.", "contents": "Physiological identification and analysis of dentate granule cell responses to stimulation of the medial and lateral perforant pathways in the rat. Stimulation of the dorsomedial or ventrolateral perforant pathways resulted in quantitatively different extracellularly recorded EPSPs in the fascia dentata of the rat. The two potentials differed in latency to peak and in width at half amplitude in a manner consistent with the different locus of termination of the two pathways on the granule cell dendrites. Both potentials were able to follow brief stimulus trains of 100 Hz, which suggests that they are monosynaptic. Medially elicited responses had their peak negativity approximately 100 to 180 micrometer deeper in the molecular layer than laterally elicited responses. Stimulation at short intervals along a dorsomedial to ventrolateral track in the angular bundle yielded a step function rather than a continuum of EPSP peak latency and half-width, in agreement with Hjorth-Simonsen's ('72) evidence for the separateness of the two pathways. Both pathways were able to induce granule cell discharge. Laterally elicited spikes, however, were delayed. Stimulation at intermediate locations frequently elicited double spikes from the granule cell population. Population spikes elicited by either pathway were inhibited for as long as 100 msec after a single discharge. Both pathways showed facilitation with double stimuli at short intervals, and both showed post-tetanic potentiation lasting at least 30 minutes. Under conditions where it could be shown that the two pathways at least partially converged onto the same granule cells, the response of one pathway did not increase when long lasting potentiation was induced on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:915036", "title": "Some quantitative results on Golgi impregnated axons in rat visual cortex using a computer assisted video digitizer.", "content": "Axonal fiber distributions of pyramidal cells in the visual cortex of the albino rat have been investigated using the rapid Golgi method and modern data collecting techniques. Three dimensional coordinate information was extracted from Golgi-impregnated axonal networks using a computer-assisted video digitizer. Computer programs used this data to generate various statistical distributions. In particular, angular distributions of the initial collateral segments and their endpoints were examined and found to reveal anisotropies. Inspection of the spatial distributions of the endpoints indicated a clustering at two distinct levels with respect to the pyramidal cell from which they originate. Dynamic graphic displays of the three dimensional data have been obtained and presented in the form of computer tracings of various orthogonal projections.", "contents": "Some quantitative results on Golgi impregnated axons in rat visual cortex using a computer assisted video digitizer. Axonal fiber distributions of pyramidal cells in the visual cortex of the albino rat have been investigated using the rapid Golgi method and modern data collecting techniques. Three dimensional coordinate information was extracted from Golgi-impregnated axonal networks using a computer-assisted video digitizer. Computer programs used this data to generate various statistical distributions. In particular, angular distributions of the initial collateral segments and their endpoints were examined and found to reveal anisotropies. Inspection of the spatial distributions of the endpoints indicated a clustering at two distinct levels with respect to the pyramidal cell from which they originate. Dynamic graphic displays of the three dimensional data have been obtained and presented in the form of computer tracings of various orthogonal projections."}
{"id": "PMID:915037", "title": "The pigmented-rat optic nerve: fibre count and fibre diameter spectrum.", "content": "A well distributed electron microscopic sample of 52,000 fibres from the pigmented rat optic nerve cross section indicates a total count of 120,000 +/- 1,600 (S.E.M.) fibres ranging from 0.437 mu to 5.2 mu in diameter. The fibre diameter spectrum is essentially unimodal with a peak at 1.0 mu with a well developed \"tail.\" These results are identical to those available in the literature for the albino rat.", "contents": "The pigmented-rat optic nerve: fibre count and fibre diameter spectrum. A well distributed electron microscopic sample of 52,000 fibres from the pigmented rat optic nerve cross section indicates a total count of 120,000 +/- 1,600 (S.E.M.) fibres ranging from 0.437 mu to 5.2 mu in diameter. The fibre diameter spectrum is essentially unimodal with a peak at 1.0 mu with a well developed \"tail.\" These results are identical to those available in the literature for the albino rat."}
{"id": "PMID:915039", "title": "A histochemical study of the innervation of cerebral blood vessels in the turtle.", "content": "Specific histochemical techniques for the demonstration of noradrenaline and of acetylcholinesterase have been used to study the distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves to the cerebral blood vessels of turtle, Geoclemys reevesii. The major and medium-sized cerebral arteries were supplied with dense adrenergic nerve plexuses, the plexuses were particularly dense in the medium-sized pial arteries of very thick vascular wall, indicating the functional significance of these arteries in the cerebral circulation. The parenchymal arterioles and capillaries were also supplied with adrenergic nerves. On the other hand, the cholinergic innervation was less dense than the adrenergic one and the acetylcholinesterase activity of the nerve fibres was remarkably weak. By contrast, the parenchymal small arterioles and capillaries exhibited heavy acetylcholinesterase activity on the vascular wall and, in addition, the capillaries were supplied with the well-stained acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres. These fibres and also the adrenergic fibres associating with the capillaries appear to be of central origin. It is suggested that the cholinergic mechanisms in the parenchymal small vessels also play an important role in the cerebral circulation. The basophil leucocytes observed abundantly in the blood of turtle emitted an intensive greenish yellow fluorescence after formaldehyde gas-treatment.", "contents": "A histochemical study of the innervation of cerebral blood vessels in the turtle. Specific histochemical techniques for the demonstration of noradrenaline and of acetylcholinesterase have been used to study the distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves to the cerebral blood vessels of turtle, Geoclemys reevesii. The major and medium-sized cerebral arteries were supplied with dense adrenergic nerve plexuses, the plexuses were particularly dense in the medium-sized pial arteries of very thick vascular wall, indicating the functional significance of these arteries in the cerebral circulation. The parenchymal arterioles and capillaries were also supplied with adrenergic nerves. On the other hand, the cholinergic innervation was less dense than the adrenergic one and the acetylcholinesterase activity of the nerve fibres was remarkably weak. By contrast, the parenchymal small arterioles and capillaries exhibited heavy acetylcholinesterase activity on the vascular wall and, in addition, the capillaries were supplied with the well-stained acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres. These fibres and also the adrenergic fibres associating with the capillaries appear to be of central origin. It is suggested that the cholinergic mechanisms in the parenchymal small vessels also play an important role in the cerebral circulation. The basophil leucocytes observed abundantly in the blood of turtle emitted an intensive greenish yellow fluorescence after formaldehyde gas-treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:915040", "title": "Morphometric analysis of the effects of exenteration and enucleation on the development of third and sixth cranial nerves in the rat.", "content": "The effects on rat cranial nerve growth of removing various amounts of extraocular muscle was studied using morphometric techniques. Growth in the third cranial nerves was found to be severely retarded when most of the muscle tissue was removed. By contrast, removal of the eye alone, leaving extraocular muscles relatively intact, was found to have little or no effect on the subsequent growth of third and sixth cranial nerve fibers and of extraocular muscle fibers. This conclusion could be drawn only through the application of statistical methods which take into account several generally unrecognized facts: frequency distributions of axon circumference and myelin sheath thickness are highly variable from nerve to nerve even in normal rats, which often have more large fibers in left than in right nerves. The bimodal nature of peripheral nerve fiber distributions precludes the use of such parametric tests as the commonly and inappropriately used t-test, but a non-parametric test such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, extensively used in these studies, is inadequate for data comprising several sets of distributions to be compared. The application of the analysis of variance to some of the data and the merits of the procedure are discussed.", "contents": "Morphometric analysis of the effects of exenteration and enucleation on the development of third and sixth cranial nerves in the rat. The effects on rat cranial nerve growth of removing various amounts of extraocular muscle was studied using morphometric techniques. Growth in the third cranial nerves was found to be severely retarded when most of the muscle tissue was removed. By contrast, removal of the eye alone, leaving extraocular muscles relatively intact, was found to have little or no effect on the subsequent growth of third and sixth cranial nerve fibers and of extraocular muscle fibers. This conclusion could be drawn only through the application of statistical methods which take into account several generally unrecognized facts: frequency distributions of axon circumference and myelin sheath thickness are highly variable from nerve to nerve even in normal rats, which often have more large fibers in left than in right nerves. The bimodal nature of peripheral nerve fiber distributions precludes the use of such parametric tests as the commonly and inappropriately used t-test, but a non-parametric test such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, extensively used in these studies, is inadequate for data comprising several sets of distributions to be compared. The application of the analysis of variance to some of the data and the merits of the procedure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915041", "title": "Growth of the adult goldfish eye. II. Increase in retinal cell number.", "content": "The retinas of adult goldfish, one to four years of age, 4-23 cm in length, were examined with standard paraffin histology to determine if new cells were being added with growth. Retinal cell nuclei were counted and the area of the retina was measured. An analysis of cell densities in various regions throughout the retina showed that the cells are distributed nearly homogeneously. The density (No./mm2 of retinal surface) of ganglion cells, inner nuclear layer cells and cones decreases with growth, but the density of rods remains constant. Thus the rods account for a larger proportion of the cells in larger retinas; The total number of cells per retina increases: the ganglion cells from 60,000 to 350,000; the inner nuclear layer cells from 1,500,000 to 4,000,000; the cones from 250,000 to 1,400,000; the rods from 1,500,000 to 15,000,000. This increase in the number of retinal neurons implies the formation of even more new synapses, and suggests the adult goldfish retina as a model for both neuro- and synaptogenesis.", "contents": "Growth of the adult goldfish eye. II. Increase in retinal cell number. The retinas of adult goldfish, one to four years of age, 4-23 cm in length, were examined with standard paraffin histology to determine if new cells were being added with growth. Retinal cell nuclei were counted and the area of the retina was measured. An analysis of cell densities in various regions throughout the retina showed that the cells are distributed nearly homogeneously. The density (No./mm2 of retinal surface) of ganglion cells, inner nuclear layer cells and cones decreases with growth, but the density of rods remains constant. Thus the rods account for a larger proportion of the cells in larger retinas; The total number of cells per retina increases: the ganglion cells from 60,000 to 350,000; the inner nuclear layer cells from 1,500,000 to 4,000,000; the cones from 250,000 to 1,400,000; the rods from 1,500,000 to 15,000,000. This increase in the number of retinal neurons implies the formation of even more new synapses, and suggests the adult goldfish retina as a model for both neuro- and synaptogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:915042", "title": "Growth of the adult goldfish eye. III. Source of the new retinal cells.", "content": "The manner in which new cells are added to the growing adult goldfish retina was examined using 3H-thymidine radioautography. Cell proliferation leading to the formation of neurons is restricted to the retinal margin at the ora terminalis. New retina is added in concentric rings, with slightly more growth dorsonasally. The rate of cell addition is variable, averaging 12,000 cells/day. These new cells account for about 20% of the total increase in retinal area; the remaining 80% is due to hypertrophy, or expansion, of the retina. In contrast to all of the other retinal cells, the rods do not appear to participate in the retinal expansion. This hypothesized immobility of the rods would create a shearing strain between the retinal layers resulting in a shift in their position relative to the other cells. Were they to maintain synaptic contacts with the same horizontal and bipolar cells, the rod axons would have to be elongated peripherally or the post-synaptic cell dendrites displaced centrally. Since neurons with this morphology have not been found in the goldfish retina, these observations suggest that the rods must be changing their synaptic connections as the retina grows.", "contents": "Growth of the adult goldfish eye. III. Source of the new retinal cells. The manner in which new cells are added to the growing adult goldfish retina was examined using 3H-thymidine radioautography. Cell proliferation leading to the formation of neurons is restricted to the retinal margin at the ora terminalis. New retina is added in concentric rings, with slightly more growth dorsonasally. The rate of cell addition is variable, averaging 12,000 cells/day. These new cells account for about 20% of the total increase in retinal area; the remaining 80% is due to hypertrophy, or expansion, of the retina. In contrast to all of the other retinal cells, the rods do not appear to participate in the retinal expansion. This hypothesized immobility of the rods would create a shearing strain between the retinal layers resulting in a shift in their position relative to the other cells. Were they to maintain synaptic contacts with the same horizontal and bipolar cells, the rod axons would have to be elongated peripherally or the post-synaptic cell dendrites displaced centrally. Since neurons with this morphology have not been found in the goldfish retina, these observations suggest that the rods must be changing their synaptic connections as the retina grows."}
{"id": "PMID:915043", "title": "Neurophysiology of Spastic, a behavior mutant of the mexican axoloti: altered vestibular projection to cerebellar auricle and area acoustico-lateralis.", "content": "The spastic mutant of Ambystoma mexicanum shows deficiencies in swimming coordination and equilibrium. Behavior \"phenocopy\" experiments done previously indicated that vestibular projections to cerebellum and hindbrain interneurons might be responsible for mutant behavior patterns. To test function in mutant vestibular projections, single unit recordings were carried out in the vestibulo-cerebellum (auricle) and hindbrain area acoustico-lateralis (AAY) of wild-type and mutant animals in response to natural vestibular stimulation. Vestibular unit types responding during longitudinal tilting or to sustained tilt were encountered in equal proportions in both animal types. However, mutants showed a significant increase in spontaneously active units in these areas indicating possible deficiencies in inhibitory circuitry. In addition, the topographic location of vestibular units changed under the influence of the spastic gene. In mutants, significant numbers of units were found \"translocated\" into a ventro-caudal auricular zone abutting the AAL. Anatomical studies detailed in the following paper have shown this same area to contain grossly \"translocated\" cerebellar cells and afferent fiber tracts in mutants. These data are drawn together in a model in which deficiencies in the (form and) inhibitory function of the vestibulo-cerebellum is postulated to underly the behavioral abnormalities of the spastic phenotype.", "contents": "Neurophysiology of Spastic, a behavior mutant of the mexican axoloti: altered vestibular projection to cerebellar auricle and area acoustico-lateralis. The spastic mutant of Ambystoma mexicanum shows deficiencies in swimming coordination and equilibrium. Behavior \"phenocopy\" experiments done previously indicated that vestibular projections to cerebellum and hindbrain interneurons might be responsible for mutant behavior patterns. To test function in mutant vestibular projections, single unit recordings were carried out in the vestibulo-cerebellum (auricle) and hindbrain area acoustico-lateralis (AAY) of wild-type and mutant animals in response to natural vestibular stimulation. Vestibular unit types responding during longitudinal tilting or to sustained tilt were encountered in equal proportions in both animal types. However, mutants showed a significant increase in spontaneously active units in these areas indicating possible deficiencies in inhibitory circuitry. In addition, the topographic location of vestibular units changed under the influence of the spastic gene. In mutants, significant numbers of units were found \"translocated\" into a ventro-caudal auricular zone abutting the AAL. Anatomical studies detailed in the following paper have shown this same area to contain grossly \"translocated\" cerebellar cells and afferent fiber tracts in mutants. These data are drawn together in a model in which deficiencies in the (form and) inhibitory function of the vestibulo-cerebellum is postulated to underly the behavioral abnormalities of the spastic phenotype."}
{"id": "PMID:915044", "title": "Neuroanatomy of Spastic, a behavior mutant of the mexican axoloti: Purkinje cell distribution in the adult cerebellum.", "content": "The spastic mutant, found in the Mexican axolotl, shows swimming coordination and equilibrium deficiencies. Histological analyses of wild-type and spastic mutant cerebella previously characterized in physiological studies revealed changes in Purkinje cell location in the mutant auricle or vestibulo-cerebellum. Purkinje cells are \"translocated\" ventrally correlated with a similar translocation of vestibular single units described previuosly (Ide, '77). Where wild-type Purkinje cells are distributed from the surface to a depth of 250 micrometers, mutant Purkinje cells are \"crowded\" between 250 and 350 micrometers. Although mutant granule cells are present, boundaries between granule cell and Purkinje cell zones are less precise in mutants. Cerebellar nucleus cells are translocated medially, failing to organize into the discrete cell group appearing in wild-type. Cerebellar white matter tracts and fibers show changes, both in orientation with respect to the underlying tegmentum, and in fascicular organization. Obvious changes in the gross anatomy of the cerebellum are confirmed in reconstructions which define cell and fiber translocation. Thus, the spastic gene is compatible with differentiation of all cerebellar elements, but appears to alter interactions between cells, or between cells and the external milieu. Although all cell types are present in the mutant cerebellum, they fail to attain their proper positions along all three body axes.", "contents": "Neuroanatomy of Spastic, a behavior mutant of the mexican axoloti: Purkinje cell distribution in the adult cerebellum. The spastic mutant, found in the Mexican axolotl, shows swimming coordination and equilibrium deficiencies. Histological analyses of wild-type and spastic mutant cerebella previously characterized in physiological studies revealed changes in Purkinje cell location in the mutant auricle or vestibulo-cerebellum. Purkinje cells are \"translocated\" ventrally correlated with a similar translocation of vestibular single units described previuosly (Ide, '77). Where wild-type Purkinje cells are distributed from the surface to a depth of 250 micrometers, mutant Purkinje cells are \"crowded\" between 250 and 350 micrometers. Although mutant granule cells are present, boundaries between granule cell and Purkinje cell zones are less precise in mutants. Cerebellar nucleus cells are translocated medially, failing to organize into the discrete cell group appearing in wild-type. Cerebellar white matter tracts and fibers show changes, both in orientation with respect to the underlying tegmentum, and in fascicular organization. Obvious changes in the gross anatomy of the cerebellum are confirmed in reconstructions which define cell and fiber translocation. Thus, the spastic gene is compatible with differentiation of all cerebellar elements, but appears to alter interactions between cells, or between cells and the external milieu. Although all cell types are present in the mutant cerebellum, they fail to attain their proper positions along all three body axes."}
{"id": "PMID:915046", "title": "Experimental analysis of embryogenesis of cerebellum in rat. I. Subnormal growth following x-ray irradiation on day 15 of gestation.", "content": "Rat embryos of 15 days gestation were exposed in utero to 170 R of X-ray irradiation. Embryos collected 6 hours, 1, 2 and 3 days after irradiation, and animals of 2, 6, 15 and 30 days postnatal age were used for this study. Six hours after irradiation cells in the neuroepithelium and mantle layer along the roof of fourth ventricle were observed destroyed. Neuroepithelium showed only fragmentary regeneration during next two days, and it contributed to a small number of Purkinje cells. During postnatal development of cerebellum the external granular layer, the zone of proliferative cells that gives rise to neurons of postnatal origin, was found reduced. Other structures such as internal granular layer, molecular layer and medullary layer also were reduced. These multiple temporally sequenced developmental events resulted in a subnormal-sized cerebellum. Various quantitative measures helped establish that grossly the cerebellum in the X-ray irradiated animals was about half of that in the normal animals. Problems related to regeneration in the embryonic cerebellum, and to the factors determining the subnormal size of the adult cerebellum are discussed. Viewing this as an experimental approach to the study of neuroembryogenesis of cerebellum, the role of Purkinje cells in the regulation of development of cerebellum is brought out.", "contents": "Experimental analysis of embryogenesis of cerebellum in rat. I. Subnormal growth following x-ray irradiation on day 15 of gestation. Rat embryos of 15 days gestation were exposed in utero to 170 R of X-ray irradiation. Embryos collected 6 hours, 1, 2 and 3 days after irradiation, and animals of 2, 6, 15 and 30 days postnatal age were used for this study. Six hours after irradiation cells in the neuroepithelium and mantle layer along the roof of fourth ventricle were observed destroyed. Neuroepithelium showed only fragmentary regeneration during next two days, and it contributed to a small number of Purkinje cells. During postnatal development of cerebellum the external granular layer, the zone of proliferative cells that gives rise to neurons of postnatal origin, was found reduced. Other structures such as internal granular layer, molecular layer and medullary layer also were reduced. These multiple temporally sequenced developmental events resulted in a subnormal-sized cerebellum. Various quantitative measures helped establish that grossly the cerebellum in the X-ray irradiated animals was about half of that in the normal animals. Problems related to regeneration in the embryonic cerebellum, and to the factors determining the subnormal size of the adult cerebellum are discussed. Viewing this as an experimental approach to the study of neuroembryogenesis of cerebellum, the role of Purkinje cells in the regulation of development of cerebellum is brought out."}
{"id": "PMID:915047", "title": "Experimental analysis of embryogenesis of cerebellum in rat. II. Morphogenetic malformations following x-ray irradiation on day 18 of gestation.", "content": "Rat embryos of 18 days gestation were exposed in utero to 170 R of X-ray irradiation. Embryos were collected six hours, 1, 2, and 3 days after irradiation, and animals of 2-, 6-, 15- and 30-day-old postnatal age were sacrificed. Six hours after irradiation pyknosis of cells was notices in the external granular layer along the posterior aspect of the cerebellum. Neuroblasts, destined to differentiate into Purkinje cells, were found arrested in their migratory path. During subsequent periods of embryogenesis the external granular layer was found recovered, and clustering of the neuroblasts were disorganized and fragmented. This abnormal clustering of neuroblasts was permanent, and the external granular layer followed the same abnormal pattern in its growth. During postnatal development the internal granular layer also was found to follow the abnormal pattern of Purkinje cell layer. These abnormal developmental events were seen to lead to malformed folia in the anterior regions of the cerebellum. In addition to it the cerebellum of X-ray irradiated animals appeared smaller than the normal. Issues having a bearing on the differential radiosensitivity of different cells, factors determining the small size of the cerebellum, and cellular events determining the morphogenetic malformations are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental analysis of embryogenesis of cerebellum in rat. II. Morphogenetic malformations following x-ray irradiation on day 18 of gestation. Rat embryos of 18 days gestation were exposed in utero to 170 R of X-ray irradiation. Embryos were collected six hours, 1, 2, and 3 days after irradiation, and animals of 2-, 6-, 15- and 30-day-old postnatal age were sacrificed. Six hours after irradiation pyknosis of cells was notices in the external granular layer along the posterior aspect of the cerebellum. Neuroblasts, destined to differentiate into Purkinje cells, were found arrested in their migratory path. During subsequent periods of embryogenesis the external granular layer was found recovered, and clustering of the neuroblasts were disorganized and fragmented. This abnormal clustering of neuroblasts was permanent, and the external granular layer followed the same abnormal pattern in its growth. During postnatal development the internal granular layer also was found to follow the abnormal pattern of Purkinje cell layer. These abnormal developmental events were seen to lead to malformed folia in the anterior regions of the cerebellum. In addition to it the cerebellum of X-ray irradiated animals appeared smaller than the normal. Issues having a bearing on the differential radiosensitivity of different cells, factors determining the small size of the cerebellum, and cellular events determining the morphogenetic malformations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915048", "title": "Incorporation of 3H-fucose into nerve and glial cells: assessment by electron microscopic autoradiography.", "content": "Incorporation of 3H-fucose into hypothalamic tissue of rats was studied between ten minutes and seven days after intraventricular injection. In EM autoradiographs grain densities over perikarya of neurons, astro-, and oligodendroglia, and neuropil were evaluated. Grain densities were consistently higher over both types of glial cells as compared to neurons. The glia/neuron ratio was especially high after short experimental intervals and declined with increasing time intervals. Concomitantly there was an increase of grain density over the neuropil. The discussion concentrates on the methodical aspects which have to be considered in interpreting the autoradiographic data. It is concluded that both astroglia and oligodendroglia exhibit a considerably higher synthesis rate of glycoproteins per unit volume than nerve cells. The implications of the results for the interpretation of biochemical data on glycoprotein metabolism of brain tissue are discussed.", "contents": "Incorporation of 3H-fucose into nerve and glial cells: assessment by electron microscopic autoradiography. Incorporation of 3H-fucose into hypothalamic tissue of rats was studied between ten minutes and seven days after intraventricular injection. In EM autoradiographs grain densities over perikarya of neurons, astro-, and oligodendroglia, and neuropil were evaluated. Grain densities were consistently higher over both types of glial cells as compared to neurons. The glia/neuron ratio was especially high after short experimental intervals and declined with increasing time intervals. Concomitantly there was an increase of grain density over the neuropil. The discussion concentrates on the methodical aspects which have to be considered in interpreting the autoradiographic data. It is concluded that both astroglia and oligodendroglia exhibit a considerably higher synthesis rate of glycoproteins per unit volume than nerve cells. The implications of the results for the interpretation of biochemical data on glycoprotein metabolism of brain tissue are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915050", "title": "Traumatic alopecia in trichotillomania: a pathogenic interpretation of histologic lesions in the pilosebaceous unit.", "content": "Ten patients with traumatic alopecia (trichotillomania) were being investigated histologically and, in five of them, hairs from the affected scalp area were plucked out for direct microscopic examination. Some histologic features appear to be specific markers for traumatic alopecia: empty hair ducts, plucked out hair bulbs, clefts in hair matrix, catagen involution of empty outer root sheaths, Miescher's trichomalacia in the deep dermis and torn-off sebaceous glands. Other signs are unspecific, such as presence of catagen and anagen VI hairs, infundibular plugging, melanin in keratin plugs and in the dermal papilla. The relative frequency of the different histopathologic features was evaluated. When little clinical information is available, a diagnosis of traumatic alopecia can be supported by skin biopsy. The histologic picture of trichotillomania is always incomplete, depending upon factors such as intensity of pulling or/and time of biopsy after plucking.", "contents": "Traumatic alopecia in trichotillomania: a pathogenic interpretation of histologic lesions in the pilosebaceous unit. Ten patients with traumatic alopecia (trichotillomania) were being investigated histologically and, in five of them, hairs from the affected scalp area were plucked out for direct microscopic examination. Some histologic features appear to be specific markers for traumatic alopecia: empty hair ducts, plucked out hair bulbs, clefts in hair matrix, catagen involution of empty outer root sheaths, Miescher's trichomalacia in the deep dermis and torn-off sebaceous glands. Other signs are unspecific, such as presence of catagen and anagen VI hairs, infundibular plugging, melanin in keratin plugs and in the dermal papilla. The relative frequency of the different histopathologic features was evaluated. When little clinical information is available, a diagnosis of traumatic alopecia can be supported by skin biopsy. The histologic picture of trichotillomania is always incomplete, depending upon factors such as intensity of pulling or/and time of biopsy after plucking."}
{"id": "PMID:915051", "title": "Light and electron microscopy of excoriated psoriatic lesions in patients during topical treatment.", "content": "This is a light- and electron-microscopic study of excoriated, recalcitrant psoriatic lesions in ambulatory patients undergoing topical treatment. During regeneration of a stratum corneum without scales, in areas showing excoriations bounded by a non-cornified epidermis, horny  cell layers, designated I and II, are formed. In areas in which excoriations are delimited by an epidermis with a retained stratum corneum, the latter is composed of a horny cell layer I and/or II or III. The horny cell layers differ, as shown by light- and electron-microscopy. In the less fresh excoriations, a homogeneous substance, which includes fibrin deposits, is observed. This substance is also seen frequently in the stratum corneum. In the less fresh excoriations and in the stratum corneum there are numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In these locations, however, they are only found simultaneously with the homogeneous substance containing fibrin deposits. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are also seen in the dermal papillae and in the non-cornified epidermis, particularly in the macroscopically \"old\" excoriations. The changes observed in these recalcitrant lesions have been interpreted as secondary and are believed to be expressions of a non-specific reaction to the mechanical damage to which the ambulatory patients have constantly exposed the lesions. They are not interpreted as changes in the psoriatic condition per se.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopy of excoriated psoriatic lesions in patients during topical treatment. This is a light- and electron-microscopic study of excoriated, recalcitrant psoriatic lesions in ambulatory patients undergoing topical treatment. During regeneration of a stratum corneum without scales, in areas showing excoriations bounded by a non-cornified epidermis, horny  cell layers, designated I and II, are formed. In areas in which excoriations are delimited by an epidermis with a retained stratum corneum, the latter is composed of a horny cell layer I and/or II or III. The horny cell layers differ, as shown by light- and electron-microscopy. In the less fresh excoriations, a homogeneous substance, which includes fibrin deposits, is observed. This substance is also seen frequently in the stratum corneum. In the less fresh excoriations and in the stratum corneum there are numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In these locations, however, they are only found simultaneously with the homogeneous substance containing fibrin deposits. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are also seen in the dermal papillae and in the non-cornified epidermis, particularly in the macroscopically \"old\" excoriations. The changes observed in these recalcitrant lesions have been interpreted as secondary and are believed to be expressions of a non-specific reaction to the mechanical damage to which the ambulatory patients have constantly exposed the lesions. They are not interpreted as changes in the psoriatic condition per se."}
{"id": "PMID:915052", "title": "Trichoadenoma of Nikolowski.", "content": "Trichoadenoma of Nikolowski is a rare benign tumor of the skin with hair follicle-like direction of differentiation. This tumor is less mature than trichofolliculoma and more differentiated than trichoepithelioma. Probably because of its rarity it has not been a well recognized tumor. We are reporting on eight cases of trichoadenoma to further define this benign growth.", "contents": "Trichoadenoma of Nikolowski. Trichoadenoma of Nikolowski is a rare benign tumor of the skin with hair follicle-like direction of differentiation. This tumor is less mature than trichofolliculoma and more differentiated than trichoepithelioma. Probably because of its rarity it has not been a well recognized tumor. We are reporting on eight cases of trichoadenoma to further define this benign growth."}
{"id": "PMID:915053", "title": "Granuloma annulare with transfollicular perforation.", "content": "In recent years the phenomenon of transepithelial elimination has been found to be the underlying mechanism in a variety of skin disorders. \"Perforating dermatoses\" may show transepidermal or transfollicular elimination or a combination of the two. A case of papular granuloma annulare is reported, where in one lesion the pilary apparatus actively participated in the elimination of necrobiotic collagen from the dermis. To our knowledge, perforating granuloma annulare with a transfollicular pathway has not previously been described. Also, a classification of perforating dermatoses is presented.", "contents": "Granuloma annulare with transfollicular perforation. In recent years the phenomenon of transepithelial elimination has been found to be the underlying mechanism in a variety of skin disorders. \"Perforating dermatoses\" may show transepidermal or transfollicular elimination or a combination of the two. A case of papular granuloma annulare is reported, where in one lesion the pilary apparatus actively participated in the elimination of necrobiotic collagen from the dermis. To our knowledge, perforating granuloma annulare with a transfollicular pathway has not previously been described. Also, a classification of perforating dermatoses is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:915054", "title": "Lymphoma of the skin. A comparative clinico-pathologic study of 50 cases including mycosis fungoides and primary and secondary cutaneous lymphoma.", "content": "A clinico-pathologic study of lymphomas of the skin included 14 cases of mycosis fungoides, 14 of primary lymphoma and 22 of secondary lymphoma. Mycosis fungoides has clinical and histopathologic features which allow for separation from the other groups. In this study, patients with mycosis fungoides had a longer duration of history and presented with papules, plaques, erythroderma or generalized dermatitis but not with tumor nodules ab initio. A confident histologic diagnosis required the presence of the mycosis cell, which was usually present in association with a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate. Another important histologic feature was the presence of invasion of the epidermis by the mycosis cells singly and/or in nests (Pautrier microabscesses). Primary and secondary lymphomas of the skin presented clinically as multiple tumor nodules and histologically as a monomorphic infiltrate of neoplastic cells confined to the dermis and subcutis. A feature which has not been adequately documented in a large series was the presence of an associated prominent epithelioid cell reaction in several cases from all three groups.", "contents": "Lymphoma of the skin. A comparative clinico-pathologic study of 50 cases including mycosis fungoides and primary and secondary cutaneous lymphoma. A clinico-pathologic study of lymphomas of the skin included 14 cases of mycosis fungoides, 14 of primary lymphoma and 22 of secondary lymphoma. Mycosis fungoides has clinical and histopathologic features which allow for separation from the other groups. In this study, patients with mycosis fungoides had a longer duration of history and presented with papules, plaques, erythroderma or generalized dermatitis but not with tumor nodules ab initio. A confident histologic diagnosis required the presence of the mycosis cell, which was usually present in association with a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate. Another important histologic feature was the presence of invasion of the epidermis by the mycosis cells singly and/or in nests (Pautrier microabscesses). Primary and secondary lymphomas of the skin presented clinically as multiple tumor nodules and histologically as a monomorphic infiltrate of neoplastic cells confined to the dermis and subcutis. A feature which has not been adequately documented in a large series was the presence of an associated prominent epithelioid cell reaction in several cases from all three groups."}
{"id": "PMID:915055", "title": "Granuloma faciale. Ultrastructural study of three cases.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic observations were carried out in three cases of granuloma faciale. The dense granulomatous infiltrate of the corium showed: 1) more eosinophils than suspected by light microscopy, most of them with degenerative changes; 2) Charcot-Leyden chrystals; 3) numerous large histiocytes with their cytoplasms filled with lysosomal vesicles containing various inclusions (lamellar figures, myelin bodies, circular concentric organelles, digested membrane structures). The lack of Langerhans granules in dermal cells seems a valid reason to differentiate granuloma faciale from eosinophilic granuloma of the skin, usually considered a variety of histiocytosis X. No evidence of bacterial or viral infections was noticed. Granuloma faciale, despite its uncertain etiology, seems to represent a true entity.", "contents": "Granuloma faciale. Ultrastructural study of three cases. Light and electron microscopic observations were carried out in three cases of granuloma faciale. The dense granulomatous infiltrate of the corium showed: 1) more eosinophils than suspected by light microscopy, most of them with degenerative changes; 2) Charcot-Leyden chrystals; 3) numerous large histiocytes with their cytoplasms filled with lysosomal vesicles containing various inclusions (lamellar figures, myelin bodies, circular concentric organelles, digested membrane structures). The lack of Langerhans granules in dermal cells seems a valid reason to differentiate granuloma faciale from eosinophilic granuloma of the skin, usually considered a variety of histiocytosis X. No evidence of bacterial or viral infections was noticed. Granuloma faciale, despite its uncertain etiology, seems to represent a true entity."}
{"id": "PMID:915056", "title": "Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid with Pagetoid involvement of the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva.", "content": "A case of sebaceous carcinoma with pagetoid involvement of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctival epithelium was studied by light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally the neoplastic cells within the conjunctival epithelium were identical to those in the underlying invasive sebaceous carcinoma. Evidence of gradual transformation of conjunctival epithelial cells to the neoplastic sebaceous cells or transitional forms between conjunctival epithelial cells and sebaceous cells was not encountered. The evidence thus supports the theory that the neoplastic cells in the conjunctival epithelium are the result of secondary invasion by the underlying sebaceous carcinoma.", "contents": "Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid with Pagetoid involvement of the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva. A case of sebaceous carcinoma with pagetoid involvement of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctival epithelium was studied by light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally the neoplastic cells within the conjunctival epithelium were identical to those in the underlying invasive sebaceous carcinoma. Evidence of gradual transformation of conjunctival epithelial cells to the neoplastic sebaceous cells or transitional forms between conjunctival epithelial cells and sebaceous cells was not encountered. The evidence thus supports the theory that the neoplastic cells in the conjunctival epithelium are the result of secondary invasion by the underlying sebaceous carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:915058", "title": "The use of the cryostat for histographic surgery.", "content": "Microscopically monitored excision for the treatment of skin cancer is becoming increasingly popular among dermatologists. One decision faced by beginning histographic surgeons involves the choice of apparatus for making the frozen sections. This paper compares the freezing microtome with the cryostat and gives details of the University of Iowa method, which employs the Slee cryostat.", "contents": "The use of the cryostat for histographic surgery. Microscopically monitored excision for the treatment of skin cancer is becoming increasingly popular among dermatologists. One decision faced by beginning histographic surgeons involves the choice of apparatus for making the frozen sections. This paper compares the freezing microtome with the cryostat and gives details of the University of Iowa method, which employs the Slee cryostat."}
{"id": "PMID:915059", "title": "5-Hydroxytryptamine-induced tachyphylaxis of the molluscan heart and concomitant desensitization of adenylate cyclase.", "content": "High concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) first excite the isolated ventricle of Mercenaria mercenaria and then specifically desensitize it to further additions of the neuropeptide. This 5HT-induced tachyphylaxis is paralleled by a 5HT-specific desensitization of the myocardial adenylate cyclase and a decrease in intracellular cyclic AMP. However, FMRF-NH2, a cardioexcitatory tetrapeptide, can still increase contractility, cyclic AMP, and the adenylate cyclase activity of a tachyphylactic ventricle. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that 5HT augments molluscan myocardial contractility by elevating intracellular cyclic AMP.", "contents": "5-Hydroxytryptamine-induced tachyphylaxis of the molluscan heart and concomitant desensitization of adenylate cyclase. High concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) first excite the isolated ventricle of Mercenaria mercenaria and then specifically desensitize it to further additions of the neuropeptide. This 5HT-induced tachyphylaxis is paralleled by a 5HT-specific desensitization of the myocardial adenylate cyclase and a decrease in intracellular cyclic AMP. However, FMRF-NH2, a cardioexcitatory tetrapeptide, can still increase contractility, cyclic AMP, and the adenylate cyclase activity of a tachyphylactic ventricle. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that 5HT augments molluscan myocardial contractility by elevating intracellular cyclic AMP."}
{"id": "PMID:915061", "title": "Sodium and chloride in cows' drinking water and freezing point of milk.", "content": "The study was in two dairying regions of British Columbia, Canada, 700 Holstein-Friesian cows in 10 herds, to examine sodium and chloride in the drinking water of cows and to relate these to the composition of milk and to its freezing point. The Peace River had more sodium and more variation between herds in natural water supplies, which usually derive from surface dugouts, whereas the Fraser Valley region draws its water from mountain reservoirs. There were associated differences in the sodium content of milk between the two regions. These did not result in any regional differences in the freezing point of milk and there were no detectable changes in the chloride and lactose contents of milk to compensate for the higher sodium. The relationships between concentrations of milk lactose and milk chloride on the one hand and milk freezing point variations on the other were as expected.", "contents": "Sodium and chloride in cows' drinking water and freezing point of milk. The study was in two dairying regions of British Columbia, Canada, 700 Holstein-Friesian cows in 10 herds, to examine sodium and chloride in the drinking water of cows and to relate these to the composition of milk and to its freezing point. The Peace River had more sodium and more variation between herds in natural water supplies, which usually derive from surface dugouts, whereas the Fraser Valley region draws its water from mountain reservoirs. There were associated differences in the sodium content of milk between the two regions. These did not result in any regional differences in the freezing point of milk and there were no detectable changes in the chloride and lactose contents of milk to compensate for the higher sodium. The relationships between concentrations of milk lactose and milk chloride on the one hand and milk freezing point variations on the other were as expected."}
{"id": "PMID:915062", "title": "Effects of dietary fluoride ingestion on ration intake and milk production.", "content": "The influence of 1-mo ingestion of a ration containing 50, 100, 150, or 200 ppm fluoride (as sodium fluoride) on milk production and ration intake of Holstein cows was studied. The total amount of fluoride administered was mixed into the grain mix and fed twice each day. The concentrations of fluoride in plasma and urine were related to the concentration of fluoride in the ration. There was no effect of fluoride on hay intake, but there was a decrease in intake of the grain mix at an intake of 200 ppm fluoride. The ingestion of 150 or 200 ppm fluoride for 1 mo had a slight adverse effect on milk production. From these results we suggest that rations containing less than 150 ppm fluoride will not influence ration intake or milk production adversely if they are fed for a short time to mature cattle not suffering from other long-term adverse effects of fluoride ingestion.", "contents": "Effects of dietary fluoride ingestion on ration intake and milk production. The influence of 1-mo ingestion of a ration containing 50, 100, 150, or 200 ppm fluoride (as sodium fluoride) on milk production and ration intake of Holstein cows was studied. The total amount of fluoride administered was mixed into the grain mix and fed twice each day. The concentrations of fluoride in plasma and urine were related to the concentration of fluoride in the ration. There was no effect of fluoride on hay intake, but there was a decrease in intake of the grain mix at an intake of 200 ppm fluoride. The ingestion of 150 or 200 ppm fluoride for 1 mo had a slight adverse effect on milk production. From these results we suggest that rations containing less than 150 ppm fluoride will not influence ration intake or milk production adversely if they are fed for a short time to mature cattle not suffering from other long-term adverse effects of fluoride ingestion."}
{"id": "PMID:915063", "title": "Effect of repeated inseminations with egg yolk semen extender on fertility in cattle.", "content": "Experiments were designed to determine if repeated inseminations of egg yolk diluent containing no semen would induce antibodies against egg yolk and would have an adverse effect on subsequent fertility under routine conditions of artificial insemination. Extender containing antibiotics polymyxin, dihydrostreptomycin, and penicillin and the enzyme beta amylase, with or without hen's egg yolk, was inseminated three to four times into virgin dairy heifers. The heifers subsequently were bred with bovine semen suspended in the extender containing egg yolk. Antibodies against antigens in the egg yolk extenders were not detected by complement fixation and agar gel immuno-diffusion, either in blood serum or in whole and homogenized cervical mucus taken before and after the repeat inseminations. Allergic reactions to the semen extender were not observed in any of the heifers. Calving rate from one service was 63.6% (7/11) for controls, 68.2% (15/22) after prior inseminations with egg yolk extender, and 69.2% (9/13) after prior inseminations with extender minus egg yolk. Under routine conditions of artificial insemination three to four exposures to extenders with or without egg yolk did not affect subsequent fertility adversely.", "contents": "Effect of repeated inseminations with egg yolk semen extender on fertility in cattle. Experiments were designed to determine if repeated inseminations of egg yolk diluent containing no semen would induce antibodies against egg yolk and would have an adverse effect on subsequent fertility under routine conditions of artificial insemination. Extender containing antibiotics polymyxin, dihydrostreptomycin, and penicillin and the enzyme beta amylase, with or without hen's egg yolk, was inseminated three to four times into virgin dairy heifers. The heifers subsequently were bred with bovine semen suspended in the extender containing egg yolk. Antibodies against antigens in the egg yolk extenders were not detected by complement fixation and agar gel immuno-diffusion, either in blood serum or in whole and homogenized cervical mucus taken before and after the repeat inseminations. Allergic reactions to the semen extender were not observed in any of the heifers. Calving rate from one service was 63.6% (7/11) for controls, 68.2% (15/22) after prior inseminations with egg yolk extender, and 69.2% (9/13) after prior inseminations with extender minus egg yolk. Under routine conditions of artificial insemination three to four exposures to extenders with or without egg yolk did not affect subsequent fertility adversely."}
{"id": "PMID:915064", "title": "Trace minerals in cottage cheese.", "content": "The trace minerals, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese were determined in cottage cheese curd by flameless atomic absorption. Larger curd size, added calcium chloride, and fewer washes increased the iron and zinc content in the curd.", "contents": "Trace minerals in cottage cheese. The trace minerals, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese were determined in cottage cheese curd by flameless atomic absorption. Larger curd size, added calcium chloride, and fewer washes increased the iron and zinc content in the curd."}
{"id": "PMID:915065", "title": "Persistence of antibiotics in milk from cows treated late in the dry period.", "content": "Nineteen cows were treated via intramammary infusion at various times prior to calving with one of two dry cow antibiotic preparations (cloxacillin or penicillin). Milk samples from these cows after calving were analyzed for antibiotic residues by the Sarcina lutea cylinder plate method. Eight cows were treated with cloxacillin was detected in the milk of only two cows after calving and then for only one milking, so no problem should exist with cloxacillin if the manufacturer's recommendations are followed. Penicillin residues were not detected in milk samples taken from cows treated more than 9 days prior to calving with the dry cow penicillin preparation. However, seven of nine cows treated with penicillin up to 9 days prior to calving had detectable penicillin residues in the milk from treated quarters after calving. Only one cow had detectable penicillin residues longer than the manufacturer's recommended milk withholding time of 96 h, and this cow was treated only 3 days prior to parturition. Normal routine on a dairy farm and adherence to manufacturer's recommendations should result in no antibiotic residue problems in milk from cows treated during the dry period for mastitis control with either cloxacillin or penicillin.", "contents": "Persistence of antibiotics in milk from cows treated late in the dry period. Nineteen cows were treated via intramammary infusion at various times prior to calving with one of two dry cow antibiotic preparations (cloxacillin or penicillin). Milk samples from these cows after calving were analyzed for antibiotic residues by the Sarcina lutea cylinder plate method. Eight cows were treated with cloxacillin was detected in the milk of only two cows after calving and then for only one milking, so no problem should exist with cloxacillin if the manufacturer's recommendations are followed. Penicillin residues were not detected in milk samples taken from cows treated more than 9 days prior to calving with the dry cow penicillin preparation. However, seven of nine cows treated with penicillin up to 9 days prior to calving had detectable penicillin residues in the milk from treated quarters after calving. Only one cow had detectable penicillin residues longer than the manufacturer's recommended milk withholding time of 96 h, and this cow was treated only 3 days prior to parturition. Normal routine on a dairy farm and adherence to manufacturer's recommendations should result in no antibiotic residue problems in milk from cows treated during the dry period for mastitis control with either cloxacillin or penicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:915066", "title": "Partial enzymatic hydrolysis of whey protein by trypsin.", "content": "Partial enzymatic hydrolysis of whey protein by trypsin increased solubility of this protein in water. Water-insoluble, heat-denaturated whey protein was solubilized fully by trypsinization. Optimal conditions for the enzyme reaction, established by the pH-stat technique, were: digestion at pH 8.0 and 55 C for approximately 3 h, at an enzyme-substrate ratio of 1 : 100. Under these conditions, 500 mumoles of titratable protons were liberated per g of substrate in the course of the reaction. Digestion at 40 C generated only about 400 mumoles of acid. Predenaturation of the substrate by heat did not improve digestibility. The extent of hydrolysis reached approximately 8% of all peptide bonds in the protein. Fractionation of the digest on Sephadex G-50 showed it was composed of a major fraction of highly water soluble peptides, ranging in molecular weight from approximately 500 to 5000. The gel excluded a minor fraction of larger, aggregated peptides. This aggregate was dissociated in the presence of urea and a reducing agent. All amino acids in the digest, except some lysine and arginine, were peptide bound.", "contents": "Partial enzymatic hydrolysis of whey protein by trypsin. Partial enzymatic hydrolysis of whey protein by trypsin increased solubility of this protein in water. Water-insoluble, heat-denaturated whey protein was solubilized fully by trypsinization. Optimal conditions for the enzyme reaction, established by the pH-stat technique, were: digestion at pH 8.0 and 55 C for approximately 3 h, at an enzyme-substrate ratio of 1 : 100. Under these conditions, 500 mumoles of titratable protons were liberated per g of substrate in the course of the reaction. Digestion at 40 C generated only about 400 mumoles of acid. Predenaturation of the substrate by heat did not improve digestibility. The extent of hydrolysis reached approximately 8% of all peptide bonds in the protein. Fractionation of the digest on Sephadex G-50 showed it was composed of a major fraction of highly water soluble peptides, ranging in molecular weight from approximately 500 to 5000. The gel excluded a minor fraction of larger, aggregated peptides. This aggregate was dissociated in the presence of urea and a reducing agent. All amino acids in the digest, except some lysine and arginine, were peptide bound."}
{"id": "PMID:915067", "title": "Development of and fluid accumulation in mammary glands of freemartins administered estradiol, estrone, or testosterone..", "content": "Eighteen Holstein freemartins acquired at 1 wk of age were assigned to a control and to four treatment groups, but only two of the groups received hormone the first 50 wk. Testosterone administered for the first 50 wk appeared to inhibit teat growth whereas estrone stimulated teat and udder length. At 50 wk of age, implants releasing daily approximately 12.9 microgram of testosterone, 2.9 microgram of estrone, or 2.6 microgram of estradiol-17beta per kg of body weight were implanted for 6 wk. One of three testosterone-treated and 9 of 11 estrogen-treated animals exhibited increased udder development associated with fluid accumulation. The 10 animals with fluid accumulation in the udders were milked once 39 days after implanting. The fluid contained 15.0% total solids, 4.1% fat, and 7.0% protein, values which are between those for normal milk and colostrum. These studies support the concept that administration of low concentrations of estrogens alone, released continuously from implants, were capable of stimulating fluid secretion in mammary glands of animals that had no detectable gonadal luteal tissue.", "contents": "Development of and fluid accumulation in mammary glands of freemartins administered estradiol, estrone, or testosterone.. Eighteen Holstein freemartins acquired at 1 wk of age were assigned to a control and to four treatment groups, but only two of the groups received hormone the first 50 wk. Testosterone administered for the first 50 wk appeared to inhibit teat growth whereas estrone stimulated teat and udder length. At 50 wk of age, implants releasing daily approximately 12.9 microgram of testosterone, 2.9 microgram of estrone, or 2.6 microgram of estradiol-17beta per kg of body weight were implanted for 6 wk. One of three testosterone-treated and 9 of 11 estrogen-treated animals exhibited increased udder development associated with fluid accumulation. The 10 animals with fluid accumulation in the udders were milked once 39 days after implanting. The fluid contained 15.0% total solids, 4.1% fat, and 7.0% protein, values which are between those for normal milk and colostrum. These studies support the concept that administration of low concentrations of estrogens alone, released continuously from implants, were capable of stimulating fluid secretion in mammary glands of animals that had no detectable gonadal luteal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:915068", "title": "Protein for calves on a limited milk-early weaning system.", "content": "Complete pelleted calf starter rations were fed to Holstein heifer calves on a limited milk-early weaning program from 3 days to 12 wk of age. Five rations fed to each of 10 calves were to contain crude protein percentages of 10, 12.5, 12.5 with 97% urea, 15, and 15 with 1.1% urea (as fed). The digestible protein:digestible energy ratios (g digestible protein/Mcal digestible energy) of the rations (in same order) were 23.4, 30.7, 28.8, 36.4, and 41.5. Average birth weight was 42.9 kg and weaning weight at 4 wk, 52.8 kg. Treatment effects on feed intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency were analyzed after adjustment of birth weight and removal of effects of block and location. Feed intake for 12 wk was greater for 15% crude protein with 1.1% urea than for either 12.5% ration but not different from 10% protein. Average daily gain was increased for 15% protein rations compared to 10 or 12.5% protein. Gain by claves fed 10% protein was equal to that by those fed 12.5% protein. Feed efficiency during wk 5 to 12 was improved for 15% with vegetable protein compared to 10% crude protein or the 12.5% crude protein ration with vegetable protein. There were no differences in intake, gain, or efficiency between urea and vegetable protein.", "contents": "Protein for calves on a limited milk-early weaning system. Complete pelleted calf starter rations were fed to Holstein heifer calves on a limited milk-early weaning program from 3 days to 12 wk of age. Five rations fed to each of 10 calves were to contain crude protein percentages of 10, 12.5, 12.5 with 97% urea, 15, and 15 with 1.1% urea (as fed). The digestible protein:digestible energy ratios (g digestible protein/Mcal digestible energy) of the rations (in same order) were 23.4, 30.7, 28.8, 36.4, and 41.5. Average birth weight was 42.9 kg and weaning weight at 4 wk, 52.8 kg. Treatment effects on feed intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency were analyzed after adjustment of birth weight and removal of effects of block and location. Feed intake for 12 wk was greater for 15% crude protein with 1.1% urea than for either 12.5% ration but not different from 10% protein. Average daily gain was increased for 15% protein rations compared to 10 or 12.5% protein. Gain by claves fed 10% protein was equal to that by those fed 12.5% protein. Feed efficiency during wk 5 to 12 was improved for 15% with vegetable protein compared to 10% crude protein or the 12.5% crude protein ration with vegetable protein. There were no differences in intake, gain, or efficiency between urea and vegetable protein."}
{"id": "PMID:915069", "title": "Effects of package, extender, and light on stored frozen bull spermatozoa.", "content": "Spermatozoa were analyzed when fresh, freshly frozen, and stored at --196 C for 6 and 18 mo after processing in egg yolk-citrate and Promine-D extender with varying exposure to light and packaging in straws or glass ampules. Over all treatments there were decreases with time in spermatozoal motility, oxygen uptake, and cellular glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase due to freezing-thawing. Percent progressive motility decreased from spermatozoa freshly frozen (36.5%) to those stored for 6 mo (33.6%). Oxygen uptake in freshly frozen samples was 8.4 microliter per 10(8) cells per h. In frozen semen stored for 6 and 18 mo corresponding values were 12.2 and 8.3 microliter. Packaging methods did not have a significant effect on oxygen uptake, but package interacted with storage. Egg yolk-citrate extender supported greater progressive spermatoal motility than did promine-D. Extender interacted with storage for all criteria. Visible light radiation reduced progressive spermatozoal motility from 40.2 to 38.0% and oxygen uptake from 11.8 to 10.8 microliter per 10(8) cells per h. Light interacted with storage time. Correlations between all criteria and storage times were not important practically.", "contents": "Effects of package, extender, and light on stored frozen bull spermatozoa. Spermatozoa were analyzed when fresh, freshly frozen, and stored at --196 C for 6 and 18 mo after processing in egg yolk-citrate and Promine-D extender with varying exposure to light and packaging in straws or glass ampules. Over all treatments there were decreases with time in spermatozoal motility, oxygen uptake, and cellular glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase due to freezing-thawing. Percent progressive motility decreased from spermatozoa freshly frozen (36.5%) to those stored for 6 mo (33.6%). Oxygen uptake in freshly frozen samples was 8.4 microliter per 10(8) cells per h. In frozen semen stored for 6 and 18 mo corresponding values were 12.2 and 8.3 microliter. Packaging methods did not have a significant effect on oxygen uptake, but package interacted with storage. Egg yolk-citrate extender supported greater progressive spermatoal motility than did promine-D. Extender interacted with storage for all criteria. Visible light radiation reduced progressive spermatozoal motility from 40.2 to 38.0% and oxygen uptake from 11.8 to 10.8 microliter per 10(8) cells per h. Light interacted with storage time. Correlations between all criteria and storage times were not important practically."}
{"id": "PMID:915071", "title": "An indirect method of forming expressions for the inverses of genetic variance-covariance matrices for two traits.", "content": "Pratical application of best linear unbiased prediction procedures to large data sets requires efficient use of computer time and storage. One way to increase effiency of computer use is to eliminate extraneous equations, i.e., equations for genetic predictions that are of no or little practical value. Rules are derived for obtaining, by inspection of the pedigree, a matrix representing the inverse of the genetic variance-convariance matrix for two traits in which all genetic values are not represented. The need to form the genetic variance-covariance matrix itself is eliminated. The condition in which the expression is the exact inverse is specified. An illustration is provided. Inbreeding is not considered.", "contents": "An indirect method of forming expressions for the inverses of genetic variance-covariance matrices for two traits. Pratical application of best linear unbiased prediction procedures to large data sets requires efficient use of computer time and storage. One way to increase effiency of computer use is to eliminate extraneous equations, i.e., equations for genetic predictions that are of no or little practical value. Rules are derived for obtaining, by inspection of the pedigree, a matrix representing the inverse of the genetic variance-convariance matrix for two traits in which all genetic values are not represented. The need to form the genetic variance-covariance matrix itself is eliminated. The condition in which the expression is the exact inverse is specified. An illustration is provided. Inbreeding is not considered."}
{"id": "PMID:915081", "title": "Solitary autonomous thyroid nodules: comparison of fluorescent and pertechnetate imaging.", "content": "Twelve patients with solitary autonomous thyroid nodules were scanned with [99mTc] pertechnetate and by fluorescent imaging. Nodular dimensions were essentially identical on the two types of scans, but the relative scan densities in the nodular versus extranodular areas demonstrated striking differences. In 11 of the 12 patients, the ratio of nodular-to-extranodular radiotracer accumulation was significantly higher than the ratio of nodular-to-extranodular iodine content. In two patients with no demonstrable extranodular radiotracer accumulation by initial pertechnetate scan, extra-nodular tissue was demonstrated by fluorescent imaging. In such cases, fluorescent scanning may eliminate the need for a second radionuclide scan following TSH stimulation to visualize the extranodular tissue. Fluorescent scanning offers a unique new method for aiding the evaluation of patients with suspected autonomous nodules, and can facilitate the diagnosis in some cases. The maintenance of relatively uniform iodine concentration between nodular and extranodular tissues is an intriguing finding that bears further investigation.", "contents": "Solitary autonomous thyroid nodules: comparison of fluorescent and pertechnetate imaging. Twelve patients with solitary autonomous thyroid nodules were scanned with [99mTc] pertechnetate and by fluorescent imaging. Nodular dimensions were essentially identical on the two types of scans, but the relative scan densities in the nodular versus extranodular areas demonstrated striking differences. In 11 of the 12 patients, the ratio of nodular-to-extranodular radiotracer accumulation was significantly higher than the ratio of nodular-to-extranodular iodine content. In two patients with no demonstrable extranodular radiotracer accumulation by initial pertechnetate scan, extra-nodular tissue was demonstrated by fluorescent imaging. In such cases, fluorescent scanning may eliminate the need for a second radionuclide scan following TSH stimulation to visualize the extranodular tissue. Fluorescent scanning offers a unique new method for aiding the evaluation of patients with suspected autonomous nodules, and can facilitate the diagnosis in some cases. The maintenance of relatively uniform iodine concentration between nodular and extranodular tissues is an intriguing finding that bears further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:915082", "title": "Improved method for quantitative bone scanning.", "content": "A quantitative gamma-camera technique is used to calculate the percentage of administered activity taken up by various areas of the skeleton. The method uses an external standard source of activity as a reference, and in addition presents the information in a new format, the Organ Uptake Image (OUI). Two cases of Paget's disease serve to illustrate the usefulness of this approach to quantitative bone imaging.", "contents": "Improved method for quantitative bone scanning. A quantitative gamma-camera technique is used to calculate the percentage of administered activity taken up by various areas of the skeleton. The method uses an external standard source of activity as a reference, and in addition presents the information in a new format, the Organ Uptake Image (OUI). Two cases of Paget's disease serve to illustrate the usefulness of this approach to quantitative bone imaging."}
{"id": "PMID:915083", "title": "Evaluation of gastro-pulmonary aspiration by a radioactive technique: concise communication.", "content": "Seven selected patients were given 3-5 mCi of Tc-99m sulfur colloid orally at bedtime and the lungs were imaged in the morning. Two showed definite evidence of aspiration and one suggestive evidence. This is a simple, non-invasive method of demonstrating pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents.", "contents": "Evaluation of gastro-pulmonary aspiration by a radioactive technique: concise communication. Seven selected patients were given 3-5 mCi of Tc-99m sulfur colloid orally at bedtime and the lungs were imaged in the morning. Two showed definite evidence of aspiration and one suggestive evidence. This is a simple, non-invasive method of demonstrating pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents."}
{"id": "PMID:915084", "title": "Scintiphotography of lungs with dry aerosol--generation and delivery system: concise communication.", "content": "A compressed-air nebulizer with low holdup and high output was used to nebulize [99mTc] pertechnetate presented in normal saline. Generated droplets were dried in line and led to an inhalation chamber from which the dry aerosol was inhaled using a nose or mouth inhalation unit. The mass median diameter of the particles was 0.8 microns, with an associated geometric standard deviation of 2.0. The deep lung delivery efficiency--defined as the ratio of the activity deposited in the lung area to the activity nebulized--was found to be reproducible and consistent (15-22%) in all the subjects studied. A 3-5 min inhalation of aerosol, nebulized from 20 mCi, was sufficient to provide a lung image of good information density. No noticeable deposit was seen in the trachea or major brochi. The system is inexpensive, stable in performance, adaptable to other solutions or colloids, and is promising for routine use.", "contents": "Scintiphotography of lungs with dry aerosol--generation and delivery system: concise communication. A compressed-air nebulizer with low holdup and high output was used to nebulize [99mTc] pertechnetate presented in normal saline. Generated droplets were dried in line and led to an inhalation chamber from which the dry aerosol was inhaled using a nose or mouth inhalation unit. The mass median diameter of the particles was 0.8 microns, with an associated geometric standard deviation of 2.0. The deep lung delivery efficiency--defined as the ratio of the activity deposited in the lung area to the activity nebulized--was found to be reproducible and consistent (15-22%) in all the subjects studied. A 3-5 min inhalation of aerosol, nebulized from 20 mCi, was sufficient to provide a lung image of good information density. No noticeable deposit was seen in the trachea or major brochi. The system is inexpensive, stable in performance, adaptable to other solutions or colloids, and is promising for routine use."}
{"id": "PMID:915085", "title": "Skeletal and reticuloendothelial imaging in osteopetrosis: case report.", "content": "Skeletal and reticuloendothelial images, using Tc-99m HEDP and Tc-99m sulfur colloid respectively, were obtained from two adult patients with osteopetrosis. Skeletal images demonstrated increased activity in multiple fracture sites, in mandibular osteomyelitis, in ends of splayed long bones adjacent to joints, and in the epiphyseal ends of short tubular bones. The remainder of the skeleton involved with osteopetrosis showed no generalized increased uptake of Tc-99m HEDP. These findings indicate that metabolic activity in this disease is abnormally increased in the usual areas of bone growth but appears normal elsewhere. Reticuloendothelial imaging showed an almost total lack of activity in the axial and peripheral skeletal marrow space. Anemia, however, was only moderate in these patients. Skeletal scintigraphy may be useful to evaluate the presence and extent of the frequent complications of osteopetrosis, namely fractures and osteomyelitis.", "contents": "Skeletal and reticuloendothelial imaging in osteopetrosis: case report. Skeletal and reticuloendothelial images, using Tc-99m HEDP and Tc-99m sulfur colloid respectively, were obtained from two adult patients with osteopetrosis. Skeletal images demonstrated increased activity in multiple fracture sites, in mandibular osteomyelitis, in ends of splayed long bones adjacent to joints, and in the epiphyseal ends of short tubular bones. The remainder of the skeleton involved with osteopetrosis showed no generalized increased uptake of Tc-99m HEDP. These findings indicate that metabolic activity in this disease is abnormally increased in the usual areas of bone growth but appears normal elsewhere. Reticuloendothelial imaging showed an almost total lack of activity in the axial and peripheral skeletal marrow space. Anemia, however, was only moderate in these patients. Skeletal scintigraphy may be useful to evaluate the presence and extent of the frequent complications of osteopetrosis, namely fractures and osteomyelitis."}
{"id": "PMID:915086", "title": "Parathyroid adenoma imaged by Ga-67 citrate scintigraphy: case report.", "content": "A preoperative Ga-67 citrate scan showed abnormal uptake in a patient with a cervical mass that subsequently proved to be a predominantly oxyphilic parathyroid adenoma.", "contents": "Parathyroid adenoma imaged by Ga-67 citrate scintigraphy: case report. A preoperative Ga-67 citrate scan showed abnormal uptake in a patient with a cervical mass that subsequently proved to be a predominantly oxyphilic parathyroid adenoma."}
{"id": "PMID:915087", "title": "Charge and nature of technetium species produced in the reduction of pertechnetate by stannous ion.", "content": "By using a cation-exchange distribution technique, the net charge of the technetium species produced in the reduction of pertechnetate by stannous ion at ph less than or equal to 2 had been determined to be + 2. The species carrying this charge is either the dihydroxy technetate (Tc(OH)2(2)+) ion or the oxotechnetate (TcO2+) ion. These species are hydrolysed to technetium dioxide dihydrate (TcO2 - 2H2O) at higher pH.The advantage of the ion-exchange distribution technique for these studies is that they can be done with carrier-free technetium rather than at the high concentrations required for the more conventional methods of ion-charge determination. The results, therefore, are more likely to be applicable to the situation existing in the routine preparation of Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals.", "contents": "Charge and nature of technetium species produced in the reduction of pertechnetate by stannous ion. By using a cation-exchange distribution technique, the net charge of the technetium species produced in the reduction of pertechnetate by stannous ion at ph less than or equal to 2 had been determined to be + 2. The species carrying this charge is either the dihydroxy technetate (Tc(OH)2(2)+) ion or the oxotechnetate (TcO2+) ion. These species are hydrolysed to technetium dioxide dihydrate (TcO2 - 2H2O) at higher pH.The advantage of the ion-exchange distribution technique for these studies is that they can be done with carrier-free technetium rather than at the high concentrations required for the more conventional methods of ion-charge determination. The results, therefore, are more likely to be applicable to the situation existing in the routine preparation of Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals."}
{"id": "PMID:915088", "title": "A model for local accumulation of bone imaging radiopharmaceuticals.", "content": "A simple models, having phenomenological parameters as variables, is developed for predicting local radioactive tracer accumulation in bone. Blood delivering tracer to one gram of bone is treated as a compartment separate from the remainder of the circulation in order to observe the effects produced by variations in both bone flow and barrier permeability. Kinetic curves derived by analog computer were obtained for normal and perturbed values of the parameters for F-18 and Ca-47 in a segment of rabbit bone. Apparent confirmation of the predicted influence of decreased blood flow on F-18 deposition was obtained by measuring bone uptake following constriction of the right femoral artery in five rabbits. Such models may prove useful in explaining variations in uptake for different agents, in selecting imaging times, and in correlating uptake patterns with disease.", "contents": "A model for local accumulation of bone imaging radiopharmaceuticals. A simple models, having phenomenological parameters as variables, is developed for predicting local radioactive tracer accumulation in bone. Blood delivering tracer to one gram of bone is treated as a compartment separate from the remainder of the circulation in order to observe the effects produced by variations in both bone flow and barrier permeability. Kinetic curves derived by analog computer were obtained for normal and perturbed values of the parameters for F-18 and Ca-47 in a segment of rabbit bone. Apparent confirmation of the predicted influence of decreased blood flow on F-18 deposition was obtained by measuring bone uptake following constriction of the right femoral artery in five rabbits. Such models may prove useful in explaining variations in uptake for different agents, in selecting imaging times, and in correlating uptake patterns with disease."}
{"id": "PMID:915090", "title": "Radiation damage to mouse testis cells from [99mTc] pertechnetate.", "content": "The radiation dose and the biologic damage to mouse testis from intravenously administered [99mTc] pertechnetate were studied. The dose was measured for penetrating radiations from Tc-99m, using calibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters and calculations from the uptake of the nuclide in the testis, and was found to be 4.9 rada per mCi of Tc-99. The biologic damage was measured by the decrease in the number of sperm heads in the testis, counted both by hemacytometer and by Coulter counter. In preliminary experiments using external gamma radiation from Cs-137, the number of sperm heads reached a minimum 29 days after irradiation. Twenty-nine days after injection of 5.8 mCi of Tc-99m, which gives 28 rads to the testis, the number of sperm hads decreased to 70% of control. The biologic effect corresponds to that seen after 40 rads of gamma radiation from Cs-137. The damage to mouse testis cells from internally administered Tc-99m as measured in an in vivo system appears to be at least as significant as that from external gamma irradiation, if not more so.", "contents": "Radiation damage to mouse testis cells from [99mTc] pertechnetate. The radiation dose and the biologic damage to mouse testis from intravenously administered [99mTc] pertechnetate were studied. The dose was measured for penetrating radiations from Tc-99m, using calibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters and calculations from the uptake of the nuclide in the testis, and was found to be 4.9 rada per mCi of Tc-99. The biologic damage was measured by the decrease in the number of sperm heads in the testis, counted both by hemacytometer and by Coulter counter. In preliminary experiments using external gamma radiation from Cs-137, the number of sperm heads reached a minimum 29 days after irradiation. Twenty-nine days after injection of 5.8 mCi of Tc-99m, which gives 28 rads to the testis, the number of sperm hads decreased to 70% of control. The biologic effect corresponds to that seen after 40 rads of gamma radiation from Cs-137. The damage to mouse testis cells from internally administered Tc-99m as measured in an in vivo system appears to be at least as significant as that from external gamma irradiation, if not more so."}
{"id": "PMID:915091", "title": "Improvement in visualization of hepatic lesions with upright views.", "content": "Standing scintiphoto views of the liver may provide improved visualization as compared with conventional supine liver images. This is partially due to decreased respiratory motion of the liver. The standing position is recommended if the supine liver scan appears normal in a patient suspected of metastatic disease.", "contents": "Improvement in visualization of hepatic lesions with upright views. Standing scintiphoto views of the liver may provide improved visualization as compared with conventional supine liver images. This is partially due to decreased respiratory motion of the liver. The standing position is recommended if the supine liver scan appears normal in a patient suspected of metastatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:915118", "title": "Intermodulation product pair 2f1 +/- fh: masking and growth.", "content": "To examine the question of whether the distortion product 2f1 - fh is unique--whether a special nonlinear mechanism is responsible for its production--estimates of 2f1 - fh and of 2f1 + fh amplitudes were obtained in three listeners. Threshold shifts measured with a tone-on-tone masking paradigm for each distortion product suggest that each have similar properties and are masked by other tones as if they had a physical realization in the cochlea. Their masking is not a function of stimulus fine-time structure. The 1 dB/dB growth of 2f1 - fh was not changed by rendering it inaudible as previously suggested. Possible explanations of the 1 dB/dB growth of 2f1 - fh compared with the accelerated growth of 2f1 + fh are examined.", "contents": "Intermodulation product pair 2f1 +/- fh: masking and growth. To examine the question of whether the distortion product 2f1 - fh is unique--whether a special nonlinear mechanism is responsible for its production--estimates of 2f1 - fh and of 2f1 + fh amplitudes were obtained in three listeners. Threshold shifts measured with a tone-on-tone masking paradigm for each distortion product suggest that each have similar properties and are masked by other tones as if they had a physical realization in the cochlea. Their masking is not a function of stimulus fine-time structure. The 1 dB/dB growth of 2f1 - fh was not changed by rendering it inaudible as previously suggested. Possible explanations of the 1 dB/dB growth of 2f1 - fh compared with the accelerated growth of 2f1 + fh are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:915119", "title": "Intensity perception. VIII. Loudness comparisons between different types of stimuli.", "content": "In this paper, we describe an extension of our preliminary theory of intensity resolution [Durlach and Braida, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46, 372-383 (1969)] to include loudness comparisons among different types of stimuli. The extended theory relates mean loudness matches to discrimination and provides a framework for the interpretation of results on the intrasubject variability of loudness comparisons. The predicted relation between mean loudness matches and discrimination is essentially the same as that proposed by Riesz [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5, 211-216 (1933)]. With regard to the variability of loudness comparisons, the extended model is essentially the same as the preliminary model except that a new term is included in the trace-mode memory variance to account for the dissimilarity of the stimuli being compared. The model is compared to some published data on loudness matching and discrimination and to some new data of our own on the variability of loudness comparisons obtained in a two-interval, roving-level, loudness-discrimination experiment.", "contents": "Intensity perception. VIII. Loudness comparisons between different types of stimuli. In this paper, we describe an extension of our preliminary theory of intensity resolution [Durlach and Braida, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46, 372-383 (1969)] to include loudness comparisons among different types of stimuli. The extended theory relates mean loudness matches to discrimination and provides a framework for the interpretation of results on the intrasubject variability of loudness comparisons. The predicted relation between mean loudness matches and discrimination is essentially the same as that proposed by Riesz [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5, 211-216 (1933)]. With regard to the variability of loudness comparisons, the extended model is essentially the same as the preliminary model except that a new term is included in the trace-mode memory variance to account for the dissimilarity of the stimuli being compared. The model is compared to some published data on loudness matching and discrimination and to some new data of our own on the variability of loudness comparisons obtained in a two-interval, roving-level, loudness-discrimination experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:915120", "title": "Behavioral system and apparatus for tone-detection and choice reaction times in the cat.", "content": "An efficacious operant-conditioning procedure for psychophysical experiments with cats is described. The system features (a) restraint of the cat and the use of the liquid reinforcement delivery cup to control orientation with respect to the stimuli, (b) a minimum of apparatus between the cat and a free-field sound source, (c) two response pedals so that separate \"Yes\" and \"No\" responses are defined, (d) a discrete trial procedure with reaction time (RT) defined as the time from the onset of a trial until the occurrence of a response, and (e) an effective liquid reinforcer and simple delivery system. Operation of the system was demonstrated with the method of constant stimuli. Detectability was directly related, and median RT for correct \"Yes\" responses inversely related, to tone sound pressure.", "contents": "Behavioral system and apparatus for tone-detection and choice reaction times in the cat. An efficacious operant-conditioning procedure for psychophysical experiments with cats is described. The system features (a) restraint of the cat and the use of the liquid reinforcement delivery cup to control orientation with respect to the stimuli, (b) a minimum of apparatus between the cat and a free-field sound source, (c) two response pedals so that separate \"Yes\" and \"No\" responses are defined, (d) a discrete trial procedure with reaction time (RT) defined as the time from the onset of a trial until the occurrence of a response, and (e) an effective liquid reinforcer and simple delivery system. Operation of the system was demonstrated with the method of constant stimuli. Detectability was directly related, and median RT for correct \"Yes\" responses inversely related, to tone sound pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:915121", "title": "Moderate frequency compression for the moderately hearing impaired.", "content": "The intelligibility of frequency-compressed speech was measured for four normal and eight hearing-impaired subjects with sensory-neural high-frequency loss. Hearing levels were roughly 40 dB. Four conditions of frequency compression, 0%, 20%, 33%, and 55% were obtained using a Varispeech compressor. The test materials were PB-50 word lists recorded by one male and one female speaker. The effect of frequency compression was to reduce intelligibility in all cases except one, that of the female speaker at 20% frequency compression. For this case, the hearing-impaired listeners showed a small average improvement. Although the effect was small, it represents one of the few instances when an experimental evaluation of a frequency-compression system has yielded positive results with the hearing impaired.", "contents": "Moderate frequency compression for the moderately hearing impaired. The intelligibility of frequency-compressed speech was measured for four normal and eight hearing-impaired subjects with sensory-neural high-frequency loss. Hearing levels were roughly 40 dB. Four conditions of frequency compression, 0%, 20%, 33%, and 55% were obtained using a Varispeech compressor. The test materials were PB-50 word lists recorded by one male and one female speaker. The effect of frequency compression was to reduce intelligibility in all cases except one, that of the female speaker at 20% frequency compression. For this case, the hearing-impaired listeners showed a small average improvement. Although the effect was small, it represents one of the few instances when an experimental evaluation of a frequency-compression system has yielded positive results with the hearing impaired."}
{"id": "PMID:915122", "title": "Processing of phonemes in speech: a speed-accuracy study.", "content": "The present study investigated the serial or parallel processing of phenemes within a syllable. Subjects were required to press a key, on cue, to indicate whether two successive, binaural CVC syllables were the same or different. The cue was a tone which occurred at varying times after the onset of the second CVC and often interrupted its presentation. Subjects' accuracy as a function of time was compared for discriminations involving the first, second, and third phonemes. The results show that information about the phonemes within a CVC syllable is accruing simultaneously. The importance of these results for models of speech perception is discussed.", "contents": "Processing of phonemes in speech: a speed-accuracy study. The present study investigated the serial or parallel processing of phenemes within a syllable. Subjects were required to press a key, on cue, to indicate whether two successive, binaural CVC syllables were the same or different. The cue was a tone which occurred at varying times after the onset of the second CVC and often interrupted its presentation. Subjects' accuracy as a function of time was compared for discriminations involving the first, second, and third phonemes. The results show that information about the phonemes within a CVC syllable is accruing simultaneously. The importance of these results for models of speech perception is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915123", "title": "Pitch ratings of harmonic series.", "content": "When the components of a harmonic series are of equal amplitude, pitch ratings are determined almost exclusively by the fundamental frequency of the series. Only by extreme modification of the amplitudes of the several components was it possible to modify the pitch ratings assigned to the harmonic series in a direction opposite to that determined by the fundamental frequency.", "contents": "Pitch ratings of harmonic series. When the components of a harmonic series are of equal amplitude, pitch ratings are determined almost exclusively by the fundamental frequency of the series. Only by extreme modification of the amplitudes of the several components was it possible to modify the pitch ratings assigned to the harmonic series in a direction opposite to that determined by the fundamental frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:915146", "title": "Panic-fear in asthma: requests for as-needed medications in relation to pulmonary function measurements.", "content": "Requests for as-needed medications and treatments (PRNs) by asthmatic patients scoring high, moderate, or low on the Asthma Symptom Checklist panic-fear category were studied for days when patients were matched at normal, intermediate, and subnormal levels of pulmonary function. Low panic-fear patients were the least likely to request PRNs regardless of the pulmonary function level. In contrast, high panic-fear patients often requested PRNs each level of pulmonary function. Only moderate panic-fear patients made progressively more PRN requests on days when pulmonary functions were lower. These observations and others concerning the adverse influence of extreme panic-feat coping styles upon the treatment of asthma were discussed.", "contents": "Panic-fear in asthma: requests for as-needed medications in relation to pulmonary function measurements. Requests for as-needed medications and treatments (PRNs) by asthmatic patients scoring high, moderate, or low on the Asthma Symptom Checklist panic-fear category were studied for days when patients were matched at normal, intermediate, and subnormal levels of pulmonary function. Low panic-fear patients were the least likely to request PRNs regardless of the pulmonary function level. In contrast, high panic-fear patients often requested PRNs each level of pulmonary function. Only moderate panic-fear patients made progressively more PRN requests on days when pulmonary functions were lower. These observations and others concerning the adverse influence of extreme panic-feat coping styles upon the treatment of asthma were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915173", "title": "What should be optometry's role? How should we prepare for it?", "content": "This is a position paper which broadly states the role which, in the author's opinion, optometry should adopt as its goal and the educational environment in which we can best prepare graduates to fulfill that role. The role briefly stated, is that of first contact supplier of vision care and of certain aspects of primary health care. The appropriate educational milieu is held to be the academic health center.", "contents": "What should be optometry's role? How should we prepare for it? This is a position paper which broadly states the role which, in the author's opinion, optometry should adopt as its goal and the educational environment in which we can best prepare graduates to fulfill that role. The role briefly stated, is that of first contact supplier of vision care and of certain aspects of primary health care. The appropriate educational milieu is held to be the academic health center."}
{"id": "PMID:915174", "title": "Optometric goals and priorities.", "content": "An analysis of the needs of the public for optometric services by (1) the examination of the epidemiology of vision problems, (2) a systems analysis of the vision care system, (3) the services optometrists provide and (4) the educational resources available, indicate that the priorities for optometric development should be on primary vision care services and new academic facilities.", "contents": "Optometric goals and priorities. An analysis of the needs of the public for optometric services by (1) the examination of the epidemiology of vision problems, (2) a systems analysis of the vision care system, (3) the services optometrists provide and (4) the educational resources available, indicate that the priorities for optometric development should be on primary vision care services and new academic facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:915175", "title": "Leadership and change in optometric education.", "content": "The quality of institutional administration and the competence of its academic leaders are considered to be crucial elements in the continued progress of optometric education. Educational leadership to meet the need for ongoing, guided, systematic educational planning is underscored. Such planning, in turn, depends significantly on the emerging role definition of the optometrist as a primary care practitioner.", "contents": "Leadership and change in optometric education. The quality of institutional administration and the competence of its academic leaders are considered to be crucial elements in the continued progress of optometric education. Educational leadership to meet the need for ongoing, guided, systematic educational planning is underscored. Such planning, in turn, depends significantly on the emerging role definition of the optometrist as a primary care practitioner."}
{"id": "PMID:915176", "title": "Financing of optometric education.", "content": "Decline in enrollments in college age group is reflected in health professional and law schools. This evolving reduction in applicant pool is discussed with reference to caused factors and contrasted with the post World War II boom. These factors are discussed in relationship to present and future fiscal integrity of our optometric colleges. The author illustrates the need for securing financial support from state governments for existing optometric educational institutions before building new schools.", "contents": "Financing of optometric education. Decline in enrollments in college age group is reflected in health professional and law schools. This evolving reduction in applicant pool is discussed with reference to caused factors and contrasted with the post World War II boom. These factors are discussed in relationship to present and future fiscal integrity of our optometric colleges. The author illustrates the need for securing financial support from state governments for existing optometric educational institutions before building new schools."}
{"id": "PMID:915177", "title": "Education for the optometric educator.", "content": "Optometric education is faced with the need for new thinking in developing and training educators and new methods of financing their education. Establishing of research faculty and the instituting of research in present schools of optometry must be given a high priority in the future of optometric education.", "contents": "Education for the optometric educator. Optometric education is faced with the need for new thinking in developing and training educators and new methods of financing their education. Establishing of research faculty and the instituting of research in present schools of optometry must be given a high priority in the future of optometric education."}
{"id": "PMID:915178", "title": "Methodology for interfacing results of basic science research and clinical practice.", "content": "The importance of the integration of basic vision sciences and applied clinical research is discussed. Steps which must be taken in optometry and in the schools and colleges in particular are reviewed. Some of the problems that will be encountered are discussed.", "contents": "Methodology for interfacing results of basic science research and clinical practice. The importance of the integration of basic vision sciences and applied clinical research is discussed. Steps which must be taken in optometry and in the schools and colleges in particular are reviewed. Some of the problems that will be encountered are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915179", "title": "Quality is still the backbone of good education.", "content": "The author believes that quality optometric education results from excellent teaching, which depends on qualified faculty members who also add to optometric knowledge through research, and on a curriculum that stresses fundamentals. He believes that practicing optometrists can help to encourage and assist research.", "contents": "Quality is still the backbone of good education. The author believes that quality optometric education results from excellent teaching, which depends on qualified faculty members who also add to optometric knowledge through research, and on a curriculum that stresses fundamentals. He believes that practicing optometrists can help to encourage and assist research."}
{"id": "PMID:915180", "title": "Continuing optometric education crossroads.", "content": "This paper gives a brief overview of continuing optometric education from the perspective of the providers and the Commission on Continuing Education. The early history is covered as well as a discussion of some present problems and concerns of many of the providers. This is followed by recommendations for the future and a proposed plan for each provider's involvement in continuing education.", "contents": "Continuing optometric education crossroads. This paper gives a brief overview of continuing optometric education from the perspective of the providers and the Commission on Continuing Education. The early history is covered as well as a discussion of some present problems and concerns of many of the providers. This is followed by recommendations for the future and a proposed plan for each provider's involvement in continuing education."}
{"id": "PMID:915181", "title": "The paraoptometric puzzle.", "content": "In the past ten years, interest in the production and utilization of paraoptometric personnel has risen sharply. Production alone will not meet the demands of the foreseeable future. More effective utilization of the skills of the trained paraoptometric is vital. Current practitioners have been slow to accept new modes of vision care delivery. Conversely, most optometric educational institutions have been unwilling or unable to develop training programs for student optometrists beyond the traditional solo concept. Recommendations are presented for immediate and long range remediation.", "contents": "The paraoptometric puzzle. In the past ten years, interest in the production and utilization of paraoptometric personnel has risen sharply. Production alone will not meet the demands of the foreseeable future. More effective utilization of the skills of the trained paraoptometric is vital. Current practitioners have been slow to accept new modes of vision care delivery. Conversely, most optometric educational institutions have been unwilling or unable to develop training programs for student optometrists beyond the traditional solo concept. Recommendations are presented for immediate and long range remediation."}
{"id": "PMID:915182", "title": "Prevention and enhancement: future needs.", "content": "The objective of prevention of eye and visual problems, and the objective of enhancement of vision performance are primary and most urgent for undergraduate, postgraduate and/or continuing optometric education. Prevention is something done before the need occurs. The concept of enhancement assumes performance far beyond so-called normals. The future needs of the public and the profession should determine the content and scope of optometric education pre and post graduation. Occupying the unique areas of prevention and enhancement can expand optometry's role, insure its continued growth and vital service to the public.", "contents": "Prevention and enhancement: future needs. The objective of prevention of eye and visual problems, and the objective of enhancement of vision performance are primary and most urgent for undergraduate, postgraduate and/or continuing optometric education. Prevention is something done before the need occurs. The concept of enhancement assumes performance far beyond so-called normals. The future needs of the public and the profession should determine the content and scope of optometric education pre and post graduation. Occupying the unique areas of prevention and enhancement can expand optometry's role, insure its continued growth and vital service to the public."}
{"id": "PMID:915184", "title": "The optometric recognition award program--an option for self assessment.", "content": "This discussion addresses itself to the need for all optometrists to continue recognizing their professional responsibility to maintain continuing competency through meaningful optometric education experiences; and to work toward this goal by participation in the Optometric Recognition Award Program. The ORA Program is structured to enable the participant to design, record and fulfill his personal continuing optometric education needs. Fullfillment of the award requirements, 150 hours of C.O.E. in three years, results in recognition by the AOA in the form of a recognition plaque.", "contents": "The optometric recognition award program--an option for self assessment. This discussion addresses itself to the need for all optometrists to continue recognizing their professional responsibility to maintain continuing competency through meaningful optometric education experiences; and to work toward this goal by participation in the Optometric Recognition Award Program. The ORA Program is structured to enable the participant to design, record and fulfill his personal continuing optometric education needs. Fullfillment of the award requirements, 150 hours of C.O.E. in three years, results in recognition by the AOA in the form of a recognition plaque."}
{"id": "PMID:915204", "title": "Age-dependent changes in the oxidative metabolism in rat brain.", "content": "The effects of aging on the oxidation of labeled glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate and on several mitochondrial enzymes in rat brain were investigated. The oxidation of labeled glucose and labeled 3-hydroxybutyrate was diminished by about 40 and 35%, respectively, in cerebral cortex slices from 2-year-old rats compared to those from 3-mo-old animals. A significant reduction in the activities of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, 3-oxo acid CoA transferase, acetoacetyl CoA thiolase, and NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase was observed in brains of 1- and 2-year-old rats compared to 3-mo-old animals. However, aging had no effect on the activities of citrate synthase and pyruvate carboxylase. These findings show that specific alterations occur in the activities of several mitochondrial enzymes in aging brain.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes in the oxidative metabolism in rat brain. The effects of aging on the oxidation of labeled glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate and on several mitochondrial enzymes in rat brain were investigated. The oxidation of labeled glucose and labeled 3-hydroxybutyrate was diminished by about 40 and 35%, respectively, in cerebral cortex slices from 2-year-old rats compared to those from 3-mo-old animals. A significant reduction in the activities of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, 3-oxo acid CoA transferase, acetoacetyl CoA thiolase, and NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase was observed in brains of 1- and 2-year-old rats compared to 3-mo-old animals. However, aging had no effect on the activities of citrate synthase and pyruvate carboxylase. These findings show that specific alterations occur in the activities of several mitochondrial enzymes in aging brain."}
{"id": "PMID:915205", "title": "Quantitative and morphological changes in neurons and neuroglia in the indusium griseum of aging mice.", "content": "The indusium griseum was investigated quantitatively in 5-mo-old and 18-mo-old mice. There was no difference in the number of neurons between 5 and 18 mo, but the number of neuroglia increased by almost 30%. Astrocytes and microglia increased in number, but oligodendrocyte number remained unchanged. There was no significant variation in the volume density of neuronal perikaryon, neuropil, or blood vessels with age.", "contents": "Quantitative and morphological changes in neurons and neuroglia in the indusium griseum of aging mice. The indusium griseum was investigated quantitatively in 5-mo-old and 18-mo-old mice. There was no difference in the number of neurons between 5 and 18 mo, but the number of neuroglia increased by almost 30%. Astrocytes and microglia increased in number, but oligodendrocyte number remained unchanged. There was no significant variation in the volume density of neuronal perikaryon, neuropil, or blood vessels with age."}
{"id": "PMID:915206", "title": "Isolated aortic valve stenosis in the eighth decade.", "content": "Aortic valve stenosis was evaluated in 26 patients in the eighth decade of life, representing 20% of all patients referred for aortic valve stenosis. There were no clinical features which distinguished this older group from younger patients. Coronary artery disease was present in 46% of the older group, 30% in the younger. Angina pectoris or an infarction pattern on the electrocardiogram was not useful in predicting coronary artery disease in either group. A dominant left coronary circulation was more frequent (22%) in the younger than the older group. This was related to the higher incidence of congenitally deformed aortic valves (55%) found in the younger, compared in the advanced age group (5%). The surgical mortality in the younger and advanced age group was 8 and 20%, respectively. Mortality in both groups was related in more than half the patients to coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Isolated aortic valve stenosis in the eighth decade. Aortic valve stenosis was evaluated in 26 patients in the eighth decade of life, representing 20% of all patients referred for aortic valve stenosis. There were no clinical features which distinguished this older group from younger patients. Coronary artery disease was present in 46% of the older group, 30% in the younger. Angina pectoris or an infarction pattern on the electrocardiogram was not useful in predicting coronary artery disease in either group. A dominant left coronary circulation was more frequent (22%) in the younger than the older group. This was related to the higher incidence of congenitally deformed aortic valves (55%) found in the younger, compared in the advanced age group (5%). The surgical mortality in the younger and advanced age group was 8 and 20%, respectively. Mortality in both groups was related in more than half the patients to coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:915207", "title": "A factor analytic study of daydreaming, imaginal process, and temperament: a replication on an adult male life-span sample.", "content": "One hundred and seventy males aged 24 to 91 years were measured on daydreaming and related mental activity using the imaginal processes inventory and on temperament using the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey to determine if earlier results relating temperament to daydreaming in college populations were generalizable to the adult life-span. The earlier derived factor of \"Neurotic-Anxious Absorption in Daydreaming\" was found in this sample and had a negative correlation with chronological age, suggesting a decrease with increasing age. Other earlier derived factors on \"Personal Acceptance-Utilization of Daydreaming,\" \"Masculinity-Femininity,\" \"Thinking Introversion,\" and \"Social Extroversion\" were also found in this sample, but were not related to age.", "contents": "A factor analytic study of daydreaming, imaginal process, and temperament: a replication on an adult male life-span sample. One hundred and seventy males aged 24 to 91 years were measured on daydreaming and related mental activity using the imaginal processes inventory and on temperament using the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey to determine if earlier results relating temperament to daydreaming in college populations were generalizable to the adult life-span. The earlier derived factor of \"Neurotic-Anxious Absorption in Daydreaming\" was found in this sample and had a negative correlation with chronological age, suggesting a decrease with increasing age. Other earlier derived factors on \"Personal Acceptance-Utilization of Daydreaming,\" \"Masculinity-Femininity,\" \"Thinking Introversion,\" and \"Social Extroversion\" were also found in this sample, but were not related to age."}
{"id": "PMID:915208", "title": "Changes in individual attitudes toward traditional morality: a 24-year follow-up study.", "content": "Changes in individual attitudes toward traditional morality are charted by focusing on a sample of 1950 persons from rural Pennsylvania surveyed as high school sophomores in 1947 and again 24 years later when they were in their early 40s. A series of 12 Likert-type items were used to assess traditionalism. In general, the subjects' attitudes changes toward a more permissive stance in regard to questions concerned with adult behavior. Liberalization of attitudes toward the behavior of young people was less pronounced. The direction and degree of change differed markedly among individuals. Frequency of church attendance was closely associated with the amount of change. Those attending church once a week or more were decidedly less likely to change toward a liberal or permissive position than were those who attended less often. Other factors related to amount of liberalization included residence, education, and income.", "contents": "Changes in individual attitudes toward traditional morality: a 24-year follow-up study. Changes in individual attitudes toward traditional morality are charted by focusing on a sample of 1950 persons from rural Pennsylvania surveyed as high school sophomores in 1947 and again 24 years later when they were in their early 40s. A series of 12 Likert-type items were used to assess traditionalism. In general, the subjects' attitudes changes toward a more permissive stance in regard to questions concerned with adult behavior. Liberalization of attitudes toward the behavior of young people was less pronounced. The direction and degree of change differed markedly among individuals. Frequency of church attendance was closely associated with the amount of change. Those attending church once a week or more were decidedly less likely to change toward a liberal or permissive position than were those who attended less often. Other factors related to amount of liberalization included residence, education, and income."}
{"id": "PMID:915209", "title": "Sampling in social gerontology: a method of locating specialized populations.", "content": "This paper describes a two-stage sampling design for obtaining probability samples of the elderly and other specialized populations. The first stage enumerates a sample of elderly individuals residing in a probability, sample of households; the second stage involves the mailing of a questionnaire to the eligible respondents located in the first stage. The results of this method for a study of noninstitutionalized elderly in Washington State are reported. These results indicate that (1) elderly individuals will respond in the two-stage sampling design does not appear to increase sample bias above that expected in normal mailed-questionnaire studies, and (3) the method is extremely inexpensive. Use of the two-stage design by social gerontologists is recommended.", "contents": "Sampling in social gerontology: a method of locating specialized populations. This paper describes a two-stage sampling design for obtaining probability samples of the elderly and other specialized populations. The first stage enumerates a sample of elderly individuals residing in a probability, sample of households; the second stage involves the mailing of a questionnaire to the eligible respondents located in the first stage. The results of this method for a study of noninstitutionalized elderly in Washington State are reported. These results indicate that (1) elderly individuals will respond in the two-stage sampling design does not appear to increase sample bias above that expected in normal mailed-questionnaire studies, and (3) the method is extremely inexpensive. Use of the two-stage design by social gerontologists is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:915210", "title": "[Study of folic acid blood levels during estro-progestagen treatments].", "content": "When the blood levels of folates were estimated in 100 women following treatment with oestro-progestagens the following facts emerged : 1) There is no significant difference between the folate levels found in women on oestro-progestagens compared with a control population of the same age. 2) We have not found any evidence of frank folic acid deficiency in women on oestro-progestagens, but there have been slight drops in the levels of folates in women who show other reasons for folic acid deficiency than taking oral contraceptives. These are : troubles in absorption, salmonella, an increase in the need for folic acid in pregnancy, and failure of transport. Furthermore the incidence of lower levels in the control population was exactly the same as in the experimental population.", "contents": "[Study of folic acid blood levels during estro-progestagen treatments]. When the blood levels of folates were estimated in 100 women following treatment with oestro-progestagens the following facts emerged : 1) There is no significant difference between the folate levels found in women on oestro-progestagens compared with a control population of the same age. 2) We have not found any evidence of frank folic acid deficiency in women on oestro-progestagens, but there have been slight drops in the levels of folates in women who show other reasons for folic acid deficiency than taking oral contraceptives. These are : troubles in absorption, salmonella, an increase in the need for folic acid in pregnancy, and failure of transport. Furthermore the incidence of lower levels in the control population was exactly the same as in the experimental population."}
{"id": "PMID:915211", "title": "[Dynamic study of tissue circulation in the cervix uteri and the prognosis of the newborn infant].", "content": "A new machine has been developed to measure heat dissipated in the tissues especially by convection linked to the blood flow. Its use is simple and without any danger as far as application to the pregnant cervix goes. New discoveries are presented. A new concept of the micro-circulation is considered together with the consequences. The practitioner may be able to draw conclusions as to the prognosis, as to whether a small-for-dates fetus together with or without premature labour is likely. This depends on the tracings obtained which register the intrinsic activity of the periarteriolar muscles.", "contents": "[Dynamic study of tissue circulation in the cervix uteri and the prognosis of the newborn infant]. A new machine has been developed to measure heat dissipated in the tissues especially by convection linked to the blood flow. Its use is simple and without any danger as far as application to the pregnant cervix goes. New discoveries are presented. A new concept of the micro-circulation is considered together with the consequences. The practitioner may be able to draw conclusions as to the prognosis, as to whether a small-for-dates fetus together with or without premature labour is likely. This depends on the tracings obtained which register the intrinsic activity of the periarteriolar muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:915212", "title": "[Pneumoperitoneum of genital origin. Apropos of a case at the beginning of pregnancy].", "content": "The authors studied the literature for similar findings in order to try to classify the different types of pneumoperitoneum when they had a case of pneumoperitoneum of genital origin. They then went on to study the mechanism by which these rare cases of genital pneumoperitoneum occurred: the insufflation or aspiration of air through the tubes, tubal antiperistalsis and uterine or vaginal perforations. From the clinical angle it is essential to eliminate pneumoperitoneum secondary to perforation of a hollow organ, and then to look for signs of peritonitis which only occur in genital pneumoperitoneum due to uterine perforation. The case usually cures spontaneously but recurrences are not uncommon. If there are no signs of peritonitis expectant treatment should usually be undertaken.", "contents": "[Pneumoperitoneum of genital origin. Apropos of a case at the beginning of pregnancy]. The authors studied the literature for similar findings in order to try to classify the different types of pneumoperitoneum when they had a case of pneumoperitoneum of genital origin. They then went on to study the mechanism by which these rare cases of genital pneumoperitoneum occurred: the insufflation or aspiration of air through the tubes, tubal antiperistalsis and uterine or vaginal perforations. From the clinical angle it is essential to eliminate pneumoperitoneum secondary to perforation of a hollow organ, and then to look for signs of peritonitis which only occur in genital pneumoperitoneum due to uterine perforation. The case usually cures spontaneously but recurrences are not uncommon. If there are no signs of peritonitis expectant treatment should usually be undertaken."}
{"id": "PMID:915213", "title": "[Viral hepatitis and pregnancy].", "content": "When nine cases of viral hepatitis had been analysed they showed that the normally held pessimism of this infectious pathological condition associated with pregnancy was ill-founded. The natural outcome for viral hepatitis in our country is not any worse in pregnancy than when the patients are not pregnant. The outlook for the fetus is above all determined by its prematurity, since we have not observed any cases of abortion, malformations or small-for-dates fetuses. On the other hand the neo-natal progress is slow with anaemia and jaundice frequent signs. Treatment of threatened early labour with beta-mimetic drug has been carried out carefully because of the risks for the fetuses.", "contents": "[Viral hepatitis and pregnancy]. When nine cases of viral hepatitis had been analysed they showed that the normally held pessimism of this infectious pathological condition associated with pregnancy was ill-founded. The natural outcome for viral hepatitis in our country is not any worse in pregnancy than when the patients are not pregnant. The outlook for the fetus is above all determined by its prematurity, since we have not observed any cases of abortion, malformations or small-for-dates fetuses. On the other hand the neo-natal progress is slow with anaemia and jaundice frequent signs. Treatment of threatened early labour with beta-mimetic drug has been carried out carefully because of the risks for the fetuses."}
{"id": "PMID:915214", "title": "[Treatment of amenorrhea-galactorrhea with bromo-ergocryptine. Apropos of 12 cases].", "content": "The authors report the action of bromergocryptine in 12 patients who were suffering from a syndrome of amenorrhoea with galactorrhoea and hyperprolactinism. None of these 12 patients had a pituitary tumour; or else they had been operated on before treatment. Only in one case was the syndrome linked to taking oral contraceptives, which had been stopped more than six months previously. The dose of bromergocryptine was 5 mg. a day. If this dose fails it is possible to raise it after two months' observation. The galactorrhoea disappeared or markedly decreased in 8 out of the 12 cases. Ovulatory cycles started in 9 out of the 12. 5 of the women wanted a pregnancy: 4 succeeded and 2 of them have already been delivered of normal children. Bromergocryptine (CB 154) has thus proved itself to be remarkably effective in hyperprolactinism, not caused by a pituitary tumour, which gives rise to amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea. All the same, its long-term use, especially after stopping treatment, is still to be evaluated.", "contents": "[Treatment of amenorrhea-galactorrhea with bromo-ergocryptine. Apropos of 12 cases]. The authors report the action of bromergocryptine in 12 patients who were suffering from a syndrome of amenorrhoea with galactorrhoea and hyperprolactinism. None of these 12 patients had a pituitary tumour; or else they had been operated on before treatment. Only in one case was the syndrome linked to taking oral contraceptives, which had been stopped more than six months previously. The dose of bromergocryptine was 5 mg. a day. If this dose fails it is possible to raise it after two months' observation. The galactorrhoea disappeared or markedly decreased in 8 out of the 12 cases. Ovulatory cycles started in 9 out of the 12. 5 of the women wanted a pregnancy: 4 succeeded and 2 of them have already been delivered of normal children. Bromergocryptine (CB 154) has thus proved itself to be remarkably effective in hyperprolactinism, not caused by a pituitary tumour, which gives rise to amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea. All the same, its long-term use, especially after stopping treatment, is still to be evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:915215", "title": "[The outlook for gross hydrosalpinx].", "content": "Classically, the volume of a hydrosalpinx is taken as an essential factor in working out the prognosis of tubal operations carried out on this kind of lesion. This theory is contradicted following a study of a series of 62 patients who presented with greatly dilated ampullae. Firstly, the percentage of cases that were and could not be operated on during examination was no different in this group than in those where the hydrosalpinx was of a more usual volume. Secondly, at least 12 patients, which means 28 per cent of those who had tubal plastic surgery, had at least one intrauterine pregnancy. The percentage of those with tubal patency if also very satisfactory because it could be restored in more than three-quarters of the cases. Remarkably, in this series there was no ectopic pregnancy. It seems, therefore, that it is time to review the poor reputation of the large hydrosalpinx.", "contents": "[The outlook for gross hydrosalpinx]. Classically, the volume of a hydrosalpinx is taken as an essential factor in working out the prognosis of tubal operations carried out on this kind of lesion. This theory is contradicted following a study of a series of 62 patients who presented with greatly dilated ampullae. Firstly, the percentage of cases that were and could not be operated on during examination was no different in this group than in those where the hydrosalpinx was of a more usual volume. Secondly, at least 12 patients, which means 28 per cent of those who had tubal plastic surgery, had at least one intrauterine pregnancy. The percentage of those with tubal patency if also very satisfactory because it could be restored in more than three-quarters of the cases. Remarkably, in this series there was no ectopic pregnancy. It seems, therefore, that it is time to review the poor reputation of the large hydrosalpinx."}
{"id": "PMID:915216", "title": "[Perinatal mortality. Statistics from the Gynecological and Obstetrical Service of the Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Hospital (1961-1975)].", "content": "The authors present their statistics for perinatal mortality from 1961 to 1975. In the last 5 years this mortality is less than 15 per 1000, in spite of an increase in the numbers of pathological pregnancies. Over and above progress in obstetrics and neonatology that has occurred, this result can be attributed in part to the quality of supervision carried out by the senior obstetricians and in part to the existence of pathological consultation which takes place between colleagues about the therapy to be carried out in multidisciplinary meetings.", "contents": "[Perinatal mortality. Statistics from the Gynecological and Obstetrical Service of the Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Hospital (1961-1975)]. The authors present their statistics for perinatal mortality from 1961 to 1975. In the last 5 years this mortality is less than 15 per 1000, in spite of an increase in the numbers of pathological pregnancies. Over and above progress in obstetrics and neonatology that has occurred, this result can be attributed in part to the quality of supervision carried out by the senior obstetricians and in part to the existence of pathological consultation which takes place between colleagues about the therapy to be carried out in multidisciplinary meetings."}
{"id": "PMID:915217", "title": "[Correlation between initial sperm quality and its ability to tolerate cryopreservation].", "content": "The aim of this study based on the investigation of 570 semen specimens providing from 251 patients is to determine the correlation existing between initial sperm quality and its ability to bear cryo-preservation. Semen quality was estimated according to the usual parameters : numeration, motility and morphology of spermatozoa. Motility recovery on the one hand, and fertilizing capacity after cryo-preservation on the other hand, allowed an estimation of the sperm ability to bear thawing. Motility recovery seems to depend widely on the initial sperm quality. The persistence of sperm fertilizing capacity partly depends on the motility recovery and consequently partly on the initial quality. However, some semen specimens seem to lose their fertilizing capacity in spite of a good motility after deep-freezing.", "contents": "[Correlation between initial sperm quality and its ability to tolerate cryopreservation]. The aim of this study based on the investigation of 570 semen specimens providing from 251 patients is to determine the correlation existing between initial sperm quality and its ability to bear cryo-preservation. Semen quality was estimated according to the usual parameters : numeration, motility and morphology of spermatozoa. Motility recovery on the one hand, and fertilizing capacity after cryo-preservation on the other hand, allowed an estimation of the sperm ability to bear thawing. Motility recovery seems to depend widely on the initial sperm quality. The persistence of sperm fertilizing capacity partly depends on the motility recovery and consequently partly on the initial quality. However, some semen specimens seem to lose their fertilizing capacity in spite of a good motility after deep-freezing."}
{"id": "PMID:915219", "title": "[Chronic suppuration of the breast].", "content": "We have found a series of 14 cases of chronic suppuration of the breast in 10 years in the Surgical and Gynaecological Clinic of the Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital. The symptomatology at the outset is usually innocuous, showing itself as a tumour that appears either gradually or suddenly. Diagnosis is not difficult and is usually solved by tapping the tumour. The progress of these lesions to become chronic with the formation of fistulae is the main risk, and the incident is not negligible. Thus the true problem is to find the correct therapy so as to avoid this possible unfavourable outcome.", "contents": "[Chronic suppuration of the breast]. We have found a series of 14 cases of chronic suppuration of the breast in 10 years in the Surgical and Gynaecological Clinic of the Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital. The symptomatology at the outset is usually innocuous, showing itself as a tumour that appears either gradually or suddenly. Diagnosis is not difficult and is usually solved by tapping the tumour. The progress of these lesions to become chronic with the formation of fistulae is the main risk, and the incident is not negligible. Thus the true problem is to find the correct therapy so as to avoid this possible unfavourable outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:915218", "title": "[Transplancental exchange of oxygen in the female].", "content": "Extra-uterine survival of 20-28 weeks old fetuses is exceedingly rare. Analysis of the mechanisms of, and the conditions which permit transplacentar exchanges is fundamental for the study of the technical problems inherent in the development of an artificial placenta. Presently, extra-corporeal maintenance cannot be continued more than five days. Nevertheless, the above analyses provide directional guidelines for the pursuit of this problem.", "contents": "[Transplancental exchange of oxygen in the female]. Extra-uterine survival of 20-28 weeks old fetuses is exceedingly rare. Analysis of the mechanisms of, and the conditions which permit transplacentar exchanges is fundamental for the study of the technical problems inherent in the development of an artificial placenta. Presently, extra-corporeal maintenance cannot be continued more than five days. Nevertheless, the above analyses provide directional guidelines for the pursuit of this problem."}
{"id": "PMID:915222", "title": "[Non-specific fetal infections: possibilities and value of early diagnosis].", "content": "Notes of 4,000 obstetric and neo-natal cases have been analysed. The role of non-specific fetal infection (which means excluding syphilis, toxoplasmosis and German measles) has been defined with the backing of histopathological, bacteriological and clinical findings. Its role in perinatal mortality and neo-natal morbidity has been outlined. Possibilities for prevention of the condition are suggested, dealing with premature rupture of the membranes and clear-cut maternal infection. \"At risk of infection\" is the term that has been defined for neonates by studying carefully obstetrical clinical parameters where they are isolated or associated with other conditions but relatively innocuous. When the condition has been defined in particular cases, intensive supervision of the children at risk must be carried out so that as a result of bacteriological findings therapy can be started earlier, better adjusted to the condition and promising a better prognosis.", "contents": "[Non-specific fetal infections: possibilities and value of early diagnosis]. Notes of 4,000 obstetric and neo-natal cases have been analysed. The role of non-specific fetal infection (which means excluding syphilis, toxoplasmosis and German measles) has been defined with the backing of histopathological, bacteriological and clinical findings. Its role in perinatal mortality and neo-natal morbidity has been outlined. Possibilities for prevention of the condition are suggested, dealing with premature rupture of the membranes and clear-cut maternal infection. \"At risk of infection\" is the term that has been defined for neonates by studying carefully obstetrical clinical parameters where they are isolated or associated with other conditions but relatively innocuous. When the condition has been defined in particular cases, intensive supervision of the children at risk must be carried out so that as a result of bacteriological findings therapy can be started earlier, better adjusted to the condition and promising a better prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:915223", "title": "[The effects of cyproterone acetate on plasma testosterone in the hirsute woman].", "content": "It seems that the principal antiandrogenic action of cyproterone acetate is on the site of the androgenic receptors. Since recent work proves that there is an action on plasma testosterone, we wanted to check in women with raised testosterone levels if cyproterone lowered these levels. The answer is : Yes. Observations seem to confirm that cyproterone acetate causes a significant lowering of plasma testosterone. The basic level of testosterone and the drop in blood levels of testosterone after the antiandrogenic action has occurring do not seem to be significantly different whether the virilism is caused by an adrenal mechanism or by an ovarian mechanism.", "contents": "[The effects of cyproterone acetate on plasma testosterone in the hirsute woman]. It seems that the principal antiandrogenic action of cyproterone acetate is on the site of the androgenic receptors. Since recent work proves that there is an action on plasma testosterone, we wanted to check in women with raised testosterone levels if cyproterone lowered these levels. The answer is : Yes. Observations seem to confirm that cyproterone acetate causes a significant lowering of plasma testosterone. The basic level of testosterone and the drop in blood levels of testosterone after the antiandrogenic action has occurring do not seem to be significantly different whether the virilism is caused by an adrenal mechanism or by an ovarian mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:915228", "title": "[The descendants of 47, XYY subjects. Apropos of a family].", "content": "Having come across a family where the wife of a father who had 47 XYY chromosomes had 5 pregnancies, of which 3 were pathological (one case of anencephaly and spina bifida, one early abortion, one stillborn girl) the authors reviewed the literature concerning the lineage of parents with 47 XYY chromosomes. We have details of a total of 34 subjects who had this caryotype. 10 of them were sterile (30 per cent) and 10 (30 per cent) had a pathological lineage. Only 14 subjects (40 percent) gave rise to a line of normal descendants. The authors discuss the mechanism by which this caryotype (47 XYY) might be transmitted. They point out that so far only few cases have been published and conclude that it is important that many details about this subject should be published so that worthwhile genetic counselling will later be able to be carried out.", "contents": "[The descendants of 47, XYY subjects. Apropos of a family]. Having come across a family where the wife of a father who had 47 XYY chromosomes had 5 pregnancies, of which 3 were pathological (one case of anencephaly and spina bifida, one early abortion, one stillborn girl) the authors reviewed the literature concerning the lineage of parents with 47 XYY chromosomes. We have details of a total of 34 subjects who had this caryotype. 10 of them were sterile (30 per cent) and 10 (30 per cent) had a pathological lineage. Only 14 subjects (40 percent) gave rise to a line of normal descendants. The authors discuss the mechanism by which this caryotype (47 XYY) might be transmitted. They point out that so far only few cases have been published and conclude that it is important that many details about this subject should be published so that worthwhile genetic counselling will later be able to be carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:915229", "title": "[Estrogen receptors in uterine fibromyomas].", "content": "The authors have sought the existence of cellular hyper-receptivity in susceptible cells in order to explain the transformation of normal uterine muscle fibres into tumours, because of the absence of true biological proof of hyperoestrogenization in fibromyomata. The total of uterine receptors for oestradiol (the total number of accessible receptors or those in which endogenous oestrogens had been taken up) were measured in normal myometrium and in fibroids removed at myomectomy or at hysterectomy. The oestradiol receptors are significantly raised in fibromyomatous tissue when the results are expressed as femtomoles per mg. of protein. All the same, there is no significant difference to be found when the results are expressed in micrograms of DNA, which leads to the supposition that there is no significant difference in the concentration of oestrogen receptors in the two types of cells. The cause of the cellular multiplication of fibromyomatous tissue should therefore be sought at another level.", "contents": "[Estrogen receptors in uterine fibromyomas]. The authors have sought the existence of cellular hyper-receptivity in susceptible cells in order to explain the transformation of normal uterine muscle fibres into tumours, because of the absence of true biological proof of hyperoestrogenization in fibromyomata. The total of uterine receptors for oestradiol (the total number of accessible receptors or those in which endogenous oestrogens had been taken up) were measured in normal myometrium and in fibroids removed at myomectomy or at hysterectomy. The oestradiol receptors are significantly raised in fibromyomatous tissue when the results are expressed as femtomoles per mg. of protein. All the same, there is no significant difference to be found when the results are expressed in micrograms of DNA, which leads to the supposition that there is no significant difference in the concentration of oestrogen receptors in the two types of cells. The cause of the cellular multiplication of fibromyomatous tissue should therefore be sought at another level."}
{"id": "PMID:915224", "title": "[Removal of Douglas's pouch - a review of 50 cases].", "content": "The authors demonstrate the innocuousness of the method of removal of the Pouch of Douglas after a critical analysis of 50 cases followed up for between 6 months and 5 years. They believe that simple removal of the pelvic peritoneum is sufficient to overcome the condition of a pathological fold of peritoneum, but not sufficient on the other hand to correct the condition of retroverted uterus because two new peritoneal fossae form lateral to the viscerae easily because of the morphology of the pelvic cavity. They therefore stress that, at the time of the operation, it is important to suture the utero-sacral ligaments together in the sagittal plane.", "contents": "[Removal of Douglas's pouch - a review of 50 cases]. The authors demonstrate the innocuousness of the method of removal of the Pouch of Douglas after a critical analysis of 50 cases followed up for between 6 months and 5 years. They believe that simple removal of the pelvic peritoneum is sufficient to overcome the condition of a pathological fold of peritoneum, but not sufficient on the other hand to correct the condition of retroverted uterus because two new peritoneal fossae form lateral to the viscerae easily because of the morphology of the pelvic cavity. They therefore stress that, at the time of the operation, it is important to suture the utero-sacral ligaments together in the sagittal plane."}
{"id": "PMID:915221", "title": "[Fetal and neonatal supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardias].", "content": "The authors report 3 cases of fetal supraventricular tachycardia which carried on into neo-natal life. In one case the tachycardia was discovered in the 35th week of amenorrhoea and was able to be followed up to term. In this respect the means of making a definite diagnosis are as follows : a cardiotocogram when one happens to be able to observe the beginning or the end of an attack (in which case a definite \"plateau\" shape is found) and especially a fetal electrocardiogram obtained transparietally in pregnancy or by means of an internal electrode in labour. Supraventricular tachycardia is usually of marked degree and comes in isolated episodes and is not to be confused with tachycardia that is found accompanying fetal distress, occurring in pathological pregnancies. The obstetrician can therefore delay while carrying out intensive supervision of the case, which is particularly directed to searching for signs of generalised feto-placental oedema. After birth the child should be transferred to an intensive care unit where the tachycardia, if it persists, should be reduced in order to avoid serious asystolies. The outlook for the baby if there is no congenital malformation is good, since the trouble with the cardiac rhythm is usually a reflection of lack of maturity in the cardiac conduction tissues.", "contents": "[Fetal and neonatal supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardias]. The authors report 3 cases of fetal supraventricular tachycardia which carried on into neo-natal life. In one case the tachycardia was discovered in the 35th week of amenorrhoea and was able to be followed up to term. In this respect the means of making a definite diagnosis are as follows : a cardiotocogram when one happens to be able to observe the beginning or the end of an attack (in which case a definite \"plateau\" shape is found) and especially a fetal electrocardiogram obtained transparietally in pregnancy or by means of an internal electrode in labour. Supraventricular tachycardia is usually of marked degree and comes in isolated episodes and is not to be confused with tachycardia that is found accompanying fetal distress, occurring in pathological pregnancies. The obstetrician can therefore delay while carrying out intensive supervision of the case, which is particularly directed to searching for signs of generalised feto-placental oedema. After birth the child should be transferred to an intensive care unit where the tachycardia, if it persists, should be reduced in order to avoid serious asystolies. The outlook for the baby if there is no congenital malformation is good, since the trouble with the cardiac rhythm is usually a reflection of lack of maturity in the cardiac conduction tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:915231", "title": "[Nonsurgical diagnosis of breast diseases. Hierachy of the examinations].", "content": "Systematic senological examination which includes clinical, radiological, thermographic and cytological examination of 306 breast cancers and 776 benign breast conditions has led to the ability to demonstrate the value of classifying the information obtained by these examinations. The most significant results were obtained when cytological and rediological examinations were considered together. The combination of bloodless diagnosis is improved without having to resort to negative histological biopsies. This classification should also take into account the clinical examination and thermography, which is particularly useful in screening for diseases of the breasts. Mammary echography is still another method by which the precision of the diagnosis can be improved. Thermography, using liquid crystals, is a useful complement to a first clinical examination, but is not highly reliable.", "contents": "[Nonsurgical diagnosis of breast diseases. Hierachy of the examinations]. Systematic senological examination which includes clinical, radiological, thermographic and cytological examination of 306 breast cancers and 776 benign breast conditions has led to the ability to demonstrate the value of classifying the information obtained by these examinations. The most significant results were obtained when cytological and rediological examinations were considered together. The combination of bloodless diagnosis is improved without having to resort to negative histological biopsies. This classification should also take into account the clinical examination and thermography, which is particularly useful in screening for diseases of the breasts. Mammary echography is still another method by which the precision of the diagnosis can be improved. Thermography, using liquid crystals, is a useful complement to a first clinical examination, but is not highly reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:915235", "title": "[Personal experience with salpingoplasty. Apropos of 285 cases].", "content": "285 cases of salpingoplasty are reported and studied. Only 172 patients could be followed up recently. The percentage of pregnancies was 27-7, 20 per cent were intra-uterine pregnancies. The percentage of successful pregnancies was 45-93 if only those patients who were seen again were reviewed. The results are best when the operation is carried out in the most conservative and most anatomically restorative fashion. This fine surgery, which must be carried out so delicately and with such detail, which will appeal more and more to modern technicians using micro-surgery, should stay in the hands of specialists because there is no doubt that the level of success rises with the experience of the operator.", "contents": "[Personal experience with salpingoplasty. Apropos of 285 cases]. 285 cases of salpingoplasty are reported and studied. Only 172 patients could be followed up recently. The percentage of pregnancies was 27-7, 20 per cent were intra-uterine pregnancies. The percentage of successful pregnancies was 45-93 if only those patients who were seen again were reviewed. The results are best when the operation is carried out in the most conservative and most anatomically restorative fashion. This fine surgery, which must be carried out so delicately and with such detail, which will appeal more and more to modern technicians using micro-surgery, should stay in the hands of specialists because there is no doubt that the level of success rises with the experience of the operator."}
{"id": "PMID:915236", "title": "[Indication and technic of tubal sterilization by vaginal route. Posterior transverse colpotomy].", "content": "40 tubal sterilisations have been carried out in 5 years. The indications most often are for grand parity. The anatomical criteria for effective sterilisation by the vaginal route should be sought by gynaecological examination under general anaesthetic. The date for the operation, the technique and its difficulties have been described. The operation lasted on an average 30 minutes. The average stay in hospital was 8.2 days. Only one local complication using this techinque was noted. On one occasion the authors had to abandon the vaginal route to reach the tubes. This simple procedure without any aesthetic inconvenience seems to them to be the ideal route for tubal sterilisation.", "contents": "[Indication and technic of tubal sterilization by vaginal route. Posterior transverse colpotomy]. 40 tubal sterilisations have been carried out in 5 years. The indications most often are for grand parity. The anatomical criteria for effective sterilisation by the vaginal route should be sought by gynaecological examination under general anaesthetic. The date for the operation, the technique and its difficulties have been described. The operation lasted on an average 30 minutes. The average stay in hospital was 8.2 days. Only one local complication using this techinque was noted. On one occasion the authors had to abandon the vaginal route to reach the tubes. This simple procedure without any aesthetic inconvenience seems to them to be the ideal route for tubal sterilisation."}
{"id": "PMID:915238", "title": "The hospital support game revisited.", "content": "This paper updates a well-known case study in which Ray Elling examined the failure of community health planning in a medium-sized American city. During the period described by Elling, the city's hospitals had managed to resist efforts to rationalize the system by marshalling the support of their respective constituents. This political gamesmanship gave way in the late sixties and early seventies to greater cooperation and a significant consolidation of the hospitals. The authors hypothesize that an important factor influencing this development was the change in medical technology. The effects on the community's health care delivery are also discussed.", "contents": "The hospital support game revisited. This paper updates a well-known case study in which Ray Elling examined the failure of community health planning in a medium-sized American city. During the period described by Elling, the city's hospitals had managed to resist efforts to rationalize the system by marshalling the support of their respective constituents. This political gamesmanship gave way in the late sixties and early seventies to greater cooperation and a significant consolidation of the hospitals. The authors hypothesize that an important factor influencing this development was the change in medical technology. The effects on the community's health care delivery are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915239", "title": "Radioimmunocytochemistry-a novel immunocytochemical principle.", "content": "Currently available immunocytochemical techniques rely on the detection of the antibody by means of direct labeling or indirect immunologic procedures. To increase immunocyto-chemical specificity a new radioimmunocytochemical method has been developed. In the radioimmunocytochemical method radiolabeled antigen is incubated with surplus amount of antibody. In this way only one combining site of the antibody will bind the labeled antigen, leaving the other site free to react with tissue-bound antigen. The site of reaction with tissue antigen is revealed by autoradiography. The radioimmunocytochemical method is specific and sensitive and can be combined with conventional staining methods or with immunoperoxidase techniques. It may also be useful for ultrastructural and quantitative immunocytochemistry.", "contents": "Radioimmunocytochemistry-a novel immunocytochemical principle. Currently available immunocytochemical techniques rely on the detection of the antibody by means of direct labeling or indirect immunologic procedures. To increase immunocyto-chemical specificity a new radioimmunocytochemical method has been developed. In the radioimmunocytochemical method radiolabeled antigen is incubated with surplus amount of antibody. In this way only one combining site of the antibody will bind the labeled antigen, leaving the other site free to react with tissue-bound antigen. The site of reaction with tissue antigen is revealed by autoradiography. The radioimmunocytochemical method is specific and sensitive and can be combined with conventional staining methods or with immunoperoxidase techniques. It may also be useful for ultrastructural and quantitative immunocytochemistry."}
{"id": "PMID:915240", "title": "The use of ruthenium and p-phenylenediamine to stain cartilage simultaneously for light and electron microscopy.", "content": "p-Phenylenediamine was incorporated during the dehydration of cartilage blocks fixed with ruthenium red, glutaraldehyde and osmium. The addition of p-phenylenediamine permitted the visualization by light microscopy of cellular detail not obtained with ruthenium red alone. Ruthenium red is a widely used method for retaining and localizing proteoglycan for electron microscopy but its inability to produce sufficient density within the cells for light microscopy prevented simultaneous visualization by these two modes. The addition of p-phenylenediamine staining overcame this shorcoming without interfering with the ultrastructural detail and both stains can also be used before the making of radioautographs.", "contents": "The use of ruthenium and p-phenylenediamine to stain cartilage simultaneously for light and electron microscopy. p-Phenylenediamine was incorporated during the dehydration of cartilage blocks fixed with ruthenium red, glutaraldehyde and osmium. The addition of p-phenylenediamine permitted the visualization by light microscopy of cellular detail not obtained with ruthenium red alone. Ruthenium red is a widely used method for retaining and localizing proteoglycan for electron microscopy but its inability to produce sufficient density within the cells for light microscopy prevented simultaneous visualization by these two modes. The addition of p-phenylenediamine staining overcame this shorcoming without interfering with the ultrastructural detail and both stains can also be used before the making of radioautographs."}
{"id": "PMID:915241", "title": "Peroxidase and gold complexes of lectins for double labeling of surface-binding sites by electron microscopy.", "content": "Double labeling experiments were performed for visualization of the binding sites of Concanavalin A and anti-AHel (the lectin from Helix pomatia). The anti-AHel was labeled with the colloidal gold whereas the membrane bound Concanavalin A was demonstrated by an affinity technique using horseradish peroxidase. The two markers used could be clearly distinguished electron microscopically. The specificity of the cell surface double labeling was demonstrated in the control experiments. A topological distinct localization of the both lectin-binding sites is evident.", "contents": "Peroxidase and gold complexes of lectins for double labeling of surface-binding sites by electron microscopy. Double labeling experiments were performed for visualization of the binding sites of Concanavalin A and anti-AHel (the lectin from Helix pomatia). The anti-AHel was labeled with the colloidal gold whereas the membrane bound Concanavalin A was demonstrated by an affinity technique using horseradish peroxidase. The two markers used could be clearly distinguished electron microscopically. The specificity of the cell surface double labeling was demonstrated in the control experiments. A topological distinct localization of the both lectin-binding sites is evident."}
{"id": "PMID:915242", "title": "Cytochemical and biochemical latency of alkaline phosphatase in granules of neutrophilic leucocytes.", "content": "Biochemical and cytochemical latency of alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated in periotoneal guinea pig leucocytes. By incorporation of a cell homogenate containing intact granules or a cell sonicate into polyacrylamide films, cytochemical latency up to 75% could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Cytochemical and biochemical latency of alkaline phosphatase in granules of neutrophilic leucocytes. Biochemical and cytochemical latency of alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated in periotoneal guinea pig leucocytes. By incorporation of a cell homogenate containing intact granules or a cell sonicate into polyacrylamide films, cytochemical latency up to 75% could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:915243", "title": "Concurrent cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase and peroxidase in the developing rat submandibular gland.", "content": "An electron microscopic histochemical technique for the concurrent localization of adenylate cyclase and endogenous peroxidase is described. The procedure involves incubation of glutaraldehyde fixed tissue in adenylate cyclase medium followed by washing and incubation in 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride medium to demonstrate peroxidase activity. Adenylate cyclase was localized at the cell surface of the tissue investigated (20 day fetal rat submandibular gland) while peroxidase was localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules of some cells. Biochemical and histochemical controls indicate that the procedure is valid. The potential use of this procedure and variations of the procedure are discussed.", "contents": "Concurrent cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase and peroxidase in the developing rat submandibular gland. An electron microscopic histochemical technique for the concurrent localization of adenylate cyclase and endogenous peroxidase is described. The procedure involves incubation of glutaraldehyde fixed tissue in adenylate cyclase medium followed by washing and incubation in 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride medium to demonstrate peroxidase activity. Adenylate cyclase was localized at the cell surface of the tissue investigated (20 day fetal rat submandibular gland) while peroxidase was localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules of some cells. Biochemical and histochemical controls indicate that the procedure is valid. The potential use of this procedure and variations of the procedure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915244", "title": "Nucleoside diphosphatase in the onion root tip. II. The effect of inhibitors on isoenzymes.", "content": "An electrophoretic study was performed to determine the number of isoenzymes of nucleoside diphosphatase in onion root extract. Five bands exhibiting nucleoside diphosphatase activity were detected when gels were incubated with inosine diphosphate, uridine diphosphate, guanosine diphosphate or cytidine diphosphate as substrates. These consisted of a single fast migrating band (band one), a group of three intermediate migrating bands (bands two, three and four) and a single slow migrating band (band five). Gels incubated with adenosine diphosphate, thiamine pyrophosphate, inosine monophosphate, guanosine monophosphate and cytidine monophosphate showed only two bands (bands one and five). Inhibitor studies showed that sodium fluoride inhibited bands one and five but not bands two, three and four. Conversely, 1% (v/v) glutaraldehyde inhibited bands two, three and four but did not inhibit bands one and five. These results suggest that two separate groups of onion nucleoside diphosphatase isoenzymes occur which have different substrate specificities and are selected against by certain inhibitors.", "contents": "Nucleoside diphosphatase in the onion root tip. II. The effect of inhibitors on isoenzymes. An electrophoretic study was performed to determine the number of isoenzymes of nucleoside diphosphatase in onion root extract. Five bands exhibiting nucleoside diphosphatase activity were detected when gels were incubated with inosine diphosphate, uridine diphosphate, guanosine diphosphate or cytidine diphosphate as substrates. These consisted of a single fast migrating band (band one), a group of three intermediate migrating bands (bands two, three and four) and a single slow migrating band (band five). Gels incubated with adenosine diphosphate, thiamine pyrophosphate, inosine monophosphate, guanosine monophosphate and cytidine monophosphate showed only two bands (bands one and five). Inhibitor studies showed that sodium fluoride inhibited bands one and five but not bands two, three and four. Conversely, 1% (v/v) glutaraldehyde inhibited bands two, three and four but did not inhibit bands one and five. These results suggest that two separate groups of onion nucleoside diphosphatase isoenzymes occur which have different substrate specificities and are selected against by certain inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:915245", "title": "An ultrastructural method for the use of polyvinylpyrrolidone and dextrans as electron opaque tracers.", "content": "A simple method has been developed whereby polymers of polyvinylpyrrolidone and dextran can be visualized at the ultrastructural level by postfixing tissue with osmium tetroxide partially reduced by potassium ferrocyanide. Further enhancement of polymer electron opacity is obtained by counterstaining thin sections with bismuth subnitrate chelated by alkaline tartrate. These tracers remain adequately dispersed in serum and, depending on molecular size and concentration, are easily detected at the ultrastructural level within vascular lumena, basement lamina, apical vacuoles of proximal and distal tubules and endothelial vesicles. This technique offers the potential of studying nephron and cell permeability with families of tracers, the members of which are similar in chemical affinities, charge density and molecular shape.", "contents": "An ultrastructural method for the use of polyvinylpyrrolidone and dextrans as electron opaque tracers. A simple method has been developed whereby polymers of polyvinylpyrrolidone and dextran can be visualized at the ultrastructural level by postfixing tissue with osmium tetroxide partially reduced by potassium ferrocyanide. Further enhancement of polymer electron opacity is obtained by counterstaining thin sections with bismuth subnitrate chelated by alkaline tartrate. These tracers remain adequately dispersed in serum and, depending on molecular size and concentration, are easily detected at the ultrastructural level within vascular lumena, basement lamina, apical vacuoles of proximal and distal tubules and endothelial vesicles. This technique offers the potential of studying nephron and cell permeability with families of tracers, the members of which are similar in chemical affinities, charge density and molecular shape."}
{"id": "PMID:915253", "title": "Sexual preference, sex role appropriateness, and restriction of social access.", "content": "This study related components of gender inappropriateness that isolate target persons from sources of reward and hence function as social controls against such deviance. The study confirmed that a significant portion of negative responsiveness toward homosexuals results from the belief that their behavior is incongruent with their anatomical sex. Further, it was found that people are tolerant of out-of-sex-role characteristics when such traits are irrelevant to effective functioning in the situation, as long as the target does not display additional gender incongruence, namely, homosexuality. The results did not support the hypothesis that negative reactions to gender incongruence occur as a function of personal threat to one's own sexual identity.", "contents": "Sexual preference, sex role appropriateness, and restriction of social access. This study related components of gender inappropriateness that isolate target persons from sources of reward and hence function as social controls against such deviance. The study confirmed that a significant portion of negative responsiveness toward homosexuals results from the belief that their behavior is incongruent with their anatomical sex. Further, it was found that people are tolerant of out-of-sex-role characteristics when such traits are irrelevant to effective functioning in the situation, as long as the target does not display additional gender incongruence, namely, homosexuality. The results did not support the hypothesis that negative reactions to gender incongruence occur as a function of personal threat to one's own sexual identity."}
{"id": "PMID:915254", "title": "Erotic imagery and self-castration in transvestism/transsexualism: a case report.", "content": "After nearly 30 years of marriage, a 51-year-old man castrated himself in order to fulfill a long-standing fantasy of being a girl. There was a prior history of cross-dressing since childhood, and a reversed erotic role imagery during coitus. There was no history of schizophrenia or psychotic depression. Pair bonding with the wife was very strong. It led the patient to elect low-dose maintenance on androgen so as to permit some degree of continued marital sex. Otherwise the patient would have preferred estrogenization and, perhaps, eventual sex reassignment. The rehabilitative program as a transvestite man has continued for 3 years.", "contents": "Erotic imagery and self-castration in transvestism/transsexualism: a case report. After nearly 30 years of marriage, a 51-year-old man castrated himself in order to fulfill a long-standing fantasy of being a girl. There was a prior history of cross-dressing since childhood, and a reversed erotic role imagery during coitus. There was no history of schizophrenia or psychotic depression. Pair bonding with the wife was very strong. It led the patient to elect low-dose maintenance on androgen so as to permit some degree of continued marital sex. Otherwise the patient would have preferred estrogenization and, perhaps, eventual sex reassignment. The rehabilitative program as a transvestite man has continued for 3 years."}
{"id": "PMID:915255", "title": "Sexual molestation and rape reported by homosexual and heterosexual women.", "content": "Questionnaire returns for 225 homosexual and 233 heterosexual adult women revealed 115 cases of rape or attempted rape. Data from 78 follow-up questionnaires are summarized. About the same proportion of lesbians and heterosexuals, age 16 or over, were the object of rape. The lesbians tended to reject all men as sexual partners or companions, while the heterosexuals tended to blame themselves for not being careful. Some of the heterosexual women, age 16 to 18, interpreted the rape as a compliment to their sexual attractiveness. Girls under 16 whose assailant was a stranger are, as adults, as frequently homosexual as heterosexual. Sixteen of the 17 girls, age 4 to 16, molested or seduced (6 for a long time) by a relative or close family friend are lesbians as adults. The subjects' attitudes about the incient were highly determined by parental reactions. Inferences are drawn about the rapists' attitudes toward women.", "contents": "Sexual molestation and rape reported by homosexual and heterosexual women. Questionnaire returns for 225 homosexual and 233 heterosexual adult women revealed 115 cases of rape or attempted rape. Data from 78 follow-up questionnaires are summarized. About the same proportion of lesbians and heterosexuals, age 16 or over, were the object of rape. The lesbians tended to reject all men as sexual partners or companions, while the heterosexuals tended to blame themselves for not being careful. Some of the heterosexual women, age 16 to 18, interpreted the rape as a compliment to their sexual attractiveness. Girls under 16 whose assailant was a stranger are, as adults, as frequently homosexual as heterosexual. Sixteen of the 17 girls, age 4 to 16, molested or seduced (6 for a long time) by a relative or close family friend are lesbians as adults. The subjects' attitudes about the incient were highly determined by parental reactions. Inferences are drawn about the rapists' attitudes toward women."}
{"id": "PMID:915256", "title": "A critique of anthropological research on homosexuality.", "content": "Since the 1970 resolutions of the American Anthropological Association, encouraging more research activity among anthropologists on the topic of homosexuality, there has been less than enthusiastic response. Rather than directly attempting to provide reasons for this research failure, this paper takes a look at what actually has been done by anthropologists with an eye to assessment of their major contributions. Thus, summarized are the studies on the role of the \"berdache\" in primitive cultures, with a critique of the terminological problems associated; a review of some of the ethnographic accounts of homoerotic behavior among primitive folk, with comments on the weaknesses of such treatments; and, finally, a discussion of the current typological approach to the study of the homosexual community, with its multimodal rather than unimodal emphasis. In short, this is a review article that tries to assess the impact of anthropological research for the ultimate understanding of this facet of humankind.", "contents": "A critique of anthropological research on homosexuality. Since the 1970 resolutions of the American Anthropological Association, encouraging more research activity among anthropologists on the topic of homosexuality, there has been less than enthusiastic response. Rather than directly attempting to provide reasons for this research failure, this paper takes a look at what actually has been done by anthropologists with an eye to assessment of their major contributions. Thus, summarized are the studies on the role of the \"berdache\" in primitive cultures, with a critique of the terminological problems associated; a review of some of the ethnographic accounts of homoerotic behavior among primitive folk, with comments on the weaknesses of such treatments; and, finally, a discussion of the current typological approach to the study of the homosexual community, with its multimodal rather than unimodal emphasis. In short, this is a review article that tries to assess the impact of anthropological research for the ultimate understanding of this facet of humankind."}
{"id": "PMID:915257", "title": "Diabetes in pregnancy.", "content": "Diabetes, while at one time a rarity in pregnancy, is now one of the more common medical problems encountered by the obstetrician. Immaculate control is essential and can only be accomplished by close co-operation between the patient and all her medical attendants. The patient can then anticipate an almost trouble free pregnancy and should deliver a baby of normal weight with none of the usual stigmata associated with babies of diabetic mothers.", "contents": "Diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetes, while at one time a rarity in pregnancy, is now one of the more common medical problems encountered by the obstetrician. Immaculate control is essential and can only be accomplished by close co-operation between the patient and all her medical attendants. The patient can then anticipate an almost trouble free pregnancy and should deliver a baby of normal weight with none of the usual stigmata associated with babies of diabetic mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:915267", "title": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on interstitial nephritis and tubule cell proliferation in NZB/NZE mice.", "content": "The effect of cyclophosphamide on renal interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration and renal tubule cell (TC) proliferation has been examined in (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid (B/W) and control mice. TC proliferation was measured by tritiated thymidine (3/Tdr) injection, autoradiographic examination of kidney sections, and enumeration of labeled tubular cells. Cyclophosphamide administered 2 months before sacrifice virtually obliterated interstitial infiltration and significantly decreased tubule cell proliferation at 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 months of age.", "contents": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on interstitial nephritis and tubule cell proliferation in NZB/NZE mice. The effect of cyclophosphamide on renal interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration and renal tubule cell (TC) proliferation has been examined in (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid (B/W) and control mice. TC proliferation was measured by tritiated thymidine (3/Tdr) injection, autoradiographic examination of kidney sections, and enumeration of labeled tubular cells. Cyclophosphamide administered 2 months before sacrifice virtually obliterated interstitial infiltration and significantly decreased tubule cell proliferation at 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 months of age."}
{"id": "PMID:915268", "title": "Determination of e antigen and antibody to e by means of passive hemagglutination method.", "content": "A simple and sensitive method was developed for the detection of e antigen and antibody to e (anti-e) by means of the passive hemagglutination (PHA) method. Sheep erythrocytes were fixed by glutraraldehyde and coated with either e antigen or anti-e which had been specifically purified from plasma of asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B antigen by affinity column chromatography, and then by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. A gain in specific activity of more than 2000-fold for e antigen and 100-fold for anti-e was achieved as compared with the original plasma pool which was used as the source for purification. The PHA method was at least 300 times more sensitive than the conventional immunodiffusion method both for e antigen and anti-e assays. When the PHA method was applied for neat serum samples of 80 asymptomatic carriers, e antigen was found in 21.3% and anti-e in 62.5%, at rates much higher than those determined by immunodiffusion for the identical serum samples at 3-fold concentration (16.3 and 30.0%, respectively).", "contents": "Determination of e antigen and antibody to e by means of passive hemagglutination method. A simple and sensitive method was developed for the detection of e antigen and antibody to e (anti-e) by means of the passive hemagglutination (PHA) method. Sheep erythrocytes were fixed by glutraraldehyde and coated with either e antigen or anti-e which had been specifically purified from plasma of asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B antigen by affinity column chromatography, and then by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. A gain in specific activity of more than 2000-fold for e antigen and 100-fold for anti-e was achieved as compared with the original plasma pool which was used as the source for purification. The PHA method was at least 300 times more sensitive than the conventional immunodiffusion method both for e antigen and anti-e assays. When the PHA method was applied for neat serum samples of 80 asymptomatic carriers, e antigen was found in 21.3% and anti-e in 62.5%, at rates much higher than those determined by immunodiffusion for the identical serum samples at 3-fold concentration (16.3 and 30.0%, respectively)."}
{"id": "PMID:915270", "title": "Two cytotoxic cells in peritoneal cavity of virus-infected mice: antibody-dependent macrophages and nonspecific killer cells.", "content": "Two new types of cell-mediated immune cytolysis of togavirus-infected cells are compared. The peritoneal cavity of mice 2 days after infection contains a nonadherent, non-phagocytic, non-O-bearing, trypsin-resistant, EDTA-sensitive cell displaying broadly specific cytotoxicity for uninfected or virus-infected syngeneic or xenogeneic cell lines. Peritoneal macrophages from normal mice are cytotoxic to infected target cells sensitized with minute amounts of homologous antiviral IgG.", "contents": "Two cytotoxic cells in peritoneal cavity of virus-infected mice: antibody-dependent macrophages and nonspecific killer cells. Two new types of cell-mediated immune cytolysis of togavirus-infected cells are compared. The peritoneal cavity of mice 2 days after infection contains a nonadherent, non-phagocytic, non-O-bearing, trypsin-resistant, EDTA-sensitive cell displaying broadly specific cytotoxicity for uninfected or virus-infected syngeneic or xenogeneic cell lines. Peritoneal macrophages from normal mice are cytotoxic to infected target cells sensitized with minute amounts of homologous antiviral IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:915271", "title": "Mediation of CRP-dependent phagocytosis through mouse macrophage Fc-receptors.", "content": "The purified acute phase serum constituent, C-reactive protein (CRP), was examined for its ability to interact with mouse macrophage Fc-receptors when serving as an opsonin for C-polysaccharide (CPS)-coated erythrocytes (E.CPS). The ingestion of E.CPS-CRP by macrophage monolayers was dependent on the presence of CRP on the erythrocyte surface and on the treatment of the CRP-sensitized cells with human complement (C). The ingestion of E.CPS-CRP-C was inhibited by exposing the macrophages to either 2-deoxyglucose, a selective inhibitor of Fc-receptor activity, or to aggregated gamma-globulin. Inhibition was also brought about by plating macrophages on glass-bound immune complexes of BSA/anti-BSA (IgG) but not on complexes formed with the F(ab')2 fragment of the anti-BSA. Substrate-bound complexes of CPS-CRP selectively inhibited the uptake of IgG-coated E, EA(IgG); the inhibition was proportional to the concentration of CRP used to form the complex. The opsonin-independent ingestion of latex particles was not altered by these Fc-receptor blocking procedures. These findings coupled with the recent demonstration of a sequence homology between CRP and the CH3 domain of human IgG lead us to propose shared opsonic functions for antibody and CRP.", "contents": "Mediation of CRP-dependent phagocytosis through mouse macrophage Fc-receptors. The purified acute phase serum constituent, C-reactive protein (CRP), was examined for its ability to interact with mouse macrophage Fc-receptors when serving as an opsonin for C-polysaccharide (CPS)-coated erythrocytes (E.CPS). The ingestion of E.CPS-CRP by macrophage monolayers was dependent on the presence of CRP on the erythrocyte surface and on the treatment of the CRP-sensitized cells with human complement (C). The ingestion of E.CPS-CRP-C was inhibited by exposing the macrophages to either 2-deoxyglucose, a selective inhibitor of Fc-receptor activity, or to aggregated gamma-globulin. Inhibition was also brought about by plating macrophages on glass-bound immune complexes of BSA/anti-BSA (IgG) but not on complexes formed with the F(ab')2 fragment of the anti-BSA. Substrate-bound complexes of CPS-CRP selectively inhibited the uptake of IgG-coated E, EA(IgG); the inhibition was proportional to the concentration of CRP used to form the complex. The opsonin-independent ingestion of latex particles was not altered by these Fc-receptor blocking procedures. These findings coupled with the recent demonstration of a sequence homology between CRP and the CH3 domain of human IgG lead us to propose shared opsonic functions for antibody and CRP."}
{"id": "PMID:915272", "title": "Increase in titer of the naturally occurring human antibody to neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes after influenza.", "content": "Nine of 25 (36%) humans suffering from naturally acquired influenza A infection developed significant increases in the titer of a \"naturally\" occurring antibody to neuraminidase-treated human lymphocytes. Only two of 43 normal and noninfluenza respiratory infection controls showed titer changes of this antibody, p less than 0.001. The antibody was not directed at influenza virus C fixation, hemagglutination inhibition, or neuraminidase antigens. Three of 10 normals given a highly immunogenic, formalin-killed influenza A vaccine developed significant titer rises. These results suggest that influenza virus, live or dead, can provoke an increase in antibody to a cross-reacting antigen present on neuraminidase-treated human lymphocytes.", "contents": "Increase in titer of the naturally occurring human antibody to neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes after influenza. Nine of 25 (36%) humans suffering from naturally acquired influenza A infection developed significant increases in the titer of a \"naturally\" occurring antibody to neuraminidase-treated human lymphocytes. Only two of 43 normal and noninfluenza respiratory infection controls showed titer changes of this antibody, p less than 0.001. The antibody was not directed at influenza virus C fixation, hemagglutination inhibition, or neuraminidase antigens. Three of 10 normals given a highly immunogenic, formalin-killed influenza A vaccine developed significant titer rises. These results suggest that influenza virus, live or dead, can provoke an increase in antibody to a cross-reacting antigen present on neuraminidase-treated human lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:915273", "title": "Allogeneic pregnancy as immunoabsorbent.", "content": "Experiments in the past have indicated that both human and rodent females undergo immune recognition of paternally derived antigens during pregnancy. Although the mechanisms that allow pregnancy to proceed in the face of this process have not yet been clarified, one simple possibility is that the paternal strain antigens are presented in a manner capable of neutralizing the maternal immune response. This predicts that allogeneically pregnant females should be capable of neutralizing passively administered cytotoxic anti-paternal strain antibody, with no consequent harm to the fetus. In this paper we demonstrate by two different methods that allogeneically pregnant mice rapidly absorb passively administered antibody directed against paternal strain major histocompatibility (H-2) antigens when compared to control mice pregnant by syngeneic or third party males. The possible sites where this absorption occurs are discussed.", "contents": "Allogeneic pregnancy as immunoabsorbent. Experiments in the past have indicated that both human and rodent females undergo immune recognition of paternally derived antigens during pregnancy. Although the mechanisms that allow pregnancy to proceed in the face of this process have not yet been clarified, one simple possibility is that the paternal strain antigens are presented in a manner capable of neutralizing the maternal immune response. This predicts that allogeneically pregnant females should be capable of neutralizing passively administered cytotoxic anti-paternal strain antibody, with no consequent harm to the fetus. In this paper we demonstrate by two different methods that allogeneically pregnant mice rapidly absorb passively administered antibody directed against paternal strain major histocompatibility (H-2) antigens when compared to control mice pregnant by syngeneic or third party males. The possible sites where this absorption occurs are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915274", "title": "Reconstitution of C1 in native proenzyme form and its use in a quantitative C1 activation test.", "content": "C1 was reconstituted in macromolecular proenzyme, nonactivated form by incubation of highly purified C1q, C1r, and 125I-C1s together in the presence of calcium. C1 reformed in this manner had an equimolar ratio of C1 subcomponents, as is found in serum, and sedimented in sucrose density gradients with the 16S rate characteristic of C1 in serum. Reconstituted C1 was activatable as shown by cleavage of the 87,000 dalton polypeptide chain of C1s into disulfide linked subunits of 59,000 and 28,000 daltons, respectively, after incubation with aggregated IgG. The extent of activation may be quantitated. Reformed activatable proenzyme C1 can be used to quantitatively assess the C1-activating properties of various substances in addition to its use in the analysis of the C1 activation process.", "contents": "Reconstitution of C1 in native proenzyme form and its use in a quantitative C1 activation test. C1 was reconstituted in macromolecular proenzyme, nonactivated form by incubation of highly purified C1q, C1r, and 125I-C1s together in the presence of calcium. C1 reformed in this manner had an equimolar ratio of C1 subcomponents, as is found in serum, and sedimented in sucrose density gradients with the 16S rate characteristic of C1 in serum. Reconstituted C1 was activatable as shown by cleavage of the 87,000 dalton polypeptide chain of C1s into disulfide linked subunits of 59,000 and 28,000 daltons, respectively, after incubation with aggregated IgG. The extent of activation may be quantitated. Reformed activatable proenzyme C1 can be used to quantitatively assess the C1-activating properties of various substances in addition to its use in the analysis of the C1 activation process."}
{"id": "PMID:915276", "title": "Measurement of IgD by a double antibody radioimmunoassay: demonstration of an apparent trimodal distribution of IgD levels in normal human sera.", "content": "A double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed to measure IgD in serum and secretions. One IgD myeloma protein was used as radiolabeled antigen and standard with antiserum to a second IgD myeloma protein. The IgD standard and normal sera yielded parallel inhibition curves in the RIA and inhibition was produced by IgD and not by any of the other immunoglobulins. The assay had a lower limit of sensitivity of 0.01 International Unit (I.U.)/ml and modifications increased the sensitivity to 0.0008 I.U./ml. Measurable IgD levels were found in all 112 normal adult sera assayed (geometric mean 13.0 I.U./ml, arithmetic mean 30.1 I.U./ml, median 14.8 I.U./ml, range 0.10 to 202 I.U./ml, 95% of values between 0.19 and 156 I.U./ml. The distribution of IgD in the 112 normal sera appeared trimodal with modes at approximately 0.25 I.U./ml, 5I.U./ml, and 35 I.U./ml. IgD was measurable in nasal and bronchial washes and human milk, but could not be detected in parotid fluid.", "contents": "Measurement of IgD by a double antibody radioimmunoassay: demonstration of an apparent trimodal distribution of IgD levels in normal human sera. A double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed to measure IgD in serum and secretions. One IgD myeloma protein was used as radiolabeled antigen and standard with antiserum to a second IgD myeloma protein. The IgD standard and normal sera yielded parallel inhibition curves in the RIA and inhibition was produced by IgD and not by any of the other immunoglobulins. The assay had a lower limit of sensitivity of 0.01 International Unit (I.U.)/ml and modifications increased the sensitivity to 0.0008 I.U./ml. Measurable IgD levels were found in all 112 normal adult sera assayed (geometric mean 13.0 I.U./ml, arithmetic mean 30.1 I.U./ml, median 14.8 I.U./ml, range 0.10 to 202 I.U./ml, 95% of values between 0.19 and 156 I.U./ml. The distribution of IgD in the 112 normal sera appeared trimodal with modes at approximately 0.25 I.U./ml, 5I.U./ml, and 35 I.U./ml. IgD was measurable in nasal and bronchial washes and human milk, but could not be detected in parotid fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:915278", "title": "Synthesis and release of thymidine by macrophages.", "content": "An inhibitor of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation found in macrophage supernatants was subjected to further analysis. The following conclusions were drawn: a. Biochemically, the inhibitor appeared to be thymidine, judging from the migration in three different thin-layer systems and on gel filtration. b. The inhibitor was shown to be synthesized de novo by macrophage monolayers pulsed with a radiolabeled precursor of thymidine such as 14C-formate. c. The amount of inhibitor present in tissue culture fluids proved to be sufficient to block the growth of the EL-4 leukemia cell line in a manner that could be prevented with the addition of 2'-deoxycytidine. The EL-4 line was considerably more sensitive to thymidine blockade than a number of different cells tested.", "contents": "Synthesis and release of thymidine by macrophages. An inhibitor of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation found in macrophage supernatants was subjected to further analysis. The following conclusions were drawn: a. Biochemically, the inhibitor appeared to be thymidine, judging from the migration in three different thin-layer systems and on gel filtration. b. The inhibitor was shown to be synthesized de novo by macrophage monolayers pulsed with a radiolabeled precursor of thymidine such as 14C-formate. c. The amount of inhibitor present in tissue culture fluids proved to be sufficient to block the growth of the EL-4 leukemia cell line in a manner that could be prevented with the addition of 2'-deoxycytidine. The EL-4 line was considerably more sensitive to thymidine blockade than a number of different cells tested."}
{"id": "PMID:915280", "title": "Influence of inhibitors of cellular function on chemotactic factor-induced neutrophil aggregation.", "content": "Chemotactic factors which induce polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) to migrate directionally and release granular enzyme constituents also induce these cells to aggregate. The potency of these factors in inducing aggregation closely parallels their chemotactic and enzyme-releasing potencies. Several reagents known to influence the migratory and degranulatory response of PMN to chemotactins have been examined for their influence on chemotactic factor-induced aggregation of PMN. We have found that ambient temperatures below 37 degrees C, deoxyglucose, and iodoacetic acid inhibit PMN aggregation, whereas sodium cyanide and dinitrophenol have no effect. Inhibitors of microtubules (colchicine and vinca alkaloids) and of protein synthesis (cyclohexamide) had no effect. Cytochalasin B markedly enhanced aggregation. We conclude that chemotactin-induced aggregation is similar to the other chemotactin-induced PMN functions in the requirements for proper temperature and intact glycolytic pathways; in contrast, however, and intact cytoskeletal microtubular system appears unessential for this response. This may be explained by assuming that the chemotactic factor-induced aggregation of PMN is predominantly a surface membrane-dependent phenomenon.", "contents": "Influence of inhibitors of cellular function on chemotactic factor-induced neutrophil aggregation. Chemotactic factors which induce polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) to migrate directionally and release granular enzyme constituents also induce these cells to aggregate. The potency of these factors in inducing aggregation closely parallels their chemotactic and enzyme-releasing potencies. Several reagents known to influence the migratory and degranulatory response of PMN to chemotactins have been examined for their influence on chemotactic factor-induced aggregation of PMN. We have found that ambient temperatures below 37 degrees C, deoxyglucose, and iodoacetic acid inhibit PMN aggregation, whereas sodium cyanide and dinitrophenol have no effect. Inhibitors of microtubules (colchicine and vinca alkaloids) and of protein synthesis (cyclohexamide) had no effect. Cytochalasin B markedly enhanced aggregation. We conclude that chemotactin-induced aggregation is similar to the other chemotactin-induced PMN functions in the requirements for proper temperature and intact glycolytic pathways; in contrast, however, and intact cytoskeletal microtubular system appears unessential for this response. This may be explained by assuming that the chemotactic factor-induced aggregation of PMN is predominantly a surface membrane-dependent phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:915281", "title": "Soluble factors in tolerance and contact sensitivity to DNFB in mice. II. Genetic requirements for suppression of contact sensitivity by soluble suppressor factor.", "content": "Active suppression of contact sensitivity to DNFB in mice is mediated by a soluble suppressor factor (SSF) which is released in vitro by cultures of LN cells that contain antigen-specific suppressor T cells. For SSF-mediated suppression to occur, identity is required among genes in the H-2 complex between the donor of SSF and the donar of DNFB-immune LN cells. Identity in either the left half or right half of the H-2 complex was found to be both sufficient and required. Additional experiments using congeneic strains with intra-H-2 recombinants showed that the genetic homology which was required mapped to genes contained in the H-2K and/or H-2D regions of the H-2 complex.", "contents": "Soluble factors in tolerance and contact sensitivity to DNFB in mice. II. Genetic requirements for suppression of contact sensitivity by soluble suppressor factor. Active suppression of contact sensitivity to DNFB in mice is mediated by a soluble suppressor factor (SSF) which is released in vitro by cultures of LN cells that contain antigen-specific suppressor T cells. For SSF-mediated suppression to occur, identity is required among genes in the H-2 complex between the donor of SSF and the donar of DNFB-immune LN cells. Identity in either the left half or right half of the H-2 complex was found to be both sufficient and required. Additional experiments using congeneic strains with intra-H-2 recombinants showed that the genetic homology which was required mapped to genes contained in the H-2K and/or H-2D regions of the H-2 complex."}
{"id": "PMID:915282", "title": "Complementation between genetic variants affecting the response of chicken leukocytes to concanavalin A.", "content": "Birds of the partially inbred G-B1 chicken line can be classified as either high or low responders to Con A, on the basis of the amount of 3H-thymidine incorporated by Con A-containing cultures of their peripheral blood leukocytes. The pattern of inheritance of the high and low responder traits suggests that the variation in response is due to genetic polymorphism at a single autosomal locus. However, the allele responsible for the low responder trait of the G-B1 line is not identical to the allele of the previously described Mr1 locus carried by the inbred low responder CC line, since (CC x G-B1 low responder)F1 birds are uniformly high responders to Con A. The responses to Con A of mixtures of CC and G-B1 low responder cells are not significantly higher than the responses of either component of the mixture alone. Thus, the gene products responsible for the complementation observed in F1 hybrids cannot complement extracellularly, and are not readily transferable from one cell to another.", "contents": "Complementation between genetic variants affecting the response of chicken leukocytes to concanavalin A. Birds of the partially inbred G-B1 chicken line can be classified as either high or low responders to Con A, on the basis of the amount of 3H-thymidine incorporated by Con A-containing cultures of their peripheral blood leukocytes. The pattern of inheritance of the high and low responder traits suggests that the variation in response is due to genetic polymorphism at a single autosomal locus. However, the allele responsible for the low responder trait of the G-B1 line is not identical to the allele of the previously described Mr1 locus carried by the inbred low responder CC line, since (CC x G-B1 low responder)F1 birds are uniformly high responders to Con A. The responses to Con A of mixtures of CC and G-B1 low responder cells are not significantly higher than the responses of either component of the mixture alone. Thus, the gene products responsible for the complementation observed in F1 hybrids cannot complement extracellularly, and are not readily transferable from one cell to another."}
{"id": "PMID:915283", "title": "Evidence for adsorption of heterospecific host immunoglobulin on the tegument of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni were immunized against human type B Rh-positive (B+) RBC, bovine serum albumin, or horseradish peroxidase. Adult parasites, recovered by perfusion, extensively washed, and incubated in their respective antigens, selectively bound to their tegumental surfaces only those antigens to which their murine host had been immunized. All controls supported the specificity of those reactions leading to the conclusion that adult S. mansoni in mice have the ability to adsorb heterospecific antibody onto their tegumental surfaces. These surface immunoglobulins were lost within 10 min when complexed with theri antigens or within 2.5 hr when incubated at 37 degrees C. Parasites that had lost their tegumental immunoglobulins regained them when incubated in normal mouse or rat anti-human type B Rh-negative (B-) RBC serum. Those parasites that had their surface immunoglobulins reconstituted with rat anti-human B- serum specifically bound human B- RBC, suggesting the possible presence of Fc receptors on adult S. mansoni.", "contents": "Evidence for adsorption of heterospecific host immunoglobulin on the tegument of Schistosoma mansoni. Mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni were immunized against human type B Rh-positive (B+) RBC, bovine serum albumin, or horseradish peroxidase. Adult parasites, recovered by perfusion, extensively washed, and incubated in their respective antigens, selectively bound to their tegumental surfaces only those antigens to which their murine host had been immunized. All controls supported the specificity of those reactions leading to the conclusion that adult S. mansoni in mice have the ability to adsorb heterospecific antibody onto their tegumental surfaces. These surface immunoglobulins were lost within 10 min when complexed with theri antigens or within 2.5 hr when incubated at 37 degrees C. Parasites that had lost their tegumental immunoglobulins regained them when incubated in normal mouse or rat anti-human type B Rh-negative (B-) RBC serum. Those parasites that had their surface immunoglobulins reconstituted with rat anti-human B- serum specifically bound human B- RBC, suggesting the possible presence of Fc receptors on adult S. mansoni."}
{"id": "PMID:915284", "title": "A new method for evaluation of intracellular inhibition of multiplication or killing by mononuclear phagocytes.", "content": "A new method for evaluation of the capacity of mononuclear phagocytes to inhibit intracellular microorganisms is described. The system provides a means for assessing this effect of macrophages without concern for multiplication of extracellular organisms, effect of antibiotics, and the potential observer bias which may result from visual evaluation. It involves measurement of amount of [6-3H]UdR incorporated by Toxoplasma gondii. Differences between uptake of [6-3H]UdR by infected and uninfected macrophages can be augmented by cytosine arabinoside as this agent inhibits macrophage DNA synthesis but does not substantially alter DNA synthesis by the test organism, T. gondii.", "contents": "A new method for evaluation of intracellular inhibition of multiplication or killing by mononuclear phagocytes. A new method for evaluation of the capacity of mononuclear phagocytes to inhibit intracellular microorganisms is described. The system provides a means for assessing this effect of macrophages without concern for multiplication of extracellular organisms, effect of antibiotics, and the potential observer bias which may result from visual evaluation. It involves measurement of amount of [6-3H]UdR incorporated by Toxoplasma gondii. Differences between uptake of [6-3H]UdR by infected and uninfected macrophages can be augmented by cytosine arabinoside as this agent inhibits macrophage DNA synthesis but does not substantially alter DNA synthesis by the test organism, T. gondii."}
{"id": "PMID:915285", "title": "Genetic analysis of generation of serum interferon by bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (LPS) to mice causes interferon (IF) to appear in their blood stream. The generation of this serum IF is \"early\" and its maximum concentration appears 2 hr after an inoculation of a single optimal dose of LPS (100 microgram). Two inbred strains of mice differing in their ability to generate LPS-induced serum IF were used: a high responder strain (C3H/eB), which generates high levels of IF (about 100 IF units/ml serum), and a low responder strain (C3H/HeJ), which fails to generate any detectable amounts of IF in the serum. A genetic analysis was carried out and circulating IF production was determined in the F1 hybrid, in the F2 generation, and in the progeny of backcrosses of F1 hybrids to either parent strain. The results indicate that a single dominant autosomal gene is responsible for the difference in circulating IF production between both parent strains. In addition it was shown that this type of IF is stable to treatment at pH 2 for periods of time as long as 48 hr, but is labile to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of generation of serum interferon by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (LPS) to mice causes interferon (IF) to appear in their blood stream. The generation of this serum IF is \"early\" and its maximum concentration appears 2 hr after an inoculation of a single optimal dose of LPS (100 microgram). Two inbred strains of mice differing in their ability to generate LPS-induced serum IF were used: a high responder strain (C3H/eB), which generates high levels of IF (about 100 IF units/ml serum), and a low responder strain (C3H/HeJ), which fails to generate any detectable amounts of IF in the serum. A genetic analysis was carried out and circulating IF production was determined in the F1 hybrid, in the F2 generation, and in the progeny of backcrosses of F1 hybrids to either parent strain. The results indicate that a single dominant autosomal gene is responsible for the difference in circulating IF production between both parent strains. In addition it was shown that this type of IF is stable to treatment at pH 2 for periods of time as long as 48 hr, but is labile to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min."}
{"id": "PMID:915286", "title": "Histocompatibility-2 system in wild mice. V. Serologic analysis of sixteen B10.W congenic lines.", "content": "Sixteen B10.W congenic lines carrying on C57BL/10Sn or B10 background H-2 haplotypes extracted from wild mice are described. The lines were tested serologically in two ways: first by antisera against known H-2K and H-2D private antigens of inbred strains, and second by antisera made in inbred strains against antigens carried by the B10.W lines. Both direct cytotoxicity and absorption tests were used. The analysis resulted in the serologic identification of the H-2 haplotypes carried by the 16 B10.W lines. Lines B10.STA10 and B10.STA12 are serologically indistinguishable; so are lines B10.KPA42, B10.KPA132, and B10.SNA57, whose H-2 haplotypes resemble the H-2v haplotype of B10.SM; all other B10.W lines are different from one another and different from all inbred strains known. In total, 10 new H-2 haplotypes (H-2w11 through H-2w20) and 16 new H-2 antigens (H-2.110 through H-2.125) were identified. One haplotype was discovered carrying new combination of known H-2 antigens: H-2w19, which is H-2K.19, H-2D.2. Known H-2 antigens in combination with new ones were discovered in haplotypes H-2w8 (H-2.23 and 110), H-2w12 (H-2.23 and 112), and H-2w11 (H-2.26 and H-2). The first two of these three haplotypes are probably the result of intra-H-2 crossing over that occurred during the production of B10.W lines; the last one (and the H-2w19 haplotype) is probably a natural recombinant.", "contents": "Histocompatibility-2 system in wild mice. V. Serologic analysis of sixteen B10.W congenic lines. Sixteen B10.W congenic lines carrying on C57BL/10Sn or B10 background H-2 haplotypes extracted from wild mice are described. The lines were tested serologically in two ways: first by antisera against known H-2K and H-2D private antigens of inbred strains, and second by antisera made in inbred strains against antigens carried by the B10.W lines. Both direct cytotoxicity and absorption tests were used. The analysis resulted in the serologic identification of the H-2 haplotypes carried by the 16 B10.W lines. Lines B10.STA10 and B10.STA12 are serologically indistinguishable; so are lines B10.KPA42, B10.KPA132, and B10.SNA57, whose H-2 haplotypes resemble the H-2v haplotype of B10.SM; all other B10.W lines are different from one another and different from all inbred strains known. In total, 10 new H-2 haplotypes (H-2w11 through H-2w20) and 16 new H-2 antigens (H-2.110 through H-2.125) were identified. One haplotype was discovered carrying new combination of known H-2 antigens: H-2w19, which is H-2K.19, H-2D.2. Known H-2 antigens in combination with new ones were discovered in haplotypes H-2w8 (H-2.23 and 110), H-2w12 (H-2.23 and 112), and H-2w11 (H-2.26 and H-2). The first two of these three haplotypes are probably the result of intra-H-2 crossing over that occurred during the production of B10.W lines; the last one (and the H-2w19 haplotype) is probably a natural recombinant."}
{"id": "PMID:915287", "title": "The first complement component: evidence for an equilibrium between C1s free in serum and C1s bound in the C1 complex.", "content": "An equilibrium between free C1s and C1s bound in macromolecular C1 exists in human serum. This equilibrium can be utilized to incorporate radioiodinated C1s into serum C1. Human sera were incubated for 40 hr at 4 degrees C with 125I-C1s to allow the exchange between free and bound C1s to reach equilibrium. The C1 complex labeled in this manner was separated from the majority of serum proteins by centrifugation in linear 10 to 30% sucrose density gradients. The resulting fractions containing 125I-C1 can be used directly and conveniently in C1 activation assays that detect the cleavage of proenzyme C1s. Electrophoretic analysis on polyacrylamide gels showed the presence of only proenzyme 125I-C1s in serum C1, whether or not the applied labeled material contained 125I-C1s or other labeled proteins. The inability of C1 to incorporate C1s was shown to be the result of decreased stability of C1 upon activation.", "contents": "The first complement component: evidence for an equilibrium between C1s free in serum and C1s bound in the C1 complex. An equilibrium between free C1s and C1s bound in macromolecular C1 exists in human serum. This equilibrium can be utilized to incorporate radioiodinated C1s into serum C1. Human sera were incubated for 40 hr at 4 degrees C with 125I-C1s to allow the exchange between free and bound C1s to reach equilibrium. The C1 complex labeled in this manner was separated from the majority of serum proteins by centrifugation in linear 10 to 30% sucrose density gradients. The resulting fractions containing 125I-C1 can be used directly and conveniently in C1 activation assays that detect the cleavage of proenzyme C1s. Electrophoretic analysis on polyacrylamide gels showed the presence of only proenzyme 125I-C1s in serum C1, whether or not the applied labeled material contained 125I-C1s or other labeled proteins. The inability of C1 to incorporate C1s was shown to be the result of decreased stability of C1 upon activation."}
{"id": "PMID:915288", "title": "Immune response to phosphorylcholine. III. Requirement of the Fc portion and equal effectiveness of IgG subclasses in anti-receptor antibody-induced suppression.", "content": "Anti-idiotypic antibody raised against the BALB/c myeloma proteins TEPC-15 or HOPC-8 inhibits induction of the immune response to phosphorylcholine (PC). (Fab')2 and Fab' fragments from anti-idiotype serum were prepared and anti-idiotypic antibody was purified by absorption and elution from idiotype or anti-IgG subclass immunoabsorbents. The parent material, the purified anti-idiotypic antibodies and the Fab' fragments were assayed for: i) binding to the idiotype by using a sensitive radioimmunoassay, and ii) specific suppression of the response to PC in vitro. The correlation of binding to suppression was very similar for anti-idiotype serum and both kinds of purified antibody. However, the Fab' fragments only bound to the idiotype and did not suppress. These findings indicate that the Fc portion of anti-idiotypic anti-receptor antibody (ARA) is essential for inducing suppression but that ARA-induced suppression is independent of the IgG isotype. It is postulated that idiotype suppression is mediated by the interaction of anti-idiotype with the antigen receptor and the Fc receptor thereby cross-linking both receptors.", "contents": "Immune response to phosphorylcholine. III. Requirement of the Fc portion and equal effectiveness of IgG subclasses in anti-receptor antibody-induced suppression. Anti-idiotypic antibody raised against the BALB/c myeloma proteins TEPC-15 or HOPC-8 inhibits induction of the immune response to phosphorylcholine (PC). (Fab')2 and Fab' fragments from anti-idiotype serum were prepared and anti-idiotypic antibody was purified by absorption and elution from idiotype or anti-IgG subclass immunoabsorbents. The parent material, the purified anti-idiotypic antibodies and the Fab' fragments were assayed for: i) binding to the idiotype by using a sensitive radioimmunoassay, and ii) specific suppression of the response to PC in vitro. The correlation of binding to suppression was very similar for anti-idiotype serum and both kinds of purified antibody. However, the Fab' fragments only bound to the idiotype and did not suppress. These findings indicate that the Fc portion of anti-idiotypic anti-receptor antibody (ARA) is essential for inducing suppression but that ARA-induced suppression is independent of the IgG isotype. It is postulated that idiotype suppression is mediated by the interaction of anti-idiotype with the antigen receptor and the Fc receptor thereby cross-linking both receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:915289", "title": "Linkage of guinea pig Bf and C4 TO THE GPLA.", "content": "Inbred and partially inbred strains of guinea pigs were typed for their polymorphic Bf and C4 patterns. In crosses and backcrosses of inbred strains of guinea pigs the inheritance of Bf, C4, and GPLA phenotypes was studied. The presented data indicate linkage of the structural Bf and C4 loci to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the guinea pig, the GPLA system. Evidence for a GPLA-B-Ia crossover was obtained. Bf and C4 typing contributes to the characterization of the GPLA region in some inbred strains thus providing a simple method for determining the state of inbreeding on the one hand and providing the necessary third or fourth region within the GPLA for the detection of informative meiosis, on the other.", "contents": "Linkage of guinea pig Bf and C4 TO THE GPLA. Inbred and partially inbred strains of guinea pigs were typed for their polymorphic Bf and C4 patterns. In crosses and backcrosses of inbred strains of guinea pigs the inheritance of Bf, C4, and GPLA phenotypes was studied. The presented data indicate linkage of the structural Bf and C4 loci to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the guinea pig, the GPLA system. Evidence for a GPLA-B-Ia crossover was obtained. Bf and C4 typing contributes to the characterization of the GPLA region in some inbred strains thus providing a simple method for determining the state of inbreeding on the one hand and providing the necessary third or fourth region within the GPLA for the detection of informative meiosis, on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:915290", "title": "Partial purification of human lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) by ultrafiltration and electrophoretic techniques.", "content": "Lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) has been produced by culturing human peripheral blood leukocytes in the presence of lipopolysaccharide and autologous human serum. The major LAF activity, identifiable by Sephadex chromatography (m.w. 13,000) was separated from most serum proteins in the culture medium by ultrafiltration with a hollow fiber device. Sucrose gradient isoelectric focusing of the concentrated ultrafiltrate yielded a single peak of LAF activity with an average isoelectric point of pH 6.8. Semi-preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the isoelectric focusing sample resulted in separation of the LAF activity from detectable amounts of serum proteins. The recovered LAF activity was estimated to be purified more than 16,000-fold and is judged to be active in submicrogram amounts.", "contents": "Partial purification of human lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) by ultrafiltration and electrophoretic techniques. Lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) has been produced by culturing human peripheral blood leukocytes in the presence of lipopolysaccharide and autologous human serum. The major LAF activity, identifiable by Sephadex chromatography (m.w. 13,000) was separated from most serum proteins in the culture medium by ultrafiltration with a hollow fiber device. Sucrose gradient isoelectric focusing of the concentrated ultrafiltrate yielded a single peak of LAF activity with an average isoelectric point of pH 6.8. Semi-preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the isoelectric focusing sample resulted in separation of the LAF activity from detectable amounts of serum proteins. The recovered LAF activity was estimated to be purified more than 16,000-fold and is judged to be active in submicrogram amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:915292", "title": "Potentiation of the immune response to influenza virus subunit vaccines.", "content": "Influenza subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic in unprimed lower animals and man and methods were sought to potentiate the humoral response. Influenza B intact virus vaccines potentiated the antibody response of hamsters to purified vaccines containing influenza A hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits. The levels of anitbody induced were at least as high as those induced by equivalent doses of whole virus. Similarly, intact heterologous influenza A virus vaccine (A/Victoria/3/75 [H3N2]) potentiated the antibody response of hamsters to A/NJ/76 [Hswl NI] subunit vaccines but large doses of intact virus were required. Considerably lower doses of homologous intact A/NJ/76 [Hswl NI] potentiated the antibody response of hamsters and sero-negative people to subunit vaccines. This suggests that future influenza subunit vaccines for use in seronegative people should contain a minimal dose of whole virus vaccine sufficient to potentiate the immune response to the subunits but insufficient to be reactogenic. A synthetic water soluble adjuvant (N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) was also shown to potentiate the immune response of hamsters to A/NJ/76 [Hswl NI] influenza virus subunit vaccines.", "contents": "Potentiation of the immune response to influenza virus subunit vaccines. Influenza subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic in unprimed lower animals and man and methods were sought to potentiate the humoral response. Influenza B intact virus vaccines potentiated the antibody response of hamsters to purified vaccines containing influenza A hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits. The levels of anitbody induced were at least as high as those induced by equivalent doses of whole virus. Similarly, intact heterologous influenza A virus vaccine (A/Victoria/3/75 [H3N2]) potentiated the antibody response of hamsters to A/NJ/76 [Hswl NI] subunit vaccines but large doses of intact virus were required. Considerably lower doses of homologous intact A/NJ/76 [Hswl NI] potentiated the antibody response of hamsters and sero-negative people to subunit vaccines. This suggests that future influenza subunit vaccines for use in seronegative people should contain a minimal dose of whole virus vaccine sufficient to potentiate the immune response to the subunits but insufficient to be reactogenic. A synthetic water soluble adjuvant (N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) was also shown to potentiate the immune response of hamsters to A/NJ/76 [Hswl NI] influenza virus subunit vaccines."}
{"id": "PMID:915293", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to phage fd. IV. Complementation between H-2-linked Ir genes.", "content": "The immune response to bacteriophage fd has been tested in congenic resistant strains of mice. B10 mice are high responders; B10.BR and B10.D2 mice are low responders. B10.A mice with the recombinant H-2a haplotype as well as heterozygous H-2k/d (B10.BR X B10.D2) F1 mice respond with high antibody titers, indicating the existence of two complementing Ir genes. From the results obtained with recombinant and F1 hybrid mice, Irfdalpha can be localized to the right of the crossover between the IE and IC subregions, Irfdbeta to the left of IB, presumably at IA. Complementation is observed with selected pairs of alleles only, suggesting alpha-beta coupled complementation. In addition to genes in the H-2 complex, there are non-H-2 background genes modulating H-2 regulated anti-fd response. B10.BR mice lack primary IgM and IgG antibodies, yet are able to mount a secondary IgG anti-fd response, giving evidence for intact memory formation in this low responder strain. The combined data are most easily interpreted by assuming that both H- and non-H- genes modulate the effective immunogenic dose of antigen.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to phage fd. IV. Complementation between H-2-linked Ir genes. The immune response to bacteriophage fd has been tested in congenic resistant strains of mice. B10 mice are high responders; B10.BR and B10.D2 mice are low responders. B10.A mice with the recombinant H-2a haplotype as well as heterozygous H-2k/d (B10.BR X B10.D2) F1 mice respond with high antibody titers, indicating the existence of two complementing Ir genes. From the results obtained with recombinant and F1 hybrid mice, Irfdalpha can be localized to the right of the crossover between the IE and IC subregions, Irfdbeta to the left of IB, presumably at IA. Complementation is observed with selected pairs of alleles only, suggesting alpha-beta coupled complementation. In addition to genes in the H-2 complex, there are non-H-2 background genes modulating H-2 regulated anti-fd response. B10.BR mice lack primary IgM and IgG antibodies, yet are able to mount a secondary IgG anti-fd response, giving evidence for intact memory formation in this low responder strain. The combined data are most easily interpreted by assuming that both H- and non-H- genes modulate the effective immunogenic dose of antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:915294", "title": "Basophil-derived platelet-activating factor (PAF) as an in vivo mediator of acute allergic reactions: demonstration of specific desensitization of platelets to PAF during IgE-induced anaphylaxis in the rabbit.", "content": "The anaphylactic response to an i.v. injection of antigen into rabbits making only IgE antibody against the antigen was shown to be preceded by a disappearance of the metachromatic staining properties of the circulating basophils and was accompanied by marked but transient thrombocytopenia. The platelets which returned to the circulation 1 hr after the anaphylaxis were shown to be unresponsive to the secretion-inducing activity of basophil-derived platelet-activating factor (PAF) when compared with platelets examined before antigen challenge. By contrast, platelet responsiveness to other stimuli such as collagen, thrombin, and C3b was unchanged. The specific desensitization to PAF provides strong evidence for the action of this mediator on platelets in vivo during IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and provides a useful tool for detecting the effects of particular cell activators in inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "Basophil-derived platelet-activating factor (PAF) as an in vivo mediator of acute allergic reactions: demonstration of specific desensitization of platelets to PAF during IgE-induced anaphylaxis in the rabbit. The anaphylactic response to an i.v. injection of antigen into rabbits making only IgE antibody against the antigen was shown to be preceded by a disappearance of the metachromatic staining properties of the circulating basophils and was accompanied by marked but transient thrombocytopenia. The platelets which returned to the circulation 1 hr after the anaphylaxis were shown to be unresponsive to the secretion-inducing activity of basophil-derived platelet-activating factor (PAF) when compared with platelets examined before antigen challenge. By contrast, platelet responsiveness to other stimuli such as collagen, thrombin, and C3b was unchanged. The specific desensitization to PAF provides strong evidence for the action of this mediator on platelets in vivo during IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and provides a useful tool for detecting the effects of particular cell activators in inflammatory reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:915295", "title": "Intravascular aggregation and pulmonary sequestration of platelets during IgE-induced systemic anaphylaxis in the rabbit: abrogation of lethal anaphylactic shock by platelet depletion.", "content": "Significant alterations in the circulatory properties of platelets have been documented during IgE-induced systemic anaphylactic shock in the rabbit. Within 30 to 60 sec after i.v. antigen challenge, platelet aggregation occurs in both the venous and arterial circulations. The platelet aggregates then sequester in small blood vessels of various organs, particularly in the lung. The organ sequestration results in the development of a profound thrombocytopenia within 3 to 5 min after antigen challenge. Fifteen min later deaggregation of platelets occurs and the platelets return to the peripheral circulation within normal, prechallenge levels by 60 min. Additional experiments demonstrated that platelet depletion before antigen challenge abrogates the lethal effects and significantly reduces the pathophysiologic manifestations of IgE-induced systemic anaphylaxis. We conclude that the IgE-induced platelet alterations, probably induced by the intravascular release of basophil and perhaps mast cell-derived platelet-activating factor (PAF), play a major role in the pathogenesis of systemic anaphylaxis in the rabbit.", "contents": "Intravascular aggregation and pulmonary sequestration of platelets during IgE-induced systemic anaphylaxis in the rabbit: abrogation of lethal anaphylactic shock by platelet depletion. Significant alterations in the circulatory properties of platelets have been documented during IgE-induced systemic anaphylactic shock in the rabbit. Within 30 to 60 sec after i.v. antigen challenge, platelet aggregation occurs in both the venous and arterial circulations. The platelet aggregates then sequester in small blood vessels of various organs, particularly in the lung. The organ sequestration results in the development of a profound thrombocytopenia within 3 to 5 min after antigen challenge. Fifteen min later deaggregation of platelets occurs and the platelets return to the peripheral circulation within normal, prechallenge levels by 60 min. Additional experiments demonstrated that platelet depletion before antigen challenge abrogates the lethal effects and significantly reduces the pathophysiologic manifestations of IgE-induced systemic anaphylaxis. We conclude that the IgE-induced platelet alterations, probably induced by the intravascular release of basophil and perhaps mast cell-derived platelet-activating factor (PAF), play a major role in the pathogenesis of systemic anaphylaxis in the rabbit."}
{"id": "PMID:915297", "title": "Apparent improvement of antisera for radioimmunoassay by treatment with sodium iodide.", "content": "The concept that antisera for radioimmunoassay can be improved by treatment with NaI and dialysis is challenged. Some antisera are little affected by NaI. Even when NaI does dissociate endogenous antigenic material from crude antiserum, in the subsequent dialysis NaI is dialysed at a much faster rate than antigen, allowing reassociation to occur. The reported improvement of antisera by the NaI method cannot be attributed to the effect of NaI but can be explained by the dilution which occurs during dialysis.", "contents": "Apparent improvement of antisera for radioimmunoassay by treatment with sodium iodide. The concept that antisera for radioimmunoassay can be improved by treatment with NaI and dialysis is challenged. Some antisera are little affected by NaI. Even when NaI does dissociate endogenous antigenic material from crude antiserum, in the subsequent dialysis NaI is dialysed at a much faster rate than antigen, allowing reassociation to occur. The reported improvement of antisera by the NaI method cannot be attributed to the effect of NaI but can be explained by the dilution which occurs during dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:915298", "title": "Mechanization of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for large scale screening of sera.", "content": "An on-line routing system (including dispensers, washing device, spectrophotometer, carts, elevators and identification device) for macro-ELISA is described. The system enables processing of 4,000 sera daily by 2 persons. Test results are presented on a data sheet as a combination of identification number and extinction value.", "contents": "Mechanization of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for large scale screening of sera. An on-line routing system (including dispensers, washing device, spectrophotometer, carts, elevators and identification device) for macro-ELISA is described. The system enables processing of 4,000 sera daily by 2 persons. Test results are presented on a data sheet as a combination of identification number and extinction value."}
{"id": "PMID:915299", "title": "A simple technique for studying immunoglobulin synthesis by normal and malignant plasma cells in vitro.", "content": "Plasma cells from human marrows are saturated with C-14 labelled amino acids, harvested and recultured in unlabelled growth medium. The appearance of radioactivity in the growth medium then provides a simple and rapid measure of protein synthesis. The secreted radio-labelled material is characterized by isoelectric focusing and autoradiography in acrylamide gels, a technique which has advantages over established serological methods.", "contents": "A simple technique for studying immunoglobulin synthesis by normal and malignant plasma cells in vitro. Plasma cells from human marrows are saturated with C-14 labelled amino acids, harvested and recultured in unlabelled growth medium. The appearance of radioactivity in the growth medium then provides a simple and rapid measure of protein synthesis. The secreted radio-labelled material is characterized by isoelectric focusing and autoradiography in acrylamide gels, a technique which has advantages over established serological methods."}
{"id": "PMID:915300", "title": "Comparative study of macrophage migration in different strains of mice: absence of migration in C3H mice.", "content": "In the course of studying the susceptibility of mice to Salmonella infection, we discovered that C3H/HeJ mice differ from other strains in both their susceptibility to infection and their response to prior vaccination. Others have noted the absence of the usual B cell stimulation by LPS in these mice. To investigate the status of delayed hypersensitivity in C3H/HeJ mice, we tried to use the technique of macrophage migration. Under conditions of normal migration for other strains, C3H/HeJ peritoneal and splenic macrophages failed to migrate, thus establishing another differentiating immunological trait for this strain.", "contents": "Comparative study of macrophage migration in different strains of mice: absence of migration in C3H mice. In the course of studying the susceptibility of mice to Salmonella infection, we discovered that C3H/HeJ mice differ from other strains in both their susceptibility to infection and their response to prior vaccination. Others have noted the absence of the usual B cell stimulation by LPS in these mice. To investigate the status of delayed hypersensitivity in C3H/HeJ mice, we tried to use the technique of macrophage migration. Under conditions of normal migration for other strains, C3H/HeJ peritoneal and splenic macrophages failed to migrate, thus establishing another differentiating immunological trait for this strain."}
{"id": "PMID:915301", "title": "Characteristics of soluble immune complexes prepared from oligovalent DNP conjugates and anti-DNP antibodies.", "content": "The stability of soluble immune complexes was investigated after isolation by gel filtration and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Soluble immune complexes were formed between specific goat anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) antibodies and DNP conjugated to a large (19 S) carrier, namely bovine thyroglobulin. The composition and molecular weight of these complexes were determined by ultracentrifugation on calibrated sucrose density gradients and the use of different isotopic markers for antigen and antibody. A good separation of immune complexes containing one, two, or three antigen molecules per complex was obtained by ultracentrifugation while gel filtration was less effective. Ultracentrifugational analysis of fractions isolated by these two procedures showed that large immune complexes containing more than one antigen were relatively labile, whereas small immune complexes containing one antigen were stable. The stability of large immune complexes was dependent on dilution. Because dilution affects the size and composition of soluble immune complexes, it is important to emphasize that for the investigation of a causal relationship between the biological properties and the size and composition of immune complexes, analysis of the immune complexes should be performed in the same dilutions in which they will be used experimentally.", "contents": "Characteristics of soluble immune complexes prepared from oligovalent DNP conjugates and anti-DNP antibodies. The stability of soluble immune complexes was investigated after isolation by gel filtration and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Soluble immune complexes were formed between specific goat anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) antibodies and DNP conjugated to a large (19 S) carrier, namely bovine thyroglobulin. The composition and molecular weight of these complexes were determined by ultracentrifugation on calibrated sucrose density gradients and the use of different isotopic markers for antigen and antibody. A good separation of immune complexes containing one, two, or three antigen molecules per complex was obtained by ultracentrifugation while gel filtration was less effective. Ultracentrifugational analysis of fractions isolated by these two procedures showed that large immune complexes containing more than one antigen were relatively labile, whereas small immune complexes containing one antigen were stable. The stability of large immune complexes was dependent on dilution. Because dilution affects the size and composition of soluble immune complexes, it is important to emphasize that for the investigation of a causal relationship between the biological properties and the size and composition of immune complexes, analysis of the immune complexes should be performed in the same dilutions in which they will be used experimentally."}
{"id": "PMID:915302", "title": "A microculture system for the measurement of antigen-induced murine lymphocyte proliferation: advantages of 5% horse serum and 5 X 10(-5) M mercaptoethanol.", "content": "Short term microculture systems which measure murine lymphocyte proliferative responses to mitogens are well established. We demonstrate here that these microculture methods are not suitable for antigen-induced responses because of the high levels of murine lymphocyte proliferation in control cultures associated with the use of fetal calf serum or human serum. We also show that this problem can be eliminated with the use of a combination of 5% horse serum and 5 X 10(-5) M mercaptoethanol. We describe an antigen-induced murine lymphocyte proliferation microculture system in which good stimulation indices are achieved and the lymphocyte proliferation in control cultures remain at a low level throughout the 7 day culture period.", "contents": "A microculture system for the measurement of antigen-induced murine lymphocyte proliferation: advantages of 5% horse serum and 5 X 10(-5) M mercaptoethanol. Short term microculture systems which measure murine lymphocyte proliferative responses to mitogens are well established. We demonstrate here that these microculture methods are not suitable for antigen-induced responses because of the high levels of murine lymphocyte proliferation in control cultures associated with the use of fetal calf serum or human serum. We also show that this problem can be eliminated with the use of a combination of 5% horse serum and 5 X 10(-5) M mercaptoethanol. We describe an antigen-induced murine lymphocyte proliferation microculture system in which good stimulation indices are achieved and the lymphocyte proliferation in control cultures remain at a low level throughout the 7 day culture period."}
{"id": "PMID:915303", "title": "Quantitative analysis of macrophage phagocytosis by uptake of particulate 192iridium.", "content": "This study describes a method for the quantitation of macrophage phagocytosis by measuring the uptake of small particles of the radioactive inert metal, iridium (192Ir). It is shown that macrophage labeling with 192Ir was uniform, and the label was retained by the macrophages up to 21 days post-plating (when all cultures were terminated). 192Ir labeled macrophages were able to phagocytose other particles such as sheep red blood cells and were able to be activated to become tumorcidal in vitro 21 days following initial 192Ir uptake. Therefore, 192Ir could be a useful tool for the quantitative analysis and correlation of phagocytosis, tumor cytotoxicity and other macrophage functions.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of macrophage phagocytosis by uptake of particulate 192iridium. This study describes a method for the quantitation of macrophage phagocytosis by measuring the uptake of small particles of the radioactive inert metal, iridium (192Ir). It is shown that macrophage labeling with 192Ir was uniform, and the label was retained by the macrophages up to 21 days post-plating (when all cultures were terminated). 192Ir labeled macrophages were able to phagocytose other particles such as sheep red blood cells and were able to be activated to become tumorcidal in vitro 21 days following initial 192Ir uptake. Therefore, 192Ir could be a useful tool for the quantitative analysis and correlation of phagocytosis, tumor cytotoxicity and other macrophage functions."}
{"id": "PMID:915304", "title": "An indirect solid-phase microradioimmunoassay for human IgM-anti-IgG (rheumatoid factor).", "content": "In order to satisfy the general need for a more precise measurement of the serum concentration of rheumatoid factor (RF) than is presently obtainable with the latex test, we developed a rapid indirect solid phase micro radioimmunoassay for RF determination. The assay involves the binding of IgM-anti IgG (RF), to the polyclonal, native or denatured human IgG dried on the bottom surface of microtiter plates; the amount of antiglobulin bound is then determined by adding 125I-labelled goat anti-human IgM (125I-AHIgM). Variations of reagents and their concentrations, temperatures and incubation times were studied to find the optimal conditions for test sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. The test has a within day and between day average coefficient of variation of 9 and 15% respectively, showing its advantages over the latex test. The results obtained by studying 100 human sera from patients with positive or negative latex test show that the test should prove valuable in diagnosis and research.", "contents": "An indirect solid-phase microradioimmunoassay for human IgM-anti-IgG (rheumatoid factor). In order to satisfy the general need for a more precise measurement of the serum concentration of rheumatoid factor (RF) than is presently obtainable with the latex test, we developed a rapid indirect solid phase micro radioimmunoassay for RF determination. The assay involves the binding of IgM-anti IgG (RF), to the polyclonal, native or denatured human IgG dried on the bottom surface of microtiter plates; the amount of antiglobulin bound is then determined by adding 125I-labelled goat anti-human IgM (125I-AHIgM). Variations of reagents and their concentrations, temperatures and incubation times were studied to find the optimal conditions for test sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. The test has a within day and between day average coefficient of variation of 9 and 15% respectively, showing its advantages over the latex test. The results obtained by studying 100 human sera from patients with positive or negative latex test show that the test should prove valuable in diagnosis and research."}
{"id": "PMID:915305", "title": "A simplified isotope release assay for cell-mediated cytotoxicity against anchorage dependent target cells.", "content": "An assay for cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been developed in which anchorage-dependent target cells are cultured on small plastic beads in suspension. Confluent target cells on the beads are handled by methods appropriate to suspension-grown cells and labelled with chromium-51, iodine-125 and [3H]proline. Fetal human lung fibroblasts and HeLa cells were used as targets in model experiments measuring human natural killer cell activity. In 20 h experiments, chromium-51 was the most suitable isotope. In 40 h experiments, [3H]proline release assay was superior to chromium-51 and iodine-125 assays. The bead cytotoxicity assay offers a rapid and simple isotope release technique for anchorage dependent cells because no trypsinization and re-seeding of target cells is needed.", "contents": "A simplified isotope release assay for cell-mediated cytotoxicity against anchorage dependent target cells. An assay for cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been developed in which anchorage-dependent target cells are cultured on small plastic beads in suspension. Confluent target cells on the beads are handled by methods appropriate to suspension-grown cells and labelled with chromium-51, iodine-125 and [3H]proline. Fetal human lung fibroblasts and HeLa cells were used as targets in model experiments measuring human natural killer cell activity. In 20 h experiments, chromium-51 was the most suitable isotope. In 40 h experiments, [3H]proline release assay was superior to chromium-51 and iodine-125 assays. The bead cytotoxicity assay offers a rapid and simple isotope release technique for anchorage dependent cells because no trypsinization and re-seeding of target cells is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:915306", "title": "The measurement of total serum IgE levels in rats.", "content": "A direct solid phase radioimmunoassay for the measurement of total serum IgE in the rat has been developed. The assay is very sensitive with a lower limit of detection of 5 ng/ml. The intra and interassay reproducibility proves to be very acceptable and the specificity is demonstrated by looking at the interferen-e by other immunoglobulins. Preliminary results on total serum IgE levels are given.", "contents": "The measurement of total serum IgE levels in rats. A direct solid phase radioimmunoassay for the measurement of total serum IgE in the rat has been developed. The assay is very sensitive with a lower limit of detection of 5 ng/ml. The intra and interassay reproducibility proves to be very acceptable and the specificity is demonstrated by looking at the interferen-e by other immunoglobulins. Preliminary results on total serum IgE levels are given."}
{"id": "PMID:915307", "title": "Semi-automatic solid-phase radioimmunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "A solid phase, double antibody radioimmunoassay has been semi-automated for the quantitation of carcinoembryonic antigens. Sepharose-bound rabbit anti-goat IgG immunoglobulin was used as the second antibody, reactions were carried out in 96-well microtiter plates, and samples processing (filtration and washing) was accomplished with the aid of a 24-sample harvester.", "contents": "Semi-automatic solid-phase radioimmunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen. A solid phase, double antibody radioimmunoassay has been semi-automated for the quantitation of carcinoembryonic antigens. Sepharose-bound rabbit anti-goat IgG immunoglobulin was used as the second antibody, reactions were carried out in 96-well microtiter plates, and samples processing (filtration and washing) was accomplished with the aid of a 24-sample harvester."}
{"id": "PMID:915308", "title": "Isolation of soluble immune complexes by affinity chromatography using staphylococcal protein A--Sepharose as substrate.", "content": "This report describes a technique for the general isolation of immune complexes, based on a combination of gel filtration and affinity chromatography. The first step is the preparation of a globulin-enriched fraction by precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 50% saturation, or of an immune-complex-enriched fraction by precipitation with 5% polyethylene glycol 6000. The enriched fraction is then subfractionated by gel filtration in Ultrogel AcA 34. The immune complexes elute close to the void volume in the macroglobulin peak, separated from monomeric IgG molecules. This peak (sometimes subdivided into two fractions) is then submitted to affinity chromatography on a protein A--Sepharose cooumn. Most immune complexes contain IgG molecules and therefore bind to the column. Almost no protein is bound when normal serum is fractionated according to this method, and no immunoglobulins are detectable in the acid-eluted fraction from the protein A--Sepharose column. In two patients with soluble immune complexes in their sera we eluted immunoglobulin-containing fractions from the column; in one, these fractions had high rheumatoid factor titers; and in the second, with a clinical diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, a similar fraction contained RNA.", "contents": "Isolation of soluble immune complexes by affinity chromatography using staphylococcal protein A--Sepharose as substrate. This report describes a technique for the general isolation of immune complexes, based on a combination of gel filtration and affinity chromatography. The first step is the preparation of a globulin-enriched fraction by precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 50% saturation, or of an immune-complex-enriched fraction by precipitation with 5% polyethylene glycol 6000. The enriched fraction is then subfractionated by gel filtration in Ultrogel AcA 34. The immune complexes elute close to the void volume in the macroglobulin peak, separated from monomeric IgG molecules. This peak (sometimes subdivided into two fractions) is then submitted to affinity chromatography on a protein A--Sepharose cooumn. Most immune complexes contain IgG molecules and therefore bind to the column. Almost no protein is bound when normal serum is fractionated according to this method, and no immunoglobulins are detectable in the acid-eluted fraction from the protein A--Sepharose column. In two patients with soluble immune complexes in their sera we eluted immunoglobulin-containing fractions from the column; in one, these fractions had high rheumatoid factor titers; and in the second, with a clinical diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, a similar fraction contained RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:915310", "title": "Particle counting immunoassay (PACIA). I. A general method for the determination of antibodies, antigens, and haptens.", "content": "By using a device designed for counting blood cells, it is possible to measure the agglutination of polystyrene beads (0.8 mu) with accuracy and great sensitivity, the agglutination resulting in a reduction in the number of particles. The latter coated with antigen can be used for determining IgM or IgG antibodies e.g. human rheumatoid factor or rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin antibodies. Macromolecules with multiple antigenic determinants agglutinate particles carrying specific antibodies. This system has been applied for determining HPL and alpha1-fetoprotein with a threshold of sensitivity of about 10 microgram/1. However the agglutination was decreased by serum factors which led to a 10-fold loss of sensitivity. The interference of rheumatoid factor which agglutinated the particles coated with rabbit or goat immunoglobulins could be avoided by reduction of the serum to be analyzed with 5mM dithiothreitol for 5 min. Haptens, i.e. DNP-lysine and T4, were determined by their inhibitory activities toward their specific antibodies, the agglutinator being a hapten-macromolecule conjugate or the antibodies themselves.", "contents": "Particle counting immunoassay (PACIA). I. A general method for the determination of antibodies, antigens, and haptens. By using a device designed for counting blood cells, it is possible to measure the agglutination of polystyrene beads (0.8 mu) with accuracy and great sensitivity, the agglutination resulting in a reduction in the number of particles. The latter coated with antigen can be used for determining IgM or IgG antibodies e.g. human rheumatoid factor or rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin antibodies. Macromolecules with multiple antigenic determinants agglutinate particles carrying specific antibodies. This system has been applied for determining HPL and alpha1-fetoprotein with a threshold of sensitivity of about 10 microgram/1. However the agglutination was decreased by serum factors which led to a 10-fold loss of sensitivity. The interference of rheumatoid factor which agglutinated the particles coated with rabbit or goat immunoglobulins could be avoided by reduction of the serum to be analyzed with 5mM dithiothreitol for 5 min. Haptens, i.e. DNP-lysine and T4, were determined by their inhibitory activities toward their specific antibodies, the agglutinator being a hapten-macromolecule conjugate or the antibodies themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:915312", "title": "An indirect anti-immunoglobulin rosetting reaction to detect alloantibodies to human lymphocytes.", "content": "A test is reported which detects alloantibody, absorbed onto the surface of human lymphocytes from multiparous antisera, by means of a red cell rosette assay. The red cells, trypsinised ox, are coupled with anti-immunoglobulin using chromic chloride. The antiglobulin used is rabbit anti-human IgG (Fc), chosen to avoid reaction with the surface immunoglobulin naturally present on human B lymphocytes. The reaction is termed the Indirect Anti-immunoglobulin Rosetting Reaction (IARR). The IARR is shown to be specific in the following ways: anti-immunoglobulin coupled ox cells do not react with normal human lymphocytes nor with lymphocytes treated with non-reactive serum. Red cells coupled with normal rabbit IgG do not react with normal or alloantibody coated lymphocytes. Multiparous sera (reactive with other individuals) do not react with cells of the serum donor in the IARR. Finally, the coupled red cells do not usually react with lymphocytes which have absorbed immune complexes onto their Fc receptors. The IARR is shown to be more sensitive than a standard cytotoxic test for detection of alloantibody. Several possible applications of the IARR are discussed.", "contents": "An indirect anti-immunoglobulin rosetting reaction to detect alloantibodies to human lymphocytes. A test is reported which detects alloantibody, absorbed onto the surface of human lymphocytes from multiparous antisera, by means of a red cell rosette assay. The red cells, trypsinised ox, are coupled with anti-immunoglobulin using chromic chloride. The antiglobulin used is rabbit anti-human IgG (Fc), chosen to avoid reaction with the surface immunoglobulin naturally present on human B lymphocytes. The reaction is termed the Indirect Anti-immunoglobulin Rosetting Reaction (IARR). The IARR is shown to be specific in the following ways: anti-immunoglobulin coupled ox cells do not react with normal human lymphocytes nor with lymphocytes treated with non-reactive serum. Red cells coupled with normal rabbit IgG do not react with normal or alloantibody coated lymphocytes. Multiparous sera (reactive with other individuals) do not react with cells of the serum donor in the IARR. Finally, the coupled red cells do not usually react with lymphocytes which have absorbed immune complexes onto their Fc receptors. The IARR is shown to be more sensitive than a standard cytotoxic test for detection of alloantibody. Several possible applications of the IARR are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915337", "title": "The effect of pregnancy on lymph node weight in the mouse.", "content": "Lumbar and renal lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes and spleen weights were recorded during pregnancy in mice after mating with males of the same (syngeneic) or a different (allogeneic) strain. The weights of these nodes increased during pregnancy. Spleen weights increased up to the fifteenth day of pregnancy and then decreased in weight. There was no consistent correlation of any of these measurements with the extent of the antigenic dissimilarity between mother and conceptus.", "contents": "The effect of pregnancy on lymph node weight in the mouse. Lumbar and renal lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes and spleen weights were recorded during pregnancy in mice after mating with males of the same (syngeneic) or a different (allogeneic) strain. The weights of these nodes increased during pregnancy. Spleen weights increased up to the fifteenth day of pregnancy and then decreased in weight. There was no consistent correlation of any of these measurements with the extent of the antigenic dissimilarity between mother and conceptus."}
{"id": "PMID:915341", "title": "e antigen and antibody, DNA polymerase, and inhibitors of DNA polymerase in acute and chronic hepatitis.", "content": "A high positive correlation was found between e antigen (HBe Ag) and DNA polymerase in hemodialyzed patients with acute hepatitis B, chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen undergoing hemodialysis, and patients with chronic hepatitis. In contrast, the correlation was poor in nonhemodialyzed patients with acute hepatitis. Among the patients with chronic hepatitis, HBe Ag and DNA polymerase were were found mostly in those with aggressive hepatitis and rarely in those with persistent hepatitis. This difference was significant (P less than 0.01) and suggests that the persistence of these antigens may be a factor in the progression of the disease. Our data also indicate that the development of antibodies to HBe Ag (anti-HBe) might be a sign of a favorable prognosis, since 50% of the patients with persistent hepatitis vs. 6% of the patients with aggressive hepatitis were anti-HBe-positive. Inhibitors of DNA polymerase, which are possibly antibodies, appeared regularly after acute hepatitis and were transient. Their presence may be associated with viral replication.", "contents": "e antigen and antibody, DNA polymerase, and inhibitors of DNA polymerase in acute and chronic hepatitis. A high positive correlation was found between e antigen (HBe Ag) and DNA polymerase in hemodialyzed patients with acute hepatitis B, chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen undergoing hemodialysis, and patients with chronic hepatitis. In contrast, the correlation was poor in nonhemodialyzed patients with acute hepatitis. Among the patients with chronic hepatitis, HBe Ag and DNA polymerase were were found mostly in those with aggressive hepatitis and rarely in those with persistent hepatitis. This difference was significant (P less than 0.01) and suggests that the persistence of these antigens may be a factor in the progression of the disease. Our data also indicate that the development of antibodies to HBe Ag (anti-HBe) might be a sign of a favorable prognosis, since 50% of the patients with persistent hepatitis vs. 6% of the patients with aggressive hepatitis were anti-HBe-positive. Inhibitors of DNA polymerase, which are possibly antibodies, appeared regularly after acute hepatitis and were transient. Their presence may be associated with viral replication."}
{"id": "PMID:915342", "title": "In vitro activity of five oral cephalosporins against anaerobic pathogenic bacteria.", "content": "The in vitro inhibitory activities of cefaclor and and cefatrizine, two new orally absorbed cephalosporin antibiotics, against 44 isolates of anaerobic pathogenic bacteria were measured using the agar dilution procedure of the World Health Organization-International Collaborative Study. Tests also were performed with cephalexin, cephaloglycin, and cephadrine, as well as with the parenteral cephamycin antibiotic cefoxitin. Cefoxitin was the most active antibiotic and inhibited the majority of isolates at a concentration of less than or equal to 4 microgram/ml. None of the oral cephalosporins was clearly superior against all of the anaerobic isolates; only cephadrine and cefatrizine appeared to have any potential clinical value.", "contents": "In vitro activity of five oral cephalosporins against anaerobic pathogenic bacteria. The in vitro inhibitory activities of cefaclor and and cefatrizine, two new orally absorbed cephalosporin antibiotics, against 44 isolates of anaerobic pathogenic bacteria were measured using the agar dilution procedure of the World Health Organization-International Collaborative Study. Tests also were performed with cephalexin, cephaloglycin, and cephadrine, as well as with the parenteral cephamycin antibiotic cefoxitin. Cefoxitin was the most active antibiotic and inhibited the majority of isolates at a concentration of less than or equal to 4 microgram/ml. None of the oral cephalosporins was clearly superior against all of the anaerobic isolates; only cephadrine and cefatrizine appeared to have any potential clinical value."}
{"id": "PMID:915343", "title": "Clindamycin-associated colitis due to a toxin-producing species of Clostridium in hamsters.", "content": "Clindamycin-associated enterocolitis in hamsters was studied to detect and characterize a transmissible agent. It was found that the disease could be transferred by cecal contents and filtrates of cecal contents (pore size of filter, 0.02 micron) obtained from animals after administration of clindamycin. Subsequent work showed that enterocolitis could be produced with broth cultures of a species of Clostridium recovered from cecal contents of animals with clindamycin-induced disease. The cell-free supernatant of this strain also caused enterocolitis. Cecal contents from animals with clindamycin-induced disease incubated with gas gangrene antitoxin failed to cause intestinal lesions. These experiments indicate that clindamycin-associated colitis in hamsters is due to a clindamycin-resistant, toxin-producing strain of Clostridium.", "contents": "Clindamycin-associated colitis due to a toxin-producing species of Clostridium in hamsters. Clindamycin-associated enterocolitis in hamsters was studied to detect and characterize a transmissible agent. It was found that the disease could be transferred by cecal contents and filtrates of cecal contents (pore size of filter, 0.02 micron) obtained from animals after administration of clindamycin. Subsequent work showed that enterocolitis could be produced with broth cultures of a species of Clostridium recovered from cecal contents of animals with clindamycin-induced disease. The cell-free supernatant of this strain also caused enterocolitis. Cecal contents from animals with clindamycin-induced disease incubated with gas gangrene antitoxin failed to cause intestinal lesions. These experiments indicate that clindamycin-associated colitis in hamsters is due to a clindamycin-resistant, toxin-producing strain of Clostridium."}
{"id": "PMID:915375", "title": "Mesenchymal cell atypicality in inflammatory polyps.", "content": "Excised nasal polyps should be examined histologically for classification as to aetiological process. Recently a 'pseudosarcomatous' change was reported in nasal polyps. We reviewed one hundred excised polyps for mesenchymal atypicality and found a wide degree of mesenchymal atypicality in the majority of nasal polyps. Nasal and choanal inflammatory polyps are the most frequent nasal masses which the otolaryngologist has to treat. Surgical excision is frequently required to alleviate the nasal symptoms of polyps unresponsive to medical therapy. Excised nasal polyps should be examined histologically for classification as to possible aetiological mechanisms and to rule out neoplastic lesions (Shea, 1947). Smith, Echevarria, and McLelland (Smith, 1974) recently described 'pseudosarcomatous changes' in nasal polyps. This stimulated us to investigate our inflammatory nasal polyps for these histological changes. Causal observations demonstrated an impressive number of inflammatory polyps with varying amounts of atypical mesenchymal stroma cells. To quantitate these alterations, we reviewed the histological slides from one hundred patients with excised inflammatory polyps and the results are the subject of this report.", "contents": "Mesenchymal cell atypicality in inflammatory polyps. Excised nasal polyps should be examined histologically for classification as to aetiological process. Recently a 'pseudosarcomatous' change was reported in nasal polyps. We reviewed one hundred excised polyps for mesenchymal atypicality and found a wide degree of mesenchymal atypicality in the majority of nasal polyps. Nasal and choanal inflammatory polyps are the most frequent nasal masses which the otolaryngologist has to treat. Surgical excision is frequently required to alleviate the nasal symptoms of polyps unresponsive to medical therapy. Excised nasal polyps should be examined histologically for classification as to possible aetiological mechanisms and to rule out neoplastic lesions (Shea, 1947). Smith, Echevarria, and McLelland (Smith, 1974) recently described 'pseudosarcomatous changes' in nasal polyps. This stimulated us to investigate our inflammatory nasal polyps for these histological changes. Causal observations demonstrated an impressive number of inflammatory polyps with varying amounts of atypical mesenchymal stroma cells. To quantitate these alterations, we reviewed the histological slides from one hundred patients with excised inflammatory polyps and the results are the subject of this report."}
{"id": "PMID:915377", "title": "Anaesthesia of the tympanic membrane using iontophoresis.", "content": "Experience is described of the use of iontophoresis of 2% lignocaine to achieve effective tympanic membrane anaesthesia. The main uses are for outpatient myringotomy and transtympanic electrocochleography. Complete anaesthesia of the drum has been obtained in all cases, and those patients who had previously had these procedures carried out without anaesthetic, or with surface 'anaesthesia' only, all stated a marked preference for iontophoresis. No complications have occurred.", "contents": "Anaesthesia of the tympanic membrane using iontophoresis. Experience is described of the use of iontophoresis of 2% lignocaine to achieve effective tympanic membrane anaesthesia. The main uses are for outpatient myringotomy and transtympanic electrocochleography. Complete anaesthesia of the drum has been obtained in all cases, and those patients who had previously had these procedures carried out without anaesthetic, or with surface 'anaesthesia' only, all stated a marked preference for iontophoresis. No complications have occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:915378", "title": "Sudden deafness and facial palsy from metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "A 52-year-old man developed sudden total bilateral deafness, and unilateral facial palsy, without other symptoms and findings. He died two months later of of bronchogenic carcinoma metastatic to dura, brainstem, pons, carebellopontine angle, cerebellum and cranial nerves III, VI, VII and VIII. There was bilateral internal auditory canal erosion. Tumour replaced right facial, acoustic and vestibular nerves. Tumour infiltrated spiral ganglion, cochlear nerve, cochlear aqueduct, and destroyed nearly all facial nerve fibres to the level of the stapedius muscle. No tumour cells were found on the left, but few fibres of facial, acoustic and vestibular nerves survived. Both ears showed some cochlear outer hair cell destruction. Metastatic tumour to temporal bone or dura should be considered when loss of peripheral VIIth or VIIIth nerve function occurs.", "contents": "Sudden deafness and facial palsy from metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma. A 52-year-old man developed sudden total bilateral deafness, and unilateral facial palsy, without other symptoms and findings. He died two months later of of bronchogenic carcinoma metastatic to dura, brainstem, pons, carebellopontine angle, cerebellum and cranial nerves III, VI, VII and VIII. There was bilateral internal auditory canal erosion. Tumour replaced right facial, acoustic and vestibular nerves. Tumour infiltrated spiral ganglion, cochlear nerve, cochlear aqueduct, and destroyed nearly all facial nerve fibres to the level of the stapedius muscle. No tumour cells were found on the left, but few fibres of facial, acoustic and vestibular nerves survived. Both ears showed some cochlear outer hair cell destruction. Metastatic tumour to temporal bone or dura should be considered when loss of peripheral VIIth or VIIIth nerve function occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:915379", "title": "Malignant oncocytoma.", "content": "A case of malignant oncocytoma of the parotid gland in a 32-year-old male is presented. Ten months after parotidectomy an undifferentiated carcinoma, in which oncocytes still could be recognized, developed in the operated area. According to the literature available to us, this is the second reported case in which malignant transformation in a benign oncocytoma of the salivary gland has been observed.", "contents": "Malignant oncocytoma. A case of malignant oncocytoma of the parotid gland in a 32-year-old male is presented. Ten months after parotidectomy an undifferentiated carcinoma, in which oncocytes still could be recognized, developed in the operated area. According to the literature available to us, this is the second reported case in which malignant transformation in a benign oncocytoma of the salivary gland has been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:915381", "title": "Nasal encephalocoeles associated with unilateral absence of the cochlea.", "content": "A case of nasal encephalocoele associated with unilateral absence of the cochlea is described. The association of congenital abnormalities of the skull and the spine with deformities of the inner ear is discussed together with the value of tomography in the assessment of these children.", "contents": "Nasal encephalocoeles associated with unilateral absence of the cochlea. A case of nasal encephalocoele associated with unilateral absence of the cochlea is described. The association of congenital abnormalities of the skull and the spine with deformities of the inner ear is discussed together with the value of tomography in the assessment of these children."}
{"id": "PMID:915382", "title": "Anterior lenticonus--an unusual feature of Alport's syndrome.", "content": "A case of anterior lenticonus with haematuria and sensorineural deafness is presented. It is suggested that the anterior lenticonus forms an important clue to the diagnosis of Alport's syndrome which can be confirmed by detailed audiometric examination and urine analysis of other family members.", "contents": "Anterior lenticonus--an unusual feature of Alport's syndrome. A case of anterior lenticonus with haematuria and sensorineural deafness is presented. It is suggested that the anterior lenticonus forms an important clue to the diagnosis of Alport's syndrome which can be confirmed by detailed audiometric examination and urine analysis of other family members."}
{"id": "PMID:915398", "title": "Prognostic features of ventricular tachycardia complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Prognostic features of 115 patients with ventricular tachycardia complicating acute myocardial infarction were analyzed. Age, sex, infarct location and peak CPK levels were not significantly different when comparing survivors (S) and non-survivors (NS). Highly significant clinical characteristics of NS compared to S were: heart rate, presence of cardiogenic shock and a poor response to lidocaine therapy (P less than 0.0001, 0.0003 and 0.001 respectively). Electrocardiographic features distinguishing S and NS were: coupling intervals (S = 522.9, NS = 389.9, P less than 0.004), prematurity index (S = 1.36, NS = 1.04, P less than 0.001), ventricular tachycardia rate (S = 132, NS = 174, P less than 0.0013) and number of episodes of ventricular tachycardia (S = 4.04, NS = 6.75, P less than 0.0058). These findings have importance for the evaluation of newer active and prophylactic therapies.", "contents": "Prognostic features of ventricular tachycardia complicating acute myocardial infarction. Prognostic features of 115 patients with ventricular tachycardia complicating acute myocardial infarction were analyzed. Age, sex, infarct location and peak CPK levels were not significantly different when comparing survivors (S) and non-survivors (NS). Highly significant clinical characteristics of NS compared to S were: heart rate, presence of cardiogenic shock and a poor response to lidocaine therapy (P less than 0.0001, 0.0003 and 0.001 respectively). Electrocardiographic features distinguishing S and NS were: coupling intervals (S = 522.9, NS = 389.9, P less than 0.004), prematurity index (S = 1.36, NS = 1.04, P less than 0.001), ventricular tachycardia rate (S = 132, NS = 174, P less than 0.0013) and number of episodes of ventricular tachycardia (S = 4.04, NS = 6.75, P less than 0.0058). These findings have importance for the evaluation of newer active and prophylactic therapies."}
{"id": "PMID:915399", "title": "Restorative effect of epinephrine on the electrophysiologic properties of depressed human atrial tissue.", "content": "The effects of epinephrine on the electrophysiologic properties of human right atrail tissue, obtained at cardiac surgery, were evaluated utilizing standard microelectrode techniques. In studies of electrophysiology, epinephrine had little effect on the resting membrane potential and transmembrane action potentials of normal atrial fibers. Epinephrine enhanced phase-4 depolarization and increased automaticity in normal fibers but hyperpolarized partially depolarized atrial fibers and decreased automaticity. The hyperpolarizing action of epinephrine resulted in an increase in action potential amplitude and dV/dt and enhanced conduction. Active force increased 40-230% in depressed tissues when exposed to epinephrine. Epinephrine-induced hyperpolarization of depressed atrail fibers may have a beneficial effect on atrial arrhythmias and depressed contractility encountered clinically.", "contents": "Restorative effect of epinephrine on the electrophysiologic properties of depressed human atrial tissue. The effects of epinephrine on the electrophysiologic properties of human right atrail tissue, obtained at cardiac surgery, were evaluated utilizing standard microelectrode techniques. In studies of electrophysiology, epinephrine had little effect on the resting membrane potential and transmembrane action potentials of normal atrial fibers. Epinephrine enhanced phase-4 depolarization and increased automaticity in normal fibers but hyperpolarized partially depolarized atrial fibers and decreased automaticity. The hyperpolarizing action of epinephrine resulted in an increase in action potential amplitude and dV/dt and enhanced conduction. Active force increased 40-230% in depressed tissues when exposed to epinephrine. Epinephrine-induced hyperpolarization of depressed atrail fibers may have a beneficial effect on atrial arrhythmias and depressed contractility encountered clinically."}
{"id": "PMID:915401", "title": "P-R interval in relation to heart rate during exercise and the influence of posture and autonomic tone.", "content": "P-R interval (PR) in relation to heart rate (HR) during exercise was studied in healthy men. When subjects were in a recumbent position, mean PR between HR 90-140 beats/min (bpm) decreased linearly from 167 +/- 8 ms to 136 +/- 5 ms. (Regression line: PR = 0.287 HR + 182.9, r = 0.40). PR did not decrease further at HR up to 180 bpm. When subjects were in a sitting position, a further decrease occurred after HR 150-160 bpm. The shortest PR observed during exercise was 100 ms. The decrease of PR between HR 90-140 bpm was affected by atropine but not by propranolol. Higher HR was not achieved after propranolol, and after atropine there was no difference in PR in either exercise position compared to the two exercises without any drug. Thus, exercise induces a decrease in PR which is for the most part completed at HR 140-150 bpm and is mainly achieved by a withdrawal of the parasympathetic tone. PR at HR 90 bpm was correlated to body surface area, indicating that the PR duration is related to the body and heart dimensions.", "contents": "P-R interval in relation to heart rate during exercise and the influence of posture and autonomic tone. P-R interval (PR) in relation to heart rate (HR) during exercise was studied in healthy men. When subjects were in a recumbent position, mean PR between HR 90-140 beats/min (bpm) decreased linearly from 167 +/- 8 ms to 136 +/- 5 ms. (Regression line: PR = 0.287 HR + 182.9, r = 0.40). PR did not decrease further at HR up to 180 bpm. When subjects were in a sitting position, a further decrease occurred after HR 150-160 bpm. The shortest PR observed during exercise was 100 ms. The decrease of PR between HR 90-140 bpm was affected by atropine but not by propranolol. Higher HR was not achieved after propranolol, and after atropine there was no difference in PR in either exercise position compared to the two exercises without any drug. Thus, exercise induces a decrease in PR which is for the most part completed at HR 140-150 bpm and is mainly achieved by a withdrawal of the parasympathetic tone. PR at HR 90 bpm was correlated to body surface area, indicating that the PR duration is related to the body and heart dimensions."}
{"id": "PMID:915402", "title": "The vectorcardiogram as an aid to diagnosis in left ventricular-right atrial communication.", "content": "Frank vectorcardiograms (VCGs) in four patients with left ventricular-right atrial (LV-RA) communication were analyzed and compared with published values of VCGs of normal individuals and those from a group of patients with membranous ventricular septal defect. It was observed that the QRS-loops in the frontal and sagittal planes of the patients with LV-RA communication are shifted more superiorly than usual. Thus, almost 50% of the QRS-loop area was superior to the X- and Z-coordinates in the frontal and sagittal planes, whereas in the controls less than 10% of the frontal and sagittal plane QRS-loops were superior to the horizontal axes. The QRS-loops of patients with LV-RA communication thus seem to be halfway between normal and endocardial cushion defect loops. An unusual degree of superior orientation of the QRS-loop in a patient with clinical findings of a ventricular septal defect should arouse suspicion of a LV-RA communication. Also in patients with an isolated ventricular septal defect but with an exaggerated superior orientation of the QRS-loop in the frontal and sagittal planes, the interatrial septum should be examined at the time of operation to exclude the possibility of an associated LV-RA communication.", "contents": "The vectorcardiogram as an aid to diagnosis in left ventricular-right atrial communication. Frank vectorcardiograms (VCGs) in four patients with left ventricular-right atrial (LV-RA) communication were analyzed and compared with published values of VCGs of normal individuals and those from a group of patients with membranous ventricular septal defect. It was observed that the QRS-loops in the frontal and sagittal planes of the patients with LV-RA communication are shifted more superiorly than usual. Thus, almost 50% of the QRS-loop area was superior to the X- and Z-coordinates in the frontal and sagittal planes, whereas in the controls less than 10% of the frontal and sagittal plane QRS-loops were superior to the horizontal axes. The QRS-loops of patients with LV-RA communication thus seem to be halfway between normal and endocardial cushion defect loops. An unusual degree of superior orientation of the QRS-loop in a patient with clinical findings of a ventricular septal defect should arouse suspicion of a LV-RA communication. Also in patients with an isolated ventricular septal defect but with an exaggerated superior orientation of the QRS-loop in the frontal and sagittal planes, the interatrial septum should be examined at the time of operation to exclude the possibility of an associated LV-RA communication."}
{"id": "PMID:915404", "title": "Endocardial electrogram amplitudes and stimulation thresholds in monopolar electrodes: possible correlations.", "content": "The possible correlations between unipolar endocardial electrogram amplitudes and voltage threshold stimulation were tested with electrodes having metallic tips of two different areas. The threshold measurements were always studied with the same pulse characteristics. The data were analyzed through five mathematical functions (linear, exponential, potential, hyperbola and translate hyperbola). The results show a significant correlation, mainly by hyperbolic and exponential functions. Consequently, we could deduce a parameter value since we already knew the other one. This was possible not only during the first implantation, but also later on.", "contents": "Endocardial electrogram amplitudes and stimulation thresholds in monopolar electrodes: possible correlations. The possible correlations between unipolar endocardial electrogram amplitudes and voltage threshold stimulation were tested with electrodes having metallic tips of two different areas. The threshold measurements were always studied with the same pulse characteristics. The data were analyzed through five mathematical functions (linear, exponential, potential, hyperbola and translate hyperbola). The results show a significant correlation, mainly by hyperbolic and exponential functions. Consequently, we could deduce a parameter value since we already knew the other one. This was possible not only during the first implantation, but also later on."}
{"id": "PMID:915405", "title": "In vivo atrial excitability and anti-arrhythmic drugs.", "content": "The threshold of excitability of the atrial muscle was studied in the in vivo beating canine heart. Unipolar cathodal and anodal strength-interval curves were constructed and found to be dissimilar in shape. It was found that at any interval within the relative refractory period of the atrium, as in the ventricle, there is a wide range of current levels delineated by an upper (TU) and lower (TL) limit of threshold which can stimulate the atrial myocardium. Within these limits the threshold varies spontaneously and can be reduced to TL level by a run of extrasystoles. Such TU and TL curves were repeatedly determined following administration of therapeutic doses of quinidine, procaine amide or lidocaine. It was observed that all three drugs prolonged the refractory period. The TU values increased following each of the drugs, and mostly after quinidine, while the TL curve was less affected by quinidine. It is suggested that the exit block thus produced is the principal mechanism whereby quinidine depresses atrial disrhythmias.", "contents": "In vivo atrial excitability and anti-arrhythmic drugs. The threshold of excitability of the atrial muscle was studied in the in vivo beating canine heart. Unipolar cathodal and anodal strength-interval curves were constructed and found to be dissimilar in shape. It was found that at any interval within the relative refractory period of the atrium, as in the ventricle, there is a wide range of current levels delineated by an upper (TU) and lower (TL) limit of threshold which can stimulate the atrial myocardium. Within these limits the threshold varies spontaneously and can be reduced to TL level by a run of extrasystoles. Such TU and TL curves were repeatedly determined following administration of therapeutic doses of quinidine, procaine amide or lidocaine. It was observed that all three drugs prolonged the refractory period. The TU values increased following each of the drugs, and mostly after quinidine, while the TL curve was less affected by quinidine. It is suggested that the exit block thus produced is the principal mechanism whereby quinidine depresses atrial disrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:915406", "title": "Direct-writing color vectorcardiograph.", "content": "By employing a specially designed instrument, a \"color vectorcardiogram,\" a single, colored horizontal plane vectorcardiogram (VCG) was written directly on the recording paper. At first, the voltage in the X, Y and Z axes was memorized into the digital memory cells. After that, the voltage in the X and Z axes was slowly read out so that a horizontal plane vectorcardiogram was written directly on the paper of the X-Y recorder. The color of the recording pen varied according to the voltage in the Y axis, which was read out simultaneously with the voltage in the X and Z axes.", "contents": "Direct-writing color vectorcardiograph. By employing a specially designed instrument, a \"color vectorcardiogram,\" a single, colored horizontal plane vectorcardiogram (VCG) was written directly on the recording paper. At first, the voltage in the X, Y and Z axes was memorized into the digital memory cells. After that, the voltage in the X and Z axes was slowly read out so that a horizontal plane vectorcardiogram was written directly on the paper of the X-Y recorder. The color of the recording pen varied according to the voltage in the Y axis, which was read out simultaneously with the voltage in the X and Z axes."}
{"id": "PMID:915407", "title": "Complex atrial dysrhythmias in a patient with congestive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "A patient with primary cardiomyopathy and long standing atrial fibrillation presented with atrial tachycardia and AV block. Atrial pacing sequentially converted the atrial tachycardia to atrial flutter (biatrial) and to the dissimilar atrial rhythms of right atrial fibrillation with left atrial flutter, right atrial flutter with left atrial electrical standstill and right atrial fibrillation with left atrial standstill. The clincial milieu and intracardiac recordings are presented.", "contents": "Complex atrial dysrhythmias in a patient with congestive cardiomyopathy. A patient with primary cardiomyopathy and long standing atrial fibrillation presented with atrial tachycardia and AV block. Atrial pacing sequentially converted the atrial tachycardia to atrial flutter (biatrial) and to the dissimilar atrial rhythms of right atrial fibrillation with left atrial flutter, right atrial flutter with left atrial electrical standstill and right atrial fibrillation with left atrial standstill. The clincial milieu and intracardiac recordings are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:915416", "title": "Reduction of the rate of outgrowth, cell density, and cell division following removal of the apical ectodermal ridge of the chick limb-bud.", "content": "Removal of the apical ectodermal ridge causes a reduction in the rate of outgrowth of the wing-bud and the loss of distal parts. More specifically it causes a short-term increase in cell density and cell death and a decrease in the rate of cell proliferation. The evidence supports the hypothesis of density-dependent control of cell division and suggests that there may also be a mechanism regulating skeletal length at the time of differentiation. An informal model is presented to explain the observations.", "contents": "Reduction of the rate of outgrowth, cell density, and cell division following removal of the apical ectodermal ridge of the chick limb-bud. Removal of the apical ectodermal ridge causes a reduction in the rate of outgrowth of the wing-bud and the loss of distal parts. More specifically it causes a short-term increase in cell density and cell death and a decrease in the rate of cell proliferation. The evidence supports the hypothesis of density-dependent control of cell division and suggests that there may also be a mechanism regulating skeletal length at the time of differentiation. An informal model is presented to explain the observations."}
{"id": "PMID:915418", "title": "Hormone control in regeneration: effects of somatostatin on appendage regeneration, blood glucose and liver glycogen in Diemictylus viridescens.", "content": "In the present communication, synthetic somatostatin, a hypothalamic factor which has a known inhibitory effect on the release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, insulin and glucagon in man and other mammals, was found to have an inhibitory effect on limb and tail regeneration in adult Diemictylus viridescens, when the newts were treated with a daily dose of 3-5 or 15 microgram/animal for a period of 34 days post-amputation. At the higher dose, the animals exhibited total inhibition of appendage regeneration in a few cases and the remainder showed a considerable delay compared to the controls; none of the experimental animals reached the advanced four-digit stage achieved by the controls. Furthermore, the blood glucose and liver glycogen values in the somatostatin-treated animals were significantly lower than the control values. Mechanisms in the storage, mobilization and utilization of glucose (involving hormones) are discussed in relation to appendage regeneration in the newt and possible controls of regeneration at the level of the hypothalamus are suggested.", "contents": "Hormone control in regeneration: effects of somatostatin on appendage regeneration, blood glucose and liver glycogen in Diemictylus viridescens. In the present communication, synthetic somatostatin, a hypothalamic factor which has a known inhibitory effect on the release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, insulin and glucagon in man and other mammals, was found to have an inhibitory effect on limb and tail regeneration in adult Diemictylus viridescens, when the newts were treated with a daily dose of 3-5 or 15 microgram/animal for a period of 34 days post-amputation. At the higher dose, the animals exhibited total inhibition of appendage regeneration in a few cases and the remainder showed a considerable delay compared to the controls; none of the experimental animals reached the advanced four-digit stage achieved by the controls. Furthermore, the blood glucose and liver glycogen values in the somatostatin-treated animals were significantly lower than the control values. Mechanisms in the storage, mobilization and utilization of glucose (involving hormones) are discussed in relation to appendage regeneration in the newt and possible controls of regeneration at the level of the hypothalamus are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:915420", "title": "Cell growth and differentiation of murine extra-embryonic fetal and adult hematopoietic tissues in diffusion chamber cultures.", "content": "Studies were conducted with diffusion chambers (DC) filled with cell suspensions from different CF1 murine hematopoietic tissues: adult peripheral blood; adult tibial marrow; day 17-5 of gestation fetal liver, spleen and thymus; day 14-5 gestation fetal liver; day 10-5  of gestation yolk sac. After an initial decrease in DC cell numbers on day 2 of culture, growth of each cell group continued, but, at different rates. ATM had the highest growth ratio and FT-D17-5(2) had the lowest. The growth rates for APB and FL-D17-5 were similar. FS-D17-5 and FL-D14-5 cultures did not recover from the day 2 values (i.e. FL-D14-5 DC values on day 13-14 of culture were half that recorded on day 2). The YS-D10-5 DC cell numbers continued to increase throughout the 14 days of study. The profile of cellular elements from the DCs did not reflect the original cell suspensions. The predominant cell type recovered from peripheral blood cultured for 14 days was the macrophage. By day 10-14 of culture, the populations of cells harvested from the fetal tissue DC groups were similar to that of tibial marrow. Both proliferative and mature granulocytes, and macrophages were the predominant cell types. The yolk-sac pattern of cytodifferentiation recorded on day 7-14 was unlike that of the other groups. These DC cultures were comprised of mainly macrophages and plasma cells.", "contents": "Cell growth and differentiation of murine extra-embryonic fetal and adult hematopoietic tissues in diffusion chamber cultures. Studies were conducted with diffusion chambers (DC) filled with cell suspensions from different CF1 murine hematopoietic tissues: adult peripheral blood; adult tibial marrow; day 17-5 of gestation fetal liver, spleen and thymus; day 14-5 gestation fetal liver; day 10-5  of gestation yolk sac. After an initial decrease in DC cell numbers on day 2 of culture, growth of each cell group continued, but, at different rates. ATM had the highest growth ratio and FT-D17-5(2) had the lowest. The growth rates for APB and FL-D17-5 were similar. FS-D17-5 and FL-D14-5 cultures did not recover from the day 2 values (i.e. FL-D14-5 DC values on day 13-14 of culture were half that recorded on day 2). The YS-D10-5 DC cell numbers continued to increase throughout the 14 days of study. The profile of cellular elements from the DCs did not reflect the original cell suspensions. The predominant cell type recovered from peripheral blood cultured for 14 days was the macrophage. By day 10-14 of culture, the populations of cells harvested from the fetal tissue DC groups were similar to that of tibial marrow. Both proliferative and mature granulocytes, and macrophages were the predominant cell types. The yolk-sac pattern of cytodifferentiation recorded on day 7-14 was unlike that of the other groups. These DC cultures were comprised of mainly macrophages and plasma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:915421", "title": "Nuclear transplantation from intestinal epithelial cells of early and late Xenopus laevis tadpoles.", "content": "The aim of these experiments was to test whether the developmental potential of nuclei from intestinal epithelial cells of Xenopus laevis tadpoles declined during the life of the functional larval gut. The results of transplantation of nuclei from three different stages of development were compared: stages 46-48, when feeding begins and while yolk is still present but before the formation of the typhlosole; stage 57, just prior to the onset of metamorphic reorganization; and stage 54, an intermediate stage. The results showed that there was no change in developmental potential of these nuclei during the life of the larval gut, thereby disproving the hypothesis that nuclear transplants from intestinal epithelial cells of early tadpoles of X. laevis will support extensive development because the cells are not fully functional. However, nuclei from the intestinal epithelial cells were less able to support development than blastula nuclei. It was concluded therefore, that the developmental potential of the gut nuclei is restricted relative to that of the blastula nuclei, but that these restrictions are reversed in a small proportion of cases.", "contents": "Nuclear transplantation from intestinal epithelial cells of early and late Xenopus laevis tadpoles. The aim of these experiments was to test whether the developmental potential of nuclei from intestinal epithelial cells of Xenopus laevis tadpoles declined during the life of the functional larval gut. The results of transplantation of nuclei from three different stages of development were compared: stages 46-48, when feeding begins and while yolk is still present but before the formation of the typhlosole; stage 57, just prior to the onset of metamorphic reorganization; and stage 54, an intermediate stage. The results showed that there was no change in developmental potential of these nuclei during the life of the larval gut, thereby disproving the hypothesis that nuclear transplants from intestinal epithelial cells of early tadpoles of X. laevis will support extensive development because the cells are not fully functional. However, nuclei from the intestinal epithelial cells were less able to support development than blastula nuclei. It was concluded therefore, that the developmental potential of the gut nuclei is restricted relative to that of the blastula nuclei, but that these restrictions are reversed in a small proportion of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:915422", "title": "Retinal growth in double dorsal and double ventral eyes in Xenopus.", "content": "The growth of normal and surgically produced compound dorsal and ventral retinae in Xenopus laevis has been studied autoradiographically following injections of [3H] thymidine at stages 50 and 58. The animals were sacrificed 3 weeks after metamorphosis. The histogenetic pattern of the dorsal and ventral retinal halves was different at the three time points investigated, i.e. up to stage 50, between stages 50 and 58 and between stage 58 and 3 weeks after metamorphosis. Asymmetrical dorsal retinal growth occurred up to stage 50. From stage 50 onwards the retinal growth tendency reversed so that more ganglion cells were produced along the ventral than the dorsal ciliary margins. The overall preponderance of ventral retinal growth was 32.4% in cell number and 12.4% in retinal length from early embryogenesis to 3 weeks after metamorphosis. The characteristic histogenetic pattern of the dorsal and ventral retinal halves was maintained in an ectopic position in the compound eye, indicating that this particular property of the retinal halves is intrinsically determined.", "contents": "Retinal growth in double dorsal and double ventral eyes in Xenopus. The growth of normal and surgically produced compound dorsal and ventral retinae in Xenopus laevis has been studied autoradiographically following injections of [3H] thymidine at stages 50 and 58. The animals were sacrificed 3 weeks after metamorphosis. The histogenetic pattern of the dorsal and ventral retinal halves was different at the three time points investigated, i.e. up to stage 50, between stages 50 and 58 and between stage 58 and 3 weeks after metamorphosis. Asymmetrical dorsal retinal growth occurred up to stage 50. From stage 50 onwards the retinal growth tendency reversed so that more ganglion cells were produced along the ventral than the dorsal ciliary margins. The overall preponderance of ventral retinal growth was 32.4% in cell number and 12.4% in retinal length from early embryogenesis to 3 weeks after metamorphosis. The characteristic histogenetic pattern of the dorsal and ventral retinal halves was maintained in an ectopic position in the compound eye, indicating that this particular property of the retinal halves is intrinsically determined."}
{"id": "PMID:915423", "title": "The blastomere pattern in echinoderms: cleavages one to four.", "content": "The results of a longitudinal study of the blastomere pattern in six embryos during the first four cleavages are reported. At each cleavage stage optical sections through an embryo, taken at vertical intervals of 5 or 10 micron, were recorded on 35 mm film: digitization of the blastomere contours and computer analysis allow calculation of the center, radius, surface area and volume of each blastomere. The subjective impression of exquisite regularity seen in normal echinoderm blastulae acquires a quantitative dimension from the present study. For example, the individual angles formed by the various quartets of blastomeres depart from right angles by at most a few degrees. The egg volume was found to be conserved up to the fourth cleavage. At the 16-cell stage, unlike the earlier stages, the blastomere positions cannot be ascribed solely to the position and orientation of the respective cleavage planes. Finally, a few features of a formal model of these early cleavages are sketched.", "contents": "The blastomere pattern in echinoderms: cleavages one to four. The results of a longitudinal study of the blastomere pattern in six embryos during the first four cleavages are reported. At each cleavage stage optical sections through an embryo, taken at vertical intervals of 5 or 10 micron, were recorded on 35 mm film: digitization of the blastomere contours and computer analysis allow calculation of the center, radius, surface area and volume of each blastomere. The subjective impression of exquisite regularity seen in normal echinoderm blastulae acquires a quantitative dimension from the present study. For example, the individual angles formed by the various quartets of blastomeres depart from right angles by at most a few degrees. The egg volume was found to be conserved up to the fourth cleavage. At the 16-cell stage, unlike the earlier stages, the blastomere positions cannot be ascribed solely to the position and orientation of the respective cleavage planes. Finally, a few features of a formal model of these early cleavages are sketched."}
{"id": "PMID:915424", "title": "Variation in Habrobracon juglandis ovariole number. I. Ovariole number increase induced by extended cold shock of fourth-instar larvae.", "content": "Variation from zero to five ovarioles in the braconid wasp, Habrobracon juglandis, is reported for dissections of females from laboratory stocks. Four ovarioles (two per ovary) is the standard phenotype for the species. Storage of fourth-instar larvar in a refrigerator resulted in a large proportion of females with an increased number of ovarioles (5-11). A 1- to 2-week cold exposure during the period of ovarian differentiation is required for the maximum effect.", "contents": "Variation in Habrobracon juglandis ovariole number. I. Ovariole number increase induced by extended cold shock of fourth-instar larvae. Variation from zero to five ovarioles in the braconid wasp, Habrobracon juglandis, is reported for dissections of females from laboratory stocks. Four ovarioles (two per ovary) is the standard phenotype for the species. Storage of fourth-instar larvar in a refrigerator resulted in a large proportion of females with an increased number of ovarioles (5-11). A 1- to 2-week cold exposure during the period of ovarian differentiation is required for the maximum effect."}
{"id": "PMID:915425", "title": "Cell disposition and adhesiveness in the developing chick neural retina.", "content": "The adhesive properties of neural retinal cells located in the ventral and dorsal hemispheres of chick embryonic eyes were investigated. Cell adhesion was monitored using the collision efficiency method; this technique provides a system in which it is possible to identify any preferential adhesions that may occur between cells. In this study no adhesive specificity was detected between cells of the dorsal and ventral retina. This evidence would not support theories which invoke preferential cell adhesion as an explanation of the ordered projection of the neural retina onto the optic tectum during development.", "contents": "Cell disposition and adhesiveness in the developing chick neural retina. The adhesive properties of neural retinal cells located in the ventral and dorsal hemispheres of chick embryonic eyes were investigated. Cell adhesion was monitored using the collision efficiency method; this technique provides a system in which it is possible to identify any preferential adhesions that may occur between cells. In this study no adhesive specificity was detected between cells of the dorsal and ventral retina. This evidence would not support theories which invoke preferential cell adhesion as an explanation of the ordered projection of the neural retina onto the optic tectum during development."}
{"id": "PMID:915426", "title": "Weight differences in rat embryos prior to sexual differentiation.", "content": "Sex of day-12 rat embryos was determined using Barr body counts made on spreads of amniotic membranes examined histologically. Embryonic weight, protein content and rate of thymidine incorporation were compared in male and female embryos. Male embryos were found to be heavier and accordingly to contain more protein on absolute but not on per unit weight basis. The rate of thymidine incorporation did not differ in the two sexes. Since gonadogenesis in day-12 rat embryos is rudimentary, with gonadal differentiation of sex not yet apparent, the increased weight suggests that sex-linked genes exist which influence body growth prior to gonadal endocrine activity.", "contents": "Weight differences in rat embryos prior to sexual differentiation. Sex of day-12 rat embryos was determined using Barr body counts made on spreads of amniotic membranes examined histologically. Embryonic weight, protein content and rate of thymidine incorporation were compared in male and female embryos. Male embryos were found to be heavier and accordingly to contain more protein on absolute but not on per unit weight basis. The rate of thymidine incorporation did not differ in the two sexes. Since gonadogenesis in day-12 rat embryos is rudimentary, with gonadal differentiation of sex not yet apparent, the increased weight suggests that sex-linked genes exist which influence body growth prior to gonadal endocrine activity."}
{"id": "PMID:915427", "title": "Fusion of dissociated fish embryonic cells.", "content": "The induction of a frequent fusion in dissociated fish embryonic cells is reported. Fusion was induced during mechanical isolation of blastomeres in normal saline solution or Ca2+-free saline solution by quickly bringing about physical contact between cells within about 1-5 min of dissociation. Fused blastomeres were obtained in about 18% yield from early morula cells in about 68% yield from early blastula cells and in about 5% yield from early gastrula cells.", "contents": "Fusion of dissociated fish embryonic cells. The induction of a frequent fusion in dissociated fish embryonic cells is reported. Fusion was induced during mechanical isolation of blastomeres in normal saline solution or Ca2+-free saline solution by quickly bringing about physical contact between cells within about 1-5 min of dissociation. Fused blastomeres were obtained in about 18% yield from early morula cells in about 68% yield from early blastula cells and in about 5% yield from early gastrula cells."}
{"id": "PMID:915428", "title": "Viability and metabolic activity of homozygous Brachyury (T) embryos.", "content": "Some features of metabolic activity of homozygous mutants for the Brachyury (T) mutation were studied. The embryos incorporated tritum-labelled thymidine up to about the '32-36 somite' stage. The total amount of protein per embryo increased until the samge stage. T/T cells proved viable in vitro over the in utero lethal period. Several cell lines were established from +/+ and T/T embryonic cells.", "contents": "Viability and metabolic activity of homozygous Brachyury (T) embryos. Some features of metabolic activity of homozygous mutants for the Brachyury (T) mutation were studied. The embryos incorporated tritum-labelled thymidine up to about the '32-36 somite' stage. The total amount of protein per embryo increased until the samge stage. T/T cells proved viable in vitro over the in utero lethal period. Several cell lines were established from +/+ and T/T embryonic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:915429", "title": "Differences in rotation-mediated aggregation between wild-type and homozygous Brachyury (T) cells.", "content": "Rotation-mediated aggregation was studied in dissociated cells from 9- and 10-day-old ('12-40 somite' stage) mouse embryos homozygous for the Brachyury (T) mutation. Average diameter of the aggregates formed by wild-type cells increased up to the 27-somite stage. In T/T cells, however, a completely different pattern was observed. The disappearance of free cells and the process of aggregate formation were also followed. The possibility that T/T cells have different adhesive properties from +/+ cells is discussed.", "contents": "Differences in rotation-mediated aggregation between wild-type and homozygous Brachyury (T) cells. Rotation-mediated aggregation was studied in dissociated cells from 9- and 10-day-old ('12-40 somite' stage) mouse embryos homozygous for the Brachyury (T) mutation. Average diameter of the aggregates formed by wild-type cells increased up to the 27-somite stage. In T/T cells, however, a completely different pattern was observed. The disappearance of free cells and the process of aggregate formation were also followed. The possibility that T/T cells have different adhesive properties from +/+ cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915430", "title": "Interdigital cell death during limb development of the turtle and lizard with an interpretation of evolutionary significance.", "content": "Cell death accompanies the formation of free digits in birds and mammals. However, in species with webbing between the adult digits, little or no cell death occurs in the prospectively webbed region of the developing interdigit. Cell death does not occur during the formation of free digits in amphibians. In this paper we report that cell death accompanies the formation of the digits in snapping and painted turtles and in the skink (a lizard). We conclude that cell death accompanying the formation of free digits had its origin at the point of amniote emergence during evolution.", "contents": "Interdigital cell death during limb development of the turtle and lizard with an interpretation of evolutionary significance. Cell death accompanies the formation of free digits in birds and mammals. However, in species with webbing between the adult digits, little or no cell death occurs in the prospectively webbed region of the developing interdigit. Cell death does not occur during the formation of free digits in amphibians. In this paper we report that cell death accompanies the formation of the digits in snapping and painted turtles and in the skink (a lizard). We conclude that cell death accompanying the formation of free digits had its origin at the point of amniote emergence during evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:915431", "title": "Quantitative morphological analysis of early mouse embryogenesis in vitro. I. Perfusion culture system, tissue preparation, sampling.", "content": "To facilitate a quantitative morphological analysis of early mouse development under controlled conditions, a perfusion culture system capable of supporting embryogenesis to blastocyst stage has been developed. The use of a mesh system allows identification of individual embryos by position, and control of their orientation during culture and preparation for light and electron microscopy. Quantitative evaluation of tissue-processing procedures has permitted selection of conditions which reduce changes in linear dimensions to -1-6 +/- 1-8% in two-cell embryos. Through the definition of a coordinate system based on mesh structure and the development of a special sectioning procedure, sections can be localized within the intact embryo and three-dimensional coordinates given to any element of embryo volume.", "contents": "Quantitative morphological analysis of early mouse embryogenesis in vitro. I. Perfusion culture system, tissue preparation, sampling. To facilitate a quantitative morphological analysis of early mouse development under controlled conditions, a perfusion culture system capable of supporting embryogenesis to blastocyst stage has been developed. The use of a mesh system allows identification of individual embryos by position, and control of their orientation during culture and preparation for light and electron microscopy. Quantitative evaluation of tissue-processing procedures has permitted selection of conditions which reduce changes in linear dimensions to -1-6 +/- 1-8% in two-cell embryos. Through the definition of a coordinate system based on mesh structure and the development of a special sectioning procedure, sections can be localized within the intact embryo and three-dimensional coordinates given to any element of embryo volume."}
{"id": "PMID:915435", "title": "Taste-aversion conditioning with expected versus unexpected drug treatment.", "content": "Following differential conditioning in which a drug-predictive taste solution (D) infused into the oral cavity of rats was followed by a lithium injection and a no-drug-predictive solution (ND) was not reinforced, animals received a backward pairing between lithium and a novel saccharin flavor. Subjects infused with either the D solution or tap water immediately before backward conditioning learned weaker saccharin aversions than animals infused with the ND solution and animals given no infusion at this time (Experiments 1 and 3). These latter groups did not differ from each other (Experiment 3). The interference with aversion learning produced by water infusion appeared to be due to conditioned excitation that accrued to sensations of the infusion process. Extinction of the infusion sensations eliminated blocking produced by the infusion of water (Experiments 4 and 5). The blocking of saccharin-aversion learning produced by infusion of the D solution was due, to a large extent, to the conditioned aversiveness of the D taste. Extinction of the aversion to the D taste eliminated the interference with saccharin conditioning (Experiment 2), whereas extinction of the excitatory properties of the infusion process did not prevent the blocking of conditioning by infusion of the D solution (Experiment 5). These results are inconsistent with suggestions that taste-aversion learning is a primitive form of conditioning; rather, they demonstrate the influence of informational variables on conditioned taste aversions.", "contents": "Taste-aversion conditioning with expected versus unexpected drug treatment. Following differential conditioning in which a drug-predictive taste solution (D) infused into the oral cavity of rats was followed by a lithium injection and a no-drug-predictive solution (ND) was not reinforced, animals received a backward pairing between lithium and a novel saccharin flavor. Subjects infused with either the D solution or tap water immediately before backward conditioning learned weaker saccharin aversions than animals infused with the ND solution and animals given no infusion at this time (Experiments 1 and 3). These latter groups did not differ from each other (Experiment 3). The interference with aversion learning produced by water infusion appeared to be due to conditioned excitation that accrued to sensations of the infusion process. Extinction of the infusion sensations eliminated blocking produced by the infusion of water (Experiments 4 and 5). The blocking of saccharin-aversion learning produced by infusion of the D solution was due, to a large extent, to the conditioned aversiveness of the D taste. Extinction of the aversion to the D taste eliminated the interference with saccharin conditioning (Experiment 2), whereas extinction of the excitatory properties of the infusion process did not prevent the blocking of conditioning by infusion of the D solution (Experiment 5). These results are inconsistent with suggestions that taste-aversion learning is a primitive form of conditioning; rather, they demonstrate the influence of informational variables on conditioned taste aversions."}
{"id": "PMID:915436", "title": "Paradoxical effects of proximal unconditioned stimulus preexposure: interference with and conditioning of a taste aversion.", "content": "Taste aversions were conditioned in rats by giving the subjects an injection of lithium following exposure to saccharin. Treatment with lithium shortly (30 to 60 min.) before such a conditioning trial disrupted the taste-aversion learning produced by the postsaccharin drug injection. In Experiment 1, this interference effect was found to be a monotonically decreasing function of the preexposure-to-conditioning interval. The greatest disruption of conditioning was observed with a 30-min. preexposure-to-conditioning interval, and no interference occurred if the preexposure was administered 1 or 2 days before conditioning. These results suggest that in addition to the more durable effects of unconditioned stimulus (US) preexposure emphasized by previous investigators, US preexposure also activates temporary mechanisms that likewise attenuate subsequent conditioning. Experiment 2 demonstrated that lithium given before saccharin exposure disrupts the conditioning produced by a postsaccharin drug injection even if the presaccharin injection would itself otherwise be effective in producing a \"backward\" conditioned saccharin aversion. This outcome indicates that proximal US preexposure can have two opposite and paradoxical effects: It can interfere with as well as condition a taste aversion.", "contents": "Paradoxical effects of proximal unconditioned stimulus preexposure: interference with and conditioning of a taste aversion. Taste aversions were conditioned in rats by giving the subjects an injection of lithium following exposure to saccharin. Treatment with lithium shortly (30 to 60 min.) before such a conditioning trial disrupted the taste-aversion learning produced by the postsaccharin drug injection. In Experiment 1, this interference effect was found to be a monotonically decreasing function of the preexposure-to-conditioning interval. The greatest disruption of conditioning was observed with a 30-min. preexposure-to-conditioning interval, and no interference occurred if the preexposure was administered 1 or 2 days before conditioning. These results suggest that in addition to the more durable effects of unconditioned stimulus (US) preexposure emphasized by previous investigators, US preexposure also activates temporary mechanisms that likewise attenuate subsequent conditioning. Experiment 2 demonstrated that lithium given before saccharin exposure disrupts the conditioning produced by a postsaccharin drug injection even if the presaccharin injection would itself otherwise be effective in producing a \"backward\" conditioned saccharin aversion. This outcome indicates that proximal US preexposure can have two opposite and paradoxical effects: It can interfere with as well as condition a taste aversion."}
{"id": "PMID:915437", "title": "Aftereffects of lithium-conditioned stimuli on consummatory behavior.", "content": "Exposure to taste or spatial cues previously paired with lithium administration resulted in more drinking during a test session started 15 min. later than did exposure to stimuli previously presented in the absence of drug treatment (Experiments 1, 2, 4, and 5). This outcome reflected an elevation of intake above baseline levels (Experiment 1) and required the presence of the lithium-paired cues rather than merely a history of lithium injections (Experiments 1, 2, 4, and 5). The increased drinking was evident in tests with novel (Experiments 1, 4, and 5) as well as familiar (Experiment 2) palatable solutions and was not attributable to a greater degree of thirst in subjects exposed to the lithium-predictive cues (Experiments 4 and 5). The phenomenon was attenuated by extinction of the lithium-conditioned stimuli (Experiment 3). However, the increased drinking aftereffect probably was not a result of the conditioned aversiveness of lithium-predictive cues, since shock-conditioned stimuli did not elicit enhanced consumption (Experiment 5). Various explanations of the effect are discussed.", "contents": "Aftereffects of lithium-conditioned stimuli on consummatory behavior. Exposure to taste or spatial cues previously paired with lithium administration resulted in more drinking during a test session started 15 min. later than did exposure to stimuli previously presented in the absence of drug treatment (Experiments 1, 2, 4, and 5). This outcome reflected an elevation of intake above baseline levels (Experiment 1) and required the presence of the lithium-paired cues rather than merely a history of lithium injections (Experiments 1, 2, 4, and 5). The increased drinking was evident in tests with novel (Experiments 1, 4, and 5) as well as familiar (Experiment 2) palatable solutions and was not attributable to a greater degree of thirst in subjects exposed to the lithium-predictive cues (Experiments 4 and 5). The phenomenon was attenuated by extinction of the lithium-conditioned stimuli (Experiment 3). However, the increased drinking aftereffect probably was not a result of the conditioned aversiveness of lithium-predictive cues, since shock-conditioned stimuli did not elicit enhanced consumption (Experiment 5). Various explanations of the effect are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915438", "title": "Posttrial reinstatement of the CS in Pavlovian conditioning: facilitation or impairment of acquisition as a function of individual differences in responsiveness to the CS.", "content": "Gray and Appignanesi reported that conditioning to an element of a compound conditioned stimulus (CS) was facilitated when the compound not only preceded the unconditioned stimulus (US) but was briefly reinstated shortly after US termination. The manipulation was embedded in a \"blocking\" design, and the effect was interpreted as being peculiar to such a situation. The present study reports five experiments, using rats in a conditioned emotional response (CER) paradigm, aimed at further evaluating the effects of CS reinstatement. In a blocking experiment patterned after that of Gray and Appignanesi, reinstatement was observed to have a decremental rather than an incremental effect on conditioned responding. In four experiments involving simple conditioning with unitary CSs, reinstatement was observed to have either an incremental or decremental effect, depending upon the subject's preconditioning responsiveness to the CSs involved. Possible mechanisms for such variable effects are discussed without obvious resolution.", "contents": "Posttrial reinstatement of the CS in Pavlovian conditioning: facilitation or impairment of acquisition as a function of individual differences in responsiveness to the CS. Gray and Appignanesi reported that conditioning to an element of a compound conditioned stimulus (CS) was facilitated when the compound not only preceded the unconditioned stimulus (US) but was briefly reinstated shortly after US termination. The manipulation was embedded in a \"blocking\" design, and the effect was interpreted as being peculiar to such a situation. The present study reports five experiments, using rats in a conditioned emotional response (CER) paradigm, aimed at further evaluating the effects of CS reinstatement. In a blocking experiment patterned after that of Gray and Appignanesi, reinstatement was observed to have a decremental rather than an incremental effect on conditioned responding. In four experiments involving simple conditioning with unitary CSs, reinstatement was observed to have either an incremental or decremental effect, depending upon the subject's preconditioning responsiveness to the CSs involved. Possible mechanisms for such variable effects are discussed without obvious resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:915439", "title": "Evaluation of optimum conditions of two-substrate enzyme reactions.", "content": "A modern approach is described for the evaluation of the optimal conditions for two-substrate enzyme reactions. It chiefly involves the determination of the concentration of substrates for the primary reaction and the catalytic concentration of indicator enzymes. The interrelationship between the concentration of the two substrates (concentration pairs) are described mathematically to be hyperbolic, and, in case of competitively inhibited reactions, to be parabolic. Calculated optimum concentrations have been rechecked experimentally for the reactions of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. For pyridine coenzyme linked indicator reactions it could be demonstrated that they mostly follow zero order kinetics. One of the products of the primary reaction reacts, in its steady state concentration, as the second substrate. This represents the size of the lag phase of the coupled reaction. The Km of this substance must be known in order to calculate the catalytic concentration of the indicator enzyme in relation to that of the primary enzyme. Its concentration can be fixed arbitrarily within certain limits, depending on whether the calculated result actually can be realized; otherwise a larger lag phase must be tolerated. For practical reasons, it is generally possible to measure only a certain percentage of maximum reaction rate.", "contents": "Evaluation of optimum conditions of two-substrate enzyme reactions. A modern approach is described for the evaluation of the optimal conditions for two-substrate enzyme reactions. It chiefly involves the determination of the concentration of substrates for the primary reaction and the catalytic concentration of indicator enzymes. The interrelationship between the concentration of the two substrates (concentration pairs) are described mathematically to be hyperbolic, and, in case of competitively inhibited reactions, to be parabolic. Calculated optimum concentrations have been rechecked experimentally for the reactions of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. For pyridine coenzyme linked indicator reactions it could be demonstrated that they mostly follow zero order kinetics. One of the products of the primary reaction reacts, in its steady state concentration, as the second substrate. This represents the size of the lag phase of the coupled reaction. The Km of this substance must be known in order to calculate the catalytic concentration of the indicator enzyme in relation to that of the primary enzyme. Its concentration can be fixed arbitrarily within certain limits, depending on whether the calculated result actually can be realized; otherwise a larger lag phase must be tolerated. For practical reasons, it is generally possible to measure only a certain percentage of maximum reaction rate."}
{"id": "PMID:915440", "title": "Radioimmunological measurement of 3,3'-diiodothyronine in serum and amniotic fluid.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (rT2) in serum and amniotic fluid is described. Specific antisera to rT2 were produced by immunization of rabbits with rT2 conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The molar cross-reactivity tested for various iodothyronines and iodotyrosines was 0.3% for triiodothyronine and 0.001% for thyroxine. The sensitivity of the assay with a detection limit of 1.8 fmol/tube (0.94 pg/tube) was due to the high avidity of the antiserum and the use of 125I-labelled rT2 of maximum specific radioactivity. In most of 45 normal subjects, serum rT2 levels measured in evaporated ethanol extracts were below the detection limit of 0.018 nmol/1. Mean rT2 concentrations were 0.21 nmol/1 in newborn cord serum and 0.10 nmol/1 in amniotic fluid at 12 to 30 weeks of pregnancy. The molar concentration ratio of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) to rT2 was estimated to be 15.7 in cord serum of newborn. A similar rT3/T2 ratio was found in adults after intravenous application of 500 microgram rT3. Using these data and the known rT3 values, a hypothetical mean serum rT2 concentration in adult normal subjects of 0.015 nmol/1 was calculated. The radioimmunoassay described may be a useful analytical tool in studies of the synthesis as well as the metabolism of thyroid hormones.", "contents": "Radioimmunological measurement of 3,3'-diiodothyronine in serum and amniotic fluid. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (rT2) in serum and amniotic fluid is described. Specific antisera to rT2 were produced by immunization of rabbits with rT2 conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The molar cross-reactivity tested for various iodothyronines and iodotyrosines was 0.3% for triiodothyronine and 0.001% for thyroxine. The sensitivity of the assay with a detection limit of 1.8 fmol/tube (0.94 pg/tube) was due to the high avidity of the antiserum and the use of 125I-labelled rT2 of maximum specific radioactivity. In most of 45 normal subjects, serum rT2 levels measured in evaporated ethanol extracts were below the detection limit of 0.018 nmol/1. Mean rT2 concentrations were 0.21 nmol/1 in newborn cord serum and 0.10 nmol/1 in amniotic fluid at 12 to 30 weeks of pregnancy. The molar concentration ratio of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) to rT2 was estimated to be 15.7 in cord serum of newborn. A similar rT3/T2 ratio was found in adults after intravenous application of 500 microgram rT3. Using these data and the known rT3 values, a hypothetical mean serum rT2 concentration in adult normal subjects of 0.015 nmol/1 was calculated. The radioimmunoassay described may be a useful analytical tool in studies of the synthesis as well as the metabolism of thyroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:915441", "title": "[Studies on the interactions of phenprocoumon with chlordiazepoxide in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) on the anticoagulating activity of Phenprocoumon (Marcumar) was investigated in rats. It was found that this psychotropic drug influences neither the anticoagulating activity nor the normal prothrombin-time when it is applied alone or together with Phenprocoumon. However, the prothrombin-time is shortened when Chlordiazepoxide is withdrawn and the feeding of Phenprocoumon is continued.", "contents": "[Studies on the interactions of phenprocoumon with chlordiazepoxide in rats (author's transl)]. The influence of Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) on the anticoagulating activity of Phenprocoumon (Marcumar) was investigated in rats. It was found that this psychotropic drug influences neither the anticoagulating activity nor the normal prothrombin-time when it is applied alone or together with Phenprocoumon. However, the prothrombin-time is shortened when Chlordiazepoxide is withdrawn and the feeding of Phenprocoumon is continued."}
{"id": "PMID:915446", "title": "Consumptive coagulopathy as biochemical mechanism in oxygen toxicity and its enhancement by lead(II) ions.", "content": "Consumptive coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation can be observed in rats exposed to 4 ata of oxygen. These events clearly precede the death of the animal and appear to be initiated by an activation of coagulation factor XII (Hageman). The onset and the extent of consumptive coagulapathy are greatly enhanced by a single and low intravenous dose of lead acetate. Mechanisms of activation of the intrinsic coagulation system and its role in oxygen toxicity are being discussed.", "contents": "Consumptive coagulopathy as biochemical mechanism in oxygen toxicity and its enhancement by lead(II) ions. Consumptive coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation can be observed in rats exposed to 4 ata of oxygen. These events clearly precede the death of the animal and appear to be initiated by an activation of coagulation factor XII (Hageman). The onset and the extent of consumptive coagulapathy are greatly enhanced by a single and low intravenous dose of lead acetate. Mechanisms of activation of the intrinsic coagulation system and its role in oxygen toxicity are being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915447", "title": "Encoding specificity: retrieval asymmetry in the recognition failure paradigm.", "content": "The paradigm producing recognition failure of recallable words was investigated in a series of three experiments. Results indicate that retrieval asymmetry: (a) exists in the recognition failure paradigm directly following list study, (b) increases significantly following a free-association task aimed at generation of the target words from the study list, and (c) can be used as a reasonably good predictor of the magnitude of recognition failure. Retrieval asymmetry and recognition failure are reliably related even when adjusted for the level of recognition probability, which has previously been shown by Tulving and Wiseman to be a good predictor of recognition failure.", "contents": "Encoding specificity: retrieval asymmetry in the recognition failure paradigm. The paradigm producing recognition failure of recallable words was investigated in a series of three experiments. Results indicate that retrieval asymmetry: (a) exists in the recognition failure paradigm directly following list study, (b) increases significantly following a free-association task aimed at generation of the target words from the study list, and (c) can be used as a reasonably good predictor of the magnitude of recognition failure. Retrieval asymmetry and recognition failure are reliably related even when adjusted for the level of recognition probability, which has previously been shown by Tulving and Wiseman to be a good predictor of recognition failure."}
{"id": "PMID:915453", "title": "Congenital hypothyroidism: clues to an early clinical diagnosis.", "content": "Congenital hypothyroidism is clinically difficult to diagnose early in life. A review of the common signs and symptoms of this treatable disease is presented, and a case diagnosed on the third day of life is discussed. Until neonatal thyroid screening is generally available it behooves all physicians caring for newborns and young infants to have a high index of suspicion for this disease.", "contents": "Congenital hypothyroidism: clues to an early clinical diagnosis. Congenital hypothyroidism is clinically difficult to diagnose early in life. A review of the common signs and symptoms of this treatable disease is presented, and a case diagnosed on the third day of life is discussed. Until neonatal thyroid screening is generally available it behooves all physicians caring for newborns and young infants to have a high index of suspicion for this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:915454", "title": "Compulsive water drinking: a review with report of an additional case.", "content": "Symptomatic compulsive water drinking is uncommon. The pathophysiology of compulsive water drinking is essentially that of an acute organic brain syndrome from cerebral edema. The syndrome does not occur clinically unless there is an impairment of water excretion, since normal renal function allows up to 20 liters per day excess intake without accumulation. It has been reported that about 80 percent of cases are neurotic middleaged females. In almost all cases there is at least a history of neurotic symptoms or maladaptive symptoms if the history is probed. In most reported cases the patients were psychotic. When symptoms and laboratory aberration are mild, the sole treatment is water restriction. In moderate but very symptomatic cases, treatment includes both intravenous saline and water restriction. In severe cases treatment includes water restriction, intravenous hypertonic saline, diuretics, and anticonvulsants. After the acute phase, patient education may suffice as in the above case, but if psychosis is present, appropriate therapy is indicated accompanined by frequent checks of serum electrolytes to detect early aberration.", "contents": "Compulsive water drinking: a review with report of an additional case. Symptomatic compulsive water drinking is uncommon. The pathophysiology of compulsive water drinking is essentially that of an acute organic brain syndrome from cerebral edema. The syndrome does not occur clinically unless there is an impairment of water excretion, since normal renal function allows up to 20 liters per day excess intake without accumulation. It has been reported that about 80 percent of cases are neurotic middleaged females. In almost all cases there is at least a history of neurotic symptoms or maladaptive symptoms if the history is probed. In most reported cases the patients were psychotic. When symptoms and laboratory aberration are mild, the sole treatment is water restriction. In moderate but very symptomatic cases, treatment includes both intravenous saline and water restriction. In severe cases treatment includes water restriction, intravenous hypertonic saline, diuretics, and anticonvulsants. After the acute phase, patient education may suffice as in the above case, but if psychosis is present, appropriate therapy is indicated accompanined by frequent checks of serum electrolytes to detect early aberration."}
{"id": "PMID:915456", "title": "Adolescent care.", "content": "The very nature of growing up and experiencing adolescence is perplexing to each individual as well as to his/her family. Any physician dealing with adolescents needs to be keenly aware of the importance of developing a quality physician-patient relationship. This takes an understanding of the physical and emotional components of the individual, showing concern for the patient, allowing for confidentiality to enhance trust in the relationship, and getting the adolescent involved in his/her own care. The use of a questionnaire for adolescent patients can be helpful in developing those aspects of care that often lead to a quality relationship.", "contents": "Adolescent care. The very nature of growing up and experiencing adolescence is perplexing to each individual as well as to his/her family. Any physician dealing with adolescents needs to be keenly aware of the importance of developing a quality physician-patient relationship. This takes an understanding of the physical and emotional components of the individual, showing concern for the patient, allowing for confidentiality to enhance trust in the relationship, and getting the adolescent involved in his/her own care. The use of a questionnaire for adolescent patients can be helpful in developing those aspects of care that often lead to a quality relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:915457", "title": "Psychophysiology of pain: diagnostic and therapeutic implications.", "content": "Pain problems occupy muct of the time and therapeutic efforts of physicians. Nonmedical practitioners and cultists have likewise attracted many people seeking pain relief. In many cases the cultists seem to do as well as the ethical practitioner. A realistic view of pain takes into account the significance of the pain to the individual, the degree of anxiety and/or depression that contributes to the aggravation and prepetuation of the pain, and finally the manipulative  and defensive value that the pain may have to the individual. A purely mechanistic approach which would attempt to distinguish \"real pain\", ie, pain associated with a demonstrable lesion, and \"imagined pain\" will prove counterproductive. Likewise accusations of consciously pretended pain or malingering tend to be nontherapeutic. A sound therapeutic approach is to regard all pain as real, realizing that the pain of depression may be the most unendurable type of pain. Major psychotropic drugs for relief of anxiety and for treatment of depression have appplication in the management of selected pain problems.", "contents": "Psychophysiology of pain: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Pain problems occupy muct of the time and therapeutic efforts of physicians. Nonmedical practitioners and cultists have likewise attracted many people seeking pain relief. In many cases the cultists seem to do as well as the ethical practitioner. A realistic view of pain takes into account the significance of the pain to the individual, the degree of anxiety and/or depression that contributes to the aggravation and prepetuation of the pain, and finally the manipulative  and defensive value that the pain may have to the individual. A purely mechanistic approach which would attempt to distinguish \"real pain\", ie, pain associated with a demonstrable lesion, and \"imagined pain\" will prove counterproductive. Likewise accusations of consciously pretended pain or malingering tend to be nontherapeutic. A sound therapeutic approach is to regard all pain as real, realizing that the pain of depression may be the most unendurable type of pain. Major psychotropic drugs for relief of anxiety and for treatment of depression have appplication in the management of selected pain problems."}
{"id": "PMID:915458", "title": "Screening during routine health assessment.", "content": "Medical charts of 189 patients receiving routine health examination were reviewed. Of the 15 evaluative procedures included, two (the physical examination and stool for occult blood) were performed by physicians; the remaining 13 were delegated to paramedical personnel and/or outside facilities. A total of 330 of 1,497 (22 percent) were found to be abnormal. Of abnormalities only 144 (44 percent) received follow-up as determined by chart audit. Physician-performed tests yielded 62 of 330 abnormal results. The rate of follow-up for physician-detected abnormalities was 58.1 percent compared to 40 percent for abnormalities found by other providers. To improve follow-up rate it is suggested that only those procedures be performed in which early detection significantly alters morbidity and/or mortality and that a structured definition of follow-up role be established or paramedical personnel.", "contents": "Screening during routine health assessment. Medical charts of 189 patients receiving routine health examination were reviewed. Of the 15 evaluative procedures included, two (the physical examination and stool for occult blood) were performed by physicians; the remaining 13 were delegated to paramedical personnel and/or outside facilities. A total of 330 of 1,497 (22 percent) were found to be abnormal. Of abnormalities only 144 (44 percent) received follow-up as determined by chart audit. Physician-performed tests yielded 62 of 330 abnormal results. The rate of follow-up for physician-detected abnormalities was 58.1 percent compared to 40 percent for abnormalities found by other providers. To improve follow-up rate it is suggested that only those procedures be performed in which early detection significantly alters morbidity and/or mortality and that a structured definition of follow-up role be established or paramedical personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:915459", "title": "The family as the object of care in family practice.", "content": "Family practice as a specialty is based upon the continuing and comprehensive care of families. Much emphasis has been placed upon care of the \"whole-person\" and the family, but actual practice still reflects a predominant focus on the individual, rather than the family, as the object care. There is an important conceptual and practical difference between caring for the individual in the context of the family and caring for the family itself as the patient. Both approaches are required for family medicine to realize its potential in the ongoing care of families. This paper outlines some useful concepts and principles which can help to increase the capability of family physicians to deal with the common problems of individuals and their families.", "contents": "The family as the object of care in family practice. Family practice as a specialty is based upon the continuing and comprehensive care of families. Much emphasis has been placed upon care of the \"whole-person\" and the family, but actual practice still reflects a predominant focus on the individual, rather than the family, as the object care. There is an important conceptual and practical difference between caring for the individual in the context of the family and caring for the family itself as the patient. Both approaches are required for family medicine to realize its potential in the ongoing care of families. This paper outlines some useful concepts and principles which can help to increase the capability of family physicians to deal with the common problems of individuals and their families."}
{"id": "PMID:915460", "title": "An evaluation of primary care preceptorships.", "content": "Participants and nonparticipants in a primary care preceptorship experience were compared on self-reported competencies in basic skills and performance of clinical procedures. A pre--post analysis of participating students was done, documenting the effect of the preceptorship experience on the students' career choices, practice site selections, and competencies in basic skills and in performance of clinical procedures. The experience tended to give precepting students more than nonprecepting students a feeling of confidence in skill areas and in performance of clinical procedures.", "contents": "An evaluation of primary care preceptorships. Participants and nonparticipants in a primary care preceptorship experience were compared on self-reported competencies in basic skills and performance of clinical procedures. A pre--post analysis of participating students was done, documenting the effect of the preceptorship experience on the students' career choices, practice site selections, and competencies in basic skills and in performance of clinical procedures. The experience tended to give precepting students more than nonprecepting students a feeling of confidence in skill areas and in performance of clinical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:915461", "title": "The use of video-tape techniques in the psychiatric training of family physicians.", "content": "This paper describes the use of video-tape techniques in the training of family physicians. Some general objectives for the psychiatric curriculum for family medicine training programs are enumerated. The implementation of these goals include (1) development of a library of video recordings which contain illustrative examples of psychiatric syndromes and management problems that appear frequently in family practices; and (2) use of video-tape recordings of the trainee during routine medical encounters and during counseling sessions for later review with supervising faculty. Some specific examples are cited of what to look for in the medical encounters and of how the video tape allows faculty to be more concrete in their instruction.", "contents": "The use of video-tape techniques in the psychiatric training of family physicians. This paper describes the use of video-tape techniques in the training of family physicians. Some general objectives for the psychiatric curriculum for family medicine training programs are enumerated. The implementation of these goals include (1) development of a library of video recordings which contain illustrative examples of psychiatric syndromes and management problems that appear frequently in family practices; and (2) use of video-tape recordings of the trainee during routine medical encounters and during counseling sessions for later review with supervising faculty. Some specific examples are cited of what to look for in the medical encounters and of how the video tape allows faculty to be more concrete in their instruction."}
{"id": "PMID:915462", "title": "Personal medical reference files for family physicians.", "content": "Family practice has firmly accepted a leadership role in the establishment of practice indexing and control mechanisms for primary care practices and in the continuing education of primary care physicians. These independent programs logically interrelate if the International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC) mobidity coding index is adapted to the maintenance of personal reference and bibliographic files. The literature data base so developed then was direct and specific application to patient care situations, and to continuing education oriented around active case material, teaching, and research. Experience demonstrates a high degree of student responsiveness to such a reference resourse. Yet most receive no exposure to this basic tool throughout their entire medical school and specialty training. An inexpensive, simple system is proposed which can be expanded conveniently to any level of detail, cross-reference capability, and content. This has been found useful in teaching and practice and is well accepted by family medicine residents at the Geisinger Medical Center.", "contents": "Personal medical reference files for family physicians. Family practice has firmly accepted a leadership role in the establishment of practice indexing and control mechanisms for primary care practices and in the continuing education of primary care physicians. These independent programs logically interrelate if the International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC) mobidity coding index is adapted to the maintenance of personal reference and bibliographic files. The literature data base so developed then was direct and specific application to patient care situations, and to continuing education oriented around active case material, teaching, and research. Experience demonstrates a high degree of student responsiveness to such a reference resourse. Yet most receive no exposure to this basic tool throughout their entire medical school and specialty training. An inexpensive, simple system is proposed which can be expanded conveniently to any level of detail, cross-reference capability, and content. This has been found useful in teaching and practice and is well accepted by family medicine residents at the Geisinger Medical Center."}
{"id": "PMID:915463", "title": "Processing time related to patient attitude in a family practice residency model office.", "content": "This paper presents a time-motion study of patient processing in the Ball Memorial Family Practice Residency Model Office during a one-month time period. Time intervals including patient waiting time and patient processing time, ie, length of patient time spent in attendance by various health-care office personnel, were calculated. An assessment intended to reveal patients' attitudes in the context of their visits was performed. Correlation statistical analysis of the time-motion and attitude studies indicates that relatively negative patient attitudes are related to the length of time that the patient spends waiting for the doctor, the length of patient waiting time in the office, and the total time that the patient spends in the office.", "contents": "Processing time related to patient attitude in a family practice residency model office. This paper presents a time-motion study of patient processing in the Ball Memorial Family Practice Residency Model Office during a one-month time period. Time intervals including patient waiting time and patient processing time, ie, length of patient time spent in attendance by various health-care office personnel, were calculated. An assessment intended to reveal patients' attitudes in the context of their visits was performed. Correlation statistical analysis of the time-motion and attitude studies indicates that relatively negative patient attitudes are related to the length of time that the patient spends waiting for the doctor, the length of patient waiting time in the office, and the total time that the patient spends in the office."}
{"id": "PMID:915466", "title": "A new look at the consultation continuum.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to bring into sharp focus the intricate and vital linkages among the active participants in the consultation process (Figure 1). For too long the profession has been locked into a ritualistic, buck-passing processing frequently resulting in unorganized efforts on behalf of objects rather than subjects. The essential overriding concern then could well be represented by the center diagram (the patient and his family) and the supporting persons - communicating before, during, and after the consultation - completing a process which could bring about improvement in the quality of life for the patient, the referring physician, and the family. Through the added efforts to give feedback to the specialist we could conceivably improve the consultant's quality of life too.", "contents": "A new look at the consultation continuum. The purpose of this paper is to bring into sharp focus the intricate and vital linkages among the active participants in the consultation process (Figure 1). For too long the profession has been locked into a ritualistic, buck-passing processing frequently resulting in unorganized efforts on behalf of objects rather than subjects. The essential overriding concern then could well be represented by the center diagram (the patient and his family) and the supporting persons - communicating before, during, and after the consultation - completing a process which could bring about improvement in the quality of life for the patient, the referring physician, and the family. Through the added efforts to give feedback to the specialist we could conceivably improve the consultant's quality of life too."}
{"id": "PMID:915470", "title": "Nystatin as a probe for investigating the electrical properties of a tight epithelium.", "content": "We show how the antibiotic nystatin may be used in conjunction with microelectrodes to resolve transepithelial conductance Gt into its components: Ga, apical membrane conductance; Gbl, basolateral membrane conductance; and Gj, junctional conductance. Mucosal addition of nystatin to rabbit urinary bladder in Na+-containing solutions caused Gt to increase severalfold to ca. 460 micrometerho/muF, and caused the transepithelial voltage Vt to approach +50 mV regardless of its initial value. From measurements of Gt and the voltage-divider ratio as a function of time after addition or removal of nystatin, values for Ga, Gbl, and Gj of untreated bladder could be obtained. Nystatin proved to have no direct effect on Gbl or Gj but to increase Ga by about two orders of magnitude, so that the basolateral membrane then provided almost all of the electrical resistance in the transcellular pathway. The nystatin channel in the apical membrane was more permeable to cations than to anions. The dose-response curve for nystatin had a slope of 4.6. Use of nystatin permitted assessment of whether microelectrode impalement introduced a significant shunt conductance into the untreated apical membrane, with the conclusion that such a shunt was negligible in the present experiments. Nystatin caused a hyperpolarization of the basolateral membrane potential in Na+-containing solutions. This may indicate that the Na+ pump in this membrane is electrogenic.", "contents": "Nystatin as a probe for investigating the electrical properties of a tight epithelium. We show how the antibiotic nystatin may be used in conjunction with microelectrodes to resolve transepithelial conductance Gt into its components: Ga, apical membrane conductance; Gbl, basolateral membrane conductance; and Gj, junctional conductance. Mucosal addition of nystatin to rabbit urinary bladder in Na+-containing solutions caused Gt to increase severalfold to ca. 460 micrometerho/muF, and caused the transepithelial voltage Vt to approach +50 mV regardless of its initial value. From measurements of Gt and the voltage-divider ratio as a function of time after addition or removal of nystatin, values for Ga, Gbl, and Gj of untreated bladder could be obtained. Nystatin proved to have no direct effect on Gbl or Gj but to increase Ga by about two orders of magnitude, so that the basolateral membrane then provided almost all of the electrical resistance in the transcellular pathway. The nystatin channel in the apical membrane was more permeable to cations than to anions. The dose-response curve for nystatin had a slope of 4.6. Use of nystatin permitted assessment of whether microelectrode impalement introduced a significant shunt conductance into the untreated apical membrane, with the conclusion that such a shunt was negligible in the present experiments. Nystatin caused a hyperpolarization of the basolateral membrane potential in Na+-containing solutions. This may indicate that the Na+ pump in this membrane is electrogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:915471", "title": "Lability of the prolonged depolarizing afterpotential in Balanus photoreceptors.", "content": "A large cell to cell variability of the prolonged depolarizing afterpotential (PDA) decay time constant (tau) has been measured in Balanus eberneus lateral ocelli. While 25% of the cells had PDA's of long duration, tau greater than 10 min. 45% of the cells tested showed either weak (tau less than 60 s) PDA or none at all. The variability was not reflected in the late receptor potential. All the cells showed normal light-coincident responses. The variability was not due to some alteration of the thermal stability of the pigment states, since after monochromatic adaptation the amplitude of the early receptor potential remained unchanged for at least 30 min. In addition, in some cells that initially showed PDAs of long duration, the decay time was either shortened or abolished after exposure to anoxia. Again, the late receptor potential and the stability of the pigments remained unaffected. These results indicate that the mechanisms which give rise to the PDA are not always tightly coupled to the direct chain of events that lead to the light-coincident response.", "contents": "Lability of the prolonged depolarizing afterpotential in Balanus photoreceptors. A large cell to cell variability of the prolonged depolarizing afterpotential (PDA) decay time constant (tau) has been measured in Balanus eberneus lateral ocelli. While 25% of the cells had PDA's of long duration, tau greater than 10 min. 45% of the cells tested showed either weak (tau less than 60 s) PDA or none at all. The variability was not reflected in the late receptor potential. All the cells showed normal light-coincident responses. The variability was not due to some alteration of the thermal stability of the pigment states, since after monochromatic adaptation the amplitude of the early receptor potential remained unchanged for at least 30 min. In addition, in some cells that initially showed PDAs of long duration, the decay time was either shortened or abolished after exposure to anoxia. Again, the late receptor potential and the stability of the pigments remained unaffected. These results indicate that the mechanisms which give rise to the PDA are not always tightly coupled to the direct chain of events that lead to the light-coincident response."}
{"id": "PMID:915472", "title": "Inhibition by hypertonic solutions of Ca-dependent electrogenesis in single crab muscle fibers.", "content": "This study describes the effect of hypertonic solutions on isolated muscle fibers of Callinectes danae. Solutions of twice normal tonicity (2.0 T) inhibit both the normal graded membrane responses and the spikes induced by procaine, tetraethylammonium, or barium. The inhibition is maintained throughout exposure to hypertonic solutions prepared by addition of impermeant solutes such as NaCl, sucrose, or Tris-propionate, but is reversible on their withdrawal. In the presence of permeant solutes such as glycerol or acetamide, the inhibition is transient. In both cases the onset of inhibition of the depolarizing Ca electrogenesis is correlated with shrinkage of the fiber. In the case of permeant solutes, the time course of recovery of the graded responses or the spikes follows the recovery of the fiber volume. Changes in the passive electrical characteristics of the fibers due to hypertonic solutions were unrelated to the blockade of membrane Ca activation. The current-voltage relationship in hypertonic sollution revealed no increase in depolarizing K activation. Inhibition of the graded membrane responses and spikes appears to be associated with depression of Ca conductance. Hypertonic solutions might affect the activation of Ca conductance through reduction of the electric field generated by fixed negative surface charges and/or morphological changes in the T tubules. Membrane depolarization elicited little or no tension in 2.0 T solutions while caffeine contracture (10 mM) with an ampliture of 76% of the maximal contractile ability could still be elicited. This indicates that direct effects of hypertonic solutions on the contractile apparatus were not responsible for loss of tension. The latter is attributed to the inhibition of the transmembrane Ca currents.", "contents": "Inhibition by hypertonic solutions of Ca-dependent electrogenesis in single crab muscle fibers. This study describes the effect of hypertonic solutions on isolated muscle fibers of Callinectes danae. Solutions of twice normal tonicity (2.0 T) inhibit both the normal graded membrane responses and the spikes induced by procaine, tetraethylammonium, or barium. The inhibition is maintained throughout exposure to hypertonic solutions prepared by addition of impermeant solutes such as NaCl, sucrose, or Tris-propionate, but is reversible on their withdrawal. In the presence of permeant solutes such as glycerol or acetamide, the inhibition is transient. In both cases the onset of inhibition of the depolarizing Ca electrogenesis is correlated with shrinkage of the fiber. In the case of permeant solutes, the time course of recovery of the graded responses or the spikes follows the recovery of the fiber volume. Changes in the passive electrical characteristics of the fibers due to hypertonic solutions were unrelated to the blockade of membrane Ca activation. The current-voltage relationship in hypertonic sollution revealed no increase in depolarizing K activation. Inhibition of the graded membrane responses and spikes appears to be associated with depression of Ca conductance. Hypertonic solutions might affect the activation of Ca conductance through reduction of the electric field generated by fixed negative surface charges and/or morphological changes in the T tubules. Membrane depolarization elicited little or no tension in 2.0 T solutions while caffeine contracture (10 mM) with an ampliture of 76% of the maximal contractile ability could still be elicited. This indicates that direct effects of hypertonic solutions on the contractile apparatus were not responsible for loss of tension. The latter is attributed to the inhibition of the transmembrane Ca currents."}
{"id": "PMID:915473", "title": "Two naturally occurring transposons indistinguishable from Tn7.", "content": "Two plasmids from different sources, determining trimethoprim and streptomycin resistances, harbour transposons which we designate Tn71 and Tn72. These transposons are indistinguishable from Tn7 in the resistances determined, in their molecular masses and in the number and relative positions of their sites susceptible to the restriction enzymes EcoRI, HindIII and BamHI. We conclude that Tn7 has been naturally spread among plasmids.", "contents": "Two naturally occurring transposons indistinguishable from Tn7. Two plasmids from different sources, determining trimethoprim and streptomycin resistances, harbour transposons which we designate Tn71 and Tn72. These transposons are indistinguishable from Tn7 in the resistances determined, in their molecular masses and in the number and relative positions of their sites susceptible to the restriction enzymes EcoRI, HindIII and BamHI. We conclude that Tn7 has been naturally spread among plasmids."}
{"id": "PMID:915475", "title": "Occurrence and patterns of waxes in Neisseriaceae.", "content": "Forty-five strains classified in the family Neisseriaceae were analysed for wax esters by gas-liquid chromatography. The amounts and types of waxes varied between the taxa. Waxes were not detected in 16 strains of 'true neisseriae' (genus Neisseria) or in two strains of Kingella, but they were found in all 'false neisseriae', in all species of Moraxella except Moraxella phenylpyrouvica, in five out of 10 strains of Acintobacter, and in all strains of a group of psychrophilic, oxidase-positive organisms. The chain lengths of the wax esters ranged from C24 to C42, with C36 predominating. In all taxa, esters with even numbers of carbon atoms constituted 70 to 100% of the total. Saturated, mono-unsaturated and diunsaturated waxes were found. Acinetobacter strains were characterized by large amounts (30 to 98%) of di-unsaturated wax esters; such waxes did not exceed 8% in the 'false neisseriae' or Moraxella spp. Waxes of strains belonging to the psychrophilic, oxidase-positive group generally resembled those found in Moraxella. Wax esters with odd numbers of carbon atoms were abundant in M. lacunata (29%), M. atlantae (15%) and in the psychorophilic group (19 to 28%); long-chain esters (C40 or above) were characteristic of M. atlantae (30%) and one strain of M. osloensis (26%).", "contents": "Occurrence and patterns of waxes in Neisseriaceae. Forty-five strains classified in the family Neisseriaceae were analysed for wax esters by gas-liquid chromatography. The amounts and types of waxes varied between the taxa. Waxes were not detected in 16 strains of 'true neisseriae' (genus Neisseria) or in two strains of Kingella, but they were found in all 'false neisseriae', in all species of Moraxella except Moraxella phenylpyrouvica, in five out of 10 strains of Acintobacter, and in all strains of a group of psychrophilic, oxidase-positive organisms. The chain lengths of the wax esters ranged from C24 to C42, with C36 predominating. In all taxa, esters with even numbers of carbon atoms constituted 70 to 100% of the total. Saturated, mono-unsaturated and diunsaturated waxes were found. Acinetobacter strains were characterized by large amounts (30 to 98%) of di-unsaturated wax esters; such waxes did not exceed 8% in the 'false neisseriae' or Moraxella spp. Waxes of strains belonging to the psychrophilic, oxidase-positive group generally resembled those found in Moraxella. Wax esters with odd numbers of carbon atoms were abundant in M. lacunata (29%), M. atlantae (15%) and in the psychorophilic group (19 to 28%); long-chain esters (C40 or above) were characteristic of M. atlantae (30%) and one strain of M. osloensis (26%)."}
{"id": "PMID:915476", "title": "Streptococcus pleomorphus sp.nov.: an anaerobic streptococcus isolated mainly from the caeca of birds.", "content": "A new species Streptococcus pleomorphus is described. It is obligately anaerobic and classified in the genus Streptococcus because it is a Gram-positive coccus growing in pairs and chains, with a homolactic fermentation of glucose producing L-lactic acid. The GC content of the DNA is 39 mol%. The organism has been mainly isolated from chickens, turkeys and ducks.", "contents": "Streptococcus pleomorphus sp.nov.: an anaerobic streptococcus isolated mainly from the caeca of birds. A new species Streptococcus pleomorphus is described. It is obligately anaerobic and classified in the genus Streptococcus because it is a Gram-positive coccus growing in pairs and chains, with a homolactic fermentation of glucose producing L-lactic acid. The GC content of the DNA is 39 mol%. The organism has been mainly isolated from chickens, turkeys and ducks."}
{"id": "PMID:915477", "title": "Correlation of serological and biochemical groupings of Yersinia enterocolitica with the beta-lactamases of the strains.", "content": "The beta-lactamase isoelectric focusing patterns of 37 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica from various serological and biochemical groups were examined. Strains of different serological groups generally had different patterns, but those of serological groups 1, 2, 3 and 9 were identical.", "contents": "Correlation of serological and biochemical groupings of Yersinia enterocolitica with the beta-lactamases of the strains. The beta-lactamase isoelectric focusing patterns of 37 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica from various serological and biochemical groups were examined. Strains of different serological groups generally had different patterns, but those of serological groups 1, 2, 3 and 9 were identical."}
{"id": "PMID:915478", "title": "Peptide mapping of 125I-labelled influenza virus proteins. Matrix proteins as markers in recombination.", "content": "We have examined the matrix proteins of A/Okuda/57, A/Finland/4/74 and A/New Jersey/8/76 viruses and several recombinant strains by radioiodination of the purified polypeptides followed by tryptic peptide mapping. The method is rapid and requires only small amounts of material. Reproducible differences were detected between the matrix proteins of the above parents and allowed origin of the matrix proteins of the recombinant viruses to be determined. The possible use of matrix protein identity as a marker in recombination work is discussed.", "contents": "Peptide mapping of 125I-labelled influenza virus proteins. Matrix proteins as markers in recombination. We have examined the matrix proteins of A/Okuda/57, A/Finland/4/74 and A/New Jersey/8/76 viruses and several recombinant strains by radioiodination of the purified polypeptides followed by tryptic peptide mapping. The method is rapid and requires only small amounts of material. Reproducible differences were detected between the matrix proteins of the above parents and allowed origin of the matrix proteins of the recombinant viruses to be determined. The possible use of matrix protein identity as a marker in recombination work is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915479", "title": "A study of events in chick cells infected with human adenovirus type 5 and their relationship to the induction of interferon.", "content": "In an attempt to define the molecular events involved in induction of interferon, various parameters of chick cells infected with human adenovirus type 5 were analysed. It was shown by digestion with various proteolytic enzymes and by disruption of the purified virus that induction of interferon requires the interaction of infectious virus with the chick cells. Analysis of adenovirus-infected chick cells by immunological and biochemical techniques indicated that most of the cells produce some virus-specific components, and that temperature sensitive mutants which fail to induce interferon at the restrictive temperature fail to synthesize late components at that temperature. However, since it has been shown that interferon can be induced in the absence of DNA synthesis, these studies conclude that interferon induction results from an early interaction between virus (or virus product) and chick cells and moreover that this interaction is also necessary for the synthesis of virus DNA in this system.", "contents": "A study of events in chick cells infected with human adenovirus type 5 and their relationship to the induction of interferon. In an attempt to define the molecular events involved in induction of interferon, various parameters of chick cells infected with human adenovirus type 5 were analysed. It was shown by digestion with various proteolytic enzymes and by disruption of the purified virus that induction of interferon requires the interaction of infectious virus with the chick cells. Analysis of adenovirus-infected chick cells by immunological and biochemical techniques indicated that most of the cells produce some virus-specific components, and that temperature sensitive mutants which fail to induce interferon at the restrictive temperature fail to synthesize late components at that temperature. However, since it has been shown that interferon can be induced in the absence of DNA synthesis, these studies conclude that interferon induction results from an early interaction between virus (or virus product) and chick cells and moreover that this interaction is also necessary for the synthesis of virus DNA in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:915480", "title": "Internal proteins of influenza virus: 35S-methionine peptide maps as genetic markers.", "content": "Methods are described for the preparation in vivo of 35S-methionine-labelled influenza viruses, the purifiction of the nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix (M) proteins and the separation of peptides obtained by protease digestion by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The maps of the M proteins of A/Okuda/57(H2N2) and A/Finland/4/74(H3N2) were very similar overall but differed in three peptides. Hence they could be clearly distinguished. Maps of the NP proteins of the same strains showed a greater number of differences. A recombinant strain having the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the A/Finland/4/74 parent and the virulence of the A/Okuda/57 parent was shown to have the M and P proteins of A/okuda/57.", "contents": "Internal proteins of influenza virus: 35S-methionine peptide maps as genetic markers. Methods are described for the preparation in vivo of 35S-methionine-labelled influenza viruses, the purifiction of the nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix (M) proteins and the separation of peptides obtained by protease digestion by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The maps of the M proteins of A/Okuda/57(H2N2) and A/Finland/4/74(H3N2) were very similar overall but differed in three peptides. Hence they could be clearly distinguished. Maps of the NP proteins of the same strains showed a greater number of differences. A recombinant strain having the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the A/Finland/4/74 parent and the virulence of the A/Okuda/57 parent was shown to have the M and P proteins of A/okuda/57."}
{"id": "PMID:915481", "title": "Comparative studies of wild-type and 'cold-mutant' (temperature sensitive) influenza viruses: geneology of the matrix (M) and non-structural (NS) proteins in recombinant cold-adapted H3N2 viruses.", "content": "The matrix (M) protein of the H2N2 virus A/Ann Arbor/6/60 may be distinguished from M protein of several H3N2 viruses and A/New Jersey/76 (HSWINI) by SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis using a discontinuous buffer system. The smallest RNA (RNA 8) of the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 virus may be distinguished from RNA 8 of several H3N2 viruses by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in 3% or 3-6% gels in the absence of urea, if electrophoresis is done at 30 to 36 degrees C or 20 degrees C respectively. Ten clones of conditionally-lethal temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were studied, which derived their cold-adaption and ts genes from mutant A/Ann Arbor/6/60, and their haemagglutinin from the H3N2 virus A/Scotland/840/74. Each clone was found to derive its M protein from A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant, and its RNA 8 from A/Scotland/840/74. The only assignment of genes 7 and 8 consistent with these findings for the recombinants is that in each parent virus (and in the recombinants) gene 7 codes for M protein, and gene 8 for NS protein. Furthermore, it may be concluded from the results that the biologically important ts lesions in the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant parent are not present in the NS gene. In addition to the recombinants of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 and A/Scotland/840/74, five independent ts/cold-adapted recombinants of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant with H3N2 and HSWINI wild-type viruses were examined, and all were found to contain the M protein of the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant parent. This is suggestive that M protein may be at least partially responsible for the cold-adaptation and/or ts properties of the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant and the recombinants.", "contents": "Comparative studies of wild-type and 'cold-mutant' (temperature sensitive) influenza viruses: geneology of the matrix (M) and non-structural (NS) proteins in recombinant cold-adapted H3N2 viruses. The matrix (M) protein of the H2N2 virus A/Ann Arbor/6/60 may be distinguished from M protein of several H3N2 viruses and A/New Jersey/76 (HSWINI) by SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis using a discontinuous buffer system. The smallest RNA (RNA 8) of the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 virus may be distinguished from RNA 8 of several H3N2 viruses by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in 3% or 3-6% gels in the absence of urea, if electrophoresis is done at 30 to 36 degrees C or 20 degrees C respectively. Ten clones of conditionally-lethal temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were studied, which derived their cold-adaption and ts genes from mutant A/Ann Arbor/6/60, and their haemagglutinin from the H3N2 virus A/Scotland/840/74. Each clone was found to derive its M protein from A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant, and its RNA 8 from A/Scotland/840/74. The only assignment of genes 7 and 8 consistent with these findings for the recombinants is that in each parent virus (and in the recombinants) gene 7 codes for M protein, and gene 8 for NS protein. Furthermore, it may be concluded from the results that the biologically important ts lesions in the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant parent are not present in the NS gene. In addition to the recombinants of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 and A/Scotland/840/74, five independent ts/cold-adapted recombinants of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant with H3N2 and HSWINI wild-type viruses were examined, and all were found to contain the M protein of the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant parent. This is suggestive that M protein may be at least partially responsible for the cold-adaptation and/or ts properties of the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 mutant and the recombinants."}
{"id": "PMID:915482", "title": "Molecular weight of double-stranded RNA: a re-examination of Aspergillus foetidus virus S RNA components.", "content": "The mol. wt of the three double-stranded RNA (ds-RNA) components of Aspergillus foetidus virus S have been re-determined by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (a) of native ds-RNA with ds-RNA standards and (b) of denatured ds-RNA with single-stranded RNA standards. Good agreement between the two methods and confirmation that the relationship between log mol. wt. and electrophoretic mobility of ds-RNA is not linear were obtained. The new mol. wt. values (4-0 to 4-2 x 10(6); 2-5 to 2-7 x 10(6) and 0-26 to 0-28 x 10(6), resepectively) are significantly higher than those determined previously by linear extrapolation from reovirus ds-RNA standards.", "contents": "Molecular weight of double-stranded RNA: a re-examination of Aspergillus foetidus virus S RNA components. The mol. wt of the three double-stranded RNA (ds-RNA) components of Aspergillus foetidus virus S have been re-determined by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (a) of native ds-RNA with ds-RNA standards and (b) of denatured ds-RNA with single-stranded RNA standards. Good agreement between the two methods and confirmation that the relationship between log mol. wt. and electrophoretic mobility of ds-RNA is not linear were obtained. The new mol. wt. values (4-0 to 4-2 x 10(6); 2-5 to 2-7 x 10(6) and 0-26 to 0-28 x 10(6), resepectively) are significantly higher than those determined previously by linear extrapolation from reovirus ds-RNA standards."}
{"id": "PMID:915483", "title": "Repeated 'superinduction' of interferon in human diploid fibroblast cultures.", "content": "Human diploid fibroblast cultures induced to make interferon by the combination of polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic adic, cycloheximide and actinomycin D degenerate thereafter, owing to the irreversible nature of the inhibition induced by actinomycin D. However, cultures superinduced with the DNA-dependent RNA synthesis inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-I-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimadazole (DRB) survive, owing to the reversible nature of the inhibition induced by DRB, and can again be superinduced on several occasions.", "contents": "Repeated 'superinduction' of interferon in human diploid fibroblast cultures. Human diploid fibroblast cultures induced to make interferon by the combination of polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic adic, cycloheximide and actinomycin D degenerate thereafter, owing to the irreversible nature of the inhibition induced by actinomycin D. However, cultures superinduced with the DNA-dependent RNA synthesis inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-I-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimadazole (DRB) survive, owing to the reversible nature of the inhibition induced by DRB, and can again be superinduced on several occasions."}
{"id": "PMID:915484", "title": "Effect of respiratory syncytial virus infection of HeLa-cell macromolecular synthesis.", "content": "Cells infected with respiratory syncytial (RS) virus eventually die but there appears to be no specific mechanism for shutting off cellular synthesis of macromolecules. DNA and RNA synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of labelled thymidine or uridine, do not begin to shut down until some time between 11 and 18 h after infection. By 18 h their rates of synthesis are reduced to approx. 50% for DNA and 35% for RNA. Protein synthesis continues throughout the course of infection at approximately the same rate. Synthesis of most of the cellular polypeptides also continues, but the distribution of polypeptides of high and low mol. wt. shifts. The increase in the proportion of those of high mol. wt. includes a peak that represents one of the seven previously identified virion polypeptides. Another consequence of RS virus infection is an increase in glucosamine incorporation, beginning near the end of the virus eclipse period (12 h after infection), which may be associated with virion glycoprotein synthesis. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of glucosamine-labelled cells reveals that at 18 h after infection two of the three previously identified virion glycoproteins are present.", "contents": "Effect of respiratory syncytial virus infection of HeLa-cell macromolecular synthesis. Cells infected with respiratory syncytial (RS) virus eventually die but there appears to be no specific mechanism for shutting off cellular synthesis of macromolecules. DNA and RNA synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of labelled thymidine or uridine, do not begin to shut down until some time between 11 and 18 h after infection. By 18 h their rates of synthesis are reduced to approx. 50% for DNA and 35% for RNA. Protein synthesis continues throughout the course of infection at approximately the same rate. Synthesis of most of the cellular polypeptides also continues, but the distribution of polypeptides of high and low mol. wt. shifts. The increase in the proportion of those of high mol. wt. includes a peak that represents one of the seven previously identified virion polypeptides. Another consequence of RS virus infection is an increase in glucosamine incorporation, beginning near the end of the virus eclipse period (12 h after infection), which may be associated with virion glycoprotein synthesis. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of glucosamine-labelled cells reveals that at 18 h after infection two of the three previously identified virion glycoproteins are present."}
{"id": "PMID:915485", "title": "Age-dependent and strain-related differences of virulence of Semliki Forest virus in mice.", "content": "Factors that influence the virulence of Semliki Forest virus for mice have been studied. In vivo experiments showed that maximum brain infectivities following i.p. inoculation of adult mice with a virus strain of low virulence were less than those found in mice showing clinical signs in virulent infections. The virulent strains generally caused death before antibody could be detected in brain tissue; the less virulent strain caused an infection that was neuroinvasive, but infectivity increased less rapidly in the brain and allowed antibody to intervene before clinical signs were apparent. IgG3 antibody was first detected in brain tissue coincident with the beginning of the decline of brain infectivities in avirulent infections; other sub-classes of IgG antibody were not detected until later. In vitro experiments showed differences in abilities of SFV strains to replicate in tissue culture and adult mouse brain tissue, and differences in susceptibility to infection of brain tissue from mice of various ages. These in vitro results could provide a basis for differences of virulence.", "contents": "Age-dependent and strain-related differences of virulence of Semliki Forest virus in mice. Factors that influence the virulence of Semliki Forest virus for mice have been studied. In vivo experiments showed that maximum brain infectivities following i.p. inoculation of adult mice with a virus strain of low virulence were less than those found in mice showing clinical signs in virulent infections. The virulent strains generally caused death before antibody could be detected in brain tissue; the less virulent strain caused an infection that was neuroinvasive, but infectivity increased less rapidly in the brain and allowed antibody to intervene before clinical signs were apparent. IgG3 antibody was first detected in brain tissue coincident with the beginning of the decline of brain infectivities in avirulent infections; other sub-classes of IgG antibody were not detected until later. In vitro experiments showed differences in abilities of SFV strains to replicate in tissue culture and adult mouse brain tissue, and differences in susceptibility to infection of brain tissue from mice of various ages. These in vitro results could provide a basis for differences of virulence."}
{"id": "PMID:915486", "title": "[Three families with pericentric inversion of chromosome 9].", "content": "The authors describe three unrelated families who had a pericentric inversion of chromosome 9. Three female patients and 9 out of 16 members of their families were heterozygous carriers of the same chromosomal recombination. This anomaly has been found with a frequency of about 1% in our laboratory. The different clinical and cytogenetic implications are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Three families with pericentric inversion of chromosome 9]. The authors describe three unrelated families who had a pericentric inversion of chromosome 9. Three female patients and 9 out of 16 members of their families were heterozygous carriers of the same chromosomal recombination. This anomaly has been found with a frequency of about 1% in our laboratory. The different clinical and cytogenetic implications are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915487", "title": "A new translocation involving chromosomes no. 5 and no. 12 t(5;12) (5q15;12p13).", "content": "A new case of translocation between chromosomes No. 5 and No. 12 is described. The translocation t(5;12) (5q15;12p13) is apparently balanced and was found in a child aged 3 1/2 years who was affected with severe psychomotor retardation. On the basis of the clinical picture it is suggested that the phenotype could be not dependent on the chromosomal alteration.", "contents": "A new translocation involving chromosomes no. 5 and no. 12 t(5;12) (5q15;12p13). A new case of translocation between chromosomes No. 5 and No. 12 is described. The translocation t(5;12) (5q15;12p13) is apparently balanced and was found in a child aged 3 1/2 years who was affected with severe psychomotor retardation. On the basis of the clinical picture it is suggested that the phenotype could be not dependent on the chromosomal alteration."}
{"id": "PMID:915488", "title": "[Genetic counselling (results of ten years experience). III. Evaluation of risk (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 924 consultations for definite or probable genetic disorders, two persons out of five seeking counselling run a high risk (10% or more) of having an affected child, one in five a risk varying between 1% and 9%, and two out of five a negligeable risk (less than 1%). In most cases (three out of four) individuals with affected relatives could be completely reassured, whilst one out of two affected persons seeking counselling ran a high risk of having a child who would suffer the same handicap. Among the normal parents with affected children, one out of three could be completely reassured, but on the other hand the same proportion ran a high risk of having another affected child. The calculated risks were compared in prenuptial, pre-pregnancy and prenatal counselling. The evaluation of the risk is only the first step in the counselling and certain special situations were chosen to demonstrate the factors which can modify the risk. The authors stress that genetic counselling, which is rarely simply indicative, should often be directive. In some cases, the prenatal diagnosis converts the theoretical risk into a certainty.", "contents": "[Genetic counselling (results of ten years experience). III. Evaluation of risk (author's transl)]. Among 924 consultations for definite or probable genetic disorders, two persons out of five seeking counselling run a high risk (10% or more) of having an affected child, one in five a risk varying between 1% and 9%, and two out of five a negligeable risk (less than 1%). In most cases (three out of four) individuals with affected relatives could be completely reassured, whilst one out of two affected persons seeking counselling ran a high risk of having a child who would suffer the same handicap. Among the normal parents with affected children, one out of three could be completely reassured, but on the other hand the same proportion ran a high risk of having another affected child. The calculated risks were compared in prenuptial, pre-pregnancy and prenatal counselling. The evaluation of the risk is only the first step in the counselling and certain special situations were chosen to demonstrate the factors which can modify the risk. The authors stress that genetic counselling, which is rarely simply indicative, should often be directive. In some cases, the prenatal diagnosis converts the theoretical risk into a certainty."}
{"id": "PMID:915489", "title": "Cytogenetic findings in 125 patients with Turner's syndrome and abnormal karyotypes.", "content": "A total of 186 girls with clinical signs of Turner's syndrome were cytogenetically studied. From this total, 125 (67.20%) had abnormal and 61 (32.80%) normal karyotypes. Among the patients with abnormal karyotypes, 68 had negative sex chromatin (54.40%) and 57 positive sex chromatin (45.60%). Chromosomal studies in chromatin-negative patients allowed us to detect 44 karyotypes 45,X, 20 structural X anomalies (14 rings, 4 deletions for the long arm, 2 deletions for the short arm) and 4 patients with 45,X/46,XY mosaics, while chromosomal studies in chromatin-positive patients revealed 57 abnormal and 61 normal karyotypes. The isochromosome for the long X arm was more frequent, either in pure line or in mosaicism, than the 45,X/46,XX mosaic. From the 61 patients with normal karyotypes, 21 had significative short stature (under the 3rd percentile) as the main feature, with the bone age equal to, or advanced for chronological age. The remaining 40 patients had, in addition, other typical features of Turner's syndrome. Although the possibility of a not detected mosaic cannot be discarded, its absence would suggest a genetic etiology.", "contents": "Cytogenetic findings in 125 patients with Turner's syndrome and abnormal karyotypes. A total of 186 girls with clinical signs of Turner's syndrome were cytogenetically studied. From this total, 125 (67.20%) had abnormal and 61 (32.80%) normal karyotypes. Among the patients with abnormal karyotypes, 68 had negative sex chromatin (54.40%) and 57 positive sex chromatin (45.60%). Chromosomal studies in chromatin-negative patients allowed us to detect 44 karyotypes 45,X, 20 structural X anomalies (14 rings, 4 deletions for the long arm, 2 deletions for the short arm) and 4 patients with 45,X/46,XY mosaics, while chromosomal studies in chromatin-positive patients revealed 57 abnormal and 61 normal karyotypes. The isochromosome for the long X arm was more frequent, either in pure line or in mosaicism, than the 45,X/46,XX mosaic. From the 61 patients with normal karyotypes, 21 had significative short stature (under the 3rd percentile) as the main feature, with the bone age equal to, or advanced for chronological age. The remaining 40 patients had, in addition, other typical features of Turner's syndrome. Although the possibility of a not detected mosaic cannot be discarded, its absence would suggest a genetic etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:915490", "title": "The cognitive style dimension of reflectivity-impulsivity in normal and emotionally disturbed adolescents.", "content": "Thirty-two emotionally disturbed and 23 normal adolescents were given two test of cognitive style developed by Kagan (Matching Familiar Figures and the Haptic-Visual Tests). The results were analyzed to evaluate two major hypotheses: (a) that emotionally disturbed adolescents perform differently on the tests than normal adolescents; and (b) that members of both groups reveal a high degree of stability among various subtest scores, both within the same test and across different tests. In testing the first hypothesis, the authors discovered minimal differences in mean scores for the different samples on each of the five subtests involved. However, a more complex analysis was carried out on the basis of the assumption that extreme scores on the various items were a more meaningful indicator of performance than simple means. This analysis yielded the conclusion that these emotionally disturbed adolescents were more impulsive (i.e., answered more quickly and made more errors) than their counterparts in public schools. An analysis of the intercorrelations between different tests and within tests in testing the second hypothesis revealed 19 out of 40 significant correlations, with an additional 14 out of the remaining 21 in the predicted direction. Finally, nine out of the 10 correlations combining the subgroups were statistically significant.", "contents": "The cognitive style dimension of reflectivity-impulsivity in normal and emotionally disturbed adolescents. Thirty-two emotionally disturbed and 23 normal adolescents were given two test of cognitive style developed by Kagan (Matching Familiar Figures and the Haptic-Visual Tests). The results were analyzed to evaluate two major hypotheses: (a) that emotionally disturbed adolescents perform differently on the tests than normal adolescents; and (b) that members of both groups reveal a high degree of stability among various subtest scores, both within the same test and across different tests. In testing the first hypothesis, the authors discovered minimal differences in mean scores for the different samples on each of the five subtests involved. However, a more complex analysis was carried out on the basis of the assumption that extreme scores on the various items were a more meaningful indicator of performance than simple means. This analysis yielded the conclusion that these emotionally disturbed adolescents were more impulsive (i.e., answered more quickly and made more errors) than their counterparts in public schools. An analysis of the intercorrelations between different tests and within tests in testing the second hypothesis revealed 19 out of 40 significant correlations, with an additional 14 out of the remaining 21 in the predicted direction. Finally, nine out of the 10 correlations combining the subgroups were statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:915491", "title": "Problem-solving rigidity of children on perceptual tasks as a function of parental authoritarianism.", "content": "The effect of parental authoritarianism on the rigid problem-solving behavior of 25 10- to 12-year-old children was examined. Children were tested on three perceptually ambiguous tasks in an experimentally induced ego-involving situation. Authoritarianism in one parent was associated with authoritarianism in the other. Children's greater difficulty on all three tasks was associated with higher parental authoritarianism; opposite sex correlations betweens sons' and mothers' and between daughters' and fathers' scores are stronger than same sex correlations. Children were consistent across all three tasks on rigid problem-solving behavior. It is suggested that rigid problem-solving behavior may mediate the transmission of authoritarianism from parent to child.", "contents": "Problem-solving rigidity of children on perceptual tasks as a function of parental authoritarianism. The effect of parental authoritarianism on the rigid problem-solving behavior of 25 10- to 12-year-old children was examined. Children were tested on three perceptually ambiguous tasks in an experimentally induced ego-involving situation. Authoritarianism in one parent was associated with authoritarianism in the other. Children's greater difficulty on all three tasks was associated with higher parental authoritarianism; opposite sex correlations betweens sons' and mothers' and between daughters' and fathers' scores are stronger than same sex correlations. Children were consistent across all three tasks on rigid problem-solving behavior. It is suggested that rigid problem-solving behavior may mediate the transmission of authoritarianism from parent to child."}
{"id": "PMID:915493", "title": "Sufism and psychiatry.", "content": "The questions, \"What is the purpose of living?\" and \"Why do I exist?\" haunt modern Western civilization and the absence of an adequate answer to them has given rise to the \"illness\" of meaninglessness or anomie. Psychiatrists, themselves, are afflicted with the same illness, partly because the problem of the meaning of life is solved by a special type of perception rather than by logic--psychiatry is trapped by its commitment to rationalism. Sufism, on the other hand, is a tradition devoted to the development of the higher intuitive capacity needed to deal with this issue. By taking advantage of the special science of the Sufis, Western civilization may be able to extricate itself from its dilemma and contribute to the development of man's full capacities.", "contents": "Sufism and psychiatry. The questions, \"What is the purpose of living?\" and \"Why do I exist?\" haunt modern Western civilization and the absence of an adequate answer to them has given rise to the \"illness\" of meaninglessness or anomie. Psychiatrists, themselves, are afflicted with the same illness, partly because the problem of the meaning of life is solved by a special type of perception rather than by logic--psychiatry is trapped by its commitment to rationalism. Sufism, on the other hand, is a tradition devoted to the development of the higher intuitive capacity needed to deal with this issue. By taking advantage of the special science of the Sufis, Western civilization may be able to extricate itself from its dilemma and contribute to the development of man's full capacities."}
{"id": "PMID:915495", "title": "Neuropsychological correlates of chronic alcoholism and aging.", "content": "Independent investigations of alcoholism and aging have demonstrated significant parallels between the two phenomena suggesting the possibility of \"premature aging\" as a result of alcoholism. To test this hypothesis a cross-sectional design was utilized with three groups of 20 male subjects: young normal (mean age 31 years), young alcoholics (mean age 33 years), and elderly normal (mean age 71 years). Eleven objective measures, selected from a battery of sensory and perceptual motor tests routinely used to evaluate cerebral dysfunction in hospitalized patients, were compared for the three groups. The results indicated a definite general decline in neuropsychological functioning with aging and suggested a similar trend with alcoholism. The tendency seen with alcoholism was least apparent with regard to fundamental sensory-motor functions and the perceptual functions of vision and audition and most apparent with regard to short term memory and abstract reasoning, i.e., higher mental processes. The results provided support for the hypothesis that chronic alcoholism causes premature aging of neuropsychological functions and possibly the brain.", "contents": "Neuropsychological correlates of chronic alcoholism and aging. Independent investigations of alcoholism and aging have demonstrated significant parallels between the two phenomena suggesting the possibility of \"premature aging\" as a result of alcoholism. To test this hypothesis a cross-sectional design was utilized with three groups of 20 male subjects: young normal (mean age 31 years), young alcoholics (mean age 33 years), and elderly normal (mean age 71 years). Eleven objective measures, selected from a battery of sensory and perceptual motor tests routinely used to evaluate cerebral dysfunction in hospitalized patients, were compared for the three groups. The results indicated a definite general decline in neuropsychological functioning with aging and suggested a similar trend with alcoholism. The tendency seen with alcoholism was least apparent with regard to fundamental sensory-motor functions and the perceptual functions of vision and audition and most apparent with regard to short term memory and abstract reasoning, i.e., higher mental processes. The results provided support for the hypothesis that chronic alcoholism causes premature aging of neuropsychological functions and possibly the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:915496", "title": "Autofellatio: a power and dependency conflict.", "content": "The literature concerning autofellatio is reviewed, and two additional cases are reported. A third case of a neurotic patient in whom there was a reversal of an autofellatio fantasy is presented. These cases seem to involve narcissism, dependency, and power conflicts as have those cases previously reported in the literature.", "contents": "Autofellatio: a power and dependency conflict. The literature concerning autofellatio is reviewed, and two additional cases are reported. A third case of a neurotic patient in whom there was a reversal of an autofellatio fantasy is presented. These cases seem to involve narcissism, dependency, and power conflicts as have those cases previously reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:915497", "title": "Maintenance antipsychotic pharmacotherapy, relapse, and length of stay out of the hospital in chronic schizophrenics in Greece.", "content": "A retrospective study of 820 rehospitalization of chronic schizophrenics in Greece showed no significant difference in the discharge-rehospitalization, discharge-relapse, and relapse-rehospitalization time intervals, between the patients who continued to receive their medication after discharge regularly, and the patients who discontinued their medication upon discharge. Furthermore, there seemed to be an increased social adaptability or tolerance of the psychotic behavior of the patients who had discontinued their medication, suggested by their longer relapse-rehospitalization time interval.", "contents": "Maintenance antipsychotic pharmacotherapy, relapse, and length of stay out of the hospital in chronic schizophrenics in Greece. A retrospective study of 820 rehospitalization of chronic schizophrenics in Greece showed no significant difference in the discharge-rehospitalization, discharge-relapse, and relapse-rehospitalization time intervals, between the patients who continued to receive their medication after discharge regularly, and the patients who discontinued their medication upon discharge. Furthermore, there seemed to be an increased social adaptability or tolerance of the psychotic behavior of the patients who had discontinued their medication, suggested by their longer relapse-rehospitalization time interval."}
{"id": "PMID:915499", "title": "Effect of injecting 5-methoxy indoles, pineal compounds, on testicular weight of white leghorn  cockerels (Gallus domesticus L.).", "content": "White leghorn cockerels of the same age with combs of about equal size and raised under identical conditions were injected with melatonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, or with 5-methoxytryptophol in combination with melatonin. Melatonin, injected in animals with small comb sizes, has no effect on testicular growth, whereas an inhibiting effect is noticed in animals with larger comb sizes. The 5-methoxytryptophol treated animals demonstrated stimulated testicular growth, which can be interpreted as an acceleration of the rhythm of growth. The stimulatory effect on testicular growth is more distinct if 5-methoxytryptophol is injected in combination with melatonin.", "contents": "Effect of injecting 5-methoxy indoles, pineal compounds, on testicular weight of white leghorn  cockerels (Gallus domesticus L.). White leghorn cockerels of the same age with combs of about equal size and raised under identical conditions were injected with melatonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, or with 5-methoxytryptophol in combination with melatonin. Melatonin, injected in animals with small comb sizes, has no effect on testicular growth, whereas an inhibiting effect is noticed in animals with larger comb sizes. The 5-methoxytryptophol treated animals demonstrated stimulated testicular growth, which can be interpreted as an acceleration of the rhythm of growth. The stimulatory effect on testicular growth is more distinct if 5-methoxytryptophol is injected in combination with melatonin."}
{"id": "PMID:915502", "title": "Dopamine formation from phenylalanine: independent existence in caudate nucleus synaptosomes.", "content": "Dopa and dopamine formations from phenylalanine and tyrosine in rat caudate nucleus synaptosomal preparation were studied. Phenylalanine and tyrosine, labelled with either 14C or 3H, were employed as cosubstrates leading to the formations of double labelled Dopa and dopamine. The ratio of the two isotopes in dopamine was found to be significantly different from that in Dopa. The results suggest that Dopa formed from the cosubstrates are compartmented.", "contents": "Dopamine formation from phenylalanine: independent existence in caudate nucleus synaptosomes. Dopa and dopamine formations from phenylalanine and tyrosine in rat caudate nucleus synaptosomal preparation were studied. Phenylalanine and tyrosine, labelled with either 14C or 3H, were employed as cosubstrates leading to the formations of double labelled Dopa and dopamine. The ratio of the two isotopes in dopamine was found to be significantly different from that in Dopa. The results suggest that Dopa formed from the cosubstrates are compartmented."}
{"id": "PMID:915503", "title": "Correlation of anxiety and related symptoms with cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in depressed women.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were determined in 31 women with unipolar involutional depression using the probenecid technique. Values were found to be lower in depression as compared to controls, but they did not correlate with the severity of the clinical picture. Anxiety, insomnia and drug response however showed significant correlation with pretreatment 5-HIAA level. Some possible interpretations are discussed.", "contents": "Correlation of anxiety and related symptoms with cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in depressed women. Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were determined in 31 women with unipolar involutional depression using the probenecid technique. Values were found to be lower in depression as compared to controls, but they did not correlate with the severity of the clinical picture. Anxiety, insomnia and drug response however showed significant correlation with pretreatment 5-HIAA level. Some possible interpretations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915504", "title": "An improved fluorimetric method for assay of dopa in urine and tissues and its use for determination of urinary dopa, at endogenous level, in different species.", "content": "An optimized fluorimetric method is presented which permits the analysis of DOPA in urine or tissues, at endogenous levels. A wide variety of eluates can be analyzed by applying the manual or the automated schedule. The automated manifold, developed for DOPA assay, may be used to estimate norepinephrine (NE) in other samples, by only changing the nature of reagents to be pumped. Amounts of DOPA as low as 0.3 ng/ml of eluate can be detected. Determinations of endogenous DOPA are reported in urinary samples of Humans, Rats, Dogs and Sheeps, and in brain of Rats. The pattern of changes in DOPA urinary excretion has been investigated as a function of time in Rats. Dietary influences have been studied in Man, Rat and Dog. It is concluded that the greatest part of free and conjugated DOPA excreted in urine of these animals has an endogenous origin.", "contents": "An improved fluorimetric method for assay of dopa in urine and tissues and its use for determination of urinary dopa, at endogenous level, in different species. An optimized fluorimetric method is presented which permits the analysis of DOPA in urine or tissues, at endogenous levels. A wide variety of eluates can be analyzed by applying the manual or the automated schedule. The automated manifold, developed for DOPA assay, may be used to estimate norepinephrine (NE) in other samples, by only changing the nature of reagents to be pumped. Amounts of DOPA as low as 0.3 ng/ml of eluate can be detected. Determinations of endogenous DOPA are reported in urinary samples of Humans, Rats, Dogs and Sheeps, and in brain of Rats. The pattern of changes in DOPA urinary excretion has been investigated as a function of time in Rats. Dietary influences have been studied in Man, Rat and Dog. It is concluded that the greatest part of free and conjugated DOPA excreted in urine of these animals has an endogenous origin."}
{"id": "PMID:915505", "title": "Objectivation of latent psychoses.", "content": "A method--the flicker-frequency-analysis (FFA)--is reported by which it is possible to differentiate latent psychoses with neurotic sensation- and behaviour-disorders and \"neuroses\". The consecutive early treatment prevents irreversible lesions.", "contents": "Objectivation of latent psychoses. A method--the flicker-frequency-analysis (FFA)--is reported by which it is possible to differentiate latent psychoses with neurotic sensation- and behaviour-disorders and \"neuroses\". The consecutive early treatment prevents irreversible lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:915506", "title": "Differentiation of communicating hydrocephalus and presenile dementia by continuous recording of cerebrospinal fluid pressure.", "content": "Continuous monitoring of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure and observation of the pressure during intrathecal infusion of normal saline at two rates were performed in patients with communicating hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy of other causes. Constant or temporarily increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure was observed only in communicating hydrocephalus. Reduction of intracranial pressure by a ventriculoatrial shunt was associated with clinical improvement. The intrathecal infusion test was capable of detecting reduced absorption of cerebrospinal fluid if more than one infusion rate was employed. Using both tests it is easier to determine which patients with communicating hydrocephalus should be treated with a shunt operation.", "contents": "Differentiation of communicating hydrocephalus and presenile dementia by continuous recording of cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Continuous monitoring of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure and observation of the pressure during intrathecal infusion of normal saline at two rates were performed in patients with communicating hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy of other causes. Constant or temporarily increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure was observed only in communicating hydrocephalus. Reduction of intracranial pressure by a ventriculoatrial shunt was associated with clinical improvement. The intrathecal infusion test was capable of detecting reduced absorption of cerebrospinal fluid if more than one infusion rate was employed. Using both tests it is easier to determine which patients with communicating hydrocephalus should be treated with a shunt operation."}
{"id": "PMID:915507", "title": "Trigeminal sensory symptoms associated with hydrocephalus.", "content": "In three patients, trigeminal sensory symptoms remitted with treatment of associated hydrocephalus, two with facial pain resembling trigeminal neuralgia, and one with facial paraesthesiae. The pathological basis of these phenomena and their relationship to idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia are discussed.", "contents": "Trigeminal sensory symptoms associated with hydrocephalus. In three patients, trigeminal sensory symptoms remitted with treatment of associated hydrocephalus, two with facial pain resembling trigeminal neuralgia, and one with facial paraesthesiae. The pathological basis of these phenomena and their relationship to idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915508", "title": "Evidence of silent cerebral embolism in patients with amaurosis fugax.", "content": "In 34 patients who presented with attacks of amaurosis fugax with no evidence of cerebral involvement, EEG, angiographic, and regional cerebral blood flow studies were carried out. Six of 23 EEGs, one of 21 angiograms, and five of six regional blood flow studies were thought to provide evidence of silent cerebral embolism. The implications for the management of patients who present with isolated amaurosis fugax are discussed.", "contents": "Evidence of silent cerebral embolism in patients with amaurosis fugax. In 34 patients who presented with attacks of amaurosis fugax with no evidence of cerebral involvement, EEG, angiographic, and regional cerebral blood flow studies were carried out. Six of 23 EEGs, one of 21 angiograms, and five of six regional blood flow studies were thought to provide evidence of silent cerebral embolism. The implications for the management of patients who present with isolated amaurosis fugax are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915509", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid enzymes in acute brain injury. 1. Dynamics of changes in CSF enzyme activity after acute experimental brain injury.", "content": "Changes in CSF enzyme activity were studied after brain trauma for their prognostic value. Raised values of CPK and HBDH were demonstrated in the CSF of patients with severe brain injuries. Standardised cold lesions of the brain were induced in cats. The activities of the enzymes CPK, HBDH, LDH, GOT, GPT, and pseudocholinesterase were studied at half hour intervals in the cerebrospinal fluid and at hourly intervals in the serum. A statistically highly significant increase of all enzymes studied developed in the CSF. The greatest changes occurred within four hours of freezing. Large increases could occur in half an hour. Isoenzyme studies demonstrated that CPK and LDH were of cerebral origin. No consistently significant changes could be shown in the serum enzyme activity. It is concluded that after brain injuries, enzymes are released into the extracellular fluid of the brain and transported to the CSF. The limited value of a single enzyme estimation is emphasised. The results described seem to provide indirect evidence for transependymal flow of extracellular fluid in brain oedema.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid enzymes in acute brain injury. 1. Dynamics of changes in CSF enzyme activity after acute experimental brain injury. Changes in CSF enzyme activity were studied after brain trauma for their prognostic value. Raised values of CPK and HBDH were demonstrated in the CSF of patients with severe brain injuries. Standardised cold lesions of the brain were induced in cats. The activities of the enzymes CPK, HBDH, LDH, GOT, GPT, and pseudocholinesterase were studied at half hour intervals in the cerebrospinal fluid and at hourly intervals in the serum. A statistically highly significant increase of all enzymes studied developed in the CSF. The greatest changes occurred within four hours of freezing. Large increases could occur in half an hour. Isoenzyme studies demonstrated that CPK and LDH were of cerebral origin. No consistently significant changes could be shown in the serum enzyme activity. It is concluded that after brain injuries, enzymes are released into the extracellular fluid of the brain and transported to the CSF. The limited value of a single enzyme estimation is emphasised. The results described seem to provide indirect evidence for transependymal flow of extracellular fluid in brain oedema."}
{"id": "PMID:915510", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid enzymes in acute brain injury. 2. Relation of CSF enzyme activity to extent of brain injury.", "content": "The value of CSF enzyme estimations as indices of the extent of brain damage was studied in the experimental situation. Standard cold lesions of different severity were induced in cats. The activities of the enzymes CPK, HBDH, LDH, GOT, AND ChE were studied at half hour intervals in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The ventricular and cisternal fluid pressure, and the arterial blood pressure were monitored continuously. Significantly higher enzyme levels were found in the animals with more severe injuries of the brain.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid enzymes in acute brain injury. 2. Relation of CSF enzyme activity to extent of brain injury. The value of CSF enzyme estimations as indices of the extent of brain damage was studied in the experimental situation. Standard cold lesions of different severity were induced in cats. The activities of the enzymes CPK, HBDH, LDH, GOT, AND ChE were studied at half hour intervals in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The ventricular and cisternal fluid pressure, and the arterial blood pressure were monitored continuously. Significantly higher enzyme levels were found in the animals with more severe injuries of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:915511", "title": "Long-term effect of glucocorticosteroids on neuromuscular blocking in mice.", "content": "The effect of dexamethasone, given thrice weekly, on neuromuscular blocking by D-tubocurarine was studied in mice. Dexamethasone antagonised the effect of D-tubocurarine. This antagonism developed gradually during the first two weeks of treatment. The possible relationship between this finding and the beneficial effect of glucocorticosteroids in patients with myasthenia gravis is discussed.", "contents": "Long-term effect of glucocorticosteroids on neuromuscular blocking in mice. The effect of dexamethasone, given thrice weekly, on neuromuscular blocking by D-tubocurarine was studied in mice. Dexamethasone antagonised the effect of D-tubocurarine. This antagonism developed gradually during the first two weeks of treatment. The possible relationship between this finding and the beneficial effect of glucocorticosteroids in patients with myasthenia gravis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915512", "title": "Antagonist muscle activity during rapid arm movements: central versus proprioceptive influences.", "content": "Seven normal subjects were instructed to adduct the arm as fast as possible. On some trials the movement was prevented mechanically. For each movement or attempted movement, the EMG response in the antagonist muscle was measured. On trials in which no movement occurred, the respones were significantly smaller than those obtained during free, ballistic movement. The results demonstrate the role of proprioceptive influences on the contraction of the antagonist muscle.", "contents": "Antagonist muscle activity during rapid arm movements: central versus proprioceptive influences. Seven normal subjects were instructed to adduct the arm as fast as possible. On some trials the movement was prevented mechanically. For each movement or attempted movement, the EMG response in the antagonist muscle was measured. On trials in which no movement occurred, the respones were significantly smaller than those obtained during free, ballistic movement. The results demonstrate the role of proprioceptive influences on the contraction of the antagonist muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:915513", "title": "Paroxysmal choreoathetosis as a presenting symptom in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "A patient with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism presenting with spells of paroxysmal choreoathetosis is described. The possible mechanisms by which hypoparathyroidism induces choreoathetosis and other extrapyramidal motor dyfunctions are discussed. The need for screening patients with extrapyramidal disease for hypoparathyroidism is stressed.", "contents": "Paroxysmal choreoathetosis as a presenting symptom in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. A patient with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism presenting with spells of paroxysmal choreoathetosis is described. The possible mechanisms by which hypoparathyroidism induces choreoathetosis and other extrapyramidal motor dyfunctions are discussed. The need for screening patients with extrapyramidal disease for hypoparathyroidism is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:915514", "title": "Verbal learning dysfunction with combined centre median and amygdala lesions.", "content": "Stereotaxic lesions in either or both amygdala did not impair verbal learning ability (presented by ear as a paired-associates test). Centre median lesions alone did not impair this form of learning; however, when combined with a left amygdala lesion a significant decrease in scores occurred which persisted for up to two years after operation. The data support a hypothesis that medial thalamic structures have alerting functions in learning mechanisms.", "contents": "Verbal learning dysfunction with combined centre median and amygdala lesions. Stereotaxic lesions in either or both amygdala did not impair verbal learning ability (presented by ear as a paired-associates test). Centre median lesions alone did not impair this form of learning; however, when combined with a left amygdala lesion a significant decrease in scores occurred which persisted for up to two years after operation. The data support a hypothesis that medial thalamic structures have alerting functions in learning mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:915515", "title": "Neurological stuttering-a clinical entity?", "content": "Stuttering associated with neurological pathology in normal adult speakers is uncommon, has no consistent clinicopathological picture, and its significance is too easily dismissed. A case is reported showing that stuttering may be a presenting symptom of progressive neurological disease, and another case demonstrates that a speech disorder which is indistinguishable from common stuttering may follow cerebral follow injury in adulthood.", "contents": "Neurological stuttering-a clinical entity? Stuttering associated with neurological pathology in normal adult speakers is uncommon, has no consistent clinicopathological picture, and its significance is too easily dismissed. A case is reported showing that stuttering may be a presenting symptom of progressive neurological disease, and another case demonstrates that a speech disorder which is indistinguishable from common stuttering may follow cerebral follow injury in adulthood."}
{"id": "PMID:915516", "title": "Teased fibre study of early nerve lesions in leprosy and in contacts, with electrophysiological correlates.", "content": "A teased fibre technique was used to study 19 biopsies of the index finger branch of the radial cutaneous nerve of leprosy patients and contacts. These were compared with four normal nerves. Five nerves were from patients with preclinical nerve lesions, five from leprosy patients with minimal sensory nerve impairment, and five from contacts of lepromatous leprosy. The extent of demyelination in preclinical nerve lesions in leprosy and in contacts of leprosy is recorded. The usefulness of nerve conduction velocity studies in early leprosy patients and in contacts is discussed.", "contents": "Teased fibre study of early nerve lesions in leprosy and in contacts, with electrophysiological correlates. A teased fibre technique was used to study 19 biopsies of the index finger branch of the radial cutaneous nerve of leprosy patients and contacts. These were compared with four normal nerves. Five nerves were from patients with preclinical nerve lesions, five from leprosy patients with minimal sensory nerve impairment, and five from contacts of lepromatous leprosy. The extent of demyelination in preclinical nerve lesions in leprosy and in contacts of leprosy is recorded. The usefulness of nerve conduction velocity studies in early leprosy patients and in contacts is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915517", "title": "Does cross-innervation occur after facial palsy?", "content": "When the unaffected facial nerve was stimulated in 30 patients with facial palsy, evoked action potentials could be recorded from the contralateral (paralysed) perioral muscles. Similarly, in four normal subjects responses were evoked contralateral to the stimulated facial nerve. The latency of these responses in the patients remained unchanged over several months, and they were conducted at a rate compatible with conduction along muscle fibres. The contralateral responses are suggested to be due to conduction along muscle fibres crossing the midline rather than to cross-innervation.", "contents": "Does cross-innervation occur after facial palsy? When the unaffected facial nerve was stimulated in 30 patients with facial palsy, evoked action potentials could be recorded from the contralateral (paralysed) perioral muscles. Similarly, in four normal subjects responses were evoked contralateral to the stimulated facial nerve. The latency of these responses in the patients remained unchanged over several months, and they were conducted at a rate compatible with conduction along muscle fibres. The contralateral responses are suggested to be due to conduction along muscle fibres crossing the midline rather than to cross-innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:915518", "title": "Encephaloceles in Nigerian Igbos.", "content": "A survey of surgical specimens submitted to a central laboratory suggests that the Igbos of Nigeria are a further ethnic group in whom the anterior encephalocele is comparatively common.", "contents": "Encephaloceles in Nigerian Igbos. A survey of surgical specimens submitted to a central laboratory suggests that the Igbos of Nigeria are a further ethnic group in whom the anterior encephalocele is comparatively common."}
{"id": "PMID:915520", "title": "Electron-microscopic X-ray microanalysis of normal and diseased human muscle.", "content": "Electron-microscopic X-ray microanalysis has been used to compare elemental concentrations in specific organelles in normal and diseased human muscle. An elevated calcium to phosphorus ratio has been found in both myonuclei and interstitial cell nuclei in diseased muscle compared with controls. Preliminary observations also suggest that differences in elemental concentrations may be associated with structural abnormalities such as internal nuclei, and loss of myofibrils.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic X-ray microanalysis of normal and diseased human muscle. Electron-microscopic X-ray microanalysis has been used to compare elemental concentrations in specific organelles in normal and diseased human muscle. An elevated calcium to phosphorus ratio has been found in both myonuclei and interstitial cell nuclei in diseased muscle compared with controls. Preliminary observations also suggest that differences in elemental concentrations may be associated with structural abnormalities such as internal nuclei, and loss of myofibrils."}
{"id": "PMID:915521", "title": "Blood flow in peripheral nerves. Normal and post severance flow rates.", "content": "Regional blood flow has been measured in the sciatic nerve of cats utilizing the method of hydrogen polarography. The mean baseline flow of the sciatic nerve in cats was found to be 43 ml/100 g/min +/- 1.6 SD. Flow rates were somewhat erratic in both the proximal and distal segments of the nerve following nerve severance. The erratic flows were observed over the first 30 min following nerve cutting and by 1 hr had essentially stabilized at approximately the pre-severance flow level.", "contents": "Blood flow in peripheral nerves. Normal and post severance flow rates. Regional blood flow has been measured in the sciatic nerve of cats utilizing the method of hydrogen polarography. The mean baseline flow of the sciatic nerve in cats was found to be 43 ml/100 g/min +/- 1.6 SD. Flow rates were somewhat erratic in both the proximal and distal segments of the nerve following nerve severance. The erratic flows were observed over the first 30 min following nerve cutting and by 1 hr had essentially stabilized at approximately the pre-severance flow level."}
{"id": "PMID:915522", "title": "Absence of autoregulation in peripheral nerve blood flow.", "content": "Blood flow was measured in the sciatic nerve of cats utilizing the method of hydrogen polarography. The mean baseline blood flow for all animals was found to be 47.1 ml/100 g/min +/- 14.9 SD. The flow changes produced by lowering the blood pressure by exsanguination and elevation by the use of angiotensin were then evaluated. The highest (normal) levels of blood flow were observed between the mean blood pressures of 80-110 mm Hg. At mean systemic arterial pressures of less than 85, there was a marked decrease in peripheral nerve blood flow with no detectable flow being measured below mean systemic pressures of 50 mm Hg. Above 105 mm Hg mean arterial pressure, there was a very gradual and progressive decline in blood flow to the levels measured at 200 mm Hg. These findings indicate a complete absence of vascular autoregulation in the peripheral nerve trunks.", "contents": "Absence of autoregulation in peripheral nerve blood flow. Blood flow was measured in the sciatic nerve of cats utilizing the method of hydrogen polarography. The mean baseline blood flow for all animals was found to be 47.1 ml/100 g/min +/- 14.9 SD. The flow changes produced by lowering the blood pressure by exsanguination and elevation by the use of angiotensin were then evaluated. The highest (normal) levels of blood flow were observed between the mean blood pressures of 80-110 mm Hg. At mean systemic arterial pressures of less than 85, there was a marked decrease in peripheral nerve blood flow with no detectable flow being measured below mean systemic pressures of 50 mm Hg. Above 105 mm Hg mean arterial pressure, there was a very gradual and progressive decline in blood flow to the levels measured at 200 mm Hg. These findings indicate a complete absence of vascular autoregulation in the peripheral nerve trunks."}
{"id": "PMID:915523", "title": "Acrylamide autonomic neuropathy in the cat. Part 1. Neurophysiological and histological studies.", "content": "Neurophysiological and histological studies have been performed on the sympathetic nervous system of cats poisoned with acrylamide. The neurophysiological studies indicate that the large and small diameter myelinated fibres are damaged in the sympathetic nervous system in association with damage to the fibres of the peripheral nervous system. Quantative histological studies confirmed and extended the neurophysiological findings; there was a loss of myelinated fibres of all diameters from the sympathetic, parasympathetic and peripheral nervous system.", "contents": "Acrylamide autonomic neuropathy in the cat. Part 1. Neurophysiological and histological studies. Neurophysiological and histological studies have been performed on the sympathetic nervous system of cats poisoned with acrylamide. The neurophysiological studies indicate that the large and small diameter myelinated fibres are damaged in the sympathetic nervous system in association with damage to the fibres of the peripheral nervous system. Quantative histological studies confirmed and extended the neurophysiological findings; there was a loss of myelinated fibres of all diameters from the sympathetic, parasympathetic and peripheral nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:915524", "title": "Acrylamide autonomic neuropathy in the cat. Part 2. Effects on mesenteric vascular control.", "content": "Mesenteric blood flow has been studied in cats poisoned with acrylamide. In severely poisoned animals, there is impairment of the neural control of the mesenteric vascular bed. The diminished response of the mesenteric bed to tyramine administration, the increased response to phenylephrine and noradrenaline and the failure of the nerve endings to take up exogenous noradrenaline are indicative of damage to the postganglionic unmyelinated fibres. The studies support the view that disturbance of blood pressure control in autonomic neuropathy is related to the impaired vasomotor control of the splanchnic bed.", "contents": "Acrylamide autonomic neuropathy in the cat. Part 2. Effects on mesenteric vascular control. Mesenteric blood flow has been studied in cats poisoned with acrylamide. In severely poisoned animals, there is impairment of the neural control of the mesenteric vascular bed. The diminished response of the mesenteric bed to tyramine administration, the increased response to phenylephrine and noradrenaline and the failure of the nerve endings to take up exogenous noradrenaline are indicative of damage to the postganglionic unmyelinated fibres. The studies support the view that disturbance of blood pressure control in autonomic neuropathy is related to the impaired vasomotor control of the splanchnic bed."}
{"id": "PMID:915525", "title": "Automatic analysis of the electromyogram in healthy subjects of different ages.", "content": "The technique of automatic analysis of the electromyogram is reviewed in detail. Observations on new series of healthy subjects which may serve as a control series for comparisons with subjects with neuromuscular disease are reported. The advantages to clinical practice of using fixed standard loads for the examination are stressed. Increase in the mean amplitude of the interference pattern wasfound with increasing age in biceps brachii and tibialis anterior (but not in vastus medialis). There was no corresponding increase in mean turns count. It is suggested that this change is due to increasing mild chronic partial denervation in these 2 muscles with advancing age.", "contents": "Automatic analysis of the electromyogram in healthy subjects of different ages. The technique of automatic analysis of the electromyogram is reviewed in detail. Observations on new series of healthy subjects which may serve as a control series for comparisons with subjects with neuromuscular disease are reported. The advantages to clinical practice of using fixed standard loads for the examination are stressed. Increase in the mean amplitude of the interference pattern wasfound with increasing age in biceps brachii and tibialis anterior (but not in vastus medialis). There was no corresponding increase in mean turns count. It is suggested that this change is due to increasing mild chronic partial denervation in these 2 muscles with advancing age."}
{"id": "PMID:915526", "title": "Automatic analysis of the electromyogram in patients with chronic partial denervation.", "content": "The technique of automatic analysis of the electromyogram has been applied to patients with chronic partial denervation due to a wide variety of causes. Elevation of the mean amplitude more than 2 SD above the control group mean without significant change in the mean turns count was a consistent index of chronic partial denervation. The degree of elevation was linked to the severity of the weakness in motor neurone disease. Elevation of mean amplitude of comparable degree was found in patients with motor neuropathies of long duration. The elevation of mean amplitude is considered to be due to increase in the density of muscle fibres in the motor units due to reinnervation.", "contents": "Automatic analysis of the electromyogram in patients with chronic partial denervation. The technique of automatic analysis of the electromyogram has been applied to patients with chronic partial denervation due to a wide variety of causes. Elevation of the mean amplitude more than 2 SD above the control group mean without significant change in the mean turns count was a consistent index of chronic partial denervation. The degree of elevation was linked to the severity of the weakness in motor neurone disease. Elevation of mean amplitude of comparable degree was found in patients with motor neuropathies of long duration. The elevation of mean amplitude is considered to be due to increase in the density of muscle fibres in the motor units due to reinnervation."}
{"id": "PMID:915528", "title": "Anatomo-clinical correlations in normotensive hydrocephalus. Reports on three cases.", "content": "The brains of 3 adult subjects suffering from normotensive hydrocephalus have been examined pathologically. The diagnosis of normotensive hydrocephalus was based on clinical symptoms, pneumoencephalography and isotope cisternography, in 1 case integrated with the results of the constant-infusion manometric test. Part of the neuropathological findings were common to the 3 patients: leptomeningeal non-obstructive fibrosis, ventricular ependymal disruption, subependymal glial reaction, periventricular demyelination and spongiosis. Other neuropathological abnormalities were peculiar to each patient: leptomeningeal signs of previous subarachnoid haemorrhage; arteriosclerosis and multiple brain cystic infarcts; Alzheimer's plaques in the gray matter. The possible pathogenetic significance of the neuropathological findings summarized above in relation to the development of normotensive hydrocephalus is discussed.", "contents": "Anatomo-clinical correlations in normotensive hydrocephalus. Reports on three cases. The brains of 3 adult subjects suffering from normotensive hydrocephalus have been examined pathologically. The diagnosis of normotensive hydrocephalus was based on clinical symptoms, pneumoencephalography and isotope cisternography, in 1 case integrated with the results of the constant-infusion manometric test. Part of the neuropathological findings were common to the 3 patients: leptomeningeal non-obstructive fibrosis, ventricular ependymal disruption, subependymal glial reaction, periventricular demyelination and spongiosis. Other neuropathological abnormalities were peculiar to each patient: leptomeningeal signs of previous subarachnoid haemorrhage; arteriosclerosis and multiple brain cystic infarcts; Alzheimer's plaques in the gray matter. The possible pathogenetic significance of the neuropathological findings summarized above in relation to the development of normotensive hydrocephalus is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915529", "title": "Acute viral polymyositis with predominant diaphragm involvement.", "content": "A 20-month-old mentally retarded girl developed an acute upper respiratory infection, followed by breathing difficulties, leading to death. Picorna virus-like particles were demonstrated in a mildly affected quadriceps femoris muscle biopsy, while the necropsy findings demonstrated an acute polymyositis with predominant diaphragm involvement. The mental retardation was due to micropolygyria of the brain. Initial respiratory difficulties are an unknown feature of polymyositis. In this case the upper respiratory infection, possibly caused by a Coxsackie B2, is evoked as responsible for this unusual distribution of the acute viral polymyositis.", "contents": "Acute viral polymyositis with predominant diaphragm involvement. A 20-month-old mentally retarded girl developed an acute upper respiratory infection, followed by breathing difficulties, leading to death. Picorna virus-like particles were demonstrated in a mildly affected quadriceps femoris muscle biopsy, while the necropsy findings demonstrated an acute polymyositis with predominant diaphragm involvement. The mental retardation was due to micropolygyria of the brain. Initial respiratory difficulties are an unknown feature of polymyositis. In this case the upper respiratory infection, possibly caused by a Coxsackie B2, is evoked as responsible for this unusual distribution of the acute viral polymyositis."}
{"id": "PMID:915531", "title": "Is there acetylcholine receptor in human thymus?", "content": "Recent studies have suggested that thymus tissue of the calf may bear nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The presence of similar receptors in thymus tissue of man could thereby serve as a source of antigen for the production of antibody to the acetylcholine receptor in patients with myasthenia gravis. In the present experiments, human thymus tissue was examined for the presence of acetylcholine receptor. Both [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin binding and antiserum to the human acetylcholine receptor were used in tests for acetylcholine receptor in thymus glands from normal individuals and from patients with myasthenia gravis. Neither normal nor myasthenic thymus tissue were found to possess the [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin binding or the antigenic properties of the acetylcholine receptor.", "contents": "Is there acetylcholine receptor in human thymus? Recent studies have suggested that thymus tissue of the calf may bear nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The presence of similar receptors in thymus tissue of man could thereby serve as a source of antigen for the production of antibody to the acetylcholine receptor in patients with myasthenia gravis. In the present experiments, human thymus tissue was examined for the presence of acetylcholine receptor. Both [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin binding and antiserum to the human acetylcholine receptor were used in tests for acetylcholine receptor in thymus glands from normal individuals and from patients with myasthenia gravis. Neither normal nor myasthenic thymus tissue were found to possess the [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin binding or the antigenic properties of the acetylcholine receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:915532", "title": "[Lissencephaly: agyria. A study using the Golgi technic].", "content": "A case of lissencephaly (agyria) is reported in which the Golgi stain was used to study the fronto-parietal cortex. The external cellular layer, the so-called true cortex, was shown to be made up of neurons from the 5th and 6th layers of the normal cortex. The neurons in the much less cellular layer were shown to be large pyramidal cells with well-developed dendritic branching and spines. The deeper cellular layer was a neuronal pool without well-defined layering. All the neural forms from the normal cortex were represented. In this layer the inner neurons showed a less advanced stage of development than did those in the outer groups. In the external cellular layer there was a disorganization of neuronal disposition as well. Otherwise typical large and medium-sized pyramidal cells from the outer third showed apical dendrites directed towards deeper structures, and the basal dendrites ran through the marginal layer. Neurons with doulbe dendritic branching and fusiform neurons were present in an abnormal rotated position. In both cases, the axons always showed a descending direction. These findings add to existing knowledge concerning the anatomy of the lissencephalic cortex, although the exact interpretation of the abnormalities found in the external cellular layer remains speculative.", "contents": "[Lissencephaly: agyria. A study using the Golgi technic]. A case of lissencephaly (agyria) is reported in which the Golgi stain was used to study the fronto-parietal cortex. The external cellular layer, the so-called true cortex, was shown to be made up of neurons from the 5th and 6th layers of the normal cortex. The neurons in the much less cellular layer were shown to be large pyramidal cells with well-developed dendritic branching and spines. The deeper cellular layer was a neuronal pool without well-defined layering. All the neural forms from the normal cortex were represented. In this layer the inner neurons showed a less advanced stage of development than did those in the outer groups. In the external cellular layer there was a disorganization of neuronal disposition as well. Otherwise typical large and medium-sized pyramidal cells from the outer third showed apical dendrites directed towards deeper structures, and the basal dendrites ran through the marginal layer. Neurons with doulbe dendritic branching and fusiform neurons were present in an abnormal rotated position. In both cases, the axons always showed a descending direction. These findings add to existing knowledge concerning the anatomy of the lissencephalic cortex, although the exact interpretation of the abnormalities found in the external cellular layer remains speculative."}
{"id": "PMID:915533", "title": "The identification of mossy fibres and their cells of origin in the normal and Lurcher mutant mouse.", "content": "The behavioural mutant mouse Lurcher survives to adult life as the heterozygote (Lc/+) and shows a disorder of gait. The neurological lesion has been shown to involve degeneration of Purkinje cells and inferior olivary neurones (Caddy and Biscoe 1976). It follows that the climbing fibre input is reduced and we wished to know if the mossy fibre input was also affected. Heterozygote Lurcher mutants were compared with the wild type in all experiments. Mossy fibre glomeruli were identified in the cerebellum of the mutant mouse by electron microscopy. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the cerebellum and was found in the cells of Clarke's column in the spinal cord. Electrophysiological experiments showed that following stimulation of the sciatic nerve evoked responses could be recorded in the cerebellum. It is concluded that the mossy fibre input to the cerebellum is intact in the Lurcher mutant mouse.", "contents": "The identification of mossy fibres and their cells of origin in the normal and Lurcher mutant mouse. The behavioural mutant mouse Lurcher survives to adult life as the heterozygote (Lc/+) and shows a disorder of gait. The neurological lesion has been shown to involve degeneration of Purkinje cells and inferior olivary neurones (Caddy and Biscoe 1976). It follows that the climbing fibre input is reduced and we wished to know if the mossy fibre input was also affected. Heterozygote Lurcher mutants were compared with the wild type in all experiments. Mossy fibre glomeruli were identified in the cerebellum of the mutant mouse by electron microscopy. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the cerebellum and was found in the cells of Clarke's column in the spinal cord. Electrophysiological experiments showed that following stimulation of the sciatic nerve evoked responses could be recorded in the cerebellum. It is concluded that the mossy fibre input to the cerebellum is intact in the Lurcher mutant mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:915534", "title": "Satellite cells and muscle regeneration in diseased human skeletal muscles.", "content": "By virtue of the lanthanum nitrate staining technique applied to biopsied muscle we are able to demonstrate interaction between satellite cells and parent myofibers, as well as development of premyocytes from activated satellite cells. The process of regeneration in diseased muscle appears to differ from that described in experimental myogenesis. Transformation of activated satellite cells to two types of premyocytes in the process of muscle regeneration seems to rely primarily on the state of innervation and recovery rate of the parent cell after injury. Activated satellite cells are characterized morphologically by proliferation of caveolae, first on the parent fiber side, and early T-tubule and myofilament formation and central displacement. In diseased human muscle the satellite cells appear to play significant roles in muscle regeneration both as a source of reinforcement for failing metabolism in the parent cell and as potential replacements for the necrotic segment of the parent cell. This study also demonstrates that the satellite cells are capable of developing into independent myocytes which may fuse with or replace the parent cell, dependent upon the type and extent of the injury sustained. Abnormal fusion among premyocytes or with their parent fiber, resulting in formation of split-or ring-fibers, becomes conceivable when both innervation and recovery from the injury of the parent cell are delayed. Thus, myotube formation, characteristic of usual myogenesis, seldom takes place in the regenerative process instituted by satellite cells in diseased human skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Satellite cells and muscle regeneration in diseased human skeletal muscles. By virtue of the lanthanum nitrate staining technique applied to biopsied muscle we are able to demonstrate interaction between satellite cells and parent myofibers, as well as development of premyocytes from activated satellite cells. The process of regeneration in diseased muscle appears to differ from that described in experimental myogenesis. Transformation of activated satellite cells to two types of premyocytes in the process of muscle regeneration seems to rely primarily on the state of innervation and recovery rate of the parent cell after injury. Activated satellite cells are characterized morphologically by proliferation of caveolae, first on the parent fiber side, and early T-tubule and myofilament formation and central displacement. In diseased human muscle the satellite cells appear to play significant roles in muscle regeneration both as a source of reinforcement for failing metabolism in the parent cell and as potential replacements for the necrotic segment of the parent cell. This study also demonstrates that the satellite cells are capable of developing into independent myocytes which may fuse with or replace the parent cell, dependent upon the type and extent of the injury sustained. Abnormal fusion among premyocytes or with their parent fiber, resulting in formation of split-or ring-fibers, becomes conceivable when both innervation and recovery from the injury of the parent cell are delayed. Thus, myotube formation, characteristic of usual myogenesis, seldom takes place in the regenerative process instituted by satellite cells in diseased human skeletal muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:915535", "title": "The cytoarchitecture of the inferior colliculus in the cat. A stereological approach.", "content": "The present study gives an histometric analysis of cells in the different subdivisions of the inferior colliculus. The use of principles and methods of stereology allows the definition of various cellular parameters, i.e. nuclear and cell volume, nuclear and cell profile areas, nuclear diameter, volume proportion of perikaryon, nuclear/cytoplasmic volume ratio and nuclear packing density. Our data confirm the existence of at least 3 parts in the inferior colliculus of the cat, namely: the ventral, the dorso-medial and the lateral parts. We furnish the various parameters which permit the characterisation of cells in these different parts. The dorso medial part or region appears to be composed of numerous cells characterized by their small volume and their high nuclear/cytoplasmic volume ratio. The ventral region seems to be distinguished by its scattered cells, characterized by their large volume and their low nuclear/cytoplasmic volume ratio, whereas the lateral region appears as an intermediate one with scattered cells of low volume. It seems notable that these cytoarchitectonic subdivisions fit well with the functional subdivision since the dorsomedial region receives cortical fibres, the ventral region receives cochlear fibres and the lateral region receives both cortical and cochlear fibres.", "contents": "The cytoarchitecture of the inferior colliculus in the cat. A stereological approach. The present study gives an histometric analysis of cells in the different subdivisions of the inferior colliculus. The use of principles and methods of stereology allows the definition of various cellular parameters, i.e. nuclear and cell volume, nuclear and cell profile areas, nuclear diameter, volume proportion of perikaryon, nuclear/cytoplasmic volume ratio and nuclear packing density. Our data confirm the existence of at least 3 parts in the inferior colliculus of the cat, namely: the ventral, the dorso-medial and the lateral parts. We furnish the various parameters which permit the characterisation of cells in these different parts. The dorso medial part or region appears to be composed of numerous cells characterized by their small volume and their high nuclear/cytoplasmic volume ratio. The ventral region seems to be distinguished by its scattered cells, characterized by their large volume and their low nuclear/cytoplasmic volume ratio, whereas the lateral region appears as an intermediate one with scattered cells of low volume. It seems notable that these cytoarchitectonic subdivisions fit well with the functional subdivision since the dorsomedial region receives cortical fibres, the ventral region receives cochlear fibres and the lateral region receives both cortical and cochlear fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:915536", "title": "Neuromuscular paralysis caused by tick envenomation.", "content": "The Australian scrub-tick Ixodes holocyclus causes a series of significant toxic effects in its victims. The most important feature of tick envenomation is neuromuscular paralysis. Children poisoned by ticks may manifest only local motoneural effects, usually facial paralysis. Progressive ascending flaccid paralysis occurs if the removal of an embedded tick is delayed. The specific neurological features of tick-bite are discussed in the light of a series of 6 children who all showed signs of tick paralysis. Tick venom is known to slow nerve conduction, and may have a botulinum-like effect at the neuromuscular junction. The literature on the neurological effects of tick-envenomation is reviewed.", "contents": "Neuromuscular paralysis caused by tick envenomation. The Australian scrub-tick Ixodes holocyclus causes a series of significant toxic effects in its victims. The most important feature of tick envenomation is neuromuscular paralysis. Children poisoned by ticks may manifest only local motoneural effects, usually facial paralysis. Progressive ascending flaccid paralysis occurs if the removal of an embedded tick is delayed. The specific neurological features of tick-bite are discussed in the light of a series of 6 children who all showed signs of tick paralysis. Tick venom is known to slow nerve conduction, and may have a botulinum-like effect at the neuromuscular junction. The literature on the neurological effects of tick-envenomation is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:915537", "title": "Computerized image recognition for morphometry of nerve attribute of shape of sampled transverse sections of myelinated fibers which best estimates their average diameter.", "content": "A computerized image recognition method was used to measure various attributes of shape of cross-sections of myelinated nerve fibers. Measurements were made at intervals over 1/2 internode of each fiber on 20 fibers from each of 4 sural nerves from rats. Diameters were computed in 6 different ways from the computer measurements and compared for bias, precision, and accuracy between sections and to the diameter of an idealized cylinder reconstructed for each fiber from multiple actual cross sections. The diameter computed from cross-sectional areas of transversely sectioned myelinated fibers, converted into a circle, showed the highest precision, greatest accuracy and least bias. Fibers were classified by shape and the frequency was determined in defined regions (I1 = paranodal, I3= nuclear and I2=region between I1 and I3) of the 1/2 internode. A crenated shape is highly characteristic of the I1 region. The boomerang shape was found most frequently in I3 whereas the circular shape was found most frequently in I2. Epileptical and boomerang shapes of myelinated fibers within fascicles which have been orientated carefully to obtain transverse sections, are not due to obliquity of section. Therefore, using the minor axis to determine the diameter of such profiles, as we had done previously in our laboratory, is in error. We conclude from these studies, that in carefully orientated transverse sections of nerve trucks, the diameter calculated from measurement of area converted to a circular shape is the best among the various estimates of myelinated fiber diameter and is the most suitable one for use in computerized image recognition systems for nerve morphometry. It seems reasonable to extrapolate this general conclusion to myelinated fibers of man.", "contents": "Computerized image recognition for morphometry of nerve attribute of shape of sampled transverse sections of myelinated fibers which best estimates their average diameter. A computerized image recognition method was used to measure various attributes of shape of cross-sections of myelinated nerve fibers. Measurements were made at intervals over 1/2 internode of each fiber on 20 fibers from each of 4 sural nerves from rats. Diameters were computed in 6 different ways from the computer measurements and compared for bias, precision, and accuracy between sections and to the diameter of an idealized cylinder reconstructed for each fiber from multiple actual cross sections. The diameter computed from cross-sectional areas of transversely sectioned myelinated fibers, converted into a circle, showed the highest precision, greatest accuracy and least bias. Fibers were classified by shape and the frequency was determined in defined regions (I1 = paranodal, I3= nuclear and I2=region between I1 and I3) of the 1/2 internode. A crenated shape is highly characteristic of the I1 region. The boomerang shape was found most frequently in I3 whereas the circular shape was found most frequently in I2. Epileptical and boomerang shapes of myelinated fibers within fascicles which have been orientated carefully to obtain transverse sections, are not due to obliquity of section. Therefore, using the minor axis to determine the diameter of such profiles, as we had done previously in our laboratory, is in error. We conclude from these studies, that in carefully orientated transverse sections of nerve trucks, the diameter calculated from measurement of area converted to a circular shape is the best among the various estimates of myelinated fiber diameter and is the most suitable one for use in computerized image recognition systems for nerve morphometry. It seems reasonable to extrapolate this general conclusion to myelinated fibers of man."}
{"id": "PMID:915538", "title": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig. Failure to suppress with crude human chorionic gonadotrophin.", "content": "A single intraperitoneal dose of 3000 IU of crude human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), of proven in vitro immunosuppressive activity, gave only marginal effect on the clinical and histopathological course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in guinea pigs, which did not reach statistical significance. Treatment 7 and 11 days after immunization significantly reduced the Mantoux reaction concomitant with decreased perivascular inflammation, but with unaltered or (when treated at onset) slightly enhanced clinical disease, with in vitro lymphocyte reactivity increased in accord. Much earlier treatment gave the opposite effect of a marginal improvement. HCG in vitro immunosuppressive potency was dependent on its concentration, intensity of immune response and sequence of addition. While the action of HCG on EAE does not point to an effective therapy for multiple sclerosis, as suggested by the influence of pregnancy on this disease, non-HCG fractions of urine during pregnancy may yet contain highly efficacious immunosuppressants.", "contents": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig. Failure to suppress with crude human chorionic gonadotrophin. A single intraperitoneal dose of 3000 IU of crude human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), of proven in vitro immunosuppressive activity, gave only marginal effect on the clinical and histopathological course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in guinea pigs, which did not reach statistical significance. Treatment 7 and 11 days after immunization significantly reduced the Mantoux reaction concomitant with decreased perivascular inflammation, but with unaltered or (when treated at onset) slightly enhanced clinical disease, with in vitro lymphocyte reactivity increased in accord. Much earlier treatment gave the opposite effect of a marginal improvement. HCG in vitro immunosuppressive potency was dependent on its concentration, intensity of immune response and sequence of addition. While the action of HCG on EAE does not point to an effective therapy for multiple sclerosis, as suggested by the influence of pregnancy on this disease, non-HCG fractions of urine during pregnancy may yet contain highly efficacious immunosuppressants."}
{"id": "PMID:915540", "title": "Age-related changes in occurrence of Marchi-positive granules and Marchi-positive myelinoid bodies in postnatally developing feline white matter.", "content": "The occurrence of clusters of Marchi-positive granules and of Marchi-positive myelinoid bodies at different postnatal developmental stages was examined lightmicroscopically in Vibratome sections from the cervical lateral funiculus of the cat, after perfusion-fixation with glutaraldehyde. The findings show that clusters of Marchi-positive granules are most common at birth and rapidly decrease in number with development, being largely absent in animals older than 1 month. The pattern of change resembles the postnatal changes in content of esterified cholesterol in the cervical lateral funiculus and is compatible with the view that the clusters of Marchi-positive granules may result from spontaneous myelin sheath disintegration occurring early postnatally. The incidence of Marchi-positive myelinoid bodies increases 7 times during the first 4 months after birth to a peak and declines about 40% during late maturation. The size spectrum of the Marchi-positve bodies shifts markedly towards larger sizes with development and presents a close to mature picture from 120 days on. Comparisons between the Marchi-positive myelinoid bodies and the myelin sheaths in the same region, with respect to postnatal change in occurrence and size spectrum, suggest that the Marchi-positive bodies are related to myelin sheaths of large fibres or fibres destined to become large.", "contents": "Age-related changes in occurrence of Marchi-positive granules and Marchi-positive myelinoid bodies in postnatally developing feline white matter. The occurrence of clusters of Marchi-positive granules and of Marchi-positive myelinoid bodies at different postnatal developmental stages was examined lightmicroscopically in Vibratome sections from the cervical lateral funiculus of the cat, after perfusion-fixation with glutaraldehyde. The findings show that clusters of Marchi-positive granules are most common at birth and rapidly decrease in number with development, being largely absent in animals older than 1 month. The pattern of change resembles the postnatal changes in content of esterified cholesterol in the cervical lateral funiculus and is compatible with the view that the clusters of Marchi-positive granules may result from spontaneous myelin sheath disintegration occurring early postnatally. The incidence of Marchi-positive myelinoid bodies increases 7 times during the first 4 months after birth to a peak and declines about 40% during late maturation. The size spectrum of the Marchi-positve bodies shifts markedly towards larger sizes with development and presents a close to mature picture from 120 days on. Comparisons between the Marchi-positive myelinoid bodies and the myelin sheaths in the same region, with respect to postnatal change in occurrence and size spectrum, suggest that the Marchi-positive bodies are related to myelin sheaths of large fibres or fibres destined to become large."}
{"id": "PMID:915552", "title": "Oxidation products of N-methyl-2,2,7,8-tetramethyl-6-amino-chroman, a model compound of N-methyl-gamma-tocopheramine with potassium ferricyanide.", "content": "N-Methyl-2,2,7,8-tetramethyl-6-amino-chroman, a model compound of N-methyl-gamma-tocopheramine, was submitted to an oxidation study with alkaline potassium ferricyanide. As oxidative products, 2,2,7,8-tetramethyl-6-amino-chroman and dimeric (VI) were identified. Also, a trace of compound C which might be a azochroman was detected. It was concluded that an N radical formation is necessary to take the role of a biological antioxidant of N-methyl-gamma-tocopheramine.", "contents": "Oxidation products of N-methyl-2,2,7,8-tetramethyl-6-amino-chroman, a model compound of N-methyl-gamma-tocopheramine with potassium ferricyanide. N-Methyl-2,2,7,8-tetramethyl-6-amino-chroman, a model compound of N-methyl-gamma-tocopheramine, was submitted to an oxidation study with alkaline potassium ferricyanide. As oxidative products, 2,2,7,8-tetramethyl-6-amino-chroman and dimeric (VI) were identified. Also, a trace of compound C which might be a azochroman was detected. It was concluded that an N radical formation is necessary to take the role of a biological antioxidant of N-methyl-gamma-tocopheramine."}
{"id": "PMID:915553", "title": "Some characteristics of cytosol binding protein for 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in rat intestinal mucosa.", "content": "Cytosol binding protein for 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and 25-OHD3 was demonstrated in rat intestinal mucosa using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation analysis, Sephadex G-200 column chromatography and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The binding protein has a sedimentation constant of 5-6S, a molecular weight of 100,000-120,000 daltons and a mobility in electrophoresis of Rf 0.42. Further analysis of binding behavior by DEAE-cellulose filter assays revealed that the bindig protein had a higher affinity for 25-OHD3 than for 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3, and that 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 competed with 25-OHD3 for the same binding site on the protein. The apparent dissociation constant for 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and 25-OHD3 was 9.2 X 10(-9) M and 1.5 X 10(-9) M, respectively. The binding capacity was 3.1 pmoles/mg protein for both 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and 25-OHD3. The order of binding affinity was 25-OHD3 greater than 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 greater than D3 = 1alpha-OHD3.", "contents": "Some characteristics of cytosol binding protein for 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in rat intestinal mucosa. Cytosol binding protein for 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and 25-OHD3 was demonstrated in rat intestinal mucosa using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation analysis, Sephadex G-200 column chromatography and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The binding protein has a sedimentation constant of 5-6S, a molecular weight of 100,000-120,000 daltons and a mobility in electrophoresis of Rf 0.42. Further analysis of binding behavior by DEAE-cellulose filter assays revealed that the bindig protein had a higher affinity for 25-OHD3 than for 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3, and that 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 competed with 25-OHD3 for the same binding site on the protein. The apparent dissociation constant for 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and 25-OHD3 was 9.2 X 10(-9) M and 1.5 X 10(-9) M, respectively. The binding capacity was 3.1 pmoles/mg protein for both 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and 25-OHD3. The order of binding affinity was 25-OHD3 greater than 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 greater than D3 = 1alpha-OHD3."}
{"id": "PMID:915555", "title": "Influence of intestinal microbes on heat production in germ-free, gnotobiotic and conventional mice.", "content": "To observe the influence of intestinal microbes on energy metabolism, male ICR strain germ-free (GF) mice, gnotobiotic (GB) mice, produced from GF mice monocontaminated with Staphylococcus epidermidis (Staph.) at three weeks of age, and conventional (CV) mice were used. Metabolizable energy, heat production and net energy (gain) per mouse were measured for three weeks when the mice were given 5 Mrad 60Co irradiated purified whole-egg protein diet from 5 to 8 weeks of age. With respect to metabolizable energy and heat production per mouse or per kg of metabolic body size for three weeks, CV mice gave the highest values, followed by GB and GF mice. GV mice showed the highest net energy (gain) followed by GF mice, with GB mice having the lowest value.", "contents": "Influence of intestinal microbes on heat production in germ-free, gnotobiotic and conventional mice. To observe the influence of intestinal microbes on energy metabolism, male ICR strain germ-free (GF) mice, gnotobiotic (GB) mice, produced from GF mice monocontaminated with Staphylococcus epidermidis (Staph.) at three weeks of age, and conventional (CV) mice were used. Metabolizable energy, heat production and net energy (gain) per mouse were measured for three weeks when the mice were given 5 Mrad 60Co irradiated purified whole-egg protein diet from 5 to 8 weeks of age. With respect to metabolizable energy and heat production per mouse or per kg of metabolic body size for three weeks, CV mice gave the highest values, followed by GB and GF mice. GV mice showed the highest net energy (gain) followed by GF mice, with GB mice having the lowest value."}
{"id": "PMID:915556", "title": "The influence of increased hepatic sequestration after splenectomy on the survival and osmotic fragility of red cells in rats, with reference to protein levels in diets.", "content": "The sequestration of erythrocytes in rats was studied using an isologous 51Cr-labeled population of either normal or N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM) treated red cells. The spleen sequestered the damaged red cells selectively, while the liver compensated and overshot the sequestration for spleen after splenectomy. The sequestering response in liver increased gradually reaching a maximum level around 8 weeks after splenectomy and then declining toward the control level. These compensatory responses in liver were not observed in rats fed a low-protein diet, which indicated that the proliferative response imposed on liver by an extra work after splenectomy was not stimulated in the rats fed a low-protein diet. Splenectomy prolonged erythrocyte survival and reduced the osmotic fragility of normal red cells, but the compensatory increase in sequestration of damaged red cells in liver did not alter the survival and osmotic fragility of normal red cells of the rat. This fact indicates that the increased sequestration of reticuloendothelial cells in liver is basically reparative, and it is impossible to compensate for the absence of the spleen because of an inability to duplicate certain anatomic features peculiary to the spleen.", "contents": "The influence of increased hepatic sequestration after splenectomy on the survival and osmotic fragility of red cells in rats, with reference to protein levels in diets. The sequestration of erythrocytes in rats was studied using an isologous 51Cr-labeled population of either normal or N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM) treated red cells. The spleen sequestered the damaged red cells selectively, while the liver compensated and overshot the sequestration for spleen after splenectomy. The sequestering response in liver increased gradually reaching a maximum level around 8 weeks after splenectomy and then declining toward the control level. These compensatory responses in liver were not observed in rats fed a low-protein diet, which indicated that the proliferative response imposed on liver by an extra work after splenectomy was not stimulated in the rats fed a low-protein diet. Splenectomy prolonged erythrocyte survival and reduced the osmotic fragility of normal red cells, but the compensatory increase in sequestration of damaged red cells in liver did not alter the survival and osmotic fragility of normal red cells of the rat. This fact indicates that the increased sequestration of reticuloendothelial cells in liver is basically reparative, and it is impossible to compensate for the absence of the spleen because of an inability to duplicate certain anatomic features peculiary to the spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:915559", "title": "Effects of selenium deficiency on vitamin E metabolism in rats.", "content": "The metabolism of radioactive vitamine E in selenium deficient rats has been compared to the metabolism of this vitamin in rats supplemented with 0.1 ppm selenium as sodium selenite in the diet. After dosing with tritiated alpha tocopherol, the plasma level of radioactivity remained elevated through 48 hours in deficient rats. In contrast, a decline to nearly background levels occurred within 12 hours in the supplemented rats. The uptake and release of radioactivity in the erythrocytes and liver were found to be more rapid in deficient rats than in supplemented ones. A 65% greater increase in excretion of radioactivity occurred in the urine from deficient rats as compared to supplemented ones. These data indicate that vitamin E is metabolized more rapidly in selenium deficient rats than in supplemented ones.", "contents": "Effects of selenium deficiency on vitamin E metabolism in rats. The metabolism of radioactive vitamine E in selenium deficient rats has been compared to the metabolism of this vitamin in rats supplemented with 0.1 ppm selenium as sodium selenite in the diet. After dosing with tritiated alpha tocopherol, the plasma level of radioactivity remained elevated through 48 hours in deficient rats. In contrast, a decline to nearly background levels occurred within 12 hours in the supplemented rats. The uptake and release of radioactivity in the erythrocytes and liver were found to be more rapid in deficient rats than in supplemented ones. A 65% greater increase in excretion of radioactivity occurred in the urine from deficient rats as compared to supplemented ones. These data indicate that vitamin E is metabolized more rapidly in selenium deficient rats than in supplemented ones."}
{"id": "PMID:915560", "title": "Vitamin B12 levels of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with a variety of neurological disorders.", "content": "The vitamin B12 levels of cerebrospinal fluid were assayed microbiologically (Lactobacillus leichmannii method) using samples from 44 patients with various neurological disorders, 4 patients with megaloblastic anemia and 34 controls. Twenty-seven controls that did not receive vitamin B12 showed a mean cerebrospinal fluid vitamin B12 level of 21.5 pg/ml (range: 0-60). No decrease in cerebrospinal fluid vitamin B12 level was seen in patients with subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy (SMON). High levels of cerebrospinal fluid vitamin B12 were observed only in the patients receiving long term administration of the vitamin. Intrathecal administration of vitamin B12 caused only a slight increase in serum vitamin B12 level after four hours. The existence of blood brain barrier for vitamin B12 was suggested.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 levels of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with a variety of neurological disorders. The vitamin B12 levels of cerebrospinal fluid were assayed microbiologically (Lactobacillus leichmannii method) using samples from 44 patients with various neurological disorders, 4 patients with megaloblastic anemia and 34 controls. Twenty-seven controls that did not receive vitamin B12 showed a mean cerebrospinal fluid vitamin B12 level of 21.5 pg/ml (range: 0-60). No decrease in cerebrospinal fluid vitamin B12 level was seen in patients with subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy (SMON). High levels of cerebrospinal fluid vitamin B12 were observed only in the patients receiving long term administration of the vitamin. Intrathecal administration of vitamin B12 caused only a slight increase in serum vitamin B12 level after four hours. The existence of blood brain barrier for vitamin B12 was suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:915561", "title": "Anserine and carnosine contents in muscular tissue of rat and rabbit.", "content": "The effect of various muscle conditions on anserine and carnosine contents suggests that these peptides have some physiological role in muscular functions. These conditions are: 1) Although the anserine content in rat gastrocnemius muscle was not changed by ischiamic denervation, the carnosine content was significantly decreased. Carnosinase activity in the denerved gastrocnemius muscle was two times stronger than that of intact gastrocnemius muscle. 2) Carnosine content in rat gastrocnemius muscle was also decreased by forced swimming exercise. 3) Neither anserine nor carnosine was detected in sarcoma and granuloma. 4) In rabbit, anserine and carnosine contents in white muscle fibers were 12-17 and 1-2 mumole/g of wet tissue and were approximately 10 and 2 times more than those in red muscle fibers, respectively.", "contents": "Anserine and carnosine contents in muscular tissue of rat and rabbit. The effect of various muscle conditions on anserine and carnosine contents suggests that these peptides have some physiological role in muscular functions. These conditions are: 1) Although the anserine content in rat gastrocnemius muscle was not changed by ischiamic denervation, the carnosine content was significantly decreased. Carnosinase activity in the denerved gastrocnemius muscle was two times stronger than that of intact gastrocnemius muscle. 2) Carnosine content in rat gastrocnemius muscle was also decreased by forced swimming exercise. 3) Neither anserine nor carnosine was detected in sarcoma and granuloma. 4) In rabbit, anserine and carnosine contents in white muscle fibers were 12-17 and 1-2 mumole/g of wet tissue and were approximately 10 and 2 times more than those in red muscle fibers, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:915562", "title": "Effect of histidine-free and -excess diets on anserine and carnosine contents in rat gastrocnemius muscle.", "content": "Anserine and carnosine contents were determined in muscle of rats subjected to histidine depletion or excessive supplement. The contents of anserine and carnosine were reduced in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats fed a histidine-free diet. The diet showed especially a remarkable decrease of carnosine content. After rehabilitation for one week, the muscle anserine and carnosine contents in histidine-deficient rat returned to the normal level. The body and gastrocnemius muscle weight were decreased in rats fed a histidine-excess diet. However, anserine and carnosine content in muscle of rats fed a histidine-excess diet were twice of that of control rats. Urinary excretion of Npi-methylhistidine and Npi-methylhistidine was increased in rats fed a histidine-excess diet.", "contents": "Effect of histidine-free and -excess diets on anserine and carnosine contents in rat gastrocnemius muscle. Anserine and carnosine contents were determined in muscle of rats subjected to histidine depletion or excessive supplement. The contents of anserine and carnosine were reduced in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats fed a histidine-free diet. The diet showed especially a remarkable decrease of carnosine content. After rehabilitation for one week, the muscle anserine and carnosine contents in histidine-deficient rat returned to the normal level. The body and gastrocnemius muscle weight were decreased in rats fed a histidine-excess diet. However, anserine and carnosine content in muscle of rats fed a histidine-excess diet were twice of that of control rats. Urinary excretion of Npi-methylhistidine and Npi-methylhistidine was increased in rats fed a histidine-excess diet."}
{"id": "PMID:915563", "title": "Growth and liver lipids of casein-fed rats incubated in the presence of glucose and lipid.", "content": "The effect of casein that has reacted with glucose and/or lipid on the growth and hepatic lipids of rats was studied. A mixture of casein-ethyl linoleate-glucose was kept at 50 degrees C and RH 80.4% for 14 days and defatted with ethyl ether and acetone. When the casein that had reacted with glucose and lipid was fed at at 10% dietary level for 14 days, the growth of rats was markedly depressed. Not only levels of hepatic lipids but also of plasma lipids were specifically modified. The accumulation of hepatic lipids was primarily due to the increase in triglyceride. When casein was reacted with glucose alone, similar but considerably lesser changes in the growth and liver lipid components were observed. These data indicate that casein characteristically deteriorates with glucose and/or lipid, but the effect of oxidation of the latter is very remarkable.", "contents": "Growth and liver lipids of casein-fed rats incubated in the presence of glucose and lipid. The effect of casein that has reacted with glucose and/or lipid on the growth and hepatic lipids of rats was studied. A mixture of casein-ethyl linoleate-glucose was kept at 50 degrees C and RH 80.4% for 14 days and defatted with ethyl ether and acetone. When the casein that had reacted with glucose and lipid was fed at at 10% dietary level for 14 days, the growth of rats was markedly depressed. Not only levels of hepatic lipids but also of plasma lipids were specifically modified. The accumulation of hepatic lipids was primarily due to the increase in triglyceride. When casein was reacted with glucose alone, similar but considerably lesser changes in the growth and liver lipid components were observed. These data indicate that casein characteristically deteriorates with glucose and/or lipid, but the effect of oxidation of the latter is very remarkable."}
{"id": "PMID:915568", "title": "Mortality of a cohort exposed to chrysotile asbestos.", "content": "A 30-year historical cohort mortality study was made of 264 men hired during 1935-45 who worked in a chrysotile asbestos products factory for one year or more and were alive January 1, 1945. Follow-up was 94% complete. The overall standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was only 0.61 while the SMR for all cancers was 0.75, for lung cancer 0.93, and for gastrointestinal cancer 1.05. Two men died of asbestosis.  The overall SMR was higher for men who worked five years or more than for men who worked one to four years but the 30-year mortality rates were the same after age adjustment. For asbestos-related diseases the differences in work duration had no effect on mortality. The data show a favorable mortality experience  for men exposed to chrysotile alone.", "contents": "Mortality of a cohort exposed to chrysotile asbestos. A 30-year historical cohort mortality study was made of 264 men hired during 1935-45 who worked in a chrysotile asbestos products factory for one year or more and were alive January 1, 1945. Follow-up was 94% complete. The overall standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was only 0.61 while the SMR for all cancers was 0.75, for lung cancer 0.93, and for gastrointestinal cancer 1.05. Two men died of asbestosis.  The overall SMR was higher for men who worked five years or more than for men who worked one to four years but the 30-year mortality rates were the same after age adjustment. For asbestos-related diseases the differences in work duration had no effect on mortality. The data show a favorable mortality experience  for men exposed to chrysotile alone."}
{"id": "PMID:915570", "title": "A retrospective epidemiological study of mortality at a large western copper smelter.", "content": "In comparing the smelter with the mine, concentrator, and State of Utah, it was found that they were very similar in the percentage of deaths due to all causes except lung cancer; 7.0% of all deaths at the smelter were due to lung cancer compared to 2.2% for the mine, 2.2% for the concentrator, and 2.7% for the state. The excess at the smelter was statistically significant. Approximate age-adjusted death rates were obtained for various causes of death. The rates for the smelter are higher than for the mine and the state for lung cancer and for all causes combined. The average age at death for smelter workers is nearly the same  as for mine employees, even for those who died of lung cancer. Smoking data was examined and there was no indication of a smoking synergism. Cumulative exposure indices for SO2, H2SO4 mist, As, Pb, and Cu were computed for each deceased smelter worker based n the length of time he worked in each of 12 major areas. Those who died of lung cancer had the highest average exposure index for all five constituents. Stack emission data showed much higher levels of As and SO2 prior to 1959.", "contents": "A retrospective epidemiological study of mortality at a large western copper smelter. In comparing the smelter with the mine, concentrator, and State of Utah, it was found that they were very similar in the percentage of deaths due to all causes except lung cancer; 7.0% of all deaths at the smelter were due to lung cancer compared to 2.2% for the mine, 2.2% for the concentrator, and 2.7% for the state. The excess at the smelter was statistically significant. Approximate age-adjusted death rates were obtained for various causes of death. The rates for the smelter are higher than for the mine and the state for lung cancer and for all causes combined. The average age at death for smelter workers is nearly the same  as for mine employees, even for those who died of lung cancer. Smoking data was examined and there was no indication of a smoking synergism. Cumulative exposure indices for SO2, H2SO4 mist, As, Pb, and Cu were computed for each deceased smelter worker based n the length of time he worked in each of 12 major areas. Those who died of lung cancer had the highest average exposure index for all five constituents. Stack emission data showed much higher levels of As and SO2 prior to 1959."}
{"id": "PMID:915571", "title": "The role of exertion as a determinant of carboxyhemoglobin accumulation in firefighters.", "content": "The firefighter's exposure to carbon monoxide represents a relatively contant occupational hazard. Unfortunately, attempts to predict the level of this exposure in work situations have failed to be of practical benefit. This study was designed to examine the several determinants of carbon monoxide uptake  by firefighters in a controlled situation. Twenty firefighters were monitored for heart rate and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels during a search-and rescue drill in a smokefilled building. Carbon monoxide levels were maintained at 200 to 1000 ppm. Heart rates increased to 90% of maximum for age within minutes, and COHb levels increased at more than 1% per minute. The use of breathing apparatus provided full protection from uptake of COHb but was associated with significantly increased heart rates. The results show that exertional levels and, therefore, ventilatory rates may be so great during firefighting that even in moderate or low levels of atmospheric carbon monoxide the COHb can rise to dangerous levels within minutes. These findings suggest that no firefighter should be allowed to work in a burning or smoke-filled structure without the protection of breathing apparatus.", "contents": "The role of exertion as a determinant of carboxyhemoglobin accumulation in firefighters. The firefighter's exposure to carbon monoxide represents a relatively contant occupational hazard. Unfortunately, attempts to predict the level of this exposure in work situations have failed to be of practical benefit. This study was designed to examine the several determinants of carbon monoxide uptake  by firefighters in a controlled situation. Twenty firefighters were monitored for heart rate and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels during a search-and rescue drill in a smokefilled building. Carbon monoxide levels were maintained at 200 to 1000 ppm. Heart rates increased to 90% of maximum for age within minutes, and COHb levels increased at more than 1% per minute. The use of breathing apparatus provided full protection from uptake of COHb but was associated with significantly increased heart rates. The results show that exertional levels and, therefore, ventilatory rates may be so great during firefighting that even in moderate or low levels of atmospheric carbon monoxide the COHb can rise to dangerous levels within minutes. These findings suggest that no firefighter should be allowed to work in a burning or smoke-filled structure without the protection of breathing apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:915572", "title": "Ischemic heart disease and work stress in West German sea pilots.", "content": "A mortality study of sea pilots operating in the Federal Republic of Germany was undertaken following a similar study in Britain. An excess mortality from cardiac disease in this occupational group compared with the male population of Hamburg was noted--a finding similar to the previous British study. This excess is most noticeable in the 31 to 50 year old group in which the pilots experienced 22 cardiac deaths while only four would have been expected, based on Hamburgs males mortality experience. Furthermore, in the decade 1950-59, the pilots experienced 30 cardiac deaths compared to an expected ten. Present estimates suggest that the pilots' mortality is now similar to the general population rate. Although this excess cardiac mortality is probably related to established coronary artery disease risk factors, occupational stress may also be involved. There was a statistically significant rise in catecholamines during three pilotage operations for each of five volunteer pilots (p less than 0.01). A detailed work load study is required to clarify the role of stress and close occupational surveillance of pilots is needed.", "contents": "Ischemic heart disease and work stress in West German sea pilots. A mortality study of sea pilots operating in the Federal Republic of Germany was undertaken following a similar study in Britain. An excess mortality from cardiac disease in this occupational group compared with the male population of Hamburg was noted--a finding similar to the previous British study. This excess is most noticeable in the 31 to 50 year old group in which the pilots experienced 22 cardiac deaths while only four would have been expected, based on Hamburgs males mortality experience. Furthermore, in the decade 1950-59, the pilots experienced 30 cardiac deaths compared to an expected ten. Present estimates suggest that the pilots' mortality is now similar to the general population rate. Although this excess cardiac mortality is probably related to established coronary artery disease risk factors, occupational stress may also be involved. There was a statistically significant rise in catecholamines during three pilotage operations for each of five volunteer pilots (p less than 0.01). A detailed work load study is required to clarify the role of stress and close occupational surveillance of pilots is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:915573", "title": "End-expired air technic for determining occupational carbon monoxide exposure.", "content": "Fluctuating carbon monoxide (CO) levels in the ambient air and recent smoking can lower the accuracy of the end-expired air sampling technic in COHB estimation, which involves the calculation of a regression equation relating measured carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels to CO levels in end-expired air after breathholding. Data collected under both laboratory and field conditions using this technic are presented in this study to suggest that, for increased accuracy of COHb estimation, researches should allow volunteers who have just smoked or are working in an atmosphere of fluctuating ambient CO levels to breathe a low CO atmosphere (less than 10 ppm) for at least two minutes before sampling, preferably an atmosphere close in CO level to that in which originally the blood and breath samples were collected to establish the regression equation.", "contents": "End-expired air technic for determining occupational carbon monoxide exposure. Fluctuating carbon monoxide (CO) levels in the ambient air and recent smoking can lower the accuracy of the end-expired air sampling technic in COHB estimation, which involves the calculation of a regression equation relating measured carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels to CO levels in end-expired air after breathholding. Data collected under both laboratory and field conditions using this technic are presented in this study to suggest that, for increased accuracy of COHb estimation, researches should allow volunteers who have just smoked or are working in an atmosphere of fluctuating ambient CO levels to breathe a low CO atmosphere (less than 10 ppm) for at least two minutes before sampling, preferably an atmosphere close in CO level to that in which originally the blood and breath samples were collected to establish the regression equation."}
{"id": "PMID:915574", "title": "Tritanopic purity-difference function to describe the properties of minimally distinct borders.", "content": "Tansley and Boynton have recently demonstrated that color stimuli whose chromaticities all fall on a particular triptanopic confusion line in the CIE (x,y) diagram do not form distinct borders with each other. A tritanopic purity-difference function, involving only r- and g-cone contributions, is demonstrated to provide (i) a prediction of which chromatic stimuli have equivalent border-forming properties, and (ii) a description of the distinctness of minimally distinct borders (MDB) in terms of an equivalent luminance contrast. The tritanopic purity-difference concept is demonstrated to account for all available data on the assessment of the distinctness of borders at the MDB point.", "contents": "Tritanopic purity-difference function to describe the properties of minimally distinct borders. Tansley and Boynton have recently demonstrated that color stimuli whose chromaticities all fall on a particular triptanopic confusion line in the CIE (x,y) diagram do not form distinct borders with each other. A tritanopic purity-difference function, involving only r- and g-cone contributions, is demonstrated to provide (i) a prediction of which chromatic stimuli have equivalent border-forming properties, and (ii) a description of the distinctness of minimally distinct borders (MDB) in terms of an equivalent luminance contrast. The tritanopic purity-difference concept is demonstrated to account for all available data on the assessment of the distinctness of borders at the MDB point."}
{"id": "PMID:915575", "title": "Measurement of the rotation of a disk from its elliptical projection, with an application to eye movements.", "content": "The elliptical projection of a circular disk, such as the pupil of the eye, on the plane face of a video camera can be used to measure rotation of the disk about a diameter, independently of any translational movements. The algorithm uses the intersections of any three equispaced video lines with the ellipse. Errors and system design are discussed.", "contents": "Measurement of the rotation of a disk from its elliptical projection, with an application to eye movements. The elliptical projection of a circular disk, such as the pupil of the eye, on the plane face of a video camera can be used to measure rotation of the disk about a diameter, independently of any translational movements. The algorithm uses the intersections of any three equispaced video lines with the ellipse. Errors and system design are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915596", "title": "Failure of altered macrophage surface to lead to the formation of polykaryons.", "content": "Experiments have been performed which were designed to test the hypothesis of Mariano and Spector (1974), that the granulomatous environment leads to changes on the macrophage surface which result in fusion with normal incoming macrophages. Macrophages of different species were cultured together and it was observed that there was no apparent interaction between the xenogeneic cells, and no fusion resulted. Macrophages were cultured both in vivo and in vitro for varying periods of time before exposing them to a population of fresh macrophages. Again, no fusion was noted. Finally, an alternative hypothesis, which would account for the findings of Mariano and Spector was tested. Macrophages were cultured in inflammatory exudates, both in vitro and in diffusion chambers already containing exudate, in vivo. Inflammatory exudates were found to have no effect on macrophage fusion, either in vivo or in vitro. On the basis of previous work it is suggested that macrophage fusion depends on simultaneous endocytosis and that this in turn depends upon a supply of fresh macrophages.", "contents": "Failure of altered macrophage surface to lead to the formation of polykaryons. Experiments have been performed which were designed to test the hypothesis of Mariano and Spector (1974), that the granulomatous environment leads to changes on the macrophage surface which result in fusion with normal incoming macrophages. Macrophages of different species were cultured together and it was observed that there was no apparent interaction between the xenogeneic cells, and no fusion resulted. Macrophages were cultured both in vivo and in vitro for varying periods of time before exposing them to a population of fresh macrophages. Again, no fusion was noted. Finally, an alternative hypothesis, which would account for the findings of Mariano and Spector was tested. Macrophages were cultured in inflammatory exudates, both in vitro and in diffusion chambers already containing exudate, in vivo. Inflammatory exudates were found to have no effect on macrophage fusion, either in vivo or in vitro. On the basis of previous work it is suggested that macrophage fusion depends on simultaneous endocytosis and that this in turn depends upon a supply of fresh macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:915597", "title": "The value of multifactorial screening for anti-inflammatory activity as shown by coumarin.", "content": "Different types of acute inflammatory pleural reactions have been used as a means of detecting the anti-inflammatory potential of a particular drug coumarin. The latter had some type of activity in all the reactions. However, whereas coumarin inhibited leucocyte accumulation induced by dextran it had no effect on the volume of fluid exudate. Conversely, coumarin reduced the volume of exudate in the Arthus reaction whereas the cellular infiltrate remained unaltered. Leucocytes from dextran-induced exudate (predominantly polymorphs) removed from animals pretreated with coumarin showed marked inhibition of migration in vitro. This correlated well with the suppression by coumarin of the dextran-induced leucocyte response in vivo. Coumarin administered in vivo was also shown to stimulate phagocytosis of latex by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. These findings are discussed with respect to the evaluation of anti-inflammatory drug activity and to the mode of action of coumarin.", "contents": "The value of multifactorial screening for anti-inflammatory activity as shown by coumarin. Different types of acute inflammatory pleural reactions have been used as a means of detecting the anti-inflammatory potential of a particular drug coumarin. The latter had some type of activity in all the reactions. However, whereas coumarin inhibited leucocyte accumulation induced by dextran it had no effect on the volume of fluid exudate. Conversely, coumarin reduced the volume of exudate in the Arthus reaction whereas the cellular infiltrate remained unaltered. Leucocytes from dextran-induced exudate (predominantly polymorphs) removed from animals pretreated with coumarin showed marked inhibition of migration in vitro. This correlated well with the suppression by coumarin of the dextran-induced leucocyte response in vivo. Coumarin administered in vivo was also shown to stimulate phagocytosis of latex by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. These findings are discussed with respect to the evaluation of anti-inflammatory drug activity and to the mode of action of coumarin."}
{"id": "PMID:915598", "title": "Ultrastructure of chromophobe adenoma of the human pituitary gland.", "content": "Sixteen specimens of pituitary adenoma were studied by electron microscopy. Twelve of them were \"non-functioning\" tumours and four were associated with acromegaly. All the tumours showed the light-microscopic appearance of classical chromophobe adenoma. Though electron microscopy revealed varying degrees of granularity in the majority of the cells in all the tumours, two distinct morphological types of chromophobe tumours were observed. In one type, secretory granules were frequently seen in moderate or large numbers and the cells were poor in RER and Golgi apparatus. These cells are considered to be secretorily inactive storage cells and they were the predominant cells in eight cases of \"non-functioning\" adenomas. The other type was noted in four cases of \"non-functioning\" adenomas and in all the four cases of adenoma with acromegaly. In this type, the tumour cells were generally poor in secretory granules but were rich in RER and Golgi apparatus, suggesting secretory activity. In acromegaly these features appear to indicate active hormone synthesis and its discharge into the circulation but the reason for the morphological evidence of active secretion in the four cases of \"non-functioning\" adenoma is not clearly understood.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of chromophobe adenoma of the human pituitary gland. Sixteen specimens of pituitary adenoma were studied by electron microscopy. Twelve of them were \"non-functioning\" tumours and four were associated with acromegaly. All the tumours showed the light-microscopic appearance of classical chromophobe adenoma. Though electron microscopy revealed varying degrees of granularity in the majority of the cells in all the tumours, two distinct morphological types of chromophobe tumours were observed. In one type, secretory granules were frequently seen in moderate or large numbers and the cells were poor in RER and Golgi apparatus. These cells are considered to be secretorily inactive storage cells and they were the predominant cells in eight cases of \"non-functioning\" adenomas. The other type was noted in four cases of \"non-functioning\" adenomas and in all the four cases of adenoma with acromegaly. In this type, the tumour cells were generally poor in secretory granules but were rich in RER and Golgi apparatus, suggesting secretory activity. In acromegaly these features appear to indicate active hormone synthesis and its discharge into the circulation but the reason for the morphological evidence of active secretion in the four cases of \"non-functioning\" adenoma is not clearly understood."}
{"id": "PMID:915599", "title": "Human cancer and other transplants in the \"nude\" mouse.", "content": "In the Nude mouse: 1. Xenografts of human tumours often grew successfully. 2. There was very little growth in allografts of actively-growing normal tissue from Swiss mice. 3. Transplants of mature tissue from the toad failed to grow.", "contents": "Human cancer and other transplants in the \"nude\" mouse. In the Nude mouse: 1. Xenografts of human tumours often grew successfully. 2. There was very little growth in allografts of actively-growing normal tissue from Swiss mice. 3. Transplants of mature tissue from the toad failed to grow."}
{"id": "PMID:915600", "title": "Mixed crystal deposition in an osteoarthritic joint.", "content": "The case of a 72-yr-old woman with osteoarthritis of the shoulder, is described. A mixture of crystals of hydroxyapatite and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate was identified in the joint tissues using analytical electron microscopy and infra-red spectroscopy.", "contents": "Mixed crystal deposition in an osteoarthritic joint. The case of a 72-yr-old woman with osteoarthritis of the shoulder, is described. A mixture of crystals of hydroxyapatite and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate was identified in the joint tissues using analytical electron microscopy and infra-red spectroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:915601", "title": "Phagocytic potential of macrophages from within delayed hypersensitivity-mediated granulomata.", "content": "The phagocytic potential of macrophages from within granulomas associated with delayed hypersensitivity was studied in guinea-pigs sensitised with FCA and challenged either with PPD or live M. tuberculosis. The results show that FCA treatment induces a 30 percent increase in phagocytosis of IgG coated erythrocytes by macrophages which migrate into a foreign body granuloma. PPD treatment enhances this index to about 70 per cent. When live M. tuberculosis was used as antigen the phagocytic index of macrophages from lesions induced in sensitised animals was about 50 per cent. higher than in controls. The increase in phagocytosis by macrophages  was maximal at 4 days and decreased 8 and 16 days after challenge, in both sensitised and non-sensitised animals. The results show that in granulomas associated with delayed hypersensitivity, macrophages have a transitory increase in their phagocytic activity. Later the older cells in the centre of the granuloma lose this property, thereby facilitating antigen persistence and chronicity.", "contents": "Phagocytic potential of macrophages from within delayed hypersensitivity-mediated granulomata. The phagocytic potential of macrophages from within granulomas associated with delayed hypersensitivity was studied in guinea-pigs sensitised with FCA and challenged either with PPD or live M. tuberculosis. The results show that FCA treatment induces a 30 percent increase in phagocytosis of IgG coated erythrocytes by macrophages which migrate into a foreign body granuloma. PPD treatment enhances this index to about 70 per cent. When live M. tuberculosis was used as antigen the phagocytic index of macrophages from lesions induced in sensitised animals was about 50 per cent. higher than in controls. The increase in phagocytosis by macrophages  was maximal at 4 days and decreased 8 and 16 days after challenge, in both sensitised and non-sensitised animals. The results show that in granulomas associated with delayed hypersensitivity, macrophages have a transitory increase in their phagocytic activity. Later the older cells in the centre of the granuloma lose this property, thereby facilitating antigen persistence and chronicity."}
{"id": "PMID:915602", "title": "Human chronic Mansonian schistosomiasis-cell proliferation and fibre formation in the hepatic sinusoidal wall: a morphometric, light and electron-microscopy study.", "content": "A morphometric, light and electron-microscopy study of the sinusoids in human Mansonian schistosomiasis with and without portal hypertension showed a sequence of events beginning with an increased number of cell nuclei, particularly evident at the centrolobular region. This is followed by deposition of reticulin fibres along the perisinusoidal space. Later, increased numbers of cells and reticulin fibres are seen throughout the lobule. Other findings, such as reduplication of the sinusoidal lining and the focal appearance beneath the cell layer of the thin discontinuous membrane, were also reported. This perisinusoidal fibrosis probably adds an element of heightened intrasinusoidal pressure to the perisinusoidal hypertension already described in this disease. Its pathogenic mechanism is obscure. The hepatic sinusoids in Mansonian schistosomiasis receive mainly arterial blood. High intraluminal pressure could be one explanation of the perisinusoidal fibrosis in these cases. However, as possibly occurs in primary sinusoidal portal hypertension, chronic immunological stimulation leading to proliferation of K\u00fcpffer cells and lipocytes could be an alternative mechanism.", "contents": "Human chronic Mansonian schistosomiasis-cell proliferation and fibre formation in the hepatic sinusoidal wall: a morphometric, light and electron-microscopy study. A morphometric, light and electron-microscopy study of the sinusoids in human Mansonian schistosomiasis with and without portal hypertension showed a sequence of events beginning with an increased number of cell nuclei, particularly evident at the centrolobular region. This is followed by deposition of reticulin fibres along the perisinusoidal space. Later, increased numbers of cells and reticulin fibres are seen throughout the lobule. Other findings, such as reduplication of the sinusoidal lining and the focal appearance beneath the cell layer of the thin discontinuous membrane, were also reported. This perisinusoidal fibrosis probably adds an element of heightened intrasinusoidal pressure to the perisinusoidal hypertension already described in this disease. Its pathogenic mechanism is obscure. The hepatic sinusoids in Mansonian schistosomiasis receive mainly arterial blood. High intraluminal pressure could be one explanation of the perisinusoidal fibrosis in these cases. However, as possibly occurs in primary sinusoidal portal hypertension, chronic immunological stimulation leading to proliferation of K\u00fcpffer cells and lipocytes could be an alternative mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:915603", "title": "Irreversible glomerular damage following heterologous serum albumin overload.", "content": "Rats injected intraperitoneally with 1 g of bovine serum albumin (BSA) daily for 5 days develop heavy proteinuria and there is swelling and loss of the foot processes of the glomerular epithelial cells. Initially the urinary protein consists of about 55 per cent. BSA and about 40 per cent. rat serum albumin. Proteinuria persists when the injections of BSA are stopped. BSA disappears from the urine and 80-90 per cent. of the urinary protein is rat serum albumin. The persisting proteinuria is caused by glomerular damage resulting from disruption and necrosis of the glomerular epithelial cells leading to complete sclerosis of glomeruli. This damage does not appear to be immunologically determined.", "contents": "Irreversible glomerular damage following heterologous serum albumin overload. Rats injected intraperitoneally with 1 g of bovine serum albumin (BSA) daily for 5 days develop heavy proteinuria and there is swelling and loss of the foot processes of the glomerular epithelial cells. Initially the urinary protein consists of about 55 per cent. BSA and about 40 per cent. rat serum albumin. Proteinuria persists when the injections of BSA are stopped. BSA disappears from the urine and 80-90 per cent. of the urinary protein is rat serum albumin. The persisting proteinuria is caused by glomerular damage resulting from disruption and necrosis of the glomerular epithelial cells leading to complete sclerosis of glomeruli. This damage does not appear to be immunologically determined."}
{"id": "PMID:915605", "title": "Fusion of hamster macrophages induced by lectins.", "content": "The fusion of hamster peritoneal macrophages by lectins is described. The conditions under which this occurs are very similar to those previously reported using glutaraldehyde-fixed red cells and anti-hamster macrophage serum. Under conditions in which macrophages are brought into contact before interiorisation of surface-bound lectin, fusion results. It is suggested again that in granulomas, binding of endocytosable material to more than one macrophage results in giant cell formation by a mechanism of simultaneous interiorisation.", "contents": "Fusion of hamster macrophages induced by lectins. The fusion of hamster peritoneal macrophages by lectins is described. The conditions under which this occurs are very similar to those previously reported using glutaraldehyde-fixed red cells and anti-hamster macrophage serum. Under conditions in which macrophages are brought into contact before interiorisation of surface-bound lectin, fusion results. It is suggested again that in granulomas, binding of endocytosable material to more than one macrophage results in giant cell formation by a mechanism of simultaneous interiorisation."}
{"id": "PMID:915606", "title": "Poecilancistrium caryophyllum and other trypanophynch cestode plerocercoids from the musculature of Cynoscion nebulosus and other sciaenid fishes in the Gulf of Mexico.", "content": "Examination of over 3,000 fish, all sciaenids, has shown that plerocercoids of Poecilancistrium caryophyllum infect Cynoscion nebulosus, Bairdiella chrysura, Sciaenops ocellata, C. arenarius, Micropogonias undulatus, and Pogonias cromis in Mississippi Sound. In addition to P. caryophyllum, a pseudophyllidean-like trypanorhynch also infected C. nebulosus and M. undulatus. Pseudogrillotia pleistacantha selectively infected large P. cromis, Pterobothrium heteracanthum infected M. undulatus, and Pterobothrium lintoni infected Menticirrhus americanus. Prevalence and intensity of infections of P. caryophyllum in C. nebulosus from Mississippi, roughly 40% of the fish each possessing an average of about two worms, compare with infections observed in fish from Texas and Louisiana. However, values for fish from Apalachee Bay, but not Tampa Bay, Florida, are about twice as high. Extensive seasonal sampling in Mississippi Sound indicates fluctuations but no clear-cut seasonal trends other than a possible relationship between infections and salinity. As C. nebulosus increases in length, the prevalence of infections, but not the intensity, increases. This finding suggests an immune response to challenge infections. No fish less than 140 mm SL and relatively few less than 250 mm SL revealed infections, suggesting either the unavailability of the intermediate host to young fish or the ultimate death of most young infected individuals. Based on condition coefficients and liver-weight analysis, no apparent detrimental effect on infected, moderately-heavy adult fish occurred. Infections primarily involve the middle of a fillet or the region adjacent to the vertebral column below the dorsal fins and cause an esthetically displeasing product and consequently depress economically the trout fishery. Relatively more male than female fish harbored worms, but the significance of that finding is questioned.", "contents": "Poecilancistrium caryophyllum and other trypanophynch cestode plerocercoids from the musculature of Cynoscion nebulosus and other sciaenid fishes in the Gulf of Mexico. Examination of over 3,000 fish, all sciaenids, has shown that plerocercoids of Poecilancistrium caryophyllum infect Cynoscion nebulosus, Bairdiella chrysura, Sciaenops ocellata, C. arenarius, Micropogonias undulatus, and Pogonias cromis in Mississippi Sound. In addition to P. caryophyllum, a pseudophyllidean-like trypanorhynch also infected C. nebulosus and M. undulatus. Pseudogrillotia pleistacantha selectively infected large P. cromis, Pterobothrium heteracanthum infected M. undulatus, and Pterobothrium lintoni infected Menticirrhus americanus. Prevalence and intensity of infections of P. caryophyllum in C. nebulosus from Mississippi, roughly 40% of the fish each possessing an average of about two worms, compare with infections observed in fish from Texas and Louisiana. However, values for fish from Apalachee Bay, but not Tampa Bay, Florida, are about twice as high. Extensive seasonal sampling in Mississippi Sound indicates fluctuations but no clear-cut seasonal trends other than a possible relationship between infections and salinity. As C. nebulosus increases in length, the prevalence of infections, but not the intensity, increases. This finding suggests an immune response to challenge infections. No fish less than 140 mm SL and relatively few less than 250 mm SL revealed infections, suggesting either the unavailability of the intermediate host to young fish or the ultimate death of most young infected individuals. Based on condition coefficients and liver-weight analysis, no apparent detrimental effect on infected, moderately-heavy adult fish occurred. Infections primarily involve the middle of a fillet or the region adjacent to the vertebral column below the dorsal fins and cause an esthetically displeasing product and consequently depress economically the trout fishery. Relatively more male than female fish harbored worms, but the significance of that finding is questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:915607", "title": "Monoecocestus thomasi sp. n. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from the northern flying squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw), in Oregon.", "content": "Monoecocestus thomasi sp. n. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae), from the northern flying squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw), in Oregon, is described and distinguished from its congeners. Monoecocestus thomasi is the sixth species of Monoecocestus to be described from nearctic rodents, and the first from a member of the family Sciuridae. Our comparisons of taxonomic characters of the nominal species of Monoecocestus in North American rodents have shown that M. giganticus Buhler 1970 is a synonym of M. americanus (Stiles 1895), both from the porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum (Linnaeus). Insemination in Monoecocestus ssp. is discussed, with the conclusion that it takes place only by way of the vagina in early immature segments.", "contents": "Monoecocestus thomasi sp. n. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from the northern flying squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw), in Oregon. Monoecocestus thomasi sp. n. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae), from the northern flying squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw), in Oregon, is described and distinguished from its congeners. Monoecocestus thomasi is the sixth species of Monoecocestus to be described from nearctic rodents, and the first from a member of the family Sciuridae. Our comparisons of taxonomic characters of the nominal species of Monoecocestus in North American rodents have shown that M. giganticus Buhler 1970 is a synonym of M. americanus (Stiles 1895), both from the porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum (Linnaeus). Insemination in Monoecocestus ssp. is discussed, with the conclusion that it takes place only by way of the vagina in early immature segments."}
{"id": "PMID:915608", "title": "Chloride-sensitive glucose transport in Hymenolepis diminuta.", "content": "The maximal rate of glucose influx in Hymenolepis diminuta decreased when CL- in the incubation medium was replaced with acetate, benzoate, bicarbonate, formate, hippurate, iodide, lactate, mandelate, or nitrate. The effect of Cl- deletion on glucose influx using any of these anions was reversed when worms were incubated in Krebs-Ringer saline for 15 min. Glucose in the incubation medium increased 36Cl- influx in worms, while in Na+-free media the presence of glucose had no effect on 36Cl- influx. Influx of 10 mM 36Cl- in H. diminuta was inhibited by unlabeled Cl- in the incubation medium. Hymenolepis diminuta accumulated glucose aginst an apparent concentration differnce when Cl- in the incubation media was replaced with acetate, bicarbonate, or nitrate. The influx of Cl- appears couples with the influxes of Na+ and glucose, but the data do not show whether the influxex of these molecules are mediated through a common \"carrier.\"", "contents": "Chloride-sensitive glucose transport in Hymenolepis diminuta. The maximal rate of glucose influx in Hymenolepis diminuta decreased when CL- in the incubation medium was replaced with acetate, benzoate, bicarbonate, formate, hippurate, iodide, lactate, mandelate, or nitrate. The effect of Cl- deletion on glucose influx using any of these anions was reversed when worms were incubated in Krebs-Ringer saline for 15 min. Glucose in the incubation medium increased 36Cl- influx in worms, while in Na+-free media the presence of glucose had no effect on 36Cl- influx. Influx of 10 mM 36Cl- in H. diminuta was inhibited by unlabeled Cl- in the incubation medium. Hymenolepis diminuta accumulated glucose aginst an apparent concentration differnce when Cl- in the incubation media was replaced with acetate, bicarbonate, or nitrate. The influx of Cl- appears couples with the influxes of Na+ and glucose, but the data do not show whether the influxex of these molecules are mediated through a common \"carrier.\""}
{"id": "PMID:915609", "title": "New species of Gyrodactylus and Dactylogyrus (Trematoda: Monogenea) from fishes of Nebraska.", "content": "Six new monogenetic trematodes are described from Nebraska fishes: Gyrodactylus bulbacanthus sp. n. from Fundulus kansae (Garman); G. callawayensis sp. n. from Notropis lutrensis (Baird and Girard); G. eos sp. n. from Phoxinus eos (Cope); G. nebraskensis from Phoxinus neogaeus (Cope); G. planensis from Notropis dorsalis (Agassiz); and Dactylogyrus pectenatus from Pimephales promelas (Rafinesque). This is the second report of monogeneans from Nebraska fishes.", "contents": "New species of Gyrodactylus and Dactylogyrus (Trematoda: Monogenea) from fishes of Nebraska. Six new monogenetic trematodes are described from Nebraska fishes: Gyrodactylus bulbacanthus sp. n. from Fundulus kansae (Garman); G. callawayensis sp. n. from Notropis lutrensis (Baird and Girard); G. eos sp. n. from Phoxinus eos (Cope); G. nebraskensis from Phoxinus neogaeus (Cope); G. planensis from Notropis dorsalis (Agassiz); and Dactylogyrus pectenatus from Pimephales promelas (Rafinesque). This is the second report of monogeneans from Nebraska fishes."}
{"id": "PMID:915610", "title": "Marine aspidogastrids (Trematoda) from fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico.", "content": "Of the aspidogastrids Multicalyx cristata, Lobatostoma ringens, Cotylogaster basiri, and C. dinosoides sp. n., the last two had not been previously known from the Gulf of Mexico. The latter differs from other members of its genus by having relatively large equatorial marginal alveoli in comparison to those at the anterior and posterior ends of the holdfast. It also possesses extensive transverse musculature connecting opposed lateral alveoli. New host records are included for all four species, and we report preadults of what appear to be the first two species.", "contents": "Marine aspidogastrids (Trematoda) from fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Of the aspidogastrids Multicalyx cristata, Lobatostoma ringens, Cotylogaster basiri, and C. dinosoides sp. n., the last two had not been previously known from the Gulf of Mexico. The latter differs from other members of its genus by having relatively large equatorial marginal alveoli in comparison to those at the anterior and posterior ends of the holdfast. It also possesses extensive transverse musculature connecting opposed lateral alveoli. New host records are included for all four species, and we report preadults of what appear to be the first two species."}
{"id": "PMID:915611", "title": "Rejection of mouse-derived Schistosoma japonicum and serum lethality of host immunized with mouse globulin or mouse erythrocytes.", "content": "Fourteen-day-old, mouse-derived Schistosoma japonicum schistosomula survived, matured, and deposited viable eggs following surgical transfer to the hepatic portal system of rabbits. The survival of such schistosomula is essentially eliminated in rabbits immunized with either mouse erythrocytes or mouse gamma globulin. Sera from rabbits immunized with either mouse erthrocytes or mouse gamma globulin in the presence of normal leukocytes is lethal for mouse-derived schistosomula 14 days of age or older. These sera have no significant effect on newly transformed schistosomula or those derived from rabbits. It is suggested that these results give additional evidence that immunological enhancement is one of the mechanisms involved in parasite survival.", "contents": "Rejection of mouse-derived Schistosoma japonicum and serum lethality of host immunized with mouse globulin or mouse erythrocytes. Fourteen-day-old, mouse-derived Schistosoma japonicum schistosomula survived, matured, and deposited viable eggs following surgical transfer to the hepatic portal system of rabbits. The survival of such schistosomula is essentially eliminated in rabbits immunized with either mouse erythrocytes or mouse gamma globulin. Sera from rabbits immunized with either mouse erthrocytes or mouse gamma globulin in the presence of normal leukocytes is lethal for mouse-derived schistosomula 14 days of age or older. These sera have no significant effect on newly transformed schistosomula or those derived from rabbits. It is suggested that these results give additional evidence that immunological enhancement is one of the mechanisms involved in parasite survival."}
{"id": "PMID:915612", "title": "Histochemical and thin layer chromatographic analyses of neutral lipids in metracercarial and adult Cotylurus sp. (Trematoda: Strigeidae).", "content": "Histochemical and thin layer chromatographic studies were made on neutral lipids of Cotylurus sp. (Trematoda) metacercariae obtained from Physa heterostropha snails and from adults grown in the upper ileum of the domestic chick. Oil Red O staining demonstrated neutral lipids in the intestinal lumina, eggs and vitellaria of adults, and the excretory system of metarcercariae. As determined by TLC, excysted metacercariae incubated in a non-nutrient salt solution excreted free fatty acids, sterols, and sterol esters into the medium. TLC analysis detected free sterols, free fatty acids and sterol esters in metacercariae and adullts, and triglycerides detected in adults were not found in metacercariae.", "contents": "Histochemical and thin layer chromatographic analyses of neutral lipids in metracercarial and adult Cotylurus sp. (Trematoda: Strigeidae). Histochemical and thin layer chromatographic studies were made on neutral lipids of Cotylurus sp. (Trematoda) metacercariae obtained from Physa heterostropha snails and from adults grown in the upper ileum of the domestic chick. Oil Red O staining demonstrated neutral lipids in the intestinal lumina, eggs and vitellaria of adults, and the excretory system of metarcercariae. As determined by TLC, excysted metacercariae incubated in a non-nutrient salt solution excreted free fatty acids, sterols, and sterol esters into the medium. TLC analysis detected free sterols, free fatty acids and sterol esters in metacercariae and adullts, and triglycerides detected in adults were not found in metacercariae."}
{"id": "PMID:915613", "title": "Stereoscan studies of cercariae, metacercariae, and adults of Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin 1825) Fischoeder 1903 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae).", "content": "The cercaria of Cryptocotyle lingua has simple pointed spines all over the body. Four pointed modified spines occur dorsally in the mouth, and similar spines surround the openings of the penetration glands. The modified spines are shed shortly after penetration and encystment in the fish host. Less than a week after encystment, cytoplasmic folds develop all over the tegument. After about 4 weeks the cytoplasmic folds have disappeared and the spines are now flattened and serrated. The external surface of adults from herring gulls is very similar to that of mature metacercariae. It is provided with scalelike serrated spines which are especially well developed ventrally on the anterior end.", "contents": "Stereoscan studies of cercariae, metacercariae, and adults of Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin 1825) Fischoeder 1903 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). The cercaria of Cryptocotyle lingua has simple pointed spines all over the body. Four pointed modified spines occur dorsally in the mouth, and similar spines surround the openings of the penetration glands. The modified spines are shed shortly after penetration and encystment in the fish host. Less than a week after encystment, cytoplasmic folds develop all over the tegument. After about 4 weeks the cytoplasmic folds have disappeared and the spines are now flattened and serrated. The external surface of adults from herring gulls is very similar to that of mature metacercariae. It is provided with scalelike serrated spines which are especially well developed ventrally on the anterior end."}
{"id": "PMID:915614", "title": "Two new zoogonid digenea from deep-sea fishes in the Gulf of Panama.", "content": "Panopula cavernossa gen. et. sp. n. from the intestine of the brotulid Enchelybrotula (?) paucidens differs from other members of the Steganodermatinae by having testes near the anterior of the acetabulum, a posttesticular ovary, and a postequatorial acetabulum. Two related species are transferred to the genus Brachyenteron as B. pycnorganum comb. n. and B. spinosum comb. n. Neosteganoderma gillissi sp. n. from the synaphobranchid eel Synaphobranchus bathybius differs from N. glandulosum and N. polymixiae, the most similar species, because conspicuous glandular cells envelop the esophagus and pharynx, others about the genital atrium occur in elongated sacs, epithelium is lacking at the cecal bifurcation, and the cirrus sac is straight. We establish N. infundibulum comb. n. and expand Steganodermatinae to include Brevicreadium congeri and Hudsonia agassizi.", "contents": "Two new zoogonid digenea from deep-sea fishes in the Gulf of Panama. Panopula cavernossa gen. et. sp. n. from the intestine of the brotulid Enchelybrotula (?) paucidens differs from other members of the Steganodermatinae by having testes near the anterior of the acetabulum, a posttesticular ovary, and a postequatorial acetabulum. Two related species are transferred to the genus Brachyenteron as B. pycnorganum comb. n. and B. spinosum comb. n. Neosteganoderma gillissi sp. n. from the synaphobranchid eel Synaphobranchus bathybius differs from N. glandulosum and N. polymixiae, the most similar species, because conspicuous glandular cells envelop the esophagus and pharynx, others about the genital atrium occur in elongated sacs, epithelium is lacking at the cecal bifurcation, and the cirrus sac is straight. We establish N. infundibulum comb. n. and expand Steganodermatinae to include Brevicreadium congeri and Hudsonia agassizi."}
{"id": "PMID:915619", "title": "Henneguya sp. (Cnidospora:Myxosporida) parasitic in the heart of the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix.", "content": "A myxosporidan parasite, Henneguya sp., was discovered in the bulbus and truncus arteriosus of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix. Infected fish were captured from the Atlantic Ocean near Montauk Point, Long Island, New York, Raritan Bay, New Jersey, and Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Comparative features of mature spores showed that they were similar to those of Henneguya sebasta Moser and Love 1975, from the bulbus arteriosus of seven species of California rockfish, Sebastes. Studies on growth stages of the parasite from both host species are necessary before a definite identification of the bluefish parasite can be made.", "contents": "Henneguya sp. (Cnidospora:Myxosporida) parasitic in the heart of the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix. A myxosporidan parasite, Henneguya sp., was discovered in the bulbus and truncus arteriosus of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix. Infected fish were captured from the Atlantic Ocean near Montauk Point, Long Island, New York, Raritan Bay, New Jersey, and Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Comparative features of mature spores showed that they were similar to those of Henneguya sebasta Moser and Love 1975, from the bulbus arteriosus of seven species of California rockfish, Sebastes. Studies on growth stages of the parasite from both host species are necessary before a definite identification of the bluefish parasite can be made."}
{"id": "PMID:915620", "title": "Myxosoma funduli Kudo 1918 (Protozoa: Myxosporida) in Fundulus kansae: summer epizootiology.", "content": "The occurrence and distribution of the myxosporida Myxosoma funduli on the gills of the plains killifish (Fundulus kansae) were investigated; Fundulus kansae is reported as a new host. Host samples from various sites on the South Platte River, Nebraska, were collected during the summer months of 1975 and 1976. The protozoan parasite population was shown to be overdispersed within the host population, and this distribution was similar to that described by the negative binomial equation. Demographic characteristics of the infected fish subpopulation were virtually identical to those of the whole fish population. Infection intensity was independent of gill bar number or side. The frequency of bilateral infections was 0.54, of left only infections was 0.23, and of right only infections was 0.22. Distribution of immature and mature plasmodia indicated that a pre-existing infection did not preclude a new infection, and suggested a prepatent period of less than two months.", "contents": "Myxosoma funduli Kudo 1918 (Protozoa: Myxosporida) in Fundulus kansae: summer epizootiology. The occurrence and distribution of the myxosporida Myxosoma funduli on the gills of the plains killifish (Fundulus kansae) were investigated; Fundulus kansae is reported as a new host. Host samples from various sites on the South Platte River, Nebraska, were collected during the summer months of 1975 and 1976. The protozoan parasite population was shown to be overdispersed within the host population, and this distribution was similar to that described by the negative binomial equation. Demographic characteristics of the infected fish subpopulation were virtually identical to those of the whole fish population. Infection intensity was independent of gill bar number or side. The frequency of bilateral infections was 0.54, of left only infections was 0.23, and of right only infections was 0.22. Distribution of immature and mature plasmodia indicated that a pre-existing infection did not preclude a new infection, and suggested a prepatent period of less than two months."}
{"id": "PMID:915621", "title": "Establishment of an experimental field population of Theileria lawrencei-infected ticks maintained by African buffalo (Syncerus Caffer).", "content": "A population of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks infected with buffalo-derived Theileria lawrencei was established in a paddock. Two infected buffalo had been introduced into this paddock which contained a small population of Theileria-free R. appendiculatus. At intervals, successive groups of Theileria-susceptible cattle were grazed with the buffalo. Transmission of T. lawrencei from buffalo to cattle was first noted 7 to 8 months after the introduction of the buffalo, this delay being accounted for by the slow buildup of the tick population and low infection rates in ticks. A T. lawrencei challenge lethal for cattle was finally achieved 10 months after the introduction of the buffalo. The paddock was then seeded with engorged R. appendiculatus female ticks and an increase in tick population occurred. The lethal challenge was observed for a further 3 years, death of exposed cattle becoming progressively more rapid as the tick population increased. The T. lawrencei challenge establsihed in the paddock may be suitable for testing the efficacy of various T. lawrencei-immunization procedures for cattle.", "contents": "Establishment of an experimental field population of Theileria lawrencei-infected ticks maintained by African buffalo (Syncerus Caffer). A population of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks infected with buffalo-derived Theileria lawrencei was established in a paddock. Two infected buffalo had been introduced into this paddock which contained a small population of Theileria-free R. appendiculatus. At intervals, successive groups of Theileria-susceptible cattle were grazed with the buffalo. Transmission of T. lawrencei from buffalo to cattle was first noted 7 to 8 months after the introduction of the buffalo, this delay being accounted for by the slow buildup of the tick population and low infection rates in ticks. A T. lawrencei challenge lethal for cattle was finally achieved 10 months after the introduction of the buffalo. The paddock was then seeded with engorged R. appendiculatus female ticks and an increase in tick population occurred. The lethal challenge was observed for a further 3 years, death of exposed cattle becoming progressively more rapid as the tick population increased. The T. lawrencei challenge establsihed in the paddock may be suitable for testing the efficacy of various T. lawrencei-immunization procedures for cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:915640", "title": "Mobius syndrome and limb abnormalities.", "content": "Most ophthalmologists are aware of the cranial nerve dysfunctions that have been associated with the facial diplegias of Mobius syndrome. However, many are not aware of the combined limb deficiencies and cranial nerve dysfunctions. Limb malformations have been associated with a spectrum of oral facial anomalies consisting of micrognathia, hypoglossia, microstomia, hypodontia, oral bands, and dysarthria. It has been suggested that the differences which exists between these entities may in fact represent a common etiology. The variability may be related to an intrauterine insult at slightly different times. The oral-facial anomalies associated with absence of limbs or of limb anomalies suggests a correlation between the limbs and the first visceral arch possibly within the second month of gestation.", "contents": "Mobius syndrome and limb abnormalities. Most ophthalmologists are aware of the cranial nerve dysfunctions that have been associated with the facial diplegias of Mobius syndrome. However, many are not aware of the combined limb deficiencies and cranial nerve dysfunctions. Limb malformations have been associated with a spectrum of oral facial anomalies consisting of micrognathia, hypoglossia, microstomia, hypodontia, oral bands, and dysarthria. It has been suggested that the differences which exists between these entities may in fact represent a common etiology. The variability may be related to an intrauterine insult at slightly different times. The oral-facial anomalies associated with absence of limbs or of limb anomalies suggests a correlation between the limbs and the first visceral arch possibly within the second month of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:915642", "title": "Bilateral keratoconus in Crouzon's syndrome with unilateral acute hydrops.", "content": "Bilateral keratoconus was first observed at the age of 13 years in a boy born with Crouzon's syndrome. Corneal hydrops (acute keratoconus) occurred in one of the involved eyes at the age of 15 years. It does not seem that an occurrence of keratoconus in Crouzon's disease has been reported before.", "contents": "Bilateral keratoconus in Crouzon's syndrome with unilateral acute hydrops. Bilateral keratoconus was first observed at the age of 13 years in a boy born with Crouzon's syndrome. Corneal hydrops (acute keratoconus) occurred in one of the involved eyes at the age of 15 years. It does not seem that an occurrence of keratoconus in Crouzon's disease has been reported before."}
{"id": "PMID:915643", "title": "Optic nerve hypoplasia in chondrodysplasia punctata.", "content": "A case of optic nerve hypoplasia in the Conradi-Hunermann form of chondrodysplasia punctata is reported. This is the first published report of such a case. The authors suggest that optic nerve hypoplasia in chondrodysplasia punctata may be the significant lesion of the optic nerve rather than atrophy as has been previously reported.", "contents": "Optic nerve hypoplasia in chondrodysplasia punctata. A case of optic nerve hypoplasia in the Conradi-Hunermann form of chondrodysplasia punctata is reported. This is the first published report of such a case. The authors suggest that optic nerve hypoplasia in chondrodysplasia punctata may be the significant lesion of the optic nerve rather than atrophy as has been previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:915641", "title": "Myelinated nerve fibers associated with afferent pupillary defect and amblyopia.", "content": "A case is reported of myelinated fibers of the optic nerve associated with amblyopia and an afferent pupillary defect. The optic foramen on the involved side was larger; however, there were no other physical findings to which we could attribute the amblyopia and Marcus Gunn pupil.", "contents": "Myelinated nerve fibers associated with afferent pupillary defect and amblyopia. A case is reported of myelinated fibers of the optic nerve associated with amblyopia and an afferent pupillary defect. The optic foramen on the involved side was larger; however, there were no other physical findings to which we could attribute the amblyopia and Marcus Gunn pupil."}
{"id": "PMID:915651", "title": "Natural history and treatment of renal vein thrombosis in children.", "content": "The general features and problems of renal vein thrombosis in children are first discussed. The records of 11 children with this condition, 7 ill neonates and 4 older children with burns, are then reviewed, indicating the clinical course of the disease, how they were treated, the results, and pathological findings. From this study, the natural history is assembled and a protocol for treatment is proposed. Supportive therapy is necessary in all cases to correct dehydration and sepsis. Many children will develop a consumptive coagulopathy. Others will develop pulmonary emboli associated with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. Anticoagulation should be achieved for these two conditions. Nonvisualization of affected renal units upon initial urographic examination virtually assures an atrophic, functionless kidney later. Nephrectomy will be required because of hypertension, persistent infection, and scarring. Thrombectomy may be attempted when bilateral nonvisualization on urography is associated with a positive venacavogram.", "contents": "Natural history and treatment of renal vein thrombosis in children. The general features and problems of renal vein thrombosis in children are first discussed. The records of 11 children with this condition, 7 ill neonates and 4 older children with burns, are then reviewed, indicating the clinical course of the disease, how they were treated, the results, and pathological findings. From this study, the natural history is assembled and a protocol for treatment is proposed. Supportive therapy is necessary in all cases to correct dehydration and sepsis. Many children will develop a consumptive coagulopathy. Others will develop pulmonary emboli associated with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. Anticoagulation should be achieved for these two conditions. Nonvisualization of affected renal units upon initial urographic examination virtually assures an atrophic, functionless kidney later. Nephrectomy will be required because of hypertension, persistent infection, and scarring. Thrombectomy may be attempted when bilateral nonvisualization on urography is associated with a positive venacavogram."}
{"id": "PMID:915646", "title": "Congenital, bilateral, epithelial ingrowth into the anterior chamber.", "content": "Interior limbal staphyloma due to epithelial ingrowth into the anterior chamber appeared at birth in both eyes of a brother and sister born successively in a family of eight children. The possible etiopathogeny of such an uncommon occurrence is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital, bilateral, epithelial ingrowth into the anterior chamber. Interior limbal staphyloma due to epithelial ingrowth into the anterior chamber appeared at birth in both eyes of a brother and sister born successively in a family of eight children. The possible etiopathogeny of such an uncommon occurrence is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915652", "title": "Acute idiopathic scrotal edema.", "content": "A distinct clinical entity, acute idiopathic scrotal edema (AISE) has been previously characterized in the literature. Another six cases are reported. This clinical entity must be differentiated from testicular torsion and is of consequence for that reason.", "contents": "Acute idiopathic scrotal edema. A distinct clinical entity, acute idiopathic scrotal edema (AISE) has been previously characterized in the literature. Another six cases are reported. This clinical entity must be differentiated from testicular torsion and is of consequence for that reason."}
{"id": "PMID:915653", "title": "\"Acquired\" congenital diaphragmatic hernia.", "content": "\"Acquired\" congenital diaphragmatic hernia (ACDH), has been defined as delayed or late appearance of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia after a documented time periol of postnatal life with no evidence of herniation. Three new cases are presented. This diagnosis has been characterized on the basis of a review of these cases and 14 additional patients from the literature. A classification based upon timing of herniation and state of pulmonary development is presented.", "contents": "\"Acquired\" congenital diaphragmatic hernia. \"Acquired\" congenital diaphragmatic hernia (ACDH), has been defined as delayed or late appearance of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia after a documented time periol of postnatal life with no evidence of herniation. Three new cases are presented. This diagnosis has been characterized on the basis of a review of these cases and 14 additional patients from the literature. A classification based upon timing of herniation and state of pulmonary development is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:915647", "title": "Osteomyelitis of orbital bones.", "content": "Clinical, radiological, and microbiological features of seven cases of osteomyelitis involving the orbital parts of the frontal, the maxillary, and the zygomatic bones are described. The cases were managed with antibiotics, curettage, and sequestrectomy. Problems in the correction of deformities due to circatrization are discussed. It is observed that a skin graft at second stage may be a success.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis of orbital bones. Clinical, radiological, and microbiological features of seven cases of osteomyelitis involving the orbital parts of the frontal, the maxillary, and the zygomatic bones are described. The cases were managed with antibiotics, curettage, and sequestrectomy. Problems in the correction of deformities due to circatrization are discussed. It is observed that a skin graft at second stage may be a success."}
{"id": "PMID:915654", "title": "Massive gastric enlargement with delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "In three cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia presenting long after the newborn period, there was striking enlargement of the intraabdominal stomach. In each case there was herniation of the entire small bowel into the thorax and absence of a hernial sac. Despite the enormous capacity of the stomach, which was suggestive of obstruction preoperatively, no site of obstruction could be demonstrated at operation. This enlargement disappeared following surgical repair of the hernia.", "contents": "Massive gastric enlargement with delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: report of three cases and review of the literature. In three cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia presenting long after the newborn period, there was striking enlargement of the intraabdominal stomach. In each case there was herniation of the entire small bowel into the thorax and absence of a hernial sac. Despite the enormous capacity of the stomach, which was suggestive of obstruction preoperatively, no site of obstruction could be demonstrated at operation. This enlargement disappeared following surgical repair of the hernia."}
{"id": "PMID:915648", "title": "Proptosis as presenting symptom of orbital foreign body.", "content": "An unusual case of orbital foreign body is presented. The foreign body had penetrated through a small wound of the upper lid and was asymtomatic for two years. Proptosis due to hyperostosis of the orbital roof was a presenting symptom of the foreign body.", "contents": "Proptosis as presenting symptom of orbital foreign body. An unusual case of orbital foreign body is presented. The foreign body had penetrated through a small wound of the upper lid and was asymtomatic for two years. Proptosis due to hyperostosis of the orbital roof was a presenting symptom of the foreign body."}
{"id": "PMID:915655", "title": "Delayed appearance of a left posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia resulting in significant small bowel necrosis.", "content": "This is a case report of an infant who has a normal chest x-ray early in life and later developed a left posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia resulting in life-threatening bowel infarction.", "contents": "Delayed appearance of a left posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia resulting in significant small bowel necrosis. This is a case report of an infant who has a normal chest x-ray early in life and later developed a left posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia resulting in life-threatening bowel infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:915644", "title": "Subcutaneous granuloma annulare(\"pseudorheumatoid nodule\") of the eyebrow.", "content": "Subcutaneous granuloma annulare occurs either as a single or multiple lesion. When the ocular adnexa are involved, the lateral aspect of the eyelid and the lateral canthus are sites of predilection. These lesions occur chiefly in children and only rarely in adults. They have the same clinical (and histopathological) appearance as rheumatoid nodules and are, therefore, also known as \"pseudorheumatoid nodules.\" Despite this similarity, these nodules are isolated lesions and are not related to systemic disease, including rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic fever. The presently reported case exemplifies the characteristic clinical and pathological features of this disorder.", "contents": "Subcutaneous granuloma annulare(\"pseudorheumatoid nodule\") of the eyebrow. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare occurs either as a single or multiple lesion. When the ocular adnexa are involved, the lateral aspect of the eyelid and the lateral canthus are sites of predilection. These lesions occur chiefly in children and only rarely in adults. They have the same clinical (and histopathological) appearance as rheumatoid nodules and are, therefore, also known as \"pseudorheumatoid nodules.\" Despite this similarity, these nodules are isolated lesions and are not related to systemic disease, including rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic fever. The presently reported case exemplifies the characteristic clinical and pathological features of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:915656", "title": "Histochemical criteria for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease in rectal suction biopsies by acetylcholinesterase activity.", "content": "Histochemistry to demonstrate cholinergic fibers in rectal suction biopsies is a reliable method to diagnose or exclude Hirschsprung's disease. The histochemical criterion of a positive reaction consists of the presence of many coarse discrete cholinergic fibers in the muscularis mucosae and in the immediately subjacent submucosa, best assessed under medium power with the condenser lowered. A marked increase in cholinergic fibers in the lamina propria is seen only in some cases of Hirschsprung's disease. At least some cases of Hirschsprung's disease may be the result of destruction of ganglion cells by a viral infection in the intrauterine and early postnatal life.", "contents": "Histochemical criteria for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease in rectal suction biopsies by acetylcholinesterase activity. Histochemistry to demonstrate cholinergic fibers in rectal suction biopsies is a reliable method to diagnose or exclude Hirschsprung's disease. The histochemical criterion of a positive reaction consists of the presence of many coarse discrete cholinergic fibers in the muscularis mucosae and in the immediately subjacent submucosa, best assessed under medium power with the condenser lowered. A marked increase in cholinergic fibers in the lamina propria is seen only in some cases of Hirschsprung's disease. At least some cases of Hirschsprung's disease may be the result of destruction of ganglion cells by a viral infection in the intrauterine and early postnatal life."}
{"id": "PMID:915657", "title": "Neuronal colonic dysplasia: an unusual association of Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "A case of neuronal colonic dysplasia in association with Hirschsprung's disease is described. It is suggested that this condition be borne in mind when investigating operated Hirschsprung's cases having residual symptoms.", "contents": "Neuronal colonic dysplasia: an unusual association of Hirschsprung's disease. A case of neuronal colonic dysplasia in association with Hirschsprung's disease is described. It is suggested that this condition be borne in mind when investigating operated Hirschsprung's cases having residual symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:915658", "title": "Chylous ascites: the first reported surgical cure by direct ligation.", "content": "A patient with apparently intractable chylous ascites was finally explored after the administration of preoperative lipophilic dye. This made identification of a leaking lacteal possible and ligation resulted in a cure.", "contents": "Chylous ascites: the first reported surgical cure by direct ligation. A patient with apparently intractable chylous ascites was finally explored after the administration of preoperative lipophilic dye. This made identification of a leaking lacteal possible and ligation resulted in a cure."}
{"id": "PMID:915659", "title": "Incidence of some surgically correctable congenital abnormalities in South Australia.", "content": "A retrospective 5 yr survey of the incidence of some neonatal surgically correctable congenital abnormalities in South Australia has been carried out. Meaningful figures have been obtained for the incidence, in terms of the live birth rate, of obstructive malformation of the gastrointestinal tract, major abdominal wall and diaphragmatic defects, and some anomalies of the genitourinary system. In the main, the incidence of these malformations is similar to that reported from other centers. However the incidence of exomphalos and small bowel obstructions is lower in this series than in others, and the incidence of tracheoesophageal and anorectal anomalies appears to be slightly higher in South Australia than in Victoria. The incidence of diaphragmatic defects, excluding esophageal hiatus, is very similar to that ascertained by the perinatal mortality survey carried out by Butler and Claireaux.", "contents": "Incidence of some surgically correctable congenital abnormalities in South Australia. A retrospective 5 yr survey of the incidence of some neonatal surgically correctable congenital abnormalities in South Australia has been carried out. Meaningful figures have been obtained for the incidence, in terms of the live birth rate, of obstructive malformation of the gastrointestinal tract, major abdominal wall and diaphragmatic defects, and some anomalies of the genitourinary system. In the main, the incidence of these malformations is similar to that reported from other centers. However the incidence of exomphalos and small bowel obstructions is lower in this series than in others, and the incidence of tracheoesophageal and anorectal anomalies appears to be slightly higher in South Australia than in Victoria. The incidence of diaphragmatic defects, excluding esophageal hiatus, is very similar to that ascertained by the perinatal mortality survey carried out by Butler and Claireaux."}
{"id": "PMID:915661", "title": "Neonatal arterial occlusion with ischemic limb gangrene.", "content": "Arterial occlusion in the extremity of a neonate is a rare event of obscure etiology. The diagnosis implies an urgent situation which may result in extremity gangrene and ultimate loss of limb. In contrast, early diagnosis and appropriate management should result in preservation of a normal limb. The key to successful management appears to be an awareness of this common clinical condition in an uncommon clinical setting.", "contents": "Neonatal arterial occlusion with ischemic limb gangrene. Arterial occlusion in the extremity of a neonate is a rare event of obscure etiology. The diagnosis implies an urgent situation which may result in extremity gangrene and ultimate loss of limb. In contrast, early diagnosis and appropriate management should result in preservation of a normal limb. The key to successful management appears to be an awareness of this common clinical condition in an uncommon clinical setting."}
{"id": "PMID:915662", "title": "Neonatal arterial occlusion.", "content": "A neonate with idiopathic brachial artery occlusion was recently treated at the San Bernardino County Medical Center. At birth, the right upper extremity was cold, pulseless and cyanotic. Arteriography demonstrated brachial artery occlusion, following which thrombectomy and postoperative heparinization resulted in a viable limb. This represents an unusual case of neonatal arterial occlusion with diagnostic preoperative arteriography and successful Fogarty thrombectomy. Possible etiological factors, treatment alternatives, and long term prognosis are discussed in this report.", "contents": "Neonatal arterial occlusion. A neonate with idiopathic brachial artery occlusion was recently treated at the San Bernardino County Medical Center. At birth, the right upper extremity was cold, pulseless and cyanotic. Arteriography demonstrated brachial artery occlusion, following which thrombectomy and postoperative heparinization resulted in a viable limb. This represents an unusual case of neonatal arterial occlusion with diagnostic preoperative arteriography and successful Fogarty thrombectomy. Possible etiological factors, treatment alternatives, and long term prognosis are discussed in this report."}
{"id": "PMID:915663", "title": "A \"second\" radial artery for monitoring the perioperative pediatric cardiac patient.", "content": "The radial artery on the radial aspect of the wrist can be used as an alternative site of blood pressure monitoring and sampling. The anatomy of the radial artery in the wrist is reviewed and its clinical use is described.", "contents": "A \"second\" radial artery for monitoring the perioperative pediatric cardiac patient. The radial artery on the radial aspect of the wrist can be used as an alternative site of blood pressure monitoring and sampling. The anatomy of the radial artery in the wrist is reviewed and its clinical use is described."}
{"id": "PMID:915665", "title": "Electrosurgical skin incision.", "content": "A controlled clinical study shows that there is little difference between skin incisions made with a scalpel or by electrosurgical instruments.", "contents": "Electrosurgical skin incision. A controlled clinical study shows that there is little difference between skin incisions made with a scalpel or by electrosurgical instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:915680", "title": "Left testicular and groin pain: an unusual presentation for perforated appendicitis.", "content": "A 12 yr old black male presented with a 3 day history of left inguinal and testicular pain associated with nausea, vomiting, and fever. Left groin exploration demonstrated a markedly inflammed patent process vaginalis containing purulent exudate. Concomitant abdominal exploration demonstrated a perforated gangrenous appendix with diffuse peritonitis.", "contents": "Left testicular and groin pain: an unusual presentation for perforated appendicitis. A 12 yr old black male presented with a 3 day history of left inguinal and testicular pain associated with nausea, vomiting, and fever. Left groin exploration demonstrated a markedly inflammed patent process vaginalis containing purulent exudate. Concomitant abdominal exploration demonstrated a perforated gangrenous appendix with diffuse peritonitis."}
{"id": "PMID:915683", "title": "High vasopressin concentrations in human umbilical cord blood--lack of correlation with stress.", "content": "Marked elevations in the vasopressin concentrations in human umbilical cord blood have been reported previously (4, 8). This could either be a part of generalized increase in the activity of fetal endocrine system at the time of birth, a phenomenon that has led to the concept of fetal participation in the onset of labor, or simply due to the stress of delivery. The present study is an attempt to examine the later possibility. Plasma vasopressin was determined by radioimmunoassay [9] in separately collected arterial and venous blood from the umbilical cords of 24 babies spontaneously delivered and 14 babies born after Caesarian Section in the absence of labor. Arterial acid-base determinations were done in each case. The Apgar Score was evaluated by one individual. In order to obtain a general idea of circulating concentration of this hormone in the neonatal period, vasopressin concentrations were determined in the systemic venous blood of 12 normal and 10 stressed babies. Vasopressin concentrations in the umbilical arterial blood of babies born after spontaneous delivery were remarkably high, as compared to all the other groups. Despite a wide range, between 5-2200 pg/ml, there was no correlation between the magnitude of vasopressin elevation and the severity of fetal asphyxia (Fig. 1). The present finding in part, confirms and expands previously observed increased vasopressin levels in the cord blood after spontaneous vaginal delivery. In addition, a lack of correlation between fetal asphyxia and the vasopressin levels suggests that these high levels may not be related to this form of stress.", "contents": "High vasopressin concentrations in human umbilical cord blood--lack of correlation with stress. Marked elevations in the vasopressin concentrations in human umbilical cord blood have been reported previously (4, 8). This could either be a part of generalized increase in the activity of fetal endocrine system at the time of birth, a phenomenon that has led to the concept of fetal participation in the onset of labor, or simply due to the stress of delivery. The present study is an attempt to examine the later possibility. Plasma vasopressin was determined by radioimmunoassay [9] in separately collected arterial and venous blood from the umbilical cords of 24 babies spontaneously delivered and 14 babies born after Caesarian Section in the absence of labor. Arterial acid-base determinations were done in each case. The Apgar Score was evaluated by one individual. In order to obtain a general idea of circulating concentration of this hormone in the neonatal period, vasopressin concentrations were determined in the systemic venous blood of 12 normal and 10 stressed babies. Vasopressin concentrations in the umbilical arterial blood of babies born after spontaneous delivery were remarkably high, as compared to all the other groups. Despite a wide range, between 5-2200 pg/ml, there was no correlation between the magnitude of vasopressin elevation and the severity of fetal asphyxia (Fig. 1). The present finding in part, confirms and expands previously observed increased vasopressin levels in the cord blood after spontaneous vaginal delivery. In addition, a lack of correlation between fetal asphyxia and the vasopressin levels suggests that these high levels may not be related to this form of stress."}
{"id": "PMID:915686", "title": "Some psychological characteristics of prostitutes.", "content": "Ninety-five prostitutes, differentiated into five intra-occupational categories based on their method of operation, and an equal number of nonprostitute demographically matched controls, were interviewed and administered the WAIS Vocuabulary subtest, the MMPI, and the Rorschach. The data reveal that prostitutes on the upper end of the intra-occupational scale, such as call girls and those working in-house, are not significantly different from the nonprostitute controls. At the other end of the intra-occupational scale, street-walkers appear to be less mature and more dependent than their controls. Part-time prostitutes, such as housewives and drug dependent subjects, yield major indices of psychopathology.", "contents": "Some psychological characteristics of prostitutes. Ninety-five prostitutes, differentiated into five intra-occupational categories based on their method of operation, and an equal number of nonprostitute demographically matched controls, were interviewed and administered the WAIS Vocuabulary subtest, the MMPI, and the Rorschach. The data reveal that prostitutes on the upper end of the intra-occupational scale, such as call girls and those working in-house, are not significantly different from the nonprostitute controls. At the other end of the intra-occupational scale, street-walkers appear to be less mature and more dependent than their controls. Part-time prostitutes, such as housewives and drug dependent subjects, yield major indices of psychopathology."}
{"id": "PMID:915687", "title": "The predicative ability of HABGT scales for a male delinquent population.", "content": "The Adience-Abience and the Psychopathology Scales of the HABGT were applied under pretreatment and posttreatment conditions to 120 13-15-year-old male delinquents. Comparison with other personality variables, prediction of recidivism, and analysis of mean scores on the two scales with the means of normal and disturbed children of comparable age were attempted. The delinquent  group was more ambient than normal children and was significantly higher in psychopathology than either normals or disturbed children. Significant correlations were obtained between Adience-Abience and Psychopathology and recidivism, although neither scale alone, nor both scales in combination, was high enough in prediction to warrant their use for individual predictive purposes. However, their utility in such programs as well as their construct validity were demonstrated.", "contents": "The predicative ability of HABGT scales for a male delinquent population. The Adience-Abience and the Psychopathology Scales of the HABGT were applied under pretreatment and posttreatment conditions to 120 13-15-year-old male delinquents. Comparison with other personality variables, prediction of recidivism, and analysis of mean scores on the two scales with the means of normal and disturbed children of comparable age were attempted. The delinquent  group was more ambient than normal children and was significantly higher in psychopathology than either normals or disturbed children. Significant correlations were obtained between Adience-Abience and Psychopathology and recidivism, although neither scale alone, nor both scales in combination, was high enough in prediction to warrant their use for individual predictive purposes. However, their utility in such programs as well as their construct validity were demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:915688", "title": "Relevant MMPI norms for young adult Air Force trainees.", "content": "The Air Force Medical Evaluation Test (AFMET) research program utilized the MMPI in a psychological screening battery for basic trainees. T-scores based on the Adult Norms seemed excessively elevated. The norms for Minnesota Adolescents were tried for the 17-year-old airmen. MMPIs were given to entire squadrons not in the project, and the means and standard deviations were found to differ significantly from both earlier norms. These young adults differed in age, race, and education from the sample population of the Minnesota Adult Norms. T-conversion tables based on these new means and standard deviations were compiled.", "contents": "Relevant MMPI norms for young adult Air Force trainees. The Air Force Medical Evaluation Test (AFMET) research program utilized the MMPI in a psychological screening battery for basic trainees. T-scores based on the Adult Norms seemed excessively elevated. The norms for Minnesota Adolescents were tried for the 17-year-old airmen. MMPIs were given to entire squadrons not in the project, and the means and standard deviations were found to differ significantly from both earlier norms. These young adults differed in age, race, and education from the sample population of the Minnesota Adult Norms. T-conversion tables based on these new means and standard deviations were compiled."}
{"id": "PMID:915689", "title": "MMPI cannot say scores: normative data and degree of profile distortion.", "content": "Few previous studies have investigated MMPI Cannot Say scores (the number of items people omit in completing the MMPI). Study 1 examined the frequency of occurrence of omitted items in three different populations. A significantly higher proportion of complete MMPI answer sheets (no omitted items) was found among job applicants than among two psychiatric groups, and the vast majority of test subjects in all three groups responded to all items. Study 2 investigated the degree of profile distortion introduced by randomly omitting various numbers of MMPI items from complete answer sheets. As more MMPI items were omitted, there was a progressive reduction in the elevation of the MMPI profile, but several different analyses failed to reveal a definite point at which the number of omitted items clearly became excessive. Changes in the profile's high-point pair were sometimes produced by numbers of omitted items previously considered to be expected in a \"normal\" MMPI record. This type of profile distortion could alter significantly the interpretation of a profile. Changes were therefore suggested in the T-score values for the Cannot Say scale given on the standard profile.", "contents": "MMPI cannot say scores: normative data and degree of profile distortion. Few previous studies have investigated MMPI Cannot Say scores (the number of items people omit in completing the MMPI). Study 1 examined the frequency of occurrence of omitted items in three different populations. A significantly higher proportion of complete MMPI answer sheets (no omitted items) was found among job applicants than among two psychiatric groups, and the vast majority of test subjects in all three groups responded to all items. Study 2 investigated the degree of profile distortion introduced by randomly omitting various numbers of MMPI items from complete answer sheets. As more MMPI items were omitted, there was a progressive reduction in the elevation of the MMPI profile, but several different analyses failed to reveal a definite point at which the number of omitted items clearly became excessive. Changes in the profile's high-point pair were sometimes produced by numbers of omitted items previously considered to be expected in a \"normal\" MMPI record. This type of profile distortion could alter significantly the interpretation of a profile. Changes were therefore suggested in the T-score values for the Cannot Say scale given on the standard profile."}
{"id": "PMID:915690", "title": "A comparison of four personality inventories.", "content": "The equivalence of personality constructs measured by four rationally devised inventories watested by means of a factor analytic approach. The tests were administered to large high school and college samples. Separate analysis of each inventory were followed by analysis of pooled scales representing each factor found in any inventory. Twelve dimensions were found to be common to two or more inventories and consistent across the two samples. The results indicate a convergence on a set of basic personality constructs measurable and equivalent in several inventories.", "contents": "A comparison of four personality inventories. The equivalence of personality constructs measured by four rationally devised inventories watested by means of a factor analytic approach. The tests were administered to large high school and college samples. Separate analysis of each inventory were followed by analysis of pooled scales representing each factor found in any inventory. Twelve dimensions were found to be common to two or more inventories and consistent across the two samples. The results indicate a convergence on a set of basic personality constructs measurable and equivalent in several inventories."}
{"id": "PMID:915691", "title": "Conservatism, openness to experience and sample bias.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to examine the relationship between conservatism and openness to experiences. In Study I, the responses of 64 males and 60 females to the Conservatism Scale and the Coan (1972) Experience Inventory were correlated. For the total sample, conservatism was significantly related to the total score of the Experience Inventory plus six of seven of the component scales. Study II examined the relationship between conservatism and the expressed willingness to volunteer for certain psychological experiments that were assumed to require more openness. Subjects were 91 males and 114 females from introductory psychology classes. High conservative subjects were less willing to volunteer for the experiments that required more openness as compared to low conservative subjects. These results were discussed in the context of volunteer bias in psychological research.", "contents": "Conservatism, openness to experience and sample bias. Two experiments were conducted to examine the relationship between conservatism and openness to experiences. In Study I, the responses of 64 males and 60 females to the Conservatism Scale and the Coan (1972) Experience Inventory were correlated. For the total sample, conservatism was significantly related to the total score of the Experience Inventory plus six of seven of the component scales. Study II examined the relationship between conservatism and the expressed willingness to volunteer for certain psychological experiments that were assumed to require more openness. Subjects were 91 males and 114 females from introductory psychology classes. High conservative subjects were less willing to volunteer for the experiments that required more openness as compared to low conservative subjects. These results were discussed in the context of volunteer bias in psychological research."}
{"id": "PMID:915692", "title": "Anxiety and mood states in delinquent adolescents.", "content": "Studied the relationship between state-trait anxiety and  mood states in deliquents by giving the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) (Spielberger, 1973) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971) to 41 behavior problem adolescents who were residents of a facility for youthful offenders. Results indicated that males and females did not differ significantly. The A-State portion of the STAIC was correlated significantly with the Vigor-Activity and Anger-Hostility portions of the POMS as well as the Total Mood Disturbance index. On the other hand, the A-Trait portion of the STAIC was correlated significantly with the Depression-Dejection, the Tension-Anxiety, and the Fatigue-Inertia portions of the POMS as well as the Total Mood Disturbance index. Findings were discussed in terms of their relationship to previous research and in terms of the differences in conception of affective states presented by Spielberger (1973) and McNair et al. (1971).", "contents": "Anxiety and mood states in delinquent adolescents. Studied the relationship between state-trait anxiety and  mood states in deliquents by giving the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) (Spielberger, 1973) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971) to 41 behavior problem adolescents who were residents of a facility for youthful offenders. Results indicated that males and females did not differ significantly. The A-State portion of the STAIC was correlated significantly with the Vigor-Activity and Anger-Hostility portions of the POMS as well as the Total Mood Disturbance index. On the other hand, the A-Trait portion of the STAIC was correlated significantly with the Depression-Dejection, the Tension-Anxiety, and the Fatigue-Inertia portions of the POMS as well as the Total Mood Disturbance index. Findings were discussed in terms of their relationship to previous research and in terms of the differences in conception of affective states presented by Spielberger (1973) and McNair et al. (1971)."}
{"id": "PMID:915693", "title": "Biographical, trait, and behavioral-sampling predictions of performance in a stressful life setting.", "content": "Biographical, trait, and behavioral-sampling predictors, when combined, yield a substantially and significantly larger prediction of performance, R = .72, in a natural setting than any of these approaches achieve separately (Rs, respectively, of .64, .44, and .42; all ps less than .01). A canonical correlational analysis designed to determine which predictors best predict which component of the multifaceted criterion suggests that traits best predict other traits, while specific past behaviors and learning experiences best predict specific future skilled performances. Personality assessment, which has been preoccupied with simple competitions between behavioral-sampling and trait approaches, might progress faster if it reformulated its task in a broader, more cooperative fashion.", "contents": "Biographical, trait, and behavioral-sampling predictions of performance in a stressful life setting. Biographical, trait, and behavioral-sampling predictors, when combined, yield a substantially and significantly larger prediction of performance, R = .72, in a natural setting than any of these approaches achieve separately (Rs, respectively, of .64, .44, and .42; all ps less than .01). A canonical correlational analysis designed to determine which predictors best predict which component of the multifaceted criterion suggests that traits best predict other traits, while specific past behaviors and learning experiences best predict specific future skilled performances. Personality assessment, which has been preoccupied with simple competitions between behavioral-sampling and trait approaches, might progress faster if it reformulated its task in a broader, more cooperative fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:915694", "title": "Creative productivity, age, and stress: a biographical time-series analysis of 10 classical composers.", "content": "The determinants of creative productivity were specified in the form of six hypotheses. Using a multivariate cross-sectional time-series design with several controls, the lives and works of 10 classical composers were analyzed into consecutive 5-year age periods. Two independent measures of productivity were operationalized (works and themes), with each measure subdivided into major and minor compositions according to a citation criterion. It was consistently found across both productivity measures that (a) quality of productivity is a probabilistic consequence of productive quantity and (b) total productivity, while affected by age and physical illness, is otherwise free of external influences (viz., social reinforcement, biographical stress, war intensity, and internal disturbances). Due to the more selective nature of the thematic productivity measure, the criterion of total themes alone was affected by competition and a time-wise bias. The article closes with a brief discussion of the broad substantive utility of the methodological design.", "contents": "Creative productivity, age, and stress: a biographical time-series analysis of 10 classical composers. The determinants of creative productivity were specified in the form of six hypotheses. Using a multivariate cross-sectional time-series design with several controls, the lives and works of 10 classical composers were analyzed into consecutive 5-year age periods. Two independent measures of productivity were operationalized (works and themes), with each measure subdivided into major and minor compositions according to a citation criterion. It was consistently found across both productivity measures that (a) quality of productivity is a probabilistic consequence of productive quantity and (b) total productivity, while affected by age and physical illness, is otherwise free of external influences (viz., social reinforcement, biographical stress, war intensity, and internal disturbances). Due to the more selective nature of the thematic productivity measure, the criterion of total themes alone was affected by competition and a time-wise bias. The article closes with a brief discussion of the broad substantive utility of the methodological design."}
{"id": "PMID:915695", "title": "What mediates the effect of mild erotica on annoyance and hostile behavior in males?", "content": "Male subjects were provoked or not provoked, exposed to photographs of (a) nonerotica, (b) nude females, or (c) couples engaged in sexual activities, and provided with an opportunity to express annoyance and to retaliate against their annoyer. Both annoyance and retaliatory behavior were measured. The excitatory potential, the involvement potential, and the hedonic valence of the nonerotic and erotic stimuli were also assessed. Provocation produced strong effects on all measures of annoyance and retaliatory behavior. In unprovoked subjects, erotica had no effect whatsoever on such behavior. Under conditions of provocation, reported annoyance in both erotica conditions was significantly less than in nonerotic condition. There was no corresponding differentiation in retaliatory behavior, however. The excitatory potential of the erotica employed, as measured in heart-rate and blood-pressure changes, proved to be minimal. No stimulus differences in involvement potential were found. The erotica were similarly pleasing. The nonerotica, in contrast, were conisdered boring. The findings are discussed in terms of various theoretical proposals concerning the relationship between erotica and aggression.", "contents": "What mediates the effect of mild erotica on annoyance and hostile behavior in males? Male subjects were provoked or not provoked, exposed to photographs of (a) nonerotica, (b) nude females, or (c) couples engaged in sexual activities, and provided with an opportunity to express annoyance and to retaliate against their annoyer. Both annoyance and retaliatory behavior were measured. The excitatory potential, the involvement potential, and the hedonic valence of the nonerotic and erotic stimuli were also assessed. Provocation produced strong effects on all measures of annoyance and retaliatory behavior. In unprovoked subjects, erotica had no effect whatsoever on such behavior. Under conditions of provocation, reported annoyance in both erotica conditions was significantly less than in nonerotic condition. There was no corresponding differentiation in retaliatory behavior, however. The excitatory potential of the erotica employed, as measured in heart-rate and blood-pressure changes, proved to be minimal. No stimulus differences in involvement potential were found. The erotica were similarly pleasing. The nonerotica, in contrast, were conisdered boring. The findings are discussed in terms of various theoretical proposals concerning the relationship between erotica and aggression."}
{"id": "PMID:915723", "title": "Microbiological turbidimetric methods: linearization of antibiotic and vitamin standard curves.", "content": "Procedures were devised to linearize the usually curved calibration lines for turbidimetric microbiological assays. Three new equations relating concentration of drug and turbidity are described; two are for antibiotic assays and one for vitamin assays. One equation is for antibiotic assays employing Klebsiella pneumoniae as the test organism. The accuracy of interpolation from the three equations was studied by means of appropriate mathematical models based on erthromycin, chlortetracycline (K. pneumoniae), and cyanocobalamin assays. The accuracy of the new expressions was significantly superior to those used previously, and they are of general applicability.", "contents": "Microbiological turbidimetric methods: linearization of antibiotic and vitamin standard curves. Procedures were devised to linearize the usually curved calibration lines for turbidimetric microbiological assays. Three new equations relating concentration of drug and turbidity are described; two are for antibiotic assays and one for vitamin assays. One equation is for antibiotic assays employing Klebsiella pneumoniae as the test organism. The accuracy of interpolation from the three equations was studied by means of appropriate mathematical models based on erthromycin, chlortetracycline (K. pneumoniae), and cyanocobalamin assays. The accuracy of the new expressions was significantly superior to those used previously, and they are of general applicability."}
{"id": "PMID:915724", "title": "Skin as an active metabolizing barrier I: Theoretical analysis of topical bioavailability.", "content": "A model and explicit  equations were developed to be used in the experimental design and data evaluation of situations where simultaneous metabolism and transport of drugs occur in the skin. By treating the skin as a two-ply laminate composed of the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis, which contains most of the catabolic enzymes that might render a drug inactive by metabolism, equations were developed permitting the in vitro assessment of factors that may affect topical bioavailability in vivo. Two situations were investigated. In the first, the drug was placed on the dermis side of the diffusion cell and did not penerate the stratum corneum. In the second, the drug, placed on the epidermis side, penetrated the stratum corneum and then passed through the metabolizing epidermis. Expressions for determining the metabolic rate constant from experimental data along with concentration profiles and flux expressions are given both for the drug and its metabolite.", "contents": "Skin as an active metabolizing barrier I: Theoretical analysis of topical bioavailability. A model and explicit  equations were developed to be used in the experimental design and data evaluation of situations where simultaneous metabolism and transport of drugs occur in the skin. By treating the skin as a two-ply laminate composed of the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis, which contains most of the catabolic enzymes that might render a drug inactive by metabolism, equations were developed permitting the in vitro assessment of factors that may affect topical bioavailability in vivo. Two situations were investigated. In the first, the drug was placed on the dermis side of the diffusion cell and did not penerate the stratum corneum. In the second, the drug, placed on the epidermis side, penetrated the stratum corneum and then passed through the metabolizing epidermis. Expressions for determining the metabolic rate constant from experimental data along with concentration profiles and flux expressions are given both for the drug and its metabolite."}
{"id": "PMID:915725", "title": "Role of carbonate in acid neutralization of aluminum hydroxide gel.", "content": "The role of carbonate in the acid neutralization of a carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide gel was studied. The pH-stat neutralization reaction was comprised of three phases: an initial, immediately reacting phase; a slow, zero-order phase; and a terminal, fast zero-order phase. The evolution of carbon dioxide and the appearance of aluminum ions were monitored during neutralization. Acid neutralization is believed to occur predominantly at the aluminum-carbonate bond during the slow phase of neutralization. The reaction of structural carbonate disrupts the gel structure and increases the porosity and surface area of the gel. The diffusion of acid into the gel structure is facilitated and accelerates the neutralization rate, as seen in the final phase of the pH-stat titrigrams. The behavior of carbonate is probably responsible for the rapid and complete neutralization of acid generally observed with carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide gel.", "contents": "Role of carbonate in acid neutralization of aluminum hydroxide gel. The role of carbonate in the acid neutralization of a carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide gel was studied. The pH-stat neutralization reaction was comprised of three phases: an initial, immediately reacting phase; a slow, zero-order phase; and a terminal, fast zero-order phase. The evolution of carbon dioxide and the appearance of aluminum ions were monitored during neutralization. Acid neutralization is believed to occur predominantly at the aluminum-carbonate bond during the slow phase of neutralization. The reaction of structural carbonate disrupts the gel structure and increases the porosity and surface area of the gel. The diffusion of acid into the gel structure is facilitated and accelerates the neutralization rate, as seen in the final phase of the pH-stat titrigrams. The behavior of carbonate is probably responsible for the rapid and complete neutralization of acid generally observed with carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide gel."}
{"id": "PMID:915726", "title": "Surface tension lowering and dissolution rate of hydrocortisone from solid solutions of selected n-acyl esters of cholesterol.", "content": "The dissolution of hydrocortisone into simulated intestinal fluid from lipid delivery systems followed second-order kinetics. As the ratio of hydrocortisone to lipid was increased from 1:1 to 1:6, the dissolution rate decreased. Solvent deposition of solid solutions of hydrocortisone and lipid on lactose resulted in the enhancement of the dissolution rate. For the 1:1 hydrocortisone-lipid solid solutions, the rank order of the dissolution rate was hydrocortisone-cholesteryl stearate, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone-cholesterol, hydrocortisone-cholesteryl acetate, hydrocortisone-cholesteryl palmitate, hydrocortisone-cholesteryl n-butyrate, hydrocortisone-cholesteryl laurate, and hydrocortisone-cholesteryl n-decylate. A direct correlation was found between the dissolution rate of hydrocortisone and the surface tension lowering of simulated intestinal fluid by the corticoid and various lipids.", "contents": "Surface tension lowering and dissolution rate of hydrocortisone from solid solutions of selected n-acyl esters of cholesterol. The dissolution of hydrocortisone into simulated intestinal fluid from lipid delivery systems followed second-order kinetics. As the ratio of hydrocortisone to lipid was increased from 1:1 to 1:6, the dissolution rate decreased. Solvent deposition of solid solutions of hydrocortisone and lipid on lactose resulted in the enhancement of the dissolution rate. For the 1:1 hydrocortisone-lipid solid solutions, the rank order of the dissolution rate was hydrocortisone-cholesteryl stearate, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone-cholesterol, hydrocortisone-cholesteryl acetate, hydrocortisone-cholesteryl palmitate, hydrocortisone-cholesteryl n-butyrate, hydrocortisone-cholesteryl laurate, and hydrocortisone-cholesteryl n-decylate. A direct correlation was found between the dissolution rate of hydrocortisone and the surface tension lowering of simulated intestinal fluid by the corticoid and various lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:915729", "title": "Polyethylene glycol as a binder for tablets.", "content": "Polyethylene glycol 6000 was evaluated as a binder for the direct compression of 11 tablet formulations. Six formulations compressed quite well, and the resulting tablets were satisfactory in all respects. To evaluate stability, actual shelflife studies were considered more appropriate than the accelerated studies. After a shelflife of 3 years, five of the six formulations were stable. The ascorbic acid formulation was stable for up to 18 months.", "contents": "Polyethylene glycol as a binder for tablets. Polyethylene glycol 6000 was evaluated as a binder for the direct compression of 11 tablet formulations. Six formulations compressed quite well, and the resulting tablets were satisfactory in all respects. To evaluate stability, actual shelflife studies were considered more appropriate than the accelerated studies. After a shelflife of 3 years, five of the six formulations were stable. The ascorbic acid formulation was stable for up to 18 months."}
{"id": "PMID:915730", "title": "Determination of diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate in solutions and tablets.", "content": "Methods for the determination of diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate combinations in solutions and powdered tablet composites are presented. A semiautomated assay for diphenoxylate hydrochloride in individual tablets (content uniformity) also is presented. The USP XIX assays for these products are cumbersome and, in the case of solutions, inaccurate due to spectral interferences; the proposed methods offer substantial improvements in sensitivity, specificity, and speed. Results obtained by the USP and proposed methods are compared for several lots of commercial products. The accuracy and precision of the proposed methods are shown by standard recovery studies.", "contents": "Determination of diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate in solutions and tablets. Methods for the determination of diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate combinations in solutions and powdered tablet composites are presented. A semiautomated assay for diphenoxylate hydrochloride in individual tablets (content uniformity) also is presented. The USP XIX assays for these products are cumbersome and, in the case of solutions, inaccurate due to spectral interferences; the proposed methods offer substantial improvements in sensitivity, specificity, and speed. Results obtained by the USP and proposed methods are compared for several lots of commercial products. The accuracy and precision of the proposed methods are shown by standard recovery studies."}
{"id": "PMID:915731", "title": "Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel cyclic N-hydroxyureas.", "content": "To overcome the disadvantages of hydroxyurea in anticancer therapy such as fast biotransformation and low potency, five cyclic N-hydroxyureas were synthesized. A new reaction was developed to prepare the desired products from the appropriate alkyl omega-haloalkylcarbamates with hydroxylamine. This reaction probably involves a two-step mechanism: nucleophilic substitution and intramolecular cyclization. The anticancer screening tests of these compounds were done both in vitro using tissue culture and in vivo. One compound, 1-hydroxy-1,3-diazacylohexan-2-one, had anticancer activity comparable to hydroxyurea both in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel cyclic N-hydroxyureas. To overcome the disadvantages of hydroxyurea in anticancer therapy such as fast biotransformation and low potency, five cyclic N-hydroxyureas were synthesized. A new reaction was developed to prepare the desired products from the appropriate alkyl omega-haloalkylcarbamates with hydroxylamine. This reaction probably involves a two-step mechanism: nucleophilic substitution and intramolecular cyclization. The anticancer screening tests of these compounds were done both in vitro using tissue culture and in vivo. One compound, 1-hydroxy-1,3-diazacylohexan-2-one, had anticancer activity comparable to hydroxyurea both in vivo and in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:915732", "title": "ac Polarography for tetracycline analysis.", "content": "The electrode processes for the reduction of several tetracyclines by ac polarography were examined. In pH 4.0 Walpole acetic acid-acetate buffer, two main waves occurred; the first was quasireversible and the second was reversible. Results showed that the first wave can readily be used for quantitative work. The second wave would also be suitable provided that there was no interference from other electroreducible substances.", "contents": "ac Polarography for tetracycline analysis. The electrode processes for the reduction of several tetracyclines by ac polarography were examined. In pH 4.0 Walpole acetic acid-acetate buffer, two main waves occurred; the first was quasireversible and the second was reversible. Results showed that the first wave can readily be used for quantitative work. The second wave would also be suitable provided that there was no interference from other electroreducible substances."}
{"id": "PMID:915733", "title": "Evaluation of drug formulations using LD50 testing in mice.", "content": "The LD50 values were utilized to assess the relative rate of absorption of two very poorly soluble drugs. Formulations of these drugs were studied by micronization; addition of surfactant, alkaline or buffering agents, and/or bile salts; coprecipitation; melt or fusion techniques; or granulation with hydrophilic agents. Differences in toxicities were demonstrated from formulations compared to pure drugs by the LD50 method. This study shows that the LD50 is a practical, rapid method of achieving comparative evaluations of drug formulations.", "contents": "Evaluation of drug formulations using LD50 testing in mice. The LD50 values were utilized to assess the relative rate of absorption of two very poorly soluble drugs. Formulations of these drugs were studied by micronization; addition of surfactant, alkaline or buffering agents, and/or bile salts; coprecipitation; melt or fusion techniques; or granulation with hydrophilic agents. Differences in toxicities were demonstrated from formulations compared to pure drugs by the LD50 method. This study shows that the LD50 is a practical, rapid method of achieving comparative evaluations of drug formulations."}
{"id": "PMID:915734", "title": "Quantitative analysis of methadone in biological fluids using deuterium-labeled methadone and GLC-chemical-ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "The (+)-,(-)-, and (+/-)-2H5-methadones, which contained five deuterium atoms in one aromatic ring, were synthesized for use in clinical pharmacological studies and as internal standards. GLC-chemical-ionization mass spectrometry was used to determine plasma and urinary methadone levels by an inverse isotope dilution assay. Plasma drug levels could be determined to 10 pmoles/ml, and urine levels could be measured to 5 pmoles/ml. Plasma  methadone levels were examined in several patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. These levels generally ranged between 100 and 400 ng/ml (320-1300 pmoles/ml) after an average oral dose of 1 mg/kg/day. The methadone half-life was 28.8 +/- 4.8 hr.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of methadone in biological fluids using deuterium-labeled methadone and GLC-chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. The (+)-,(-)-, and (+/-)-2H5-methadones, which contained five deuterium atoms in one aromatic ring, were synthesized for use in clinical pharmacological studies and as internal standards. GLC-chemical-ionization mass spectrometry was used to determine plasma and urinary methadone levels by an inverse isotope dilution assay. Plasma drug levels could be determined to 10 pmoles/ml, and urine levels could be measured to 5 pmoles/ml. Plasma  methadone levels were examined in several patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. These levels generally ranged between 100 and 400 ng/ml (320-1300 pmoles/ml) after an average oral dose of 1 mg/kg/day. The methadone half-life was 28.8 +/- 4.8 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:915735", "title": "Piperidine derivatives: synthesis of potential analgesics in 3-substituted 4-phenylpiperidine series.", "content": "The syntheses of 1-methyl-3-(3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl)-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol and 1-methyl-3(3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl)-4-phenyl-4-propanoyloxypiperidine are described. Preliminary pharmacological testing showed these compounds to be weakly active in the writhing  test.", "contents": "Piperidine derivatives: synthesis of potential analgesics in 3-substituted 4-phenylpiperidine series. The syntheses of 1-methyl-3-(3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl)-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol and 1-methyl-3(3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl)-4-phenyl-4-propanoyloxypiperidine are described. Preliminary pharmacological testing showed these compounds to be weakly active in the writhing  test."}
{"id": "PMID:915737", "title": "Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of selected isomeric oxime O-ethers as anticholinergic agents.", "content": "A series of isomeric (Z)-and (E)-oxime O-beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether methylhalide derivatives was synthesized, and their (Z)-and (E)-assignments were made on the basis of chemical and spectral data. The respective (Z)-and (E)-isomers were evaluated as anticholinergic agents on the rat ileum. The antimuscarinic potencies of the respective (Z)-and (E)-isomers were compared to determine the effect upon potency of this type of geometric  isomerism. Three general structure-activity  relationships and discernible among the synthesized compounds: (a) among oxime O-ethers derived from aromatic aldehydes, the higher potency consistently resides in the isomer where the aryl substituent is (E) to the ammonium ether substituent; (B) among oxime O-ethers derived from diaryl ketones, the (Z)-and (E)-isomers are approximately equipotent; and (c) oxime O-ethers derived from diaryl ketones are the most potent of the synthesized compounds.", "contents": "Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of selected isomeric oxime O-ethers as anticholinergic agents. A series of isomeric (Z)-and (E)-oxime O-beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether methylhalide derivatives was synthesized, and their (Z)-and (E)-assignments were made on the basis of chemical and spectral data. The respective (Z)-and (E)-isomers were evaluated as anticholinergic agents on the rat ileum. The antimuscarinic potencies of the respective (Z)-and (E)-isomers were compared to determine the effect upon potency of this type of geometric  isomerism. Three general structure-activity  relationships and discernible among the synthesized compounds: (a) among oxime O-ethers derived from aromatic aldehydes, the higher potency consistently resides in the isomer where the aryl substituent is (E) to the ammonium ether substituent; (B) among oxime O-ethers derived from diaryl ketones, the (Z)-and (E)-isomers are approximately equipotent; and (c) oxime O-ethers derived from diaryl ketones are the most potent of the synthesized compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:915738", "title": "N-Glucopyranosyl-5-aralkylidenerhodanines: synthesis and antibacterial and antiviral activities.", "content": "A series N-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-5-aralkylidenerhodanines was synthesized, and the acetyl groups were removed to give N-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-5-aralkylidenerhodanies  without cleavage of the rhodanine ring by means of acid hydrolysis. Alkaline hydrolysis  with ammonia in methanol resulted in cleavage to N-glucosylthiourea, providing evidence for N-glycoside formation. A number of the rhodanine derivatives, especially those with nitro or chloro groups in the aromatic ring, showed antibacterial activity. N-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-5-(4-nitrobenzylidene) rhodanine showed antiviral activity by inhibition of viral RNA synthesis. Some effect on blood sugar levels also was observed with several rhodanines.", "contents": "N-Glucopyranosyl-5-aralkylidenerhodanines: synthesis and antibacterial and antiviral activities. A series N-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-5-aralkylidenerhodanines was synthesized, and the acetyl groups were removed to give N-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-5-aralkylidenerhodanies  without cleavage of the rhodanine ring by means of acid hydrolysis. Alkaline hydrolysis  with ammonia in methanol resulted in cleavage to N-glucosylthiourea, providing evidence for N-glycoside formation. A number of the rhodanine derivatives, especially those with nitro or chloro groups in the aromatic ring, showed antibacterial activity. N-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-5-(4-nitrobenzylidene) rhodanine showed antiviral activity by inhibition of viral RNA synthesis. Some effect on blood sugar levels also was observed with several rhodanines."}
{"id": "PMID:915739", "title": "Effects of polyelectrolytes on drug transport II: permeation.", "content": "The permeation rate of salicylate across a dialysis membrane was studied in the presence of various types of carboxymethylcellulose. The presence of the polymer in the salicylate solution increased the permeation rate of salicylate. The data were analyzed with a diffusional model in which the viscosity and charge effects were evaluated separately.", "contents": "Effects of polyelectrolytes on drug transport II: permeation. The permeation rate of salicylate across a dialysis membrane was studied in the presence of various types of carboxymethylcellulose. The presence of the polymer in the salicylate solution increased the permeation rate of salicylate. The data were analyzed with a diffusional model in which the viscosity and charge effects were evaluated separately."}
{"id": "PMID:915740", "title": "Metoclopramide metabolism and determination by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method suitable for determining plasma metoclopramide levels at normal (10-20 mg) doses is  described. Eight metabolites as well as metclopramide were isolated and identified in rat, dog. and human urine. The only common metabolite in these species is 2-[(4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl)-amino] acetic acid. N-Deethylation is a major pathway for metoclopramide metabolism in the lower animals but not in humans. Metoclopramide is excreted mainly unchanged or as its conjugates by humans.", "contents": "Metoclopramide metabolism and determination by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method suitable for determining plasma metoclopramide levels at normal (10-20 mg) doses is  described. Eight metabolites as well as metclopramide were isolated and identified in rat, dog. and human urine. The only common metabolite in these species is 2-[(4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl)-amino] acetic acid. N-Deethylation is a major pathway for metoclopramide metabolism in the lower animals but not in humans. Metoclopramide is excreted mainly unchanged or as its conjugates by humans."}
{"id": "PMID:915741", "title": "High-speed liquid chromatographic analysis of dapsone and related compounds.", "content": "A nonaqueous solvent absorptive support system and an aqueous solvent reversed-phase support liquid chromatographic system for analysis of dapsone and related compounds were investigated. The absorptive support system was more suitable for analysis of dapsone in raw materials, formulations, and tissue residues. The suitability was judged by the relative selectivity, efficiency, precision, and sensitivity of the systems. The adsorptive support system was used for the analysis of trace amounts of raw material impurities and dapsone metabolites. Coupling fluorometric detection to the chromatographic system yielded a 10-pg on-column detection limit for dapsone; the UV detection limit was 250 pg.", "contents": "High-speed liquid chromatographic analysis of dapsone and related compounds. A nonaqueous solvent absorptive support system and an aqueous solvent reversed-phase support liquid chromatographic system for analysis of dapsone and related compounds were investigated. The absorptive support system was more suitable for analysis of dapsone in raw materials, formulations, and tissue residues. The suitability was judged by the relative selectivity, efficiency, precision, and sensitivity of the systems. The adsorptive support system was used for the analysis of trace amounts of raw material impurities and dapsone metabolites. Coupling fluorometric detection to the chromatographic system yielded a 10-pg on-column detection limit for dapsone; the UV detection limit was 250 pg."}
{"id": "PMID:915742", "title": "Preparation and skin-photosensitizing activity of substituted psoralens.", "content": "8-Monosubstituted and 5,8-disubstituted psoralen derivatives were prepared, and their skin-photosensitizing activity was evaluated. The results were correlated in terms of  molecular configuration, and 8-allyloxypsoralen can be considered was a new agent of potent photodynamic activity.", "contents": "Preparation and skin-photosensitizing activity of substituted psoralens. 8-Monosubstituted and 5,8-disubstituted psoralen derivatives were prepared, and their skin-photosensitizing activity was evaluated. The results were correlated in terms of  molecular configuration, and 8-allyloxypsoralen can be considered was a new agent of potent photodynamic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:915743", "title": "High-speed liquid chromatographic determination of pilocarpine in pharmaceutical dosage forms.", "content": "A specific method for the direct determination of pilocarpine in aqueous pharmaceuticals in the presence of decomposition products, methylcellulose, and other ingredients usually present in pharmaceuticals is described. The method involves separation by high-speed liquid chromatography using, in series, octadecylsilane bonded to silica and cyanopropylsilane bonded to silica columns and a tetrahydrofuran-pH 9.2 borate buffer (3:7) eluant. Quantitation is achieved by monitoring the absorbance of the effluent at 254 nm and using a pyridine internal standard and a calibration curve prepared from known concentrations of pilocarpine nitrate. The reproducibility of the retention time and peak area was better than 2.0%.", "contents": "High-speed liquid chromatographic determination of pilocarpine in pharmaceutical dosage forms. A specific method for the direct determination of pilocarpine in aqueous pharmaceuticals in the presence of decomposition products, methylcellulose, and other ingredients usually present in pharmaceuticals is described. The method involves separation by high-speed liquid chromatography using, in series, octadecylsilane bonded to silica and cyanopropylsilane bonded to silica columns and a tetrahydrofuran-pH 9.2 borate buffer (3:7) eluant. Quantitation is achieved by monitoring the absorbance of the effluent at 254 nm and using a pyridine internal standard and a calibration curve prepared from known concentrations of pilocarpine nitrate. The reproducibility of the retention time and peak area was better than 2.0%."}
{"id": "PMID:915744", "title": "Alkaloids of Nelumbo lutea (Wild.) pers. (Nymphaeaceae)", "content": "A phytochemical investigation of an alcoholic extract of the petioles of Nelumbo lutea resulted in the identification  of the alkaloids N-methylasimilobine, anonaine, and roemerine. The alkaloids nuciferine, armepavine, N-nornuciferine, and N-norarmepavine, previously previously reported in  the whole plant, were also identified.", "contents": "Alkaloids of Nelumbo lutea (Wild.) pers. (Nymphaeaceae). A phytochemical investigation of an alcoholic extract of the petioles of Nelumbo lutea resulted in the identification  of the alkaloids N-methylasimilobine, anonaine, and roemerine. The alkaloids nuciferine, armepavine, N-nornuciferine, and N-norarmepavine, previously previously reported in  the whole plant, were also identified."}
{"id": "PMID:915745", "title": "GLC microanalyses of phenacetin and acetaminophen plasma levels.", "content": "A GLC method utilizing a flame-ionization detector is described for the simultaneous analysis of acetaminophen and phenacetin in plasma. p-Bromoacetanilide is used as an internal standard. The drugs are extracted with ether from plasma diluted with 1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The ether extract is evaporated to dryness under nitrogen, and the residue is dissolved in 300 microliter of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate is transferred to a microcentrifuge tube (0.4 ml), and the sample is evaporated in a vacuum centrifuge. Then  the residue is redissolved in 0.2 M trimethylanilinium hydroxide in methanol for GLC analysis. Extraction  efficiency of added phenacetin and acetaminophen in  plasma at concentrations of 1-10 microgram/ml was complete, and the limit of detection in plasma was less than 0.1 microgram.", "contents": "GLC microanalyses of phenacetin and acetaminophen plasma levels. A GLC method utilizing a flame-ionization detector is described for the simultaneous analysis of acetaminophen and phenacetin in plasma. p-Bromoacetanilide is used as an internal standard. The drugs are extracted with ether from plasma diluted with 1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The ether extract is evaporated to dryness under nitrogen, and the residue is dissolved in 300 microliter of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate is transferred to a microcentrifuge tube (0.4 ml), and the sample is evaporated in a vacuum centrifuge. Then  the residue is redissolved in 0.2 M trimethylanilinium hydroxide in methanol for GLC analysis. Extraction  efficiency of added phenacetin and acetaminophen in  plasma at concentrations of 1-10 microgram/ml was complete, and the limit of detection in plasma was less than 0.1 microgram."}
{"id": "PMID:915746", "title": "Molecular connectivity and retention indexes.", "content": "The molecular connectivity indexes, chi, of some alcohols, ethers, esters, and ketones did not correlate very well with their retention volumes in some GLC systems. It was concluded that the utility of chi for the prediction of biological activities could prove rather limited.", "contents": "Molecular connectivity and retention indexes. The molecular connectivity indexes, chi, of some alcohols, ethers, esters, and ketones did not correlate very well with their retention volumes in some GLC systems. It was concluded that the utility of chi for the prediction of biological activities could prove rather limited."}
{"id": "PMID:915747", "title": "Fluorometric determination of methyldopa in biological fluids.", "content": "A fluorometric method for the analysis of methyldopa, based on the formation of a fluorophore after oxidation and rearrangement, is described. The drug  is isolated from biological fluids by adsorption on alumina and elution with an organic solvent. Fluoresence is linear from 0.1 to 1.5 microgram of methyldopa/ml. The assay has a lower limit of sensitivity of 100 ng/ml and is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies following therapeutic doses in animals and humans.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of methyldopa in biological fluids. A fluorometric method for the analysis of methyldopa, based on the formation of a fluorophore after oxidation and rearrangement, is described. The drug  is isolated from biological fluids by adsorption on alumina and elution with an organic solvent. Fluoresence is linear from 0.1 to 1.5 microgram of methyldopa/ml. The assay has a lower limit of sensitivity of 100 ng/ml and is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies following therapeutic doses in animals and humans."}
{"id": "PMID:915748", "title": "GLC determination of N,N-dimethylaniline in penicillins.", "content": "A reliable GLC procedure was developed for the determination of residual N,N-dimethylaniline as a contaminant in ampicillin commerical samples from various sources. The procedure was similarly applied to other penicillins and cephalosporins. The method involves dissolution of the sample in aqueous alkali, extraction of the organic base with cyclohexane containing naphthalene as an internal standard, and injection into gas chromatograph with a phenyl methyl silicone column. Levels of 0.1 ppm of dimethylaniline were easily measured with a coefficient of variation less than 10%, and recoveries from spiked samples exceeded 99%.", "contents": "GLC determination of N,N-dimethylaniline in penicillins. A reliable GLC procedure was developed for the determination of residual N,N-dimethylaniline as a contaminant in ampicillin commerical samples from various sources. The procedure was similarly applied to other penicillins and cephalosporins. The method involves dissolution of the sample in aqueous alkali, extraction of the organic base with cyclohexane containing naphthalene as an internal standard, and injection into gas chromatograph with a phenyl methyl silicone column. Levels of 0.1 ppm of dimethylaniline were easily measured with a coefficient of variation less than 10%, and recoveries from spiked samples exceeded 99%."}
{"id": "PMID:915749", "title": "Aging of tablets made with dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate as matrix.", "content": "The aging of direct compression tablets made using dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate as the tablet matrix was investigated over 16 weeks. The formula included 6% amaranth as a dye tracer. Two sets of stress storage conditions were used: 25 degrees and 50% relative humidity and 45 degrees and 75% relative humidity. Tablets were evaluated periodically by visual inspection; determination of the weight of 10 separate tablets, the size of 10 tablets measured by a micrometer screw gauge, and the hardness of 10 tablets as indicated by a Strong-Cobb hardness tester; the USP disintegration time test; and the USP dissolution test. Tablets stored at 25 degrees and 50% relative humidity showed an  approximately linear increase in disintegration and dissolution time over 16 weeks with no other significant changes. Storage at 45 degrees and 75% relative himidity resulted in significant changes in most measured parameters; tablets showed blotching, substantial  weight loss, and complex changes in disintegration  and dissolution. The changes at elevated temperatures are related to loss of water of hydration; changes at 25 degrees must be due to other causes.", "contents": "Aging of tablets made with dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate as matrix. The aging of direct compression tablets made using dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate as the tablet matrix was investigated over 16 weeks. The formula included 6% amaranth as a dye tracer. Two sets of stress storage conditions were used: 25 degrees and 50% relative humidity and 45 degrees and 75% relative humidity. Tablets were evaluated periodically by visual inspection; determination of the weight of 10 separate tablets, the size of 10 tablets measured by a micrometer screw gauge, and the hardness of 10 tablets as indicated by a Strong-Cobb hardness tester; the USP disintegration time test; and the USP dissolution test. Tablets stored at 25 degrees and 50% relative humidity showed an  approximately linear increase in disintegration and dissolution time over 16 weeks with no other significant changes. Storage at 45 degrees and 75% relative himidity resulted in significant changes in most measured parameters; tablets showed blotching, substantial  weight loss, and complex changes in disintegration  and dissolution. The changes at elevated temperatures are related to loss of water of hydration; changes at 25 degrees must be due to other causes."}
{"id": "PMID:915751", "title": "Comparative drug adsorption by activated charcoal.", "content": "Comparative in vitro studies were carried out to determine the adsorption characteristics of 12 drugs on activated charcoal. At pH 1.3 and 37 degrees, the adsorption capacity of activated charcoal (milligrams per gram of charcoal) was: aspirin, 262; glutethimide, 252; methaqualone, 179; chlordiazepoxide, 157; propoxyphene napsylate, 137; diazepam, 136; amitriptyline, 133; propoxyphene hydrochloride, 127; secobarbital, 124, pentobarbital, 103; phenobarbital, 70; and amobarbital, 51. The adsorption of the weak acids was most markedly decreased at pH 10.8. In patients, actual drug adsorption probably is lower than these maxima because of the presence of mucus, bile salts, and other drugs. In patients investing large amounts of poorly adsorbed drugs, activated charcoal would not be helpful.", "contents": "Comparative drug adsorption by activated charcoal. Comparative in vitro studies were carried out to determine the adsorption characteristics of 12 drugs on activated charcoal. At pH 1.3 and 37 degrees, the adsorption capacity of activated charcoal (milligrams per gram of charcoal) was: aspirin, 262; glutethimide, 252; methaqualone, 179; chlordiazepoxide, 157; propoxyphene napsylate, 137; diazepam, 136; amitriptyline, 133; propoxyphene hydrochloride, 127; secobarbital, 124, pentobarbital, 103; phenobarbital, 70; and amobarbital, 51. The adsorption of the weak acids was most markedly decreased at pH 10.8. In patients, actual drug adsorption probably is lower than these maxima because of the presence of mucus, bile salts, and other drugs. In patients investing large amounts of poorly adsorbed drugs, activated charcoal would not be helpful."}
{"id": "PMID:915750", "title": "Plasma concentrations and bioavailability of clofibric acid from its calcium salt in humans.", "content": "The bioavailability of clofibric acid from formulations containing calcium clofibrate along and mixed with calcium carbonate (1:1 w/w) was compared to that from a standard clofibrate formulation in a crossover study in 12 human subjects. The 95% confidence intervals of bioavailability differences were such that  they were unlikely to be detected in  clinical practice; all three formulations may be considered bioequivalent, although the bioavailability rate was probably greater from the formulation containing calcium clofibrate alone. Peaks of mean concentrations of 80 +/- 13,67 +/- 16, and 64 +/- 18 microgram/ml +/- SD occurred after administration of 853 mg of clofibric acid calcium salt alone, 809 mg of clofibric acid calcium salt mixed with calcium carbonate, and 885 mg of clofibrate, respectively; mean concentrations declined from peak levels with half-lives of 15-17 hr.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations and bioavailability of clofibric acid from its calcium salt in humans. The bioavailability of clofibric acid from formulations containing calcium clofibrate along and mixed with calcium carbonate (1:1 w/w) was compared to that from a standard clofibrate formulation in a crossover study in 12 human subjects. The 95% confidence intervals of bioavailability differences were such that  they were unlikely to be detected in  clinical practice; all three formulations may be considered bioequivalent, although the bioavailability rate was probably greater from the formulation containing calcium clofibrate alone. Peaks of mean concentrations of 80 +/- 13,67 +/- 16, and 64 +/- 18 microgram/ml +/- SD occurred after administration of 853 mg of clofibric acid calcium salt alone, 809 mg of clofibric acid calcium salt mixed with calcium carbonate, and 885 mg of clofibrate, respectively; mean concentrations declined from peak levels with half-lives of 15-17 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:915752", "title": "Determination of anthranilic acid in plasma.", "content": "A simple, specific GLC method was developed for the determination of anthranilic acid in plasma. This method is based on extraction from a carefully controlled buffer followed by removal of solvent, silyation, and detection in the gas chromatograph. The procedure is quantitative in the 2-10 microgram/ml range.", "contents": "Determination of anthranilic acid in plasma. A simple, specific GLC method was developed for the determination of anthranilic acid in plasma. This method is based on extraction from a carefully controlled buffer followed by removal of solvent, silyation, and detection in the gas chromatograph. The procedure is quantitative in the 2-10 microgram/ml range."}
{"id": "PMID:915753", "title": "Detection of penicillin G and ampicillin as contaminants in tetracyclines and penicillamine.", "content": "A method was developed to detect residual levels of ampicillin and penicillin G in various tetracyclines and penicillamine. Residues are detected by reversed-phase TLC followed by bioautography. The directness of the techniques makes this method a good means of detecting residual contaminants in drugs.", "contents": "Detection of penicillin G and ampicillin as contaminants in tetracyclines and penicillamine. A method was developed to detect residual levels of ampicillin and penicillin G in various tetracyclines and penicillamine. Residues are detected by reversed-phase TLC followed by bioautography. The directness of the techniques makes this method a good means of detecting residual contaminants in drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:915754", "title": "Interactions of indomethacin with lysosomes and proteins.", "content": "The stabilizing action of indomethacin on lysosomes and protein in vivtro was studied. The magnitude of the stabilizing action on lysosomes was greater than that of aspirin or oxyphenbutazone, similar to that of phenylbutazone, but less than that of prednisolone. The stabilizing action of indomethacin on lysosomes possibly may contribute to its anti-inflammatory  properties.", "contents": "Interactions of indomethacin with lysosomes and proteins. The stabilizing action of indomethacin on lysosomes and protein in vivtro was studied. The magnitude of the stabilizing action on lysosomes was greater than that of aspirin or oxyphenbutazone, similar to that of phenylbutazone, but less than that of prednisolone. The stabilizing action of indomethacin on lysosomes possibly may contribute to its anti-inflammatory  properties."}
{"id": "PMID:915755", "title": "Effect of pentazocine on pressor responses of epinephrine and levarterenol.", "content": "In rats anesthetized with pentobarbital, pentazocine potentiated the pressor response of two exogenous amines, epinephrine and levarterenol. Although the mechanism for the pentazocine-induced potentiation of the pressor amines has not been proven, it is speculated that pentazocine may increase the blood pressure response of certain amines by interacting with the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Effect of pentazocine on pressor responses of epinephrine and levarterenol. In rats anesthetized with pentobarbital, pentazocine potentiated the pressor response of two exogenous amines, epinephrine and levarterenol. Although the mechanism for the pentazocine-induced potentiation of the pressor amines has not been proven, it is speculated that pentazocine may increase the blood pressure response of certain amines by interacting with the sympathetic nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:915756", "title": "Synthesis and hydrolysis of fluorene-9-spiro-2'-(N-aryl-3' ,3'-dichloroaziridines)", "content": "The synthesis of eight fluorene-9-spiro-2'-(N-aryl-3' ,3'-dichloroaziridines) was achieved via the reaction of dichlorocarbene with the  appropriately substituted N-fluorenylideneanilines. Hydrolysis of the spirofluorenes afforded the corresponding 9-chlorofluorene-9-carboxanilides in excellent yields.", "contents": "Synthesis and hydrolysis of fluorene-9-spiro-2'-(N-aryl-3' ,3'-dichloroaziridines). The synthesis of eight fluorene-9-spiro-2'-(N-aryl-3' ,3'-dichloroaziridines) was achieved via the reaction of dichlorocarbene with the  appropriately substituted N-fluorenylideneanilines. Hydrolysis of the spirofluorenes afforded the corresponding 9-chlorofluorene-9-carboxanilides in excellent yields."}
{"id": "PMID:915757", "title": "TLC sensitivity of six modifications of Dragendorff's reagent.", "content": "The relative sensitivities of six modifications of Dragendorff's reagent were measured on TLC plates  by spectrodensitometry, using compounds containing specific functional groups. A correlation between the structures of the compounds reactive to Dragendorff's reagents and the sensitivities of the reagents was made. Explanations for the variations in sensitivities between different modifications of Dragendorff's reagent are given.", "contents": "TLC sensitivity of six modifications of Dragendorff's reagent. The relative sensitivities of six modifications of Dragendorff's reagent were measured on TLC plates  by spectrodensitometry, using compounds containing specific functional groups. A correlation between the structures of the compounds reactive to Dragendorff's reagents and the sensitivities of the reagents was made. Explanations for the variations in sensitivities between different modifications of Dragendorff's reagent are given."}
{"id": "PMID:915758", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside-induced hypothermia in mice.", "content": "The hypothermic response following sublethal doses (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg) of sodium nitroprusside  was investigated in mice. The magnitude and duration of rectal temperature depression were shown to be dose related. Oral administration of nitroprusside (5 mg/kg) failed to alter rectal temperature significantly; subcutaneous,  intraperitoneal,  intravenous, and intracerebral injections at the same dosage level caused respective drops of 3.61, 3.65, 6.44, and 3.48 degrees. The degree of rectal temperature depression following nitroprusside (5 mg/kg ip) was dependent upon the ambient temperature. The time course of the effect of  nitroprusside (5 mg/kg ip) on tail temperature was noted. A transient rise in tail temperature, which coincided with the onset of rectal temperature depression,  was attributed to the vasodilatory effect of the drug. Tail temperature depression occurred at the peak and throughout the remainder of the rectal temperature response, suggesting that nitroprusside may decrease heat production. Body temperature depression via intracerebral administration, as well as pronounced sedation following nitroprusside injection, suggests a central component to the thermolytic response.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside-induced hypothermia in mice. The hypothermic response following sublethal doses (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg) of sodium nitroprusside  was investigated in mice. The magnitude and duration of rectal temperature depression were shown to be dose related. Oral administration of nitroprusside (5 mg/kg) failed to alter rectal temperature significantly; subcutaneous,  intraperitoneal,  intravenous, and intracerebral injections at the same dosage level caused respective drops of 3.61, 3.65, 6.44, and 3.48 degrees. The degree of rectal temperature depression following nitroprusside (5 mg/kg ip) was dependent upon the ambient temperature. The time course of the effect of  nitroprusside (5 mg/kg ip) on tail temperature was noted. A transient rise in tail temperature, which coincided with the onset of rectal temperature depression,  was attributed to the vasodilatory effect of the drug. Tail temperature depression occurred at the peak and throughout the remainder of the rectal temperature response, suggesting that nitroprusside may decrease heat production. Body temperature depression via intracerebral administration, as well as pronounced sedation following nitroprusside injection, suggests a central component to the thermolytic response."}
{"id": "PMID:915760", "title": "Diffusion of oxygen at the endothelial surface of the rabbit cornea.", "content": "1. An in vitro investigation was made to determine the oxygen tension level required at the endothelial surface of rabbit cornea to produce a net oxygen flux into the cornea across this surface when the epithelial surface was exposed to air. 2. The experimental design was based on a mathematical model which showed that the direction of oxygen flux measured in an agar layer adjacent to the endothelium was the same as the direction of oxygen flux across the endothelial surface. 3. From micro-electrode measurements of oxygen tension in the agar layer, it was found that an oxygen tension greater than 102 mmHg at the endothelial surface was required tocause a net flux of oxygen into the cornea. 4. Comparing this result to the in vivo situation,it was concluded that all layers of the rabbit cornea receive oxygen from the atmosphere under open eye conditions.", "contents": "Diffusion of oxygen at the endothelial surface of the rabbit cornea. 1. An in vitro investigation was made to determine the oxygen tension level required at the endothelial surface of rabbit cornea to produce a net oxygen flux into the cornea across this surface when the epithelial surface was exposed to air. 2. The experimental design was based on a mathematical model which showed that the direction of oxygen flux measured in an agar layer adjacent to the endothelium was the same as the direction of oxygen flux across the endothelial surface. 3. From micro-electrode measurements of oxygen tension in the agar layer, it was found that an oxygen tension greater than 102 mmHg at the endothelial surface was required tocause a net flux of oxygen into the cornea. 4. Comparing this result to the in vivo situation,it was concluded that all layers of the rabbit cornea receive oxygen from the atmosphere under open eye conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:915763", "title": "Post-tetanic potentiation, habituation and facilitation of synaptic potentials in reticulospinal neurones of lamprey.", "content": "1. Synaptic potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of cranial nerves were recorded in giant reticulospinal neurones (M\u00fcller cells) of lamprey. A variety of patterns of stimulation was employed to explore further the functional properties of the pathways intervening between the cranial nerve fibres and M\u00fcller cells.2. Simultaneous low intensity stimulation of two different cranial nerves produced excitatory short-latency synaptic potentials whose amplitudes summed linearly.3. Tetanic (10/sec) stimulation of a cranial nerve depressed the evoked short-latency synaptic response, but following the tetanus the synaptic response was potentiated above control amplitude for several minutes. Tetanic stimulation of one cranial nerve had no effect upon the synaptic responses evoked by stimulation of other cranial nerves.4. Low-frequency stimulation (1/sec to 1/20 sec) of a cranial nerve produced a progressive decrease in the amplitude of the evoked short-latency synaptic response. This phenomenon was termed synaptic habituation because its characteristics were functionally similar to behavioural habituation in animals.5. Habituation of the synaptic response to stimulation of one cranial nerve had no effect on the synaptic responses produced by stimulation of other cranial nerves.6. Synaptic afterdischarges lasting from several seconds to several minutes were recorded in M\u00fcller cells. They occurred both spontaneously and in response to strong electrical stimulation of cranial nerves. For several minutes following an afterdischarge the amplitudes of short-latency synaptic potentials produced by stimulation of any one of the cranial nerves were increased as much as twofold. This facilitation occurred equally well whether the short-latency synaptic responses had been habituated or not.7. A theoretical cell-wiring diagram is proposed to account for the properties of short-latency evoked synaptic responses and synaptic afterdischarges and for the facilitation of short-latency responses by afterdischarges.", "contents": "Post-tetanic potentiation, habituation and facilitation of synaptic potentials in reticulospinal neurones of lamprey. 1. Synaptic potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of cranial nerves were recorded in giant reticulospinal neurones (M\u00fcller cells) of lamprey. A variety of patterns of stimulation was employed to explore further the functional properties of the pathways intervening between the cranial nerve fibres and M\u00fcller cells.2. Simultaneous low intensity stimulation of two different cranial nerves produced excitatory short-latency synaptic potentials whose amplitudes summed linearly.3. Tetanic (10/sec) stimulation of a cranial nerve depressed the evoked short-latency synaptic response, but following the tetanus the synaptic response was potentiated above control amplitude for several minutes. Tetanic stimulation of one cranial nerve had no effect upon the synaptic responses evoked by stimulation of other cranial nerves.4. Low-frequency stimulation (1/sec to 1/20 sec) of a cranial nerve produced a progressive decrease in the amplitude of the evoked short-latency synaptic response. This phenomenon was termed synaptic habituation because its characteristics were functionally similar to behavioural habituation in animals.5. Habituation of the synaptic response to stimulation of one cranial nerve had no effect on the synaptic responses produced by stimulation of other cranial nerves.6. Synaptic afterdischarges lasting from several seconds to several minutes were recorded in M\u00fcller cells. They occurred both spontaneously and in response to strong electrical stimulation of cranial nerves. For several minutes following an afterdischarge the amplitudes of short-latency synaptic potentials produced by stimulation of any one of the cranial nerves were increased as much as twofold. This facilitation occurred equally well whether the short-latency synaptic responses had been habituated or not.7. A theoretical cell-wiring diagram is proposed to account for the properties of short-latency evoked synaptic responses and synaptic afterdischarges and for the facilitation of short-latency responses by afterdischarges."}
{"id": "PMID:915767", "title": "A potassium contribution to the response of the barnacle photoreceptor.", "content": "1. Intracellular recording from photoreceptors in the lateral eye of the barnacle show a brief negative-going 'dip' shortly after the onset of the late receptor potential. This phase can sometimes result in a hyperpolarization relative to the resting membrane potential. 2. The dip is prominent in light-adapted cells and is reduced by dark-adaptation. Low extracellular Ca2+ also reduces it. 3. The amplitude of the dip changes inversely with the K+ concentration in the saline. 4. The amplitude of the dip depends on the membrane potential, with a reversal potential near - 80 mV. 5. K+ blocking agents such as quinine and quinidine reduce or abolish the dip. 6. These observations indicate that the dip is due to a brief increase in K+ conductance which may be dependent on an influx of Ca ions. The fast decay of this phase may be brought about by a rapid uptake of Ca2+ by an intracellular mechanism.", "contents": "A potassium contribution to the response of the barnacle photoreceptor. 1. Intracellular recording from photoreceptors in the lateral eye of the barnacle show a brief negative-going 'dip' shortly after the onset of the late receptor potential. This phase can sometimes result in a hyperpolarization relative to the resting membrane potential. 2. The dip is prominent in light-adapted cells and is reduced by dark-adaptation. Low extracellular Ca2+ also reduces it. 3. The amplitude of the dip changes inversely with the K+ concentration in the saline. 4. The amplitude of the dip depends on the membrane potential, with a reversal potential near - 80 mV. 5. K+ blocking agents such as quinine and quinidine reduce or abolish the dip. 6. These observations indicate that the dip is due to a brief increase in K+ conductance which may be dependent on an influx of Ca ions. The fast decay of this phase may be brought about by a rapid uptake of Ca2+ by an intracellular mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:915768", "title": "Membrane properties and conduction velocity in sensory neurones following central or peripheral axotomy.", "content": "1. The properties of dorsal root ganglion cells in the lumbosacral segments were examined with intracellular electrodes about 3 weeks after section of the central (dorsal roots) or peripheral processes in the cat.2. Chronic section of the peripheral nerve in the hind limb resulted in a reduction in conduction velocity of both the central and peripheral processes of sensory neurones.3. Sensory neurones arising from the triceps surae and plantaris muscles were subject to ;disuse' conditions for about 3 weeks by section of the ventral roots combined with severance of the Achilles tendon. Under such conditions, the central and peripheral conduction velocities of these sensory neurones tended to decrease, but the decrease was significantly less than that following peripheral nerve section.4. Chronic section of the dorsal roots produced no significant changes in conduction velocity of the central processes of muscle sensory neurones but caused a significant increase in the peripheral conduction velocity.5. The only electrophysiological property of dorsal root ganglion cells which altered following axotomy was the time-dependent membrane rectification in response to hyperpolarizing current pulses. The rectification characteristics were modified by chronic section of the peripheral nerve but not by chronic section of the dorsal root.6. It is concluded that injuries in nerve fibres per se do not necessarily result in a decrease of their conduction velocity and that a decrease in their conduction velocity is associated with changes in the properties of the cell bodies.7. It is suggested that a decrease in conduction velocity following nerve section may require the participation of changes in the neurone cell body.", "contents": "Membrane properties and conduction velocity in sensory neurones following central or peripheral axotomy. 1. The properties of dorsal root ganglion cells in the lumbosacral segments were examined with intracellular electrodes about 3 weeks after section of the central (dorsal roots) or peripheral processes in the cat.2. Chronic section of the peripheral nerve in the hind limb resulted in a reduction in conduction velocity of both the central and peripheral processes of sensory neurones.3. Sensory neurones arising from the triceps surae and plantaris muscles were subject to ;disuse' conditions for about 3 weeks by section of the ventral roots combined with severance of the Achilles tendon. Under such conditions, the central and peripheral conduction velocities of these sensory neurones tended to decrease, but the decrease was significantly less than that following peripheral nerve section.4. Chronic section of the dorsal roots produced no significant changes in conduction velocity of the central processes of muscle sensory neurones but caused a significant increase in the peripheral conduction velocity.5. The only electrophysiological property of dorsal root ganglion cells which altered following axotomy was the time-dependent membrane rectification in response to hyperpolarizing current pulses. The rectification characteristics were modified by chronic section of the peripheral nerve but not by chronic section of the dorsal root.6. It is concluded that injuries in nerve fibres per se do not necessarily result in a decrease of their conduction velocity and that a decrease in their conduction velocity is associated with changes in the properties of the cell bodies.7. It is suggested that a decrease in conduction velocity following nerve section may require the participation of changes in the neurone cell body."}
{"id": "PMID:915770", "title": "Close relation between TEA responses and Ca-dependent membrane phenomena of four identified leech neurones.", "content": "1. Tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) was applied to four kinds of identified neurones in leech segmental ganglia, namely, the sensory cells responding to touch (T), pressure (P) and noxious (N) stimuli and the Retzius cell (R).2. TEA prolonged the action potentials of these cells to characteristically different degrees, in the order R > N > P > T, regardless of exposure time. This result was the same whether TEA was presented to the whole ganglion via the bathing fluid or injected iontophoretically into the soma of the cell under study.3. TEA in Na-free solution caused the behaviour of the N cell membrane to be dominated by a Ca-dependent, Mn-blockable event identical in every respect except smaller size to the previously described behaviour of the R cell under the same conditions. The P cell displayed a still smaller event of the same kind, but none was detectable in the T cell.4. In the absence of both TEA and Na, when Ca was the only extra-cellular cation available to carry current, active membrane responses to depolarization were present in the R cell (previous study) and the N cell; such responses were minimal in the P cell and absent from the T cell.5. Differences among the four cells in density of a divalent cation conductance mechanism are the simplest explanation for these observations, though a more complex explanation based on multiple, pharmacologically distinct K conductances is not excluded by our data.", "contents": "Close relation between TEA responses and Ca-dependent membrane phenomena of four identified leech neurones. 1. Tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) was applied to four kinds of identified neurones in leech segmental ganglia, namely, the sensory cells responding to touch (T), pressure (P) and noxious (N) stimuli and the Retzius cell (R).2. TEA prolonged the action potentials of these cells to characteristically different degrees, in the order R > N > P > T, regardless of exposure time. This result was the same whether TEA was presented to the whole ganglion via the bathing fluid or injected iontophoretically into the soma of the cell under study.3. TEA in Na-free solution caused the behaviour of the N cell membrane to be dominated by a Ca-dependent, Mn-blockable event identical in every respect except smaller size to the previously described behaviour of the R cell under the same conditions. The P cell displayed a still smaller event of the same kind, but none was detectable in the T cell.4. In the absence of both TEA and Na, when Ca was the only extra-cellular cation available to carry current, active membrane responses to depolarization were present in the R cell (previous study) and the N cell; such responses were minimal in the P cell and absent from the T cell.5. Differences among the four cells in density of a divalent cation conductance mechanism are the simplest explanation for these observations, though a more complex explanation based on multiple, pharmacologically distinct K conductances is not excluded by our data."}
{"id": "PMID:915771", "title": "The effects of external sodium substitution on cell sodium and potassium in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "1. The entry of Li into the vascular smooth muscle cells of the rat tail artery follows first-order kinetics with a rate constant of approximately 1.3 hr(-1) at 10 mM-[Li](o). The rate constant decreases gradually to ca. 0.5 hr(-1) when the [Li](o)/[Na](o) ratio is increased.2. Replacement of Na with Li over the range of [Li](o) from 1 to 115 mM, accomplished at constant ionic strength and osmolarity of the bathing solution, produces changes in cell Na and K without apparent change in cell water. At equilibrium, cell Li increases in linear proportion to [Li](o), at a ratio of 2:1 throughout the range. The increase in cell Li is associated with inverse falls in both cell K and Na such that the ratio of cell K to cell Na remains constant at ca. 10:1 throughout.3. The changes in the ionic contents, induced by equilibration of the tissue with a Na-free, Li-substituted solution, are reversible.4. Replacement of Na with sucrose over the range of 40-115 mM results, at equilibrium, in a linear fall in cell Na without conspicuous change in cell K. A constant portion of the cell Na, ca. 10 m-mole/kg dry wt., does not participate in this exchange.5. At equilibrium, reductions in [Na](o) are reflected in corresponding reductions in apparent [Na](i) such that the [Na](o)/[Na](i) ratio remains constant.", "contents": "The effects of external sodium substitution on cell sodium and potassium in vascular smooth muscle. 1. The entry of Li into the vascular smooth muscle cells of the rat tail artery follows first-order kinetics with a rate constant of approximately 1.3 hr(-1) at 10 mM-[Li](o). The rate constant decreases gradually to ca. 0.5 hr(-1) when the [Li](o)/[Na](o) ratio is increased.2. Replacement of Na with Li over the range of [Li](o) from 1 to 115 mM, accomplished at constant ionic strength and osmolarity of the bathing solution, produces changes in cell Na and K without apparent change in cell water. At equilibrium, cell Li increases in linear proportion to [Li](o), at a ratio of 2:1 throughout the range. The increase in cell Li is associated with inverse falls in both cell K and Na such that the ratio of cell K to cell Na remains constant at ca. 10:1 throughout.3. The changes in the ionic contents, induced by equilibration of the tissue with a Na-free, Li-substituted solution, are reversible.4. Replacement of Na with sucrose over the range of 40-115 mM results, at equilibrium, in a linear fall in cell Na without conspicuous change in cell K. A constant portion of the cell Na, ca. 10 m-mole/kg dry wt., does not participate in this exchange.5. At equilibrium, reductions in [Na](o) are reflected in corresponding reductions in apparent [Na](i) such that the [Na](o)/[Na](i) ratio remains constant."}
{"id": "PMID:915774", "title": "Short circuit current and total conductance measurements on rat ileum.", "content": "1. Short circuit current and total conductance measurements were made on preparations of rat terminal ileum, using either the intact tissue or the isolated epithelium.2. The effects of D-glucose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, and 3-deoxy-3-fluor-D-glucose, added in suitable concentrations to the external bathing medium, were studied.3. An increase in both short circuit current and total conductance was detected when these sugars were used. It was possible to determine a linear relationship between the two variables and to study the kinetics of the interaction of glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose with the sodium sugar carrier by using increasing concentrations of these substances.4. The increases in short circuit current and total conductance were also verified in isolated epithelium.5. Phlorizin, or the withdrawal of glucose, reversed the increase in short circuit current, but the total conductance remained unchanged.6. Increasing concentrations of 2-deoxy-D-glucose added to the mucosal bathing medium caused a decrease in short circuit current without changing the total conductance, either in preparations of intact ileum or in isolated epithelium.7. The meaning of these variations in the electrical parameters of the preparations is discussed.", "contents": "Short circuit current and total conductance measurements on rat ileum. 1. Short circuit current and total conductance measurements were made on preparations of rat terminal ileum, using either the intact tissue or the isolated epithelium.2. The effects of D-glucose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, and 3-deoxy-3-fluor-D-glucose, added in suitable concentrations to the external bathing medium, were studied.3. An increase in both short circuit current and total conductance was detected when these sugars were used. It was possible to determine a linear relationship between the two variables and to study the kinetics of the interaction of glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose with the sodium sugar carrier by using increasing concentrations of these substances.4. The increases in short circuit current and total conductance were also verified in isolated epithelium.5. Phlorizin, or the withdrawal of glucose, reversed the increase in short circuit current, but the total conductance remained unchanged.6. Increasing concentrations of 2-deoxy-D-glucose added to the mucosal bathing medium caused a decrease in short circuit current without changing the total conductance, either in preparations of intact ileum or in isolated epithelium.7. The meaning of these variations in the electrical parameters of the preparations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915798", "title": "The force of contraction of the human ciliary muscle during accommodation.", "content": "1. Apparatus has been designed to alter the shape of the human lens by tensile forces applied to the zonular fibres indirectly through the ciliary body. The changes in dioptric power of the lens for monochromatic sodium light were measured at the same time. Simultaneous serial photography, and direct measurement enabled one to relate a change in shape of the lens to the change in dioptric power. Subsequently, the same lens was isolated and spun around its antero-posterior polar axis and high speed photography recorded its changing profile.2. By comparing the changes in lens profile due to zonular tension and centrifugal force respectively, the force developed in the zonule for a given change in the shape of the lens could be calculated. Changes in dioptric power associated with those of shape can thus be related directly to the force of contraction of the ciliary muscle necessary to reduce the initial tension of the zonule in the unaccommodated state.3. The force of contraction of the ciliary muscle as measured by radial force exerted through the zonule and the change in dioptric power of the lens were not linearly related. The relationship is more exactly expressed by the equation [Formula: see text] where D = amplitude of accommodation in dioptres (m(-1)), F(CB) = force of contraction of the ciliary muscle as measured by changes in tension of the zonule (N), K(df) = dioptric force coefficient and is constant for a given age (m(-1)N(-(1/2)) x 10(2.5)). This coefficient is 0.41 at 15 yr and 0.07 at 45 yr of age.4. In youth for maximum accommodation (10-12 D) the force is approximately 1.0 x 10(-2) N while to produce sufficient accommodation for near vision (3.5 D) the force is less than 0.05 x 10(-2) N.5. After the age of 30 yr the force of contraction of the ciliary muscle necessary to produce maximum accommodation rises steadily to about 50 yr of age and thereafter probably falls slightly. At about 50 yr of age the ciliary muscle is some 50% more powerful than in youth.6. Even if hypertrophy of the muscle did not occur the amplitude of accommodation would be reduced at the most by only 0.8 D of that observed at the onset of presbyopia.", "contents": "The force of contraction of the human ciliary muscle during accommodation. 1. Apparatus has been designed to alter the shape of the human lens by tensile forces applied to the zonular fibres indirectly through the ciliary body. The changes in dioptric power of the lens for monochromatic sodium light were measured at the same time. Simultaneous serial photography, and direct measurement enabled one to relate a change in shape of the lens to the change in dioptric power. Subsequently, the same lens was isolated and spun around its antero-posterior polar axis and high speed photography recorded its changing profile.2. By comparing the changes in lens profile due to zonular tension and centrifugal force respectively, the force developed in the zonule for a given change in the shape of the lens could be calculated. Changes in dioptric power associated with those of shape can thus be related directly to the force of contraction of the ciliary muscle necessary to reduce the initial tension of the zonule in the unaccommodated state.3. The force of contraction of the ciliary muscle as measured by radial force exerted through the zonule and the change in dioptric power of the lens were not linearly related. The relationship is more exactly expressed by the equation [Formula: see text] where D = amplitude of accommodation in dioptres (m(-1)), F(CB) = force of contraction of the ciliary muscle as measured by changes in tension of the zonule (N), K(df) = dioptric force coefficient and is constant for a given age (m(-1)N(-(1/2)) x 10(2.5)). This coefficient is 0.41 at 15 yr and 0.07 at 45 yr of age.4. In youth for maximum accommodation (10-12 D) the force is approximately 1.0 x 10(-2) N while to produce sufficient accommodation for near vision (3.5 D) the force is less than 0.05 x 10(-2) N.5. After the age of 30 yr the force of contraction of the ciliary muscle necessary to produce maximum accommodation rises steadily to about 50 yr of age and thereafter probably falls slightly. At about 50 yr of age the ciliary muscle is some 50% more powerful than in youth.6. Even if hypertrophy of the muscle did not occur the amplitude of accommodation would be reduced at the most by only 0.8 D of that observed at the onset of presbyopia."}
{"id": "PMID:915819", "title": "Effects of innervation on acetylcholine sensitivity of developing muscle in vitro.", "content": "1. Chick embryo skeletal muscle fibres were grown in culture. The acetylcholine (AACh) sensitivity of non-innervated fibres was compared with that of fibres innervated in vitro by chick embryo ciliary ganglion neurones. 2. The general pattern of ACh sensitivity was unchanged by innervation: ACh hot spots were superimposed on a background of uniform ACh sensitivity. 3. Quantitative comparisons revealed two differences between non-innervated and innervated fibres. First, hot spots were encountered about one third more often on innervated fibres. Secondly, about one-third of the hot spots on innervated fibres had significantly higher ACh sensitivities than the remainder, which were similar to those on control fibres. 4. Apossible explanation of these results is that nerves which form synapses induce the appearanceof end-plates which have higher ACh sensitivities than the pre-existing ACh hot spots.", "contents": "Effects of innervation on acetylcholine sensitivity of developing muscle in vitro. 1. Chick embryo skeletal muscle fibres were grown in culture. The acetylcholine (AACh) sensitivity of non-innervated fibres was compared with that of fibres innervated in vitro by chick embryo ciliary ganglion neurones. 2. The general pattern of ACh sensitivity was unchanged by innervation: ACh hot spots were superimposed on a background of uniform ACh sensitivity. 3. Quantitative comparisons revealed two differences between non-innervated and innervated fibres. First, hot spots were encountered about one third more often on innervated fibres. Secondly, about one-third of the hot spots on innervated fibres had significantly higher ACh sensitivities than the remainder, which were similar to those on control fibres. 4. Apossible explanation of these results is that nerves which form synapses induce the appearanceof end-plates which have higher ACh sensitivities than the pre-existing ACh hot spots."}
{"id": "PMID:915826", "title": "Physiological and anatomical characteristics of reticulospinalneurones in lamprey.", "content": "1. Intracellular records were obtained from giant reticulospinal cells (M\u00fcller cells) in the brain of adult lamprey. The cells had maximum resting potentials of -80 mV and action potentials with overshoots of 30 mV. Input resistances varied from 2 to 8 MOmega.2. Individual spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s and i.p.s.p.s) were observed, as well as occasional high frequency bursts of excitatory potentials. Much of the spontaneous synaptic activity could be eliminated by elevating the Ca(2+) concentration in the bathing solution to 10-15 mM, suggesting that the synaptic potentials were due to spike activity in elements presynaptic to M\u00fcller cells.3. Electrical stimulation of cranial nerves produced synaptic responses in M\u00fcller cells. Ipsilateral vestibular nerve stimulation produced i.p.s.p.s; contralateral stimulation, e.p.s.p.s. Stimulation of either optic nerve produced mixed synaptic responses with e.p.s.p.s dominating in cells with large resting potentials. Trigeminal nerve stimulation produced mixed responses. Olfactory nerve stimulation produced excitation. Spinal cord stimulation produced e.p.s.p.s and i.p.s.p.s, the dominant effect being inhibition.4. In favourable preparations strong electrical stimulation of cranial nerves produced afterdisharges in M\u00fcller cells, lasting from a few seconds after stimulation of the olfactory and vestibular nerves to as long as several minutes after optic, trigeminal or spinal cord stimulation.5. Natural stimulation of tactile, visual and vestibular receptors resulted in synaptic responses similar to those produced by electrical stimulation of the cranial nerves. Fish odour applied to the olfactory mucosa produced no response.6. Iontophoretic application of L-glutamate to M\u00fcller cells produced depolarization accompanied by a decrease in input resistance. In addition, glutamate produced bursts of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic potentials, presumably by depolarizing excitatory or inhibitory nerve terminals or nearby cell bodies.7. Iontophoretic application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) resulted in a slight hyperpolarization, accompanied by a large reduction in input resistance. The reversal point both of the hyperpolarizations and of the spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic potentials was about 6 mV greater than the resting potential.8. There were two types of synaptic ending on M\u00fcller cell bodies, one type containing round vesicles and the other containing ellipsoidal vesicles. These terminals were intermixed over the surface of the cell bodies and dendrites with no readily apparent segregation.9. Intracellular records from the spinal axons of M\u00fcller cells during electrical stimulation of cranial nerves and spinal cord showed, in addition to the normal propagating action potential activity which normally originates in the cell bodies, depolarizing, hyperpolarizing and biphasic evoked potentials. These membrane responses were grossly similar in appearance to synaptic potentials except that the large depolarizing potentials had unusually long decay times. The physiological basis of these potentials remains unclear.10. Electron microscopic examination showed very few synaptic endings afferent to M\u00fcller axons, a finding in contrast to the abundance of synaptic-like potentials recorded. However, the occasional synapses afferent to M\u00fcller axons were invariably located near an efferent synaptic region of the axon itself. This raises the possibility that a very limited number of synaptic regions of M\u00fcller axons may be subject to presynaptic modulation of transmitter release.11. The observations reported here support the idea that M\u00fcller cells in lamprey are an important motor outflow from the brain and serve to coordinate the lamprey's trunk responses to external sensory stimulation.", "contents": "Physiological and anatomical characteristics of reticulospinalneurones in lamprey. 1. Intracellular records were obtained from giant reticulospinal cells (M\u00fcller cells) in the brain of adult lamprey. The cells had maximum resting potentials of -80 mV and action potentials with overshoots of 30 mV. Input resistances varied from 2 to 8 MOmega.2. Individual spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s and i.p.s.p.s) were observed, as well as occasional high frequency bursts of excitatory potentials. Much of the spontaneous synaptic activity could be eliminated by elevating the Ca(2+) concentration in the bathing solution to 10-15 mM, suggesting that the synaptic potentials were due to spike activity in elements presynaptic to M\u00fcller cells.3. Electrical stimulation of cranial nerves produced synaptic responses in M\u00fcller cells. Ipsilateral vestibular nerve stimulation produced i.p.s.p.s; contralateral stimulation, e.p.s.p.s. Stimulation of either optic nerve produced mixed synaptic responses with e.p.s.p.s dominating in cells with large resting potentials. Trigeminal nerve stimulation produced mixed responses. Olfactory nerve stimulation produced excitation. Spinal cord stimulation produced e.p.s.p.s and i.p.s.p.s, the dominant effect being inhibition.4. In favourable preparations strong electrical stimulation of cranial nerves produced afterdisharges in M\u00fcller cells, lasting from a few seconds after stimulation of the olfactory and vestibular nerves to as long as several minutes after optic, trigeminal or spinal cord stimulation.5. Natural stimulation of tactile, visual and vestibular receptors resulted in synaptic responses similar to those produced by electrical stimulation of the cranial nerves. Fish odour applied to the olfactory mucosa produced no response.6. Iontophoretic application of L-glutamate to M\u00fcller cells produced depolarization accompanied by a decrease in input resistance. In addition, glutamate produced bursts of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic potentials, presumably by depolarizing excitatory or inhibitory nerve terminals or nearby cell bodies.7. Iontophoretic application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) resulted in a slight hyperpolarization, accompanied by a large reduction in input resistance. The reversal point both of the hyperpolarizations and of the spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic potentials was about 6 mV greater than the resting potential.8. There were two types of synaptic ending on M\u00fcller cell bodies, one type containing round vesicles and the other containing ellipsoidal vesicles. These terminals were intermixed over the surface of the cell bodies and dendrites with no readily apparent segregation.9. Intracellular records from the spinal axons of M\u00fcller cells during electrical stimulation of cranial nerves and spinal cord showed, in addition to the normal propagating action potential activity which normally originates in the cell bodies, depolarizing, hyperpolarizing and biphasic evoked potentials. These membrane responses were grossly similar in appearance to synaptic potentials except that the large depolarizing potentials had unusually long decay times. The physiological basis of these potentials remains unclear.10. Electron microscopic examination showed very few synaptic endings afferent to M\u00fcller axons, a finding in contrast to the abundance of synaptic-like potentials recorded. However, the occasional synapses afferent to M\u00fcller axons were invariably located near an efferent synaptic region of the axon itself. This raises the possibility that a very limited number of synaptic regions of M\u00fcller axons may be subject to presynaptic modulation of transmitter release.11. The observations reported here support the idea that M\u00fcller cells in lamprey are an important motor outflow from the brain and serve to coordinate the lamprey's trunk responses to external sensory stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:915828", "title": "Responses of single units in cat visual cortex to moving bars of light as a function of bar length.", "content": "1. The responses of single units in the cat's primary visual cortex to moving bars have been examined quantitatively as a function of bar length.2. For about half the cells studied, very long bars evoked weaker responses than short bars, implying that there were inhibitory regions flanking the receptive field centre. In another quarter of the cell sample, there was evidence of flanking regions which were facilitatory in effect.3. The strength of the flanking regions was found to vary from cell to cell and there was no sudden transition between cells which were ;hyper-complex' and those which were not.4. Within the central region of the receptive field, the responses of most (but not all) cells increased with bar length. About half the cells responded to very short bars or spots of light, but about one in six would not respond at all to short bars.5. Correlations were sought between the properties of cells as simple or complex, their responsiveness to moving spots of light, the size of their receptive field centre and the polarity, strength and size of their receptive field flanks. Simple and complex cells with small receptive fields were more likely to respond well to spots, and to have strong inhibitory flanks.6. Correlations were also sought between the above properties and several other parameters of cell behaviour. Cells with strong inhibitory flanks were found to be more broadly tuned for orientation. Individual cells were also more broadly tuned for the orientation of short bars than of long bars.7. Evidence was obtained that spatial summation can be linear or non-linear for different cells.", "contents": "Responses of single units in cat visual cortex to moving bars of light as a function of bar length. 1. The responses of single units in the cat's primary visual cortex to moving bars have been examined quantitatively as a function of bar length.2. For about half the cells studied, very long bars evoked weaker responses than short bars, implying that there were inhibitory regions flanking the receptive field centre. In another quarter of the cell sample, there was evidence of flanking regions which were facilitatory in effect.3. The strength of the flanking regions was found to vary from cell to cell and there was no sudden transition between cells which were ;hyper-complex' and those which were not.4. Within the central region of the receptive field, the responses of most (but not all) cells increased with bar length. About half the cells responded to very short bars or spots of light, but about one in six would not respond at all to short bars.5. Correlations were sought between the properties of cells as simple or complex, their responsiveness to moving spots of light, the size of their receptive field centre and the polarity, strength and size of their receptive field flanks. Simple and complex cells with small receptive fields were more likely to respond well to spots, and to have strong inhibitory flanks.6. Correlations were also sought between the above properties and several other parameters of cell behaviour. Cells with strong inhibitory flanks were found to be more broadly tuned for orientation. Individual cells were also more broadly tuned for the orientation of short bars than of long bars.7. Evidence was obtained that spatial summation can be linear or non-linear for different cells."}
{"id": "PMID:915829", "title": "Localization of calcium channels in Paramecium caudatum.", "content": "1. Electrical recordings from Paramecium caudatum were made after removal of the cilia with chloral hydrate and during ciliary regrowth to study the electrical properties of that portion of the surface membrane enclosing the ciliary axoneme. 2. Removal of the somatic cilia (a 50% reduction in membrane surface area) results in an almost complete elimination of the regenerative Ca response, all-or-none Ba2+ spike, and delayed rectification. 3. A twofold increase in input resistance resulted from the 50% reduction in membrane surface area. 4. The electrical properties remained unchanged, despite prolonged exposure to the chloral hydrate, until the cilia were mechanically removed. 5. Restoration of the Ca response accompanied ciliary regrowth, so that complete excitability returns when the cilia regain their original lengths. 6. It is concluded that the voltage-sensitive Ca channels are localized to that portion of surface membrane surrounding the cilia. 7. Measurements of membrane constants before and after deciliation and estimations of the cable constants of a single cilium suggest that the cilia of Paramecium may be fully isopotential along their length and with the major cell compartment.", "contents": "Localization of calcium channels in Paramecium caudatum. 1. Electrical recordings from Paramecium caudatum were made after removal of the cilia with chloral hydrate and during ciliary regrowth to study the electrical properties of that portion of the surface membrane enclosing the ciliary axoneme. 2. Removal of the somatic cilia (a 50% reduction in membrane surface area) results in an almost complete elimination of the regenerative Ca response, all-or-none Ba2+ spike, and delayed rectification. 3. A twofold increase in input resistance resulted from the 50% reduction in membrane surface area. 4. The electrical properties remained unchanged, despite prolonged exposure to the chloral hydrate, until the cilia were mechanically removed. 5. Restoration of the Ca response accompanied ciliary regrowth, so that complete excitability returns when the cilia regain their original lengths. 6. It is concluded that the voltage-sensitive Ca channels are localized to that portion of surface membrane surrounding the cilia. 7. Measurements of membrane constants before and after deciliation and estimations of the cable constants of a single cilium suggest that the cilia of Paramecium may be fully isopotential along their length and with the major cell compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:915830", "title": "Brain stem stimulation and the acetylcholine-evoked inhibition of neurones in the feline nucleus reticularis thalami.", "content": "1. In cats anaesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide, the responses to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) and to high-frequency stimulation of the mid-brain reticular formation (MRF) were tested on spontaneously active neurones in the nucleus reticularis thalami and underlying ventrobasal complex.2. The initial response to MRF stimulation of 90% of the ACh-inhibited neurones found in the region of the dorsolateral nucleus reticularis was an inhibition. Conversely, the initial response of 82% of the ACh-excited neurones in the ventrobasal complex was an excitation. Neurones in the rostral pole of the nucleus reticularis were inhibited by both ACh and RMF stimulation.3. The mean latency (and s.e. of mean) for the MRF-evoked inhibition was 13.7 +/- 3.2 ms (n = 42) and that for the MRF-evoked excitation, 44.1 +/- 4.2 ms (n = 35).4. The ACh-evoked inhibitions were blocked by iontophoretic atropine, in doses that did not block amino acid-evoked inhibition. In twenty-four ACh-inhibited neurones the effect of iontophoretic atropine was tested on MRF-evoked inhibition. In all twenty-four neurones atropine had no effect on the early phase of MRF-evoked inhibition but weakly antagonized the late phase of inhibition in nine of fourteen neurones.5. Interspike-interval histograms showed that the firing pattern of neurones in the nucleus reticularis was characterized by periods of prolonged, high-frequency bursting. Both the ACh-evoked inhibitions and the late phase of MRF-evoked inhibitions were accompanied by an increased burst activity. In contrast, iontophoretic atropine tended to suppress burst activity.6. The possibility is discussed that electrical stimulation of the MRF activates an inhibitory cholinergic projection to the nucleus reticularis. Since neurones of the nucleus reticularis have been shown to inhibit thalamic relay cells, activation of this inhibitory pathway may play a role in MRF-evoked facilitation of thalamo-cortical relay transmission and the associated electrocortical desynchronization.", "contents": "Brain stem stimulation and the acetylcholine-evoked inhibition of neurones in the feline nucleus reticularis thalami. 1. In cats anaesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide, the responses to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) and to high-frequency stimulation of the mid-brain reticular formation (MRF) were tested on spontaneously active neurones in the nucleus reticularis thalami and underlying ventrobasal complex.2. The initial response to MRF stimulation of 90% of the ACh-inhibited neurones found in the region of the dorsolateral nucleus reticularis was an inhibition. Conversely, the initial response of 82% of the ACh-excited neurones in the ventrobasal complex was an excitation. Neurones in the rostral pole of the nucleus reticularis were inhibited by both ACh and RMF stimulation.3. The mean latency (and s.e. of mean) for the MRF-evoked inhibition was 13.7 +/- 3.2 ms (n = 42) and that for the MRF-evoked excitation, 44.1 +/- 4.2 ms (n = 35).4. The ACh-evoked inhibitions were blocked by iontophoretic atropine, in doses that did not block amino acid-evoked inhibition. In twenty-four ACh-inhibited neurones the effect of iontophoretic atropine was tested on MRF-evoked inhibition. In all twenty-four neurones atropine had no effect on the early phase of MRF-evoked inhibition but weakly antagonized the late phase of inhibition in nine of fourteen neurones.5. Interspike-interval histograms showed that the firing pattern of neurones in the nucleus reticularis was characterized by periods of prolonged, high-frequency bursting. Both the ACh-evoked inhibitions and the late phase of MRF-evoked inhibitions were accompanied by an increased burst activity. In contrast, iontophoretic atropine tended to suppress burst activity.6. The possibility is discussed that electrical stimulation of the MRF activates an inhibitory cholinergic projection to the nucleus reticularis. Since neurones of the nucleus reticularis have been shown to inhibit thalamic relay cells, activation of this inhibitory pathway may play a role in MRF-evoked facilitation of thalamo-cortical relay transmission and the associated electrocortical desynchronization."}
{"id": "PMID:915831", "title": "Active chloride transport in the in vitro opercular skin of a teleost (Fundulus heteroclitus), a gill-like epithelium rich in chloride cells.", "content": "1. The opercular epithelium lining the inside of the gill chamber of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, contains Cl(-) cells, identical in fine structure to gill Cl(-) cells, at the high density of 4 x 10(5) cells/cm(2). This epithelium can be isolated, mounted in a Lucite chamber, and its ion transport properties studied with the short-circuit current technique.2. The isolated opercular epithelia of seawater-adapted fish, when bathed on both sides with Ringer and gassed with 100% O(2), displayed a mean short-circuit current of 136.5 +/- 11.1 muA/cm(2), a mean transepithelial potential difference of 18.7 +/- 1.2 mV (blood side positive), and a mean transepithelial d.c. resistance of 173.7 +/- 12.1 Omega.cm(2) (mean +/- S.E. of mean; n = 64).3. The transepithelial potential difference across the opercular epithelia of seawater-adapted fish was dependent on both Na(+) and Cl(-) in the bathing solutions and increased linearly with increasing Cl(-) concentrations with a slope of 28.3 +/- 2.1 mV/tenfold concentration change. The short-circuit current was Na(+) dependent and increased linearly with increasing Cl(-) concentrations with no evidence of saturation kinetics below 142.5 m-equiv/l.4. When the short-circuited epithelia of seawater-adapted fish, bathed on both sides with Ringer, was gassed with 100% O(2) the mean Cl(-) blood side to seawater side flux was 211.7 +/- 27.1 muA/cm(2) and the mean Cl(-) seawater side to blood side flux was 48.9 +/- 10.0 muA/cm(2). This resulted in a net Cl(-) blood side to seawater side flux of 162.8 muA/cm(2) which was not statistically different (P > 0.70) from the mean short-circuit current of 158.6 +/- 16.3 muA/cm(2) for these flux studies. The mean Na(+) blood side to seawater side flux was 32.2 +/- 3.3 muA/cm(2) and the mean Na(+) seawater side to blood side flux was 34.8 +/- 4.1 muA/cm(2), resulting in no significant (P > 0.20) net flux of this cation. Similar results were obtained with short-circuited epithelia of seawater-adapted fish when bathed on both sides with Ringer and gassed with 95% O(2)/5% CO(2).5. Ouabain (10(-5)M), furosemide (10(-3)M), thiocyanate (10(-2)M), adrenaline (10(-6)M), and anoxia (100% N(2)) decreased the short-circuit current 92.7, 85.0, 45.3, 62.6, and 83.3% respectively. Theophylline (10(-4)M) stimulated the short-circuit current 54.9%. Increasing the HCO(3) (-) concentration in the bathing solutions had a stimulatory effect on the short-circuit current and the potential difference across epithelia from seawater-adapted fish.6. The opercular epithelia of freshwater-adapted F. heteroclitus, when bathed on both sides with Ringer, displayed a mean short-circuit current of 94.1 +/- 10.4 muA/cm(2), a mean transepithelial potential difference of 14.8 +/- 1.9 mV (blood side positive), and a mean d.c. resistance of 169.0 +/- 14.0 Omega.cm(2) (mean +/- S.E. of mean; n = 20). Isotope flux studies across these short-circuited epithelia revealed a net Cl(-) blood side to freshwater side flux of 95.2 +/- 16.1 muA/cm(2) and no significant net flux of Na(+).7. The opercular epithelia of 200% seawater-adapted F. heteroclitus, when bathed on both sides with Ringer, displayed a mean short-circuit current of 33.5 +/- 8.5 muA/cm(2), a mean transepithelial potential difference of 10.5 +/- 2.5 mV (blood side positive), and a mean transepithelial d.c. resistance of 440.7 +/- 62.6 Omega.cm(2) (mean +/- S.E. of mean n = 18). Isotope flux studies across these short-circuited epithelia revealed a net Cl(-) blood side to seawater side flux of 96.2 +/- 51.5 muA/cm(2) and a net Na(+) blood side to seawater side flux of 65.3 +/- 28.6 muA/cm(2).", "contents": "Active chloride transport in the in vitro opercular skin of a teleost (Fundulus heteroclitus), a gill-like epithelium rich in chloride cells. 1. The opercular epithelium lining the inside of the gill chamber of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, contains Cl(-) cells, identical in fine structure to gill Cl(-) cells, at the high density of 4 x 10(5) cells/cm(2). This epithelium can be isolated, mounted in a Lucite chamber, and its ion transport properties studied with the short-circuit current technique.2. The isolated opercular epithelia of seawater-adapted fish, when bathed on both sides with Ringer and gassed with 100% O(2), displayed a mean short-circuit current of 136.5 +/- 11.1 muA/cm(2), a mean transepithelial potential difference of 18.7 +/- 1.2 mV (blood side positive), and a mean transepithelial d.c. resistance of 173.7 +/- 12.1 Omega.cm(2) (mean +/- S.E. of mean; n = 64).3. The transepithelial potential difference across the opercular epithelia of seawater-adapted fish was dependent on both Na(+) and Cl(-) in the bathing solutions and increased linearly with increasing Cl(-) concentrations with a slope of 28.3 +/- 2.1 mV/tenfold concentration change. The short-circuit current was Na(+) dependent and increased linearly with increasing Cl(-) concentrations with no evidence of saturation kinetics below 142.5 m-equiv/l.4. When the short-circuited epithelia of seawater-adapted fish, bathed on both sides with Ringer, was gassed with 100% O(2) the mean Cl(-) blood side to seawater side flux was 211.7 +/- 27.1 muA/cm(2) and the mean Cl(-) seawater side to blood side flux was 48.9 +/- 10.0 muA/cm(2). This resulted in a net Cl(-) blood side to seawater side flux of 162.8 muA/cm(2) which was not statistically different (P > 0.70) from the mean short-circuit current of 158.6 +/- 16.3 muA/cm(2) for these flux studies. The mean Na(+) blood side to seawater side flux was 32.2 +/- 3.3 muA/cm(2) and the mean Na(+) seawater side to blood side flux was 34.8 +/- 4.1 muA/cm(2), resulting in no significant (P > 0.20) net flux of this cation. Similar results were obtained with short-circuited epithelia of seawater-adapted fish when bathed on both sides with Ringer and gassed with 95% O(2)/5% CO(2).5. Ouabain (10(-5)M), furosemide (10(-3)M), thiocyanate (10(-2)M), adrenaline (10(-6)M), and anoxia (100% N(2)) decreased the short-circuit current 92.7, 85.0, 45.3, 62.6, and 83.3% respectively. Theophylline (10(-4)M) stimulated the short-circuit current 54.9%. Increasing the HCO(3) (-) concentration in the bathing solutions had a stimulatory effect on the short-circuit current and the potential difference across epithelia from seawater-adapted fish.6. The opercular epithelia of freshwater-adapted F. heteroclitus, when bathed on both sides with Ringer, displayed a mean short-circuit current of 94.1 +/- 10.4 muA/cm(2), a mean transepithelial potential difference of 14.8 +/- 1.9 mV (blood side positive), and a mean d.c. resistance of 169.0 +/- 14.0 Omega.cm(2) (mean +/- S.E. of mean; n = 20). Isotope flux studies across these short-circuited epithelia revealed a net Cl(-) blood side to freshwater side flux of 95.2 +/- 16.1 muA/cm(2) and no significant net flux of Na(+).7. The opercular epithelia of 200% seawater-adapted F. heteroclitus, when bathed on both sides with Ringer, displayed a mean short-circuit current of 33.5 +/- 8.5 muA/cm(2), a mean transepithelial potential difference of 10.5 +/- 2.5 mV (blood side positive), and a mean transepithelial d.c. resistance of 440.7 +/- 62.6 Omega.cm(2) (mean +/- S.E. of mean n = 18). Isotope flux studies across these short-circuited epithelia revealed a net Cl(-) blood side to seawater side flux of 96.2 +/- 51.5 muA/cm(2) and a net Na(+) blood side to seawater side flux of 65.3 +/- 28.6 muA/cm(2)."}
{"id": "PMID:915832", "title": "Physiological properties of dissociated muscle fibres obtained from innervated and denervated adult rat muscle.", "content": "1. Adult rat flexor digitorum brevis muscles were dissociated by treatment with collagenase and trituration. Several hundred isolated fibres were obtained from each muscle. 2. Most isolated fibres appeared to be intact as judged by some morphological and physiological criteria, although resting membrane potentials were about -60 mV, which is somewhat lower than normal. 3. A small percentage of the muscle fibres were branched. 4. Acetylcholine sensitivity was measured iontophoretically. The sensitivity fell abruptly outside the margin of the end-plate. Extrajunctional sensitivty was detected on all fibres, and declined smoothly away from the end-plate to an undetectable level over a distance of about 200 micron. On a few fibres, ACh sensitivity was mapped circumferentially from the end-plate. It appeared to decline with distance in a manner similar to the longitudinal sensitivity gradient. 5. Fibres dissociated from muscles denervated a week earlier were sensitive to ACh everywhere on their surfaces.", "contents": "Physiological properties of dissociated muscle fibres obtained from innervated and denervated adult rat muscle. 1. Adult rat flexor digitorum brevis muscles were dissociated by treatment with collagenase and trituration. Several hundred isolated fibres were obtained from each muscle. 2. Most isolated fibres appeared to be intact as judged by some morphological and physiological criteria, although resting membrane potentials were about -60 mV, which is somewhat lower than normal. 3. A small percentage of the muscle fibres were branched. 4. Acetylcholine sensitivity was measured iontophoretically. The sensitivity fell abruptly outside the margin of the end-plate. Extrajunctional sensitivty was detected on all fibres, and declined smoothly away from the end-plate to an undetectable level over a distance of about 200 micron. On a few fibres, ACh sensitivity was mapped circumferentially from the end-plate. It appeared to decline with distance in a manner similar to the longitudinal sensitivity gradient. 5. Fibres dissociated from muscles denervated a week earlier were sensitive to ACh everywhere on their surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:915833", "title": "The membrane properties of the smooth muscle cells of the rabbit main pulmonary artery.", "content": "1. The membrane potential of the smooth muscle cells of the rabbit main pulmonary artery amounts to -57 mV, the length constant of the tissue is 1.48 mm and the time constant of the membrane 182 msec. On the basis of the electrical properties of its membrane, this smooth muscle tissue is classified as a single-unit type. During outward current pulses, the membrane shows marked rectification and action potentials can never be generated.2. Tetraethylammonium (10 mM) and procaine (5 mM) depolarize the membrane and increase the membrane resistance. By studying the effect of both substances on the (42)K efflux, it could be concluded that they reduce the K-permeability of the membrane. They also suppress the rectification of the membrane and increase the length constant of the membrane. In the presence of TEA and procaine, a graded response of the membrane can be induced by outward current pulses, but overshoot potentials never occur.3. Noradrenaline, in concentrations between 2 x 10(-8) and 10(-7)M, evokes contraction without depolarizing the membrane. When the concentration is increased above 2 x 10(-7)M, noradrenaline depolarizes the membrane and reduces the membrane resistance. A study of the effect of noradrenaline on the K, Cl and Na fluxes has revealed that it increases the permeability of the membrane for these three ions.4. The tissue concentrations of Na and K are 80 and 38 m-mole/kg wet wt., respectively. The amount of Cl in the cellular compartment was measured by an extrapolation procedure and found to be 13 m-mole/kg wet wt. The extracellular space measured with [(14)C]sorbitol is 550 ml./kg wet wt. and the dry wt./wet wt. ratio 19%. The calculated equilibrium potentials for K, Na and Cl (E(K), E(Na) and E(Cl)) are -83, +59 and -26 mV, respectively. In efflux experiments under steady-state conditions, the following rate constants have been calculated: 0.092 min(-1) for Na, 0.029 min(-1) for Cl and 0.0054 min(-1) for K. The calculated value for the ratio P(Na)/P(K) was 0.22 and for P(Cl)/P(K) 0.63.5. K-free solution and 2 x 10(-6)M ouabain depolarize the cells by about 8 mV. After exposure of the cells to K-free solution, they hyperpolarize on readmission of K, suggesting that part of the membrane potential could be due to electrogenic transport of ions.6. A decrease of external Ca depolarizes the cells and increases the membrane resistance. Na-deficiency hyperpolarizes these smooth muscle cells but this procedure does not prevent the depolarization induced by Ca deficiency.", "contents": "The membrane properties of the smooth muscle cells of the rabbit main pulmonary artery. 1. The membrane potential of the smooth muscle cells of the rabbit main pulmonary artery amounts to -57 mV, the length constant of the tissue is 1.48 mm and the time constant of the membrane 182 msec. On the basis of the electrical properties of its membrane, this smooth muscle tissue is classified as a single-unit type. During outward current pulses, the membrane shows marked rectification and action potentials can never be generated.2. Tetraethylammonium (10 mM) and procaine (5 mM) depolarize the membrane and increase the membrane resistance. By studying the effect of both substances on the (42)K efflux, it could be concluded that they reduce the K-permeability of the membrane. They also suppress the rectification of the membrane and increase the length constant of the membrane. In the presence of TEA and procaine, a graded response of the membrane can be induced by outward current pulses, but overshoot potentials never occur.3. Noradrenaline, in concentrations between 2 x 10(-8) and 10(-7)M, evokes contraction without depolarizing the membrane. When the concentration is increased above 2 x 10(-7)M, noradrenaline depolarizes the membrane and reduces the membrane resistance. A study of the effect of noradrenaline on the K, Cl and Na fluxes has revealed that it increases the permeability of the membrane for these three ions.4. The tissue concentrations of Na and K are 80 and 38 m-mole/kg wet wt., respectively. The amount of Cl in the cellular compartment was measured by an extrapolation procedure and found to be 13 m-mole/kg wet wt. The extracellular space measured with [(14)C]sorbitol is 550 ml./kg wet wt. and the dry wt./wet wt. ratio 19%. The calculated equilibrium potentials for K, Na and Cl (E(K), E(Na) and E(Cl)) are -83, +59 and -26 mV, respectively. In efflux experiments under steady-state conditions, the following rate constants have been calculated: 0.092 min(-1) for Na, 0.029 min(-1) for Cl and 0.0054 min(-1) for K. The calculated value for the ratio P(Na)/P(K) was 0.22 and for P(Cl)/P(K) 0.63.5. K-free solution and 2 x 10(-6)M ouabain depolarize the cells by about 8 mV. After exposure of the cells to K-free solution, they hyperpolarize on readmission of K, suggesting that part of the membrane potential could be due to electrogenic transport of ions.6. A decrease of external Ca depolarizes the cells and increases the membrane resistance. Na-deficiency hyperpolarizes these smooth muscle cells but this procedure does not prevent the depolarization induced by Ca deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:915834", "title": "Excitation-contraction coupling in the smooth muscle cells of the rabbit main pulmonary artery.", "content": "1. Increasing the external K concentration depolarizes the smooth muscle cells of the main pulmonary artery, and this depolarization reaches a maximal slope of 58 mV for a tenfold change of [K](o). The threshold depolarization for inducing contraction is at 4 mV and the maximal contraction is reached at a [K](o) of 58 mM.2. Noradrenaline concentrations between 2 x 10(-8)M and 10(-7)M induce tension without depolarizing the cells, but at higher concentrations noradrenaline not only elicits a large tension response but also depolarizes the cells in a dose-dependent way.3. The effect of noradrenaline on the pulmonary artery is appreciably modified by substituting sucrose for NaCl: the cells are slightly hyperpolarized and the tension response is very much reduced.4. By studying the tension response to noradrenaline in other experimental conditions which cause a small hyperpolarization of the cells, such as 5 mM-[Ca](o), 2.9 mM-[K](o) or a small depolarization, such as 11.9 mM-[K](o), it was found that a slight modification of the membrane potential can exert an important effect on the noradrenaline response.5. A simultaneous decrease of [Ca](o) and [Na](o) reduces the tension response to all noradrenaline concentrations. It was found that a reduction of [Na](o) exerts a more depressing effect than a reduction of [Ca](o). In interpreting these results we have to take into account changes of the membrane potential, of availability of Ca, and some competition between external Ca and Na.6. A study of the effect of different concentrations of noradrenaline in Krebs solutions and Ca-free solution has shown that concentrations up to 2.5 x 10(-7)M elicit contraction by increasing the Ca influx, while higher concentrations also induce a release of cellular Ca.7. Caffeine depolarizes the cells and reduces the membrane resistance. It modifies the K, Cl and Ca fluxes in the same way as noradrenaline, but it suppresses the mechanical response induced by noradrenaline.", "contents": "Excitation-contraction coupling in the smooth muscle cells of the rabbit main pulmonary artery. 1. Increasing the external K concentration depolarizes the smooth muscle cells of the main pulmonary artery, and this depolarization reaches a maximal slope of 58 mV for a tenfold change of [K](o). The threshold depolarization for inducing contraction is at 4 mV and the maximal contraction is reached at a [K](o) of 58 mM.2. Noradrenaline concentrations between 2 x 10(-8)M and 10(-7)M induce tension without depolarizing the cells, but at higher concentrations noradrenaline not only elicits a large tension response but also depolarizes the cells in a dose-dependent way.3. The effect of noradrenaline on the pulmonary artery is appreciably modified by substituting sucrose for NaCl: the cells are slightly hyperpolarized and the tension response is very much reduced.4. By studying the tension response to noradrenaline in other experimental conditions which cause a small hyperpolarization of the cells, such as 5 mM-[Ca](o), 2.9 mM-[K](o) or a small depolarization, such as 11.9 mM-[K](o), it was found that a slight modification of the membrane potential can exert an important effect on the noradrenaline response.5. A simultaneous decrease of [Ca](o) and [Na](o) reduces the tension response to all noradrenaline concentrations. It was found that a reduction of [Na](o) exerts a more depressing effect than a reduction of [Ca](o). In interpreting these results we have to take into account changes of the membrane potential, of availability of Ca, and some competition between external Ca and Na.6. A study of the effect of different concentrations of noradrenaline in Krebs solutions and Ca-free solution has shown that concentrations up to 2.5 x 10(-7)M elicit contraction by increasing the Ca influx, while higher concentrations also induce a release of cellular Ca.7. Caffeine depolarizes the cells and reduces the membrane resistance. It modifies the K, Cl and Ca fluxes in the same way as noradrenaline, but it suppresses the mechanical response induced by noradrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:915835", "title": "Action of oleic acid on the exocrine pancreatic secretion of the conscious rat: evidence for an anti-cholecystokinin-pancreozymin factor.", "content": "The effects on exocrine pancreatic secretion of an intraduodenal infusion of oleic acid (2 ml in 60 min) has been assessed in conscious rats provided with a new type of duodenal cannula permitting the normal flow of pancreatic juice, but not of bile, between experiments.1. Intraduodenal oleic acid infusion induces an increased secretion of water and bicarbonate which is still significantly above basal values 90 min after the end of infusion. Protein output increased during the infusion, but protein concentration and output significantly decreased under basal levels 120 min and 150 min after infusion (respectively -63 and -57% of basal values at 150 min).2. No inhibition was found when oleic acid was introduced into the caecum or into the first 20 cm of ileum isolated from the rest of small intestine. On the contrary, inhibition of protein secretion was induced immediately by intra-ileal oleic acid infusion.3. Inhibition of protein secretion secondary to intra-ileal oleic acid infusion was transmitted from a donor rat to a receiver rat by means of a cross-circulation.4. It is concluded that oleic acid induces an immediate and long lasting increase in water and bicarbonate secretion. During the infusion of oleic acid, protein output is increased, followed by an inhibition. This delayed inhibition stems from the second part of the small intestine and was transferred from one rat to another by cross-circulation: it is speculated that oleic acid releases in the conscious rat (from the distal part of the small intestine) a hormonal factor inhibiting pancreatic secretion.", "contents": "Action of oleic acid on the exocrine pancreatic secretion of the conscious rat: evidence for an anti-cholecystokinin-pancreozymin factor. The effects on exocrine pancreatic secretion of an intraduodenal infusion of oleic acid (2 ml in 60 min) has been assessed in conscious rats provided with a new type of duodenal cannula permitting the normal flow of pancreatic juice, but not of bile, between experiments.1. Intraduodenal oleic acid infusion induces an increased secretion of water and bicarbonate which is still significantly above basal values 90 min after the end of infusion. Protein output increased during the infusion, but protein concentration and output significantly decreased under basal levels 120 min and 150 min after infusion (respectively -63 and -57% of basal values at 150 min).2. No inhibition was found when oleic acid was introduced into the caecum or into the first 20 cm of ileum isolated from the rest of small intestine. On the contrary, inhibition of protein secretion was induced immediately by intra-ileal oleic acid infusion.3. Inhibition of protein secretion secondary to intra-ileal oleic acid infusion was transmitted from a donor rat to a receiver rat by means of a cross-circulation.4. It is concluded that oleic acid induces an immediate and long lasting increase in water and bicarbonate secretion. During the infusion of oleic acid, protein output is increased, followed by an inhibition. This delayed inhibition stems from the second part of the small intestine and was transferred from one rat to another by cross-circulation: it is speculated that oleic acid releases in the conscious rat (from the distal part of the small intestine) a hormonal factor inhibiting pancreatic secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:915837", "title": "[Experimental studies concerning the hemodynamic and metabolic functions in the canine heart-lung preparation supported by a donor (author's transl)].", "content": "In the usual canine heart-lung preparation the coronary blood flow does not remain constant, but increases steadily ; usually, at the moment of the set up of the preparation the coronary blood flow was about 20 ml/min/100 g heart. However, in the course of 2 approximately 3 hours it becomes more than 150 ml/min/100 g heart and the responsiveness of the coronary artery is completely lost under this condition. Concurrently with the increase in the coronary flow, cardiac functions tend to deteriorate. In order to eliminate those experimental disadvantages, we added a donor dog to the heart-lung preparation. It was found that the support by the donor dog resulted in the complete improvement of the above-mentioned deterioration ; the coronary circulation (coronary blood flow and coronary artery and sinus blood oxygen saturation), cardiac function (cardiac output, right atrial pressure, heart rate and others) and cardiac metabolism (myocardial oxygen consumption, mycardial redox potential and others) were kept constant at a favorable state for more than 10 hours.", "contents": "[Experimental studies concerning the hemodynamic and metabolic functions in the canine heart-lung preparation supported by a donor (author's transl)]. In the usual canine heart-lung preparation the coronary blood flow does not remain constant, but increases steadily ; usually, at the moment of the set up of the preparation the coronary blood flow was about 20 ml/min/100 g heart. However, in the course of 2 approximately 3 hours it becomes more than 150 ml/min/100 g heart and the responsiveness of the coronary artery is completely lost under this condition. Concurrently with the increase in the coronary flow, cardiac functions tend to deteriorate. In order to eliminate those experimental disadvantages, we added a donor dog to the heart-lung preparation. It was found that the support by the donor dog resulted in the complete improvement of the above-mentioned deterioration ; the coronary circulation (coronary blood flow and coronary artery and sinus blood oxygen saturation), cardiac function (cardiac output, right atrial pressure, heart rate and others) and cardiac metabolism (myocardial oxygen consumption, mycardial redox potential and others) were kept constant at a favorable state for more than 10 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:915836", "title": "Developmental changes in the inward current of the action potential of Rohon-Beard neurones.", "content": "1. Rohon-Beard cells in the spinal cord of Xenopus tadpoles have been studied in animals from early neural tube to free-swimming larval stages. The onset and further development of electrical excitability of these neurones has been investigated in different ionic environments, to determine the ionic species carrying the inward current of the action potential.2. The cells appear inexcitable at early stages (Nieuwkoop & Faber stages 18-20) and do not give action potentials to depolarizing current pulses.3. The action potential is first recorded at stage 20. (A) The inward current is carried by Ca(2+) at stages 20-25, since it is blocked by mm quantitites of La(3+), Co(2+) or Mn(2+) and is unaffected by removal of Na(+) or the addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX). (B) The action potential is an elevated plateau of long duration (mean 190 msec at stages 20-22). The duration decreases exponentially with repetitive stimulation. (C) The specific Ca(2+) conductance (g(Ca)) at the onset of the plateau of the action potential is 2.6 x 10(-4) mho/cm(2). Calculations show that a single action potential raises [Ca(2+)](1) by more than 100-fold.4. At later times (stages 25-40), the inward current of the action potential is carried by both Na(+) and Ca(2+): the action potential has two components, an initial spike which is blocked by removal of Na(+) or addition of TTX, followed by a plateau which is blocked by La(3+), Co(2+) or Mn(2+).5. Finally (stages 40-51), the inward current is primarily carried by Na(+), since the action potential is blocked only by removal of Na(+) or addition of TTX, and the overshoot agrees with the prediction of the Nernst equation for a Na-selective membrane. When the outward current channel is blocked and cells exposed to Na-free solutions, 67% of cells at the latest stages studied were incapable of producing action potentials in which the inward current is carried by divalent cations.6. The duration of the action potential decreases from a maximum of about 1000 msec to about 1 msec during development. The maximum input resistance (R(in)) decreases from ca. 1000 to 100 MOmega.7. The calcium action potential may play a role in the development of excitability and the growth of the neurones.", "contents": "Developmental changes in the inward current of the action potential of Rohon-Beard neurones. 1. Rohon-Beard cells in the spinal cord of Xenopus tadpoles have been studied in animals from early neural tube to free-swimming larval stages. The onset and further development of electrical excitability of these neurones has been investigated in different ionic environments, to determine the ionic species carrying the inward current of the action potential.2. The cells appear inexcitable at early stages (Nieuwkoop & Faber stages 18-20) and do not give action potentials to depolarizing current pulses.3. The action potential is first recorded at stage 20. (A) The inward current is carried by Ca(2+) at stages 20-25, since it is blocked by mm quantitites of La(3+), Co(2+) or Mn(2+) and is unaffected by removal of Na(+) or the addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX). (B) The action potential is an elevated plateau of long duration (mean 190 msec at stages 20-22). The duration decreases exponentially with repetitive stimulation. (C) The specific Ca(2+) conductance (g(Ca)) at the onset of the plateau of the action potential is 2.6 x 10(-4) mho/cm(2). Calculations show that a single action potential raises [Ca(2+)](1) by more than 100-fold.4. At later times (stages 25-40), the inward current of the action potential is carried by both Na(+) and Ca(2+): the action potential has two components, an initial spike which is blocked by removal of Na(+) or addition of TTX, followed by a plateau which is blocked by La(3+), Co(2+) or Mn(2+).5. Finally (stages 40-51), the inward current is primarily carried by Na(+), since the action potential is blocked only by removal of Na(+) or addition of TTX, and the overshoot agrees with the prediction of the Nernst equation for a Na-selective membrane. When the outward current channel is blocked and cells exposed to Na-free solutions, 67% of cells at the latest stages studied were incapable of producing action potentials in which the inward current is carried by divalent cations.6. The duration of the action potential decreases from a maximum of about 1000 msec to about 1 msec during development. The maximum input resistance (R(in)) decreases from ca. 1000 to 100 MOmega.7. The calcium action potential may play a role in the development of excitability and the growth of the neurones."}
{"id": "PMID:915839", "title": "Additional notes on the coccidian parasites of the soft-shell turtle, Trionyx spiniferus Le Sueur, in Iowa, with a description of Eimeria vesicostieda sp. n.", "content": "Oocysts of Eimeria dericksoni Roudabush, Eimeria mascoutini Wacha & Christiansen, and Eimeria vesicostieda sp. n. were isolated from the Spiny Soft-shell Turtle, Trionyx spiniferus LeSueur, in Iowa. The sporulated oocysts of E. dericksoni are redescribed to include, for the first time, the dimensions of the sporocysts (6.0-8.5 x 3.0 5.0 micrometer) ant the structural appearance of the Stieda body (thinly convex); the oocysts of E. vesicostieda are newly described as being thick-walled, narrowly avoid to narrowly ellipsoid, measuring 22.0-25.5 x 16.5-20.5 micrometer, and having a polar granule, a sporocyst residuum, and a vesicle-like Stieda body; the oocysts of E. mascoutini are documented photographically.", "contents": "Additional notes on the coccidian parasites of the soft-shell turtle, Trionyx spiniferus Le Sueur, in Iowa, with a description of Eimeria vesicostieda sp. n. Oocysts of Eimeria dericksoni Roudabush, Eimeria mascoutini Wacha & Christiansen, and Eimeria vesicostieda sp. n. were isolated from the Spiny Soft-shell Turtle, Trionyx spiniferus LeSueur, in Iowa. The sporulated oocysts of E. dericksoni are redescribed to include, for the first time, the dimensions of the sporocysts (6.0-8.5 x 3.0 5.0 micrometer) ant the structural appearance of the Stieda body (thinly convex); the oocysts of E. vesicostieda are newly described as being thick-walled, narrowly avoid to narrowly ellipsoid, measuring 22.0-25.5 x 16.5-20.5 micrometer, and having a polar granule, a sporocyst residuum, and a vesicle-like Stieda body; the oocysts of E. mascoutini are documented photographically."}
{"id": "PMID:915840", "title": "Eimeria crotalviridis sp. n. from prairie rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis viridis, in New Mexico with data on excystation of sporozoites and ultrastructure of the oocyst wall.", "content": "Oocysts of Eimeria crotalviridis sp. n. are described from praire rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis viridis in New Mexico on the basis of light and electron microscopy and in vitro excystation of sporozoites. Sporulated oocysts of E. crotalviridis are elliptical, 26.4 X 22.3 (23-29 X 20-24) micrometer with ovoid sporocysts 11.7 X 8.1 (11-13 X 7-9) micromiter. A micropyle, micropyle cap and polar bodies are absent, but oocyst and sporocyst residua and Stieda and substieda bodies are present. Excysted sporozoites are 12.4 X 2.8 (11-13 X 2-3) micromiter and have 1 large posterior refractile body and a nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Ultrastructurally, the oocyst wall has 2 layers, a thick, electron-dense, highly sculptured outer layer composed of a fine granular matrix and a thin, granular, osmiophilic inner layer, separated from the outer layer by at least one unit membrane. These layers are 441 (353-510) and 21.6 (19-29) nm thick, respectively. Within 15 min after exposure to a trypsin-sodium taurocholate fluid, sporozoites of E. crotalviridis excysted from 5-month-old sporocysts.", "contents": "Eimeria crotalviridis sp. n. from prairie rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis viridis, in New Mexico with data on excystation of sporozoites and ultrastructure of the oocyst wall. Oocysts of Eimeria crotalviridis sp. n. are described from praire rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis viridis in New Mexico on the basis of light and electron microscopy and in vitro excystation of sporozoites. Sporulated oocysts of E. crotalviridis are elliptical, 26.4 X 22.3 (23-29 X 20-24) micrometer with ovoid sporocysts 11.7 X 8.1 (11-13 X 7-9) micromiter. A micropyle, micropyle cap and polar bodies are absent, but oocyst and sporocyst residua and Stieda and substieda bodies are present. Excysted sporozoites are 12.4 X 2.8 (11-13 X 2-3) micromiter and have 1 large posterior refractile body and a nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Ultrastructurally, the oocyst wall has 2 layers, a thick, electron-dense, highly sculptured outer layer composed of a fine granular matrix and a thin, granular, osmiophilic inner layer, separated from the outer layer by at least one unit membrane. These layers are 441 (353-510) and 21.6 (19-29) nm thick, respectively. Within 15 min after exposure to a trypsin-sodium taurocholate fluid, sporozoites of E. crotalviridis excysted from 5-month-old sporocysts."}
{"id": "PMID:915841", "title": "Eimeria zapi sp. n. from the meadow jumping mouse, Zapus hudsonius Zimmerman in southwestern Michigan.", "content": "Four of 5 meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius) captured had in their feces a previously undescribed species of Eimeria which is named Eimeria zapi sp. n. The sporulated oocysts measured 21.7 (19.5-24.0) x 20.3 (17.5-23.0) micrometer. The single-layered oocyst wall was 1.5 micrometer thick, rough, pitted and appeared clear-to-amber. Usually 2 polar granules could be seen. An oocyst residuum was not observed. Each sporocyst averaged 16.0 (12.5-18.0) x 9.7 (7.5-11.5)micrometer. A substiedal body was present. The sporocyst residuum consisted of a membrane-enclosed packet of 15 to 20 granules. This is the first species of Eimeria to be described from the genus Zapus.", "contents": "Eimeria zapi sp. n. from the meadow jumping mouse, Zapus hudsonius Zimmerman in southwestern Michigan. Four of 5 meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius) captured had in their feces a previously undescribed species of Eimeria which is named Eimeria zapi sp. n. The sporulated oocysts measured 21.7 (19.5-24.0) x 20.3 (17.5-23.0) micrometer. The single-layered oocyst wall was 1.5 micrometer thick, rough, pitted and appeared clear-to-amber. Usually 2 polar granules could be seen. An oocyst residuum was not observed. Each sporocyst averaged 16.0 (12.5-18.0) x 9.7 (7.5-11.5)micrometer. A substiedal body was present. The sporocyst residuum consisted of a membrane-enclosed packet of 15 to 20 granules. This is the first species of Eimeria to be described from the genus Zapus."}
{"id": "PMID:915845", "title": "Ciliary membranes and mating substances in Paramecium caudatum.", "content": "Cilia detached from mating reactive cells of Paramecium caudatum were fractionated for the purpose of identifying the structural component bearing mating substances. Purified axoneme fractions had no mating reactivity. The membrane fraction obtained by dialyzing against a solution of Tris-EDTA (0.1 mm EDTA, 1 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.6) and 0.6 m KCI, and then by centrifuging over 40% (w/v) sucrose was strongly reactive. No mating reactivity was detected in the soluble fractions containing axonemal and matrix proteins. The results indicate that the mating substances in active form are localized only on the ciliary membranes.", "contents": "Ciliary membranes and mating substances in Paramecium caudatum. Cilia detached from mating reactive cells of Paramecium caudatum were fractionated for the purpose of identifying the structural component bearing mating substances. Purified axoneme fractions had no mating reactivity. The membrane fraction obtained by dialyzing against a solution of Tris-EDTA (0.1 mm EDTA, 1 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.6) and 0.6 m KCI, and then by centrifuging over 40% (w/v) sucrose was strongly reactive. No mating reactivity was detected in the soluble fractions containing axonemal and matrix proteins. The results indicate that the mating substances in active form are localized only on the ciliary membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:915847", "title": "Cultivation of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania braziliensis in defined media: nutritional requirements.", "content": "Nutritional requirements of promastigotes of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania braziliensis were studied in modifications of a simple defined culture medium. \"Continuous growth,\" considered as propagation through 10 successive passages, was supported by inorganic salts, 14 l-amino acids (arginine, cysteine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine), glucose, adenosine, and a mixture of 11 vitamins and related growth factors. Purified defatted bovine serum albumin proved beneficial. The nutritional needs of the above species of Leishmania differ from those of 2 other hemoflagellate species, Leishmania tarentolae and Crithidia fasciculata, for which glucose, proline and glutamine were found to be nonessential. It is suggested that lower hemoflagellates may be capable of synthesizing these substrates de novo. Leishmania donovani and L. braziliensis required higher levels of folic acid than L. tarentolae, probably due to the fact that folates are involved as cofactors in the biosyntheses of pyrimidines and serine. Although the mixtures reported here cannot be regarded as \"minimal essential\" media, they are considerably less complex than the ones employed so far for cultivating hemoflagellates, and are therefore well suited for studies related to nutrition and biosynthetic capabilities of Trypanosomatids.", "contents": "Cultivation of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania braziliensis in defined media: nutritional requirements. Nutritional requirements of promastigotes of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania braziliensis were studied in modifications of a simple defined culture medium. \"Continuous growth,\" considered as propagation through 10 successive passages, was supported by inorganic salts, 14 l-amino acids (arginine, cysteine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine), glucose, adenosine, and a mixture of 11 vitamins and related growth factors. Purified defatted bovine serum albumin proved beneficial. The nutritional needs of the above species of Leishmania differ from those of 2 other hemoflagellate species, Leishmania tarentolae and Crithidia fasciculata, for which glucose, proline and glutamine were found to be nonessential. It is suggested that lower hemoflagellates may be capable of synthesizing these substrates de novo. Leishmania donovani and L. braziliensis required higher levels of folic acid than L. tarentolae, probably due to the fact that folates are involved as cofactors in the biosyntheses of pyrimidines and serine. Although the mixtures reported here cannot be regarded as \"minimal essential\" media, they are considerably less complex than the ones employed so far for cultivating hemoflagellates, and are therefore well suited for studies related to nutrition and biosynthetic capabilities of Trypanosomatids."}
{"id": "PMID:915848", "title": "Effect of berenil on growth, mitochondrial DNA and respiration of Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes.", "content": "Incubation of Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes in 1.0 microgram/ml Berenil for 96 hr resulted in approximately 33% inhibition of cell growth and approximately 42.5% dyskinetoplasty in the cell population. The buoyant density of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), p = 1.703 g/ml, remained unchanged after 96-hr exposure to the drug. Endogenous respiration as well as proline- and glucose-induced respiration dropped markedly after 36-hr exposure to Berenil. This drop occurred approximately 12 hr before the onset of dyskinetoplasty, a result which suggests that this drug adversely affects mitochondrial respiratory activity of the promastigotes.", "contents": "Effect of berenil on growth, mitochondrial DNA and respiration of Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes. Incubation of Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes in 1.0 microgram/ml Berenil for 96 hr resulted in approximately 33% inhibition of cell growth and approximately 42.5% dyskinetoplasty in the cell population. The buoyant density of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), p = 1.703 g/ml, remained unchanged after 96-hr exposure to the drug. Endogenous respiration as well as proline- and glucose-induced respiration dropped markedly after 36-hr exposure to Berenil. This drop occurred approximately 12 hr before the onset of dyskinetoplasty, a result which suggests that this drug adversely affects mitochondrial respiratory activity of the promastigotes."}
{"id": "PMID:915849", "title": "Inter-strain variability of structural proteins in Tetrahymena.", "content": "The high molecular weight proteins found in isolated pellicles of Tetrahymena have been compared in several individual strains within the genus using SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three variants of the beta-protein of epiplasm (MW 174,000; 155,000; 145,00) and 2 of the C-protein (MW 140,000; 122,000) were found among the strains examined. No variation was observed in the major kinetodesmal fiber protein (MW 250,000). The variation found between strains in the proteins of a structure which is (as far as we know) the same in all strains indicates a disjunction between evolutionary change at the 2 levels of organization. The taxonomic implications of the observed variation in structural proteins in Tetrahymena are discussed.", "contents": "Inter-strain variability of structural proteins in Tetrahymena. The high molecular weight proteins found in isolated pellicles of Tetrahymena have been compared in several individual strains within the genus using SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three variants of the beta-protein of epiplasm (MW 174,000; 155,000; 145,00) and 2 of the C-protein (MW 140,000; 122,000) were found among the strains examined. No variation was observed in the major kinetodesmal fiber protein (MW 250,000). The variation found between strains in the proteins of a structure which is (as far as we know) the same in all strains indicates a disjunction between evolutionary change at the 2 levels of organization. The taxonomic implications of the observed variation in structural proteins in Tetrahymena are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915850", "title": "Identification of Leishmania spp. by radiorespirometry.", "content": "Preliminary investigation of the application of radiorespirometric technic to protozoan parasites of man indicates a potential for rapid identification. This technic, developed for identification of bacteria, was modified for use with culture forms of Leishmania. Five strains of Leishmania were compared: 2 of L. donovani, 2S and K; L. brasilensis, 2936 and B; and 1 of L. tropica, A. Consisent and rapid (approximately 2 hr) identification was obtained by the radiorespirometric procedure. A computer-type analysis of the radiorespirometric profiles of the 5 strains permitted correct identification of each isolate at the strain level 100% of the time. This technic offers several advantages over many current procedures for identification of protozoan parasites: (A) It is simple, rapid and highly reproducible, (B) Since it does not rely on visual or spectrophotometric determination, it may be conducted in the presence of optically complex substances. (C) It requires relatively low numbers of organisms (approximately 2 x 10(5)/14C-labeled substrate). (D) It is based on differential enzymic activity between species and strains of organisms and therefore, ultimately, on inherent genetic determinates of the parasites. (E) Further development of the procedure and accumulation of a data reference \"bank\" would allow automation of most of the identification process.", "contents": "Identification of Leishmania spp. by radiorespirometry. Preliminary investigation of the application of radiorespirometric technic to protozoan parasites of man indicates a potential for rapid identification. This technic, developed for identification of bacteria, was modified for use with culture forms of Leishmania. Five strains of Leishmania were compared: 2 of L. donovani, 2S and K; L. brasilensis, 2936 and B; and 1 of L. tropica, A. Consisent and rapid (approximately 2 hr) identification was obtained by the radiorespirometric procedure. A computer-type analysis of the radiorespirometric profiles of the 5 strains permitted correct identification of each isolate at the strain level 100% of the time. This technic offers several advantages over many current procedures for identification of protozoan parasites: (A) It is simple, rapid and highly reproducible, (B) Since it does not rely on visual or spectrophotometric determination, it may be conducted in the presence of optically complex substances. (C) It requires relatively low numbers of organisms (approximately 2 x 10(5)/14C-labeled substrate). (D) It is based on differential enzymic activity between species and strains of organisms and therefore, ultimately, on inherent genetic determinates of the parasites. (E) Further development of the procedure and accumulation of a data reference \"bank\" would allow automation of most of the identification process."}
{"id": "PMID:915863", "title": "Effects of the optical isomers of alpha-chlorohydrin on glycolysis by ram testicular spermatozoa and the fertility of male rats.", "content": "When 0-1 mM-S alpha-chlorohydrin was present in incubations, glycolysis by ram testicular spermatozoa was almost completely inhibited whereas 10 mM-R alpha-chlorohydrin had no effect. Male rats dosed orally with S alpha-chlorohydrin (3-25 mg/kg/day) became much less fertile than controls but those dosed with R alpha-chlorohydrin (13 mg/kg/day) did not. The loss of fertility was associated with a reduced ability of spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis of these rats to oxidize glucose. It is concluded that the S enantiomer is responsible for both the inhibition of sperm glycolysis and the reduction in fertility caused by the racemic mixture of alpha-chlorohydrin.", "contents": "Effects of the optical isomers of alpha-chlorohydrin on glycolysis by ram testicular spermatozoa and the fertility of male rats. When 0-1 mM-S alpha-chlorohydrin was present in incubations, glycolysis by ram testicular spermatozoa was almost completely inhibited whereas 10 mM-R alpha-chlorohydrin had no effect. Male rats dosed orally with S alpha-chlorohydrin (3-25 mg/kg/day) became much less fertile than controls but those dosed with R alpha-chlorohydrin (13 mg/kg/day) did not. The loss of fertility was associated with a reduced ability of spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis of these rats to oxidize glucose. It is concluded that the S enantiomer is responsible for both the inhibition of sperm glycolysis and the reduction in fertility caused by the racemic mixture of alpha-chlorohydrin."}
{"id": "PMID:915869", "title": "Membrane potential of guinea-pig spermatozoa.", "content": "The membrane potential of guinea-pig spermatozoa was investigated by using the fluorescent dye, diS-C3-(5). The potential did not vary when K replaced Na in the suspending medium, and in a physiological salt solution the resting potential was found to be about +13 mV.", "contents": "Membrane potential of guinea-pig spermatozoa. The membrane potential of guinea-pig spermatozoa was investigated by using the fluorescent dye, diS-C3-(5). The potential did not vary when K replaced Na in the suspending medium, and in a physiological salt solution the resting potential was found to be about +13 mV."}
{"id": "PMID:915870", "title": "Ovarian atrophy resulting from urethane injection of neonatal mice.", "content": "Treatment of neonatal mice with urethane (0-5 or 0-75 mg/g body wt, i.p.) caused a lack of follicular development beyond the primordial stage. An effect of the thymus on ovarian development is inferred.", "contents": "Ovarian atrophy resulting from urethane injection of neonatal mice. Treatment of neonatal mice with urethane (0-5 or 0-75 mg/g body wt, i.p.) caused a lack of follicular development beyond the primordial stage. An effect of the thymus on ovarian development is inferred."}
{"id": "PMID:915872", "title": "Fertility of dairy cattle after artificial insemination with semen frozen in a lipoprotein diluent.", "content": "A lipoprotein separated from egg yolk by centrifugation and column chromatography was used to prepare a diluent containing 2-9% trisodium citrate. 2H2O (pH 7-0) and 7% glycerol. Ejaculates from Friesian bulls were split between this and two control diluents containing egg yolk, glycerol and citrate or lactose and used to inseminate once 1782 unselected Friesian cows. By 16 weeks after insemination with semen frozen in the egg yolk-lactose, egg yolk-citrate or lipoprotein-citrate diluents, 66-4, 67-1 and 66-1% of cows, respectively, had not returned to service.", "contents": "Fertility of dairy cattle after artificial insemination with semen frozen in a lipoprotein diluent. A lipoprotein separated from egg yolk by centrifugation and column chromatography was used to prepare a diluent containing 2-9% trisodium citrate. 2H2O (pH 7-0) and 7% glycerol. Ejaculates from Friesian bulls were split between this and two control diluents containing egg yolk, glycerol and citrate or lactose and used to inseminate once 1782 unselected Friesian cows. By 16 weeks after insemination with semen frozen in the egg yolk-lactose, egg yolk-citrate or lipoprotein-citrate diluents, 66-4, 67-1 and 66-1% of cows, respectively, had not returned to service."}
{"id": "PMID:915874", "title": "Relationship between testicular blood flow, testosterone secretion and spermatogenic activity in young and adult wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes).", "content": "Testicular capillary blood flow (TCBF) was measured by the radioactive inert gas clearance technique throughout the reproductive life of young adult foxes and was related to the spermatogenic and androgenic activities of the testis. Mean (+/-S.E.M.) blood flow (ml min-1 g-1) was maximal in January in adults during the mating period (0-65 +/- 0-03), and in pubertal animals (0-62 +/- 0-04). At this time spermatozoa were observed in the testes of all animals, but testicular weight and circulating testosterone levels were lower in the pubescent foxes than in the adults. TCBF was minimal during immaturity (0-29 +/- 0-03) and during the resting period of the adult (0-12 +/- 0-01). These values were associated with a low testosterone level and with the multiplication of gonocytes in the young or with the seasonal very low spermatogenic activity in the adult. During the prepubertal period, TCBF slowly increased and was accompanied by testicular growth. In the adult, in September, TCBF rapidly increased without changes of testicular size and then slowly increased as the testes enlarged. High plasma testosterone concentrations occurred later. During the period of testicular regression, TCBF, testicular size, spermatogenic and androgenic activities decreased together.", "contents": "Relationship between testicular blood flow, testosterone secretion and spermatogenic activity in young and adult wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Testicular capillary blood flow (TCBF) was measured by the radioactive inert gas clearance technique throughout the reproductive life of young adult foxes and was related to the spermatogenic and androgenic activities of the testis. Mean (+/-S.E.M.) blood flow (ml min-1 g-1) was maximal in January in adults during the mating period (0-65 +/- 0-03), and in pubertal animals (0-62 +/- 0-04). At this time spermatozoa were observed in the testes of all animals, but testicular weight and circulating testosterone levels were lower in the pubescent foxes than in the adults. TCBF was minimal during immaturity (0-29 +/- 0-03) and during the resting period of the adult (0-12 +/- 0-01). These values were associated with a low testosterone level and with the multiplication of gonocytes in the young or with the seasonal very low spermatogenic activity in the adult. During the prepubertal period, TCBF slowly increased and was accompanied by testicular growth. In the adult, in September, TCBF rapidly increased without changes of testicular size and then slowly increased as the testes enlarged. High plasma testosterone concentrations occurred later. During the period of testicular regression, TCBF, testicular size, spermatogenic and androgenic activities decreased together."}
{"id": "PMID:915875", "title": "Changes in the composition of maternal plasma, fetal plasma and fetal extraembryonic fluid during gestation in the rat.", "content": "The changes in the biochemical composition of maternal plasma, fetal plasma and fetal extraembryonic fluid were studied in Wistar rats from Days 13 1/2 to 21 1/2 of gestation. During this period, there was an increase in maternal plasma volume and total blood volume. The total protein concentration decreased, but little change was observed in the protein pattern, total alpha-amino nitrogen, urea nitrogen and sodium concentration. In fetal plasma, total protein concentration increased progressively with a prominent increase in albumin near term. The albumin:globulin ratio was lower than that in maternal plasma because of the presence of two alpha-fetoproteins and four transferrins. The concentration of alpha-amino nitrogen was higher than that in maternal plasma but the urea nitrogen level did not change significantly. The fetal extraembryonic fluid reflected the changes in composition of fetal plasma, especially in the protein pattern, and concentrations of alpha-amino nitrogen and sodium. Total protein and urea nitrogen increased markedly in concentration near term but there was reduction in the fluid volume at this time.", "contents": "Changes in the composition of maternal plasma, fetal plasma and fetal extraembryonic fluid during gestation in the rat. The changes in the biochemical composition of maternal plasma, fetal plasma and fetal extraembryonic fluid were studied in Wistar rats from Days 13 1/2 to 21 1/2 of gestation. During this period, there was an increase in maternal plasma volume and total blood volume. The total protein concentration decreased, but little change was observed in the protein pattern, total alpha-amino nitrogen, urea nitrogen and sodium concentration. In fetal plasma, total protein concentration increased progressively with a prominent increase in albumin near term. The albumin:globulin ratio was lower than that in maternal plasma because of the presence of two alpha-fetoproteins and four transferrins. The concentration of alpha-amino nitrogen was higher than that in maternal plasma but the urea nitrogen level did not change significantly. The fetal extraembryonic fluid reflected the changes in composition of fetal plasma, especially in the protein pattern, and concentrations of alpha-amino nitrogen and sodium. Total protein and urea nitrogen increased markedly in concentration near term but there was reduction in the fluid volume at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:915876", "title": "Reproductive potential in female cattle discarded as infertile.", "content": "Dairy cattle were served at consecutive heats up to three times each; they were then slaughtered, and the genital tracts were examined. Seventy-four cattle had been discarded from herds because they had not bred; 14 had never calved, and 14 were primiparous. Of these 28 animals, 12 (43%) conceived readily, and had normal pregnancies; normal genital tracts were found at slaughter. Eleven of the 16 animals that did not conceive had normal genitalia. The remaining 46  animals were mature cows, with a mean parity of 4-9; 9 (19-6%) became pregnant and had live embryos at autopsy, while in 7 other cows (15-2%) conception had been followed by embryonic death. Five of the uteri associated with these 16 conceptions showed pathological changes. Thirty of the 46 mature cows (65%) did not conceive; 12 (40%) had normal genitalia, and 18 (60%) showed severe pathological changes in the uterus and/or oviduct. Nine 'control' cows discarded because of poor milk yield were infertile, but 5 cows, discarded for various other reasons, all bred normally.", "contents": "Reproductive potential in female cattle discarded as infertile. Dairy cattle were served at consecutive heats up to three times each; they were then slaughtered, and the genital tracts were examined. Seventy-four cattle had been discarded from herds because they had not bred; 14 had never calved, and 14 were primiparous. Of these 28 animals, 12 (43%) conceived readily, and had normal pregnancies; normal genital tracts were found at slaughter. Eleven of the 16 animals that did not conceive had normal genitalia. The remaining 46  animals were mature cows, with a mean parity of 4-9; 9 (19-6%) became pregnant and had live embryos at autopsy, while in 7 other cows (15-2%) conception had been followed by embryonic death. Five of the uteri associated with these 16 conceptions showed pathological changes. Thirty of the 46 mature cows (65%) did not conceive; 12 (40%) had normal genitalia, and 18 (60%) showed severe pathological changes in the uterus and/or oviduct. Nine 'control' cows discarded because of poor milk yield were infertile, but 5 cows, discarded for various other reasons, all bred normally."}
{"id": "PMID:915877", "title": "Evidence for the facilitated diffusion of glucose into rabbit oviductal fluid.", "content": "Glucose movement into the oviductal fluid of rabbits was studied in anaesthetized animals. The oviducts were cannulated at each end, and 2 ml 0-9% NaCl at 37 degrees C were recirculated through the lumen for 4 h. D-Glucose appeared linearly in the fluid, reaching an average concentration of 2-6 mM. The rate of D-glucose appearance was 17 times greater than that of L-glucose, infused intravenously, suggesting that a component of the D-glucose movement operated by facilitated diffusion. The oviduct was unable to move glucose against an adverse plasma to lumen concentration gradient. We suggest that the glucose entering the oviductal fluid originates in the plasma and that the mucosal portion of the oviduct is responsible for this sugar transfer.", "contents": "Evidence for the facilitated diffusion of glucose into rabbit oviductal fluid. Glucose movement into the oviductal fluid of rabbits was studied in anaesthetized animals. The oviducts were cannulated at each end, and 2 ml 0-9% NaCl at 37 degrees C were recirculated through the lumen for 4 h. D-Glucose appeared linearly in the fluid, reaching an average concentration of 2-6 mM. The rate of D-glucose appearance was 17 times greater than that of L-glucose, infused intravenously, suggesting that a component of the D-glucose movement operated by facilitated diffusion. The oviduct was unable to move glucose against an adverse plasma to lumen concentration gradient. We suggest that the glucose entering the oviductal fluid originates in the plasma and that the mucosal portion of the oviduct is responsible for this sugar transfer."}
{"id": "PMID:915881", "title": "Pregnancy in patients with hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias.", "content": "The availability of sophisticated laboratory procedures has made the diagnosis of many hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias simple. Structural alteration of the polypeptide chains and defects in the rate of synthesis of any of the polypeptide chains are the most common abnormalities: hemoglobins S, C and D are examples of the former, and the thalassemias are examples of the latter. The pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and individual variation of each abnormality are significantly different. Early diagnosis and the knowledge of the pathophysiology together with careful and frequent follow-up are necessary for providing better medical care. Pregnancy in a patient with a diagnosis of hemoglobinopathy or thalassemia certainly speaks for risks to both the mother and fetus. Management of each case has to be planned individually to provide optimal medical and supportive care. We have found a special combined hematology-obstetrics clinic to be helpful in the follow-up of these high-risk patients.", "contents": "Pregnancy in patients with hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias. The availability of sophisticated laboratory procedures has made the diagnosis of many hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias simple. Structural alteration of the polypeptide chains and defects in the rate of synthesis of any of the polypeptide chains are the most common abnormalities: hemoglobins S, C and D are examples of the former, and the thalassemias are examples of the latter. The pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and individual variation of each abnormality are significantly different. Early diagnosis and the knowledge of the pathophysiology together with careful and frequent follow-up are necessary for providing better medical care. Pregnancy in a patient with a diagnosis of hemoglobinopathy or thalassemia certainly speaks for risks to both the mother and fetus. Management of each case has to be planned individually to provide optimal medical and supportive care. We have found a special combined hematology-obstetrics clinic to be helpful in the follow-up of these high-risk patients."}
{"id": "PMID:915882", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy.", "content": "The DIC syndrome is the most common cause of an abnormal hemorrhage tendency during pregnancy and the puerperium and reflects systemic activation of the coagulation cascade by circulating thromboplastic material, with secondary activation of the fibrinolytic system. Its presence in a pregnant patient almost invariably is evidence of an underlying obstetric disorder such as abruptio placentae, eclampsia, retention of a dead fetus, amniotic fluid embolism, placental retention or bacterial sepsis. Diagnosis of the DIC syndrome rests on the demonstration of reduced levels of fibrinogen and platelets, prolongation of the thrombin, prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, and the presence of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in the serum. Therapy consists of prompt removal of the source of procoagulant material, replacement of depleted clotting factors and, in some cases, anti-coagulation with heparin.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy. The DIC syndrome is the most common cause of an abnormal hemorrhage tendency during pregnancy and the puerperium and reflects systemic activation of the coagulation cascade by circulating thromboplastic material, with secondary activation of the fibrinolytic system. Its presence in a pregnant patient almost invariably is evidence of an underlying obstetric disorder such as abruptio placentae, eclampsia, retention of a dead fetus, amniotic fluid embolism, placental retention or bacterial sepsis. Diagnosis of the DIC syndrome rests on the demonstration of reduced levels of fibrinogen and platelets, prolongation of the thrombin, prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, and the presence of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in the serum. Therapy consists of prompt removal of the source of procoagulant material, replacement of depleted clotting factors and, in some cases, anti-coagulation with heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:915887", "title": "Feline infectious peritonitis in South Africa.", "content": "The clinical, clinical pathological and pathological findings in ten natural and two experimental cases of feline infectious peritonitis are described. The literature is reviewed and compared with the findings of these cases. It is concluded that feline infectious peritonitis occurs as a distinct clinical disease entity in domestic cats in the Republic of South Africa.", "contents": "Feline infectious peritonitis in South Africa. The clinical, clinical pathological and pathological findings in ten natural and two experimental cases of feline infectious peritonitis are described. The literature is reviewed and compared with the findings of these cases. It is concluded that feline infectious peritonitis occurs as a distinct clinical disease entity in domestic cats in the Republic of South Africa."}
{"id": "PMID:915888", "title": "Ovarian autograft as an alternative to ovariectomy in bitches.", "content": "The literature on autotransplantation of the ovary is briefly reviewed with emphasis on the portal vein drainage area as the transplant site. An experiment is reported whereby bitches hearing such grafts were compared to entire and ovariectomised subjects with regard to endocrine status and behaviour. It is concluded that autotransplantation of the ovary to the portal vein drainage area may be a promising method of abolishing oestrus and yet avoiding the eunuchoid syndrome as is seen in ovariectomised subjects.", "contents": "Ovarian autograft as an alternative to ovariectomy in bitches. The literature on autotransplantation of the ovary is briefly reviewed with emphasis on the portal vein drainage area as the transplant site. An experiment is reported whereby bitches hearing such grafts were compared to entire and ovariectomised subjects with regard to endocrine status and behaviour. It is concluded that autotransplantation of the ovary to the portal vein drainage area may be a promising method of abolishing oestrus and yet avoiding the eunuchoid syndrome as is seen in ovariectomised subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:915890", "title": "The induction of oestrus in recently weaned sows with low doses of gonadotrophins.", "content": "Trials in a large scale commercial piggery indicated that use of a combination of hormones played a significant role in synchronising and expediting the onset of oestrus. The litter sizes in the treated group were significantly larger than in the controls.", "contents": "The induction of oestrus in recently weaned sows with low doses of gonadotrophins. Trials in a large scale commercial piggery indicated that use of a combination of hormones played a significant role in synchronising and expediting the onset of oestrus. The litter sizes in the treated group were significantly larger than in the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:915891", "title": "The regularity of cycles and ovarian efficiency in a group of Friesland cows.", "content": "Delayed ovulation was recorded in 17,34% and anovulation in 17,66% of 623 oestrus periods in 32 Friesland cows. Cycle length was abnormal in 19,19% of 568 cycles and was associated with an increase in the incidence of defective ovulation. Inseminations failed in 24,6% of cases despite normal ovulatory function at oestrus while in nine out of 134 inseminations sperm retained its fertilizing capacity in the female tract between 24 and 72 hours.", "contents": "The regularity of cycles and ovarian efficiency in a group of Friesland cows. Delayed ovulation was recorded in 17,34% and anovulation in 17,66% of 623 oestrus periods in 32 Friesland cows. Cycle length was abnormal in 19,19% of 568 cycles and was associated with an increase in the incidence of defective ovulation. Inseminations failed in 24,6% of cases despite normal ovulatory function at oestrus while in nine out of 134 inseminations sperm retained its fertilizing capacity in the female tract between 24 and 72 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:915892", "title": "Schistosoma mattheei in the ox: the chronic hepatic syndrome.", "content": "A Friesland steer infested on four occasions at intervals of 4--6 weeks with 20 000 cercariae of Schistosoma mattheei developed progressive hepatic failure and died after 74 weeks. The condition was characterised by enlargement and induration of the liver with portal fibrosis, inflammation of the portal veins and \"piecemeal necrosis\", and was associated with a severe circulating eosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinaemia. Similar cases were encountered in two natural outbreaks. The syndrome is considered to be of immunological origin, initiated by the reaction in the portal veins to antigen from schistosomes killed by the immune response of the host. It is usually seen in animals exposed to repeated heavy infestation but may occur occasionally after light infestation.", "contents": "Schistosoma mattheei in the ox: the chronic hepatic syndrome. A Friesland steer infested on four occasions at intervals of 4--6 weeks with 20 000 cercariae of Schistosoma mattheei developed progressive hepatic failure and died after 74 weeks. The condition was characterised by enlargement and induration of the liver with portal fibrosis, inflammation of the portal veins and \"piecemeal necrosis\", and was associated with a severe circulating eosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinaemia. Similar cases were encountered in two natural outbreaks. The syndrome is considered to be of immunological origin, initiated by the reaction in the portal veins to antigen from schistosomes killed by the immune response of the host. It is usually seen in animals exposed to repeated heavy infestation but may occur occasionally after light infestation."}
{"id": "PMID:915893", "title": "Haematological changes caused by Trichostrongylus colubriformis in lambs fed a dystrophogenic diet.", "content": "The effect of Trichostrongylus colubriformis on lambs maintained on a ration containing a low level of selenium and on animals receiving vitamin E and Se supplementation was investigated. The pathological changes seen in control animals slaughtered at the start of the experiment and in the animals which died during the course of the investigation revealed a high level of nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) in the lambs. There were no marked haematological changes in the control or infested sheep. Infestation was characterized by slight hypoalbuminaemia and gamma-globulinaemia. Serum levels of the enzymes AAT and CPK, which are important indicators of muscle necrosis and NMD, were greatly increased in sheep infested with T. colubriformis and not receiving supplementary Vit. E + Se. Data from this study therefore indicates that trichostrongylosis may aggravate the degree of muscle necrosis in lambs prone to the development of NMD.", "contents": "Haematological changes caused by Trichostrongylus colubriformis in lambs fed a dystrophogenic diet. The effect of Trichostrongylus colubriformis on lambs maintained on a ration containing a low level of selenium and on animals receiving vitamin E and Se supplementation was investigated. The pathological changes seen in control animals slaughtered at the start of the experiment and in the animals which died during the course of the investigation revealed a high level of nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) in the lambs. There were no marked haematological changes in the control or infested sheep. Infestation was characterized by slight hypoalbuminaemia and gamma-globulinaemia. Serum levels of the enzymes AAT and CPK, which are important indicators of muscle necrosis and NMD, were greatly increased in sheep infested with T. colubriformis and not receiving supplementary Vit. E + Se. Data from this study therefore indicates that trichostrongylosis may aggravate the degree of muscle necrosis in lambs prone to the development of NMD."}
{"id": "PMID:915894", "title": "Antitumor septacidin analogues.", "content": "In the first approach by total synthesis to the structure of the antitumor antibiotic septacidin, analogues have been obtained which show similar inhibition of RNA-DNA synthesis in cultured leukemia L1210 cells and similar activity against transplanted leukemia P388 in mice. In these analogues, the natural aminoheptose moiety is replaced by 4-amino-4-deoxy-and 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-L-glucose, to retain the natural configuration of the pyranose ring. Also retained is the lipophilic fatty acid-amino acid side chain attached to the 4-amino group and glycosylation at the 6-NH2 of adenine. If the fatty acid chain was shortened from C16 to C6, if the fatty chain was shifted to the glycine unit, or if the glycine unit was omitted, activity was completely lost. However, activity was retained if the C16 chain was shortened only to C12 or if the glycine unit was extended to beta-alanine. Both active and inactive analogues were nonbinding to DNA and nonmutagenic to Salmonella strains. The synthetic approach was to start with a suitably protected sugar (L-fucose and L-galactose), construct the adenine moiety at C-1 introduce a 4-amino group, and finally attach the preformed side chain.", "contents": "Antitumor septacidin analogues. In the first approach by total synthesis to the structure of the antitumor antibiotic septacidin, analogues have been obtained which show similar inhibition of RNA-DNA synthesis in cultured leukemia L1210 cells and similar activity against transplanted leukemia P388 in mice. In these analogues, the natural aminoheptose moiety is replaced by 4-amino-4-deoxy-and 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-L-glucose, to retain the natural configuration of the pyranose ring. Also retained is the lipophilic fatty acid-amino acid side chain attached to the 4-amino group and glycosylation at the 6-NH2 of adenine. If the fatty acid chain was shortened from C16 to C6, if the fatty chain was shifted to the glycine unit, or if the glycine unit was omitted, activity was completely lost. However, activity was retained if the C16 chain was shortened only to C12 or if the glycine unit was extended to beta-alanine. Both active and inactive analogues were nonbinding to DNA and nonmutagenic to Salmonella strains. The synthetic approach was to start with a suitably protected sugar (L-fucose and L-galactose), construct the adenine moiety at C-1 introduce a 4-amino group, and finally attach the preformed side chain."}
{"id": "PMID:915895", "title": "Biological active polycycloalkanes. 4. Phosphoric esters of trimethylenenorbornyl alcohols.", "content": "Secondary (6) and tertiary (8) phosphates of exo-5,6-trimethylenenorborn-exo-2-yl alcohol (exo-tricyclo-[5.2.1.0(2,6)]dec-exo-8-yl alcohol, 3) and a secondary ester (9) of a mixture of exo-tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]dec-3-en-8- and -9-yl alcohol (2) were prepared. The most convenient route to 6 was direct esterification of phosphoric acid with 3. 9 was obtainable by the addition of phosphoric acid to endo-dicyclopentadiene (1). These phosphates were tested in vitro for antiviral activity against Newcastle disease virus using a monolayer culture of chick embryo fibroblasts. 6 was found ca. twice more potent than, while 8 was as active as, amantadine hydrochloride under the present test conditions.", "contents": "Biological active polycycloalkanes. 4. Phosphoric esters of trimethylenenorbornyl alcohols. Secondary (6) and tertiary (8) phosphates of exo-5,6-trimethylenenorborn-exo-2-yl alcohol (exo-tricyclo-[5.2.1.0(2,6)]dec-exo-8-yl alcohol, 3) and a secondary ester (9) of a mixture of exo-tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]dec-3-en-8- and -9-yl alcohol (2) were prepared. The most convenient route to 6 was direct esterification of phosphoric acid with 3. 9 was obtainable by the addition of phosphoric acid to endo-dicyclopentadiene (1). These phosphates were tested in vitro for antiviral activity against Newcastle disease virus using a monolayer culture of chick embryo fibroblasts. 6 was found ca. twice more potent than, while 8 was as active as, amantadine hydrochloride under the present test conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:915896", "title": "Synthesis and hypotensive activity of some cyclopentano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines.", "content": "A series of derivatives of the novel cyclopentano[f]- and [h]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines has been synthesized and screened by hypotensive properties in the unanesthetized DCA hypertensive rat and for acute toxicity in the mouse. Substitutions were made in the parent structures at both the heteroatom and the 5 and 6, and 7 and 8 positions. Bulky lipophilic substitutions on the heteroatom yielded compounds producing moderate depressions in blood pressure over extended periods of time. One member of the series produced a significant hypertensive response. Some heart stimulant properties (unaccompanied by effects on blood pressure) were observed with some compounds. In general, the compounds were relatively toxic. The introduction of the bulky lipophilic groupings on the heterocyclic nitrogen appeared to be associated with a reduction in toxicity.", "contents": "Synthesis and hypotensive activity of some cyclopentano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines. A series of derivatives of the novel cyclopentano[f]- and [h]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines has been synthesized and screened by hypotensive properties in the unanesthetized DCA hypertensive rat and for acute toxicity in the mouse. Substitutions were made in the parent structures at both the heteroatom and the 5 and 6, and 7 and 8 positions. Bulky lipophilic substitutions on the heteroatom yielded compounds producing moderate depressions in blood pressure over extended periods of time. One member of the series produced a significant hypertensive response. Some heart stimulant properties (unaccompanied by effects on blood pressure) were observed with some compounds. In general, the compounds were relatively toxic. The introduction of the bulky lipophilic groupings on the heterocyclic nitrogen appeared to be associated with a reduction in toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:915898", "title": "Hypolipidemic analogues of ethyl 4-benzyloxybenzoate.", "content": "A series of compounds related to ethyl 4-benzyloxybenzoate was synthesized and evaluated for potential hypolipidemic activity in rats. Structure--activity relationships are discussed in terms of cholesterol-lowering activity together with effects on weight gain and liver lipids. A number of the compounds inhibited cholesterol and free fatty acid biosynthesis from [1-14C]acetate in rat liver slices in vitro. Ethyl 4-benzyloxybenzoate, ethyl-4-benzyloxybenzoic acid, ethyl 4-p-bromobenzyloxybenzoates, and 4-o-methoxybenzyloxyphenyl acetate exhibited the most favorable spectrum of activity.", "contents": "Hypolipidemic analogues of ethyl 4-benzyloxybenzoate. A series of compounds related to ethyl 4-benzyloxybenzoate was synthesized and evaluated for potential hypolipidemic activity in rats. Structure--activity relationships are discussed in terms of cholesterol-lowering activity together with effects on weight gain and liver lipids. A number of the compounds inhibited cholesterol and free fatty acid biosynthesis from [1-14C]acetate in rat liver slices in vitro. Ethyl 4-benzyloxybenzoate, ethyl-4-benzyloxybenzoic acid, ethyl 4-p-bromobenzyloxybenzoates, and 4-o-methoxybenzyloxyphenyl acetate exhibited the most favorable spectrum of activity."}
{"id": "PMID:915899", "title": "Sycnthesis of quinazoline analogues of folic acid modified at postion 10.", "content": "The quinazoline couterpart of folic acid (5,8-deazafolic acid) as well as its 10-methyl analogue has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase from several different sources. This paper describes the synthesis of modifications in which the nitrogen atom at position 10 is replaced by sulfur, oxygen, or methylene affording 10-thia-5,8-deazafolic acid, 10-oxa-5,8-deazafolic acid, and 5,8,10-deazafolic acid, respectively. In preliminary testing, each of the target compounds displayed marginal activity against L1210 leukemia in mice.", "contents": "Sycnthesis of quinazoline analogues of folic acid modified at postion 10. The quinazoline couterpart of folic acid (5,8-deazafolic acid) as well as its 10-methyl analogue has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase from several different sources. This paper describes the synthesis of modifications in which the nitrogen atom at position 10 is replaced by sulfur, oxygen, or methylene affording 10-thia-5,8-deazafolic acid, 10-oxa-5,8-deazafolic acid, and 5,8,10-deazafolic acid, respectively. In preliminary testing, each of the target compounds displayed marginal activity against L1210 leukemia in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:915900", "title": "(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 1. (2-Alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids.", "content": "The discovery of the (acryloylaryloxy)acetic acids as a new class of potent diuretics prompted the investigation of related bicyclic compounds. Annelated analogues of the parent series, the (2-alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids, were the subjects of this study. Those compounds, unlike the monocyclic parent compound, lacked the double bond adjacent to the carbonyl group. More importantly, they possessed both saluretic and uricosuric properties. The optimal single 2-substituents for maximal saluretic and uricosuric activity were determined. In general, better activity was observed when a second 2-alkyl substituent (especially methyl) was present in the molecule. Replacement of the carboxy substituent by 5-tetrazolyl generally resulted in a reduction in activity.", "contents": "(Acylaryloxy)acetic acid diuretics. 1. (2-Alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids. The discovery of the (acryloylaryloxy)acetic acids as a new class of potent diuretics prompted the investigation of related bicyclic compounds. Annelated analogues of the parent series, the (2-alkyl- and 2,2-dialkyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acids, were the subjects of this study. Those compounds, unlike the monocyclic parent compound, lacked the double bond adjacent to the carbonyl group. More importantly, they possessed both saluretic and uricosuric properties. The optimal single 2-substituents for maximal saluretic and uricosuric activity were determined. In general, better activity was observed when a second 2-alkyl substituent (especially methyl) was present in the molecule. Replacement of the carboxy substituent by 5-tetrazolyl generally resulted in a reduction in activity."}
{"id": "PMID:915901", "title": "Neurotensin analogues. Structure--activity relationships.", "content": "A series of neurotensin (NT) analogues in which each amino acid has been successively replaced by its D isomer, as well as analogues involving modifications at positions 3 and 11 and a cyclic compound [Cys2,13]-NT, has been synthesized by solid-phase methodology. After purification by conventional techniques the compounds were characterized by thin-layer chromatography, amino acid analysis, and optical rotation. Further characterization of the analogues by high-pressure liquid chromatography demonstrates the high resolving power of this new method. Each analogue was studied for its ability to induce hypothermia in cold-exposed rate (4 degrees C) in vivo and to bind to mast cells in vitro. Although close correlation in potencies was not found for all the analogues tested in both assay systems, they substantiate the basic observation that substitutions in positions 1-9 produced active peptides whereas modification of residues 10-13 considerably decreased biological response in vitro and in vivo. One exception is the higher potency of [D-Phe11]-NT and [D-Tyr11]-NT in vivo. The differences between the efficacies of these analogues in vivo and in vitro are discussed.", "contents": "Neurotensin analogues. Structure--activity relationships. A series of neurotensin (NT) analogues in which each amino acid has been successively replaced by its D isomer, as well as analogues involving modifications at positions 3 and 11 and a cyclic compound [Cys2,13]-NT, has been synthesized by solid-phase methodology. After purification by conventional techniques the compounds were characterized by thin-layer chromatography, amino acid analysis, and optical rotation. Further characterization of the analogues by high-pressure liquid chromatography demonstrates the high resolving power of this new method. Each analogue was studied for its ability to induce hypothermia in cold-exposed rate (4 degrees C) in vivo and to bind to mast cells in vitro. Although close correlation in potencies was not found for all the analogues tested in both assay systems, they substantiate the basic observation that substitutions in positions 1-9 produced active peptides whereas modification of residues 10-13 considerably decreased biological response in vitro and in vivo. One exception is the higher potency of [D-Phe11]-NT and [D-Tyr11]-NT in vivo. The differences between the efficacies of these analogues in vivo and in vitro are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915902", "title": "Quantitative structure-activity relationship of chymotrypsin-ligand interactions.", "content": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been formulated for the interactions of a variety of ligands with chymotrypsin. The parameters Km, k2, k3, kcat, and Ki are found to be strongly dependent on molar refractivity as well as steric and electronic character of the substituents in structures of the type R2CH(COOR3)NHCOR1 where R may be H. A model for binding of D and L esters is presented which gives a consistent view of the binding step, acylation, and deacylation. The model suggests new avenue for exploration.", "contents": "Quantitative structure-activity relationship of chymotrypsin-ligand interactions. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been formulated for the interactions of a variety of ligands with chymotrypsin. The parameters Km, k2, k3, kcat, and Ki are found to be strongly dependent on molar refractivity as well as steric and electronic character of the substituents in structures of the type R2CH(COOR3)NHCOR1 where R may be H. A model for binding of D and L esters is presented which gives a consistent view of the binding step, acylation, and deacylation. The model suggests new avenue for exploration."}
{"id": "PMID:915903", "title": "Improved delivery through biological membranes. 4. Prodrugs of L-dopa.", "content": "Various classes of transient derivatives of L-Dopa have been synthesized, systematically protecting one or more of the main sites of metabolism in the molecule: the carboxy function, the amino, and/or the catechol system. The derivatives studied include carboxy esters, phenol esters, amides, peptides, and various combinations of these functions. A number of these derivatives effectively prevent the metabolism of L-Dopa prior to and/or during the absorption process, resulting in a significantly better bioavailability of the drug. In vivo studies using dogs showed up to 2.5-fold increase in L-Dopa blood levels. The metabolism as well as toxicity aspects of the prodrugs is also discussed.", "contents": "Improved delivery through biological membranes. 4. Prodrugs of L-dopa. Various classes of transient derivatives of L-Dopa have been synthesized, systematically protecting one or more of the main sites of metabolism in the molecule: the carboxy function, the amino, and/or the catechol system. The derivatives studied include carboxy esters, phenol esters, amides, peptides, and various combinations of these functions. A number of these derivatives effectively prevent the metabolism of L-Dopa prior to and/or during the absorption process, resulting in a significantly better bioavailability of the drug. In vivo studies using dogs showed up to 2.5-fold increase in L-Dopa blood levels. The metabolism as well as toxicity aspects of the prodrugs is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:915905", "title": "Conformation-activity studies of oxytocin. Effects of structural modifications at corner positions of the beta-turns on the uterotonic activity.", "content": "Replacement of the aliphatic isoleucine residue in position 3 of oxytocin (the first corner position of the beta-turn in the 20-membered ring of the solution conformation of the hormone) by phenylalanine has been shown to result in analogues with reduced affinity and intrinsic activity when tested by the individual dose-response procedure on the isolated rat uterus. Studies of effects of structural modifications have been extended to include two additional beta-turn corner positions. First, the dose-response behavior of [Leu4]oxytocin and [Phe4]oxytocin, two analogues in which the Glu4 side chain in the second corner position of the beta-turn in the 20-membered ring has been substituted by hydrophobic and bulky groups, was compared with that of oxytocin. Second, the solid-phase synthesis and biological properties of [Phe3,Leu4,Met8]oxytocin and [Phe3,4,Met8]oxytocin are described. The presence of leucine or phenylalanine in position 4 evokes a drastic reduction in both the affinity and intrinsic uterotonic activity of the resulting analogues, with phenylalanine significantly more effective in reducing intrinsic activity than leucine (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Conformation-activity studies of oxytocin. Effects of structural modifications at corner positions of the beta-turns on the uterotonic activity. Replacement of the aliphatic isoleucine residue in position 3 of oxytocin (the first corner position of the beta-turn in the 20-membered ring of the solution conformation of the hormone) by phenylalanine has been shown to result in analogues with reduced affinity and intrinsic activity when tested by the individual dose-response procedure on the isolated rat uterus. Studies of effects of structural modifications have been extended to include two additional beta-turn corner positions. First, the dose-response behavior of [Leu4]oxytocin and [Phe4]oxytocin, two analogues in which the Glu4 side chain in the second corner position of the beta-turn in the 20-membered ring has been substituted by hydrophobic and bulky groups, was compared with that of oxytocin. Second, the solid-phase synthesis and biological properties of [Phe3,Leu4,Met8]oxytocin and [Phe3,4,Met8]oxytocin are described. The presence of leucine or phenylalanine in position 4 evokes a drastic reduction in both the affinity and intrinsic uterotonic activity of the resulting analogues, with phenylalanine significantly more effective in reducing intrinsic activity than leucine (p less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:915906", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the N-terminal decapeptide of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).", "content": "The decapeptide derivative, L-histidyl-L-seryl-L-aspartyl-L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-aspartyl-L-asparaginyl-L-tyrosine methyl ester, corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of both porcine and chicken VIP was synthesized in solution, by the stepwise strategy. Its pharmacological properties resemble those of VIP itself, but with a much lower potency, comparable to that of peptides with C-terminal sequences. The presence of two independent sequences carrying similar instructions was recognized in VIP.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of the N-terminal decapeptide of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The decapeptide derivative, L-histidyl-L-seryl-L-aspartyl-L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-aspartyl-L-asparaginyl-L-tyrosine methyl ester, corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of both porcine and chicken VIP was synthesized in solution, by the stepwise strategy. Its pharmacological properties resemble those of VIP itself, but with a much lower potency, comparable to that of peptides with C-terminal sequences. The presence of two independent sequences carrying similar instructions was recognized in VIP."}
{"id": "PMID:915907", "title": "Proteinase inhibitors. I. Inhibitors of elastase.", "content": "A series of peptides and depsipeptides containing 2-methylcarbazic acid (H-Mec-OH), the 2-aza analogue of alanine, was prepared and tested as inhibitors of pancreatic and human granulocyte elastases. A requirement for a minimum chain length as well as specific amino acid sequence was observed which correlates well with both substrate and inhibitor studies by others in this field. The most active inhibitors have the structure Ac-Ala-Ala-Pro-Mec-Lac-R. When Lac-R is an ester, only the pancreatic enzyme is inhibited. When Lac-R is an amide or hydrazide, then both enzymes are inhibited. The inhibitory activity is reversible; the inhibitors are not hydrolyzed by the enzyme and the inhibition is noncompetitive with synthetic substrates of similar structure, suggesting that binding at the sites adjacent to the carboyl group of the amino acid analogue, 2-methylcarbazic acid, is important for this inhibition. The data further demonstrate the differences between pancreatic and granulocyte elastases.", "contents": "Proteinase inhibitors. I. Inhibitors of elastase. A series of peptides and depsipeptides containing 2-methylcarbazic acid (H-Mec-OH), the 2-aza analogue of alanine, was prepared and tested as inhibitors of pancreatic and human granulocyte elastases. A requirement for a minimum chain length as well as specific amino acid sequence was observed which correlates well with both substrate and inhibitor studies by others in this field. The most active inhibitors have the structure Ac-Ala-Ala-Pro-Mec-Lac-R. When Lac-R is an ester, only the pancreatic enzyme is inhibited. When Lac-R is an amide or hydrazide, then both enzymes are inhibited. The inhibitory activity is reversible; the inhibitors are not hydrolyzed by the enzyme and the inhibition is noncompetitive with synthetic substrates of similar structure, suggesting that binding at the sites adjacent to the carboyl group of the amino acid analogue, 2-methylcarbazic acid, is important for this inhibition. The data further demonstrate the differences between pancreatic and granulocyte elastases."}
{"id": "PMID:915908", "title": "Ergot alkaloids. Synthesis of 6-alkyl-8-ergolenes and 6-methyl-8-aminoergolines as potential prolactin inhibitors.", "content": "The synthesis of several N-6 derivatives of elymoclavine (3) and potential alkylating derivatives of 6-methyl-8-aminoergolines (12) is described. These compounds were screened for prolactin-inhibiting ability and 6-propyl-8-hydroxymethyl-8-ergolene (9) was found to be as active as the most potent prolactin inhibitors reported to date. The total synthesis of racemic methyl dihydrolysergate I (23), having a trans C, D ring fusion, from the tricyclic ketone 18 is also described.", "contents": "Ergot alkaloids. Synthesis of 6-alkyl-8-ergolenes and 6-methyl-8-aminoergolines as potential prolactin inhibitors. The synthesis of several N-6 derivatives of elymoclavine (3) and potential alkylating derivatives of 6-methyl-8-aminoergolines (12) is described. These compounds were screened for prolactin-inhibiting ability and 6-propyl-8-hydroxymethyl-8-ergolene (9) was found to be as active as the most potent prolactin inhibitors reported to date. The total synthesis of racemic methyl dihydrolysergate I (23), having a trans C, D ring fusion, from the tricyclic ketone 18 is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:915909", "title": "Selective inhibition of the monosynaptic spinal reflex by a series of hydroxylated alkylaminoindans.", "content": "5-Hydroxy-2-piperidino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindan (5) and a number of related tetrahydro and dihydro compounds were prepared by selective mono- and dihydroxylation of the dihydro products from the Birch reduction of various alkylaminoalkylindans, tetralins, benzenes, and isoindolines. Some of these compounds showed a remarkably selective inhibition of monosynatpic spinal reflex in the segmental cat preparation.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of the monosynaptic spinal reflex by a series of hydroxylated alkylaminoindans. 5-Hydroxy-2-piperidino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindan (5) and a number of related tetrahydro and dihydro compounds were prepared by selective mono- and dihydroxylation of the dihydro products from the Birch reduction of various alkylaminoalkylindans, tetralins, benzenes, and isoindolines. Some of these compounds showed a remarkably selective inhibition of monosynatpic spinal reflex in the segmental cat preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:915910", "title": "Synthesis of 3-(4-acylaminopiperazin-1-ylalkyl)indoles as potential antihypertensive agents.", "content": "A series of 3-(4-acylaminopiperazin-1-ylalkyl)indoles was synthesized and tested for antihypertensive activity. Compounds with no substituents in the indole portion of the molecule were generally most effective in lowering blood pressure in the spontaneous hypertensive rat model. Of these several analogues were very potent and lowered blood pressure more than 55 mmHg at oral doses of 100 mg/kg.", "contents": "Synthesis of 3-(4-acylaminopiperazin-1-ylalkyl)indoles as potential antihypertensive agents. A series of 3-(4-acylaminopiperazin-1-ylalkyl)indoles was synthesized and tested for antihypertensive activity. Compounds with no substituents in the indole portion of the molecule were generally most effective in lowering blood pressure in the spontaneous hypertensive rat model. Of these several analogues were very potent and lowered blood pressure more than 55 mmHg at oral doses of 100 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:915911", "title": "Structure of warfarin in solution.", "content": "Warfarin in solution is shown to consist of three interconverting tautomeric structures, two of which are cyclic diastereomeric hemiketals, while the third and minor component is the open-chain intermediate form. The configurations of all the tautomers as well as the major conformations of the cyclic tautomers are assigned. The assignments are supported by comparison with the chemical shift and coupling constant parameters of structurally fixed model compounds.", "contents": "Structure of warfarin in solution. Warfarin in solution is shown to consist of three interconverting tautomeric structures, two of which are cyclic diastereomeric hemiketals, while the third and minor component is the open-chain intermediate form. The configurations of all the tautomers as well as the major conformations of the cyclic tautomers are assigned. The assignments are supported by comparison with the chemical shift and coupling constant parameters of structurally fixed model compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:915912", "title": "Azabicyclo chemistry. 6. An investigation of one of the chemical parameters for analgetic activity. Synthesis of 2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-ene and -non-7-ene.", "content": "The olefins 2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-ene (3) and -non-7-ene (6) were prepared in order to evaluate their analgetic activity. The reduction of 2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-one (4) with NaBH4 gave, stereospecifically, the axial alcohol 5. Reaction of 5 with CH3SO2Cl-pyridine gave directly the olefins 3 and 6, both of which upon hydrogenation gave the known 2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (7). The structural proof of 3, 5, and 6 was ascertained by spectral methods. Of the compounds prepared, 3, 5, and 6 were essentially inactive as analgetics when tested in mice by the hot-plate method, while 4 had marginal activity.", "contents": "Azabicyclo chemistry. 6. An investigation of one of the chemical parameters for analgetic activity. Synthesis of 2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-ene and -non-7-ene. The olefins 2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-ene (3) and -non-7-ene (6) were prepared in order to evaluate their analgetic activity. The reduction of 2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-one (4) with NaBH4 gave, stereospecifically, the axial alcohol 5. Reaction of 5 with CH3SO2Cl-pyridine gave directly the olefins 3 and 6, both of which upon hydrogenation gave the known 2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (7). The structural proof of 3, 5, and 6 was ascertained by spectral methods. Of the compounds prepared, 3, 5, and 6 were essentially inactive as analgetics when tested in mice by the hot-plate method, while 4 had marginal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:915913", "title": "Dibenz[b,e]oxepinalkanoic acids as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. 3. omega-(6,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-yl)alkanoic acids.", "content": "Omega-(6,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-yl)butyric, -hexanoic, and -octanoic acids were evaluated in the carrageenan paw edema assay. The most active compound, the butyric acid analogue, was 1.80 times more potent than the hexanoic compound, 1.15 times more potent than the octanoic analogue, and 0.43 times as potent as indomethacin.", "contents": "Dibenz[b,e]oxepinalkanoic acids as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. 3. omega-(6,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-yl)alkanoic acids. Omega-(6,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-yl)butyric, -hexanoic, and -octanoic acids were evaluated in the carrageenan paw edema assay. The most active compound, the butyric acid analogue, was 1.80 times more potent than the hexanoic compound, 1.15 times more potent than the octanoic analogue, and 0.43 times as potent as indomethacin."}
{"id": "PMID:915914", "title": "Isoquinolines. 6. Potential central nervous system antitumor agents. Nitrogen mustards of 3-amino-4-(p-aminophenyl)isoquinoline.", "content": "A series of 3-amino-4-(p-aminophenyl)isoquinolines bearing the bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group was synthesized as potential CNS antitumor agents. Diol precursors 1e and 1f were prepared by the treatment of 1b and 1c with ethylene oxide. Diol precursors 5a-c and 9 were prepared by the treatment of 4a-c and 8 with diethanolamine. The reaction of these diols with SOCl2 yielded target mustards 10-15 which were evaluated in the intraperitoneal murine L1210 tumor. No intermediates or target mustards were active in this tumor system.", "contents": "Isoquinolines. 6. Potential central nervous system antitumor agents. Nitrogen mustards of 3-amino-4-(p-aminophenyl)isoquinoline. A series of 3-amino-4-(p-aminophenyl)isoquinolines bearing the bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group was synthesized as potential CNS antitumor agents. Diol precursors 1e and 1f were prepared by the treatment of 1b and 1c with ethylene oxide. Diol precursors 5a-c and 9 were prepared by the treatment of 4a-c and 8 with diethanolamine. The reaction of these diols with SOCl2 yielded target mustards 10-15 which were evaluated in the intraperitoneal murine L1210 tumor. No intermediates or target mustards were active in this tumor system."}
{"id": "PMID:915916", "title": "Antimycotic imidazoles. 2. Synthesis and antimycotic properties of 1-[2-(arylalkyl)-2-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazoles.", "content": "Synthesis of 1-[2-(arylalkyl)-2-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazoles was accomplished starting from the corresponding phenylacetonitriles. Via successive alkylation, conversion to the corresponding ester, and sodium borohydride-lithium iodide reduction, beta-phenylalcanols were obtained. These alcohols were mesylated and then refluxed with imidazole in dimethylformamide to yield the title compounds, which were active in vitro against dermatophytes, yeasts, other fungi, and gram-positive bacteria. Some were also active in vivo against Candida albicans.", "contents": "Antimycotic imidazoles. 2. Synthesis and antimycotic properties of 1-[2-(arylalkyl)-2-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazoles. Synthesis of 1-[2-(arylalkyl)-2-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazoles was accomplished starting from the corresponding phenylacetonitriles. Via successive alkylation, conversion to the corresponding ester, and sodium borohydride-lithium iodide reduction, beta-phenylalcanols were obtained. These alcohols were mesylated and then refluxed with imidazole in dimethylformamide to yield the title compounds, which were active in vitro against dermatophytes, yeasts, other fungi, and gram-positive bacteria. Some were also active in vivo against Candida albicans."}
{"id": "PMID:915918", "title": "4-Substituted semicarbazones of mono- and dichlorobenzaldehydes as antihypertensive agents.", "content": "Twelve 4-substituted semicarbazone derivatives of o- and p-chloro- as well as 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde were synthesized and investigated for antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Several of the compounds synthesized (viz. 1, 6, 7, and 15) exhibited potent antihypertensive effects when orally administered. The same compounds were not hypotensive in the normotensive dog.", "contents": "4-Substituted semicarbazones of mono- and dichlorobenzaldehydes as antihypertensive agents. Twelve 4-substituted semicarbazone derivatives of o- and p-chloro- as well as 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde were synthesized and investigated for antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Several of the compounds synthesized (viz. 1, 6, 7, and 15) exhibited potent antihypertensive effects when orally administered. The same compounds were not hypotensive in the normotensive dog."}
{"id": "PMID:915919", "title": "Synthsis and antitumor properties of bis(quinaldine) derivatives.", "content": "A series of 7-nitro- and amino-N,'-bis(4-quinaldinyl)-alpha, omega-diaminoalkanes related to the 6-amino derivative 1 was synthesized and tested in the mouse P-388 lymphocytic leukemia screen. There of the 7-nitro derivatives (12, 14, and 15) were found to have moderate activity (T/C 140-150%), while other nitro derivatives (11 and 13) were devoid of any antitumor properties. All five 7-amino compounds (2-6) were moderately to strongly active (T/C 134-196%). In addition, binding of amino derivatives 2-6 to DNA was examined by their ability to (1) stabilize DNA to thermal denaturation and (2) inhibit the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase reaction in vitro. Tm data suggest that these compounds bind to DNA and are strong inhibitors of the polymerase reaction (I50 = 6-9 X 10(-6) M).", "contents": "Synthsis and antitumor properties of bis(quinaldine) derivatives. A series of 7-nitro- and amino-N,'-bis(4-quinaldinyl)-alpha, omega-diaminoalkanes related to the 6-amino derivative 1 was synthesized and tested in the mouse P-388 lymphocytic leukemia screen. There of the 7-nitro derivatives (12, 14, and 15) were found to have moderate activity (T/C 140-150%), while other nitro derivatives (11 and 13) were devoid of any antitumor properties. All five 7-amino compounds (2-6) were moderately to strongly active (T/C 134-196%). In addition, binding of amino derivatives 2-6 to DNA was examined by their ability to (1) stabilize DNA to thermal denaturation and (2) inhibit the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase reaction in vitro. Tm data suggest that these compounds bind to DNA and are strong inhibitors of the polymerase reaction (I50 = 6-9 X 10(-6) M)."}
{"id": "PMID:915920", "title": "Student decision-making and performance in a flexible-time curriculum.", "content": "Three consecutive classes (213 students) entering the University of Arizona College of Medicine under a flexible-time three-year curriculum were provided the option of extending their program by a year or more. Of the 30 percent who availed themselves of this option, a majority did so because they desired a better personal or academic \"life-style\" rather than for specific academic reasons. Most continued to pursue medical interests during the free time which became available to them. Through none of the usual admission data was it possible to predict which students would choose to extend their program. At the time of graduation students completing the curriculum in three years achieved scores on the Part II examination of the National Board of Medical Examiners comparable with those earned by students who extended for a four-year program. Nonacademic factors may be of greater importance than academic factors in student acceptance of accelerated curricula.", "contents": "Student decision-making and performance in a flexible-time curriculum. Three consecutive classes (213 students) entering the University of Arizona College of Medicine under a flexible-time three-year curriculum were provided the option of extending their program by a year or more. Of the 30 percent who availed themselves of this option, a majority did so because they desired a better personal or academic \"life-style\" rather than for specific academic reasons. Most continued to pursue medical interests during the free time which became available to them. Through none of the usual admission data was it possible to predict which students would choose to extend their program. At the time of graduation students completing the curriculum in three years achieved scores on the Part II examination of the National Board of Medical Examiners comparable with those earned by students who extended for a four-year program. Nonacademic factors may be of greater importance than academic factors in student acceptance of accelerated curricula."}
{"id": "PMID:915921", "title": "Evaluation of clinical training in the community.", "content": "An evaluation approach is presented that is designed to deal with the complex educational problems associated with community-based teaching. Such problems include using instructors with limited training in teaching, ensuring comparability of student experiences, monitoring students' performance in dispersed settings, and maintaining adequate communications among involved parties. The approach is based on a careful delineation of information needs and data sources followed by the design and strategic combination of evaluation instruments in order to promote efficiency in data collection. An application of the approach is described for an undergraduate clerkship in family medicine taught at multiple sites at the University of Washington School of Medicine. Nine instruments are described for eliciting information from four sources to satisfy the needs of five groups associated with the course. Sample results are presented suggesting that the approach is effective and may prove useful to others involved with teaching in dispersed settings.", "contents": "Evaluation of clinical training in the community. An evaluation approach is presented that is designed to deal with the complex educational problems associated with community-based teaching. Such problems include using instructors with limited training in teaching, ensuring comparability of student experiences, monitoring students' performance in dispersed settings, and maintaining adequate communications among involved parties. The approach is based on a careful delineation of information needs and data sources followed by the design and strategic combination of evaluation instruments in order to promote efficiency in data collection. An application of the approach is described for an undergraduate clerkship in family medicine taught at multiple sites at the University of Washington School of Medicine. Nine instruments are described for eliciting information from four sources to satisfy the needs of five groups associated with the course. Sample results are presented suggesting that the approach is effective and may prove useful to others involved with teaching in dispersed settings."}
{"id": "PMID:915922", "title": "A new teacher in medical education: the family nurse practitioner.", "content": "At the University of California, Davis, family nurse practitioners who are faculty members in the Department of Family Practice have proven to be effective teachers of medical students and family practice residents. These faculty members, new to the medical school scene, have demonstrated competency in the teaching of clinical medicine within their area of expertise, are extremely well received and sought after by students are effective role models as clinicians in the education-service settings, and expose trainees to and prepare them for the team concept in the delivery of care.", "contents": "A new teacher in medical education: the family nurse practitioner. At the University of California, Davis, family nurse practitioners who are faculty members in the Department of Family Practice have proven to be effective teachers of medical students and family practice residents. These faculty members, new to the medical school scene, have demonstrated competency in the teaching of clinical medicine within their area of expertise, are extremely well received and sought after by students are effective role models as clinicians in the education-service settings, and expose trainees to and prepare them for the team concept in the delivery of care."}
{"id": "PMID:915923", "title": "A national survey of medical school obstetrics and gynecology departments, 1965 to 1975.", "content": "Representatives of 108 departments of obstetrics and gynecology completed a written questionnaire in 1976 designed to assess the changes that had occurred in the teaching resources of the departments for the years 1965, 1970, and 1975. There was a statistically significant increase in the number of students per clerkship during that decade. In addition, there was an increase in the numbers of full-time faculty members, residents, beds, and patients. As a consequence, the teaching ratios improved. This might explain in part the increased numbers of medical students selecting obstetrics and gynecology as a career.", "contents": "A national survey of medical school obstetrics and gynecology departments, 1965 to 1975. Representatives of 108 departments of obstetrics and gynecology completed a written questionnaire in 1976 designed to assess the changes that had occurred in the teaching resources of the departments for the years 1965, 1970, and 1975. There was a statistically significant increase in the number of students per clerkship during that decade. In addition, there was an increase in the numbers of full-time faculty members, residents, beds, and patients. As a consequence, the teaching ratios improved. This might explain in part the increased numbers of medical students selecting obstetrics and gynecology as a career."}
{"id": "PMID:915933", "title": "Q-band polymorphism in a family of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus).", "content": "A polymorphic condition for the Q-band intense region of chromosome number 22 is identified in the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus). This polymorphism allows us to trace the pattern of inheritance of a number 22 chromosome in a family of pygmy chimpanzees. Previous Q-band findings are verified.", "contents": "Q-band polymorphism in a family of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus). A polymorphic condition for the Q-band intense region of chromosome number 22 is identified in the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus). This polymorphism allows us to trace the pattern of inheritance of a number 22 chromosome in a family of pygmy chimpanzees. Previous Q-band findings are verified."}
{"id": "PMID:915934", "title": "Temperature-jump experiments on thin lipid membranes in the presence of valinomycin.", "content": "Temperature jump relaxation experiments on planar lipid membranes in the presence of valinomycin were performed using the absorption of a strong light flash as an energy source for the generation of the T-jump. The relaxation of the current carried by valinomycin/Rb+ complexes was measured. The results were interpreted on the basis of a transport model which was also analyzed by voltage jump relaxation experiments. The study shows that the application of the T-jump technique provides valuable information about transport kinetics as well as the dynamics of the membrane structure. At the given experimental conditions the relaxation of the current is believed to reflect a temperature-dependent transition of the membrane to a new conformational state of low order. The relaxation could be resolved with the present technique only at low temperatures and for membranes of high microviscosity.", "contents": "Temperature-jump experiments on thin lipid membranes in the presence of valinomycin. Temperature jump relaxation experiments on planar lipid membranes in the presence of valinomycin were performed using the absorption of a strong light flash as an energy source for the generation of the T-jump. The relaxation of the current carried by valinomycin/Rb+ complexes was measured. The results were interpreted on the basis of a transport model which was also analyzed by voltage jump relaxation experiments. The study shows that the application of the T-jump technique provides valuable information about transport kinetics as well as the dynamics of the membrane structure. At the given experimental conditions the relaxation of the current is believed to reflect a temperature-dependent transition of the membrane to a new conformational state of low order. The relaxation could be resolved with the present technique only at low temperatures and for membranes of high microviscosity."}
{"id": "PMID:915937", "title": "Reduction of background [corrected] due to backscattered electron in energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis.", "content": "When energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis is practised in a scanning electron microscope, most of the spectral background may come from electrons entering the detector. This background can be eliminated by deflecting magnets. Alternatively, the electrons can be blocked by a plastic film but only at the cost of suppression of the low-energy end of the X-ray spectrum.", "contents": "Reduction of background [corrected] due to backscattered electron in energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. When energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis is practised in a scanning electron microscope, most of the spectral background may come from electrons entering the detector. This background can be eliminated by deflecting magnets. Alternatively, the electrons can be blocked by a plastic film but only at the cost of suppression of the low-energy end of the X-ray spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:915936", "title": "Effects of anions on amiloride-sensitive, active sodium transport across rabbit colon, in vitro. Evidence for \"trans-inhibition\" of the Na entry mechanism.", "content": "Replacement of Cl in the solutions bathing partial mucosal strips of rabbit descending colon with sulfate, isethionate, hydroxypropane-sulfonate and, to a lesser degree, ethanesulfonate stimulates active Na absorption (JNanet) when the baso-lateral pump mechanism is not saturated. These effects are rapid in onset and are readily reversible. Our findings indicate that these stimulatory anions decrease the resistance of the amiloridesensitive Na entry step at the mucosal membrane (RmNa). However, when the active Na pump mechanism at the baso-lateral membrane is saturated these stimulatory anions do not decrease the resistance of the Na entry process. These findings suggest the presence of a negative feedback between the activity of the pump mechanism and the resistance of the Na entry step which may be mediated by the size of the intracellular Na transport pool. In other words, it seems that when the baso-lateral pump is operating at its maximal rate the resistance to Na entry across the mucosal membrane through the amiloride-sensitive pathway is at a minimum and cannot be further decreased.", "contents": "Effects of anions on amiloride-sensitive, active sodium transport across rabbit colon, in vitro. Evidence for \"trans-inhibition\" of the Na entry mechanism. Replacement of Cl in the solutions bathing partial mucosal strips of rabbit descending colon with sulfate, isethionate, hydroxypropane-sulfonate and, to a lesser degree, ethanesulfonate stimulates active Na absorption (JNanet) when the baso-lateral pump mechanism is not saturated. These effects are rapid in onset and are readily reversible. Our findings indicate that these stimulatory anions decrease the resistance of the amiloridesensitive Na entry step at the mucosal membrane (RmNa). However, when the active Na pump mechanism at the baso-lateral membrane is saturated these stimulatory anions do not decrease the resistance of the Na entry process. These findings suggest the presence of a negative feedback between the activity of the pump mechanism and the resistance of the Na entry step which may be mediated by the size of the intracellular Na transport pool. In other words, it seems that when the baso-lateral pump is operating at its maximal rate the resistance to Na entry across the mucosal membrane through the amiloride-sensitive pathway is at a minimum and cannot be further decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:915939", "title": "A simple method for holding electron microscope grids during autoradiography of serial sections.", "content": "A simple, reliable, and inexpensive method is described for holding electron microscope grids during the application of photographic emulsion and during subsequent storage and processing. This method has proved to be especially useful in autoradiographic studies using serial sections.", "contents": "A simple method for holding electron microscope grids during autoradiography of serial sections. A simple, reliable, and inexpensive method is described for holding electron microscope grids during the application of photographic emulsion and during subsequent storage and processing. This method has proved to be especially useful in autoradiographic studies using serial sections."}
{"id": "PMID:915940", "title": "Using simultaneous three colour X-ray mapping and digital-scan-stop for rapid elemental characterization of coal combustion by-products.", "content": "A system is described for rapid, simultaneous three colour elemental mapping with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray analyser. The technique, which use a SEM scanning at TV rate, minimizes the disadvantages of long scan times such as inefficient use of linear amplifer and observable dead-time shadowing. The system also employs a digital scan-stop assembly utilizing a light pen to rapidly and reproducibly direct the beam to an object of choice for spot-mode analysis. Application of the system to analysis of fine particulates with emphasis on fly ash derived from coal-fired electric power plants is discussed. Chemical heterogeneity of fine particles in standard reference material fly ash and in phagocytized fly ash within pulmonary macrophages is demonstrated. This system combines the morphologic capability of the SEM with X-ray multielement mapping to provide a needed tool for particulate source identification.", "contents": "Using simultaneous three colour X-ray mapping and digital-scan-stop for rapid elemental characterization of coal combustion by-products. A system is described for rapid, simultaneous three colour elemental mapping with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray analyser. The technique, which use a SEM scanning at TV rate, minimizes the disadvantages of long scan times such as inefficient use of linear amplifer and observable dead-time shadowing. The system also employs a digital scan-stop assembly utilizing a light pen to rapidly and reproducibly direct the beam to an object of choice for spot-mode analysis. Application of the system to analysis of fine particulates with emphasis on fly ash derived from coal-fired electric power plants is discussed. Chemical heterogeneity of fine particles in standard reference material fly ash and in phagocytized fly ash within pulmonary macrophages is demonstrated. This system combines the morphologic capability of the SEM with X-ray multielement mapping to provide a needed tool for particulate source identification."}
{"id": "PMID:915946", "title": "Oxytalan fibre organization in marsupial mandibular periodontal tissues.", "content": "The arrangement and distribution of oxytalan fibres in Australian marsupials has not previously been reported. Periodontal tissues of wombat, wallaby, possum, and marsupial mouse were examined to ascertain oxytalan fibre organization. Despite adaptation of the marsupial masticatory apparatus to different diets the oxytalan fibre organization in the periodontal ligament shows a basic pattern which corresponds with that reported in other animals. The oxytalan system forms a continuous meshwork of fine, branching fibres which completely invests each tooth root and connects adjacent teeth. Thick ribbon-like apico-occlusally orientated oxytalan fibres, thought to form by the coalescence of thinner fibres, are restricted to the periodontal ligament. The oxytalan fibres are embedded in cementum and attached to blood vessels in the pariodontal ligament. Oxytalan fibres do not insert into alveolar bone. Histological evidence indicates functional remodelling of the oxytalan fibre system in continuously erupting teeth.", "contents": "Oxytalan fibre organization in marsupial mandibular periodontal tissues. The arrangement and distribution of oxytalan fibres in Australian marsupials has not previously been reported. Periodontal tissues of wombat, wallaby, possum, and marsupial mouse were examined to ascertain oxytalan fibre organization. Despite adaptation of the marsupial masticatory apparatus to different diets the oxytalan fibre organization in the periodontal ligament shows a basic pattern which corresponds with that reported in other animals. The oxytalan system forms a continuous meshwork of fine, branching fibres which completely invests each tooth root and connects adjacent teeth. Thick ribbon-like apico-occlusally orientated oxytalan fibres, thought to form by the coalescence of thinner fibres, are restricted to the periodontal ligament. The oxytalan fibres are embedded in cementum and attached to blood vessels in the pariodontal ligament. Oxytalan fibres do not insert into alveolar bone. Histological evidence indicates functional remodelling of the oxytalan fibre system in continuously erupting teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:915947", "title": "Development of dorsoventral polarity and mesentoblast determination in Patella vulgata.", "content": "In Patella vulgata the 32-cell stage represents a pause in the mitotic activity prior to the differentiation of the mesentoblasts mother cell 3D. At the onset of this stage, the embryo is radially symmetrical. Nevertheless, the plane of bilateral symmetry is indicated as it passes through the macromeres forming the vegetal cross-furrow. From the early beginning of the 32-cell stage, all four macromeres introdude far into the interior and tough the centrally radiating cells of the first quartet of micromeres. The two cross-furrow forming macromeres (3B and 3D) intrude the farthest and come into contact with the greatest number of micromeres. Finally, the contacts are extended significantly and maintained with only one of these macromeres. From that moment, this cell can be called the macromere 3D and the dorsoventral axis is determined. The evolution of the internal cell contacts between the micromeres of the first quartet and the macromeres indicates an essential role of the former in the determination of one of the latter as the masentoblasts mother cell, and thus in the determination of dorsoventral polarity.", "contents": "Development of dorsoventral polarity and mesentoblast determination in Patella vulgata. In Patella vulgata the 32-cell stage represents a pause in the mitotic activity prior to the differentiation of the mesentoblasts mother cell 3D. At the onset of this stage, the embryo is radially symmetrical. Nevertheless, the plane of bilateral symmetry is indicated as it passes through the macromeres forming the vegetal cross-furrow. From the early beginning of the 32-cell stage, all four macromeres introdude far into the interior and tough the centrally radiating cells of the first quartet of micromeres. The two cross-furrow forming macromeres (3B and 3D) intrude the farthest and come into contact with the greatest number of micromeres. Finally, the contacts are extended significantly and maintained with only one of these macromeres. From that moment, this cell can be called the macromere 3D and the dorsoventral axis is determined. The evolution of the internal cell contacts between the micromeres of the first quartet and the macromeres indicates an essential role of the former in the determination of one of the latter as the masentoblasts mother cell, and thus in the determination of dorsoventral polarity."}
{"id": "PMID:915950", "title": "Avian scale development. Absence of an \"epidermal placode\" in reticulate scale morphogenesis.", "content": "Timed-sequence studies have shown that reticulate scales on the ventral footpads of birds do not undergo \"epidermal placode\" formation during their morphogenesis, but arise as symmetrical evaluations similar to the scales of snakes and lizards. Unlike the scutellate scales on the dorsal surface of the foot, in which the formation of an \"epidermal placode\" and its subsequent morphogenesis result in disticnt outer and inner epidermal surfaces, the reticulate scales elaborate only one type of epidermal surface.", "contents": "Avian scale development. Absence of an \"epidermal placode\" in reticulate scale morphogenesis. Timed-sequence studies have shown that reticulate scales on the ventral footpads of birds do not undergo \"epidermal placode\" formation during their morphogenesis, but arise as symmetrical evaluations similar to the scales of snakes and lizards. Unlike the scutellate scales on the dorsal surface of the foot, in which the formation of an \"epidermal placode\" and its subsequent morphogenesis result in disticnt outer and inner epidermal surfaces, the reticulate scales elaborate only one type of epidermal surface."}
{"id": "PMID:915957", "title": "Experimental automobile-pedestrian injuries.", "content": "Fifteen fresh cadaver impacts were conducted in simulation of pedestrian-automobile accidents. The test sled configuration simulated an automobile bumper and hood in \"standard\" and \"nosedive\" situations as well as \"hard\" and \"soft\" impact surfaces. Instrumentation and film demonstrated large axial compression forces in the struck leg and considerable angular velocity of the torso in all modes. Dissection revealed primary injury at the impact site at low velocities with added remote injury at high velocities. Fracture of the lateral tibial plateau was most common. Lowering the bumper height offered the greatest protection against injury at moderate impact velocities.", "contents": "Experimental automobile-pedestrian injuries. Fifteen fresh cadaver impacts were conducted in simulation of pedestrian-automobile accidents. The test sled configuration simulated an automobile bumper and hood in \"standard\" and \"nosedive\" situations as well as \"hard\" and \"soft\" impact surfaces. Instrumentation and film demonstrated large axial compression forces in the struck leg and considerable angular velocity of the torso in all modes. Dissection revealed primary injury at the impact site at low velocities with added remote injury at high velocities. Fracture of the lateral tibial plateau was most common. Lowering the bumper height offered the greatest protection against injury at moderate impact velocities."}
{"id": "PMID:915958", "title": "Tracheobronchial cytologic changes and abnormal serum heme pigments in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Significantly elevated numbers of iron laden histiocytes have been shown to appear in the tracheobronchial secretions of subjects in hemorrhagic shock and in patients undergoing open heart-surgery during cardiopulmonary bypass (3,4). Abnormal heme pigments have also been demonstrated in the serum of dogs bled to hemorrhagic shock (6) and have been felt to be toxic. Because the ingestion of abnormal heme pigments by histiocytes may be part of a defense mechanism, we have attempted to correlate the percentage of iron laden histiocytes found in the tracheobronchial secretions of patients in hemorrhagic shock (Prussian blue method) with the presence of degradation of products of hemoglobin found in their serum by scanning spectrophotometry. There were, generally speaking, few iron laden histiocytes when hemoglobin degradation was advanced, and always numerous iron laden histiocytes when abnormal heme pigments were absent or spectrophotometric findings revealed minor degrees of degradation. Our findings probably reflect the process in the reticuloendothelial systems which eliminates toxic products accumulating in the circulation in low-flow states.", "contents": "Tracheobronchial cytologic changes and abnormal serum heme pigments in hemorrhagic shock. Significantly elevated numbers of iron laden histiocytes have been shown to appear in the tracheobronchial secretions of subjects in hemorrhagic shock and in patients undergoing open heart-surgery during cardiopulmonary bypass (3,4). Abnormal heme pigments have also been demonstrated in the serum of dogs bled to hemorrhagic shock (6) and have been felt to be toxic. Because the ingestion of abnormal heme pigments by histiocytes may be part of a defense mechanism, we have attempted to correlate the percentage of iron laden histiocytes found in the tracheobronchial secretions of patients in hemorrhagic shock (Prussian blue method) with the presence of degradation of products of hemoglobin found in their serum by scanning spectrophotometry. There were, generally speaking, few iron laden histiocytes when hemoglobin degradation was advanced, and always numerous iron laden histiocytes when abnormal heme pigments were absent or spectrophotometric findings revealed minor degrees of degradation. Our findings probably reflect the process in the reticuloendothelial systems which eliminates toxic products accumulating in the circulation in low-flow states."}
{"id": "PMID:915959", "title": "Specific patterns of inflicted burn injuries.", "content": "By retrospective review of 1,061 charts and prospective analysis of all accidental injuries seen in a Pediatric Emergency Room over a 5-year period, criteria were developed to identify the source of an injury as either specific or nonspecific, i.e., whether a unique causative mechanism was clear or not from the clinical or radiologic signs. These criteria were then used to diagnose 712 cases of child abuse, of which 43 were burns. There were four specific burn patterns. Readily evident were contacts with hot objects; the other were caused by various applications of hot liquids. In these latter cases, the position of the body at the time of burning could be precisely detected by analysis of the depth, configuration, distribution of the burns, and the reciprocal relation to flexion creases and joints of the spared areas. This information is a powerful tool for assessing the veracity of the history presented by the child's caretaker when considering a diagnosis of child battery.", "contents": "Specific patterns of inflicted burn injuries. By retrospective review of 1,061 charts and prospective analysis of all accidental injuries seen in a Pediatric Emergency Room over a 5-year period, criteria were developed to identify the source of an injury as either specific or nonspecific, i.e., whether a unique causative mechanism was clear or not from the clinical or radiologic signs. These criteria were then used to diagnose 712 cases of child abuse, of which 43 were burns. There were four specific burn patterns. Readily evident were contacts with hot objects; the other were caused by various applications of hot liquids. In these latter cases, the position of the body at the time of burning could be precisely detected by analysis of the depth, configuration, distribution of the burns, and the reciprocal relation to flexion creases and joints of the spared areas. This information is a powerful tool for assessing the veracity of the history presented by the child's caretaker when considering a diagnosis of child battery."}
{"id": "PMID:915960", "title": "Upper buccal sulcus approach to reduction of zygomatic fractures.", "content": "Thirty selected patients with simple zygoma fractures over a 15-year period have been treated by elevation and reduction with the use of a zymgomatic elevator from an intraoral upper buccal sulcus approach. No patient suffered a recurrence of the fracture of deformity or required an open reduction. This little publicized procedure is easy, fast, and effective in carefully chosen cases of zygoma and zygomatic arch fractures in the first 72-96 hours postinjury. It should be considered by the surgeon along with the more complex procedures.", "contents": "Upper buccal sulcus approach to reduction of zygomatic fractures. Thirty selected patients with simple zygoma fractures over a 15-year period have been treated by elevation and reduction with the use of a zymgomatic elevator from an intraoral upper buccal sulcus approach. No patient suffered a recurrence of the fracture of deformity or required an open reduction. This little publicized procedure is easy, fast, and effective in carefully chosen cases of zygoma and zygomatic arch fractures in the first 72-96 hours postinjury. It should be considered by the surgeon along with the more complex procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:915961", "title": "The \"battered alcoholic syndrome\".", "content": "The Battered Alcoholic Syndrome is here defined by the presence of three or more fractures in the same individual but in differing chronological stages of healing. These may be identified either on the basis of radiographs or by history. Because only three per cent of alcoholics are of the skid-row stereotype, and because the treatment of an alcoholic may differ from that of a nonalcoholic, the recognition of this syndrome is of value in the initial and long-term management of such individuals. In 100 consecutive fracture patient admissions at Harborview Medical Center the incidence of this syndrome in Seattle was eight per cent of fracture patients admitted to the hospital; 62% of patients with a third discrete fracture were alcoholics. Etiologic factors which may play a role in its development include greater exposure to trauma, psychologic predisposition, nutritional depletion, and the direct toxic effects of alcohol itself.", "contents": "The \"battered alcoholic syndrome\". The Battered Alcoholic Syndrome is here defined by the presence of three or more fractures in the same individual but in differing chronological stages of healing. These may be identified either on the basis of radiographs or by history. Because only three per cent of alcoholics are of the skid-row stereotype, and because the treatment of an alcoholic may differ from that of a nonalcoholic, the recognition of this syndrome is of value in the initial and long-term management of such individuals. In 100 consecutive fracture patient admissions at Harborview Medical Center the incidence of this syndrome in Seattle was eight per cent of fracture patients admitted to the hospital; 62% of patients with a third discrete fracture were alcoholics. Etiologic factors which may play a role in its development include greater exposure to trauma, psychologic predisposition, nutritional depletion, and the direct toxic effects of alcohol itself."}
{"id": "PMID:915962", "title": "Some medicolegal aspects of gunshot wounds.", "content": "While we concede that sleuthing is not the realm of a surgeon, we believe that there is a clear need for better communication among all concerned with shooting injuries. Along with good medical management we make a plea for more accurate case documentation and better preservation of evidence. Not only will better records greatly aid police investigations, but more understanding of the medical aspects of these wounds will also doubtless ensue. We recommend the use of photography whenever possible, and careful preservation of all physical evidence. Finally, to facilitate documentation in gunshot cases we suggest the routine use of a standardized checklist.", "contents": "Some medicolegal aspects of gunshot wounds. While we concede that sleuthing is not the realm of a surgeon, we believe that there is a clear need for better communication among all concerned with shooting injuries. Along with good medical management we make a plea for more accurate case documentation and better preservation of evidence. Not only will better records greatly aid police investigations, but more understanding of the medical aspects of these wounds will also doubtless ensue. We recommend the use of photography whenever possible, and careful preservation of all physical evidence. Finally, to facilitate documentation in gunshot cases we suggest the routine use of a standardized checklist."}
{"id": "PMID:915963", "title": "Central venous catheterization via the supraclavicular approach.", "content": "The versatility and usefulness of central venous catheters in the management of critically ill patients cannot be questionned. Various methods of placement have evolved, each with its own advantages and potential complications. Little attention in recent years has been given to the supraclavicular approach, the details of which are described and its usefulness compared with other techniques. This method is highly recommended due to its high degree of simplicity, comfort, safety, and reliability.", "contents": "Central venous catheterization via the supraclavicular approach. The versatility and usefulness of central venous catheters in the management of critically ill patients cannot be questionned. Various methods of placement have evolved, each with its own advantages and potential complications. Little attention in recent years has been given to the supraclavicular approach, the details of which are described and its usefulness compared with other techniques. This method is highly recommended due to its high degree of simplicity, comfort, safety, and reliability."}
{"id": "PMID:915964", "title": "A study of ankle instability utilizing ankle arthrography.", "content": "A preclinical and clinical study of ankle arthrography for chronic ankle instability was performed. In the first study, ankle arthrograms were done on 50 cadaver ankles to demonstrate the limits of the normal ankle joint, and it was demonstrated that contrast in tendon sheaths is not a sign of a torn ankle ligament. The second study consisted of investigating ten cases of chronic ankle instability utilizing ankle arthrography. It was concluded that ankle arthrography is helpful in diagnosing torn ankle ligaments if all remaining investigative procedures are negative. A positive ankle arthrogram is proof that a torn capsule and ligament has occurred. However, in this small series a negative a negative arthrogram and a normal talar tilt was still associated with a torn ligament of the ankle.", "contents": "A study of ankle instability utilizing ankle arthrography. A preclinical and clinical study of ankle arthrography for chronic ankle instability was performed. In the first study, ankle arthrograms were done on 50 cadaver ankles to demonstrate the limits of the normal ankle joint, and it was demonstrated that contrast in tendon sheaths is not a sign of a torn ankle ligament. The second study consisted of investigating ten cases of chronic ankle instability utilizing ankle arthrography. It was concluded that ankle arthrography is helpful in diagnosing torn ankle ligaments if all remaining investigative procedures are negative. A positive ankle arthrogram is proof that a torn capsule and ligament has occurred. However, in this small series a negative a negative arthrogram and a normal talar tilt was still associated with a torn ligament of the ankle."}
{"id": "PMID:915966", "title": "Open anterior dislocation of the shoulder.", "content": "An open dislocation of the shoulder is a very uncommon and serious injury. The sequelae of open glenohumeral dislocation include infection, avascular necrosis, and limited motion. The patient with such complications will have serious compromise in shoulder function, as illustrated in this case report and reference to another report in the literature.", "contents": "Open anterior dislocation of the shoulder. An open dislocation of the shoulder is a very uncommon and serious injury. The sequelae of open glenohumeral dislocation include infection, avascular necrosis, and limited motion. The patient with such complications will have serious compromise in shoulder function, as illustrated in this case report and reference to another report in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:915967", "title": "Traumatic vertebral arteriovenous fistula associated with cervical spine fracture.", "content": "A case of a traumatic vertebral arteriovenous fistula associated with a high cervical fracture-dislocation is reported. The fistula was not suspected clinically but was fortuitously diagnosed by brachial arteriography carried out for a deteriorating level of consciousness. The patient's complex injuries were managed by conservative treatment of the fracture-dislocation and later by ligation of the proximal and distal vertebral artery for trapping of the fistula. The indications and the various surgical procedures for the treatment of vertebral arteriovenous fistula are discussed. The report emphasizes the value of cerebral angiography in head and neck injuries.", "contents": "Traumatic vertebral arteriovenous fistula associated with cervical spine fracture. A case of a traumatic vertebral arteriovenous fistula associated with a high cervical fracture-dislocation is reported. The fistula was not suspected clinically but was fortuitously diagnosed by brachial arteriography carried out for a deteriorating level of consciousness. The patient's complex injuries were managed by conservative treatment of the fracture-dislocation and later by ligation of the proximal and distal vertebral artery for trapping of the fistula. The indications and the various surgical procedures for the treatment of vertebral arteriovenous fistula are discussed. The report emphasizes the value of cerebral angiography in head and neck injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:915968", "title": "An unusual complication of fracture of the lower femur.", "content": "False aneurysm is an unusual complication following fracture of the lower femur. Diagnosis is difficult, and in the case reported arteriography was performed despite failure to appreciate any pulsatile component to the swelling.", "contents": "An unusual complication of fracture of the lower femur. False aneurysm is an unusual complication following fracture of the lower femur. Diagnosis is difficult, and in the case reported arteriography was performed despite failure to appreciate any pulsatile component to the swelling."}
{"id": "PMID:915984", "title": "[Analysis of 830 case histories of male sterility of which 282 are usable. Results of our diagnostic investigations and therapeutic procedures].", "content": "Overall results are given of the investigation and treatment of 282 cases of male sterility: 245 cases of secretory and 37 of excretory sterility; 126 cases in which treatment produced no change, 110 cases showing biological improvement and 45 cases in which pregnancy occurred; 128 of the 282 men had varicoceles. There were three groups of patients; 1) Those with azoospermia: 59 cases, predominantly with excretory problems, bilateral atrophy and chromosomal anomalies: of these, eight showed an improvement, of which two resulted in pregnancy; 2) Those with oligo-asthenospermia: 110 cases, with predominantly solitary varicoceles, intoxications and unknown causes: 66 per 100 showed improvement, and in 23 of these cases pregnancy resulted; 3) Those with varicoceles associated with another cause, predominantly unilateral atrophy and intoxications: 62.8 percent showed biological improvement, and 12 of these cases resulted in pregnancy. Also mentioned is the group of patients with solitary asthenospermia; solitary oligospermia and hyperzoospermia of more than 200 million per ml. Varicocele is the predominant pathology in these three groups.", "contents": "[Analysis of 830 case histories of male sterility of which 282 are usable. Results of our diagnostic investigations and therapeutic procedures]. Overall results are given of the investigation and treatment of 282 cases of male sterility: 245 cases of secretory and 37 of excretory sterility; 126 cases in which treatment produced no change, 110 cases showing biological improvement and 45 cases in which pregnancy occurred; 128 of the 282 men had varicoceles. There were three groups of patients; 1) Those with azoospermia: 59 cases, predominantly with excretory problems, bilateral atrophy and chromosomal anomalies: of these, eight showed an improvement, of which two resulted in pregnancy; 2) Those with oligo-asthenospermia: 110 cases, with predominantly solitary varicoceles, intoxications and unknown causes: 66 per 100 showed improvement, and in 23 of these cases pregnancy resulted; 3) Those with varicoceles associated with another cause, predominantly unilateral atrophy and intoxications: 62.8 percent showed biological improvement, and 12 of these cases resulted in pregnancy. Also mentioned is the group of patients with solitary asthenospermia; solitary oligospermia and hyperzoospermia of more than 200 million per ml. Varicocele is the predominant pathology in these three groups."}
{"id": "PMID:915985", "title": "[Perineal urinary fistula after excision of the rectum 3 cases].", "content": "On the basis of three cases, the authors study the problem of perineal urinary fistula secondary to rectal surgery. They first note that little attention has been devoted to these lesions. The clinical and radiological features are described and analysed, in a pathological context. Treatment of these fistulae is difficult if a conservative approach is sought, and the best solution is perhaps nephrectomy or bypass by a Bricker operation carried out either initially or after an attempt at repair has failed.", "contents": "[Perineal urinary fistula after excision of the rectum 3 cases]. On the basis of three cases, the authors study the problem of perineal urinary fistula secondary to rectal surgery. They first note that little attention has been devoted to these lesions. The clinical and radiological features are described and analysed, in a pathological context. Treatment of these fistulae is difficult if a conservative approach is sought, and the best solution is perhaps nephrectomy or bypass by a Bricker operation carried out either initially or after an attempt at repair has failed."}
{"id": "PMID:915986", "title": "[Evaluation split renal function and compensatory hypertrophy using a radio-isotopic technique].", "content": "Using a new method for the determination of split renal function with a radio-isotopic technique (FG Hipaque I131 and PRP Hippuran I131) we sought to determine residual renal function with pre-operative studies, especially in preparation for nephrectomy, and secondly with postoperative studies of compensatory renal hypertrophy after total or partial nephrectomy and the restoration of function in the kidneys following surgery of the urinary tract. A total of 20 cases was studied. We noted marked compensatory hypertrophy after total and partial nephrectomy and the prompt return of function after procedures involving the urinary tract, on condition that any acute infection be prevented.", "contents": "[Evaluation split renal function and compensatory hypertrophy using a radio-isotopic technique]. Using a new method for the determination of split renal function with a radio-isotopic technique (FG Hipaque I131 and PRP Hippuran I131) we sought to determine residual renal function with pre-operative studies, especially in preparation for nephrectomy, and secondly with postoperative studies of compensatory renal hypertrophy after total or partial nephrectomy and the restoration of function in the kidneys following surgery of the urinary tract. A total of 20 cases was studied. We noted marked compensatory hypertrophy after total and partial nephrectomy and the prompt return of function after procedures involving the urinary tract, on condition that any acute infection be prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:915987", "title": "[Isolated angiomyolipomas of the kidney. Diagnostic difficulties].", "content": "The authors report 4 cases angiomyolipomas in which the preoperative diagnosis was that of a malignant tumour. They stress the difficulties of arteriographic and even histological diagnosis of these rare tumours of the renal parenchyma.", "contents": "[Isolated angiomyolipomas of the kidney. Diagnostic difficulties]. The authors report 4 cases angiomyolipomas in which the preoperative diagnosis was that of a malignant tumour. They stress the difficulties of arteriographic and even histological diagnosis of these rare tumours of the renal parenchyma."}
{"id": "PMID:915988", "title": "[Xantho-granulomatous pyelonephritis. 3 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Amongst infective lesions of the kidney, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis has a place of its own. Whilst some consider it to be a distinct entity, others classify it within the broad group of the pyonephroses. From a clinical standpoint, lithiasis is common and urinary infection quasiconstant. Radiological appearances and the therapeutic approach differ according to whether it is, as is most common, a generalised form or the much rarer localised form. On the basis of 3 cases, the authors review the principal features of this curious condition.", "contents": "[Xantho-granulomatous pyelonephritis. 3 cases (author's transl)]. Amongst infective lesions of the kidney, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis has a place of its own. Whilst some consider it to be a distinct entity, others classify it within the broad group of the pyonephroses. From a clinical standpoint, lithiasis is common and urinary infection quasiconstant. Radiological appearances and the therapeutic approach differ according to whether it is, as is most common, a generalised form or the much rarer localised form. On the basis of 3 cases, the authors review the principal features of this curious condition."}
{"id": "PMID:915998", "title": "[Treatment of tuberculous stenosis of the ureter by use of a modelling ureteral catheter. Apropos of 11 cases].", "content": "The authors' experience involves 11 cases. In four instances, insertion of the ureteral catheter via endoscopy was impossible. Two of these patients were not subjected to surgery because of their great age. In the other two, anti-reflux uretero-vesical reimplantation and insertion of a modelling ureteral catheter was carried out by an open surgical approach. A good result was obtained in both. In the other six patients, it was possible to insert the catheter via endoscopy. This gave five successess and one failure. The single failure was a case of long standing tuberculous stenosis of the ureter. The modelling ureteral catheter, when inserted by endoscopy, gives, in combination with corticosteroids and anti-tuberculous therapy, almost constantly successful results in recent cases of stenotic tuberculosis of the ureter in young patients.", "contents": "[Treatment of tuberculous stenosis of the ureter by use of a modelling ureteral catheter. Apropos of 11 cases]. The authors' experience involves 11 cases. In four instances, insertion of the ureteral catheter via endoscopy was impossible. Two of these patients were not subjected to surgery because of their great age. In the other two, anti-reflux uretero-vesical reimplantation and insertion of a modelling ureteral catheter was carried out by an open surgical approach. A good result was obtained in both. In the other six patients, it was possible to insert the catheter via endoscopy. This gave five successess and one failure. The single failure was a case of long standing tuberculous stenosis of the ureter. The modelling ureteral catheter, when inserted by endoscopy, gives, in combination with corticosteroids and anti-tuberculous therapy, almost constantly successful results in recent cases of stenotic tuberculosis of the ureter in young patients."}
{"id": "PMID:915999", "title": "[Unilateral implantation of the ureter into the posterior urethra in boys. 5 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report five new cases of unilateral implantation of the ureter into the posterior urethra in boys. Study of these cases confirms the classical data, i.e.: --The chief presenting symptom is infection. There is no urinary incontinence. --The principle examinations useful in diagnosis are the I.V.P. and urethroscopy. --The ectopic termination is in most cases associated with a double ureter, arising from the upper pelvis. However, the ureter may be single (1/5). --In three cases out of five the upper kidney was dysplasic, necessitating partial nephrectomy. In two cases out of five the kidney corresponding to the ectopic ureter was functional, making possible conservatrice surgery with reimplantation of the pathological ureter into the bladder.", "contents": "[Unilateral implantation of the ureter into the posterior urethra in boys. 5 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report five new cases of unilateral implantation of the ureter into the posterior urethra in boys. Study of these cases confirms the classical data, i.e.: --The chief presenting symptom is infection. There is no urinary incontinence. --The principle examinations useful in diagnosis are the I.V.P. and urethroscopy. --The ectopic termination is in most cases associated with a double ureter, arising from the upper pelvis. However, the ureter may be single (1/5). --In three cases out of five the upper kidney was dysplasic, necessitating partial nephrectomy. In two cases out of five the kidney corresponding to the ectopic ureter was functional, making possible conservatrice surgery with reimplantation of the pathological ureter into the bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:916000", "title": "[The echotomographic diagnosis of renal expansive processes (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors carried out a study of renal echotomography as a diagnostic technique for renal expansive processes. The reliability of the results obtained, the simple technique, its absolute harmlessness and the low cost are tending to give echotomography an increasingly important place in the differential diagnosis of renal masses. This limits, without eliminating, the indications for arteriography and exploratory surgery. It should in no way be considered to be in competition with radiography, but rather as an excellent complementary technique. By the use of apparatuses giving moving images, our group obtained 96.4 per cent of success in liquid masses and 90.3 per cent of success in solid masses.", "contents": "[The echotomographic diagnosis of renal expansive processes (author's transl)]. The authors carried out a study of renal echotomography as a diagnostic technique for renal expansive processes. The reliability of the results obtained, the simple technique, its absolute harmlessness and the low cost are tending to give echotomography an increasingly important place in the differential diagnosis of renal masses. This limits, without eliminating, the indications for arteriography and exploratory surgery. It should in no way be considered to be in competition with radiography, but rather as an excellent complementary technique. By the use of apparatuses giving moving images, our group obtained 96.4 per cent of success in liquid masses and 90.3 per cent of success in solid masses."}
{"id": "PMID:916001", "title": "[The value of ultrasonic flow measurement in the postoperative surveillance and observation of arteriovenous fistulae for chronic haemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurement of instantaneous circulatory rates by Doppler effect per-operatively, at the 6th hour, the 8th day and the 2nd month was used to observe haemodynamic changes in 20 arteriovenous fistulae created for the purpose of chronic haemodialysis. Blood flow rates, initially low, increased up to the 8th day and were subsequently stable. A circulatory rate of 22 cm/s in the drainage vein 6 hours after the operation would seem to guarantee the permeability of the therapeutic arteriovenous anastomosis. To some extent, the authors have described the course of therapeutic arteriovenous fistulae during the first two months. Criteria of permeability have been determined making it possible to spare the vascular capital of these patients.", "contents": "[The value of ultrasonic flow measurement in the postoperative surveillance and observation of arteriovenous fistulae for chronic haemodialysis (author's transl)]. Measurement of instantaneous circulatory rates by Doppler effect per-operatively, at the 6th hour, the 8th day and the 2nd month was used to observe haemodynamic changes in 20 arteriovenous fistulae created for the purpose of chronic haemodialysis. Blood flow rates, initially low, increased up to the 8th day and were subsequently stable. A circulatory rate of 22 cm/s in the drainage vein 6 hours after the operation would seem to guarantee the permeability of the therapeutic arteriovenous anastomosis. To some extent, the authors have described the course of therapeutic arteriovenous fistulae during the first two months. Criteria of permeability have been determined making it possible to spare the vascular capital of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:916002", "title": "[Testosterone and prostatic cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Hormono-dependent epithelial cells of the prostate gland loose their histologic and cytologic differentiation when becoming neoplastic. Such loss of differentiation is related to a change in testosterone metabolism measured by the testosterone metabolites ratio (17 beta-hydroxy/17-oxometabolites). This ratio decreases with differentiation losses and increasing independence from androgenic steroids. Knowledge of that ratio is suggested, prior to the starting of antiandrogenic therapies.", "contents": "[Testosterone and prostatic cancer (author's transl)]. Hormono-dependent epithelial cells of the prostate gland loose their histologic and cytologic differentiation when becoming neoplastic. Such loss of differentiation is related to a change in testosterone metabolism measured by the testosterone metabolites ratio (17 beta-hydroxy/17-oxometabolites). This ratio decreases with differentiation losses and increasing independence from androgenic steroids. Knowledge of that ratio is suggested, prior to the starting of antiandrogenic therapies."}
{"id": "PMID:916022", "title": "Enzymatic properties of viral replication complexes isolated from adenovirus type 2-infected HeLa cell nuclei.", "content": "When HeLa cell nuclei, isolated 17 h after infection with adenovirus type 2 (Ad2), were extracted with 200 mM ammonium sulfate, Ad2 nucleoprotein complexes were selectively released. These complexes contained a DNA polymerase activity that corresponded to DNA polymerase molecules actively engaged in Ad2 DNA replication. Under our high-salt (200 mM ammonium sulfate) incubation conditions, where no reinitiation occurred, full-length Ad2 DNA chains were synthesized by elongation of chains that had been initiated in vivo. This conclusion was further supported by density labeling experiments indicating that the in vitro DNA synthesis was semiconservative. Evidence is presented suggesting that at least part of the DNA polymerase molecules engaged in Ad2 DNA replication belong to the gamma class.", "contents": "Enzymatic properties of viral replication complexes isolated from adenovirus type 2-infected HeLa cell nuclei. When HeLa cell nuclei, isolated 17 h after infection with adenovirus type 2 (Ad2), were extracted with 200 mM ammonium sulfate, Ad2 nucleoprotein complexes were selectively released. These complexes contained a DNA polymerase activity that corresponded to DNA polymerase molecules actively engaged in Ad2 DNA replication. Under our high-salt (200 mM ammonium sulfate) incubation conditions, where no reinitiation occurred, full-length Ad2 DNA chains were synthesized by elongation of chains that had been initiated in vivo. This conclusion was further supported by density labeling experiments indicating that the in vitro DNA synthesis was semiconservative. Evidence is presented suggesting that at least part of the DNA polymerase molecules engaged in Ad2 DNA replication belong to the gamma class."}
{"id": "PMID:916023", "title": "Distinctive protein requirements of replication-dependent and -uncoupled bacteriophage T4 late gene expression.", "content": "This paper further explores the relationship of viral DNA replication to bacteriophage T4 late gene expression. It is shown that replication coupled and -independent late transcription make different qualitative or quantitative demands on phage protein synthesis. In further analysis of these different protein synthesis requirements, experiments were performed with a temperature-sensitive mutant in T4 gene 55 (ts553). It is known that the gene 55 product regulates T4 late gene expression and binds to RNA polymerase. In the experiments presented here, it is shown that the temperature sensitivity of the ts553 gene 55 protein depends on whether it is involved in replication-coupled or -independent T4 late transcription. This is evidence that the proteins constituting the transcription apparatus interact differently with late transcription units in T4 DNA, depending on whether late transcription is replication coupled or independent.", "contents": "Distinctive protein requirements of replication-dependent and -uncoupled bacteriophage T4 late gene expression. This paper further explores the relationship of viral DNA replication to bacteriophage T4 late gene expression. It is shown that replication coupled and -independent late transcription make different qualitative or quantitative demands on phage protein synthesis. In further analysis of these different protein synthesis requirements, experiments were performed with a temperature-sensitive mutant in T4 gene 55 (ts553). It is known that the gene 55 product regulates T4 late gene expression and binds to RNA polymerase. In the experiments presented here, it is shown that the temperature sensitivity of the ts553 gene 55 protein depends on whether it is involved in replication-coupled or -independent T4 late transcription. This is evidence that the proteins constituting the transcription apparatus interact differently with late transcription units in T4 DNA, depending on whether late transcription is replication coupled or independent."}
{"id": "PMID:916024", "title": "Isolation of the viral DNA replication complex from adeno-associated virus type 1-infected cells.", "content": "The replication complex active in adeno-associated virus type 1 (AAV-1) DNA synthesis in vitro was solubilized, with a nonionic detergent, from the nuclei of human embryonic kidney cells coinfected with AAV-1 and an early temperative-sensitive mutant (ts125) of human adenovirus type 5 at the nonpermissive temperature (40.5 degrees C). The complex sedimented with a mean size of 23S and contained parental AAV-1 DNA. Most of the DNA synthesized with the AAV-1 DNA replication complex in vitro was AAV-1 DNA, as revealed by DNA-DNA hybridization and sedimentation in a neutral sucrose gradient. However, it sedimented in an alkaline sucrose gradient as molecules smaller than AAV-1 DNA (14.4S). The AAV-1 DNA replication complex was not formed in cells infected with AAV-1 alone.", "contents": "Isolation of the viral DNA replication complex from adeno-associated virus type 1-infected cells. The replication complex active in adeno-associated virus type 1 (AAV-1) DNA synthesis in vitro was solubilized, with a nonionic detergent, from the nuclei of human embryonic kidney cells coinfected with AAV-1 and an early temperative-sensitive mutant (ts125) of human adenovirus type 5 at the nonpermissive temperature (40.5 degrees C). The complex sedimented with a mean size of 23S and contained parental AAV-1 DNA. Most of the DNA synthesized with the AAV-1 DNA replication complex in vitro was AAV-1 DNA, as revealed by DNA-DNA hybridization and sedimentation in a neutral sucrose gradient. However, it sedimented in an alkaline sucrose gradient as molecules smaller than AAV-1 DNA (14.4S). The AAV-1 DNA replication complex was not formed in cells infected with AAV-1 alone."}
{"id": "PMID:916025", "title": "Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis in stationary chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with avian retroviruses.", "content": "Previously, we reported (Fritsch and Temin, J. Virol. 21:119-130, 1977) that infectious viral DNA was not present in spleen necrosis virus-infected stationary chicken cells. However, a stable intermediate was present in such infected stationary cells as evidenced by the appearance of infectious viral DNA shortly after serum stimulation of these cells. After serum stimulation of infected stationary cells, the infectious viral DNA appeared first in the nucleus. In contrast, in infected dividing cells the infectious viral DNA appeared first in the cytoplasm. Significantly reduced amounts of complete plus- or minus-strand viral DNAs were detected by nucleic acid hybridization in stationary chicken cells infected with spleen necrosis virus or Schmidt-Ruppin Rous sarcoma virus compared with the amounts detected in infected dividing cells. These experiments indicated that infected stationary cells did not contain complete noninfectious copies of viral DNA. Furthermore, 5-bromodeoxyuridine labeling and cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation analysis of the infectious viral DNA that appeared after serum stimulation of infected stationary cells indicated that most viral DNA synthesis occurred after addition of fresh serum.", "contents": "Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis in stationary chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with avian retroviruses. Previously, we reported (Fritsch and Temin, J. Virol. 21:119-130, 1977) that infectious viral DNA was not present in spleen necrosis virus-infected stationary chicken cells. However, a stable intermediate was present in such infected stationary cells as evidenced by the appearance of infectious viral DNA shortly after serum stimulation of these cells. After serum stimulation of infected stationary cells, the infectious viral DNA appeared first in the nucleus. In contrast, in infected dividing cells the infectious viral DNA appeared first in the cytoplasm. Significantly reduced amounts of complete plus- or minus-strand viral DNAs were detected by nucleic acid hybridization in stationary chicken cells infected with spleen necrosis virus or Schmidt-Ruppin Rous sarcoma virus compared with the amounts detected in infected dividing cells. These experiments indicated that infected stationary cells did not contain complete noninfectious copies of viral DNA. Furthermore, 5-bromodeoxyuridine labeling and cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation analysis of the infectious viral DNA that appeared after serum stimulation of infected stationary cells indicated that most viral DNA synthesis occurred after addition of fresh serum."}
{"id": "PMID:916026", "title": "Isolation and mapping of t gene mutants of bacteriophage T4D.", "content": "A procedure for selective isolation of T4 t mutants is described. At 120 min after infection of Escherichia coli cells with a low multiplicity of T4 bacteriophage, the mixture was sedimented through a linear sucrose gradient, and infected cells that remained intact were collected as the fastest sedimenting fraction. Ten to 50% of the phage released by chloroform treatment of this fraction were t mutants. Collection of a high proportion of t mutants depended on efficient elimination of cells that would survive because of superinfection lysis inhibition. This was accomplished by early addition of anti-T4 serum and heat-killed cells to inactivate progeny wild-type phage released at the normal burst time. Of 85 t mutants that were isolated and mapped, 23 new mutations were found, 14 of which are suppressible by an rII mutation and 9 of which are suppressible by rII or amber suppressors. Two hot-spot sites for spontaneous mutations were found; 14 mutants at one site, represented by a frameshift mutation, and 12 mutants at a second site were obtained from 39 spontaneous mutants independently isolated from different parental plaques. On our map of the t gene, the distance between the farthest t mutations is 6% recombination. A nonreverting triple t mutant, constructed to contain a frameshift mutation between two amber mutations, exhibited the same t mutant phenotype observed with revertible t mutants.", "contents": "Isolation and mapping of t gene mutants of bacteriophage T4D. A procedure for selective isolation of T4 t mutants is described. At 120 min after infection of Escherichia coli cells with a low multiplicity of T4 bacteriophage, the mixture was sedimented through a linear sucrose gradient, and infected cells that remained intact were collected as the fastest sedimenting fraction. Ten to 50% of the phage released by chloroform treatment of this fraction were t mutants. Collection of a high proportion of t mutants depended on efficient elimination of cells that would survive because of superinfection lysis inhibition. This was accomplished by early addition of anti-T4 serum and heat-killed cells to inactivate progeny wild-type phage released at the normal burst time. Of 85 t mutants that were isolated and mapped, 23 new mutations were found, 14 of which are suppressible by an rII mutation and 9 of which are suppressible by rII or amber suppressors. Two hot-spot sites for spontaneous mutations were found; 14 mutants at one site, represented by a frameshift mutation, and 12 mutants at a second site were obtained from 39 spontaneous mutants independently isolated from different parental plaques. On our map of the t gene, the distance between the farthest t mutations is 6% recombination. A nonreverting triple t mutant, constructed to contain a frameshift mutation between two amber mutations, exhibited the same t mutant phenotype observed with revertible t mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:916027", "title": "Physical organization of subgroup B human adenovirus genomes.", "content": "Cleavage sites of nine bacterial restriction endonucleases were mapped in the DNA of adenovirus type 3 (Ad3) and Ad7, representative serotypes of the \"weakly oncogenic\" subgroup B human adenoviruses. Of 94 sites mapped, 82 were common to both serotypes, in accord with the high overall sequence homology of DNA among members of the same subgroups. Of the sites in Ad3 and Ad7 DNA, fewer than 20% corresponded to mapped restriction sites in the DNA of Ad2 or Ad5. The latter serotypes represent the \"nononcogenic\" subgroup C, having only 10 to 20% overall sequence homology with the DNA of subgroup B adenoviruses. Hybridization mapping of viral mRNA from Ad7-infected cells resulted in a complex physical map that was nearly identical to the map of early and late gene clusters in Ad2 DNA. Thus the DNA sequences of human adenoviruses of subgroups B and C have significantly diverged in the course of viral evolution, but the complex organization of the adenovirus genome has been rigidly conserved.", "contents": "Physical organization of subgroup B human adenovirus genomes. Cleavage sites of nine bacterial restriction endonucleases were mapped in the DNA of adenovirus type 3 (Ad3) and Ad7, representative serotypes of the \"weakly oncogenic\" subgroup B human adenoviruses. Of 94 sites mapped, 82 were common to both serotypes, in accord with the high overall sequence homology of DNA among members of the same subgroups. Of the sites in Ad3 and Ad7 DNA, fewer than 20% corresponded to mapped restriction sites in the DNA of Ad2 or Ad5. The latter serotypes represent the \"nononcogenic\" subgroup C, having only 10 to 20% overall sequence homology with the DNA of subgroup B adenoviruses. Hybridization mapping of viral mRNA from Ad7-infected cells resulted in a complex physical map that was nearly identical to the map of early and late gene clusters in Ad2 DNA. Thus the DNA sequences of human adenoviruses of subgroups B and C have significantly diverged in the course of viral evolution, but the complex organization of the adenovirus genome has been rigidly conserved."}
{"id": "PMID:916028", "title": "Persistent infection of cultured mammalian cells by Japanese encephalitis virus.", "content": "Persistent infections were established by serial undiluted passage of flavivirus Japanese encephalitis virus in a line of rabbit kidney cells (MA-111). The persistently infected cells resembled uninfected cells in most respects. Low levels of infectious virions were released from a small percentage of cells, and a larger and more variable percentage was shown to possess viral antigen by fluorescent-antibody staining. Released viruses were shown to interfere with replication of wild-type Japanese encephalitis virus. Persistently infected MA-111 cells could not be superinfected with homologous wild-type Japanese encephalitis virus but could be superinfected with two heterologous viruses. Transfer of cell culture medium from persistently infected MA-111 cells to a line of African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) resulted in similar persistent infections in the latter cells. Temperature sensitivity and host-cell interferon production were not involved in establishment or maintenance of persistence. Determination of ratios of physical particles to infectious particles revealed that many defective, noninfectious viruses were present, suggesting that defective interfering particles may be responsible for persistency.", "contents": "Persistent infection of cultured mammalian cells by Japanese encephalitis virus. Persistent infections were established by serial undiluted passage of flavivirus Japanese encephalitis virus in a line of rabbit kidney cells (MA-111). The persistently infected cells resembled uninfected cells in most respects. Low levels of infectious virions were released from a small percentage of cells, and a larger and more variable percentage was shown to possess viral antigen by fluorescent-antibody staining. Released viruses were shown to interfere with replication of wild-type Japanese encephalitis virus. Persistently infected MA-111 cells could not be superinfected with homologous wild-type Japanese encephalitis virus but could be superinfected with two heterologous viruses. Transfer of cell culture medium from persistently infected MA-111 cells to a line of African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) resulted in similar persistent infections in the latter cells. Temperature sensitivity and host-cell interferon production were not involved in establishment or maintenance of persistence. Determination of ratios of physical particles to infectious particles revealed that many defective, noninfectious viruses were present, suggesting that defective interfering particles may be responsible for persistency."}
{"id": "PMID:916029", "title": "Evidence for two nucleotide sequence orientations within the terminal repetition of adeno-associated virus DNA.", "content": "Duplex adeno-associated virus (AAV) DNA, produced by annealing plus and minus virion single strands, has been digested with several bacterial restriction endonucleases. These studies reveal the existence of alternate secondary structures at the termini of duplex AAV DNA. Analysis of the sites of endo R-Hpa II cleavage, the products of complete endo R-Hpa II digestion, and the multiple terminal secondary structures leads to the conclusion that there are two possible nucleotide sequences at each end of AAV DNA. A model that attributes the terminal nucleotide sequence heterogeneity to two possible orientations of the first 120 nucleotides at each end of the DNA is proposed; in one case the sequence is 1 to 120; in the other case the sequence is inverted. An origin of the inversion is suggested based on previously described intermediates in AAV DNA replication.", "contents": "Evidence for two nucleotide sequence orientations within the terminal repetition of adeno-associated virus DNA. Duplex adeno-associated virus (AAV) DNA, produced by annealing plus and minus virion single strands, has been digested with several bacterial restriction endonucleases. These studies reveal the existence of alternate secondary structures at the termini of duplex AAV DNA. Analysis of the sites of endo R-Hpa II cleavage, the products of complete endo R-Hpa II digestion, and the multiple terminal secondary structures leads to the conclusion that there are two possible nucleotide sequences at each end of AAV DNA. A model that attributes the terminal nucleotide sequence heterogeneity to two possible orientations of the first 120 nucleotides at each end of the DNA is proposed; in one case the sequence is 1 to 120; in the other case the sequence is inverted. An origin of the inversion is suggested based on previously described intermediates in AAV DNA replication."}
{"id": "PMID:916030", "title": "Unique peptide maps of the three largest proteins specified by the flavivirus Kunjin.", "content": "Tryptic digests of four polypeptides found in Kunjin virus-infected Vero cells, NV5, NV4, V3, and NV3, were compared by peptide mapping. The polypeptides to be analyzed were labeled with radioactive methionine and separated by electrophoresis through polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Because infection of Vero cells by Kunjin virus does not inhibit host cell protein synthesis, radioactively labeled viral polypeptides prepared from infected cells migrate coincidentally during sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis with some of the labeled host proteins. Thus, the genuine viral methionine-containing peptides in tryptic digests of viral proteins have been identified by co-analyzing polypeptides from [3H]methionine-labeled uninfected cells and [35S]methionine-labeled infected cells and determining the 35S/3H ratio in the peptides resolved in two dimensions on thin-layer chromatography plates. The peptide map of NV3 demonstrated that it is host coded, whereas NV5, NV4, and V3 have unique peptide maps and, therefore, account for approximately one-half of the coding potential of Kunjin virus RNA.", "contents": "Unique peptide maps of the three largest proteins specified by the flavivirus Kunjin. Tryptic digests of four polypeptides found in Kunjin virus-infected Vero cells, NV5, NV4, V3, and NV3, were compared by peptide mapping. The polypeptides to be analyzed were labeled with radioactive methionine and separated by electrophoresis through polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Because infection of Vero cells by Kunjin virus does not inhibit host cell protein synthesis, radioactively labeled viral polypeptides prepared from infected cells migrate coincidentally during sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis with some of the labeled host proteins. Thus, the genuine viral methionine-containing peptides in tryptic digests of viral proteins have been identified by co-analyzing polypeptides from [3H]methionine-labeled uninfected cells and [35S]methionine-labeled infected cells and determining the 35S/3H ratio in the peptides resolved in two dimensions on thin-layer chromatography plates. The peptide map of NV3 demonstrated that it is host coded, whereas NV5, NV4, and V3 have unique peptide maps and, therefore, account for approximately one-half of the coding potential of Kunjin virus RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:916031", "title": "Comparisons of the peptide maps of Kunjin virus proteins smaller than the envelope protein.", "content": "We analyzed the maps of [35S]methionine-labeled tryptic peptides of the Kunjin virus-specified proteins NV2 1/2, NV2, V2, NV1 1/2, NV1, and V1. The peptides of NV1 1/2 are identical to those of V2, except for one peptide contained only in the latter. The maps of each of the other proteins are unique and, consequently there is no evidence of any one protein being derived from another by proteolytic cleavage. The tryptic peptide maps of the above polypeptides were also compared with those of the larger Kunjin proteins, NV5, NV4, and V3. The resolution of the peptides of NV2 1/2 and NV1 is adequate to exclude any relationships with NV5 and NV4, but a possible relationship with V3 remains, although it seems unlikely in the light of other evidence. Since the peptide map of V1 is comprised of only two methionine-containing peptides similar in mobilities to two peptides found in the maps of NV5, NV4, and V3, a precursor, if any, of V1 has not been positively identified. The peptides of NV2 and V2 (NV1 1/2) are not contained in digests of NV5, NV4, or V3, and therefore, like the latter, NV2 and V2 (NV1 1/2) are independent products of translation from the positive-strand genome.", "contents": "Comparisons of the peptide maps of Kunjin virus proteins smaller than the envelope protein. We analyzed the maps of [35S]methionine-labeled tryptic peptides of the Kunjin virus-specified proteins NV2 1/2, NV2, V2, NV1 1/2, NV1, and V1. The peptides of NV1 1/2 are identical to those of V2, except for one peptide contained only in the latter. The maps of each of the other proteins are unique and, consequently there is no evidence of any one protein being derived from another by proteolytic cleavage. The tryptic peptide maps of the above polypeptides were also compared with those of the larger Kunjin proteins, NV5, NV4, and V3. The resolution of the peptides of NV2 1/2 and NV1 is adequate to exclude any relationships with NV5 and NV4, but a possible relationship with V3 remains, although it seems unlikely in the light of other evidence. Since the peptide map of V1 is comprised of only two methionine-containing peptides similar in mobilities to two peptides found in the maps of NV5, NV4, and V3, a precursor, if any, of V1 has not been positively identified. The peptides of NV2 and V2 (NV1 1/2) are not contained in digests of NV5, NV4, or V3, and therefore, like the latter, NV2 and V2 (NV1 1/2) are independent products of translation from the positive-strand genome."}
{"id": "PMID:916032", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of bacteriophage M13 DNA replication.", "content": "Intracellular forms of M13 phage DNA isolated after infection of Escherichia coli with wild-type phage have been studied by electron microscopy and ultracentrifugation. The data indicate the involvement of rolling-circle intermediates in single-stranded DNA synthesis. In addition to single-stranded circular DNA, we observed covalently closed and nicked replicative-form (RF) DNAs, dimer RF DNAs, concatenated RF DNAs, RF DNAs with single-stranded tails (theta, rolling circles), and, occasionally, RF DNAs with theta structures. The tails in theta molecules are always single stranded and are never longer than the DNA from mature phage; the proportion of theta to other RF molecules does not change significantly with time after infection. The origin of single-stranded DNA synthesis has been mapped by electron microscopy at a unique location on RF DNA by use of partial denaturation mapping and restriction endonuclease digestion. This location is between gene IV and gene II, and synthesis proceeds in a counterclockwise direction on the conventional genetic map.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of bacteriophage M13 DNA replication. Intracellular forms of M13 phage DNA isolated after infection of Escherichia coli with wild-type phage have been studied by electron microscopy and ultracentrifugation. The data indicate the involvement of rolling-circle intermediates in single-stranded DNA synthesis. In addition to single-stranded circular DNA, we observed covalently closed and nicked replicative-form (RF) DNAs, dimer RF DNAs, concatenated RF DNAs, RF DNAs with single-stranded tails (theta, rolling circles), and, occasionally, RF DNAs with theta structures. The tails in theta molecules are always single stranded and are never longer than the DNA from mature phage; the proportion of theta to other RF molecules does not change significantly with time after infection. The origin of single-stranded DNA synthesis has been mapped by electron microscopy at a unique location on RF DNA by use of partial denaturation mapping and restriction endonuclease digestion. This location is between gene IV and gene II, and synthesis proceeds in a counterclockwise direction on the conventional genetic map."}
{"id": "PMID:916033", "title": "Evidence for frequent lysogeny in lactobacilli: temperate bacteriophages within the subgenus Streptobacterium.", "content": "A total of 17 of 21 Lactobacillus strains of the subgenus Streptobacterium were lysogenic. Two different temperate phages isolated from such lysogens are very similar to Lactobacillus casei phage PL-1. The narrow host range of bacteriophage PL-1 appears to be caused by homoimmunity.", "contents": "Evidence for frequent lysogeny in lactobacilli: temperate bacteriophages within the subgenus Streptobacterium. A total of 17 of 21 Lactobacillus strains of the subgenus Streptobacterium were lysogenic. Two different temperate phages isolated from such lysogens are very similar to Lactobacillus casei phage PL-1. The narrow host range of bacteriophage PL-1 appears to be caused by homoimmunity."}
{"id": "PMID:916034", "title": "Superinfection exclusion by bacteriophage T7.", "content": "Only two of the early genes of bacteriophage T7 were found to play a significant role in exclusion of superinfecting bacteriophage T3 particles; genes 0.3 and 1. Protein synthesis by the preinfecting phage particle was not required for efficient exclusion. These findings are discussed with regard to the known functions of these genes during T7 development.", "contents": "Superinfection exclusion by bacteriophage T7. Only two of the early genes of bacteriophage T7 were found to play a significant role in exclusion of superinfecting bacteriophage T3 particles; genes 0.3 and 1. Protein synthesis by the preinfecting phage particle was not required for efficient exclusion. These findings are discussed with regard to the known functions of these genes during T7 development."}
{"id": "PMID:916035", "title": "Recombination between temperature-sensitive mutants of the arenavirus Pichinde.", "content": "High-frequency recombination was obtained with temperature-sensitive, conditionally lethal mutants of the arenavirus Pichinde.", "contents": "Recombination between temperature-sensitive mutants of the arenavirus Pichinde. High-frequency recombination was obtained with temperature-sensitive, conditionally lethal mutants of the arenavirus Pichinde."}
{"id": "PMID:916036", "title": "DNA injection and genetic recombination of alkylated bacteriophage T7 in the presence of nalidixic acid.", "content": "Marker rescue experiments with alkylated T7 bacteriophage carried out in the presence and in the absence of nalidixic acid suggest that the gradient in rescue is due to two alkylation-induced causes: a DNA injection defect and an interference with DNA synthesis.", "contents": "DNA injection and genetic recombination of alkylated bacteriophage T7 in the presence of nalidixic acid. Marker rescue experiments with alkylated T7 bacteriophage carried out in the presence and in the absence of nalidixic acid suggest that the gradient in rescue is due to two alkylation-induced causes: a DNA injection defect and an interference with DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:916038", "title": "Semen cryopreservation: an update.", "content": "Cryopreservation of semen has a place in reproductive medicine. It is done best using liquid nitrogen as the refrigerant and the pre-freeze semen should be of good quality. High quality spermatozoa survive the freezing-thawing process and ordinarily result in good babies. Abnormal sperm generally do not survive the freezing-thawing process, which, consequently, results in a more viable union and outcome from the germ cells. Cryopreservation of semen can be used to preserve semen before medical or surgical sterilization, to augment the sperm count in patients with certain types of oligospermia and to manage the childless couple by donor semen artificial insemination in those instances in which the husband is infertile. Cryopreserved semen produces babies and perhaps thousands of humans have been the result of conception that resulted from cryopreserved spermatozoa.", "contents": "Semen cryopreservation: an update. Cryopreservation of semen has a place in reproductive medicine. It is done best using liquid nitrogen as the refrigerant and the pre-freeze semen should be of good quality. High quality spermatozoa survive the freezing-thawing process and ordinarily result in good babies. Abnormal sperm generally do not survive the freezing-thawing process, which, consequently, results in a more viable union and outcome from the germ cells. Cryopreservation of semen can be used to preserve semen before medical or surgical sterilization, to augment the sperm count in patients with certain types of oligospermia and to manage the childless couple by donor semen artificial insemination in those instances in which the husband is infertile. Cryopreserved semen produces babies and perhaps thousands of humans have been the result of conception that resulted from cryopreserved spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:916039", "title": "Revascularization of the chronic totally occluded renal artery with restoration of renal function.", "content": "Nine patients with non-functioning kidneys and complete renal artery occlusion discovered on arteriographic investigation for hypertension underwent renal artery revascularization with successful restoration of renal blood flow. Of these patients 7 experienced recovery of renal function and 2 showed no evidence of improvement. One patient had a creatinine clearance of 38 cc per minute from the revascularized kidney 2 years postoperatively. Predictive determinants of salvageable renal parenchyma were the histologic evidence of intact viable glomeruli and the angiographic features of a rich perihilar collateral circulation in the presence of a proximal occlusion with a patent distal renal artery.", "contents": "Revascularization of the chronic totally occluded renal artery with restoration of renal function. Nine patients with non-functioning kidneys and complete renal artery occlusion discovered on arteriographic investigation for hypertension underwent renal artery revascularization with successful restoration of renal blood flow. Of these patients 7 experienced recovery of renal function and 2 showed no evidence of improvement. One patient had a creatinine clearance of 38 cc per minute from the revascularized kidney 2 years postoperatively. Predictive determinants of salvageable renal parenchyma were the histologic evidence of intact viable glomeruli and the angiographic features of a rich perihilar collateral circulation in the presence of a proximal occlusion with a patent distal renal artery."}
{"id": "PMID:916040", "title": "Results of non-operative management of blunt renal trauma.", "content": "A study of 84 patients with blunt renal trauma has revealed that expectant, non-operative management of the clinically stable patient with either minor or more severe injuries (excluding vascular pedicle trauma) gives satisfactory results and entails few subsequent complications. The nephrectomy rate with angiographic delineation of devascularized tissue and would seem to be comparable to that of patients afforded immediate surgical intervention, without the threat of loss of the renal unit that appears to be entailed by early operation.", "contents": "Results of non-operative management of blunt renal trauma. A study of 84 patients with blunt renal trauma has revealed that expectant, non-operative management of the clinically stable patient with either minor or more severe injuries (excluding vascular pedicle trauma) gives satisfactory results and entails few subsequent complications. The nephrectomy rate with angiographic delineation of devascularized tissue and would seem to be comparable to that of patients afforded immediate surgical intervention, without the threat of loss of the renal unit that appears to be entailed by early operation."}
{"id": "PMID:916041", "title": "Renal carbuncle: the use of ultrasound in its diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "The use of ultrasound in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of 5 patients with renal abscesses is described. A spectrum of ultrasonic findings was noted, with the majority of the lesions being anechoic (3 cases). However, a few lesions showed a mixed pattern (2 cases). Ultrasonic aspiration of abscess fluid for culture and sensitivity obviated an operation in 1 case. For the first time, ultrasonically guided, percutaneous, indwelling catheter drainage of a renal carbuncle is reported. Since the patient had failed to respond to systemic antibiotic therapy this technique saved the patient from undergoing an operation. The clinical and ultrasonic findings in the 6 previous case reports of abscesses are reviewed.", "contents": "Renal carbuncle: the use of ultrasound in its diagnosis and treatment. The use of ultrasound in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of 5 patients with renal abscesses is described. A spectrum of ultrasonic findings was noted, with the majority of the lesions being anechoic (3 cases). However, a few lesions showed a mixed pattern (2 cases). Ultrasonic aspiration of abscess fluid for culture and sensitivity obviated an operation in 1 case. For the first time, ultrasonically guided, percutaneous, indwelling catheter drainage of a renal carbuncle is reported. Since the patient had failed to respond to systemic antibiotic therapy this technique saved the patient from undergoing an operation. The clinical and ultrasonic findings in the 6 previous case reports of abscesses are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:916042", "title": "Hemangioma in the wall of a cyst.", "content": "Two cases of hemangioma are reported. In the first case a hemangioma was found inside a benign renal cyst. The confusion of this unusual lesion with carcinoma is discussed. The second case is another example of the segmental radiographic sign that is useful in the preoperative diagnosis of hemangioma.", "contents": "Hemangioma in the wall of a cyst. Two cases of hemangioma are reported. In the first case a hemangioma was found inside a benign renal cyst. The confusion of this unusual lesion with carcinoma is discussed. The second case is another example of the segmental radiographic sign that is useful in the preoperative diagnosis of hemangioma."}
{"id": "PMID:916043", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma involving the inferior vena cava: radiologic evaluation and surgical management.", "content": "The evaluation and management of 3 patients with renal cell carcinoma and varying degrees of vena caval involvement are described. Extrinsic compression, intraluminal tumor thrombus and direct invasion have characteristic features on the inferior venacavograms. With knowledge of the nature and extent of vena caval disease total removal of the tumor is possible in most cases with an acceptably low morbidity. Extensive vena caval pathology by no means precludes long-term survival and should not be regarded as a sign of inoperability.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma involving the inferior vena cava: radiologic evaluation and surgical management. The evaluation and management of 3 patients with renal cell carcinoma and varying degrees of vena caval involvement are described. Extrinsic compression, intraluminal tumor thrombus and direct invasion have characteristic features on the inferior venacavograms. With knowledge of the nature and extent of vena caval disease total removal of the tumor is possible in most cases with an acceptably low morbidity. Extensive vena caval pathology by no means precludes long-term survival and should not be regarded as a sign of inoperability."}
{"id": "PMID:916044", "title": "Idiopathic regression of metastases from renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Herein we review 48 acceptable cases of idiopathic regression of metastases from renal cell carcinoma culled from the literature and present 3 additional cases. The data are analyzed and the issue of organ specificity in coping with metastases is discussed.", "contents": "Idiopathic regression of metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Herein we review 48 acceptable cases of idiopathic regression of metastases from renal cell carcinoma culled from the literature and present 3 additional cases. The data are analyzed and the issue of organ specificity in coping with metastases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916045", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma presenting with metastases to pulmonary hilar nodes.", "content": "Mediastinal and hilar renal cell carcinoma metastases are reported in 9 patients, representing an incidence rate of 8 per cent in the series. This observation indicated an ominous prognosis since the mean survival of these patients was only 1.4 months after the discovery of the neoplasm. It is postulated that this poor prognosis is attributable to the size of the primary lesion, with direct extension into retroperitoneal structures and perhaps to an associated exhaustion of immunologic defense mechanisms of the patients. Dissemination from the involved retroperitoneal lymphatics to the thoracic duct and then in retrograde fashion via the bronchomediastinal and paratracheal trunks is advocated as the pathway for this tumor dissemination.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma presenting with metastases to pulmonary hilar nodes. Mediastinal and hilar renal cell carcinoma metastases are reported in 9 patients, representing an incidence rate of 8 per cent in the series. This observation indicated an ominous prognosis since the mean survival of these patients was only 1.4 months after the discovery of the neoplasm. It is postulated that this poor prognosis is attributable to the size of the primary lesion, with direct extension into retroperitoneal structures and perhaps to an associated exhaustion of immunologic defense mechanisms of the patients. Dissemination from the involved retroperitoneal lymphatics to the thoracic duct and then in retrograde fashion via the bronchomediastinal and paratracheal trunks is advocated as the pathway for this tumor dissemination."}
{"id": "PMID:916046", "title": "Pelvic lipomatosis: 5-year followup.", "content": "Followup of 5 cases presented in 1971 and report of 8 additional cases confirm the initial conclusions that pelvic lipomatosis is a benign but potentially progressive process leading to ureteral obstruction. Young black subjects are affected most commonly. More than 40 per cent of the patients have required permanent urinary diversion.", "contents": "Pelvic lipomatosis: 5-year followup. Followup of 5 cases presented in 1971 and report of 8 additional cases confirm the initial conclusions that pelvic lipomatosis is a benign but potentially progressive process leading to ureteral obstruction. Young black subjects are affected most commonly. More than 40 per cent of the patients have required permanent urinary diversion."}
{"id": "PMID:916047", "title": "Gunshot wounds of the ureter: 5 years of experience.", "content": "During 5 consecutive years 20 patients with ureteral gunshot wounds were treated at the Detroit General Hospital. Among the 19 patients treated surgically 4 unrelated deaths occurred and 3 patients underwent a second exploration. No kidney was lost. Our surgical technique involving a tension-free, watertight anastomosis and diversion is emphasized. We believe that better results are obtained with stented repairs.", "contents": "Gunshot wounds of the ureter: 5 years of experience. During 5 consecutive years 20 patients with ureteral gunshot wounds were treated at the Detroit General Hospital. Among the 19 patients treated surgically 4 unrelated deaths occurred and 3 patients underwent a second exploration. No kidney was lost. Our surgical technique involving a tension-free, watertight anastomosis and diversion is emphasized. We believe that better results are obtained with stented repairs."}
{"id": "PMID:916048", "title": "The advantages of routine use of nephrostomy drainage with pyeloplasty.", "content": "Pyeloplasty by a dismembered Y-V plasty technique to correct congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction has been used for 8 years with uniform success. The routine use of a neophrostomy and splinting catheter offers many advantages and no significant disadvantages.", "contents": "The advantages of routine use of nephrostomy drainage with pyeloplasty. Pyeloplasty by a dismembered Y-V plasty technique to correct congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction has been used for 8 years with uniform success. The routine use of a neophrostomy and splinting catheter offers many advantages and no significant disadvantages."}
{"id": "PMID:916050", "title": "A simple non-touch technique for continuous suprapubic urinary drainage.", "content": "A simple non-touch technique for urinary paracentesis with a standard intracath is described. The application of this method for continuous urinary drainage in the relatively contaminated bedside environment may reduce the chance of bladder injury and infection in gravely ill patients until a more definite procedure is feasible.", "contents": "A simple non-touch technique for continuous suprapubic urinary drainage. A simple non-touch technique for urinary paracentesis with a standard intracath is described. The application of this method for continuous urinary drainage in the relatively contaminated bedside environment may reduce the chance of bladder injury and infection in gravely ill patients until a more definite procedure is feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:916052", "title": "Injury to the male posterior urethra in fractured pelvis: a new classification.", "content": "The present criteria to diagnose a ruptured posterior urethra in cases of a fractured pelvis do not provide accurate information on the degree and site of the urethral injury. A method of retrograde urethrography in such patients is described and the results obtained in 15 cases are reported. On the basis of these results a new classification of membranous urethral rupture in cases of fractured pelvis is proposed: type 1--the prostate or urogenital diaphragm is dislocated but the membranous urethra is merely stretched and not severed, type 2--the membranous urethra is ruptured above the urogenital diaphragm at the apex of the prostate and type 3--the membranous urethra is ruptured above and below the urogenital diaphragm. The clinical significance of these lesions is discussed and a plea is made for the more widespread use of retrograde urethrography in patients with a suspected posterior urethral rupture.", "contents": "Injury to the male posterior urethra in fractured pelvis: a new classification. The present criteria to diagnose a ruptured posterior urethra in cases of a fractured pelvis do not provide accurate information on the degree and site of the urethral injury. A method of retrograde urethrography in such patients is described and the results obtained in 15 cases are reported. On the basis of these results a new classification of membranous urethral rupture in cases of fractured pelvis is proposed: type 1--the prostate or urogenital diaphragm is dislocated but the membranous urethra is merely stretched and not severed, type 2--the membranous urethra is ruptured above the urogenital diaphragm at the apex of the prostate and type 3--the membranous urethra is ruptured above and below the urogenital diaphragm. The clinical significance of these lesions is discussed and a plea is made for the more widespread use of retrograde urethrography in patients with a suspected posterior urethral rupture."}
{"id": "PMID:916053", "title": "Primary carcinoma of the male urethra developing after urethroplasty for stricture.", "content": "Most investigators agree that a urethral stricture is a predisposing cause of primary carcinoma of the urethra. The etiology of the carcinoma is probably chronic irritation. The role of squamous metaplasia in the etiology is discussed briefly. A case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra occurring 4 years after a first stage urethroplasty is reported and 2 cases from the literature are described. The suggested origins of urethral malignancy after urethroplasty are 1) unrecognized malignancy at operation, 2) premalignant mucosal changes that progress postoperatively, 3) recurrence of stricture with continued irritation leading to malignant metaplasia and 4) malignant change in the urethroplasty skin flaps. Although rare, primary male urethral carcinoma is a deadly disease. The hope for early diagnosis is a high index of suspicion during urethroplasty and in subsequent followup studies. The patient presented herein also exhibited pseudohyperparathyroidism as a result of the malignancy.", "contents": "Primary carcinoma of the male urethra developing after urethroplasty for stricture. Most investigators agree that a urethral stricture is a predisposing cause of primary carcinoma of the urethra. The etiology of the carcinoma is probably chronic irritation. The role of squamous metaplasia in the etiology is discussed briefly. A case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra occurring 4 years after a first stage urethroplasty is reported and 2 cases from the literature are described. The suggested origins of urethral malignancy after urethroplasty are 1) unrecognized malignancy at operation, 2) premalignant mucosal changes that progress postoperatively, 3) recurrence of stricture with continued irritation leading to malignant metaplasia and 4) malignant change in the urethroplasty skin flaps. Although rare, primary male urethral carcinoma is a deadly disease. The hope for early diagnosis is a high index of suspicion during urethroplasty and in subsequent followup studies. The patient presented herein also exhibited pseudohyperparathyroidism as a result of the malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:916054", "title": "New hinged silicone penile implant.", "content": "A new paired hinged silicone prosthesis is described. The hinge allows the penis to move freely and hang in a dependent position without constrictive clothing and permits satisfactory coitus. A conical tip more nearly conforms to the distal corpus and the proximal end may be trimmed during the operation to fit the individual patient.", "contents": "New hinged silicone penile implant. A new paired hinged silicone prosthesis is described. The hinge allows the penis to move freely and hang in a dependent position without constrictive clothing and permits satisfactory coitus. A conical tip more nearly conforms to the distal corpus and the proximal end may be trimmed during the operation to fit the individual patient."}
{"id": "PMID:916055", "title": "Corpus cavernosography in conditions other than Peyronie's disease.", "content": "The value of corpus cavernosography in the management of conditions other than Peyronie's disease is discussed. The procedure should be done under fluoroscopic control.", "contents": "Corpus cavernosography in conditions other than Peyronie's disease. The value of corpus cavernosography in the management of conditions other than Peyronie's disease is discussed. The procedure should be done under fluoroscopic control."}
{"id": "PMID:916056", "title": "Elevated urinary levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and its relationship among levels of plasma follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and testicular pathology in patients with severe oligospermia and/or azoospermia.", "content": "Plasma follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and urine 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels were measured in 300 patients seen at an andrology clinic. Testicular biopsies were obtained from many of the severely oligospermic or azoospermic patients. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone concentrations were related inversely to sperm cell concentration, while plasma testosterone concentrations were depressed as the sperm count decreased to 5 times 10(6) per ml. The urine levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid followed the same pattern as follicle stimulating hormone and were elevated in the group of individuals with sperm counts less than 10 times 10(6) per ml. Elevations in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid often were associated with abnormalities in the testicular biopsy. Only 30 per cent of the patients who had elevated 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid also had elevated follicle stimulating hormone or depressed testosterone levels. The factors responsible for the elevation in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels as the sperm count declines remain unclear.", "contents": "Elevated urinary levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and its relationship among levels of plasma follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and testicular pathology in patients with severe oligospermia and/or azoospermia. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and urine 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels were measured in 300 patients seen at an andrology clinic. Testicular biopsies were obtained from many of the severely oligospermic or azoospermic patients. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone concentrations were related inversely to sperm cell concentration, while plasma testosterone concentrations were depressed as the sperm count decreased to 5 times 10(6) per ml. The urine levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid followed the same pattern as follicle stimulating hormone and were elevated in the group of individuals with sperm counts less than 10 times 10(6) per ml. Elevations in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid often were associated with abnormalities in the testicular biopsy. Only 30 per cent of the patients who had elevated 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid also had elevated follicle stimulating hormone or depressed testosterone levels. The factors responsible for the elevation in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels as the sperm count declines remain unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:916057", "title": "Diagnostic ultrasound in the evaluation of scrotal masses.", "content": "Evaluation of 27 patients with scrotal masses was done with gray scale ultrasound. Given the clinical diagnosis ultrasound proved reliable in almost all cases.", "contents": "Diagnostic ultrasound in the evaluation of scrotal masses. Evaluation of 27 patients with scrotal masses was done with gray scale ultrasound. Given the clinical diagnosis ultrasound proved reliable in almost all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:916058", "title": "Autoantibodies following vasectomy.", "content": "The incidence of 7 different autoantibodies was determined in 904 men 3 months to 6 years after vasectomy operations and in 700 control subjects. There was no clinically significant increase in autoantibodies in the vasectomized group nor was any autoimmune disease detected that could be related to the vasectomies.", "contents": "Autoantibodies following vasectomy. The incidence of 7 different autoantibodies was determined in 904 men 3 months to 6 years after vasectomy operations and in 700 control subjects. There was no clinically significant increase in autoantibodies in the vasectomized group nor was any autoimmune disease detected that could be related to the vasectomies."}
{"id": "PMID:916060", "title": "Pulmonary dysfunction after lymphangiography.", "content": "Pulmonary function tests were done on 15 patients before and after bipedal lymphangiography. Lymphangiography was associated with an approximate 10 per cent reduction in lung volume. This phenomenon persisted for 48 to 72 hours. The probable mechanism for this reduction is closure of terminal airways or alveolar ducts or both and is reversible by beta-adrenergic drugs. The reduction does not correlate with the severity of pre-existing pulmonary disease. The degree of pulmonary impairment can be assessed roughly by measurement of the vital capacity. An operation can be performed safely 3 to 5 days after lymphangiography.", "contents": "Pulmonary dysfunction after lymphangiography. Pulmonary function tests were done on 15 patients before and after bipedal lymphangiography. Lymphangiography was associated with an approximate 10 per cent reduction in lung volume. This phenomenon persisted for 48 to 72 hours. The probable mechanism for this reduction is closure of terminal airways or alveolar ducts or both and is reversible by beta-adrenergic drugs. The reduction does not correlate with the severity of pre-existing pulmonary disease. The degree of pulmonary impairment can be assessed roughly by measurement of the vital capacity. An operation can be performed safely 3 to 5 days after lymphangiography."}
{"id": "PMID:916061", "title": "Cystometry: detrusor reflex activation, classification and terminology.", "content": "Changes in the concept of neural organization for micturition and the use of high flow gas cystometers have altered the performance of clinical cystometry and test interpretation. Detrusor reflex activation procedures in carbon dioxide cystometry include rapid bladder distension, change in postural states, use of bethanechol, urethral and anal distension, and sleep. Sleep cystometry requires the use of electroencephalography. These procedures have permitted specific delineation of the syndrome of detrusor reflex instability. Test interpretation is based upon detection of the presence of detrusor reflex instability or end organ denervation.", "contents": "Cystometry: detrusor reflex activation, classification and terminology. Changes in the concept of neural organization for micturition and the use of high flow gas cystometers have altered the performance of clinical cystometry and test interpretation. Detrusor reflex activation procedures in carbon dioxide cystometry include rapid bladder distension, change in postural states, use of bethanechol, urethral and anal distension, and sleep. Sleep cystometry requires the use of electroencephalography. These procedures have permitted specific delineation of the syndrome of detrusor reflex instability. Test interpretation is based upon detection of the presence of detrusor reflex instability or end organ denervation."}
{"id": "PMID:916062", "title": "Balanced bladder function in spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "A urodynamic assessment was done on 55 patients with spinal cord injuries treated with intermittent catheterization and therapy for autonomic dysreflexia and external sphincter spasm. While 95 per cent of the patients with upper motor neuron lesions achieved balanced bladder function they were not necessarily free of a catheter. The results obtained in male patients compare favorably to those reported from specialized spinal cord injury centers. Female spinal cord injured patients generally were unable to achieve a catheter-free status.", "contents": "Balanced bladder function in spinal cord injury patients. A urodynamic assessment was done on 55 patients with spinal cord injuries treated with intermittent catheterization and therapy for autonomic dysreflexia and external sphincter spasm. While 95 per cent of the patients with upper motor neuron lesions achieved balanced bladder function they were not necessarily free of a catheter. The results obtained in male patients compare favorably to those reported from specialized spinal cord injury centers. Female spinal cord injured patients generally were unable to achieve a catheter-free status."}
{"id": "PMID:916063", "title": "Combined radiographic and manometric assessment of urethral sphincter function.", "content": "A technique combining manometric, radiographic and electromyographic data to investigate primary urethral sphincter weakness is presented. These data indicate that closure of the intraabdominal urethra by smooth muscular activity is of critical importance in passive continence.", "contents": "Combined radiographic and manometric assessment of urethral sphincter function. A technique combining manometric, radiographic and electromyographic data to investigate primary urethral sphincter weakness is presented. These data indicate that closure of the intraabdominal urethra by smooth muscular activity is of critical importance in passive continence."}
{"id": "PMID:916064", "title": "Sympathetic dyssynergia in the region of the external sphincter: a possible source of lower urinary tract obstruction.", "content": "Voiding cystourethrography demonstrated urethral constriction at the level of the external urinary sphincter in 10 patients with neurological dysfunctions. Ten mg. phentolamine mesylate intravenously alleviated this constriction, permitting better flow and reducing residual urine in 5 patients with a traumatic spinal injury, 2 with transverse myelitis and 1 who had had a cerebrovascular accident. Oral therapy with phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride, used in 7 of the 8 patients, reduced the post-void residual urine and produced improvement in hydronephrosis when present. These observations are consistent with the presence of a significant sympathetic component to obstruction at the region of the external sphincter in certain neurological disorders.", "contents": "Sympathetic dyssynergia in the region of the external sphincter: a possible source of lower urinary tract obstruction. Voiding cystourethrography demonstrated urethral constriction at the level of the external urinary sphincter in 10 patients with neurological dysfunctions. Ten mg. phentolamine mesylate intravenously alleviated this constriction, permitting better flow and reducing residual urine in 5 patients with a traumatic spinal injury, 2 with transverse myelitis and 1 who had had a cerebrovascular accident. Oral therapy with phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride, used in 7 of the 8 patients, reduced the post-void residual urine and produced improvement in hydronephrosis when present. These observations are consistent with the presence of a significant sympathetic component to obstruction at the region of the external sphincter in certain neurological disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:916065", "title": "Kidney biopsy: analysis of patient data and indications for kidney biopsies.", "content": "To evaluate the use of the facilities of a teaching renal unit patient data during the last 33 months were studied. A total of 534 patients. The pattern of referrals, the major categories of renal diseases and the results of the kidney biopsies were examined to offer the urologist a profile of a new clinic and some guide lines concerning referrals for kidney biopsies.", "contents": "Kidney biopsy: analysis of patient data and indications for kidney biopsies. To evaluate the use of the facilities of a teaching renal unit patient data during the last 33 months were studied. A total of 534 patients. The pattern of referrals, the major categories of renal diseases and the results of the kidney biopsies were examined to offer the urologist a profile of a new clinic and some guide lines concerning referrals for kidney biopsies."}
{"id": "PMID:916066", "title": "Pediatric hypertension as a delayed sequela of reflux-induced chronic pyelonephritis.", "content": "Chronic pyelonephritis secondary to vesicoureteral reflux has been shown to cause occasionally systemic hypertension. The hypertension may occur in the presence or absence of bacterial urinary infection, is renin-mediated and may develop years after ureteral reimplantation. Surgical excision of a scarred atrophic renin-producing segment may result in amelioration of the hypertension or at least provide better medical control with less toxic antihypertensive agents. Surgical removal of renal tissue is not recommended in patients with depressed renal function unless the hypertension is malignant and uncontrolled.", "contents": "Pediatric hypertension as a delayed sequela of reflux-induced chronic pyelonephritis. Chronic pyelonephritis secondary to vesicoureteral reflux has been shown to cause occasionally systemic hypertension. The hypertension may occur in the presence or absence of bacterial urinary infection, is renin-mediated and may develop years after ureteral reimplantation. Surgical excision of a scarred atrophic renin-producing segment may result in amelioration of the hypertension or at least provide better medical control with less toxic antihypertensive agents. Surgical removal of renal tissue is not recommended in patients with depressed renal function unless the hypertension is malignant and uncontrolled."}
{"id": "PMID:916067", "title": "A xanthine stone in a xanthinuric boy: a biochemical case study.", "content": "A xanthine urinary stone is rare. A case of a xanthine stone in the bladder of a xanthinuric boy is presented. The literature is reviewed and biochemical studies are discussed.", "contents": "A xanthine stone in a xanthinuric boy: a biochemical case study. A xanthine urinary stone is rare. A case of a xanthine stone in the bladder of a xanthinuric boy is presented. The literature is reviewed and biochemical studies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916068", "title": "Neurofibromatosis of the bladder in children: case report and literature review.", "content": "A case of plexiform neurofibroma of the lower urinary tract is presented as well as a review of all previously reported cases in childhood. We suggest aggressive management in patients with diffuse disease.", "contents": "Neurofibromatosis of the bladder in children: case report and literature review. A case of plexiform neurofibroma of the lower urinary tract is presented as well as a review of all previously reported cases in childhood. We suggest aggressive management in patients with diffuse disease."}
{"id": "PMID:916069", "title": "Complications of single and multistage operations for hypospadias: a comparative review.", "content": "From 1970 through 1975, 198 children with hypospadias were operated upon at our clinic. Three basic types of primary urethroplasty were used: 1) a modified 2-stage Cecil urethroplasty after separate straightening, 2) a modified 1-stage Denis Browne procedure after prior correction of chordee and 3) a 1-stage combined repair of hypospadias and chordee. A comparative review of early complications is presented.", "contents": "Complications of single and multistage operations for hypospadias: a comparative review. From 1970 through 1975, 198 children with hypospadias were operated upon at our clinic. Three basic types of primary urethroplasty were used: 1) a modified 2-stage Cecil urethroplasty after separate straightening, 2) a modified 1-stage Denis Browne procedure after prior correction of chordee and 3) a 1-stage combined repair of hypospadias and chordee. A comparative review of early complications is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:916070", "title": "Five-year survival after disseminated paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma.", "content": "A 5-year survivor of disseminated metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma arising from the paratesticular tissues is reported. Each of the 6 patients with paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma treated at this hospital has been free of disease from more than 2 months to more than 7 years. The unusually good prognosis associated with this site may be owing to early detection, predictable pathways of initial lymphatic dissemination and aggressive surgical treatment followed by radiotherapy and multiple agent chemotherapy.", "contents": "Five-year survival after disseminated paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. A 5-year survivor of disseminated metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma arising from the paratesticular tissues is reported. Each of the 6 patients with paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma treated at this hospital has been free of disease from more than 2 months to more than 7 years. The unusually good prognosis associated with this site may be owing to early detection, predictable pathways of initial lymphatic dissemination and aggressive surgical treatment followed by radiotherapy and multiple agent chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:916073", "title": "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome with prolonged anuria.", "content": "Total cessation of urine formation beyond 4 days with ultimate survival is a rare occurrence. A child with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome was anuric for 27 days and renal function improved. the metabolic effects of acute renal failure require careful control of water and electrolyte balance and, when indicated, peritoneal and/or hemodialysis until renal function returns.", "contents": "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome with prolonged anuria. Total cessation of urine formation beyond 4 days with ultimate survival is a rare occurrence. A child with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome was anuric for 27 days and renal function improved. the metabolic effects of acute renal failure require careful control of water and electrolyte balance and, when indicated, peritoneal and/or hemodialysis until renal function returns."}
{"id": "PMID:916072", "title": "Successful delivery of a patient on hemodialysis for acute renal failure: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of hemodialysis for acute renal failure during the thirty-fourth week of gestation is reported. Subsequently, the patient delivered a normal viable baby, weighing 1,790 gm. Maternal renal function returned to normal after delivery.", "contents": "Successful delivery of a patient on hemodialysis for acute renal failure: a case report and review of the literature. A case of hemodialysis for acute renal failure during the thirty-fourth week of gestation is reported. Subsequently, the patient delivered a normal viable baby, weighing 1,790 gm. Maternal renal function returned to normal after delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:916075", "title": "Mid-ureteral leakage: an unusual complication of ileal conduit.", "content": "Peritonitis after ureteroileal urinary diversion usually occurs from urinary leakage caused by disruption at the ureteroileal anastomosis. A case of leakage localized at the mid ureter is reported.", "contents": "Mid-ureteral leakage: an unusual complication of ileal conduit. Peritonitis after ureteroileal urinary diversion usually occurs from urinary leakage caused by disruption at the ureteroileal anastomosis. A case of leakage localized at the mid ureter is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:916076", "title": "Intestinal obstruction: a complication of percutaneous cystotomy. A case report.", "content": "The percutaneous suprapubic bladder catheter has become an important tool for the urologist because of its efficacy, simplicity and wide range of applications. A case of intestinal obstruction secondary to percutaneous cystotomy with the Bonanno suprapubic bladder drainage catheter is reported.", "contents": "Intestinal obstruction: a complication of percutaneous cystotomy. A case report. The percutaneous suprapubic bladder catheter has become an important tool for the urologist because of its efficacy, simplicity and wide range of applications. A case of intestinal obstruction secondary to percutaneous cystotomy with the Bonanno suprapubic bladder drainage catheter is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:916077", "title": "Anuria following silver nitrate irrigation for intractable bladder hemorrhage.", "content": "Intravesical silver nitrate has been used for intractable bladder hemorrhage. A case of anuria resulting from this technique is reported. The etiology of anuria in this patient was probably owing to obstruction from deposition of silver salts. The level of obstruction was the ureterovesical junction on 1 side and the collecting ducts at the renal papillae on the other side. Therapy consisted of vigorous endoscopic evacuation of deposited silver salts from the bladder and hemodialysis with good results.", "contents": "Anuria following silver nitrate irrigation for intractable bladder hemorrhage. Intravesical silver nitrate has been used for intractable bladder hemorrhage. A case of anuria resulting from this technique is reported. The etiology of anuria in this patient was probably owing to obstruction from deposition of silver salts. The level of obstruction was the ureterovesical junction on 1 side and the collecting ducts at the renal papillae on the other side. Therapy consisted of vigorous endoscopic evacuation of deposited silver salts from the bladder and hemodialysis with good results."}
{"id": "PMID:916078", "title": "Y-type urethral duplication in male subjects.", "content": "A case of Y-type urethral duplication is described with urethrograms showing the anterior and posterior channels arising from the prostatic urethra. Postmortem studies revealed the dominant posterior channel and its relationships to the stenotic anterior channel and anus.", "contents": "Y-type urethral duplication in male subjects. A case of Y-type urethral duplication is described with urethrograms showing the anterior and posterior channels arising from the prostatic urethra. Postmortem studies revealed the dominant posterior channel and its relationships to the stenotic anterior channel and anus."}
{"id": "PMID:916079", "title": "Y-type urethral triplication.", "content": "A case of Y-type urethral triplication is reported. Urethrograms and urodynamics revealed the stenotic anterior urethras and a functional posterior urethral channel with a normal urethral pressure profile.", "contents": "Y-type urethral triplication. A case of Y-type urethral triplication is reported. Urethrograms and urodynamics revealed the stenotic anterior urethras and a functional posterior urethral channel with a normal urethral pressure profile."}
{"id": "PMID:916080", "title": "Inflammation of the periurethral glands of Littre simulating tumor.", "content": "A young man presented with a subfrenular nodule of the penis that proved to be ectasia and chronic inflammation of the periurethral glands of Littre. Pathological processes involving these glands are rare but must be considered in the differential diagnosis of penile or urethral lesions.", "contents": "Inflammation of the periurethral glands of Littre simulating tumor. A young man presented with a subfrenular nodule of the penis that proved to be ectasia and chronic inflammation of the periurethral glands of Littre. Pathological processes involving these glands are rare but must be considered in the differential diagnosis of penile or urethral lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:916081", "title": "Hidradenitis suppurativa of the scrotum.", "content": "A patient with hidradenitis suppurativa of the scrotum is described. The clinical presentation and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Hidradenitis suppurativa of the scrotum. A patient with hidradenitis suppurativa of the scrotum is described. The clinical presentation and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916083", "title": "Thoughts on the prevention of urologic liability claims.", "content": "We have approached the problems of increasing urological liability claims with a superficial study of their causes and some suggested solutions. We believe that this approach is important because it is one that the urological community can take immediately rather than waiting for changes in state and federal laws that may be of benefit in decreasing the impact of these suits. It seems to be the common disease and the simple operation that lead to the lodging of a claim.", "contents": "Thoughts on the prevention of urologic liability claims. We have approached the problems of increasing urological liability claims with a superficial study of their causes and some suggested solutions. We believe that this approach is important because it is one that the urological community can take immediately rather than waiting for changes in state and federal laws that may be of benefit in decreasing the impact of these suits. It seems to be the common disease and the simple operation that lead to the lodging of a claim."}
{"id": "PMID:916084", "title": "Adult polycystic kidney disease: a review of 100 cases.", "content": "Herein we review 100 cases of adult polycystic kidney disease. Flank pain was the most common presentation in these cases. In 20% of the patients calculi were noted and 10% had obstruction. The average patient age at death was 57 years. The importance of tomography is emphasized with key radiographic features, such as bilateral large kidneys, inhomogeneous nephrogram, caliceal distortion and poorly defined renal margins. Cystic involvement of the liver and spleen may help to confirm the diagnosis. Differential diagnosis includes bilateral multiple simple cysts, angiomyolipomatosis and bilateral renal carcinomas.", "contents": "Adult polycystic kidney disease: a review of 100 cases. Herein we review 100 cases of adult polycystic kidney disease. Flank pain was the most common presentation in these cases. In 20% of the patients calculi were noted and 10% had obstruction. The average patient age at death was 57 years. The importance of tomography is emphasized with key radiographic features, such as bilateral large kidneys, inhomogeneous nephrogram, caliceal distortion and poorly defined renal margins. Cystic involvement of the liver and spleen may help to confirm the diagnosis. Differential diagnosis includes bilateral multiple simple cysts, angiomyolipomatosis and bilateral renal carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:916086", "title": "Primary renal artery dissecting aneurysm: a review.", "content": "Primary dissecting aneurysms of the renal artery are exceedingly rare. Our recent encounter with a patient with this condition prompted a review of the literature. The diagnostic and therapeutic problems in 30 patients were analyzed and guide lines for proper management were discussed. The triad of flank pain, hematuria and hypertension of acute onset in the absence of urinary obstruction should suggest this rare condition.", "contents": "Primary renal artery dissecting aneurysm: a review. Primary dissecting aneurysms of the renal artery are exceedingly rare. Our recent encounter with a patient with this condition prompted a review of the literature. The diagnostic and therapeutic problems in 30 patients were analyzed and guide lines for proper management were discussed. The triad of flank pain, hematuria and hypertension of acute onset in the absence of urinary obstruction should suggest this rare condition."}
{"id": "PMID:916087", "title": "Prostaglandin: increased production by renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "The syndrome of hypercalcemia in patients with renal cell carcinoma without metastasis to bone, in association with elevated levels of immunoreactive prostaglandin E and normal parathyroid hormone levels, prompted the investigation of an etiologic relationship of increased prostaglandin in this syndrome. Ethyl acetate extracts of tissue culture effluents, primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and plasma were chromatographed on silicic acid columns and assayed by double antibody immunoprecipitative methods for immunoprecipitative methods for immunoreactive prostaglandins A and E. Increased levels of immunoreactive prostaglandins A and E were found 1) to be generated in parallel with cell growth during a period of time by renal cell carcinoma in monolayer growth, 2) in extracts of primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma tissue and 3) in the venous effluent of a kidney bearing a renal cell carcinoma. These findings support the hypothesis that renal cell carcinoma can produce prostaglandins. Furthermore, reported syndromes of patients with renal cell carcinoma associated with elevated prostaglandin levels may result from the autonomous production of prostaglandins in vivo by the tumor.", "contents": "Prostaglandin: increased production by renal cell carcinoma. The syndrome of hypercalcemia in patients with renal cell carcinoma without metastasis to bone, in association with elevated levels of immunoreactive prostaglandin E and normal parathyroid hormone levels, prompted the investigation of an etiologic relationship of increased prostaglandin in this syndrome. Ethyl acetate extracts of tissue culture effluents, primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and plasma were chromatographed on silicic acid columns and assayed by double antibody immunoprecipitative methods for immunoprecipitative methods for immunoreactive prostaglandins A and E. Increased levels of immunoreactive prostaglandins A and E were found 1) to be generated in parallel with cell growth during a period of time by renal cell carcinoma in monolayer growth, 2) in extracts of primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma tissue and 3) in the venous effluent of a kidney bearing a renal cell carcinoma. These findings support the hypothesis that renal cell carcinoma can produce prostaglandins. Furthermore, reported syndromes of patients with renal cell carcinoma associated with elevated prostaglandin levels may result from the autonomous production of prostaglandins in vivo by the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:916088", "title": "Continent cecoileal conduit: preliminary report.", "content": "A continent cecoileal conduit to improve rehabilitation after external urinary diversion is described. The isolated cecum functions as a reservoir. The continence mechanism is constructed by intussuscepting the terminal ileum into the isolated cecum to form a nipple, preventing leakage of urine. The kidneys are protected from cecoureterorenal reflux by ureterocecostomies with submucous tunnels. We have used this technique on 4 patients, 2 of whom need no external urinary pouch since the urostoma is absolutely continent. One patient became incontinent 3 months postoperatively and is wearing a conventional bag and 1 patient died. There is no refluex into the kidneys. The upper urinary tract, which is dilated slightly 4 weeks postoperatively, tends to become normal after a few months.", "contents": "Continent cecoileal conduit: preliminary report. A continent cecoileal conduit to improve rehabilitation after external urinary diversion is described. The isolated cecum functions as a reservoir. The continence mechanism is constructed by intussuscepting the terminal ileum into the isolated cecum to form a nipple, preventing leakage of urine. The kidneys are protected from cecoureterorenal reflux by ureterocecostomies with submucous tunnels. We have used this technique on 4 patients, 2 of whom need no external urinary pouch since the urostoma is absolutely continent. One patient became incontinent 3 months postoperatively and is wearing a conventional bag and 1 patient died. There is no refluex into the kidneys. The upper urinary tract, which is dilated slightly 4 weeks postoperatively, tends to become normal after a few months."}
{"id": "PMID:916089", "title": "Open ureterocolonic anastomoses.", "content": "A simple technique for open ureterocolonic anastomosis is presented. This technique provides adequate exposure for mucosal-to-mucosal approximation and allows the construction of an antireflux ureterocolonic anastomosis.", "contents": "Open ureterocolonic anastomoses. A simple technique for open ureterocolonic anastomosis is presented. This technique provides adequate exposure for mucosal-to-mucosal approximation and allows the construction of an antireflux ureterocolonic anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:916090", "title": "New application of a Maisonneuve urethrotome to stricture of the ureter subsequent to a cutaneous ureterostomy.", "content": "Internal ureterotomy, or a transureteral incision with an internal urethrotome, was done on 3 patients who previously had undergone cutaneous ureterostomy and had a ureteral stricture. This procedure provided satisfactory results in all 3 patients. Internal ureterotomy is a new adaptation of internal urethrotomy and can be a useful procedure.", "contents": "New application of a Maisonneuve urethrotome to stricture of the ureter subsequent to a cutaneous ureterostomy. Internal ureterotomy, or a transureteral incision with an internal urethrotome, was done on 3 patients who previously had undergone cutaneous ureterostomy and had a ureteral stricture. This procedure provided satisfactory results in all 3 patients. Internal ureterotomy is a new adaptation of internal urethrotomy and can be a useful procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:916091", "title": "Ureteral obstruction from prostatic carcinoma: response to endocrine and radiation therapy.", "content": "Ureteral obstruction occurred in 10% of the patients treated for prostatic carcinoma and most often was associated with poorly differentiated tumors. The response of ureteral obstruction to different forms of therapy was evaluated. Obstruction diminished in 22 of 25 orchiectomized patients (88%) but in only 1 of 6 patients receiving estrogen or antiandrogen therapy alone (17%). Patients who responded favorably to therapy had a significantly better survival than did non-responders. Patients treated early in the course of ureteral obstruction responded better than those treated late, while neither tumor stage nor grade correlated with response to therapy. Radiation therapy for endocrine-resistant ureteral obstruction was effective in only 2 of 8 cases (25%). The literature on ureteral obstruction from prostatic carcinoma and its treatment is reviewed.", "contents": "Ureteral obstruction from prostatic carcinoma: response to endocrine and radiation therapy. Ureteral obstruction occurred in 10% of the patients treated for prostatic carcinoma and most often was associated with poorly differentiated tumors. The response of ureteral obstruction to different forms of therapy was evaluated. Obstruction diminished in 22 of 25 orchiectomized patients (88%) but in only 1 of 6 patients receiving estrogen or antiandrogen therapy alone (17%). Patients who responded favorably to therapy had a significantly better survival than did non-responders. Patients treated early in the course of ureteral obstruction responded better than those treated late, while neither tumor stage nor grade correlated with response to therapy. Radiation therapy for endocrine-resistant ureteral obstruction was effective in only 2 of 8 cases (25%). The literature on ureteral obstruction from prostatic carcinoma and its treatment is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:916092", "title": "Urachal remnants: benign or malignant?", "content": "Two cases are presented with cystoscopically visible cystic urachal remnants. The initial clinical findings, including bladder biopsies, were remarkably similar. Partial cystectomy with removal of the urachal cord alone clarified the actual disease. The inability to separate the malignant and the benign urachal lesion by other means suggests the necessity of total surgical extirpation. Perhaps this approach may result in an improvement in the generally poor prognosis for urachal carcinoma.", "contents": "Urachal remnants: benign or malignant? Two cases are presented with cystoscopically visible cystic urachal remnants. The initial clinical findings, including bladder biopsies, were remarkably similar. Partial cystectomy with removal of the urachal cord alone clarified the actual disease. The inability to separate the malignant and the benign urachal lesion by other means suggests the necessity of total surgical extirpation. Perhaps this approach may result in an improvement in the generally poor prognosis for urachal carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:916093", "title": "Cystoplasty by regeneration of the bladder.", "content": "Herein we describe a new method for cystoplasty, making use of the regenerating ability of the bladder. The contracted bladder is opened with a crucial incision and enlarged by placing thin paper covered with liquid synthetic resin (nobecutane) like a cap over the opened bladder tissue. Within 3 to 4 weeks granulated tissue completely covers the artificial cap, which is then removed transurethrally. Thereafter, the bladder regenerates on its own. The operation has been done at our hospital from 1970 to 1975 on 13 patients with contracted bladders owing to various pathologic conditions. Excellent results have been obtained on 11 patients with tuberculous contracted bladders. These 11 patients have regained normal bladder capacity and are able to void normally through the urethra. The technique has not been effective in 2 patients with interstitial cystitis, caused by generalized collagen disease in 1.", "contents": "Cystoplasty by regeneration of the bladder. Herein we describe a new method for cystoplasty, making use of the regenerating ability of the bladder. The contracted bladder is opened with a crucial incision and enlarged by placing thin paper covered with liquid synthetic resin (nobecutane) like a cap over the opened bladder tissue. Within 3 to 4 weeks granulated tissue completely covers the artificial cap, which is then removed transurethrally. Thereafter, the bladder regenerates on its own. The operation has been done at our hospital from 1970 to 1975 on 13 patients with contracted bladders owing to various pathologic conditions. Excellent results have been obtained on 11 patients with tuberculous contracted bladders. These 11 patients have regained normal bladder capacity and are able to void normally through the urethra. The technique has not been effective in 2 patients with interstitial cystitis, caused by generalized collagen disease in 1."}
{"id": "PMID:916094", "title": "Topical instillation of doxorubicin hydrochloride in the treatment of recurring superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "Thirteen patients with recurring stage A transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were treated with monthly bladder instillations of doxorubicin hydrochloride. Follow-up at 3-month intervals has shown excellent control of tumor recurrence with complete remissions for up to 21 months in 2 patients. The median for remission in 8 of 13 patients has been 10 months. Two patients with bladder papillomatosis were treated successfully by the same method.", "contents": "Topical instillation of doxorubicin hydrochloride in the treatment of recurring superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Thirteen patients with recurring stage A transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were treated with monthly bladder instillations of doxorubicin hydrochloride. Follow-up at 3-month intervals has shown excellent control of tumor recurrence with complete remissions for up to 21 months in 2 patients. The median for remission in 8 of 13 patients has been 10 months. Two patients with bladder papillomatosis were treated successfully by the same method."}
{"id": "PMID:916095", "title": "Complications of partial cystectomy in patients with high grade bladder carcinoma.", "content": "We herein analyze the results of partial bladder resection in 61 patients with stage A transitional cell carcinoma. Staging was based on preoperative evaluation, operative findings and postoperative microscopic study of the specimen. In 54% of the patients with high grade malignancies local recurrences were noted and the patients eventually died of the disease. There were no recurrences in patients with low grade tumors. Therefore, the grade of bladder carcinoma should be considered when patients are chosen for this operation.", "contents": "Complications of partial cystectomy in patients with high grade bladder carcinoma. We herein analyze the results of partial bladder resection in 61 patients with stage A transitional cell carcinoma. Staging was based on preoperative evaluation, operative findings and postoperative microscopic study of the specimen. In 54% of the patients with high grade malignancies local recurrences were noted and the patients eventually died of the disease. There were no recurrences in patients with low grade tumors. Therefore, the grade of bladder carcinoma should be considered when patients are chosen for this operation."}
{"id": "PMID:916096", "title": "Re-evaluation of hydrostatic pressure treatment for malignant bladder lesions.", "content": "We reviewed 50 cases of bladder cancer treated with the hydrostatic pressure technique. Results were encouraging when 1) single or multiple papillary tumors were not located around the ureteral orifice, with a presumed depth of tumor infiltration within T2, I) there was no history of open operations, 3) there was observed activity of immunological surveillance, for example a positive reaction to a tuberculin test, and 4) management of anesthesia was satisfactory. Hydrostatic pressure therapy is not palliative treatment for far-advanced cases of bladder cancers but should be the first choice for new cases beyond the scope for transurethral operations and when indications in tumor and host condition are satisfied.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of hydrostatic pressure treatment for malignant bladder lesions. We reviewed 50 cases of bladder cancer treated with the hydrostatic pressure technique. Results were encouraging when 1) single or multiple papillary tumors were not located around the ureteral orifice, with a presumed depth of tumor infiltration within T2, I) there was no history of open operations, 3) there was observed activity of immunological surveillance, for example a positive reaction to a tuberculin test, and 4) management of anesthesia was satisfactory. Hydrostatic pressure therapy is not palliative treatment for far-advanced cases of bladder cancers but should be the first choice for new cases beyond the scope for transurethral operations and when indications in tumor and host condition are satisfied."}
{"id": "PMID:916097", "title": "Intraurethral condylomas acuminata: management and review of the literature.", "content": "We report 4 cases of intraurethral conylomas, the last one representing the first reported successful management of total urethral and intravesical condylomas in a male patient. The literature is reviewed and recommendations for management based on the modalities available are given.", "contents": "Intraurethral condylomas acuminata: management and review of the literature. We report 4 cases of intraurethral conylomas, the last one representing the first reported successful management of total urethral and intravesical condylomas in a male patient. The literature is reviewed and recommendations for management based on the modalities available are given."}
{"id": "PMID:916098", "title": "Direct urethra-bladder neck anastomosis in the surgical correction of posterior urethral strictures.", "content": "A direct anastomosis of the urethra and bladder neck is suggested for posterior urethral strictures, especially high lesions. The technique is described, and its advantages and complications are discussed.", "contents": "Direct urethra-bladder neck anastomosis in the surgical correction of posterior urethral strictures. A direct anastomosis of the urethra and bladder neck is suggested for posterior urethral strictures, especially high lesions. The technique is described, and its advantages and complications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916099", "title": "Self-emasculation: review of the literature, report of a case and outline of the objectives of management.", "content": "Self-emasculation is the end result of an unusual psychiatric disorder, which initially requires surgical treatment. Only 51 cases have been reported in the English literature since 1900. No previous attempt to preserve testicular androgen function by reimplantation or grafting has been reported. We describe an unsuccessful attempt to graft the testicles in subcutaneous thigh pockets. Microscopically, the biopsied autografts showed no viable interstitial or germinal testicular tissue. The objectives of the treatment of self-emasculation injury are restoration of anatomical and functional continuity of the urethra as a urinary channel, preservation of the capacity for sustained penile erection, preservation of testicular androgen activity, prompt psychiatric evaluation and treatment of the underlying illness, and restoration of the normal appearance of the scrotum.", "contents": "Self-emasculation: review of the literature, report of a case and outline of the objectives of management. Self-emasculation is the end result of an unusual psychiatric disorder, which initially requires surgical treatment. Only 51 cases have been reported in the English literature since 1900. No previous attempt to preserve testicular androgen function by reimplantation or grafting has been reported. We describe an unsuccessful attempt to graft the testicles in subcutaneous thigh pockets. Microscopically, the biopsied autografts showed no viable interstitial or germinal testicular tissue. The objectives of the treatment of self-emasculation injury are restoration of anatomical and functional continuity of the urethra as a urinary channel, preservation of the capacity for sustained penile erection, preservation of testicular androgen activity, prompt psychiatric evaluation and treatment of the underlying illness, and restoration of the normal appearance of the scrotum."}
{"id": "PMID:916100", "title": "Carcinoid tumors of the testis.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic findings in 16 cases of carcinoid tumor of the testis are presented: 10 tumors were primary in the testis, 2 were teratomas, 2 were in the spermatic cord and 2 were metastatic. Most of these tumors occurred in middle-aged patients and the symptoms were those of testicular tumor in general, that is swelling, pain and tenderness. In none of the primary case was there evidence of carcinoid syndrome and no determination of serotonin was made before orchiectomy. Followup in 12 cases was from 4 months to 16 years postoperatively. Three patients died 2 to 4 years after orchiectomy: 1 with generalized metastasis and 2 with intercurrent diseases. Two patients were lost to followup and the remaining patients are well. Although ovarian carcinoids usually occur in teratoma and do not metastasize 1 of the primary cases produced generalized metastasis.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumors of the testis. The clinical and pathologic findings in 16 cases of carcinoid tumor of the testis are presented: 10 tumors were primary in the testis, 2 were teratomas, 2 were in the spermatic cord and 2 were metastatic. Most of these tumors occurred in middle-aged patients and the symptoms were those of testicular tumor in general, that is swelling, pain and tenderness. In none of the primary case was there evidence of carcinoid syndrome and no determination of serotonin was made before orchiectomy. Followup in 12 cases was from 4 months to 16 years postoperatively. Three patients died 2 to 4 years after orchiectomy: 1 with generalized metastasis and 2 with intercurrent diseases. Two patients were lost to followup and the remaining patients are well. Although ovarian carcinoids usually occur in teratoma and do not metastasize 1 of the primary cases produced generalized metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:916102", "title": "Anaerobic bacteriuria in a male urologic outpatient population.", "content": "We screened 517 urine samples from male outpatients, many of whom had underlying urinary tract pathology, for anaerobic and aerobic bacteriuria. Of the 153 specimens containing greater than 10(5) bacteria per ml. 20% yielded anaerobes only and an additional 6% revealed mixed anaerobic and aerobic growth. Pyuria was found more frequently in samples containing anaerobic bacteriuria than in those containing no growth but not as frequently as when aerobic bacteria were present. The high counts of anaerobic bacteria in first-voided specimens compared to midstream and post-prostatic massage aliquots suggested a urethral source for most bacteria. However, suprapubic aspiration of bladder urine demonstrated the organism in 2 of 10 patients with high numbers of anaerobes and pyuria in voided samples.", "contents": "Anaerobic bacteriuria in a male urologic outpatient population. We screened 517 urine samples from male outpatients, many of whom had underlying urinary tract pathology, for anaerobic and aerobic bacteriuria. Of the 153 specimens containing greater than 10(5) bacteria per ml. 20% yielded anaerobes only and an additional 6% revealed mixed anaerobic and aerobic growth. Pyuria was found more frequently in samples containing anaerobic bacteriuria than in those containing no growth but not as frequently as when aerobic bacteria were present. The high counts of anaerobic bacteria in first-voided specimens compared to midstream and post-prostatic massage aliquots suggested a urethral source for most bacteria. However, suprapubic aspiration of bladder urine demonstrated the organism in 2 of 10 patients with high numbers of anaerobes and pyuria in voided samples."}
{"id": "PMID:916103", "title": "Osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis after urologic surgery.", "content": "Osteomyelitis represents a pyogenic infection of the bone and marrow. The diagnosis is based on specific criteria and often is difficult to make. Herein we present 2 cases initially thought to represent osteitis pubis but subsequently proved to be osteomyelitis and compare the 2 entities with emphasis on differential diagnosis and treatment. Despite certain differentiating characteristics the correct diagnosis is often uncertain without histologic examination. Since the treatment of these 2 entities is quite different equivocal cases should undergo surgical exploration and bone curettage. This procedure will enable definite diagnosis to be made and proper treatment to be instituted.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis after urologic surgery. Osteomyelitis represents a pyogenic infection of the bone and marrow. The diagnosis is based on specific criteria and often is difficult to make. Herein we present 2 cases initially thought to represent osteitis pubis but subsequently proved to be osteomyelitis and compare the 2 entities with emphasis on differential diagnosis and treatment. Despite certain differentiating characteristics the correct diagnosis is often uncertain without histologic examination. Since the treatment of these 2 entities is quite different equivocal cases should undergo surgical exploration and bone curettage. This procedure will enable definite diagnosis to be made and proper treatment to be instituted."}
{"id": "PMID:916104", "title": "The clinical value of urinary carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances in urothelial cancer.", "content": "Although there is a positive correlation between the concentration of urinary carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances and urothelial cancer the clinical value of this association is in doubt. Urinary carcinoembryonic antigen values have been determined in large numbers of specimens from patients with a variety of urologic diseases but most studies have recorded only single measurements at the time of diagnosis. We examined the role of carcinoembryonic antigen in urothelial malignancies by comparing serial carcinoembryonic antigen, and cytologic and histologic analyses done on simultaneously collected urine and tissue specimens. We were particularly interested in the value of carcinoembryonic antigen as a diagnostic adjunct to cytology in low grade carcinoma and dysplasia, and the role of serial measurements of this substance in followup. The results of 102 analyses in 48 patients during a 15-month period indicate that urinary carcinoembryonic antigen measurements have little value in the diagnosis of bladder cancer, are of limited usefulness in combination with cytologic studies and are poorly correlated with simultaneously determined cytologic and histologic findings. Although the initial results were not promising serial measurements may be useful in followup.", "contents": "The clinical value of urinary carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances in urothelial cancer. Although there is a positive correlation between the concentration of urinary carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances and urothelial cancer the clinical value of this association is in doubt. Urinary carcinoembryonic antigen values have been determined in large numbers of specimens from patients with a variety of urologic diseases but most studies have recorded only single measurements at the time of diagnosis. We examined the role of carcinoembryonic antigen in urothelial malignancies by comparing serial carcinoembryonic antigen, and cytologic and histologic analyses done on simultaneously collected urine and tissue specimens. We were particularly interested in the value of carcinoembryonic antigen as a diagnostic adjunct to cytology in low grade carcinoma and dysplasia, and the role of serial measurements of this substance in followup. The results of 102 analyses in 48 patients during a 15-month period indicate that urinary carcinoembryonic antigen measurements have little value in the diagnosis of bladder cancer, are of limited usefulness in combination with cytologic studies and are poorly correlated with simultaneously determined cytologic and histologic findings. Although the initial results were not promising serial measurements may be useful in followup."}
{"id": "PMID:916105", "title": "Falsely positive urinary cytology: pathologist's error or preclinical cancer?", "content": "The reluctance to accept urinary cytology as a diagnostic procedure in urologic cancer has been partially owing to a relatively high incidence of falsely positive results. The recent recognition of bladder cancer as a field change and the identification of urothelial dysplasia support the contention that these cytologic findings represent early neoplasia rather than laboratory errors. Of 64 patients with positive or suspicious urinary cytology short-term histologic confirmation could not be obtained in 10. Of these 10 patients review of the clinical and pathologic material was possible in 9 and significant urologic abnormalities were found in 7. Among patients with bladder cancer there were no falsely negative reports. Urinary cytology is a reliable procedure in the diagnosis of urologic malignancies. Unconfirmed positive results require careful examination and followup.", "contents": "Falsely positive urinary cytology: pathologist's error or preclinical cancer? The reluctance to accept urinary cytology as a diagnostic procedure in urologic cancer has been partially owing to a relatively high incidence of falsely positive results. The recent recognition of bladder cancer as a field change and the identification of urothelial dysplasia support the contention that these cytologic findings represent early neoplasia rather than laboratory errors. Of 64 patients with positive or suspicious urinary cytology short-term histologic confirmation could not be obtained in 10. Of these 10 patients review of the clinical and pathologic material was possible in 9 and significant urologic abnormalities were found in 7. Among patients with bladder cancer there were no falsely negative reports. Urinary cytology is a reliable procedure in the diagnosis of urologic malignancies. Unconfirmed positive results require careful examination and followup."}
{"id": "PMID:916106", "title": "Changes in the lymphatic dynamics after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.", "content": "Lymphatic dynamics in the retroperitoneal space are altered after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Obstruction with or without visible collaterals is seen frequently. Lymphaticovenous communications and lymphocysts are also common findings. The immediate sequelae are of minor importance, although the mass effect of lymphocysts may be serious. The collateral pathways and lymphaticovenous anastomoses may result in the appearance of metastases in unusual sites.", "contents": "Changes in the lymphatic dynamics after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Lymphatic dynamics in the retroperitoneal space are altered after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Obstruction with or without visible collaterals is seen frequently. Lymphaticovenous communications and lymphocysts are also common findings. The immediate sequelae are of minor importance, although the mass effect of lymphocysts may be serious. The collateral pathways and lymphaticovenous anastomoses may result in the appearance of metastases in unusual sites."}
{"id": "PMID:916107", "title": "Augmentation of nutritional intakes in children receiving long-term hemodialysis treatment.", "content": "One of the major problems confronting children on long-term hemodialysis treatment is an inadequate intake of nutrients. The intake of calories, protein and minerals in children dialyzed for up to 3 years was documented in this study to be low. A simple method of augmenting the nutritional intake that has wide patient acceptibility is presented.", "contents": "Augmentation of nutritional intakes in children receiving long-term hemodialysis treatment. One of the major problems confronting children on long-term hemodialysis treatment is an inadequate intake of nutrients. The intake of calories, protein and minerals in children dialyzed for up to 3 years was documented in this study to be low. A simple method of augmenting the nutritional intake that has wide patient acceptibility is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:916108", "title": "Ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy for vesicoureteral reflux in duplicated ureters.", "content": "In most duplex systems reflux only occurs to the lower segment and these patients present with symptoms of recurrent pyelonephritis. We have treated 12 such cases by ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy with good results. Treatment of this condition in most major pediatric urologic centers consists of reimplanting the duplicated ureters but we recommend an ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy because of lower morbidity, relative lack of complications, ease of operation and excellent long-term results.", "contents": "Ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy for vesicoureteral reflux in duplicated ureters. In most duplex systems reflux only occurs to the lower segment and these patients present with symptoms of recurrent pyelonephritis. We have treated 12 such cases by ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy with good results. Treatment of this condition in most major pediatric urologic centers consists of reimplanting the duplicated ureters but we recommend an ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy because of lower morbidity, relative lack of complications, ease of operation and excellent long-term results."}
{"id": "PMID:916109", "title": "Ureterovesicoplasty: selection of patients, incidence and avoidance of complications. A review of 3,527 cases.", "content": "The procedure of ureteral reimplantation has certainly come of age. The incidence of complications can be kept low by careful selection of patients for operation along clear and definite guide lines, by close attention to detail in the surgical procedures and by rigorous followup care. When surgical intervention is deemed advisable the expected cure rate should be more than 94%. While complications do occur resultant damage to the upper urinary tracts should be minimized by its prompt recognition and by institution of appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Ureterovesicoplasty: selection of patients, incidence and avoidance of complications. A review of 3,527 cases. The procedure of ureteral reimplantation has certainly come of age. The incidence of complications can be kept low by careful selection of patients for operation along clear and definite guide lines, by close attention to detail in the surgical procedures and by rigorous followup care. When surgical intervention is deemed advisable the expected cure rate should be more than 94%. While complications do occur resultant damage to the upper urinary tracts should be minimized by its prompt recognition and by institution of appropriate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:916110", "title": "Long-term followup of children with colon conduit urinary diversion and ureterosigmoidostomy.", "content": "Sixty-four children underwent colon conduit urinary diversion because of a neurogenic bladder owing to myelomeningocele and 39 children required a ureterosigmoidostomy because of bladder exstrophy. The average length of followup was 4.6 years after colon conduit and 5.6 years after ureterosigmoidostomy. Colon conduit diversion was secondary in 3 children and ureterosigmoidostomy was secondary in 5. Of the children with a colon conduit 9.4% and of those with ureterosigmoidostomy 12.8% had postoperative surgical complications. Late surgical complications were encountered after colon conduit in 14.5% and after ureterosigmoidostomy in 20%. Of the children with normal renal function preoperatively 8.3% showed late deterioration after colon conduit and 8.7% after ureterosigmoidostomy. Conversely, only 16.7% with impaired renal function preoperatively did not improve at long-term followup after colon conduit. Of the renoureteral units 91% were normal after colon conduit and 95.2% were normal after ureterosigmoidostomy. The colon conduit halted the preoperative pyelonephritis in 74% of 31 affected kidneys.", "contents": "Long-term followup of children with colon conduit urinary diversion and ureterosigmoidostomy. Sixty-four children underwent colon conduit urinary diversion because of a neurogenic bladder owing to myelomeningocele and 39 children required a ureterosigmoidostomy because of bladder exstrophy. The average length of followup was 4.6 years after colon conduit and 5.6 years after ureterosigmoidostomy. Colon conduit diversion was secondary in 3 children and ureterosigmoidostomy was secondary in 5. Of the children with a colon conduit 9.4% and of those with ureterosigmoidostomy 12.8% had postoperative surgical complications. Late surgical complications were encountered after colon conduit in 14.5% and after ureterosigmoidostomy in 20%. Of the children with normal renal function preoperatively 8.3% showed late deterioration after colon conduit and 8.7% after ureterosigmoidostomy. Conversely, only 16.7% with impaired renal function preoperatively did not improve at long-term followup after colon conduit. Of the renoureteral units 91% were normal after colon conduit and 95.2% were normal after ureterosigmoidostomy. The colon conduit halted the preoperative pyelonephritis in 74% of 31 affected kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:916111", "title": "Interstitial cystitis in adolescent girls.", "content": "Two cases of interstitial cystitis with typical, large bladder ulcerations in adolescent girls are reported. The specific diagnosis was confirmed histologically after full-thickness segmental resection of the bladder wall at the site of the ulceration during subsequent operations. Contrary to other reports based on subjective clinical findings, interstitial cystitis in children is rare when rigid criteria, including careful histological study, are applied. Treatment in children is the same as in adults and should be conservative. A conscientious attempt should be made to exclude infection and tuberculosis as possible contributors to the symptoms of urinary frequency and discomfort, as well as other causes of bladder abnormality. If conservative management fails to relieve symptoms the bladder may be enlarged in some cases by using a segment of intestine.", "contents": "Interstitial cystitis in adolescent girls. Two cases of interstitial cystitis with typical, large bladder ulcerations in adolescent girls are reported. The specific diagnosis was confirmed histologically after full-thickness segmental resection of the bladder wall at the site of the ulceration during subsequent operations. Contrary to other reports based on subjective clinical findings, interstitial cystitis in children is rare when rigid criteria, including careful histological study, are applied. Treatment in children is the same as in adults and should be conservative. A conscientious attempt should be made to exclude infection and tuberculosis as possible contributors to the symptoms of urinary frequency and discomfort, as well as other causes of bladder abnormality. If conservative management fails to relieve symptoms the bladder may be enlarged in some cases by using a segment of intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:916112", "title": "A case of a giant pheochromocytoma.", "content": "A case of a large pheochromocytoma weighing 1,150 gm. is reported. The surgical approach to this massive tumor is discussed. Early recognition of the various clinical and metabolic manifestations of the tumor are important objectives in the cure of this potentially lethal neoplasm.", "contents": "A case of a giant pheochromocytoma. A case of a large pheochromocytoma weighing 1,150 gm. is reported. The surgical approach to this massive tumor is discussed. Early recognition of the various clinical and metabolic manifestations of the tumor are important objectives in the cure of this potentially lethal neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:916113", "title": "Traumatic renal injury in pregnancy.", "content": "The case is presented of a pregnant woman who had urinary extravasation from the right renal collecting structures after an automobile accident. Treatment was conservative.", "contents": "Traumatic renal injury in pregnancy. The case is presented of a pregnant woman who had urinary extravasation from the right renal collecting structures after an automobile accident. Treatment was conservative."}
{"id": "PMID:916114", "title": "An unusual renocolic fistula.", "content": "A case of a left renocolic fistula that was caused by a combination of diverticular disease and renal calculi is presented. It is suggested that bowel disease will only produce such a fistula if there is pre-existing chronic renal disease.", "contents": "An unusual renocolic fistula. A case of a left renocolic fistula that was caused by a combination of diverticular disease and renal calculi is presented. It is suggested that bowel disease will only produce such a fistula if there is pre-existing chronic renal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:916115", "title": "Renal vein thrombosis: diagnosis by B-scan ultrasonography.", "content": "The substantial morbidity associated with renal vein thrombosis dictates early diagnosis and therapy. While acute renal vein thrombosis may present with symptoms and radiographic features suggestive of venous thrombosis the findings in chronic renal vein thrombosis the findings in chronic renal vein thrombosis are often non-specific. A case of acute renal vein thrombosis is reported in which thrombus in the inferior vena cava was visualized with B-scan ultrasonography. Since nearly 50% of the reported cases of renal vein thrombosis are associated with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava, B-scan ultrasonography may provide a simple method of early diagnosis.", "contents": "Renal vein thrombosis: diagnosis by B-scan ultrasonography. The substantial morbidity associated with renal vein thrombosis dictates early diagnosis and therapy. While acute renal vein thrombosis may present with symptoms and radiographic features suggestive of venous thrombosis the findings in chronic renal vein thrombosis the findings in chronic renal vein thrombosis are often non-specific. A case of acute renal vein thrombosis is reported in which thrombus in the inferior vena cava was visualized with B-scan ultrasonography. Since nearly 50% of the reported cases of renal vein thrombosis are associated with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava, B-scan ultrasonography may provide a simple method of early diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:916116", "title": "Acute renal vein thrombosis with dextran treatment.", "content": "The case of a 35-year-old woman with active ulcerative colitis and acute left renal vein thrombosis is presented. The successful management of this patient with dextran-70 is contrasted with other modes of therapy used currently.", "contents": "Acute renal vein thrombosis with dextran treatment. The case of a 35-year-old woman with active ulcerative colitis and acute left renal vein thrombosis is presented. The successful management of this patient with dextran-70 is contrasted with other modes of therapy used currently."}
{"id": "PMID:916117", "title": "Simple renal cyst manifest by proteinuria in children.", "content": "A case of a large renal cyst of the right kidney presenting as persistent proteinuria in a child is reported. The preoperative differentiation and pathogenesis of the proteinuria are discussed.", "contents": "Simple renal cyst manifest by proteinuria in children. A case of a large renal cyst of the right kidney presenting as persistent proteinuria in a child is reported. The preoperative differentiation and pathogenesis of the proteinuria are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916118", "title": "Renal oncocytoma: a rare case of renal adenoma.", "content": "A case of renal oncocytoma is reported. The important pathologic aspects of this rare, asymptomatic, large benign neoplasm are described.", "contents": "Renal oncocytoma: a rare case of renal adenoma. A case of renal oncocytoma is reported. The important pathologic aspects of this rare, asymptomatic, large benign neoplasm are described."}
{"id": "PMID:916119", "title": "Latent adenocarcinoma in renal cysts.", "content": "A case is presented in which repeat examination of a benign cyst disclosed a latent adenocarcinoma near the cyst wall. Since statistically there is a greater incidence of tumor associated with cyst and since there is a 90% accuracy rate in the diagnosis of cystic lesions it appears that reinvestigation seems justified in some cases, especially if there is a change in or new development of symptoms.", "contents": "Latent adenocarcinoma in renal cysts. A case is presented in which repeat examination of a benign cyst disclosed a latent adenocarcinoma near the cyst wall. Since statistically there is a greater incidence of tumor associated with cyst and since there is a 90% accuracy rate in the diagnosis of cystic lesions it appears that reinvestigation seems justified in some cases, especially if there is a change in or new development of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:916120", "title": "Angiographic infarction of a large hypernephroma with a tissue adhesive for control of hematuria.", "content": "A case of a large inoperable hypernephroma in a 69-year-old man is presented. Recurrent life-threatening hematuria was controlled successfully by transcatheter embolization and infarction of the tumor using a tissue adhesive called isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate. The patient remained without hematuria for 18 months until death from extensive metastatic diseases. The advantages and disadvantages of tissue adhesive as an embolization material are discussed.", "contents": "Angiographic infarction of a large hypernephroma with a tissue adhesive for control of hematuria. A case of a large inoperable hypernephroma in a 69-year-old man is presented. Recurrent life-threatening hematuria was controlled successfully by transcatheter embolization and infarction of the tumor using a tissue adhesive called isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate. The patient remained without hematuria for 18 months until death from extensive metastatic diseases. The advantages and disadvantages of tissue adhesive as an embolization material are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916121", "title": "Needle tract seeding following aspiration of renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "A case of tumor implantation along the needle tract 20 months after needle aspiration of a renal cell carcinoma is reported. This rare but possible complication of needle aspiration should not discourage its use in the evaluation of renal mass lesions. Needle aspiration should be reserved for those patients in whom the clinical findings, roentgenograms and sonography indicate a benign process (that is to confirm that the mass is benign).", "contents": "Needle tract seeding following aspiration of renal cell carcinoma. A case of tumor implantation along the needle tract 20 months after needle aspiration of a renal cell carcinoma is reported. This rare but possible complication of needle aspiration should not discourage its use in the evaluation of renal mass lesions. Needle aspiration should be reserved for those patients in whom the clinical findings, roentgenograms and sonography indicate a benign process (that is to confirm that the mass is benign)."}
{"id": "PMID:916122", "title": "Avulsion of the ureter caused by stone basket manipulation.", "content": "A case of an iatrogenic loss of 18 cm. of the distal ureter owing to attempted basket retrieval of a lower ureteral stone is reported. The defect was bridged by mobilizing the kidney, constructing a Boari flap and fixing the bladder with a Psoas hitch. The complications of stone manipulating are reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Avulsion of the ureter caused by stone basket manipulation. A case of an iatrogenic loss of 18 cm. of the distal ureter owing to attempted basket retrieval of a lower ureteral stone is reported. The defect was bridged by mobilizing the kidney, constructing a Boari flap and fixing the bladder with a Psoas hitch. The complications of stone manipulating are reviewed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916123", "title": "A spontaneous vesico-ectopic ureterovaginal fistula in a girl.", "content": "A case of a spontaneous vesicovaginal fistula through an ectopic ureteral stump in an 8-year-old Japanese girl is reported. A simple nephrectomy had been done when she was 3 years old. The genesis of this fistula is discussed and the diagnostic significance of vaginoscopy is emphasized.", "contents": "A spontaneous vesico-ectopic ureterovaginal fistula in a girl. A case of a spontaneous vesicovaginal fistula through an ectopic ureteral stump in an 8-year-old Japanese girl is reported. A simple nephrectomy had been done when she was 3 years old. The genesis of this fistula is discussed and the diagnostic significance of vaginoscopy is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:916124", "title": "Ureteroileocancerous backflow: a diagnostic radiographic sign for metastatic carcinoma.", "content": "Ureteroileocancerous backflow is a radiographic finding representing extravasation of contrast material into venous sinuses of periureteral cancerous tissues. It is suggested that this finding, which has heretofore been undescribed, is diagnostic of recurrent malignancy and that patients may be spared secondary surgical procedures for confirmation of recurrent tumor.", "contents": "Ureteroileocancerous backflow: a diagnostic radiographic sign for metastatic carcinoma. Ureteroileocancerous backflow is a radiographic finding representing extravasation of contrast material into venous sinuses of periureteral cancerous tissues. It is suggested that this finding, which has heretofore been undescribed, is diagnostic of recurrent malignancy and that patients may be spared secondary surgical procedures for confirmation of recurrent tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:916125", "title": "Retroperitoneal struvite calculus causing persistent bacteriuria.", "content": "The development of a retroperitoneal struvite calculus that was manifest solely by persistent Pseudomonas bacteriuria is reported. The etiology of the calculus is discussed.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal struvite calculus causing persistent bacteriuria. The development of a retroperitoneal struvite calculus that was manifest solely by persistent Pseudomonas bacteriuria is reported. The etiology of the calculus is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916126", "title": "Successful reimplantation of the penis using microvascular techniques.", "content": "The second case of traumatic amputation of the proximal shaft of the penis is reported. Microvascular techniques were used for direct anastomoses of the dorsal arteries of the penis. The apparent advantage of immediate restoration of arterial blood supply to the corpora and skin with a reduced amount of skin slough is evident.", "contents": "Successful reimplantation of the penis using microvascular techniques. The second case of traumatic amputation of the proximal shaft of the penis is reported. Microvascular techniques were used for direct anastomoses of the dorsal arteries of the penis. The apparent advantage of immediate restoration of arterial blood supply to the corpora and skin with a reduced amount of skin slough is evident."}
{"id": "PMID:916127", "title": "Congenital torsion of the penis in father-son pairs.", "content": "Congenital torsion of the penis was observed in 5 newborns, 3 of whom had fathers with torsion of the penis. We believe that this common benign condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait.", "contents": "Congenital torsion of the penis in father-son pairs. Congenital torsion of the penis was observed in 5 newborns, 3 of whom had fathers with torsion of the penis. We believe that this common benign condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait."}
{"id": "PMID:916128", "title": "Case report: possible diagnostic error: the use of urinary human chorionic gonadotropin tests to differentiate testicular tumor from inflammatory lesions within the scrotum.", "content": "A case of a probable falsely positive urinary human chorionic gonadotropin (pregnancy screening) test is reported in association with chronic epididymitis in a patient with a single testis. The urinary human chorionic gonadotropin test was used in an asymptomatic patient to attempt to differentiate a firm mass that was associated intimately with the lower pole of the testis and obliterated the lower pole of the epididymis. The use of currently available tests for human chorionic gonadotropin in the male subject is discussed.", "contents": "Case report: possible diagnostic error: the use of urinary human chorionic gonadotropin tests to differentiate testicular tumor from inflammatory lesions within the scrotum. A case of a probable falsely positive urinary human chorionic gonadotropin (pregnancy screening) test is reported in association with chronic epididymitis in a patient with a single testis. The urinary human chorionic gonadotropin test was used in an asymptomatic patient to attempt to differentiate a firm mass that was associated intimately with the lower pole of the testis and obliterated the lower pole of the epididymis. The use of currently available tests for human chorionic gonadotropin in the male subject is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916129", "title": "The incidental detection of gallium-67 citrate in a urinoma following a right pyeloplasty: a case report.", "content": "An abnormal accumulation of radionuclide was identified within the right juxtadiaphragmatic and juxtahepatic spaces during gallium-67 citrate scintigraphy in a post-pyeloplasty patient. Its mode of presentation, the recent pyeloplasty and the known biologic distribution of gallium suggested that it represented gallium-67 concentration within a postoperatively created urinoma. Diagnosis was confirmed by excretory urography and laparotomy.", "contents": "The incidental detection of gallium-67 citrate in a urinoma following a right pyeloplasty: a case report. An abnormal accumulation of radionuclide was identified within the right juxtadiaphragmatic and juxtahepatic spaces during gallium-67 citrate scintigraphy in a post-pyeloplasty patient. Its mode of presentation, the recent pyeloplasty and the known biologic distribution of gallium suggested that it represented gallium-67 concentration within a postoperatively created urinoma. Diagnosis was confirmed by excretory urography and laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:916133", "title": "An epidermal papilloma of the Atlantic salmon I: Epizootiology, pathology and immunology.", "content": "Papillomatosis of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) was studied with regard to epizootiology, gross and histologic pathology, and host response. It was found to be a condition of parr in their second summer, but also occasionally of young adult fish (smolts and grilse) which have adapted to salt water. The lesion was plaque-like to papillomatous and consisted of stratified squamous epithelium with supporting stroma. Immunologic findings tended to support histologic observations that the lesion was ultimately sloughed as a result of a cell mediate immune response.", "contents": "An epidermal papilloma of the Atlantic salmon I: Epizootiology, pathology and immunology. Papillomatosis of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) was studied with regard to epizootiology, gross and histologic pathology, and host response. It was found to be a condition of parr in their second summer, but also occasionally of young adult fish (smolts and grilse) which have adapted to salt water. The lesion was plaque-like to papillomatous and consisted of stratified squamous epithelium with supporting stroma. Immunologic findings tended to support histologic observations that the lesion was ultimately sloughed as a result of a cell mediate immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:916134", "title": "An epidermal papilloma of the Atlantic samon II: Ultrastructure and etiology.", "content": "Ultrastructure of the Atlantic salmon papilloma was studied, and virus isolation was attempted. The papilloma cells were similar to normal epidermis in having interdigitating cell membranes with desmosomes. The nuclei, however, were more regular in shape than normal epidermal nuclei and the chromatin tended to be marginated and clumped. No cytopathic viral agents were isolated.", "contents": "An epidermal papilloma of the Atlantic samon II: Ultrastructure and etiology. Ultrastructure of the Atlantic salmon papilloma was studied, and virus isolation was attempted. The papilloma cells were similar to normal epidermis in having interdigitating cell membranes with desmosomes. The nuclei, however, were more regular in shape than normal epidermal nuclei and the chromatin tended to be marginated and clumped. No cytopathic viral agents were isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:916135", "title": "Spontaneous renal disease in Louisiana armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus).", "content": "Renal lesions were present in 34 (68%) of 50 armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) collected for a survey of the prevalence of leptospires in Louisiana wildlife. The renal lesions were not associated with elevations in the renal function tests of blood urea nitrogen or serum creatinine or with consistent serologic or cultural evidence of leptospires.", "contents": "Spontaneous renal disease in Louisiana armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus). Renal lesions were present in 34 (68%) of 50 armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) collected for a survey of the prevalence of leptospires in Louisiana wildlife. The renal lesions were not associated with elevations in the renal function tests of blood urea nitrogen or serum creatinine or with consistent serologic or cultural evidence of leptospires."}
{"id": "PMID:916136", "title": "Prenatal infection of the Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis c. canadensis) of Alberta with the lungworm Protostrongylus spp.", "content": "First- and third-stage (infective) larvae of Protostrongylus spp. were recovered from the livers of four fetuses of the Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep of Alberta. This record suggests a more cosmopolitan distribution of prenatal infection with lungworms in bighorn sheep than suspected previously.", "contents": "Prenatal infection of the Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis c. canadensis) of Alberta with the lungworm Protostrongylus spp. First- and third-stage (infective) larvae of Protostrongylus spp. were recovered from the livers of four fetuses of the Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep of Alberta. This record suggests a more cosmopolitan distribution of prenatal infection with lungworms in bighorn sheep than suspected previously."}
{"id": "PMID:916137", "title": "The immobilization of wapiti with etorphine hydrochloride.", "content": "Data and observations on the use of Etorphine hydrochloride (M99) (in combination with Acepromazine) and its antagonist M50-50 for immobilization of captive elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) are presented. The study period covers 3 years during which 8 adult elk were immobilized 52 times with M99. The average dose of M99 administered for each immobilization was 2.2 mg per 100 kg body weight. Reversal with M50-50 was effected by an average dose of 4.4 mg per 100 body weight. Induction averaged 5.9 minutes while reversal took an average of 4.6 minutes.", "contents": "The immobilization of wapiti with etorphine hydrochloride. Data and observations on the use of Etorphine hydrochloride (M99) (in combination with Acepromazine) and its antagonist M50-50 for immobilization of captive elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) are presented. The study period covers 3 years during which 8 adult elk were immobilized 52 times with M99. The average dose of M99 administered for each immobilization was 2.2 mg per 100 kg body weight. Reversal with M50-50 was effected by an average dose of 4.4 mg per 100 body weight. Induction averaged 5.9 minutes while reversal took an average of 4.6 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:916138", "title": "Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) longiflagellum sp.n. from the tomb rat, Taphozous nudiventris, from Iraq.", "content": "Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) longiflagellum sp.n. (Protozoa: Trypanosomatidae) from a bat, Taphozous nudiventris, from Iraq is described. The trypanosome measures 24.0 to 34.2 micron (mean 26.4 micron, SD 2.5) in total length, 13.8 to 18.2 micron (mean 15.2 micron, SD 1.0) in body length, is 1.5 to 2.9 micron (mean 2.0 micron, SD 0.3) in breadth and has a free flagellum of 10.2 to 16.0 micron (mean 11.2 micron, SD 1.6). The nuclear index is 1.4 to 2.1 (mean 1.7 SD 0.1) and the kinetoplastic index is 1.5 to 2.6 (mean 1.9, SD 0.2). This is the second report of a bat trypanosome belonging to the subgenus Herpetosoma and the first report of trypanosomes from bats from Iraq.", "contents": "Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) longiflagellum sp.n. from the tomb rat, Taphozous nudiventris, from Iraq. Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) longiflagellum sp.n. (Protozoa: Trypanosomatidae) from a bat, Taphozous nudiventris, from Iraq is described. The trypanosome measures 24.0 to 34.2 micron (mean 26.4 micron, SD 2.5) in total length, 13.8 to 18.2 micron (mean 15.2 micron, SD 1.0) in body length, is 1.5 to 2.9 micron (mean 2.0 micron, SD 0.3) in breadth and has a free flagellum of 10.2 to 16.0 micron (mean 11.2 micron, SD 1.6). The nuclear index is 1.4 to 2.1 (mean 1.7 SD 0.1) and the kinetoplastic index is 1.5 to 2.6 (mean 1.9, SD 0.2). This is the second report of a bat trypanosome belonging to the subgenus Herpetosoma and the first report of trypanosomes from bats from Iraq."}
{"id": "PMID:916139", "title": "Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) longiflagellum Sp.N. from the tomb bat, Taphozous nudiventris, from Iraq.", "content": "Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) longiflagellum sp.n. (Protozoa: Trypanosomatidae) from a bat, Taphozous nudiventris, from Iraq is described. The trypanosome measures 24.0 to 34.2 micron (mean 26.4 micron, SK 2.5) in total length, 13.8 to 18.2 micron (mean 15.2 micron, SD 1.0) in body length, is 1.5 to 2.9 micron (mean 2.0 micron,SD 0.3) in breadth and has a free flagellum of 10.2 to 16.0 micron (mrsn 11.2 micron, SD 1.6). The nuclear index is 1.4 to 2.1 (mean 1.7 SD 0.1) and the kinetoplastic index is 1.5 to 2.6 (mean 1.9, SD 0.2). This is the second report of a bat trypanosome belonging to the subgenus Herpetosoma and the first report of trypanosomes from bats from Iraq.", "contents": "Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) longiflagellum Sp.N. from the tomb bat, Taphozous nudiventris, from Iraq. Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) longiflagellum sp.n. (Protozoa: Trypanosomatidae) from a bat, Taphozous nudiventris, from Iraq is described. The trypanosome measures 24.0 to 34.2 micron (mean 26.4 micron, SK 2.5) in total length, 13.8 to 18.2 micron (mean 15.2 micron, SD 1.0) in body length, is 1.5 to 2.9 micron (mean 2.0 micron,SD 0.3) in breadth and has a free flagellum of 10.2 to 16.0 micron (mrsn 11.2 micron, SD 1.6). The nuclear index is 1.4 to 2.1 (mean 1.7 SD 0.1) and the kinetoplastic index is 1.5 to 2.6 (mean 1.9, SD 0.2). This is the second report of a bat trypanosome belonging to the subgenus Herpetosoma and the first report of trypanosomes from bats from Iraq."}
{"id": "PMID:916140", "title": "Selenium and white muscle disease in woodchucks.", "content": "Gross and histologic examination of wood chcks (Marmota monax) trapped on farms in Central New York revealed white muscle disease(WMD). The concentration of selenium in the animal tissues, vegetation and soils in the vicinity of trapping did not consistently correlate with the presence of WMD.", "contents": "Selenium and white muscle disease in woodchucks. Gross and histologic examination of wood chcks (Marmota monax) trapped on farms in Central New York revealed white muscle disease(WMD). The concentration of selenium in the animal tissues, vegetation and soils in the vicinity of trapping did not consistently correlate with the presence of WMD."}
{"id": "PMID:916141", "title": "Some blood values of the western diamond-back rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) from south Texas.", "content": "Hematologic values of the western diamond-back rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) from south Texas were determined by standard techniques. The means of the principal blood measurements were 0.68 +/- 0.20 million erythrocytes/mm3, 31.9 +/- 4.6% hematocrit and 10.0 +/- 1.8 gm% hemoglobin. A comparison of hematologic values of snakes is given.", "contents": "Some blood values of the western diamond-back rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) from south Texas. Hematologic values of the western diamond-back rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) from south Texas were determined by standard techniques. The means of the principal blood measurements were 0.68 +/- 0.20 million erythrocytes/mm3, 31.9 +/- 4.6% hematocrit and 10.0 +/- 1.8 gm% hemoglobin. A comparison of hematologic values of snakes is given."}
{"id": "PMID:916142", "title": "Fibrosarcoma in a white-tailed deer.", "content": "A large, rapidly growing subcutaneous fibrosarcoma was observed on the head of an aged male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Frederick County, Maryland. Although there was no evidence of distant metastasis, the large neoplastic mass had extensively invaded the osseous supraorbital process, and had several small satellite nodules nearby.", "contents": "Fibrosarcoma in a white-tailed deer. A large, rapidly growing subcutaneous fibrosarcoma was observed on the head of an aged male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Frederick County, Maryland. Although there was no evidence of distant metastasis, the large neoplastic mass had extensively invaded the osseous supraorbital process, and had several small satellite nodules nearby."}
{"id": "PMID:916143", "title": "Leptospirosis in small mammals of Iran: II: isolation of Leptospira grippotyphosa from Mus msuculus.", "content": "The serotype of Leptospira grippotyphosa, which is most frequently encountered among sheep, cattle and man in Iran, was isolated from the kidney of a house mouse, Mus musculus, by direct culture and animal inoculation. This is the first time that a rodent reservoir of L. grippotyphosa in Iran has been investigated and reported.", "contents": "Leptospirosis in small mammals of Iran: II: isolation of Leptospira grippotyphosa from Mus msuculus. The serotype of Leptospira grippotyphosa, which is most frequently encountered among sheep, cattle and man in Iran, was isolated from the kidney of a house mouse, Mus musculus, by direct culture and animal inoculation. This is the first time that a rodent reservoir of L. grippotyphosa in Iran has been investigated and reported."}
{"id": "PMID:916144", "title": "Histopathologic alterations associated with Anisakis larvae in Pacific herring from Oregon.", "content": "A histopathologic study of Anisakis sp. larvae in Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) is presented. Tissue alterations included mechanical compression of the pancreas and liver, granulomatous inflammation and necrosis of the liver, and trauma to the muscularis externa of the pyloric caeca. Host exudate in most lesions contained macrophages (histiocytes) and lymphocytes.", "contents": "Histopathologic alterations associated with Anisakis larvae in Pacific herring from Oregon. A histopathologic study of Anisakis sp. larvae in Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) is presented. Tissue alterations included mechanical compression of the pancreas and liver, granulomatous inflammation and necrosis of the liver, and trauma to the muscularis externa of the pyloric caeca. Host exudate in most lesions contained macrophages (histiocytes) and lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:916145", "title": "Treatment of captive giant Canada geese affected by avian cholera.", "content": "In the spring of 1975, an epornitic of avian cholera in Nebraska affected wild waterfowl, common crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), and a captive flock of guant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima). Measures taken to control the disease in the captive geese included flushing the water of their pen with fresh well water, parenteral (50mg oxytetracycline intramuscularly) and feed (tetracycline 500 g/ton) antibiotic treatment, and removing dead waterfowl and crows from the pen, and keeping wild waterfowl and crows out of the pen. Other measures taken to prevent a recurrence of the outbreak included monitoring the area with susceptible sentinel birds and culturing nasal swabs for Pasteurella multocida. Young Canada geese and wood ducks (Aix sponsa) raised in the area also were cultured before release to assure that carriers would not be released into the wild. Presently, ponds in the pen have been dried up so that the area is less attractive to wild waterfowl. Swine feeders and waterers that have been modified to discourage their use by crows are being used to feed and water the geese.", "contents": "Treatment of captive giant Canada geese affected by avian cholera. In the spring of 1975, an epornitic of avian cholera in Nebraska affected wild waterfowl, common crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), and a captive flock of guant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima). Measures taken to control the disease in the captive geese included flushing the water of their pen with fresh well water, parenteral (50mg oxytetracycline intramuscularly) and feed (tetracycline 500 g/ton) antibiotic treatment, and removing dead waterfowl and crows from the pen, and keeping wild waterfowl and crows out of the pen. Other measures taken to prevent a recurrence of the outbreak included monitoring the area with susceptible sentinel birds and culturing nasal swabs for Pasteurella multocida. Young Canada geese and wood ducks (Aix sponsa) raised in the area also were cultured before release to assure that carriers would not be released into the wild. Presently, ponds in the pen have been dried up so that the area is less attractive to wild waterfowl. Swine feeders and waterers that have been modified to discourage their use by crows are being used to feed and water the geese."}
{"id": "PMID:916146", "title": "Renal lesions in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) from Louisiana.", "content": "Renal tissue from 100 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) examined microscopically showed evidence of inflammation in 74% of the kidneys. Azotemia was present in 20% of the skunks that had severe renal lesions. The cause of inflammation is unknown, but leptospires were cultured from kidneys or urine of 55% of these skunks.", "contents": "Renal lesions in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) from Louisiana. Renal tissue from 100 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) examined microscopically showed evidence of inflammation in 74% of the kidneys. Azotemia was present in 20% of the skunks that had severe renal lesions. The cause of inflammation is unknown, but leptospires were cultured from kidneys or urine of 55% of these skunks."}
{"id": "PMID:916147", "title": "Dascyllus spp.: new hosts for lymphocystis, and a list of recent hosts.", "content": "Lymphocystis disease is reported for the first time from the white-tailed damselfish, Dascyllus aruanus, and the black-tailed humbug, Dascyllus melanurus. Both species are commercially important exotic aquarium fish from the Indo-Australian Pacific. Lymphocystis is recorded again from the copper banded angelfish, Chelmon rostratus. An updated host list for the disease is included.", "contents": "Dascyllus spp.: new hosts for lymphocystis, and a list of recent hosts. Lymphocystis disease is reported for the first time from the white-tailed damselfish, Dascyllus aruanus, and the black-tailed humbug, Dascyllus melanurus. Both species are commercially important exotic aquarium fish from the Indo-Australian Pacific. Lymphocystis is recorded again from the copper banded angelfish, Chelmon rostratus. An updated host list for the disease is included."}
{"id": "PMID:916148", "title": "Studies on pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) as reservoirs of anaplasmosis in Montana.", "content": "Twenty-six pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) were collected in an area of eastern Montana where bovine anaplasmosis is enzootic. Their sera were examined for evidence of anaplasmosis by the complement-fixation test. Strong false positive reactions (3+ and 4+ reactors) occurred for 19 of the sera tested; 6 sera were anticomplementary. Inoculation of antelope blood into anaplasmosis, and anaplasma bodies were not found in stained blood smears of antelope or recipient calves.", "contents": "Studies on pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) as reservoirs of anaplasmosis in Montana. Twenty-six pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) were collected in an area of eastern Montana where bovine anaplasmosis is enzootic. Their sera were examined for evidence of anaplasmosis by the complement-fixation test. Strong false positive reactions (3+ and 4+ reactors) occurred for 19 of the sera tested; 6 sera were anticomplementary. Inoculation of antelope blood into anaplasmosis, and anaplasma bodies were not found in stained blood smears of antelope or recipient calves."}
{"id": "PMID:916149", "title": "Seasonal changes in stomach worms (Obeliscoides cuniculi) in snowshoe hares in Maine.", "content": "The stomachs of 141 (96.5%) of 146 snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) collected in the area of East Corinth, Maine between the months of February, 1972 and February, 1973 were infected with Obeliscoides cuniculi. Nematodes were counted in 140 infected adult hares. The greatest intensity of infection occurred during the period from spring into summer (March to July) and at this time the populations of nematodes were mainly adults. During this period, female hares harbored significantly greater numbers of nematodes than males. Lowest numbers of nematodes were seen in late fall and early winter (October to December). The proportions of immature (fourth stage) nematodes in the populations increased appreciably from late summer on into winter and by December these constituted some 60% of the total population. A marked decline in immature nematode numbers was observed after February, with a concurrent increase in numbers of adults. A well-defined cyclical population fluctuation in natural infections of O. cuniculi was evident.", "contents": "Seasonal changes in stomach worms (Obeliscoides cuniculi) in snowshoe hares in Maine. The stomachs of 141 (96.5%) of 146 snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) collected in the area of East Corinth, Maine between the months of February, 1972 and February, 1973 were infected with Obeliscoides cuniculi. Nematodes were counted in 140 infected adult hares. The greatest intensity of infection occurred during the period from spring into summer (March to July) and at this time the populations of nematodes were mainly adults. During this period, female hares harbored significantly greater numbers of nematodes than males. Lowest numbers of nematodes were seen in late fall and early winter (October to December). The proportions of immature (fourth stage) nematodes in the populations increased appreciably from late summer on into winter and by December these constituted some 60% of the total population. A marked decline in immature nematode numbers was observed after February, with a concurrent increase in numbers of adults. A well-defined cyclical population fluctuation in natural infections of O. cuniculi was evident."}
{"id": "PMID:916150", "title": "Chronic dermatitis in nutria in Louisiana.", "content": "Chronic dermatitis in nutria (Myocastor coypus) in Louisiana was traced to secondary bacterial and fungal infection resulting from the penetration of achene awns of smooth beggartick (Bidens laevis) into the skin.", "contents": "Chronic dermatitis in nutria in Louisiana. Chronic dermatitis in nutria (Myocastor coypus) in Louisiana was traced to secondary bacterial and fungal infection resulting from the penetration of achene awns of smooth beggartick (Bidens laevis) into the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:916151", "title": "An elderly case of mixed levocardia with situs inversus including inverted atria and complete transposition of the great vessels--an autopsied case.", "content": "We reported on the autopsy of a 35-year-old man who had mixed levocardia with situs inversus including atrial inversion, transposition of the great vessels, and other complex cardiac malformations. Levocardia was discussed.", "contents": "An elderly case of mixed levocardia with situs inversus including inverted atria and complete transposition of the great vessels--an autopsied case. We reported on the autopsy of a 35-year-old man who had mixed levocardia with situs inversus including atrial inversion, transposition of the great vessels, and other complex cardiac malformations. Levocardia was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916152", "title": "[An experimental study on canine A-V junctional pacemaker--evaluation of the automaticity by overdrive suppression and autonomic blockade by practolol and atropine].", "content": "1. The automaticity of the A-V junction was evaluated in 15 awake dogs with experimentally induced A-V junctional rhythm. 2. The spontaneous heart rate of these dogs ranged from 54 to 112 beats a minute, showing about 1.5-2.5 times slower than that of control dogs with sinus rhythm. The duration of asystole after overdrive in these dogs prolonged significantly in accordance with an increase in the frequency of stimulation for overdrive, and its mean +/- SD attained 4.7 +/- 1.1 seconds after overdrive at a rate of 2.5 times the spontaneous heart rate. 3. By administration of atropine (0.04 mg/kg, i.v.) to 8 dogs, the duration of asystole after overdrive, at a rate of 1.5 times the spontaneous heart rate, decreased from 2.6 +/- 0.8 to 1.5 +/- 0.4 seconds. By administration of practolol (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) to 7 other dogs, the duration of asystole after overdrive increased from 3.0 +/- 1.1 to 6.4 +/- 2.2 seconds. 4. It should be suggested that, (1) about 5 seconds of asystole might physiologically occur before the initiation of the A-V junctional escape beat during the long-standing sinus arrest, and (2) the sympathetic nerve might play a more important role in regulating the automaticity of the A-V junction than the vagus nerve.", "contents": "[An experimental study on canine A-V junctional pacemaker--evaluation of the automaticity by overdrive suppression and autonomic blockade by practolol and atropine]. 1. The automaticity of the A-V junction was evaluated in 15 awake dogs with experimentally induced A-V junctional rhythm. 2. The spontaneous heart rate of these dogs ranged from 54 to 112 beats a minute, showing about 1.5-2.5 times slower than that of control dogs with sinus rhythm. The duration of asystole after overdrive in these dogs prolonged significantly in accordance with an increase in the frequency of stimulation for overdrive, and its mean +/- SD attained 4.7 +/- 1.1 seconds after overdrive at a rate of 2.5 times the spontaneous heart rate. 3. By administration of atropine (0.04 mg/kg, i.v.) to 8 dogs, the duration of asystole after overdrive, at a rate of 1.5 times the spontaneous heart rate, decreased from 2.6 +/- 0.8 to 1.5 +/- 0.4 seconds. By administration of practolol (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) to 7 other dogs, the duration of asystole after overdrive increased from 3.0 +/- 1.1 to 6.4 +/- 2.2 seconds. 4. It should be suggested that, (1) about 5 seconds of asystole might physiologically occur before the initiation of the A-V junctional escape beat during the long-standing sinus arrest, and (2) the sympathetic nerve might play a more important role in regulating the automaticity of the A-V junction than the vagus nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:916155", "title": "Mechanodynamics at the interventricular sulcus--reciprocal effect of the ventricles on the ventricular function.", "content": "The forces acting on IVS were analyzed to delineate reciprocal effects of the two ventricles on the ventricular fucntion as a whole. The resultant force (FT) was dependent on the LV pressure but independent on the RV pressure. But the composite forces (F1 and F2) of FT were affected by the LV and RV pressures. In a normal heart F1 increased with increasing LV and/or RV pressures. But in F2 increase occurred only with increasing RV pressure. In the LV pressure increase occurred only when the RV pressure was 10 mmHg and decrease did when the RV pressure was 50 mmHg, while stable at 30 mmHg. Directions of both the forces (F1 and F2) diverged as the RV pressure increased and the LV pressure decreased. When FRV was hypertrophic, increases of the magnitudes of the forces were decreased when the pressures of the LV and RV were higher. The angle between the forces was also decreased so that the efficiency of the forces was risen. When a portion of the ventricles lost its contractility, FT increased, particularly, when FLV lost its contractility. But these increases seemed to well be within range of compensation.", "contents": "Mechanodynamics at the interventricular sulcus--reciprocal effect of the ventricles on the ventricular function. The forces acting on IVS were analyzed to delineate reciprocal effects of the two ventricles on the ventricular fucntion as a whole. The resultant force (FT) was dependent on the LV pressure but independent on the RV pressure. But the composite forces (F1 and F2) of FT were affected by the LV and RV pressures. In a normal heart F1 increased with increasing LV and/or RV pressures. But in F2 increase occurred only with increasing RV pressure. In the LV pressure increase occurred only when the RV pressure was 10 mmHg and decrease did when the RV pressure was 50 mmHg, while stable at 30 mmHg. Directions of both the forces (F1 and F2) diverged as the RV pressure increased and the LV pressure decreased. When FRV was hypertrophic, increases of the magnitudes of the forces were decreased when the pressures of the LV and RV were higher. The angle between the forces was also decreased so that the efficiency of the forces was risen. When a portion of the ventricles lost its contractility, FT increased, particularly, when FLV lost its contractility. But these increases seemed to well be within range of compensation."}
{"id": "PMID:916156", "title": "Preoperative evaluation of the structural lesion of the mitral valve by M-mode scan echocardiography.", "content": "M-mode scan echocardiographic studies of the mitral valve were performed in order to investigate structural architecture of the diseased mitral valve. Structural lesion of the mitral valve was assessed by the echo-pattern change, an increase in number or thickness of the diastolic mitral echo complex. The echo-pattern was classified into 4 grades according to number or thickness of the mitral echoes. The echo-pattern grade correlated with the degree of the structural lesion of 21 surgically excised mitral valves. Clinically, the echo-pattern grade was compared with subsequent operative procedure in 56 cases with pure or predominant mitral stenosis (42 open commissurotomy, 14 valve replacement). Grade I or grade II echo-pattern was a good indicator for mitral commissurotomy. Grade IV pattern was a reliable criterion for valve replacement. Mitral valve replacement should be also considered in cases with grade III pattern, 38% of whom underwent valve replacement. C-E amplitude of the mitral valve was not a useful parameter in assessing the surgical procedure. Thus, the echo-pattern obtained by M-mode scan technique appeared to be of valve in planning the surgical approach for patients with pure or predominant mitral stenosis.", "contents": "Preoperative evaluation of the structural lesion of the mitral valve by M-mode scan echocardiography. M-mode scan echocardiographic studies of the mitral valve were performed in order to investigate structural architecture of the diseased mitral valve. Structural lesion of the mitral valve was assessed by the echo-pattern change, an increase in number or thickness of the diastolic mitral echo complex. The echo-pattern was classified into 4 grades according to number or thickness of the mitral echoes. The echo-pattern grade correlated with the degree of the structural lesion of 21 surgically excised mitral valves. Clinically, the echo-pattern grade was compared with subsequent operative procedure in 56 cases with pure or predominant mitral stenosis (42 open commissurotomy, 14 valve replacement). Grade I or grade II echo-pattern was a good indicator for mitral commissurotomy. Grade IV pattern was a reliable criterion for valve replacement. Mitral valve replacement should be also considered in cases with grade III pattern, 38% of whom underwent valve replacement. C-E amplitude of the mitral valve was not a useful parameter in assessing the surgical procedure. Thus, the echo-pattern obtained by M-mode scan technique appeared to be of valve in planning the surgical approach for patients with pure or predominant mitral stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:916157", "title": "Vectorcardiograms in aortic and mitral regurgitation -- a comparative study.", "content": "Thirteen patients with aortic regurgitation (AR) and 13 with mitral regurgitation (MR) were compared quantitatively from the standpoint of their vector-cardiograms (VCG). Vectorcardiographic parameters were also compared with left ventricular angiographic parameters. The QR time interval was longer and the magnitude of the spatial maximum QRS vector was larger in the AR group, but these differences were thought to be attributed to the differences in length of the left ventricular long axis and the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV). In the AR group, the ratio of the width to the long axis of the QRS loop in the horizontal plane correlated well with the length of the left ventricular long axis and the angle made by the axis from the middle of the aortic valve to the left ventricular apex and the horizontal axis in the lateral view of the angiogram. In the MR group, these correlations were poor.", "contents": "Vectorcardiograms in aortic and mitral regurgitation -- a comparative study. Thirteen patients with aortic regurgitation (AR) and 13 with mitral regurgitation (MR) were compared quantitatively from the standpoint of their vector-cardiograms (VCG). Vectorcardiographic parameters were also compared with left ventricular angiographic parameters. The QR time interval was longer and the magnitude of the spatial maximum QRS vector was larger in the AR group, but these differences were thought to be attributed to the differences in length of the left ventricular long axis and the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV). In the AR group, the ratio of the width to the long axis of the QRS loop in the horizontal plane correlated well with the length of the left ventricular long axis and the angle made by the axis from the middle of the aortic valve to the left ventricular apex and the horizontal axis in the lateral view of the angiogram. In the MR group, these correlations were poor."}
{"id": "PMID:916158", "title": "Effects of glucagon on the renal hemodynamics in the dog.", "content": "The effect of glucagon on the renal hemodynamics in the dog was examined by comparing its effect with that of secretin, a peptide with which glucagon shares a similar chemical structure. An intrarenal infusion of glucagon resulted in increases of RBF and GFR. GFR rose by approximately the same order of magnitude of RBF. The increase in GFR depended on the selective dilation of the afferent arteriole and a consequent rise in the transcapillary pressure difference. On the other hand, secretin infusion produced highly significant and proportional decreases in both afferent and efferent arteriolar resistance, resulting in no change in GFR. A superimposition of acetylcholine to glucagon decreased GFR even though RBF increased significantly. Glucagon infusion did not affect the permeability of glomerular capillary and the distribution of cortical blood flow. These findings indicate that the effect of glucagon on GFR depended on the selective dilation of afferent arteriole, and that as a result of its dilation the net filtration pressure increased without any change in permeability of glomerular capillary and a redistribution of filtration.", "contents": "Effects of glucagon on the renal hemodynamics in the dog. The effect of glucagon on the renal hemodynamics in the dog was examined by comparing its effect with that of secretin, a peptide with which glucagon shares a similar chemical structure. An intrarenal infusion of glucagon resulted in increases of RBF and GFR. GFR rose by approximately the same order of magnitude of RBF. The increase in GFR depended on the selective dilation of the afferent arteriole and a consequent rise in the transcapillary pressure difference. On the other hand, secretin infusion produced highly significant and proportional decreases in both afferent and efferent arteriolar resistance, resulting in no change in GFR. A superimposition of acetylcholine to glucagon decreased GFR even though RBF increased significantly. Glucagon infusion did not affect the permeability of glomerular capillary and the distribution of cortical blood flow. These findings indicate that the effect of glucagon on GFR depended on the selective dilation of afferent arteriole, and that as a result of its dilation the net filtration pressure increased without any change in permeability of glomerular capillary and a redistribution of filtration."}
{"id": "PMID:916184", "title": "[Studies on administration of cephalothin sodium after open heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Critical cardiac contamination may occur during extracorporeal circulation in open heart surgery. Prophylactic administration of cephalothin sodium (CET) was studied for their safe and adequate serum concentration after open heart surgery in infants and adults. Methods of administration of CET were discussed for infants and adults.", "contents": "[Studies on administration of cephalothin sodium after open heart surgery (author's transl)]. Critical cardiac contamination may occur during extracorporeal circulation in open heart surgery. Prophylactic administration of cephalothin sodium (CET) was studied for their safe and adequate serum concentration after open heart surgery in infants and adults. Methods of administration of CET were discussed for infants and adults."}
{"id": "PMID:916185", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of dibekacin after intramuscular administration in man.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic behavior of dibekacin after intramuscular administration was studied in nine healthy volunteers by cross over administrations of three dosage levels (1 mg(pot.)/kg, 1.5 mg(pot.)/kg and 2 mg(pot.)/kg). Drug concentrations in serum and urinary recoveries were measured and those data were analysed pharmacokinetically. The serum levels of this drug were in proportion to dosage, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were almost the same through the three dosage levels. Then it was considered that the pharmacokinetic behaviors of dibekacin were almost the same within the range of these dosage levels. No significant difference was found between the body clearances calculated from the data of serum levels, and the renal clearances calculated from the data of urinary recovery and serum levels. Therefore it is considered that the elimination of the drug from blood is almost due to renal excretion.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of dibekacin after intramuscular administration in man. Pharmacokinetic behavior of dibekacin after intramuscular administration was studied in nine healthy volunteers by cross over administrations of three dosage levels (1 mg(pot.)/kg, 1.5 mg(pot.)/kg and 2 mg(pot.)/kg). Drug concentrations in serum and urinary recoveries were measured and those data were analysed pharmacokinetically. The serum levels of this drug were in proportion to dosage, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were almost the same through the three dosage levels. Then it was considered that the pharmacokinetic behaviors of dibekacin were almost the same within the range of these dosage levels. No significant difference was found between the body clearances calculated from the data of serum levels, and the renal clearances calculated from the data of urinary recovery and serum levels. Therefore it is considered that the elimination of the drug from blood is almost due to renal excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:916187", "title": "[Studies of sustained release cephalexin (S-6437) in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "S-6437 is granule of sustained-release cephalexin which is prepared as longer acting cephalexin. Each gram of the granule contains 200 mg of cephalexin. Absorption and excretion study of this preparation was performed in 8 patients (3 school children, 3 infants and 2 babies). Mean blood levels of cephalexin following a single oral administration of 25 mg/kg in the school children, for instance, were 1.73, 2.47, 3.11, 2.28, 3.84 and 2.86 mcg/ml at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 hours, respectively. Fifty-two patients with acute respiratory tract infections were treated with this preparation and out of the 52, 33 were evaluable cases. The daily dose used was 50 mg/kg divided in two doses. Of the 33 patients 29 responded to this preparation showing 87.8% of effectiveness. Four patients who did not respond were 1 with acute pharyngitis, 2 with acute tonsillitis, and 1 with acute bronchitis. No severe side effects due to this preparation were observed.", "contents": "[Studies of sustained release cephalexin (S-6437) in pediatrics (author's transl)]. S-6437 is granule of sustained-release cephalexin which is prepared as longer acting cephalexin. Each gram of the granule contains 200 mg of cephalexin. Absorption and excretion study of this preparation was performed in 8 patients (3 school children, 3 infants and 2 babies). Mean blood levels of cephalexin following a single oral administration of 25 mg/kg in the school children, for instance, were 1.73, 2.47, 3.11, 2.28, 3.84 and 2.86 mcg/ml at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 hours, respectively. Fifty-two patients with acute respiratory tract infections were treated with this preparation and out of the 52, 33 were evaluable cases. The daily dose used was 50 mg/kg divided in two doses. Of the 33 patients 29 responded to this preparation showing 87.8% of effectiveness. Four patients who did not respond were 1 with acute pharyngitis, 2 with acute tonsillitis, and 1 with acute bronchitis. No severe side effects due to this preparation were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:916188", "title": "[Clinical study of S-6437 in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical study of sustained release cephalexin (granules, 200 mg/g, S-6437) was conducted in pediatric patients as follows: 1. For infants under 20 kg of body weight, 25 approximately 50 mg/kg/day of this preparation (or 50 approximately 100 mg/kg/day for severe diseases) were given in two divided doses, and for infants over 20 kg, 1 g (or 2 g for severe diseases) were administered at two divided doses. 2. Patients treated with this preparation were 27 cases with scarlet fever, 3 with acute pharyngitis, 2 with acute tonsillitis, 1 with acute laryngitis, 1 with acute cystitis and 1 with acute enteritis. 3. Out of the 35 patients, 11 showed \"very good\" response to this preparation, 18 \"good\", 3 \"fair\", 1 \"poor\", and 2 \"unknown\" indicating 87.9% of effectiveness. 4. Side effects of cheilitis in one patient and vomiting in 1 were observed, and other 2 patients had difficulty in taking this preparation. No other side effects were found.", "contents": "[Clinical study of S-6437 in pediatrics (author's transl)]. Clinical study of sustained release cephalexin (granules, 200 mg/g, S-6437) was conducted in pediatric patients as follows: 1. For infants under 20 kg of body weight, 25 approximately 50 mg/kg/day of this preparation (or 50 approximately 100 mg/kg/day for severe diseases) were given in two divided doses, and for infants over 20 kg, 1 g (or 2 g for severe diseases) were administered at two divided doses. 2. Patients treated with this preparation were 27 cases with scarlet fever, 3 with acute pharyngitis, 2 with acute tonsillitis, 1 with acute laryngitis, 1 with acute cystitis and 1 with acute enteritis. 3. Out of the 35 patients, 11 showed \"very good\" response to this preparation, 18 \"good\", 3 \"fair\", 1 \"poor\", and 2 \"unknown\" indicating 87.9% of effectiveness. 4. Side effects of cheilitis in one patient and vomiting in 1 were observed, and other 2 patients had difficulty in taking this preparation. No other side effects were found."}
{"id": "PMID:916190", "title": "[Clinical and laboratory studies on S-6437 (a new longacting granule of cephalexin) in pediatric field (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and laboratory studies on S-6437 were made, and the following results were obtained. 1. Thirty pediatric patients with various types of infections such as tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, cystitis, pyelitis, lymphadenitis colli and pyodermia were treated with S-6437 at the daily dosage of 50 mg/kg orally, the clinical effectiveness was 89.3%. 2. The peak blood level of cephalexin after a single oral administration (25 mg/kg) was observed after 4 hours and the average peak blood level of 10 cases was 7.4 microgram/ml. 3. The average urinary excretion rate of 5 cases was 71.2%. 4. Mild side effects were noticed in a few cases.", "contents": "[Clinical and laboratory studies on S-6437 (a new longacting granule of cephalexin) in pediatric field (author's transl)]. Clinical and laboratory studies on S-6437 were made, and the following results were obtained. 1. Thirty pediatric patients with various types of infections such as tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, cystitis, pyelitis, lymphadenitis colli and pyodermia were treated with S-6437 at the daily dosage of 50 mg/kg orally, the clinical effectiveness was 89.3%. 2. The peak blood level of cephalexin after a single oral administration (25 mg/kg) was observed after 4 hours and the average peak blood level of 10 cases was 7.4 microgram/ml. 3. The average urinary excretion rate of 5 cases was 71.2%. 4. Mild side effects were noticed in a few cases."}
{"id": "PMID:916191", "title": "[Study of S-6437 in pediatrics regarding clinical efficacy, blood levels and urinary excretion (author's transl)].", "content": "S-6437 was orally given to 29 patients of 3 months to 12 years and 6 months of age who had respiratory or urinary tract infections. The daily dose used was 25 to 60 mg/kg divided in two doses. The following is the results of this study: 1. With 25 approximately 60 mg/kg/day, satisfactory results were obtained for upper respiratory tract infections. In lower respiratory tract infections, however, the effectiveness seemed not to be so good as that in upper respiratory tract infections. 2. Side effects such as diarrhea, loose stool, abdominal pain and eruption were observed but they were temporary. Therefore, the administration of S-6437 was not discontinued due to such side effects. 3. S-6437 was acceptable to elder children but some of children of 2 approximately 4 years of age disliked this preparation because it was not smooth in their mouths. Therefore, the preparation of S-6437 should be further improved. 4. Since it has been recognized that blood levels of cephalexin following the administration of S-6437 last for a longer period of time than regular cephalexin, S-6437 is considered to be a useful preparation. 5. B.I.D. and T.I.D. regimens of S-6437 will give clinical satisfaction to children over 6 years and ones under 6 years, respectively.", "contents": "[Study of S-6437 in pediatrics regarding clinical efficacy, blood levels and urinary excretion (author's transl)]. S-6437 was orally given to 29 patients of 3 months to 12 years and 6 months of age who had respiratory or urinary tract infections. The daily dose used was 25 to 60 mg/kg divided in two doses. The following is the results of this study: 1. With 25 approximately 60 mg/kg/day, satisfactory results were obtained for upper respiratory tract infections. In lower respiratory tract infections, however, the effectiveness seemed not to be so good as that in upper respiratory tract infections. 2. Side effects such as diarrhea, loose stool, abdominal pain and eruption were observed but they were temporary. Therefore, the administration of S-6437 was not discontinued due to such side effects. 3. S-6437 was acceptable to elder children but some of children of 2 approximately 4 years of age disliked this preparation because it was not smooth in their mouths. Therefore, the preparation of S-6437 should be further improved. 4. Since it has been recognized that blood levels of cephalexin following the administration of S-6437 last for a longer period of time than regular cephalexin, S-6437 is considered to be a useful preparation. 5. B.I.D. and T.I.D. regimens of S-6437 will give clinical satisfaction to children over 6 years and ones under 6 years, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:916192", "title": "[Study of S-6437 (sustained release cephalexin) in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to clinically evaluate S-6437, the following study was carried out in pediatric patients. This clinical study was performed in 30 patients ranging from 2 years and one month to 10 years and one month of age. Seven patients had scarlet fever, 3 acute pharyngitis, 4 acute suppurative tonsillitis, 6 acute bronchitis, 2 acute pneumonia, 3 acute pyelonephritis, 1 chronic pyelonephritis, 2 vaginitis, 1 acute gastro-enteritis, and 1 impetigo. The degree of these diseases were all mild or moderate. These patients were orally administered 35 approximately 50 mg/kg/day in two divided doses for 3 approximately 10 days. As a result, effectiveness of this preparation in these patients was 80% and no side effects were observed.", "contents": "[Study of S-6437 (sustained release cephalexin) in pediatrics (author's transl)]. In order to clinically evaluate S-6437, the following study was carried out in pediatric patients. This clinical study was performed in 30 patients ranging from 2 years and one month to 10 years and one month of age. Seven patients had scarlet fever, 3 acute pharyngitis, 4 acute suppurative tonsillitis, 6 acute bronchitis, 2 acute pneumonia, 3 acute pyelonephritis, 1 chronic pyelonephritis, 2 vaginitis, 1 acute gastro-enteritis, and 1 impetigo. The degree of these diseases were all mild or moderate. These patients were orally administered 35 approximately 50 mg/kg/day in two divided doses for 3 approximately 10 days. As a result, effectiveness of this preparation in these patients was 80% and no side effects were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:916193", "title": "[Clinical studies of S-6437 in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Peak blood level of cephalexin was obtained at 4 hours after the administration of S-6437 as opposed to 2 hours after regular cephalexin. Peak blood level with regular cephalexin was higher than that with S-6437. Blood levels with S-6437, however, stayed for longer period than those with regular cephalexin. Mean urinary recovery within 12 hours after the administration of S-6437 after meal and during meal were 57.1 and 69.3%, respectively. S-6437 was studied in 23 pediatric patients, 7 with acute tonsillitis, 15 with acute cystitis and 1 with cellulitis. They were orally given 400 to 1,200 mg/day of S-6437 in two divided doses at 30 minutes after meal for 4 approximately 12 days. Of the 23 patients, 18 responded to the drug but 5 did not respond. As for side effects, eruption and diarrhea were observed in 1 and 2 patients, respectively. No other side effects were found.", "contents": "[Clinical studies of S-6437 in pediatrics (author's transl)]. Peak blood level of cephalexin was obtained at 4 hours after the administration of S-6437 as opposed to 2 hours after regular cephalexin. Peak blood level with regular cephalexin was higher than that with S-6437. Blood levels with S-6437, however, stayed for longer period than those with regular cephalexin. Mean urinary recovery within 12 hours after the administration of S-6437 after meal and during meal were 57.1 and 69.3%, respectively. S-6437 was studied in 23 pediatric patients, 7 with acute tonsillitis, 15 with acute cystitis and 1 with cellulitis. They were orally given 400 to 1,200 mg/day of S-6437 in two divided doses at 30 minutes after meal for 4 approximately 12 days. Of the 23 patients, 18 responded to the drug but 5 did not respond. As for side effects, eruption and diarrhea were observed in 1 and 2 patients, respectively. No other side effects were found."}
{"id": "PMID:916293", "title": "Antitumor effect of seaweeds. II. Fractionation and partial characterization of the polysaccharide with antitumor activity from Sargassum fulvellum.", "content": "An almost purified antitumor polysaccharide fraction (SFPP) was obtained by fractional precipitation with ethanol from hot-water extract of Sargassum fulvellum. The fraction showed remarkable tumor-inhibiting effect against sarcoma-180 implanted subcutaneously in mice. The results of chemical and physical analyses suggested that the active substance may be either a sulphated peptidoglycuronoglycan or a sulphated glycuronoglycan.", "contents": "Antitumor effect of seaweeds. II. Fractionation and partial characterization of the polysaccharide with antitumor activity from Sargassum fulvellum. An almost purified antitumor polysaccharide fraction (SFPP) was obtained by fractional precipitation with ethanol from hot-water extract of Sargassum fulvellum. The fraction showed remarkable tumor-inhibiting effect against sarcoma-180 implanted subcutaneously in mice. The results of chemical and physical analyses suggested that the active substance may be either a sulphated peptidoglycuronoglycan or a sulphated glycuronoglycan."}
{"id": "PMID:916294", "title": "Studies on the fresh water cercariae in Leyte Island, Philippines. I. Collection of snails.", "content": "During the past two years of 1975 and 1976, approximately sixteen thousand specimens of fresh water snails were examined for the presence of cercariae in Leyte Island, Philippines. These snails comprised about 14 species belonging to 7 families, and ultimately 43 species of cercariae were found, namely, 6 species from Oncomelania quadrasi, 13 species from Thiaridae, 9 species from Viviparidae and Pilidae, 8 species from Planorbidae, and 7 species from Lymnaeidae and Bulinidae. As a total, out of 15,925 snails examined, 761 or 4.78% were found infected with cercariae. Up to the present, 22 species of cercariae had been reported from the Philippines, and almost all of them are from Luzon Island only. Therefor, except for the cercaria of Schistosoma japonicum, all of the cercariae in the present study are new discoveries, and most of them are considered as new species. In this paper, the historical review on the cercarial study in the Philippines was made first, then dates and localities of snail collection in the present study were shown in details with some map and table, and general method of cercarial observation was described for the benefit of succeeding reports of this series.", "contents": "Studies on the fresh water cercariae in Leyte Island, Philippines. I. Collection of snails. During the past two years of 1975 and 1976, approximately sixteen thousand specimens of fresh water snails were examined for the presence of cercariae in Leyte Island, Philippines. These snails comprised about 14 species belonging to 7 families, and ultimately 43 species of cercariae were found, namely, 6 species from Oncomelania quadrasi, 13 species from Thiaridae, 9 species from Viviparidae and Pilidae, 8 species from Planorbidae, and 7 species from Lymnaeidae and Bulinidae. As a total, out of 15,925 snails examined, 761 or 4.78% were found infected with cercariae. Up to the present, 22 species of cercariae had been reported from the Philippines, and almost all of them are from Luzon Island only. Therefor, except for the cercaria of Schistosoma japonicum, all of the cercariae in the present study are new discoveries, and most of them are considered as new species. In this paper, the historical review on the cercarial study in the Philippines was made first, then dates and localities of snail collection in the present study were shown in details with some map and table, and general method of cercarial observation was described for the benefit of succeeding reports of this series."}
{"id": "PMID:916295", "title": "Studies on the fresh water Cercariae in Leyte Island, Philippines. 2. Cercariae from Oncomelania quadrasi.", "content": "From 1975 to 1976, more than six thousand snails of Oncomelania quadrasi were observed for cercarial fauna in the north-eastern part of Leyte Island, Philippines. Altogether, six species of cercariae including that of Schistosoma japonicum were found, namely two furcocercariae, one monostome cercaria, two xiphidiocercariae and one tail-less cercaria. In this paper a description of their morphology, infection rate, locality, and some remarks on the presumptive life cycle is included with illustrations and photographs.", "contents": "Studies on the fresh water Cercariae in Leyte Island, Philippines. 2. Cercariae from Oncomelania quadrasi. From 1975 to 1976, more than six thousand snails of Oncomelania quadrasi were observed for cercarial fauna in the north-eastern part of Leyte Island, Philippines. Altogether, six species of cercariae including that of Schistosoma japonicum were found, namely two furcocercariae, one monostome cercaria, two xiphidiocercariae and one tail-less cercaria. In this paper a description of their morphology, infection rate, locality, and some remarks on the presumptive life cycle is included with illustrations and photographs."}
{"id": "PMID:916296", "title": "Toxicological approaches to the metabolites of Fusaria. XI. Trichothecenes and zearalenone from Fusarium species isolated from river sediments.", "content": "Fifty isolates of Fusarium species from river sediments were examined on their producibility of mycotoxins such as trichothecenes and zearalenone. The most frequent fungal isolate was Fusarium oxysporum, followed by F. solani and F. lateritium. When cultured on Czapek-Dox medium supplemented with peptone, more than half of these strains were suspected to produce trichothecene mycotoxins through toxicity to mice and reticulocyte assay method. One of toxic isolates, F. lateritium 5036, was proved to produce the following five kinds of trichothecenes; diacetoxyscirpenol, 7alpha-hydroxydiacetoxyscirpenol, 7,8alpha-dihydroxy-diacetoxyscirpenol, 8alpha-hydroxydiacetoxyscirpenol (neosolaniol) and diacetylnivalenol. Three strains produced zearalenone on rice grain culture.", "contents": "Toxicological approaches to the metabolites of Fusaria. XI. Trichothecenes and zearalenone from Fusarium species isolated from river sediments. Fifty isolates of Fusarium species from river sediments were examined on their producibility of mycotoxins such as trichothecenes and zearalenone. The most frequent fungal isolate was Fusarium oxysporum, followed by F. solani and F. lateritium. When cultured on Czapek-Dox medium supplemented with peptone, more than half of these strains were suspected to produce trichothecene mycotoxins through toxicity to mice and reticulocyte assay method. One of toxic isolates, F. lateritium 5036, was proved to produce the following five kinds of trichothecenes; diacetoxyscirpenol, 7alpha-hydroxydiacetoxyscirpenol, 7,8alpha-dihydroxy-diacetoxyscirpenol, 8alpha-hydroxydiacetoxyscirpenol (neosolaniol) and diacetylnivalenol. Three strains produced zearalenone on rice grain culture."}
{"id": "PMID:916337", "title": "Measurements of the levels of organic solvent vapours by personal air samplers and the levels of urinary metabolites of workers. Part 2. Toluene vapour in a shipbuilding yard (author's transl).", "content": "Personal air samplers were applied to shipyard's painters putting on gas masks during the spraying work, and the levels of toluene vapour surrounding the workers were measured. On the other hand, levels of urinary hippuric acid (metabolites of toluene) of the workers were measured, and the levels of toluene vapour inhaled were calculated from the levels of urinary hippuric acid. Then the actual removing-efficiencies of toluene vapours by the use of gas masks were estimated from these two levels (i.e., toluene vapours exposed and inhaled). The values of removing-efficiencies were found to be 65.9-98.1%. The concentrations of hippuric and methylhippuric acids in the urine of workers exposed to toluene and xylene for 3 hours, collected just after the exposure, are valuable indices of these organic solvent vapours inhaled. A minute amount of urinary methylhippuric acid can be determined by means of gas chromatography.", "contents": "Measurements of the levels of organic solvent vapours by personal air samplers and the levels of urinary metabolites of workers. Part 2. Toluene vapour in a shipbuilding yard (author's transl). Personal air samplers were applied to shipyard's painters putting on gas masks during the spraying work, and the levels of toluene vapour surrounding the workers were measured. On the other hand, levels of urinary hippuric acid (metabolites of toluene) of the workers were measured, and the levels of toluene vapour inhaled were calculated from the levels of urinary hippuric acid. Then the actual removing-efficiencies of toluene vapours by the use of gas masks were estimated from these two levels (i.e., toluene vapours exposed and inhaled). The values of removing-efficiencies were found to be 65.9-98.1%. The concentrations of hippuric and methylhippuric acids in the urine of workers exposed to toluene and xylene for 3 hours, collected just after the exposure, are valuable indices of these organic solvent vapours inhaled. A minute amount of urinary methylhippuric acid can be determined by means of gas chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:916351", "title": "Effects of Russell's viper venom on blood coagulation, platelets and the fibrinolytic enzyme system.", "content": "The effects of Russell's viper venom (RVV) on blood coagulation, platelts and fibrinolysis were studied in vivo and in vitro in rabbits and dogs as experimental subjects. RVV was shown to be a strong coagulant, and at the time of manifestation of bleeding due to consumption coagulopathy, the most striking hemostatic abnormalities were fall of fibrinogen level, reduction in platelet count, delayed ADP aggregation of platelets, increased fibrinolytic activity and presence of fibrin degradation products. These findings showed that RVV interfered with blood coagulation, caused abnormalities of platelet function and also activated the fibrinolytic enzyme system.", "contents": "Effects of Russell's viper venom on blood coagulation, platelets and the fibrinolytic enzyme system. The effects of Russell's viper venom (RVV) on blood coagulation, platelts and fibrinolysis were studied in vivo and in vitro in rabbits and dogs as experimental subjects. RVV was shown to be a strong coagulant, and at the time of manifestation of bleeding due to consumption coagulopathy, the most striking hemostatic abnormalities were fall of fibrinogen level, reduction in platelet count, delayed ADP aggregation of platelets, increased fibrinolytic activity and presence of fibrin degradation products. These findings showed that RVV interfered with blood coagulation, caused abnormalities of platelet function and also activated the fibrinolytic enzyme system."}
{"id": "PMID:916352", "title": "Surface charge of dengue virus hemagglutinins prepared from infected mouse brains.", "content": "Surface charge of dengue virus hemagglutinin (HA) prepared from infected suckling mouse brains was studied by sucrose gradient electrophoresis. The findings were as follows: (1) Both the slow- and rapid-sedimenting hemagglutinins (SHA and RHA, respectively) prepared after streptomycin treatment of the brain homogenate were distributed broadly within the gradient after electrophoresis, while echovirus type 7 HA which was used as a reference migrated narrowly, suggesting heterogeneity of the surface charge of both dengue HAs. (2) Neuraminidase treatment of dengue HA slightly retarded its migration toward the anode but did not alter the broad distribution. (3) Protamine treatment used for purification of HA from the brain homogenate changed the surface charge from negative to positive.", "contents": "Surface charge of dengue virus hemagglutinins prepared from infected mouse brains. Surface charge of dengue virus hemagglutinin (HA) prepared from infected suckling mouse brains was studied by sucrose gradient electrophoresis. The findings were as follows: (1) Both the slow- and rapid-sedimenting hemagglutinins (SHA and RHA, respectively) prepared after streptomycin treatment of the brain homogenate were distributed broadly within the gradient after electrophoresis, while echovirus type 7 HA which was used as a reference migrated narrowly, suggesting heterogeneity of the surface charge of both dengue HAs. (2) Neuraminidase treatment of dengue HA slightly retarded its migration toward the anode but did not alter the broad distribution. (3) Protamine treatment used for purification of HA from the brain homogenate changed the surface charge from negative to positive."}
{"id": "PMID:916354", "title": "Formation of soluble fibrinogen-fibrin complex in liquid human plasma; reflexion of coagulation process in storage.", "content": "Analysis was performed on a high-molecular fraction with fibrinogen antigenicity present in Liquid Human Plasma. This fraction, although seemed to resemble macromolecular FDP (fibrinogen degradation product) derived from stabilized fibrin, has many features not shared with the latter: 1) This fraction is sensitive to sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) treatment. 2) Degradation products of this fraction obtained by digestion with plasmin, when eluted from a column of Sephadex G-200, exhibited a single peak of FDP-D antigenicity at the position of D-monomer. 3) In SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dithiothreitol (DDT), no evidence for the presence of gamma-dimer was obtained. Thus, it is unlikely that the high-molecular fraction is formed through interchain cross-linking between fibrinogen molecules. The formation of the high-molecular complex was discussed in relation to coagulation process in stored plasma.", "contents": "Formation of soluble fibrinogen-fibrin complex in liquid human plasma; reflexion of coagulation process in storage. Analysis was performed on a high-molecular fraction with fibrinogen antigenicity present in Liquid Human Plasma. This fraction, although seemed to resemble macromolecular FDP (fibrinogen degradation product) derived from stabilized fibrin, has many features not shared with the latter: 1) This fraction is sensitive to sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) treatment. 2) Degradation products of this fraction obtained by digestion with plasmin, when eluted from a column of Sephadex G-200, exhibited a single peak of FDP-D antigenicity at the position of D-monomer. 3) In SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dithiothreitol (DDT), no evidence for the presence of gamma-dimer was obtained. Thus, it is unlikely that the high-molecular fraction is formed through interchain cross-linking between fibrinogen molecules. The formation of the high-molecular complex was discussed in relation to coagulation process in stored plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:916355", "title": "Establishement of a rabbit lung cell line (RL-33) and its viral susceptibility.", "content": "A new cell line (RL-33) was established from a rabbit  lung tissue. The cells maintained a fibroblastic appearance and a contract-inhibited growth through 180 passages. No latent infectious agent has so far been demonstrated. The cells supported the growth of a variety of viruses, enabling plaque assays for Shope fibroma, rabbit myxoma and types 1 and 2 herpes simplex viruses. They were as sensitive to rabbit interferon as RK-13 (a line from rabbit kidney) cells.", "contents": "Establishement of a rabbit lung cell line (RL-33) and its viral susceptibility. A new cell line (RL-33) was established from a rabbit  lung tissue. The cells maintained a fibroblastic appearance and a contract-inhibited growth through 180 passages. No latent infectious agent has so far been demonstrated. The cells supported the growth of a variety of viruses, enabling plaque assays for Shope fibroma, rabbit myxoma and types 1 and 2 herpes simplex viruses. They were as sensitive to rabbit interferon as RK-13 (a line from rabbit kidney) cells."}
{"id": "PMID:916372", "title": "Evaluation of severinghaus' equation and its modification for 2, 3-dpg.", "content": "Severinghaus' equation can safely be used for the indirect estimation of oxygen half saturation pressure (P50) on the basis of blood gas parameters in normal subjects. However, 139 blood samples from 65 patients with severe injuries, the estimated P50 values differed significantly from directly measured values. The difference is highly correlated to the molar ratio of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate to hemoglobin tetramer (2, 3-DPG ratio, [DPG]). Using this correlation, a modified Severinghaus' equation, including 2, 3-DPG molar ratio, was derived: i.e.,deltalog Po2 equals +0.48 (7.4-pH)+0.024 (T-37), +0.0013BE+0.135[DPG]-0.116 where deltalog Po2 is the shift from the standard oxygen dissociation curve, pH is plasma pH, and T and BE refer to temperature and base excess of blood, respectively. The modified equation enables one to indirectly estimate Po2 and oxygen saturation with an accuracy of plus or minus 2.5 mmHg and plus or minus 5 percent, respectively, based on blood gas parameters and 2, 3-DPG molar ratio in most clinical cases. The limitations of the equation was discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of severinghaus' equation and its modification for 2, 3-dpg. Severinghaus' equation can safely be used for the indirect estimation of oxygen half saturation pressure (P50) on the basis of blood gas parameters in normal subjects. However, 139 blood samples from 65 patients with severe injuries, the estimated P50 values differed significantly from directly measured values. The difference is highly correlated to the molar ratio of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate to hemoglobin tetramer (2, 3-DPG ratio, [DPG]). Using this correlation, a modified Severinghaus' equation, including 2, 3-DPG molar ratio, was derived: i.e.,deltalog Po2 equals +0.48 (7.4-pH)+0.024 (T-37), +0.0013BE+0.135[DPG]-0.116 where deltalog Po2 is the shift from the standard oxygen dissociation curve, pH is plasma pH, and T and BE refer to temperature and base excess of blood, respectively. The modified equation enables one to indirectly estimate Po2 and oxygen saturation with an accuracy of plus or minus 2.5 mmHg and plus or minus 5 percent, respectively, based on blood gas parameters and 2, 3-DPG molar ratio in most clinical cases. The limitations of the equation was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916373", "title": "Effect of cardiac output on circulatory blood volume.", "content": "In anesthetized dogs venous return was drained into a blood reservoir from which blood was pumped to the right atrium at a variable perfusion rate, which was equal to cardiac output in the steady state. When cardiac output was decreased or increased by 25 or 50 percent of the control, the blood volume in the dog's body was changed in the same direction in the intact reflexic state as well as in the areflexic state prepared by hexamethonium and norepinephrine infusion. The volume change in the reflexic state was twice that in the areflexic state when compared 5 min after stepwise changes in cardiac output. When only the flow through the right heart and lungs was changed by-50 percent, with systemic flow unchanged, the decrease in blood volume was about one-fifth of that observed on a 50 percent decrease of cardiac output and not affected by ablation of the reflexes. It is concluded that, on a change in cardiac output, the passive change in blood volume is as large as the active or reflexic change, that the majority of the change in blood volume takes place in the systemic circulation rather than in the pulmonary circulation, and that the receptors for the reflexic change are located in the systemic circulation.", "contents": "Effect of cardiac output on circulatory blood volume. In anesthetized dogs venous return was drained into a blood reservoir from which blood was pumped to the right atrium at a variable perfusion rate, which was equal to cardiac output in the steady state. When cardiac output was decreased or increased by 25 or 50 percent of the control, the blood volume in the dog's body was changed in the same direction in the intact reflexic state as well as in the areflexic state prepared by hexamethonium and norepinephrine infusion. The volume change in the reflexic state was twice that in the areflexic state when compared 5 min after stepwise changes in cardiac output. When only the flow through the right heart and lungs was changed by-50 percent, with systemic flow unchanged, the decrease in blood volume was about one-fifth of that observed on a 50 percent decrease of cardiac output and not affected by ablation of the reflexes. It is concluded that, on a change in cardiac output, the passive change in blood volume is as large as the active or reflexic change, that the majority of the change in blood volume takes place in the systemic circulation rather than in the pulmonary circulation, and that the receptors for the reflexic change are located in the systemic circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:916374", "title": "Influence of pulmonary vascular pressure on bronchial collapsibility of excised dog lungs.", "content": "The main bronchi of excised dog lobes were obstructed with beads, 5 to 6 cm from their origin so that they did not communicate with the peripheral air spaces. Both pulmonary artery and vein were cannulated and both pulmonary vascular pressures were controlled. With the lobe held at constant transpulmonary pressure, bronchial pressure-volume curves were studied during acute pulmonary vascular engorgement. The bronchial compliance was reduced at higher vascular pressure and the effect of vascular engorgement on the bronchial collapsibility was larger at higher transpulmonary pressure: bronchial compliance at vascular pressure-40 cm H2O at transpulmonary pressure 20, 10, 5, and 0 cm H2O respectively. We concluded that vascular engorgement increased parenchymal radial traction to the bronchi when the bronchi reduced its diameter, although it appeared that vascular engorgement resulted in little change in the lung elastic recoil pressure.", "contents": "Influence of pulmonary vascular pressure on bronchial collapsibility of excised dog lungs. The main bronchi of excised dog lobes were obstructed with beads, 5 to 6 cm from their origin so that they did not communicate with the peripheral air spaces. Both pulmonary artery and vein were cannulated and both pulmonary vascular pressures were controlled. With the lobe held at constant transpulmonary pressure, bronchial pressure-volume curves were studied during acute pulmonary vascular engorgement. The bronchial compliance was reduced at higher vascular pressure and the effect of vascular engorgement on the bronchial collapsibility was larger at higher transpulmonary pressure: bronchial compliance at vascular pressure-40 cm H2O at transpulmonary pressure 20, 10, 5, and 0 cm H2O respectively. We concluded that vascular engorgement increased parenchymal radial traction to the bronchi when the bronchi reduced its diameter, although it appeared that vascular engorgement resulted in little change in the lung elastic recoil pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:916375", "title": "Energy requirement for the maintenance of membrane potential in rat liver cells in situ.", "content": "The transmembrane potential of female rat liver cells in situ was-52.4 mV. This was decreased to -42.9 mV by ethacrynic acid (4 mg/100 g), but not by ouabain (1 mg). DL-Ethionine (25-100 mg) caused a decrease in the membrane potential and tissue ATP content. A high dose ethionine (100 mg) increased tissue Na content and decreased K content. By applying adenine (25 mg) to the animals treated with ethionine (100 mg), the membrane potential, ATP content and K content were increased and the Na content was decreased. The repolarized membrane potential in the animals treated with adenine following the ethionine was again depolarized by the administration of ouabain, but not by the administration of ethacrynic acid. These results suggest that two kinds of active ion transport mechanisms, ethacrynic acid-sensitive and ouabain-sensitive mechanisms, may be involved in maintenance of the membrane potential of rat liver cells.", "contents": "Energy requirement for the maintenance of membrane potential in rat liver cells in situ. The transmembrane potential of female rat liver cells in situ was-52.4 mV. This was decreased to -42.9 mV by ethacrynic acid (4 mg/100 g), but not by ouabain (1 mg). DL-Ethionine (25-100 mg) caused a decrease in the membrane potential and tissue ATP content. A high dose ethionine (100 mg) increased tissue Na content and decreased K content. By applying adenine (25 mg) to the animals treated with ethionine (100 mg), the membrane potential, ATP content and K content were increased and the Na content was decreased. The repolarized membrane potential in the animals treated with adenine following the ethionine was again depolarized by the administration of ouabain, but not by the administration of ethacrynic acid. These results suggest that two kinds of active ion transport mechanisms, ethacrynic acid-sensitive and ouabain-sensitive mechanisms, may be involved in maintenance of the membrane potential of rat liver cells."}
{"id": "PMID:916376", "title": "Inhibition and excitation induced by glutamic acid on cerebellar interneurons.", "content": "Thin sections of guinea pig cerebellum were incubated in an artificial medium and responses of neurons in the granular layer to glutamic acid were studied. About half of these neurons were inhibited by glutamate administered electrophoretically (GI cells) and others were excited (GE cells). The GI cells were also inhibited in a medium containing glutamate. Gamma-amino butyric acid inhibited the GI as well as the GE cells. The inhibition in the GI cells induced by glutamate was not susceptible to picrotoxin or strychnine medication, and was not blocked in a CI-free medium or in a medium containing CA2+ in low concentrations and Mg2+ in high concentrations. Some GI cells showed high-amplitude spikes which were recordable at distances of tens of micrometer from the cell. These observations indicate that at least some of the GI cells were large Golgi cells and that the inhibition induced by glutamate in the GI cells was not mediated by inhibitory interneurons.", "contents": "Inhibition and excitation induced by glutamic acid on cerebellar interneurons. Thin sections of guinea pig cerebellum were incubated in an artificial medium and responses of neurons in the granular layer to glutamic acid were studied. About half of these neurons were inhibited by glutamate administered electrophoretically (GI cells) and others were excited (GE cells). The GI cells were also inhibited in a medium containing glutamate. Gamma-amino butyric acid inhibited the GI as well as the GE cells. The inhibition in the GI cells induced by glutamate was not susceptible to picrotoxin or strychnine medication, and was not blocked in a CI-free medium or in a medium containing CA2+ in low concentrations and Mg2+ in high concentrations. Some GI cells showed high-amplitude spikes which were recordable at distances of tens of micrometer from the cell. These observations indicate that at least some of the GI cells were large Golgi cells and that the inhibition induced by glutamate in the GI cells was not mediated by inhibitory interneurons."}
{"id": "PMID:916377", "title": "Some properties of late after-potential in frog skeletal muscle fiber.", "content": "Some properties of late after-potentials which appear following a train of impulses were examined in frog skeletal muscle fiber. The decay of the late after-potential followed a simple exponential time course. The time constant of the decay was larger in a viscous solution than in normal Ringer solution. It was proved by physical experiments that the diffusion of K ions was delayed in the viscous medium at the same rate as the decay. The effect of temperature on the decay was low and the Q10 for the time constant was 1.2. When the late after-potentials were recorded at membrane potentials variedly controlled by the polarizing current, the reversal potential shifted in the positive direction with the increase of impulses. These results suggest that the late after-potential may be dependent on K ions accumulated in the T system. During the initial 300 msec period immediately after the onset of the decay, the amplitude was smaller than expected by a simple exponential time course. This effect was especially apparent in the sucrose hypertonic Ringer solution in which the decay was extremely extended. The cause of this non-exponential component was discussed with respect to the K accumulation hypothesis.", "contents": "Some properties of late after-potential in frog skeletal muscle fiber. Some properties of late after-potentials which appear following a train of impulses were examined in frog skeletal muscle fiber. The decay of the late after-potential followed a simple exponential time course. The time constant of the decay was larger in a viscous solution than in normal Ringer solution. It was proved by physical experiments that the diffusion of K ions was delayed in the viscous medium at the same rate as the decay. The effect of temperature on the decay was low and the Q10 for the time constant was 1.2. When the late after-potentials were recorded at membrane potentials variedly controlled by the polarizing current, the reversal potential shifted in the positive direction with the increase of impulses. These results suggest that the late after-potential may be dependent on K ions accumulated in the T system. During the initial 300 msec period immediately after the onset of the decay, the amplitude was smaller than expected by a simple exponential time course. This effect was especially apparent in the sucrose hypertonic Ringer solution in which the decay was extremely extended. The cause of this non-exponential component was discussed with respect to the K accumulation hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:916379", "title": "Impairment of acquisition of learning by inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis.", "content": "The effects of inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis (cycloheximide, puromycin and actinomycin D) on acquisition of learning in mice were investigated using various types of shock avoidance tasks. Mice having uniform and superior learning ability were used as subjects. Drugs were injected into the lateral ventricle 1 hr before training for avoidance tasks in three different shapes of maze and in a one-way shuttle box and for those based on light-dark discrimination. In all cases of training, the drugs were found to impair the acquisition of learning. The impairment was pronounced in a relatively complicated task such as H-maze learning as compared to a simple task such as T-maze learning. The drugs never affected the performance of pretrained animals. During the discussion, the acquisition of learning would be related to some specific process of RNA and protein synthesis in the brain.", "contents": "Impairment of acquisition of learning by inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis. The effects of inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis (cycloheximide, puromycin and actinomycin D) on acquisition of learning in mice were investigated using various types of shock avoidance tasks. Mice having uniform and superior learning ability were used as subjects. Drugs were injected into the lateral ventricle 1 hr before training for avoidance tasks in three different shapes of maze and in a one-way shuttle box and for those based on light-dark discrimination. In all cases of training, the drugs were found to impair the acquisition of learning. The impairment was pronounced in a relatively complicated task such as H-maze learning as compared to a simple task such as T-maze learning. The drugs never affected the performance of pretrained animals. During the discussion, the acquisition of learning would be related to some specific process of RNA and protein synthesis in the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:916380", "title": "Functional properties of peripheral sensory units in hairy skin of a cat's forelimb.", "content": "The properties of peripheral cutaneous units in the hairy skin of cat's forelimb were studied by single-fiber recordings with tungsten microelectrodes. The response properties and receptive field (RFs) of total 193 units in superficial branch of radial nerve (SRN) were studied. The SRN sample included the following five major types of mechanoreceptive units; two types of low-threshold units (type I and II, slowly adapting), two types of hair units (G and D, rapidly adapting) and field units (F, responding principally to slow skin movement). Afferent conduction velocities of these units ranged from 9.0 to 56.0 m/sec. D hair fibers conducted much slower than other types of afferents and their conduction velocities were between 9.0 and 23.3 m/sec. Most of the smaller RFs of G, D and F units were found in the paw and digits. The disto-proximal increase of the mean size of RFs was marked in D hair units. The distributions of the RFs of simultaneously recorded paired units, which were supposed to be adjacent fibers, were examined. Among 23 paired units, more than half of them were homonymous combinations of unit types and there were no marked prevalence of particular types in heteronymous combinations. The RFs of paired units were close to each other, but showed little overlaps and some were separated by up to several cm over the skin surface. Some functional properties of cutaneous afferents from the forelimb were discussed.", "contents": "Functional properties of peripheral sensory units in hairy skin of a cat's forelimb. The properties of peripheral cutaneous units in the hairy skin of cat's forelimb were studied by single-fiber recordings with tungsten microelectrodes. The response properties and receptive field (RFs) of total 193 units in superficial branch of radial nerve (SRN) were studied. The SRN sample included the following five major types of mechanoreceptive units; two types of low-threshold units (type I and II, slowly adapting), two types of hair units (G and D, rapidly adapting) and field units (F, responding principally to slow skin movement). Afferent conduction velocities of these units ranged from 9.0 to 56.0 m/sec. D hair fibers conducted much slower than other types of afferents and their conduction velocities were between 9.0 and 23.3 m/sec. Most of the smaller RFs of G, D and F units were found in the paw and digits. The disto-proximal increase of the mean size of RFs was marked in D hair units. The distributions of the RFs of simultaneously recorded paired units, which were supposed to be adjacent fibers, were examined. Among 23 paired units, more than half of them were homonymous combinations of unit types and there were no marked prevalence of particular types in heteronymous combinations. The RFs of paired units were close to each other, but showed little overlaps and some were separated by up to several cm over the skin surface. Some functional properties of cutaneous afferents from the forelimb were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916381", "title": "Tetanic contraction and tension-length relation of frog ventricular muscle.", "content": "Complete tetanic contraction was generated in frog ventricular muscle by repetitive electrical stimulation. The maximum stimulus was a transverse alternating current at 10 Hz and 17-20 V/cm in peak to peak voltage in an external solution containing 9 mM Ca2+. The maximum isometric tension thus obtained was twice or more than that of the twitch tension at 20 degrees C. The tetanic tension and its rate of rise declined with decreasing external Ca2+ concentration and less than half of the maximum tension was generated at 1.8 mM Ca2+. Various tetanic tensions less than the maximum were obtained in the partially depolarized muscle in excess K+ solution by reducing the stimulus intensity. Adrenaline (5X10(-6)g/ml) potentiated the submaximal tetanic tension as well as the twitch tension, although no effect was observed for the maximum tetanic tension. The tension-length relation for the tetanic contraction of ventricular muscle was similar to that of the skeletal muscle, but the tension fell almost linearly at shorter lengths than 0.9 Lm, where Lm is the optimum length at which the maximum tension, Fm, was generated. Fm was 4.6 g/mm2, while the sarcomere length at Lm was 2.0-2.2 mum.", "contents": "Tetanic contraction and tension-length relation of frog ventricular muscle. Complete tetanic contraction was generated in frog ventricular muscle by repetitive electrical stimulation. The maximum stimulus was a transverse alternating current at 10 Hz and 17-20 V/cm in peak to peak voltage in an external solution containing 9 mM Ca2+. The maximum isometric tension thus obtained was twice or more than that of the twitch tension at 20 degrees C. The tetanic tension and its rate of rise declined with decreasing external Ca2+ concentration and less than half of the maximum tension was generated at 1.8 mM Ca2+. Various tetanic tensions less than the maximum were obtained in the partially depolarized muscle in excess K+ solution by reducing the stimulus intensity. Adrenaline (5X10(-6)g/ml) potentiated the submaximal tetanic tension as well as the twitch tension, although no effect was observed for the maximum tetanic tension. The tension-length relation for the tetanic contraction of ventricular muscle was similar to that of the skeletal muscle, but the tension fell almost linearly at shorter lengths than 0.9 Lm, where Lm is the optimum length at which the maximum tension, Fm, was generated. Fm was 4.6 g/mm2, while the sarcomere length at Lm was 2.0-2.2 mum."}
{"id": "PMID:916382", "title": "Effects of diltiazem and lanthanum ion on the potassium contracture of isolated guinea pig smooth muscle.", "content": "Effects of diltiazem on K-induced contracture of the smooth muscle were examined in the isolated taenia coli and stomach strip of the guinea pig. Results were compared with those of lanthanum ion (La(3+)). K-contracture was evoked by isotonic K-Krebs solution. La(3+) inhibited K-contracture of the taenia coli and effects on the phasic response were found to be more remarkable than on the tonic response. After the removal of La(3+), the phasic response almost regained its normal magnitude, whereas the tonic response was significantly augmented. In contrast to the effects of La(3+), diltiazem inhibited the tonic response more markedly than the phasic response in both taenia coli and stomach strip. Inhibition of the phasic response was elicited, in association with decrease in the frequency of spike discharge during rapid depolarization of the membrane. The effects of diltiazem were completely reversed after washing out the compound. It is assumed that although both La(3+) and diltiazem inhibit the transmembrane influx of Ca(2+), additional mechanisms may differ.", "contents": "Effects of diltiazem and lanthanum ion on the potassium contracture of isolated guinea pig smooth muscle. Effects of diltiazem on K-induced contracture of the smooth muscle were examined in the isolated taenia coli and stomach strip of the guinea pig. Results were compared with those of lanthanum ion (La(3+)). K-contracture was evoked by isotonic K-Krebs solution. La(3+) inhibited K-contracture of the taenia coli and effects on the phasic response were found to be more remarkable than on the tonic response. After the removal of La(3+), the phasic response almost regained its normal magnitude, whereas the tonic response was significantly augmented. In contrast to the effects of La(3+), diltiazem inhibited the tonic response more markedly than the phasic response in both taenia coli and stomach strip. Inhibition of the phasic response was elicited, in association with decrease in the frequency of spike discharge during rapid depolarization of the membrane. The effects of diltiazem were completely reversed after washing out the compound. It is assumed that although both La(3+) and diltiazem inhibit the transmembrane influx of Ca(2+), additional mechanisms may differ."}
{"id": "PMID:916383", "title": "Effects of diltiazem on electrical and mechanical activities of isolated guinea pig taenia coli.", "content": "Effects of diltiazem on electrical and mechanical activities of isolated guinea pig taenia coli were studied by means of the double sucrose-gap method. In the spontaneously active preparations, diltiazem (2.2 X 10(-6) M) suppressed both electrical activity and isometric contraction, while electrical and mechanical activities evoked by the depolarizing current pulse were not affected at the concentration of 2.2 X 10(-6) M. In the presence of 2.2 X 10(-5) M diltiazem, the evoked contractile force and the number of repetitive firings during depolarization were reduced, whereas the single spike was almost unchanged or somewhat inhibited. At 2.2 X 10(-4) M diltiazem, both electrical and mechanical activities were almost abolished. The contractile force and single spike suppressed by diltiazem were partly reversed by the addition of 5 mM CaCl2. There was little significant change in membrane potential and membrane resistance. Similar but somewhat weaker effects were observed when NaCl was replaced with sucrose. In some preparations, 2.2 X 10(-4) M diltiazem reduced the contractile force without significant influence on the electrical activity in Na+-free Locke solution. CoCl2 (3 mM) inhibited the evoked activities in both normal and Na+-free solutions. Possible mechanisms for the relaxing effects of diltiazem on isolated guinea pig taenia coli were discussed.", "contents": "Effects of diltiazem on electrical and mechanical activities of isolated guinea pig taenia coli. Effects of diltiazem on electrical and mechanical activities of isolated guinea pig taenia coli were studied by means of the double sucrose-gap method. In the spontaneously active preparations, diltiazem (2.2 X 10(-6) M) suppressed both electrical activity and isometric contraction, while electrical and mechanical activities evoked by the depolarizing current pulse were not affected at the concentration of 2.2 X 10(-6) M. In the presence of 2.2 X 10(-5) M diltiazem, the evoked contractile force and the number of repetitive firings during depolarization were reduced, whereas the single spike was almost unchanged or somewhat inhibited. At 2.2 X 10(-4) M diltiazem, both electrical and mechanical activities were almost abolished. The contractile force and single spike suppressed by diltiazem were partly reversed by the addition of 5 mM CaCl2. There was little significant change in membrane potential and membrane resistance. Similar but somewhat weaker effects were observed when NaCl was replaced with sucrose. In some preparations, 2.2 X 10(-4) M diltiazem reduced the contractile force without significant influence on the electrical activity in Na+-free Locke solution. CoCl2 (3 mM) inhibited the evoked activities in both normal and Na+-free solutions. Possible mechanisms for the relaxing effects of diltiazem on isolated guinea pig taenia coli were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916385", "title": "Non-cholinergic, excitatory junction potentials in smooth muscle of chicken rectum.", "content": "Muscle strips from the longitudinal or circular muscle of the chicken rectum were used to determine changes in membrane potential during field stimulation as recorded using the sucrose-gap method. Stimulation with single square pulses (0.1 msec duration) evoked junction potentials elicited by transmitter released from nerve endings. Facilitation in amplitude of excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) was seen during repetitive stimulation in the longitudinal muscle, but in the circular muscle, EJPs reduced. Neither atropine nor hyoscine (up to 10(-5) g/ml) reduced EJPs. These drugs abolished the depression of EJPs in the circular muscle produced by repetitive stimulation. Anticholinesterases (2 X 10(--8)-2 X 10(-6) g/ml) reduced the EJPs. The inhibitory effect was produced without affecting the membrane resistance of smooth muscle and was completely antagonized by atropine (1-(-6) g/ml). Drugs that abolish the adrenergic functions did not affect the EJPs. These results suggest that nerves involved in the EJPs are non-cholinergic and non-adrenergic in nature, and the motor transmission to the smooth muscle may be inhibited by cholinergic nerves, presumably presynaptically.", "contents": "Non-cholinergic, excitatory junction potentials in smooth muscle of chicken rectum. Muscle strips from the longitudinal or circular muscle of the chicken rectum were used to determine changes in membrane potential during field stimulation as recorded using the sucrose-gap method. Stimulation with single square pulses (0.1 msec duration) evoked junction potentials elicited by transmitter released from nerve endings. Facilitation in amplitude of excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) was seen during repetitive stimulation in the longitudinal muscle, but in the circular muscle, EJPs reduced. Neither atropine nor hyoscine (up to 10(-5) g/ml) reduced EJPs. These drugs abolished the depression of EJPs in the circular muscle produced by repetitive stimulation. Anticholinesterases (2 X 10(--8)-2 X 10(-6) g/ml) reduced the EJPs. The inhibitory effect was produced without affecting the membrane resistance of smooth muscle and was completely antagonized by atropine (1-(-6) g/ml). Drugs that abolish the adrenergic functions did not affect the EJPs. These results suggest that nerves involved in the EJPs are non-cholinergic and non-adrenergic in nature, and the motor transmission to the smooth muscle may be inhibited by cholinergic nerves, presumably presynaptically."}
{"id": "PMID:916386", "title": "Hemolysis and morphological changes in rat erythrocytes with mercurials.", "content": "Effects of mercurials on rat erythrocytes were studied morphologically using an electron microscope. In the scanning study, the normal biconcave shape of the erythrocytes was changed to rugged surface spherocytes when mercuric chloride was added to the erythrocyte suspension. Methylmercuric chloride produced an irregularity of cell shape with spicules including the final stage of spherocytes. p-Chloromercuribenzoic acid formed crenated cells with protrusion, then spherocytes. By a carbon replica technique, it was revealed that control erythrocytes had a granular surface structure; however the surface of mercuric chloride-treated and methyl-mercuric chloride-treated erythrocytes appeared less granulated. By a negative staining technique, severe damage was observed on the erythrocytes lysed by mercurials. As a decrease in content of reduced glutathione, inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and formation of methemoglobin in erythrocytes treated with mercurials to induce hemolysis were not observed, it was concluded that the hemolysis induced by mercurials was not due to a disturbance in erythrocyte metabolism but rather to the direct action of mercurials on the cell membrane.", "contents": "Hemolysis and morphological changes in rat erythrocytes with mercurials. Effects of mercurials on rat erythrocytes were studied morphologically using an electron microscope. In the scanning study, the normal biconcave shape of the erythrocytes was changed to rugged surface spherocytes when mercuric chloride was added to the erythrocyte suspension. Methylmercuric chloride produced an irregularity of cell shape with spicules including the final stage of spherocytes. p-Chloromercuribenzoic acid formed crenated cells with protrusion, then spherocytes. By a carbon replica technique, it was revealed that control erythrocytes had a granular surface structure; however the surface of mercuric chloride-treated and methyl-mercuric chloride-treated erythrocytes appeared less granulated. By a negative staining technique, severe damage was observed on the erythrocytes lysed by mercurials. As a decrease in content of reduced glutathione, inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and formation of methemoglobin in erythrocytes treated with mercurials to induce hemolysis were not observed, it was concluded that the hemolysis induced by mercurials was not due to a disturbance in erythrocyte metabolism but rather to the direct action of mercurials on the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:916387", "title": "Effect of fluorescent products from reaction of malonaldehyde with phosphatidylethanolamine on lipids in plasma and liver of rats.", "content": "Effect of fluorescent products from the reaction of malonaldehyde with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine on the content of lipids in plasma and liver of rats was examined, and the results are as follows: Growth of rats was suppressed by daily intraperitoneal administration of fluorescent products (10 or 50 mg/kg) for 7 days. Levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol in the plasma tended to decrease but that of phospholipids increased significantly by the administration of fluorescent products in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day. On the other hand, content of triglycerides in liver decreased by about 26% at a dose of 10 mg/kg and 23% at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Total cholesterol and phospholipids showed a slight diminution. Free fatty acid content in the liver was almost constant. Thiobarbituric acid values in the plasma and liver increased significantly by treatment with the fluorescent products, especially the values at a rate of increase were higher in the plasma than in the liver. No significant changes were observed in the relative fluorescence intensity between control animals and groups treated with fluorescent products. Serum lipoprotein patterns after Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed diffuse bands in the pre-beta and beta-regions.", "contents": "Effect of fluorescent products from reaction of malonaldehyde with phosphatidylethanolamine on lipids in plasma and liver of rats. Effect of fluorescent products from the reaction of malonaldehyde with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine on the content of lipids in plasma and liver of rats was examined, and the results are as follows: Growth of rats was suppressed by daily intraperitoneal administration of fluorescent products (10 or 50 mg/kg) for 7 days. Levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol in the plasma tended to decrease but that of phospholipids increased significantly by the administration of fluorescent products in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day. On the other hand, content of triglycerides in liver decreased by about 26% at a dose of 10 mg/kg and 23% at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Total cholesterol and phospholipids showed a slight diminution. Free fatty acid content in the liver was almost constant. Thiobarbituric acid values in the plasma and liver increased significantly by treatment with the fluorescent products, especially the values at a rate of increase were higher in the plasma than in the liver. No significant changes were observed in the relative fluorescence intensity between control animals and groups treated with fluorescent products. Serum lipoprotein patterns after Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed diffuse bands in the pre-beta and beta-regions."}
{"id": "PMID:916388", "title": "Cardiovascular changes induced by large doses of clonidine in mice.", "content": "Clonidine at doses of 0.5-1.0 mg/kg i.p. produced an initial rise followed by a sustained fall in blood pressure. The initial pressor response became more marked and the onset of hypotensive effect was delayed as the dose was increased to large doses such as 10-50 mg/kg given intraperitoneally. The heart rate was markedly reduced soon after clonidine administration and the bradycardia lasted for more than 2 hours. Both the initial pressor and subsequent hypotensive effects of clonidine were reduced by pretreatment with phentolamine, the initial pressor effects were suppressed by propranolol which did not affect the hypotensive effects. This initial pressor effect was potentiated while the hypotensive effect was reduced after bilateral vagotomy and pretreatment with either 6-hydroxydopamine or atropine. The bradycardia was significantly reduced by propranolol, atropine and bilateral vagotomy. Central sympathetic as well as parasympathetic mechanisms may be involved in cardiovascular changes after large doses of clonidine in urethanized mice.", "contents": "Cardiovascular changes induced by large doses of clonidine in mice. Clonidine at doses of 0.5-1.0 mg/kg i.p. produced an initial rise followed by a sustained fall in blood pressure. The initial pressor response became more marked and the onset of hypotensive effect was delayed as the dose was increased to large doses such as 10-50 mg/kg given intraperitoneally. The heart rate was markedly reduced soon after clonidine administration and the bradycardia lasted for more than 2 hours. Both the initial pressor and subsequent hypotensive effects of clonidine were reduced by pretreatment with phentolamine, the initial pressor effects were suppressed by propranolol which did not affect the hypotensive effects. This initial pressor effect was potentiated while the hypotensive effect was reduced after bilateral vagotomy and pretreatment with either 6-hydroxydopamine or atropine. The bradycardia was significantly reduced by propranolol, atropine and bilateral vagotomy. Central sympathetic as well as parasympathetic mechanisms may be involved in cardiovascular changes after large doses of clonidine in urethanized mice."}
{"id": "PMID:916389", "title": "Pharmacological actions of intracerebrally administered polyamines in mice.", "content": "Pharmacological actions of spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) in mice given these polyamines by intracerebral injection (i.c.) were investigated. The spontaneous motor activity (SMA) assessed by the photocell counter method did not change immediately following injection of 80 mug SPD, but was enhanced 24 hours after the injection of 40 or 80 mug. A significant decrease of SMA was not immediately evident after the administration of 40 mug SPM but was demonstrated 24 hours later. Mice given single doses of 20 mug SPD exhibited increase in weight gain and those given 40 mug showed no significant difference, whereas a conspicuous decrease in weight occurred in mice given 80 mug of SPD. The body weights of mice given single doses of 10 mug SPM remained much the same, while significant weight losses occurred in both the SPM 20 mug and 40 mug dosed groups. There was a significant prolongation of pentobarbital induced sleep 6 days after the injection of high doses of SPD or SPM. Similar prolongation of sleeping time was also evident 30 minutes after the injection of SPM. A maximal hypothermic response with a fall by about 1 degree C was observed immediately following injection of 80 mug of SPD and 24 hours after the injection of 40 mug SPM, respectively.", "contents": "Pharmacological actions of intracerebrally administered polyamines in mice. Pharmacological actions of spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) in mice given these polyamines by intracerebral injection (i.c.) were investigated. The spontaneous motor activity (SMA) assessed by the photocell counter method did not change immediately following injection of 80 mug SPD, but was enhanced 24 hours after the injection of 40 or 80 mug. A significant decrease of SMA was not immediately evident after the administration of 40 mug SPM but was demonstrated 24 hours later. Mice given single doses of 20 mug SPD exhibited increase in weight gain and those given 40 mug showed no significant difference, whereas a conspicuous decrease in weight occurred in mice given 80 mug of SPD. The body weights of mice given single doses of 10 mug SPM remained much the same, while significant weight losses occurred in both the SPM 20 mug and 40 mug dosed groups. There was a significant prolongation of pentobarbital induced sleep 6 days after the injection of high doses of SPD or SPM. Similar prolongation of sleeping time was also evident 30 minutes after the injection of SPM. A maximal hypothermic response with a fall by about 1 degree C was observed immediately following injection of 80 mug of SPD and 24 hours after the injection of 40 mug SPM, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:916394", "title": "[Binocular summation in the perception of Landolt-ring presented at brief durations (author's transl)].", "content": "Landolt-ring identification accuracy of brief durations was determined under monocular presentation. Dichopic presentation to corresponding retinal areas was studied when the same Landolt-ring was presented simultaneously and successively. Both simultaneous and successive dichopic presentation gave identification accuracy significantly above the level expected from two independent chances to perceive at SOAs shorter than 60 msec. Performance under dichopic simultaneous stimulation to non-corresponding areas was slightly lower than that predicted level. Identification performance under monocular successive presentation was better than that under dichopic successive presentation to corresponding areas though these conditions were given the same amount of energy entering the visual system. Laterality and anisotropy in the perception of Landolt-ring were also considered in connection with binocular summation.", "contents": "[Binocular summation in the perception of Landolt-ring presented at brief durations (author's transl)]. Landolt-ring identification accuracy of brief durations was determined under monocular presentation. Dichopic presentation to corresponding retinal areas was studied when the same Landolt-ring was presented simultaneously and successively. Both simultaneous and successive dichopic presentation gave identification accuracy significantly above the level expected from two independent chances to perceive at SOAs shorter than 60 msec. Performance under dichopic simultaneous stimulation to non-corresponding areas was slightly lower than that predicted level. Identification performance under monocular successive presentation was better than that under dichopic successive presentation to corresponding areas though these conditions were given the same amount of energy entering the visual system. Laterality and anisotropy in the perception of Landolt-ring were also considered in connection with binocular summation."}
{"id": "PMID:916438", "title": "[Clinical studies on endoscopic electromyogram of gastric cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Endoscopic gastroelectromyograms were obtained from 8 patients with gastric cancer, which was located at the gastric antrum. These cancers include 6 cases of advanced cancers and 2 cases of early cancers with mucosal invasion. On healthy volunteers, the gastroelectromyograms from the gastric antrum showed spike bursts with equal intervals. On the other hand, in the patients with advanced cancers on which muscular layer was completely destroyed by the cancerous invasion, the gastroelectromyograms from the cancerous lesion showed no spike bursts. However, in the patients with mucosal cancers in which the cancerous invasion destroyed neither muscular membrane nor muscular layer, the gastroelectromyogram from the cancerous lesion showed spike bursts similar to those of healthy volunteers. From these results, it is proved that the deeper cancerous invasion disturbed the local motility at the cancerous lesion. In future, endoscopic lead of gastroelectromyogram will become useful for the diagnosis of the degree of cancerous invasion and infiltration.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on endoscopic electromyogram of gastric cancer (author's transl)]. Endoscopic gastroelectromyograms were obtained from 8 patients with gastric cancer, which was located at the gastric antrum. These cancers include 6 cases of advanced cancers and 2 cases of early cancers with mucosal invasion. On healthy volunteers, the gastroelectromyograms from the gastric antrum showed spike bursts with equal intervals. On the other hand, in the patients with advanced cancers on which muscular layer was completely destroyed by the cancerous invasion, the gastroelectromyograms from the cancerous lesion showed no spike bursts. However, in the patients with mucosal cancers in which the cancerous invasion destroyed neither muscular membrane nor muscular layer, the gastroelectromyogram from the cancerous lesion showed spike bursts similar to those of healthy volunteers. From these results, it is proved that the deeper cancerous invasion disturbed the local motility at the cancerous lesion. In future, endoscopic lead of gastroelectromyogram will become useful for the diagnosis of the degree of cancerous invasion and infiltration."}
{"id": "PMID:916439", "title": "[Effects of loperamide on the motility of the isolated intestine in guinea pigs, rats and dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of Loperamide on the motility of the isolated intestine in guinea-pigs, puppies and rats were examined. The spontaneous contractions of the small intestine and colon in puppies were inhibited at relatively high concentration of the agent (10(-5) g/ml). The peristaltic reflex in the guinea-pig ileum was slightly inhibited at concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-7) g/ml, and was completely abolished at 10(-6) g/ml. The agent (2X10(-7) g/ml) inhibited the longitudinal contraction of the guinea-pig ileum elicited by transmural electric stimulation. The agent (10(-5) g/ml) inhibited the acetylcholine-induced contraction of the colon and small intestine in puppies, and induced the hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and the abolition of spike potentials of the intestinal muscle in rats.", "contents": "[Effects of loperamide on the motility of the isolated intestine in guinea pigs, rats and dogs (author's transl)]. Effects of Loperamide on the motility of the isolated intestine in guinea-pigs, puppies and rats were examined. The spontaneous contractions of the small intestine and colon in puppies were inhibited at relatively high concentration of the agent (10(-5) g/ml). The peristaltic reflex in the guinea-pig ileum was slightly inhibited at concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-7) g/ml, and was completely abolished at 10(-6) g/ml. The agent (2X10(-7) g/ml) inhibited the longitudinal contraction of the guinea-pig ileum elicited by transmural electric stimulation. The agent (10(-5) g/ml) inhibited the acetylcholine-induced contraction of the colon and small intestine in puppies, and induced the hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and the abolition of spike potentials of the intestinal muscle in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:916440", "title": "[Chronic influences of transection of extrinsic nerves to dog's stomach on the fluctuations of intragastric pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "15 adult dogs fasted over night were used under Ketalar anesthesia. Experiments were undertaken during 3 months on 3 groups of animals vagotomized, splanchnicotomized and transected both extrinsic nerves. The intragastric pressure was measured by balloon-strain gauge method. The intragastric pressure was elevated in a way of filling with 200 ml of Ringer's solution within 1 minute every 2 minutes till a total of 800 ml. Following results were obtained: 1) The intragastric pressure at the initial period of gastric fullness and the average intragastric pressure during 2 minutes after filling of Ringer's solution in 3 groups were maintained in a higher level compared to that of the control dogs at every time after operation and every stage of gastric fullness. Their pressure gradients were shown sharp slopes compared to that of the control dogs. 2) The amplitude of the peristaltic movements in 3 groups was larger than that of the control dogs at every time after operation and every stage of gastric fullness. 3) The results in the chronic experiments were almost the same with that in the acute experiments of the present author (Ikeda, 1976 a b).", "contents": "[Chronic influences of transection of extrinsic nerves to dog's stomach on the fluctuations of intragastric pressure (author's transl)]. 15 adult dogs fasted over night were used under Ketalar anesthesia. Experiments were undertaken during 3 months on 3 groups of animals vagotomized, splanchnicotomized and transected both extrinsic nerves. The intragastric pressure was measured by balloon-strain gauge method. The intragastric pressure was elevated in a way of filling with 200 ml of Ringer's solution within 1 minute every 2 minutes till a total of 800 ml. Following results were obtained: 1) The intragastric pressure at the initial period of gastric fullness and the average intragastric pressure during 2 minutes after filling of Ringer's solution in 3 groups were maintained in a higher level compared to that of the control dogs at every time after operation and every stage of gastric fullness. Their pressure gradients were shown sharp slopes compared to that of the control dogs. 2) The amplitude of the peristaltic movements in 3 groups was larger than that of the control dogs at every time after operation and every stage of gastric fullness. 3) The results in the chronic experiments were almost the same with that in the acute experiments of the present author (Ikeda, 1976 a b)."}
{"id": "PMID:916441", "title": "[Manometric studies on antireflux effect of fundic patch operation].", "content": "Antireflux effect of various operations for achalasia of the esophagus was investigated with the use of the manometric study. Operative procedures subjected to the present comparative study were proximal gastrectomy with end-to-end esophagosgastrostomy, Wendel procedure, Heller procedure and Fundic patch operation, each prepared in four mongrel dogs. Incidence of postoperative reflux with possible esophagitis was greatest in proximal gastrectomy followed by Wendel and Heller procedure. Fundic patch operation well prevented the reflux with greater values of pressure as well as dimension of the lower esophageal sphincter than those of the control series. In other series of experiments in dogs, an attempt was made to reveal the rationale of the effective valvular mechanism of the Fundic patch operation preparing various sizes of the valve. When compared by the manometric study, Fundic patch procedure with an incision of 6 cm in length, formation of the artificial mucosal valve and two thirds enclosure of the distal esophagus with the fundus like fundoplication sufficiently prevented the reflux. Preparation of the valve smaller in size accelerated the incidence of postoperative reflux.", "contents": "[Manometric studies on antireflux effect of fundic patch operation]. Antireflux effect of various operations for achalasia of the esophagus was investigated with the use of the manometric study. Operative procedures subjected to the present comparative study were proximal gastrectomy with end-to-end esophagosgastrostomy, Wendel procedure, Heller procedure and Fundic patch operation, each prepared in four mongrel dogs. Incidence of postoperative reflux with possible esophagitis was greatest in proximal gastrectomy followed by Wendel and Heller procedure. Fundic patch operation well prevented the reflux with greater values of pressure as well as dimension of the lower esophageal sphincter than those of the control series. In other series of experiments in dogs, an attempt was made to reveal the rationale of the effective valvular mechanism of the Fundic patch operation preparing various sizes of the valve. When compared by the manometric study, Fundic patch procedure with an incision of 6 cm in length, formation of the artificial mucosal valve and two thirds enclosure of the distal esophagus with the fundus like fundoplication sufficiently prevented the reflux. Preparation of the valve smaller in size accelerated the incidence of postoperative reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:916477", "title": "Physiologic profiles in circulatory support and management of the critically ill.", "content": "An automated system has been developed for measuring hemodynamic, oxygen transport and tissue utilization functions. Rapid measurement and data analysis of physiologic profiles by paramedical personnel allow prompt evaluation of altered cardiovascular function. Evaluation of physiologic function allows therapeutic interventions to be instituted on a timely basis, appropriately directed toward improvement of the measured cardiovascular abnormalities. Physiologic profile studies were performed on 1016 occasions in 580 patients during a three-year period and form the basis of this report. Although utilized on hospitalized patients, there are implications for use in evaluating and treating all critically ill patients.", "contents": "Physiologic profiles in circulatory support and management of the critically ill. An automated system has been developed for measuring hemodynamic, oxygen transport and tissue utilization functions. Rapid measurement and data analysis of physiologic profiles by paramedical personnel allow prompt evaluation of altered cardiovascular function. Evaluation of physiologic function allows therapeutic interventions to be instituted on a timely basis, appropriately directed toward improvement of the measured cardiovascular abnormalities. Physiologic profile studies were performed on 1016 occasions in 580 patients during a three-year period and form the basis of this report. Although utilized on hospitalized patients, there are implications for use in evaluating and treating all critically ill patients."}
{"id": "PMID:916478", "title": "Treatment of second degree burns: nitrofurazone, povidone-iodine, and silver sulfadiazine.", "content": "Nitrofurazone (N), povidone-iodine (P), and silver sulfadiazine (S) were compared in the emergency department outpatient treatment of 84 patients suffering second degree burns over less than 15% (adults) or 5% (children) of their total body surface area. Indices of healing were percent of healing, degree of dryness, crust separation, eschar separation, tissue granulation, and wound pain. Statistical analysis indicates that healing in N-treated patients was superior to that in S-treated patients: tissue granulation began sooner, crusts separated more rapidly, wounds were dryer, and the amount of healing at two weeks was greater. Results in P-treated patients were equivalent to those in N-treated when cases with complications were excluded from analysis. Among patients with less serious burns, N-treated patients suffered less pain than S-treated, but there was no significant difference in pain between N and P or between P and S. In patients with more serious second-degree burns there was more pain with P than with N, but neither P nor N differed significantly from S in this regard.", "contents": "Treatment of second degree burns: nitrofurazone, povidone-iodine, and silver sulfadiazine. Nitrofurazone (N), povidone-iodine (P), and silver sulfadiazine (S) were compared in the emergency department outpatient treatment of 84 patients suffering second degree burns over less than 15% (adults) or 5% (children) of their total body surface area. Indices of healing were percent of healing, degree of dryness, crust separation, eschar separation, tissue granulation, and wound pain. Statistical analysis indicates that healing in N-treated patients was superior to that in S-treated patients: tissue granulation began sooner, crusts separated more rapidly, wounds were dryer, and the amount of healing at two weeks was greater. Results in P-treated patients were equivalent to those in N-treated when cases with complications were excluded from analysis. Among patients with less serious burns, N-treated patients suffered less pain than S-treated, but there was no significant difference in pain between N and P or between P and S. In patients with more serious second-degree burns there was more pain with P than with N, but neither P nor N differed significantly from S in this regard."}
{"id": "PMID:916479", "title": "Accidental hypothermia: a review of 62 cases.", "content": "A retrospective review of all patients seen in an urban city-county emergency department over a 32-month period with a primary or associated diagnosis of hypothermia was performed using the emergency department encounter form and the inpatient chart of 62 cases (59 patients) with core temperatures of 35 C (95 F) or below. With this relatively large population, a general conclusion was reached about the presentation and natural history of this interesting entity. This permitted a defensible treatment regimen which is currently employed a this institution and which is offered for institutions in similar settings. The variance in clinical signs, laboratory values, electrocardiographic findings and complications encountered in this study are detailed against the background of a review of the findings of the current literature.", "contents": "Accidental hypothermia: a review of 62 cases. A retrospective review of all patients seen in an urban city-county emergency department over a 32-month period with a primary or associated diagnosis of hypothermia was performed using the emergency department encounter form and the inpatient chart of 62 cases (59 patients) with core temperatures of 35 C (95 F) or below. With this relatively large population, a general conclusion was reached about the presentation and natural history of this interesting entity. This permitted a defensible treatment regimen which is currently employed a this institution and which is offered for institutions in similar settings. The variance in clinical signs, laboratory values, electrocardiographic findings and complications encountered in this study are detailed against the background of a review of the findings of the current literature."}
{"id": "PMID:916480", "title": "The fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "content": "The fibertopic bronchoscope was used in 14 cases in the emergency department between September 1974 and September 1976 at Lock Haven Hospital, Lock Haven, Pennsylvania and St. Charles Hospital, Toledo, Ohio. It was used successfully to remove foreign bodies from the trachea and esophagus; in difficult or hazardous endotracheal intubation; intubation in a victim of cardiac arrest with a cervical deformity; evaluation of laryngeal and tracheal injury; localization of bleeding from the posterior nose; evaluation of hemoptysis, and evaluation of thermal injuries from smoke inhalation.", "contents": "The fiberoptic bronchoscope. The fibertopic bronchoscope was used in 14 cases in the emergency department between September 1974 and September 1976 at Lock Haven Hospital, Lock Haven, Pennsylvania and St. Charles Hospital, Toledo, Ohio. It was used successfully to remove foreign bodies from the trachea and esophagus; in difficult or hazardous endotracheal intubation; intubation in a victim of cardiac arrest with a cervical deformity; evaluation of laryngeal and tracheal injury; localization of bleeding from the posterior nose; evaluation of hemoptysis, and evaluation of thermal injuries from smoke inhalation."}
{"id": "PMID:916481", "title": "Cardiac contusion and right bundle branch block.", "content": "In a case of transient right bundle branch block due to nonpenetrating chest trauma, this abnormal electrocardiographic finding was the sole manifestation of cardiac contusion. There is a high frequency of occult cardiac contusion and routine electrocardiography is recommended in the evaluation of nonpenetrating chest trauma.", "contents": "Cardiac contusion and right bundle branch block. In a case of transient right bundle branch block due to nonpenetrating chest trauma, this abnormal electrocardiographic finding was the sole manifestation of cardiac contusion. There is a high frequency of occult cardiac contusion and routine electrocardiography is recommended in the evaluation of nonpenetrating chest trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:916500", "title": "Effect of dithiothreitol on mercuric chloride- and uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure in the rat.", "content": "The current study was undertaken to examine the effects of dithiothreitol (DDT), a sulfhydryl-reducing agent and heavy metal chelator, on the course of heavy metal-induced acute renal failure in the rat. Groups of rats in metabolic cages received uranyl nitrate (UN) alone, UN plus DTT, mercuric chloride (HgCl2) alone, and HgCl2 plus DTT. UN injected alone produced azotemia, decreased creatinine clearance, and rising fractional sodium excretion over the 48 hr of study. These effects of UN on renal function were not observed when DTT was administered 30 min after UN injection. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with HgCl2-induced acute renal failure. Groups of rats were killed at 6 hr after UN plus DTT, HgCl2 alone, or HgCl2 plus DTT; and determinations of plasma renin activity (PRA) and renin activities of the superficial and deep juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) were performed. PRA's and JGA renins were increased in animals receiving either UN or HgCl2 alone, but not in the rats receiving both DTT and UN or HgCl2. The effect of DTT on distribution of 203Hg was also examined. Treatment with DTT did not alter the renal accumulation of 203Hg, suggesting that this agent does not act by limiting renal exposure to the heavy metals. Thus, DTT ameliorates the course of heavy metal-induced ARF, and this effect is associated with prevention of heavy metal-induced alterations in sodium excretion and renin-angiotensin system activity.", "contents": "Effect of dithiothreitol on mercuric chloride- and uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure in the rat. The current study was undertaken to examine the effects of dithiothreitol (DDT), a sulfhydryl-reducing agent and heavy metal chelator, on the course of heavy metal-induced acute renal failure in the rat. Groups of rats in metabolic cages received uranyl nitrate (UN) alone, UN plus DTT, mercuric chloride (HgCl2) alone, and HgCl2 plus DTT. UN injected alone produced azotemia, decreased creatinine clearance, and rising fractional sodium excretion over the 48 hr of study. These effects of UN on renal function were not observed when DTT was administered 30 min after UN injection. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with HgCl2-induced acute renal failure. Groups of rats were killed at 6 hr after UN plus DTT, HgCl2 alone, or HgCl2 plus DTT; and determinations of plasma renin activity (PRA) and renin activities of the superficial and deep juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) were performed. PRA's and JGA renins were increased in animals receiving either UN or HgCl2 alone, but not in the rats receiving both DTT and UN or HgCl2. The effect of DTT on distribution of 203Hg was also examined. Treatment with DTT did not alter the renal accumulation of 203Hg, suggesting that this agent does not act by limiting renal exposure to the heavy metals. Thus, DTT ameliorates the course of heavy metal-induced ARF, and this effect is associated with prevention of heavy metal-induced alterations in sodium excretion and renin-angiotensin system activity."}
{"id": "PMID:916599", "title": "[Irvine-Gass-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Cystic edema or the macula of Irvine-Gass syndrome, accompanied by a diminution of the central vision, is observed in 5% of the patients who have been recently operated for cataract. Only the fluorescin angiography can confirm the diagnosis with certainty. The inflammatory and vitreous theories explain most satisfactorily the pathogenesis of the condition.", "contents": "[Irvine-Gass-syndrome (author's transl)]. Cystic edema or the macula of Irvine-Gass syndrome, accompanied by a diminution of the central vision, is observed in 5% of the patients who have been recently operated for cataract. Only the fluorescin angiography can confirm the diagnosis with certainty. The inflammatory and vitreous theories explain most satisfactorily the pathogenesis of the condition."}
{"id": "PMID:916600", "title": "[Results of lamellar keratoplasty for recurring pterygium (author's transl)].", "content": "Although difficult, recurrent forms of pterygium are seldom seen in central Europe, they cause considerable therapeutic problems because they cannot be cured by simple dissection and conjunctivoplasty. A useful method of treatment in these cases is the marginal, lamellar keratoplasty, which, according to the type of involvement, can take the shape of a sector, ring, horseshoe, or semicircle. If the pterygium is extensive and affects the center of the cornea, a subtotal, lamellar keratoplasty can be performed. The rate of recurrence in the group of 35 lamellar keratoplasties which we performed amounted to a satisfactory 31%. Only rarely did a pronounced astigmatism cause a decrease in the visual acuity postoperatively. Essential for the success of the procedures are exact surgical techniques and local use of atropine and cortison postoperatively. Just as with other surgical procedures, however, the lamellar keratoplasty cannot be considered the perfect method for all pterygiums.", "contents": "[Results of lamellar keratoplasty for recurring pterygium (author's transl)]. Although difficult, recurrent forms of pterygium are seldom seen in central Europe, they cause considerable therapeutic problems because they cannot be cured by simple dissection and conjunctivoplasty. A useful method of treatment in these cases is the marginal, lamellar keratoplasty, which, according to the type of involvement, can take the shape of a sector, ring, horseshoe, or semicircle. If the pterygium is extensive and affects the center of the cornea, a subtotal, lamellar keratoplasty can be performed. The rate of recurrence in the group of 35 lamellar keratoplasties which we performed amounted to a satisfactory 31%. Only rarely did a pronounced astigmatism cause a decrease in the visual acuity postoperatively. Essential for the success of the procedures are exact surgical techniques and local use of atropine and cortison postoperatively. Just as with other surgical procedures, however, the lamellar keratoplasty cannot be considered the perfect method for all pterygiums."}
{"id": "PMID:916601", "title": "[A dirofilaria granulom of the lid and the orbid (author's transl)].", "content": "A 66-year-old woman of the northeastern USA developed suddenly a tumefaction of the lid and the orbit. After the excision a granuloma was found which was caused by a dirofilaria conjunctivae. This worm occurs in North-America mainly in racoons and is transmitted to humans by a fly or a mosquito. This infestion is usually found in the warm zones. Our case is an exceptional one as it occurred in the temparate zone.", "contents": "[A dirofilaria granulom of the lid and the orbid (author's transl)]. A 66-year-old woman of the northeastern USA developed suddenly a tumefaction of the lid and the orbit. After the excision a granuloma was found which was caused by a dirofilaria conjunctivae. This worm occurs in North-America mainly in racoons and is transmitted to humans by a fly or a mosquito. This infestion is usually found in the warm zones. Our case is an exceptional one as it occurred in the temparate zone."}
{"id": "PMID:916602", "title": "[Inflammation of the uvea--the cellular immune response in the iris (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrastructural analyses of iris biopsies in 17 cases of uveitis with different etiology revealed that all cells involved in immunological reactions are present. Many plasmacells and lymphocytes, but also macrophages and mastcells are found. Destruction of cells and even necrosis as well as damage of blood vessels are run. No specific germs could be demonstrated and etiology was not further elucidated. But there remains no doubt on the immunological nature of uveitis.", "contents": "[Inflammation of the uvea--the cellular immune response in the iris (author's transl)]. Ultrastructural analyses of iris biopsies in 17 cases of uveitis with different etiology revealed that all cells involved in immunological reactions are present. Many plasmacells and lymphocytes, but also macrophages and mastcells are found. Destruction of cells and even necrosis as well as damage of blood vessels are run. No specific germs could be demonstrated and etiology was not further elucidated. But there remains no doubt on the immunological nature of uveitis."}
{"id": "PMID:916603", "title": "[Exudation into the anterior chamber following intraocular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Purulent exudation into the anterior chamber with a hypopyon on the first or second day after intraocular surgery is the alarming sign of intraocular bacterial infection. The manifestation of an intraocular mycosis takes 4 to 5 weeks, the exudation into the anterior chamber increases slowly; however, a hypopyon may also develop. In cases of early postoperative cloudy exudation in the pupillary area without hypopyon a sterile aqueous humour is found. Consideration of this symptomatology leads to the correct diagnosis of a harmless reaction, which may be related to the protein content of the aqueous humour in a hypotonic eye.", "contents": "[Exudation into the anterior chamber following intraocular surgery (author's transl)]. Purulent exudation into the anterior chamber with a hypopyon on the first or second day after intraocular surgery is the alarming sign of intraocular bacterial infection. The manifestation of an intraocular mycosis takes 4 to 5 weeks, the exudation into the anterior chamber increases slowly; however, a hypopyon may also develop. In cases of early postoperative cloudy exudation in the pupillary area without hypopyon a sterile aqueous humour is found. Consideration of this symptomatology leads to the correct diagnosis of a harmless reaction, which may be related to the protein content of the aqueous humour in a hypotonic eye."}
{"id": "PMID:916604", "title": "[Destruction of the posterior hyaloid membrane in rhegmatogenous detachment of the vitreous body (author's transl)].", "content": "As a rule there are two pre-formed holes at the posterior hyaloid membrane in cases of recent rhegmatogenous posterior detachment of vitreous body. This finding remains stationary only in some patients. In others an extensive denudation of the posterior surface of the vitreous body occurs by progressive destruction of the posterior hyaloid membrane, the causes of which are unknown.", "contents": "[Destruction of the posterior hyaloid membrane in rhegmatogenous detachment of the vitreous body (author's transl)]. As a rule there are two pre-formed holes at the posterior hyaloid membrane in cases of recent rhegmatogenous posterior detachment of vitreous body. This finding remains stationary only in some patients. In others an extensive denudation of the posterior surface of the vitreous body occurs by progressive destruction of the posterior hyaloid membrane, the causes of which are unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:916605", "title": "[Results of transpupillar vitrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Vitreous prolapse in cataract surgery or during the extraction of a dislocated lens; corneal dystrophy in aphacic eyes due to corneo-vitreous contact and vitreous invading the anterior chamber following perforating injury proved to be valid indications for partial transpupillary vitrectomy. In malignant glaucoma, in postoperative wound rupture following cataract extraction, in open-sky-surgery of the anterior segment of aphacic eyes and in other particular conditions, transpupillary vitrectomy may also be considered. The transpupillary approach is not indicated in retinal detachment, unless prepupillary vitreous incarceration pulling up of the retina is obvious. Transpupillary vitrectomy can be performed without much harm to the eye even in children, if indicated (congenital cataract, congenital on traumatic lens dislocation, perforating lens injury). In general the results of transpupillary vitrectomy are good. Longterm complications are relatively rare. Experiences on 208 eyes are reported in particular.", "contents": "[Results of transpupillar vitrectomy (author's transl)]. Vitreous prolapse in cataract surgery or during the extraction of a dislocated lens; corneal dystrophy in aphacic eyes due to corneo-vitreous contact and vitreous invading the anterior chamber following perforating injury proved to be valid indications for partial transpupillary vitrectomy. In malignant glaucoma, in postoperative wound rupture following cataract extraction, in open-sky-surgery of the anterior segment of aphacic eyes and in other particular conditions, transpupillary vitrectomy may also be considered. The transpupillary approach is not indicated in retinal detachment, unless prepupillary vitreous incarceration pulling up of the retina is obvious. Transpupillary vitrectomy can be performed without much harm to the eye even in children, if indicated (congenital cataract, congenital on traumatic lens dislocation, perforating lens injury). In general the results of transpupillary vitrectomy are good. Longterm complications are relatively rare. Experiences on 208 eyes are reported in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:916606", "title": "[Lasermicrosurgery of the flattened anterior chamber (author's transl)].", "content": "The method of laser-microsurgery for restoration of lost anterior chamber in aphakic pupillary block and malignant glaucoma is once more reported. The problems of the flattened anterior chamber are discussed. Principle, technique, and indication of laser-coagulation of the iris are demonstrated. A short discussion of the method, description of late observations and instructions for postoperative treatment are given. In each of the 23 eyes this dangerous postoperative complication could be abolished in a simple manner without any risk. This operation must be considered as the method of choice.", "contents": "[Lasermicrosurgery of the flattened anterior chamber (author's transl)]. The method of laser-microsurgery for restoration of lost anterior chamber in aphakic pupillary block and malignant glaucoma is once more reported. The problems of the flattened anterior chamber are discussed. Principle, technique, and indication of laser-coagulation of the iris are demonstrated. A short discussion of the method, description of late observations and instructions for postoperative treatment are given. In each of the 23 eyes this dangerous postoperative complication could be abolished in a simple manner without any risk. This operation must be considered as the method of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:916607", "title": "[Gold drainage as a glaucoma operation (author's transl)].", "content": "A glaucoma operation is described in which a piece of gold leaf 0.05 mm thick, 1.5 mm wide and 4 mm long is laid into a trepanation opening or into an anterior chamber angle incision after preparation of a scleral flap. The tendency of rejecting of large gold leaves was considerable. A diverticulum of the anterior chamber formed round all gold leaves through the scarred walls of which a reasonable regulation of pressure by drainage of the aqueous was apparently not possible. A real wick or drainage effect was not seen in any case.", "contents": "[Gold drainage as a glaucoma operation (author's transl)]. A glaucoma operation is described in which a piece of gold leaf 0.05 mm thick, 1.5 mm wide and 4 mm long is laid into a trepanation opening or into an anterior chamber angle incision after preparation of a scleral flap. The tendency of rejecting of large gold leaves was considerable. A diverticulum of the anterior chamber formed round all gold leaves through the scarred walls of which a reasonable regulation of pressure by drainage of the aqueous was apparently not possible. A real wick or drainage effect was not seen in any case."}
{"id": "PMID:916608", "title": "[The early diagnosis of glaucoma as a social medical problem (author's transl)].", "content": "Tonometric mass screening for industrial nations is not recommended. Amongst the reasons against mass screening is to be emphasized the sufficient prevention of glaucoma blindness, if the reading glasses are prescribed by the ophthalmologist and if he measures the intraocular pressure in each patient over 40 years of age. In developing countries the programmes are completely different since here no medical treatment is possible. The cost benefit calculation is presented for such mass screening, which should be directed to the early recognition of simple glaucoma and which should combine tonometry and Friedman Analyzer field study. Pilot studies should show, whether it is useful or not to include the inspection of the optic disc. Glaucoma teams could be associated with the cataract eye camps. Their work must be coordinated by a center, which evaluades the results of the examination teams and changes directives accordingly.", "contents": "[The early diagnosis of glaucoma as a social medical problem (author's transl)]. Tonometric mass screening for industrial nations is not recommended. Amongst the reasons against mass screening is to be emphasized the sufficient prevention of glaucoma blindness, if the reading glasses are prescribed by the ophthalmologist and if he measures the intraocular pressure in each patient over 40 years of age. In developing countries the programmes are completely different since here no medical treatment is possible. The cost benefit calculation is presented for such mass screening, which should be directed to the early recognition of simple glaucoma and which should combine tonometry and Friedman Analyzer field study. Pilot studies should show, whether it is useful or not to include the inspection of the optic disc. Glaucoma teams could be associated with the cataract eye camps. Their work must be coordinated by a center, which evaluades the results of the examination teams and changes directives accordingly."}
{"id": "PMID:916609", "title": "[Operation for retinal detachment caused by holes in the posterior pole area, simple, long-tolerated silver span and cerclage (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for treatment of retinal detachments caused by macular holes or by holes at the posterior pole of the eye is presented. A simple silver clasp is sutured on the sclera. The silver clasp usually is well tolerated for many month and has remained on several eyes for more than 4 years, nevertheless removal of the instrument 6 months after the primary operation is advised. Lasting indentation by the clasp is provided by an additional encircling silicon band. In 10 out of 11 cases of a total or subtotal retinal detachment caused by a hole at the posterior pole, the retina could be reattached; in one case of massive pre-retinal retraction the puckering focus was successfully tamponed. The method is especially suited for the treatment of detachments in globes with posterior staphylomas.", "contents": "[Operation for retinal detachment caused by holes in the posterior pole area, simple, long-tolerated silver span and cerclage (author's transl)]. A method for treatment of retinal detachments caused by macular holes or by holes at the posterior pole of the eye is presented. A simple silver clasp is sutured on the sclera. The silver clasp usually is well tolerated for many month and has remained on several eyes for more than 4 years, nevertheless removal of the instrument 6 months after the primary operation is advised. Lasting indentation by the clasp is provided by an additional encircling silicon band. In 10 out of 11 cases of a total or subtotal retinal detachment caused by a hole at the posterior pole, the retina could be reattached; in one case of massive pre-retinal retraction the puckering focus was successfully tamponed. The method is especially suited for the treatment of detachments in globes with posterior staphylomas."}
{"id": "PMID:916610", "title": "[Treatment of retinal detachment with macular hole: scleral buckling with an absorbable fibrin sponge (author's transl)].", "content": "In 21 patients with macular hole and retinal detachment a macular buckling procedure was performed including diathermic or cryogenic coagulation. An absorbable fibrin sponge (Fibrospum) was used as a new buckling material, which needs not to be sutured to the sclera at the posterior pole. In comparison to other procedures the use of fibrin sponge seems to be more simple and at least of the same results.", "contents": "[Treatment of retinal detachment with macular hole: scleral buckling with an absorbable fibrin sponge (author's transl)]. In 21 patients with macular hole and retinal detachment a macular buckling procedure was performed including diathermic or cryogenic coagulation. An absorbable fibrin sponge (Fibrospum) was used as a new buckling material, which needs not to be sutured to the sclera at the posterior pole. In comparison to other procedures the use of fibrin sponge seems to be more simple and at least of the same results."}
{"id": "PMID:916611", "title": "[Eosinophilic granuloma of the orbit (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a tumor of the upper lid involving the bons in a 6 1/2 year old body is reported. Histology revealed a solitary eosinophilic granuloma. The classification of this systemic disease which almost always shows an orbital manifestation is discussed.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic granuloma of the orbit (author's transl)]. A case of a tumor of the upper lid involving the bons in a 6 1/2 year old body is reported. Histology revealed a solitary eosinophilic granuloma. The classification of this systemic disease which almost always shows an orbital manifestation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916612", "title": "[A colour-television-system for lectures and clinical training in ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "First experiences with a new Colour-TV-System in the University Eye-Clinic Munich are reported. The system is described in detail and special problems of fitting the TV-cameras to the ophthalmological instruments such as operation microscopes, slit lamps and fundus cameras are described.", "contents": "[A colour-television-system for lectures and clinical training in ophthalmology (author's transl)]. First experiences with a new Colour-TV-System in the University Eye-Clinic Munich are reported. The system is described in detail and special problems of fitting the TV-cameras to the ophthalmological instruments such as operation microscopes, slit lamps and fundus cameras are described."}
{"id": "PMID:916613", "title": "[Supplementary instrument for lens removal (author's transl)].", "content": "A combination of a sponge holder and a squint hook is described as a supplementary instrument for intracapsular lens cryo-extraction with this instrument. Quick changes of manipulations during lens removal and other surgical manoeuvres are possible.", "contents": "[Supplementary instrument for lens removal (author's transl)]. A combination of a sponge holder and a squint hook is described as a supplementary instrument for intracapsular lens cryo-extraction with this instrument. Quick changes of manipulations during lens removal and other surgical manoeuvres are possible."}
{"id": "PMID:916614", "title": "[Impression of a partial eclipse of the sun on the macula after observation of the sun (author's transl)].", "content": "The picture of the grey retinal coagulation focus after light coagulation due to observation of an eclipse of the sun corresponds to the picture of the sun's disc not covered by the moon.", "contents": "[Impression of a partial eclipse of the sun on the macula after observation of the sun (author's transl)]. The picture of the grey retinal coagulation focus after light coagulation due to observation of an eclipse of the sun corresponds to the picture of the sun's disc not covered by the moon."}
{"id": "PMID:916616", "title": "Reversal of \"one kidney\" to \"two kidney\" tipe of Goldblatt hypertension in a patient with bilateral artery stenosis.", "content": "A 32-year old hypertensive woman with bilateral renal artery stenosis of more than 50% on both sides was studied. Renal vein renin levels were low (0.3 ng/ml/h on the right side and 0.42 on the left) before surgical correction of the left renal artery. Thereafter, blood pressure was only temporarily reduced. Four months later a repeat angiography demonstrated a widely patent left renal artery and the stenosis on the right side was unchanged. Renal vein renin was 5.12 on the left and 11.2 on the right. Subsequent operation on the right side lead to normalization of blood pressure. Thus, our patient seems to demonstrate in sequence the characteristics of the tow types of experimental renovacular hypertension known as \"one kidney hypertension\" and \"two kidney hypertension\". Our findings usggest that the pathomechanisms of these experimental models are operative in man too.", "contents": "Reversal of \"one kidney\" to \"two kidney\" tipe of Goldblatt hypertension in a patient with bilateral artery stenosis. A 32-year old hypertensive woman with bilateral renal artery stenosis of more than 50% on both sides was studied. Renal vein renin levels were low (0.3 ng/ml/h on the right side and 0.42 on the left) before surgical correction of the left renal artery. Thereafter, blood pressure was only temporarily reduced. Four months later a repeat angiography demonstrated a widely patent left renal artery and the stenosis on the right side was unchanged. Renal vein renin was 5.12 on the left and 11.2 on the right. Subsequent operation on the right side lead to normalization of blood pressure. Thus, our patient seems to demonstrate in sequence the characteristics of the tow types of experimental renovacular hypertension known as \"one kidney hypertension\" and \"two kidney hypertension\". Our findings usggest that the pathomechanisms of these experimental models are operative in man too."}
{"id": "PMID:916617", "title": "[Compromized myocardial perfusion in arrhythmias (author's transl)].", "content": "In 7 patients with arrhythmias of various origin the myocardial scintigram displayed either a diffuse or circumscript defect of the perfusion. The coronary arteriogram was normal in all patients. The localized defect of the perfusion in 2 patients was in the region of the upper part of the interventricular septum. Both had a left bundle brunch block. A correlation between the perfusion defect and the electrophysiological abnormality seems probable. The perfusion defect in one of the patients is most probably caused by a previous myocarditis followed by fibrous changes. In the other 6 patients the cause for the perfusion defect is not obvious. A history of myocarditis is missing. The presence of \"small vessel disease\" in those patients has however to be considered. Our results point to the relation between an abnormality of the microcirculation and arrhythmias in younger patients.", "contents": "[Compromized myocardial perfusion in arrhythmias (author's transl)]. In 7 patients with arrhythmias of various origin the myocardial scintigram displayed either a diffuse or circumscript defect of the perfusion. The coronary arteriogram was normal in all patients. The localized defect of the perfusion in 2 patients was in the region of the upper part of the interventricular septum. Both had a left bundle brunch block. A correlation between the perfusion defect and the electrophysiological abnormality seems probable. The perfusion defect in one of the patients is most probably caused by a previous myocarditis followed by fibrous changes. In the other 6 patients the cause for the perfusion defect is not obvious. A history of myocarditis is missing. The presence of \"small vessel disease\" in those patients has however to be considered. Our results point to the relation between an abnormality of the microcirculation and arrhythmias in younger patients."}
{"id": "PMID:916618", "title": "[Hemodynamic effects of sar1-ala8-angiotensin in patients with renovascular hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "In 7 hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis and in 1 patient with hypertension and unilateral pyelonephritic nephrophthisi the influence of the angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin on systemic hemodynamics was studied. In the patients with normal renin infusion of saralasin produced an increase in total peripheral resistance, in patients with elevated renin a decrease in peripheral resistance was observed. In 3 patients who had extremely high renin levels while under sodium saralasin produced a dangerous drop in blood pressure concomitant with a marked decrease in cardiac output and in central venous pressure, heart rate remained unchanged or increased just slightly. The findings suggest that in patients with high plasma renin peripheral resistance, venous tone, venous retrun, and cardiac output are to a large extent controlled by circulating angiotensin II.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic effects of sar1-ala8-angiotensin in patients with renovascular hypertension (author's transl)]. In 7 hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis and in 1 patient with hypertension and unilateral pyelonephritic nephrophthisi the influence of the angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin on systemic hemodynamics was studied. In the patients with normal renin infusion of saralasin produced an increase in total peripheral resistance, in patients with elevated renin a decrease in peripheral resistance was observed. In 3 patients who had extremely high renin levels while under sodium saralasin produced a dangerous drop in blood pressure concomitant with a marked decrease in cardiac output and in central venous pressure, heart rate remained unchanged or increased just slightly. The findings suggest that in patients with high plasma renin peripheral resistance, venous tone, venous retrun, and cardiac output are to a large extent controlled by circulating angiotensin II."}
{"id": "PMID:916619", "title": "Radiation injury in the neonatal canine kidney. I. Pathogenesis.", "content": "The effects of radiation on the developing canine kidney were investigated. Beagles were exposed to 330 R 60Co gamma-radiation on the 2nd postnatal day of life. The kidneys were examined at 2 days (6 hours after irradiation), 4, 8, 14, 22, 70, and 200 days of age with qualitative and quantitative light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The primary result of the radiation injury was a failure to form the normal number of nephrons. The kidneys of irradiated dogs had 42 per cent fewer nephrons (260,000) than the control dogs (445,000). In addition, extensive damage to forming nephrons produced dysplastic renal corpuscles and other corpuscles which were arrested in their development. Three mechanisms of radiation injury were identified. First, there was extensive mitosis-linked cell death in the nephrogenic zone. Second, mitotic delay resulted in only one-fifth of the normal mitotic activity in the nephrogenic zone through 2 days postirradiation. Third, there was an immediate and permanent cessation of nephron formation. The extensive injury in the outer renal cortex was compounded by the development of intercapillary glomerulosclerosis in some middle and inner cortical corpuscles by 200 days of age.", "contents": "Radiation injury in the neonatal canine kidney. I. Pathogenesis. The effects of radiation on the developing canine kidney were investigated. Beagles were exposed to 330 R 60Co gamma-radiation on the 2nd postnatal day of life. The kidneys were examined at 2 days (6 hours after irradiation), 4, 8, 14, 22, 70, and 200 days of age with qualitative and quantitative light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The primary result of the radiation injury was a failure to form the normal number of nephrons. The kidneys of irradiated dogs had 42 per cent fewer nephrons (260,000) than the control dogs (445,000). In addition, extensive damage to forming nephrons produced dysplastic renal corpuscles and other corpuscles which were arrested in their development. Three mechanisms of radiation injury were identified. First, there was extensive mitosis-linked cell death in the nephrogenic zone. Second, mitotic delay resulted in only one-fifth of the normal mitotic activity in the nephrogenic zone through 2 days postirradiation. Third, there was an immediate and permanent cessation of nephron formation. The extensive injury in the outer renal cortex was compounded by the development of intercapillary glomerulosclerosis in some middle and inner cortical corpuscles by 200 days of age."}
{"id": "PMID:916620", "title": "Pilocarpine stimulation of the bronchiolar Clara cell secretion.", "content": "Fasted rats were given a single cholinergic subcutaneous injection of pilocarpine and sacrificed from 30 minutes to 24 hours later. Secretory granules were extruded by Clara cells as early as 30 minutes after pilocarpine administration. Simultaneously and thereafter, Clara cells displayed dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and active assembly of secretory granules at the Golgi complex. After 1 to 2 hours, new secretory granules reached the cell surface and were discharged into the bronchiolar lumen by exocytosis. At 4 hours the Clara cell organelles appeared quiescent. Complete cell recovery apparently occurred by 12 to 24 hours after pilocarpine administration. The accelerated secretion by Clara cells with pilocarpine provides an evidence of their exocrine character and the exocytotic secretory mechanism. The morphologic data indicate that the production and secretion by Clara cells may be controlled by neurohumoral mechanism.", "contents": "Pilocarpine stimulation of the bronchiolar Clara cell secretion. Fasted rats were given a single cholinergic subcutaneous injection of pilocarpine and sacrificed from 30 minutes to 24 hours later. Secretory granules were extruded by Clara cells as early as 30 minutes after pilocarpine administration. Simultaneously and thereafter, Clara cells displayed dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and active assembly of secretory granules at the Golgi complex. After 1 to 2 hours, new secretory granules reached the cell surface and were discharged into the bronchiolar lumen by exocytosis. At 4 hours the Clara cell organelles appeared quiescent. Complete cell recovery apparently occurred by 12 to 24 hours after pilocarpine administration. The accelerated secretion by Clara cells with pilocarpine provides an evidence of their exocrine character and the exocytotic secretory mechanism. The morphologic data indicate that the production and secretion by Clara cells may be controlled by neurohumoral mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:916621", "title": "The effect of chronic low level lead intoxication on the Haversian remodeling system in dogs.", "content": "The greatest portion of lead ingested by human beings or experimental animals is stored in bone. Once in bone, lead is difficult to remove. It may have a half-life of 20 years or more and could interfere with bone metabolism. The effects of lead intoxication on the production of intercellular matrix have been reported previously but the effects of lead on bone turnovers rates were not reported. In this paper we reported the results of a study of the effects of lead on bone turnover in dogs. Differences between experimental and control dogs were found when measuring appositional rates, radial closure rates, activation frequencies, osteon formation times, and bone formation rates. We found that dogs subjected to a low dose (1.3 mg. per kg. per day) of lead over a long period of time (201 days) showed a statistically significant decrease in bone formation activity at the cell (90 per cent), tissue (85 per cent), and organ (78 per cent) levels when compared to controls. Although these observations were made on a small experimental and control sample (four dogs), they suggest that chronic low dose lead intoxication does alter normal bone physiology.", "contents": "The effect of chronic low level lead intoxication on the Haversian remodeling system in dogs. The greatest portion of lead ingested by human beings or experimental animals is stored in bone. Once in bone, lead is difficult to remove. It may have a half-life of 20 years or more and could interfere with bone metabolism. The effects of lead intoxication on the production of intercellular matrix have been reported previously but the effects of lead on bone turnovers rates were not reported. In this paper we reported the results of a study of the effects of lead on bone turnover in dogs. Differences between experimental and control dogs were found when measuring appositional rates, radial closure rates, activation frequencies, osteon formation times, and bone formation rates. We found that dogs subjected to a low dose (1.3 mg. per kg. per day) of lead over a long period of time (201 days) showed a statistically significant decrease in bone formation activity at the cell (90 per cent), tissue (85 per cent), and organ (78 per cent) levels when compared to controls. Although these observations were made on a small experimental and control sample (four dogs), they suggest that chronic low dose lead intoxication does alter normal bone physiology."}
{"id": "PMID:916625", "title": "Uptake and transport of Imposil by the glomerular mesangium in the mouse.", "content": "The mesangial uptake and transport of particulate material has been studied using an iron-dextran complex, Imposil, as a tracer particle. The tracer was given as a single dose into the tail vein of the mouse, and animals were killed at intervals from 5 minutes to 48 hours. Light and electron microscopy showed that the iron-dextran complex was initially taken into the matrix channels of the mesangium from which it progressed over the course of 8 hours to the matrix of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and intercellular spaces of the macula densa. This delineated a continuous functional pathway from the glomerular capillary lumen to the macula densa cells of the distal tubule for material taken up by the mesangium. It is suggested that the products of inflammatory lesions in the glomerulus could affect the secretory function of the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus as it would appear that such products must circulate in the immediate environment of these cells.", "contents": "Uptake and transport of Imposil by the glomerular mesangium in the mouse. The mesangial uptake and transport of particulate material has been studied using an iron-dextran complex, Imposil, as a tracer particle. The tracer was given as a single dose into the tail vein of the mouse, and animals were killed at intervals from 5 minutes to 48 hours. Light and electron microscopy showed that the iron-dextran complex was initially taken into the matrix channels of the mesangium from which it progressed over the course of 8 hours to the matrix of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and intercellular spaces of the macula densa. This delineated a continuous functional pathway from the glomerular capillary lumen to the macula densa cells of the distal tubule for material taken up by the mesangium. It is suggested that the products of inflammatory lesions in the glomerulus could affect the secretory function of the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus as it would appear that such products must circulate in the immediate environment of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:916638", "title": "The reliability and validity of the comfort level method of setting hearing aid gain.", "content": "The comfort level method (Carhart, 1946) probably is the most widely used procedure for setting the acoustic gain of hearing aids. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the test-retest reliability of the comfort level method and the relationship between the comfort settings established in a clinical test suite and the comfort settings utilized in more realistic daily listening situations. Adults with bilateral sensorineural hearing impairments were subjects. The results suggest that the comfort level method has good test-retest reliability for most clinical purposes. Further, clinically established comfort settings may accurately represent typical daily-use settings if the input level used to establish the comfort settings in the clinical environment is 70 dB SPL.", "contents": "The reliability and validity of the comfort level method of setting hearing aid gain. The comfort level method (Carhart, 1946) probably is the most widely used procedure for setting the acoustic gain of hearing aids. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the test-retest reliability of the comfort level method and the relationship between the comfort settings established in a clinical test suite and the comfort settings utilized in more realistic daily listening situations. Adults with bilateral sensorineural hearing impairments were subjects. The results suggest that the comfort level method has good test-retest reliability for most clinical purposes. Further, clinically established comfort settings may accurately represent typical daily-use settings if the input level used to establish the comfort settings in the clinical environment is 70 dB SPL."}
{"id": "PMID:916639", "title": "A cineradiographic investigation of children's w/r substitutions.", "content": "Articulatory positioning and movement characteristics were compared between /w/ and intended /r/ productions in three children exhibiting w/r substitutions and one normal control subject. High-speed lateral-view cineradiography was utilized. It was found that only the control subject demonstrated significant differences in lip, jaw, and tongue positioning for /w/ compared to /r/. However, systematic patterns of articulatory variability within and between subjects suggested that the experimental subjects were possibly differentiating between /w/ and intended /r/ even though the articulatory target configuration appeared to be nondiscriminatory. Perceptual judgmnets of the tape-recorded utterances mirrored the physiological data in that only those intended /r/ productions involving articulatory positioning clearly different from that of /w/ were perceived as /r/.", "contents": "A cineradiographic investigation of children's w/r substitutions. Articulatory positioning and movement characteristics were compared between /w/ and intended /r/ productions in three children exhibiting w/r substitutions and one normal control subject. High-speed lateral-view cineradiography was utilized. It was found that only the control subject demonstrated significant differences in lip, jaw, and tongue positioning for /w/ compared to /r/. However, systematic patterns of articulatory variability within and between subjects suggested that the experimental subjects were possibly differentiating between /w/ and intended /r/ even though the articulatory target configuration appeared to be nondiscriminatory. Perceptual judgmnets of the tape-recorded utterances mirrored the physiological data in that only those intended /r/ productions involving articulatory positioning clearly different from that of /w/ were perceived as /r/."}
{"id": "PMID:916640", "title": "The verbal environment of a language-impaired child.", "content": "A child with a language handicap presents a potential conflict for the adults with whom he interacts. In terms of age and physical development, he may present cues that ordinarily elicit complex speech from adults. His language performance, however, may be comparable to that of a much younger child. This study involves a detailed analysis of the speech addressed to a 4.7-year-old language-impaired boy and to his normal-speaking female cousin (4.6 years) by the boy's mother, father, and baby-sitter. Each adult interacted with each child in a five-minute free play and a five-minute story-telling situation. Quantitative measures of the speech of the adults included word rate, disfluencies, type-token ratio, and mean length of response. There was a strong tendency to present the language-impaired child with fluent, short, and simple sentence patterns, as compared to his peer. Qualitative analyses of sentence types again showed that simplifications were made in speech to the boy, and that the adults used sequential sets of sentences with the language-handicapped child that were similar to those used by mothers of normal, but much younger children.", "contents": "The verbal environment of a language-impaired child. A child with a language handicap presents a potential conflict for the adults with whom he interacts. In terms of age and physical development, he may present cues that ordinarily elicit complex speech from adults. His language performance, however, may be comparable to that of a much younger child. This study involves a detailed analysis of the speech addressed to a 4.7-year-old language-impaired boy and to his normal-speaking female cousin (4.6 years) by the boy's mother, father, and baby-sitter. Each adult interacted with each child in a five-minute free play and a five-minute story-telling situation. Quantitative measures of the speech of the adults included word rate, disfluencies, type-token ratio, and mean length of response. There was a strong tendency to present the language-impaired child with fluent, short, and simple sentence patterns, as compared to his peer. Qualitative analyses of sentence types again showed that simplifications were made in speech to the boy, and that the adults used sequential sets of sentences with the language-handicapped child that were similar to those used by mothers of normal, but much younger children."}
{"id": "PMID:916641", "title": "Time-compressed speech discrimination in central auditory disorder: a pediatric case study.", "content": "Audiological data are presented for an 11-year-old aphasic girl with confirmed left-hemisphere damage. Pure-tone audiometry, impedance measurement, and speech discrimination testing were completed. Discrimination testing included presentation of the Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification (WIPI) test at 0 and 60% time compression. Results indicated significantly poorer speech discrimination in the ear contralateral to the site of lesion at 60% time compression. This case study supports the use of time-compressed speech discrimination testing in the assessment of central auditory function of children and as a diagnostic tool for determination of site of lesion.", "contents": "Time-compressed speech discrimination in central auditory disorder: a pediatric case study. Audiological data are presented for an 11-year-old aphasic girl with confirmed left-hemisphere damage. Pure-tone audiometry, impedance measurement, and speech discrimination testing were completed. Discrimination testing included presentation of the Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification (WIPI) test at 0 and 60% time compression. Results indicated significantly poorer speech discrimination in the ear contralateral to the site of lesion at 60% time compression. This case study supports the use of time-compressed speech discrimination testing in the assessment of central auditory function of children and as a diagnostic tool for determination of site of lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:916642", "title": "Tympanometric assessment of eustachian tube patency in children.", "content": "Eustachian tube patency was assessed tympanometrically in a group of otologically normal children at a pediatric outpatient clinic. A pressure-swallow technique of assessing eustachian tube patency was administered. The results indicated the importance of the examination of both middle ear pressure and function changes in the evaluation of eustachian tube test results.", "contents": "Tympanometric assessment of eustachian tube patency in children. Eustachian tube patency was assessed tympanometrically in a group of otologically normal children at a pediatric outpatient clinic. A pressure-swallow technique of assessing eustachian tube patency was administered. The results indicated the importance of the examination of both middle ear pressure and function changes in the evaluation of eustachian tube test results."}
{"id": "PMID:916643", "title": "Patterns of dysfunction in schizophrenic patients on an aphasia test battery.", "content": "Twenty-seven schizophrenic patients free of any known neurologic deficit were tested with an aphasia test battery. The objective of the research was to derive a profile of schizophrenic language performance to permit its comparison with the profiles characteristic of aphasia, apraxia of speech, generalized intellectual impairment, and confused language. Results indicate that schizophrenic patients exhibit a profile of language performance distinctive from those found in aphasia, apraxia of speech, confusion, or generalized intellectual impairment and demonstrate that the disruption of language in schizophrenia is not aphasic in nature.", "contents": "Patterns of dysfunction in schizophrenic patients on an aphasia test battery. Twenty-seven schizophrenic patients free of any known neurologic deficit were tested with an aphasia test battery. The objective of the research was to derive a profile of schizophrenic language performance to permit its comparison with the profiles characteristic of aphasia, apraxia of speech, generalized intellectual impairment, and confused language. Results indicate that schizophrenic patients exhibit a profile of language performance distinctive from those found in aphasia, apraxia of speech, confusion, or generalized intellectual impairment and demonstrate that the disruption of language in schizophrenia is not aphasic in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:916644", "title": "Clinical acoustic reflex threshold measurements in infants.", "content": "Acoustic reflex thresholds elicited using clinical acoustic impedance techniques were obtained on normal infants between one month and one year of age. Reflex activating signals of 500, 1000, 2000 Hz, low-pass, high-pass, and white noise were used. Less intensity was required to elicit the acoustic reflex to the noise than to the pure tones, with the 500-Hz tone requiring the greatest intensity. Inference of auditory thresholds from the acoustic reflex indicated the presence of normal hearing in the infant group.", "contents": "Clinical acoustic reflex threshold measurements in infants. Acoustic reflex thresholds elicited using clinical acoustic impedance techniques were obtained on normal infants between one month and one year of age. Reflex activating signals of 500, 1000, 2000 Hz, low-pass, high-pass, and white noise were used. Less intensity was required to elicit the acoustic reflex to the noise than to the pure tones, with the 500-Hz tone requiring the greatest intensity. Inference of auditory thresholds from the acoustic reflex indicated the presence of normal hearing in the infant group."}
{"id": "PMID:916645", "title": "Reliability of hearing-impaired children's responses to oral and total presentations of the Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language.", "content": "The Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language (TACL) (Carrow, 1973) was administered on two occasions to two groups of hearing-impaired children. The test was administered in the usual manner (face-to-face, spoken) to children who were being educated by oral methods. The test was also simultaneously spoken and signed to children who were being educated by total-communication methods. Reliability of responses was high for both groups (r = 0.96 for oral-aural and 0.90 for total-communication children) and error patterns were similar. The TACL appears to be an appropriate and reliable instrument for use with hearing-impaired children.", "contents": "Reliability of hearing-impaired children's responses to oral and total presentations of the Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language. The Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language (TACL) (Carrow, 1973) was administered on two occasions to two groups of hearing-impaired children. The test was administered in the usual manner (face-to-face, spoken) to children who were being educated by oral methods. The test was also simultaneously spoken and signed to children who were being educated by total-communication methods. Reliability of responses was high for both groups (r = 0.96 for oral-aural and 0.90 for total-communication children) and error patterns were similar. The TACL appears to be an appropriate and reliable instrument for use with hearing-impaired children."}
{"id": "PMID:916646", "title": "Effects of sophistication on four tests for nonorganic hearing loss.", "content": "Three groups of 15 normal-hearing subjects were asked to simulate a hearing loss in one ear. Each subject was then tested on four measurements often used in determining the presence of pseudohypacusis (a comparison of the SRT to the pure-tone average, ascending vs descending pure-tone tests, the Stenger test, and pure-tone delayed auditory feedback). Results showed that as practice and sophistication on each of the procedures increased, there tended to be more improvement in the subjects' ability to \"beat\" some of the tests than others.", "contents": "Effects of sophistication on four tests for nonorganic hearing loss. Three groups of 15 normal-hearing subjects were asked to simulate a hearing loss in one ear. Each subject was then tested on four measurements often used in determining the presence of pseudohypacusis (a comparison of the SRT to the pure-tone average, ascending vs descending pure-tone tests, the Stenger test, and pure-tone delayed auditory feedback). Results showed that as practice and sophistication on each of the procedures increased, there tended to be more improvement in the subjects' ability to \"beat\" some of the tests than others."}
{"id": "PMID:916647", "title": "Disorders of nonverbal communication.", "content": "The idea that nonverbal communication can be disordered is explored, and several types of nonverbal communication disorders are described. The characteristics of these disorders and a number of possible explanations for their acquisition are offered. Finally, suggestions for therapeutic procedures are made.", "contents": "Disorders of nonverbal communication. The idea that nonverbal communication can be disordered is explored, and several types of nonverbal communication disorders are described. The characteristics of these disorders and a number of possible explanations for their acquisition are offered. Finally, suggestions for therapeutic procedures are made."}
{"id": "PMID:916648", "title": "Aphasia testing: a second look at the Porch Index of Communicative Ability.", "content": "It has been claimed that the Porch Index of Communicative Ability (PICA), through its multidimensional scoring system, corrects for lacks in other tests for aphasia. Specifically, the PICA is said to specify the details of the response and indicate the nature of the response; detect and describe small changes in the patient's responses; indicate the patient's level of communicative ability; and eliminate the subjectivity and bias present in descriptive methods of scoring. It is argued here that the PICA does none of these things and that the multidimensional scoring system as applied in the PICA is invalid.", "contents": "Aphasia testing: a second look at the Porch Index of Communicative Ability. It has been claimed that the Porch Index of Communicative Ability (PICA), through its multidimensional scoring system, corrects for lacks in other tests for aphasia. Specifically, the PICA is said to specify the details of the response and indicate the nature of the response; detect and describe small changes in the patient's responses; indicate the patient's level of communicative ability; and eliminate the subjectivity and bias present in descriptive methods of scoring. It is argued here that the PICA does none of these things and that the multidimensional scoring system as applied in the PICA is invalid."}
{"id": "PMID:916650", "title": "Blissymbolics-a nonverbal communication system.", "content": "Until recently, speech-language pathologists have shown little interest in seeking alternate forms of communication when functional verbal communication is not attainable. There is a paucity of literature dealing with nonverbal communication systems for people lacking functional verbal communication for reasons other than deafness. Blissymbolics is a logical, visual language that has provided functional communication for nonverbal cerebral-palsied children. The full potential and application of Blissymbolics has only begun to be realized, and there is much need for experimentation and research. This paper describes the system and suggests areas for future application and development.", "contents": "Blissymbolics-a nonverbal communication system. Until recently, speech-language pathologists have shown little interest in seeking alternate forms of communication when functional verbal communication is not attainable. There is a paucity of literature dealing with nonverbal communication systems for people lacking functional verbal communication for reasons other than deafness. Blissymbolics is a logical, visual language that has provided functional communication for nonverbal cerebral-palsied children. The full potential and application of Blissymbolics has only begun to be realized, and there is much need for experimentation and research. This paper describes the system and suggests areas for future application and development."}
{"id": "PMID:916683", "title": "Women and men problem drinkers. Sex differences in patients served by Iowa's Community Alcoholism Centers.", "content": "The development of and recovery from alcoholism was examined in 3132 men and 395 women alcoholics. Drinking by the women was more often a response to crises and emotional stress, while more men gradually drifted into ever greater dependence on alcohol to cope with everyday problems.", "contents": "Women and men problem drinkers. Sex differences in patients served by Iowa's Community Alcoholism Centers. The development of and recovery from alcoholism was examined in 3132 men and 395 women alcoholics. Drinking by the women was more often a response to crises and emotional stress, while more men gradually drifted into ever greater dependence on alcohol to cope with everyday problems."}
{"id": "PMID:916684", "title": "A longitudinal analysis of alcohol use, environmental conduciveness and normative structure.", "content": "The social environment and normative structure surrounding drinking have a reciprocal relationship in determining adolescent drinking patterns in high school and college.", "contents": "A longitudinal analysis of alcohol use, environmental conduciveness and normative structure. The social environment and normative structure surrounding drinking have a reciprocal relationship in determining adolescent drinking patterns in high school and college."}
{"id": "PMID:916685", "title": "Alcoholics admitted to four hospitals in England. III. Criminal records.", "content": "Among 935 hospitalized alcoholic patients, 32% of the men and 17% of the women had a criminal record. Correlates of criminality are explored. Recidivism rates are established and compared with those of approximate controls.", "contents": "Alcoholics admitted to four hospitals in England. III. Criminal records. Among 935 hospitalized alcoholic patients, 32% of the men and 17% of the women had a criminal record. Correlates of criminality are explored. Recidivism rates are established and compared with those of approximate controls."}
{"id": "PMID:916686", "title": "Short-term consumption effects of a lower minimum alcohol-purchasing age.", "content": "Multiple-regression analysis revealed that apparent short-term increases in consumption of distilled spirits after reductions in minimum legal purchasing ages were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Short-term consumption effects of a lower minimum alcohol-purchasing age. Multiple-regression analysis revealed that apparent short-term increases in consumption of distilled spirits after reductions in minimum legal purchasing ages were not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:916687", "title": "Reevaluation of the disulfiram-alcohol reaction in man.", "content": "The intensity of the disulfiram-alcohol reaction is found to depend on the blood acetaldehyde level, a disulfiram-induced predisposition reflected by alkalosis, and an individual predisposition reflected by dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity.", "contents": "Reevaluation of the disulfiram-alcohol reaction in man. The intensity of the disulfiram-alcohol reaction is found to depend on the blood acetaldehyde level, a disulfiram-induced predisposition reflected by alkalosis, and an individual predisposition reflected by dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:916688", "title": "Hypothesis testing in younger and older alcoholics.", "content": "Older alcoholics used less systematic approaches to problem solving and were not able to solve as many problems as younger alcoholics or controls.", "contents": "Hypothesis testing in younger and older alcoholics. Older alcoholics used less systematic approaches to problem solving and were not able to solve as many problems as younger alcoholics or controls."}
{"id": "PMID:916689", "title": "Non-help-seeking wives of employed alcoholics. A multilevel interpersonal profile.", "content": "Interpretation of personality test scores reveals that non-help-seeking wives of employed alcoholics are dominant persons whose ideal self-images are of dependent or masochistic women.", "contents": "Non-help-seeking wives of employed alcoholics. A multilevel interpersonal profile. Interpretation of personality test scores reveals that non-help-seeking wives of employed alcoholics are dominant persons whose ideal self-images are of dependent or masochistic women."}
{"id": "PMID:916690", "title": "Voluntary versus involuntary abstinence in the treatment of alcoholics.", "content": "During the first 6 months after their discharge from a Fixed Interval Drinking Decisions Program patients who had been compelled to abstain did significantly better than the drinkers but significantly more poorly than those who had voluntarily abstained during the program.", "contents": "Voluntary versus involuntary abstinence in the treatment of alcoholics. During the first 6 months after their discharge from a Fixed Interval Drinking Decisions Program patients who had been compelled to abstain did significantly better than the drinkers but significantly more poorly than those who had voluntarily abstained during the program."}
{"id": "PMID:916691", "title": "Prediction of relapse in men alcoholics.", "content": "Cognitive impairment, as measured by the Patterned Cognitive Impairment Test, was the best predictor of relapse in a group of patients after treatment for alcoholism.", "contents": "Prediction of relapse in men alcoholics. Cognitive impairment, as measured by the Patterned Cognitive Impairment Test, was the best predictor of relapse in a group of patients after treatment for alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:916692", "title": "Reinvestigation of the chemical reaction between disulfiram and ethanol.", "content": "A claim that disulfiram and ethanol react to produce a quaternary ammonium compound, and that this product may be involved in the pharmacogenesis of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction, is shown to be in error.", "contents": "Reinvestigation of the chemical reaction between disulfiram and ethanol. A claim that disulfiram and ethanol react to produce a quaternary ammonium compound, and that this product may be involved in the pharmacogenesis of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction, is shown to be in error."}
{"id": "PMID:916693", "title": "Bias in calculated rate of alcohol metabolism due to variation in relative amounts of adipose tissue.", "content": "Individual and group variations in the proportion of body fat relative to total body mass influence statistical calculation of rates of alcohol metabolism, and may affect conclusions about comparative rates. Ways of minimizing the effects of variations in adiposity are presented.", "contents": "Bias in calculated rate of alcohol metabolism due to variation in relative amounts of adipose tissue. Individual and group variations in the proportion of body fat relative to total body mass influence statistical calculation of rates of alcohol metabolism, and may affect conclusions about comparative rates. Ways of minimizing the effects of variations in adiposity are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:916694", "title": "Consequences of retrospective measurement of alcohol consumption.", "content": "Estimates of the effects of forgetting on the results of retrospective interviews varied according to the measures of past and present consumption--absolute alcohol or Quantity-Frequency-Variability scores.", "contents": "Consequences of retrospective measurement of alcohol consumption. Estimates of the effects of forgetting on the results of retrospective interviews varied according to the measures of past and present consumption--absolute alcohol or Quantity-Frequency-Variability scores."}
{"id": "PMID:916695", "title": "Alcoholism in schizophrenics and their relatives.", "content": "The possible interrelation of schizophrenia and alcoholism was examined by comparing schizophrenic adoptees and their biological relatives with control adoptees and their biological relatives. Neither schizophrenics nor their relatives had higher rates of alcoholism than did controls.", "contents": "Alcoholism in schizophrenics and their relatives. The possible interrelation of schizophrenia and alcoholism was examined by comparing schizophrenic adoptees and their biological relatives with control adoptees and their biological relatives. Neither schizophrenics nor their relatives had higher rates of alcoholism than did controls."}
{"id": "PMID:916696", "title": "Effects of two liquor store strikes on drunkenness, impaired driving and traffic accidents.", "content": "Liquor store strikes in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia did not reduce total accidents, driving-while-impaired charges or traffic fatalities; but arrests for public drunkenness declined in Newfoundland.", "contents": "Effects of two liquor store strikes on drunkenness, impaired driving and traffic accidents. Liquor store strikes in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia did not reduce total accidents, driving-while-impaired charges or traffic fatalities; but arrests for public drunkenness declined in Newfoundland."}
{"id": "PMID:916697", "title": "The relationship of alcohol withdrawal experiences to impaired cognitive function.", "content": "Analysis of the scores of alcoholics on five tests of withdrawal, alcohol craving and cognitive function failed to support the hypothesis that the severity and frequency of alcohol withdrawal are related to impaired cognitive function.", "contents": "The relationship of alcohol withdrawal experiences to impaired cognitive function. Analysis of the scores of alcoholics on five tests of withdrawal, alcohol craving and cognitive function failed to support the hypothesis that the severity and frequency of alcohol withdrawal are related to impaired cognitive function."}
{"id": "PMID:916698", "title": "Characteristics of volunteers for a controlled drinking training program.", "content": "Patients who volunteered for a controlled drinking training program had more severe alcohol problems and less social and family stability than those who opted for abstinence-oriented programs.", "contents": "Characteristics of volunteers for a controlled drinking training program. Patients who volunteered for a controlled drinking training program had more severe alcohol problems and less social and family stability than those who opted for abstinence-oriented programs."}
{"id": "PMID:916711", "title": "Cricopharyngeal myotomy as a method of treating cricopharyngeal dysphagia secondary to gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "Food obstruction at the cricopharyngeal level is a common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux. In selected patients, cricopharyngeal myotomy is effective in relief of symptoms. We have used myotomy in patients whose only symptom was dysphagia, in patients too debilitated for major surgery, and in patients with persistent pharyngoesophageal dysphagia following hiatal hernia repair. All were studied by barium esophagogram, endoscopy, and manometry. Radiologic aspiration of barium was apparent in five of 19 patients. High-speed manometric tracings showed intermittent cricopharyngeal incoordination in the six consecutive patients most recently studied. This finding of incoordination has been shown to be present in 38 patients with reflux and in all with major cricopharyngeal symptoms. Myotomy was effective in relieving symptoms in patients in whom this was the only reflux symptom and in the five patients too debilitated for major surgery. Good symptomatic improvement was obtained in nine of the 12 with persistent dysphagia following hernia repair, but in three relief was partial, with persistent symptoms being secondary to distal esophageal obstruction. Investigation is necessary to exclude other causes of dysphagia. However, withcareful selection, myotomy has proved to be an effective method of treatment.", "contents": "Cricopharyngeal myotomy as a method of treating cricopharyngeal dysphagia secondary to gastroesophageal reflux. Food obstruction at the cricopharyngeal level is a common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux. In selected patients, cricopharyngeal myotomy is effective in relief of symptoms. We have used myotomy in patients whose only symptom was dysphagia, in patients too debilitated for major surgery, and in patients with persistent pharyngoesophageal dysphagia following hiatal hernia repair. All were studied by barium esophagogram, endoscopy, and manometry. Radiologic aspiration of barium was apparent in five of 19 patients. High-speed manometric tracings showed intermittent cricopharyngeal incoordination in the six consecutive patients most recently studied. This finding of incoordination has been shown to be present in 38 patients with reflux and in all with major cricopharyngeal symptoms. Myotomy was effective in relieving symptoms in patients in whom this was the only reflux symptom and in the five patients too debilitated for major surgery. Good symptomatic improvement was obtained in nine of the 12 with persistent dysphagia following hernia repair, but in three relief was partial, with persistent symptoms being secondary to distal esophageal obstruction. Investigation is necessary to exclude other causes of dysphagia. However, withcareful selection, myotomy has proved to be an effective method of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:916712", "title": "Complications and failings of the combined Collis-Belsey operation.", "content": "Eighty-three patients with risk factors predisposing to recurrent reflux after standard hiatal hernia repairs have undergone the Collis-Belsey operation. There were two postoperative deaths. Complications related to multiple operations on the lower esophagus included injury to the spleen (three patients); gastrocutaneous fistula (two patients), and localized ischemic necrosis of esophagus two patients). There were two esophageal perforations. In four of 15 patients, the combination of esophagomyotomy and the Collis-Belsey operation produced functional esophageal obstruction. Three patients have experienced late major lower esophageal bleeding from ulceration of mucosa adjacent to the gastroplasty tube; two the these patients have no demonstrable gastroesophageal reflux. In addition to postoperative interviews and barium swallows, 77 patients have been evaluated with esophageal manometry and acid reflux testing. After an average follow-up of 12 montsh, 19 percent have symptomatic reflux, but 30 percent have moderate-to-severe reflux with pH reflux testing. The recent enthusiasm for the combined Collis-Belsey operation should be tempered by continued, cautious, objective assessment of its long-term results.", "contents": "Complications and failings of the combined Collis-Belsey operation. Eighty-three patients with risk factors predisposing to recurrent reflux after standard hiatal hernia repairs have undergone the Collis-Belsey operation. There were two postoperative deaths. Complications related to multiple operations on the lower esophagus included injury to the spleen (three patients); gastrocutaneous fistula (two patients), and localized ischemic necrosis of esophagus two patients). There were two esophageal perforations. In four of 15 patients, the combination of esophagomyotomy and the Collis-Belsey operation produced functional esophageal obstruction. Three patients have experienced late major lower esophageal bleeding from ulceration of mucosa adjacent to the gastroplasty tube; two the these patients have no demonstrable gastroesophageal reflux. In addition to postoperative interviews and barium swallows, 77 patients have been evaluated with esophageal manometry and acid reflux testing. After an average follow-up of 12 montsh, 19 percent have symptomatic reflux, but 30 percent have moderate-to-severe reflux with pH reflux testing. The recent enthusiasm for the combined Collis-Belsey operation should be tempered by continued, cautious, objective assessment of its long-term results."}
{"id": "PMID:916713", "title": "Diffuse spasm of the esophagus. Clinical manometric, and surgical considerations.", "content": "Extended esophagomyotomy was performed on 11 patients with diffuse spasm of the esophagus (DSE). Preoperative and postoperative clinical, manometric, and roentgenographic findings are reviewed. Preoperative manometry performed in all patients disclosed a mean deglutitive pressure of 70 mm. Hg in the diseases areas and indicated the required length of myotomy. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was within normal limits in most instances, with a mean amplitude of 20 mm. Hg, and its exclusion from the myotomy eliminated the need for additional antireflux procedures. Postoperative manometry in 10 patients disclosed a 70 percent reduction in deglutitive pressures in the myotomized segments, and the mean LES amplitude of 13 mm. Hg remained within the normal range (10 to 20 mm. Hg). Ten of the 11 patients were clinically improved, and postoperative reflux developed in only one patient. These results support the continued use of extended esophagomyotomy in selected patients with DSE and suggest that exclusion of the LES from the myotomy affords satisfactory antireflux protection without ancillary sphincter-enhancing maneuvers.", "contents": "Diffuse spasm of the esophagus. Clinical manometric, and surgical considerations. Extended esophagomyotomy was performed on 11 patients with diffuse spasm of the esophagus (DSE). Preoperative and postoperative clinical, manometric, and roentgenographic findings are reviewed. Preoperative manometry performed in all patients disclosed a mean deglutitive pressure of 70 mm. Hg in the diseases areas and indicated the required length of myotomy. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was within normal limits in most instances, with a mean amplitude of 20 mm. Hg, and its exclusion from the myotomy eliminated the need for additional antireflux procedures. Postoperative manometry in 10 patients disclosed a 70 percent reduction in deglutitive pressures in the myotomized segments, and the mean LES amplitude of 13 mm. Hg remained within the normal range (10 to 20 mm. Hg). Ten of the 11 patients were clinically improved, and postoperative reflux developed in only one patient. These results support the continued use of extended esophagomyotomy in selected patients with DSE and suggest that exclusion of the LES from the myotomy affords satisfactory antireflux protection without ancillary sphincter-enhancing maneuvers."}
{"id": "PMID:916714", "title": "Intraoperative and postoperative esophageal manometric findings with Collis gastroplasty and Belsey hiatal hernia repair for gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "The combination of a Collis gastroplasty with a Belsey Mark IV fundoplication has proved clinically effective in the management of certain patients with complications of gastroesophageal reflux. The present study measured the effect of gastroplasty and Belsey repair on intraluminal pressure changes in the gastroplasty and lower esophagus. Manometric studies were performed preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively. In each case the gastroplasty segment of the esophagus was found to function as a high pressure zone (HPZ). The pressure in this zone further increased following the fundoplication. It could be diminished with intravenous administration of Buscopan and augmented with intravenously given pentagastrin. The original lower esophageal sphincter in most instances was included in the upper segment of the gastroplasty tube, but the entire length of the gastroplasty tube functioned as an HPZ, and pressures in the tube were considerably higher than those originally present in the lower esophageal sphincter. These studies provide a physiological rationale for the effectiveness of gastroplasty and fundoplication.", "contents": "Intraoperative and postoperative esophageal manometric findings with Collis gastroplasty and Belsey hiatal hernia repair for gastroesophageal reflux. The combination of a Collis gastroplasty with a Belsey Mark IV fundoplication has proved clinically effective in the management of certain patients with complications of gastroesophageal reflux. The present study measured the effect of gastroplasty and Belsey repair on intraluminal pressure changes in the gastroplasty and lower esophagus. Manometric studies were performed preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively. In each case the gastroplasty segment of the esophagus was found to function as a high pressure zone (HPZ). The pressure in this zone further increased following the fundoplication. It could be diminished with intravenous administration of Buscopan and augmented with intravenously given pentagastrin. The original lower esophageal sphincter in most instances was included in the upper segment of the gastroplasty tube, but the entire length of the gastroplasty tube functioned as an HPZ, and pressures in the tube were considerably higher than those originally present in the lower esophageal sphincter. These studies provide a physiological rationale for the effectiveness of gastroplasty and fundoplication."}
{"id": "PMID:916716", "title": "Replacement of the trachea with dura mater. Experimental work.", "content": "Results in a series of 30 dogs subjected to tracheal resection and repair are described. The dogs were divided into three groups. Seven to ten rings of the trachea were resected and then were replaced by a prosthesis made of dura mater and stainless steel wire. Different aspects of the procedures for respiratory support in the three groups are evaluated, as are the different kinds of prostheses used. Our results with ventilatory studies showed taht the mose effective means of respiratory support was insertion of an endotracheal tube after thoracotomy. Among the prostheses, the one used in the third group of dogs, a stainless steel spring covered with only one layer of dura mater, allowed a longer survival period but eventually caused late scarring and stenosis.", "contents": "Replacement of the trachea with dura mater. Experimental work. Results in a series of 30 dogs subjected to tracheal resection and repair are described. The dogs were divided into three groups. Seven to ten rings of the trachea were resected and then were replaced by a prosthesis made of dura mater and stainless steel wire. Different aspects of the procedures for respiratory support in the three groups are evaluated, as are the different kinds of prostheses used. Our results with ventilatory studies showed taht the mose effective means of respiratory support was insertion of an endotracheal tube after thoracotomy. Among the prostheses, the one used in the third group of dogs, a stainless steel spring covered with only one layer of dura mater, allowed a longer survival period but eventually caused late scarring and stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:916717", "title": "Systemic air embolism in experimental penetrating lung injuries.", "content": "Several reports have described systemic air embolism in association with penetrating lung injuries. We produce lung lacerations in 18 dogs ventilated with air containing charcoal powder. An ultrasonic bubble detector was positioned over the carotid artery in six dogs. Evidence of arterial air embolism was found in every case of pulmonary laceration in open-chest, tension pneumothorax, and hypovolemic preparations. The quantity of air was small, producing only transient arrhythmia. No air was detected under control conditions. We conclude that systemic air embolism is a frequent accompaniment of penetrating lung injuries, that it is rarely recognized clinically because of its generally small quantity and minor, nonspecific effects, but that the potential for dangerous air embolism does exist with lung wounds and warrants precautions in management.", "contents": "Systemic air embolism in experimental penetrating lung injuries. Several reports have described systemic air embolism in association with penetrating lung injuries. We produce lung lacerations in 18 dogs ventilated with air containing charcoal powder. An ultrasonic bubble detector was positioned over the carotid artery in six dogs. Evidence of arterial air embolism was found in every case of pulmonary laceration in open-chest, tension pneumothorax, and hypovolemic preparations. The quantity of air was small, producing only transient arrhythmia. No air was detected under control conditions. We conclude that systemic air embolism is a frequent accompaniment of penetrating lung injuries, that it is rarely recognized clinically because of its generally small quantity and minor, nonspecific effects, but that the potential for dangerous air embolism does exist with lung wounds and warrants precautions in management."}
{"id": "PMID:916719", "title": "Method for resection and prosthetic replacement of aneurysm of aortic arch.", "content": "We shall describe a case of aneurysm of the transverse aortic arch. The patient was operated upon successuflly. Severe respiratory distress owing to tracheal compression was the indication for emergency surgical therapy. A method is described comprising total cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermia (28 C.) and local deep myocardial hypothermia. Catheters to cerebral vessels are brought off the main arterial line beyond the pump. Cerebral vascular resistance regulates local blood flow. Coronary perfusion is omitted.", "contents": "Method for resection and prosthetic replacement of aneurysm of aortic arch. We shall describe a case of aneurysm of the transverse aortic arch. The patient was operated upon successuflly. Severe respiratory distress owing to tracheal compression was the indication for emergency surgical therapy. A method is described comprising total cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermia (28 C.) and local deep myocardial hypothermia. Catheters to cerebral vessels are brought off the main arterial line beyond the pump. Cerebral vascular resistance regulates local blood flow. Coronary perfusion is omitted."}
{"id": "PMID:916720", "title": "Endomyocardial fibrosis in a European woman and its successful surgical treatment.", "content": "A case of endomyocardial fibrosis of the right ventricle in a European woman is presented. The patient had no history of travel or residency outside of the United Kingdon, Echocardiography was helpful in defining the abnormality. Excision of the fibrotic tissue in the right ventricle and tricuspid valve replacement resulted in symptomatic relief. There was also coincidental absence of the right pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Endomyocardial fibrosis in a European woman and its successful surgical treatment. A case of endomyocardial fibrosis of the right ventricle in a European woman is presented. The patient had no history of travel or residency outside of the United Kingdon, Echocardiography was helpful in defining the abnormality. Excision of the fibrotic tissue in the right ventricle and tricuspid valve replacement resulted in symptomatic relief. There was also coincidental absence of the right pulmonary artery."}
{"id": "PMID:916721", "title": "Melanotic malignant schwannoma of the right atrium.", "content": "A melanotic malignant schwannoma of the right atrium occurring in a 14-year-old girl is described. No previous such tumors in this location have been reported.", "contents": "Melanotic malignant schwannoma of the right atrium. A melanotic malignant schwannoma of the right atrium occurring in a 14-year-old girl is described. No previous such tumors in this location have been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:916736", "title": "Oxygen consumption and the use of metabolic reserves during starvation and aestivation in Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus (Pulmonata: Planorbidae).", "content": "Aestivating Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus (Krauss) snails are shown to have a lower oxygen consumption rate than those starving in water. This lowered oxygen uptake may possibly be brought about by change to a different metabolic pathway, since the slope of the log rate/temperature regression for oxygen consumption by aestivating snails is significantly different from those for fed and starving individuals. Starving snails use metabolic reserves in the form of protein, carbohydrate and lipid more rapidly than do aestivating snails, and this economy is commensurate, at least over a period of 21 days, with the reduction in oxygen consumption which characterises aestivation. The ability to effect this change upon being removed from water, although linked to the ability to survive exposure, high temperatures and starvation, is not shared by all individuals in the population studied. This can account for reported variations, both within and between populations of planorbid species, in their ability to survive out of water.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption and the use of metabolic reserves during starvation and aestivation in Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus (Pulmonata: Planorbidae). Aestivating Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus (Krauss) snails are shown to have a lower oxygen consumption rate than those starving in water. This lowered oxygen uptake may possibly be brought about by change to a different metabolic pathway, since the slope of the log rate/temperature regression for oxygen consumption by aestivating snails is significantly different from those for fed and starving individuals. Starving snails use metabolic reserves in the form of protein, carbohydrate and lipid more rapidly than do aestivating snails, and this economy is commensurate, at least over a period of 21 days, with the reduction in oxygen consumption which characterises aestivation. The ability to effect this change upon being removed from water, although linked to the ability to survive exposure, high temperatures and starvation, is not shared by all individuals in the population studied. This can account for reported variations, both within and between populations of planorbid species, in their ability to survive out of water."}
{"id": "PMID:916732", "title": "Sequential polypeptides. 2. Helix--coil transition in poly(gamma-benzyl epsilon-carbobenzoxy-L-lysyl-L-glutamate).", "content": "Helix--coil transitions of an alternating copolypeptide poly(gamma-benzyl epsilon-carbobenzoxy-L-lysyl-L-glutamate) (poly[Lys(Z)-Glu(OBzl)]) in binary mixtures of dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and ethylene dichloride (EDC) were investigated by optical rotatory dispersion (ORD). The ORD data obtained were analyzed to evaluate the equilibrium constant s for helix formation and the cooperativity parameter sigma. The values of sigma1/2 are substantially independent of temperature and solvent composition, yielding 0.4 X 10(-2) on the average. The transition enthalpy deltaHc at the transition point decreases from 291 to 154 cal mol-1 as the DCA content is increased from 56 to 64 vol%. At about 20 degrees C and at 58 vol% DCA, poly[Lys(Z)-Glu(OBzl)] in binary mixtures of DCA and EDC undergoes a solvent-induced transition. This DCA content is intermediate between those for poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) and poly(epsilon-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine) in the same binary solvent and close to that of an equimolar random copolymer of the two peptides. However, the s of poly[Lys(Z)-Glu(OBzl)] is not a geometrical mean of those of the parent homopolypeptides. This fact suggests that the helical conformation of the copolypeptide is stabilized by a conformational induction operative between adjacent residues.", "contents": "Sequential polypeptides. 2. Helix--coil transition in poly(gamma-benzyl epsilon-carbobenzoxy-L-lysyl-L-glutamate). Helix--coil transitions of an alternating copolypeptide poly(gamma-benzyl epsilon-carbobenzoxy-L-lysyl-L-glutamate) (poly[Lys(Z)-Glu(OBzl)]) in binary mixtures of dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and ethylene dichloride (EDC) were investigated by optical rotatory dispersion (ORD). The ORD data obtained were analyzed to evaluate the equilibrium constant s for helix formation and the cooperativity parameter sigma. The values of sigma1/2 are substantially independent of temperature and solvent composition, yielding 0.4 X 10(-2) on the average. The transition enthalpy deltaHc at the transition point decreases from 291 to 154 cal mol-1 as the DCA content is increased from 56 to 64 vol%. At about 20 degrees C and at 58 vol% DCA, poly[Lys(Z)-Glu(OBzl)] in binary mixtures of DCA and EDC undergoes a solvent-induced transition. This DCA content is intermediate between those for poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) and poly(epsilon-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine) in the same binary solvent and close to that of an equimolar random copolymer of the two peptides. However, the s of poly[Lys(Z)-Glu(OBzl)] is not a geometrical mean of those of the parent homopolypeptides. This fact suggests that the helical conformation of the copolypeptide is stabilized by a conformational induction operative between adjacent residues."}
{"id": "PMID:916733", "title": "Vibrational analysis of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. 3. alpha-Poly(L-alanine).", "content": "Starting with a force field transferred from our earlier studies on beta-polypeptides, we have calculated the optically active normal vibration frequencies of alpha-helical poly(L-alanine) and poly(L-alanine-N-d). The 47/13 helical structure was used, and all atoms were included. Only small modifications to the force field were required, and most of these could be justified. The analysis indicates that amide II' is in Fermi resonance with one component of CH3 asymmetric bend, thus leading to a small modification of C-N and C=O stretching force constants. The agreement between calculated and observed Raman and infrared bands is quite good. This has encouraged ls to calculate the influence of small structural changes on the spectrum as a means of explaining the observed effects of temperature changes.", "contents": "Vibrational analysis of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. 3. alpha-Poly(L-alanine). Starting with a force field transferred from our earlier studies on beta-polypeptides, we have calculated the optically active normal vibration frequencies of alpha-helical poly(L-alanine) and poly(L-alanine-N-d). The 47/13 helical structure was used, and all atoms were included. Only small modifications to the force field were required, and most of these could be justified. The analysis indicates that amide II' is in Fermi resonance with one component of CH3 asymmetric bend, thus leading to a small modification of C-N and C=O stretching force constants. The agreement between calculated and observed Raman and infrared bands is quite good. This has encouraged ls to calculate the influence of small structural changes on the spectrum as a means of explaining the observed effects of temperature changes."}
{"id": "PMID:916734", "title": "The structure of alpha-keratin.", "content": "Known structural principles (close packing, maximum hydrogen bonding, the tendency of like groups to be surrounded in like manner, and the approximate constancy of interatomic distances and bond angles) are used, with meridional and equatorial x-ray data, to deduce and check the structure pattern for alpha-keratin. Internally hydrogen-bonded polypeptide helices are grouped into \"3-stacks\", in which each chain is rotated and shifted vertically a distance equal to the helix pitch (5.15 A, average), relative to the other two. This shift accounts simply for the meridional x-ray reflection at this spacing. The 3-stack structure repeats after three turns, except for differences in the R groups and a slight twist, required to give satisfaction of both intrachain and interchain forces. The 3-stacks are grouped into 9-stacks and these into 27-stacks (all twisting), giving a crystallographic unit containing 81 chains, with the chain axes spaced approximately like those of close-packed cylinders. When the twisting reaches the limit of stability for good interchain contacting and cross-linking, the residue/turn ratio in each chain helix shifts to another, with twisting in the opposite direction. The twisting reversal mechanism keeps all the helix axes approximately straight, parallel, and in a close-packed arrangement. Interchain distances and orientations are suitable for cystine cross-linking. The dimensions of the 27-stacks agree well with estimates of the \"effective radius\" of microfibrils. X-ray measurements of spacing changes during fiber extension are explained as due to alternation of zones with much cross-linking and zones with few cross-links.", "contents": "The structure of alpha-keratin. Known structural principles (close packing, maximum hydrogen bonding, the tendency of like groups to be surrounded in like manner, and the approximate constancy of interatomic distances and bond angles) are used, with meridional and equatorial x-ray data, to deduce and check the structure pattern for alpha-keratin. Internally hydrogen-bonded polypeptide helices are grouped into \"3-stacks\", in which each chain is rotated and shifted vertically a distance equal to the helix pitch (5.15 A, average), relative to the other two. This shift accounts simply for the meridional x-ray reflection at this spacing. The 3-stack structure repeats after three turns, except for differences in the R groups and a slight twist, required to give satisfaction of both intrachain and interchain forces. The 3-stacks are grouped into 9-stacks and these into 27-stacks (all twisting), giving a crystallographic unit containing 81 chains, with the chain axes spaced approximately like those of close-packed cylinders. When the twisting reaches the limit of stability for good interchain contacting and cross-linking, the residue/turn ratio in each chain helix shifts to another, with twisting in the opposite direction. The twisting reversal mechanism keeps all the helix axes approximately straight, parallel, and in a close-packed arrangement. Interchain distances and orientations are suitable for cystine cross-linking. The dimensions of the 27-stacks agree well with estimates of the \"effective radius\" of microfibrils. X-ray measurements of spacing changes during fiber extension are explained as due to alternation of zones with much cross-linking and zones with few cross-links."}
{"id": "PMID:916735", "title": "Viscoelastic properties of very dilute paramyosin solutions.", "content": "The storage and loss shear moduli, G' and G'', have been measured for dilute solutions of paramyosin from the clam Mercenaria mercenaria in water and glycerol--water mixtures containing potassium chloride and phosphate buffer. The Birnboim--Schrag multiple-lumped resonator was used in the frequency range from 150 to 8100 Hz; the concentration range was 0.7 to 2 X 10(-3) g/mL and the temperature range was 0.0 to 6.0 degrees C. The intrinsic moduli were obtained by extrapolation to infinite dilution. When compared with predictions of Yamakawa for a rigid cylindrical molecule, they agreed at low frequencies but diverged at high frequencies. Excellent agreement was obtained with calculations for a hybrid model whose relaxation times are attributed to rigid-body end-over-end rotation together with some internal modes of motion, probably flexural. The rotational relaxation time agreed rather well with that determined by DeLaney and Krause from electrical birefringence measurements. From the ratio of the rotational to the longest flexural relaxation time, the flexural rigidity and Young's modulus of the paramyosin molecule were estimated by relations derived by Wada and collaborators; the modulus was 1.2 X 10(10) dyn/cm2.", "contents": "Viscoelastic properties of very dilute paramyosin solutions. The storage and loss shear moduli, G' and G'', have been measured for dilute solutions of paramyosin from the clam Mercenaria mercenaria in water and glycerol--water mixtures containing potassium chloride and phosphate buffer. The Birnboim--Schrag multiple-lumped resonator was used in the frequency range from 150 to 8100 Hz; the concentration range was 0.7 to 2 X 10(-3) g/mL and the temperature range was 0.0 to 6.0 degrees C. The intrinsic moduli were obtained by extrapolation to infinite dilution. When compared with predictions of Yamakawa for a rigid cylindrical molecule, they agreed at low frequencies but diverged at high frequencies. Excellent agreement was obtained with calculations for a hybrid model whose relaxation times are attributed to rigid-body end-over-end rotation together with some internal modes of motion, probably flexural. The rotational relaxation time agreed rather well with that determined by DeLaney and Krause from electrical birefringence measurements. From the ratio of the rotational to the longest flexural relaxation time, the flexural rigidity and Young's modulus of the paramyosin molecule were estimated by relations derived by Wada and collaborators; the modulus was 1.2 X 10(10) dyn/cm2."}
{"id": "PMID:916748", "title": "Neural and endocrine control systems acting on the population kinetics of the intestinal epithelium.", "content": "Mechanisms for the control of cell proliferation in those tissues where continuous cell loss is balanced by continuous cell production are still poorly understood. In this paper the factors influencing cell proliferation in the intestinal epithelium are reviewed and it is hypothesised that cell division in the intestinal crypt is regulated by two interacting systems. One of these systems is highly localised, mediated by autonomic nerves and responsive to changes in the rate of cell loss, whereas the other system is generalised throughout the intestine, mediated by hormones and responsive to the nutritional needs of the organism. Experiments to disprove these hypothesis are then suggested.", "contents": "Neural and endocrine control systems acting on the population kinetics of the intestinal epithelium. Mechanisms for the control of cell proliferation in those tissues where continuous cell loss is balanced by continuous cell production are still poorly understood. In this paper the factors influencing cell proliferation in the intestinal epithelium are reviewed and it is hypothesised that cell division in the intestinal crypt is regulated by two interacting systems. One of these systems is highly localised, mediated by autonomic nerves and responsive to changes in the rate of cell loss, whereas the other system is generalised throughout the intestine, mediated by hormones and responsive to the nutritional needs of the organism. Experiments to disprove these hypothesis are then suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:916749", "title": "Growth of locus coeruleus neurons in oculo independent of simultaneously present adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in the iris.", "content": "Fetal brain tissue pieces containing locus coeruleus (LC) neurons were grafted to the anterior eye chamber alone or together with other grafts (irides, sympathetic ganglia or additional LC) in the presence of the sympathetic and parasympathetic part of the autonomic ground plexus of the iris. Specimens were analyzed with quantitative fluorescence microscopy and uptake of [3H]metaraminol. LC neurons were shown to grow independently of the simultaneous presence of sympathetic fibers in oculo in the following three experimental situations: 1. Fetal LC grafted to normal eyes, analyzed after cessation of the production of the halo of fluorescent fibres on the host irides. 2. Maturated LC neurons in which growth is reinitiated by addition of an iris transplant which becomes completely innervated. 3. Fetal LC neurons placed on or opposite to iris transplants that in turn were introduced into the eye chamber 1 month before. All LC grafts produced halos of fluorescent fibres on both host irides and iris transplants in a restricted zone. Fetal LC grafts produced fluorescent nerve fibres on host irides independent of the removal of the parasympathetic fibres in the irides. Fetal LC grafts were not significantly inhibited in their fibre production on irides where maturated LC grafts had already formed a halo of densely packed fluorescent fibres. When two fetal LC grafts were introduced simultaneously into the same eye chamber both were able to produce fluorescent fibres together on the host iris. Sympathetic ganglion transplants formed normal looking adrenergic plexuses on host irides that were already carrying LC grafts with halos of fluorescent fibres. In conclusion, the fibre production of LC neurons in oculo is independent of the presence of sympathetic, and probably also parasympathetic, and maturated central NA nerves.", "contents": "Growth of locus coeruleus neurons in oculo independent of simultaneously present adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in the iris. Fetal brain tissue pieces containing locus coeruleus (LC) neurons were grafted to the anterior eye chamber alone or together with other grafts (irides, sympathetic ganglia or additional LC) in the presence of the sympathetic and parasympathetic part of the autonomic ground plexus of the iris. Specimens were analyzed with quantitative fluorescence microscopy and uptake of [3H]metaraminol. LC neurons were shown to grow independently of the simultaneous presence of sympathetic fibers in oculo in the following three experimental situations: 1. Fetal LC grafted to normal eyes, analyzed after cessation of the production of the halo of fluorescent fibres on the host irides. 2. Maturated LC neurons in which growth is reinitiated by addition of an iris transplant which becomes completely innervated. 3. Fetal LC neurons placed on or opposite to iris transplants that in turn were introduced into the eye chamber 1 month before. All LC grafts produced halos of fluorescent fibres on both host irides and iris transplants in a restricted zone. Fetal LC grafts produced fluorescent nerve fibres on host irides independent of the removal of the parasympathetic fibres in the irides. Fetal LC grafts were not significantly inhibited in their fibre production on irides where maturated LC grafts had already formed a halo of densely packed fluorescent fibres. When two fetal LC grafts were introduced simultaneously into the same eye chamber both were able to produce fluorescent fibres together on the host iris. Sympathetic ganglion transplants formed normal looking adrenergic plexuses on host irides that were already carrying LC grafts with halos of fluorescent fibres. In conclusion, the fibre production of LC neurons in oculo is independent of the presence of sympathetic, and probably also parasympathetic, and maturated central NA nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:916750", "title": "Effect of steroid contraceptive drug treatment on the catecholamine metabolism in the guinea pig central nervous system.", "content": "In an attempt to establish the biochemical basis of the neurological side-effects of steroid contraceptive drugs, the effect of chronic administration of lynestrenol-mestranol, a widely employed contraceptive combination, on the catecholaminergic system of the guinea pig striatum, brainstem, and hypothalamus, was investigated. The effect of these drugs on the transformation of tyrosine into dopamine and norepinephrine was investigated after cerobroventricular injection of a tracer dose of [3,5-3H]L-tyrosine. Treatment increased the conversion of [3H]Tyrosine into [3H]norepinephrine in the lower brainstem and hypothalamus was the same in treated and control animals. These findings confirm results previously obtained in female rats.", "contents": "Effect of steroid contraceptive drug treatment on the catecholamine metabolism in the guinea pig central nervous system. In an attempt to establish the biochemical basis of the neurological side-effects of steroid contraceptive drugs, the effect of chronic administration of lynestrenol-mestranol, a widely employed contraceptive combination, on the catecholaminergic system of the guinea pig striatum, brainstem, and hypothalamus, was investigated. The effect of these drugs on the transformation of tyrosine into dopamine and norepinephrine was investigated after cerobroventricular injection of a tracer dose of [3,5-3H]L-tyrosine. Treatment increased the conversion of [3H]Tyrosine into [3H]norepinephrine in the lower brainstem and hypothalamus was the same in treated and control animals. These findings confirm results previously obtained in female rats."}
{"id": "PMID:916751", "title": "Nicotine in the crude synaptosomal fraction of the rat brain.", "content": "The in vitro uptake of nicotine into the crude synaptosomal fraction of rat brain and spinal cord was studied. The tissue/midium ratio was low and the changing of incubation time or [14C]nicotine concentration did not affect the ratio, nor did a metabolic inhibitor, sodium fluoride. A lowered ratio was obtained at 0degrees C, but this decrease may be attributable to an altered pKa of the drug at low temperature. Nicotine antagonists, mecamylamine and hexamethonium, did not affect the ratio when incubating the crude synaptosomal fraction of either adult or infant rat brain. These results suggest that the uptake of nicotine into the synaptomal fraction is not an active process. When mecamylamine and nicotine were injected in vivo, the mecamylamine antagonism was also demonstrated as lowered nicotine concentrations in infant ray synaptosomes. Since the newborn rat cortex lacks glial tissue, the nicotine concentrations in the crude synaptosomal fraction of infant rats may reflect the receptor level effects better than in adult brains. The pretreatment of infant rats with mecamylamine also lowered blood nicotine levels, suggesting that mecamylamine affected nicotine brain levels also in an unspecific way.", "contents": "Nicotine in the crude synaptosomal fraction of the rat brain. The in vitro uptake of nicotine into the crude synaptosomal fraction of rat brain and spinal cord was studied. The tissue/midium ratio was low and the changing of incubation time or [14C]nicotine concentration did not affect the ratio, nor did a metabolic inhibitor, sodium fluoride. A lowered ratio was obtained at 0degrees C, but this decrease may be attributable to an altered pKa of the drug at low temperature. Nicotine antagonists, mecamylamine and hexamethonium, did not affect the ratio when incubating the crude synaptosomal fraction of either adult or infant rat brain. These results suggest that the uptake of nicotine into the synaptomal fraction is not an active process. When mecamylamine and nicotine were injected in vivo, the mecamylamine antagonism was also demonstrated as lowered nicotine concentrations in infant ray synaptosomes. Since the newborn rat cortex lacks glial tissue, the nicotine concentrations in the crude synaptosomal fraction of infant rats may reflect the receptor level effects better than in adult brains. The pretreatment of infant rats with mecamylamine also lowered blood nicotine levels, suggesting that mecamylamine affected nicotine brain levels also in an unspecific way."}
{"id": "PMID:916752", "title": "Completion of hemagglutination inhibition test by solid-phase radioimmunoassay test in routine diagnostic rubella serology.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) test for rubella virus IgG and IgM class antibodies was used for completing the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test in routine diagnostic serology. During a six-month period 80 serum specimens from 47 patients were tested by RIA because the HI test result was either unreliable or gave insufficient information. This was approximately 5% of the total number of serum specimens tested for rubella antibodies in our laboratory during the study period. The main indications for using the RIA test were improper timing in the taking of serum specimens, which accounted for IgM determination, and nonspecific agglutinins or nonspecific serum hemaglutination inhibitors, which disturbed the HI test. In all cases an unambiguous result was obtained by the RIA test, and five recent rubella infections, not diagnosably by the HI test, were detected. Based on these findings we consider the RIA test to be a good alternative among the methods proposed for diagnostic rubella serology.", "contents": "Completion of hemagglutination inhibition test by solid-phase radioimmunoassay test in routine diagnostic rubella serology. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) test for rubella virus IgG and IgM class antibodies was used for completing the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test in routine diagnostic serology. During a six-month period 80 serum specimens from 47 patients were tested by RIA because the HI test result was either unreliable or gave insufficient information. This was approximately 5% of the total number of serum specimens tested for rubella antibodies in our laboratory during the study period. The main indications for using the RIA test were improper timing in the taking of serum specimens, which accounted for IgM determination, and nonspecific agglutinins or nonspecific serum hemaglutination inhibitors, which disturbed the HI test. In all cases an unambiguous result was obtained by the RIA test, and five recent rubella infections, not diagnosably by the HI test, were detected. Based on these findings we consider the RIA test to be a good alternative among the methods proposed for diagnostic rubella serology."}
{"id": "PMID:916773", "title": "Evaluation of diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque) in treatment of sudden hearing loss.", "content": "Thirty patients with sudden hearing loss were treated with diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque) and a vasodilator regimen. Of these patients, 30% had a good response, 23% had a moderate response, and 47% had no response. These results were superior to the results obtained in a group of patients with sudden hearing loss treated with vasodilators alone. A possible mode of action is discussed and the details of a new study outlined.", "contents": "Evaluation of diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque) in treatment of sudden hearing loss. Thirty patients with sudden hearing loss were treated with diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque) and a vasodilator regimen. Of these patients, 30% had a good response, 23% had a moderate response, and 47% had no response. These results were superior to the results obtained in a group of patients with sudden hearing loss treated with vasodilators alone. A possible mode of action is discussed and the details of a new study outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:916774", "title": "Intralaryngeal surgery 1977.", "content": "A very brief history of laryngoscopy and intralaryngeal surgery up to the present time is outlined. A simple comparison of some of the conventional laryngeal instruments with CO2 laser capability is made, and the common one-handed and two-handed surgical techniques are outlined. Four cases are presented, each of which demonstrates a significant feature of laryngoscopic surgery.", "contents": "Intralaryngeal surgery 1977. A very brief history of laryngoscopy and intralaryngeal surgery up to the present time is outlined. A simple comparison of some of the conventional laryngeal instruments with CO2 laser capability is made, and the common one-handed and two-handed surgical techniques are outlined. Four cases are presented, each of which demonstrates a significant feature of laryngoscopic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:916775", "title": "Tympanosclerosis.", "content": "Tympanosclerosis is a pathological condition which results in deposits of dense hyaline tissue or even bone in the lamina propria of the middle ear mucous membrane. It is induced by chronic inflammation in the middle ear, and is likely a Type III immune complex disease. Clinical tympanosclerosis results in decreased sound conduction by fixing ossicles or the tympanic membrane, or by obstruction to ventilation of the middle ear or mastoid. Management is dictated by the location and extent of the tympanosclerotic involvement. Ossicular problems are met by removal of the tympanosclerosis and reconstruction of the chain. The exception to this is in involvement of the stapes and oval window where stapedectomy is usually necessary. Tympanosclerosis is not expected to recur, but in the oval window fibrous scarring usually refixes a mobilized stapes. A greater incidence in recent years is due to an increased awareness and interest.", "contents": "Tympanosclerosis. Tympanosclerosis is a pathological condition which results in deposits of dense hyaline tissue or even bone in the lamina propria of the middle ear mucous membrane. It is induced by chronic inflammation in the middle ear, and is likely a Type III immune complex disease. Clinical tympanosclerosis results in decreased sound conduction by fixing ossicles or the tympanic membrane, or by obstruction to ventilation of the middle ear or mastoid. Management is dictated by the location and extent of the tympanosclerotic involvement. Ossicular problems are met by removal of the tympanosclerosis and reconstruction of the chain. The exception to this is in involvement of the stapes and oval window where stapedectomy is usually necessary. Tympanosclerosis is not expected to recur, but in the oval window fibrous scarring usually refixes a mobilized stapes. A greater incidence in recent years is due to an increased awareness and interest."}
{"id": "PMID:916776", "title": "Long-term middle ear ventilation.", "content": "Successful long-term middle ear ventilation was established in 12 patients with chronic eustachian tube hypofunction that had failed to respond to repeated myringotomy and tympanotomy tube insertions by conventional techniques. The 12 patients (13 ears) had insertion of an untrimmed large flange \"Per-Lee\" type tube through a posterior-inferior tympanomeatal flap approach. The flange extended under the long process of the malleus, and into the hypotympanum and middle ear opening of the eustachian tube. The stem of the tube was brought out through the inferior central pars tensa. All tubes have remained in place for more than three years without serious complications providing adequate middle ear ventilation and preventing adherence of the tympanic membrane to the promontory.", "contents": "Long-term middle ear ventilation. Successful long-term middle ear ventilation was established in 12 patients with chronic eustachian tube hypofunction that had failed to respond to repeated myringotomy and tympanotomy tube insertions by conventional techniques. The 12 patients (13 ears) had insertion of an untrimmed large flange \"Per-Lee\" type tube through a posterior-inferior tympanomeatal flap approach. The flange extended under the long process of the malleus, and into the hypotympanum and middle ear opening of the eustachian tube. The stem of the tube was brought out through the inferior central pars tensa. All tubes have remained in place for more than three years without serious complications providing adequate middle ear ventilation and preventing adherence of the tympanic membrane to the promontory."}
{"id": "PMID:916777", "title": "Surgical correction of dural herniation into the mastoid cavity.", "content": "A temporoparietal craniotomy as the approach of choice employed by the authors is presented for the surgical correction of dural herniation into the mastoid cavity in our series of four cases of middle fossa defects caused by previous operative procedures (mastoidectomy for removal of cholesteatoma) performed elsewhere. At the Triological Meeting a color movie accompanied the presentation of this paper.", "contents": "Surgical correction of dural herniation into the mastoid cavity. A temporoparietal craniotomy as the approach of choice employed by the authors is presented for the surgical correction of dural herniation into the mastoid cavity in our series of four cases of middle fossa defects caused by previous operative procedures (mastoidectomy for removal of cholesteatoma) performed elsewhere. At the Triological Meeting a color movie accompanied the presentation of this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:916778", "title": "Ventilating tubes in tympanoplasty.", "content": "The successful surgical treatment of chronic otitis media or its sequela is frequently related to a ventilated tympanic cavity. Tubes at tympanoplasty have been recommended to assure ventilation until eustachian tube and middle ear mucosal functions have been restored and to prevent the complications of graft loss, atelectasis, cholesteatoma and ossicular destruction. This presentation reviews the literature on the subject and documents our results in 40 patients treated by tympanomastoid surgery with ventilating tubes. The types of tubes used, the surgical technique involved, and the selection of cases suitable for this method are described. Cholesteatoma was the primary disease in 32 patients, 6 had chronic otitis media, 1 cholesterol granuloma, and 1 eosinophilic granuloma. Complete healing of grafts following extrusion or removal of the tubes occurred in 34 patients, 2 tubes remain in place, 3 patients had persistent tube site perforations, and 1 was lost to follow-up. None of the patients had graft breakdown as a result of tube placement, and there has been no recurrence of cholesteatoma. In all cases, the follow-up period is a minimum of 18 months and extends to 92 months.", "contents": "Ventilating tubes in tympanoplasty. The successful surgical treatment of chronic otitis media or its sequela is frequently related to a ventilated tympanic cavity. Tubes at tympanoplasty have been recommended to assure ventilation until eustachian tube and middle ear mucosal functions have been restored and to prevent the complications of graft loss, atelectasis, cholesteatoma and ossicular destruction. This presentation reviews the literature on the subject and documents our results in 40 patients treated by tympanomastoid surgery with ventilating tubes. The types of tubes used, the surgical technique involved, and the selection of cases suitable for this method are described. Cholesteatoma was the primary disease in 32 patients, 6 had chronic otitis media, 1 cholesterol granuloma, and 1 eosinophilic granuloma. Complete healing of grafts following extrusion or removal of the tubes occurred in 34 patients, 2 tubes remain in place, 3 patients had persistent tube site perforations, and 1 was lost to follow-up. None of the patients had graft breakdown as a result of tube placement, and there has been no recurrence of cholesteatoma. In all cases, the follow-up period is a minimum of 18 months and extends to 92 months."}
{"id": "PMID:916779", "title": "The problem mastoid cavity: medical and surgical management.", "content": "The patient with persistent foul drainage from a previously operated-on mastoid cavity has a serious problem that requires aggressive attention from the otologic surgeon. The ear must be carefully evaluated in the office. Careful cleaning of the cavity and effective application of medication will dry up many of these cavities. Revision surgery of the ear requires a systematic approach using all the techniques of modern otologic surgery. This means the use of a post-auricular incision and wide bone removal combined with bone removal combined with obliteration techniques and grafting of the middle ear. This approach was used in 29 ears in 27 patients. Rapid healing and a trouble-free, dry ear was obtained in 26 patients or 90% of the operated-on cases.", "contents": "The problem mastoid cavity: medical and surgical management. The patient with persistent foul drainage from a previously operated-on mastoid cavity has a serious problem that requires aggressive attention from the otologic surgeon. The ear must be carefully evaluated in the office. Careful cleaning of the cavity and effective application of medication will dry up many of these cavities. Revision surgery of the ear requires a systematic approach using all the techniques of modern otologic surgery. This means the use of a post-auricular incision and wide bone removal combined with bone removal combined with obliteration techniques and grafting of the middle ear. This approach was used in 29 ears in 27 patients. Rapid healing and a trouble-free, dry ear was obtained in 26 patients or 90% of the operated-on cases."}
{"id": "PMID:916780", "title": "Trigeminal neuralgia: retrolabyrinthine selective posterior root section.", "content": "Experience gained from the treatment of 41 patients with 42 operations for the relief of Vth nerve pain over the past 5 years is reported. For the selective section of the posterior root of the trigeminal nerve 28 retrolabyrinthine procedures were performed for typical tic douloureux with complete lasting relief in 25; 1 was relieved with the addition of aspirin; and 2 were relieved by Tegratol even though it was ineffective before surgery. There were no deaths and no serious complications. None had facial paralysis or anesthesia dolorosa. The retrolabyrinthine approach to the posterior root of the trigeminal nerve is ideally suited for those patients with refractory tic douloureux or patients with facial pain secondary to other causes such as tumor. Because of its effectiveness and low morbidity, this procedure offers advantages over other surgical techniques.", "contents": "Trigeminal neuralgia: retrolabyrinthine selective posterior root section. Experience gained from the treatment of 41 patients with 42 operations for the relief of Vth nerve pain over the past 5 years is reported. For the selective section of the posterior root of the trigeminal nerve 28 retrolabyrinthine procedures were performed for typical tic douloureux with complete lasting relief in 25; 1 was relieved with the addition of aspirin; and 2 were relieved by Tegratol even though it was ineffective before surgery. There were no deaths and no serious complications. None had facial paralysis or anesthesia dolorosa. The retrolabyrinthine approach to the posterior root of the trigeminal nerve is ideally suited for those patients with refractory tic douloureux or patients with facial pain secondary to other causes such as tumor. Because of its effectiveness and low morbidity, this procedure offers advantages over other surgical techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:916781", "title": "Old and new in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re disease.", "content": "The clinical experience is increasing, but still there is no uniform understanding in the substrate of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. The criteria of the diagnosis is loose and great controversy exists in the therapeutic efforts. A bewildering number of concepts and methods have been suggested and praised as the best answers in solving the problem until the next claim of success shatters the popularity of earlier allegations. The array of articles in the world literature for the past 25 years treats the entity of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease in general and from the viewpoint of etiology, pathology, histology, clinical diagnosis and treatment. This review is concerned primarily with the treatment aspect of the literature. All the published ideas, regimens and techniques have one significant feature in common. They all claim success but not in 100% of the cases. Recovery varies from about 60% to 80%. Those cases considered \"improved\" are 20% to 30% and the rate of failure is between 10% and 25%. The diagnostic tools and capabilities have improved considerably. For treatment, except for reasonable medical or surgical palliation, nothing more can be offered than was offered a half century ago.", "contents": "Old and new in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re disease. The clinical experience is increasing, but still there is no uniform understanding in the substrate of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. The criteria of the diagnosis is loose and great controversy exists in the therapeutic efforts. A bewildering number of concepts and methods have been suggested and praised as the best answers in solving the problem until the next claim of success shatters the popularity of earlier allegations. The array of articles in the world literature for the past 25 years treats the entity of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease in general and from the viewpoint of etiology, pathology, histology, clinical diagnosis and treatment. This review is concerned primarily with the treatment aspect of the literature. All the published ideas, regimens and techniques have one significant feature in common. They all claim success but not in 100% of the cases. Recovery varies from about 60% to 80%. Those cases considered \"improved\" are 20% to 30% and the rate of failure is between 10% and 25%. The diagnostic tools and capabilities have improved considerably. For treatment, except for reasonable medical or surgical palliation, nothing more can be offered than was offered a half century ago."}
{"id": "PMID:916782", "title": "Middle ear ventilation in conjunction with adenotonsillectomy.", "content": "If the tonsils and adenoids are causing eustachian tube dysfunction with middle ear effusion, the need for a ventilation tube at the time of the T&A and myringotomy is unresolved. Thirty-one patients with bilateral symmetrical middle ear effusion had T&A and myringotomies. In one ear, a ventilation tube was inserted; the other ear acted as a control. In addition to the clinical impressions, preoperative and serial postoperative audiograms and tympanograms are compared through a 12-month time frame. Discussion is presented regarding middle ventilation at the time of the primary operation.", "contents": "Middle ear ventilation in conjunction with adenotonsillectomy. If the tonsils and adenoids are causing eustachian tube dysfunction with middle ear effusion, the need for a ventilation tube at the time of the T&A and myringotomy is unresolved. Thirty-one patients with bilateral symmetrical middle ear effusion had T&A and myringotomies. In one ear, a ventilation tube was inserted; the other ear acted as a control. In addition to the clinical impressions, preoperative and serial postoperative audiograms and tympanograms are compared through a 12-month time frame. Discussion is presented regarding middle ventilation at the time of the primary operation."}
{"id": "PMID:916783", "title": "Pharyngeal reconstruction after laryngectomy.", "content": "A method of pharyngeal reconstruction following laryngectomy is described. In 44 successive laryngectomies using this technique, no postoperative pharyngocutaneous fistulas occurred. Ten of the patients had received full courses of radiation therapy prior to the surgical procedure and had recurrent carcinomas. Other reports have noted that laryngectomy following full courses of \"unplanned preoperative\" radiation therapy is usually associated with a high incidence of postoperative pharyngeal fistula. The pharyngeal fistula problem, and the pharyngeal repair that was used in our series, are discussed. The pharynx was closed carefully in three layers with fine, absorbable sutures, and a submucosal inverting technique was used for the important mucous membrane closure. Tube feedings were used for two weeks after surgery. A high incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula after laryngectomy in the irradiated patient can be prevented.", "contents": "Pharyngeal reconstruction after laryngectomy. A method of pharyngeal reconstruction following laryngectomy is described. In 44 successive laryngectomies using this technique, no postoperative pharyngocutaneous fistulas occurred. Ten of the patients had received full courses of radiation therapy prior to the surgical procedure and had recurrent carcinomas. Other reports have noted that laryngectomy following full courses of \"unplanned preoperative\" radiation therapy is usually associated with a high incidence of postoperative pharyngeal fistula. The pharyngeal fistula problem, and the pharyngeal repair that was used in our series, are discussed. The pharynx was closed carefully in three layers with fine, absorbable sutures, and a submucosal inverting technique was used for the important mucous membrane closure. Tube feedings were used for two weeks after surgery. A high incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula after laryngectomy in the irradiated patient can be prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:916784", "title": "The firm salivary mass in children.", "content": "The firm salivary gland mass arising in a child is uncommon, representing only 3.2% of all such salivary tumors at the University of Iowa. However, the fact that 57.1% of these tumors are malignant demands thorough diagnostic evaluation by the head and neck surgeon. Histologic diagnosis is strongly recommended. In view of the fact that most of these tumors have a favorable prognosis, lateral parotid lobectomy or total submandibular gland excision represented both an effective diagnostic and adequate therapeutic procedure for benign and low-grade malignancies. High-grade malignancies necessitate adjunctive therapy which is based on the biologic behavior of the particular histologic type.", "contents": "The firm salivary mass in children. The firm salivary gland mass arising in a child is uncommon, representing only 3.2% of all such salivary tumors at the University of Iowa. However, the fact that 57.1% of these tumors are malignant demands thorough diagnostic evaluation by the head and neck surgeon. Histologic diagnosis is strongly recommended. In view of the fact that most of these tumors have a favorable prognosis, lateral parotid lobectomy or total submandibular gland excision represented both an effective diagnostic and adequate therapeutic procedure for benign and low-grade malignancies. High-grade malignancies necessitate adjunctive therapy which is based on the biologic behavior of the particular histologic type."}
{"id": "PMID:916785", "title": "Limitations of pathologic diagnosis in salivary gland tumors.", "content": "The pathologist's diagnosis of mucoepidermoid tumor, acinic cell tumor, or oncocytoma may lull the surgeon into a false sense of security about the biologic potential of these tumors. A small percentage of low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas pursue an aggressive biologic course leading to metastases and death of the host. There are also acinic cell tumors and oncocytomas which biologically behave malignantly, metastasizing and causing death. Histologically and cytologically, these malignant varieties cannot be separated from those which pursue a benign course and would theoretically require only conservative excision. It is suggested that when the surgeon receives one of these three diagnoses, the extent of surgical resection be determined by the patient's clinical presentation, as well as knowledge of the tumor's potential, rather than the histopathologic appearance. Evidence from the literature is presented to support this concept.", "contents": "Limitations of pathologic diagnosis in salivary gland tumors. The pathologist's diagnosis of mucoepidermoid tumor, acinic cell tumor, or oncocytoma may lull the surgeon into a false sense of security about the biologic potential of these tumors. A small percentage of low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas pursue an aggressive biologic course leading to metastases and death of the host. There are also acinic cell tumors and oncocytomas which biologically behave malignantly, metastasizing and causing death. Histologically and cytologically, these malignant varieties cannot be separated from those which pursue a benign course and would theoretically require only conservative excision. It is suggested that when the surgeon receives one of these three diagnoses, the extent of surgical resection be determined by the patient's clinical presentation, as well as knowledge of the tumor's potential, rather than the histopathologic appearance. Evidence from the literature is presented to support this concept."}
{"id": "PMID:916786", "title": "Carcinoma of the pyriform sinus a comparison of treatment modalities.", "content": "One hundred four patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the pyriform fossa were reviewed retrospectively. Survival, local recurrence and metastatic rates were all compiled for the purpose of comparing the efficacy of combined therapy with radiation therapy and surgery alone in treating such lesions. Combined therapy consisted of 4500 rad Cobalt60 therapy at 200 rad per day preoperatively. All lesions were staged according to AJC classification. There was a similar stage distribution of patients in each therapeutic category. Three-year determinate survival rates were as follows: radiation therapy --10%, surgery--56%, and combined therapy--40%. Evaluation of the local recurrence rate revealed it to be: radiation therapy--19/33 (58%), surgery--1/19 (5%), and combined therapy--9/32 (28%). We interpret this data to suggest that preoperative irradiation impaired the determination of adequate resection margins, despite the use of frozen sections from those margins at the time of surgery. The incidence of late contralateral palpable nodes was greatest in the surgery group--5/19 (26%), compared with radiation therapy--0/33, and combined therapy--1/32 (3%). This supports other studies which indicate that radiation therapy is very effective in controlling subclinical nodal metastases.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the pyriform sinus a comparison of treatment modalities. One hundred four patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the pyriform fossa were reviewed retrospectively. Survival, local recurrence and metastatic rates were all compiled for the purpose of comparing the efficacy of combined therapy with radiation therapy and surgery alone in treating such lesions. Combined therapy consisted of 4500 rad Cobalt60 therapy at 200 rad per day preoperatively. All lesions were staged according to AJC classification. There was a similar stage distribution of patients in each therapeutic category. Three-year determinate survival rates were as follows: radiation therapy --10%, surgery--56%, and combined therapy--40%. Evaluation of the local recurrence rate revealed it to be: radiation therapy--19/33 (58%), surgery--1/19 (5%), and combined therapy--9/32 (28%). We interpret this data to suggest that preoperative irradiation impaired the determination of adequate resection margins, despite the use of frozen sections from those margins at the time of surgery. The incidence of late contralateral palpable nodes was greatest in the surgery group--5/19 (26%), compared with radiation therapy--0/33, and combined therapy--1/32 (3%). This supports other studies which indicate that radiation therapy is very effective in controlling subclinical nodal metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:916788", "title": "Closure of nasal septal perforation with composite flaps.", "content": "A procedure for closure of symptomatic nasal septal perforations is described. The procedure combines the advantages of the good vascular supply of a rotation flap with the strength of a composite graft.", "contents": "Closure of nasal septal perforation with composite flaps. A procedure for closure of symptomatic nasal septal perforations is described. The procedure combines the advantages of the good vascular supply of a rotation flap with the strength of a composite graft."}
{"id": "PMID:916789", "title": "Nasal airway resistance computer.", "content": "An analogue computing system for the measurement of nasal airway resistance (Rn) has been developed. The instrument operates on the principle of measuring the transnasal pressure required to generate a measured nasal airflow rate. The system computes and displays inspiratory or expiratory nasal airway resistance measured at a preselected flow rate. The values are updated on a breath-by-breath basis and presented to a multi-channel recorder and a digital panel meter for visualization. The continuous Rn (at all inspiratory and expiratory flow rates above zero) can also be recorded. Use of the instrument for the evaluation of nasal decongestants has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Nasal airway resistance computer. An analogue computing system for the measurement of nasal airway resistance (Rn) has been developed. The instrument operates on the principle of measuring the transnasal pressure required to generate a measured nasal airflow rate. The system computes and displays inspiratory or expiratory nasal airway resistance measured at a preselected flow rate. The values are updated on a breath-by-breath basis and presented to a multi-channel recorder and a digital panel meter for visualization. The continuous Rn (at all inspiratory and expiratory flow rates above zero) can also be recorded. Use of the instrument for the evaluation of nasal decongestants has been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:916791", "title": "\"Practical suggestions on counseling how I do it\": counseling the laryngectomized patient.", "content": "A laryngectomee's home environment may be a critical motivating factor for successful rehabilitation. Results from questionnaires to 45 wives of laryngectomees are discussed. The wives evaluated the adequacy of their preparation for the surgery and the type and severity of ensuing problems. Judgments as to the type and adequacy of counseling and the wives' factual understanding of the laryngectomy procedure and its consequences are reported. Results of the survey underscored the need for more counseling before and after laryngectomy. Wives of older laryngectomees were more optimistic post-operatively since their primary preoperative fear had been death. Younger wives' spirits are often lowest after surgery when the impact on daily living was more fully realized. The need for a team approach to total medical, speech, and vocational rehabilitation is indicated.", "contents": "\"Practical suggestions on counseling how I do it\": counseling the laryngectomized patient. A laryngectomee's home environment may be a critical motivating factor for successful rehabilitation. Results from questionnaires to 45 wives of laryngectomees are discussed. The wives evaluated the adequacy of their preparation for the surgery and the type and severity of ensuing problems. Judgments as to the type and adequacy of counseling and the wives' factual understanding of the laryngectomy procedure and its consequences are reported. Results of the survey underscored the need for more counseling before and after laryngectomy. Wives of older laryngectomees were more optimistic post-operatively since their primary preoperative fear had been death. Younger wives' spirits are often lowest after surgery when the impact on daily living was more fully realized. The need for a team approach to total medical, speech, and vocational rehabilitation is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:916818", "title": "Nutritional effects of partially hydrogenated low erucic rapeseed oils.", "content": "The incidence of cardiac lesions in male rats fed rapeseed oil (Brassica campestris, cultivar \"Span\") was lower with partially hydrogenated oil (iodine value 78) than withe the liquid oil which had been treated in various ways. Another rapeseed oil (Brassica napus, cultivar \"Tower\") was similarly improved when hydrogenated to iodine value 76.6, but not at iodine value 97.1, as demonstrated in both Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. The improved nutritional quality of hydrogenated oil appeared not to be related to the decreased concentration of linolenic acid, because that fatty acid in linseed oil with or without erucic acid did not increase the incidence of lesions. A relatively high concentration of docosahexaenoic acid in the cardiac fatty acids was observed in adversely affected groups, but a lower concentration was found with the appropriately hydrogenated rapeseed oil.", "contents": "Nutritional effects of partially hydrogenated low erucic rapeseed oils. The incidence of cardiac lesions in male rats fed rapeseed oil (Brassica campestris, cultivar \"Span\") was lower with partially hydrogenated oil (iodine value 78) than withe the liquid oil which had been treated in various ways. Another rapeseed oil (Brassica napus, cultivar \"Tower\") was similarly improved when hydrogenated to iodine value 76.6, but not at iodine value 97.1, as demonstrated in both Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. The improved nutritional quality of hydrogenated oil appeared not to be related to the decreased concentration of linolenic acid, because that fatty acid in linseed oil with or without erucic acid did not increase the incidence of lesions. A relatively high concentration of docosahexaenoic acid in the cardiac fatty acids was observed in adversely affected groups, but a lower concentration was found with the appropriately hydrogenated rapeseed oil."}
{"id": "PMID:916819", "title": "Acylglycerol structure of peanut oils of different atherogenic potential.", "content": "Detailed investigation was made of the triacylglycerol structure of native, simulated, and interesterified peanut oils, which had previously been shown to differ markedly in their atherogenic potential. By means of chromatographic and stereospecific analyses, it was shown that the more atherogenic native oil contains a significantly greater proportion of triacylglycerols with linoleic in sn-2-position and arachidic, behenic, and lignoceric acids in sn-3-position that the synthetic oils. It is suggested that the atherogenicity may arise from a relative metabolic unavailability of the linoleic acid from the native oil, which may be due in part to the presence of long chain saturated acids in the outer position. This might render the oil metabolically more saturated that the interesterified oils of the same total fatty acid composition, which contain a much greater proportion of the linoleic acid in the primary postions of the triacylglycerol molecule. The identification of specific triacylglycerols may allow the experimental testing of this hypothesis by feeding synthetic triacylglycerols incorporating the potentially atherogenic features.", "contents": "Acylglycerol structure of peanut oils of different atherogenic potential. Detailed investigation was made of the triacylglycerol structure of native, simulated, and interesterified peanut oils, which had previously been shown to differ markedly in their atherogenic potential. By means of chromatographic and stereospecific analyses, it was shown that the more atherogenic native oil contains a significantly greater proportion of triacylglycerols with linoleic in sn-2-position and arachidic, behenic, and lignoceric acids in sn-3-position that the synthetic oils. It is suggested that the atherogenicity may arise from a relative metabolic unavailability of the linoleic acid from the native oil, which may be due in part to the presence of long chain saturated acids in the outer position. This might render the oil metabolically more saturated that the interesterified oils of the same total fatty acid composition, which contain a much greater proportion of the linoleic acid in the primary postions of the triacylglycerol molecule. The identification of specific triacylglycerols may allow the experimental testing of this hypothesis by feeding synthetic triacylglycerols incorporating the potentially atherogenic features."}
{"id": "PMID:916820", "title": "Skin surface lipids of the dog.", "content": "The skin surface lipid of the dog has been reported to contain a high proportion of diol diesters having a lower mobility on thin layer chromatography than diesters from other species in spite of containing similar fatty acid and diol components. In the present study, dog skin surface lipid was separated by preparative thin layer chromatography into sterol esters (42%), wax diesters (32%), free sterols (9%), polar lipids (7%), and unidentified components (10%). The diesters contained 1,2-diols, each estrified with one long chain fatty acid and one isovaleric acid moiety. The diols were principally branched chain C21 and C22 compounds while the long chain fatty acids esterified with them were mainly C20 and C21 branched compounds. The fatty acids from the sterol esters were mostly saturated, branched chain C19 TO C23, together with 7% of straight chain monoenoic acids, principally C21 and C22. There were only trace amounts of free sterols other than cholesterol, while the esterified sterols contained 96% cholesterol and 4% lathosterol.", "contents": "Skin surface lipids of the dog. The skin surface lipid of the dog has been reported to contain a high proportion of diol diesters having a lower mobility on thin layer chromatography than diesters from other species in spite of containing similar fatty acid and diol components. In the present study, dog skin surface lipid was separated by preparative thin layer chromatography into sterol esters (42%), wax diesters (32%), free sterols (9%), polar lipids (7%), and unidentified components (10%). The diesters contained 1,2-diols, each estrified with one long chain fatty acid and one isovaleric acid moiety. The diols were principally branched chain C21 and C22 compounds while the long chain fatty acids esterified with them were mainly C20 and C21 branched compounds. The fatty acids from the sterol esters were mostly saturated, branched chain C19 TO C23, together with 7% of straight chain monoenoic acids, principally C21 and C22. There were only trace amounts of free sterols other than cholesterol, while the esterified sterols contained 96% cholesterol and 4% lathosterol."}
{"id": "PMID:916821", "title": "A new system for lipid analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "A simple system for interfacing liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for the analysis of lipids is described. The system is based on the moving chain transport principle and employs an endless stainless steel belt of perforated construction that gives it superior surface properties and capacity to entrain solvent. The entire column eluent is collected on the belt which transports it into an evaporator where the solvent is removed. The solute, which remains as a residue on the belt, is transported into a reactor where it is converted to hydrocarbons by reaction with hydrogen at 400-450 C. The hydrocarbons, which are characteristic of the structures of the parent compounds, are swept into an outlet tube where ca. 15% are drawn into the ion source of a mass spectrometer operating in the chemical ionization mode using methane as the reagent gas. The spectrum is recorded on an oscillographic recorder for identification purposes. Detection and quantitative analysis is performed by single ion monitoring of the most intense ion using a conventional analog recorder. The system is domonstrated by application to a standard mixture of tripalmitin, cholesteryl palmitate, and cholesterol separated on a 3.2 x 250 mm silica column, and exhibited a sensitivity of ca. 1 nanogram per component injected on the column.", "contents": "A new system for lipid analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A simple system for interfacing liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for the analysis of lipids is described. The system is based on the moving chain transport principle and employs an endless stainless steel belt of perforated construction that gives it superior surface properties and capacity to entrain solvent. The entire column eluent is collected on the belt which transports it into an evaporator where the solvent is removed. The solute, which remains as a residue on the belt, is transported into a reactor where it is converted to hydrocarbons by reaction with hydrogen at 400-450 C. The hydrocarbons, which are characteristic of the structures of the parent compounds, are swept into an outlet tube where ca. 15% are drawn into the ion source of a mass spectrometer operating in the chemical ionization mode using methane as the reagent gas. The spectrum is recorded on an oscillographic recorder for identification purposes. Detection and quantitative analysis is performed by single ion monitoring of the most intense ion using a conventional analog recorder. The system is domonstrated by application to a standard mixture of tripalmitin, cholesteryl palmitate, and cholesterol separated on a 3.2 x 250 mm silica column, and exhibited a sensitivity of ca. 1 nanogram per component injected on the column."}
{"id": "PMID:916822", "title": "Lipid metabolism of the yellow clam, Mesodesma mactroides: 3-saturated fatty acids and acetate metabolism.", "content": "The fate of labeled palmitate, stearate, and acetate administered to the yellow clam, Mesodesma mactroides, was investigated. 1(-14)C palmitic and 1(-14)C stearic acids were oxidized to CO2 to a limited extent. They were mainly incorporated in diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols and were converted to higher homologs. After administration, palmitic acid was converted to stearic and oleic acids, whereas administered stearic acid was converted to 18:1, 18:2, 20:1, and 20:2 acids. Labeled acetate was readily included by the clam in 12:0, 14:0, 14:1, 15:0, 16:1, 16:1, 16:2, 18:2, 18:1, 18:2, 20:1, 20:2, and 20:3 acids.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism of the yellow clam, Mesodesma mactroides: 3-saturated fatty acids and acetate metabolism. The fate of labeled palmitate, stearate, and acetate administered to the yellow clam, Mesodesma mactroides, was investigated. 1(-14)C palmitic and 1(-14)C stearic acids were oxidized to CO2 to a limited extent. They were mainly incorporated in diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols and were converted to higher homologs. After administration, palmitic acid was converted to stearic and oleic acids, whereas administered stearic acid was converted to 18:1, 18:2, 20:1, and 20:2 acids. Labeled acetate was readily included by the clam in 12:0, 14:0, 14:1, 15:0, 16:1, 16:1, 16:2, 18:2, 18:1, 18:2, 20:1, 20:2, and 20:3 acids."}
{"id": "PMID:916823", "title": "Inhibition by 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes were strongly inhibited by 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid. With either 3H2O or [2(-14)C] acetate as the labeled precursor, the concentrations of inhibitor causing 50% decrease in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis were, respectively, less than 0.005 mM and 0.020 mM. At 0.1 mM inhibitor, citrate concentration in cells from fed rats was increased by 75%; lactate and pyruvate concentrations were decreased by 30%; ethanol oxidation was decreased by 20%; with cells from starved rats, the mitochondrial [NAD+]/[NADH] was decreased. Other parameters were unaffected. Both its potency and its specificity indicate that 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid will be useful in studies on the regulation of lipid biosynthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition by 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes were strongly inhibited by 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid. With either 3H2O or [2(-14)C] acetate as the labeled precursor, the concentrations of inhibitor causing 50% decrease in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis were, respectively, less than 0.005 mM and 0.020 mM. At 0.1 mM inhibitor, citrate concentration in cells from fed rats was increased by 75%; lactate and pyruvate concentrations were decreased by 30%; ethanol oxidation was decreased by 20%; with cells from starved rats, the mitochondrial [NAD+]/[NADH] was decreased. Other parameters were unaffected. Both its potency and its specificity indicate that 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid will be useful in studies on the regulation of lipid biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:916824", "title": "Arylsulfonate esters as hypocholesteremic agents: III. Mechanism of action studies.", "content": "The mechanism responsible for the hypocholestermic action of arylsulfonate esters of long chain fatty alcohols has been studied with rats fed either normocholesteremic or hypercholesteremic (1% cholesterol plus 0.5% glycoholate) diets. Linoleyl tosylate is more effective in lowering plasma and liver cholesterol levels of rats on the hypercholesteremic diet than several other hypocholesteremic agents tested. Linoleyl tosylate does not redistribute cholesterol to extrahepatic tissues nor inhibit hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. Linoleyl tosylate is not effective in counteracting Triton-induced hypercholesteremia nor in lowering plasma cholesterol levels of the suckling rat. Linoleyl tosylate increases the fecal elimination of dietary [4(-14)C] cholesterol and prevents its accumulation in blood and liver. Oleyl p-(n-decyl) benzene sulfonate also prevents the apparent absorption of [26(-14)C] cholesterol from the gastrointestinal tract. Linoleyl tosylate increases the fecal excretion of neutral sterols but not of bile acids. The results indicate that the arylsulfonate esters of long chain fatty alcohols lower body cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Exactly how absorption is inhibited is not clear, but linoleyl tosylate was found to stimulate the activity of cholesteryl esterase prepared from the intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "Arylsulfonate esters as hypocholesteremic agents: III. Mechanism of action studies. The mechanism responsible for the hypocholestermic action of arylsulfonate esters of long chain fatty alcohols has been studied with rats fed either normocholesteremic or hypercholesteremic (1% cholesterol plus 0.5% glycoholate) diets. Linoleyl tosylate is more effective in lowering plasma and liver cholesterol levels of rats on the hypercholesteremic diet than several other hypocholesteremic agents tested. Linoleyl tosylate does not redistribute cholesterol to extrahepatic tissues nor inhibit hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. Linoleyl tosylate is not effective in counteracting Triton-induced hypercholesteremia nor in lowering plasma cholesterol levels of the suckling rat. Linoleyl tosylate increases the fecal elimination of dietary [4(-14)C] cholesterol and prevents its accumulation in blood and liver. Oleyl p-(n-decyl) benzene sulfonate also prevents the apparent absorption of [26(-14)C] cholesterol from the gastrointestinal tract. Linoleyl tosylate increases the fecal excretion of neutral sterols but not of bile acids. The results indicate that the arylsulfonate esters of long chain fatty alcohols lower body cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Exactly how absorption is inhibited is not clear, but linoleyl tosylate was found to stimulate the activity of cholesteryl esterase prepared from the intestinal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:916825", "title": "The occurrence and distribution of furan fatty acids in spawning male freshwater fish.", "content": "Furan fatty acids (F acids) have been found in the livers and/or testes of 20 species, representing 9 families, of male freshwater fish. In 9 species they are major components of the lipids while in the remaining 11 species they occur to a much lesser extent. The F acids in some species reach a maximum concentation in the testes lipids, and minimum liver lipid concentration, at spawning. In all species in the testes, the F acids are confined almost exclusively to the triglyceride fraction while, in the liver lipids, they are found, in order of decreasing concentration, in the cholesteryl esters, the triglycerides, and the phospholipids. In the lipids of many individuals F6, 12,15-epoxy-13,14-dimethyleicosa-12,14-dienoic acid, is the major fatty acid present. It is presumed that these acids perform some as yet unidentified metabolic function. Isolation technology and identification of F acids by a specific thin layer chromatographic spray reagent are discussed.", "contents": "The occurrence and distribution of furan fatty acids in spawning male freshwater fish. Furan fatty acids (F acids) have been found in the livers and/or testes of 20 species, representing 9 families, of male freshwater fish. In 9 species they are major components of the lipids while in the remaining 11 species they occur to a much lesser extent. The F acids in some species reach a maximum concentation in the testes lipids, and minimum liver lipid concentration, at spawning. In all species in the testes, the F acids are confined almost exclusively to the triglyceride fraction while, in the liver lipids, they are found, in order of decreasing concentration, in the cholesteryl esters, the triglycerides, and the phospholipids. In the lipids of many individuals F6, 12,15-epoxy-13,14-dimethyleicosa-12,14-dienoic acid, is the major fatty acid present. It is presumed that these acids perform some as yet unidentified metabolic function. Isolation technology and identification of F acids by a specific thin layer chromatographic spray reagent are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916826", "title": "A mass spectrometric survey of some biologically important lipids.", "content": "The mass spectra of lipids are reviewed with emphasis on characteristic fragmentation patterns of each general class of compounds. Recent developments in the area of field ionization and field desorption mass spectrometry are discussed relative to each class of lipids.", "contents": "A mass spectrometric survey of some biologically important lipids. The mass spectra of lipids are reviewed with emphasis on characteristic fragmentation patterns of each general class of compounds. Recent developments in the area of field ionization and field desorption mass spectrometry are discussed relative to each class of lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:916827", "title": "Studies on the hydrogen belts of membranes: I. Diester, diether, and dialkyl phosphatidycholines and polyoxyethylene glycerides in monolayers with cholesterol.", "content": "The hydrogen belts of membranes are defined as the regions consisting of hydrogen bond acceptors, i.e., the C=O groups of glycero- and sphingolipids, and hydrogen bond donors, i.e., cholesterol-OH, sphingolipid-OH, proteins, and water. Lipid-lipid hydrogen bonding in these belts has been suggested. The connection of such hypothetical bonding with the condensation effect, i.e., the apparent reduction of surface area occupied by phospholipids in mixed monolayers with cholesterol, has been tested with lipids possissing and lacking C=O groups: diester, diether, and dialkyl phosphatidylcholine, and analogous polyoxyethylene diglycerides. Condensation by cholesterol was observed for all lipids. Consequently, the hypothetical lipid-C=O-cholesterol hydrogen bonding is not a prerequisite for the condensation effect.", "contents": "Studies on the hydrogen belts of membranes: I. Diester, diether, and dialkyl phosphatidycholines and polyoxyethylene glycerides in monolayers with cholesterol. The hydrogen belts of membranes are defined as the regions consisting of hydrogen bond acceptors, i.e., the C=O groups of glycero- and sphingolipids, and hydrogen bond donors, i.e., cholesterol-OH, sphingolipid-OH, proteins, and water. Lipid-lipid hydrogen bonding in these belts has been suggested. The connection of such hypothetical bonding with the condensation effect, i.e., the apparent reduction of surface area occupied by phospholipids in mixed monolayers with cholesterol, has been tested with lipids possissing and lacking C=O groups: diester, diether, and dialkyl phosphatidylcholine, and analogous polyoxyethylene diglycerides. Condensation by cholesterol was observed for all lipids. Consequently, the hypothetical lipid-C=O-cholesterol hydrogen bonding is not a prerequisite for the condensation effect."}
{"id": "PMID:916829", "title": "Chain length specificity in the utilization of long chain alcohols for ether lipid biosynthesis in rat brain.", "content": "A mixture of cis-9[1(-14)C] octadecenol and [1(-14)C] docosanol was injected into the brains of 19-day-old rats, and incorporation of radioactivity into brain lipids was determined after 3, 12, and 24 hr. Both alcohols were metabolized by the brain but at different rates; each was oxidized to the corresponding fatty acid, but oleic acid was more readily incorporated into polar lipids. Substantial amounts of radioactivity were incorporated into 18:1 alkyl and alk-1-enyl moieties of the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and into 18:1 alkyl moieties of the choline phosphoglycerides. Even after the disappearance of the 18:1 alcohol from the substrate mixture (12 hr), the 22:0 alcohol was not used to any measurable extent for alkyl and alk-1-enylglycerol formation.", "contents": "Chain length specificity in the utilization of long chain alcohols for ether lipid biosynthesis in rat brain. A mixture of cis-9[1(-14)C] octadecenol and [1(-14)C] docosanol was injected into the brains of 19-day-old rats, and incorporation of radioactivity into brain lipids was determined after 3, 12, and 24 hr. Both alcohols were metabolized by the brain but at different rates; each was oxidized to the corresponding fatty acid, but oleic acid was more readily incorporated into polar lipids. Substantial amounts of radioactivity were incorporated into 18:1 alkyl and alk-1-enyl moieties of the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and into 18:1 alkyl moieties of the choline phosphoglycerides. Even after the disappearance of the 18:1 alcohol from the substrate mixture (12 hr), the 22:0 alcohol was not used to any measurable extent for alkyl and alk-1-enylglycerol formation."}
{"id": "PMID:916828", "title": "Studies on the hydrogen belts of membranes: II. Non-electrolyte permeability of liposomes of diester, diether, and dialkyl phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol.", "content": "We have postulated the existence of lipid-lipid and protein-lipid hydrogen bonding in the hydrogen belts of membranes, i.e., the regions of hydrogen bond acceptors (carbonyl oxygens of esters and amides) and hydrogen bond donors (hydroxyls of cholesterol, sphingosine, proteins, water). To assess the possible effects of modifications of the hydrogen belts on membrane permeability, we prepared a diester phosphatidylcholine and two analogs lacking carbonyl oxygens, a diether and a dialkyl phosphatidylcholine, care being taken to synthesize lipids of identical efficient hydrophobic chain length. Relative permeation rates for glycerol and urea were determined by osmotic swelling of liposomes containing the phospholipids alone or with an equimolar quantity of cholesterol, with 4 mole % of dioleylphosphate added. The permeation rates of both solutes were similar for all three lipids, with Arrhenius activation energies deltaE* around 16 kcal/mole. Cholesterol reduced the permeability of all three membranes. The activation energy deltaE* of permeation did not change for diester and dialkyl phosphatidylcholine with cholesterol, but was lower by about 5 kcal/mole for the diether lipid with cholesterol. This corresponds to a reduction in the entropy of activation deltadeltaS*approximately-16 cal/mole/degree. We interpret the results as supporting the hypothesis of interaction between cholesterol hydroxyl and phospholipid carbonyl.", "contents": "Studies on the hydrogen belts of membranes: II. Non-electrolyte permeability of liposomes of diester, diether, and dialkyl phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. We have postulated the existence of lipid-lipid and protein-lipid hydrogen bonding in the hydrogen belts of membranes, i.e., the regions of hydrogen bond acceptors (carbonyl oxygens of esters and amides) and hydrogen bond donors (hydroxyls of cholesterol, sphingosine, proteins, water). To assess the possible effects of modifications of the hydrogen belts on membrane permeability, we prepared a diester phosphatidylcholine and two analogs lacking carbonyl oxygens, a diether and a dialkyl phosphatidylcholine, care being taken to synthesize lipids of identical efficient hydrophobic chain length. Relative permeation rates for glycerol and urea were determined by osmotic swelling of liposomes containing the phospholipids alone or with an equimolar quantity of cholesterol, with 4 mole % of dioleylphosphate added. The permeation rates of both solutes were similar for all three lipids, with Arrhenius activation energies deltaE* around 16 kcal/mole. Cholesterol reduced the permeability of all three membranes. The activation energy deltaE* of permeation did not change for diester and dialkyl phosphatidylcholine with cholesterol, but was lower by about 5 kcal/mole for the diether lipid with cholesterol. This corresponds to a reduction in the entropy of activation deltadeltaS*approximately-16 cal/mole/degree. We interpret the results as supporting the hypothesis of interaction between cholesterol hydroxyl and phospholipid carbonyl."}
{"id": "PMID:916870", "title": "[Semi-automatic device for measuring relative distribution of doses of ionizing radiation].", "content": "During operation and adjustment of ionizing radiation sources it becomes necessary to determine relative distribution of the radiation doses. A semiautomatic device for taking and registering relative distribution of doses in any of the 3 aqueous phantom coordinates, based on an analogue recording of the 2 signals ratio on the self-recording potentiometer tape and upon synchronous movement of the transducer relative to the recording tape. A 0.05 cm3 ionization chamber was used as the transducer.", "contents": "[Semi-automatic device for measuring relative distribution of doses of ionizing radiation]. During operation and adjustment of ionizing radiation sources it becomes necessary to determine relative distribution of the radiation doses. A semiautomatic device for taking and registering relative distribution of doses in any of the 3 aqueous phantom coordinates, based on an analogue recording of the 2 signals ratio on the self-recording potentiometer tape and upon synchronous movement of the transducer relative to the recording tape. A 0.05 cm3 ionization chamber was used as the transducer."}
{"id": "PMID:916871", "title": "[Apparatus for medico-physiologic studies of the functional state and work capacity of civil aviation pilots].", "content": "It has now become possible to study the functional state of the pilots and to appraise their performance capacity by using a complex set of equipment. During the pilot's operation this equipment provides for obtaining electrocardiograms, information on the heart rate, respiration rate, maximum arterial pressure measured on the finger, skin temperature at 4 points, ambient temperature, taking electromyograms, registering dermato-galvanic reactions after Tarkhanov and the rate of the reaction in response to light and sound. In addition to the mentioned data it is also possible to study during off-duty time the electroencephalogram in 2 leads, arterial pressure after Korotkov, dynamogram, critical fusion frequency, as well as data on the coordination of movements and thresholds of audio-sensitivity. The possibilty of using the described apparatus with other electric facilities will enable it to broaden the field of its application, up to an including its utilization in large-scale examinations of the population, occupational examinations and occupational screening.", "contents": "[Apparatus for medico-physiologic studies of the functional state and work capacity of civil aviation pilots]. It has now become possible to study the functional state of the pilots and to appraise their performance capacity by using a complex set of equipment. During the pilot's operation this equipment provides for obtaining electrocardiograms, information on the heart rate, respiration rate, maximum arterial pressure measured on the finger, skin temperature at 4 points, ambient temperature, taking electromyograms, registering dermato-galvanic reactions after Tarkhanov and the rate of the reaction in response to light and sound. In addition to the mentioned data it is also possible to study during off-duty time the electroencephalogram in 2 leads, arterial pressure after Korotkov, dynamogram, critical fusion frequency, as well as data on the coordination of movements and thresholds of audio-sensitivity. The possibilty of using the described apparatus with other electric facilities will enable it to broaden the field of its application, up to an including its utilization in large-scale examinations of the population, occupational examinations and occupational screening."}
{"id": "PMID:916879", "title": "[Creation of an optimal production-technological structure in automated systems for managing the technological preparation of a product].", "content": "Issues concerned with improvement of the operational-engineering pattern and organization of production processes in manufacturing individual articles through an effective combination of product-parts, product-subassemblies and technological forms of specializing the plant subdivisions are considered. As an optimization criterion the minimum of incurred expenditures and also a system of point ratings are taken. The optimum is shown to be an operational-engineering pattern with predominance of a product-wise specialization of the plant departments. Problems that have to be solved in constructing a suitable model for the operational-engineering pattern within the framework of automated systems designed to monitor technological pre-arrangement for producing an adequate model of the object in dynamics are discussed.", "contents": "[Creation of an optimal production-technological structure in automated systems for managing the technological preparation of a product]. Issues concerned with improvement of the operational-engineering pattern and organization of production processes in manufacturing individual articles through an effective combination of product-parts, product-subassemblies and technological forms of specializing the plant subdivisions are considered. As an optimization criterion the minimum of incurred expenditures and also a system of point ratings are taken. The optimum is shown to be an operational-engineering pattern with predominance of a product-wise specialization of the plant departments. Problems that have to be solved in constructing a suitable model for the operational-engineering pattern within the framework of automated systems designed to monitor technological pre-arrangement for producing an adequate model of the object in dynamics are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:916880", "title": "[Creation of a system for monitoring the technologic quality of medical instruments and apparatus].", "content": "Arguments in favor of possible construction in this industrial branch of systems capable of monitoring technological effectiveness of medical instruments and apparatus are put forward. Introduction into the industry of a system for monitoring technological effectiveness will help improve the designing of medical instruments and apparatus in so far as their technological effectiveness is concerned and, by the same token, reduce labour- and metal-consumption, as well as the cost of preparatory work and to cut down the time spent in mastering batch production of new articles.", "contents": "[Creation of a system for monitoring the technologic quality of medical instruments and apparatus]. Arguments in favor of possible construction in this industrial branch of systems capable of monitoring technological effectiveness of medical instruments and apparatus are put forward. Introduction into the industry of a system for monitoring technological effectiveness will help improve the designing of medical instruments and apparatus in so far as their technological effectiveness is concerned and, by the same token, reduce labour- and metal-consumption, as well as the cost of preparatory work and to cut down the time spent in mastering batch production of new articles."}
{"id": "PMID:916891", "title": "Membranous lupus nephropathy: a clinicopathologic study.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with SLE and distinct, well-defined renal morphologic lesions of membranous nephropathy were followed up for 4 years. These patients comprised approximately 8% of the patients evaluated for SLE during a 12-year period. The patients with membranous lupus nephropathy had typical systemic features of SLE, and most of them had positive LE cell tests and ANA, low serum complement concentrations, and mildly elevated serum antinative DNA levels. Proteniuria and microscopic hematuria were usually discovered years after systemic symptoms of SLE had developed, Only two patients had slowly progressive renal failure, and most patients continued to have proteinuria. Prednisone treatment did not influence either proteinuria or renal function. In only one patient, the renal character of the disease changed drastically, demonstrating membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Six patients died (21%); most of these died of cardiovascular illnesses. The relatively benign and stable renal course of membranous lupus nephropathy in patients with otherwise typical SLE suggests that the renal pathogenesis is different from that of proliferative lupus nephritis.", "contents": "Membranous lupus nephropathy: a clinicopathologic study. Twenty-eight patients with SLE and distinct, well-defined renal morphologic lesions of membranous nephropathy were followed up for 4 years. These patients comprised approximately 8% of the patients evaluated for SLE during a 12-year period. The patients with membranous lupus nephropathy had typical systemic features of SLE, and most of them had positive LE cell tests and ANA, low serum complement concentrations, and mildly elevated serum antinative DNA levels. Proteniuria and microscopic hematuria were usually discovered years after systemic symptoms of SLE had developed, Only two patients had slowly progressive renal failure, and most patients continued to have proteinuria. Prednisone treatment did not influence either proteinuria or renal function. In only one patient, the renal character of the disease changed drastically, demonstrating membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Six patients died (21%); most of these died of cardiovascular illnesses. The relatively benign and stable renal course of membranous lupus nephropathy in patients with otherwise typical SLE suggests that the renal pathogenesis is different from that of proliferative lupus nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:916901", "title": "[Variation of morphometric measurements in bone biopsies (author's transl)].", "content": "The variation of histomorphometric data in a bone biopsy cylinder of the iliac crest was determined in order to derive a rule of the sampling procedure in such a biopsy specimen. Measurements in different cylinders of a biopsy zone in the right and the left iliac crest were obtained in order to determine the magnitude of change necessary for the recognition of therapeutic or spontaneous alterations performing sequential biopsies.", "contents": "[Variation of morphometric measurements in bone biopsies (author's transl)]. The variation of histomorphometric data in a bone biopsy cylinder of the iliac crest was determined in order to derive a rule of the sampling procedure in such a biopsy specimen. Measurements in different cylinders of a biopsy zone in the right and the left iliac crest were obtained in order to determine the magnitude of change necessary for the recognition of therapeutic or spontaneous alterations performing sequential biopsies."}
{"id": "PMID:916890", "title": "[Experimental assessment of the resistance of grounded electrocardiographs to outside line electrically synphasic interference].", "content": "By studying the problem of the electrocardiographs resistance to synphasic interferences it became possible to recommend measuring the noise-stability through the use of an equivalent resistor of synphasic noises and by applying the coefficient of synphasic rejection. Patterns for measurement of these parameters are proposed and several measuring circuit assessed. Principles underlying search for quantitative values for parameters of electric skin resistances used in the circuits are given.", "contents": "[Experimental assessment of the resistance of grounded electrocardiographs to outside line electrically synphasic interference]. By studying the problem of the electrocardiographs resistance to synphasic interferences it became possible to recommend measuring the noise-stability through the use of an equivalent resistor of synphasic noises and by applying the coefficient of synphasic rejection. Patterns for measurement of these parameters are proposed and several measuring circuit assessed. Principles underlying search for quantitative values for parameters of electric skin resistances used in the circuits are given."}
{"id": "PMID:916902", "title": "The use of the phosphorescence microscope for the study of the phosphorescence of various cells.", "content": "The phosphorescence microscope (i.e. a microspectrophosphorimeter) was used for recording the phosphorescence of microobjects. The general optical scheme of the reflecting phosphorescence microscope is described. The recordings of the phosphorescence spectra of cells of various types (bacteria, yeast, protozoa and human fibroblasts) were carried out both at room temperature and deep cooling. It will be shown that the phosphorescence spectra of the microorganisms are specific for every species of cells. The changes of the spectral parameters and triplet decay times after X-irradiation of Tetrahymena pyriformis cells were demonstrated. The decay time of phosphorescence of the fibroblasts at low temperature was also obtained.", "contents": "The use of the phosphorescence microscope for the study of the phosphorescence of various cells. The phosphorescence microscope (i.e. a microspectrophosphorimeter) was used for recording the phosphorescence of microobjects. The general optical scheme of the reflecting phosphorescence microscope is described. The recordings of the phosphorescence spectra of cells of various types (bacteria, yeast, protozoa and human fibroblasts) were carried out both at room temperature and deep cooling. It will be shown that the phosphorescence spectra of the microorganisms are specific for every species of cells. The changes of the spectral parameters and triplet decay times after X-irradiation of Tetrahymena pyriformis cells were demonstrated. The decay time of phosphorescence of the fibroblasts at low temperature was also obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:916903", "title": "Photogrammetric calibration of electron microscopes.", "content": "Attention is drawn to sound mensural calibration of the electron microscope system. A general understanding of the inherent distorsions is imperative. By using the collinearity condition and a photogrammetric self-calibration technique, one obtains the patterns of scale, radial, tangential and spiral distorsions. These are discussed and fundamental concepts involving such calibrations are presented. Some actual data are presented for illustration purposes.", "contents": "Photogrammetric calibration of electron microscopes. Attention is drawn to sound mensural calibration of the electron microscope system. A general understanding of the inherent distorsions is imperative. By using the collinearity condition and a photogrammetric self-calibration technique, one obtains the patterns of scale, radial, tangential and spiral distorsions. These are discussed and fundamental concepts involving such calibrations are presented. Some actual data are presented for illustration purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:916904", "title": "Freeze-fracturing of dispersions.", "content": "In the last few years freeze-fracturing has proved to be a useful method for the investigation of dispersions. The freeze-fracture technique provides, above all, information on the arrangement of the colloidal particles in the liquid medium (e.g. on the state of agglomeration). Furthermore, it leads to conclusions about the structure, shape and size of the colloidal particles. The principles and applications particularly of the so-called drop-freeze-fracture technique are briefly described.", "contents": "Freeze-fracturing of dispersions. In the last few years freeze-fracturing has proved to be a useful method for the investigation of dispersions. The freeze-fracture technique provides, above all, information on the arrangement of the colloidal particles in the liquid medium (e.g. on the state of agglomeration). Furthermore, it leads to conclusions about the structure, shape and size of the colloidal particles. The principles and applications particularly of the so-called drop-freeze-fracture technique are briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:916906", "title": "Freezing technique for microtoming long specimens of small width and/or depth.", "content": "A technique is described for sectioning long but thin and/or narrow biological specimens using a freezing stage and sliding microtome. A water-saturated wood veneer platform is frozen to the stage and a saturated specimen is frozen to the veneer. The technique, which is inexpensive, permits cutting sections or viewing surfaces from specimens up to 8 cm long, while protecting the microtome knife from damage.", "contents": "Freezing technique for microtoming long specimens of small width and/or depth. A technique is described for sectioning long but thin and/or narrow biological specimens using a freezing stage and sliding microtome. A water-saturated wood veneer platform is frozen to the stage and a saturated specimen is frozen to the veneer. The technique, which is inexpensive, permits cutting sections or viewing surfaces from specimens up to 8 cm long, while protecting the microtome knife from damage."}
{"id": "PMID:916919", "title": "Perspectives on cardiovascular monitoring in 1977.", "content": "During the past several decades, cardiovascular monitoring has been used with increasing frequency. Measurement of pressures, flows, cardiac rhythm, and blood gases permits the physician and surgeon to apply physiological concepts for treating patients with disease. More complex surgical procedures are now possible. Higher postoperative survival rates have resulted directly from careful monitoring and treatment in the postoperative care units. Operations may be performed with greater safety because of cardiovascular monitoring in the operating room. The relationship between the respiratory system and the circulatory system in managing patients with disease and in patients who are postoperative has been elucidated by new monitoring techniques. The value of extending monitoring to ambulatory patients is just being appreciated, and techniques to do so have been developed. The future offers much promise for an improved quality of medical care, with advanced techniques in cardiovascular monitoring that will be developed for use in the very near future. It is our hope that this symposium will provide useful information for those responsible for selecting such systems in future years.", "contents": "Perspectives on cardiovascular monitoring in 1977. During the past several decades, cardiovascular monitoring has been used with increasing frequency. Measurement of pressures, flows, cardiac rhythm, and blood gases permits the physician and surgeon to apply physiological concepts for treating patients with disease. More complex surgical procedures are now possible. Higher postoperative survival rates have resulted directly from careful monitoring and treatment in the postoperative care units. Operations may be performed with greater safety because of cardiovascular monitoring in the operating room. The relationship between the respiratory system and the circulatory system in managing patients with disease and in patients who are postoperative has been elucidated by new monitoring techniques. The value of extending monitoring to ambulatory patients is just being appreciated, and techniques to do so have been developed. The future offers much promise for an improved quality of medical care, with advanced techniques in cardiovascular monitoring that will be developed for use in the very near future. It is our hope that this symposium will provide useful information for those responsible for selecting such systems in future years."}
{"id": "PMID:916923", "title": "Monitoring in the operating room: current techniques and future requirements.", "content": "Review of a recent lawsuit and study of operating room cardiac arrests reveal that ventilatory problems are a major source of intraoperative morbidity and mortality. Tidal volume and airway gas composition are critical to the anesthesiologist who must determine the depth of an inhalation anesthetic. Yet, current instrumentation does not permit these variables to be measured conveniently. In this paper, current techniques for monitoring cardiovascular physiology are review, and considerable attention is focused on the problem of and the requirements for ventilatory monitoring in the operating room. The high dollar cost of infrequent untoward events is discussed, as well as the additional problem this creates because individual anesthesiologists may receive little positive reinforcement in encouraging the development of more sophisticated monitoring techniques.", "contents": "Monitoring in the operating room: current techniques and future requirements. Review of a recent lawsuit and study of operating room cardiac arrests reveal that ventilatory problems are a major source of intraoperative morbidity and mortality. Tidal volume and airway gas composition are critical to the anesthesiologist who must determine the depth of an inhalation anesthetic. Yet, current instrumentation does not permit these variables to be measured conveniently. In this paper, current techniques for monitoring cardiovascular physiology are review, and considerable attention is focused on the problem of and the requirements for ventilatory monitoring in the operating room. The high dollar cost of infrequent untoward events is discussed, as well as the additional problem this creates because individual anesthesiologists may receive little positive reinforcement in encouraging the development of more sophisticated monitoring techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:916920", "title": "Cardiovascular monitoring in the medical intensive care unit.", "content": "The need for and development of computer-based monitoring in medical intensive care are discussed. The critical care ward system at the University of Southern California's Center for the Critically Ill is described. Basic monitoring routines include measurement of heart rate; arterial, venous, and pulmonary pressures; core and peripheral temperature; and urine output. Other application programs handle cardiac output determinations, laboratory tests, narrative data entry, and process control. Data retrieval provides for tabular, textual, and graphic displays both at the bedside and in hard copy, as well as data printouts for research purposes. Computer control covers the vascular interface, automated pressure calibration, peristaltic pumps for fluid infusion and blood sampling, and urine collection and disposal. Using automated fluid challenge as a prototype, servo operations should be extended to mechanical ventilation and fluid therapy.", "contents": "Cardiovascular monitoring in the medical intensive care unit. The need for and development of computer-based monitoring in medical intensive care are discussed. The critical care ward system at the University of Southern California's Center for the Critically Ill is described. Basic monitoring routines include measurement of heart rate; arterial, venous, and pulmonary pressures; core and peripheral temperature; and urine output. Other application programs handle cardiac output determinations, laboratory tests, narrative data entry, and process control. Data retrieval provides for tabular, textual, and graphic displays both at the bedside and in hard copy, as well as data printouts for research purposes. Computer control covers the vascular interface, automated pressure calibration, peristaltic pumps for fluid infusion and blood sampling, and urine collection and disposal. Using automated fluid challenge as a prototype, servo operations should be extended to mechanical ventilation and fluid therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:916929", "title": "Initial experience with prazosin in New Zealand. A multicentre report. New Zealand Hypertension Study Group.", "content": "Data are presented on 282 patients who began taking prazosin before March, 1975, and whose progress was followed until March, 1976. The following conclusions can be drawn. (i) Prazosin is an effective and useful antihypertensive agent, best used with a diuretic and a beta-blocker. (ii) For patients with suspected or definite coronary artery disease, prazosin should not be used without a beta-blocker. (iii) In patients suspected of having incipient heart failure, prazosin should not be used without a diuretic, and the latter should be given first. (iv) many patients have little or no rise in heart rate with prazosin. However, patients with sinus tachycardia or a history of arrhythmias should preferably not be treated with prazosin. (v) The initial dose should be kept small (0-25 to 0-5 mg). Subsequent increments should also be small, not more than 2 mg/day. (vi) If prazosin is added to a regimen containing an adrenergic neurone-blocking drug, the dose of the latter should first be reduced. (vii) Prazosin should not, in the meantime, be used concomitantly with a phenothiazine, as the combination appears to be capable of causing agitation and confusion. (viii) There seems to be no long-term toxicity.", "contents": "Initial experience with prazosin in New Zealand. A multicentre report. New Zealand Hypertension Study Group. Data are presented on 282 patients who began taking prazosin before March, 1975, and whose progress was followed until March, 1976. The following conclusions can be drawn. (i) Prazosin is an effective and useful antihypertensive agent, best used with a diuretic and a beta-blocker. (ii) For patients with suspected or definite coronary artery disease, prazosin should not be used without a beta-blocker. (iii) In patients suspected of having incipient heart failure, prazosin should not be used without a diuretic, and the latter should be given first. (iv) many patients have little or no rise in heart rate with prazosin. However, patients with sinus tachycardia or a history of arrhythmias should preferably not be treated with prazosin. (v) The initial dose should be kept small (0-25 to 0-5 mg). Subsequent increments should also be small, not more than 2 mg/day. (vi) If prazosin is added to a regimen containing an adrenergic neurone-blocking drug, the dose of the latter should first be reduced. (vii) Prazosin should not, in the meantime, be used concomitantly with a phenothiazine, as the combination appears to be capable of causing agitation and confusion. (viii) There seems to be no long-term toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:916932", "title": "Open studies with prazosin in the treatment of essential hypertension. Prazosin Research Group in Japan.", "content": "The clinical usefulness of prazosin was investigated in 67 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension for 6 to 12 weeks. The daily doses were increased from 3 to 9 mg according to the responses of the patients. The average reduction of mean arterial blood pressure by 6 weeks' prazosin treatment was 13-4 +/- 1-7 mm Hg. Thirty-three patients (49-3%) showed good or excellent responses to prazosin. Serious side effects or laboratory abnormalities did not appear in this trial, through postural dizziness was found in 6-0%. Prazosin seems to be a useful antihypertensive agent in the treatment of patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension.", "contents": "Open studies with prazosin in the treatment of essential hypertension. Prazosin Research Group in Japan. The clinical usefulness of prazosin was investigated in 67 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension for 6 to 12 weeks. The daily doses were increased from 3 to 9 mg according to the responses of the patients. The average reduction of mean arterial blood pressure by 6 weeks' prazosin treatment was 13-4 +/- 1-7 mm Hg. Thirty-three patients (49-3%) showed good or excellent responses to prazosin. Serious side effects or laboratory abnormalities did not appear in this trial, through postural dizziness was found in 6-0%. Prazosin seems to be a useful antihypertensive agent in the treatment of patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:916924", "title": "Monitoring electrocardiographic data in ambulatory patients.", "content": "Sustained periods of extremely rapid or slow heart rate or initiation of the heartbeat from an ectopic focus can lead to serious clinical impairment or even death. Because disturbances of cardiac rhythm are ofter intermittent and evanescent, the development of systems for recording electrocardiograms in ambulatory patients for later analysis has been of clinical utility in diverse forms of heart disease. The basic components of such systems include a compact portable tape recorder for recording electrocardiographic data and a playback system with facilities for data analysis. Recently, semi-automated, computer-assisted analysis of this electrocardiographic data and quantitative analysis of the frequency of abnormal rhythms have become possible. In addition to widespread application for diagnostic purposes, ambulatory electrocardiographic techniques are now being used to evaluate new drugs for the treatment of cardiac rhythm disturbances and to define subsets of cardiac patients in whom treatment of rhythm disturbances may be desirable.", "contents": "Monitoring electrocardiographic data in ambulatory patients. Sustained periods of extremely rapid or slow heart rate or initiation of the heartbeat from an ectopic focus can lead to serious clinical impairment or even death. Because disturbances of cardiac rhythm are ofter intermittent and evanescent, the development of systems for recording electrocardiograms in ambulatory patients for later analysis has been of clinical utility in diverse forms of heart disease. The basic components of such systems include a compact portable tape recorder for recording electrocardiographic data and a playback system with facilities for data analysis. Recently, semi-automated, computer-assisted analysis of this electrocardiographic data and quantitative analysis of the frequency of abnormal rhythms have become possible. In addition to widespread application for diagnostic purposes, ambulatory electrocardiographic techniques are now being used to evaluate new drugs for the treatment of cardiac rhythm disturbances and to define subsets of cardiac patients in whom treatment of rhythm disturbances may be desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:916921", "title": "The Unibed patient monitoring system: a new approach for a new technology.", "content": "The Unibed patient monitoring system represents a new approach to the design of medical instrumentation based upon recent advances in microcomputer and related large-scale integration technology. This system is intended to replace an entire range of traditional monitoring devices with a single general-purpose unit capable of recognizing the nature of the signal source and performing appropriately. All of the usual switches, knobs, dials, and meters have been replaced by a touch-sensitive character display. The hardware responsible for physiological signal analysis, information display, and user interaction is actually a set of firmware modules implemented in terms of microcomputer programs. This firmware gives the system its functional personality and transforms it from a compact process-control system into a useful medical instrument. Prototypes are now being clinically tested and evaluated at the Dijkzigt Academic Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands.", "contents": "The Unibed patient monitoring system: a new approach for a new technology. The Unibed patient monitoring system represents a new approach to the design of medical instrumentation based upon recent advances in microcomputer and related large-scale integration technology. This system is intended to replace an entire range of traditional monitoring devices with a single general-purpose unit capable of recognizing the nature of the signal source and performing appropriately. All of the usual switches, knobs, dials, and meters have been replaced by a touch-sensitive character display. The hardware responsible for physiological signal analysis, information display, and user interaction is actually a set of firmware modules implemented in terms of microcomputer programs. This firmware gives the system its functional personality and transforms it from a compact process-control system into a useful medical instrument. Prototypes are now being clinically tested and evaluated at the Dijkzigt Academic Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands."}
{"id": "PMID:916933", "title": "Prazosin in the treatment of patients with hypertension and renal functional impairment.", "content": "Prazosin was used as an additional antihypertensive agent for treating 38 patients with hypertension and renal functional impairment. The drug was effective in 29 of these patients at a mean daily dose of 7 mg. The mean blood pressure fall in these 29 patients was 28/22 mm Hg. The most frequent (10 patients) and important side effect of prazosin treatment was dizziness, which occurred on standing of after exertion and was seen either after the first dose or after a large dose increase. The \"first-dose phenomenon\" was a result of severe postural hypotension and was eliminated by using a starting dose of 0-5 mg every 12 hours, with the first dose being given before retiring to bed. Dosage increments were limited to 0-5 mg, beginning late in the evening. Eleven patients had a significant improvement in renal function, while a further eight patients had stable renal function. In no patient was there a deterioration in renal function which could be attributed to prazosin.", "contents": "Prazosin in the treatment of patients with hypertension and renal functional impairment. Prazosin was used as an additional antihypertensive agent for treating 38 patients with hypertension and renal functional impairment. The drug was effective in 29 of these patients at a mean daily dose of 7 mg. The mean blood pressure fall in these 29 patients was 28/22 mm Hg. The most frequent (10 patients) and important side effect of prazosin treatment was dizziness, which occurred on standing of after exertion and was seen either after the first dose or after a large dose increase. The \"first-dose phenomenon\" was a result of severe postural hypotension and was eliminated by using a starting dose of 0-5 mg every 12 hours, with the first dose being given before retiring to bed. Dosage increments were limited to 0-5 mg, beginning late in the evening. Eleven patients had a significant improvement in renal function, while a further eight patients had stable renal function. In no patient was there a deterioration in renal function which could be attributed to prazosin."}
{"id": "PMID:916925", "title": "Automation of measurements and interventions in the systematic care of postoperative cardiac surgical patients.", "content": "Since July of 1967, a computer-based system has been employed in the observation and treatment of 8500 patients following cardiac surgical procedures. Of the 12 beds in the University of Alabama Hospital Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Unit, 10 are equipped with biomedical instrumentation interfaced with digital computer systems. These systems perform the automatic acquisition, display, storage, retrieval, and charting of measurements; computation and evaluation of acid-base balance from manually entered blood gas data; analysis of the data for the detection and treatment of impaired cardiac performance; automatic control of blood infusion and vasodilating agents by closed-loop feedback control techniques; hourly evaluation of chest tube drainage patterns to detect excessive blood loss in the early hours following operation; and computation of the infusion rate (ml/hr) of pharmacologic agents according to a specified dosage (microgram/kg/min). Automatic control of left atrial pressure by blood infusion has been applied to 8000 patients during the past 10 years. Regulation of mean arterial pressure by computer-controlled infusion of vasodilating agents has been performed in 400 patients in the last 2 years. The use of the system has contributed to the reduction of patient time spent in the unit to 24 hours or less for the majority of the patients.", "contents": "Automation of measurements and interventions in the systematic care of postoperative cardiac surgical patients. Since July of 1967, a computer-based system has been employed in the observation and treatment of 8500 patients following cardiac surgical procedures. Of the 12 beds in the University of Alabama Hospital Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Unit, 10 are equipped with biomedical instrumentation interfaced with digital computer systems. These systems perform the automatic acquisition, display, storage, retrieval, and charting of measurements; computation and evaluation of acid-base balance from manually entered blood gas data; analysis of the data for the detection and treatment of impaired cardiac performance; automatic control of blood infusion and vasodilating agents by closed-loop feedback control techniques; hourly evaluation of chest tube drainage patterns to detect excessive blood loss in the early hours following operation; and computation of the infusion rate (ml/hr) of pharmacologic agents according to a specified dosage (microgram/kg/min). Automatic control of left atrial pressure by blood infusion has been applied to 8000 patients during the past 10 years. Regulation of mean arterial pressure by computer-controlled infusion of vasodilating agents has been performed in 400 patients in the last 2 years. The use of the system has contributed to the reduction of patient time spent in the unit to 24 hours or less for the majority of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:916922", "title": "Cardiopulmonary monitoring in the respiratory intensive care unit.", "content": "Respiratory monitoring using airway measurements of flow, pressure, and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations is practical and useful for intensive care patients on respirator support. End-tidal PCO2 minute and tidal volumes, and compliance are the most useful simple measurements. On-line plots of pressure against volume and flow against volume are helpful in early detection of difficulty. More sophisticated pulmonary function tests such as maximum flows and volumes, functional residual capacity, and measurement of fast space and slow space can be easily automated under computer control. Respiratory monitoring provides painless, nonpenetrating measurements which are immediately available, and which reduce the incidence of undetected life-threatening respiratory accidents.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary monitoring in the respiratory intensive care unit. Respiratory monitoring using airway measurements of flow, pressure, and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations is practical and useful for intensive care patients on respirator support. End-tidal PCO2 minute and tidal volumes, and compliance are the most useful simple measurements. On-line plots of pressure against volume and flow against volume are helpful in early detection of difficulty. More sophisticated pulmonary function tests such as maximum flows and volumes, functional residual capacity, and measurement of fast space and slow space can be easily automated under computer control. Respiratory monitoring provides painless, nonpenetrating measurements which are immediately available, and which reduce the incidence of undetected life-threatening respiratory accidents."}
{"id": "PMID:916927", "title": "A cost-effective system for obtaining comprehensive cardiovascular information on the critically ill patient.", "content": "A relatively simple and inexpensive data management system is described with which comprehensive physiologic and cardiovascular profiles are produced. The system is comprised of a desk-top programmable calculator interfaced with an acoustic digitizer input, and an X-Y plotter, with alphanumeric printing output capability. Numerical clinical data such as intracardiac pressures and blood gas values are entered into the calculator via the keyboard, and graphical data such as dye-dilution curves or ventricular contours are digitized with a pen stylus on the acoustic tablet. The data are processed in the calculator and the results charted in familiar and readily interpreted bar-graph format on preprinted charts on the X-Y plotter. The entire system is inexpensive and compact enough to be applicable to small- and medium-size community hospitals.", "contents": "A cost-effective system for obtaining comprehensive cardiovascular information on the critically ill patient. A relatively simple and inexpensive data management system is described with which comprehensive physiologic and cardiovascular profiles are produced. The system is comprised of a desk-top programmable calculator interfaced with an acoustic digitizer input, and an X-Y plotter, with alphanumeric printing output capability. Numerical clinical data such as intracardiac pressures and blood gas values are entered into the calculator via the keyboard, and graphical data such as dye-dilution curves or ventricular contours are digitized with a pen stylus on the acoustic tablet. The data are processed in the calculator and the results charted in familiar and readily interpreted bar-graph format on preprinted charts on the X-Y plotter. The entire system is inexpensive and compact enough to be applicable to small- and medium-size community hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:916937", "title": "Heart disease and pregnancy at the Royal Women's Hospital.", "content": "The management of 542 women with heart disease and pregnancy during the years 1950 to 1975 is described. All were classified according to their cardiac function at the onset of pregnancy. The incidence of heart failure is recorded and the factors which determined this are discussed. Mitral valvotomy was performed during pregnancy in 13 women, however 31 had had mitral valvotomy before pregnancy. There were 10 maternal deaths, eight of these occurring during the puerperium.", "contents": "Heart disease and pregnancy at the Royal Women's Hospital. The management of 542 women with heart disease and pregnancy during the years 1950 to 1975 is described. All were classified according to their cardiac function at the onset of pregnancy. The incidence of heart failure is recorded and the factors which determined this are discussed. Mitral valvotomy was performed during pregnancy in 13 women, however 31 had had mitral valvotomy before pregnancy. There were 10 maternal deaths, eight of these occurring during the puerperium."}
{"id": "PMID:916926", "title": "Application of a minicomputer-based system in measuring intraocular fluid dynamics.", "content": "A complete, computerized system has been developed to automate and display radionuclide clearance studies in an ophthalmology clinical laboratory. The system is based on a PDP-8E computer with a 16-k core memory and includes a dual-drive Decassette system and an interactive display terminal. The software controls the acquisition of data from an NIM scaler, times the procedures, and analyzes and simultaneously displays logarithmically converted data on a fully annotated graph. Animal studies and clinical experiments are presented to illustrate the nature of these displays and the results obtained using this automated eye physiometer.", "contents": "Application of a minicomputer-based system in measuring intraocular fluid dynamics. A complete, computerized system has been developed to automate and display radionuclide clearance studies in an ophthalmology clinical laboratory. The system is based on a PDP-8E computer with a 16-k core memory and includes a dual-drive Decassette system and an interactive display terminal. The software controls the acquisition of data from an NIM scaler, times the procedures, and analyzes and simultaneously displays logarithmically converted data on a fully annotated graph. Animal studies and clinical experiments are presented to illustrate the nature of these displays and the results obtained using this automated eye physiometer."}
{"id": "PMID:916938", "title": "Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy--an important differential diagnosis.", "content": "A case of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with carcinoma of the lung is presented. The symptomatology of the former usually dominates the clinical picture so that early diagnosis of the underlying carcinoma often depends on recognition of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. A brief review of the literature is given.", "contents": "Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy--an important differential diagnosis. A case of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with carcinoma of the lung is presented. The symptomatology of the former usually dominates the clinical picture so that early diagnosis of the underlying carcinoma often depends on recognition of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. A brief review of the literature is given."}
{"id": "PMID:916942", "title": "[Morphology of histological subgroups of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The morphological criteria for the subclassification of Hodgkin's disease were studied in order to obtain a better appreciation of their diagnostic value. We could not separate a specific criterion which would alone permit the diagnosis of a subgroup of Hodgkin's disease. However, the combination of different morphological features including form and frequency of the diagnostic Reed-Sternberg-cells improves the reproducibility of subgrouping Hodgkin's disease. According to their diagnostic significance we consider important: for the LD diffuse infiltration of the lymphnode with few Reed-Sternberg-cells and discret inflammatory reaction; for the MC heavy inflammatory reaction, occasionally with necrosis, numerous diagnostic Reed-Sternberg-cells, occasionally focal involvement in the lymphnode and appearence of birefringent collagen fibers; for the NS the lacunar cells and nodular arrangement of birefringent collagen fibers; for the LP the pleomorphism of the Reed-Sternberg-cells, collagen fibers without birefringency. Based on morphological ressemblance of the nuclei we assume that the tumor cells represent malignant lymphocytes; we consider therefore Hodgkin's disease as a lymphocytic lymphoma.", "contents": "[Morphology of histological subgroups of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. The morphological criteria for the subclassification of Hodgkin's disease were studied in order to obtain a better appreciation of their diagnostic value. We could not separate a specific criterion which would alone permit the diagnosis of a subgroup of Hodgkin's disease. However, the combination of different morphological features including form and frequency of the diagnostic Reed-Sternberg-cells improves the reproducibility of subgrouping Hodgkin's disease. According to their diagnostic significance we consider important: for the LD diffuse infiltration of the lymphnode with few Reed-Sternberg-cells and discret inflammatory reaction; for the MC heavy inflammatory reaction, occasionally with necrosis, numerous diagnostic Reed-Sternberg-cells, occasionally focal involvement in the lymphnode and appearence of birefringent collagen fibers; for the NS the lacunar cells and nodular arrangement of birefringent collagen fibers; for the LP the pleomorphism of the Reed-Sternberg-cells, collagen fibers without birefringency. Based on morphological ressemblance of the nuclei we assume that the tumor cells represent malignant lymphocytes; we consider therefore Hodgkin's disease as a lymphocytic lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:916943", "title": "[Nitroblue tetrazolium test in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Nitroblue tetrazolium dye (NBT) test was performed in 60 patients suffering from Hodgkin's disease. The control group consisted of 60 healthy adults. 23 patients with inactive lymphogranulomatosis had a mean NBT-balue of 30 +/- 9% formazan cells. There was no difference compared with controls (32 +/- 10% formazan cells). 37 patients suffered from active Hodgkin's disease. In this group 31 patients showed an elevated value, 6 had normal levels. On average the level was significantly raised with 59 +/- 20% formazan cells (p less than 0,01). A correlation between the extent of the disease and the height of the NBT figure could not be demonstrated. The same applies to the different histological types. In comparison between the NBT value and the simultaneously examined ALP it was found that ALP is a more sensitive parameter but that an increased ALP is not indicative of an active stage. It is therefore advisable to determined both parameters to get more security whether there is active or inactive Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "[Nitroblue tetrazolium test in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. Nitroblue tetrazolium dye (NBT) test was performed in 60 patients suffering from Hodgkin's disease. The control group consisted of 60 healthy adults. 23 patients with inactive lymphogranulomatosis had a mean NBT-balue of 30 +/- 9% formazan cells. There was no difference compared with controls (32 +/- 10% formazan cells). 37 patients suffered from active Hodgkin's disease. In this group 31 patients showed an elevated value, 6 had normal levels. On average the level was significantly raised with 59 +/- 20% formazan cells (p less than 0,01). A correlation between the extent of the disease and the height of the NBT figure could not be demonstrated. The same applies to the different histological types. In comparison between the NBT value and the simultaneously examined ALP it was found that ALP is a more sensitive parameter but that an increased ALP is not indicative of an active stage. It is therefore advisable to determined both parameters to get more security whether there is active or inactive Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:916944", "title": "[Eosinophilic granulomatosis: a case report on a rarely found disease of the hypereosinophilic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "This ia a case report on a eosinophilic granulomatosis. This disease falls nunder the hypereosinophilic syndrome as well as the eosinophilic leukemia, the disseminated eosinophilic collagenosis, and the endocarditis fibroplastica parietalis L\u00f6ffler. These diseases are characterized by cardiovascular, pulmonary, abdominal and cerebral symptoms. An increased number of eosinophilic granulocytes constitutes the obligatory hematologic feature. Eosinophilic infiltration and vasculitis especially of the small vessels in heart, lung, liver, spleen, lymphnodes, and cerebrum are typical pathological findings. The eosinophilic granulomatosis shows in addition extravascular granulomas with abundant eosinophilic granulocytes. It is assumed that the hypereosinophilic disorders result from the same basic disease. We would suggest to described this basic disease as allergic eosinophilic collagenosis. This term implies both the supposed etiology and the histologic localisation of the disorder.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic granulomatosis: a case report on a rarely found disease of the hypereosinophilic syndrome (author's transl)]. This ia a case report on a eosinophilic granulomatosis. This disease falls nunder the hypereosinophilic syndrome as well as the eosinophilic leukemia, the disseminated eosinophilic collagenosis, and the endocarditis fibroplastica parietalis L\u00f6ffler. These diseases are characterized by cardiovascular, pulmonary, abdominal and cerebral symptoms. An increased number of eosinophilic granulocytes constitutes the obligatory hematologic feature. Eosinophilic infiltration and vasculitis especially of the small vessels in heart, lung, liver, spleen, lymphnodes, and cerebrum are typical pathological findings. The eosinophilic granulomatosis shows in addition extravascular granulomas with abundant eosinophilic granulocytes. It is assumed that the hypereosinophilic disorders result from the same basic disease. We would suggest to described this basic disease as allergic eosinophilic collagenosis. This term implies both the supposed etiology and the histologic localisation of the disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:916946", "title": "[Heparin dosage in chronic hemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a period of 10 months hemodialyses in 20 patients with chronic renal failure were performed with a 40% lower heparin-dose. Blood coagulation was controlled from the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). There were no unfavourable side-effects, also the effectivity of the hemodialyses was not changed. However, we measured a significant increase in the hemoglobin-concentration and in the packed cell volume. Bleeding from the punctures was significantly shortened.", "contents": "[Heparin dosage in chronic hemodialysis (author's transl)]. Over a period of 10 months hemodialyses in 20 patients with chronic renal failure were performed with a 40% lower heparin-dose. Blood coagulation was controlled from the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). There were no unfavourable side-effects, also the effectivity of the hemodialyses was not changed. However, we measured a significant increase in the hemoglobin-concentration and in the packed cell volume. Bleeding from the punctures was significantly shortened."}
{"id": "PMID:916947", "title": "[Quantitative assessment of drug-induced prophylaxis of postoperative thromboembolism. Comparison of frequencies of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism using acetylsalicylic-acid, dextran, dihydroergotamine, low-dose heparin and the fixed combination of heparin and dihydroergotamine (author's transl)].", "content": "2136 patients in general surgery, gynaecology and urology were investigated by the 125I-fibrinogen-uptake-test for detection of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT). They received at random one of low-dose heparin, dihydroergotamine, the fixed combination of both drugs (Heparin-Dihydergot), low molecular weight dextran and acetylsalicylic-acid (ASS). When DVT was detected repeated lung perfusion scintigraphies were carried out for diagnosis of embolic pulmonary perfusion defects. Results demonstrate the outstanding effect of Heparin-Dihydergot, which is not only 2-3 times better than the anti-thrombotic standard low-dose heparin but also eliminates almost completely the risk of postoperative embolism. The preventive efficacy of ASS and dextran must be considered to be poor and not comparable to that obtained when using heparin, dihydroergotamine or the combination. Now Heparin-Dihydergot is the new standard with which all prophylactic procedures should be compared.", "contents": "[Quantitative assessment of drug-induced prophylaxis of postoperative thromboembolism. Comparison of frequencies of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism using acetylsalicylic-acid, dextran, dihydroergotamine, low-dose heparin and the fixed combination of heparin and dihydroergotamine (author's transl)]. 2136 patients in general surgery, gynaecology and urology were investigated by the 125I-fibrinogen-uptake-test for detection of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT). They received at random one of low-dose heparin, dihydroergotamine, the fixed combination of both drugs (Heparin-Dihydergot), low molecular weight dextran and acetylsalicylic-acid (ASS). When DVT was detected repeated lung perfusion scintigraphies were carried out for diagnosis of embolic pulmonary perfusion defects. Results demonstrate the outstanding effect of Heparin-Dihydergot, which is not only 2-3 times better than the anti-thrombotic standard low-dose heparin but also eliminates almost completely the risk of postoperative embolism. The preventive efficacy of ASS and dextran must be considered to be poor and not comparable to that obtained when using heparin, dihydroergotamine or the combination. Now Heparin-Dihydergot is the new standard with which all prophylactic procedures should be compared."}
{"id": "PMID:916948", "title": "[Changes of venous hemodynamics by thermic stimuli (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurement of the venous capacity by means of strain-gauge-plethysmography when performed under standardised conditions produces reproducible values in chronic test also. Acutely, the venous capacity of the healthy can be reduced by cold water and increased by warm water appplication. When measuring pressure in the great saphenous vein, which was performed during stress test and after cooling down, a clear improvement of the valvular function in the shank coud be ascertained. The healthy lying down, a distinct increase of the venous tonus takes place after application of cold water. With respect to primary varicosis, in addition to the acute reduction of volume, a chronic training effect, in the sense of a reduction in the venous capacity, significantly can be a convenient means for the treatment of primary varicosis and of less severe forms of chronic venous insufficiency.", "contents": "[Changes of venous hemodynamics by thermic stimuli (author's transl)]. Measurement of the venous capacity by means of strain-gauge-plethysmography when performed under standardised conditions produces reproducible values in chronic test also. Acutely, the venous capacity of the healthy can be reduced by cold water and increased by warm water appplication. When measuring pressure in the great saphenous vein, which was performed during stress test and after cooling down, a clear improvement of the valvular function in the shank coud be ascertained. The healthy lying down, a distinct increase of the venous tonus takes place after application of cold water. With respect to primary varicosis, in addition to the acute reduction of volume, a chronic training effect, in the sense of a reduction in the venous capacity, significantly can be a convenient means for the treatment of primary varicosis and of less severe forms of chronic venous insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:916949", "title": "[Behaviour of oxytetracycline and doxycycline serum levels under forced diuresis in severe bromcarbamide intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "A dose of 500 or 1000 ml respectively was infused at hourly intervals over 12 or 24 hours respectively, using a standardised infusion schedule. It was found that this enormous increase in renal function did not cause any changes in the behaviour of the serum levels of oxytetracycline and doxycycline as compared to normal renal excretion. This result comes hardly as a surprise in the case of doxycycline due to its high degree of protein binding, it is, however, unexpected for oxytetracycline.", "contents": "[Behaviour of oxytetracycline and doxycycline serum levels under forced diuresis in severe bromcarbamide intoxication (author's transl)]. A dose of 500 or 1000 ml respectively was infused at hourly intervals over 12 or 24 hours respectively, using a standardised infusion schedule. It was found that this enormous increase in renal function did not cause any changes in the behaviour of the serum levels of oxytetracycline and doxycycline as compared to normal renal excretion. This result comes hardly as a surprise in the case of doxycycline due to its high degree of protein binding, it is, however, unexpected for oxytetracycline."}
{"id": "PMID:916952", "title": "[Electrocardiographic changes in hypothermia].", "content": "Survey of electrocardiographic changes in hypothermia, especially the pathognomonic J wave, and report of a case of accidental hypothermia in a 83-year-old woman.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic changes in hypothermia]. Survey of electrocardiographic changes in hypothermia, especially the pathognomonic J wave, and report of a case of accidental hypothermia in a 83-year-old woman."}
{"id": "PMID:916953", "title": "[Clinical course and pathogenesis of oral contraceptive hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Oral contraceptives are of pathogenetic importance in hypertension of women aged 26 to 35 years. The hypertensive reaction occurs predominantly in those women who have hereditary predisposition in hypertension or diabetes mellitus, who suffer themselves from diabetes mellitus or who showed toxemia in preceding pregnancies. Experimental studies in rats indicated that oral contraceptive hypertension could be due to vascular lesions, produced by estrogen, and sodium retention, caused by progestogen. Our findings are not in agreement with the proposal that the hypertensive reaction in women is always reversible. It would be of advantage if oral contraceptives could be used, which contain no estrogen or at least estrogen in the lowest possible dose and which comprise progestogens without sodium-retaining effect.", "contents": "[Clinical course and pathogenesis of oral contraceptive hypertension (author's transl)]. Oral contraceptives are of pathogenetic importance in hypertension of women aged 26 to 35 years. The hypertensive reaction occurs predominantly in those women who have hereditary predisposition in hypertension or diabetes mellitus, who suffer themselves from diabetes mellitus or who showed toxemia in preceding pregnancies. Experimental studies in rats indicated that oral contraceptive hypertension could be due to vascular lesions, produced by estrogen, and sodium retention, caused by progestogen. Our findings are not in agreement with the proposal that the hypertensive reaction in women is always reversible. It would be of advantage if oral contraceptives could be used, which contain no estrogen or at least estrogen in the lowest possible dose and which comprise progestogens without sodium-retaining effect."}
{"id": "PMID:916958", "title": "[Significance of liver volume for the early survival of patients with liver cirrhosis operated on porta-caval anastomosis: Clinical data and relation to pathophysiological implications (author's transl)].", "content": "It is thought that the early outcome of patients with liver cirrhosis after end-to-side porta-caval anastomosis not only depends on their clinical situation but also on the postoperative haemodynamic state of the liver. The postoperative haemodynamics can be estimated if the relation of liver volume and the predicted hepatic arterial perfusion is focused. The maximum of arterial liver perfusion seems to be 1200 ml/min in the absence of a portal liver blood supply. Thus, a postoperative perfusionindex between 0.8-1.2 like in normal subjects seems to be the best situation to prevent postoperative hepatic underperfusion. 25 patients were investigated, in which the clinical situation was classified as recommended by Child, and liver volume was estimated by means of ultrasonography. Those patients having liver volumes between 1000 and 1500 ml providing a postoperative PI between 0.8-12 survived in 100%. The early mortality rate of those, having liver volumes more or less these thresholds died in 69%. It was concluded that hepatomegaly or extreme liver atrophy are situations not to be recommended for classical porta-caval anastomosis. Other procedures are dissussed which \"seem to be some good news\" by clinical data and by means of experimental results. The techniques discussed consist in procedures preventing the pancreatic venous blood to shunt away from the liver.", "contents": "[Significance of liver volume for the early survival of patients with liver cirrhosis operated on porta-caval anastomosis: Clinical data and relation to pathophysiological implications (author's transl)]. It is thought that the early outcome of patients with liver cirrhosis after end-to-side porta-caval anastomosis not only depends on their clinical situation but also on the postoperative haemodynamic state of the liver. The postoperative haemodynamics can be estimated if the relation of liver volume and the predicted hepatic arterial perfusion is focused. The maximum of arterial liver perfusion seems to be 1200 ml/min in the absence of a portal liver blood supply. Thus, a postoperative perfusionindex between 0.8-1.2 like in normal subjects seems to be the best situation to prevent postoperative hepatic underperfusion. 25 patients were investigated, in which the clinical situation was classified as recommended by Child, and liver volume was estimated by means of ultrasonography. Those patients having liver volumes between 1000 and 1500 ml providing a postoperative PI between 0.8-12 survived in 100%. The early mortality rate of those, having liver volumes more or less these thresholds died in 69%. It was concluded that hepatomegaly or extreme liver atrophy are situations not to be recommended for classical porta-caval anastomosis. Other procedures are dissussed which \"seem to be some good news\" by clinical data and by means of experimental results. The techniques discussed consist in procedures preventing the pancreatic venous blood to shunt away from the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:916959", "title": "[Stenosis of the celiac artery as cause of chronic recurrent pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on three clinical examples of the interrelation between chronic recurrent pancreatitits and external compression which cause a stenosis of the celiac artery. If clarification of the etiology of recurrent pancreatitis with the usual examinations is impossible, angiography is very important. A causal therapy is only possible by means of surgical treatment of the stenosis.", "contents": "[Stenosis of the celiac artery as cause of chronic recurrent pancreatitis (author's transl)]. Report on three clinical examples of the interrelation between chronic recurrent pancreatitits and external compression which cause a stenosis of the celiac artery. If clarification of the etiology of recurrent pancreatitis with the usual examinations is impossible, angiography is very important. A causal therapy is only possible by means of surgical treatment of the stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:916975", "title": "The influence of some metabolic inhibitors on in vitro phagocytizing macrophages. I. The behaviour of human macrophages.", "content": "In the present work the uptake of foreign materials by macrophages has been studied in order to elucidate its possible energy-dependent mechanisms. We used monolayer cultures of macrophages from human peripheral venous blood, treated with the following metabolic inhibitors: iodoacetic acid, fluoroacetic acid, sodium fluoride, sodium malonate, sodium azide, 2-4-dinitrophenol, cycloheximide, and ouabain. The test assay was performed by using a zymosan particles suspension in Mc Coy 5 A medium supplemented as follows. The quantitation of phagocytosis was obtained by direct count of intracellular zymosan particles by oil 100X microscopy and the results were submitted to a statistical evaluation. The most effective inhibitor we found was iodoacetate, an inhibitor of anaerobic glycolysis, but fluoride, which acts on the same metabolic pathway at a different site, was quite ineffective. The same ineffectiveness we found for fluoracetate and malonate which act on the Krebs cycle. On the contrary, dinitrophenol (uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation), azide (inhibitor of cytochrome linked-phosphorylation), ouabain (inhibitor of membrane ATPase activity) and cycloheximide (inhibitor of protein synthesis) give a remarkable decrease of index of phagocytosis after a 3h incubation. In conclusion, we can suppose that the energy-dependent phagocytosis is first depending on transport across the cell membrane (ATPase activity and protein synthesis) and second both on anaerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "The influence of some metabolic inhibitors on in vitro phagocytizing macrophages. I. The behaviour of human macrophages. In the present work the uptake of foreign materials by macrophages has been studied in order to elucidate its possible energy-dependent mechanisms. We used monolayer cultures of macrophages from human peripheral venous blood, treated with the following metabolic inhibitors: iodoacetic acid, fluoroacetic acid, sodium fluoride, sodium malonate, sodium azide, 2-4-dinitrophenol, cycloheximide, and ouabain. The test assay was performed by using a zymosan particles suspension in Mc Coy 5 A medium supplemented as follows. The quantitation of phagocytosis was obtained by direct count of intracellular zymosan particles by oil 100X microscopy and the results were submitted to a statistical evaluation. The most effective inhibitor we found was iodoacetate, an inhibitor of anaerobic glycolysis, but fluoride, which acts on the same metabolic pathway at a different site, was quite ineffective. The same ineffectiveness we found for fluoracetate and malonate which act on the Krebs cycle. On the contrary, dinitrophenol (uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation), azide (inhibitor of cytochrome linked-phosphorylation), ouabain (inhibitor of membrane ATPase activity) and cycloheximide (inhibitor of protein synthesis) give a remarkable decrease of index of phagocytosis after a 3h incubation. In conclusion, we can suppose that the energy-dependent phagocytosis is first depending on transport across the cell membrane (ATPase activity and protein synthesis) and second both on anaerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:917011", "title": "Protease activities during preparation and handling of nuclear particles containing hnRNA.", "content": "Conditions were devised to avoid protease activity during the preparation and the subsequent handling of nuclear particles containing hnRNA. During all the steps of preparation of rat liver particles, the presence of phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) was required for the reproducibility of the results. It probably inhibited the cellular serine proteases before the separation of the particles from the other cellular structures. Protease activity was detected in the rat liver particles. The enzyme(s) preferentially hydrolyzed a few particle polypeptides. It was not inhibited by PMSF, nor by two trypsin and chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitors, nor by iodoacetamide, but was inhibited by sodium bisulfite and para-hydroxymercury benzoate (PHMB). PHMB was preferred above bisulfite because it could be used at lower concentration. It proved useful when particles were to be incubated at 37 degrees C. A protease hydrolysing the same polypeptides as the liver enzyme was also detected in rat brain particles. However, its activity was much lower in this tissue and the presence of protease inhibitors was not absolutely required under the standard conditions of preparation and handling of brain particles.", "contents": "Protease activities during preparation and handling of nuclear particles containing hnRNA. Conditions were devised to avoid protease activity during the preparation and the subsequent handling of nuclear particles containing hnRNA. During all the steps of preparation of rat liver particles, the presence of phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) was required for the reproducibility of the results. It probably inhibited the cellular serine proteases before the separation of the particles from the other cellular structures. Protease activity was detected in the rat liver particles. The enzyme(s) preferentially hydrolyzed a few particle polypeptides. It was not inhibited by PMSF, nor by two trypsin and chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitors, nor by iodoacetamide, but was inhibited by sodium bisulfite and para-hydroxymercury benzoate (PHMB). PHMB was preferred above bisulfite because it could be used at lower concentration. It proved useful when particles were to be incubated at 37 degrees C. A protease hydrolysing the same polypeptides as the liver enzyme was also detected in rat brain particles. However, its activity was much lower in this tissue and the presence of protease inhibitors was not absolutely required under the standard conditions of preparation and handling of brain particles."}
{"id": "PMID:917012", "title": "C5-dependent enhancement of rosette formation and phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Using purified human complement components, the participation of C5 in phagocytosis was investigated. The addition of C5 to EAC 1423 increased both rosette formation and phagocytosis of the intermediates by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The opsonizing activity of C5b was not affected after decay of its hemolytic activity. Both C3- and C5-dependent phagocytosis is abolished either in the presence of chelating agents or by pretreatment of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes with trypsin. The enhancing effect of C5b in phagocytosis can be reduced either by further reaction with C6 and C7 or with anti-C5 F(ab)2 fragments.", "contents": "C5-dependent enhancement of rosette formation and phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Using purified human complement components, the participation of C5 in phagocytosis was investigated. The addition of C5 to EAC 1423 increased both rosette formation and phagocytosis of the intermediates by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The opsonizing activity of C5b was not affected after decay of its hemolytic activity. Both C3- and C5-dependent phagocytosis is abolished either in the presence of chelating agents or by pretreatment of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes with trypsin. The enhancing effect of C5b in phagocytosis can be reduced either by further reaction with C6 and C7 or with anti-C5 F(ab)2 fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:917013", "title": "Increase of phagocytic activity and new appearance of a C4b (guinea pig) recognizing capability in peritoneal macrophages from Corynebacterium parvum and thioglycollate-stimulated mice.", "content": "Activated mouse macrophages displayed enhanced phagocytic activity towards particles opsonized with IgG antibody and homologous C3. In addition, they were able to recognize guinea pig C4b. It is concluded that activated macrophages develop phagocytically active receptors for heterologous C4b.", "contents": "Increase of phagocytic activity and new appearance of a C4b (guinea pig) recognizing capability in peritoneal macrophages from Corynebacterium parvum and thioglycollate-stimulated mice. Activated mouse macrophages displayed enhanced phagocytic activity towards particles opsonized with IgG antibody and homologous C3. In addition, they were able to recognize guinea pig C4b. It is concluded that activated macrophages develop phagocytically active receptors for heterologous C4b."}
{"id": "PMID:917016", "title": "Involvement of the kinin system in the insulin-induced inhibition of carrageenin oedema in rats.", "content": "The carrageenin-induced foot oedema in rats is considerably decreased by insulin pretreatment, but increased in alloxan diabetes. Maximum inhibition by insulin occurs in the early phase of the oedema reaction and the insulin action is even further increased when it is administered 30 min after carrageenin. Doses of insulin as low as 1 U/kg intravenously produce significant inhibition. Determinations of the components of the kinin system indicate that the kininogenase activity is increased, and both the kininogen and kininase content are in turn decreased in the plasma of insulin-treated animals. When the carrageenin-induced oedema fluid of the paw after insulin is analysed for kininogen and kininase, their levels are significantly decreased when compared with those of oedema fluid without insulin. Histamine content in the oedema fluid is significantly enhanced by insulin. The anti-inflammatory effect of insulin under these conditions therefore appears to involve changes in the kinin system.", "contents": "Involvement of the kinin system in the insulin-induced inhibition of carrageenin oedema in rats. The carrageenin-induced foot oedema in rats is considerably decreased by insulin pretreatment, but increased in alloxan diabetes. Maximum inhibition by insulin occurs in the early phase of the oedema reaction and the insulin action is even further increased when it is administered 30 min after carrageenin. Doses of insulin as low as 1 U/kg intravenously produce significant inhibition. Determinations of the components of the kinin system indicate that the kininogenase activity is increased, and both the kininogen and kininase content are in turn decreased in the plasma of insulin-treated animals. When the carrageenin-induced oedema fluid of the paw after insulin is analysed for kininogen and kininase, their levels are significantly decreased when compared with those of oedema fluid without insulin. Histamine content in the oedema fluid is significantly enhanced by insulin. The anti-inflammatory effect of insulin under these conditions therefore appears to involve changes in the kinin system."}
{"id": "PMID:917020", "title": "Further studies on the SRS-A antagonist FPL 55712.", "content": "FPL 55712, previously reported to be a selective antagonist of SRS-A on the guinea-pig ileum, has now been shown to be similarly selective, though less potent, in its antagonism of contractions induced by SRS-A on in vitro preparations of respiratory smooth muscle (human bronchial strips and guinea-pig tracheal tubes). In vivo, bronchoconstriction induced in guinea-pigs by the endogenous release of SRS-A was partially inhibited by relatively large intravenous doses of FPL 55712 and by inhalation of aerosol compound. FPL 55712 was very rapidly cleared following intravenous administration.", "contents": "Further studies on the SRS-A antagonist FPL 55712. FPL 55712, previously reported to be a selective antagonist of SRS-A on the guinea-pig ileum, has now been shown to be similarly selective, though less potent, in its antagonism of contractions induced by SRS-A on in vitro preparations of respiratory smooth muscle (human bronchial strips and guinea-pig tracheal tubes). In vivo, bronchoconstriction induced in guinea-pigs by the endogenous release of SRS-A was partially inhibited by relatively large intravenous doses of FPL 55712 and by inhalation of aerosol compound. FPL 55712 was very rapidly cleared following intravenous administration."}
{"id": "PMID:917021", "title": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the treatment of steroid-dependent chronic bronchial asthma in adults.", "content": "15 adult chronic asthmatic patients who were on daily maintenance dose of oral steroid for at least 6 months were studied. Following an investigation period of 2 weeks, the patients were started on BDA, 100 microgram four times daily. The daily oral steroid dose, which averaged 12 mg of prednisone or its equivalent, was gradually reduced by about 1 mg per day. The trial lasted 8 weeks, at the end of which, ten patients were as good or better on BDA than on oral steroids. Two patients had to return to oral corticosteroid therapy before the trial ended and three patients were unable to discontinue their oral steroid treatment. The lack of systemic effects of BDA was demonstrated by the appearance of symptoms which were apparently previously suppressed by the oral steroids and the excretion of normal amounts of 17-OHCS in the urine in some to the patients who had evidence of adrenal suppression while on oral steroids.", "contents": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the treatment of steroid-dependent chronic bronchial asthma in adults. 15 adult chronic asthmatic patients who were on daily maintenance dose of oral steroid for at least 6 months were studied. Following an investigation period of 2 weeks, the patients were started on BDA, 100 microgram four times daily. The daily oral steroid dose, which averaged 12 mg of prednisone or its equivalent, was gradually reduced by about 1 mg per day. The trial lasted 8 weeks, at the end of which, ten patients were as good or better on BDA than on oral steroids. Two patients had to return to oral corticosteroid therapy before the trial ended and three patients were unable to discontinue their oral steroid treatment. The lack of systemic effects of BDA was demonstrated by the appearance of symptoms which were apparently previously suppressed by the oral steroids and the excretion of normal amounts of 17-OHCS in the urine in some to the patients who had evidence of adrenal suppression while on oral steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:917025", "title": "[Diagnosis of primary hyperlipoproteinemia in umbilical cord blood (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to assay the frequency of primary dyslipoproteinemia in a random sample of one hundred newborns and to describe the minimal methodical requirements for sound diagnosis. After comparison of different methods total lipids were determined by gravimetry, cholesterol and triglycerides by enzymatic methods, nonesterified fatty acids by direct colorimetry; phospholipids were estimated indirectly. All measurements were applied to umbilical cord sera and to lipoprotein fractions separated by selective precipitation. The diagnosis of hyperlipoproteinemia type IV, which is the most frequent one in adults, is highly afflicted with pitfalls in the postnatal period. A primary hyper-alpha-liproteinemia occured in one case and type II-hyperlipoproteinemia in two cases, one of the parents being involved in each case. For mass screening triglycerides should be assayed in serum and cholesterol in precipitated and resolubilized LDL-fraction, for which the minimal requirements are described.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of primary hyperlipoproteinemia in umbilical cord blood (author's transl)]. The aim of the present investigation was to assay the frequency of primary dyslipoproteinemia in a random sample of one hundred newborns and to describe the minimal methodical requirements for sound diagnosis. After comparison of different methods total lipids were determined by gravimetry, cholesterol and triglycerides by enzymatic methods, nonesterified fatty acids by direct colorimetry; phospholipids were estimated indirectly. All measurements were applied to umbilical cord sera and to lipoprotein fractions separated by selective precipitation. The diagnosis of hyperlipoproteinemia type IV, which is the most frequent one in adults, is highly afflicted with pitfalls in the postnatal period. A primary hyper-alpha-liproteinemia occured in one case and type II-hyperlipoproteinemia in two cases, one of the parents being involved in each case. For mass screening triglycerides should be assayed in serum and cholesterol in precipitated and resolubilized LDL-fraction, for which the minimal requirements are described."}
{"id": "PMID:917026", "title": "[Dubowitz syndrome with immunodeficiency and solid malignant tumor in two siblings (author's transl)].", "content": "The main features of Dubowiz syndrome are bird headed dwarfism and a typical facial configuration. Including two own patients 13 cases among 8 siblings are known in the literature. Two own cases of Dubowitz syndrome in two sisters are described, one of them with hypogammaglobulinemia and neuroblastoma, the other one with complete Ig A deficiency and malignant lymphoma. A propable relationship between immundeficiency and malignancies is discussed. Until 1973 151 malignant tumors with primary immundeficiency had been registrated. This paper is the first description of two cases of Dubowitz syndrome with immunodeficiency and malignant neoplasms.", "contents": "[Dubowitz syndrome with immunodeficiency and solid malignant tumor in two siblings (author's transl)]. The main features of Dubowiz syndrome are bird headed dwarfism and a typical facial configuration. Including two own patients 13 cases among 8 siblings are known in the literature. Two own cases of Dubowitz syndrome in two sisters are described, one of them with hypogammaglobulinemia and neuroblastoma, the other one with complete Ig A deficiency and malignant lymphoma. A propable relationship between immundeficiency and malignancies is discussed. Until 1973 151 malignant tumors with primary immundeficiency had been registrated. This paper is the first description of two cases of Dubowitz syndrome with immunodeficiency and malignant neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:917027", "title": "[Aneurism of ductus arteriosus Botalli in a newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of patent ductus arteriosus in a newborn is presented. This malformation could be clasified as belonging to the group of ductal aneurysms with an obstructed pulmonary end. Only 13 similar cases have been previously described in the literature. As there exits hardly any experience with this disease the clinical course and diagnostic procedures have been discussed. Resection of the aneurysm is the only therapeutic measure.", "contents": "[Aneurism of ductus arteriosus Botalli in a newborn (author's transl)]. A case of patent ductus arteriosus in a newborn is presented. This malformation could be clasified as belonging to the group of ductal aneurysms with an obstructed pulmonary end. Only 13 similar cases have been previously described in the literature. As there exits hardly any experience with this disease the clinical course and diagnostic procedures have been discussed. Resection of the aneurysm is the only therapeutic measure."}
{"id": "PMID:917028", "title": "[Congenital hyperlysin-arginin-ornithinuria in a mentally retarded child (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital hyperdibasicaminoaciduria without cystinuria was detected in a mentally but not physically retarded boy. Plasma lysine and arginine were normal, whereas plasma ornithine was decreased. Although oral or intravenous loading tests could not be performed, the history without vomiting or diarrhea, and the normal physical development indicated an unimpaired intestinal transport of basic aminoacids. Our case could be a further mutant of this transport defect which concerns the renal tubuli only.", "contents": "[Congenital hyperlysin-arginin-ornithinuria in a mentally retarded child (author's transl)]. Congenital hyperdibasicaminoaciduria without cystinuria was detected in a mentally but not physically retarded boy. Plasma lysine and arginine were normal, whereas plasma ornithine was decreased. Although oral or intravenous loading tests could not be performed, the history without vomiting or diarrhea, and the normal physical development indicated an unimpaired intestinal transport of basic aminoacids. Our case could be a further mutant of this transport defect which concerns the renal tubuli only."}
{"id": "PMID:917031", "title": "A quantitative assay of mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HGPRT system): utilization with a variety of mutagenic agents.", "content": "The induction of mutation by a variety of mutagens has been measured utilizing the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (CHO/HGPRT) system). These mutagens include physical agents such as UV light and X-rays, and chemicals such as alkylating agents, ICR-191, and metallic compounds. This system can also be modified for study of the mutagenicity of promutagens such as dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) which require biotransformation for mutagenic action, either through the addition of a rat liver microsomal activation preparation or through a host-mediated activation step using Balb/c athymic mice.", "contents": "A quantitative assay of mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HGPRT system): utilization with a variety of mutagenic agents. The induction of mutation by a variety of mutagens has been measured utilizing the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (CHO/HGPRT) system). These mutagens include physical agents such as UV light and X-rays, and chemicals such as alkylating agents, ICR-191, and metallic compounds. This system can also be modified for study of the mutagenicity of promutagens such as dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) which require biotransformation for mutagenic action, either through the addition of a rat liver microsomal activation preparation or through a host-mediated activation step using Balb/c athymic mice."}
{"id": "PMID:917032", "title": "Mutagenic and epigenetic influence of caffeine on the frequencies of UV-induced ouabain-resistant Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Caffeine, given as a post-treatment to UV-irradiated Chinese hamster cells in vitro, modified the frequency were increased when caffeine was added only for the DNA repair and mutation fixation period. When caffeine was added after the DNA repair and mutation fixation period, or immediately after DNA damage and for the entire repair and selection period, mutation frequencies were reduced. A hypothesis, given to explain both results, is that caffeine, by blocking a constitutive \"error-free\" postreplication repair process, allows an \"error-prone\" DNA repair process to produce many mutations. Moreover, caffeine, possibly by modifying C-AMP metabolism, causes a repression of induced mutations which, in effect, explains its anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties.", "contents": "Mutagenic and epigenetic influence of caffeine on the frequencies of UV-induced ouabain-resistant Chinese hamster cells. Caffeine, given as a post-treatment to UV-irradiated Chinese hamster cells in vitro, modified the frequency were increased when caffeine was added only for the DNA repair and mutation fixation period. When caffeine was added after the DNA repair and mutation fixation period, or immediately after DNA damage and for the entire repair and selection period, mutation frequencies were reduced. A hypothesis, given to explain both results, is that caffeine, by blocking a constitutive \"error-free\" postreplication repair process, allows an \"error-prone\" DNA repair process to produce many mutations. Moreover, caffeine, possibly by modifying C-AMP metabolism, causes a repression of induced mutations which, in effect, explains its anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:917035", "title": "Dose-response relationship for radiation-induced translocations in somatic and germ cells of mice.", "content": "Dose--response curves (0--600 rad X-rays) for induced reciprocal translocations in bone-marrow cells and in spermatogonia (scored in spermatocytes) of the mouse were constructed. The obtained results suggest that factors influencing aberration yields in somatic cells, are similar to those in germ cells and strengthen the premise for qualitative extrapolation from somatic cells to germ cells.", "contents": "Dose-response relationship for radiation-induced translocations in somatic and germ cells of mice. Dose--response curves (0--600 rad X-rays) for induced reciprocal translocations in bone-marrow cells and in spermatogonia (scored in spermatocytes) of the mouse were constructed. The obtained results suggest that factors influencing aberration yields in somatic cells, are similar to those in germ cells and strengthen the premise for qualitative extrapolation from somatic cells to germ cells."}
{"id": "PMID:917036", "title": "The chromosomal radiosensitivity of lymphocytes from the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).", "content": "The yield of chromosomal aberrations induced by exposure to X-irradiation in vitro was studied in the lymphocytes of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), a hominoid ape phylogenically and chromosomally closely related to man. In agreement with the similarity of the chromosome characteristics, no significant difference was observed between man and chimpanzee with respect to the incidence of dicentrics and fragments. It is obvious that the nuclear area, which apparently constitutes the most evident difference between the nuclei of man and chimpanzee lymphocytes, did not play an important role in the yields of aberrations.", "contents": "The chromosomal radiosensitivity of lymphocytes from the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). The yield of chromosomal aberrations induced by exposure to X-irradiation in vitro was studied in the lymphocytes of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), a hominoid ape phylogenically and chromosomally closely related to man. In agreement with the similarity of the chromosome characteristics, no significant difference was observed between man and chimpanzee with respect to the incidence of dicentrics and fragments. It is obvious that the nuclear area, which apparently constitutes the most evident difference between the nuclei of man and chimpanzee lymphocytes, did not play an important role in the yields of aberrations."}
{"id": "PMID:917037", "title": "Chromosomal abnormalities in lymphocytes from monkeys poisoned with lead.", "content": "Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca irus) were given 0, 1.5, 6 or 15 mg of lead acetate 6 days a week for 16 months. Another group, also receiving 6 mg, was kept on a low-calcium diet. Each experimental group consisted of 2 monkeys. Chromosome analysis on cultured lymphocytes was carried out after 3, 10 and 16 months of lead treatment. The frequency of severe abnormalities (dicentrics, rings, translocations and exchanges) was significantly increased only in the group on a low calcium diet, whereas \"light\" abnormalities (gaps and fragments) increased with time in all groups receiving lead irrespective of the diet. The blood lead data indicate the severity of the lead poisoning.", "contents": "Chromosomal abnormalities in lymphocytes from monkeys poisoned with lead. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca irus) were given 0, 1.5, 6 or 15 mg of lead acetate 6 days a week for 16 months. Another group, also receiving 6 mg, was kept on a low-calcium diet. Each experimental group consisted of 2 monkeys. Chromosome analysis on cultured lymphocytes was carried out after 3, 10 and 16 months of lead treatment. The frequency of severe abnormalities (dicentrics, rings, translocations and exchanges) was significantly increased only in the group on a low calcium diet, whereas \"light\" abnormalities (gaps and fragments) increased with time in all groups receiving lead irrespective of the diet. The blood lead data indicate the severity of the lead poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:917038", "title": "A quantitative assay of mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HGPRT system): development and definition of the system.", "content": "An assay is described for the measurement of mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells utilizing resistance to 6-thioguanine (TG). Optimal selection conditions are defined for such parameters as phenotypic expression time prior to selection, and TG concentration and cell density which permits maximum mutant recovery. The nature of the TG-resistant mutants is characterized by several physiological and biochemical methods. The data demonstrate that more than 98% of the mutant clones isolated by this selection procedure contain altered HGPRTase activity. The CHO/HGPRT system thus shows the specificity necessary for a specific gene locus mutational assay.", "contents": "A quantitative assay of mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HGPRT system): development and definition of the system. An assay is described for the measurement of mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells utilizing resistance to 6-thioguanine (TG). Optimal selection conditions are defined for such parameters as phenotypic expression time prior to selection, and TG concentration and cell density which permits maximum mutant recovery. The nature of the TG-resistant mutants is characterized by several physiological and biochemical methods. The data demonstrate that more than 98% of the mutant clones isolated by this selection procedure contain altered HGPRTase activity. The CHO/HGPRT system thus shows the specificity necessary for a specific gene locus mutational assay."}
{"id": "PMID:917042", "title": "Plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive drug therapy in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Plasmapheresis combined with prednisone and azathioprine therapy produced striking clinical improvement in five patients with myasthenia gravis who still had moderate to severe disability despite thymectomy, high-dose prednisone therapy and optimal doses of cholinesterase inhibitors. Serial determinations of titers of serum antibody toward the acetylcholine receptor demonstrated a fall to 21 +/- 5 per cent (mean +/- S.D.) of the original levels concurrently with the patients' increasing strength. Clinically improved patients maintained lowered titers, whereas clinical relapses were associated with a rebound in titer. Our results suggest that plasmapheresis will find a place in the management of patients with myasthenia gravis, and they implicate antibodies to acetylcholine receptor as a pathogenic factor in this disease.", "contents": "Plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive drug therapy in myasthenia gravis. Plasmapheresis combined with prednisone and azathioprine therapy produced striking clinical improvement in five patients with myasthenia gravis who still had moderate to severe disability despite thymectomy, high-dose prednisone therapy and optimal doses of cholinesterase inhibitors. Serial determinations of titers of serum antibody toward the acetylcholine receptor demonstrated a fall to 21 +/- 5 per cent (mean +/- S.D.) of the original levels concurrently with the patients' increasing strength. Clinically improved patients maintained lowered titers, whereas clinical relapses were associated with a rebound in titer. Our results suggest that plasmapheresis will find a place in the management of patients with myasthenia gravis, and they implicate antibodies to acetylcholine receptor as a pathogenic factor in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:917043", "title": "Black under-representation in United States medical Schools.", "content": "To understand why blacks are under-represented in medical schools and how this situation might be changed, we analyzed statistics on medical-school applicants, medical-school students and college undergraduates. The pool of qualified black applicants to medical schools has not been large enough to achieve appropriate black representation. If black under-representation is to be corrected, the pool of qualified black applicants must be increased. Affirmative-action programs for blacks who are already in college are unlikely to be sufficient by themselves to increase the pool of black applicants substantially. Such programs should therefore be developed for high-school students.", "contents": "Black under-representation in United States medical Schools. To understand why blacks are under-represented in medical schools and how this situation might be changed, we analyzed statistics on medical-school applicants, medical-school students and college undergraduates. The pool of qualified black applicants to medical schools has not been large enough to achieve appropriate black representation. If black under-representation is to be corrected, the pool of qualified black applicants must be increased. Affirmative-action programs for blacks who are already in college are unlikely to be sufficient by themselves to increase the pool of black applicants substantially. Such programs should therefore be developed for high-school students."}
{"id": "PMID:917056", "title": "Association of maternal systemic lupus erythematosus with congenital complete heart block.", "content": "Infants born to mothers with disseminated lupus erythematosus occasionally have transient manifestations of the maternal disease. In six infants with congenital heart block born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus we postulated a causative relation. In one of the infants a post-mortem study of the conduction system suggested faulty embryonic development of the atrioventricular node with an abnormally thick annulus fibrosus and the effects of early inflammatory changes. Two of the infants had a cardiomyopathy and three, associated congenital heart disease.", "contents": "Association of maternal systemic lupus erythematosus with congenital complete heart block. Infants born to mothers with disseminated lupus erythematosus occasionally have transient manifestations of the maternal disease. In six infants with congenital heart block born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus we postulated a causative relation. In one of the infants a post-mortem study of the conduction system suggested faulty embryonic development of the atrioventricular node with an abnormally thick annulus fibrosus and the effects of early inflammatory changes. Two of the infants had a cardiomyopathy and three, associated congenital heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:917069", "title": "Hematologic neoplasia in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "We studied 680 patients with Hodgkin's disease, treated at Stanford University Medical Center from July 1, 1968, through December 31, 1975, to determine the risk of development of hematologic neoplasia. Six cases of leukemia occurred in patients in clinical remission, one 7 1/2 years after diagnosis. Two additional cases occurred in patients with active Hodgkin's disease. No cases were seen in 320 patients treated with radiotherapy alone or in 30 treated with chemotherapy alone. A single case of subacute leukemia occurred in a patient treated initially with radiation therapy and colloidal gold. The actuarial probability of development of leukemia at five and seven years is 1.5 and 2.0 per cent for the entire group and 2.9 and 3.9 per cent for the 330 patients treated with combined radiation and chemotherapy. The medium survival after diagnosis is four months, with no patient living beyond six months.", "contents": "Hematologic neoplasia in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. We studied 680 patients with Hodgkin's disease, treated at Stanford University Medical Center from July 1, 1968, through December 31, 1975, to determine the risk of development of hematologic neoplasia. Six cases of leukemia occurred in patients in clinical remission, one 7 1/2 years after diagnosis. Two additional cases occurred in patients with active Hodgkin's disease. No cases were seen in 320 patients treated with radiotherapy alone or in 30 treated with chemotherapy alone. A single case of subacute leukemia occurred in a patient treated initially with radiation therapy and colloidal gold. The actuarial probability of development of leukemia at five and seven years is 1.5 and 2.0 per cent for the entire group and 2.9 and 3.9 per cent for the 330 patients treated with combined radiation and chemotherapy. The medium survival after diagnosis is four months, with no patient living beyond six months."}
{"id": "PMID:917086", "title": "Abnormal biliary lipid composition in cystic fibrosis. Effect of pancreatic enzymes.", "content": "Because of the increased incidence of gallstones in cystic fibrosis we compared biliary lipid composition in 26 patients with cystic fibrosis, seven children with cholelithiasis but no cystic-fibrosis and 13 controls. Eighteen of the cystic fibrosis group had cholecystograms, and only one had gallstones. In 14 patients with cystic fibrosis who had stopped taking pancreatic enzymes for one week molar percentage of lipid composition accounted for by cholesterol (mean +/- S.E., 16.3 +/- 2.9) and saturation index (2.0 +/- 0.3) were comparable to values of the cholelithiasis group and higher (P less than 0.01) than those of controls. In 12 patients with cystic fibrosis taking pancreatic enzymes, molar percentage of cholesterol (8.6 +/- 1.7) and saturation index (1.0 +/- 0.1) did not differ from those of controls; in cystic fibrosis there was a preponderance of cholic over chenodeoxycholic acid both off (1.7 +/- 0.2) and on (1.9 +/- 0.3) therapy as compared to the cholelithiasis (0.7 +/- 0.1) and control (0.8 +/- 0.0) groups. The glycine/taurine ratio of conjugated bile acids were lower in enzyme-treated patients with cystic fibrosis (3.7 +/- 0.6) than in patients off treatment (6.4 +/- 1.0), but was higher (P less than 0.01) than in controls (1.8 +/- 0.2). Bile is lithogenic in untreated cystic fibrosis and responds to pancreatic enzymes.", "contents": "Abnormal biliary lipid composition in cystic fibrosis. Effect of pancreatic enzymes. Because of the increased incidence of gallstones in cystic fibrosis we compared biliary lipid composition in 26 patients with cystic fibrosis, seven children with cholelithiasis but no cystic-fibrosis and 13 controls. Eighteen of the cystic fibrosis group had cholecystograms, and only one had gallstones. In 14 patients with cystic fibrosis who had stopped taking pancreatic enzymes for one week molar percentage of lipid composition accounted for by cholesterol (mean +/- S.E., 16.3 +/- 2.9) and saturation index (2.0 +/- 0.3) were comparable to values of the cholelithiasis group and higher (P less than 0.01) than those of controls. In 12 patients with cystic fibrosis taking pancreatic enzymes, molar percentage of cholesterol (8.6 +/- 1.7) and saturation index (1.0 +/- 0.1) did not differ from those of controls; in cystic fibrosis there was a preponderance of cholic over chenodeoxycholic acid both off (1.7 +/- 0.2) and on (1.9 +/- 0.3) therapy as compared to the cholelithiasis (0.7 +/- 0.1) and control (0.8 +/- 0.0) groups. The glycine/taurine ratio of conjugated bile acids were lower in enzyme-treated patients with cystic fibrosis (3.7 +/- 0.6) than in patients off treatment (6.4 +/- 1.0), but was higher (P less than 0.01) than in controls (1.8 +/- 0.2). Bile is lithogenic in untreated cystic fibrosis and responds to pancreatic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:917087", "title": "Increased synthesis of prostaglandin-E-like material by platelets from patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "We studied the effects of ADP, epinephrine, collagen and arachidonic acid on platelet production of immunoreactive prostaglandin-E-like material and aggregation in 17 subjects with diabetes mellitus and 21 matched controls. Plateletrich plasma obtained from patients synthesized significantly (P less than 0.05) greater quantities of the prostaglandin-E-like material after exposure to 1 muM ADP, 1, 2 and 5 muM epinephrine and 1 microgram per milliliter of collagen than platelet-rich plasma obtained from controls. That obtained from the diabetic patients was significantly more sensitive (P less than 0.001) to the aggregating effects of the prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid, in vitro as compared to controls. Diabetic platelet-rich plasma metabolized arachidonic acid (0.5 mM) to immunoreactive prostaglandin-E-like material at a significantly greater rate (P less than 0.05) and extent (P less than 0.001) than that of controls. Thus, platelets obtained from diabetic patients possess increased activity of the prostaglandin synthetase system, and this characteristic may be related to the increased platelet aggregation associated with the disease.", "contents": "Increased synthesis of prostaglandin-E-like material by platelets from patients with diabetes mellitus. We studied the effects of ADP, epinephrine, collagen and arachidonic acid on platelet production of immunoreactive prostaglandin-E-like material and aggregation in 17 subjects with diabetes mellitus and 21 matched controls. Plateletrich plasma obtained from patients synthesized significantly (P less than 0.05) greater quantities of the prostaglandin-E-like material after exposure to 1 muM ADP, 1, 2 and 5 muM epinephrine and 1 microgram per milliliter of collagen than platelet-rich plasma obtained from controls. That obtained from the diabetic patients was significantly more sensitive (P less than 0.001) to the aggregating effects of the prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid, in vitro as compared to controls. Diabetic platelet-rich plasma metabolized arachidonic acid (0.5 mM) to immunoreactive prostaglandin-E-like material at a significantly greater rate (P less than 0.05) and extent (P less than 0.001) than that of controls. Thus, platelets obtained from diabetic patients possess increased activity of the prostaglandin synthetase system, and this characteristic may be related to the increased platelet aggregation associated with the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:917103", "title": "Effect of undecanoic acid on germination of microconidia of wild and undecanoic acid resistance mutant of Trichophyton rubrum.", "content": "Effects of undecanoic acid (UDA) on germination of microconidia and elongation of germ tubes in UDA sensitive (udas) wild type Trichophyton rubrum and UDA resistant (udar) mutant derived from it, were studied. UDA inhibited conidial germination of udas and udar strains at 30 microgram/ml and 120 microgram/ml respectively which were minimum inhibitory concentrations of UDA for these two strains. When spores from both udas and udar were germinated in presence of subinhibitory concentration of UDA, germ tube growth was short. The elongation of germ tubes of spores pregerminated in absence of UDA was also inhibited by dose of UDA not sufficient to inhitib germination.", "contents": "Effect of undecanoic acid on germination of microconidia of wild and undecanoic acid resistance mutant of Trichophyton rubrum. Effects of undecanoic acid (UDA) on germination of microconidia and elongation of germ tubes in UDA sensitive (udas) wild type Trichophyton rubrum and UDA resistant (udar) mutant derived from it, were studied. UDA inhibited conidial germination of udas and udar strains at 30 microgram/ml and 120 microgram/ml respectively which were minimum inhibitory concentrations of UDA for these two strains. When spores from both udas and udar were germinated in presence of subinhibitory concentration of UDA, germ tube growth was short. The elongation of germ tubes of spores pregerminated in absence of UDA was also inhibited by dose of UDA not sufficient to inhitib germination."}
{"id": "PMID:917104", "title": "Production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL-2999 during growth in the presence of curing salts.", "content": "Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL-2999 was inoculated into meat mixtures with curing salts and into yeast extractsucrose (YES) and sucrose-ammonium salts (SAS) broth with and without curing salts to determine if the presence of curing salts significantly affected growth and aflatoxin production by the mold. The effect of individual curing salts or curing salt mixtures on growth and toxin elaboration by the aspergillus was substrate dependent. When YES broth contained 100 ppm of NaNO2, 2% NaCl, or 1 or 2% NaCl plus 200 ppm of NaNO2 or 200 ppm of NaNO3, growth and/or aflatoxin production was depressed. Biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1 was enhanced by presence of 1 and 4% NaCl in YES broth. The SAS broth containing only NaCl or NaCl combined with nitrite or nitrate yielded less aflatoxin than did control broth or no aflatoxin at all. When compared to the control, an increase in growth and amount of aflatoxin occurred in SAS broth which contained 200 ppm of NaNO3. Sausages containing 100 and 200 ppm NaNO2 and no NaCl supported more mold growth and aflatoxin production than did control sausage with 3% NaCl and 100 ppm of NaNO2. Addition of 2 and 3% NaCl and no nitrite to sausage resulted in less aflatoxin than in control sausage.", "contents": "Production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL-2999 during growth in the presence of curing salts. Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL-2999 was inoculated into meat mixtures with curing salts and into yeast extractsucrose (YES) and sucrose-ammonium salts (SAS) broth with and without curing salts to determine if the presence of curing salts significantly affected growth and aflatoxin production by the mold. The effect of individual curing salts or curing salt mixtures on growth and toxin elaboration by the aspergillus was substrate dependent. When YES broth contained 100 ppm of NaNO2, 2% NaCl, or 1 or 2% NaCl plus 200 ppm of NaNO2 or 200 ppm of NaNO3, growth and/or aflatoxin production was depressed. Biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1 was enhanced by presence of 1 and 4% NaCl in YES broth. The SAS broth containing only NaCl or NaCl combined with nitrite or nitrate yielded less aflatoxin than did control broth or no aflatoxin at all. When compared to the control, an increase in growth and amount of aflatoxin occurred in SAS broth which contained 200 ppm of NaNO3. Sausages containing 100 and 200 ppm NaNO2 and no NaCl supported more mold growth and aflatoxin production than did control sausage with 3% NaCl and 100 ppm of NaNO2. Addition of 2 and 3% NaCl and no nitrite to sausage resulted in less aflatoxin than in control sausage."}
{"id": "PMID:917116", "title": "The spread of cancer in the organism. Facts and problems.", "content": "In this review, cancer is conceived as an alteration of the suface-monitored social behavior of cells. Apart from impaired growth controls, loss of residency (tissue affiliation) is the most important consequence of this homeostatic disorder. It results in local spread (penetration) which is initiated by locomotive and/or desctructive activities of the neoplastic cells. Access of cancer elements to the circulation possibly leads to distant spread (metastasis). Penetration and metastasis largely depend upon reactions of the organism, which are of an ill-understood, ambiguous nature favoring both the tumor and the host.", "contents": "The spread of cancer in the organism. Facts and problems. In this review, cancer is conceived as an alteration of the suface-monitored social behavior of cells. Apart from impaired growth controls, loss of residency (tissue affiliation) is the most important consequence of this homeostatic disorder. It results in local spread (penetration) which is initiated by locomotive and/or desctructive activities of the neoplastic cells. Access of cancer elements to the circulation possibly leads to distant spread (metastasis). Penetration and metastasis largely depend upon reactions of the organism, which are of an ill-understood, ambiguous nature favoring both the tumor and the host."}
{"id": "PMID:917117", "title": "[Molecular structure and drug activity. Example: sex hormones].", "content": "In sexual-hormone activity differences arise when only a minimum change in the structure of a known molecule is made. Even the physiological hormones have similar structures but extremely different properties. Small variations of the steroid molecule lead to orally active progestogens and estrogens. The discovery of orally active androgens and the development of anabolic agents and antiandrogens proceeds also by very small changes of known structures. Out of a million possible variations of the steroid molecule, the synthesis of approximately 80 000 structures has been realized.", "contents": "[Molecular structure and drug activity. Example: sex hormones]. In sexual-hormone activity differences arise when only a minimum change in the structure of a known molecule is made. Even the physiological hormones have similar structures but extremely different properties. Small variations of the steroid molecule lead to orally active progestogens and estrogens. The discovery of orally active androgens and the development of anabolic agents and antiandrogens proceeds also by very small changes of known structures. Out of a million possible variations of the steroid molecule, the synthesis of approximately 80 000 structures has been realized."}
{"id": "PMID:917118", "title": "Sedimentary record of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Constance.", "content": "The enrichment of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in dated sediments from Lake Constance during the past 75 years corresponds to the general increase of European coal consumption within the same period of time. Coals are assumed to be the main source of heavy-metal enrichment; incomplete combustion (pyrolysis) of coal also seems to be responsible for the very sharp increase of PAH.", "contents": "Sedimentary record of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Constance. The enrichment of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in dated sediments from Lake Constance during the past 75 years corresponds to the general increase of European coal consumption within the same period of time. Coals are assumed to be the main source of heavy-metal enrichment; incomplete combustion (pyrolysis) of coal also seems to be responsible for the very sharp increase of PAH."}
{"id": "PMID:917120", "title": "Comparative psychoacoustics: perspectives of peripheral sound analysis in mammals.", "content": "Psychophysical data on hearing in mammals are summarized. The data are then correlated to the anatomy and physiology of the ear. Common mechanisms of sound transfer and analysis in the acoustic system, with stress on the auditory periphery, are discussed. In this paper an attempt is made to bring basic psychoacoustic data from man and mammals in a logical line with the anatomy, physiology, and biophysics of the ear. This comparative approach is based on man and those five mammals, including bat and dolphin, for which sufficient data are available.", "contents": "Comparative psychoacoustics: perspectives of peripheral sound analysis in mammals. Psychophysical data on hearing in mammals are summarized. The data are then correlated to the anatomy and physiology of the ear. Common mechanisms of sound transfer and analysis in the acoustic system, with stress on the auditory periphery, are discussed. In this paper an attempt is made to bring basic psychoacoustic data from man and mammals in a logical line with the anatomy, physiology, and biophysics of the ear. This comparative approach is based on man and those five mammals, including bat and dolphin, for which sufficient data are available."}
{"id": "PMID:917121", "title": "[The regulation of acute inflammatory processes by systemic changes of plasma protein profiles].", "content": "Local inflammatory processes in the human as well as in experimental animals cause a selective increase or decrease of the hepatic synthesis rate of many plasma proteins. The resulting systemic changes in the plasma-protein profile regulate the extent of the local inflammatory response. The physiologic importance of this feedback mechanism is directed at preventing the spread of local inflammatory tissue destruction. By means of mediator substances involved in this regulatory system, the infalmmatory responses can be experimentally manipulated.", "contents": "[The regulation of acute inflammatory processes by systemic changes of plasma protein profiles]. Local inflammatory processes in the human as well as in experimental animals cause a selective increase or decrease of the hepatic synthesis rate of many plasma proteins. The resulting systemic changes in the plasma-protein profile regulate the extent of the local inflammatory response. The physiologic importance of this feedback mechanism is directed at preventing the spread of local inflammatory tissue destruction. By means of mediator substances involved in this regulatory system, the infalmmatory responses can be experimentally manipulated."}
{"id": "PMID:917124", "title": "Insulin-induced hypoglycemia and the electroencephalogram in goats.", "content": "The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the cortical electroencephalogram was examined in adult goats and kids. Adult goats were injected subcutaneously with 8 or 12 units/kg of insulin or intravenously with 1.2 to 10 units/kg. From a certain level between 15 and 25 mg/dl of blood glucose downwards, marked slowing of electroencephalogram was evident. When the blood glucose level was below 15 mg/dl, abnormal behaviors severer than lassitude appeared. They included inability of standing, twitching of face muscles, writhing, stupor and severe twitching of the head. No tetanic convulsions were observed in the present 8-hour experiments. When kids were injected subcutaneously with 8 units/kg of insulin, they showed the same relations among blood glucose level, electroencephalogram and behavior as the adult goats. They manifested abnormal behaviors, including tetanic convulsions.", "contents": "Insulin-induced hypoglycemia and the electroencephalogram in goats. The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the cortical electroencephalogram was examined in adult goats and kids. Adult goats were injected subcutaneously with 8 or 12 units/kg of insulin or intravenously with 1.2 to 10 units/kg. From a certain level between 15 and 25 mg/dl of blood glucose downwards, marked slowing of electroencephalogram was evident. When the blood glucose level was below 15 mg/dl, abnormal behaviors severer than lassitude appeared. They included inability of standing, twitching of face muscles, writhing, stupor and severe twitching of the head. No tetanic convulsions were observed in the present 8-hour experiments. When kids were injected subcutaneously with 8 units/kg of insulin, they showed the same relations among blood glucose level, electroencephalogram and behavior as the adult goats. They manifested abnormal behaviors, including tetanic convulsions."}
{"id": "PMID:917167", "title": "Indomethacin in Bartter's syndrome: does the syndrome represent a state of hyperprostaglandinism?", "content": "In three patients with Bartter's syndrome, indomethacin administration resulted in the disappearance of the hypokalemic alkalosis and in a normalization of the elevated plasma renin activity. Changes in calcium and phosphate metabolism during indomethacin medication seemed to indicate an increase in reabsorption activity of the renal proximal tubulus. A kidney biopsy performed in one of the patients showed, besides hyperplasia of juxtaglomerular cells, hyperplasia of interstitial medullary cells which are presumed to produce prostaglandins. As indomethacin is a well-known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, the observations suggest that an overproduction of renal prostaglandins could well be of pathogenetic significance in Bartter's syndrome.", "contents": "Indomethacin in Bartter's syndrome: does the syndrome represent a state of hyperprostaglandinism? In three patients with Bartter's syndrome, indomethacin administration resulted in the disappearance of the hypokalemic alkalosis and in a normalization of the elevated plasma renin activity. Changes in calcium and phosphate metabolism during indomethacin medication seemed to indicate an increase in reabsorption activity of the renal proximal tubulus. A kidney biopsy performed in one of the patients showed, besides hyperplasia of juxtaglomerular cells, hyperplasia of interstitial medullary cells which are presumed to produce prostaglandins. As indomethacin is a well-known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, the observations suggest that an overproduction of renal prostaglandins could well be of pathogenetic significance in Bartter's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:917168", "title": "Removal of guanidinosuccinic acid by hemodialysis.", "content": "The dialysis clearance of guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA) was measured in vitro and in vivo in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. The in vitro (44 +/- 5 [SEM] ml/min) and in vivo (40 +/- 7 ml/min) clearances were similar to and lower than those of urea and creatinine. Plasma GSA concentrations predialysis (210 +/- 49 microgram/100 ml) were higher then those of controls ( less than 40 microgram/100 ml) and decreased substantially at the end of a single hemodialysis (percent decrease: 53 +/- 5). Marked increase of plasma GSA concentrations 12 h postdialysis were found in only two cases. An attempt was made to derive a single curve predicting plasma GSA decline during dialysis using the data obtained in these patients. The removal data suggest that the space of distribution of GSA approximates the extracellular fluid volume.", "contents": "Removal of guanidinosuccinic acid by hemodialysis. The dialysis clearance of guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA) was measured in vitro and in vivo in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. The in vitro (44 +/- 5 [SEM] ml/min) and in vivo (40 +/- 7 ml/min) clearances were similar to and lower than those of urea and creatinine. Plasma GSA concentrations predialysis (210 +/- 49 microgram/100 ml) were higher then those of controls ( less than 40 microgram/100 ml) and decreased substantially at the end of a single hemodialysis (percent decrease: 53 +/- 5). Marked increase of plasma GSA concentrations 12 h postdialysis were found in only two cases. An attempt was made to derive a single curve predicting plasma GSA decline during dialysis using the data obtained in these patients. The removal data suggest that the space of distribution of GSA approximates the extracellular fluid volume."}
{"id": "PMID:917169", "title": "Relationship between juxtaglomerular apparatus and plasma renin activity in human reno-vascular hypertension.", "content": "Juxtaglomerular cell count (JGCC) and juxtaglomerular activity (JA) on the fragments of the ischemic kidney and plasma renin activity (PRA) in peripheral venous blood were studied in 26 renovascular patients. In 11 cases PRA was also measured in renal venous blood. JGCC and JA values were always above normal range and both were significantly related to the PRA values in peripheral venous blood, while only JA was related to the PRA values in renal venous blood. These data indicate that in human renovascular hypertension the juxtaglomerular apparatus is hyperplastic and hypergranulated: the correlation between its morphological appearance and PRA seems to indicate that the renin-angiotensin system may be in some way involved in the genesis of hypertension.", "contents": "Relationship between juxtaglomerular apparatus and plasma renin activity in human reno-vascular hypertension. Juxtaglomerular cell count (JGCC) and juxtaglomerular activity (JA) on the fragments of the ischemic kidney and plasma renin activity (PRA) in peripheral venous blood were studied in 26 renovascular patients. In 11 cases PRA was also measured in renal venous blood. JGCC and JA values were always above normal range and both were significantly related to the PRA values in peripheral venous blood, while only JA was related to the PRA values in renal venous blood. These data indicate that in human renovascular hypertension the juxtaglomerular apparatus is hyperplastic and hypergranulated: the correlation between its morphological appearance and PRA seems to indicate that the renin-angiotensin system may be in some way involved in the genesis of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:917170", "title": "Renal venous plasma renin reactivity in clinical and experimental renovascular hypertension: renin reactivity in renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Plasma renin reactivity (PRR) is the in vitro rate of angiotensin generation after addition of exogenous renin to plasma. The purpose of the present study is to compare measurements of PRR in venous effluent from the involved and uninvolved kidneys in both experimental and clinical renovascular hypertension. A two-kidney model of experimental hypertension was created by placing an ameroid resin constrictor around one renal artery in each of seven dogs. Plasma renin activity (PRA) in venous plasma from the involved kidney increased  (p less than 0.001); comparing PRA in venous effluent from the stenotic and nonstenotic kidneys, the PRA ratio also increased ( p less than 0.005). Renal venous PRR did not change on either side after occlusion of the renal artery (p greater than 0.1), and the renal venous PRR ratio did not differ from the mean control ratio of 1.0 +/- 1 SE (p greater than 0.1). Similarly, in 9 patients with renovascular hypertension, mean PRR in venous plasma from the two kidneys did not differ (p greater than 0.8). These results suggest that measurement of renal venous PRR is not helpful in confirming a diagnosis of renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Renal venous plasma renin reactivity in clinical and experimental renovascular hypertension: renin reactivity in renovascular hypertension. Plasma renin reactivity (PRR) is the in vitro rate of angiotensin generation after addition of exogenous renin to plasma. The purpose of the present study is to compare measurements of PRR in venous effluent from the involved and uninvolved kidneys in both experimental and clinical renovascular hypertension. A two-kidney model of experimental hypertension was created by placing an ameroid resin constrictor around one renal artery in each of seven dogs. Plasma renin activity (PRA) in venous plasma from the involved kidney increased  (p less than 0.001); comparing PRA in venous effluent from the stenotic and nonstenotic kidneys, the PRA ratio also increased ( p less than 0.005). Renal venous PRR did not change on either side after occlusion of the renal artery (p greater than 0.1), and the renal venous PRR ratio did not differ from the mean control ratio of 1.0 +/- 1 SE (p greater than 0.1). Similarly, in 9 patients with renovascular hypertension, mean PRR in venous plasma from the two kidneys did not differ (p greater than 0.8). These results suggest that measurement of renal venous PRR is not helpful in confirming a diagnosis of renovascular hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:917171", "title": "Thyroid function in children with chronic renal failure.", "content": "Thyroid function was evaluated in 24 children (aged 4-18 years) with chronic renal failure either before institution of hemodialysis or after more than 3 months of hemodialysis. 22 patients were clinically euthyroid and 2 were hypothyroid; in one case hypothyroidism was secondary to cystinosis and in the other it followed radiation therapy. The 2 hypothyroid patients had subnormal levels of T4, T3, FTI and FT4 as well as elevated serum TSH levels. Mean values for T4, T3, FTI and FT4 for the remaining 22 patients were within the normal range, but were significantly decreased, (all p values less than 0.01) when compared to controls. TSH and TBG levels were not significantly different from those of the normal population. Eleven of the euthyroid patients (50%) had either T3 or FT4, but not both, below the normal range without elevation of their TSH levels. These findings suggest that in the absence of other causes of hypothyroidism, children with chronic renal failure are able to maintain a clinically euthyroid state with either normal FT4 or T3 serum levels and can respond to primary gland failure with elevated TSH secretion.", "contents": "Thyroid function in children with chronic renal failure. Thyroid function was evaluated in 24 children (aged 4-18 years) with chronic renal failure either before institution of hemodialysis or after more than 3 months of hemodialysis. 22 patients were clinically euthyroid and 2 were hypothyroid; in one case hypothyroidism was secondary to cystinosis and in the other it followed radiation therapy. The 2 hypothyroid patients had subnormal levels of T4, T3, FTI and FT4 as well as elevated serum TSH levels. Mean values for T4, T3, FTI and FT4 for the remaining 22 patients were within the normal range, but were significantly decreased, (all p values less than 0.01) when compared to controls. TSH and TBG levels were not significantly different from those of the normal population. Eleven of the euthyroid patients (50%) had either T3 or FT4, but not both, below the normal range without elevation of their TSH levels. These findings suggest that in the absence of other causes of hypothyroidism, children with chronic renal failure are able to maintain a clinically euthyroid state with either normal FT4 or T3 serum levels and can respond to primary gland failure with elevated TSH secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:917172", "title": "Cryoglobulinaemic nephropathy with papillary necrosis.", "content": "Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis due to mixed essential cryoglobulinaemia is reported in association with unilateral renal papillary necrosis. This previously unreported manifestation of cryoglobulinaemia supports the vascular theory of aetiology of papillary necrosis.", "contents": "Cryoglobulinaemic nephropathy with papillary necrosis. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis due to mixed essential cryoglobulinaemia is reported in association with unilateral renal papillary necrosis. This previously unreported manifestation of cryoglobulinaemia supports the vascular theory of aetiology of papillary necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:917174", "title": "The prognostic value of some clinical and histological parameters in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN): report of 112 cases.", "content": "112 cases of MPGN, whose diagnosis was made on light microscopy, were reviewed. Histological examination showed 66 cases of 'classical' MPGN, 33 of MPGN with a lobular pattern and 13 of MPGN with epithelial crescents. In 11 patients dense intramembranous deposits were observed. On immunofluorescence (95 cases) 62 patients showed deposits of C3 together with immunoglobulins, 20 had a predominant deposition of C3 and in 13 C3 alone was present. At the moment of biopsy 57 patients had nephrotic syndrome, 43 hypertension, 43 impaired renal function and 65 hypocomplementaemia. In 23 cases, one or more episodes of macroscopic haematuria occurred. The actuarial survival was 70% after 10 years and 50% after 20 years from onset. At last observation 25 patients were dead or on haemodialysis, 22 had impaired renal function, 62 had normal renal function and 2 were in complete remission. The histological variety with epithelial crescents had a significantly worse outcome. The presence of dense deposits or of any specific immunofluorescence pattern had no prognostic significance. Nephrotic syndrome, renal function impairment and hypertension indicated a poor prognosis: however, macroscopic hamaturia or hypocomplementaemia did not influence the outcome.", "contents": "The prognostic value of some clinical and histological parameters in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN): report of 112 cases. 112 cases of MPGN, whose diagnosis was made on light microscopy, were reviewed. Histological examination showed 66 cases of 'classical' MPGN, 33 of MPGN with a lobular pattern and 13 of MPGN with epithelial crescents. In 11 patients dense intramembranous deposits were observed. On immunofluorescence (95 cases) 62 patients showed deposits of C3 together with immunoglobulins, 20 had a predominant deposition of C3 and in 13 C3 alone was present. At the moment of biopsy 57 patients had nephrotic syndrome, 43 hypertension, 43 impaired renal function and 65 hypocomplementaemia. In 23 cases, one or more episodes of macroscopic haematuria occurred. The actuarial survival was 70% after 10 years and 50% after 20 years from onset. At last observation 25 patients were dead or on haemodialysis, 22 had impaired renal function, 62 had normal renal function and 2 were in complete remission. The histological variety with epithelial crescents had a significantly worse outcome. The presence of dense deposits or of any specific immunofluorescence pattern had no prognostic significance. Nephrotic syndrome, renal function impairment and hypertension indicated a poor prognosis: however, macroscopic hamaturia or hypocomplementaemia did not influence the outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:917175", "title": "Glomerular metabolism in protein-load proteinuria.", "content": "Rats were injected with various amounts of bovine albumin (0.5, 1.0 and 1.75 g/24h), inducing thereby proteinuria ranging from 100 to 400 mg/24h. The glomerular oxygen uptake, dry weight and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PHD) activity were measured on the 4th day of proteinuria and in a group of control animals. Oxygen uptake increased of +60%, expressed per glomerulus and of +25% when expressed per milligram dry weight and this increase was not different between the 3 groups of rats. Glomerular dry weight increased significantly in the 3 series. There was an highly significant relationship between glomerular dry weight and oxygen uptake, combining the 3 series together. G-6-PDH increased as expected from previous experiments and this increase was more marked for the more marked proteinuria. The relationship between G-6-PDH and QO2 was of borderline statistical significance (p=0.05). The glomerular hypertrophy, oxidative hyperactivity and increase in G-6-PDH activity are probably related to transcellular transport of protein.", "contents": "Glomerular metabolism in protein-load proteinuria. Rats were injected with various amounts of bovine albumin (0.5, 1.0 and 1.75 g/24h), inducing thereby proteinuria ranging from 100 to 400 mg/24h. The glomerular oxygen uptake, dry weight and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PHD) activity were measured on the 4th day of proteinuria and in a group of control animals. Oxygen uptake increased of +60%, expressed per glomerulus and of +25% when expressed per milligram dry weight and this increase was not different between the 3 groups of rats. Glomerular dry weight increased significantly in the 3 series. There was an highly significant relationship between glomerular dry weight and oxygen uptake, combining the 3 series together. G-6-PDH increased as expected from previous experiments and this increase was more marked for the more marked proteinuria. The relationship between G-6-PDH and QO2 was of borderline statistical significance (p=0.05). The glomerular hypertrophy, oxidative hyperactivity and increase in G-6-PDH activity are probably related to transcellular transport of protein."}
{"id": "PMID:917176", "title": "Chronic peritoneal dialysis in the management of diabetics with terminal renal failure.", "content": "Twelve diabetics with terminal renal failure were maintained on chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) for 2-28 months (average 10 months). 7/12 survived more than 1 year. Blood glucose levels were well controlled by the use of supplemental, intradialysis, intraperitoneal insulin. The incidence of dialysis-related complications, including peritonitis was not significantly higher than in controls. Neurophysiological studies revealed a high incidence of neuropathy initially with progression in most patients. Radiological studies revealed initial vascular calcifications in 7 out of 12 patients with progression in 4. Retinopathy did not progress significantly. PD is a suitable alternative to hemodialysis in the management of end-stage diabetic nephropathy.", "contents": "Chronic peritoneal dialysis in the management of diabetics with terminal renal failure. Twelve diabetics with terminal renal failure were maintained on chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) for 2-28 months (average 10 months). 7/12 survived more than 1 year. Blood glucose levels were well controlled by the use of supplemental, intradialysis, intraperitoneal insulin. The incidence of dialysis-related complications, including peritonitis was not significantly higher than in controls. Neurophysiological studies revealed a high incidence of neuropathy initially with progression in most patients. Radiological studies revealed initial vascular calcifications in 7 out of 12 patients with progression in 4. Retinopathy did not progress significantly. PD is a suitable alternative to hemodialysis in the management of end-stage diabetic nephropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:917177", "title": "Acceleration of peritoneal dialysis with simple device.", "content": "Peritoneal dialysis in acute and chronic renal failure has been greatly facilitated by the advent of Tenckhoff indwelling peritoneal catheters and by strict control of peritoneal infections. A number of reports on long-term treatment have been  published. A simple device has been developed and tested for regular peritoneal dialysis in the hospital and in the home, in order to accelerate the time required. Employing a 'single needle apparatus', a rotary pump and a themostatic heating unit, it is possible to carry out a very efficacious peritoneal dialysis, similar to the 'continuous peritoneal dialysis'. The purpose of this paper is to discuss its use and its advantages in comparison with classic procedures.", "contents": "Acceleration of peritoneal dialysis with simple device. Peritoneal dialysis in acute and chronic renal failure has been greatly facilitated by the advent of Tenckhoff indwelling peritoneal catheters and by strict control of peritoneal infections. A number of reports on long-term treatment have been  published. A simple device has been developed and tested for regular peritoneal dialysis in the hospital and in the home, in order to accelerate the time required. Employing a 'single needle apparatus', a rotary pump and a themostatic heating unit, it is possible to carry out a very efficacious peritoneal dialysis, similar to the 'continuous peritoneal dialysis'. The purpose of this paper is to discuss its use and its advantages in comparison with classic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:917179", "title": "Concentrations of antidiuretic hormone in plasma during human sodium restriction.", "content": "Negative sodium balance was produced in 10 human volunteers. Body weight, plasma sodium, osmolality, hematocrit, renin activity (PRA), and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentrations were determined before, during, and after sodium restriction. Body weight declined and PRA rose during the period of low sodium intake. Plasma sodium concentration and osmolality did not change. A statistically significant change in ADH was not observed. It is suggested that a decrease in ADH was prevented by a rising titer of renin and contraction of the extracellular space.", "contents": "Concentrations of antidiuretic hormone in plasma during human sodium restriction. Negative sodium balance was produced in 10 human volunteers. Body weight, plasma sodium, osmolality, hematocrit, renin activity (PRA), and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentrations were determined before, during, and after sodium restriction. Body weight declined and PRA rose during the period of low sodium intake. Plasma sodium concentration and osmolality did not change. A statistically significant change in ADH was not observed. It is suggested that a decrease in ADH was prevented by a rising titer of renin and contraction of the extracellular space."}
{"id": "PMID:917180", "title": "Proliferative glomerulonephritis in monoclonal gammopathy.", "content": "A 62-year-old white male suffering from plasmacytosis with monoclonal gammopathy developed gastrointestinal bleeding, microscopic hematuria, proteinuria and progressive azotemia. A renal biopsy demonstrated capillary wall thickening, mesangial hyperplasia, crescent formation and subepithelial humps. Serum immunoglobulin analysis showed IgG of lambda type. Serum complement, ANA, ASO titer and cryoglobulin were normal. It is suggested that proliferative glomerulonephritis with subepithelial humps should be added to forms of renal pathology that can be seen in plasma cell dyscrasias.", "contents": "Proliferative glomerulonephritis in monoclonal gammopathy. A 62-year-old white male suffering from plasmacytosis with monoclonal gammopathy developed gastrointestinal bleeding, microscopic hematuria, proteinuria and progressive azotemia. A renal biopsy demonstrated capillary wall thickening, mesangial hyperplasia, crescent formation and subepithelial humps. Serum immunoglobulin analysis showed IgG of lambda type. Serum complement, ANA, ASO titer and cryoglobulin were normal. It is suggested that proliferative glomerulonephritis with subepithelial humps should be added to forms of renal pathology that can be seen in plasma cell dyscrasias."}
{"id": "PMID:917183", "title": "[Surgical indications in lesions of the brachial plexus].", "content": "The development of microsurgery and the improved technique of nerve grafting brought new hope in cases of brachial plexus injury. Especially the Tinnel-Hofmann sign is a very helpful parameter in preoperative examination. Cases without any regeneration or no advancement should be operated between 3 and 6 months after the injury. Neurolysis or nerve grafting should be performed. In cases of avulsion of the roots a reneurotisation by nerve transfer is the technique of choice. The intercostal nerves are connected with important parts of the brachial plexus. Also in late cases (after 6 months) an epineurectomy and neurolysis may help to encourage further regeneration. Useful recovery could be achieved in a fairly high number of patients by restoration of continuity by nerve grafts or neurolysis. The functional results can further be improved by exploiting all available reconstructive techniques.", "contents": "[Surgical indications in lesions of the brachial plexus]. The development of microsurgery and the improved technique of nerve grafting brought new hope in cases of brachial plexus injury. Especially the Tinnel-Hofmann sign is a very helpful parameter in preoperative examination. Cases without any regeneration or no advancement should be operated between 3 and 6 months after the injury. Neurolysis or nerve grafting should be performed. In cases of avulsion of the roots a reneurotisation by nerve transfer is the technique of choice. The intercostal nerves are connected with important parts of the brachial plexus. Also in late cases (after 6 months) an epineurectomy and neurolysis may help to encourage further regeneration. Useful recovery could be achieved in a fairly high number of patients by restoration of continuity by nerve grafts or neurolysis. The functional results can further be improved by exploiting all available reconstructive techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:917184", "title": "[Dislocations of the face and skull. Report of 20 cases].", "content": "The authors present a serie of 20 cases of craniofacial injuries with or without CSF leakage. They propose a simple classification in 2 groups following the impact: braniofacial injury or orbitofacial injury. For their, craniofacial or orbitofacial injuries are to be operated in one stage by an neurosurgical and maxillofacial team. The best time for operation is approximately around the 10th day following trauma.", "contents": "[Dislocations of the face and skull. Report of 20 cases]. The authors present a serie of 20 cases of craniofacial injuries with or without CSF leakage. They propose a simple classification in 2 groups following the impact: braniofacial injury or orbitofacial injury. For their, craniofacial or orbitofacial injuries are to be operated in one stage by an neurosurgical and maxillofacial team. The best time for operation is approximately around the 10th day following trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:917185", "title": "[Autochthonous cases of cranial echinococcosis].", "content": "The above case-report of Echinococcosis involving the vault presents some noteworthy features, namely:--its occurence in a patient who has never left continental France;--it represents a vault localisation in which, despite the large size attained by the cyst, the latter has remained well-circumscribed;--X-ray examination revealed important condensation reactions without newbone formation and calcification of the cyst wall.", "contents": "[Autochthonous cases of cranial echinococcosis]. The above case-report of Echinococcosis involving the vault presents some noteworthy features, namely:--its occurence in a patient who has never left continental France;--it represents a vault localisation in which, despite the large size attained by the cyst, the latter has remained well-circumscribed;--X-ray examination revealed important condensation reactions without newbone formation and calcification of the cyst wall."}
{"id": "PMID:917191", "title": "[Individual psychotherapy. Institutional psychotherapy: Theoretical-clinical aspect].", "content": "At the Cl\u00ednica Hospital Vasco de Quiroga, in Morelia, satisfying results were obtained using a psychotherapeutic approach that included abreaction of conflicts, exercise of directive authority, an attitude to relieve the patient of his guilt, advising, orienting and persuading the patients. This approach includes establishing rapport, obtaining information about the problem, elaborating a diagnostic impression, orienting oneself towards individual psychotherapy, and evaluating how frequently the sessions will be held, according to the therapist's affective neutrality, time available and capacity to listen.", "contents": "[Individual psychotherapy. Institutional psychotherapy: Theoretical-clinical aspect]. At the Cl\u00ednica Hospital Vasco de Quiroga, in Morelia, satisfying results were obtained using a psychotherapeutic approach that included abreaction of conflicts, exercise of directive authority, an attitude to relieve the patient of his guilt, advising, orienting and persuading the patients. This approach includes establishing rapport, obtaining information about the problem, elaborating a diagnostic impression, orienting oneself towards individual psychotherapy, and evaluating how frequently the sessions will be held, according to the therapist's affective neutrality, time available and capacity to listen."}
{"id": "PMID:917187", "title": "[Hydatid cysts of the brain. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems apropos of 100 cases].", "content": "The authors report 100 cases of hydatid cysts of the brain operated in the Neurosurgical Department (C.H.U. of Algier). They compars their data with those of the litterature. It appears once more that cerebral hydatidosis affects the children living in endemic countries and looks like a quite pure increased intracranial pressure. Supratentorial situation of the mass can be approached many times by the E.E.G. A right diagnosis is possible in almost all cases (6/7) by angiographic examination. Surgical technique is simple but one must keep a great attention in removing these \"virulent\" cysts. As a rule, the results are good, as far as the patients are not in a bad status before the operation. Unfortunately becalse of a late diagnosis, one patient among three is blind after the operation as he was before.", "contents": "[Hydatid cysts of the brain. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems apropos of 100 cases]. The authors report 100 cases of hydatid cysts of the brain operated in the Neurosurgical Department (C.H.U. of Algier). They compars their data with those of the litterature. It appears once more that cerebral hydatidosis affects the children living in endemic countries and looks like a quite pure increased intracranial pressure. Supratentorial situation of the mass can be approached many times by the E.E.G. A right diagnosis is possible in almost all cases (6/7) by angiographic examination. Surgical technique is simple but one must keep a great attention in removing these \"virulent\" cysts. As a rule, the results are good, as far as the patients are not in a bad status before the operation. Unfortunately becalse of a late diagnosis, one patient among three is blind after the operation as he was before."}
{"id": "PMID:917192", "title": "[Individual psychotherapy. Experience pretending to be practiced in the general hospital].", "content": "This article points out that it is possible to carry out institutional psychotherapy, if one knows a theory and a technique which will foster the psychotherapeutic process through an approach following the psychoanalytic model, but with a limited number of sessions. A therapeutic alliance with limited goals is established; it permits to work with the demands of the patient, promoting and maintaining a positive transference which will eliminate the sense of rejection in the process of termination. The author insists on team work, necessary to review the material obtained in each session and on formulation of a psychodynamic diagnosis.", "contents": "[Individual psychotherapy. Experience pretending to be practiced in the general hospital]. This article points out that it is possible to carry out institutional psychotherapy, if one knows a theory and a technique which will foster the psychotherapeutic process through an approach following the psychoanalytic model, but with a limited number of sessions. A therapeutic alliance with limited goals is established; it permits to work with the demands of the patient, promoting and maintaining a positive transference which will eliminate the sense of rejection in the process of termination. The author insists on team work, necessary to review the material obtained in each session and on formulation of a psychodynamic diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:917193", "title": "[Group therapy. Rehabilitation of heart and hemiplegic patients].", "content": "In this paper, ideas and methods for working in group psychoterapy with hemiplegics and post-heart-attack patients in a general hospital in Mexico City are outlined. With hemiplegics support therapy is used and with heart-attack-patients, learning therapy. Both groups meet once a week.", "contents": "[Group therapy. Rehabilitation of heart and hemiplegic patients]. In this paper, ideas and methods for working in group psychoterapy with hemiplegics and post-heart-attack patients in a general hospital in Mexico City are outlined. With hemiplegics support therapy is used and with heart-attack-patients, learning therapy. Both groups meet once a week."}
{"id": "PMID:917189", "title": "[Reliability of the results of the ultrasonic hemodynamic recording (Doppler effect) in the diagnosis of cerebral ishemic ischemia of carotid origin].", "content": "The Doppler ultrasound diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis (asymetrical systolic and diastolic flows; elevated resistance index: ratio of flow pulse amplitude to systolic and diastolic values; flow reversal in the ophtalmic artery) is compared, in 52 patients, to the clinical, angiographic (40 patients) an surgical findings and to the peroperative measure of intra-arterial pressure and flow (30 patients). Its reliability is proved as a guide for angiographic exploration and for postoperative watching, but it is restricted to great vessels (cervical carotid artery) and is unable to detect ulcerated plate without stenosis.", "contents": "[Reliability of the results of the ultrasonic hemodynamic recording (Doppler effect) in the diagnosis of cerebral ishemic ischemia of carotid origin]. The Doppler ultrasound diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis (asymetrical systolic and diastolic flows; elevated resistance index: ratio of flow pulse amplitude to systolic and diastolic values; flow reversal in the ophtalmic artery) is compared, in 52 patients, to the clinical, angiographic (40 patients) an surgical findings and to the peroperative measure of intra-arterial pressure and flow (30 patients). Its reliability is proved as a guide for angiographic exploration and for postoperative watching, but it is restricted to great vessels (cervical carotid artery) and is unable to detect ulcerated plate without stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:917190", "title": "[Diagnostic and prognostic value of the brain stem reflexes in severe post-traumatic coma].", "content": "Authors study the neurological evolution of 50 cases of traumatic coma and recognize 5 misfunction levels corresponding to five steps of rostrocaudal deterioration. The level 1 (cortico-sub-cortical) is defined by the persistence of the mimic and flexion response to painful stimulation. The level 2 (diencephalic) is characterized by stereotypic responses to pain and lack of mimic. At these two levels, the fronto-orbicular and vertical oculo-vestibular reflexes are persistent. These reflexes disappear when the status impair caudodal to the level 3 (meso-diencephalix junction). The photomotor reflex disappear at the level 4 (mesencephalic), where the motor response to pain may be very poor, or may be a bilateral extension. The horizontal oculo-vestibular reflex is always persistent, except for the level 5 corresponding to a pontine lesion. The meso-diencephalic level 3 appears to be a critical impairment point: as long as the level is not overpassed, the half of the patients do improve and 10% only die. More than 75% of those who improve from this level have an excellent recovery. The restructuration probability is diminished by the half when the level of mesencephalic misfunction is reached.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and prognostic value of the brain stem reflexes in severe post-traumatic coma]. Authors study the neurological evolution of 50 cases of traumatic coma and recognize 5 misfunction levels corresponding to five steps of rostrocaudal deterioration. The level 1 (cortico-sub-cortical) is defined by the persistence of the mimic and flexion response to painful stimulation. The level 2 (diencephalic) is characterized by stereotypic responses to pain and lack of mimic. At these two levels, the fronto-orbicular and vertical oculo-vestibular reflexes are persistent. These reflexes disappear when the status impair caudodal to the level 3 (meso-diencephalix junction). The photomotor reflex disappear at the level 4 (mesencephalic), where the motor response to pain may be very poor, or may be a bilateral extension. The horizontal oculo-vestibular reflex is always persistent, except for the level 5 corresponding to a pontine lesion. The meso-diencephalic level 3 appears to be a critical impairment point: as long as the level is not overpassed, the half of the patients do improve and 10% only die. More than 75% of those who improve from this level have an excellent recovery. The restructuration probability is diminished by the half when the level of mesencephalic misfunction is reached."}
{"id": "PMID:917186", "title": "[A module of statistical analysis of the intracranial pressure: the S.A.I.C.P. system].", "content": "This paper describes an automatic system designed so as to provide a statistical analysis of I.C.P. (A.S.P.I.C. System). It functions on line at the patient's bedside, in connection with any electromanometer. It issues, after an acquirement period of 24 hours or less, three different informations: 1) the pressure class frequency distribution or histogram, 2) the modal pressure, that is to say the most frequent pressure, and 3) two standard deviations which measure the dispersion of the right and left part of the histogram. The meaning of those informations are reminded, according to anterior researchs, and some illustrations of A.S.P.I.C. System applications are presented.", "contents": "[A module of statistical analysis of the intracranial pressure: the S.A.I.C.P. system]. This paper describes an automatic system designed so as to provide a statistical analysis of I.C.P. (A.S.P.I.C. System). It functions on line at the patient's bedside, in connection with any electromanometer. It issues, after an acquirement period of 24 hours or less, three different informations: 1) the pressure class frequency distribution or histogram, 2) the modal pressure, that is to say the most frequent pressure, and 3) two standard deviations which measure the dispersion of the right and left part of the histogram. The meaning of those informations are reminded, according to anterior researchs, and some illustrations of A.S.P.I.C. System applications are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:917194", "title": "[Group psychotherapy. Institutional group psychotherapy with a realistic aim].", "content": "It is of great emotional impact to lose upper or lower limbs; adequate psychological handling of such a loss is described. Mourning will bary if amputation was programmed or carried out without warning. In the group, individual conflict, depression and the problem of function loss are handled, more than problems of the patient vis-a-vis the institution. Characteristics of the group are described.", "contents": "[Group psychotherapy. Institutional group psychotherapy with a realistic aim]. It is of great emotional impact to lose upper or lower limbs; adequate psychological handling of such a loss is described. Mourning will bary if amputation was programmed or carried out without warning. In the group, individual conflict, depression and the problem of function loss are handled, more than problems of the patient vis-a-vis the institution. Characteristics of the group are described."}
{"id": "PMID:917195", "title": "[Group psychotherapy. Operative groups at the Instituto del servico de seguridad Social de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE)].", "content": "An operational group is defined; how operational groups theory was applied at an ISSSTE clinic is described. It is underlined how operational groups promote change around the corerstone of a \"task\". The vicissitudes of an operational group with four psychiatrists who worked in community psychiatry at the ISSSTE, are described.", "contents": "[Group psychotherapy. Operative groups at the Instituto del servico de seguridad Social de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE)]. An operational group is defined; how operational groups theory was applied at an ISSSTE clinic is described. It is underlined how operational groups promote change around the corerstone of a \"task\". The vicissitudes of an operational group with four psychiatrists who worked in community psychiatry at the ISSSTE, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:917196", "title": "[Group psychotherapy. Working team in community psychiatry].", "content": "A Community Psychiatry program was begun, based on the needs and requests of a clinic (this approach is restricted because there are institutional factors that only the institution can change). The work was aimed at sensitizing the beneficiaries and change clinic factors modifiable through operative group technique. When a great deal of every day stereotypes appeared, role playing was used: as a result, people in the clinic realized how they acted and how they asked from others behaviors that they themselves found difficult to show. As results, it was found that when workers were confronted with reality, desertion from operative groups appeared, with projection of problems (them, not me), great fear of change (fantasized in different ways), group passivity and the image of the institution, that the group saw as a persecutor.", "contents": "[Group psychotherapy. Working team in community psychiatry]. A Community Psychiatry program was begun, based on the needs and requests of a clinic (this approach is restricted because there are institutional factors that only the institution can change). The work was aimed at sensitizing the beneficiaries and change clinic factors modifiable through operative group technique. When a great deal of every day stereotypes appeared, role playing was used: as a result, people in the clinic realized how they acted and how they asked from others behaviors that they themselves found difficult to show. As results, it was found that when workers were confronted with reality, desertion from operative groups appeared, with projection of problems (them, not me), great fear of change (fantasized in different ways), group passivity and the image of the institution, that the group saw as a persecutor."}
{"id": "PMID:917197", "title": "[Group psychotherapy. Aspects of mental health in a program of community psychiatry].", "content": "At the  ISSSTE, a community psychiatry program was created and is being developed in two areas: the population of beneficiaries who attend two clinics and groups of employees of those same clinics at their respective places of work. The main purpose is to carry out prevention in mental health. In this report only the work in the first session of eight employee operative groups is reported. The method, the difficulties and the characteristics of the groupings are explained. Some theoretical aspects are shown. Results showed: 1. Little correspondence between the internal reality of the beneficiaries. 2. Difficulties in communication which produce differences of criteria with the clinic. 3. Difficulties in the internal distribution of power. 4. Unnecessary expenditure of energy. 5. Suggestions to solve the problems handled in the group. 6. Resistance against responsibilities.", "contents": "[Group psychotherapy. Aspects of mental health in a program of community psychiatry]. At the  ISSSTE, a community psychiatry program was created and is being developed in two areas: the population of beneficiaries who attend two clinics and groups of employees of those same clinics at their respective places of work. The main purpose is to carry out prevention in mental health. In this report only the work in the first session of eight employee operative groups is reported. The method, the difficulties and the characteristics of the groupings are explained. Some theoretical aspects are shown. Results showed: 1. Little correspondence between the internal reality of the beneficiaries. 2. Difficulties in communication which produce differences of criteria with the clinic. 3. Difficulties in the internal distribution of power. 4. Unnecessary expenditure of energy. 5. Suggestions to solve the problems handled in the group. 6. Resistance against responsibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:917198", "title": "[Group psychotherapy. Experience with a changing process at a clinic of the Instituto del Servicio de Seguridad Social de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE)].", "content": "The problems of an ISSSTE clinic were approached within the general systems theory and it was observed that within the group there existed forces to maintain the status-quo and forces towards change; to produce the latter the group was handled during 20 hours with a slightly directive technique. The goals were to improve interpersonal relationships, to increase communication, to make known to individuals their attitudes within a group and make them sensitive to problems they shared with others. The results were good, the status-quo was broken and change started occurring.", "contents": "[Group psychotherapy. Experience with a changing process at a clinic of the Instituto del Servicio de Seguridad Social de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE)]. The problems of an ISSSTE clinic were approached within the general systems theory and it was observed that within the group there existed forces to maintain the status-quo and forces towards change; to produce the latter the group was handled during 20 hours with a slightly directive technique. The goals were to improve interpersonal relationships, to increase communication, to make known to individuals their attitudes within a group and make them sensitive to problems they shared with others. The results were good, the status-quo was broken and change started occurring."}
{"id": "PMID:917199", "title": "[Group psychotherapy with an analytical orientation at the Tlatelolco clinic of neuropsychiatry].", "content": "Since most of the patients who attend for psychiatric consultation at a clinic are little motivated for psychotherapy, analytic group therapy was attempted, with basis on studies on psychological genetics, on groups management, and on the theories of Freud, Klein and Bion. Several open groups were handled, with the following achievements: 1. A decrease in anxiety, and increase in the objective vision of reality and in increase in the ability to see past and present conflicts. 2. A greater tolerance to agressive and sexual instincts and to frustration. 3. A greater personal acceptance, ability to sublimate productively and elimination of clinical symptoms. Varying degrees of improvement, and lesser need for psychiatric medication and hospitalization were obtained. Several problems were encountered: a) Desertion of 30% of patients from the sessions, due to the disapearance of symptoms buth with no character changes (resistances). b) Temporary absence or habit of arriving late to the sessions (resistances). c) Overwhelming passivity. The groups were handled in cotherapy and the work was supervised with experienced therapists. To attempt solving the above mentioned problems a better selection of patients was made, complete clinical histories were elaborated, a  battery of psychological tests was made, and diagnosis, dynamics and prognosis of each case were outlined; this allowed the evaluation of middle and long term treatment. It was suggested to change the technique to that of operative groups.", "contents": "[Group psychotherapy with an analytical orientation at the Tlatelolco clinic of neuropsychiatry]. Since most of the patients who attend for psychiatric consultation at a clinic are little motivated for psychotherapy, analytic group therapy was attempted, with basis on studies on psychological genetics, on groups management, and on the theories of Freud, Klein and Bion. Several open groups were handled, with the following achievements: 1. A decrease in anxiety, and increase in the objective vision of reality and in increase in the ability to see past and present conflicts. 2. A greater tolerance to agressive and sexual instincts and to frustration. 3. A greater personal acceptance, ability to sublimate productively and elimination of clinical symptoms. Varying degrees of improvement, and lesser need for psychiatric medication and hospitalization were obtained. Several problems were encountered: a) Desertion of 30% of patients from the sessions, due to the disapearance of symptoms buth with no character changes (resistances). b) Temporary absence or habit of arriving late to the sessions (resistances). c) Overwhelming passivity. The groups were handled in cotherapy and the work was supervised with experienced therapists. To attempt solving the above mentioned problems a better selection of patients was made, complete clinical histories were elaborated, a  battery of psychological tests was made, and diagnosis, dynamics and prognosis of each case were outlined; this allowed the evaluation of middle and long term treatment. It was suggested to change the technique to that of operative groups."}
{"id": "PMID:917200", "title": "[Psychotherapy for children. Generalities].", "content": "Child psychotherapy has limited use in an institution. Through play one can appreciate the conflicts and suggest solutions, either verbally or through the play itself. As a framework one can use a dynamic concept of development and learning, and an educational approach. First one must elaborate a clinical history, do a physical examination and apply psychological tests in order to make a good diagnosis. The approach and treatment should be interdisciplinary. The institutional difficulties for this type of work are mentioned.", "contents": "[Psychotherapy for children. Generalities]. Child psychotherapy has limited use in an institution. Through play one can appreciate the conflicts and suggest solutions, either verbally or through the play itself. As a framework one can use a dynamic concept of development and learning, and an educational approach. First one must elaborate a clinical history, do a physical examination and apply psychological tests in order to make a good diagnosis. The approach and treatment should be interdisciplinary. The institutional difficulties for this type of work are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:917201", "title": "[Psychotherapy for children. Institutional management of psychiatric cases in minors].", "content": "The history of the approach to children with psychiatric problems is reviewed. The author insists in elaborating a diagnosis based in a clinical history, a physical and neurological examination, and the necessary tests. Factors of importance are: the indirect clinical history, the observation of the child, the first emotional contact with him, the exploring of his fantasies (three wishes) and the observation of his drawings, paintings and models. The child is sent to audiology, phoniatry or neurology specialists if his case requires it. Treatment can include psychiatric medication, psychotherapy or both.", "contents": "[Psychotherapy for children. Institutional management of psychiatric cases in minors]. The history of the approach to children with psychiatric problems is reviewed. The author insists in elaborating a diagnosis based in a clinical history, a physical and neurological examination, and the necessary tests. Factors of importance are: the indirect clinical history, the observation of the child, the first emotional contact with him, the exploring of his fantasies (three wishes) and the observation of his drawings, paintings and models. The child is sent to audiology, phoniatry or neurology specialists if his case requires it. Treatment can include psychiatric medication, psychotherapy or both."}
{"id": "PMID:917202", "title": "[Psychotherapy for children. Theoretical and practical approach].", "content": "The vicissitudes of institutional outpatient child psychiatry and the lessening of psychotherapeutic work due to the great amount of patients are described. It is mentioned how adolescents have been treated in groups and individually, and how family therapy was introduced. Play therapy has not been used due to the described time limitations. The handling of the environment surrounding the child is described, with basis on behavioral schemata; when the case requires it is focused psychoanalytically, in order to produce long-standing intrapsychic changes. It is remarkable how well adolescents accept group therapy, which helps their formation during the life stage they are going through.", "contents": "[Psychotherapy for children. Theoretical and practical approach]. The vicissitudes of institutional outpatient child psychiatry and the lessening of psychotherapeutic work due to the great amount of patients are described. It is mentioned how adolescents have been treated in groups and individually, and how family therapy was introduced. Play therapy has not been used due to the described time limitations. The handling of the environment surrounding the child is described, with basis on behavioral schemata; when the case requires it is focused psychoanalytically, in order to produce long-standing intrapsychic changes. It is remarkable how well adolescents accept group therapy, which helps their formation during the life stage they are going through."}
{"id": "PMID:917203", "title": "[Family psychotherapy in medical institutions of the Instituto del Servicio de Seguridad Social de los Trabajadores del Estado].", "content": "The evolution of family therapy in Mexico is briefly reviewed. It is considered that the reach of this method is limited in institutions due to the lack of qualified psychotherapists with the different orientations of this speciality. The illness, as a sign of family imbalance within the humanistic concept, acquires an even if the treatment is given to the marital couple, the adolescent or the child. Family therapy helps in marital disagreements, behavior problems, anorexia, reactive depression, drug addictions, alcoholism and many other problems. The ISSSTE population has a stable location and is more or less homogeneous; in it family therapy is stimulating and possible; even though the institution imposes certain limitations to family therapy, the enthusiasm for this therapeutic method prevails.", "contents": "[Family psychotherapy in medical institutions of the Instituto del Servicio de Seguridad Social de los Trabajadores del Estado]. The evolution of family therapy in Mexico is briefly reviewed. It is considered that the reach of this method is limited in institutions due to the lack of qualified psychotherapists with the different orientations of this speciality. The illness, as a sign of family imbalance within the humanistic concept, acquires an even if the treatment is given to the marital couple, the adolescent or the child. Family therapy helps in marital disagreements, behavior problems, anorexia, reactive depression, drug addictions, alcoholism and many other problems. The ISSSTE population has a stable location and is more or less homogeneous; in it family therapy is stimulating and possible; even though the institution imposes certain limitations to family therapy, the enthusiasm for this therapeutic method prevails."}
{"id": "PMID:917204", "title": "[The place of psychotherapy in an institution of social security].", "content": "In a social security system that includes prepaid, integral medical care, psychiatric services function in prevention, treatment and rehabilitation in a close relationship with the rest of medical care, the psychotherapies are part of an eclectic system of psychiatric attention, but also of the psychological aspects of institution-patients, institution-beneficiaries and institution-staff relationships. Within diverse psychotherapeutic schools, common denominators of the therapeutic process are outlined, as well as the background philosophy of the system.", "contents": "[The place of psychotherapy in an institution of social security]. In a social security system that includes prepaid, integral medical care, psychiatric services function in prevention, treatment and rehabilitation in a close relationship with the rest of medical care, the psychotherapies are part of an eclectic system of psychiatric attention, but also of the psychological aspects of institution-patients, institution-beneficiaries and institution-staff relationships. Within diverse psychotherapeutic schools, common denominators of the therapeutic process are outlined, as well as the background philosophy of the system."}
{"id": "PMID:917206", "title": "[Individual psychotherapy. Institutional approach].", "content": "In traditional psychiatric institutions, illness tends to become chronic: several psychiatric schools try to present this. One of them refers to institutional psychotherapy, which will vary according to the patient's pathology, the therapist's objectives, the structure of the institution and the patient's and therapist's ideology. The author describes a phenomenological-existential approach as opposed to the psychoanalytic approach, and classifies the types of therapy he applies in the institutional setting.", "contents": "[Individual psychotherapy. Institutional approach]. In traditional psychiatric institutions, illness tends to become chronic: several psychiatric schools try to present this. One of them refers to institutional psychotherapy, which will vary according to the patient's pathology, the therapist's objectives, the structure of the institution and the patient's and therapist's ideology. The author describes a phenomenological-existential approach as opposed to the psychoanalytic approach, and classifies the types of therapy he applies in the institutional setting."}
{"id": "PMID:917207", "title": "[Individual psychotherapy. Institutional psychotherapy: theoretical-practical aspect].", "content": "The author describes his experience in institutional psychotherapy, at the Cl\u00ednica Hospital of Villahermosa, Tabasco. He mentions factors in the patient, in the psychiatrist, in the institution and in the culture, as fostering the success or the failure of institutional psychotherapy. He shows the effectiveness of this type of treatment in this enviroment and describes ways of improving this kind of work.", "contents": "[Individual psychotherapy. Institutional psychotherapy: theoretical-practical aspect]. The author describes his experience in institutional psychotherapy, at the Cl\u00ednica Hospital of Villahermosa, Tabasco. He mentions factors in the patient, in the psychiatrist, in the institution and in the culture, as fostering the success or the failure of institutional psychotherapy. He shows the effectiveness of this type of treatment in this enviroment and describes ways of improving this kind of work."}
{"id": "PMID:917208", "title": "[Individual psychotherapy. Theoretical-practical aspect of institutional psychotherapy].", "content": "The author explains the characteristics of the psychiatric outpatient population in Hermosillo and mentions that these do not allow for the use of traditional psychotherapy. He underlines the importance of the affective ties of the patient with the institution (based on previously formed stereotypes). The author describes also several short therapy techniques, such as persuasion, suggestion, brief psychotherapy and group psychotherapy (for which special training is required). He tells of his experience using psychotherapy with psychiatric medication in an institution.", "contents": "[Individual psychotherapy. Theoretical-practical aspect of institutional psychotherapy]. The author explains the characteristics of the psychiatric outpatient population in Hermosillo and mentions that these do not allow for the use of traditional psychotherapy. He underlines the importance of the affective ties of the patient with the institution (based on previously formed stereotypes). The author describes also several short therapy techniques, such as persuasion, suggestion, brief psychotherapy and group psychotherapy (for which special training is required). He tells of his experience using psychotherapy with psychiatric medication in an institution."}
{"id": "PMID:917209", "title": "[Individual psychotherapy. Institutional psychotherapy. Individual approach].", "content": "In the psychiatric management of patients where the author works the following factors are given careful  consideration: a) source of referral, b) previous information about the illness, c) the content of the first session, d) obstacles for further treatment and e) theoretical basis for the psychotherapy sessions. Bellak and Small outlines are followed to structure brief and emergency psychotherapy at the author's institution.", "contents": "[Individual psychotherapy. Institutional psychotherapy. Individual approach]. In the psychiatric management of patients where the author works the following factors are given careful  consideration: a) source of referral, b) previous information about the illness, c) the content of the first session, d) obstacles for further treatment and e) theoretical basis for the psychotherapy sessions. Bellak and Small outlines are followed to structure brief and emergency psychotherapy at the author's institution."}
{"id": "PMID:917210", "title": "[Individual psychotherapy. Theoretical-clinical aspect. An institutional approach].", "content": "The author proposes that in institutions the orthodox way of observing the patient psychotherapeutically has to be changed by concepts of brief therapy; for this it is required to understand the dynamics of the patient and his response to treatment. Other important points in relation with the above are the institution (locale, furniture and paramedical personnel) and the time available to approach the patient. The author states that to achieve a good therapeutic result in a short time there are three requisites for the therapist: personal analysis, supervised clinical experience and training in psychodynamics.", "contents": "[Individual psychotherapy. Theoretical-clinical aspect. An institutional approach]. The author proposes that in institutions the orthodox way of observing the patient psychotherapeutically has to be changed by concepts of brief therapy; for this it is required to understand the dynamics of the patient and his response to treatment. Other important points in relation with the above are the institution (locale, furniture and paramedical personnel) and the time available to approach the patient. The author states that to achieve a good therapeutic result in a short time there are three requisites for the therapist: personal analysis, supervised clinical experience and training in psychodynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:917211", "title": "[Individual psychotherapy. Approach in a regional hospital].", "content": "The author mentions the needs and the type of work psychiatrists do in a general hospital; he underlines the importance of good communication between the psychiatrists and the general practitioner. Success depends on the selection of patients and of the analytic framework the author uses. It is mentioned that the therapist-patient relationship can be damaging or beneficial according to the way it is handled.", "contents": "[Individual psychotherapy. Approach in a regional hospital]. The author mentions the needs and the type of work psychiatrists do in a general hospital; he underlines the importance of good communication between the psychiatrists and the general practitioner. Success depends on the selection of patients and of the analytic framework the author uses. It is mentioned that the therapist-patient relationship can be damaging or beneficial according to the way it is handled."}
{"id": "PMID:917213", "title": "[Growth hormone, prolactin, LH and FSH secretion in tissue culture of pituitary adenomas (author's transl)].", "content": "We have performed tissue culture of pituitary adenomas (5 acromegalies, 7 non-acromegalies) and measured GH, PRL, LH and FSH in the media of tissue culture by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for 30-40 days. In addition, GH, PRL, LH and FSH were measured in the plasma and tumor tissue by RIA. GH concentration in the culture media was markedly high in all cases with acromegaly and high also in 2 out of 7 non-acromegaly cases (case 6 and 7). GH concentration in the media rapidly decreased almost as a straight line on a semilogarithmic scale until the 30-40 in day, when GH level became less than 10 ng/ml. PRL concentration in the culture media was high in 5 patients (3 acromegalies, 2 non-acromegalies). PRL concentration regressed more slowly than GH, but still remained higher than 10 ng/ml in all of the patients on the 25-40th day when the studies were discontinued. LH and FSH concentrations in the culture media was high in two patients. One patient was a pituitary adenoma secreting LH and FSH, and another case was a false high secreting one, possibly contaminated with gonadotropin in normal pituitary gland at surgical operation. LH and FSH concentrations rapidly decreased as that of GH. A rare case of primary LH and FSH secreting pituitary adenoma was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Growth hormone, prolactin, LH and FSH secretion in tissue culture of pituitary adenomas (author's transl)]. We have performed tissue culture of pituitary adenomas (5 acromegalies, 7 non-acromegalies) and measured GH, PRL, LH and FSH in the media of tissue culture by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for 30-40 days. In addition, GH, PRL, LH and FSH were measured in the plasma and tumor tissue by RIA. GH concentration in the culture media was markedly high in all cases with acromegaly and high also in 2 out of 7 non-acromegaly cases (case 6 and 7). GH concentration in the media rapidly decreased almost as a straight line on a semilogarithmic scale until the 30-40 in day, when GH level became less than 10 ng/ml. PRL concentration in the culture media was high in 5 patients (3 acromegalies, 2 non-acromegalies). PRL concentration regressed more slowly than GH, but still remained higher than 10 ng/ml in all of the patients on the 25-40th day when the studies were discontinued. LH and FSH concentrations in the culture media was high in two patients. One patient was a pituitary adenoma secreting LH and FSH, and another case was a false high secreting one, possibly contaminated with gonadotropin in normal pituitary gland at surgical operation. LH and FSH concentrations rapidly decreased as that of GH. A rare case of primary LH and FSH secreting pituitary adenoma was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:917216", "title": "[Two cases of nonketotic hyperosmolar coma in neurosurgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma is characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity and dehydration in the absence of ketoacidosis. Two cases of hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, in which both the patients recovered, were presented. One of the cases was a 59-year-old female who had suffered from a metastatic brain tumor. After removal of the tumor, the patient's condition improved for a period. This was followed by a period of frequent vomiting, subsequently followed by coma. The laboratory data showed the absence of ketoacidosis in the blood sugar measured at 672 mg/dl and serum osmolarity at 343.1 mOsm./kg. The other case was a 74-year-old female who was admitted to the clinic because of cerebral thrombosis. Her caloric in-take was restricted and insulin was administered because of a mild diabetes mellitus which occured after admission. Then she entered a hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma. The laboratory data revealed blood sugar to be 1068 mg/dl and serum osmolarity to be 418 mOsm./kg. Immediately after large amounts of intravenous drip infusion and insulin were administerd, she recovered from the syndrome. The clinical observations and the pathogenesis of this syndrome were discussed.", "contents": "[Two cases of nonketotic hyperosmolar coma in neurosurgery (author's transl)]. Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma is characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity and dehydration in the absence of ketoacidosis. Two cases of hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, in which both the patients recovered, were presented. One of the cases was a 59-year-old female who had suffered from a metastatic brain tumor. After removal of the tumor, the patient's condition improved for a period. This was followed by a period of frequent vomiting, subsequently followed by coma. The laboratory data showed the absence of ketoacidosis in the blood sugar measured at 672 mg/dl and serum osmolarity at 343.1 mOsm./kg. The other case was a 74-year-old female who was admitted to the clinic because of cerebral thrombosis. Her caloric in-take was restricted and insulin was administered because of a mild diabetes mellitus which occured after admission. Then she entered a hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma. The laboratory data revealed blood sugar to be 1068 mg/dl and serum osmolarity to be 418 mOsm./kg. Immediately after large amounts of intravenous drip infusion and insulin were administerd, she recovered from the syndrome. The clinical observations and the pathogenesis of this syndrome were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:917217", "title": "[Thoraco-lumbar spinal tumor associated with papilledema (author's transl)].", "content": "Increased intracranial pressure and papilledema are occasionally observed in patients harboring spinal tumors in the cervical region or at the craniocervical junction, and the mechanical obstruction to the cerebrospinal fluid circulation is assumed to be responsible for such symptoms and signs. However, increased intracranial pressure is very rare in spinal tumors locating in the dorso-lumbar region; only 44 such cases having been reported in the literature. Recently we saw a 58-year-old female who presented with three brief episodes of loss of consciousness associated with nausea and vomiting, progressive dementia and insomnia. Neurologic examination disclosed an early papilledema, weakness of both legs and dementia. A left carotid angiogram revealed a small aneurysm arising from C2 segment of the internal carotid artery. Right carotid and bilateral vertebral angiograms were not contributory. The aneurysm was clipped at the first operation. The aneurysm was found apparently unruptured. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt failed to improve her dementia. Finally, a total myelographic block was found at L1 level, and a neurinoma arising from the right D12 was removed. After this, all symptoms and signs disappeared within 3 weeks. Pertinent literature on the low spinal cord tumor associated with an intracranial pressure was reviewed and the mechanism of the elevation of intracranial pressure in such cases were discussed.", "contents": "[Thoraco-lumbar spinal tumor associated with papilledema (author's transl)]. Increased intracranial pressure and papilledema are occasionally observed in patients harboring spinal tumors in the cervical region or at the craniocervical junction, and the mechanical obstruction to the cerebrospinal fluid circulation is assumed to be responsible for such symptoms and signs. However, increased intracranial pressure is very rare in spinal tumors locating in the dorso-lumbar region; only 44 such cases having been reported in the literature. Recently we saw a 58-year-old female who presented with three brief episodes of loss of consciousness associated with nausea and vomiting, progressive dementia and insomnia. Neurologic examination disclosed an early papilledema, weakness of both legs and dementia. A left carotid angiogram revealed a small aneurysm arising from C2 segment of the internal carotid artery. Right carotid and bilateral vertebral angiograms were not contributory. The aneurysm was clipped at the first operation. The aneurysm was found apparently unruptured. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt failed to improve her dementia. Finally, a total myelographic block was found at L1 level, and a neurinoma arising from the right D12 was removed. After this, all symptoms and signs disappeared within 3 weeks. Pertinent literature on the low spinal cord tumor associated with an intracranial pressure was reviewed and the mechanism of the elevation of intracranial pressure in such cases were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:917221", "title": "[Endocrinopathy due to intracranial aneurysm (Part I)--Direct kinetic effect of aneurysm on the hypothalamo pituitary system (author's transl)].", "content": "Intracranial aneurysm rarely causes endocrinopathy clinically, however, many laboratory data show abnormality concerning endocrine function. To elucidate the reasons of these endocrine dysfunction, the authors investigated several representative patients in our department and the reported cases. The major part of reported cases suggests that the direct kinetic effect of aneurysms on the hypothalamopituitary system resulted in the endocrinopathy. The common features are described as follows. 1) Aneurysm were of large size. 2) Most aneurysms were located at the intracranial internal carotid artery. 3) They had no previous history of SAH usually. 4) Visual impairment was one of the common manifestation among them. 5) The higher frequency of the reported pituitary dysfunction in laboratory examination was shown in the following turn. However, some of our cases did not always agree with the reported ones. SAH operation etc. were considered to be the reasons of this discrepancy.", "contents": "[Endocrinopathy due to intracranial aneurysm (Part I)--Direct kinetic effect of aneurysm on the hypothalamo pituitary system (author's transl)]. Intracranial aneurysm rarely causes endocrinopathy clinically, however, many laboratory data show abnormality concerning endocrine function. To elucidate the reasons of these endocrine dysfunction, the authors investigated several representative patients in our department and the reported cases. The major part of reported cases suggests that the direct kinetic effect of aneurysms on the hypothalamopituitary system resulted in the endocrinopathy. The common features are described as follows. 1) Aneurysm were of large size. 2) Most aneurysms were located at the intracranial internal carotid artery. 3) They had no previous history of SAH usually. 4) Visual impairment was one of the common manifestation among them. 5) The higher frequency of the reported pituitary dysfunction in laboratory examination was shown in the following turn. However, some of our cases did not always agree with the reported ones. SAH operation etc. were considered to be the reasons of this discrepancy."}
{"id": "PMID:917226", "title": "[Classification of intracerebral hematoma (lateral type) on C.T. and its relation to the shift of the lenticulostriate arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "Classification of intracerebral hematoma (lateral type) with C.T. was tried. And also, the relationship among the location of the hematoma, the shift of the lenticulostriate arteries and the prognosis of hemiparesis was verified. The results were as follows; 1) The location of the hematoma was classified into four types: 1. anterior type (the hematoma mainly located in the anterior limb of internal capsula). 2. Posterior type (the hematoma mainly located in the posterior limb of internal capsula). 3. lateral type (the hematoma mainly located just below the insula). 4. spread to the all direction type. 2) The lenticulostriate arteries was divided into three portions: L1 portion is the part from the origin at the middle cerebral artery to the knee point, L3 is the part of the distal portion of the lenticulostriate arteries, and L2 portion in the part between L1 and L3 portions. L1 portion was mainly shifted medially in the anterior type of the hematoma. L2 portion was mainly shifted medially in the lateral type of the hematoma. L3 portion was mainly shifted in the posterior type of the hematoma. L1, L2, L3, all portions were shifted medially in the type in which the hematoma spread to all directions 3) The prognosis of the hemiparesis was best in the lateral type of the hematoma, and next in the anterior type. In the posterior type and all spread type, it was worst.", "contents": "[Classification of intracerebral hematoma (lateral type) on C.T. and its relation to the shift of the lenticulostriate arteries (author's transl)]. Classification of intracerebral hematoma (lateral type) with C.T. was tried. And also, the relationship among the location of the hematoma, the shift of the lenticulostriate arteries and the prognosis of hemiparesis was verified. The results were as follows; 1) The location of the hematoma was classified into four types: 1. anterior type (the hematoma mainly located in the anterior limb of internal capsula). 2. Posterior type (the hematoma mainly located in the posterior limb of internal capsula). 3. lateral type (the hematoma mainly located just below the insula). 4. spread to the all direction type. 2) The lenticulostriate arteries was divided into three portions: L1 portion is the part from the origin at the middle cerebral artery to the knee point, L3 is the part of the distal portion of the lenticulostriate arteries, and L2 portion in the part between L1 and L3 portions. L1 portion was mainly shifted medially in the anterior type of the hematoma. L2 portion was mainly shifted medially in the lateral type of the hematoma. L3 portion was mainly shifted in the posterior type of the hematoma. L1, L2, L3, all portions were shifted medially in the type in which the hematoma spread to all directions 3) The prognosis of the hemiparesis was best in the lateral type of the hematoma, and next in the anterior type. In the posterior type and all spread type, it was worst."}
{"id": "PMID:917229", "title": "[Agenesis of internal carotid artery associated with aneurysm of anterior communicating artery (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of agenesis of the left internal carotid artery with an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery was reported in detail. The patient was a 48-year-old man who had an episode of subarachnoid hemorrhage about 10 years ago. This time left heminumbness and motor weakness of the left lower extremity occured and he was brought our hospital. Right common carotid angiography, left retrograde brachial serial angiography and aortography demonstrated an agenesis of the left internal carotid artery, an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery, tortuous megadolic hobasilar artery and anomalies on the circle of Willis such as absence of supra optic portion of the right anterior cerebral artery, and large left posterior communicating artery. We confirmed latter findings by operation. After successful neck clipping of the aneurysm, his clinical findings were remarkably improved.", "contents": "[Agenesis of internal carotid artery associated with aneurysm of anterior communicating artery (author's transl)]. A case of agenesis of the left internal carotid artery with an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery was reported in detail. The patient was a 48-year-old man who had an episode of subarachnoid hemorrhage about 10 years ago. This time left heminumbness and motor weakness of the left lower extremity occured and he was brought our hospital. Right common carotid angiography, left retrograde brachial serial angiography and aortography demonstrated an agenesis of the left internal carotid artery, an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery, tortuous megadolic hobasilar artery and anomalies on the circle of Willis such as absence of supra optic portion of the right anterior cerebral artery, and large left posterior communicating artery. We confirmed latter findings by operation. After successful neck clipping of the aneurysm, his clinical findings were remarkably improved."}
{"id": "PMID:917236", "title": "[Surgical treatment of the thoracic arterio-venous malformation with intraspinal and extraspinal niduses (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent advances in the technique of selective spinal angiography and microsurgery have provided us remarkable progress in diagnosis and treatment of spinal arteriovenous malformation. Although in some cases total extirpation is still difficult, various attempts have been performed for complete cure. In this paper, the authors reported a case of 6-year-old girl who complained of the progressive gait disturbance. In this case we found the thoracic AVM which had niduses not only in the intraspinal canal but also in the extraspinal space. Transthoracic ligature was performed in this case. That is, through a thoracotomy with rib resection on the right side, the enlarged anomalous feeding artery, i.e., intercostal artery with its branches, from which Adamkiewicz's artery should be derived was ligated and clipped. And the result was good. In Japan, we have never had a report of such surgical method for AVM. Besides such a case is very rare that the AVM had nidus extending to both intra- and extra-spinal canal space. So we discussed the treatment against such an AVM with the investigations of literatures. Further follow-up study for this case will be reported later. The paper was read by the authors at the 53rd Kyushu region meeting of Japan Neurological Society (February 28, 1976, Kagoshima).", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of the thoracic arterio-venous malformation with intraspinal and extraspinal niduses (author's transl)]. Recent advances in the technique of selective spinal angiography and microsurgery have provided us remarkable progress in diagnosis and treatment of spinal arteriovenous malformation. Although in some cases total extirpation is still difficult, various attempts have been performed for complete cure. In this paper, the authors reported a case of 6-year-old girl who complained of the progressive gait disturbance. In this case we found the thoracic AVM which had niduses not only in the intraspinal canal but also in the extraspinal space. Transthoracic ligature was performed in this case. That is, through a thoracotomy with rib resection on the right side, the enlarged anomalous feeding artery, i.e., intercostal artery with its branches, from which Adamkiewicz's artery should be derived was ligated and clipped. And the result was good. In Japan, we have never had a report of such surgical method for AVM. Besides such a case is very rare that the AVM had nidus extending to both intra- and extra-spinal canal space. So we discussed the treatment against such an AVM with the investigations of literatures. Further follow-up study for this case will be reported later. The paper was read by the authors at the 53rd Kyushu region meeting of Japan Neurological Society (February 28, 1976, Kagoshima)."}
{"id": "PMID:917325", "title": "[Serum insulin binding activity and diabetic retinopathy].", "content": "Radiochemical evaluation of serum insulin-binding activity in diabetics shows that there are no correlations between this behaviour and diabetic retinopathy. High values are mainly encountered in insulin-dependent diabetics; its nil or poor inhibition, owing to the effect of preincubation of the serum with high concentrations of unlabelled insulinic antigen, suggests that the phenomenon is connected above all to the presence of aspecific serous factors that \"bind\" the labelled hormone.", "contents": "[Serum insulin binding activity and diabetic retinopathy]. Radiochemical evaluation of serum insulin-binding activity in diabetics shows that there are no correlations between this behaviour and diabetic retinopathy. High values are mainly encountered in insulin-dependent diabetics; its nil or poor inhibition, owing to the effect of preincubation of the serum with high concentrations of unlabelled insulinic antigen, suggests that the phenomenon is connected above all to the presence of aspecific serous factors that \"bind\" the labelled hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:917327", "title": "[Blood viscosity and triglyceridemia. Findings using a co-axial cylindrical viscosimeter at low \"shear rates\"].", "content": "Examination of blood viscosity at low shear rates using a co-axial cylinder viscometer showed a significant difference between the means of values observed in hypertrigliceridemic patients compared with that of control subjects. This result differs from what has been reported by most workers although generally greater shear rates have been used. Calculation of the \"r\" coefficient and plotting of the regression line for each shear rate showed that there is no linear correlation between blood viscosity and triglyceridaemia, whose variations occur quite independently. It is suggested that the absence of a correlation between the two parameters examined may depend on various factors, of which the most important are those pertaining to the rheological properties of red blood cells and to the structure and chemical and physical characteristics of the triglyceride molecule and of the lipoproteins and chylomicrons which transport them.", "contents": "[Blood viscosity and triglyceridemia. Findings using a co-axial cylindrical viscosimeter at low \"shear rates\"]. Examination of blood viscosity at low shear rates using a co-axial cylinder viscometer showed a significant difference between the means of values observed in hypertrigliceridemic patients compared with that of control subjects. This result differs from what has been reported by most workers although generally greater shear rates have been used. Calculation of the \"r\" coefficient and plotting of the regression line for each shear rate showed that there is no linear correlation between blood viscosity and triglyceridaemia, whose variations occur quite independently. It is suggested that the absence of a correlation between the two parameters examined may depend on various factors, of which the most important are those pertaining to the rheological properties of red blood cells and to the structure and chemical and physical characteristics of the triglyceride molecule and of the lipoproteins and chylomicrons which transport them."}
{"id": "PMID:917326", "title": "[Aspects of glycolipid metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency: interference of oral glucose administration during and after dialysis with changes induced by short dialyses with glucose free dialysate].", "content": "As part of some research into certain aspects of glycolipidic metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency, a study has been made of alterations in glycaemia, insulinaemia, free fatty acids and triglycerides during and following brief periods of dialysis by glucose-free bath in 26 subjects: within this group, 50 g of glucose were administered to 8 patients at the 2nd hour of dialysis and 100 g to another 8 at the end of therapy. The following findings were made during glucose-free dialysis: marked hypoglycaemia starting from the first hour until the end, marked increase in FFA and marked fall in TG upon the lipolytic action of heparin. In the post-dialysis period, immediate normalization in glycaemia, steady diminution in FFA and notable increase in TG as early as the 1st hour. Administration of glucose during dialysis prevents hypoglycaemia by altering FFA and TG behaviour in the post-dialysis period. Administration of glucose at the end leads to hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia with marked fall in FFA and TG. During dialysis, the phenomena observed depend on the action of heparin, acetate and the absence of glucose. This absence brings on hypoglycaemia with secondary glycogenolysis and-or neoglucogenesis during dialysis; in the post-dialysis period, hepatic neosynthesis of TG in the presence of normal glycaemic and insulinaemic values. Glucose per os determines hyperglycaemia and secondary hyperinsulinaemia with FFA esterification at the level of adipose tissue and a fall in serous TG.", "contents": "[Aspects of glycolipid metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency: interference of oral glucose administration during and after dialysis with changes induced by short dialyses with glucose free dialysate]. As part of some research into certain aspects of glycolipidic metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency, a study has been made of alterations in glycaemia, insulinaemia, free fatty acids and triglycerides during and following brief periods of dialysis by glucose-free bath in 26 subjects: within this group, 50 g of glucose were administered to 8 patients at the 2nd hour of dialysis and 100 g to another 8 at the end of therapy. The following findings were made during glucose-free dialysis: marked hypoglycaemia starting from the first hour until the end, marked increase in FFA and marked fall in TG upon the lipolytic action of heparin. In the post-dialysis period, immediate normalization in glycaemia, steady diminution in FFA and notable increase in TG as early as the 1st hour. Administration of glucose during dialysis prevents hypoglycaemia by altering FFA and TG behaviour in the post-dialysis period. Administration of glucose at the end leads to hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia with marked fall in FFA and TG. During dialysis, the phenomena observed depend on the action of heparin, acetate and the absence of glucose. This absence brings on hypoglycaemia with secondary glycogenolysis and-or neoglucogenesis during dialysis; in the post-dialysis period, hepatic neosynthesis of TG in the presence of normal glycaemic and insulinaemic values. Glucose per os determines hyperglycaemia and secondary hyperinsulinaemia with FFA esterification at the level of adipose tissue and a fall in serous TG."}
{"id": "PMID:917328", "title": "[Methods for the determination of VA/QC ratio].", "content": "Physiological considerations relevant to a general understanding of the question are put forward and the main methods used for determining the ventilation-perufsion ratio are described. Over-all methods offer generic evaluation of a change, particularly the method whereby the alveolus/arterial PO2 gradient is measured on straight lines expressing the different points of gas and blood respiratory exchanges, and that which measures the triple CO2, O2 and N2 alveolus/arterial gradient. Methods employed to evaluate the distribution of ratio changes are also explained: evaluation with CO2 labelled with 15O2, 133Xe, 13N2 and 85Kr, using pairs of scintillators, scanning detectors, gamma camera or special cuvettes, and analysis of respiratory He, Ar, O2, CO2, N2O and CHF2Cl at the mouth and inside the lung, using rapid analysers and single or multiple breath methods, or analysis of gas elimination coefficients. It is felt that measurement of the VA:Qc ratio is now within the capacity of all laboratories, so that qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative assessment can be made not only of the ability to ensure efficient alveolar exchange on the part of ventilation and circumation, but also of the presence of compensated changes, or the simultaneous presence of other alterations of various kinds, which cannot be readily detected by using conventional methods.", "contents": "[Methods for the determination of VA/QC ratio]. Physiological considerations relevant to a general understanding of the question are put forward and the main methods used for determining the ventilation-perufsion ratio are described. Over-all methods offer generic evaluation of a change, particularly the method whereby the alveolus/arterial PO2 gradient is measured on straight lines expressing the different points of gas and blood respiratory exchanges, and that which measures the triple CO2, O2 and N2 alveolus/arterial gradient. Methods employed to evaluate the distribution of ratio changes are also explained: evaluation with CO2 labelled with 15O2, 133Xe, 13N2 and 85Kr, using pairs of scintillators, scanning detectors, gamma camera or special cuvettes, and analysis of respiratory He, Ar, O2, CO2, N2O and CHF2Cl at the mouth and inside the lung, using rapid analysers and single or multiple breath methods, or analysis of gas elimination coefficients. It is felt that measurement of the VA:Qc ratio is now within the capacity of all laboratories, so that qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative assessment can be made not only of the ability to ensure efficient alveolar exchange on the part of ventilation and circumation, but also of the presence of compensated changes, or the simultaneous presence of other alterations of various kinds, which cannot be readily detected by using conventional methods."}
{"id": "PMID:917329", "title": "[Calculation of the systolic time as an index of thyroid performance].", "content": "Two methods for determining some features of cardiovascular behaviour in dysthyroidism are compared: time of appearance of the femoral sphygmic wave (as an expression of the cardiovascular response to thyroid hormones); systolic times, particularly tension time (as an expression of the contractile function of the myocardium only). Results in 52 euthyroid, hyperthyroid and hypothyroid subjects showed that systolic times (especially tension time) are more accurate and more discriminating in the assessment of thyroid performance. Measurement of this interval is thus proposed as an index for the appraisal of myocardial contractility in dysthyroidism, and as an additional means of evaluating thyroid performance.", "contents": "[Calculation of the systolic time as an index of thyroid performance]. Two methods for determining some features of cardiovascular behaviour in dysthyroidism are compared: time of appearance of the femoral sphygmic wave (as an expression of the cardiovascular response to thyroid hormones); systolic times, particularly tension time (as an expression of the contractile function of the myocardium only). Results in 52 euthyroid, hyperthyroid and hypothyroid subjects showed that systolic times (especially tension time) are more accurate and more discriminating in the assessment of thyroid performance. Measurement of this interval is thus proposed as an index for the appraisal of myocardial contractility in dysthyroidism, and as an additional means of evaluating thyroid performance."}
{"id": "PMID:917330", "title": "[Various radiological aspects of spontaneous biliary-digestive fistulas].", "content": "A number of significant radiological pictures of spontaneous biliodigestive fistula are presented. The aetiopathogenesis, pathological anatomy and clinical medicine of the condition are reviewed and the techniques available for the radiological investigation of biliodigestive short-circuits considered; the most frequent radiological signs and corresponding pictures are discussed and the complications and differential diagnosis with duodeno-biliar reflow examined.", "contents": "[Various radiological aspects of spontaneous biliary-digestive fistulas]. A number of significant radiological pictures of spontaneous biliodigestive fistula are presented. The aetiopathogenesis, pathological anatomy and clinical medicine of the condition are reviewed and the techniques available for the radiological investigation of biliodigestive short-circuits considered; the most frequent radiological signs and corresponding pictures are discussed and the complications and differential diagnosis with duodeno-biliar reflow examined."}
{"id": "PMID:917331", "title": "[Radiological and clinical considerations on the behavior of the interposed jejunal loop in partial and total gastric resection].", "content": "A personal series of 102 cases (in five years) where the interposed loop was employed in gastric and duodenal surgery is presented. The behaviour of the transposed jejunal segment is discussed on the basis of radiological study using direct videography.", "contents": "[Radiological and clinical considerations on the behavior of the interposed jejunal loop in partial and total gastric resection]. A personal series of 102 cases (in five years) where the interposed loop was employed in gastric and duodenal surgery is presented. The behaviour of the transposed jejunal segment is discussed on the basis of radiological study using direct videography."}
{"id": "PMID:917332", "title": "[Ascites in chronic pancreatitides. Report of 2 cases].", "content": "2 cases of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis complicated by ascites are described. Both presented a cystic formation in the pancreas. In the first, a direct communication existed between the cystic and peritoneal cavities with passage of pancreatic secretion and serous membrane inflammatory reaction. The literature shows that this mechanism is the one most frequently responsible for ascites in chronic pancreatitis. For diagnosis, demonstration of high amylase and proteins in the ascitic fluid was decisive. Internal drainage of the cyst carried out in one of the two cases resolved the picture.", "contents": "[Ascites in chronic pancreatitides. Report of 2 cases]. 2 cases of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis complicated by ascites are described. Both presented a cystic formation in the pancreas. In the first, a direct communication existed between the cystic and peritoneal cavities with passage of pancreatic secretion and serous membrane inflammatory reaction. The literature shows that this mechanism is the one most frequently responsible for ascites in chronic pancreatitis. For diagnosis, demonstration of high amylase and proteins in the ascitic fluid was decisive. Internal drainage of the cyst carried out in one of the two cases resolved the picture."}
{"id": "PMID:917333", "title": "[Use of citiolone in chronic hepatitides. Results of a research with clinical and laboratory controls].", "content": "The therapeutic possibilities offered by the use of a new substance, 3-acetamido-2-oxo-tetrahydro-thiophene or citiolone, in two groups of patients, the first suffering from persistent chronic hepatitis, the second from aggressive chronic hepatitis and-or compensated cirrhosis diagnosed on the basis of clinical, laboratory, and bioptic findings have been studied. The experiment was of \"between patients\" pattern and findings were obtained with the double-blind method. Tests were compared with a placebo and all patients were treated with a basic therapy consisting of a polyvitaminic complex. In both groups, the results confirmed the therapeutic effectiveness of the new substance and this was demonstrable, including statistically, in an improvement in the clinical picture and, above all, in certain liver function exploration tests. At termination of the treatment cycle, liver biopsies were carried out in certain patients and these showed an improvement in the liver cell picture.", "contents": "[Use of citiolone in chronic hepatitides. Results of a research with clinical and laboratory controls]. The therapeutic possibilities offered by the use of a new substance, 3-acetamido-2-oxo-tetrahydro-thiophene or citiolone, in two groups of patients, the first suffering from persistent chronic hepatitis, the second from aggressive chronic hepatitis and-or compensated cirrhosis diagnosed on the basis of clinical, laboratory, and bioptic findings have been studied. The experiment was of \"between patients\" pattern and findings were obtained with the double-blind method. Tests were compared with a placebo and all patients were treated with a basic therapy consisting of a polyvitaminic complex. In both groups, the results confirmed the therapeutic effectiveness of the new substance and this was demonstrable, including statistically, in an improvement in the clinical picture and, above all, in certain liver function exploration tests. At termination of the treatment cycle, liver biopsies were carried out in certain patients and these showed an improvement in the liver cell picture."}
{"id": "PMID:917334", "title": "[Necrosis of the pouch due to nontraumatic rupture of the pile during permanent endocardial electrostimulation].", "content": "Necrosis of the pouch containing the generator, due to non-traumatic breakage of the batteries, was observed in a patient with a permanent pacemaker, followed by rapid ingravescence. The cause of this complication is discussed. Chemical inflammation was noted soon after the pacemaker ceased to function. Initially this was similar to the not uncommon bacterial inflammation noted in such patients. Here, of course, the pacemaker usually continues to work, and its replacement is optional, whereas in the reported case is an emergency matter. In situations where tissue distress in the pouch is accompanied by inflammation, therefore, thought should be given to the possibility that, even if the batteries are still working, the cause may be chemical or electrochemical rather than septic, and than sudden breakdown of the generator may be expected.", "contents": "[Necrosis of the pouch due to nontraumatic rupture of the pile during permanent endocardial electrostimulation]. Necrosis of the pouch containing the generator, due to non-traumatic breakage of the batteries, was observed in a patient with a permanent pacemaker, followed by rapid ingravescence. The cause of this complication is discussed. Chemical inflammation was noted soon after the pacemaker ceased to function. Initially this was similar to the not uncommon bacterial inflammation noted in such patients. Here, of course, the pacemaker usually continues to work, and its replacement is optional, whereas in the reported case is an emergency matter. In situations where tissue distress in the pouch is accompanied by inflammation, therefore, thought should be given to the possibility that, even if the batteries are still working, the cause may be chemical or electrochemical rather than septic, and than sudden breakdown of the generator may be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:917335", "title": "[Radiological picture in the diagnosis of various complications of permanent endocardial electrostimulation].", "content": "The close links between the implantation of permanent pacemakers and radiological examination are described with particular reference to position of the the right ventricle. Here radiological examination offers the best chance of diagnosis. The need for close cooperation between specialists is emphasised.", "contents": "[Radiological picture in the diagnosis of various complications of permanent endocardial electrostimulation]. The close links between the implantation of permanent pacemakers and radiological examination are described with particular reference to position of the the right ventricle. Here radiological examination offers the best chance of diagnosis. The need for close cooperation between specialists is emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:917336", "title": "[The medico-social problem of rheumatic valve disease in Sicily].", "content": "The incidence of rheumatism and rheumatic valvulopathy in Sicily is assessed and the sites most commonly involved in the first and second attacks described. The medical aspects of te question are examined from several points of view: prophylaxis of sites, medical treatment personal and ambient hygiene, gradual defectiveness of the pump, associated diseases, etc. The concept of invalidity is viewed in terms of direct and associated anatomical damage and frank and potential invalidity (absolute or relative), the weight or assistance attributable to the family and the incidence of the local social environment in the question of finding work, etc. The basic criteria for surgery are noted. Care must be taken to preserve the few remaining structures. Mortality is still high and the incidence of heart disease is higher among rheumatic Sicilian children. Not enough is known about overcrowding, the schools attended by the poor, and the higher incidence in low-income classes. Failure to affront some of these features, determined as much by action (or its postponement) by government as by income, results in meaningless medicine, divorced from social reform and true the scientific spirit, a cover for special interests and a demonstration of profit factors wherein the commercialising relationship is increasingly evident.", "contents": "[The medico-social problem of rheumatic valve disease in Sicily]. The incidence of rheumatism and rheumatic valvulopathy in Sicily is assessed and the sites most commonly involved in the first and second attacks described. The medical aspects of te question are examined from several points of view: prophylaxis of sites, medical treatment personal and ambient hygiene, gradual defectiveness of the pump, associated diseases, etc. The concept of invalidity is viewed in terms of direct and associated anatomical damage and frank and potential invalidity (absolute or relative), the weight or assistance attributable to the family and the incidence of the local social environment in the question of finding work, etc. The basic criteria for surgery are noted. Care must be taken to preserve the few remaining structures. Mortality is still high and the incidence of heart disease is higher among rheumatic Sicilian children. Not enough is known about overcrowding, the schools attended by the poor, and the higher incidence in low-income classes. Failure to affront some of these features, determined as much by action (or its postponement) by government as by income, results in meaningless medicine, divorced from social reform and true the scientific spirit, a cover for special interests and a demonstration of profit factors wherein the commercialising relationship is increasingly evident."}
{"id": "PMID:917337", "title": "[Immunopathological syndrome with pleural and systemic localization observed in patients with endocavitary electrostimulators].", "content": "Four cases of recurrent pleural effusion that proved particularly resistant to medico-depletive management were observed in patients with intracavitary pacemakers. The picture included fever, high ESR, intense antismooth muscle antibody movement, serum and pleural liquid L.E. phenomenon and positive rheuma test, and mainly igG hypergammaglobulinaemia. The clinical and laboratory data suggested three pathogenetic explanations: 1) autoimmune disease secondary to surgical denaturation of myocardial, endocardial, venous or muscular autoantigens; 2) systemic autoimmune disease due to congenital or acquired instability of the immunological equilibrium; 3) pleural, monosymptomatic L.E. with delayed and dramatic clinical onset. Some practical considerations are expressed with respect to the syndrome and the position in the future.", "contents": "[Immunopathological syndrome with pleural and systemic localization observed in patients with endocavitary electrostimulators]. Four cases of recurrent pleural effusion that proved particularly resistant to medico-depletive management were observed in patients with intracavitary pacemakers. The picture included fever, high ESR, intense antismooth muscle antibody movement, serum and pleural liquid L.E. phenomenon and positive rheuma test, and mainly igG hypergammaglobulinaemia. The clinical and laboratory data suggested three pathogenetic explanations: 1) autoimmune disease secondary to surgical denaturation of myocardial, endocardial, venous or muscular autoantigens; 2) systemic autoimmune disease due to congenital or acquired instability of the immunological equilibrium; 3) pleural, monosymptomatic L.E. with delayed and dramatic clinical onset. Some practical considerations are expressed with respect to the syndrome and the position in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:917338", "title": "[Problems of rehabilitation during permanent cardiac stimulation].", "content": "The importance of certain features of the classification of diseases of the His system for the purpose of planning and conducting permanent cardiac stimulation (PCE). Stability of the conduction disturbance is essential in classifying low stroke volume syndromes as due to sporadic, frequent or habitual disturbance, and the frequency of stimulation should be geared to that of the syndrome. Rehabilitation during PCE also has its psychological side. Indeed, this almost always surpasses the physical side in importance and is dependent on the patient's job, social and economic standing, and the size of his family, as well as on his own emotional blaance and psychological reactions. About 70% of subjects behave in a normal way (rational acceptance of reality and a correct balance between emotiveness and reason), 20% display anxiety and depression, and the remainder show a typical form of euphoria; in many cases, this is clearly hypomaniacal.", "contents": "[Problems of rehabilitation during permanent cardiac stimulation]. The importance of certain features of the classification of diseases of the His system for the purpose of planning and conducting permanent cardiac stimulation (PCE). Stability of the conduction disturbance is essential in classifying low stroke volume syndromes as due to sporadic, frequent or habitual disturbance, and the frequency of stimulation should be geared to that of the syndrome. Rehabilitation during PCE also has its psychological side. Indeed, this almost always surpasses the physical side in importance and is dependent on the patient's job, social and economic standing, and the size of his family, as well as on his own emotional blaance and psychological reactions. About 70% of subjects behave in a normal way (rational acceptance of reality and a correct balance between emotiveness and reason), 20% display anxiety and depression, and the remainder show a typical form of euphoria; in many cases, this is clearly hypomaniacal."}
{"id": "PMID:917339", "title": "[Artificial pacemakers].", "content": "The new generation of pacemakers satisfy three basic requirements; histocompatibility, small size, and long life. Resins have been abandoned in favour of titanium cases. These are completely sealed and there is no risk of infiltration or histotoxicity. In addition, the employment of low consumption circuits and new sources of energy, especially lithium, has enabled the working life of a pacemaker to be extended virtually to its useful limits. The application of electrical stimulation to the treatment of arrhythmia has led to the creation of automatic or magnetically controlled pacemakers that come into action with pulse volleys on the appearance of otherwise intractable rhythm disturbances.", "contents": "[Artificial pacemakers]. The new generation of pacemakers satisfy three basic requirements; histocompatibility, small size, and long life. Resins have been abandoned in favour of titanium cases. These are completely sealed and there is no risk of infiltration or histotoxicity. In addition, the employment of low consumption circuits and new sources of energy, especially lithium, has enabled the working life of a pacemaker to be extended virtually to its useful limits. The application of electrical stimulation to the treatment of arrhythmia has led to the creation of automatic or magnetically controlled pacemakers that come into action with pulse volleys on the appearance of otherwise intractable rhythm disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:917340", "title": "[Radiological changes after mitral valvuloplasty].", "content": "The results of a radiological study carried out on a limited number of patients undergoing mitral valvuloplasty are reported. The good results achieved with this technique are confirmed objectively.", "contents": "[Radiological changes after mitral valvuloplasty]. The results of a radiological study carried out on a limited number of patients undergoing mitral valvuloplasty are reported. The good results achieved with this technique are confirmed objectively."}
{"id": "PMID:917341", "title": "[Indications for and limitations of the exercise tests in respiratory physiopathology].", "content": "Following a review of the physiology of the subject, attention is concentrated on the significance of O2 consumption during exercise. The stages through which O2 passes prior to being used by the muscles are discussed, i.e. respiratory, cardiocirculatory, haematic, metabolic-tissue stages. Subsequently, the methods most commonly employed to evaluate the capacity of a patient to withstand an exercise test are illustrated and discussed. The various types of ergometers are covered first, the positive and negative features of each being indicated. The various tests are then described, these being subdivided according to their intensity into maximal and submaximal tests and, according to the load, into tests with constant load, increasing load, continuously growing load and variable load. The salient features of each are listed. The measurements (parameters, units, indices) that may be used and the standards to be observed on the basis of W.H.O. and EEC proposals are considered. After presenting the factors on the basis of which an exercise test may be appraised in relation to its purposes, the criteria for interpreting results in healthy and sick subjects are examined, with particular attention being paid to pneumo-patients and those with heart diseases. Particular stress is laid on the variations in certain basic parameters, such as Maximum withstandable effort, Oxygen debt, Maximum aerobic work, Ventilation break point and the behaviour of Haemogasanalytic, ECG, Cardiac output and Pulmonary artery pressure data in normal and pathological situations.", "contents": "[Indications for and limitations of the exercise tests in respiratory physiopathology]. Following a review of the physiology of the subject, attention is concentrated on the significance of O2 consumption during exercise. The stages through which O2 passes prior to being used by the muscles are discussed, i.e. respiratory, cardiocirculatory, haematic, metabolic-tissue stages. Subsequently, the methods most commonly employed to evaluate the capacity of a patient to withstand an exercise test are illustrated and discussed. The various types of ergometers are covered first, the positive and negative features of each being indicated. The various tests are then described, these being subdivided according to their intensity into maximal and submaximal tests and, according to the load, into tests with constant load, increasing load, continuously growing load and variable load. The salient features of each are listed. The measurements (parameters, units, indices) that may be used and the standards to be observed on the basis of W.H.O. and EEC proposals are considered. After presenting the factors on the basis of which an exercise test may be appraised in relation to its purposes, the criteria for interpreting results in healthy and sick subjects are examined, with particular attention being paid to pneumo-patients and those with heart diseases. Particular stress is laid on the variations in certain basic parameters, such as Maximum withstandable effort, Oxygen debt, Maximum aerobic work, Ventilation break point and the behaviour of Haemogasanalytic, ECG, Cardiac output and Pulmonary artery pressure data in normal and pathological situations."}
{"id": "PMID:917342", "title": "[Liver damage due to alcohol and acute alcoholic hepatitis].", "content": "In 15 patients suffering from slight forms of alcohol-induced liver damage, the clinical picture was so varied that correct diagnosis was only possible on the basis of all anamnestic, clinical, biochemical and histological data. From the histopathological viewpoint, the forms presented as simple hepatic steatosis or acute inflammatory lesion (alcoholic hepatitis). Clinical and histological signs are reversible if the patient stops drinking, whereas if he continues to consume alcohol the prognosis is much more serious. This is why it is important to make correct diagnosis even in slight forms of acute alcoholic hepatopathy.", "contents": "[Liver damage due to alcohol and acute alcoholic hepatitis]. In 15 patients suffering from slight forms of alcohol-induced liver damage, the clinical picture was so varied that correct diagnosis was only possible on the basis of all anamnestic, clinical, biochemical and histological data. From the histopathological viewpoint, the forms presented as simple hepatic steatosis or acute inflammatory lesion (alcoholic hepatitis). Clinical and histological signs are reversible if the patient stops drinking, whereas if he continues to consume alcohol the prognosis is much more serious. This is why it is important to make correct diagnosis even in slight forms of acute alcoholic hepatopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:917343", "title": "[Potassium depletion. Glucose intolerance. Senile diabetes. Study on eventual pathogenetic relationships 1].", "content": "Oral tolerance of glucose was determined in 40 aged subjects with fasting blood sugar values of less than 100 mg/100 ml 56% had normal tolerance, 22% normal for age, and 22% values of diabetic type. In young subjects, only 2% display sugar metabolism disturbances. After 21 days' administration of potassium salts, 34.78% of the normal and 62.5% of the diabetic subjects showed reduced mean blood sugar values for the test, with significant falls at 120' and 180'. Reference is made to other conditions in which potassium depletion is coupled with glucose intolerance, e.g. old age. The pathogenetic significance of potassium depletion with respect to senile diabetes is discussed.", "contents": "[Potassium depletion. Glucose intolerance. Senile diabetes. Study on eventual pathogenetic relationships 1]. Oral tolerance of glucose was determined in 40 aged subjects with fasting blood sugar values of less than 100 mg/100 ml 56% had normal tolerance, 22% normal for age, and 22% values of diabetic type. In young subjects, only 2% display sugar metabolism disturbances. After 21 days' administration of potassium salts, 34.78% of the normal and 62.5% of the diabetic subjects showed reduced mean blood sugar values for the test, with significant falls at 120' and 180'. Reference is made to other conditions in which potassium depletion is coupled with glucose intolerance, e.g. old age. The pathogenetic significance of potassium depletion with respect to senile diabetes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:917344", "title": "The energetics of protein deposition during growth.", "content": "Methods of determining protein and energy metabolism in farm animals and man are discussed. From experiments with growing pigs a curve for maximum nitrogen retention has been established and expressed as a quandratic function of metabolic live weight (kg 0.75). from experiments with growing pigs kept on protein  with low biological value and from experiments with low energy level the nitrogen retention is compared with the maximum nitrogen curve and the results are discussed in relation to human nutrition. The comparatively high cost of protein deposition found in experiments with growing farm animals is discussed.", "contents": "The energetics of protein deposition during growth. Methods of determining protein and energy metabolism in farm animals and man are discussed. From experiments with growing pigs a curve for maximum nitrogen retention has been established and expressed as a quandratic function of metabolic live weight (kg 0.75). from experiments with growing pigs kept on protein  with low biological value and from experiments with low energy level the nitrogen retention is compared with the maximum nitrogen curve and the results are discussed in relation to human nutrition. The comparatively high cost of protein deposition found in experiments with growing farm animals is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:917345", "title": "A comparative view on trace elements and growth.", "content": "The term 'essentiality' of trace elements is interpreted. The major human diseases due to trace element deficience (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr) are briefly considered. In growing animals the first clinical deficiency symptom most often is a growth retardation. In order to diagnose a deficient situation before the manifestation of clinical symptoms, model studies with growing animals are presented to show criteria that respond sensitively even to suboptimum intake of trace elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni). Activity measurements of enzymes and hormones are found suitable. During the phase of reproduction, which is closely associated with growth, the trace element concentration in milk may provide an additional diagnostic means. In conclusion, the problems of diagnosing the supply status are discussed. A possibility for determination of the trace element requirement is indicated.", "contents": "A comparative view on trace elements and growth. The term 'essentiality' of trace elements is interpreted. The major human diseases due to trace element deficience (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr) are briefly considered. In growing animals the first clinical deficiency symptom most often is a growth retardation. In order to diagnose a deficient situation before the manifestation of clinical symptoms, model studies with growing animals are presented to show criteria that respond sensitively even to suboptimum intake of trace elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni). Activity measurements of enzymes and hormones are found suitable. During the phase of reproduction, which is closely associated with growth, the trace element concentration in milk may provide an additional diagnostic means. In conclusion, the problems of diagnosing the supply status are discussed. A possibility for determination of the trace element requirement is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:917347", "title": "Neuropsychiatric disorders of alcoholism.", "content": "The following neuropsychiatric disorders have been briefly described: alcohol withdrawal syndrome, delirium tremens, alcohol hallucinosis, Wernicke-Korsakow syndrome, seizures, tremor, Marchiafava-Bignami disease, central pontine myelinolysis, alcoholic amblyopia, alcoholic cerebellar degeneration cerebral atrophy, alterations of personality in chronic alcoholics, alcoholic polyneuropathy. The pathogenetical aspects  as well as the pathological findings have been reviewed with special emphasis on nutritional factors.", "contents": "Neuropsychiatric disorders of alcoholism. The following neuropsychiatric disorders have been briefly described: alcohol withdrawal syndrome, delirium tremens, alcohol hallucinosis, Wernicke-Korsakow syndrome, seizures, tremor, Marchiafava-Bignami disease, central pontine myelinolysis, alcoholic amblyopia, alcoholic cerebellar degeneration cerebral atrophy, alterations of personality in chronic alcoholics, alcoholic polyneuropathy. The pathogenetical aspects  as well as the pathological findings have been reviewed with special emphasis on nutritional factors."}
{"id": "PMID:917348", "title": "Alcohol and the pancreas.", "content": "Chronic pancreatitis is frequently observed in men drinking approximately 2 g-kg-1 day-1 during a mean of 17 years. The diet of these patients is abnormally rich in fat and protein. Giving alcohol and a similar diet to dogs and rats, it has been possible to reproduce chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. In men, dogs and rats, the first lesion seems to be the precipitation of the normal proteins of pancreatic juice into the ducts. Experimentally, chronic alcohol consumption is responsible for the section of a pancreatic juice which has an abnormally high concentration of proteins. This functional modification is partly hormonal but mostly due to cholinergic nerves.", "contents": "Alcohol and the pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis is frequently observed in men drinking approximately 2 g-kg-1 day-1 during a mean of 17 years. The diet of these patients is abnormally rich in fat and protein. Giving alcohol and a similar diet to dogs and rats, it has been possible to reproduce chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. In men, dogs and rats, the first lesion seems to be the precipitation of the normal proteins of pancreatic juice into the ducts. Experimentally, chronic alcohol consumption is responsible for the section of a pancreatic juice which has an abnormally high concentration of proteins. This functional modification is partly hormonal but mostly due to cholinergic nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:917349", "title": "Alcohol consumption and diseases of the liver.", "content": "Alcoholic liver damage is only produced by constant alcohol intake. Close dose and time relationships are apparent. For many years, alcoholic fatty liver is the only noticeable alteration. It is completely reversible in 2-4 weeks when ethanol intake is stopped. After about 6 years of chronic abuse alcoholic hepatitis may develop. Once established it progresses within weeks or months to cirrhosis if ethanol intake is not discontinued. On the other hand, alcoholic hepatitis heals under complete abstenence from alcohol with unimportant fibrosis. After over-indulgence in alcohol over a period of 22 years, there is a 50% probability of cirrhosis. This shows clearly that the resistance of the liver to alcohol varies considerably in different individuals. Even in early stages of alcoholic cirrhosis the prognosis is reasonable. If these patients observe complete abstenence from ethanol, their life expectation is only slightly different from the average of the population. The extent of the consumption of alcohol is of decisive importance for the development of cirrhosis. New and very careful investigations reveal that the susceptibility to alcohol is different in both sexes. For men the danger level would thus appear to be around 60 g and for women around 20 g of pure alcohol a day. Beyond these critical levels the morbidity of cirrhosis multiplies almost in geometric progression with increasing amounts of ethanol.", "contents": "Alcohol consumption and diseases of the liver. Alcoholic liver damage is only produced by constant alcohol intake. Close dose and time relationships are apparent. For many years, alcoholic fatty liver is the only noticeable alteration. It is completely reversible in 2-4 weeks when ethanol intake is stopped. After about 6 years of chronic abuse alcoholic hepatitis may develop. Once established it progresses within weeks or months to cirrhosis if ethanol intake is not discontinued. On the other hand, alcoholic hepatitis heals under complete abstenence from alcohol with unimportant fibrosis. After over-indulgence in alcohol over a period of 22 years, there is a 50% probability of cirrhosis. This shows clearly that the resistance of the liver to alcohol varies considerably in different individuals. Even in early stages of alcoholic cirrhosis the prognosis is reasonable. If these patients observe complete abstenence from ethanol, their life expectation is only slightly different from the average of the population. The extent of the consumption of alcohol is of decisive importance for the development of cirrhosis. New and very careful investigations reveal that the susceptibility to alcohol is different in both sexes. For men the danger level would thus appear to be around 60 g and for women around 20 g of pure alcohol a day. Beyond these critical levels the morbidity of cirrhosis multiplies almost in geometric progression with increasing amounts of ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:917350", "title": "The influence of dietary purines and pyrimidines on purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in man.", "content": "Allopurinol-induced orotaciduria is reduced by dietary ribonucleic acid (RNA), RNA hydrolysate and different nucleotides. These findings are compatible with feedback regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis by dietary nucleotides. Serum uric acid and urinary uric acid excretion on a purine-free isoenergetic diet reach a minimum after about 10 days and remain constant thereafter. When purines from different biochemical sources are added to such a diet there is always a linear relationship between dietary purines and serum uric acid level and urinary uric acid excretion. The findings suggest that dietary purines play a minor role if any in the regulation of purine biosynthesis in man.", "contents": "The influence of dietary purines and pyrimidines on purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in man. Allopurinol-induced orotaciduria is reduced by dietary ribonucleic acid (RNA), RNA hydrolysate and different nucleotides. These findings are compatible with feedback regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis by dietary nucleotides. Serum uric acid and urinary uric acid excretion on a purine-free isoenergetic diet reach a minimum after about 10 days and remain constant thereafter. When purines from different biochemical sources are added to such a diet there is always a linear relationship between dietary purines and serum uric acid level and urinary uric acid excretion. The findings suggest that dietary purines play a minor role if any in the regulation of purine biosynthesis in man."}
{"id": "PMID:917351", "title": "The nutritional significance of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism.", "content": "Inborn errors of metabolism affect the metabolism of 7 out of 8 essential amino acids and a number of non-essential ones. Dietary treatment has been applied with varying success. The wide variations in the severity of symptoms in this group of diseases are discussed. Dietary treatment opens the possibility to collect information about the minimal requirements of most essential amino acids. These requirements are likely to be still lower than those mentioned in the WHO Report No. 522, 1976. Children who for years have lived on one of these restricted diets, provide the possibility to compare the effect of such a diet on their nutritional status with that of children living on a normal diet.", "contents": "The nutritional significance of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Inborn errors of metabolism affect the metabolism of 7 out of 8 essential amino acids and a number of non-essential ones. Dietary treatment has been applied with varying success. The wide variations in the severity of symptoms in this group of diseases are discussed. Dietary treatment opens the possibility to collect information about the minimal requirements of most essential amino acids. These requirements are likely to be still lower than those mentioned in the WHO Report No. 522, 1976. Children who for years have lived on one of these restricted diets, provide the possibility to compare the effect of such a diet on their nutritional status with that of children living on a normal diet."}
{"id": "PMID:917352", "title": "Primary and secondary disturbances in trace element metabolism connected with genetic metabolic disorders.", "content": "Several primarily inherited disturbances of minerals and trace elements have been discovered within the last 20 years. Secondary disturbances of selenium and zinc induced by dietetic treatment of inborn errors of metabolism and by parenteral nutrition also came to our knowledge recently. Two main types of chronic or primary hypomagnesaemia are known which are caused either by impaired intestinal absorption or by false magnesium handling by the kidneys. In acrodermatitis enteropathica, an autosomal-recessive inherited disease leading to characteristic skin lesions, alopecia and dystrophy, low zinc concentrations of serum, urine and hair are measured. The intestinal absorption of zinc is reduced. In copper metabolism two inherited diseases are known with low serum and usually caerulosplasmin concentrations. In Menkes' steely hair syndrome (trichlpoliodystrophy) an intestinal net malabsorption of copper exists, whereas in Wilson's disease the copper contents of several organs are increased.", "contents": "Primary and secondary disturbances in trace element metabolism connected with genetic metabolic disorders. Several primarily inherited disturbances of minerals and trace elements have been discovered within the last 20 years. Secondary disturbances of selenium and zinc induced by dietetic treatment of inborn errors of metabolism and by parenteral nutrition also came to our knowledge recently. Two main types of chronic or primary hypomagnesaemia are known which are caused either by impaired intestinal absorption or by false magnesium handling by the kidneys. In acrodermatitis enteropathica, an autosomal-recessive inherited disease leading to characteristic skin lesions, alopecia and dystrophy, low zinc concentrations of serum, urine and hair are measured. The intestinal absorption of zinc is reduced. In copper metabolism two inherited diseases are known with low serum and usually caerulosplasmin concentrations. In Menkes' steely hair syndrome (trichlpoliodystrophy) an intestinal net malabsorption of copper exists, whereas in Wilson's disease the copper contents of several organs are increased."}
{"id": "PMID:917353", "title": "Coeliac disease.", "content": "In coeliac disease there is an abnormality of the intestinal mucosa which is caused by ingesting gluten. The intestinal lesion affects predominantly the proximal small intestine and the ileum is either normal or less severely involved than the jejunum. In some cases adaptive changes occur in the ileum, producing enhanced absorption in that region when there is malabsorption in the jejunum. The characteristic absorptive abnormality in coeliac disease is therefore jejunal malabsorption and ileal hyperabsorption. When such a situitation develops it is possible that an indivisual with a flat jejunal mucosa may develop no symptoms of the disease, since the adaptive changes in the ileum compensate for the jejunal lesion. This may explain why in Western society there are probably more cases of coeliac disease undiagnosed in the community that have been treated by their doctors. The basic lesion in coeliac disease appears to be genetically determined and it is likely to be a failure to clear antigen which normally enters the lamina propria of the gut resulting in the formation of immune complexes with complement fixation at gut level.", "contents": "Coeliac disease. In coeliac disease there is an abnormality of the intestinal mucosa which is caused by ingesting gluten. The intestinal lesion affects predominantly the proximal small intestine and the ileum is either normal or less severely involved than the jejunum. In some cases adaptive changes occur in the ileum, producing enhanced absorption in that region when there is malabsorption in the jejunum. The characteristic absorptive abnormality in coeliac disease is therefore jejunal malabsorption and ileal hyperabsorption. When such a situitation develops it is possible that an indivisual with a flat jejunal mucosa may develop no symptoms of the disease, since the adaptive changes in the ileum compensate for the jejunal lesion. This may explain why in Western society there are probably more cases of coeliac disease undiagnosed in the community that have been treated by their doctors. The basic lesion in coeliac disease appears to be genetically determined and it is likely to be a failure to clear antigen which normally enters the lamina propria of the gut resulting in the formation of immune complexes with complement fixation at gut level."}
{"id": "PMID:917354", "title": "The energetics of fat deposition during growth.", "content": "Attention was paid to the levels of importance of maintenance, protein and fat deposition in growing monogastrics. Some information was presented on the composition of their daily gain. Theoretical efficiency values of fat synthesis were derived from biochemical information and compared with those found in balance trials. Factors determining maintenance needs including thermoregulation and physical activity were discussed. Some aspects of energy metabolism and regulation of body fat deposition and mobilization were described including the processes of hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Finally, the role of fat as a well-regulated, rapidly adaptable buffer within the monogastric's total metabolism was emphasized.", "contents": "The energetics of fat deposition during growth. Attention was paid to the levels of importance of maintenance, protein and fat deposition in growing monogastrics. Some information was presented on the composition of their daily gain. Theoretical efficiency values of fat synthesis were derived from biochemical information and compared with those found in balance trials. Factors determining maintenance needs including thermoregulation and physical activity were discussed. Some aspects of energy metabolism and regulation of body fat deposition and mobilization were described including the processes of hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Finally, the role of fat as a well-regulated, rapidly adaptable buffer within the monogastric's total metabolism was emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:917355", "title": "[Influence of prolonged protein-free diet on the amino acid content of blood and muscles in rats].", "content": "The influence of a protein-free diet in adult male rats has been evaluated for a 6-week period. Nitrogen retention, hepatic protein and free amino acid content in blood and muscle were determined as adaptation criteria. Long-lasting protein depletion did not modify the pattern of response affering in a shorter period: i.e. sparing of nitrogen and use of endogenous amino acids for protein synthesis. Except for lysine, arginine and histidine, the essential amino acids decreased in blood and the non-essential acids increased. The final effect was a decrease of the essential to non-essential amino acid ratio and a decrease in all amino acids in muscle.", "contents": "[Influence of prolonged protein-free diet on the amino acid content of blood and muscles in rats]. The influence of a protein-free diet in adult male rats has been evaluated for a 6-week period. Nitrogen retention, hepatic protein and free amino acid content in blood and muscle were determined as adaptation criteria. Long-lasting protein depletion did not modify the pattern of response affering in a shorter period: i.e. sparing of nitrogen and use of endogenous amino acids for protein synthesis. Except for lysine, arginine and histidine, the essential amino acids decreased in blood and the non-essential acids increased. The final effect was a decrease of the essential to non-essential amino acid ratio and a decrease in all amino acids in muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:917356", "title": "Effect of thiamine deficiency in pregnant and lactating rats on the brain of their offspring.", "content": "In an attempt to create a model of human infantile beriberi, pregnant rats were fed, from the 10th day of pregnancy through lactation, a low-thiamine diet. Controls were either pair-fed or offered a nutritionally complete diet ad libitum. Dams exhibited symptoms of thiamine deficiency after 30 days on the experimental diet, whereas the their pups displayed signs of thiamine deficiency from the 14th postnatal day. Brain transketolase activity was depressed in day-old thiamine-deficient pups, and brain pyruvic acid levels were elevated after the 7th postnatal day. From the 14th postnatal day, brains of thiamine-deficient pups contained less phospholipids, cerebrosides and cholesterol than those of both controls. On the 21st day, weight and lipid content of brains of thiamine-deficient and of pair-fed pups were lower than those of normal controls. In some rats rehabilitation with thiamine was begun on the 19th day, and after 23 days, brain cerebroside content was still lower in the experimental group than in both controls. Since cerebrosides are an essential component of myelin, this finding may suggest damage of the myelin sheath.", "contents": "Effect of thiamine deficiency in pregnant and lactating rats on the brain of their offspring. In an attempt to create a model of human infantile beriberi, pregnant rats were fed, from the 10th day of pregnancy through lactation, a low-thiamine diet. Controls were either pair-fed or offered a nutritionally complete diet ad libitum. Dams exhibited symptoms of thiamine deficiency after 30 days on the experimental diet, whereas the their pups displayed signs of thiamine deficiency from the 14th postnatal day. Brain transketolase activity was depressed in day-old thiamine-deficient pups, and brain pyruvic acid levels were elevated after the 7th postnatal day. From the 14th postnatal day, brains of thiamine-deficient pups contained less phospholipids, cerebrosides and cholesterol than those of both controls. On the 21st day, weight and lipid content of brains of thiamine-deficient and of pair-fed pups were lower than those of normal controls. In some rats rehabilitation with thiamine was begun on the 19th day, and after 23 days, brain cerebroside content was still lower in the experimental group than in both controls. Since cerebrosides are an essential component of myelin, this finding may suggest damage of the myelin sheath."}
{"id": "PMID:917357", "title": "Suppression of transduodenal manganese transport by milk diet supplemented with iron.", "content": "The effect of iron on manganese transport through, and its retention in, the duodenal wall was studied in 5-week-old female albino rats. Animals were fed only cow's milk supplemented with different doses of ferrous sulphate (0.60-19.0 mg Fe/100 ml) for 3 days before killing. Manganese transport was studied in vitro by the method of 'everted gut sac.' In all rats fed milk supplemented with iron the manganese transport through, and its retention within, the intestinal wall was signifcantly lower than when no iron was given (0.001 greater than p less than 0.001). The suppression of both the transfer and intestinal retention of managanese suggests a saturation effect produced by iron which levels off above 5 mg Fe/100 ml milk.", "contents": "Suppression of transduodenal manganese transport by milk diet supplemented with iron. The effect of iron on manganese transport through, and its retention in, the duodenal wall was studied in 5-week-old female albino rats. Animals were fed only cow's milk supplemented with different doses of ferrous sulphate (0.60-19.0 mg Fe/100 ml) for 3 days before killing. Manganese transport was studied in vitro by the method of 'everted gut sac.' In all rats fed milk supplemented with iron the manganese transport through, and its retention within, the intestinal wall was signifcantly lower than when no iron was given (0.001 greater than p less than 0.001). The suppression of both the transfer and intestinal retention of managanese suggests a saturation effect produced by iron which levels off above 5 mg Fe/100 ml milk."}
{"id": "PMID:917358", "title": "Assimilation of 14C-linoleic acid by the rat fetus.", "content": "Following ingestion, by the 20-day pregnant mother, of (1-14C)linoleic acid, the retention and distribution of 14C are determined in th fetus, placenta and mother, after 1, 3 and 6 h. Comparison of the specific activities of linoleic and arachidonic acids in the maternal plasma, liver and placenta, and the fetal plasma, liver and carcass leads to the conclusion of a selective materno-fetal transfer of arachidonic acid, relative to linoleic acid, through the placenta.", "contents": "Assimilation of 14C-linoleic acid by the rat fetus. Following ingestion, by the 20-day pregnant mother, of (1-14C)linoleic acid, the retention and distribution of 14C are determined in th fetus, placenta and mother, after 1, 3 and 6 h. Comparison of the specific activities of linoleic and arachidonic acids in the maternal plasma, liver and placenta, and the fetal plasma, liver and carcass leads to the conclusion of a selective materno-fetal transfer of arachidonic acid, relative to linoleic acid, through the placenta."}
{"id": "PMID:917359", "title": "The effect of glypondin on glycogen and protein accumulation in rat organs.", "content": "Rats were treated for 21 days with 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg Glypondin dissolved in the drinking water. The weight-increasing effect of Glypondin was studied in rat organs. In the liver a significant rise in the concentration of TCA-soluble glycogen was demonstrated. In the myocardium and m. gastrocnemius the concentration of both the labile and glycogen was unchanged. In the m. gastrocnemius of rats treated with Glypondin a significant rise in the concentration of noncollagenous protein was demonstrated.", "contents": "The effect of glypondin on glycogen and protein accumulation in rat organs. Rats were treated for 21 days with 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg Glypondin dissolved in the drinking water. The weight-increasing effect of Glypondin was studied in rat organs. In the liver a significant rise in the concentration of TCA-soluble glycogen was demonstrated. In the myocardium and m. gastrocnemius the concentration of both the labile and glycogen was unchanged. In the m. gastrocnemius of rats treated with Glypondin a significant rise in the concentration of noncollagenous protein was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:917360", "title": "The failure of the cat to desaturate linoleic acid; its nutritional implications.", "content": "In vivo administration of 1-14C-linoleic acid to domestic cats demonstrated that these animals are unable to convert this essential fatty acid to its physiologically active metabolities. This experiment confirms the absence of both the delta6 and delta8 desaturases in the cat, and suggests that this species has a dietary requirement for polyunsaturated fatty acids of animal origin.", "contents": "The failure of the cat to desaturate linoleic acid; its nutritional implications. In vivo administration of 1-14C-linoleic acid to domestic cats demonstrated that these animals are unable to convert this essential fatty acid to its physiologically active metabolities. This experiment confirms the absence of both the delta6 and delta8 desaturases in the cat, and suggests that this species has a dietary requirement for polyunsaturated fatty acids of animal origin."}
{"id": "PMID:917437", "title": "Model systems for the study of prostatic cancer.", "content": "Application of suitable in vivo and in vitro model systems are necessary to further investigations in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Model systems are defined, and discussed in terms of their potential application to the study of the neoplastic process.", "contents": "Model systems for the study of prostatic cancer. Application of suitable in vivo and in vitro model systems are necessary to further investigations in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Model systems are defined, and discussed in terms of their potential application to the study of the neoplastic process."}
{"id": "PMID:917438", "title": "An isotope release cytotoxicity assay applicable to human tumors: the use of 111indium.", "content": "We have demonstrated that human tumors can be labelled efficiently with the 111indium-oxine chelate. Subsequently, this isotope can be released by cytotoxic lymphoid cells. Both natural and induced cytotoxicity can be demonstrated utilizing this isotope release method. Because of the slow spontaneous release of 111indium and its efficient labelling of human tumor cells, this isotope release assay can be utilized in long-term cytotoxic assays in the study of human tumor immunology.", "contents": "An isotope release cytotoxicity assay applicable to human tumors: the use of 111indium. We have demonstrated that human tumors can be labelled efficiently with the 111indium-oxine chelate. Subsequently, this isotope can be released by cytotoxic lymphoid cells. Both natural and induced cytotoxicity can be demonstrated utilizing this isotope release method. Because of the slow spontaneous release of 111indium and its efficient labelling of human tumor cells, this isotope release assay can be utilized in long-term cytotoxic assays in the study of human tumor immunology."}
{"id": "PMID:917439", "title": "The Dunning R3327 prostate adenocarcinoma in the Fischer-Copenhagen F1 rat: a useful model for immunological studies.", "content": "The Dunning R3327 tumor sublines in the Fischer-Copenhagen F1 rat provide a spectrum of transplantable prostate adenocarcinomas for the study of host-tumor interactions. The tumor can be transplanted with both fresh and cryopreserved cell suspensions. The F1 rat is an appropriate animal for immunological studies based on humoral and cellular immune responses. Preliminary evidence of the host-tumor relationship in the F1 rat indicates that purified membrane preparations induced a specific cytotoxic population of lymphocytes.", "contents": "The Dunning R3327 prostate adenocarcinoma in the Fischer-Copenhagen F1 rat: a useful model for immunological studies. The Dunning R3327 tumor sublines in the Fischer-Copenhagen F1 rat provide a spectrum of transplantable prostate adenocarcinomas for the study of host-tumor interactions. The tumor can be transplanted with both fresh and cryopreserved cell suspensions. The F1 rat is an appropriate animal for immunological studies based on humoral and cellular immune responses. Preliminary evidence of the host-tumor relationship in the F1 rat indicates that purified membrane preparations induced a specific cytotoxic population of lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:917440", "title": "Chemotherapy of the transplantable adenocarcinoma (R-3327) of the Copenhagen rat.", "content": "A number of therapeutic agents including L-asparaginase, Actinomycin-D, CCNU, Hydroxyurea, 5-FU, Cis-platinum, Cyclophosphamide, orchiectomy, Adriamycin and DES alone and in various combinations has been applied against the Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma subline G. We have found a parallel between the results of this study and those of similar therapeutic application to the human tumor. We conclude that this animal model may prove to be a useful screening system for agents against human prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of the transplantable adenocarcinoma (R-3327) of the Copenhagen rat. A number of therapeutic agents including L-asparaginase, Actinomycin-D, CCNU, Hydroxyurea, 5-FU, Cis-platinum, Cyclophosphamide, orchiectomy, Adriamycin and DES alone and in various combinations has been applied against the Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma subline G. We have found a parallel between the results of this study and those of similar therapeutic application to the human tumor. We conclude that this animal model may prove to be a useful screening system for agents against human prostatic cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:917442", "title": "Investigations on prostatic adenocarcinomas in rats.", "content": "Metastatic prostate adenocarcinomas, derived from aging germfree Wistar rats, have been propagated in rats and in tissue culture. A protocol has been developed and demonstrated for assay of treatments which retard or which accelerate the rate and extent of tumor growth and of metastasis in tumor-bearing rats. The pattern of spread has been retarded by cyclophosphamide, aspirin, indomethacin, and Corynebacterium parvum. The spread pattern has been accelerated by oral administrations of sodium barbiturate.", "contents": "Investigations on prostatic adenocarcinomas in rats. Metastatic prostate adenocarcinomas, derived from aging germfree Wistar rats, have been propagated in rats and in tissue culture. A protocol has been developed and demonstrated for assay of treatments which retard or which accelerate the rate and extent of tumor growth and of metastasis in tumor-bearing rats. The pattern of spread has been retarded by cyclophosphamide, aspirin, indomethacin, and Corynebacterium parvum. The spread pattern has been accelerated by oral administrations of sodium barbiturate."}
{"id": "PMID:917443", "title": "Cell kinetic studies of prostatic cancer: adjuvant therapy in animal models.", "content": "Cell kinetic studies have been applied to the rat prostatic cancer R-3327-AT. This transplantable anaplastic tumor has a rapid growth rate and doubles its volume every 2.17 days. Cell kinetic considerations have been used to design a therapeutic approach which is capable of curing animals carrying this tumor, or providing long periods of complete remission. This treatment approach involves chemotherapy followed by surgery and immuno-stimulation with pyran copolymer. Such adjuvant tumor therapy is most effective against a small tumor load. The application of cell kinetic considerations to the control of human prostatic cancer is discussed.", "contents": "Cell kinetic studies of prostatic cancer: adjuvant therapy in animal models. Cell kinetic studies have been applied to the rat prostatic cancer R-3327-AT. This transplantable anaplastic tumor has a rapid growth rate and doubles its volume every 2.17 days. Cell kinetic considerations have been used to design a therapeutic approach which is capable of curing animals carrying this tumor, or providing long periods of complete remission. This treatment approach involves chemotherapy followed by surgery and immuno-stimulation with pyran copolymer. Such adjuvant tumor therapy is most effective against a small tumor load. The application of cell kinetic considerations to the control of human prostatic cancer is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:917444", "title": "Sex steroids as a cause of adenocarcinoma of the dorsal prostate in Nb rats, and their influence on the growth of transplants.", "content": "The development of adenocarcinoma of the dorsal prostate of Nb rats following prolonged treatment with pellets of testosterone propionate alone or with esterone allowed the establishment of transplantable tumor models. Whereas most transplants were autonomous and not influenced by hormones, one estrogen dependent tumor was studied in detail. This tumor would only grow in estrogenised hosts, cells remaining dormant in normal animals. Removal of estrogen from animals with growing tumors led to tumor regression but with progression and eventual regrowth of tumors which were autonomous. Replacement with lower doses of estrogen reduced the extent of regression and prevented autonomous change. When a regressed estrogen dependent tumor was exposed to prolonged treatment with testosterone propionate pellets, the eventual regrowth was found to be androgen dependent and would not grow in estrogenised animals. Progression could apparently be directed by this procedure from estrogen to androgen dependency.", "contents": "Sex steroids as a cause of adenocarcinoma of the dorsal prostate in Nb rats, and their influence on the growth of transplants. The development of adenocarcinoma of the dorsal prostate of Nb rats following prolonged treatment with pellets of testosterone propionate alone or with esterone allowed the establishment of transplantable tumor models. Whereas most transplants were autonomous and not influenced by hormones, one estrogen dependent tumor was studied in detail. This tumor would only grow in estrogenised hosts, cells remaining dormant in normal animals. Removal of estrogen from animals with growing tumors led to tumor regression but with progression and eventual regrowth of tumors which were autonomous. Replacement with lower doses of estrogen reduced the extent of regression and prevented autonomous change. When a regressed estrogen dependent tumor was exposed to prolonged treatment with testosterone propionate pellets, the eventual regrowth was found to be androgen dependent and would not grow in estrogenised animals. Progression could apparently be directed by this procedure from estrogen to androgen dependency."}
{"id": "PMID:917445", "title": "The limitations of model systems in prostatic cancer.", "content": "The quest for an ideal model useful for designing treatment strategies as well as providing biological information is not a realistic goal. A multitude of models are required to answer a multiplicity of questions. However, given the currently available treatment modalities much can be accomplished directly in man without resorting to preclinical models.", "contents": "The limitations of model systems in prostatic cancer. The quest for an ideal model useful for designing treatment strategies as well as providing biological information is not a realistic goal. A multitude of models are required to answer a multiplicity of questions. However, given the currently available treatment modalities much can be accomplished directly in man without resorting to preclinical models."}
{"id": "PMID:917446", "title": "HLA antigens in bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "A decrease in the frequency of HLA-A2 was noticed in 37 bronchogenic carcinoma patients studied. HLA-B8 was found to be increased in the prolonged survivors of bronchogenic carcinoma.", "contents": "HLA antigens in bronchogenic carcinoma. A decrease in the frequency of HLA-A2 was noticed in 37 bronchogenic carcinoma patients studied. HLA-B8 was found to be increased in the prolonged survivors of bronchogenic carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:917447", "title": "Effect of lithium carbonate on the neutropenia caused by chemotherapy: a preliminary clinical trial.", "content": "Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) increases circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and perhaps granulopoiesis in man. 25 patients with advanced malignancies ingested Li2CO3 during a cycle of intermittent combination chemotherapy. Weekly hemoglobin, platelet, total white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts in the evaluable patients were not significantly different from cycles before and after the Li2CO3 cycles. However, the mean absolute PMN nadir while on Li2CO3 was 26% and 40% higher than the control cycles before and after Li2CO3 respectively. When compared individually, the PMN nadirs were significantly higher during the cycle with Li2CO3, than before (p = .05) or after (p = .05). The clinical and biological significance of this observation is presently unclear.", "contents": "Effect of lithium carbonate on the neutropenia caused by chemotherapy: a preliminary clinical trial. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) increases circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and perhaps granulopoiesis in man. 25 patients with advanced malignancies ingested Li2CO3 during a cycle of intermittent combination chemotherapy. Weekly hemoglobin, platelet, total white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts in the evaluable patients were not significantly different from cycles before and after the Li2CO3 cycles. However, the mean absolute PMN nadir while on Li2CO3 was 26% and 40% higher than the control cycles before and after Li2CO3 respectively. When compared individually, the PMN nadirs were significantly higher during the cycle with Li2CO3, than before (p = .05) or after (p = .05). The clinical and biological significance of this observation is presently unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:917448", "title": "Inhibition of experimental metastatic spread by nonspecific stimulants.", "content": "It has been demonstrated by a syngeneic metastatic model of the XVII mouse that pretreatment of the animals with BCG and Freund's adjuvant brings about a significant inhibition of metastatic growth. This inhibition is further increased by combined pretreatment with nonspecific stimulants and additional specific immunisation of the animals against the given tumor.", "contents": "Inhibition of experimental metastatic spread by nonspecific stimulants. It has been demonstrated by a syngeneic metastatic model of the XVII mouse that pretreatment of the animals with BCG and Freund's adjuvant brings about a significant inhibition of metastatic growth. This inhibition is further increased by combined pretreatment with nonspecific stimulants and additional specific immunisation of the animals against the given tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:917449", "title": "Antineoplastic activity and pharmacokinetics of adriamycin and daunomycin in tumor bearing mice.", "content": "In C57B1/6 mice bearing the intramuscular Lewis lung carcinoma, single intravenous doses of Adriamycin showed an higher antineoplastic effectiveness on the primary tumor and its lung metastasis than equal doses of its analog Daunomycin. The in vitro cell-binding of Daunomycin to these tumor cells was higher than that of Adriamycin, but no differences in cytotoxicity were found between the two agents. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that Adriamycin (and/or its metabolites) accumulated in the neoplastic tissue more promptly, in significantly greater quantities and for longer periods than Daunomycin. The possible importance of these findings in explaining the greater therapeutic activity of Adriamycin in experimental animals is discussed.", "contents": "Antineoplastic activity and pharmacokinetics of adriamycin and daunomycin in tumor bearing mice. In C57B1/6 mice bearing the intramuscular Lewis lung carcinoma, single intravenous doses of Adriamycin showed an higher antineoplastic effectiveness on the primary tumor and its lung metastasis than equal doses of its analog Daunomycin. The in vitro cell-binding of Daunomycin to these tumor cells was higher than that of Adriamycin, but no differences in cytotoxicity were found between the two agents. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that Adriamycin (and/or its metabolites) accumulated in the neoplastic tissue more promptly, in significantly greater quantities and for longer periods than Daunomycin. The possible importance of these findings in explaining the greater therapeutic activity of Adriamycin in experimental animals is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:917450", "title": "Localisation of Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas by 67-gallium substraction scanning.", "content": "67Ga-subtraction scan was found to be useful and a promising new method for the pre-treatment evaluation of the patient with Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The scan appeared to be most accurate in the neck, chest, and axillary regions. It appears to offer a means of increasing the accuracy of evaluating the abdomen, the para-aortic and pelvic regions. It may be a useful method for the follow-up to detect recurrences. It was an easily performed, safe, non-invasive test, well tolerated and accepted by patients.", "contents": "Localisation of Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas by 67-gallium substraction scanning. 67Ga-subtraction scan was found to be useful and a promising new method for the pre-treatment evaluation of the patient with Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The scan appeared to be most accurate in the neck, chest, and axillary regions. It appears to offer a means of increasing the accuracy of evaluating the abdomen, the para-aortic and pelvic regions. It may be a useful method for the follow-up to detect recurrences. It was an easily performed, safe, non-invasive test, well tolerated and accepted by patients."}
{"id": "PMID:917452", "title": "Establishment and cytogenetic analysis of a cell line derived from a human epithelioma of the lung..", "content": "A continuously growing cell line, established from a bronchial carcinoma of sqamous cell type derived from a 56 year old white male, has been kept in culture since 1971. The line, named E14, is now in its 158th passage. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrates a slight gain of chromosome number up to the 100th passage, since when the stem-line has remained fairly stable at between 58 and 61 chromosomes. Banding analyses indicate that, whereas minor changes in the structural rearrangements of the karyotype are constantly occuring, the basic tumor genotype remains fairly stable.", "contents": "Establishment and cytogenetic analysis of a cell line derived from a human epithelioma of the lung.. A continuously growing cell line, established from a bronchial carcinoma of sqamous cell type derived from a 56 year old white male, has been kept in culture since 1971. The line, named E14, is now in its 158th passage. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrates a slight gain of chromosome number up to the 100th passage, since when the stem-line has remained fairly stable at between 58 and 61 chromosomes. Banding analyses indicate that, whereas minor changes in the structural rearrangements of the karyotype are constantly occuring, the basic tumor genotype remains fairly stable."}
{"id": "PMID:917453", "title": "Lewis lung tumor system as a model for studying the immune function in syngeneic in equillibrium allogeneic chimeras.", "content": "Lewis lung tumor (LLT) passaged in F1 hybrids of the original C57B1/6 strain, where it arose spontaneously, is rejected by allogeneic SWA (Swiss albino) mice. However, aggregation chimeras derived from these SWA mice and the F1 hybrids of C57B1/6 developed an increased growth of primary tumor and reduced number of metastases when compared with the F1 hybrids. In the present study LLT passaged in C57B1/6 mice is not rejected by SWA mice. It is demonstrated that in aggregation chimeras now derived from two strains both taking the tumor, primary tumor growth was enhanced and the number of metastases reduced as in the former experiment. The tendency of reactions of lymphatic orgains in chimeras to tumor burden was comparable with the SWA and F1 hybrid (C57B1/6 multiplied by SWA and SWA multiplied by C57B1/6) recipients' response. Furthermore, chimeras had the highest spleen enlargement. Possible alternations in immune functions of chimeras due to their differing genotype combination are discussed in the LLT model.", "contents": "Lewis lung tumor system as a model for studying the immune function in syngeneic in equillibrium allogeneic chimeras. Lewis lung tumor (LLT) passaged in F1 hybrids of the original C57B1/6 strain, where it arose spontaneously, is rejected by allogeneic SWA (Swiss albino) mice. However, aggregation chimeras derived from these SWA mice and the F1 hybrids of C57B1/6 developed an increased growth of primary tumor and reduced number of metastases when compared with the F1 hybrids. In the present study LLT passaged in C57B1/6 mice is not rejected by SWA mice. It is demonstrated that in aggregation chimeras now derived from two strains both taking the tumor, primary tumor growth was enhanced and the number of metastases reduced as in the former experiment. The tendency of reactions of lymphatic orgains in chimeras to tumor burden was comparable with the SWA and F1 hybrid (C57B1/6 multiplied by SWA and SWA multiplied by C57B1/6) recipients' response. Furthermore, chimeras had the highest spleen enlargement. Possible alternations in immune functions of chimeras due to their differing genotype combination are discussed in the LLT model."}
{"id": "PMID:917454", "title": "Suppressed tumor growth and metastasis by vitamin A + BCG in Lewis lung tumor bearing mice.", "content": "The anti-tumor effect of vitamin A and/or BCG was investigated in Lewis lung tumor system. Tumor growth and lung metastases were significantly suppressed, when tumor cells were mixed with BCG and inoculated subcutaneously into vitamin A-treated animals. Survival time was also prolonged by the same treatment. Vitamin A alone, without BCG, showed no effect on tumour growth, lung metastases or survival time.", "contents": "Suppressed tumor growth and metastasis by vitamin A + BCG in Lewis lung tumor bearing mice. The anti-tumor effect of vitamin A and/or BCG was investigated in Lewis lung tumor system. Tumor growth and lung metastases were significantly suppressed, when tumor cells were mixed with BCG and inoculated subcutaneously into vitamin A-treated animals. Survival time was also prolonged by the same treatment. Vitamin A alone, without BCG, showed no effect on tumour growth, lung metastases or survival time."}
{"id": "PMID:917455", "title": "Demonstration of tumor-associated antigens on tumor cell hybrids by means of the leucocyte-migration-inhibition-test.", "content": "The lymphocytes of patients with inoperable bronchus carcinoma were investigated for their in vitro reactivity toward tumor-associated antigens. The leucocyte-migration-inhibition-test (LMIT) was applied using formalinised tumor cells and tumor cell hybrid cell lines. 34 patients with inoperable suqamous cell carcinoma of the lung and 21 healthy controls were tested for their leucocyte sensitisation to these cells. 55 percent of the patients with lung cancer showed a specific LMI toward the E-14 cell line, (an established cell line from a human squamous cell carcinoma of the lung), compared to only 9 percent of the controls. There was about the same percentage of specific reactions of the lymphocytes to three different hybrid cell lines which have only a few human chromosomes left over. There was no reactivity to the parental hamster fibroblasts. It is assumed that the hybrid cells carry the same tumor-associated antigens on their cell surfaces as the E-14 tumor cells.", "contents": "Demonstration of tumor-associated antigens on tumor cell hybrids by means of the leucocyte-migration-inhibition-test. The lymphocytes of patients with inoperable bronchus carcinoma were investigated for their in vitro reactivity toward tumor-associated antigens. The leucocyte-migration-inhibition-test (LMIT) was applied using formalinised tumor cells and tumor cell hybrid cell lines. 34 patients with inoperable suqamous cell carcinoma of the lung and 21 healthy controls were tested for their leucocyte sensitisation to these cells. 55 percent of the patients with lung cancer showed a specific LMI toward the E-14 cell line, (an established cell line from a human squamous cell carcinoma of the lung), compared to only 9 percent of the controls. There was about the same percentage of specific reactions of the lymphocytes to three different hybrid cell lines which have only a few human chromosomes left over. There was no reactivity to the parental hamster fibroblasts. It is assumed that the hybrid cells carry the same tumor-associated antigens on their cell surfaces as the E-14 tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:917456", "title": "Active specific and active non-specific immunotherapy in patients with malignant melanoma.", "content": "Patients in clinical stage I-III of malignant melanoma were treated after resection of the tumor mass with membrane extracts of autologous tumor tissue and BCG or BCG alone. They were monitored immunologically by delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions, i.e. skin tests with recall antigens, with autologous tumor membrane extracts and 2-4Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The lymphocyte reactivity was assessed in vitro with direct lymphocyte migration inhibition assay; purified tuberculin and autologous or allogeneic tumor extracts were used as antigens. In this study, which includes 50 patients up to now, it could be demonstrated that it is possible to increase tumor-specific and general immune reactivity by this form of treatment.", "contents": "Active specific and active non-specific immunotherapy in patients with malignant melanoma. Patients in clinical stage I-III of malignant melanoma were treated after resection of the tumor mass with membrane extracts of autologous tumor tissue and BCG or BCG alone. They were monitored immunologically by delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions, i.e. skin tests with recall antigens, with autologous tumor membrane extracts and 2-4Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The lymphocyte reactivity was assessed in vitro with direct lymphocyte migration inhibition assay; purified tuberculin and autologous or allogeneic tumor extracts were used as antigens. In this study, which includes 50 patients up to now, it could be demonstrated that it is possible to increase tumor-specific and general immune reactivity by this form of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:917457", "title": "Stimulation of immune response in lung cancer patients by vitamin A therapy.", "content": "Based on a clinical trial, in which patients with unresectable bronchogenic cancer were treated with a combination of vitamin A plus chemotherapy, or vitamin A plus radiotherapy, a study was initiated in which vitamin A alone was given for tumor treatment. 9 male patients with metastatic unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the lung were treated with vitamin A palmitate or 13-cis vitamin A acid. Up to seven treatment courses were given during a period of 60 weeks. Through weekly evaluation of the patients' immune status, an immune potentiating effect of the vitamin A therapy could be demonstrated. An increase of lymphocyte blastogenesis response to PHA which is significant (p less than 0.001) compared with the pretreatment values, was found in all patients at the end of one vitamin A treatment course. Increased delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were observed also in all patients. The immune potentiating effects of vitamin A therapy, as well as the demonstrated direct effect on the tumor, introduces a wide range of combination therapies.", "contents": "Stimulation of immune response in lung cancer patients by vitamin A therapy. Based on a clinical trial, in which patients with unresectable bronchogenic cancer were treated with a combination of vitamin A plus chemotherapy, or vitamin A plus radiotherapy, a study was initiated in which vitamin A alone was given for tumor treatment. 9 male patients with metastatic unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the lung were treated with vitamin A palmitate or 13-cis vitamin A acid. Up to seven treatment courses were given during a period of 60 weeks. Through weekly evaluation of the patients' immune status, an immune potentiating effect of the vitamin A therapy could be demonstrated. An increase of lymphocyte blastogenesis response to PHA which is significant (p less than 0.001) compared with the pretreatment values, was found in all patients at the end of one vitamin A treatment course. Increased delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were observed also in all patients. The immune potentiating effects of vitamin A therapy, as well as the demonstrated direct effect on the tumor, introduces a wide range of combination therapies."}
{"id": "PMID:917466", "title": "Fibrous dysplasia.", "content": "An overview of the spectrum and natural history of fibrous dysplasia is an essential prerequisite of management. Current medical interest has focused upon the intriguing pathogenesis of the bone lesions, the endocrinopathies, the cutaneous pigmentation, and malignant transformation. The mundane aspects of diagnosis and the complications of a soft bone disorder reside with the clinical orthopedist. Diagnosis is straightforward with the aid of biopsy. Conservatism in the surgical treatment of monostotic lesions and experience in the care of fractures and deformity in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia constitute the lessons learned in a series of over 50 patients with fibrous dysplasia.", "contents": "Fibrous dysplasia. An overview of the spectrum and natural history of fibrous dysplasia is an essential prerequisite of management. Current medical interest has focused upon the intriguing pathogenesis of the bone lesions, the endocrinopathies, the cutaneous pigmentation, and malignant transformation. The mundane aspects of diagnosis and the complications of a soft bone disorder reside with the clinical orthopedist. Diagnosis is straightforward with the aid of biopsy. Conservatism in the surgical treatment of monostotic lesions and experience in the care of fractures and deformity in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia constitute the lessons learned in a series of over 50 patients with fibrous dysplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:917467", "title": "Pulmonary resection for sarcoma metastases.", "content": "We use pulmonary resection in patients with metastatic disease confined to the lungs when the primary disease is controlled, when the tumor doubling time of metastases is longer than 40 days, and when there is no evidence of metastases to other viscera. A staged bilateral thoracotomy should be performed when necessary. The size of the lesions and the number of lesions are not contraindications for resection. Pneumonectomy has been performed with gratifying long term results. Treatment in patients who have rapidly progressive metastatic lesions (tumor doubling time less than 40 days) or who have other metastatic disease must be considered experimental. Chemotherapeutic regimens used as adjuncts to pulmonary resection may produce extreme toxicity in this group of patients. This form of therapy must be administered and followed by experienced personnel in a medical center with facilities for close supervision.", "contents": "Pulmonary resection for sarcoma metastases. We use pulmonary resection in patients with metastatic disease confined to the lungs when the primary disease is controlled, when the tumor doubling time of metastases is longer than 40 days, and when there is no evidence of metastases to other viscera. A staged bilateral thoracotomy should be performed when necessary. The size of the lesions and the number of lesions are not contraindications for resection. Pneumonectomy has been performed with gratifying long term results. Treatment in patients who have rapidly progressive metastatic lesions (tumor doubling time less than 40 days) or who have other metastatic disease must be considered experimental. Chemotherapeutic regimens used as adjuncts to pulmonary resection may produce extreme toxicity in this group of patients. This form of therapy must be administered and followed by experienced personnel in a medical center with facilities for close supervision."}
{"id": "PMID:917473", "title": "Eosinophilic granuloma and its variations.", "content": "The orthopedist is most likely to encounter solitary or multiple forms of eosinophilic granuloma of bone. Management includes curettage for diagnosis and treatment with insertion of autogenous bone. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are reserved for patients with multiple lesions and for the less common forms of histiocytosis X, i.e., Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease and Letterer-Siwe disease.", "contents": "Eosinophilic granuloma and its variations. The orthopedist is most likely to encounter solitary or multiple forms of eosinophilic granuloma of bone. Management includes curettage for diagnosis and treatment with insertion of autogenous bone. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are reserved for patients with multiple lesions and for the less common forms of histiocytosis X, i.e., Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease and Letterer-Siwe disease."}
{"id": "PMID:917474", "title": "Angiography for mass lesions of bone, joint, and soft tissue.", "content": "Information can be acquired from the angiogram that would aid the surgeon in his approach. Such problems as the site of biopsy, the size and extent of the growth, and variant anatomical situations can be known beforehand. The extent of major vessel involvement is also important. Knowledge that a tumor may be difficult to excise without compromising a vital neuromuscular structure is worthy of consideration. We have endeavored to summarize our experience as it relates to mass lesions of the musculoskeletal system. Certain signs -- arteriovenous shunting, hypervascularity -- appear to indicate that the mass is malignant, whereas five other features can be seen in any of the conditions reviewed. As with any invasive procedure, the risks must be weighed against the information gained. At the time of this writing we consider angiography to be a worthwhile procedure.", "contents": "Angiography for mass lesions of bone, joint, and soft tissue. Information can be acquired from the angiogram that would aid the surgeon in his approach. Such problems as the site of biopsy, the size and extent of the growth, and variant anatomical situations can be known beforehand. The extent of major vessel involvement is also important. Knowledge that a tumor may be difficult to excise without compromising a vital neuromuscular structure is worthy of consideration. We have endeavored to summarize our experience as it relates to mass lesions of the musculoskeletal system. Certain signs -- arteriovenous shunting, hypervascularity -- appear to indicate that the mass is malignant, whereas five other features can be seen in any of the conditions reviewed. As with any invasive procedure, the risks must be weighed against the information gained. At the time of this writing we consider angiography to be a worthwhile procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:917501", "title": "The position of nitrate respiration in evolution.", "content": "Egami's hypothesis that oxygen respiration evolved from nitrate respiration, and this from nitrate fermentation, is not accepted. The reasons are: (1) Presumably there was no nitrate before O2 in the biosphere. (2) On mechanistic grounds, respiration (oxidative phosphorylation) is to be derived directly from photosynthesis (photosynthetic phosphorylation) rather than from any form of fermentation.", "contents": "The position of nitrate respiration in evolution. Egami's hypothesis that oxygen respiration evolved from nitrate respiration, and this from nitrate fermentation, is not accepted. The reasons are: (1) Presumably there was no nitrate before O2 in the biosphere. (2) On mechanistic grounds, respiration (oxidative phosphorylation) is to be derived directly from photosynthesis (photosynthetic phosphorylation) rather than from any form of fermentation."}
{"id": "PMID:917502", "title": "Phosphorus, a key to life on the primitive Earth.", "content": "The phosphorus of the primitive Earth was present as phosphates. It is strongly probably that a portion of the phosphate was present as condensed phosphates. The primitive Earth was highly deficient in the total available phosphorus until a sufficient quantity of phosphorus weathered from the igneous rocks in which it was entrapped. Approximately three billion years were required for the seas to become saturated. Until this time passed the seas acted as a giant sink for phosphorus, diluting it to the extent that all forms of life were deprived of the vital nutrient. When the seas became saturated, the rate of turn over of the phosphorus increased rapidly. As the seas pulsated, they left the excess precipitate phosphorus as sedimentary rock in locally righ deposits on which life could thrive.", "contents": "Phosphorus, a key to life on the primitive Earth. The phosphorus of the primitive Earth was present as phosphates. It is strongly probably that a portion of the phosphate was present as condensed phosphates. The primitive Earth was highly deficient in the total available phosphorus until a sufficient quantity of phosphorus weathered from the igneous rocks in which it was entrapped. Approximately three billion years were required for the seas to become saturated. Until this time passed the seas acted as a giant sink for phosphorus, diluting it to the extent that all forms of life were deprived of the vital nutrient. When the seas became saturated, the rate of turn over of the phosphorus increased rapidly. As the seas pulsated, they left the excess precipitate phosphorus as sedimentary rock in locally righ deposits on which life could thrive."}
{"id": "PMID:917503", "title": "The length of the transition period from the reducing to the neutral biosphere.", "content": "The development of the complicated mechanisms for N2 fixation, which in nature is an endergonic process and requires a great deal of ATP, must have taken a long time. During that time primeval NH3 must still, albeit to a decreasing extent, have been available as a source of nitrogen. This is true, whether N2 fixation originally arose in the primitive anaerobes, or, according to Postgate, in more advanced bacteria. As NH3 resists UV radiation only in the presence of excess H2 it follows that the disappearance of H2 and the transition from the reducing to the neutral biosphere also took a long time, probably of the order of 10(9) degrees yr. According to previous evidence, the transition from the neutral to the oxidizing biosphere likewise took long; this length enabled the organisms to adapt the N2 fixing machinery to aerobic conditions.", "contents": "The length of the transition period from the reducing to the neutral biosphere. The development of the complicated mechanisms for N2 fixation, which in nature is an endergonic process and requires a great deal of ATP, must have taken a long time. During that time primeval NH3 must still, albeit to a decreasing extent, have been available as a source of nitrogen. This is true, whether N2 fixation originally arose in the primitive anaerobes, or, according to Postgate, in more advanced bacteria. As NH3 resists UV radiation only in the presence of excess H2 it follows that the disappearance of H2 and the transition from the reducing to the neutral biosphere also took a long time, probably of the order of 10(9) degrees yr. According to previous evidence, the transition from the neutral to the oxidizing biosphere likewise took long; this length enabled the organisms to adapt the N2 fixing machinery to aerobic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:917570", "title": "Somatomedin and growth hormone in psychosocial dwarfism.", "content": "The diagnosis of psychosocial dwarfism (PSD) was made in a 7 year old boy upon admission to the hospital. In the period following admission, he grew at a slightly accelerated rate of 0.6 cm in 24 days (extrapolated growth rate--9.1 cm/yr); his caloric intake was 1663 calories/day (147 cal/kg/day), stimulable growth hormone was 5.9 ng/ml and somatomedin activity was in the hypopituitary range (0.24, 0.05 U/ml). In the following period of marked catch-up growth of 8.6 cm in 102 days (extrapolated growth rate 30.8 cm/yr), his caloric intake decreased significantly to 1514 cal/day (106 cal/kg/day, 0.005 less than p less than 0.01), stimulable growth hormone in this period was 13.6 ng/ml and somatomedin activity normalized (0.98 U/ml). While under continued observation, with separation from his favorite nurse, his growth velocity dropped significantly to the rate immediately following admission, but there was no change in his stimulable growth hormone or in somatomedin activity. With the return of his favorite nurse, he resumed his previous rapid catch-up growth with no change in caloric intake (p equals not significant), growth hormone level, or somatomedin activity. Upon transient return to his depriving home, his growth rate decreased to 1.4 cm in 70 days (extrapolated growth rate 7.2 cm/yr); growth hormone remained in the normal range. Somatomedin activity was in the low normal range (0.57 U/ml) and rose to high normal activity (1.31 U/ml) as rapid catch-up growth resumed after he had been readmitted. We conclude from these data that: 1. Serum somatomedin in longstanding untreated PSD may be in the hypopituitary range. 2. Markedly fluctuating growth rates during recovery in this patient with PSD were not due to changes in caloric nutrition, growth hormone release or somatomedin activity, but to an as yet unidentified factor affecting growth during emotional stress.", "contents": "Somatomedin and growth hormone in psychosocial dwarfism. The diagnosis of psychosocial dwarfism (PSD) was made in a 7 year old boy upon admission to the hospital. In the period following admission, he grew at a slightly accelerated rate of 0.6 cm in 24 days (extrapolated growth rate--9.1 cm/yr); his caloric intake was 1663 calories/day (147 cal/kg/day), stimulable growth hormone was 5.9 ng/ml and somatomedin activity was in the hypopituitary range (0.24, 0.05 U/ml). In the following period of marked catch-up growth of 8.6 cm in 102 days (extrapolated growth rate 30.8 cm/yr), his caloric intake decreased significantly to 1514 cal/day (106 cal/kg/day, 0.005 less than p less than 0.01), stimulable growth hormone in this period was 13.6 ng/ml and somatomedin activity normalized (0.98 U/ml). While under continued observation, with separation from his favorite nurse, his growth velocity dropped significantly to the rate immediately following admission, but there was no change in his stimulable growth hormone or in somatomedin activity. With the return of his favorite nurse, he resumed his previous rapid catch-up growth with no change in caloric intake (p equals not significant), growth hormone level, or somatomedin activity. Upon transient return to his depriving home, his growth rate decreased to 1.4 cm in 70 days (extrapolated growth rate 7.2 cm/yr); growth hormone remained in the normal range. Somatomedin activity was in the low normal range (0.57 U/ml) and rose to high normal activity (1.31 U/ml) as rapid catch-up growth resumed after he had been readmitted. We conclude from these data that: 1. Serum somatomedin in longstanding untreated PSD may be in the hypopituitary range. 2. Markedly fluctuating growth rates during recovery in this patient with PSD were not due to changes in caloric nutrition, growth hormone release or somatomedin activity, but to an as yet unidentified factor affecting growth during emotional stress."}
{"id": "PMID:917571", "title": "Hypergonadotrophic male pseudohermaphroditism due to complete 17-alpha-hyroxylase deficiency.", "content": "This is a case report of a 43 years old phaenotypic female (karyotype 46 XY) with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and male pseudohermaphroditism presenting with severe hypertension and hypokalaemic alkalosis. Evaluation of the steroid biosynthesis of the adrenals as well as of the intraabdominal testes demonstrated a severe degree of 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency in this patient. This defect was associated by a complete lack of deoxycortisol and cortisol as well as of testicular testosterone synthesis, and by an overproduction of DOC and corticosterone. Sruvival of the patient in spite of severe cortisol deficiency was due to the glucocorticoid activity of corticosterone. This compound and DOC account also -- due to their mineralocorticoid properties -- for the hypertensive state of this male pseudohermaphrodite.", "contents": "Hypergonadotrophic male pseudohermaphroditism due to complete 17-alpha-hyroxylase deficiency. This is a case report of a 43 years old phaenotypic female (karyotype 46 XY) with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and male pseudohermaphroditism presenting with severe hypertension and hypokalaemic alkalosis. Evaluation of the steroid biosynthesis of the adrenals as well as of the intraabdominal testes demonstrated a severe degree of 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency in this patient. This defect was associated by a complete lack of deoxycortisol and cortisol as well as of testicular testosterone synthesis, and by an overproduction of DOC and corticosterone. Sruvival of the patient in spite of severe cortisol deficiency was due to the glucocorticoid activity of corticosterone. This compound and DOC account also -- due to their mineralocorticoid properties -- for the hypertensive state of this male pseudohermaphrodite."}
{"id": "PMID:917572", "title": "[Possibility of a TSH-Screening method for detection of hypothyroidism in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "In congenital hypothyroidism the TSH level reaches at age 5 days values about 100-times of the normal. Due to this fact, and having a good RIA-method for TSH in the own lab at hand, the possibility of TSH-determination in dried wholeblood on a filter-paper was examined. Control studies with normal blood-samples proved that the values of dried-blood samples had sufficient accuracy. On the 5th day of life the normal TSH-values were below 20 muU/ml while values above 100 muU/ml were suspicious for hypothyroidism. In 1200 newborns the TSH-screening was performed in combination with the routine Guthrie-test. Among them one child with a value above 100 muU/ml proved to have hypothyroidism. The results show that the determination of TSH in dried blood is possible, and that the method described is a useful tool for the early diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism.", "contents": "[Possibility of a TSH-Screening method for detection of hypothyroidism in the newborn (author's transl)]. In congenital hypothyroidism the TSH level reaches at age 5 days values about 100-times of the normal. Due to this fact, and having a good RIA-method for TSH in the own lab at hand, the possibility of TSH-determination in dried wholeblood on a filter-paper was examined. Control studies with normal blood-samples proved that the values of dried-blood samples had sufficient accuracy. On the 5th day of life the normal TSH-values were below 20 muU/ml while values above 100 muU/ml were suspicious for hypothyroidism. In 1200 newborns the TSH-screening was performed in combination with the routine Guthrie-test. Among them one child with a value above 100 muU/ml proved to have hypothyroidism. The results show that the determination of TSH in dried blood is possible, and that the method described is a useful tool for the early diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:917573", "title": "[Plasma androgens and maturation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in infants and children (author's transl)].", "content": "The plasma androgens testosterone (T) and delta(4)-androstenedione (delta(4)) were measured by RIA in 245 children under 1 year of age, in 70 children of prepubertal age, and in 250 adolescents during puberty. The values presented in the tables, and their changing relation to each other, suggest, that 1. at birth T and delta(4) are of fetal origin demonstrating the important endocrine function of the fetal testis; 2. after 6 months of age there is no significant endocrine activity of the gonads any more; 3. the prepubertal activation of the adrenal androgens production (adrenarche) is similar in the 2 sexes but their chronology is different for each androgen: an increase is observed after age 8 for delta(4), after age 10 for T. 4. in puberty the increase of T- and delta(4)-values differs markedly according to the two sexes. So, while the gradual prepubertal maturation of androgen steroid production, passing the stage of \"adrenal puberty\", could be demonstrated convincingly, the role of the different androgens in the maturation of the \"gonadostat\" (hypothalamopituitary complex) still remains a matter of hypothesis.", "contents": "[Plasma androgens and maturation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in infants and children (author's transl)]. The plasma androgens testosterone (T) and delta(4)-androstenedione (delta(4)) were measured by RIA in 245 children under 1 year of age, in 70 children of prepubertal age, and in 250 adolescents during puberty. The values presented in the tables, and their changing relation to each other, suggest, that 1. at birth T and delta(4) are of fetal origin demonstrating the important endocrine function of the fetal testis; 2. after 6 months of age there is no significant endocrine activity of the gonads any more; 3. the prepubertal activation of the adrenal androgens production (adrenarche) is similar in the 2 sexes but their chronology is different for each androgen: an increase is observed after age 8 for delta(4), after age 10 for T. 4. in puberty the increase of T- and delta(4)-values differs markedly according to the two sexes. So, while the gradual prepubertal maturation of androgen steroid production, passing the stage of \"adrenal puberty\", could be demonstrated convincingly, the role of the different androgens in the maturation of the \"gonadostat\" (hypothalamopituitary complex) still remains a matter of hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:917574", "title": "[Screening for hypothyroidism in the newborn with a total T 4-RIA method (author's transl)].", "content": "A screening method for detection of congenital hypothyroidism is presented in detail in cooperation with the \"Austrian Program for Inborn Errors of Metabolism\". Screening is performed by measuring the total T4-content of 1/8 inch filter paper dots filled with dried blood of newborns. The strategy for recall of newborns with borderline or pathological T4-values used, results in a definite diagnosis on day 55 of life. The advantages of additional TSH determination in the filter paper dots are discussed. So far (Sept. 1976) 8645 newborns have been investigated, covering the regions of Vienna and Carinthia (Austria). Preliminary studies reveal a slight dependency of the measured T4-values on the day of sampling. Two congenitally hypothyroid children have been diagnosed so far, corresponding fairly well with the reported frequency in the literature (1 : 6000).", "contents": "[Screening for hypothyroidism in the newborn with a total T 4-RIA method (author's transl)]. A screening method for detection of congenital hypothyroidism is presented in detail in cooperation with the \"Austrian Program for Inborn Errors of Metabolism\". Screening is performed by measuring the total T4-content of 1/8 inch filter paper dots filled with dried blood of newborns. The strategy for recall of newborns with borderline or pathological T4-values used, results in a definite diagnosis on day 55 of life. The advantages of additional TSH determination in the filter paper dots are discussed. So far (Sept. 1976) 8645 newborns have been investigated, covering the regions of Vienna and Carinthia (Austria). Preliminary studies reveal a slight dependency of the measured T4-values on the day of sampling. Two congenitally hypothyroid children have been diagnosed so far, corresponding fairly well with the reported frequency in the literature (1 : 6000)."}
{"id": "PMID:917575", "title": "[Transient hypoaldosteronism. A case report].", "content": "We observed a 2-week old boy who developed a typical salt-losing syndrome. Urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion of 2.4 mg per day lead us to the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and the usual treatment with hydrocortisone, DOCA and NcCl orally was started. The 6-months old child will tolerate a reduction and subsequent withdrawal of hydrocortisone. Mineralcorticoid and NaCl treatment, however, is to be continued. Further studies clearly showed that in the 8 and 9-month-old child cortisol production could very well be stimulated by synthetic ACTH, but the base line plasma aldosterone was exceedingly low and stimulation by ACTH and salt depletion was impossible. Instant cortisol as well as aldosterone stimulation occurs not until the child is 14 months old. There is valid evidence for a defect in aldosterone biosynthesis, which may be caused by 18-hydroxylation or 18-dehydrogenation deficiency.", "contents": "[Transient hypoaldosteronism. A case report]. We observed a 2-week old boy who developed a typical salt-losing syndrome. Urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion of 2.4 mg per day lead us to the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and the usual treatment with hydrocortisone, DOCA and NcCl orally was started. The 6-months old child will tolerate a reduction and subsequent withdrawal of hydrocortisone. Mineralcorticoid and NaCl treatment, however, is to be continued. Further studies clearly showed that in the 8 and 9-month-old child cortisol production could very well be stimulated by synthetic ACTH, but the base line plasma aldosterone was exceedingly low and stimulation by ACTH and salt depletion was impossible. Instant cortisol as well as aldosterone stimulation occurs not until the child is 14 months old. There is valid evidence for a defect in aldosterone biosynthesis, which may be caused by 18-hydroxylation or 18-dehydrogenation deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:917576", "title": "[Plasma prolactin in different age groups (author's transl)].", "content": "After a detailed introduction to the problems of radioimmunological measurement of Prolactin and a review of the possible connections between PRL and urological and andrological diseases, respectively, the results of Prolactin measurements carried out with a Prolactin Radioimmunoassay Kit (Cea-Ire-Sorin) will be described. This Kit makes use of the \"double antibody\" method. In 99 healthy male subjects the plasma levels of Prolactin in 3 age groups were ascertained. These were as follows: Group I ages 10 to 20: 2.4+/-1.2 ng/ml; group II ages 20 to 40: 3.9+/-1.5 ng/ml; group III ages 50 to 80: 5.2+/-3.8 ng/ml. In the cases of 4 patients suffering from prostate cancer stage D, treated with hormones at various intervals and after orchiectomy the range of PRL levels was 13.1--18.7 ng/ml.", "contents": "[Plasma prolactin in different age groups (author's transl)]. After a detailed introduction to the problems of radioimmunological measurement of Prolactin and a review of the possible connections between PRL and urological and andrological diseases, respectively, the results of Prolactin measurements carried out with a Prolactin Radioimmunoassay Kit (Cea-Ire-Sorin) will be described. This Kit makes use of the \"double antibody\" method. In 99 healthy male subjects the plasma levels of Prolactin in 3 age groups were ascertained. These were as follows: Group I ages 10 to 20: 2.4+/-1.2 ng/ml; group II ages 20 to 40: 3.9+/-1.5 ng/ml; group III ages 50 to 80: 5.2+/-3.8 ng/ml. In the cases of 4 patients suffering from prostate cancer stage D, treated with hormones at various intervals and after orchiectomy the range of PRL levels was 13.1--18.7 ng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:917577", "title": "[A new method for the determination of steroidal hormones in biological material (adrenal tissue) (author's transl)].", "content": "A rapid method is described for the determination of some steroidal hormones in adrenal tissue. The following steroids were measured: pregnenolone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, aldosterone, 17-alpha-OH-pregnenolone, deoxycortisol, cortisol, cortisone, 17-alpha-OH-progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstendione, and testosterone. After extraction of the steroids the purification steps were performed by thin layer chromatography. Gas chromatography was used for further separation and quantitative analysis of underivatized steroids. The GC-analysis of steroids without any derivatisation makes this procedure comparatively simple and exact. Recovery of the steroid content of the tissue ranged from 30% to 70%. This method described herewith has several advantages, and allows the analysis of two tissues at the same time for a large number of adrenal steroids within two weeks.", "contents": "[A new method for the determination of steroidal hormones in biological material (adrenal tissue) (author's transl)]. A rapid method is described for the determination of some steroidal hormones in adrenal tissue. The following steroids were measured: pregnenolone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, aldosterone, 17-alpha-OH-pregnenolone, deoxycortisol, cortisol, cortisone, 17-alpha-OH-progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstendione, and testosterone. After extraction of the steroids the purification steps were performed by thin layer chromatography. Gas chromatography was used for further separation and quantitative analysis of underivatized steroids. The GC-analysis of steroids without any derivatisation makes this procedure comparatively simple and exact. Recovery of the steroid content of the tissue ranged from 30% to 70%. This method described herewith has several advantages, and allows the analysis of two tissues at the same time for a large number of adrenal steroids within two weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:917578", "title": "Biochemical determinants in Gender identity.", "content": "The purpose of this communication is to report cognate studies which suggest that the nature of the peripheral metabolism of testosterone may impart gender direction to thought construction and motive. In patients with the complete testicular feminizing syndrome [4], the XO/XY syndrome [4], female trans-sexualism [4] and testicular agenesis [5] HCG-tests of 3 days duration were performed, and plasma and urinary testosterone, urinary excretion of 5 alpha-androstane, 3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (5 alpha-diol), 5 beta-androstane, 3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (5 beta-diol) and epiandrosterone before and after stimulation were measured. In addition steroid transformation was examined by incubation studies with human fetal brain tissue. The results of the latter method presented here are in agreement with published work. It seems clear therefore that the peripheral levels of androgens, oestrogens and their metabolites combine with cerebral steroid transformation, metabolism and possible also synthesis in order to establish gender identity. Exploration of the role of peripheral hormones as stimulators of both gender identity and gender function has dictated the need for a new approach to therapy for gender abnormalities in psyche and soma.", "contents": "Biochemical determinants in Gender identity. The purpose of this communication is to report cognate studies which suggest that the nature of the peripheral metabolism of testosterone may impart gender direction to thought construction and motive. In patients with the complete testicular feminizing syndrome [4], the XO/XY syndrome [4], female trans-sexualism [4] and testicular agenesis [5] HCG-tests of 3 days duration were performed, and plasma and urinary testosterone, urinary excretion of 5 alpha-androstane, 3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (5 alpha-diol), 5 beta-androstane, 3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (5 beta-diol) and epiandrosterone before and after stimulation were measured. In addition steroid transformation was examined by incubation studies with human fetal brain tissue. The results of the latter method presented here are in agreement with published work. It seems clear therefore that the peripheral levels of androgens, oestrogens and their metabolites combine with cerebral steroid transformation, metabolism and possible also synthesis in order to establish gender identity. Exploration of the role of peripheral hormones as stimulators of both gender identity and gender function has dictated the need for a new approach to therapy for gender abnormalities in psyche and soma."}
{"id": "PMID:917580", "title": "Distribution of taste thresholds for phenylthiocarbamide among different age groups in Turkey.", "content": "The relation between age and taste threshold in populations living both in Istanbul and Resadiye, a town located in eastern part of Turkey, was investigated. In Turkey the nontaster/taster ratio has been found lower than in the other countries of Europe and Asia (3 ,4 ,8 ,9). With aging the taste sensitivity of tasters does diminish. However, the differences in  the taste threshold levels of nontasters, in different age groups, have been found as being statistically not significant.", "contents": "Distribution of taste thresholds for phenylthiocarbamide among different age groups in Turkey. The relation between age and taste threshold in populations living both in Istanbul and Resadiye, a town located in eastern part of Turkey, was investigated. In Turkey the nontaster/taster ratio has been found lower than in the other countries of Europe and Asia (3 ,4 ,8 ,9). With aging the taste sensitivity of tasters does diminish. However, the differences in  the taste threshold levels of nontasters, in different age groups, have been found as being statistically not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:917581", "title": "Nematode larvae of medical  importance found in market fish in Iran.", "content": "Two species of fish, tuna fish (Euthynnus spp.) from the Persian Gulf and pikeperch (Lucioperca lucioperca) from  the Caspian Sea were examined for nematode larvae. The larvae of Anisakis which is considered to be one of the zoonotic helminths, was found in 75 percent of the tuna fish and 20 percent of the pikeperch. The possible role of fish as a source of infection in man in Iran is discussed.", "contents": "Nematode larvae of medical  importance found in market fish in Iran. Two species of fish, tuna fish (Euthynnus spp.) from the Persian Gulf and pikeperch (Lucioperca lucioperca) from  the Caspian Sea were examined for nematode larvae. The larvae of Anisakis which is considered to be one of the zoonotic helminths, was found in 75 percent of the tuna fish and 20 percent of the pikeperch. The possible role of fish as a source of infection in man in Iran is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:917582", "title": "The german cockroach, Blatella germanica L, from the human ear.", "content": "A case of invasion of the human ear by the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L) IN Mash'had, Khorassan, Iran is described. As far as the Author  is aware this is the first such case recorded and published from Iran.", "contents": "The german cockroach, Blatella germanica L, from the human ear. A case of invasion of the human ear by the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L) IN Mash'had, Khorassan, Iran is described. As far as the Author  is aware this is the first such case recorded and published from Iran."}
{"id": "PMID:917583", "title": "Aortic intimal changes in aging swine.", "content": "Aortic intimal lesions in aging swine contained smooth muscle, monocyte-like and unclassifiable cells. The most frequent cellular constituent was the smooth muscle cell that had slightly different features than those in the media. Monocyte-like and unclassified cells appeared largely in the innermost layer of the intima; both types of cells were ultrastructurally similar in appearance except the former had heterophagic vacuoles and overall resemblance to circulating monocytes in shape and size. These cells seemed to preexist in aortic lesions of untreated, aging swine. The intima-media strips of the grossly normal thoracic aortas in 3 1/2 year old swine showed significantly higher contents of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and total lipids than those of a 6 month old swine. Three to four month old cultured aortic cells accumulated extracellular components, such as fibriles, electron dense substances and cellular debris, which appeared similar to the extracellular matrix of aortic plaques in aged swine.", "contents": "Aortic intimal changes in aging swine. Aortic intimal lesions in aging swine contained smooth muscle, monocyte-like and unclassifiable cells. The most frequent cellular constituent was the smooth muscle cell that had slightly different features than those in the media. Monocyte-like and unclassified cells appeared largely in the innermost layer of the intima; both types of cells were ultrastructurally similar in appearance except the former had heterophagic vacuoles and overall resemblance to circulating monocytes in shape and size. These cells seemed to preexist in aortic lesions of untreated, aging swine. The intima-media strips of the grossly normal thoracic aortas in 3 1/2 year old swine showed significantly higher contents of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and total lipids than those of a 6 month old swine. Three to four month old cultured aortic cells accumulated extracellular components, such as fibriles, electron dense substances and cellular debris, which appeared similar to the extracellular matrix of aortic plaques in aged swine."}
{"id": "PMID:917584", "title": "Lesions caused by copper depletion in the chicken. Light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Lesions of the aorta and other organs of copper depleted layers, roosters, day-old chicks and chick embryos were studied by light- and electron microscopy. Copper deficiency results in late and abnormal development of elastic fibres: inhibition of the formation of cross linkages causes a decline of elastin synthesis. The microfibrils constituting the blackbone of the elastic fibre form a honey-comb pattern. The small amount of amorphous elastin is digestible by elastase, the microfibrils are resistant to the action of the enzyme. The aortic elastic fibres are irregularly shaped, broken revealing a honey-comb like pattern. They maintain an increased affinity to PTA. Tears--dissecting aneurysms--arise in the media, vacuoles appear in the heart muscle, haemorrhages and inflammatory changes may arise in other organs.", "contents": "Lesions caused by copper depletion in the chicken. Light and electron microscopic study. Lesions of the aorta and other organs of copper depleted layers, roosters, day-old chicks and chick embryos were studied by light- and electron microscopy. Copper deficiency results in late and abnormal development of elastic fibres: inhibition of the formation of cross linkages causes a decline of elastin synthesis. The microfibrils constituting the blackbone of the elastic fibre form a honey-comb pattern. The small amount of amorphous elastin is digestible by elastase, the microfibrils are resistant to the action of the enzyme. The aortic elastic fibres are irregularly shaped, broken revealing a honey-comb like pattern. They maintain an increased affinity to PTA. Tears--dissecting aneurysms--arise in the media, vacuoles appear in the heart muscle, haemorrhages and inflammatory changes may arise in other organs."}
{"id": "PMID:917589", "title": "[Relative C H D predictive value of serum cholesterol and triglycerides. New epidemiological data (author's transl)].", "content": "The epidemiological question whether triglycerides (TG) adds a significant information to cholesterol (CH) alone in predicting coronary heart disease is so far controversal. The problem is taken up from the results of the prospective study of the G.R.E.A.: 148 new coronary cases have been observed in a 7263 working male population followed during four years and aged 42-53 at entry. It is shown that risk increases continuously with TG and CH but the contribution of TG (or Log TG) is not per se significant.  From an alternative model founded upon the hypothesis of two subgroups (less than 220 mg p. 100, greater than or equal to 220 mg p. 100) in the TG distribution, a slight but significant risk supplement is shown to be associated with TG values more than 220 mg p. 100. This result may be interpreted by qualitative and/or quantitative differences in plasma lipoproteins according to the TG level, and may reconcile clinical and epidemiological data concerning \"atherogenic\" hyperlipidemias.", "contents": "[Relative C H D predictive value of serum cholesterol and triglycerides. New epidemiological data (author's transl)]. The epidemiological question whether triglycerides (TG) adds a significant information to cholesterol (CH) alone in predicting coronary heart disease is so far controversal. The problem is taken up from the results of the prospective study of the G.R.E.A.: 148 new coronary cases have been observed in a 7263 working male population followed during four years and aged 42-53 at entry. It is shown that risk increases continuously with TG and CH but the contribution of TG (or Log TG) is not per se significant.  From an alternative model founded upon the hypothesis of two subgroups (less than 220 mg p. 100, greater than or equal to 220 mg p. 100) in the TG distribution, a slight but significant risk supplement is shown to be associated with TG values more than 220 mg p. 100. This result may be interpreted by qualitative and/or quantitative differences in plasma lipoproteins according to the TG level, and may reconcile clinical and epidemiological data concerning \"atherogenic\" hyperlipidemias."}
{"id": "PMID:917590", "title": "The significance of epithelial polyps of the large bowel.", "content": "We have reviewed 801 epithelial polyps removed from large intestines of 611 patients. Among these, there were 250 pure adenomatous, 304 adenomatous polyps with villi, 123 villous, and 124 hyperplastic polyps. Of the lesions classified as purely adenomatous, there were no observed carcinomas or carcinomas in situ. It would appear that a villous component may be an important indicator of the chance of the lesions harboring a carcinoma in situ or an invasive carcinoma. On the basis of our review, it would seem that it would be reasonable for a pathologist to indicate the estimated precentage of villous component in epithelial polyps of the large intestine.", "contents": "The significance of epithelial polyps of the large bowel. We have reviewed 801 epithelial polyps removed from large intestines of 611 patients. Among these, there were 250 pure adenomatous, 304 adenomatous polyps with villi, 123 villous, and 124 hyperplastic polyps. Of the lesions classified as purely adenomatous, there were no observed carcinomas or carcinomas in situ. It would appear that a villous component may be an important indicator of the chance of the lesions harboring a carcinoma in situ or an invasive carcinoma. On the basis of our review, it would seem that it would be reasonable for a pathologist to indicate the estimated precentage of villous component in epithelial polyps of the large intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:917614", "title": "Propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency in a patient with biotin-responsive 3-methylcrotonylglycinuria.", "content": "The abnormal metabolites 3-hydroxypropionic acid (1.6-4.0 mg/day) and methylcitric acid (3.7-5.8 mg/day) were identified and quantitated in the urine of a patient in whom biotin-responsive 3-methylcrotonylglycinuria and deficiency of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase had previously been documented. The level of excretion of these metabolites was in the lower range of those found in patients with propionic acidemia in whom there is a deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase. The activity of this enzyme in fibroblasts derived from the patient and grown in media low in biotin was 4% of normal. This is the range of patients with propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency. Documented deficiency in this patient of two carboxylase, both of which contain biotin, suggests that the primary defect is in the metabolism of biotin.", "contents": "Propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency in a patient with biotin-responsive 3-methylcrotonylglycinuria. The abnormal metabolites 3-hydroxypropionic acid (1.6-4.0 mg/day) and methylcitric acid (3.7-5.8 mg/day) were identified and quantitated in the urine of a patient in whom biotin-responsive 3-methylcrotonylglycinuria and deficiency of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase had previously been documented. The level of excretion of these metabolites was in the lower range of those found in patients with propionic acidemia in whom there is a deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase. The activity of this enzyme in fibroblasts derived from the patient and grown in media low in biotin was 4% of normal. This is the range of patients with propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency. Documented deficiency in this patient of two carboxylase, both of which contain biotin, suggests that the primary defect is in the metabolism of biotin."}
{"id": "PMID:917616", "title": "Renal functions of low birth weight infants during the first two months of life.", "content": "A postnatal contraction of extracellular fluid occurs in low birth weight infants. Patterns of postnatal renal maturation were assessed with the assumption that changes in body composition were mediated in part by the developing kidney. Twenty-two appropriate for gestational age, low birth weight infants (birth weight mean = 1380 g, gestational age mean 31 weeks) were studied between 12 hr and 61 days of age to evaluate simultaneously glomerular and tubular functional maturation. Since most low birth weight infants have respiratory morbidities (respiratory distress followed by chronic lung disease), the infants were grouped into: group I (13 infants), transient or absent respiratory morbidities; and group II (9 infants), persistent and severe respiratory morbidites. Sodium excretion decreased with postnatal age in both groups. Sodium intake did not vary with postnatal age. The percentage of fractional sodium excretion was inversely related to postnatal age. Creatinine clearance correlated directly with postnatal age in both groups. Increased sodium excretion and percentage of fractional sodium excretion in the first 10 days of life may reflect extracellular fluid solute losses through the kidney. The premature kidney matured in a balanced fashion and persistent respiratory morbidities did not alter this pattern.", "contents": "Renal functions of low birth weight infants during the first two months of life. A postnatal contraction of extracellular fluid occurs in low birth weight infants. Patterns of postnatal renal maturation were assessed with the assumption that changes in body composition were mediated in part by the developing kidney. Twenty-two appropriate for gestational age, low birth weight infants (birth weight mean = 1380 g, gestational age mean 31 weeks) were studied between 12 hr and 61 days of age to evaluate simultaneously glomerular and tubular functional maturation. Since most low birth weight infants have respiratory morbidities (respiratory distress followed by chronic lung disease), the infants were grouped into: group I (13 infants), transient or absent respiratory morbidities; and group II (9 infants), persistent and severe respiratory morbidites. Sodium excretion decreased with postnatal age in both groups. Sodium intake did not vary with postnatal age. The percentage of fractional sodium excretion was inversely related to postnatal age. Creatinine clearance correlated directly with postnatal age in both groups. Increased sodium excretion and percentage of fractional sodium excretion in the first 10 days of life may reflect extracellular fluid solute losses through the kidney. The premature kidney matured in a balanced fashion and persistent respiratory morbidities did not alter this pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:917629", "title": "Value of preoperative chest X-ray examinations in children.", "content": "To assess the value of routine preoperative chest x-ray films in pediatric patients, a prospective study of 1,500 patients, ages newborn to 19 years, was undertaken. Of all the patients, 7.5% demonstrated at least one roentgenographic abnormality, with 4.7% of the patients demonstrating a totally unsuspected significant roentgenographic anomaly. In 3.8% of the patients, surgery was eihter postponed or cancelled or the anesthetic technique was altered as a result of the roentgenographic finding. It is believed that the routine preoperative chest film is justified if the film is evaluated before surgery and the results clinically followed up.", "contents": "Value of preoperative chest X-ray examinations in children. To assess the value of routine preoperative chest x-ray films in pediatric patients, a prospective study of 1,500 patients, ages newborn to 19 years, was undertaken. Of all the patients, 7.5% demonstrated at least one roentgenographic abnormality, with 4.7% of the patients demonstrating a totally unsuspected significant roentgenographic anomaly. In 3.8% of the patients, surgery was eihter postponed or cancelled or the anesthetic technique was altered as a result of the roentgenographic finding. It is believed that the routine preoperative chest film is justified if the film is evaluated before surgery and the results clinically followed up."}
{"id": "PMID:917630", "title": "Electrocardiograph monitor artifacts in a neonatal intensive care unit.", "content": "A wide variety of artifacts may be found when monitoring the ECG in a neonatal intensive care unit. Many of the artifacts resemble arrhythmias, and unless they are recognized as artifacts they may lead to serious errors of diagnosis and therapy. Many of the artifacts are caused by patient movement such as seizures, tremulousness, or hiccups. Others may be introduced by the monitor itself or be caused by electrical equipment in the vicinity. A group of ECG tracings is presented to illustrate the various artifacts encountered. Features that distinguish the artifacts from the arrhythmias they mimic are described, as are suggestions for elimination of the artifacts.", "contents": "Electrocardiograph monitor artifacts in a neonatal intensive care unit. A wide variety of artifacts may be found when monitoring the ECG in a neonatal intensive care unit. Many of the artifacts resemble arrhythmias, and unless they are recognized as artifacts they may lead to serious errors of diagnosis and therapy. Many of the artifacts are caused by patient movement such as seizures, tremulousness, or hiccups. Others may be introduced by the monitor itself or be caused by electrical equipment in the vicinity. A group of ECG tracings is presented to illustrate the various artifacts encountered. Features that distinguish the artifacts from the arrhythmias they mimic are described, as are suggestions for elimination of the artifacts."}
{"id": "PMID:917632", "title": "Diagnostic criteria for influenza B-associated Reye's syndrome: clinical vs. pathologic criteria.", "content": "Between December 15, 1973, and Jun 30, 1974, a total of 379 cases of Reye's syndrome was reported to the Center for Disease Control. One hundred forty-seven (40%) were confirmed by either autopsy or biopsy, while 232 were diagnosed by clinical and laboratory parameters. Comparisons of the epidemiologic and demographic characteristics, the hospital course, the outcome, and the laboratory abnormalities of the clinically diagnosed and the pathologically confirmed cases revealed no significant differences. In the epidemiologic setting of influenza B outbreaks, children who have the acute onset of noninflammatory encephalopathy associated with elevated serum transaminase levels, hypoprothrombinemia, and elevated blood ammonia levels should be considered to have Reye's syndrome. Further evaluation of diagnostic criteria is needed, however, for sporadically occurring, nonepidemic cases of noninflammatory encephalopathy associated with hepatic dysfunction.", "contents": "Diagnostic criteria for influenza B-associated Reye's syndrome: clinical vs. pathologic criteria. Between December 15, 1973, and Jun 30, 1974, a total of 379 cases of Reye's syndrome was reported to the Center for Disease Control. One hundred forty-seven (40%) were confirmed by either autopsy or biopsy, while 232 were diagnosed by clinical and laboratory parameters. Comparisons of the epidemiologic and demographic characteristics, the hospital course, the outcome, and the laboratory abnormalities of the clinically diagnosed and the pathologically confirmed cases revealed no significant differences. In the epidemiologic setting of influenza B outbreaks, children who have the acute onset of noninflammatory encephalopathy associated with elevated serum transaminase levels, hypoprothrombinemia, and elevated blood ammonia levels should be considered to have Reye's syndrome. Further evaluation of diagnostic criteria is needed, however, for sporadically occurring, nonepidemic cases of noninflammatory encephalopathy associated with hepatic dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:917633", "title": "Reye's syndrome: clinical progression and evaluation of therapy.", "content": "The hospital course and therapy of 369 patients with Reye's syndrome were evaluated. Eighty-three percent of patients had deepening coma during hospitalization. Stage of coma on admission, evidence of increased intracranial pressure, and blood ammonia levels greater than 300 microgram/100 ml were all significantly associated with increasing mortality. Among survivors of Reye's syndrome, 30% of those who developed either decerebrate posturing or seizures during hospitalization had serious neurologic sequelae upon discharge. When analyzed by (1) stage of coma during admission (2) progression of coma during hospitalization, (3) degree of blood ammonia level elevation, and (4) presence of increased intracranial pressuring, no significant differences were noted between patients receiving intensive supportive care and those receiving exchange transfusions and/or peritoneal dialysis.", "contents": "Reye's syndrome: clinical progression and evaluation of therapy. The hospital course and therapy of 369 patients with Reye's syndrome were evaluated. Eighty-three percent of patients had deepening coma during hospitalization. Stage of coma on admission, evidence of increased intracranial pressure, and blood ammonia levels greater than 300 microgram/100 ml were all significantly associated with increasing mortality. Among survivors of Reye's syndrome, 30% of those who developed either decerebrate posturing or seizures during hospitalization had serious neurologic sequelae upon discharge. When analyzed by (1) stage of coma during admission (2) progression of coma during hospitalization, (3) degree of blood ammonia level elevation, and (4) presence of increased intracranial pressuring, no significant differences were noted between patients receiving intensive supportive care and those receiving exchange transfusions and/or peritoneal dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:917635", "title": "The fontogram: a noninvasive intracranial pressure monitor.", "content": "The applanation transducer was used to measure intracranial pressure (ICP) through the intact fontanel. The method is painless, rapid, and accurate. The pressures recorded with this fontogram were correlated with direct measurements of ICP. The correlation coefficient of the 21 paired determinations was .98--a very good correlation. Fontanel pressure was determined in 35 normal newborn infants. The mean pressure was 7.37 mm Hg with an SD of +/- 1.45 (range, 3.5 to 9.5 mm Hg). Three clinical cases are presented to illustrate the usefulness of this apparatus in the detection of increased ICP and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.", "contents": "The fontogram: a noninvasive intracranial pressure monitor. The applanation transducer was used to measure intracranial pressure (ICP) through the intact fontanel. The method is painless, rapid, and accurate. The pressures recorded with this fontogram were correlated with direct measurements of ICP. The correlation coefficient of the 21 paired determinations was .98--a very good correlation. Fontanel pressure was determined in 35 normal newborn infants. The mean pressure was 7.37 mm Hg with an SD of +/- 1.45 (range, 3.5 to 9.5 mm Hg). Three clinical cases are presented to illustrate the usefulness of this apparatus in the detection of increased ICP and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:917636", "title": "Fisher's syndrome in children.", "content": "Fisher's syndrome is characterized by ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia. The clinical course is usually benign with complete recovery. We report a case that developed following a bee sting and review the literature of Fisher's syndrome in children. Its history, pathogenesis, and relationship to Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome are also discussed.", "contents": "Fisher's syndrome in children. Fisher's syndrome is characterized by ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia. The clinical course is usually benign with complete recovery. We report a case that developed following a bee sting and review the literature of Fisher's syndrome in children. Its history, pathogenesis, and relationship to Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:917688", "title": "Eye fixation and attention as modifiers of perceived distance.", "content": "An error in the perceived distance of a physically stationary object results in an apparent horizontal motion of the object if the head is moved horizontally. Procedures have been developed to use this apparent motion to measure the apparent distance of the object. Research also has indicated that the apparent distance of an object will tend to be displaced toward the distance at which the eyes are fixated. In the present study head-motion procedures were used to measure the effect of eye fixation and attention upon the apparent distance of a point of light in two experiments. Substantial errors in perceived distance occurred in the predicted direction as a function of fixation distance. Attending to an object at a distance other than the distance of the fixated point of light had a much less effect upon the apparent distance of the point. It is concluded that the apparent conomitant motion which occurs in a variety of situations as a function of the distance of fixation indicates that substantial errors in perceived distance are common in most environments.", "contents": "Eye fixation and attention as modifiers of perceived distance. An error in the perceived distance of a physically stationary object results in an apparent horizontal motion of the object if the head is moved horizontally. Procedures have been developed to use this apparent motion to measure the apparent distance of the object. Research also has indicated that the apparent distance of an object will tend to be displaced toward the distance at which the eyes are fixated. In the present study head-motion procedures were used to measure the effect of eye fixation and attention upon the apparent distance of a point of light in two experiments. Substantial errors in perceived distance occurred in the predicted direction as a function of fixation distance. Attending to an object at a distance other than the distance of the fixated point of light had a much less effect upon the apparent distance of the point. It is concluded that the apparent conomitant motion which occurs in a variety of situations as a function of the distance of fixation indicates that substantial errors in perceived distance are common in most environments."}
{"id": "PMID:917689", "title": "Effect of the Harvard Step Test on visual acuity.", "content": "A replication with 5 females in a laboratory setting of findings by Kashuk that physical activity improves visual acuity used the Harvard Step Test for the exercise load and grating acuity (resolution acuity) to determine possible changes. The results support Kashuk's work.", "contents": "Effect of the Harvard Step Test on visual acuity. A replication with 5 females in a laboratory setting of findings by Kashuk that physical activity improves visual acuity used the Harvard Step Test for the exercise load and grating acuity (resolution acuity) to determine possible changes. The results support Kashuk's work."}
{"id": "PMID:917690", "title": "Creative activity and sex-role identity in elementary school children.", "content": "The relationship of creative activity to sex-role identity was examined in boys (N = 80) and girls (N = 56), aged nine to twelve, of above average intelligence. Endorsement of personal characteristics that cut across sex stereotypes was associated with participation in a wide variety of creative activities. When analyzed by specific activity, the relationship with sex-role followed a consistent pattern for boys and girls combined: male activities such as sports with scores on the masculine scale, female activity such as dance or art with scores on the feminine scale, and sexually indeterminate activities such as drama or social leadership with scores on both scales.", "contents": "Creative activity and sex-role identity in elementary school children. The relationship of creative activity to sex-role identity was examined in boys (N = 80) and girls (N = 56), aged nine to twelve, of above average intelligence. Endorsement of personal characteristics that cut across sex stereotypes was associated with participation in a wide variety of creative activities. When analyzed by specific activity, the relationship with sex-role followed a consistent pattern for boys and girls combined: male activities such as sports with scores on the masculine scale, female activity such as dance or art with scores on the feminine scale, and sexually indeterminate activities such as drama or social leadership with scores on both scales."}
{"id": "PMID:917691", "title": "Taste preferences in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus).", "content": "This study focused on taste preferences in hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) as measured by 2-bottle, 48-hr. drinking tests. In a series of continuous tests, fluid intakes were recorded for 5 sugar solutions (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose and lactose), 3 salt solutions (KCl, MgSO4 and NaCl), and 2 acid solutions. In as attempt to supplement incomplete and divergent comparative data on rodent's taste preferences, this study investigated sugar and salt preferences at five concentrations (.005, .05, .10, .50, and 1.0 M) and acid preferences at six concentrations (4.0, 2.3, 2.0, 1.8, 1.6, and 1.5 pH). Significant differences in concentration in intake of all salts, acids, and sugars were noted. Significant sex differences were observed for intakes of sucrose and NaCl at several concentrations. All sugars were preferred maximally at .10 M. The salts NaCl and KCl were preferred maximally at .005 M and MgSO4 was preferred maximally at .05 M. The role of the sugars used in the experiment was discussed in terms of incentive values and possible reinforcers for later experiments.", "contents": "Taste preferences in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). This study focused on taste preferences in hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) as measured by 2-bottle, 48-hr. drinking tests. In a series of continuous tests, fluid intakes were recorded for 5 sugar solutions (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose and lactose), 3 salt solutions (KCl, MgSO4 and NaCl), and 2 acid solutions. In as attempt to supplement incomplete and divergent comparative data on rodent's taste preferences, this study investigated sugar and salt preferences at five concentrations (.005, .05, .10, .50, and 1.0 M) and acid preferences at six concentrations (4.0, 2.3, 2.0, 1.8, 1.6, and 1.5 pH). Significant differences in concentration in intake of all salts, acids, and sugars were noted. Significant sex differences were observed for intakes of sucrose and NaCl at several concentrations. All sugars were preferred maximally at .10 M. The salts NaCl and KCl were preferred maximally at .005 M and MgSO4 was preferred maximally at .05 M. The role of the sugars used in the experiment was discussed in terms of incentive values and possible reinforcers for later experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:917692", "title": "Descent behavior of rats and chicks in a cliff and non-cliff situation.", "content": "A visual cliff was constructed so that patterns could appear below the centerboard as \"shallow\" and \"deep\" or vertical to the centerboard as \"near\" and \"far\". Preference for the shallow side was significant only for chicks. Preference for the vertical pattern was significant for both chicks and rats. These findings indicate that both rats and chicks will descend to the nearer of two patterns in a non-cliff situation.", "contents": "Descent behavior of rats and chicks in a cliff and non-cliff situation. A visual cliff was constructed so that patterns could appear below the centerboard as \"shallow\" and \"deep\" or vertical to the centerboard as \"near\" and \"far\". Preference for the shallow side was significant only for chicks. Preference for the vertical pattern was significant for both chicks and rats. These findings indicate that both rats and chicks will descend to the nearer of two patterns in a non-cliff situation."}
{"id": "PMID:917693", "title": "Communicability and complexity as predictors of creativity: validity of the Barron-Welsh Art Scale.", "content": "The construct validity of the Barron-Welsh Art Scale as a measure of creativity was questioned. It was hypothesized that figure preferences of creative subjects are more strongly determined by stimulus communicability than stimulus complexity. In a first study a significant negative relationship between operational measures of communicability and complexity of Barron-Welsh drawing was found. A second study of 24 undergraduate subjects showed communicability to be significantly related to peer ratings of creativity whereas complexity was not. A third study of 60 high school subjects showed that a derived score, reflecting the relative preference for drawings of low communicability and low complexity over those of high communicability and high complexity, was significantly related to staff's ratings of creativity. These results were in direct opposition to an interpretation involving complexity in previous research on the Barron-Welsh Art Scale. An alternative interpretation was discussed.", "contents": "Communicability and complexity as predictors of creativity: validity of the Barron-Welsh Art Scale. The construct validity of the Barron-Welsh Art Scale as a measure of creativity was questioned. It was hypothesized that figure preferences of creative subjects are more strongly determined by stimulus communicability than stimulus complexity. In a first study a significant negative relationship between operational measures of communicability and complexity of Barron-Welsh drawing was found. A second study of 24 undergraduate subjects showed communicability to be significantly related to peer ratings of creativity whereas complexity was not. A third study of 60 high school subjects showed that a derived score, reflecting the relative preference for drawings of low communicability and low complexity over those of high communicability and high complexity, was significantly related to staff's ratings of creativity. These results were in direct opposition to an interpretation involving complexity in previous research on the Barron-Welsh Art Scale. An alternative interpretation was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:917694", "title": "Comparison of self-report and performance measures of attention.", "content": "The attentional scales of the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style were correlated with performance measures of attention, the Digit Span and Block Design subtests of the WAIS. Of the 24 correlations computed only one was statistically significant. The need for the construct validity of these scales to be established against some behavioral measure of attentional focus was emphasized.", "contents": "Comparison of self-report and performance measures of attention. The attentional scales of the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style were correlated with performance measures of attention, the Digit Span and Block Design subtests of the WAIS. Of the 24 correlations computed only one was statistically significant. The need for the construct validity of these scales to be established against some behavioral measure of attentional focus was emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:917695", "title": "Daydreaming styles and nocturnal dreaming: further observations.", "content": "This investigation examines the relationship between patterns of daydream activity and nocturnal dreams. When persons of differing but relatively pure daydream styles are compared as to nocturnal dream characteristics, the stylistic consistencies observed in waking fantasy appear also in dream productions, particularly affective polarity and bizarreness. Dreams and daydream appear to be highly interrelated aspects of the fantasy process, sharing important affective and structural components.", "contents": "Daydreaming styles and nocturnal dreaming: further observations. This investigation examines the relationship between patterns of daydream activity and nocturnal dreams. When persons of differing but relatively pure daydream styles are compared as to nocturnal dream characteristics, the stylistic consistencies observed in waking fantasy appear also in dream productions, particularly affective polarity and bizarreness. Dreams and daydream appear to be highly interrelated aspects of the fantasy process, sharing important affective and structural components."}
{"id": "PMID:917697", "title": "Similarities and differences in encoding processes in chronic schizophrenics and normals.", "content": "The encoding of visual stimuli was compared for 9 female chronic nonparanoid schizophrenics and 9 normals using the Sternberg paradigm. This paradigm allows an examination of several hypothetical stages in information processing using a reaction time measurement. Degradation level (degraded vs nondegraded), type faces of letter stimuli (varied versus constant type face), and order of degradation levels (mixed or constant level across a block of trials) were manipulated in order to examine differences in encoding process between the two groups. Results suggest two subprocesses in encoding, only one of which is defient in schizophrenics. Additional processing of encoded information at a memory stage may be comparable in normal schiziphrenics. Chronic schizophrenics are also more easily disrupted by the context of varying stimulus conditions such as mixing degradation levels and type faces. This finding suggests schizophrenic perseveration in encoding processes.", "contents": "Similarities and differences in encoding processes in chronic schizophrenics and normals. The encoding of visual stimuli was compared for 9 female chronic nonparanoid schizophrenics and 9 normals using the Sternberg paradigm. This paradigm allows an examination of several hypothetical stages in information processing using a reaction time measurement. Degradation level (degraded vs nondegraded), type faces of letter stimuli (varied versus constant type face), and order of degradation levels (mixed or constant level across a block of trials) were manipulated in order to examine differences in encoding process between the two groups. Results suggest two subprocesses in encoding, only one of which is defient in schizophrenics. Additional processing of encoded information at a memory stage may be comparable in normal schiziphrenics. Chronic schizophrenics are also more easily disrupted by the context of varying stimulus conditions such as mixing degradation levels and type faces. This finding suggests schizophrenic perseveration in encoding processes."}
{"id": "PMID:917698", "title": "Within-modal and cross-modal reliabilities of two laterality tests among left handers.", "content": "20 left handers were administered four repeat testing of a dichotic listening task and a verbal visual half-field task. Scores on the dichotic task were reliable between Days 1 and 4 while visual half-field performance did not stabilize until two testing sessions. Left handers showed a clear right channel, superiority of the right visual half field for the verbal material. No significant cross-model reliabilities were observed. It was also found that, in comparison to right handers, left handers show more variability in channel/visual half field than right handers on the same procedures.", "contents": "Within-modal and cross-modal reliabilities of two laterality tests among left handers. 20 left handers were administered four repeat testing of a dichotic listening task and a verbal visual half-field task. Scores on the dichotic task were reliable between Days 1 and 4 while visual half-field performance did not stabilize until two testing sessions. Left handers showed a clear right channel, superiority of the right visual half field for the verbal material. No significant cross-model reliabilities were observed. It was also found that, in comparison to right handers, left handers show more variability in channel/visual half field than right handers on the same procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:917699", "title": "Effects of retention interval on pupillary responses during a simple discrimination.", "content": "Responses from 6 subjects show that pupillary changes observed during short-term information processing with retention intervals of 0, 5, and 10 sec. delay occur during recognition memory for tones as well as recall of 7-digit numbers.", "contents": "Effects of retention interval on pupillary responses during a simple discrimination. Responses from 6 subjects show that pupillary changes observed during short-term information processing with retention intervals of 0, 5, and 10 sec. delay occur during recognition memory for tones as well as recall of 7-digit numbers."}
{"id": "PMID:917700", "title": "Some aspects of the psychological representation of speech sounds.", "content": "If one listens to a meaningless syllable that is repeated over and over, he will hear it undergo a variety of changes that can be described systematically in terms of reorganization of the phones constituting the syllable and changes in a restricted set of phonetic distinctive features. When the repeated syllable is followed by a different syllable but in the same voice, the new (test) syllable will be misperceived in a manner related to the perceptual misrepresentation of the repeated syllable. In the present experiment subjects (N = 24) listened to 72 different experimental sequences of repeated syllables in a male voice followed by test syllables in a female voice. Identification of penultimate and test syllables was independent and in no instance were the phone constituting the syllables reorganized. These results are interpreted as evidence against both auditory and phonetic feature detector theories of speech perception.", "contents": "Some aspects of the psychological representation of speech sounds. If one listens to a meaningless syllable that is repeated over and over, he will hear it undergo a variety of changes that can be described systematically in terms of reorganization of the phones constituting the syllable and changes in a restricted set of phonetic distinctive features. When the repeated syllable is followed by a different syllable but in the same voice, the new (test) syllable will be misperceived in a manner related to the perceptual misrepresentation of the repeated syllable. In the present experiment subjects (N = 24) listened to 72 different experimental sequences of repeated syllables in a male voice followed by test syllables in a female voice. Identification of penultimate and test syllables was independent and in no instance were the phone constituting the syllables reorganized. These results are interpreted as evidence against both auditory and phonetic feature detector theories of speech perception."}
{"id": "PMID:917701", "title": "A validity study of the Neural Efficiency Analyzer in relation to selected measures of intelligence.", "content": "This study attempted to determine the validity of the Ertl Neural Efficiency Analyzer as a measure of intellectual ability by using NEA-Alpha and Neural Efficiency scores to predict collage grade point average (GPA) both alone and in combination with paper-and-pencil measures of intelligence for 22 male and 64 female college students. Results indicate that NEA-Alpha scores can predict GPA with moderate sucess and also that NEA-Alpha scores account for variability in grade point average not associated with paper-and-pencil tests.", "contents": "A validity study of the Neural Efficiency Analyzer in relation to selected measures of intelligence. This study attempted to determine the validity of the Ertl Neural Efficiency Analyzer as a measure of intellectual ability by using NEA-Alpha and Neural Efficiency scores to predict collage grade point average (GPA) both alone and in combination with paper-and-pencil measures of intelligence for 22 male and 64 female college students. Results indicate that NEA-Alpha scores can predict GPA with moderate sucess and also that NEA-Alpha scores account for variability in grade point average not associated with paper-and-pencil tests."}
{"id": "PMID:917702", "title": "Auditory discrimination as a predictor of reading for bilingual Mexican-American migrant children.", "content": "The performance of 61 bilingual Mexican-American migrant children, ages 8 to 14 yr., was compared for Spanish and English formats of the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test. The two formats correlated significantly with each other and both were predictive of reading recognition as measured by the Peabody Individual Achievement Test. The data suggest that auditory discrimination as measured by the popular Wepman test may not be a pure perceptual skill but may be language bound. Consequently auditory discrimination as a pure perceptual skill may not be accurately assessed in bilingual or monolingual Spanish-speaking children if the Wepman test is used in its published format. A Spanish-based alternative is suggested for assessing auditory discrimination for uses other than reading prediction.", "contents": "Auditory discrimination as a predictor of reading for bilingual Mexican-American migrant children. The performance of 61 bilingual Mexican-American migrant children, ages 8 to 14 yr., was compared for Spanish and English formats of the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test. The two formats correlated significantly with each other and both were predictive of reading recognition as measured by the Peabody Individual Achievement Test. The data suggest that auditory discrimination as measured by the popular Wepman test may not be a pure perceptual skill but may be language bound. Consequently auditory discrimination as a pure perceptual skill may not be accurately assessed in bilingual or monolingual Spanish-speaking children if the Wepman test is used in its published format. A Spanish-based alternative is suggested for assessing auditory discrimination for uses other than reading prediction."}
{"id": "PMID:917703", "title": "Short form of the Speech Sounds Perception Test.", "content": "Although numerous studies have investigated the diagnostic effectiveness of the Speech Sounds Perception Tests, few have investigated the qualities of the test make it effective. Different writers have suggested that it may be effective because of interference from earlier syllables and items, an inability to understand speech, fatigue or an inability to match letters and sounds. If the effectiveness is due to fatigue or interference, the lengh of the test (60 items) would contribute to its accuracy. Otherwise, a short form of the test could be as effective. Data from 37 brain-damaged and 21 normal individuals indicated that a 30-item version of the test was slightly more accurate diagnostically than the 60-item form. This suggests that a short form of the test could be used without sacrificing diagnostic accuracy, enabling the clinician to save time in assessing neuropsychological patients.", "contents": "Short form of the Speech Sounds Perception Test. Although numerous studies have investigated the diagnostic effectiveness of the Speech Sounds Perception Tests, few have investigated the qualities of the test make it effective. Different writers have suggested that it may be effective because of interference from earlier syllables and items, an inability to understand speech, fatigue or an inability to match letters and sounds. If the effectiveness is due to fatigue or interference, the lengh of the test (60 items) would contribute to its accuracy. Otherwise, a short form of the test could be as effective. Data from 37 brain-damaged and 21 normal individuals indicated that a 30-item version of the test was slightly more accurate diagnostically than the 60-item form. This suggests that a short form of the test could be used without sacrificing diagnostic accuracy, enabling the clinician to save time in assessing neuropsychological patients."}
{"id": "PMID:917705", "title": "Critical evaluation of the Obscure Figures Test as an instrument for measuring \"cognitive innovation\".", "content": "The Obscure Figure Test has been conceptualized by Acker and McReynolds (1965) as a measure of Cognitive Innovation. As a general concept Cognitive Innovation refers to an integration of different kinds of behavioral systems, e.g., creativity and exploratory behavior. Considering recent research about the relationship between curiosity and creativity as well as basic assumptions underlying this test, it is hypothesized that this is an instrument for measuring creativity rather than curiosity. 41 boys and 41 girls ranging from 7 to 10 yr. of age were given a battery of tests of curiosity and creativity. There were significant correlations between Obscure Figures Test and creativity measures. No such relationships were found between obscure figures and curiosity measures. A factor analysis yielded two factors which could be interpreted as \"visual exploration\" and \"creativity\", the obscure figures being a marker variable on the latter factor. Results are discussed in terms of the theoretical assumptions underlying the concepts of curiosity, creativity, and Cognitive Innovation. Further implications with respect to the requirements for an operationalization of Cognitive Innovations are mentioned.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of the Obscure Figures Test as an instrument for measuring \"cognitive innovation\". The Obscure Figure Test has been conceptualized by Acker and McReynolds (1965) as a measure of Cognitive Innovation. As a general concept Cognitive Innovation refers to an integration of different kinds of behavioral systems, e.g., creativity and exploratory behavior. Considering recent research about the relationship between curiosity and creativity as well as basic assumptions underlying this test, it is hypothesized that this is an instrument for measuring creativity rather than curiosity. 41 boys and 41 girls ranging from 7 to 10 yr. of age were given a battery of tests of curiosity and creativity. There were significant correlations between Obscure Figures Test and creativity measures. No such relationships were found between obscure figures and curiosity measures. A factor analysis yielded two factors which could be interpreted as \"visual exploration\" and \"creativity\", the obscure figures being a marker variable on the latter factor. Results are discussed in terms of the theoretical assumptions underlying the concepts of curiosity, creativity, and Cognitive Innovation. Further implications with respect to the requirements for an operationalization of Cognitive Innovations are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:917706", "title": "Temporal patterns of alcohol use by alcoholics.", "content": "Examination of data gathered from 21 hospitalized alcoholics regarding rank order to time intervals for use (most common to least common) of alcohol showed a significant correspondence to the temporal pattern for drug use in young polydrug users (rho = .943). The most common time for use was 6 PM to 10 PM.", "contents": "Temporal patterns of alcohol use by alcoholics. Examination of data gathered from 21 hospitalized alcoholics regarding rank order to time intervals for use (most common to least common) of alcohol showed a significant correspondence to the temporal pattern for drug use in young polydrug users (rho = .943). The most common time for use was 6 PM to 10 PM."}
{"id": "PMID:917707", "title": "Visual following in newborns: role of figure-ground contrast and configurational detail.", "content": "Visual pursuit was used in studying the ability of newborn infants to discriminate levels of contrast. Ratings of the degree of eye and head following were made as subjects pursued facial targets which varied in terms of the degree fo figure-gound contrast and te degree of contrast internal to the figure as defined by the presence of contrast such that the strongest pursuit occurred to stimuli which had clearly discriminable facial detailing in addition to strong figure-ground contrast. These results suggest that the newborn is sensitive not only to large border areas of high contrasting illumination but to finer configurational details of stimuli as well.", "contents": "Visual following in newborns: role of figure-ground contrast and configurational detail. Visual pursuit was used in studying the ability of newborn infants to discriminate levels of contrast. Ratings of the degree of eye and head following were made as subjects pursued facial targets which varied in terms of the degree fo figure-gound contrast and te degree of contrast internal to the figure as defined by the presence of contrast such that the strongest pursuit occurred to stimuli which had clearly discriminable facial detailing in addition to strong figure-ground contrast. These results suggest that the newborn is sensitive not only to large border areas of high contrasting illumination but to finer configurational details of stimuli as well."}
{"id": "PMID:917708", "title": "Components underlying the relation between field dependence and extraversion.", "content": "Components of Eysenck's Extraversion scale were examined to account for previous findings indicating that field independence, as measured by individual and group forms of the embedded-figures test, is associated with Introversion. In two of the three samples of female unversity students, field independence, as measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test, was associated with low impulsivity and slow decision time, as measured by items on Eysenck's Extraversion scale.", "contents": "Components underlying the relation between field dependence and extraversion. Components of Eysenck's Extraversion scale were examined to account for previous findings indicating that field independence, as measured by individual and group forms of the embedded-figures test, is associated with Introversion. In two of the three samples of female unversity students, field independence, as measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test, was associated with low impulsivity and slow decision time, as measured by items on Eysenck's Extraversion scale."}
{"id": "PMID:917709", "title": "Picture mediation in abstract-concrete paired associates.", "content": "The present study investigated the hypothesis that pictures of abstract-concrete paired associates would serve to make the abstract stimulus member more concrete thereby enhancing the learning process. 60 subjects were equally divided into 6 groups, varying conditions of concreteness and abstractness of the stimulus items and pictures or no picture. The results supported the basic proposition that the picture mediation presented during the learning-testing condition facilitated the learning of the abstract paired associates.", "contents": "Picture mediation in abstract-concrete paired associates. The present study investigated the hypothesis that pictures of abstract-concrete paired associates would serve to make the abstract stimulus member more concrete thereby enhancing the learning process. 60 subjects were equally divided into 6 groups, varying conditions of concreteness and abstractness of the stimulus items and pictures or no picture. The results supported the basic proposition that the picture mediation presented during the learning-testing condition facilitated the learning of the abstract paired associates."}
{"id": "PMID:917710", "title": "Concept and verbal ability as related to the cerebral hemispheres.", "content": "A new theory of human brain function is outlined in terms of the cooperative interaction of the cerebral hemispheres. The well-established verbal, symbolic functions of the left hemisphere and the wholistic, spatial functions of the right hemisphere are seen as separate and independent manifestations of the normally integrated verbal-analytic (or \"error detector\") and conceptual (or \"goal state\") functions of the left and right, respectively. The relationship between the hemispheres is described in terms of the \"goal-directed\" system of cybernetics and then compared with related ideas previously presented by Dimond, Penfield, and Piaget.", "contents": "Concept and verbal ability as related to the cerebral hemispheres. A new theory of human brain function is outlined in terms of the cooperative interaction of the cerebral hemispheres. The well-established verbal, symbolic functions of the left hemisphere and the wholistic, spatial functions of the right hemisphere are seen as separate and independent manifestations of the normally integrated verbal-analytic (or \"error detector\") and conceptual (or \"goal state\") functions of the left and right, respectively. The relationship between the hemispheres is described in terms of the \"goal-directed\" system of cybernetics and then compared with related ideas previously presented by Dimond, Penfield, and Piaget."}
{"id": "PMID:917711", "title": "Scores on Adjective Check List, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and Depression Adjective Chck List for a male prison pupulation.", "content": "Normative data are presented for a male prison population on the Adjective Check List (Gough & Heilbrun, 1965), Form A of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) and Form C of Depression Adjective Check List (Lubin, 1967). The intercorrelations among the instruments also are presented. In the sample were 60 recently admitted male inmates of a maximum security correctional institution randomly drawn from a large sample of 205 consecutive admissions. Subjects described themselves as markedly depressed, high on neuroticism, low in personal adjustment, low in self-confidence, and low in self-control.", "contents": "Scores on Adjective Check List, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and Depression Adjective Chck List for a male prison pupulation. Normative data are presented for a male prison population on the Adjective Check List (Gough & Heilbrun, 1965), Form A of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) and Form C of Depression Adjective Check List (Lubin, 1967). The intercorrelations among the instruments also are presented. In the sample were 60 recently admitted male inmates of a maximum security correctional institution randomly drawn from a large sample of 205 consecutive admissions. Subjects described themselves as markedly depressed, high on neuroticism, low in personal adjustment, low in self-confidence, and low in self-control."}
{"id": "PMID:917712", "title": "Short-latency acceleration of human heart rate as a function of stimulus intensity.", "content": "The study examined the effectiveness of three intensities of white noise in evoking short-latency acceleration of human heart rate. 3 groups of 10 female subjects were presented with 1-sec. bursts of white noise with virtually instantaneous rise times at intensities of 100 db (re 20 mu N/m2), 90 db, or 80 db SPL as measured at the headset. 5 bursts were presented at intervals of 45 sec. while the EKG was recorded. An increase in heart rate during poststimulus beats 3 and 4 compared with the mean rate of the three beats prestimulus was reliably evoked on the first two trials in the 100-db and 90-db groups but not in the 80-db group. Apart from a recovery of acceleration on Trial 5 for the 100-db group, the 100-db and 90-db groups did not differ in amplitude or rate of habituation of the response. Poststimulus heart-rate level was not significantly related to prestimulus level as expected in terms of the law of initial values. The results were interpreted as consistent with F.K. Graham's interpretation of short-latency cardiac acceleration as a component of startle.", "contents": "Short-latency acceleration of human heart rate as a function of stimulus intensity. The study examined the effectiveness of three intensities of white noise in evoking short-latency acceleration of human heart rate. 3 groups of 10 female subjects were presented with 1-sec. bursts of white noise with virtually instantaneous rise times at intensities of 100 db (re 20 mu N/m2), 90 db, or 80 db SPL as measured at the headset. 5 bursts were presented at intervals of 45 sec. while the EKG was recorded. An increase in heart rate during poststimulus beats 3 and 4 compared with the mean rate of the three beats prestimulus was reliably evoked on the first two trials in the 100-db and 90-db groups but not in the 80-db group. Apart from a recovery of acceleration on Trial 5 for the 100-db group, the 100-db and 90-db groups did not differ in amplitude or rate of habituation of the response. Poststimulus heart-rate level was not significantly related to prestimulus level as expected in terms of the law of initial values. The results were interpreted as consistent with F.K. Graham's interpretation of short-latency cardiac acceleration as a component of startle."}
{"id": "PMID:917713", "title": "Time estimation: effects of attentional focus and a comparison of interval conditions.", "content": "Time estimation was studied as a function of the subject's attention to the stimulus interval and the stimulus condition of the standard interval. 111 subjects from lower level psychology classes were randomly assigned to a interval condition. Time estimation of a standard interval was significantly lower when sujects attended to the stimulus material than when attending to the interval of passing time. A significant difference was not obtained among the three intervals.", "contents": "Time estimation: effects of attentional focus and a comparison of interval conditions. Time estimation was studied as a function of the subject's attention to the stimulus interval and the stimulus condition of the standard interval. 111 subjects from lower level psychology classes were randomly assigned to a interval condition. Time estimation of a standard interval was significantly lower when sujects attended to the stimulus material than when attending to the interval of passing time. A significant difference was not obtained among the three intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:917714", "title": "Recognition decrement for modes of letter forms.", "content": "40 undergraduates were presented with simple letters made up of patterned line modes. Other subjects were shown the same modes but in the form of parallel unconnected lines. On subsequent recognition tests recognition was superior for the lines presented in the unconnected condition. This was true despite various types of recognition tests designed to control for possible bias in favor of the unconnected condition. These improved procedures support the suggestion that the articulated form itself becomes an added factor in the memory span that hinders retention of its component elements.", "contents": "Recognition decrement for modes of letter forms. 40 undergraduates were presented with simple letters made up of patterned line modes. Other subjects were shown the same modes but in the form of parallel unconnected lines. On subsequent recognition tests recognition was superior for the lines presented in the unconnected condition. This was true despite various types of recognition tests designed to control for possible bias in favor of the unconnected condition. These improved procedures support the suggestion that the articulated form itself becomes an added factor in the memory span that hinders retention of its component elements."}
{"id": "PMID:917715", "title": "Abnormality of catecholamines balance relating to social deviance.", "content": "Approximately a quarter of maximum security hospital patients convicted of highly deviant crimes exhibited low 'anxiety-type' psychophysiological responsivity to stressors together with an abnormal catecholamine balance during stressor anticipation which resulted in noradrenalin to adrenalin ratios in excess of 5.5, an abnormally high value not exceeded by any control subjects and a result which is significant (p less than 0.005).", "contents": "Abnormality of catecholamines balance relating to social deviance. Approximately a quarter of maximum security hospital patients convicted of highly deviant crimes exhibited low 'anxiety-type' psychophysiological responsivity to stressors together with an abnormal catecholamine balance during stressor anticipation which resulted in noradrenalin to adrenalin ratios in excess of 5.5, an abnormally high value not exceeded by any control subjects and a result which is significant (p less than 0.005)."}
{"id": "PMID:917716", "title": "Hypoxemia and auditory reaction time in congenital heart disease.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine if previously documented perfomances deficits of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease are peculiar to centrallly mediated visual tasks or are also manifested on tests of other centrally mediated sensory functions such as hearing. A simple auditory reaction time test was, therefore, performed on 239 patients with congenital heart disease, 43 of whom were cyanotic. Results indicated that (a) there is no significant relationship between level of arterial oxygen saturation and auditory RT. (b) Auditory RT for the group as a whole declines until the mid-teens and then rises, a pattern at variance with that of normal subjects. (c) The audiroty RT of females was significantly higher, i.e., slower, than that of males.", "contents": "Hypoxemia and auditory reaction time in congenital heart disease. The purpose of this study was to determine if previously documented perfomances deficits of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease are peculiar to centrallly mediated visual tasks or are also manifested on tests of other centrally mediated sensory functions such as hearing. A simple auditory reaction time test was, therefore, performed on 239 patients with congenital heart disease, 43 of whom were cyanotic. Results indicated that (a) there is no significant relationship between level of arterial oxygen saturation and auditory RT. (b) Auditory RT for the group as a whole declines until the mid-teens and then rises, a pattern at variance with that of normal subjects. (c) The audiroty RT of females was significantly higher, i.e., slower, than that of males."}
{"id": "PMID:917717", "title": "Acquisition of two gaze-contingent aftereffects.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that subjects could acquire a prismatic aftereffect contingent on the direction of gaze. Other studies have shown that subjects could acquire two simultaneous aftereffects with multiple cues. In the present study 12 subjects practiced alternately under two opposite 20-diopter lateral displacements and displayed two gaze-contingent aftereffects.", "contents": "Acquisition of two gaze-contingent aftereffects. Previous studies have shown that subjects could acquire a prismatic aftereffect contingent on the direction of gaze. Other studies have shown that subjects could acquire two simultaneous aftereffects with multiple cues. In the present study 12 subjects practiced alternately under two opposite 20-diopter lateral displacements and displayed two gaze-contingent aftereffects."}
{"id": "PMID:917718", "title": "Comparison of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale indices of cerebral disfunction.", "content": "This study assessed and compared the diagnostic accuracies of eight cerebral dysfunction indices based upon the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Patients with extreme values of the Halstead Impairment Index were used to compose Impaired and Not Impaired groups. The Impaired group did significantly worse than the Not Impaired group on all 11 WAIS subtests, and there was little overlap between the groups in Full Scale IQ. The WAIS cerebral dysfunction indices ignore such differences in over-all level of performance and instead use the eight indices predicted impairement status at levels which exceed chance, but the total correct classification rates were quite modest. Statistical correction for group age differences reduced classification rates even more. Deviation score analyses were employed to assess relative strengths and deficits on the WAIS subtests, controlled for over-all level of performance. Compared to the Not-impaired group, Impaired subjects did relatively poorly on Block Design and Object Assemby, and relatively well on Information, Comprehension, Vocabular, and Picture Completion. Significant education effects and education by impairment status interactions also occurred for several subtests. It was concluded that the WAIS indices have limited value in screening for cerebral dysfunction, and reasons for this were discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale indices of cerebral disfunction. This study assessed and compared the diagnostic accuracies of eight cerebral dysfunction indices based upon the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Patients with extreme values of the Halstead Impairment Index were used to compose Impaired and Not Impaired groups. The Impaired group did significantly worse than the Not Impaired group on all 11 WAIS subtests, and there was little overlap between the groups in Full Scale IQ. The WAIS cerebral dysfunction indices ignore such differences in over-all level of performance and instead use the eight indices predicted impairement status at levels which exceed chance, but the total correct classification rates were quite modest. Statistical correction for group age differences reduced classification rates even more. Deviation score analyses were employed to assess relative strengths and deficits on the WAIS subtests, controlled for over-all level of performance. Compared to the Not-impaired group, Impaired subjects did relatively poorly on Block Design and Object Assemby, and relatively well on Information, Comprehension, Vocabular, and Picture Completion. Significant education effects and education by impairment status interactions also occurred for several subtests. It was concluded that the WAIS indices have limited value in screening for cerebral dysfunction, and reasons for this were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:917719", "title": "Developmental study of similarity judgments involving dimensions.", "content": "In order to examine the nature of dimensional processing in children, kindergarten and third grade children were asked to make similarity judgments for unidimensional sets of stimuli differing in color (hue), size, and shape, respectively. Age differences were generally confined to the color set. The judgments of the older children in their age group than were the younger children's. The frequency of good-fitting scaling solutions was also higher for the older children. The processing of color in a relational manner thus seems to develop more slowly than relational processing of size or shape. Results from any task which depends on or is facilitated by relational processing could be altered by the dimensions used. The methods developed in the paper also provide an alternate method of studying seriation .", "contents": "Developmental study of similarity judgments involving dimensions. In order to examine the nature of dimensional processing in children, kindergarten and third grade children were asked to make similarity judgments for unidimensional sets of stimuli differing in color (hue), size, and shape, respectively. Age differences were generally confined to the color set. The judgments of the older children in their age group than were the younger children's. The frequency of good-fitting scaling solutions was also higher for the older children. The processing of color in a relational manner thus seems to develop more slowly than relational processing of size or shape. Results from any task which depends on or is facilitated by relational processing could be altered by the dimensions used. The methods developed in the paper also provide an alternate method of studying seriation ."}
{"id": "PMID:917720", "title": "Combined effects of tobacco and caffeine on the components of choice reaction-time heart rate, and hand steadiness.", "content": "Eight male smokers were tested under 6 conditions comprising the combinations of 200 mg. caffeine or no caffeine, with no cigarette, one 0.3-mg. nicotine cigarette or one 1.3-mg. nicotine cigarette, for decision time and motor time scores on a choice reaction-time task. Heart rate was monitored from a pretest period throughout the session, and hand steadiness measured on repeated occasions. Decision-time scores were significantly decreased by both caffeine and nicotine, but no interaction was found. The high-nicotine cigarette had the greatest effect. Motor time scores were improved by caffeine only. Both caffeine alone and nicotine alone accelerated the heart rate but in combination appeared to have antagonistic effects. Hand steadiness was significantly impaired by both drugs but with no interaction.", "contents": "Combined effects of tobacco and caffeine on the components of choice reaction-time heart rate, and hand steadiness. Eight male smokers were tested under 6 conditions comprising the combinations of 200 mg. caffeine or no caffeine, with no cigarette, one 0.3-mg. nicotine cigarette or one 1.3-mg. nicotine cigarette, for decision time and motor time scores on a choice reaction-time task. Heart rate was monitored from a pretest period throughout the session, and hand steadiness measured on repeated occasions. Decision-time scores were significantly decreased by both caffeine and nicotine, but no interaction was found. The high-nicotine cigarette had the greatest effect. Motor time scores were improved by caffeine only. Both caffeine alone and nicotine alone accelerated the heart rate but in combination appeared to have antagonistic effects. Hand steadiness was significantly impaired by both drugs but with no interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:917721", "title": "Deliberate presleep control of dream content: an experimental study.", "content": "29 subjects attempted, over a period of 10 nights, to influence their dream using techniques described in Garfield's book, Creative Dreaming (1974). A target suggestion was selected from a list of six suggestions compiled by, or for, each subject. Subjects kept daily records during the experiment both of their efforts at dream influence and of the dreams they recalled. Four judges attempted to identify from the dream material the target suggestion on each subject's suggestion list. The results indicated that the judges were unable to do so at better than chance levels. Thus analysis indicated no reliable evidence that conscious presleep suggestions become incorporated into dream content.", "contents": "Deliberate presleep control of dream content: an experimental study. 29 subjects attempted, over a period of 10 nights, to influence their dream using techniques described in Garfield's book, Creative Dreaming (1974). A target suggestion was selected from a list of six suggestions compiled by, or for, each subject. Subjects kept daily records during the experiment both of their efforts at dream influence and of the dreams they recalled. Four judges attempted to identify from the dream material the target suggestion on each subject's suggestion list. The results indicated that the judges were unable to do so at better than chance levels. Thus analysis indicated no reliable evidence that conscious presleep suggestions become incorporated into dream content."}
{"id": "PMID:917722", "title": "Trade-off between remembering words and their source of location.", "content": "On each of 32 trials subjects heard 32 words, 16 presented to each ear in randomly aternating manner. The subjects were requested to remember the location of the source of the words and to recall the words themselves.  Memory for location was assessed by a recognition probe. A probe presented on each trial had to be judged as new or old and, if it was called old, it had to be identified as left or right. Then free recall followed. The subjects were able to identify the location of the probe at a better than chance level. However, further analysis gave evidence of such memory only on trials with relatively low recall. These results replicate findings by Geiselman and Belleza (1976) that retaining the location of verbal materials occurs at the expense of remembering the materials.", "contents": "Trade-off between remembering words and their source of location. On each of 32 trials subjects heard 32 words, 16 presented to each ear in randomly aternating manner. The subjects were requested to remember the location of the source of the words and to recall the words themselves.  Memory for location was assessed by a recognition probe. A probe presented on each trial had to be judged as new or old and, if it was called old, it had to be identified as left or right. Then free recall followed. The subjects were able to identify the location of the probe at a better than chance level. However, further analysis gave evidence of such memory only on trials with relatively low recall. These results replicate findings by Geiselman and Belleza (1976) that retaining the location of verbal materials occurs at the expense of remembering the materials."}
{"id": "PMID:917723", "title": "A technique for evaluating the stability of figures in a figure-ground pattern.", "content": "A technique is described which uses a reversible word-figure for studying effects of experimental variables on the stability of figures. In a reversible word-figure black on white inter-letter spaces represent \"nonsense\" forms which are usually perceived first. In this study the latency of reversal to the white on black word-configuration is taken as an index of the stability of the perceptual construction involving the black nonsense forms. The results show that pre-exposure of the nonsense forms increases their stability. Either labelling the forms or attempting to memorize them increases stability somewhat more than merely rating them for \"aesthetic appeal.\"", "contents": "A technique for evaluating the stability of figures in a figure-ground pattern. A technique is described which uses a reversible word-figure for studying effects of experimental variables on the stability of figures. In a reversible word-figure black on white inter-letter spaces represent \"nonsense\" forms which are usually perceived first. In this study the latency of reversal to the white on black word-configuration is taken as an index of the stability of the perceptual construction involving the black nonsense forms. The results show that pre-exposure of the nonsense forms increases their stability. Either labelling the forms or attempting to memorize them increases stability somewhat more than merely rating them for \"aesthetic appeal.\""}
{"id": "PMID:917724", "title": "Concrete and verbal reinforcement in creative thinking of disadvantaged cildren.", "content": "The effects of verbal and concrete reinforcement on creative thinking were investigated in disadvantaged Israeli seventh-graders (N = 90) in a baseline-treatment design. When compared to a no-incentive condition, both concrete (giving a piece of candy for each response) and verbal reinforcement (giving verbal praise to each response) raised the level of ideational fluency on the abbreviated Wallach and Kogan creativity battery by 114% and 61%, respectively. The high correlations between baseline and incentive creativity scores were interpreted as supporting either cognition or motivation but not exclusively the former as the source of individual differences in creative thinking among these disadvantaged children.", "contents": "Concrete and verbal reinforcement in creative thinking of disadvantaged cildren. The effects of verbal and concrete reinforcement on creative thinking were investigated in disadvantaged Israeli seventh-graders (N = 90) in a baseline-treatment design. When compared to a no-incentive condition, both concrete (giving a piece of candy for each response) and verbal reinforcement (giving verbal praise to each response) raised the level of ideational fluency on the abbreviated Wallach and Kogan creativity battery by 114% and 61%, respectively. The high correlations between baseline and incentive creativity scores were interpreted as supporting either cognition or motivation but not exclusively the former as the source of individual differences in creative thinking among these disadvantaged children."}
{"id": "PMID:917725", "title": "Studies on visual perception of locomotion.", "content": "The problem about visual discrimination between seeing objects in motion and perception of motion of the perceiver (locomotion) was taken up. A flow of vertical motion was presented to limited areas of the far periphery (45 degrees-90 degrees) of the retina simultaneously with optical information about a stationary room over the rest of the retina. The result was that most subjects perceived themselves as sitting in an elevator continuously moving upward or downward. Thus, peripheral motion stimulation over a few percent of the retinal area determines locomotion perception in apparent competition with information about a static state over the rest of the retina. The same type of stimulus presented to the central part of the retina always brought about perception of object motion and a static perceiver. Effects of size and localization of the area stimulated with the motion flow was studied. Theoretical consequences and problems for further experimental analyses are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on visual perception of locomotion. The problem about visual discrimination between seeing objects in motion and perception of motion of the perceiver (locomotion) was taken up. A flow of vertical motion was presented to limited areas of the far periphery (45 degrees-90 degrees) of the retina simultaneously with optical information about a stationary room over the rest of the retina. The result was that most subjects perceived themselves as sitting in an elevator continuously moving upward or downward. Thus, peripheral motion stimulation over a few percent of the retinal area determines locomotion perception in apparent competition with information about a static state over the rest of the retina. The same type of stimulus presented to the central part of the retina always brought about perception of object motion and a static perceiver. Effects of size and localization of the area stimulated with the motion flow was studied. Theoretical consequences and problems for further experimental analyses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:917726", "title": "Abstraction of information from a complex display.", "content": "Two experiments concerned with simultaneously abstracting information about different dimensions from the same display were carried out. In experiment 1 the subject was briefly shown a complex display containing coloured forms with three values of each dimension. Instead of identifying the individual items in the display (such as red triangle, blue square, etc), the subject was to abstract and report in any order the different dimensional values (e.g. red and blue for colour, and triangle and square for form). The results showed that the accuracy of performance was independent of the way in which two dimensions were combined, whether they were orthogonal, partially correlated, or completely correlated. The results showed that colour and form were processed independently and that the perception of one was not facilitated or interfered with by the presence of the other in the same display. In experiment 2 various numbers of values from each dimension were combined orthogonally within each display. The subject's task was the same as in the previous experiment except that the order of report of the two dimensions was specified for each subject. Suppose the dimension reported first is X, and that reported second is Y. The results showed that the number of X values not only detrimentally affected the accuracy of reporting the X values, it also reduced the accuracy of reporting Y owing to memory impairment. The number of Y values, on the other hand, affected only the report of Y values. The results were discussed in terms of a parallel-processing system which proposes no capacity limitation.", "contents": "Abstraction of information from a complex display. Two experiments concerned with simultaneously abstracting information about different dimensions from the same display were carried out. In experiment 1 the subject was briefly shown a complex display containing coloured forms with three values of each dimension. Instead of identifying the individual items in the display (such as red triangle, blue square, etc), the subject was to abstract and report in any order the different dimensional values (e.g. red and blue for colour, and triangle and square for form). The results showed that the accuracy of performance was independent of the way in which two dimensions were combined, whether they were orthogonal, partially correlated, or completely correlated. The results showed that colour and form were processed independently and that the perception of one was not facilitated or interfered with by the presence of the other in the same display. In experiment 2 various numbers of values from each dimension were combined orthogonally within each display. The subject's task was the same as in the previous experiment except that the order of report of the two dimensions was specified for each subject. Suppose the dimension reported first is X, and that reported second is Y. The results showed that the number of X values not only detrimentally affected the accuracy of reporting the X values, it also reduced the accuracy of reporting Y owing to memory impairment. The number of Y values, on the other hand, affected only the report of Y values. The results were discussed in terms of a parallel-processing system which proposes no capacity limitation."}
{"id": "PMID:917727", "title": "What is the child's own view in a spatial task?: a spatial by temporal interaction affecting errors in perceptual reports.", "content": "Children are sometimes called 'egocentric' on the basis of their performance on Piagetian spatial-inference tasks. They often inappropriately substitute their own perceptual report for another observer's. Little is known about what responses are activated in giving perceptual reports. An experiment is presented which tightly controls spatial and temporal stimulus ordering. One condition elicted reports of that aspect of the display which children could not see instead of what they could see. Explanations are considered on the basis of relational coding and temporal responsiveness.", "contents": "What is the child's own view in a spatial task?: a spatial by temporal interaction affecting errors in perceptual reports. Children are sometimes called 'egocentric' on the basis of their performance on Piagetian spatial-inference tasks. They often inappropriately substitute their own perceptual report for another observer's. Little is known about what responses are activated in giving perceptual reports. An experiment is presented which tightly controls spatial and temporal stimulus ordering. One condition elicted reports of that aspect of the display which children could not see instead of what they could see. Explanations are considered on the basis of relational coding and temporal responsiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:917729", "title": "Feature analysers, optical illusions, and figural aftereffects.", "content": "Simple displacement models cannot explain some aspects of optical illusions and figural aftereffects. The orientation-detector interaction model proposed by Blakemore and others is more suitable to explain many aspects of the Z\u00f6llner illusion, positive and negative illusions, the effect of gap between the inducing and test lines, and the anisotropy of illusions. If we hypothesize size detectors whose tuning width and distribution steps are proportional to logarithmic size, interactions between them explain well the fact that the Delboeuf illusion and figural aftereffects of circles are determined by the size of the inducing to test circle, not by the absolute distance between the contours of these circles.", "contents": "Feature analysers, optical illusions, and figural aftereffects. Simple displacement models cannot explain some aspects of optical illusions and figural aftereffects. The orientation-detector interaction model proposed by Blakemore and others is more suitable to explain many aspects of the Z\u00f6llner illusion, positive and negative illusions, the effect of gap between the inducing and test lines, and the anisotropy of illusions. If we hypothesize size detectors whose tuning width and distribution steps are proportional to logarithmic size, interactions between them explain well the fact that the Delboeuf illusion and figural aftereffects of circles are determined by the size of the inducing to test circle, not by the absolute distance between the contours of these circles."}
{"id": "PMID:917730", "title": "Distortions and disappearances of geometrical patterns.", "content": "Prolonged observation of a stationary grating has a number of perceptual consequences. Initially the lines appear well-resolved and straight. The lines then take on a wavy and oscillating appearance, which is followed by scintillation of the pattern. The scintillations are often accompanied by cloudy disappearances of the grating. A streaming or scintillating aftereffect is visible subsequently, upon viewing a homogeneous surface. The literature concerning these effects is reviewed and several experiments are reported which examined the apparent waviness and scintillating disappearances. The basis for the apparent waviness remains unresolved. It is suggested that the scintillations are produced by small involuntary eye movements over the contours and that the associated disappearances might be due to binocular rivalry.", "contents": "Distortions and disappearances of geometrical patterns. Prolonged observation of a stationary grating has a number of perceptual consequences. Initially the lines appear well-resolved and straight. The lines then take on a wavy and oscillating appearance, which is followed by scintillation of the pattern. The scintillations are often accompanied by cloudy disappearances of the grating. A streaming or scintillating aftereffect is visible subsequently, upon viewing a homogeneous surface. The literature concerning these effects is reviewed and several experiments are reported which examined the apparent waviness and scintillating disappearances. The basis for the apparent waviness remains unresolved. It is suggested that the scintillations are produced by small involuntary eye movements over the contours and that the associated disappearances might be due to binocular rivalry."}
{"id": "PMID:917731", "title": "Effects of gap size between shaft and fins and of angle of fins on the M\u00fcller--Lyer illusion.", "content": "Assimilation theory was employed to generate quantitative predictions relating the ingoing M\u00fcller--Lyer illusion to both angle of fin and gap between shaft and fin. Gap sizes were varied from zero to 18 mm in steps of 2 mm, and angles of fins were varied from 30 degrees to 180 degrees in steps of 30 degrees. Five subjects adjusted the length of a comparison line to match the apparent length of the shaft at each combination of gap size and angle of fin. It was predicted that the gap necessary for a reversed illusion to occur, and the gap at which the maximal reversed effect occurred, would be inversely related to angle of fins. Empirical functions verified the predictions.", "contents": "Effects of gap size between shaft and fins and of angle of fins on the M\u00fcller--Lyer illusion. Assimilation theory was employed to generate quantitative predictions relating the ingoing M\u00fcller--Lyer illusion to both angle of fin and gap between shaft and fin. Gap sizes were varied from zero to 18 mm in steps of 2 mm, and angles of fins were varied from 30 degrees to 180 degrees in steps of 30 degrees. Five subjects adjusted the length of a comparison line to match the apparent length of the shaft at each combination of gap size and angle of fin. It was predicted that the gap necessary for a reversed illusion to occur, and the gap at which the maximal reversed effect occurred, would be inversely related to angle of fins. Empirical functions verified the predictions."}
{"id": "PMID:917732", "title": "Orientation masking and the tilt illusion with subjective contours.", "content": "Exposure to one edge renders another edge less visible as a function of relative orientation. Experiment 1 showed that orientation-selective masking occurs between phenomenal edges located at sites where the visual display is homogeneous (subjective contours) as well as between edges defined in terms of luminance discontinuity (real edges). In addition, real contours can be masked by subjective contours, and vice-versa. In experiment 2 it was found that the tilt illusion (apparent expansion of the angle formed by intersecting lines) can be induced with subjective as well as with real contours. These results suggest that it is inappropriate to attribute the perception of real and subjective contours to fundamentally different processes.", "contents": "Orientation masking and the tilt illusion with subjective contours. Exposure to one edge renders another edge less visible as a function of relative orientation. Experiment 1 showed that orientation-selective masking occurs between phenomenal edges located at sites where the visual display is homogeneous (subjective contours) as well as between edges defined in terms of luminance discontinuity (real edges). In addition, real contours can be masked by subjective contours, and vice-versa. In experiment 2 it was found that the tilt illusion (apparent expansion of the angle formed by intersecting lines) can be induced with subjective as well as with real contours. These results suggest that it is inappropriate to attribute the perception of real and subjective contours to fundamentally different processes."}
{"id": "PMID:917733", "title": "Effect of distance information and range on two indices of visually perceived distance.", "content": "Subjects made verbal reports of the perceived distance of near visual targets and indicated their distances by pointing at them with an unseen hand. The targets were presented under three stimulus conditions: monocular, binocular, and multicue. Two ranges of target distance were studied in separate experiments: 11-39 cm and 21-33 cm. When reciprocals of both response distance and target distance were plotted, all functions were approximately linear. The verbal and manual responses (distance indices) differed greatly, but were found to be related by a constant transform. The range of target distances had no effect on either index. The standard deviation of the manual response was about half that of the verbal response. Stimulus condition had a large effect, with the multicue condition producing the greatest change in indicated distance. and the monocular condition the least. The results are discussed with reference to the definition of perceived distance, and hypothesis concerning the integration of distance information.", "contents": "Effect of distance information and range on two indices of visually perceived distance. Subjects made verbal reports of the perceived distance of near visual targets and indicated their distances by pointing at them with an unseen hand. The targets were presented under three stimulus conditions: monocular, binocular, and multicue. Two ranges of target distance were studied in separate experiments: 11-39 cm and 21-33 cm. When reciprocals of both response distance and target distance were plotted, all functions were approximately linear. The verbal and manual responses (distance indices) differed greatly, but were found to be related by a constant transform. The range of target distances had no effect on either index. The standard deviation of the manual response was about half that of the verbal response. Stimulus condition had a large effect, with the multicue condition producing the greatest change in indicated distance. and the monocular condition the least. The results are discussed with reference to the definition of perceived distance, and hypothesis concerning the integration of distance information."}
{"id": "PMID:917734", "title": "Spatial effects in speech perception in the absence of spatial competition.", "content": "Two synthetic speech syllables, differing in pitch, were presented over one loudspeaker situated at one of the following azimuths: 0 degrees (in from of the subject); 45 degrees, 90 degrees, and 135 degrees to the left or to the right; and 180 degrees. The subject's task was to report the high-pitch syllable. The pattern of performance can be described in terms of two component effects: a decreasing anterior-posterior gradient, and right-side advantage. Competition between messages from one direction only appears to be as effective in determining auditory spatial effects as competition between spatially distinct sources.", "contents": "Spatial effects in speech perception in the absence of spatial competition. Two synthetic speech syllables, differing in pitch, were presented over one loudspeaker situated at one of the following azimuths: 0 degrees (in from of the subject); 45 degrees, 90 degrees, and 135 degrees to the left or to the right; and 180 degrees. The subject's task was to report the high-pitch syllable. The pattern of performance can be described in terms of two component effects: a decreasing anterior-posterior gradient, and right-side advantage. Competition between messages from one direction only appears to be as effective in determining auditory spatial effects as competition between spatially distinct sources."}
{"id": "PMID:917735", "title": "The microstructure of dual task interaction. 3. Incompatibility and attention switching.", "content": "This report is the third in a series of reports concerned with close analysis of a dual task situation in which a five-choice serial task is combined with an auditory--verbal response task. A situation is described in which 'incompatibility' is incorporated into the five-choice task in order to increase the information processing load and thus explore the effect on the mechanism believed to control the microstructure of the time-sharing process. Results supported the notion that subjects were continuing to operate a sequential processing strategy in combining the two tasks. The structure of the interval generated by the occurrence of the auditory--verbal task was different in comparison with the compatible five-choice condition reported earlier, suggesting that the introduction of incompatibility causes a change in the characteristics of the time-sharing process. The structure of the interval remained organised and consistent, suggesting that the mechanism which controlled the time-sharing process was not disrupted by increased main task load and therefore was likely to involve a process which did not compete for attention space with task variables. Results also revealed an effect of the digit task response on the following two serial responses. It was suggested that these were probably best described as two independent effects: one arising from the sequential processing strategy adopted, and the other arising perhaps as a function of perception of overall task difficulty.", "contents": "The microstructure of dual task interaction. 3. Incompatibility and attention switching. This report is the third in a series of reports concerned with close analysis of a dual task situation in which a five-choice serial task is combined with an auditory--verbal response task. A situation is described in which 'incompatibility' is incorporated into the five-choice task in order to increase the information processing load and thus explore the effect on the mechanism believed to control the microstructure of the time-sharing process. Results supported the notion that subjects were continuing to operate a sequential processing strategy in combining the two tasks. The structure of the interval generated by the occurrence of the auditory--verbal task was different in comparison with the compatible five-choice condition reported earlier, suggesting that the introduction of incompatibility causes a change in the characteristics of the time-sharing process. The structure of the interval remained organised and consistent, suggesting that the mechanism which controlled the time-sharing process was not disrupted by increased main task load and therefore was likely to involve a process which did not compete for attention space with task variables. Results also revealed an effect of the digit task response on the following two serial responses. It was suggested that these were probably best described as two independent effects: one arising from the sequential processing strategy adopted, and the other arising perhaps as a function of perception of overall task difficulty."}
{"id": "PMID:917736", "title": "A simple on-line device for scanning photographs.", "content": "A cheap scanner, based on an x-y plotter, is described which has a resolution of 128 elements x 128 elements minimum. Digitisings obtained suggest that, at most, 20 grey levels can be resolved.", "contents": "A simple on-line device for scanning photographs. A cheap scanner, based on an x-y plotter, is described which has a resolution of 128 elements x 128 elements minimum. Digitisings obtained suggest that, at most, 20 grey levels can be resolved."}
{"id": "PMID:917787", "title": "[The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive subjects. I-Analytical study of 124 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "An analytical study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was made in 124 individuals with essential hypertension, aged from 25 to 55 years. The results obtained, with rigorous control to posture and sodium balance, indicate the existence of a number of subgroups of hypertensive subjects related to their renin activity and plasma aldosterone in the upright position. This classification thus makes possible comparison with patients suffering from secondary hypertension.", "contents": "[The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive subjects. I-Analytical study of 124 patients (author's transl)]. An analytical study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was made in 124 individuals with essential hypertension, aged from 25 to 55 years. The results obtained, with rigorous control to posture and sodium balance, indicate the existence of a number of subgroups of hypertensive subjects related to their renin activity and plasma aldosterone in the upright position. This classification thus makes possible comparison with patients suffering from secondary hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:917788", "title": "[Abnormalities of calcium metabolism in hyperthyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "With the aim of clarifying the effects of an excess of thyroid hormones on calcium and phosphate metabolism, a study was made of blood and urine calcium and phosphate levels and urinary hydroxyproline excretion in 35 hyperthyroid patients and 20 obese individuals receiving 150 microgram/day of l-tri-iodo-thyronine for a period of 8 days. There was a high degree of correlation (p less than 0.01) between values of hydroxyproline excretion and those of blood thyroid hormones in the hyperthyroid patients. There was no significant difference between the values of the parameters studied before and after the administration of l-tri-iodo-thyronine. A trial involving the simultaneous administration of thyrocalcitonin produced no significant result.", "contents": "[Abnormalities of calcium metabolism in hyperthyroidism (author's transl)]. With the aim of clarifying the effects of an excess of thyroid hormones on calcium and phosphate metabolism, a study was made of blood and urine calcium and phosphate levels and urinary hydroxyproline excretion in 35 hyperthyroid patients and 20 obese individuals receiving 150 microgram/day of l-tri-iodo-thyronine for a period of 8 days. There was a high degree of correlation (p less than 0.01) between values of hydroxyproline excretion and those of blood thyroid hormones in the hyperthyroid patients. There was no significant difference between the values of the parameters studied before and after the administration of l-tri-iodo-thyronine. A trial involving the simultaneous administration of thyrocalcitonin produced no significant result."}
{"id": "PMID:917789", "title": "[Hemodynamic assessement of the subendocardial perfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Due to its purely diastolic perfusion pattern, the subendocardium is particularly sensitive to ischemia. The subendocardial perfusion can be hemodynamically assessed by the subendocardial viability ratio (EVR), ratio of the diastolic pressure-time index to the systolic pressure-time index. EVR may be either calculated in the catheterization laboratory or contimously monitorized in intensive care unit. Contimous EVR monitoring may prove useful in some critical hemodynamic states (cardiogenic shock, cardiac surgery) to asess the effects on subendocardial perfusion of the various proposed therapeutics either pharmacological (catecholamines, vasodilatators) or mechanical (intra-aortic baloon conterpulsation).", "contents": "[Hemodynamic assessement of the subendocardial perfusion (author's transl)]. Due to its purely diastolic perfusion pattern, the subendocardium is particularly sensitive to ischemia. The subendocardial perfusion can be hemodynamically assessed by the subendocardial viability ratio (EVR), ratio of the diastolic pressure-time index to the systolic pressure-time index. EVR may be either calculated in the catheterization laboratory or contimously monitorized in intensive care unit. Contimous EVR monitoring may prove useful in some critical hemodynamic states (cardiogenic shock, cardiac surgery) to asess the effects on subendocardial perfusion of the various proposed therapeutics either pharmacological (catecholamines, vasodilatators) or mechanical (intra-aortic baloon conterpulsation)."}
{"id": "PMID:917790", "title": "[Transhepatic intubation with double \"O\" tubes (author's transl)].", "content": "In biliary stenosis involving disappearance of hepatic duct, or in re-stricture of hepaticojejunostomy, there is no other solution than to reconstruction the anastomosis, stenting with transhepatic transanastomotic tubes. Until recently, we had been successfully using double transhepatic \"U\" tubes tied together under hepatic bifurcation. Now, however, we have adopted a variation of our technique consisting in not trying the seton tubes together and having them come out through different orifices of the jejunum. The right tube comes out of the jejunum through the middle of jejunum Roux in \"Y\" loop. The left tube comes out through the stump of the Roux in \"Y\" loop. In this manner, the tubes pull the hepaticojejunostomy transversally between them, thus preventing restricture.", "contents": "[Transhepatic intubation with double \"O\" tubes (author's transl)]. In biliary stenosis involving disappearance of hepatic duct, or in re-stricture of hepaticojejunostomy, there is no other solution than to reconstruction the anastomosis, stenting with transhepatic transanastomotic tubes. Until recently, we had been successfully using double transhepatic \"U\" tubes tied together under hepatic bifurcation. Now, however, we have adopted a variation of our technique consisting in not trying the seton tubes together and having them come out through different orifices of the jejunum. The right tube comes out of the jejunum through the middle of jejunum Roux in \"Y\" loop. The left tube comes out through the stump of the Roux in \"Y\" loop. In this manner, the tubes pull the hepaticojejunostomy transversally between them, thus preventing restricture."}
{"id": "PMID:917799", "title": "[Left coronary disease in postero inferior myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Postero-inferior-myocardial-infarction (MI) results usually from the occlusion of the right coronary artery. Recent pathological and angiographic studies have pointed out that in such cases occlusion of the right coronary artery was often (30 to 80 per cent of cases) associated with a severe (greater than or equal to 70 %) stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Thus, serious left coronary artery disease is frequent and unrecognized in patients with chronic even uncomplicated MI. Exercise test does not allow to recognize accurately this high risk group of patients which should be identified by coronary arteriography.", "contents": "[Left coronary disease in postero inferior myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Postero-inferior-myocardial-infarction (MI) results usually from the occlusion of the right coronary artery. Recent pathological and angiographic studies have pointed out that in such cases occlusion of the right coronary artery was often (30 to 80 per cent of cases) associated with a severe (greater than or equal to 70 %) stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Thus, serious left coronary artery disease is frequent and unrecognized in patients with chronic even uncomplicated MI. Exercise test does not allow to recognize accurately this high risk group of patients which should be identified by coronary arteriography."}
{"id": "PMID:917800", "title": "[Non-invasive exploration of valvular heart disease using Pulsed Doppler Flowmetry with echography (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method for diagnosing and assessing valvular heart disease is proposed, based on the analysis of transvalvular, pulmonary artery and aortic flow velocity curves recorded transcutaneously using Pulsed Doppler-echography. The normal tracings are presented and anomalies of the curves disclosed in 97 patients are analysed. It is concluded that this new, simple, non-invasive and repetable method is useful for diagnosing and assessing valvular heart disease, within limitations which are discussed.", "contents": "[Non-invasive exploration of valvular heart disease using Pulsed Doppler Flowmetry with echography (author's transl)]. A new method for diagnosing and assessing valvular heart disease is proposed, based on the analysis of transvalvular, pulmonary artery and aortic flow velocity curves recorded transcutaneously using Pulsed Doppler-echography. The normal tracings are presented and anomalies of the curves disclosed in 97 patients are analysed. It is concluded that this new, simple, non-invasive and repetable method is useful for diagnosing and assessing valvular heart disease, within limitations which are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:917801", "title": "[The determination of amanitines in the serum of patients poisoned by amanita phalloides (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum of patients suffering from Amanita phalloides poisoning was analysed in order to determine whether amanitines, which are the principal toxins of this fungus, were still present in the blood at the time of hospitalisation. In addition, the authors measured the concentrations of amanitines in the blood of dogs at different intervals after the ingestion of a fatal dose of Amanita phalloides. Amanitines were detected in the serum of 9 patients out of 16. This discovery, together with the finding that, in the dog, very low concentrations of amanitines in the blood are associated with fatal cellular lesions, suggests the need for very prompt action in order to eliminate these toxins from the blood as soon as the diagnosis of poisoning is suspected.", "contents": "[The determination of amanitines in the serum of patients poisoned by amanita phalloides (author's transl)]. The serum of patients suffering from Amanita phalloides poisoning was analysed in order to determine whether amanitines, which are the principal toxins of this fungus, were still present in the blood at the time of hospitalisation. In addition, the authors measured the concentrations of amanitines in the blood of dogs at different intervals after the ingestion of a fatal dose of Amanita phalloides. Amanitines were detected in the serum of 9 patients out of 16. This discovery, together with the finding that, in the dog, very low concentrations of amanitines in the blood are associated with fatal cellular lesions, suggests the need for very prompt action in order to eliminate these toxins from the blood as soon as the diagnosis of poisoning is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:917802", "title": "[Hepatic overload of gangliosides after perhexiline maleate. Morphological and biochemical course (author's transl)].", "content": "A 72 years old man treated with perhexiline maleate (400 mg during 15 months) complained of skin rash, sensitive neuropathy, liver damage and mild renal insufficiency. Clinical status improved when the treatment was stopped, but liver size and renal status remained inchanged. Liver biopsy were performed at 0,6 and 15 months after the end of treatment. Inflammation and hepatocyte necrosis, seen on the first specimen, disappeared latter. Steatosis and voluminous, swollen, foamy liver seen were present in the three biopsies. Sclerosis had increased in the last one in spite of treatment arrest. Histochemical study exhibited liver storage of triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, and gangliosides. Cytoplasmic glycogen was increased and some nuclei were glycogenated. Enzymatic pattern suggests a minor form of type I glycogen storage or increased neoglycogenesis. Perhexiline relation to this complex liver storage is discussed.", "contents": "[Hepatic overload of gangliosides after perhexiline maleate. Morphological and biochemical course (author's transl)]. A 72 years old man treated with perhexiline maleate (400 mg during 15 months) complained of skin rash, sensitive neuropathy, liver damage and mild renal insufficiency. Clinical status improved when the treatment was stopped, but liver size and renal status remained inchanged. Liver biopsy were performed at 0,6 and 15 months after the end of treatment. Inflammation and hepatocyte necrosis, seen on the first specimen, disappeared latter. Steatosis and voluminous, swollen, foamy liver seen were present in the three biopsies. Sclerosis had increased in the last one in spite of treatment arrest. Histochemical study exhibited liver storage of triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, and gangliosides. Cytoplasmic glycogen was increased and some nuclei were glycogenated. Enzymatic pattern suggests a minor form of type I glycogen storage or increased neoglycogenesis. Perhexiline relation to this complex liver storage is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:917803", "title": "[Modification during treatment of the rate of acetylation of isoniazide clinically or biologically detectable hepatic damage (author's transl)].", "content": "The rate of acetylation of isoniazid is usually constant in a given subject. The authors report here a case where despite an adjusted initial dose there was a decrease in the rate of acetylation during treatment with INH-rifampicin and ethambutol, without hepatic involvement but accompanied by retrobulbar optic neuritis. The role of ethambutol and/or an overdose of isoniazid are discussed. The technique for its estimation is also described.", "contents": "[Modification during treatment of the rate of acetylation of isoniazide clinically or biologically detectable hepatic damage (author's transl)]. The rate of acetylation of isoniazid is usually constant in a given subject. The authors report here a case where despite an adjusted initial dose there was a decrease in the rate of acetylation during treatment with INH-rifampicin and ethambutol, without hepatic involvement but accompanied by retrobulbar optic neuritis. The role of ethambutol and/or an overdose of isoniazid are discussed. The technique for its estimation is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:917805", "title": "The association: scleroderma-silicosis or Erasmus' syndrome (author's transl).", "content": "Classically more common in women, scleroderma nevertheless affects with predilection men exposed to the inhalation of silica particles. The association scleroderma-silicosis is essentially a statistical finding. It has no particular clinical, radiological nor histological distinguishing characteristics, other than the syndromic juxtaposition of the stigmata of each of the two disorders. This serious pathological combination is not due merely to chance. It is the result of depressed cellular immunity, related to the cytotoxicity of silica and responsible for auto-immune reactions and the formation of circulating immune-complexes. In the presence of an underlying predisposition, the polyvisceral diffusion of inhaled toxic mineral particles could also facilitate the sclerodermic process by stimulating fibroblastic proliferation.", "contents": "The association: scleroderma-silicosis or Erasmus' syndrome (author's transl). Classically more common in women, scleroderma nevertheless affects with predilection men exposed to the inhalation of silica particles. The association scleroderma-silicosis is essentially a statistical finding. It has no particular clinical, radiological nor histological distinguishing characteristics, other than the syndromic juxtaposition of the stigmata of each of the two disorders. This serious pathological combination is not due merely to chance. It is the result of depressed cellular immunity, related to the cytotoxicity of silica and responsible for auto-immune reactions and the formation of circulating immune-complexes. In the presence of an underlying predisposition, the polyvisceral diffusion of inhaled toxic mineral particles could also facilitate the sclerodermic process by stimulating fibroblastic proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:917804", "title": "[Pseudolupus induced by a vasculotropic drug (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report eight cases of women suffering from pseudolupus erythematosus, with positive antimitochondrial antibodies. In six in the past history, a vasculotropic drug, Venocuran or Venopyridum, had been taken. All the patients had had episodes of fever, a pericarditis and/or myocarditis. A pleural effusion was present in six and pulmonary infiltrates in four. The course of the disease was for a limited period (1 to 3 months) in four cases and was chronic in the other four. One patient developed severe mitral incompetence and a cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "[Pseudolupus induced by a vasculotropic drug (author's transl)]. The authors report eight cases of women suffering from pseudolupus erythematosus, with positive antimitochondrial antibodies. In six in the past history, a vasculotropic drug, Venocuran or Venopyridum, had been taken. All the patients had had episodes of fever, a pericarditis and/or myocarditis. A pleural effusion was present in six and pulmonary infiltrates in four. The course of the disease was for a limited period (1 to 3 months) in four cases and was chronic in the other four. One patient developed severe mitral incompetence and a cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:917806", "title": "[Interest of sequential \"in vitro\" cultures of granulomonocytic stem cells (CFUc) in the management of chemotherapy in a case of multiple myeloma (author's transl)].", "content": "Sequential measures of granulomonocytic stem cell (CFUc) pool were undertaken during chemotherapy in a case of multiple myeloma. Whereas the number of blood granulocytes remained unchanged, the total number of CFUc was markedly decreased. Therefore the CFUc marrow pool can be considered as one of the data in the management of chemotherapy. In multiple myeloma, the tumour mass can be evaluated by the secretion of monoclonal lg. It appears possible to adapt the schedule of chemotherapy considering both its effect against the tumoral cells and its toxicity on bone marrow stem cells.", "contents": "[Interest of sequential \"in vitro\" cultures of granulomonocytic stem cells (CFUc) in the management of chemotherapy in a case of multiple myeloma (author's transl)]. Sequential measures of granulomonocytic stem cell (CFUc) pool were undertaken during chemotherapy in a case of multiple myeloma. Whereas the number of blood granulocytes remained unchanged, the total number of CFUc was markedly decreased. Therefore the CFUc marrow pool can be considered as one of the data in the management of chemotherapy. In multiple myeloma, the tumour mass can be evaluated by the secretion of monoclonal lg. It appears possible to adapt the schedule of chemotherapy considering both its effect against the tumoral cells and its toxicity on bone marrow stem cells."}
{"id": "PMID:917817", "title": "[Demonstration of the hepatic veins by echotomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Provided that a rigourous protocol is adopted, exploration of the hepatic veins by echotomography (grey scale) is practically always possible. It should be integrated into every echotomographic study of the liver (parenchyma, biliary tract, portal system and inferior vena cava). The findings cover a narrow range: hepatic veins free, compressed or not visible. This method is harmless, rapid, reproducible and inexpensive.", "contents": "[Demonstration of the hepatic veins by echotomography (author's transl)]. Provided that a rigourous protocol is adopted, exploration of the hepatic veins by echotomography (grey scale) is practically always possible. It should be integrated into every echotomographic study of the liver (parenchyma, biliary tract, portal system and inferior vena cava). The findings cover a narrow range: hepatic veins free, compressed or not visible. This method is harmless, rapid, reproducible and inexpensive."}
{"id": "PMID:917819", "title": "[Intrathyroidal parathyroidal adenoma associated to a cold thyroidal nodule (author's transl)].", "content": "Parathyroid adenomas may have ectopic localizations, for example, intrathyroidal, which diagnosis is difficult. The present report illustrates this fact. A patient, 45 years old, euthyroidal, with a cold thyroidal nodule, underwent  a right thyroidal lobectomy. Immediately after the operation, a tetany crisis occured with a Chovstek's sign and a 65 mg/l blood calcium level. The possibility of an accidental parathyroidectomy was evoked, and a second histological exam of the tumor showed the presence of a trabecular parathyroidal adenoma in the back of a vesicular thyroidal adenoma. The presence of this parathyroidal adenoma should have been suspected because of the occurence of nephretics colics in the antecedents, but there was a high blood uric acid level and the diagnosis of uric concretion was retained; no dosage of blood calcium level has been done.", "contents": "[Intrathyroidal parathyroidal adenoma associated to a cold thyroidal nodule (author's transl)]. Parathyroid adenomas may have ectopic localizations, for example, intrathyroidal, which diagnosis is difficult. The present report illustrates this fact. A patient, 45 years old, euthyroidal, with a cold thyroidal nodule, underwent  a right thyroidal lobectomy. Immediately after the operation, a tetany crisis occured with a Chovstek's sign and a 65 mg/l blood calcium level. The possibility of an accidental parathyroidectomy was evoked, and a second histological exam of the tumor showed the presence of a trabecular parathyroidal adenoma in the back of a vesicular thyroidal adenoma. The presence of this parathyroidal adenoma should have been suspected because of the occurence of nephretics colics in the antecedents, but there was a high blood uric acid level and the diagnosis of uric concretion was retained; no dosage of blood calcium level has been done."}
{"id": "PMID:917829", "title": "Genes and geography.", "content": "The author discusses a number of genetically determined diseases, such as hemoglobinopathies, acute intermittent porphyria, familial Mediterranean fever and so-called acquired hypogammaglobulinemia from the geographical point of view. Possible factors explaining localized increases in incidence are discussed. The importance of isolates for the development of such foci is stressed.", "contents": "Genes and geography. The author discusses a number of genetically determined diseases, such as hemoglobinopathies, acute intermittent porphyria, familial Mediterranean fever and so-called acquired hypogammaglobulinemia from the geographical point of view. Possible factors explaining localized increases in incidence are discussed. The importance of isolates for the development of such foci is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:917830", "title": "Geographical distribution of HBs Ag in Africa.", "content": "The incidence of HBs Ag carrier is high in Africa. The HBs Ag subtypes vary in 5 mean areas of the Africa continent. The subtype ayw4(a3) is the most characteristic African subtype, being found with a striking frequency in West Africa (88.8%). In North Africa ayw2(a21) is predominant as in other mediterranean countries. In Saharan area mixed types of HBs Ag are found, intermediary between North and West Africa. In Central Africa y is predominantly associated with w2(a21) or with w4(a3). In east and South Africa ad is largely predominant and the most widespread subtype is adw2(a21). No adr, nor adw4 were found in Africa.", "contents": "Geographical distribution of HBs Ag in Africa. The incidence of HBs Ag carrier is high in Africa. The HBs Ag subtypes vary in 5 mean areas of the Africa continent. The subtype ayw4(a3) is the most characteristic African subtype, being found with a striking frequency in West Africa (88.8%). In North Africa ayw2(a21) is predominant as in other mediterranean countries. In Saharan area mixed types of HBs Ag are found, intermediary between North and West Africa. In Central Africa y is predominantly associated with w2(a21) or with w4(a3). In east and South Africa ad is largely predominant and the most widespread subtype is adw2(a21). No adr, nor adw4 were found in Africa."}
{"id": "PMID:917831", "title": "[Lymphography in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty-seven lymphangiograms were performed in 58 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. These patients were classified according to a new anatomico-clinical staging system which has previously been shown to bear prognostic significance. The lymphangiograms were divided into four groups on the basis of lymph node size and each group was further divided into subgroups (12). Each subgroup corresponded to a different roentgenographic picture. A good correlation was observed between lymphangiographic and anatomico-clinical staging: lymphangiogram groups 3 and 4, anatomico-clinical stage III and IV (p less than 0.001). The absence of normal lymph nodes in all patients, the diversity of lymphangiographic appearance from one patient to another and even the diversity from one region to another in the same patient should be stressed.", "contents": "[Lymphography in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (author's transl)]. Sixty-seven lymphangiograms were performed in 58 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. These patients were classified according to a new anatomico-clinical staging system which has previously been shown to bear prognostic significance. The lymphangiograms were divided into four groups on the basis of lymph node size and each group was further divided into subgroups (12). Each subgroup corresponded to a different roentgenographic picture. A good correlation was observed between lymphangiographic and anatomico-clinical staging: lymphangiogram groups 3 and 4, anatomico-clinical stage III and IV (p less than 0.001). The absence of normal lymph nodes in all patients, the diversity of lymphangiographic appearance from one patient to another and even the diversity from one region to another in the same patient should be stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:917832", "title": "[Prognosis of hematopoietic dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "90 patients with hemopoietic dysplasia (preleukemia) have been studied with iron kinetics for the mechanism of the anaemia, 23 patients had a bone marrow autoradiography and 18 a bone marrow culture in semi-solid medium. The death was caused in half the cases by acute myeloblastic leukaemia transformation (LAM) and in half the cases by complications of pancytopenia (infection, haemorrhage) or hemochromatosis. Three data give prognostic factors at short or long term: the bone marrow hypoplasia, no patient with major bone marrow hypoplasia (ratio of 59Fe fixation in liver and sacrum of more than 2) lived more than 2 years after the examination. The low labeling index of myeloblasts and promyelocytes, the mean LI is 0.20 patients having lived less than one year after the study and 0.35 for those who lived more than two years. The bone marrow culture of the macroclusters type, no patient whose bone marrow grew with macroclusters and no colonies survived more than 8 months after the study. These three data seem to be essential in the regular survey of the patients with hemopo\u00efetic dysplasia.", "contents": "[Prognosis of hematopoietic dysplasia (author's transl)]. 90 patients with hemopoietic dysplasia (preleukemia) have been studied with iron kinetics for the mechanism of the anaemia, 23 patients had a bone marrow autoradiography and 18 a bone marrow culture in semi-solid medium. The death was caused in half the cases by acute myeloblastic leukaemia transformation (LAM) and in half the cases by complications of pancytopenia (infection, haemorrhage) or hemochromatosis. Three data give prognostic factors at short or long term: the bone marrow hypoplasia, no patient with major bone marrow hypoplasia (ratio of 59Fe fixation in liver and sacrum of more than 2) lived more than 2 years after the examination. The low labeling index of myeloblasts and promyelocytes, the mean LI is 0.20 patients having lived less than one year after the study and 0.35 for those who lived more than two years. The bone marrow culture of the macroclusters type, no patient whose bone marrow grew with macroclusters and no colonies survived more than 8 months after the study. These three data seem to be essential in the regular survey of the patients with hemopo\u00efetic dysplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:917834", "title": "[Chemotherapy-radiotherapy association in the treatment of localized forms of Hodgkin's disease. Prognosis of polychemotherapy after three trials of M.O.P.P].", "content": "63 patients with Hodgkin disease of limited extent (I, II, III) are treated with two protocols: extended field irradiation versus chemotherapy (M.O.P.P.) + extended field irradiation. Three points are suggested by analysis of the results: 1) Advantage from the combination of chemotherapy-radiotherapy. 2) Resistance to chemotherapy frequent innodular sclerosis. 3) In patients treated with chemotherapy the reaction has a prognostic value: failure of treatment being seen only in patients who did not obtain a complete remission.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy-radiotherapy association in the treatment of localized forms of Hodgkin's disease. Prognosis of polychemotherapy after three trials of M.O.P.P]. 63 patients with Hodgkin disease of limited extent (I, II, III) are treated with two protocols: extended field irradiation versus chemotherapy (M.O.P.P.) + extended field irradiation. Three points are suggested by analysis of the results: 1) Advantage from the combination of chemotherapy-radiotherapy. 2) Resistance to chemotherapy frequent innodular sclerosis. 3) In patients treated with chemotherapy the reaction has a prognostic value: failure of treatment being seen only in patients who did not obtain a complete remission."}
{"id": "PMID:917838", "title": "[Laparotomy in the therapy of Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "We have performed laparotomy and splenectomy for seventy patients with Hodgkin's disease. Among 43 stages I or II before exploration, primary laparotomy revealed ignored abdominal localizations in 16 cases (37,2%). Involvement of the spleen occurred in 13 of these 16 patients, lonely (5 cases), associated with positive nodes (4 cases) or associated with positive nodes and liver involvement (4 cases). Among 4 stages III before exploration, no regression was found. Among 9 patients with presumed stages I or II above the diaphragm and previously treated by radiotherapy, delayed laparotomy revealed abdominal relapse in 6 cases. At last, among 14 patients with obvious stages II or IV and previously treated by combination chemotherapy, laparotomy, caused by persistent evolutive signs, showed residual localizations under the diaphragm in 8 cases. According to these results, we preconise immediate laparotomy in almost all presumed stages I or II above the diaphragm. About third of these subjects have their staging advanced to stage III or IV and, according to us must be treated by combination chemotherapy while the remaining cases justify of radiotherapy. In obvious stages III and IV delayed laparotomy may be useful in some circumstances, after chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Laparotomy in the therapy of Hodgkin's disease]. We have performed laparotomy and splenectomy for seventy patients with Hodgkin's disease. Among 43 stages I or II before exploration, primary laparotomy revealed ignored abdominal localizations in 16 cases (37,2%). Involvement of the spleen occurred in 13 of these 16 patients, lonely (5 cases), associated with positive nodes (4 cases) or associated with positive nodes and liver involvement (4 cases). Among 4 stages III before exploration, no regression was found. Among 9 patients with presumed stages I or II above the diaphragm and previously treated by radiotherapy, delayed laparotomy revealed abdominal relapse in 6 cases. At last, among 14 patients with obvious stages II or IV and previously treated by combination chemotherapy, laparotomy, caused by persistent evolutive signs, showed residual localizations under the diaphragm in 8 cases. According to these results, we preconise immediate laparotomy in almost all presumed stages I or II above the diaphragm. About third of these subjects have their staging advanced to stage III or IV and, according to us must be treated by combination chemotherapy while the remaining cases justify of radiotherapy. In obvious stages III and IV delayed laparotomy may be useful in some circumstances, after chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:917839", "title": "[Indication for splenectomy and exploration of the abdomen in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Splenectomies were performed on 142 patients (86 men and 56 women). The majority of them (117) were stages III or IV. The purpose of the laparotomy was therapeutic and not exploratory. Surgery was indicated, either due to evolution of the disease suggesting splenic involvement or to symptoms of hypersplenism. Splenic involvement was confirmed in 71% and hepatic involvement in 40%. Despite the risk of mortality during the first month after surgery, proportional to the extent of the disease, the overall results are encouraging provided that surgical intervention is followed by aggressive polychemotherapy. Serious infections were observed, however, in 9 patients; they did not occur for several months or even several years after splenectomy.", "contents": "[Indication for splenectomy and exploration of the abdomen in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. Splenectomies were performed on 142 patients (86 men and 56 women). The majority of them (117) were stages III or IV. The purpose of the laparotomy was therapeutic and not exploratory. Surgery was indicated, either due to evolution of the disease suggesting splenic involvement or to symptoms of hypersplenism. Splenic involvement was confirmed in 71% and hepatic involvement in 40%. Despite the risk of mortality during the first month after surgery, proportional to the extent of the disease, the overall results are encouraging provided that surgical intervention is followed by aggressive polychemotherapy. Serious infections were observed, however, in 9 patients; they did not occur for several months or even several years after splenectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:917941", "title": "Prosthetic valve endocarditis: reviewing the problem.", "content": "Bacterial endocarditis is a serious complication of valve replacement, with an overall mortality of 59%. Fever, although a constant feature of the condition, is a nonspecific finding; other manifestations may or may not be present and the diagnosis may be overlooked. Any patient with a prosthetic heart valve and bacteremia should be considered to have endocarditis and should be treated accordingly.", "contents": "Prosthetic valve endocarditis: reviewing the problem. Bacterial endocarditis is a serious complication of valve replacement, with an overall mortality of 59%. Fever, although a constant feature of the condition, is a nonspecific finding; other manifestations may or may not be present and the diagnosis may be overlooked. Any patient with a prosthetic heart valve and bacteremia should be considered to have endocarditis and should be treated accordingly."}
{"id": "PMID:917944", "title": "Common surgical problems of the head and neck.", "content": "In most cases of epistaxis, bleeding can be controlled with anterior nasal packing or a Foley balloon catheter. If this fails, posterior packing and otolaryngologic consultation are indicated. In initial assessment of injuries of the head and neck, a classification that is useful divides the region into the following anatomic systems: integumentary, respiratory, vascular, neurologic, musculoskeletal, and digestive. The possible effects of injury on each of these must be considered. The early detection of asymptomatic cancers of the head and neck by primary care physicians depends in large part on a routine of systematic examination and a knowledge of the clinicopathologic course of the disease. A seemingly harmless lump in the neck may well be a cervical node metastasis from an occult primary tumor.", "contents": "Common surgical problems of the head and neck. In most cases of epistaxis, bleeding can be controlled with anterior nasal packing or a Foley balloon catheter. If this fails, posterior packing and otolaryngologic consultation are indicated. In initial assessment of injuries of the head and neck, a classification that is useful divides the region into the following anatomic systems: integumentary, respiratory, vascular, neurologic, musculoskeletal, and digestive. The possible effects of injury on each of these must be considered. The early detection of asymptomatic cancers of the head and neck by primary care physicians depends in large part on a routine of systematic examination and a knowledge of the clinicopathologic course of the disease. A seemingly harmless lump in the neck may well be a cervical node metastasis from an occult primary tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:917950", "title": "Special aspects of primary care.", "content": "Common dislocations that can usually be managed in the office include anterior dislocations of the shoulder, posterior dislocations of the elbow and joints of the fingers and toes, and lateral dislocations of the patella. A systematic approach based on an understanding of the mechanism of injury, roentgenographic documentation of the extent of injury, reduction, immobilization, and rehabilitation is recommended.", "contents": "Special aspects of primary care. Common dislocations that can usually be managed in the office include anterior dislocations of the shoulder, posterior dislocations of the elbow and joints of the fingers and toes, and lateral dislocations of the patella. A systematic approach based on an understanding of the mechanism of injury, roentgenographic documentation of the extent of injury, reduction, immobilization, and rehabilitation is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:917951", "title": "Tetanus in a 67-year-old man.", "content": "A fatal case of generalized tetanus in a 67-year-old man is presented. The incubation period following finger damage was short, and the diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Clostridium tetani. Subsequently, a partial surgical amputation of the infected finger during the clinically active stage of the disease did not remove all the infecting organisms. Although convincing evidence of any previous active immunization was lacking, no form of tetanus antitoxin was given at the time of injury. This case illustrates the potential dangers of unfamiliarity with tetanus owing to its low incidence in developed countries.", "contents": "Tetanus in a 67-year-old man. A fatal case of generalized tetanus in a 67-year-old man is presented. The incubation period following finger damage was short, and the diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Clostridium tetani. Subsequently, a partial surgical amputation of the infected finger during the clinically active stage of the disease did not remove all the infecting organisms. Although convincing evidence of any previous active immunization was lacking, no form of tetanus antitoxin was given at the time of injury. This case illustrates the potential dangers of unfamiliarity with tetanus owing to its low incidence in developed countries."}
{"id": "PMID:917953", "title": "Intravascular coagulation. 1. Differential diagnosis and conditioning mechanisms.", "content": "Intravascular coagulation is an acquired thrombohemorrhagic disorder that occurs as a secondary phenomenon in various medical conditions, usually in patients who are seriously ill. It may occur as an acute fulminant disorder with massive bleeding or thrombosis but more commonly is subacute or chronic. Bleeding may be a prominent feature, or hemostatic abnormalities may be demonstrable only by testing.", "contents": "Intravascular coagulation. 1. Differential diagnosis and conditioning mechanisms. Intravascular coagulation is an acquired thrombohemorrhagic disorder that occurs as a secondary phenomenon in various medical conditions, usually in patients who are seriously ill. It may occur as an acute fulminant disorder with massive bleeding or thrombosis but more commonly is subacute or chronic. Bleeding may be a prominent feature, or hemostatic abnormalities may be demonstrable only by testing."}
{"id": "PMID:917954", "title": "Intravascular coagulation. 2. Underlying conditions and therapy.", "content": "Therapy for intravascular coagulation is directed primarily against the underlying disorder. If the latter is not readily correctable or if the patient is bleeding actively, anticoagulation with intermittent administration of heparin by the intravenous route is indicated. If thrombocytopenia is present, heparinization must be accompanied by platelet transfusion. The efficacy of therapy is judged by the cessation of bleeding or thrombosis, improvement of organic dysfunction, and correction of the levels of the coagulation factors, particularly factor V and fibrinogen.", "contents": "Intravascular coagulation. 2. Underlying conditions and therapy. Therapy for intravascular coagulation is directed primarily against the underlying disorder. If the latter is not readily correctable or if the patient is bleeding actively, anticoagulation with intermittent administration of heparin by the intravenous route is indicated. If thrombocytopenia is present, heparinization must be accompanied by platelet transfusion. The efficacy of therapy is judged by the cessation of bleeding or thrombosis, improvement of organic dysfunction, and correction of the levels of the coagulation factors, particularly factor V and fibrinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:917957", "title": "Longitudinal bone growth of the human femur.", "content": "A study is presented of the histological structure and growth rate of the growth plate at the distal end of the femur in normal children. From a comparison of quantitative histological information from post-mortem specimens with measurements on serial radiographs it is estimated that the distal growth plate contributes about 66% of the total longitudinal growth of the bone. The marked differences between rodent and man indicate that caution is required in extrapolating data from these animals to man.", "contents": "Longitudinal bone growth of the human femur. A study is presented of the histological structure and growth rate of the growth plate at the distal end of the femur in normal children. From a comparison of quantitative histological information from post-mortem specimens with measurements on serial radiographs it is estimated that the distal growth plate contributes about 66% of the total longitudinal growth of the bone. The marked differences between rodent and man indicate that caution is required in extrapolating data from these animals to man."}
{"id": "PMID:917958", "title": "Dermatoglyphs in skeletal dysplasias.", "content": "Finger and palm print patterns (dermatoglyphs) are formed in very early pregnancy, at about the same time the limbs are developing, and their formation probably depends upon the surface contours of the palms and soles during morphogenesis. Dermatoglyphs are useful in skeletal dysplasias for the detection and study of syndactyly and symphalangism, for dating the onset and the dysplasias, for demonstrating and dating asymmetry, and sometimes for providing specific diagnostic features.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphs in skeletal dysplasias. Finger and palm print patterns (dermatoglyphs) are formed in very early pregnancy, at about the same time the limbs are developing, and their formation probably depends upon the surface contours of the palms and soles during morphogenesis. Dermatoglyphs are useful in skeletal dysplasias for the detection and study of syndactyly and symphalangism, for dating the onset and the dysplasias, for demonstrating and dating asymmetry, and sometimes for providing specific diagnostic features."}
{"id": "PMID:917959", "title": "Osteoporosis in childhood.", "content": "Osteoporosis is defined as 'too little normal bone', the disorder being rarer in children than adults. The varied forms in childhood can be classified as those secondary to some other disease and primary forms of the disorder which include the genetically determined osteogenesis imperfecta types and idiopathic forms of osteoporosis. A plea is made for greater clinical application in attempting to discriminate differing forms of these primary disorders. Osteogenesis imperfecta it is argued is a heterogeneous condition with the evidence favouring both dominantly and recessively transmitted forms in different kindreds. Another possible osteogenesis imperfecta variant is characterized by dwarfing, scoliosis and peculiar cystic lesions of the proximal humeri. Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis is a term reserved for the acute osteoporosis beginning in the immediate prepubertal years and may differ in its cause from idiopathic osteoporosis beginning rather earlier in childhood. It is emphasized that immobilization osteoporosis is of very great importance and may become superimposed upon other osseous dysplasias. A complete understanding of these conditions will be helped by elucidation of the basic underlying defects in collagen and other constituents of bone matrix.", "contents": "Osteoporosis in childhood. Osteoporosis is defined as 'too little normal bone', the disorder being rarer in children than adults. The varied forms in childhood can be classified as those secondary to some other disease and primary forms of the disorder which include the genetically determined osteogenesis imperfecta types and idiopathic forms of osteoporosis. A plea is made for greater clinical application in attempting to discriminate differing forms of these primary disorders. Osteogenesis imperfecta it is argued is a heterogeneous condition with the evidence favouring both dominantly and recessively transmitted forms in different kindreds. Another possible osteogenesis imperfecta variant is characterized by dwarfing, scoliosis and peculiar cystic lesions of the proximal humeri. Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis is a term reserved for the acute osteoporosis beginning in the immediate prepubertal years and may differ in its cause from idiopathic osteoporosis beginning rather earlier in childhood. It is emphasized that immobilization osteoporosis is of very great importance and may become superimposed upon other osseous dysplasias. A complete understanding of these conditions will be helped by elucidation of the basic underlying defects in collagen and other constituents of bone matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:917960", "title": "Bone dysplasias and mental functioning.", "content": "Fourteen patients suffering from various degrees of bone dysplasia and mental handicap with superimposed neuroses or psychotic episodes are reported. Known biochemical and chromosomal causes are noted. Mental states associated with syndromes and mental malfunctioning or impairment because of skeletal defects or other factors are briefly discussed. High IgE was noted in the three cases of bone dysplasias suffering from chromosomal anomalies. Importance of early diagnosis, treatment and genetic counselling in bone dysplasias to prevent mental disorder is emphasized.", "contents": "Bone dysplasias and mental functioning. Fourteen patients suffering from various degrees of bone dysplasia and mental handicap with superimposed neuroses or psychotic episodes are reported. Known biochemical and chromosomal causes are noted. Mental states associated with syndromes and mental malfunctioning or impairment because of skeletal defects or other factors are briefly discussed. High IgE was noted in the three cases of bone dysplasias suffering from chromosomal anomalies. Importance of early diagnosis, treatment and genetic counselling in bone dysplasias to prevent mental disorder is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:917961", "title": "Perthes' disease and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.", "content": "Five atypical cases were observed amongst ninety children with Perthes' disease, ten of whom had bilateral hip joint involvement. All five were boys, four being under 4 years of age. Four had bilateral hip joint disease, four presented with hip pain, three showing some degree of retardation of bone growth. In one case the hip disorder was familial, and in four there were bony abnormalities elsewhere. Despite the absence of the classic signs of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, a mild form of this condition is a possible alternative diagnosis for these children. Racial and familial differences are known in the prevalence of Perthes' disease which itself may represent a dysplasia. The pathogenesis of Perthes' disease is still uncertain, although some abnormality of the blood supply to the proximal femoral epiphysis is postulated. That such a vascular defect may be engrafted on to multiple epiphyseal dysplasia is possible, with subsequent joint degeneration which may come to resemble Perthes' disease either clinically or radiologically. A plea is made for the closer study of young children presenting with what may seem to be atypical Perthes' disease.", "contents": "Perthes' disease and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. Five atypical cases were observed amongst ninety children with Perthes' disease, ten of whom had bilateral hip joint involvement. All five were boys, four being under 4 years of age. Four had bilateral hip joint disease, four presented with hip pain, three showing some degree of retardation of bone growth. In one case the hip disorder was familial, and in four there were bony abnormalities elsewhere. Despite the absence of the classic signs of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, a mild form of this condition is a possible alternative diagnosis for these children. Racial and familial differences are known in the prevalence of Perthes' disease which itself may represent a dysplasia. The pathogenesis of Perthes' disease is still uncertain, although some abnormality of the blood supply to the proximal femoral epiphysis is postulated. That such a vascular defect may be engrafted on to multiple epiphyseal dysplasia is possible, with subsequent joint degeneration which may come to resemble Perthes' disease either clinically or radiologically. A plea is made for the closer study of young children presenting with what may seem to be atypical Perthes' disease."}
{"id": "PMID:917962", "title": "Cartilage hair hypoplasia.", "content": "Six cases of cartilage hair hypoplasia from five kindreds are described. They demonstrate variation in the expression of clinical features such as sparsity of hair, hair calibre, radiological changes, short stature and the extent of the disproportion between sitting height and stature.", "contents": "Cartilage hair hypoplasia. Six cases of cartilage hair hypoplasia from five kindreds are described. They demonstrate variation in the expression of clinical features such as sparsity of hair, hair calibre, radiological changes, short stature and the extent of the disproportion between sitting height and stature."}
{"id": "PMID:917963", "title": "Skeletal abnormalities in homocystinuria.", "content": "The skeletal changes of thirty-four patients with the biochemical and clinical features of cystathionine synthase deficiency are described. It is emphasized that there is clinical evidence of excessive bone growth and the formation for bone which is structurally weaker than normal. The similarities and differences between this condition and Marfan's syndrome are stressed and the possible nature of the connective tissue defect leading to the skeletal changes discussed. The most characteristic skeletal changes in homocystinuria are the skeletal disproportion (pubis-heel length greater than crown-pubis length), the abnormal vertebrae, sternal deformities, genu valgum and large metaphyses and epiphyses.", "contents": "Skeletal abnormalities in homocystinuria. The skeletal changes of thirty-four patients with the biochemical and clinical features of cystathionine synthase deficiency are described. It is emphasized that there is clinical evidence of excessive bone growth and the formation for bone which is structurally weaker than normal. The similarities and differences between this condition and Marfan's syndrome are stressed and the possible nature of the connective tissue defect leading to the skeletal changes discussed. The most characteristic skeletal changes in homocystinuria are the skeletal disproportion (pubis-heel length greater than crown-pubis length), the abnormal vertebrae, sternal deformities, genu valgum and large metaphyses and epiphyses."}
{"id": "PMID:917964", "title": "The embryological basis of craniofacial dysplasias.", "content": "Craniofacial dysplasia of a syndromic pattern can usually be classified into one of two easily identifiable groups. In the first group are those malformations of the craniofacial skeleton and soft tissues that are asymmetrical in form and in the other, those that are principally symmetrical. Clinical studies have demonstrated that affected subjects in the symmetrical group frequently improve in terms of facial appearance as growth and development proceed to maturity, while those with asymmetrical defects often deteriorate in this respect. Embryological studies on animal models of these malformations have shown that asymmetrical lateral facial dysplasia and symmetrical mandibulofacial dysplasia exhibit discrete and widely disparate causal mechanisms of malformation. Analysis of these mechanisms and their effects on subsequent growth and development has suggested significant variations in the timing and technique of reconstructive procedures which will enable the surgeon to produce the most effective results when used for the rehabilitation of the afflicted.", "contents": "The embryological basis of craniofacial dysplasias. Craniofacial dysplasia of a syndromic pattern can usually be classified into one of two easily identifiable groups. In the first group are those malformations of the craniofacial skeleton and soft tissues that are asymmetrical in form and in the other, those that are principally symmetrical. Clinical studies have demonstrated that affected subjects in the symmetrical group frequently improve in terms of facial appearance as growth and development proceed to maturity, while those with asymmetrical defects often deteriorate in this respect. Embryological studies on animal models of these malformations have shown that asymmetrical lateral facial dysplasia and symmetrical mandibulofacial dysplasia exhibit discrete and widely disparate causal mechanisms of malformation. Analysis of these mechanisms and their effects on subsequent growth and development has suggested significant variations in the timing and technique of reconstructive procedures which will enable the surgeon to produce the most effective results when used for the rehabilitation of the afflicted."}
{"id": "PMID:917965", "title": "[Prognosis for bronchial epidermoid carcinoma treated by surgery--report of 102 cases].", "content": "The retrospective study of 102 epidermoid carcinomas of bronchial radically treated by surgery enables a survey of various prognostic factors, assessing the post-operative evolution over 2 years for 98 patients and over 5 years for 68 others. Some signs are ominous: chest pains or a worsening general condition in the preoperative symptomatology. On the other hand, the effect of the delay between the first symptoms and the intervention has not been demonstrated. Two factors, so far not much valued, have also been studied: the condition of the bronchial section of little prognostic value and, on the other hand, the TNM systematic classification which seems valuable for all operated bronchial cancers.", "contents": "[Prognosis for bronchial epidermoid carcinoma treated by surgery--report of 102 cases]. The retrospective study of 102 epidermoid carcinomas of bronchial radically treated by surgery enables a survey of various prognostic factors, assessing the post-operative evolution over 2 years for 98 patients and over 5 years for 68 others. Some signs are ominous: chest pains or a worsening general condition in the preoperative symptomatology. On the other hand, the effect of the delay between the first symptoms and the intervention has not been demonstrated. Two factors, so far not much valued, have also been studied: the condition of the bronchial section of little prognostic value and, on the other hand, the TNM systematic classification which seems valuable for all operated bronchial cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:917966", "title": "[Abdominal echotomography in a pneumology department].", "content": "In the last years, echotomography has become an essential element in the diagnosis of a number of diseases. In pleuro-pulmonary pathology, echotomography is also valuable for diagnosing pleural diseases and in some pathological conditions affecting at the same time thorax and abdomen. Echotomography of the abdomen is advised in a number of cases. The diaphragm and regions above and below it should be tested when there are deformations of the cupolae and radiological images in the pulmonary bases. Liver is investigated to trace any possible hepatic localization of broncho-pulmonary cancers or any chest hydatidosis. Echographic investigation of pancreas is advisable when a tumour of glandular origin is diagnosed. For patients with mesotheliomas, it should be associated to a retro-peritoneal investigation.", "contents": "[Abdominal echotomography in a pneumology department]. In the last years, echotomography has become an essential element in the diagnosis of a number of diseases. In pleuro-pulmonary pathology, echotomography is also valuable for diagnosing pleural diseases and in some pathological conditions affecting at the same time thorax and abdomen. Echotomography of the abdomen is advised in a number of cases. The diaphragm and regions above and below it should be tested when there are deformations of the cupolae and radiological images in the pulmonary bases. Liver is investigated to trace any possible hepatic localization of broncho-pulmonary cancers or any chest hydatidosis. Echographic investigation of pancreas is advisable when a tumour of glandular origin is diagnosed. For patients with mesotheliomas, it should be associated to a retro-peritoneal investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:917967", "title": "[Mass spectrum analysis of expired and alveolar gas during separate bronchospirometry].", "content": "It is possible to measure with a mass spectrometer the oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure in expired gas and alveolar gas in each lungs during a separate bronchospirometry. In 15 cases out of 26 (of which 21 had broncho-pulmonary cancers) it was possible to trace serious disorders of the alveolar-capillary exchanges in the diseased lung, probably related to an altered ventilation-perfusion relationship. This technique brings more data to the physio-pathologist than the plain measurement of the oxygen consumption of the diseased lung.", "contents": "[Mass spectrum analysis of expired and alveolar gas during separate bronchospirometry]. It is possible to measure with a mass spectrometer the oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure in expired gas and alveolar gas in each lungs during a separate bronchospirometry. In 15 cases out of 26 (of which 21 had broncho-pulmonary cancers) it was possible to trace serious disorders of the alveolar-capillary exchanges in the diseased lung, probably related to an altered ventilation-perfusion relationship. This technique brings more data to the physio-pathologist than the plain measurement of the oxygen consumption of the diseased lung."}
{"id": "PMID:917968", "title": "[The value of body tomodensitometry for diagnosis in pneumology].", "content": "The authors present a preliminary work on 37 pulmonary tomodensitometry performed on 18 bronchial cancers, 7 pleuro-pulmonary metastases, 4 normal lungs and 8 various respiratory diseases. This method presents a double advantage:--first it localizes the affection in relation to pleura, mediastinum or heart; specially interesting in case of a transparietal puncture in carcinology;--secondly, densitometry enables a differentiation between dense tumoral tissue and ventilatory disorders or pleurisy; it is also useful in determining the tumoral target volume. Finally this new technique can show air cavities (emphysema, tuberculous or cancerous caverns) as well as pleurisies of small volume.", "contents": "[The value of body tomodensitometry for diagnosis in pneumology]. The authors present a preliminary work on 37 pulmonary tomodensitometry performed on 18 bronchial cancers, 7 pleuro-pulmonary metastases, 4 normal lungs and 8 various respiratory diseases. This method presents a double advantage:--first it localizes the affection in relation to pleura, mediastinum or heart; specially interesting in case of a transparietal puncture in carcinology;--secondly, densitometry enables a differentiation between dense tumoral tissue and ventilatory disorders or pleurisy; it is also useful in determining the tumoral target volume. Finally this new technique can show air cavities (emphysema, tuberculous or cancerous caverns) as well as pleurisies of small volume."}
{"id": "PMID:917970", "title": "[Indications for and results of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (author's transl)].", "content": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a new and, in the hands of an experienced team, safe method for treating severe acute respiratory insufficiency. It protects the patient against the risk of hypoxia and respiratory acidosis and, provided there is a chance of survival, allows the repair of the damaged lung tissue. The chances of success depend on whether the lung damage is reversible since, so far as is known, ECMO has not, or only very rarely, any effect on the actual lesion. Reliable prognostic criteria are therefore needed in the choice of suitable cases. Persons with acute non-infectious lung disease who receive this treatment within a few hours or days after the onset of the disease have the best chances of survival.", "contents": "[Indications for and results of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (author's transl)]. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a new and, in the hands of an experienced team, safe method for treating severe acute respiratory insufficiency. It protects the patient against the risk of hypoxia and respiratory acidosis and, provided there is a chance of survival, allows the repair of the damaged lung tissue. The chances of success depend on whether the lung damage is reversible since, so far as is known, ECMO has not, or only very rarely, any effect on the actual lesion. Reliable prognostic criteria are therefore needed in the choice of suitable cases. Persons with acute non-infectious lung disease who receive this treatment within a few hours or days after the onset of the disease have the best chances of survival."}
{"id": "PMID:917971", "title": "[Management of patients with cardiovascular disease before and during anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems presented by persons with cardiovascular disease before and during anaesthesia are analysed. The physiology of the circulation is briefly dealt with; the role of cardiac rhythm, myocardiac contractility and peripheral vascular resistance in maintaining stable cardiovascular conditions and thereby ensuring an adequate blood supply to the tissues is reviewed. Causes, risks and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias are discussed with special reference to extrasystoles developing during anaesthesia. Anaesthesia for patients with a pace-maker is dealt with in detail. The advisability of pre-operative digitalization and means of treating acute cardiac arrest during anaesthesia are discussed. Therapeutic measures are suggested to counteract circulatory crises and acute rise of blood pressure during operation and to restore peripheral resistance to normal.", "contents": "[Management of patients with cardiovascular disease before and during anaesthesia (author's transl)]. The problems presented by persons with cardiovascular disease before and during anaesthesia are analysed. The physiology of the circulation is briefly dealt with; the role of cardiac rhythm, myocardiac contractility and peripheral vascular resistance in maintaining stable cardiovascular conditions and thereby ensuring an adequate blood supply to the tissues is reviewed. Causes, risks and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias are discussed with special reference to extrasystoles developing during anaesthesia. Anaesthesia for patients with a pace-maker is dealt with in detail. The advisability of pre-operative digitalization and means of treating acute cardiac arrest during anaesthesia are discussed. Therapeutic measures are suggested to counteract circulatory crises and acute rise of blood pressure during operation and to restore peripheral resistance to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:917972", "title": "[Clinical experience with r30730/Janssen in anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Fentanyl was replaced by R 30730/Janssen (Fentatienyl) for neurolept analgesia (with intubation) of 34 persons who had ophthalmic surgery on account of detachment of the retina. The effects of the drug on the size of the pupils, blood pressure, heart rate and respiration were observed; also the duration of analgesia and the incidence of nausea and vomiting. There was a very slight negative effect on the size of the pupil, similar to that seen with halothane; systolic blood pressure fell by an average of 20%; the duration of analgesia and the degree of respiratory depression varied considerably. 12 of the 35 patients suffered from marked nausea and vomiting after the operation.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with r30730/Janssen in anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery (author's transl)]. Fentanyl was replaced by R 30730/Janssen (Fentatienyl) for neurolept analgesia (with intubation) of 34 persons who had ophthalmic surgery on account of detachment of the retina. The effects of the drug on the size of the pupils, blood pressure, heart rate and respiration were observed; also the duration of analgesia and the incidence of nausea and vomiting. There was a very slight negative effect on the size of the pupil, similar to that seen with halothane; systolic blood pressure fell by an average of 20%; the duration of analgesia and the degree of respiratory depression varied considerably. 12 of the 35 patients suffered from marked nausea and vomiting after the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:917973", "title": "[Tracheo-oesophageal fistula caused by prolonged intubation of a severely injured patient with shock lung syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of tracheo-oesophageal fistula is reported which developed in the course of 4 1/2-weeks' mechanical ventilation (via a naso-tracheal tube) in a severely injured patient with shock lung syndrome. The patient was fed partly via a nasal gastric tube and partly parenterally. The fistula developed despite careful nursing, intermittent blocking of the cuff, weekly changes of the endotracheal tube and inspection of the epiglottic space. As the fistula failed to close spontaneously closure was effected by surgery. With the available types of endotracheal tubes damage to the tracheal structures cannot apparently be entirely prevented.", "contents": "[Tracheo-oesophageal fistula caused by prolonged intubation of a severely injured patient with shock lung syndrome (author's transl)]. A case of tracheo-oesophageal fistula is reported which developed in the course of 4 1/2-weeks' mechanical ventilation (via a naso-tracheal tube) in a severely injured patient with shock lung syndrome. The patient was fed partly via a nasal gastric tube and partly parenterally. The fistula developed despite careful nursing, intermittent blocking of the cuff, weekly changes of the endotracheal tube and inspection of the epiglottic space. As the fistula failed to close spontaneously closure was effected by surgery. With the available types of endotracheal tubes damage to the tracheal structures cannot apparently be entirely prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:917976", "title": "[Enflurane and fluorconcentrations in maternal and fetal blood during anaesthesia for for caesarean Section (authors transl)].", "content": "During anaesthesia for caesarean sections, the placental transfer and metabolism of Enflurane were investigated in 14 cases. In 3 cases, the administered concentration of 0.4 vol.% Enflurane showed too slight anaesthesia. In 11 cases, 0.6 vol.% Enflurane were delivered to the maternal respiratory mixture. A gaschromatographic method was used to measure the maternal and fetal blood concentrations of Enflurane. The calculated maternal mean value of Enflurane showed a concentration of 330 mumol/l which corresponds to 6.07 mg/100ml; the fetal mean value was 148 mumol/l or 2.72 mg/100 ml. This means that during operating time about 44.8% from the maternal Enflurane concentration has crossed to the fetus. The metabolic break down of Enflurane could be demonstrated by the measurement of inorganic fluorides in the maternal and fetal blood. The fluor concentration in the maternal blood increased during the operation and reached a mean value of 15.5 mumol/l at the time of birth; the mean value in the cord vein was at the same time 9.28 mumol/l which corresponds to 61% of the maternal concentration.", "contents": "[Enflurane and fluorconcentrations in maternal and fetal blood during anaesthesia for for caesarean Section (authors transl)]. During anaesthesia for caesarean sections, the placental transfer and metabolism of Enflurane were investigated in 14 cases. In 3 cases, the administered concentration of 0.4 vol.% Enflurane showed too slight anaesthesia. In 11 cases, 0.6 vol.% Enflurane were delivered to the maternal respiratory mixture. A gaschromatographic method was used to measure the maternal and fetal blood concentrations of Enflurane. The calculated maternal mean value of Enflurane showed a concentration of 330 mumol/l which corresponds to 6.07 mg/100ml; the fetal mean value was 148 mumol/l or 2.72 mg/100 ml. This means that during operating time about 44.8% from the maternal Enflurane concentration has crossed to the fetus. The metabolic break down of Enflurane could be demonstrated by the measurement of inorganic fluorides in the maternal and fetal blood. The fluor concentration in the maternal blood increased during the operation and reached a mean value of 15.5 mumol/l at the time of birth; the mean value in the cord vein was at the same time 9.28 mumol/l which corresponds to 61% of the maternal concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:917977", "title": "[Clinical experience with methohexital-nitrous oxide anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of methohexital, given as a 0.1% intravenous drip in combination with nitrous oxide were studied in 159 persons who had various types of surgical operations. The depth of anaesthesia was easily controlled, the circulation remained unaffected and the combination was well tolerated. There were no difficulties concerning either induction or recovery. The combination of i.v. methohexital and nitrous oxide proved very satisfactory for maintaining prolonged anaesthesia in elderly persons and patients in poor general health.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with methohexital-nitrous oxide anaesthesia (author's transl)]. The effects of methohexital, given as a 0.1% intravenous drip in combination with nitrous oxide were studied in 159 persons who had various types of surgical operations. The depth of anaesthesia was easily controlled, the circulation remained unaffected and the combination was well tolerated. There were no difficulties concerning either induction or recovery. The combination of i.v. methohexital and nitrous oxide proved very satisfactory for maintaining prolonged anaesthesia in elderly persons and patients in poor general health."}
{"id": "PMID:917978", "title": "[Interocular pressure after injection of etomidate and methohexital-na (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies of i.o. pressure, blood pressure and pulse frequence after injection of Etomidate and Methohexital-Na are carried out. I.o. pressure decreases after both, Etomidate and Methohexital. Blood pressure decreases more after injection of Methohexital-Na. After than intubation, with Etomidate, i.o. pressure was higher than normal, but it was normal with Methohexital-Na. Blood pressure increases in all the three groups. Before operation starts, i.o. pressure, blood pressure and pulse was lower as at the beginning.", "contents": "[Interocular pressure after injection of etomidate and methohexital-na (author's transl)]. Studies of i.o. pressure, blood pressure and pulse frequence after injection of Etomidate and Methohexital-Na are carried out. I.o. pressure decreases after both, Etomidate and Methohexital. Blood pressure decreases more after injection of Methohexital-Na. After than intubation, with Etomidate, i.o. pressure was higher than normal, but it was normal with Methohexital-Na. Blood pressure increases in all the three groups. Before operation starts, i.o. pressure, blood pressure and pulse was lower as at the beginning."}
{"id": "PMID:917979", "title": "[Controlled hypotension in difficult intraocular anterior segment surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "During anaesthesia controlled hypotension -- induced by sodium nitroprusside -- was used in 60 patients undergoing intraocular anterior segment surgery. The advantages of this procedure are that the iris-lens diaphragma and the vitreous body have a lesser tendency to protrude than with other techniques despite even more superficial anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Controlled hypotension in difficult intraocular anterior segment surgery (author's transl)]. During anaesthesia controlled hypotension -- induced by sodium nitroprusside -- was used in 60 patients undergoing intraocular anterior segment surgery. The advantages of this procedure are that the iris-lens diaphragma and the vitreous body have a lesser tendency to protrude than with other techniques despite even more superficial anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:917980", "title": "[Anaesthetic methods for surgery of cerebral aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "The anaesthetist giving anaesthesia for the surgical removal of cerebral aneurysms faces a great variety of tasks. Experience gained in the course of 61 such operations has shown that a combination of controlled hypotension, careful monitoring of the function of the autonomic nervous system and a meticulous surgical technique with the aid of a microscope produces satisfactory results.", "contents": "[Anaesthetic methods for surgery of cerebral aneurysms (author's transl)]. The anaesthetist giving anaesthesia for the surgical removal of cerebral aneurysms faces a great variety of tasks. Experience gained in the course of 61 such operations has shown that a combination of controlled hypotension, careful monitoring of the function of the autonomic nervous system and a meticulous surgical technique with the aid of a microscope produces satisfactory results."}
{"id": "PMID:917981", "title": "[Cardiac and selective vascular effects of canrenoate-potassium (aldactone pro injectione) in cardiosurgical patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemodynamic and inotropic effects of 200 mg and 400 mg Aldactone pro injectione (Canrenoate-Potassium, Aldadiene) were measured in three different series (n=60) during and after cardiac surgery in neuroleptanalgesia; results were compared to a control group (n=35). The first investigation was performed after sternotomy and pericardiotomy. During a measuring period of ten minutes no significant changes in inotropic parameter dp/dt max were found in comparison to individual control values. The second investigation during \"steady state\" extracorporeal circulation revealed a small decrease in arterial perfusion perfusion pressure after both dosages, which can be interpreted as an arteriolar vasodilatation. There was, however, no significant difference in comparison to the control group. Additional measurements were done after cardiac surgery in a total of 20 patients (200 mg and 400 mg Aldactone pro injectione) during an investigation period of 60 min. In comparison to a control group (n=15) no significant differences in arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac index, stroke index and pulmonary arterial pressure were found. There were no acute and direct positive inotropic effects of Canrenoate-Potassium after administration of 200 mg and 400 mg respectively in cardiosurgical patients.", "contents": "[Cardiac and selective vascular effects of canrenoate-potassium (aldactone pro injectione) in cardiosurgical patients (author's transl)]. Hemodynamic and inotropic effects of 200 mg and 400 mg Aldactone pro injectione (Canrenoate-Potassium, Aldadiene) were measured in three different series (n=60) during and after cardiac surgery in neuroleptanalgesia; results were compared to a control group (n=35). The first investigation was performed after sternotomy and pericardiotomy. During a measuring period of ten minutes no significant changes in inotropic parameter dp/dt max were found in comparison to individual control values. The second investigation during \"steady state\" extracorporeal circulation revealed a small decrease in arterial perfusion perfusion pressure after both dosages, which can be interpreted as an arteriolar vasodilatation. There was, however, no significant difference in comparison to the control group. Additional measurements were done after cardiac surgery in a total of 20 patients (200 mg and 400 mg Aldactone pro injectione) during an investigation period of 60 min. In comparison to a control group (n=15) no significant differences in arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac index, stroke index and pulmonary arterial pressure were found. There were no acute and direct positive inotropic effects of Canrenoate-Potassium after administration of 200 mg and 400 mg respectively in cardiosurgical patients."}
{"id": "PMID:917982", "title": "[Pulmonary edema due to unilateral pneumothorax (unilateral shock lung) (author's transl)].", "content": "Unilateral pulmonary edema due to chest drainage is reported in the present paper. Drainage was carried out, because of pneumothorax. The disorder could be treated successfully with differenciated mechanical respirator therapy and additionally with methylprednisolon, heparin, spirolactone and dopamin. Based upon clinical symptoms and on present literature we suggest to account this so called \"pulmonary edema exvacuo\" to the main complex of acute respiratory insufficiency (unilateral shock lung).", "contents": "[Pulmonary edema due to unilateral pneumothorax (unilateral shock lung) (author's transl)]. Unilateral pulmonary edema due to chest drainage is reported in the present paper. Drainage was carried out, because of pneumothorax. The disorder could be treated successfully with differenciated mechanical respirator therapy and additionally with methylprednisolon, heparin, spirolactone and dopamin. Based upon clinical symptoms and on present literature we suggest to account this so called \"pulmonary edema exvacuo\" to the main complex of acute respiratory insufficiency (unilateral shock lung)."}
{"id": "PMID:917983", "title": "[Narcorex 19 - a new anaesthetic apparatus (author's transl)].", "content": "The Dr\u00e4ger \"Narcorex 19\" anaesthetic apparatus incorporates a closed anaesthetic circuit (7a) and the Pulmomat 19 K1. There is a possibility to connect Water's- or Kuhn's-System. This perspicuous and flexible apparatus is designed for induction as well as maintenance of anaesthesia with or without artificial ventilation.", "contents": "[Narcorex 19 - a new anaesthetic apparatus (author's transl)]. The Dr\u00e4ger \"Narcorex 19\" anaesthetic apparatus incorporates a closed anaesthetic circuit (7a) and the Pulmomat 19 K1. There is a possibility to connect Water's- or Kuhn's-System. This perspicuous and flexible apparatus is designed for induction as well as maintenance of anaesthesia with or without artificial ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:917992", "title": "[Clinical advantages of routine analyses].", "content": "The results of a retrospective study of the clinical usefulness of routine laboratory workup are considered in a group of 324 new patients, seen in an outpatient medical service during 12 months. From a total of 3 564 laboratory determinations, 294 were abnormal (8.2%), and of this group, 59 were unexpected findings that led to 15 new diagnosis, of clinical significance. Even with this low yield of usefulness, it is felt, in concordance with the literature, that is difficult to condemn its use at the present time. Brief considerations are given in favor and against its use.", "contents": "[Clinical advantages of routine analyses]. The results of a retrospective study of the clinical usefulness of routine laboratory workup are considered in a group of 324 new patients, seen in an outpatient medical service during 12 months. From a total of 3 564 laboratory determinations, 294 were abnormal (8.2%), and of this group, 59 were unexpected findings that led to 15 new diagnosis, of clinical significance. Even with this low yield of usefulness, it is felt, in concordance with the literature, that is difficult to condemn its use at the present time. Brief considerations are given in favor and against its use."}
{"id": "PMID:917993", "title": "[Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with dense deposits in the basal membranes. Report of 6 cases].", "content": "Six cases of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with dense deposits are reported. This entity has clinical, immunological and morphological characteristics which make it a variant of the membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: a very frequent disease among our population.", "contents": "[Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with dense deposits in the basal membranes. Report of 6 cases]. Six cases of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with dense deposits are reported. This entity has clinical, immunological and morphological characteristics which make it a variant of the membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: a very frequent disease among our population."}
{"id": "PMID:918018", "title": "Phosphoprotein from dentin. New approaches to achieve and assess purity.", "content": "Phosphorprotein extracted from rat incisors was purified by passage through a sulfonated polystyrene column. The phosphoprotein that emerged in the void volume contained 54% phosphoserine + serine and 36% aspartic acid and, in contrast to that obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, was devoid of proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and arginine. Gel electrophoresis of the material purified on sulfonated polystyrene columns gave one major phosphate-containing band which would not stain with Coomassie Blue. EDTA or acetic acid demineralization yielded phosphoprotein preparations with identical compositions and electrophoretic properties. These data show that purification procedures reported earlier are insufficient.", "contents": "Phosphoprotein from dentin. New approaches to achieve and assess purity. Phosphorprotein extracted from rat incisors was purified by passage through a sulfonated polystyrene column. The phosphoprotein that emerged in the void volume contained 54% phosphoserine + serine and 36% aspartic acid and, in contrast to that obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, was devoid of proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and arginine. Gel electrophoresis of the material purified on sulfonated polystyrene columns gave one major phosphate-containing band which would not stain with Coomassie Blue. EDTA or acetic acid demineralization yielded phosphoprotein preparations with identical compositions and electrophoretic properties. These data show that purification procedures reported earlier are insufficient."}
{"id": "PMID:918019", "title": "Rapid delipidation of and particulate removal from human serum by membrane filtration in a tangential flow system.", "content": "Approximately 50% of the total lipids and virtually all of the colloids and particulates which impart turbidity to human serum are removed by filtration through 0.1 micrometer-poresize membrane filters in a high-volume tangential flow device. The advantages of the method over solvent extraction are: (a) no organic solvent(s) is added to the serum at any time, (b) filtrations can be performed rapidly at room temperature, (c) unstable lipoproteins and particulates are removed in 1 step, (d) scaleup from hundreds of ml to hundreds of liters is readily achievable, and(e) process time is markedly reduced.", "contents": "Rapid delipidation of and particulate removal from human serum by membrane filtration in a tangential flow system. Approximately 50% of the total lipids and virtually all of the colloids and particulates which impart turbidity to human serum are removed by filtration through 0.1 micrometer-poresize membrane filters in a high-volume tangential flow device. The advantages of the method over solvent extraction are: (a) no organic solvent(s) is added to the serum at any time, (b) filtrations can be performed rapidly at room temperature, (c) unstable lipoproteins and particulates are removed in 1 step, (d) scaleup from hundreds of ml to hundreds of liters is readily achievable, and(e) process time is markedly reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:918020", "title": "Isolation and characterization of myocytes from the adult rat heart.", "content": "Spontaneously contracting myocytes were isolated from ventricles of the adult rat heart. Hearts were perfused retrogradally via the aorta for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C with Ca2+-free phosphate-buffered saline containing collagenase and hyaluronidase. The venticles were divided into pieces and incubated 15 minutes with the enzymes. Dislodged cells were decanted, diluted with cold buffer and allowed to settle. The washed cells were then sedimented through 3% Ficoll. This procedure yielded approximately 50 mg of protein from 1 gm of heart. Viability measured by trypan-glue exclusion is 90-95%. Approximately 80% of the cells were beating. Scanning electron microscopic studies suggest that the isolated myocytes are morphologically intact. The cells oxidize glucose, pyruvate, citrate and palmitate to CO2 and synthesize protein and RNA. Uptake of glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, leucine and taurine was saturable. Glucose uptake was stimulated by insulin. The cells retained LDH and CPK as well as their capacity to oxidize substrates after 24 hours at 4 degrees C or 4 hours at 37 degrees C. After 24 hours at 4 degrees C the cells resume contracting when returned to room temperature. The procedure reported here for the isolation of spontaneously contracting, adult, rat heart myocytes provides cells with a high index of viability and greater yield than previously reported methods. The cells retain metabolic activity and withstand storage for longer periods than other described preparations.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of myocytes from the adult rat heart. Spontaneously contracting myocytes were isolated from ventricles of the adult rat heart. Hearts were perfused retrogradally via the aorta for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C with Ca2+-free phosphate-buffered saline containing collagenase and hyaluronidase. The venticles were divided into pieces and incubated 15 minutes with the enzymes. Dislodged cells were decanted, diluted with cold buffer and allowed to settle. The washed cells were then sedimented through 3% Ficoll. This procedure yielded approximately 50 mg of protein from 1 gm of heart. Viability measured by trypan-glue exclusion is 90-95%. Approximately 80% of the cells were beating. Scanning electron microscopic studies suggest that the isolated myocytes are morphologically intact. The cells oxidize glucose, pyruvate, citrate and palmitate to CO2 and synthesize protein and RNA. Uptake of glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, leucine and taurine was saturable. Glucose uptake was stimulated by insulin. The cells retained LDH and CPK as well as their capacity to oxidize substrates after 24 hours at 4 degrees C or 4 hours at 37 degrees C. After 24 hours at 4 degrees C the cells resume contracting when returned to room temperature. The procedure reported here for the isolation of spontaneously contracting, adult, rat heart myocytes provides cells with a high index of viability and greater yield than previously reported methods. The cells retain metabolic activity and withstand storage for longer periods than other described preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:918021", "title": "[Covalent binding of acylated trypsin with polymeric carriers].", "content": "In order to provide covalent binding of trypsin with polymer carriers, trypsin was activated by an administration of double C=C bond. Thereafter, activated trypsin was polymerized together with a monomer of the acrylic series. Trypsin acylation with an unsaturated acid allowed the enzyme immobilization by means of its copolymerization with a monomer forming a polymer matrix. The specific proteolytic activity of immobilized trypsin decreased in proportion to an increase in the molecular weight of the polymerization product.", "contents": "[Covalent binding of acylated trypsin with polymeric carriers]. In order to provide covalent binding of trypsin with polymer carriers, trypsin was activated by an administration of double C=C bond. Thereafter, activated trypsin was polymerized together with a monomer of the acrylic series. Trypsin acylation with an unsaturated acid allowed the enzyme immobilization by means of its copolymerization with a monomer forming a polymer matrix. The specific proteolytic activity of immobilized trypsin decreased in proportion to an increase in the molecular weight of the polymerization product."}
{"id": "PMID:918022", "title": "[Physico-chemical and enzymatic properties of polymeric trypsin derivatives based on dextran].", "content": "The molecular weight distribution, thermal stability during autolysis, resistance to human serum inhibitors as well as temperature optimum of native and dextran-modified trypsin were investigated. The seeming constants of autolytic inactivation and inhibition of native and modified trypsin were calculated. Trypsin polymer derivatives had higher molecular weight than the native enzyme. They also showed higher resistance to autolysis and serum inhibitors. Possible causes of the above effects are discussed.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical and enzymatic properties of polymeric trypsin derivatives based on dextran]. The molecular weight distribution, thermal stability during autolysis, resistance to human serum inhibitors as well as temperature optimum of native and dextran-modified trypsin were investigated. The seeming constants of autolytic inactivation and inhibition of native and modified trypsin were calculated. Trypsin polymer derivatives had higher molecular weight than the native enzyme. They also showed higher resistance to autolysis and serum inhibitors. Possible causes of the above effects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918082", "title": "Anterior dislocation of the radial head in children.", "content": "Problems of unilateral isolated radial head dislocation have been reviewed in 28 children. A significant number indicated failure of recognition of the dislocation after injury. Disability due to increasing deformity and instability was consistently noted and indicated surgical reduction. Late reduction required reconstruction of the annular ligament. A modified method of reconstruction using a strip of triceps tendon is described. Good results are recorded in a small number of children in whom this was carried out.", "contents": "Anterior dislocation of the radial head in children. Problems of unilateral isolated radial head dislocation have been reviewed in 28 children. A significant number indicated failure of recognition of the dislocation after injury. Disability due to increasing deformity and instability was consistently noted and indicated surgical reduction. Late reduction required reconstruction of the annular ligament. A modified method of reconstruction using a strip of triceps tendon is described. Good results are recorded in a small number of children in whom this was carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:918102", "title": "Risk of developing breast cancer determined by mammography.", "content": "1) By breast parenchymal patterns one can isolate women at significantly high and low risk for developing breast carcinoma from the general population. 2) Basically the risk classification does not change with aging. 3) Radiographic screening studies should be concentrated in the high risk groups. 4) The highest risk group, DY, should be considered for aggressive surgical ablation of the tissue capable of generating a breast cancer.", "contents": "Risk of developing breast cancer determined by mammography. 1) By breast parenchymal patterns one can isolate women at significantly high and low risk for developing breast carcinoma from the general population. 2) Basically the risk classification does not change with aging. 3) Radiographic screening studies should be concentrated in the high risk groups. 4) The highest risk group, DY, should be considered for aggressive surgical ablation of the tissue capable of generating a breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:918133", "title": "Effects of two anxiolytics on distraction, habituation and dishabitiuation.", "content": "Rats were engaged in a baseline activity of licking and their distraction to tone stimuli measured by an interruption in licking. Habituation, distraction to a stimulus change and dishabitiuation (the return of distraction to the original tone) were studied. Ethanol (0.4 and 0.8 g/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (7.5 mg/kg) produced significantly faster habituation, a result that cannot be attributed to changes in the baseline response rate, or to differences in the initial distraction to the tone. All groups showed 24 hr retention to the tone when they were tested in the same state in which they were habituated. There was transfer of habituation between drugged and undrugged states for rats injected with chlordiazepoxide, but rats habituated undrugged showed no retention if tested after injections of ethanol. Chlordiazepoxide impaired the specificity with which the physical parameters were coded, whereas ethanol improved the specificity of coding. Neither drug affected dishabituation.", "contents": "Effects of two anxiolytics on distraction, habituation and dishabitiuation. Rats were engaged in a baseline activity of licking and their distraction to tone stimuli measured by an interruption in licking. Habituation, distraction to a stimulus change and dishabitiuation (the return of distraction to the original tone) were studied. Ethanol (0.4 and 0.8 g/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (7.5 mg/kg) produced significantly faster habituation, a result that cannot be attributed to changes in the baseline response rate, or to differences in the initial distraction to the tone. All groups showed 24 hr retention to the tone when they were tested in the same state in which they were habituated. There was transfer of habituation between drugged and undrugged states for rats injected with chlordiazepoxide, but rats habituated undrugged showed no retention if tested after injections of ethanol. Chlordiazepoxide impaired the specificity with which the physical parameters were coded, whereas ethanol improved the specificity of coding. Neither drug affected dishabituation."}
{"id": "PMID:918134", "title": "Reduction of the behavioral effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol by hyperbaric pressure.", "content": "Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg was administered to rats under normal (1 ATA) and increased (3, 5 and 7 times normal) atmospheric pressure. Behavior was maintained by a food-reinforced differential-reinforcemnet-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule. Dose-dependent decrements in performance was observed at the 1 ATA conditions, in which response rates increased and the well-established temporal discrimination disintegrated. Under the elevated pressure conditions, however, a reversal of behavioral toxicity occurred during which performance improved as a function of pressure. The behavioral disruptions occurring at the 5- and 7-ATA pressures were minimal compared with those occurring at 1 ATA under equivalent doses of the drug. The present experiment has demonstrated that delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol produces significant behavioral changes at 1 ATA pressure, but when atmospheric pressure is increased the drug effects are reduced.", "contents": "Reduction of the behavioral effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol by hyperbaric pressure. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg was administered to rats under normal (1 ATA) and increased (3, 5 and 7 times normal) atmospheric pressure. Behavior was maintained by a food-reinforced differential-reinforcemnet-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule. Dose-dependent decrements in performance was observed at the 1 ATA conditions, in which response rates increased and the well-established temporal discrimination disintegrated. Under the elevated pressure conditions, however, a reversal of behavioral toxicity occurred during which performance improved as a function of pressure. The behavioral disruptions occurring at the 5- and 7-ATA pressures were minimal compared with those occurring at 1 ATA under equivalent doses of the drug. The present experiment has demonstrated that delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol produces significant behavioral changes at 1 ATA pressure, but when atmospheric pressure is increased the drug effects are reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:918135", "title": "Inhibition of water intake by ouabain administration in sheep.", "content": "Intracarotid infusion of ouabain (1280 ng/min) over 4 1/2 hr virtually abolished water intake of sheep in response to intracarotid infusion of either angiotensin II (800 ng/min) or 4 M NaCl (1.6 ml/min for 20 min. Ouabain treatment did not affect mean arterial pressure either before or during infusion of angiotensin. Neither ouabain nor angiotensin administration affected plasma [Na] or [K] or CSF [K]. During ouabain, but not during control infusion, angiotensin administration significantly decreased CSF [Na]. Ouabain administration also decreased water intake after 23 1/2 or 48 hr water deprivation. In the 23 1/2 hr deprivation experiments, food was made available immediately prior to water presentation and the ingestion of food appeared to ameliorate the reduction in water intake. Food intake itself, was decreased in some animals, during ouabain treatment. Ouabain infused at 960 ng/min resulted in significant, but smaller, reductions in water intake induced by angiotensin, 4 M NaCl, and 48 hr water deprivation. It was concluded that ouabain treatment affected water intake by influence on Na transport either in the thirst receptors or at some other level in the neural system between receptor and effector.", "contents": "Inhibition of water intake by ouabain administration in sheep. Intracarotid infusion of ouabain (1280 ng/min) over 4 1/2 hr virtually abolished water intake of sheep in response to intracarotid infusion of either angiotensin II (800 ng/min) or 4 M NaCl (1.6 ml/min for 20 min. Ouabain treatment did not affect mean arterial pressure either before or during infusion of angiotensin. Neither ouabain nor angiotensin administration affected plasma [Na] or [K] or CSF [K]. During ouabain, but not during control infusion, angiotensin administration significantly decreased CSF [Na]. Ouabain administration also decreased water intake after 23 1/2 or 48 hr water deprivation. In the 23 1/2 hr deprivation experiments, food was made available immediately prior to water presentation and the ingestion of food appeared to ameliorate the reduction in water intake. Food intake itself, was decreased in some animals, during ouabain treatment. Ouabain infused at 960 ng/min resulted in significant, but smaller, reductions in water intake induced by angiotensin, 4 M NaCl, and 48 hr water deprivation. It was concluded that ouabain treatment affected water intake by influence on Na transport either in the thirst receptors or at some other level in the neural system between receptor and effector."}
{"id": "PMID:918136", "title": "Visual evoked response and behavioral correlates of plasma methadone concentrations in cats.", "content": "Twelve cats were implanted with cortical and depth electrodes. After they recovered from the operation, visual evoked responses (VERs) were recorded at 20 min following saline and methadone (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 mg/kg) administered IP in a semi-random order to each cat. Four other cats were similarly drugged and plasma was obtained for radioimmunoassay of methadone content. At the three lowest dose levels behavioral excitation and salivation were evident in some cats, while their VER configuration remained essentially unaltered and plasma methadone was barely measurable. Following the 3 and 4 mg/kg doses plasma methadone concentration increased dramatically, behavioral excitation and salivation were evident in most cats and VERs were reliably altered. The VER alterations, consisting of amplitude attenuation and a decrease in some latencies, were restricted to secondary VER components occurring between 50 and 100 msec despite the animals' extreme behavioral excitation. These results suggest that the reticular formation is not a principal site of the drug's effect.", "contents": "Visual evoked response and behavioral correlates of plasma methadone concentrations in cats. Twelve cats were implanted with cortical and depth electrodes. After they recovered from the operation, visual evoked responses (VERs) were recorded at 20 min following saline and methadone (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 mg/kg) administered IP in a semi-random order to each cat. Four other cats were similarly drugged and plasma was obtained for radioimmunoassay of methadone content. At the three lowest dose levels behavioral excitation and salivation were evident in some cats, while their VER configuration remained essentially unaltered and plasma methadone was barely measurable. Following the 3 and 4 mg/kg doses plasma methadone concentration increased dramatically, behavioral excitation and salivation were evident in most cats and VERs were reliably altered. The VER alterations, consisting of amplitude attenuation and a decrease in some latencies, were restricted to secondary VER components occurring between 50 and 100 msec despite the animals' extreme behavioral excitation. These results suggest that the reticular formation is not a principal site of the drug's effect."}
{"id": "PMID:918137", "title": "Quantitative determination of stress-induced myocardial damage in rats.", "content": "The degree of myocardial damage produced in rats by exposing them to unsignalled, irregular foot-shock stress was determined in three ways: by measuring (1) enzymes (LDH, GOT and GPT) released into the circulation, (2) the rate of release of one of these enzymes (LDH) from isolated perfused hearts into the perfusate, and (3) the cardiac uptake, in vivo, of the radioactively labeled bone-seeking agents, technetium-99m-stannous pyrophosphate or technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate. The latter two methods permitted quantitative determination of the degree of myocardial damage produced. Determination of cardiac technetium-99m uptake was found to be simple, quantitative, highly sensitive and truly indicative of cardiac damage, and therefore most suitable for studies of the effects of stress on cardiac injury.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of stress-induced myocardial damage in rats. The degree of myocardial damage produced in rats by exposing them to unsignalled, irregular foot-shock stress was determined in three ways: by measuring (1) enzymes (LDH, GOT and GPT) released into the circulation, (2) the rate of release of one of these enzymes (LDH) from isolated perfused hearts into the perfusate, and (3) the cardiac uptake, in vivo, of the radioactively labeled bone-seeking agents, technetium-99m-stannous pyrophosphate or technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate. The latter two methods permitted quantitative determination of the degree of myocardial damage produced. Determination of cardiac technetium-99m uptake was found to be simple, quantitative, highly sensitive and truly indicative of cardiac damage, and therefore most suitable for studies of the effects of stress on cardiac injury."}
{"id": "PMID:918138", "title": "Enhancement of sexual behavior in the female rat by nicotine.", "content": "The effects of nicotine alone or in combination with mecamylamine, and the effects of both in combination with DA agonists and antagonists and d-LSD (5-HT agonist) have been studied on the sexual behaviour of castrate, estrogen-treated female rats. The results show that nicotine (as low as 50 mug/kg) significantly increases sexual receptivity. The pharmacological analysis suggests this effect to be mediated by a central, nicotine-like cholinergic receptor whose relationship to DA and 5-HT pathways known to exert inhibitory influences on receptivity in the female rat is also discussed.", "contents": "Enhancement of sexual behavior in the female rat by nicotine. The effects of nicotine alone or in combination with mecamylamine, and the effects of both in combination with DA agonists and antagonists and d-LSD (5-HT agonist) have been studied on the sexual behaviour of castrate, estrogen-treated female rats. The results show that nicotine (as low as 50 mug/kg) significantly increases sexual receptivity. The pharmacological analysis suggests this effect to be mediated by a central, nicotine-like cholinergic receptor whose relationship to DA and 5-HT pathways known to exert inhibitory influences on receptivity in the female rat is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918139", "title": "Self-stimulation of the subfornical organ and lateral hypothalamus: differential effects of atropine and methysergide.", "content": "The effects of cholinergic blockade of neurons by atropine or serotonergic blockade by methysergide was investigated in rats responding for brain-stimulation reward. Bipolar stimulating electrodes were placed either in the subfornical organ (SFO) or the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Atropine sulphate and methysergide significantly suppressed self-stimulation of the SFO but not of the LH, suggesting that cholinergic and serotonergic neurons are involved in brain-stimulation reward associated with this site.", "contents": "Self-stimulation of the subfornical organ and lateral hypothalamus: differential effects of atropine and methysergide. The effects of cholinergic blockade of neurons by atropine or serotonergic blockade by methysergide was investigated in rats responding for brain-stimulation reward. Bipolar stimulating electrodes were placed either in the subfornical organ (SFO) or the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Atropine sulphate and methysergide significantly suppressed self-stimulation of the SFO but not of the LH, suggesting that cholinergic and serotonergic neurons are involved in brain-stimulation reward associated with this site."}
{"id": "PMID:918140", "title": "Interaction of arena size with different measures of amphetamine effects.", "content": "The effects of d-amphetamine (0.0, 0.5, 1.0. 2.0 mg/kg) on feeding and activity of male Holtzman rats were investigated in 3 different size test arenas. Differences in the size of arenas significantly altered the drug's effect on ambulatory activity, but not on feeding or rearing. Also, differences in the size of arenas significantly altered the interrelationship (correlation) of amphetamine's effects on feeding and ambulatory activity, but not the interrelationship of the drug's effects on feeding and rearing. These findings suggest that test arena size differentially influences different general measures of amphetamine effects as well as differentially affecting the interrelationship of amphetamine effects. The importance of the interrelationship (correlation) data to the potential incompatability of the drug's effects is briefly considered.", "contents": "Interaction of arena size with different measures of amphetamine effects. The effects of d-amphetamine (0.0, 0.5, 1.0. 2.0 mg/kg) on feeding and activity of male Holtzman rats were investigated in 3 different size test arenas. Differences in the size of arenas significantly altered the drug's effect on ambulatory activity, but not on feeding or rearing. Also, differences in the size of arenas significantly altered the interrelationship (correlation) of amphetamine's effects on feeding and ambulatory activity, but not the interrelationship of the drug's effects on feeding and rearing. These findings suggest that test arena size differentially influences different general measures of amphetamine effects as well as differentially affecting the interrelationship of amphetamine effects. The importance of the interrelationship (correlation) data to the potential incompatability of the drug's effects is briefly considered."}
{"id": "PMID:918141", "title": "Marijuana and memory impairment: effect on free recall and recognition memory.", "content": "The effect of marijuana on memory was evaluated by presenting two groups of 17 male volunteers with lists of repeated or nonrepeated words following administration of a single marijuana cigarette containing 14 mg delta9-THC. An immediate free recall, final free recall and recognition memory test followed. Results indicated that marijuana significantly decreased immediate and final free recall but only slightly influenced recognition memory. Rate of acquisition on the repeated lists was the same for both groups. Long term retention of encoded information was not influenced by marijuana. The shape of the serial position curves departed slightly from those reported by other investigators in that some effects of the drug on the recency portion of the curve were noted. Both internal and external intrusions were elevated under marijuana.", "contents": "Marijuana and memory impairment: effect on free recall and recognition memory. The effect of marijuana on memory was evaluated by presenting two groups of 17 male volunteers with lists of repeated or nonrepeated words following administration of a single marijuana cigarette containing 14 mg delta9-THC. An immediate free recall, final free recall and recognition memory test followed. Results indicated that marijuana significantly decreased immediate and final free recall but only slightly influenced recognition memory. Rate of acquisition on the repeated lists was the same for both groups. Long term retention of encoded information was not influenced by marijuana. The shape of the serial position curves departed slightly from those reported by other investigators in that some effects of the drug on the recency portion of the curve were noted. Both internal and external intrusions were elevated under marijuana."}
{"id": "PMID:918142", "title": "An analysis of nucleotides and catecholamines in bovine medullary granules by anion exchange high pressure liquid chromatography and fluorescence. Evidence that most of the catecholamines in chromaffin granules are stored without associated ATP.", "content": "The catecholamine and nucleotide content of chromaffin granules from bovine adrenal medulla was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Nucleotides were examined by separation on anion exchange high pressure liquid chromatography and ultraviolet absorption, as well as by anion exchange thin-layer chromatography and luciferin-luciferase light emission analysis. CPATHECHOLAMINES WERE QUANTIFIED VIA AUTOMATED CONTINUOUS-FLOW ANALYSIS USING FLUORESCENCE. We found the average catecholamine/ATP ratio to be 8.2:1 with an SD of 1.98 and an SE of 0.50 for 16 separate glands. Relative percentages of epinephrine and norepinephrine were found  to be 79.8 and 20.2, respectively. The granules contained 80.9% ATP, 12.3% GTP, and 6,8% UTP, as well as detectable amounts of ADP, AMP, GDP, and UDP. If we accept the catecholamine/ATP ratio of 4:1 proposed by Hilliarp earlier, then those catecholamines constituting the remainder of our ratio of 8.2:1 should represent a nucleotide-unassociated pool. In view of recent evidence of a direct agonistic function of nucleotides, we propose that the granule-associated nucleotides may act locally as coagonists with certain biogenic amines, and may additionally provide acirculating pool of purines and pyrimidines for use by the heart and lungs.", "contents": "An analysis of nucleotides and catecholamines in bovine medullary granules by anion exchange high pressure liquid chromatography and fluorescence. Evidence that most of the catecholamines in chromaffin granules are stored without associated ATP. The catecholamine and nucleotide content of chromaffin granules from bovine adrenal medulla was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Nucleotides were examined by separation on anion exchange high pressure liquid chromatography and ultraviolet absorption, as well as by anion exchange thin-layer chromatography and luciferin-luciferase light emission analysis. CPATHECHOLAMINES WERE QUANTIFIED VIA AUTOMATED CONTINUOUS-FLOW ANALYSIS USING FLUORESCENCE. We found the average catecholamine/ATP ratio to be 8.2:1 with an SD of 1.98 and an SE of 0.50 for 16 separate glands. Relative percentages of epinephrine and norepinephrine were found  to be 79.8 and 20.2, respectively. The granules contained 80.9% ATP, 12.3% GTP, and 6,8% UTP, as well as detectable amounts of ADP, AMP, GDP, and UDP. If we accept the catecholamine/ATP ratio of 4:1 proposed by Hilliarp earlier, then those catecholamines constituting the remainder of our ratio of 8.2:1 should represent a nucleotide-unassociated pool. In view of recent evidence of a direct agonistic function of nucleotides, we propose that the granule-associated nucleotides may act locally as coagonists with certain biogenic amines, and may additionally provide acirculating pool of purines and pyrimidines for use by the heart and lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:918143", "title": "MAO activity in rat brain stem and cerebral cortex following acute and chronic treatment with L-dopa and ethanol + L-dopa.", "content": "This work reports the effects of acute and chronic administration of L-dopa and ethanol + L-dopa on MAO activity in rat brain stem and cerebral cortex using noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and tryptamine (Try) as substrates. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that acute and chronic treatment affects MAO activities in the two brain areas examined in opposite ways. Moreover, the two treatments show different effects both according to the substrate used, and, especially in the case of NA and Try, according to the brain area examined.", "contents": "MAO activity in rat brain stem and cerebral cortex following acute and chronic treatment with L-dopa and ethanol + L-dopa. This work reports the effects of acute and chronic administration of L-dopa and ethanol + L-dopa on MAO activity in rat brain stem and cerebral cortex using noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and tryptamine (Try) as substrates. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that acute and chronic treatment affects MAO activities in the two brain areas examined in opposite ways. Moreover, the two treatments show different effects both according to the substrate used, and, especially in the case of NA and Try, according to the brain area examined."}
{"id": "PMID:918144", "title": "Catecholamine-induced changes in plasma glucose and insulin levels in the unanesthetized rabbit.", "content": "Isoproterenol (ISO) produced dose-related increases in plasma immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) levels in unanesthetized rabbits, whereas epinephrine produced no significant changes. Dose rats of ISO or glucose that produced similar peak increases in glucose levels also produced similar increases in plasma IRI, but the responses to ISO occurred later and were of longer duration than the responses to glucose. Propranolol blocked the increase in plasma IRI produced by ISO, but the ISO-induced rise in plasma glucose was antagonized imcompletely. These data provide supporting evidence for the suggestion that the hyperglycemic activity of ISO in vivo is limited by concurrent ISO-induced changes in peripheral IRI levels.", "contents": "Catecholamine-induced changes in plasma glucose and insulin levels in the unanesthetized rabbit. Isoproterenol (ISO) produced dose-related increases in plasma immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) levels in unanesthetized rabbits, whereas epinephrine produced no significant changes. Dose rats of ISO or glucose that produced similar peak increases in glucose levels also produced similar increases in plasma IRI, but the responses to ISO occurred later and were of longer duration than the responses to glucose. Propranolol blocked the increase in plasma IRI produced by ISO, but the ISO-induced rise in plasma glucose was antagonized imcompletely. These data provide supporting evidence for the suggestion that the hyperglycemic activity of ISO in vivo is limited by concurrent ISO-induced changes in peripheral IRI levels."}
{"id": "PMID:918145", "title": "Effect of acute and chronic morphine treatment on serotonin uptake into rat hypothalamic synaptosomes.", "content": "The effect of morphine on uptake of serotonin into hypothalamic synaptosomes was determined following acute and chronic morphine treatment in the rat. The uptake of serotonin was noncompetitively inhibited by in vitro morphine (IC50 = 7 X 10(-4) M) but not by an acute morphine treatment (30 mg/kg s.c.) which produces hypothermia. Uptake of serotonin into hypothalamic synaptosomes derived from rats rendered tolerant to the hypothermic effect of morphine or rats withdrawn from morphine was not altered either in the absence or presence of in vitro morphine as compared to control rats. These data indicate that alterations in thermoregulatory responses of the rat to either acute or chronic morphine treatment do not result from morphine-induced modification of serotonin uptake into hypothalamic neurons.", "contents": "Effect of acute and chronic morphine treatment on serotonin uptake into rat hypothalamic synaptosomes. The effect of morphine on uptake of serotonin into hypothalamic synaptosomes was determined following acute and chronic morphine treatment in the rat. The uptake of serotonin was noncompetitively inhibited by in vitro morphine (IC50 = 7 X 10(-4) M) but not by an acute morphine treatment (30 mg/kg s.c.) which produces hypothermia. Uptake of serotonin into hypothalamic synaptosomes derived from rats rendered tolerant to the hypothermic effect of morphine or rats withdrawn from morphine was not altered either in the absence or presence of in vitro morphine as compared to control rats. These data indicate that alterations in thermoregulatory responses of the rat to either acute or chronic morphine treatment do not result from morphine-induced modification of serotonin uptake into hypothalamic neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:918146", "title": "Norepinephrine-induced reflex bradycardia after central administration of angiotensin II.", "content": "Central angiotensin effects may include baroreceptor alterations and/or ventilated, were given angiotensin intravertebrally (10 ng/kg/min), into a lateral cerebroventricle (0.4 microgram/min) or intravenously (10 ng/kg/min). Surgery was completed under methoxyflurane anesthesia; wounds were periodically infiltrated with viscous tetracaine and the methoxyflurane discontinued. The experiments were performed with the brain unanesthetized to optimize detection of an angiotensin effect on the cardioinhibitory component of the baroreceptor reflex. Bradycardia was evoked by norepinephrine injections (2 microgram/kg i.v.). Intraventricular and intravertebral angiotensin increased basal mean blood pressure 16 mm Hg (p less than 0.05); norepinephrine-induced pressor responses and bradycardia were unaffected by the peptide. Intravenous angiotensin did not affect basal blood pressure; a 16 mm Hg increase (p less than 0.05) in the norepinephrine pressor response with no change in bradycardia was observed. Atropine reversed the norepinephrine bradycardia and increased the pressor response in all cats, thus demonstrating the integrity of the reflex. We conclude that centrally administered angiotensin produces no change in the cardioinhibitory reflex to an acute pressor stimulus. The possibility of a peripheral effect of the peptide exists. The hypertensive response observed in the conscious spinal cats after central angiotensin infusions could be due to vasopressin release and/or action of the peptide at cardiovascular sites at high spinal levels.", "contents": "Norepinephrine-induced reflex bradycardia after central administration of angiotensin II. Central angiotensin effects may include baroreceptor alterations and/or ventilated, were given angiotensin intravertebrally (10 ng/kg/min), into a lateral cerebroventricle (0.4 microgram/min) or intravenously (10 ng/kg/min). Surgery was completed under methoxyflurane anesthesia; wounds were periodically infiltrated with viscous tetracaine and the methoxyflurane discontinued. The experiments were performed with the brain unanesthetized to optimize detection of an angiotensin effect on the cardioinhibitory component of the baroreceptor reflex. Bradycardia was evoked by norepinephrine injections (2 microgram/kg i.v.). Intraventricular and intravertebral angiotensin increased basal mean blood pressure 16 mm Hg (p less than 0.05); norepinephrine-induced pressor responses and bradycardia were unaffected by the peptide. Intravenous angiotensin did not affect basal blood pressure; a 16 mm Hg increase (p less than 0.05) in the norepinephrine pressor response with no change in bradycardia was observed. Atropine reversed the norepinephrine bradycardia and increased the pressor response in all cats, thus demonstrating the integrity of the reflex. We conclude that centrally administered angiotensin produces no change in the cardioinhibitory reflex to an acute pressor stimulus. The possibility of a peripheral effect of the peptide exists. The hypertensive response observed in the conscious spinal cats after central angiotensin infusions could be due to vasopressin release and/or action of the peptide at cardiovascular sites at high spinal levels."}
{"id": "PMID:918147", "title": "Role of adrenergic mechanisms in cardiac and respiratory effects of digoxin.", "content": "The respiratory and cardiac effects of digoxin the the dog were both markedly reduced by ganglionic blockade and reserpinization, but only the cardiac effects were significantly modified by propranolol. This gives support to our previous hypothesis that digoxin cardiac effects depend, in part, on extra-cardiac mechanisms and its relationship with respiratory effects results from the fact that both effects are dependent directly and reflexly from sympathetic nervous activation.", "contents": "Role of adrenergic mechanisms in cardiac and respiratory effects of digoxin. The respiratory and cardiac effects of digoxin the the dog were both markedly reduced by ganglionic blockade and reserpinization, but only the cardiac effects were significantly modified by propranolol. This gives support to our previous hypothesis that digoxin cardiac effects depend, in part, on extra-cardiac mechanisms and its relationship with respiratory effects results from the fact that both effects are dependent directly and reflexly from sympathetic nervous activation."}
{"id": "PMID:918171", "title": "Lip and laryngeal flaps for reconstruction of the floor of the mouth following glossectomy.", "content": "Following glossectomy, the reconstruction of the floor of the mouth is a major problem facing the head and neck surgeon. We have devised split-lip and laryngeal mucosal flaps for this. In selected patients, they have a significant advantage over distant skin flaps. The initial postoperative deformity, from the lip being drawn into the mouth, is corrected by a secondary operation with split-skin graft reconstruction of the vestibule. These lip and laryngeal flaps do not require a delay procedure prior to the cancer surgery, and the operating time is considerably reduced. The cosmetic and functional results have been satisfactory.", "contents": "Lip and laryngeal flaps for reconstruction of the floor of the mouth following glossectomy. Following glossectomy, the reconstruction of the floor of the mouth is a major problem facing the head and neck surgeon. We have devised split-lip and laryngeal mucosal flaps for this. In selected patients, they have a significant advantage over distant skin flaps. The initial postoperative deformity, from the lip being drawn into the mouth, is corrected by a secondary operation with split-skin graft reconstruction of the vestibule. These lip and laryngeal flaps do not require a delay procedure prior to the cancer surgery, and the operating time is considerably reduced. The cosmetic and functional results have been satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:918172", "title": "Upper lid blepharoplasty.", "content": "We reviewed, retrospectively, our upper lid blepharoplasties to critically compare our own postoperative results after (1) conventional blepharoplasty, or (2) fixation of the levator aponeurosis to the lower margin of the orbicularis, or (3) fixation of the levator to the lower margins of the orbicularis and the skin. We found no demonstrable difference in our results with these 3 techniques. It is our opinion that the standard conventional blepharoplasty (including excision of a strip of orbicularis muscle) is preferable for use in most caucasian eyelids. The results are as good, it is simple, and it is less likely to cause problems.", "contents": "Upper lid blepharoplasty. We reviewed, retrospectively, our upper lid blepharoplasties to critically compare our own postoperative results after (1) conventional blepharoplasty, or (2) fixation of the levator aponeurosis to the lower margin of the orbicularis, or (3) fixation of the levator to the lower margins of the orbicularis and the skin. We found no demonstrable difference in our results with these 3 techniques. It is our opinion that the standard conventional blepharoplasty (including excision of a strip of orbicularis muscle) is preferable for use in most caucasian eyelids. The results are as good, it is simple, and it is less likely to cause problems."}
{"id": "PMID:918173", "title": "Lateral scalp flaps for instant results in male pattern baldness.", "content": "A technique for reconstruction of the anterior hairline, with undelayed lateral scalp flaps, is presented. Unilateral and bilateral flaps have given excellent results in selected patients with a variety of balding patterns. The advantage of gaining instant hair of good density along the anterior hairline is one not provided by the free graft techniques. The continued high patient acceptance and the minimal morbidity encourage further clinical study of this method with cautious enthusiasm.", "contents": "Lateral scalp flaps for instant results in male pattern baldness. A technique for reconstruction of the anterior hairline, with undelayed lateral scalp flaps, is presented. Unilateral and bilateral flaps have given excellent results in selected patients with a variety of balding patterns. The advantage of gaining instant hair of good density along the anterior hairline is one not provided by the free graft techniques. The continued high patient acceptance and the minimal morbidity encourage further clinical study of this method with cautious enthusiasm."}
{"id": "PMID:918174", "title": "Correction of entropion in the elderly: a muscle flap procedure.", "content": "A method for surgical correction of entropion in the elderly has been described, utilizing a medially-based muscle flap of the orbicularis oculi muscle. The flap is sutured to the periosteum over the lateral orbital rim, thus holding the tarsus and lower lid in a correct position against the globe. The repair is supported further by excising the excess lower lid skin and anchoring the remaining skin to the lateral canthal ligament. The key to this procedure is the ease and accuracy with which the correction can be accomplished.", "contents": "Correction of entropion in the elderly: a muscle flap procedure. A method for surgical correction of entropion in the elderly has been described, utilizing a medially-based muscle flap of the orbicularis oculi muscle. The flap is sutured to the periosteum over the lateral orbital rim, thus holding the tarsus and lower lid in a correct position against the globe. The repair is supported further by excising the excess lower lid skin and anchoring the remaining skin to the lateral canthal ligament. The key to this procedure is the ease and accuracy with which the correction can be accomplished."}
{"id": "PMID:918175", "title": "Treatment of the firm augmented breast by capsular stripping and inflatable implant exchange.", "content": "A technique of capsular stripping, removing a gel implant, and inserting an inflatable implant in front of the old capsule, is described for the relief of the firm breasts which sometimes develop after an augmentation mammaplasty. This technique puts all of the old capsule behind the new implant, and it does not require excessive dissection.", "contents": "Treatment of the firm augmented breast by capsular stripping and inflatable implant exchange. A technique of capsular stripping, removing a gel implant, and inserting an inflatable implant in front of the old capsule, is described for the relief of the firm breasts which sometimes develop after an augmentation mammaplasty. This technique puts all of the old capsule behind the new implant, and it does not require excessive dissection."}
{"id": "PMID:918176", "title": "Correction of senile (atonic) blepharoptosis during cosmetic blepharoplasty.", "content": "Pseudoptosis, caused by skin laxity or by herniation of periorbital fat, can be remedied by the usual cosmetic blepharoplasty. If there is a concomitant mild senile ptosis due to levator weakness, however, we recommend levator muscle plication during the course of the blepharoplasty. While blepharoptosis of significant degree is best treated by resection of the levator, plication works well in a mild degree of senile (or atonic) ptosis (when there is no more than two to 4 mm of droop). It is a simple and effective maneuver, easily performed in association with a cosmetic blepharoplasty.", "contents": "Correction of senile (atonic) blepharoptosis during cosmetic blepharoplasty. Pseudoptosis, caused by skin laxity or by herniation of periorbital fat, can be remedied by the usual cosmetic blepharoplasty. If there is a concomitant mild senile ptosis due to levator weakness, however, we recommend levator muscle plication during the course of the blepharoplasty. While blepharoptosis of significant degree is best treated by resection of the levator, plication works well in a mild degree of senile (or atonic) ptosis (when there is no more than two to 4 mm of droop). It is a simple and effective maneuver, easily performed in association with a cosmetic blepharoplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:918177", "title": "Photomicrography through the operating microscope.", "content": "In summary, the production of high quality photomicrographs through the operating microscope requires considerable attention to detail. The author describes all the details which he has found essential for obtaining good photomicrographs for documentation and/or publication.", "contents": "Photomicrography through the operating microscope. In summary, the production of high quality photomicrographs through the operating microscope requires considerable attention to detail. The author describes all the details which he has found essential for obtaining good photomicrographs for documentation and/or publication."}
{"id": "PMID:918178", "title": "Vertical ramisection for prognathism.", "content": "Forty-four patients with Class III malocclusion, who were operated on for prognathism, have been reviewed. In spite of the associated problems of pain, nausea, fear, relapse, additional orthodontia, lip numbness, lip weakness, and 8 weeks with their teeth wired together, only one patient of the 44 said he (or she) would decline this surgery if it were to be considered anew. The surgeon must make a strong effort to keep the vertical cut in the bony ramus posterior to the lingula, to avoid postoperative lip numbness. He should also keep traction on the soft tissues minimal, to avoid postoperative weakness of the lower lip. A significant relapse was uncommon in this series, and the facial symmetry was greatly enhanced. Most of these 44 patients (66 percent) said the improvement in their self-image and personal appearance was far more important to them than the improvement in their bite.", "contents": "Vertical ramisection for prognathism. Forty-four patients with Class III malocclusion, who were operated on for prognathism, have been reviewed. In spite of the associated problems of pain, nausea, fear, relapse, additional orthodontia, lip numbness, lip weakness, and 8 weeks with their teeth wired together, only one patient of the 44 said he (or she) would decline this surgery if it were to be considered anew. The surgeon must make a strong effort to keep the vertical cut in the bony ramus posterior to the lingula, to avoid postoperative lip numbness. He should also keep traction on the soft tissues minimal, to avoid postoperative weakness of the lower lip. A significant relapse was uncommon in this series, and the facial symmetry was greatly enhanced. Most of these 44 patients (66 percent) said the improvement in their self-image and personal appearance was far more important to them than the improvement in their bite."}
{"id": "PMID:918180", "title": "General anesthesia for rhytidectomy: a review of 100 consecutive cases.", "content": "Although local anesthesia will, and should, continue to be the principal method of anesthesia for most face lift operations, we believe that general endotracheal anesthesia, supplemented by local anesthesia with epinephrine, offers significant advantages in a selected group of patients. We review 100 consecutive rhytidectomies done under this combination of anesthetics. These patients had no significant intraoperative or postoperative problems, and the results compare favorably with the usual technique of local anesthesia plus basal sedation. Good cooperation between surgeon and anesthesiologist, and a thorough understanding of the principles involved in such anesthesia administrations (particularly when relatively large volumes of local anesthesia with epinephrine are going to be used) are necessary for the patient's safe course during the procedure.", "contents": "General anesthesia for rhytidectomy: a review of 100 consecutive cases. Although local anesthesia will, and should, continue to be the principal method of anesthesia for most face lift operations, we believe that general endotracheal anesthesia, supplemented by local anesthesia with epinephrine, offers significant advantages in a selected group of patients. We review 100 consecutive rhytidectomies done under this combination of anesthetics. These patients had no significant intraoperative or postoperative problems, and the results compare favorably with the usual technique of local anesthesia plus basal sedation. Good cooperation between surgeon and anesthesiologist, and a thorough understanding of the principles involved in such anesthesia administrations (particularly when relatively large volumes of local anesthesia with epinephrine are going to be used) are necessary for the patient's safe course during the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:918181", "title": "Method for the prevention of firm breasts from capsular contraction.", "content": "The permeability of inflatable silicone implants to water creates a diffusion gradient which may result in a continuous early disparity between the volume of the implant and its fibrous capsule. We submit suggestive evidence that the addition of 50 ml of water to the desired volume of normal saline in an inflatable implant may be a helpful adjunct in the prevention of firm breasts due to capsular contracture.", "contents": "Method for the prevention of firm breasts from capsular contraction. The permeability of inflatable silicone implants to water creates a diffusion gradient which may result in a continuous early disparity between the volume of the implant and its fibrous capsule. We submit suggestive evidence that the addition of 50 ml of water to the desired volume of normal saline in an inflatable implant may be a helpful adjunct in the prevention of firm breasts due to capsular contracture."}
{"id": "PMID:918182", "title": "Marked thinning of the breast skin flaps after the insertion of implants containing triamcinolone.", "content": "In 14 mastectomy patients I did bilateral breast reconstruction with double gel-saline implants. In the first two patients we added triamcinolone to the saline solution, and they developed marked thinning and atrophy of the whole anterior surface of each breast--with impending rupture and loss of the cutaneous coverage. The implants were removed, and other implants (not containing any steroid) were inserted. Satisfactory results followed. In 12 other patients I used double implants containing 10 to 20 mg of methylprednisolone (instead of triamcinolone). The above complication has not appeared in this group.", "contents": "Marked thinning of the breast skin flaps after the insertion of implants containing triamcinolone. In 14 mastectomy patients I did bilateral breast reconstruction with double gel-saline implants. In the first two patients we added triamcinolone to the saline solution, and they developed marked thinning and atrophy of the whole anterior surface of each breast--with impending rupture and loss of the cutaneous coverage. The implants were removed, and other implants (not containing any steroid) were inserted. Satisfactory results followed. In 12 other patients I used double implants containing 10 to 20 mg of methylprednisolone (instead of triamcinolone). The above complication has not appeared in this group."}
{"id": "PMID:918183", "title": "Burn alopecia.", "content": "Our experience in managing 117 patients with burn alopecia are presented. Most often we used staged excisions of the scarred scalp areas, and by this means we could cover up to 15 percent of the scalp. When the alopecia involved the anterior portion of the scalp, however, a rotational scalp flap was needed to restore the anterior hairline and/or sideburns. For those with burn alopecia of more than 60 percent of the scalp surface, no surgical treatment was effective; the women would often cover their scalps with hairpieces, but the men in our series preferred not to do so.", "contents": "Burn alopecia. Our experience in managing 117 patients with burn alopecia are presented. Most often we used staged excisions of the scarred scalp areas, and by this means we could cover up to 15 percent of the scalp. When the alopecia involved the anterior portion of the scalp, however, a rotational scalp flap was needed to restore the anterior hairline and/or sideburns. For those with burn alopecia of more than 60 percent of the scalp surface, no surgical treatment was effective; the women would often cover their scalps with hairpieces, but the men in our series preferred not to do so."}
{"id": "PMID:918186", "title": "Bone dust cranioplasty: case report.", "content": "The use of the bone dust technique of cranioplasty, in a case of neglected basal cell carcinoma of the scalp, is described. A minor modification of the technique was the covering of the bone paste with a layer of oxycellulose, to protect it from disruption and to provide a matrix for new bone growth. A rapid restoration of a sizeable portion of the bony cranial vault was achieved.", "contents": "Bone dust cranioplasty: case report. The use of the bone dust technique of cranioplasty, in a case of neglected basal cell carcinoma of the scalp, is described. A minor modification of the technique was the covering of the bone paste with a layer of oxycellulose, to protect it from disruption and to provide a matrix for new bone growth. A rapid restoration of a sizeable portion of the bony cranial vault was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:918187", "title": "Single-stage rotation of arterialized scalp flaps for male pattern baldness: case report.", "content": "We used the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter to trace the temporal artery and its branches posteriorly to their anastomosis with the occipital vessels. Then we outlined a scalp flap (one on each side) along the course of these vessels. The scalp flaps were raised and transposed to the anterior hairline in one stage, as treatment for male pattern baldness. There was complete survival of both flaps, with immediate, normal, luxuriant growth of hair--which could be combed to cover the entire scalp.", "contents": "Single-stage rotation of arterialized scalp flaps for male pattern baldness: case report. We used the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter to trace the temporal artery and its branches posteriorly to their anastomosis with the occipital vessels. Then we outlined a scalp flap (one on each side) along the course of these vessels. The scalp flaps were raised and transposed to the anterior hairline in one stage, as treatment for male pattern baldness. There was complete survival of both flaps, with immediate, normal, luxuriant growth of hair--which could be combed to cover the entire scalp."}
{"id": "PMID:918188", "title": "Persistent tachycardia after nasal surgery as a premonitory sign of thyrotoxicosis: case report.", "content": "Persistent tachycardia in a young girl, following nasal surgery, was shown to be due to a cryptic form of thyrotoxicosis. Though unusual as a cause of tachycardia, overactivity of the thyroid should be considered when unexplained tachycardia persists.", "contents": "Persistent tachycardia after nasal surgery as a premonitory sign of thyrotoxicosis: case report. Persistent tachycardia in a young girl, following nasal surgery, was shown to be due to a cryptic form of thyrotoxicosis. Though unusual as a cause of tachycardia, overactivity of the thyroid should be considered when unexplained tachycardia persists."}
{"id": "PMID:918191", "title": "Arteriovenous fistula and paralysis of mandibular branch of facial nerve following direct wiring of a jaw fracture: case report.", "content": "We present a case in which interosseous wiring of the mandible resulted in an A-V fistula and an injury to the mandibular ramus of the facial nerve. These two complications can serve as a reminder to all who desire to use interosseous wiring in the treatment of mandibular fractures.", "contents": "Arteriovenous fistula and paralysis of mandibular branch of facial nerve following direct wiring of a jaw fracture: case report. We present a case in which interosseous wiring of the mandible resulted in an A-V fistula and an injury to the mandibular ramus of the facial nerve. These two complications can serve as a reminder to all who desire to use interosseous wiring in the treatment of mandibular fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:918192", "title": "A different incision for rhytidectomy in males.", "content": "A new incision is proposed for rhytidectomy in males. It uses the existing sideburn as a superiorly-based flap, to preserve the preoperative hair pattern and style.", "contents": "A different incision for rhytidectomy in males. A new incision is proposed for rhytidectomy in males. It uses the existing sideburn as a superiorly-based flap, to preserve the preoperative hair pattern and style."}
{"id": "PMID:918193", "title": "A method for the evaluation of minor degrees of breast asymmetry.", "content": "We have found the study of split-and-reversed photographs useful in the preoperative evaluation of patients presenting for corrective surgery of the breasts. It puts double emphasis on minor asymmetries, and can be used as an objective tool in planning procedures to correct these, and in evaluating the results. Asymmetry in volume is, however, less readily demonstrated by this technique than is asymmetry of shape.", "contents": "A method for the evaluation of minor degrees of breast asymmetry. We have found the study of split-and-reversed photographs useful in the preoperative evaluation of patients presenting for corrective surgery of the breasts. It puts double emphasis on minor asymmetries, and can be used as an objective tool in planning procedures to correct these, and in evaluating the results. Asymmetry in volume is, however, less readily demonstrated by this technique than is asymmetry of shape."}
{"id": "PMID:918198", "title": "[Therapy and course of alcoholic delirium].", "content": "During the past ten years, treatment of delirium alcoholicum was almost exclusively by means of chlormethiazol (distraneurin), an agent which has sedative, hypnotic, and antiepileptic effects. A total of 111 deliriants with single and multiple deliria were subjected to 151 treatments. In the majority of cases the state of delirium was overcome after three days of specific treatment. The case histories of three patients, where the course of disease was extremely severe and additionally complicated by secondary diseases and who died during treatment (the percentage being  0.7% relative to 151 cases of treatment), are discussed in detail. In the case of severe states of delirium accompanied by repsiratory diseases it is necessary that the patient receiving specific treatment be supplied with additional amounts of oxygen because distraneurin, like other  sedatives, trends to reduce the utilization of oxygen under certain conditions. The majority of deliriants were in their third to fourth decades of life. Accordingly, our patients were younger than those included in the reports presented by other authors. Also discussed by the present authors are attacks accompanying the state of delirium as well as concomitant diseases complicating the clinical picture and adverse effects of alcohol on the nervous system.", "contents": "[Therapy and course of alcoholic delirium]. During the past ten years, treatment of delirium alcoholicum was almost exclusively by means of chlormethiazol (distraneurin), an agent which has sedative, hypnotic, and antiepileptic effects. A total of 111 deliriants with single and multiple deliria were subjected to 151 treatments. In the majority of cases the state of delirium was overcome after three days of specific treatment. The case histories of three patients, where the course of disease was extremely severe and additionally complicated by secondary diseases and who died during treatment (the percentage being  0.7% relative to 151 cases of treatment), are discussed in detail. In the case of severe states of delirium accompanied by repsiratory diseases it is necessary that the patient receiving specific treatment be supplied with additional amounts of oxygen because distraneurin, like other  sedatives, trends to reduce the utilization of oxygen under certain conditions. The majority of deliriants were in their third to fourth decades of life. Accordingly, our patients were younger than those included in the reports presented by other authors. Also discussed by the present authors are attacks accompanying the state of delirium as well as concomitant diseases complicating the clinical picture and adverse effects of alcohol on the nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:918199", "title": "[Treatment of schizophrenic psychoses with Lyorodin].", "content": "Forty-four patients suffering from acute and chronic schizophrenic psychoses were used to obtain, by using Lorr's scale (IMPS) and taking the changes in disease state observed within three months as a base, suggestions or pointers as to the proper treatment of disease with fluphenazine (lyorodin) which is a neuroleptically highly potent phenothiazine derivative. Megalomania, grandiose delusions apathetic and depressive syndromes showed marked tendencies toward major improvement. An \"antiautistic\" effect was observed in chronic patients. The effective dose was between 6 and 12 mg a day. The drug was well tolerated. In the majority of cases it was also necessary for antiparkinsonian drugs to be administered to patients. After twelve months of treatment, slight to major improvements or even freedom from symptoms could be observed in 28 cases (or 64%).", "contents": "[Treatment of schizophrenic psychoses with Lyorodin]. Forty-four patients suffering from acute and chronic schizophrenic psychoses were used to obtain, by using Lorr's scale (IMPS) and taking the changes in disease state observed within three months as a base, suggestions or pointers as to the proper treatment of disease with fluphenazine (lyorodin) which is a neuroleptically highly potent phenothiazine derivative. Megalomania, grandiose delusions apathetic and depressive syndromes showed marked tendencies toward major improvement. An \"antiautistic\" effect was observed in chronic patients. The effective dose was between 6 and 12 mg a day. The drug was well tolerated. In the majority of cases it was also necessary for antiparkinsonian drugs to be administered to patients. After twelve months of treatment, slight to major improvements or even freedom from symptoms could be observed in 28 cases (or 64%)."}
{"id": "PMID:918206", "title": "The relation between acting out and disorders of impulse control.", "content": "THE TERM acting out has been used in many different ways and has often been misused. It is frequently applied indiscriminately to behavior, especially antisocial behavior, which is viewed by the observer as difficult to understand or unacceptable. In this misuse, the term sometimes encompasses behaviors which reflect disorders of impulse control. However, acting out and disorders of impulse control differ in many ways and should be distinguished from each other. A previous communication (Frosch and Wortis, 1954) reported on the nosology of the impulse disorders without attempting to differentiate these from acting out in any extensive manner. In the present communication, it is my intention to pursue this differentiation phenomenologically, dynamically, genetically, and therapeutically.", "contents": "The relation between acting out and disorders of impulse control. THE TERM acting out has been used in many different ways and has often been misused. It is frequently applied indiscriminately to behavior, especially antisocial behavior, which is viewed by the observer as difficult to understand or unacceptable. In this misuse, the term sometimes encompasses behaviors which reflect disorders of impulse control. However, acting out and disorders of impulse control differ in many ways and should be distinguished from each other. A previous communication (Frosch and Wortis, 1954) reported on the nosology of the impulse disorders without attempting to differentiate these from acting out in any extensive manner. In the present communication, it is my intention to pursue this differentiation phenomenologically, dynamically, genetically, and therapeutically."}
{"id": "PMID:918207", "title": "Behavioral treatment of childhood neurosis.", "content": "The present study attempted to use behavioral treatment to eliminate the neurotic symptoms of a 5-year-old child. The child's symptoms were assessed on a pre- and post-treatment basis, and in addition, on going observations of the child's symptoms allowed daily evaluation of the treatment program. Behavior therapy focused on altering the current symptom-environment relationships experienced by the child. Follow-ups on the resolution of the child's problems were conducted two months and two years after behavior therapy and indicated that the child was systom free. Therapeutic attempts to resolve the historical conflicts of early childhood and to resolve the contemporary corflicts of current social interaction are discussed as viable but not mutually exclusive therapeutic strategies.", "contents": "Behavioral treatment of childhood neurosis. The present study attempted to use behavioral treatment to eliminate the neurotic symptoms of a 5-year-old child. The child's symptoms were assessed on a pre- and post-treatment basis, and in addition, on going observations of the child's symptoms allowed daily evaluation of the treatment program. Behavior therapy focused on altering the current symptom-environment relationships experienced by the child. Follow-ups on the resolution of the child's problems were conducted two months and two years after behavior therapy and indicated that the child was systom free. Therapeutic attempts to resolve the historical conflicts of early childhood and to resolve the contemporary corflicts of current social interaction are discussed as viable but not mutually exclusive therapeutic strategies."}
{"id": "PMID:918208", "title": "Women and mental health: a review of feminist change efforts.", "content": "A CENTRAL CONCERN of the women's movement has been the damage done to women's psychological well-being by traditional views of women and femininity. This paper will review some of the negative effects of social factors on women's psychological well-being and will discuss four areas in which feminists are striving to change the mental health system.", "contents": "Women and mental health: a review of feminist change efforts. A CENTRAL CONCERN of the women's movement has been the damage done to women's psychological well-being by traditional views of women and femininity. This paper will review some of the negative effects of social factors on women's psychological well-being and will discuss four areas in which feminists are striving to change the mental health system."}
{"id": "PMID:918209", "title": "Projective and identificatory illnesses among ex-hunter-gatherers: a seven-year survey of a remote Australian aboriginal community.", "content": "THIS article attempts to provide answers from a psychiatric viewpoint to the question posed by Tindale (1974) in the opening paragraph of his Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: \"What happens when a few small groups of people of family size are wresting a living from a given area of land by searching for food, over whose presence or growth they have no direct control?\" Such very small-scale societies were a necessity in the Australian environment, where the Aboriginals were obliged to live by hunting and gathering. Indeed, the life-style of all manking was similar to this through most of the time span of human existence. The survey on which this article is based examined a community not long removed from that life-style, and found the defense mechanisms of projection and identification, which apparently persist because of their ancient function in assisting the adjustment of the individual and the group in these very small-scale societies. Some clans in this area have been in continuous contact with whites for only 25 years, and the others for about 60 years, so it is unlikely that the modal defenses of the people have changed. The child-rearing patterns that contributed to the defenses, appropriate to a society organized into clans, probably also have not changed significantly. Intensified by stresses of modern origin, these defenses shape the psychiatric illnesses of today.", "contents": "Projective and identificatory illnesses among ex-hunter-gatherers: a seven-year survey of a remote Australian aboriginal community. THIS article attempts to provide answers from a psychiatric viewpoint to the question posed by Tindale (1974) in the opening paragraph of his Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: \"What happens when a few small groups of people of family size are wresting a living from a given area of land by searching for food, over whose presence or growth they have no direct control?\" Such very small-scale societies were a necessity in the Australian environment, where the Aboriginals were obliged to live by hunting and gathering. Indeed, the life-style of all manking was similar to this through most of the time span of human existence. The survey on which this article is based examined a community not long removed from that life-style, and found the defense mechanisms of projection and identification, which apparently persist because of their ancient function in assisting the adjustment of the individual and the group in these very small-scale societies. Some clans in this area have been in continuous contact with whites for only 25 years, and the others for about 60 years, so it is unlikely that the modal defenses of the people have changed. The child-rearing patterns that contributed to the defenses, appropriate to a society organized into clans, probably also have not changed significantly. Intensified by stresses of modern origin, these defenses shape the psychiatric illnesses of today."}
{"id": "PMID:918210", "title": "Psychotic grandiosity.", "content": "ALTHOUGH PSYCHOTIC GRANDIOSITY, like delusions of persecution, constitutes a major symptom in paranoid psychoses, it has not aroused investigative attention. Surprisingly little has been added to our understanding of psychotic grandiosity in the past 50 years, and our knowledge of it has not advanced appreciably beyond the early descriptions provided by Bleuler, Kraepelin, Freud, and others. It is indicative of this lack of interest that Psychological Abstracts does not have a heading for grandiosity, and that no articles under the heading megalomania have appeared in the past five years. The goal of this paper, therefore, is to reexamine the phenomenology of psychotic grandiosity in order to ascertain its incidence, delineate the various forms it might take, and discover some underlying causal factors. Toward this end, I shall present empirical data gathered from 100 patients at the Illinois State Psychiatric Institute diagnosed during 1968-1971 as having some form of paranoid psychosis.", "contents": "Psychotic grandiosity. ALTHOUGH PSYCHOTIC GRANDIOSITY, like delusions of persecution, constitutes a major symptom in paranoid psychoses, it has not aroused investigative attention. Surprisingly little has been added to our understanding of psychotic grandiosity in the past 50 years, and our knowledge of it has not advanced appreciably beyond the early descriptions provided by Bleuler, Kraepelin, Freud, and others. It is indicative of this lack of interest that Psychological Abstracts does not have a heading for grandiosity, and that no articles under the heading megalomania have appeared in the past five years. The goal of this paper, therefore, is to reexamine the phenomenology of psychotic grandiosity in order to ascertain its incidence, delineate the various forms it might take, and discover some underlying causal factors. Toward this end, I shall present empirical data gathered from 100 patients at the Illinois State Psychiatric Institute diagnosed during 1968-1971 as having some form of paranoid psychosis."}
{"id": "PMID:918211", "title": "The integration of self and significant others.", "content": "THIS PAPER is a study of self-conception viewed as an interpersonal construct. A relatively simple but flexible and multilevel design used in the study provides an opportunity to observe the relationship between the usually assumed generalized and global sense of self-conception and the self as perceived when in the presence of significant others. Hypotheses derived from theories of the self were formulated to test the postulated importance of significant others, and particularly the mother figure, in the development, stabilization, and integration of self-conception and, specifically, self-evaluation.", "contents": "The integration of self and significant others. THIS PAPER is a study of self-conception viewed as an interpersonal construct. A relatively simple but flexible and multilevel design used in the study provides an opportunity to observe the relationship between the usually assumed generalized and global sense of self-conception and the self as perceived when in the presence of significant others. Hypotheses derived from theories of the self were formulated to test the postulated importance of significant others, and particularly the mother figure, in the development, stabilization, and integration of self-conception and, specifically, self-evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:918212", "title": "Dream content and its relation to self-reported interpersonal behavior.", "content": "THE NATURE of the relationship between those psychological processes which influence waking behavior and cognition, and those which influence the content of nocturnal dreams, is a question both interesting and unresolved. Is a person's approach to life similar in both the dream and the waking state? If someone was experiencing conflict in his life, might we expect to find conflictual situations in his dreams? And if, on the contrary, a person's waking expectations and experiences were harmonious, might we expect him to manifest conflict-free dreams? These are the questions to which we addressed ourselves in the present study.", "contents": "Dream content and its relation to self-reported interpersonal behavior. THE NATURE of the relationship between those psychological processes which influence waking behavior and cognition, and those which influence the content of nocturnal dreams, is a question both interesting and unresolved. Is a person's approach to life similar in both the dream and the waking state? If someone was experiencing conflict in his life, might we expect to find conflictual situations in his dreams? And if, on the contrary, a person's waking expectations and experiences were harmonious, might we expect him to manifest conflict-free dreams? These are the questions to which we addressed ourselves in the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:918232", "title": "Oedipal distortions in severe character pathologies. Developmental and theoretical considerations.", "content": "The oedipus complex is presented as a universal, developmentally determined mental organization that incorporates pregenital factors in a new hierarchic structure. Psychoanalysis with adults who have a variety of disorders, including severe character pathology, demonstrates the role of the oedipus complex and its variants as a dominant theme in these disorders. Recent trends in psychoanalytic theory are reviewed to facilitate our understanding of the newer metapsychological formulations that tend to de-emphasize oedipal constellations. Specific issues of changing emphasis in drive theory, ego organization, developmental levels of anxiety, and the separation-individuation process are considered.", "contents": "Oedipal distortions in severe character pathologies. Developmental and theoretical considerations. The oedipus complex is presented as a universal, developmentally determined mental organization that incorporates pregenital factors in a new hierarchic structure. Psychoanalysis with adults who have a variety of disorders, including severe character pathology, demonstrates the role of the oedipus complex and its variants as a dominant theme in these disorders. Recent trends in psychoanalytic theory are reviewed to facilitate our understanding of the newer metapsychological formulations that tend to de-emphasize oedipal constellations. Specific issues of changing emphasis in drive theory, ego organization, developmental levels of anxiety, and the separation-individuation process are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:918233", "title": "Micropsia and testicular retractions.", "content": "Five episodes of micropsia, which were precipitated by oedipal masturbatory fantasies, are described in the analysis of an adult male. Traumatic visual events and testicular retractions during the oedipal and latency years predisposed the ego functions concerned with visual perception to later involvement in conflict. The micropsia itself is seen as defending against castration anxiety by means of a series of unconscious fantasies of denial. These fantasies cause a regression to an earlier mode of visual perception (and to micropsia) characteristic of latency. The defensive modifications of the functions of the ego itself seen in micropsia are closely allied to those seen in the d\u00e8j\u00e1 vu experience and in depersonalization.", "contents": "Micropsia and testicular retractions. Five episodes of micropsia, which were precipitated by oedipal masturbatory fantasies, are described in the analysis of an adult male. Traumatic visual events and testicular retractions during the oedipal and latency years predisposed the ego functions concerned with visual perception to later involvement in conflict. The micropsia itself is seen as defending against castration anxiety by means of a series of unconscious fantasies of denial. These fantasies cause a regression to an earlier mode of visual perception (and to micropsia) characteristic of latency. The defensive modifications of the functions of the ego itself seen in micropsia are closely allied to those seen in the d\u00e8j\u00e1 vu experience and in depersonalization."}
{"id": "PMID:918234", "title": "Conflict and somatization: psychoanalytic treatment of the psychophysiologic response in the digestive tract.", "content": "Somatization of intrapsychic conflicts, as manifested in the mouth, the stomach, the small intestine, the large bowel, and the anus, is described in this long-term study of the psychoanalytic treatment of three patients with peptic ulcer, regional ileitis, and ulcerative colitis respectively. The theoretical and practical aspects of treatment are considered, and the efficacy of and indications for psychoanalysis as the treatment of choice are discussed.", "contents": "Conflict and somatization: psychoanalytic treatment of the psychophysiologic response in the digestive tract. Somatization of intrapsychic conflicts, as manifested in the mouth, the stomach, the small intestine, the large bowel, and the anus, is described in this long-term study of the psychoanalytic treatment of three patients with peptic ulcer, regional ileitis, and ulcerative colitis respectively. The theoretical and practical aspects of treatment are considered, and the efficacy of and indications for psychoanalysis as the treatment of choice are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918235", "title": "The binding of the son: psychoanalytic reflections on the symbiosis of anti-semitism and anti-gentilism.", "content": "Jewish ethno-reliqious history is analyzed as one pole of an interdependent Judeo-Christian system of opposition and symbiosis, in which reciprocal dissociation and projective identification function homeostatically to make history recur and to perpetuate what are ostensibly separate traditions. The nature of identification with the Father and with the Son is explored in the two traditions. Anti-Semitism and anti-Gentilism are seen as mirror images, reflecting what is ego-dystonic and ethosdystonic in Christianity and Judaism. It is argued that the Abraham-Isaac relationship is paradigmatic in Judaism and that throughout Jewish history, the Jewish people have accepted both the sacrificial role of Isaac and the punitive role of Abraham, with the paradoxical consequence that martyrdom is the unconscious symbol of survival.", "contents": "The binding of the son: psychoanalytic reflections on the symbiosis of anti-semitism and anti-gentilism. Jewish ethno-reliqious history is analyzed as one pole of an interdependent Judeo-Christian system of opposition and symbiosis, in which reciprocal dissociation and projective identification function homeostatically to make history recur and to perpetuate what are ostensibly separate traditions. The nature of identification with the Father and with the Son is explored in the two traditions. Anti-Semitism and anti-Gentilism are seen as mirror images, reflecting what is ego-dystonic and ethosdystonic in Christianity and Judaism. It is argued that the Abraham-Isaac relationship is paradigmatic in Judaism and that throughout Jewish history, the Jewish people have accepted both the sacrificial role of Isaac and the punitive role of Abraham, with the paradoxical consequence that martyrdom is the unconscious symbol of survival."}
{"id": "PMID:918252", "title": "A syndrome of early recognition of occult hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy.", "content": "A clinical and neuropsychological syndrome for early recognition of occult hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy is described. Five illustrative patients are reported. The main features of the syndrome are (i) subjective non-specific complaints (headaches, depression and loss of memory); (ii) the tonic foot response of the sole and the grasp reflex of the foot in the absence of the grasp reflex of the hand; (iii) attacks of sudden and transient loss of muscle tone in both lower limbs leading to falls without warning while standing or while walking. These attacks indistinguishable from drop-attacks are termed chalastic fits; (iv) a dissociation between the satisfactory performances on the Ottawa-Wechsler scale and the poor performances on Kohs Block Design test. Clinical and neuropsychological findings could not differentiate between occult hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy; only radionuclide cisternography and computerized tomography were able to delineate the final diagnosis.", "contents": "A syndrome of early recognition of occult hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy. A clinical and neuropsychological syndrome for early recognition of occult hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy is described. Five illustrative patients are reported. The main features of the syndrome are (i) subjective non-specific complaints (headaches, depression and loss of memory); (ii) the tonic foot response of the sole and the grasp reflex of the foot in the absence of the grasp reflex of the hand; (iii) attacks of sudden and transient loss of muscle tone in both lower limbs leading to falls without warning while standing or while walking. These attacks indistinguishable from drop-attacks are termed chalastic fits; (iv) a dissociation between the satisfactory performances on the Ottawa-Wechsler scale and the poor performances on Kohs Block Design test. Clinical and neuropsychological findings could not differentiate between occult hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy; only radionuclide cisternography and computerized tomography were able to delineate the final diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:918253", "title": "The clinical significance of senile cardiac amyloidosis: a prospective clinico-pathological study.", "content": "The heart was screened for amyloid deposits in an unselected post-mortem series of 244 patients over 60 who had been admitted to a geriatric department. Cardiac amyloidosis was found in 121 cases (49-6 per cent) but was limited to minor atrial involvement in 55 (22-5 per cent). The prevalence and severity of cardiac amyloidosis were significantly related to age and sex, females having the higher prevalence (56 per cent compared with 37 1/2 per cent). Cardiac amyloidosis was also significantly correlated with the occurrence of atrial fibrillation and of cardiac failure during the period of admission to hospital. Cardiac amyloidosis showed no significant correlations with other factors studied which included ECG evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, ischaemia and bundle branch block, pathological evidence of cardiac enlargement or ischaemia, diagnosis of malignant disease, generalized wasting and the occurrence of digitalis toxicity.", "contents": "The clinical significance of senile cardiac amyloidosis: a prospective clinico-pathological study. The heart was screened for amyloid deposits in an unselected post-mortem series of 244 patients over 60 who had been admitted to a geriatric department. Cardiac amyloidosis was found in 121 cases (49-6 per cent) but was limited to minor atrial involvement in 55 (22-5 per cent). The prevalence and severity of cardiac amyloidosis were significantly related to age and sex, females having the higher prevalence (56 per cent compared with 37 1/2 per cent). Cardiac amyloidosis was also significantly correlated with the occurrence of atrial fibrillation and of cardiac failure during the period of admission to hospital. Cardiac amyloidosis showed no significant correlations with other factors studied which included ECG evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, ischaemia and bundle branch block, pathological evidence of cardiac enlargement or ischaemia, diagnosis of malignant disease, generalized wasting and the occurrence of digitalis toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:918254", "title": "Intracranial abscesses: a review of treated patients over 20 years.", "content": "A series of 49 consecutive patients with an intracranial abscess treated over a 20 year period is analysed and reported. The overall mortality was 28 per cent. The authors regard this figure as quite unacceptable and stress that the combination of isotope scans and computerized axial tomography (CAT) should allow an immediate reduction in mortality to around 10 per cent. The plea is made that whenever a primary source of infection is present the possibility that an intracranial mass could be an abscess is constantly borne in mind. Under such circumstances the patient should be referred immediately to a neurosurgical department (where computerised axial tomography is usually available) without a preceding lumbar puncture.", "contents": "Intracranial abscesses: a review of treated patients over 20 years. A series of 49 consecutive patients with an intracranial abscess treated over a 20 year period is analysed and reported. The overall mortality was 28 per cent. The authors regard this figure as quite unacceptable and stress that the combination of isotope scans and computerized axial tomography (CAT) should allow an immediate reduction in mortality to around 10 per cent. The plea is made that whenever a primary source of infection is present the possibility that an intracranial mass could be an abscess is constantly borne in mind. Under such circumstances the patient should be referred immediately to a neurosurgical department (where computerised axial tomography is usually available) without a preceding lumbar puncture."}
{"id": "PMID:918299", "title": "The accuracy of mammography: an analysis of 655 histologically verified cases.", "content": "The accuracy of the mammography was studied on 655 breasts which were investigated and biopsied or treated surgically shortly afterward. The mammography reports were classified according to the confidence level of the statements. In 279 cases the mammography was interpreted as positive for malignancy. A total of 224 malignant tumors were found. In 30 cases the malignant lesion was missed on the mammograms. The diagnoses made with a high degree of certainty were correct in 90% of the cases. The sensitivity of the mammography was 86.6% at a specificity of 80.7% for malignant tumors. The value of mammography for the diagnosis of chronic mastopathy could not be determined objectively. The sensitivity for solitary benign tumors or cysts was 80%.", "contents": "The accuracy of mammography: an analysis of 655 histologically verified cases. The accuracy of the mammography was studied on 655 breasts which were investigated and biopsied or treated surgically shortly afterward. The mammography reports were classified according to the confidence level of the statements. In 279 cases the mammography was interpreted as positive for malignancy. A total of 224 malignant tumors were found. In 30 cases the malignant lesion was missed on the mammograms. The diagnoses made with a high degree of certainty were correct in 90% of the cases. The sensitivity of the mammography was 86.6% at a specificity of 80.7% for malignant tumors. The value of mammography for the diagnosis of chronic mastopathy could not be determined objectively. The sensitivity for solitary benign tumors or cysts was 80%."}
{"id": "PMID:918300", "title": "The value of computer tomography, orbital venography and carotid angiography in the diagnosis of exophthalmos.", "content": "On the bases of 25 patients examined by orbital venography, computer tomography, (CT scanning) and sometimes carotid angiography, the diagnostic value of each of these methods is evaluated. The data obtained are compared with the corresponding information from the literature. In view of the findings it can be stated that CT scanning can be regarded as the primary neuroradiological examination in cases of exophthalmos. Orbital venography gives supplementary information in cases of varices and venous malformations. Angiography is the method which supplies the maximum of information when cavernous sinus fistulae are clinically suspected. With reference to 3 patients it is explained that in such selective angiography of the internal and external carotid and the vertebral artery is indicated.", "contents": "The value of computer tomography, orbital venography and carotid angiography in the diagnosis of exophthalmos. On the bases of 25 patients examined by orbital venography, computer tomography, (CT scanning) and sometimes carotid angiography, the diagnostic value of each of these methods is evaluated. The data obtained are compared with the corresponding information from the literature. In view of the findings it can be stated that CT scanning can be regarded as the primary neuroradiological examination in cases of exophthalmos. Orbital venography gives supplementary information in cases of varices and venous malformations. Angiography is the method which supplies the maximum of information when cavernous sinus fistulae are clinically suspected. With reference to 3 patients it is explained that in such selective angiography of the internal and external carotid and the vertebral artery is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:918301", "title": "Methods of transfemoral lumbar epidural venography in the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation.", "content": "This article outlines several ways of achieving adequate visualization of the epidural venous plexus in the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation. Preference is expressed for simultaneous injection of contrast medium via two catheters selecttively introduced into the lateral sacral segmental veins or into the left and right internal iliac veins. For visualization of the epidural veins, the investigator has a choice of over 20 different procedures. The position of choice of the catheter tip(s) can vary during the examination, dependent on diagnostic problems or technical catheterization problems. Epidural venography should be regarded as a very accurate, relatively simple method of demonstrating disc herniations in the lumbar region. This method is especially recommendable in cases that are clinically suspect but have a negative or dubious caudogram. The risk of complications is very small. It is also a good method for azygography. It is possible to perform the examination on outpatients.", "contents": "Methods of transfemoral lumbar epidural venography in the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation. This article outlines several ways of achieving adequate visualization of the epidural venous plexus in the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation. Preference is expressed for simultaneous injection of contrast medium via two catheters selecttively introduced into the lateral sacral segmental veins or into the left and right internal iliac veins. For visualization of the epidural veins, the investigator has a choice of over 20 different procedures. The position of choice of the catheter tip(s) can vary during the examination, dependent on diagnostic problems or technical catheterization problems. Epidural venography should be regarded as a very accurate, relatively simple method of demonstrating disc herniations in the lumbar region. This method is especially recommendable in cases that are clinically suspect but have a negative or dubious caudogram. The risk of complications is very small. It is also a good method for azygography. It is possible to perform the examination on outpatients."}
{"id": "PMID:918302", "title": "Technique of after-loading interstitial implants.", "content": "Interstitial implants are either removable or permanent (and occasionally a combination of both). Permanent implants are generally utilized where tumors are not accessible enough to permit easy removal of sources or where accurate source distribution is less critical. They are useful for cancers of the lung, pancreas, prostate, bladder, lymph nodes, etc. Radon and gold-198 have been largely replaced by iodine-125. Our major interests are in the removable after-loading iridium-192 implant techniques. Template (steel guide) and non-template (plastic tube) techniques are utilized. Templates are preferred where the tumor volume can only be approached from one side and where accurate positioning of sources would otherwise be difficult. They are useful for cancers of the cervix, vagina, urethra, and rectum. Non-template (plastic tube) techniques are preferred where the tumor volume can be approached from at least two sides and where templates are either not feasible or not essential for accurate positioning of sources. The single needle non-template approach is useful for cancers of lip, nodes, and breast (plastic button) and for cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx (gold button). The paired needle non-template approach is useful for cancers of the gum, retromolar trigone, and base of tongue (loop technique) and for cancers of the palate (arch technique). Procedures for each technique are described in detail.", "contents": "Technique of after-loading interstitial implants. Interstitial implants are either removable or permanent (and occasionally a combination of both). Permanent implants are generally utilized where tumors are not accessible enough to permit easy removal of sources or where accurate source distribution is less critical. They are useful for cancers of the lung, pancreas, prostate, bladder, lymph nodes, etc. Radon and gold-198 have been largely replaced by iodine-125. Our major interests are in the removable after-loading iridium-192 implant techniques. Template (steel guide) and non-template (plastic tube) techniques are utilized. Templates are preferred where the tumor volume can only be approached from one side and where accurate positioning of sources would otherwise be difficult. They are useful for cancers of the cervix, vagina, urethra, and rectum. Non-template (plastic tube) techniques are preferred where the tumor volume can be approached from at least two sides and where templates are either not feasible or not essential for accurate positioning of sources. The single needle non-template approach is useful for cancers of lip, nodes, and breast (plastic button) and for cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx (gold button). The paired needle non-template approach is useful for cancers of the gum, retromolar trigone, and base of tongue (loop technique) and for cancers of the palate (arch technique). Procedures for each technique are described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:918336", "title": "[Experiences with the early mobilisation of elderly patients with myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients with myocardial infarction undergoing a multi-stage activation programme according to the WHO recommendations, consisting of five basic phases, can be mobilised about 85% of the time within the first 20 days of hospitalisation and about 55% of the time already in the second week after the attack. The average hospital stay is four weeks. In the hospital phase the early mobilised patients showed a decrease in early mortality and complications, e.g., reinfarction, heart rupture, development of aneurysm, cardiac insufficiency, thromboembolism, and heart arrhythmia, compared to 190 patients of the same age, who were under traditional bed rest and anticoagulation therapy. It is particularly interesting to note that patients under bed rest and anticoagulation therapy (risk group II B) far more often incurred complications than patients without cumulative risk factors (groups IA, IIA), and patients undergoing early rehabilitation (group I B).", "contents": "[Experiences with the early mobilisation of elderly patients with myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Patients with myocardial infarction undergoing a multi-stage activation programme according to the WHO recommendations, consisting of five basic phases, can be mobilised about 85% of the time within the first 20 days of hospitalisation and about 55% of the time already in the second week after the attack. The average hospital stay is four weeks. In the hospital phase the early mobilised patients showed a decrease in early mortality and complications, e.g., reinfarction, heart rupture, development of aneurysm, cardiac insufficiency, thromboembolism, and heart arrhythmia, compared to 190 patients of the same age, who were under traditional bed rest and anticoagulation therapy. It is particularly interesting to note that patients under bed rest and anticoagulation therapy (risk group II B) far more often incurred complications than patients without cumulative risk factors (groups IA, IIA), and patients undergoing early rehabilitation (group I B)."}
{"id": "PMID:918337", "title": "[Pulse frequency of patients with recent myocardial infarction during ski touring (author's transl)].", "content": "During two-day cross country skiing courses for beginners telemetric pulse measurements were carried out on male patients with recent myocardial infarction and middle-aged sportswomen (first day: instruction in techniques; seocnd day: walking tour). The following results were obtained: 1.  The pulse frequency varied little during the different exercises. 2. With the exception of two people the established target pulse rate (work pulse) was not significantly exceeded. 3. In no instance during ski touring was the target pulse rate more than 10% higher than the mean pulse rate (values obtained by pulse counting). The results clearly show that cross country skiing is an extremely suitable sports activity for both preventive and rehabilitative cardiology, as it can be learned easily and carried out at different work loads.", "contents": "[Pulse frequency of patients with recent myocardial infarction during ski touring (author's transl)]. During two-day cross country skiing courses for beginners telemetric pulse measurements were carried out on male patients with recent myocardial infarction and middle-aged sportswomen (first day: instruction in techniques; seocnd day: walking tour). The following results were obtained: 1.  The pulse frequency varied little during the different exercises. 2. With the exception of two people the established target pulse rate (work pulse) was not significantly exceeded. 3. In no instance during ski touring was the target pulse rate more than 10% higher than the mean pulse rate (values obtained by pulse counting). The results clearly show that cross country skiing is an extremely suitable sports activity for both preventive and rehabilitative cardiology, as it can be learned easily and carried out at different work loads."}
{"id": "PMID:918338", "title": "[Experiences with non-swimmers in the rehabilitation of adult clients (author's transl)].", "content": "The experiences with 595 adult non-swimmers receiving swimming instruction during the years 1974-1976 are discussed on the basis of selected and cited tape interviews. Theoretical reference systems are described against this background of empirical observations, e.g., Alfred Adler's interpretation of individual psychology - that one's style of living is influenced by early childhood experiences, human indifference or hostility. Recent works of brain physiologists are mentioned, which deal with the two forms of human consciousness: the verbalisation of linear, logic and abstract thoughts in the left hemisphere (in the case of right handed persons), and the specialisation of the right hemisphere in the perception of symbols, pictures and irrational feelings. The helpful effect of a non-directive, client-centered atomosphere is discussed. The behavioural changes in patients who learned to swim are compared with the hypothesis formulated by Hoppe - that psychosomatic diseases might be caused by a functional disconnection of the two hemispheres.", "contents": "[Experiences with non-swimmers in the rehabilitation of adult clients (author's transl)]. The experiences with 595 adult non-swimmers receiving swimming instruction during the years 1974-1976 are discussed on the basis of selected and cited tape interviews. Theoretical reference systems are described against this background of empirical observations, e.g., Alfred Adler's interpretation of individual psychology - that one's style of living is influenced by early childhood experiences, human indifference or hostility. Recent works of brain physiologists are mentioned, which deal with the two forms of human consciousness: the verbalisation of linear, logic and abstract thoughts in the left hemisphere (in the case of right handed persons), and the specialisation of the right hemisphere in the perception of symbols, pictures and irrational feelings. The helpful effect of a non-directive, client-centered atomosphere is discussed. The behavioural changes in patients who learned to swim are compared with the hypothesis formulated by Hoppe - that psychosomatic diseases might be caused by a functional disconnection of the two hemispheres."}
{"id": "PMID:918339", "title": "[Some considerations on the goals of rehabilitation (author's transl)].", "content": "Has not the term \"rehabilitation\" been very frequently used lately to describe exclusively vocational rehabilitation? If, however, \"rehabilitation\" does not cover all aspects of rehabilitation including the efforts made to provide  the severely handicapped with the opportunity of developing their potential to the fullest then the severely handicapped are automatically considered segregated. What we do for them can only be described in a negative way. We are unable to integrate them vocationally but we do not want to leave them their fate, either. Without a positive exression for the efforts made for these fellow-citizens alone from the way we think and talk this part of rehabilitation implies inhuman tendencies.", "contents": "[Some considerations on the goals of rehabilitation (author's transl)]. Has not the term \"rehabilitation\" been very frequently used lately to describe exclusively vocational rehabilitation? If, however, \"rehabilitation\" does not cover all aspects of rehabilitation including the efforts made to provide  the severely handicapped with the opportunity of developing their potential to the fullest then the severely handicapped are automatically considered segregated. What we do for them can only be described in a negative way. We are unable to integrate them vocationally but we do not want to leave them their fate, either. Without a positive exression for the efforts made for these fellow-citizens alone from the way we think and talk this part of rehabilitation implies inhuman tendencies."}
{"id": "PMID:918340", "title": "[Some considerations on the goals of rehabilitation - as seen from the viewpoint of social insurance agencies (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The final goal of rehabilitation is - according to & 39 cap. 3 BSHG (Federal Law on Social Assistance) - the integration of the disabled person into society. This goal is reached as soon as the disabled person has been resettled into employment and professional life through adequate measures and when it is possible for him/her to participate in community life. Through his resettlement into employment and professional life the disabled person's integration into society is thus achieved in part. 2. The responsibility for the various phases of the rehabilitation process is divided among different social security agencies. Comprehensive rehabilitation is guaranteed through the close cooperation between these agencies.", "contents": "[Some considerations on the goals of rehabilitation - as seen from the viewpoint of social insurance agencies (author's transl)]. 1. The final goal of rehabilitation is - according to & 39 cap. 3 BSHG (Federal Law on Social Assistance) - the integration of the disabled person into society. This goal is reached as soon as the disabled person has been resettled into employment and professional life through adequate measures and when it is possible for him/her to participate in community life. Through his resettlement into employment and professional life the disabled person's integration into society is thus achieved in part. 2. The responsibility for the various phases of the rehabilitation process is divided among different social security agencies. Comprehensive rehabilitation is guaranteed through the close cooperation between these agencies."}
{"id": "PMID:918344", "title": "Identification of metahydroxyamphetamine as a metabolite of amphetamine in the rat.", "content": "m-Hydroxyamphetamine (mOHA) was found as a metabolite of amphetamine in rat urine, liver perfusate and bile. The identity was established with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS) by its retention time, mass spectrum and selective-ion-monitoring of fragments representing both the side chain and the aromatic moiety. Furthermore, deuterium-labelled amphetamine was used in order to circumvent the possibility of interference by substances with similar structure of endogenous or exogenous origin. The amount of mOHA was low, about 10% of the ring hydroxylation could be accounted for as metahydroxylation.", "contents": "Identification of metahydroxyamphetamine as a metabolite of amphetamine in the rat. m-Hydroxyamphetamine (mOHA) was found as a metabolite of amphetamine in rat urine, liver perfusate and bile. The identity was established with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS) by its retention time, mass spectrum and selective-ion-monitoring of fragments representing both the side chain and the aromatic moiety. Furthermore, deuterium-labelled amphetamine was used in order to circumvent the possibility of interference by substances with similar structure of endogenous or exogenous origin. The amount of mOHA was low, about 10% of the ring hydroxylation could be accounted for as metahydroxylation."}
{"id": "PMID:918345", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sulfisoxazole in plasma.", "content": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the separation and quantitative determination of sulfisoxazole in plasma was developed. Plasma samples were vortex-mixed with acetonitrile and centrifuged to obtain clear supernatant solutions. The supernate was chromatographed on a reverse phase column using acidified aqueous ethanol as mobile phase to effect separation. The separated components were detected by UV absorption at 280 nm and the peak height measurement was used for quantitative determination. This assay is simple and rapid. Each assay takes less than 8 minutes to complete and can be carried out on as little as 10 microliter plasma samples to accurately measure 2.0 microgram/ml of sulfisoxazole in plasma. This method can be used for an efficient monitoring of sulfisoxazole in plasma during the chemotherapy of bacterial infections, and also for the bioavailability study of the drug from dosage forms.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sulfisoxazole in plasma. A high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the separation and quantitative determination of sulfisoxazole in plasma was developed. Plasma samples were vortex-mixed with acetonitrile and centrifuged to obtain clear supernatant solutions. The supernate was chromatographed on a reverse phase column using acidified aqueous ethanol as mobile phase to effect separation. The separated components were detected by UV absorption at 280 nm and the peak height measurement was used for quantitative determination. This assay is simple and rapid. Each assay takes less than 8 minutes to complete and can be carried out on as little as 10 microliter plasma samples to accurately measure 2.0 microgram/ml of sulfisoxazole in plasma. This method can be used for an efficient monitoring of sulfisoxazole in plasma during the chemotherapy of bacterial infections, and also for the bioavailability study of the drug from dosage forms."}
{"id": "PMID:918347", "title": "Multiple factors affecting excretion of warfarin in rats.", "content": "Dialysis studies showed that the binding of warfarin by rat serum decreased in the presence of either tolbutamide or oxyphenbutazone. A combination of tolbutamide and oxyphenbutazone decreased the binding of warfarin more than either of the drugs separately. The binding of warfarin by serum from fasted rats was less than in controls, presumably from competition between free fatty acids (FFA) and warfarin for the same site(s) on albumin. The binding of warfarin further decreased under the combined effect of fasting and the presence of tolbutamide than under either condition alone. The binding of warfarin was less at 37 degrees C than 23 degrees C and even less at 37 degrees C in the presence of a combination of tolbutamide and oxyphenbutazone. When tolbutamide or oxyphenbutazone was injected 60 min after iv injection of 14C-warfarin there was an increase in the rate of biliary flow, the amount of radioactivity, and its excretion rate in bile. Injecting both drugs at 60 min further increased these variables.", "contents": "Multiple factors affecting excretion of warfarin in rats. Dialysis studies showed that the binding of warfarin by rat serum decreased in the presence of either tolbutamide or oxyphenbutazone. A combination of tolbutamide and oxyphenbutazone decreased the binding of warfarin more than either of the drugs separately. The binding of warfarin by serum from fasted rats was less than in controls, presumably from competition between free fatty acids (FFA) and warfarin for the same site(s) on albumin. The binding of warfarin further decreased under the combined effect of fasting and the presence of tolbutamide than under either condition alone. The binding of warfarin was less at 37 degrees C than 23 degrees C and even less at 37 degrees C in the presence of a combination of tolbutamide and oxyphenbutazone. When tolbutamide or oxyphenbutazone was injected 60 min after iv injection of 14C-warfarin there was an increase in the rate of biliary flow, the amount of radioactivity, and its excretion rate in bile. Injecting both drugs at 60 min further increased these variables."}
{"id": "PMID:918348", "title": "A concise method for study of the binding of thrombin to human platelets.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive technique is described for use in the study of the binding of 125I-thrombin to human platelets. The procedure involves the separation of free thrombin from platelet-bound thrombin by passage of this mixture through a discontinuous sucrose density gradient at low centrifugal force (1,500xg). Results obtained by this method are shown to be comparably to data obtained by two other conventional methods. This technique may facilitate further kinetic study of the binding of thrombin to human platelets.", "contents": "A concise method for study of the binding of thrombin to human platelets. A rapid and sensitive technique is described for use in the study of the binding of 125I-thrombin to human platelets. The procedure involves the separation of free thrombin from platelet-bound thrombin by passage of this mixture through a discontinuous sucrose density gradient at low centrifugal force (1,500xg). Results obtained by this method are shown to be comparably to data obtained by two other conventional methods. This technique may facilitate further kinetic study of the binding of thrombin to human platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:918349", "title": "Protective effect of ethanol against epinephrine-induced myocardial necrosis in rats.", "content": "Myocardial necrosis was produced in rats by the subcutaneous injection of a single dose of epinephrine (3 mg base/kg). The severity of the cardiac injury produced was assessed by visual inspection, determination of the release of LDH, CPK, GOT, and HBDH from isolated perfused hearts, and measurement of cardiac uptake of technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate in vivo. Ethanol, given in doses of 0.5 to 6.0 gm/kg 15 minutes or two hours prior to epinephrine administration protected the hearts against the epinephrine-produced injury, the degree of protection increasing with dose. Investigations of possible mechanisms of action of ethanol indicated that the protective action of the latter does not appear to be due to a lowering of plasma free fatty acid levels, a reduction of cardiac contractility, a non-specific caloric effect, an interference with epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation, or ethanol-induced analgesia.", "contents": "Protective effect of ethanol against epinephrine-induced myocardial necrosis in rats. Myocardial necrosis was produced in rats by the subcutaneous injection of a single dose of epinephrine (3 mg base/kg). The severity of the cardiac injury produced was assessed by visual inspection, determination of the release of LDH, CPK, GOT, and HBDH from isolated perfused hearts, and measurement of cardiac uptake of technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate in vivo. Ethanol, given in doses of 0.5 to 6.0 gm/kg 15 minutes or two hours prior to epinephrine administration protected the hearts against the epinephrine-produced injury, the degree of protection increasing with dose. Investigations of possible mechanisms of action of ethanol indicated that the protective action of the latter does not appear to be due to a lowering of plasma free fatty acid levels, a reduction of cardiac contractility, a non-specific caloric effect, an interference with epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation, or ethanol-induced analgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:918350", "title": "Failure of the N-oxodized metabolites of some carcinogenic amines to induce tumors in normal and wounded rat skin.", "content": "The skin of Osborne-Mendel and Sprague-Dawley rats was treated by repeated topical application of 1- and 2-naphthylamine, 4-biphenylamine and their corresponding N-arylhydroxylamine and nitroso derivatives for 52 weeks. In addition, the possibility of enhancing the susceptibility of the skin to the tumor induction by periodic wounding at the site of compound application was investigated in the Sprague-Dawley strain. The animals were observed for an additional year after which all survivors were sacrificed. No skin tumours were elicited in any of the rats although a small number of systemic tumors at sites distant from the area of application were observed in the Osborne-Mendel strain. No discernable increase in the sensitivity of the skin as a consequence of wounding to the carcinogenic effect of the compounds tested were observed.", "contents": "Failure of the N-oxodized metabolites of some carcinogenic amines to induce tumors in normal and wounded rat skin. The skin of Osborne-Mendel and Sprague-Dawley rats was treated by repeated topical application of 1- and 2-naphthylamine, 4-biphenylamine and their corresponding N-arylhydroxylamine and nitroso derivatives for 52 weeks. In addition, the possibility of enhancing the susceptibility of the skin to the tumor induction by periodic wounding at the site of compound application was investigated in the Sprague-Dawley strain. The animals were observed for an additional year after which all survivors were sacrificed. No skin tumours were elicited in any of the rats although a small number of systemic tumors at sites distant from the area of application were observed in the Osborne-Mendel strain. No discernable increase in the sensitivity of the skin as a consequence of wounding to the carcinogenic effect of the compounds tested were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:918351", "title": "Disulfiram-induced acetonemia in the rat and man.", "content": "Disulfiram treatment caused marked elevations of circulating blood acetone levels in rat and man. In the rat, disulfiram (0.59 g/kg, p.o.) given singly or for three consecutive days increased the fasting blood acetone levels 5- and 25-fold, fespectively. Circulating acetone levels were also estimated noninvasively in man by measuring acetone in the expired air. A 15-fold increase in the expired air acetone levels was observed in a group of five male non-fasting subjects taking disulfiram (250 mg daily) for a minimum of one month, when compared to control subjects.", "contents": "Disulfiram-induced acetonemia in the rat and man. Disulfiram treatment caused marked elevations of circulating blood acetone levels in rat and man. In the rat, disulfiram (0.59 g/kg, p.o.) given singly or for three consecutive days increased the fasting blood acetone levels 5- and 25-fold, fespectively. Circulating acetone levels were also estimated noninvasively in man by measuring acetone in the expired air. A 15-fold increase in the expired air acetone levels was observed in a group of five male non-fasting subjects taking disulfiram (250 mg daily) for a minimum of one month, when compared to control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:918352", "title": "Effect of mineralocorticoids on the paradoxical glucose-induced hyperkalemia in nondiabetic patients with selective hypoaldosteronism.", "content": "Intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose induced a transitory paradoxical serum potassium elevation in 3 nondiabetic patients with selective hypoaldosteronism. The abnormal serum potassium response developed in spite of a normal insulin release and was abolished by pharmacological doses of mineralocorticoids in two. It is apparent that in certain patients with aldosterone deficiency normal insulin production alone cannot reverse completely the hyperosmolality-induced transfer of potassium from the intracellular to the extracellular fluid.", "contents": "Effect of mineralocorticoids on the paradoxical glucose-induced hyperkalemia in nondiabetic patients with selective hypoaldosteronism. Intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose induced a transitory paradoxical serum potassium elevation in 3 nondiabetic patients with selective hypoaldosteronism. The abnormal serum potassium response developed in spite of a normal insulin release and was abolished by pharmacological doses of mineralocorticoids in two. It is apparent that in certain patients with aldosterone deficiency normal insulin production alone cannot reverse completely the hyperosmolality-induced transfer of potassium from the intracellular to the extracellular fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:918353", "title": "Effect of dietary ingestion of oxalic acid on growth and reproduction in male and female Long-Evans rats.", "content": "Male and female Long-Evans rats placed on a diet of Purina laboratory chow supplemented with 2.5 and 5.0% oxalic acid for a period of 70 days revealed decreased body weights and restricted growth rates. Ingestion of 5.0% oxalic acid depressed absolute organ weights of several visceral and endocrine tissues but enhanced the organ/body weight ratios of both male and female rats. Vaginal smears indicated disrupted estrous cycles.", "contents": "Effect of dietary ingestion of oxalic acid on growth and reproduction in male and female Long-Evans rats. Male and female Long-Evans rats placed on a diet of Purina laboratory chow supplemented with 2.5 and 5.0% oxalic acid for a period of 70 days revealed decreased body weights and restricted growth rates. Ingestion of 5.0% oxalic acid depressed absolute organ weights of several visceral and endocrine tissues but enhanced the organ/body weight ratios of both male and female rats. Vaginal smears indicated disrupted estrous cycles."}
{"id": "PMID:918354", "title": "In vitro oxidation of 6-MP and its metallo complexes by xanthine oxidase.", "content": "Xanthine oxidase oxidized pure 6-MP, and its bismuth complex to 6-thiouric acid, in vitro. The enzyme did not oxidize the palladium complex of 6-MP under identical conditions.", "contents": "In vitro oxidation of 6-MP and its metallo complexes by xanthine oxidase. Xanthine oxidase oxidized pure 6-MP, and its bismuth complex to 6-thiouric acid, in vitro. The enzyme did not oxidize the palladium complex of 6-MP under identical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:918355", "title": "Heat and water loss from the airways and exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "Exercise-induced asthma was studied in 8 asthmatics using various conditions of inspired air during exercise. The exercise consisted of walking on a treadmill for 10 min, with a speed and grade elevation adjusted to achieve the target heart rate of approximately 90% of predicted maximum. Pulmonary function tests were performed pre- and post-exercise to determine exercise-induced asthma. With inspired air at 23 degrees C and 15% relative humidity (RH), the post-exercise forced expiratory volume in a sec (FEV1), maximal mid-expiratory flow rate (MMEF), and specific airway conductance (SGaw) decreased to an average of 69, 59 and 38% of the pre-exercise baseline, respectively. In contrast, the exercise-induced asthma was clearly prevented in all subjects by using inspired air at 37 degrees C and 100% RH, when the post-exercise FEV1, MMEF, and SGaw were 99, 100 and 91% of the baseline, respectively. Inspiration of warm, dry air or humid, room air reduced but did not prevent exercise-induced asthma. The results indicate that the primary stimulus for exercise-induced asthma may be heat loss and/or water loss from the airways during exercise.", "contents": "Heat and water loss from the airways and exercise-induced asthma. Exercise-induced asthma was studied in 8 asthmatics using various conditions of inspired air during exercise. The exercise consisted of walking on a treadmill for 10 min, with a speed and grade elevation adjusted to achieve the target heart rate of approximately 90% of predicted maximum. Pulmonary function tests were performed pre- and post-exercise to determine exercise-induced asthma. With inspired air at 23 degrees C and 15% relative humidity (RH), the post-exercise forced expiratory volume in a sec (FEV1), maximal mid-expiratory flow rate (MMEF), and specific airway conductance (SGaw) decreased to an average of 69, 59 and 38% of the pre-exercise baseline, respectively. In contrast, the exercise-induced asthma was clearly prevented in all subjects by using inspired air at 37 degrees C and 100% RH, when the post-exercise FEV1, MMEF, and SGaw were 99, 100 and 91% of the baseline, respectively. Inspiration of warm, dry air or humid, room air reduced but did not prevent exercise-induced asthma. The results indicate that the primary stimulus for exercise-induced asthma may be heat loss and/or water loss from the airways during exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:918357", "title": "Bronchial reactivity to prostaglandins F2alpha, E2, and histamine in different types of asthma.", "content": "Bronchial reactivity to prostaglandins F2alpha (PGF2alpha), E2 (PGE2) and histamine has been studied in 27 patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma and in 28 asthmatics without this sensitivity. Of the latter group, 13 patients had atopic, 9 infectious, and 6 mixed type of asthma. Atopic patients were characterized by vivid reactivity to low doses of both PGF2alpha and histamine. In patients with infectious asthma significantly higher doses of both PGF2alpha and histamine were necessary to induce bronchoconstriction as compared to atopics. Aspirin-sensitive patients responded quickly with bronchial spasm to similar doses of histamine as atopics, but tolerated significantly higher doses of PGF2alpha. There was no difference in reactivity to PGF2alpha between patients with aspirin sensitivity and those with infectious asthma. 5 and 10 min after administration of 60 microgram PGE2 significantly better improvement in ventilation occurred in aspirin-sensitive patients than in those of either atopic or infectious groups. The results obtained point to differences in bronchial reactivity to prostaglandins and histamine depending on type of asthma and severity of its symptoms.", "contents": "Bronchial reactivity to prostaglandins F2alpha, E2, and histamine in different types of asthma. Bronchial reactivity to prostaglandins F2alpha (PGF2alpha), E2 (PGE2) and histamine has been studied in 27 patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma and in 28 asthmatics without this sensitivity. Of the latter group, 13 patients had atopic, 9 infectious, and 6 mixed type of asthma. Atopic patients were characterized by vivid reactivity to low doses of both PGF2alpha and histamine. In patients with infectious asthma significantly higher doses of both PGF2alpha and histamine were necessary to induce bronchoconstriction as compared to atopics. Aspirin-sensitive patients responded quickly with bronchial spasm to similar doses of histamine as atopics, but tolerated significantly higher doses of PGF2alpha. There was no difference in reactivity to PGF2alpha between patients with aspirin sensitivity and those with infectious asthma. 5 and 10 min after administration of 60 microgram PGE2 significantly better improvement in ventilation occurred in aspirin-sensitive patients than in those of either atopic or infectious groups. The results obtained point to differences in bronchial reactivity to prostaglandins and histamine depending on type of asthma and severity of its symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:918358", "title": "[Effects of O2 inhalation on the partial arterial-alveolar pressure of CO2 in healthy patients and in patients suffering from chronic bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The increase in arterial-alveolar CO2 difference (D[a-A]CO2) on 100% O2 breathing was studied in healthy subjects and in chronic bronchitic patients with or without hypoxemia. This increase in D(a-A)CO2 showing the enhancement of the dead-space effect (i.e. of the ventilation/perfusion ratio; VA/Q,), resulted from increase in PaCO2 or/and from decrease in PACO2 and was only found in hypoxic bronchitic subjects. In such subjects D(a-A)CO2 increased by about 50%. This phenomenon seems to arise from the vasomotor effect of pure O2 on pulmonary circulation and the role played by the Haldane effect in increasing PaCO2 and thus D(a-A)CO2 in some subjects is very weak. In subjects where inhalation of pure O2 produced the greatest increase in D(a-A)CO2 and in VA/Q, the calculated value of the venous admixture (QSh/QT) after measurement of D(A-a)O2 at the 30th min of hyperoxia was overestimated. Indeed D(A-a) O2 was enlarged by increasing the dead-space effect under 100% O2 breathing.", "contents": "[Effects of O2 inhalation on the partial arterial-alveolar pressure of CO2 in healthy patients and in patients suffering from chronic bronchitis (author's transl)]. The increase in arterial-alveolar CO2 difference (D[a-A]CO2) on 100% O2 breathing was studied in healthy subjects and in chronic bronchitic patients with or without hypoxemia. This increase in D(a-A)CO2 showing the enhancement of the dead-space effect (i.e. of the ventilation/perfusion ratio; VA/Q,), resulted from increase in PaCO2 or/and from decrease in PACO2 and was only found in hypoxic bronchitic subjects. In such subjects D(a-A)CO2 increased by about 50%. This phenomenon seems to arise from the vasomotor effect of pure O2 on pulmonary circulation and the role played by the Haldane effect in increasing PaCO2 and thus D(a-A)CO2 in some subjects is very weak. In subjects where inhalation of pure O2 produced the greatest increase in D(a-A)CO2 and in VA/Q, the calculated value of the venous admixture (QSh/QT) after measurement of D(A-a)O2 at the 30th min of hyperoxia was overestimated. Indeed D(A-a) O2 was enlarged by increasing the dead-space effect under 100% O2 breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:918359", "title": "Fatty acid metabolism in hypoxic rat liver.", "content": "Fatty acid metabolism was investigated in adult male albino rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia at 25,000 ft simulated altitude for 6 h at 32 degrees C. Oxidation and esterification of palmitic acid-1-14C and de novo lipogenesis from acetate-1-14C were studied. Palmitic acid-1-14C oxidation in liver slices was normal while acetoacetate formation was increased. In vivo esterification of palmitic acid-1-14C to form triglycerides was increased while formation of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was observed to decrease. Decreased incorporation into plasma phosphatidylcholine with unaltered total activity in plasma triglycerides was observed. The incorporation of acetate-1-14C was observed to remain unaltered in triglycerides and phospholipids of liver with a similar pattern in the plasma indicating unaltered de novo lipogenesis. There appears to be increased esterification of fatty acids with probably impaired release of triglycerides into plasma while fatty acid biosynthesis remains unaffected.", "contents": "Fatty acid metabolism in hypoxic rat liver. Fatty acid metabolism was investigated in adult male albino rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia at 25,000 ft simulated altitude for 6 h at 32 degrees C. Oxidation and esterification of palmitic acid-1-14C and de novo lipogenesis from acetate-1-14C were studied. Palmitic acid-1-14C oxidation in liver slices was normal while acetoacetate formation was increased. In vivo esterification of palmitic acid-1-14C to form triglycerides was increased while formation of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was observed to decrease. Decreased incorporation into plasma phosphatidylcholine with unaltered total activity in plasma triglycerides was observed. The incorporation of acetate-1-14C was observed to remain unaltered in triglycerides and phospholipids of liver with a similar pattern in the plasma indicating unaltered de novo lipogenesis. There appears to be increased esterification of fatty acids with probably impaired release of triglycerides into plasma while fatty acid biosynthesis remains unaffected."}
{"id": "PMID:918360", "title": "Nomenclature proposal for postsegmental bronchi.", "content": "The use of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy has given a chance to deeper visualization of the bronchial tree. For this reason, the classical bronchial nomenclature becomes much more annoying when denominating pathological processes located in the most peripheral bronchi. The authors suggest a new nomenclature for an easier and more practical use.", "contents": "Nomenclature proposal for postsegmental bronchi. The use of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy has given a chance to deeper visualization of the bronchial tree. For this reason, the classical bronchial nomenclature becomes much more annoying when denominating pathological processes located in the most peripheral bronchi. The authors suggest a new nomenclature for an easier and more practical use."}
{"id": "PMID:918408", "title": "Effects of single breath lung inflation on the pattern of subsequent breaths.", "content": "In rabbits, on release of lung inflations 0.4 to 3.3 times control VT and lasting 1 to 30 sec, VT, peak diaphragmatic activity (Ep) and inspiratory duration (Ti) increased, whereas expiratory duration (Te) decreased relative to pre-inflation values. Similar changes occurred between pre- and postinflation occluded breaths. These changes lasted from a few breaths up to 30 sec, and were positively correlated with magnitude and duration of inflations. Postinflation changes of pulmonary stretch receptor activity were relatively small and limited to 1-3 breaths. At chemical drive close to control: (a) postinflation VT vs Ti relationship moved to the right without changing its slope, Ti occluded eventually exceeding Ti after vagotomy; (b) the Te vs Ti relationship moved downwards, its slope being decreased and eventually abolished; (c) the average rate of rise of E was decreased. An increase of VT, Ep and Ti, and a decrease Te also occurred on release of stimulation of the central ends of the cut vagi producing apnea at FRC in mono- and bilateral vagotomized rabbits. Postinflation effects were mainly of central origin and tentatively explained as rebound phenomena within the respiratory center.", "contents": "Effects of single breath lung inflation on the pattern of subsequent breaths. In rabbits, on release of lung inflations 0.4 to 3.3 times control VT and lasting 1 to 30 sec, VT, peak diaphragmatic activity (Ep) and inspiratory duration (Ti) increased, whereas expiratory duration (Te) decreased relative to pre-inflation values. Similar changes occurred between pre- and postinflation occluded breaths. These changes lasted from a few breaths up to 30 sec, and were positively correlated with magnitude and duration of inflations. Postinflation changes of pulmonary stretch receptor activity were relatively small and limited to 1-3 breaths. At chemical drive close to control: (a) postinflation VT vs Ti relationship moved to the right without changing its slope, Ti occluded eventually exceeding Ti after vagotomy; (b) the Te vs Ti relationship moved downwards, its slope being decreased and eventually abolished; (c) the average rate of rise of E was decreased. An increase of VT, Ep and Ti, and a decrease Te also occurred on release of stimulation of the central ends of the cut vagi producing apnea at FRC in mono- and bilateral vagotomized rabbits. Postinflation effects were mainly of central origin and tentatively explained as rebound phenomena within the respiratory center."}
{"id": "PMID:918409", "title": "A mathematical expression to describe the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia.", "content": "A mathematical expression has been developed to describe the ventilatory responses to changes in arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PCO2). The derivation is based on the experimental observations: (1) that ventilation is a linear function of PCO2 under isoxic conditions, and (2) that ventilation is a linear function of SaO2 under isocapnic conditions. It is assumed that all functions are continuous and single valued, with the implication that for any given SaO2 and PCO2 there is a unique ventilatory response. The analysis following from these three assumptions has enabled us to derive the following expression for ventilation: VI(SaO2, PCO2) = alpha1 - SaO2 - PCO2 + alpha2 - SaO2 + alpha3 - PCO2 + alpha4 where the alpha's are constants for an individual. This equation, which follows uniquely from the assumption stated, is simpler and contains fewer parameters than previous expressions used to describe ventilation.", "contents": "A mathematical expression to describe the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia. A mathematical expression has been developed to describe the ventilatory responses to changes in arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PCO2). The derivation is based on the experimental observations: (1) that ventilation is a linear function of PCO2 under isoxic conditions, and (2) that ventilation is a linear function of SaO2 under isocapnic conditions. It is assumed that all functions are continuous and single valued, with the implication that for any given SaO2 and PCO2 there is a unique ventilatory response. The analysis following from these three assumptions has enabled us to derive the following expression for ventilation: VI(SaO2, PCO2) = alpha1 - SaO2 - PCO2 + alpha2 - SaO2 + alpha3 - PCO2 + alpha4 where the alpha's are constants for an individual. This equation, which follows uniquely from the assumption stated, is simpler and contains fewer parameters than previous expressions used to describe ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:918410", "title": "Conditions for equivalence of gas exchange in series and parallel models of the lung.", "content": "The Fick principle was applied to series and parallel compartmental lung models to determine whether conditions existed under which their differentiation was theoretically possible. Respiratory and inert gases were examined under assumptions of steady-state gas exchange, continuous ventilation and bloodflow, perfect mixing within each compartment and alveolar-endcapillary diffusion equilibration. Algebraic analyses allowing broad generalizations were possible for inert gases but not for O2 and CO2, for which numerical methods were required. For trace amounts of inert gases present in venous blood but absent from inspired air, a given series model always had an exact parallel equivalent. When inert gases were then inspired, equivalence was lost if more than one 'resident' gas (inert or respiratory) was soluble, but the discrepancies were two orders of magnitude smaller than current experimental errors in inert gas measurements. Consequently, steady-state trace inert gas exchange cannot in practice be used to differentiate series from parallel models, but by the same token, if series gas exchange occurs, equivalent parallel analysis is possible.", "contents": "Conditions for equivalence of gas exchange in series and parallel models of the lung. The Fick principle was applied to series and parallel compartmental lung models to determine whether conditions existed under which their differentiation was theoretically possible. Respiratory and inert gases were examined under assumptions of steady-state gas exchange, continuous ventilation and bloodflow, perfect mixing within each compartment and alveolar-endcapillary diffusion equilibration. Algebraic analyses allowing broad generalizations were possible for inert gases but not for O2 and CO2, for which numerical methods were required. For trace amounts of inert gases present in venous blood but absent from inspired air, a given series model always had an exact parallel equivalent. When inert gases were then inspired, equivalence was lost if more than one 'resident' gas (inert or respiratory) was soluble, but the discrepancies were two orders of magnitude smaller than current experimental errors in inert gas measurements. Consequently, steady-state trace inert gas exchange cannot in practice be used to differentiate series from parallel models, but by the same token, if series gas exchange occurs, equivalent parallel analysis is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:918411", "title": "The respiratory gas exchange of sea turtle nests (Chelonia, Caretta).", "content": "Sea turtles lay about 100 leathery-shelled eggs in a 25 cm diameter chamber carefully excavated about 50 cm deep in a nesting beach, where the eggs exchange gases (at approximately 28 degrees C) during their 60-day incubation period. The sand surrounding the spherical nest chamber restricts the diffusion of gases into and out of the nest so that as embryonic development progresses, PO2 decreases and PCO2 increases in the gas inside the nest. PO2 falls to 80-100 torr and PCO2 rises to 40-60 torr inside 100-egg man-made Chelonia and Caretta nests. The change in gas tensions in the nest during development is very similar to that seen in the air cell of the chicken egg. Gas tensions inside the turtle nest and in the sand surrounding the nest can be described by a radial steady-state diffusion model. The rate of diffusion of gases in the sand is 30-50% of the rate found in the nest and 6-12% of the rate found in an equal volume of air. The sand surrounding the turtle nest appears to determine the gas exchange of the eggs in the nest and is functionally analogous to the shell surrounding the chicken embryo. The female sea turtle may construct her nest so as the maximize its gas exchange and minimize gas partial pressure gradients inside the nest.", "contents": "The respiratory gas exchange of sea turtle nests (Chelonia, Caretta). Sea turtles lay about 100 leathery-shelled eggs in a 25 cm diameter chamber carefully excavated about 50 cm deep in a nesting beach, where the eggs exchange gases (at approximately 28 degrees C) during their 60-day incubation period. The sand surrounding the spherical nest chamber restricts the diffusion of gases into and out of the nest so that as embryonic development progresses, PO2 decreases and PCO2 increases in the gas inside the nest. PO2 falls to 80-100 torr and PCO2 rises to 40-60 torr inside 100-egg man-made Chelonia and Caretta nests. The change in gas tensions in the nest during development is very similar to that seen in the air cell of the chicken egg. Gas tensions inside the turtle nest and in the sand surrounding the nest can be described by a radial steady-state diffusion model. The rate of diffusion of gases in the sand is 30-50% of the rate found in the nest and 6-12% of the rate found in an equal volume of air. The sand surrounding the turtle nest appears to determine the gas exchange of the eggs in the nest and is functionally analogous to the shell surrounding the chicken embryo. The female sea turtle may construct her nest so as the maximize its gas exchange and minimize gas partial pressure gradients inside the nest."}
{"id": "PMID:918412", "title": "A comparison of central venous pressure and pleural pressure in supine dogs.", "content": "Respiration induced changes in central venous pressure were analyzed and compared with intrapleural pressure changes in dogs. During normal breathing intrapleural pressure changes were transmitted to the vena cava with distortion consisting of attenuation, addition of cardiac and mean pressure components, and a slight temporal delay. Attenuation and temporal delay increased in a regular manner as mean central venous pressure increased. Cardiac components could be removed by electronic filters. The presence of these distortions suggest the need for caution in interpreting intrapleural pressure changes from central venous pressure.", "contents": "A comparison of central venous pressure and pleural pressure in supine dogs. Respiration induced changes in central venous pressure were analyzed and compared with intrapleural pressure changes in dogs. During normal breathing intrapleural pressure changes were transmitted to the vena cava with distortion consisting of attenuation, addition of cardiac and mean pressure components, and a slight temporal delay. Attenuation and temporal delay increased in a regular manner as mean central venous pressure increased. Cardiac components could be removed by electronic filters. The presence of these distortions suggest the need for caution in interpreting intrapleural pressure changes from central venous pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:918413", "title": "Effect of chest cage restriction on perception of added airflow resistance.", "content": "The effect of restricting chest expansion on the detection of resistive loads added to inspiration was assessed in 6 healthy male subjects. Restriction was accomplished using an adjustable chest clamping device. Load detection scores obtained with and without chest clamping were plotted against deltaR and the Weber Fraction (deltaR/Ro), where deltaR is the added load and Ro is the initial resistive load (i.e. subject's R plus minimal R of the apparatus). Results indicate that restricting chest expansion does not alter the ability of healthy subjects to detect added inspiratory resistive loads. It is concluded that perception of such loads is not dependent upon sensory information from the chest wall.", "contents": "Effect of chest cage restriction on perception of added airflow resistance. The effect of restricting chest expansion on the detection of resistive loads added to inspiration was assessed in 6 healthy male subjects. Restriction was accomplished using an adjustable chest clamping device. Load detection scores obtained with and without chest clamping were plotted against deltaR and the Weber Fraction (deltaR/Ro), where deltaR is the added load and Ro is the initial resistive load (i.e. subject's R plus minimal R of the apparatus). Results indicate that restricting chest expansion does not alter the ability of healthy subjects to detect added inspiratory resistive loads. It is concluded that perception of such loads is not dependent upon sensory information from the chest wall."}
{"id": "PMID:918414", "title": "Alteration from apneusis to more regular rhythmic respiration in decerebrate cats.", "content": "In spontaneously breathing or paralyzed, ventilated, decerebrate cats. bilateral pneumotaxic center lesions and bilateral vagotomy resulted in apneusis characterized by a marked prolongation of inspiratory duration (TI) and, concomitantly, an elevation of tidal volume (VT) and reduction of respiratory frequency (f). Subsequent placement of medial or lateral lesions in the caudal pons or medulla reduced TI and VT, increased f, and restored a more regular rhythmic respiratory pattern. Placement of these pontile or medullary lesions in animals with pneumotaxic center lesions prevented the development of a typical apneustic pattern upon vagotomy. Large rostral pontile lesions did not change apneusis in spontaneous breathing animals whereas, in paralyzed, ventilated cats, these lesions resulted in some decrease of TI. It is concluded that apneusis generation is not equatable simply with a summation of caudal pontile respiratory unit activities. Rather, activity inherent to intrapontile and/or pontomedullary feedback circuits is considered as a necessary requisite for apneusis development. Interaction of these circuits with an inspiratory off-switch mechanism is considered probable.", "contents": "Alteration from apneusis to more regular rhythmic respiration in decerebrate cats. In spontaneously breathing or paralyzed, ventilated, decerebrate cats. bilateral pneumotaxic center lesions and bilateral vagotomy resulted in apneusis characterized by a marked prolongation of inspiratory duration (TI) and, concomitantly, an elevation of tidal volume (VT) and reduction of respiratory frequency (f). Subsequent placement of medial or lateral lesions in the caudal pons or medulla reduced TI and VT, increased f, and restored a more regular rhythmic respiratory pattern. Placement of these pontile or medullary lesions in animals with pneumotaxic center lesions prevented the development of a typical apneustic pattern upon vagotomy. Large rostral pontile lesions did not change apneusis in spontaneous breathing animals whereas, in paralyzed, ventilated cats, these lesions resulted in some decrease of TI. It is concluded that apneusis generation is not equatable simply with a summation of caudal pontile respiratory unit activities. Rather, activity inherent to intrapontile and/or pontomedullary feedback circuits is considered as a necessary requisite for apneusis development. Interaction of these circuits with an inspiratory off-switch mechanism is considered probable."}
{"id": "PMID:918459", "title": "[Neuropathologic and toxicologic study of 12 cases of bismuth encephalopathy].", "content": "Examination of twelve cases of bismuth encephalopathy showed a constantand marked elevation of the bismuth levels in autopsy cerebral tissue (ranging from 2-8 mg/kg to 25 mg/kg). These values were found to be much higher than the last-measured Bismuth venous blood values. In every case, periveinular lymphocytic infiltration and abundant intra-cytoplasmic lipofuscin were seen. The microanalysis with Castaing's electrode revealed the presence of focal areas of bismuth in the leptomeningeal spaces. The significance of the lesions is not fully established and it will undergo further investigations.", "contents": "[Neuropathologic and toxicologic study of 12 cases of bismuth encephalopathy]. Examination of twelve cases of bismuth encephalopathy showed a constantand marked elevation of the bismuth levels in autopsy cerebral tissue (ranging from 2-8 mg/kg to 25 mg/kg). These values were found to be much higher than the last-measured Bismuth venous blood values. In every case, periveinular lymphocytic infiltration and abundant intra-cytoplasmic lipofuscin were seen. The microanalysis with Castaing's electrode revealed the presence of focal areas of bismuth in the leptomeningeal spaces. The significance of the lesions is not fully established and it will undergo further investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:918460", "title": "[Paraplegia and bilharziasis. A propos of 4 cases (including 2 confirmed cases of bilharzial myelitis].", "content": "Four observations of paraplegia of bilharzians are presented. In two of them the anatomical proof of medullar localization of parasitosis was obtained, once in vivo, only once after a post-mortem. Medical study enables us to spot 55 cases of bilharzian paraplegia, of which 25 sufficiently explicit on the clinical point of view, indicated medullar parasitosis. A parasitosis diagnosis must especially therefore be sought out with the greatest care so that the specific and remarkably active treatment may be started as soon as possible.", "contents": "[Paraplegia and bilharziasis. A propos of 4 cases (including 2 confirmed cases of bilharzial myelitis]. Four observations of paraplegia of bilharzians are presented. In two of them the anatomical proof of medullar localization of parasitosis was obtained, once in vivo, only once after a post-mortem. Medical study enables us to spot 55 cases of bilharzian paraplegia, of which 25 sufficiently explicit on the clinical point of view, indicated medullar parasitosis. A parasitosis diagnosis must especially therefore be sought out with the greatest care so that the specific and remarkably active treatment may be started as soon as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:918461", "title": "[Hepatic encephalopathies; hemodynamic and metabolic study of the influence of ammonia and levodopa].", "content": "The authors present the results of a study of cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism carried out in 19 subjects, 12 of whom had hepatic cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The spontaneous changes and those noted after intravenous administration of ammonium chloride and of L. Dopa, shows that the signs of hepatic encephalopathy are not directly related to the reduction in energy metabolism and that this metabolic disorder does not depend on a blocking of the dopaminergic synopses. The results of this study emphasize the complexity of HE and raise up the hypothesis of the creation of intra-cerebral arterio-venous shunts in cirrhotic patients.", "contents": "[Hepatic encephalopathies; hemodynamic and metabolic study of the influence of ammonia and levodopa]. The authors present the results of a study of cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism carried out in 19 subjects, 12 of whom had hepatic cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The spontaneous changes and those noted after intravenous administration of ammonium chloride and of L. Dopa, shows that the signs of hepatic encephalopathy are not directly related to the reduction in energy metabolism and that this metabolic disorder does not depend on a blocking of the dopaminergic synopses. The results of this study emphasize the complexity of HE and raise up the hypothesis of the creation of intra-cerebral arterio-venous shunts in cirrhotic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:918462", "title": "[Rhythmic quadriceps myoclonia related to sarcomatous involvement of the crural nerve].", "content": "A case of rhythmic myoclonus of the quadriceps related to involvement of the crural nerve by a schwann-cell sarcoma of the thigh is reported. The rhythm of involuntary contractions varies between 35 and 300 per minute. The myoclonic jerks occur rhythmically in the quadriceps only during full extension of the knee. The jerks are inhibited during lengthening of the quadriceps by active or passive flexion of the knee. Clonazepam is very effective in controlling the myoclonus. It is suggested that the myoclonus is the consequence of a response of alpha-motoneurons of the spinal cord to the excitation of Ia fibers of the crural nerve by the tumor. This activation appears to be enhanced by descending excitation pathway and inhibited by activation of Golgi tendon organs of the quadriceps.", "contents": "[Rhythmic quadriceps myoclonia related to sarcomatous involvement of the crural nerve]. A case of rhythmic myoclonus of the quadriceps related to involvement of the crural nerve by a schwann-cell sarcoma of the thigh is reported. The rhythm of involuntary contractions varies between 35 and 300 per minute. The myoclonic jerks occur rhythmically in the quadriceps only during full extension of the knee. The jerks are inhibited during lengthening of the quadriceps by active or passive flexion of the knee. Clonazepam is very effective in controlling the myoclonus. It is suggested that the myoclonus is the consequence of a response of alpha-motoneurons of the spinal cord to the excitation of Ia fibers of the crural nerve by the tumor. This activation appears to be enhanced by descending excitation pathway and inhibited by activation of Golgi tendon organs of the quadriceps."}
{"id": "PMID:918463", "title": "[Torsion dystonia of the left upper limb probably due to a head injury. Calcification of the head of the right caudate nucleus discovered by tomodensitometric examination].", "content": "A young man (30 years) suffered a head injury in the course of a road accident. Four years after the accident, there was progressive development of hypertonia of the muscles of the left shoulder in association with certain movements, with torsion dystonia of the left upper limb. The presence of minimal neurological signs differentiated this cases from so-called idiopathic torsion dystonia. Tomodensitometry revealed an opacity of the head of the right caudate nucleus which was invisible on standard skull films. The authors discuss the physiopathology problems raised by this special case.", "contents": "[Torsion dystonia of the left upper limb probably due to a head injury. Calcification of the head of the right caudate nucleus discovered by tomodensitometric examination]. A young man (30 years) suffered a head injury in the course of a road accident. Four years after the accident, there was progressive development of hypertonia of the muscles of the left shoulder in association with certain movements, with torsion dystonia of the left upper limb. The presence of minimal neurological signs differentiated this cases from so-called idiopathic torsion dystonia. Tomodensitometry revealed an opacity of the head of the right caudate nucleus which was invisible on standard skull films. The authors discuss the physiopathology problems raised by this special case."}
{"id": "PMID:918464", "title": "[Transitory dyslexia related to hematoma of the left temporal lobe in a 14-year-old adolescent].", "content": "A hematoma limited to the median region of the second left temporal convolution was the factor of an involvement of written language which rapidly set in in a 14 years old adolescent. The type of disorders observed are quite superimposable on dyslexia in children. After evacuation of the hematoma, the reading disorders disappeared, as was proved by normalization of the leximetric test.", "contents": "[Transitory dyslexia related to hematoma of the left temporal lobe in a 14-year-old adolescent]. A hematoma limited to the median region of the second left temporal convolution was the factor of an involvement of written language which rapidly set in in a 14 years old adolescent. The type of disorders observed are quite superimposable on dyslexia in children. After evacuation of the hematoma, the reading disorders disappeared, as was proved by normalization of the leximetric test."}
{"id": "PMID:918496", "title": "[Properties of and information about a new preparation of immunoglobulins (IgGAM) enriched in IgA and IgM].", "content": "A new immunoglobulin preparation, called IgGAM, has been obtained from fraction III. Fraction III obtained during large scale fractionation is used as starting material and caprylic acid for the precipitation of most proteins other than the immunoglobulins present in fraction III; the immunoglobulin concentrate is finally obtained by ethanol precipitation of the supernatant. The IgGAM preparation contains IgG,IgA and IgM in various proportions according to the modifications of the initial technique, and we can obtain fractions more specially enriched in IgA or in IgM. The clinical results obtained with IgGAM preparation are summarized; different types of antibody deficiency syndromes have been successfully treated. It can be injected once \u00e0 week IM, at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg. No side effects, nor appearance of anti IgA antibodies have been observed.", "contents": "[Properties of and information about a new preparation of immunoglobulins (IgGAM) enriched in IgA and IgM]. A new immunoglobulin preparation, called IgGAM, has been obtained from fraction III. Fraction III obtained during large scale fractionation is used as starting material and caprylic acid for the precipitation of most proteins other than the immunoglobulins present in fraction III; the immunoglobulin concentrate is finally obtained by ethanol precipitation of the supernatant. The IgGAM preparation contains IgG,IgA and IgM in various proportions according to the modifications of the initial technique, and we can obtain fractions more specially enriched in IgA or in IgM. The clinical results obtained with IgGAM preparation are summarized; different types of antibody deficiency syndromes have been successfully treated. It can be injected once \u00e0 week IM, at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg. No side effects, nor appearance of anti IgA antibodies have been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:918497", "title": "[Antigen Fyx: quantitative study of subjects FybFyx, FyaFyx and FyxFyx from two new families].", "content": "Two new families are described in which multiple examples of antigen Fyx are found in homo-and heterozygous states. The expression of the antigen is evaluated by conventional methods (agglutination scoring) and HD50 assays using a polybren-citrate autoanalyzer technique. Individuals from both families are tested in parallel with those from the family of the first known examples of homozygous FyxFyx described by Cedergren and Giles [2], and with 59 known FyaFyb and FybFyb controls. No consanguinity is found in the two families reported. Quantitative study of anti-Fyb absorption by red cells reveals that the expression of Fyb in individuals considered to be FybFyx is weaker than in FybFyb and even FyaFyb controls. HD50 assay data obtained in the control donors population seem to indicate that, in contrast to the admitted opinion, intermediate degrees of antigenic strength do exist between \"normal\" Fyb and Fyx the definition of which, based on quantitative criteria, remains unprecise. Using a new potent anti-Fy3 (AR), the expression of Fy3 displayed a slight and variable decrease in FyxFyx samples investigated.", "contents": "[Antigen Fyx: quantitative study of subjects FybFyx, FyaFyx and FyxFyx from two new families]. Two new families are described in which multiple examples of antigen Fyx are found in homo-and heterozygous states. The expression of the antigen is evaluated by conventional methods (agglutination scoring) and HD50 assays using a polybren-citrate autoanalyzer technique. Individuals from both families are tested in parallel with those from the family of the first known examples of homozygous FyxFyx described by Cedergren and Giles [2], and with 59 known FyaFyb and FybFyb controls. No consanguinity is found in the two families reported. Quantitative study of anti-Fyb absorption by red cells reveals that the expression of Fyb in individuals considered to be FybFyx is weaker than in FybFyb and even FyaFyb controls. HD50 assay data obtained in the control donors population seem to indicate that, in contrast to the admitted opinion, intermediate degrees of antigenic strength do exist between \"normal\" Fyb and Fyx the definition of which, based on quantitative criteria, remains unprecise. Using a new potent anti-Fy3 (AR), the expression of Fy3 displayed a slight and variable decrease in FyxFyx samples investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:918498", "title": "[Clinical effects of the transfusion of leukocytes isolated by filtration from continuous flux].", "content": "The present work studies clinical effects of leukocyte transfusions to patients with medular aplasis. Leukocytes were collected by filtration on a continuous flow, according to the technique earlier described in this review [9]. Two major points are stressed on tolerance by the patients of the injected products and clinical efficiency. Seventy eight suspensions were prepared and transfused to 30 patients in the course of 36 incidents of myeloid insufficiency. All patients but two evidenced by the time of transfusion a number of polynuclears inferior to 500 per cubic millimeter. The infection was quite serious with increased gravity despite the antibiotherapy. Intolerance was noticeable in about one third of the cases, half of which consisted only in chillis by the end or after transfusion. Only one accident consisting in acute respiration troubles and shock was observed. This however does not occur by chance. It involves sensitization which may be related to HLA system but may also be of different nature, although not clearly identified. Nevertheless is efficiency of the injected products demonstrated by recirculation of the transfused leukocytes. This was noticed within an hour following transfusion for more than 50 percent of the cases. Furthermore it lasted for 16 hours in more than one fourth of the patients. In addition following results are in favour of real clinical efficiency. Certainly in the course of 16 aplasic incidents, no improvement was observed. For most patients however transfusions were late and not renewed or the patients were highly immunized. Conversely the infection state did improve in 8 patients, the disease responsible for aplasia running its course on its own. Lastly in the course of 12 aplasic incidents, infection and acute aplasia did cure. All these observations should lead one to study with great care the immunological state of the recipient. Instructions being known, the number of transfused leukocytes should be sufficient and renewals frequent enough. Under these conditions leukocyte (filtered and eluted) transfusions appear safe and reliable.", "contents": "[Clinical effects of the transfusion of leukocytes isolated by filtration from continuous flux]. The present work studies clinical effects of leukocyte transfusions to patients with medular aplasis. Leukocytes were collected by filtration on a continuous flow, according to the technique earlier described in this review [9]. Two major points are stressed on tolerance by the patients of the injected products and clinical efficiency. Seventy eight suspensions were prepared and transfused to 30 patients in the course of 36 incidents of myeloid insufficiency. All patients but two evidenced by the time of transfusion a number of polynuclears inferior to 500 per cubic millimeter. The infection was quite serious with increased gravity despite the antibiotherapy. Intolerance was noticeable in about one third of the cases, half of which consisted only in chillis by the end or after transfusion. Only one accident consisting in acute respiration troubles and shock was observed. This however does not occur by chance. It involves sensitization which may be related to HLA system but may also be of different nature, although not clearly identified. Nevertheless is efficiency of the injected products demonstrated by recirculation of the transfused leukocytes. This was noticed within an hour following transfusion for more than 50 percent of the cases. Furthermore it lasted for 16 hours in more than one fourth of the patients. In addition following results are in favour of real clinical efficiency. Certainly in the course of 16 aplasic incidents, no improvement was observed. For most patients however transfusions were late and not renewed or the patients were highly immunized. Conversely the infection state did improve in 8 patients, the disease responsible for aplasia running its course on its own. Lastly in the course of 12 aplasic incidents, infection and acute aplasia did cure. All these observations should lead one to study with great care the immunological state of the recipient. Instructions being known, the number of transfused leukocytes should be sufficient and renewals frequent enough. Under these conditions leukocyte (filtered and eluted) transfusions appear safe and reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:918501", "title": "[Preparation of leukocyte-free blood by a method of sedimentation-filtration].", "content": "After centrifugation of 450 ml-CPD-whole blood, 125 ml of packed red cells are diluted to 50 percent with saline (pH 7, 2). To remove leukocytes the diluted blood is filtered at room temperature through a newly devised column packed with cotton wool disks. 200 ml of red blood cells suspension are recovered and contain less than 5.10(6) leukocytes. Appropriate controls show that: 1. The filtered blood contains no pyrogen; 2. The red blood cells have a normal osmotic resistance; 3. The suspension can be maintained at 4 degrees C up to 5 days before transfusion without cellular damage.", "contents": "[Preparation of leukocyte-free blood by a method of sedimentation-filtration]. After centrifugation of 450 ml-CPD-whole blood, 125 ml of packed red cells are diluted to 50 percent with saline (pH 7, 2). To remove leukocytes the diluted blood is filtered at room temperature through a newly devised column packed with cotton wool disks. 200 ml of red blood cells suspension are recovered and contain less than 5.10(6) leukocytes. Appropriate controls show that: 1. The filtered blood contains no pyrogen; 2. The red blood cells have a normal osmotic resistance; 3. The suspension can be maintained at 4 degrees C up to 5 days before transfusion without cellular damage."}
{"id": "PMID:918502", "title": "[Technics for the study of a total leukocyte dialysate and its fractions].", "content": "The crude dialysate extracted from human white blood cells from a thousand unselected donors were studied by leukocyte migration inhibition test with measles antigen. This dialysate and its fractions eluted from Biogel P4 and P6 chromatography were compared towards rosette restoration test and nucleotide composition.", "contents": "[Technics for the study of a total leukocyte dialysate and its fractions]. The crude dialysate extracted from human white blood cells from a thousand unselected donors were studied by leukocyte migration inhibition test with measles antigen. This dialysate and its fractions eluted from Biogel P4 and P6 chromatography were compared towards rosette restoration test and nucleotide composition."}
{"id": "PMID:918509", "title": "Rhinomanometry in myocardial infarction.", "content": "In the curves obtained from rhinomanometry a mid-cycle rest (M.C.R.) is sometimes found to occur. The aim of this study was then to analyse the frequency of the M.C.R both in normal subjects and in subjects who had had a myocardial infarction. Rhinomanometry was therefore performed on 3 different groups of people, viz. 1 .32 normal subjects without any respiratory, cardial or any pathological problems. 2. 44 subjects who had had a myocardial infarction. 3. 34 subjects without any cardial problems. Rhinomanometry revealed that 50-60% of the second and third group had a poor nasal respiration. In the first group no M.C.R. was found in any of the subjects. In the second group over 50% of the subjects had a M.C.R. In the third group less than 50% of the subjects had a M.C.R. The x2 test was used to analyse these results as to their statistical significance. The x2 parameter was 3,84 with a significance of 95%, and 6,64 with a significance of 99%. Our result was x2=5,34 which seems to justify further study.", "contents": "Rhinomanometry in myocardial infarction. In the curves obtained from rhinomanometry a mid-cycle rest (M.C.R.) is sometimes found to occur. The aim of this study was then to analyse the frequency of the M.C.R both in normal subjects and in subjects who had had a myocardial infarction. Rhinomanometry was therefore performed on 3 different groups of people, viz. 1 .32 normal subjects without any respiratory, cardial or any pathological problems. 2. 44 subjects who had had a myocardial infarction. 3. 34 subjects without any cardial problems. Rhinomanometry revealed that 50-60% of the second and third group had a poor nasal respiration. In the first group no M.C.R. was found in any of the subjects. In the second group over 50% of the subjects had a M.C.R. In the third group less than 50% of the subjects had a M.C.R. The x2 test was used to analyse these results as to their statistical significance. The x2 parameter was 3,84 with a significance of 95%, and 6,64 with a significance of 99%. Our result was x2=5,34 which seems to justify further study."}
{"id": "PMID:918510", "title": "Inspiratory nasal obstruction.", "content": "Inspiratory nasal obstruction or collapsing alae is caused by a sucking in of the candal cartilaginous parts of the nose; this is followed by a partial or complete stoppage of the inspiratory air. The nose usually assumes a pinched appearance together with a widening of the nostrils during the inspiratory phase, in cases where the collapse is confined to the upper laterals. Weakening of the upper laterals can results from development anomalies, or atrophy of the tissue with aging. Fractures of the nasal framework may cause displacement or buckling, with subsequent thickening or scar formation. This will again result in poor function. In other cases both the upper and lower lateral cartilages become involved with a resulting collapse of the lobule, producing a silit-like appearance of the nostrils. Examination of patients with inspiratory nasal obstruction will often reveal poor support of the upper laterals, deformity of the lower nasal cartilage, columella and nasal spine or dislocation of the candal parts of the septal cartilage, all of which cause obstruction to the inspiratory air. Collapsing alae should be treated by nasal reconstruction, with removal of the obstruction and stabilization of the nasal framework. In children, it has been possible to enhance symmetric growth, and at times, increase growth-potentials by re-alignment of the cartilaginous structures of the nose.", "contents": "Inspiratory nasal obstruction. Inspiratory nasal obstruction or collapsing alae is caused by a sucking in of the candal cartilaginous parts of the nose; this is followed by a partial or complete stoppage of the inspiratory air. The nose usually assumes a pinched appearance together with a widening of the nostrils during the inspiratory phase, in cases where the collapse is confined to the upper laterals. Weakening of the upper laterals can results from development anomalies, or atrophy of the tissue with aging. Fractures of the nasal framework may cause displacement or buckling, with subsequent thickening or scar formation. This will again result in poor function. In other cases both the upper and lower lateral cartilages become involved with a resulting collapse of the lobule, producing a silit-like appearance of the nostrils. Examination of patients with inspiratory nasal obstruction will often reveal poor support of the upper laterals, deformity of the lower nasal cartilage, columella and nasal spine or dislocation of the candal parts of the septal cartilage, all of which cause obstruction to the inspiratory air. Collapsing alae should be treated by nasal reconstruction, with removal of the obstruction and stabilization of the nasal framework. In children, it has been possible to enhance symmetric growth, and at times, increase growth-potentials by re-alignment of the cartilaginous structures of the nose."}
{"id": "PMID:918511", "title": "A nasal functional test: the opeining of mouth during physical effort.", "content": "Apart from rare exceptions (cf Voydeville's Thesis, Nancy 1951), nasal airflow resistance has so far been estimated irrespective of variations in air intake needs. The object of the test presented here is to offer a quick, simple and objective method for determining the level of muscular effort at which a given subject spontaneously switches from nasal to buccal respiration. A thin flexible tube (1,5 mm across) is stuck at one end on to the subject's lower lip and the other into a carbon dioxyde analyser. The subject is then made to pedal at a speed at least 30 rev./min. on an ergometric bicycle, while a braking force increasing by 20 W ever two minutes is applied. The emission of carbon dioxyde starts being detected, and graphically recorded, only when the subject starts breathing through his mouth. Results obtained so far show that this threshold can vary as widely as from 80 to 180 W among healthy individuals. Further aplications of this test to both healthy subjects and patients with impaired nasal function would contribute towards throwing light on the still obsure notion of \"nasal comfort\".", "contents": "A nasal functional test: the opeining of mouth during physical effort. Apart from rare exceptions (cf Voydeville's Thesis, Nancy 1951), nasal airflow resistance has so far been estimated irrespective of variations in air intake needs. The object of the test presented here is to offer a quick, simple and objective method for determining the level of muscular effort at which a given subject spontaneously switches from nasal to buccal respiration. A thin flexible tube (1,5 mm across) is stuck at one end on to the subject's lower lip and the other into a carbon dioxyde analyser. The subject is then made to pedal at a speed at least 30 rev./min. on an ergometric bicycle, while a braking force increasing by 20 W ever two minutes is applied. The emission of carbon dioxyde starts being detected, and graphically recorded, only when the subject starts breathing through his mouth. Results obtained so far show that this threshold can vary as widely as from 80 to 180 W among healthy individuals. Further aplications of this test to both healthy subjects and patients with impaired nasal function would contribute towards throwing light on the still obsure notion of \"nasal comfort\"."}
{"id": "PMID:918512", "title": "Nasal glands in newborn infants.", "content": "The entire mucosa of the nasal septum from four newborn infants was removed, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and the density of mucous glands was determined in 12 different localities. The interindividual median density was 30.7 glands/mm2 and the median count 13,500 glands. The glands were regularly distributed over the entire respiratory region, but with a significant decrease in density in the posterior half. It has been demonstrated that all glands are laid down before birth, that their density decreases with increasing age until it reaches 8.4 glandss/mm2 at an adult age, and that acute or recurrent acute catarrhal or inflammatory changes of the nose do not lead to the newformation of glands.", "contents": "Nasal glands in newborn infants. The entire mucosa of the nasal septum from four newborn infants was removed, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and the density of mucous glands was determined in 12 different localities. The interindividual median density was 30.7 glands/mm2 and the median count 13,500 glands. The glands were regularly distributed over the entire respiratory region, but with a significant decrease in density in the posterior half. It has been demonstrated that all glands are laid down before birth, that their density decreases with increasing age until it reaches 8.4 glandss/mm2 at an adult age, and that acute or recurrent acute catarrhal or inflammatory changes of the nose do not lead to the newformation of glands."}
{"id": "PMID:918508", "title": "Macrophages in immunobiology.", "content": "Macrophages are now known to be important not only in resistance to infection but also in immunoregulation, in resistance to tumours and as secretory cells. Among problems requiring further investigation are the ways in which they destroy intracellular organisms, the ways in which they recognize and destroy tumour cells and the extent of their heterogeneity.", "contents": "Macrophages in immunobiology. Macrophages are now known to be important not only in resistance to infection but also in immunoregulation, in resistance to tumours and as secretory cells. Among problems requiring further investigation are the ways in which they destroy intracellular organisms, the ways in which they recognize and destroy tumour cells and the extent of their heterogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:918513", "title": "The true choanal polyp-a case report.", "content": "Whether one could distinguish if a large polyp occupying the nasal pharynx derives from the mucosa of the posterior superior wall of the antrum, ethmoids, or the choanae is a matter not clearly understood. Existing literature is somehow confusing on this subject. One definite fact is that these polyps, whatever the site of their origin, are rare. From the histologic point of view, the general opinion among pathologists is that choanal polyps do not differ histologically from the simple mucous polyps of the nose. The case we are reporting concerns a 65-year-old caucasian male, who for many years had a sensation of fullness behind the nose. Examination revealed a polypoid growth protruding below the margin of the soft palate. Surprisingly roenthenograms were not contributory. This polyp was removed by threading a long soft wire over a regular nasal snare. The free loop of the wire was passed through the anterior nose down to the pharynx where the polyp was threaded into this loop, and by pulling the free end of the wires, the polyp was totally removed without any bleeding whatever. A pathology report is attached as well as a picture of the polyp.", "contents": "The true choanal polyp-a case report. Whether one could distinguish if a large polyp occupying the nasal pharynx derives from the mucosa of the posterior superior wall of the antrum, ethmoids, or the choanae is a matter not clearly understood. Existing literature is somehow confusing on this subject. One definite fact is that these polyps, whatever the site of their origin, are rare. From the histologic point of view, the general opinion among pathologists is that choanal polyps do not differ histologically from the simple mucous polyps of the nose. The case we are reporting concerns a 65-year-old caucasian male, who for many years had a sensation of fullness behind the nose. Examination revealed a polypoid growth protruding below the margin of the soft palate. Surprisingly roenthenograms were not contributory. This polyp was removed by threading a long soft wire over a regular nasal snare. The free loop of the wire was passed through the anterior nose down to the pharynx where the polyp was threaded into this loop, and by pulling the free end of the wires, the polyp was totally removed without any bleeding whatever. A pathology report is attached as well as a picture of the polyp."}
{"id": "PMID:918515", "title": "Testings of the ostial patency and penetrance.", "content": "In the present study, consisting of 118 cases of maxillary sinusitis with retention of secretion, ostial patency and penetrance were examined three times during each examination, natively, postsuctionally and postirrigationally, by using consecutive measuring technique. Results indicate that, when both ostial respiratory patency and sniff/blow penetrance were tested in these afore-mentioned three phases at each examination that the information gained about ostial patency and penetrance is most representative when the most normal of these results, i.e. the optimal result, is taken as the finding. This is particularly important when testing the ostial penetrance. Observed inconsistencies between the results of the patency and penetrance tests are apparently due to the different pressures used in testing ostial patency and penetrance.", "contents": "Testings of the ostial patency and penetrance. In the present study, consisting of 118 cases of maxillary sinusitis with retention of secretion, ostial patency and penetrance were examined three times during each examination, natively, postsuctionally and postirrigationally, by using consecutive measuring technique. Results indicate that, when both ostial respiratory patency and sniff/blow penetrance were tested in these afore-mentioned three phases at each examination that the information gained about ostial patency and penetrance is most representative when the most normal of these results, i.e. the optimal result, is taken as the finding. This is particularly important when testing the ostial penetrance. Observed inconsistencies between the results of the patency and penetrance tests are apparently due to the different pressures used in testing ostial patency and penetrance."}
{"id": "PMID:918516", "title": "A clinical evaluation of the Cottle rhinomanometry \"flow\" nozzle.", "content": "A clinical study was undertaken to establish what changes in values were caused by the nozzle used in the Cottle flow-pressure technique of rhinomanometry. Cottle rhino-sphygmo-manometry was performed over seven hundred times, half with the nozzle and half without and the results analyzed using pattern, rate, amplitude, work co-efficient and four breath factor as outlined by Cottle. In many instances marked changes did occur but were unpredictable by examination prior to testing. It is suggested that Cottle rhino-sphygmo-manometry be carried out routinely with and without this nozzle in order to better evaluate results of flow-pressure relationship in which this nozzle is used.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of the Cottle rhinomanometry \"flow\" nozzle. A clinical study was undertaken to establish what changes in values were caused by the nozzle used in the Cottle flow-pressure technique of rhinomanometry. Cottle rhino-sphygmo-manometry was performed over seven hundred times, half with the nozzle and half without and the results analyzed using pattern, rate, amplitude, work co-efficient and four breath factor as outlined by Cottle. In many instances marked changes did occur but were unpredictable by examination prior to testing. It is suggested that Cottle rhino-sphygmo-manometry be carried out routinely with and without this nozzle in order to better evaluate results of flow-pressure relationship in which this nozzle is used."}
{"id": "PMID:918517", "title": "Eustachian tube permeability during the nasal provocation test.", "content": "The results of manometric study on the permeability of the Eustachian tube after a crisis has been produced by exposing 26 cases of perennial nasal atopy to the threshold-dose of the responsible allergen are reported. In 73% of the cases a reduction of the permeability (16 cases) or a stenosis (4 cases) of the ipsilateral tube were found. The importance of inquiring and specifically treating a nasal allergy in patients suffering from secretory otitis is underlined.", "contents": "Eustachian tube permeability during the nasal provocation test. The results of manometric study on the permeability of the Eustachian tube after a crisis has been produced by exposing 26 cases of perennial nasal atopy to the threshold-dose of the responsible allergen are reported. In 73% of the cases a reduction of the permeability (16 cases) or a stenosis (4 cases) of the ipsilateral tube were found. The importance of inquiring and specifically treating a nasal allergy in patients suffering from secretory otitis is underlined."}
{"id": "PMID:918518", "title": "Pathogenesis of nasal polyps.", "content": "On the basis of studies on the glands of the nasal mucosa and polyps as well as the structure of the latter, some previous pathogenetic theories are analysed. The authors advance their own theory of polyp formation: Infiltration and oedema in the nasal mucosa result in rupture of the epithelium and formation of granulations which gradually become lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. During growth of the polyp there occurs formation of mucous glands which owing to growth of the polyps become long and stretched.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of nasal polyps. On the basis of studies on the glands of the nasal mucosa and polyps as well as the structure of the latter, some previous pathogenetic theories are analysed. The authors advance their own theory of polyp formation: Infiltration and oedema in the nasal mucosa result in rupture of the epithelium and formation of granulations which gradually become lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. During growth of the polyp there occurs formation of mucous glands which owing to growth of the polyps become long and stretched."}
{"id": "PMID:918524", "title": "The timing of ovulation by a method of direct basophil cells count.", "content": "The variation of the basophil cells number during the menstrual cycle was studied by the method of Shelley and Parnes, slightly modified. The study comprised 29 women diagnosed as primary or secondary amenorrhoea (first group) and 38 women with normal menstrual cycle, twenty of them being fertile and 18 diagnosed as secodary sterility (second group), including also two women in the second month of pregnancy. The radioimmunological measurement of luteinizing (LH) and follicle-stimulating (FSH) hormone was applied for the second group. The data obtained on 34 women of the second group showed the precipitous decrease of the number of basophils from the level of 20--50/mm3 in the follicular phase, or even their disappearance. This decrease corresponded to the LH increase. Moreover, the morphologic examination of the basophils during the menstrual cycle allowed to classify these cells into three categories: intact, partially degranulated, and firing, the number of the latter type increasing on the day of ovulation at the expense of the first two types.", "contents": "The timing of ovulation by a method of direct basophil cells count. The variation of the basophil cells number during the menstrual cycle was studied by the method of Shelley and Parnes, slightly modified. The study comprised 29 women diagnosed as primary or secondary amenorrhoea (first group) and 38 women with normal menstrual cycle, twenty of them being fertile and 18 diagnosed as secodary sterility (second group), including also two women in the second month of pregnancy. The radioimmunological measurement of luteinizing (LH) and follicle-stimulating (FSH) hormone was applied for the second group. The data obtained on 34 women of the second group showed the precipitous decrease of the number of basophils from the level of 20--50/mm3 in the follicular phase, or even their disappearance. This decrease corresponded to the LH increase. Moreover, the morphologic examination of the basophils during the menstrual cycle allowed to classify these cells into three categories: intact, partially degranulated, and firing, the number of the latter type increasing on the day of ovulation at the expense of the first two types."}
{"id": "PMID:918527", "title": "The serum and pituitary prolactin variations under the influence of a pesticide substance in the male rat.", "content": "Prolactin was measured in the serum and hypophysis of the male rat after five days of oral administration of malathion in suspension (200 mg/kg body), alone or associated with pimozide (a psychotropic drug). The release of prolactin observed in the group treated with malathion was lower (19.97 +/- 7.27 ng/ml) than in the groups treated with malathion and pimozide or pimozide alone (26.65 +/- 3.17 and 26.49 +/- 2.57 ng/ml, respectively) but significantly higher than in the control group (10.08 +/- 5.82 ng/ml). The administration of two dose levels of pure malathion solubilized in alcohol/water (v/v) failed to reproduce the same results. The discussions are focussed upon: 1) the mechanisms involved in the release of prolactin under the influence of malathion (vagomimetic action) and 2) the lack of cumulative effects of malathion and pimozide (presumably different levels of their influence).", "contents": "The serum and pituitary prolactin variations under the influence of a pesticide substance in the male rat. Prolactin was measured in the serum and hypophysis of the male rat after five days of oral administration of malathion in suspension (200 mg/kg body), alone or associated with pimozide (a psychotropic drug). The release of prolactin observed in the group treated with malathion was lower (19.97 +/- 7.27 ng/ml) than in the groups treated with malathion and pimozide or pimozide alone (26.65 +/- 3.17 and 26.49 +/- 2.57 ng/ml, respectively) but significantly higher than in the control group (10.08 +/- 5.82 ng/ml). The administration of two dose levels of pure malathion solubilized in alcohol/water (v/v) failed to reproduce the same results. The discussions are focussed upon: 1) the mechanisms involved in the release of prolactin under the influence of malathion (vagomimetic action) and 2) the lack of cumulative effects of malathion and pimozide (presumably different levels of their influence)."}
{"id": "PMID:918529", "title": "The release of LH and FSH during the thyroid surgery for hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Serial blood samples, collected from 21 females and 9 males through the thyroid surgery procedures were assayed for LH and FSH by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique. During thyroid surgery the serum LH increased significantly in the male patients from the preoperative levels 20.66 +/- 11.67 to 45.49 +/- 18.50 mIU/ml (p less than 0.01), being unchanged or slightly lower in the female group. The serum LH progressively fell towards the end of the surgery, remaining over the preoperative levels i4 hrs after surgery; occasionally very high levels were observed. The release of LH seemed to be more precocious during the surgery in both sexes in patients belonging to the age group under 40 years by comparison to the older group. The serum FSH showed nonsignificant changes during and after surgery in both female and male patients excepting two menopaused female hyperthyroid patients and a woman of 60 years under laborious surgery for a cervicothoracic polynodular goiter. The data are suggesting the dissociated secretion of LH and FSH in both sexes excepting some cases of menopaused women.", "contents": "The release of LH and FSH during the thyroid surgery for hyperthyroidism. Serial blood samples, collected from 21 females and 9 males through the thyroid surgery procedures were assayed for LH and FSH by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique. During thyroid surgery the serum LH increased significantly in the male patients from the preoperative levels 20.66 +/- 11.67 to 45.49 +/- 18.50 mIU/ml (p less than 0.01), being unchanged or slightly lower in the female group. The serum LH progressively fell towards the end of the surgery, remaining over the preoperative levels i4 hrs after surgery; occasionally very high levels were observed. The release of LH seemed to be more precocious during the surgery in both sexes in patients belonging to the age group under 40 years by comparison to the older group. The serum FSH showed nonsignificant changes during and after surgery in both female and male patients excepting two menopaused female hyperthyroid patients and a woman of 60 years under laborious surgery for a cervicothoracic polynodular goiter. The data are suggesting the dissociated secretion of LH and FSH in both sexes excepting some cases of menopaused women."}
{"id": "PMID:918525", "title": "Medullosclerosis, contralateral adrenalectomy and splanchnicosympathectomy in severe essential arterial hypertension and thromboangiitis. Part II.", "content": "Operations were performed in 58 patients with severe essential hypertension and in 105 patients with Buerger's thromboangiitis. No postoperative deaths were recorded. The mean adrenalinemia value decreased by 70.91% and that of noradrenalinemia by 10.34%. Systolic pressure decreased by about 30--50 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure by 10--30 mm Hg. The delayed results (1--20 years) were good in 62% of the patients with IIIrd-degree eye lesions and in 17% of the patients in the organofunctional stage II, in 17% of the patients in stage II--III of restricted necrosis, and in 4% of the patients in gangrenous stage III.", "contents": "Medullosclerosis, contralateral adrenalectomy and splanchnicosympathectomy in severe essential arterial hypertension and thromboangiitis. Part II. Operations were performed in 58 patients with severe essential hypertension and in 105 patients with Buerger's thromboangiitis. No postoperative deaths were recorded. The mean adrenalinemia value decreased by 70.91% and that of noradrenalinemia by 10.34%. Systolic pressure decreased by about 30--50 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure by 10--30 mm Hg. The delayed results (1--20 years) were good in 62% of the patients with IIIrd-degree eye lesions and in 17% of the patients in the organofunctional stage II, in 17% of the patients in stage II--III of restricted necrosis, and in 4% of the patients in gangrenous stage III."}
{"id": "PMID:918528", "title": "A statistical and pathological correlative study of 434 thyroid carcinomas observed between 1967 and 1975.", "content": "The authors studied 434 cases of thyroid carcinoma. The sex distribution showed a strong predominance of women (67%). The highest percentage (47%) appeared between 30 and 49 years. Histologically the folliculo-papillary aspect predominated. Thyroid cancer was associated with the following thyreopathies: in 75% of the cases with an anisofollicular adenomatosis, in 12% with a chronic thyroiditis, and in 0.4% with Graves's disease. Only in 13% of the cases no association was found with other thyreopathies. Between 1967 and 1975 no increase of the number of thyroid carcinomas was found.", "contents": "A statistical and pathological correlative study of 434 thyroid carcinomas observed between 1967 and 1975. The authors studied 434 cases of thyroid carcinoma. The sex distribution showed a strong predominance of women (67%). The highest percentage (47%) appeared between 30 and 49 years. Histologically the folliculo-papillary aspect predominated. Thyroid cancer was associated with the following thyreopathies: in 75% of the cases with an anisofollicular adenomatosis, in 12% with a chronic thyroiditis, and in 0.4% with Graves's disease. Only in 13% of the cases no association was found with other thyreopathies. Between 1967 and 1975 no increase of the number of thyroid carcinomas was found."}
{"id": "PMID:918526", "title": "Influence of a thymus polypeptide extract (TP1) on immunogenesis and on experimental influenza infection in x-rayed animals.", "content": "The thymus polypeptide extract TP1 administered to X-rayed animals shows a protecting effect on the level of serum anti-influenza antibodies in the rats inoculated with A2 influenza vaccine and reduces the haemagglutinating titres in the mice inoculated with the A PR8 influenza virus.", "contents": "Influence of a thymus polypeptide extract (TP1) on immunogenesis and on experimental influenza infection in x-rayed animals. The thymus polypeptide extract TP1 administered to X-rayed animals shows a protecting effect on the level of serum anti-influenza antibodies in the rats inoculated with A2 influenza vaccine and reduces the haemagglutinating titres in the mice inoculated with the A PR8 influenza virus."}
{"id": "PMID:918545", "title": "Obstructive uropathy in chronic inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "On the basis of intravenous pyelography the frequency of ureteral obstruction was elucidated in retrospect in 140 patients with Crohn's disease and 88 patients with ulcerative colitis. The findings were related to X-ray examination of the gastrointestinal tract and to the clinical condition at the time of examination. 19% of the Crohn patients had ureteral obstruction, typically affecting the right ureter on a level with the linea terminalis. There was a close topographic relationship between radiologically demonstrated intestinal changes and a mass in the homolateral iliac fossa. There was no relation to duration or activity of the disease, urinary tract infections, surgery, or steroid medication. 14% of the patients with ulcerative colitis had ureteral obstruction of varying localization and nearly always arising after colectomy. Renal calculi were found in 13% of the patients with Crohn's disease and in 18% of those with ulcerative colitis. I.v. pyelography is recommended before and after intestinal resection in chronic inflammatory bowel disease to demonstrate the relatively common and often fairly silent urinary tract complications.", "contents": "Obstructive uropathy in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. On the basis of intravenous pyelography the frequency of ureteral obstruction was elucidated in retrospect in 140 patients with Crohn's disease and 88 patients with ulcerative colitis. The findings were related to X-ray examination of the gastrointestinal tract and to the clinical condition at the time of examination. 19% of the Crohn patients had ureteral obstruction, typically affecting the right ureter on a level with the linea terminalis. There was a close topographic relationship between radiologically demonstrated intestinal changes and a mass in the homolateral iliac fossa. There was no relation to duration or activity of the disease, urinary tract infections, surgery, or steroid medication. 14% of the patients with ulcerative colitis had ureteral obstruction of varying localization and nearly always arising after colectomy. Renal calculi were found in 13% of the patients with Crohn's disease and in 18% of those with ulcerative colitis. I.v. pyelography is recommended before and after intestinal resection in chronic inflammatory bowel disease to demonstrate the relatively common and often fairly silent urinary tract complications."}
{"id": "PMID:918546", "title": "Elevated fecal levels of endogenous pancreatic endopeptidases after antibiotic treatment.", "content": "Feces from normal and antibiotic-treated persons were analyzed for the content of immunoreactive trypsin and elastase. In the control group the mean concentration of immunoreactive trypsin was 13 microgram per g feces as compared to 147 in the antibiotic-treated group. Elastase was demonstrable in only 3 of 30 samples in the control group but in 20 of 26 in the antibiotic-treated group. The decreased inactivation of pancreatic proteases must depend on an altered intestinal microflora. The results suggest that reestablishment of a normal enteric flora may take months after the short time oral administration of antibiotics.", "contents": "Elevated fecal levels of endogenous pancreatic endopeptidases after antibiotic treatment. Feces from normal and antibiotic-treated persons were analyzed for the content of immunoreactive trypsin and elastase. In the control group the mean concentration of immunoreactive trypsin was 13 microgram per g feces as compared to 147 in the antibiotic-treated group. Elastase was demonstrable in only 3 of 30 samples in the control group but in 20 of 26 in the antibiotic-treated group. The decreased inactivation of pancreatic proteases must depend on an altered intestinal microflora. The results suggest that reestablishment of a normal enteric flora may take months after the short time oral administration of antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:918547", "title": "Drug absorption and hepatic drug metabolism in patients with different types of intestinal shunt operation for obesity. A study with phenazone.", "content": "Seventeen patients with intestinal shunt for obesity and 11 control patients were given 15 mg phenazone per kg perorally to estimate the rate of absorption and hepatic metabolism of phenazone. The rate of absorption and the plasma clearance of phenazone as well as the 4-hydroxyphenazone excretion in the urine did not differ in the patients with intestinal shunt after the weight had stabilized. Thus, drug absorption and hepatic drug metabolizing capacity appear to be unaffected 12--57 months after intestinal shunting.", "contents": "Drug absorption and hepatic drug metabolism in patients with different types of intestinal shunt operation for obesity. A study with phenazone. Seventeen patients with intestinal shunt for obesity and 11 control patients were given 15 mg phenazone per kg perorally to estimate the rate of absorption and hepatic metabolism of phenazone. The rate of absorption and the plasma clearance of phenazone as well as the 4-hydroxyphenazone excretion in the urine did not differ in the patients with intestinal shunt after the weight had stabilized. Thus, drug absorption and hepatic drug metabolizing capacity appear to be unaffected 12--57 months after intestinal shunting."}
{"id": "PMID:918548", "title": "Gastrin concentrations in serum and gastric mucosa in patients with pernicious anaemia.", "content": "Sessile polyps in the antrum were found in 12 of 51 patients with pernicious anaemia. During gastroscopy, mucosal biopsies for gastrin determination were taken from the antrum and fundus and from the polyps. Patients with high gastrin concentration in the antral mucosa showed high serum gastrin concentrations, while most patients with low antral gastrin concentrations also had low serum gastrin values. On an average, the gastrin concentrations in the antrum were approximately 10 times, and those in the fundus approximately 100 times, higher than the corresponding values obtained in a reference group. The gastrin content in the polyps was not different from that in the surrounding antral mucosa. This study suggests that the polyps are not due to a functional hypertrophy of the antral mucosa caused by locally increased production of gastrin.", "contents": "Gastrin concentrations in serum and gastric mucosa in patients with pernicious anaemia. Sessile polyps in the antrum were found in 12 of 51 patients with pernicious anaemia. During gastroscopy, mucosal biopsies for gastrin determination were taken from the antrum and fundus and from the polyps. Patients with high gastrin concentration in the antral mucosa showed high serum gastrin concentrations, while most patients with low antral gastrin concentrations also had low serum gastrin values. On an average, the gastrin concentrations in the antrum were approximately 10 times, and those in the fundus approximately 100 times, higher than the corresponding values obtained in a reference group. The gastrin content in the polyps was not different from that in the surrounding antral mucosa. This study suggests that the polyps are not due to a functional hypertrophy of the antral mucosa caused by locally increased production of gastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:918549", "title": "Surgical treatment of primary liver carcinoma.", "content": "Forty-five patients with primary liver carcinoma were treated between 1960 and 1975. Sixteen patients were less than 15 years of age. All patients underwent diagnostic laparotomy, while liver resection was performed in 16 (36%). Resectability was higher in children than in adults. Left lobectomy was performed in 8 patients, right lobectomy in 3, and an extended right lobectomy in 5 patients. One patient died postoperatively, i.e. mortality was 6%. Of the surviving 15 patients 4 died from metastatic tumor within 18 months after surgery. Patient survival at 2 years was 73%. The present material favors radical surgery of primary liver carcinoma whenever possible.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of primary liver carcinoma. Forty-five patients with primary liver carcinoma were treated between 1960 and 1975. Sixteen patients were less than 15 years of age. All patients underwent diagnostic laparotomy, while liver resection was performed in 16 (36%). Resectability was higher in children than in adults. Left lobectomy was performed in 8 patients, right lobectomy in 3, and an extended right lobectomy in 5 patients. One patient died postoperatively, i.e. mortality was 6%. Of the surviving 15 patients 4 died from metastatic tumor within 18 months after surgery. Patient survival at 2 years was 73%. The present material favors radical surgery of primary liver carcinoma whenever possible."}
{"id": "PMID:918550", "title": "Crohn's disease. Recurrence after surgical treatment.", "content": "A series of 76 patients who have undergone surgical treatment for Crohn's disease is presented. In 14 of the patients surgery was performed for recurrence after previous resection. In total, 91 intestinal resections and one bypass--operation were carried out. Postoperative mortality comprised 4 patients (5.3%), and there were 4 late deaths. Sixty-six patients were followed up for periods ranging from 2 to 11 years, with a median of 4.0 years. Recurrence rates and reoperation rates were determined by actuarial analyses. The yearly recurrence rate seemed constant during the observation period, averaging 15.2%, and the cumulative recurrence rate was thus 77% after 9 years. The reoperation rate also seemed to be constant, and on the average 5.5% per year, and the cumulative reoperation per cent after 9 years was 45. There was no significant difference between cumulative recurrence rates after primary operations and after operations for recurrence. There was a significantly higher risk of relapse during the first year after non-radical excision of the diseased part of the gut than after radical excision. The majority of the patients were in good general condition at time of review; only 3 patients suffered from marked symptoms with reduced working capacity.", "contents": "Crohn's disease. Recurrence after surgical treatment. A series of 76 patients who have undergone surgical treatment for Crohn's disease is presented. In 14 of the patients surgery was performed for recurrence after previous resection. In total, 91 intestinal resections and one bypass--operation were carried out. Postoperative mortality comprised 4 patients (5.3%), and there were 4 late deaths. Sixty-six patients were followed up for periods ranging from 2 to 11 years, with a median of 4.0 years. Recurrence rates and reoperation rates were determined by actuarial analyses. The yearly recurrence rate seemed constant during the observation period, averaging 15.2%, and the cumulative recurrence rate was thus 77% after 9 years. The reoperation rate also seemed to be constant, and on the average 5.5% per year, and the cumulative reoperation per cent after 9 years was 45. There was no significant difference between cumulative recurrence rates after primary operations and after operations for recurrence. There was a significantly higher risk of relapse during the first year after non-radical excision of the diseased part of the gut than after radical excision. The majority of the patients were in good general condition at time of review; only 3 patients suffered from marked symptoms with reduced working capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:918551", "title": "Malrotation of the duodenum. Frequency in a radiographic control group.", "content": "In a prospective radiographic study, abnormal configurations with kinking and torsion (malrotation) of the duodenum were found in 41% of 150 non-dyspeptic subjects. Malrotation of the duodenum (MD) was more frequent before the age of 30, and in the entire series the frequency decreased significantly with age from approximately 60% at 20 years to approximately 25% in individual aged 35 years or more. It should be considered whether the same radiographic configuration as in MD up to the age of 30--35 years is merely due to uncompleted disposition and fixation of the duodenum, so that the diagnosis of MD cannot be definitely established until after that age. In the presence of MD, the luminal diameter of the duodenum was larger than normal, and there was a greater tendency to gastric retention at 4 hours after the barium meal.", "contents": "Malrotation of the duodenum. Frequency in a radiographic control group. In a prospective radiographic study, abnormal configurations with kinking and torsion (malrotation) of the duodenum were found in 41% of 150 non-dyspeptic subjects. Malrotation of the duodenum (MD) was more frequent before the age of 30, and in the entire series the frequency decreased significantly with age from approximately 60% at 20 years to approximately 25% in individual aged 35 years or more. It should be considered whether the same radiographic configuration as in MD up to the age of 30--35 years is merely due to uncompleted disposition and fixation of the duodenum, so that the diagnosis of MD cannot be definitely established until after that age. In the presence of MD, the luminal diameter of the duodenum was larger than normal, and there was a greater tendency to gastric retention at 4 hours after the barium meal."}
{"id": "PMID:918552", "title": "Malrotation of the duodenum and duodenal ulcer.", "content": "In 173 patients with surgically confirmed duodenal ulcer, malrotation of the duodenum (MD) was found in the pre-operative radiographs in a total of 54% without significant differences in the age and sex distribution. As compared with a control group, the frequency of MD was significantly increased in men and in patients over 50 years (Table I). The luminal diameter in the presence of MD was larger in the ulcer patients than in the control group (Table II). Gastric retention at 6 hours after the barium meal was more frequent in ulcer patients with MD than in those with normal duodenal configuration, and in both groups more frequent than in the control group. At a follow-up examination at least 12 months after the operation for duodenal ulcer, a significant tendency to a poorer result was revealed in patients with MD, manifested by persistent or postoperatively developed postcibal pain, fullness, nausea and vomiting (Table III-V), except in patients who had undergone parietal-cell vagotomy without pyloroplasty. The latter observation suggests that, in the presence of MD, preserved pyloric function is of significance in the frequency of subsequent manifest symptoms of this anomaly.", "contents": "Malrotation of the duodenum and duodenal ulcer. In 173 patients with surgically confirmed duodenal ulcer, malrotation of the duodenum (MD) was found in the pre-operative radiographs in a total of 54% without significant differences in the age and sex distribution. As compared with a control group, the frequency of MD was significantly increased in men and in patients over 50 years (Table I). The luminal diameter in the presence of MD was larger in the ulcer patients than in the control group (Table II). Gastric retention at 6 hours after the barium meal was more frequent in ulcer patients with MD than in those with normal duodenal configuration, and in both groups more frequent than in the control group. At a follow-up examination at least 12 months after the operation for duodenal ulcer, a significant tendency to a poorer result was revealed in patients with MD, manifested by persistent or postoperatively developed postcibal pain, fullness, nausea and vomiting (Table III-V), except in patients who had undergone parietal-cell vagotomy without pyloroplasty. The latter observation suggests that, in the presence of MD, preserved pyloric function is of significance in the frequency of subsequent manifest symptoms of this anomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:918553", "title": "Liver histology in a 'normal' population--examinations of 503 consecutive fatal traffic casualties.", "content": "The liver histology of 503 consecutive victims of fatal (within 24 hours) traffic accidents submitted to medico-legal autopsy are used as a standard of reference. In 370 persons (74%) no pathological changes in the liver biopsies were observed. Fatty liver was found in 120 persons (24%), non-specific portal inflammation in 7 persons, alcoholic hepatitis in 6, and portal fibrosis in 5. No cases of cirrhosis, chronic aggressive hepatitis, changes compatible with chronic persistent hepatitis, viral hepatitis, or other internationally accepted morphological diagnoses were found. A significant positive correlation between the frequency of steatosis and age groups was demonstrable. Fatty liver was found in 1% of persons below 20 years, in 18% between 20--40 years, and in 39% of persons more than 60 years in this normal material. The persons with fatty liver had a higher body weight, but the overweight was not correlated to age. It is concluded that fatty infiltration in the liver is a normal observation in aged persons.", "contents": "Liver histology in a 'normal' population--examinations of 503 consecutive fatal traffic casualties. The liver histology of 503 consecutive victims of fatal (within 24 hours) traffic accidents submitted to medico-legal autopsy are used as a standard of reference. In 370 persons (74%) no pathological changes in the liver biopsies were observed. Fatty liver was found in 120 persons (24%), non-specific portal inflammation in 7 persons, alcoholic hepatitis in 6, and portal fibrosis in 5. No cases of cirrhosis, chronic aggressive hepatitis, changes compatible with chronic persistent hepatitis, viral hepatitis, or other internationally accepted morphological diagnoses were found. A significant positive correlation between the frequency of steatosis and age groups was demonstrable. Fatty liver was found in 1% of persons below 20 years, in 18% between 20--40 years, and in 39% of persons more than 60 years in this normal material. The persons with fatty liver had a higher body weight, but the overweight was not correlated to age. It is concluded that fatty infiltration in the liver is a normal observation in aged persons."}
{"id": "PMID:918554", "title": "The functional state of the gastrointestinal tract after ulcer surgery. A ten-year prospective follow-up study.", "content": "Of 35 patients operated upon for peptic ulcer and subjected to absorption tests before operation, 26 could be followed up with absorption tests for 1, 6, and 10 years after operation. The following operations had been performed on the latter: antrectomy with gastroduodenostomy in 10, antrectomy with selective vagotomy and gastroduodenostomy in 9, and other operations in 7. None had recurrence of the ulcer or disturbing abdominal complaints during the follow-up period. Ten years after operation there was an increase in the mean value of the Schilling test, and all patients had a normal serum B12 vitamin level. On the other hand, a decrease was noticed in the mean value of the d-xylose test and an increase in that of faecal dry-weight fat content. At the time of the 10th year follow-up examination, 6 patients had an impaired d-xylose absorption and 7 an impaired fat absorption. According to the increase in the mean body weight and the serum protein and haemoglobin concentration, the nutritional status had not worsened.", "contents": "The functional state of the gastrointestinal tract after ulcer surgery. A ten-year prospective follow-up study. Of 35 patients operated upon for peptic ulcer and subjected to absorption tests before operation, 26 could be followed up with absorption tests for 1, 6, and 10 years after operation. The following operations had been performed on the latter: antrectomy with gastroduodenostomy in 10, antrectomy with selective vagotomy and gastroduodenostomy in 9, and other operations in 7. None had recurrence of the ulcer or disturbing abdominal complaints during the follow-up period. Ten years after operation there was an increase in the mean value of the Schilling test, and all patients had a normal serum B12 vitamin level. On the other hand, a decrease was noticed in the mean value of the d-xylose test and an increase in that of faecal dry-weight fat content. At the time of the 10th year follow-up examination, 6 patients had an impaired d-xylose absorption and 7 an impaired fat absorption. According to the increase in the mean body weight and the serum protein and haemoglobin concentration, the nutritional status had not worsened."}
{"id": "PMID:918555", "title": "The synthesis and excretion of non-erythroid bilirubin in the dog.", "content": "Between 10 and 20% of the bilirubin excreted in the bile is not derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin. When delta-aminolevulinic acid is given as a bilirubin precursor, 99% of the bilirubin formed is of this non-erythroid variety. The non-erythroid bilirubin has been supposed to be synthetized exclusively in the liver. Sequential samples of arterial, portal and liver vein blood, as well as of bile and thoracic duct lymph, were analyzed for bilirubin and non-bilirubin radioactivity following the injection of labeled delta-aminolevulinic acid in dogs. Radioactive bilirubin appeared in blood before it could be demonstrated in bile or lymph. The concentration differences between aortic, portal and liver vein blood displayed a considerable extrahepatic non-erythroid bilirubin synthesis. Most non-erythroid bilirubin synthetized in the liver is excreted directly into the biliary canaliculi.", "contents": "The synthesis and excretion of non-erythroid bilirubin in the dog. Between 10 and 20% of the bilirubin excreted in the bile is not derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin. When delta-aminolevulinic acid is given as a bilirubin precursor, 99% of the bilirubin formed is of this non-erythroid variety. The non-erythroid bilirubin has been supposed to be synthetized exclusively in the liver. Sequential samples of arterial, portal and liver vein blood, as well as of bile and thoracic duct lymph, were analyzed for bilirubin and non-bilirubin radioactivity following the injection of labeled delta-aminolevulinic acid in dogs. Radioactive bilirubin appeared in blood before it could be demonstrated in bile or lymph. The concentration differences between aortic, portal and liver vein blood displayed a considerable extrahepatic non-erythroid bilirubin synthesis. Most non-erythroid bilirubin synthetized in the liver is excreted directly into the biliary canaliculi."}
{"id": "PMID:918556", "title": "Serological evidence of hepatitis B infection in patients with chronic liver diseases: radioimmunoassay of HBsAg and anti-HBs.", "content": "The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBs was determined by a sensitive double-antibody radio-immunoassay technique in a series of patients with chronic liver diseases. HBsAg was demonstrated in 37 out of 98 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis (38%) and in 14 out of 108 patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis (13%). HBsAg was not found in any of the patients with steatosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, or primary biliary cirrhosis. In the patients with chronic hepatitis HBsAg or anti-HBs was demonstrated in 83% of the patients below 40 years of age in contrast to 48% of the patients more than 40 years of age. It is concluded that a substantial part of the patients with chronic hepatitis has serological evidence of actual or past hepatitis B virus infection. This is in contrast to the groups of patients with other chronic liver diseases.", "contents": "Serological evidence of hepatitis B infection in patients with chronic liver diseases: radioimmunoassay of HBsAg and anti-HBs. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBs was determined by a sensitive double-antibody radio-immunoassay technique in a series of patients with chronic liver diseases. HBsAg was demonstrated in 37 out of 98 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis (38%) and in 14 out of 108 patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis (13%). HBsAg was not found in any of the patients with steatosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, or primary biliary cirrhosis. In the patients with chronic hepatitis HBsAg or anti-HBs was demonstrated in 83% of the patients below 40 years of age in contrast to 48% of the patients more than 40 years of age. It is concluded that a substantial part of the patients with chronic hepatitis has serological evidence of actual or past hepatitis B virus infection. This is in contrast to the groups of patients with other chronic liver diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:918557", "title": "On the quantitation of Iso-amylases in serum and the diagnostic value of serum pancreatic type amylase in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "The object of this study is to elucidate whether the quantitative determination of serum pancreatic type iso-amylase can be used as a diagnostic test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. We describe the normal appearance of serum amylase zymograms produced with an agarose electrophoresis technique and the reference values from studies of 142 normal subjects for salivary and pancreatic type amylases. The patient group comprises 95 cases assumed to be representative of a patient population in which verification or exclusion of a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis is of importance. In this group exocrine pancreatic function has been assessed by means of the Lundh meal test. We find that a low serum pancreatic type amylase value indicates the presence of a reduced exocrine pancreatic function (p = 0.96), and that a normal or elevated serum pancreatic type amylase value excludes the presence of a severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (p = 0.91). We also describe the occurrence of an abnormal amylase fraction which may be of diagnostic significance in pancreatic disease.", "contents": "On the quantitation of Iso-amylases in serum and the diagnostic value of serum pancreatic type amylase in chronic pancreatitis. The object of this study is to elucidate whether the quantitative determination of serum pancreatic type iso-amylase can be used as a diagnostic test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. We describe the normal appearance of serum amylase zymograms produced with an agarose electrophoresis technique and the reference values from studies of 142 normal subjects for salivary and pancreatic type amylases. The patient group comprises 95 cases assumed to be representative of a patient population in which verification or exclusion of a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis is of importance. In this group exocrine pancreatic function has been assessed by means of the Lundh meal test. We find that a low serum pancreatic type amylase value indicates the presence of a reduced exocrine pancreatic function (p = 0.96), and that a normal or elevated serum pancreatic type amylase value excludes the presence of a severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (p = 0.91). We also describe the occurrence of an abnormal amylase fraction which may be of diagnostic significance in pancreatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:918558", "title": "Time-related enzyme concentrations in duodenal aspirates after ingestion of a test meal.", "content": "The concentration of trypsin, pancreatic iso-amylase, phospholipase, and lipase were determined in intestinal content during the first two hours of digestion of a test meal. In normal subjects the concentration curves for all enzymes displayed a typical biphasic pattern. In patients with chronic pancreatic disease, the typical variations of the enzyme concentrations were markedly diminished. In patients with celiac disease, the initial peak of the trypsin and phospholipase activities seemed to be delayed, and in patients operated upon with a Polya gastric resection the concentrations of trypsin and phospholipase increased gradually. In these two disorders the lipase concentration curve was of quite a different, uncharacteristic pattern. It is suggested that the concentration curves of the enzymes reflect pancreatic secretion. Furthermore, the secretion of lipase in celiac disease and following gastric resection seems to be 'non-parallel'. Owing to a fairly considerable variation in the values from different individuals, it seems reasonable to conclude that in clinical practice determination of enzyme concentration curves after a test meal probably does not improve the reliability of the conventional Lundh test.", "contents": "Time-related enzyme concentrations in duodenal aspirates after ingestion of a test meal. The concentration of trypsin, pancreatic iso-amylase, phospholipase, and lipase were determined in intestinal content during the first two hours of digestion of a test meal. In normal subjects the concentration curves for all enzymes displayed a typical biphasic pattern. In patients with chronic pancreatic disease, the typical variations of the enzyme concentrations were markedly diminished. In patients with celiac disease, the initial peak of the trypsin and phospholipase activities seemed to be delayed, and in patients operated upon with a Polya gastric resection the concentrations of trypsin and phospholipase increased gradually. In these two disorders the lipase concentration curve was of quite a different, uncharacteristic pattern. It is suggested that the concentration curves of the enzymes reflect pancreatic secretion. Furthermore, the secretion of lipase in celiac disease and following gastric resection seems to be 'non-parallel'. Owing to a fairly considerable variation in the values from different individuals, it seems reasonable to conclude that in clinical practice determination of enzyme concentration curves after a test meal probably does not improve the reliability of the conventional Lundh test."}
{"id": "PMID:918559", "title": "Amylase thermolability in body fluids.", "content": "The thermolability of amylase was measured in saliva, pancreatic juice, urine, adult and neonatal sera. The mean percentage thermolability from these fluids was 100%, 99%, 87%, 44% and 23% respectively. In patients with acute pancreatitis and mumps the amylase was 84% and 83% thermolabile during the acute phase. On resolution of the pancreatitis this dropped towards normal. Patients with a pancreatic pseudocyst showed a high mean percentage thermolability (82%). These results could suggest that a component of amylase in human serum is not of pancreatic or salivary origin. In addition, this simple technique may be helpful in the diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst.", "contents": "Amylase thermolability in body fluids. The thermolability of amylase was measured in saliva, pancreatic juice, urine, adult and neonatal sera. The mean percentage thermolability from these fluids was 100%, 99%, 87%, 44% and 23% respectively. In patients with acute pancreatitis and mumps the amylase was 84% and 83% thermolabile during the acute phase. On resolution of the pancreatitis this dropped towards normal. Patients with a pancreatic pseudocyst showed a high mean percentage thermolability (82%). These results could suggest that a component of amylase in human serum is not of pancreatic or salivary origin. In addition, this simple technique may be helpful in the diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst."}
{"id": "PMID:918560", "title": "Serum ferritin and erythrocyte 2,3-DPG during quantitated phlebotomy and iron treatment.", "content": "Serum  ferritin and erythrocyte 2,3-DPG levels were followed  in 3 healthy males who were phlebotomized to iron depletion and a moderate anaemia. In 2 of the subjects, the  expected rise in DPG levels was seen but not in the third, in spite of a Hb concentration of 95 g/1. Serum ferritin levels were found to reflect changes  in iron stores, and subnormal serum ferritin indicated depleted iron stores. However, there was no correlation between pre-phlebotomy ferritin levels and calculated iron stores. The conclusion is that no fixed ratio can be established between serum ferritin and iron stores. A single ferritin value within the normal range does not tell  how large iron stores a person has. Changes in an individual's iron stores can, however, be detected by repeated ferritin estimations.", "contents": "Serum ferritin and erythrocyte 2,3-DPG during quantitated phlebotomy and iron treatment. Serum  ferritin and erythrocyte 2,3-DPG levels were followed  in 3 healthy males who were phlebotomized to iron depletion and a moderate anaemia. In 2 of the subjects, the  expected rise in DPG levels was seen but not in the third, in spite of a Hb concentration of 95 g/1. Serum ferritin levels were found to reflect changes  in iron stores, and subnormal serum ferritin indicated depleted iron stores. However, there was no correlation between pre-phlebotomy ferritin levels and calculated iron stores. The conclusion is that no fixed ratio can be established between serum ferritin and iron stores. A single ferritin value within the normal range does not tell  how large iron stores a person has. Changes in an individual's iron stores can, however, be detected by repeated ferritin estimations."}
{"id": "PMID:918561", "title": "Anorexia nervosa and polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte reactions.", "content": "10 patients with anorexia nervosa were compared with controls with normal weight, regarding their peripheral blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte reactions. The anorexia patients showed a statistically significant decrease in PMN bactericidal capacity and PMN adherence. The mean chemotaxis did not differ, but in two of the anorexia patients chemotaxis was almost absent. The intracellular activity of alkaline phosphatase was below the reference values in 5 of the 6  patients in whom it was investigated. It is concluded that changes in granulocyte function may be noted in anorexia nervosa, but their clinical significance is uncertain, as no patients had  recurrent or severe infectious diseases.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa and polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte reactions. 10 patients with anorexia nervosa were compared with controls with normal weight, regarding their peripheral blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte reactions. The anorexia patients showed a statistically significant decrease in PMN bactericidal capacity and PMN adherence. The mean chemotaxis did not differ, but in two of the anorexia patients chemotaxis was almost absent. The intracellular activity of alkaline phosphatase was below the reference values in 5 of the 6  patients in whom it was investigated. It is concluded that changes in granulocyte function may be noted in anorexia nervosa, but their clinical significance is uncertain, as no patients had  recurrent or severe infectious diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:918562", "title": "Studies on human preleukaemia. I. Erythroblast and iron kinetics in aregenerative anaemia with hypercellular bone marrow.", "content": "In 34 patients with aregenerative anaemia and hypercellular bone marrow, a condition earlier suggested to be of a preleukaemic nature, erythroblast thymidine labelling indices (LI) were significantly decreased, as would be expected in preleukaemia. The 59Fe erythrocyte incorporation after 2 weeks was generally low. The 59Fe plasma clearance was fast in 22 of 31 patients, normal in 5 and moderately prolonged in 4. These 4 patients had  a low relative number of erythroblasts in the marrow. A significant relationship between the marrow erythroblast number and the 59Fe plasma clearance could be demonstrated. Cases with an increased number of mueloblasts in the marrow did differ significantly from the rest in LI and iron incorporation.", "contents": "Studies on human preleukaemia. I. Erythroblast and iron kinetics in aregenerative anaemia with hypercellular bone marrow. In 34 patients with aregenerative anaemia and hypercellular bone marrow, a condition earlier suggested to be of a preleukaemic nature, erythroblast thymidine labelling indices (LI) were significantly decreased, as would be expected in preleukaemia. The 59Fe erythrocyte incorporation after 2 weeks was generally low. The 59Fe plasma clearance was fast in 22 of 31 patients, normal in 5 and moderately prolonged in 4. These 4 patients had  a low relative number of erythroblasts in the marrow. A significant relationship between the marrow erythroblast number and the 59Fe plasma clearance could be demonstrated. Cases with an increased number of mueloblasts in the marrow did differ significantly from the rest in LI and iron incorporation."}
{"id": "PMID:918563", "title": "Complement-dependence of platelet serotonin release test in polytransfused  patients.", "content": "The research of platelet isoantibodies in patients with Cooley's anaemia was performed by simultaneous determination of the platelet-complement fixation  test, platelet factor 3 availability assay and 14C-serotonin release test. In 93% of the examined patients we obtained positive results with the 5HT-release test, which appeared to be a complement-dependent reaction in most  of the sera-containing isoantibodies, different from sera of patients affected by  autoimmune thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Complement-dependence of platelet serotonin release test in polytransfused  patients. The research of platelet isoantibodies in patients with Cooley's anaemia was performed by simultaneous determination of the platelet-complement fixation  test, platelet factor 3 availability assay and 14C-serotonin release test. In 93% of the examined patients we obtained positive results with the 5HT-release test, which appeared to be a complement-dependent reaction in most  of the sera-containing isoantibodies, different from sera of patients affected by  autoimmune thrombocytopenia."}
{"id": "PMID:918564", "title": "Pirimicarb induced immune haemolytic anaemia in dogs.", "content": "The feeding of pirimicarb (2-dimethylamino-5,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl dimethylcarbamate) to normal beagle dogs resulted in anaemia in a small number of animals. Dosing studies confirmed pirimicarb as the causative agent and the anaemia was characterised as haemolytic. Serological tests revealed the presence of an IgG antibody active only in the presence of pirimicarb. The level of antibody detected was related to the dose of pririmicarb given.", "contents": "Pirimicarb induced immune haemolytic anaemia in dogs. The feeding of pirimicarb (2-dimethylamino-5,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl dimethylcarbamate) to normal beagle dogs resulted in anaemia in a small number of animals. Dosing studies confirmed pirimicarb as the causative agent and the anaemia was characterised as haemolytic. Serological tests revealed the presence of an IgG antibody active only in the presence of pirimicarb. The level of antibody detected was related to the dose of pririmicarb given."}
{"id": "PMID:918565", "title": "The procoagulant activity of adipose tissue.", "content": "Homogenates of several rat and human adipose tissues contain procoagulant activity mainly due to the presence of tissue thromboplastin. Intravenous injections in rats of the active fraction from such homogenates cause the accumulation of 51Cr-labelled platelets and 125I-labelled fibrin  in the lungs. The effect of phospholipase C and of specific antibodies against tissue thromboplastin on this procoagulant activity of adipose tissue has been studied in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "The procoagulant activity of adipose tissue. Homogenates of several rat and human adipose tissues contain procoagulant activity mainly due to the presence of tissue thromboplastin. Intravenous injections in rats of the active fraction from such homogenates cause the accumulation of 51Cr-labelled platelets and 125I-labelled fibrin  in the lungs. The effect of phospholipase C and of specific antibodies against tissue thromboplastin on this procoagulant activity of adipose tissue has been studied in vitro and in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:918566", "title": "Stem cells and small lymphocytes of congenitally asplenic-athymic mice. Quantitative and autoradiographic results.", "content": "A new type of animal: Mice with congenital absence of both the spleen and the thymus (ASAT mice)  have been investigated. Haemato- and lymphocytopoietic findings in these mice were compared to findings in cogenitally asplenic (AS), congenitally athymic (AT), and normal mice. Major findiings were: (1) Normal number of CFU-S in bone marrow of ASAT mice and presence of CFU-S in lymph nodes of these mice, (2) High numbers of theta-positive cells in the bone marrow of ASAT and AT mice, (3) Low numbers of bone marrow lymphocytes as well as thoracic duct lymphocytes in ASAT and AT mice, and (4) Comparable proliferative kinetics of small lymphocytes in all 4 groups of  mice, an exception being a rapid appearance  of newly-formed small lymphocytes in  thoracic duct and lymph nodes of ASAT mice.", "contents": "Stem cells and small lymphocytes of congenitally asplenic-athymic mice. Quantitative and autoradiographic results. A new type of animal: Mice with congenital absence of both the spleen and the thymus (ASAT mice)  have been investigated. Haemato- and lymphocytopoietic findings in these mice were compared to findings in cogenitally asplenic (AS), congenitally athymic (AT), and normal mice. Major findiings were: (1) Normal number of CFU-S in bone marrow of ASAT mice and presence of CFU-S in lymph nodes of these mice, (2) High numbers of theta-positive cells in the bone marrow of ASAT and AT mice, (3) Low numbers of bone marrow lymphocytes as well as thoracic duct lymphocytes in ASAT and AT mice, and (4) Comparable proliferative kinetics of small lymphocytes in all 4 groups of  mice, an exception being a rapid appearance  of newly-formed small lymphocytes in  thoracic duct and lymph nodes of ASAT mice."}
{"id": "PMID:918578", "title": "[Ventricular tachycardia \"with reversal of points\" and electrolyte disorders].", "content": "Ventricular tachycardia \"with reversal of points\" is described and its occurrence in electrolyte disorders (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia), particularly in combination with antiarrhythmic drugs, is discussed. This ventricular tachykardia occurs in cases of disturbed and prolonged repolarization and is typified by periodically changing amplitude in the ECG (\"reversal of points\"). From the therapeutic point of view acceleration of heart rate by use of either sympathicomimetic drugs or pacemaker has proved successful. This distinguishes the treatment from that of other ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "[Ventricular tachycardia \"with reversal of points\" and electrolyte disorders]. Ventricular tachycardia \"with reversal of points\" is described and its occurrence in electrolyte disorders (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia), particularly in combination with antiarrhythmic drugs, is discussed. This ventricular tachykardia occurs in cases of disturbed and prolonged repolarization and is typified by periodically changing amplitude in the ECG (\"reversal of points\"). From the therapeutic point of view acceleration of heart rate by use of either sympathicomimetic drugs or pacemaker has proved successful. This distinguishes the treatment from that of other ventricular arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:918579", "title": "[4 cases of potassium enteropathy].", "content": "The oral use of enteric-coated potassium chloride (and apparently of its slow-release form too) to compensate potassium loss during thiazide diuretic treatment may engender ischemic enteropathy. This iatrogenic condition is linked to the vaso-active properties of KCl, which act on blood vessels often damaged by hypertension or chronic heart failure. Four observations are presented involving stenosing ulceration or perforation of the small bowel following oral KCl treatment. The main clinical, pathological and therapeutic aspects are discussed.", "contents": "[4 cases of potassium enteropathy]. The oral use of enteric-coated potassium chloride (and apparently of its slow-release form too) to compensate potassium loss during thiazide diuretic treatment may engender ischemic enteropathy. This iatrogenic condition is linked to the vaso-active properties of KCl, which act on blood vessels often damaged by hypertension or chronic heart failure. Four observations are presented involving stenosing ulceration or perforation of the small bowel following oral KCl treatment. The main clinical, pathological and therapeutic aspects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918580", "title": "[Scurvy in an adult].", "content": "The case is reported of a 29-year-old previously healthy female patient who developed the typical clinical picture of scurvy eight months after changing to a diet exclusively containing cooked cereals. Serum levels of B12, folic acid, and calcium were lowered and the alkaline phosphatase was slightly raised due to the dietary lack of vitamins A, D, B12 and folic acid. No clinical signs of these deficiencies could be observed. Addition of vitamin C to this diet resulted in complete cure in a matter of days. Signs and symptoms of scurvy are discussed in the light of the recent literature. This rare disease is particularly worth considering if one of the following situations is encountered: hemorrhages in the skin, muscles, joints or mucous membranes without apparent cause; therapy-resistant ulcers of mucous membranes in elderly patients; Sicca syndrome and/or wounds exhibiting poor healing.", "contents": "[Scurvy in an adult]. The case is reported of a 29-year-old previously healthy female patient who developed the typical clinical picture of scurvy eight months after changing to a diet exclusively containing cooked cereals. Serum levels of B12, folic acid, and calcium were lowered and the alkaline phosphatase was slightly raised due to the dietary lack of vitamins A, D, B12 and folic acid. No clinical signs of these deficiencies could be observed. Addition of vitamin C to this diet resulted in complete cure in a matter of days. Signs and symptoms of scurvy are discussed in the light of the recent literature. This rare disease is particularly worth considering if one of the following situations is encountered: hemorrhages in the skin, muscles, joints or mucous membranes without apparent cause; therapy-resistant ulcers of mucous membranes in elderly patients; Sicca syndrome and/or wounds exhibiting poor healing."}
{"id": "PMID:918581", "title": "[Clostridium infections with and without manifest gas gangrene. Report on 77 infections in 76 patients].", "content": "Systematic microbiological research and correlation of the histopathological findings obtained from random autopsies revealed 23 hitherto undetected clostridial infections including 11 cases of gas gangrene, 4 of septicemia, 3 of bacteremia, and 5 other clostridial infections. The knowledge gained from this study led to clinical diagnosis of several cases of gas gangrene which were confirmed bacteriologically and histologically. Of 8 hospital patients who were thus diagnosed in this surgical clinic, 7 recovered, including a case of gas gangrene of the abdominal wall. The problem in gas gangrene is timely clinical diagnosis. Little is known about gas edema illnesses which are not traumatically conditioned. Recognition of the local and general symptoms (local, violent, yet inappropriate pain in the wound, \"unexplained\" postoperative secondary bleeding, appearance of tachycardia wholly unrelated to the patient's temperature, sudden shock, rapid deterioration of patient's general condition, jaundice and rise in CPK) makes it possible to diagnose postoperative gas edema in time. 77 infections with isolation of clostridia, seen in 76 patients, are reported. On the basis of clinical and histopathological criteria they have been classified as follows: 22 cases with gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), 16 cases with anaerobic cellulitis, 20 wound infections, 8 cases of septicemia, 5 of bacteriemia, 1 of tetanus, and 5 other clostridial infections.", "contents": "[Clostridium infections with and without manifest gas gangrene. Report on 77 infections in 76 patients]. Systematic microbiological research and correlation of the histopathological findings obtained from random autopsies revealed 23 hitherto undetected clostridial infections including 11 cases of gas gangrene, 4 of septicemia, 3 of bacteremia, and 5 other clostridial infections. The knowledge gained from this study led to clinical diagnosis of several cases of gas gangrene which were confirmed bacteriologically and histologically. Of 8 hospital patients who were thus diagnosed in this surgical clinic, 7 recovered, including a case of gas gangrene of the abdominal wall. The problem in gas gangrene is timely clinical diagnosis. Little is known about gas edema illnesses which are not traumatically conditioned. Recognition of the local and general symptoms (local, violent, yet inappropriate pain in the wound, \"unexplained\" postoperative secondary bleeding, appearance of tachycardia wholly unrelated to the patient's temperature, sudden shock, rapid deterioration of patient's general condition, jaundice and rise in CPK) makes it possible to diagnose postoperative gas edema in time. 77 infections with isolation of clostridia, seen in 76 patients, are reported. On the basis of clinical and histopathological criteria they have been classified as follows: 22 cases with gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), 16 cases with anaerobic cellulitis, 20 wound infections, 8 cases of septicemia, 5 of bacteriemia, 1 of tetanus, and 5 other clostridial infections."}
{"id": "PMID:918582", "title": "[Fertility of semi-castrated and irradiated patients with testicular tumors].", "content": "The fertility of 62 patients has been followed up by spermatographic analysis. The patients had had malignant testicular tumors treated by semicastration and postoperative X-irradiation between 1957 and 1975. Only 52 patients produced utilizable ejaculates, and these were divided into 8 groups according to the X-ray field arrangement employed. In this way a direct correlation could be established between the field arrangement (viz. field magnitude and gonad load) and the ejaculate findings. From the results it is concluded that azoo- and oligospermia are not a hormonal change induced by the tumor but rather the consequence of X-ray damage of the spermatophores. Azoo- and oligospermia are dependent on the X-ray load on the remaining testis and on the time which has elapsed since the terminaination of treatment. About 15-20% intact fertility can still be found in these patients.", "contents": "[Fertility of semi-castrated and irradiated patients with testicular tumors]. The fertility of 62 patients has been followed up by spermatographic analysis. The patients had had malignant testicular tumors treated by semicastration and postoperative X-irradiation between 1957 and 1975. Only 52 patients produced utilizable ejaculates, and these were divided into 8 groups according to the X-ray field arrangement employed. In this way a direct correlation could be established between the field arrangement (viz. field magnitude and gonad load) and the ejaculate findings. From the results it is concluded that azoo- and oligospermia are not a hormonal change induced by the tumor but rather the consequence of X-ray damage of the spermatophores. Azoo- and oligospermia are dependent on the X-ray load on the remaining testis and on the time which has elapsed since the terminaination of treatment. About 15-20% intact fertility can still be found in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:918583", "title": "[Liver pathology in juvenile chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "Besides lymphodenopathy and splenomegaly, hepatomegaly may also be detected in 25-50% of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. This is particularly evident in patients with complete Still's syndrome. The hepatomegaly increases during relapse situations and disappears during remissions. Transient icterus, elevation of aminotransferases and delayed bromsulfalein excretion have been reported, particularly in patients with complete Still's syndrome, and indicate impairment of liver function. Liver biopsies have been performed only rarely and show nonspecific infiltrations of portal fields with lymphocytes and, in a few cases, \"autoimmune\" hepatitis and even cirrhosis with portal hypertension. Plasma cell hepatitis with affection of joints can be readily differentiated from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: the synovitis is merely transiet and disappears with institution of steroid therapy. As in the adult, severe liver dysfunction leads to remission of arthritis. Amyloidosis should be considered in every case of long-lasting hepatomegaly.", "contents": "[Liver pathology in juvenile chronic polyarthritis]. Besides lymphodenopathy and splenomegaly, hepatomegaly may also be detected in 25-50% of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. This is particularly evident in patients with complete Still's syndrome. The hepatomegaly increases during relapse situations and disappears during remissions. Transient icterus, elevation of aminotransferases and delayed bromsulfalein excretion have been reported, particularly in patients with complete Still's syndrome, and indicate impairment of liver function. Liver biopsies have been performed only rarely and show nonspecific infiltrations of portal fields with lymphocytes and, in a few cases, \"autoimmune\" hepatitis and even cirrhosis with portal hypertension. Plasma cell hepatitis with affection of joints can be readily differentiated from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: the synovitis is merely transiet and disappears with institution of steroid therapy. As in the adult, severe liver dysfunction leads to remission of arthritis. Amyloidosis should be considered in every case of long-lasting hepatomegaly."}
{"id": "PMID:918585", "title": "[Paraneoplastic eosinophilic leukemoid with eosinophilic parietal thromboendocarditis in malignant melanoma].", "content": "A case of an eosinophilic leukemoid reaction associated with metastasizing malignant melanoma and thrombotic eosinophilic parietal endocarditis in a 58-year-old white male is reported. No similar cases were found in the literature. The leukemoid reaction with leukocytosis of up to 102 300 white cells per microliter , 65% of which were eosinophils, was observed during the last two months of life of the patient, who died of multiple metastasis of malignant melanoma. The primary malignant melanoma had been excised four years before death. The parietal endocarditis was localized on the posterior wall of the left ventricle and was found incidentally at autopsy. The association of leukemoid eosinophilic reaction with consecutive eosinophilic thrombotic parietal endocarditis is believed to be part of a paraneoplastic syndrome. 63 published cases of paraneoplastic eosinophilic leukemoid reaction and 6 published cases of malignant tumor with eosinophilia and additional parietal endocarditis were found. The pathogenesis of these conditions is discussed.", "contents": "[Paraneoplastic eosinophilic leukemoid with eosinophilic parietal thromboendocarditis in malignant melanoma]. A case of an eosinophilic leukemoid reaction associated with metastasizing malignant melanoma and thrombotic eosinophilic parietal endocarditis in a 58-year-old white male is reported. No similar cases were found in the literature. The leukemoid reaction with leukocytosis of up to 102 300 white cells per microliter , 65% of which were eosinophils, was observed during the last two months of life of the patient, who died of multiple metastasis of malignant melanoma. The primary malignant melanoma had been excised four years before death. The parietal endocarditis was localized on the posterior wall of the left ventricle and was found incidentally at autopsy. The association of leukemoid eosinophilic reaction with consecutive eosinophilic thrombotic parietal endocarditis is believed to be part of a paraneoplastic syndrome. 63 published cases of paraneoplastic eosinophilic leukemoid reaction and 6 published cases of malignant tumor with eosinophilia and additional parietal endocarditis were found. The pathogenesis of these conditions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918586", "title": "[Complications in null-diet].", "content": "Total starvation is effective for acute weight reduction in obesity. However, in 200 patients, most of whom also had internal diseases, 8% exhibited sometimes severe complications, i.e. reversible cerebral ischemia in 3 hypertensive patients when the blood pressure was lowered to the normal range by natriuresis of fasting; breakdown of water and electrolyte homeostasis with circulatory collapse, vomiting and vertigo; acute crises of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and porphyria respectively and increase of transaminases up to 200 mu/ml, or cardiac arrhythmias. Relative (?) contraindications for total fasting appear to be clinical sings of arteriosclerosis such as vascular bruits, angina pectoris and intermittent claudication. In case of doubt, the method should only be used in hospital.", "contents": "[Complications in null-diet]. Total starvation is effective for acute weight reduction in obesity. However, in 200 patients, most of whom also had internal diseases, 8% exhibited sometimes severe complications, i.e. reversible cerebral ischemia in 3 hypertensive patients when the blood pressure was lowered to the normal range by natriuresis of fasting; breakdown of water and electrolyte homeostasis with circulatory collapse, vomiting and vertigo; acute crises of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and porphyria respectively and increase of transaminases up to 200 mu/ml, or cardiac arrhythmias. Relative (?) contraindications for total fasting appear to be clinical sings of arteriosclerosis such as vascular bruits, angina pectoris and intermittent claudication. In case of doubt, the method should only be used in hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:918587", "title": "[Echocardiography in the evaluation of ventricular function].", "content": "The ultrasonic beam used for quantitative assessment of left ventricular (LV) function traverses the heart in a projection similar to the familiar angiographic left anterior oblique projection. It crosses the anterior wall of the right ventricle, the right ventricular cavity, the interventricular septum, the LV cavity and the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Whereas the cyclic changes of the right ventricular diameter are rarely clearly determined by echocardiography, the easily assessed cyclic changes of the LV endocardial transverse diameter are useful measure of LV FUNCTION. Of practical importance are the percentage of systolic shortening of the LV diameter (%Sh) and the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF). There are several factors, such as placing of the ultrasonic transducer, the shape and size of the LV cavity and rotational movements of the heart as a whole, that influence echocardiographic determination of the transverse LV diameter. In patients with asynergic contraction, %Sh and VCF cannot be used as measures of overall LV performance, but localized contraction disturbances of the septum and the posterior wall may be detected from the reduced extent of wall motion in a given LV segment during a full sweep from the base to the apex. The most important indications for echocardiographic assessment of LV function are valvar diseases with chronic LV pressure or volume overload, and congestive cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography has proved useful in serial evaluation of LV function in patients undergoing valvar heart surgery. Assessment of LV volume by standard echocardiography using the cubic formula is not satisfactory. More accurate determination of volumes is provided by formulas that include the actual ratio of the LV long axis to the minor axis.", "contents": "[Echocardiography in the evaluation of ventricular function]. The ultrasonic beam used for quantitative assessment of left ventricular (LV) function traverses the heart in a projection similar to the familiar angiographic left anterior oblique projection. It crosses the anterior wall of the right ventricle, the right ventricular cavity, the interventricular septum, the LV cavity and the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Whereas the cyclic changes of the right ventricular diameter are rarely clearly determined by echocardiography, the easily assessed cyclic changes of the LV endocardial transverse diameter are useful measure of LV FUNCTION. Of practical importance are the percentage of systolic shortening of the LV diameter (%Sh) and the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF). There are several factors, such as placing of the ultrasonic transducer, the shape and size of the LV cavity and rotational movements of the heart as a whole, that influence echocardiographic determination of the transverse LV diameter. In patients with asynergic contraction, %Sh and VCF cannot be used as measures of overall LV performance, but localized contraction disturbances of the septum and the posterior wall may be detected from the reduced extent of wall motion in a given LV segment during a full sweep from the base to the apex. The most important indications for echocardiographic assessment of LV function are valvar diseases with chronic LV pressure or volume overload, and congestive cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography has proved useful in serial evaluation of LV function in patients undergoing valvar heart surgery. Assessment of LV volume by standard echocardiography using the cubic formula is not satisfactory. More accurate determination of volumes is provided by formulas that include the actual ratio of the LV long axis to the minor axis."}
{"id": "PMID:918588", "title": "[The value of acetylsalicylic acid for the prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications].", "content": "All studies on the value of acetylsalicylic acid for the prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications have been evaluated. Controlled, prospective and randomized studies have been analyzed only where the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary emboli was proven by objective diagnostic methods such as the fibrinogen test, phlebography or autopsy. In 6 studies there is no significant reduction in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis in general surgical and orthopedic patients after acetylsalicylic acid prevention. One study, though it has definite methodological defects, does suggest a significant reduction in the number of postoperative fatal pulmonary emboli in 120 patients with fractures of the upper end of the femur. On the basis of all these data, the prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications by means of acetylsalicylic acid cannot be recommended.", "contents": "[The value of acetylsalicylic acid for the prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications]. All studies on the value of acetylsalicylic acid for the prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications have been evaluated. Controlled, prospective and randomized studies have been analyzed only where the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary emboli was proven by objective diagnostic methods such as the fibrinogen test, phlebography or autopsy. In 6 studies there is no significant reduction in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis in general surgical and orthopedic patients after acetylsalicylic acid prevention. One study, though it has definite methodological defects, does suggest a significant reduction in the number of postoperative fatal pulmonary emboli in 120 patients with fractures of the upper end of the femur. On the basis of all these data, the prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications by means of acetylsalicylic acid cannot be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:918590", "title": "[Microcirculation studies on rat small intestine villi in vivo].", "content": "A method of observing and studying the microcirculation in the jejunal villus of the living rat is described. It permits measurement of the velocity of plasma gaps and of the diameters of the various vessels, and is based on transillumination of the exposed mucosa. The motility of the gut is overcome by allowing the intestine to adhere to the water-immersion lens. The problems of mucous secretion are resolved by administration of N-acetyl-L-cystein. A direct arteriovenous connection between arterioles and the venous system of the villus is postulated. Plasma gap velocity is 1.78 +/- 0.62 mm/sec in the arterioles and 0.42 +/- 0.08 mm/sec in the capillaries. The measured diameter of the of the erythrocyte column in the vessels is: central artery: 9.14 +/- 1.89 micron; \"arcade\" arteriole part I, II and III respectively: 5.88 +/- 1.05 micron, 6.69 +/- 1.04 micron, 8.86 +/- 1.63 micron; venule: 13.58 +/- 2.67 micron; capillaries: 4.56 +/- 0.57 micron. The method also allows puncture of the villus vessels.", "contents": "[Microcirculation studies on rat small intestine villi in vivo]. A method of observing and studying the microcirculation in the jejunal villus of the living rat is described. It permits measurement of the velocity of plasma gaps and of the diameters of the various vessels, and is based on transillumination of the exposed mucosa. The motility of the gut is overcome by allowing the intestine to adhere to the water-immersion lens. The problems of mucous secretion are resolved by administration of N-acetyl-L-cystein. A direct arteriovenous connection between arterioles and the venous system of the villus is postulated. Plasma gap velocity is 1.78 +/- 0.62 mm/sec in the arterioles and 0.42 +/- 0.08 mm/sec in the capillaries. The measured diameter of the of the erythrocyte column in the vessels is: central artery: 9.14 +/- 1.89 micron; \"arcade\" arteriole part I, II and III respectively: 5.88 +/- 1.05 micron, 6.69 +/- 1.04 micron, 8.86 +/- 1.63 micron; venule: 13.58 +/- 2.67 micron; capillaries: 4.56 +/- 0.57 micron. The method also allows puncture of the villus vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:918591", "title": "[Electrocardiographic modifications in candidates for medical examinations].", "content": "17 medicine undergraduates sitting their final examinations underwent continous ECG recording during a period of 3 h. Their usual heart rate was 71 +/- 9 per minute, accelerating to 149 +/- 13, most often at the moment of entering the examination room. This reaction was usual in all candidates despite their knowledge that the failure rate at the exams is always very low; all of this group likewise passed. Two subjects exhibited marked alterations in the terminal phase compatible with myocardial ischemia. In 6 cases severe sinus rhythm variations evidenced an unstable balance of the vagal and adrenergic stimulations. No other arrhythmias, augmentation in the number of premature beats or atrio-ventricular blockade were observed. Analysis of the results shows that the heart response to psychic aggression differs from that to physical effort.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic modifications in candidates for medical examinations]. 17 medicine undergraduates sitting their final examinations underwent continous ECG recording during a period of 3 h. Their usual heart rate was 71 +/- 9 per minute, accelerating to 149 +/- 13, most often at the moment of entering the examination room. This reaction was usual in all candidates despite their knowledge that the failure rate at the exams is always very low; all of this group likewise passed. Two subjects exhibited marked alterations in the terminal phase compatible with myocardial ischemia. In 6 cases severe sinus rhythm variations evidenced an unstable balance of the vagal and adrenergic stimulations. No other arrhythmias, augmentation in the number of premature beats or atrio-ventricular blockade were observed. Analysis of the results shows that the heart response to psychic aggression differs from that to physical effort."}
{"id": "PMID:918592", "title": "[Alcohol-induced hyperlipoproteinemia].", "content": "Tests on 100 alcoholic patients revealed increased lipoprotein levels in 24%. Type IV was the most frequently ecountered (80%), followed by type II or V. The average plasma triglyceride level of the alcoholic group was significantly increased in comparison with a control population. The causal mechanism of alcoholic hyperlipoproteinemia remains poorly understood. The combination of a genetic defect of lipid metabolism, nutritional factors and acute alcohol excess may have an essential bearing on the incidence of hyperlipoproteinemia. Acute excessive intake of alcohol was significantly increased in comparison with alcoholic subjects wihtout hyperlipoproteinemia. The critical dose may be a daily ethanol consumption of about 200 gm. There appeared to be no correlation between acute pancreatic injury or active liver disease and serum lipid elevation. On the other hand, the observation was confirmed that alcoholic patients with hepatic cirrhosis usually do not develop hyperlipoproteinemia. Ethanol-induced hyperlipoproteinemia may be a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Alcohol-induced hyperlipoproteinemia]. Tests on 100 alcoholic patients revealed increased lipoprotein levels in 24%. Type IV was the most frequently ecountered (80%), followed by type II or V. The average plasma triglyceride level of the alcoholic group was significantly increased in comparison with a control population. The causal mechanism of alcoholic hyperlipoproteinemia remains poorly understood. The combination of a genetic defect of lipid metabolism, nutritional factors and acute alcohol excess may have an essential bearing on the incidence of hyperlipoproteinemia. Acute excessive intake of alcohol was significantly increased in comparison with alcoholic subjects wihtout hyperlipoproteinemia. The critical dose may be a daily ethanol consumption of about 200 gm. There appeared to be no correlation between acute pancreatic injury or active liver disease and serum lipid elevation. On the other hand, the observation was confirmed that alcoholic patients with hepatic cirrhosis usually do not develop hyperlipoproteinemia. Ethanol-induced hyperlipoproteinemia may be a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:918593", "title": "[Cytostatic pneumopathy following chemotherapy for metastasizing breast neoplasm].", "content": "A 69-year-old patient treated with anticancer polychemotherapy for metastatic breast carcinoma died of respiratory distress and cardiac failure 3 months after commencement of therapy. At autopsy only a few pleural micrometastases were found. Microscopic study revealed early lung lesions due to cytotoxic drug treatment. While the earlier literature described different lesions associated with different antineoplastic drugs (busulfan, bleomycin), today there is more emphasis on the common pathological features. Therefore, instead of the expressions \"busulfan lung\" or \"bleomycin lung\", we suggest the use of the term \"Zytostatika-Pneumopathie\" (cytostatic drug induced lung disease).", "contents": "[Cytostatic pneumopathy following chemotherapy for metastasizing breast neoplasm]. A 69-year-old patient treated with anticancer polychemotherapy for metastatic breast carcinoma died of respiratory distress and cardiac failure 3 months after commencement of therapy. At autopsy only a few pleural micrometastases were found. Microscopic study revealed early lung lesions due to cytotoxic drug treatment. While the earlier literature described different lesions associated with different antineoplastic drugs (busulfan, bleomycin), today there is more emphasis on the common pathological features. Therefore, instead of the expressions \"busulfan lung\" or \"bleomycin lung\", we suggest the use of the term \"Zytostatika-Pneumopathie\" (cytostatic drug induced lung disease)."}
{"id": "PMID:918594", "title": "[Efficiency of the blood cell separator Haemonetic 30 in the separation of platelets from single donors].", "content": "By means of the Haemonetic 30 separator we were able to collect 4.1 +/- 0.94 X 10(11) (X +/- 1 SD) platelets in 57 procedures consisting of 5-6 cycles. The platelet yield was significantly influenced by the blood volume processed and by initial platelet counts in donors. Augmenting platelet collection volume in the red colored part of the buffy-coat from 10-20 ml did not increase the yield. Transfusion of collected platelets into 27 non-sensitized patients showed normal recovery of 43% at one hour and shortening of bleeding time from over 30 min to a mean of 5 min 20 sec in 12 patients tested. Autotransfusion of 51Cr-labeled platelets into 8 healthy donors revealed identical recoveries (42 +/- 12%) and a normal survival time (9.2 +/- 0.7 days).", "contents": "[Efficiency of the blood cell separator Haemonetic 30 in the separation of platelets from single donors]. By means of the Haemonetic 30 separator we were able to collect 4.1 +/- 0.94 X 10(11) (X +/- 1 SD) platelets in 57 procedures consisting of 5-6 cycles. The platelet yield was significantly influenced by the blood volume processed and by initial platelet counts in donors. Augmenting platelet collection volume in the red colored part of the buffy-coat from 10-20 ml did not increase the yield. Transfusion of collected platelets into 27 non-sensitized patients showed normal recovery of 43% at one hour and shortening of bleeding time from over 30 min to a mean of 5 min 20 sec in 12 patients tested. Autotransfusion of 51Cr-labeled platelets into 8 healthy donors revealed identical recoveries (42 +/- 12%) and a normal survival time (9.2 +/- 0.7 days)."}
{"id": "PMID:918595", "title": "[A family with hereditary hypofibrinogenemia].", "content": "A family with congenital hypofibrinogenemia (fibrinogen levels of 60-90 mg%) has been studied. Out of 19 members tested, 11 exhibit this trait, which follows a strictly autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance. Congenital hypofibrinogenemia appears to be a separate entity which can be distinguished from heterozygous individuals of congenital afibrinogenemia and from congenital dysfibrinogenemia. A bleeding tendency of clinical significance is observed only during major surgery or after severe injury.", "contents": "[A family with hereditary hypofibrinogenemia]. A family with congenital hypofibrinogenemia (fibrinogen levels of 60-90 mg%) has been studied. Out of 19 members tested, 11 exhibit this trait, which follows a strictly autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance. Congenital hypofibrinogenemia appears to be a separate entity which can be distinguished from heterozygous individuals of congenital afibrinogenemia and from congenital dysfibrinogenemia. A bleeding tendency of clinical significance is observed only during major surgery or after severe injury."}
{"id": "PMID:918596", "title": "[Characteristics of nucleic acids excreted by non-stimulated normal human lymphocytes].", "content": "Unstimulated human blood lymphocytes have been shown to release in vitro a complex containing DNA and RNA. These nucleic acids are composed of newly synthesized material and appear to be released according to a homeostatic mechanism. Extracellular synthesis of the released DNA has been demonstrated by using a nearest neighbor analysis technique. The characteristics of the extracellular nucleic acids have been investigated biochemically and by electron microscopy.", "contents": "[Characteristics of nucleic acids excreted by non-stimulated normal human lymphocytes]. Unstimulated human blood lymphocytes have been shown to release in vitro a complex containing DNA and RNA. These nucleic acids are composed of newly synthesized material and appear to be released according to a homeostatic mechanism. Extracellular synthesis of the released DNA has been demonstrated by using a nearest neighbor analysis technique. The characteristics of the extracellular nucleic acids have been investigated biochemically and by electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:918597", "title": "[The effect of various cryoprotective agents on the human bone marrow].", "content": "The following combinations were evaluated as cryoprotectors of human CFU-c enriched bone marrow frozen for one hour at -190 degrees C: 10% DMSO, 1% DMSO + 9% dextran (Dx), 1% DMSO + 9% HES, 15% glycerin (Gc), 1% Gc + 9% Dx, 1% Gc+ 9% HES, 5% Gc + 4% glucose. Cell counts and CFU-c content were compared with controls left at 4 degrees C. Highest values were observed with 10% DMSO and with 1% DMSO + 9% Dx. These studies confirm the superiority of DMSO to Gc as a cryoprotector. With the combination of 1% DMSO + 9% Dx the removal of DMSO prior to reinfusion of the marrow is obviated. This should facilitate the clinical use of autologous marrow transfusion.", "contents": "[The effect of various cryoprotective agents on the human bone marrow]. The following combinations were evaluated as cryoprotectors of human CFU-c enriched bone marrow frozen for one hour at -190 degrees C: 10% DMSO, 1% DMSO + 9% dextran (Dx), 1% DMSO + 9% HES, 15% glycerin (Gc), 1% Gc + 9% Dx, 1% Gc+ 9% HES, 5% Gc + 4% glucose. Cell counts and CFU-c content were compared with controls left at 4 degrees C. Highest values were observed with 10% DMSO and with 1% DMSO + 9% Dx. These studies confirm the superiority of DMSO to Gc as a cryoprotector. With the combination of 1% DMSO + 9% Dx the removal of DMSO prior to reinfusion of the marrow is obviated. This should facilitate the clinical use of autologous marrow transfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:918599", "title": "[Distinction between benign and malignant monoclonal gammopathies on the basis of bone marrow and serum studies].", "content": "Studies were performed on bone marrow and serum from 28 patients with clinically benign gammopathy and 41 patients with the malignant monoclonal form. In the bone marrow samples, the total number of plasma cells and the monoclonal fraction of these cells were determined by immunofluorescence. Serum samples were analyzed for monoclonal immunoglobulin components and for the total serum protein content. The data could be used for discriminant analysis. The variables had to be transformed and were included in the discriminant function in a stepwise procedure. The resulting function made possible a clear distinction between benign and malignant monoclonal gammopathies.", "contents": "[Distinction between benign and malignant monoclonal gammopathies on the basis of bone marrow and serum studies]. Studies were performed on bone marrow and serum from 28 patients with clinically benign gammopathy and 41 patients with the malignant monoclonal form. In the bone marrow samples, the total number of plasma cells and the monoclonal fraction of these cells were determined by immunofluorescence. Serum samples were analyzed for monoclonal immunoglobulin components and for the total serum protein content. The data could be used for discriminant analysis. The variables had to be transformed and were included in the discriminant function in a stepwise procedure. The resulting function made possible a clear distinction between benign and malignant monoclonal gammopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:918600", "title": "[ABO compatibility and isoimmune neonatal thrombopenia].", "content": "25 families with serologically documented isoimmune neonatal thrombopenia were investigated for ABO-antigens of mother and child. In all cases mother and child were ABO-compatible. It is concluded that feto-maternal ABO-compatibility is a prerequisite for the development of isoimmune neonatal thrombopenia; hence, platelets must have ABO-antigens or be covered by soluble ABO-antigens.", "contents": "[ABO compatibility and isoimmune neonatal thrombopenia]. 25 families with serologically documented isoimmune neonatal thrombopenia were investigated for ABO-antigens of mother and child. In all cases mother and child were ABO-compatible. It is concluded that feto-maternal ABO-compatibility is a prerequisite for the development of isoimmune neonatal thrombopenia; hence, platelets must have ABO-antigens or be covered by soluble ABO-antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:918601", "title": "[Anti-phospholipid antibodies as a cause of immunologic thrombopenia and thrombopathies].", "content": "The simultaneous occurrence of platelet antibodies (ab) and a circulating \"antithromboplastic\" anticoagulant in a patient with thrombocytopenia led to the hypothesis that antiphospholipid ab may be causing both phenomena. Of 55 sera obtained from thrombocytopenic patients exhibiting a positive microtest for complement fixation (CFT) with platelets, 37 also gave positive results with highly purified phospholipids (Phl) used as antigen. In order to further evaluate the role of Phl, 40 different liposome suspensions obtained by sonication of various mixtures of Phl (with/without addition of cholesterol) were tested as antigen in the CFT with 11 selected sera, and as platelet factor 3 (PF3) reagent in the partial thromboplastin time test with normal plasma. Eight liposome preparations with PF3 activity (all containing phosphatidyl-serine) were equally active as antigen (ag) in the CFT. Liposomes composed of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and sphingomyeline delivered ag-activity only. Since the two substances are accessible components of the outer membrane surface of thrombocytes, anti-Phl-ab may well bind to platelets in vivo, causing thrombocytopenia. Coagulation-inhibiting activity of these ab could be directly demonstrated in a PF3-test system (thrombocytopathy caused by PF3 inhibition). The identity of antithromboplastic anticoagulant and anti-Phl-ab was further substantiated by immunoabsorption, since both activities were simultaneously eliminated from the sera with a Phl-charcoal adsorbent.", "contents": "[Anti-phospholipid antibodies as a cause of immunologic thrombopenia and thrombopathies]. The simultaneous occurrence of platelet antibodies (ab) and a circulating \"antithromboplastic\" anticoagulant in a patient with thrombocytopenia led to the hypothesis that antiphospholipid ab may be causing both phenomena. Of 55 sera obtained from thrombocytopenic patients exhibiting a positive microtest for complement fixation (CFT) with platelets, 37 also gave positive results with highly purified phospholipids (Phl) used as antigen. In order to further evaluate the role of Phl, 40 different liposome suspensions obtained by sonication of various mixtures of Phl (with/without addition of cholesterol) were tested as antigen in the CFT with 11 selected sera, and as platelet factor 3 (PF3) reagent in the partial thromboplastin time test with normal plasma. Eight liposome preparations with PF3 activity (all containing phosphatidyl-serine) were equally active as antigen (ag) in the CFT. Liposomes composed of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and sphingomyeline delivered ag-activity only. Since the two substances are accessible components of the outer membrane surface of thrombocytes, anti-Phl-ab may well bind to platelets in vivo, causing thrombocytopenia. Coagulation-inhibiting activity of these ab could be directly demonstrated in a PF3-test system (thrombocytopathy caused by PF3 inhibition). The identity of antithromboplastic anticoagulant and anti-Phl-ab was further substantiated by immunoabsorption, since both activities were simultaneously eliminated from the sera with a Phl-charcoal adsorbent."}
{"id": "PMID:918602", "title": "[Fibrinogen Z\u00fcrich I: defective fibrinopeptide-A release].", "content": "Fibrinogen Zurich I (FZI) is characterized by delayed fibrin monomer aggregation. It has been previously shown that the patient fibrinogen is composed of two populations of molecules, one aggregating normally and the other not aggregating at all but interfering with the aggregation of the normal population. By use of a radioimmunoassay for fibrinopeptide A (FPA), only approximately half of the expected FPA could be recovered after thrombin and Defibrase proteolysis. Even after exhaustive proteolysis with 2 thrombin units of Defibrase, no further release of FPA could be obtained. The defective FPA release was confirmed by measurement of the N-terminal Gly/Tyr ratio. It may be assumed that the abnormal aggregation of one fraction of FZI is due to the defective FPA release from this fraction.", "contents": "[Fibrinogen Z\u00fcrich I: defective fibrinopeptide-A release]. Fibrinogen Zurich I (FZI) is characterized by delayed fibrin monomer aggregation. It has been previously shown that the patient fibrinogen is composed of two populations of molecules, one aggregating normally and the other not aggregating at all but interfering with the aggregation of the normal population. By use of a radioimmunoassay for fibrinopeptide A (FPA), only approximately half of the expected FPA could be recovered after thrombin and Defibrase proteolysis. Even after exhaustive proteolysis with 2 thrombin units of Defibrase, no further release of FPA could be obtained. The defective FPA release was confirmed by measurement of the N-terminal Gly/Tyr ratio. It may be assumed that the abnormal aggregation of one fraction of FZI is due to the defective FPA release from this fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:918603", "title": "[The effect of low fibrinogen concentrations on human blood viscosity].", "content": "Simultaneous studies of viscosity, red cell aggregation and deformation were carried out on human blood with different fibrinogen concentrations using a Brookfield viscometer fitted with a reflection photometer. Fibrinogen progressively increased rouleaux formation, while decreasing viscosity at low and increasing it at higher concentrations. This antagonism is explained by the specific hemodynamic effects of the rouleaux formed under either condition.", "contents": "[The effect of low fibrinogen concentrations on human blood viscosity]. Simultaneous studies of viscosity, red cell aggregation and deformation were carried out on human blood with different fibrinogen concentrations using a Brookfield viscometer fitted with a reflection photometer. Fibrinogen progressively increased rouleaux formation, while decreasing viscosity at low and increasing it at higher concentrations. This antagonism is explained by the specific hemodynamic effects of the rouleaux formed under either condition."}
{"id": "PMID:918605", "title": "[Effect of alcohol on iron absorption].", "content": "The authors have investigated the assumption that alcohol increases iron absorption. Using the whole body counter technique, they show that iron absorption is lowered significantly by addition to the test dose of either normal or dealcoholized whisky, but that there is no difference between these two latter groups. Wine has a similar effect. The use of ethanol added to a test meal demonstrates that it is organic iron, and not the inorganic form, whose absorption is diminished by alcohol.", "contents": "[Effect of alcohol on iron absorption]. The authors have investigated the assumption that alcohol increases iron absorption. Using the whole body counter technique, they show that iron absorption is lowered significantly by addition to the test dose of either normal or dealcoholized whisky, but that there is no difference between these two latter groups. Wine has a similar effect. The use of ethanol added to a test meal demonstrates that it is organic iron, and not the inorganic form, whose absorption is diminished by alcohol."}
{"id": "PMID:918606", "title": "[The therapeutic scope of oral anticoagulation].", "content": "Evaluation of the therapeutic range of oral anticoagulation for different commercial thromboplastins in comparison with Quick's human brain thromboplastin and Thrombotest is based on simultaneous performance of all methods for each blood sample, on strict adherence to the manufacturer's instructions and on adequate statistical analysis.", "contents": "[The therapeutic scope of oral anticoagulation]. Evaluation of the therapeutic range of oral anticoagulation for different commercial thromboplastins in comparison with Quick's human brain thromboplastin and Thrombotest is based on simultaneous performance of all methods for each blood sample, on strict adherence to the manufacturer's instructions and on adequate statistical analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:918608", "title": "[Residual pulmonary hypertension after surgical correction of left-right shunts. Therapeutic implications (proceedings)].", "content": "Late closure of left to right shunts with pulmonary hypertension may leave residual pulmonary hypertension. To determine the best period for total repair, a large number of factors must be taken into account: --the spontaneous evolution of left to right shunts; --the prognosis or residual pulmonary hypertension after total repair; --the probability of total recovery after surgery of the various types of shunting, related to the age of operation. From these factors, it appears that: --the closure of atrial septal defects (where pulmonary hypertension is never major in the child) can wait till childhood or adolescence; --ductus arteriosus must be repaired before the age of 2 years; --in ventricular septal defects with pulmonary hypertension, the best chance of recovery is secured when surgery is performed between the ages of 1 and 2. Earlier intervention should be considered only if medical therapy is ineffective. After that period, it may leave pulmonary hypertension in being.", "contents": "[Residual pulmonary hypertension after surgical correction of left-right shunts. Therapeutic implications (proceedings)]. Late closure of left to right shunts with pulmonary hypertension may leave residual pulmonary hypertension. To determine the best period for total repair, a large number of factors must be taken into account: --the spontaneous evolution of left to right shunts; --the prognosis or residual pulmonary hypertension after total repair; --the probability of total recovery after surgery of the various types of shunting, related to the age of operation. From these factors, it appears that: --the closure of atrial septal defects (where pulmonary hypertension is never major in the child) can wait till childhood or adolescence; --ductus arteriosus must be repaired before the age of 2 years; --in ventricular septal defects with pulmonary hypertension, the best chance of recovery is secured when surgery is performed between the ages of 1 and 2. Earlier intervention should be considered only if medical therapy is ineffective. After that period, it may leave pulmonary hypertension in being."}
{"id": "PMID:918609", "title": "[Experimental myocardial infarct in the pig: effect of temporary ligation and revascularization on the ST segment in the epicardial ECG and on the incidence of ventricular fibrillation].", "content": "A short period of myocardial ischemia induced by temporary ligation of 2 min duration prior to occlusion of the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (LAD) in the pig does not have a beneficial effect on epicardial ST-segment alterations or on the incidence of ventricular fibrillation. One-stage ligation therefore seems to be the procedure of choice in occluding the porcine LAD. In 14 of 24 animals an isolated alternans of the ST-T segment was observed during the first few minutes of occlusion. Reperfusion after 60 min caused temporary increase of the ST-segment alterations, in contrast to the findings in the dog, where revascularization causes prompt return of the ST-segment to the pre-occlusion level. In addition, ectopic rhythms were frequently observed after removal of ligation.", "contents": "[Experimental myocardial infarct in the pig: effect of temporary ligation and revascularization on the ST segment in the epicardial ECG and on the incidence of ventricular fibrillation]. A short period of myocardial ischemia induced by temporary ligation of 2 min duration prior to occlusion of the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (LAD) in the pig does not have a beneficial effect on epicardial ST-segment alterations or on the incidence of ventricular fibrillation. One-stage ligation therefore seems to be the procedure of choice in occluding the porcine LAD. In 14 of 24 animals an isolated alternans of the ST-T segment was observed during the first few minutes of occlusion. Reperfusion after 60 min caused temporary increase of the ST-segment alterations, in contrast to the findings in the dog, where revascularization causes prompt return of the ST-segment to the pre-occlusion level. In addition, ectopic rhythms were frequently observed after removal of ligation."}
{"id": "PMID:918610", "title": "[The role of reduction of the heart rate in the favorable effect of the beta blockers on myocardial ischemia due to isoprenalin in patients with angina pectoris].", "content": "In the patient suffering from angina, the protective effect of oxprenolol in the isoprenaline test is demonstrated by the reduction of disappearance of ischemic-type electrocardiographic alterations and of angina and rhythm disturbances. In our study, these results were obtained in spite of neutralization of the negative chronotropic effect of the beta-blocker through the use of an endo-auricular pacemaker. This points indirectly to the role played by the contractile state of the myocard in catecholamine-induced modifications of the oxygen intake of cardiac muscle.", "contents": "[The role of reduction of the heart rate in the favorable effect of the beta blockers on myocardial ischemia due to isoprenalin in patients with angina pectoris]. In the patient suffering from angina, the protective effect of oxprenolol in the isoprenaline test is demonstrated by the reduction of disappearance of ischemic-type electrocardiographic alterations and of angina and rhythm disturbances. In our study, these results were obtained in spite of neutralization of the negative chronotropic effect of the beta-blocker through the use of an endo-auricular pacemaker. This points indirectly to the role played by the contractile state of the myocard in catecholamine-induced modifications of the oxygen intake of cardiac muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:918611", "title": "[Modifications of the coronary blood flow and of myocardial lactate metabolism due to pacing in coronary disease].", "content": "The variation of coronary sinus blood flow during pacing-induced tachycardia shows no direct correlation with the number of affected coronary arteries. As a functional test, total coronary blood flow is a parameter with low sensitivity in characterizing patients with coronary artery disease and thus appears unsuitable in the selection of patients for medical or surgical treatment. The thermodilution technique remains useful for the assessment of the effects of new drugs on the heart, for the evaluation of a therapeutic intervention, and for the selective measurement of regional myocardial perfusion in the anterior interventricular vein.", "contents": "[Modifications of the coronary blood flow and of myocardial lactate metabolism due to pacing in coronary disease]. The variation of coronary sinus blood flow during pacing-induced tachycardia shows no direct correlation with the number of affected coronary arteries. As a functional test, total coronary blood flow is a parameter with low sensitivity in characterizing patients with coronary artery disease and thus appears unsuitable in the selection of patients for medical or surgical treatment. The thermodilution technique remains useful for the assessment of the effects of new drugs on the heart, for the evaluation of a therapeutic intervention, and for the selective measurement of regional myocardial perfusion in the anterior interventricular vein."}
{"id": "PMID:918612", "title": "[2 years of clinical experiences with lithium pacemakers].", "content": "Between January 1974 and December 1976, 470 mercury-cell pacemakers and 353 lithium-cell pacemakers were implanted at Surgical Clinic A of the University Hospital of Zurich. Within the first 24 months 15.5% of the mercury-cell pacemakers had to be exchanged because of premature battery depletion and 1.3% due to dysfunction of electronic components. None of the lithium-cell pacemakers had to be removed for these reasons. In 6 lithium-cell pacemakers, however, overhaul was necessary because of sensing failure. One unit had to be removed after one year for local decubitus. In two cases, repositioning of the batteries was necessary because of local muscle stimulation.", "contents": "[2 years of clinical experiences with lithium pacemakers]. Between January 1974 and December 1976, 470 mercury-cell pacemakers and 353 lithium-cell pacemakers were implanted at Surgical Clinic A of the University Hospital of Zurich. Within the first 24 months 15.5% of the mercury-cell pacemakers had to be exchanged because of premature battery depletion and 1.3% due to dysfunction of electronic components. None of the lithium-cell pacemakers had to be removed for these reasons. In 6 lithium-cell pacemakers, however, overhaul was necessary because of sensing failure. One unit had to be removed after one year for local decubitus. In two cases, repositioning of the batteries was necessary because of local muscle stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:918613", "title": "[Determination of serum digoxin: a path to better control of therapy?].", "content": "The usefulness of serum digoxin measurements in the diagnosis of digitalis toxicity was studied prospectively in hospitalized patients. Serum levels were increased above 2 ng/ml in 28 of 32 cases with digoxin-induced arrhythmias and/or gastrointestinal symptoms, whereas only 1 of 35 non-toxic patients had an abnormal serum concentration. There was, however, no direct relationship between the type of toxic manifestation and absolute values of serum digoxin.", "contents": "[Determination of serum digoxin: a path to better control of therapy?]. The usefulness of serum digoxin measurements in the diagnosis of digitalis toxicity was studied prospectively in hospitalized patients. Serum levels were increased above 2 ng/ml in 28 of 32 cases with digoxin-induced arrhythmias and/or gastrointestinal symptoms, whereas only 1 of 35 non-toxic patients had an abnormal serum concentration. There was, however, no direct relationship between the type of toxic manifestation and absolute values of serum digoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:918614", "title": "[Hypersensitive carotid sinus reflex in older patients. Incidence and significance for the diagnosis of sick sinus node].", "content": "Carotid sinus massage was performed in 100 consecutive patients over the age of 50 years: 63 showed a normal reaction and sinus bradycardia occurred in 12, whereas sinus arrest was registered in 22 and total AV block in 3. With atrial pacing only 2 patients with sick sinus syndrome could be detected. Intravenous administration of atropine did not help to identify them. We conclude that in 1/4 to 1/3 of these elderly people the sinus node reacts in a hypersensitive manner to carotid sinus massage, but this does not imply the diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome.", "contents": "[Hypersensitive carotid sinus reflex in older patients. Incidence and significance for the diagnosis of sick sinus node]. Carotid sinus massage was performed in 100 consecutive patients over the age of 50 years: 63 showed a normal reaction and sinus bradycardia occurred in 12, whereas sinus arrest was registered in 22 and total AV block in 3. With atrial pacing only 2 patients with sick sinus syndrome could be detected. Intravenous administration of atropine did not help to identify them. We conclude that in 1/4 to 1/3 of these elderly people the sinus node reacts in a hypersensitive manner to carotid sinus massage, but this does not imply the diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:918615", "title": "[Myocardial function and metabolism during local coronary flow reduction].", "content": "In 6 open chest dogs, regional myocardial function und metabolic changes (ATP, creatine phosphate, lactate) were studied during coronary flow reduction in LAD by ultrasonic dimension gauges and transmural biopsies. After reduction of the perfusion pressure from 108 to 50 mm Hg the ischemic segment showed a marked dyskinesis: the enddiastolic segment length increased by 7%, and segment shortening and segment stroke work decreased by 22% and 63% respectively. Left ventricular (LV) enddiastolic pressure rose from 5 to 8 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Heart rate, LV systolic pressure, LV max dP/dt and Vpm did not change significantly.", "contents": "[Myocardial function and metabolism during local coronary flow reduction]. In 6 open chest dogs, regional myocardial function und metabolic changes (ATP, creatine phosphate, lactate) were studied during coronary flow reduction in LAD by ultrasonic dimension gauges and transmural biopsies. After reduction of the perfusion pressure from 108 to 50 mm Hg the ischemic segment showed a marked dyskinesis: the enddiastolic segment length increased by 7%, and segment shortening and segment stroke work decreased by 22% and 63% respectively. Left ventricular (LV) enddiastolic pressure rose from 5 to 8 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Heart rate, LV systolic pressure, LV max dP/dt and Vpm did not change significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:918616", "title": "[Usefulness of echocardiography in the diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis].", "content": "Echocardiographic demonstration of vegetations has been achieved in 11 out of 19 patients with bacterial endocarditis. The present study shows that echocardiography is particularly useful in patients in whom the duration of symptoms before treatment is greater than 6 weeks. It also shows that a positive echocardiogram is indicative of a poor prognosis.", "contents": "[Usefulness of echocardiography in the diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis]. Echocardiographic demonstration of vegetations has been achieved in 11 out of 19 patients with bacterial endocarditis. The present study shows that echocardiography is particularly useful in patients in whom the duration of symptoms before treatment is greater than 6 weeks. It also shows that a positive echocardiogram is indicative of a poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:918617", "title": "[Echocardiography in infectious endocarditis].", "content": "The effectiveness of echocardiography was evaluated in 36 cases of anatomically documented infective endocarditis during the period 1972 to 1976. Valvular vegetations were found in 47% and destructions in 58% of this group. Echocardiography is a valuable tool in the certification of clinically suspected infective endocarditis and in the delineation of a subgroup of patients with valvular vegetations and destruction of aortic and mitral valve leaflets. Echocardiography may therefore play a decisive role in the selection of patients for surgical intervention despite active infection.", "contents": "[Echocardiography in infectious endocarditis]. The effectiveness of echocardiography was evaluated in 36 cases of anatomically documented infective endocarditis during the period 1972 to 1976. Valvular vegetations were found in 47% and destructions in 58% of this group. Echocardiography is a valuable tool in the certification of clinically suspected infective endocarditis and in the delineation of a subgroup of patients with valvular vegetations and destruction of aortic and mitral valve leaflets. Echocardiography may therefore play a decisive role in the selection of patients for surgical intervention despite active infection."}
{"id": "PMID:918618", "title": "[Methodology of myocardial scintigraphy with thallium 201: limits of pathological findings].", "content": "Thallium 201 is a useful agent for demonstrating ischemic myocardia. It is injected during maximum stress, the stress situation is then continued for a further 2 min and a series of scans are carried out 5-25 min after injection. The series is repeated 3-5 h after injection, thereby obtaining pictures of myocardial resting and stress perfusion. Repitition of the study without stress reveals no further data. In follow-up examinations under the same stress situation the perfusion defects remain the same. 27 normal subjects were evaluated and the limits between normal and pathologic scans established.", "contents": "[Methodology of myocardial scintigraphy with thallium 201: limits of pathological findings]. Thallium 201 is a useful agent for demonstrating ischemic myocardia. It is injected during maximum stress, the stress situation is then continued for a further 2 min and a series of scans are carried out 5-25 min after injection. The series is repeated 3-5 h after injection, thereby obtaining pictures of myocardial resting and stress perfusion. Repitition of the study without stress reveals no further data. In follow-up examinations under the same stress situation the perfusion defects remain the same. 27 normal subjects were evaluated and the limits between normal and pathologic scans established."}
{"id": "PMID:918619", "title": "[1 year's experiences with the 201 thallium myocardial scintigraphy for the evaluation of coronary circulation disorders].", "content": "68 patients with a history of angina pectoris (AP) and/or myocardial infarction, 35 patients with atypical chest pain and 27 healthy volunteers underwent 201Tl myocardial perfusion imaging (201Tl-MPI). In a preselected group of 71 patients with coronary arteriograms, sensitivity was 98.3% and specificity 71%. In patients with AP and positive exercise ECG, 201 Tl-MPI only serves to confirm the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) (46 pathological 201Tl-MPI of 47 patients). Perfusion defects are a useful adjunct for the diagnosis of CAD in patients with AP and normal or uninterpretable exercise ECG (20 of 21 patients), and in those with atypical chest pain and positive or uninterpretable exercise ECG (25 of 39 patients). A negative 201Tl-MPI virtually rules out CAD.", "contents": "[1 year's experiences with the 201 thallium myocardial scintigraphy for the evaluation of coronary circulation disorders]. 68 patients with a history of angina pectoris (AP) and/or myocardial infarction, 35 patients with atypical chest pain and 27 healthy volunteers underwent 201Tl myocardial perfusion imaging (201Tl-MPI). In a preselected group of 71 patients with coronary arteriograms, sensitivity was 98.3% and specificity 71%. In patients with AP and positive exercise ECG, 201 Tl-MPI only serves to confirm the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) (46 pathological 201Tl-MPI of 47 patients). Perfusion defects are a useful adjunct for the diagnosis of CAD in patients with AP and normal or uninterpretable exercise ECG (20 of 21 patients), and in those with atypical chest pain and positive or uninterpretable exercise ECG (25 of 39 patients). A negative 201Tl-MPI virtually rules out CAD."}
{"id": "PMID:918620", "title": "[Prognosis for coronary patients with low ejection fraction. Comparison between a medically and a surgically treated group].", "content": "Two groups of coronary patients whose ejection fraction was depressed (less than or equal to 0.30) were studied. Twelve patients received drug treatment only and 25 others underwent surgery. Life expectancy appears to be slightly improved in the surgical group, but the differences are not statistically significant. Since operative mortality is relatively low (8%) and clinical improvement following surgery may be impressive, a revascularization procedure should be considered even in patients with markedly impaired ventricular function.", "contents": "[Prognosis for coronary patients with low ejection fraction. Comparison between a medically and a surgically treated group]. Two groups of coronary patients whose ejection fraction was depressed (less than or equal to 0.30) were studied. Twelve patients received drug treatment only and 25 others underwent surgery. Life expectancy appears to be slightly improved in the surgical group, but the differences are not statistically significant. Since operative mortality is relatively low (8%) and clinical improvement following surgery may be impressive, a revascularization procedure should be considered even in patients with markedly impaired ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:918621", "title": "[Initiation and termination of ventricular tachycardia with orthorhythmically programmed stimulation a week after experimental myocardial infarct in the pig].", "content": "The initiation and termination of ventricular tachycardia by means of programmed orthorhythmic endocardial stimulation has been studied in pigs with subacute experimental myocardial infarction. Successful stimulation implied limited variation of the number, interval, prematurity and intensity of electrical impulses.", "contents": "[Initiation and termination of ventricular tachycardia with orthorhythmically programmed stimulation a week after experimental myocardial infarct in the pig]. The initiation and termination of ventricular tachycardia by means of programmed orthorhythmic endocardial stimulation has been studied in pigs with subacute experimental myocardial infarction. Successful stimulation implied limited variation of the number, interval, prematurity and intensity of electrical impulses."}
{"id": "PMID:918622", "title": "[Protective effect of pyridoxilate on the hypoxic myocardium. Experimental studies].", "content": "The protective action of piridoxilate on hypoxic myocardium has been studied on rats in acute hypoxia (isolated heart, perfused with a non-oxygenated solution) and in prolonged hypoxia (3 days at high [3454 m] altitude). Piridoxilate maintained a higher ATP level with a much lower production of lactate. The mechanisms of action of piridoxilate are probably fairly similar to those of Na dichloracetate.", "contents": "[Protective effect of pyridoxilate on the hypoxic myocardium. Experimental studies]. The protective action of piridoxilate on hypoxic myocardium has been studied on rats in acute hypoxia (isolated heart, perfused with a non-oxygenated solution) and in prolonged hypoxia (3 days at high [3454 m] altitude). Piridoxilate maintained a higher ATP level with a much lower production of lactate. The mechanisms of action of piridoxilate are probably fairly similar to those of Na dichloracetate."}
{"id": "PMID:918623", "title": "[Effect of pindolol (Visken) on the size and hemodynamics of the exerimental myocardial infarct in the pig].", "content": "In a comparative study the effect of pindolol (Visken, Sandoz) on experimental infarct size and left ventricular function in the pig has been investigated. Pindolol was given 30 min prior to the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and on the following 5 days twice daily in a dosage of 0.05 mg/kg body weight. For morphometric assessment of infarct size the ventricular myocardium was cut into slices and stained with nitro-benztoluene. There is a significant reduction of infarct size (by one third) in the pindolol-treated group as compared to the controls. In addition, deterioration of left ventricular function is less marked in the pindolol-treated group.", "contents": "[Effect of pindolol (Visken) on the size and hemodynamics of the exerimental myocardial infarct in the pig]. In a comparative study the effect of pindolol (Visken, Sandoz) on experimental infarct size and left ventricular function in the pig has been investigated. Pindolol was given 30 min prior to the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and on the following 5 days twice daily in a dosage of 0.05 mg/kg body weight. For morphometric assessment of infarct size the ventricular myocardium was cut into slices and stained with nitro-benztoluene. There is a significant reduction of infarct size (by one third) in the pindolol-treated group as compared to the controls. In addition, deterioration of left ventricular function is less marked in the pindolol-treated group."}
{"id": "PMID:918624", "title": "[Study of systolic ventricular volume changes by means of current measurement of contrast media].", "content": "Systolic changes of left ventricular volume were estimated after left ventricular contrast injections in dogs by roentgen-videodensitometry with adjustable windows. Good correlations were found between densitometric volume changes and the integral of electromagnetic aortic flow, as measured every 20 msec (r greater than or equal to 0.95 in 118 of 124 systoles analyzed). Videodensitometry avoids the time consuming frame-to-frame analysis with the errors inherent in geometric assumptions in ventricular volume measurements.", "contents": "[Study of systolic ventricular volume changes by means of current measurement of contrast media]. Systolic changes of left ventricular volume were estimated after left ventricular contrast injections in dogs by roentgen-videodensitometry with adjustable windows. Good correlations were found between densitometric volume changes and the integral of electromagnetic aortic flow, as measured every 20 msec (r greater than or equal to 0.95 in 118 of 124 systoles analyzed). Videodensitometry avoids the time consuming frame-to-frame analysis with the errors inherent in geometric assumptions in ventricular volume measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:918625", "title": "[The percutaneous dilatation of chronic coronary stenoses--experiments and morphology].", "content": "Since 1971, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of peripheral arteries has been performed in 225 patients. There was an overall patency rate of 70-80% after 2 years. Our technique was then adapted and modified to perform coronary dilatation. This was performed successfully in 8 dogs in which selective coronary artery stenosis war induced by silk ligature and secondary inflammatory changes. The technique was then applied to the coronary lesions in postmortal humans and tested in the operating room during A-C bypass to evaluate vessel patency, peripheral debris etc.", "contents": "[The percutaneous dilatation of chronic coronary stenoses--experiments and morphology]. Since 1971, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of peripheral arteries has been performed in 225 patients. There was an overall patency rate of 70-80% after 2 years. Our technique was then adapted and modified to perform coronary dilatation. This was performed successfully in 8 dogs in which selective coronary artery stenosis war induced by silk ligature and secondary inflammatory changes. The technique was then applied to the coronary lesions in postmortal humans and tested in the operating room during A-C bypass to evaluate vessel patency, peripheral debris etc."}
{"id": "PMID:918626", "title": "[Left ventricular function in chronic pulmonary hypertension].", "content": "10 patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH) consequent to primary or secondary pulmonary vascular disease and 12 control subjects were studied by left ventricular (LV) micromanometry and cineangiography. At rest, LV \"total pressure\" Vmax and volumetric parameters (RAO position) of the patients with PH were within normal limits. LV end-diastolic pressure, was, however, significantly increased. Biplane cineangiographic evaluation in 6 patients with PH revealed a significantly reduced LV transverse diameter in the LAO as compared to the RAO position. This finding was confirmed by echocardiography. The thickness of the LV lateral and posterior wall was normal, whereas septal thickness was significantly increased in the patients with PH. During isometric exercise Vmax increased significantly in PH but not in the controls. It is concluded that (1) in chronic PH LV function is normal at rest, (2) LV contractile reserve is inpaired and (3) apparent LV compliance is reduced due to both septal hypertrophy and abnormal LV geometry.", "contents": "[Left ventricular function in chronic pulmonary hypertension]. 10 patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH) consequent to primary or secondary pulmonary vascular disease and 12 control subjects were studied by left ventricular (LV) micromanometry and cineangiography. At rest, LV \"total pressure\" Vmax and volumetric parameters (RAO position) of the patients with PH were within normal limits. LV end-diastolic pressure, was, however, significantly increased. Biplane cineangiographic evaluation in 6 patients with PH revealed a significantly reduced LV transverse diameter in the LAO as compared to the RAO position. This finding was confirmed by echocardiography. The thickness of the LV lateral and posterior wall was normal, whereas septal thickness was significantly increased in the patients with PH. During isometric exercise Vmax increased significantly in PH but not in the controls. It is concluded that (1) in chronic PH LV function is normal at rest, (2) LV contractile reserve is inpaired and (3) apparent LV compliance is reduced due to both septal hypertrophy and abnormal LV geometry."}
{"id": "PMID:918628", "title": "[Abeurysm of the septum membranaceum].", "content": "Between 1968 and 1977 5000 angiocardiographies revealed an aneurysm of the membranous septum (AMS) in 20 patients. In 11 patients the AMS was accompanied by a usually minor ventricular septal defect, in 4 by aortic valve disease, in 3 by coronary heart disease and in the remainder by some other rare heart disease. The diagnosis of AMS was established by angiocardiography, but in 3 patients it was detected by echocardiography. In one case a sepsis lenta with cerebral embolization was observed.", "contents": "[Abeurysm of the septum membranaceum]. Between 1968 and 1977 5000 angiocardiographies revealed an aneurysm of the membranous septum (AMS) in 20 patients. In 11 patients the AMS was accompanied by a usually minor ventricular septal defect, in 4 by aortic valve disease, in 3 by coronary heart disease and in the remainder by some other rare heart disease. The diagnosis of AMS was established by angiocardiography, but in 3 patients it was detected by echocardiography. In one case a sepsis lenta with cerebral embolization was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:918629", "title": "[First clinical experiences with the new intracardial electrode \"Helifix\"].", "content": "A new pervenous non-traumatic screw-in electrode has been developed and tested in 61 patients. Dislocation of this electrode occurred in 2 instances (3.3%) and an increase in threshold (exit-block) in 3 cases (5%) necessitated repositioning of the electrode.", "contents": "[First clinical experiences with the new intracardial electrode \"Helifix\"]. A new pervenous non-traumatic screw-in electrode has been developed and tested in 61 patients. Dislocation of this electrode occurred in 2 instances (3.3%) and an increase in threshold (exit-block) in 3 cases (5%) necessitated repositioning of the electrode."}
{"id": "PMID:918630", "title": "[Liver circulation during dopamine therapy].", "content": "Intravenous dopamine (4 and 8 microgram/kg/min) causes an increase of hepatic flow and cardiac index, while the ratio hepatic flow:cardiac index remains unchanged. The increase of renal flow after dopamine therefore does not occur at the expense of hepatic flow.", "contents": "[Liver circulation during dopamine therapy]. Intravenous dopamine (4 and 8 microgram/kg/min) causes an increase of hepatic flow and cardiac index, while the ratio hepatic flow:cardiac index remains unchanged. The increase of renal flow after dopamine therefore does not occur at the expense of hepatic flow."}
{"id": "PMID:918631", "title": "[Sequential cardiac szintigraphy: a methodological contribution to the evaluation of local cardiac dynamics].", "content": "A non-invasive technique is described in which the initial passage of a radionuclide is followed through the heart using an tanger camera after intravenous bolus injection. This method allows analysis of the regional and global wall motion of the left ventricle as well as estimation of the regional distribution of stroke volume and ejection fraction. Supplementing radionuclide angiocardiography with gradient scintigraphy permits the diagnosis of left ventricular aneurysms, intracardiac shunts and av-valve insufficiency. Initial comparisons show fair agreement between the radionuclide technique and left ventricular contrast angiography.", "contents": "[Sequential cardiac szintigraphy: a methodological contribution to the evaluation of local cardiac dynamics]. A non-invasive technique is described in which the initial passage of a radionuclide is followed through the heart using an tanger camera after intravenous bolus injection. This method allows analysis of the regional and global wall motion of the left ventricle as well as estimation of the regional distribution of stroke volume and ejection fraction. Supplementing radionuclide angiocardiography with gradient scintigraphy permits the diagnosis of left ventricular aneurysms, intracardiac shunts and av-valve insufficiency. Initial comparisons show fair agreement between the radionuclide technique and left ventricular contrast angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:918632", "title": "[Effect of droperidol on the creatine phosphokinase activity in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "In 141 patients with acute myocardial infarction, creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (CPK-MB) was determined by the activation method with dithiothreitol (RAO et al.: Clin. Chim. Acta 21, 1612 [1975]). 15 out of 16 patients with atypical negative CPK-MB values within the first 3 days after infarction had been treated with 5-10 mg droperidol, a neuroleptic drug dispensed for its antiemetic effect. In a prospective study in 7 patients, CPK-MB determined serially showed a decrease or persistently low or negative values within 1 minute after injection of 5 mg droperidol and lasting 24-36 hours after injection. In contrast, CPK-MB determined by immunoprecipitation did not change its typical pattern after use of droperidol. Hence, negative or low values of CPK-MB in acute myocardial infarction must be expected after droperidol if determination is by the activation method with dithiothreitol.", "contents": "[Effect of droperidol on the creatine phosphokinase activity in acute myocardial infarct]. In 141 patients with acute myocardial infarction, creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (CPK-MB) was determined by the activation method with dithiothreitol (RAO et al.: Clin. Chim. Acta 21, 1612 [1975]). 15 out of 16 patients with atypical negative CPK-MB values within the first 3 days after infarction had been treated with 5-10 mg droperidol, a neuroleptic drug dispensed for its antiemetic effect. In a prospective study in 7 patients, CPK-MB determined serially showed a decrease or persistently low or negative values within 1 minute after injection of 5 mg droperidol and lasting 24-36 hours after injection. In contrast, CPK-MB determined by immunoprecipitation did not change its typical pattern after use of droperidol. Hence, negative or low values of CPK-MB in acute myocardial infarction must be expected after droperidol if determination is by the activation method with dithiothreitol."}
{"id": "PMID:918633", "title": "[The cell membrane: a frontier between 2 worlds].", "content": "The structure and function of the plasma membrane is reviewed. Three of its main functional roles are discussed, i.e. of 1. selective, physico-chemical barrier; 2. key regulator of cell tolerance and cell recognition; 3. effector organelle for long range and short range cell communication. From the structural viewpoint, the fluid mosaic model is presented as a particularly dynamic picture of the membrane machine and its components (pathways for active and passive transport, enzymes, hormonal receptors and other active sites). Some recent aspects fo the modulation of membrane permeability by hormonal or pharmacological agents are discussed by considering two examples of the author's own research: the hydrosmotic action of vasopressin and the vasopressin-like effects of a hallucinogenic drug, harmaline. Finally, the growing list of anomalies of membrane transport and membrane receptors found both in rare and in common clinical entities emphasizes the importance of membrane research in the understanding of human disease.", "contents": "[The cell membrane: a frontier between 2 worlds]. The structure and function of the plasma membrane is reviewed. Three of its main functional roles are discussed, i.e. of 1. selective, physico-chemical barrier; 2. key regulator of cell tolerance and cell recognition; 3. effector organelle for long range and short range cell communication. From the structural viewpoint, the fluid mosaic model is presented as a particularly dynamic picture of the membrane machine and its components (pathways for active and passive transport, enzymes, hormonal receptors and other active sites). Some recent aspects fo the modulation of membrane permeability by hormonal or pharmacological agents are discussed by considering two examples of the author's own research: the hydrosmotic action of vasopressin and the vasopressin-like effects of a hallucinogenic drug, harmaline. Finally, the growing list of anomalies of membrane transport and membrane receptors found both in rare and in common clinical entities emphasizes the importance of membrane research in the understanding of human disease."}
{"id": "PMID:918634", "title": "[A case of benign recurring intrahepatic cholestasis (Tygstrup-Summerskill and Walshe syndrome)].", "content": "The case of a 23-year-old male patient with benign intrahepatic recurrent cholestasis of Summerskill-Tygstrup and Walshe type is presented. The patient had suffered 9 attacks up to 1974. The clinical and histological data of this patient were compared with those in the 65 cases described previously. The most characteristic signs were that the disease began before puberty and the attacks of jaundice with direct hyper bilirubmemia were induced by infections. Histology obtained in acute phase of the disease revealed intrahepatic cholestasis, and there were signs of a non-specific mesenchymal reaction of the liver tissue while the patients were asymptomatic. The serum activity of alkaline phosphatase was increased, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and transaminases being normal or close to normal. The pattern of the biochemical findings was characteristic and the patient was recognized among 19,035 other patients hospitalized from 1972-1975 by means of a special computer program. This program may be helpful in detecting patients with this disease from computerized data of hospitalized patients and avoiding unnecessary surgical intervention.", "contents": "[A case of benign recurring intrahepatic cholestasis (Tygstrup-Summerskill and Walshe syndrome)]. The case of a 23-year-old male patient with benign intrahepatic recurrent cholestasis of Summerskill-Tygstrup and Walshe type is presented. The patient had suffered 9 attacks up to 1974. The clinical and histological data of this patient were compared with those in the 65 cases described previously. The most characteristic signs were that the disease began before puberty and the attacks of jaundice with direct hyper bilirubmemia were induced by infections. Histology obtained in acute phase of the disease revealed intrahepatic cholestasis, and there were signs of a non-specific mesenchymal reaction of the liver tissue while the patients were asymptomatic. The serum activity of alkaline phosphatase was increased, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and transaminases being normal or close to normal. The pattern of the biochemical findings was characteristic and the patient was recognized among 19,035 other patients hospitalized from 1972-1975 by means of a special computer program. This program may be helpful in detecting patients with this disease from computerized data of hospitalized patients and avoiding unnecessary surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:918635", "title": "[Polyneuropathy and epileptic seizures in a family with acute intermittent porphyria].", "content": "Report on clinical and electrophysiological findings in four members of a family with acute intermittent porphyria in the remission period. One patient had suffered from repeated epileptic seizures of the grand-mal type since the age of 24 years. Generalized and multifocal epileptic potentials were found in her EEG. Two other members of the family, a man and a woman, were found electromyographically and neurographically to have a florid neuropathy with damage to the axon and the myelin sheath. Only the female patient showed manifest clinical signs of the polyneuropathy. The 4th member, who years previously had had abdominal colics and suspect biochemical signs of acute intermettent porphyria, was not striking either neurologically or in electromyographic and neurographic polyneuropathy screening at the time of the examination. Epileptic seizures and the symptoms of the polyneuropathy had a close connection with the menstrual cycle (two cases). Before and at the beginning of the menstruation a deterioration of the disease was observed. Problems of antiepileptic therapy in acute intermittent porphyria are discussed.", "contents": "[Polyneuropathy and epileptic seizures in a family with acute intermittent porphyria]. Report on clinical and electrophysiological findings in four members of a family with acute intermittent porphyria in the remission period. One patient had suffered from repeated epileptic seizures of the grand-mal type since the age of 24 years. Generalized and multifocal epileptic potentials were found in her EEG. Two other members of the family, a man and a woman, were found electromyographically and neurographically to have a florid neuropathy with damage to the axon and the myelin sheath. Only the female patient showed manifest clinical signs of the polyneuropathy. The 4th member, who years previously had had abdominal colics and suspect biochemical signs of acute intermettent porphyria, was not striking either neurologically or in electromyographic and neurographic polyneuropathy screening at the time of the examination. Epileptic seizures and the symptoms of the polyneuropathy had a close connection with the menstrual cycle (two cases). Before and at the beginning of the menstruation a deterioration of the disease was observed. Problems of antiepileptic therapy in acute intermittent porphyria are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918636", "title": "[Osteomyelofibrosis syndrome 33 years after thorotrast angiography].", "content": "33 years after carotid arteriography with thorotrast a 69-year-old patient died from osteomyelofibrosis with severe hematopoietic hypoplasia and myeloid metaplasia detected in liver, lymph nodes, kidney and epicardium. Twenty years before death he underwent \"prophylactic\" splenectomy; histologically the spleen merely showed hypoplasia, fibrosis and deposits of thorotrast. It is assumed that the osteomyelofibrosis syndrome is a specific complication of thorotrast application which has only rarely been described in the past. This suggestion is supported by observations suggesting that osteomyelofibrosis syndrome may be induced by radiation and by the fact that thorotrast gives rise to foreign body reactions associated with subsequent severe fibrosis. The development of myeloid metaplasia is assumed to be secondary to chronic hematopoietic insufficiency.", "contents": "[Osteomyelofibrosis syndrome 33 years after thorotrast angiography]. 33 years after carotid arteriography with thorotrast a 69-year-old patient died from osteomyelofibrosis with severe hematopoietic hypoplasia and myeloid metaplasia detected in liver, lymph nodes, kidney and epicardium. Twenty years before death he underwent \"prophylactic\" splenectomy; histologically the spleen merely showed hypoplasia, fibrosis and deposits of thorotrast. It is assumed that the osteomyelofibrosis syndrome is a specific complication of thorotrast application which has only rarely been described in the past. This suggestion is supported by observations suggesting that osteomyelofibrosis syndrome may be induced by radiation and by the fact that thorotrast gives rise to foreign body reactions associated with subsequent severe fibrosis. The development of myeloid metaplasia is assumed to be secondary to chronic hematopoietic insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:918637", "title": "[Absenteeism due to alcoholism in a federal installation].", "content": "Absence due to sickness of 25 chronic alcoholics in a Swiss Federal company was compared with that of 75 control subjects parallelized as far as possible. Only those alcoholics were studied who worked in the company throughout the observation period (1966-1975) and whose records with the Federal Medical Service bore the diagnosis \"chronic alcoholism\". Through shortterm absences (up to 3 days) the alcoholics lost 1.7 days annually compared with 0.9 days for the control group. The average number of shortterm absences among the alcoholics was 0.8 and 0.4 in the control group. Through absences due to illness or accidents (absences of more than 3 days) the alcholics lost 22.3 days annually compared with 7.0 days for controls. The average number of longterm absences was 0.7 for alcoholics and 0.4 for controls. The average cost of absenteeism was 3193.10 Swiss francs for the alcholics and 790.80 Swiss francs for each member of the control group. First notification of alcohol problems of an employee came from within the company in 80% of cases. Striking features were mainly drinking before and during work and erratic time-keeping. In 88% of cases the treatment was disulfiram cure and supportive psychotherapy in 12%. In the next 3 years 4 alcoholics (30.7%) had further episodes of drinking, while 9 (69.3%) showed no sign of alcohol abuse. 12 alcoholics could not be assessed asfollow-up was too short.", "contents": "[Absenteeism due to alcoholism in a federal installation]. Absence due to sickness of 25 chronic alcoholics in a Swiss Federal company was compared with that of 75 control subjects parallelized as far as possible. Only those alcoholics were studied who worked in the company throughout the observation period (1966-1975) and whose records with the Federal Medical Service bore the diagnosis \"chronic alcoholism\". Through shortterm absences (up to 3 days) the alcoholics lost 1.7 days annually compared with 0.9 days for the control group. The average number of shortterm absences among the alcoholics was 0.8 and 0.4 in the control group. Through absences due to illness or accidents (absences of more than 3 days) the alcholics lost 22.3 days annually compared with 7.0 days for controls. The average number of longterm absences was 0.7 for alcoholics and 0.4 for controls. The average cost of absenteeism was 3193.10 Swiss francs for the alcholics and 790.80 Swiss francs for each member of the control group. First notification of alcohol problems of an employee came from within the company in 80% of cases. Striking features were mainly drinking before and during work and erratic time-keeping. In 88% of cases the treatment was disulfiram cure and supportive psychotherapy in 12%. In the next 3 years 4 alcoholics (30.7%) had further episodes of drinking, while 9 (69.3%) showed no sign of alcohol abuse. 12 alcoholics could not be assessed asfollow-up was too short."}
{"id": "PMID:918639", "title": "[Clinical study and evolution of various biological parameters (Pb, ALA-D, FEP) in 14 cases after ingestion of lead containing beverages].", "content": "Clinical and biological evolution is reported in 14 individuals (adults, teenagers, children) who had ingested lead-containing beverages stored in glazed pottery. There are marked differences between adults and children regarding the half lives of lead in blood. Almost two years after the discovery of the risk, abnormal amounts of Pb, ALA-D and FEP remain in the absence of any other clinical disturbance. The hazard of glazed pottery is reemphasized.", "contents": "[Clinical study and evolution of various biological parameters (Pb, ALA-D, FEP) in 14 cases after ingestion of lead containing beverages]. Clinical and biological evolution is reported in 14 individuals (adults, teenagers, children) who had ingested lead-containing beverages stored in glazed pottery. There are marked differences between adults and children regarding the half lives of lead in blood. Almost two years after the discovery of the risk, abnormal amounts of Pb, ALA-D and FEP remain in the absence of any other clinical disturbance. The hazard of glazed pottery is reemphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:918640", "title": "[Urinary infection and reflux nephropathy in children].", "content": "Urinary tract infection (UTI) is relatively frequent in children. The symptoms are often atypical; the more so, the younger the child. UTI is often associated with functional or malformative uropathy, such as vesico-ureteral reflux or obstruction. Radiological investigation should be carried out in every child presenting with his first UTI. The prognosis of uncomplicated UTI is good, but is less favorable when UTI is associated with urological abnormalities. Development of pyelonephritic lesions can lead to kidney scarring for which the occurrence of intrarenal reflux, associated with a specific type of papilla, is probably responsible. Short-term treatment is recommended for uncomplicated UTI. Uncomplicated UTI with frequent relapses, or UTI associated with vesio-ureteral reflux, requires prophylactic chemotherapy. Worsening of reflux and/or the development of pyelonephritic lesions while on prophylactic treatment are an indication for surgical intervention. Surgery is always indicated in the presence of a major urological malformation. Be it medical or surgical, treatment of UTI should always be followed by regular urine cultures for several years.", "contents": "[Urinary infection and reflux nephropathy in children]. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is relatively frequent in children. The symptoms are often atypical; the more so, the younger the child. UTI is often associated with functional or malformative uropathy, such as vesico-ureteral reflux or obstruction. Radiological investigation should be carried out in every child presenting with his first UTI. The prognosis of uncomplicated UTI is good, but is less favorable when UTI is associated with urological abnormalities. Development of pyelonephritic lesions can lead to kidney scarring for which the occurrence of intrarenal reflux, associated with a specific type of papilla, is probably responsible. Short-term treatment is recommended for uncomplicated UTI. Uncomplicated UTI with frequent relapses, or UTI associated with vesio-ureteral reflux, requires prophylactic chemotherapy. Worsening of reflux and/or the development of pyelonephritic lesions while on prophylactic treatment are an indication for surgical intervention. Surgery is always indicated in the presence of a major urological malformation. Be it medical or surgical, treatment of UTI should always be followed by regular urine cultures for several years."}
{"id": "PMID:918651", "title": "Human blood samples as indicators of occupational exposure to persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons.", "content": "The value of using human blood as an indicator of occupational exposure to persistent organochlorine compounds is demonstrated. Blood samples from a total of 35 persons divided into three different groups, with and without exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons in the work atmosphere, have been investigated by gas chromatography using electron capture detection. It is shown that  the group of workers with an occupational exposure to pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlorostyrene and octachlorostyrene had a higher level of these chlorinated hydrocarbons in their blood samples than did the other groups. On the average, the concentration of hexachlorobenzene is about 20 times higher in blood samples from the occupationally exposed workers than from the control group. The level of hexachlorobenzene in blood samples of the control groups is low compared to recent studies of blood samples from the general population in other industrialized countries. Furthermore, the average value obtained for the exposed workers is of the same magnitude as the general population in these industrialized countries.", "contents": "Human blood samples as indicators of occupational exposure to persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons. The value of using human blood as an indicator of occupational exposure to persistent organochlorine compounds is demonstrated. Blood samples from a total of 35 persons divided into three different groups, with and without exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons in the work atmosphere, have been investigated by gas chromatography using electron capture detection. It is shown that  the group of workers with an occupational exposure to pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlorostyrene and octachlorostyrene had a higher level of these chlorinated hydrocarbons in their blood samples than did the other groups. On the average, the concentration of hexachlorobenzene is about 20 times higher in blood samples from the occupationally exposed workers than from the control group. The level of hexachlorobenzene in blood samples of the control groups is low compared to recent studies of blood samples from the general population in other industrialized countries. Furthermore, the average value obtained for the exposed workers is of the same magnitude as the general population in these industrialized countries."}
{"id": "PMID:918652", "title": "Blood mercury concentration in an urban population.", "content": "Mercury concentrations in whole blood of 210 patients admitted to two urban hospitals ranged from 0 to 298 ppb with a mean of 14.2 ppb. When corrected by omission of nine values over 50 ppb the mean was 8. 1 ppb. Althouth mean values for men were slightly higher than  those for women, this difference was not significant. Results of a 12-test blood chemistry screening profile were available for 196 subjects, but no correlation between mercury concentrations in blood and those chemistry measurements could be detected. Simultaneous determinations of mercury in whole blood and plasma were performed for 65 subjects; the mean for plasma was 5.0 ppb. somewhat below the mean of 6.3 ppb for whole blood in the same group. Other surveys have shown corrected values of 13.3 and 6.7 ppb for normal populations. These values are very much higher than current estimates of 0 to 2 ppb for normals. Levels are higher in urban residents than in rural probably because of increased exposure to combined industrial and environmental sources. The mean level appears to be 8 ppb with a range of 0 to 30 ppb.", "contents": "Blood mercury concentration in an urban population. Mercury concentrations in whole blood of 210 patients admitted to two urban hospitals ranged from 0 to 298 ppb with a mean of 14.2 ppb. When corrected by omission of nine values over 50 ppb the mean was 8. 1 ppb. Althouth mean values for men were slightly higher than  those for women, this difference was not significant. Results of a 12-test blood chemistry screening profile were available for 196 subjects, but no correlation between mercury concentrations in blood and those chemistry measurements could be detected. Simultaneous determinations of mercury in whole blood and plasma were performed for 65 subjects; the mean for plasma was 5.0 ppb. somewhat below the mean of 6.3 ppb for whole blood in the same group. Other surveys have shown corrected values of 13.3 and 6.7 ppb for normal populations. These values are very much higher than current estimates of 0 to 2 ppb for normals. Levels are higher in urban residents than in rural probably because of increased exposure to combined industrial and environmental sources. The mean level appears to be 8 ppb with a range of 0 to 30 ppb."}
{"id": "PMID:918653", "title": "Some current aspects of environmental fluoride.", "content": "This review  presents a Total Environment evaluation of current inorganic fluoride intake by human populations. Inorganic fluoride is a persistant bioaccumulator, and the ever-increasing use (and release) of fluoride compounds in the environment should be of long-term concern  in population sub-groups who are most susceptible, and therefore, most \"at risk\". One of these sub-groups consists of people with impaired kidney function, including subjects with nephorphatic diabetes. The diabetes factor is of particular relevance, not only because the incidence of diabetes has increased by 6%/yr during the period 1965-1975, but also because subjects with nephropathic diabetes can exhibit a polydipsia-polyurea syndrome that results in increased intake of fluoride, along with greater-than-normal retention of a given fluoride dosage. People with inadequate dietary intakes (particularly of Ca and/or Vitamin C) are also likely to be more \"at risk\" as a consequence of low-dose long-term fluoride ingestion. Evidence is presented, showing that there has been an escalation in dialy fluoride intake via the total human food-and-beverage chain, with the likelihood that this escalation will continue in the future. Recent observations, relating to an increasing incidence of chronic fluoride intoxication among humans, is also emphasized.", "contents": "Some current aspects of environmental fluoride. This review  presents a Total Environment evaluation of current inorganic fluoride intake by human populations. Inorganic fluoride is a persistant bioaccumulator, and the ever-increasing use (and release) of fluoride compounds in the environment should be of long-term concern  in population sub-groups who are most susceptible, and therefore, most \"at risk\". One of these sub-groups consists of people with impaired kidney function, including subjects with nephorphatic diabetes. The diabetes factor is of particular relevance, not only because the incidence of diabetes has increased by 6%/yr during the period 1965-1975, but also because subjects with nephropathic diabetes can exhibit a polydipsia-polyurea syndrome that results in increased intake of fluoride, along with greater-than-normal retention of a given fluoride dosage. People with inadequate dietary intakes (particularly of Ca and/or Vitamin C) are also likely to be more \"at risk\" as a consequence of low-dose long-term fluoride ingestion. Evidence is presented, showing that there has been an escalation in dialy fluoride intake via the total human food-and-beverage chain, with the likelihood that this escalation will continue in the future. Recent observations, relating to an increasing incidence of chronic fluoride intoxication among humans, is also emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:918647", "title": "Regeneration of plants from tobacco protoplasts and some factors affecting the plant differentiation.", "content": "Protoplasts were isolated from the cell suspension culture derived from leaf and stem calli of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Ko Hsin No. 1) haploid pollen-plants. After 12 hr in the liquid culture medium, the protoplasts became oval-shaped, and produced a new cell wall. The first division of the newly formed cells was completed after 24 hr in culture. After 4 weeks in culture, the yellowish calli reached 1 mm in size were then transferred to an auxophyton. 18 days later, the calli became 3-4 mm in size. After the calli were transferred to a differentiation culture medium, shoots and roots soon turned up. Regeneration of whole plants was obtained thereafter. The division and differentiation of regenerated cells were affected not only by the calli originated from different organs and their, age, but also by the basic components of the differentiation culture medium and the type of cytokinin used.", "contents": "Regeneration of plants from tobacco protoplasts and some factors affecting the plant differentiation. Protoplasts were isolated from the cell suspension culture derived from leaf and stem calli of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Ko Hsin No. 1) haploid pollen-plants. After 12 hr in the liquid culture medium, the protoplasts became oval-shaped, and produced a new cell wall. The first division of the newly formed cells was completed after 24 hr in culture. After 4 weeks in culture, the yellowish calli reached 1 mm in size were then transferred to an auxophyton. 18 days later, the calli became 3-4 mm in size. After the calli were transferred to a differentiation culture medium, shoots and roots soon turned up. Regeneration of whole plants was obtained thereafter. The division and differentiation of regenerated cells were affected not only by the calli originated from different organs and their, age, but also by the basic components of the differentiation culture medium and the type of cytokinin used."}
{"id": "PMID:918654", "title": "Material balance analysis of trichlorofluoromethane and carbon tetrachloride in the atmosphere.", "content": "Using the historical worldwide emission and monitoring data on trichlorofluormethane, a transfer constant (0.03 yr-1) was evaluated for the movement of the gas from the troposphere to the stratosphere. The movement between the northern and southern troposphere was estimated from literature data on other gases to be 0.6 yr-1. The flux between the ocean and air was calculated using water solubility and vapor pressure measurements. These transfer constants were then combined in a dynamic material balance model which has the capability of predicting furture trends. The procedure was then applied to a similar set of data for carbon tetrachloride. The agreement between the calculated atmospheric and water concentration for carbon tetrachloride was within 20% of the actual experimental observation thus lending credence to this type of budgetary analysis.", "contents": "Material balance analysis of trichlorofluoromethane and carbon tetrachloride in the atmosphere. Using the historical worldwide emission and monitoring data on trichlorofluormethane, a transfer constant (0.03 yr-1) was evaluated for the movement of the gas from the troposphere to the stratosphere. The movement between the northern and southern troposphere was estimated from literature data on other gases to be 0.6 yr-1. The flux between the ocean and air was calculated using water solubility and vapor pressure measurements. These transfer constants were then combined in a dynamic material balance model which has the capability of predicting furture trends. The procedure was then applied to a similar set of data for carbon tetrachloride. The agreement between the calculated atmospheric and water concentration for carbon tetrachloride was within 20% of the actual experimental observation thus lending credence to this type of budgetary analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:918648", "title": "Effect of stimulation of bulbar reticular formation on long latency discharges in the region of nucleus centralis lateralis of thalamus.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of medial medullary reticular formation of rabbits was found to have marked inhibitory effect on nociceptive discharges of neurons in the region of centrolateral nucleus of thalamus. Among the 32 nociceptive units tested, 15 showed the inhibitory effect, 3 the facilitatory, and 14 no effect. Comparison between the effect of direct stimulation of medial medullary reticular formation and that of the electric needling on the same neurons revealed a general resemblance of the two in many respects. These findings suggest that the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in medial bulbar reticular formation may serve as an important relay station in the transmission of the analgesic effect of acupuncture.", "contents": "Effect of stimulation of bulbar reticular formation on long latency discharges in the region of nucleus centralis lateralis of thalamus. Electrical stimulation of medial medullary reticular formation of rabbits was found to have marked inhibitory effect on nociceptive discharges of neurons in the region of centrolateral nucleus of thalamus. Among the 32 nociceptive units tested, 15 showed the inhibitory effect, 3 the facilitatory, and 14 no effect. Comparison between the effect of direct stimulation of medial medullary reticular formation and that of the electric needling on the same neurons revealed a general resemblance of the two in many respects. These findings suggest that the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in medial bulbar reticular formation may serve as an important relay station in the transmission of the analgesic effect of acupuncture."}
{"id": "PMID:918649", "title": "The inhibition effect and the mode of action of electro-acupuncture upon discharges from the pain-sensitive cells in spinal trigeminal nucleus.", "content": "Acupuncture, one of the important branches of Chinese traditional medicine, is unique in its capability of treating many kinds of diseases. Owing to its pain-relieving action, it has been much used for the treatment of pains since ancient times and is used recently for surgical operations, major or minor, to replace drug anaesthetization. As to the mechanism of its action, there is much to be learned and this is the problem that we are now tackling.", "contents": "The inhibition effect and the mode of action of electro-acupuncture upon discharges from the pain-sensitive cells in spinal trigeminal nucleus. Acupuncture, one of the important branches of Chinese traditional medicine, is unique in its capability of treating many kinds of diseases. Owing to its pain-relieving action, it has been much used for the treatment of pains since ancient times and is used recently for surgical operations, major or minor, to replace drug anaesthetization. As to the mechanism of its action, there is much to be learned and this is the problem that we are now tackling."}
{"id": "PMID:918655", "title": "[Particulate distribution of heavy hydrocarbons associated with suspended particles in the air of Belgium].", "content": "In order to study in more detail the possibility of transporting aerosols produced by combustion over long distances, the distribution of heavy hydrocarbons (polycyclic and paraffinic) on atmospheric particles has been studied according to their diameter. For this purpose the Anderson cascade impactor has been used. The results show that the hypothesis, that hydrocarbon aerosols are transported over long distaces, is perfectly  plausible and thus, that aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons are more accurate and specific indicators than the total hydrocarbon matter.", "contents": "[Particulate distribution of heavy hydrocarbons associated with suspended particles in the air of Belgium]. In order to study in more detail the possibility of transporting aerosols produced by combustion over long distances, the distribution of heavy hydrocarbons (polycyclic and paraffinic) on atmospheric particles has been studied according to their diameter. For this purpose the Anderson cascade impactor has been used. The results show that the hypothesis, that hydrocarbon aerosols are transported over long distaces, is perfectly  plausible and thus, that aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons are more accurate and specific indicators than the total hydrocarbon matter."}
{"id": "PMID:918650", "title": "The metabolic fate of daidzein.", "content": "A method using thin layer chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometry for isolation and quantitative determination of daidzein from biological specimens was developed. This method was found to be sensitive and specific and was used in this study for the observation of the metabolic fate of daidzein in animals and human bodies.", "contents": "The metabolic fate of daidzein. A method using thin layer chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometry for isolation and quantitative determination of daidzein from biological specimens was developed. This method was found to be sensitive and specific and was used in this study for the observation of the metabolic fate of daidzein in animals and human bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:918656", "title": "Virus transfer from surf to wind.", "content": "Bubbles in the sea surf adsorb and carry viruses to the surface where they are propelled into the air on tiny jets of seawater when the bubble bursts. The ejected jets become tiny drops of aerosol. The buble adsorption and virus concentration in the surf is analagous to industrial bubble levitation processes that concentrate metallic ores, enzymes, and finely divided organic crystals. Bubble levitation of viruses delibrately injected into the surf produced 200 times more virus per milliliter in the aerosol than were present in samples from the surf. Some aerosol drops created by the surf and carried by the wind fall out on the beach. The frequency of virus-bearing drops, that is, the number of plaques on seeded plates exposed on the beach, decreased exponentially with the distance downwind from the surf.", "contents": "Virus transfer from surf to wind. Bubbles in the sea surf adsorb and carry viruses to the surface where they are propelled into the air on tiny jets of seawater when the bubble bursts. The ejected jets become tiny drops of aerosol. The buble adsorption and virus concentration in the surf is analagous to industrial bubble levitation processes that concentrate metallic ores, enzymes, and finely divided organic crystals. Bubble levitation of viruses delibrately injected into the surf produced 200 times more virus per milliliter in the aerosol than were present in samples from the surf. Some aerosol drops created by the surf and carried by the wind fall out on the beach. The frequency of virus-bearing drops, that is, the number of plaques on seeded plates exposed on the beach, decreased exponentially with the distance downwind from the surf."}
{"id": "PMID:918657", "title": "Cell-free modulation of proinsulin synthesis.", "content": "In vivo, glucose preferentially stimulates proinsulin biosynthesis; at least part of this process is independent of new RNA synthesis and is accompanied by increases in the overall rate of polypeptide chain initiation. The cell-free translation of proinsulin messenger RNA is very sensitive to changes in the protein-synthesizing system. Proinsulin synthesis is preferentially inhibited by the addition of increasing quantities of polyadenylate-containing RNA from the fetal bovine pancreas or by the addition of the drug, aurintricarboxylic acid, which blocks polypeptide chain initiation. These results suggest that proinsulin messenger RNA completes less efficiently for rate controlling initiation factors. We propose that glucose stimulates proinsulin biosynthesis by allowing the less competitive proinsulin messenger RNA to be translated more efficiently.", "contents": "Cell-free modulation of proinsulin synthesis. In vivo, glucose preferentially stimulates proinsulin biosynthesis; at least part of this process is independent of new RNA synthesis and is accompanied by increases in the overall rate of polypeptide chain initiation. The cell-free translation of proinsulin messenger RNA is very sensitive to changes in the protein-synthesizing system. Proinsulin synthesis is preferentially inhibited by the addition of increasing quantities of polyadenylate-containing RNA from the fetal bovine pancreas or by the addition of the drug, aurintricarboxylic acid, which blocks polypeptide chain initiation. These results suggest that proinsulin messenger RNA completes less efficiently for rate controlling initiation factors. We propose that glucose stimulates proinsulin biosynthesis by allowing the less competitive proinsulin messenger RNA to be translated more efficiently."}
{"id": "PMID:918658", "title": "Visual association cortex and vision in man: pattern-evoked occipital potentials in a blind boy.", "content": "In a 6-year-old child who had been blind since the age of 2 years, occipital potentials of normal amplitude and waveform could be evoked not only by diffuse light flashes but also by alternating checkerboard ans sinusoidal grating patterns of low spatial frequency. Computerized tomography demonstrated destruction of the occipital lobes except of the primary visual projection area. Thus, in man, destruction of visual association cortices may result in loss of vision with partial preservation of pattern-evoked occipital potentials.", "contents": "Visual association cortex and vision in man: pattern-evoked occipital potentials in a blind boy. In a 6-year-old child who had been blind since the age of 2 years, occipital potentials of normal amplitude and waveform could be evoked not only by diffuse light flashes but also by alternating checkerboard ans sinusoidal grating patterns of low spatial frequency. Computerized tomography demonstrated destruction of the occipital lobes except of the primary visual projection area. Thus, in man, destruction of visual association cortices may result in loss of vision with partial preservation of pattern-evoked occipital potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:918659", "title": "Behavioral choice: neural mechanisms in Pleurobranchaea.", "content": "In the marine mollusk Pleurobranchaea, it is known that feeding occurs and withdrawal from tactile stimuli is suppressed when the sensory stimuli for feeding and withdrawal are presented simultaneously. This \"dominance\" of feeding behavior over withdrawal behavior occurs because the central nervous network controlling feeding inhibits the central nervous network controlling withdrawal. The inhibition is mediated by a bilaterally symmetrical pair of reidentifiable feeding neurons that are members of the \"corollary discharge\" population in the buccal ganglion. This study supports the hypothesis that inhibitory interactions between competing motor systems are responsible for the \"singleness of action\" that characterizes animal behavior.", "contents": "Behavioral choice: neural mechanisms in Pleurobranchaea. In the marine mollusk Pleurobranchaea, it is known that feeding occurs and withdrawal from tactile stimuli is suppressed when the sensory stimuli for feeding and withdrawal are presented simultaneously. This \"dominance\" of feeding behavior over withdrawal behavior occurs because the central nervous network controlling feeding inhibits the central nervous network controlling withdrawal. The inhibition is mediated by a bilaterally symmetrical pair of reidentifiable feeding neurons that are members of the \"corollary discharge\" population in the buccal ganglion. This study supports the hypothesis that inhibitory interactions between competing motor systems are responsible for the \"singleness of action\" that characterizes animal behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:918660", "title": "First suckling response of the newborn albino rat: the roles of olfaction and amniotic fluid.", "content": "Washing the nipples of anesthetized parturient rats virtually eliminated nipple attachment by their young. Normal attachment was induced only by painting the washed nipples with a distillate of the nipple wash, parturient-mother saliva, or her amniotic fluids. Reinstatement was not achieved by coating the washed nipples with the saliva of virgin females eating the same diet, the parturient mother's urine, isotonic saline, amyl acetate, or vanilla extract. These experiments also provide behavioral evidence for olfactory function in the newborn albino rat.", "contents": "First suckling response of the newborn albino rat: the roles of olfaction and amniotic fluid. Washing the nipples of anesthetized parturient rats virtually eliminated nipple attachment by their young. Normal attachment was induced only by painting the washed nipples with a distillate of the nipple wash, parturient-mother saliva, or her amniotic fluids. Reinstatement was not achieved by coating the washed nipples with the saliva of virgin females eating the same diet, the parturient mother's urine, isotonic saline, amyl acetate, or vanilla extract. These experiments also provide behavioral evidence for olfactory function in the newborn albino rat."}
{"id": "PMID:918664", "title": "Pulmonary metabolism during diving: conditioning blood for the brain.", "content": "During experimental diving by the awake Weddell seal, blood glucose concentration falls consistently. A large fraction of the glucose consumed from the central circulating blood appears as lactate. During diving, the lung utilizes blood lactate in preference to blood glucose as a source of both carbon and energy, and it is able to release glucose into pulmonary venous blood to supplement the supply available for brain metabolism.", "contents": "Pulmonary metabolism during diving: conditioning blood for the brain. During experimental diving by the awake Weddell seal, blood glucose concentration falls consistently. A large fraction of the glucose consumed from the central circulating blood appears as lactate. During diving, the lung utilizes blood lactate in preference to blood glucose as a source of both carbon and energy, and it is able to release glucose into pulmonary venous blood to supplement the supply available for brain metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:918665", "title": "Postnatal development of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: relationship to a critical period for the visual system.", "content": "The cross-sectional areas of 31,800 dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus cells were measured in 53 human brains ranging in age from newborn to 40 years. Geniculate cells increase in size rapidly during the first 6 to 12 months of postnatal life, with cells in the parvocellular layers developing faster than cells in the magnocellular layers. At least 2 years are required before all cells have reached their adult size.", "contents": "Postnatal development of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: relationship to a critical period for the visual system. The cross-sectional areas of 31,800 dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus cells were measured in 53 human brains ranging in age from newborn to 40 years. Geniculate cells increase in size rapidly during the first 6 to 12 months of postnatal life, with cells in the parvocellular layers developing faster than cells in the magnocellular layers. At least 2 years are required before all cells have reached their adult size."}
{"id": "PMID:918666", "title": "Degenerating nerve fiber products do not alter physiological properties of adjacent innervated skeletal muscle fibers.", "content": "Partial denervation of rat extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles resulted in the appearance of denervated and innervated surface muscle fibers lying adjacent to one another. The denervated muscle fibers showed the typical signs of denervation while the innervated muscle fibers were similar to those of control muscles. We conclude that denervated fibers do not induce substantial physiological changes in adjacent innervated muscle fibers.", "contents": "Degenerating nerve fiber products do not alter physiological properties of adjacent innervated skeletal muscle fibers. Partial denervation of rat extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles resulted in the appearance of denervated and innervated surface muscle fibers lying adjacent to one another. The denervated muscle fibers showed the typical signs of denervation while the innervated muscle fibers were similar to those of control muscles. We conclude that denervated fibers do not induce substantial physiological changes in adjacent innervated muscle fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:918667", "title": "Phototoxic keratoconjunctivitis from coal-tar pitch volatiles.", "content": "Roofers working with coal-tar pitch develop burning eyes and conjunctivitis which they subjectively associate with sun exposure. A coal-tar pitch distillate instilled in the conjunctivae of rabbits produced minimal or mild irritation in the absence of ultraviolet radiation, but irradiation with long-ultraviolet produced marked photophobia and severe keratoconjunctivitis.", "contents": "Phototoxic keratoconjunctivitis from coal-tar pitch volatiles. Roofers working with coal-tar pitch develop burning eyes and conjunctivitis which they subjectively associate with sun exposure. A coal-tar pitch distillate instilled in the conjunctivae of rabbits produced minimal or mild irritation in the absence of ultraviolet radiation, but irradiation with long-ultraviolet produced marked photophobia and severe keratoconjunctivitis."}
{"id": "PMID:918668", "title": "Odor-aversion learning in neonatal rats.", "content": "Two-day-old rats were exposed to a novel odor and injected with an illness-inducing drug, lithium chloride. When tested at 8 days of age, these pups avoided pine shavings scented with the odor, whereas control pups did not. These results imply that rat pups are capable of associative learning at a much earlier age than was thought possible.", "contents": "Odor-aversion learning in neonatal rats. Two-day-old rats were exposed to a novel odor and injected with an illness-inducing drug, lithium chloride. When tested at 8 days of age, these pups avoided pine shavings scented with the odor, whereas control pups did not. These results imply that rat pups are capable of associative learning at a much earlier age than was thought possible."}
{"id": "PMID:918669", "title": "Benzodiazepine receptor: demonstration in the central nervous system.", "content": "Diazepam, a potent minor tranquilizer, binds with high affinity to a specific benzodiazepine receptor that occurs exclusively in the central nervous system. The receptor is mainly localized in the synaptic membrane fraction. Binding to the receptor is stereospecific. Competition for the receptor by various benzodiazepines closely parallels their pharmacological potency.", "contents": "Benzodiazepine receptor: demonstration in the central nervous system. Diazepam, a potent minor tranquilizer, binds with high affinity to a specific benzodiazepine receptor that occurs exclusively in the central nervous system. The receptor is mainly localized in the synaptic membrane fraction. Binding to the receptor is stereospecific. Competition for the receptor by various benzodiazepines closely parallels their pharmacological potency."}
{"id": "PMID:918670", "title": "Eye contact and face scanning in early infancy.", "content": "Visual fixations of 3- to 5-week-old, 7-week-old, and 9- to 11-week-old infants were recorded as they scanned an adult's face which was stationary, moving, or talking. A dramatic increase in face fixations occurred between 5 and 7 weeks for all conditions. Talking produced an intensification of scanning in the eye area in the two older groups.", "contents": "Eye contact and face scanning in early infancy. Visual fixations of 3- to 5-week-old, 7-week-old, and 9- to 11-week-old infants were recorded as they scanned an adult's face which was stationary, moving, or talking. A dramatic increase in face fixations occurred between 5 and 7 weeks for all conditions. Talking produced an intensification of scanning in the eye area in the two older groups."}
{"id": "PMID:918671", "title": "Methods for comparing the performance of different gamma cameras.", "content": "Meaningful comparisons of different gamma cameras require the acquisition of numerical data characterizing each of the characteristics of interest. These include resolution, contrast, sensitivity, uniformity, dead time (and the resulting percent loss), and the maximum counting rate. Resolution is best determined by using a line source to measure the linespread function, from which the modulation transfer function can be calculated. Bar patterns are useful in showing the effect on resolution of different collimators and different source distances. Sensitivity comparisons depend on collimator choice, and require counting the same object under identical conditions. Accurate comparisons of dead times and maximum counting rates require extreme care that measurements are taken under identical conditions of scatter, source volume, window setting, etc. Comparisons of the intrinsic dead times should be made with the collimator off, while actual counting losses should be determined using the collimators and appropriate phantoms. With today's high resolution and high-speed gamma cameras, the conditions under which a camera is used would appear to play a larger role in determining its performance than would the small differences in inherent capabilities between the cameras of various manufacturers.", "contents": "Methods for comparing the performance of different gamma cameras. Meaningful comparisons of different gamma cameras require the acquisition of numerical data characterizing each of the characteristics of interest. These include resolution, contrast, sensitivity, uniformity, dead time (and the resulting percent loss), and the maximum counting rate. Resolution is best determined by using a line source to measure the linespread function, from which the modulation transfer function can be calculated. Bar patterns are useful in showing the effect on resolution of different collimators and different source distances. Sensitivity comparisons depend on collimator choice, and require counting the same object under identical conditions. Accurate comparisons of dead times and maximum counting rates require extreme care that measurements are taken under identical conditions of scatter, source volume, window setting, etc. Comparisons of the intrinsic dead times should be made with the collimator off, while actual counting losses should be determined using the collimators and appropriate phantoms. With today's high resolution and high-speed gamma cameras, the conditions under which a camera is used would appear to play a larger role in determining its performance than would the small differences in inherent capabilities between the cameras of various manufacturers."}
{"id": "PMID:918672", "title": "Large-field-of-view (LFOV) scintillation cameras.", "content": "Large-field-of-view scintillation cameras are general purpose, cost effective, imaging devices if one maximizes the use of the crystal with respect to the size of the object under study. This means using parallel-hole collimation for large-organ systems to reduce the number of views necessary to complete a study or to obtain a better appreciation of continuity of structure. A further increase in photon utization is gained for small-organ imaging with converging collimators, which produce images with superior resolution and sensitivity to that obtained with equivalent parallel-hole collimators. The disadvantages of converging collimators, including decreasing field of view and distortion with depth, have been insignificant in light of the advantages gained. Larger detectors with converging collimation result in much  higher photon input rates to the scintillation crystal in routine clinical studies than has occurred in the past. This requirement places added burdens on electronic circuitry of the cameras. Count rate processing capabilities of 200,000 counts per second are currently available and are necessary for present generation first-pass cardiovascular studies.", "contents": "Large-field-of-view (LFOV) scintillation cameras. Large-field-of-view scintillation cameras are general purpose, cost effective, imaging devices if one maximizes the use of the crystal with respect to the size of the object under study. This means using parallel-hole collimation for large-organ systems to reduce the number of views necessary to complete a study or to obtain a better appreciation of continuity of structure. A further increase in photon utization is gained for small-organ imaging with converging collimators, which produce images with superior resolution and sensitivity to that obtained with equivalent parallel-hole collimators. The disadvantages of converging collimators, including decreasing field of view and distortion with depth, have been insignificant in light of the advantages gained. Larger detectors with converging collimation result in much  higher photon input rates to the scintillation crystal in routine clinical studies than has occurred in the past. This requirement places added burdens on electronic circuitry of the cameras. Count rate processing capabilities of 200,000 counts per second are currently available and are necessary for present generation first-pass cardiovascular studies."}
{"id": "PMID:918689", "title": "Morbidity/mortality and economics of hospital-acquired blood stream infections: a controlled study.", "content": "A controlled study of mortality, length of hospital stay, and cost of hospitalization in 40 patients with hospital-acquired blood stream infections and 40 similarly ill patients without blood stream infections was done. Patients with septicemia were identified by ongoing routine surveillance, while controls were selected from computer surveys of similarly aged patients matched for primary diagnosis of operation or both. Bacteremic cases for which no matched controls could be obtained and 109 additional cases of blood stream infection occurring after the study period were also characterized to determine any gross bias in the process of case selection. Mortality in bacteremic patients was 38% compared to 10% in controls; median hospital stay was 33 days for bacteremic patients and cost was $6,692, compared to 14 days' hospitalization and $2,322 cost for controls. Mortality among the unmatched cases as well as the 109 additional cases was 34%. The excess morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization costs offer a better estimate of the direct effects of the hospital-acquired blood stream infection.", "contents": "Morbidity/mortality and economics of hospital-acquired blood stream infections: a controlled study. A controlled study of mortality, length of hospital stay, and cost of hospitalization in 40 patients with hospital-acquired blood stream infections and 40 similarly ill patients without blood stream infections was done. Patients with septicemia were identified by ongoing routine surveillance, while controls were selected from computer surveys of similarly aged patients matched for primary diagnosis of operation or both. Bacteremic cases for which no matched controls could be obtained and 109 additional cases of blood stream infection occurring after the study period were also characterized to determine any gross bias in the process of case selection. Mortality in bacteremic patients was 38% compared to 10% in controls; median hospital stay was 33 days for bacteremic patients and cost was $6,692, compared to 14 days' hospitalization and $2,322 cost for controls. Mortality among the unmatched cases as well as the 109 additional cases was 34%. The excess morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization costs offer a better estimate of the direct effects of the hospital-acquired blood stream infection."}
{"id": "PMID:918690", "title": "Role of antibody-coated bacteria in the management of urinary tract infections.", "content": "The antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) test was used to localize the site of urinary tract infection in a group of pediatric and adult patients. Duration of treatment of ACB-positive (upper tract) and ACB-negative (lower tract) infections was correlated with rates of recurrence during follow-up for six or more months. Two relapses with the same organism occurred after 29 ACB-negative episodes were treated with a short course of antimicrobials (less than or equal to 14 days). Of patients with ACB-positive infections, all four given similar short-duration therapy experienced relapse with the same organism, but none of nine had relapse after long-duration therapy (greater than or equal to 28 days). High cure rates were obtained with less than or equal to 14 days therapy in ACB-negative infections and with greater than or equal to 28 days therapy in ACB-positive cases. The ACB test promises to be useful in predicting the appropriate duration of antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Role of antibody-coated bacteria in the management of urinary tract infections. The antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) test was used to localize the site of urinary tract infection in a group of pediatric and adult patients. Duration of treatment of ACB-positive (upper tract) and ACB-negative (lower tract) infections was correlated with rates of recurrence during follow-up for six or more months. Two relapses with the same organism occurred after 29 ACB-negative episodes were treated with a short course of antimicrobials (less than or equal to 14 days). Of patients with ACB-positive infections, all four given similar short-duration therapy experienced relapse with the same organism, but none of nine had relapse after long-duration therapy (greater than or equal to 28 days). High cure rates were obtained with less than or equal to 14 days therapy in ACB-negative infections and with greater than or equal to 28 days therapy in ACB-positive cases. The ACB test promises to be useful in predicting the appropriate duration of antibiotic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:918691", "title": "Salvage cystectomy after radiation failure in patients with bladder carcinoma.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with cancer of the bladder definitively treated with irradiation had radical cystectomy without lymphadenectomy for treatment of recurrent or persistent tumor. Preoperative clinical staging was accurate in distinguishing between superficial and deeply invasive disease in 94% of patients, while in 44% and pathologic stage were identical. There were no postoperative deaths. Fourteen patients have no evidence of disease 11 to 75 months post-operatively, 14 developed recurrent disease two to 20 months after surgery, and four died of other causes after satisfactory recovery from surgery. Assessment of clinical stage offers the best prognostic indication of survival, as all patients whose tumor was 15 (carcinoma in situ) or T1 survived without developing recurrent whereas only six patients with stage T3 or greater are alive without recurrent disease. Cystectomy can thus be recommended for selected patients with bladder cancer who have failed definitive irradiation therapy.", "contents": "Salvage cystectomy after radiation failure in patients with bladder carcinoma. Thirty-two patients with cancer of the bladder definitively treated with irradiation had radical cystectomy without lymphadenectomy for treatment of recurrent or persistent tumor. Preoperative clinical staging was accurate in distinguishing between superficial and deeply invasive disease in 94% of patients, while in 44% and pathologic stage were identical. There were no postoperative deaths. Fourteen patients have no evidence of disease 11 to 75 months post-operatively, 14 developed recurrent disease two to 20 months after surgery, and four died of other causes after satisfactory recovery from surgery. Assessment of clinical stage offers the best prognostic indication of survival, as all patients whose tumor was 15 (carcinoma in situ) or T1 survived without developing recurrent whereas only six patients with stage T3 or greater are alive without recurrent disease. Cystectomy can thus be recommended for selected patients with bladder cancer who have failed definitive irradiation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:918692", "title": "The thoracic outlet syndrome as a cause of aneurysm formation, thrombosis, and embolization.", "content": "The thoracic outlet syndrome may have a serious vascular component consisting of subclavian artery aneurysm with possible thrombosis and embolization which can result in severe ischemic symptoms in the upper extremity, gangrene, amputation, and even hemiplegia. Four cases of subclavian artery aneurysm in association with thoracic outlet syndrome are presented. Two of the patients required surgical intervention because of thrombosis and embolization, while the other two had prophylactic surgical procedure to prevent those complications.", "contents": "The thoracic outlet syndrome as a cause of aneurysm formation, thrombosis, and embolization. The thoracic outlet syndrome may have a serious vascular component consisting of subclavian artery aneurysm with possible thrombosis and embolization which can result in severe ischemic symptoms in the upper extremity, gangrene, amputation, and even hemiplegia. Four cases of subclavian artery aneurysm in association with thoracic outlet syndrome are presented. Two of the patients required surgical intervention because of thrombosis and embolization, while the other two had prophylactic surgical procedure to prevent those complications."}
{"id": "PMID:918693", "title": "Vascular changes in leg trauma.", "content": "Fifteen patients with closed fractures of the distal tibia and fibula had marked elevation of initial compartment pressures. The pressures remained elevated for five days in the ten patients treated by cast and elevation. The pressures returned to normal within 24 hours in the five patients placed in a prototype water-jacketed boot which provides cooling and intermittent compression. Some patients exhibited arteriographic evidence of vascular injury.", "contents": "Vascular changes in leg trauma. Fifteen patients with closed fractures of the distal tibia and fibula had marked elevation of initial compartment pressures. The pressures remained elevated for five days in the ten patients treated by cast and elevation. The pressures returned to normal within 24 hours in the five patients placed in a prototype water-jacketed boot which provides cooling and intermittent compression. Some patients exhibited arteriographic evidence of vascular injury."}
{"id": "PMID:918697", "title": "Aspiration and irrigation of congenital and traumatic cataracts.", "content": "Aspiration and irrigation of congenital and traumatic cataracts has proven to be a successful procedure over many years. The purpose of this paper is to reemphasize the importance of this procedure and, more particularly to point out the comparative advantages of two-needle aspiration and irrigation to phacoemulsification, roto-extraction, double-bore cannula, and intracapsular extraction. A new, inexpensive handle for aspiration and irrigation is discussed. This handle eliminates the need for an assistant while performing the procedure.", "contents": "Aspiration and irrigation of congenital and traumatic cataracts. Aspiration and irrigation of congenital and traumatic cataracts has proven to be a successful procedure over many years. The purpose of this paper is to reemphasize the importance of this procedure and, more particularly to point out the comparative advantages of two-needle aspiration and irrigation to phacoemulsification, roto-extraction, double-bore cannula, and intracapsular extraction. A new, inexpensive handle for aspiration and irrigation is discussed. This handle eliminates the need for an assistant while performing the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:918695", "title": "Disarticulation for failed surgical procedures about the hip.", "content": "Complications following treatment of disease about the hip may render a limb so nonfunctional that the patient is confined to bed or a wheelchair. Admitting therapeutic defeat and knowing \"how and when to quit\" may be wise. Four chronically disabled patients released from their confinement and rehabilitated by disarticulation of the hip are described.", "contents": "Disarticulation for failed surgical procedures about the hip. Complications following treatment of disease about the hip may render a limb so nonfunctional that the patient is confined to bed or a wheelchair. Admitting therapeutic defeat and knowing \"how and when to quit\" may be wise. Four chronically disabled patients released from their confinement and rehabilitated by disarticulation of the hip are described."}
{"id": "PMID:918696", "title": "Coxa magna.", "content": "Coxa magna is probably due to a period of relative hyperemia of the capial femur epiphysis between 2 and 8 years of age. The peripheral cartilage of the metaphysis and epiphysis proliferate as a response to reactive hyperemia secondary to synovitis. We have observed 11 patients with coxa magna and have followed five in detail. Good function is expected in childhood and adolescence, but traumatic arthritis will probably occur as these patients get older.", "contents": "Coxa magna. Coxa magna is probably due to a period of relative hyperemia of the capial femur epiphysis between 2 and 8 years of age. The peripheral cartilage of the metaphysis and epiphysis proliferate as a response to reactive hyperemia secondary to synovitis. We have observed 11 patients with coxa magna and have followed five in detail. Good function is expected in childhood and adolescence, but traumatic arthritis will probably occur as these patients get older."}
{"id": "PMID:918694", "title": "Extra-anatomic bypass grafting in aortoiliac occlusive disease: a seven-year experience.", "content": "In recent years, axillofemoral and femorofemoral bypass grafting have emerged as alternate methods of managing severely ill patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease. Additionally, axillofemoral grafting is indicated when intra-abdominal graft infection necessitates closure of the aorta. Femorofemoral bypass grafting has been advocated in similar high-risk patients who have unilateral occlusive disease. The inherent safety of both of these procedures and their success in relieving occlusive symptoms have been reported by several centers. Our success with axillofemoral grafting has led to the continued use of this procedure in appropriate clinical situations. The success and safety of femorofemoral bypass grafting has led us to advocate its use in most patients with unilateral occlusive disease, and we often find it the procedure of choice for treating symptoms related to occlusion of one limb of an aortic bifurcation graft.", "contents": "Extra-anatomic bypass grafting in aortoiliac occlusive disease: a seven-year experience. In recent years, axillofemoral and femorofemoral bypass grafting have emerged as alternate methods of managing severely ill patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease. Additionally, axillofemoral grafting is indicated when intra-abdominal graft infection necessitates closure of the aorta. Femorofemoral bypass grafting has been advocated in similar high-risk patients who have unilateral occlusive disease. The inherent safety of both of these procedures and their success in relieving occlusive symptoms have been reported by several centers. Our success with axillofemoral grafting has led to the continued use of this procedure in appropriate clinical situations. The success and safety of femorofemoral bypass grafting has led us to advocate its use in most patients with unilateral occlusive disease, and we often find it the procedure of choice for treating symptoms related to occlusion of one limb of an aortic bifurcation graft."}
{"id": "PMID:918698", "title": "Evaluation of postexcisional strontium 90 beta ray therapy for pterygium.", "content": "During a ten-year period, 211 patients with a diagnosis of pterygium were treated in the University of Texas Medical Branch by a combined effort using a strontium 90 beta ray applicator immediately after surgical excision. Only one patient developed recurrence. No complications were observed during the first year of follow-up.", "contents": "Evaluation of postexcisional strontium 90 beta ray therapy for pterygium. During a ten-year period, 211 patients with a diagnosis of pterygium were treated in the University of Texas Medical Branch by a combined effort using a strontium 90 beta ray applicator immediately after surgical excision. Only one patient developed recurrence. No complications were observed during the first year of follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:918699", "title": "Dysphoria and impaired mentation in young physicians.", "content": "A syndrome of dysphoria and impaired mentation afflicting young physicians is described. Complaints involve a perceived inability to remember recently read medical literature and a perceived lack of ability and \"memory lapses\" in the clinical care of patients. This syndrome occurs at a time when the young physicians' professional role is in transition and when he has just assumed increased clinical responsibilities. Resolution of the syndrome may be facilitated by a suggested protocol.", "contents": "Dysphoria and impaired mentation in young physicians. A syndrome of dysphoria and impaired mentation afflicting young physicians is described. Complaints involve a perceived inability to remember recently read medical literature and a perceived lack of ability and \"memory lapses\" in the clinical care of patients. This syndrome occurs at a time when the young physicians' professional role is in transition and when he has just assumed increased clinical responsibilities. Resolution of the syndrome may be facilitated by a suggested protocol."}
{"id": "PMID:918700", "title": "Postoperative deaths due to unsuspected pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Two cases of postoperative death due to unsuspected pheochromocytoma are presented. Both patients exhibited signs and symptoms preoperatively which might have been attributable to a pheochromocytoma. These reports serve as a reminder of the potentially fatal consequences of inadequate evaluation of hypertensive patients before surgery.", "contents": "Postoperative deaths due to unsuspected pheochromocytoma. Two cases of postoperative death due to unsuspected pheochromocytoma are presented. Both patients exhibited signs and symptoms preoperatively which might have been attributable to a pheochromocytoma. These reports serve as a reminder of the potentially fatal consequences of inadequate evaluation of hypertensive patients before surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:918701", "title": "Fatal amniotic fluid embolism during induced abortion, 1972-1975.", "content": "From 1972 to 1975, four women have died in the United States from documented amniotic fluid embolism during legal induced abortion. These women, whose pregnancies ranged from 14 to 35 menstrual weeks, had intra-amniotic saline instillation (three cases) and hystereotomy (one case).  Performance of abortion in the first trimester and use of curettage technics could minimize the risks of this catastrophe.", "contents": "Fatal amniotic fluid embolism during induced abortion, 1972-1975. From 1972 to 1975, four women have died in the United States from documented amniotic fluid embolism during legal induced abortion. These women, whose pregnancies ranged from 14 to 35 menstrual weeks, had intra-amniotic saline instillation (three cases) and hystereotomy (one case).  Performance of abortion in the first trimester and use of curettage technics could minimize the risks of this catastrophe."}
{"id": "PMID:918702", "title": "Fatal intrahepatic hemorrhage after percutaneous liver biopsy using a Menghini needle: a rare but real complication.", "content": "Serious intrahepatic hemorrhage with hemoperitoneum after percutaneous liver biopsy is a rare but potentially fatal complication. This paper describes a fatality following liver biopsy with a Menghini needle, the first to our knowledge occurring without pre-existing liver disease. The bleeding was thought to result from laceration of dilated vessels near the periphery of the liver, a condition which cannot be predicted by any means presently available. One should be cognizant of the fact that although percutaneous liver biopsy is an extremely safe procedure in competent hands, it nevertheless carries a very definite risk and should neither be used injudiciously nor taken lightly. This case should serve as a reminder of this fact.", "contents": "Fatal intrahepatic hemorrhage after percutaneous liver biopsy using a Menghini needle: a rare but real complication. Serious intrahepatic hemorrhage with hemoperitoneum after percutaneous liver biopsy is a rare but potentially fatal complication. This paper describes a fatality following liver biopsy with a Menghini needle, the first to our knowledge occurring without pre-existing liver disease. The bleeding was thought to result from laceration of dilated vessels near the periphery of the liver, a condition which cannot be predicted by any means presently available. One should be cognizant of the fact that although percutaneous liver biopsy is an extremely safe procedure in competent hands, it nevertheless carries a very definite risk and should neither be used injudiciously nor taken lightly. This case should serve as a reminder of this fact."}
{"id": "PMID:918703", "title": "Pyogenic granuloma of the oral cavity.", "content": "A case of pyogenic granuloma on the tongue of a woman who was seven months pregnant is reported. A brief review of the literature is given along with suggestions for the management of similar cases.", "contents": "Pyogenic granuloma of the oral cavity. A case of pyogenic granuloma on the tongue of a woman who was seven months pregnant is reported. A brief review of the literature is given along with suggestions for the management of similar cases."}
{"id": "PMID:918704", "title": "Topical corticosteroid therapy complicating congenital glaucoma.", "content": "A 4-month-old infant with congenital glaucoma had been treated with a topical antibiotic-corticosteroid for three months. This fact complicated initial management, delaying definitive diagnosis and therapy. Topical steroid therapy in infants can produce a condition simulating congenital glaucoma. Since there is little rationale for using topical steroids to treat most infantile external disease processes, they are best avoided. When steroids are used for a prolonged period, some strategy for detecting glaucoma should be adopted.", "contents": "Topical corticosteroid therapy complicating congenital glaucoma. A 4-month-old infant with congenital glaucoma had been treated with a topical antibiotic-corticosteroid for three months. This fact complicated initial management, delaying definitive diagnosis and therapy. Topical steroid therapy in infants can produce a condition simulating congenital glaucoma. Since there is little rationale for using topical steroids to treat most infantile external disease processes, they are best avoided. When steroids are used for a prolonged period, some strategy for detecting glaucoma should be adopted."}
{"id": "PMID:918705", "title": "Methoxyflurane hepatitis.", "content": "A veterinarian's assistant who sniffed methoxyflurane as a euphoriant developed fulminant hepatitis and died of hepatic failure. The abuse of fluorinated anesthetics has been reported and may be more frequent than is commonly believed. It is suggested that fluorinated anesthetics should be considered as a causative agent in a case of fulminant hepatitis, especially in patients who have easy access to such drugs.", "contents": "Methoxyflurane hepatitis. A veterinarian's assistant who sniffed methoxyflurane as a euphoriant developed fulminant hepatitis and died of hepatic failure. The abuse of fluorinated anesthetics has been reported and may be more frequent than is commonly believed. It is suggested that fluorinated anesthetics should be considered as a causative agent in a case of fulminant hepatitis, especially in patients who have easy access to such drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:918706", "title": "Hemochromatosis associated with side-to-side portacaval shunt.", "content": "A patient is described who developed the full-blown picture of hemochromatosis 24 months after a side-to-side portacaval shunt. No clear-cut explanation for this rapid development of hemochromatosis is apparent and a possible mechanism for this phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "Hemochromatosis associated with side-to-side portacaval shunt. A patient is described who developed the full-blown picture of hemochromatosis 24 months after a side-to-side portacaval shunt. No clear-cut explanation for this rapid development of hemochromatosis is apparent and a possible mechanism for this phenomenon is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918707", "title": "Hypothyroidism and hypercalcemia: report of a case with a parathyroid adenoma and review of the literature.", "content": "A woman with hyperthyroidism, hypercalcemia, and a parathyroid adenoma is described. Various studies indicate that in hypothyroid subjects given an acute dose of calcium, the serum calcium levels remain elevated for longer periods than in control subjects. In part, this may be due to diminished bone uptake. Despite these studies which would tend to support the contention that hypothyroid patients \"have a propensity to hypercalcemia\" (Lowe et al), overt and significant hypercalcemia is unusual. Hypothyroidism is listed as a possible cause of hypercalcemia. This does not seem to be warranted by a review of the literature. The reference most often cited is that of Lowe et al. In their particular case, the hypercalcemia improved with thyroid replacement therapy. This also happened in our case. However, the measurement of IPTH levels led to the correct diagnosis. IPTH levels were not available at the time of Lowe's report and hyperparathyroidism was not completely excluded. Therefore, at this time, the reported association of hypercalcemia with adult hypothyroidism needs further examination to determine if this association is real.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism and hypercalcemia: report of a case with a parathyroid adenoma and review of the literature. A woman with hyperthyroidism, hypercalcemia, and a parathyroid adenoma is described. Various studies indicate that in hypothyroid subjects given an acute dose of calcium, the serum calcium levels remain elevated for longer periods than in control subjects. In part, this may be due to diminished bone uptake. Despite these studies which would tend to support the contention that hypothyroid patients \"have a propensity to hypercalcemia\" (Lowe et al), overt and significant hypercalcemia is unusual. Hypothyroidism is listed as a possible cause of hypercalcemia. This does not seem to be warranted by a review of the literature. The reference most often cited is that of Lowe et al. In their particular case, the hypercalcemia improved with thyroid replacement therapy. This also happened in our case. However, the measurement of IPTH levels led to the correct diagnosis. IPTH levels were not available at the time of Lowe's report and hyperparathyroidism was not completely excluded. Therefore, at this time, the reported association of hypercalcemia with adult hypothyroidism needs further examination to determine if this association is real."}
{"id": "PMID:918708", "title": "Anesthetic management of patients with epidermolysis bullosa.", "content": "Presented is a 12-year-old girl with epidermolysis bullosa who required anesthesia for extensive dental rehabilitation. Patients with epidermolysis bullosa can be given anesthetics with minimal complications if the preoperative evaluation is complete, the selection of anesthesia is appropriate, and certain procedures which cannot be safely used in patients with this disease are conscientiously avoided.", "contents": "Anesthetic management of patients with epidermolysis bullosa. Presented is a 12-year-old girl with epidermolysis bullosa who required anesthesia for extensive dental rehabilitation. Patients with epidermolysis bullosa can be given anesthetics with minimal complications if the preoperative evaluation is complete, the selection of anesthesia is appropriate, and certain procedures which cannot be safely used in patients with this disease are conscientiously avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:918709", "title": "Brugia timori: experimental infection in some laboratory animals.", "content": "Experimental infection with Brugia timori of 7 jirds (Merionesunguiculatus), 4 cats and 2 monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) is described. Although no microfilariae were detected by examining 20 microliter samples of tail blood of jirds, adult worms were recovered from 6 of the 7 jirds at autopsy 69-141 days following infection. Some worms were gravid and microfilariae were found in visceral blood of 2 animals. The adult recovery rate in jirds was 16%; the male to female ratio was 1:3. In cats patent infection developed in 95-105 days but microfilaraemias were of low level and transient. No parasites were recovered from monkeys.", "contents": "Brugia timori: experimental infection in some laboratory animals. Experimental infection with Brugia timori of 7 jirds (Merionesunguiculatus), 4 cats and 2 monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) is described. Although no microfilariae were detected by examining 20 microliter samples of tail blood of jirds, adult worms were recovered from 6 of the 7 jirds at autopsy 69-141 days following infection. Some worms were gravid and microfilariae were found in visceral blood of 2 animals. The adult recovery rate in jirds was 16%; the male to female ratio was 1:3. In cats patent infection developed in 95-105 days but microfilaraemias were of low level and transient. No parasites were recovered from monkeys."}
{"id": "PMID:918710", "title": "The periodicity of Brugia malayi in South Thailand.", "content": "The periodicity of Brugia malayi microfilariae were studied in the two endemic areas of the South Thailand i.e. in Pattani and Narathiwat provinces. It was found that in Pattani province the microfilariae had a markedly nocturnal periodicity character while in Narathiwat province they were of a nocturnal sub-periodic type. Moreover, the microfilariae of periodic form in Giemsa stained blood films usually had \"unsheathed\" appearance (71.5%), while those of sub-periodic type were mostly of \"sheathed\" form (93.4%).", "contents": "The periodicity of Brugia malayi in South Thailand. The periodicity of Brugia malayi microfilariae were studied in the two endemic areas of the South Thailand i.e. in Pattani and Narathiwat provinces. It was found that in Pattani province the microfilariae had a markedly nocturnal periodicity character while in Narathiwat province they were of a nocturnal sub-periodic type. Moreover, the microfilariae of periodic form in Giemsa stained blood films usually had \"unsheathed\" appearance (71.5%), while those of sub-periodic type were mostly of \"sheathed\" form (93.4%)."}
{"id": "PMID:918711", "title": "Experimental cross-breeding of Ancylostoma tubaeforme (Zeder, 1800) and Ancylostoma caninum (Ercolani, 1859).", "content": "In experimental crosses between A. tubaeform and A caninum the worms failed to produce progeny in dual-strain combinations. Even though these two strains did not fail to copulate. Egg production was observed only in identical single-strain combinations. This supports the assumption that the two species are genetically separate and valid.", "contents": "Experimental cross-breeding of Ancylostoma tubaeforme (Zeder, 1800) and Ancylostoma caninum (Ercolani, 1859). In experimental crosses between A. tubaeform and A caninum the worms failed to produce progeny in dual-strain combinations. Even though these two strains did not fail to copulate. Egg production was observed only in identical single-strain combinations. This supports the assumption that the two species are genetically separate and valid."}
{"id": "PMID:918712", "title": "The persistence of naturally formed mit (Acarina: trombiculidae) foci in Malaysia.", "content": "Mite foci were fenced above and below ground to prevent the entry of host animals and to prevent the migration of mites within the soil. Weekly counts were made over a period of thirty weeks with larvae being collected at the beginning and end of the study, but not during the intervening period of hot, dry weather. Post-larval forms can survive for long periods and mite foci can remain productive without being visited by the host animals. Mite foci may be missed by normal survey methods during hot, dry weather.", "contents": "The persistence of naturally formed mit (Acarina: trombiculidae) foci in Malaysia. Mite foci were fenced above and below ground to prevent the entry of host animals and to prevent the migration of mites within the soil. Weekly counts were made over a period of thirty weeks with larvae being collected at the beginning and end of the study, but not during the intervening period of hot, dry weather. Post-larval forms can survive for long periods and mite foci can remain productive without being visited by the host animals. Mite foci may be missed by normal survey methods during hot, dry weather."}
{"id": "PMID:918713", "title": "The effects of rainfall on trombiculid (Acarina:trombiculidae) larval populations in peninsular Malaysia.", "content": "Studies of larval mite populations along transects, as measured with black plates, were conducted in forest and grassland habitats for a period of 67 weeks. Larvae of both Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) deliense and L. (L.) fletcheri were influenced greatly by rainfall, with the larvae being abundant and easily collected during periods of heavy rainfall and difficult or impossible to collect during dry periods. Simulated rainfall maintained larval populations for longer periods during dry weather.", "contents": "The effects of rainfall on trombiculid (Acarina:trombiculidae) larval populations in peninsular Malaysia. Studies of larval mite populations along transects, as measured with black plates, were conducted in forest and grassland habitats for a period of 67 weeks. Larvae of both Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) deliense and L. (L.) fletcheri were influenced greatly by rainfall, with the larvae being abundant and easily collected during periods of heavy rainfall and difficult or impossible to collect during dry periods. Simulated rainfall maintained larval populations for longer periods during dry weather."}
{"id": "PMID:918714", "title": "Nidal delineation of Thailand: an approach to disease ecology in major nidal base regions.", "content": "Provisional nidal base regions have veen delineated for Thailand. The nidal base regions so derived were compared by computing the percentages of species common to pairs of provinces (coefficient of community, CC). The results provided a CC matrix and dendrogram showing the relationship between regions, combined with the general geographic and climatologic conditions. Six ecological regions have been designated, of which five are classified as super provinces (Northeast, Central, East, South and Far South), while only one is a subregion (North). Problems of error in the data are discussed and the need for further accurate analysis to further the goal of control of disease.", "contents": "Nidal delineation of Thailand: an approach to disease ecology in major nidal base regions. Provisional nidal base regions have veen delineated for Thailand. The nidal base regions so derived were compared by computing the percentages of species common to pairs of provinces (coefficient of community, CC). The results provided a CC matrix and dendrogram showing the relationship between regions, combined with the general geographic and climatologic conditions. Six ecological regions have been designated, of which five are classified as super provinces (Northeast, Central, East, South and Far South), while only one is a subregion (North). Problems of error in the data are discussed and the need for further accurate analysis to further the goal of control of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:918715", "title": "Antistreptolysin O titers of cats infected with Brugia malayi and with streptococci.", "content": "This study evaluated the usefulness of determining antistreptolysin O(ASO) titers in filariasis. The ASO titers were elevated in most convalescence sera, but did not reflect comparable pathology resulting from dual Brugia-streptococcal infections in cats.", "contents": "Antistreptolysin O titers of cats infected with Brugia malayi and with streptococci. This study evaluated the usefulness of determining antistreptolysin O(ASO) titers in filariasis. The ASO titers were elevated in most convalescence sera, but did not reflect comparable pathology resulting from dual Brugia-streptococcal infections in cats."}
{"id": "PMID:918716", "title": "Prevalence of intestinal helminths among patients admitted to the Balik Pulau district hospital on Penang island.", "content": "Faecal samples from patients admitted to the District Hospital in Balik, Pulau, Penang revealed high infection rates for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms. The prevalence rates were Trichuris trichiura 51.7%, Ascaris lumbricoides 31.9% and hookworm 37.2%. The overall highest infection is among the Malays (79%), the least being among the Chinese (61.1%). The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was highest in the 11-20 age group. The prevalence of Trichura was highest in the 51-60 age group, Ascaris and Trichuris infections is higher among the males but hookworm infection is higher among the females. 72.6% of the patients were infected with at least one type of helminth and 32.9% of the patients were infected with at least 2 types of helminths.", "contents": "Prevalence of intestinal helminths among patients admitted to the Balik Pulau district hospital on Penang island. Faecal samples from patients admitted to the District Hospital in Balik, Pulau, Penang revealed high infection rates for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms. The prevalence rates were Trichuris trichiura 51.7%, Ascaris lumbricoides 31.9% and hookworm 37.2%. The overall highest infection is among the Malays (79%), the least being among the Chinese (61.1%). The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was highest in the 11-20 age group. The prevalence of Trichura was highest in the 51-60 age group, Ascaris and Trichuris infections is higher among the males but hookworm infection is higher among the females. 72.6% of the patients were infected with at least one type of helminth and 32.9% of the patients were infected with at least 2 types of helminths."}
{"id": "PMID:918718", "title": "Total serum IgE level in patients with amoebic liver abscess and other parasitic infections.", "content": "Total serum IgE level was determined by the radioactive single radial diffusion technique in blood donors, nurse-aid students with the stool positive and negative for parasites, and in patients with helminthic infections. A geometric mean of 445.1 IU/ml in the sera from blood donors was found. Patients with helminthic infections had significantly higher levels than the blood donors and the nurse-aid students with the stool negative for parasites. Intestinal protozoal infections did not cause an increase in IgE level.", "contents": "Total serum IgE level in patients with amoebic liver abscess and other parasitic infections. Total serum IgE level was determined by the radioactive single radial diffusion technique in blood donors, nurse-aid students with the stool positive and negative for parasites, and in patients with helminthic infections. A geometric mean of 445.1 IU/ml in the sera from blood donors was found. Patients with helminthic infections had significantly higher levels than the blood donors and the nurse-aid students with the stool negative for parasites. Intestinal protozoal infections did not cause an increase in IgE level."}
{"id": "PMID:918783", "title": "Hallux-to-thumb transfer by microvascular anastomosis.", "content": "The replacement of a missing thumb with a big toe transferred as a free vascularized composite graft is described. The anatomical basis relating to this transfer is described and the methods and the advantages and disadvantages of this as alternative thumb reconstruction are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this procedure is the first of its kind to be undertaken in South Africa.", "contents": "Hallux-to-thumb transfer by microvascular anastomosis. The replacement of a missing thumb with a big toe transferred as a free vascularized composite graft is described. The anatomical basis relating to this transfer is described and the methods and the advantages and disadvantages of this as alternative thumb reconstruction are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this procedure is the first of its kind to be undertaken in South Africa."}
{"id": "PMID:918785", "title": "The effect of exercise in the asthmatic child - its clinical implications.", "content": "Appropriate exercise will provoke an attack of bronchospasm in virtually all asthmatic children. Exercise-induced asthma can effectively be prevented by pre-exercise treatment with sympathomimetic drugs or sodium cromoglycate, and there is no reason why an asthmatic should not participate in sporting activities. Running at a steady pace for 6 - 8 minutes (submaximal effort) is the most asthmagenic exercise, whereas swimming is the least athmagenic.", "contents": "The effect of exercise in the asthmatic child - its clinical implications. Appropriate exercise will provoke an attack of bronchospasm in virtually all asthmatic children. Exercise-induced asthma can effectively be prevented by pre-exercise treatment with sympathomimetic drugs or sodium cromoglycate, and there is no reason why an asthmatic should not participate in sporting activities. Running at a steady pace for 6 - 8 minutes (submaximal effort) is the most asthmagenic exercise, whereas swimming is the least athmagenic."}
{"id": "PMID:918786", "title": "Traumatic haemobilia: case reports.", "content": "Injury to the liver may result in traumatic haemobilia. Three cases are reported, with differing clinical presentation resulting from different forms of injury. Haemobilia may present difficulties in diagnosis, particularly if there has been a long delay between injury and presentation. The use of selective hepatic arteriography as a diagnostic aid and treatment by hepatic artery ligation are outlined.", "contents": "Traumatic haemobilia: case reports. Injury to the liver may result in traumatic haemobilia. Three cases are reported, with differing clinical presentation resulting from different forms of injury. Haemobilia may present difficulties in diagnosis, particularly if there has been a long delay between injury and presentation. The use of selective hepatic arteriography as a diagnostic aid and treatment by hepatic artery ligation are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:918787", "title": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: report of 3 cases.", "content": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia is reported in 3 patients. This lesion is an uncommon reactive vasoproliferative disorder which presents with swellings in the dermis and subcutis. The aetiological agent which produces this tissue response is unknown. Clinically the disease follows a benign prolonged course without evidence of systemic involvement. The histological features consist of a prominent fibroblastic and proliferative vascular reaction associated with an inflammatory infiltrate in which lymphoid aggregates with germinal centres and eosinophils are conspicuous.", "contents": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: report of 3 cases. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia is reported in 3 patients. This lesion is an uncommon reactive vasoproliferative disorder which presents with swellings in the dermis and subcutis. The aetiological agent which produces this tissue response is unknown. Clinically the disease follows a benign prolonged course without evidence of systemic involvement. The histological features consist of a prominent fibroblastic and proliferative vascular reaction associated with an inflammatory infiltrate in which lymphoid aggregates with germinal centres and eosinophils are conspicuous."}
{"id": "PMID:918788", "title": "Successful management of oesophageal atresia type IIIa by oesophageal stretching: a case report.", "content": "A case of oesophageal atresia type IIIa and anorectal agenesis is presented, in which stretching of the oesophagus resulted in successful delayed oesophageal anastomosis, thereby avoiding the need for colonic oesophageal replacement and thus greatly facilitating the repair of the anorectal agenesis. The literature is reviewed and it is concluded that every attempt should be made to effect oesophageal anastomosis, because the colon interposition procedure carries not only a high early mortality but also a high late complication rate.", "contents": "Successful management of oesophageal atresia type IIIa by oesophageal stretching: a case report. A case of oesophageal atresia type IIIa and anorectal agenesis is presented, in which stretching of the oesophagus resulted in successful delayed oesophageal anastomosis, thereby avoiding the need for colonic oesophageal replacement and thus greatly facilitating the repair of the anorectal agenesis. The literature is reviewed and it is concluded that every attempt should be made to effect oesophageal anastomosis, because the colon interposition procedure carries not only a high early mortality but also a high late complication rate."}
{"id": "PMID:918792", "title": "Prognostic factors in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The hospital courses of 882 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU) during a 3-year period were evaluated. Their courses after discharge from the CCU were assessed with reference to the following serious complications which had occurred during their stay in the CCU; ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, second-or third-degree heart block, pulmonary oedema, cardiogenic shock persistent sinus tachycardia, persistent hypotension, atrial flutter or fibrillation, or extension, or extension of infarction. Of the 494 patients (56%) with one or more of these complications, 38 (8%) died of cardiac causes in hospital after transfer from the CCU. Of 388 patients (44%) in the uncomplicated group, only 2(0,5%) died of cardiac causes after transfer from the CCU. The same patients were classified according to the Coronary Prognostic Index (CPI) of Norris. None of the 54% of patients with a CPI of less than 6 units died in hospital after transfer from the CCU. It is proposed that patients with a CPI of less than 6 units and with none of the listed serious complications during their CCU stay could safely be discharged from hospital earlier than is customary.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in acute myocardial infarction. The hospital courses of 882 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU) during a 3-year period were evaluated. Their courses after discharge from the CCU were assessed with reference to the following serious complications which had occurred during their stay in the CCU; ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, second-or third-degree heart block, pulmonary oedema, cardiogenic shock persistent sinus tachycardia, persistent hypotension, atrial flutter or fibrillation, or extension, or extension of infarction. Of the 494 patients (56%) with one or more of these complications, 38 (8%) died of cardiac causes in hospital after transfer from the CCU. Of 388 patients (44%) in the uncomplicated group, only 2(0,5%) died of cardiac causes after transfer from the CCU. The same patients were classified according to the Coronary Prognostic Index (CPI) of Norris. None of the 54% of patients with a CPI of less than 6 units died in hospital after transfer from the CCU. It is proposed that patients with a CPI of less than 6 units and with none of the listed serious complications during their CCU stay could safely be discharged from hospital earlier than is customary."}
{"id": "PMID:918793", "title": "'Closed'-circuit (rebreathing) enflurane anaesthesia.", "content": "The economics and advantages of non-rebreathing (semiclosed) versus rebreathing ('closed') circuit enflurane anaesthesia in spontaneously breathing patients, anaesthetized for ophthalmic procedures usually lasting less than 1 hour, were investigated. An average of 42, 5 ml liquid enflurane was used per hour of anaesthesia with the non-rebreathing apparatus, a figure close to the calcuated approximate enflurane usage for the first hour of anaesthesia (42,0 ml). Approximately half this volume was required for anaesthesia via the vaporizer out of circle (VOC) rebreathing system (19,0 ml/h; P less than 0,001). A further significant decrease resulted with the use of the vaporizer in circle (VIC) system (13,5 ml/h; P less than 0.001), but the surgical conditions provided by the latter were less satisfactory. Actual enflurane utilization with both VOC and VIC was greater than that expected for the first hour of anaesthesia (calculated approximate usage 15,0 and 11,0 ml/h respectively). Enflurane anaesthesia with the vaporizer out of circle is recommended for routine surgical procedures.", "contents": "'Closed'-circuit (rebreathing) enflurane anaesthesia. The economics and advantages of non-rebreathing (semiclosed) versus rebreathing ('closed') circuit enflurane anaesthesia in spontaneously breathing patients, anaesthetized for ophthalmic procedures usually lasting less than 1 hour, were investigated. An average of 42, 5 ml liquid enflurane was used per hour of anaesthesia with the non-rebreathing apparatus, a figure close to the calcuated approximate enflurane usage for the first hour of anaesthesia (42,0 ml). Approximately half this volume was required for anaesthesia via the vaporizer out of circle (VOC) rebreathing system (19,0 ml/h; P less than 0,001). A further significant decrease resulted with the use of the vaporizer in circle (VIC) system (13,5 ml/h; P less than 0.001), but the surgical conditions provided by the latter were less satisfactory. Actual enflurane utilization with both VOC and VIC was greater than that expected for the first hour of anaesthesia (calculated approximate usage 15,0 and 11,0 ml/h respectively). Enflurane anaesthesia with the vaporizer out of circle is recommended for routine surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:918794", "title": "The binding of antituberculous drugs to normal and kwashiorkor serum.", "content": "The protein binding of 6 antituberculous drugs--ethambutol, ethionamide, isoniazid, para-aminosalicylic acid, rifampicin and streptomycin--to normal and kwashiorkor serum has been investigated. The binding of these drugs was mildly decreased in kwashiorkor serum, but not to such an extent as to be of therapeutic importance, except for streptomycin and possibly para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS). With streptomycin there was a 15% increase in the free component in kwashiorkor serum, while with PAS there was a 12% increase in the free component. Of interest is the observation that rifampicin is predominantly bound to the gamma-globulin fraction, both in normal and in kwashiorkor serum. Secondary binding, predominantly to the alpha 1-, alpha 2-and gamma-globulin fractions, was seen quite commonly in kwashiorkor serum in association with diminished albumin binding.", "contents": "The binding of antituberculous drugs to normal and kwashiorkor serum. The protein binding of 6 antituberculous drugs--ethambutol, ethionamide, isoniazid, para-aminosalicylic acid, rifampicin and streptomycin--to normal and kwashiorkor serum has been investigated. The binding of these drugs was mildly decreased in kwashiorkor serum, but not to such an extent as to be of therapeutic importance, except for streptomycin and possibly para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS). With streptomycin there was a 15% increase in the free component in kwashiorkor serum, while with PAS there was a 12% increase in the free component. Of interest is the observation that rifampicin is predominantly bound to the gamma-globulin fraction, both in normal and in kwashiorkor serum. Secondary binding, predominantly to the alpha 1-, alpha 2-and gamma-globulin fractions, was seen quite commonly in kwashiorkor serum in association with diminished albumin binding."}
{"id": "PMID:918795", "title": "Pyriform fossa carcinoma in South African Negro patients.", "content": "Seven patients with pyriform fossa carcinoma who presented at Baragwanath Hospital during the period 1973-1976 are discussed. The value of positive contrast studies with special reference to laryngography is emphasized and the results are reviewed.", "contents": "Pyriform fossa carcinoma in South African Negro patients. Seven patients with pyriform fossa carcinoma who presented at Baragwanath Hospital during the period 1973-1976 are discussed. The value of positive contrast studies with special reference to laryngography is emphasized and the results are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:918796", "title": "Acute of fulminating myelofibrosis.", "content": "Patients who run a fulminating course in association with histologically proven myelofibrosis are distinctly unusual, since the natural history of this entity is characteristically one of slow progression. Because of its rarity and proteam manifestations, acute myelofibrosis may easily go unrecognized. We report 2 such patients. In one, rapid clinical deterioration was dominated by spreading skin lesions, and in the other by refractory intravascular haemolysis. There was no splenomegaly in the first patient, and it was minimal in the second. Although  it is seen in frequently, it should be emphasized that myelofibrosis may arise de novo as an acute illness in which the usual degree of splenomegaly is absent.", "contents": "Acute of fulminating myelofibrosis. Patients who run a fulminating course in association with histologically proven myelofibrosis are distinctly unusual, since the natural history of this entity is characteristically one of slow progression. Because of its rarity and proteam manifestations, acute myelofibrosis may easily go unrecognized. We report 2 such patients. In one, rapid clinical deterioration was dominated by spreading skin lesions, and in the other by refractory intravascular haemolysis. There was no splenomegaly in the first patient, and it was minimal in the second. Although  it is seen in frequently, it should be emphasized that myelofibrosis may arise de novo as an acute illness in which the usual degree of splenomegaly is absent."}
{"id": "PMID:918797", "title": "Autopsy findings in mental patients.", "content": "Over a 3-year period a total of 200 autopsies were performed on mental patients who died at Sterkfontein Hospital. Examination of the clinical history was made in each case. The main findings are described and discussed.", "contents": "Autopsy findings in mental patients. Over a 3-year period a total of 200 autopsies were performed on mental patients who died at Sterkfontein Hospital. Examination of the clinical history was made in each case. The main findings are described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918798", "title": "The cavernous haemangioma of the frontal bone. A case report.", "content": "A case of haemangioma of the frontal bone is presented. The clinical presentation and the radiological features, which are diagnostic of this very rare condition, are given. Treatment is complete excision of the tumour, the macroscopical and microscopical appearances of which are discussed.", "contents": "The cavernous haemangioma of the frontal bone. A case report. A case of haemangioma of the frontal bone is presented. The clinical presentation and the radiological features, which are diagnostic of this very rare condition, are given. Treatment is complete excision of the tumour, the macroscopical and microscopical appearances of which are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918803", "title": "Sarcoidosis in South Africa. A comparative study in Whites, Blacks and Coloureds.", "content": "One hundred and ten cases of sarcoidosis seen in Cape Town over a 7-year period (1969-1975) are reported. Seventy-one patients were Coloured, 25 Black and 14 White. The calculated minimum incidence of sarcoidosis in the Cape Peninsula is 23,2/100 000 population in Blacks, 11,6/100 000 in Coloureds and 3,7/100 000 in Whites. Differences in the incidence, presentation, clinical and laboratory features in the three groups of patients are presented and discussed. The differences between Whites and Blacks are similar to those reported from the USA, and the Coloured patients resemble the Blacks. The study clarifies some of the misconceptions about the incidence of sarcoidosis in South Africa, and documents the similarity of sarcoidosis in American and African Blacks.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis in South Africa. A comparative study in Whites, Blacks and Coloureds. One hundred and ten cases of sarcoidosis seen in Cape Town over a 7-year period (1969-1975) are reported. Seventy-one patients were Coloured, 25 Black and 14 White. The calculated minimum incidence of sarcoidosis in the Cape Peninsula is 23,2/100 000 population in Blacks, 11,6/100 000 in Coloureds and 3,7/100 000 in Whites. Differences in the incidence, presentation, clinical and laboratory features in the three groups of patients are presented and discussed. The differences between Whites and Blacks are similar to those reported from the USA, and the Coloured patients resemble the Blacks. The study clarifies some of the misconceptions about the incidence of sarcoidosis in South Africa, and documents the similarity of sarcoidosis in American and African Blacks."}
{"id": "PMID:918804", "title": "[Smokers on Bloemfontein schools: profile and standpoint].", "content": "Primary prevention is now the first priority of research on smoking. A study was made of 1 505 children of 12 high schools situated in a conservative Afrikaans-speaking community in an attempt to determine the characteristics of the smoking and non-smoking groups. Of the total group 16% were smokers. The male/female ratio was 3:1. The mean age at which smoking commenced was 15,5 years. A positive relationship was found between the smoking habits of the smokers and those of their parents and best friends. The majority of pupils think that smoking is addictive. In addition, they believe that it is unhealthy and leads to poor sporting achievements. The great majority of smokers and non-smokers agree that non-smokers do better at school. Fathers of both smokers and non-smokers do not favour the habit. Ninety per cent of the boys and 83% of the girls started smoking between 12 and 18 years of age. The critical age for a preventive programme is thus 11 years.", "contents": "[Smokers on Bloemfontein schools: profile and standpoint]. Primary prevention is now the first priority of research on smoking. A study was made of 1 505 children of 12 high schools situated in a conservative Afrikaans-speaking community in an attempt to determine the characteristics of the smoking and non-smoking groups. Of the total group 16% were smokers. The male/female ratio was 3:1. The mean age at which smoking commenced was 15,5 years. A positive relationship was found between the smoking habits of the smokers and those of their parents and best friends. The majority of pupils think that smoking is addictive. In addition, they believe that it is unhealthy and leads to poor sporting achievements. The great majority of smokers and non-smokers agree that non-smokers do better at school. Fathers of both smokers and non-smokers do not favour the habit. Ninety per cent of the boys and 83% of the girls started smoking between 12 and 18 years of age. The critical age for a preventive programme is thus 11 years."}
{"id": "PMID:918805", "title": "Alcoholics and the emergency ward. Part I. Clinical characteristics.", "content": "A study of White and Black (Black, Cape Coloured and Asiatic) male alcoholics who attended the psychiatric emergency service unit at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, is presented. The psychosocial and clinical characteristics are described and compared. In addition, the associated physical and psychiatric morbidity is tabulated.", "contents": "Alcoholics and the emergency ward. Part I. Clinical characteristics. A study of White and Black (Black, Cape Coloured and Asiatic) male alcoholics who attended the psychiatric emergency service unit at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, is presented. The psychosocial and clinical characteristics are described and compared. In addition, the associated physical and psychiatric morbidity is tabulated."}
{"id": "PMID:918806", "title": "Intussusception in haemophilia: a case report.", "content": "A case of intussusception in a haemophilic boy is described. The presumed cause was an intramural haematoma, which resulted in an ileocolic intussuception. This appears to be the first reported case which has been reduced by barium enema. It is suggested that this method, together with factor VIII replacement therapy as soon as possible after the development of symptoms, is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Intussusception in haemophilia: a case report. A case of intussusception in a haemophilic boy is described. The presumed cause was an intramural haematoma, which resulted in an ileocolic intussuception. This appears to be the first reported case which has been reduced by barium enema. It is suggested that this method, together with factor VIII replacement therapy as soon as possible after the development of symptoms, is the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:918815", "title": "Aid to families with dependent children: an overview, October 1977.", "content": "In 1977, reorganization of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare brought together in the Social Security Administration three major income-maintenance system--old age, survivors, and disability insurance; supplemental security income; and aid to families with dependent children. These are distinct and separate programs differing in purpose and in methods of financing and administration but often serving different members of the same household. The Federal-State program for aid to families with dependent children program (AFDC) is a grant-in-aid program and in many ways reflects the local policies in the 54 States and jurisdictions in both administration and levels of payments. This article outlines its national structure and variations in the program and describes how this cash assistance program operates to provide income for more than 11.2 million needy recipients in 3.6 million families, including almost 8 million children. In May 1977, program payments totaled about $840 million a month.", "contents": "Aid to families with dependent children: an overview, October 1977. In 1977, reorganization of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare brought together in the Social Security Administration three major income-maintenance system--old age, survivors, and disability insurance; supplemental security income; and aid to families with dependent children. These are distinct and separate programs differing in purpose and in methods of financing and administration but often serving different members of the same household. The Federal-State program for aid to families with dependent children program (AFDC) is a grant-in-aid program and in many ways reflects the local policies in the 54 States and jurisdictions in both administration and levels of payments. This article outlines its national structure and variations in the program and describes how this cash assistance program operates to provide income for more than 11.2 million needy recipients in 3.6 million families, including almost 8 million children. In May 1977, program payments totaled about $840 million a month."}
{"id": "PMID:918817", "title": "Emotional reactions of patient, family, and staff in acute-care period of spinal cord injury: part 1.", "content": "In the Spinal Cord Injury Center at New York University Hospital, designed for optimal application of acute-care methods to the newly spinal cord injured, social workers have had the opportunity to observe the various emotional reactions of patients, family members, and staff during the crisis period. Four different types, or stages, of reactions have been identified: shock, denial, anger, and depression. Description and analysis of these stages are presented here with implications for treatment, as well as their significance in the long-term rehabilitation period that usually follows. Part 1 of this paper presents introductory material and description of the patients' reactions. Part 2, in the succeeding issue, will present reactions of family and staff.", "contents": "Emotional reactions of patient, family, and staff in acute-care period of spinal cord injury: part 1. In the Spinal Cord Injury Center at New York University Hospital, designed for optimal application of acute-care methods to the newly spinal cord injured, social workers have had the opportunity to observe the various emotional reactions of patients, family members, and staff during the crisis period. Four different types, or stages, of reactions have been identified: shock, denial, anger, and depression. Description and analysis of these stages are presented here with implications for treatment, as well as their significance in the long-term rehabilitation period that usually follows. Part 1 of this paper presents introductory material and description of the patients' reactions. Part 2, in the succeeding issue, will present reactions of family and staff."}
{"id": "PMID:918818", "title": "A preventive program for bereaved families.", "content": "The bereaved are a population at high risk for the development of subsequent emotional and physical illness. This paper describes a preventive program for families of cardiovascular surgery and oncology patients facing possible or inevitable death. The purpose of the program is prevention or redlction of the negative consequences of unresolved grief. The social worker's prior relationship with the family is used to provide advance preparation for possible or anticipated death, immediate intervention at the time a death occurs, preparation for the course of the normal grief reaction, and outpatient follow-up. The response of the bereaved has indicated that the service is effective in facilitating adjustment to the death of a family member, and the program has been adapted for other patient populations.", "contents": "A preventive program for bereaved families. The bereaved are a population at high risk for the development of subsequent emotional and physical illness. This paper describes a preventive program for families of cardiovascular surgery and oncology patients facing possible or inevitable death. The purpose of the program is prevention or redlction of the negative consequences of unresolved grief. The social worker's prior relationship with the family is used to provide advance preparation for possible or anticipated death, immediate intervention at the time a death occurs, preparation for the course of the normal grief reaction, and outpatient follow-up. The response of the bereaved has indicated that the service is effective in facilitating adjustment to the death of a family member, and the program has been adapted for other patient populations."}
{"id": "PMID:918819", "title": "The intensive care unit: social work intervention with the families of critically ill patients.", "content": "Hospital intensive care units can be a significant practice area for social workers. Nowhere are families in more obvious crises than when faced with the life-threatening illness of a significant other who may be unresponsive and dependent on a frightening array of highly technical equipment. Using the crisis model for their intervention, social workers can significantly lessen the trauma experienced by these families. Additionally, they can develop other supportive hospital resources such as family groups and volunteer services to help meet their needs.", "contents": "The intensive care unit: social work intervention with the families of critically ill patients. Hospital intensive care units can be a significant practice area for social workers. Nowhere are families in more obvious crises than when faced with the life-threatening illness of a significant other who may be unresponsive and dependent on a frightening array of highly technical equipment. Using the crisis model for their intervention, social workers can significantly lessen the trauma experienced by these families. Additionally, they can develop other supportive hospital resources such as family groups and volunteer services to help meet their needs."}
{"id": "PMID:918820", "title": "Advantages of multifamily therapy for families of psychiatric inpatients.", "content": "This paper considers the effectiveness of multifamily therapy as a treatment for families of emotionally ill patients who are hospitalized. Multifamily therapy groups on two sections of the C. F. Menninger Memorial Hospital are described, with special reference to variations in the criteria for inclusion of members. Initial findings of a limited study of one of the groups suggest a high degree of agreement among parent-members as to the ameliorative effect of this type of therapy, notably its capacity to assuage feelings of isolation.", "contents": "Advantages of multifamily therapy for families of psychiatric inpatients. This paper considers the effectiveness of multifamily therapy as a treatment for families of emotionally ill patients who are hospitalized. Multifamily therapy groups on two sections of the C. F. Menninger Memorial Hospital are described, with special reference to variations in the criteria for inclusion of members. Initial findings of a limited study of one of the groups suggest a high degree of agreement among parent-members as to the ameliorative effect of this type of therapy, notably its capacity to assuage feelings of isolation."}
{"id": "PMID:918821", "title": "Social work in health care in the next ten years.", "content": "The social worker in health settings in the future will have more medical knowledge that affects his practice, be a more active psychosocial counselor, and be prepared to work in group practice that includes a number of disciplines. The social work department of the future will be organized in a more decentralized fashion, and will develop stronger links to other clinical and administrative departments within the medical center, to departments of social work of other medical centers, and particularly with community groups outside of the hospital. The department will need to assign manpower expertise in such areas as knowledge of changing social and welfare systems, legislation affecting programs, as well as in research, computerization, data gathering, and retrieval.", "contents": "Social work in health care in the next ten years. The social worker in health settings in the future will have more medical knowledge that affects his practice, be a more active psychosocial counselor, and be prepared to work in group practice that includes a number of disciplines. The social work department of the future will be organized in a more decentralized fashion, and will develop stronger links to other clinical and administrative departments within the medical center, to departments of social work of other medical centers, and particularly with community groups outside of the hospital. The department will need to assign manpower expertise in such areas as knowledge of changing social and welfare systems, legislation affecting programs, as well as in research, computerization, data gathering, and retrieval."}
{"id": "PMID:918822", "title": "Social work education for health care practice.", "content": "The probable future developments in social work education for health care practice are viewed from a systems perspective. The developing needs of social work in health care are examined within the context of the developing needs of the broader field of social work practice, since changes in this larger system cannot but impact upon the health care social work subsystem. Similarly, education for health care social work practice is seen within the perspective of the broader system of social work education for practice in general, because developments in this larger system determine the directions that will be taken by the smaller system of educational training. The interfacing of the two systems, social work practice and social work education, is examined.", "contents": "Social work education for health care practice. The probable future developments in social work education for health care practice are viewed from a systems perspective. The developing needs of social work in health care are examined within the context of the developing needs of the broader field of social work practice, since changes in this larger system cannot but impact upon the health care social work subsystem. Similarly, education for health care social work practice is seen within the perspective of the broader system of social work education for practice in general, because developments in this larger system determine the directions that will be taken by the smaller system of educational training. The interfacing of the two systems, social work practice and social work education, is examined."}
{"id": "PMID:918824", "title": "A multimodel approach to collaborative practice in health settings.", "content": "Health care professionals, under growing pressure to improve the effectiveness of their efforts, are giving increasing attention to interprofessional processes. While many aspects of collaboration have been studied, insufficient attention has been directed to the problem of how the characteristics of the organizational environment in which the collaboration takes place shape its form and process. The authors believe that the environment of the hospital indicates need for a multimodel approach to collaborative practice, and provides clues to its implementation.", "contents": "A multimodel approach to collaborative practice in health settings. Health care professionals, under growing pressure to improve the effectiveness of their efforts, are giving increasing attention to interprofessional processes. While many aspects of collaboration have been studied, insufficient attention has been directed to the problem of how the characteristics of the organizational environment in which the collaboration takes place shape its form and process. The authors believe that the environment of the hospital indicates need for a multimodel approach to collaborative practice, and provides clues to its implementation."}
{"id": "PMID:918825", "title": "The control of cell proliferation by preformed purines: a genetic study. II. Pleiotropic manifestations and mechanism of a control exerted by adenylic purines on PRPP synthesis.", "content": "When plated in medium containing 0.5 microgram/ml coformycin and adenosine (or adenine) fibroblasts were killed, even if pyrimidines were supplied. Measurements of N-formylglycine amide ribonucleotide synthesis showed that lethality is a manifestation of purine starvation. In the case of adenosine kinase deficient cells, growth was restored by hypoxanthine. The adenylic derivatives block only purine biosynthesis, presumably by inhibition of PRPP-amidotransferase. In this same medium, wild-type cells exhibited symptoms of PRPP deprivation: purine and pyrimidine syntheses were both shut off and HGPRT was simultaneously inactivated. The pleiotropic control by adenosine was abolished in adenosine-resistant mutants that behaved as PRPP \"over-producers.\" These mutations conferred partial resistance to various toxic purine and pyrimidine analogs and preserved HGPRT activity in adenosine-containing medium.  This permits selection against these mutants. Evidence suggesting that adenosine kinase products may fulfill a specific function in the regulation of PRPP synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "The control of cell proliferation by preformed purines: a genetic study. II. Pleiotropic manifestations and mechanism of a control exerted by adenylic purines on PRPP synthesis. When plated in medium containing 0.5 microgram/ml coformycin and adenosine (or adenine) fibroblasts were killed, even if pyrimidines were supplied. Measurements of N-formylglycine amide ribonucleotide synthesis showed that lethality is a manifestation of purine starvation. In the case of adenosine kinase deficient cells, growth was restored by hypoxanthine. The adenylic derivatives block only purine biosynthesis, presumably by inhibition of PRPP-amidotransferase. In this same medium, wild-type cells exhibited symptoms of PRPP deprivation: purine and pyrimidine syntheses were both shut off and HGPRT was simultaneously inactivated. The pleiotropic control by adenosine was abolished in adenosine-resistant mutants that behaved as PRPP \"over-producers.\" These mutations conferred partial resistance to various toxic purine and pyrimidine analogs and preserved HGPRT activity in adenosine-containing medium.  This permits selection against these mutants. Evidence suggesting that adenosine kinase products may fulfill a specific function in the regulation of PRPP synthesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918829", "title": "Metastasis of carcinoma of cervix uteri to convexity meningioma.", "content": "A cerebral collision tumor in which a convexity meningioma was  invaded by a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix uteri is described. This is the first time such a lesion has been reported to invade a cerebral meningioma. The patient lived three active years postoperatively until the lesion recurred. Her status then deteriorated, and she died five years after the operation. This was a longer follow-up than any among the other 17 cases of carcinomatous metastases to meningiomas found in the literature.", "contents": "Metastasis of carcinoma of cervix uteri to convexity meningioma. A cerebral collision tumor in which a convexity meningioma was  invaded by a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix uteri is described. This is the first time such a lesion has been reported to invade a cerebral meningioma. The patient lived three active years postoperatively until the lesion recurred. Her status then deteriorated, and she died five years after the operation. This was a longer follow-up than any among the other 17 cases of carcinomatous metastases to meningiomas found in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:918830", "title": "Technical adjuncts in neurosurgery.", "content": "Modifications of several surgical adjuncts are presented: a balanced microscope stand with mouthpiece and hand controls, a piston release operating stool, a support device for resting the surgeon's arms, a table mounted arm with coupling head for attaching self-retaining brain retractors, fish hook retractors, suction tubes, bipolar forceps, aneurysm clips and mobile tip mirrors. Although many of these changes are minor, they considerably facilitate microneurosurgical procedures.", "contents": "Technical adjuncts in neurosurgery. Modifications of several surgical adjuncts are presented: a balanced microscope stand with mouthpiece and hand controls, a piston release operating stool, a support device for resting the surgeon's arms, a table mounted arm with coupling head for attaching self-retaining brain retractors, fish hook retractors, suction tubes, bipolar forceps, aneurysm clips and mobile tip mirrors. Although many of these changes are minor, they considerably facilitate microneurosurgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:918831", "title": "Periventricular lucency in hydrocephalus on computerized tomography.", "content": "The ventricular margin on computerized tomography (CT) was examined in patients with dilated ventricles. In childhood and adult hydrocephalus of various causes, periventricular lucency of several degrees was often detected in the frontal horn, when hydrocephalus had progressed to an advanced stage. Since the periventricular low density zone disappears in a short time after a shunting operation, together with a reduction of the ventricles to normal size, the lucent zone around the ventricles may represent an increase in water content in periventricular white matter. This is consistent with periventricular edema, rather than loss of lipids and proteins.", "contents": "Periventricular lucency in hydrocephalus on computerized tomography. The ventricular margin on computerized tomography (CT) was examined in patients with dilated ventricles. In childhood and adult hydrocephalus of various causes, periventricular lucency of several degrees was often detected in the frontal horn, when hydrocephalus had progressed to an advanced stage. Since the periventricular low density zone disappears in a short time after a shunting operation, together with a reduction of the ventricles to normal size, the lucent zone around the ventricles may represent an increase in water content in periventricular white matter. This is consistent with periventricular edema, rather than loss of lipids and proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:918832", "title": "Closed needle biopsy in the diagnosis of intracranial mass lesions.", "content": "A retrospective study was performed on 54 patients with intracranial mass lesions who underwent closed needle biopsy using freehand and stereotactic biopsy techniques. A diagnosis of brain neoplasm was established in 44 of 54 patients, and nonneoplastic abnormalities were discovered in an additional six cases. Permanent neurologic worsening was noted in two instances following biopsy, and a single patient died as a result of the procedure. Closed needle biopsy, particulary when done stereotactically, appears to be a resonably safe and efficacious means of establishing a tissue diagnosis in carefully selected patients suspected of harboring a deep-seated supratentorial cerebral neoplasm.", "contents": "Closed needle biopsy in the diagnosis of intracranial mass lesions. A retrospective study was performed on 54 patients with intracranial mass lesions who underwent closed needle biopsy using freehand and stereotactic biopsy techniques. A diagnosis of brain neoplasm was established in 44 of 54 patients, and nonneoplastic abnormalities were discovered in an additional six cases. Permanent neurologic worsening was noted in two instances following biopsy, and a single patient died as a result of the procedure. Closed needle biopsy, particulary when done stereotactically, appears to be a resonably safe and efficacious means of establishing a tissue diagnosis in carefully selected patients suspected of harboring a deep-seated supratentorial cerebral neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:918833", "title": "Giant spinal extradural cyst.", "content": "A case of giant extradural cyst in a 13-year-old girl is described. The cyst was formed by the arachnoid membrane which extruded through a wide lumbar dural defect. It extended from the midthoracic region down to the sacral canal. At operation a large portion of the cystic wall was removed, but the dural defect was not repaired. Two spino-peritoneal shunts were left in place to drain both the intradural and the extradural spaces. The treatment has proved successful during the 20 months that the patient has been observed.", "contents": "Giant spinal extradural cyst. A case of giant extradural cyst in a 13-year-old girl is described. The cyst was formed by the arachnoid membrane which extruded through a wide lumbar dural defect. It extended from the midthoracic region down to the sacral canal. At operation a large portion of the cystic wall was removed, but the dural defect was not repaired. Two spino-peritoneal shunts were left in place to drain both the intradural and the extradural spaces. The treatment has proved successful during the 20 months that the patient has been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:918835", "title": "Dural arteriovenous malformation in the anterior fossa.", "content": "A case of dural arteriovenous malformation in the anterior fossa is reported. It first caused a subarachnoid hemorrhage and subsequently an intracerebral hematoma. Pertinent literature is briefly reviewed. Such malformations may be divided into three groups; those involving primarily the basal dura mater of the anterior fossa, the anterior portion of the falx, or the dura mater of the frontal convexity. Principal blood supply comes from the ophthalmic artery with an additional supply from the external carotid system. The treatment of choice is surgical excision with or without artificial embolization of the feeding arteries from the external carotid artery.", "contents": "Dural arteriovenous malformation in the anterior fossa. A case of dural arteriovenous malformation in the anterior fossa is reported. It first caused a subarachnoid hemorrhage and subsequently an intracerebral hematoma. Pertinent literature is briefly reviewed. Such malformations may be divided into three groups; those involving primarily the basal dura mater of the anterior fossa, the anterior portion of the falx, or the dura mater of the frontal convexity. Principal blood supply comes from the ophthalmic artery with an additional supply from the external carotid system. The treatment of choice is surgical excision with or without artificial embolization of the feeding arteries from the external carotid artery."}
{"id": "PMID:918838", "title": "Microsurgical anatomy and dissection of the temporal bone.", "content": "The topographic and internal anatomy of the temporal bone is reviewed with emphasis on the relationships important to the suboccipital, middle fossa and translabyrinthine surgical approaches to the internal auditory canal. The equipment and materials needed for temporal bone dissection in the laboratory are reviewed. A stepwise method of dissection for each of the three surgical approaches to the internal acoustic meatus is outlined for both the dry and wet temporal bone.", "contents": "Microsurgical anatomy and dissection of the temporal bone. The topographic and internal anatomy of the temporal bone is reviewed with emphasis on the relationships important to the suboccipital, middle fossa and translabyrinthine surgical approaches to the internal auditory canal. The equipment and materials needed for temporal bone dissection in the laboratory are reviewed. A stepwise method of dissection for each of the three surgical approaches to the internal acoustic meatus is outlined for both the dry and wet temporal bone."}
{"id": "PMID:918843", "title": "Unilateral Raynaud's phenomenon in the hand and its significance.", "content": "Eighty eight cases of unilateral Raynaud's phenomenon of the hand were studied. The condition in most is progressive and should be treated early--before irreversible changes occur.", "contents": "Unilateral Raynaud's phenomenon in the hand and its significance. Eighty eight cases of unilateral Raynaud's phenomenon of the hand were studied. The condition in most is progressive and should be treated early--before irreversible changes occur."}
{"id": "PMID:918844", "title": "Macroamylasemia.", "content": "Macroamylasemia, characterized by hyperamylasemia and a normal urinary amylase, has no known specific clinical symptoms. The disparity in serum and urinary amylase levels is due to a macromolecular amylase complex too large for glomerular filtration. This syndrome is presented in a patient with cholecystitis and a partial small bowel obstruction accompanied by persistent pre- and postoperative hyperamylasemia with proven macroamylasemia. The renal amylase clearance to creatinine clearance (CAM/CCR) ratio confirms this hyperamylasemic entity.", "contents": "Macroamylasemia. Macroamylasemia, characterized by hyperamylasemia and a normal urinary amylase, has no known specific clinical symptoms. The disparity in serum and urinary amylase levels is due to a macromolecular amylase complex too large for glomerular filtration. This syndrome is presented in a patient with cholecystitis and a partial small bowel obstruction accompanied by persistent pre- and postoperative hyperamylasemia with proven macroamylasemia. The renal amylase clearance to creatinine clearance (CAM/CCR) ratio confirms this hyperamylasemic entity."}
{"id": "PMID:918845", "title": "Intracaval breakage of umbrella filter.", "content": "This is a case report of the breakage of an umbrella filter 2 years after it had been inserted into the inferior vena cava of a young, active woman. The possible causes of the breakage are discussed. The authors feel that metal fatigue of the ribs of the filter was the most likely cause of the breakage. The varying degrees of intracaval pressure resulting from the normal physical activity of this patient could explain the metal fatigue.  the potential dangers of this complication, as well as of other complications associated with the use of this type of device, also are discussed. The authors feel that the age and the likely subsequent physical activity of the patient are important factors to be considered when choosing this modality of treatment for pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Intracaval breakage of umbrella filter. This is a case report of the breakage of an umbrella filter 2 years after it had been inserted into the inferior vena cava of a young, active woman. The possible causes of the breakage are discussed. The authors feel that metal fatigue of the ribs of the filter was the most likely cause of the breakage. The varying degrees of intracaval pressure resulting from the normal physical activity of this patient could explain the metal fatigue.  the potential dangers of this complication, as well as of other complications associated with the use of this type of device, also are discussed. The authors feel that the age and the likely subsequent physical activity of the patient are important factors to be considered when choosing this modality of treatment for pulmonary embolism."}
{"id": "PMID:918840", "title": "Congenital alacrima.", "content": "A sixteen-year-old black male with congenital alacrima and deficient salivary secretion demonstrated evidence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The workup revealed elevated immunoglobulins and histologically normal lacrimal and salivary glands, but there was deposition of amyloid in the conjunctival stroma. The differential diagnosis of the dry eye is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital alacrima. A sixteen-year-old black male with congenital alacrima and deficient salivary secretion demonstrated evidence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The workup revealed elevated immunoglobulins and histologically normal lacrimal and salivary glands, but there was deposition of amyloid in the conjunctival stroma. The differential diagnosis of the dry eye is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918846", "title": "Surgical or conservative treatment in hiatal hernias in children: a new decisive parameter.", "content": "The authors have investigated the role of gastric acidity in the evaluation of cardiohiatal anomalies. Results are given of maximal gastric acid (MAO) investigations made in 155 children. Children in whom postural therapy failed and those with an ulcerlike syndrome have much higher MAO values than does the group who responded well to postural therapy and to a control group. Hyperacidity indicates a high probability of a poor response to postural therapy. Therefore measurement of gastric acidity is advisable in all patients with hiatus hernia, and early surgical therapy should be recommended in those with hyperacidity.", "contents": "Surgical or conservative treatment in hiatal hernias in children: a new decisive parameter. The authors have investigated the role of gastric acidity in the evaluation of cardiohiatal anomalies. Results are given of maximal gastric acid (MAO) investigations made in 155 children. Children in whom postural therapy failed and those with an ulcerlike syndrome have much higher MAO values than does the group who responded well to postural therapy and to a control group. Hyperacidity indicates a high probability of a poor response to postural therapy. Therefore measurement of gastric acidity is advisable in all patients with hiatus hernia, and early surgical therapy should be recommended in those with hyperacidity."}
{"id": "PMID:918847", "title": "The effect of oxidized regenerated cellulose on experimental intravascular infection.", "content": "Two groups of dogs had aortotomies and insertion of a Teflon patch. One group had the area of the aorta with the patch wrapped with oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC); the other group served as a control. Both groups of animals were infected with S. aureus intravenously immediately after removal of the aortic clamps. The animals which had ORC wrapping of the aorta had significantly lower bacterial counts at the time of death than did the untreated group. This was measured from an hour after challenge up to 30 days.", "contents": "The effect of oxidized regenerated cellulose on experimental intravascular infection. Two groups of dogs had aortotomies and insertion of a Teflon patch. One group had the area of the aorta with the patch wrapped with oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC); the other group served as a control. Both groups of animals were infected with S. aureus intravenously immediately after removal of the aortic clamps. The animals which had ORC wrapping of the aorta had significantly lower bacterial counts at the time of death than did the untreated group. This was measured from an hour after challenge up to 30 days."}
{"id": "PMID:918839", "title": "Hydatid cyst of the orbit.", "content": "When echinococcosis (hydatid disease) attacks the orbit, surgical treatment is required. Although complications of the transcutaneous approach have been disastrous, a lateral orbital approach, removing the ectocyst from within the capsule, has been successful. Epidemiological, clinical and pathological features of 11 cases of echinococcosis of the orbit are described, and the recommended surgical procedure is outlined.", "contents": "Hydatid cyst of the orbit. When echinococcosis (hydatid disease) attacks the orbit, surgical treatment is required. Although complications of the transcutaneous approach have been disastrous, a lateral orbital approach, removing the ectocyst from within the capsule, has been successful. Epidemiological, clinical and pathological features of 11 cases of echinococcosis of the orbit are described, and the recommended surgical procedure is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:918848", "title": "Hepatic support with hepatocyte suspensions in a permeable membrane dialyzer.", "content": "Hepatic support by whole liver, liver slice, or hepatocyte perfusion is unsatisfactory. A new concept of support with circulating hepatocytes on one side of a cuprophan membrane and blood from an anhepatic pig on the other was evaluated in 19 dialysis experiments. Levels of pyruvate metabolism and oxygen utilization were similar to those obtained when liver cells in a centrifuge are perfused with oxygenated plasma. Of six anhepatic pigs given late hepatic support, five showed neurologic improvement. One had concomitant improvement in electroencephalographic results. A membrane hemodiolysis unit in which hepatocytes circulate against blood from an anhepatic animal is the most suitable extracorporeal liver support unit described so far. Its simplicity allows repeated and prolonged use.", "contents": "Hepatic support with hepatocyte suspensions in a permeable membrane dialyzer. Hepatic support by whole liver, liver slice, or hepatocyte perfusion is unsatisfactory. A new concept of support with circulating hepatocytes on one side of a cuprophan membrane and blood from an anhepatic pig on the other was evaluated in 19 dialysis experiments. Levels of pyruvate metabolism and oxygen utilization were similar to those obtained when liver cells in a centrifuge are perfused with oxygenated plasma. Of six anhepatic pigs given late hepatic support, five showed neurologic improvement. One had concomitant improvement in electroencephalographic results. A membrane hemodiolysis unit in which hepatocytes circulate against blood from an anhepatic animal is the most suitable extracorporeal liver support unit described so far. Its simplicity allows repeated and prolonged use."}
{"id": "PMID:918849", "title": "Hodgkin's disease complicating Crohn's colitis.", "content": "A case of Hodgkin's disease involving an area of Crohn's colitis in a patient with a 20-year history of inflammatory bowel disease is described. The coexistence of Crohn's disease and Hodgkin's lymphoma has not been reported previously. The possible relationship between gastrointestinal lymphoma and Crohn's disease also is discussed.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease complicating Crohn's colitis. A case of Hodgkin's disease involving an area of Crohn's colitis in a patient with a 20-year history of inflammatory bowel disease is described. The coexistence of Crohn's disease and Hodgkin's lymphoma has not been reported previously. The possible relationship between gastrointestinal lymphoma and Crohn's disease also is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918850", "title": "Acute reversible renal failure following jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity: a clinical and pathological (EM) study of a case.", "content": "A patient who underwent jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity developed servere renal failure associated with hyperoxaluria and renal oxalosis. Renal function improved and oxalate excretion decreased following hemodialysis and restoration of gastrointestinal continuity.", "contents": "Acute reversible renal failure following jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity: a clinical and pathological (EM) study of a case. A patient who underwent jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity developed servere renal failure associated with hyperoxaluria and renal oxalosis. Renal function improved and oxalate excretion decreased following hemodialysis and restoration of gastrointestinal continuity."}
{"id": "PMID:918852", "title": "Effects of portacaval anastomosis on liver and brain protein synthesis in rats.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro protein synthesis was measured in livers from rats 3 weeks after a portacaval shunt (PCS) operation. A marked reduction in protein synthesis was observed, amounting to a 66 and 47% of inhibition, respectively. Above-saturation levels of amino acids were used in both conditions. The level of free exogenous amino acid was elevated consistently in the PCS animals 1 hour after isotope injection. In support of the data on liver protein synthesis, the incorporated radioactivity in serum proteins was reduced markedly. Heart muscle protein synthesis was unchanged while brain protein synthesis was inhibited when assayed in vivo. Neuronal cells showed a more marked inhibition of protein synthesis than did glial cells.", "contents": "Effects of portacaval anastomosis on liver and brain protein synthesis in rats. In vivo and in vitro protein synthesis was measured in livers from rats 3 weeks after a portacaval shunt (PCS) operation. A marked reduction in protein synthesis was observed, amounting to a 66 and 47% of inhibition, respectively. Above-saturation levels of amino acids were used in both conditions. The level of free exogenous amino acid was elevated consistently in the PCS animals 1 hour after isotope injection. In support of the data on liver protein synthesis, the incorporated radioactivity in serum proteins was reduced markedly. Heart muscle protein synthesis was unchanged while brain protein synthesis was inhibited when assayed in vivo. Neuronal cells showed a more marked inhibition of protein synthesis than did glial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:918853", "title": "Extracranial to intracranial vascular anastomosis for occlusive cerebrovascular disease: experience in 110 patients.", "content": "In an attempt to ascertain the value of extra- to intracranial arterial bypass for cerebrovascular disease, the general topic of bypass surgery is reviewed and the results of this procedure in 110 patients are analyzed. The feasibility of high patency rates of the anastomosis with acceptably low permanent morbidity and operative mortality rates is demonstrated. Lesions producing transient ischemic attacks which previously were considered to be inoperable or inaccessible can be bypassed by this procedure, and there appears to be a dramatic improvement in the symptomotology of virtually all patients. Patients with a mild stroke or \"progressive stroke\" also appear to benefit from bypass, but the erratic natural history of these entities precludes irrefutable substantiation of this conclusion. Patients with moderate-to-serve neurological deficits do not appear to be improved by this procedure. In our group of 20 patients presenting with transient ischemic attacks who have had more than 3 years of follow-up, only one patient has suffered a stroke and that was located in the opposite hemisphere.", "contents": "Extracranial to intracranial vascular anastomosis for occlusive cerebrovascular disease: experience in 110 patients. In an attempt to ascertain the value of extra- to intracranial arterial bypass for cerebrovascular disease, the general topic of bypass surgery is reviewed and the results of this procedure in 110 patients are analyzed. The feasibility of high patency rates of the anastomosis with acceptably low permanent morbidity and operative mortality rates is demonstrated. Lesions producing transient ischemic attacks which previously were considered to be inoperable or inaccessible can be bypassed by this procedure, and there appears to be a dramatic improvement in the symptomotology of virtually all patients. Patients with a mild stroke or \"progressive stroke\" also appear to benefit from bypass, but the erratic natural history of these entities precludes irrefutable substantiation of this conclusion. Patients with moderate-to-serve neurological deficits do not appear to be improved by this procedure. In our group of 20 patients presenting with transient ischemic attacks who have had more than 3 years of follow-up, only one patient has suffered a stroke and that was located in the opposite hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:918855", "title": "Characteristics of inhibition of pancreatic secretion by isoproterenol.", "content": "The effect of isoproterenol on pancreatic secretion stimulated by the octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK) was studied in dogs with gastric and pancreatic fistulas. Special precautions were taken to prevent entry of gastric acid into the duodenum and reflux of duodenal content into the stomach. OP-CCK increased volume and the outputs of bicarbonate and protein from the pancreas. Isoproterenol inhibited these pancreatic responses to OP-CCK, and the degree of inhibition was dose related. Propranolol blocked the inhibitory action of isoproterenol completely. Analysis of data by Michaelis-Menten kinetics revealed that there was competitive inhibition of protein output with noncompetitive inhibition of bicarbonate output. The experiments show that isoproterenol inhibits OP-CCK--stimulated pancreatic secretion by a beta-adrenergic mechanism. The kinetic analysis suggests that the intimate mechanisms involved in inhibition of protein and bicarbonate output by isoproterenol are different.", "contents": "Characteristics of inhibition of pancreatic secretion by isoproterenol. The effect of isoproterenol on pancreatic secretion stimulated by the octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK) was studied in dogs with gastric and pancreatic fistulas. Special precautions were taken to prevent entry of gastric acid into the duodenum and reflux of duodenal content into the stomach. OP-CCK increased volume and the outputs of bicarbonate and protein from the pancreas. Isoproterenol inhibited these pancreatic responses to OP-CCK, and the degree of inhibition was dose related. Propranolol blocked the inhibitory action of isoproterenol completely. Analysis of data by Michaelis-Menten kinetics revealed that there was competitive inhibition of protein output with noncompetitive inhibition of bicarbonate output. The experiments show that isoproterenol inhibits OP-CCK--stimulated pancreatic secretion by a beta-adrenergic mechanism. The kinetic analysis suggests that the intimate mechanisms involved in inhibition of protein and bicarbonate output by isoproterenol are different."}
{"id": "PMID:918857", "title": "Surgical management of the totally occluded carotid artery.", "content": "Surgical revascularization of the completely occluded carotid artery was evaluated in 19 symptomatic patients who had recurrent episodes of amaurosis fugax or transient hemiparesis. Nine had complete internal carotid occlusion on arteriography and 10 had severe stenosis which had progressed to total occlusion by the time of surgical exploration. At operation irreparable fibrotic changes were observed in four patients, but in 15 a pattern of proximal focal obstruction with relatively healthy distal internal carotid vessels was observed. Thromboendarterectomy produced good back-bleeding in most of these and resulted in improved carotid flow after operation. Seventeen of 19 patients were relieved of symptoms. Two patients continued to have symptoms, but less frequently. There were no deaths after operation. Follow-up from 3 to 36 months showed no change from immediate postoperative results. This study suggests that carotid artery exploration and thromboendarterectomy should be considered when transient ischemic episodes are present despite complete internal carotid artery occlusion.", "contents": "Surgical management of the totally occluded carotid artery. Surgical revascularization of the completely occluded carotid artery was evaluated in 19 symptomatic patients who had recurrent episodes of amaurosis fugax or transient hemiparesis. Nine had complete internal carotid occlusion on arteriography and 10 had severe stenosis which had progressed to total occlusion by the time of surgical exploration. At operation irreparable fibrotic changes were observed in four patients, but in 15 a pattern of proximal focal obstruction with relatively healthy distal internal carotid vessels was observed. Thromboendarterectomy produced good back-bleeding in most of these and resulted in improved carotid flow after operation. Seventeen of 19 patients were relieved of symptoms. Two patients continued to have symptoms, but less frequently. There were no deaths after operation. Follow-up from 3 to 36 months showed no change from immediate postoperative results. This study suggests that carotid artery exploration and thromboendarterectomy should be considered when transient ischemic episodes are present despite complete internal carotid artery occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:918858", "title": "The use of velocity wave form analysis in the diagnosis of carotid artery occlusive disease.", "content": "Velocity wave form analysis (VWFA) was carried out on 75 velocity tracings recorded from the common carotid artery with a continuous wave Doppler. Grouped according to clinical status, there were 20 young \"normals\" (I), 18 old \"normals\" (II), 15 stenoses of less than 50% diameter (III), 13 stenoses of greater than 50% (IV), and nine complete occlusions (V). Five of the nine dimesnions analyzed were found to be more discriminating than the others. Using these dimensions in an equation derived by discriminant analysis, the \"score\" of each tracing placed it into the appropriate clinical category with 95% accuracy. The accuracy rate of separating normal, stenosed, and occluded carotids was 100%. The accuracy of VWFA was limited (82%) only in discriminating between greater than and less less than 50% stenosis by diameter. Twenty-one of the 37 patients identified by VWFA as having carotid artery occlusive disease (CAOD) had normal supraorbital artery Doppler tests. Highly significant improvements in the velocity wave form of 10 carotid arteries were produced by endarterectomy.", "contents": "The use of velocity wave form analysis in the diagnosis of carotid artery occlusive disease. Velocity wave form analysis (VWFA) was carried out on 75 velocity tracings recorded from the common carotid artery with a continuous wave Doppler. Grouped according to clinical status, there were 20 young \"normals\" (I), 18 old \"normals\" (II), 15 stenoses of less than 50% diameter (III), 13 stenoses of greater than 50% (IV), and nine complete occlusions (V). Five of the nine dimesnions analyzed were found to be more discriminating than the others. Using these dimensions in an equation derived by discriminant analysis, the \"score\" of each tracing placed it into the appropriate clinical category with 95% accuracy. The accuracy rate of separating normal, stenosed, and occluded carotids was 100%. The accuracy of VWFA was limited (82%) only in discriminating between greater than and less less than 50% stenosis by diameter. Twenty-one of the 37 patients identified by VWFA as having carotid artery occlusive disease (CAOD) had normal supraorbital artery Doppler tests. Highly significant improvements in the velocity wave form of 10 carotid arteries were produced by endarterectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:918859", "title": "The role of fibrinogen degradation products in the pathogenesis of the respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Pulmonary dysfunction in awake rabbits was induced by intravenous infusion of a highly purified human fibrin split product (fragment D). The dose of infused fragment D was chosen to achieve observed plasma concentrations of fibrin split products in hospitalized patients with severe burns or trauma (about 100mug of FSP/ml of blood). Four hours after infusion, the animals displayed a clinical and pathological pattern which closely resembled post-traumatic acute respiratory distress syndrome, including hypoxia, hypocarbia, thrombocytopenia, increased pulmonary capillary permeability to albumin, interstitial edema, hypertrophy of alveolar lining cells, and intra-alveolar hemorrhage. In vivo production of fibrin split products by infusion of thrombin with induction of secondary fibrinolysis produced similar pulmonary changes, although intravascular clots and platelet aggregates also were prominent. Infusion of human fibrinogen and human albumin at identical doses failed to induce pulmonary dysfuction. The results suggest that fibrin split products (fragment D) alone are toxic to the respiratory system and may contribute to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in severely traumatized or burned patients.", "contents": "The role of fibrinogen degradation products in the pathogenesis of the respiratory distress syndrome. Pulmonary dysfunction in awake rabbits was induced by intravenous infusion of a highly purified human fibrin split product (fragment D). The dose of infused fragment D was chosen to achieve observed plasma concentrations of fibrin split products in hospitalized patients with severe burns or trauma (about 100mug of FSP/ml of blood). Four hours after infusion, the animals displayed a clinical and pathological pattern which closely resembled post-traumatic acute respiratory distress syndrome, including hypoxia, hypocarbia, thrombocytopenia, increased pulmonary capillary permeability to albumin, interstitial edema, hypertrophy of alveolar lining cells, and intra-alveolar hemorrhage. In vivo production of fibrin split products by infusion of thrombin with induction of secondary fibrinolysis produced similar pulmonary changes, although intravascular clots and platelet aggregates also were prominent. Infusion of human fibrinogen and human albumin at identical doses failed to induce pulmonary dysfuction. The results suggest that fibrin split products (fragment D) alone are toxic to the respiratory system and may contribute to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in severely traumatized or burned patients."}
{"id": "PMID:918860", "title": "Congenital intrinsic duodenal obstruction: a twenty-five year review.", "content": "From 1951 through 1975, 72 patients with congenital intrinsic duodenal obstruction were seen at the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles. The survival rate was 55% during the first 15 years of the study, but this has increased to 88% during the last 10 years. Factors important to this increased survival rate include: earlier diagnosis and expeditious preoperative workup; expert administration of anesthesia; improved surgical technique with a greater awareness for common pitfalls, such as associated duodenal diaphragm or distal bowel atresia; frequent use of gastrostomy; use of parenteral nutrition; and better intensive nursing care.", "contents": "Congenital intrinsic duodenal obstruction: a twenty-five year review. From 1951 through 1975, 72 patients with congenital intrinsic duodenal obstruction were seen at the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles. The survival rate was 55% during the first 15 years of the study, but this has increased to 88% during the last 10 years. Factors important to this increased survival rate include: earlier diagnosis and expeditious preoperative workup; expert administration of anesthesia; improved surgical technique with a greater awareness for common pitfalls, such as associated duodenal diaphragm or distal bowel atresia; frequent use of gastrostomy; use of parenteral nutrition; and better intensive nursing care."}
{"id": "PMID:918861", "title": "Temporal artery catheterization for arterial access in the high risk newborn.", "content": "The hazards of umbilical artery catheterization necessitate the adoption of an alternate arterial cannulation site for monitoring arterial pressure and oxygen tension in the critically ill newborn. A newly developed method of catheter placement in the temporal artery not only provided arterial access for substantially longer than that reported for radial artery cannulation, but more than 50% of the infants in which it was performed weighted less than 1500 grams. Close adherence to the technique of arterial cannulation and catheter fixation is essential for prolonged arterial access. The method involves (1) Doppler location of the temporal artery, (2) a 3 mm transverse incision directly over the vessel, (3) bevel-down insertion of a winged hub teflon catheter with inner needle stylet, (4) securing the catheter with suture and collodion, and (5) maintenance of catheter patency with a constant infusion of heparinized solution. Temporal artery cannulation using this technique has been performed thus far 115 times in 100 infants with severe respiratory distress. The patients weighed between 540 and 3900 grams. Catheters remained operational for an average of 6.5 days (8 hours to 23 days), with 62% of all catheters providing arterial samples for more than 5 days. The cannulas worked well for arterial pressure monitoring, and pulse contour matched that of the umbilical artery in infants with catheters in both vessels.", "contents": "Temporal artery catheterization for arterial access in the high risk newborn. The hazards of umbilical artery catheterization necessitate the adoption of an alternate arterial cannulation site for monitoring arterial pressure and oxygen tension in the critically ill newborn. A newly developed method of catheter placement in the temporal artery not only provided arterial access for substantially longer than that reported for radial artery cannulation, but more than 50% of the infants in which it was performed weighted less than 1500 grams. Close adherence to the technique of arterial cannulation and catheter fixation is essential for prolonged arterial access. The method involves (1) Doppler location of the temporal artery, (2) a 3 mm transverse incision directly over the vessel, (3) bevel-down insertion of a winged hub teflon catheter with inner needle stylet, (4) securing the catheter with suture and collodion, and (5) maintenance of catheter patency with a constant infusion of heparinized solution. Temporal artery cannulation using this technique has been performed thus far 115 times in 100 infants with severe respiratory distress. The patients weighed between 540 and 3900 grams. Catheters remained operational for an average of 6.5 days (8 hours to 23 days), with 62% of all catheters providing arterial samples for more than 5 days. The cannulas worked well for arterial pressure monitoring, and pulse contour matched that of the umbilical artery in infants with catheters in both vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:918862", "title": "The mechanism of postshunt liver failure.", "content": "To determine the influence on postoperative hepatic mass, body weight, ammonia clearance, hepatic urea cycle enzyme activity, and hepatic protein metabolism, 59 dogs were divided into six experimental groups: sham operation end-to-side portacaval shunt, mesocaval shunt with subsequent end-to-side portacaval shunt, distal splenorenal shunt, caval left portal shunt, and portal venous seqregation with juglar vein interposition. Compared to total shunt, selective diversion of portal blood from the liver produces less postshunt liver atrophy, less body weight loss, improved maintenance of urea cycle enzyme activity, improved ammonia tolerance, and less decrease in hepatic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein content. Segregation of left from right hepatic lobes, in relationship to portal or systemic venous hepatic perfusion or in relationship to gastroduodenopancreaticosplenic or intestinal portal venous drainage, caused little change in enzyme or protein metabolism in respective hepatic lobes.", "contents": "The mechanism of postshunt liver failure. To determine the influence on postoperative hepatic mass, body weight, ammonia clearance, hepatic urea cycle enzyme activity, and hepatic protein metabolism, 59 dogs were divided into six experimental groups: sham operation end-to-side portacaval shunt, mesocaval shunt with subsequent end-to-side portacaval shunt, distal splenorenal shunt, caval left portal shunt, and portal venous seqregation with juglar vein interposition. Compared to total shunt, selective diversion of portal blood from the liver produces less postshunt liver atrophy, less body weight loss, improved maintenance of urea cycle enzyme activity, improved ammonia tolerance, and less decrease in hepatic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein content. Segregation of left from right hepatic lobes, in relationship to portal or systemic venous hepatic perfusion or in relationship to gastroduodenopancreaticosplenic or intestinal portal venous drainage, caused little change in enzyme or protein metabolism in respective hepatic lobes."}
{"id": "PMID:918865", "title": "Mesenchymal solid tumors of the omentum and mesentery: report of four cases.", "content": "Attention is drawn to the solitary solid tumors originating in the intra-abdominal mesenteries and in the omentum. These are rare lesions, each associated with an insidious onset and with a laterally ballotable mass frequently representing the only expression of disorder clinically. Some mesenchymal lesions have long eluded the pathologist and the surgeon in the frustration of firmly categorizing the predominant cellular involvement. At times there is an area of \"spill-over\" or of mixed tumor elements within the same lesion. Occasionally the lesion type is defined eventually only by recurrence and/or a lethal outcome attributable to tumor spread, regardless of its original cellular features. The management of four patients, two with omental tumors (leiomyoblastoma) and two with tumors of mesenteric origin (one patient with fibromatosis and the other with leiomyosarcoma), is presented from the 15 year experience of a large hospital facility. The uncomplicated diagnostic investigations are stressed as well as the essentiality of wide surgical resection to fully elaborate all morphologic features and to thwart recurrent disease in the future.", "contents": "Mesenchymal solid tumors of the omentum and mesentery: report of four cases. Attention is drawn to the solitary solid tumors originating in the intra-abdominal mesenteries and in the omentum. These are rare lesions, each associated with an insidious onset and with a laterally ballotable mass frequently representing the only expression of disorder clinically. Some mesenchymal lesions have long eluded the pathologist and the surgeon in the frustration of firmly categorizing the predominant cellular involvement. At times there is an area of \"spill-over\" or of mixed tumor elements within the same lesion. Occasionally the lesion type is defined eventually only by recurrence and/or a lethal outcome attributable to tumor spread, regardless of its original cellular features. The management of four patients, two with omental tumors (leiomyoblastoma) and two with tumors of mesenteric origin (one patient with fibromatosis and the other with leiomyosarcoma), is presented from the 15 year experience of a large hospital facility. The uncomplicated diagnostic investigations are stressed as well as the essentiality of wide surgical resection to fully elaborate all morphologic features and to thwart recurrent disease in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:918925", "title": "Tissue distribution and residues of beta-lactam antibiotics in normal dairy cows.", "content": "Tissue residues and concentrations of benzylpenicillin, cloxacillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, cephapirin, and cephacetrile were determined in normal dairy cows after parenteral administration of several forms of these drugs. Assay methods included the Sarcina lutea Kidney Test of Van Schothorst, the Bacillus subtilis BGA Tests at pH 6.0 and 8.0, the Escherichia coli Test and a Sarcina lutea Test performed at pH 8.0 of the agar, and specific quantitative assay methods. The E. coli test method demonstrated an insensitivity for the beta-lactam antibiotic residues. Identical results in residue testing of meat and kidney were obtained with the B. subtilis BGA tests and S. lutea test at pH 8.0, and these test methods replicated each other. The S. lutea Kidney Test was very often positive at times after treatment when the antibiotics were no longer detected in the meat. The qualitative and quantitative residue data from the renal cortex were higher than the data obtained from the muscle meat. The concentration relationship between renal cortex and muscle meat dependent on the formulation and type of drug used, and on the time of sampling after treatment. After treatment with products containing ampicillin trihydrate and procaine penicillin an unexpectedly long persistence of these drugs in the renal cortex was observed. It is suggested that, in the case of beta-lactam antibiotics, meat tests are more accurate indicators for the residue status of the carcass.", "contents": "Tissue distribution and residues of beta-lactam antibiotics in normal dairy cows. Tissue residues and concentrations of benzylpenicillin, cloxacillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, cephapirin, and cephacetrile were determined in normal dairy cows after parenteral administration of several forms of these drugs. Assay methods included the Sarcina lutea Kidney Test of Van Schothorst, the Bacillus subtilis BGA Tests at pH 6.0 and 8.0, the Escherichia coli Test and a Sarcina lutea Test performed at pH 8.0 of the agar, and specific quantitative assay methods. The E. coli test method demonstrated an insensitivity for the beta-lactam antibiotic residues. Identical results in residue testing of meat and kidney were obtained with the B. subtilis BGA tests and S. lutea test at pH 8.0, and these test methods replicated each other. The S. lutea Kidney Test was very often positive at times after treatment when the antibiotics were no longer detected in the meat. The qualitative and quantitative residue data from the renal cortex were higher than the data obtained from the muscle meat. The concentration relationship between renal cortex and muscle meat dependent on the formulation and type of drug used, and on the time of sampling after treatment. After treatment with products containing ampicillin trihydrate and procaine penicillin an unexpectedly long persistence of these drugs in the renal cortex was observed. It is suggested that, in the case of beta-lactam antibiotics, meat tests are more accurate indicators for the residue status of the carcass."}
{"id": "PMID:918926", "title": "Studies on a number of erythrocytic enzymes and intermediate products of equine erythrocyte metabolism.", "content": "The activities and concentrations of a number of erythrocytic enzymes and intermediate products of erythrocyte metabolism were determined in twenty-one normal standard-bred horses which were studied clinically and biochemically. These studies showed that equine anaerobic glycolysis is characterized by a biochemical pattern similar to that observed in human PK deficiency. The greater sensitivity of equine haemoglobin to oxidants is attributable either to low stability of GSH, which may be due either to the low activity of GR or that of 6PGD as observed in the studies. In addition, the saturation of GOT and GR with cofactor and apoenzyme respectively were determined.", "contents": "Studies on a number of erythrocytic enzymes and intermediate products of equine erythrocyte metabolism. The activities and concentrations of a number of erythrocytic enzymes and intermediate products of erythrocyte metabolism were determined in twenty-one normal standard-bred horses which were studied clinically and biochemically. These studies showed that equine anaerobic glycolysis is characterized by a biochemical pattern similar to that observed in human PK deficiency. The greater sensitivity of equine haemoglobin to oxidants is attributable either to low stability of GSH, which may be due either to the low activity of GR or that of 6PGD as observed in the studies. In addition, the saturation of GOT and GR with cofactor and apoenzyme respectively were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:918927", "title": "Practical experiences with prostaglandins in heifers and dairy cows.", "content": "This paper describes the extent to which utilisation of prostaglandins (PG) to achieve synchronisation of oestrus can influence certain economic results. Special attention is paid to the fertility status (FS) and calving index in dairy cows, where PG-treated groups are compared with untreated groups. With regard to these parameters a significant difference exists in favour of the PG treated group. In heifers the pregnancy rate after the first insemination has been determined in a PG treated group. The result compare very well with other published data. On large farms, where heat detection is poor, the routine use of PGs in the total herd is economically attractive. On those farms where the practitioner is involved in a fertility guidance system and where optimum heat detection takes place, the routine use of PGs in dairy cows would seem to offer advantages from a financial point of view.", "contents": "Practical experiences with prostaglandins in heifers and dairy cows. This paper describes the extent to which utilisation of prostaglandins (PG) to achieve synchronisation of oestrus can influence certain economic results. Special attention is paid to the fertility status (FS) and calving index in dairy cows, where PG-treated groups are compared with untreated groups. With regard to these parameters a significant difference exists in favour of the PG treated group. In heifers the pregnancy rate after the first insemination has been determined in a PG treated group. The result compare very well with other published data. On large farms, where heat detection is poor, the routine use of PGs in the total herd is economically attractive. On those farms where the practitioner is involved in a fertility guidance system and where optimum heat detection takes place, the routine use of PGs in dairy cows would seem to offer advantages from a financial point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:918930", "title": "[Superfoetation following artificial insemination in a ewe (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of superfoetation following artifical insemination in a ewe is reported. Estimation of the age of the lambs was based on the maturity of the liver, lung, kidney, brown adipose tissue and skin, showing a difference in gestational age of approximately thirty-six days. The possibility of spontaneous superfoetation as well as that of a second fertilization after artificial insemination is discussed.", "contents": "[Superfoetation following artificial insemination in a ewe (author's transl)]. A case of superfoetation following artifical insemination in a ewe is reported. Estimation of the age of the lambs was based on the maturity of the liver, lung, kidney, brown adipose tissue and skin, showing a difference in gestational age of approximately thirty-six days. The possibility of spontaneous superfoetation as well as that of a second fertilization after artificial insemination is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918938", "title": "Association between HLA-B7 and allergic reactions to insulin in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Forty-four cases of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with cutaneous allergic reactions to insulin were typed for HLA-A and -B antigens. HLA-B7, which commonly is negatively associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, showed a positive association with insulin allergy. A second antigen, HLA-Bw21 may also be positively associated with local insulin allergy. These data were discussed in relation to heterogeneity of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and to the existence of B7-associated immune response genes for allergic-immunoreactivity to insulin.", "contents": "Association between HLA-B7 and allergic reactions to insulin in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Forty-four cases of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with cutaneous allergic reactions to insulin were typed for HLA-A and -B antigens. HLA-B7, which commonly is negatively associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, showed a positive association with insulin allergy. A second antigen, HLA-Bw21 may also be positively associated with local insulin allergy. These data were discussed in relation to heterogeneity of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and to the existence of B7-associated immune response genes for allergic-immunoreactivity to insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:918939", "title": "Frozen lymphocyte pools as technical and reference controls for lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "Healthy individuals' peripheral blood lymphocytes show wide ranges of response to mitogens and allogeneic lymphocytes. When individuals' lymphocytes are pooled together, the responses of the pool are equivalent to the means of the responses of the lymphocytes which comprise the pool. Pooled lymphocytes retain their responsiveness when stored frozen, and may be used as standard responding cells in lymphocyte transformation tests, but are not suitable controls for antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation.", "contents": "Frozen lymphocyte pools as technical and reference controls for lymphocyte transformation. Healthy individuals' peripheral blood lymphocytes show wide ranges of response to mitogens and allogeneic lymphocytes. When individuals' lymphocytes are pooled together, the responses of the pool are equivalent to the means of the responses of the lymphocytes which comprise the pool. Pooled lymphocytes retain their responsiveness when stored frozen, and may be used as standard responding cells in lymphocyte transformation tests, but are not suitable controls for antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:918953", "title": "Effects of isometric handgrip exercise on coronary sinus blood flow in idiopathic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Coronary sinus blood flow (CSBF) was measured by the dye dilution method in 18 patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy including 13 with hypertrophic type and 5 with congestive type, and the capacity for increasing CSBF in response to handgrip exercise was studied in 14 patients. CSBF at rest ranged from 41 to 236 ml/min/M2. Average CSBF of 114 +/- 12 ml/min/M2 (112 +/- 14 in hypertrophic type and 119 +/- 25 in congestive type) was significantly larger than control value of 77 +/- 6 presented previously (p less than 0.01). Handgrip exercise at 30% maximal effort for 3 min resulted in the increase in CSBF, averaging 23 +/- 8 ml/min/M2 (22 +/- 8%). However, in about one-half of cases, the percent increase in CSBF was much smaller than the percent increase in effort index which represents myocardial oxygen demand. The change of CSBF was not correlated with the changes of left ventricular systolic pressure, cardiac output, and stroke work. The diminished response of CSBF to isometric handgrip exercise was ascribed to the decreased coronary vascular reserve in this disorder.", "contents": "Effects of isometric handgrip exercise on coronary sinus blood flow in idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Coronary sinus blood flow (CSBF) was measured by the dye dilution method in 18 patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy including 13 with hypertrophic type and 5 with congestive type, and the capacity for increasing CSBF in response to handgrip exercise was studied in 14 patients. CSBF at rest ranged from 41 to 236 ml/min/M2. Average CSBF of 114 +/- 12 ml/min/M2 (112 +/- 14 in hypertrophic type and 119 +/- 25 in congestive type) was significantly larger than control value of 77 +/- 6 presented previously (p less than 0.01). Handgrip exercise at 30% maximal effort for 3 min resulted in the increase in CSBF, averaging 23 +/- 8 ml/min/M2 (22 +/- 8%). However, in about one-half of cases, the percent increase in CSBF was much smaller than the percent increase in effort index which represents myocardial oxygen demand. The change of CSBF was not correlated with the changes of left ventricular systolic pressure, cardiac output, and stroke work. The diminished response of CSBF to isometric handgrip exercise was ascribed to the decreased coronary vascular reserve in this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:918954", "title": "Effect of dialysis treatment on glucose metabolism in uremic patients.", "content": "To study the carbohydrate metabolism in uremic patients, the intravenous glucose tolerance test (iv GTT) and insulin sensitivity test were investigated on 69 patients with chronic renal failure, 27 of whom were under the dialysis treatment. 1) Abnormal K-values averaging 1.05 were obtained in uremic patients (creatinine clearance less than 20 ml/min). 2) Carbohydrate intolerance in uremic patients was corrected with regular dialysis and the improvement was correlated with the duration of dialyses. 3) The mechanisms of improvement in carbohydrate metabolism were different between the short-term dialysis group (less than 12 months of dialysis) and the long-term group (more than 12 months). Enhanced secretion of insulin seemed to be the main cause of this improvement in the former, while the correction of impaired sensitivity to insulin in peripheral tissues in the latter.", "contents": "Effect of dialysis treatment on glucose metabolism in uremic patients. To study the carbohydrate metabolism in uremic patients, the intravenous glucose tolerance test (iv GTT) and insulin sensitivity test were investigated on 69 patients with chronic renal failure, 27 of whom were under the dialysis treatment. 1) Abnormal K-values averaging 1.05 were obtained in uremic patients (creatinine clearance less than 20 ml/min). 2) Carbohydrate intolerance in uremic patients was corrected with regular dialysis and the improvement was correlated with the duration of dialyses. 3) The mechanisms of improvement in carbohydrate metabolism were different between the short-term dialysis group (less than 12 months of dialysis) and the long-term group (more than 12 months). Enhanced secretion of insulin seemed to be the main cause of this improvement in the former, while the correction of impaired sensitivity to insulin in peripheral tissues in the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:918955", "title": "The significance of candiduria.", "content": "Candida, which is not detectable in the urine of healthy individuals, was found in 6.5% of patient's urine. Most of the patients developing candiduria had higher-titered circulating antibody to the fungus than healthy persons did. There existed a definite relationship between the serum antibody titer and the duration of candiduria. These two variables reflected the status of the patient.", "contents": "The significance of candiduria. Candida, which is not detectable in the urine of healthy individuals, was found in 6.5% of patient's urine. Most of the patients developing candiduria had higher-titered circulating antibody to the fungus than healthy persons did. There existed a definite relationship between the serum antibody titer and the duration of candiduria. These two variables reflected the status of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:918956", "title": "Potassium levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor after death.", "content": "It appears possible to utilize the potassium in the aqueous humor as well as the potassium in the vitreous humor for the estimation of the postmortem interval, especially if the factors relating to the body temperature are taken into consideration.", "contents": "Potassium levels in the aqueous and vitreous humor after death. It appears possible to utilize the potassium in the aqueous humor as well as the potassium in the vitreous humor for the estimation of the postmortem interval, especially if the factors relating to the body temperature are taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:918957", "title": "Adsorption of mercury to urinary cells or particles.", "content": "Urine of a young healthy man was added with varying amounts of mercuric chloride, incubated for 10 to 375 min, and separated into supernatant solution and precipitate by centrifugation at 105,000 X g for 60 min. Percentage of mercury amount in precipitate increased with the increase of mercury amount added. But this adsorption of mercury to urinary cells or particles could not completely account for the amount of mercury in human urine reported (Suzuki and Shishido 1975). The hypothesis that desquamation of tubular cells is a route of urinary mercury excretion in man is still sustained.", "contents": "Adsorption of mercury to urinary cells or particles. Urine of a young healthy man was added with varying amounts of mercuric chloride, incubated for 10 to 375 min, and separated into supernatant solution and precipitate by centrifugation at 105,000 X g for 60 min. Percentage of mercury amount in precipitate increased with the increase of mercury amount added. But this adsorption of mercury to urinary cells or particles could not completely account for the amount of mercury in human urine reported (Suzuki and Shishido 1975). The hypothesis that desquamation of tubular cells is a route of urinary mercury excretion in man is still sustained."}
{"id": "PMID:918958", "title": "Catecholamine metabolism in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The amount of urinary catecholamine of healthy subjects and patients with rheumatoid arthritis, particularly before and after synovectomy, was studied. (1) The urinary catecholamine of patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed a lower value than that of healthy subjects. The greater the amount of intraarticularly injected steroids was and the more severe the stage and class of rheumatoid arthritis were, the lower the level of adrenaline was and the more reduced the activity of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase was. (2) The level of urinary noradrenaline in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was lower than that of healthy subjects, but there was no relationship between the level of noradrenaline and the amount of intraarticularly injected steroids. Considering that noradrenaline tended to approach to the normal level as the stage of class of rheumatoid arthritis was more severe, the level of urinary noradrenaline in patients with rheumatoid arthritis seems to reflect the existence of a certain compensatory system in the enzyme system of catecholamine metabolism rather than the influence of the adrenal cortex system. (3) The urinary catecholamine was decreased after synovectomy; especially, noradrenaline level was remarkably decreased. These results suggest that catecholamine plays an important role in the appearance of pain or other clinical signs in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Catecholamine metabolism in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The amount of urinary catecholamine of healthy subjects and patients with rheumatoid arthritis, particularly before and after synovectomy, was studied. (1) The urinary catecholamine of patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed a lower value than that of healthy subjects. The greater the amount of intraarticularly injected steroids was and the more severe the stage and class of rheumatoid arthritis were, the lower the level of adrenaline was and the more reduced the activity of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase was. (2) The level of urinary noradrenaline in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was lower than that of healthy subjects, but there was no relationship between the level of noradrenaline and the amount of intraarticularly injected steroids. Considering that noradrenaline tended to approach to the normal level as the stage of class of rheumatoid arthritis was more severe, the level of urinary noradrenaline in patients with rheumatoid arthritis seems to reflect the existence of a certain compensatory system in the enzyme system of catecholamine metabolism rather than the influence of the adrenal cortex system. (3) The urinary catecholamine was decreased after synovectomy; especially, noradrenaline level was remarkably decreased. These results suggest that catecholamine plays an important role in the appearance of pain or other clinical signs in rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:918959", "title": "Activities of catalase in leucocytes and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes of hypocatalasemia and acatalasemia.", "content": "Catalase activity in leucocytes was found to be half the normal value in hypocatalasemia and extremely low in acatalasemia. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in erythrocytes was not significantly different between normal, hypocatalasemia and acatalasemia in three families of acatalasemia, but in one family lower activities than normal were found in hypocatalasemia and actalasemia erythrocytes. Other enzyme activities in blood, such as alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases were not significantly different between normal subjects, hypocatalasemia and acatalasemia.", "contents": "Activities of catalase in leucocytes and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes of hypocatalasemia and acatalasemia. Catalase activity in leucocytes was found to be half the normal value in hypocatalasemia and extremely low in acatalasemia. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in erythrocytes was not significantly different between normal, hypocatalasemia and acatalasemia in three families of acatalasemia, but in one family lower activities than normal were found in hypocatalasemia and actalasemia erythrocytes. Other enzyme activities in blood, such as alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases were not significantly different between normal subjects, hypocatalasemia and acatalasemia."}
{"id": "PMID:918960", "title": "Changes in glucose tolerance and insulin response in subclinical diabetes after treatment.", "content": "In this study, 121 patients who showed diabetic or decreased glucose tolerance and were treated with diet alone for one to fifteen years were investigated as subclinical diabetes. Glucose tolerance in these patients was improved or remained unchanged during the clinical course. Aggravation in glucose tolerance was observed in only seven cases. However, abnormalities in glucose tolerance were still found in 107 cases (88%) of the subclinical diabetes. Insulin response to oral glucose was investigated in 74 patients with subclinical diabetes. Delayed response and/or decreased response in the initial phase were demonstrated in 58 out of 74 patients (79%). No significant difference was observed in the insulinogenic index (ratio of insulin increment/glucose increment) at 30 min between the normal controls and either group with abnormal glucose tolerance. Diabetic retinopathy, including microaneurysm, was detected in 25 out of 109 patients with diabetic glucose tolerance. Abnormal insulin response, delayed and/or decreased, was demonstrated in 13 of 16 patients with diabetic retinopathy (81%). These results indicate the possibility that subclinical diabetes in the present study is a mild type of primary diabetes. In addition, it is suggested that abnormal response of plasma insulin to glucose, delayed and/or decreased, might be one of the prominent findings in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Changes in glucose tolerance and insulin response in subclinical diabetes after treatment. In this study, 121 patients who showed diabetic or decreased glucose tolerance and were treated with diet alone for one to fifteen years were investigated as subclinical diabetes. Glucose tolerance in these patients was improved or remained unchanged during the clinical course. Aggravation in glucose tolerance was observed in only seven cases. However, abnormalities in glucose tolerance were still found in 107 cases (88%) of the subclinical diabetes. Insulin response to oral glucose was investigated in 74 patients with subclinical diabetes. Delayed response and/or decreased response in the initial phase were demonstrated in 58 out of 74 patients (79%). No significant difference was observed in the insulinogenic index (ratio of insulin increment/glucose increment) at 30 min between the normal controls and either group with abnormal glucose tolerance. Diabetic retinopathy, including microaneurysm, was detected in 25 out of 109 patients with diabetic glucose tolerance. Abnormal insulin response, delayed and/or decreased, was demonstrated in 13 of 16 patients with diabetic retinopathy (81%). These results indicate the possibility that subclinical diabetes in the present study is a mild type of primary diabetes. In addition, it is suggested that abnormal response of plasma insulin to glucose, delayed and/or decreased, might be one of the prominent findings in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:918961", "title": "Effects of various types of vagotomy on gastrin release and gastric secretion in dogs.", "content": "Changes of serum gastrin and acid secretory responses to histamine, feeding and insulin stimulation before and after various types of vagotomy (TV, SV, SPV and SAV) were investigated in Heidenhain pouch dogs. The following results were obtained: (1) The acid secretory response to histamine slightly decreased after various types of vagotomy. (2) The responses of serum gastrin and acid secretion to feeding were elevated after various types of vagotomy. (3) The serum gastrin response to insulin was highly increased after SPV and TV, whereas the response was slightly increased and decreased after SV and SAV, respectively. The acid secretion in response to insulin was increased only after SPV, while it was decreased after the other types of vagotomy. These results led to the condition that there might be no correlation between serum gastrin and acid secretory responses to feeding and insulin after various types of vagotomy.", "contents": "Effects of various types of vagotomy on gastrin release and gastric secretion in dogs. Changes of serum gastrin and acid secretory responses to histamine, feeding and insulin stimulation before and after various types of vagotomy (TV, SV, SPV and SAV) were investigated in Heidenhain pouch dogs. The following results were obtained: (1) The acid secretory response to histamine slightly decreased after various types of vagotomy. (2) The responses of serum gastrin and acid secretion to feeding were elevated after various types of vagotomy. (3) The serum gastrin response to insulin was highly increased after SPV and TV, whereas the response was slightly increased and decreased after SV and SAV, respectively. The acid secretion in response to insulin was increased only after SPV, while it was decreased after the other types of vagotomy. These results led to the condition that there might be no correlation between serum gastrin and acid secretory responses to feeding and insulin after various types of vagotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:918962", "title": "Light and electron microscopic study of skin lesions of patients with the hand, foot and mouth disease.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic study was carried out on skin lesions of patients with the hand, foot and mouth disease (HFM.D) with special respect to virls localization in the affected skin. Light microscopic observations revealed a considerable number of eosinophilic inclusions in the nuclei of epidermal cells around the intraepidermal vesicles. Intracytoplasmic inclusions were not clearly observed. Crystalline arrays of virus particles were detected in the cytoplasmic portions of some epidermal cells by electron microscopy. These particles were approximately 20 nm in diameter. The skin lesions of the HFM.D are possibly a manifestation of virus proliferation in the epidermal cells.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic study of skin lesions of patients with the hand, foot and mouth disease. Light and electron microscopic study was carried out on skin lesions of patients with the hand, foot and mouth disease (HFM.D) with special respect to virls localization in the affected skin. Light microscopic observations revealed a considerable number of eosinophilic inclusions in the nuclei of epidermal cells around the intraepidermal vesicles. Intracytoplasmic inclusions were not clearly observed. Crystalline arrays of virus particles were detected in the cytoplasmic portions of some epidermal cells by electron microscopy. These particles were approximately 20 nm in diameter. The skin lesions of the HFM.D are possibly a manifestation of virus proliferation in the epidermal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:918963", "title": "Histopathological studies on the prognosis of biliary atresia.", "content": "Liver specimens from 68 cases of biliary atresia were histologically studied in reference to postoperative prognosis. The histological findings were classified into 4 to 5 groups by the degree of fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, bile plugs, giant cell transformation, and intralobular cholestasis. Furthermore, morphometrical studies of interstitial area, bile duct (ductules), intrahepatic portal vein, and intrahepatic artery were done and correlated with the age of patients and with operative results. From this study, it was shown that 1) marked fibrosis (cirrhosis) and interstitial areas occupying more than 35% of the sectional area of the liver specimen, 2) severe ductular proliferation, shown by proliferated bile ducts occupying more than 20% of interstitial areas, 3) no or slight intralobular cholestasis and 4) marked interlobular cholestasis are considered to predict poor postoperative bile excretion.", "contents": "Histopathological studies on the prognosis of biliary atresia. Liver specimens from 68 cases of biliary atresia were histologically studied in reference to postoperative prognosis. The histological findings were classified into 4 to 5 groups by the degree of fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, bile plugs, giant cell transformation, and intralobular cholestasis. Furthermore, morphometrical studies of interstitial area, bile duct (ductules), intrahepatic portal vein, and intrahepatic artery were done and correlated with the age of patients and with operative results. From this study, it was shown that 1) marked fibrosis (cirrhosis) and interstitial areas occupying more than 35% of the sectional area of the liver specimen, 2) severe ductular proliferation, shown by proliferated bile ducts occupying more than 20% of interstitial areas, 3) no or slight intralobular cholestasis and 4) marked interlobular cholestasis are considered to predict poor postoperative bile excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:918964", "title": "A simple method of cell-mediated cytotoxic assay by postlabeling of tritiated thymidine.", "content": "The cytotoxic reaction of effector cells on target cells was performed on cover slips which were set in a petri dish so as to be interposed from the dish surface through the bases of the slide glasses. After incubation, the target cells remaining on the cover slips were pulse-labeled with 3H-TdR for 45 min. Subsequently, the cover slips were removed from the bases, and dipped in cold 5% TCA to be freed from non-incorporated isotopes. The residual target cells adhering on the cover slips were counted without being removed. By this assay system, the specific or non-specific cytotoxicity of lymphocytes or macrophages was easily demonstrated with reliability.", "contents": "A simple method of cell-mediated cytotoxic assay by postlabeling of tritiated thymidine. The cytotoxic reaction of effector cells on target cells was performed on cover slips which were set in a petri dish so as to be interposed from the dish surface through the bases of the slide glasses. After incubation, the target cells remaining on the cover slips were pulse-labeled with 3H-TdR for 45 min. Subsequently, the cover slips were removed from the bases, and dipped in cold 5% TCA to be freed from non-incorporated isotopes. The residual target cells adhering on the cover slips were counted without being removed. By this assay system, the specific or non-specific cytotoxicity of lymphocytes or macrophages was easily demonstrated with reliability."}
{"id": "PMID:918965", "title": "PAO2-PaO2 relationship for the entire therapeutic range of oxygen in acute respiratory failure.", "content": "The PAO2-PaO2 relationship was studied for the entire therapeutic range of oxygen in patients and animals in acute respiratory failure. The method is based on the assumption that the steady state values of PaO2 may be obtained as a mean of the two PaO2 values at an identical F1O2, one obtained 6 min after the F1O2 was raised from a lower level, the other obtained 6 min after the F1O2 was reduced from the higher level. We found that the shunts were large in the low F1O2 range (170 mmHg and below), took a minimum value in the moderate PAO2 range (170 to 300 mmHg), and increased again in the high PAO2 range (300 to 700 mmHg). A similar pattern was observed in the animal experiments, two or more hr following experimentally produced produced aspiration pneumonitis. In contrast, the dogs with bilateral pneumothorax showed a pattern which followed the isoshunt line closely. It was concluded that patients with acute respiratory failure requiring artificial ventilation have two componenents of the pulmonary shunt, one parallel with and the other inversely related with the PAO2. Possible mechanisms for the former were discussed.", "contents": "PAO2-PaO2 relationship for the entire therapeutic range of oxygen in acute respiratory failure. The PAO2-PaO2 relationship was studied for the entire therapeutic range of oxygen in patients and animals in acute respiratory failure. The method is based on the assumption that the steady state values of PaO2 may be obtained as a mean of the two PaO2 values at an identical F1O2, one obtained 6 min after the F1O2 was raised from a lower level, the other obtained 6 min after the F1O2 was reduced from the higher level. We found that the shunts were large in the low F1O2 range (170 mmHg and below), took a minimum value in the moderate PAO2 range (170 to 300 mmHg), and increased again in the high PAO2 range (300 to 700 mmHg). A similar pattern was observed in the animal experiments, two or more hr following experimentally produced produced aspiration pneumonitis. In contrast, the dogs with bilateral pneumothorax showed a pattern which followed the isoshunt line closely. It was concluded that patients with acute respiratory failure requiring artificial ventilation have two componenents of the pulmonary shunt, one parallel with and the other inversely related with the PAO2. Possible mechanisms for the former were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:918966", "title": "Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on the electrical and mechanical activity of the cat stomach.", "content": "Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on electrical and mechanical activity of smooth muscle of cat stomach were studied. Spontaneous electrical activity of the antrum preparation consisted of slow waves with superimposed spike-like potentials. Phasic contractions occurred synchronously with the electrical activity. Pentagastrin, tetragastrin, pancreozymin and secretin increased frequency of slow wave component and amplitude of phasic contraction. Atropine and tetrodotoxin did not block the spike-like potential and slow wave component. Noradrenaline and verapamil blocked the phasic contraction. The excitatory effects of these gastrointestinal hormones were observed in the presence of atropine, tetrodotoxin and dibenamine, but not in verapamil. When the mechanical activity of the antral strips was depressed by caffeine or theophylline, the excitatory effects of gastrointestinal hormones were also suppressed. The excitatory effects produced by these hormones were potentiated by imidazole. These results suggest that gastrointestinal hormones have a direct excitatory action on the longitudinal smooth muscle of the antrum region and that the excitatory action is associated with phosphodiesterase activity and intracellular cyclic AMP content.", "contents": "Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on the electrical and mechanical activity of the cat stomach. Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on electrical and mechanical activity of smooth muscle of cat stomach were studied. Spontaneous electrical activity of the antrum preparation consisted of slow waves with superimposed spike-like potentials. Phasic contractions occurred synchronously with the electrical activity. Pentagastrin, tetragastrin, pancreozymin and secretin increased frequency of slow wave component and amplitude of phasic contraction. Atropine and tetrodotoxin did not block the spike-like potential and slow wave component. Noradrenaline and verapamil blocked the phasic contraction. The excitatory effects of these gastrointestinal hormones were observed in the presence of atropine, tetrodotoxin and dibenamine, but not in verapamil. When the mechanical activity of the antral strips was depressed by caffeine or theophylline, the excitatory effects of gastrointestinal hormones were also suppressed. The excitatory effects produced by these hormones were potentiated by imidazole. These results suggest that gastrointestinal hormones have a direct excitatory action on the longitudinal smooth muscle of the antrum region and that the excitatory action is associated with phosphodiesterase activity and intracellular cyclic AMP content."}
{"id": "PMID:918967", "title": "Effect of plasma-cholinesterase preparation on the phase II block of succinylcholine chloride in man.", "content": "The effect of enriched human plasma-cholinesterase preparation on the phase II block of succinylcholine chloride was studied in man during anesthesia and surgery. Intravenous administration of 8 esterase units/kg of plasma-cholinesterase did not show any discernible effect on the phase II block of succinylcholine chloride, while edorphonium 10 mg clearly antagonized the block. The finding of the present study suggests that the preparation may be ineffective for patients with a prolonged apnea following the administration of succinylcholine chloride.", "contents": "Effect of plasma-cholinesterase preparation on the phase II block of succinylcholine chloride in man. The effect of enriched human plasma-cholinesterase preparation on the phase II block of succinylcholine chloride was studied in man during anesthesia and surgery. Intravenous administration of 8 esterase units/kg of plasma-cholinesterase did not show any discernible effect on the phase II block of succinylcholine chloride, while edorphonium 10 mg clearly antagonized the block. The finding of the present study suggests that the preparation may be ineffective for patients with a prolonged apnea following the administration of succinylcholine chloride."}
{"id": "PMID:918968", "title": "Results of surgical treatment for intrahepatic gallstones.", "content": "On the basis of the results of our surgical treatment of 85 patients with intrahepatic gallstones, effective methods for surgical treatment of this disease were discussed. The operative mortality rate for these patients was 10.6 percent. Most of the fatal cases had long duration of symptoms and showed evidence of hepatic fibrosis or biliary cirrhosis at the time of operation. The results emphasize that, in cases of long duration of symptoms, it is generally necessary to examine thoroughly prior to operation the presence or absence of liver parenchymal injury and to pay deliberate attention to minimizing operative intervention. Especially, in hepatic lobectomy, its indication must be scrutinized carefully assessing the condition of the patient. In our follow-up study, 80 percent of the patients were found living with almost no complaints, 5 patients having occasional bouts of cholangitic attack included 3 patients who had left the hospital having residual gallstones. Including these 3 patients, 7 of 9 patients with residual gallstones showed severe hepatic dysfunction. In general, indications of our operations for different types of patients with intrahepatic gallstones have been evaluated as satisfactory. For the favorable management of intrahepatic gallstones, two points are specially emphasized: thorough scrutinization of liver parenchymal disorder prior to operation, and long-term observation for care of survivors with residual gallstones.", "contents": "Results of surgical treatment for intrahepatic gallstones. On the basis of the results of our surgical treatment of 85 patients with intrahepatic gallstones, effective methods for surgical treatment of this disease were discussed. The operative mortality rate for these patients was 10.6 percent. Most of the fatal cases had long duration of symptoms and showed evidence of hepatic fibrosis or biliary cirrhosis at the time of operation. The results emphasize that, in cases of long duration of symptoms, it is generally necessary to examine thoroughly prior to operation the presence or absence of liver parenchymal injury and to pay deliberate attention to minimizing operative intervention. Especially, in hepatic lobectomy, its indication must be scrutinized carefully assessing the condition of the patient. In our follow-up study, 80 percent of the patients were found living with almost no complaints, 5 patients having occasional bouts of cholangitic attack included 3 patients who had left the hospital having residual gallstones. Including these 3 patients, 7 of 9 patients with residual gallstones showed severe hepatic dysfunction. In general, indications of our operations for different types of patients with intrahepatic gallstones have been evaluated as satisfactory. For the favorable management of intrahepatic gallstones, two points are specially emphasized: thorough scrutinization of liver parenchymal disorder prior to operation, and long-term observation for care of survivors with residual gallstones."}
{"id": "PMID:918969", "title": "Disinhibition of perigeniculate reticular neurons following chronic ablation of the visual cortex in rats.", "content": "Effects of chronic ablation of the visual cortex (VC) were studied in the perigeniculate reticular neurons (PGR neurones) which were located in the thalamic reticular nucleus immediately adjacent to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body and identified as the I-cells of Burke and Sefton. In rats with the intact VC the PGR neurons responded to single shock stimulation of the optic tract (OT) with bursts of spike spaced regularly. During the inter-burst period the neurons were inhibited, indicating that except for the primary spike burst, others were postinhibitory rebound excitation. In the VC-ablated PGR neurons there were no changes in the primary spike burst, but the remaining ones were very weak or sometimes missing, suggesting that the inhibition was poorly developed. With double shock stimulation of OT it was established that after showing the primary spike burst, the VC-ablated PGR neurons suffered a less intense inhibition than control. To a diffuse, sustained illumination, the normal PGR neurons showed on- and off- responses, whereas the VC-ablated ones were tonically activated during the presence of illumination. These findings were taken as indicating that the inhibitory mechanism for the PGR neurons were made less active after the VC had been ablated chronically.", "contents": "Disinhibition of perigeniculate reticular neurons following chronic ablation of the visual cortex in rats. Effects of chronic ablation of the visual cortex (VC) were studied in the perigeniculate reticular neurons (PGR neurones) which were located in the thalamic reticular nucleus immediately adjacent to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body and identified as the I-cells of Burke and Sefton. In rats with the intact VC the PGR neurons responded to single shock stimulation of the optic tract (OT) with bursts of spike spaced regularly. During the inter-burst period the neurons were inhibited, indicating that except for the primary spike burst, others were postinhibitory rebound excitation. In the VC-ablated PGR neurons there were no changes in the primary spike burst, but the remaining ones were very weak or sometimes missing, suggesting that the inhibition was poorly developed. With double shock stimulation of OT it was established that after showing the primary spike burst, the VC-ablated PGR neurons suffered a less intense inhibition than control. To a diffuse, sustained illumination, the normal PGR neurons showed on- and off- responses, whereas the VC-ablated ones were tonically activated during the presence of illumination. These findings were taken as indicating that the inhibitory mechanism for the PGR neurons were made less active after the VC had been ablated chronically."}
{"id": "PMID:918970", "title": "Immunogenicity of rice dwarf virus-ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Using rice dwarf virus (RDV)-RNA which was extracted from RDV and further purified by MAK-column chromatography, anti-RNA antibodies were produced in rabbits immunized with RDV-RNA antibodies were prods immunized with RDV-RNA-methylated bovine serum albumin complexes. The antisera, as analzyed by complement fixation, cross-reacted with synthetic double stranded RNAs (poly (A)-poly (U), poly (I)-poly (C)), but not with native or denatured DNA, rRNA, tRNA, 5 S RNA and nucleic acids from rice plants. RDV-RNA treated with heat or dimethylsulfoxide was markedly reduced in reactivity to the antisera. When RDV-RNA was digested with RNase A at low salt concentration, its complement fixation activity was abolished. In double diffusion tests, two different precipitation lines were demonstrated between the antiserum and RDV-RNA. One of the precipitation lines connected with those was formed between the antisera, poly (A)-poly (U) and poly (I)-poly (C). As regards immunoglobulin classes of the antibodies, one of the two rabbits employed had antibody activity only in IgG.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of rice dwarf virus-ribonucleic acid. Using rice dwarf virus (RDV)-RNA which was extracted from RDV and further purified by MAK-column chromatography, anti-RNA antibodies were produced in rabbits immunized with RDV-RNA antibodies were prods immunized with RDV-RNA-methylated bovine serum albumin complexes. The antisera, as analzyed by complement fixation, cross-reacted with synthetic double stranded RNAs (poly (A)-poly (U), poly (I)-poly (C)), but not with native or denatured DNA, rRNA, tRNA, 5 S RNA and nucleic acids from rice plants. RDV-RNA treated with heat or dimethylsulfoxide was markedly reduced in reactivity to the antisera. When RDV-RNA was digested with RNase A at low salt concentration, its complement fixation activity was abolished. In double diffusion tests, two different precipitation lines were demonstrated between the antiserum and RDV-RNA. One of the precipitation lines connected with those was formed between the antisera, poly (A)-poly (U) and poly (I)-poly (C). As regards immunoglobulin classes of the antibodies, one of the two rabbits employed had antibody activity only in IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:918971", "title": "Pathology of lupus nephritis with special reference to the immunological bases of glomerular changes.", "content": "Glomerular changes, and cellular and tissue responses of antibody-forming organs in 37 cases (20 cases with nephrotic syndrome and 17 cases without the syndrome) of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were described. The glomerular changes were classified into 3 types, i.e., proliferative glomerulitis, membranous transformation, and wire-loop lesion from the standpoint of glomerular functional structure and its alterations. As to the responses of antibody-forming organs, hypoplasia of myeloid tissue, atrophy of lymph follicles of spleen and lymph nodes, atrophy and decrease in numbers of lymphocytes of thymus, proliferation and infiltration of plasma cells and plasmocytoid basophilic mononuclears, and proliferation of basophilic reticulum cells at the cost of differentiated antibody-forming organ tissues of bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, etc. were noted. Immunological bases of glomerular changes were considered and discussed in the light of pathological findings of SLE presented here and suggestions from experimental pathological studies in this field. Pathogenic roles of antigen-antibody complexes as well as anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody were considered in relation to the histologic manifestations of glomeruli in SLE or lupus nephritis.", "contents": "Pathology of lupus nephritis with special reference to the immunological bases of glomerular changes. Glomerular changes, and cellular and tissue responses of antibody-forming organs in 37 cases (20 cases with nephrotic syndrome and 17 cases without the syndrome) of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were described. The glomerular changes were classified into 3 types, i.e., proliferative glomerulitis, membranous transformation, and wire-loop lesion from the standpoint of glomerular functional structure and its alterations. As to the responses of antibody-forming organs, hypoplasia of myeloid tissue, atrophy of lymph follicles of spleen and lymph nodes, atrophy and decrease in numbers of lymphocytes of thymus, proliferation and infiltration of plasma cells and plasmocytoid basophilic mononuclears, and proliferation of basophilic reticulum cells at the cost of differentiated antibody-forming organ tissues of bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, etc. were noted. Immunological bases of glomerular changes were considered and discussed in the light of pathological findings of SLE presented here and suggestions from experimental pathological studies in this field. Pathogenic roles of antigen-antibody complexes as well as anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody were considered in relation to the histologic manifestations of glomeruli in SLE or lupus nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:918972", "title": "Pulmonary arterial pressure-flow characteristics in atrial septal defect: comparative study with ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus.", "content": "Pulmonary arterial pressure-flow relation was studied in 142 patients with artrial septal defect (ASD) and was compared with that of 139 patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and was compared with that of ductus arteriosus (PDA). The incidence of pulmonary arterial mean pressure (PAm) over 25 mmHg was 21 percent in ASD, 36 percent in VSD and 43 percent in PDA, and that over 40 mmHg was 3 percent, 23 percent and 19 percent, respectively. Large left to right shunt over 50 percent was found more frequently in ASD (58 percent) than in VSD (22 percent) and PDA (30 percent). When patients were separated into 2 groups at a PAm of 40 mmHg, lower pressure group showed a positive correlation between PAm and left-to-right shunt in each disease, although the correlation was poor in ASD (r equals 0.23) as compared with VSD (r equals 0.49) and PDA (r equals 0.47). The slope of the regression line was less steep in ASD (0.08) than in VSD (0.17) and PDA (0.14). It is considered that pulmonary hypertension in ASD develops on the basis of pulmonary vascular changes caused by prolonged hyperkinetic circulation.", "contents": "Pulmonary arterial pressure-flow characteristics in atrial septal defect: comparative study with ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Pulmonary arterial pressure-flow relation was studied in 142 patients with artrial septal defect (ASD) and was compared with that of 139 patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and was compared with that of ductus arteriosus (PDA). The incidence of pulmonary arterial mean pressure (PAm) over 25 mmHg was 21 percent in ASD, 36 percent in VSD and 43 percent in PDA, and that over 40 mmHg was 3 percent, 23 percent and 19 percent, respectively. Large left to right shunt over 50 percent was found more frequently in ASD (58 percent) than in VSD (22 percent) and PDA (30 percent). When patients were separated into 2 groups at a PAm of 40 mmHg, lower pressure group showed a positive correlation between PAm and left-to-right shunt in each disease, although the correlation was poor in ASD (r equals 0.23) as compared with VSD (r equals 0.49) and PDA (r equals 0.47). The slope of the regression line was less steep in ASD (0.08) than in VSD (0.17) and PDA (0.14). It is considered that pulmonary hypertension in ASD develops on the basis of pulmonary vascular changes caused by prolonged hyperkinetic circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:918973", "title": "Echocardiographic features of straddling mitral valve.", "content": "A case of straddling mitral valve associated with double outlet right ventricle and coarctation of the aorta is presented. Radical operation (Jatene's procedure) was performed under the diagnosis of complete transposition of the great arteries associated with coarctation of the aorta. The patient could not survive the operation. Autopsy revealed that both of the great vessels originated in the right ventricle (double outlet right ventricle). In addition to this abnormality, some of the chordae of the mitral leaflet were attached to the right ventricular wall through the ventricular septal defect (straddling mitral valve). Echocardiograms recorded prior to the operation revealed feactures corresponding to the anatomical abnormalities, including that the anterior mitral leaflet moved far anterior to the ventricular septum. This is the first case of echocardiographic features of straddling mitral valve.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features of straddling mitral valve. A case of straddling mitral valve associated with double outlet right ventricle and coarctation of the aorta is presented. Radical operation (Jatene's procedure) was performed under the diagnosis of complete transposition of the great arteries associated with coarctation of the aorta. The patient could not survive the operation. Autopsy revealed that both of the great vessels originated in the right ventricle (double outlet right ventricle). In addition to this abnormality, some of the chordae of the mitral leaflet were attached to the right ventricular wall through the ventricular septal defect (straddling mitral valve). Echocardiograms recorded prior to the operation revealed feactures corresponding to the anatomical abnormalities, including that the anterior mitral leaflet moved far anterior to the ventricular septum. This is the first case of echocardiographic features of straddling mitral valve."}
{"id": "PMID:918974", "title": "Pathological study of tracheal and pulmonary lesions in autopsy cases of congenital esophageal atresia.", "content": "One of the major causes of death in infants with congenital esophageal atresia is the lung complication. Analysis of the Annual of Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan from 1966 to 1969 revealed that the lung complications were seen in 81% of total cases. We have carried out a detailed histological study of the trachea and lung in 4 infants who died of congenital esophageal atresia. In three of them, ciliated epithelium of the trachea was replaced by stratified squamous epithelium and the alveoli were filled with numerous foamy cells. There were only a little inflammatory change in sections studied. The constant association of these two lesions suggests cause-and-effect relationship, and we are inclined to think that retention of foamy cells in the alveoli is due to the impaired mucociliary transport mechanism in the respiratory tract.", "contents": "Pathological study of tracheal and pulmonary lesions in autopsy cases of congenital esophageal atresia. One of the major causes of death in infants with congenital esophageal atresia is the lung complication. Analysis of the Annual of Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan from 1966 to 1969 revealed that the lung complications were seen in 81% of total cases. We have carried out a detailed histological study of the trachea and lung in 4 infants who died of congenital esophageal atresia. In three of them, ciliated epithelium of the trachea was replaced by stratified squamous epithelium and the alveoli were filled with numerous foamy cells. There were only a little inflammatory change in sections studied. The constant association of these two lesions suggests cause-and-effect relationship, and we are inclined to think that retention of foamy cells in the alveoli is due to the impaired mucociliary transport mechanism in the respiratory tract."}
{"id": "PMID:918975", "title": "Clinical features and laboratory findings of vibration disease: a review of 300 cases.", "content": "Clinical features and laboratory findings of 300 inpatients with vibration disease before and after treatments were reviewed. Having been using chain saws or pneumatic hammers for a long period, the patients were afflicted with Raynaud's phenomenon, numbness, pain or stiffness of fingers, pain of elbows and neck, stiffness of shoulders and lumbago. They had high incidences of complaints due to the disorder of the central nervous system, especially of the higher center of the autonomic nervous system; i.e. headache (52.0%), palmar hyperhidrosis (70.0%), forgetfulness (78.2%), fatiguability (61.3%), tinnitus (41.8%), impotence (55.1%), etc. Laboratory findings of the autonomic nerve activity tests, electroencephalograms and audiograms also suggested the disorder of the central nervous system. Treatments during three months had improved significantly the subjective symptoms and the objective findings (p less than 0.05 to 0.001). Thus, vibration disease should be considered as a systemic disease, including disorders of the central nervous system, especially of the higher center of the autonomic nervous system, and disturbances of the peripheral functions.", "contents": "Clinical features and laboratory findings of vibration disease: a review of 300 cases. Clinical features and laboratory findings of 300 inpatients with vibration disease before and after treatments were reviewed. Having been using chain saws or pneumatic hammers for a long period, the patients were afflicted with Raynaud's phenomenon, numbness, pain or stiffness of fingers, pain of elbows and neck, stiffness of shoulders and lumbago. They had high incidences of complaints due to the disorder of the central nervous system, especially of the higher center of the autonomic nervous system; i.e. headache (52.0%), palmar hyperhidrosis (70.0%), forgetfulness (78.2%), fatiguability (61.3%), tinnitus (41.8%), impotence (55.1%), etc. Laboratory findings of the autonomic nerve activity tests, electroencephalograms and audiograms also suggested the disorder of the central nervous system. Treatments during three months had improved significantly the subjective symptoms and the objective findings (p less than 0.05 to 0.001). Thus, vibration disease should be considered as a systemic disease, including disorders of the central nervous system, especially of the higher center of the autonomic nervous system, and disturbances of the peripheral functions."}
{"id": "PMID:918976", "title": "Sound spectroanalytic diagnosis of malfunctioning prosthetic heart valve.", "content": "Sound spectroanalysis was carried out for diagnosis of malfunctioning prosthetic heart valves in 50 cases, which consisted of 31 mitral, 14 aortic, 4 mitral+aortic and 1 tricuspid valve replacements with the age ranging from 17 to 57 years. Types of prosthetic valves used in this series were Starr-Edwards silicon ball valves, metal ball valves, disc valves, Kay-Shiley valves, Smeloff-Cutter valves and a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve. The system used in this study consisted of a moving coil microphone, a preamplifier, a filter (160/24 db octave) and a sound spectrograph (Rion Co. S.G. (7). Contour sound spectrograms (SSG) were drawn and peak frequency, wave pattern and frequency-intensity curves were investigated as characteristics of implanted valvular function. Peak frequencies of valvular opening and closing sounds were recorded between 1800 to 5000 Hz and differed according to the types of prosthesis. In mitral+aortic valve replacements, valvular sounds of two prostheses were clearly separated and this finding was very useful for determining the prosthesis which fell into malfunction. Decrease in peak frequency of valvular sounds or abnormal wave patterns in contour SSG were observed in 9 cases (18%). Of 9 cases, 4 cases underwent re-replacement and 2 cases died of congestive heart failure. Operative or autopsy findings gave proof to the findings in sound spectroanalysis.", "contents": "Sound spectroanalytic diagnosis of malfunctioning prosthetic heart valve. Sound spectroanalysis was carried out for diagnosis of malfunctioning prosthetic heart valves in 50 cases, which consisted of 31 mitral, 14 aortic, 4 mitral+aortic and 1 tricuspid valve replacements with the age ranging from 17 to 57 years. Types of prosthetic valves used in this series were Starr-Edwards silicon ball valves, metal ball valves, disc valves, Kay-Shiley valves, Smeloff-Cutter valves and a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve. The system used in this study consisted of a moving coil microphone, a preamplifier, a filter (160/24 db octave) and a sound spectrograph (Rion Co. S.G. (7). Contour sound spectrograms (SSG) were drawn and peak frequency, wave pattern and frequency-intensity curves were investigated as characteristics of implanted valvular function. Peak frequencies of valvular opening and closing sounds were recorded between 1800 to 5000 Hz and differed according to the types of prosthesis. In mitral+aortic valve replacements, valvular sounds of two prostheses were clearly separated and this finding was very useful for determining the prosthesis which fell into malfunction. Decrease in peak frequency of valvular sounds or abnormal wave patterns in contour SSG were observed in 9 cases (18%). Of 9 cases, 4 cases underwent re-replacement and 2 cases died of congestive heart failure. Operative or autopsy findings gave proof to the findings in sound spectroanalysis."}
{"id": "PMID:918978", "title": "HLA antigens and toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis.", "content": "HLA (Human Leukocyte-A) antigens of 20 patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis were determined by the standard microlymphocyte cytotoxicity test to see if these patients have different immunogenetic backgrounds from the normal controls. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the patients and the normal controls.", "contents": "HLA antigens and toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. HLA (Human Leukocyte-A) antigens of 20 patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis were determined by the standard microlymphocyte cytotoxicity test to see if these patients have different immunogenetic backgrounds from the normal controls. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the patients and the normal controls."}
{"id": "PMID:918979", "title": "Activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the red cells of Japanese acatalasemia blood.", "content": "The activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the red cells of normal and acatalasemia bloods were compared. Superoxide dismutase activity in the red cells of Japanese acatalasemia blood was higher than in normal control, while glutathione peroxidase activity remained within normal limits. Cyanide sensitivity of superoxide dismutase in the red cells of acatalasemia blood was similar to that in normal control.", "contents": "Activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the red cells of Japanese acatalasemia blood. The activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the red cells of normal and acatalasemia bloods were compared. Superoxide dismutase activity in the red cells of Japanese acatalasemia blood was higher than in normal control, while glutathione peroxidase activity remained within normal limits. Cyanide sensitivity of superoxide dismutase in the red cells of acatalasemia blood was similar to that in normal control."}
{"id": "PMID:918999", "title": "[Integrated treatment of the inoperable bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The inoperable bronchial carcinoma tends to early formation of metastases. If the tumor responds well to different cytostatic drugs, chemotherapy is absolutely necessary. In this case, combined therapy has better results than monotherapy. We use chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy in order to prevent hematogenic extension of the disease and to ameliorate the receptiveness of the primary tumor. In order to avoid local recurrence it is necessary to submit the primary tumor and the mediastinum to radiotherapy. A focal dose of 3000 rd within three weeks is considered to be sufficient. This dose generally does not cause severe myelosuppression, so that the chemotherapy can be continued. A report is given on the provisional results of different chemotherapeutic combinations. Further studies, however, are absolutely necessary in order to be in a position to give recommendations of common validity.", "contents": "[Integrated treatment of the inoperable bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)]. The inoperable bronchial carcinoma tends to early formation of metastases. If the tumor responds well to different cytostatic drugs, chemotherapy is absolutely necessary. In this case, combined therapy has better results than monotherapy. We use chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy in order to prevent hematogenic extension of the disease and to ameliorate the receptiveness of the primary tumor. In order to avoid local recurrence it is necessary to submit the primary tumor and the mediastinum to radiotherapy. A focal dose of 3000 rd within three weeks is considered to be sufficient. This dose generally does not cause severe myelosuppression, so that the chemotherapy can be continued. A report is given on the provisional results of different chemotherapeutic combinations. Further studies, however, are absolutely necessary in order to be in a position to give recommendations of common validity."}
{"id": "PMID:919000", "title": "[Radiotherapy of lymphogranulomatosis--relations between radiomyelitis and oncogenic alteration of the spinal marrow (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors compare the results of two methods of the upper and lower system irradiation in case of Hodgkin's disease with respect to the spinal marrow. The frequency of radiomyelitis is opposed to the frequency of Hodgkin-specific alterations of the spinal marrow. 74 patients were submitted to telecobalt irradiations the dosage of which was below the tolerances known for the spinal marrow. Two of them presented a radiomyelitis and two a paraplegia of Hodgkin in the irradiated region. One paraplegia caused by the formation of a tumor developed in a region next to the irradiation field; certainly this region would have been affected by a higher dosed large-field irradiation of the spinal marrow. The application of the large-field methods in 61 patients did not cause any radiomyelitis in spite of doses which were higher than the tolerance doses for the spinal marrow of Franke. Hodgkin- specific infiltrations of the spinal canal were also not observed. The large-field method can also be recommended because it seems to offer a larger therapeutic field between the risks of spinal Hodgkin manifestations and radiomyelitis.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of lymphogranulomatosis--relations between radiomyelitis and oncogenic alteration of the spinal marrow (author's transl)]. The authors compare the results of two methods of the upper and lower system irradiation in case of Hodgkin's disease with respect to the spinal marrow. The frequency of radiomyelitis is opposed to the frequency of Hodgkin-specific alterations of the spinal marrow. 74 patients were submitted to telecobalt irradiations the dosage of which was below the tolerances known for the spinal marrow. Two of them presented a radiomyelitis and two a paraplegia of Hodgkin in the irradiated region. One paraplegia caused by the formation of a tumor developed in a region next to the irradiation field; certainly this region would have been affected by a higher dosed large-field irradiation of the spinal marrow. The application of the large-field methods in 61 patients did not cause any radiomyelitis in spite of doses which were higher than the tolerance doses for the spinal marrow of Franke. Hodgkin- specific infiltrations of the spinal canal were also not observed. The large-field method can also be recommended because it seems to offer a larger therapeutic field between the risks of spinal Hodgkin manifestations and radiomyelitis."}
{"id": "PMID:919001", "title": "[Optimized cross-section determination for treatment planning in radiation therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A true scale cross-section of the body is an indispensable condition for the accuracy of treatment planning in radiation therapy. To this end, ultrasonic or computed tomography may be used. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. By summarization of cross-sections from all positions appropriate for treatment the most authentic body contours are obtained as an optimal basis for irradiation.", "contents": "[Optimized cross-section determination for treatment planning in radiation therapy (author's transl)]. A true scale cross-section of the body is an indispensable condition for the accuracy of treatment planning in radiation therapy. To this end, ultrasonic or computed tomography may be used. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. By summarization of cross-sections from all positions appropriate for treatment the most authentic body contours are obtained as an optimal basis for irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:919002", "title": "[Dosimetry of negative pi-mesons (author's transl)].", "content": "Central axis depth-dose curves, isodose curves, and size of beam spot at various depth were measured in a water phantom at a pi- -beam suitable for radiobiological and radiotherapeutical experiments. Problems of measurement of the absorbed dose in the peak region of the depth dose cure are discussed.", "contents": "[Dosimetry of negative pi-mesons (author's transl)]. Central axis depth-dose curves, isodose curves, and size of beam spot at various depth were measured in a water phantom at a pi- -beam suitable for radiobiological and radiotherapeutical experiments. Problems of measurement of the absorbed dose in the peak region of the depth dose cure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919003", "title": "[Angiographic diagnosis of small intestine carcinoids (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on two cases of metastasizing ileum carcinoid in which the arteriography of the superior mesenteric artery and the hepatic artery lead to a correct diagnosis while no clear result could be obtained by conventional X-ray examinations (gastrointestinal passage and Irigoscopy of the colon). In the first case, the vascular alterations in the lower ileum, combined with numerous hyper-vascularized metastases in the liver allowed to diagnose the primary tumor and to determine its type. In the second case, a correct diagnosis could be made alone bacuse of the specific vascular alterations indicating the carcinoid which was growing by infiltration (vascular star, missing parenchymatous charge, belated venous drainage, in the tumor region). In one case, a second primary tumor whose growth was accompanied only by little infiltration could be early diagnosed. All diagnoses were confirmed by surgical and anatomicopathological findings. In order to ameliorate the prognosis, bad until now, by an earlier diagnosis, arteriography should be used whenever a (metastasizing) small intestine carcinoid is suspected.", "contents": "[Angiographic diagnosis of small intestine carcinoids (author's transl)]. A report is given on two cases of metastasizing ileum carcinoid in which the arteriography of the superior mesenteric artery and the hepatic artery lead to a correct diagnosis while no clear result could be obtained by conventional X-ray examinations (gastrointestinal passage and Irigoscopy of the colon). In the first case, the vascular alterations in the lower ileum, combined with numerous hyper-vascularized metastases in the liver allowed to diagnose the primary tumor and to determine its type. In the second case, a correct diagnosis could be made alone bacuse of the specific vascular alterations indicating the carcinoid which was growing by infiltration (vascular star, missing parenchymatous charge, belated venous drainage, in the tumor region). In one case, a second primary tumor whose growth was accompanied only by little infiltration could be early diagnosed. All diagnoses were confirmed by surgical and anatomicopathological findings. In order to ameliorate the prognosis, bad until now, by an earlier diagnosis, arteriography should be used whenever a (metastasizing) small intestine carcinoid is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:919004", "title": "Effects of low-dose irradiation with x-rays and pi-mesons on embryos of two different mouse strains.", "content": "The effects of two different kinds of radiation (X-rays and negative pions) on embryonic development of mice was examined. The application of a known radiosensitizer (lucanthone) combined with 13.5 rd whole-body irradiation on day 8 of gestation showed enhanced teratogenic action compared to treatment with each of the agents alone. The extent of intensification varied both with mouse strain and treatment, indicating possible differences in repair capacity and LET-dependency of sensitization effects. Strain differences were found in the incidence and type of chemical and radiation-induced malformations, which may be explained by different developmental stages at the time of treatment.", "contents": "Effects of low-dose irradiation with x-rays and pi-mesons on embryos of two different mouse strains. The effects of two different kinds of radiation (X-rays and negative pions) on embryonic development of mice was examined. The application of a known radiosensitizer (lucanthone) combined with 13.5 rd whole-body irradiation on day 8 of gestation showed enhanced teratogenic action compared to treatment with each of the agents alone. The extent of intensification varied both with mouse strain and treatment, indicating possible differences in repair capacity and LET-dependency of sensitization effects. Strain differences were found in the incidence and type of chemical and radiation-induced malformations, which may be explained by different developmental stages at the time of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:919005", "title": "[Experimental examinations about the proliferation and radiotherapy after administration of Vincristin and Adriamycin (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytophotometric examinations of solid carcinomas of Ehrlich in mice don't show a considerable cyto-cinetic effect after administration of Vincristin. On the other hand, Adriamycin causes in the same tumor a significant stop in the G2 + M phase with a synchronization factor of 1,4 to 1,5 related to G2. The following experiment with the combined Adriamycin and radiotherapy demonstrates with a statistical significance lying about 5% that an immediate radiotherapeutic success can be obtained which is even increased by a partial synchronization. A considerably enriched G2 + M phase as a result of the administration of Adriamyzin is proven by a first cyto-cinetic examination of human cancerous tissue. A possible clinical therapy scheme is discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental examinations about the proliferation and radiotherapy after administration of Vincristin and Adriamycin (author's transl)]. Cytophotometric examinations of solid carcinomas of Ehrlich in mice don't show a considerable cyto-cinetic effect after administration of Vincristin. On the other hand, Adriamycin causes in the same tumor a significant stop in the G2 + M phase with a synchronization factor of 1,4 to 1,5 related to G2. The following experiment with the combined Adriamycin and radiotherapy demonstrates with a statistical significance lying about 5% that an immediate radiotherapeutic success can be obtained which is even increased by a partial synchronization. A considerably enriched G2 + M phase as a result of the administration of Adriamyzin is proven by a first cyto-cinetic examination of human cancerous tissue. A possible clinical therapy scheme is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919006", "title": "Radiosensitization and radioprotection studies on Ehrlich ascites tumor. II. Experimental trial of lucanthone to enhance the radiosensitivity of the tumor.", "content": "Lucanthone (miracil D) is reported to be carcinostatic and a radiosensitizer. But in our study lucanthone alone (70 mg/kg body weight) had no lasting effect on the Ehrlich carcinoma in mice. Based on mitotic studies, 4-day old ascites tumor was not sensitized to X-rays when pretreated with lucanthone. Tumor growth, evaluated as the average weight of solid tumors or the number of tumor cells in ascites bearing mice, was not significantly different between the group treated with X-rays only and the one treated with lucanthone plus X-rays. Thus lucanthone seems to enhance the radiosensitivity of certain cell types but not of the tumor tested. The orobable mechanism of action of the drug leading in some cases to enhanced radiosensitivity is presented.", "contents": "Radiosensitization and radioprotection studies on Ehrlich ascites tumor. II. Experimental trial of lucanthone to enhance the radiosensitivity of the tumor. Lucanthone (miracil D) is reported to be carcinostatic and a radiosensitizer. But in our study lucanthone alone (70 mg/kg body weight) had no lasting effect on the Ehrlich carcinoma in mice. Based on mitotic studies, 4-day old ascites tumor was not sensitized to X-rays when pretreated with lucanthone. Tumor growth, evaluated as the average weight of solid tumors or the number of tumor cells in ascites bearing mice, was not significantly different between the group treated with X-rays only and the one treated with lucanthone plus X-rays. Thus lucanthone seems to enhance the radiosensitivity of certain cell types but not of the tumor tested. The orobable mechanism of action of the drug leading in some cases to enhanced radiosensitivity is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:919007", "title": "[Influence of whole-body X-ray irradiation and 2, 4, 6-triethyleneimino- 1, 3, 5-triazine on the hypnotic effect of hexobarbital in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The hypnotic effect of hexobarbital, measured in male NMRI-mice, was reduced during the first 24 hours after a unique or fractionated whole-body X-ray irradiation with 700 and 1400 R resp. 70 to 280 R and twelve hours after a unique intravenous injection of 16,0 mg tretamine per kilogram of body weight. Immediately after a unique injection of a high dose of tretamine and 24 hours after the last of four applications of 0,25 to 2,0 mg/kg which were repeated each after one day, the sleeping time after hexobarbital was prolonged. 24 hours after fractionated injection of tretamine (0,5 mg/kg each time), the concentration of hexobarbital in the brain showed a significant increase compared with the control animals. These results show that the decreased effect of hexobarbital in the early post-irradiation phase is based on pharmacodynamic processes while the increase of the effect produced by continued administration of tretamine can be explained by pharmaco-cinetic reasons.", "contents": "[Influence of whole-body X-ray irradiation and 2, 4, 6-triethyleneimino- 1, 3, 5-triazine on the hypnotic effect of hexobarbital in mice (author's transl)]. The hypnotic effect of hexobarbital, measured in male NMRI-mice, was reduced during the first 24 hours after a unique or fractionated whole-body X-ray irradiation with 700 and 1400 R resp. 70 to 280 R and twelve hours after a unique intravenous injection of 16,0 mg tretamine per kilogram of body weight. Immediately after a unique injection of a high dose of tretamine and 24 hours after the last of four applications of 0,25 to 2,0 mg/kg which were repeated each after one day, the sleeping time after hexobarbital was prolonged. 24 hours after fractionated injection of tretamine (0,5 mg/kg each time), the concentration of hexobarbital in the brain showed a significant increase compared with the control animals. These results show that the decreased effect of hexobarbital in the early post-irradiation phase is based on pharmacodynamic processes while the increase of the effect produced by continued administration of tretamine can be explained by pharmaco-cinetic reasons."}
{"id": "PMID:919008", "title": "[Metabolism and toxicity of therapeutic chelating agents. 15th communication: Effect of ca-DPTS and zn-DTPA on blood coagulatin (author's transl)].", "content": "Single subcutaneous injection of Ca-DTPA by a toxic dosage results with rats in a short-term moderate reduction of the plasma concentration of factors belonging to the endogenous coagulation system and of the prothrombin complex. Neither the temporary fibrinolysis nor the thrombocytopenia occurring later deeply affect coagulation as a whole. By fractionation of the daily dose or by continuous infusion of Ca-DTPA damage to the plasmatic coagulation system is not further increased, although the intensity of thrombocytopenia is enhanced which is miminum after single administration of the chelate. The platelet functions, on the other hand, are not influenced by Ca-DTPA. The much better compatibility of Zn-DTPA as compared to Ca-DTPA was fully confirmed also with respect to the hematological and coagulation parameters.", "contents": "[Metabolism and toxicity of therapeutic chelating agents. 15th communication: Effect of ca-DPTS and zn-DTPA on blood coagulatin (author's transl)]. Single subcutaneous injection of Ca-DTPA by a toxic dosage results with rats in a short-term moderate reduction of the plasma concentration of factors belonging to the endogenous coagulation system and of the prothrombin complex. Neither the temporary fibrinolysis nor the thrombocytopenia occurring later deeply affect coagulation as a whole. By fractionation of the daily dose or by continuous infusion of Ca-DTPA damage to the plasmatic coagulation system is not further increased, although the intensity of thrombocytopenia is enhanced which is miminum after single administration of the chelate. The platelet functions, on the other hand, are not influenced by Ca-DTPA. The much better compatibility of Zn-DTPA as compared to Ca-DTPA was fully confirmed also with respect to the hematological and coagulation parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:919009", "title": "Changes of the antiheparin activity of the blood plasma and lymph in dogs after total irradiation.", "content": "An increase was demonstrated of the antiheparin activity in the blood of rats after their total exposure to 200, 500 and 800 R and dogs exposed to 400 R. In the rats the increase of the antiheparin activity was directly dependent of the exposure used. The antiheparin activity increased up to 180 min after the exposure. In the irradiated dogs, there was also a strong increase in the antiheparin activity with a certain decrease 24 hrs after irradiation. A secondary increase was observed on the 7th, 10th and 13th days of the experiment. In the lymph of the irradiated dogs, the increase of the antiheparin activity was steeper than that in the blood itself. The results achieved could serve as a starting point for further investigations to answer the question of possible using these changes for diagnostic estimation of the biological degree of the radiation damage under different conditions.", "contents": "Changes of the antiheparin activity of the blood plasma and lymph in dogs after total irradiation. An increase was demonstrated of the antiheparin activity in the blood of rats after their total exposure to 200, 500 and 800 R and dogs exposed to 400 R. In the rats the increase of the antiheparin activity was directly dependent of the exposure used. The antiheparin activity increased up to 180 min after the exposure. In the irradiated dogs, there was also a strong increase in the antiheparin activity with a certain decrease 24 hrs after irradiation. A secondary increase was observed on the 7th, 10th and 13th days of the experiment. In the lymph of the irradiated dogs, the increase of the antiheparin activity was steeper than that in the blood itself. The results achieved could serve as a starting point for further investigations to answer the question of possible using these changes for diagnostic estimation of the biological degree of the radiation damage under different conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:919010", "title": "New progesterone metabolites in human myometrium.", "content": "Homogenates from human myometrium with an added NADPH regenerating system and ATP were incubated with 4-(14)C progesterone. Six metabolites were identified: 5alpha-pregnane-3, 20-dione, 5beta-pregnane-3, 20-dione, 3alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one, 3beta hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one. 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. The identification of these metabolites was based on their behaviour in paper and thin layer chromatography and especially in radiogaschromatography either as free compounds or after formation of derivatives. The identification of the two allylic metabolites was supplemented by specific microchemical and enzymatic reactions. The formation of 5beta-pregnane-3, 20-dione, 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and of the two allylic alcohols 3alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one and 3beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one in human myometrium homogenates was demonstrated for the first time.", "contents": "New progesterone metabolites in human myometrium. Homogenates from human myometrium with an added NADPH regenerating system and ATP were incubated with 4-(14)C progesterone. Six metabolites were identified: 5alpha-pregnane-3, 20-dione, 5beta-pregnane-3, 20-dione, 3alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one, 3beta hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one. 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. The identification of these metabolites was based on their behaviour in paper and thin layer chromatography and especially in radiogaschromatography either as free compounds or after formation of derivatives. The identification of the two allylic metabolites was supplemented by specific microchemical and enzymatic reactions. The formation of 5beta-pregnane-3, 20-dione, 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and of the two allylic alcohols 3alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one and 3beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one in human myometrium homogenates was demonstrated for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:919012", "title": "The metabolism of estrone and estradiol-17beta and their 3-sulfates by female guinea pig liver microsomes.", "content": "The metabolism, by female guinea pig liver microsomes of estrogen 3-sulfates (estrone-3-sulfate and 17beta-estradiol-3-sulfate) was compared to that of the unconjugated estrogens, estrone and estradiol-17beta. Metabolites identified indicated that 16beta-hydroxylated products (16beta judrpxuestrpme amd 16 epiestriol) arose mainly from the free estrogens while 16alpha-hydroxy steroid sulfates (16alpha hydroxyestrone-3-sulfate and estriol-3-sulfates and estriol-3-sulfate) were predominantly formed from the sulfated estrogens. These results show that the sulfate moiety at position 3 of the steroids directs 16-hydroxylation from the beta to the alpha configuration.", "contents": "The metabolism of estrone and estradiol-17beta and their 3-sulfates by female guinea pig liver microsomes. The metabolism, by female guinea pig liver microsomes of estrogen 3-sulfates (estrone-3-sulfate and 17beta-estradiol-3-sulfate) was compared to that of the unconjugated estrogens, estrone and estradiol-17beta. Metabolites identified indicated that 16beta-hydroxylated products (16beta judrpxuestrpme amd 16 epiestriol) arose mainly from the free estrogens while 16alpha-hydroxy steroid sulfates (16alpha hydroxyestrone-3-sulfate and estriol-3-sulfates and estriol-3-sulfate) were predominantly formed from the sulfated estrogens. These results show that the sulfate moiety at position 3 of the steroids directs 16-hydroxylation from the beta to the alpha configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:919013", "title": "An enzyme-linked immunoassay of testosterone.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunoassay of testosterone is described. The conjugation of testosterone with high specific activity horseradish per-oxidase and a highly sensitive assay for this enzyme having previously been studied, here we describe the immobilization of the anti-testosterone antibody and the development of assay conditions permitting the determination of 50 pg to 1.5 ng testosterone in one working day. In this work attention has been paid to keeping the assay method as simple as possible. The method is discussed in terms of other enzyme-linked immunoassays for steroids.", "contents": "An enzyme-linked immunoassay of testosterone. An enzyme-linked immunoassay of testosterone is described. The conjugation of testosterone with high specific activity horseradish per-oxidase and a highly sensitive assay for this enzyme having previously been studied, here we describe the immobilization of the anti-testosterone antibody and the development of assay conditions permitting the determination of 50 pg to 1.5 ng testosterone in one working day. In this work attention has been paid to keeping the assay method as simple as possible. The method is discussed in terms of other enzyme-linked immunoassays for steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:919014", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic separation of C18 and C19 Steroids.", "content": "High Pressure liquid chromatographic procedures for the resolution of mixtures of C18 and C19 steroids of biologic importance are described. On-line monitoring of the absorbance and refractive index of the eluate was found to be suitable for the quantitative measurement of the amounts of eluted steroids. Using a high sensitivity absorbance detector, reliable measurements of as little as 5 ng delta(3)-3 keto steroids were possible.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic separation of C18 and C19 Steroids. High Pressure liquid chromatographic procedures for the resolution of mixtures of C18 and C19 steroids of biologic importance are described. On-line monitoring of the absorbance and refractive index of the eluate was found to be suitable for the quantitative measurement of the amounts of eluted steroids. Using a high sensitivity absorbance detector, reliable measurements of as little as 5 ng delta(3)-3 keto steroids were possible."}
{"id": "PMID:919015", "title": "Androgen receptor protein binding properties and tissue distribution of 2-selena-a-nor-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol in the rat.", "content": "2-selena-A-nor-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol was studied in vitro and in vivo in the rat prostate gland. The data demonstrates the ability of this compound to selectively complex with the specific receptors of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) in the cytosol and to be retained in the nuclei in an unaltered form. Studies with selenium-75 labeled material suggests that the uptake and localization is similar to endogenous 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone.", "contents": "Androgen receptor protein binding properties and tissue distribution of 2-selena-a-nor-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol in the rat. 2-selena-A-nor-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol was studied in vitro and in vivo in the rat prostate gland. The data demonstrates the ability of this compound to selectively complex with the specific receptors of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) in the cytosol and to be retained in the nuclei in an unaltered form. Studies with selenium-75 labeled material suggests that the uptake and localization is similar to endogenous 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:919016", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol in plasma.", "content": "A reliable radioimmunoassay for the determination of 5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol in plasma is described. Antisera were obtained by immunization of rabbits with 3beta, 17beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one coupled to bovine serum albumin in position 16. The antiserum was characterized by titer, affinity, and specificity. Only dehydroepiandrosterone (24.3 percent) and pregnenolone (2.7 percent) showed a small cross-reactivity. The assay method consisted of extraction with ether, thin-layer chromatography and endpoint determination. The reliability of the method was studied. The interassay variability was 7.5 percent at a concentration of 1.22 microgram/l. The limit of detection was 0.068 microgram/l. Specificity was achieved by chromatographic separation of the crossreacting steroids. Mass recovery experiments with 250 and 500 pg were performed, in which 99.0 + or - 4.6 percent of the smaller and 97.6 +/- 11.3 percent of the greater mass were recovered. In 45 healthy adult males plasma concentrations between 0.44 and 1.80 microgram/l were found. The median was 1.06 microgram/l. Stimulation of the Leydig cells with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) increased plasma concentrations by 93 percent (average in 12 males). Thereapeutic castration in 8 men caused an average decrease of 55.4 percent in plasma values.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol in plasma. A reliable radioimmunoassay for the determination of 5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol in plasma is described. Antisera were obtained by immunization of rabbits with 3beta, 17beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one coupled to bovine serum albumin in position 16. The antiserum was characterized by titer, affinity, and specificity. Only dehydroepiandrosterone (24.3 percent) and pregnenolone (2.7 percent) showed a small cross-reactivity. The assay method consisted of extraction with ether, thin-layer chromatography and endpoint determination. The reliability of the method was studied. The interassay variability was 7.5 percent at a concentration of 1.22 microgram/l. The limit of detection was 0.068 microgram/l. Specificity was achieved by chromatographic separation of the crossreacting steroids. Mass recovery experiments with 250 and 500 pg were performed, in which 99.0 + or - 4.6 percent of the smaller and 97.6 +/- 11.3 percent of the greater mass were recovered. In 45 healthy adult males plasma concentrations between 0.44 and 1.80 microgram/l were found. The median was 1.06 microgram/l. Stimulation of the Leydig cells with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) increased plasma concentrations by 93 percent (average in 12 males). Thereapeutic castration in 8 men caused an average decrease of 55.4 percent in plasma values."}
{"id": "PMID:919017", "title": "Production of antisera against contraceptive steroids.", "content": "A four step synthesis of 6-(0-carboxymethyl) oximinoethynylestradiol is reported. This compound, 6-(0-carboxymethyl) oximinomestranol, the 3-(0-carboxymethyl) oximes of norethindrone and norgestrel and the 3-hemisuccinate of ethynylestradiol were synthesized and conjugated with bovine serum albumin. Rabbits were immunized at 3 dose levels of haptene (20, 66 and 200 nmoles) and eight weeks later with a booster containing 66 nmoles of haptene. The antibody titer and association constant of responding rabbits was nearly independent of dose although most antibody production occurred after the booster injection. Antibodies to mestranol crossreacted more than 100 percent with ethynylestradiol and to a small extent with norethindrone and norgestrel.", "contents": "Production of antisera against contraceptive steroids. A four step synthesis of 6-(0-carboxymethyl) oximinoethynylestradiol is reported. This compound, 6-(0-carboxymethyl) oximinomestranol, the 3-(0-carboxymethyl) oximes of norethindrone and norgestrel and the 3-hemisuccinate of ethynylestradiol were synthesized and conjugated with bovine serum albumin. Rabbits were immunized at 3 dose levels of haptene (20, 66 and 200 nmoles) and eight weeks later with a booster containing 66 nmoles of haptene. The antibody titer and association constant of responding rabbits was nearly independent of dose although most antibody production occurred after the booster injection. Antibodies to mestranol crossreacted more than 100 percent with ethynylestradiol and to a small extent with norethindrone and norgestrel."}
{"id": "PMID:919018", "title": "Progestin binding sites in the rat hypothalamus pituitary and uterus.", "content": "Specific, estrogen-inducible, nuclear radioactivity uptake has been demonstrated in the uterus, pituitary and hypothalamus of immature female rats after injection of a highly potent labelled progestin, R 5020 (17, 21-dimethyl-19-nor-pregna-4, 9-diene-3, 20-dione). A cytoplasmic progestin \"receptor\" has been characterized in these target tissues by an in vitro Dextran-coated charcoal adsorption method. R 5020 binds with the  same intrinsic dissociation constant to the receptor present in these tissues; it dissociates at the same rate from the uterine and pituitary receptor (k-1 = 1 multiplied by 10(-2) min (-1), but about 6 times slower than progesterone. This evidence, together with the similar hormone specificity in the uterus and pituitary, suggests that the progestin \"receptor\" is a similar entity in central and peripheral target tissues.", "contents": "Progestin binding sites in the rat hypothalamus pituitary and uterus. Specific, estrogen-inducible, nuclear radioactivity uptake has been demonstrated in the uterus, pituitary and hypothalamus of immature female rats after injection of a highly potent labelled progestin, R 5020 (17, 21-dimethyl-19-nor-pregna-4, 9-diene-3, 20-dione). A cytoplasmic progestin \"receptor\" has been characterized in these target tissues by an in vitro Dextran-coated charcoal adsorption method. R 5020 binds with the  same intrinsic dissociation constant to the receptor present in these tissues; it dissociates at the same rate from the uterine and pituitary receptor (k-1 = 1 multiplied by 10(-2) min (-1), but about 6 times slower than progesterone. This evidence, together with the similar hormone specificity in the uterus and pituitary, suggests that the progestin \"receptor\" is a similar entity in central and peripheral target tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:919022", "title": "Haemodynamic side effects of antilymphocyte serum.", "content": "Haemodynamic side effects of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) have been studied in six dogs treated with equine anti-dog ALS. All animals responded with a severe but transient reduction of cardiac output and, in most cases, a drop in aortic pressure. This effect is best explained by a direct negative inotropic action followed by secondary vasoconstriction. An indirect effect of ALS by release of cardiotoxic substances from damaged blood cells seems to be a more probable explanation than a direct action of ALS on cardiac cell membranes.", "contents": "Haemodynamic side effects of antilymphocyte serum. Haemodynamic side effects of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) have been studied in six dogs treated with equine anti-dog ALS. All animals responded with a severe but transient reduction of cardiac output and, in most cases, a drop in aortic pressure. This effect is best explained by a direct negative inotropic action followed by secondary vasoconstriction. An indirect effect of ALS by release of cardiotoxic substances from damaged blood cells seems to be a more probable explanation than a direct action of ALS on cardiac cell membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:919023", "title": "Immune status of mice tolerant of living cells. III. Presence and evolution of cells cytotoxic to the tolerated strain.", "content": "Spleen cells from CBA mice neonatally rendered highly tolerant to A/Jax (keeping a skin graft in perfect shape for more than 1 year and without detectable hemagglutinating or cytotoxic antibodies) contain cells cytotoxic for YAC 222 (A/Jax) in Cr release assay. The degree of the cytotoxicity depends on the age of the mouse, following a curve lower than, but parallel to, the one followed by the cytotoxicity of cells from CBA rendered immune by injecting them with A/Jax cells 1 week  previously. The maximum of the cytotoxicity curve is reached during the 9th and 10th weeks. Normal CBA cells themselves are moderately cytotoxic to YAC 222. This \"natural\" cytotoxicity, significantly less intense and presumably directed against Moloney virus-related determinants, does not follow the same time pattern. The cytotoxic indices from both immune and tolerant cell populations are significantly reduced by CBA and anti-A/Jax immune serum. The tested sera of the tolerant mice did not contain hemagglutinating or in vitro-blocking antibodies in the Cr release assay (only the sera from unsuccessfully treated mice, having rejected their skin grafts, had some degree of blocking activity). However (and in agreement with previous experiments), these sera often contained synergistic hemagglutinins and in vivo enhancing properties of A/Jax tumors (Sal) grafted on CBA recipients.", "contents": "Immune status of mice tolerant of living cells. III. Presence and evolution of cells cytotoxic to the tolerated strain. Spleen cells from CBA mice neonatally rendered highly tolerant to A/Jax (keeping a skin graft in perfect shape for more than 1 year and without detectable hemagglutinating or cytotoxic antibodies) contain cells cytotoxic for YAC 222 (A/Jax) in Cr release assay. The degree of the cytotoxicity depends on the age of the mouse, following a curve lower than, but parallel to, the one followed by the cytotoxicity of cells from CBA rendered immune by injecting them with A/Jax cells 1 week  previously. The maximum of the cytotoxicity curve is reached during the 9th and 10th weeks. Normal CBA cells themselves are moderately cytotoxic to YAC 222. This \"natural\" cytotoxicity, significantly less intense and presumably directed against Moloney virus-related determinants, does not follow the same time pattern. The cytotoxic indices from both immune and tolerant cell populations are significantly reduced by CBA and anti-A/Jax immune serum. The tested sera of the tolerant mice did not contain hemagglutinating or in vitro-blocking antibodies in the Cr release assay (only the sera from unsuccessfully treated mice, having rejected their skin grafts, had some degree of blocking activity). However (and in agreement with previous experiments), these sera often contained synergistic hemagglutinins and in vivo enhancing properties of A/Jax tumors (Sal) grafted on CBA recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:919029", "title": "Selective reactions in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "Selective reactions associated with HLA specificity were sought in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic tests against HLA-typed lymphoblastoid lines using operationally monospecific HLA sera and effector cells from healthy individuals. Precise detection of HLA specificities was disturbed by the presence of natural antibodies in HLA antiserum and the effect of the serum and cells on target cell viability. Detection of HLA specificity was improved by absorption of the serum to remove natural antibodies and correction of the results for extraneous cell and serum effects.", "contents": "Selective reactions in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Selective reactions associated with HLA specificity were sought in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic tests against HLA-typed lymphoblastoid lines using operationally monospecific HLA sera and effector cells from healthy individuals. Precise detection of HLA specificities was disturbed by the presence of natural antibodies in HLA antiserum and the effect of the serum and cells on target cell viability. Detection of HLA specificity was improved by absorption of the serum to remove natural antibodies and correction of the results for extraneous cell and serum effects."}
{"id": "PMID:919031", "title": "[Spatial arrangement of chromosomes in somatic cell nuclei. IV. Homologous chromosomes in guinea pigs and domestic pigs].", "content": "Space location of chromosomes in metaphasic cells was investigated using brains of 30 Cavia cobaya and 30 Sus scrofa, in norm and under X-ray treatment (500 r) and dipin action. Conjugation of homologous chromosomes under normal conditions was determined, with a high rate reliability, to be equal to the 0.99 level of measuring, within the limits of the elaborated mathematical model. High rate of translocations of homologous chromosomes were discovered in animals subjected to the above mutagen treatments. The architecture of cell nuclei is discussed.", "contents": "[Spatial arrangement of chromosomes in somatic cell nuclei. IV. Homologous chromosomes in guinea pigs and domestic pigs]. Space location of chromosomes in metaphasic cells was investigated using brains of 30 Cavia cobaya and 30 Sus scrofa, in norm and under X-ray treatment (500 r) and dipin action. Conjugation of homologous chromosomes under normal conditions was determined, with a high rate reliability, to be equal to the 0.99 level of measuring, within the limits of the elaborated mathematical model. High rate of translocations of homologous chromosomes were discovered in animals subjected to the above mutagen treatments. The architecture of cell nuclei is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919032", "title": "[Aldolase binding by ghosts and plasma membranes of differentiating erythroid cells in pigeons].", "content": "During the differentiation of pigeon erythroid cells their aldolase activity considerably decreases, which is more obvious during the erythroblast reticulocyte development compared to the reticulocyte erythrocyte development. There are some common patterns in the character of aldolase binding by plasma membrane (PM) of the erythroid cells of different degrees of maturation: a high binding lability and the availability of a small portion of enzyme firmly bound to PM. During erythropoesis an increase of aldolase binding occurs. The provided data show a specific character of interaction of aldolase with erythroid membrane. The shown increase of aldolase binding may partly explain a decrease of its activity in the course of erythropoesis and is, perhaps, of adaptive character.", "contents": "[Aldolase binding by ghosts and plasma membranes of differentiating erythroid cells in pigeons]. During the differentiation of pigeon erythroid cells their aldolase activity considerably decreases, which is more obvious during the erythroblast reticulocyte development compared to the reticulocyte erythrocyte development. There are some common patterns in the character of aldolase binding by plasma membrane (PM) of the erythroid cells of different degrees of maturation: a high binding lability and the availability of a small portion of enzyme firmly bound to PM. During erythropoesis an increase of aldolase binding occurs. The provided data show a specific character of interaction of aldolase with erythroid membrane. The shown increase of aldolase binding may partly explain a decrease of its activity in the course of erythropoesis and is, perhaps, of adaptive character."}
{"id": "PMID:919033", "title": "[Effect of strychnine, morphine and serotonin on dry weight dynamics in cultivated glial cells].", "content": "The dry mass of glial cells was studied after their introduction into nutrient media or application of neurotropic drugs (strychnine, morphine and serotonin). Drug concentrations disturbing synchronous fluctuation of dry mass of contracting glial cells were established (0.025 and 0.25% for strichnine and morphine, resp.). Similar changes were induced by a local application of strychnine and serotonin to a confined region of the cell membrane of one of the contracting cells.", "contents": "[Effect of strychnine, morphine and serotonin on dry weight dynamics in cultivated glial cells]. The dry mass of glial cells was studied after their introduction into nutrient media or application of neurotropic drugs (strychnine, morphine and serotonin). Drug concentrations disturbing synchronous fluctuation of dry mass of contracting glial cells were established (0.025 and 0.25% for strichnine and morphine, resp.). Similar changes were induced by a local application of strychnine and serotonin to a confined region of the cell membrane of one of the contracting cells."}
{"id": "PMID:919034", "title": "[Mitotic cycles in diploid strains of human fibroblast-like cells].", "content": "Determination of parameters of the mitotic cycles in 5 human diploid embryonic strains and in 4 human strains from donor skin biopsies was conducted in termal room (37 degrees C). Diploid strains of postnatal origin have a longer duration both of the whole mitotic cycle (P less than 0.001) and of particular stages G1 (P less than 0.001), G2 (P less than 0.001) (duration of S-phase was not deviated) as well as lower values for the proliferative pool during the whole cultivation to the embryonic diploid strains.", "contents": "[Mitotic cycles in diploid strains of human fibroblast-like cells]. Determination of parameters of the mitotic cycles in 5 human diploid embryonic strains and in 4 human strains from donor skin biopsies was conducted in termal room (37 degrees C). Diploid strains of postnatal origin have a longer duration both of the whole mitotic cycle (P less than 0.001) and of particular stages G1 (P less than 0.001), G2 (P less than 0.001) (duration of S-phase was not deviated) as well as lower values for the proliferative pool during the whole cultivation to the embryonic diploid strains."}
{"id": "PMID:919035", "title": "[Ultraviolet cytophotometry of a single live neuron in the crayfish mechanoreceptor].", "content": "Measurements of ultra-violet absorption by a live neuron, with 5-minutes' intervals, have shown variations in RNP content amounting almost 20% with a period of 30 min. The fact that these variations and their phase were independent from changes in the volume of RNP zone allows to relate them to the rhythm of macromolecule synthesis. When ultra-violet radiation was delivered in large doses, mean RNP content decreased with a latency 20 to 40 min, and 30- minutes' variations of RNP content were suppressed.", "contents": "[Ultraviolet cytophotometry of a single live neuron in the crayfish mechanoreceptor]. Measurements of ultra-violet absorption by a live neuron, with 5-minutes' intervals, have shown variations in RNP content amounting almost 20% with a period of 30 min. The fact that these variations and their phase were independent from changes in the volume of RNP zone allows to relate them to the rhythm of macromolecule synthesis. When ultra-violet radiation was delivered in large doses, mean RNP content decreased with a latency 20 to 40 min, and 30- minutes' variations of RNP content were suppressed."}
{"id": "PMID:919036", "title": "[Fluorescent-cytochemical study of the action of benz(a)pyrene on subcutaneous connective tissue cells during malignant transformation in vitro].", "content": "Alterations in the secondary DNA structure of cell nuclei of the rat's subcutaneous connective tissue exposed to benz(a)pyrene (BP) action have been revealed using the Roshlay fluorescent-cytochemical method in cultivating in vitro. Alterations in the luminescence of the acridin orange complex with DNA, i.e. displacement towards the red region of spectrum, indicates the changes in the secondary structure of DNA. The strongest action on the primary cultures were noted after the injection of carcinogen (on the 3rd day of explanation). The toxical effect was lower after a repeated BP injection (on the 10th and 20th days of explanation). Cells undergone malignization and transformation, due to the BP action on the primary explantates, were more resistant to carcinogen action than the normal cells. However, the spontaneously malignized cells were more sensitive to the BP action than the cells transformed under the carcinogen action.", "contents": "[Fluorescent-cytochemical study of the action of benz(a)pyrene on subcutaneous connective tissue cells during malignant transformation in vitro]. Alterations in the secondary DNA structure of cell nuclei of the rat's subcutaneous connective tissue exposed to benz(a)pyrene (BP) action have been revealed using the Roshlay fluorescent-cytochemical method in cultivating in vitro. Alterations in the luminescence of the acridin orange complex with DNA, i.e. displacement towards the red region of spectrum, indicates the changes in the secondary structure of DNA. The strongest action on the primary cultures were noted after the injection of carcinogen (on the 3rd day of explanation). The toxical effect was lower after a repeated BP injection (on the 10th and 20th days of explanation). Cells undergone malignization and transformation, due to the BP action on the primary explantates, were more resistant to carcinogen action than the normal cells. However, the spontaneously malignized cells were more sensitive to the BP action than the cells transformed under the carcinogen action."}
{"id": "PMID:919051", "title": "[Electrophoretic characteristics of beef brain proteins extracted by acidic ethanol].", "content": "A protein fraction was isolated from the TCA residue of beef brain water-soluble proteins by 80% ethanol treatment. This fraction accounts for 3% of the total brain protein. The heterogeneity and tissue specificity of its component are studied by electrophoreses in 10% polyacrylamide gel (pH 8.3). The fraction consists of three proteins with different electrophoretic mobility and tissue specificity.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic characteristics of beef brain proteins extracted by acidic ethanol]. A protein fraction was isolated from the TCA residue of beef brain water-soluble proteins by 80% ethanol treatment. This fraction accounts for 3% of the total brain protein. The heterogeneity and tissue specificity of its component are studied by electrophoreses in 10% polyacrylamide gel (pH 8.3). The fraction consists of three proteins with different electrophoretic mobility and tissue specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:919053", "title": "[Characteristic of antithromboplastic activity of human blood serum].", "content": "The ability of human blood serum for inactivating tissue thromboplastin is established to be due to the presence of two inhibitors: thermolabile inhibitor characterized by a progressive effect and thermostable one having an instant effect. Thromboplastin inhibition by the thermolabile inhibitor is partial, whereas inhibition by the thermostable one is completely reversible. In the latter case inhibition is intermediate character, between the competitive and incompetitive one. The inhibitory activity is found in Cohn's fraction V, is removed during DEAE-cellulos chromatography and gel chromatography with the first portions of eluating liquid.", "contents": "[Characteristic of antithromboplastic activity of human blood serum]. The ability of human blood serum for inactivating tissue thromboplastin is established to be due to the presence of two inhibitors: thermolabile inhibitor characterized by a progressive effect and thermostable one having an instant effect. Thromboplastin inhibition by the thermolabile inhibitor is partial, whereas inhibition by the thermostable one is completely reversible. In the latter case inhibition is intermediate character, between the competitive and incompetitive one. The inhibitory activity is found in Cohn's fraction V, is removed during DEAE-cellulos chromatography and gel chromatography with the first portions of eluating liquid."}
{"id": "PMID:919055", "title": "[Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Theragra chalcogramma and bovine opsins in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate].", "content": "Fish and bovine opsins were found generally in monomeric forms with slight content of dimers at electrophoresis in 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate--0.005 M sodium phosphate buffer (system I). Opsins have a high tendency to oligomerization and formation of trimers and higher oligomers in 1+5 M urea (system II). The molecular weight of nonomers and dimers of opsins in system I calculated according to the standard proteins, increased with a rise of acrylamide concentration. The authors believe that in both systems the hydrophobic interactions that not the reactions of intermolecular S-S bonds formation are supposed to be on the basis of opsins oligomerization.", "contents": "[Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Theragra chalcogramma and bovine opsins in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate]. Fish and bovine opsins were found generally in monomeric forms with slight content of dimers at electrophoresis in 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate--0.005 M sodium phosphate buffer (system I). Opsins have a high tendency to oligomerization and formation of trimers and higher oligomers in 1+5 M urea (system II). The molecular weight of nonomers and dimers of opsins in system I calculated according to the standard proteins, increased with a rise of acrylamide concentration. The authors believe that in both systems the hydrophobic interactions that not the reactions of intermolecular S-S bonds formation are supposed to be on the basis of opsins oligomerization."}
{"id": "PMID:919049", "title": "[Thyroxine induction of aminotransferases in subcellular fractions of rat heart].", "content": "Administration of thyroxine toxic doses to rats results in a considerable increase in the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in nuclear, mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of the rat heart. The hormone action is more pronounced in the mitochondrial fraction. A simultaneous administration of thyroxine and actinomycin D decreases the hormone effect in case of nuclear and supernatant enzymes. The enzymes of mitochondrial fractions do not change after actinomycin D injection. It is possible to suggest that in mitochondria there occurs a synthesis of some enzymes.", "contents": "[Thyroxine induction of aminotransferases in subcellular fractions of rat heart]. Administration of thyroxine toxic doses to rats results in a considerable increase in the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in nuclear, mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of the rat heart. The hormone action is more pronounced in the mitochondrial fraction. A simultaneous administration of thyroxine and actinomycin D decreases the hormone effect in case of nuclear and supernatant enzymes. The enzymes of mitochondrial fractions do not change after actinomycin D injection. It is possible to suggest that in mitochondria there occurs a synthesis of some enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:919056", "title": "[Metabolism of biogenic amines in rats under the effect of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and polychlorcamphene].", "content": "Some indexes of catecholamines and serotonin metabolism were studied when animals were effected by dichlorodiphenyl trichlorethan and polychlorocamphene. It is shown that the mentioned pesticides cause in the animal organism intensification of serotonin metabolism and increase the sympatho-adrenalic system activity. Under the effect of polychlorocamphene the shifts in the catecholamines metabolism are more pronounced.", "contents": "[Metabolism of biogenic amines in rats under the effect of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and polychlorcamphene]. Some indexes of catecholamines and serotonin metabolism were studied when animals were effected by dichlorodiphenyl trichlorethan and polychlorocamphene. It is shown that the mentioned pesticides cause in the animal organism intensification of serotonin metabolism and increase the sympatho-adrenalic system activity. Under the effect of polychlorocamphene the shifts in the catecholamines metabolism are more pronounced."}
{"id": "PMID:919050", "title": "[Dependence of the 14C label determination efficiency in proteins under certain experimental conditions].", "content": "A simple, economical, highly productive and easily reproducible method is suggested for making 14C-labelled preparations of denaturated proteins to determine their radioactivity by the liquid scintillation counter. The advantages of the methods are as follows: it is possible for a short period of time to make a large number of preparations; the counted vessels are not contaminated during the work; scintillation liquid consumption is considerably reduced.", "contents": "[Dependence of the 14C label determination efficiency in proteins under certain experimental conditions]. A simple, economical, highly productive and easily reproducible method is suggested for making 14C-labelled preparations of denaturated proteins to determine their radioactivity by the liquid scintillation counter. The advantages of the methods are as follows: it is possible for a short period of time to make a large number of preparations; the counted vessels are not contaminated during the work; scintillation liquid consumption is considerably reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:919054", "title": "[Effect of x-irradiation, nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulfate on the interrelation between methylation and biosynthesis of tRNA].", "content": "Experiments on rats established that tRNA of the liver under the effect of total X-irradiation (800 R), nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulphate proves to be hypermethylated. In this case tRNA molecules undergo conformation changes. Nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulphate administered to the animals under experiment an hour before irradiation favour the normalization of these indexes. As a rule, a correlation is observed between changes in methylation of tRNA and activity of their methylases. Irradiation inhibits the processes of tRNA synthesis which are normalized under the effect of nicotinic acid administered before the irradiation. Nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulphate produce no effect on synthesis of tRNA in the liver of normal animals. The activity of acid tRNase under the effect of nicotinic acid is not changed, under other conditions of the experiment it decreases. Irradiation against a background of nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulphate administered to animals and neostigmine methylsulphate administration to the intact animals inhibit the activity of alkaline tRNase.", "contents": "[Effect of x-irradiation, nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulfate on the interrelation between methylation and biosynthesis of tRNA]. Experiments on rats established that tRNA of the liver under the effect of total X-irradiation (800 R), nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulphate proves to be hypermethylated. In this case tRNA molecules undergo conformation changes. Nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulphate administered to the animals under experiment an hour before irradiation favour the normalization of these indexes. As a rule, a correlation is observed between changes in methylation of tRNA and activity of their methylases. Irradiation inhibits the processes of tRNA synthesis which are normalized under the effect of nicotinic acid administered before the irradiation. Nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulphate produce no effect on synthesis of tRNA in the liver of normal animals. The activity of acid tRNase under the effect of nicotinic acid is not changed, under other conditions of the experiment it decreases. Irradiation against a background of nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulphate administered to animals and neostigmine methylsulphate administration to the intact animals inhibit the activity of alkaline tRNase."}
{"id": "PMID:919052", "title": "[Glutamate deamination and transamination in the presence of dinitrophenol].", "content": "Oxidation of glutamate by the brain mitrochondrial fraction was studied in the in vitro experiments in the presence of 2,4-DNP in concentrations of 5.10(-6) and 1.10(-3) M. 5.10(-6) M DNP is shown to stimulate ammonia and aspartate formation when glutamate in a concentration of 10 mM was used. Under these conditions an increase in O2 consumption occurred. When 1.10(-3) DNP was used, O2 consumption was inhbited. In this case ammonia formation was more intensive and simultaneously aspartate production was decreased. An increase in the glutamate concentration up to 20 mM diminished 2,4-DNP effects on ammonia and aspartate production.", "contents": "[Glutamate deamination and transamination in the presence of dinitrophenol]. Oxidation of glutamate by the brain mitrochondrial fraction was studied in the in vitro experiments in the presence of 2,4-DNP in concentrations of 5.10(-6) and 1.10(-3) M. 5.10(-6) M DNP is shown to stimulate ammonia and aspartate formation when glutamate in a concentration of 10 mM was used. Under these conditions an increase in O2 consumption occurred. When 1.10(-3) DNP was used, O2 consumption was inhbited. In this case ammonia formation was more intensive and simultaneously aspartate production was decreased. An increase in the glutamate concentration up to 20 mM diminished 2,4-DNP effects on ammonia and aspartate production."}
{"id": "PMID:919058", "title": "[Studies in the fibrinogen molecule D fragment inactivation protecting fragment].", "content": "The interaction was studied between two fragments of bovine fibrinogen isolated from its tryptic hydrolysate: the D fragment, an inhibitor of fibrin-monomer polymerization, and the protector, a fragment inactivating the D fragment. This reaction is relatively rapid: it is completed for several minutes at room temperature and at 37 degrees and is slowed down at 5 degrees. However, the reached level of the D fragment inactivation does not depend upon temperature (within a range from 5 degrees to 37 degrees). Dilution of the incubation mixture under applied conditions caused no dissociation of the D fragment-protector complex. Inactivation of the D fragment by the protector depends on the solution ionic strength; ionic strength 0.13-0.16 is optimal.", "contents": "[Studies in the fibrinogen molecule D fragment inactivation protecting fragment]. The interaction was studied between two fragments of bovine fibrinogen isolated from its tryptic hydrolysate: the D fragment, an inhibitor of fibrin-monomer polymerization, and the protector, a fragment inactivating the D fragment. This reaction is relatively rapid: it is completed for several minutes at room temperature and at 37 degrees and is slowed down at 5 degrees. However, the reached level of the D fragment inactivation does not depend upon temperature (within a range from 5 degrees to 37 degrees). Dilution of the incubation mixture under applied conditions caused no dissociation of the D fragment-protector complex. Inactivation of the D fragment by the protector depends on the solution ionic strength; ionic strength 0.13-0.16 is optimal."}
{"id": "PMID:919060", "title": "[Dependence of ammonia nitrogen utilization in rabbits on concentration of carbonic acid in tissues].", "content": "Under conditions of an increase in the carbonic acid concentration in blood of rabbits (experimental group) utilization of ammonia nitrogen administered to the organism intensifies and simultaneously the level of keto-acids in blood as well as of free amino acids and urea in the liver tissue increases. In these animals as compared to the control ones the content of glutamine in blood and in the liver tissue decreases; the level of alpha-glutarate and glutamate in the liver tissue increases and that of pyruvate lowers. An increase is also observed in reducing power of the liver and kidney cell cytoplasm.", "contents": "[Dependence of ammonia nitrogen utilization in rabbits on concentration of carbonic acid in tissues]. Under conditions of an increase in the carbonic acid concentration in blood of rabbits (experimental group) utilization of ammonia nitrogen administered to the organism intensifies and simultaneously the level of keto-acids in blood as well as of free amino acids and urea in the liver tissue increases. In these animals as compared to the control ones the content of glutamine in blood and in the liver tissue decreases; the level of alpha-glutarate and glutamate in the liver tissue increases and that of pyruvate lowers. An increase is also observed in reducing power of the liver and kidney cell cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:919057", "title": "[Oxidative phosphorylation in rat heart mitochondria under administration of hydrocortisone and insulin].", "content": "The rate of oxidative phosphorylation was studied in heart mitochondria of rats which were administered hydrocortisone and then corticoid in combination with insulin. It is established that 5 h after a single administration of hydrocortisone oxidative phosphorylation increases slightly and is statistically insignificant. Injections of corticosteroids to animals for 14 days inhibit considerably the rate of oxidation and phosphorylation, cause a decrease in the values of respiratory control and APD/O coefficient. Administration of insulin simultaneously with hydrocortisone to animals normalizes these disturbances to a considerable extent.", "contents": "[Oxidative phosphorylation in rat heart mitochondria under administration of hydrocortisone and insulin]. The rate of oxidative phosphorylation was studied in heart mitochondria of rats which were administered hydrocortisone and then corticoid in combination with insulin. It is established that 5 h after a single administration of hydrocortisone oxidative phosphorylation increases slightly and is statistically insignificant. Injections of corticosteroids to animals for 14 days inhibit considerably the rate of oxidation and phosphorylation, cause a decrease in the values of respiratory control and APD/O coefficient. Administration of insulin simultaneously with hydrocortisone to animals normalizes these disturbances to a considerable extent."}
{"id": "PMID:919059", "title": "[Cholesterol biosynthesis in stomach and intestinal tissue of rat].", "content": "Biosynthesis of cholesterol and its precursors (metastenol, latosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol) was studied in the mucous and serous membranes of small intestine, secretory and esophageal regions of the normal rat stomach. The content of these sterols was also determined. The intensity of sodium 2-14C-acetate incorporation into cholesterol and its precursors in the mucous membrane of the small intestine and stomach secretory region is considerably higher than into the same sterols of the serous membrane and esophageal region. Cholesterol synthesis is most intensive in the small intestine mucous membrane and stomach secretory region.", "contents": "[Cholesterol biosynthesis in stomach and intestinal tissue of rat]. Biosynthesis of cholesterol and its precursors (metastenol, latosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol) was studied in the mucous and serous membranes of small intestine, secretory and esophageal regions of the normal rat stomach. The content of these sterols was also determined. The intensity of sodium 2-14C-acetate incorporation into cholesterol and its precursors in the mucous membrane of the small intestine and stomach secretory region is considerably higher than into the same sterols of the serous membrane and esophageal region. Cholesterol synthesis is most intensive in the small intestine mucous membrane and stomach secretory region."}
{"id": "PMID:919073", "title": "Calculation of the cross sections of electron interaction with matter.", "content": "Electron scattering cross sections have been calculated and measured for aluminium, copper, silver and gold samples. The energy of the incident electrons ranges from 300 to 1200 keV. We have developed a theory similar to that of Lenz using a modified form of the Wentzel potential. The theoritical results give a good representation of the measurements.", "contents": "Calculation of the cross sections of electron interaction with matter. Electron scattering cross sections have been calculated and measured for aluminium, copper, silver and gold samples. The energy of the incident electrons ranges from 300 to 1200 keV. We have developed a theory similar to that of Lenz using a modified form of the Wentzel potential. The theoritical results give a good representation of the measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:919074", "title": "Magnetic spectrometers: approximate and ideal designs.", "content": "A produce for determining spectrometer parameters on the basis of specified criteria is illustrated by the design of an energy loss spectrometer for The John Hopkins University high resolution scanning transmission electron microscope. The design tutorial not only includes general expressions for uniform field magnets but also shows how published first and second order transfer coefficients which are available for both uniform field and field gradient magnets may be applied. Within the context of the sharp cutoff fringe field approximation, expressions are derived which enable one to construct ideal pole contours for comparison with prospective second order designs. Moreover, exact expressions for certain first order transfer coefficients permit one to study the aberrations of a proposed design without the need for high precision ray tracing.", "contents": "Magnetic spectrometers: approximate and ideal designs. A produce for determining spectrometer parameters on the basis of specified criteria is illustrated by the design of an energy loss spectrometer for The John Hopkins University high resolution scanning transmission electron microscope. The design tutorial not only includes general expressions for uniform field magnets but also shows how published first and second order transfer coefficients which are available for both uniform field and field gradient magnets may be applied. Within the context of the sharp cutoff fringe field approximation, expressions are derived which enable one to construct ideal pole contours for comparison with prospective second order designs. Moreover, exact expressions for certain first order transfer coefficients permit one to study the aberrations of a proposed design without the need for high precision ray tracing."}
{"id": "PMID:919075", "title": "Fresnel fringes in STEM.", "content": "Experiments carried out with a field emmission STEM show several Fresnel fringes along specimen edges, similar to CTEM observation. Analysis of the data shows agreement with computer profiles for idealized edges and the influence of defocusing distance and collector aperture size is discussed. In very coherent detection conditions the number of visible fringes is limited maily by signal-to-noise ratio considerations. In order to observe the maximum number of fringes, a collector aperture must be chosen so that there is a compromise between the limits imposed by the coherence of the detection and the signal-to-noise ratio.", "contents": "Fresnel fringes in STEM. Experiments carried out with a field emmission STEM show several Fresnel fringes along specimen edges, similar to CTEM observation. Analysis of the data shows agreement with computer profiles for idealized edges and the influence of defocusing distance and collector aperture size is discussed. In very coherent detection conditions the number of visible fringes is limited maily by signal-to-noise ratio considerations. In order to observe the maximum number of fringes, a collector aperture must be chosen so that there is a compromise between the limits imposed by the coherence of the detection and the signal-to-noise ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:919076", "title": "Transmission microscropy of unmodified biological materials: comparative radiation dosages with electrons and ultrasoft x-ray photons.", "content": "The minimum radiation dosage in a specimen consistent with transmission microscopy at resolution d and specimen thickness t is calculated for model specimens resembling biological materials in their natural state. The calculations cover 10(4)-10(7) eV electrons and 1.3-90 A photons in a number of microscopy modes. The results indicate that over a considerable part of the (t,d)-plane transmission microscopy on such specimens can be carried out at lower dosage with photons than with electrons. Estimates of the maximum resolutions obtainable with electrons and photons, consistent with structural survival of the specimen, are obtained, as are data on optimal operating conditions for microscopy with the two particles.", "contents": "Transmission microscropy of unmodified biological materials: comparative radiation dosages with electrons and ultrasoft x-ray photons. The minimum radiation dosage in a specimen consistent with transmission microscopy at resolution d and specimen thickness t is calculated for model specimens resembling biological materials in their natural state. The calculations cover 10(4)-10(7) eV electrons and 1.3-90 A photons in a number of microscopy modes. The results indicate that over a considerable part of the (t,d)-plane transmission microscopy on such specimens can be carried out at lower dosage with photons than with electrons. Estimates of the maximum resolutions obtainable with electrons and photons, consistent with structural survival of the specimen, are obtained, as are data on optimal operating conditions for microscopy with the two particles."}
{"id": "PMID:919077", "title": "Asymmetrical dark field detectors in the STEM.", "content": "Although the annular dark field detector in the STEM collects a large fraction of the elastically scattered electrons, it does not use all the information carried by these electrons because it ignores the distribution of electrons over its surface. This information can be obtained by dividing the detector into sections. This paper calculates the number of electrons scattered by a single atom onto each side of an annular dark field detector split in half by a line passing through its center. This scattering problem is unusual becuase the incident wave is not a plane wave in the STEM. The sum and difference signals are calculated for a single atom from its scattering amplitude for a STEM limited by primary or secondary spherical aberration operating at 10 kV, 70kV, or 100 kV. All the cases calculated show that a single thorium atom should give an observable difference signal which is very sensitive to the focal conditions of the STEM.", "contents": "Asymmetrical dark field detectors in the STEM. Although the annular dark field detector in the STEM collects a large fraction of the elastically scattered electrons, it does not use all the information carried by these electrons because it ignores the distribution of electrons over its surface. This information can be obtained by dividing the detector into sections. This paper calculates the number of electrons scattered by a single atom onto each side of an annular dark field detector split in half by a line passing through its center. This scattering problem is unusual becuase the incident wave is not a plane wave in the STEM. The sum and difference signals are calculated for a single atom from its scattering amplitude for a STEM limited by primary or secondary spherical aberration operating at 10 kV, 70kV, or 100 kV. All the cases calculated show that a single thorium atom should give an observable difference signal which is very sensitive to the focal conditions of the STEM."}
{"id": "PMID:919078", "title": "Bragg diffraction imaging of defects at crystal surfaces.", "content": "Scanning Bragg diffraction images of lattice defects are calculated for a medium energy electron beam at grazing incidence. A stacking fault intersecting the surface introduces additional dynamical beams which interfere to produce a band of fringes near the fault. A dislocation emerging at the surface perturbs the local lattice orientation and therefore changes the reflected beam intensities. It is shown that for a probe size of 10 A the contrast for these defects is about 50 percent while the reflected intensity is 1-10 percent of the incident intensity.", "contents": "Bragg diffraction imaging of defects at crystal surfaces. Scanning Bragg diffraction images of lattice defects are calculated for a medium energy electron beam at grazing incidence. A stacking fault intersecting the surface introduces additional dynamical beams which interfere to produce a band of fringes near the fault. A dislocation emerging at the surface perturbs the local lattice orientation and therefore changes the reflected beam intensities. It is shown that for a probe size of 10 A the contrast for these defects is about 50 percent while the reflected intensity is 1-10 percent of the incident intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:919081", "title": "Cd-metallothionein-a test object for dark-field studies of protein structure.", "content": "Cadmium-metallothionein contains about six metal atoms per 6,000 molecular weight, reflecting the high proportion of cystein residues in the structure. Because of the strong scattering from probable Cd-S (Cyst)3 complexes, the protein is unambiguously visualized by conventional tilted beam dark-field electronmicroscopy. The projections of the structure correspond to free, aggregated and partially denatured forms of the presumed native structure, a hexahedral mass, 36 multiplied by 25 multiplied by 16 A. Relaxed states of this structure show that the molecule is comprised of two similar, covalently linked \"half-metallothineins\", each comprised of three domains. Each of the six domains of the native structure is evidently formed by stacking of two characteristic scattering centers together, at a separation of 9 A. A speculative scheme for the folding of the native structure is presented. The results are interpreted as substantiating the fidelity of dark-field images of small proteins, and the cadmium-metallothionein molecule is suggested as a standard test object for the method.", "contents": "Cd-metallothionein-a test object for dark-field studies of protein structure. Cadmium-metallothionein contains about six metal atoms per 6,000 molecular weight, reflecting the high proportion of cystein residues in the structure. Because of the strong scattering from probable Cd-S (Cyst)3 complexes, the protein is unambiguously visualized by conventional tilted beam dark-field electronmicroscopy. The projections of the structure correspond to free, aggregated and partially denatured forms of the presumed native structure, a hexahedral mass, 36 multiplied by 25 multiplied by 16 A. Relaxed states of this structure show that the molecule is comprised of two similar, covalently linked \"half-metallothineins\", each comprised of three domains. Each of the six domains of the native structure is evidently formed by stacking of two characteristic scattering centers together, at a separation of 9 A. A speculative scheme for the folding of the native structure is presented. The results are interpreted as substantiating the fidelity of dark-field images of small proteins, and the cadmium-metallothionein molecule is suggested as a standard test object for the method."}
{"id": "PMID:919111", "title": "Repeated, rapid fill CO2-cystometry.", "content": "114 consecutive patients were subjected to double, rapid fill CO2-cystometry. In 106 the two cystometries were of the same type, although several cystometric values changed statistically significantly. In eight patients the two cystometrograms were of a different type with uninhibited detrusor contraction in one but not in the other. A possible explanation for this is discussed.", "contents": "Repeated, rapid fill CO2-cystometry. 114 consecutive patients were subjected to double, rapid fill CO2-cystometry. In 106 the two cystometries were of the same type, although several cystometric values changed statistically significantly. In eight patients the two cystometrograms were of a different type with uninhibited detrusor contraction in one but not in the other. A possible explanation for this is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919110", "title": "Experimental normocalcaemic hyperparathyroidism induced by renal venous congestion.", "content": "Ligation of the inferior vena cava above the renal veins in male Sprague-Dawley rats produces a predominantly transient renal injury with vascular congestion, tubular degeneration and necrosis with calcification. This is accompanied by impaired renal function with temporary azotaemia, hyperkalaemia, phosphate retention but with a normal calcium level. The parathyroid glands on the second postoperative day show cellular hypertrophy and on the third and fourth days signs of rapid cell proliferation with numerous mitoses. Thereafter the glands remain enlarged.", "contents": "Experimental normocalcaemic hyperparathyroidism induced by renal venous congestion. Ligation of the inferior vena cava above the renal veins in male Sprague-Dawley rats produces a predominantly transient renal injury with vascular congestion, tubular degeneration and necrosis with calcification. This is accompanied by impaired renal function with temporary azotaemia, hyperkalaemia, phosphate retention but with a normal calcium level. The parathyroid glands on the second postoperative day show cellular hypertrophy and on the third and fourth days signs of rapid cell proliferation with numerous mitoses. Thereafter the glands remain enlarged."}
{"id": "PMID:919112", "title": "Prevention of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis by low-dose heparin in urological surgery. A double-blind, randomised study.", "content": "The efficacy of low-dose heparin in preventing deep-vein thrombosis (D. V. T.) after urological surgery was investigated in a double-blind trial. Thromboses were detected by the 125I-labelled fibrinogen technique. The incidence of D. V. T. was 36% in the control group (25 patients) and 9% in the treated group (22 patients) (p less than 0.05). Contrary to the current opinion this form of prophylaxis was effective following open prostatectomy.", "contents": "Prevention of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis by low-dose heparin in urological surgery. A double-blind, randomised study. The efficacy of low-dose heparin in preventing deep-vein thrombosis (D. V. T.) after urological surgery was investigated in a double-blind trial. Thromboses were detected by the 125I-labelled fibrinogen technique. The incidence of D. V. T. was 36% in the control group (25 patients) and 9% in the treated group (22 patients) (p less than 0.05). Contrary to the current opinion this form of prophylaxis was effective following open prostatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:919113", "title": "Evaluation of different types of emboli in transcatheter embolization of rat kidney.", "content": "The properties and characteristics of a variety of embolic materials (Clots--surgicel--gelfoam--barium--cyanoacrylates) were investigated by transcatheter embolization of the rat kidney. Clots and surgicel result in temporary embolization, with return of normal renal function. Gelfoam barium and cyanoacrylates produce definitive embolization. Only barium was found in veins.", "contents": "Evaluation of different types of emboli in transcatheter embolization of rat kidney. The properties and characteristics of a variety of embolic materials (Clots--surgicel--gelfoam--barium--cyanoacrylates) were investigated by transcatheter embolization of the rat kidney. Clots and surgicel result in temporary embolization, with return of normal renal function. Gelfoam barium and cyanoacrylates produce definitive embolization. Only barium was found in veins."}
{"id": "PMID:919114", "title": "Antigen(s) on human transitional cell carcinoma detected by a xenogeneic antiserum.", "content": "In studies concerning human bladder cancer, antisera were raised in rabbits against human tumours, normal tissue, and cell lines derived from human tumours and were analysed by absorption and complement dependent microcytotoxicity tests. No significant selective cytotoxicity was discernible with any unabsorbed antisera. After absorption of A53, (an antiserum against the transitional cell carcinoma derived cell line T24) with peripheral blood cells and normal adult tissues, it was cytotoxic to two bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and J82) but not to four other cell lines. This activity was removed by absorption with each of two specimens of transitional cell carcinoma but not by normal bladder and by absorption with T24 or J82 but not with four other non-bladder cell lines. This functional specificity for transitional cell carcinomas could be due to a tumour associated antigen, a significant quantitative difference between tumour and normal cells, or an embryonic specificity re-expressed on the tumor. Further experiments are necessary to investigate these alternatives.", "contents": "Antigen(s) on human transitional cell carcinoma detected by a xenogeneic antiserum. In studies concerning human bladder cancer, antisera were raised in rabbits against human tumours, normal tissue, and cell lines derived from human tumours and were analysed by absorption and complement dependent microcytotoxicity tests. No significant selective cytotoxicity was discernible with any unabsorbed antisera. After absorption of A53, (an antiserum against the transitional cell carcinoma derived cell line T24) with peripheral blood cells and normal adult tissues, it was cytotoxic to two bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and J82) but not to four other cell lines. This activity was removed by absorption with each of two specimens of transitional cell carcinoma but not by normal bladder and by absorption with T24 or J82 but not with four other non-bladder cell lines. This functional specificity for transitional cell carcinomas could be due to a tumour associated antigen, a significant quantitative difference between tumour and normal cells, or an embryonic specificity re-expressed on the tumor. Further experiments are necessary to investigate these alternatives."}
{"id": "PMID:919115", "title": "Embryology of urinary incontinence.", "content": "Congenital incontinence may be divided into primary and secondary types. Primary incontinence refers to the development of a conduit which bypasses the normal sphincter mechanism, while secondary incontinence develops after a congenital outlet obstruction leads to bladder decompensation and overflow. The embryogenesis of the various forms of primary incontinence is described in detail and management is discussed.", "contents": "Embryology of urinary incontinence. Congenital incontinence may be divided into primary and secondary types. Primary incontinence refers to the development of a conduit which bypasses the normal sphincter mechanism, while secondary incontinence develops after a congenital outlet obstruction leads to bladder decompensation and overflow. The embryogenesis of the various forms of primary incontinence is described in detail and management is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919116", "title": "Management of simple ureterolithotomy closure.", "content": "Two methods of ureterotomy closure, loose adventitial closure and an unsutured incision, were evaluated and compared in 89 cases of simple ureterolithotomy. The loose adventitial closure was associated with a significantly shorter period of postoperative urinary drainage and a lower incidence of ureteral narrowing found at follow-up urographic examination.", "contents": "Management of simple ureterolithotomy closure. Two methods of ureterotomy closure, loose adventitial closure and an unsutured incision, were evaluated and compared in 89 cases of simple ureterolithotomy. The loose adventitial closure was associated with a significantly shorter period of postoperative urinary drainage and a lower incidence of ureteral narrowing found at follow-up urographic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:919117", "title": "Interstitial cystitis: experience and review of recent literature.", "content": "The history, clinical findings, endoscopic appearance, and physiopathology of this disease is reviewed. The different modalities of therapy are analyzed and compared with our series of 110 patients with this disease. This group was treated on a conservative but more efficient form with superficial electrofulguration and overdistention with silver nitrate solution. The importance of the cancer incidence in the male patient is also stressed.", "contents": "Interstitial cystitis: experience and review of recent literature. The history, clinical findings, endoscopic appearance, and physiopathology of this disease is reviewed. The different modalities of therapy are analyzed and compared with our series of 110 patients with this disease. This group was treated on a conservative but more efficient form with superficial electrofulguration and overdistention with silver nitrate solution. The importance of the cancer incidence in the male patient is also stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:919118", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in gentamicin nephrotoxicity.", "content": "Although described in laboratory animals, the ultrastructural changes in the kidneys of humans with gentamicin-induced acute renal failure have not been well documented. This report details the clinical and pathologic features of a patient with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity with special emphasis on the electron microscopic findings.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Although described in laboratory animals, the ultrastructural changes in the kidneys of humans with gentamicin-induced acute renal failure have not been well documented. This report details the clinical and pathologic features of a patient with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity with special emphasis on the electron microscopic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:919120", "title": "Spenic artery aneurysm presenting as left renal mass.", "content": "A case of splenic artery aneurysm presenting as a left upper quadrant mass represents a diagnostic challenge due to its paucity of clinical signs and symptoms. The condition must be distinguished from urologic pathology. Celiac angiography is necessary for diagnostic confirmation. Surgical resection is advised for most patients.", "contents": "Spenic artery aneurysm presenting as left renal mass. A case of splenic artery aneurysm presenting as a left upper quadrant mass represents a diagnostic challenge due to its paucity of clinical signs and symptoms. The condition must be distinguished from urologic pathology. Celiac angiography is necessary for diagnostic confirmation. Surgical resection is advised for most patients."}
{"id": "PMID:919121", "title": "External sphincter activity and recurrent urinary tract infection in girls.", "content": "Urodynamic investigations, including pressure studies, anal sphincter electromyography, and cystourethrography, done in young girls having symptomatic urinary infection show hyperreflexive activity of both striated sphincter and detrusor muscles, due to increased afferent input. In our series, this activity ranged froma a pattern similar to \"uninhibited\" bladder contractions, with normal voiding, to hyperactivity causing frequency, with voiding interrupted by frank sphincter spasms. The wide range and epidemiology of urinary infection in girls suggest that urethral dilatation (or urethrotomy) with long-term chemoprophylaxis is indicated only at one extreme--where the hyperactivity persists in the absence of infection. The role of persistent hyperactivity of detrusor and sphincter in recurrent urinary infection of childhood needs to be defined by a long-term longitudinal study; the high over-all recurrence rates of both covert bacteriuria and overt infection in girls still constitute a major medical problem.", "contents": "External sphincter activity and recurrent urinary tract infection in girls. Urodynamic investigations, including pressure studies, anal sphincter electromyography, and cystourethrography, done in young girls having symptomatic urinary infection show hyperreflexive activity of both striated sphincter and detrusor muscles, due to increased afferent input. In our series, this activity ranged froma a pattern similar to \"uninhibited\" bladder contractions, with normal voiding, to hyperactivity causing frequency, with voiding interrupted by frank sphincter spasms. The wide range and epidemiology of urinary infection in girls suggest that urethral dilatation (or urethrotomy) with long-term chemoprophylaxis is indicated only at one extreme--where the hyperactivity persists in the absence of infection. The role of persistent hyperactivity of detrusor and sphincter in recurrent urinary infection of childhood needs to be defined by a long-term longitudinal study; the high over-all recurrence rates of both covert bacteriuria and overt infection in girls still constitute a major medical problem."}
{"id": "PMID:919122", "title": "Urodynamic evaluation of boy with myelodysplasia and incontinence.", "content": "Twenty-two boys with myelodysplasia and incontinence were evaluated urodynamically. Three types of bladder function were noted, but each could not be correlated with any particular neuroligic level. The integrity of the external sphincter innervation was determined by electomyographic monitoring of periurethral striated muscle. Bladder sphincter dyssynergia was found in one of the boys with voluntary control, five with involuntary bladder contractions, and five with adynamic bladders who voided by Cred\u00e9's method. A radiologically narrow external sphincter on voiding cystography could only be correlated with the bioelectric activity in children with dyssynergia. A narrow sphincter was also noted in three children with synergy and four with complete lower motor neuron lesions. Marked fibrosis was found to be the cause of narrowing of external sphincter area in these boys. Thus, urodynamic evaluation helped define the etiology of outlet obstruction when it was present in the boy with myelodysplasia. A classification of bladder sphincter function is proposed.", "contents": "Urodynamic evaluation of boy with myelodysplasia and incontinence. Twenty-two boys with myelodysplasia and incontinence were evaluated urodynamically. Three types of bladder function were noted, but each could not be correlated with any particular neuroligic level. The integrity of the external sphincter innervation was determined by electomyographic monitoring of periurethral striated muscle. Bladder sphincter dyssynergia was found in one of the boys with voluntary control, five with involuntary bladder contractions, and five with adynamic bladders who voided by Cred\u00e9's method. A radiologically narrow external sphincter on voiding cystography could only be correlated with the bioelectric activity in children with dyssynergia. A narrow sphincter was also noted in three children with synergy and four with complete lower motor neuron lesions. Marked fibrosis was found to be the cause of narrowing of external sphincter area in these boys. Thus, urodynamic evaluation helped define the etiology of outlet obstruction when it was present in the boy with myelodysplasia. A classification of bladder sphincter function is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:919123", "title": "Vesicourethral continuity in bladder neck activity.", "content": "Electromyographic study of the bladder neck during vesical filling and emptying was performed in anesthetized dogs. Increased electrical potentials denoting active contraction of bladder neck were obtained on vesical filling. The bladder was then completely divided just above the vesical orifice, and the resulting apertures were closed to form two separate compartments. Still increased electrical potentials of bladder neck were recorded on filling the proximal compartment. We conclude that vesical neck activities are not directly dependent on the detrusor or on any anatomic continuity between bladder and urethral muscles.", "contents": "Vesicourethral continuity in bladder neck activity. Electromyographic study of the bladder neck during vesical filling and emptying was performed in anesthetized dogs. Increased electrical potentials denoting active contraction of bladder neck were obtained on vesical filling. The bladder was then completely divided just above the vesical orifice, and the resulting apertures were closed to form two separate compartments. Still increased electrical potentials of bladder neck were recorded on filling the proximal compartment. We conclude that vesical neck activities are not directly dependent on the detrusor or on any anatomic continuity between bladder and urethral muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:919124", "title": "Carbon dioxide urethral pressure profiles in males.", "content": "Carbon dioxide urethral pressure profiles were obtained in a group of continent and incontinent male patients. Cystometry, needle electromyography of the striated urinary sphincter, and cystourethroscopy were also performed in most patients. A characteristic reproducible urethral pressure profile can be obtained in the continent, obstructed, and incontinent groups. The results also showed that the urethral pressure profile is influenced by the activity of the periurethral striated muscle. The urethral profile when performed with other established urodynamic procedures is a useful test in delineating normal and abnormal urinary sphincter function.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide urethral pressure profiles in males. Carbon dioxide urethral pressure profiles were obtained in a group of continent and incontinent male patients. Cystometry, needle electromyography of the striated urinary sphincter, and cystourethroscopy were also performed in most patients. A characteristic reproducible urethral pressure profile can be obtained in the continent, obstructed, and incontinent groups. The results also showed that the urethral pressure profile is influenced by the activity of the periurethral striated muscle. The urethral profile when performed with other established urodynamic procedures is a useful test in delineating normal and abnormal urinary sphincter function."}
{"id": "PMID:919125", "title": "Histamine receptors in urethrovesical smooth muscle.", "content": "Through the method of pharmacologic antagonism, the contractile effect of histamine was studied simultaneously on isolated smooth muscle preparations obtained from the body and base of the bladder and from the proximal urethra of the guinea pig. Histamine had a contractile effect mediated specifically through H1 receptors, with no H2 activity. This effect was most marked in the body of the bladder, comparatively moderate in the base, and slight in the proximal urethra. It appears that histamine effect is not mediated through either a cholinergic or an adrenergic mechanism. Clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Histamine receptors in urethrovesical smooth muscle. Through the method of pharmacologic antagonism, the contractile effect of histamine was studied simultaneously on isolated smooth muscle preparations obtained from the body and base of the bladder and from the proximal urethra of the guinea pig. Histamine had a contractile effect mediated specifically through H1 receptors, with no H2 activity. This effect was most marked in the body of the bladder, comparatively moderate in the base, and slight in the proximal urethra. It appears that histamine effect is not mediated through either a cholinergic or an adrenergic mechanism. Clinical implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919126", "title": "Acute urinary retention in women: complete urodynamic evaluation.", "content": "Sixteen women underwent complete urodynamic investigation of acute urinary retention. Simultaneous recordings of intravesical and rectal pressures allowed an easy distinction to be made between bladder contractions and abdominal straining. Needle electromyograms, viewed on an oscilloscope by an experienced electromyographer, permitted an exacting neurologic diagnosis. Although the cause was psychogenic in 7 patients, 9 others had subtle evidence of organic pathology, one of whom had a spinal cord tumor. A logical format for evaluating acute urinary retention is presented.", "contents": "Acute urinary retention in women: complete urodynamic evaluation. Sixteen women underwent complete urodynamic investigation of acute urinary retention. Simultaneous recordings of intravesical and rectal pressures allowed an easy distinction to be made between bladder contractions and abdominal straining. Needle electromyograms, viewed on an oscilloscope by an experienced electromyographer, permitted an exacting neurologic diagnosis. Although the cause was psychogenic in 7 patients, 9 others had subtle evidence of organic pathology, one of whom had a spinal cord tumor. A logical format for evaluating acute urinary retention is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:919127", "title": "Recording urethral pressure profile: comparison of methods and clinical implications.", "content": "Urodynamic evaluation of urethral sphincter efficiency can be carried out by constant carbon dioxide perfusion, constant water perfusion, or the use of membrane catheters. A comparison of these three techniques was made in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results, and advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. From all factors considered in this study--responsiveness to pressure changes sensitivity to pressures at various levels along the urethra, and reproducibility and accuracy of the profile--the membrane catheter system was by far superior to either of the flow systems.", "contents": "Recording urethral pressure profile: comparison of methods and clinical implications. Urodynamic evaluation of urethral sphincter efficiency can be carried out by constant carbon dioxide perfusion, constant water perfusion, or the use of membrane catheters. A comparison of these three techniques was made in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results, and advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. From all factors considered in this study--responsiveness to pressure changes sensitivity to pressures at various levels along the urethra, and reproducibility and accuracy of the profile--the membrane catheter system was by far superior to either of the flow systems."}
{"id": "PMID:919128", "title": "Urologic implications of imperforate anus.", "content": "Recent clinical studies have documented the high association of genitourinary and lumbosacral spine anomalies with imperforate anus. Many of these associated anomalies may go undetected unless special diagnostic studies are performed, and these genitourinary anomalies can be the cause of significant clinical morbidity in later life if not managed properly initially. All neonates with imperforate anus should therefore undergo radiographic examination with lower spine films, intravenous pyelography and voiding cystourethrography, and cystoscopy should be reserved for those with cloaca deformity or those whose x-ray films demonstrate urinary anomalies requiring further workup. Significant morbidity involving the genitourinary tract may be encountered after surgical treatment of the anorectal anomaly, particularly if total anorectal reconstructions are performed in the neonatal period.", "contents": "Urologic implications of imperforate anus. Recent clinical studies have documented the high association of genitourinary and lumbosacral spine anomalies with imperforate anus. Many of these associated anomalies may go undetected unless special diagnostic studies are performed, and these genitourinary anomalies can be the cause of significant clinical morbidity in later life if not managed properly initially. All neonates with imperforate anus should therefore undergo radiographic examination with lower spine films, intravenous pyelography and voiding cystourethrography, and cystoscopy should be reserved for those with cloaca deformity or those whose x-ray films demonstrate urinary anomalies requiring further workup. Significant morbidity involving the genitourinary tract may be encountered after surgical treatment of the anorectal anomaly, particularly if total anorectal reconstructions are performed in the neonatal period."}
{"id": "PMID:919129", "title": "Medical therapy of experimental infection stones.", "content": "Struvite bladder calculi were induced in rats with an intrarenal injection of urease-producing human T mycoplasma strain T960. Acetohydroxamic acid was effective in inhibiting calculous formation. Methylene blue, tetracycline, orthophosphate, diphosphonate, and hydrochlorothiazide had no inhibitory effect.", "contents": "Medical therapy of experimental infection stones. Struvite bladder calculi were induced in rats with an intrarenal injection of urease-producing human T mycoplasma strain T960. Acetohydroxamic acid was effective in inhibiting calculous formation. Methylene blue, tetracycline, orthophosphate, diphosphonate, and hydrochlorothiazide had no inhibitory effect."}
{"id": "PMID:919130", "title": "Congenital giant hydronephrosis in adults.", "content": "Giant hydronephrosis is the term designating the presence of more than 1,000 ml. of fluid in the collecting system. Of 4 cases of congenital hydronephrosis found over a three-year period at the Ochsner Medical Institutions, 2 were associated with unsuspected carcinomas. Hydronephrosis may first be detected as a mass palpable in the abdomen and displacing the intestines on gastrointestinal films. Excretory urography, retrograde pyelography, and angiography confirm the diagnosis. The treatment of choice is nephrectomy.", "contents": "Congenital giant hydronephrosis in adults. Giant hydronephrosis is the term designating the presence of more than 1,000 ml. of fluid in the collecting system. Of 4 cases of congenital hydronephrosis found over a three-year period at the Ochsner Medical Institutions, 2 were associated with unsuspected carcinomas. Hydronephrosis may first be detected as a mass palpable in the abdomen and displacing the intestines on gastrointestinal films. Excretory urography, retrograde pyelography, and angiography confirm the diagnosis. The treatment of choice is nephrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:919131", "title": "Ureteral stone: diagnosis in emergency room patients.", "content": "In an attempt to identify the important factors in diagnosis of ureteral stone, a prospective study was done on 100 consecutive emergency room patients in whom the diagnosis of ureteral stone was ultimately established. Distribution of patients by age, sex, and race, and the presenting symptoms, signs, and laboratory and radiographic findings are presented. Ureteral stone was suspected on the basis of history, physical examination, and laboratory findings, but the diagnosis was established by radiographic examination in most instances. Stones located in or near the intramural ureter produced characteristic symptoms, otherwise there was no correlation between the presenting symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings, and the size and location of th 0reteral stone.", "contents": "Ureteral stone: diagnosis in emergency room patients. In an attempt to identify the important factors in diagnosis of ureteral stone, a prospective study was done on 100 consecutive emergency room patients in whom the diagnosis of ureteral stone was ultimately established. Distribution of patients by age, sex, and race, and the presenting symptoms, signs, and laboratory and radiographic findings are presented. Ureteral stone was suspected on the basis of history, physical examination, and laboratory findings, but the diagnosis was established by radiographic examination in most instances. Stones located in or near the intramural ureter produced characteristic symptoms, otherwise there was no correlation between the presenting symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings, and the size and location of th 0reteral stone."}
{"id": "PMID:919132", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin E and incidence of allergy in group of enuretic children.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin E levels were determined in 34 enuretic children and 20 age-matched controls. No differences were detected. Additionally, the incidence of allergic disorders in these enuretic children was no different from the general population.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin E and incidence of allergy in group of enuretic children. Serum immunoglobulin E levels were determined in 34 enuretic children and 20 age-matched controls. No differences were detected. Additionally, the incidence of allergic disorders in these enuretic children was no different from the general population."}
{"id": "PMID:919133", "title": "Intestinocystoplasty in treatment of interstitial cystitis.", "content": "Nine cases of interstitial cystitis treated by intestinocystoplasty are reviewed. The longest follow-up is seventy-eight months. Two patients have since died of unrelated causes. The results reveal seven symptomatic cures and two failures. Long-term renal and vesical function have been well maintained.", "contents": "Intestinocystoplasty in treatment of interstitial cystitis. Nine cases of interstitial cystitis treated by intestinocystoplasty are reviewed. The longest follow-up is seventy-eight months. Two patients have since died of unrelated causes. The results reveal seven symptomatic cures and two failures. Long-term renal and vesical function have been well maintained."}
{"id": "PMID:919134", "title": "Inhibitory effects of Estracyt on R-3327 rat prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Estracyt (estramustine phosphate) injected intraperitoneally, 100 mg, per Kg. three days a week for four weeks, retarded growth of the R-3327 tumor in intact rats and in orchiectomized rats given androgen. The growth inhibition was accomplished by reduction of tumor deoxyribonucleic acid concentration and of the activities of acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, and other hydrolases. Histologic examination revealed cellular necrosis particularly prominent in the orchiectomized, androgen-treated rats. Estracyt did not affect the uptake of 65-Zn in the tumors but markedly reduced the high uptake in the dorsolateral prostate. There was no accumulation of 3H or 14C in the tumors after intravenous administration of 3H, 14C-labeled Estracyt, but the isotope concentrations decreased much in the same way as they decreased in the dorsolateral prostate. The isotopes were retained in the ventral prostate, where their concentrations were approximately twenty times higher than those in the muscle four hours after injection. The results demonstrate the value of the R-3327 tumor in the evaluation of drugs of potential clinical use for the treatment of prostatic cancer. The results also  show that Estracyt has an antitumor effect which is not dependent on the antigonadotropic action of the drug.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of Estracyt on R-3327 rat prostatic carcinoma. Estracyt (estramustine phosphate) injected intraperitoneally, 100 mg, per Kg. three days a week for four weeks, retarded growth of the R-3327 tumor in intact rats and in orchiectomized rats given androgen. The growth inhibition was accomplished by reduction of tumor deoxyribonucleic acid concentration and of the activities of acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, and other hydrolases. Histologic examination revealed cellular necrosis particularly prominent in the orchiectomized, androgen-treated rats. Estracyt did not affect the uptake of 65-Zn in the tumors but markedly reduced the high uptake in the dorsolateral prostate. There was no accumulation of 3H or 14C in the tumors after intravenous administration of 3H, 14C-labeled Estracyt, but the isotope concentrations decreased much in the same way as they decreased in the dorsolateral prostate. The isotopes were retained in the ventral prostate, where their concentrations were approximately twenty times higher than those in the muscle four hours after injection. The results demonstrate the value of the R-3327 tumor in the evaluation of drugs of potential clinical use for the treatment of prostatic cancer. The results also  show that Estracyt has an antitumor effect which is not dependent on the antigonadotropic action of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:919135", "title": "Varicocelectomy: 986 cases in a twelve-year study.", "content": "Over a twelve-year period, surgical correction of varicocele was performed on 986 selected subfertile men. They were followed up for at least two years after surgery. Semen quality was improved in 70 per cent, and 53 per cent of the wives became pregnant. Statistically, the results were better in terms of semen quality improvement and pregnancy for patients who had preoperative sperm counts over 10 million per milliliter (85 per cent improved, 70 per cent pregnancy rate) than for patients who had preoperative sperm counts of less than 10 million per milliliter (35 per cent improved, 27 per cent pregnancy rate). The empirical use of postoperative human chorionic gonadotropin therapy in this latter group improved results significantly (55 per cent improved, 45 per cent pregnancy rate).", "contents": "Varicocelectomy: 986 cases in a twelve-year study. Over a twelve-year period, surgical correction of varicocele was performed on 986 selected subfertile men. They were followed up for at least two years after surgery. Semen quality was improved in 70 per cent, and 53 per cent of the wives became pregnant. Statistically, the results were better in terms of semen quality improvement and pregnancy for patients who had preoperative sperm counts over 10 million per milliliter (85 per cent improved, 70 per cent pregnancy rate) than for patients who had preoperative sperm counts of less than 10 million per milliliter (35 per cent improved, 27 per cent pregnancy rate). The empirical use of postoperative human chorionic gonadotropin therapy in this latter group improved results significantly (55 per cent improved, 45 per cent pregnancy rate)."}
{"id": "PMID:919136", "title": "Nitrofurazone: vas irrigation as adjunct in vasectomy.", "content": "Intraoperative nitrofurazone vas injection has been utilized to hasten sterility in the immediate postoperative period. Clinically 100 outpatient vasectomies were performed in which nitrofurazone was utilized in a 1 mg. per milliliter concentration to irrigate the distal (penile) vas segment resulting in early attainment of azoospermia postoperatively in 90 per cent of the patients.", "contents": "Nitrofurazone: vas irrigation as adjunct in vasectomy. Intraoperative nitrofurazone vas injection has been utilized to hasten sterility in the immediate postoperative period. Clinically 100 outpatient vasectomies were performed in which nitrofurazone was utilized in a 1 mg. per milliliter concentration to irrigate the distal (penile) vas segment resulting in early attainment of azoospermia postoperatively in 90 per cent of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:919137", "title": "Vasovasostomy. Experimental comparative study of polyglycolic acid and polypropylene sutures in the dog.", "content": "Experimental vasovasostomy in dogs using polyethylene tubing for splints and comparing polyglycolic acid to polypropylene sutures demonstrates the following: Polyglycolic acid sutures result in a higher vasovasostomy patency rate. Grossly and microscopically, polyglycolic acid sutures are associated with less vasal and perivasal fibrosis. Postoperative use of very small polyethylene tubing for splints appears feasible. Leaving splints entirely intraluminally at the time of surgery may be advantageous. It would necessitate vasotomy for removal of the splint postoperatively, but this is easily accomplished and not associated with increased morbidity. A transscrotal approach is associated with a much higher vasal patency rate than is an inguinal approach.", "contents": "Vasovasostomy. Experimental comparative study of polyglycolic acid and polypropylene sutures in the dog. Experimental vasovasostomy in dogs using polyethylene tubing for splints and comparing polyglycolic acid to polypropylene sutures demonstrates the following: Polyglycolic acid sutures result in a higher vasovasostomy patency rate. Grossly and microscopically, polyglycolic acid sutures are associated with less vasal and perivasal fibrosis. Postoperative use of very small polyethylene tubing for splints appears feasible. Leaving splints entirely intraluminally at the time of surgery may be advantageous. It would necessitate vasotomy for removal of the splint postoperatively, but this is easily accomplished and not associated with increased morbidity. A transscrotal approach is associated with a much higher vasal patency rate than is an inguinal approach."}
{"id": "PMID:919138", "title": "Horseshoe kidney with multicystic dysplasia associated with ureterocele.", "content": "This is a case report of a horseshoe kidney one side of which contains a multicystic dysplastic element associated with a ureterocele. The surgical management and embryologic basis are reviewed.", "contents": "Horseshoe kidney with multicystic dysplasia associated with ureterocele. This is a case report of a horseshoe kidney one side of which contains a multicystic dysplastic element associated with a ureterocele. The surgical management and embryologic basis are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:919139", "title": "Acquired vulvar lymphangiectasis in a child.", "content": "A unique case of extensive acquired vulvar lymphangiectasis without lymphedema in a child is described. This lesion developed after pelvic exenteration, lymphadenectomy, and radiation therapy for rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder. These acquired etiologic factors simulated the pathophysiology of congenital lymphangioma. She was successfully treated with surgical excision and vulvar reconstruction.", "contents": "Acquired vulvar lymphangiectasis in a child. A unique case of extensive acquired vulvar lymphangiectasis without lymphedema in a child is described. This lesion developed after pelvic exenteration, lymphadenectomy, and radiation therapy for rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder. These acquired etiologic factors simulated the pathophysiology of congenital lymphangioma. She was successfully treated with surgical excision and vulvar reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:919143", "title": "Mesotheliomas of spermatic cord.", "content": "Mesotheliomas of the spermatic cord are exceedingly rare and scarcely mentioned in the urologic literature. An additional case of spermatic cord mesothelioma is presented and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Mesotheliomas of spermatic cord. Mesotheliomas of the spermatic cord are exceedingly rare and scarcely mentioned in the urologic literature. An additional case of spermatic cord mesothelioma is presented and the literature reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:919144", "title": "Malakoplakia of kidney simulating renal neoplasm.", "content": "In a nine-year-old girl with renal hypertension and a urinary infection, angiographic studies of the left kidney suggested an intrarenal pheochromocytoma. After nephrectomy, the kidney was found to contain only a cystic lesion characterized by multiple small, friable excrescences. Under the light microscope these appeared to be formed by granulovacuolated macrophages. Electron microscopy showed intracytoplasmic inclusion identified as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies in various stages of formation. Images suggestive of degraded bacteria were also observed within phagolysosomes.", "contents": "Malakoplakia of kidney simulating renal neoplasm. In a nine-year-old girl with renal hypertension and a urinary infection, angiographic studies of the left kidney suggested an intrarenal pheochromocytoma. After nephrectomy, the kidney was found to contain only a cystic lesion characterized by multiple small, friable excrescences. Under the light microscope these appeared to be formed by granulovacuolated macrophages. Electron microscopy showed intracytoplasmic inclusion identified as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies in various stages of formation. Images suggestive of degraded bacteria were also observed within phagolysosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:919147", "title": "Pseudoureterocele: a uroradiologic entity.", "content": "An analysis of 5 patients with an acquired dilatation of the distal ureter, simulating a simple ureterocele, is herein reported. Radiologically, pseudoureteroceles are more likely to be associated with ipsilateral upper tract obstruction and have asymmetric intravesical dilatation. The urologist should be aware of this urographic deformity, for the majority of pseudoureteroceles are related to malignancy involving or invading the bladder.", "contents": "Pseudoureterocele: a uroradiologic entity. An analysis of 5 patients with an acquired dilatation of the distal ureter, simulating a simple ureterocele, is herein reported. Radiologically, pseudoureteroceles are more likely to be associated with ipsilateral upper tract obstruction and have asymmetric intravesical dilatation. The urologist should be aware of this urographic deformity, for the majority of pseudoureteroceles are related to malignancy involving or invading the bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:919148", "title": "Combined radiographic and ultrasonographic approach in diagnosis of renal inflammatory lesions.", "content": "Seven cases of inflammatory lesions of the kidneys are reported. In 6 of the 7 patients, there were clinical and/or laboratory signs of urinary tract infection. The lesions occurred without any preference to age, sex, or location as to the right or left kidney. The diagnostic approach was individualized, and a correct preoperative diagnosis was made in 6 of the 7 cases. This high diagnostic accuracy was reached by using the following diagnostic principles. The lesions are detected and localized by urography and nephrotomography. Ultrasonography is used to decide whether the mass is solid or cystic. A percutaneous needle puncture is done in cases in which ultrasonography indicates a cystic lesion. The diagnosis of renal cyst is confirmed or excluded by cytology and analysis of the cyst fluid. Renal angiography is performed when the mass displays a solid or mixed ultrasonographic pattern and also in cases of hematuria and in cases in which the clinical symptomatology suggests malignancy.", "contents": "Combined radiographic and ultrasonographic approach in diagnosis of renal inflammatory lesions. Seven cases of inflammatory lesions of the kidneys are reported. In 6 of the 7 patients, there were clinical and/or laboratory signs of urinary tract infection. The lesions occurred without any preference to age, sex, or location as to the right or left kidney. The diagnostic approach was individualized, and a correct preoperative diagnosis was made in 6 of the 7 cases. This high diagnostic accuracy was reached by using the following diagnostic principles. The lesions are detected and localized by urography and nephrotomography. Ultrasonography is used to decide whether the mass is solid or cystic. A percutaneous needle puncture is done in cases in which ultrasonography indicates a cystic lesion. The diagnosis of renal cyst is confirmed or excluded by cytology and analysis of the cyst fluid. Renal angiography is performed when the mass displays a solid or mixed ultrasonographic pattern and also in cases of hematuria and in cases in which the clinical symptomatology suggests malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:919152", "title": "Simplified protocol for management of malar fractures.", "content": "Our simplified protocol for the management of malar complex fractures of facial bones has shortened the operating time by one third to one fourth, produced consistent, satisfactory results, and reduced intraoperative and postoperative complications. In addition, with moderate training of residents, it has been installed as the primary method of treatment of this type of facial fracture in a residency training program that has a heavy load of these patients.", "contents": "Simplified protocol for management of malar fractures. Our simplified protocol for the management of malar complex fractures of facial bones has shortened the operating time by one third to one fourth, produced consistent, satisfactory results, and reduced intraoperative and postoperative complications. In addition, with moderate training of residents, it has been installed as the primary method of treatment of this type of facial fracture in a residency training program that has a heavy load of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:919150", "title": "Multiple head and neck malignancies.", "content": "Case histories of 47 patients with multiple head and neck neoplasms were reviewed at the Henry Ford Hospital. Data were obtained on the site of the malignancy and treatment program. Follow-up data have been good, utilizing clinic records. Several patients have had more than two malignancies of the head and neck, and one patient has just completed treatment for his fifth epidermoid carcinoma. The incidence of carcinoma of the esophagus is high in this series (16 of 47 patients). The literature is reviewed in relation to the present findings. Follow-up care is described at the Henry Ford Hospital.", "contents": "Multiple head and neck malignancies. Case histories of 47 patients with multiple head and neck neoplasms were reviewed at the Henry Ford Hospital. Data were obtained on the site of the malignancy and treatment program. Follow-up data have been good, utilizing clinic records. Several patients have had more than two malignancies of the head and neck, and one patient has just completed treatment for his fifth epidermoid carcinoma. The incidence of carcinoma of the esophagus is high in this series (16 of 47 patients). The literature is reviewed in relation to the present findings. Follow-up care is described at the Henry Ford Hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:919158", "title": "Sialoceles: medical treatment first.", "content": "There are numerous methods described in the literature for sialocele treatment. Surgical modalities usually involve an operation with possible facial nerve injury, with the risk of a general anesthetic, and with prolonged hospitalization to be considered. Among non-surgical modalities radiation and laissez-faire are of questionable efficacy. Propantheline bromide, which medically interrupts the parasympathetic control of salivary secretion, has proved a safe, effective means of rapid sialocele control.", "contents": "Sialoceles: medical treatment first. There are numerous methods described in the literature for sialocele treatment. Surgical modalities usually involve an operation with possible facial nerve injury, with the risk of a general anesthetic, and with prolonged hospitalization to be considered. Among non-surgical modalities radiation and laissez-faire are of questionable efficacy. Propantheline bromide, which medically interrupts the parasympathetic control of salivary secretion, has proved a safe, effective means of rapid sialocele control."}
{"id": "PMID:919162", "title": "Spontaneous cerebrospinal rhinorrhea from the sphenoid sinus.", "content": "A case of spontaneous cerebrospinal rhinorrhea from the sphenoid sinus is presented. Surgical exploration of the sinus revealed a defect of the clivus leading into the posterior fossa. Intrathecal fluorescein dye intraoperatively enabled easy identification of the site. Leakage was stopped by tamponading the sinus, using muscle from the anterior thigh.", "contents": "Spontaneous cerebrospinal rhinorrhea from the sphenoid sinus. A case of spontaneous cerebrospinal rhinorrhea from the sphenoid sinus is presented. Surgical exploration of the sinus revealed a defect of the clivus leading into the posterior fossa. Intrathecal fluorescein dye intraoperatively enabled easy identification of the site. Leakage was stopped by tamponading the sinus, using muscle from the anterior thigh."}
{"id": "PMID:919163", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx.", "content": "Thirteen patients, six men and seven women, were seen at the Mayo Clinic with chondrosarcomas of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, or nasopharynx in a 25-year period. Nasal obstruction, discharge, and bleeding were the major symptoms and a nasal mass was the most common sign. The typical chondrosarcoma is low in grade but malignant and it arises in the nasal cavity as a large, pale, glistening mass. Local excision was employed initially in seven patients and five had local recurrence. Definitive block excision cured four of six patients and the two others had a protracted clinical course and ultimately died of the disease. Long-term follow-up shows that chondrosarcomas are insidious, locally progressive tumors. Radiotherapy, used for palliation after recurrence, failed to produce any cures. Lateral rhinotomy and block excision are advocated as the primary treatment.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. Thirteen patients, six men and seven women, were seen at the Mayo Clinic with chondrosarcomas of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, or nasopharynx in a 25-year period. Nasal obstruction, discharge, and bleeding were the major symptoms and a nasal mass was the most common sign. The typical chondrosarcoma is low in grade but malignant and it arises in the nasal cavity as a large, pale, glistening mass. Local excision was employed initially in seven patients and five had local recurrence. Definitive block excision cured four of six patients and the two others had a protracted clinical course and ultimately died of the disease. Long-term follow-up shows that chondrosarcomas are insidious, locally progressive tumors. Radiotherapy, used for palliation after recurrence, failed to produce any cures. Lateral rhinotomy and block excision are advocated as the primary treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:919202", "title": "[Sepsis after catheterization of the femoral artery].", "content": "The catheterization of the femoral artery in a case of necrotic stage of obliterating endarteritis resulted in the development of sepsis. Catheterization of main arteries and intraaterial medication in patients, suffering from obliterating diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities, holds the risk of bringing the infection into the arterial bed, and, hence, such medication should be performed only under especially strict aseptic conditions.", "contents": "[Sepsis after catheterization of the femoral artery]. The catheterization of the femoral artery in a case of necrotic stage of obliterating endarteritis resulted in the development of sepsis. Catheterization of main arteries and intraaterial medication in patients, suffering from obliterating diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities, holds the risk of bringing the infection into the arterial bed, and, hence, such medication should be performed only under especially strict aseptic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:919207", "title": "[Puncture method of treating amebic abscesses of the liver].", "content": "In surgical treatment of hepatic amebic abscesses by means of extensive dissection and drainage the postoperative lethality remains high. The literature data and the author's own observations on 30 patients, who underwent puncture of amebic abscess of the liver together with specific and antibacterial therapy, which resulted in their recovery, permit to consider paracentensis as a method of choice, when there are no complications, such as a purulent discharge into the adjoining organs and tissues, which calls for surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Puncture method of treating amebic abscesses of the liver]. In surgical treatment of hepatic amebic abscesses by means of extensive dissection and drainage the postoperative lethality remains high. The literature data and the author's own observations on 30 patients, who underwent puncture of amebic abscess of the liver together with specific and antibacterial therapy, which resulted in their recovery, permit to consider paracentensis as a method of choice, when there are no complications, such as a purulent discharge into the adjoining organs and tissues, which calls for surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:919209", "title": "[Insufficiency of the urea-synthesizing function of the liver and its correction in mechanical jaundice].", "content": "From the moment of the rise of blood bilirubin level extrahepatic bile stasis is accompanied by hepatic insufficiency, the first preclinical manifestation of which is the increase of urea level in the liver tissue. Parallel with the hyperbilirubinaemia there is the increase of inhibition of urea-synthetizing liver function, resulting in the rise of ammonia level in the liver tissue and in the blood, which has both local and general toxic effect. The injection of retabolil 2 to 7 days preoperatively produces a favourable clinical effect, which permits to recommend this procedure to be introduced into the preoperative therapeutic complex in case of mechanical jaundice.", "contents": "[Insufficiency of the urea-synthesizing function of the liver and its correction in mechanical jaundice]. From the moment of the rise of blood bilirubin level extrahepatic bile stasis is accompanied by hepatic insufficiency, the first preclinical manifestation of which is the increase of urea level in the liver tissue. Parallel with the hyperbilirubinaemia there is the increase of inhibition of urea-synthetizing liver function, resulting in the rise of ammonia level in the liver tissue and in the blood, which has both local and general toxic effect. The injection of retabolil 2 to 7 days preoperatively produces a favourable clinical effect, which permits to recommend this procedure to be introduced into the preoperative therapeutic complex in case of mechanical jaundice."}
{"id": "PMID:919210", "title": "[Hepato-biliary-pancreatic lesions in secondary duodenostasis].", "content": "The secondary postoperative duodenal stasis (afferent loop syndrome, chronic vicious circle) is underlain by evacuational disturbance of the duodenum. The duodenal stasis and hypertension lead to the stasis of the bile and pancreatic-secretion, which in turn results in inflammatory-dystrophic changes in the hepato-biliary-pancreatic system. In such cases the success of surgical treatment will derive from the application of complex intervention both on the digestive tract and hepato-biliary system.", "contents": "[Hepato-biliary-pancreatic lesions in secondary duodenostasis]. The secondary postoperative duodenal stasis (afferent loop syndrome, chronic vicious circle) is underlain by evacuational disturbance of the duodenum. The duodenal stasis and hypertension lead to the stasis of the bile and pancreatic-secretion, which in turn results in inflammatory-dystrophic changes in the hepato-biliary-pancreatic system. In such cases the success of surgical treatment will derive from the application of complex intervention both on the digestive tract and hepato-biliary system."}
{"id": "PMID:919211", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of complicated pancreatic cysts].", "content": "The results of the treatment of 18 cases with complicated pancreatic cysts (11 men and 7 women) were studied. Good results were obtained after cystectomy and resection of the pancreas together with the cyst, when the latter was uncomplicated. With complications, external and more seldom internal drainage were preferred. In the postoperative period 3 patients developed persistent pancreatic fistula, one patient developed malignization of the cyst and another one -- thrombosis of the splenic vein.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of complicated pancreatic cysts]. The results of the treatment of 18 cases with complicated pancreatic cysts (11 men and 7 women) were studied. Good results were obtained after cystectomy and resection of the pancreas together with the cyst, when the latter was uncomplicated. With complications, external and more seldom internal drainage were preferred. In the postoperative period 3 patients developed persistent pancreatic fistula, one patient developed malignization of the cyst and another one -- thrombosis of the splenic vein."}
{"id": "PMID:919215", "title": "[Registration of the dynamics of acute pulmonary edema development by means of rheoplethysmography].", "content": "The dynamics of acute lung edema development caused by injection of oleic acid into the right heart chambers was traced experimentally on dogs by means of impedance plethysmography. The most of information was collected with the help of electrodes applied to the chest. The development of acute lung edema was followed by decrease of the impedance respiratory undulations and by changes in their characteristics.", "contents": "[Registration of the dynamics of acute pulmonary edema development by means of rheoplethysmography]. The dynamics of acute lung edema development caused by injection of oleic acid into the right heart chambers was traced experimentally on dogs by means of impedance plethysmography. The most of information was collected with the help of electrodes applied to the chest. The development of acute lung edema was followed by decrease of the impedance respiratory undulations and by changes in their characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:919216", "title": "[Experience with the surgical treatment of benign tumors and tumor-like processes in the bones].", "content": "Experience with surgical treatment of 445 cases of benign tumors and border-line processes is summarized in this paper. In 98 cases there were pathological fractures. Within the rehabilitation treatment complex bone alloplasty was applied in 196, bone autografting -- in 15 and the combination of bone auto -- and allografting -- in 4 cases. The results of the treatment are reported.", "contents": "[Experience with the surgical treatment of benign tumors and tumor-like processes in the bones]. Experience with surgical treatment of 445 cases of benign tumors and border-line processes is summarized in this paper. In 98 cases there were pathological fractures. Within the rehabilitation treatment complex bone alloplasty was applied in 196, bone autografting -- in 15 and the combination of bone auto -- and allografting -- in 4 cases. The results of the treatment are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:919217", "title": "[Expediency of plastic surgery methods with osteomyelitic cavities].", "content": "The fitness of plaster filling, Schede's method, muscular pedicled autograft and of 3 biopolymeric compositions with the use of ultrasound for the grafting of bone cavities was tested in 206 experiments on dogs. The basic possibility of bone cavity filling with a biopolymeric composition was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Expediency of plastic surgery methods with osteomyelitic cavities]. The fitness of plaster filling, Schede's method, muscular pedicled autograft and of 3 biopolymeric compositions with the use of ultrasound for the grafting of bone cavities was tested in 206 experiments on dogs. The basic possibility of bone cavity filling with a biopolymeric composition was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:919223", "title": "[Blood plasma level of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in peridural and combined anesthesia].", "content": "Studies of the effect of peridural anesthesia applied as an independent method or together with combined narcosis has proved that peridural anesthesia does not cause adrenocortical tension, maintains, the natural level of adrenocortical secretion, contributes to rapid normalization of corticosteroids level in the postoperative period. The increase of corticosteroids blood level in case of peridural anesthesia, applied together with combined narcosis, should be referred on account of direct effect of ether-oxygen narcosis.", "contents": "[Blood plasma level of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in peridural and combined anesthesia]. Studies of the effect of peridural anesthesia applied as an independent method or together with combined narcosis has proved that peridural anesthesia does not cause adrenocortical tension, maintains, the natural level of adrenocortical secretion, contributes to rapid normalization of corticosteroids level in the postoperative period. The increase of corticosteroids blood level in case of peridural anesthesia, applied together with combined narcosis, should be referred on account of direct effect of ether-oxygen narcosis."}
{"id": "PMID:919224", "title": "[Macroergic phosphate metabolism of the erythrocytes in the early postoperative period].", "content": "125 cases of hernia, cholelithiasis, peptic and gastric ulcer, carcinoma of the stomach of stages III and IV were examined before operation and in the postoperative period. The peculiarity of the studied indices of energy metabolism was established in each group of patients. The authors believe, that the difinition of ATP level and of the erythrocytes energy charge can be used as one of criteria of patients' condition and of medicamental correction of metabolism.", "contents": "[Macroergic phosphate metabolism of the erythrocytes in the early postoperative period]. 125 cases of hernia, cholelithiasis, peptic and gastric ulcer, carcinoma of the stomach of stages III and IV were examined before operation and in the postoperative period. The peculiarity of the studied indices of energy metabolism was established in each group of patients. The authors believe, that the difinition of ATP level and of the erythrocytes energy charge can be used as one of criteria of patients' condition and of medicamental correction of metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:919225", "title": "[Restructuring of the hemodynamics of the lesser circulation in surgical pathology of the lungs in children].", "content": "The authors compared the main parameters of pulmonary circulation in accordance to the data obtained at pulmonary artery catheterization (137 patients) and at the electropneumoplethysmography (102) patients). Comparative assessment of the obtained data permitted to find the regularity of the reconstruction of pulmonary circulation hemodynamics in children.", "contents": "[Restructuring of the hemodynamics of the lesser circulation in surgical pathology of the lungs in children]. The authors compared the main parameters of pulmonary circulation in accordance to the data obtained at pulmonary artery catheterization (137 patients) and at the electropneumoplethysmography (102) patients). Comparative assessment of the obtained data permitted to find the regularity of the reconstruction of pulmonary circulation hemodynamics in children."}
{"id": "PMID:919226", "title": "[Orthopedic sequelae of hematogenic osteomyelitis of the pelvis and proximal section of the femur in children].", "content": "The deformities of the locomotor system in patients, who suffered from osteomyelitis of the pelvis and proximal femur in childhood, are described. The drawbacks, occuring in the treatment of osteomyelitis, are analyzed. The authors suggest some recommendations on the organization of the treatment.", "contents": "[Orthopedic sequelae of hematogenic osteomyelitis of the pelvis and proximal section of the femur in children]. The deformities of the locomotor system in patients, who suffered from osteomyelitis of the pelvis and proximal femur in childhood, are described. The drawbacks, occuring in the treatment of osteomyelitis, are analyzed. The authors suggest some recommendations on the organization of the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:919233", "title": "Spontaneous listeric encephalitis in sheep. Electron microscopic studies.", "content": "The brainstems of four sheep with spontaneous listeric encephalitis had scattered small foci of inflammatory cells (neutrophils or macrophages, or both) with scattered fragments of degenerating nerve fibers and glial cells. In extensive areas of malacia in the pons and medulla oblongata, there was loss of parenchyma with massive accumulation of macrophages, a few neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. In both types of lesions, phagocytes contained debris of myelin and axons, lipid vacuoles and occasionally bacteria. Neutrophils contained bacteria in phagocytic and digestive vacuoles. No bacteria were detected in macrophages but were detected in neurons and in one axon in tissue previously used for paraffin sections.", "contents": "Spontaneous listeric encephalitis in sheep. Electron microscopic studies. The brainstems of four sheep with spontaneous listeric encephalitis had scattered small foci of inflammatory cells (neutrophils or macrophages, or both) with scattered fragments of degenerating nerve fibers and glial cells. In extensive areas of malacia in the pons and medulla oblongata, there was loss of parenchyma with massive accumulation of macrophages, a few neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. In both types of lesions, phagocytes contained debris of myelin and axons, lipid vacuoles and occasionally bacteria. Neutrophils contained bacteria in phagocytic and digestive vacuoles. No bacteria were detected in macrophages but were detected in neurons and in one axon in tissue previously used for paraffin sections."}
{"id": "PMID:919234", "title": "Scirrhous eosinophilic gastritis in dogs with gastric arteritis.", "content": "Three adult spayed female hunting dogs had an unusual form of chronic active gastritis. The disease lasted for months to several years. Vomiting was the most consistent clinical sign. One dog had leukocytosis with 30 percent eosinophils. The stomach of each dog was enlarged and greatly thickened. Collagen deposits, granulation tissue and eosinophils replaced most of the gastric wall. Disease of the gastric arteries ranged from fibrinoid necrosis to panarteritis. Granulation tissue obstructed the omental arteries of one dog. There also was splenic reticuloendothelial hyperplasia with fibrosis, hemorrhage and congestion, and chronic eosinophilic lymphadenitis. Although the cause of this disease was not determined, its basis probably was immunologic.", "contents": "Scirrhous eosinophilic gastritis in dogs with gastric arteritis. Three adult spayed female hunting dogs had an unusual form of chronic active gastritis. The disease lasted for months to several years. Vomiting was the most consistent clinical sign. One dog had leukocytosis with 30 percent eosinophils. The stomach of each dog was enlarged and greatly thickened. Collagen deposits, granulation tissue and eosinophils replaced most of the gastric wall. Disease of the gastric arteries ranged from fibrinoid necrosis to panarteritis. Granulation tissue obstructed the omental arteries of one dog. There also was splenic reticuloendothelial hyperplasia with fibrosis, hemorrhage and congestion, and chronic eosinophilic lymphadenitis. Although the cause of this disease was not determined, its basis probably was immunologic."}
{"id": "PMID:919235", "title": "Spontaneous lesions in Chinese hamsters.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-seven Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) from the Lovelace Foundation Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute colony had pulmonary granulomas, nodular hyperplasia of the liver, granulocytic bone marrow hyperplasias and myelogenous leukemia, nephrosclerosis and uterine adenocarcinomas. These Chinese hamsters had a median life span of 1 075 days. The long life span and information on naturally-occurring diseases suggest that this species might be more widely used for toxicological and biomedical research.", "contents": "Spontaneous lesions in Chinese hamsters. One hundred and fifty-seven Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) from the Lovelace Foundation Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute colony had pulmonary granulomas, nodular hyperplasia of the liver, granulocytic bone marrow hyperplasias and myelogenous leukemia, nephrosclerosis and uterine adenocarcinomas. These Chinese hamsters had a median life span of 1 075 days. The long life span and information on naturally-occurring diseases suggest that this species might be more widely used for toxicological and biomedical research."}
{"id": "PMID:919236", "title": "Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism in aged Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "Fourteen aged Sprague-Dawley rats had typical renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. The renal disease was severe glomerulosclerosis with tubular dilation. The parathyroid glands were enlarged and had hyperplasia of chief cells. Bone lesions were generalized osteodystrophia fibrosa and osteosclerosis. All rats had osteodystrophia fibrosa and it was severe in 10 rats. Only four rats had osteosclerosis and it was moderate. Metastatic calcification was seen in various soft tissues in 13 rats.", "contents": "Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism in aged Sprague-Dawley rats. Fourteen aged Sprague-Dawley rats had typical renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. The renal disease was severe glomerulosclerosis with tubular dilation. The parathyroid glands were enlarged and had hyperplasia of chief cells. Bone lesions were generalized osteodystrophia fibrosa and osteosclerosis. All rats had osteodystrophia fibrosa and it was severe in 10 rats. Only four rats had osteosclerosis and it was moderate. Metastatic calcification was seen in various soft tissues in 13 rats."}
{"id": "PMID:919237", "title": "Central neurofibromas in two dogs.", "content": "Two dogs each had a fibrous tumor of the central nervous system. One tumor involved the spinal cord and ventral nerve root, and the other involved the midbrain and posterior brain stem. Both tumors had spindle-shaped cells arranged in rhythmic patterns. There was perivascular tumor cell infiltration in the adjacent parenchyma. The tumor cells strongly resembled fibroblasts and seemed to produce collagen. Because both tumors were near nerve roots and because their histological appearances were characteristic of nerve sheath tumors they were classified as central neurofibromas.", "contents": "Central neurofibromas in two dogs. Two dogs each had a fibrous tumor of the central nervous system. One tumor involved the spinal cord and ventral nerve root, and the other involved the midbrain and posterior brain stem. Both tumors had spindle-shaped cells arranged in rhythmic patterns. There was perivascular tumor cell infiltration in the adjacent parenchyma. The tumor cells strongly resembled fibroblasts and seemed to produce collagen. Because both tumors were near nerve roots and because their histological appearances were characteristic of nerve sheath tumors they were classified as central neurofibromas."}
{"id": "PMID:919238", "title": "Ischemic myelopathy caused by fibrocartilaginous emboli in a horse.", "content": "A horse that suddenly became recumbent had a focal ischemic infarct of the spinal cord between C6 and C7. The infarct was attributed to multiple fibrocartilaginous emboli. Adherence of fibrocartilaginous debris to the outer surface of the dura was interpreted as evidence that intervertebral disc degeneration and displacement of the nucleus pulposus had occurred and that the emboli arose from the disc.", "contents": "Ischemic myelopathy caused by fibrocartilaginous emboli in a horse. A horse that suddenly became recumbent had a focal ischemic infarct of the spinal cord between C6 and C7. The infarct was attributed to multiple fibrocartilaginous emboli. Adherence of fibrocartilaginous debris to the outer surface of the dura was interpreted as evidence that intervertebral disc degeneration and displacement of the nucleus pulposus had occurred and that the emboli arose from the disc."}
{"id": "PMID:919248", "title": "Breeding record analysis in pig herds and its veterinary applications--1: Development of a program to monitor reproductive efficiency and weaner production.", "content": "Analyses of breeding records and herd efficiency factors are important for veterinary surgeons supervising reproductive efficiency and piglet performance in breeding herds. These data include: the number of litters produced per sow per year; the distribution of weaning to service intervals; the number of sows returning to service by 30, 60, 90 and 120 days; the percentage of sows farrowing to first service; the percentage of sows found to be not pregnant; and the percentage of sows aborting. Boar performance data, piglet mortality percentages, piglet growth rates, feed efficiency factors and the percentage of sows culled from the herd are also analysed. A computer program was developed to produce these and other data from simple breeding records.", "contents": "Breeding record analysis in pig herds and its veterinary applications--1: Development of a program to monitor reproductive efficiency and weaner production. Analyses of breeding records and herd efficiency factors are important for veterinary surgeons supervising reproductive efficiency and piglet performance in breeding herds. These data include: the number of litters produced per sow per year; the distribution of weaning to service intervals; the number of sows returning to service by 30, 60, 90 and 120 days; the percentage of sows farrowing to first service; the percentage of sows found to be not pregnant; and the percentage of sows aborting. Boar performance data, piglet mortality percentages, piglet growth rates, feed efficiency factors and the percentage of sows culled from the herd are also analysed. A computer program was developed to produce these and other data from simple breeding records."}
{"id": "PMID:919249", "title": "Long term results of excision arthroplasty of the canine hip.", "content": "An analysis has been made of the long term results of excision of the canine femoral head and neck. The most frequent postoperative findings include shortening of the operated limb and restricted movement of the hip pseudarthrosis. Although few dogs show lameness or pain in the operated hip, muscle atrophy is a frequent finding even after eight years. Difficulty in jumping and in climbing stairs are more commonly found postoperatively in the larger breeds of dog. Despite these noted abnormalities almost all owners expressed their satisfaction with the outcome of excision arthroplasty.", "contents": "Long term results of excision arthroplasty of the canine hip. An analysis has been made of the long term results of excision of the canine femoral head and neck. The most frequent postoperative findings include shortening of the operated limb and restricted movement of the hip pseudarthrosis. Although few dogs show lameness or pain in the operated hip, muscle atrophy is a frequent finding even after eight years. Difficulty in jumping and in climbing stairs are more commonly found postoperatively in the larger breeds of dog. Despite these noted abnormalities almost all owners expressed their satisfaction with the outcome of excision arthroplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:919266", "title": "Experimental Salmonella dublin infection in calves.", "content": "An experimental model of Salmonella dublin infection in calves for the purpose of evaluating antibacterial compounds was developed. Oral administration of the bacterium produced variable results and subsequently the organism was injected intravenously into one-week-old calves. Symptoms observed were consistent with those described in naturally occurring cases. An analysis of the mortality and clinical signs in both control and treated calves showed that the severity of the disease was exacerbated by the presence of specific antibody. It is argued that some symptoms presented were consistent with anaphylactic or Arthus-type hypersensitivity. Anaphylaxis was associated with antibody probably derived from maternal colostrum whereas Arthus hypersensitivity was probably due to antibody synthesised by the calf itself. There was an inverse relationship between low initial antibody titres and the survival period. Tests of antibacterial efficacy may best be done in colostrum deprived animals in which the symptoms will be dissociated from passively acquired antibody.", "contents": "Experimental Salmonella dublin infection in calves. An experimental model of Salmonella dublin infection in calves for the purpose of evaluating antibacterial compounds was developed. Oral administration of the bacterium produced variable results and subsequently the organism was injected intravenously into one-week-old calves. Symptoms observed were consistent with those described in naturally occurring cases. An analysis of the mortality and clinical signs in both control and treated calves showed that the severity of the disease was exacerbated by the presence of specific antibody. It is argued that some symptoms presented were consistent with anaphylactic or Arthus-type hypersensitivity. Anaphylaxis was associated with antibody probably derived from maternal colostrum whereas Arthus hypersensitivity was probably due to antibody synthesised by the calf itself. There was an inverse relationship between low initial antibody titres and the survival period. Tests of antibacterial efficacy may best be done in colostrum deprived animals in which the symptoms will be dissociated from passively acquired antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:919278", "title": "Oestrogen receptors in canine mammary tumours.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-nine canine mammary tumours of varying histological types were examined for the presence of oestrogen binding protein by the dextran-coated charcoal method with the binding parameters of the reaction determined by Scatchard plots. By this method, 39 per cent of the 129 mammary tumours were shown to contain oestrogen receptor protein. This figure fell to 25 per cent for benign tumours and rose to 52 per cent for malignant tumours. There was no correlation between the histological nature of tumours and oestrogen receptor content in either benign or malignant forms. Oestrogen receptors were not demonstrable in normal mammary tissues. Whether the presence of oestrogen receptors in a tumour is indicative of hormonal dependence as is reported for human breast tumours is being investigated in the bitch.", "contents": "Oestrogen receptors in canine mammary tumours. One hundred and twenty-nine canine mammary tumours of varying histological types were examined for the presence of oestrogen binding protein by the dextran-coated charcoal method with the binding parameters of the reaction determined by Scatchard plots. By this method, 39 per cent of the 129 mammary tumours were shown to contain oestrogen receptor protein. This figure fell to 25 per cent for benign tumours and rose to 52 per cent for malignant tumours. There was no correlation between the histological nature of tumours and oestrogen receptor content in either benign or malignant forms. Oestrogen receptors were not demonstrable in normal mammary tissues. Whether the presence of oestrogen receptors in a tumour is indicative of hormonal dependence as is reported for human breast tumours is being investigated in the bitch."}
{"id": "PMID:919292", "title": "The incidence of ovarian activity, pregnancy and bovine genital abnormalities shown by an abattoir survey.", "content": "All female genital tracts removed during the slaughtering process in a West Country abattoir were collected on two days a week from February 1974 to May 1974 inclusive and thereafter collections were made on one day each week from June 1974 until September 1975 inclusive. A total of 8071 tracts was examined; 1885 (23-36 per cent) of these were pregnant. The stage of pregnancy and the number and location of the fetuses is recorded. Cyclic activity in the non-pregnant tracts was assessed by the presence of a current corpus luteum on one or both ovaries and the number and location of these are reported. Any macroscopic abnormalities of ovaries, Fallopian tubes and uteri were recorded, 804 (9-96 per cent) of the tracts were affected. The most commonly encountered abnormality was cystic ovaries and 307 (3-80 per cent) of the genitalia showed this condition.", "contents": "The incidence of ovarian activity, pregnancy and bovine genital abnormalities shown by an abattoir survey. All female genital tracts removed during the slaughtering process in a West Country abattoir were collected on two days a week from February 1974 to May 1974 inclusive and thereafter collections were made on one day each week from June 1974 until September 1975 inclusive. A total of 8071 tracts was examined; 1885 (23-36 per cent) of these were pregnant. The stage of pregnancy and the number and location of the fetuses is recorded. Cyclic activity in the non-pregnant tracts was assessed by the presence of a current corpus luteum on one or both ovaries and the number and location of these are reported. Any macroscopic abnormalities of ovaries, Fallopian tubes and uteri were recorded, 804 (9-96 per cent) of the tracts were affected. The most commonly encountered abnormality was cystic ovaries and 307 (3-80 per cent) of the genitalia showed this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:919301", "title": "Thrombosis of the cranial vena cava in a cow.", "content": "Thrombosis of the cranial vena cava in a cow was followed by the formation of aneurysms in the pulmonary arteries. Embolism, pulmonary hypertension and the development of a collateral venous and lymphatic circulation are the suggested causes of these uncommon arterial lesions.", "contents": "Thrombosis of the cranial vena cava in a cow. Thrombosis of the cranial vena cava in a cow was followed by the formation of aneurysms in the pulmonary arteries. Embolism, pulmonary hypertension and the development of a collateral venous and lymphatic circulation are the suggested causes of these uncommon arterial lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:919334", "title": "[Routes of pathogenic staphylococcal contamination of slaughter poultry].", "content": "The contamination of birds with pathogenic staphylococci was followed up during their slaughter handling and trimming at two poultry-dressing houses. It was found that water cooling and evisceration were mostly contributing to contamination. Taking part in the dissemination of Staphylococcus infection were also the female workers on the slaughter belt, especially those that had wounds on their hands. Studied were the properties of a total of 881 strains of staphylococci, 43.35 per cent of them being defined as Staph. aureus, and 56.64 per cent--as Staph. edidermidis.", "contents": "[Routes of pathogenic staphylococcal contamination of slaughter poultry]. The contamination of birds with pathogenic staphylococci was followed up during their slaughter handling and trimming at two poultry-dressing houses. It was found that water cooling and evisceration were mostly contributing to contamination. Taking part in the dissemination of Staphylococcus infection were also the female workers on the slaughter belt, especially those that had wounds on their hands. Studied were the properties of a total of 881 strains of staphylococci, 43.35 per cent of them being defined as Staph. aureus, and 56.64 per cent--as Staph. edidermidis."}
{"id": "PMID:919335", "title": "[T. faviforme sensitivity to the disinfecting action of various preparations].", "content": "Tested was the resistance of T. faviforme in pathological material to various disinfection agents. It was demonstrated that 1 per cent vofasteril, and 1.62 per cent perfumaric acid together with 1 per cent lauril sulphate and 5 per cent fessiasept kill the fungus at a 10 min. exposure. Perfumaric acid (1.62%), veraform (5%), fessiasept (3%) destroy T. faviforme for 15 to 20 min, and 0.6% vofasteril and 7-10% Cusulphate produce a fungicidal effect for 30 to 45 min. Fungicidal effects are produced with the use of veraform and vofasteril at the rate of 0.51/m2 of the disinfection solution. Aerosols, obtained by a method using no apparatus, employing 40 cm3 formalin, 20 cm3 water, and 30 g potassium permangante produce a fungicidal effect at a 20 h. exposure.", "contents": "[T. faviforme sensitivity to the disinfecting action of various preparations]. Tested was the resistance of T. faviforme in pathological material to various disinfection agents. It was demonstrated that 1 per cent vofasteril, and 1.62 per cent perfumaric acid together with 1 per cent lauril sulphate and 5 per cent fessiasept kill the fungus at a 10 min. exposure. Perfumaric acid (1.62%), veraform (5%), fessiasept (3%) destroy T. faviforme for 15 to 20 min, and 0.6% vofasteril and 7-10% Cusulphate produce a fungicidal effect for 30 to 45 min. Fungicidal effects are produced with the use of veraform and vofasteril at the rate of 0.51/m2 of the disinfection solution. Aerosols, obtained by a method using no apparatus, employing 40 cm3 formalin, 20 cm3 water, and 30 g potassium permangante produce a fungicidal effect at a 20 h. exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:919336", "title": "[Studies of the decontamination of the sewage from animal husbandry farms].", "content": "Investigations revealed that under the conditions prevailing in the districts of Sofia and .pernik Ascaris suum and Trichocephalus suis eggs remained viable at the conventional storage of liquid manure on the large farms for about a year, and Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum sp. eggs--for 2 to 3 months. The methods of electrocoagulation and electroflotation could be employed with success in the cleansing and rendering harmless of the sewage waters after the preliminary treatment with calcium hydroxide. In terms of stabilizing the process, enhancing the cleansing effect and harmlessness, and lowering the use of electrical energy better results are obtainable with the use of pulsating current and constant current perdiodically changing its polarity.", "contents": "[Studies of the decontamination of the sewage from animal husbandry farms]. Investigations revealed that under the conditions prevailing in the districts of Sofia and .pernik Ascaris suum and Trichocephalus suis eggs remained viable at the conventional storage of liquid manure on the large farms for about a year, and Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum sp. eggs--for 2 to 3 months. The methods of electrocoagulation and electroflotation could be employed with success in the cleansing and rendering harmless of the sewage waters after the preliminary treatment with calcium hydroxide. In terms of stabilizing the process, enhancing the cleansing effect and harmlessness, and lowering the use of electrical energy better results are obtainable with the use of pulsating current and constant current perdiodically changing its polarity."}
{"id": "PMID:919337", "title": "[Pathohistological changes in splenectomized sheep experimentally infected with Babesia ovis].", "content": "Studied were histopathologically the viscera (liver, lung, kidneys, heart lymph nodes, and brain) of 15 animals (10 ewes and 5 lambs), experimentally infected with blood taken from sheep donors having acute babesiasis. During the experimental period 9 of the animals died, and 6 were killed within the interval from the 4th to the 9th day. Dystrophic changes were observed in the epithelial cells of the liver and the kidney tubuli as well as pycnosis of the gangliar cells. In some of the tubuli there were hyalin cylindroids. The heart presented an edema of the endocardium with leucocyte infiltration. In the lymph nodes there were hyperemia with hemorrhages and edema with leucocyte infiltration of sinuses and follicles. It was established that in sheep babesiosis the characteristic morphologic changes appear on the fourth day. The dystrophic foci in the liver, the activation of the endothelium, the finding of hemosiderin in the Kupffer cells as well the diffuse leucocyte infiltration associated with the presence of parasites in the erythrocytes may well be referred to as histomorphologic signs in the postmortal diagnosis of babesiasis.", "contents": "[Pathohistological changes in splenectomized sheep experimentally infected with Babesia ovis]. Studied were histopathologically the viscera (liver, lung, kidneys, heart lymph nodes, and brain) of 15 animals (10 ewes and 5 lambs), experimentally infected with blood taken from sheep donors having acute babesiasis. During the experimental period 9 of the animals died, and 6 were killed within the interval from the 4th to the 9th day. Dystrophic changes were observed in the epithelial cells of the liver and the kidney tubuli as well as pycnosis of the gangliar cells. In some of the tubuli there were hyalin cylindroids. The heart presented an edema of the endocardium with leucocyte infiltration. In the lymph nodes there were hyperemia with hemorrhages and edema with leucocyte infiltration of sinuses and follicles. It was established that in sheep babesiosis the characteristic morphologic changes appear on the fourth day. The dystrophic foci in the liver, the activation of the endothelium, the finding of hemosiderin in the Kupffer cells as well the diffuse leucocyte infiltration associated with the presence of parasites in the erythrocytes may well be referred to as histomorphologic signs in the postmortal diagnosis of babesiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:919338", "title": "[Biochemical properties and antibiotic resistance of the staphylococci isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis].", "content": "A total of 33 strains of staphylococci, isolated from Black Pied cows with subclinical mastitis (conformed by the brom-thymol test), were studied to establish their biochemical properties and resistance to antibiotics as well as the occasional correlation between enzyme activity and resistance. It was found that no such dependences existed so far as the biochemical indices of the investigated strains were concerned. All strains proved strongly sensitive to chrolamphenicol, tylan, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, oleandomycin, erythromycin, ampicillin, and were resistant to tetracycline and polymixin. The resistance of staphylococci to antibodies is probably manifested in connection with some of their biochemical properties. It has been found that resistant strains of staphylococci are more active biochemically.", "contents": "[Biochemical properties and antibiotic resistance of the staphylococci isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis]. A total of 33 strains of staphylococci, isolated from Black Pied cows with subclinical mastitis (conformed by the brom-thymol test), were studied to establish their biochemical properties and resistance to antibiotics as well as the occasional correlation between enzyme activity and resistance. It was found that no such dependences existed so far as the biochemical indices of the investigated strains were concerned. All strains proved strongly sensitive to chrolamphenicol, tylan, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, oleandomycin, erythromycin, ampicillin, and were resistant to tetracycline and polymixin. The resistance of staphylococci to antibodies is probably manifested in connection with some of their biochemical properties. It has been found that resistant strains of staphylococci are more active biochemically."}
{"id": "PMID:919340", "title": "[Age-related dynamics of agglutinin formation in poultry experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum].", "content": "Agglutinin production in birds experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum directly correlates with age. The older the birds, the earlier setting on of agglutinogenesis, and the better the immune response. Along with this agglutinins persist longer in the blood serum. It is suggester to carry out the first serologic examination in infected flocks of the Leghorn breed when the birds are aged 50-55 days. This term may be essential only in cases where the birds have been infected at the earliest age. The second investigation should take place when the birds are six months old.", "contents": "[Age-related dynamics of agglutinin formation in poultry experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum]. Agglutinin production in birds experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum directly correlates with age. The older the birds, the earlier setting on of agglutinogenesis, and the better the immune response. Along with this agglutinins persist longer in the blood serum. It is suggester to carry out the first serologic examination in infected flocks of the Leghorn breed when the birds are aged 50-55 days. This term may be essential only in cases where the birds have been infected at the earliest age. The second investigation should take place when the birds are six months old."}
{"id": "PMID:919368", "title": "[Increase of cholesterol hydroxylation in rat liver as a result of induction of microsomal enzymes].", "content": "A possibility to increase 7alpha-hydroxylation of 4-14C-cholesterol was studied in vitro, using microsomal enzymes from rat liver tissue, under effect of such inductors of these enzymes as 5-ethyl-5-phenyl barbituric acid (phenobarbital), pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile, 16-dehydropregnenolone, 3-acetate-16alpha-isothiocyanogen pregnenolone. These inductors were administered per os within 5 days as an aqueous suspension, stabilized with Tween 80 at a dose 50 mg/kg daily; ethyl ester alpha-(p-chlorophenhydroxy)-isobutyric acid (klofibrate \"Miskleron*) was administered at a dose of 150 mg/kg daily within 5 days. All the inductors studied increased the activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase: pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile--by 50%, 16-dehydropregnenolone--by 80%, 3-acetate-16alpha-isthiocyanogen pregnenolone--by 110% and phenobarbital--by 200%. Klofibrate did not affect the intensity of the cholesterol hydroxylation.", "contents": "[Increase of cholesterol hydroxylation in rat liver as a result of induction of microsomal enzymes]. A possibility to increase 7alpha-hydroxylation of 4-14C-cholesterol was studied in vitro, using microsomal enzymes from rat liver tissue, under effect of such inductors of these enzymes as 5-ethyl-5-phenyl barbituric acid (phenobarbital), pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile, 16-dehydropregnenolone, 3-acetate-16alpha-isothiocyanogen pregnenolone. These inductors were administered per os within 5 days as an aqueous suspension, stabilized with Tween 80 at a dose 50 mg/kg daily; ethyl ester alpha-(p-chlorophenhydroxy)-isobutyric acid (klofibrate \"Miskleron*) was administered at a dose of 150 mg/kg daily within 5 days. All the inductors studied increased the activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase: pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile--by 50%, 16-dehydropregnenolone--by 80%, 3-acetate-16alpha-isthiocyanogen pregnenolone--by 110% and phenobarbital--by 200%. Klofibrate did not affect the intensity of the cholesterol hydroxylation."}
{"id": "PMID:919369", "title": "[Hypocholesterolemic effect of hepatic microsomal enzymes in rats].", "content": "An inductor of microsomal enzymes 9-acetate-16alpha-isothiocyanogen pregnenolone (ATCP), administered into rats within 5 days after termination of feeding with an atherogenic diet, caused normalization of cholesterol content in blood, of beta-lipoproteins spectrum as well as the structure of liver cells. At the same time, in animals, which were not treated with ATCP, high level of cholesterol was maintained in blood serum; reducing smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a decrease in content of glycogen in hepatocytes were also observed. Enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol into 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol, distinctly stimulated by ATCP, appears to be the cause of increased elimination of cholesterol from the organism. ATCP might be used as a drug decreasing the content of cholesterol in blood of patients with hypercholesterolemia.", "contents": "[Hypocholesterolemic effect of hepatic microsomal enzymes in rats]. An inductor of microsomal enzymes 9-acetate-16alpha-isothiocyanogen pregnenolone (ATCP), administered into rats within 5 days after termination of feeding with an atherogenic diet, caused normalization of cholesterol content in blood, of beta-lipoproteins spectrum as well as the structure of liver cells. At the same time, in animals, which were not treated with ATCP, high level of cholesterol was maintained in blood serum; reducing smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a decrease in content of glycogen in hepatocytes were also observed. Enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol into 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol, distinctly stimulated by ATCP, appears to be the cause of increased elimination of cholesterol from the organism. ATCP might be used as a drug decreasing the content of cholesterol in blood of patients with hypercholesterolemia."}
{"id": "PMID:919370", "title": "[Effect of immobilized noradrenaline on the contact phase of blood coagulation].", "content": "Specificity of interaction between factors of contact phase of blood coagulation and noradrenaline was studied. Human blood plasma lost the capacity to contact activation after chromatography on a column with noradrenaline-Sepharose. High specificity in binding of factors of contact phase with ligand-noradrenaline, \"utilization\" of factor XII during interaction with the ligand, the high specific activity of factor XII bound to noradrenaline-Sepharose were observed.", "contents": "[Effect of immobilized noradrenaline on the contact phase of blood coagulation]. Specificity of interaction between factors of contact phase of blood coagulation and noradrenaline was studied. Human blood plasma lost the capacity to contact activation after chromatography on a column with noradrenaline-Sepharose. High specificity in binding of factors of contact phase with ligand-noradrenaline, \"utilization\" of factor XII during interaction with the ligand, the high specific activity of factor XII bound to noradrenaline-Sepharose were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:919371", "title": "[Fucoglycoproteins in the biological fluids of relatives of peptic ulcer patients].", "content": "Comparative studies of 89 people originating from healthy families and of 103 relatives of patients with ulcerous disease revealed in the latter group more frequent occurrence of the O (I) group of blood, nonsecretory status as evidenced by ABH or secretion of group antigen \"H\", an increase in content of high molecular fucoglycoproteins in blood serum and increased urinary excretion of fucoglycopeptides. The data obtained suggest that impairment of secretion of fucoglycoproteins in ulcerous disease is hereditary determined; the impairment may faster development of chronic ulcer in the gastroduodenum due to weakening of the barrier function of the system", "contents": "[Fucoglycoproteins in the biological fluids of relatives of peptic ulcer patients]. Comparative studies of 89 people originating from healthy families and of 103 relatives of patients with ulcerous disease revealed in the latter group more frequent occurrence of the O (I) group of blood, nonsecretory status as evidenced by ABH or secretion of group antigen \"H\", an increase in content of high molecular fucoglycoproteins in blood serum and increased urinary excretion of fucoglycopeptides. The data obtained suggest that impairment of secretion of fucoglycoproteins in ulcerous disease is hereditary determined; the impairment may faster development of chronic ulcer in the gastroduodenum due to weakening of the barrier function of the system"}
{"id": "PMID:919372", "title": "[Activity of glutamine deaminating enzymes in the kidneys, liver and serum of dogs with renal failure and under normal conditions].", "content": "Among all the glutamine deaminating enzymes the highest activity was exhibited by phosphate-dependent glutaminase (72% of the total activity) in kidney cortex and blood serum of healthy dogs and by phosphate-independent glutaminase (47% of the total activity)--in liver tissue. A distinct decrease in the activity of both isoforms of glutaminase I (phosphate-dependent and phosphate-independent enzymes) and of glutaminase II (pyruvate-dependent enzyme) occurred in kidney under conditions of acute and chronic kidney insufficiency. The phosphate-independent glutaminase activity was decreased and, by contrast, activities of phosphate- and pyruvate-dependent glutaminases were increased in liver tissue under the conditions of acute kidney insufficiency. In blood serum under conditions of acute and chronic insufficiency the glutaminase I (both forms) activity was distinctly dcreased, but the glutaminase II activity had a marked trend to elevation. Possible mechanisms responsible for an alteration of glutamine deaminating enzymes in kidney, liver tissue and blood serum of dogs under acute and chronic kidney insufficiency are discussed.", "contents": "[Activity of glutamine deaminating enzymes in the kidneys, liver and serum of dogs with renal failure and under normal conditions]. Among all the glutamine deaminating enzymes the highest activity was exhibited by phosphate-dependent glutaminase (72% of the total activity) in kidney cortex and blood serum of healthy dogs and by phosphate-independent glutaminase (47% of the total activity)--in liver tissue. A distinct decrease in the activity of both isoforms of glutaminase I (phosphate-dependent and phosphate-independent enzymes) and of glutaminase II (pyruvate-dependent enzyme) occurred in kidney under conditions of acute and chronic kidney insufficiency. The phosphate-independent glutaminase activity was decreased and, by contrast, activities of phosphate- and pyruvate-dependent glutaminases were increased in liver tissue under the conditions of acute kidney insufficiency. In blood serum under conditions of acute and chronic insufficiency the glutaminase I (both forms) activity was distinctly dcreased, but the glutaminase II activity had a marked trend to elevation. Possible mechanisms responsible for an alteration of glutamine deaminating enzymes in kidney, liver tissue and blood serum of dogs under acute and chronic kidney insufficiency are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919373", "title": "[Disorders in the phenylalanine hydroxylase system of the liver in alcoholism].", "content": "Metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine was impaired in chronic alcoholism as shown by an increase in concentration of phenylalanine and by a decrease in content of tyrosine in blood serum as well as by elevated urinary excretion of phenylalanine and phenylpyruvic acid and by decreased excretion of homogentisinic acid. Loading with L-phenylalanine made these impairments more distinct. The data obtained suggest that the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase system from liver tissue is decreased in chronic alcoholism. The most distinct impairment in phenylalanine metabolism was observed in alcohol withdrawal syndrom. The decrease in the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase system may cause an accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolites in brain tissue at well as an impairment of biogenic amines metabolism in central nervous system.", "contents": "[Disorders in the phenylalanine hydroxylase system of the liver in alcoholism]. Metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine was impaired in chronic alcoholism as shown by an increase in concentration of phenylalanine and by a decrease in content of tyrosine in blood serum as well as by elevated urinary excretion of phenylalanine and phenylpyruvic acid and by decreased excretion of homogentisinic acid. Loading with L-phenylalanine made these impairments more distinct. The data obtained suggest that the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase system from liver tissue is decreased in chronic alcoholism. The most distinct impairment in phenylalanine metabolism was observed in alcohol withdrawal syndrom. The decrease in the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase system may cause an accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolites in brain tissue at well as an impairment of biogenic amines metabolism in central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:919375", "title": "[Deamination reactions involving several nitrogen compounds and mammalian radioresistance].", "content": "Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (substrates tyramine or serotonin) with simultaneous appearance of diamine oxidase (substrates histamine or putrescine) and distinct increase in AMP-deaminating activities were found after total body X-ray irradiation (700 r) of white mice or rats in mitochondrial fractions isolated from their liver and intestines. These impairments in deamination of nitrogenous compounds in liver mitochondria of guinea pigs, which are must less radioresistant as compared with mice or rats, were noted after the irradiation at a dose 300 r, but in the liver mitochondria of mongolian gerbyls (Mariones unguiculatus), which are highly radioresistant, the irradiation even at a dose 1500 r did not cause appearance either of histamine or of AMP-deaminating activities while the decrease in the monoamine oxidase activity was not statistically significant. Feeding to the mice the grasses, which comprize the fodder of mongolian gerbyls under natural conditions, increased radioresistance of the animals and prevented at the same time appearance in the mitochondrial fractions of liver and intestines of those impairments in deamination of nitrogenous compounds which accompanied development of irradiation injuries.", "contents": "[Deamination reactions involving several nitrogen compounds and mammalian radioresistance]. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (substrates tyramine or serotonin) with simultaneous appearance of diamine oxidase (substrates histamine or putrescine) and distinct increase in AMP-deaminating activities were found after total body X-ray irradiation (700 r) of white mice or rats in mitochondrial fractions isolated from their liver and intestines. These impairments in deamination of nitrogenous compounds in liver mitochondria of guinea pigs, which are must less radioresistant as compared with mice or rats, were noted after the irradiation at a dose 300 r, but in the liver mitochondria of mongolian gerbyls (Mariones unguiculatus), which are highly radioresistant, the irradiation even at a dose 1500 r did not cause appearance either of histamine or of AMP-deaminating activities while the decrease in the monoamine oxidase activity was not statistically significant. Feeding to the mice the grasses, which comprize the fodder of mongolian gerbyls under natural conditions, increased radioresistance of the animals and prevented at the same time appearance in the mitochondrial fractions of liver and intestines of those impairments in deamination of nitrogenous compounds which accompanied development of irradiation injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:919376", "title": "[Effect of insulin and insulin deficiency on the activity of hexokinase, malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme composition in the smooth muscle of the rabbit stomach].", "content": "Decrease in the activity of hexokinase was found in soluble fraction of stomach smooth muscles of rabbits with alloxane diabetes. Administration of insulin into intact rabbits led to distinct decrease in the activity of lactate and malate dehydrogenases in cells of the stomach fundal part. In smooth muscles of rabbits with alloxane diabetes pyruvate was formed from lactate at a higher rate (increase in content of LDH1 and LDH2) and after administration of insulin into the animals--lactate was formed from pyruvate at an increased rate.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin and insulin deficiency on the activity of hexokinase, malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme composition in the smooth muscle of the rabbit stomach]. Decrease in the activity of hexokinase was found in soluble fraction of stomach smooth muscles of rabbits with alloxane diabetes. Administration of insulin into intact rabbits led to distinct decrease in the activity of lactate and malate dehydrogenases in cells of the stomach fundal part. In smooth muscles of rabbits with alloxane diabetes pyruvate was formed from lactate at a higher rate (increase in content of LDH1 and LDH2) and after administration of insulin into the animals--lactate was formed from pyruvate at an increased rate."}
{"id": "PMID:919377", "title": "[Serum thermostable and thermolabile inhibitors of tissue thromboplastin].", "content": "Besides a thermolabile inhibitor of tissue thromboplastin a thermostable inhibitor was found in human blood serum; molecular weight of the inhibitor (estimated by gel filtration) is 210000-235000 daltons, while molecular weight of a thermolabile inhibitor--480000 daltons. Inhibition of the thrombin formation system by the termostable inhibitor was reversible and was characterized kinetically as a mixed type of inhibition. Both inhibitors were found in blood of rats. Their content varied irrespectively of the state of hemocoagulation. Content of the thermostable inhibitor was distinctly decreased in blood serum after the blockade of reticuloendothelial system by administration of tripane blue.", "contents": "[Serum thermostable and thermolabile inhibitors of tissue thromboplastin]. Besides a thermolabile inhibitor of tissue thromboplastin a thermostable inhibitor was found in human blood serum; molecular weight of the inhibitor (estimated by gel filtration) is 210000-235000 daltons, while molecular weight of a thermolabile inhibitor--480000 daltons. Inhibition of the thrombin formation system by the termostable inhibitor was reversible and was characterized kinetically as a mixed type of inhibition. Both inhibitors were found in blood of rats. Their content varied irrespectively of the state of hemocoagulation. Content of the thermostable inhibitor was distinctly decreased in blood serum after the blockade of reticuloendothelial system by administration of tripane blue."}
{"id": "PMID:919374", "title": "[Characteristics of the pentose phosphate pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in the gastric mucosa of persons with peptic ulcer].", "content": "Activity of the main enzymes of pentose phosphate pathway of carbohydrate metabolism was studied in human mucosa of the stomach. In the mucosa glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in gastric ulcer and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in normal stomach were shown to be less active as compared with these enzymatic activities in duodenal ulcer. A distinct decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was observed in the ulcerous region, independently of the ulcer localization either in corpus ventriculi or in duodenum, as compared with the parts of the mucosa away from the impairment; the lowest enzymatic activity was estimated in the gastric ulcer zone. Activities of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and transketolase were the same in the ulcerous and normal mucosa and did not depend on the localization of the impairment. Contents of lactic and pyruvic acids were similar in mucosa of the stomach both in gastric and duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the pentose phosphate pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in the gastric mucosa of persons with peptic ulcer]. Activity of the main enzymes of pentose phosphate pathway of carbohydrate metabolism was studied in human mucosa of the stomach. In the mucosa glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in gastric ulcer and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in normal stomach were shown to be less active as compared with these enzymatic activities in duodenal ulcer. A distinct decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was observed in the ulcerous region, independently of the ulcer localization either in corpus ventriculi or in duodenum, as compared with the parts of the mucosa away from the impairment; the lowest enzymatic activity was estimated in the gastric ulcer zone. Activities of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and transketolase were the same in the ulcerous and normal mucosa and did not depend on the localization of the impairment. Contents of lactic and pyruvic acids were similar in mucosa of the stomach both in gastric and duodenal ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:919379", "title": "[Catecholamine storage in schizophrenia].", "content": "After administration of isadrine excretion of noradrenaline was increased in schizophrenic patients with symptoms of depression or anxiety. This phenomenon was not observed in healthy persons and in patients with circular depression. Data on liberation of noradrenaline by other amines in schizophrenia and displacement of noradrenaline in schizophrenia by isadrine, which does not accumulate in normal storage sites, suggest that storage of noradrenaline is impaired in schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Catecholamine storage in schizophrenia]. After administration of isadrine excretion of noradrenaline was increased in schizophrenic patients with symptoms of depression or anxiety. This phenomenon was not observed in healthy persons and in patients with circular depression. Data on liberation of noradrenaline by other amines in schizophrenia and displacement of noradrenaline in schizophrenia by isadrine, which does not accumulate in normal storage sites, suggest that storage of noradrenaline is impaired in schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:919380", "title": "[Effect of enteric oxygen therapy and vitamin E on the secretion and chemical composition of bile in experimental dystrophy].", "content": "Effects of enteral oxygenotherapy and vitamin E were studied using rats with acute liver dystrophy caused by CCl4. The enteral oxygenotherapy with simultaneous administration of vitamin E were shown to accelerate the restoration of liver function, to improve the bile formation and secretion, to stimulate the synthesis of initial biliary acids as well as to increase the conjugation of the acids with glycine and taurine, to increase the stabilizing properties of bile.", "contents": "[Effect of enteric oxygen therapy and vitamin E on the secretion and chemical composition of bile in experimental dystrophy]. Effects of enteral oxygenotherapy and vitamin E were studied using rats with acute liver dystrophy caused by CCl4. The enteral oxygenotherapy with simultaneous administration of vitamin E were shown to accelerate the restoration of liver function, to improve the bile formation and secretion, to stimulate the synthesis of initial biliary acids as well as to increase the conjugation of the acids with glycine and taurine, to increase the stabilizing properties of bile."}
{"id": "PMID:919378", "title": "[Influence of the physical structure of phospholipid membranes on peroxidation induced by Fe2+ ions].", "content": "Kinetics of free radical lipid peroxidation, induced by Fe2+ in presence of ascorbic acid, was studied in phospholipid membranes. The maximal rate of peroxidative oxidation was observed at 2.5 muM concentration of Fe2+, in this case a half of the maximal amount of peroxidative oxidation products was formed within 20-30 min at 20 degrees and at 200 muM concentration of ascorbic acid. The rate of peroxidative oxidation depended on addition of substances modifying the membrane structure (linoleic acid, cetyl trimethylammonium, Tween-60, derivatives of phenothiazol). Charge of the membrane surface was shown to have a distinct effect on the peroxidative oxidation. Loosening of membranes by non-ion detergent (Tween-60) increased the rate of the process, whereas the increase of the membranes rigidity by cholesterol did not cause any effect. Uneffectiveness of cholesterol is discussed with relation to diffusion of radicals, participating in peroxidative oxidation, from depth of the membrane to its surface and in the opposite direction.", "contents": "[Influence of the physical structure of phospholipid membranes on peroxidation induced by Fe2+ ions]. Kinetics of free radical lipid peroxidation, induced by Fe2+ in presence of ascorbic acid, was studied in phospholipid membranes. The maximal rate of peroxidative oxidation was observed at 2.5 muM concentration of Fe2+, in this case a half of the maximal amount of peroxidative oxidation products was formed within 20-30 min at 20 degrees and at 200 muM concentration of ascorbic acid. The rate of peroxidative oxidation depended on addition of substances modifying the membrane structure (linoleic acid, cetyl trimethylammonium, Tween-60, derivatives of phenothiazol). Charge of the membrane surface was shown to have a distinct effect on the peroxidative oxidation. Loosening of membranes by non-ion detergent (Tween-60) increased the rate of the process, whereas the increase of the membranes rigidity by cholesterol did not cause any effect. Uneffectiveness of cholesterol is discussed with relation to diffusion of radicals, participating in peroxidative oxidation, from depth of the membrane to its surface and in the opposite direction."}
{"id": "PMID:919402", "title": "[Combined chemotherapy of lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "Fourty two patients with lymphogranulomatosis (LG), mainly in stage IIIB and IVB, received polychemotherapy- a combination of N-nitrosomethyl urea, vinblastine, natulan and prednisolone (scheme L-I). The treatment comprised repeated courses. The first course lasted for 3 weeks, the remaining-for 2 weeks. An objective effect estimated by figure \"3\" was noted in 33 (78.6%) patients, \"2\"--in 6 (14.3%), \"1\"--in 2 (4.7%) and \"o\"-in 1 patients (2.4%). In 25 out of 33 patients with the objective effect \"3\" the complete clinical remission was gained, being maintained in 21. An average duration of the remission was 14 months. In overwhelming majority of case the maximum effect of the treatment was observed after the first (1-3) course of polychemotherapy. No grave complications relative to the treatment were noted.", "contents": "[Combined chemotherapy of lymphogranulomatosis]. Fourty two patients with lymphogranulomatosis (LG), mainly in stage IIIB and IVB, received polychemotherapy- a combination of N-nitrosomethyl urea, vinblastine, natulan and prednisolone (scheme L-I). The treatment comprised repeated courses. The first course lasted for 3 weeks, the remaining-for 2 weeks. An objective effect estimated by figure \"3\" was noted in 33 (78.6%) patients, \"2\"--in 6 (14.3%), \"1\"--in 2 (4.7%) and \"o\"-in 1 patients (2.4%). In 25 out of 33 patients with the objective effect \"3\" the complete clinical remission was gained, being maintained in 21. An average duration of the remission was 14 months. In overwhelming majority of case the maximum effect of the treatment was observed after the first (1-3) course of polychemotherapy. No grave complications relative to the treatment were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:919403", "title": "[Neoplastic alveolitis complicating chronic pneumonia].", "content": "The author describes two observations on cancerous alveolitis and bronchiolitis developed in the foci of chronic (interstitial) pneumonia under squamous metaplasia and anaplasia of epithelial cells of alveoli and bronchioli. Two cases were diagnosed by roentgenologists, one case was found pathoanatomically; in the first two cases the patients died due to grave hypoxia and cardiopulmonary insufficiency, in the third case-due to encephalomalacia in ischemic brain disease. Cancerous alveolitis and bronchiolitis made 2.4% to all lung cancer, the disease shows an acute course, the duration of the lesion-4-6-months.", "contents": "[Neoplastic alveolitis complicating chronic pneumonia]. The author describes two observations on cancerous alveolitis and bronchiolitis developed in the foci of chronic (interstitial) pneumonia under squamous metaplasia and anaplasia of epithelial cells of alveoli and bronchioli. Two cases were diagnosed by roentgenologists, one case was found pathoanatomically; in the first two cases the patients died due to grave hypoxia and cardiopulmonary insufficiency, in the third case-due to encephalomalacia in ischemic brain disease. Cancerous alveolitis and bronchiolitis made 2.4% to all lung cancer, the disease shows an acute course, the duration of the lesion-4-6-months."}
{"id": "PMID:919404", "title": "[Celiacography in the diagnosis of stomach cancer].", "content": "Selective celiacography after the Seldinger technic was performed in 24 patients with stomach pathology (cancer, ulcer, leiomyoma, cicatricial deformation of the stomach). Angiographic symptoms in gastric cancer are found to be mostly similar with those in ulcer and an inflammatory process. Celiacography fails to form an adequately precise judgement on the degree of gastric cancer local speed.", "contents": "[Celiacography in the diagnosis of stomach cancer]. Selective celiacography after the Seldinger technic was performed in 24 patients with stomach pathology (cancer, ulcer, leiomyoma, cicatricial deformation of the stomach). Angiographic symptoms in gastric cancer are found to be mostly similar with those in ulcer and an inflammatory process. Celiacography fails to form an adequately precise judgement on the degree of gastric cancer local speed."}
{"id": "PMID:919405", "title": "[Certain problems of the organization of oncological studies and anti-cancer campaign in Great Britain].", "content": "The characteristics of the principal institutions representing oncological service in Great Britain are given. The role of the state official organs in the organization of oncological service among the population and cancer researches is discussed. The governmental control of most research institutions in the country makes it possible to coordinate the researches under way within the range of the unique scientific programme.", "contents": "[Certain problems of the organization of oncological studies and anti-cancer campaign in Great Britain]. The characteristics of the principal institutions representing oncological service in Great Britain are given. The role of the state official organs in the organization of oncological service among the population and cancer researches is discussed. The governmental control of most research institutions in the country makes it possible to coordinate the researches under way within the range of the unique scientific programme."}
{"id": "PMID:919406", "title": "[Lymphogenic metastasis of cervical cancer and selection of the optimal method of extent of pelvic lymphadenectomy in Wertheim's operation].", "content": "The frequency and sequence of metastatic invasion of pelvic and retroperitoneal lymph nodes in patients with cervical cancer have been studied. It was found that inferior and superior ileac lymph nodes in this category of patients are the main zone of regional metastasization. These should be included in a block of tissue to be resected in Wertheim's operation. The rationale of an extened variant of lymphadenectomy is supported by the data that characterize the immediate, early and remote results of the treatment in patients with cervical cancer and lymphogenic metastases. A high percentage of 3-year survival was gained in patients operated after an extended variant of Wertheim's operation.", "contents": "[Lymphogenic metastasis of cervical cancer and selection of the optimal method of extent of pelvic lymphadenectomy in Wertheim's operation]. The frequency and sequence of metastatic invasion of pelvic and retroperitoneal lymph nodes in patients with cervical cancer have been studied. It was found that inferior and superior ileac lymph nodes in this category of patients are the main zone of regional metastasization. These should be included in a block of tissue to be resected in Wertheim's operation. The rationale of an extened variant of lymphadenectomy is supported by the data that characterize the immediate, early and remote results of the treatment in patients with cervical cancer and lymphogenic metastases. A high percentage of 3-year survival was gained in patients operated after an extended variant of Wertheim's operation."}
{"id": "PMID:919407", "title": "[Cytological study of the puncture biopsy specimens of the Douglas' pouch for early diagnosis of ovarian tumors].", "content": "The conducted studies indicated the diagnostic opportunities of a cytologic analysis of exudates and smears from the Douglas space in patients with a suspicion to ovarian tumor. Tumor cells may be present in the peritoneal cavity not only in different stages of malignant ovarian tumors, but also in secernent and proliferating cystadenomas. A correlation between the peritoneal cell content in patients with different forms of ovarian neoplasms and press-smears from the dissected surface of the removed tumors and histological sections indicated the morphological identitiy of tumor elements and enabled the determination of the cytological criteria for the differential diagnosis of ovarian tumors prior to surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Cytological study of the puncture biopsy specimens of the Douglas' pouch for early diagnosis of ovarian tumors]. The conducted studies indicated the diagnostic opportunities of a cytologic analysis of exudates and smears from the Douglas space in patients with a suspicion to ovarian tumor. Tumor cells may be present in the peritoneal cavity not only in different stages of malignant ovarian tumors, but also in secernent and proliferating cystadenomas. A correlation between the peritoneal cell content in patients with different forms of ovarian neoplasms and press-smears from the dissected surface of the removed tumors and histological sections indicated the morphological identitiy of tumor elements and enabled the determination of the cytological criteria for the differential diagnosis of ovarian tumors prior to surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:919409", "title": "[Relationship between the number of mast cells and neoplastic prolideration of the mammary gland epithelium].", "content": "The results of the experiments make it possible to regard the number of mast in mammary glands as an index correlating with the intensity of the proliferative reaction of the mammary gland epithelium reflecting the course of the pathological process in the tissue. This index is higher to the moment of benign tumor formation. The second more intensive rise of this index characterizes malignant transformation of the epithelium. A decrease of the mast cells level since the moment of malignant transformation and their rather low content in malignant tumors manifest the decompensation of the organism antiblastic system.", "contents": "[Relationship between the number of mast cells and neoplastic prolideration of the mammary gland epithelium]. The results of the experiments make it possible to regard the number of mast in mammary glands as an index correlating with the intensity of the proliferative reaction of the mammary gland epithelium reflecting the course of the pathological process in the tissue. This index is higher to the moment of benign tumor formation. The second more intensive rise of this index characterizes malignant transformation of the epithelium. A decrease of the mast cells level since the moment of malignant transformation and their rather low content in malignant tumors manifest the decompensation of the organism antiblastic system."}
{"id": "PMID:919410", "title": "[Evaluation of the protective effect of Prussian blue, sodium alginate and calcium phosphate according to tumor development after single and chronic exposure to strontium 90 and cesium 137 mixture].", "content": "The mixture of radionuclides was employed in the concentrations of 100.0, 400.0 and 0.8, 2.0 mc/rat for strontium-90 and cesium-137 in single and chronic administration correspondingly. Prussian blue, sodium alginate and calcium were employed in amounts of 50 mg, 800 mg and 258 mg per rat a day. The data obtained are correlated with the results of the same experiments without using the protection. In compared doses of the irradiation the protective action of the substances under study was noted only in chronic experiments. In this case, the appearance of malignant neoplasms was nearly twice less, and the survival was 120 days longer. The absorbed doses were decreased by 17 times for cesium-137 in the whole body and nearly by 4 times for strontium-90 in the skeleton.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the protective effect of Prussian blue, sodium alginate and calcium phosphate according to tumor development after single and chronic exposure to strontium 90 and cesium 137 mixture]. The mixture of radionuclides was employed in the concentrations of 100.0, 400.0 and 0.8, 2.0 mc/rat for strontium-90 and cesium-137 in single and chronic administration correspondingly. Prussian blue, sodium alginate and calcium were employed in amounts of 50 mg, 800 mg and 258 mg per rat a day. The data obtained are correlated with the results of the same experiments without using the protection. In compared doses of the irradiation the protective action of the substances under study was noted only in chronic experiments. In this case, the appearance of malignant neoplasms was nearly twice less, and the survival was 120 days longer. The absorbed doses were decreased by 17 times for cesium-137 in the whole body and nearly by 4 times for strontium-90 in the skeleton."}
{"id": "PMID:919411", "title": "[Immunologic reactivity of the body after laser irradiation of experimental neoplasms].", "content": "The irradiation of Garding-Passey and B16 melanomas results in an increased number of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen and an increased level in blood serum of autoantibodies against antigens of the irradiated tumor and of the liver and kidneys of the same animals, as well. Some increase of these indices was noted also in the irradiation of normal tissues.", "contents": "[Immunologic reactivity of the body after laser irradiation of experimental neoplasms]. The irradiation of Garding-Passey and B16 melanomas results in an increased number of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen and an increased level in blood serum of autoantibodies against antigens of the irradiated tumor and of the liver and kidneys of the same animals, as well. Some increase of these indices was noted also in the irradiation of normal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:919412", "title": "[Benzopyrene metabolism in cultured liver cells of human embryo].", "content": "The hepatic cells of human embryos cultivated as a monolayer retain their ability to metabolize the carcinogenic hydrocarbon benz (a) pyrene (BP). The intensity of BP metabolism is higher in the \"young\" cultures of hepatic cells than in fibroblast cultures obtained from the same embryo. At later terms the former becomes equal for both tissues as a result of a decreased metabolic activity of hepatic cells.", "contents": "[Benzopyrene metabolism in cultured liver cells of human embryo]. The hepatic cells of human embryos cultivated as a monolayer retain their ability to metabolize the carcinogenic hydrocarbon benz (a) pyrene (BP). The intensity of BP metabolism is higher in the \"young\" cultures of hepatic cells than in fibroblast cultures obtained from the same embryo. At later terms the former becomes equal for both tissues as a result of a decreased metabolic activity of hepatic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:919416", "title": "Possible linkage between the major histocompatibility complex and the immune response to factor VIII in classic haemophilia.", "content": "The pattern of HLA segregation was analyzed in 10 sibships of haemophilia A patients, each of which included 1 or 2 haemophilic brothers with an antibody to factor VIII. The observed HLA distribution is suggestive of a linkage between the major histocompatibility complex and a gene responsible for immune response to isologous factor VIII.", "contents": "Possible linkage between the major histocompatibility complex and the immune response to factor VIII in classic haemophilia. The pattern of HLA segregation was analyzed in 10 sibships of haemophilia A patients, each of which included 1 or 2 haemophilic brothers with an antibody to factor VIII. The observed HLA distribution is suggestive of a linkage between the major histocompatibility complex and a gene responsible for immune response to isologous factor VIII."}
{"id": "PMID:919417", "title": "HLA and hereditary spherocytosis.", "content": "The HLA types of two families with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) suggest that the HS gene(s) may be linked with the HLA locus. If sustantiated by further family studies, this linkage would place HS on chromosome 6.", "contents": "HLA and hereditary spherocytosis. The HLA types of two families with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) suggest that the HS gene(s) may be linked with the HLA locus. If sustantiated by further family studies, this linkage would place HS on chromosome 6."}
{"id": "PMID:919418", "title": "Conceptual framework shifts in immunogenetics. I. A new look at cis AB antigens in the ABO system.", "content": "The so-called 'cis AB' blood group is accounted for by proposing that 'normal' anti-A and anti-B reagents are cross-reacting with partially overlapping reaction ranges. Hence, they are labelled anti-AX and anti-BX, respectively. Some consequences of a complex-simple model where 'cis AB' is accordingly produced by a simple (mono-factorial) antigen X (produced a simple gene X at the ABO-locus) are briefly explored.", "contents": "Conceptual framework shifts in immunogenetics. I. A new look at cis AB antigens in the ABO system. The so-called 'cis AB' blood group is accounted for by proposing that 'normal' anti-A and anti-B reagents are cross-reacting with partially overlapping reaction ranges. Hence, they are labelled anti-AX and anti-BX, respectively. Some consequences of a complex-simple model where 'cis AB' is accordingly produced by a simple (mono-factorial) antigen X (produced a simple gene X at the ABO-locus) are briefly explored."}
{"id": "PMID:919419", "title": "Inheritance of cis-AB in three generations (family Lam.).", "content": "In a case of disputed paternity genetic incompatibility was observed in the ABO blood group system between mother (O) and child (AB). From biostatistical evaluation of 21 genetic markers, including HLA phenotypes, a high value of probability for paternity, maternity and parentage was found between the child, the child's mother, the accused man and his mother. Substitution of the newborn was thereby excluded. The serostatistical evaluation of maternity and paternity could be supported by anthropological opinion. In serological investigations of the ABH system the A and B antigens of the 'A2B' cells were found to be abnormal in the child, the child's father, and the father's mother: the A was weaker than normal A1 but stronger than normal A2; the B was found to be abnormal which in addition was documented through occurrence of irregular anti-B antibodies in the child. In comparison to normal controls (A1, A2, B, A1B, A2B) diminished activity of alpha-D-N-acetylgalactosamine and alpha-D-galactosyltransferase were observed in the three 'A2B' propositi. These facts confirmed the existence of a cis-AB gene in the Lam. family which the child inherited from her father and the child's father from his mother. Assuming a population frequency of 1.1 X 10(-5) for the cis-AB gene, the probability for paternity was calculated from all genetic markers to be W = 99.9999985%.", "contents": "Inheritance of cis-AB in three generations (family Lam.). In a case of disputed paternity genetic incompatibility was observed in the ABO blood group system between mother (O) and child (AB). From biostatistical evaluation of 21 genetic markers, including HLA phenotypes, a high value of probability for paternity, maternity and parentage was found between the child, the child's mother, the accused man and his mother. Substitution of the newborn was thereby excluded. The serostatistical evaluation of maternity and paternity could be supported by anthropological opinion. In serological investigations of the ABH system the A and B antigens of the 'A2B' cells were found to be abnormal in the child, the child's father, and the father's mother: the A was weaker than normal A1 but stronger than normal A2; the B was found to be abnormal which in addition was documented through occurrence of irregular anti-B antibodies in the child. In comparison to normal controls (A1, A2, B, A1B, A2B) diminished activity of alpha-D-N-acetylgalactosamine and alpha-D-galactosyltransferase were observed in the three 'A2B' propositi. These facts confirmed the existence of a cis-AB gene in the Lam. family which the child inherited from her father and the child's father from his mother. Assuming a population frequency of 1.1 X 10(-5) for the cis-AB gene, the probability for paternity was calculated from all genetic markers to be W = 99.9999985%."}
{"id": "PMID:919420", "title": "Acute hypoproteinemic fluid overload: its determinants, distribution, and treatment with concentrated albumin and diuretics.", "content": "We simulated the use of massive volumes of crystalloid fluids as a treatment of acute plasma loss in a standardized experimental model and studied the factors determining the retention or excretion of the resulting acute hypoproteinemic fluid overload, its distribution within the body, and its treatment with concentrated albumin and diuretics. In accordance with the classic Starling concept, the serum protein level, i.e. the serum colloid osmotic pressure, determined the excretion/retention ratio of a given water and sodium load. Of the total fluid retention, fat and muscle each accommodated 25%, whereas the skin, which contributes only 7% to the total body weight, accounted for 37% and increased its volume by roughly one third. Concentrated albumin promoted fluid excretion in direct proportion to the achieved increment of the serum protein level and abolished the edema of fat, muscle and skin. Furosemide was virtually ineffective. The implications of these results for the 'adult respiratory distress syndrome' and disturbed wound healing are discussed and related to the concept of a critical threshold of the serum protein level.", "contents": "Acute hypoproteinemic fluid overload: its determinants, distribution, and treatment with concentrated albumin and diuretics. We simulated the use of massive volumes of crystalloid fluids as a treatment of acute plasma loss in a standardized experimental model and studied the factors determining the retention or excretion of the resulting acute hypoproteinemic fluid overload, its distribution within the body, and its treatment with concentrated albumin and diuretics. In accordance with the classic Starling concept, the serum protein level, i.e. the serum colloid osmotic pressure, determined the excretion/retention ratio of a given water and sodium load. Of the total fluid retention, fat and muscle each accommodated 25%, whereas the skin, which contributes only 7% to the total body weight, accounted for 37% and increased its volume by roughly one third. Concentrated albumin promoted fluid excretion in direct proportion to the achieved increment of the serum protein level and abolished the edema of fat, muscle and skin. Furosemide was virtually ineffective. The implications of these results for the 'adult respiratory distress syndrome' and disturbed wound healing are discussed and related to the concept of a critical threshold of the serum protein level."}
{"id": "PMID:919500", "title": "[Effect of accomodation conditions of isolated contingents on the course of the epidemic influenza process].", "content": "The influence of accomodation conditions on the intensity of influenza A2 virus spread was studied annually in 1970-1975 during the periods of rises in influenza incidence, November--April, in contingents isolated from the general population. The influence of the main accommodation conditions (number of subjects in a bed-room, the area and air volume of the bed room per person), on the influenza incidence was shown to occur only in the periods of moderate incidence rises which preceede large outbreaks. In the interepidemic period or during large outbreaks no such influence occurs. These results confirm the concept on the epidemiological importance of heterogeneity of two interacting systems, the causative agent population and the contingent composition (V. D. Belyakov, 1975). It is assumed that when the circulating influenza virus population is heterogeneous and contains a certain number of potentially epidemic strains, they are activated most intensively in large groups of human subjects. Therefore, large contingents living under specific accommodation conditions are the likely place of most early emergence of new epidemic influenza virus strains. The lack of influence of the accommodation conditions of the influenza incidence indicates that the epidemic process of this infection in closely communicating contingents occurs intensively and continuously due, to a large extent, to latent, clinically inapparent forms.", "contents": "[Effect of accomodation conditions of isolated contingents on the course of the epidemic influenza process]. The influence of accomodation conditions on the intensity of influenza A2 virus spread was studied annually in 1970-1975 during the periods of rises in influenza incidence, November--April, in contingents isolated from the general population. The influence of the main accommodation conditions (number of subjects in a bed-room, the area and air volume of the bed room per person), on the influenza incidence was shown to occur only in the periods of moderate incidence rises which preceede large outbreaks. In the interepidemic period or during large outbreaks no such influence occurs. These results confirm the concept on the epidemiological importance of heterogeneity of two interacting systems, the causative agent population and the contingent composition (V. D. Belyakov, 1975). It is assumed that when the circulating influenza virus population is heterogeneous and contains a certain number of potentially epidemic strains, they are activated most intensively in large groups of human subjects. Therefore, large contingents living under specific accommodation conditions are the likely place of most early emergence of new epidemic influenza virus strains. The lack of influence of the accommodation conditions of the influenza incidence indicates that the epidemic process of this infection in closely communicating contingents occurs intensively and continuously due, to a large extent, to latent, clinically inapparent forms."}
{"id": "PMID:919499", "title": "[Study of the sensitivity of different strians of the influenza A2 virus of rimantadine].", "content": "The sensitivity of different influenza A2 (H3N2) virus strains to rimantadine in ovo was studied. The reference strains of influenza virus A/Hong Kong/1/68, A/England/42/72, A/Scotland/840/74 as well as new epidemic strains isolated in the USSR and Mongolia in 1974-1975 antigenically related to influenza A/Port Chalmers/1/73 virus were found to be sensitive to rimantadine.", "contents": "[Study of the sensitivity of different strians of the influenza A2 virus of rimantadine]. The sensitivity of different influenza A2 (H3N2) virus strains to rimantadine in ovo was studied. The reference strains of influenza virus A/Hong Kong/1/68, A/England/42/72, A/Scotland/840/74 as well as new epidemic strains isolated in the USSR and Mongolia in 1974-1975 antigenically related to influenza A/Port Chalmers/1/73 virus were found to be sensitive to rimantadine."}
{"id": "PMID:919501", "title": "[Effect of neuraminidase treatment of chick embryo fibroblasts on the adsorption and reproduction of the fowl plague virus].", "content": "Treatment with neuraminidase (100 units/ml) of chick embryo fibroblasts in vitro only partially inhibits adsorption of fowl plague virus on these cells. Cultivation of chick embryo fibroblasts in the presence of 50 units/ml neuraminidase had no effect on the sensitivity of these cells to fowl plague virus and on the extent of virus reproductions. It is suggested that neuraminic acid which is a component of the external cell membrane is not only substance responsible for adsorption of orthomyxoviruses.", "contents": "[Effect of neuraminidase treatment of chick embryo fibroblasts on the adsorption and reproduction of the fowl plague virus]. Treatment with neuraminidase (100 units/ml) of chick embryo fibroblasts in vitro only partially inhibits adsorption of fowl plague virus on these cells. Cultivation of chick embryo fibroblasts in the presence of 50 units/ml neuraminidase had no effect on the sensitivity of these cells to fowl plague virus and on the extent of virus reproductions. It is suggested that neuraminic acid which is a component of the external cell membrane is not only substance responsible for adsorption of orthomyxoviruses."}
{"id": "PMID:919507", "title": "[Secondary amyloidosis in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "One case with secondary amyloidosis is described, manifested by a nephrotic syndrome, 13 years after the establishment of lymphogranulomatosis in a male, ages 46. Amyloidosis diagnosis with biopsy, after a long-term remission in a patient with a relatively restricted lymphogranulomatosis is of certain interest. The diagnostic difficulties of secondary amyloidosis in Hodgkin disease are discussed as well as the mechanism origination and the role of certain medicaments in amyloidosis origination and treatment.", "contents": "[Secondary amyloidosis in Hodgkin's disease]. One case with secondary amyloidosis is described, manifested by a nephrotic syndrome, 13 years after the establishment of lymphogranulomatosis in a male, ages 46. Amyloidosis diagnosis with biopsy, after a long-term remission in a patient with a relatively restricted lymphogranulomatosis is of certain interest. The diagnostic difficulties of secondary amyloidosis in Hodgkin disease are discussed as well as the mechanism origination and the role of certain medicaments in amyloidosis origination and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:919503", "title": "[Protein metabolism in human embryo skin-muscle tissue cells infected with oncornavirus D from J-96 cells].", "content": "Structural polypeptides of oncornavirus D produced by J-96 cells and the effect of oncornavirus infection on protein metabolism of human embryo skin-muscle tissue cells (HESM) were studied. Electrophoresis showed the number of polypeptides detectable in a preparation of virus produced by infected HESM cells to depend on the number of centrifugations in sucrose gradient in the process of virus purification. A preparation of a singly purified virus was found to contain 13 polypeptide components: p115, p110, p100, p87, p78, p69, p57, p45, p36, p27, p15, p12, and p10. In oncornavirus D from J-96 cells purified three times in sucrose gradient 2 major polypeptides were found with molecular weights 69,000 and 27,000 daltons which had about 80% of the total radioactivity, and minor polypeptides p15, p12, and p10. Comparison of electrophoregrams of proteins of HEMS cells infected with oncornavirus D and uninfected cells showed oncornavirus infection to be accompanied by an increased synthesis of some polypeptides (p115, p87, p69) and a decreased amount of others (p78, p36, p17-p12). Besides, in infected HESM cells two proteins were found the molecular weights of which coincided with those of oncornavirus polypeptides p69 and p27. The p69 protein component was detected in the membrane fraction of a continuous line of transformed J-96 cells labeled with 3H-glucosamine indicating its complex glycoprotein nature. The results suggest that the observed changes in metabolism of cell proteins in oncornavirus infection of HESM cells do not result in transformation of these cells or are insufficient for its occurrence.", "contents": "[Protein metabolism in human embryo skin-muscle tissue cells infected with oncornavirus D from J-96 cells]. Structural polypeptides of oncornavirus D produced by J-96 cells and the effect of oncornavirus infection on protein metabolism of human embryo skin-muscle tissue cells (HESM) were studied. Electrophoresis showed the number of polypeptides detectable in a preparation of virus produced by infected HESM cells to depend on the number of centrifugations in sucrose gradient in the process of virus purification. A preparation of a singly purified virus was found to contain 13 polypeptide components: p115, p110, p100, p87, p78, p69, p57, p45, p36, p27, p15, p12, and p10. In oncornavirus D from J-96 cells purified three times in sucrose gradient 2 major polypeptides were found with molecular weights 69,000 and 27,000 daltons which had about 80% of the total radioactivity, and minor polypeptides p15, p12, and p10. Comparison of electrophoregrams of proteins of HEMS cells infected with oncornavirus D and uninfected cells showed oncornavirus infection to be accompanied by an increased synthesis of some polypeptides (p115, p87, p69) and a decreased amount of others (p78, p36, p17-p12). Besides, in infected HESM cells two proteins were found the molecular weights of which coincided with those of oncornavirus polypeptides p69 and p27. The p69 protein component was detected in the membrane fraction of a continuous line of transformed J-96 cells labeled with 3H-glucosamine indicating its complex glycoprotein nature. The results suggest that the observed changes in metabolism of cell proteins in oncornavirus infection of HESM cells do not result in transformation of these cells or are insufficient for its occurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:919502", "title": "[Acute and latent influenzal infection in mice with altered endogenous serotonin metabolism].", "content": "A steady and long-term increase of the endogenous serotonine concentration in the lungs, spleen, and brain achieved by administration of nontoxic doses of indopan, an inhibitor of monoamineoxidase, caused a significant decrease of resistance of animals to influenza virus in acute infection. After natural route of inoculation with 20 LD50 of the allantoic influenza A3/WSN (HON1) virus strain in the animals treated with indopan the area of lung affection with specific influenza pneumonia increased, the virus concentration in the lungs and spleen rose sharply, the titre of IgM antibody in the blood decreased; the animal mortality in this group also increased. The level of serotonin in the blood and organs of latently infected animals became normal 6 weeks after virus inoculation. In some of these animals, however, indopan caused a greater increase of serotonin level in the lungs than in intact mice of the same weight and age. Without changing the amine levels in the spleen and the brain, indopan caused 4-16-fold increase in the titer of specific antihemagglutinins in the blood, mostly of IgM fraction, as compared with the controls. In latent influenza infection the balance of serotonin metabolism in the lungs in unstable.", "contents": "[Acute and latent influenzal infection in mice with altered endogenous serotonin metabolism]. A steady and long-term increase of the endogenous serotonine concentration in the lungs, spleen, and brain achieved by administration of nontoxic doses of indopan, an inhibitor of monoamineoxidase, caused a significant decrease of resistance of animals to influenza virus in acute infection. After natural route of inoculation with 20 LD50 of the allantoic influenza A3/WSN (HON1) virus strain in the animals treated with indopan the area of lung affection with specific influenza pneumonia increased, the virus concentration in the lungs and spleen rose sharply, the titre of IgM antibody in the blood decreased; the animal mortality in this group also increased. The level of serotonin in the blood and organs of latently infected animals became normal 6 weeks after virus inoculation. In some of these animals, however, indopan caused a greater increase of serotonin level in the lungs than in intact mice of the same weight and age. Without changing the amine levels in the spleen and the brain, indopan caused 4-16-fold increase in the titer of specific antihemagglutinins in the blood, mostly of IgM fraction, as compared with the controls. In latent influenza infection the balance of serotonin metabolism in the lungs in unstable."}
{"id": "PMID:919509", "title": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral stenosis].", "content": "One hundred forty nine subjects have their echocardiography recorded by Echoview apparatus, Picker firm. The echocardiographic parameters found in 72 patients in pure or almost pure mitral stenosis were confronted to those of 77 healthy subjects. The high sensitivity of the echocardiographic method is stressed upon in the differentiation of mitral stenosis. The most important echocardiographic criterion of mitral stenosis is the slowed down speed of the early diastolic movement, EF of the anterior mitral cusp and the shifting of the posterior mitral cusp forward from the line, passing through the point of the mitral closing. Confirmed diagnosis of mitral stenosis could only be obtained by the combination of those two echocardiographic changes. Echocardiographic significance is stressed in the establishment of the thickness of the two mitral cusps, increased number of component echolines and amplitude decrease in anterior mitral cusp opening in the assessment of the presence of mitral fibrosclerosis and calcinosis.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral stenosis]. One hundred forty nine subjects have their echocardiography recorded by Echoview apparatus, Picker firm. The echocardiographic parameters found in 72 patients in pure or almost pure mitral stenosis were confronted to those of 77 healthy subjects. The high sensitivity of the echocardiographic method is stressed upon in the differentiation of mitral stenosis. The most important echocardiographic criterion of mitral stenosis is the slowed down speed of the early diastolic movement, EF of the anterior mitral cusp and the shifting of the posterior mitral cusp forward from the line, passing through the point of the mitral closing. Confirmed diagnosis of mitral stenosis could only be obtained by the combination of those two echocardiographic changes. Echocardiographic significance is stressed in the establishment of the thickness of the two mitral cusps, increased number of component echolines and amplitude decrease in anterior mitral cusp opening in the assessment of the presence of mitral fibrosclerosis and calcinosis."}
{"id": "PMID:919510", "title": "[Evoked hypercalcemia test and the pentagastrin test in assessing the functional state of the parafollicular apparatus of the thyroid in hyper- and hypothyroidism].", "content": "Calcium gluconate test (Ca ++ 10 mg/kg) was carried, for three hours, in 28 patients with thyrotoxicosis, 6--with hypothyroidism and 8 healthy subjects. Pentagastrin (Peptavlon)--2 microgram/kg/h was applied in 25 patients with thyrotoxicosis, 7 with hypothyroidism and 11 healthy subjects. A slowed down calcemia normalization was observed after calcium gluconate infusion in case of thyrotoxicosis and especially in hypothyroidism. Calcemia in the thyrotoxicosis, with pentagastrin test, is more decreased in thyrotoxicosis as compared with the healthy subjects, whereas in hypothyroidism the decrease is less or absent. In hypothyroidism, a deteriorated function of the parafollicular apparatus is thought to be involved, or a lack of sensitivity of the target cells of that hormone. Final conclusions are difficult to be drawn in hyperthyroidism because several explanations of the two positive test are possible.", "contents": "[Evoked hypercalcemia test and the pentagastrin test in assessing the functional state of the parafollicular apparatus of the thyroid in hyper- and hypothyroidism]. Calcium gluconate test (Ca ++ 10 mg/kg) was carried, for three hours, in 28 patients with thyrotoxicosis, 6--with hypothyroidism and 8 healthy subjects. Pentagastrin (Peptavlon)--2 microgram/kg/h was applied in 25 patients with thyrotoxicosis, 7 with hypothyroidism and 11 healthy subjects. A slowed down calcemia normalization was observed after calcium gluconate infusion in case of thyrotoxicosis and especially in hypothyroidism. Calcemia in the thyrotoxicosis, with pentagastrin test, is more decreased in thyrotoxicosis as compared with the healthy subjects, whereas in hypothyroidism the decrease is less or absent. In hypothyroidism, a deteriorated function of the parafollicular apparatus is thought to be involved, or a lack of sensitivity of the target cells of that hormone. Final conclusions are difficult to be drawn in hyperthyroidism because several explanations of the two positive test are possible."}
{"id": "PMID:919504", "title": "[Role of Chylamydia in the pathology of pregnancy and chronic gynecological diseases].", "content": "For the elucidation of the role of chlamydial infection in pathological pregnancies, serological examination by the CFT with group-specific and species ornithosis antigen was carried out on 723 blood serum specimens from women with obstetrical pathology, 124 specimens from patients with various chronic gynecological diseases and 124 control blood serum specimens from women with nromal pregnancy and favourable obstetrical anamnesis. The complement-fixing antibody (CF) was detected in 72 (9.9%) serum specimens from women with obstetrical pathology and chronic gynecological diseases. No CF antibody was found in control sera. Negative results of the CFT were obtained with species ornithosis antigen in all sera. In parallel examinations of the blood serum specimens from women with obstetrical and gynecological pathology by the CFT and intradermal test, correlation of positive results was demonstrated in 62.5% of the patients. Among the women with positive reactions for chlamydial infection, in 52.8% thee pregnancy was pathological. Among 52 sero-positive pregnant women the death of the fetus was observed in the perinatal period in 21.2%. Among 111 babies born alive after previous pregnancies 55 babies (49.5%) died at the age under 1 year. Thus, chlamydial infection may possibly have causative relation to pathological pregnancy, death of the fetus in the perinatal period, and death of the babies under 1 year.", "contents": "[Role of Chylamydia in the pathology of pregnancy and chronic gynecological diseases]. For the elucidation of the role of chlamydial infection in pathological pregnancies, serological examination by the CFT with group-specific and species ornithosis antigen was carried out on 723 blood serum specimens from women with obstetrical pathology, 124 specimens from patients with various chronic gynecological diseases and 124 control blood serum specimens from women with nromal pregnancy and favourable obstetrical anamnesis. The complement-fixing antibody (CF) was detected in 72 (9.9%) serum specimens from women with obstetrical pathology and chronic gynecological diseases. No CF antibody was found in control sera. Negative results of the CFT were obtained with species ornithosis antigen in all sera. In parallel examinations of the blood serum specimens from women with obstetrical and gynecological pathology by the CFT and intradermal test, correlation of positive results was demonstrated in 62.5% of the patients. Among the women with positive reactions for chlamydial infection, in 52.8% thee pregnancy was pathological. Among 52 sero-positive pregnant women the death of the fetus was observed in the perinatal period in 21.2%. Among 111 babies born alive after previous pregnancies 55 babies (49.5%) died at the age under 1 year. Thus, chlamydial infection may possibly have causative relation to pathological pregnancy, death of the fetus in the perinatal period, and death of the babies under 1 year."}
{"id": "PMID:919505", "title": "[Action of O-beta-diethylaminoethylhydroxylamine on bacteriophage T2].", "content": "A chemical modification of T2 phage DNA by O-beta-diethylaminoethylhydroxylamine was studied in situ. In the course of the reaction, cross-links between DNA and protein of the phage particle develop. The DNA-protein interaction contributes to the nucleophilic joining of hydroxylamine derivatives by C5-C6 double bond of 5-oxymethylycytosine which is a constituent of T2 phage DNA.", "contents": "[Action of O-beta-diethylaminoethylhydroxylamine on bacteriophage T2]. A chemical modification of T2 phage DNA by O-beta-diethylaminoethylhydroxylamine was studied in situ. In the course of the reaction, cross-links between DNA and protein of the phage particle develop. The DNA-protein interaction contributes to the nucleophilic joining of hydroxylamine derivatives by C5-C6 double bond of 5-oxymethylycytosine which is a constituent of T2 phage DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:919511", "title": "[Changes in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa in liver cirrhosis].", "content": "The delomorphus cells of gastric mucosa in patients with liver cirrhosis and healthy subjects were investigated. They were counted according to Card and Marks method, their number being determined in 0,005 mm2 mucosa. In the patients with liver cirrhosis, corresponding to the stage of gastric mucosa alterations, a considerable decrease of the delomorphus cell number was established as compared with the healthy subjects. Succindehydrogenase activity in them is also decreased. Those data correlate with the hypo- and anacidity in patients with liver cirrhosis, observed and described at the clinic and come to confirm the correlation between the functional and structural state of gastric mucosa.", "contents": "[Changes in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa in liver cirrhosis]. The delomorphus cells of gastric mucosa in patients with liver cirrhosis and healthy subjects were investigated. They were counted according to Card and Marks method, their number being determined in 0,005 mm2 mucosa. In the patients with liver cirrhosis, corresponding to the stage of gastric mucosa alterations, a considerable decrease of the delomorphus cell number was established as compared with the healthy subjects. Succindehydrogenase activity in them is also decreased. Those data correlate with the hypo- and anacidity in patients with liver cirrhosis, observed and described at the clinic and come to confirm the correlation between the functional and structural state of gastric mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:919513", "title": "[Changes in the plasma values of glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol in terminal kidney failure during hemodialysis].", "content": "Glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol in serum were determined in 14 patients during one of the dialysis with terminal renal insufficiency, kept on chronic hemodialysis, at two-hours intervals. None of the patients had severe hyperlipidemia prior to dialysis. A moderate elevation of glucose level developed with a distinct increase of the free fatty acids valued after hemodialysis with a relatively high glucose content in dialyse solution. Elevated triglyceride values were found in single patients, whereas cholesterol was practically kept unchanged.", "contents": "[Changes in the plasma values of glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol in terminal kidney failure during hemodialysis]. Glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol in serum were determined in 14 patients during one of the dialysis with terminal renal insufficiency, kept on chronic hemodialysis, at two-hours intervals. None of the patients had severe hyperlipidemia prior to dialysis. A moderate elevation of glucose level developed with a distinct increase of the free fatty acids valued after hemodialysis with a relatively high glucose content in dialyse solution. Elevated triglyceride values were found in single patients, whereas cholesterol was practically kept unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:919514", "title": "[Serum vitamin A and beta-carotin levels in endemic nephropathy].", "content": "Serum levels of vitamin A and beta-carotin were determined in 30 clinically healthy subjects and in 50 patients with endemic nephropath, with and without xanthodermia. Elevated values of serum vitamin A and diminished values of beta-carotin were observed in all endemic patients. The ratio beta-carotin/vitamin A in all the groups endemic patients is decreased, the lowest being in the group of patients with xanthodermia and nitrogen retention. In decompensated stage of the disease, a more manifested decrease of serum beta-carotin is observed. An attempt is made for elucidation of the xanthodermia observed in the patients with endemic nephropathy on the base of the results obtained.", "contents": "[Serum vitamin A and beta-carotin levels in endemic nephropathy]. Serum levels of vitamin A and beta-carotin were determined in 30 clinically healthy subjects and in 50 patients with endemic nephropath, with and without xanthodermia. Elevated values of serum vitamin A and diminished values of beta-carotin were observed in all endemic patients. The ratio beta-carotin/vitamin A in all the groups endemic patients is decreased, the lowest being in the group of patients with xanthodermia and nitrogen retention. In decompensated stage of the disease, a more manifested decrease of serum beta-carotin is observed. An attempt is made for elucidation of the xanthodermia observed in the patients with endemic nephropathy on the base of the results obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:919515", "title": "[Clinical and ultrastructural studies of the kidneys of children in families with endemic nephropathy].", "content": "Examinations of clinically healthy children, coming from families with endemic nephropathy (EN) were carried out with a view to establishing initial manifestations of endemic nephropathy. No clinico-laboratory and functional disorders were found. Pathological type erythrocyturia was provoked by prednisolon test, supplying grounds to admit the presence of latently developing renal disease. Renal biopsy was taken for disease confirmation. One-type pathological changes with manifested focal character were found in all children examined through the electron microscopic investigation of renal tissue. The capillary loops of glomeruli are segmentally injured. Tubular changes are mainly found in the proximal canaliculi curves. Cellular cytoplasma reveals the picture of vacuolar dystrophia. Changes in mitochondria were also found and most frequently osmiophilic formations with dimensions 0.1 to 0.5 mu were observed. Basal membrane of the tubules injured is unevenly thickened, often stratified. The ultrastructural kidney disorders of the children examined are identical, in character and localization, to those in case of clinically manifested forms of EN. According to degree and spread, they are not sufficiently manifested, to conditioned the clinical-laboratory and functional signs of the disease. The data found reveal that EN develops at a rather early age than thought so far and progresses latently in its initial stage.", "contents": "[Clinical and ultrastructural studies of the kidneys of children in families with endemic nephropathy]. Examinations of clinically healthy children, coming from families with endemic nephropathy (EN) were carried out with a view to establishing initial manifestations of endemic nephropathy. No clinico-laboratory and functional disorders were found. Pathological type erythrocyturia was provoked by prednisolon test, supplying grounds to admit the presence of latently developing renal disease. Renal biopsy was taken for disease confirmation. One-type pathological changes with manifested focal character were found in all children examined through the electron microscopic investigation of renal tissue. The capillary loops of glomeruli are segmentally injured. Tubular changes are mainly found in the proximal canaliculi curves. Cellular cytoplasma reveals the picture of vacuolar dystrophia. Changes in mitochondria were also found and most frequently osmiophilic formations with dimensions 0.1 to 0.5 mu were observed. Basal membrane of the tubules injured is unevenly thickened, often stratified. The ultrastructural kidney disorders of the children examined are identical, in character and localization, to those in case of clinically manifested forms of EN. According to degree and spread, they are not sufficiently manifested, to conditioned the clinical-laboratory and functional signs of the disease. The data found reveal that EN develops at a rather early age than thought so far and progresses latently in its initial stage."}
{"id": "PMID:919516", "title": "[Studies of calcium-phosphorus metabolism in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "Fifty eight patients with thyrotoxicosis were examined as well as 9 patients with hypothyroidism and 40 healthy subjects. A tendence towards hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, hypercalciuria, hyperhydroxiprolinuria, elevated alkaline phosphatase were found in hyperthyroidism. In hypothyroidism--hypocalcemia, hypocalciuria, hypohydroxiprolinuria. The changes are associated with the direct effect of thyroid hormones upon bone system (intensified bone metabolism with predominance of destruction). Calciuria and HOP-uria in thyrotoxicosis depend on the severity of the disease. The elevated calcium excretion in thyrotoxicosis speaks for the presence of ostemalacic component. TRP, PEI, mean diametrically opposite in hyper- and hypothyroidism, support the hypothesis of the secondary hypoparathyroidism in thyrotoxicosis and hyperparathyroidism--in the hypothyroidism.", "contents": "[Studies of calcium-phosphorus metabolism in thyrotoxicosis]. Fifty eight patients with thyrotoxicosis were examined as well as 9 patients with hypothyroidism and 40 healthy subjects. A tendence towards hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, hypercalciuria, hyperhydroxiprolinuria, elevated alkaline phosphatase were found in hyperthyroidism. In hypothyroidism--hypocalcemia, hypocalciuria, hypohydroxiprolinuria. The changes are associated with the direct effect of thyroid hormones upon bone system (intensified bone metabolism with predominance of destruction). Calciuria and HOP-uria in thyrotoxicosis depend on the severity of the disease. The elevated calcium excretion in thyrotoxicosis speaks for the presence of ostemalacic component. TRP, PEI, mean diametrically opposite in hyper- and hypothyroidism, support the hypothesis of the secondary hypoparathyroidism in thyrotoxicosis and hyperparathyroidism--in the hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:919517", "title": "[Study of kidney function by radioisotopic methods in Balkan endemic nephropathy].", "content": "The authors studied the renal function in 80 patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), 27 males and 53 females, aged from 29-67, by radioisotope clearance (EDTA--16 9yb and hippuran--131J) and isotope nephrogram (ING). The patients were subdivided into four groups according to the creatinine level: first group--creatinine up to 1,5 mg%, 20 patients: second group--creatinine from 1,6 to 8 mg%, 34 patients, third group--creatinine from 8,1 to 15 mg%--16 patients and in the fourth--with creatinine over 15 mg%--10 patients. The examinations revealed that radioisotope clearances, provide significant information about renal function with various stages of nitrogen decompensation. EDTA clearance, according to the authors, can detect the changes in glomerul filtration of patients with BEN at an early compensated stage. The authors compare the results obtained from the investigation of the glomerular filtration by creatinine and EDTA clearance and found the radioisotope clearance more accurate. The effective renal plasma flow in patients with BEN at the early stage of the disease, was established not to be disturbed. That provides grounds to admit that in BEN glomeruli are very likely damaged earlier as compared with the tubules. Isotope nephrogram, according to the authors, is not changed at the early BEN stages. The changes are most frequently bilateral in the advanced stages of the disease.", "contents": "[Study of kidney function by radioisotopic methods in Balkan endemic nephropathy]. The authors studied the renal function in 80 patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), 27 males and 53 females, aged from 29-67, by radioisotope clearance (EDTA--16 9yb and hippuran--131J) and isotope nephrogram (ING). The patients were subdivided into four groups according to the creatinine level: first group--creatinine up to 1,5 mg%, 20 patients: second group--creatinine from 1,6 to 8 mg%, 34 patients, third group--creatinine from 8,1 to 15 mg%--16 patients and in the fourth--with creatinine over 15 mg%--10 patients. The examinations revealed that radioisotope clearances, provide significant information about renal function with various stages of nitrogen decompensation. EDTA clearance, according to the authors, can detect the changes in glomerul filtration of patients with BEN at an early compensated stage. The authors compare the results obtained from the investigation of the glomerular filtration by creatinine and EDTA clearance and found the radioisotope clearance more accurate. The effective renal plasma flow in patients with BEN at the early stage of the disease, was established not to be disturbed. That provides grounds to admit that in BEN glomeruli are very likely damaged earlier as compared with the tubules. Isotope nephrogram, according to the authors, is not changed at the early BEN stages. The changes are most frequently bilateral in the advanced stages of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:919518", "title": "[Characteristics of the postoperative recovery of the liver followed with the aid of scintigraphy].", "content": "Liver recovery with the aid of scintigraphy was followed up in 43 patients undergone operations in cases of liver echinococcus. Liver structure was found to recover most rapidly and in the greatest per cent of the cases (84%) and its form--with difficulties (30%). An interdependence exists between the age of the operated patient, number of the operations and the postoperative period.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the postoperative recovery of the liver followed with the aid of scintigraphy]. Liver recovery with the aid of scintigraphy was followed up in 43 patients undergone operations in cases of liver echinococcus. Liver structure was found to recover most rapidly and in the greatest per cent of the cases (84%) and its form--with difficulties (30%). An interdependence exists between the age of the operated patient, number of the operations and the postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:919519", "title": "[Case of hypokalemic nephropathy].", "content": "A rare case of drug induced potassiumpenic nephropathy is reported with a secondarily originated accompanying pyelonephritis in a female patient, aged 36 who has taken frequently, of her own accord, high doses salidiuretics in the course of two years, aiming at body weight reduction and against persistent headache. The clinical characteristic features of the disease are discussed as well as the results from the treatment carried out.", "contents": "[Case of hypokalemic nephropathy]. A rare case of drug induced potassiumpenic nephropathy is reported with a secondarily originated accompanying pyelonephritis in a female patient, aged 36 who has taken frequently, of her own accord, high doses salidiuretics in the course of two years, aiming at body weight reduction and against persistent headache. The clinical characteristic features of the disease are discussed as well as the results from the treatment carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:919524", "title": "Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea: extracranial surgical repair.", "content": "Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea is an uncommon complication of head trauma or of diverse types of intracranial diseases. Because of the risk of meningitis, this condition warrants immediate attention. If the leak fails to stop spontaneously in a short time, the precise site of the leak must be ascertained and surgical repair attempted. For the past 50 years craniotomy has been the principal operative approach; however, this method carries the risk of significant morbidity and protracted hospital stays, as well as a disappointing incidence of persistent leak. During the past decade extracranial operations for dural repair have been devised, and experience in the management of patients by a variety of such procedures illustrates the success of these operations.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea: extracranial surgical repair. Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea is an uncommon complication of head trauma or of diverse types of intracranial diseases. Because of the risk of meningitis, this condition warrants immediate attention. If the leak fails to stop spontaneously in a short time, the precise site of the leak must be ascertained and surgical repair attempted. For the past 50 years craniotomy has been the principal operative approach; however, this method carries the risk of significant morbidity and protracted hospital stays, as well as a disappointing incidence of persistent leak. During the past decade extracranial operations for dural repair have been devised, and experience in the management of patients by a variety of such procedures illustrates the success of these operations."}
{"id": "PMID:919525", "title": "Cardiac myxomas: report of eight cases with successful excision.", "content": "Early diagnosis of atrial myxoma can be made by a high index of suspicion in patients in whom embolic phenomena, systemic manifestations, syncope, or suspected mitral or tricuspid valvular disease are noted. When the presence of an atrial myxoma is suspected, echocardiographic evaluation should be done promptly. This noninvasive technique has no morbidity or mortality and is accurate in greater than 90 percent of cases.", "contents": "Cardiac myxomas: report of eight cases with successful excision. Early diagnosis of atrial myxoma can be made by a high index of suspicion in patients in whom embolic phenomena, systemic manifestations, syncope, or suspected mitral or tricuspid valvular disease are noted. When the presence of an atrial myxoma is suspected, echocardiographic evaluation should be done promptly. This noninvasive technique has no morbidity or mortality and is accurate in greater than 90 percent of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:919538", "title": "Tendon ruptures associated with corticosteroid therapy.", "content": "In five patients, tendon ruptures occurred in association with corticosteroid therapy, either systemic or local infiltration. The chronic nature of the pain in all of these patients suggests that what we often call tendinitis may in fact be early or partial ruptures of tendons. Patients who receive local infiltration of corticosteroids should perhaps be advised of the risk of a ruptured tendon. In addition, particularly when the Achilles tendon is involved, immobilization should be utilized initially for a presumed tendinitis or early rupture, to protect the tendon from further injury.", "contents": "Tendon ruptures associated with corticosteroid therapy. In five patients, tendon ruptures occurred in association with corticosteroid therapy, either systemic or local infiltration. The chronic nature of the pain in all of these patients suggests that what we often call tendinitis may in fact be early or partial ruptures of tendons. Patients who receive local infiltration of corticosteroids should perhaps be advised of the risk of a ruptured tendon. In addition, particularly when the Achilles tendon is involved, immobilization should be utilized initially for a presumed tendinitis or early rupture, to protect the tendon from further injury."}
{"id": "PMID:919539", "title": "Hemoptysis: diagnosis and management.", "content": "Hemoptysis is one of the most important symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease-first, because bleeding even in small amounts may indicate the presence of such serious diseases as bronchogenic carcinoma or active tuberculosis, and second, because untreated massive hemorrhage is associated with a high mortality rate. The cause of hemoptysis may be suggested by the history, physical examination or chest x-ray findings, but often diagnostic procedures such as bronchoscopy, bronchography and pulmonary angiography are needed for definitive diagnosis. The importance of early localization of the bleeding site and surgical intervention in patients with massive hemoptysis is stressed.", "contents": "Hemoptysis: diagnosis and management. Hemoptysis is one of the most important symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease-first, because bleeding even in small amounts may indicate the presence of such serious diseases as bronchogenic carcinoma or active tuberculosis, and second, because untreated massive hemorrhage is associated with a high mortality rate. The cause of hemoptysis may be suggested by the history, physical examination or chest x-ray findings, but often diagnostic procedures such as bronchoscopy, bronchography and pulmonary angiography are needed for definitive diagnosis. The importance of early localization of the bleeding site and surgical intervention in patients with massive hemoptysis is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:919547", "title": "Training physicians for primary care: trends and hazards.", "content": "Programs to train physicians more effectively for careers in primary care are being organized within academic departments in internal medicine and pediatrics, while the number of training programs in family practice continues to grow rapidly. However, the field of primary care training is expanding without a common vocabulary and with inadequate communication between the specialties involved. If decisions concerning health care policy are to be made rationally, the development of multiple distinct models for primary health care delivery must be encouraged and these models must then be evaluated. The distinction between family practice and family medicine must be made clear if the latter discipline is to realize its potential application to all specialties. The relative exclusion of family practice from universities and the absence of experienced practitioners in university primary care programs are conditions that threaten the future of both types of programs and deserve thoughtful attention from medical educators.", "contents": "Training physicians for primary care: trends and hazards. Programs to train physicians more effectively for careers in primary care are being organized within academic departments in internal medicine and pediatrics, while the number of training programs in family practice continues to grow rapidly. However, the field of primary care training is expanding without a common vocabulary and with inadequate communication between the specialties involved. If decisions concerning health care policy are to be made rationally, the development of multiple distinct models for primary health care delivery must be encouraged and these models must then be evaluated. The distinction between family practice and family medicine must be made clear if the latter discipline is to realize its potential application to all specialties. The relative exclusion of family practice from universities and the absence of experienced practitioners in university primary care programs are conditions that threaten the future of both types of programs and deserve thoughtful attention from medical educators."}
{"id": "PMID:919548", "title": "A university/community hospital family practice residency program.", "content": "A residency program associated with a major university has many obvious advantages. On the other hand, a residency program located in an area of health manpower shortage is a major advantage to that community. This paper describes the development of a university affiliated family practice residency in the Mojave Desert of Southern California. It reports that it is possible to form a successful alliance between a medical center and a rural community, bringing increased primary care to the community, upgrading the quality of medicine practiced in the community and augmenting the staff of the local hospital without sacrificing training for the family practice residents. Furthermore, the residency program can become financially self-sufficient.", "contents": "A university/community hospital family practice residency program. A residency program associated with a major university has many obvious advantages. On the other hand, a residency program located in an area of health manpower shortage is a major advantage to that community. This paper describes the development of a university affiliated family practice residency in the Mojave Desert of Southern California. It reports that it is possible to form a successful alliance between a medical center and a rural community, bringing increased primary care to the community, upgrading the quality of medicine practiced in the community and augmenting the staff of the local hospital without sacrificing training for the family practice residents. Furthermore, the residency program can become financially self-sufficient."}
{"id": "PMID:919549", "title": "If unprofessional conduct is charged by the California Board of Medical Quality Assurance.", "content": "The right of a physician to practice his or her chosen profession must be balanced against the right of the public to be protected from unprofessional conduct by physicians. By providing notice and a hearing before imposing discipline, if any, on a physician for unprofessional conduct, the California Board of Medical Quality Assurance meets the basic requirements of procedural due process. However, although the constitutional rights of the physician may be protected in this way, the administrative disciplinary process itself is likely to be an arduous experience. A basic understanding of the nature and legal effect of such disciplinary proceedings may assist a physician in defending against the charges.", "contents": "If unprofessional conduct is charged by the California Board of Medical Quality Assurance. The right of a physician to practice his or her chosen profession must be balanced against the right of the public to be protected from unprofessional conduct by physicians. By providing notice and a hearing before imposing discipline, if any, on a physician for unprofessional conduct, the California Board of Medical Quality Assurance meets the basic requirements of procedural due process. However, although the constitutional rights of the physician may be protected in this way, the administrative disciplinary process itself is likely to be an arduous experience. A basic understanding of the nature and legal effect of such disciplinary proceedings may assist a physician in defending against the charges."}
{"id": "PMID:919551", "title": "[Scope and limitations of cranial computerized tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Cranial computerized tomography (CT) has revolutionized the scope of diagnostic procedures in intracranial diseases. The method is based on the quantitative registration of x-ray absorption and enables many different pathological features within the skull to be directly visualized for the first time on the tomogram. Cerebral haemorrhage and encephalomalacia can be immediatley differentiated on the basis of the totally different appearance on CT. In the case of tumours, the additional administration of the contrast medium intravenously provides enhancement of the diagnostic evidence. Atrophic processes can be diagnosed by means of CT without recourse to additional neuroradiological methods and this facilitation is of particular value in neuropaediatrics. Orbital processes can be easily spotted due to the high definiation matrix of image. The limitations of CT are based on physical conditions.", "contents": "[Scope and limitations of cranial computerized tomography (author's transl)]. Cranial computerized tomography (CT) has revolutionized the scope of diagnostic procedures in intracranial diseases. The method is based on the quantitative registration of x-ray absorption and enables many different pathological features within the skull to be directly visualized for the first time on the tomogram. Cerebral haemorrhage and encephalomalacia can be immediatley differentiated on the basis of the totally different appearance on CT. In the case of tumours, the additional administration of the contrast medium intravenously provides enhancement of the diagnostic evidence. Atrophic processes can be diagnosed by means of CT without recourse to additional neuroradiological methods and this facilitation is of particular value in neuropaediatrics. Orbital processes can be easily spotted due to the high definiation matrix of image. The limitations of CT are based on physical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:919552", "title": "[A metal-ceramic composite endoprosthesis for total hip replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "A total hip endoprosthesis of our own conception is described. The implantation is done partially without bone cement. The socket and the head are made of alumina whereas the femoral component is of metal. Bone cement is used only for implantation of the shaft. 17 patients on whom operations were performed more than 6 months previously were followed up. The preliminary results are satisfactory. In particular, there were no signs of loosening of the socket. Therefore, this prosthesis is considered to be one step towards a total hip endoprothesis for implantation without bone cement.", "contents": "[A metal-ceramic composite endoprosthesis for total hip replacement (author's transl)]. A total hip endoprosthesis of our own conception is described. The implantation is done partially without bone cement. The socket and the head are made of alumina whereas the femoral component is of metal. Bone cement is used only for implantation of the shaft. 17 patients on whom operations were performed more than 6 months previously were followed up. The preliminary results are satisfactory. In particular, there were no signs of loosening of the socket. Therefore, this prosthesis is considered to be one step towards a total hip endoprothesis for implantation without bone cement."}
{"id": "PMID:919553", "title": "[Stab wounds of the brain. A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "The case history is presented of a 10-year-old boy who stabbed himself accidentally during play with a knife which penetrated deep into the temporal lobe of the brain via the orbit. The child was fully conscious on admission to hospital without any obvious neurological signs. The knife was removed surgically and the immediate postoperative findings of ptosis, chemosis and slight restriction of movement of the left eye regressed rapidly.", "contents": "[Stab wounds of the brain. A case report (author's transl)]. The case history is presented of a 10-year-old boy who stabbed himself accidentally during play with a knife which penetrated deep into the temporal lobe of the brain via the orbit. The child was fully conscious on admission to hospital without any obvious neurological signs. The knife was removed surgically and the immediate postoperative findings of ptosis, chemosis and slight restriction of movement of the left eye regressed rapidly."}
{"id": "PMID:919554", "title": "[Stress ulcer-an experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "This experimental study demonstrates by means of electromagnetic flow measurements that hypovolaemic shock results in a significant decrease in gastric flow. 14 mongrel dogs were subjected to haemorrhagic shock for 3 or 4 hours. Significant histological changes are seen in the gastric mucosa as a result of the haemodynamic changes, especially when the duration of shock was 4 hours. All stages of stress ulcer from the superficial erosion to deep ulcers were documented. The possibility that the mast cell plays a pathogenetic role as mediator in the origination of a stress ulcer is considered.", "contents": "[Stress ulcer-an experimental study (author's transl)]. This experimental study demonstrates by means of electromagnetic flow measurements that hypovolaemic shock results in a significant decrease in gastric flow. 14 mongrel dogs were subjected to haemorrhagic shock for 3 or 4 hours. Significant histological changes are seen in the gastric mucosa as a result of the haemodynamic changes, especially when the duration of shock was 4 hours. All stages of stress ulcer from the superficial erosion to deep ulcers were documented. The possibility that the mast cell plays a pathogenetic role as mediator in the origination of a stress ulcer is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:919555", "title": "[The effect of dopamine on the renal function in dogs with chronic ligation of the common bile duct (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of dopamine on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (ERPF) and urinary sodium excretion was investigated in dogs before and after a chronic bile duct ligation for a period of 16 days. 1. Dopamine (4 microgram/kg/min.) leads to an increase of GFR, ERPF and urinary sodium excretion. 2. There was no change of GFR and ERPF after bile duct ligation. Urinary sodium excretion was decreased. The decrease was, however, not significant (0.05 less than p less than 0.1). 3. After bile duct ligation dopamine induced increase of GFR and ERPF was of the same order as observed in the preoperative period. Compared with the preoperative values for sodium excretion the dopamine effect was lower (p less than 0.05). The present investigation shows that dopamine is worth trying in cases of obstructive jaundice accompanied by acute renal failure.", "contents": "[The effect of dopamine on the renal function in dogs with chronic ligation of the common bile duct (author's transl)]. The influence of dopamine on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (ERPF) and urinary sodium excretion was investigated in dogs before and after a chronic bile duct ligation for a period of 16 days. 1. Dopamine (4 microgram/kg/min.) leads to an increase of GFR, ERPF and urinary sodium excretion. 2. There was no change of GFR and ERPF after bile duct ligation. Urinary sodium excretion was decreased. The decrease was, however, not significant (0.05 less than p less than 0.1). 3. After bile duct ligation dopamine induced increase of GFR and ERPF was of the same order as observed in the preoperative period. Compared with the preoperative values for sodium excretion the dopamine effect was lower (p less than 0.05). The present investigation shows that dopamine is worth trying in cases of obstructive jaundice accompanied by acute renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:919557", "title": "[Immunological findings in serum and synovial fluid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera and synovial fluid were investigated in 45 patients with rheumatoid Arthritis and 50 patients with osteoarthritis in inflammatory exacerbation (control group). The following tests were performed: IgG, IgM, IgA determinations, complement components C3, C3, C4, C3-proactivator, ceruloplasmin, electrophoresis, LDH and total acid phosphatase. 1. Serum levels of the ceruloplasmin, alpha 1, alpha 2 and gamma fractions of electrophoresis are significantly higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in patients with osteoarthritis. 2. Synovial fluid: a) There is a significantly higher concentration of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3-proactivator and total acid phosphatase in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. b) C4 is significantly lower in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. c) Both groups were also compared with the help of a point system. Every patient received a plus point when the following criteria were seen:  IgM greater than 150 mg/100 ml, C3 greater than 50 mg/100 ml, ceruloplasmin greater than 35 mg/100 ml, alpha 1 greater than 0.21 g%, alpha 2 greater than 0.44 g%, beta greater than 0.60 g% and gamma fraction on electrophoresis greater than 0.90 g%. Another point was added if the criteria ceruloplasmin greater than 22 mg/100 ml and C4 less than 17 mg/100 ml were simultaneously seen. With the help of this points system 48 out of the 50 osteoarthritis patients (96%) received zero points, one received 1 point and one 2 points, as opposed to the patients with rheumatoid arthritis where 35 out of 45 (78%) received one or more points. d) The differentation is not improved through additional testing of the rheumatic factors.", "contents": "[Immunological findings in serum and synovial fluid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. Sera and synovial fluid were investigated in 45 patients with rheumatoid Arthritis and 50 patients with osteoarthritis in inflammatory exacerbation (control group). The following tests were performed: IgG, IgM, IgA determinations, complement components C3, C3, C4, C3-proactivator, ceruloplasmin, electrophoresis, LDH and total acid phosphatase. 1. Serum levels of the ceruloplasmin, alpha 1, alpha 2 and gamma fractions of electrophoresis are significantly higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in patients with osteoarthritis. 2. Synovial fluid: a) There is a significantly higher concentration of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3-proactivator and total acid phosphatase in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. b) C4 is significantly lower in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. c) Both groups were also compared with the help of a point system. Every patient received a plus point when the following criteria were seen:  IgM greater than 150 mg/100 ml, C3 greater than 50 mg/100 ml, ceruloplasmin greater than 35 mg/100 ml, alpha 1 greater than 0.21 g%, alpha 2 greater than 0.44 g%, beta greater than 0.60 g% and gamma fraction on electrophoresis greater than 0.90 g%. Another point was added if the criteria ceruloplasmin greater than 22 mg/100 ml and C4 less than 17 mg/100 ml were simultaneously seen. With the help of this points system 48 out of the 50 osteoarthritis patients (96%) received zero points, one received 1 point and one 2 points, as opposed to the patients with rheumatoid arthritis where 35 out of 45 (78%) received one or more points. d) The differentation is not improved through additional testing of the rheumatic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:919558", "title": "[Rheology and hyaluronic acid in inflammatory joint effusions (author's transl)].", "content": "The Weissenberg rheogoniometer was used to measure viscosity, normal force and the number of molecular entanglements, calculated from a shear modulus obtained by prestationary experiments, in inflammatory and non-inflammatory synovial fluid effusions. The rheological properties show greater pathological change in the inflammatory synovial fluid samples than in the non-inflammatory. Variation in the hyaluronic acid concentration is only partly responsible for the pathological rheology. Initial experiments with a normalization method for the viscosity flow curves suggest the possibility of determining changes in polymerization or structure of the hyaluronic acid by rheological measurements.", "contents": "[Rheology and hyaluronic acid in inflammatory joint effusions (author's transl)]. The Weissenberg rheogoniometer was used to measure viscosity, normal force and the number of molecular entanglements, calculated from a shear modulus obtained by prestationary experiments, in inflammatory and non-inflammatory synovial fluid effusions. The rheological properties show greater pathological change in the inflammatory synovial fluid samples than in the non-inflammatory. Variation in the hyaluronic acid concentration is only partly responsible for the pathological rheology. Initial experiments with a normalization method for the viscosity flow curves suggest the possibility of determining changes in polymerization or structure of the hyaluronic acid by rheological measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:919559", "title": "[Metabolism of the sulphated glycosamino-glycans of skin, cartilage and bone of rats with adjuvant arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "The time course of the quantitative changes in connective tissue of non-inflamed dorsal skin and of inflamed hind limbs was investigated by means of radioactively-labelled sulphate. Whereas the rate of incorporation of 35SO4 into the skin is reduced, its turnover in the inflamed tissue is greatly accelerated. This increase is observed both in the soft (cartilage) and hard (bone) connective tissue on both hind legs. The citric acid content of affected bone is lower than in healthy animals.", "contents": "[Metabolism of the sulphated glycosamino-glycans of skin, cartilage and bone of rats with adjuvant arthritis (author's transl)]. The time course of the quantitative changes in connective tissue of non-inflamed dorsal skin and of inflamed hind limbs was investigated by means of radioactively-labelled sulphate. Whereas the rate of incorporation of 35SO4 into the skin is reduced, its turnover in the inflamed tissue is greatly accelerated. This increase is observed both in the soft (cartilage) and hard (bone) connective tissue on both hind legs. The citric acid content of affected bone is lower than in healthy animals."}
{"id": "PMID:919560", "title": "[Functional reaction of a fibroblast surface protein (author's transl)].", "content": "Cold-insoluble globulin (CIG) of plasma represents the soluble form of a fibroblast surface protein. As shown by affinity chromatography it is selectively adsorbed from plasma on immobilized collagen of various types. The following sequence of binding strength between CIG and collagen was evaluated by means of fractionated elution: collagen type III native less than type I native less than type I denatured. The affinity to native collagen is important for the capability of CIG to mediate the attachement of fibroplasts on collagen fibrils. In addition, CIG is a substrate of activated coagulation factor XIII which plays an important, but as yet unclarified role in wound healing.", "contents": "[Functional reaction of a fibroblast surface protein (author's transl)]. Cold-insoluble globulin (CIG) of plasma represents the soluble form of a fibroblast surface protein. As shown by affinity chromatography it is selectively adsorbed from plasma on immobilized collagen of various types. The following sequence of binding strength between CIG and collagen was evaluated by means of fractionated elution: collagen type III native less than type I native less than type I denatured. The affinity to native collagen is important for the capability of CIG to mediate the attachement of fibroplasts on collagen fibrils. In addition, CIG is a substrate of activated coagulation factor XIII which plays an important, but as yet unclarified role in wound healing."}
{"id": "PMID:919561", "title": "[Morphology of articular cartilage in fab2-induced arthritis of the knee-joint in the rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "An arthritis closely resembling rheumatoid arthritis in man can be produced by the intra-articular injection of Fab2 into the knee joint of rabbits. This experimental model was used for the examination of ultrastructural alterations in articular cartilage. The lesion starts at the surface and advances gradually to the deeper zones of the cartilage. Morphologically, the lesion is characterized by progressive necrobiosis of the chondrocytes, as well as by a continually increasing thickening of the collagen fibres. It is suggested that the initial damage to the cartilage is not brought about by the pannus tissue, but is caused by a direct reaction to the pathologically-altered synovial fluid in response to inflammation.", "contents": "[Morphology of articular cartilage in fab2-induced arthritis of the knee-joint in the rabbit (author's transl)]. An arthritis closely resembling rheumatoid arthritis in man can be produced by the intra-articular injection of Fab2 into the knee joint of rabbits. This experimental model was used for the examination of ultrastructural alterations in articular cartilage. The lesion starts at the surface and advances gradually to the deeper zones of the cartilage. Morphologically, the lesion is characterized by progressive necrobiosis of the chondrocytes, as well as by a continually increasing thickening of the collagen fibres. It is suggested that the initial damage to the cartilage is not brought about by the pannus tissue, but is caused by a direct reaction to the pathologically-altered synovial fluid in response to inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:919562", "title": "[Plasma amino acids in ankylosing spondylitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The plasma amino acids of male patients with ankylosing spondylitis (ASp) and male controls were analysed and the concentrations statistically evaluated. The total concentration of all 28 amino acids in ASp-patients did not differ from the controls, but there were some distinct differences in the levels of individual amino acids, e. g. arginine and isoleucine which showed raised concentration (29% and 27%). A higher concentration was also detectable with rare amino acids, e. g. alpha-amino-adipinic acid (23%) and 1-methyl-histidine (32%). Correlation between the amino acid concentration and age was detected only in the case of citrulline. Some amino acids showed a significant correlation to one another which was sometimes evident in both groups and other times was noted in the control- or ASp-group only. If such correlations were found to be disease-dependent this finding could be helpful in the diagnosis of certain diseases.", "contents": "[Plasma amino acids in ankylosing spondylitis (author's transl)]. The plasma amino acids of male patients with ankylosing spondylitis (ASp) and male controls were analysed and the concentrations statistically evaluated. The total concentration of all 28 amino acids in ASp-patients did not differ from the controls, but there were some distinct differences in the levels of individual amino acids, e. g. arginine and isoleucine which showed raised concentration (29% and 27%). A higher concentration was also detectable with rare amino acids, e. g. alpha-amino-adipinic acid (23%) and 1-methyl-histidine (32%). Correlation between the amino acid concentration and age was detected only in the case of citrulline. Some amino acids showed a significant correlation to one another which was sometimes evident in both groups and other times was noted in the control- or ASp-group only. If such correlations were found to be disease-dependent this finding could be helpful in the diagnosis of certain diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:919579", "title": "[Biological bases of aging].", "content": "The author discusses ageing with special regard to evolution processes. Accelaration and retardation of certain ontogenetic phases or the whole ontogenesis have developed during phylogenesis and have been fixed genetically as a special reaction norm. The limitation of life span in highly differentiated organisms after reproduction is perfected has to be considered as one of the preconditions of evolution. Considering the phylogenesis, those hypotheses which interpret ageing as a continuous accumulation of cell damage, are no longer admissable. The different theories of the genetic control for ontogenesis are discussed on the basis of international literature.", "contents": "[Biological bases of aging]. The author discusses ageing with special regard to evolution processes. Accelaration and retardation of certain ontogenetic phases or the whole ontogenesis have developed during phylogenesis and have been fixed genetically as a special reaction norm. The limitation of life span in highly differentiated organisms after reproduction is perfected has to be considered as one of the preconditions of evolution. Considering the phylogenesis, those hypotheses which interpret ageing as a continuous accumulation of cell damage, are no longer admissable. The different theories of the genetic control for ontogenesis are discussed on the basis of international literature."}
{"id": "PMID:919581", "title": "[Anuria--a geriatric emergency situation].", "content": "The missing output of urine is an emergency case which is problematic with regard to old patients. This situation is caused by disturbances of renal function (anuria) or by acute ureteric obstruction or by complete ischuria. The possibilities of differential diagnosis and etiology have been illustrated. Anuria and acute ureteric obstruction need a treatment by urological or nephrological specialists, but each doctor must be able in cases of complete ischuria to empty the bladder by catheterization or by suprapubic puncture.", "contents": "[Anuria--a geriatric emergency situation]. The missing output of urine is an emergency case which is problematic with regard to old patients. This situation is caused by disturbances of renal function (anuria) or by acute ureteric obstruction or by complete ischuria. The possibilities of differential diagnosis and etiology have been illustrated. Anuria and acute ureteric obstruction need a treatment by urological or nephrological specialists, but each doctor must be able in cases of complete ischuria to empty the bladder by catheterization or by suprapubic puncture."}
{"id": "PMID:919582", "title": "[Relationship between age and inflammatory reaction following mitral commissurotomy].", "content": "Out of 347 patients who underwent mitral commissurotomy 204 (59 per cent) developed post-operative pleural effusions which were not evident any more at 83 patients (24 per cent) in the second to third week after the operation. 79 patients (23 per cent) had, during this period, still light angular and/or interlobular effusions, 42 patients (16 per cent) showed pneumonical processes during the early phase after the operation. 122 patients (35 per cent) presented in the course of the clinical rehabilitation pleurisical and/or pericardial rubbing, 62 patients (18 per cent) heavy leukocytosis and 25 patients (10 per cent) chest pains and arthralgias. Upon subdividing the patients into five groups of age, there will be obvious that these phenomena were much more frequent with older patinets. With growing age, also rose the portion of those patients who were treated for months by prednisolon for persistent inflammatory reaction tendency.", "contents": "[Relationship between age and inflammatory reaction following mitral commissurotomy]. Out of 347 patients who underwent mitral commissurotomy 204 (59 per cent) developed post-operative pleural effusions which were not evident any more at 83 patients (24 per cent) in the second to third week after the operation. 79 patients (23 per cent) had, during this period, still light angular and/or interlobular effusions, 42 patients (16 per cent) showed pneumonical processes during the early phase after the operation. 122 patients (35 per cent) presented in the course of the clinical rehabilitation pleurisical and/or pericardial rubbing, 62 patients (18 per cent) heavy leukocytosis and 25 patients (10 per cent) chest pains and arthralgias. Upon subdividing the patients into five groups of age, there will be obvious that these phenomena were much more frequent with older patinets. With growing age, also rose the portion of those patients who were treated for months by prednisolon for persistent inflammatory reaction tendency."}
{"id": "PMID:919583", "title": "[Correlation between visual acuity and ophthalmoscopic findings in presenile and senile macular degeneration].", "content": "The exisiting studies in macular degeneration reveal discrepancies between the ophthalmoscopic signs and the degree in reduction in vision. In this study the results of 156 ophthalmoscopic investigations are presented in order to clarify this correlation between the clinical findings and the loss of vision. The patients are divided into four groups, slight macular degenerations, representing group I, being at one of the scala, and very severe forms, representing group IV, being at the other end. Especially in the group I and II with slight macular degenerations very marked discrepancies were observed between the sligns having been obtained through the ophthalmoscope and the vision. In those cases the visual function was more impaired than to the expected from the ophthalmoscopic signs.", "contents": "[Correlation between visual acuity and ophthalmoscopic findings in presenile and senile macular degeneration]. The exisiting studies in macular degeneration reveal discrepancies between the ophthalmoscopic signs and the degree in reduction in vision. In this study the results of 156 ophthalmoscopic investigations are presented in order to clarify this correlation between the clinical findings and the loss of vision. The patients are divided into four groups, slight macular degenerations, representing group I, being at one of the scala, and very severe forms, representing group IV, being at the other end. Especially in the group I and II with slight macular degenerations very marked discrepancies were observed between the sligns having been obtained through the ophthalmoscope and the vision. In those cases the visual function was more impaired than to the expected from the ophthalmoscopic signs."}
{"id": "PMID:919587", "title": "[Molecular biology of aging. 8. Aging of intermitotic cells--relationship to protein synthesis in the mucosa of the small intestine].", "content": "1. The incorporation of 14C-leucine in a cell free system of intestine mucosa is diminished in aging. 2. The absence of 2-mercaptoethanol in the system of incorporation increases the age differences. 3. By  combination of a system from intestine with liver preparation we observed a participation of both the microsomes and the postmicrosomal supernatant. 4. The activity of Ribonuclease is not changes in the aging process. Our results demonstrated the alterations of the intermitotic cells in aging.", "contents": "[Molecular biology of aging. 8. Aging of intermitotic cells--relationship to protein synthesis in the mucosa of the small intestine]. 1. The incorporation of 14C-leucine in a cell free system of intestine mucosa is diminished in aging. 2. The absence of 2-mercaptoethanol in the system of incorporation increases the age differences. 3. By  combination of a system from intestine with liver preparation we observed a participation of both the microsomes and the postmicrosomal supernatant. 4. The activity of Ribonuclease is not changes in the aging process. Our results demonstrated the alterations of the intermitotic cells in aging."}
{"id": "PMID:919616", "title": "[Smoking in the childhood--results of the school study Berlin-Karow 1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "The smoking habits and the lung function of 369 boys and 340 girls aged 6-16 were examined in a school. The boys are beginning to smoke at the age of 9, the girls at the age of 13. 62 per cent of the children aged 16 are smoking (20 per cent of the girls and 30 per cent of the boys are smoking regularely more than 1 cigarette/day). 58 per cent of the children have a smoker in their family. Only 10 per cent of the parents have knowledge about the smoking of their child aged 12, and 59 per cent of the parents of their child aged 16. The lung function tests (ventilation, distribution, bodyplethysmography, single-breath-test, blood gases) of the healthy teen-agers dont show differences between smokers and non-smokers.", "contents": "[Smoking in the childhood--results of the school study Berlin-Karow 1976 (author's transl)]. The smoking habits and the lung function of 369 boys and 340 girls aged 6-16 were examined in a school. The boys are beginning to smoke at the age of 9, the girls at the age of 13. 62 per cent of the children aged 16 are smoking (20 per cent of the girls and 30 per cent of the boys are smoking regularely more than 1 cigarette/day). 58 per cent of the children have a smoker in their family. Only 10 per cent of the parents have knowledge about the smoking of their child aged 12, and 59 per cent of the parents of their child aged 16. The lung function tests (ventilation, distribution, bodyplethysmography, single-breath-test, blood gases) of the healthy teen-agers dont show differences between smokers and non-smokers."}
{"id": "PMID:919617", "title": "[Modifying smoking habits at school--experiences in a town of the GDR (author's transl)].", "content": "The number of juvenile smokers in the age-group of 12-16 years is increasing. Sequels of nicotine abuse--as bronchial carcinoma, chronic bronchitis and cardiovascular diseases-are more frequent in persons who begin smoking in the younger age-group. It is our obligation to influence youth in such a way that young people do not begin to smoke at all, or as less as possible. For that reason in 1974 the Chest Clinic of Schwedt began with taking intensive influence to school children for stopping smoking or not beginning smoking. Smoking habits in the youth cannot be changed only by engagement and the possibilities of the physicians. One antismoking campaign confined in time will not result in lasting success. A deep change in the smoking habits of the youth can be achieved only by a continuous, systematic and substantial cooperation between the medical staff, the educational system and the parents. We are reporting about our approach and the experiences collected in this aimed work.", "contents": "[Modifying smoking habits at school--experiences in a town of the GDR (author's transl)]. The number of juvenile smokers in the age-group of 12-16 years is increasing. Sequels of nicotine abuse--as bronchial carcinoma, chronic bronchitis and cardiovascular diseases-are more frequent in persons who begin smoking in the younger age-group. It is our obligation to influence youth in such a way that young people do not begin to smoke at all, or as less as possible. For that reason in 1974 the Chest Clinic of Schwedt began with taking intensive influence to school children for stopping smoking or not beginning smoking. Smoking habits in the youth cannot be changed only by engagement and the possibilities of the physicians. One antismoking campaign confined in time will not result in lasting success. A deep change in the smoking habits of the youth can be achieved only by a continuous, systematic and substantial cooperation between the medical staff, the educational system and the parents. We are reporting about our approach and the experiences collected in this aimed work."}
{"id": "PMID:919618", "title": "[State of health self-rating scale differences in smoking and non-smoking patients with lung diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "1000 patients of a chest hospital, among them 447 non-smokers and 553 smokers were interviewed with a self-rating questionnaire about their physical and psychical state of health, without knowing, that their answers might be evaluated under the view of smoking and non-smoking behaviour. Both groups could be well distinguished in relation to some topics. Non-smokers reported physical complaints more frequently and intensively and feeled more psychic impairments than smokers. The possible influence of the predominantly medical orientated health education upon this unexpected result is discussed. It is proposed to lay more attention upon the social conditions side by side with the medico-scientific informations, till now still insufficiently influencing the smoking behaviour of the population. Only some facts of the original material are reported. Therefore, this is only a report in a preliminary phase.", "contents": "[State of health self-rating scale differences in smoking and non-smoking patients with lung diseases (author's transl)]. 1000 patients of a chest hospital, among them 447 non-smokers and 553 smokers were interviewed with a self-rating questionnaire about their physical and psychical state of health, without knowing, that their answers might be evaluated under the view of smoking and non-smoking behaviour. Both groups could be well distinguished in relation to some topics. Non-smokers reported physical complaints more frequently and intensively and feeled more psychic impairments than smokers. The possible influence of the predominantly medical orientated health education upon this unexpected result is discussed. It is proposed to lay more attention upon the social conditions side by side with the medico-scientific informations, till now still insufficiently influencing the smoking behaviour of the population. Only some facts of the original material are reported. Therefore, this is only a report in a preliminary phase."}
{"id": "PMID:919619", "title": "[Smoking habits and their influence on the development of chronic broncho-pulmonary diseases--results of epidemiologic research on bronchitis in the German Democratic Republic].", "content": "Systematic studies were performed in 1971 and 1973 to investigate the epidemiology of chronic bronchitis. The scheme comprised random groups of a sum total of 22176 men and 10829 women aged between 35 and 64 from 25 places all over the territory of the GDR. The examination program comprised an interview with a questionnaire, measurement of FVC, FEV1.0, PO2 and RV/TK, examination of bronchial hyperreactivity. Representative statements emerged as to prevalence of smokers and ex-smokers. The mean prevalence of male smokers was 63 p. c., of femal smokers 24 p. c. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis is higher in smokers than in nonsmokers especially in the polluted area. Significant relationship was found between increasing tobacco consumption and prevalence of chronic bronchitis. Intensive smoking is associated with an increase in obstruction and in bronchial hyperreactivity. The study provides the evidence of the additive effects of smoking, air pollution and dust exposure at work.", "contents": "[Smoking habits and their influence on the development of chronic broncho-pulmonary diseases--results of epidemiologic research on bronchitis in the German Democratic Republic]. Systematic studies were performed in 1971 and 1973 to investigate the epidemiology of chronic bronchitis. The scheme comprised random groups of a sum total of 22176 men and 10829 women aged between 35 and 64 from 25 places all over the territory of the GDR. The examination program comprised an interview with a questionnaire, measurement of FVC, FEV1.0, PO2 and RV/TK, examination of bronchial hyperreactivity. Representative statements emerged as to prevalence of smokers and ex-smokers. The mean prevalence of male smokers was 63 p. c., of femal smokers 24 p. c. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis is higher in smokers than in nonsmokers especially in the polluted area. Significant relationship was found between increasing tobacco consumption and prevalence of chronic bronchitis. Intensive smoking is associated with an increase in obstruction and in bronchial hyperreactivity. The study provides the evidence of the additive effects of smoking, air pollution and dust exposure at work."}
{"id": "PMID:919620", "title": "[Smoking cessation therapy in the outpatient departments for pulmonary diseases and tuberculosis (PALT) (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on experience gained so far in the field of health education and because of the tasks facing them at the moment, PALT is considered to be particularly suitable for establishing Advisory and Information Centres for Smokers. Report will be given on the numbers of participants and the successes achieved as regards the consulting hours for smokers carried through since 1971 and the 5-days-plans. It is stated, that it is impossible to strive to effectively control the smoking habit neither by way of the consulting hours for smokers nor by means of the 5-days-plans. Both methods may, however, be successful in influencing individual persons to give up smoking.", "contents": "[Smoking cessation therapy in the outpatient departments for pulmonary diseases and tuberculosis (PALT) (author's transl)]. Based on experience gained so far in the field of health education and because of the tasks facing them at the moment, PALT is considered to be particularly suitable for establishing Advisory and Information Centres for Smokers. Report will be given on the numbers of participants and the successes achieved as regards the consulting hours for smokers carried through since 1971 and the 5-days-plans. It is stated, that it is impossible to strive to effectively control the smoking habit neither by way of the consulting hours for smokers nor by means of the 5-days-plans. Both methods may, however, be successful in influencing individual persons to give up smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:919621", "title": "[Lung cancer and smoking (author's transl)].", "content": "In all countries from which reliable statistics are available, there has been a striking increase in lung cancer mortality in recent decades. At present lung tumours are the most frequent organ cancer in men. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies have clearly shown that the inhalation of cigarette smoke is a major risk factor in lung cancer.", "contents": "[Lung cancer and smoking (author's transl)]. In all countries from which reliable statistics are available, there has been a striking increase in lung cancer mortality in recent decades. At present lung tumours are the most frequent organ cancer in men. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies have clearly shown that the inhalation of cigarette smoke is a major risk factor in lung cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:919622", "title": "[Ways for solving the tobacco problem in the german democratic republic (GDR) and in other socialistic countries (author's transl)].", "content": "The socialistic society has integrated interests for prevention of health consequences of smoking. Tobacco production is a matter of the state and is not dictated by individual interests of profit. Smoking control in the GDR is focussed on three points: 1. to discourage children and young people from smoking; 2. to protect non-smokers on their place of work and public places; 3. to encourage smokers to give up their habit. Smoking control measures should not intimidate, but encourage smokers for collaboration. A short review about smoking control measures in the USSR, Poland, Bulgaria and Hungary is presented. In the USSR and GDR the activities against smoking derive from the National Health Service. In Poland, Bulgaria and Hungary this task is fulfilled by interdisciplinary societies with voluntary operating members. Governmental decrees to confine smoking already exist in the USSR, Poland and Bulgaria. At present, authorities of the GDR advance a detailed program of measures against smoking.", "contents": "[Ways for solving the tobacco problem in the german democratic republic (GDR) and in other socialistic countries (author's transl)]. The socialistic society has integrated interests for prevention of health consequences of smoking. Tobacco production is a matter of the state and is not dictated by individual interests of profit. Smoking control in the GDR is focussed on three points: 1. to discourage children and young people from smoking; 2. to protect non-smokers on their place of work and public places; 3. to encourage smokers to give up their habit. Smoking control measures should not intimidate, but encourage smokers for collaboration. A short review about smoking control measures in the USSR, Poland, Bulgaria and Hungary is presented. In the USSR and GDR the activities against smoking derive from the National Health Service. In Poland, Bulgaria and Hungary this task is fulfilled by interdisciplinary societies with voluntary operating members. Governmental decrees to confine smoking already exist in the USSR, Poland and Bulgaria. At present, authorities of the GDR advance a detailed program of measures against smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:919624", "title": "[Health care activities for outpatients with non-tuberculous lung diseases by the departments for pulmonary diseases and tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Development of capacities and activities of the outpatient departments for pulmonary diseases and tuberculosis (PALT) is represented by the annual reports. At present, patients with non-tuberculous lung diseases are prevailing. Most of them are sent by physicians working in basic public-health-service. Special diagnostic and therapy should be done in close co-operation with the family physicians, the industrial physicians and the hospital physicians; above all this specialized medical care has to contain activities, which are concentrated in these departments, because it is suitable for the patients.", "contents": "[Health care activities for outpatients with non-tuberculous lung diseases by the departments for pulmonary diseases and tuberculosis (author's transl)]. Development of capacities and activities of the outpatient departments for pulmonary diseases and tuberculosis (PALT) is represented by the annual reports. At present, patients with non-tuberculous lung diseases are prevailing. Most of them are sent by physicians working in basic public-health-service. Special diagnostic and therapy should be done in close co-operation with the family physicians, the industrial physicians and the hospital physicians; above all this specialized medical care has to contain activities, which are concentrated in these departments, because it is suitable for the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:919625", "title": "[Radiation exposure to personnel in bronchology (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiation doses to hands, gonads, head and dorsum received by staff carrying out bronchological X-ray examinations have been measured using LiF/teflon dosimeters. Because of the relatively high dorsal doses, it is important for the medical personnel to face the patient exclusively with the radiation protected foreside.", "contents": "[Radiation exposure to personnel in bronchology (author's transl)]. Radiation doses to hands, gonads, head and dorsum received by staff carrying out bronchological X-ray examinations have been measured using LiF/teflon dosimeters. Because of the relatively high dorsal doses, it is important for the medical personnel to face the patient exclusively with the radiation protected foreside."}
{"id": "PMID:919626", "title": "[Procedure of the bronchial provocation tests (author's transl)].", "content": "A procedure of bronchial inhalation challenge with acetylcholine accepted by the working group \"Aerosols in Medicine\" of the GDR on its session in autumn 1976 in Leipzig is reported. The decisions on substance, dose, kinds of application and interpretation are discussed and confirmed.", "contents": "[Procedure of the bronchial provocation tests (author's transl)]. A procedure of bronchial inhalation challenge with acetylcholine accepted by the working group \"Aerosols in Medicine\" of the GDR on its session in autumn 1976 in Leipzig is reported. The decisions on substance, dose, kinds of application and interpretation are discussed and confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:919627", "title": "[Physical therapy and exercise therapy in the clinical rehabilitation after lung operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Physical training enhances adaptibility in all organs, by this way the morbidity will be reduced. It is of value as well in prophylaxis as in clinical rehabilitation in combination with medical therapy. Indications, contra-indications and the effect of an adequate training in chronic pulmonary diseases and conditions after lung operations are discussed; examples are given. Volume and intensity of training are assessed and administered from the results of cardiopulmonary function testing including ergometry with measurements of pulmonary arterial pressure.", "contents": "[Physical therapy and exercise therapy in the clinical rehabilitation after lung operations (author's transl)]. Physical training enhances adaptibility in all organs, by this way the morbidity will be reduced. It is of value as well in prophylaxis as in clinical rehabilitation in combination with medical therapy. Indications, contra-indications and the effect of an adequate training in chronic pulmonary diseases and conditions after lung operations are discussed; examples are given. Volume and intensity of training are assessed and administered from the results of cardiopulmonary function testing including ergometry with measurements of pulmonary arterial pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:919628", "title": "[Functional and social long-term results after lung surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Longterm results regarding lung functions after operations for bronchial cancer or tuberculosis are good in those cases where had been no complications after surgery or recurrences of the disease. Nevertheless fewer patients than expected return to their work despite the good functional results.", "contents": "[Functional and social long-term results after lung surgery (author's transl)]. Longterm results regarding lung functions after operations for bronchial cancer or tuberculosis are good in those cases where had been no complications after surgery or recurrences of the disease. Nevertheless fewer patients than expected return to their work despite the good functional results."}
{"id": "PMID:919629", "title": "[Results of pertracheal punction (author's transl)].", "content": "36 pertracheal biopsies with following cytological control have been performed. The results - 21 cases with a confirmed diagnosis give raise to the conclusion, that this method is a suitable supplement of the possible bioptic investigations during the bronchoscopy.", "contents": "[Results of pertracheal punction (author's transl)]. 36 pertracheal biopsies with following cytological control have been performed. The results - 21 cases with a confirmed diagnosis give raise to the conclusion, that this method is a suitable supplement of the possible bioptic investigations during the bronchoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:919630", "title": "[Symptoms and signs in diseases caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae in infants and small children (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 children aged 8 month to 5 years (in the average 2,3 years), respiratory illness caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, could be secured with microbiological methods (growth inhibition, cultivation). The most common clinical, roentgenological and laboratory signs are discussed. A disease from Mycoplasma pneumoniae should be assumed, when a child will begin to cough often with staccato attacks without apnoea at night and has temperature short time after adimission to a group. The findings by auscultation are small but the X-ray-picture is showing marked alterations. A precise diagnosis can be achieved only with microbiological examinations (serology or cultivation). When there are no symptoms and signs described above, the diseases caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae can be detected only if Mycoplasma serology has become a routine laboratory task in institutions for paediatric bronchopneumology.", "contents": "[Symptoms and signs in diseases caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae in infants and small children (author's transl)]. In 12 children aged 8 month to 5 years (in the average 2,3 years), respiratory illness caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, could be secured with microbiological methods (growth inhibition, cultivation). The most common clinical, roentgenological and laboratory signs are discussed. A disease from Mycoplasma pneumoniae should be assumed, when a child will begin to cough often with staccato attacks without apnoea at night and has temperature short time after adimission to a group. The findings by auscultation are small but the X-ray-picture is showing marked alterations. A precise diagnosis can be achieved only with microbiological examinations (serology or cultivation). When there are no symptoms and signs described above, the diseases caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae can be detected only if Mycoplasma serology has become a routine laboratory task in institutions for paediatric bronchopneumology."}
{"id": "PMID:919631", "title": "[Comparative study between the surface-active substances pr\u00e4wozell NBX (Nekal BX) and Ditalan WO hc for homogenization and decontamination of specimens for the cultivation of mycobacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "In cooperation of eight laboratories the new surface-active substance Ditalan WO hc was compared with Pr\u00e4wozell NBX (Nekal BX) used for homogenization and decontamination of the specimens for culture investigations of mycobacteria in routine. Under routine conditions Ditalan showed a slight, but statistically not significant advantage. Out of 1672 specimens pretreated with both detergents 482 cultures were positive in all, 429 (89,0%) after homogenization with Ditalan and 413 (85,7%) after pretreatment with Pr\u00e4wozell. The rate of contamination of the cultures was low in both cases (about 0,5%). Ditalan had a better mucolytic effect than Pr\u00e4wozell. In quantitative investigations the number of positive cultures was equal with both methods, but the number of colonies was somewhat higher and the time of growth was a little shorter after using Ditalan. In the third part the influence of both detergent-reagent-solutions on mycobacteria of different species was compared to that of physiological sodium chloride solution. The rate of growth was decreased by both the detergents in nearly the same degree. But the damaging effect is caused less by the detergent itself than by the sodium hydroxide contained in the solution used for pretreatment of the specimens.", "contents": "[Comparative study between the surface-active substances pr\u00e4wozell NBX (Nekal BX) and Ditalan WO hc for homogenization and decontamination of specimens for the cultivation of mycobacteria (author's transl)]. In cooperation of eight laboratories the new surface-active substance Ditalan WO hc was compared with Pr\u00e4wozell NBX (Nekal BX) used for homogenization and decontamination of the specimens for culture investigations of mycobacteria in routine. Under routine conditions Ditalan showed a slight, but statistically not significant advantage. Out of 1672 specimens pretreated with both detergents 482 cultures were positive in all, 429 (89,0%) after homogenization with Ditalan and 413 (85,7%) after pretreatment with Pr\u00e4wozell. The rate of contamination of the cultures was low in both cases (about 0,5%). Ditalan had a better mucolytic effect than Pr\u00e4wozell. In quantitative investigations the number of positive cultures was equal with both methods, but the number of colonies was somewhat higher and the time of growth was a little shorter after using Ditalan. In the third part the influence of both detergent-reagent-solutions on mycobacteria of different species was compared to that of physiological sodium chloride solution. The rate of growth was decreased by both the detergents in nearly the same degree. But the damaging effect is caused less by the detergent itself than by the sodium hydroxide contained in the solution used for pretreatment of the specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:919632", "title": "[The management of bronchial hemoptysis - case study (author's transl)].", "content": "Two case reports exemplify, that in patients with massive hemoptysis occuring in the bronchial system and owing to known or unknown causes, the emergency surgery must not to be delayed. In the case of minor relapsing hemoptysis, especially in old-age patients or borderline operability, the minimum surgical procedure is indicated after diagnosing and finding the localization of the hemorrhage.", "contents": "[The management of bronchial hemoptysis - case study (author's transl)]. Two case reports exemplify, that in patients with massive hemoptysis occuring in the bronchial system and owing to known or unknown causes, the emergency surgery must not to be delayed. In the case of minor relapsing hemoptysis, especially in old-age patients or borderline operability, the minimum surgical procedure is indicated after diagnosing and finding the localization of the hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:919637", "title": "Serum mineral changes under the effect of carbon disulfide intoxication.", "content": "Under the effect of carbon-disulfide intoxication on serum levels of zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium of albino rats, five groups of rats were injected with daily doses of carbon disulfide over a period of 50 days. The extent of regression of the developed biochemical derangement was also studied. A significant decrease was observed in the levels of serum zinc, iron, calcium, and magnesium, while a slight elevation in the level of serum potassium. No definite correlation could be found between the level of serum sodium in control and carbon-disulfide intoxicated rats. By stoppage of dosage at 20 days, most of these derangements started to be normal.", "contents": "Serum mineral changes under the effect of carbon disulfide intoxication. Under the effect of carbon-disulfide intoxication on serum levels of zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium of albino rats, five groups of rats were injected with daily doses of carbon disulfide over a period of 50 days. The extent of regression of the developed biochemical derangement was also studied. A significant decrease was observed in the levels of serum zinc, iron, calcium, and magnesium, while a slight elevation in the level of serum potassium. No definite correlation could be found between the level of serum sodium in control and carbon-disulfide intoxicated rats. By stoppage of dosage at 20 days, most of these derangements started to be normal."}
{"id": "PMID:919638", "title": "Vitamins content of fruits and vegetables in common use in Egypt.", "content": "The vitamin content, namely vitamin C, carotene, riboflavin and nicotinic acid, of some popular vegetables and fruits was determined. It was found that the green parts of the plants were the most rich in these four vitamins. Trigonella foenum-graecum (Helba) was the richest of all vegetables and fruits in vitamin C (207 mg%). Scandicium stellatum (Shabat contains the highest value for carotene (57.3 mg%). Solanum tuberosum (Batatis) was the richest in riboflavin (0.3 mg%) and Pisum sativum (Busselah) in niacin (1.8 mg%).", "contents": "Vitamins content of fruits and vegetables in common use in Egypt. The vitamin content, namely vitamin C, carotene, riboflavin and nicotinic acid, of some popular vegetables and fruits was determined. It was found that the green parts of the plants were the most rich in these four vitamins. Trigonella foenum-graecum (Helba) was the richest of all vegetables and fruits in vitamin C (207 mg%). Scandicium stellatum (Shabat contains the highest value for carotene (57.3 mg%). Solanum tuberosum (Batatis) was the richest in riboflavin (0.3 mg%) and Pisum sativum (Busselah) in niacin (1.8 mg%)."}
{"id": "PMID:919640", "title": "[Nutritional condition, food consumption and nutritional intake in students in Saudi Arabia. II. Food consumption and nutritional intake].", "content": "In field surveys in 13 schools in different regions of Saudi-Arabia, energy expenditure, food consumption, and nutrient intake were studied. Cereal products, especially bread, have the greatest significance in nutrition. Many students do not eat other foodstuffs regularly. A certain dependency of food consumption from the region was found in regard to the schools. The frequency of foodstuffs was generally low, but lowest in remote villages. In some age groups, the sufficient energy intake leaves much to be desired, 70 % do not reach recommended dietary allowances of animal protein and 100 % in fat. Intake of carbohydrates was too high, while intake of linoleic acid, minerals and vitamins is too low of nearly all test persons. To secure regularly a sufficient intake of essential nutrients, a school lunch program for the Saudi-Arabian boys is to be recommended.", "contents": "[Nutritional condition, food consumption and nutritional intake in students in Saudi Arabia. II. Food consumption and nutritional intake]. In field surveys in 13 schools in different regions of Saudi-Arabia, energy expenditure, food consumption, and nutrient intake were studied. Cereal products, especially bread, have the greatest significance in nutrition. Many students do not eat other foodstuffs regularly. A certain dependency of food consumption from the region was found in regard to the schools. The frequency of foodstuffs was generally low, but lowest in remote villages. In some age groups, the sufficient energy intake leaves much to be desired, 70 % do not reach recommended dietary allowances of animal protein and 100 % in fat. Intake of carbohydrates was too high, while intake of linoleic acid, minerals and vitamins is too low of nearly all test persons. To secure regularly a sufficient intake of essential nutrients, a school lunch program for the Saudi-Arabian boys is to be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:919645", "title": "[Chemotherapeutic strategy and chemotherapeutic regimes].", "content": "The problems arisen from plasmid mediated drug-resistance can only be solved by a chemotherapeutic drug policy with due regard to the different ecological processes. The antibiotic policy has the following purpose: 1. Estimation and prognosis of the use of chemotherapeutics in the therapy and prophylaxis of man and animals, the animal production, other paratherapeutic fields of application (feed-stuff industry, cosmetics etc.); 2. methods for the limitation of the spreading of infectious drug resistance; 3. production and import of chemotherapeutic drugs (inclusively antibiotics); 4. development of new drugs especially for their different application in medicine, veterinarian medicine and other fields. The drug policy is based upon the surveillance of infectious drug resistance and drug monitoring (effectiveness, economy, and side effects of the drugs).", "contents": "[Chemotherapeutic strategy and chemotherapeutic regimes]. The problems arisen from plasmid mediated drug-resistance can only be solved by a chemotherapeutic drug policy with due regard to the different ecological processes. The antibiotic policy has the following purpose: 1. Estimation and prognosis of the use of chemotherapeutics in the therapy and prophylaxis of man and animals, the animal production, other paratherapeutic fields of application (feed-stuff industry, cosmetics etc.); 2. methods for the limitation of the spreading of infectious drug resistance; 3. production and import of chemotherapeutic drugs (inclusively antibiotics); 4. development of new drugs especially for their different application in medicine, veterinarian medicine and other fields. The drug policy is based upon the surveillance of infectious drug resistance and drug monitoring (effectiveness, economy, and side effects of the drugs)."}
{"id": "PMID:919646", "title": "[Antibacterial combination therapy].", "content": "Reasons for the use of antibacterial combinations are synergistic effects and delayed development of bacterial resistance. On the basis of numerous experiments in vitro the opinion is supported that a clinically useful synergism depends on the addition of an aminoglycoside, the second compound being either one of the penicillins or cephalosporins, or a polymyxin, or a bacteriostatic agent like tetracycline, macrolide, and lincomycine. The decrease of MBC and MIC values varies according to the species and strains of bacteria and in dependence on the components of antibiotic combinations. Combination therapy with antibacterial synergism is indicated in life-threatening infections and in order to suppress bacterial persistences. Combinations with antagonistic effects should be avoided. The use of multiple antibiotics for broader spectrum only is not supported.", "contents": "[Antibacterial combination therapy]. Reasons for the use of antibacterial combinations are synergistic effects and delayed development of bacterial resistance. On the basis of numerous experiments in vitro the opinion is supported that a clinically useful synergism depends on the addition of an aminoglycoside, the second compound being either one of the penicillins or cephalosporins, or a polymyxin, or a bacteriostatic agent like tetracycline, macrolide, and lincomycine. The decrease of MBC and MIC values varies according to the species and strains of bacteria and in dependence on the components of antibiotic combinations. Combination therapy with antibacterial synergism is indicated in life-threatening infections and in order to suppress bacterial persistences. Combinations with antagonistic effects should be avoided. The use of multiple antibiotics for broader spectrum only is not supported."}
{"id": "PMID:919647", "title": "[Classes of antibiotics and their mechanisms of action].", "content": "The antibiotics used in the chemotherapy of microbial infections are considered with respect to their antimicrobial spectra and their mechanisms of action, respectively. The sites of action of the different groups of antibiotics interfering with the same cellular processes are discussed. According to their primary actions on sensible cells the antimicrobial antibiotics are divided into four groups: 1. Inhibitors of the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall 2. Inhibitors of the bacterial protein synthesis 3. Inhibitors of the nucleic acid metabolism 4. Membrane-active antibiotics.", "contents": "[Classes of antibiotics and their mechanisms of action]. The antibiotics used in the chemotherapy of microbial infections are considered with respect to their antimicrobial spectra and their mechanisms of action, respectively. The sites of action of the different groups of antibiotics interfering with the same cellular processes are discussed. According to their primary actions on sensible cells the antimicrobial antibiotics are divided into four groups: 1. Inhibitors of the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall 2. Inhibitors of the bacterial protein synthesis 3. Inhibitors of the nucleic acid metabolism 4. Membrane-active antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:919648", "title": "[Generalized mycoses and their therapy].", "content": "After valuation of the increasing significance of the medical mycology as an interdisciplinary branch of science which concerns all clinicians the causes for the permanent increase of the endomycoses by yeasts and moulds are demonstrated. As secondary mycoses they need predisposing factors for manifestation which are to be taken into consideration more than up to now done in so-called risk patients. The pathomechanism is demonstrated with the help of the frequency of the lesion of organic systems in candidoses as well as in mould mycoses. Finally, the modern therapeutic possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "[Generalized mycoses and their therapy]. After valuation of the increasing significance of the medical mycology as an interdisciplinary branch of science which concerns all clinicians the causes for the permanent increase of the endomycoses by yeasts and moulds are demonstrated. As secondary mycoses they need predisposing factors for manifestation which are to be taken into consideration more than up to now done in so-called risk patients. The pathomechanism is demonstrated with the help of the frequency of the lesion of organic systems in candidoses as well as in mould mycoses. Finally, the modern therapeutic possibilities are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919649", "title": "[Therapy of bacterial meningitis].", "content": "The therapy of the bacterial purulent meningitis supports itself - at least in the causative organisms appearing most frequently - meningococci, pneumococci - on the application of a sufficiently high and sufficiently long penicillin therapy. In other causative organisms - pseudomonas, E. coli - the therapy demands the aimed use of other antibiotics (gentamycin, carbenicillin, polymyxin). The pneumococcal meningitis with pronounced reference to age shows the highest letality. The urgent admission to hospital must be demanded also when there is the slightest suspicion on the existence of a meningitis. Antibiotic therapy before admission may prevent the demonstration of causative organisms and thus inhibits the aimed therapy.", "contents": "[Therapy of bacterial meningitis]. The therapy of the bacterial purulent meningitis supports itself - at least in the causative organisms appearing most frequently - meningococci, pneumococci - on the application of a sufficiently high and sufficiently long penicillin therapy. In other causative organisms - pseudomonas, E. coli - the therapy demands the aimed use of other antibiotics (gentamycin, carbenicillin, polymyxin). The pneumococcal meningitis with pronounced reference to age shows the highest letality. The urgent admission to hospital must be demanded also when there is the slightest suspicion on the existence of a meningitis. Antibiotic therapy before admission may prevent the demonstration of causative organisms and thus inhibits the aimed therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:919650", "title": "[Therapy of staphylococcal endocarditis].", "content": "It is reported on the therapy with antibiotics of 5 patients with staphylococcal endocarditis with linkomycin--streptomycin. 2 patients were cured, 2 patients died after disappearing of fever and clinically unequivocally controlled septicaemia of typical complications of ulcerous endocarditis. One patient continued fevering to the exitus letalis when negative blood cultures were present, whereby at post-mortem examination an encephalomalacia with fresh haemorrhage was found to be the cause.", "contents": "[Therapy of staphylococcal endocarditis]. It is reported on the therapy with antibiotics of 5 patients with staphylococcal endocarditis with linkomycin--streptomycin. 2 patients were cured, 2 patients died after disappearing of fever and clinically unequivocally controlled septicaemia of typical complications of ulcerous endocarditis. One patient continued fevering to the exitus letalis when negative blood cultures were present, whereby at post-mortem examination an encephalomalacia with fresh haemorrhage was found to be the cause."}
{"id": "PMID:919651", "title": "[Therapeutic results using combined antibiotic therapy in chronic carriers].", "content": "From 1969 to January 1976 82 chronic carriers underwent a sanitation treatment. This treatment consists in an antibiotic combination treatment with ampicillin and canamycin during 24 to 18 days, in which case possibly simultaneously the cholecystectomy is striven for. In chronic carriers of S. typhi in 37 cases the combined antibiotic-operative treatment led to the permanent success. In chronic carriers of S. paratyphi B 21 of 22 cases were present. In patients with condition after cholecystectomy in every case one failure was present. In purely conservative approach the coefficient of success was 50 and 78%.", "contents": "[Therapeutic results using combined antibiotic therapy in chronic carriers]. From 1969 to January 1976 82 chronic carriers underwent a sanitation treatment. This treatment consists in an antibiotic combination treatment with ampicillin and canamycin during 24 to 18 days, in which case possibly simultaneously the cholecystectomy is striven for. In chronic carriers of S. typhi in 37 cases the combined antibiotic-operative treatment led to the permanent success. In chronic carriers of S. paratyphi B 21 of 22 cases were present. In patients with condition after cholecystectomy in every case one failure was present. In purely conservative approach the coefficient of success was 50 and 78%."}
{"id": "PMID:919652", "title": "[Management of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi carriers using Sulprim].", "content": "The sanation of carriers of Salmonella germs by means of bactericidal chemotherapy in combination with cholecystectomy is not to be expected in many patients with older age or when concomitant diseases are present. Therefore was tested, whether an exclusive therapy with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazol (sulprim) is an effective method for the sanation of carriers of the salmonella germs with renunciation of cholecystectomy. Since 1973 up to now 20 carriers of germs have been treated for 12 weeks with daily 2 X 2 tablets of sulprim. Of these patients 84-year-old female patient died of massive pulmonary.", "contents": "[Management of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi carriers using Sulprim]. The sanation of carriers of Salmonella germs by means of bactericidal chemotherapy in combination with cholecystectomy is not to be expected in many patients with older age or when concomitant diseases are present. Therefore was tested, whether an exclusive therapy with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazol (sulprim) is an effective method for the sanation of carriers of the salmonella germs with renunciation of cholecystectomy. Since 1973 up to now 20 carriers of germs have been treated for 12 weeks with daily 2 X 2 tablets of sulprim. Of these patients 84-year-old female patient died of massive pulmonary."}
{"id": "PMID:919653", "title": "[Results of stationary management of patients with hypertension with reference to previous ambulatory care].", "content": "The case histories of 100 patients who were hospitalised in the Department of Internal Medicine of St. George's Hospital in the period from January 1975 to March 1976 are analysed mainly to study their treatment as outpatients (information of the patient, previous diagnoses and treatment, and diagnosis at the time of hospitalisation) and the results of their in-hospital treatment. Most of the patients were admitted to hospital at an advanced stage, usually when out-patient treatment had failed to produce results, but in 80% of the cases the result of in-hospital treatment was satisfactory or good. Besides improvement in drug combination and treatment of cardiac insufficiency, the most frequent complication, observation of general therapeutic principles under conditions of in-hospital treatment was found to be of special importance. Over and above this, we regard close cooperation of hospital and out-patient clinic as essential in the optimisation of the treatment of hypertension.", "contents": "[Results of stationary management of patients with hypertension with reference to previous ambulatory care]. The case histories of 100 patients who were hospitalised in the Department of Internal Medicine of St. George's Hospital in the period from January 1975 to March 1976 are analysed mainly to study their treatment as outpatients (information of the patient, previous diagnoses and treatment, and diagnosis at the time of hospitalisation) and the results of their in-hospital treatment. Most of the patients were admitted to hospital at an advanced stage, usually when out-patient treatment had failed to produce results, but in 80% of the cases the result of in-hospital treatment was satisfactory or good. Besides improvement in drug combination and treatment of cardiac insufficiency, the most frequent complication, observation of general therapeutic principles under conditions of in-hospital treatment was found to be of special importance. Over and above this, we regard close cooperation of hospital and out-patient clinic as essential in the optimisation of the treatment of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:919655", "title": "[Endoscopic demonstration of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the duodenum].", "content": "On the basis of 8 observations in 3,140 duodenoscopies is referred to the endoscopic picture of heterotopies of the gastric mucous membrane. The heterotopic mucous membrane of the stomach was found in polypoid rice-grain-sized to pea-sized lesions of the duodenum. The histological examination four times resulted in a mucous membrane of the stomach of corpus type, three times of antrum type and once only in foveolar epithelium. As to other findings endoscopically were twice observed erosions of the gastric mucous membrane or of the mucous membrane of the bulb, respectively, once an antrum polypus, in no case ulcers. Once an achlorhydria was present. A hyperchlorhydria was to be proved in no case. The clinical significance of the heterotopia of the gastric mucous membrane in the duodenum as well as the cause of its existence are discussed.", "contents": "[Endoscopic demonstration of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the duodenum]. On the basis of 8 observations in 3,140 duodenoscopies is referred to the endoscopic picture of heterotopies of the gastric mucous membrane. The heterotopic mucous membrane of the stomach was found in polypoid rice-grain-sized to pea-sized lesions of the duodenum. The histological examination four times resulted in a mucous membrane of the stomach of corpus type, three times of antrum type and once only in foveolar epithelium. As to other findings endoscopically were twice observed erosions of the gastric mucous membrane or of the mucous membrane of the bulb, respectively, once an antrum polypus, in no case ulcers. Once an achlorhydria was present. A hyperchlorhydria was to be proved in no case. The clinical significance of the heterotopia of the gastric mucous membrane in the duodenum as well as the cause of its existence are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919656", "title": "[The density--viscosity--temperature relationship of infusion solutions].", "content": "Viscosity and density of the infusion solution have an influence on the dropping rapidity when the conventional infusion technique is used and on the elevation volume when infusion pumps are used. They depend on temperature and thus may vary the infusion volume. For selected infusion solutions this behaviour was analysed and described. The changing of these parameters depending on temperature is insignificant and might not be relevant clinically.", "contents": "[The density--viscosity--temperature relationship of infusion solutions]. Viscosity and density of the infusion solution have an influence on the dropping rapidity when the conventional infusion technique is used and on the elevation volume when infusion pumps are used. They depend on temperature and thus may vary the infusion volume. For selected infusion solutions this behaviour was analysed and described. The changing of these parameters depending on temperature is insignificant and might not be relevant clinically."}
{"id": "PMID:919658", "title": "[Internal medicine and dactyloscopic examinations of mothers with malformed children].", "content": "A retrospective study concerning anamnestic data as well as an internal and dactyloscopic examination were caried out on 75 woman who were delivered from a deformed child. Apart from the well-known causes of a deformity the chronic arterial hypertension is emphasized as teratogenetic factor. The dactyloscopic examination did not result in an accumulation of stigmata which refer to a genetic condition of the deformities. Differences concerning the distribution of patterns on the finger-tips need further investigations; at present they are not yet to be explained.", "contents": "[Internal medicine and dactyloscopic examinations of mothers with malformed children]. A retrospective study concerning anamnestic data as well as an internal and dactyloscopic examination were caried out on 75 woman who were delivered from a deformed child. Apart from the well-known causes of a deformity the chronic arterial hypertension is emphasized as teratogenetic factor. The dactyloscopic examination did not result in an accumulation of stigmata which refer to a genetic condition of the deformities. Differences concerning the distribution of patterns on the finger-tips need further investigations; at present they are not yet to be explained."}
{"id": "PMID:919662", "title": "[A comparison of cardiovascular effects of dobutamine and dopamine (author's transl)].", "content": "The influences of dobutamine and dopamine 5-40 microgram/kg-min intravenously on hemodynamics and myocardial oxygen consumption were investigated in closed chest dogs (n=9). Heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SVI), mean aortic pressure (MAP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), central venous pressure (CVP), left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP), myocardial blood flow (MBF) and maximum dp/dt (dp/dtmax) were measured. Total peripheral resistance (TPR), coronary vascular resistance (CVR), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), efficiency of heart work (EME), the ventricular volumes (EDV, ESV) and the ejection fraction (EF) were calculated. When dopamine was infused, the cardiac output rose mainly by an increase of heart rate. During dobutamine an increase of stroke volume and ejection fraction was involved in the improvement of cardiac output. Heart rate and mean aortic pressure increased to a greater extent by dopamine. Dobutamine and dopamine increase myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption. The comparatively slight effects of dobutamine on afterload and heart rate resulted in smaller increases in myocardial oxygen consumption. The efficiency of external heart work was increased by dobutamine at the doses of 5 microgram and 10 microgram/kg-min. In the higher dose range external myocardial efficiency decreased under dopamine and dobutamine. Load data and heart rate indicate that a greater inotropic effect of dobutamine compared with equal doses of dopamine is involved in the increase of dp/dtmax. The results are discussed in relation to a clinical use of dobutamine and dopamine.", "contents": "[A comparison of cardiovascular effects of dobutamine and dopamine (author's transl)]. The influences of dobutamine and dopamine 5-40 microgram/kg-min intravenously on hemodynamics and myocardial oxygen consumption were investigated in closed chest dogs (n=9). Heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SVI), mean aortic pressure (MAP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), central venous pressure (CVP), left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP), myocardial blood flow (MBF) and maximum dp/dt (dp/dtmax) were measured. Total peripheral resistance (TPR), coronary vascular resistance (CVR), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), efficiency of heart work (EME), the ventricular volumes (EDV, ESV) and the ejection fraction (EF) were calculated. When dopamine was infused, the cardiac output rose mainly by an increase of heart rate. During dobutamine an increase of stroke volume and ejection fraction was involved in the improvement of cardiac output. Heart rate and mean aortic pressure increased to a greater extent by dopamine. Dobutamine and dopamine increase myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption. The comparatively slight effects of dobutamine on afterload and heart rate resulted in smaller increases in myocardial oxygen consumption. The efficiency of external heart work was increased by dobutamine at the doses of 5 microgram and 10 microgram/kg-min. In the higher dose range external myocardial efficiency decreased under dopamine and dobutamine. Load data and heart rate indicate that a greater inotropic effect of dobutamine compared with equal doses of dopamine is involved in the increase of dp/dtmax. The results are discussed in relation to a clinical use of dobutamine and dopamine."}
{"id": "PMID:919663", "title": "[Regional myocardial motility as evaluated by analysis of \"gated blood pool\" data (author's transl)].", "content": "Cyclic precordial variations of radiation after i.v. administration of 15 mCi 99mTc-HSA correspond to cyclic volume changes of ventricular volumes of the heart. The \"gated blood pool procedure\" yields reliable data. Extensive analysis of these data results in subsequent information concerning left ventricular myocardial behaviour: 1. extent of the regional myocardial contraction 2. homogeneity of the contraction 3. regional contraction velocity 4. regional relaxation velocity. Four parametric scans present the distribution of each one of those parameters within the heart. Gated blood pool data have been compared with angiographic data. Reliability of those parameters obtained by extensive analysis of the gated blood pool data could be proven.", "contents": "[Regional myocardial motility as evaluated by analysis of \"gated blood pool\" data (author's transl)]. Cyclic precordial variations of radiation after i.v. administration of 15 mCi 99mTc-HSA correspond to cyclic volume changes of ventricular volumes of the heart. The \"gated blood pool procedure\" yields reliable data. Extensive analysis of these data results in subsequent information concerning left ventricular myocardial behaviour: 1. extent of the regional myocardial contraction 2. homogeneity of the contraction 3. regional contraction velocity 4. regional relaxation velocity. Four parametric scans present the distribution of each one of those parameters within the heart. Gated blood pool data have been compared with angiographic data. Reliability of those parameters obtained by extensive analysis of the gated blood pool data could be proven."}
{"id": "PMID:919664", "title": "[Interventricular septal motion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Additonal knowledge from real-time b-scan echocardiography (author's transl)].", "content": "M-scan echocardiography had suggested that interventricular septal motion in patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is immobile. In this study special attention was paid to this septal motion during Real-time B-scan (RTBS) investigations of 15 patients with proven Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. RTBS recordings have shown that the basal part of the interventricular septum (IVS), which bulges into the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), exhibits a forceful contraction towards the cardiac apex, while the more apical portion moves normally towards the left ventricular posterior wall. The direction of the basal septal motion is more or less at right angles to the single ultrasonic beam in M-scanning. The amplitude of this motion, therefore, can only be appreciated with M-mode according to that component of motion which moves parallel to the ultrasonic beam. According to the angle of incidence of the ultrasound waves, septal motion may be recorded as mobile or apparently immobile, and the transition zone from apical to posterior septal motion can be appreciated in a semiquantitative manner by using a Continuous Sweep Technique. From these observations and considerations it has emerged that the left ventricular internal diameter and the rate of change of this dimension in the region of the \"immobile\" basal septum does not allow conclusions to be drawn about the overall haemodynamic situation of the left ventricle in patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, this study is another demonstration of the importance of the combined application of M-and RTBS echocardiography for optimal non-invasive clinical cardiac diagnosis.", "contents": "[Interventricular septal motion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Additonal knowledge from real-time b-scan echocardiography (author's transl)]. M-scan echocardiography had suggested that interventricular septal motion in patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is immobile. In this study special attention was paid to this septal motion during Real-time B-scan (RTBS) investigations of 15 patients with proven Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. RTBS recordings have shown that the basal part of the interventricular septum (IVS), which bulges into the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), exhibits a forceful contraction towards the cardiac apex, while the more apical portion moves normally towards the left ventricular posterior wall. The direction of the basal septal motion is more or less at right angles to the single ultrasonic beam in M-scanning. The amplitude of this motion, therefore, can only be appreciated with M-mode according to that component of motion which moves parallel to the ultrasonic beam. According to the angle of incidence of the ultrasound waves, septal motion may be recorded as mobile or apparently immobile, and the transition zone from apical to posterior septal motion can be appreciated in a semiquantitative manner by using a Continuous Sweep Technique. From these observations and considerations it has emerged that the left ventricular internal diameter and the rate of change of this dimension in the region of the \"immobile\" basal septum does not allow conclusions to be drawn about the overall haemodynamic situation of the left ventricle in patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, this study is another demonstration of the importance of the combined application of M-and RTBS echocardiography for optimal non-invasive clinical cardiac diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:919665", "title": "[Relation between the degree of coronary artery sclerosis  and collateral vessel formation (author's transl)].", "content": "A numerical index was developed for reproducible and comparative judgement of the degree of coronary sclerosis. This graded index method takes into account the amount of stenosis as well as its distance from the ostium. 152 selective coronary angiograms were evaluated by this method. There was a close correlation between the degree of sclerosis and collaterals; the index of 63 patients with collaterals was 3.5 times that of patients without collaterals. Anastomoses and collaterals showed typical localisations depending on the antomical position of stenoses. For the evaluation of the clinical importance of collaterals, a classification into one, two and three vessel disease is not adequate; the reduction in perfusion cannot be reliably estimated and should be judged by a more detailed index method.", "contents": "[Relation between the degree of coronary artery sclerosis  and collateral vessel formation (author's transl)]. A numerical index was developed for reproducible and comparative judgement of the degree of coronary sclerosis. This graded index method takes into account the amount of stenosis as well as its distance from the ostium. 152 selective coronary angiograms were evaluated by this method. There was a close correlation between the degree of sclerosis and collaterals; the index of 63 patients with collaterals was 3.5 times that of patients without collaterals. Anastomoses and collaterals showed typical localisations depending on the antomical position of stenoses. For the evaluation of the clinical importance of collaterals, a classification into one, two and three vessel disease is not adequate; the reduction in perfusion cannot be reliably estimated and should be judged by a more detailed index method."}
{"id": "PMID:919666", "title": "[Oesophagosternal and oesophagoapical leads for registration of surface his-bundle potentials (author's transl)].", "content": "Theoretically there should be two possibilities of recording His-Bundle potentials from the body surface. Extensive amplifying and signal averaging can improve the signal to noise ratio of the His-Bundle potential. Random noise can be filtered and the periodic signal of the His bundle can be selected. On the other hand improvement of the noninvasive leading conditions could be achieved by positioning of the recording electrodes close to the structure to be investigated and by direction of the surface leading according to the anatomical axis of the bundle of His. For this purpose these new oesophagosternal and oesophagoapical leadings have been developed. The different oesophageal electrode is placed nar the upper cava-right atrial border close to the heart. The indifferent electrode is situated at the xiphisternum or at the apex of the heart. The direction of this lead is close to the direction of the anatomical axis of the His-Bundle. By this means a positive wave within the PR-segment can be registered, which we have called the \"HP-wave\". In a total of 17 patients these bipolar oesophageal leads were employed, in 12 cases simultaneously with the intracardiac HBE as a reference method. At rest the peak of the HP wave correlated to the maximal amplitude of the intracardiac His spike in more than 90% of patients. 4 patients were investigated by atrial pacing, in 3 cases this correlation could be found, too. Apparently the true His bundle signal can be obtained from the body surface by this new leading system. For improvement of the surface His bundle recordings, we reflect the combination of our noninvasive oseophageal lead with a modified signal averaging system with lesser amplication of the original signal.", "contents": "[Oesophagosternal and oesophagoapical leads for registration of surface his-bundle potentials (author's transl)]. Theoretically there should be two possibilities of recording His-Bundle potentials from the body surface. Extensive amplifying and signal averaging can improve the signal to noise ratio of the His-Bundle potential. Random noise can be filtered and the periodic signal of the His bundle can be selected. On the other hand improvement of the noninvasive leading conditions could be achieved by positioning of the recording electrodes close to the structure to be investigated and by direction of the surface leading according to the anatomical axis of the bundle of His. For this purpose these new oesophagosternal and oesophagoapical leadings have been developed. The different oesophageal electrode is placed nar the upper cava-right atrial border close to the heart. The indifferent electrode is situated at the xiphisternum or at the apex of the heart. The direction of this lead is close to the direction of the anatomical axis of the His-Bundle. By this means a positive wave within the PR-segment can be registered, which we have called the \"HP-wave\". In a total of 17 patients these bipolar oesophageal leads were employed, in 12 cases simultaneously with the intracardiac HBE as a reference method. At rest the peak of the HP wave correlated to the maximal amplitude of the intracardiac His spike in more than 90% of patients. 4 patients were investigated by atrial pacing, in 3 cases this correlation could be found, too. Apparently the true His bundle signal can be obtained from the body surface by this new leading system. For improvement of the surface His bundle recordings, we reflect the combination of our noninvasive oseophageal lead with a modified signal averaging system with lesser amplication of the original signal."}
{"id": "PMID:919667", "title": "[Hemodynamic interaction of propranolol and digitalis in patients with arterial hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Central hemodynamics at rest and during supine ergometer exercise have been studied in 12 hypertensive subjects and three healthy persons before and 20 min after 5 mg of intravenous propranolol. Cardiac output (CO) decreased by 19% at rest (p less than 0.001) and by 15% during exercise (p less than 0.001). Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCP) during exercise rose after beta-blockade by 56% to 28 mm Hg (p less than 0.001); a similar increase could be observed in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and right atrial mean pressure (RAM). Brachial artery mean pressure at rest did not change significantly; during exercise this value was 6% below the pretreatment level (p less than 0.001). In order to evaluate the influence of digitalis on beta-blocker induced hemodynamic changes, measurements were repeated 30 min after administration of 0.6 mg beta-Methyldigoxin intravenously. After addition of digitalis, average PCP during exercise was significantly lower than after beta-blockade alone (22.8 mm Hg, p less than 0.001). Likewise, PAP and RAM after digitalis were lower than after propranolol alone. CO did not change following digitalis administration. These findings indicate that digitalis partially counteracts the elevation of filling pressures induced by beta-blocking agents but leaves CO unchanged.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic interaction of propranolol and digitalis in patients with arterial hypertension (author's transl)]. Central hemodynamics at rest and during supine ergometer exercise have been studied in 12 hypertensive subjects and three healthy persons before and 20 min after 5 mg of intravenous propranolol. Cardiac output (CO) decreased by 19% at rest (p less than 0.001) and by 15% during exercise (p less than 0.001). Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCP) during exercise rose after beta-blockade by 56% to 28 mm Hg (p less than 0.001); a similar increase could be observed in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and right atrial mean pressure (RAM). Brachial artery mean pressure at rest did not change significantly; during exercise this value was 6% below the pretreatment level (p less than 0.001). In order to evaluate the influence of digitalis on beta-blocker induced hemodynamic changes, measurements were repeated 30 min after administration of 0.6 mg beta-Methyldigoxin intravenously. After addition of digitalis, average PCP during exercise was significantly lower than after beta-blockade alone (22.8 mm Hg, p less than 0.001). Likewise, PAP and RAM after digitalis were lower than after propranolol alone. CO did not change following digitalis administration. These findings indicate that digitalis partially counteracts the elevation of filling pressures induced by beta-blocking agents but leaves CO unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:919668", "title": "[Repetitive syncopale loss of consciousness by properly functioning pacemaker. Ophthalmodynamographic, ophthalmodynamometric, and cerebral-scinitigraphic investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "In spite of an intact pacemaker function, 3.8% of 444 patients with an implanted cardiac pacemaker taking part in a regular follow-up program had repetitive syncopes. The investigation thereafter, whether or not these attacks were symptoms of occlusive vascular disease of the carotid arteries, included a thorough physical and angiological examination, ophthalmodynamometry (ODM), ophthalmodynamography (ODG), and radionuclide angiography. The results were compared to those of a group of 46 cardiac pacemaker patients without syncopes after the implantation of the pacemaker: 29% of the patients with syncopes and 15% of the patients without syncopes showed ODM-, ODG-, and radionuclide angiography results compatible with carotid artery insufficiency; statistically, however, the group differences were insignificant. The reasons are discussed why ODM, ODG, and radionuclide angiography appear to be ineffective for the diagnosis of carotid artery occlusion in patients with an implanted cardiac pacemaker.", "contents": "[Repetitive syncopale loss of consciousness by properly functioning pacemaker. Ophthalmodynamographic, ophthalmodynamometric, and cerebral-scinitigraphic investigations (author's transl)]. In spite of an intact pacemaker function, 3.8% of 444 patients with an implanted cardiac pacemaker taking part in a regular follow-up program had repetitive syncopes. The investigation thereafter, whether or not these attacks were symptoms of occlusive vascular disease of the carotid arteries, included a thorough physical and angiological examination, ophthalmodynamometry (ODM), ophthalmodynamography (ODG), and radionuclide angiography. The results were compared to those of a group of 46 cardiac pacemaker patients without syncopes after the implantation of the pacemaker: 29% of the patients with syncopes and 15% of the patients without syncopes showed ODM-, ODG-, and radionuclide angiography results compatible with carotid artery insufficiency; statistically, however, the group differences were insignificant. The reasons are discussed why ODM, ODG, and radionuclide angiography appear to be ineffective for the diagnosis of carotid artery occlusion in patients with an implanted cardiac pacemaker."}
{"id": "PMID:919669", "title": "[Persistent truncus arteriosus communis (type I) and interruption of the aortic arch (type B) (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of the history, the clinical findings, and the autoptic results in a 5-days-old newborn child with a truncus arteriosus (Type I) and an interrupted aortic arch (Type B). Perfusion of the distal aortic arch by a wide open Ductus arteriosus. Additional anomalies: Atrial septal defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the right lung into the right atrium. Persistant left superior vena cava which leads to the left atrium.  Hypoplasia and dysplasia of the left kidney. A tear caused by friction in the left sensorium with intra-and subdural bleeding. Discussion of the clinical, electrocardiographic, radiologic, angiocardiographic and pathologic-anatomical peculiarities of the persistent Truncus arteriosus and of the interrupted aortic arch connected with both defects.", "contents": "[Persistent truncus arteriosus communis (type I) and interruption of the aortic arch (type B) (author's transl)]. Description of the history, the clinical findings, and the autoptic results in a 5-days-old newborn child with a truncus arteriosus (Type I) and an interrupted aortic arch (Type B). Perfusion of the distal aortic arch by a wide open Ductus arteriosus. Additional anomalies: Atrial septal defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the right lung into the right atrium. Persistant left superior vena cava which leads to the left atrium.  Hypoplasia and dysplasia of the left kidney. A tear caused by friction in the left sensorium with intra-and subdural bleeding. Discussion of the clinical, electrocardiographic, radiologic, angiocardiographic and pathologic-anatomical peculiarities of the persistent Truncus arteriosus and of the interrupted aortic arch connected with both defects."}
{"id": "PMID:919670", "title": "[Postoperative cardiopulmonary function studies in children and adolescents with pulmonary valvular stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardiopulmonary function studies at rest and during submaximal and maximal exercise were performed in 20 children and adolescents who had undergone valvotomy of a pulmonary valvular stenosis. Maximal oxygen uptake of the patients was 90%, stroke volume 95% of expected values. There was a strong correlation between stroke volume and maximal oxygen uptake. Mean right ventricular systolic pressure at rest was 39 mm Hg and increased to 60 mm Hg at a submaximal load corresponding to 1 1/2 Watt/kg body weight. There was no correlation between right ventricular systolic pressure on the one hand and maximal oxygen uptake, stroke volume and pulmonry valve resistance, on the other hand. It is concluded, that the importance of maximal oxygen uptake as the equivalent of cardiovascular performance capacity and of stroke volume alone as a main parameter of cardiac function may not be overestimated regarding their value in the assessment of the surgical result. A reoperation must be considered when a distinctly elevated right ventricular pressure at rest shows an additional overproportional increase at exercise in the presence of a decreasing stroke volume. This was the case in 3 of our 20 patients.", "contents": "[Postoperative cardiopulmonary function studies in children and adolescents with pulmonary valvular stenosis (author's transl)]. Cardiopulmonary function studies at rest and during submaximal and maximal exercise were performed in 20 children and adolescents who had undergone valvotomy of a pulmonary valvular stenosis. Maximal oxygen uptake of the patients was 90%, stroke volume 95% of expected values. There was a strong correlation between stroke volume and maximal oxygen uptake. Mean right ventricular systolic pressure at rest was 39 mm Hg and increased to 60 mm Hg at a submaximal load corresponding to 1 1/2 Watt/kg body weight. There was no correlation between right ventricular systolic pressure on the one hand and maximal oxygen uptake, stroke volume and pulmonry valve resistance, on the other hand. It is concluded, that the importance of maximal oxygen uptake as the equivalent of cardiovascular performance capacity and of stroke volume alone as a main parameter of cardiac function may not be overestimated regarding their value in the assessment of the surgical result. A reoperation must be considered when a distinctly elevated right ventricular pressure at rest shows an additional overproportional increase at exercise in the presence of a decreasing stroke volume. This was the case in 3 of our 20 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:919671", "title": "Changes of the CO-diffusing components of the lung in patients with coronary artery disease (author's transl).", "content": "In 32 patients with angiographically proved CAD the diffusion parameters of the lung (intracapillary pulmonary blood volume, Vc, and diffusion capacity of the alveolo-capillary membrane, Dm, respectively the reciprocal value membrane resistance) were measured. As reference the pre-a-LVDP was used, as it represents more adequately than the LVEDP the pressure acting on the alveolo-capillary membrane. There was a significant positive correlation between the Vc and the pre-a-LVDP as well as a highly significant positive correlation between the diffusion resistance of the alveolo-capillary membrane and the pre-a-LVDP. This corresponds to a pulmonary congestion with an increase of Vc and an interstitial edema with an increase of the diffusion resistance of the alveolo-capillary membrane. The Dco may be unchanged in spite of a marked increase of LVDP, since the decrease of the membrane component is accompanied by an increase of the blood component of diffusion. Only the differentiation of the CO-transfer in its components Vc and Dm gives an information about changes of the hemodynamics in CAD.", "contents": "Changes of the CO-diffusing components of the lung in patients with coronary artery disease (author's transl). In 32 patients with angiographically proved CAD the diffusion parameters of the lung (intracapillary pulmonary blood volume, Vc, and diffusion capacity of the alveolo-capillary membrane, Dm, respectively the reciprocal value membrane resistance) were measured. As reference the pre-a-LVDP was used, as it represents more adequately than the LVEDP the pressure acting on the alveolo-capillary membrane. There was a significant positive correlation between the Vc and the pre-a-LVDP as well as a highly significant positive correlation between the diffusion resistance of the alveolo-capillary membrane and the pre-a-LVDP. This corresponds to a pulmonary congestion with an increase of Vc and an interstitial edema with an increase of the diffusion resistance of the alveolo-capillary membrane. The Dco may be unchanged in spite of a marked increase of LVDP, since the decrease of the membrane component is accompanied by an increase of the blood component of diffusion. Only the differentiation of the CO-transfer in its components Vc and Dm gives an information about changes of the hemodynamics in CAD."}
{"id": "PMID:919672", "title": "[Transcutaneous PO2-measurement during heart catheterization in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Transcutaneous oxygen blood tension (tcpO2), heart rate, respiratory amplitude, respiratory rate, and relative local perfusion have been monitored continuously during heart catheterization in 37 children with congenital heart disease. The tcpO2 method allows an adequate measurement of the severity and duration of hypoxemia following arrhythmias or injection of contrast medium. The extent of hyperoxia following diagnostic procedures can also be controlled by this method.", "contents": "[Transcutaneous PO2-measurement during heart catheterization in childhood (author's transl)]. Transcutaneous oxygen blood tension (tcpO2), heart rate, respiratory amplitude, respiratory rate, and relative local perfusion have been monitored continuously during heart catheterization in 37 children with congenital heart disease. The tcpO2 method allows an adequate measurement of the severity and duration of hypoxemia following arrhythmias or injection of contrast medium. The extent of hyperoxia following diagnostic procedures can also be controlled by this method."}
{"id": "PMID:919673", "title": "[Multiple chest leads to evaluate the course of acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "At present, precordial mapping is the only reliable method to define the course of myocardial ischemia in patients with acute myocardial infarction. To improve registration technique and evaluation an elastic synthetic plate with 48 electrodes and a computer program for calculation of the different ecg-changes have been developed. Registration and evaluation require an average period of 15 minutes (+/-3 minutes) thus allowing repeated application within time intervals.", "contents": "[Multiple chest leads to evaluate the course of acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. At present, precordial mapping is the only reliable method to define the course of myocardial ischemia in patients with acute myocardial infarction. To improve registration technique and evaluation an elastic synthetic plate with 48 electrodes and a computer program for calculation of the different ecg-changes have been developed. Registration and evaluation require an average period of 15 minutes (+/-3 minutes) thus allowing repeated application within time intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:919674", "title": "[Can predictability of coronary angiographic findings be improved by additional measurement of pulmonary wedge pressure during exercise? (author's transl)].", "content": "The correlation between the three ischemia indicators angina pectoris (AP), ST-segment depression (ST) and excessive pulmonary wedge pressure rise (PCP) during exercise, and the coronary angiographic findings, were analysed in 293 patients without previous transmural myocardial infarction. This patient material consisted of 253 men and 40 women between the age of 20 and 65 years, the mean age being 48. The exercise tests were performed on a bicycle ergometer in supine position and in relatively steady state conditions. Pulmonary wedge pressure was measured by means of a Swan-Ganz floating catheter. The essential findings were: 1. If all three ischemia indicators were positive, the incidence of a positive angiographic finding i.e. a greater than or equal to 50% stenoses in at least one main coronary artery was 96.3%. 2. If only the two classic ischemia indicators were evaluated and positive, the incidence of a positive angiographic finding was only 86.1% (24). This difference is mainly due to false positive results of AP and ST in women. 3. If all three ischemia indicators were negative, the incidence of a negative angiographic finding was 89.2%. 4. If only the two classic ischemia indicators were evaluated and negative the incidence of a negative angiographic finding was as high (87,6% [24]). This lack of difference is due to the fact that patients with a previous intramural infarcion can be free not only of AP and ST but also of PCP during exercise. 5. The combination of AP and PCP, or ST and PCP, is equally reliable in predicting coronary morphology as the classic combination of AP and ST. It follows that PCP measurement is recommended, if one of the classic ischemia indicators cannot be properly evaluated.", "contents": "[Can predictability of coronary angiographic findings be improved by additional measurement of pulmonary wedge pressure during exercise? (author's transl)]. The correlation between the three ischemia indicators angina pectoris (AP), ST-segment depression (ST) and excessive pulmonary wedge pressure rise (PCP) during exercise, and the coronary angiographic findings, were analysed in 293 patients without previous transmural myocardial infarction. This patient material consisted of 253 men and 40 women between the age of 20 and 65 years, the mean age being 48. The exercise tests were performed on a bicycle ergometer in supine position and in relatively steady state conditions. Pulmonary wedge pressure was measured by means of a Swan-Ganz floating catheter. The essential findings were: 1. If all three ischemia indicators were positive, the incidence of a positive angiographic finding i.e. a greater than or equal to 50% stenoses in at least one main coronary artery was 96.3%. 2. If only the two classic ischemia indicators were evaluated and positive, the incidence of a positive angiographic finding was only 86.1% (24). This difference is mainly due to false positive results of AP and ST in women. 3. If all three ischemia indicators were negative, the incidence of a negative angiographic finding was 89.2%. 4. If only the two classic ischemia indicators were evaluated and negative the incidence of a negative angiographic finding was as high (87,6% [24]). This lack of difference is due to the fact that patients with a previous intramural infarcion can be free not only of AP and ST but also of PCP during exercise. 5. The combination of AP and PCP, or ST and PCP, is equally reliable in predicting coronary morphology as the classic combination of AP and ST. It follows that PCP measurement is recommended, if one of the classic ischemia indicators cannot be properly evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:919675", "title": "[Systolic and diastolic left ventricular function in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy].", "content": "Systolic and diastolic left ventricular and myocardial performance were analysed in ten patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) from biplane cineangiograms and simultaneous pressure recordings. In spite of significant geometrical abnormalities, pump function of the left ventricle on the average was normal. Only in two cases ejection fraction and isovolumic phase indices, respectively, were moderately reduced. On the contrary nine of ten patients had a considerable reduction of left ventricular distensibility, partly due to a decreased myocardial compliance. The symptoms of patients with HOCM cannot be explained by an impaired systolic pump function, they are primarily caused by a disturbed ventricular und myocardial function during diastole.", "contents": "[Systolic and diastolic left ventricular function in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]. Systolic and diastolic left ventricular and myocardial performance were analysed in ten patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) from biplane cineangiograms and simultaneous pressure recordings. In spite of significant geometrical abnormalities, pump function of the left ventricle on the average was normal. Only in two cases ejection fraction and isovolumic phase indices, respectively, were moderately reduced. On the contrary nine of ten patients had a considerable reduction of left ventricular distensibility, partly due to a decreased myocardial compliance. The symptoms of patients with HOCM cannot be explained by an impaired systolic pump function, they are primarily caused by a disturbed ventricular und myocardial function during diastole."}
{"id": "PMID:919676", "title": "[Physical training of patients after mitral valve replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "Physical training increases blood flow across the valve and heart rate in patients with mitral valve replacement. The influence of these parameters were studied in 26 pts. (16 SW-disc valves, 10 LK-valves). The investigations were made at rest, during exercise with 1 Watt/kg BW, and during ventricular pacing at 120, 150, and 180 beats/min. The following parameters were recorded: pressures in the right and left heart, pressure gradients (deltaP), cardiac output (CO, CI), pulmonary artery oxygen saturation (SO2PA), blood flow (F), flow velocity (Q), and the fraction of deltaP/SV. All valves were mechanically reliable. Mean opening of the disc in the LK-valves was 62 degrees. There was no myocardial dysfunction. Pressures in the right heart were elevated during all procedures. deltaP at rest was 7.5 mmHg, 20.9 mmHg during exercise, and 12.3 mmHg during pacing. deltaP increased with increasing flow velocity and heart rate. deltaP/SV rose disproportionately with exercise and pacing. Since deltaP increases with flow volume, flow velocity, and heart rate physical activity after mitral valve replacement should be avoided. Alternative therapeutic concepts are discussed.", "contents": "[Physical training of patients after mitral valve replacement (author's transl)]. Physical training increases blood flow across the valve and heart rate in patients with mitral valve replacement. The influence of these parameters were studied in 26 pts. (16 SW-disc valves, 10 LK-valves). The investigations were made at rest, during exercise with 1 Watt/kg BW, and during ventricular pacing at 120, 150, and 180 beats/min. The following parameters were recorded: pressures in the right and left heart, pressure gradients (deltaP), cardiac output (CO, CI), pulmonary artery oxygen saturation (SO2PA), blood flow (F), flow velocity (Q), and the fraction of deltaP/SV. All valves were mechanically reliable. Mean opening of the disc in the LK-valves was 62 degrees. There was no myocardial dysfunction. Pressures in the right heart were elevated during all procedures. deltaP at rest was 7.5 mmHg, 20.9 mmHg during exercise, and 12.3 mmHg during pacing. deltaP increased with increasing flow velocity and heart rate. deltaP/SV rose disproportionately with exercise and pacing. Since deltaP increases with flow volume, flow velocity, and heart rate physical activity after mitral valve replacement should be avoided. Alternative therapeutic concepts are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919677", "title": "[Angiographic studies in fluoroscopically detected coronary calcification (author's transl)].", "content": "We performed coronary angiography in eighty subjects with radiographically diagnosed coronary calcification. Radiographically proven coronary calcification is highly specific for coronary heart disease. Within certain limitations it helps in locating stenoses and is present more frequently in multiple vessel disease. It sometimes detects coronary artery disease missed by other non-invasive methods.", "contents": "[Angiographic studies in fluoroscopically detected coronary calcification (author's transl)]. We performed coronary angiography in eighty subjects with radiographically diagnosed coronary calcification. Radiographically proven coronary calcification is highly specific for coronary heart disease. Within certain limitations it helps in locating stenoses and is present more frequently in multiple vessel disease. It sometimes detects coronary artery disease missed by other non-invasive methods."}
{"id": "PMID:919678", "title": "[Present aspects of bacterial endocarditis in infants and children. Observation during the years 1969-1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "21 infants and children with proven bacterial endocarditis were observed at the Unviersity Children Hospital of D\u00fcsseldorf from January 1969 to December 1976. There was high incidence of cases in the infant group and again among the 6 to 8 years old children. Some important aspects of the disease were characteristic for the infant group (N=5): No congenital cardiac abnormality was present, but a surgical cerebro-atrial connection in two cases of hydrocephalus and a prolonged artifical respiration in a third patient could have been predisposing factors. Staphylococci were the pathologic organisms in three infants. The course of the disease consistently resembled that of septicemia and the outcome was always lethal. The diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis was disclosed only by the post mortem examination. The mitral and the tricuspid valves were affected twice respectively, the pulmonary cusps only once. In the children group (N=16) fifteen patients had a congenital malformation of the heart confirmed by previous catheterization. 8 were cyanotic and 5 of them had a tetralogy of Fallot with previous aorto-pulmonary shunting procedure (Waterston). Unlike the spectrum of micro-organisms presently found in adults, the streptococcus viridans prevailed as before, it was isolated in 11 of the 13 blood cultures which yielded positive results. The disease displayed a subacute course and mortality remained with 3 deaths relatively low. In 3 other cases a valve lesion subsisted, in two instances severe enough to necessitate surgery (aortic valve prosthesis, mitral annular narrowing). No relapse was observed during the mean follow up period of 2;8 years.", "contents": "[Present aspects of bacterial endocarditis in infants and children. Observation during the years 1969-1976 (author's transl)]. 21 infants and children with proven bacterial endocarditis were observed at the Unviersity Children Hospital of D\u00fcsseldorf from January 1969 to December 1976. There was high incidence of cases in the infant group and again among the 6 to 8 years old children. Some important aspects of the disease were characteristic for the infant group (N=5): No congenital cardiac abnormality was present, but a surgical cerebro-atrial connection in two cases of hydrocephalus and a prolonged artifical respiration in a third patient could have been predisposing factors. Staphylococci were the pathologic organisms in three infants. The course of the disease consistently resembled that of septicemia and the outcome was always lethal. The diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis was disclosed only by the post mortem examination. The mitral and the tricuspid valves were affected twice respectively, the pulmonary cusps only once. In the children group (N=16) fifteen patients had a congenital malformation of the heart confirmed by previous catheterization. 8 were cyanotic and 5 of them had a tetralogy of Fallot with previous aorto-pulmonary shunting procedure (Waterston). Unlike the spectrum of micro-organisms presently found in adults, the streptococcus viridans prevailed as before, it was isolated in 11 of the 13 blood cultures which yielded positive results. The disease displayed a subacute course and mortality remained with 3 deaths relatively low. In 3 other cases a valve lesion subsisted, in two instances severe enough to necessitate surgery (aortic valve prosthesis, mitral annular narrowing). No relapse was observed during the mean follow up period of 2;8 years."}
{"id": "PMID:919679", "title": "[Investigation by borrowing-lending-phenomenon under conditions of intraarterial induced vasodilatation (author's transl)].", "content": "In fourty patients with peripheric atherosclerosis obliterans blood flow was measured by means of venous occlusion plethysmography during an intraarterial and an intravenous infusion of ATP. The intraarterial application showed a significantly higher increase of blood flow than the intravenous in the sick extremities. The \"borrowing-lending-phenomenon\" happened more seldom than after an intravenous load. This withdrawal of blood occurred most frequently in patients with proximal occlusions, when the infusion reached casually the arteria femoralis profunda only. The \"borrowing-lending-phenomenon\" can be measured by the poststenotic pressure and by the volume of blood flow in time. Then the patients complain about a begining or an increasing of an ischemic pain at rest.", "contents": "[Investigation by borrowing-lending-phenomenon under conditions of intraarterial induced vasodilatation (author's transl)]. In fourty patients with peripheric atherosclerosis obliterans blood flow was measured by means of venous occlusion plethysmography during an intraarterial and an intravenous infusion of ATP. The intraarterial application showed a significantly higher increase of blood flow than the intravenous in the sick extremities. The \"borrowing-lending-phenomenon\" happened more seldom than after an intravenous load. This withdrawal of blood occurred most frequently in patients with proximal occlusions, when the infusion reached casually the arteria femoralis profunda only. The \"borrowing-lending-phenomenon\" can be measured by the poststenotic pressure and by the volume of blood flow in time. Then the patients complain about a begining or an increasing of an ischemic pain at rest."}
{"id": "PMID:919680", "title": "Effect of anoxic incubation on the oxygen uptake of Isoparorchis hypselobagri (Digenea: Trematoda).", "content": "Anoxic incubation for varying periods of Isoparorchis hypselobagri from the swim bladder of the catfish Wallago attu, led to an accumulation of oxygen debt on the part of the parasite. With increasing length of anoxic incubation, there is a corresponding increase in post-anaerobic oxygen uptake, and the longer the period of incubation is, the greater is the time taken to return to a normal rate of oxygen uptake.", "contents": "Effect of anoxic incubation on the oxygen uptake of Isoparorchis hypselobagri (Digenea: Trematoda). Anoxic incubation for varying periods of Isoparorchis hypselobagri from the swim bladder of the catfish Wallago attu, led to an accumulation of oxygen debt on the part of the parasite. With increasing length of anoxic incubation, there is a corresponding increase in post-anaerobic oxygen uptake, and the longer the period of incubation is, the greater is the time taken to return to a normal rate of oxygen uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:919681", "title": "[The ketone bodies in the hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata under starvation and infection with Schistosoma mansoni (author's transl)].", "content": "The metabolism of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata stressed by five days' starvation as well as by infection with Schistosoma mansoni was examined with regard to the metabolism of ketone bodies. Previous studies in the metabolism of this host--parasite relationship always resulted in changes in the same direction with starvation as well as with infection. Contrary to that the concentration of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate measured in the hemolymph decreased significantly with starvation but increased significantly with infection. The following problems concerning the ketone body metabolism are discussed: on the one hand the differences between infected and starved snails, and on the other hand the differences between the snails and the mammals as well as in the invertebrates so far investigated.", "contents": "[The ketone bodies in the hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata under starvation and infection with Schistosoma mansoni (author's transl)]. The metabolism of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata stressed by five days' starvation as well as by infection with Schistosoma mansoni was examined with regard to the metabolism of ketone bodies. Previous studies in the metabolism of this host--parasite relationship always resulted in changes in the same direction with starvation as well as with infection. Contrary to that the concentration of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate measured in the hemolymph decreased significantly with starvation but increased significantly with infection. The following problems concerning the ketone body metabolism are discussed: on the one hand the differences between infected and starved snails, and on the other hand the differences between the snails and the mammals as well as in the invertebrates so far investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:919682", "title": "The cytochemical localization of lysosomal hydrolases in the digestive cells of littorinids and changes induced by larval trematode infection.", "content": "The cyctochemical localizations of a number of lysosomal hydrolases have been examined in Littorina littorea, Littorina saxatilis and Littorina neritoides. Reactivity for these enzymes is associated with granular and vacuolar components in the digestive cells, which are presumed to be lysosomes. Seasonal changes in staining intensity in L. littorea appear to be related to the summer growth and winter maturation phases. Invasion of the digestive gland of L. littorea by larval trematodes induces distributional changes in lysosomal hydrolases, which may be related to autophagic and autolytic activities. The distribution of these enzymes in the larval teguments and caecal cells is also described.", "contents": "The cytochemical localization of lysosomal hydrolases in the digestive cells of littorinids and changes induced by larval trematode infection. The cyctochemical localizations of a number of lysosomal hydrolases have been examined in Littorina littorea, Littorina saxatilis and Littorina neritoides. Reactivity for these enzymes is associated with granular and vacuolar components in the digestive cells, which are presumed to be lysosomes. Seasonal changes in staining intensity in L. littorea appear to be related to the summer growth and winter maturation phases. Invasion of the digestive gland of L. littorea by larval trematodes induces distributional changes in lysosomal hydrolases, which may be related to autophagic and autolytic activities. The distribution of these enzymes in the larval teguments and caecal cells is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:919683", "title": "[On the occurrence of Ixodes canisuga Johnston, 1848, in Germany, a contribution to the Ixodes-fauna (author's transl)].", "content": "As a contribution to the Ixodes-fauna of Germany the occurrence I. canisuga is described from a hunting dog near Aschaffenburg and from kennel dogs in Herford. With regard to the morphology of the areae porosae an aberrant specimen of this tick species is illustrated by scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "[On the occurrence of Ixodes canisuga Johnston, 1848, in Germany, a contribution to the Ixodes-fauna (author's transl)]. As a contribution to the Ixodes-fauna of Germany the occurrence I. canisuga is described from a hunting dog near Aschaffenburg and from kennel dogs in Herford. With regard to the morphology of the areae porosae an aberrant specimen of this tick species is illustrated by scanning electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:919685", "title": "Development in cell cultures of Eimeria vermiformis Ernst, Chobotar and Hammond, 1971.", "content": "Development of Eimeria vermiformis from sporozoite to mature first-generation schizonts in cultured bovine kidney cells, Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells, and primary cultures of whole mouse embryos is described. Intracellular sporozoites were seen at 5 min, and for as long as 120 h after inoculation. Sporozoites were observed penetrating cells, with uninucleate trophozoites and immature schizonts with 2--6 nuclei first appearing 24 h after inoculation. Schizonts with 6 or more nuclei, as well as mature schizonts containing first-generation merozoites, were first seen between 36 and 48 h after inoculation of all 3 cell types used. The first indication of merozoite formation was determined by the appearance of small protuberances of cytoplasm at the periphery of schizonts. Merozoites began development at the periphery of schizonts and were later observed radiating from a central body of cytoplasm, 14--20 merozoites being formed. Some mature schizonts retained a small spherical residual body after merozoite formation was completed. After the rupture of schizonts, intracellular merozoites, which contained anterior and posterior refractile granules, were seen at 48, 72 and 96 h postinoculation. Merozoites were not seen entering or leaving cells. No further development was observed.", "contents": "Development in cell cultures of Eimeria vermiformis Ernst, Chobotar and Hammond, 1971. Development of Eimeria vermiformis from sporozoite to mature first-generation schizonts in cultured bovine kidney cells, Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells, and primary cultures of whole mouse embryos is described. Intracellular sporozoites were seen at 5 min, and for as long as 120 h after inoculation. Sporozoites were observed penetrating cells, with uninucleate trophozoites and immature schizonts with 2--6 nuclei first appearing 24 h after inoculation. Schizonts with 6 or more nuclei, as well as mature schizonts containing first-generation merozoites, were first seen between 36 and 48 h after inoculation of all 3 cell types used. The first indication of merozoite formation was determined by the appearance of small protuberances of cytoplasm at the periphery of schizonts. Merozoites began development at the periphery of schizonts and were later observed radiating from a central body of cytoplasm, 14--20 merozoites being formed. Some mature schizonts retained a small spherical residual body after merozoite formation was completed. After the rupture of schizonts, intracellular merozoites, which contained anterior and posterior refractile granules, were seen at 48, 72 and 96 h postinoculation. Merozoites were not seen entering or leaving cells. No further development was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:919686", "title": "Survival of Aegyptianella pullorum, Anaplasma marginale and various parasitic protozoa following prolonged storage in liquid nitrogen.", "content": "Various protozoa species were examined using in vivo and in vitro methods to determine their ability to survive prolonged periods of storage in liquid nitrogen. The following protozoan species were successfully recovered after they had been cryopreserved for a period over 10 years: Trypanosoma lewisi, T. cruzi, T. congolense, T. brucei, T. rhodesiense, T. gambiense, T. evansi, T. equinum, T. equiperdum, Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium berghei, P. praecox (relictum), Babesia rodhaini and B. canis. The longest survival period that has been successfully tested so far is between 5 and 7 years for Eimeria species, for monoxenically (A--C) and axenically grown E. histolytica cultures between 2 and 7 years and trichomonades, including Crithidia sp., between 6 and 8 years. Aegyptianella pullorum was successfully recovered after 6.97 years and Anaplasma marginale after 1.92 years. The freezing techniques are briefly described.", "contents": "Survival of Aegyptianella pullorum, Anaplasma marginale and various parasitic protozoa following prolonged storage in liquid nitrogen. Various protozoa species were examined using in vivo and in vitro methods to determine their ability to survive prolonged periods of storage in liquid nitrogen. The following protozoan species were successfully recovered after they had been cryopreserved for a period over 10 years: Trypanosoma lewisi, T. cruzi, T. congolense, T. brucei, T. rhodesiense, T. gambiense, T. evansi, T. equinum, T. equiperdum, Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium berghei, P. praecox (relictum), Babesia rodhaini and B. canis. The longest survival period that has been successfully tested so far is between 5 and 7 years for Eimeria species, for monoxenically (A--C) and axenically grown E. histolytica cultures between 2 and 7 years and trichomonades, including Crithidia sp., between 6 and 8 years. Aegyptianella pullorum was successfully recovered after 6.97 years and Anaplasma marginale after 1.92 years. The freezing techniques are briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:919687", "title": "Acute Babesia bigemina infection: changes in fibrinogen catabolism.", "content": "Plasma from cattle infected with Babesia bigemina contained soluble fibrin in monomer and high molecular weight complex forms. Fibrin(ogen) degradation products were not constantly detected and there appeared to be little or no evidence to suggest fibrinolysis or fibrin deposition. It is suggested that classical disseminated intravascular coagulation does not occur during B. bigemina infection.", "contents": "Acute Babesia bigemina infection: changes in fibrinogen catabolism. Plasma from cattle infected with Babesia bigemina contained soluble fibrin in monomer and high molecular weight complex forms. Fibrin(ogen) degradation products were not constantly detected and there appeared to be little or no evidence to suggest fibrinolysis or fibrin deposition. It is suggested that classical disseminated intravascular coagulation does not occur during B. bigemina infection."}
{"id": "PMID:919688", "title": "Acute Babesia bigemina infection: changes in coagulation and kallikrein parameters.", "content": "Plasma from splenectomized calves infected with B. bigemina were assayed for disturbances in the coagulation system. Changes were observed in the WBCT, PTT, PT, TT and RT as well as in fibrinogen, calcium and thrombocyte levels. These changes were most marked during days 6--7 when parasite numbers were greatest. Massive intramuscular haemolysis coincided with these changes. The plasma kallikrein level fell progressively from days 6--11 and the level of activated kallikrein rose slightly. Parasite doubling time was calculated at 8.13 h. The similarities and differences between this disease and B. argentina infections of cattle are discussed.", "contents": "Acute Babesia bigemina infection: changes in coagulation and kallikrein parameters. Plasma from splenectomized calves infected with B. bigemina were assayed for disturbances in the coagulation system. Changes were observed in the WBCT, PTT, PT, TT and RT as well as in fibrinogen, calcium and thrombocyte levels. These changes were most marked during days 6--7 when parasite numbers were greatest. Massive intramuscular haemolysis coincided with these changes. The plasma kallikrein level fell progressively from days 6--11 and the level of activated kallikrein rose slightly. Parasite doubling time was calculated at 8.13 h. The similarities and differences between this disease and B. argentina infections of cattle are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919689", "title": "Growth of Leishmania amastigotes in macrophages from normal and immune mice.", "content": "An in vitro system of prolonged culture of Leishmania tropica amastigotes in mouse macrophages is presented. The division rate of parasites was monitored by microscopic observations and by 3H-thymidine incorporation. The dynamics of macrophage infection and parasite division are influenced by the initial rate of promastigotes per cells in culture. Parasites multiply, gradually infect and finally destroy all available macrophages from normal mice releasing large numbers of viable amastigotes. Macrophages from immune donors were inferior in their ability to support parasite multiplication and did not survive long periods in culture.", "contents": "Growth of Leishmania amastigotes in macrophages from normal and immune mice. An in vitro system of prolonged culture of Leishmania tropica amastigotes in mouse macrophages is presented. The division rate of parasites was monitored by microscopic observations and by 3H-thymidine incorporation. The dynamics of macrophage infection and parasite division are influenced by the initial rate of promastigotes per cells in culture. Parasites multiply, gradually infect and finally destroy all available macrophages from normal mice releasing large numbers of viable amastigotes. Macrophages from immune donors were inferior in their ability to support parasite multiplication and did not survive long periods in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:919691", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of some Setaria species (Filarioidea, Nematoda).", "content": "Some Setaria spp., such as S. digitata, S. marshalli, S. marshalli pandei, S. equina and S. labiatopapillosa were studied by scanning electron microscopy at the critical points in the anterior and posterior parts of the adult worms. The amphids, Deirids, find transverse striations of the cuticle and phasmidial pare, as well as the transverse bands (lugae), postdeirid and ventral papillae (only of the male) were visualized clearly at this examination. They contribute towards the identification of Setaria spp., in addition to the characteristics which are demonstrated by common light microscopy.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of some Setaria species (Filarioidea, Nematoda). Some Setaria spp., such as S. digitata, S. marshalli, S. marshalli pandei, S. equina and S. labiatopapillosa were studied by scanning electron microscopy at the critical points in the anterior and posterior parts of the adult worms. The amphids, Deirids, find transverse striations of the cuticle and phasmidial pare, as well as the transverse bands (lugae), postdeirid and ventral papillae (only of the male) were visualized clearly at this examination. They contribute towards the identification of Setaria spp., in addition to the characteristics which are demonstrated by common light microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:919692", "title": "The action of metabolic inhibitors on microgametogenesis in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis.", "content": "Mature gametocytes of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis were incubated in vitro with a variety of antibiotics whose activities were directed against DNA, RNA, protein and microtubule assembly. Following incubation for periods between 5 and 90 min, exflagellation was induced and the degree of inhibition produced by each drug was assayed microscopically. The results obtained show that de novo synthesis of axonemes and proteins is essential to the events of microgametogenesis. The inhibitory effect of actinomycin-D suggests that de novo RNA synthesis is also required. However, the inactivity of 8-azaguanine, a drug also effective against m-RNA metabolism, casts some doubt on the requirement for m-RNA synthesis. DNA synthesis is not required during the three successive mitotic division of the parasite genome during microgametogenesis. The mature microgametocyte therefore contains the 8c DNA required for microgamete production.", "contents": "The action of metabolic inhibitors on microgametogenesis in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. Mature gametocytes of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis were incubated in vitro with a variety of antibiotics whose activities were directed against DNA, RNA, protein and microtubule assembly. Following incubation for periods between 5 and 90 min, exflagellation was induced and the degree of inhibition produced by each drug was assayed microscopically. The results obtained show that de novo synthesis of axonemes and proteins is essential to the events of microgametogenesis. The inhibitory effect of actinomycin-D suggests that de novo RNA synthesis is also required. However, the inactivity of 8-azaguanine, a drug also effective against m-RNA metabolism, casts some doubt on the requirement for m-RNA synthesis. DNA synthesis is not required during the three successive mitotic division of the parasite genome during microgametogenesis. The mature microgametocyte therefore contains the 8c DNA required for microgamete production."}
{"id": "PMID:919693", "title": "Promotion of leishmanial infections in non-permissive host macrophages by conditioned medium.", "content": "Leishmania enriettii grows well in guinea pig macrophages in culture but fails to do so in mouse macrophages. Dialyzed and concentrated conditioned medium from L. enriettii cultures promoted the infection in the mouse macrophages at 37 degrees C and at 32 degrees C. Similarly processed medium on which L. tropica had been cultured did not cause the same effect. Immune precipitation of the conditioned medium by anti-Leishmania serum cancelled out the effect. Infections of guinea pig macrophages by L. tropica were also enhanced by the homologous medium, but we were unable to quantitate the effect.", "contents": "Promotion of leishmanial infections in non-permissive host macrophages by conditioned medium. Leishmania enriettii grows well in guinea pig macrophages in culture but fails to do so in mouse macrophages. Dialyzed and concentrated conditioned medium from L. enriettii cultures promoted the infection in the mouse macrophages at 37 degrees C and at 32 degrees C. Similarly processed medium on which L. tropica had been cultured did not cause the same effect. Immune precipitation of the conditioned medium by anti-Leishmania serum cancelled out the effect. Infections of guinea pig macrophages by L. tropica were also enhanced by the homologous medium, but we were unable to quantitate the effect."}
{"id": "PMID:919694", "title": "Skin penetration of infective hookworm larvae. III. Comparative studies on the path of migration of the hookworms Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, and Ancylostoma caninum.", "content": "The lateral skin areas of nine hookworm-free puppies were exposed to infective larvae of Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma caninum. Serial sections, stained with Harris' haematoxylin and eosin, showed that many similarities exist in the migration patterns of the hookworm species used. However, striking differences were observed between Ancylostoma braziliense on the one hand and Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma caninum on the other hand with regard to the speed with which the penetration occurred. Larvae of Ancylostoma braziliense may travel directly from the epidermis into the dermis--apart from migration via hair follicle systems--a path of migration we did not observe in infections with the other species used. Larvae of Ancylostoma braziliense seem to pass the skin more rapidly than those of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma caninum. Many larvae of Ancylostoma ceylanicum managed to penetrate the skin 2--6 h after the onset of the exposure.", "contents": "Skin penetration of infective hookworm larvae. III. Comparative studies on the path of migration of the hookworms Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, and Ancylostoma caninum. The lateral skin areas of nine hookworm-free puppies were exposed to infective larvae of Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma caninum. Serial sections, stained with Harris' haematoxylin and eosin, showed that many similarities exist in the migration patterns of the hookworm species used. However, striking differences were observed between Ancylostoma braziliense on the one hand and Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma caninum on the other hand with regard to the speed with which the penetration occurred. Larvae of Ancylostoma braziliense may travel directly from the epidermis into the dermis--apart from migration via hair follicle systems--a path of migration we did not observe in infections with the other species used. Larvae of Ancylostoma braziliense seem to pass the skin more rapidly than those of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma caninum. Many larvae of Ancylostoma ceylanicum managed to penetrate the skin 2--6 h after the onset of the exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:919698", "title": "The cystacanth of Moniliformis moniliformis (Bremser, 1811) and its relationship with the haemocytes of the intermediate host (Periplaneta americana).", "content": "The nature of the capsule of the cystacanth of Moniliformis moniliformis was studied. Fat body, tracheal system, Malpighian tubules and haemocytes of the host are intimately associated with the cystacanth. The capsule of the cystacanth is cellular. The cells encapsulating the middle and late acanthellae are granular haemocytes of the host, whereas those encapsulating the cystacanth are agranular. Degranulation of haemocytes after encapsulation of the cystacanth recalls the common method for encapsulation of parasites of insect haemocytes, but a difference between the two kinds of encapsulation is that the capsule around the cystacanth does not bring about melanization nor destroys the parasite. It is suggested that the surface of the parasite may have inhibitors against enzyme systems causing melanization. Host haemocytes are also found in the capsular fluid. The infiltration of haemocytes into the capsule may be in response to the release of metabolites by the parasites. It is also suggested that the haemocytes may detoxify the parasitic metabolities. Rarely, capsules containing two parasites were observed. In one of the cases, one of the two cystacanths already possessed its own capsule. This finding, together with the cellular nature of the capsule, suggests that the capsule is of host origin.", "contents": "The cystacanth of Moniliformis moniliformis (Bremser, 1811) and its relationship with the haemocytes of the intermediate host (Periplaneta americana). The nature of the capsule of the cystacanth of Moniliformis moniliformis was studied. Fat body, tracheal system, Malpighian tubules and haemocytes of the host are intimately associated with the cystacanth. The capsule of the cystacanth is cellular. The cells encapsulating the middle and late acanthellae are granular haemocytes of the host, whereas those encapsulating the cystacanth are agranular. Degranulation of haemocytes after encapsulation of the cystacanth recalls the common method for encapsulation of parasites of insect haemocytes, but a difference between the two kinds of encapsulation is that the capsule around the cystacanth does not bring about melanization nor destroys the parasite. It is suggested that the surface of the parasite may have inhibitors against enzyme systems causing melanization. Host haemocytes are also found in the capsular fluid. The infiltration of haemocytes into the capsule may be in response to the release of metabolites by the parasites. It is also suggested that the haemocytes may detoxify the parasitic metabolities. Rarely, capsules containing two parasites were observed. In one of the cases, one of the two cystacanths already possessed its own capsule. This finding, together with the cellular nature of the capsule, suggests that the capsule is of host origin."}
{"id": "PMID:919699", "title": "Calcification in an ageing Ligula intestinalis (L) plerocercoid from a bream (Abramis brama L.).", "content": "Light and transmission electron microscopy of the strobila of a large old Ligula intestinalis plerocercoid has revealed microcrystals with a morphology similar to that of microapatite crystals from vertebrates. Analysis of the microcrystals with EMMA-4 showed them to contain calcium and phosphorus. The tissue in the immediate vicinity of the microcrystals shows signs of necrosis while further away it is histologically normal.", "contents": "Calcification in an ageing Ligula intestinalis (L) plerocercoid from a bream (Abramis brama L.). Light and transmission electron microscopy of the strobila of a large old Ligula intestinalis plerocercoid has revealed microcrystals with a morphology similar to that of microapatite crystals from vertebrates. Analysis of the microcrystals with EMMA-4 showed them to contain calcium and phosphorus. The tissue in the immediate vicinity of the microcrystals shows signs of necrosis while further away it is histologically normal."}
{"id": "PMID:919720", "title": "Near-death experiences: dilemma for the clinician.", "content": "The rapid development of resuscitation technology points to an increasing number of near-death survivors. Many such survivors relate extraordinary experiences that profoundly color their extended lives. The author classifies a large group of these experiences and formulates the physician's appropriate response to them.", "contents": "Near-death experiences: dilemma for the clinician. The rapid development of resuscitation technology points to an increasing number of near-death survivors. Many such survivors relate extraordinary experiences that profoundly color their extended lives. The author classifies a large group of these experiences and formulates the physician's appropriate response to them."}
{"id": "PMID:919757", "title": "[The detector, the command neuron and plastic convergence].", "content": "The paper deals with the structure of detectors, the function of commanding neurones and the problem of relationship between detectors and commanding neurons. An example of hierarchial organization of detectors is provided by the colour analyser in which a layer of receptors, a layer of opponent neurones and a layer of colour-selective detectors are singled out. The colour detector is selectively sensitive to a certain combination of excitations at the input. If the detector is selectively activated by a certain combination of excitations at the input, the selective activation of the commanding neurone through a pool of motoneurones brings about a reaction at the output, specific in its organization. The reflexogenic zone of the reaction is determined by the detectors which converge on the commanding neurone controlling the given reaction. The plasticity of the reaction results from a plastic convergence of the detectors on the commanding neurone which controls the reaction. This comprises selective switching off the detectors from the commanding neurone (habituation) and connecting the detectors to the commanding neurone (facilitation).", "contents": "[The detector, the command neuron and plastic convergence]. The paper deals with the structure of detectors, the function of commanding neurones and the problem of relationship between detectors and commanding neurons. An example of hierarchial organization of detectors is provided by the colour analyser in which a layer of receptors, a layer of opponent neurones and a layer of colour-selective detectors are singled out. The colour detector is selectively sensitive to a certain combination of excitations at the input. If the detector is selectively activated by a certain combination of excitations at the input, the selective activation of the commanding neurone through a pool of motoneurones brings about a reaction at the output, specific in its organization. The reflexogenic zone of the reaction is determined by the detectors which converge on the commanding neurone controlling the given reaction. The plasticity of the reaction results from a plastic convergence of the detectors on the commanding neurone which controls the reaction. This comprises selective switching off the detectors from the commanding neurone (habituation) and connecting the detectors to the commanding neurone (facilitation)."}
{"id": "PMID:919758", "title": "[Behavioral and neuronal effects of visual deprivation in cats].", "content": "Recent data obtained in the Nencki Institute are reviewed. In the cats deprived of pattern vision from birth several deficits were observed: (I) A simultaneous object discrimination learning for food reward was strongly impaired. However, retention of discrimination was only slightly impaired by bisual cortex ablation. (II) Ocular following reflex was impaired. (III) In the living cages stereotyped behavior appeared. (IV) Direction selectivity of superior colliculus units was impaired. (V) Percentage distribution of insoluble proteins in the electrophoretic pattern from visual and somatic sensory cortex was affected.", "contents": "[Behavioral and neuronal effects of visual deprivation in cats]. Recent data obtained in the Nencki Institute are reviewed. In the cats deprived of pattern vision from birth several deficits were observed: (I) A simultaneous object discrimination learning for food reward was strongly impaired. However, retention of discrimination was only slightly impaired by bisual cortex ablation. (II) Ocular following reflex was impaired. (III) In the living cages stereotyped behavior appeared. (IV) Direction selectivity of superior colliculus units was impaired. (V) Percentage distribution of insoluble proteins in the electrophoretic pattern from visual and somatic sensory cortex was affected."}
{"id": "PMID:919759", "title": "[Dynamics of conditioned reflex reorganization in the human visual system].", "content": "The dymamics of absolute and relative changes in the brightness thresholds of letters recognition was studied in 21 subjects, under conditions of dark adaptation and molecular observation, before and after pairing of one of the letters with electrocutaneous stimulation of the index finger during one session. Isolated electrocutaneous stimulation was applied on the 10th or 35th day after the session. It has been found that after pairings the relative threshold of recognition of the letter previously paired with electrical stimuli (i.e. the threshold in relation to recognition thresholds for the other letters) becomes for three to three and a half hours significantly lower than the initial one. Then there sharply sets in a phase of threshold elevation. Both in the case of double and multiple tests, this phase persists for not less than 35 days. Following an isolated electrical stimulation, a momentary significant lowering of the threshold sets in only for the letter which was paired with it in the first sessions.", "contents": "[Dynamics of conditioned reflex reorganization in the human visual system]. The dymamics of absolute and relative changes in the brightness thresholds of letters recognition was studied in 21 subjects, under conditions of dark adaptation and molecular observation, before and after pairing of one of the letters with electrocutaneous stimulation of the index finger during one session. Isolated electrocutaneous stimulation was applied on the 10th or 35th day after the session. It has been found that after pairings the relative threshold of recognition of the letter previously paired with electrical stimuli (i.e. the threshold in relation to recognition thresholds for the other letters) becomes for three to three and a half hours significantly lower than the initial one. Then there sharply sets in a phase of threshold elevation. Both in the case of double and multiple tests, this phase persists for not less than 35 days. Following an isolated electrical stimulation, a momentary significant lowering of the threshold sets in only for the letter which was paired with it in the first sessions."}
{"id": "PMID:919760", "title": "[Dynamics of elaboration of conditioned reflex switching over of dissimilar instrumental conditioned reflexes].", "content": "Conditioned switching over of heterogeneous instrumental reactions was elaborated in four dogs. The action of a fan served as a switch from alimentary to a defensive situation. In the alimentary situation, the animal, in response to a conditioned stimulus, pressed the pedal with its right foreleg and, in a defensive situation, in response to the same signal, lifted the left paw attached to the lever. In some dogs the switching over was elaborated quite rapidly and easily, while in others it was achieved only on some days of the experiment. In the course of elaboration of the switching over, the animals responded to the trigger signal with bieffector reactions. The basic features of the dynamics of switching over elaboration revealed for classic conditioned reflexes also proved valid for instrumental conditioned reflexes.", "contents": "[Dynamics of elaboration of conditioned reflex switching over of dissimilar instrumental conditioned reflexes]. Conditioned switching over of heterogeneous instrumental reactions was elaborated in four dogs. The action of a fan served as a switch from alimentary to a defensive situation. In the alimentary situation, the animal, in response to a conditioned stimulus, pressed the pedal with its right foreleg and, in a defensive situation, in response to the same signal, lifted the left paw attached to the lever. In some dogs the switching over was elaborated quite rapidly and easily, while in others it was achieved only on some days of the experiment. In the course of elaboration of the switching over, the animals responded to the trigger signal with bieffector reactions. The basic features of the dynamics of switching over elaboration revealed for classic conditioned reflexes also proved valid for instrumental conditioned reflexes."}
{"id": "PMID:919761", "title": "[Role of the head of the caudate nucleus in sensomotor control of different forms of behavior].", "content": "In chronic experiments on dogs with models of alimentary and defensive behaviour and with EEG recording in the cortical acoustic area and in the caudat nucleus head (CNH) evidence was obtained of the possible role of the latter in the processes of attention. Special test (CNH stimulation of different strength and frequency) helped to reveal the role of the striatum in this function. Proceeding from facts obtained and from published data, it has been assumed that the involvement of CNH in the process of activation of attention is effected by its inhibitory influences both on the motor systems and on the non-specific afferent input. The electrographic correlate of the CNH inhibitory function consists in the slow-wave high-amplitude component of the caudatogram within the range of two to six osc/sec which is always present in the background and which considerably increases in amplitude in situations requiring activation of attention.", "contents": "[Role of the head of the caudate nucleus in sensomotor control of different forms of behavior]. In chronic experiments on dogs with models of alimentary and defensive behaviour and with EEG recording in the cortical acoustic area and in the caudat nucleus head (CNH) evidence was obtained of the possible role of the latter in the processes of attention. Special test (CNH stimulation of different strength and frequency) helped to reveal the role of the striatum in this function. Proceeding from facts obtained and from published data, it has been assumed that the involvement of CNH in the process of activation of attention is effected by its inhibitory influences both on the motor systems and on the non-specific afferent input. The electrographic correlate of the CNH inhibitory function consists in the slow-wave high-amplitude component of the caudatogram within the range of two to six osc/sec which is always present in the background and which considerably increases in amplitude in situations requiring activation of attention."}
{"id": "PMID:919763", "title": "[Activity of cat motor cortex neurons during performance and conditioned reflex inhibition of the reaction of placing the forepaw on a support].", "content": "In chronic experiments on six cats a study was made of the unit activity of the contralateral forepaw motor area when achieving the reaction of placing the forepaw on a pedal. Of the 118 units, 32 exhibited tactile receptive fields on the contralateral paw. In the course of achieving the reaction, the activity of 97 pyramidal and non-pyramidal units was studied. The activity of 69 units correlated with some phase or other of the placing reaction. Connected with the movement was the activity of 93% of the investigated pyramidal cells and 65% of the non-identified units. 59.5% of the units changed their activity before activation in EMG, and the rest changed it during or after EMG activation. Two groups of units were singled out when conditioned inhibition was introduced, one with a changing and the other with a non-changing reaction during conditioned inhibition of the placing reactions.", "contents": "[Activity of cat motor cortex neurons during performance and conditioned reflex inhibition of the reaction of placing the forepaw on a support]. In chronic experiments on six cats a study was made of the unit activity of the contralateral forepaw motor area when achieving the reaction of placing the forepaw on a pedal. Of the 118 units, 32 exhibited tactile receptive fields on the contralateral paw. In the course of achieving the reaction, the activity of 97 pyramidal and non-pyramidal units was studied. The activity of 69 units correlated with some phase or other of the placing reaction. Connected with the movement was the activity of 93% of the investigated pyramidal cells and 65% of the non-identified units. 59.5% of the units changed their activity before activation in EMG, and the rest changed it during or after EMG activation. Two groups of units were singled out when conditioned inhibition was introduced, one with a changing and the other with a non-changing reaction during conditioned inhibition of the placing reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:919762", "title": "[Neuronal activity of the head of the caudate nucleus during formation of positive and inhibitory motor alimentary conditioned reflexes in cats].", "content": "Cellular activity of the caudate nucleus head was studied on 15 cats during motor alimentary conditioning, extinction and elaboration of differentiation response. Analysis of the dynamics of the appearance and stabilization of neuronal conditioned responses attests that the caudate nuclei are a part of the morpho-functional structure of the given conditioned reflex. A functional heterogeneity within the nuclels head has been shown on the basis of responses of the cells during conditioned and unconditioned behaviour. It has been assumed that cellular populations of the ventral segment of the caudate nucleus head are predominantly involved in providing for a normal course of the processes of extinction and detection of significant signals in this form of conditioned alimentary behaviour in cats.", "contents": "[Neuronal activity of the head of the caudate nucleus during formation of positive and inhibitory motor alimentary conditioned reflexes in cats]. Cellular activity of the caudate nucleus head was studied on 15 cats during motor alimentary conditioning, extinction and elaboration of differentiation response. Analysis of the dynamics of the appearance and stabilization of neuronal conditioned responses attests that the caudate nuclei are a part of the morpho-functional structure of the given conditioned reflex. A functional heterogeneity within the nuclels head has been shown on the basis of responses of the cells during conditioned and unconditioned behaviour. It has been assumed that cellular populations of the ventral segment of the caudate nucleus head are predominantly involved in providing for a normal course of the processes of extinction and detection of significant signals in this form of conditioned alimentary behaviour in cats."}
{"id": "PMID:919766", "title": "[Relationship between different types of memory in animals after a long stay in a changed gaseous environment].", "content": "Male rats were kept for ten days in helium-oxygen mixtures (PO2=0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 kgf/cm2) at atmospheric and higher (30 kgf/cm2) pressure, as well as in nitrogen-oxygen mixtures (PO2 = 0.2 and 0.6 kgf/cm2) under pressure (5 kgf/cm2). After the animals left the chamber their conditioned activity was investigated by the active avoidance method. The stay in a normoxitic helium-oxygen mixture under atmospheric or higher pressure did not affect conditioning, but after exposition in a normoxitic nitrogen-oxygen mixture under pressure, the rats exhibited a retarded elaboration of the conditioned reflex. A rise in partial oxygen pressure in the mixtures affected unfavourably the process of conditioning.", "contents": "[Relationship between different types of memory in animals after a long stay in a changed gaseous environment]. Male rats were kept for ten days in helium-oxygen mixtures (PO2=0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 kgf/cm2) at atmospheric and higher (30 kgf/cm2) pressure, as well as in nitrogen-oxygen mixtures (PO2 = 0.2 and 0.6 kgf/cm2) under pressure (5 kgf/cm2). After the animals left the chamber their conditioned activity was investigated by the active avoidance method. The stay in a normoxitic helium-oxygen mixture under atmospheric or higher pressure did not affect conditioning, but after exposition in a normoxitic nitrogen-oxygen mixture under pressure, the rats exhibited a retarded elaboration of the conditioned reflex. A rise in partial oxygen pressure in the mixtures affected unfavourably the process of conditioning."}
{"id": "PMID:919768", "title": "[Proteins of rat brain synaptic structures during conditioned reflex activity].", "content": "A comparative study was made of the structural-functional groups of proteins of synaptic structures in the cerebral cortex of albino rats during elaboration of a simple food-procuring reflex in one session. The results of estimation of quantitative and qualitative protein changes by the methods of isotope analysis and discelectrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel point to dissimilar changes in membrane and synapto-plasmatic proteins during learning. The process of temporary connections formation is accompanied by structural-chemical reorganizations of the synaptic membranes which evidently involve conformative transitions of external and integral proteins. There is a drastic rise in the rate of metabolism in the group of watersoluble proteins during learning, along with a possibility of \"local\" changes of synthesis in the fraction of low-molecular proteins.", "contents": "[Proteins of rat brain synaptic structures during conditioned reflex activity]. A comparative study was made of the structural-functional groups of proteins of synaptic structures in the cerebral cortex of albino rats during elaboration of a simple food-procuring reflex in one session. The results of estimation of quantitative and qualitative protein changes by the methods of isotope analysis and discelectrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel point to dissimilar changes in membrane and synapto-plasmatic proteins during learning. The process of temporary connections formation is accompanied by structural-chemical reorganizations of the synaptic membranes which evidently involve conformative transitions of external and integral proteins. There is a drastic rise in the rate of metabolism in the group of watersoluble proteins during learning, along with a possibility of \"local\" changes of synthesis in the fraction of low-molecular proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:919769", "title": "[EEG slow components during human mental activity].", "content": "A study was made on 13 subjects in a state of rest and mental stress, of interconnection between the level of distant biopotential synchronization of separate cortical zones (which is a criterion of the rate of brain activation) and the spectral power of EEG frequencies. There is a statistically significant positive correlation between the first parameter and the energy of low frequency activity band (delta-theta). At the same time similar dependences for the alpha- and beta-rhythms are negative and topographically less spread. The coherence function likewise increases during mental stress for the low-frequency band alone. The data obtained point to the special role of low-frequency rhythms in the transmission of excitation over the cortex and support the significance of the alpha-rhythm in providing for the mechanisms involved in the control of homeostasis.", "contents": "[EEG slow components during human mental activity]. A study was made on 13 subjects in a state of rest and mental stress, of interconnection between the level of distant biopotential synchronization of separate cortical zones (which is a criterion of the rate of brain activation) and the spectral power of EEG frequencies. There is a statistically significant positive correlation between the first parameter and the energy of low frequency activity band (delta-theta). At the same time similar dependences for the alpha- and beta-rhythms are negative and topographically less spread. The coherence function likewise increases during mental stress for the low-frequency band alone. The data obtained point to the special role of low-frequency rhythms in the transmission of excitation over the cortex and support the significance of the alpha-rhythm in providing for the mechanisms involved in the control of homeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:919767", "title": "[Effect of coagulation of different regions of the hippocampus on elaboration and preservation of conditioned reflexes].", "content": "A study was made in rats of the influence of coagulating the anterior and posterior dorsal, medial and ventral hippocampus on the formation and preservation of electro-defensive and food-procuring conditioned reflexes. Statistical processing of the experimental data by the Student t-criterion showed that coagulation of these hippocampal areas does not influence the formation or preservation of the food-procuring reflex. Coagulation of the anterior dorsal and ventral hippocampus does not affect electro-defensive conditioned reflexes. Coagulation of the posterior dorsal and medial hippocampus delays the elaboration of electro-defensive reflexes and to a lesser extent influences their preservation.", "contents": "[Effect of coagulation of different regions of the hippocampus on elaboration and preservation of conditioned reflexes]. A study was made in rats of the influence of coagulating the anterior and posterior dorsal, medial and ventral hippocampus on the formation and preservation of electro-defensive and food-procuring conditioned reflexes. Statistical processing of the experimental data by the Student t-criterion showed that coagulation of these hippocampal areas does not influence the formation or preservation of the food-procuring reflex. Coagulation of the anterior dorsal and ventral hippocampus does not affect electro-defensive conditioned reflexes. Coagulation of the posterior dorsal and medial hippocampus delays the elaboration of electro-defensive reflexes and to a lesser extent influences their preservation."}
{"id": "PMID:919770", "title": "[Changes in sleep with different types of reaction to emotional stress].", "content": "Polygraphic study of night sleep, carried out on 21 students the night after an examination and one night after vacations, revealed two types of reactions to an emotional stress. It has been shown that in the case of a rapid normalization of vegetative and electromyographic manifestations following the end of an emotional stress impact, the structure of night sleep remains unchanged. When manifestations of the emotional stress persist after the elimination of the stress situation, the amount of the rapid sleep in the following night increases. It is suggested that the differences noted are related to different types of anxiety stress.", "contents": "[Changes in sleep with different types of reaction to emotional stress]. Polygraphic study of night sleep, carried out on 21 students the night after an examination and one night after vacations, revealed two types of reactions to an emotional stress. It has been shown that in the case of a rapid normalization of vegetative and electromyographic manifestations following the end of an emotional stress impact, the structure of night sleep remains unchanged. When manifestations of the emotional stress persist after the elimination of the stress situation, the amount of the rapid sleep in the following night increases. It is suggested that the differences noted are related to different types of anxiety stress."}
{"id": "PMID:919764", "title": "[Responses of neurons of the associative parietal cortex during acute extinction restoration of a conditioned reflex].", "content": "The dynamics of spike neuronal activity in the parietal associative cortex was studied in the course of acute extinction and restoration of a conditioned reflex. Certain similarities have been found in neuronal firing during the reorganization of behavioral acts (transient processes in neuronal activity, general types of neuronal responses, etc.) The data obtained suggest the involvement of neurones of the parietal associative cortex in the processes related to the reorganization of behavioral acts, and the existence of common mechanisms of search for an optimal regime of neuronal assemblies functioning in different types of conditioned activity.", "contents": "[Responses of neurons of the associative parietal cortex during acute extinction restoration of a conditioned reflex]. The dynamics of spike neuronal activity in the parietal associative cortex was studied in the course of acute extinction and restoration of a conditioned reflex. Certain similarities have been found in neuronal firing during the reorganization of behavioral acts (transient processes in neuronal activity, general types of neuronal responses, etc.) The data obtained suggest the involvement of neurones of the parietal associative cortex in the processes related to the reorganization of behavioral acts, and the existence of common mechanisms of search for an optimal regime of neuronal assemblies functioning in different types of conditioned activity."}
{"id": "PMID:919765", "title": "[Restoration of the process of elaborating a conditioned reflex to light in rabbits following early visual deprivation].", "content": "Rabbits with a long period of visual deprivation (up to eight weeks since birth), unlike those with four-week deprivation, require a longer time period (over 30 days) to normalize elaboration of conditioned reflexes and to manifest their electrographic correlates (evoked potentials). The results obtained testify to the ability of recovering CNS functions disturbed by deprivation. It has been suggested that natural early training of the synaptic structures of specific neurones in the visual cortex play a decisive role in this phenomenon.", "contents": "[Restoration of the process of elaborating a conditioned reflex to light in rabbits following early visual deprivation]. Rabbits with a long period of visual deprivation (up to eight weeks since birth), unlike those with four-week deprivation, require a longer time period (over 30 days) to normalize elaboration of conditioned reflexes and to manifest their electrographic correlates (evoked potentials). The results obtained testify to the ability of recovering CNS functions disturbed by deprivation. It has been suggested that natural early training of the synaptic structures of specific neurones in the visual cortex play a decisive role in this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:919771", "title": "[Relationship between recognition asymmetry and the interval between the stimuli of a dichoptic complex].", "content": "Recognition of optic stimuli (contour drawings, words and word combinations) was studied in conditions of binocular, monocular and dichoptic presentation. The interval between stimuli of the dichoptic complex (ISI) was: 0, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, and 1000 ms. In all the cases \"the effect of the right eye\" was revealed. The mean values of the asymmetry index (A) are: high probabilistic monocular dichoptic presentation--45%. With a longer ISI, the percentage of correct recognitions of the second stimulus presented to the left eye, increases, while the A parameter decreases. This dependence is less pronounced in the recognition of the first terms of the stimuli pair. Dependence between the recognition level of the first and second stimuli, presented to the right eye and the ISI, is monotonous. The following A values for the three kinds of stimuli have been obtained: drawings--37%, word combinations--38% and words 59%. The results are discussed in the aspects of functional asymmetry, psychologic refractoriness and attention.", "contents": "[Relationship between recognition asymmetry and the interval between the stimuli of a dichoptic complex]. Recognition of optic stimuli (contour drawings, words and word combinations) was studied in conditions of binocular, monocular and dichoptic presentation. The interval between stimuli of the dichoptic complex (ISI) was: 0, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, and 1000 ms. In all the cases \"the effect of the right eye\" was revealed. The mean values of the asymmetry index (A) are: high probabilistic monocular dichoptic presentation--45%. With a longer ISI, the percentage of correct recognitions of the second stimulus presented to the left eye, increases, while the A parameter decreases. This dependence is less pronounced in the recognition of the first terms of the stimuli pair. Dependence between the recognition level of the first and second stimuli, presented to the right eye and the ISI, is monotonous. The following A values for the three kinds of stimuli have been obtained: drawings--37%, word combinations--38% and words 59%. The results are discussed in the aspects of functional asymmetry, psychologic refractoriness and attention."}
{"id": "PMID:919772", "title": "[Characteristics of the stability of functional interhemispheric asymmetry in the cat visual cortex].", "content": "A study of EP topography in the cat visual cortex has shown that initial functional interhemispheric asymmetry may be reduced and replaced by symmetry through long and frequent binocular stimulation. Section of the callosal body produced an inversion of one hemisphere dominance. In the callosotomized animals binocular stimulation enhanced the asymmetry. It is more stable in the cat visual cortex than in rats.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the stability of functional interhemispheric asymmetry in the cat visual cortex]. A study of EP topography in the cat visual cortex has shown that initial functional interhemispheric asymmetry may be reduced and replaced by symmetry through long and frequent binocular stimulation. Section of the callosal body produced an inversion of one hemisphere dominance. In the callosotomized animals binocular stimulation enhanced the asymmetry. It is more stable in the cat visual cortex than in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:919780", "title": "Low birth weight: some considerations in a Zambian population.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 2401 consecutive births revealed a lowbirth weight rate of 11.4 percent of all births and 14.2 percent all live borns. Sixty-five percent of late fetal and first week neonatal deaths were low birthweight babies. The cause of low birthweight labour was unknown in 48.2 percent of cases. The major known associations with low birthweight labour and delivery were twin birth, antepartum haemorrhage, premature rupture of the membranes and toxaemia of pregnancy. Nutritional factors were considered to be of significance in the incidence of low birthweight. The earlier attendance of mothers at ante-natal clinics and the availability of experienced medical and nursing personnel with adequate facilities are necessary for perinatal mortality to be significantly reduced in the low birthweight group.", "contents": "Low birth weight: some considerations in a Zambian population. A retrospective analysis of 2401 consecutive births revealed a lowbirth weight rate of 11.4 percent of all births and 14.2 percent all live borns. Sixty-five percent of late fetal and first week neonatal deaths were low birthweight babies. The cause of low birthweight labour was unknown in 48.2 percent of cases. The major known associations with low birthweight labour and delivery were twin birth, antepartum haemorrhage, premature rupture of the membranes and toxaemia of pregnancy. Nutritional factors were considered to be of significance in the incidence of low birthweight. The earlier attendance of mothers at ante-natal clinics and the availability of experienced medical and nursing personnel with adequate facilities are necessary for perinatal mortality to be significantly reduced in the low birthweight group."}
{"id": "PMID:919781", "title": "Cervical cytology in Zambia.", "content": "The problem of cervical cancer in Zambia is discussed. The pathogenesis of carcinoma of the cervix is described and the benefits of cervical cytology are highlighted. The role of cervical cytology in the context of a developing country is also discussed and a plea is made for a selective mass screening programme, the objective of which will be to limit and prevent cancer of the cervix. The establishment of a Central Cytology Laboratory at the University Teaching Hospital is described in some detail. This service could be extended in stages until it is possible to screen all women over the age of 20 years, at least every 3 years.", "contents": "Cervical cytology in Zambia. The problem of cervical cancer in Zambia is discussed. The pathogenesis of carcinoma of the cervix is described and the benefits of cervical cytology are highlighted. The role of cervical cytology in the context of a developing country is also discussed and a plea is made for a selective mass screening programme, the objective of which will be to limit and prevent cancer of the cervix. The establishment of a Central Cytology Laboratory at the University Teaching Hospital is described in some detail. This service could be extended in stages until it is possible to screen all women over the age of 20 years, at least every 3 years."}
{"id": "PMID:919788", "title": "[Extraction method for the simultaneous determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese in organic material using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (author's transl)].", "content": "Determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese in organic material is possible with one digestion using the described extraction method. Data for sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese agree well with those obtained by conventional methods [1, 2, 4]. For quantitative determination of copper and zink the extraction method is superior to dry ashing at 450 degrees C [1, 4]. In general the extraction method ist preferable to dry assing, because the amount of sample, time and costs can be reduced essentially using the described method.", "contents": "[Extraction method for the simultaneous determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese in organic material using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (author's transl)]. Determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese in organic material is possible with one digestion using the described extraction method. Data for sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese agree well with those obtained by conventional methods [1, 2, 4]. For quantitative determination of copper and zink the extraction method is superior to dry ashing at 450 degrees C [1, 4]. In general the extraction method ist preferable to dry assing, because the amount of sample, time and costs can be reduced essentially using the described method."}
{"id": "PMID:919789", "title": "[Carbonyl compounds from the reaction of barley isomerase with linoleic acid hydroperoxides. Their development from the 9- or the 13-hydroperoxide-isomer (author's transl)].", "content": "Hydroperoxid isomerase from barley was incubated with linoleic acid hydroperoxides (LHPO), containing nearly exclusively the 13-LHPO or the 9-LHPO isomer; the volatile reaction products were isolated, concentrated and investigated by means of gas and radio-gaschromatography. Thus it was possible to establish the precursors of the volatile compounds hexanal, 2-trans-heptenal and 2-trans-octenal, which develop during formerly described reactions of isomerase with substrates, containing 9- and 13-LHPO in equal amounts. 13-LHPO was found to be a precursor of hexanal and 2-tr-octenal, while the 9-LHPO isomer in the barley isomerase LHPO breakdown reaction obviously cannot be accepted as precursor of volatile components. The origin of 2-tr-heptenal could not be clarified; it occured neither in the experiments with predominating 9-LHPO nor in those with predominating 13-LHPO. Perhaps 2-tr-heptenal is only produced in the presence of a defined ratio of both isomeric hydroperoxides. 13-LHPO = 13-hydroperoxy-9-cis, 11-trans-octadecadienoic acid. 9-LHPO = 9-hydroperoxy-10-trans, 12-cis-octadecadienoic acid.", "contents": "[Carbonyl compounds from the reaction of barley isomerase with linoleic acid hydroperoxides. Their development from the 9- or the 13-hydroperoxide-isomer (author's transl)]. Hydroperoxid isomerase from barley was incubated with linoleic acid hydroperoxides (LHPO), containing nearly exclusively the 13-LHPO or the 9-LHPO isomer; the volatile reaction products were isolated, concentrated and investigated by means of gas and radio-gaschromatography. Thus it was possible to establish the precursors of the volatile compounds hexanal, 2-trans-heptenal and 2-trans-octenal, which develop during formerly described reactions of isomerase with substrates, containing 9- and 13-LHPO in equal amounts. 13-LHPO was found to be a precursor of hexanal and 2-tr-octenal, while the 9-LHPO isomer in the barley isomerase LHPO breakdown reaction obviously cannot be accepted as precursor of volatile components. The origin of 2-tr-heptenal could not be clarified; it occured neither in the experiments with predominating 9-LHPO nor in those with predominating 13-LHPO. Perhaps 2-tr-heptenal is only produced in the presence of a defined ratio of both isomeric hydroperoxides. 13-LHPO = 13-hydroperoxy-9-cis, 11-trans-octadecadienoic acid. 9-LHPO = 9-hydroperoxy-10-trans, 12-cis-octadecadienoic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:919790", "title": "[Influence of water activity on the enzymatic changes in freeze-dehydrated muscle III. The breakdown of muscle lipids (author's transl)].", "content": "During storage of freeze-dehydrated bovine muscle triglycerides and cholesterolesters are slowly hydrolyzed even at 25% relative humidity (r.h.). The extent of lipid hydrolysis in the tissue increases with rising water activity, the final degree of hydrolysis being dependent on water activity. It has been demonstrated that these changes are due to the effect of muscle enzymes. Phospholipids are not hydrolyzed even at 65% r.h. This might be due to an association of the phospholipids with membranes or to a lack of phospholipase activity in the freeze-dehydrated tissue. The fact that lipids in muscle tissue are hydrolyzed at water activities at which water soluble substrates are not split by hydrolyses agrees well with general ideas about the influence of water activity on the enzymatic breakdown of lipids. Freeze-dehydrated beef should not contain more than 3% moisture in order to prevent undesirable flavour changes caused by lipid changes during storage.", "contents": "[Influence of water activity on the enzymatic changes in freeze-dehydrated muscle III. The breakdown of muscle lipids (author's transl)]. During storage of freeze-dehydrated bovine muscle triglycerides and cholesterolesters are slowly hydrolyzed even at 25% relative humidity (r.h.). The extent of lipid hydrolysis in the tissue increases with rising water activity, the final degree of hydrolysis being dependent on water activity. It has been demonstrated that these changes are due to the effect of muscle enzymes. Phospholipids are not hydrolyzed even at 65% r.h. This might be due to an association of the phospholipids with membranes or to a lack of phospholipase activity in the freeze-dehydrated tissue. The fact that lipids in muscle tissue are hydrolyzed at water activities at which water soluble substrates are not split by hydrolyses agrees well with general ideas about the influence of water activity on the enzymatic breakdown of lipids. Freeze-dehydrated beef should not contain more than 3% moisture in order to prevent undesirable flavour changes caused by lipid changes during storage."}
{"id": "PMID:919791", "title": "The rate of nitrosation of sarcosine in the presence of hydrophile and lipophilic antioxidants.", "content": "A procedure is described whereby the nitrosation of sarcosine can be followed spectrophotometrically in the presence of either hydrophilic or lipophilic antioxidants. Using this technique, a number of antioxidants of both classes at a concentration of 2.0 mmol have inhibited strongly the formation of N-nitrosarcosine from 25 mmol-sarcosine and 25 mmol-nitrite.", "contents": "The rate of nitrosation of sarcosine in the presence of hydrophile and lipophilic antioxidants. A procedure is described whereby the nitrosation of sarcosine can be followed spectrophotometrically in the presence of either hydrophilic or lipophilic antioxidants. Using this technique, a number of antioxidants of both classes at a concentration of 2.0 mmol have inhibited strongly the formation of N-nitrosarcosine from 25 mmol-sarcosine and 25 mmol-nitrite."}
{"id": "PMID:919792", "title": "[The quantitative composition of natural and technologically changed aromas of plants. IV. Enzymic and thermal reaction products formed during the processing of tomatoes (author's transl)].", "content": "After the qualitative and quantitative investigation of the flavor compounds of tomatoes, the flavor compositions of tomato juices treated by different technological methods were determined. 80 aroma components were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The quantitative comparisons showed that during the processing of juices unsaturated fatty acids acted as precursors for a series of C6-compounds, especially 1-hexanol, and cis-3-hexen-1-ol and that on the other hand some aroma compounds derived from carotenoid like structures, e.g. 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, geranyl- and farnesylacetone and beta-ionone were formed. As reaction products of thermal treatments among other increased amounts of acetoin, furfural, 5-methylfurfural and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one were established. The distribution of the aroma compounds dissolved in the serum or bound on the pulp was determined quantitatively by employing gaschromatographical methods.", "contents": "[The quantitative composition of natural and technologically changed aromas of plants. IV. Enzymic and thermal reaction products formed during the processing of tomatoes (author's transl)]. After the qualitative and quantitative investigation of the flavor compounds of tomatoes, the flavor compositions of tomato juices treated by different technological methods were determined. 80 aroma components were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The quantitative comparisons showed that during the processing of juices unsaturated fatty acids acted as precursors for a series of C6-compounds, especially 1-hexanol, and cis-3-hexen-1-ol and that on the other hand some aroma compounds derived from carotenoid like structures, e.g. 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, geranyl- and farnesylacetone and beta-ionone were formed. As reaction products of thermal treatments among other increased amounts of acetoin, furfural, 5-methylfurfural and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one were established. The distribution of the aroma compounds dissolved in the serum or bound on the pulp was determined quantitatively by employing gaschromatographical methods."}
{"id": "PMID:919787", "title": "Treatment of acute pelvic infections with alphacillin (pivampicillin Hcl).", "content": "Fifty patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease were treated with Alphacillin (Pivampicillin Hcl). The total daily dose consisted of 1050mg, given in three divided doses. Treatment was continued for six days. Full bacteriological investigations were performed. Therapy was continued so long as the condition of the patient improved. In case of failure change to other antibiotics or surgery were considered. The clinical response to Alphacillin was considered successful in 92% of patients. A significant observation in the trial was the low rate of residual pelvic pathology especially in patients with Acute/Chronic pelvic infection. The drug was found to be free from complications or any serious side effects. Mild epigastric discomfort was noticed in only 3 patients.", "contents": "Treatment of acute pelvic infections with alphacillin (pivampicillin Hcl). Fifty patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease were treated with Alphacillin (Pivampicillin Hcl). The total daily dose consisted of 1050mg, given in three divided doses. Treatment was continued for six days. Full bacteriological investigations were performed. Therapy was continued so long as the condition of the patient improved. In case of failure change to other antibiotics or surgery were considered. The clinical response to Alphacillin was considered successful in 92% of patients. A significant observation in the trial was the low rate of residual pelvic pathology especially in patients with Acute/Chronic pelvic infection. The drug was found to be free from complications or any serious side effects. Mild epigastric discomfort was noticed in only 3 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:919793", "title": "[Analysis of dithiocarbamate pesticide residues a comparison of the head space and the colorimetric method (author's transl)].", "content": "The colorimetric method of Keppel [1] has been used. To be able to analyse 20 and more samples we slightly changed the head space method of McLeod [3]. To cutted lettuce which is brought into a penicilline flask, we add HCl and a reducing agent (SnCl2), and close the flask. After overnight heating on a waterbath the liberated CS2 is injected into a gaschromatograph with a flame photometric detector. The results are compared with known quantities of zineb, added to lettuces. A correlation factor r = 0.9903 has been found.", "contents": "[Analysis of dithiocarbamate pesticide residues a comparison of the head space and the colorimetric method (author's transl)]. The colorimetric method of Keppel [1] has been used. To be able to analyse 20 and more samples we slightly changed the head space method of McLeod [3]. To cutted lettuce which is brought into a penicilline flask, we add HCl and a reducing agent (SnCl2), and close the flask. After overnight heating on a waterbath the liberated CS2 is injected into a gaschromatograph with a flame photometric detector. The results are compared with known quantities of zineb, added to lettuces. A correlation factor r = 0.9903 has been found."}
{"id": "PMID:919795", "title": "[Photometric micro-determination of the residues of disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds in milk. 3. Improvement and adaption for milk products (author's transl)].", "content": "The photometric method for the quantitative micro-determination of the residues of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) in milk was improved. The casein has proved as an essential interfering substance and it was largely eliminated. Furthermore the bond of QAC on casein in discussed. The minimum level f\u00fcr determination for QAC in milk was reduced to 0.2 ppm. By modifying the photometric method for  some milk-products as cream, joghurt, and quarge QAC can be determined at minimal concentrations of 1 ppm.", "contents": "[Photometric micro-determination of the residues of disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds in milk. 3. Improvement and adaption for milk products (author's transl)]. The photometric method for the quantitative micro-determination of the residues of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) in milk was improved. The casein has proved as an essential interfering substance and it was largely eliminated. Furthermore the bond of QAC on casein in discussed. The minimum level f\u00fcr determination for QAC in milk was reduced to 0.2 ppm. By modifying the photometric method for  some milk-products as cream, joghurt, and quarge QAC can be determined at minimal concentrations of 1 ppm."}
{"id": "PMID:919785", "title": "Wuchereria bancrofti: the staining of the microfilarial sheath in giemsa and haematoxylin for diagnosis.", "content": "Indigenous cases of bancroftian filariasis have recently been identified in the country for the first time. The diagnosis of such infections depends on demonstrating the characteristic sheathed microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in the blood. Giemsa, a stain recommended by many authors, was found to be unsuitable as the microfilarial sheath, an important distinguishing feature, does not take up the stain. In contrast, the sheath stains clearly in haematoxylin. The differences in the staining reaction of the microfilariae in the two stains is demonstrated. The need to establish the presence of the sheath is emphasized, especially since the microfilariae of Dipetalonema perstans, the widespread filarial infection in the country, are unsheathed.", "contents": "Wuchereria bancrofti: the staining of the microfilarial sheath in giemsa and haematoxylin for diagnosis. Indigenous cases of bancroftian filariasis have recently been identified in the country for the first time. The diagnosis of such infections depends on demonstrating the characteristic sheathed microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in the blood. Giemsa, a stain recommended by many authors, was found to be unsuitable as the microfilarial sheath, an important distinguishing feature, does not take up the stain. In contrast, the sheath stains clearly in haematoxylin. The differences in the staining reaction of the microfilariae in the two stains is demonstrated. The need to establish the presence of the sheath is emphasized, especially since the microfilariae of Dipetalonema perstans, the widespread filarial infection in the country, are unsheathed."}
{"id": "PMID:919794", "title": "[Sampling of cheese for aflatoxins (author's transl)].", "content": "Due to the greatly differing incidence of molds on cheese and thus the extremely differing amounts of aflatoxin reliable sampling in cheeses is difficult, particularly if only one semi-hard of hard cheese is available. Experiments were undertaken now to sample--hopefully without losses and suitable for commercial application--in order to be able to ascertain the possible aflatoxin content of a cheese. Based on storage results with artificially contaminated Provolone and Tilsit cheeses as a pretest determination of aflatoxins in scrapings from a 100 cm2 surface are is recommended. At high levels (20-30 microgram/kg) the sampling of several borings at different locations on the cheese is necessary. The aflatoxin content on the surface is not constant, a fact which can be explained by biochemical reactions and by migration of aflatoxins into deeper layers. Washing of cheeses seems not to be of any significant influence on the aflatoxin-content.", "contents": "[Sampling of cheese for aflatoxins (author's transl)]. Due to the greatly differing incidence of molds on cheese and thus the extremely differing amounts of aflatoxin reliable sampling in cheeses is difficult, particularly if only one semi-hard of hard cheese is available. Experiments were undertaken now to sample--hopefully without losses and suitable for commercial application--in order to be able to ascertain the possible aflatoxin content of a cheese. Based on storage results with artificially contaminated Provolone and Tilsit cheeses as a pretest determination of aflatoxins in scrapings from a 100 cm2 surface are is recommended. At high levels (20-30 microgram/kg) the sampling of several borings at different locations on the cheese is necessary. The aflatoxin content on the surface is not constant, a fact which can be explained by biochemical reactions and by migration of aflatoxins into deeper layers. Washing of cheeses seems not to be of any significant influence on the aflatoxin-content."}
{"id": "PMID:919786", "title": "Introduction of partographic records in a District Hospital in Zambia and development of nomograms of cervical dilatation.", "content": "Partographic records of labour have been successfully introduced in a district hospital in Zambia. Nomograms of cervical dilatation show no significant difference compared to those obtained by other workers in other parts of the world. There was no difference in the duration of the active phase of the 1st stage of labour between multiparous patients (para 1--4) and grand multiparous patients (para greater than 4).", "contents": "Introduction of partographic records in a District Hospital in Zambia and development of nomograms of cervical dilatation. Partographic records of labour have been successfully introduced in a district hospital in Zambia. Nomograms of cervical dilatation show no significant difference compared to those obtained by other workers in other parts of the world. There was no difference in the duration of the active phase of the 1st stage of labour between multiparous patients (para 1--4) and grand multiparous patients (para greater than 4)."}
{"id": "PMID:919782", "title": "An evaluation of cervical cytological screening in the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka.", "content": "A diagnostic cytology service was started in the Obstetric and Gynaecology Department of University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka in September, 1974. Its primary aim was to diagnose precancerous lesions or early invasive cancer of the cervix. However, the service was offered to other disciplines in the hospital who could benefit from cytology. During the two and a half period, September 1974, to 31st December 1976, 2,877 cervical smears were examined. Of these, 138 smears (4.8%) showed evidence of cellular abnormality consistent with dysplasia, carcinoma in situe, or invasive cancer. Trichomonas vaginalis was diagnosed in 464 cases (16%), Candidiasis in 89 (3.1%), and Schistosomiasis in 19 (0.7%).", "contents": "An evaluation of cervical cytological screening in the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. A diagnostic cytology service was started in the Obstetric and Gynaecology Department of University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka in September, 1974. Its primary aim was to diagnose precancerous lesions or early invasive cancer of the cervix. However, the service was offered to other disciplines in the hospital who could benefit from cytology. During the two and a half period, September 1974, to 31st December 1976, 2,877 cervical smears were examined. Of these, 138 smears (4.8%) showed evidence of cellular abnormality consistent with dysplasia, carcinoma in situe, or invasive cancer. Trichomonas vaginalis was diagnosed in 464 cases (16%), Candidiasis in 89 (3.1%), and Schistosomiasis in 19 (0.7%)."}
{"id": "PMID:919796", "title": "[Ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew) and tissue antigen HLA-B 27. II. HLA-B 27 negativity in classical clinical ankylosing spondylitis: no independent nosological entity].", "content": "The question, whether HLA-B27-negative patients with classical ankylosing spondylitis (AS) belong to a separate nosological entity, was studied by a standardized analysis of 12 clinical, 8 radiological and 6 laboratory criteria in 95 cases, including 7 with HLA-B27-negativity, who reinforced international criteria for classical AS. The results showed neither definite clinical nor radiological, or laboratory differences between the HLA-B27 negative and positive group. We conclude, that existence or absence of the tissue antigen HLA-B27 has no influence on inflammatory activity of skeletal or soft tissue manifestations of the disease. The group of HLA-B27-negative patients who fulfill the criteria of classical AS does therefore not seem to form a separate nosological entity.", "contents": "[Ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew) and tissue antigen HLA-B 27. II. HLA-B 27 negativity in classical clinical ankylosing spondylitis: no independent nosological entity]. The question, whether HLA-B27-negative patients with classical ankylosing spondylitis (AS) belong to a separate nosological entity, was studied by a standardized analysis of 12 clinical, 8 radiological and 6 laboratory criteria in 95 cases, including 7 with HLA-B27-negativity, who reinforced international criteria for classical AS. The results showed neither definite clinical nor radiological, or laboratory differences between the HLA-B27 negative and positive group. We conclude, that existence or absence of the tissue antigen HLA-B27 has no influence on inflammatory activity of skeletal or soft tissue manifestations of the disease. The group of HLA-B27-negative patients who fulfill the criteria of classical AS does therefore not seem to form a separate nosological entity."}
{"id": "PMID:919802", "title": "[Prosthetic management of urinary incontinence following prostatectomy with special reference to Kaufman's prosthesis].", "content": "Issuing from the pathophysiological fundaments of the incontinence after operative sanation of the outlet of the urinary bladder the principal surgico-prosthetic possibilities for the removal of this complication are describes: 1. artificial systems of the sphincter with arbitrary increase and decrease of the occlusion pressure of the proximal urethra, 2. permanent compression of the bulbar urethra. On the last mentioned principle is based the incontinence prosthesis after Kaufman, which in its rate of success corresponds to the artificial sphincter systems.", "contents": "[Prosthetic management of urinary incontinence following prostatectomy with special reference to Kaufman's prosthesis]. Issuing from the pathophysiological fundaments of the incontinence after operative sanation of the outlet of the urinary bladder the principal surgico-prosthetic possibilities for the removal of this complication are describes: 1. artificial systems of the sphincter with arbitrary increase and decrease of the occlusion pressure of the proximal urethra, 2. permanent compression of the bulbar urethra. On the last mentioned principle is based the incontinence prosthesis after Kaufman, which in its rate of success corresponds to the artificial sphincter systems."}
{"id": "PMID:919803", "title": "[The so-called transitional-cell carcinoma of the prostate and its oncogenesis].", "content": "Report on two cases of so-called transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate. Clinically important differences to adenocarcinoma (above all ineffectivity of estrogen therapy and orchiectomy), histological differential diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities are reported on. Micromorphological similarities to the carcinoma of the cervix uteri allow for conclusions regarding histogenesis and oncogenesis, thereby possibly explaining marked differences of local growth and individual prognosis.", "contents": "[The so-called transitional-cell carcinoma of the prostate and its oncogenesis]. Report on two cases of so-called transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate. Clinically important differences to adenocarcinoma (above all ineffectivity of estrogen therapy and orchiectomy), histological differential diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities are reported on. Micromorphological similarities to the carcinoma of the cervix uteri allow for conclusions regarding histogenesis and oncogenesis, thereby possibly explaining marked differences of local growth and individual prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:919798", "title": "[Ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew) and tissue antigen HLA-B27. III, Heredity of ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew)].", "content": "A family with known accumulation of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) was examined clinically, radiologically and by HLA tissue typing. Among 17 individuals of three generations there were four carriers of classical AS, all HLA-B27-positive. Five carriers of HLA-B27 were clinically and radiologically healthy, but three of them were below the age of 30, thus still being at risk of developing AS. The numerical relation between first degree relatives with and without HLA-B27 was 10:7. Genotype reconstruction of the great grandparents lead to the conclusion, that they were carriers of two different haplotype combinations, HLA-1/HLA-B27 and HLA-2/HLA-B27. Both haplotype combinations proved to be associated with AS. Among the offsprings of these great grandparents the combination of HLA-2 with HLA-B27 occurred in 3 of the 4 ankylosing spondylitics and in four of the six healthy HLA-B27-carriers. The question whether a haplotype combination of HLA-2 and HLA-B27 leads to an increased risk for AS cannot be decided without further systematic genotype determinations.", "contents": "[Ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew) and tissue antigen HLA-B27. III, Heredity of ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew)]. A family with known accumulation of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) was examined clinically, radiologically and by HLA tissue typing. Among 17 individuals of three generations there were four carriers of classical AS, all HLA-B27-positive. Five carriers of HLA-B27 were clinically and radiologically healthy, but three of them were below the age of 30, thus still being at risk of developing AS. The numerical relation between first degree relatives with and without HLA-B27 was 10:7. Genotype reconstruction of the great grandparents lead to the conclusion, that they were carriers of two different haplotype combinations, HLA-1/HLA-B27 and HLA-2/HLA-B27. Both haplotype combinations proved to be associated with AS. Among the offsprings of these great grandparents the combination of HLA-2 with HLA-B27 occurred in 3 of the 4 ankylosing spondylitics and in four of the six healthy HLA-B27-carriers. The question whether a haplotype combination of HLA-2 and HLA-B27 leads to an increased risk for AS cannot be decided without further systematic genotype determinations."}
{"id": "PMID:919805", "title": "[Bacterial prostatitis--therapeutic principles].", "content": "The authors examined the possibilities of the treatment of bacterial prostatitis and yielded the following result: A medicament suited for the treatment of prostatitis must fulfil such chemical criteria, as they are at present to be found only in alkaline marcolids (e.g. erythromycin) and trimethoprim. Since trimehtoprim has a good spectre of action against gram-negative germs, it seems to be the suited remedy, for these pathogens are frequent and dominating in the pathogenesis of prostatitis. Gram-positive bacteria should be accessible to a therapy with erythromycin.", "contents": "[Bacterial prostatitis--therapeutic principles]. The authors examined the possibilities of the treatment of bacterial prostatitis and yielded the following result: A medicament suited for the treatment of prostatitis must fulfil such chemical criteria, as they are at present to be found only in alkaline marcolids (e.g. erythromycin) and trimethoprim. Since trimehtoprim has a good spectre of action against gram-negative germs, it seems to be the suited remedy, for these pathogens are frequent and dominating in the pathogenesis of prostatitis. Gram-positive bacteria should be accessible to a therapy with erythromycin."}
{"id": "PMID:919806", "title": "[The action spectrum of cytostatics in the management of glomerulonephritis].", "content": "It was reported on the results of the cytostatic immunosuppressive treatment during a 6 years' observation time in 100 patients with glomerulonephritis in immunopathogenesis. The diagnosing was made according to the homogeneous opinion: clinical, immunological and histological. Of the 100 patients 33 suffered from SLE and 67 from other nephropathies with immunopathogenesis. In the therapy were used prednisolone, 6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and their combination, respectively. On the one hand, the therapeutic results were estimated as short-term results, on the other hand as long-term results with regard to the clinical syndromes as well as to the individual histological forms according to the categories of the full remission, the partial remission and also as \"unchanged\". It was established, whether an optimum result may be achieved in the different clinical and histological types. The best results may be achieved with the combination of 6-mercaptopurine and cyclophosphamide. The cytostatic therapy of the glomerulopathies should be used more aimedly in different clinical syndromes and histological forms.", "contents": "[The action spectrum of cytostatics in the management of glomerulonephritis]. It was reported on the results of the cytostatic immunosuppressive treatment during a 6 years' observation time in 100 patients with glomerulonephritis in immunopathogenesis. The diagnosing was made according to the homogeneous opinion: clinical, immunological and histological. Of the 100 patients 33 suffered from SLE and 67 from other nephropathies with immunopathogenesis. In the therapy were used prednisolone, 6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and their combination, respectively. On the one hand, the therapeutic results were estimated as short-term results, on the other hand as long-term results with regard to the clinical syndromes as well as to the individual histological forms according to the categories of the full remission, the partial remission and also as \"unchanged\". It was established, whether an optimum result may be achieved in the different clinical and histological types. The best results may be achieved with the combination of 6-mercaptopurine and cyclophosphamide. The cytostatic therapy of the glomerulopathies should be used more aimedly in different clinical syndromes and histological forms."}
{"id": "PMID:919807", "title": "Effects of situational complexity and repeated testing on rats' behaviour in a light-dark preference situation.", "content": "The hypothessis was tested that rats' initial activity in a novel situation represents escape tendencies rather than exploratory behaviour. 30 male albino rats were handled when 90 days old, another 30 rats remained undisturbed. All the animals got 7 trials in a light-dark preference situation. For half of the animals the lighted part contained additional stimuli. Although activity was high, rats did not investigate these stimuli in the first trials. This result seems to favour the escape hypothesis.", "contents": "Effects of situational complexity and repeated testing on rats' behaviour in a light-dark preference situation. The hypothessis was tested that rats' initial activity in a novel situation represents escape tendencies rather than exploratory behaviour. 30 male albino rats were handled when 90 days old, another 30 rats remained undisturbed. All the animals got 7 trials in a light-dark preference situation. For half of the animals the lighted part contained additional stimuli. Although activity was high, rats did not investigate these stimuli in the first trials. This result seems to favour the escape hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:919801", "title": "[Glycosaminoglycanpolysulfate (GAGPS, Arteparon) for basic therapy of arthrosis. III. Biochemical-diagnostic and clinical studies on the intramuscular use of GAGPS].", "content": "Investigations using 3H-Arteparon (3H-glycosaminoglycan polysulfate, 3H-GAGPS) showed that in humans with degenerative joint disease an intramuscular administration of 125 mg GAGPS (0.5 ml Arteparon forte) produces GAGPS concentrations within the joint, which in a biochemical assay inhibit cartilage degrading lysosomal enzymes. The dosage was determined from animal experiments that had indicated the relationship between the applied quantity of the drug and the resulting biological concentrations. Preliminary results of treatment with 0.5 ml Arteparon forte in 15 patients are reported.", "contents": "[Glycosaminoglycanpolysulfate (GAGPS, Arteparon) for basic therapy of arthrosis. III. Biochemical-diagnostic and clinical studies on the intramuscular use of GAGPS]. Investigations using 3H-Arteparon (3H-glycosaminoglycan polysulfate, 3H-GAGPS) showed that in humans with degenerative joint disease an intramuscular administration of 125 mg GAGPS (0.5 ml Arteparon forte) produces GAGPS concentrations within the joint, which in a biochemical assay inhibit cartilage degrading lysosomal enzymes. The dosage was determined from animal experiments that had indicated the relationship between the applied quantity of the drug and the resulting biological concentrations. Preliminary results of treatment with 0.5 ml Arteparon forte in 15 patients are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:919797", "title": "[Ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew) and tissue antigen HLA-B 27. I. Diagnostic value of HLA-typing].", "content": "In 95 Swiss patients with classical ankylosing spondylitis (AS) the tissue antigen HLA-B27 was present in 92.6%, compared with 7.7% in healthy Swiss blood donors. Assuming the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in Switzerland to be 1.9 promille, the chance of a Swiss carrier of HLA-B27 to develop a classical form of AS would be only some 2.2%. For diagnostic purposes, HLA typing thus seems to be of very little value, as among the 462 000 Swiss carriers of HLA-B27 there seem to exist no more than 10 800 classical cases with clinically manifest AS. Absence of HLA-B 27 does not exclude ankylosing spondylitis, as 7.4% of the classical cases are HLA-B27-negative. However, the crudely calculated risk to develop AS is 160 times smaller compared to a carrier HLA-B27. Corner stone of the diagnosis therefore remains careful case history and radiological features of a bilateral sacroileitis of at least grade II.", "contents": "[Ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew) and tissue antigen HLA-B 27. I. Diagnostic value of HLA-typing]. In 95 Swiss patients with classical ankylosing spondylitis (AS) the tissue antigen HLA-B27 was present in 92.6%, compared with 7.7% in healthy Swiss blood donors. Assuming the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in Switzerland to be 1.9 promille, the chance of a Swiss carrier of HLA-B27 to develop a classical form of AS would be only some 2.2%. For diagnostic purposes, HLA typing thus seems to be of very little value, as among the 462 000 Swiss carriers of HLA-B27 there seem to exist no more than 10 800 classical cases with clinically manifest AS. Absence of HLA-B 27 does not exclude ankylosing spondylitis, as 7.4% of the classical cases are HLA-B27-negative. However, the crudely calculated risk to develop AS is 160 times smaller compared to a carrier HLA-B27. Corner stone of the diagnosis therefore remains careful case history and radiological features of a bilateral sacroileitis of at least grade II."}
{"id": "PMID:919800", "title": "[Glycosaminoglycanpolysulfate (GAGPS, Arteparon) for basic therapy of arthrosis. II. Comparative studies, Arteparon forte and physical therapy vs. physical therapy alone; late results].", "content": "Five to 9 months after a comparative study of 2 groups of patients with coxarthrosis and gonarthrosis, 69 individuals (group 1) receiving Arteparon forte injections and physical therapy and 46 persons (group 2) with physical therapy only, questioneer with specific questions was sent out. From 72 questioneers mailed 55 were returned to the investigators of the study. 53 questioneers were suitable for evaluation: 40 in the group 1 and 13 in group 2. 62.5% of the patients in group 1 described their condition improved as compared to 30.8% in group 2. In 46.1% of the patients in group 2 the condition had deteriorated; this occurred in only 17.5% of group 1.", "contents": "[Glycosaminoglycanpolysulfate (GAGPS, Arteparon) for basic therapy of arthrosis. II. Comparative studies, Arteparon forte and physical therapy vs. physical therapy alone; late results]. Five to 9 months after a comparative study of 2 groups of patients with coxarthrosis and gonarthrosis, 69 individuals (group 1) receiving Arteparon forte injections and physical therapy and 46 persons (group 2) with physical therapy only, questioneer with specific questions was sent out. From 72 questioneers mailed 55 were returned to the investigators of the study. 53 questioneers were suitable for evaluation: 40 in the group 1 and 13 in group 2. 62.5% of the patients in group 1 described their condition improved as compared to 30.8% in group 2. In 46.1% of the patients in group 2 the condition had deteriorated; this occurred in only 17.5% of group 1."}
{"id": "PMID:919799", "title": "[Glycosaminoglycanpolysulfate (GAGPS, Arteparon) for basic therapy of arthrosis. I. Comparative studies, Arteparon forte and physical therapy vs. physical therapy alone].", "content": "Glycosaminoglycan polysulphate (GAGPS, Arteparon) is effective as a fundamental therapeutic agent in arthrosis (osteoarthritis). Patients with gonarthrosis and coxarthrosis of activity grade II received intramuscular Arteparon forte injections and physical therapy (group 1, n = 69) or physical therapy only (group 2, n = 46). In group 1 23 patients (33.3%) became free of pain as compared to 3 patients (6.5%) in group 2. No therapeutic success was obtained in 6 patients of group 1 (8.7%) and in 14 individuals (30.4%) of group 2.", "contents": "[Glycosaminoglycanpolysulfate (GAGPS, Arteparon) for basic therapy of arthrosis. I. Comparative studies, Arteparon forte and physical therapy vs. physical therapy alone]. Glycosaminoglycan polysulphate (GAGPS, Arteparon) is effective as a fundamental therapeutic agent in arthrosis (osteoarthritis). Patients with gonarthrosis and coxarthrosis of activity grade II received intramuscular Arteparon forte injections and physical therapy (group 1, n = 69) or physical therapy only (group 2, n = 46). In group 1 23 patients (33.3%) became free of pain as compared to 3 patients (6.5%) in group 2. No therapeutic success was obtained in 6 patients of group 1 (8.7%) and in 14 individuals (30.4%) of group 2."}
{"id": "PMID:919818", "title": "[The evaluation of postomortem heart weight (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1974  we published the \"method of differentiated relative heart weight\" for the evaluation of the postmortem heart weight. It is not the simple relation of heart to body weight of 1/200 that is used, but--depending on the body weight--1/175 for normal weight, 1/150 for underweight and 1/200 for overweight. This method is now submitted a test by means of 218 exactly diagnosed cases and the heart weights are compared with the mean values of Linzbach. If the weight of a heart is lower than the weight estimated by our method one can conclude, that the patient did not suffer from hypertension and/or from cor pulmonale. If the heart weight is higher than the estimated value a pathological heart weight is to be supposed, but normotension cannot be excluded, especially in women. In those cases the comparison of the heart weight with the mean values of Linzbach is recommended.", "contents": "[The evaluation of postomortem heart weight (author's transl)]. In 1974  we published the \"method of differentiated relative heart weight\" for the evaluation of the postmortem heart weight. It is not the simple relation of heart to body weight of 1/200 that is used, but--depending on the body weight--1/175 for normal weight, 1/150 for underweight and 1/200 for overweight. This method is now submitted a test by means of 218 exactly diagnosed cases and the heart weights are compared with the mean values of Linzbach. If the weight of a heart is lower than the weight estimated by our method one can conclude, that the patient did not suffer from hypertension and/or from cor pulmonale. If the heart weight is higher than the estimated value a pathological heart weight is to be supposed, but normotension cannot be excluded, especially in women. In those cases the comparison of the heart weight with the mean values of Linzbach is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:919819", "title": "[Fundaments for a classification of CNS tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "A general effective classification of tumours of the central nervous system hats to be based on morphologic criteria of tissues. The cells are subordinated to the structure of the tissues. A simple classification according to morphologic structures is not quite satisfying, because each system of tumour types should permit to determine the diagnosis, the prognosis, the therapy, and the aetiology. In each classification of tumours the character of tissue and the biological behaviour should be considered only in mutual relationship. But this does not mean that in tumours of the central nervous system the degree of differentiation and the biological behaviour must agree.", "contents": "[Fundaments for a classification of CNS tumours (author's transl)]. A general effective classification of tumours of the central nervous system hats to be based on morphologic criteria of tissues. The cells are subordinated to the structure of the tissues. A simple classification according to morphologic structures is not quite satisfying, because each system of tumour types should permit to determine the diagnosis, the prognosis, the therapy, and the aetiology. In each classification of tumours the character of tissue and the biological behaviour should be considered only in mutual relationship. But this does not mean that in tumours of the central nervous system the degree of differentiation and the biological behaviour must agree."}
{"id": "PMID:919820", "title": "[Investigation on the detection of circulating antibodies in yoshida-sarcoma bearing rats by the serologic-nephelometric method of Hoign\u00e9 (author's transl)].", "content": "Circulating antibodies against tumour antigens were detected by means of the serologic-nephelometric method of Hoign\u00e9 et al. (1955). Under employment of homogenates of tumour tissue as antigen solutions in 95 per cent of the cases the sera of Yoshida-sarcoma bearing rats reacted positively, while only in 4 per cent of the normal animals a positive reaction was found. 11 per cent of tumour-bearing animals showed in addition positive reactions against the normal muscle tissue, normal rats reacted positively in 2 per cent of the cases. In 93 per cent the sera of tumour-bearing animals reacted with spleen homogenates of sarcoma-bearing rats positively, whereas serum of normal rats showed 20 per cent positive reactions with the same antigen. The results confirm the aptitude of the serologicnephelometric method of Hoign\u00e9 et al. (1955) and of the employed animal model for investigations of tumour-immunological problems, and they underline the antigenicity of the Yoshida-sarcoma.", "contents": "[Investigation on the detection of circulating antibodies in yoshida-sarcoma bearing rats by the serologic-nephelometric method of Hoign\u00e9 (author's transl)]. Circulating antibodies against tumour antigens were detected by means of the serologic-nephelometric method of Hoign\u00e9 et al. (1955). Under employment of homogenates of tumour tissue as antigen solutions in 95 per cent of the cases the sera of Yoshida-sarcoma bearing rats reacted positively, while only in 4 per cent of the normal animals a positive reaction was found. 11 per cent of tumour-bearing animals showed in addition positive reactions against the normal muscle tissue, normal rats reacted positively in 2 per cent of the cases. In 93 per cent the sera of tumour-bearing animals reacted with spleen homogenates of sarcoma-bearing rats positively, whereas serum of normal rats showed 20 per cent positive reactions with the same antigen. The results confirm the aptitude of the serologicnephelometric method of Hoign\u00e9 et al. (1955) and of the employed animal model for investigations of tumour-immunological problems, and they underline the antigenicity of the Yoshida-sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:919821", "title": "[Microscopical and electron microscopical studies of lymphocyte-tumour-cell interaction in monolayer cultures of malignant human tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The interaction of lymphoid cells with isogenic malignant human tumours--cultivated as monolayer--was studies by light and electron microscopy. It was shown that an intimate contact was established between lymphoid cells and tumour cells leading to partial confluence of cytoplasmatic structures. This process is the condition of both tumour cell destruction, and also of lymphoid cells. Quantitative problems of immunological tumour cell destruction are discussed.", "contents": "[Microscopical and electron microscopical studies of lymphocyte-tumour-cell interaction in monolayer cultures of malignant human tumours (author's transl)]. The interaction of lymphoid cells with isogenic malignant human tumours--cultivated as monolayer--was studies by light and electron microscopy. It was shown that an intimate contact was established between lymphoid cells and tumour cells leading to partial confluence of cytoplasmatic structures. This process is the condition of both tumour cell destruction, and also of lymphoid cells. Quantitative problems of immunological tumour cell destruction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919822", "title": "[Autopsy-statistical analysis of multiple myeloma (author's transl)].", "content": "150 autopsies with multiple meyeloma were analysed. In about one third of the cases the multiple myeloma was diagnosed only at autopsy. Two thirds of the carriers of multiple myeloma were between 60 and 70 years old when they deceased. The osseous foci of multiple myeloma extended predominantly to the central parts of the skeletal system. In 120 patients the multiple myeloma was the cause of death. In half of these cases infections, particularly of the lung, had caused death. The second frequent cause of death was uraemia. 63 of the 150 multiple myeloma have been immunologically classified. The cases in question are 10 IgA-, 2 IgD-, and 42 IgG-multiple myeloma. Extraosseous foci of multiple myeloma appeared significantly more frequent in IgA-than in IgG-multiple myeloma. A haemorrhagic diathesis existed more frequent in IgA-multiple myeloma. Venous thromboses were more frequently to be found in IgG-multiple myeloma. Amyloid deposits and changes of the kidneys characteristic for the multiple myeloma appeared nearly in the same frequency in both types of multiple myeloma.", "contents": "[Autopsy-statistical analysis of multiple myeloma (author's transl)]. 150 autopsies with multiple meyeloma were analysed. In about one third of the cases the multiple myeloma was diagnosed only at autopsy. Two thirds of the carriers of multiple myeloma were between 60 and 70 years old when they deceased. The osseous foci of multiple myeloma extended predominantly to the central parts of the skeletal system. In 120 patients the multiple myeloma was the cause of death. In half of these cases infections, particularly of the lung, had caused death. The second frequent cause of death was uraemia. 63 of the 150 multiple myeloma have been immunologically classified. The cases in question are 10 IgA-, 2 IgD-, and 42 IgG-multiple myeloma. Extraosseous foci of multiple myeloma appeared significantly more frequent in IgA-than in IgG-multiple myeloma. A haemorrhagic diathesis existed more frequent in IgA-multiple myeloma. Venous thromboses were more frequently to be found in IgG-multiple myeloma. Amyloid deposits and changes of the kidneys characteristic for the multiple myeloma appeared nearly in the same frequency in both types of multiple myeloma."}
{"id": "PMID:919823", "title": "[Pulse cytophotometric investigations concerning the biological behaviour of laryngeal carcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "25 laryngeal carcinomas were investigated by pules cytophotometry, stained with ethidium bromide after pepsination. The karyograms were interpreted as DNA-distribution curves. In diploid populations the height  of the 4c-peak was taken as a measure of proliferation rate. Aneuploidy and polyploidy were estimated by camparison with human diploid material . In our material we found 13 polyploid tumors (under them 6 aneuploid populations from 7 at all). After dividing the cases into two groups (1: with slow, 2: with rapid progression) the moiety of polyploid and aneuploid tumors and the height of the 4c-peak was significantly higher in group 2. The pulse cytophotometry gives reliable additional informations showing the great variability of biological characteristics of laryngeal carcinomas. Possibly this is a basis of a more differentiated therapy.", "contents": "[Pulse cytophotometric investigations concerning the biological behaviour of laryngeal carcinomas (author's transl)]. 25 laryngeal carcinomas were investigated by pules cytophotometry, stained with ethidium bromide after pepsination. The karyograms were interpreted as DNA-distribution curves. In diploid populations the height  of the 4c-peak was taken as a measure of proliferation rate. Aneuploidy and polyploidy were estimated by camparison with human diploid material . In our material we found 13 polyploid tumors (under them 6 aneuploid populations from 7 at all). After dividing the cases into two groups (1: with slow, 2: with rapid progression) the moiety of polyploid and aneuploid tumors and the height of the 4c-peak was significantly higher in group 2. The pulse cytophotometry gives reliable additional informations showing the great variability of biological characteristics of laryngeal carcinomas. Possibly this is a basis of a more differentiated therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:919824", "title": "[On the behaviour of carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri (author's transl)].", "content": "The biological behaviour, the progression rate and the latency period of the carcinoma of the cervix uteri is discussed. We have tried to find out this by concluding indirectly and evaluating epidemiologically our own material, and considering the literature. Between 1967 and 1975 we bioptically diagnosed 1.933 in situ and 1.014 invasive cervial carcinomata. Among these there were 98 (9.7%) microcarcinomata. The average age of women with a carcinoma in situ in the years 1973-1975 was between 39 and 40 years. The average age of women with invasive carcinomata with the microcarcinoma excluded was 51-56 years. The average age of 98 women with a microcarcinoma during 1967--1975 was 47 years. The carcinoma in situ is a precursor of the invasive carcinoma in almost each case. The progression rate is approximately 30-50%. The latency period for the microcarcinoma is on a average of 7--10 years, till the clinical carcinoma 10--15 years. A reliable prognosis is impossible for the individual case.", "contents": "[On the behaviour of carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri (author's transl)]. The biological behaviour, the progression rate and the latency period of the carcinoma of the cervix uteri is discussed. We have tried to find out this by concluding indirectly and evaluating epidemiologically our own material, and considering the literature. Between 1967 and 1975 we bioptically diagnosed 1.933 in situ and 1.014 invasive cervial carcinomata. Among these there were 98 (9.7%) microcarcinomata. The average age of women with a carcinoma in situ in the years 1973-1975 was between 39 and 40 years. The average age of women with invasive carcinomata with the microcarcinoma excluded was 51-56 years. The average age of 98 women with a microcarcinoma during 1967--1975 was 47 years. The carcinoma in situ is a precursor of the invasive carcinoma in almost each case. The progression rate is approximately 30-50%. The latency period for the microcarcinoma is on a average of 7--10 years, till the clinical carcinoma 10--15 years. A reliable prognosis is impossible for the individual case."}
{"id": "PMID:919825", "title": "[Contribution to the frequency and diagnosis of cardiac metastases in autopsy cases (author's transl)].", "content": "At the Karl-Marx-University of Leipzig 12033 autopsies  of adults (15 years and upwards) were registered during the period 1965 to 1969, 3919 malignant tumours were observed. 224 cases showed metastases in the heart arising especially from bronchiogenic carcinomas, carcinomas of the mamma and melanoblastomas. Cardiac metastases in our cases occurred between the age 26 and 90. The localisation of the metastases is reported distinctly. Further 50 hearts of tumour-autopsies without macroscopic finding were investigated after separating 2 min-slices. The microscopical examination showed metastases is 6 cases.", "contents": "[Contribution to the frequency and diagnosis of cardiac metastases in autopsy cases (author's transl)]. At the Karl-Marx-University of Leipzig 12033 autopsies  of adults (15 years and upwards) were registered during the period 1965 to 1969, 3919 malignant tumours were observed. 224 cases showed metastases in the heart arising especially from bronchiogenic carcinomas, carcinomas of the mamma and melanoblastomas. Cardiac metastases in our cases occurred between the age 26 and 90. The localisation of the metastases is reported distinctly. Further 50 hearts of tumour-autopsies without macroscopic finding were investigated after separating 2 min-slices. The microscopical examination showed metastases is 6 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:919827", "title": "[Congenital heart disease found in autopsies from the University-Institute of Pathology in Leipzig (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 6473 autopsies of children from 1963 to 1976 839 cases of congenital heart disease (12.96%) were observed. They were classified into groups. The time of death and the association with other malformations were recorded and compared with findings in the literature.", "contents": "[Congenital heart disease found in autopsies from the University-Institute of Pathology in Leipzig (author's transl)]. Among 6473 autopsies of children from 1963 to 1976 839 cases of congenital heart disease (12.96%) were observed. They were classified into groups. The time of death and the association with other malformations were recorded and compared with findings in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:919828", "title": "[Arteriosclerosis and liver cirrhosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The degree of arteriosclerosis in 176 autopsies of liver cirrhosis (patients in the age range of 51 to 70 years) was compared with that of controls (without liver disease). It was found that the \"protective influence\" of liver cirrhosis of the process of arteriosclerosis is only true for normotonic. Associated with arterial hypertension severe arteriosclerosis is predominant in liver cirrhosis. There is even some evidence that arteriosclerosis in hypertonics with liver cirrhosis is more increased than in controls without liver diseases. The factors influencing arteriosclerosis in liver cirrhosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Arteriosclerosis and liver cirrhosis (author's transl)]. The degree of arteriosclerosis in 176 autopsies of liver cirrhosis (patients in the age range of 51 to 70 years) was compared with that of controls (without liver disease). It was found that the \"protective influence\" of liver cirrhosis of the process of arteriosclerosis is only true for normotonic. Associated with arterial hypertension severe arteriosclerosis is predominant in liver cirrhosis. There is even some evidence that arteriosclerosis in hypertonics with liver cirrhosis is more increased than in controls without liver diseases. The factors influencing arteriosclerosis in liver cirrhosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919829", "title": "[Studies on the cultivation of isolated murine renal glomeruli (author's transl].", "content": "The rate of growth of isolated murine renal glomeruli was studied in vitro. Separation by screening was followed by cultivation in Carrel flacks using Eagle's medium, and the number of utilizable tests was 104. It was possible to cultivate glomeruli for up to 27 days and to observe the growth of cells. These were epithelial capsule cells, endothelial capillary cells and fibroblasts. The existence of mesangial cells not be convincingly demonstrated experimentally. The problems associated with the cultivation of isolated renal glomeruli are discussed with reference to data reported in the literature. Possible uses of this particular model are pointed out in some detail.", "contents": "[Studies on the cultivation of isolated murine renal glomeruli (author's transl]. The rate of growth of isolated murine renal glomeruli was studied in vitro. Separation by screening was followed by cultivation in Carrel flacks using Eagle's medium, and the number of utilizable tests was 104. It was possible to cultivate glomeruli for up to 27 days and to observe the growth of cells. These were epithelial capsule cells, endothelial capillary cells and fibroblasts. The existence of mesangial cells not be convincingly demonstrated experimentally. The problems associated with the cultivation of isolated renal glomeruli are discussed with reference to data reported in the literature. Possible uses of this particular model are pointed out in some detail."}
{"id": "PMID:919830", "title": "[Morphological studies on the formation of oxalate stones (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper deals with experimental and crystaloptical studies on synthetic and native Ca-oxalate. The findings are in favour of a uniform way of formation of Ca-oxalate stones from Ca-oxalate dihydrate crystals as primary crystallization product in urine, developing into the monochydrate phase by dehydratation. Rapid growth and a sufficiently high concentration of foreign ions (Mg) in the urine support the formation and stabilisation of dihydrate stones.", "contents": "[Morphological studies on the formation of oxalate stones (author's transl)]. The present paper deals with experimental and crystaloptical studies on synthetic and native Ca-oxalate. The findings are in favour of a uniform way of formation of Ca-oxalate stones from Ca-oxalate dihydrate crystals as primary crystallization product in urine, developing into the monochydrate phase by dehydratation. Rapid growth and a sufficiently high concentration of foreign ions (Mg) in the urine support the formation and stabilisation of dihydrate stones."}
{"id": "PMID:919831", "title": "[A method for the preparation and purification of the two blue main components of sudan black B (author's transl)].", "content": "Two dimensional thin layer chromatography of four commercial samples of Sudan Black B reveals two blue main components (SSB I and II) and at least 38 further fractions. The quantitative composition of one sample was estimated. SSB-I and SSB-II were isolated and purified by column chromatography supplying amounts for histochemical use. Histochemical experiments are described.", "contents": "[A method for the preparation and purification of the two blue main components of sudan black B (author's transl)]. Two dimensional thin layer chromatography of four commercial samples of Sudan Black B reveals two blue main components (SSB I and II) and at least 38 further fractions. The quantitative composition of one sample was estimated. SSB-I and SSB-II were isolated and purified by column chromatography supplying amounts for histochemical use. Histochemical experiments are described."}
{"id": "PMID:919836", "title": "[Long term results of the distal femoral fracture and its special problems (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of internal fixation of comminuted supracondylar and condylar femoral fractures is reported. The results of a multicenter trial covering 6 trauma departments are presented with an analysis of 199 distal fractures and follow-up in 164 cases.", "contents": "[Long term results of the distal femoral fracture and its special problems (author's transl)]. The technique of internal fixation of comminuted supracondylar and condylar femoral fractures is reported. The results of a multicenter trial covering 6 trauma departments are presented with an analysis of 199 distal fractures and follow-up in 164 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:919837", "title": "[Operative treatment of the head of the tibia (author's transl)].", "content": "Fractures of the tibial head should be treated operatively only in cases in which the result can be expected to be better than by conservative methods. The osteosynthesis should bring stability in order to allow training of the joint. Depending on the type of the fracture, screws or T-plates or L-plates can be used. In cases of depressed fractures it is most  important to restore the level of the joint by underlying the impression by autogen spongiosa.", "contents": "[Operative treatment of the head of the tibia (author's transl)]. Fractures of the tibial head should be treated operatively only in cases in which the result can be expected to be better than by conservative methods. The osteosynthesis should bring stability in order to allow training of the joint. Depending on the type of the fracture, screws or T-plates or L-plates can be used. In cases of depressed fractures it is most  important to restore the level of the joint by underlying the impression by autogen spongiosa."}
{"id": "PMID:919838", "title": "[Conservative treatment of tibial condylar fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "Only part of the tibial condylar fractures may be treated in a conservative way, because they are always in connection with the knee joint. By means of an exact classification of fractures into different types the indication for conservative treatment is determined. The way how conservative treatment has to be performed is described.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of tibial condylar fractures (author's transl)]. Only part of the tibial condylar fractures may be treated in a conservative way, because they are always in connection with the knee joint. By means of an exact classification of fractures into different types the indication for conservative treatment is determined. The way how conservative treatment has to be performed is described."}
{"id": "PMID:919839", "title": "[Principles and peculiarities of the therapy of knee  joint fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "Some unfavourable and favourable peculiarities and principles have to be recognized in the therapy of intraarticular knee joint fractures. Apart from the self-evident necessity of an exact reconstruction of joint faces (more often than before conditioning the indication for arthrotomy) timely mobility can be reached by only adapting osteosynthesis, as in this region there is virtually no pseudoarthrosis. A defect in the articular face of the tibia can be replaced by a part of the patella. A shattered patella can be partially or totally extirpated and good function can be obtained if the extirpation prevents the remaining parts of the periosteum from developing a neopatella, limiting mobility and causing pain. The distal end of the femur can ideally be fixed with a condylar splint even in those cases where a number of fragments can only approximately be put together under the condition of knee joint face restitution. In order to restore the function, it is sometimes necessary to loosen and prolong the quadriceps tendon to achieve sufficient flexion if this is required by the living and working conditions of the injured person.", "contents": "[Principles and peculiarities of the therapy of knee  joint fractures (author's transl)]. Some unfavourable and favourable peculiarities and principles have to be recognized in the therapy of intraarticular knee joint fractures. Apart from the self-evident necessity of an exact reconstruction of joint faces (more often than before conditioning the indication for arthrotomy) timely mobility can be reached by only adapting osteosynthesis, as in this region there is virtually no pseudoarthrosis. A defect in the articular face of the tibia can be replaced by a part of the patella. A shattered patella can be partially or totally extirpated and good function can be obtained if the extirpation prevents the remaining parts of the periosteum from developing a neopatella, limiting mobility and causing pain. The distal end of the femur can ideally be fixed with a condylar splint even in those cases where a number of fragments can only approximately be put together under the condition of knee joint face restitution. In order to restore the function, it is sometimes necessary to loosen and prolong the quadriceps tendon to achieve sufficient flexion if this is required by the living and working conditions of the injured person."}
{"id": "PMID:919840", "title": "[Fractures of the patella, conservative treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "56 conservatively treated fractures of the patella with small dislocation are analysed. In comparison with plaster cast immobilisation early functional treatment yields the best results.", "contents": "[Fractures of the patella, conservative treatment (author's transl)]. 56 conservatively treated fractures of the patella with small dislocation are analysed. In comparison with plaster cast immobilisation early functional treatment yields the best results."}
{"id": "PMID:919841", "title": "[Cartilage joint transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "The present day knowledge and the practical use of cartilage joint transplantation in the knee joint are reviewed. Apart from the refixation of cartilage-bone and pure cartilage fragments, autologous transplantation has not fulfilled the expectation anticipated from animal experiments. Apart from the question of the source of the graft, the final results depends primarily on the problems of the functional adjustment of the grafted cartilage in its new position and its nutrition. Homologous cartilagenous grafting can give extraordinarily good clinical results but they are not equal to those of a truely successful graft. In spite of this, future research in cartilage joint transplantation will be concentrated on homologous grafting.", "contents": "[Cartilage joint transplantation (author's transl)]. The present day knowledge and the practical use of cartilage joint transplantation in the knee joint are reviewed. Apart from the refixation of cartilage-bone and pure cartilage fragments, autologous transplantation has not fulfilled the expectation anticipated from animal experiments. Apart from the question of the source of the graft, the final results depends primarily on the problems of the functional adjustment of the grafted cartilage in its new position and its nutrition. Homologous cartilagenous grafting can give extraordinarily good clinical results but they are not equal to those of a truely successful graft. In spite of this, future research in cartilage joint transplantation will be concentrated on homologous grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:919842", "title": "[Nerve injuries of the knee joint].", "content": "Injuries of the tibial nerve in lesions of knee joint are rare, gunshot or stab wounds excluded. Injuries of the peroneal nerve happen more often and are found in fractures of the fibular head, in direct traumata and due to intensive extension to enable nailing of fractures of the femoral neck or of the femur. In open nerve injuries immediate suturing can only be done in so called razor-cut lesions and if no dehiscence or infection is present. All other nerve injuries are treated beginning from the 6th week but not later than 6 month after the accident. The same applies to all blunt nerve injuries failing spontaneous remission. By using the fascicular suture technique and by autologous nerve transplantation the chance of success has been improved.", "contents": "[Nerve injuries of the knee joint]. Injuries of the tibial nerve in lesions of knee joint are rare, gunshot or stab wounds excluded. Injuries of the peroneal nerve happen more often and are found in fractures of the fibular head, in direct traumata and due to intensive extension to enable nailing of fractures of the femoral neck or of the femur. In open nerve injuries immediate suturing can only be done in so called razor-cut lesions and if no dehiscence or infection is present. All other nerve injuries are treated beginning from the 6th week but not later than 6 month after the accident. The same applies to all blunt nerve injuries failing spontaneous remission. By using the fascicular suture technique and by autologous nerve transplantation the chance of success has been improved."}
{"id": "PMID:919844", "title": "[Rectocolonic polyps (author's transl)].", "content": "After presenting a classification of colon polyps the author comments on a follow-up group of 200 patients. Only genuine tumours have been taken into consideration. The rate of malignant degeneration is very high. Each determined polyp has to be removed totally to achieve prophylaxis. Postoperative control of the patients is an imperative demand for their lifetime.", "contents": "[Rectocolonic polyps (author's transl)]. After presenting a classification of colon polyps the author comments on a follow-up group of 200 patients. Only genuine tumours have been taken into consideration. The rate of malignant degeneration is very high. Each determined polyp has to be removed totally to achieve prophylaxis. Postoperative control of the patients is an imperative demand for their lifetime."}
{"id": "PMID:919845", "title": "[Myotomy: surgical treatment of diverticulitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1973 myotomy has been performed in 36 patients with sigmoid diverticulosis or diverticulitis. The operation is most suitable for patients with moderate stenosis and clinically recurring symptoms no longer responding to conversative treatment. When widespread inflammation is present, the risk involved in the operation rises: the separation of the intestinal wall layers is difficult and the danger of a mucosal perforation followed by peritonitis will increase. In those cases an exteriorisation resection is less risky. On performing a myotomy operation an early carcinoma developing between the diverticula can remain undetected.", "contents": "[Myotomy: surgical treatment of diverticulitis (author's transl)]. Since 1973 myotomy has been performed in 36 patients with sigmoid diverticulosis or diverticulitis. The operation is most suitable for patients with moderate stenosis and clinically recurring symptoms no longer responding to conversative treatment. When widespread inflammation is present, the risk involved in the operation rises: the separation of the intestinal wall layers is difficult and the danger of a mucosal perforation followed by peritonitis will increase. In those cases an exteriorisation resection is less risky. On performing a myotomy operation an early carcinoma developing between the diverticula can remain undetected."}
{"id": "PMID:919846", "title": "[The responsibility of the surgeon (author's transl)].", "content": "Juridical survey upon the special problems of surgical carefulness. Emphasis is laid on the necessity of scientific and practical medical cooperation, respect for the patients life and the professional discretion.", "contents": "[The responsibility of the surgeon (author's transl)]. Juridical survey upon the special problems of surgical carefulness. Emphasis is laid on the necessity of scientific and practical medical cooperation, respect for the patients life and the professional discretion."}
{"id": "PMID:919847", "title": "[Information between physicians and justice (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of the socialist legal system the main connections of information of physicians to the public prosecutor's office, to the people's police and to the courts are elaborated from the viewpoint of these institutions.", "contents": "[Information between physicians and justice (author's transl)]. On the basis of the socialist legal system the main connections of information of physicians to the public prosecutor's office, to the people's police and to the courts are elaborated from the viewpoint of these institutions."}
{"id": "PMID:919848", "title": "[Some remarks on professional accuracy in the borderline between surgery and anaesthesiology (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of the theses of the Supreme Court of Judicature of the GDR about medical accuracy two main problems are discussed. The first deals with anaesthesia in hospitals without a specialized anaesthesiologist, the second is to define the responsibility between surgeon and specialised anaesthesiologist.", "contents": "[Some remarks on professional accuracy in the borderline between surgery and anaesthesiology (author's transl)]. On the basis of the theses of the Supreme Court of Judicature of the GDR about medical accuracy two main problems are discussed. The first deals with anaesthesia in hospitals without a specialized anaesthesiologist, the second is to define the responsibility between surgeon and specialised anaesthesiologist."}
{"id": "PMID:919849", "title": "[Blood transfusions in the course of anaesthesia and professional accuracy (author's transl)].", "content": "The usual hazards of blood transfusions will increase in the course of operations, thus in the course of anaesthesia as well. A safe system of checking blood transfusions is required, which corresponds to the justified request of the patient to be protected against damages and is coinciding with the professional accuracy. An approved system of arrangements for clinical practice is described.", "contents": "[Blood transfusions in the course of anaesthesia and professional accuracy (author's transl)]. The usual hazards of blood transfusions will increase in the course of operations, thus in the course of anaesthesia as well. A safe system of checking blood transfusions is required, which corresponds to the justified request of the patient to be protected against damages and is coinciding with the professional accuracy. An approved system of arrangements for clinical practice is described."}
{"id": "PMID:919851", "title": "[Surgical aspects in arterial occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute arterial occlusion was found to be the most frequent emergency (10%) among vascular patients of the Department of Surgery of the University of D\u00fcsseldorf. Rheumatic heart diseases receded as etiological factors whereas atherosklerotic obstructive diseases exhibited a clear increasing tendency. Operation is urgent if acute ischemia is present. The best method is represented by embolectomy by means of the Fogarty-catheter, if it is performed within the first 6 to 12 hours after or vascular occlusion. Angiography is only indicated if ischemia is not complete or if the cartoid artery or great visceral arteries are involved. In cases of incomplete occlusion embolectomy may be successful even after days and weeks. Mortality after these operations is found to be 18 to 20%, the rate of amputation being 9%. The final results of operative results are better in arterial embolism than in arterial thrombosis.", "contents": "[Surgical aspects in arterial occlusion (author's transl)]. Acute arterial occlusion was found to be the most frequent emergency (10%) among vascular patients of the Department of Surgery of the University of D\u00fcsseldorf. Rheumatic heart diseases receded as etiological factors whereas atherosklerotic obstructive diseases exhibited a clear increasing tendency. Operation is urgent if acute ischemia is present. The best method is represented by embolectomy by means of the Fogarty-catheter, if it is performed within the first 6 to 12 hours after or vascular occlusion. Angiography is only indicated if ischemia is not complete or if the cartoid artery or great visceral arteries are involved. In cases of incomplete occlusion embolectomy may be successful even after days and weeks. Mortality after these operations is found to be 18 to 20%, the rate of amputation being 9%. The final results of operative results are better in arterial embolism than in arterial thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:919852", "title": "[Arteriomesenteric obstruction of the duodenum (author's transl)].", "content": "Survey of the clinical and diagnostic treatment of arteriomesenteric obstruction. Report on 4 cases of chronic obstruction and 2 cases of acute occlusion of the duodenum due to the root of mesenteric vessels. Indication of operation. Recommendation of retrocolic side-to-side duodenojejunostomy.", "contents": "[Arteriomesenteric obstruction of the duodenum (author's transl)]. Survey of the clinical and diagnostic treatment of arteriomesenteric obstruction. Report on 4 cases of chronic obstruction and 2 cases of acute occlusion of the duodenum due to the root of mesenteric vessels. Indication of operation. Recommendation of retrocolic side-to-side duodenojejunostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:919853", "title": "[Surgical treatment of lymphoedema (author's transl)].", "content": "Aetiology, pathogenesis, staging and the conservative and operative treatment of the lymphoedema are discussed. Only in 14 to 22% of all lymphoedema an operative treatment is required. Operative treatment is only indicated after the failure of conservative treatment. The latent (stage I) and the reversible (stage II) lymphoedema rarely demand an operation. Only the lymphovenous shunts or lymphadenovenous shunts may be indicated in stage II. In the irreversible lymphoedema (stage III) and in the elephantiasis (stage IV) the following operations have been developed: ligature of ectatic lymphtrunks, peripheral lymphovenous and lymphadenovenous shunts, skin-flap transplantations, free or pediculated transplantation of the greater omentum, lymphangioplastic operations (Thompson-operation) or excisional operations (Servelle-operation). The therapeutic principles of these operations are shown and late results are discussed.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of lymphoedema (author's transl)]. Aetiology, pathogenesis, staging and the conservative and operative treatment of the lymphoedema are discussed. Only in 14 to 22% of all lymphoedema an operative treatment is required. Operative treatment is only indicated after the failure of conservative treatment. The latent (stage I) and the reversible (stage II) lymphoedema rarely demand an operation. Only the lymphovenous shunts or lymphadenovenous shunts may be indicated in stage II. In the irreversible lymphoedema (stage III) and in the elephantiasis (stage IV) the following operations have been developed: ligature of ectatic lymphtrunks, peripheral lymphovenous and lymphadenovenous shunts, skin-flap transplantations, free or pediculated transplantation of the greater omentum, lymphangioplastic operations (Thompson-operation) or excisional operations (Servelle-operation). The therapeutic principles of these operations are shown and late results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919854", "title": "[Surgical management of deep venous thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute deep venous thrombosis of the pelvis and leg are classified according to their mode of origin and development. Because of the low frequency of pulmonary embolism, operation is preferred to thrombolysis. The surgical procedure referred to includes de Weese's caval clip to prevent pulmonary embolism during and after operation. Thrombolysis may be done in cases of deep thrombosis distal to the confluent point or in cases of May's iliac venous \"sporn\".", "contents": "[Surgical management of deep venous thrombosis (author's transl)]. Acute deep venous thrombosis of the pelvis and leg are classified according to their mode of origin and development. Because of the low frequency of pulmonary embolism, operation is preferred to thrombolysis. The surgical procedure referred to includes de Weese's caval clip to prevent pulmonary embolism during and after operation. Thrombolysis may be done in cases of deep thrombosis distal to the confluent point or in cases of May's iliac venous \"sporn\"."}
{"id": "PMID:919855", "title": "[Male breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on the therapy and results of 16 men with a mammary carcinoma during the last 15 years. The analysis shows the dependence of therapeutic treatment and prognosis of the state of tumour, especially of the metastases in regional lymphnodes. By applying a combined surgical-radiological treatment a survival time of 3 years could be reached in 8 patients and a survival time of 5 years in 5 patients.", "contents": "[Male breast cancer (author's transl)]. A report is given on the therapy and results of 16 men with a mammary carcinoma during the last 15 years. The analysis shows the dependence of therapeutic treatment and prognosis of the state of tumour, especially of the metastases in regional lymphnodes. By applying a combined surgical-radiological treatment a survival time of 3 years could be reached in 8 patients and a survival time of 5 years in 5 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:919856", "title": "[Complications after oesophageal replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "The best procedure for substituting the oesophagus is the interposition of colon. Leakage of the cervical anastomosis is the most frequent complication. In our own material this complication was more frequent after anisoperistaltic interposition. There is no criterion for more severity with a second layer. For replacement of the cervical part of the oesophagus we used revascularized jejunal-autografts twice with success.", "contents": "[Complications after oesophageal replacement (author's transl)]. The best procedure for substituting the oesophagus is the interposition of colon. Leakage of the cervical anastomosis is the most frequent complication. In our own material this complication was more frequent after anisoperistaltic interposition. There is no criterion for more severity with a second layer. For replacement of the cervical part of the oesophagus we used revascularized jejunal-autografts twice with success."}
{"id": "PMID:919857", "title": "[Reduction of hospital stay in surgical units (author's transl)].", "content": "Reduction of hospital stay increases the surgical efficiency and reduces the danger of bacterial hospitalism. It is to be accomplished by: 1. admittance of patients with regard to the operative capacity; 2. out-patient diagnosis and preoperative anaesthesiologie care; 3. early postoperative discharge; 4. reduction of septic surgery.", "contents": "[Reduction of hospital stay in surgical units (author's transl)]. Reduction of hospital stay increases the surgical efficiency and reduces the danger of bacterial hospitalism. It is to be accomplished by: 1. admittance of patients with regard to the operative capacity; 2. out-patient diagnosis and preoperative anaesthesiologie care; 3. early postoperative discharge; 4. reduction of septic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:919858", "title": "[Wound healing in old age (experimental studies on rats) (author's transl)].", "content": "Autoradiographic studies on wound healing after experimental myocardial infarction in rats aged 6 weeks, 5 and 21 months gave the following results: 1. The interval between damage, DNA-replication and mitotic activity of the cells is age-dependent. 2. Age does not influence the capacity of the connective-tissue cells to synthesize tropocollagen. However, the number of synthesizing fibroblasts is reduced. 3. The collagen changes occuring during wound healing are not of primary, but of secondary nature; they take place if the mucopolysaccharide content is reduced. As a result, there is a decrease in the ground-substance synthesis in ageing granulation tissue. In cicatricial tissue the content of amorphous ground-substance remains greatly constant. 4. Consequently, the ageing of the collagen is governed by a biologically regulated process whose control mechanism is inherent in the cells.", "contents": "[Wound healing in old age (experimental studies on rats) (author's transl)]. Autoradiographic studies on wound healing after experimental myocardial infarction in rats aged 6 weeks, 5 and 21 months gave the following results: 1. The interval between damage, DNA-replication and mitotic activity of the cells is age-dependent. 2. Age does not influence the capacity of the connective-tissue cells to synthesize tropocollagen. However, the number of synthesizing fibroblasts is reduced. 3. The collagen changes occuring during wound healing are not of primary, but of secondary nature; they take place if the mucopolysaccharide content is reduced. As a result, there is a decrease in the ground-substance synthesis in ageing granulation tissue. In cicatricial tissue the content of amorphous ground-substance remains greatly constant. 4. Consequently, the ageing of the collagen is governed by a biologically regulated process whose control mechanism is inherent in the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:919859", "title": "[Dumping-prophylaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "The dumping syndrome is due to a vigorous reflex distension of the jejunum, caused by the stomach violently evacuating its contents. The aim of treatment is to overcome the drastic evacuation by restoring the rhythmic peristalsis of the stomach (eukinetics). This can be achieved by a special diet. Every meal should begin with well chewed solids (pulp) and avoid all fluids. With a well organised medical staff a complete success can be achieved. Surgical measures in Dumping can be avoided.", "contents": "[Dumping-prophylaxis (author's transl)]. The dumping syndrome is due to a vigorous reflex distension of the jejunum, caused by the stomach violently evacuating its contents. The aim of treatment is to overcome the drastic evacuation by restoring the rhythmic peristalsis of the stomach (eukinetics). This can be achieved by a special diet. Every meal should begin with well chewed solids (pulp) and avoid all fluids. With a well organised medical staff a complete success can be achieved. Surgical measures in Dumping can be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:919860", "title": "[Combined surgical procedures in operations of stomach, duodenum and biliary system (author's transl)].", "content": "In a period of 4 years in the Clinic of Abdominal- and Transplantation Surgery of the Medical School Hannover in 52 patients with operations of the biliary system 56 combined surgical procedures and in 48 patients with operations of stomach and duodenum 51 combined surgical procedures were performed. In comparison with groups of patients, treated with similar operations as single procedures, the increase of risk was studied. It was found, that combined procedures of medium-sized trauma, which mostly depended on simultaneous injuries of both organs, caused an elevation of operation stress as well as an increase of complications. Small combined procedures indicated no elevation of risk. In accordance with our results, we postulate a very careful reflection on indication of combined surgical procedures together with operations of stomach, duodenum or biliary system.", "contents": "[Combined surgical procedures in operations of stomach, duodenum and biliary system (author's transl)]. In a period of 4 years in the Clinic of Abdominal- and Transplantation Surgery of the Medical School Hannover in 52 patients with operations of the biliary system 56 combined surgical procedures and in 48 patients with operations of stomach and duodenum 51 combined surgical procedures were performed. In comparison with groups of patients, treated with similar operations as single procedures, the increase of risk was studied. It was found, that combined procedures of medium-sized trauma, which mostly depended on simultaneous injuries of both organs, caused an elevation of operation stress as well as an increase of complications. Small combined procedures indicated no elevation of risk. In accordance with our results, we postulate a very careful reflection on indication of combined surgical procedures together with operations of stomach, duodenum or biliary system."}
{"id": "PMID:919861", "title": "[Primary carcinoma of the gastric stump (author's transl)].", "content": "There was too much delay in detecting these carcinomas. Radical operation was only possible in 10 cases, only 1 patient survived for 5 years. Improvement of these disappointing results can only be achieved by earlier diagnosis. Fiberscopy and biopsy seem to be suited best to better the results.", "contents": "[Primary carcinoma of the gastric stump (author's transl)]. There was too much delay in detecting these carcinomas. Radical operation was only possible in 10 cases, only 1 patient survived for 5 years. Improvement of these disappointing results can only be achieved by earlier diagnosis. Fiberscopy and biopsy seem to be suited best to better the results."}
{"id": "PMID:919863", "title": "[Surgical hand disinfektion with a solution of performic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "Disinfection with a solution of performic acid has an intensive bactericidal and sporocidal effect. This method is simple and prompt in service, is free from danger, inexpensive and can be used everywhere.", "contents": "[Surgical hand disinfektion with a solution of performic acid (author's transl)]. Disinfection with a solution of performic acid has an intensive bactericidal and sporocidal effect. This method is simple and prompt in service, is free from danger, inexpensive and can be used everywhere."}
{"id": "PMID:919865", "title": "[Morbidity and mortality due to infection in the obstetrico-gynecological field].", "content": "The following conclusions were derived from the data on obstetric and gynaecological and urologic morbidity and mortality caused by infection:--A law enacted in 1972, legalising abortion within the first twelve weeks of gestation, changed the proportion of legally induced abortions to all other types of abortion. As the law largely prevents illegally induced abortion, substantial decreases occured in the number of cases of postabortal sepsis and in the mortality from abortion.--In spite of a steady decline, pueral sepsis still accounts for a significant proportion of the maternal mortality. It occurred predominantly after Caesarean section.--Despite its relatively low current morbidity rate, the possible effect of puerperal mastitis should not be neglected.--The high incidence of urinary tract infections calls for wellbalanced, but effective preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic action.", "contents": "[Morbidity and mortality due to infection in the obstetrico-gynecological field]. The following conclusions were derived from the data on obstetric and gynaecological and urologic morbidity and mortality caused by infection:--A law enacted in 1972, legalising abortion within the first twelve weeks of gestation, changed the proportion of legally induced abortions to all other types of abortion. As the law largely prevents illegally induced abortion, substantial decreases occured in the number of cases of postabortal sepsis and in the mortality from abortion.--In spite of a steady decline, pueral sepsis still accounts for a significant proportion of the maternal mortality. It occurred predominantly after Caesarean section.--Despite its relatively low current morbidity rate, the possible effect of puerperal mastitis should not be neglected.--The high incidence of urinary tract infections calls for wellbalanced, but effective preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic action."}
{"id": "PMID:919866", "title": "[Expanded indication for caesarean section in breech presentation (authors transl)].", "content": "In this paper is investigated, in what a quantity the caesarean section can improve the prognosis for the infant. Two groups (1968 to 1972 and 1973 to 1975) are opposed. The decrease of the neonatal mortality from 8,2% on 5,0% can be subsequently of the widening for caesarean indication during the second time (1973-1975). In spite of other minds we have found, that the birth traumatical loading of the newborn during vaginal delivery of breech presentation is more severe in nullipara than in multipara. Hypothetical estimations show, that if we had carried out in all breech positions in nullipara the caesarean section, we had 7 infants (2,7%) which not had died. But this way had lead to a rise of the section frequence from 24,5% to 72,3% of all breech presentations. Because of the high mortality and morbidity of the caesarean operation most of the authors recommend the expanded indication for caesarean section and not the general indication. Our own screening for expanded indication has been presented.", "contents": "[Expanded indication for caesarean section in breech presentation (authors transl)]. In this paper is investigated, in what a quantity the caesarean section can improve the prognosis for the infant. Two groups (1968 to 1972 and 1973 to 1975) are opposed. The decrease of the neonatal mortality from 8,2% on 5,0% can be subsequently of the widening for caesarean indication during the second time (1973-1975). In spite of other minds we have found, that the birth traumatical loading of the newborn during vaginal delivery of breech presentation is more severe in nullipara than in multipara. Hypothetical estimations show, that if we had carried out in all breech positions in nullipara the caesarean section, we had 7 infants (2,7%) which not had died. But this way had lead to a rise of the section frequence from 24,5% to 72,3% of all breech presentations. Because of the high mortality and morbidity of the caesarean operation most of the authors recommend the expanded indication for caesarean section and not the general indication. Our own screening for expanded indication has been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:919868", "title": "[Paralysis of the femoral nerve after abdominal and vaginal surgery].", "content": "Damages of the femoral nerve during gynaecological operations are more frequent than generally supposed. They are observed after abdominal and vaginal operations caused by pressure on the nerve. During abdominal procedures an unsuitable self-retaining retractor is due to the paralysis. If the legs of the patients are deposited on the shoulder-back-parties of the assistants during vaginal procedures there is the danger of pressing the femoral nerve against the inguinal ligament by strong bending and abduction of the thighs. We report about 3 cases of paralysis of this nerve; recommendations for avoidance are given.", "contents": "[Paralysis of the femoral nerve after abdominal and vaginal surgery]. Damages of the femoral nerve during gynaecological operations are more frequent than generally supposed. They are observed after abdominal and vaginal operations caused by pressure on the nerve. During abdominal procedures an unsuitable self-retaining retractor is due to the paralysis. If the legs of the patients are deposited on the shoulder-back-parties of the assistants during vaginal procedures there is the danger of pressing the femoral nerve against the inguinal ligament by strong bending and abduction of the thighs. We report about 3 cases of paralysis of this nerve; recommendations for avoidance are given."}
{"id": "PMID:919869", "title": "[Clinical experience in the treatment of functional sterility using clomiphene].", "content": "Report on further experience in the treatment of functional sterility in 102 patients with clomiphene. Changes compatible with ovulation were present in 71,6%. Pregnancy was obtained in 34,0%. The best results were obtained in patients with secondary amenorrhoea and luteal corpus insufficiency. Adding HCG on 10th and 12th day of treatment had no substantial effect on increasing either the ovulatory rate or the pregnancy rate.", "contents": "[Clinical experience in the treatment of functional sterility using clomiphene]. Report on further experience in the treatment of functional sterility in 102 patients with clomiphene. Changes compatible with ovulation were present in 71,6%. Pregnancy was obtained in 34,0%. The best results were obtained in patients with secondary amenorrhoea and luteal corpus insufficiency. Adding HCG on 10th and 12th day of treatment had no substantial effect on increasing either the ovulatory rate or the pregnancy rate."}
{"id": "PMID:919870", "title": "[Preventive version of breech presentation--first results and complications].", "content": "In breech presentation near term the prophylactic external cephalic version using tocolytic drugs represents a modern practice. This method needs a critical valuation. Report about 23 external versions with assistance of tocolytic drugs and insufflation anesthesia. In 17 cases the version was successful. In addition to the 3 unsuccessful attempts 3 complications appeared: twice a partial ablatio placentae and once a prolapse of the arm and umbilical cord on intact amniotic sac.", "contents": "[Preventive version of breech presentation--first results and complications]. In breech presentation near term the prophylactic external cephalic version using tocolytic drugs represents a modern practice. This method needs a critical valuation. Report about 23 external versions with assistance of tocolytic drugs and insufflation anesthesia. In 17 cases the version was successful. In addition to the 3 unsuccessful attempts 3 complications appeared: twice a partial ablatio placentae and once a prolapse of the arm and umbilical cord on intact amniotic sac."}
{"id": "PMID:919871", "title": "[Does intensive prenatal care during childbirth lead to a greater risk of infection?].", "content": "Histological specimens of 196 secundinae were examined. In 57% of cases leucocytic infiltration was founded. A positive correlation exists between the incidence of leucocytic infiltration, premature rupture of the fetal membranes and lowgrade pyrexis at the delivery. At 67 patients controlled with intrauterine diagnostic methods we found no more leucocytic infiltrations as at normal, no-controlled patients. The findings are compared with the results of other authors.", "contents": "[Does intensive prenatal care during childbirth lead to a greater risk of infection?]. Histological specimens of 196 secundinae were examined. In 57% of cases leucocytic infiltration was founded. A positive correlation exists between the incidence of leucocytic infiltration, premature rupture of the fetal membranes and lowgrade pyrexis at the delivery. At 67 patients controlled with intrauterine diagnostic methods we found no more leucocytic infiltrations as at normal, no-controlled patients. The findings are compared with the results of other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:919872", "title": "[Regulation of labor and analgesia during childbirth by electroanalgesia].", "content": "A new method of electroanalgesia is based on the use of pulse currents of high frequency (150 to above 750 Hz), with the mean current intensity of 1 to 2mA in the course of the session. The electrodes are applied in the frontal area (bifurcated catode) and the neck under the mastoid processes (bifurcated anode). Electroanalgesia was successfully employed in 360 cases to prepare pregnant patients for labour, regulate abnormal uterine activity and anaesthesize labour. Electroanalgesia accelerates cervical dilatation, eliminates discoordinated uterine activity by restoring the triple descending gradient of uterine contractions, and reduces labour duration. The parturient no longer exhibits vegetative shifts developing under the impact of emotional stress when the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic links of the vegetative nervous system is disordered, and the pulse, arterial pressure and respiration get stabilized. The labour is painless, which favourably tells on the maternal and fetal condition.", "contents": "[Regulation of labor and analgesia during childbirth by electroanalgesia]. A new method of electroanalgesia is based on the use of pulse currents of high frequency (150 to above 750 Hz), with the mean current intensity of 1 to 2mA in the course of the session. The electrodes are applied in the frontal area (bifurcated catode) and the neck under the mastoid processes (bifurcated anode). Electroanalgesia was successfully employed in 360 cases to prepare pregnant patients for labour, regulate abnormal uterine activity and anaesthesize labour. Electroanalgesia accelerates cervical dilatation, eliminates discoordinated uterine activity by restoring the triple descending gradient of uterine contractions, and reduces labour duration. The parturient no longer exhibits vegetative shifts developing under the impact of emotional stress when the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic links of the vegetative nervous system is disordered, and the pulse, arterial pressure and respiration get stabilized. The labour is painless, which favourably tells on the maternal and fetal condition."}
{"id": "PMID:919873", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis in early pregnancy: method, value and problems of differential diagnosis].", "content": "According to strictly defined criteria a differential diagnosis between regular pregnancy, imminent abortion, missed abortion, incomplete abortion or hydatidiform mole is attempted using 385 basic ultrasound tests carried out from the 6th to the 16th week of pregnancy. The diagnostic procedure, its pitfalls, their reasons and possibilities of avoidance are discussed. In spite of the wide area of application the positive score of 92% in all basic tests is stressed. Comparing these findings with HCG tests the ultrasound method is clearly superior.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis in early pregnancy: method, value and problems of differential diagnosis]. According to strictly defined criteria a differential diagnosis between regular pregnancy, imminent abortion, missed abortion, incomplete abortion or hydatidiform mole is attempted using 385 basic ultrasound tests carried out from the 6th to the 16th week of pregnancy. The diagnostic procedure, its pitfalls, their reasons and possibilities of avoidance are discussed. In spite of the wide area of application the positive score of 92% in all basic tests is stressed. Comparing these findings with HCG tests the ultrasound method is clearly superior."}
{"id": "PMID:919874", "title": "[Intraamniotic amino acid infusions in chronic placental insufficiency].", "content": "12 pregnant women in the gestational weeks 33 to 39 who had symptoms of chronic placental insufficiency received 22 intraamniotic amino acids infusions. 250 ml of a 5 per cent solution of L-amino-acids was infused within 12 hours. During these infusions nearly 80 per cent of the amino acids (according to alpha-amino-nitrogen) were eliminated from the amniotic fluid in 24 hours. The highest elimination rate with 83.4 per cent has been found in cases with intrauterine growth retardation. The smallest rise of urea-nitrogen-level after intraamniotic amino acid infusion has been observed in cases with intrauterine growth retardation and in the second or third infusion. The decrease of amniotic fluid protein content after infusion was on the average about 30 per cent. The interpretation of these results is difficult, because so far not exist examinations of the gastrointestinal resorption and metabolism of amino acids and amniotic fluid proteins by the human fetus. According to our experiences it is possible to supply fetus with severe intrauterine growth retardation with vital substrates on paraplacental way. But the postnatal treatment of the small for dates babies is more effective.", "contents": "[Intraamniotic amino acid infusions in chronic placental insufficiency]. 12 pregnant women in the gestational weeks 33 to 39 who had symptoms of chronic placental insufficiency received 22 intraamniotic amino acids infusions. 250 ml of a 5 per cent solution of L-amino-acids was infused within 12 hours. During these infusions nearly 80 per cent of the amino acids (according to alpha-amino-nitrogen) were eliminated from the amniotic fluid in 24 hours. The highest elimination rate with 83.4 per cent has been found in cases with intrauterine growth retardation. The smallest rise of urea-nitrogen-level after intraamniotic amino acid infusion has been observed in cases with intrauterine growth retardation and in the second or third infusion. The decrease of amniotic fluid protein content after infusion was on the average about 30 per cent. The interpretation of these results is difficult, because so far not exist examinations of the gastrointestinal resorption and metabolism of amino acids and amniotic fluid proteins by the human fetus. According to our experiences it is possible to supply fetus with severe intrauterine growth retardation with vital substrates on paraplacental way. But the postnatal treatment of the small for dates babies is more effective."}
{"id": "PMID:919875", "title": "[Evaluation of multidimensional screenings within prematurity-dysmaturity-preventive programs].", "content": "Evaluation of multidimensional screenings within the prematurity-dysmaturity-preventive-programmes. We estimated the PDP-programmes recommended in literature. The result is discussed together with the analysis of our 6000 investigated cases. We found, that, the published scores, using many factors and basing on multidimensional regression or discriminant analysis, give not a satisfactory result in predicting birth of a newborn with low weight. If you wish predict right 90% of all low birth weight infants, your risk group contains about 50% of all pregnant women. If you wish to have only a trifling risk group of 10% of all pregnant women, you can predict right only about 50% of all infants with low birth weight. We recommend for practice to go an other way. We find it is better for prophylaxis and therapy of the threatened premature labour to diagnose and treat special risks as placenta praevia, multiple pregnancies, hemorrhage during pregnancy, smoking and anamnestic previous prematurity. The summarizing of risk points is to our opinion of minor importance. Only pregnant women with risks, which need expansive apparatus and specialists, should be sended for a perinatal center (Rh-incompatibility, hydramnious, suspicious malformation, severe intern diseases). Especially the diagnosis and therapy of genetic defects must be carried out in a center. About the possibility with genetic diagnostic to diminute the birth of impaired children of low weight is given a particular explanation.", "contents": "[Evaluation of multidimensional screenings within prematurity-dysmaturity-preventive programs]. Evaluation of multidimensional screenings within the prematurity-dysmaturity-preventive-programmes. We estimated the PDP-programmes recommended in literature. The result is discussed together with the analysis of our 6000 investigated cases. We found, that, the published scores, using many factors and basing on multidimensional regression or discriminant analysis, give not a satisfactory result in predicting birth of a newborn with low weight. If you wish predict right 90% of all low birth weight infants, your risk group contains about 50% of all pregnant women. If you wish to have only a trifling risk group of 10% of all pregnant women, you can predict right only about 50% of all infants with low birth weight. We recommend for practice to go an other way. We find it is better for prophylaxis and therapy of the threatened premature labour to diagnose and treat special risks as placenta praevia, multiple pregnancies, hemorrhage during pregnancy, smoking and anamnestic previous prematurity. The summarizing of risk points is to our opinion of minor importance. Only pregnant women with risks, which need expansive apparatus and specialists, should be sended for a perinatal center (Rh-incompatibility, hydramnious, suspicious malformation, severe intern diseases). Especially the diagnosis and therapy of genetic defects must be carried out in a center. About the possibility with genetic diagnostic to diminute the birth of impaired children of low weight is given a particular explanation."}
{"id": "PMID:919876", "title": "[Diagnostic conization of the uterine cervix. I. Classification of histological diagnoses].", "content": "This study concerns 1000 diagnostic conizations of the uterine cervix performed between 1969 and 1975 and the distribution of histologic findings. 91,3 per cent of the total group demonstrated atypical lesions. 8,7 per cent of the patients had benign disorders; in these cases colposcopic and cytologic screening had been overrated.", "contents": "[Diagnostic conization of the uterine cervix. I. Classification of histological diagnoses]. This study concerns 1000 diagnostic conizations of the uterine cervix performed between 1969 and 1975 and the distribution of histologic findings. 91,3 per cent of the total group demonstrated atypical lesions. 8,7 per cent of the patients had benign disorders; in these cases colposcopic and cytologic screening had been overrated."}
{"id": "PMID:919877", "title": "[Diagnostic conization of the uterine cervix. II. Comparison of histological diagnoses with cytological and colposcopic tentative diagnoses].", "content": "This report presents colposcopic and cytologic misinterpretations in cases with a cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or early invasive carcinoma and benign cervical lesions and the accuracy of these two methods of screening for cervical cancer. The accuracy of the cytology and of the colposcopic impression in predicting the degree of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and early invasive carcinoma was over 93 per cent. In patients showing benign cervical lesions the cytology is more accurate in predicting the correct histologic change with 94,2 per cent than the colposcopic impression with 63,1 per cent. The suspicious smears (Papanicolaou III) are discussed.", "contents": "[Diagnostic conization of the uterine cervix. II. Comparison of histological diagnoses with cytological and colposcopic tentative diagnoses]. This report presents colposcopic and cytologic misinterpretations in cases with a cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or early invasive carcinoma and benign cervical lesions and the accuracy of these two methods of screening for cervical cancer. The accuracy of the cytology and of the colposcopic impression in predicting the degree of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and early invasive carcinoma was over 93 per cent. In patients showing benign cervical lesions the cytology is more accurate in predicting the correct histologic change with 94,2 per cent than the colposcopic impression with 63,1 per cent. The suspicious smears (Papanicolaou III) are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919878", "title": "[Results of a mass screening program of cervix carcinoma of the city of Wismar].", "content": "From 1.10.1974 to 29.2.1976 in Wismar a cervical cancer screening on computerbase was performed. The participation of the female population (20 to 65 years) was relative high, with 74,9%, results are discussed. In 12702 investigations 12 cases of dysplasia (severe degree), 41 carcinomata in situ and 14 cases of invasive cervical cancer were revealed.", "contents": "[Results of a mass screening program of cervix carcinoma of the city of Wismar]. From 1.10.1974 to 29.2.1976 in Wismar a cervical cancer screening on computerbase was performed. The participation of the female population (20 to 65 years) was relative high, with 74,9%, results are discussed. In 12702 investigations 12 cases of dysplasia (severe degree), 41 carcinomata in situ and 14 cases of invasive cervical cancer were revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:919879", "title": "[Value of needle biopsy in the diagnosis of gynecologic carcinoma recurrence].", "content": "There are many difficulties in the diagnosis of recurrent carcinoma in the lesser pelvis. A second course of radiation carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Therefore histological proof of recurrence must be obtained prior to subjecting a patient to radiotherapy. An attempt has been made to demonstrate malignant recurrence on the pelvic side wall by means of needle biopsy. The results of 181 needle biopsies are reviewed and the sources of error in this method are discussed.", "contents": "[Value of needle biopsy in the diagnosis of gynecologic carcinoma recurrence]. There are many difficulties in the diagnosis of recurrent carcinoma in the lesser pelvis. A second course of radiation carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Therefore histological proof of recurrence must be obtained prior to subjecting a patient to radiotherapy. An attempt has been made to demonstrate malignant recurrence on the pelvic side wall by means of needle biopsy. The results of 181 needle biopsies are reviewed and the sources of error in this method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919880", "title": "[Determination and assessment of the estrogen proliferation dosage on the human endometrium].", "content": "The term, 'proliferation dosage' of an estrogen is defined differently in the gynecologic literature. In this article the authors were concerned critically with the methods of its determination. They came to the conclusion that under standardized conditions sufficiently sure and reproducible results can be received in postmenopausal women. 7 short acting and 3 long acting estrogens, some of which are clinically unknown substances, were examined using the following definition of proliferation dosage: 'Proliferation dosage is the amount of an estrogen which induces the signs of the late proliferation phase after being administered daily in the course of 10 to 14 days to postmenopausal women with atrophic endometrium.' In order to investigate the proliferating properties of 3 depot estrogens a modified test procedure was performed, derived from animal experiments' results and the planned clinical mode of application.", "contents": "[Determination and assessment of the estrogen proliferation dosage on the human endometrium]. The term, 'proliferation dosage' of an estrogen is defined differently in the gynecologic literature. In this article the authors were concerned critically with the methods of its determination. They came to the conclusion that under standardized conditions sufficiently sure and reproducible results can be received in postmenopausal women. 7 short acting and 3 long acting estrogens, some of which are clinically unknown substances, were examined using the following definition of proliferation dosage: 'Proliferation dosage is the amount of an estrogen which induces the signs of the late proliferation phase after being administered daily in the course of 10 to 14 days to postmenopausal women with atrophic endometrium.' In order to investigate the proliferating properties of 3 depot estrogens a modified test procedure was performed, derived from animal experiments' results and the planned clinical mode of application."}
{"id": "PMID:919881", "title": "[The importance of hormone examinations in ovulation induction (author's transl)].", "content": "Those hormone-determination methods were reported by the authors which help to make the ovary response visible for the experts during the ovulation induction. They also dealt with the determination of basal temperature measuring, oestrogen, pregnandiol, progesterone, oestradiol-17beta, FSH, LH, epimestrol and clomiphen. After the routine determination of the above mentioned parameter a preprinted sheet was done, where every treated case was illustrated graphically. From these cases some of the typical ones were shown and analyzed. The determination of hormonal releasing curves characteristic of hyperstimulation, and the importance of these most dangerous complication was emphasized.", "contents": "[The importance of hormone examinations in ovulation induction (author's transl)]. Those hormone-determination methods were reported by the authors which help to make the ovary response visible for the experts during the ovulation induction. They also dealt with the determination of basal temperature measuring, oestrogen, pregnandiol, progesterone, oestradiol-17beta, FSH, LH, epimestrol and clomiphen. After the routine determination of the above mentioned parameter a preprinted sheet was done, where every treated case was illustrated graphically. From these cases some of the typical ones were shown and analyzed. The determination of hormonal releasing curves characteristic of hyperstimulation, and the importance of these most dangerous complication was emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:919882", "title": "[Errors and hazards in mammaplasties].", "content": "Mistakes and dangers on mammaplasty and their possibilities of post correcture are discussed. There is demanded to do such mammaplasties only in special centres respectively by surgeons on gynaecologists who are specialised on it.", "contents": "[Errors and hazards in mammaplasties]. Mistakes and dangers on mammaplasty and their possibilities of post correcture are discussed. There is demanded to do such mammaplasties only in special centres respectively by surgeons on gynaecologists who are specialised on it."}
{"id": "PMID:919883", "title": "[Simplified dokumentation and evaluation in abortion patients using data-based medical records].", "content": "Now as ever the carrying out of abortions demands from all clinics concerned measures reducing the expenditure of time for every patient with the medical treatment remaining consistently good. Besides this, certain problems - such as complications and social gynaecological questions - must be registered in a better way than it was till now in order to be able to answer scientific questions on this basis. Therefore, a new printed form for the clinical history--evolved particularly for women wishing an abortion - was introduced into the womens clinic of the Medical Academy. It simplifies documentation which the information being sufficient. By registering them in a computer there are favourable conditions for ascertain the findings and informing central institutions.", "contents": "[Simplified dokumentation and evaluation in abortion patients using data-based medical records]. Now as ever the carrying out of abortions demands from all clinics concerned measures reducing the expenditure of time for every patient with the medical treatment remaining consistently good. Besides this, certain problems - such as complications and social gynaecological questions - must be registered in a better way than it was till now in order to be able to answer scientific questions on this basis. Therefore, a new printed form for the clinical history--evolved particularly for women wishing an abortion - was introduced into the womens clinic of the Medical Academy. It simplifies documentation which the information being sufficient. By registering them in a computer there are favourable conditions for ascertain the findings and informing central institutions."}
{"id": "PMID:919884", "title": "[Acute emergency in pregnancy: the vena-cava-inferior syndrome].", "content": "Report on symptoms of the vena cava inferior syndrome in two cases with description of the symptoms of danger by misunderstanding the situation. There is especially underlined that the obstetrics, anaesthesist, and the general practitioner can help in the situation with simple measures when he recognises the situation.", "contents": "[Acute emergency in pregnancy: the vena-cava-inferior syndrome]. Report on symptoms of the vena cava inferior syndrome in two cases with description of the symptoms of danger by misunderstanding the situation. There is especially underlined that the obstetrics, anaesthesist, and the general practitioner can help in the situation with simple measures when he recognises the situation."}
{"id": "PMID:919885", "title": "[Sideroblast content of the bone marrow at the end of pregnancy or 1st days of puerperium, respectively].", "content": "We examine in the last month of the pregnancy, resp. in the first week of their lactation period, the frequency of sideroblasts in the bone marrow of 265 pregnant women without iron or folate supplements. In 69,4% of the cases the frequency of sideroblasts was not more than 10% (in 34,7% of the cases sideroblasts were absent). After previously parenteral administered 0,6 to 0,9 g iron (10 to 15 Amp. Ferrlecit), iron was present in the marrow. In all examined megaloblastic anaemia of pregnancy cases and in 91% of praemegaloblastic cases, the marrow contained sideroblasts. If the number of sideroblasts proved increased (greater than 25%) the serum folate level was decreased (less than 4 ng/ml).", "contents": "[Sideroblast content of the bone marrow at the end of pregnancy or 1st days of puerperium, respectively]. We examine in the last month of the pregnancy, resp. in the first week of their lactation period, the frequency of sideroblasts in the bone marrow of 265 pregnant women without iron or folate supplements. In 69,4% of the cases the frequency of sideroblasts was not more than 10% (in 34,7% of the cases sideroblasts were absent). After previously parenteral administered 0,6 to 0,9 g iron (10 to 15 Amp. Ferrlecit), iron was present in the marrow. In all examined megaloblastic anaemia of pregnancy cases and in 91% of praemegaloblastic cases, the marrow contained sideroblasts. If the number of sideroblasts proved increased (greater than 25%) the serum folate level was decreased (less than 4 ng/ml)."}
{"id": "PMID:919886", "title": "[Fetal hydrocephaly--intracranial and intrauterine pressure values during labor].", "content": "Report on a further case of fetal hydrocephalus; during delivery intracranial and intrauterine pressure is registered: an average labour intensity of 56,5 mm Hg corresponds to an average pressure intensity of 63,4 mm Hg in the interior skull. Analogic conclusions concerning pressure conditions in normally developed skulls are discussed.", "contents": "[Fetal hydrocephaly--intracranial and intrauterine pressure values during labor]. Report on a further case of fetal hydrocephalus; during delivery intracranial and intrauterine pressure is registered: an average labour intensity of 56,5 mm Hg corresponds to an average pressure intensity of 63,4 mm Hg in the interior skull. Analogic conclusions concerning pressure conditions in normally developed skulls are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919887", "title": "[Behavior of blood pressure during pregnancy].", "content": "In 948 women of the blood-pressure behaviour was registered weekly, from the 12. up to the 42. week of normal pregnancy. The normal range is stated with the single and double dissemination of the blood-pressure values; depending from the number of weeks being pregnant, and dessignation and meening to the pathological behaviour are represented. Desides, the frequency of various course-types of the blood-pressure during pregnancy is given, their possible meaning being discussed. For this purpose, 1337 single courses of the blood-pressure behaviour within pregnancy were explored.", "contents": "[Behavior of blood pressure during pregnancy]. In 948 women of the blood-pressure behaviour was registered weekly, from the 12. up to the 42. week of normal pregnancy. The normal range is stated with the single and double dissemination of the blood-pressure values; depending from the number of weeks being pregnant, and dessignation and meening to the pathological behaviour are represented. Desides, the frequency of various course-types of the blood-pressure during pregnancy is given, their possible meaning being discussed. For this purpose, 1337 single courses of the blood-pressure behaviour within pregnancy were explored."}
{"id": "PMID:919888", "title": "[Clinical experience with Hammacher's \"CTG score\"].", "content": "The cardiotocograms of 340 pregnant women which are recorded ante partum and intra partum were analysed by the score of Hammacher. This score is representative for the intra partum period. We found a direct relation between variations of CTG and the Apgar-score of newborn. In the ante partum period only in pathological score this correlation can be observed.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with Hammacher's \"CTG score\"]. The cardiotocograms of 340 pregnant women which are recorded ante partum and intra partum were analysed by the score of Hammacher. This score is representative for the intra partum period. We found a direct relation between variations of CTG and the Apgar-score of newborn. In the ante partum period only in pathological score this correlation can be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:919889", "title": "[A case of thoracopagus with an unusual cardiac anomaly].", "content": "A case of Siamese twins is described being especially interesting because of the rare kind of heart  malformation. The joint heart shows in particular a reduction of the heart rooms, a defect of the ventricular septum and a transposition of the big vessels in one of the individuals. Moreover a multilobularity of the lungs, a fusion liver and a partly joint portion of the small intestine is to be seen.", "contents": "[A case of thoracopagus with an unusual cardiac anomaly]. A case of Siamese twins is described being especially interesting because of the rare kind of heart  malformation. The joint heart shows in particular a reduction of the heart rooms, a defect of the ventricular septum and a transposition of the big vessels in one of the individuals. Moreover a multilobularity of the lungs, a fusion liver and a partly joint portion of the small intestine is to be seen."}
{"id": "PMID:919891", "title": "[Value of radiographic studies on the cervix uteri and internal uterine orifice with reference to irregular pregnancies (abortus--premature labor)].", "content": "The research concerning a decrease of premature births in the context of the efforts to reduce infant mortality resources an improvement of our knowledge about the causes of preterm delivery. This publication bases on more than 1000 hysterosalpingographies in order to prove the assumed causality between cervical insufficiency, cervix dilation, and the angle between the cervix and the corpus uteri, and uterushypoplasia. The influence of these facts dependent on menstrual rhythm and related to parity, especially the habitual form, is stated by numerical data. Concerning a retrospective analysis of abortions and premature births the x-ray photography of the uterus makes important statements possible and renders a specific and substantiate prophylactic therapy during the following pregnancies feasible.", "contents": "[Value of radiographic studies on the cervix uteri and internal uterine orifice with reference to irregular pregnancies (abortus--premature labor)]. The research concerning a decrease of premature births in the context of the efforts to reduce infant mortality resources an improvement of our knowledge about the causes of preterm delivery. This publication bases on more than 1000 hysterosalpingographies in order to prove the assumed causality between cervical insufficiency, cervix dilation, and the angle between the cervix and the corpus uteri, and uterushypoplasia. The influence of these facts dependent on menstrual rhythm and related to parity, especially the habitual form, is stated by numerical data. Concerning a retrospective analysis of abortions and premature births the x-ray photography of the uterus makes important statements possible and renders a specific and substantiate prophylactic therapy during the following pregnancies feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:919892", "title": "[Significance of urinary tract infections in gynecologic diseases and in pregnancy].", "content": "In search of urinary tract infections 3185 gynaecological patients and 1600 pregnant women were examined by means of TTC-Test. 12.8% of the gynaecological patients and 12% of the pregnant women showed bacteruria. A special disposition to urinary tract infection was found by patients suffering from descensus, fistula of urogenital system and by gravid women with toxaemea of pregnancy and diabetes mellitus. Infection through E. coli was found to be dominating and the germs showed a relatively high sensitivity against Chloramphenicol and Nifurantin now as before. Problems of diagnosis and therapy are discussed. The necessity of most effective screening methods, of early diagnosis and of interdisciplinary team-work is pointed out.", "contents": "[Significance of urinary tract infections in gynecologic diseases and in pregnancy]. In search of urinary tract infections 3185 gynaecological patients and 1600 pregnant women were examined by means of TTC-Test. 12.8% of the gynaecological patients and 12% of the pregnant women showed bacteruria. A special disposition to urinary tract infection was found by patients suffering from descensus, fistula of urogenital system and by gravid women with toxaemea of pregnancy and diabetes mellitus. Infection through E. coli was found to be dominating and the germs showed a relatively high sensitivity against Chloramphenicol and Nifurantin now as before. Problems of diagnosis and therapy are discussed. The necessity of most effective screening methods, of early diagnosis and of interdisciplinary team-work is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:919893", "title": "[The \"minicatheter\"--a possibility for surgical urinary diversion in gynecology].", "content": "A report is given on experience gathered in using a new method of postoperative bladder drainage. The advantages and disadvantages of the \"mini-catheter\", used in 121 women, are detailed.", "contents": "[The \"minicatheter\"--a possibility for surgical urinary diversion in gynecology]. A report is given on experience gathered in using a new method of postoperative bladder drainage. The advantages and disadvantages of the \"mini-catheter\", used in 121 women, are detailed."}
{"id": "PMID:919894", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole during short-term therapy of trichomoniasis urogenitalis].", "content": "Serum and urine levels after single oral dose of 1 g Metronidazole were effective against trichomonades and anaerobic bacteria too at least 24 hr p. appl. The mean binding to serum albumin was 20%. The urinary recovery within first 24 hr was about 50% of the administered dose.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole during short-term therapy of trichomoniasis urogenitalis]. Serum and urine levels after single oral dose of 1 g Metronidazole were effective against trichomonades and anaerobic bacteria too at least 24 hr p. appl. The mean binding to serum albumin was 20%. The urinary recovery within first 24 hr was about 50% of the administered dose."}
{"id": "PMID:919895", "title": "[Ambulatory management of cysts and abscesses of the Bartholin gland].", "content": "After marsupialisation of cysts and abscesses of the Bartholin's glands the insertion of an intrauterine devices is recommended. The treatment can be performed ambulatorily.", "contents": "[Ambulatory management of cysts and abscesses of the Bartholin gland]. After marsupialisation of cysts and abscesses of the Bartholin's glands the insertion of an intrauterine devices is recommended. The treatment can be performed ambulatorily."}
{"id": "PMID:919896", "title": "[Menstruation pneumothorax].", "content": "Report on the appearance of a spontaneous pneumothorax dependent on the menstruation with a 40-year-old patient. The possible causes and the therapeutic proceedings are discussed here.", "contents": "[Menstruation pneumothorax]. Report on the appearance of a spontaneous pneumothorax dependent on the menstruation with a 40-year-old patient. The possible causes and the therapeutic proceedings are discussed here."}
{"id": "PMID:919897", "title": "[The Allen-Masters syndrome].", "content": "In cases where women suffer from chronic troubles in the abdominal region (genital apparatus) it is often difficult to diagnose the causes thereof. The knowledge even of seldom clinical pictures can be useful for considerations of differential diagnosis. On the basis of a case report on a traumatic insufficiency of the uterine supporting apparatus (known as Allen-Masters-Syndrom) the possible causes that may have led to this trouble are being discussed.", "contents": "[The Allen-Masters syndrome]. In cases where women suffer from chronic troubles in the abdominal region (genital apparatus) it is often difficult to diagnose the causes thereof. The knowledge even of seldom clinical pictures can be useful for considerations of differential diagnosis. On the basis of a case report on a traumatic insufficiency of the uterine supporting apparatus (known as Allen-Masters-Syndrom) the possible causes that may have led to this trouble are being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919901", "title": "[Participation of polyvalent metals in the evolution of oxidoreductases].", "content": "The study of the participation of metals in evolution of oxidation-reduction processes is subdivided into two periods. During the first of them, from 1897 to 1937, the significance of manganese, iron, titanium, molybdenum, vanadium and copper in most important processes of metabolism was discovered. The second period, from 1937 to 1977, was devoted to the study of the role of metals in individual representatives of oxidoreductases and their evolution during transition of organisms from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis. In this evolution of special importance were bimetallic enzymes, such as nitrogenase, some nitrate reductases and hydrogenases, carbon dioxide reductase, xanthine oxidase, cytochrome oxidase. Owing to their ability to accomplish conjugated oxidation-reduction reactions, these oxidoreductases were transitional to still more complicated polymetallic systems with whose participation the electron transfer chains in subcellular structures were formed.", "contents": "[Participation of polyvalent metals in the evolution of oxidoreductases]. The study of the participation of metals in evolution of oxidation-reduction processes is subdivided into two periods. During the first of them, from 1897 to 1937, the significance of manganese, iron, titanium, molybdenum, vanadium and copper in most important processes of metabolism was discovered. The second period, from 1937 to 1977, was devoted to the study of the role of metals in individual representatives of oxidoreductases and their evolution during transition of organisms from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis. In this evolution of special importance were bimetallic enzymes, such as nitrogenase, some nitrate reductases and hydrogenases, carbon dioxide reductase, xanthine oxidase, cytochrome oxidase. Owing to their ability to accomplish conjugated oxidation-reduction reactions, these oxidoreductases were transitional to still more complicated polymetallic systems with whose participation the electron transfer chains in subcellular structures were formed."}
{"id": "PMID:919912", "title": "[Comparative study of the content of blood group substances A and B in immunoglobulins prepared from placental and donor sera].", "content": "Blood group specific substances A and B were revealed in all the samples of immunoglobulin commercial preparations made in the USSR, Bulgaria, and India from the retroplacental, abortion sera, and from the placental extract. Their content varied in different batches of the preparations--from 8 to 64 microgram/ml of substance A, and from 6 to 256 microgram/ml of substance B. In the majority of immunoglobulin batches prepared from donor sera no group-specific blood substances A and B were revealed; only in 3 of 14 batches was there revealed substance A in the amount of 3 microgram/ml.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the content of blood group substances A and B in immunoglobulins prepared from placental and donor sera]. Blood group specific substances A and B were revealed in all the samples of immunoglobulin commercial preparations made in the USSR, Bulgaria, and India from the retroplacental, abortion sera, and from the placental extract. Their content varied in different batches of the preparations--from 8 to 64 microgram/ml of substance A, and from 6 to 256 microgram/ml of substance B. In the majority of immunoglobulin batches prepared from donor sera no group-specific blood substances A and B were revealed; only in 3 of 14 batches was there revealed substance A in the amount of 3 microgram/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:919913", "title": "[Study of the feasibility and conditions for disinfecting materials made of chemical fibers by immersion in solutions of several disinfectants].", "content": "The authors studied the disinfection regimens of materials made of lavsan, capron, acetate, triacetate, viscose by the method of immersion into the disinfecting solutions of dichlor-I, chloramine calcium hypochlorite salt, potassium and sodium salt of dichlorisocianuric acid, sulfochloranthin, dichlordimethylhydantoin, catapin, amphocept, sodium metasilicate, hydrogen, peroxide, formalin, phenol, benzylphenol. As revealed, solutions of the following preparations could be recommended for the disinfection of linen made of chemical fibers at the foci of intestinal and droplet infection, except tuberculosis: sulfochloranthin (0.2%), amphocept and chloramine B (1%), sodium metasilicate, formalin, catapin, hydrogen peroxide with a 0.5% of washing solution (2%); these solutions gave a reliable effect in 60 minutes at room temperature, and in 20 to 30 minutes at a temperature of 40--45 degrees C.", "contents": "[Study of the feasibility and conditions for disinfecting materials made of chemical fibers by immersion in solutions of several disinfectants]. The authors studied the disinfection regimens of materials made of lavsan, capron, acetate, triacetate, viscose by the method of immersion into the disinfecting solutions of dichlor-I, chloramine calcium hypochlorite salt, potassium and sodium salt of dichlorisocianuric acid, sulfochloranthin, dichlordimethylhydantoin, catapin, amphocept, sodium metasilicate, hydrogen, peroxide, formalin, phenol, benzylphenol. As revealed, solutions of the following preparations could be recommended for the disinfection of linen made of chemical fibers at the foci of intestinal and droplet infection, except tuberculosis: sulfochloranthin (0.2%), amphocept and chloramine B (1%), sodium metasilicate, formalin, catapin, hydrogen peroxide with a 0.5% of washing solution (2%); these solutions gave a reliable effect in 60 minutes at room temperature, and in 20 to 30 minutes at a temperature of 40--45 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:919907", "title": "[Ionic membrane selectivity of Planorbarius corneus mollusk neurons].", "content": "In electrophysiological investigations, relative permeabilities of somatic neuronal membrane in the winkle for K+, Rb+ and Tl+ have been obtained which made it possible to establish the selectivity row for this membrane. This row in principle coincides with similar rows for the membranes of other excitable formations. The difference lies in higher permeability of the membrane investigated for sodium. Permeability coefficients for K+, Rb+, Tl+ and Na+ in this membrane were also determined. In marine molluscs, sodium and potassium permeabilities of the membranes are lower than in fresh-water or terrestrial ones.", "contents": "[Ionic membrane selectivity of Planorbarius corneus mollusk neurons]. In electrophysiological investigations, relative permeabilities of somatic neuronal membrane in the winkle for K+, Rb+ and Tl+ have been obtained which made it possible to establish the selectivity row for this membrane. This row in principle coincides with similar rows for the membranes of other excitable formations. The difference lies in higher permeability of the membrane investigated for sodium. Permeability coefficients for K+, Rb+, Tl+ and Na+ in this membrane were also determined. In marine molluscs, sodium and potassium permeabilities of the membranes are lower than in fresh-water or terrestrial ones."}
{"id": "PMID:919904", "title": "[Filtration, reabsorption and secretion in the evolution of renal function].", "content": "In all of the vertebrates, beginning from the most primitive ones, an universal principle of structural, functional and chemical organization of the nephron is noted. The main trend of progressive evolution of kidney function (both in phylogenesis of vertebrates and ontogenesis of birds and mammals) is the increase of the intensity of filtration-reabsorption mechanism of urine formation. The development of secretory apparatus is considered as an adaptation to the conditions in which this mechanism is not sufficient to provide the necessary level of excretion. It is suggested that secretory mechanism is formed in close relation to cellular system of reabsorption of sodium and chloride. The presence in lamprey kidney of a loop which is similar to Henle's loop in mammals and birds indicates that the development of the system of osmotic concentration conditioned by the formation in the kidney of the medulla and from a sharp increase in renal arterial blood supply.", "contents": "[Filtration, reabsorption and secretion in the evolution of renal function]. In all of the vertebrates, beginning from the most primitive ones, an universal principle of structural, functional and chemical organization of the nephron is noted. The main trend of progressive evolution of kidney function (both in phylogenesis of vertebrates and ontogenesis of birds and mammals) is the increase of the intensity of filtration-reabsorption mechanism of urine formation. The development of secretory apparatus is considered as an adaptation to the conditions in which this mechanism is not sufficient to provide the necessary level of excretion. It is suggested that secretory mechanism is formed in close relation to cellular system of reabsorption of sodium and chloride. The presence in lamprey kidney of a loop which is similar to Henle's loop in mammals and birds indicates that the development of the system of osmotic concentration conditioned by the formation in the kidney of the medulla and from a sharp increase in renal arterial blood supply."}
{"id": "PMID:919910", "title": "[Micropuncture study of sodium chloride and bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis, kidney].", "content": "Proximal tubules of the kidney have been injected in vivo with isotonic solutions (in mequiv./1: 120 NaCl; 120.4 Na, 114.0 Cl, 6.4 HCO3 and 120 Na, 60 Cl, 60 HCO3) and half time (t 1/2) of fluid absorption was measured by shrinking drops technique. The value of t 1/2 was found to be significantly lower for NaCl solution than for NaCl--NaHCO3 (1:1) one. These data suggest that proximal reabsorption of chloride and bicarbonate is provided by separate specific transport systems.", "contents": "[Micropuncture study of sodium chloride and bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis, kidney]. Proximal tubules of the kidney have been injected in vivo with isotonic solutions (in mequiv./1: 120 NaCl; 120.4 Na, 114.0 Cl, 6.4 HCO3 and 120 Na, 60 Cl, 60 HCO3) and half time (t 1/2) of fluid absorption was measured by shrinking drops technique. The value of t 1/2 was found to be significantly lower for NaCl solution than for NaCl--NaHCO3 (1:1) one. These data suggest that proximal reabsorption of chloride and bicarbonate is provided by separate specific transport systems."}
{"id": "PMID:919905", "title": "[Development of vasomotor adrenergic innervation during onto- and phylogenesis].", "content": "Histochemical, biochemical and electron microscopic studies of vasomotor innervation in onto- and phylogenesis of vertebrates reveal basic trends in evolution of the adrenegric apparatus of the blood vessels. In evolutionary row of animals, together with the development of hemodynamics, constant development of vasomotor innervation takes place, which reveals itself in the increase of the density of the adrenergic plexus and its mediator content. It was demonstrated that nerve-muscle relationships in vascular wall are not constant and depend on the degree of contraction of vascular muscles. Also inconstant are intercellular contacts of plain muscle fibers, their number and total surface being also dependent on the degree of vascular constriction. It is suggested that rearrangement of nerve-muscle and intermuscular relationships within the vascular wall during contraction-relaxation cycle automatically affects functional parameters of the blood vessel and provides for autoregulation purposes.", "contents": "[Development of vasomotor adrenergic innervation during onto- and phylogenesis]. Histochemical, biochemical and electron microscopic studies of vasomotor innervation in onto- and phylogenesis of vertebrates reveal basic trends in evolution of the adrenegric apparatus of the blood vessels. In evolutionary row of animals, together with the development of hemodynamics, constant development of vasomotor innervation takes place, which reveals itself in the increase of the density of the adrenergic plexus and its mediator content. It was demonstrated that nerve-muscle relationships in vascular wall are not constant and depend on the degree of contraction of vascular muscles. Also inconstant are intercellular contacts of plain muscle fibers, their number and total surface being also dependent on the degree of vascular constriction. It is suggested that rearrangement of nerve-muscle and intermuscular relationships within the vascular wall during contraction-relaxation cycle automatically affects functional parameters of the blood vessel and provides for autoregulation purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:919909", "title": "[Thermostability of the rhodopsins of several fish in the Sea of Japan].", "content": "Studies have been made on thermal denaturation of rhodopsin in hotoreceptive membranes of retinal rods of some Japan Sea fishes--Podthecus sp., Enophrys diceraus, Myoxocephalus stelleri, Pleurogrammus monopterygius, Sebastichthys trivittatus, Pheumatophorus japonicus, Gadus morhua, Theragia chaloogramma, Eleginus gracilis and Lepidopsetta herzensteini. It was shown that visual pigments of the species studied significantly differ in their thermostability, whereas with respect to their spectral properties they are rather similar (absorbtion maxima lie near 500 nm). Positive correlation between the thermostability level of rhodopsins and the environmental temperature of the species was found.", "contents": "[Thermostability of the rhodopsins of several fish in the Sea of Japan]. Studies have been made on thermal denaturation of rhodopsin in hotoreceptive membranes of retinal rods of some Japan Sea fishes--Podthecus sp., Enophrys diceraus, Myoxocephalus stelleri, Pleurogrammus monopterygius, Sebastichthys trivittatus, Pheumatophorus japonicus, Gadus morhua, Theragia chaloogramma, Eleginus gracilis and Lepidopsetta herzensteini. It was shown that visual pigments of the species studied significantly differ in their thermostability, whereas with respect to their spectral properties they are rather similar (absorbtion maxima lie near 500 nm). Positive correlation between the thermostability level of rhodopsins and the environmental temperature of the species was found."}
{"id": "PMID:919918", "title": "[Rational bases for cooperation between epidemiologists and mathematicians].", "content": "The authors consider rational foundations underlying creatin of realistic models. The principal condition for the successful mathematical modelling is obtaining of the most full value primary materials on the course of the epidemic process. For this purpose the authors suggest definite principles of the methodical approach to the mathematical modelling. Possibilities of the use of mathematical methods for various groups of infections are consideder. Particular attention is paid to the works on the study of the infection risk in \"small\" collective bodies.", "contents": "[Rational bases for cooperation between epidemiologists and mathematicians]. The authors consider rational foundations underlying creatin of realistic models. The principal condition for the successful mathematical modelling is obtaining of the most full value primary materials on the course of the epidemic process. For this purpose the authors suggest definite principles of the methodical approach to the mathematical modelling. Possibilities of the use of mathematical methods for various groups of infections are consideder. Particular attention is paid to the works on the study of the infection risk in \"small\" collective bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:919920", "title": "[Principles for optimizing and guaging several processes in the technology of vaccine production. I. Several problems in guaging and optimizing thermal sterilization of fluids].", "content": "Thermal sterilization of fluids--one of the widespread operations in microbiological laboratories and in vaccine production--solves two tasks: provides sterility and maximal preservation of biological value of the sterilized fluid. A possibility and expediency of using some indices for the quantitative assessment of the efficacy of the sterilization regimens, including measurement of the sterilization processes is considered in this work. A possible way of the regimen optimization on the basis of known values of the activation energies of the processes of decomposition of thermolabile components and inactivation of foreign microbial flora is assessed.", "contents": "[Principles for optimizing and guaging several processes in the technology of vaccine production. I. Several problems in guaging and optimizing thermal sterilization of fluids]. Thermal sterilization of fluids--one of the widespread operations in microbiological laboratories and in vaccine production--solves two tasks: provides sterility and maximal preservation of biological value of the sterilized fluid. A possibility and expediency of using some indices for the quantitative assessment of the efficacy of the sterilization regimens, including measurement of the sterilization processes is considered in this work. A possible way of the regimen optimization on the basis of known values of the activation energies of the processes of decomposition of thermolabile components and inactivation of foreign microbial flora is assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:919921", "title": "[Genetic nature of the bacteriocinogenicity factor of Staphylococcus epidermidis strain No. 259].", "content": "Genetic nature of the bacteriogenicity factor of the Staphylococcus epidermidis No. 259 strain was studied by acting upon the strain with ultraviolet irradiation, acridine orange at a temperature of 37 and 44 degrees C, and cultivation of the strain at a temperature of 44 degrees C for 24 and 96 hours. The most effective elimination of the bacteriocinogenicity factor was reached with the action of acridine orange at 44 degrees C and the strain passage at 44 degrees C for 96 hours. A study of 212 subcultures which lost the bacteriocinogenicity factor under the effect of various factors demonstrated that they failed to differ by properties from the initial strain and retained the bacteriocin resistance of the initial strain. A conclusion was drawn that the bacteriocinogenicity factor was an extrachomosomic agent, and was not associated with any other strain properties.", "contents": "[Genetic nature of the bacteriocinogenicity factor of Staphylococcus epidermidis strain No. 259]. Genetic nature of the bacteriogenicity factor of the Staphylococcus epidermidis No. 259 strain was studied by acting upon the strain with ultraviolet irradiation, acridine orange at a temperature of 37 and 44 degrees C, and cultivation of the strain at a temperature of 44 degrees C for 24 and 96 hours. The most effective elimination of the bacteriocinogenicity factor was reached with the action of acridine orange at 44 degrees C and the strain passage at 44 degrees C for 96 hours. A study of 212 subcultures which lost the bacteriocinogenicity factor under the effect of various factors demonstrated that they failed to differ by properties from the initial strain and retained the bacteriocin resistance of the initial strain. A conclusion was drawn that the bacteriocinogenicity factor was an extrachomosomic agent, and was not associated with any other strain properties."}
{"id": "PMID:919922", "title": "[Staphylococcal plasmacoagulase. III. Use of thrombelastography to study the properties of extracellular staphylocoagulase].", "content": "A method of thromboelastography was applied to the study of the influence of supernatents of the S. aureus and S. epidermidis culture fluid on the process of blood coagulation. S. aureus No. 209 P, No. 8325-1 strains and mutants of the No. 209 P strain, resistant to proflavin induced a distinct shortening of the reaction time. In using S. epidermidis (strains D5/240 and D-5/48) and also in control experiments (plasma and medium) no shortening of the reaction period was observed. The data obtained permitted to recommend the use of thromboelastographic method for the purpose of detection of coagulase-positive staphylococcus strains and for the assessment of relative staphylocoagulase activity.", "contents": "[Staphylococcal plasmacoagulase. III. Use of thrombelastography to study the properties of extracellular staphylocoagulase]. A method of thromboelastography was applied to the study of the influence of supernatents of the S. aureus and S. epidermidis culture fluid on the process of blood coagulation. S. aureus No. 209 P, No. 8325-1 strains and mutants of the No. 209 P strain, resistant to proflavin induced a distinct shortening of the reaction time. In using S. epidermidis (strains D5/240 and D-5/48) and also in control experiments (plasma and medium) no shortening of the reaction period was observed. The data obtained permitted to recommend the use of thromboelastographic method for the purpose of detection of coagulase-positive staphylococcus strains and for the assessment of relative staphylocoagulase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:919923", "title": "[Formation of antibodies of different classes in salmonelloses and typhoid fever].", "content": "A modified method of chromatographic analysis was used to obtain fractions of immunoglobulins classes M, G, and A from the sera of patients suffering from salmonelloses, typhoid fever, and carriers; with the aid of passive hemagglutination test O-, H- and Vi-antibodies were determined in the fractions. In food poisoning of salmonella etiology in adults the antibody formation as a rule occurred by the type of secondary immune response, whereas its intensity depended on the severity of the clinical course of the disease. In case of an uncomplicated affection there was an increase of antibodies of all the three immunoglobulin classes. In formation of prolonged carrier state a deficiency of O-antibodies of the IgM-class was noted; this was, however, combined with the normal production of immunoglobulins of class M of H-antibodies. Immune humoral reaction was practically absent in the transitory carriers.", "contents": "[Formation of antibodies of different classes in salmonelloses and typhoid fever]. A modified method of chromatographic analysis was used to obtain fractions of immunoglobulins classes M, G, and A from the sera of patients suffering from salmonelloses, typhoid fever, and carriers; with the aid of passive hemagglutination test O-, H- and Vi-antibodies were determined in the fractions. In food poisoning of salmonella etiology in adults the antibody formation as a rule occurred by the type of secondary immune response, whereas its intensity depended on the severity of the clinical course of the disease. In case of an uncomplicated affection there was an increase of antibodies of all the three immunoglobulin classes. In formation of prolonged carrier state a deficiency of O-antibodies of the IgM-class was noted; this was, however, combined with the normal production of immunoglobulins of class M of H-antibodies. Immune humoral reaction was practically absent in the transitory carriers."}
{"id": "PMID:919924", "title": "[Role of several conditionally-pathogenic enterobacteria in group acute intestinal diseases and food poisonings of unestablished etiology].", "content": "Results of studying group acute intestinal diseases of obscure (from the point of view of isolation of commonly known pathogenic bacteria of enteric family) etiology coursing by the type of food poisoning, in which conditioned pathogenic enterobacteria (Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella) demonstrated that the occurrence of these diseases was connected with ingestion of the same food product infected with the mentioned bacteria due to disturbance of the sanitary-epidemic regimen and rules of food storage. Carrier stage of conditioned pathogenic bacteria identical to those isolated from the patients was noted in contacts by the factor of infection transmission. Accumulation of factual material is necessary to solve the role played by conditioned pathogenic enterobacteria in such diseases.", "contents": "[Role of several conditionally-pathogenic enterobacteria in group acute intestinal diseases and food poisonings of unestablished etiology]. Results of studying group acute intestinal diseases of obscure (from the point of view of isolation of commonly known pathogenic bacteria of enteric family) etiology coursing by the type of food poisoning, in which conditioned pathogenic enterobacteria (Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella) demonstrated that the occurrence of these diseases was connected with ingestion of the same food product infected with the mentioned bacteria due to disturbance of the sanitary-epidemic regimen and rules of food storage. Carrier stage of conditioned pathogenic bacteria identical to those isolated from the patients was noted in contacts by the factor of infection transmission. Accumulation of factual material is necessary to solve the role played by conditioned pathogenic enterobacteria in such diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:919925", "title": "[Cellular immunity in mice immunized with pertussis vaccine].", "content": "The authors studied the developmental mechanism of postvaccinal resistanceof mice (C57BL/6J and CC57Br) to the intracerebral infection with the virulent B. pertussis culture. A model of syngenous transfer of various cells of the immunized donors (peritoneal cells, cells of neuroglia, the spleen, thymus and the lymph nodes) was used. Marked adoptive immunity proved to originate in the use of peritoneal cells which provided protection of 57--100% of the recipients. Preliminary inactivation of the vaccine by heating was accompanied by the loss of the cell capacity of the immunized donors to cause adoptive immunity in the recipients.", "contents": "[Cellular immunity in mice immunized with pertussis vaccine]. The authors studied the developmental mechanism of postvaccinal resistanceof mice (C57BL/6J and CC57Br) to the intracerebral infection with the virulent B. pertussis culture. A model of syngenous transfer of various cells of the immunized donors (peritoneal cells, cells of neuroglia, the spleen, thymus and the lymph nodes) was used. Marked adoptive immunity proved to originate in the use of peritoneal cells which provided protection of 57--100% of the recipients. Preliminary inactivation of the vaccine by heating was accompanied by the loss of the cell capacity of the immunized donors to cause adoptive immunity in the recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:919926", "title": "[Clinical and serologic diagnosis of measles in children vaccinated against the disease].", "content": "At the period of mass immunization of children with live measles vaccine clinical symptoms of measles, their intensity and sequence apparently displayed some changes; therefore, serological diagnosis is more reliable in comparison with the clinical one. Result of serological study of 93 coupled blood sera of children who fell sick with the diagnosis of measles showed that only 54.3% of those vaccinated earlier and 49.2% of nonvaccinated children sustained measles, whereas the rest had had exanthematous disease of other etiology. All the children had fever (the majority not over 38.5 degrees C) and rash; other clinical signs of measles were of different intensity in the vaccinated and nonvaccinated children. Apparently such pathognomonic signs of measles as rash, Filatov's sports and conjunctivitis could not serve at present as a reliable criterion of clinical measles diagnosis. The majority of children vaccinated before who contracted the disease responded to the infection by an earlier and more intensive production of antibodies than nonvaccinated children who contracted the disease, this pointing to the possibility of manifestation in them of the clinically expressed booster-effect. The data obtained indicated a marked difficulty of clinical differential diagnosis of measles.", "contents": "[Clinical and serologic diagnosis of measles in children vaccinated against the disease]. At the period of mass immunization of children with live measles vaccine clinical symptoms of measles, their intensity and sequence apparently displayed some changes; therefore, serological diagnosis is more reliable in comparison with the clinical one. Result of serological study of 93 coupled blood sera of children who fell sick with the diagnosis of measles showed that only 54.3% of those vaccinated earlier and 49.2% of nonvaccinated children sustained measles, whereas the rest had had exanthematous disease of other etiology. All the children had fever (the majority not over 38.5 degrees C) and rash; other clinical signs of measles were of different intensity in the vaccinated and nonvaccinated children. Apparently such pathognomonic signs of measles as rash, Filatov's sports and conjunctivitis could not serve at present as a reliable criterion of clinical measles diagnosis. The majority of children vaccinated before who contracted the disease responded to the infection by an earlier and more intensive production of antibodies than nonvaccinated children who contracted the disease, this pointing to the possibility of manifestation in them of the clinically expressed booster-effect. The data obtained indicated a marked difficulty of clinical differential diagnosis of measles."}
{"id": "PMID:919927", "title": "[Secretory immunoglobulin A in the blood sera of healthy and ill persons].", "content": "Sera of healthy and sick persons were tested for the presence of secretory IgA (SIgA) and free secretory component (SC) SIgA was present in the blood of healthy persons in low concentrations (1.07 mg/100 mg), and free SC was absent. Infectious and somatic diseases, in which damage of the epithelial covering of the gastrointestinal and respriatory tracts was possible, were accompanied by increased blood SIgA content. There was also noted a distinct relationship between the blood SIgA concentration and the severity of infectious diseases and pneumonia supervention. In these cases the SIgA level proved to rise.", "contents": "[Secretory immunoglobulin A in the blood sera of healthy and ill persons]. Sera of healthy and sick persons were tested for the presence of secretory IgA (SIgA) and free secretory component (SC) SIgA was present in the blood of healthy persons in low concentrations (1.07 mg/100 mg), and free SC was absent. Infectious and somatic diseases, in which damage of the epithelial covering of the gastrointestinal and respriatory tracts was possible, were accompanied by increased blood SIgA content. There was also noted a distinct relationship between the blood SIgA concentration and the severity of infectious diseases and pneumonia supervention. In these cases the SIgA level proved to rise."}
{"id": "PMID:919928", "title": "[Etiology of pneumonias in young children according to data from comprehensive immunomicrobiological, virological and parasitological studies].", "content": "Investigations carried out demonstrated acute pneumonia in young children to be characterized by the presence in the sputum from the deep respiratory tract of polymicrobial flora, in some of viral-microbial-fungus flora, and also of pneumocysts. Immunobiological and virological study demonstrated the etiological role of 7 virus species and 2 bacteria species in 70.8% of cases; pneumonia of viral etiology constituted 24.1 +/- 3.0%, of bacterial -- 24.6 +/- 3.0%, and of viral-bacterial -- 22.1 +/- 2.0%. In order to unify the approaches and methods of study of pneumonia etiology in young children complex immunomicrobiological, virological, and parasitological method of study is suggested.", "contents": "[Etiology of pneumonias in young children according to data from comprehensive immunomicrobiological, virological and parasitological studies]. Investigations carried out demonstrated acute pneumonia in young children to be characterized by the presence in the sputum from the deep respiratory tract of polymicrobial flora, in some of viral-microbial-fungus flora, and also of pneumocysts. Immunobiological and virological study demonstrated the etiological role of 7 virus species and 2 bacteria species in 70.8% of cases; pneumonia of viral etiology constituted 24.1 +/- 3.0%, of bacterial -- 24.6 +/- 3.0%, and of viral-bacterial -- 22.1 +/- 2.0%. In order to unify the approaches and methods of study of pneumonia etiology in young children complex immunomicrobiological, virological, and parasitological method of study is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:919939", "title": "[Characteristics of the morphology and ultrastructure of the typhoid bacteria under limited and excess glucose conditions].", "content": "The authors present the results of the study of morphology and physico-biochemical indices of periodic and continuous population of typhoid bacilli under conditions of glucose limit and excess in the medium. Changes in the parameters of cell distribution by length proved to reflect the physiologico-biochemical processes in the population. The results of the study of the ultrastructure of typhoid bacilli of the \"aerobic\" and \"anaerobic\" population in continuous cultivation are presented. A possibility of application of morphological tests for the assessment of stability, homogeneity, and viability of the population is discussed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the morphology and ultrastructure of the typhoid bacteria under limited and excess glucose conditions]. The authors present the results of the study of morphology and physico-biochemical indices of periodic and continuous population of typhoid bacilli under conditions of glucose limit and excess in the medium. Changes in the parameters of cell distribution by length proved to reflect the physiologico-biochemical processes in the population. The results of the study of the ultrastructure of typhoid bacilli of the \"aerobic\" and \"anaerobic\" population in continuous cultivation are presented. A possibility of application of morphological tests for the assessment of stability, homogeneity, and viability of the population is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919940", "title": "[Change in the normal microflora of the intestinal tract of rats in the process of their decontamination].", "content": "The authors studied a possibility of decontamination of animals by using antibiotics and a sterile diet, and also a combination of both methods. A reduction of the species composition of the intestinal microbial flora was noted in rats on sterile diet kept under conditions limiting the penetration of microbes into the organism from the external environment. Its greatest rarefaction -- practically to individual species -- was observed when the antibiotics were used in combination with a partial gnotobiotic isolation. In studying the action of antibiotics on the bacterial flora it is recommended to use the gnotobiotic isolation chamber to prevent the entrance of vulgar microbial flora from the surrounding environment.", "contents": "[Change in the normal microflora of the intestinal tract of rats in the process of their decontamination]. The authors studied a possibility of decontamination of animals by using antibiotics and a sterile diet, and also a combination of both methods. A reduction of the species composition of the intestinal microbial flora was noted in rats on sterile diet kept under conditions limiting the penetration of microbes into the organism from the external environment. Its greatest rarefaction -- practically to individual species -- was observed when the antibiotics were used in combination with a partial gnotobiotic isolation. In studying the action of antibiotics on the bacterial flora it is recommended to use the gnotobiotic isolation chamber to prevent the entrance of vulgar microbial flora from the surrounding environment."}
{"id": "PMID:919941", "title": "[Epidemiological characteristics of water-borne outbreaks of typhoid in North Africa].", "content": "On the basis of analysis of several water-borne outbreaks in Northern Africa the authors came to the conclusion that when the population applies for medical aid rarely hospitalization curve reflected the morbidity curve. Attention is paid to the fact that in late and incomplete hospitalization of the patients at the period of water-borne outbreaks of typhoid fever some of the cases are subsequent and are not associated with the factor causing their primary origination. High morbidity indices in older age groups (15-39 years old persons) are due to their greater applicability for medical aid. The group of children aged from 10 to 14 years old is the one affected the most.", "contents": "[Epidemiological characteristics of water-borne outbreaks of typhoid in North Africa]. On the basis of analysis of several water-borne outbreaks in Northern Africa the authors came to the conclusion that when the population applies for medical aid rarely hospitalization curve reflected the morbidity curve. Attention is paid to the fact that in late and incomplete hospitalization of the patients at the period of water-borne outbreaks of typhoid fever some of the cases are subsequent and are not associated with the factor causing their primary origination. High morbidity indices in older age groups (15-39 years old persons) are due to their greater applicability for medical aid. The group of children aged from 10 to 14 years old is the one affected the most."}
{"id": "PMID:919942", "title": "[Spontaneous mutants of S. aureus 209 P resistant to 3,6-diaminoacridines].", "content": "Spontaneous mutants of S. aureus 209 P resistant to proflavine sulphate and possessing cross resistance to acriflavine and acridine yellow were isolated. Sensitivity of these mutants to acridine orange, acridines No. 40 and 56 remained unchanged. The phage type and the indices of potential pathogenicity of proflavine-resistant mutants coincided with the corresponding S. aureus 209 P indices.", "contents": "[Spontaneous mutants of S. aureus 209 P resistant to 3,6-diaminoacridines]. Spontaneous mutants of S. aureus 209 P resistant to proflavine sulphate and possessing cross resistance to acriflavine and acridine yellow were isolated. Sensitivity of these mutants to acridine orange, acridines No. 40 and 56 remained unchanged. The phage type and the indices of potential pathogenicity of proflavine-resistant mutants coincided with the corresponding S. aureus 209 P indices."}
{"id": "PMID:919943", "title": "[Trace element content in comparison with the physiological and immunogenic properties of S. typhi obtained by various continuous cultivation regimens].", "content": "The content of trace elements in the S. typhi cells was studied during continuous cultivation in the synthetic nutrient medium. Growing under conditions of complete or incomplete glucose utilization failed to influence the content of trace elements in these cells. The same tendencies were revealed in the changes of manganese, iron, magnesium, calcium, and strontium content with increase of the growth rate. The content of aluminium in the cells altered in parallel with the changes in the immunogenic properties with increase of the growth rate from 0.17 to 0.44 hour-1.", "contents": "[Trace element content in comparison with the physiological and immunogenic properties of S. typhi obtained by various continuous cultivation regimens]. The content of trace elements in the S. typhi cells was studied during continuous cultivation in the synthetic nutrient medium. Growing under conditions of complete or incomplete glucose utilization failed to influence the content of trace elements in these cells. The same tendencies were revealed in the changes of manganese, iron, magnesium, calcium, and strontium content with increase of the growth rate. The content of aluminium in the cells altered in parallel with the changes in the immunogenic properties with increase of the growth rate from 0.17 to 0.44 hour-1."}
{"id": "PMID:919944", "title": "[Comparative determination of Australia antigen in the serum and in the leukocytes in viral hepatitis].", "content": "The Australian antigen was more frequently revealed in the leukocytes than in the serum of patients with viral hepatitis. This difference was statistically significant in convalescents and in those who sustained the disease. The incidence of detection of the Australian antigen proved to depend on age and the severity of the disease.", "contents": "[Comparative determination of Australia antigen in the serum and in the leukocytes in viral hepatitis]. The Australian antigen was more frequently revealed in the leukocytes than in the serum of patients with viral hepatitis. This difference was statistically significant in convalescents and in those who sustained the disease. The incidence of detection of the Australian antigen proved to depend on age and the severity of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:919945", "title": "[Quantitative evaluation of the patterns of the mechanism of pathogenic streptococcal transmission].", "content": "In the course of a one week observation in the organized collective body with a daily bacteriological examination for streptococcus group A carrier state 20 infections were recorded per 70 risk man-days. Statistical analysis of conditions for the recipients' infection showed bedrooms to be the main site of streptococcus infection in the organized collective bodies. The most important role in the epidemic process belonged to healthy carriers capable of infecting sensitive recipients, with the potency of microbial foci in the pharynx and the nose of about 1000-2000 microbes per standard tampon. The greatest frequency of infection occured at a distance of from 1 to 1.2 m. Consequently, the main direction of prophylaxis of streptococcus infection at the collective bodies should be associated with measures directed to the source of infection (isolation and penicillin therapy of the patients, urgent antibiotics prophylaxis in case of threatening epidemic or at its initial period).", "contents": "[Quantitative evaluation of the patterns of the mechanism of pathogenic streptococcal transmission]. In the course of a one week observation in the organized collective body with a daily bacteriological examination for streptococcus group A carrier state 20 infections were recorded per 70 risk man-days. Statistical analysis of conditions for the recipients' infection showed bedrooms to be the main site of streptococcus infection in the organized collective bodies. The most important role in the epidemic process belonged to healthy carriers capable of infecting sensitive recipients, with the potency of microbial foci in the pharynx and the nose of about 1000-2000 microbes per standard tampon. The greatest frequency of infection occured at a distance of from 1 to 1.2 m. Consequently, the main direction of prophylaxis of streptococcus infection at the collective bodies should be associated with measures directed to the source of infection (isolation and penicillin therapy of the patients, urgent antibiotics prophylaxis in case of threatening epidemic or at its initial period)."}
{"id": "PMID:919946", "title": "[Lymphocyte reaction in meningitis to the addition of anti-inflammatory preparations to the cell culture].", "content": "Microbial stimulation of lymphocytes of patients suffering from meningococcus infection increased primarily under the effect of antiphlogistic preparations in vitro; more rarely it was inhibited. In experiments with lymphocytes of the patients this increase was more than 5-fold, and with those of healthy donors -- not more than 2-fold. With a low initial lymphocyte reactivity the intersification of specific stimulation with the preparations was more pronounced than with the average and the high one. There were differences in the action of pyrasolone derivatives and hydrocortisone -- the latter inhibited this reaction more frequently than amidopyrinum and butadion.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte reaction in meningitis to the addition of anti-inflammatory preparations to the cell culture]. Microbial stimulation of lymphocytes of patients suffering from meningococcus infection increased primarily under the effect of antiphlogistic preparations in vitro; more rarely it was inhibited. In experiments with lymphocytes of the patients this increase was more than 5-fold, and with those of healthy donors -- not more than 2-fold. With a low initial lymphocyte reactivity the intersification of specific stimulation with the preparations was more pronounced than with the average and the high one. There were differences in the action of pyrasolone derivatives and hydrocortisone -- the latter inhibited this reaction more frequently than amidopyrinum and butadion."}
{"id": "PMID:919947", "title": "[Study of the conditions for protease formation by Coccidioides immitis].", "content": "The authors determined conditions for C. immitis protease synthesis during growing on various nutrient media. Four to five weeks could serve as the optimal period of protease formation. Of six nutrient media tested Saburo's medium, containing peptone, proved to be the most favourable for the enzyme production.", "contents": "[Study of the conditions for protease formation by Coccidioides immitis]. The authors determined conditions for C. immitis protease synthesis during growing on various nutrient media. Four to five weeks could serve as the optimal period of protease formation. Of six nutrient media tested Saburo's medium, containing peptone, proved to be the most favourable for the enzyme production."}
{"id": "PMID:919948", "title": "[Diagnosis of seizures of ischemic origin in outpatient practice].", "content": "Among the group of 216 patients with cerebral attacks, 40 patients were selected with different syncope-like attacks, epileptic nature of which was rejected or was dubious. On the basis of clinical examinations and analysis of the phenomenology of paroxysms, a group of patients was distinguished where there were attacks of sudden falling in cervical osteochondrosis and a syncopal vertebrogenic syndrome, patients with simple and convulsive syncopes, as well as patients with cerebral attacks of an uncertain origin. It is assumed that there may be an ischemic genesis of syncope-like attacks, on the background of which an inclusion of secondary epileptic mechanisms is possible, especially in some individuals with constitutional or acquired predisposition to epilepsy. This may cause a development of convulsive phenomena and a corresponding EEG picture. Consequently the authors discuss the expediency of including anti-epileptic preparations into the scheme of such patients.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of seizures of ischemic origin in outpatient practice]. Among the group of 216 patients with cerebral attacks, 40 patients were selected with different syncope-like attacks, epileptic nature of which was rejected or was dubious. On the basis of clinical examinations and analysis of the phenomenology of paroxysms, a group of patients was distinguished where there were attacks of sudden falling in cervical osteochondrosis and a syncopal vertebrogenic syndrome, patients with simple and convulsive syncopes, as well as patients with cerebral attacks of an uncertain origin. It is assumed that there may be an ischemic genesis of syncope-like attacks, on the background of which an inclusion of secondary epileptic mechanisms is possible, especially in some individuals with constitutional or acquired predisposition to epilepsy. This may cause a development of convulsive phenomena and a corresponding EEG picture. Consequently the authors discuss the expediency of including anti-epileptic preparations into the scheme of such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:919949", "title": "[Emergency medical services for acute cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "An analysis of annual reports of the station of ambulance and emergency medical aid during the past 6 years demonstrated a significant increase in the number of patients with acute cerebral circulation disorders due to reorganization of ambulance medical aid services. The authors discuss some scientific-methodological organizational problems of neurological emergency medical services, the tasks of specialized neurological teams questions of the diagnosis of brain stroke and the necessary level of eupplementary studies and treatment measures in the prehospital stage. A certain importance is allocated to a continuity of patient treatment in the hospital and perfection of the system of hospital care to patients with acute disorders of cerebral circulation.", "contents": "[Emergency medical services for acute cerebral circulatory disorders]. An analysis of annual reports of the station of ambulance and emergency medical aid during the past 6 years demonstrated a significant increase in the number of patients with acute cerebral circulation disorders due to reorganization of ambulance medical aid services. The authors discuss some scientific-methodological organizational problems of neurological emergency medical services, the tasks of specialized neurological teams questions of the diagnosis of brain stroke and the necessary level of eupplementary studies and treatment measures in the prehospital stage. A certain importance is allocated to a continuity of patient treatment in the hospital and perfection of the system of hospital care to patients with acute disorders of cerebral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:919950", "title": "[Prognosis of transient disorders of cerebral circulation and risk factors in the development of stroke].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the results of a study of 140 patients who had had transient disorders of cerebral circulation. Among these cases 47 were subjected to a prospective observation and 93 to a retrospective one. The authors analyse 32 possible risk factors of brain stroke in patients with transient disorders of cerebral circulation. Their mathematical processing was accomplished with the aid of correlational coefficients and conditioned probabilities, detecting the highest pathogenic importance of these factors (such as disturbance of the rhythm of cardiac activity, arterial hypertension higher than 190 mm, etc). A mathematical evaluation and combination of factors was made. It was demonstrated that there is a diminution of the risk of development of ischemic stroke with development of parkinsonism in patients with transient disorders of cerebral circulation. The authors give recommendations for prophylactic treatment in order to prevent strokes in this group of patients.", "contents": "[Prognosis of transient disorders of cerebral circulation and risk factors in the development of stroke]. The paper is concerned with the results of a study of 140 patients who had had transient disorders of cerebral circulation. Among these cases 47 were subjected to a prospective observation and 93 to a retrospective one. The authors analyse 32 possible risk factors of brain stroke in patients with transient disorders of cerebral circulation. Their mathematical processing was accomplished with the aid of correlational coefficients and conditioned probabilities, detecting the highest pathogenic importance of these factors (such as disturbance of the rhythm of cardiac activity, arterial hypertension higher than 190 mm, etc). A mathematical evaluation and combination of factors was made. It was demonstrated that there is a diminution of the risk of development of ischemic stroke with development of parkinsonism in patients with transient disorders of cerebral circulation. The authors give recommendations for prophylactic treatment in order to prevent strokes in this group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:919951", "title": "[Diagnostic value of determining hemoglobin in cerebrospinal fluid in acute cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "The results of hemoglobin determination in the CSF by the method of fluorescence microscopy in 195 patients speaks in favor of relative diagnostical importance of hemoglobin in the supra fall-out CSF for establishing the character of the stroke. The following circumstances testify to this fact: 1) in an artificial admixture of blood in the CSF in some cases there may be hemolysis of \"passing\" erythrocytes; 2) in a genuine admixture of blood, tests of hemoglobin in the centrifugate of the CSF may be negative since in some cases the transition of hemoglobin into bilirubin in the subarachmoid space occurs more rapidly than the hemolysis of erythrocytes. Thus, the hemoglobin does not accumulate in the liquid in quantities, sufficient enough to be measured by the existing methods; 3) in a large amount of artificial blood admixture, even without a hemolysis of \"passing\" erythrocytes the hemoglobin tests in the centrifugate of the CSF may be positive at the expense of hemoglobin of the blood plasma.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of determining hemoglobin in cerebrospinal fluid in acute cerebral circulatory disorders]. The results of hemoglobin determination in the CSF by the method of fluorescence microscopy in 195 patients speaks in favor of relative diagnostical importance of hemoglobin in the supra fall-out CSF for establishing the character of the stroke. The following circumstances testify to this fact: 1) in an artificial admixture of blood in the CSF in some cases there may be hemolysis of \"passing\" erythrocytes; 2) in a genuine admixture of blood, tests of hemoglobin in the centrifugate of the CSF may be negative since in some cases the transition of hemoglobin into bilirubin in the subarachmoid space occurs more rapidly than the hemolysis of erythrocytes. Thus, the hemoglobin does not accumulate in the liquid in quantities, sufficient enough to be measured by the existing methods; 3) in a large amount of artificial blood admixture, even without a hemolysis of \"passing\" erythrocytes the hemoglobin tests in the centrifugate of the CSF may be positive at the expense of hemoglobin of the blood plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:919952", "title": "[Extrapyramidal disorders in chronic cerebral vascular insufficiency (clinico-morphologic study)].", "content": "On the basis of clinical (150 cases) and clinico-morphological (40 cases) studies of patients with chronic insufficiency of cerebral circulation due to hypertensive disease or atherosclerosis with symptomatical hypertension the following extrapyramidal disorders of a vascular genesis were distinguished: 1) extrapyramidal -- pyramidal; 2) extrapyramidal -- pseudobulbar; 3) extrapyramidal -- cerebellar; 4) extrapyramidal -- thalamic; 5) extrapyramidal -- spinal 6) the syndrome of arteriosclerotic muscular rigidity. It was demonstrated that these syndromes may appear not only in lesions of the striar arteries, but in stenosing atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries and involvement of the vessels of verterbobasillar system. Development of different syndromes depends upon the prevalence of disorders in a certain vascular basin, the characters and severity of the main disease.", "contents": "[Extrapyramidal disorders in chronic cerebral vascular insufficiency (clinico-morphologic study)]. On the basis of clinical (150 cases) and clinico-morphological (40 cases) studies of patients with chronic insufficiency of cerebral circulation due to hypertensive disease or atherosclerosis with symptomatical hypertension the following extrapyramidal disorders of a vascular genesis were distinguished: 1) extrapyramidal -- pyramidal; 2) extrapyramidal -- pseudobulbar; 3) extrapyramidal -- cerebellar; 4) extrapyramidal -- thalamic; 5) extrapyramidal -- spinal 6) the syndrome of arteriosclerotic muscular rigidity. It was demonstrated that these syndromes may appear not only in lesions of the striar arteries, but in stenosing atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries and involvement of the vessels of verterbobasillar system. Development of different syndromes depends upon the prevalence of disorders in a certain vascular basin, the characters and severity of the main disease."}
{"id": "PMID:919953", "title": "[Hemorrhagic infarct of the brain during cardiogenic shock].", "content": "The paper deals with the possible mechanism in the development of a hemorrhagic brain infarction during myocardial infarction, complicated by a cardiogenic shock of the III degree. The results of a postmortal study of the brain, its major arteries, as well as the vessels of the Willis circle, permit to assume that the mechanism of realization of this cerebral vascular complication is in a joint metabolic and microcirculatory disorders accompanying the shock. Besides, there is also a stenosing atherosclerotic process, with prevalent lesion of the intracranial part of the magistral arteries, supplying the brain.", "contents": "[Hemorrhagic infarct of the brain during cardiogenic shock]. The paper deals with the possible mechanism in the development of a hemorrhagic brain infarction during myocardial infarction, complicated by a cardiogenic shock of the III degree. The results of a postmortal study of the brain, its major arteries, as well as the vessels of the Willis circle, permit to assume that the mechanism of realization of this cerebral vascular complication is in a joint metabolic and microcirculatory disorders accompanying the shock. Besides, there is also a stenosing atherosclerotic process, with prevalent lesion of the intracranial part of the magistral arteries, supplying the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:919954", "title": "[Analysis of the structure of the rheoencephalogram as a biosignal of pulsatile blood-filling].", "content": "In connection with an elaboration of a new method of analysing biosignals of pulse repletion, which used a systemic approach to the description of the cardiovascular system and a creation of a corresponding model of its work, the authors made a theoretical study of systematization of the manifold forms of rheograms in different conditions of the vascular tone. An analysis of the rheogram structures on the basis of the model of the cardiovascular system and a consideration of the rheograms as a summation of two components -- the arterial and venous -- permitted to eliminate some new indices of the tone state, elasticity and blood repletion of the arterial and venous bed, as well as the amount of peripheral vascular resistance.", "contents": "[Analysis of the structure of the rheoencephalogram as a biosignal of pulsatile blood-filling]. In connection with an elaboration of a new method of analysing biosignals of pulse repletion, which used a systemic approach to the description of the cardiovascular system and a creation of a corresponding model of its work, the authors made a theoretical study of systematization of the manifold forms of rheograms in different conditions of the vascular tone. An analysis of the rheogram structures on the basis of the model of the cardiovascular system and a consideration of the rheograms as a summation of two components -- the arterial and venous -- permitted to eliminate some new indices of the tone state, elasticity and blood repletion of the arterial and venous bed, as well as the amount of peripheral vascular resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:919956", "title": "[Thrombotic lesions of the superior and inferior posterior cerebellar arteries].", "content": "The authors accomplished a clinico-anatomical analysis of 8 personal cases of a rare vascular brain pathology. In 1 case there was a thrombembolism in the basin of fine branches of the right upper cerebellar artery with a focus of softening in the right hemisphere of the cerebellum in 1 case--thrombosis of the right upper cerebellar artery with a focus of softening in the right cerebellar hemisphere, in 5 -- thrombosis of the left lower posterior cerebellar artery with localization of the focus of softening in the left cerebellar hemisphere. One case was with thrombosis of the same vessel with a focus of softening in the right cerebellar hemisphere in the side olive of medulla oblongata.", "contents": "[Thrombotic lesions of the superior and inferior posterior cerebellar arteries]. The authors accomplished a clinico-anatomical analysis of 8 personal cases of a rare vascular brain pathology. In 1 case there was a thrombembolism in the basin of fine branches of the right upper cerebellar artery with a focus of softening in the right hemisphere of the cerebellum in 1 case--thrombosis of the right upper cerebellar artery with a focus of softening in the right cerebellar hemisphere, in 5 -- thrombosis of the left lower posterior cerebellar artery with localization of the focus of softening in the left cerebellar hemisphere. One case was with thrombosis of the same vessel with a focus of softening in the right cerebellar hemisphere in the side olive of medulla oblongata."}
{"id": "PMID:919957", "title": "[Social and medical rehabilitation of patients subjected to surgery on account of aneurysms of the anterior connecting artery].", "content": "The report contains data concerning occupational and social rehabilitation of 46 patients operated on for aneurysma of the anterior communicative artery. It was established that the occupational prognosis depends upon the severity of the hemmorhage, character of surgical operation. Of significance are the conditions of work, time after the surgical operation. The authors mark that in 2/3 of the operated on patients the working capacity is being restored. A spontaneous restoration of diaturbed functions is slow and is not always sufficient. With this purpose it is expedient to repeat courses of a general tonic and special rehabilitative therapy. A favourable factor in the readaptation of patients is their early engagement in working activities. The authors give their recommendations for medical labour expert testimony for this category of patients.", "contents": "[Social and medical rehabilitation of patients subjected to surgery on account of aneurysms of the anterior connecting artery]. The report contains data concerning occupational and social rehabilitation of 46 patients operated on for aneurysma of the anterior communicative artery. It was established that the occupational prognosis depends upon the severity of the hemmorhage, character of surgical operation. Of significance are the conditions of work, time after the surgical operation. The authors mark that in 2/3 of the operated on patients the working capacity is being restored. A spontaneous restoration of diaturbed functions is slow and is not always sufficient. With this purpose it is expedient to repeat courses of a general tonic and special rehabilitative therapy. A favourable factor in the readaptation of patients is their early engagement in working activities. The authors give their recommendations for medical labour expert testimony for this category of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:919958", "title": "[So-called regional cerebral hypertension].", "content": "The theory of regional cerebral hypertension is based on methodological imperfect and indirect studies of blood pressure in superficial temporal arteries. The use of a modified direct oscillographic study of these arteries, as well as of a direct (bloody) study of the figures of pressure in them during catheterization refutes the concept of a significant lower level of this pressure compared to the pressure in magistral arteries in normal conditions. These data served as a basis for the premises of the theory of regional cerebral hypertension.", "contents": "[So-called regional cerebral hypertension]. The theory of regional cerebral hypertension is based on methodological imperfect and indirect studies of blood pressure in superficial temporal arteries. The use of a modified direct oscillographic study of these arteries, as well as of a direct (bloody) study of the figures of pressure in them during catheterization refutes the concept of a significant lower level of this pressure compared to the pressure in magistral arteries in normal conditions. These data served as a basis for the premises of the theory of regional cerebral hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:919959", "title": "[Electroencephalographic signs of compensatory reactions following stroke with location of the focus in the right and left cerebral hemispheres].", "content": "The authors studied 41 patients with acute disorders of cerebral circulation, a focus in the right hemisphere and 14 with foci in the left hemisphere. The traits of compensatory reactions were studied according to the background and functional EEG, depending upon the severity, stage, localization and lateralization of focal vascular brain lesions. The authors indicate to a rigidity of clinical and EEG changes in patients with right hemispheric localization of the focus which is explained by the authors by disturbances of the higher cortical functions in these patients.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic signs of compensatory reactions following stroke with location of the focus in the right and left cerebral hemispheres]. The authors studied 41 patients with acute disorders of cerebral circulation, a focus in the right hemisphere and 14 with foci in the left hemisphere. The traits of compensatory reactions were studied according to the background and functional EEG, depending upon the severity, stage, localization and lateralization of focal vascular brain lesions. The authors indicate to a rigidity of clinical and EEG changes in patients with right hemispheric localization of the focus which is explained by the authors by disturbances of the higher cortical functions in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:919960", "title": "[Clinical features of focal brain lesions in the left-handed and ambidextrous].", "content": "On the basis of a study of 31 patients who demonstrated deviations from dextrality (Simistrals and ambidextrals) the authors describe some traits of the nervous and mental changes in focal brain lesions. There are insignificant correlations between the character of nervous and mental changes and the side of a brain lesion. The study demonstrated a wide variability of the clinical symptomatology, a peculiarity of each neurological and psychopathological phenomenon, distinguishing them from similar changes in dextrals. The studied contingent revealed prevalence of a disturbed sensory cognition in the clinical picture; the presence of special phenomena which most likely are not seen in dextrals and which are also related to a pathology of sensory cognition. It is being assumed that these clinical traits may testify to an insufficiency of speech lateralization in sinistrals and that an insufficient speech lateralization is accompanied by other than in dextrals organization of sensory processes.", "contents": "[Clinical features of focal brain lesions in the left-handed and ambidextrous]. On the basis of a study of 31 patients who demonstrated deviations from dextrality (Simistrals and ambidextrals) the authors describe some traits of the nervous and mental changes in focal brain lesions. There are insignificant correlations between the character of nervous and mental changes and the side of a brain lesion. The study demonstrated a wide variability of the clinical symptomatology, a peculiarity of each neurological and psychopathological phenomenon, distinguishing them from similar changes in dextrals. The studied contingent revealed prevalence of a disturbed sensory cognition in the clinical picture; the presence of special phenomena which most likely are not seen in dextrals and which are also related to a pathology of sensory cognition. It is being assumed that these clinical traits may testify to an insufficiency of speech lateralization in sinistrals and that an insufficient speech lateralization is accompanied by other than in dextrals organization of sensory processes."}
{"id": "PMID:919961", "title": "[Insufficient excitation for speech in focal lesions of non-specific brain structures].", "content": "On the basis of a study of 150 patients with focal lesions of the mesencephalo-diencephalic brain areas the authors discuss speech disorders, appearing due to disturbances in the functions of the activating nonspecific systems. They indicate that these speech disorders are conditioned by an insufficiency of speech volition. However, in communicative important situations for the patient they can be overcome. In development of mesencephalodiencephalic pathology the syndrome of insufficient speech volition may be transmitted into a clinical picture of akinetic mutism. The problem of differentiation of insufficiency speech volition is being discussed in relation to lesions on different levels of the activizing nonspecific system and the accompanying drop of speech activity of the motor-aphatic and disarthric disorders.", "contents": "[Insufficient excitation for speech in focal lesions of non-specific brain structures]. On the basis of a study of 150 patients with focal lesions of the mesencephalo-diencephalic brain areas the authors discuss speech disorders, appearing due to disturbances in the functions of the activating nonspecific systems. They indicate that these speech disorders are conditioned by an insufficiency of speech volition. However, in communicative important situations for the patient they can be overcome. In development of mesencephalodiencephalic pathology the syndrome of insufficient speech volition may be transmitted into a clinical picture of akinetic mutism. The problem of differentiation of insufficiency speech volition is being discussed in relation to lesions on different levels of the activizing nonspecific system and the accompanying drop of speech activity of the motor-aphatic and disarthric disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:919962", "title": "[Clinico-enzymologic correlations in trophic disorders of the buccal mucosa in patients with peripheral lesions of the facial nerve].", "content": "The paper deals with trophic disorders of the buccal mucosa in 30 patients with Bell's paralysis. The character of the found changes was judged by the results of an examination of the mucosa and chemical and histochemical studies of the bioptate, obtained by aspirational biopsy. The examinations demonstrated trophical disorders in the buccal mucosa which was testified to by a slight edema and enzymatic-metabolic disorders in the form of an increased activity of the acid and alkaline phosphotase as well as asparagine and alanine aminotranspherase. These changes to a certain extent confirm the existence of vegetative filaments in the facial nerve, an affection of which leads to metabolic-trophical changes. Such data should be taken into consideration in an attempt to explain the mechanisms of distrophical processes and may be utilized as some indices in the judgment of the dynamics in the process of treatment.", "contents": "[Clinico-enzymologic correlations in trophic disorders of the buccal mucosa in patients with peripheral lesions of the facial nerve]. The paper deals with trophic disorders of the buccal mucosa in 30 patients with Bell's paralysis. The character of the found changes was judged by the results of an examination of the mucosa and chemical and histochemical studies of the bioptate, obtained by aspirational biopsy. The examinations demonstrated trophical disorders in the buccal mucosa which was testified to by a slight edema and enzymatic-metabolic disorders in the form of an increased activity of the acid and alkaline phosphotase as well as asparagine and alanine aminotranspherase. These changes to a certain extent confirm the existence of vegetative filaments in the facial nerve, an affection of which leads to metabolic-trophical changes. Such data should be taken into consideration in an attempt to explain the mechanisms of distrophical processes and may be utilized as some indices in the judgment of the dynamics in the process of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:919963", "title": "[Effect of schizophrenic patients' serum on DNA synthesis in cultures of PHA stimulated lymphocytes].", "content": "The authors studied the influence of the blood sera of schizophrenic patients on the DNA synthesis in a PHA stimulated lymphocyte culture of normal donors. It was established that in 13 of the 15 studied patients the blood sera contained factors, inhibiting the DNA synthesis in lymphocytes in normals. The reactivity of lymphocytes on the PHA was in an inverse correlation with the figure of the cytotoxic index. The assumption is being made that the inhibiting action of the serum is conditioned by the presence of antibodies to thymocytes and T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Effect of schizophrenic patients' serum on DNA synthesis in cultures of PHA stimulated lymphocytes]. The authors studied the influence of the blood sera of schizophrenic patients on the DNA synthesis in a PHA stimulated lymphocyte culture of normal donors. It was established that in 13 of the 15 studied patients the blood sera contained factors, inhibiting the DNA synthesis in lymphocytes in normals. The reactivity of lymphocytes on the PHA was in an inverse correlation with the figure of the cytotoxic index. The assumption is being made that the inhibiting action of the serum is conditioned by the presence of antibodies to thymocytes and T-lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:919965", "title": "[Schizophrenic outcomes with catatonic disorders in old age].", "content": "On the basis of a study of 51 patients with schizophrenia older than 60 years of age with catatonic outcome states the author accomplished differentiation of these conditiones with consideration of the character of the catatonic symptoms, as well as of the whole structure of the state. It was demonstrated that in the elderly the most diverse of the described in literature catatonic outcome states may be encountered. A significant percentage of the studied cases was with outcome states, prevalence of speech disorders and certain restoration of adaptation.", "contents": "[Schizophrenic outcomes with catatonic disorders in old age]. On the basis of a study of 51 patients with schizophrenia older than 60 years of age with catatonic outcome states the author accomplished differentiation of these conditiones with consideration of the character of the catatonic symptoms, as well as of the whole structure of the state. It was demonstrated that in the elderly the most diverse of the described in literature catatonic outcome states may be encountered. A significant percentage of the studied cases was with outcome states, prevalence of speech disorders and certain restoration of adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:919967", "title": "[Clinico-epidemiologic study of the mental state of a group of elderly persons from the general population].", "content": "A clinico-epidemiological study of a representative group of individuals older than 60 years of age from the general city population demonstrated that by far not all mental disorders of old age come into contact with a psychiatrist. A study of 1020 individuals (361 males and 659 females) detected 23 patients (2.3% of the studied population), who suffered from psychotic conditions and who were not registered in the neurophsychiatric dispensary: 6(0.6%) with schizophrenia, 6 (0.6%) -- with delusional psychoses of old age, 9 (0.9%) -- with vascular and senile psychoses and 2 (0.2%) -- with exogenous -- organic psychoses. Besides, in 29 cases (2.8%) there were signs of expressed organic dementia. In 38.9% of the studied individuals there were different mental abnormalities not attaining a psychotic level (initial weakly pronounced and mild psychoorganic conditions).", "contents": "[Clinico-epidemiologic study of the mental state of a group of elderly persons from the general population]. A clinico-epidemiological study of a representative group of individuals older than 60 years of age from the general city population demonstrated that by far not all mental disorders of old age come into contact with a psychiatrist. A study of 1020 individuals (361 males and 659 females) detected 23 patients (2.3% of the studied population), who suffered from psychotic conditions and who were not registered in the neurophsychiatric dispensary: 6(0.6%) with schizophrenia, 6 (0.6%) -- with delusional psychoses of old age, 9 (0.9%) -- with vascular and senile psychoses and 2 (0.2%) -- with exogenous -- organic psychoses. Besides, in 29 cases (2.8%) there were signs of expressed organic dementia. In 38.9% of the studied individuals there were different mental abnormalities not attaining a psychotic level (initial weakly pronounced and mild psychoorganic conditions)."}
{"id": "PMID:919969", "title": "[A model of regulation of several shifts in the circulatory system and prospects for its use in schizophrenic patients].", "content": "In 122 patients (81 with schizophrenia and 41 with other mental disorders) and 50 normals the authors studied transient processes of frequency response to an orthostatic deviation. Depending upon the negative or positive acceleration of the pulse, 2 regulation models of this variable were distinguished. The report contains correlations between the regulation models of the palpitation frequency and the clinical picture of schizophrenia. The regulation model of this variable reflects the degree of progressiveness of the schizophrenic process.", "contents": "[A model of regulation of several shifts in the circulatory system and prospects for its use in schizophrenic patients]. In 122 patients (81 with schizophrenia and 41 with other mental disorders) and 50 normals the authors studied transient processes of frequency response to an orthostatic deviation. Depending upon the negative or positive acceleration of the pulse, 2 regulation models of this variable were distinguished. The report contains correlations between the regulation models of the palpitation frequency and the clinical picture of schizophrenia. The regulation model of this variable reflects the degree of progressiveness of the schizophrenic process."}
{"id": "PMID:919974", "title": "[Anterior sacral meningomyelocele].", "content": "Anterior sacral meningomyelocele is the rarest and least known form of congenital myelocele. It is not manifested externally, it is usually not attended with changes in the neurologic status, and may be regarded as a presacral dermoid cyst. The authors observed 5 members of one family with similar clinical and X-ray signs of such herniations, in 2 they were verified. The presence of cystic structures in the cavity of the small pelvis in conjunction with a congenital defect in the bodies of the sacral vertebrae is an indication for conducting pneumomyelography so as to make a more precise diagnosis. A study of the hereditary and family history is a necessary trend in the examination of such patients because the disease may be of a familial character.", "contents": "[Anterior sacral meningomyelocele]. Anterior sacral meningomyelocele is the rarest and least known form of congenital myelocele. It is not manifested externally, it is usually not attended with changes in the neurologic status, and may be regarded as a presacral dermoid cyst. The authors observed 5 members of one family with similar clinical and X-ray signs of such herniations, in 2 they were verified. The presence of cystic structures in the cavity of the small pelvis in conjunction with a congenital defect in the bodies of the sacral vertebrae is an indication for conducting pneumomyelography so as to make a more precise diagnosis. A study of the hereditary and family history is a necessary trend in the examination of such patients because the disease may be of a familial character."}
{"id": "PMID:919975", "title": "[Diagnosis of intervertebral disk hernia in patients with discogenic lumbosacral radiculitis using a matrix table].", "content": "For a more precise diagnosis of the level of nucleus pulposus herniation in lumbar osteochondrosis, a table has been compiled taking into account 35 signs of the disease. It is based on numerical evaluation of individual symptoms of the disease depending on their topico-diagnostic importance. The table was checked on 108 patients with discogenic lumbosacral radiculitis treated at the neurosurgical department of the clinic in whom posterolateral or paramedial herniation of the nucleus pulposus at the level of L4 or L5 was discovered during the operation. The table diagnosis proved to be correct in 91% of patients, while the preoperative clinical diagnosis--only in 82% of patients. All this provides the grounds for the use of this table in precise diagnosis of the level of nucleus pulposus herniation in discogenic lumbosacral radiculitis.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of intervertebral disk hernia in patients with discogenic lumbosacral radiculitis using a matrix table]. For a more precise diagnosis of the level of nucleus pulposus herniation in lumbar osteochondrosis, a table has been compiled taking into account 35 signs of the disease. It is based on numerical evaluation of individual symptoms of the disease depending on their topico-diagnostic importance. The table was checked on 108 patients with discogenic lumbosacral radiculitis treated at the neurosurgical department of the clinic in whom posterolateral or paramedial herniation of the nucleus pulposus at the level of L4 or L5 was discovered during the operation. The table diagnosis proved to be correct in 91% of patients, while the preoperative clinical diagnosis--only in 82% of patients. All this provides the grounds for the use of this table in precise diagnosis of the level of nucleus pulposus herniation in discogenic lumbosacral radiculitis."}
{"id": "PMID:919976", "title": "[Functional activity of blood leukocytes in the presence of traumatic lesions of the spinal cord].", "content": "A clinico-immonologic examination of 58 patients with traumatic lesion of the spinal cord was undertaken to ascertain the condition of the phagocytic activity of the peripheral blood neutrophils, one of the indices of natural immunity. For comprehensive appraisal of the leucocyte functional activity, not only the absorptive but also the digestive function of neutrophils was studied. Analysis of the results shows that a severe cerebrospinal trauma leads to diminution of the organism's protective forces. This is reflected in marked and long-term changes in the studied indices of the phagocytic reaction. The changes discovered were particularly conspicuous in patients with generalized infectious complications (urosepsis) and extensive infected bed sores.", "contents": "[Functional activity of blood leukocytes in the presence of traumatic lesions of the spinal cord]. A clinico-immonologic examination of 58 patients with traumatic lesion of the spinal cord was undertaken to ascertain the condition of the phagocytic activity of the peripheral blood neutrophils, one of the indices of natural immunity. For comprehensive appraisal of the leucocyte functional activity, not only the absorptive but also the digestive function of neutrophils was studied. Analysis of the results shows that a severe cerebrospinal trauma leads to diminution of the organism's protective forces. This is reflected in marked and long-term changes in the studied indices of the phagocytic reaction. The changes discovered were particularly conspicuous in patients with generalized infectious complications (urosepsis) and extensive infected bed sores."}
{"id": "PMID:919977", "title": "[Dynamics of local cerebral blood flow in patients with contusion and compression of the brain in the postoperative period].", "content": "Study of local cerebral blood flow and PO2 in 19 patients with contusion of the brain after they had undergone surgery with removal of intracranial hematoma showed that posthypohyperemia developed in the previously compressed area of the brain which led to the formation of multiple hemorrhages along the vessels and consequent decrease in local blood flow later. It was assumed that the level of hyperemia in stability of general arterial pressure reflects the degree of tissue acidosis which grows with an increase in intracranial pressure. Early operative intervention for correcting the brain compression is most effective in such conditions.", "contents": "[Dynamics of local cerebral blood flow in patients with contusion and compression of the brain in the postoperative period]. Study of local cerebral blood flow and PO2 in 19 patients with contusion of the brain after they had undergone surgery with removal of intracranial hematoma showed that posthypohyperemia developed in the previously compressed area of the brain which led to the formation of multiple hemorrhages along the vessels and consequent decrease in local blood flow later. It was assumed that the level of hyperemia in stability of general arterial pressure reflects the degree of tissue acidosis which grows with an increase in intracranial pressure. Early operative intervention for correcting the brain compression is most effective in such conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:919979", "title": "[Dynamics of psychopathologic and neurologic syndrome in severe trauma to the skull and brain].", "content": "A dynamical clinical psychopathologic and neurologic study of disturbed functions of the nervous system following closed trauma of the skull and brain was conducted on 52 patients. The following three periods could be distinguished: the immediate result of the injury (1 to 2 weeks), recovery (2 weeks to 2 months), and outcome (2 to 3 years after the injury). The clinical forms of the course of psychopathologic and neurologic syndromes in each period were determined.", "contents": "[Dynamics of psychopathologic and neurologic syndrome in severe trauma to the skull and brain]. A dynamical clinical psychopathologic and neurologic study of disturbed functions of the nervous system following closed trauma of the skull and brain was conducted on 52 patients. The following three periods could be distinguished: the immediate result of the injury (1 to 2 weeks), recovery (2 weeks to 2 months), and outcome (2 to 3 years after the injury). The clinical forms of the course of psychopathologic and neurologic syndromes in each period were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:919981", "title": "[Pneumoencephalographic signs of traumatic intracranial hematomas].", "content": "Lateral dislocation of the ventricles in relation to the reconstructed line of the septum pellucidum by more than 3 mm in proper positioning of the patient's head and by more than 6 mm in asymmetric positioning (from 5 to 18 mm) should be interpretated as a sign of an intracranial three-dimentional structure which requires surgical treatment. The subarachnoid spaces on the side of the intracranial hematoma or contusion focus are often not filled with the air. Pneumoencephalography conducted by the authors' sparing method with the administration of euphylline (aminophyline) may be employed as an auxiliary diagnostic method when angiography or echoencephalography cannot be performed.", "contents": "[Pneumoencephalographic signs of traumatic intracranial hematomas]. Lateral dislocation of the ventricles in relation to the reconstructed line of the septum pellucidum by more than 3 mm in proper positioning of the patient's head and by more than 6 mm in asymmetric positioning (from 5 to 18 mm) should be interpretated as a sign of an intracranial three-dimentional structure which requires surgical treatment. The subarachnoid spaces on the side of the intracranial hematoma or contusion focus are often not filled with the air. Pneumoencephalography conducted by the authors' sparing method with the administration of euphylline (aminophyline) may be employed as an auxiliary diagnostic method when angiography or echoencephalography cannot be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:919980", "title": "[Clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of metastatic melanoma of the brain].", "content": "The morphological and clinical features of the disease were studied in 73 patients with malanoma metastasis to the brain. A morphological examination revealed predominance of the epithelial-like structure of the tumors over fusocellular, infiltrative growth of metastases in the brain, and many newly formed defective vessels in the metastatic tumors which were conducive to frequent hemorrhages. The clinical picture of the disease was marked by the predominance of general cerebral symptoms over focal. With regard to the diagnosis, much importance is attached to medical history and peculiarities of the clinical manifestations of the disease and to the results of an auxiliary examination (radiocontrast, electrophysiological, etc). Treatment of patients with melanoma metastases in the brain should be combined and should include, whenever indicated, surgical intervention, hormonotherapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of metastatic melanoma of the brain]. The morphological and clinical features of the disease were studied in 73 patients with malanoma metastasis to the brain. A morphological examination revealed predominance of the epithelial-like structure of the tumors over fusocellular, infiltrative growth of metastases in the brain, and many newly formed defective vessels in the metastatic tumors which were conducive to frequent hemorrhages. The clinical picture of the disease was marked by the predominance of general cerebral symptoms over focal. With regard to the diagnosis, much importance is attached to medical history and peculiarities of the clinical manifestations of the disease and to the results of an auxiliary examination (radiocontrast, electrophysiological, etc). Treatment of patients with melanoma metastases in the brain should be combined and should include, whenever indicated, surgical intervention, hormonotherapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:919982", "title": "[Pericranial sinus (sinus pericranial)].", "content": "The authors had under the their care 6 patients with sinus pericranii. Sinusography with puncture of the sac of the sinus and administration of a contrast medium was performed in all of them. In 4 patients the sinus pericranii was not connected with the extracranial vessels, in 2 retrograde filling of the intracranial venous sinuses and the veins of the face occurred. All the patients were operated on. The  sac of the sinus was totally removed in 5 patients and opened and tamponed with muscles in one pateint. The etiology, differential diagnosis, and surgical management of the disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Pericranial sinus (sinus pericranial)]. The authors had under the their care 6 patients with sinus pericranii. Sinusography with puncture of the sac of the sinus and administration of a contrast medium was performed in all of them. In 4 patients the sinus pericranii was not connected with the extracranial vessels, in 2 retrograde filling of the intracranial venous sinuses and the veins of the face occurred. All the patients were operated on. The  sac of the sinus was totally removed in 5 patients and opened and tamponed with muscles in one pateint. The etiology, differential diagnosis, and surgical management of the disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:919987", "title": "[Abscess of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of liver abscess is analysed in the light of recent data from the literature. The attention is drawn on the increase in frequency of this disease over the last 10 years. The diagnosis is difficult to set on clinical and biological grounds but can be established with certainty by means of scintigraphy and hepatic angiography. Identification of the micro-organism is difficult and impossible in more than half of the cases. Treatment which is essentially surgical, in association with antibiotherapy specific of the anaerobic and gram negative micro-organisms, can reduce total mortality to 10%.", "contents": "[Abscess of the liver (author's transl)]. A case of liver abscess is analysed in the light of recent data from the literature. The attention is drawn on the increase in frequency of this disease over the last 10 years. The diagnosis is difficult to set on clinical and biological grounds but can be established with certainty by means of scintigraphy and hepatic angiography. Identification of the micro-organism is difficult and impossible in more than half of the cases. Treatment which is essentially surgical, in association with antibiotherapy specific of the anaerobic and gram negative micro-organisms, can reduce total mortality to 10%."}
{"id": "PMID:919986", "title": "[A case of arteriopathy due to ergot intoxication. Revue of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a case of ergot intoxication with ischemia from arterial lesions in all four limbs. Angiograms are presented. The treatment comprises interruption of ergotamine and a bilateral lumbar sympathectomy. Etiology, clinical picture, angiologic characters and the different treatments are described after a revue of the literature.", "contents": "[A case of arteriopathy due to ergot intoxication. Revue of the literature (author's transl)]. The authors present a case of ergot intoxication with ischemia from arterial lesions in all four limbs. Angiograms are presented. The treatment comprises interruption of ergotamine and a bilateral lumbar sympathectomy. Etiology, clinical picture, angiologic characters and the different treatments are described after a revue of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:919989", "title": "[Modified radical mastectomy. Experience of the Institut J. Bordet (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the results of a homogeneous series of 319 modified radical mastectomies where both pectoralis muscles are respected, in the treatment of breast cancer. Operative mortality is nill and morbidity is low. Persistant lymphedema of the arm is not marked. The frequency of axillary nodes is 64%. Local recurrences occur in 12% of cases. Total 5 year survival was 50.1%. It was 89% for stage I, 57.3% for stage II and 43.7% for stage 222. It was 61.5% if there were no involved nodes, 63.9% when 1 to 3 nodes were involved and 32% when 4 or more nodes were involved. The authors recommend this type of operation of tumors of state II and III as the 5 year survival is identical to that of other techniques, as morbidity and mortality are low and distant sequellae are unimportant.", "contents": "[Modified radical mastectomy. Experience of the Institut J. Bordet (author's transl)]. The authors report the results of a homogeneous series of 319 modified radical mastectomies where both pectoralis muscles are respected, in the treatment of breast cancer. Operative mortality is nill and morbidity is low. Persistant lymphedema of the arm is not marked. The frequency of axillary nodes is 64%. Local recurrences occur in 12% of cases. Total 5 year survival was 50.1%. It was 89% for stage I, 57.3% for stage II and 43.7% for stage 222. It was 61.5% if there were no involved nodes, 63.9% when 1 to 3 nodes were involved and 32% when 4 or more nodes were involved. The authors recommend this type of operation of tumors of state II and III as the 5 year survival is identical to that of other techniques, as morbidity and mortality are low and distant sequellae are unimportant."}
{"id": "PMID:919990", "title": "[The problem of the internal mammary chain (author's transl)].", "content": "Two hundred and ninety patients operated for breast cancer underwent systematic resection of internal mammery chain. Block resection of this lymphatic drainage is performed without opening the thorax by a personal technique. We have shown these nodes can be involved whatever the site of the primitive tumor. Involvement depends on the local and regional extent of the tumor. Result of frozen section examinations of the mammary chains, internal and external, makes it possible to control and complete the clinical examination. We have thus formed a homogeneous series in which conservative treatment was applied with maximal chances of success.", "contents": "[The problem of the internal mammary chain (author's transl)]. Two hundred and ninety patients operated for breast cancer underwent systematic resection of internal mammery chain. Block resection of this lymphatic drainage is performed without opening the thorax by a personal technique. We have shown these nodes can be involved whatever the site of the primitive tumor. Involvement depends on the local and regional extent of the tumor. Result of frozen section examinations of the mammary chains, internal and external, makes it possible to control and complete the clinical examination. We have thus formed a homogeneous series in which conservative treatment was applied with maximal chances of success."}
{"id": "PMID:919994", "title": "[Controlled study of oral administration of antibiotics in the preparation of digestive surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Between November 30, 1971 and March 15, 1976, 46 patients underwent surgery on the colon or rectum. They were randomized into 2 groups, one receiving a mechanical preparation together with lincomycline, neomycine, polymyxine, kanamycine, bacitracine and nystatine, the other a mechanical preparation alone. Analysis of results reveals no statistically significant difference in the frequency of infections, neither local (11/24 with antibiotics vis 13/22 without; chi2 = 0.25) neither general (16/24 and 9/22; chi2 = 0.92). Nor was the postoperative use of antibiotics for local or general infection different in the 2 groups. No influence of age or preoperative radio-therapy could be shown. This randomized trial suggests that there is little advantage in associating antibiotics to mechanical preparation before colorectal surgery. The authors contemplate a new randomized trial in high-risk patients suffering from cancer.", "contents": "[Controlled study of oral administration of antibiotics in the preparation of digestive surgery (author's transl)]. Between November 30, 1971 and March 15, 1976, 46 patients underwent surgery on the colon or rectum. They were randomized into 2 groups, one receiving a mechanical preparation together with lincomycline, neomycine, polymyxine, kanamycine, bacitracine and nystatine, the other a mechanical preparation alone. Analysis of results reveals no statistically significant difference in the frequency of infections, neither local (11/24 with antibiotics vis 13/22 without; chi2 = 0.25) neither general (16/24 and 9/22; chi2 = 0.92). Nor was the postoperative use of antibiotics for local or general infection different in the 2 groups. No influence of age or preoperative radio-therapy could be shown. This randomized trial suggests that there is little advantage in associating antibiotics to mechanical preparation before colorectal surgery. The authors contemplate a new randomized trial in high-risk patients suffering from cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:919995", "title": "[Hepatic peliose, nodular focal hyperplasia of the liver: a propos two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report on the pathology of the liver in two patients under continuous and prolonged oral contraceptives (11 and 8 years): the first had peliose, the other had focal nodular hyperplasia. Present etiopathogenetic theories are reminded: anabolic steroids in peliose and contraceptives in focal nodular hyperplasia. These lesions should be searched systematically in such patients at any laparotomy.", "contents": "[Hepatic peliose, nodular focal hyperplasia of the liver: a propos two cases (author's transl)]. This is a report on the pathology of the liver in two patients under continuous and prolonged oral contraceptives (11 and 8 years): the first had peliose, the other had focal nodular hyperplasia. Present etiopathogenetic theories are reminded: anabolic steroids in peliose and contraceptives in focal nodular hyperplasia. These lesions should be searched systematically in such patients at any laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:919992", "title": "[The problem of the treatment of the operable breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Breast cancer is a chronic disease, often generalized at the time of diagnosis. Present treatments are efficient only if the tumor is still localized so that results are relatively disappointing. Careful clinical appraisal will define the chances of a disabling treatment and the limits of a curative treatment. Systematic histologic study of axillary nodes completes the clinical examination, is a reliable measure of the risk of dissemination at the time of treatment and indicates the necessity for complementary chemotherapy. The main choices of treatment for initial stages are presented. Radical mastectomy, according to the literature appears best as it adds a precise diagnosis to a safe result. Mastectomy without resection of the pectoralis major is a cosmetic alternative with statistical and experimental soundness. Complementary prophylactic irradiation for radical mastectomy should be reserved for high risk of local recurrence and for control of metastases to the internal mammary nodes.", "contents": "[The problem of the treatment of the operable breast cancer (author's transl)]. Breast cancer is a chronic disease, often generalized at the time of diagnosis. Present treatments are efficient only if the tumor is still localized so that results are relatively disappointing. Careful clinical appraisal will define the chances of a disabling treatment and the limits of a curative treatment. Systematic histologic study of axillary nodes completes the clinical examination, is a reliable measure of the risk of dissemination at the time of treatment and indicates the necessity for complementary chemotherapy. The main choices of treatment for initial stages are presented. Radical mastectomy, according to the literature appears best as it adds a precise diagnosis to a safe result. Mastectomy without resection of the pectoralis major is a cosmetic alternative with statistical and experimental soundness. Complementary prophylactic irradiation for radical mastectomy should be reserved for high risk of local recurrence and for control of metastases to the internal mammary nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:919996", "title": "[A propos a case of strangulated properitoneal hernia].", "content": "The properitoneal hernias are very rare and their diagnosis is very difficult. The authors report one case and discuss the classification.", "contents": "[A propos a case of strangulated properitoneal hernia]. The properitoneal hernias are very rare and their diagnosis is very difficult. The authors report one case and discuss the classification."}
{"id": "PMID:919997", "title": "Gastric lipoma and mucocele of appendix. Case history.", "content": "An interesting coexistence of two rare diseases in the same patient is presented. A 51 year old female was operated for a benign tumor of the stomach, a lipoma of about 5 cm of the gastric antrum. After the tumor removal, a mucocele of the appendix was surprisingly found, for which an appendectomy was necessary. The clinical course was uneventful and one year after the operation the patient is in a good state of health. A short review of the literature accompanies the description of the case.", "contents": "Gastric lipoma and mucocele of appendix. Case history. An interesting coexistence of two rare diseases in the same patient is presented. A 51 year old female was operated for a benign tumor of the stomach, a lipoma of about 5 cm of the gastric antrum. After the tumor removal, a mucocele of the appendix was surprisingly found, for which an appendectomy was necessary. The clinical course was uneventful and one year after the operation the patient is in a good state of health. A short review of the literature accompanies the description of the case."}
{"id": "PMID:919993", "title": "[By-passes of the arteries in the leg and the foot (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents the 50 first cases of his serie of by-passes on legs and feet arteries. The various stages of the angiography, anesthesia and operation technique are discussed. The results are divided into three groups; the by-passes always permeable, the patients deceased from another disease still with a permeable by-pass, and the precocious or late failures. The latter are studied more in detail in order to bring out, the reasons of failures and the factors which could improve the present results. The analysis of the results, compared to those of the published cases, shows a satisfying percentage of good results, seen the symptoms and lesions.", "contents": "[By-passes of the arteries in the leg and the foot (author's transl)]. The author presents the 50 first cases of his serie of by-passes on legs and feet arteries. The various stages of the angiography, anesthesia and operation technique are discussed. The results are divided into three groups; the by-passes always permeable, the patients deceased from another disease still with a permeable by-pass, and the precocious or late failures. The latter are studied more in detail in order to bring out, the reasons of failures and the factors which could improve the present results. The analysis of the results, compared to those of the published cases, shows a satisfying percentage of good results, seen the symptoms and lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:920010", "title": "The significance of sympathetic nervous activity for the development of the intestinal mucosal lesions in shock.", "content": "A 2-hour period of regional hypotension at 30-35 mmHg in the feline small bowel was produced by partial occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. In one series of animals the sympathetic fibres in the splanchnic nerves were stimulated bilaterally at 6 Hz throughout the hypotension. In another group of animals no such stimulation was performed on the denervated intestinal segments. A mucosal damage was observed in both series and it was graded histologically according to Chiu et al. (1970). The two groups were also compared as regards the magnitude of the blood pressure fall occurring during the first hour after the period of intestinal hypotension. No statistically significant difference could be demonstrated between the two series of experiments with regard to mucosal damage or blood pressure fall. It is hence concluded that sympathetic nervous activity does not contribute to any measurable extent to the development of mucosal damage and cardiovascular deterioration observed in connection with regional intestinal hypotension. The explanation for this is discussed.", "contents": "The significance of sympathetic nervous activity for the development of the intestinal mucosal lesions in shock. A 2-hour period of regional hypotension at 30-35 mmHg in the feline small bowel was produced by partial occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. In one series of animals the sympathetic fibres in the splanchnic nerves were stimulated bilaterally at 6 Hz throughout the hypotension. In another group of animals no such stimulation was performed on the denervated intestinal segments. A mucosal damage was observed in both series and it was graded histologically according to Chiu et al. (1970). The two groups were also compared as regards the magnitude of the blood pressure fall occurring during the first hour after the period of intestinal hypotension. No statistically significant difference could be demonstrated between the two series of experiments with regard to mucosal damage or blood pressure fall. It is hence concluded that sympathetic nervous activity does not contribute to any measurable extent to the development of mucosal damage and cardiovascular deterioration observed in connection with regional intestinal hypotension. The explanation for this is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920011", "title": "Energy and protein intake in elderly patients in an orthopedic surgical ward.", "content": "A study was made during a 3-month period of the food intake of all patients older than 60 years, who were admitted to a ward of acute orthopedic surgery. This amounted to 31 women and 15 men, whose average age was 74 years. Each patient's diet was studied for 16 days on an average. The mean daily energy intake was 1 163+/-341 kcal (4 868 +/- 1 427 kJ) for women and 1 558+/-539 kcal (6 521+/-2 856 kJ) for men. 44 of 46 patients received fewer calories than is recommended for healthy persons the same age, and 25 of 46 patients consumed less calories per day than the basal metabolism. The mean daily protein intake was 0.7+/-0.3 g/kg/day for both men and women. 28 of the patients received less than 0.8 g/kg/day which is the amount of protein recommended healthy adults and none of our patients received 1.5 g protein/kg/day, the protein intake recommended patients in hospital. The low protein intake was due to a poor intake of energy as well as a high consumption of refreshing drinks and titbits, both a little nourishment.", "contents": "Energy and protein intake in elderly patients in an orthopedic surgical ward. A study was made during a 3-month period of the food intake of all patients older than 60 years, who were admitted to a ward of acute orthopedic surgery. This amounted to 31 women and 15 men, whose average age was 74 years. Each patient's diet was studied for 16 days on an average. The mean daily energy intake was 1 163+/-341 kcal (4 868 +/- 1 427 kJ) for women and 1 558+/-539 kcal (6 521+/-2 856 kJ) for men. 44 of 46 patients received fewer calories than is recommended for healthy persons the same age, and 25 of 46 patients consumed less calories per day than the basal metabolism. The mean daily protein intake was 0.7+/-0.3 g/kg/day for both men and women. 28 of the patients received less than 0.8 g/kg/day which is the amount of protein recommended healthy adults and none of our patients received 1.5 g protein/kg/day, the protein intake recommended patients in hospital. The low protein intake was due to a poor intake of energy as well as a high consumption of refreshing drinks and titbits, both a little nourishment."}
{"id": "PMID:920012", "title": "Peritoneal lavage in the diagnosis of intraperitoneal bleeding.", "content": "The ability of peritoneal lavage with normal saline to disclose intraperitoneal haemorrhage requiring surgical intervention was assessed in a prospektive study of 30 patients admitted after blunt abdominal trauma or on suspicioun of ruptured ectopic pregnancy. The results were compared with the results of a meticulous clinical examination including simple laboratory tests, and were found significantly more reliable in the management of these patients.", "contents": "Peritoneal lavage in the diagnosis of intraperitoneal bleeding. The ability of peritoneal lavage with normal saline to disclose intraperitoneal haemorrhage requiring surgical intervention was assessed in a prospektive study of 30 patients admitted after blunt abdominal trauma or on suspicioun of ruptured ectopic pregnancy. The results were compared with the results of a meticulous clinical examination including simple laboratory tests, and were found significantly more reliable in the management of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:920013", "title": "Proximal gastric vagotomy with suprapyloric mucosal antrectomy for duodenal ulcer.", "content": "The feasibility of doing proximal gastric vagotomy with suprapyloric mucosal antrectomy for duodenal ulcer was investigated in a pilot study of seven patients. The aim was to reduce the risk of recurrent duodenal ulcer after proximal gastric vagotomy without causing a simultaneous increase of the risk of dumping and diarrhoea. The patients were subjected to pre- and early postoperative gastric secretory tests, radiologic and endoscopic examinations of gastric motility 2 months later, and a clinical follow-up 1 year after the operation. Basal and maximum acid secretion was reduced by 86 and 70% in average in 6 patients. One patient developed mild dumping. Neither recurrent duodenal ulcer nor diarrhoea was accounted. However, 3 patients developed severe gastric stasis and 2 of these had to be reoperated, one having an anastomotic ulcer between fundic and suprapyloric mucosa. The results of this rather timeconsuming and tedious operation did not encourage further trial, but suggested proximal gastric vagotomy alone as being the operation of choice for duodenal ulcer without pyloric or duodenal stenosis.", "contents": "Proximal gastric vagotomy with suprapyloric mucosal antrectomy for duodenal ulcer. The feasibility of doing proximal gastric vagotomy with suprapyloric mucosal antrectomy for duodenal ulcer was investigated in a pilot study of seven patients. The aim was to reduce the risk of recurrent duodenal ulcer after proximal gastric vagotomy without causing a simultaneous increase of the risk of dumping and diarrhoea. The patients were subjected to pre- and early postoperative gastric secretory tests, radiologic and endoscopic examinations of gastric motility 2 months later, and a clinical follow-up 1 year after the operation. Basal and maximum acid secretion was reduced by 86 and 70% in average in 6 patients. One patient developed mild dumping. Neither recurrent duodenal ulcer nor diarrhoea was accounted. However, 3 patients developed severe gastric stasis and 2 of these had to be reoperated, one having an anastomotic ulcer between fundic and suprapyloric mucosa. The results of this rather timeconsuming and tedious operation did not encourage further trial, but suggested proximal gastric vagotomy alone as being the operation of choice for duodenal ulcer without pyloric or duodenal stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:920015", "title": "Carcinoid tumors of the appendix in children. A report of 25 cases.", "content": "Carcinoid tumors of the appendix in 25 children (21 girls, 4 boys) below 15 years corroborated the previously reported preponderance of females. 17 children were operated upon because of acute appendicitis, one because of oxyuriasis in the appendix and the remaining 7 because of diffuse recurrent abdominal pain. All the patients were subjected to appendectomy and one of them later also to right-sided hemicolectomy because of carcinoid in the margin of the resection of the appendix but not in the cecum. Despite deep infiltration of the wall of the appendix to the serosa in 9 children and lymph node metastases in one, no signs of a recurrence have been seen during follow-up of 5 to 17 years (mean 12 years).", "contents": "Carcinoid tumors of the appendix in children. A report of 25 cases. Carcinoid tumors of the appendix in 25 children (21 girls, 4 boys) below 15 years corroborated the previously reported preponderance of females. 17 children were operated upon because of acute appendicitis, one because of oxyuriasis in the appendix and the remaining 7 because of diffuse recurrent abdominal pain. All the patients were subjected to appendectomy and one of them later also to right-sided hemicolectomy because of carcinoid in the margin of the resection of the appendix but not in the cecum. Despite deep infiltration of the wall of the appendix to the serosa in 9 children and lymph node metastases in one, no signs of a recurrence have been seen during follow-up of 5 to 17 years (mean 12 years)."}
{"id": "PMID:920016", "title": "Visceral ischaemia following coeliac- and superior mesenteric artery occlusion. Report of a case.", "content": "A patient with acute ischaemia of the abdominal organs after coeliac- and superior mesenteric artery occlusion is reported. Following vascular reconstruction and resection of gangrenous colon and ileum the main early postoperative problem was hepatic failure. A grave malabsorption syndrome developed necessitating periodic i.v. hyperalimentation. The patient showed no improvement of intestinal function and died 5 months postoperatively from peritonitis.", "contents": "Visceral ischaemia following coeliac- and superior mesenteric artery occlusion. Report of a case. A patient with acute ischaemia of the abdominal organs after coeliac- and superior mesenteric artery occlusion is reported. Following vascular reconstruction and resection of gangrenous colon and ileum the main early postoperative problem was hepatic failure. A grave malabsorption syndrome developed necessitating periodic i.v. hyperalimentation. The patient showed no improvement of intestinal function and died 5 months postoperatively from peritonitis."}
{"id": "PMID:920033", "title": "Iatrogenic hyperstimulation of the ovary with ascites. Report of a case and considerations and management.", "content": "The authors describe a case of iatrogenic hyperstimulation of the ovary with ascites in a patient with primary amenorrhea and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. They present the results of total urinary estrogen assays stressing the advisability of a technical check in the presence of an apparently abnormally high estrogen excretion during HMG therapy. The patient's biochemical and hematological data during the stage of clinical hyperstimulation are set out and management is discussed. Finally, the usefulness of timely and adequate albumin administration under CVP control is stressed and the possibility of clinical application of the result of recent experimental research (viz. antihistamines is discussed.", "contents": "Iatrogenic hyperstimulation of the ovary with ascites. Report of a case and considerations and management. The authors describe a case of iatrogenic hyperstimulation of the ovary with ascites in a patient with primary amenorrhea and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. They present the results of total urinary estrogen assays stressing the advisability of a technical check in the presence of an apparently abnormally high estrogen excretion during HMG therapy. The patient's biochemical and hematological data during the stage of clinical hyperstimulation are set out and management is discussed. Finally, the usefulness of timely and adequate albumin administration under CVP control is stressed and the possibility of clinical application of the result of recent experimental research (viz. antihistamines is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920035", "title": "[Carcadian variations of plasma delta4-androstenedione in normal and castrated adult males].", "content": "The plasma concentration of delta4-androstenedione has been assayed by a radioimmunological method, preceded by chromatographic purfication, in 11 normal adult and 4 adult castrated males at various times of day. The circadian variations observed are critically evaluated.", "contents": "[Carcadian variations of plasma delta4-androstenedione in normal and castrated adult males]. The plasma concentration of delta4-androstenedione has been assayed by a radioimmunological method, preceded by chromatographic purfication, in 11 normal adult and 4 adult castrated males at various times of day. The circadian variations observed are critically evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:920036", "title": "Histological and ultrastructural changes of the endometrium in women using inert and copper-coiled IUDs.", "content": "The authors examined biopsy material obtained from women wearing inert and copper-coiled IUDs, under the light and electron microscopes. Examination of this material leads to the conclusion that there are no specific lesion attributable to either type of IUD. It can also be said that lesions characteristic for an inflammatory reaction prevail over all other possible endometrial changes.", "contents": "Histological and ultrastructural changes of the endometrium in women using inert and copper-coiled IUDs. The authors examined biopsy material obtained from women wearing inert and copper-coiled IUDs, under the light and electron microscopes. Examination of this material leads to the conclusion that there are no specific lesion attributable to either type of IUD. It can also be said that lesions characteristic for an inflammatory reaction prevail over all other possible endometrial changes."}
{"id": "PMID:920038", "title": "Fertility following adnexal surgery.", "content": "A total of 154 patients after adnexal operations between 1969-1973 were queried in order to establish fertility rate after operation. Out of the 154 questioned 122 submitted their reply. i.e. 69.2 per cent. These women were divided into three groups. The first one comprised 46 patients operated because of extrauterine pregnancy, the second consisted of 50 patients operated because of ovarian cyst and the third one included 18 women operated because of bilateral adnexal pathology. In the first group 90 per cent of the patients who desired so succeeded to become pregnant. In the second group 87 per cent succeeded and 66.6 per cent in the third group. The possible ethyological factors of sterility after adnexal operations were discussed and conservative operations were proposed as the most convenient policy in cases of bilateral adnexal pathology.", "contents": "Fertility following adnexal surgery. A total of 154 patients after adnexal operations between 1969-1973 were queried in order to establish fertility rate after operation. Out of the 154 questioned 122 submitted their reply. i.e. 69.2 per cent. These women were divided into three groups. The first one comprised 46 patients operated because of extrauterine pregnancy, the second consisted of 50 patients operated because of ovarian cyst and the third one included 18 women operated because of bilateral adnexal pathology. In the first group 90 per cent of the patients who desired so succeeded to become pregnant. In the second group 87 per cent succeeded and 66.6 per cent in the third group. The possible ethyological factors of sterility after adnexal operations were discussed and conservative operations were proposed as the most convenient policy in cases of bilateral adnexal pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:920039", "title": "Foam test, amniotic fluid cytology, creatinine and fetography in evaluation of fetal maturity.", "content": "Amniocenteses were performed in 73 pregnant women for maturity assessment in cases of high risk pregnancies, pregnancies of unknown gestational age and before an elective cesarean section. The evaluation of fetal maturity was based on: 1) foam test; 2)amniotic fluid cytology; 3)creatinine concentration; 4) fetography and 5) clinical criteria. The results which were assessed as to the proven infant maturity were as follows: Foam test 84.3%, lipid laden cells 75%; Creatinine 62.5% and fetography 56.3%.", "contents": "Foam test, amniotic fluid cytology, creatinine and fetography in evaluation of fetal maturity. Amniocenteses were performed in 73 pregnant women for maturity assessment in cases of high risk pregnancies, pregnancies of unknown gestational age and before an elective cesarean section. The evaluation of fetal maturity was based on: 1) foam test; 2)amniotic fluid cytology; 3)creatinine concentration; 4) fetography and 5) clinical criteria. The results which were assessed as to the proven infant maturity were as follows: Foam test 84.3%, lipid laden cells 75%; Creatinine 62.5% and fetography 56.3%."}
{"id": "PMID:920041", "title": "A rare case of ante partum fetal death due to funicular pathology.", "content": "The authors describe a case of ante partum fetal death due to a true funicular knot combined with relative shortness of the cord as a results of a double nuchal coil. Separately, these complications are common occurrences and do not lead to fetal pathology except during labor. If, however, they are combined they may be responsible, as in the case described above, for ante partum fetal death as a result of vascular strangulation during sudden changes in the fetal position. The possibilities of diagnosing funicular complications are discussed but these are not apt to avoid the rare cases of sudden fetal death as a result of vascular occlusion in the ante partum period.", "contents": "A rare case of ante partum fetal death due to funicular pathology. The authors describe a case of ante partum fetal death due to a true funicular knot combined with relative shortness of the cord as a results of a double nuchal coil. Separately, these complications are common occurrences and do not lead to fetal pathology except during labor. If, however, they are combined they may be responsible, as in the case described above, for ante partum fetal death as a result of vascular strangulation during sudden changes in the fetal position. The possibilities of diagnosing funicular complications are discussed but these are not apt to avoid the rare cases of sudden fetal death as a result of vascular occlusion in the ante partum period."}
{"id": "PMID:920042", "title": "Inhibitory effect of prostaglandin F2alpha (PgF2alpha) on puerperal lactation.", "content": "Twenty puerperal women in 4th day after delivery were treated with a saline infusion containing 10 mg of PgF2alpha. Milk secretion, breast engorgement, prolactin plasma levels and side effects were determined. In all patients lactation disappeared within 48 hours after PgF2alpha infusion. During the following 12 hours after PgF2alpha treatment the prolactin plasma levels showed an important and significant decrease in all cases. In the following days the prolactin plasma levels decreased such as in normal puerperium. In some cases low gastralgia and in one case diarrhoea compaired. These results can be explained by PgF2alpha double action either on pituitary-hypothalamic function or on mammary gland cells.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of prostaglandin F2alpha (PgF2alpha) on puerperal lactation. Twenty puerperal women in 4th day after delivery were treated with a saline infusion containing 10 mg of PgF2alpha. Milk secretion, breast engorgement, prolactin plasma levels and side effects were determined. In all patients lactation disappeared within 48 hours after PgF2alpha infusion. During the following 12 hours after PgF2alpha treatment the prolactin plasma levels showed an important and significant decrease in all cases. In the following days the prolactin plasma levels decreased such as in normal puerperium. In some cases low gastralgia and in one case diarrhoea compaired. These results can be explained by PgF2alpha double action either on pituitary-hypothalamic function or on mammary gland cells."}
{"id": "PMID:920061", "title": "[Effect of large doses of manganese on erythropoietic activity].", "content": "The effect of intraperitoneal administration of 3 different doses of MnCl2 on erythro-poiesis was investigated in rats. Significant changes in 59Fe uptake by erythrocytes, bone marrow and spleen were observed in rats given the highest dose of 1 mg Mn/100 g of body weight. Six injections were necessary to produce a rise in the basic haematological indices, with the exception of reticulocytes whose number changed considerably during the period of investigations. The results of rat plasma filtrate administration to mice and total circulating blood volume determination which was unchanged after administration of MnCl2 suggested that the observed effects were produced by manganese. Histological examination of the liver, spleen and kidneys showed congestion and stasis of blood in them, especially in glomerular vessels.", "contents": "[Effect of large doses of manganese on erythropoietic activity]. The effect of intraperitoneal administration of 3 different doses of MnCl2 on erythro-poiesis was investigated in rats. Significant changes in 59Fe uptake by erythrocytes, bone marrow and spleen were observed in rats given the highest dose of 1 mg Mn/100 g of body weight. Six injections were necessary to produce a rise in the basic haematological indices, with the exception of reticulocytes whose number changed considerably during the period of investigations. The results of rat plasma filtrate administration to mice and total circulating blood volume determination which was unchanged after administration of MnCl2 suggested that the observed effects were produced by manganese. Histological examination of the liver, spleen and kidneys showed congestion and stasis of blood in them, especially in glomerular vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:920062", "title": "[Fetal hemoglobin in various pathological conditions in adults].", "content": "Fetal haemoglobin concentration was determined in the blood of 122 adult patients. Raised level of this haemoglobin was found in cases of anaemia during chronic renal failure and in certain cases of malignant neoplasms. Besides that, fetal haemoglobin level was determined in anaemia associated with other diseases (liver failure, hyperthyroidism, myasthenia gravis). The obtained results are discussed.", "contents": "[Fetal hemoglobin in various pathological conditions in adults]. Fetal haemoglobin concentration was determined in the blood of 122 adult patients. Raised level of this haemoglobin was found in cases of anaemia during chronic renal failure and in certain cases of malignant neoplasms. Besides that, fetal haemoglobin level was determined in anaemia associated with other diseases (liver failure, hyperthyroidism, myasthenia gravis). The obtained results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920063", "title": "[Detection of Hemophilia A carrier state].", "content": "Factor VIII biological activity and factor-VIII-related antigen were measured in the plasma of 78 definite, probable or potential carriers of haemophilia A and in a control group of 74 normal women. Low values of factor VIII activity could be detected in 11 of 24 definite carriers, in 11 of 26 probable carriers and, in 10 of 28 potential carriers. On the other hand, the ratio of factor VIII activity to factor-VIII-related antigen was significantly lowered in 79 percent of definite carriers, in 50 percent of probable carriers and, in 21 percent of potential carriers. These studies indicate that determinations of both factor VIII activity and antigen is more reliable procedure in the detection of the carrier state for haemophilia A than determinations of factor VIII activity alone.", "contents": "[Detection of Hemophilia A carrier state]. Factor VIII biological activity and factor-VIII-related antigen were measured in the plasma of 78 definite, probable or potential carriers of haemophilia A and in a control group of 74 normal women. Low values of factor VIII activity could be detected in 11 of 24 definite carriers, in 11 of 26 probable carriers and, in 10 of 28 potential carriers. On the other hand, the ratio of factor VIII activity to factor-VIII-related antigen was significantly lowered in 79 percent of definite carriers, in 50 percent of probable carriers and, in 21 percent of potential carriers. These studies indicate that determinations of both factor VIII activity and antigen is more reliable procedure in the detection of the carrier state for haemophilia A than determinations of factor VIII activity alone."}
{"id": "PMID:920107", "title": "Monitoring of blood oxygen tension during and after anesthesia with a bed-side PO2 meter.", "content": "Monitoring of the state of oxygenation of surgical patients during and after anesthesia has been a problem of increasing interest, especially in those cases in which clinical judgment of skin colour alone is unreliable. Therefore a clinical trial is described with a bed-side PO2-measuring device. Results of duplo measurements in arterial blood samples show good correlation with laboratory control values. It is concluded that--if periodically checked by a laboratory apparatus -- the PO2 bed-side analyser could be an useful instrument for semicontinuous monitoring of blood PO2 during anesthesia and in recovery room and intensive care unit.", "contents": "Monitoring of blood oxygen tension during and after anesthesia with a bed-side PO2 meter. Monitoring of the state of oxygenation of surgical patients during and after anesthesia has been a problem of increasing interest, especially in those cases in which clinical judgment of skin colour alone is unreliable. Therefore a clinical trial is described with a bed-side PO2-measuring device. Results of duplo measurements in arterial blood samples show good correlation with laboratory control values. It is concluded that--if periodically checked by a laboratory apparatus -- the PO2 bed-side analyser could be an useful instrument for semicontinuous monitoring of blood PO2 during anesthesia and in recovery room and intensive care unit."}
{"id": "PMID:920108", "title": "Treatment of gas gangrene. Interest of hyperbaric oxygen therapy.", "content": "We report 27 cases of gas gangrene treated at the University Hospital of Li\u00e8ge since the Anesthesiology Department has been using a caisson for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Frequency of gas gangrene does not appear to have decreased during recent years. The etiologies now encountered are mainly of post-traumatic and post-operative origin (especially  surgery on the digestive tract); arterial insufficiency is a predisposing factor. The prognosis depends on the speed with which an effectual treatment is started; the latter consists in intensive hyperbaric oxygen therapy, antibiotic therapy and resuscitation. Surgery should be as conservative as possible and is undertaken only when progress of the disease has been checked by hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The association of these various modes of treatment proves effectual despite a still significant mortality.", "contents": "Treatment of gas gangrene. Interest of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. We report 27 cases of gas gangrene treated at the University Hospital of Li\u00e8ge since the Anesthesiology Department has been using a caisson for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Frequency of gas gangrene does not appear to have decreased during recent years. The etiologies now encountered are mainly of post-traumatic and post-operative origin (especially  surgery on the digestive tract); arterial insufficiency is a predisposing factor. The prognosis depends on the speed with which an effectual treatment is started; the latter consists in intensive hyperbaric oxygen therapy, antibiotic therapy and resuscitation. Surgery should be as conservative as possible and is undertaken only when progress of the disease has been checked by hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The association of these various modes of treatment proves effectual despite a still significant mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:920109", "title": "Surgery of acoustic neuromas. Preliminary experience with a translabyrinthine approach.", "content": "Inspired by the works of William House, the authors formed an otoneurosurgical team in order to improve the results after surgery for acoustic neuromas. This paper deals with the preliminary results obtained with the translabyrinthine approach in 13 patients with acoustic neuromas. In 9 patients it was possible to remove the tumor totally with this approach, in 4 patients a second suboccipital operation was necessary to secure total removal. One small, 7 medium and 5 large tumors were encountered. The facial nerve was preserved in 83 per cent of the patients. One patient with a large tumor died after the second suboccipital operation. The relation between size of the tumor and the outcome of the operation is stressed, and in order to reduce the number of large tumors it is suggested that all patients with unilateral hearing loss should be suspected of having a neuroma, until the diagnosis has been disproved. It is concluded that the surgery for acoustic neuromas is otologic-neurosurgical teamwork, and that the treatment should be centralized.", "contents": "Surgery of acoustic neuromas. Preliminary experience with a translabyrinthine approach. Inspired by the works of William House, the authors formed an otoneurosurgical team in order to improve the results after surgery for acoustic neuromas. This paper deals with the preliminary results obtained with the translabyrinthine approach in 13 patients with acoustic neuromas. In 9 patients it was possible to remove the tumor totally with this approach, in 4 patients a second suboccipital operation was necessary to secure total removal. One small, 7 medium and 5 large tumors were encountered. The facial nerve was preserved in 83 per cent of the patients. One patient with a large tumor died after the second suboccipital operation. The relation between size of the tumor and the outcome of the operation is stressed, and in order to reduce the number of large tumors it is suggested that all patients with unilateral hearing loss should be suspected of having a neuroma, until the diagnosis has been disproved. It is concluded that the surgery for acoustic neuromas is otologic-neurosurgical teamwork, and that the treatment should be centralized."}
{"id": "PMID:920110", "title": "Motor neuron disease. Prognosis and epidemiology.", "content": "In order to evaluate the prognosis and possible prognostic factors associated with a bening course, 118 cases of motor neuron disease diagnosed 1948-1975 were followed up. Survival curves, based on the actuarial method showed a survival rate of 18.7 per cent (95 per cent confidence limits: 11.4-26.0) and 7.6 per cent (95 per cent confidence limits: 2.7-12.5) after 5 and 10 years respectively. Comparing the survival curves of males/females, cases with bulbar/spinal- and upper/lower extremity onset, cases with/without upper motor neuron signs, only bulbar onset was associated with a significantly poorer prognosis. However, cases with bulbar onset had a significantly higher mean age of onset. Based on cases from Funen county with a 1970-population of 432,699 we found an average annual incidence rate, mortality rate and period prevalence rate of 0.85, 0.86 and 2.5 per 100,000 respectively. Comparing the incidence per 5-year period through 1948-1972, no significant deviations indicating a changing environmental factor were found.", "contents": "Motor neuron disease. Prognosis and epidemiology. In order to evaluate the prognosis and possible prognostic factors associated with a bening course, 118 cases of motor neuron disease diagnosed 1948-1975 were followed up. Survival curves, based on the actuarial method showed a survival rate of 18.7 per cent (95 per cent confidence limits: 11.4-26.0) and 7.6 per cent (95 per cent confidence limits: 2.7-12.5) after 5 and 10 years respectively. Comparing the survival curves of males/females, cases with bulbar/spinal- and upper/lower extremity onset, cases with/without upper motor neuron signs, only bulbar onset was associated with a significantly poorer prognosis. However, cases with bulbar onset had a significantly higher mean age of onset. Based on cases from Funen county with a 1970-population of 432,699 we found an average annual incidence rate, mortality rate and period prevalence rate of 0.85, 0.86 and 2.5 per 100,000 respectively. Comparing the incidence per 5-year period through 1948-1972, no significant deviations indicating a changing environmental factor were found."}
{"id": "PMID:920111", "title": "Platelet hyperaggregability in young patients with completed stroke.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 11 young patients with clinical evidence of cerebral infarction, platelet function and plasma lipid levels were examined. The results show that increased platelet aggregability characterizes the patient group as a whole. Hyperlipidemia was frequently found, and the number of heavy smokers was high. It is suggested that all younger patients with cerebrovascular disease are examined with regard to these presumed risk factors.", "contents": "Platelet hyperaggregability in young patients with completed stroke. In a consecutive series of 11 young patients with clinical evidence of cerebral infarction, platelet function and plasma lipid levels were examined. The results show that increased platelet aggregability characterizes the patient group as a whole. Hyperlipidemia was frequently found, and the number of heavy smokers was high. It is suggested that all younger patients with cerebrovascular disease are examined with regard to these presumed risk factors."}
{"id": "PMID:920112", "title": "Acute hypertension causing blood-brain barrier breakdown during epileptic seizures.", "content": "The influence of shortlasting (less than 1 min) epileptic seizures on the permeability to protein of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was studied in rats. The protein tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as marker substance. Monitoring arterial blood pressure (BP) and electroencephalogramme (EEG) seizures were induced electrically after HRP was given intravenously. Following a single electroshock seizure slight staining of brain tissue was seen, while after 10 electroshock stimuli followed by sustained seizure activity, this phenomenon was more pronounced. If 10 electroshock stimuli were preceded by transsection of the spinal cord, blood pressure increase was abolished and no tissue staining was seen in spite of epileptic seizure activity recorded on EEG. This means that the acute hypertension and not the seizure activity per se is the mechanism behind the breakdown of the BBB during epileptic seizures. Electron microscopy revealed an increased vesicular transport (pinocytosis) across the endothelial cells, while the vascular structure remained intact.", "contents": "Acute hypertension causing blood-brain barrier breakdown during epileptic seizures. The influence of shortlasting (less than 1 min) epileptic seizures on the permeability to protein of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was studied in rats. The protein tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as marker substance. Monitoring arterial blood pressure (BP) and electroencephalogramme (EEG) seizures were induced electrically after HRP was given intravenously. Following a single electroshock seizure slight staining of brain tissue was seen, while after 10 electroshock stimuli followed by sustained seizure activity, this phenomenon was more pronounced. If 10 electroshock stimuli were preceded by transsection of the spinal cord, blood pressure increase was abolished and no tissue staining was seen in spite of epileptic seizure activity recorded on EEG. This means that the acute hypertension and not the seizure activity per se is the mechanism behind the breakdown of the BBB during epileptic seizures. Electron microscopy revealed an increased vesicular transport (pinocytosis) across the endothelial cells, while the vascular structure remained intact."}
{"id": "PMID:920113", "title": "Low cerebral blood flow in hypotensive perinatal distress.", "content": "Hypoxic brain injury is the most important neurological problem in the neonatal period and accounts for more neurological deficits in children than any other lesion. The neurological deficits are notably mental retardation, epilepsy and cerebral palsy. The pathogenesis has hitherto been poorly understood. Arterial hypoxia has been taken as the obvious mechanism but this does not fully explain the patho-anatomical findings. In the present investigation we have examined the arterial blood pressure and the cerebral blood flow in eight infants a few hours after birth. The 133Xe clearance technique was used for the cerebral blood flow measurements. The study confirmed that perinatal distress may be associated with low arterial blood pressure, and it was shown that cerebral blood flow is very low, 20 ml/100 g/min or less, in hypotensive perinatal distress. It is concluded that cerebral ischaemia plays a crucial role in the development of perinatal hypoxic brain injury.", "contents": "Low cerebral blood flow in hypotensive perinatal distress. Hypoxic brain injury is the most important neurological problem in the neonatal period and accounts for more neurological deficits in children than any other lesion. The neurological deficits are notably mental retardation, epilepsy and cerebral palsy. The pathogenesis has hitherto been poorly understood. Arterial hypoxia has been taken as the obvious mechanism but this does not fully explain the patho-anatomical findings. In the present investigation we have examined the arterial blood pressure and the cerebral blood flow in eight infants a few hours after birth. The 133Xe clearance technique was used for the cerebral blood flow measurements. The study confirmed that perinatal distress may be associated with low arterial blood pressure, and it was shown that cerebral blood flow is very low, 20 ml/100 g/min or less, in hypotensive perinatal distress. It is concluded that cerebral ischaemia plays a crucial role in the development of perinatal hypoxic brain injury."}
{"id": "PMID:920114", "title": "Clear-cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of clear-cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses are reported. The first patient was a 19-year-old man with a tumor in the medial collateral ligament of the knee. The tumor was enucleated, and after postoperative radiotherapy a wide local excision was done. The patient was symptomless 4 1/2 years after the operation. The other patient was a man aged 68 with a tumor between the medial malleolus and the Achilles tendon. He also received postoperative radiotherapy after enucleation. Three months later a metastasis was noticed in the ipsilateral para-iliac nodes. The patient died 16 months after the operation. The histology and clinical course of the two cases are analyzed. Some integrative remarks based on earlier reports of 33 cases and the present two cases are presented.", "contents": "Clear-cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses. Report of two cases. Two cases of clear-cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses are reported. The first patient was a 19-year-old man with a tumor in the medial collateral ligament of the knee. The tumor was enucleated, and after postoperative radiotherapy a wide local excision was done. The patient was symptomless 4 1/2 years after the operation. The other patient was a man aged 68 with a tumor between the medial malleolus and the Achilles tendon. He also received postoperative radiotherapy after enucleation. Three months later a metastasis was noticed in the ipsilateral para-iliac nodes. The patient died 16 months after the operation. The histology and clinical course of the two cases are analyzed. Some integrative remarks based on earlier reports of 33 cases and the present two cases are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:920115", "title": "Metal sensitivity in patients treated for tibial fractures with plates of stainless steel.", "content": "In three patients a local dermatitis developed 3-3 1/2 months after tibial osteosynthesis with plates and screws of stainless steel 316 L (AO). Two of the patients had a positive patch test for chromium (and cobalt) and one for nickel. Infection was not indicated and it is suggested that the dermatitis was caused by a metallic sensitivity. The skin affection disappeared after removal of the metal.", "contents": "Metal sensitivity in patients treated for tibial fractures with plates of stainless steel. In three patients a local dermatitis developed 3-3 1/2 months after tibial osteosynthesis with plates and screws of stainless steel 316 L (AO). Two of the patients had a positive patch test for chromium (and cobalt) and one for nickel. Infection was not indicated and it is suggested that the dermatitis was caused by a metallic sensitivity. The skin affection disappeared after removal of the metal."}
{"id": "PMID:920116", "title": "The effect of impact loading on rabbit knee joints.", "content": "Eighteen mature male Whiteland rabbits received repetitive impulse loads slightly larger than body weight (4 kp) through one knee joint for periods from 1 to 6 weeks. Mechanical compression of subchondral bone cores from impacted tibiae showed progressive increased deformation under a constant force. Cartilage degeneration occurred concurrently with alterations in the mechanical properties of the subchondral bone. The cartilage degeneration may be explained by: (i) the deleterious effect of repetitive mechanical compression, (ii) the decreased mechanical support of the underlying subchondral bone.", "contents": "The effect of impact loading on rabbit knee joints. Eighteen mature male Whiteland rabbits received repetitive impulse loads slightly larger than body weight (4 kp) through one knee joint for periods from 1 to 6 weeks. Mechanical compression of subchondral bone cores from impacted tibiae showed progressive increased deformation under a constant force. Cartilage degeneration occurred concurrently with alterations in the mechanical properties of the subchondral bone. The cartilage degeneration may be explained by: (i) the deleterious effect of repetitive mechanical compression, (ii) the decreased mechanical support of the underlying subchondral bone."}
{"id": "PMID:920117", "title": "The effect of osteotomy and cartilage damage on mitotic activity. An experimental study in rabbits.", "content": "In 15 rabbits, osteotomy and osteotomy including cartilage damage were performed. With autoradiography (3H-thymidine) it was shown that only one knee in the osteotomy group had labeled chondrocytes in the tibial cartilage. In the knees with articular damage, labeled chondrocytes were found in the femur as well, which could be the result of a factor liberated from the damaged cartilage, a factor stimulating mitotic activity.", "contents": "The effect of osteotomy and cartilage damage on mitotic activity. An experimental study in rabbits. In 15 rabbits, osteotomy and osteotomy including cartilage damage were performed. With autoradiography (3H-thymidine) it was shown that only one knee in the osteotomy group had labeled chondrocytes in the tibial cartilage. In the knees with articular damage, labeled chondrocytes were found in the femur as well, which could be the result of a factor liberated from the damaged cartilage, a factor stimulating mitotic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:920118", "title": "The in vitro effect of oestradiol on collagen metabolism in metaphyseal rat bone.", "content": "Surviving bone pieces from the femoral and tibial metaphyses of young castrated female rats have been incubated for 6 hours with concentrations of oestradiol-17-beta ranging from 10(-9) M to 3 x 10(-5) M, and the in vitro collagen metabolism studied. The addition of oestradiol did not produce any change in the resorption patterns of bone collagen, expressed as release of hydroxyproline to the medium. Parathyroid hormone in the incubation medium increased the resorption and decreased the incorporation rate insignificantly. Addition of both parathyroid hormone and oestradiol to the incubation medium produced a significant increase in resorption and a decrease in incorporation rate as compared with the control incubations. The bone pieces incubated with oestradiol-17-beta 3 x 10(-5) synthesized and incorporated significantly less hydroxyproline than the control bone pieces. This is, however, a very high concentration of the hormone and the physiological significance of the observation is doubtful.", "contents": "The in vitro effect of oestradiol on collagen metabolism in metaphyseal rat bone. Surviving bone pieces from the femoral and tibial metaphyses of young castrated female rats have been incubated for 6 hours with concentrations of oestradiol-17-beta ranging from 10(-9) M to 3 x 10(-5) M, and the in vitro collagen metabolism studied. The addition of oestradiol did not produce any change in the resorption patterns of bone collagen, expressed as release of hydroxyproline to the medium. Parathyroid hormone in the incubation medium increased the resorption and decreased the incorporation rate insignificantly. Addition of both parathyroid hormone and oestradiol to the incubation medium produced a significant increase in resorption and a decrease in incorporation rate as compared with the control incubations. The bone pieces incubated with oestradiol-17-beta 3 x 10(-5) synthesized and incorporated significantly less hydroxyproline than the control bone pieces. This is, however, a very high concentration of the hormone and the physiological significance of the observation is doubtful."}
{"id": "PMID:920119", "title": "The spinal abnormalities in thalidomide embryopathy.", "content": "In 1968 a study was made of the spinal changes in 32 children with multiple congenital abnormalities due to thalidomide. Twenty-eight of these children have been traced and their spinal changes reviewed. Only four patients had normal spines on radiography. In eight children, scoliosis was present and had progressed though it was still of mild degree. Disc and end-plate abnormalities were seen in 14 children, and in some appeared to be progressive, leading to intervertebral fusion.", "contents": "The spinal abnormalities in thalidomide embryopathy. In 1968 a study was made of the spinal changes in 32 children with multiple congenital abnormalities due to thalidomide. Twenty-eight of these children have been traced and their spinal changes reviewed. Only four patients had normal spines on radiography. In eight children, scoliosis was present and had progressed though it was still of mild degree. Disc and end-plate abnormalities were seen in 14 children, and in some appeared to be progressive, leading to intervertebral fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:920120", "title": "The changed pattern of bone and joint tuberculosis in Norway.", "content": "The reduced incidence of bone and joint tuberculosis in Western countries and the change in the age groups afflicted are well known facts. In addition, there are other less conspicuous changes: multiple lesions and involvement of the spine and sacro-iliac joints are rarer than before, while trochanteric involvement is becoming more frequent. In spinal cases the lesion is now more often localized to the dorsal region. All these changes may be due to the change in age distribution of the patients.", "contents": "The changed pattern of bone and joint tuberculosis in Norway. The reduced incidence of bone and joint tuberculosis in Western countries and the change in the age groups afflicted are well known facts. In addition, there are other less conspicuous changes: multiple lesions and involvement of the spine and sacro-iliac joints are rarer than before, while trochanteric involvement is becoming more frequent. In spinal cases the lesion is now more often localized to the dorsal region. All these changes may be due to the change in age distribution of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:920121", "title": "Osteomylelitis of the spine.", "content": "A study of a series of 82 cases of pyogenic osteomyelitis of the spine has shown that the clinical features at the initial stage of the disease often present such a varied picture that the correct diagnosis may easily be overlooked for a long time. Once radiographic changes are demonstrated, the primary consideration in differential diagnosis is tuberculous spondylitis. Bacteriological verification by needle biopsy or surgical exploration is recommended in order to institute an adequate antibiotic therapy. Surgical evacuation is advocated in cases with extensive vertebral destruction. The majority of patients recovered within 1 year from the onset of illness. In slightly more than half of the cases the spinal lesions healed with spontaneous interbody fusion. This tendency was most pronounced in cases of cervical and upper thoracic involvement. No deaths occurred as a result of the spinal disease.", "contents": "Osteomylelitis of the spine. A study of a series of 82 cases of pyogenic osteomyelitis of the spine has shown that the clinical features at the initial stage of the disease often present such a varied picture that the correct diagnosis may easily be overlooked for a long time. Once radiographic changes are demonstrated, the primary consideration in differential diagnosis is tuberculous spondylitis. Bacteriological verification by needle biopsy or surgical exploration is recommended in order to institute an adequate antibiotic therapy. Surgical evacuation is advocated in cases with extensive vertebral destruction. The majority of patients recovered within 1 year from the onset of illness. In slightly more than half of the cases the spinal lesions healed with spontaneous interbody fusion. This tendency was most pronounced in cases of cervical and upper thoracic involvement. No deaths occurred as a result of the spinal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:920122", "title": "Endoprosthesis as treatment for necrosis and pseudarthrosis after transcervical femoral fractures. A clinical review.", "content": "This report concerns 105 patients who developed painful necrosis or pseudarthrosis after nailed transcervical femoral fractures and were treated by Moore's arthroplasty. The mean age at the time of secondary arthroplasty was 68 years, the operation being performed on average 2 years after the fracture and nailing. The mortality within 6 weeks of operation was 3 per cent. Complications not producing late sequelae were seen in 11.4 per cent of cases, and complications producing late sequelae occurred in 5.7 per cent. At the follow-up examination 2 to 8 years after arthroplasty (mean 3.7 years), 37 per cent of the patients were completely free from pain, and the functional result was acceptable in 91 per cent. The remaining 9 per cent had other debilitating illnesses. The results are compared with other reports in the literature.", "contents": "Endoprosthesis as treatment for necrosis and pseudarthrosis after transcervical femoral fractures. A clinical review. This report concerns 105 patients who developed painful necrosis or pseudarthrosis after nailed transcervical femoral fractures and were treated by Moore's arthroplasty. The mean age at the time of secondary arthroplasty was 68 years, the operation being performed on average 2 years after the fracture and nailing. The mortality within 6 weeks of operation was 3 per cent. Complications not producing late sequelae were seen in 11.4 per cent of cases, and complications producing late sequelae occurred in 5.7 per cent. At the follow-up examination 2 to 8 years after arthroplasty (mean 3.7 years), 37 per cent of the patients were completely free from pain, and the functional result was acceptable in 91 per cent. The remaining 9 per cent had other debilitating illnesses. The results are compared with other reports in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:920123", "title": "Stress radiographical measurements of post-traumatic knee instability. A clinical study.", "content": "In a prospective, consecutive, clinical and stress radiographical study, comprising 153 traumatic knee injuries, the value of stress radiographical measurements, gonylaxometry, was studied. Clinical evaluation, gonylaxometry and preoperative evaluation under general anaesthesia were carried out in that order. Then the operative findings were recorded as drawings on standard diagrams. These were used as a basis for evaluation of the preoperative tests. Of all the methods evaluated, gonylaxometry was found to provide the most accurate information regarding the knee injury. Very close to this result were the findings under general anaesthesia. Anterior drawer sign was measured gonylaxometrically when damage to the anterior cruciate ligament was present; posterior drawer meant damage to the posterior cruciate ligament. Partial ruptures of cruciate ligaments did not allow antero-posterior displacements exceeding the critical levels of the test. Small positive medial instability was found with ruptures of profound medial structures, higher values with total rupture of the long superficial collateral band, and still higher values when cruciate ligament ruptures were also present. The predictive values of a positive radiographical test were 100 per cent as regards medial instability and 98 per cent for drawer looseness. The predictive values of a negative test were 96 per cent for drawer and 92 per cent for medial instability. These figures are based on the total material. 95 per cent confidence limits are given.", "contents": "Stress radiographical measurements of post-traumatic knee instability. A clinical study. In a prospective, consecutive, clinical and stress radiographical study, comprising 153 traumatic knee injuries, the value of stress radiographical measurements, gonylaxometry, was studied. Clinical evaluation, gonylaxometry and preoperative evaluation under general anaesthesia were carried out in that order. Then the operative findings were recorded as drawings on standard diagrams. These were used as a basis for evaluation of the preoperative tests. Of all the methods evaluated, gonylaxometry was found to provide the most accurate information regarding the knee injury. Very close to this result were the findings under general anaesthesia. Anterior drawer sign was measured gonylaxometrically when damage to the anterior cruciate ligament was present; posterior drawer meant damage to the posterior cruciate ligament. Partial ruptures of cruciate ligaments did not allow antero-posterior displacements exceeding the critical levels of the test. Small positive medial instability was found with ruptures of profound medial structures, higher values with total rupture of the long superficial collateral band, and still higher values when cruciate ligament ruptures were also present. The predictive values of a positive radiographical test were 100 per cent as regards medial instability and 98 per cent for drawer looseness. The predictive values of a negative test were 96 per cent for drawer and 92 per cent for medial instability. These figures are based on the total material. 95 per cent confidence limits are given."}
{"id": "PMID:920124", "title": "Below-knee amputation for ischaemic gangrene. Prospective, randomized comparison of a transverse and a sagittal operative technique.", "content": "In a prospective, randomized study a comparison was made of the results of primary below-knee amputation for ischaemic gangrene carried out by two methods: In 47 cases by the transverse technique with a long posterior musculo-cutaneous flap and in 41 cases by the sagittal technique using equally large medial and lateral musculo-cutaneous flaps--in both instances followed by 2 weeks in a half-open plaster cast with extended knee. The sex ratio and age distribution were the same in both groups. Minor differences in the vascular condition between the groups, assessed by the duration of rest pain, pulsation findings, extent of gangrene, and frequency of diabetes, wholly or partially equalized each other. The course of healing was the same in both groups, primary healing being attained in 38 per cent and 41 per cent, respectively (0.70 less than P less than 0.80). There was also no difference between the results as regards limb fitting, ambulation, occupational, or social status. It is concluded that the choice between the two methods can be based merely upon surgical skill and the ischaemic changes in the lower leg.", "contents": "Below-knee amputation for ischaemic gangrene. Prospective, randomized comparison of a transverse and a sagittal operative technique. In a prospective, randomized study a comparison was made of the results of primary below-knee amputation for ischaemic gangrene carried out by two methods: In 47 cases by the transverse technique with a long posterior musculo-cutaneous flap and in 41 cases by the sagittal technique using equally large medial and lateral musculo-cutaneous flaps--in both instances followed by 2 weeks in a half-open plaster cast with extended knee. The sex ratio and age distribution were the same in both groups. Minor differences in the vascular condition between the groups, assessed by the duration of rest pain, pulsation findings, extent of gangrene, and frequency of diabetes, wholly or partially equalized each other. The course of healing was the same in both groups, primary healing being attained in 38 per cent and 41 per cent, respectively (0.70 less than P less than 0.80). There was also no difference between the results as regards limb fitting, ambulation, occupational, or social status. It is concluded that the choice between the two methods can be based merely upon surgical skill and the ischaemic changes in the lower leg."}
{"id": "PMID:920125", "title": "Fracture of the body of the talus.", "content": "Fifty-one patients with fracture of the body of the talus were seen at follow-up examination an average of 23 months after treatment. Osteonecrosis had developed in 8 out of 17 patients with displaced shearing or crush fractures of the trochlea. Malunion as well as subluxation predisposed to osteoarthrosis in the subtalar and talocrural joints. Thus, osteoarthrosis was present in 9 out of 21 patients without malunion, in 8 out of 16 patients with malunion, and in 11 out of 14 with malunion as well as subluxation. Judging from the nature of the complaints, the difficulties in rehabilitation, and the disability assessment, the prognosis was fairly grave, also after the small, usually non-displaced fractures of the posterior and lateral tubercles. Out of 20 patients with fractures of this type only 6 obtained almost complete relief from their symptoms, only 8 could go back to their previous work on a full-time basis, and 11 were assessed to be 10 per cent or more disabled. Fractures in the posterior and lateral tubercles must therefore be interpreted as links in more extensive injuries involving the subtalar joint and possibly the talocrural joint with associated injuries to articular cartilage, joint capsules, and ligaments.", "contents": "Fracture of the body of the talus. Fifty-one patients with fracture of the body of the talus were seen at follow-up examination an average of 23 months after treatment. Osteonecrosis had developed in 8 out of 17 patients with displaced shearing or crush fractures of the trochlea. Malunion as well as subluxation predisposed to osteoarthrosis in the subtalar and talocrural joints. Thus, osteoarthrosis was present in 9 out of 21 patients without malunion, in 8 out of 16 patients with malunion, and in 11 out of 14 with malunion as well as subluxation. Judging from the nature of the complaints, the difficulties in rehabilitation, and the disability assessment, the prognosis was fairly grave, also after the small, usually non-displaced fractures of the posterior and lateral tubercles. Out of 20 patients with fractures of this type only 6 obtained almost complete relief from their symptoms, only 8 could go back to their previous work on a full-time basis, and 11 were assessed to be 10 per cent or more disabled. Fractures in the posterior and lateral tubercles must therefore be interpreted as links in more extensive injuries involving the subtalar joint and possibly the talocrural joint with associated injuries to articular cartilage, joint capsules, and ligaments."}
{"id": "PMID:920126", "title": "Supination deformity of the forefoot.", "content": "Supination deformity of the forefoot is rare. Observations of eleven cases and the production of the deformity in rabbits suggest that loss of function of the peroneus longus muscle in combination with the effect of a strong tibialis anterior muscle is decisive for the appearance of the deformity. Primary conditions causing deformity were: spina bifida, talipes equinovarus, poliomyelitis, trauma and muscular dystrophy. Treatment by wedge resection of the first cuneiform and the first metatarsal bones and transfer of the tibialis anterior tendon was successful. Operations for supination deformity were carried out in nine cases.", "contents": "Supination deformity of the forefoot. Supination deformity of the forefoot is rare. Observations of eleven cases and the production of the deformity in rabbits suggest that loss of function of the peroneus longus muscle in combination with the effect of a strong tibialis anterior muscle is decisive for the appearance of the deformity. Primary conditions causing deformity were: spina bifida, talipes equinovarus, poliomyelitis, trauma and muscular dystrophy. Treatment by wedge resection of the first cuneiform and the first metatarsal bones and transfer of the tibialis anterior tendon was successful. Operations for supination deformity were carried out in nine cases."}
{"id": "PMID:920127", "title": "Arterial embolization for radical tumor resection.", "content": "Two contemporary measures, selective transarterial embolization (Almgard et al. 1973) and controlled hypotensive anesthesia (Davis et al. 1974), have been combined in an effort to reduce the risk of operative bleeding in a case of massive bone and muscle resection of a highly vascular carcinoma lesion in the proximal third of the femur. This approach may be helpful in such cases.", "contents": "Arterial embolization for radical tumor resection. Two contemporary measures, selective transarterial embolization (Almgard et al. 1973) and controlled hypotensive anesthesia (Davis et al. 1974), have been combined in an effort to reduce the risk of operative bleeding in a case of massive bone and muscle resection of a highly vascular carcinoma lesion in the proximal third of the femur. This approach may be helpful in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:920128", "title": "Incidence of fracture in epileptics.", "content": "In 87 epileptics on diphenylhydantoin, the occurrence of non-seizure-related fractures, over a period of 7 years, was six times greater than that found in the normal population. The significant increase in fracture incidence was found to lie within the 45-64 age group indicating that eipleptics are not only more prone to fractures but also have an earlier fracture d\u00e9but.", "contents": "Incidence of fracture in epileptics. In 87 epileptics on diphenylhydantoin, the occurrence of non-seizure-related fractures, over a period of 7 years, was six times greater than that found in the normal population. The significant increase in fracture incidence was found to lie within the 45-64 age group indicating that eipleptics are not only more prone to fractures but also have an earlier fracture d\u00e9but."}
{"id": "PMID:920129", "title": "Penetration of antitubercular drugs in clinical osteoarticular tubercular lesions.", "content": "In 79 consecutive cases of skeletal tuberculosis the concentration of streptomycin and ethambutol was analysed. The material for analysis was obtained from the diseased joints of 14 patients and from cold abscesses from spinal or osseous lesions in 65 patients. The concentration of the drugs in the serum and in the tuberculous material was measured 3 hours after the systemic administration of the drugs in therapeutic doses. The concentration was expressed as microgram per ml of the tuberculous material and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. Streptomycin and ethambutol penetrated freely into the tuberculous joints; their concentration in the cold abscesses, however, was half to one third of the concentration in the serum. There was a wide range of concentrations; however, in the tuberculous joints as well as in the cold abscesses the concentrations were much higher than those considered to have an inhibitory effect on mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical material.", "contents": "Penetration of antitubercular drugs in clinical osteoarticular tubercular lesions. In 79 consecutive cases of skeletal tuberculosis the concentration of streptomycin and ethambutol was analysed. The material for analysis was obtained from the diseased joints of 14 patients and from cold abscesses from spinal or osseous lesions in 65 patients. The concentration of the drugs in the serum and in the tuberculous material was measured 3 hours after the systemic administration of the drugs in therapeutic doses. The concentration was expressed as microgram per ml of the tuberculous material and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. Streptomycin and ethambutol penetrated freely into the tuberculous joints; their concentration in the cold abscesses, however, was half to one third of the concentration in the serum. There was a wide range of concentrations; however, in the tuberculous joints as well as in the cold abscesses the concentrations were much higher than those considered to have an inhibitory effect on mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical material."}
{"id": "PMID:920130", "title": "Isolated dislocation of the carpal scaphoid.", "content": "A case of isolated dislocation of the carpal scaphoid is presented and the literature on the subject reviewed. An analysis has been made of the cases reported and attention is drawn to certain features which are common to most of the cases.", "contents": "Isolated dislocation of the carpal scaphoid. A case of isolated dislocation of the carpal scaphoid is presented and the literature on the subject reviewed. An analysis has been made of the cases reported and attention is drawn to certain features which are common to most of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:920131", "title": "Madelung's deformity. A follow-up study of 26 cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Madelung's deformity, the history, aetiology, pathogenesis and prognosis, is discussed, on the basis of the literature. The author's material of 26 cases has been followed up. Thirteen of them were treated by resection of the ulna head or shortening of the ulna, with or without wedge osteotomy of the radius. The result was an improvement in pain and a cosmetic improvement, but mobility was unaltered. Spontaneous improvement in the symptoms is common, so that a waiting policy, and observation of the patient until growth ceases, is recommended.", "contents": "Madelung's deformity. A follow-up study of 26 cases and a review of the literature. Madelung's deformity, the history, aetiology, pathogenesis and prognosis, is discussed, on the basis of the literature. The author's material of 26 cases has been followed up. Thirteen of them were treated by resection of the ulna head or shortening of the ulna, with or without wedge osteotomy of the radius. The result was an improvement in pain and a cosmetic improvement, but mobility was unaltered. Spontaneous improvement in the symptoms is common, so that a waiting policy, and observation of the patient until growth ceases, is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:920132", "title": "Processus supracondyloidea humeri with concomitant compression of the median nerve and the ulnar nerve.", "content": "Compression of the median nerve and the nerve due to the anatomical anomaly processus supracondyloidea humeri is a rare condition. A case of combined median and ulnar nerve compression is described. Diagnostics and treatment are discussed in the light of the present case history and those described in the literature. The conclusion is that the treatment should be superiosteal resection of the process together with the origin of the pronator teres muscle.", "contents": "Processus supracondyloidea humeri with concomitant compression of the median nerve and the ulnar nerve. Compression of the median nerve and the nerve due to the anatomical anomaly processus supracondyloidea humeri is a rare condition. A case of combined median and ulnar nerve compression is described. Diagnostics and treatment are discussed in the light of the present case history and those described in the literature. The conclusion is that the treatment should be superiosteal resection of the process together with the origin of the pronator teres muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:920133", "title": "The Monk hip arthroplasty. Preliminary report on the uncemented standard Monk prosthesis.", "content": "The Monk hip prosthesis is a one-piece block prosthesis consisting of a metal femoral component with the head enclosed in a polyethylene cup. The standard type is fixed without cement. Most of the hip movements take place between the metal and the polyethylene cup. 104 Monk arthroplasties were performed. 95 hips in 84 patients have been available for regular examination and follow-up. The follow-up period was from 12 to 30 months, an average of 19 months. Out of the 95 cases, 72 were classified as excellent, 10 as good and 13 as unchanged. The results obtained during the first year were comparable to those obtained with the Ring prosthesis, but during the following 1 1/2 years eight revisions had to be performed. The main reason for the deterioration was loosening of the femoral component, probably because in the standard type it is too short and the neck has too great a varus inclination, resulting in a rather strong tilting force. Because no cement has been used the revisions have been quite easy to perform. Another reason for failure has been wear of the polyethylene cup, in one case with a massive foreign body reaction. In spite of a short follow-up period this report illustrates the failures due to the design of the prosthesis, and therefore an improved construction is now in use.", "contents": "The Monk hip arthroplasty. Preliminary report on the uncemented standard Monk prosthesis. The Monk hip prosthesis is a one-piece block prosthesis consisting of a metal femoral component with the head enclosed in a polyethylene cup. The standard type is fixed without cement. Most of the hip movements take place between the metal and the polyethylene cup. 104 Monk arthroplasties were performed. 95 hips in 84 patients have been available for regular examination and follow-up. The follow-up period was from 12 to 30 months, an average of 19 months. Out of the 95 cases, 72 were classified as excellent, 10 as good and 13 as unchanged. The results obtained during the first year were comparable to those obtained with the Ring prosthesis, but during the following 1 1/2 years eight revisions had to be performed. The main reason for the deterioration was loosening of the femoral component, probably because in the standard type it is too short and the neck has too great a varus inclination, resulting in a rather strong tilting force. Because no cement has been used the revisions have been quite easy to perform. Another reason for failure has been wear of the polyethylene cup, in one case with a massive foreign body reaction. In spite of a short follow-up period this report illustrates the failures due to the design of the prosthesis, and therefore an improved construction is now in use."}
{"id": "PMID:920134", "title": "Perthes' disease. A study of radiological features.", "content": "A study is presented of the radiographs of 68 patients with unilateral Perthe's diseasemtwo types of Perthe's disease are identified: 'fragmenting' and 'non-fragmenting'. The two radiological types of the disease showed no significant differences in the age at diagnosis, the duration of symptoms before diagnosis and the duration of the disease. However, the radiologically-measureable results at healing, in terms of the epiphyseal, acetabular, acetabulum-head and comprehensive quotients were all very significantly worse when fragmentation had developed.", "contents": "Perthes' disease. A study of radiological features. A study is presented of the radiographs of 68 patients with unilateral Perthe's diseasemtwo types of Perthe's disease are identified: 'fragmenting' and 'non-fragmenting'. The two radiological types of the disease showed no significant differences in the age at diagnosis, the duration of symptoms before diagnosis and the duration of the disease. However, the radiologically-measureable results at healing, in terms of the epiphyseal, acetabular, acetabulum-head and comprehensive quotients were all very significantly worse when fragmentation had developed."}
{"id": "PMID:920135", "title": "Ultimate bony fusion of lower limb joints following severe trauma.", "content": "Three patients presented with limb deformity some years after being run over and sustaining degloving injuries of their lower limbs. Spontaneous joint fusions were observed in each patient; The causes of these could be: i) Extensive intra-articular fracture, ii) Prolonged immobilisation due to the scar tethering the joint, or most likely, iii) A chronic low grade infection following compound joint injury with degloving.", "contents": "Ultimate bony fusion of lower limb joints following severe trauma. Three patients presented with limb deformity some years after being run over and sustaining degloving injuries of their lower limbs. Spontaneous joint fusions were observed in each patient; The causes of these could be: i) Extensive intra-articular fracture, ii) Prolonged immobilisation due to the scar tethering the joint, or most likely, iii) A chronic low grade infection following compound joint injury with degloving."}
{"id": "PMID:920136", "title": "Macula utriculi in four cases with Meniere's disease.", "content": "Four patients suffering from Meniere's disease were labyrinthectomized. Maculae utriculi were removed and studied by electron microscopy. The neuro-epithelia from all four patients appeared fairly normal, considering the age of the patients. However, two types of degenerative change, which could be related to the inner ear disorder, could be distinguished. One was vacuolation of the sensory cell cytoplasm, followed by pycnosis of the nucleus and cell death. The other was cystic degeneration. This started with localized separations between the sensory cell and the nerve chalice. These separations developed into a single cystic cavity. A few large intra-epithelial cysts were found, probably representing the final stage of the cystic degenerative process.", "contents": "Macula utriculi in four cases with Meniere's disease. Four patients suffering from Meniere's disease were labyrinthectomized. Maculae utriculi were removed and studied by electron microscopy. The neuro-epithelia from all four patients appeared fairly normal, considering the age of the patients. However, two types of degenerative change, which could be related to the inner ear disorder, could be distinguished. One was vacuolation of the sensory cell cytoplasm, followed by pycnosis of the nucleus and cell death. The other was cystic degeneration. This started with localized separations between the sensory cell and the nerve chalice. These separations developed into a single cystic cavity. A few large intra-epithelial cysts were found, probably representing the final stage of the cystic degenerative process."}
{"id": "PMID:920137", "title": "The influence of linear acceleration on optokinetic nystagmus in human subjects.", "content": "The influence of linear acceleration on optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was studied in human subjects. Linear acceleration was applied to the subjects by means of the parallel swing and also by the transfer of the subjects in one direction, either right or left. The cortical form of OKN increased the frequency, amplitude, and eye speed of the slow phase. Of the three, the increase in eye speed was the most pronounced. The subcortical form of OKN was not only increased but was also disturbed by the linear acceleration. When the compensatory eye movement with linear acceleration and the slow phase of OKN were in the same direction, the nystagmus increased remarkably. Contrarily, when the two directions were opposed to each other, nystagmus was inhibited. These results proved that the otolithic organs are not only able to promote but also to inhibit visual function.", "contents": "The influence of linear acceleration on optokinetic nystagmus in human subjects. The influence of linear acceleration on optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was studied in human subjects. Linear acceleration was applied to the subjects by means of the parallel swing and also by the transfer of the subjects in one direction, either right or left. The cortical form of OKN increased the frequency, amplitude, and eye speed of the slow phase. Of the three, the increase in eye speed was the most pronounced. The subcortical form of OKN was not only increased but was also disturbed by the linear acceleration. When the compensatory eye movement with linear acceleration and the slow phase of OKN were in the same direction, the nystagmus increased remarkably. Contrarily, when the two directions were opposed to each other, nystagmus was inhibited. These results proved that the otolithic organs are not only able to promote but also to inhibit visual function."}
{"id": "PMID:920138", "title": "Gentamicin-induced changes in RNA content in sensory and ganglionic cells in the hearing organ of the lizard Calotes versicolor. A cytochemical and morphological investigation.", "content": "The effect of short-term administration of gentamicin on RNA content in isolated sensory and ganglionic cells in the hearing organ of the lizard Calotes versicolor was investigated. The effects of the drug on this biochemical parameter are compared with ultrastructural changes in sensory cells from the same material. In the first test group, daily intraperitoneal injections for 3 to 6 days resulted in a 30-50% decrease of the amount of RNA in sensory and ganglionic cells. No constant ultrastructural changes were recorded in the sensory cells at this point in time. A second test group received 3 or 5 injections of gentamicin and the animals were then left untreated for 21 days. The reduced RNA content persisted in both sensory cells and in ganglionic cells from animals that received 5 injections, whereas the content of RNA in ganglionic cells from lizards that received 3 injections was restored almost to control values at the end of this 21-day period. In the second test group, definite morphological derangements were observed in the sensory cells. The correlation between cytochemical and morphological findings as well as possible modes of action of gentamicin on inner ear ganglionic and sensory cell RNA content are discussed.", "contents": "Gentamicin-induced changes in RNA content in sensory and ganglionic cells in the hearing organ of the lizard Calotes versicolor. A cytochemical and morphological investigation. The effect of short-term administration of gentamicin on RNA content in isolated sensory and ganglionic cells in the hearing organ of the lizard Calotes versicolor was investigated. The effects of the drug on this biochemical parameter are compared with ultrastructural changes in sensory cells from the same material. In the first test group, daily intraperitoneal injections for 3 to 6 days resulted in a 30-50% decrease of the amount of RNA in sensory and ganglionic cells. No constant ultrastructural changes were recorded in the sensory cells at this point in time. A second test group received 3 or 5 injections of gentamicin and the animals were then left untreated for 21 days. The reduced RNA content persisted in both sensory cells and in ganglionic cells from animals that received 5 injections, whereas the content of RNA in ganglionic cells from lizards that received 3 injections was restored almost to control values at the end of this 21-day period. In the second test group, definite morphological derangements were observed in the sensory cells. The correlation between cytochemical and morphological findings as well as possible modes of action of gentamicin on inner ear ganglionic and sensory cell RNA content are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920140", "title": "Electrocochleography used as a clinical hearing test in difficult-to-test children.", "content": "Thirty difficult-to-test children have been tested with transtympanic ECoG. When possible, informal hearing tests and/or free-field testing were performed. Children in whom no action potential (AP) could be recorded were submitted to conventional radiography of the inner ear, and vestibular tests. The correlation between free-field test thresholds and AP \"thresholds\" was good, especially in subjects with relatively good hearing. Response amplitude increased, and latency decreased, with increasing frequency of the stimulus implying that different parts of the basilar membrane are stimulated according to the frequency of the stimulus. Input-output curves of response amplitude and latency were plotted, and three different types were distinguished. ECoG can contribute to the evaluation of peripheral hearing in difficult-to-test children, and vestibular tests should always be performed on a child with suspected deafness or sensorineural hearing loss. Conventional radiography of the inner ear, however, seems to be of little value.", "contents": "Electrocochleography used as a clinical hearing test in difficult-to-test children. Thirty difficult-to-test children have been tested with transtympanic ECoG. When possible, informal hearing tests and/or free-field testing were performed. Children in whom no action potential (AP) could be recorded were submitted to conventional radiography of the inner ear, and vestibular tests. The correlation between free-field test thresholds and AP \"thresholds\" was good, especially in subjects with relatively good hearing. Response amplitude increased, and latency decreased, with increasing frequency of the stimulus implying that different parts of the basilar membrane are stimulated according to the frequency of the stimulus. Input-output curves of response amplitude and latency were plotted, and three different types were distinguished. ECoG can contribute to the evaluation of peripheral hearing in difficult-to-test children, and vestibular tests should always be performed on a child with suspected deafness or sensorineural hearing loss. Conventional radiography of the inner ear, however, seems to be of little value."}
{"id": "PMID:920141", "title": "Peroperative temporary threshold shift in ear surgery. An electrocochleographic study.", "content": "TTS resulting from drilling in the temporal bone was detected by means of pre- and post-exposure ECoG recordings taken during ear surgery for chronic otitis media. The TTS obtained varied between 5 and 40 dB at 4 and 8 kHz. The correlation between duration of noise exposure and magnitude of TTS was statistically significant. The results indicate that drill-induced noise in ear surgery may result in postoperative high-tone sensorineural hearing loss, and support the view that manipulation of the ossicular chain during ear surgery causes mainly a threshold shift at the lower frequencies.", "contents": "Peroperative temporary threshold shift in ear surgery. An electrocochleographic study. TTS resulting from drilling in the temporal bone was detected by means of pre- and post-exposure ECoG recordings taken during ear surgery for chronic otitis media. The TTS obtained varied between 5 and 40 dB at 4 and 8 kHz. The correlation between duration of noise exposure and magnitude of TTS was statistically significant. The results indicate that drill-induced noise in ear surgery may result in postoperative high-tone sensorineural hearing loss, and support the view that manipulation of the ossicular chain during ear surgery causes mainly a threshold shift at the lower frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:920139", "title": "Bone-conducted stimulation in electrocochleography.", "content": "The mechanical vibration patterns close to the cochlea in intact skulls of human cadavers have been studied by means of a miniature accelerometer. A Radioear B70A vibrator and a Br\u00fcel & Kjaer Mini Shaker have been used, fed with filtered clicks and with short tone bursts. The tone bursts were found to be superior to the clicks with regard to the vibration spectrum. At 500 Hz a considerable distortion was observed in the accelerometer signal, also when using tone bursts. This distortion was presumably due to resonant vibrations in the skull itself, and may be a source of error not only when using stimuli of short duration as in bone-conduction ECoG but also in conventional bone-conduction audiometry. When the vibrations were applied to the exposed bone surface of the mastoid, vibration levels increased by 10-25 dB compared with when soft tissues covered the point of application. This could be of advantage in bone-conduction ECoG performed at ear surgery.", "contents": "Bone-conducted stimulation in electrocochleography. The mechanical vibration patterns close to the cochlea in intact skulls of human cadavers have been studied by means of a miniature accelerometer. A Radioear B70A vibrator and a Br\u00fcel & Kjaer Mini Shaker have been used, fed with filtered clicks and with short tone bursts. The tone bursts were found to be superior to the clicks with regard to the vibration spectrum. At 500 Hz a considerable distortion was observed in the accelerometer signal, also when using tone bursts. This distortion was presumably due to resonant vibrations in the skull itself, and may be a source of error not only when using stimuli of short duration as in bone-conduction ECoG but also in conventional bone-conduction audiometry. When the vibrations were applied to the exposed bone surface of the mastoid, vibration levels increased by 10-25 dB compared with when soft tissues covered the point of application. This could be of advantage in bone-conduction ECoG performed at ear surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:920148", "title": "[Value of the nose provocation test in the allergic patient. A comparative study of the correlation skin inhalation, and lung tests provoked with various allergens].", "content": "The authors make a comparative study in 55 CNLSD children and 10 healthy children. In all those children, provocation tests were performed as wel at the level of the skin, as at the level of the lung and nose. The provocation tests were performed with the following allergens: house dust, mites, human dander and pollen, and with histamine. Only in the control group (10 healthy children) no lung provocations with histamine were done. From the investigation follows that skin tests are not always reliable. Furthermore, in many cases a nose provocation test (combination of aerosole. Furthermore, in many cases a nose provocation test (combination of aerosol provocation with a allergen and PAR rhinomanometry) can replace a lung provocation test.", "contents": "[Value of the nose provocation test in the allergic patient. A comparative study of the correlation skin inhalation, and lung tests provoked with various allergens]. The authors make a comparative study in 55 CNLSD children and 10 healthy children. In all those children, provocation tests were performed as wel at the level of the skin, as at the level of the lung and nose. The provocation tests were performed with the following allergens: house dust, mites, human dander and pollen, and with histamine. Only in the control group (10 healthy children) no lung provocations with histamine were done. From the investigation follows that skin tests are not always reliable. Furthermore, in many cases a nose provocation test (combination of aerosole. Furthermore, in many cases a nose provocation test (combination of aerosol provocation with a allergen and PAR rhinomanometry) can replace a lung provocation test."}
{"id": "PMID:920144", "title": "The frequency and importance of bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with allergic and non-allergic rhinitis.", "content": "A trial was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence of bronchial hyperreactivity, typical of bronchial asthma, in 50 patients with hay fever (rhinitis allergica) and 45 patients with rhinitis vasomotorica nonallergica, as opposed to a group of healthy subjects and patients with bronchial asthma. All the patients were subjected to spirographic examinations at rest (VC, FEV1, ETT, SI), after exercise (PWC170), and after histamine inhalation. The authors believe that it is expedient to study bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with hay fever and rhinitis vasomotorica nonallergica in that it affords possibilities for the prevision of the conceivable unfavourable evolution of the disease towards the atopic or non-atopic bronchial asthma, as well as for the taking of adequate preventive and therapeutic measures.", "contents": "The frequency and importance of bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. A trial was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence of bronchial hyperreactivity, typical of bronchial asthma, in 50 patients with hay fever (rhinitis allergica) and 45 patients with rhinitis vasomotorica nonallergica, as opposed to a group of healthy subjects and patients with bronchial asthma. All the patients were subjected to spirographic examinations at rest (VC, FEV1, ETT, SI), after exercise (PWC170), and after histamine inhalation. The authors believe that it is expedient to study bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with hay fever and rhinitis vasomotorica nonallergica in that it affords possibilities for the prevision of the conceivable unfavourable evolution of the disease towards the atopic or non-atopic bronchial asthma, as well as for the taking of adequate preventive and therapeutic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:920150", "title": "[Aspergillus mycetoma of the maxillary sinus].", "content": "The author describes a new case of aspergillosis in maxillary antrum, treated by surgery. A particularity of this case was an eosinophilia that disappeared after the treatment. Correlation with fungus infection was made probable by presence of a great amount of eosinophilic blood cells in hyperplastic mucosa involving the lesion. A review is made of literature.", "contents": "[Aspergillus mycetoma of the maxillary sinus]. The author describes a new case of aspergillosis in maxillary antrum, treated by surgery. A particularity of this case was an eosinophilia that disappeared after the treatment. Correlation with fungus infection was made probable by presence of a great amount of eosinophilic blood cells in hyperplastic mucosa involving the lesion. A review is made of literature."}
{"id": "PMID:920143", "title": "Changes in human nasal resistance associated with exercise, hyperventilation and rebreathing.", "content": "The nasal resistance to airflow determined in four subjects for periods of up to 7 hr. Cyclic changes in the resistance of each nasal passage were demonstrated in 13 or 24 experiments. After exercise on the cycle ergometer the total nasal resistance decreased and this change in nasal resistance was found to be directly related to the work rate. After oral rebreathing, the total nasal resistance decreased, and after hyperventilation the total nasal resistance increased. These changes in resistance are believed to be caused by changes in arterial pCO2 and mediated by the autonomic innervation of the nasal vasculature.", "contents": "Changes in human nasal resistance associated with exercise, hyperventilation and rebreathing. The nasal resistance to airflow determined in four subjects for periods of up to 7 hr. Cyclic changes in the resistance of each nasal passage were demonstrated in 13 or 24 experiments. After exercise on the cycle ergometer the total nasal resistance decreased and this change in nasal resistance was found to be directly related to the work rate. After oral rebreathing, the total nasal resistance decreased, and after hyperventilation the total nasal resistance increased. These changes in resistance are believed to be caused by changes in arterial pCO2 and mediated by the autonomic innervation of the nasal vasculature."}
{"id": "PMID:920142", "title": "The reliability of level-diagnostic examinations in acute, peripheral facial palsy.", "content": "In acute non-traumatic peripheral facial palsy where the cause is not known, it does not seem to be justified to draw conclusions as to how far to the centre in the course of the nerve the lesion may be located, based on an examination of tear secretion, stapedial reflex, and taste. This is demonstrated in two cases.", "contents": "The reliability of level-diagnostic examinations in acute, peripheral facial palsy. In acute non-traumatic peripheral facial palsy where the cause is not known, it does not seem to be justified to draw conclusions as to how far to the centre in the course of the nerve the lesion may be located, based on an examination of tear secretion, stapedial reflex, and taste. This is demonstrated in two cases."}
{"id": "PMID:920145", "title": "Nuclear bodies in laryngeal papilloma.", "content": "Electron microscopy of Juvenile Laryngeal Papilloma from Nigerian children has revealed the presence of nuclear bodies in the neoplastic cells. These bodies were round or oval in shape and varied from 0.3 to 0.5 micrometer in diameter. The immature forms consisted of fine fibrous units, whereas the mature forms displayed central and peripheral zones. The central zone consisted of dense, coarse, granular filaments, whereas the peripheral zone showed fine filaments of low electron density. Some intermediate forms were also noted. These bodies were similar to those reported in other viral infections and in tumour cells.", "contents": "Nuclear bodies in laryngeal papilloma. Electron microscopy of Juvenile Laryngeal Papilloma from Nigerian children has revealed the presence of nuclear bodies in the neoplastic cells. These bodies were round or oval in shape and varied from 0.3 to 0.5 micrometer in diameter. The immature forms consisted of fine fibrous units, whereas the mature forms displayed central and peripheral zones. The central zone consisted of dense, coarse, granular filaments, whereas the peripheral zone showed fine filaments of low electron density. Some intermediate forms were also noted. These bodies were similar to those reported in other viral infections and in tumour cells."}
{"id": "PMID:920147", "title": "Acupuncture and phonostimulation in pollenosis and vasomotor rhinitis in the light of psychosomatic investigations.", "content": "Patients with vasomotor rhinitis (28) and pollenosis (23) were subjected to psychosomatic examination and treated either by acupuncture or phonostimulation exclusively. Acupuncture was performed after the classical method in 22 patients and phonostimulation in 29. Evaluation of the results was based on laryngological examinations and appraisals entered by the patients in special personal diaries. In pollenosis the condition was unchanged by the treatment. In vasomotor rhinitis, on the other hand, in which psychic factors were of importance, some of the patients usually improved temporarily at the beginning of treatment, whereas a few suffered exacerbation. These effects may be attributable to suggestion.", "contents": "Acupuncture and phonostimulation in pollenosis and vasomotor rhinitis in the light of psychosomatic investigations. Patients with vasomotor rhinitis (28) and pollenosis (23) were subjected to psychosomatic examination and treated either by acupuncture or phonostimulation exclusively. Acupuncture was performed after the classical method in 22 patients and phonostimulation in 29. Evaluation of the results was based on laryngological examinations and appraisals entered by the patients in special personal diaries. In pollenosis the condition was unchanged by the treatment. In vasomotor rhinitis, on the other hand, in which psychic factors were of importance, some of the patients usually improved temporarily at the beginning of treatment, whereas a few suffered exacerbation. These effects may be attributable to suggestion."}
{"id": "PMID:920153", "title": "[Various advantages of rigid bronchoscopy as shown by a case report].", "content": "The clinical effect of a large biopsy of a bronchial adenoma via the bronchoscope is described. The author explains why, for diagnosis and therapy of bronchial adenoma, the use of the bronchoscope is to be prefered to the use of the fiberscope.", "contents": "[Various advantages of rigid bronchoscopy as shown by a case report]. The clinical effect of a large biopsy of a bronchial adenoma via the bronchoscope is described. The author explains why, for diagnosis and therapy of bronchial adenoma, the use of the bronchoscope is to be prefered to the use of the fiberscope."}
{"id": "PMID:920146", "title": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans in the ground substance in paranasal sinus diseases.", "content": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) in the normal maxillary sinus mucosae were analysed by electrophoretic separation and densitometric quantitation, and then compared with those in chronic maxillary sinusitis, nasal polyps and maxillary sinus cancer. The total amount of AGAG in the edematous maxillary sinusitis and nasal polyps increased significantly. Both increases were almost twice as large as the normal content. When the changes of each AGAG in the total amount were compared with the normal content, chondroitin sulfate A and C showed the most conspicuous increase, chondroitin sulfate B was rather stable and hyaluronic acid showed a roughly twofold increase, in all the tissues examined. The ratio of %hyaluronic acid divided by %chondroitin sllfate B increased the most in maxillary sinus cancer.", "contents": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans in the ground substance in paranasal sinus diseases. Acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) in the normal maxillary sinus mucosae were analysed by electrophoretic separation and densitometric quantitation, and then compared with those in chronic maxillary sinusitis, nasal polyps and maxillary sinus cancer. The total amount of AGAG in the edematous maxillary sinusitis and nasal polyps increased significantly. Both increases were almost twice as large as the normal content. When the changes of each AGAG in the total amount were compared with the normal content, chondroitin sulfate A and C showed the most conspicuous increase, chondroitin sulfate B was rather stable and hyaluronic acid showed a roughly twofold increase, in all the tissues examined. The ratio of %hyaluronic acid divided by %chondroitin sllfate B increased the most in maxillary sinus cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:920161", "title": "Linear growth of children with limb deformities following exposure to thalidomide in utero.", "content": "The growth of 202 children exposed to thalidomide in utero and having upper (139 children) or lower (63 children) limb deformities has been assess towards the end of pre-pubertal growth. The analyses show that children exposed to thalidomide are shorter than normal children but grow at a normal velocity later. These findings may help in consideration of the mechanism by which thalidomide exerted its teratogenic effect. Analyses of growth may find a wider use in the retrospective assessment of drugs which are potentially harmful in pregnancy.", "contents": "Linear growth of children with limb deformities following exposure to thalidomide in utero. The growth of 202 children exposed to thalidomide in utero and having upper (139 children) or lower (63 children) limb deformities has been assess towards the end of pre-pubertal growth. The analyses show that children exposed to thalidomide are shorter than normal children but grow at a normal velocity later. These findings may help in consideration of the mechanism by which thalidomide exerted its teratogenic effect. Analyses of growth may find a wider use in the retrospective assessment of drugs which are potentially harmful in pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:920162", "title": "The early detection of pneumothorax with transthoracic impedance in newborn infants.", "content": "During the treatment of IRDS with assisted ventilation pneumothorax is a common and dangerous complication where an early diagnosis is important for the successful treatment. In this case report the continuous monitoring of transthoracic electrical impedance has proven to be a sensitive and non-invasive method to detect the development of pneumothorax long before clinical signs are manifest.", "contents": "The early detection of pneumothorax with transthoracic impedance in newborn infants. During the treatment of IRDS with assisted ventilation pneumothorax is a common and dangerous complication where an early diagnosis is important for the successful treatment. In this case report the continuous monitoring of transthoracic electrical impedance has proven to be a sensitive and non-invasive method to detect the development of pneumothorax long before clinical signs are manifest."}
{"id": "PMID:920164", "title": "Influence of oral lysozyme administration on serum immunoglobulin and intestinal secretory IgA levels in infants.", "content": "The influence of lysozyme feeding on the production of serum immunoglobulins and intestinal secretory IgA was studied in full-term and premature infants, from birth up to the age six months. Serum immunoglobulins were not influenced by lysozyme administration. An increase in secretory IgA was found in stool filtrates of full-term lysozyme-fed infants; no secretory IgA was detected in controls. In this way lysozyme feeding partly substituted for passive transfer of secretory IgA from maternal milk.", "contents": "Influence of oral lysozyme administration on serum immunoglobulin and intestinal secretory IgA levels in infants. The influence of lysozyme feeding on the production of serum immunoglobulins and intestinal secretory IgA was studied in full-term and premature infants, from birth up to the age six months. Serum immunoglobulins were not influenced by lysozyme administration. An increase in secretory IgA was found in stool filtrates of full-term lysozyme-fed infants; no secretory IgA was detected in controls. In this way lysozyme feeding partly substituted for passive transfer of secretory IgA from maternal milk."}
{"id": "PMID:920165", "title": "Patients at a paediatric out-patient clinic. A study with particular reference to psychological and social background factors. I. The problem, material, methods and actual visit.", "content": "A large proportion of the children who attend paediatric clinics present with indefinite somatic symptoms or complaints which are clearly or possibly of a psychological nature. At the same time it is known that patients with serious psychological problems tend to seek help far too late. This study is an attempt to find out whether the patients who are liable to become problem cases in the long term can be identified by the paediatrician at an early stage and, if so, in what ways these patients differ from others in a paediatric clientele. All the patients who attended the Paediatric Out-Patient Clinic at Ume\u00e5 Hospital during the course of one year were assessed by the physicians there. It was judged that psychological factors of importance were involved in 5.2%, that the importance was doubtful in 8.3% and that no psychological factors were involved in 86.5%. The proportion of cases involving psychological factors of importance increased with age and amounted to 17% amoung the 10 to 15-year-olds.", "contents": "Patients at a paediatric out-patient clinic. A study with particular reference to psychological and social background factors. I. The problem, material, methods and actual visit. A large proportion of the children who attend paediatric clinics present with indefinite somatic symptoms or complaints which are clearly or possibly of a psychological nature. At the same time it is known that patients with serious psychological problems tend to seek help far too late. This study is an attempt to find out whether the patients who are liable to become problem cases in the long term can be identified by the paediatrician at an early stage and, if so, in what ways these patients differ from others in a paediatric clientele. All the patients who attended the Paediatric Out-Patient Clinic at Ume\u00e5 Hospital during the course of one year were assessed by the physicians there. It was judged that psychological factors of importance were involved in 5.2%, that the importance was doubtful in 8.3% and that no psychological factors were involved in 86.5%. The proportion of cases involving psychological factors of importance increased with age and amounted to 17% amoung the 10 to 15-year-olds."}
{"id": "PMID:920166", "title": "Patients at a paediatric out-patient clinic. A study with particular reference to psychological and social background factors. II. Earlier contacts with the health service, social background, parents' morbidity, general discussion and recommendations.", "content": "Psychological factors were considered by the examining physicians to play an important part in 5.2% of approximately 4 000 initial visits to a paediatric clinic. These cases are compared with a matched control group representing the cases where the physicians judged that psychological factors were not involved. As compared with the controls, then a considerably larger proportion of the patients with symptoms associated with psychological factors had a previous history of contacts with child psychiatrists or attendence at the paediatric clinic for problems of a psychological nature. Their parents, the mothers in particular, had a higher frequency of registered sickness for mental-nervous disorders and their families had more frequently been the subject of special social inquiries or assistance. To a large extent the examining paediatrician was unaware of these background conditions. With a better case history and proper follow-up one could probably reduce the number of X-ray examinations, consultations and laboratory tests. Further training and better contacts would be facilitated if members of a children's psychiatric team were stationed within the paediatric clinic.", "contents": "Patients at a paediatric out-patient clinic. A study with particular reference to psychological and social background factors. II. Earlier contacts with the health service, social background, parents' morbidity, general discussion and recommendations. Psychological factors were considered by the examining physicians to play an important part in 5.2% of approximately 4 000 initial visits to a paediatric clinic. These cases are compared with a matched control group representing the cases where the physicians judged that psychological factors were not involved. As compared with the controls, then a considerably larger proportion of the patients with symptoms associated with psychological factors had a previous history of contacts with child psychiatrists or attendence at the paediatric clinic for problems of a psychological nature. Their parents, the mothers in particular, had a higher frequency of registered sickness for mental-nervous disorders and their families had more frequently been the subject of special social inquiries or assistance. To a large extent the examining paediatrician was unaware of these background conditions. With a better case history and proper follow-up one could probably reduce the number of X-ray examinations, consultations and laboratory tests. Further training and better contacts would be facilitated if members of a children's psychiatric team were stationed within the paediatric clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:920167", "title": "Fetal risks due to warfarin therapy during pregnancy.", "content": "Two mothers with heart valve prosthesis were treated with warfarin during pregnancy. In the first case a caesarean section was done one week after replacement of warfarin with heparin. The baby died of cerebral and pulmonary hemorrhage. The second mother had a male infant by caesarean section. The baby showed warfarin-induced embryopathy with nasal hypoplasia and stippled epiphyses (chondrodysplasia punctata). Nasal hypoplasia with or without stippled epiphyses has now been reported in 11 infants born to mothers treated with warfarin during the first trimester, and a causal association is probable. In view of the risks to both mother and fetus in women with prosthetic cardiac valves it is recommended that therapeutic abortion be advised as the first alternative.", "contents": "Fetal risks due to warfarin therapy during pregnancy. Two mothers with heart valve prosthesis were treated with warfarin during pregnancy. In the first case a caesarean section was done one week after replacement of warfarin with heparin. The baby died of cerebral and pulmonary hemorrhage. The second mother had a male infant by caesarean section. The baby showed warfarin-induced embryopathy with nasal hypoplasia and stippled epiphyses (chondrodysplasia punctata). Nasal hypoplasia with or without stippled epiphyses has now been reported in 11 infants born to mothers treated with warfarin during the first trimester, and a causal association is probable. In view of the risks to both mother and fetus in women with prosthetic cardiac valves it is recommended that therapeutic abortion be advised as the first alternative."}
{"id": "PMID:920168", "title": "The growth of the kidneys in children with vesicoureteric reflux.", "content": "In a retrospective study, 69 kidneys with VUR were divided into 2 groups: One group (A) where VUR stopped within 1 year after operation or conservative treatment and a second group (B) where VUR continued for more than 1 year. Group A had somewhat more severe grades of reflux than group B. The number of infections were practically the same in the two groups. The length of the kidneys was measured at the time of diagnosis and compared with the length at the most recent urography after VUR stopped (group A) on average 2 years and 3 months later and with the most recent urography while VUR was still present (group B) on average 1 year and 9 months later. It was found that 85% in group A had increased in absolute length while the figure was 60% in group B. If the relative growth is calculated (the kidneys' length in relationship to L1-L3 distance), 60% in group B had decreased while only 30% in group A had decreased.", "contents": "The growth of the kidneys in children with vesicoureteric reflux. In a retrospective study, 69 kidneys with VUR were divided into 2 groups: One group (A) where VUR stopped within 1 year after operation or conservative treatment and a second group (B) where VUR continued for more than 1 year. Group A had somewhat more severe grades of reflux than group B. The number of infections were practically the same in the two groups. The length of the kidneys was measured at the time of diagnosis and compared with the length at the most recent urography after VUR stopped (group A) on average 2 years and 3 months later and with the most recent urography while VUR was still present (group B) on average 1 year and 9 months later. It was found that 85% in group A had increased in absolute length while the figure was 60% in group B. If the relative growth is calculated (the kidneys' length in relationship to L1-L3 distance), 60% in group B had decreased while only 30% in group A had decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:920169", "title": "Bilirubin inhibits hexose-monophosphate shunt activity of phagocytosing neutrophils.", "content": "Neutrophil hexose monophosphate (H.M.P.) shunt activity was measured by the conversion of 14C-1-glucose to 14CO2 during ingestion of polystyrene latex particles. Unconjugated bilrubin at the concentration of 1 X 10(5) M was found to markedly inhibit H.M.P. shunt activity. Since H.M.P. shunt activity of neutrophils is an important prerequisite of microbicidal function, it is suggested that jaundiced newborns may be more susceptible to bacterial infections.", "contents": "Bilirubin inhibits hexose-monophosphate shunt activity of phagocytosing neutrophils. Neutrophil hexose monophosphate (H.M.P.) shunt activity was measured by the conversion of 14C-1-glucose to 14CO2 during ingestion of polystyrene latex particles. Unconjugated bilrubin at the concentration of 1 X 10(5) M was found to markedly inhibit H.M.P. shunt activity. Since H.M.P. shunt activity of neutrophils is an important prerequisite of microbicidal function, it is suggested that jaundiced newborns may be more susceptible to bacterial infections."}
{"id": "PMID:920170", "title": "Drug usage and adverse drug reactions in paediatric patients.", "content": "The development of epidemiological methods for the study of adverse drug reactions is reviewed in connection with the presentation of data obtained by intensive monitoring of 1 000 admissions to a medical paediatric unit. Compared with adults and American children, the patients received fewer drugs and experienced fewer reactions while in hospital. The drug usage pattern was different from that of American paediatric practice and general practice in the United Kingdom. Fifty-one (6%) patients experienced 119 adverse drug reactions. These occurred more frequently in children suffering from serious disorders and in the majority of cases the basic therapy was continued regardless of the severity of the drug side-effects. Treatment was required for the effects of 66 (55%) adverse reactions. It appears that drug monitoring in paediatric practice may be of greater value if surveillance programmes are designed to provide a \"therapeutic audit\" and extended to include children receiving drugs in the community.", "contents": "Drug usage and adverse drug reactions in paediatric patients. The development of epidemiological methods for the study of adverse drug reactions is reviewed in connection with the presentation of data obtained by intensive monitoring of 1 000 admissions to a medical paediatric unit. Compared with adults and American children, the patients received fewer drugs and experienced fewer reactions while in hospital. The drug usage pattern was different from that of American paediatric practice and general practice in the United Kingdom. Fifty-one (6%) patients experienced 119 adverse drug reactions. These occurred more frequently in children suffering from serious disorders and in the majority of cases the basic therapy was continued regardless of the severity of the drug side-effects. Treatment was required for the effects of 66 (55%) adverse reactions. It appears that drug monitoring in paediatric practice may be of greater value if surveillance programmes are designed to provide a \"therapeutic audit\" and extended to include children receiving drugs in the community."}
{"id": "PMID:920171", "title": "Familial dysautonomia in a non-Jewish child.", "content": "Few documented cases of Riley-Day syndrome fulfilling current diagnostic criteria have been recognized in non-Jews. In our case the diagnosis was established in a Norwegian child despite the absence of Jewish origin. It represents a report of this syndrome with bilateral pathological changes in the hypothalamus in addition to extensive abnormal findings in the spinal cord and the autonomic ganglia. These findings may have significance with regard to the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Familial dysautonomia in a non-Jewish child. Few documented cases of Riley-Day syndrome fulfilling current diagnostic criteria have been recognized in non-Jews. In our case the diagnosis was established in a Norwegian child despite the absence of Jewish origin. It represents a report of this syndrome with bilateral pathological changes in the hypothalamus in addition to extensive abnormal findings in the spinal cord and the autonomic ganglia. These findings may have significance with regard to the pathogenesis of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:920172", "title": "Trisomy 20 mosaicism.", "content": "The first known case of trisomy 20 mosaicism is described. As in other cases of (partial) trisomy 20, the patient showed scarce physical malformations. It is suggested that trisomies for chromosomes of the F group are rare not because they are lethal but as a result of the morphology of the chromosomes involved.", "contents": "Trisomy 20 mosaicism. The first known case of trisomy 20 mosaicism is described. As in other cases of (partial) trisomy 20, the patient showed scarce physical malformations. It is suggested that trisomies for chromosomes of the F group are rare not because they are lethal but as a result of the morphology of the chromosomes involved."}
{"id": "PMID:920174", "title": "Experimental studies on the role of satellite cells in regeneration of rat skeletal muscle fibers.", "content": "The process of degeneration, necrosis and regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers of rats administered dimethyl-para-phenylenediamine was studied by light and electron microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed satellite cells between the basement membrane and plasma membrane of unaffected as well as affected muscle fibers. The cytoplasm of satellite cells was enlarged or elongated and contained many ribosomes, polysomes, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and well-developed Golgi apparatus. In some satellite cells myofilaments were formed attached to the ribosomes and polysomes. In the process of muscle regeneration many myogenic cells appeared in the vicinity of unaffected muscle fibers. The properties of the cytoplasmic organelles of the myogenic cells resembled those of satellite cells. The differentiation between satellite cells and myogenic cells could be made only by the presence or absence of preexisting muscle fibers. From these results it is not only suggested that the satellite cells are the precursor of myogenic cells but also the regenerated muscle fibers, at least a part of them, originate from satellite cells.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the role of satellite cells in regeneration of rat skeletal muscle fibers. The process of degeneration, necrosis and regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers of rats administered dimethyl-para-phenylenediamine was studied by light and electron microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed satellite cells between the basement membrane and plasma membrane of unaffected as well as affected muscle fibers. The cytoplasm of satellite cells was enlarged or elongated and contained many ribosomes, polysomes, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and well-developed Golgi apparatus. In some satellite cells myofilaments were formed attached to the ribosomes and polysomes. In the process of muscle regeneration many myogenic cells appeared in the vicinity of unaffected muscle fibers. The properties of the cytoplasmic organelles of the myogenic cells resembled those of satellite cells. The differentiation between satellite cells and myogenic cells could be made only by the presence or absence of preexisting muscle fibers. From these results it is not only suggested that the satellite cells are the precursor of myogenic cells but also the regenerated muscle fibers, at least a part of them, originate from satellite cells."}
{"id": "PMID:920175", "title": "Transplantable lymphoma producing type K Bence-Jones protein in NZB mouse.", "content": "Spontaneous lymphoma occurring in the retroperitoneum in a 13-month-old New Zealand Black female mouse, as transplantable to the same strain mice, was subjected to immunological studies by serial transplantation as subcutaneous solid tumor (66A) and bloody ascites tumor (66B). The transplanted tumor-bearing mice showed M component in the plasma, urine and ascites. It was confirmed as type K Bence-Jones protein. Speculations were made on the relation between abnormal immunity in NZB mice and lymphoma.", "contents": "Transplantable lymphoma producing type K Bence-Jones protein in NZB mouse. Spontaneous lymphoma occurring in the retroperitoneum in a 13-month-old New Zealand Black female mouse, as transplantable to the same strain mice, was subjected to immunological studies by serial transplantation as subcutaneous solid tumor (66A) and bloody ascites tumor (66B). The transplanted tumor-bearing mice showed M component in the plasma, urine and ascites. It was confirmed as type K Bence-Jones protein. Speculations were made on the relation between abnormal immunity in NZB mice and lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:920176", "title": "[5 adult cases of cerebral aqueduct stenosis caused by ependymitis granularis].", "content": "In the present report five autopsy cases of adult aqueductal stenosis arising from granular ependymitis have been reported. In all cases the aqueduct was obstructed or markedly stenosed by subependymal gliosis mainly consisting of fibrillary astroglia. Islands and tubules of ependymal cells were embedded in a dense bed of subependymal glia with the loss of ependyma. The walls of all ventricles showed the same pathologic findings with the aqueduct, although the degree was not so marked. Such findings support the view that some type of chronic infection produces the aqueductal stenosis, because it is impossible to produce such diffuse ependymal changes by congenital anomaly. It is of particular importance in this report that all cases were adults. In comparison with the microscopical findings in cases of aqueductal stenosis of infants and children arising from granular ependymitis, which have been reported in the literature, there were no principle differences between infants, children and adults.", "contents": "[5 adult cases of cerebral aqueduct stenosis caused by ependymitis granularis]. In the present report five autopsy cases of adult aqueductal stenosis arising from granular ependymitis have been reported. In all cases the aqueduct was obstructed or markedly stenosed by subependymal gliosis mainly consisting of fibrillary astroglia. Islands and tubules of ependymal cells were embedded in a dense bed of subependymal glia with the loss of ependyma. The walls of all ventricles showed the same pathologic findings with the aqueduct, although the degree was not so marked. Such findings support the view that some type of chronic infection produces the aqueductal stenosis, because it is impossible to produce such diffuse ependymal changes by congenital anomaly. It is of particular importance in this report that all cases were adults. In comparison with the microscopical findings in cases of aqueductal stenosis of infants and children arising from granular ependymitis, which have been reported in the literature, there were no principle differences between infants, children and adults."}
{"id": "PMID:920177", "title": "Increased permeability for plasma components of the cerebral vessels during acute angiotensin hypertension in rats.", "content": "Experimentally induced acute angiotensin hypertension has been shown to increase the permeability of cerebral arterioles, venules and veins to plasma components whthin a few hours. This increase in permiability was demonstrated by means of circulating homologous fluorescent serum proteins and colloidal carbon particles. The results support the view that an increased permeability of the cerebral vessels to plasma components is either a causal or an additional pathogenetic factor in the development of the hypertensive encephalopathy.", "contents": "Increased permeability for plasma components of the cerebral vessels during acute angiotensin hypertension in rats. Experimentally induced acute angiotensin hypertension has been shown to increase the permeability of cerebral arterioles, venules and veins to plasma components whthin a few hours. This increase in permiability was demonstrated by means of circulating homologous fluorescent serum proteins and colloidal carbon particles. The results support the view that an increased permeability of the cerebral vessels to plasma components is either a causal or an additional pathogenetic factor in the development of the hypertensive encephalopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:920179", "title": "DNA-variations in neighbouring epithelium in patients with bladder carcinoma.", "content": "Histologically atypical urothelium taken from bladder mucosa neighbouring transitional cell carcinoma showed similar, though less marked, DNA-changes as observed in the corresponding tumours. A definite increase in the number of non-diploid DNA-values was found in 6 (of 12 urothelial specimens. The clinical significance of urothelial DNA-changes is discussed.", "contents": "DNA-variations in neighbouring epithelium in patients with bladder carcinoma. Histologically atypical urothelium taken from bladder mucosa neighbouring transitional cell carcinoma showed similar, though less marked, DNA-changes as observed in the corresponding tumours. A definite increase in the number of non-diploid DNA-values was found in 6 (of 12 urothelial specimens. The clinical significance of urothelial DNA-changes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920180", "title": "Cytoplasmic effects of X-irradiation on cultured cells 2. Alterations in lysosomes, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, and related structures.", "content": "Topoinhibited human glia cells in vitro were exposed to X-radiation generated by an 8-MeV linear accelerator at a dose of 20,000 rad. Transmission electron microscopy of irradiated cells at intervals varying between 30 min. and 5 days following irradiation revealed alterations mainly in the plasma membrane and the lysosomal vacuome. Increased ruffling of plasma membranes, augmented endocytosis and extensive intracellular autophagy developed within 24 hours after irradiation. The implications of the plasma membrane alterations are discussed, and a tentative model covering possible mechanism involved in the development of autophagic vacuoles is presented. The possibility is entertained that alternative mechanism may be operative during the formation of the autophagic vacuole in irradiated glia cells. The origin of the isolation membrane appears to be (a) preexisting lysosomes; and (b) flattened vacuolar cytoplasmic elements.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic effects of X-irradiation on cultured cells 2. Alterations in lysosomes, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, and related structures. Topoinhibited human glia cells in vitro were exposed to X-radiation generated by an 8-MeV linear accelerator at a dose of 20,000 rad. Transmission electron microscopy of irradiated cells at intervals varying between 30 min. and 5 days following irradiation revealed alterations mainly in the plasma membrane and the lysosomal vacuome. Increased ruffling of plasma membranes, augmented endocytosis and extensive intracellular autophagy developed within 24 hours after irradiation. The implications of the plasma membrane alterations are discussed, and a tentative model covering possible mechanism involved in the development of autophagic vacuoles is presented. The possibility is entertained that alternative mechanism may be operative during the formation of the autophagic vacuole in irradiated glia cells. The origin of the isolation membrane appears to be (a) preexisting lysosomes; and (b) flattened vacuolar cytoplasmic elements."}
{"id": "PMID:920181", "title": "Congenital solitary fibromatosis of soft tissues, a variant of congenital generalized fibromatosis. 2 cases reports.", "content": "A report of 2 cases of solitary fibromatosis in a 10-day-old boy and a girl 3 years and 10 months old is presented. Both lesions were deep-seated and showed a nodular and infiltrating growth, predominantly buil-up by immature fibroblast-like cells and including hemangiopericytoma-like areas. One of the lesions also showed leiomyoma-like areas. An ultrastructural study however, revealed no intra-cytoplasmatic myofilaments. At follow-up examinations after 21 years and 1 year, respectively, there were no signs of recurrences or metastases. These 2 cases are considered to represent a solitary form of congenital generalized fibromatosis. The differential diagnosis from infantile hemangiopericytoma and fibrous lesions seen in infancy and early childhood, such as infantile fibrosarcoma, diffuse infantile fibromatosis, extra-abdominal desmoid, fibrous hamartoma of infancy and juvenile aponeurotic fibroma, is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital solitary fibromatosis of soft tissues, a variant of congenital generalized fibromatosis. 2 cases reports. A report of 2 cases of solitary fibromatosis in a 10-day-old boy and a girl 3 years and 10 months old is presented. Both lesions were deep-seated and showed a nodular and infiltrating growth, predominantly buil-up by immature fibroblast-like cells and including hemangiopericytoma-like areas. One of the lesions also showed leiomyoma-like areas. An ultrastructural study however, revealed no intra-cytoplasmatic myofilaments. At follow-up examinations after 21 years and 1 year, respectively, there were no signs of recurrences or metastases. These 2 cases are considered to represent a solitary form of congenital generalized fibromatosis. The differential diagnosis from infantile hemangiopericytoma and fibrous lesions seen in infancy and early childhood, such as infantile fibrosarcoma, diffuse infantile fibromatosis, extra-abdominal desmoid, fibrous hamartoma of infancy and juvenile aponeurotic fibroma, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920182", "title": "Endothelial structure in rabbits with moderate hypercholesterolaemia. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The aortic surface of rabbits given a supplement of 0.1--0.3 per cent cholesterol to the diet was studied by scanning electron microscopy. In regions where increased haemodynamic strain was anticipated, similar structural changes were observed in normal and hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. However, changes indicating cell injury were more wide-spread in cholesterolfed animals. This suggests that hypercholesterolaemia may increase cell susceptibility to injury. In the same regions, the development of intimal thickenings was observed in cholesterol-fed rabbits. The central parts of such thickenings had been reendothlialized, whereas a region with cell injury surrounded each lesion. In regions with low haemodynamic strain, a loss of fine-structural details was observed in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. It is suggested that these changes may be related to the deteriorated functional properties of the intact endothelium in such rabbits. In view of these data it is suggested that the interrelationship between hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerotic arterial disease may partly be due to a deleterious effect of hypercholesterolaemia on the functional and structural integrity of the arterial endothelium.", "contents": "Endothelial structure in rabbits with moderate hypercholesterolaemia. A scanning electron microscopic study. The aortic surface of rabbits given a supplement of 0.1--0.3 per cent cholesterol to the diet was studied by scanning electron microscopy. In regions where increased haemodynamic strain was anticipated, similar structural changes were observed in normal and hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. However, changes indicating cell injury were more wide-spread in cholesterolfed animals. This suggests that hypercholesterolaemia may increase cell susceptibility to injury. In the same regions, the development of intimal thickenings was observed in cholesterol-fed rabbits. The central parts of such thickenings had been reendothlialized, whereas a region with cell injury surrounded each lesion. In regions with low haemodynamic strain, a loss of fine-structural details was observed in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. It is suggested that these changes may be related to the deteriorated functional properties of the intact endothelium in such rabbits. In view of these data it is suggested that the interrelationship between hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerotic arterial disease may partly be due to a deleterious effect of hypercholesterolaemia on the functional and structural integrity of the arterial endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:920183", "title": "Cause of the continuous rise in plasma renin concentration after removal of manipulated submaxillary glands in nephrectomized mice.", "content": "After gentle manipulation with subsequent removal of the submaxillary glands in nephrectomized mice there is a vast increase in the concentrations of high molecular weight renin (\"prorenin\"?) as well active renin in plasma. The increase in active renin is continuous even after removal of glands as well as kidneys. Using in vitro incubation and replacement transfusion experiments, the continuous rise was found not to be due to activation of the high molecular weight renin. The continous increase could instead be shown to be due to a rapid transfer of submaxillary lymph and (or) interstitial fluid to the surrounding tissues, with a subsequent slower release from these tissues to the blood. Continued release of renin from extra-submaxillary tissue-depots is probably also the cause of the continuance of the high plasma renin concentrations for several hours after the removal of the manipulated glands, which contrast with the much more rapid decline in the concentration after injection of extracts of submaxillary glands as well as after injection of pure submaxillary renin.", "contents": "Cause of the continuous rise in plasma renin concentration after removal of manipulated submaxillary glands in nephrectomized mice. After gentle manipulation with subsequent removal of the submaxillary glands in nephrectomized mice there is a vast increase in the concentrations of high molecular weight renin (\"prorenin\"?) as well active renin in plasma. The increase in active renin is continuous even after removal of glands as well as kidneys. Using in vitro incubation and replacement transfusion experiments, the continuous rise was found not to be due to activation of the high molecular weight renin. The continous increase could instead be shown to be due to a rapid transfer of submaxillary lymph and (or) interstitial fluid to the surrounding tissues, with a subsequent slower release from these tissues to the blood. Continued release of renin from extra-submaxillary tissue-depots is probably also the cause of the continuance of the high plasma renin concentrations for several hours after the removal of the manipulated glands, which contrast with the much more rapid decline in the concentration after injection of extracts of submaxillary glands as well as after injection of pure submaxillary renin."}
{"id": "PMID:920184", "title": "Re-appraisal of malignant melanoma diagnosis in the Swedish cancer registry.", "content": "In many countries the registration of malignant melanoma of the skin shows an increased incidence; this may partially be due to an over-diagnosis. From the group of 3,268 adults and 21 children classified as suffering from malignant melanoma of the skin in the Swedish Cancer Registry between 1959-1968, a one-in-ten systematic sample survey was the object of a retrospective examination. 349 adults and 2 children had a uniform histopathological evaluation performed by one of the authors (B.L.). Slides were not available in 8 cases (2 per cent) and in the remaining 343, the diagnosis was regarded as incorrect in 13 (3.7 per cent). All these 13 cases, (2 children and 11 adults), showed no special predilection as to age, sex, location, or year of registration. In view of such a slight degree of error, the Swedish Cancer registry's melanoma group from 1959-1968 would seem suitable for further epidemiological studies.", "contents": "Re-appraisal of malignant melanoma diagnosis in the Swedish cancer registry. In many countries the registration of malignant melanoma of the skin shows an increased incidence; this may partially be due to an over-diagnosis. From the group of 3,268 adults and 21 children classified as suffering from malignant melanoma of the skin in the Swedish Cancer Registry between 1959-1968, a one-in-ten systematic sample survey was the object of a retrospective examination. 349 adults and 2 children had a uniform histopathological evaluation performed by one of the authors (B.L.). Slides were not available in 8 cases (2 per cent) and in the remaining 343, the diagnosis was regarded as incorrect in 13 (3.7 per cent). All these 13 cases, (2 children and 11 adults), showed no special predilection as to age, sex, location, or year of registration. In view of such a slight degree of error, the Swedish Cancer registry's melanoma group from 1959-1968 would seem suitable for further epidemiological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:920185", "title": "Nitrofurantoin-induced alterations in pulmonary tissue. A report on five patients with acute or subacute reactions.", "content": "Three patients with acute and two with subacute nitrofarantoin-induced pulmonary reactions were studied clinically and by examinining microcoscopically needle biopsy specimens of their lungs. In all five patients slight vasculitis and a few interstitial eosinophils were found in the pulmonary tissue 1-2 weeks after the withdrawal of nitrofurantion therapy. Alveolitis, fibrinous alveolar exudate and perivascular granulomas were also seen in some specimens. The patients with acute reactions had marked blood eosinophilia. In all patients, pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) was below normal, but ventilatory function was not appreciably affected. Withdrawal of nitrofurantion resulted in complete or partial improvement in 4-8 weeks. Our clinical and histological findings support the suggestion that a type III immune-complex-mediated reactions is involved in acute and subacute hypersensitivity reactions to nitrofurantoin.", "contents": "Nitrofurantoin-induced alterations in pulmonary tissue. A report on five patients with acute or subacute reactions. Three patients with acute and two with subacute nitrofarantoin-induced pulmonary reactions were studied clinically and by examinining microcoscopically needle biopsy specimens of their lungs. In all five patients slight vasculitis and a few interstitial eosinophils were found in the pulmonary tissue 1-2 weeks after the withdrawal of nitrofurantion therapy. Alveolitis, fibrinous alveolar exudate and perivascular granulomas were also seen in some specimens. The patients with acute reactions had marked blood eosinophilia. In all patients, pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) was below normal, but ventilatory function was not appreciably affected. Withdrawal of nitrofurantion resulted in complete or partial improvement in 4-8 weeks. Our clinical and histological findings support the suggestion that a type III immune-complex-mediated reactions is involved in acute and subacute hypersensitivity reactions to nitrofurantoin."}
{"id": "PMID:920186", "title": "Glial changes in pigs with porto-caval anastomosis and temporary or total hepatic artery clamping.", "content": "The number and size of astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, and neurone nuclie were determined in cortex and corpus striatum (putamen) of pigs with porto-caval anastomosis (PCA) and total or temporary clamping of the hepatic artery. Animals with PCA and total clamping became comatose and died on average 18 1/2 hours postoperatively. Their brains showed slight oedema but no changes in the glial and neurone nuclear numbers. Animals with PCA and temporary clamping of the hepatic artery (30-60 min.) all survived without clinical symptoms of encephalopathy. However, the brains showed vacuolization of the deeper cortical layers, diffuse occurrence of Alzheimer type II astrocytes, and the counts revealed an increased number of astrocytic nuclei. The total number of glial cells decreased due to loss of oligodendrocytes, but the number of neurones was unchanged. The findings indicate that the neuropathological changes after PCA and temporary hepatic artery clamping are concerned primarily with changes of the glial cells.", "contents": "Glial changes in pigs with porto-caval anastomosis and temporary or total hepatic artery clamping. The number and size of astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, and neurone nuclie were determined in cortex and corpus striatum (putamen) of pigs with porto-caval anastomosis (PCA) and total or temporary clamping of the hepatic artery. Animals with PCA and total clamping became comatose and died on average 18 1/2 hours postoperatively. Their brains showed slight oedema but no changes in the glial and neurone nuclear numbers. Animals with PCA and temporary clamping of the hepatic artery (30-60 min.) all survived without clinical symptoms of encephalopathy. However, the brains showed vacuolization of the deeper cortical layers, diffuse occurrence of Alzheimer type II astrocytes, and the counts revealed an increased number of astrocytic nuclei. The total number of glial cells decreased due to loss of oligodendrocytes, but the number of neurones was unchanged. The findings indicate that the neuropathological changes after PCA and temporary hepatic artery clamping are concerned primarily with changes of the glial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:920187", "title": "Cutting fluids and their effects on the skin of mice. An experimental study with special reference to carcinogenicity.", "content": "Reports of skin malignancies due to occupational exposure have decreased since the introduction of solvent-refining of mineral oil fraction in the manufacture of oil based cutting fluids. Commercial mineral oil based cutting fluids caused local and general pathological changes after repeated application to the skin of mice in the present study. Forty-eight per cent of the mice exposed to oils showed severe dysplasia or malignancy of the skin on histological examination. The corresponding figure for the control group, where various additives were used was 8 per cent. The frequency of papillomas was also increased in the mice exposed to oils. The systemic lesions included focal necrosis of the liver, associated with amyloid deposition, as well as amyloidosis of the skin, spleen and kidneys. The substances responsible for these apparent carcinogenic properties of the complex mixtures may be polycyclic hydrocarbons; the latter are still present in the commercial products despite solvent refining; on the other hand the carcinogens may be additives to the cutting oils the composition of which is generally a trade secret.", "contents": "Cutting fluids and their effects on the skin of mice. An experimental study with special reference to carcinogenicity. Reports of skin malignancies due to occupational exposure have decreased since the introduction of solvent-refining of mineral oil fraction in the manufacture of oil based cutting fluids. Commercial mineral oil based cutting fluids caused local and general pathological changes after repeated application to the skin of mice in the present study. Forty-eight per cent of the mice exposed to oils showed severe dysplasia or malignancy of the skin on histological examination. The corresponding figure for the control group, where various additives were used was 8 per cent. The frequency of papillomas was also increased in the mice exposed to oils. The systemic lesions included focal necrosis of the liver, associated with amyloid deposition, as well as amyloidosis of the skin, spleen and kidneys. The substances responsible for these apparent carcinogenic properties of the complex mixtures may be polycyclic hydrocarbons; the latter are still present in the commercial products despite solvent refining; on the other hand the carcinogens may be additives to the cutting oils the composition of which is generally a trade secret."}
{"id": "PMID:920188", "title": "Transplantability and metastasibility of an MCA-induced sarcoma in nude mice. Influence of transfer of thymus cells and adoptive immunity.", "content": "Challenge of C57(nu/nu) mice with an MCA-induced sarcoma, MCG101, induced in C57BL/6J mice, disclosed a higher resistence subcutaneously and intravenously than in syngenic C57/(+/+) mice. Transfer of 5 X 10(7) thymus cells to the nude mice brought their resistance to subcutaneously injected tumour cells back to the level of the C57/(+/+) mice, but only with the highest tumour cell doses tested, i.e. 5 X 10(4) and 10(5) cells. Against intravenously injected tumour cells a similar effect by the thymus cells was only suggested. Spontaneous metastases from the same tumour transplanted to the tail did occur in the nude mice and were possibly facilitated by specifically sensitized spleen cells. The results indicate that the resistance to subcutaneously injected tumour cells in nude mice may well be dependent on their incapability to develop thymus-dependent immuno-responses and that spontaneous metastases can be facilitated by a weak immuno-response.", "contents": "Transplantability and metastasibility of an MCA-induced sarcoma in nude mice. Influence of transfer of thymus cells and adoptive immunity. Challenge of C57(nu/nu) mice with an MCA-induced sarcoma, MCG101, induced in C57BL/6J mice, disclosed a higher resistence subcutaneously and intravenously than in syngenic C57/(+/+) mice. Transfer of 5 X 10(7) thymus cells to the nude mice brought their resistance to subcutaneously injected tumour cells back to the level of the C57/(+/+) mice, but only with the highest tumour cell doses tested, i.e. 5 X 10(4) and 10(5) cells. Against intravenously injected tumour cells a similar effect by the thymus cells was only suggested. Spontaneous metastases from the same tumour transplanted to the tail did occur in the nude mice and were possibly facilitated by specifically sensitized spleen cells. The results indicate that the resistance to subcutaneously injected tumour cells in nude mice may well be dependent on their incapability to develop thymus-dependent immuno-responses and that spontaneous metastases can be facilitated by a weak immuno-response."}
{"id": "PMID:920189", "title": "The nephrotoxic effect of the ototoxic compound atoxyl.", "content": "The arsenical compound atoxyl has been used in labyrinthine research because of its documented effects both on cells engaged in an active transport of ions (secretory epithelia) and sensory epithelia (cochlear hair cells and vestibular sensory cells type I and type II.) In the present experiments both the kidney and the structures of the inner ear were studied. The renal tubules were damaged by exposure to atoxyl. Tubular casts, haemorrhages (both in the tubules and in the renal calices) and tubular epithelial cell necrosis occurred. A common denominator in the ototoxic and the nephrotoxic actions of acute atoxyl poisoning might be a disturbance of the very active ion transport systems of the cells involved.", "contents": "The nephrotoxic effect of the ototoxic compound atoxyl. The arsenical compound atoxyl has been used in labyrinthine research because of its documented effects both on cells engaged in an active transport of ions (secretory epithelia) and sensory epithelia (cochlear hair cells and vestibular sensory cells type I and type II.) In the present experiments both the kidney and the structures of the inner ear were studied. The renal tubules were damaged by exposure to atoxyl. Tubular casts, haemorrhages (both in the tubules and in the renal calices) and tubular epithelial cell necrosis occurred. A common denominator in the ototoxic and the nephrotoxic actions of acute atoxyl poisoning might be a disturbance of the very active ion transport systems of the cells involved."}
{"id": "PMID:920190", "title": "Agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes in extracts of human malignant tissues.", "content": "Agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes in extracts from human malignant tissues were identified as the naturally occurring IgG antibodies in human serum to rabbit erythrocytes. This was revealed by agglutination, absorption, antiglobulin and inhibition tests, immunization of rabbits and immunochemical analyses. The agglutinins can therefore be used as convenient markers for both extracellular immunoglobulin and unspecifically bound immunoglobulin in tumour tissues. Apparently the extracts also contained small amounts of IgA antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes.", "contents": "Agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes in extracts of human malignant tissues. Agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes in extracts from human malignant tissues were identified as the naturally occurring IgG antibodies in human serum to rabbit erythrocytes. This was revealed by agglutination, absorption, antiglobulin and inhibition tests, immunization of rabbits and immunochemical analyses. The agglutinins can therefore be used as convenient markers for both extracellular immunoglobulin and unspecifically bound immunoglobulin in tumour tissues. Apparently the extracts also contained small amounts of IgA antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:920198", "title": "Adenylate cyclase activity in corpus striatum of rats with porto-caval anastomosis.", "content": "Altered catecholamine receptor sites within the striatum have been proposed to be an important pathogenetic factor in hepatic and porto-systemic encephalopathy and coma. The unstimulated, fluoride-, norepinephrine- and dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity were measured in the corpus striatum of rats with a four weeks old end-to-side porto-caval anastomosis. There was no difference in unstimulated, fluoride- or hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity between porto-caval shunted and sham-operated rats. The in vitro dose-response curves of norepinephrine and dopamine were similar in both groups of animals. Half-maximum and maximum stimulation were achieved in shunted and sham-operated rats by identical concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine, respectively. The results indicate that neither changes in unstimulated adenylate cyclase activity nor changes in the response of adenylate cyclase activity to fluoride, norepinephrine and dopamine had developed in the rats at the stage studied.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase activity in corpus striatum of rats with porto-caval anastomosis. Altered catecholamine receptor sites within the striatum have been proposed to be an important pathogenetic factor in hepatic and porto-systemic encephalopathy and coma. The unstimulated, fluoride-, norepinephrine- and dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity were measured in the corpus striatum of rats with a four weeks old end-to-side porto-caval anastomosis. There was no difference in unstimulated, fluoride- or hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity between porto-caval shunted and sham-operated rats. The in vitro dose-response curves of norepinephrine and dopamine were similar in both groups of animals. Half-maximum and maximum stimulation were achieved in shunted and sham-operated rats by identical concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine, respectively. The results indicate that neither changes in unstimulated adenylate cyclase activity nor changes in the response of adenylate cyclase activity to fluoride, norepinephrine and dopamine had developed in the rats at the stage studied."}
{"id": "PMID:920199", "title": "Central and regional circulatory effects of adding arm exercise to leg exercise.", "content": "7 young, healthy, male subjects performed exercise on bicycle ergometers in two 20 min periods with an interval of 1 h. The first 10 min of each 20 min period consisted of arm exercise (38--62% of Vo2 max for arm exercise) or leg exercise (58--78% of Vo2 max for leg exercise). During the last 10 min the subjects performed combined arm and leg exercise (71--83% of Vo2 max for this type of exercise). The following variables were measured during each type of exercise: oxygen uptake, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, leg blood flow (only during leg exercise and combined exercise), arterio-venous concentration differences for O2 and lactate at the levels of the axillary and the external iliac vessels. Superimposing a sufficiently strenuous arm exercise (oxygen uptake for arm exercise greater than 40% of oxygen uptake for combined exercise) on leg exercise caused a reduction in blood flow and oxygen uptake in the exercising legs with unchanged mean arterial blood pressure. Superimposing leg exercise on arm exercise caused a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and an increased axillary arterio-venous oxygen difference. These findings indicate that the oxygen supply to one large group of exercising muscles may be limited by vasoconstriction or by a fall in arterial pressure, when another large group of muscles is exercising simultaneously.", "contents": "Central and regional circulatory effects of adding arm exercise to leg exercise. 7 young, healthy, male subjects performed exercise on bicycle ergometers in two 20 min periods with an interval of 1 h. The first 10 min of each 20 min period consisted of arm exercise (38--62% of Vo2 max for arm exercise) or leg exercise (58--78% of Vo2 max for leg exercise). During the last 10 min the subjects performed combined arm and leg exercise (71--83% of Vo2 max for this type of exercise). The following variables were measured during each type of exercise: oxygen uptake, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, leg blood flow (only during leg exercise and combined exercise), arterio-venous concentration differences for O2 and lactate at the levels of the axillary and the external iliac vessels. Superimposing a sufficiently strenuous arm exercise (oxygen uptake for arm exercise greater than 40% of oxygen uptake for combined exercise) on leg exercise caused a reduction in blood flow and oxygen uptake in the exercising legs with unchanged mean arterial blood pressure. Superimposing leg exercise on arm exercise caused a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and an increased axillary arterio-venous oxygen difference. These findings indicate that the oxygen supply to one large group of exercising muscles may be limited by vasoconstriction or by a fall in arterial pressure, when another large group of muscles is exercising simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:920200", "title": "Effect of teasing and sham feeding on plasma glucagon concentration in dogs.", "content": "Plasma glucagon concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay during fasting and following teasing and sham feeding. Teasing and sham feeding for 1--10 min raised the plasma glucagon concentration which then within a short period of time returned to the basal level. Atropinization (0.2 mg/kg) almost abolished the glucagon response to 10 min of sham feeding. Glucose concentration was slightly elevated in response to 10 min of sham feeding. The results show that physiological stimulation that is induced by the smell, sight and taste of food releases glucagon in the dog. The release is mediated by a cholinergic mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of teasing and sham feeding on plasma glucagon concentration in dogs. Plasma glucagon concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay during fasting and following teasing and sham feeding. Teasing and sham feeding for 1--10 min raised the plasma glucagon concentration which then within a short period of time returned to the basal level. Atropinization (0.2 mg/kg) almost abolished the glucagon response to 10 min of sham feeding. Glucose concentration was slightly elevated in response to 10 min of sham feeding. The results show that physiological stimulation that is induced by the smell, sight and taste of food releases glucagon in the dog. The release is mediated by a cholinergic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:920201", "title": "Pressure-independent inhibition of sympathetic activity by noradrenaline: role of baroreceptor C fibres.", "content": "The effect of i.v. infusion of noradrenaline on activity in the renal sympathetic nerve was studied in rabbits anesthetized with chloralose and urethane. Noradrenaline (3--8 microgram/kg-min) initially increased mean arterial pressure 20--40 mmHg and consequently reduced renal nerve activity. However, studies over a wide range of pressures--obtained by changing the blood volume, revealed that noradrenaline after a few minutes had induced a pressure-independent reduction of sympathetic discharge. The effect disappeared with baroreceptor denervation. An unchanged relationship between arterial pressure and integrated activity in the whole left aortic nerve (which is largely a measure of activity in A fibres) suggested that the sympathetic depression was due to excitation of aortic nerve C fibres. This conclusion was supported by studies of sympathetic responses to selective stimulation of aortic nerve A and C fibres at equal pressures before and during infusion of noradrenaline. Compared to the reflex activity from A fibres, C fibre stimulation was invariably less effective in suppressing renal nerve activity during the infusion. Our studies indicate that noradrenaline may effect a negative feedback control of sympathetic discharge through activation of baroreceptor C fibres.", "contents": "Pressure-independent inhibition of sympathetic activity by noradrenaline: role of baroreceptor C fibres. The effect of i.v. infusion of noradrenaline on activity in the renal sympathetic nerve was studied in rabbits anesthetized with chloralose and urethane. Noradrenaline (3--8 microgram/kg-min) initially increased mean arterial pressure 20--40 mmHg and consequently reduced renal nerve activity. However, studies over a wide range of pressures--obtained by changing the blood volume, revealed that noradrenaline after a few minutes had induced a pressure-independent reduction of sympathetic discharge. The effect disappeared with baroreceptor denervation. An unchanged relationship between arterial pressure and integrated activity in the whole left aortic nerve (which is largely a measure of activity in A fibres) suggested that the sympathetic depression was due to excitation of aortic nerve C fibres. This conclusion was supported by studies of sympathetic responses to selective stimulation of aortic nerve A and C fibres at equal pressures before and during infusion of noradrenaline. Compared to the reflex activity from A fibres, C fibre stimulation was invariably less effective in suppressing renal nerve activity during the infusion. Our studies indicate that noradrenaline may effect a negative feedback control of sympathetic discharge through activation of baroreceptor C fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:920202", "title": "On the cation exchanger properties of rat mast cell granules and their storage of histamine.", "content": "Mast cell granules free of a surrounding membrane were isolated from water-lysed rat peritoneal and thoracic mast cells by differential centrifugation. The granules were depleted of their histamine by suspension in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer and the sodium-charged granules then converted into the \"hydrogen form\" by repeated washing in slightly acid deionized water. The cation exchanger properties of the mast cell granules were investigated by testing the applicability of the Rothmund-Kornfeld equation for cation exchangers to the binding of Na+ and Hi+ ions to granule sites. The results lend further support to the view that the mast cell granule acts as a cation exchanger with the exchanger function localized to protein carboxyls in the protein-heparin complex of the granule matrix.", "contents": "On the cation exchanger properties of rat mast cell granules and their storage of histamine. Mast cell granules free of a surrounding membrane were isolated from water-lysed rat peritoneal and thoracic mast cells by differential centrifugation. The granules were depleted of their histamine by suspension in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer and the sodium-charged granules then converted into the \"hydrogen form\" by repeated washing in slightly acid deionized water. The cation exchanger properties of the mast cell granules were investigated by testing the applicability of the Rothmund-Kornfeld equation for cation exchangers to the binding of Na+ and Hi+ ions to granule sites. The results lend further support to the view that the mast cell granule acts as a cation exchanger with the exchanger function localized to protein carboxyls in the protein-heparin complex of the granule matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:920203", "title": "Early oestrogen-induced changes in uterine albumin exchange in mice.", "content": "The effect of the oestrogens, oestradiol and oestriol, on plasma albumin dynamics in the uterus was studied in mice. A double isotope technique with 125I- and 131I-labelled human serum albumin was used. The optimum conditions to measure the extravascular accumulation of albumin were to use one labelled albumin as \"permeability marker\" (30 min circulation time) the other as plasma volume indicator (3 min circulation time). The oestrogens increased the extravascular accumulation of labelled albumin in the uterus but not in diaphragm or heart muscle. The accumulation was maximal after 4 h (75% higher than in controls) and was significant as early as 2 h after oestrogen administration. It cannot be decided whether the increase in labelled albumin accumulation was due to an increase in permeability and/or to an increase in the total surface area of perfused capillaries.", "contents": "Early oestrogen-induced changes in uterine albumin exchange in mice. The effect of the oestrogens, oestradiol and oestriol, on plasma albumin dynamics in the uterus was studied in mice. A double isotope technique with 125I- and 131I-labelled human serum albumin was used. The optimum conditions to measure the extravascular accumulation of albumin were to use one labelled albumin as \"permeability marker\" (30 min circulation time) the other as plasma volume indicator (3 min circulation time). The oestrogens increased the extravascular accumulation of labelled albumin in the uterus but not in diaphragm or heart muscle. The accumulation was maximal after 4 h (75% higher than in controls) and was significant as early as 2 h after oestrogen administration. It cannot be decided whether the increase in labelled albumin accumulation was due to an increase in permeability and/or to an increase in the total surface area of perfused capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:920204", "title": "Responses of reindeer to water loading, water restriction and ADH.", "content": "Two female reindeer were hydrated by administration of (10% of b.wt.) water into the rumen. The diuretic response was very fast and strong but the urea and electrolyte excretion were little affected. Dehydration was carried out by not giving the reindeer water for 48 h. This water deprivation caused a loss of up to 20% of their body weight. The urine osmolality did not exceed 840 mosm/kg H2O, although the plasma osmolality rose from 300 to 346 and 368 mosm/kg H2O respectively. The plasma and urine urea concentrations were elevated during dehydration, while the urine urea excretion did not increase. Urine sodium concentration did not increase. When the urine flow rate, after two days of water deprivation, decreased to half of the original, the urine Na+ concentrations, instead of increasing, went down to half of the original. So did the potassium excretion. When ADH was injected intravenously into hydrated animals a dose of 30 mU of ADH was needed to induce antidiuresis or increased excretion of potassium. The resistance to ADH and the low relative thickness of the medulla confirm the limited capacity of reindeer kidney to concentrate urine or to excrete a solute load. On the other hand, reindeer is able rapidly to excrete surplus water without affecting the electrolyte or nitrogen balance.", "contents": "Responses of reindeer to water loading, water restriction and ADH. Two female reindeer were hydrated by administration of (10% of b.wt.) water into the rumen. The diuretic response was very fast and strong but the urea and electrolyte excretion were little affected. Dehydration was carried out by not giving the reindeer water for 48 h. This water deprivation caused a loss of up to 20% of their body weight. The urine osmolality did not exceed 840 mosm/kg H2O, although the plasma osmolality rose from 300 to 346 and 368 mosm/kg H2O respectively. The plasma and urine urea concentrations were elevated during dehydration, while the urine urea excretion did not increase. Urine sodium concentration did not increase. When the urine flow rate, after two days of water deprivation, decreased to half of the original, the urine Na+ concentrations, instead of increasing, went down to half of the original. So did the potassium excretion. When ADH was injected intravenously into hydrated animals a dose of 30 mU of ADH was needed to induce antidiuresis or increased excretion of potassium. The resistance to ADH and the low relative thickness of the medulla confirm the limited capacity of reindeer kidney to concentrate urine or to excrete a solute load. On the other hand, reindeer is able rapidly to excrete surplus water without affecting the electrolyte or nitrogen balance."}
{"id": "PMID:920205", "title": "Oxygen consumption and contractile force during vibrations of cat soleus muscle.", "content": "The influence of longitudinal vibrations (50 Hz, 0.4 mm) on isometric twitch force development (4 Hz), blood flow and oxygen consumption was studied in the acutely denervated soleus muscle of the anesthetized cat. It was found that the sinusoidal vibrations reduced the twitch amplitude by 60 per cent whereas oxygen consumption and blood flow were lowered by 15 per cent only. Similar reduction in twitch force was also obtained by lowering the nerve stimulation intensity (4 Hz). This was associated with a diminution in oxygen consumption, the degree of which was linearly related to the attenuation of active force, i.e. the number of activated motor units. The results are in agreement with previous observations as to the mechanical effect of vibrations on active force in smooth and striated muscle. They demonstrate that vibrations prevent the contractile response with maintained high oxygen consumption which adds further support to the hypothesis forwarded by Joyce et al. (1969) that vibrations cause increased rate of detachment of actin-myosin cross-links. In addition it appears possible that vibrations to some extent prevent formation of such cross-links.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption and contractile force during vibrations of cat soleus muscle. The influence of longitudinal vibrations (50 Hz, 0.4 mm) on isometric twitch force development (4 Hz), blood flow and oxygen consumption was studied in the acutely denervated soleus muscle of the anesthetized cat. It was found that the sinusoidal vibrations reduced the twitch amplitude by 60 per cent whereas oxygen consumption and blood flow were lowered by 15 per cent only. Similar reduction in twitch force was also obtained by lowering the nerve stimulation intensity (4 Hz). This was associated with a diminution in oxygen consumption, the degree of which was linearly related to the attenuation of active force, i.e. the number of activated motor units. The results are in agreement with previous observations as to the mechanical effect of vibrations on active force in smooth and striated muscle. They demonstrate that vibrations prevent the contractile response with maintained high oxygen consumption which adds further support to the hypothesis forwarded by Joyce et al. (1969) that vibrations cause increased rate of detachment of actin-myosin cross-links. In addition it appears possible that vibrations to some extent prevent formation of such cross-links."}
{"id": "PMID:920206", "title": "Comparative study of some isolated mammalian smooth muscle effectors of penile erection.", "content": "Spontaneous rhythmic activity, responses to drugs and effects of field stimulation of nerves of the retractor penis (rp) and/or corpus cavernosum urethrae (ccu) of macaque, rabbit, guinea-pig, rat, dog, cat, horse, boar, elk, bull, ram and goat, as well as of the penile artery (pa) of bull were studied. A basic property of all these muscles was automaticity. Their responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, adenosine triphosphate, prostaglandins E1, E2, AND F2alpha, oxytocin, vasopressin, substance P, bradykinin and angiotensin exhibited considerable species variations. Their excitatory innervation seems to be adrenergic. They also have an inhibitory innervation. In spite of comprehensive pharmacological analysis the inhibitory mediator remains obscure. The frequency--response relationship to inhibitory nerve stimulation was characterized by a rapidly achieved maximum at low frequencies, indicating high efficiency of the neuroeffector unit.", "contents": "Comparative study of some isolated mammalian smooth muscle effectors of penile erection. Spontaneous rhythmic activity, responses to drugs and effects of field stimulation of nerves of the retractor penis (rp) and/or corpus cavernosum urethrae (ccu) of macaque, rabbit, guinea-pig, rat, dog, cat, horse, boar, elk, bull, ram and goat, as well as of the penile artery (pa) of bull were studied. A basic property of all these muscles was automaticity. Their responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, adenosine triphosphate, prostaglandins E1, E2, AND F2alpha, oxytocin, vasopressin, substance P, bradykinin and angiotensin exhibited considerable species variations. Their excitatory innervation seems to be adrenergic. They also have an inhibitory innervation. In spite of comprehensive pharmacological analysis the inhibitory mediator remains obscure. The frequency--response relationship to inhibitory nerve stimulation was characterized by a rapidly achieved maximum at low frequencies, indicating high efficiency of the neuroeffector unit."}
{"id": "PMID:920209", "title": "Relationship between sarcomere length and active force in rabbit papillary muscle.", "content": "Isometric peak twitch force (stimulation frequency 0.5/s; 29.5-30.5 degrees C) was correlated with sarcomere length in isolated papillary muscles of the rabbit. Sarcomere length was measured from photographic recordings (1.5 ms exposure time) performed at rest between contractions and at the time of isometric peak twitch force. The sarcomere length at rest was found to be relatively uniform throughout the preparation and to be linearly related to the overall muscle length within the range Lmax-0.85Lmax. The distribution of sarcomere lengths increased considerably as the muscle went from rest to activity. Studies of surface markers showed different degrees of shortening (or elongation) of individual segments along the length of the  preparation. The mean resting sarcomere length at Lmax (the optimum muscle length for force production) was 2.44 +/- 0.01 micron (grand mean +/- S.E., 7 muscles). The means active sarcomere length at Lmax was 2.29 +/- 0.04 micron. Active force declined steeply as the muscle length was reduced below Lmax. At a resting sarcomere length of 2.0 micron, active force was approximately 1/3 of the maximum. The observed differences between the length-tension relat-onships in myocardium (twitch responses) and skeletal muscle (tetanic contractions) are discussed on the basis of a length dependency of the activation process in  cardiac muscle.", "contents": "Relationship between sarcomere length and active force in rabbit papillary muscle. Isometric peak twitch force (stimulation frequency 0.5/s; 29.5-30.5 degrees C) was correlated with sarcomere length in isolated papillary muscles of the rabbit. Sarcomere length was measured from photographic recordings (1.5 ms exposure time) performed at rest between contractions and at the time of isometric peak twitch force. The sarcomere length at rest was found to be relatively uniform throughout the preparation and to be linearly related to the overall muscle length within the range Lmax-0.85Lmax. The distribution of sarcomere lengths increased considerably as the muscle went from rest to activity. Studies of surface markers showed different degrees of shortening (or elongation) of individual segments along the length of the  preparation. The mean resting sarcomere length at Lmax (the optimum muscle length for force production) was 2.44 +/- 0.01 micron (grand mean +/- S.E., 7 muscles). The means active sarcomere length at Lmax was 2.29 +/- 0.04 micron. Active force declined steeply as the muscle length was reduced below Lmax. At a resting sarcomere length of 2.0 micron, active force was approximately 1/3 of the maximum. The observed differences between the length-tension relat-onships in myocardium (twitch responses) and skeletal muscle (tetanic contractions) are discussed on the basis of a length dependency of the activation process in  cardiac muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:920210", "title": "The interrelation between hypothalamically induced changes in sympathetic discharge to the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems.", "content": "In chloralose-anesthetized, adrenalectomized cats, the sympathetically conveyed effects of topical hypothalamic stimulations on gastric volume, blood pressure and heart rate were systematically explored. The vagal nerves were cut but could be kept  active by graded efferent stimulation. In the absence of such vagal activity, hypothalamic  stimulation had no appreciable influence on gastric volume, even though the stomach maintained considerable myogenic tone. When, however, a vagal excitatory activity was present, hypothalamic stimulation could markedly affect gastric tone, indicating that the sympathetic fibres exert their inhibitory influence on the stomach via its cholinergic intramural neurons. Hypothalamic stimulations that induced reductions in pressure or heart rate also usually caused an enhancement of gastric tone. Similarly, pressor responses were associated with decreases in gastric volume whereas stimulation-induced tachycardia was not linked to any particular type of gastric response. Thus, the hypothalamic sympathoinhibitory influences on the cardiovascular system seem closely connected to a supression of the sympathetic outflow to the stomach. There is, on the other hand, no regular association between hypothalamic sympathoexcitatory influences on the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems; in fact, there is in many areas even a suppression of sympathetic discharge to the stomach in association with cardiovascular stimulation.", "contents": "The interrelation between hypothalamically induced changes in sympathetic discharge to the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. In chloralose-anesthetized, adrenalectomized cats, the sympathetically conveyed effects of topical hypothalamic stimulations on gastric volume, blood pressure and heart rate were systematically explored. The vagal nerves were cut but could be kept  active by graded efferent stimulation. In the absence of such vagal activity, hypothalamic  stimulation had no appreciable influence on gastric volume, even though the stomach maintained considerable myogenic tone. When, however, a vagal excitatory activity was present, hypothalamic stimulation could markedly affect gastric tone, indicating that the sympathetic fibres exert their inhibitory influence on the stomach via its cholinergic intramural neurons. Hypothalamic stimulations that induced reductions in pressure or heart rate also usually caused an enhancement of gastric tone. Similarly, pressor responses were associated with decreases in gastric volume whereas stimulation-induced tachycardia was not linked to any particular type of gastric response. Thus, the hypothalamic sympathoinhibitory influences on the cardiovascular system seem closely connected to a supression of the sympathetic outflow to the stomach. There is, on the other hand, no regular association between hypothalamic sympathoexcitatory influences on the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems; in fact, there is in many areas even a suppression of sympathetic discharge to the stomach in association with cardiovascular stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:920211", "title": "Motility of the urinary bladder in cats during filling at physiological rates. II. Effects of extrinsic bladder denervation on intramural tension and on intravesical  pressure patterns.", "content": "The influence of extrinsic innervation on bladder wall tension (tonus) and on intravesical pressure patterns was studied  with a new cystometric procedure (Controlled Slow Cystometry, CSC) and during natural filling. After parasympathectomy, but not after sympathectomy, the basal intravesical pressure was markedly increased. At low filling rate the partial or completely denervated bladder was filled from small initial volumes without any increase in intravesical pressure. At higher rates of filling a pressure rise occurred, and this reaction was not affected by either parasympathectomy or sympathectomy. As in the intact cat, the new pressure level was retained when the filling rate was gradually reduced. The various intravesical pressure patterns observed during filling were preserved in the partial or completely denervated organ. Thus, bladder adaptation during natural filling occurs independently of extrinsic innervation.", "contents": "Motility of the urinary bladder in cats during filling at physiological rates. II. Effects of extrinsic bladder denervation on intramural tension and on intravesical  pressure patterns. The influence of extrinsic innervation on bladder wall tension (tonus) and on intravesical pressure patterns was studied  with a new cystometric procedure (Controlled Slow Cystometry, CSC) and during natural filling. After parasympathectomy, but not after sympathectomy, the basal intravesical pressure was markedly increased. At low filling rate the partial or completely denervated bladder was filled from small initial volumes without any increase in intravesical pressure. At higher rates of filling a pressure rise occurred, and this reaction was not affected by either parasympathectomy or sympathectomy. As in the intact cat, the new pressure level was retained when the filling rate was gradually reduced. The various intravesical pressure patterns observed during filling were preserved in the partial or completely denervated organ. Thus, bladder adaptation during natural filling occurs independently of extrinsic innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:920212", "title": "Effect of atropine and SC-15396 on stimulated gastric acid secretion in the atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.", "content": "Gastric acid secretion was measured in swimming codfish surgically equipped with a catheter draining the stomach. Gastric acid secretion was stimulated by histamine (5 or 15 microgram/kg-h) or by carbachol (5 microgram/kg-h). Pretreatment with atropine (1 mumol/kg-h) completely prevented the acid secretion induced by carbachol, but did not influence the secretion induced by histamine. Atropine had marked effects on the motor functions of the stomach, and seriously reduced the volume draining from the stomach. Infusion of  phenol red indicated that the decrease in volume was due to a decrease in recovery of ingested  water. SC-15396, \"antigastrin\", significantly depressed acid secretion induced by histamine, and reduced carbachol-stimulated secretion, although the later was statistically insignificant. The effects of SC-15396 is discussed with reference to the absence of receptors for gastrin related to gastric acid  secretion in the codfish stomach.", "contents": "Effect of atropine and SC-15396 on stimulated gastric acid secretion in the atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Gastric acid secretion was measured in swimming codfish surgically equipped with a catheter draining the stomach. Gastric acid secretion was stimulated by histamine (5 or 15 microgram/kg-h) or by carbachol (5 microgram/kg-h). Pretreatment with atropine (1 mumol/kg-h) completely prevented the acid secretion induced by carbachol, but did not influence the secretion induced by histamine. Atropine had marked effects on the motor functions of the stomach, and seriously reduced the volume draining from the stomach. Infusion of  phenol red indicated that the decrease in volume was due to a decrease in recovery of ingested  water. SC-15396, \"antigastrin\", significantly depressed acid secretion induced by histamine, and reduced carbachol-stimulated secretion, although the later was statistically insignificant. The effects of SC-15396 is discussed with reference to the absence of receptors for gastrin related to gastric acid  secretion in the codfish stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:920213", "title": "Fatigue and EMG of repeated  fast voluntary contractions in man.", "content": "A fatigue test consisting of repeated fast maximal contractions of the left quadriceps muscle in an isokinetic apparatus was performed by 12 healthy male subjects (19-25 yrs). EMG signals recorded from the surface of the left vastus lateralis muscle, from which also biopsies were obtained for muscle fibre classification. Only minor changes were observed in the EMG variables despite a decrease in muscle strength performance, in terms of peak torque, work and power to about 50% of initial values after 100 contractions. The concomitantly obtained positive correlation between the increase in EMG/torque ratio and the individual percentage of  fast  twitch (FT) muscle fibres indicated that local factors in the muscle, primarily in FT fibres, were causing the development of fatigue during repeated dynamic contractions with high power outputs.", "contents": "Fatigue and EMG of repeated  fast voluntary contractions in man. A fatigue test consisting of repeated fast maximal contractions of the left quadriceps muscle in an isokinetic apparatus was performed by 12 healthy male subjects (19-25 yrs). EMG signals recorded from the surface of the left vastus lateralis muscle, from which also biopsies were obtained for muscle fibre classification. Only minor changes were observed in the EMG variables despite a decrease in muscle strength performance, in terms of peak torque, work and power to about 50% of initial values after 100 contractions. The concomitantly obtained positive correlation between the increase in EMG/torque ratio and the individual percentage of  fast  twitch (FT) muscle fibres indicated that local factors in the muscle, primarily in FT fibres, were causing the development of fatigue during repeated dynamic contractions with high power outputs."}
{"id": "PMID:920214", "title": "Effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation in the presence of a slow parasympathetic secretion in the parotid and submaxillary glands of the rabbit.", "content": "Sympathetic secretory responses from the parotid and the submaxillary glands of the rabbit were  studied; sympathetic excitation occurred either alone or during a slow parasympathetic background secretion, imitating the resting secretion normally present. The fairly rapid sympathetically evoked flow of saliva from the parotid gland was, in the background secretion, further increased and obtained at low frequencies, which at sympathetic stimulation alone were subthreshold. The effects, which could be repeated with sympathomimetic drugs in a pilocarpine induced secretion, were abolished by alpha and beta-adrenoceptor blockade in combination. The submaxillary gland gave a very scanty secretion on sympathetic excitation, the effects being mediated via beta-adrenoceptors. The responses were not increased in a background secretion but the main effect of sympathetic activation was to retard the salivary flow. The retardation was attributed to vasoconstriction accompanying sympathetic excitation. Eliminating the vasoconstrictor responses, while retaining the sympathetic secretory effects, did not reveal any increase of the sympathetic salivary responses in the submaxillary gland.", "contents": "Effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation in the presence of a slow parasympathetic secretion in the parotid and submaxillary glands of the rabbit. Sympathetic secretory responses from the parotid and the submaxillary glands of the rabbit were  studied; sympathetic excitation occurred either alone or during a slow parasympathetic background secretion, imitating the resting secretion normally present. The fairly rapid sympathetically evoked flow of saliva from the parotid gland was, in the background secretion, further increased and obtained at low frequencies, which at sympathetic stimulation alone were subthreshold. The effects, which could be repeated with sympathomimetic drugs in a pilocarpine induced secretion, were abolished by alpha and beta-adrenoceptor blockade in combination. The submaxillary gland gave a very scanty secretion on sympathetic excitation, the effects being mediated via beta-adrenoceptors. The responses were not increased in a background secretion but the main effect of sympathetic activation was to retard the salivary flow. The retardation was attributed to vasoconstriction accompanying sympathetic excitation. Eliminating the vasoconstrictor responses, while retaining the sympathetic secretory effects, did not reveal any increase of the sympathetic salivary responses in the submaxillary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:920215", "title": "Postischemic cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization rate in rats anesthetized with nitrous oxide or phenobarbital.", "content": "The present experiments were undertaken to measure postischemic regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and oxygen utilization rate (CMRo2) in rats anesthetized with either 70% N2O or phenobarbital (150 mg x kg-1). In previous studies we have found that extensive restitution of cerbral energy metabolites occurs after 30 min of complete cerebral ischemia irrespective of the type of anesthesia used. Following 30 min of pronounced, incomplete ischemia, however,  a comparable restitution of cerebral energy state was obtained in deeply anesthetized (phenobarbital 150 mg x kg-1) but not in superfically anesthetized (70% N2O) rats. The objectives of the present investigation were (1) to study whether postischemic cerebral blood flow was higher in barbiturate-anesthetized animals during the initial recirculation period, and (2) to investigate if the protective effects of phenobarbital previously observed could be attributed to a decrease in CMRo2. In both groups of animals a considerable variability in postischemic rCBF was observed between different animals. However, no signs of gross inhomogeneity in blood flow were found and no consistent differences in flow values between the two groups of animals were observed. Since the measured postischemic CMRo2 were identical in both groups of animals and since cerebral venous oxygen contents were above normal the results leave little support to the assumption that, in the present model of transient, incomplete cerebral ischemia, failure of recovery of cerebral metabolism (N2O group) is primarily due to impaired recirculation, nor do they indicate that the protective effects of barbiturates is due to their ability to reduce rate of cerebral energy utilization.", "contents": "Postischemic cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization rate in rats anesthetized with nitrous oxide or phenobarbital. The present experiments were undertaken to measure postischemic regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and oxygen utilization rate (CMRo2) in rats anesthetized with either 70% N2O or phenobarbital (150 mg x kg-1). In previous studies we have found that extensive restitution of cerbral energy metabolites occurs after 30 min of complete cerebral ischemia irrespective of the type of anesthesia used. Following 30 min of pronounced, incomplete ischemia, however,  a comparable restitution of cerebral energy state was obtained in deeply anesthetized (phenobarbital 150 mg x kg-1) but not in superfically anesthetized (70% N2O) rats. The objectives of the present investigation were (1) to study whether postischemic cerebral blood flow was higher in barbiturate-anesthetized animals during the initial recirculation period, and (2) to investigate if the protective effects of phenobarbital previously observed could be attributed to a decrease in CMRo2. In both groups of animals a considerable variability in postischemic rCBF was observed between different animals. However, no signs of gross inhomogeneity in blood flow were found and no consistent differences in flow values between the two groups of animals were observed. Since the measured postischemic CMRo2 were identical in both groups of animals and since cerebral venous oxygen contents were above normal the results leave little support to the assumption that, in the present model of transient, incomplete cerebral ischemia, failure of recovery of cerebral metabolism (N2O group) is primarily due to impaired recirculation, nor do they indicate that the protective effects of barbiturates is due to their ability to reduce rate of cerebral energy utilization."}
{"id": "PMID:920216", "title": "Cardiac receptors activated during the hypothalamic defence reaction.", "content": "The increases of arterial blood pressure, cardiac inotropy and venous return seen during the hypothalamic defence reaction are likely to lead to concomitant excitation of left ventricular receptors with nonmedullated afferents. The integrated efferent pattern of response resulting from the central interaction between the defence reaction and influences from the mentioned cardiac receptors was recently analyzed. These two, essentially opposing influences on the circulation were then seen to interact in such a way as to produce an optimal cardiovascular response with respect to increases in cardiac output and blood supply to the skeletal muscles. However, direct electrophysiological recordings from nonmedullated cardiac efferents during defence area stimulation have hitherto been lacking. The present experiments, performed on chloralose-anesthetized cats and utilizing electrophysiological recordings, clearly demonstrate that the left ventricular receptors are activated by the cardiovascular readjustments induced by the defence reaction. Defence area stimulation increased the activity of these receptors, which work within a very narrow, low frequency range, from 1.1 +/- 0.3 imp/s to 2.7 +/- 0.7  imp/s associated with rises in systolic blood pressure (afterload) and heart rate. Normally such a receptor activation would induce considerable bradycardia and sympathetic inhibition, but particularly the reflex bradycardia is centrally supressed by a concomitant defence area activation. The marked bradycardia  often seen immediately upon interruption of the defence area stimulation is, however, probably to a great extent initiated from the excited ventricular receptors.", "contents": "Cardiac receptors activated during the hypothalamic defence reaction. The increases of arterial blood pressure, cardiac inotropy and venous return seen during the hypothalamic defence reaction are likely to lead to concomitant excitation of left ventricular receptors with nonmedullated afferents. The integrated efferent pattern of response resulting from the central interaction between the defence reaction and influences from the mentioned cardiac receptors was recently analyzed. These two, essentially opposing influences on the circulation were then seen to interact in such a way as to produce an optimal cardiovascular response with respect to increases in cardiac output and blood supply to the skeletal muscles. However, direct electrophysiological recordings from nonmedullated cardiac efferents during defence area stimulation have hitherto been lacking. The present experiments, performed on chloralose-anesthetized cats and utilizing electrophysiological recordings, clearly demonstrate that the left ventricular receptors are activated by the cardiovascular readjustments induced by the defence reaction. Defence area stimulation increased the activity of these receptors, which work within a very narrow, low frequency range, from 1.1 +/- 0.3 imp/s to 2.7 +/- 0.7  imp/s associated with rises in systolic blood pressure (afterload) and heart rate. Normally such a receptor activation would induce considerable bradycardia and sympathetic inhibition, but particularly the reflex bradycardia is centrally supressed by a concomitant defence area activation. The marked bradycardia  often seen immediately upon interruption of the defence area stimulation is, however, probably to a great extent initiated from the excited ventricular receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:920217", "title": "Effects of low tissue temperature on peripheral vascular control mechanisms.", "content": "Influence of low temperatures on vascular effects produced adrenaline, noradrenaline and vasoconstrictor nerve stimulation was studied in the feet of ducks. Observations were made on isolated preparations as well  as on intact ducks with one or both feet immersed in ice-water. Isolated  preparations were perfused with physiological solution and information on changes in vascular resistance obtained by direct measurement of flow changes during perfusion at constant pressure or by measuring changes in perfusion pressure during perfusion at constant flow. In intact ducks changes in blood flow were recorded as changes in digital subcutaneous tissue temperature. The study revealed that in the duck  foot a relatively large fraction of the resistance to blood flow is found in the arteries of the proximal part of the foot. During cooling of the foot the influence of vasoconstrictor nerve stimulation and low doses of adrenaline and noradrenaline on vascular resistance is gradually lost, and it is negligible at temperatures below 8 degrees C. At these low temperatures the blood vessels stay dilated and blood flow through the web seems to be determined by the digital arterial blood pressure.", "contents": "Effects of low tissue temperature on peripheral vascular control mechanisms. Influence of low temperatures on vascular effects produced adrenaline, noradrenaline and vasoconstrictor nerve stimulation was studied in the feet of ducks. Observations were made on isolated preparations as well  as on intact ducks with one or both feet immersed in ice-water. Isolated  preparations were perfused with physiological solution and information on changes in vascular resistance obtained by direct measurement of flow changes during perfusion at constant pressure or by measuring changes in perfusion pressure during perfusion at constant flow. In intact ducks changes in blood flow were recorded as changes in digital subcutaneous tissue temperature. The study revealed that in the duck  foot a relatively large fraction of the resistance to blood flow is found in the arteries of the proximal part of the foot. During cooling of the foot the influence of vasoconstrictor nerve stimulation and low doses of adrenaline and noradrenaline on vascular resistance is gradually lost, and it is negligible at temperatures below 8 degrees C. At these low temperatures the blood vessels stay dilated and blood flow through the web seems to be determined by the digital arterial blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:920219", "title": "[Color agnosia: a brief review].", "content": "An introductory historical reminder situates the problem of color agnosia in the global frame of neuropsychological research and emphasizes the relevance of old questions. One examines later the description of agnosia, which indicates the polymorphic character of this trouble, its limits concerning linguistic and perceptual troubles, and the principal associated symptoms. The most important explanatory hypothesis are also studied, mainly according to the Italian school of Milan (conceptual and associative deficit) and the group of \"La Salp\u00e9tri\u00e8re\" in Paris (regression of past-acquisitions). The methodology then describes the most frequent means used in neuropsychology to analyze color agnosia. Finally, questions of anatomy and lesional localisation (left associative visual cortex) are also described.", "contents": "[Color agnosia: a brief review]. An introductory historical reminder situates the problem of color agnosia in the global frame of neuropsychological research and emphasizes the relevance of old questions. One examines later the description of agnosia, which indicates the polymorphic character of this trouble, its limits concerning linguistic and perceptual troubles, and the principal associated symptoms. The most important explanatory hypothesis are also studied, mainly according to the Italian school of Milan (conceptual and associative deficit) and the group of \"La Salp\u00e9tri\u00e8re\" in Paris (regression of past-acquisitions). The methodology then describes the most frequent means used in neuropsychology to analyze color agnosia. Finally, questions of anatomy and lesional localisation (left associative visual cortex) are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:920225", "title": "Agranulocytosis in patients treated with clozapine. A study of the Finnish epidemic.", "content": "The occurrence of a sudden outbreak of agranulocytosis in Finland among patients being treated with clozapine led to intensive investigations in an attempt to find a local precipitating factor. Granulocytopenia after clozapine was found to have the same characteristics as that reported after phenothiazines. No local factor, either genetic or environmental, was found which could have been responsible for the increased frequency of occurrence in Finland. The need to be aware of the risk and to take appropriate precautionary measures (e.g. weekly leucocyte counts in the first months) is emphasized.", "contents": "Agranulocytosis in patients treated with clozapine. A study of the Finnish epidemic. The occurrence of a sudden outbreak of agranulocytosis in Finland among patients being treated with clozapine led to intensive investigations in an attempt to find a local precipitating factor. Granulocytopenia after clozapine was found to have the same characteristics as that reported after phenothiazines. No local factor, either genetic or environmental, was found which could have been responsible for the increased frequency of occurrence in Finland. The need to be aware of the risk and to take appropriate precautionary measures (e.g. weekly leucocyte counts in the first months) is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:920226", "title": "Twenty psychotic males with Klinefelter's syndrome.", "content": "Twenty males with Klinefelter's syndrome discharged from psychiatric hospitals with diagnoses classified as psychosis are presented. It is concluded that the higher frequency of psychoses in males with the Klinefelter syndrome most probably is due to reactive psychosis. Personality traits commonly found in these males may explain this. The importance of early diagnosis of the Klinefelter syndrome is stressed, as it is believed that treatment and advice in due time may prevent most of the reactive psychoses.", "contents": "Twenty psychotic males with Klinefelter's syndrome. Twenty males with Klinefelter's syndrome discharged from psychiatric hospitals with diagnoses classified as psychosis are presented. It is concluded that the higher frequency of psychoses in males with the Klinefelter syndrome most probably is due to reactive psychosis. Personality traits commonly found in these males may explain this. The importance of early diagnosis of the Klinefelter syndrome is stressed, as it is believed that treatment and advice in due time may prevent most of the reactive psychoses."}
{"id": "PMID:920222", "title": "[Anxiety self-rating and myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "This study addresses to critical issues related to the role of anxiety in myocardial infarct. Is the predictive value of the Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (ASQ) to be found in content of items and its self-rating by the subject or in response style to the questionnaire? Would anxiety play in certain circumstances a positive role in that it drives the individual to seek early medical treatment? Differences in anxiety scores, response style indices and factorial structures of the ASQ items reveal :  1. myocardial infarction subjects have higher, but not significantly higher, anxiety scores relative to healthy volunteers to an atherosclerosis screening test and healthy control individuals matched for age, sex and socio-economic status, 2. healthy volunteers are characterized by extreme response style that could reveal their involvement in the testing situation; 3. control individuals show a tendency to intermediate response; 4. the lack of invariance of factorial structure across the three groups suggests that each of them has a specific organization of anxiety. Scale-checking style, though strongly associated with the content of items, could have a predictive value since, anxiety levels being equal, subjects may be differently involved in their answers. The assumption is supported by the specific organization of anxiety evidenced in each group considered. A relation between such organization and preventive behaviour is not infirmed by the present data and ought to be further analyzed.", "contents": "[Anxiety self-rating and myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. This study addresses to critical issues related to the role of anxiety in myocardial infarct. Is the predictive value of the Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (ASQ) to be found in content of items and its self-rating by the subject or in response style to the questionnaire? Would anxiety play in certain circumstances a positive role in that it drives the individual to seek early medical treatment? Differences in anxiety scores, response style indices and factorial structures of the ASQ items reveal :  1. myocardial infarction subjects have higher, but not significantly higher, anxiety scores relative to healthy volunteers to an atherosclerosis screening test and healthy control individuals matched for age, sex and socio-economic status, 2. healthy volunteers are characterized by extreme response style that could reveal their involvement in the testing situation; 3. control individuals show a tendency to intermediate response; 4. the lack of invariance of factorial structure across the three groups suggests that each of them has a specific organization of anxiety. Scale-checking style, though strongly associated with the content of items, could have a predictive value since, anxiety levels being equal, subjects may be differently involved in their answers. The assumption is supported by the specific organization of anxiety evidenced in each group considered. A relation between such organization and preventive behaviour is not infirmed by the present data and ought to be further analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:920229", "title": "Left coronary artery transit time in latent coronary heart disease.", "content": "In a group of 104 cases with possible silent coronary heart disease, 36 had normal angiographic findings and 68 significant coronary artery disease. The transit time of the contrast medium in the left coronary artery was significantly shorter in cases with abnormalities of the artery than in non-afflicted cases. The extent of arterial disease seemed to influence the transit time inversely, whereas the location of the abnormalities did not influence the transit time.", "contents": "Left coronary artery transit time in latent coronary heart disease. In a group of 104 cases with possible silent coronary heart disease, 36 had normal angiographic findings and 68 significant coronary artery disease. The transit time of the contrast medium in the left coronary artery was significantly shorter in cases with abnormalities of the artery than in non-afflicted cases. The extent of arterial disease seemed to influence the transit time inversely, whereas the location of the abnormalities did not influence the transit time."}
{"id": "PMID:920223", "title": "[Organisation of defence mechanisms in patients suffering from myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "This study was performed to determine the nature and organisation of specific defense mechanism in myocardial infarct patterns as compared to controls. It is also aimed at describing the organisation of these defenses and their relation to anxiety, depression and aggressivity. The samples consist in two populations of 112 male subjects with and without infarct and matched for age and socio-economic status. The EMO questionnaire of G.O. Baehr and M.E. Baehr and the COPE form from the FIRO scales of Schutz were used for psychological evaluation. The results show that the myocardial patients use more turning-against-self and that the other defence mechanisms do not discriminate between the subgroups. Furthermore, the scores for anxiety, depression, inferiority, hostility are similar in both groups. The patients state less sexual problems and use less fantasies than do normal controles. However, they use more somatic concern, but not significantly as compared to controls. This analysis was also concerned with the correlations between these defenses and affects. Furthermore, both subgroups were subdivided in three subsamples according to the score for turning-against self (high, median, low). Turning-against-self is associated with hostility in the patients while this mechanism is associated with a higher susceptibility to dayly events in normal subjects.", "contents": "[Organisation of defence mechanisms in patients suffering from myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. This study was performed to determine the nature and organisation of specific defense mechanism in myocardial infarct patterns as compared to controls. It is also aimed at describing the organisation of these defenses and their relation to anxiety, depression and aggressivity. The samples consist in two populations of 112 male subjects with and without infarct and matched for age and socio-economic status. The EMO questionnaire of G.O. Baehr and M.E. Baehr and the COPE form from the FIRO scales of Schutz were used for psychological evaluation. The results show that the myocardial patients use more turning-against-self and that the other defence mechanisms do not discriminate between the subgroups. Furthermore, the scores for anxiety, depression, inferiority, hostility are similar in both groups. The patients state less sexual problems and use less fantasies than do normal controles. However, they use more somatic concern, but not significantly as compared to controls. This analysis was also concerned with the correlations between these defenses and affects. Furthermore, both subgroups were subdivided in three subsamples according to the score for turning-against self (high, median, low). Turning-against-self is associated with hostility in the patients while this mechanism is associated with a higher susceptibility to dayly events in normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:920224", "title": "[Notes concerning two psychodrama treatments in a psychiatric institution (author's transl)].", "content": "After describing the introduction and evolution of two psychodrama treatment sessions in a psychiatric service, the author proposes an analysis of the processes underscoring the observed effects. On the one hand, the effects of the psychodrama game are indicated : elaboration of fantasies, projections and repetitions, emergence of identifications, analysis of transfert and effect of the comment. On the other hand, an indirect psychotherapeutic effect is demonstrated : modifications in institutional relationships seem to have been an important factor in the patients' course.", "contents": "[Notes concerning two psychodrama treatments in a psychiatric institution (author's transl)]. After describing the introduction and evolution of two psychodrama treatment sessions in a psychiatric service, the author proposes an analysis of the processes underscoring the observed effects. On the one hand, the effects of the psychodrama game are indicated : elaboration of fantasies, projections and repetitions, emergence of identifications, analysis of transfert and effect of the comment. On the other hand, an indirect psychotherapeutic effect is demonstrated : modifications in institutional relationships seem to have been an important factor in the patients' course."}
{"id": "PMID:920230", "title": "Blood flow in pulmonary and bronchial arteries in acute experimental pneumonia and pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Acute lobar pneumonia and pulmonary embolism were induced in rabbits and the blood flow in the pulmonary artery and bronchial arteries was determined using isotopic microspheres. In acute pneumonia the pulmonary artery flow to the involved lung was reduced 8.5 times and the bronchial artery flow was reduced 5.0 times compared to flow in the normal lung. In acute pulmonary embolism, both the pulmonary artery flow (2.3 times) and the bronchial artery flow (2.5 times) were also reduced. For all animals, the reduction in pulmonary artery flow paralleled the reduction in bronchial artery flow (r=0.65).", "contents": "Blood flow in pulmonary and bronchial arteries in acute experimental pneumonia and pulmonary embolism. Acute lobar pneumonia and pulmonary embolism were induced in rabbits and the blood flow in the pulmonary artery and bronchial arteries was determined using isotopic microspheres. In acute pneumonia the pulmonary artery flow to the involved lung was reduced 8.5 times and the bronchial artery flow was reduced 5.0 times compared to flow in the normal lung. In acute pulmonary embolism, both the pulmonary artery flow (2.3 times) and the bronchial artery flow (2.5 times) were also reduced. For all animals, the reduction in pulmonary artery flow paralleled the reduction in bronchial artery flow (r=0.65)."}
{"id": "PMID:920220", "title": "Comparison of cognition and performance in patients with organic brain damage and psychiatric patients.", "content": "A series of cognitive, memory and performance tests were administered to populations of control subjects, brain damaged patients and psychiatric cases. While the overall level of recognition, identification and memory was more impaired in brain damaged than in psychiatric patients, response latencies were found to be of higher significance in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Comparison of cognition and performance in patients with organic brain damage and psychiatric patients. A series of cognitive, memory and performance tests were administered to populations of control subjects, brain damaged patients and psychiatric cases. While the overall level of recognition, identification and memory was more impaired in brain damaged than in psychiatric patients, response latencies were found to be of higher significance in the differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:920231", "title": "Vectorcardiographic changes at selective coronary angiography. Comparison of two contrast media.", "content": "Vectorcardiography revealed typical changes following routine selective coronary angiography using Urografin 60% and Isopaque Coronar; the response was dose-dependent. The two contrast media compare well with one another, no statistical difference being recorded, indicating that there is no difference in myocardial toxicity.", "contents": "Vectorcardiographic changes at selective coronary angiography. Comparison of two contrast media. Vectorcardiography revealed typical changes following routine selective coronary angiography using Urografin 60% and Isopaque Coronar; the response was dose-dependent. The two contrast media compare well with one another, no statistical difference being recorded, indicating that there is no difference in myocardial toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:920221", "title": "Body image boundary definiteness and psychopathology.", "content": "In an attempt to clarify the relation between body image boundary definiteness and psychopathology, the hypothesis that at each level of psychic adaptation groups with stronger and groups with weaker body image boundaries should be found, is examined. The hypothesis that hysterics as well as nonparanoid schizophrenics would have weaker, whereas obsessive compulsives and paranoid schizophrenics would have stronger body image boundaries receives only indirect empirical support. A short theoretical discussion is presented.", "contents": "Body image boundary definiteness and psychopathology. In an attempt to clarify the relation between body image boundary definiteness and psychopathology, the hypothesis that at each level of psychic adaptation groups with stronger and groups with weaker body image boundaries should be found, is examined. The hypothesis that hysterics as well as nonparanoid schizophrenics would have weaker, whereas obsessive compulsives and paranoid schizophrenics would have stronger body image boundaries receives only indirect empirical support. A short theoretical discussion is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:920232", "title": "Comparison of the left ventricular volume using the Ahlkerg and Dodge methods.", "content": "Single plane cine left ventriculography was performed in 24 patients, 12 with normal and 12 with abnormal ventricular shapes. End diastolic and systolic volume and ejection fractions were calculated by two methods (Ahlberg and Dodge). The volumes and ejection fraction from either method were not significantly different. If calculated manually, the Ahlberg method took ten times longer than the Dodge method. At present some steps are difficult but a computer can perform the measurements and calculations, and print the results for ventricular areas.", "contents": "Comparison of the left ventricular volume using the Ahlkerg and Dodge methods. Single plane cine left ventriculography was performed in 24 patients, 12 with normal and 12 with abnormal ventricular shapes. End diastolic and systolic volume and ejection fractions were calculated by two methods (Ahlberg and Dodge). The volumes and ejection fraction from either method were not significantly different. If calculated manually, the Ahlberg method took ten times longer than the Dodge method. At present some steps are difficult but a computer can perform the measurements and calculations, and print the results for ventricular areas."}
{"id": "PMID:920233", "title": "Intra-arterial bolus of 125I labeled meglumine diatrizoate. Early extravascular distribution.", "content": "A mixture of 125I labeled meglumine diatrizoate and 131I labeled human serum albumin was injected into the lower abdominal aorta of 30 anesthetized, laparotomized male rats. Measurements of the activities in cardiac blood and in different tissues of the hindlimbs and tests were perfomed at six time intervals ranging from 5 seconds to 2 minutes after injection, the determine early uptake and distribution volumes of diatrizoate. Concentrations and distribution volumes were initially much greater than values obtained after intravenous injection, but these differences had considerably decreased or disappeared by 2 minutes.", "contents": "Intra-arterial bolus of 125I labeled meglumine diatrizoate. Early extravascular distribution. A mixture of 125I labeled meglumine diatrizoate and 131I labeled human serum albumin was injected into the lower abdominal aorta of 30 anesthetized, laparotomized male rats. Measurements of the activities in cardiac blood and in different tissues of the hindlimbs and tests were perfomed at six time intervals ranging from 5 seconds to 2 minutes after injection, the determine early uptake and distribution volumes of diatrizoate. Concentrations and distribution volumes were initially much greater than values obtained after intravenous injection, but these differences had considerably decreased or disappeared by 2 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:920234", "title": "Circulatory disturbances following transient soft tissue compression trauma.", "content": "Circulatory changes following standardized compression trauma to the hind leg in dogs were evaluated using an electromagnetic flow meter and repeated angiography. A transient increase of flow to the injured limb and within the traumatized region was observed. Good agreement was found between the electromagnetic flow recordings and estimates of relative changes in flow by the angiographic method.", "contents": "Circulatory disturbances following transient soft tissue compression trauma. Circulatory changes following standardized compression trauma to the hind leg in dogs were evaluated using an electromagnetic flow meter and repeated angiography. A transient increase of flow to the injured limb and within the traumatized region was observed. Good agreement was found between the electromagnetic flow recordings and estimates of relative changes in flow by the angiographic method."}
{"id": "PMID:920236", "title": "Radiology and laryngoscopy for the diagnosis of laryngeal carcinoma.", "content": "A comparison is made of the radiologic and clinical findings in 51 patients with laryngeal carcinoma. The radiologic methods comprised conventional films, tomography and laryngography; the clinical examination technique included microlaryngoscopy and the use of a 90 degrees optical instrument. Laryngography was found to be superior to the other two radiologic methods, for the delineation of the tumors. Radiology should be performed before laryngoscopy and biopsy.", "contents": "Radiology and laryngoscopy for the diagnosis of laryngeal carcinoma. A comparison is made of the radiologic and clinical findings in 51 patients with laryngeal carcinoma. The radiologic methods comprised conventional films, tomography and laryngography; the clinical examination technique included microlaryngoscopy and the use of a 90 degrees optical instrument. Laryngography was found to be superior to the other two radiologic methods, for the delineation of the tumors. Radiology should be performed before laryngoscopy and biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:920237", "title": "Precipitation of a cholegraphic contrast medium in a dog.", "content": "Following intravenous injection of medium for cholegraphy, calcium salt was precipitated in the tubules of rats and a 'gallstone' containing contrast medium developed in a dog. A review is given of biotransformation of contrast media in the biliary and urinary tracts.", "contents": "Precipitation of a cholegraphic contrast medium in a dog. Following intravenous injection of medium for cholegraphy, calcium salt was precipitated in the tubules of rats and a 'gallstone' containing contrast medium developed in a dog. A review is given of biotransformation of contrast media in the biliary and urinary tracts."}
{"id": "PMID:920238", "title": "Abnormal duodenal loop and pyloric regurgitation.", "content": "In a series of 48 patients with dyspepsia but without gastric ulcer it is shown that pyloric regurgitation occurred significantly more often in patients with distal and combined anomalies of the duodenum or a short loop than in patients with a normal duodenal loop. No difference existed between patients with proximal duodenal anomalies and the normal group. When pyloric regurgitation occurred in the erect position it could be prevented in the supine position and also to some extent by intravenous by intravenous administration of 20 mg metochlopramide.", "contents": "Abnormal duodenal loop and pyloric regurgitation. In a series of 48 patients with dyspepsia but without gastric ulcer it is shown that pyloric regurgitation occurred significantly more often in patients with distal and combined anomalies of the duodenum or a short loop than in patients with a normal duodenal loop. No difference existed between patients with proximal duodenal anomalies and the normal group. When pyloric regurgitation occurred in the erect position it could be prevented in the supine position and also to some extent by intravenous by intravenous administration of 20 mg metochlopramide."}
{"id": "PMID:920239", "title": "Radiographic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions by standard reference films.", "content": "A review of radiographic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis is given. Standard reference films are introduced for evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions in the extremity joints. In this system, numerical evaluation of arthritis is given for individual joints in a patient.", "contents": "Radiographic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions by standard reference films. A review of radiographic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis is given. Standard reference films are introduced for evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions in the extremity joints. In this system, numerical evaluation of arthritis is given for individual joints in a patient."}
{"id": "PMID:920240", "title": "Cortical index of the femoral neck.", "content": "The thickness of the medial cortex of the femoral neck does not decrease with age in the same way as other common parameters of bone mass. However, in women with fracture of the upper end of the femur, it is below normal. The variable, expressed as the cortical index of the femoral neck may have some use in predicting the risk of femoral neck fracture from routine films of the hip.", "contents": "Cortical index of the femoral neck. The thickness of the medial cortex of the femoral neck does not decrease with age in the same way as other common parameters of bone mass. However, in women with fracture of the upper end of the femur, it is below normal. The variable, expressed as the cortical index of the femoral neck may have some use in predicting the risk of femoral neck fracture from routine films of the hip."}
{"id": "PMID:920242", "title": "Studies on replacement and suppressive dosages of 1-thyroxine.", "content": "Serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels were studied in 55 hypothyroid patients in order to determine adequate replacement and suppression dosages of 1-thyroxine (T4). In accordance with previous reports it was found that most patients had normal TSH levels and were clinically euthyroid at daily doses of 0.10-0.15 mg T4. None of the patients required a dose exceeding 0.20 mg. When the TSH levels normalized, serum thyroxine and serum triiodothyronine also fell to levels within their normal ranges. The effectiveness of various doses of T4 in suppressing the temporary rise in serum TSH concentration normally induced by thyrotropin-releasing hormone was examined in 57 patients treated with T4 for atoxic goitre or after subtotal surgical removal of such a goitre. The rise in TSH was not usually inhibited by a T4 dose of less than 0.20 mg, a finding which at least theoretically has implications for the adequate suppressive dose of T4.", "contents": "Studies on replacement and suppressive dosages of 1-thyroxine. Serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels were studied in 55 hypothyroid patients in order to determine adequate replacement and suppression dosages of 1-thyroxine (T4). In accordance with previous reports it was found that most patients had normal TSH levels and were clinically euthyroid at daily doses of 0.10-0.15 mg T4. None of the patients required a dose exceeding 0.20 mg. When the TSH levels normalized, serum thyroxine and serum triiodothyronine also fell to levels within their normal ranges. The effectiveness of various doses of T4 in suppressing the temporary rise in serum TSH concentration normally induced by thyrotropin-releasing hormone was examined in 57 patients treated with T4 for atoxic goitre or after subtotal surgical removal of such a goitre. The rise in TSH was not usually inhibited by a T4 dose of less than 0.20 mg, a finding which at least theoretically has implications for the adequate suppressive dose of T4."}
{"id": "PMID:920243", "title": "Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism and Hyperthyroidism.", "content": "A case of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is reported. The patient had presented symptoms for 16 years and various treatments and diagnoses had been tried before the correct conclusion was reached. Adequate treatment resulted in normalization of most of the symptoms. The patient also had hyperthyroidism, an exceptional combination. A possible relationship between the two diseases is discussed.", "contents": "Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism and Hyperthyroidism. A case of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is reported. The patient had presented symptoms for 16 years and various treatments and diagnoses had been tried before the correct conclusion was reached. Adequate treatment resulted in normalization of most of the symptoms. The patient also had hyperthyroidism, an exceptional combination. A possible relationship between the two diseases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920244", "title": "Total and subtotal colonoscopy with short instrument and without fluoroscopy.", "content": "The technique and results of 111 consecutive colonoscopies with a short colonoscope without the use of X-ray screening are reviewed. The caecum could be reached in 44 percent of the cases. No complications occurred. The great clinical value of the procedure is shown by the following findings:X-ray-negative lesions--including 2 cases of carcinoma--were found in 35 percent of the cases, radiologically demonstrated lesions could be defined more precisely in 18 percent, and the presence of colonic lesions could be ruled out in 11 percent in spite of equivocal X-ray findings. It is concluded that many more centres ought to take up the procedure, which offers the prospect of significantly reducing suffering and death from colonic disease.", "contents": "Total and subtotal colonoscopy with short instrument and without fluoroscopy. The technique and results of 111 consecutive colonoscopies with a short colonoscope without the use of X-ray screening are reviewed. The caecum could be reached in 44 percent of the cases. No complications occurred. The great clinical value of the procedure is shown by the following findings:X-ray-negative lesions--including 2 cases of carcinoma--were found in 35 percent of the cases, radiologically demonstrated lesions could be defined more precisely in 18 percent, and the presence of colonic lesions could be ruled out in 11 percent in spite of equivocal X-ray findings. It is concluded that many more centres ought to take up the procedure, which offers the prospect of significantly reducing suffering and death from colonic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:920245", "title": "Acute hepatitis: a prognostic study with observation time up to 37 years. A follow-up of the Iversen/Roholm liver biopsy material.", "content": "Re-evaluation of 890 consecutive liver biopsies from 1939-59 gave the diagnosis of acute hepatitis in 147 patients. A follow-up study of these patients was performed 15-37 years after the diagnostic biopsy, based on repeated liver biopsies, biochemical liver tests, autopsy reports and death certificates. Two patients died from acute liver failure, and development of cirrhosis was documented or strongly suspected in 22 patients (15 percent). A comparison between these 24 patients with a malignant course of hepatitis and 86 patients with a well documented uncomplicated disease, revealed a significantly larger number of women, a higher age, and more cases with piece-meal necrosis, confluent necrosis and marked portal inflammation in the intitial liver biopsy in the group with the poor prognosis.", "contents": "Acute hepatitis: a prognostic study with observation time up to 37 years. A follow-up of the Iversen/Roholm liver biopsy material. Re-evaluation of 890 consecutive liver biopsies from 1939-59 gave the diagnosis of acute hepatitis in 147 patients. A follow-up study of these patients was performed 15-37 years after the diagnostic biopsy, based on repeated liver biopsies, biochemical liver tests, autopsy reports and death certificates. Two patients died from acute liver failure, and development of cirrhosis was documented or strongly suspected in 22 patients (15 percent). A comparison between these 24 patients with a malignant course of hepatitis and 86 patients with a well documented uncomplicated disease, revealed a significantly larger number of women, a higher age, and more cases with piece-meal necrosis, confluent necrosis and marked portal inflammation in the intitial liver biopsy in the group with the poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:920246", "title": "Presymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "Clinical, laboratory and follow-up results in 13 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) collected during the last 10 years in a well defined population of 250,000 inhabitants are presented. The mean observation time was 5.5 years. 77 percent of these patients have been asymptomatic for many years. Characteristic laboratory features in asymptomatic patients are high alkaline phosphatases and glutamyl transpeptidases and very high levels of polyclonal IgM. ESR is often increased. Signs of active cell destruction are slight and functioning cell mass is well preserved. High titers of mitochondrial antibodies are consistently present. Needle biopsy is seldom sufficient for diagnosis but permits staging of the disease. There is no correlation between clinical features and histological evolution stage. Compared with a preceding 10-year period, the incidence of PBC has risen threefold. This increase can be fully explained by the extended use of laboratory facilities, resulting in the detection of asymptomatic patients.", "contents": "Presymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. Clinical, laboratory and follow-up results in 13 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) collected during the last 10 years in a well defined population of 250,000 inhabitants are presented. The mean observation time was 5.5 years. 77 percent of these patients have been asymptomatic for many years. Characteristic laboratory features in asymptomatic patients are high alkaline phosphatases and glutamyl transpeptidases and very high levels of polyclonal IgM. ESR is often increased. Signs of active cell destruction are slight and functioning cell mass is well preserved. High titers of mitochondrial antibodies are consistently present. Needle biopsy is seldom sufficient for diagnosis but permits staging of the disease. There is no correlation between clinical features and histological evolution stage. Compared with a preceding 10-year period, the incidence of PBC has risen threefold. This increase can be fully explained by the extended use of laboratory facilities, resulting in the detection of asymptomatic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:920247", "title": "Serum bile acids in man during vitamin C supplementation and restriction.", "content": "A daily dosage of 5 g ascorbate was given to 14 persons during one month. Various routine biochemical parameters were studied and the concentrations of individual bile acids in serum were determined. A significant increase in chenodeoxycholic acid concentration was found on interruption of vitamin C supplementation, whereas no other changes in bile acid concentrations were significant. One person, used to a large ascorbate intake (1 g/day), was deprived of ascorbate. On resuming the high ascorbate intake, serum bile acid concentrations showed an increasing trend. Urinary oxalate excretion and concentrations were impressively increased during vitamin C supplementation but no effects on kidney function were observed.", "contents": "Serum bile acids in man during vitamin C supplementation and restriction. A daily dosage of 5 g ascorbate was given to 14 persons during one month. Various routine biochemical parameters were studied and the concentrations of individual bile acids in serum were determined. A significant increase in chenodeoxycholic acid concentration was found on interruption of vitamin C supplementation, whereas no other changes in bile acid concentrations were significant. One person, used to a large ascorbate intake (1 g/day), was deprived of ascorbate. On resuming the high ascorbate intake, serum bile acid concentrations showed an increasing trend. Urinary oxalate excretion and concentrations were impressively increased during vitamin C supplementation but no effects on kidney function were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:920248", "title": "The liver in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Neddle biopsies of the liver were performed in 121 cases of sarcoidosis. Granulomas compatible with sarcoidosis were seen in 24 percent of the cases. Liver function tests (serum alkaline phosphatase, serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum alanine aminotransferase, and bromsulphthalein clearance test) were performed on 325 patients with sarcoidosis and on 132 with non-sarcoid erythema nodosum (EN). Pathological findings were seen especially in patients with extensive EN, without any correlation with the disease responsible for the eruption. Hepatic granulomas were found more often in patients with sarcoid changes in lung parenchyma than in those with bilateral hilar adenitis only. There were no other definite correlations between hepatic granulomas and other clinical and laboratory findings. The incidence of pathological results in this study was clearly lower than, e.g., in the USA, thus reflecting the good prognosis of sarcoidosis in the Scandinavian countries.", "contents": "The liver in sarcoidosis. Neddle biopsies of the liver were performed in 121 cases of sarcoidosis. Granulomas compatible with sarcoidosis were seen in 24 percent of the cases. Liver function tests (serum alkaline phosphatase, serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum alanine aminotransferase, and bromsulphthalein clearance test) were performed on 325 patients with sarcoidosis and on 132 with non-sarcoid erythema nodosum (EN). Pathological findings were seen especially in patients with extensive EN, without any correlation with the disease responsible for the eruption. Hepatic granulomas were found more often in patients with sarcoid changes in lung parenchyma than in those with bilateral hilar adenitis only. There were no other definite correlations between hepatic granulomas and other clinical and laboratory findings. The incidence of pathological results in this study was clearly lower than, e.g., in the USA, thus reflecting the good prognosis of sarcoidosis in the Scandinavian countries."}
{"id": "PMID:920249", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid sorbitol and myoinositol in diabetic polyneuropathy.", "content": "Changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of sorbitol and myoinositol in 21 patients with diabetic polyneuropathy were studied with gas-liquid chromatography. The sorbitol concentration was significantly increased in diabetic patients with elevated plasma glucose. Myoinositol concentration was significantly decreased in patients with polyneuropathy compared with the controls. Both alterations in polyol concentrations of the CSF were present already two months from onset of symptoms of diabetes. Patients with peripheral polyneuropathy receiving oral hypoglycemic drugs did not have elevated plasma glucose and CSF sorbitol levels, but showed significantly decreased CSF myoinositol concentrations compared with the controls. These observations suggest that myoinositol concentration may be decreased in the central nervous system in adult onset mild diabetes with normal plasma glucose and that the decrease in the myoinositol in CSF possibly is connected with the development of neuropathy.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid sorbitol and myoinositol in diabetic polyneuropathy. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of sorbitol and myoinositol in 21 patients with diabetic polyneuropathy were studied with gas-liquid chromatography. The sorbitol concentration was significantly increased in diabetic patients with elevated plasma glucose. Myoinositol concentration was significantly decreased in patients with polyneuropathy compared with the controls. Both alterations in polyol concentrations of the CSF were present already two months from onset of symptoms of diabetes. Patients with peripheral polyneuropathy receiving oral hypoglycemic drugs did not have elevated plasma glucose and CSF sorbitol levels, but showed significantly decreased CSF myoinositol concentrations compared with the controls. These observations suggest that myoinositol concentration may be decreased in the central nervous system in adult onset mild diabetes with normal plasma glucose and that the decrease in the myoinositol in CSF possibly is connected with the development of neuropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:920250", "title": "Carnitine concentration in skeletal muscle tissue from patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "L-Carnitine concentration was determined in vastus lateralis and abdominal rectus muscle tissue from 15 patients with diabetes mellitus and 66 controls. Nine of the diabetics were treated with diet and hypoglycemic drugs only and six with insulin. The carnitine concentration was determined enzymatically with labeled [I-14C] acetyl-coenzyme-A as a substrate and given per weight of non-collagen protein. The concentration in muscle tissue did not differ significantly between patients and controls. Patients with insulin-treated diabetes had the same concentration of carnitine in muscle tissue as those treated with hypoglycemic drugs. The drastic decreases in carnitine muscle concentration and in carnitine body pool seen in alloxan-diabetic rats are not observed in skeletal muscle of diabetic humans.", "contents": "Carnitine concentration in skeletal muscle tissue from patients with diabetes mellitus. L-Carnitine concentration was determined in vastus lateralis and abdominal rectus muscle tissue from 15 patients with diabetes mellitus and 66 controls. Nine of the diabetics were treated with diet and hypoglycemic drugs only and six with insulin. The carnitine concentration was determined enzymatically with labeled [I-14C] acetyl-coenzyme-A as a substrate and given per weight of non-collagen protein. The concentration in muscle tissue did not differ significantly between patients and controls. Patients with insulin-treated diabetes had the same concentration of carnitine in muscle tissue as those treated with hypoglycemic drugs. The drastic decreases in carnitine muscle concentration and in carnitine body pool seen in alloxan-diabetic rats are not observed in skeletal muscle of diabetic humans."}
{"id": "PMID:920251", "title": "Lactoferrin and lysozyme in arthritic exudates.", "content": "Lactoferrin (LF) has been assayed by radioimmunoassay in plasma and arthritic exudates and compared with lysozyme (LZ) levels and leukocyte counts. The mean LF concentration in 38 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exudates was 9.1 mg/l (range 0.02-39.2). In 30 non-RA exudates LF was 3.3 mg/l (range 0.01-14.6). The corresponding LZ levels were 7.4 mg/l (range 2.5-18.5) in RA and 4.7 (range 1.0-12.5) in non-RA fluids. Exudate/plasma ratios were much higher for LF than for LZ and higher in RA than in non-RA exudates, whereas leukocyte counts did not differ. The LF/leukocyte count ratio was significantly higher in RA than in the non-RA group. The data suggest a more prominent release of neutrophilic granulocyte components in RA than in non-RA arthritis.", "contents": "Lactoferrin and lysozyme in arthritic exudates. Lactoferrin (LF) has been assayed by radioimmunoassay in plasma and arthritic exudates and compared with lysozyme (LZ) levels and leukocyte counts. The mean LF concentration in 38 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exudates was 9.1 mg/l (range 0.02-39.2). In 30 non-RA exudates LF was 3.3 mg/l (range 0.01-14.6). The corresponding LZ levels were 7.4 mg/l (range 2.5-18.5) in RA and 4.7 (range 1.0-12.5) in non-RA fluids. Exudate/plasma ratios were much higher for LF than for LZ and higher in RA than in non-RA exudates, whereas leukocyte counts did not differ. The LF/leukocyte count ratio was significantly higher in RA than in the non-RA group. The data suggest a more prominent release of neutrophilic granulocyte components in RA than in non-RA arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:920252", "title": "The value of thermography and the determination of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis.", "content": "Fifty-one patients with leg symptoms indicating deep venous thrombosis (DVT) were investigated concomitantly with thermography and phlebography. Altogether 26 legs with phlebographically proven DVT exhibited a thermographic picture typical of DVT. So, however, did 3 out of 25 legs with no DVT. A 94 percent agreement was found between phlebography and thermography when applied to legs with suspect DVT. The serum levels of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) were assayed in 58 patients attending hospital for suspect DVT. These patients were free from other diseases known to be followed by raised FDP levels. With borderline significance, the DVT group had higher FDP values. The usefulness of this laboratory test in the diagnosis of DVT is, however, questioned.", "contents": "The value of thermography and the determination of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Fifty-one patients with leg symptoms indicating deep venous thrombosis (DVT) were investigated concomitantly with thermography and phlebography. Altogether 26 legs with phlebographically proven DVT exhibited a thermographic picture typical of DVT. So, however, did 3 out of 25 legs with no DVT. A 94 percent agreement was found between phlebography and thermography when applied to legs with suspect DVT. The serum levels of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) were assayed in 58 patients attending hospital for suspect DVT. These patients were free from other diseases known to be followed by raised FDP levels. With borderline significance, the DVT group had higher FDP values. The usefulness of this laboratory test in the diagnosis of DVT is, however, questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:920253", "title": "Electro-rentinal abnormalities in heterozygotes of renal-retinal dysplasia.", "content": "The relatives of two patients with medullary cystic disease associated with retinitis pigmentosa were studied. A new case was found in one of these families, and consanguinity of the parents was established in another. Conventional fundoscopic examination of relatives without renal disease did not show retinal abnormalities, but electro-ophthalmologic investigation demonstrated retinal dysfunction in three relatives, including two of the four parents who may be considered obligatory heterozygotes under the assumption of autosomal recessive inheritance of this syndrome. Less severe electro-ophthalmological abnormalities were observed in the other two parents. It is considered highly probable that all three patients are homozygous for a mutant gene causing both the renal and the retinal abnormalities. The results of this study support the view that medullary cystic disease associated with retinitis pigmentosa is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, in contrast to the dominant form, which is reported not to be associated with eye abnormalities. With respect to genetic couseling and donation of kidneys by relatives, it is important to establish the mode of inheritance of cystic medullary disease in a given family. Electro-ophthalmologic examination should therefore be included in the examination of families in which medullary cystic disease occurs.", "contents": "Electro-rentinal abnormalities in heterozygotes of renal-retinal dysplasia. The relatives of two patients with medullary cystic disease associated with retinitis pigmentosa were studied. A new case was found in one of these families, and consanguinity of the parents was established in another. Conventional fundoscopic examination of relatives without renal disease did not show retinal abnormalities, but electro-ophthalmologic investigation demonstrated retinal dysfunction in three relatives, including two of the four parents who may be considered obligatory heterozygotes under the assumption of autosomal recessive inheritance of this syndrome. Less severe electro-ophthalmological abnormalities were observed in the other two parents. It is considered highly probable that all three patients are homozygous for a mutant gene causing both the renal and the retinal abnormalities. The results of this study support the view that medullary cystic disease associated with retinitis pigmentosa is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, in contrast to the dominant form, which is reported not to be associated with eye abnormalities. With respect to genetic couseling and donation of kidneys by relatives, it is important to establish the mode of inheritance of cystic medullary disease in a given family. Electro-ophthalmologic examination should therefore be included in the examination of families in which medullary cystic disease occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:920254", "title": "Fluid turnover in renal cysts.", "content": "Cystic puncture was performed percutaneously in 18 patients with solitary renal cysts and in 22 with multiple, congenital renal cysts. With the aid of tritiated water it was possible to estimate the fluid turnover in the cysts and compare it with their volume, pressure and potassium and creatinine levels. Fluid turnover was rapid in all the renal cysts. Two to five hours after i.v. injection of tritium, the tritium concentration in cystic fluid averaged 88% of the concentration in plasma fluid in patients with polycystic kidneys and 73 percent in patients with solitary cysts. Fluid turnover was more rapid in small than in large cysts, but there was no such difference between cysts with high and low pressure. It is possible that the fluid turnover was slightly faster in cysts with high potassium and creatinine levels than in those with low levels. The results show that the fluid turnover in a renal cyst of 10 ml is considerable--probably more than 100 ml/24 hours. This indicates that fluid inflow to the cyst comes mainly from cells in the cyst wall and not from a single glomerule. Fluid probably leaves the cyst actively via cells in the cyst wall, since the fluid turnover does not increase with high cyst pressure. The fluid turnover is probably secondary to the active solute transportation, which is performed by the cyst cells. This means that these cells have a tubular cell-like function and should respond to pharmacotherapy.", "contents": "Fluid turnover in renal cysts. Cystic puncture was performed percutaneously in 18 patients with solitary renal cysts and in 22 with multiple, congenital renal cysts. With the aid of tritiated water it was possible to estimate the fluid turnover in the cysts and compare it with their volume, pressure and potassium and creatinine levels. Fluid turnover was rapid in all the renal cysts. Two to five hours after i.v. injection of tritium, the tritium concentration in cystic fluid averaged 88% of the concentration in plasma fluid in patients with polycystic kidneys and 73 percent in patients with solitary cysts. Fluid turnover was more rapid in small than in large cysts, but there was no such difference between cysts with high and low pressure. It is possible that the fluid turnover was slightly faster in cysts with high potassium and creatinine levels than in those with low levels. The results show that the fluid turnover in a renal cyst of 10 ml is considerable--probably more than 100 ml/24 hours. This indicates that fluid inflow to the cyst comes mainly from cells in the cyst wall and not from a single glomerule. Fluid probably leaves the cyst actively via cells in the cyst wall, since the fluid turnover does not increase with high cyst pressure. The fluid turnover is probably secondary to the active solute transportation, which is performed by the cyst cells. This means that these cells have a tubular cell-like function and should respond to pharmacotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:920255", "title": "Deleterious effects of cardiac pacing in a patient with mitral insufficiency.", "content": "A 70-year-old, artificially paced women with dizziness and extremely low physical capacity exhibited a systolic BP varying from one moment to another; in standing position it was not measurable. With the aid of a strain gauge technique, the amplitude of the pulse wave of her left thumb was recorded and shown to vary widely. The variations were correlated to synchrony or asynchrony between atrial and ventricular activity. Pronounced decreases in stroke volume and peripheral pulse volume were recorded with pacemaker-induced beats compared with idioventricular beats. With artifical stimulation at a rate of 45/min, thus avoiding competition but still protecting her from syncopes, she was free from symptoms.", "contents": "Deleterious effects of cardiac pacing in a patient with mitral insufficiency. A 70-year-old, artificially paced women with dizziness and extremely low physical capacity exhibited a systolic BP varying from one moment to another; in standing position it was not measurable. With the aid of a strain gauge technique, the amplitude of the pulse wave of her left thumb was recorded and shown to vary widely. The variations were correlated to synchrony or asynchrony between atrial and ventricular activity. Pronounced decreases in stroke volume and peripheral pulse volume were recorded with pacemaker-induced beats compared with idioventricular beats. With artifical stimulation at a rate of 45/min, thus avoiding competition but still protecting her from syncopes, she was free from symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:920257", "title": "Angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.", "content": "Angina pectoris was studied in a representative series of male patients (n = 504) with a first myocardial infarction (MI) surviving the hospital stay. The prevalence of questionnaire angina before MI was 28% and of effort-induced chest pain alone 40%. Of the patients with effort-induced chest pain, 72% retained symptoms also after MI. No correlation with age was found. Three months after and one year after infarction the prevalence of effort-induced chest pain was 55% and 45%, respectively. The patients with effort-induced chest pain before MI had a somewhat more severe clinical course and a significantly higher death rate (15% versus 6%) than those without chest pain.", "contents": "Angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. Angina pectoris was studied in a representative series of male patients (n = 504) with a first myocardial infarction (MI) surviving the hospital stay. The prevalence of questionnaire angina before MI was 28% and of effort-induced chest pain alone 40%. Of the patients with effort-induced chest pain, 72% retained symptoms also after MI. No correlation with age was found. Three months after and one year after infarction the prevalence of effort-induced chest pain was 55% and 45%, respectively. The patients with effort-induced chest pain before MI had a somewhat more severe clinical course and a significantly higher death rate (15% versus 6%) than those without chest pain."}
{"id": "PMID:920258", "title": "Angina pectoris in young patients: clinical appraisal and evaluation by exercise, atrial pacing, and myocardial lactate metabolism.", "content": "Young patients with a symptom complex of angina pectoris constitute a problematic group in medicine. Many of them require a detailed investigation. By combining electrophysiologic and metabolic measurements with dynamic clinical experiments, one can distinguish with great probability between normal and pathological findings. Exercise ECG, atrial pacing and simultaneous sampling of blood from artery and coronary sinus were undertaken in 57 patients aged 40 or less. Although the patients were selected according to a history of effort angina, results were normal in four and in seven other only one test was pathological. The sensitivity was highest in atrial pacing (78%) and somewhat lower in exercise ECG (75%) and lactate extraction (67%). The specificity of the tests in series was about 53%. Concordant results made a diagnosis of ischemic heart disease highly probable. Discrepancies and probably false negative results in individual cases are evident. The need for angiographic evaluation of coronary arteries and left ventricular function is clear. The stepwise advance from the usual physical examination to more demanding investigations provides a possibility of classifying the patients according to the needs of an accurate medical appraisal.", "contents": "Angina pectoris in young patients: clinical appraisal and evaluation by exercise, atrial pacing, and myocardial lactate metabolism. Young patients with a symptom complex of angina pectoris constitute a problematic group in medicine. Many of them require a detailed investigation. By combining electrophysiologic and metabolic measurements with dynamic clinical experiments, one can distinguish with great probability between normal and pathological findings. Exercise ECG, atrial pacing and simultaneous sampling of blood from artery and coronary sinus were undertaken in 57 patients aged 40 or less. Although the patients were selected according to a history of effort angina, results were normal in four and in seven other only one test was pathological. The sensitivity was highest in atrial pacing (78%) and somewhat lower in exercise ECG (75%) and lactate extraction (67%). The specificity of the tests in series was about 53%. Concordant results made a diagnosis of ischemic heart disease highly probable. Discrepancies and probably false negative results in individual cases are evident. The need for angiographic evaluation of coronary arteries and left ventricular function is clear. The stepwise advance from the usual physical examination to more demanding investigations provides a possibility of classifying the patients according to the needs of an accurate medical appraisal."}
{"id": "PMID:920259", "title": "Intravenous glucose tolerance test in middle-aged men with and without latent coronary heart disease.", "content": "During a cardiovascular survey, aimed at detecting cases of latent coronary heart disease (CHD), glucose elimination was studied after i.v. loading in 1970 presumably healthy men aged 40-59 years. The aim was to throw light on the importance of deranged glucose tolerance for the development of CHD. Of the 1970 individuals, 1798 were defined as \"normals\", 33 had chronic, non-anginal chest pain, 34 had slight albeit typical angina pectoris. The remaining 105 had various symptoms/signs strongly suggestive of CHD, and underwent diagnostic coronary angiography (69 angiopositive, 36 angionegative). Plasma insulin was determined in relation to the test in 249 of the subjects. The following conclusions were reached: 1) Mean k-values were similar in all subgroups (p less than 0.10). 2) Low and borderline k-values were significantly more frequent in angiographed individuals compared with the group of normals (p less than 0.025). However, an almost identical frequency was seen in angiopositive and angionegative cases. 3) K-values did not change with age between 40 and 59 years. 4) K-values were unrelated to the severity of angiographic findings in individuals with proven CHD. 5) Significantly lower k-values were found in individuals with a positive diabetic heredity, and 6) in individuals with a high insulin response. 7) The i.v. glucose loading did not influence an exercise ECG recorded in relation to a near-maximal bicycle exercise test.", "contents": "Intravenous glucose tolerance test in middle-aged men with and without latent coronary heart disease. During a cardiovascular survey, aimed at detecting cases of latent coronary heart disease (CHD), glucose elimination was studied after i.v. loading in 1970 presumably healthy men aged 40-59 years. The aim was to throw light on the importance of deranged glucose tolerance for the development of CHD. Of the 1970 individuals, 1798 were defined as \"normals\", 33 had chronic, non-anginal chest pain, 34 had slight albeit typical angina pectoris. The remaining 105 had various symptoms/signs strongly suggestive of CHD, and underwent diagnostic coronary angiography (69 angiopositive, 36 angionegative). Plasma insulin was determined in relation to the test in 249 of the subjects. The following conclusions were reached: 1) Mean k-values were similar in all subgroups (p less than 0.10). 2) Low and borderline k-values were significantly more frequent in angiographed individuals compared with the group of normals (p less than 0.025). However, an almost identical frequency was seen in angiopositive and angionegative cases. 3) K-values did not change with age between 40 and 59 years. 4) K-values were unrelated to the severity of angiographic findings in individuals with proven CHD. 5) Significantly lower k-values were found in individuals with a positive diabetic heredity, and 6) in individuals with a high insulin response. 7) The i.v. glucose loading did not influence an exercise ECG recorded in relation to a near-maximal bicycle exercise test."}
{"id": "PMID:920260", "title": "Preliminary observations on interventricular septum vibrations: an echocardiographic sign in aortic valvular stenosis.", "content": "In previous experimental and clinical studies on aortic valvular stenosis it has been suggested that in addition to the degree of stenosis, other factors, such as the pathoanatomy of the valve and turbulence-induced vibrations, might be of importance. Using echocardiography, vibrations of the interventricular septum were demonstrated in six consecutive patients with congenital aortic stenosis. In comparable normal subjects no such vibrations could be seen. The clinical significance of ventricular wall vibrations has not yet been established.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on interventricular septum vibrations: an echocardiographic sign in aortic valvular stenosis. In previous experimental and clinical studies on aortic valvular stenosis it has been suggested that in addition to the degree of stenosis, other factors, such as the pathoanatomy of the valve and turbulence-induced vibrations, might be of importance. Using echocardiography, vibrations of the interventricular septum were demonstrated in six consecutive patients with congenital aortic stenosis. In comparable normal subjects no such vibrations could be seen. The clinical significance of ventricular wall vibrations has not yet been established."}
{"id": "PMID:920261", "title": "The effects of four months' treatment with spironolactone on systemic blood pressure, cardiac output and plasma renin activity in hypertensive patients.", "content": "The effect of spironolactone on BP, cardiac output, plasma renin activity and urinary excretion of electrolytes has been studied in 12 hypertensive patients. After 1 month of spironolactone therapy there was a significant decrease in arterial BP. Urinary sodium excretion was significantly decreased and plasma renin activity increased. After four months of spironolactone therapy there was no further decrease in arterial BP. Cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume were unchanged in the supine position, but the calculated total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) was reduced, indicating that the lower BP was mainly a result of dilatation of the resistance vessels. During exercise there was still a significant decrease in arterial BP but this was related to a decrease in both cardiac output and TPVR.", "contents": "The effects of four months' treatment with spironolactone on systemic blood pressure, cardiac output and plasma renin activity in hypertensive patients. The effect of spironolactone on BP, cardiac output, plasma renin activity and urinary excretion of electrolytes has been studied in 12 hypertensive patients. After 1 month of spironolactone therapy there was a significant decrease in arterial BP. Urinary sodium excretion was significantly decreased and plasma renin activity increased. After four months of spironolactone therapy there was no further decrease in arterial BP. Cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume were unchanged in the supine position, but the calculated total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) was reduced, indicating that the lower BP was mainly a result of dilatation of the resistance vessels. During exercise there was still a significant decrease in arterial BP but this was related to a decrease in both cardiac output and TPVR."}
{"id": "PMID:920262", "title": "Effect of saluretic therapy on muscle content of water and electrolytes in relation to hemodynamic variables.", "content": "Muscle content of water and electrolytes (needle biopsy), intraarterial BP and cardiac output (dye dilution technique) were measured in 12 patients with essential hypertension before and after 4 months of mefruside therapy (25 mg/day). Before therapy there were no significant differences in muscle tissue electrolyte and water content compared with normotensive subjects. No correlation was found between central hemodynamic variables and the electrolyte and water content of muscle tissue either before or after therapy. After 4 months of mefruside therapy, muscle tissue water showed a mean decrease which was not significant. Serum potassium and muscle potassium content decreased significantly but there was no significant change in intracellular potassium concentration. Intracellular sodium concentration increased significantly, while muscle sodium content showed a mean increase which was not statistically significant. The change in intracellular sodium concentration showed a significant negative correlation with the decrease in mean arterial BP. The change in total cellular water content showed a significant negative correlation to the changes in total peripheral vascular resistance. Saluretic therapy seems to induce counterregulatory mechanisms that interfere with the hypotensive effect.", "contents": "Effect of saluretic therapy on muscle content of water and electrolytes in relation to hemodynamic variables. Muscle content of water and electrolytes (needle biopsy), intraarterial BP and cardiac output (dye dilution technique) were measured in 12 patients with essential hypertension before and after 4 months of mefruside therapy (25 mg/day). Before therapy there were no significant differences in muscle tissue electrolyte and water content compared with normotensive subjects. No correlation was found between central hemodynamic variables and the electrolyte and water content of muscle tissue either before or after therapy. After 4 months of mefruside therapy, muscle tissue water showed a mean decrease which was not significant. Serum potassium and muscle potassium content decreased significantly but there was no significant change in intracellular potassium concentration. Intracellular sodium concentration increased significantly, while muscle sodium content showed a mean increase which was not statistically significant. The change in intracellular sodium concentration showed a significant negative correlation with the decrease in mean arterial BP. The change in total cellular water content showed a significant negative correlation to the changes in total peripheral vascular resistance. Saluretic therapy seems to induce counterregulatory mechanisms that interfere with the hypotensive effect."}
{"id": "PMID:920263", "title": "A human albumin of placental origin (albumin Rhodia) tested for tolerance.", "content": "Fifty infusions, each containing 125 ml 20% human albumin extracted from placental tissue, were tested in clinical practice. No effects such as changes in the patient's BP, pulse rate and rectal temperature were noted during the observation period, and no side-effects such as pain, dyspnoea, nasal symptoms, exanthema or thrombophlebitis, nor any other symptoms to suggest that the solution was not well tolerated.", "contents": "A human albumin of placental origin (albumin Rhodia) tested for tolerance. Fifty infusions, each containing 125 ml 20% human albumin extracted from placental tissue, were tested in clinical practice. No effects such as changes in the patient's BP, pulse rate and rectal temperature were noted during the observation period, and no side-effects such as pain, dyspnoea, nasal symptoms, exanthema or thrombophlebitis, nor any other symptoms to suggest that the solution was not well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:920265", "title": "Paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation in children. Long-term follow-up of three cases treated with beta-blocking agents.", "content": "A long-term follow-up report is given on three children with stress-induced bursts of ventricular activity, occasionally proceeding to ventricular fibrillation causing syncope. All patients were treated with a beta-blocking agent as prophylaxis for 12, 10 and 6 years, respectively. Case 1 has no signs of organic heart disease. She has been followed from the age of 8 years and had her last syncope in 1974. She was last seen in Nov. 1976, doing well at the age of 20. Case 2 started having syncopes after an attack of measles at the age of 8 years, at which time she probably acquired some damage to her myocardium. She had persistent bradycardia but no other signs of heart disease. She had an uneventful pregnancy and delivery in 1973 and gave birth to a normal child. She died suddenly in 1974, at the age of 22, four years after her last syncopal attack. Case 3 had cardiomyopathy with increasing heart size and exertional dyspnoea and marked ischaemic ECG changes during exercise. He was followed from the age of 7 years. He died suddenly in 1974 at the age of 16, four years after his last syncope.", "contents": "Paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation in children. Long-term follow-up of three cases treated with beta-blocking agents. A long-term follow-up report is given on three children with stress-induced bursts of ventricular activity, occasionally proceeding to ventricular fibrillation causing syncope. All patients were treated with a beta-blocking agent as prophylaxis for 12, 10 and 6 years, respectively. Case 1 has no signs of organic heart disease. She has been followed from the age of 8 years and had her last syncope in 1974. She was last seen in Nov. 1976, doing well at the age of 20. Case 2 started having syncopes after an attack of measles at the age of 8 years, at which time she probably acquired some damage to her myocardium. She had persistent bradycardia but no other signs of heart disease. She had an uneventful pregnancy and delivery in 1973 and gave birth to a normal child. She died suddenly in 1974, at the age of 22, four years after her last syncopal attack. Case 3 had cardiomyopathy with increasing heart size and exertional dyspnoea and marked ischaemic ECG changes during exercise. He was followed from the age of 7 years. He died suddenly in 1974 at the age of 16, four years after his last syncope."}
{"id": "PMID:920266", "title": "Cardiomyopathy after chloroquine treatment.", "content": "A case of cardiomyopathy combined with vacuolar myopathy in the extremity muscles and irreversible retinopathy produced by chloroquine is described.", "contents": "Cardiomyopathy after chloroquine treatment. A case of cardiomyopathy combined with vacuolar myopathy in the extremity muscles and irreversible retinopathy produced by chloroquine is described."}
{"id": "PMID:920267", "title": "Details of the orbital connective tissue system in the adult.", "content": "The study of serial thick (60 mu) histological sections reveals a highly complicated but orderly constructed connective tissue system within the orbit. Between this system adipose tissue compartments are present built up in a comparable orderly fashion. In this intraorbital continuum, to which Tenon's capsule, the so-called check ligaments, the fascial sheaths of the muscles and the periorbital membrane belong, other different areas of characteristic connective tissue septa originating from the fascial sheaths of the eye muscles are recognizable. These different areas are linked to the presence of the different eye muscles and can be regarded as belonging to these eye muscles. That is why, in our opinion, this total of orbital connective tissue, together with the adipose tissue compartments lying in between, must be regarded as an additional mechanism playing an important role when eye movements are performed. The highly regular pattern and intra- and interindividual uniformity within this system will be clarified in the following paper, using models which specially highlight spatial architecture.", "contents": "Details of the orbital connective tissue system in the adult. The study of serial thick (60 mu) histological sections reveals a highly complicated but orderly constructed connective tissue system within the orbit. Between this system adipose tissue compartments are present built up in a comparable orderly fashion. In this intraorbital continuum, to which Tenon's capsule, the so-called check ligaments, the fascial sheaths of the muscles and the periorbital membrane belong, other different areas of characteristic connective tissue septa originating from the fascial sheaths of the eye muscles are recognizable. These different areas are linked to the presence of the different eye muscles and can be regarded as belonging to these eye muscles. That is why, in our opinion, this total of orbital connective tissue, together with the adipose tissue compartments lying in between, must be regarded as an additional mechanism playing an important role when eye movements are performed. The highly regular pattern and intra- and interindividual uniformity within this system will be clarified in the following paper, using models which specially highlight spatial architecture."}
{"id": "PMID:920270", "title": "The effects of experimental unilateral anotia on skull development in the chick embryo. IV. Development of the bony skull in embryos of 9-20 days of incubation.", "content": "The study of the development of the bony skull in chick embryos with unilateral (right-sided) anotia revealed the following characteristics: 1. The perichondral bones initially follow exactly the cartilaginous structures to which they are related. Later, they may expand desmally to fill up the gaps and diminish the degree of pre-existing asymmetry. 2. The desmal bones which develop in close contact with cartilage, develop parallel to its margins and, hence, appear to be greatly dependent on the chondrocranium. 3. Among the desmal bones which arise independently from cartilage, only the bones of the cranial vault proved to be influenced by the unilaterally anotic condition.", "contents": "The effects of experimental unilateral anotia on skull development in the chick embryo. IV. Development of the bony skull in embryos of 9-20 days of incubation. The study of the development of the bony skull in chick embryos with unilateral (right-sided) anotia revealed the following characteristics: 1. The perichondral bones initially follow exactly the cartilaginous structures to which they are related. Later, they may expand desmally to fill up the gaps and diminish the degree of pre-existing asymmetry. 2. The desmal bones which develop in close contact with cartilage, develop parallel to its margins and, hence, appear to be greatly dependent on the chondrocranium. 3. Among the desmal bones which arise independently from cartilage, only the bones of the cranial vault proved to be influenced by the unilaterally anotic condition."}
{"id": "PMID:920280", "title": "The mutual relations of structures in the growing bill of chick (Gallus domesticus L.) and duck (Anas platyrhynchos L.) Embryos. IV. The size, shape, and position of the upper and lower bills in unilaterally microphthalmic duck embryos.", "content": "Unilaterally microphthalmic duck (DUM) embryos studied in stage 39 were obtained by damaging the right eye in stage 17. The development between stages 19 and 39 was observed in samples. After prolonged incubation, one duck hatched and reached adulthood. In DUM embryos partial crossbeak develops. Both the upper and lower bills deviate lateralwards, the upper bill more than the lower. In stage 39 a small orbit is present on the treated side. In stained and cleared heads most of the elements of the skull (the bones surrounding the orbit, the brain-case, and the upper and lower bill elements) are translated in the direction of the rudimentary orbit on the treated side. The bills are twisted around each other at the tip. Measurements of external dimensions as well as those made in stained and cleared stage-39 DUM heads show elongation of the left part of the lower bill. Except for the crossed bills, the changes found in the embryos persisted in the adult. The findings support a hypothesis concerning the mutual influence of bills during morphogenesis. The coherence of the functional cranial components in the embryo is discussed.", "contents": "The mutual relations of structures in the growing bill of chick (Gallus domesticus L.) and duck (Anas platyrhynchos L.) Embryos. IV. The size, shape, and position of the upper and lower bills in unilaterally microphthalmic duck embryos. Unilaterally microphthalmic duck (DUM) embryos studied in stage 39 were obtained by damaging the right eye in stage 17. The development between stages 19 and 39 was observed in samples. After prolonged incubation, one duck hatched and reached adulthood. In DUM embryos partial crossbeak develops. Both the upper and lower bills deviate lateralwards, the upper bill more than the lower. In stage 39 a small orbit is present on the treated side. In stained and cleared heads most of the elements of the skull (the bones surrounding the orbit, the brain-case, and the upper and lower bill elements) are translated in the direction of the rudimentary orbit on the treated side. The bills are twisted around each other at the tip. Measurements of external dimensions as well as those made in stained and cleared stage-39 DUM heads show elongation of the left part of the lower bill. Except for the crossed bills, the changes found in the embryos persisted in the adult. The findings support a hypothesis concerning the mutual influence of bills during morphogenesis. The coherence of the functional cranial components in the embryo is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920293", "title": "The study of recovery and modification of the evoked potentials and motor answers in the motor system.", "content": "After an electrical stimulus within the motor system there will follow a compulsion, a reflexlike process in functional dependency, naturally in illness (function disturbance) dependency as well. We can detect this process with the evoked potentials at the non-stimulated sites of the motor system and with the motor answers at the periphery. Because the motor system acts as a whole, it is certain that every process at a site has its correlates at the other sites, but the different part of the same process will be in a different grade pronounced (many times in opposite direction) at the different sites. If we want to know something from the basic process and to find the real correlates, we have to compare different evoked potentials within the motor system and motor responses at the periphery, or we have to enhance or depress the whole process or its parts. For the latter the double stimulation technique is suitable, but we have to take into consideration that during this investigation two alternating processes affect each other and therefore the result will not be direct.", "contents": "The study of recovery and modification of the evoked potentials and motor answers in the motor system. After an electrical stimulus within the motor system there will follow a compulsion, a reflexlike process in functional dependency, naturally in illness (function disturbance) dependency as well. We can detect this process with the evoked potentials at the non-stimulated sites of the motor system and with the motor answers at the periphery. Because the motor system acts as a whole, it is certain that every process at a site has its correlates at the other sites, but the different part of the same process will be in a different grade pronounced (many times in opposite direction) at the different sites. If we want to know something from the basic process and to find the real correlates, we have to compare different evoked potentials within the motor system and motor responses at the periphery, or we have to enhance or depress the whole process or its parts. For the latter the double stimulation technique is suitable, but we have to take into consideration that during this investigation two alternating processes affect each other and therefore the result will not be direct."}
{"id": "PMID:920295", "title": "Auditory evoked potentials recorded from chronic implanted gyrus of Heschl in man.", "content": "By means of implanted multileads electrodes, responses to clicks and prolonged sound stimulations were recorded from the Heschl gyrus of 2 human brains. These responses were strictly localized to this structure. Cortical averaged auditory evoked potentials (c.AEP) to clicks are consistent with scalp averaged auditory evoked potentials (s.AEP). So, Na Pa, Nb, P1, N1, waves have similar latencies and none of them in the s.AEP may be correlated with myogenic potentials (in opposition with the suggestions of Bickford et al. 1964 and Celesia et al. 1968). Increasing the duration of sound stimulation resulted in changes of the response. For a duration longer than 20ms, an \"on-response\" and an \"off-response\" were noted. No satisfying physiological explanation of these events is retained despite data obtained with monaural homo and heterolateral stimulations and with variation of tone of sound stimulation.", "contents": "Auditory evoked potentials recorded from chronic implanted gyrus of Heschl in man. By means of implanted multileads electrodes, responses to clicks and prolonged sound stimulations were recorded from the Heschl gyrus of 2 human brains. These responses were strictly localized to this structure. Cortical averaged auditory evoked potentials (c.AEP) to clicks are consistent with scalp averaged auditory evoked potentials (s.AEP). So, Na Pa, Nb, P1, N1, waves have similar latencies and none of them in the s.AEP may be correlated with myogenic potentials (in opposition with the suggestions of Bickford et al. 1964 and Celesia et al. 1968). Increasing the duration of sound stimulation resulted in changes of the response. For a duration longer than 20ms, an \"on-response\" and an \"off-response\" were noted. No satisfying physiological explanation of these events is retained despite data obtained with monaural homo and heterolateral stimulations and with variation of tone of sound stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:920303", "title": "Intracranial pulse pressure dynamics in patients with intracranial hypertension.", "content": "The pulsative inflow of blood to the brain causes fluctuations in the cerebral blood volume, and this is considered to be the main cause of the pulsations of the intracranial pressure (ICP). This statement allows discrimination between two different factors that influence the pulse amplitude of the ICP: 1. The pulsatile pattern of the cerebral arterial blood flow. 2. The slope of the intracranial pressure-volume curve. In order to clarify the relative contributions of the two factors we have developed a simulation model of the intracranial pressure-volume curve and the cerebral blood flow. Measurements from clinical practice and data from other authors can be interpreted with reference to this model. The increase in the pulse amplitude due to a moderate increase in the ICP is mainly explained by the decrease of the intracranial compliance. However, it is recognized that, when the ICP approaches the arterial blood pressure, the ICP amplitude increases disproportionally with increasing ICP. In this situation the transmural pressure of the cerebral arteries approaches zero, and the compliance relevant to the arterial flow system is no longer that of the vessel wall but the compliance of the craniospinal compartment.", "contents": "Intracranial pulse pressure dynamics in patients with intracranial hypertension. The pulsative inflow of blood to the brain causes fluctuations in the cerebral blood volume, and this is considered to be the main cause of the pulsations of the intracranial pressure (ICP). This statement allows discrimination between two different factors that influence the pulse amplitude of the ICP: 1. The pulsatile pattern of the cerebral arterial blood flow. 2. The slope of the intracranial pressure-volume curve. In order to clarify the relative contributions of the two factors we have developed a simulation model of the intracranial pressure-volume curve and the cerebral blood flow. Measurements from clinical practice and data from other authors can be interpreted with reference to this model. The increase in the pulse amplitude due to a moderate increase in the ICP is mainly explained by the decrease of the intracranial compliance. However, it is recognized that, when the ICP approaches the arterial blood pressure, the ICP amplitude increases disproportionally with increasing ICP. In this situation the transmural pressure of the cerebral arteries approaches zero, and the compliance relevant to the arterial flow system is no longer that of the vessel wall but the compliance of the craniospinal compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:920304", "title": "[Reticular activity and intracranial pressure. Acute and chronic intracranial hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Modifications of mesencephalic and bulbar reticular formation activity were studied with microelectrodes during acute and chronic intracranial hypertension. In both cases, the mesencephalic reticular activity increased progressively until a pressure level of 70 to 90 cm of CSF was reached and then fell irreversibly to less than the base value. The bulbar reticular activity followed the same pattern but more slowly. Different hypotheses are advanced to explain these modifications and their meanings.", "contents": "[Reticular activity and intracranial pressure. Acute and chronic intracranial hypertension (author's transl)]. Modifications of mesencephalic and bulbar reticular formation activity were studied with microelectrodes during acute and chronic intracranial hypertension. In both cases, the mesencephalic reticular activity increased progressively until a pressure level of 70 to 90 cm of CSF was reached and then fell irreversibly to less than the base value. The bulbar reticular activity followed the same pattern but more slowly. Different hypotheses are advanced to explain these modifications and their meanings."}
{"id": "PMID:920305", "title": "The prognostic and therapeutic importance of changes in the CSF during the acute stage of brain injury.", "content": "This research deals with the gaseous and biochemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid and their effects on the cerebral blood flow and metabolic rates in the acute stage of brain injury. The results have shown that the lactacidosis in the CSF is of importance for prognosis and therapy, because of its central position in the course of pathophysiological mechanisms after a traumatic brain injury. Thus the lactate concentration in the CSF does give early information about the further clinical course. CSF acidosis itself can be influenced in a favourable way by intrathecal therapy with sodium bicarbonate.", "contents": "The prognostic and therapeutic importance of changes in the CSF during the acute stage of brain injury. This research deals with the gaseous and biochemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid and their effects on the cerebral blood flow and metabolic rates in the acute stage of brain injury. The results have shown that the lactacidosis in the CSF is of importance for prognosis and therapy, because of its central position in the course of pathophysiological mechanisms after a traumatic brain injury. Thus the lactate concentration in the CSF does give early information about the further clinical course. CSF acidosis itself can be influenced in a favourable way by intrathecal therapy with sodium bicarbonate."}
{"id": "PMID:920306", "title": "[Intracranial volume fluctuations. The importance of exact CSF-measurements in CSF-drainages (author's transl)].", "content": "The significance of simultaneous I.C.P. measurements together with exact C.S.F. volume measurements through the same ventricular catheter is emphasized. A new method using an electronic device is introduced. Volume fluctuations are shown as correlations of plateau waves. The fluctuating amount of C.S.F. (the probable equivalent of a plateau wave) ranges between 16 and 32 ml. Only with disturbed autoregulation is there a close correlation between the S.A.P. and the I.C.V. (intracranial volume) change. Simultaneous I.C.P. measurements up to a maximum pressure, determined by the level of the drainage system and corresponding to the primary brain dysfunction, together with electronic measurement of the drained C.S.F., seem to be ideal for the patient and for scientific purposes.", "contents": "[Intracranial volume fluctuations. The importance of exact CSF-measurements in CSF-drainages (author's transl)]. The significance of simultaneous I.C.P. measurements together with exact C.S.F. volume measurements through the same ventricular catheter is emphasized. A new method using an electronic device is introduced. Volume fluctuations are shown as correlations of plateau waves. The fluctuating amount of C.S.F. (the probable equivalent of a plateau wave) ranges between 16 and 32 ml. Only with disturbed autoregulation is there a close correlation between the S.A.P. and the I.C.V. (intracranial volume) change. Simultaneous I.C.P. measurements up to a maximum pressure, determined by the level of the drainage system and corresponding to the primary brain dysfunction, together with electronic measurement of the drained C.S.F., seem to be ideal for the patient and for scientific purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:920307", "title": "Extradural transducer for monitoring intracranial pressure.", "content": "In this paper we describe an epidural pressure-transducer which has been tested in over 200 patients. No complications were observed. The transducer has a very low drift and has virtually no temperature sensitivity.", "contents": "Extradural transducer for monitoring intracranial pressure. In this paper we describe an epidural pressure-transducer which has been tested in over 200 patients. No complications were observed. The transducer has a very low drift and has virtually no temperature sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:920308", "title": "Immediate visual deterioration after attempts at radical excision of pituitary adenomas.", "content": "Thirty cases of pituitary tumour have been operated on in the last five years by a transfrontal approach, using microsurgical technique. Three cases of postoperative blindness are described, with an analysis of possible contributory factors and causative mechanisms, prognosis, and measures to lessen the risk of this complication. The possibility of an impairment in the chiasma blood supply is discussed. Although the use of the microscope makes the removal of the so-called capsule an easier surgical task, it is recommended that this structure should be left undisturbed.", "contents": "Immediate visual deterioration after attempts at radical excision of pituitary adenomas. Thirty cases of pituitary tumour have been operated on in the last five years by a transfrontal approach, using microsurgical technique. Three cases of postoperative blindness are described, with an analysis of possible contributory factors and causative mechanisms, prognosis, and measures to lessen the risk of this complication. The possibility of an impairment in the chiasma blood supply is discussed. Although the use of the microscope makes the removal of the so-called capsule an easier surgical task, it is recommended that this structure should be left undisturbed."}
{"id": "PMID:920309", "title": "Giant cell tumours of the sellar region.", "content": "Six personal cases of giant cell tumours of the sellar region, as well as 19 cases collected from the literature are reported. Clinical findings are described, and the factors affecting the post-operative course are discussed. Radical excision of the growth and recurrence-free course were exceptional. As a general rule, biopsy and partial excision were performed. Progression of signs and symptoms was frequent in the follow-up.", "contents": "Giant cell tumours of the sellar region. Six personal cases of giant cell tumours of the sellar region, as well as 19 cases collected from the literature are reported. Clinical findings are described, and the factors affecting the post-operative course are discussed. Radical excision of the growth and recurrence-free course were exceptional. As a general rule, biopsy and partial excision were performed. Progression of signs and symptoms was frequent in the follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:920310", "title": "Possible aetiopathogenetic correlation between primary empty sella and arachnoid cyst.", "content": "Three cases of surgically treated non-neoplastic diseases of the sella (two arachnoid cysts and one empty sella) are reported. All three patients had visual deficits but no gross endocrine disturbances. The study of these three clinical cases and an analysis of the relevant literature suggest a possible unitary hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of sellar arachnoid cysts and empty sella.", "contents": "Possible aetiopathogenetic correlation between primary empty sella and arachnoid cyst. Three cases of surgically treated non-neoplastic diseases of the sella (two arachnoid cysts and one empty sella) are reported. All three patients had visual deficits but no gross endocrine disturbances. The study of these three clinical cases and an analysis of the relevant literature suggest a possible unitary hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of sellar arachnoid cysts and empty sella."}
{"id": "PMID:920311", "title": "An unusual case of chromophobe adenoma with conspicuous calcifications.", "content": "Abnormal calcification on skull films in the region of the sella turcica is not commonly found with chromophobe adenoma. A patient with such calcification in a verified chromophobe adenoma is presented. From the literature the incidence of calcification in these tumours is reviewed. The importance of considering a chromophobe adenoma in the differential diagnosis of parasellar calcification from the surgical point of view is mentioned.", "contents": "An unusual case of chromophobe adenoma with conspicuous calcifications. Abnormal calcification on skull films in the region of the sella turcica is not commonly found with chromophobe adenoma. A patient with such calcification in a verified chromophobe adenoma is presented. From the literature the incidence of calcification in these tumours is reviewed. The importance of considering a chromophobe adenoma in the differential diagnosis of parasellar calcification from the surgical point of view is mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:920312", "title": "[Intrasellar epidermoid cyst (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a case of epidermoid cyst in an unusual (intrasellar) situation and with untypical symptomatology (endocrine disorder without ophthalmological manifestations). The treatment was essentially surgical, and the patient's progress has been satisfactory.", "contents": "[Intrasellar epidermoid cyst (author's transl)]. The authors present a case of epidermoid cyst in an unusual (intrasellar) situation and with untypical symptomatology (endocrine disorder without ophthalmological manifestations). The treatment was essentially surgical, and the patient's progress has been satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:920313", "title": "Ectopic pinealoma. Report of a case and remarks on the treatment.", "content": "A case of ectopic pinealoma is reported. It presented with the clinical triad of visual disturbances of the chiasmatic type, diabetes insipidus, hypothalamic-hypophyseal impairment, and with enlargement of the sella turcica on roentgenographic examination. The patient is alive and well eight years after incomplete removal followed by radiation treatment. It is felt that this is the correct treatment for such lesions, rather than radiation treatment alone as apparently favoured in other reports. The diagnostic and therapeutic points supporting such an opinion are discussed.", "contents": "Ectopic pinealoma. Report of a case and remarks on the treatment. A case of ectopic pinealoma is reported. It presented with the clinical triad of visual disturbances of the chiasmatic type, diabetes insipidus, hypothalamic-hypophyseal impairment, and with enlargement of the sella turcica on roentgenographic examination. The patient is alive and well eight years after incomplete removal followed by radiation treatment. It is felt that this is the correct treatment for such lesions, rather than radiation treatment alone as apparently favoured in other reports. The diagnostic and therapeutic points supporting such an opinion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920314", "title": "Infra-optic course of anterior cerebral artery and low bifurcation of the internal carotid artery.", "content": "A description is given of a patient with bilateral visual field disturbances in whom chiasma exploration revealed an infra-optic anterior cerebral artery on the right. A short survey of analogous anomalies in the literature is presented.", "contents": "Infra-optic course of anterior cerebral artery and low bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. A description is given of a patient with bilateral visual field disturbances in whom chiasma exploration revealed an infra-optic anterior cerebral artery on the right. A short survey of analogous anomalies in the literature is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:920348", "title": "Use of esterified retinol to trace the degradation of chylomicrons in cholesterol-fed rabbits.", "content": "Moderately hypercholesterolemic rabbits hydrolyzed chylomicron TG at the same rate as normal animals, but were found to accumulate partially degraded intestinal lipoproteins of Sf 100-400 and Sf 20-100. These results support the hypothesis that the hypercholesterolemia induced by cholesterol feeding results at least in part from an inability to clear chylomicron remnants in proportion to the rate of their formation.", "contents": "Use of esterified retinol to trace the degradation of chylomicrons in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Moderately hypercholesterolemic rabbits hydrolyzed chylomicron TG at the same rate as normal animals, but were found to accumulate partially degraded intestinal lipoproteins of Sf 100-400 and Sf 20-100. These results support the hypothesis that the hypercholesterolemia induced by cholesterol feeding results at least in part from an inability to clear chylomicron remnants in proportion to the rate of their formation."}
{"id": "PMID:920387", "title": "The surgical repair of acute ventricular septal defect as a complication of myocardial infarction.", "content": "We advocate a classification of high and low ventricular septal defects following myocardial infarction. The natural history of the disease and the reasonable surgical results support an aggressive surgical approach in both types of septal perforation.", "contents": "The surgical repair of acute ventricular septal defect as a complication of myocardial infarction. We advocate a classification of high and low ventricular septal defects following myocardial infarction. The natural history of the disease and the reasonable surgical results support an aggressive surgical approach in both types of septal perforation."}
{"id": "PMID:920398", "title": "Mechanical assist in the treatment of impending or established myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock.", "content": "In summary IABP is now a simple, well established technique which effectively supports patients undergoing acute myocardial ischaemia, to prepare them for coronary angiography and possible, subsequent surgery. Post-operative mechanical assist is also very satisfactory with IABP., but the membrane lung with its many advantages may prove to be much effective.", "contents": "Mechanical assist in the treatment of impending or established myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. In summary IABP is now a simple, well established technique which effectively supports patients undergoing acute myocardial ischaemia, to prepare them for coronary angiography and possible, subsequent surgery. Post-operative mechanical assist is also very satisfactory with IABP., but the membrane lung with its many advantages may prove to be much effective."}
{"id": "PMID:920402", "title": "Studies of regression/progression of atherosclerosis in man.", "content": "1. Visual inspection and computer measurement of angiograms are highly correlated with direct examination of atherosclerosis in a specified vessel segment. 2. Computer assessment of an angiogram is highly correlated with cholesterol content of atherosclerosis in a specified vessel segment. 3. Serial change in human atherosclerosis can be measured by angiography. 4. Approximately 50% of men with premature atherosclerosis manifest by myocardial infarction between ages 40 and 49 will show progression in femoral atherosclerosis in one year. An equal number will have lesions which are apparently stable or show regression. 5. Small scale clinical trials employing atheroma regression/progression assessment by angiography are feasible.", "contents": "Studies of regression/progression of atherosclerosis in man. 1. Visual inspection and computer measurement of angiograms are highly correlated with direct examination of atherosclerosis in a specified vessel segment. 2. Computer assessment of an angiogram is highly correlated with cholesterol content of atherosclerosis in a specified vessel segment. 3. Serial change in human atherosclerosis can be measured by angiography. 4. Approximately 50% of men with premature atherosclerosis manifest by myocardial infarction between ages 40 and 49 will show progression in femoral atherosclerosis in one year. An equal number will have lesions which are apparently stable or show regression. 5. Small scale clinical trials employing atheroma regression/progression assessment by angiography are feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:920433", "title": "The mode of calcification in atherosclerotic lesions.", "content": "In serveral arterial provinces, atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic calcifications are preceded by primary calcifications which develop in a seemingly unchanged arterial wall and often show regular gross patterns. In contrast, secondary calcifications which appear in the atherosclerotic lesions are irregularly distributed along the thickened atherosclerotic intima. At the predilection sites of atherosclerotic lesions, pronounced primary calcifications often precede the fatty streaking representing an independent pathological process. The deformation of the arterial wall resulting from calcific plaques may favor the activation of intimal mesenchyme and contribute to increased accumulation of lipid above and around calcific deposits. The exact nature of structural and biochemical changes which precede and result in primary and secondary arterial calcification still remains obscure.", "contents": "The mode of calcification in atherosclerotic lesions. In serveral arterial provinces, atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic calcifications are preceded by primary calcifications which develop in a seemingly unchanged arterial wall and often show regular gross patterns. In contrast, secondary calcifications which appear in the atherosclerotic lesions are irregularly distributed along the thickened atherosclerotic intima. At the predilection sites of atherosclerotic lesions, pronounced primary calcifications often precede the fatty streaking representing an independent pathological process. The deformation of the arterial wall resulting from calcific plaques may favor the activation of intimal mesenchyme and contribute to increased accumulation of lipid above and around calcific deposits. The exact nature of structural and biochemical changes which precede and result in primary and secondary arterial calcification still remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:920435", "title": "National views: Australia.", "content": "The Austrialian scene in this area would seem to show the same features, and haze, as are found in many other countries. There is general recognition of atherosclerotic problems, of the common risk factors and of the need for prevention. Learned and informed bodies such as The Australian Academy of Science and The National Heart Foundation of Australia have made recommendations along  familiar lines, involving especially dietary changes, as preventive measures. The basis for these recommendations has been a general review of the subject and doses not include anything uniquely Australian. The admission of uncertainty about causes and prevention, awareness of controversy, confusion, ignorance and a natural reluctance to change habits no doubt contribute to popular disregard for the recommendations at the present time.", "contents": "National views: Australia. The Austrialian scene in this area would seem to show the same features, and haze, as are found in many other countries. There is general recognition of atherosclerotic problems, of the common risk factors and of the need for prevention. Learned and informed bodies such as The Australian Academy of Science and The National Heart Foundation of Australia have made recommendations along  familiar lines, involving especially dietary changes, as preventive measures. The basis for these recommendations has been a general review of the subject and doses not include anything uniquely Australian. The admission of uncertainty about causes and prevention, awareness of controversy, confusion, ignorance and a natural reluctance to change habits no doubt contribute to popular disregard for the recommendations at the present time."}
{"id": "PMID:920454", "title": "Specificity of delta 6 desaturase--effect of chain length and number of double bonds.", "content": "Rat liver microsomes contain a delta 6 desaturase that is active not only with the unsaturated acids of 18 carbons: oleic, linoleic and alpha-linolenic but also with similar acids of 20 carbons with the double bonds in delta 9, 12 and delta 12, 15. The rate of the reaction increases with the number of double bonds of the substrate but the acids of 20 carbons are less desaturated than the corresponding homologs of 18 carbons proving that the enzyme recognizes the number and position of double bonds as well as the chain length. The investigation of the inhibitory effect of different poly-unsaturated acids suggests that the acids would not only bind to the enzyme by means of the -CoA but also by other parts of the molecule different of the active center. The geometry of the molecule would be a substantial factor.", "contents": "Specificity of delta 6 desaturase--effect of chain length and number of double bonds. Rat liver microsomes contain a delta 6 desaturase that is active not only with the unsaturated acids of 18 carbons: oleic, linoleic and alpha-linolenic but also with similar acids of 20 carbons with the double bonds in delta 9, 12 and delta 12, 15. The rate of the reaction increases with the number of double bonds of the substrate but the acids of 20 carbons are less desaturated than the corresponding homologs of 18 carbons proving that the enzyme recognizes the number and position of double bonds as well as the chain length. The investigation of the inhibitory effect of different poly-unsaturated acids suggests that the acids would not only bind to the enzyme by means of the -CoA but also by other parts of the molecule different of the active center. The geometry of the molecule would be a substantial factor."}
{"id": "PMID:920487", "title": "Regulation of acetaldehyde metabolism during ethanol oxidation in perfused rat liver.", "content": "Acetaldehyde (AcH) metabolism during ethanol oxidation has been studied in once-through perfused rat livers. The interest was focused upon the interrelations between the hepatic AcH concentration, AcH oxidation rate, ethanol metabolism, cytosolic and mitochondrial redox state, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. Correlational analyses between the possible regulative factors and regulated parameters were made and the following main conclusions drawn. The AcH concentration leaving the liver during the ethanol metabolism was regulated by both the ethanol and AcH oxidation rates, which in turn were regulated by the cytosolic redox state and the ALDH activity, respectively.", "contents": "Regulation of acetaldehyde metabolism during ethanol oxidation in perfused rat liver. Acetaldehyde (AcH) metabolism during ethanol oxidation has been studied in once-through perfused rat livers. The interest was focused upon the interrelations between the hepatic AcH concentration, AcH oxidation rate, ethanol metabolism, cytosolic and mitochondrial redox state, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. Correlational analyses between the possible regulative factors and regulated parameters were made and the following main conclusions drawn. The AcH concentration leaving the liver during the ethanol metabolism was regulated by both the ethanol and AcH oxidation rates, which in turn were regulated by the cytosolic redox state and the ALDH activity, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:920488", "title": "Alcohol metabolism at high alcohol concentrations.", "content": "The incorporation rate of tritium from (R,S)ethanol-1-3H, (R)ethanol-1-3H and (S)ethanol-1-3H in lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate is investigated by means of a GLC method. Preliminary results show no decrease in incorporation of 3H from (R)ethanol during the period of labelling (15 min). These results indicate that either a shift in the isotope effect occurs at high concentrations of ethanol, or the results may indicate that ethanol does not exhibit a substrate inhibitory effect on alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver cells. Furthermore, the fraction of acetaldehyde metabolized in the cytosol is determined.", "contents": "Alcohol metabolism at high alcohol concentrations. The incorporation rate of tritium from (R,S)ethanol-1-3H, (R)ethanol-1-3H and (S)ethanol-1-3H in lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate is investigated by means of a GLC method. Preliminary results show no decrease in incorporation of 3H from (R)ethanol during the period of labelling (15 min). These results indicate that either a shift in the isotope effect occurs at high concentrations of ethanol, or the results may indicate that ethanol does not exhibit a substrate inhibitory effect on alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver cells. Furthermore, the fraction of acetaldehyde metabolized in the cytosol is determined."}
{"id": "PMID:920490", "title": "Ethanol metabolism, oxygen availability and alcohol induced liver damage.", "content": "The rates of ethanol oxidation in various species are linked to the rates of general metabolism, and more specifically that of O2 utilization by the liver. After chronic ethanol administration, increased oxidation of ethanol is accompanied by increased total hepatic O2 utilization, as studied in the whole animal, the perfused liver, and isolated liver slices. The correlation is particularly striking in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. This linkage makes the liver of the chronically ethanol-consuming rat abnormally vulnerable to hypoxic damage. Exposure to 5% oxygen atmosphere for 6 hours produced major elevations of SGOT and SOCT activities and marked centrilobular necrosis, in alcohol-treated animals but not in controls. The same differential susceptibility was found to acute anemia produced by bleeding. The possible relation of these findings to alcoholic liver damage in humans is discussed.", "contents": "Ethanol metabolism, oxygen availability and alcohol induced liver damage. The rates of ethanol oxidation in various species are linked to the rates of general metabolism, and more specifically that of O2 utilization by the liver. After chronic ethanol administration, increased oxidation of ethanol is accompanied by increased total hepatic O2 utilization, as studied in the whole animal, the perfused liver, and isolated liver slices. The correlation is particularly striking in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. This linkage makes the liver of the chronically ethanol-consuming rat abnormally vulnerable to hypoxic damage. Exposure to 5% oxygen atmosphere for 6 hours produced major elevations of SGOT and SOCT activities and marked centrilobular necrosis, in alcohol-treated animals but not in controls. The same differential susceptibility was found to acute anemia produced by bleeding. The possible relation of these findings to alcoholic liver damage in humans is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920491", "title": "Alcohol: its effect on the kidney.", "content": "The effect of ethanol feeding on renal function, gross and microscopic morphology and constituent analysis was determined and compared to similar studies in isocalorically fed animals ingesting the same diet except that dextrimaltose was isocalorically substituted for ethanol. Alcohol-fed animals have significantly reduced renal function (p less than 0.01) and interstitial edema compared to their isocaloric controls. When renal mass and renal constituent analysis were normalized for body weight, alcohol-fed animals were found to have renal hypertrophy characterized by significantly increased absolute amounts of protein (p less than 0.01), fat (p less than 0.01) and water (p less than 0.01). All of these constituents increased in proportion to their percentage of total renal mass in control animals. In contrast, DNA content per kidney was similar for alcohol and isocalorically fed animals.", "contents": "Alcohol: its effect on the kidney. The effect of ethanol feeding on renal function, gross and microscopic morphology and constituent analysis was determined and compared to similar studies in isocalorically fed animals ingesting the same diet except that dextrimaltose was isocalorically substituted for ethanol. Alcohol-fed animals have significantly reduced renal function (p less than 0.01) and interstitial edema compared to their isocaloric controls. When renal mass and renal constituent analysis were normalized for body weight, alcohol-fed animals were found to have renal hypertrophy characterized by significantly increased absolute amounts of protein (p less than 0.01), fat (p less than 0.01) and water (p less than 0.01). All of these constituents increased in proportion to their percentage of total renal mass in control animals. In contrast, DNA content per kidney was similar for alcohol and isocalorically fed animals."}
{"id": "PMID:920492", "title": "The effects of ethanol on dopamine metabolism in rat liver and brain.", "content": "Levels of dopamine metabolites are drastically altered in the presence of ethanol in liver slices, however no change in brain metabolism of dopamine is observed in a conscious animal which has been administered ethanol. Though THP can be formed in the cell during the metabolism of dopamine, increasing DOPAL levels does not cause an increase in THP formation. Thus if this compound is important in the overall alcohol problem more subtle ways of looking at its formation in individual synaptic regions will have to be developed in order to determine if ethanol will alter its level.", "contents": "The effects of ethanol on dopamine metabolism in rat liver and brain. Levels of dopamine metabolites are drastically altered in the presence of ethanol in liver slices, however no change in brain metabolism of dopamine is observed in a conscious animal which has been administered ethanol. Though THP can be formed in the cell during the metabolism of dopamine, increasing DOPAL levels does not cause an increase in THP formation. Thus if this compound is important in the overall alcohol problem more subtle ways of looking at its formation in individual synaptic regions will have to be developed in order to determine if ethanol will alter its level."}
{"id": "PMID:920496", "title": "Slow wave sleep changes: alcohol tolerance and treatment implications.", "content": "Slow wave sleep abnormalities characterize the sleep of alcoholics. In this report, two questions are addressed: (1) Does the slow wave sleep loss in alcohol withdrawal relate to withdrawal treatment? (2) Do the slow wave sleep changes on and off alcohol relate to the clinical course of alcoholism? The first question was addressed by comparing recovery in sleep EEG and clinical measures following two types of alcohol withdrawal treatment. Eighteen subjects were randomly assigned to either a low dose ethanol or chlordiazepoxide treatment for alcohol withdrawal. The results indicate that chlordiazepoxide produces a marked synergism with alcohol withdrawal suppression of slow wave sleep. The second question was addressed by an experimental alcoholization study involving 9 subjects who drank for 5 consecutive days, with 18 ounces of 95 proof ethanol consumed daily. Changes in slow wave sleep from baseline (abstinent) values to those on alcohol showed faster rate of tolerance development for the low slow wave sleep subjects. The rate of tolerance development was significantly related to treatment outcome, with faster tolerance development associated with poorer treatment outcome. In this regard it is noted that the use of chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawl needs to be reviewed for potentially prolonging tolerance \"\"carryover\" and thereby being counterproductive for treatment outcome.", "contents": "Slow wave sleep changes: alcohol tolerance and treatment implications. Slow wave sleep abnormalities characterize the sleep of alcoholics. In this report, two questions are addressed: (1) Does the slow wave sleep loss in alcohol withdrawal relate to withdrawal treatment? (2) Do the slow wave sleep changes on and off alcohol relate to the clinical course of alcoholism? The first question was addressed by comparing recovery in sleep EEG and clinical measures following two types of alcohol withdrawal treatment. Eighteen subjects were randomly assigned to either a low dose ethanol or chlordiazepoxide treatment for alcohol withdrawal. The results indicate that chlordiazepoxide produces a marked synergism with alcohol withdrawal suppression of slow wave sleep. The second question was addressed by an experimental alcoholization study involving 9 subjects who drank for 5 consecutive days, with 18 ounces of 95 proof ethanol consumed daily. Changes in slow wave sleep from baseline (abstinent) values to those on alcohol showed faster rate of tolerance development for the low slow wave sleep subjects. The rate of tolerance development was significantly related to treatment outcome, with faster tolerance development associated with poorer treatment outcome. In this regard it is noted that the use of chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawl needs to be reviewed for potentially prolonging tolerance \"\"carryover\" and thereby being counterproductive for treatment outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:920498", "title": "Synthesis and application of new bifunctional reagents.", "content": "Two new bifunctional reagents suited for the step-wise cross-linking of cysteine and lysine residues in proteins are described. Application to lactate dehydrogenase yields a cross-link between cysteine-165 and lysine-179, which suggests an alternative mechanism by which the \"essential\" cysteine reacts. For the mapping of the environment of a known and well defined amino acid the use of semireversible bifunctional reagents is suggested.", "contents": "Synthesis and application of new bifunctional reagents. Two new bifunctional reagents suited for the step-wise cross-linking of cysteine and lysine residues in proteins are described. Application to lactate dehydrogenase yields a cross-link between cysteine-165 and lysine-179, which suggests an alternative mechanism by which the \"essential\" cysteine reacts. For the mapping of the environment of a known and well defined amino acid the use of semireversible bifunctional reagents is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:920499", "title": "On the introduction of disulfide crosslinks into fibrous proteins and bovine serum albumin.", "content": "Hydroxyl groups in serine side chains of collagen, silk fibroin, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were converted to SH by tosylation. In collagen film, 50% of the serine OH groups could be thiolated at most. In fibroin, only 13% because of its compact beta-pleated sheet structure and low susceptibility to swelling. The SH groups introduced are near enough together to form -S-S- bonds by oxidation. The residual SH content after oxidation was 0.1% in collagen and 0.03 to 0.25% in fibroin. Disulfide crosslinking increased the shrinkage temperature of collagen and fibroin and decreased the amount of shrinkage. BSA was crosslinked to dimers (MBSA) according to gel permeation chromatography and sedimentation analysis by the analytical centrifuge. Because these crosslinked proteins can be metabolized by the usual processes, in contrast to those crosslinked by artificial, nonphysiological bridges, they may be used for biological or medical purposes.", "contents": "On the introduction of disulfide crosslinks into fibrous proteins and bovine serum albumin. Hydroxyl groups in serine side chains of collagen, silk fibroin, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were converted to SH by tosylation. In collagen film, 50% of the serine OH groups could be thiolated at most. In fibroin, only 13% because of its compact beta-pleated sheet structure and low susceptibility to swelling. The SH groups introduced are near enough together to form -S-S- bonds by oxidation. The residual SH content after oxidation was 0.1% in collagen and 0.03 to 0.25% in fibroin. Disulfide crosslinking increased the shrinkage temperature of collagen and fibroin and decreased the amount of shrinkage. BSA was crosslinked to dimers (MBSA) according to gel permeation chromatography and sedimentation analysis by the analytical centrifuge. Because these crosslinked proteins can be metabolized by the usual processes, in contrast to those crosslinked by artificial, nonphysiological bridges, they may be used for biological or medical purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:920500", "title": "Thiolation and disulphide cross-linking of insulin to form macromolecules of potential therapeutic value.", "content": "Macromolecules have been prepared containing native insulin carried by a modified insulin skeleton made by partially thiolating the insulin hexamer and forming intermolecular cross-links through disulphide bridges. Oxidation of partially thiolated insulin (0.5-0.7 SH group/mole), formed by reacting insulin with AHTL, with, (a) potassium ferricyanide, (b) Cu++-oxygen gave water soluble macromolecules containing 20-26 and 410-708 monomer units respectively which had rod-random coil shape (light scattering). The larger molecules formed by (b) contained 8g-atom CU++/hexamer unit and insulin. The insulin was firmly bound within the marcomolecules and was probably bound within an insulin-modified insulin hexamer through coordination to copper.", "contents": "Thiolation and disulphide cross-linking of insulin to form macromolecules of potential therapeutic value. Macromolecules have been prepared containing native insulin carried by a modified insulin skeleton made by partially thiolating the insulin hexamer and forming intermolecular cross-links through disulphide bridges. Oxidation of partially thiolated insulin (0.5-0.7 SH group/mole), formed by reacting insulin with AHTL, with, (a) potassium ferricyanide, (b) Cu++-oxygen gave water soluble macromolecules containing 20-26 and 410-708 monomer units respectively which had rod-random coil shape (light scattering). The larger molecules formed by (b) contained 8g-atom CU++/hexamer unit and insulin. The insulin was firmly bound within the marcomolecules and was probably bound within an insulin-modified insulin hexamer through coordination to copper."}
{"id": "PMID:920501", "title": "The enzymic derivation of citrulline residues from arginine residues in situ during the biosynthesis of hair proteins that are cross-linked by isopeptide bonds.", "content": "An enzymic activity present in hair follicles is described that can convert arginine residues to citrulline residues in proteins in situ. The Ca2+ dependent enzyme activity has been detected in hair follicle extracts but not in similar extracts of serum, liver or brain. The enzyme appears to act on proteins other than hair proteins and the citrulline produced can be quantitated in acid hydrolysates by a colorimetric procedure. The formation of citrulline has been confirmed by amino acid analysis and does not  appear to be related to the formation of isopeptide linkages which is catalysed by the transamidase present in hair follicles.", "contents": "The enzymic derivation of citrulline residues from arginine residues in situ during the biosynthesis of hair proteins that are cross-linked by isopeptide bonds. An enzymic activity present in hair follicles is described that can convert arginine residues to citrulline residues in proteins in situ. The Ca2+ dependent enzyme activity has been detected in hair follicle extracts but not in similar extracts of serum, liver or brain. The enzyme appears to act on proteins other than hair proteins and the citrulline produced can be quantitated in acid hydrolysates by a colorimetric procedure. The formation of citrulline has been confirmed by amino acid analysis and does not  appear to be related to the formation of isopeptide linkages which is catalysed by the transamidase present in hair follicles."}
{"id": "PMID:920502", "title": "Thermodynamics of cross links.", "content": "Comparison of the melting temperatures of native lysozyme and a cross-linked ester derivative of lysozyme (Imoto and Rupley, 1973) yielded a value of 5.5 kcal/mole for the free energy of stabilization developed through forming the cross link and a value of zero for the corresponding enthalpy. There is close agreement between experiment and calculation from the statistical theory of polymers.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of cross links. Comparison of the melting temperatures of native lysozyme and a cross-linked ester derivative of lysozyme (Imoto and Rupley, 1973) yielded a value of 5.5 kcal/mole for the free energy of stabilization developed through forming the cross link and a value of zero for the corresponding enthalpy. There is close agreement between experiment and calculation from the statistical theory of polymers."}
{"id": "PMID:920503", "title": "Physical and chemical consequences of keratin crosslinking, with application to the determination of crosslink density.", "content": "The high levels of covalent disulfide crosslinking in keratins strongly affect (1) structural stability, (2) viscoelasticity, and (3) chemical reactivity. This paper briefly reviews recent work on these subjects, with critical emphasis on methods by which chemical and physical properties can be related to inter-and intra-molecular crosslink density in heterogeneous systems like keratins. Detailed attention is drawn to effects of crosslinking on the hydrolysis of keratin by acids or enzymes. Within the limits of reasonable assumptions, it is possible to account quantitatively for crosslink dependent variations in the hydrolysis rate of different keratins, and also to derive a formula for calculating the absolute intermolecular crosslink density from the amount of keratin dissolved after partial hydrolysis and the number of chain ends appearing in the soluble fraction.", "contents": "Physical and chemical consequences of keratin crosslinking, with application to the determination of crosslink density. The high levels of covalent disulfide crosslinking in keratins strongly affect (1) structural stability, (2) viscoelasticity, and (3) chemical reactivity. This paper briefly reviews recent work on these subjects, with critical emphasis on methods by which chemical and physical properties can be related to inter-and intra-molecular crosslink density in heterogeneous systems like keratins. Detailed attention is drawn to effects of crosslinking on the hydrolysis of keratin by acids or enzymes. Within the limits of reasonable assumptions, it is possible to account quantitatively for crosslink dependent variations in the hydrolysis rate of different keratins, and also to derive a formula for calculating the absolute intermolecular crosslink density from the amount of keratin dissolved after partial hydrolysis and the number of chain ends appearing in the soluble fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:920504", "title": "Disulfide crosslinks and the specificity of protein turnover in plants.", "content": "Studies of the protein metabolism of detached tomato leaves, hormonally induced to accumulate proteinase inhibitors, have indicated that the state of oxidation of protein-bound half-cystine residues may be a principal parameter affecting in vivo and in vitro stability of leaf proteins. Induced leaves exhibited a general specificity of intracellular protein degradation directed towards the preferential hydrolysis of proteins having free-sulfhydryl residues. Proteins having disulfide cross-linkages, including the proteinase inhibitors, were markedly stable to in vivo degradation, and as a result, accumulated. These results provide a precedence for a cellular protein selection process, resulting from a directed specificity of intracellular protein degradation, which is focused on a particular protein structural parameter.", "contents": "Disulfide crosslinks and the specificity of protein turnover in plants. Studies of the protein metabolism of detached tomato leaves, hormonally induced to accumulate proteinase inhibitors, have indicated that the state of oxidation of protein-bound half-cystine residues may be a principal parameter affecting in vivo and in vitro stability of leaf proteins. Induced leaves exhibited a general specificity of intracellular protein degradation directed towards the preferential hydrolysis of proteins having free-sulfhydryl residues. Proteins having disulfide cross-linkages, including the proteinase inhibitors, were markedly stable to in vivo degradation, and as a result, accumulated. These results provide a precedence for a cellular protein selection process, resulting from a directed specificity of intracellular protein degradation, which is focused on a particular protein structural parameter."}
{"id": "PMID:920505", "title": "An x-ray diffraction study of thermally-induced structural changes in alpha-keratin.", "content": "A series of events takes place as wool is heated under vacuum from room temperature to 250 degrees C: Loosely and strongly bound water molecules are removed at temperature at and below 150 degrees C; a glass transition of the amorphous keratin occurs at 160-175 degrees C; helices melt at 215 and 235 degrees C. The structural changes take place between the glass transition and the helix melting temperature  are observed as reflected in the low-angle X-ray diffraction patterns: The 39 A meridional reflection is intensified; a 4-point diagram at azimuthal angle of 45 degree with spacing around 46 A appears; the intensity of the 33 A meridional reflection decreases, and the 66 A meridional reflection is the most heat-resistant.", "contents": "An x-ray diffraction study of thermally-induced structural changes in alpha-keratin. A series of events takes place as wool is heated under vacuum from room temperature to 250 degrees C: Loosely and strongly bound water molecules are removed at temperature at and below 150 degrees C; a glass transition of the amorphous keratin occurs at 160-175 degrees C; helices melt at 215 and 235 degrees C. The structural changes take place between the glass transition and the helix melting temperature  are observed as reflected in the low-angle X-ray diffraction patterns: The 39 A meridional reflection is intensified; a 4-point diagram at azimuthal angle of 45 degree with spacing around 46 A appears; the intensity of the 33 A meridional reflection decreases, and the 66 A meridional reflection is the most heat-resistant."}
{"id": "PMID:920509", "title": "Cross linking in the radiolysis of some enzymes and related proteins.", "content": "In non-covalently bound complexes of serveral serine proteases and of ribounclease with DNA the enzymes were protected against the effects of ionizing radiation. No scavenging by the nucleic acids was observed. Similarly, complexing trypsin with silica protected the enzyme from radiolytic destruction. Irradiation of solutions of serine proteases required about twice the D37 dose to produce about 10% polymerization: significantly lower relative doses were effective in causing polymerization in both lima bean protease inhibitor and in the octapeptidal hormone oxytocin. Several sulfhydryl enzymes which have been examined were very efficiently inactivated by ionizing radiation. There was, at the same time, apparent formation of novel intra-molecular -S-S- bonds.", "contents": "Cross linking in the radiolysis of some enzymes and related proteins. In non-covalently bound complexes of serveral serine proteases and of ribounclease with DNA the enzymes were protected against the effects of ionizing radiation. No scavenging by the nucleic acids was observed. Similarly, complexing trypsin with silica protected the enzyme from radiolytic destruction. Irradiation of solutions of serine proteases required about twice the D37 dose to produce about 10% polymerization: significantly lower relative doses were effective in causing polymerization in both lima bean protease inhibitor and in the octapeptidal hormone oxytocin. Several sulfhydryl enzymes which have been examined were very efficiently inactivated by ionizing radiation. There was, at the same time, apparent formation of novel intra-molecular -S-S- bonds."}
{"id": "PMID:920510", "title": "Crosslinking of nucleic acids and proteins by bisulfite.", "content": "Sodium bisulfite is a food and beverage additive. It is also a salt of the urban air pollutant, sulfur dioxide. Bisulfite catalyzes, at neutral pH and physiological temperatures, the transamination reactions of cytosine derivatives with amines. The products of the reactions are N4-substituted cytosines. Both the alpha and epsilon-amino groups of L-lysine react with cytosine, and its nucleosides, in the presence of bisulfite. Bisulfite catalyzes the binding of cytosine to polylysine, lysine to polycytidylic acid, and polysine to polycytidylic acid. Polylysine crosslinks with heat-denatured, but not native, calf thymus DNA, in the presence of bisulfite. Other workers have demonstrated crosslinking of viral RNA with maturation and coat protein, after treatment of bacteriophage MS2 with bisulfite. Nucleic acid-protein crosslinking reactions may contribute to the adverse effects of sulfur dioxide and bisulfite upon health.", "contents": "Crosslinking of nucleic acids and proteins by bisulfite. Sodium bisulfite is a food and beverage additive. It is also a salt of the urban air pollutant, sulfur dioxide. Bisulfite catalyzes, at neutral pH and physiological temperatures, the transamination reactions of cytosine derivatives with amines. The products of the reactions are N4-substituted cytosines. Both the alpha and epsilon-amino groups of L-lysine react with cytosine, and its nucleosides, in the presence of bisulfite. Bisulfite catalyzes the binding of cytosine to polylysine, lysine to polycytidylic acid, and polysine to polycytidylic acid. Polylysine crosslinks with heat-denatured, but not native, calf thymus DNA, in the presence of bisulfite. Other workers have demonstrated crosslinking of viral RNA with maturation and coat protein, after treatment of bacteriophage MS2 with bisulfite. Nucleic acid-protein crosslinking reactions may contribute to the adverse effects of sulfur dioxide and bisulfite upon health."}
{"id": "PMID:920511", "title": "Mass spectra of cysteine derivates.", "content": "The mass spectra of a series of cysteine derivatives of structure X-CH2CH2SCH2CH(NH2)COOH were examined to assess the influence of the electron-withdrawing functional group X on the mass spectral fragmentation patterns. Measurable molecular ions were present in most of the spectra although in some cases such peaks had relative abundances below a few per cent. More useful information on the nature of the substituent could be obtained from the M - 74 peak corresponding to cleavage C2H4O2N at the sulfur atom. The results show that mass spectroscopy is valuable for identifying the S-alkyl side chain in S-alkyl cysteine derivatives, a process frequently required in studies on chemical modification of sulfhydryl groups andin determining disulfide bonds in proteins. The observed fragmentation patterns are discussed in terms of localization of positive charges of ionic species on either sulful, nitrogen, or heterocyclic rings and in terms of substituent effects on available decomposition pathways.", "contents": "Mass spectra of cysteine derivates. The mass spectra of a series of cysteine derivatives of structure X-CH2CH2SCH2CH(NH2)COOH were examined to assess the influence of the electron-withdrawing functional group X on the mass spectral fragmentation patterns. Measurable molecular ions were present in most of the spectra although in some cases such peaks had relative abundances below a few per cent. More useful information on the nature of the substituent could be obtained from the M - 74 peak corresponding to cleavage C2H4O2N at the sulfur atom. The results show that mass spectroscopy is valuable for identifying the S-alkyl side chain in S-alkyl cysteine derivatives, a process frequently required in studies on chemical modification of sulfhydryl groups andin determining disulfide bonds in proteins. The observed fragmentation patterns are discussed in terms of localization of positive charges of ionic species on either sulful, nitrogen, or heterocyclic rings and in terms of substituent effects on available decomposition pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:920512", "title": "A nuclear magnetic double resonance study of N-beta-bis-(beta'-chloroethyl) phosphonylethyl-DL-phenylalanine.", "content": "Studies were carried out on the effect of decoupling, deuterium labeling, concentration, temperature, and solvent media on the NMR parameters of the vinyl phosphonate adduct of phenylalanine, C6H5CH2CH(COO-)NH2+CH2CH2PO(OCH2CH2C1)2. The results permit assignments of chemical shifts and coupling constants to the various protons of this molecule which contains unique structural features. The NH2+-CH2-protons are deshielded by more than 1 ppm than the CH2-PO-protons. The -OCH2-protons are nonequivalent exhibiting a fine split. Possible sources of the fine split include NH...O=P hydrogen bonding. The deuterium-labeling method should be applicable for synthesizing deuterium-and tritium-labeled crosslinked amino acids such as lysinoalanine and lanthionine and demonstrating analgous dehydroalanine-alpha-amino group-crosslinking.", "contents": "A nuclear magnetic double resonance study of N-beta-bis-(beta'-chloroethyl) phosphonylethyl-DL-phenylalanine. Studies were carried out on the effect of decoupling, deuterium labeling, concentration, temperature, and solvent media on the NMR parameters of the vinyl phosphonate adduct of phenylalanine, C6H5CH2CH(COO-)NH2+CH2CH2PO(OCH2CH2C1)2. The results permit assignments of chemical shifts and coupling constants to the various protons of this molecule which contains unique structural features. The NH2+-CH2-protons are deshielded by more than 1 ppm than the CH2-PO-protons. The -OCH2-protons are nonequivalent exhibiting a fine split. Possible sources of the fine split include NH...O=P hydrogen bonding. The deuterium-labeling method should be applicable for synthesizing deuterium-and tritium-labeled crosslinked amino acids such as lysinoalanine and lanthionine and demonstrating analgous dehydroalanine-alpha-amino group-crosslinking."}
{"id": "PMID:920519", "title": "Role of tumor antigen in vaccine protection in Marek's disease.", "content": "Chickens vaccinated with HVT developed lymphoproliferative lesions and a cell-mediated immune response to MATSA. These observations are considered in view of the overall mechanism of vaccine protection in MD. A mechanism of vaccine action is proposed that suggests that MATSA immunity in vaccinated chickens may play an important role in protection.", "contents": "Role of tumor antigen in vaccine protection in Marek's disease. Chickens vaccinated with HVT developed lymphoproliferative lesions and a cell-mediated immune response to MATSA. These observations are considered in view of the overall mechanism of vaccine protection in MD. A mechanism of vaccine action is proposed that suggests that MATSA immunity in vaccinated chickens may play an important role in protection."}
{"id": "PMID:920528", "title": "[Morphometric Investigations of Regularly Descended Testicles of Children (author's transl)].", "content": "On 89 regularly descended, autoptically obtained testicles, the following morphometric investigations were performed: Calculations  of the volums, the mean diameter of the tubuli seminiferi, the total lenght of the tubuli, the mean content of spermatogonia per cross section of one tubulus seminiferus, and the total number of spermatogonia. The testicles evaluated have been obtained from children at the age of one day to fourteen years. The calculation of normal values of quantitatively assessed testicle structures are of fundamental importance for the estimation of the morphological significance of congenitally dystopic testicles.", "contents": "[Morphometric Investigations of Regularly Descended Testicles of Children (author's transl)]. On 89 regularly descended, autoptically obtained testicles, the following morphometric investigations were performed: Calculations  of the volums, the mean diameter of the tubuli seminiferi, the total lenght of the tubuli, the mean content of spermatogonia per cross section of one tubulus seminiferus, and the total number of spermatogonia. The testicles evaluated have been obtained from children at the age of one day to fourteen years. The calculation of normal values of quantitatively assessed testicle structures are of fundamental importance for the estimation of the morphological significance of congenitally dystopic testicles."}
{"id": "PMID:920530", "title": "[Results of mass-longitudinal screening in G\u00f6rlitz. 1. Morbidity of important infectious diseases].", "content": "The Authors inform about the degree of infection in children, which are born in G\u00f6rlitz in 1957 to 1959. This study aimed at finding out, which infections still called \"Classical children's diseases\" should be particularly considered in childhood at present. The possibilitiy of vaccination against mumps and rubeolae in the GDR is discussed.", "contents": "[Results of mass-longitudinal screening in G\u00f6rlitz. 1. Morbidity of important infectious diseases]. The Authors inform about the degree of infection in children, which are born in G\u00f6rlitz in 1957 to 1959. This study aimed at finding out, which infections still called \"Classical children's diseases\" should be particularly considered in childhood at present. The possibilitiy of vaccination against mumps and rubeolae in the GDR is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920531", "title": "[On psycho-diagnostic of practical technical ability in juveniles (author's transl)].", "content": "230 juveniles were examined by means of the  box of constructional blocks-in conformity with Huth -, and the results were analysed statistically in regard of sex, age, school year, and school certificates. Concerning  working speed and the marks for technical conception, there is a significant  difference between girls and boys. On an average, boys achieved better results than girls. These results of the performance variables have mainly been influenced by the school year that the juvenile attended at the date of these tests. Irrespectively of their sex, applicants for vocational training who had attended 10 forms achieved significantly better results than pupils of the 9th form. The test is useful for examinations concerning the aptitude-diagnostic.", "contents": "[On psycho-diagnostic of practical technical ability in juveniles (author's transl)]. 230 juveniles were examined by means of the  box of constructional blocks-in conformity with Huth -, and the results were analysed statistically in regard of sex, age, school year, and school certificates. Concerning  working speed and the marks for technical conception, there is a significant  difference between girls and boys. On an average, boys achieved better results than girls. These results of the performance variables have mainly been influenced by the school year that the juvenile attended at the date of these tests. Irrespectively of their sex, applicants for vocational training who had attended 10 forms achieved significantly better results than pupils of the 9th form. The test is useful for examinations concerning the aptitude-diagnostic."}
{"id": "PMID:920554", "title": "[The jimpy mouse].", "content": "Ultrastructural study of the Jimpy mice shows lack of myelin in the central nervous system: low density of glial cells, defect of maturation of oligodendrocytes and deficiency in axonal growth. The lack of myelin is more proeminent in late myelinating structures: corpus callosum and corticospinal fasciculus. Failure in myelin is rather the consequence of an early interruption of myelination as that of demyelination (a destruction of the sheats).", "contents": "[The jimpy mouse]. Ultrastructural study of the Jimpy mice shows lack of myelin in the central nervous system: low density of glial cells, defect of maturation of oligodendrocytes and deficiency in axonal growth. The lack of myelin is more proeminent in late myelinating structures: corpus callosum and corticospinal fasciculus. Failure in myelin is rather the consequence of an early interruption of myelination as that of demyelination (a destruction of the sheats)."}
{"id": "PMID:920566", "title": "Peripheral nerve blocks.", "content": "Infiltration of local anesthetic agents to achieve analgesia for the repair of lacerations or the excision of large lesions requires multiple injections, uses large volumes of local anesthetic solution and frequently produces inadequate pain relief. Peripheral nerve blocks utilize a small number of precisely placed injections to anesthetize relatively large areas of the body. Many of these blocks are safe and easy to perform in an outpatient setting.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve blocks. Infiltration of local anesthetic agents to achieve analgesia for the repair of lacerations or the excision of large lesions requires multiple injections, uses large volumes of local anesthetic solution and frequently produces inadequate pain relief. Peripheral nerve blocks utilize a small number of precisely placed injections to anesthetize relatively large areas of the body. Many of these blocks are safe and easy to perform in an outpatient setting."}
{"id": "PMID:920567", "title": "An update on reactive hypoglycemia.", "content": "Reactive hypoglycemia usually occurs in response to a carbohydrate load, rather than presenting as fasting hypoglycemia. The clinical picture may be that of excess circulating epinephrine or decreased cerebral cortical function. The principal causes are alimentary, \"functional\" (a debatable diagnosis) or early diabetes mellitus. The diagnosis is confirmed by simultaneous serum insulin and blood glucose levels and a five-hour oral glucose tolerance test. Simple management regimens are tailored to each type of hypoglycemia.", "contents": "An update on reactive hypoglycemia. Reactive hypoglycemia usually occurs in response to a carbohydrate load, rather than presenting as fasting hypoglycemia. The clinical picture may be that of excess circulating epinephrine or decreased cerebral cortical function. The principal causes are alimentary, \"functional\" (a debatable diagnosis) or early diabetes mellitus. The diagnosis is confirmed by simultaneous serum insulin and blood glucose levels and a five-hour oral glucose tolerance test. Simple management regimens are tailored to each type of hypoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:920569", "title": "The mental status examination.", "content": "The mental status examination evaluates appearance and behavior, attitude, perception, orientation, judgment, cognition, abstraction and insight. It can be administered quickly and repetitively. This examination provides information to distinguish organic from \"functional\" illnesses and also provides objective data regarding the patient's improving or deteriorating sensorium. It helps substantiate clinical decisions on competance, potential for danger and hospitalization.", "contents": "The mental status examination. The mental status examination evaluates appearance and behavior, attitude, perception, orientation, judgment, cognition, abstraction and insight. It can be administered quickly and repetitively. This examination provides information to distinguish organic from \"functional\" illnesses and also provides objective data regarding the patient's improving or deteriorating sensorium. It helps substantiate clinical decisions on competance, potential for danger and hospitalization."}
{"id": "PMID:920570", "title": "Thermoregulation of the newborn.", "content": "The classic modes of heat loss affecting the newborn are conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. The disproportionate ratio of surface area to body weight (SA/BW) of the premature infant is the basis of inefficient heat conservation, combined with a blunted metabolic response. Hypothermia leads to hypoxemia, acidosis, hypoglycemia, kernicterus and other lethal complications. Mistakes are common. Attention to minute details is required for stabilization of body temperature at the \"neutral temperature zone\" in delivery room, nursery and in transport.", "contents": "Thermoregulation of the newborn. The classic modes of heat loss affecting the newborn are conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. The disproportionate ratio of surface area to body weight (SA/BW) of the premature infant is the basis of inefficient heat conservation, combined with a blunted metabolic response. Hypothermia leads to hypoxemia, acidosis, hypoglycemia, kernicterus and other lethal complications. Mistakes are common. Attention to minute details is required for stabilization of body temperature at the \"neutral temperature zone\" in delivery room, nursery and in transport."}
{"id": "PMID:920571", "title": "Outpatient management of minor burns.", "content": "The overwhelming majority of burns are minor and can be treated on an ambulatory basis if hospitalization is not indicated. Recommended are topical antimicrobial agents in the acute phase and pressure garments after wound healing. Sound principles of burn wound management determine the ultimate outcome of treatment, the degree of function and the cosmetic appearance of the healed wound.", "contents": "Outpatient management of minor burns. The overwhelming majority of burns are minor and can be treated on an ambulatory basis if hospitalization is not indicated. Recommended are topical antimicrobial agents in the acute phase and pressure garments after wound healing. Sound principles of burn wound management determine the ultimate outcome of treatment, the degree of function and the cosmetic appearance of the healed wound."}
{"id": "PMID:920572", "title": "Intrauterine contraception.", "content": "Newer medicated IUDs, such as the copper or progesterone-releasing devices, are more effective, better tolerated and have fewer side effects than nonmedicated IUDs. Major complications are rare if adequate precautions are taken. The IUD is an ideal contraceptive for patients with contraindications to oral contraception and for those who have difficulty remembering to utilize other methods.", "contents": "Intrauterine contraception. Newer medicated IUDs, such as the copper or progesterone-releasing devices, are more effective, better tolerated and have fewer side effects than nonmedicated IUDs. Major complications are rare if adequate precautions are taken. The IUD is an ideal contraceptive for patients with contraindications to oral contraception and for those who have difficulty remembering to utilize other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:920577", "title": "Propranolol in mitral stenosis during sinus rhythm.", "content": "Patients with early symptomatic mitral stenosis usually suffer from pulmonary congestion on the basis of left atrial and pulmonary venous hypertension. They are often in sinus rhythm, and cardiac output is usually well maintained. Symptoms occur most often when heart rate, cardiac output, or both are increased. In this study, intravenous propranolol administered to patients with pure mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm resulted in significant reductions in mitral diastolic gradient (-7.1 mm. Hg +/- 1.6 SED), mean pulmonary wedge pressure (--6.9 mm. Hg +/- 1.2) and mean pulmonary artery pressures (--9.0 mm. Hg +/- 1.2). This was due to simultaneous reduction of heart rate (--13.0 beats/minute +/- 2.6 and cardiac output (--0.5 L./minute +/- 0.2). A small associated reduction of left ventricular systolic pressure (--5.1 mm. Hg +/- 2.6) was not accompanied by adverse clinical effects. A potential role for propranolol in medical management of pure mitral stenosis in the presence of sinus rhythm is suggested.", "contents": "Propranolol in mitral stenosis during sinus rhythm. Patients with early symptomatic mitral stenosis usually suffer from pulmonary congestion on the basis of left atrial and pulmonary venous hypertension. They are often in sinus rhythm, and cardiac output is usually well maintained. Symptoms occur most often when heart rate, cardiac output, or both are increased. In this study, intravenous propranolol administered to patients with pure mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm resulted in significant reductions in mitral diastolic gradient (-7.1 mm. Hg +/- 1.6 SED), mean pulmonary wedge pressure (--6.9 mm. Hg +/- 1.2) and mean pulmonary artery pressures (--9.0 mm. Hg +/- 1.2). This was due to simultaneous reduction of heart rate (--13.0 beats/minute +/- 2.6 and cardiac output (--0.5 L./minute +/- 0.2). A small associated reduction of left ventricular systolic pressure (--5.1 mm. Hg +/- 2.6) was not accompanied by adverse clinical effects. A potential role for propranolol in medical management of pure mitral stenosis in the presence of sinus rhythm is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:920578", "title": "Conal anatomy in aortic atresia, ventricular septal defect, and normally developed left ventricle.", "content": "Although aortic valve atresia is usually associated with severe underdevelopment of the mitral apparatus and left ventricle in rare cases of aortic atresia, the left ventricle may be of normal size, or even enlarged. This occurrence seems related to the presence of a significant ventricular septal defect. We have presented the morphologic findings in seven patients with aortic atresia and normally developed left ventricle, (six necropsied patients, and one studied angiocardiographically). Four autopsied patients had conal type ventricular septal defects, characterized in three by conoventricular malalignment. Subaortic atresia in these patients resulted from leftward deviation of the conal septum. One patient with aortic atresia and well-developed left ventricle had a membranous defect, and one patient had a complete A-V canal. The ventricular septal defect in the patients with conoventricular malalignment are very similar to the conal VSD observed in patients with aortic arch interruptions. Although ultimate survival with these uncommon groupings of anomalies necessitates patency of the ductus arteriosus, clinical recognition rests on (1) awareness of its existence, (2) ultrasonography, and (3) selective biventricular and aortic angiography. It is possible that some of these patients might be candidates for ventriculo-aortic reconstitiution.", "contents": "Conal anatomy in aortic atresia, ventricular septal defect, and normally developed left ventricle. Although aortic valve atresia is usually associated with severe underdevelopment of the mitral apparatus and left ventricle in rare cases of aortic atresia, the left ventricle may be of normal size, or even enlarged. This occurrence seems related to the presence of a significant ventricular septal defect. We have presented the morphologic findings in seven patients with aortic atresia and normally developed left ventricle, (six necropsied patients, and one studied angiocardiographically). Four autopsied patients had conal type ventricular septal defects, characterized in three by conoventricular malalignment. Subaortic atresia in these patients resulted from leftward deviation of the conal septum. One patient with aortic atresia and well-developed left ventricle had a membranous defect, and one patient had a complete A-V canal. The ventricular septal defect in the patients with conoventricular malalignment are very similar to the conal VSD observed in patients with aortic arch interruptions. Although ultimate survival with these uncommon groupings of anomalies necessitates patency of the ductus arteriosus, clinical recognition rests on (1) awareness of its existence, (2) ultrasonography, and (3) selective biventricular and aortic angiography. It is possible that some of these patients might be candidates for ventriculo-aortic reconstitiution."}
{"id": "PMID:920579", "title": "The length of the left main coronary artery: pathological features.", "content": "The mean length of the LCA found by pathological (or angiographic) methods is fairly constant. This exclusively anatomical study shows no significant relationship between the length of the LCA and stenotic atherosclerosis in the LCA or the heart weight or a dominant left circumflex coronary artery or a complete His left bundle-branch block.", "contents": "The length of the left main coronary artery: pathological features. The mean length of the LCA found by pathological (or angiographic) methods is fairly constant. This exclusively anatomical study shows no significant relationship between the length of the LCA and stenotic atherosclerosis in the LCA or the heart weight or a dominant left circumflex coronary artery or a complete His left bundle-branch block."}
{"id": "PMID:920585", "title": "Effect of lidocaine on the atrial fibrillation threshold.", "content": "The effect of lidocaine on the atrial fibrillation threshold (AFT) and the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was studied in anesthetized dogs. In ten animals, injection of lidocaine 2 mg./Kg. intravenously resulted in a markded increase of the ventricular fibrillation threshold (from 11.0 +/- 1.5 to 33.3 +/- 6.2 mA., P less than 0.001). In another group of ten animals, lidocaine did not have consistent effect on the atrial fibrillation threshold. However, a dose of lidocaine of 3 mg./Kg intravenously produced a significant increase in AFT (from 14.0 +/- 0.56 to 41.1 +/- 0.32 mA., P less than 0.001). No changes in AFT or VFT were noted in control experiments. The data suggest that lidocaine possesses an antiarrhythmic effect on the atria but higher than usual doses are required.", "contents": "Effect of lidocaine on the atrial fibrillation threshold. The effect of lidocaine on the atrial fibrillation threshold (AFT) and the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was studied in anesthetized dogs. In ten animals, injection of lidocaine 2 mg./Kg. intravenously resulted in a markded increase of the ventricular fibrillation threshold (from 11.0 +/- 1.5 to 33.3 +/- 6.2 mA., P less than 0.001). In another group of ten animals, lidocaine did not have consistent effect on the atrial fibrillation threshold. However, a dose of lidocaine of 3 mg./Kg intravenously produced a significant increase in AFT (from 14.0 +/- 0.56 to 41.1 +/- 0.32 mA., P less than 0.001). No changes in AFT or VFT were noted in control experiments. The data suggest that lidocaine possesses an antiarrhythmic effect on the atria but higher than usual doses are required."}
{"id": "PMID:920587", "title": "Management of the patient with renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Renal artery stenosis, either fibromuscular or atheromatous, is probably the most common cause of secondary hypertension in man. Both of these diseases are active, ongoing processes that may be ameliorated but not cured by medical or surgical treatment. The clinical history and examination of the patient with hypertension may help differentiate renovascular hypertension from essential hypertension. The presence of a systolic-diastolic or continuous bruit is often an indicator of severe renal artery stenosis. Systemic hypertension is the physiologic consequence of significant renal artery stenosis. Knowledge of the basic concepts of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as has evolved from experimental models of renovascular hypertension, forms the basis for understanding the process of evaluation and treatment of such patients. The treatment of choice for the patient with severe hypertension and a functionally significant renovascular lesion is surgical--both in terms of successful treatment of hypertension and improved long-term prognosis. Diligent periodic reevaluation of these patients as well as those with less severe hypertension who are receiving medical treatment enables the physician to select the proper management that offers optimal control of patient blood pressure and avoids target-organ damage to the kidneys, central nervous system, or cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Management of the patient with renovascular hypertension. Renal artery stenosis, either fibromuscular or atheromatous, is probably the most common cause of secondary hypertension in man. Both of these diseases are active, ongoing processes that may be ameliorated but not cured by medical or surgical treatment. The clinical history and examination of the patient with hypertension may help differentiate renovascular hypertension from essential hypertension. The presence of a systolic-diastolic or continuous bruit is often an indicator of severe renal artery stenosis. Systemic hypertension is the physiologic consequence of significant renal artery stenosis. Knowledge of the basic concepts of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as has evolved from experimental models of renovascular hypertension, forms the basis for understanding the process of evaluation and treatment of such patients. The treatment of choice for the patient with severe hypertension and a functionally significant renovascular lesion is surgical--both in terms of successful treatment of hypertension and improved long-term prognosis. Diligent periodic reevaluation of these patients as well as those with less severe hypertension who are receiving medical treatment enables the physician to select the proper management that offers optimal control of patient blood pressure and avoids target-organ damage to the kidneys, central nervous system, or cardiovascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:920596", "title": "Survey of need for industrial hygienists.", "content": "Grass roots surveys of the need for industrial hygienists, areas of specialization, and related subjects can fill a real void in currently available information. AIHA local sections and other professional groups may wish to conduct regional studies similar to the one described here. A pooling of results by reporting to their national organizations would be beneficial to all in the profession.", "contents": "Survey of need for industrial hygienists. Grass roots surveys of the need for industrial hygienists, areas of specialization, and related subjects can fill a real void in currently available information. AIHA local sections and other professional groups may wish to conduct regional studies similar to the one described here. A pooling of results by reporting to their national organizations would be beneficial to all in the profession."}
{"id": "PMID:920598", "title": "Experience with a high output sulfuric acid aerosol generator.", "content": "Experience with a high output sulfuric acid aerosol generator suitable for large chamber exposure studies is described. Sulfuric acid aerosol is produced by combining sulfur trioxide (SO3)(g) vapor with water vapor in the exposure chamber air supply. The mass output of the generator is stable over long periods, and the mass median aerodynamic diameter of the aerosol produced is in the submicron size range (0.3-0.6 micrometer).", "contents": "Experience with a high output sulfuric acid aerosol generator. Experience with a high output sulfuric acid aerosol generator suitable for large chamber exposure studies is described. Sulfuric acid aerosol is produced by combining sulfur trioxide (SO3)(g) vapor with water vapor in the exposure chamber air supply. The mass output of the generator is stable over long periods, and the mass median aerodynamic diameter of the aerosol produced is in the submicron size range (0.3-0.6 micrometer)."}
{"id": "PMID:920599", "title": "Respirator cartridge service lives for exposure to vinyl chloride.", "content": "Respirator cartridge service lives (1 ppm breakthrough) were determined for low level (approximately 10 ppm) exposures to vinyl chloride using simple apparatus and an infrared spectrophotometer. Two classes of organic vapor cartridges were tested; six brands which received approval from MESA-NIOSH before July 15, 1975 ahd two brands which were not approved but were available through local safety supply outlets on that date. Cartidges were tested both as they came from the supplier and after being preconditioned for 6 hours. Effects of insult concentration, preconditioning, and absorbent weight were investigated. No cartridge service life exceeded 1 hour; many did not provide protection for even 30 minutes. As a result, the use of cartridge containing half mask respirators for vinyl chloride exposure should be questioned.", "contents": "Respirator cartridge service lives for exposure to vinyl chloride. Respirator cartridge service lives (1 ppm breakthrough) were determined for low level (approximately 10 ppm) exposures to vinyl chloride using simple apparatus and an infrared spectrophotometer. Two classes of organic vapor cartridges were tested; six brands which received approval from MESA-NIOSH before July 15, 1975 ahd two brands which were not approved but were available through local safety supply outlets on that date. Cartidges were tested both as they came from the supplier and after being preconditioned for 6 hours. Effects of insult concentration, preconditioning, and absorbent weight were investigated. No cartridge service life exceeded 1 hour; many did not provide protection for even 30 minutes. As a result, the use of cartridge containing half mask respirators for vinyl chloride exposure should be questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:920601", "title": "Comparison of recommended respirable mass dust sampling devices.", "content": "The draft, \"Revised Guide for Respirable Mass Sampling,\" prepared by the AIHA-ACGIH Aerosol Hazards Committee, recommends five respirable mass sampling devices that sample in accordance with the \"Los Alamos\" respirable dust criterion. The spectrum of recommended sampling rates for these devices ranges from 1.8 to 430. liters per minute. A study was conducted to determine if simultaneous measurements with these devices yielded comparable respirable mass concentrations. The penetration characteristics of the first stage separators were also evaluated and compared.", "contents": "Comparison of recommended respirable mass dust sampling devices. The draft, \"Revised Guide for Respirable Mass Sampling,\" prepared by the AIHA-ACGIH Aerosol Hazards Committee, recommends five respirable mass sampling devices that sample in accordance with the \"Los Alamos\" respirable dust criterion. The spectrum of recommended sampling rates for these devices ranges from 1.8 to 430. liters per minute. A study was conducted to determine if simultaneous measurements with these devices yielded comparable respirable mass concentrations. The penetration characteristics of the first stage separators were also evaluated and compared."}
{"id": "PMID:920603", "title": "Odor detection and respirator cartridge replacement.", "content": "If the odor threshold of a compound is greater than its TLV, overexposure of a respirator user is possible since breakthrough may not be detected. Odor threshold data are assembled for a number of different materials and compared to their TLV's. Use practices are recommended for chemical cartidge respirators for various grouping of compounds, based on their odor threshold to TLV ratio.", "contents": "Odor detection and respirator cartridge replacement. If the odor threshold of a compound is greater than its TLV, overexposure of a respirator user is possible since breakthrough may not be detected. Odor threshold data are assembled for a number of different materials and compared to their TLV's. Use practices are recommended for chemical cartidge respirators for various grouping of compounds, based on their odor threshold to TLV ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:920602", "title": "Collaborative testing of a gas chromatographic charcoal tube method for seven organic solvents.", "content": "The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has undertaken a program to provide reliable sampling and analytical methods for a number of industrial hygiene uses. Recommendation of methods to the Department of Labor for compliance testing and inclusion of methods in critera for Recommended Standards for Occupational Exposures are two prime areas of utilization. This paper presents the results of our initial efforts in collaborative testing. The method is a charcal tube sampling procedure and a gas chromatographic analytical technique. Samples of seven single component solvents which included benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dioxane, ethylene dichloride, trichloroethylene, and xylene along with two solvent mixtures which consisted of a benzene-xylene combination and an ethylene dichloride-trichloroethylene conbination were tested in two phases by 15 participating laboratories. The data analysis indicates the overalll error associated with the method and identifies sources of error within each segment of the method.", "contents": "Collaborative testing of a gas chromatographic charcoal tube method for seven organic solvents. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has undertaken a program to provide reliable sampling and analytical methods for a number of industrial hygiene uses. Recommendation of methods to the Department of Labor for compliance testing and inclusion of methods in critera for Recommended Standards for Occupational Exposures are two prime areas of utilization. This paper presents the results of our initial efforts in collaborative testing. The method is a charcal tube sampling procedure and a gas chromatographic analytical technique. Samples of seven single component solvents which included benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dioxane, ethylene dichloride, trichloroethylene, and xylene along with two solvent mixtures which consisted of a benzene-xylene combination and an ethylene dichloride-trichloroethylene conbination were tested in two phases by 15 participating laboratories. The data analysis indicates the overalll error associated with the method and identifies sources of error within each segment of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:920600", "title": "Trace metal contamination of evacuated blood collection tubes.", "content": "A study was undertaken to investigate the magnitude of potential trace metal contamination contributed by various commercial evacuated blood tubes to blood samples under experimental conditions. None of the tubes tested contributed significant Cu contamination whereas the 1% nitric acid and human blood leaching data clearly indicate that Zn, Pb and Cd contamination of blood samples can be a significant problem with certain blood collection tubes under normal handling, shipping and storage conditions. The implications of these experimental findings are discussed. It is recommended that several of the evacuated blood tubes be leach tested prior to use with blood or plasma and the eluate analyzed for potential trace metal contamination problems.", "contents": "Trace metal contamination of evacuated blood collection tubes. A study was undertaken to investigate the magnitude of potential trace metal contamination contributed by various commercial evacuated blood tubes to blood samples under experimental conditions. None of the tubes tested contributed significant Cu contamination whereas the 1% nitric acid and human blood leaching data clearly indicate that Zn, Pb and Cd contamination of blood samples can be a significant problem with certain blood collection tubes under normal handling, shipping and storage conditions. The implications of these experimental findings are discussed. It is recommended that several of the evacuated blood tubes be leach tested prior to use with blood or plasma and the eluate analyzed for potential trace metal contamination problems."}
{"id": "PMID:920609", "title": "Electrophysiologic effects of anterior septal arterial occlusion.", "content": "The effect of reduction in anterior septal arterial flow on the conduction system was studied in seven anesthetized dogs. After 2 hours of occlusion P-Q, A-H, and H-V intervals as well as atrioventricular nodal effective and functional refractory periods were significantly prolonged, sinoatrial conduction time was prolonged and the heart rate was decreased. The duration of the His bundle electrogram was significantly prolonged and the configuration altered. However, QRS duration did not prolong significantly. Fifteen minutes after reperfusion, A-H interval, duration of the His bundle electrogram, effective refractory period and functional refractory period returned toward control values. However, the H-V and QRS intervals as well as sinoatrial conduction time were unchanged after reperfusion. Thus, reduction of anterior septal arterial flow influences not only the distal but also the proximal portion of the conduction system; the most vulnerable part is probably the His bundle. The distal portion of the conduction system is directly influenced by ischemia itself, whereas the proximal portion is influenced through other mechanisms induced by reduction of anterior septal arterial flow.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic effects of anterior septal arterial occlusion. The effect of reduction in anterior septal arterial flow on the conduction system was studied in seven anesthetized dogs. After 2 hours of occlusion P-Q, A-H, and H-V intervals as well as atrioventricular nodal effective and functional refractory periods were significantly prolonged, sinoatrial conduction time was prolonged and the heart rate was decreased. The duration of the His bundle electrogram was significantly prolonged and the configuration altered. However, QRS duration did not prolong significantly. Fifteen minutes after reperfusion, A-H interval, duration of the His bundle electrogram, effective refractory period and functional refractory period returned toward control values. However, the H-V and QRS intervals as well as sinoatrial conduction time were unchanged after reperfusion. Thus, reduction of anterior septal arterial flow influences not only the distal but also the proximal portion of the conduction system; the most vulnerable part is probably the His bundle. The distal portion of the conduction system is directly influenced by ischemia itself, whereas the proximal portion is influenced through other mechanisms induced by reduction of anterior septal arterial flow."}
{"id": "PMID:920611", "title": "End-systolic pressure/volume ratio: a new index of ventricular contractility.", "content": "A thesis recently developed from a series of experiments on the isolated canine left ventricle is described. It is claimed that the ventricular presure/volume ratio at end-systole is relatively insensitive to cardiac loading and varies greatly in response to changes in ventricular contractility. The clinical viability of this basic finding rests on the substitution of diameter for volume in this formulation. Diameter can be measured using a noninvasive ultrasonic technique in the clinic. Accordingly, end-systolic pressure/diameter ratio was studied in the isolated preparation and found to be similarly insensitive to loading conditions and sensitive to inotropic interventions. A further analysis of the pressure/diameter ratio in the ventricle of the conscious dog is in progress. In parallel with these studies, use of the pressure/diameter ratio to evaluate contractility in cardiac patients is being tested. The preliminary findings from conscious dogs and clinic patients are briefly discussed.", "contents": "End-systolic pressure/volume ratio: a new index of ventricular contractility. A thesis recently developed from a series of experiments on the isolated canine left ventricle is described. It is claimed that the ventricular presure/volume ratio at end-systole is relatively insensitive to cardiac loading and varies greatly in response to changes in ventricular contractility. The clinical viability of this basic finding rests on the substitution of diameter for volume in this formulation. Diameter can be measured using a noninvasive ultrasonic technique in the clinic. Accordingly, end-systolic pressure/diameter ratio was studied in the isolated preparation and found to be similarly insensitive to loading conditions and sensitive to inotropic interventions. A further analysis of the pressure/diameter ratio in the ventricle of the conscious dog is in progress. In parallel with these studies, use of the pressure/diameter ratio to evaluate contractility in cardiac patients is being tested. The preliminary findings from conscious dogs and clinic patients are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920614", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of the relation between left ventricular wall and cavity dimensions and peak systolic pressure in children with aortic stenosis.", "content": "Echocardiographic measurements of the left ventricular end diastolic minor axis and posterior and septal wall thickness were obtained in 19 children with congenital aortic stenosis with left ventricular peak systolic pressures ranging from 110 to 225 mm Hg at cardiac catheterization. From these measurements were derived (1) the left ventricular peak circumferential wall stress, (2)the end-diastolic h/r ratio (that is, mean of septal and posterior wall thickness (h) to minor semiaxis (r) ratio), and (3) the LVM/LVV ratio (that is, left ventricular mass (LVM) to left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVV) ratio). The peak stress was found to be within the normal range and independent of the left ventricular peak systolic pressure. The end-diastolic h/r and LVM/LVV ratios had highly significant linear relations to the left ventricular peak systolic pressure. It is concluded that these easily determined echocardiographic measurements provide a useful noninvasive means of assessing left ventricular peak systolic pressure in patients with aortic stenosis without myocardial decompensation.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of the relation between left ventricular wall and cavity dimensions and peak systolic pressure in children with aortic stenosis. Echocardiographic measurements of the left ventricular end diastolic minor axis and posterior and septal wall thickness were obtained in 19 children with congenital aortic stenosis with left ventricular peak systolic pressures ranging from 110 to 225 mm Hg at cardiac catheterization. From these measurements were derived (1) the left ventricular peak circumferential wall stress, (2)the end-diastolic h/r ratio (that is, mean of septal and posterior wall thickness (h) to minor semiaxis (r) ratio), and (3) the LVM/LVV ratio (that is, left ventricular mass (LVM) to left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVV) ratio). The peak stress was found to be within the normal range and independent of the left ventricular peak systolic pressure. The end-diastolic h/r and LVM/LVV ratios had highly significant linear relations to the left ventricular peak systolic pressure. It is concluded that these easily determined echocardiographic measurements provide a useful noninvasive means of assessing left ventricular peak systolic pressure in patients with aortic stenosis without myocardial decompensation."}
{"id": "PMID:920615", "title": "Development of the pulmonary circulation in ventricular septal defect: a quantitative structural study.", "content": "The application of quantitative morphometric techniques to evaluation of the lungs of nine children who died with a ventricular septal defect between the ages of 3 months and 4 years showed that the presence of pulmonary hypertension interferes with the growth and development of the pulmonary circulation. In all cases the preacinar arteries were of normal size and not dilated, and arterial size and number within the acinus were reduced and similar to those seen in the normal child at birth. Arterial and venous muscularity was increased as judged by an increase in wall thickness and by the presence of muscle in smaller and more peripheral arteries than is normal. Elevation of resistance was associated with failure of the intraacinar pulmonary circulation to develop normally rather than to obliterative pulmonary vascular disease. In view of the rapidity with which impairment of growth and elevation of resistance can develop, closure of a large defect is recommended before age 2 years.", "contents": "Development of the pulmonary circulation in ventricular septal defect: a quantitative structural study. The application of quantitative morphometric techniques to evaluation of the lungs of nine children who died with a ventricular septal defect between the ages of 3 months and 4 years showed that the presence of pulmonary hypertension interferes with the growth and development of the pulmonary circulation. In all cases the preacinar arteries were of normal size and not dilated, and arterial size and number within the acinus were reduced and similar to those seen in the normal child at birth. Arterial and venous muscularity was increased as judged by an increase in wall thickness and by the presence of muscle in smaller and more peripheral arteries than is normal. Elevation of resistance was associated with failure of the intraacinar pulmonary circulation to develop normally rather than to obliterative pulmonary vascular disease. In view of the rapidity with which impairment of growth and elevation of resistance can develop, closure of a large defect is recommended before age 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:920617", "title": "Echocardiographic findings in severe paradoxical pulse due to pulmonary embolization.", "content": "A 47 year old man with acute pulmonary embolism had severe pulsus paradoxicus in the absence of pericardial disease. Echocardiography demonstrated inspiratory failure of the aortic valve to open, a decreases in left ventricular cavity size and a decrease in mitral valve diastolic excursion.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings in severe paradoxical pulse due to pulmonary embolization. A 47 year old man with acute pulmonary embolism had severe pulsus paradoxicus in the absence of pericardial disease. Echocardiography demonstrated inspiratory failure of the aortic valve to open, a decreases in left ventricular cavity size and a decrease in mitral valve diastolic excursion."}
{"id": "PMID:920618", "title": "Pacemaker-induced endocardial friction rub.", "content": "Two patients had a typical sounding cardiac friction rub after placement of a temporary transvenous pacemaker. Absence of myocardial perforation was documented in one patient during thoracotomy for placement of an epicardial electrode and in the other with an electrogram recorded from the pacemaker as it was being withdrawn. The rubs disappeared during pacemaker removal. These cases are believed to represent endocardial friction rubs resulting from contact of the pacing wire with the endocardium.", "contents": "Pacemaker-induced endocardial friction rub. Two patients had a typical sounding cardiac friction rub after placement of a temporary transvenous pacemaker. Absence of myocardial perforation was documented in one patient during thoracotomy for placement of an epicardial electrode and in the other with an electrogram recorded from the pacemaker as it was being withdrawn. The rubs disappeared during pacemaker removal. These cases are believed to represent endocardial friction rubs resulting from contact of the pacing wire with the endocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:920619", "title": "Traumatic right coronary artery-right ventricular fistula with retained intramyocardial bullet.", "content": "A case of traumatic right coronary artery-right ventricular fistula secondary to a gunshot wound is presented. In addition, the bullet was retained within the interventricular septum. The diagnostic approach, surgical findings and operative procedure of this and other reported cases are discussed. Several key points are emphasized. First, extended follow-up is necessary after trauma to the heart since fistulas may develop years after the initial injury. Second, surgery is generally indicated for fistulas although some data are presented suggesting that small to moderate fistulas may be treated medically. Third, if surgery is undertaken, very careful operative technique must be utilized to locate and close the fistula. Surgical treatment of choice may be coronary arterial ligation with a distal bypass graft if necessary. Postoperative evaluation is mandatory because fistulas may recur. Indications for removal of a foreign body within the myocardium are also discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic right coronary artery-right ventricular fistula with retained intramyocardial bullet. A case of traumatic right coronary artery-right ventricular fistula secondary to a gunshot wound is presented. In addition, the bullet was retained within the interventricular septum. The diagnostic approach, surgical findings and operative procedure of this and other reported cases are discussed. Several key points are emphasized. First, extended follow-up is necessary after trauma to the heart since fistulas may develop years after the initial injury. Second, surgery is generally indicated for fistulas although some data are presented suggesting that small to moderate fistulas may be treated medically. Third, if surgery is undertaken, very careful operative technique must be utilized to locate and close the fistula. Surgical treatment of choice may be coronary arterial ligation with a distal bypass graft if necessary. Postoperative evaluation is mandatory because fistulas may recur. Indications for removal of a foreign body within the myocardium are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920620", "title": "Pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder: a broad clinical spectrum.", "content": "A case of pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder is reported, and 35 perviously reported cases are analyzed. This interesting entity can present with symptoms of catecholamine excess and severe hypertensive spells (often micturition-induced) or as asymptomatic hematuria without hypertension. The present case represents the severest end of the clinical spectrum, with advancing acute retinopathy and visual loss, very high blood pressure and greatly increased catecholamine excretion. Several special precautions were utilized during diagnostic studies and surgery. On the whole, prognosis is excellent in nonmalignant cases properly handled, and the location of the tumor provides opportunity for early case finding and complete cure.", "contents": "Pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder: a broad clinical spectrum. A case of pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder is reported, and 35 perviously reported cases are analyzed. This interesting entity can present with symptoms of catecholamine excess and severe hypertensive spells (often micturition-induced) or as asymptomatic hematuria without hypertension. The present case represents the severest end of the clinical spectrum, with advancing acute retinopathy and visual loss, very high blood pressure and greatly increased catecholamine excretion. Several special precautions were utilized during diagnostic studies and surgery. On the whole, prognosis is excellent in nonmalignant cases properly handled, and the location of the tumor provides opportunity for early case finding and complete cure."}
{"id": "PMID:920621", "title": "Rupture of the papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve. A complication of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and a rare cause of tricuspid insufficiency.", "content": "Rupture of a papillary muscle is a rare occurrence. Two patients are described in whom rupture of a papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve developed after external cardiac massage during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. One of these patients survived briefly with clinical evidence of triscupid regurgitation immediately after resuscitation. Although tricuspid valve papillary muscle rupture has been described as a complication of bacterial endocarditis, chest trauma and myocardial infarction, it is a generally unrecognized complication of external cardia massage. Findings in the two patients reported here suggest that patients with a dilated right ventricle may be more susceptible to this rare complication of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.", "contents": "Rupture of the papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve. A complication of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and a rare cause of tricuspid insufficiency. Rupture of a papillary muscle is a rare occurrence. Two patients are described in whom rupture of a papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve developed after external cardiac massage during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. One of these patients survived briefly with clinical evidence of triscupid regurgitation immediately after resuscitation. Although tricuspid valve papillary muscle rupture has been described as a complication of bacterial endocarditis, chest trauma and myocardial infarction, it is a generally unrecognized complication of external cardia massage. Findings in the two patients reported here suggest that patients with a dilated right ventricle may be more susceptible to this rare complication of cardiopulmonary resuscitation."}
{"id": "PMID:920629", "title": "A study of light and scanning electron microscopy of the lining epithelium of the guinea pig bladder following artificial ulceration.", "content": "Following artificial ulceration of the guinea pig bladder epithelium, study by light microscopy showed that mitotic activity occurs within 24 hours in the basal layer of the remaining epithelium; which leads to thickening, disorganization and cell shedding. At the ulcer margin, the epithelium forms a rolled edge, from the extremity of which a two-layered sheet of flat cells grows over the edematous ulcer bed, and the ulcer site is protected during dilation of the bladder by localized muscle spasm. Healing is effected within about one week, as the mitotic activity declines. Organization of the new epithelium commences at the periphery and the cells acquire glycogen and alkaline phosphatase. Study by SEM, which included normal bladders, confirmed that new epithelium spreads from a rolled epithelial edge, and also showed that cells undergoing rejection have globular profiles with surface microvilli. The immature epithelial cells are markedly distorted from mutual pressure during migration and their surfaces show only short microvilli. Ulcers heal after four to seven days, depending on size, and the new cells rapidly assume the pentagonal and hexagonal outlines and the reticular pattern of surface ridges, characteristic of mature surface cells. The ridges apparently develop by fusion of rows of microvilli. By the tenth day it is difficult to identify the original ulcer site.", "contents": "A study of light and scanning electron microscopy of the lining epithelium of the guinea pig bladder following artificial ulceration. Following artificial ulceration of the guinea pig bladder epithelium, study by light microscopy showed that mitotic activity occurs within 24 hours in the basal layer of the remaining epithelium; which leads to thickening, disorganization and cell shedding. At the ulcer margin, the epithelium forms a rolled edge, from the extremity of which a two-layered sheet of flat cells grows over the edematous ulcer bed, and the ulcer site is protected during dilation of the bladder by localized muscle spasm. Healing is effected within about one week, as the mitotic activity declines. Organization of the new epithelium commences at the periphery and the cells acquire glycogen and alkaline phosphatase. Study by SEM, which included normal bladders, confirmed that new epithelium spreads from a rolled epithelial edge, and also showed that cells undergoing rejection have globular profiles with surface microvilli. The immature epithelial cells are markedly distorted from mutual pressure during migration and their surfaces show only short microvilli. Ulcers heal after four to seven days, depending on size, and the new cells rapidly assume the pentagonal and hexagonal outlines and the reticular pattern of surface ridges, characteristic of mature surface cells. The ridges apparently develop by fusion of rows of microvilli. By the tenth day it is difficult to identify the original ulcer site."}
{"id": "PMID:920630", "title": "A study by scanning electron microscopy of the bladder epithelium of the guinea pig.", "content": "Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the surface cells of the guinea pig bladder have pentagonal or hexagonal outlines. Their borders are clearly defined since they are elevated. They possess a large reserve of surface membrane which is markedly folded and wrinkled when the bladder is empty. The folds disappear and the cells become flat during distension. The luminal surface is characterized by numerous reticular ridges which are a remarkably constant feature and persist even under acute artificial distension. A small proportion of the surface cells are small and have less than five sides. Since they show only sparse microvilli as a surface feature, they have a smooth appearance. These are believed to be young surface cells which have just emerged from the intermediate layer, and have not yet acquired the ridged pattern of mature cells.", "contents": "A study by scanning electron microscopy of the bladder epithelium of the guinea pig. Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the surface cells of the guinea pig bladder have pentagonal or hexagonal outlines. Their borders are clearly defined since they are elevated. They possess a large reserve of surface membrane which is markedly folded and wrinkled when the bladder is empty. The folds disappear and the cells become flat during distension. The luminal surface is characterized by numerous reticular ridges which are a remarkably constant feature and persist even under acute artificial distension. A small proportion of the surface cells are small and have less than five sides. Since they show only sparse microvilli as a surface feature, they have a smooth appearance. These are believed to be young surface cells which have just emerged from the intermediate layer, and have not yet acquired the ridged pattern of mature cells."}
{"id": "PMID:920631", "title": "Phagocytosis of spermatozoa in the terminal region and gland of the vas deferens of the rat.", "content": "The existence of a discrete group of cells that are able to phagocytose spermatozoa is reported in the terminal vas deferens of the rat. In addition it is shown that phagocytosis of spermatozoa occurs in the gland of the vas deferens. The cytological mechanisms involved in the phagocytotic process are discussed, and the role that this activity may have on the removal of surplus spermatozoa is discussed.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of spermatozoa in the terminal region and gland of the vas deferens of the rat. The existence of a discrete group of cells that are able to phagocytose spermatozoa is reported in the terminal vas deferens of the rat. In addition it is shown that phagocytosis of spermatozoa occurs in the gland of the vas deferens. The cytological mechanisms involved in the phagocytotic process are discussed, and the role that this activity may have on the removal of surplus spermatozoa is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920633", "title": "Development of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the chick embryo: morphological, ultrastructural and histochemical studies.", "content": "The histogenesis and mechanism of joint clefting of the developing chick embryo up to the fifteenth day of incubation have been studied morphologically, ultrastructurally, and by histochemical methods. Cell degeneration was consistently noted 24 hours after differentiation of the joint tissue, and it is postulated that this early cell necrosis might account for the loosening of the medial part of articular mesenchyme (interzone) leading to differentiation of a three-layered embryonic joint. At the time of joint clefting degenerative cells were also seen in the peripheral parts of the developing articular cavity. In some cases clefting was immediately preceded and/or accompanied by the appearance of elongated, basophilic and electron-opaque cells closely arranged along the zone of tissue cleavage. These cells were thought to be implicated in some way in the clefting process and later to constitute a surface cell layer of articular cartilage. In addition to these observations clear morphological and histoautoradiographic evidence was found for the presence of an organic component, presumably mucopolysaccharide, in the primitive synovial fluid. Fluid secretion might also account for tissue cleavage at the sites of its accumulation. The data reported here suggest that joint cavity formation results from a combination of both intrinsic, genetically expressed and extrinsic mechanical factors acting synchronously.", "contents": "Development of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the chick embryo: morphological, ultrastructural and histochemical studies. The histogenesis and mechanism of joint clefting of the developing chick embryo up to the fifteenth day of incubation have been studied morphologically, ultrastructurally, and by histochemical methods. Cell degeneration was consistently noted 24 hours after differentiation of the joint tissue, and it is postulated that this early cell necrosis might account for the loosening of the medial part of articular mesenchyme (interzone) leading to differentiation of a three-layered embryonic joint. At the time of joint clefting degenerative cells were also seen in the peripheral parts of the developing articular cavity. In some cases clefting was immediately preceded and/or accompanied by the appearance of elongated, basophilic and electron-opaque cells closely arranged along the zone of tissue cleavage. These cells were thought to be implicated in some way in the clefting process and later to constitute a surface cell layer of articular cartilage. In addition to these observations clear morphological and histoautoradiographic evidence was found for the presence of an organic component, presumably mucopolysaccharide, in the primitive synovial fluid. Fluid secretion might also account for tissue cleavage at the sites of its accumulation. The data reported here suggest that joint cavity formation results from a combination of both intrinsic, genetically expressed and extrinsic mechanical factors acting synchronously."}
{"id": "PMID:920636", "title": "Sulfate-reducing anaerobic bacteria in human feces.", "content": "Human feces contain: 1) Chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria (strains XII, 57, IV) identified with D. desulfuricans ssp. faecalis (nov. ssp.) at a level approaching 10 7/g. 2) Organotrophic anaerobic gram positive rods (strains 30, 35, and 43) at between 10(5) and 10 7/g. 3) Chemo-organotrophic anaerobic gram positive rods (strains 22, 27, 47, and 66) were present at 40 5/g. Strains of these two last groups have not been described in the literature and are not found in any accepted toxonomic scheme.", "contents": "Sulfate-reducing anaerobic bacteria in human feces. Human feces contain: 1) Chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria (strains XII, 57, IV) identified with D. desulfuricans ssp. faecalis (nov. ssp.) at a level approaching 10 7/g. 2) Organotrophic anaerobic gram positive rods (strains 30, 35, and 43) at between 10(5) and 10 7/g. 3) Chemo-organotrophic anaerobic gram positive rods (strains 22, 27, 47, and 66) were present at 40 5/g. Strains of these two last groups have not been described in the literature and are not found in any accepted toxonomic scheme."}
{"id": "PMID:920637", "title": "Specific adhesion of lactobacilli to keratinized epithelial cells of the rat stomach in vitro.", "content": "Indigenous bacteria isolated from rats and chickens demonstrated host specificity in adhering to the keratinized epithelial cells of the rat stomach and the chicken crop epithelium. Of the indigenous bacteria isolated from the rat only lactobacilli and staphylococci attached to the keratinized cells of the rat stomach, suggesting that they are dominant bacteria of the microflora of the stomachs of rats. The effect of the addition of enzymes and other compounds on the adhesion of lactobacilli were investigated. Adhesion was inhibited by treating the lactobacilli with heat, detergents, or certain lipid solvents.", "contents": "Specific adhesion of lactobacilli to keratinized epithelial cells of the rat stomach in vitro. Indigenous bacteria isolated from rats and chickens demonstrated host specificity in adhering to the keratinized epithelial cells of the rat stomach and the chicken crop epithelium. Of the indigenous bacteria isolated from the rat only lactobacilli and staphylococci attached to the keratinized cells of the rat stomach, suggesting that they are dominant bacteria of the microflora of the stomachs of rats. The effect of the addition of enzymes and other compounds on the adhesion of lactobacilli were investigated. Adhesion was inhibited by treating the lactobacilli with heat, detergents, or certain lipid solvents."}
{"id": "PMID:920638", "title": "Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.", "content": "A comparison of 13 vegetarian Seventh Day Adventists with 14 nonvegetarian Adventists revealed relatively few statistically significant differences in fecal flora. A separate study involved a comparison of vegetarian Adventists (49 subjects), nonvegetarian Adventists (45), and non-Adventists on a conventional American diet (31) re: the incidence of the C. paraputrificum group in the fecal flora. The Adventist groups had significantly fewer C. septicum and C. tertium isolates than the non-Adventists. Reference to earlier diet studies done by our group revealed certain striking differences. Fusobacterium and C. perfringens counts were very low and lactobacillus counts very high in Adventists as compared with Japanese-Americans on either a Japanese or Western diet or Caucasian individuals on a conventional U.S. diet. Comparison of nonvegetarian Adventists with the other groups on a nonvegetarian Western diet also revealed several statistically significant differences. Finally, there were a number of significant differences in fecal flora when high risk groups (Japanese-Americans on Western diet and Caucasians on conventional U.S. diet) were compared with low risk groups (Japanese-Americans on a Japanese diet and Adventists).", "contents": "Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects. A comparison of 13 vegetarian Seventh Day Adventists with 14 nonvegetarian Adventists revealed relatively few statistically significant differences in fecal flora. A separate study involved a comparison of vegetarian Adventists (49 subjects), nonvegetarian Adventists (45), and non-Adventists on a conventional American diet (31) re: the incidence of the C. paraputrificum group in the fecal flora. The Adventist groups had significantly fewer C. septicum and C. tertium isolates than the non-Adventists. Reference to earlier diet studies done by our group revealed certain striking differences. Fusobacterium and C. perfringens counts were very low and lactobacillus counts very high in Adventists as compared with Japanese-Americans on either a Japanese or Western diet or Caucasian individuals on a conventional U.S. diet. Comparison of nonvegetarian Adventists with the other groups on a nonvegetarian Western diet also revealed several statistically significant differences. Finally, there were a number of significant differences in fecal flora when high risk groups (Japanese-Americans on Western diet and Caucasians on conventional U.S. diet) were compared with low risk groups (Japanese-Americans on a Japanese diet and Adventists)."}
{"id": "PMID:920644", "title": "Viral infections during pregnancy and in early life.", "content": "There is evidence that fetal antigenic stimulation and intrauterine infection is much more frequent in developing rural populations than in industrialized societies. A similar contrast is observed for postnatal intestinal infection that is significantly greater in the less developed areas. The differences are explained by the divergence in environmental sanitation and personal hygiene. Intestinal infection is important in that diarrheal disease is one of the main factors leading to malnutrition. It is apparent that for developing nations to attain better nutrition, much of the present burden of intestinal infection needs to be controlled.", "contents": "Viral infections during pregnancy and in early life. There is evidence that fetal antigenic stimulation and intrauterine infection is much more frequent in developing rural populations than in industrialized societies. A similar contrast is observed for postnatal intestinal infection that is significantly greater in the less developed areas. The differences are explained by the divergence in environmental sanitation and personal hygiene. Intestinal infection is important in that diarrheal disease is one of the main factors leading to malnutrition. It is apparent that for developing nations to attain better nutrition, much of the present burden of intestinal infection needs to be controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:920653", "title": "Rapid serum gentamicin assay by enzymatic adenylation.", "content": "An improved, rapid and accurate enzymatic adenylation assay for gentamicin has been developed. It can be completed in one hour with an accuracy of +/- 2.7% (+/- 1 SD) for the range of gentamicin concentrations of 6-12 microgram/ml. Concentrated enzyme was used to prepare a complete adenylation mixture, which was stored frozen in aliquots suitable for daily assays. A special apparatus designed for efficient washing of phosphocellulose disks was used in the assay.", "contents": "Rapid serum gentamicin assay by enzymatic adenylation. An improved, rapid and accurate enzymatic adenylation assay for gentamicin has been developed. It can be completed in one hour with an accuracy of +/- 2.7% (+/- 1 SD) for the range of gentamicin concentrations of 6-12 microgram/ml. Concentrated enzyme was used to prepare a complete adenylation mixture, which was stored frozen in aliquots suitable for daily assays. A special apparatus designed for efficient washing of phosphocellulose disks was used in the assay."}
{"id": "PMID:920654", "title": "Spontaneous and stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium tests of leukocytes from patients with solid malignant tumors.", "content": "Histochemical nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction tests, spontaneous and endotoxin-stimulated, were performed on samples of blood from 202 adult patients with solid neoplastic tumors and 37 healthy control subjects. The patients were classified according to activity of the disease, chemotherapy, and presence of bacterial infection. The NBT test did not prove helpful in detecting the latter condition in these patients. Low median spontaneous reduction values were recorded for patients with active malignancies, or receiving chemotherapy, compared with controls or cured patients without chemotherapy. Stimulated reduction values were significantly lower for all groups of patients than for controls, although for those apparently cured and untreated, stimulated reduction attained significantly higher values than for the other patients. A leukocyte dysfunction caused by both the underlying disease and its chemotherapy is assumed, and the usefulness of the endotoxin-stimulated NBT reduction test in detecting this dysfunction is stressed.", "contents": "Spontaneous and stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium tests of leukocytes from patients with solid malignant tumors. Histochemical nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction tests, spontaneous and endotoxin-stimulated, were performed on samples of blood from 202 adult patients with solid neoplastic tumors and 37 healthy control subjects. The patients were classified according to activity of the disease, chemotherapy, and presence of bacterial infection. The NBT test did not prove helpful in detecting the latter condition in these patients. Low median spontaneous reduction values were recorded for patients with active malignancies, or receiving chemotherapy, compared with controls or cured patients without chemotherapy. Stimulated reduction values were significantly lower for all groups of patients than for controls, although for those apparently cured and untreated, stimulated reduction attained significantly higher values than for the other patients. A leukocyte dysfunction caused by both the underlying disease and its chemotherapy is assumed, and the usefulness of the endotoxin-stimulated NBT reduction test in detecting this dysfunction is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:920655", "title": "Effect of hyperchylomicronemia on the measurement of hemoglobin.", "content": "The effects of plasma triglyceride levels on the measurement of hemoglobin and other erythrocyte indices have been studied in blood samples from ten healthy controls, 11 patients with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, and five patients with hyperchylomicronemia (type I or V). Measurements were made using erythrocytes in their own plasmas and repeated after resuspension of the cells in physiologic saline solution. Hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were decreased by removal of plasma in erythrocytes from three patients with hyperchylomicronemia. It is concluded that the triglyceride contained in very-low-density lipoprotein does not affect hemoglobin measurement, while triglyceride contained in chylomicrons increased hemoglobin readings linearly.", "contents": "Effect of hyperchylomicronemia on the measurement of hemoglobin. The effects of plasma triglyceride levels on the measurement of hemoglobin and other erythrocyte indices have been studied in blood samples from ten healthy controls, 11 patients with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, and five patients with hyperchylomicronemia (type I or V). Measurements were made using erythrocytes in their own plasmas and repeated after resuspension of the cells in physiologic saline solution. Hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were decreased by removal of plasma in erythrocytes from three patients with hyperchylomicronemia. It is concluded that the triglyceride contained in very-low-density lipoprotein does not affect hemoglobin measurement, while triglyceride contained in chylomicrons increased hemoglobin readings linearly."}
{"id": "PMID:920656", "title": "Enzymatic activity patterns in probability population samples. Serum lactate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Sex- and age-specific serum lactate dehydrogenase values provided by a natural population of 2,378 individuals selected by a multistage area cluster probability sampling scheme are given. The activity of this enzyme has definite sex and age associations over the age range studied (larger than or equal to 10 years). In both sexes, it is characterized by elevations in preadolescents, by a sharp decrease in adolescent groups, and by a gradual increase in adult and senescent groups, which, however, does not bring it back to earlier levels. Males have higher mean serum lactate dehydrogenase activities than females in most age groups until about 50 years of age. Unusually high activities have been found in this study, compared with those found in two other widely separated areas in North America using the same assay procedures.", "contents": "Enzymatic activity patterns in probability population samples. Serum lactate dehydrogenase. Sex- and age-specific serum lactate dehydrogenase values provided by a natural population of 2,378 individuals selected by a multistage area cluster probability sampling scheme are given. The activity of this enzyme has definite sex and age associations over the age range studied (larger than or equal to 10 years). In both sexes, it is characterized by elevations in preadolescents, by a sharp decrease in adolescent groups, and by a gradual increase in adult and senescent groups, which, however, does not bring it back to earlier levels. Males have higher mean serum lactate dehydrogenase activities than females in most age groups until about 50 years of age. Unusually high activities have been found in this study, compared with those found in two other widely separated areas in North America using the same assay procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:920657", "title": "Urinary glucose and vitamin C.", "content": "The recent popularization of self-prescribed large doses of vitamin C has increased the possibility for erroneous conclusions to be drawn from standard clinical methods used in urinary glucose monitoring, due to interference with these methods by the greatly elevated excretion of vitamin C. The coupled-enzyme-chromogen strip tests showed erroneously negative glucose levels in urines of both a diabetic individual and a subject with a genetic low renal threshold for glucose when they were supplementing their normal diets with 1-2 g vitamin C per day. With this regimen, their urinary vitamin C levels reached 200 mg/dl (11.4 mmol/l). For normal urine with vitamin C added, false-positive tests for glucose were found using Benedict's reagent when vitamin C was present at 250 mg/dl (14.3 mmol/l) or higher concentrations. In diabetic individuals consuming large quantities of vitamin C, this interference with standard coupled-enzyme-chromogen strip tests or Benedict's test could present a significant problem in diagnosis and clinical management of the disease. A simple anion exchange method of treating the urine was used to correct the false results.", "contents": "Urinary glucose and vitamin C. The recent popularization of self-prescribed large doses of vitamin C has increased the possibility for erroneous conclusions to be drawn from standard clinical methods used in urinary glucose monitoring, due to interference with these methods by the greatly elevated excretion of vitamin C. The coupled-enzyme-chromogen strip tests showed erroneously negative glucose levels in urines of both a diabetic individual and a subject with a genetic low renal threshold for glucose when they were supplementing their normal diets with 1-2 g vitamin C per day. With this regimen, their urinary vitamin C levels reached 200 mg/dl (11.4 mmol/l). For normal urine with vitamin C added, false-positive tests for glucose were found using Benedict's reagent when vitamin C was present at 250 mg/dl (14.3 mmol/l) or higher concentrations. In diabetic individuals consuming large quantities of vitamin C, this interference with standard coupled-enzyme-chromogen strip tests or Benedict's test could present a significant problem in diagnosis and clinical management of the disease. A simple anion exchange method of treating the urine was used to correct the false results."}
{"id": "PMID:920659", "title": "A device for efficient washing of paper disks for gentamicin or other assay procedures.", "content": "A new device has been developed for efficient washing of phosphocellulose disks used in enzymatic assays of antibiotics. Its construction and operation are described. The device allows all disks to receive identical washing, including agitation, and the sequence of the disks is maintained. A comparison has been made of the results of adenylation assay of gentamicin using the new device and hand-washing of the paper disks.", "contents": "A device for efficient washing of paper disks for gentamicin or other assay procedures. A new device has been developed for efficient washing of phosphocellulose disks used in enzymatic assays of antibiotics. Its construction and operation are described. The device allows all disks to receive identical washing, including agitation, and the sequence of the disks is maintained. A comparison has been made of the results of adenylation assay of gentamicin using the new device and hand-washing of the paper disks."}
{"id": "PMID:920660", "title": "Evolution of reactive lymphadenopathy into lymphoma over a nine-year period. A clinicopathologic study.", "content": "Reported is a case of lymphoma which was preceded for nine years by an apparently reactive lymphadenopathy. Original slides of the multiple lymphoid tissue samples are reviewed, with emphasis on the gradually increasing numbers of mitoses, atypical histiocytes, and eosinophils, suggestive of malignant transformation. The scarcity of such cases in the literature prompts this report.", "contents": "Evolution of reactive lymphadenopathy into lymphoma over a nine-year period. A clinicopathologic study. Reported is a case of lymphoma which was preceded for nine years by an apparently reactive lymphadenopathy. Original slides of the multiple lymphoid tissue samples are reviewed, with emphasis on the gradually increasing numbers of mitoses, atypical histiocytes, and eosinophils, suggestive of malignant transformation. The scarcity of such cases in the literature prompts this report."}
{"id": "PMID:920661", "title": "Unilateral tubo-ovarin actinomycosis in the presence of an intrauterine device.", "content": "A case of unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess due to Actinomyces in the presence of an intrauterine device is presented. The gross and microscopic features are described. As the diagnosis of this potentially serious infection is usually made by the histologic demonstration of sparsely distributed sulfur granules, the pathologist should approach every case of IUD-associated pelvic inflammation with a high index of suspicion.", "contents": "Unilateral tubo-ovarin actinomycosis in the presence of an intrauterine device. A case of unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess due to Actinomyces in the presence of an intrauterine device is presented. The gross and microscopic features are described. As the diagnosis of this potentially serious infection is usually made by the histologic demonstration of sparsely distributed sulfur granules, the pathologist should approach every case of IUD-associated pelvic inflammation with a high index of suspicion."}
{"id": "PMID:920671", "title": "Heart block, sudden death, and atrioventricular node mesothelioma.", "content": "We report a case of mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node with congenital complete heart block and sudden death in a 15-year-old girl. This benign tumor probably represents a hamartoma derived from mesothelium with a constant anatomic location and uniform association with heart block. The clinical course of such patients, however, has been variable. The tumor has been associated with sudden, unexpected death in infancy or adolescence, but has more often been discovered as an incidental finding at autopsy in a middle-aged or elderly patient.", "contents": "Heart block, sudden death, and atrioventricular node mesothelioma. We report a case of mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node with congenital complete heart block and sudden death in a 15-year-old girl. This benign tumor probably represents a hamartoma derived from mesothelium with a constant anatomic location and uniform association with heart block. The clinical course of such patients, however, has been variable. The tumor has been associated with sudden, unexpected death in infancy or adolescence, but has more often been discovered as an incidental finding at autopsy in a middle-aged or elderly patient."}
{"id": "PMID:920672", "title": "Rocky mountain spotted fever in childhood.", "content": "Experience with 138 cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever indicates that the major clinical features of characteristic rash, fever, and tick bite, in combination with low serum sodium concentration and thrombocytopenia, are helpful in recognizing this serious and potentially lethal infectious disease.", "contents": "Rocky mountain spotted fever in childhood. Experience with 138 cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever indicates that the major clinical features of characteristic rash, fever, and tick bite, in combination with low serum sodium concentration and thrombocytopenia, are helpful in recognizing this serious and potentially lethal infectious disease."}
{"id": "PMID:920673", "title": "Monocyte-macrophage function in the newborn.", "content": "Analysis of 20 human cord blood samples for monocyte-macrophage function demonstrates a selective defect in monocyte cellular chemotaxis. Monocyte bacterial phagocytosis, phagocytosis of paraffin oil particles, and bacterial killing of staphylococcus 502A were normal when compared with 30 healthy young adult controls. Impaired response of neonatal monocytes to chemotactants is an additional host defense defect that may help explain the undue susceptibility of neonates to certain infectious agents.", "contents": "Monocyte-macrophage function in the newborn. Analysis of 20 human cord blood samples for monocyte-macrophage function demonstrates a selective defect in monocyte cellular chemotaxis. Monocyte bacterial phagocytosis, phagocytosis of paraffin oil particles, and bacterial killing of staphylococcus 502A were normal when compared with 30 healthy young adult controls. Impaired response of neonatal monocytes to chemotactants is an additional host defense defect that may help explain the undue susceptibility of neonates to certain infectious agents."}
{"id": "PMID:920674", "title": "Pseudotumor cerebri of childhood.", "content": "In a study of 38 children with pseudotumor cerebri, the evaluation of the response to treatment received special emphasis. Sixteen children underwent spontaneous remission following diagnosis, or improved following sequential lumbar punctures. Sixteen other children were treated with corticosteroids. Of this group, four children who failed to respond to repeated lumbar punctures prior to the initiation of corticosteroid therapy, had their subsequent course on varying doses of steroids charted clinically and by frequent measurement of the CSF pressure. An Inverse relationship of steroid dosage to CSF pressure was documented, as was the children's dependence on corticosteroid therapy for continued remission as the pseudotumor cerebri ran its course. In twelve other children, treatment with corticosteroids may have been effective. Two children had neurosurgical procedures. Permanent visual deficit did not occur in any child.", "contents": "Pseudotumor cerebri of childhood. In a study of 38 children with pseudotumor cerebri, the evaluation of the response to treatment received special emphasis. Sixteen children underwent spontaneous remission following diagnosis, or improved following sequential lumbar punctures. Sixteen other children were treated with corticosteroids. Of this group, four children who failed to respond to repeated lumbar punctures prior to the initiation of corticosteroid therapy, had their subsequent course on varying doses of steroids charted clinically and by frequent measurement of the CSF pressure. An Inverse relationship of steroid dosage to CSF pressure was documented, as was the children's dependence on corticosteroid therapy for continued remission as the pseudotumor cerebri ran its course. In twelve other children, treatment with corticosteroids may have been effective. Two children had neurosurgical procedures. Permanent visual deficit did not occur in any child."}
{"id": "PMID:920675", "title": "Somatomedin and growth hormone in the newborn.", "content": "Somatomedin (SM) levels were measured by porcine cartilage bioassay, and growth hormone (GH) levels by radioimmunoassay in 52 full-term umbilical cord plasma samples and 28 maternal plasma samples. The SM levels in cord plasmas was 0.50 +/- 0.19 units/ml (mean +/- SD) compared to an adult standard plasma pool of 1.0 units/ml. The cord GH levels were 41.7 +/- 36 mmicrogram/ml. The low relative value of SM in the cord plasma is consistent with that found during early childhood, and may reflect a lower level of requirement. The high neonatal GH levels are hypothesized to be a compensatory increase to overcome factors suppressing SM production in fetal life.", "contents": "Somatomedin and growth hormone in the newborn. Somatomedin (SM) levels were measured by porcine cartilage bioassay, and growth hormone (GH) levels by radioimmunoassay in 52 full-term umbilical cord plasma samples and 28 maternal plasma samples. The SM levels in cord plasmas was 0.50 +/- 0.19 units/ml (mean +/- SD) compared to an adult standard plasma pool of 1.0 units/ml. The cord GH levels were 41.7 +/- 36 mmicrogram/ml. The low relative value of SM in the cord plasma is consistent with that found during early childhood, and may reflect a lower level of requirement. The high neonatal GH levels are hypothesized to be a compensatory increase to overcome factors suppressing SM production in fetal life."}
{"id": "PMID:920676", "title": "The clinical value of pediatric herniography.", "content": "We review the herniography experience at a community hospital. Twenty-nine patients, aged 4 weeks to 6 years, were examined. Herniography was most often helpful (25 of 29 patients) in determining the need for exploration of the clinically normal side in the patient with a unilateral hernia. By herniography, patients with a right inguinal hernia were found to have a left sac in 47% of cases; whereas with a clinical left inguinal hernia, the incidence of right sacs was 67%. Herniography was also useful (four of 29 patients) as a diagnostic aid in children with a history of hernia but inconclusive physical findings. In all patients explored, the roentgenographic findings were confirmed at surgery.", "contents": "The clinical value of pediatric herniography. We review the herniography experience at a community hospital. Twenty-nine patients, aged 4 weeks to 6 years, were examined. Herniography was most often helpful (25 of 29 patients) in determining the need for exploration of the clinically normal side in the patient with a unilateral hernia. By herniography, patients with a right inguinal hernia were found to have a left sac in 47% of cases; whereas with a clinical left inguinal hernia, the incidence of right sacs was 67%. Herniography was also useful (four of 29 patients) as a diagnostic aid in children with a history of hernia but inconclusive physical findings. In all patients explored, the roentgenographic findings were confirmed at surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:920677", "title": "Systemic candidiasis in infants: a case presentation and literature review.", "content": "A 4 1/2-month-old male infant with systemic candidiasis had anuria secondary to Candida albicans fungus balls impacted in the renal pelves. The patient was treated with temporary urinary diversion, amphotericin B, and flucytosine. Six weeks after therapy had been concluded, the patient had C albicans arthritis of the right hip and responded to a second course of amphotericin B and flucytosine therapy. This article discusses immunologic evaluation and presents a literature review.", "contents": "Systemic candidiasis in infants: a case presentation and literature review. A 4 1/2-month-old male infant with systemic candidiasis had anuria secondary to Candida albicans fungus balls impacted in the renal pelves. The patient was treated with temporary urinary diversion, amphotericin B, and flucytosine. Six weeks after therapy had been concluded, the patient had C albicans arthritis of the right hip and responded to a second course of amphotericin B and flucytosine therapy. This article discusses immunologic evaluation and presents a literature review."}
{"id": "PMID:920678", "title": "Hypothyroidism due to ectopy in siblings.", "content": "Two families each had two siblings with hypothyroidism due to ectopy and hypoplasia of the thyroid. A genetic factor controlling normal thyroid development and descent may be responsible, and the importance of plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone estimation in borderline hypothyroid cases is emphasized. We suggest screening of siblings of patients with ectopic thyroid for hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism due to ectopy in siblings. Two families each had two siblings with hypothyroidism due to ectopy and hypoplasia of the thyroid. A genetic factor controlling normal thyroid development and descent may be responsible, and the importance of plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone estimation in borderline hypothyroid cases is emphasized. We suggest screening of siblings of patients with ectopic thyroid for hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:920679", "title": "Infantile psoriasis.", "content": "We report 14 infants younger than 2 years of age with psoriasis vulgaris in order to call attention to the existence of infantile psoriasis. Three of the patients were noted to have psoriasis in the neonatal period; the onset may have been prenatal in one. In 13 of the 14 patients the site of onset was determined by the isomorphic effect (K\u00f6bners phenomenon). Although nail pitting is usually said to be infrequent in childhood psoriasis, 11 (79%) of our patients had typical psoriatic nail changes. Psoriasis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of papulosquamous disorders in infants.", "contents": "Infantile psoriasis. We report 14 infants younger than 2 years of age with psoriasis vulgaris in order to call attention to the existence of infantile psoriasis. Three of the patients were noted to have psoriasis in the neonatal period; the onset may have been prenatal in one. In 13 of the 14 patients the site of onset was determined by the isomorphic effect (K\u00f6bners phenomenon). Although nail pitting is usually said to be infrequent in childhood psoriasis, 11 (79%) of our patients had typical psoriatic nail changes. Psoriasis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of papulosquamous disorders in infants."}
{"id": "PMID:920688", "title": "Feasibility of low-dose and intermittent chenodeoxycholic acid therapy of gallstones.", "content": "Chenodeoxycholic acid, by reducing the concentration of biliary cholesterol relative to that of bile acid and phospholipid, dissolves cholesterol gallstones. This bile acid, however, has potential dose-related hepatotoxicity and causes dose-related diarrhea. Therefore, the feasibility of low-dose and intermittent therapy was assessed by studying the induction and persistence of chenodeoxycholic acid-induced biliary lipid changes. Biliary lipid composition with each of 3 doses of chenodeoxycholic acid was determined in bile samples obtained by cholecystokinin-stimulated duodenal drainage before, after one week and one month of treatment, and up to 9 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. The lowest dose that significantly reduced the relative concentration of biliary cholesterol was 250 mg/day. A significant reduction occurred one week after initiation of treatment and was maintained for 9 weeks following discontinuation of treatment. Thus, clinical trials on low-dose and intermittent chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for gallstone prophylaxis or dissolution are warranted.", "contents": "Feasibility of low-dose and intermittent chenodeoxycholic acid therapy of gallstones. Chenodeoxycholic acid, by reducing the concentration of biliary cholesterol relative to that of bile acid and phospholipid, dissolves cholesterol gallstones. This bile acid, however, has potential dose-related hepatotoxicity and causes dose-related diarrhea. Therefore, the feasibility of low-dose and intermittent therapy was assessed by studying the induction and persistence of chenodeoxycholic acid-induced biliary lipid changes. Biliary lipid composition with each of 3 doses of chenodeoxycholic acid was determined in bile samples obtained by cholecystokinin-stimulated duodenal drainage before, after one week and one month of treatment, and up to 9 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. The lowest dose that significantly reduced the relative concentration of biliary cholesterol was 250 mg/day. A significant reduction occurred one week after initiation of treatment and was maintained for 9 weeks following discontinuation of treatment. Thus, clinical trials on low-dose and intermittent chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for gallstone prophylaxis or dissolution are warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:920689", "title": "Relative concentrations of individual nonsulfated bile acids in the serum and bile of patients with cirrhosis.", "content": "The relative concentrations of individual nonsulfated bile acids were determined in samples of serum and bile obtained simultaneously from 16 patients with biopsy-proven alcoholic cirrhosis. A highly significant (P less than 0.001) correlation was found between the fasting relative concentrations of each of the three major bile acids (cholic, chenodeoxycholic, and deoxycholic) in serum and bile. This relationship persisted after manipulation of bile acid pools produced by feeding of individual bile acids. We conclude that the relative concentrations of individual nonsulfated bile acids in serum accurately reflect those in bile and that measurement of individual serum bile acids may be used for screening and serial determination purposes. In particular, low levels of biliary deoxycholate can be reliably predicted by serum measurements.", "contents": "Relative concentrations of individual nonsulfated bile acids in the serum and bile of patients with cirrhosis. The relative concentrations of individual nonsulfated bile acids were determined in samples of serum and bile obtained simultaneously from 16 patients with biopsy-proven alcoholic cirrhosis. A highly significant (P less than 0.001) correlation was found between the fasting relative concentrations of each of the three major bile acids (cholic, chenodeoxycholic, and deoxycholic) in serum and bile. This relationship persisted after manipulation of bile acid pools produced by feeding of individual bile acids. We conclude that the relative concentrations of individual nonsulfated bile acids in serum accurately reflect those in bile and that measurement of individual serum bile acids may be used for screening and serial determination purposes. In particular, low levels of biliary deoxycholate can be reliably predicted by serum measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:920690", "title": "Human colonic myoelectric activity in response to prostigmin and the gastrointestinal hormones.", "content": "Colonic myoelectric activity was determined using a mucosal clip electrode in normal human subjects, in the basal state and following the administration of prostigmin, pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, or secretin. Slow-wave activity was present 49 +/- 3.0% of the recording time and occurred at two frequencies, 6.5 +/- 0.1 cycles/min and 3.5 +/- 0.1 cycles/min, in the rectum. Spike potentials were infrequent in the basal state. Prostigmin, pentagastrin, or cholecystokinin did not affect the slow-wave activity or frequency, but these agents significantly increased the number of spike potentials (P less than 0.05). Secretin had no effect on myoelectric activity. The electrode system was tested in the cat and showed excellent correlation of the myoelectric activity between the mucosal clip electrode and a serosal electrode. These studies indicate: (1) a mucosal clip electrode provides an accurate method of recording colonic myoelectric activity when compared to a serosal electrode in the cat; (2) in man, slow-wave activity is present only intermittently and exists at two frequencies, approximately 6 cycles/min and 3 cycles/min; (3) gastrointestinal hormones and prostigmin increase spike potential discharge without altering slow-wave activity or frequency.", "contents": "Human colonic myoelectric activity in response to prostigmin and the gastrointestinal hormones. Colonic myoelectric activity was determined using a mucosal clip electrode in normal human subjects, in the basal state and following the administration of prostigmin, pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, or secretin. Slow-wave activity was present 49 +/- 3.0% of the recording time and occurred at two frequencies, 6.5 +/- 0.1 cycles/min and 3.5 +/- 0.1 cycles/min, in the rectum. Spike potentials were infrequent in the basal state. Prostigmin, pentagastrin, or cholecystokinin did not affect the slow-wave activity or frequency, but these agents significantly increased the number of spike potentials (P less than 0.05). Secretin had no effect on myoelectric activity. The electrode system was tested in the cat and showed excellent correlation of the myoelectric activity between the mucosal clip electrode and a serosal electrode. These studies indicate: (1) a mucosal clip electrode provides an accurate method of recording colonic myoelectric activity when compared to a serosal electrode in the cat; (2) in man, slow-wave activity is present only intermittently and exists at two frequencies, approximately 6 cycles/min and 3 cycles/min; (3) gastrointestinal hormones and prostigmin increase spike potential discharge without altering slow-wave activity or frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:920691", "title": "A study of synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein, and oxygen uptake in segments of the rat pancreas.", "content": "The determination of whether metabolic homogeneity exists in an organ is of importance to both the clinician and investigator. These studies examine synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein, and oxygen uptake in the three anatomical segments of the rat pancreas. There was rather close agreement among the three segments insofar as these metabolic measurements were concerned. We concluded that there is metabolic uniformity in the rat pancreas and that measurements obtained in one segment reflect activities in the other two segments.", "contents": "A study of synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein, and oxygen uptake in segments of the rat pancreas. The determination of whether metabolic homogeneity exists in an organ is of importance to both the clinician and investigator. These studies examine synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein, and oxygen uptake in the three anatomical segments of the rat pancreas. There was rather close agreement among the three segments insofar as these metabolic measurements were concerned. We concluded that there is metabolic uniformity in the rat pancreas and that measurements obtained in one segment reflect activities in the other two segments."}
{"id": "PMID:920692", "title": "A study of antibody production for the radioimmunoassay of gastrin.", "content": "Gastrin conjugated to bovine serum albumin was administered to New Zealand white rabbits by repeated injections at a standard immunizing dose of 2 mg BSA-gastrin conjugate, as well as at 0.2 mg (10%) and 0.02 (1%) of BSA-gastrin conjugate. The immediate dose of immunogen (0.2 mg) was also given by multiple simultaneous intradermal injections, with one later booster immunization. Resultant antisera from footpad injected rabbits were found to be of comparable high affinity, which was uninfluenced by the size of the administered dose of antigen conjugate. Antibody binding sites concentrations in these antisera, however, were found to be proportional to immunizing dose. Antibodies to gastrin produced after intradermal injection, although of comparable serum antibody concentrations, were of significantly lower affinity than after footpad immunization. It is concluded that high affinity antisera suitable for use in radioimmunoassay of gastrin can be produced by footpad immunization utilizing a small fraction of the standard immunizing dose of gastrin-bovine serum albumin conjugate.", "contents": "A study of antibody production for the radioimmunoassay of gastrin. Gastrin conjugated to bovine serum albumin was administered to New Zealand white rabbits by repeated injections at a standard immunizing dose of 2 mg BSA-gastrin conjugate, as well as at 0.2 mg (10%) and 0.02 (1%) of BSA-gastrin conjugate. The immediate dose of immunogen (0.2 mg) was also given by multiple simultaneous intradermal injections, with one later booster immunization. Resultant antisera from footpad injected rabbits were found to be of comparable high affinity, which was uninfluenced by the size of the administered dose of antigen conjugate. Antibody binding sites concentrations in these antisera, however, were found to be proportional to immunizing dose. Antibodies to gastrin produced after intradermal injection, although of comparable serum antibody concentrations, were of significantly lower affinity than after footpad immunization. It is concluded that high affinity antisera suitable for use in radioimmunoassay of gastrin can be produced by footpad immunization utilizing a small fraction of the standard immunizing dose of gastrin-bovine serum albumin conjugate."}
{"id": "PMID:920693", "title": "Effect of folate deficiency and ethanol ingestion on intestinal folate absorption.", "content": "The effects of folate deficiency, generalized malnutrition, and alcohol ingestion on jejunal transport, mucosal uptake, and reduction of folic acid were evaluated in rats. As measured by an everted gut sac technique, a folate-deficient diet fed ad libitum did not alter transport or mucosal uptake of folate. Partial starvation, which was produced in rats pair-fed with animals ingesting ethanol, increased jejunal folate transport and mucosal uptake in animals ingesting either a folate-deficient or control diet. A 20% ethanol ingestion by rats consuming folate-deficient or control diets resulted in transport and mucosal uptake rates intermediate in value compared to those from ad libitum fed and pair-fed groups. No differences in reduction of folic acid were found. These results suggest that folate depletion and ethanol ingestion, alone or in combination, do not affect the ability of the rat jejunal to transport folate but that partial starvation results in an increase in folate transport activity.", "contents": "Effect of folate deficiency and ethanol ingestion on intestinal folate absorption. The effects of folate deficiency, generalized malnutrition, and alcohol ingestion on jejunal transport, mucosal uptake, and reduction of folic acid were evaluated in rats. As measured by an everted gut sac technique, a folate-deficient diet fed ad libitum did not alter transport or mucosal uptake of folate. Partial starvation, which was produced in rats pair-fed with animals ingesting ethanol, increased jejunal folate transport and mucosal uptake in animals ingesting either a folate-deficient or control diet. A 20% ethanol ingestion by rats consuming folate-deficient or control diets resulted in transport and mucosal uptake rates intermediate in value compared to those from ad libitum fed and pair-fed groups. No differences in reduction of folic acid were found. These results suggest that folate depletion and ethanol ingestion, alone or in combination, do not affect the ability of the rat jejunal to transport folate but that partial starvation results in an increase in folate transport activity."}
{"id": "PMID:920694", "title": "Hyperoxaluria and intestinal disease. The role of steatorrhea and dietary calcium in regulating intestinal oxalate absorption.", "content": "Hyperoxaluria was documented in patients with pancreatic insufficiency, adult celiac disease, regional enteritis after ileectomy and partial colectomy, and jejunoileal bypass. The degree of hyperoxaluria correlated directly with the severity of the steatorrhea and inversely with the dietary calcium content. High-calcium diets suppressed oxalate excretion to normal when fecal fat excretion was approximately 30 g/day or less. In patients with more severe steatorrhea, decreasing dietary fat and oxalate content further reduced urinary oxalate excretion. These data suggest that, while steatorrhea is the most important determinant for enhanced absorption of dietary oxalate, variations in dietary calcium content modulate the amount of oxalate absorbed.", "contents": "Hyperoxaluria and intestinal disease. The role of steatorrhea and dietary calcium in regulating intestinal oxalate absorption. Hyperoxaluria was documented in patients with pancreatic insufficiency, adult celiac disease, regional enteritis after ileectomy and partial colectomy, and jejunoileal bypass. The degree of hyperoxaluria correlated directly with the severity of the steatorrhea and inversely with the dietary calcium content. High-calcium diets suppressed oxalate excretion to normal when fecal fat excretion was approximately 30 g/day or less. In patients with more severe steatorrhea, decreasing dietary fat and oxalate content further reduced urinary oxalate excretion. These data suggest that, while steatorrhea is the most important determinant for enhanced absorption of dietary oxalate, variations in dietary calcium content modulate the amount of oxalate absorbed."}
{"id": "PMID:920695", "title": "Pseudotumor caused by gastric varices.", "content": "On upper-gastrointestinal examination a patient with cirrhosis of the liver was found to have prominent gastric varices presenting as a pseudotumor near the cardia. The diagnosis of varices was confirmed by gastroscopy and angiography. A correct diagnosis is necessary to avoid an ill-advised biopsy or unwarranted surgery.", "contents": "Pseudotumor caused by gastric varices. On upper-gastrointestinal examination a patient with cirrhosis of the liver was found to have prominent gastric varices presenting as a pseudotumor near the cardia. The diagnosis of varices was confirmed by gastroscopy and angiography. A correct diagnosis is necessary to avoid an ill-advised biopsy or unwarranted surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:920697", "title": "Individual free fatty acids in patients with liver disease.", "content": "The total free fatty acids, blood glucose, and individual free fatty acids were studied in 8 patients with viral hepatitis and 13 with cirrhosis. The results were compared with those obtained in 9 normal control subjects. Free fatty acids were significantly elevated in liver patients as compared with normal controls. A fall in free fatty acids following ingestion of amino acids and dextrose was noted in normal subjects as well as liver patients. Glucose tolerance test, when done on patients with liver disease, was abnormal in most cases. Highly significant differences were found in the composition of individual free fatty acids in liver patients as compared with normal subjects. Arachidonic and linoleic acids were decreased, while monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids were increased in patients with viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. No significant changes were noted in the percent composition of individual free fatty acids following ingestion of amino acids and dextrose.", "contents": "Individual free fatty acids in patients with liver disease. The total free fatty acids, blood glucose, and individual free fatty acids were studied in 8 patients with viral hepatitis and 13 with cirrhosis. The results were compared with those obtained in 9 normal control subjects. Free fatty acids were significantly elevated in liver patients as compared with normal controls. A fall in free fatty acids following ingestion of amino acids and dextrose was noted in normal subjects as well as liver patients. Glucose tolerance test, when done on patients with liver disease, was abnormal in most cases. Highly significant differences were found in the composition of individual free fatty acids in liver patients as compared with normal subjects. Arachidonic and linoleic acids were decreased, while monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids were increased in patients with viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. No significant changes were noted in the percent composition of individual free fatty acids following ingestion of amino acids and dextrose."}
{"id": "PMID:920702", "title": "Herpetic gastritis.", "content": "A case of herpes gastritis is presented. This complication is being described more frequently in the gastrointestinal tract and can be best diagnosed by endoscopic appearance and examination of brush specimens by cytology.", "contents": "Herpetic gastritis. A case of herpes gastritis is presented. This complication is being described more frequently in the gastrointestinal tract and can be best diagnosed by endoscopic appearance and examination of brush specimens by cytology."}
{"id": "PMID:920703", "title": "Fasting and postprandial serum bile acids as a screening test for hepatocellular disease.", "content": "Postprandial serum bile acid estimation was recently proposed as the most sensitive test of liver function. In our study, the fasting and postpranidal serum bile acid measurements were performed on 19 normal subjects, 20 patients with cirrhosis, 10 with acute hepatitis, 4 with resolving viral hepatitis, and 6 with chronic active hepatitis. A gas-chromatographic method was used. One healthy subject had postprandial serum bile acid levels above the normal range, while 7 patients with liver disease had postprandial levels within normal limits. Of the latter group, 2 had chronic active hepatitis in remission and 3 had resolving viral hepatitis. Significant correlations were seen between serum bile acid levels and most of the conventional \"liver function\" tests. Our data indicate that the postprandial serum bile acid determination is better than any of the other conventional tests taken separately, but no better than their combined use. No significant modification of the cholic acid/chenodeoxycholic acid ratio was observed between the fasting and the postprandial determinations.", "contents": "Fasting and postprandial serum bile acids as a screening test for hepatocellular disease. Postprandial serum bile acid estimation was recently proposed as the most sensitive test of liver function. In our study, the fasting and postpranidal serum bile acid measurements were performed on 19 normal subjects, 20 patients with cirrhosis, 10 with acute hepatitis, 4 with resolving viral hepatitis, and 6 with chronic active hepatitis. A gas-chromatographic method was used. One healthy subject had postprandial serum bile acid levels above the normal range, while 7 patients with liver disease had postprandial levels within normal limits. Of the latter group, 2 had chronic active hepatitis in remission and 3 had resolving viral hepatitis. Significant correlations were seen between serum bile acid levels and most of the conventional \"liver function\" tests. Our data indicate that the postprandial serum bile acid determination is better than any of the other conventional tests taken separately, but no better than their combined use. No significant modification of the cholic acid/chenodeoxycholic acid ratio was observed between the fasting and the postprandial determinations."}
{"id": "PMID:920704", "title": "Gastric varices. Problem in diagnosis.", "content": "Gastric varices may appear in association with esophageal varices secondary to portal-hypertension or as an independent manifestation of splenic vein obstruction. Since gastric varices often manifest as radiologic filling defects in the gastric fundus or cardia, differentiation from tumors and many other diseases becomes imperative. Unfortunately, routine diagnostic pprocedures may be of limited value. The difficulties in the diagnosis of gastric varices are illustrated with three specific cases. Correct diagnosis is best established with the aid of endoscopy and such special procedures as celiac angiography or splenoportography. With the help of three cases, the characteristics of gastric varices are reviewed and their evaluation and management are outlined.", "contents": "Gastric varices. Problem in diagnosis. Gastric varices may appear in association with esophageal varices secondary to portal-hypertension or as an independent manifestation of splenic vein obstruction. Since gastric varices often manifest as radiologic filling defects in the gastric fundus or cardia, differentiation from tumors and many other diseases becomes imperative. Unfortunately, routine diagnostic pprocedures may be of limited value. The difficulties in the diagnosis of gastric varices are illustrated with three specific cases. Correct diagnosis is best established with the aid of endoscopy and such special procedures as celiac angiography or splenoportography. With the help of three cases, the characteristics of gastric varices are reviewed and their evaluation and management are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:920705", "title": "Esophageal histology in gastroesophageal reflux. Morphometric findings in suction biopsies.", "content": "Esophageal suction biopsies were taken in 24 subjects with proven gastroesophageal reflux, 12 subjects with suspected reflux, and 20 healthy controls. Sixty-two percent of the patients with proven reflux, 33% of the patients with suspected reflux, and 10% of the control subjects had neutrophilic and/or eosinophilic granulocytes in the lamina propria. Lymphocytes, plasma cell, and basophilic granulocytes were shown to be constituents of the normal esophageal mucosa. All epithelial dimensions showed marked individual variations in reflux patients and controls. The relative length of stromal papillae as expressed in percent of total epithelial thickness showed a linear correlation with relative basal cell thickness and an indirect linear correlation with epithelial thickness. Elongation of stromal papillae in proven reflux could only be demonstrated by arbitrary retrospective stratification of the data. Hyperplasia of the basal zone and thinning of the epithelium were not observed in the reflux patients. It is concluded that granulocytic infiltrates and not epithelial alterations are the most prominent histological finding in gastroesophageal reflux.", "contents": "Esophageal histology in gastroesophageal reflux. Morphometric findings in suction biopsies. Esophageal suction biopsies were taken in 24 subjects with proven gastroesophageal reflux, 12 subjects with suspected reflux, and 20 healthy controls. Sixty-two percent of the patients with proven reflux, 33% of the patients with suspected reflux, and 10% of the control subjects had neutrophilic and/or eosinophilic granulocytes in the lamina propria. Lymphocytes, plasma cell, and basophilic granulocytes were shown to be constituents of the normal esophageal mucosa. All epithelial dimensions showed marked individual variations in reflux patients and controls. The relative length of stromal papillae as expressed in percent of total epithelial thickness showed a linear correlation with relative basal cell thickness and an indirect linear correlation with epithelial thickness. Elongation of stromal papillae in proven reflux could only be demonstrated by arbitrary retrospective stratification of the data. Hyperplasia of the basal zone and thinning of the epithelium were not observed in the reflux patients. It is concluded that granulocytic infiltrates and not epithelial alterations are the most prominent histological finding in gastroesophageal reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:920706", "title": "Adenomyoma of the stomach.", "content": "Two cases of adenomyoma of the stomach and a review of previous reports in the literature are presented. Adenomyoma is a benign lesion of the pylorus of the stomach composed of smooth muscle, cysts, and glandular structures lined by all columnar epithelium, Brunner's glands, and sometimes pancreatic tissue. The histopathological and radiological characteristics of this lesion are discussed.", "contents": "Adenomyoma of the stomach. Two cases of adenomyoma of the stomach and a review of previous reports in the literature are presented. Adenomyoma is a benign lesion of the pylorus of the stomach composed of smooth muscle, cysts, and glandular structures lined by all columnar epithelium, Brunner's glands, and sometimes pancreatic tissue. The histopathological and radiological characteristics of this lesion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920707", "title": "Gastrin content of columnar mucosal lining the lower (Barrett's) esophagus.", "content": "Tissue gastrin was determined in 36 biopsies obtained from the esophagus and 35 biopsies from the stomach in 12 patients with Barrett's esophagus. Histology of the mucosa from the area adjacent to the biopsy sites was also examined. Esophageal biopsies were obtained from three different sites in each patient. The gastric biopsies were obtained from the antrum, fundus, and the area just distal to the lower border of the lower esophageal sphincter. The columnar mucosa lining the esophagus was of three distinct types, namely, fundic, transitional (cardiac), or specialized. None of these epithelia nor the squamous epithelium showed any detectable gastrin. In contrast, antral mucosa had very high gastrin content; smaller amounts of gastrin were detected in duodenal epithelium, whereas fundic mucosa sometimes contained small amounts of gastrin.", "contents": "Gastrin content of columnar mucosal lining the lower (Barrett's) esophagus. Tissue gastrin was determined in 36 biopsies obtained from the esophagus and 35 biopsies from the stomach in 12 patients with Barrett's esophagus. Histology of the mucosa from the area adjacent to the biopsy sites was also examined. Esophageal biopsies were obtained from three different sites in each patient. The gastric biopsies were obtained from the antrum, fundus, and the area just distal to the lower border of the lower esophageal sphincter. The columnar mucosa lining the esophagus was of three distinct types, namely, fundic, transitional (cardiac), or specialized. None of these epithelia nor the squamous epithelium showed any detectable gastrin. In contrast, antral mucosa had very high gastrin content; smaller amounts of gastrin were detected in duodenal epithelium, whereas fundic mucosa sometimes contained small amounts of gastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:920708", "title": "Severe chronic active liver disease. Prognostic significance of initial morphologic patterns.", "content": "To determine the usefulness of recognizing the different morphologic patterns of chronic active liver disease (CALD), we compared clinical and biochemical features as well as responses to treatment in 32 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH); 36 with subacute hepatitis and bridging necrosis (SHB); 30 with subacute hepatitis and multilobular necrosis (SHMN); and 30 with cirrhosis and active hepatitis (Cirrh). The morphological lesions did not correlate with clinical or etiologic features. Patients with CAH had less severe biochemical abnormalities, entered remission more often, and failed to respond to treatment less frequently than those with SHMN or Cirrh. SHB and SHMN resembled each other in many regards and showed greater functional changes than CAH. Cirrhosis developed more often after SHMN than CAH and was associated with a poorer prognosis than CAH. Serial liver biopsies revealed all possible histologic transitions, with reduction of inflammation usually occurring in patients treated with steroids and extension of inflammation being more frequent in those not receiving these drugs. CAH, SHB, SHMN, and Cirrh, therefore, reflect the degree and extent of disease activity at any given time in CALD, rather than representing different conditions. Identification of the initial morphologic lesion is helpful because of differences in prognosis.", "contents": "Severe chronic active liver disease. Prognostic significance of initial morphologic patterns. To determine the usefulness of recognizing the different morphologic patterns of chronic active liver disease (CALD), we compared clinical and biochemical features as well as responses to treatment in 32 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH); 36 with subacute hepatitis and bridging necrosis (SHB); 30 with subacute hepatitis and multilobular necrosis (SHMN); and 30 with cirrhosis and active hepatitis (Cirrh). The morphological lesions did not correlate with clinical or etiologic features. Patients with CAH had less severe biochemical abnormalities, entered remission more often, and failed to respond to treatment less frequently than those with SHMN or Cirrh. SHB and SHMN resembled each other in many regards and showed greater functional changes than CAH. Cirrhosis developed more often after SHMN than CAH and was associated with a poorer prognosis than CAH. Serial liver biopsies revealed all possible histologic transitions, with reduction of inflammation usually occurring in patients treated with steroids and extension of inflammation being more frequent in those not receiving these drugs. CAH, SHB, SHMN, and Cirrh, therefore, reflect the degree and extent of disease activity at any given time in CALD, rather than representing different conditions. Identification of the initial morphologic lesion is helpful because of differences in prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:920709", "title": "Significance of changes in blood pressure and pulse rate after percutaneous liver biopsy.", "content": "Blood-pressure and pulse-rate changes were evaluated prospectively in 50 patients undergoing uncomplicated liver biopsies and retrospectively in 4 patients who, since 1973, had recognized postbiopsy hemorrhage requiring transfusion. In uncomplicated biopsies a wide range of variations in vital signs was encountered between \"baseline\" and \"before\" controls and between controls and postbiopsy measurements. To place the changes in perspective, percentile scales were developed for percent maximum deviation from control for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate. Analysis of changes in patients with significant hemorrhage revealed; (1) marked changes in vital signs in the early (2-hr) postbiopsy period; (2) the association of early hypertensive changes with pain followed by later evidence of hemorrhage in two of the four patients; (3) the lesser helpfulness of pulse change (1 of 4 bleeders) as compared to blood pressure change (4 of 4 patients).", "contents": "Significance of changes in blood pressure and pulse rate after percutaneous liver biopsy. Blood-pressure and pulse-rate changes were evaluated prospectively in 50 patients undergoing uncomplicated liver biopsies and retrospectively in 4 patients who, since 1973, had recognized postbiopsy hemorrhage requiring transfusion. In uncomplicated biopsies a wide range of variations in vital signs was encountered between \"baseline\" and \"before\" controls and between controls and postbiopsy measurements. To place the changes in perspective, percentile scales were developed for percent maximum deviation from control for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate. Analysis of changes in patients with significant hemorrhage revealed; (1) marked changes in vital signs in the early (2-hr) postbiopsy period; (2) the association of early hypertensive changes with pain followed by later evidence of hemorrhage in two of the four patients; (3) the lesser helpfulness of pulse change (1 of 4 bleeders) as compared to blood pressure change (4 of 4 patients)."}
{"id": "PMID:920710", "title": "Muramidase (lysozyme) in Crohn's disease and in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Estimation of lysozyme (LZM) activity in the serum was suggested as a valuable test to distinguish between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Subsequently several reports either supported or denied the original observation. Selection of patients and methodological differences were suggested as an explanation for the controversy. We estimated serum LZM in a large group of patients using the lysoplate method and human LZM as a standard. The conditions of the assay were strictly standardized. In 90 patients with Crohn's disease the LZM level was 8.3 +/- 2.1 (SD) microgram/ml, in 57 patients with ulcerative colitis was 7.4 +/- 2.0 (SD) microgram/ml, and in 40 healthy individuals it was 7.0 +/- 1.2 (SD) microgram/ml. Although the difference between the mean LZM levels in Crohn's disease and in ulcerative colitis was statistically significant, there was a definite overlapping of values between these two diseases. No significant correlation of LZM level to the duration or extent of the disease, activity, or treatment was found in Crohn's disease. In ulcerative colitis the LZM level was often a little higher in severe disease, especially when the whole colon was involved.", "contents": "Muramidase (lysozyme) in Crohn's disease and in ulcerative colitis. Estimation of lysozyme (LZM) activity in the serum was suggested as a valuable test to distinguish between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Subsequently several reports either supported or denied the original observation. Selection of patients and methodological differences were suggested as an explanation for the controversy. We estimated serum LZM in a large group of patients using the lysoplate method and human LZM as a standard. The conditions of the assay were strictly standardized. In 90 patients with Crohn's disease the LZM level was 8.3 +/- 2.1 (SD) microgram/ml, in 57 patients with ulcerative colitis was 7.4 +/- 2.0 (SD) microgram/ml, and in 40 healthy individuals it was 7.0 +/- 1.2 (SD) microgram/ml. Although the difference between the mean LZM levels in Crohn's disease and in ulcerative colitis was statistically significant, there was a definite overlapping of values between these two diseases. No significant correlation of LZM level to the duration or extent of the disease, activity, or treatment was found in Crohn's disease. In ulcerative colitis the LZM level was often a little higher in severe disease, especially when the whole colon was involved."}
{"id": "PMID:920711", "title": "Spectrum of methyldopa liver injury.", "content": "The administration of alpha methyldopa resulted in serious liver injury to seven patients, requiring hospitalization. All patients presented with symptoms indistinguishable from viral hepatitis. Histological changes ranged from those compatible with acute hepatitis to chronic active hepatitis and subacute hepatic necrosis. One patient with subacute hepatic necrosis rapidly progressed to hepatic failure and died; autopsy revealed postnecrotic cirrhosis. Inadvertent rechallenge after recovery resulted in dramatic recurrence of symptoms in one patient, confirming the fact that a hypersensitivity phenomenon is involved. A high state of awareness among physicians of this unpredictable toxic effect of the drug may reduce its unrecognized perpetuation.", "contents": "Spectrum of methyldopa liver injury. The administration of alpha methyldopa resulted in serious liver injury to seven patients, requiring hospitalization. All patients presented with symptoms indistinguishable from viral hepatitis. Histological changes ranged from those compatible with acute hepatitis to chronic active hepatitis and subacute hepatic necrosis. One patient with subacute hepatic necrosis rapidly progressed to hepatic failure and died; autopsy revealed postnecrotic cirrhosis. Inadvertent rechallenge after recovery resulted in dramatic recurrence of symptoms in one patient, confirming the fact that a hypersensitivity phenomenon is involved. A high state of awareness among physicians of this unpredictable toxic effect of the drug may reduce its unrecognized perpetuation."}
{"id": "PMID:920712", "title": "Hepatic amebiasis, analysis of 56 cases. I. Clinical findings.", "content": "The clinical findings in 56 patients with hepatic amebiasis are reviewed. This illness was most frequent in male black patients, 20-39 years old. The clinical picture is dominated by upper right quadrant abdominal pain, general malaise, pain on percussion of the right hypochondrium and tender hepatomegaly. Jaundice is not rare and appears to have no prognostic significance. The importance of early diagnosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Hepatic amebiasis, analysis of 56 cases. I. Clinical findings. The clinical findings in 56 patients with hepatic amebiasis are reviewed. This illness was most frequent in male black patients, 20-39 years old. The clinical picture is dominated by upper right quadrant abdominal pain, general malaise, pain on percussion of the right hypochondrium and tender hepatomegaly. Jaundice is not rare and appears to have no prognostic significance. The importance of early diagnosis is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:920713", "title": "Serum gastrin in patients with various types of chronic gastritis.", "content": "Fasting serum gastrin was determined in 35 Chinese patients with various types of chronic gastritis and in 23 Chinese control subjects. The mean (+/- S.D.) fasting serum gastrin levels for 13 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, 16 patients with chronic gastritis and six patients with acute-on-chronic gastritis were 32.1 (+/- 38.9) pg./ml., 36.1 (+/- 23.2) pg./ml. and 33.7 (+/- 19.4) pg./ml., respectively. The mean (+/- S.D.) fasting serum gastrin levels for the whole gastritis group (35 patients) and the control group were 34.2 (+/- 28.8) pg./ml. and 24.6 (+/- 13.7) pg./ml., respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the mean basal serum gastrin levels of the three gastritis groups did not differ significantly from control subjects and with each other.", "contents": "Serum gastrin in patients with various types of chronic gastritis. Fasting serum gastrin was determined in 35 Chinese patients with various types of chronic gastritis and in 23 Chinese control subjects. The mean (+/- S.D.) fasting serum gastrin levels for 13 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, 16 patients with chronic gastritis and six patients with acute-on-chronic gastritis were 32.1 (+/- 38.9) pg./ml., 36.1 (+/- 23.2) pg./ml. and 33.7 (+/- 19.4) pg./ml., respectively. The mean (+/- S.D.) fasting serum gastrin levels for the whole gastritis group (35 patients) and the control group were 34.2 (+/- 28.8) pg./ml. and 24.6 (+/- 13.7) pg./ml., respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the mean basal serum gastrin levels of the three gastritis groups did not differ significantly from control subjects and with each other."}
{"id": "PMID:920714", "title": "Splenic erosion and hemorrhage secondary to pancreatic pseudocyst. A review of the literature and additional case report.", "content": "A case of splenic invasion and rupture by a pancreatic pseudocyst is presented and previously documented cases are reviewed. The serious consequences of this complication are stressed. In the present case, splenic rupture occurred during clinical and radiological resolution of the pseudocyst.", "contents": "Splenic erosion and hemorrhage secondary to pancreatic pseudocyst. A review of the literature and additional case report. A case of splenic invasion and rupture by a pancreatic pseudocyst is presented and previously documented cases are reviewed. The serious consequences of this complication are stressed. In the present case, splenic rupture occurred during clinical and radiological resolution of the pseudocyst."}
{"id": "PMID:920715", "title": "Uncommon presentation of pancreatic pseudocyst.", "content": "Five cases of pancreatic pseudocyst are presented with unusual manifestations. Clinical features of each entity are discussed to enable one to diagnose the rare manifestations and complications of pancreatic pseudocyst. Reasonable understanding of such cases enables accurate diagnostic work-up for confirmation and early surgical intervention.", "contents": "Uncommon presentation of pancreatic pseudocyst. Five cases of pancreatic pseudocyst are presented with unusual manifestations. Clinical features of each entity are discussed to enable one to diagnose the rare manifestations and complications of pancreatic pseudocyst. Reasonable understanding of such cases enables accurate diagnostic work-up for confirmation and early surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:920716", "title": "Surgical management of toxic megacolon.", "content": "Toxic megacolon developed in ten of 220 patients (4.5%) admitted for chronic ulcerative colitis over the past 11 years. Nine of these patients came under the care of the Surgical Department. Only three of these 10 patients had previously been treated with steroids. Steroid therapy reversed the acute process in three patients (33%). All three patients later came to surgery. Toxic megacolon developed during the first episode of ulcerative colitis in seven of ten patients (70%). Three of the seven (43%) had perforated their colons prior to operation. Two patients died after a subtotal colectomy and one without operation. A delayed diagnosis was associated with sepsis in five patients (50%) and with all three deaths. Seven patients survived proctocolectomy. Prolonged medical management without dramatic response appeared to correlate with a high postoperative morbidity. This study supports the concept of aggressive diagnosis and early surgical intervention for toxic megacolon.", "contents": "Surgical management of toxic megacolon. Toxic megacolon developed in ten of 220 patients (4.5%) admitted for chronic ulcerative colitis over the past 11 years. Nine of these patients came under the care of the Surgical Department. Only three of these 10 patients had previously been treated with steroids. Steroid therapy reversed the acute process in three patients (33%). All three patients later came to surgery. Toxic megacolon developed during the first episode of ulcerative colitis in seven of ten patients (70%). Three of the seven (43%) had perforated their colons prior to operation. Two patients died after a subtotal colectomy and one without operation. A delayed diagnosis was associated with sepsis in five patients (50%) and with all three deaths. Seven patients survived proctocolectomy. Prolonged medical management without dramatic response appeared to correlate with a high postoperative morbidity. This study supports the concept of aggressive diagnosis and early surgical intervention for toxic megacolon."}
{"id": "PMID:920717", "title": "Biliary ascariasis presenting in the United States.", "content": "Infestation of the bile ducts by the adult Ascaris lumbricoides roundworm is a common condition in many parts of the world. The most frequent clinical presentation is as upper abdominal colicky pain with a normal or only slightly raised serum bilirubin. In most cases these worms can be visualized by intravenous cholangiography because of the absence of obstructive jaundice and can therefore be specifically treated by nonsurgical methods. The radiographic appearance is diagnostic. This is the first report of such a case presenting in North America or the United Kingdom, where the importance of biliary ascariasis in endemic areas is not fully appreciated.", "contents": "Biliary ascariasis presenting in the United States. Infestation of the bile ducts by the adult Ascaris lumbricoides roundworm is a common condition in many parts of the world. The most frequent clinical presentation is as upper abdominal colicky pain with a normal or only slightly raised serum bilirubin. In most cases these worms can be visualized by intravenous cholangiography because of the absence of obstructive jaundice and can therefore be specifically treated by nonsurgical methods. The radiographic appearance is diagnostic. This is the first report of such a case presenting in North America or the United Kingdom, where the importance of biliary ascariasis in endemic areas is not fully appreciated."}
{"id": "PMID:920718", "title": "Pyoderma gangrenosum complicating Crohn's disease.", "content": "Of the many acknowledged systemic complications of inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, iritis and erythema nodosum are observed most commonly and considered parts of the natural history. Pyoderma gangrenosum is a more ominous, less common but similarly associated complication that classically occurs in the course of ulcerative colitis. Its rarity in Crohn's disease stimulated the following report.", "contents": "Pyoderma gangrenosum complicating Crohn's disease. Of the many acknowledged systemic complications of inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, iritis and erythema nodosum are observed most commonly and considered parts of the natural history. Pyoderma gangrenosum is a more ominous, less common but similarly associated complication that classically occurs in the course of ulcerative colitis. Its rarity in Crohn's disease stimulated the following report."}
{"id": "PMID:920721", "title": "Pneumatosis and cystoides intestinalis. Report of a case with colonoscopic findings of inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "A patient with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis noted on barium enema performed for evaluation of rectal bleeding was found on fiberoptic colonoscopy to have evidence of inflammatory bowel disease, consistent with granulomatous colitis, the sigmoid colon element of which responded to topical steroid therapy as documented by repeat colonoscopy three months later.", "contents": "Pneumatosis and cystoides intestinalis. Report of a case with colonoscopic findings of inflammatory bowel disease. A patient with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis noted on barium enema performed for evaluation of rectal bleeding was found on fiberoptic colonoscopy to have evidence of inflammatory bowel disease, consistent with granulomatous colitis, the sigmoid colon element of which responded to topical steroid therapy as documented by repeat colonoscopy three months later."}
{"id": "PMID:920724", "title": "Race, education and prevalence of hypertension.", "content": "Data from the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP), in 14 U.S. communities, were used to examine the relationship of education to the well-documented racial differences in prevalence of hypertension. Standardized blood pressure (BP) measurements, a medical history, and socioeconomic information were obtained on 158,906 adults. Hypertensive individuals were defined as 1) those with a diastolic BP greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg and 2) those with a diastolic BP less than 95 mm Hg who reported they were currently taking antihypertensive medication. Overall, 18.0% of whites and 37.4% of blacks were defined as hypertensive at the first screening. Education was found to be inversely associated with hypertension for each race and sex group. This inverse association remained when age was taken into account, was more striking in the younger age groups and in blacks, but was diminished in the highest weight classes. Educational differences, however, do not fully account for the observed black-white differences in hypertension prevalence. Even at the higher education levels, the adjusted prevalence of hypertension remained nearly twice as high in blacks as in whites.", "contents": "Race, education and prevalence of hypertension. Data from the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP), in 14 U.S. communities, were used to examine the relationship of education to the well-documented racial differences in prevalence of hypertension. Standardized blood pressure (BP) measurements, a medical history, and socioeconomic information were obtained on 158,906 adults. Hypertensive individuals were defined as 1) those with a diastolic BP greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg and 2) those with a diastolic BP less than 95 mm Hg who reported they were currently taking antihypertensive medication. Overall, 18.0% of whites and 37.4% of blacks were defined as hypertensive at the first screening. Education was found to be inversely associated with hypertension for each race and sex group. This inverse association remained when age was taken into account, was more striking in the younger age groups and in blacks, but was diminished in the highest weight classes. Educational differences, however, do not fully account for the observed black-white differences in hypertension prevalence. Even at the higher education levels, the adjusted prevalence of hypertension remained nearly twice as high in blacks as in whites."}
{"id": "PMID:920726", "title": "Changing patterns in the incidence of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever on Long Island (1971-1976).", "content": "Clinical data from 124 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) cases submitted by Long Island physicians and hospitals were compiled for the six-year period 1971-1976. This information was subsequently compared to two parameters: first, the geographic distribution of human cases and rickettsia-infected Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and, secondly, the human population dynamics in Long Island towns since 1950. Despite an overall decline in the rate of suburbanization and population growth, cases of RMSF have increased significantly not only in eastern towns where RMSF has been endemic, but also in well-established western towns where recent population increases have been negligible. Phenomena associated with suburbanization, primarily the association of domestic and sylvan animals and their exposure to infected vector populations, may be instrumental in explaining the increased transmission of RMSF.", "contents": "Changing patterns in the incidence of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever on Long Island (1971-1976). Clinical data from 124 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) cases submitted by Long Island physicians and hospitals were compiled for the six-year period 1971-1976. This information was subsequently compared to two parameters: first, the geographic distribution of human cases and rickettsia-infected Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and, secondly, the human population dynamics in Long Island towns since 1950. Despite an overall decline in the rate of suburbanization and population growth, cases of RMSF have increased significantly not only in eastern towns where RMSF has been endemic, but also in well-established western towns where recent population increases have been negligible. Phenomena associated with suburbanization, primarily the association of domestic and sylvan animals and their exposure to infected vector populations, may be instrumental in explaining the increased transmission of RMSF."}
{"id": "PMID:920727", "title": "Bacterial meningitis in southwestern Alaska.", "content": "Between July 1, 1971, and June 30, 1974, thirty-nine cases of bacterial meningitis were diagnosed at the Alaska Native Health Service Hospital at Bethel, Alaska. Thirty-two (82%) occurred in infants less than one year of age. Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) was the predominant causative agent, and was isolated from 23 (72%) of the 32 patients under one year of age. The annual incidence of H. influenzae meningitis in the Bethel area was 63/100,000, and the annual incidence of H. influenzae meningitis in children less than five years of age was 474/100,000 cases.", "contents": "Bacterial meningitis in southwestern Alaska. Between July 1, 1971, and June 30, 1974, thirty-nine cases of bacterial meningitis were diagnosed at the Alaska Native Health Service Hospital at Bethel, Alaska. Thirty-two (82%) occurred in infants less than one year of age. Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) was the predominant causative agent, and was isolated from 23 (72%) of the 32 patients under one year of age. The annual incidence of H. influenzae meningitis in the Bethel area was 63/100,000, and the annual incidence of H. influenzae meningitis in children less than five years of age was 474/100,000 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:920729", "title": "The age distribution of human cancer for carcinogenic exposures of varying intensity.", "content": "The time and age dependence of cancer incidence rates resulting from various type of carcinogenic exposure are calculated and compared with observed cancer incidence rates. Implications for the detection of increased cancer incidence are discussed. The calculations assume that exposure affects one of several changes necessary for malignant cell transformation.", "contents": "The age distribution of human cancer for carcinogenic exposures of varying intensity. The time and age dependence of cancer incidence rates resulting from various type of carcinogenic exposure are calculated and compared with observed cancer incidence rates. Implications for the detection of increased cancer incidence are discussed. The calculations assume that exposure affects one of several changes necessary for malignant cell transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:920740", "title": "Effect of inline filtration of intravenous infusions on the incidence of thrombophlebitis.", "content": "The effect of inline filtration on the incidence of infusion phlebitis was examined in a community hospital. Two general surgical units, comparable in their patient populations, were studied during a one-month period. On one unit, an extension set with a 45 micrometer filter was attached to every i.v. catheter; no inline filtration was instituted on the second unit. The use or nonuse of a filter was not blinded. The filter was replaced every 24 hours or sooner if blockage occurred. A total of 49 patients (107 i.v.s) were studied in the group with filters and 40 patients (84 i.v.s) without filters. Phlebitis was graded on a scale of 0 to 4. The proportion of patients with phlebitis in the filter group was 86%; in the no-filter group, 75%. In the filter group, 67% of the catheterizations ended in phlebitis; in the no-filter group, 63%. Upon first catheterization, phlebitis developed in 63% of the filter group and 58% of the no-filter group. None of these differences was significant (p = 0.05). There was also no significant difference between the two groups in the severity of phlebitis and the incidence of phlebitis following the administration of irritating solutions containing cephalothin sodium or potassium chloride. Based on this study, the value of inline filtration in routine clinical conditions appears to be questionable.", "contents": "Effect of inline filtration of intravenous infusions on the incidence of thrombophlebitis. The effect of inline filtration on the incidence of infusion phlebitis was examined in a community hospital. Two general surgical units, comparable in their patient populations, were studied during a one-month period. On one unit, an extension set with a 45 micrometer filter was attached to every i.v. catheter; no inline filtration was instituted on the second unit. The use or nonuse of a filter was not blinded. The filter was replaced every 24 hours or sooner if blockage occurred. A total of 49 patients (107 i.v.s) were studied in the group with filters and 40 patients (84 i.v.s) without filters. Phlebitis was graded on a scale of 0 to 4. The proportion of patients with phlebitis in the filter group was 86%; in the no-filter group, 75%. In the filter group, 67% of the catheterizations ended in phlebitis; in the no-filter group, 63%. Upon first catheterization, phlebitis developed in 63% of the filter group and 58% of the no-filter group. None of these differences was significant (p = 0.05). There was also no significant difference between the two groups in the severity of phlebitis and the incidence of phlebitis following the administration of irritating solutions containing cephalothin sodium or potassium chloride. Based on this study, the value of inline filtration in routine clinical conditions appears to be questionable."}
{"id": "PMID:920742", "title": "Primary care by a pharmacist in an outpatient clinic.", "content": "Primary care by a pharmacist in an outpatient clinic of the Indian Health Service is described. Primary care responsibilities of the pharmacist included the diagnosis and treatment of certain acute illnesses and the management of selected chronic disease patients. Protocols were written by the pharmacist and physician to cover 31 acute illnesses and seven chronic conditions. The pharmacist was also trained to perform many routine laboratory tests. Further, the pharmacist provided patient consultation as to the use, storage, benefits and expected side effects of prescribed medications. Pharmacy visits accounted for nearly one-third of the clinic visits in 1975. Diagnosis and treatment of 10 common acute illnesses made up more than 40% of the pharmacy visits; another 40% of these visits were for pharmacist monitoring of chronic conditions.", "contents": "Primary care by a pharmacist in an outpatient clinic. Primary care by a pharmacist in an outpatient clinic of the Indian Health Service is described. Primary care responsibilities of the pharmacist included the diagnosis and treatment of certain acute illnesses and the management of selected chronic disease patients. Protocols were written by the pharmacist and physician to cover 31 acute illnesses and seven chronic conditions. The pharmacist was also trained to perform many routine laboratory tests. Further, the pharmacist provided patient consultation as to the use, storage, benefits and expected side effects of prescribed medications. Pharmacy visits accounted for nearly one-third of the clinic visits in 1975. Diagnosis and treatment of 10 common acute illnesses made up more than 40% of the pharmacy visits; another 40% of these visits were for pharmacist monitoring of chronic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:920741", "title": "Effect of inline filtration on the potency of drugs administered intravenously.", "content": "The binding of cephalothin sodium, phenobarbital sodium, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, isoproterenol hydrochloride, digoxin, dactinomycin and phenytoin sodium to three intravenous inline filters--a 5-micrometer stainless steel depth filter, a 0.2-micrometer cellulose ester membrane and a 0.2-micrometer polycarbonate membrane--was studied. The experiments were conducted simulating inline i.v. filtration of these drugs in three i.v. solutions--lactated Ringer's, 5% dextrose and normal saline. Cephalothin was assayed colorimetrically, phenobarbital and phenytoin spectrophotometrically, and the other drugs by radiotracer technique. Binding of the drugs to the filter was found to be insignificant from a therapeutic standpoint, except for dactinomycin which bound to the 0.2-uicrometer filters. The binding of dactinomycin was approximately 13% of the amount administered through cellulose ester and polycarbonate membranes, respectively. The binding occurred during the initial period of filtration of the drug solution. It was concluded that inline filtration of drugs administered in relatively high does should not present any problem concerning the reduction of the therapeutic potency because of filtration.", "contents": "Effect of inline filtration on the potency of drugs administered intravenously. The binding of cephalothin sodium, phenobarbital sodium, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, isoproterenol hydrochloride, digoxin, dactinomycin and phenytoin sodium to three intravenous inline filters--a 5-micrometer stainless steel depth filter, a 0.2-micrometer cellulose ester membrane and a 0.2-micrometer polycarbonate membrane--was studied. The experiments were conducted simulating inline i.v. filtration of these drugs in three i.v. solutions--lactated Ringer's, 5% dextrose and normal saline. Cephalothin was assayed colorimetrically, phenobarbital and phenytoin spectrophotometrically, and the other drugs by radiotracer technique. Binding of the drugs to the filter was found to be insignificant from a therapeutic standpoint, except for dactinomycin which bound to the 0.2-uicrometer filters. The binding of dactinomycin was approximately 13% of the amount administered through cellulose ester and polycarbonate membranes, respectively. The binding occurred during the initial period of filtration of the drug solution. It was concluded that inline filtration of drugs administered in relatively high does should not present any problem concerning the reduction of the therapeutic potency because of filtration."}
{"id": "PMID:920743", "title": "Palatability comparison of oral potassium chloride solutions.", "content": "The palatability of various commercially available potassium chloride preparations was studies. Twenty potassium chloride samples were tested by 152 people from February 1975 to April 1975. Nine samples were placed into a \"most preferred\" group and divided into 36 possible pairs, each to be tested four times. Twenty-four volunteers tested six pairs of samples and chose the preferred sample in each pair. The three samples, which finished with the highest scores (K-Lyte/Cl Packets, Kato Powder Packets and Kaochlor 10%), although not significantly different from the rest of the subgroup of nine, were all highly flavored and among the most expensive. It is suggested that when selecting a potassium chloride preparation, cost, convenience, palatability, and most importantly, long-term compliance with the prescribed regimen, must be considered.", "contents": "Palatability comparison of oral potassium chloride solutions. The palatability of various commercially available potassium chloride preparations was studies. Twenty potassium chloride samples were tested by 152 people from February 1975 to April 1975. Nine samples were placed into a \"most preferred\" group and divided into 36 possible pairs, each to be tested four times. Twenty-four volunteers tested six pairs of samples and chose the preferred sample in each pair. The three samples, which finished with the highest scores (K-Lyte/Cl Packets, Kato Powder Packets and Kaochlor 10%), although not significantly different from the rest of the subgroup of nine, were all highly flavored and among the most expensive. It is suggested that when selecting a potassium chloride preparation, cost, convenience, palatability, and most importantly, long-term compliance with the prescribed regimen, must be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:920744", "title": "Pharmaceutical services in nongovernmental hospitals on the West Coast.", "content": "A survey of nongovernment, nonprofit and for-profit hospitals in Washington, Oregon and California was conducted to determine the incidence of selected hospital pharmacy services (1) directly related to drug distribution and (2) not directly related to drug distribution. Questionnaires were mailed to all qualifying hospitals in the three states; the return rate was 75.4%. Unit dose drug distribution was used in combination with other delivery systems by 58.3% of the respondents; 26.5% used unit dose exclusively. Over half of the respondents provided i.v. admixture programs, outpatient and inpatient discharge prescriptions, and inpatient medication profiles. Additionally, 77.9% provided pharmacy consultation to physicians. Nonprofit hospitals had significantly higher pharmacy staffing levels (both pharmacists and supportive personnel) than for-profit hospitals in the categories, \"open seven days per week,\" \"open nine to 16 hours per day,\" \"open 17 to 24 hours per day, \"101 to 200 beds\" and \"201 or more beds.\" Hospitals that provided the following services had significantly higher pharmacy staffing levels than those that did not provide the serices: unit dose drug distribution, i.v. admixture services, inpatient discharge prescriptions, inpatient medication profiles, drug therapy monitoring, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation team participation (difference of supportive staff only).", "contents": "Pharmaceutical services in nongovernmental hospitals on the West Coast. A survey of nongovernment, nonprofit and for-profit hospitals in Washington, Oregon and California was conducted to determine the incidence of selected hospital pharmacy services (1) directly related to drug distribution and (2) not directly related to drug distribution. Questionnaires were mailed to all qualifying hospitals in the three states; the return rate was 75.4%. Unit dose drug distribution was used in combination with other delivery systems by 58.3% of the respondents; 26.5% used unit dose exclusively. Over half of the respondents provided i.v. admixture programs, outpatient and inpatient discharge prescriptions, and inpatient medication profiles. Additionally, 77.9% provided pharmacy consultation to physicians. Nonprofit hospitals had significantly higher pharmacy staffing levels (both pharmacists and supportive personnel) than for-profit hospitals in the categories, \"open seven days per week,\" \"open nine to 16 hours per day,\" \"open 17 to 24 hours per day, \"101 to 200 beds\" and \"201 or more beds.\" Hospitals that provided the following services had significantly higher pharmacy staffing levels than those that did not provide the serices: unit dose drug distribution, i.v. admixture services, inpatient discharge prescriptions, inpatient medication profiles, drug therapy monitoring, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation team participation (difference of supportive staff only)."}
{"id": "PMID:920745", "title": "Carbenicillin-gentamicin interaction in acute renal failure.", "content": "A case is reported in which carbenicillin inactivation of gentamicin resulted in subtherapeutic serum gentamicin levels in a 77-year-old man with acute renal failure. The drugs were administered separately to prevent in vitro inactivation. Carbenicillin inactivation of gentamicin resulted in subtherapeutic serum gentamicin levels (less than 2 microgram/ml) even with unusually large doses of gentamicin (1.8 mg/kg/day). The large dose of carbenicillin (15 g/day) resulted in serum carbenicillin levels more than 500 microgram/ml and an increased rate of gentamicin inactivation. After carbenicillin was discontinued, therapeutic serum gentamicin levels were achieved and maintained with doses of 0.9 - 1.8 mg/kg/day. It is suggested that if the combination of carbenicillin and gentamicin is used in patients with severe renal failure, the dose of carbenicillin should be reduced to prevent rapid inactivation of gentamicin. Further, to assure therapeutic gentamicin levels, serum levels of both drugs should be monitored frequently.", "contents": "Carbenicillin-gentamicin interaction in acute renal failure. A case is reported in which carbenicillin inactivation of gentamicin resulted in subtherapeutic serum gentamicin levels in a 77-year-old man with acute renal failure. The drugs were administered separately to prevent in vitro inactivation. Carbenicillin inactivation of gentamicin resulted in subtherapeutic serum gentamicin levels (less than 2 microgram/ml) even with unusually large doses of gentamicin (1.8 mg/kg/day). The large dose of carbenicillin (15 g/day) resulted in serum carbenicillin levels more than 500 microgram/ml and an increased rate of gentamicin inactivation. After carbenicillin was discontinued, therapeutic serum gentamicin levels were achieved and maintained with doses of 0.9 - 1.8 mg/kg/day. It is suggested that if the combination of carbenicillin and gentamicin is used in patients with severe renal failure, the dose of carbenicillin should be reduced to prevent rapid inactivation of gentamicin. Further, to assure therapeutic gentamicin levels, serum levels of both drugs should be monitored frequently."}
{"id": "PMID:920746", "title": "Lithium carbonate treatment in the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.", "content": "A case of a 76-year-old man with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is discussed. The patient was initially treated with fluid restriction followed by the administration of hypertonic saline. After failure to achieve rapid correction of the condition and continued lethargy and muscle weakness in the patient, a trial with lithium carbonate 300 mg three times daily via nasogastric tube was initiated. This resulted in a prompt reversal of the hyperosmolar state and improvement in electrolyte balance. However, despite the apparent success in treating his inappropriate ADH, the patient expired as a result of a massive cerebral vascular accident. The potential benefit of using lithium in the treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH, and possible mechanisms of action, are reviewed.", "contents": "Lithium carbonate treatment in the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. A case of a 76-year-old man with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is discussed. The patient was initially treated with fluid restriction followed by the administration of hypertonic saline. After failure to achieve rapid correction of the condition and continued lethargy and muscle weakness in the patient, a trial with lithium carbonate 300 mg three times daily via nasogastric tube was initiated. This resulted in a prompt reversal of the hyperosmolar state and improvement in electrolyte balance. However, despite the apparent success in treating his inappropriate ADH, the patient expired as a result of a massive cerebral vascular accident. The potential benefit of using lithium in the treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH, and possible mechanisms of action, are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:920747", "title": "A modified Malloy-Evelyn procedure for total bilirubin in microsamples.", "content": "A one-step modification of the Malloy-Evelyn procedure for total serum bilirubin assay is described. Color development occurs in five minutes. This modification, which is suitable for automation and ultramicrodetermination, is compared to the Malloy-Evelyn and Jendrassik-Grof methods with special reference to pediatric samples.", "contents": "A modified Malloy-Evelyn procedure for total bilirubin in microsamples. A one-step modification of the Malloy-Evelyn procedure for total serum bilirubin assay is described. Color development occurs in five minutes. This modification, which is suitable for automation and ultramicrodetermination, is compared to the Malloy-Evelyn and Jendrassik-Grof methods with special reference to pediatric samples."}
{"id": "PMID:920749", "title": "Comparison of six procedures for the simultaneous determination of antiepileptic drugs.", "content": "A comparison of six gas-chromatographic procedures for the simultaneous analysis of antiepileptic drugs was made. Methylation with 0.2M trimethylanilinium hydroxide was superior to other derivatizing procedures evaluated. The methylated derivatives of phenobarbital, carba-mazepine, primidone, and diphenyl-hydantoin were separated on the chromatogram, and the peaks were sharp and symmetrical. The four drugs gave linear curves to twice their toxic levels.", "contents": "Comparison of six procedures for the simultaneous determination of antiepileptic drugs. A comparison of six gas-chromatographic procedures for the simultaneous analysis of antiepileptic drugs was made. Methylation with 0.2M trimethylanilinium hydroxide was superior to other derivatizing procedures evaluated. The methylated derivatives of phenobarbital, carba-mazepine, primidone, and diphenyl-hydantoin were separated on the chromatogram, and the peaks were sharp and symmetrical. The four drugs gave linear curves to twice their toxic levels."}
{"id": "PMID:920750", "title": "Laboratory problems in digoxin radioimmunoassay.", "content": "This review discusses the various technical problems likely to be encountered in digoxin assay using 125I methods. Many of these difficulties are not limited to digoxin, but are potential dangers when measuring a wide variety of substances by radio-ligand techniques. Emphasis is placed on ways to avoid or solve these problems. Beside error induced through technical aspects, which include radio-ligand reagents, dispensing equipment, and well counters, other potential sources of interference which are considered are the effects of medications, serum proteins, and previously administered radioactivity.", "contents": "Laboratory problems in digoxin radioimmunoassay. This review discusses the various technical problems likely to be encountered in digoxin assay using 125I methods. Many of these difficulties are not limited to digoxin, but are potential dangers when measuring a wide variety of substances by radio-ligand techniques. Emphasis is placed on ways to avoid or solve these problems. Beside error induced through technical aspects, which include radio-ligand reagents, dispensing equipment, and well counters, other potential sources of interference which are considered are the effects of medications, serum proteins, and previously administered radioactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:920752", "title": "Fve years later: a longitudinal study of medical technology graduates.", "content": "A survey of graduates from two different curricula in medical technology, five to eight years following graduation, indicates that both curricula prepared individuals for professional practice and growth.", "contents": "Fve years later: a longitudinal study of medical technology graduates. A survey of graduates from two different curricula in medical technology, five to eight years following graduation, indicates that both curricula prepared individuals for professional practice and growth."}
{"id": "PMID:920754", "title": "A rapid mini-thin-layer chromatographic procedure for the detection of barbiturates and common sedatives at overdose levels.", "content": "A simple, rapid thin-layer chromatographic method is presented for the detection of barbiturates in blood, serum, or urine in overdose situations. Extraction with ether is followed by evaporation and reconstitution with methanol. Part of the extract is spotted on a 2.5 multiplied by 7.5 cm thin-layer chromatographic plate which is then developed in a mixed solvent system. After drying, the plate is sprayed with n, 2, 6-trichloro-p-benzoquinone imine and heated. The presence of a barbiturate is indicated by a blue spot. Chromatography in another solvent system assists in the identification of the particular barbiturate ingested.", "contents": "A rapid mini-thin-layer chromatographic procedure for the detection of barbiturates and common sedatives at overdose levels. A simple, rapid thin-layer chromatographic method is presented for the detection of barbiturates in blood, serum, or urine in overdose situations. Extraction with ether is followed by evaporation and reconstitution with methanol. Part of the extract is spotted on a 2.5 multiplied by 7.5 cm thin-layer chromatographic plate which is then developed in a mixed solvent system. After drying, the plate is sprayed with n, 2, 6-trichloro-p-benzoquinone imine and heated. The presence of a barbiturate is indicated by a blue spot. Chromatography in another solvent system assists in the identification of the particular barbiturate ingested."}
{"id": "PMID:920755", "title": "An effective method for teaching clinical coagulation.", "content": "A careful and thorough evaluation of the coagulation mechanism is critical for the diagnosis and management of some patients. A course designed to effectively teach coagulation principles and techniques to medical technology students prior to their clinical laboratory rotation is discussed.", "contents": "An effective method for teaching clinical coagulation. A careful and thorough evaluation of the coagulation mechanism is critical for the diagnosis and management of some patients. A course designed to effectively teach coagulation principles and techniques to medical technology students prior to their clinical laboratory rotation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920756", "title": "Knife sharpening revolutionized.", "content": "A new application has been found for an adhesive-backed, nylon polishing cloth previously used chiefly in the metallurgic field. When adhered to the glass plate of an automatic microtome knife sharpener, the cloth provides a superior sharpening surface and eliminates the need for resurfacing the plate. We have found this new technique simple, inexpensive, and timesaving.", "contents": "Knife sharpening revolutionized. A new application has been found for an adhesive-backed, nylon polishing cloth previously used chiefly in the metallurgic field. When adhered to the glass plate of an automatic microtome knife sharpener, the cloth provides a superior sharpening surface and eliminates the need for resurfacing the plate. We have found this new technique simple, inexpensive, and timesaving."}
{"id": "PMID:920759", "title": "Prostaglandins and abortion. I. intramuscular administration of 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha for induction of abortion in weeks 10 to 20 of pregnancy. World Health Organization Task Force on the Use of Prostaglandins for the Regulation of Fertility.", "content": "A multicenter, multinational study of intramuscular 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha in 515 patients is described. Abortion of the fetus occurred in 79.3 per cent (408 patients) after 24 hours and 84.9 per cent (437 patients) after 30 hours. The abortion was complete in 35 per cent. The incidence of vomiting and diarrhea was high, 2.9 and 2.8 episodes per patient, respectively. Three patients had cervical laceration (0.6 per cent). There were no other serious side effects. It is concluded that this method has limited value as a primary method for induction of abortion but may be of value to finalize the abortion process when another method has failed.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and abortion. I. intramuscular administration of 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha for induction of abortion in weeks 10 to 20 of pregnancy. World Health Organization Task Force on the Use of Prostaglandins for the Regulation of Fertility. A multicenter, multinational study of intramuscular 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha in 515 patients is described. Abortion of the fetus occurred in 79.3 per cent (408 patients) after 24 hours and 84.9 per cent (437 patients) after 30 hours. The abortion was complete in 35 per cent. The incidence of vomiting and diarrhea was high, 2.9 and 2.8 episodes per patient, respectively. Three patients had cervical laceration (0.6 per cent). There were no other serious side effects. It is concluded that this method has limited value as a primary method for induction of abortion but may be of value to finalize the abortion process when another method has failed."}
{"id": "PMID:920760", "title": "Prostaglandins and abortion. II. Single extra-amniotic administration of 0.92 mg. of 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha in Hyskon for termination of pregnancies in weeks 10 to 20 of gestation: an international multicenter study. World Health Organization Task Force on the Use of Prostaglandins for the Regulation of Fertility.", "content": "In a multicenter comparative trial, 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha(PGF2alpha), 0.92 mg., was administered by extra-amniotic injection to 660 patients. Abortion of the fetus occurred within 24 hours in 479 patients (72.6 per cent) and within 36 hours in 530 patient (80.3 per cent). Abortion was complete in 31 per cent of the cases. The commonest side effects were vomiting and diarrhea, but these symptoms were not severe, the mean frequencies being 0.9 episodes of vomiting per patient and 0.7 episodes of diarrhea per patient. It is concluded that this method is safe and effective for the induction of abortion.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and abortion. II. Single extra-amniotic administration of 0.92 mg. of 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha in Hyskon for termination of pregnancies in weeks 10 to 20 of gestation: an international multicenter study. World Health Organization Task Force on the Use of Prostaglandins for the Regulation of Fertility. In a multicenter comparative trial, 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha(PGF2alpha), 0.92 mg., was administered by extra-amniotic injection to 660 patients. Abortion of the fetus occurred within 24 hours in 479 patients (72.6 per cent) and within 36 hours in 530 patient (80.3 per cent). Abortion was complete in 31 per cent of the cases. The commonest side effects were vomiting and diarrhea, but these symptoms were not severe, the mean frequencies being 0.9 episodes of vomiting per patient and 0.7 episodes of diarrhea per patient. It is concluded that this method is safe and effective for the induction of abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:920761", "title": "Prostaglandins and abortion. III. Comparison of single intra-amniotic injections of 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha and prostaglandin F2alpha for termination of second-trimester pregnancy: an international multicenter study. World Health Organization Tast Force on the Use of Prostaglandins forthe Regulation of Fertility.", "content": "A multicenter, multinational study involving 1,521 patients has compared prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) (40 or 50 mg.) and 15-methyl PGF2alpha (2.5 mg.) given intra-amniotically for induction of second-trimester abortion. The highest success rates for PGF2alpha at 24 and 48 hours were 67.8 and 86.6 per cent, respectively. The percentages for 15-methyl PGF2alpha for the equivalent times were 74.1 and 95.6 per cent, respectively. There were 75 cases classified as failures in 602 patients treated with PGF2alpha and only 34 cases were classified as failures among 919 patients treated with 15-methyl PGF2alpha. A further 35 patients required additional treatment to complete the abortion. The over-all incidence of diarrhea and vomiting was low, less than 3.4 episodes per patient. There were 20 cases of cervical laceration (2.9 per cent); only one extended into the lower segment of the uterus. It is concluded that intra-amniotic administration of either 50 mg. of PGF2alpha or 2.5 mg. 15-methyl PGF2alpha provides an effective and safe method for termination of second-trimester pregnancies.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and abortion. III. Comparison of single intra-amniotic injections of 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha and prostaglandin F2alpha for termination of second-trimester pregnancy: an international multicenter study. World Health Organization Tast Force on the Use of Prostaglandins forthe Regulation of Fertility. A multicenter, multinational study involving 1,521 patients has compared prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) (40 or 50 mg.) and 15-methyl PGF2alpha (2.5 mg.) given intra-amniotically for induction of second-trimester abortion. The highest success rates for PGF2alpha at 24 and 48 hours were 67.8 and 86.6 per cent, respectively. The percentages for 15-methyl PGF2alpha for the equivalent times were 74.1 and 95.6 per cent, respectively. There were 75 cases classified as failures in 602 patients treated with PGF2alpha and only 34 cases were classified as failures among 919 patients treated with 15-methyl PGF2alpha. A further 35 patients required additional treatment to complete the abortion. The over-all incidence of diarrhea and vomiting was low, less than 3.4 episodes per patient. There were 20 cases of cervical laceration (2.9 per cent); only one extended into the lower segment of the uterus. It is concluded that intra-amniotic administration of either 50 mg. of PGF2alpha or 2.5 mg. 15-methyl PGF2alpha provides an effective and safe method for termination of second-trimester pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:920762", "title": "Balanced reciprocal X-4 translocation in a female patient with early secondary amenorrhea.", "content": "Balanced translocations involving an X chromosome and an autosome have been infrequently reported. A patient with a balanced X-autosome translocation 46,X,rcp(X;4)(q26;q21) who exhibited early secondary amenorrhea and gonadal dysgenesis is described. In an effort to explain the varied phenotypic expressions encountered in female cases of balanced X-autosome translocations, evidence will be provided to suggest an extension of the minimal limits of the \"critical region\" in the long arm of the X chromosome from A-B, as described by Sarto and associates, to new minimal limits C-D.", "contents": "Balanced reciprocal X-4 translocation in a female patient with early secondary amenorrhea. Balanced translocations involving an X chromosome and an autosome have been infrequently reported. A patient with a balanced X-autosome translocation 46,X,rcp(X;4)(q26;q21) who exhibited early secondary amenorrhea and gonadal dysgenesis is described. In an effort to explain the varied phenotypic expressions encountered in female cases of balanced X-autosome translocations, evidence will be provided to suggest an extension of the minimal limits of the \"critical region\" in the long arm of the X chromosome from A-B, as described by Sarto and associates, to new minimal limits C-D."}
{"id": "PMID:920763", "title": "Absence of circulating chorionic gonadotropin in wearers of intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Daily measurements of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) beta subunit, luteinizing hormone (LH), and progesterone were carried out in 24 subjects wearing intrauterine contraceptive devices. Detectable HCG was not found in any subject, but in four subjects delayed LH pulses resulted in apparent low levels of HCG because of cross-reactivity in the HCG beta subunit radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Absence of circulating chorionic gonadotropin in wearers of intrauterine contraceptive devices. Daily measurements of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) beta subunit, luteinizing hormone (LH), and progesterone were carried out in 24 subjects wearing intrauterine contraceptive devices. Detectable HCG was not found in any subject, but in four subjects delayed LH pulses resulted in apparent low levels of HCG because of cross-reactivity in the HCG beta subunit radioimmunoassay."}
{"id": "PMID:920764", "title": "Effects of antenatal exposure to anorectic drugs.", "content": "In a large prospective, observational study of pregnancy and child development, the anorectic drugs (amphetamines and phenmetrazine) prescribed to gravid women during different stages of pregnancy were evaluated for their teratogenicity. The severe congenital anomaly rate (SCA) per 100 live-born children at age five years did not differ from the SCA rate of the group of children whose mothers did not use these drugs. There was, however, an excess of oral clefts in the offspring of mothers who had amphetamines prescribed in the first 56 days from the last menstrual period. A rought test of efficacy of anorectic drugs by comparing mean weight gains in four-week periods before and after the prescription showed only short-term and limited reduction of weight gain.", "contents": "Effects of antenatal exposure to anorectic drugs. In a large prospective, observational study of pregnancy and child development, the anorectic drugs (amphetamines and phenmetrazine) prescribed to gravid women during different stages of pregnancy were evaluated for their teratogenicity. The severe congenital anomaly rate (SCA) per 100 live-born children at age five years did not differ from the SCA rate of the group of children whose mothers did not use these drugs. There was, however, an excess of oral clefts in the offspring of mothers who had amphetamines prescribed in the first 56 days from the last menstrual period. A rought test of efficacy of anorectic drugs by comparing mean weight gains in four-week periods before and after the prescription showed only short-term and limited reduction of weight gain."}
{"id": "PMID:920765", "title": "Nephrotic proteinuria with pre-eclampsia.", "content": "During a retrospective study of 100 patients who underwent renal biopsy because of pregnancy complicated by hypertension, we found 19 patients whom proteinuria exceeded 5.0 Gm. per 24 hours and an additional eight patients in whom excretion ranged between 3.5 and 5 Gm. per day. Of these 27 patients, 23 had the kidney lesion of pre-eclampsia, and three of them had superimposed hypertensive changes in the vasculature. The remaining four had other renal diseases. We located and re-examined 10 of the 23 pre-eclamptic women, 12 to 104 (mean, 36) months after delivery. Serum creatinine levels were normal in all but one, who was discovered to have polycystic kidney disease. During the same time period, we located the records of six women who had heavy proteinuria during gestation but were normotensive. Thus, at our institution, pre-eclampsia is the most common cause of the nephrotic syndrome in pregnancy. The frequency of nephrotic proteinuria in pre-eclampsia appears higher than previously suspected, but, despite this fact, recovery was complete in most instances.", "contents": "Nephrotic proteinuria with pre-eclampsia. During a retrospective study of 100 patients who underwent renal biopsy because of pregnancy complicated by hypertension, we found 19 patients whom proteinuria exceeded 5.0 Gm. per 24 hours and an additional eight patients in whom excretion ranged between 3.5 and 5 Gm. per day. Of these 27 patients, 23 had the kidney lesion of pre-eclampsia, and three of them had superimposed hypertensive changes in the vasculature. The remaining four had other renal diseases. We located and re-examined 10 of the 23 pre-eclamptic women, 12 to 104 (mean, 36) months after delivery. Serum creatinine levels were normal in all but one, who was discovered to have polycystic kidney disease. During the same time period, we located the records of six women who had heavy proteinuria during gestation but were normotensive. Thus, at our institution, pre-eclampsia is the most common cause of the nephrotic syndrome in pregnancy. The frequency of nephrotic proteinuria in pre-eclampsia appears higher than previously suspected, but, despite this fact, recovery was complete in most instances."}
{"id": "PMID:920766", "title": "Further investigation on the predictive value of human placental lactogen in high-risk pregnancies.", "content": "Blood samples were taken from 254 women with pregnancies with various complications and 119 completely normal pregnant women for measurement of serum human placental lactogen (hPL) during the third trimester. The value of this test in the management of these pregnancies was retrospectively evaluated through details of outcome. Serum hPL and urinary estriol were compared as tools for assessment of fetal condition. Serum hPL was found to be very efficient in the prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation associated with maternal hypertension. Low hPL levels were recorded in all severely hypertensive patients who were delivered of small-for-dates infants (a 100 per cent prediction rate), while 30 per cent of these patients had normal estriol values. Prediction rate of postmature infants by serum hPL level was 70 per cent as compared to 50 per cent by urinary estriol level. The diagnostic significance of low hPL levels is emphasized, with stress upon its value in early detection of unfavorable intrauterine environment. The importance of preterm deliveries in pregnancies involving intrauterine growth retardation and low hPL levels is discussed and demonstration cases are presented.", "contents": "Further investigation on the predictive value of human placental lactogen in high-risk pregnancies. Blood samples were taken from 254 women with pregnancies with various complications and 119 completely normal pregnant women for measurement of serum human placental lactogen (hPL) during the third trimester. The value of this test in the management of these pregnancies was retrospectively evaluated through details of outcome. Serum hPL and urinary estriol were compared as tools for assessment of fetal condition. Serum hPL was found to be very efficient in the prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation associated with maternal hypertension. Low hPL levels were recorded in all severely hypertensive patients who were delivered of small-for-dates infants (a 100 per cent prediction rate), while 30 per cent of these patients had normal estriol values. Prediction rate of postmature infants by serum hPL level was 70 per cent as compared to 50 per cent by urinary estriol level. The diagnostic significance of low hPL levels is emphasized, with stress upon its value in early detection of unfavorable intrauterine environment. The importance of preterm deliveries in pregnancies involving intrauterine growth retardation and low hPL levels is discussed and demonstration cases are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:920768", "title": "Oxytocinase and human placental lactogen for the prediction of intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "Oxytocinase and human placental lactogen (hPL) were measured in 705 serial maternal plasma samples collected from 74 patients whose pregnancies were complicated by hypertension. The trend and absolute levels of each substance were evaluated in a search for reliable antepartum indicators of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). There were 21 patients who were delivered of growth-retarded infants and the oxytocinase values were abnormal in 16 cases (75 per cent), while hPL levels were abnormal in 15 cases (71 per cent). There were 24 patients with subnormal placental weights. Abnormal oxytocinase values were observed in 17 (71 per cent) and abnormal hPL in 19 cases (79  per cent). The remaining 37 patients had \"normal\" fetal and placental weights. Abnormal oxytocinase values were observed in 15 patients (41 per cent) and abnormal hPL in 19 (52 per cent). In this group of pregnant mothers thought to be at risk for IUGR due to pregnancy hypertension, either test alone predicted subnormal neonatal or placental weight in about three fourths of cases. However, in the mothers with hypertension, who had no evidence of IUGR, false abnormal values of oxytocinase and hPL were found in nearly half the patients. No advantage was gained in the predictive accuracy when both tests were used.", "contents": "Oxytocinase and human placental lactogen for the prediction of intrauterine growth retardation. Oxytocinase and human placental lactogen (hPL) were measured in 705 serial maternal plasma samples collected from 74 patients whose pregnancies were complicated by hypertension. The trend and absolute levels of each substance were evaluated in a search for reliable antepartum indicators of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). There were 21 patients who were delivered of growth-retarded infants and the oxytocinase values were abnormal in 16 cases (75 per cent), while hPL levels were abnormal in 15 cases (71 per cent). There were 24 patients with subnormal placental weights. Abnormal oxytocinase values were observed in 17 (71 per cent) and abnormal hPL in 19 cases (79  per cent). The remaining 37 patients had \"normal\" fetal and placental weights. Abnormal oxytocinase values were observed in 15 patients (41 per cent) and abnormal hPL in 19 (52 per cent). In this group of pregnant mothers thought to be at risk for IUGR due to pregnancy hypertension, either test alone predicted subnormal neonatal or placental weight in about three fourths of cases. However, in the mothers with hypertension, who had no evidence of IUGR, false abnormal values of oxytocinase and hPL were found in nearly half the patients. No advantage was gained in the predictive accuracy when both tests were used."}
{"id": "PMID:920776", "title": "Endothelial proliferation in inflammation. I. Autoradiographic studies following thermal injury to the skin of normal rats.", "content": "Endothelial prolifertion was studied in sites of acute inflammation induced by necrotizing (60 C for 20 seconds) or mild (54 C for 20 seconds) thermal injury to the skin of rsts. DNA synthesis in endothelial cells was assayed 6 hours to 10 days following injury by quantitation of the (3)H-thymidine labeling indices on 2-mu Epon section autoradiographs. In lesions induced at 60 C for 20 seconds, increase in DNA synthesis in small vessels around the necrotic tissue began at 1 day and became significant at 2 and 3 days (10 to 12% for endothelial cells, 9% for perivascular cells). This increased endothelial replication resulted in the formation of new blood vessels by 5 to 7 days. Endothelial labeling diminished progressively after 3 days, as the epidermis regenerated. Foci completely covered by new epidermis consistently showed lower labeling indices than those which were not reepithelialized. Mild thermal injury (54 C for 20 seconds) also resulted in significant increases in endothelial labeling (6%), but the labeling was present mainly in superficial vessels and was not followed by neovascularization. The findings with mild injury are consistent with data that vascular leakage from superficial vessels is due to direct, albeit delayed, endothelial damage. Electron microscopic studies confirmed labeling in endothelial cells and indicated that ultrastructural alterations that were previously ascribed to activation, recovery, or regenerative transformation of endothelium represent, in the main, endothelial proliferation.", "contents": "Endothelial proliferation in inflammation. I. Autoradiographic studies following thermal injury to the skin of normal rats. Endothelial prolifertion was studied in sites of acute inflammation induced by necrotizing (60 C for 20 seconds) or mild (54 C for 20 seconds) thermal injury to the skin of rsts. DNA synthesis in endothelial cells was assayed 6 hours to 10 days following injury by quantitation of the (3)H-thymidine labeling indices on 2-mu Epon section autoradiographs. In lesions induced at 60 C for 20 seconds, increase in DNA synthesis in small vessels around the necrotic tissue began at 1 day and became significant at 2 and 3 days (10 to 12% for endothelial cells, 9% for perivascular cells). This increased endothelial replication resulted in the formation of new blood vessels by 5 to 7 days. Endothelial labeling diminished progressively after 3 days, as the epidermis regenerated. Foci completely covered by new epidermis consistently showed lower labeling indices than those which were not reepithelialized. Mild thermal injury (54 C for 20 seconds) also resulted in significant increases in endothelial labeling (6%), but the labeling was present mainly in superficial vessels and was not followed by neovascularization. The findings with mild injury are consistent with data that vascular leakage from superficial vessels is due to direct, albeit delayed, endothelial damage. Electron microscopic studies confirmed labeling in endothelial cells and indicated that ultrastructural alterations that were previously ascribed to activation, recovery, or regenerative transformation of endothelium represent, in the main, endothelial proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:920777", "title": "Endothelial cell morphology in areas of in vivo Evans blue uptake in the aorta of young pigs. II. Ultrastructure of the intima in areas of differing permeability to proteins.", "content": "The fine structure of the intima of the pig aortic arch is described for areas of spontaneously differing in vivo endothelial permeability, as demarcated by uptake of the protein-binding azo dye Evans blue. Areas of enhanced permeability (blue areas) consistently show a variety of features not observed in areas devoid of dye accumulation (white areas). The subendothelial space of blue areas is markedly thickened and edematous, containing collagen, elastic tissue elements, and undifferentiated cells dispersed in an amorphous floccular matrix of low electron density. Endothelial cells in blue areas are generally cuboidal, with relatively short, frequently vacuolated junctions. In contrast, endothelial cells from white areas are flat and elongate, with long intercellular junctions exhibiting many interdigitations. Cytoplasmic differences include a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and more frequent lysosomal bodies in blue areas and a prominent Golgi apparatus in the endothelium of white areas. Additionally, endothelial cell injury or death with and without denudation occurs with a significantly greater frequency in blue relative to white areas. An endothelial glycocalyx is some threefold thicker over the surface of white relative to blue areas. It is concluded that neither endothelial structure nor function are homogeneous within the aortic arch of the young pig and that areas of spontaneously differing permeability to proteins are associated with a spectrum of alterations in endothelial and intimal morphology.", "contents": "Endothelial cell morphology in areas of in vivo Evans blue uptake in the aorta of young pigs. II. Ultrastructure of the intima in areas of differing permeability to proteins. The fine structure of the intima of the pig aortic arch is described for areas of spontaneously differing in vivo endothelial permeability, as demarcated by uptake of the protein-binding azo dye Evans blue. Areas of enhanced permeability (blue areas) consistently show a variety of features not observed in areas devoid of dye accumulation (white areas). The subendothelial space of blue areas is markedly thickened and edematous, containing collagen, elastic tissue elements, and undifferentiated cells dispersed in an amorphous floccular matrix of low electron density. Endothelial cells in blue areas are generally cuboidal, with relatively short, frequently vacuolated junctions. In contrast, endothelial cells from white areas are flat and elongate, with long intercellular junctions exhibiting many interdigitations. Cytoplasmic differences include a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and more frequent lysosomal bodies in blue areas and a prominent Golgi apparatus in the endothelium of white areas. Additionally, endothelial cell injury or death with and without denudation occurs with a significantly greater frequency in blue relative to white areas. An endothelial glycocalyx is some threefold thicker over the surface of white relative to blue areas. It is concluded that neither endothelial structure nor function are homogeneous within the aortic arch of the young pig and that areas of spontaneously differing permeability to proteins are associated with a spectrum of alterations in endothelial and intimal morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:920778", "title": "The pathogenesis of bladder cancer.", "content": "Carcinoma of the urinary bladder appears to arise, in at least some cases, from carcinoma in situ developing in a field of atypical epithelial proliferation. There is both a spatial and temporal relationship between invasive and in situ bladder cancer, although the exact relationship between the noninvasive flat and papillary types of tumors is not known. Prenoeplastic bladder lesions are defined as irreversible, although not necessarily progressive, and an experimental animal model of the disease has been developed. The appearance of pleomorphic microvilli on the luminal surface of epithelial cells of the urinary bladders of Fischer rats is correlated with the irreversibility of hyperplastic epithelial lesions induced by feeding N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT) to the test animals. This alteration can be visualized by scanning electron microscopy of cytologic and histologic preparations.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of bladder cancer. Carcinoma of the urinary bladder appears to arise, in at least some cases, from carcinoma in situ developing in a field of atypical epithelial proliferation. There is both a spatial and temporal relationship between invasive and in situ bladder cancer, although the exact relationship between the noninvasive flat and papillary types of tumors is not known. Prenoeplastic bladder lesions are defined as irreversible, although not necessarily progressive, and an experimental animal model of the disease has been developed. The appearance of pleomorphic microvilli on the luminal surface of epithelial cells of the urinary bladders of Fischer rats is correlated with the irreversibility of hyperplastic epithelial lesions induced by feeding N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT) to the test animals. This alteration can be visualized by scanning electron microscopy of cytologic and histologic preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:920779", "title": "On the causes of melanomas.", "content": "A large number of factors have been identified which seem to predispose an individual to develop melanoma. Black-skinned individuals rarely have malanomas, but this variety of tumors is common in red-haired or blond subjects. The incidence of melanoma is particularly high if such fair-skinned subjects are exposed for long perods of time to intense sunlight. Nevi, congenital or acquired, can degenerate into melanomas. In some families, many of the family members develop multiple nevi that are unusually large and red in color. All of these appear to degenerate into melanomas with time. Nature has provided other examples of genetic factors which induce melanomas, i.e., the melanomas which form in the platyfish and Sinclair miniature swine.", "contents": "On the causes of melanomas. A large number of factors have been identified which seem to predispose an individual to develop melanoma. Black-skinned individuals rarely have malanomas, but this variety of tumors is common in red-haired or blond subjects. The incidence of melanoma is particularly high if such fair-skinned subjects are exposed for long perods of time to intense sunlight. Nevi, congenital or acquired, can degenerate into melanomas. In some families, many of the family members develop multiple nevi that are unusually large and red in color. All of these appear to degenerate into melanomas with time. Nature has provided other examples of genetic factors which induce melanomas, i.e., the melanomas which form in the platyfish and Sinclair miniature swine."}
{"id": "PMID:920780", "title": "Newer insights into the pathogenesis of liver cancer.", "content": "A new hypothesis leading to a new model of liver carcinogenesis is described; it is based on the acquisition by carcinogen-altered hepatocytes during initiation of a new functional handle--resistance to the cytotoxicity of a carcinogen--and on the ability of such cells to proliferate in an environment that prevents proliferation of normal hepatocytes. The creation of such a differential environment now enables a quantitative analysis for initiation, the beginning synchronization of the putative premalignant hepatocytes for about 15 cell cycles, the study of the pattern of growth of such resistant cells to form nodules that have some resemblance to the organizational pattern of fetal liver, the analysis of the appearance of distinctive positive and negative markers for these cells, and the further investigation of the development of liver cancer from such cells. The remarkable similarity in overall pattern betweeen the development of cancer in the skin and in the liver with chemicals and the possible role of both somatic mutation and neodifferentiation in carcinogenesis are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Newer insights into the pathogenesis of liver cancer. A new hypothesis leading to a new model of liver carcinogenesis is described; it is based on the acquisition by carcinogen-altered hepatocytes during initiation of a new functional handle--resistance to the cytotoxicity of a carcinogen--and on the ability of such cells to proliferate in an environment that prevents proliferation of normal hepatocytes. The creation of such a differential environment now enables a quantitative analysis for initiation, the beginning synchronization of the putative premalignant hepatocytes for about 15 cell cycles, the study of the pattern of growth of such resistant cells to form nodules that have some resemblance to the organizational pattern of fetal liver, the analysis of the appearance of distinctive positive and negative markers for these cells, and the further investigation of the development of liver cancer from such cells. The remarkable similarity in overall pattern betweeen the development of cancer in the skin and in the liver with chemicals and the possible role of both somatic mutation and neodifferentiation in carcinogenesis are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920782", "title": "Parental treatment, children's temperament, and the risk of childhood behavioral problems: 1. Relationships between parental characteristics and changes in children's temperament over time.", "content": "Preschool children's temperament scores, correlated with eight parental domains, revealed that parental intolerance, inconsistency, and conflict were associated with negative temperament changes; strictness and maternal concern/protectiveness with both positive and negative changes, depending on age and sex. Implications with respect to the etiology of children's behavioral problems are explored.", "contents": "Parental treatment, children's temperament, and the risk of childhood behavioral problems: 1. Relationships between parental characteristics and changes in children's temperament over time. Preschool children's temperament scores, correlated with eight parental domains, revealed that parental intolerance, inconsistency, and conflict were associated with negative temperament changes; strictness and maternal concern/protectiveness with both positive and negative changes, depending on age and sex. Implications with respect to the etiology of children's behavioral problems are explored."}
{"id": "PMID:920783", "title": "Teenage status of hyperactive and nonhyperactive learning disabled boys.", "content": "Three groups of learning disabled boys--hyperactives, normoactives, and hypoactives--were studied in grade school, reevaluated at fourteen. At follow-up, all three groups remained at disadvantage to controls on academic and cognitive measures and on complex reaction time. Half the hyperactives had experienced major conflicts with authority, and over a third of hypoactives exhibited psychologically disturbing behaviors. Mental health of normoactives appeared comparable to controls.", "contents": "Teenage status of hyperactive and nonhyperactive learning disabled boys. Three groups of learning disabled boys--hyperactives, normoactives, and hypoactives--were studied in grade school, reevaluated at fourteen. At follow-up, all three groups remained at disadvantage to controls on academic and cognitive measures and on complex reaction time. Half the hyperactives had experienced major conflicts with authority, and over a third of hypoactives exhibited psychologically disturbing behaviors. Mental health of normoactives appeared comparable to controls."}
{"id": "PMID:920784", "title": "Anorexia nervosa in children: a follow-up study.", "content": "Thirty children seen between 1954 and 1970 with the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa were contacted between five and twenty years after initial treatment. Patients outcomes in terms of education, weight in adulthood, medical problems, marriage, psychiatric treatment, and recurrence of anorexia were surveyed. Results corroborate those of earlier studies suggesting that adjustment in adulthood is related to personality type.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa in children: a follow-up study. Thirty children seen between 1954 and 1970 with the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa were contacted between five and twenty years after initial treatment. Patients outcomes in terms of education, weight in adulthood, medical problems, marriage, psychiatric treatment, and recurrence of anorexia were surveyed. Results corroborate those of earlier studies suggesting that adjustment in adulthood is related to personality type."}
{"id": "PMID:920785", "title": "A case for permanent foster placement of dependent, neglected, and abused children.", "content": "The number of children entering foster care continues to rise. Despite efforts to rehabilitate families and to place children for adoption, for many children foster care tends to be interminable. Return to the home is often impeded by a paucity of parental resources; adoption is often blocked by the courts' reluctance to terminate parental rights. Permanent foster placement is suggested as an alternative arrangement for better meeting the needs of some of these children.", "contents": "A case for permanent foster placement of dependent, neglected, and abused children. The number of children entering foster care continues to rise. Despite efforts to rehabilitate families and to place children for adoption, for many children foster care tends to be interminable. Return to the home is often impeded by a paucity of parental resources; adoption is often blocked by the courts' reluctance to terminate parental rights. Permanent foster placement is suggested as an alternative arrangement for better meeting the needs of some of these children."}
{"id": "PMID:920786", "title": "An introduction to biofeedback.", "content": "The status and potential of biofeedback are examined, and its drawbacks and limitations are discussed. This paper defines biofeedback, describes how it works, analyzes in detail a prototypical application, and considers the relationship of biofeedback to other therapeutic modalities.", "contents": "An introduction to biofeedback. The status and potential of biofeedback are examined, and its drawbacks and limitations are discussed. This paper defines biofeedback, describes how it works, analyzes in detail a prototypical application, and considers the relationship of biofeedback to other therapeutic modalities."}
{"id": "PMID:920787", "title": "Sex differences in the expression of adoption ideas: observations of adoptees from birth through latency.", "content": "Longitudinal observations of 21 children, 19 of whom are adopted, reveal two consistent patterns---girls manifest greater interest and conflict in relation to adoption than do boys, and interest and conflict are greatest for both sexes during latency. Implications of the findings for the counseling of adoptees and of other children are discussed, and directions for further research suggested.", "contents": "Sex differences in the expression of adoption ideas: observations of adoptees from birth through latency. Longitudinal observations of 21 children, 19 of whom are adopted, reveal two consistent patterns---girls manifest greater interest and conflict in relation to adoption than do boys, and interest and conflict are greatest for both sexes during latency. Implications of the findings for the counseling of adoptees and of other children are discussed, and directions for further research suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:920788", "title": "Reentry: living with childhood cancer.", "content": "The reentry process for the pediatric cancer patient involves returning to family, friends, and community while still undergoing rigorous medical treatment. This paper discusses the role of the mental health professional in helping child, parents, and siblings manage outpatient care, emphasizing resumption of normal activities and productive patterns of coping.", "contents": "Reentry: living with childhood cancer. The reentry process for the pediatric cancer patient involves returning to family, friends, and community while still undergoing rigorous medical treatment. This paper discusses the role of the mental health professional in helping child, parents, and siblings manage outpatient care, emphasizing resumption of normal activities and productive patterns of coping."}
{"id": "PMID:920789", "title": "Crisis intervention in professional practice: implications for clinical training.", "content": "Crisis intervention as a therapeutic model has had multiple roots, and is presently defined in a sound body of principles that provides an effective framework for professional practice. However, there are several areas of ambiguity that have prevented effective use of this model by clinicians, and have hindered its inclusion in professional training programs. Strategies toward the development of an effective training model for crisis therapists are suggested.", "contents": "Crisis intervention in professional practice: implications for clinical training. Crisis intervention as a therapeutic model has had multiple roots, and is presently defined in a sound body of principles that provides an effective framework for professional practice. However, there are several areas of ambiguity that have prevented effective use of this model by clinicians, and have hindered its inclusion in professional training programs. Strategies toward the development of an effective training model for crisis therapists are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:920790", "title": "The effects of a school program on teenage mothers and their children.", "content": "The need for educational opportunity and health care provision for the increasing number of teenage mothers is discussed. An educationally-based program for inner-city school-age mothers is described, and an evaluation of its effectiveness reported. Mothers in the program completed significantly more education than did control mothers, and their children showed superior social development compared to the children of control mothers.", "contents": "The effects of a school program on teenage mothers and their children. The need for educational opportunity and health care provision for the increasing number of teenage mothers is discussed. An educationally-based program for inner-city school-age mothers is described, and an evaluation of its effectiveness reported. Mothers in the program completed significantly more education than did control mothers, and their children showed superior social development compared to the children of control mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:920791", "title": "Adolescent day treatment: a community alternative to institutionalization of the emotionally disturbed adolescent.", "content": "This paper describes the need, the formation, and the structure of a partial day treatment program for severely disturbed adolescents, which uses local resources to maintain clients in the community. Components of the program, including family therapy in the home, are outlined and case illustrations are offered. Applications to other community settings are discussed.", "contents": "Adolescent day treatment: a community alternative to institutionalization of the emotionally disturbed adolescent. This paper describes the need, the formation, and the structure of a partial day treatment program for severely disturbed adolescents, which uses local resources to maintain clients in the community. Components of the program, including family therapy in the home, are outlined and case illustrations are offered. Applications to other community settings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920792", "title": "Group and the Hispanic prenatal patient.", "content": "A small group approach was implemented to meet the educational and emotional needs of a Hispanic prenatal hospital population, which staff characterized as hysterical and hard to manage during labor and delivery. Group sessions revealed that this behavior was due largely to lack of preparation and emotional support. Staff-patient communication improved, enhancing the quality of the medical care provided.", "contents": "Group and the Hispanic prenatal patient. A small group approach was implemented to meet the educational and emotional needs of a Hispanic prenatal hospital population, which staff characterized as hysterical and hard to manage during labor and delivery. Group sessions revealed that this behavior was due largely to lack of preparation and emotional support. Staff-patient communication improved, enhancing the quality of the medical care provided."}
{"id": "PMID:920793", "title": "At the threshold of the Golden Gate: special problems of a neglected minority.", "content": "The residents of San Francisco's Chinatown demonstrate the consequences of a substantial number of economic and social ills reflecting the history of the Chinese-Americans and the orientation of American society towards them. Changes in the immigration laws have presented particularly stressful circumstances for the traditional Chinese-American family. The relationship of such social stresses to the incidence and form of psychopathology--including an unusually high incidence of suicide--is noted.", "contents": "At the threshold of the Golden Gate: special problems of a neglected minority. The residents of San Francisco's Chinatown demonstrate the consequences of a substantial number of economic and social ills reflecting the history of the Chinese-Americans and the orientation of American society towards them. Changes in the immigration laws have presented particularly stressful circumstances for the traditional Chinese-American family. The relationship of such social stresses to the incidence and form of psychopathology--including an unusually high incidence of suicide--is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:920795", "title": "Metal-film thermopiles for use with rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles.", "content": "A method of fabricating Hill-Downing type, planar thermopiles by vacuum-deposition techniques is described in detail. The present model was designed for initial heat measurements on rabbit papillary muscles as small as 1 mg blotted wt, but it is also suitable for small bundles of frog muscle fibers (30-75). The thermopile has 20 or 14 junctions, an active length of 5 or 3.5 mm, and an actual thickness of 20 micrometer. It has an effective heat capacity of about 0.3 mcal/degrees C, a heat loss coefficient of about 0.3 mcal/degrees C - s, a temperature sensitivity of 1.4 mV/degrees C (20 junctions), and an electrical resistance of 180-200 omega. Infrared-emitting diodes are used to heat the thermopile and muscle artificially for thermal time constant and conduction-delay measurements. Performance of the thermopiles is demonstrated with initial heat records from rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles and a bundle of frog semitendinosus muscle fibers. Results of preliminary experiments concerning latency for heat generation, initial rate of heat generation, and activation heat in both types of muscles are presented.", "contents": "Metal-film thermopiles for use with rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles. A method of fabricating Hill-Downing type, planar thermopiles by vacuum-deposition techniques is described in detail. The present model was designed for initial heat measurements on rabbit papillary muscles as small as 1 mg blotted wt, but it is also suitable for small bundles of frog muscle fibers (30-75). The thermopile has 20 or 14 junctions, an active length of 5 or 3.5 mm, and an actual thickness of 20 micrometer. It has an effective heat capacity of about 0.3 mcal/degrees C, a heat loss coefficient of about 0.3 mcal/degrees C - s, a temperature sensitivity of 1.4 mV/degrees C (20 junctions), and an electrical resistance of 180-200 omega. Infrared-emitting diodes are used to heat the thermopile and muscle artificially for thermal time constant and conduction-delay measurements. Performance of the thermopiles is demonstrated with initial heat records from rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles and a bundle of frog semitendinosus muscle fibers. Results of preliminary experiments concerning latency for heat generation, initial rate of heat generation, and activation heat in both types of muscles are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:920799", "title": "Ascorbic acid flux across mucosal border of guinea pig and human ileum.", "content": "The unidirectional influx of L-[14C]ascorbic acid (vitamin C) across the mucosal border of guinea pig and human ileum was determined. Influx follows saturation kinetics, indicating that a carrier mechanism is operative. The maximal influx in guinea pig ileum bathed in Ringer is 140 nmol/cm2-h and the ascorbic acid concentration greater than 6 mM , or when the tissue is bathed in Na-free media, influx is approximately linearly related to the ascorbic acid concentration, and absorption by simple diffusion may predominate. With mucosal ascorbic acid concentration of 0.28 mM, influx is reduced by at least 70% when Na-free media is used; however, influx is not dependent on the intracellular Na concentration. The brush border mechanism appears to be stereospecific and not closely coupled to cellular metabolism. A model of transport is favored that features a carrier-mediated transport mechanism for simultaneous entry of ascorbic acid and Na across the brush border. This model is similar in nature to, but functionally distinct from, the sodium-gradient mechanism postulated to effect sugar and amino acid transport in mammalian ileal mucosa.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid flux across mucosal border of guinea pig and human ileum. The unidirectional influx of L-[14C]ascorbic acid (vitamin C) across the mucosal border of guinea pig and human ileum was determined. Influx follows saturation kinetics, indicating that a carrier mechanism is operative. The maximal influx in guinea pig ileum bathed in Ringer is 140 nmol/cm2-h and the ascorbic acid concentration greater than 6 mM , or when the tissue is bathed in Na-free media, influx is approximately linearly related to the ascorbic acid concentration, and absorption by simple diffusion may predominate. With mucosal ascorbic acid concentration of 0.28 mM, influx is reduced by at least 70% when Na-free media is used; however, influx is not dependent on the intracellular Na concentration. The brush border mechanism appears to be stereospecific and not closely coupled to cellular metabolism. A model of transport is favored that features a carrier-mediated transport mechanism for simultaneous entry of ascorbic acid and Na across the brush border. This model is similar in nature to, but functionally distinct from, the sodium-gradient mechanism postulated to effect sugar and amino acid transport in mammalian ileal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:920800", "title": "Hypothalamic influence on insulin and glucagon release in the rat.", "content": "Blood glucose, plasma insulin, and glucagon levels were measured in undisturbed and free-moving rats. The insulin and glucagon levels rise in the 1st min after the beginning of food ingestion, whereas the glucose level begins to increase only in the 3rd min if carbohydrate-rich food is eaten. This early rise in insulin and glucagon level is also observed under conditions in which carbohydrate-free food is eaten. A similar release of insulin and glucagon can be obtained by injection of 0.1 microgram of norepinephrine into the ventromedial hypothalamus, but the same injection made into the lateral hypothalamus causes release of insulin only, whereas injections in other hypothalamic areas are nearly without effect. Similar injections of isoproterenol did not cause changes in insulin, glucagon, and glucose levels. It is suggested that the early insulin and glucagon responses are of reflex origin and that the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamic areas are relay stations in the reflex pathways. The lack of effect of atropine to block the insulin and glucagon responses to noradrenergic stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus indicates that the efferent pathway is not cholinergic.", "contents": "Hypothalamic influence on insulin and glucagon release in the rat. Blood glucose, plasma insulin, and glucagon levels were measured in undisturbed and free-moving rats. The insulin and glucagon levels rise in the 1st min after the beginning of food ingestion, whereas the glucose level begins to increase only in the 3rd min if carbohydrate-rich food is eaten. This early rise in insulin and glucagon level is also observed under conditions in which carbohydrate-free food is eaten. A similar release of insulin and glucagon can be obtained by injection of 0.1 microgram of norepinephrine into the ventromedial hypothalamus, but the same injection made into the lateral hypothalamus causes release of insulin only, whereas injections in other hypothalamic areas are nearly without effect. Similar injections of isoproterenol did not cause changes in insulin, glucagon, and glucose levels. It is suggested that the early insulin and glucagon responses are of reflex origin and that the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamic areas are relay stations in the reflex pathways. The lack of effect of atropine to block the insulin and glucagon responses to noradrenergic stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus indicates that the efferent pathway is not cholinergic."}
{"id": "PMID:920801", "title": "Static and dynamic characteristics of fluid-filled esophageal manometry systems.", "content": "Esophageal manometric systems with water-filled catheters have been characterized by the use of model experiments. The examined parameters have been: catheter dimension, catheter compliance, catheter resistance, pump type, pump compliance, and perfusion flow. Accurate static pressure measurements have been obtained for perfused systems independently of the investigated parameters. The dynamic characteristics vary with catheter diameter and perfusion flow. For catheters with low diameter, a narrow bandwidth is obtained for the investigated perfusion flows. The results have been expressed in terms of an electric model of the measurement system. Perfusion pumps with low compliance are recommended to improve the dynamic properties of the measurement system.", "contents": "Static and dynamic characteristics of fluid-filled esophageal manometry systems. Esophageal manometric systems with water-filled catheters have been characterized by the use of model experiments. The examined parameters have been: catheter dimension, catheter compliance, catheter resistance, pump type, pump compliance, and perfusion flow. Accurate static pressure measurements have been obtained for perfused systems independently of the investigated parameters. The dynamic characteristics vary with catheter diameter and perfusion flow. For catheters with low diameter, a narrow bandwidth is obtained for the investigated perfusion flows. The results have been expressed in terms of an electric model of the measurement system. Perfusion pumps with low compliance are recommended to improve the dynamic properties of the measurement system."}
{"id": "PMID:920802", "title": "Enhanced riboflavin incorporation into flavins in newborn riboflavin-deficient rats.", "content": "The incorporation of a subcutaneous injection of [14C]riboflavin (2.5 muCi/100 g body wt) into flavin mononucleotide (FMN), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and flavins bound covalently to proteins was determined at 1, 6, and 18 h in liver, cerebrum, and cerebellum from progeny of normal and maternally riboflavin-deficient Holtzman rats. Radioactivity remaining as riboflavin was also determined under these circumstances. Experiments were initiated within 24 h of birth. In both groups of newborn rats, the incorporation of radioactive riboflavin into covalently bound flavins in liver and brain proceeded more slowly than into the other flavin fractions. In addition, radioactivity incorporated into covalently bound flavins comprised a relatively smaller proportion of the total amount incorporated in brain than in liver. In progeny of riboflavin-deficient dams, an increased rate of incorporation of riboflavin into all three flavin derivatives, particularly FAD, was observed in liver and brain, compared to results in normal progeny. These data provide evidence that maternal riboflavin deficiency enhances the incorporation of riboflavin into tissue flavins in liver, cerebrum, and cerebellum from newborn rats.", "contents": "Enhanced riboflavin incorporation into flavins in newborn riboflavin-deficient rats. The incorporation of a subcutaneous injection of [14C]riboflavin (2.5 muCi/100 g body wt) into flavin mononucleotide (FMN), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and flavins bound covalently to proteins was determined at 1, 6, and 18 h in liver, cerebrum, and cerebellum from progeny of normal and maternally riboflavin-deficient Holtzman rats. Radioactivity remaining as riboflavin was also determined under these circumstances. Experiments were initiated within 24 h of birth. In both groups of newborn rats, the incorporation of radioactive riboflavin into covalently bound flavins in liver and brain proceeded more slowly than into the other flavin fractions. In addition, radioactivity incorporated into covalently bound flavins comprised a relatively smaller proportion of the total amount incorporated in brain than in liver. In progeny of riboflavin-deficient dams, an increased rate of incorporation of riboflavin into all three flavin derivatives, particularly FAD, was observed in liver and brain, compared to results in normal progeny. These data provide evidence that maternal riboflavin deficiency enhances the incorporation of riboflavin into tissue flavins in liver, cerebrum, and cerebellum from newborn rats."}
{"id": "PMID:920804", "title": "Mechanism of production of intestinal secretion by negative luminal pressure.", "content": "The relationships between luminal hydrostatic pressure and fluid transport by dog jejunum in vivo studied as a sheet in the Wells clamp were compared with quantitative predictions from a model proposed for the mechanism of the secretion produced by elevated venous pressure. According to the model, the secretion produced by increasing venous pressure and the secretion produced by negative luminal pressure are both passive filtrates contingent on a transepithelial pressure of a few centimeters of H2O. We consider that the agreement between the observed and predicted responses to luminal pressure provides strong support for the model. In particular, a) the observations displayed a predicted gross asymmetry in rates of fluid transfer with isotonic fluids depending on whether the luminal pressure was positive or negative; b) the observed magnitude of the negative luminal pressure required for the onset of secretion agreed with predictions; and c) the secretion contained significant amounts of protein at about 25% of the plasma concentration.", "contents": "Mechanism of production of intestinal secretion by negative luminal pressure. The relationships between luminal hydrostatic pressure and fluid transport by dog jejunum in vivo studied as a sheet in the Wells clamp were compared with quantitative predictions from a model proposed for the mechanism of the secretion produced by elevated venous pressure. According to the model, the secretion produced by increasing venous pressure and the secretion produced by negative luminal pressure are both passive filtrates contingent on a transepithelial pressure of a few centimeters of H2O. We consider that the agreement between the observed and predicted responses to luminal pressure provides strong support for the model. In particular, a) the observations displayed a predicted gross asymmetry in rates of fluid transfer with isotonic fluids depending on whether the luminal pressure was positive or negative; b) the observed magnitude of the negative luminal pressure required for the onset of secretion agreed with predictions; and c) the secretion contained significant amounts of protein at about 25% of the plasma concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:920807", "title": "Renal excretion of allantoin in rats: a micropuncture and clearance study.", "content": "Free-flow micropuncture and clearance studies were performed to evaluate the transport of allantoin inthe rat kidney. Inn all studies [2-14C]uric acid and [methoxy-3H]inulin were administered. With a two-step column chromatographic technique, radiolabeled uric acid and allantoin were separated in plasma, urine, and tubular fluid,  and the [2-14C]allantoin concentration was determined. Tubular fluid collections were obtained under hydropenic and control coneated animals in the control and volume-expanded states. Clearance data were obtained in oxonic acid-treated animals under the same experimental conditions. These studies indicate that allantoin is not bound to plasma protein and is, therefore, freely filterable. Neither net reabsorption nor net secretion of allantoin was evident along the length of the nephron. The bubular handling of allantoin was demonstrated to be dissociated from that of uric acid in all experimental states. No significant intrarenal production of allantoin from uric acid was observed.", "contents": "Renal excretion of allantoin in rats: a micropuncture and clearance study. Free-flow micropuncture and clearance studies were performed to evaluate the transport of allantoin inthe rat kidney. Inn all studies [2-14C]uric acid and [methoxy-3H]inulin were administered. With a two-step column chromatographic technique, radiolabeled uric acid and allantoin were separated in plasma, urine, and tubular fluid,  and the [2-14C]allantoin concentration was determined. Tubular fluid collections were obtained under hydropenic and control coneated animals in the control and volume-expanded states. Clearance data were obtained in oxonic acid-treated animals under the same experimental conditions. These studies indicate that allantoin is not bound to plasma protein and is, therefore, freely filterable. Neither net reabsorption nor net secretion of allantoin was evident along the length of the nephron. The bubular handling of allantoin was demonstrated to be dissociated from that of uric acid in all experimental states. No significant intrarenal production of allantoin from uric acid was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:920809", "title": "Transient response of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow to step changes in arterial pressure.", "content": "Measurement of rapid renal hemodynamic changes were made for 90 s in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs following step increases and decreases in renal arterial pressure between 80 and 120 mm Hg. Transient analysis was used to observe time characteristics of the autoregulatory relationships which are obscured in steadystate measurements. Temporal decoupling of blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) occurred with both step increases and decreases of arterial pressure. Steady-state autoregulation of blood flow was attained in about 30 s, whereas steady-state autoregulation of GFR was not demonstrably attained even 90 s after the arterial pressure maneuver. The temporal decoupling of renal blood flow and GRR supports the concept of transient involvement of proximal tubular dynamics and efferent resistance changes during acute autoregulation of GFR following step changes in arterial pressure.", "contents": "Transient response of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow to step changes in arterial pressure. Measurement of rapid renal hemodynamic changes were made for 90 s in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs following step increases and decreases in renal arterial pressure between 80 and 120 mm Hg. Transient analysis was used to observe time characteristics of the autoregulatory relationships which are obscured in steadystate measurements. Temporal decoupling of blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) occurred with both step increases and decreases of arterial pressure. Steady-state autoregulation of blood flow was attained in about 30 s, whereas steady-state autoregulation of GFR was not demonstrably attained even 90 s after the arterial pressure maneuver. The temporal decoupling of renal blood flow and GRR supports the concept of transient involvement of proximal tubular dynamics and efferent resistance changes during acute autoregulation of GFR following step changes in arterial pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:920810", "title": "Comparative study on development of corticosterone and DOCA hypertension in rats.", "content": "The administration of corticosterone for 5 consecutive days to normal rats on a standard sodium intake induced negative sodium and water balance. These effects were opposite those observed under DOCA treatment. However, not only under DOCA but also under corticosterone treatment extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and plasma volume (PV) increased, and blood pressure (BP) rose in parallel. Plasma renin and angiotensin II concentrations declined under the influence of both steroids. Plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations increased under DOCA, whereas they transiently decreased under corticosterone administration. These data suggest that the common mediator for BP elevation due to steroid excess would be an increase in ECFV and PV. The pathways by which this increase is achieved seem to be different. Under DOCA treatment ECFV and PV increased subsequent to renal sodium and water retention. Under corticosterone, however, sodium and water were shifted from intra- to extracellular compartments, and a fraction of this shifted sodium and water was conserved in extracellular space, most likely because corticosterone also affected renal sodium handling.", "contents": "Comparative study on development of corticosterone and DOCA hypertension in rats. The administration of corticosterone for 5 consecutive days to normal rats on a standard sodium intake induced negative sodium and water balance. These effects were opposite those observed under DOCA treatment. However, not only under DOCA but also under corticosterone treatment extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and plasma volume (PV) increased, and blood pressure (BP) rose in parallel. Plasma renin and angiotensin II concentrations declined under the influence of both steroids. Plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations increased under DOCA, whereas they transiently decreased under corticosterone administration. These data suggest that the common mediator for BP elevation due to steroid excess would be an increase in ECFV and PV. The pathways by which this increase is achieved seem to be different. Under DOCA treatment ECFV and PV increased subsequent to renal sodium and water retention. Under corticosterone, however, sodium and water were shifted from intra- to extracellular compartments, and a fraction of this shifted sodium and water was conserved in extracellular space, most likely because corticosterone also affected renal sodium handling."}
{"id": "PMID:920811", "title": "Renal sodium reabsorption following induction of recovery from volume expansion.", "content": "In the rat, infusion of a volume of isotonic saline equal to 2% of body weight resulted in an 82% increase in delivery of filtrate out of the proximal tubule but little or, in some animals, no change in the urinary excretion of sodium. By contrast, further degrees of volume expansion resulted in lesser increases in the distal delivery of filtrate, but were associated with a marked increase in the urinary excretion of sodium. Sixty minutes following completion of volume expansion, while the animals were still in positive sosium balance, the urinary excretion of sodium decreased 52% compared to a decrease of only 24% in the distal delivery of filtrate. During the course of progressive volume expansion and during the recovery phase, there was a dissociation between alterations in sodium reabosrption in the proximal convoluted tubule and in the whole kidney. These studies indicate that although the proximal tubule is more sensitive to changes in the extracellular fluid volume, distal nephron sites are ultimately responsible both for the natriuresis of volume expansion and the relative antinatriuresis of the recovery periods.", "contents": "Renal sodium reabsorption following induction of recovery from volume expansion. In the rat, infusion of a volume of isotonic saline equal to 2% of body weight resulted in an 82% increase in delivery of filtrate out of the proximal tubule but little or, in some animals, no change in the urinary excretion of sodium. By contrast, further degrees of volume expansion resulted in lesser increases in the distal delivery of filtrate, but were associated with a marked increase in the urinary excretion of sodium. Sixty minutes following completion of volume expansion, while the animals were still in positive sosium balance, the urinary excretion of sodium decreased 52% compared to a decrease of only 24% in the distal delivery of filtrate. During the course of progressive volume expansion and during the recovery phase, there was a dissociation between alterations in sodium reabosrption in the proximal convoluted tubule and in the whole kidney. These studies indicate that although the proximal tubule is more sensitive to changes in the extracellular fluid volume, distal nephron sites are ultimately responsible both for the natriuresis of volume expansion and the relative antinatriuresis of the recovery periods."}
{"id": "PMID:920812", "title": "Renal concentrating ability in the uninephrectomized rat.", "content": "To investigate the effects of uninephrectomy on renal concentrating ability, studies were performed on unanesthetized rats 5-11 days after uninephrectomy (UN) or a sham operation (SO). Female rats were deprived of water for 27 h prior to the infusion of inulin and para-aminohippurate and urine collection. They were also preconditioned to being handled and to the experimental locale. During a nondiuretic state urine osmolality was the same for all UN and SO groups (mean about 1,700 micro osmol/g H2O), whereas the mean solute excretion rate (micro osmol/min per kg body wt per kidney) was 74 in the UN and 35 in the SO rats. When SO rats were infused with mannitol or isotonic saline to increase their solute excretion rate per kidney to the level of the UN rats, urine osmolality dropped 200-1,000 micro osmol/g H2O; when urea was infused, urine osmolality did not drop. Thus, after uninephrectomy and a consequent doubling of the solute excretion rate per kidney, renal concentrating ability was higher than predicted on the basis of a comparable but acute elevation of the solute excretion rate. The glomerular filtration rate was about 17 ml/min per kg body wt in the SO rats and was 1.2 times greater (on a per kidney basis) in the UN rats. These exceptionally high glomerular filtration rats are attributed to preexperimental conditioning of the rats and the absence of stress during urine collection.", "contents": "Renal concentrating ability in the uninephrectomized rat. To investigate the effects of uninephrectomy on renal concentrating ability, studies were performed on unanesthetized rats 5-11 days after uninephrectomy (UN) or a sham operation (SO). Female rats were deprived of water for 27 h prior to the infusion of inulin and para-aminohippurate and urine collection. They were also preconditioned to being handled and to the experimental locale. During a nondiuretic state urine osmolality was the same for all UN and SO groups (mean about 1,700 micro osmol/g H2O), whereas the mean solute excretion rate (micro osmol/min per kg body wt per kidney) was 74 in the UN and 35 in the SO rats. When SO rats were infused with mannitol or isotonic saline to increase their solute excretion rate per kidney to the level of the UN rats, urine osmolality dropped 200-1,000 micro osmol/g H2O; when urea was infused, urine osmolality did not drop. Thus, after uninephrectomy and a consequent doubling of the solute excretion rate per kidney, renal concentrating ability was higher than predicted on the basis of a comparable but acute elevation of the solute excretion rate. The glomerular filtration rate was about 17 ml/min per kg body wt in the SO rats and was 1.2 times greater (on a per kidney basis) in the UN rats. These exceptionally high glomerular filtration rats are attributed to preexperimental conditioning of the rats and the absence of stress during urine collection."}
{"id": "PMID:920814", "title": "Acidic peptide and polyribonucleotide crystal growth inhibitors in human urine.", "content": "Urine contains nondialyzable inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystal growth. We have pursued the hypothesis that these inhibitors may, in part, be acidic peptides and polyribonucleotide fragments. Homopolyribonucleotides and RNA inhibit calcium oxalate crystal growth at 5 x 10(-6) M of constituent ribonucleotide, whereas the monomer nucleotides are inactive at 10(-4) M. Poly-L-aspartic or glutamic acid are also inhibitory at 5 X 10(-6) M of amino acid, whereas the monomeric amino acids are inert. Gastric pepsin, a naturally occurring acidic peptide, is inhibitory. Incubation with nonspecific protease reduced the inhibitory effectiveness of normal human urine consistently and significantly, a fact compatible with an important contribution of peptides. A variable additional reduction was produced by subsequent treatment with ribonuclease, suggesting only a small role for polyribonucleotide. Sequential ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography and preparative disc gel electrophoresis yielded inhibitory material enriched with peptides that were strongly acidic and high in proline. Peptides and ribonucleotides seem to contribute to urinary nondialyzable crystal growth inhibitory activity.", "contents": "Acidic peptide and polyribonucleotide crystal growth inhibitors in human urine. Urine contains nondialyzable inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystal growth. We have pursued the hypothesis that these inhibitors may, in part, be acidic peptides and polyribonucleotide fragments. Homopolyribonucleotides and RNA inhibit calcium oxalate crystal growth at 5 x 10(-6) M of constituent ribonucleotide, whereas the monomer nucleotides are inactive at 10(-4) M. Poly-L-aspartic or glutamic acid are also inhibitory at 5 X 10(-6) M of amino acid, whereas the monomeric amino acids are inert. Gastric pepsin, a naturally occurring acidic peptide, is inhibitory. Incubation with nonspecific protease reduced the inhibitory effectiveness of normal human urine consistently and significantly, a fact compatible with an important contribution of peptides. A variable additional reduction was produced by subsequent treatment with ribonuclease, suggesting only a small role for polyribonucleotide. Sequential ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography and preparative disc gel electrophoresis yielded inhibitory material enriched with peptides that were strongly acidic and high in proline. Peptides and ribonucleotides seem to contribute to urinary nondialyzable crystal growth inhibitory activity."}
{"id": "PMID:920816", "title": "Cardiac arrhythmias of sympathetic origin in the dog.", "content": "The effects of ventrolateral and ventromedial cardiac nerve (left sympathetics) stimulation on cardiac force, on rate, and on arrhythmogenic responses were characterized and quantitated. The stimulation of left sympathetic nerves produced augmentation in cardiac contraction in 45% of the experiments, an augmentation of both a cardiac rate and force in 47%, and in cardioacceleration alone in 8%. Two characteristic patterns of arrhythmogenic responses were elicited from stimulations of 100 sympathetic nerves. The two types of neurally induced arrhythmias were atrioventricular junctional or ventricular in origin. The onset and duration of the arrhythmias were quantitated. Both types of neurally induced arrhythmias were prevented either by blocking the beta receptors with propranolol or by preventing the neural release of norepinephrine with bretylium tosylate. The neurally induced arrhythmias were probably the result of enhanced automaticity in the atrioventricular junction area and in the ventricles produced by stimulating the sympathetic nerve fibers. This report thus implicates the ventromedial cardiac nerve in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias.", "contents": "Cardiac arrhythmias of sympathetic origin in the dog. The effects of ventrolateral and ventromedial cardiac nerve (left sympathetics) stimulation on cardiac force, on rate, and on arrhythmogenic responses were characterized and quantitated. The stimulation of left sympathetic nerves produced augmentation in cardiac contraction in 45% of the experiments, an augmentation of both a cardiac rate and force in 47%, and in cardioacceleration alone in 8%. Two characteristic patterns of arrhythmogenic responses were elicited from stimulations of 100 sympathetic nerves. The two types of neurally induced arrhythmias were atrioventricular junctional or ventricular in origin. The onset and duration of the arrhythmias were quantitated. Both types of neurally induced arrhythmias were prevented either by blocking the beta receptors with propranolol or by preventing the neural release of norepinephrine with bretylium tosylate. The neurally induced arrhythmias were probably the result of enhanced automaticity in the atrioventricular junction area and in the ventricles produced by stimulating the sympathetic nerve fibers. This report thus implicates the ventromedial cardiac nerve in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:920817", "title": "Inhibitory effect of cardiac contraction on coronary collateral blood flow.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of contraction on overall flow in an area supplied by collateral vessels. Changes in the distribution of blood flow across the wall of ischemic and normally perfused regions of the left ventricle were observed during normal beating and during vagal arrest. The main left coronary artery was cannulated and perfused at constant pressure (125 mmHg) using a servo pump apparatus. An ischemic area supplied by collaterals was created by ligating the left anterior descending artery. Radiomicrospheres (15 micrometer) were injected into the perfusion apparatus during beating. Then spheres with a different label were administered to the same heart during arrest. The results revealed that beating caused a gradient of blood flow inhibition from near zero at the epicardium to about 50% at the endocardium in both zones. Inhibition to flow at the mid wall of the ischemic zone, 71%, was significantly greater than that seen at the corresponding depth in the normally perfused region, 33%. These results indicate that contraction not only inhibits collateral blood flow to an ischemic region, but also that the inhibition is actually magnified at the mid wall.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of cardiac contraction on coronary collateral blood flow. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of contraction on overall flow in an area supplied by collateral vessels. Changes in the distribution of blood flow across the wall of ischemic and normally perfused regions of the left ventricle were observed during normal beating and during vagal arrest. The main left coronary artery was cannulated and perfused at constant pressure (125 mmHg) using a servo pump apparatus. An ischemic area supplied by collaterals was created by ligating the left anterior descending artery. Radiomicrospheres (15 micrometer) were injected into the perfusion apparatus during beating. Then spheres with a different label were administered to the same heart during arrest. The results revealed that beating caused a gradient of blood flow inhibition from near zero at the epicardium to about 50% at the endocardium in both zones. Inhibition to flow at the mid wall of the ischemic zone, 71%, was significantly greater than that seen at the corresponding depth in the normally perfused region, 33%. These results indicate that contraction not only inhibits collateral blood flow to an ischemic region, but also that the inhibition is actually magnified at the mid wall."}
{"id": "PMID:920819", "title": "Physiologic determinants of left ventricular strength-interval curve of the dog.", "content": "Strength-interval curves, relating an index of the contractile vigor of premature beats to their coupling intervals, were elicited in anesthetized, open-chest dogs prepared for atrial or ventricular pacing and the high-fidelity measurement of left ventricular pressure. During inotropic interventions, changes of the curves were evaluated in terms of the parameters (slopes and intercepts) of their straight lines of best fit. These parameters were altered by isoproterenol, propranolol, and heart rate, and were correlated closely with paired values of isovolumic Vmax (of driven beats). The strength-interval curves were reproducible and were not affected by large changes of venous return or arterial blood pressure. These results provide a basis for the use of strength-interval curves for the evaluation of ventricular contractile state, using fluid-filled catheters for the measurement of left ventricular pressure.", "contents": "Physiologic determinants of left ventricular strength-interval curve of the dog. Strength-interval curves, relating an index of the contractile vigor of premature beats to their coupling intervals, were elicited in anesthetized, open-chest dogs prepared for atrial or ventricular pacing and the high-fidelity measurement of left ventricular pressure. During inotropic interventions, changes of the curves were evaluated in terms of the parameters (slopes and intercepts) of their straight lines of best fit. These parameters were altered by isoproterenol, propranolol, and heart rate, and were correlated closely with paired values of isovolumic Vmax (of driven beats). The strength-interval curves were reproducible and were not affected by large changes of venous return or arterial blood pressure. These results provide a basis for the use of strength-interval curves for the evaluation of ventricular contractile state, using fluid-filled catheters for the measurement of left ventricular pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:920820", "title": "Renal vascular effects of endoperoxide analogs, prostaglandins, and arachidonic acid.", "content": "Renal vascular responses to analogs of prostaglandin H2(PGH2) were investigated in anesthetized dogs. The analogs were potent renal vasoconstrictors whose actions were not affected either by indomethacin or by alpha-adrenergic or angiotensin antagonists. The constrictor activity of the analogs approximated that of norepinephrine. Responses to PGD2 were also obtained. This prostaglandin, previously thought to be inactive, was found to cause renal vasodilation similar to that caused by PGA2. Responses to the prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid, were of two types. In some animals, the response was marked vasodilation, whereas in others transient vasoconstriction preceded the vasodilation. These studies demonstrate that PGH2 analogs are potent renal vasoconstrictors and that PGD2 possesses renal vasodilating properties. In addition, it is suggested that the rapid vasoconstrictor portion of the arachidonate response may represent effects of endogneously produced PGH2.", "contents": "Renal vascular effects of endoperoxide analogs, prostaglandins, and arachidonic acid. Renal vascular responses to analogs of prostaglandin H2(PGH2) were investigated in anesthetized dogs. The analogs were potent renal vasoconstrictors whose actions were not affected either by indomethacin or by alpha-adrenergic or angiotensin antagonists. The constrictor activity of the analogs approximated that of norepinephrine. Responses to PGD2 were also obtained. This prostaglandin, previously thought to be inactive, was found to cause renal vasodilation similar to that caused by PGA2. Responses to the prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid, were of two types. In some animals, the response was marked vasodilation, whereas in others transient vasoconstriction preceded the vasodilation. These studies demonstrate that PGH2 analogs are potent renal vasoconstrictors and that PGD2 possesses renal vasodilating properties. In addition, it is suggested that the rapid vasoconstrictor portion of the arachidonate response may represent effects of endogneously produced PGH2."}
{"id": "PMID:920821", "title": "Reflex effects of thoracic sympathetic afferent nerve stimulation on the kidney.", "content": "Thoracic sympathetic afferents may play a role in the reflex control of renal vascular resistance during hypotension. Mongrel dogs were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride and maintained on a 50-50, O2-N2O mixture supplemented with 0.5%-1.0% halothane. Systemic arterial blood pressure was lowered to 50 mmHg with use of a constant pressure hemorrhage technique. The renal circulation was perfused with a constant-flow perfusion system. Low-frequency (3 Hz) stimulation of thoracic sympathetic afferents produced renal vasodilation. A reduction of renal vascular resistance was measured as a decrease in constant-flow perfusion pressure. Vagotomy accentuated the dilator response to stimulation. High-frequency (30 Hz) afferent stimulation produced renal vasoconstriction. Renal efferent nerve activity and renal blood flow responded to afferent stimulation (3 Hz) by transient inhibition of efferent activity and increases in renal blood flow. Afferent stimulation (30 Hz) caused increases in renal efferent nerve activity and decreases in renal blood flow. The thoracic sympathetic afferents carry information from cardiopulmonary structures that alter renal efferent nerve activity and renal hemodynamics during hypotension.", "contents": "Reflex effects of thoracic sympathetic afferent nerve stimulation on the kidney. Thoracic sympathetic afferents may play a role in the reflex control of renal vascular resistance during hypotension. Mongrel dogs were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride and maintained on a 50-50, O2-N2O mixture supplemented with 0.5%-1.0% halothane. Systemic arterial blood pressure was lowered to 50 mmHg with use of a constant pressure hemorrhage technique. The renal circulation was perfused with a constant-flow perfusion system. Low-frequency (3 Hz) stimulation of thoracic sympathetic afferents produced renal vasodilation. A reduction of renal vascular resistance was measured as a decrease in constant-flow perfusion pressure. Vagotomy accentuated the dilator response to stimulation. High-frequency (30 Hz) afferent stimulation produced renal vasoconstriction. Renal efferent nerve activity and renal blood flow responded to afferent stimulation (3 Hz) by transient inhibition of efferent activity and increases in renal blood flow. Afferent stimulation (30 Hz) caused increases in renal efferent nerve activity and decreases in renal blood flow. The thoracic sympathetic afferents carry information from cardiopulmonary structures that alter renal efferent nerve activity and renal hemodynamics during hypotension."}
{"id": "PMID:920822", "title": "Effect of a left atrium-pulmonary vein baroreflex on peripheral vascular beds.", "content": "A step increase of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure from 0 to 25 mmHg was used in anesthetized dogs with controlled arterial blood pressure to generate reflex systemic vasodilation. The resultant response of total peripheral resistance was an initial transient fall of about 40% which spontaneously regressed while the stimulus was maintained. Injections of differently tagged radioactive microspheres were used to measure selected organ blood flows prior to raising atrial pressure, at the response peak, during the steady state, and after recovery. Resistances of skin, skeletal muscle, kidney, and large intestine significantly fell upon atriovenous distention. The response in muscle, which greatly exceeded that of the other organs, was not sustained, whereas resistances of other responding beds remained depressed until the stimulus was removed. No significant responses occurred in small intestine, liver (hepatic artery), or adrenal gland.", "contents": "Effect of a left atrium-pulmonary vein baroreflex on peripheral vascular beds. A step increase of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure from 0 to 25 mmHg was used in anesthetized dogs with controlled arterial blood pressure to generate reflex systemic vasodilation. The resultant response of total peripheral resistance was an initial transient fall of about 40% which spontaneously regressed while the stimulus was maintained. Injections of differently tagged radioactive microspheres were used to measure selected organ blood flows prior to raising atrial pressure, at the response peak, during the steady state, and after recovery. Resistances of skin, skeletal muscle, kidney, and large intestine significantly fell upon atriovenous distention. The response in muscle, which greatly exceeded that of the other organs, was not sustained, whereas resistances of other responding beds remained depressed until the stimulus was removed. No significant responses occurred in small intestine, liver (hepatic artery), or adrenal gland."}
{"id": "PMID:920823", "title": "Plasma volume, red cell volume, and thoracic duct lymph flow in hypothermia.", "content": "The effects of hypothermia on plasma volume (125I-albumin), red blood cell volume (51 Cr-RBC), and capillary permeability (thoracic duct lymph flow and protein concentration) were determined on dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital, paralyzed with succinylcholine, and mechanically ventilated. Red blood cell volume and plasma protein concentration did not change significantly after cooling. Reductions in plasma volume and total plasma proteins indicate that whole plasma was excluded from the effective circulating blood volume. Except for a lesser increase in hematocrit, chronically splenectomized dogs showed essentially the same changes as normal dogs in response to hypothermia. Following application of ice bags, there was a biphasic response in lymph flow. The early increase in lymph flow accompanying a slight decrease in plasma volume was attributable to transcapillary fluid loss into interstitial space, probably due to cold-induced sympathetic activity. The later decrease in lymph flow in hypothermia resulted from a decrease of lymph production secondary to a decrease in available capillary diffusion area. This decrease in lymph flows and the continued reduction in plasma volume suggest an intravascular sequestration of whole plasma.", "contents": "Plasma volume, red cell volume, and thoracic duct lymph flow in hypothermia. The effects of hypothermia on plasma volume (125I-albumin), red blood cell volume (51 Cr-RBC), and capillary permeability (thoracic duct lymph flow and protein concentration) were determined on dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital, paralyzed with succinylcholine, and mechanically ventilated. Red blood cell volume and plasma protein concentration did not change significantly after cooling. Reductions in plasma volume and total plasma proteins indicate that whole plasma was excluded from the effective circulating blood volume. Except for a lesser increase in hematocrit, chronically splenectomized dogs showed essentially the same changes as normal dogs in response to hypothermia. Following application of ice bags, there was a biphasic response in lymph flow. The early increase in lymph flow accompanying a slight decrease in plasma volume was attributable to transcapillary fluid loss into interstitial space, probably due to cold-induced sympathetic activity. The later decrease in lymph flow in hypothermia resulted from a decrease of lymph production secondary to a decrease in available capillary diffusion area. This decrease in lymph flows and the continued reduction in plasma volume suggest an intravascular sequestration of whole plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:920824", "title": "Nonuniform contraction in the isolated cat papillary muscle.", "content": "Microspheres infused into the coronary microcirculation were used as markers to define segments within isolated cat papillary muscles. Video recording and analysis provided measurements of the variations of segment lengths as the muscles contracted at lengths of 76-100% Lmax. In all muscles, segments in the center region were found to shorten during muscle isometric contraction while those in the end regions lengthened. Central shortening was typically 10-15%. In the passive state, segment lengths varied directly with muscle length over a broad range characterized by low force. Segments in the center region, however, displayed an abrupt transition to high stiffness at a certain length while end regions continued to stretch. Force-length relationships obtained for the presumably healthy center segment are significantly different from those obtained for the whole muscle. These results suggest that there may be major difficulties with the interpretation of mechanical measurements on papillary muscles unless contractile inhomogeneity is eliminated or taken into account.", "contents": "Nonuniform contraction in the isolated cat papillary muscle. Microspheres infused into the coronary microcirculation were used as markers to define segments within isolated cat papillary muscles. Video recording and analysis provided measurements of the variations of segment lengths as the muscles contracted at lengths of 76-100% Lmax. In all muscles, segments in the center region were found to shorten during muscle isometric contraction while those in the end regions lengthened. Central shortening was typically 10-15%. In the passive state, segment lengths varied directly with muscle length over a broad range characterized by low force. Segments in the center region, however, displayed an abrupt transition to high stiffness at a certain length while end regions continued to stretch. Force-length relationships obtained for the presumably healthy center segment are significantly different from those obtained for the whole muscle. These results suggest that there may be major difficulties with the interpretation of mechanical measurements on papillary muscles unless contractile inhomogeneity is eliminated or taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:920825", "title": "Systemic hemodynamic effects of microspheres in conscious rats.", "content": "The effect of increasing quantities of carbonized microspheres (15 +/- 5 micrometer diam) on systemic hemodynamics was evaluated in 21 Sprague-Dawley, 6 normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), and 8 spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) male rats. Total cumulative injections of more than 100,000 microspheres produced significant systemic hemodynamic alterations manifested by decreased oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and mean arterial pressure; and by increased heart rate, total peripheral resistance, and arterial-venous blood oxygen content difference. There were no hemodynamic alterations characteristic of any rat species, and reproducibility of three separate injections of 20,000 microspheres in each rat was excellent.", "contents": "Systemic hemodynamic effects of microspheres in conscious rats. The effect of increasing quantities of carbonized microspheres (15 +/- 5 micrometer diam) on systemic hemodynamics was evaluated in 21 Sprague-Dawley, 6 normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), and 8 spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) male rats. Total cumulative injections of more than 100,000 microspheres produced significant systemic hemodynamic alterations manifested by decreased oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and mean arterial pressure; and by increased heart rate, total peripheral resistance, and arterial-venous blood oxygen content difference. There were no hemodynamic alterations characteristic of any rat species, and reproducibility of three separate injections of 20,000 microspheres in each rat was excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:920827", "title": "A field and circuit thermodynamics for integrative physiology. I. Introduction to the general notions.", "content": "In this first of three articles on a physical basis for integrative physiology, statistical mechanical concepts are developed into a field thermodynamics. The development begins by comparing the different ways change is viewed in biology compared to physics. The Hamiltonian field concept unites the two. The requirements of a thermostatic description are introduced; then those of nonequilibrium thermodynamics are added. Conditions suitable for continuum, near-equilibrium analysis of systems are given; then the role of physical forces in organization is discussed. The development returns to statistical mechanics, and introduces conservation principles and equations of change for ensembles of interacting units. A general notion of systems and thermodynamic engines is discussed next, and a narrative account of the explanatory scope of field thermodynamics is given. Its applications to living systems are the subject of the subsequent two articles of this series.", "contents": "A field and circuit thermodynamics for integrative physiology. I. Introduction to the general notions. In this first of three articles on a physical basis for integrative physiology, statistical mechanical concepts are developed into a field thermodynamics. The development begins by comparing the different ways change is viewed in biology compared to physics. The Hamiltonian field concept unites the two. The requirements of a thermostatic description are introduced; then those of nonequilibrium thermodynamics are added. Conditions suitable for continuum, near-equilibrium analysis of systems are given; then the role of physical forces in organization is discussed. The development returns to statistical mechanics, and introduces conservation principles and equations of change for ensembles of interacting units. A general notion of systems and thermodynamic engines is discussed next, and a narrative account of the explanatory scope of field thermodynamics is given. Its applications to living systems are the subject of the subsequent two articles of this series."}
{"id": "PMID:920828", "title": "Analysis of lung ventilation in the aestivating lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus.", "content": "During aestivation, the breathing pattern of the lungfish changed from the usual aquatic pattern of a single breath followed by prolonged apnea to the pattern of alternating tachypnea and apnea that characterizes Cheyne-Stokes breathing. As aestivation continued, the number of breaths per tachypneic period increased gradually to reach a steady level at about the 3rd mo. During the bouts of tachypnea, minute ventilation increased because of the increase in respiratory frequency even though tidal volumes decreased. Ventilation of the lungs during aestivation appeared to involve the same mechanism as during life in water, i.e., a buccal force pump. The breathing cycle began with the aspiration of air into the mouth as the buccal cavity enlarged. Lung deflation then occurred abetted by contraction of the abdominal muscles. Lung inflation followed and involved the \"swallowing\" of air form the posterior buccal region into the lungs. Cycles of deflation and partial inflation of the lungs were repeated 8-40 times (tachypneic period). At the end of the tachypneic cycle, after the last deflation, a series of larger buccal force-pump maneuvers reinflated the lungs before the start of the apneic period.", "contents": "Analysis of lung ventilation in the aestivating lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus. During aestivation, the breathing pattern of the lungfish changed from the usual aquatic pattern of a single breath followed by prolonged apnea to the pattern of alternating tachypnea and apnea that characterizes Cheyne-Stokes breathing. As aestivation continued, the number of breaths per tachypneic period increased gradually to reach a steady level at about the 3rd mo. During the bouts of tachypnea, minute ventilation increased because of the increase in respiratory frequency even though tidal volumes decreased. Ventilation of the lungs during aestivation appeared to involve the same mechanism as during life in water, i.e., a buccal force pump. The breathing cycle began with the aspiration of air into the mouth as the buccal cavity enlarged. Lung deflation then occurred abetted by contraction of the abdominal muscles. Lung inflation followed and involved the \"swallowing\" of air form the posterior buccal region into the lungs. Cycles of deflation and partial inflation of the lungs were repeated 8-40 times (tachypneic period). At the end of the tachypneic cycle, after the last deflation, a series of larger buccal force-pump maneuvers reinflated the lungs before the start of the apneic period."}
{"id": "PMID:920830", "title": "Water transport in perfused scorpion ileum.", "content": "Water transport in desert scorpion ileum involves two independent transfer pathways operating in parallel: 1) paracellular flow occurs through intercellular spaces in response to transmural osmotic or ionic gradients; and 2) transcellular water transport occurs across apical and basal cell membranes in response to a basal, energy-requiring sodium efflux process. The tissue exhibits no osmotic rectification over the range of transepithelial osmotic gradients imposed (Lp = hydraulic conductivity), Lp = 95 x 10(-7) cm - s-1 - atm-1), but displays apparent asymmetric ion permeability in response to transmural ion gradients, as determined by codiffusional water movements across the preparation. Osmotic permeability ((Pos), Pos = 1.13 x 10(-3) cm - s-1) of the tissue exceeds diffusional permeability ((Pd), Pd = 1.45 x 10(-5) cm - s-1) by almost two orders of magnitude. In the absence of osmotic or hydrostatic pressure gradients, transmural water transport requires cellular metabolism, is sodium-dependent, is inhibited by potassium, and produces an apparent strongly hypotonic absorbate. This water transport process appears to be adaptive, as scorpion dehydration results in alterations of luminal ion concentrations that favor increased net flow of water to the hemolymph.", "contents": "Water transport in perfused scorpion ileum. Water transport in desert scorpion ileum involves two independent transfer pathways operating in parallel: 1) paracellular flow occurs through intercellular spaces in response to transmural osmotic or ionic gradients; and 2) transcellular water transport occurs across apical and basal cell membranes in response to a basal, energy-requiring sodium efflux process. The tissue exhibits no osmotic rectification over the range of transepithelial osmotic gradients imposed (Lp = hydraulic conductivity), Lp = 95 x 10(-7) cm - s-1 - atm-1), but displays apparent asymmetric ion permeability in response to transmural ion gradients, as determined by codiffusional water movements across the preparation. Osmotic permeability ((Pos), Pos = 1.13 x 10(-3) cm - s-1) of the tissue exceeds diffusional permeability ((Pd), Pd = 1.45 x 10(-5) cm - s-1) by almost two orders of magnitude. In the absence of osmotic or hydrostatic pressure gradients, transmural water transport requires cellular metabolism, is sodium-dependent, is inhibited by potassium, and produces an apparent strongly hypotonic absorbate. This water transport process appears to be adaptive, as scorpion dehydration results in alterations of luminal ion concentrations that favor increased net flow of water to the hemolymph."}
{"id": "PMID:920831", "title": "Observations in energy balance in man during spaceflight.", "content": "An investigation was undertaken of the changes in metabolic energy balance which occur in weightlessness. Daily energy intake was determined each day throughout the 28-, 59-, and 84-day flights for each of the nine Skylab astronauts. The energy content of the urine and feces was also measured. Changes in body composition were inferred from measurements of weight, volume, water, and total exchangeable potassium before and after flight. During flight changes were followed by a daily measurement of body mass and by metabolic balance. Examination of the data reveal losses in body weight during the 1st and 2nd mo of flight, a loss in body water and protein during the 1st mo, and a loss of fat during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd mo of flight. The energy input was about 41.7 kcal/kg per day on the ground, and 43.7 kcal/kg per day after 3 mo in space. The increase in net energy input of about 1.6% per mo is significant (P less than 0.05). When the net energy input is expressed on the basis of total body potassium, the increase in the resulting \"noramlized\" net energy input of about 3.7% per mo is also significant (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Observations in energy balance in man during spaceflight. An investigation was undertaken of the changes in metabolic energy balance which occur in weightlessness. Daily energy intake was determined each day throughout the 28-, 59-, and 84-day flights for each of the nine Skylab astronauts. The energy content of the urine and feces was also measured. Changes in body composition were inferred from measurements of weight, volume, water, and total exchangeable potassium before and after flight. During flight changes were followed by a daily measurement of body mass and by metabolic balance. Examination of the data reveal losses in body weight during the 1st and 2nd mo of flight, a loss in body water and protein during the 1st mo, and a loss of fat during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd mo of flight. The energy input was about 41.7 kcal/kg per day on the ground, and 43.7 kcal/kg per day after 3 mo in space. The increase in net energy input of about 1.6% per mo is significant (P less than 0.05). When the net energy input is expressed on the basis of total body potassium, the increase in the resulting \"noramlized\" net energy input of about 3.7% per mo is also significant (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:920832", "title": "Blood pressure vulnerability to volume contraction: regulation by adrenal cortical hormones.", "content": "Although the unique sensitivity of blood pressure to hemorrhage after adrenalectomy can be overcome by adrenocortical hormones the specificity of this steroid effect is not known. Under pentobarbital anesthesia five groups of six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were bled into a 0.9% saline-primed pressure-balanced reservoir. A mean arterial pressure of 50 Torr was maintained for 3 h. When compared to normal rats, those with adrenalectomy showed significantly lowered bleeding volume (P less than 0.05 to less than 0.001). In untreated adrenalectomized rats 120 min following hemorrhage, saline was consistently taken up from the reservoir to maintain blood pressure at 50 Torr. Deoxycorticosterone-cortisol (intravenous bolus coupled with infusion) restored bleeding volume to normal in adrenalectomized rats. Aldosterone (constant infusion) also protected bleeding volume after adrenalectomy, P less than 0.05 to less than 0.01, but this effect was significantly less striking than that of cortisol 180 min after the onset of bleeding, P less than 0.001. Sham adrenalectomy did not affect bleeding volume. Aldosterone appears to be effective in restoring normal bleeding volume sensitivity after adrenalectomy but this effect of aldosterone is less sustained than that seen with cortisol.", "contents": "Blood pressure vulnerability to volume contraction: regulation by adrenal cortical hormones. Although the unique sensitivity of blood pressure to hemorrhage after adrenalectomy can be overcome by adrenocortical hormones the specificity of this steroid effect is not known. Under pentobarbital anesthesia five groups of six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were bled into a 0.9% saline-primed pressure-balanced reservoir. A mean arterial pressure of 50 Torr was maintained for 3 h. When compared to normal rats, those with adrenalectomy showed significantly lowered bleeding volume (P less than 0.05 to less than 0.001). In untreated adrenalectomized rats 120 min following hemorrhage, saline was consistently taken up from the reservoir to maintain blood pressure at 50 Torr. Deoxycorticosterone-cortisol (intravenous bolus coupled with infusion) restored bleeding volume to normal in adrenalectomized rats. Aldosterone (constant infusion) also protected bleeding volume after adrenalectomy, P less than 0.05 to less than 0.01, but this effect was significantly less striking than that of cortisol 180 min after the onset of bleeding, P less than 0.001. Sham adrenalectomy did not affect bleeding volume. Aldosterone appears to be effective in restoring normal bleeding volume sensitivity after adrenalectomy but this effect of aldosterone is less sustained than that seen with cortisol."}
{"id": "PMID:920833", "title": "Stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis by thrombin in rabbits with ancrod-induced afibrinogenemia.", "content": "The effect of intravenous infusions of thrombin on fibrinogen synthesis was evaluated in rabbits rendered afibrinogenemic by ancrod. Fibrinogen production and catabolism were measured simultaneously with 75Se-labeled selenomethionine (75SeM) and with 125I-labeled fibrinogen injected 5, 12, 18, or 26 h after ancrod. In normal rabbits the infusion of ancrod (2 U/kg body mass during 1 h) did not alter fibrinogen synthesis nor did it affect the rate of fibrinogen catabolism measured during a period of 5-120 h after ancrod administration. Normal rabbits that received purified bovine thrombin (100 U/kg body mass during 1 h) exhibited a twofold stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis as measured by the incorporation of 75SeM injected 5 h after thrombin. Rabbits made afibrinogenemic by infusion of ancrod 5 h before thrombin also showed a twofold increase in fibrinogen synthesis, as did animals that received ancrod immediately after thrombin. These experiments show that ancrod alone has no effect on fibrinogen production, and that thrombin stimulates fibrinogen synthesis in afibrinogenemic rabbits to the same extent as in controls.", "contents": "Stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis by thrombin in rabbits with ancrod-induced afibrinogenemia. The effect of intravenous infusions of thrombin on fibrinogen synthesis was evaluated in rabbits rendered afibrinogenemic by ancrod. Fibrinogen production and catabolism were measured simultaneously with 75Se-labeled selenomethionine (75SeM) and with 125I-labeled fibrinogen injected 5, 12, 18, or 26 h after ancrod. In normal rabbits the infusion of ancrod (2 U/kg body mass during 1 h) did not alter fibrinogen synthesis nor did it affect the rate of fibrinogen catabolism measured during a period of 5-120 h after ancrod administration. Normal rabbits that received purified bovine thrombin (100 U/kg body mass during 1 h) exhibited a twofold stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis as measured by the incorporation of 75SeM injected 5 h after thrombin. Rabbits made afibrinogenemic by infusion of ancrod 5 h before thrombin also showed a twofold increase in fibrinogen synthesis, as did animals that received ancrod immediately after thrombin. These experiments show that ancrod alone has no effect on fibrinogen production, and that thrombin stimulates fibrinogen synthesis in afibrinogenemic rabbits to the same extent as in controls."}
{"id": "PMID:920834", "title": "Psychiatry, the healthy invalid.", "content": "The author examines the reasons that have been offered in support of a pressimistic appraisal of psychiatry's future. The consequences for psychiatry of increasingly detailed knowledge of the interaction of psychological and physiological processes are emphasized, and the author concludes that psychiatry will continue to play a dominant role in the study and treatment of medical and surgical illness. Thus, although the field is in a transition period, it is certainly not moribund.", "contents": "Psychiatry, the healthy invalid. The author examines the reasons that have been offered in support of a pressimistic appraisal of psychiatry's future. The consequences for psychiatry of increasingly detailed knowledge of the interaction of psychological and physiological processes are emphasized, and the author concludes that psychiatry will continue to play a dominant role in the study and treatment of medical and surgical illness. Thus, although the field is in a transition period, it is certainly not moribund."}
{"id": "PMID:920835", "title": "Social discrediting of psychiatry: the protasis of legal disfranchisement.", "content": "The author believes that recent legal decisions against psychiatrists (including class action suits) have their genesis in writings by sociologists and other behavioral scientists, including psychiatrists, who have examined psychiatry in the context of social structure and social processes. The discrediting of the medical model could have been accomplished using theorectical assertions and research observations that had been published before 1940, but it did not occur until the human rights movement of the 1960s. The author reviews the assertions on which the discrediting of the medical model has been based. He stresses the distinction between the testing of a theory and the discrediting of a model and observes that the recent wholesale discrediting of psychiatry has relied less on theory testing than on polemical rhetoric and unwarranted extrapolation from empirical facts.", "contents": "Social discrediting of psychiatry: the protasis of legal disfranchisement. The author believes that recent legal decisions against psychiatrists (including class action suits) have their genesis in writings by sociologists and other behavioral scientists, including psychiatrists, who have examined psychiatry in the context of social structure and social processes. The discrediting of the medical model could have been accomplished using theorectical assertions and research observations that had been published before 1940, but it did not occur until the human rights movement of the 1960s. The author reviews the assertions on which the discrediting of the medical model has been based. He stresses the distinction between the testing of a theory and the discrediting of a model and observes that the recent wholesale discrediting of psychiatry has relied less on theory testing than on polemical rhetoric and unwarranted extrapolation from empirical facts."}
{"id": "PMID:920836", "title": "Emotional causes of sudden death.", "content": "The author reviews concepts important to understanding the emotional causes of sudden death, which occurs in the psychological setting of hopelessness, powerlessness, and intense emotions. The cardiovascular system responds to stress in a way that makes sudden death more likely. Studies pertinent to the effect of stress on blood pressure and arrhythmia in animals and man indicate that sudden death as a response to stress can occur only when certain factors are present simultaneously. Collaboration between psychiatrists and cardiologists is necessary for further progress in this field.", "contents": "Emotional causes of sudden death. The author reviews concepts important to understanding the emotional causes of sudden death, which occurs in the psychological setting of hopelessness, powerlessness, and intense emotions. The cardiovascular system responds to stress in a way that makes sudden death more likely. Studies pertinent to the effect of stress on blood pressure and arrhythmia in animals and man indicate that sudden death as a response to stress can occur only when certain factors are present simultaneously. Collaboration between psychiatrists and cardiologists is necessary for further progress in this field."}
{"id": "PMID:920837", "title": "Denying the incredible: unexplained deaths in a Veterans Administration hospital.", "content": "During July and August 1975 a large number of patients at the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Hospital experienced unexplained respiratory arrests, and there were six deaths. These were later shown to be due to the deliberate injection of pancuronium bromide, a muscle relaxant. A questionnaire survey of the reactions of the hospital patients and staff to the deaths revealed that the patients had more confidence in the hospital and their medical treatment than did the staff, and those patients who were theoretically most vulnerable used denial to cope with the unprecedented and frightening situation.", "contents": "Denying the incredible: unexplained deaths in a Veterans Administration hospital. During July and August 1975 a large number of patients at the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Hospital experienced unexplained respiratory arrests, and there were six deaths. These were later shown to be due to the deliberate injection of pancuronium bromide, a muscle relaxant. A questionnaire survey of the reactions of the hospital patients and staff to the deaths revealed that the patients had more confidence in the hospital and their medical treatment than did the staff, and those patients who were theoretically most vulnerable used denial to cope with the unprecedented and frightening situation."}
{"id": "PMID:920838", "title": "Planning for a mental hospital phasedown.", "content": "The authors studied the patients and community facilities in an area for which a mental hospital phasedown was contemplated. They found that patients who were continuously hospitalized during a 9-month period were highly dependent and judged unlikely to be candidates for community placement. By contrast, the patients who had been discharged during this 9-month period were judged relocatable by staff and constituted a select group in terms of independence. The authors' survey of community facilities indicated few placement possibilities for the majority of the continuously hospitalized patients.", "contents": "Planning for a mental hospital phasedown. The authors studied the patients and community facilities in an area for which a mental hospital phasedown was contemplated. They found that patients who were continuously hospitalized during a 9-month period were highly dependent and judged unlikely to be candidates for community placement. By contrast, the patients who had been discharged during this 9-month period were judged relocatable by staff and constituted a select group in terms of independence. The authors' survey of community facilities indicated few placement possibilities for the majority of the continuously hospitalized patients."}
{"id": "PMID:920839", "title": "Social disability in chronic psychiatric patients.", "content": "The authors measured the social functioning of 147 chronic psychiatric patients using a rating scale originally devised for use with the mentally retarded, the Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS). They found that social deficits were more widespread and generally more severe among chronic psychiatric patients than among institutionalized mentally subjects. Chronic undifferentiated schizophrenic patients showed the most comprehensive deterioration; other groups, such as neurotic patients, women, and the elderly, had more limited impairments. The authors suggest that the ABS can be useful in establishing the limits of social functioning of chronic psychiatric patients.", "contents": "Social disability in chronic psychiatric patients. The authors measured the social functioning of 147 chronic psychiatric patients using a rating scale originally devised for use with the mentally retarded, the Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS). They found that social deficits were more widespread and generally more severe among chronic psychiatric patients than among institutionalized mentally subjects. Chronic undifferentiated schizophrenic patients showed the most comprehensive deterioration; other groups, such as neurotic patients, women, and the elderly, had more limited impairments. The authors suggest that the ABS can be useful in establishing the limits of social functioning of chronic psychiatric patients."}
{"id": "PMID:920840", "title": "Restructuring rehabilitation for women: programs for the female drug addict.", "content": "Two residential therapeutic communities for female addicts--one coeducational and the other all female--encountered serious problems shortly after their formation. The authors found that the male and female staff of the coeducational program had quite different perceptions of the purposes and characteristics of the women's part of the program. In both programs the female staff held such strongly ambivalent feeling toward their roles as women and authority figures that they had difficulty functioning effectively. The authors suggest the need for research that will identify the female addict's special needs, and a restructuring of programs to meet those needs. Further, training programs for female staff must enable them to distinguish between their own ideals and their clients' needs.", "contents": "Restructuring rehabilitation for women: programs for the female drug addict. Two residential therapeutic communities for female addicts--one coeducational and the other all female--encountered serious problems shortly after their formation. The authors found that the male and female staff of the coeducational program had quite different perceptions of the purposes and characteristics of the women's part of the program. In both programs the female staff held such strongly ambivalent feeling toward their roles as women and authority figures that they had difficulty functioning effectively. The authors suggest the need for research that will identify the female addict's special needs, and a restructuring of programs to meet those needs. Further, training programs for female staff must enable them to distinguish between their own ideals and their clients' needs."}
{"id": "PMID:920841", "title": "Increased sympathetic nervous system activity in alcoholic patients treated with disulfiram.", "content": "The authors measured plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), pulse rates, and blood pressures of 81 hospitalized alcoholic patients. Treatment with 500 mg/day of disulfiram (but not 250 mg/day or placebo) resulted in small but significant increases in plasma NE and in blood pressure. The 500-mg dose did not appreciably inhibit DBH. Patients receiving high doses of disulfiram should have their blood pressure monitored and their dose decreased to 250 mg/day when possible.", "contents": "Increased sympathetic nervous system activity in alcoholic patients treated with disulfiram. The authors measured plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), pulse rates, and blood pressures of 81 hospitalized alcoholic patients. Treatment with 500 mg/day of disulfiram (but not 250 mg/day or placebo) resulted in small but significant increases in plasma NE and in blood pressure. The 500-mg dose did not appreciably inhibit DBH. Patients receiving high doses of disulfiram should have their blood pressure monitored and their dose decreased to 250 mg/day when possible."}
{"id": "PMID:920842", "title": "Screening for alcoholism among college students.", "content": "When the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) was administered to 245 students on two midwestern college campuses, 29% of the students on the small, private college campus and 19% on the large state university campus scored more than 4 points, indicating possible alcoholism. The authors hope that this study will stimulate further research on alcoholism among college students.", "contents": "Screening for alcoholism among college students. When the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) was administered to 245 students on two midwestern college campuses, 29% of the students on the small, private college campus and 19% on the large state university campus scored more than 4 points, indicating possible alcoholism. The authors hope that this study will stimulate further research on alcoholism among college students."}
{"id": "PMID:920843", "title": "Informed consent and confidentiality: proposed new approaches in Illinois.", "content": "The author examines the basic background and definitions of the issues of consent and, more particularly, informed consent to relinquishing the privacy of mental health records. He sets these issues in the context of some of their specific inherent problems and describes possible solutions suggested by the State of Illinois Governor's Commission To Revise the Mental Health Code.", "contents": "Informed consent and confidentiality: proposed new approaches in Illinois. The author examines the basic background and definitions of the issues of consent and, more particularly, informed consent to relinquishing the privacy of mental health records. He sets these issues in the context of some of their specific inherent problems and describes possible solutions suggested by the State of Illinois Governor's Commission To Revise the Mental Health Code."}
{"id": "PMID:920844", "title": "On teaching psychotherapy in a community mental health center.", "content": "The author discusses some of the unique problems related to teaching psychotherapy in a community mental health center. These problems arise principally from the diversity of philosophies and backgrounds of the health center staff and the lack of an overriding institutional tradition of psychotherapy. They often result in increased anxiety among trainees and require special attention from the teacher of psychotherapy in this setting.", "contents": "On teaching psychotherapy in a community mental health center. The author discusses some of the unique problems related to teaching psychotherapy in a community mental health center. These problems arise principally from the diversity of philosophies and backgrounds of the health center staff and the lack of an overriding institutional tradition of psychotherapy. They often result in increased anxiety among trainees and require special attention from the teacher of psychotherapy in this setting."}
{"id": "PMID:920845", "title": "Mental health consultation in a law school clinic.", "content": "The author describes mental health consultation with legal interns in a law school legal clinic. Unique characteristics of this setting are described, including that it is not primarily a mental health area and that the consultees are trainees. Various types of consultee-centered consultation and direct and indirect client-centered consultation are discussed, as are problems that must be avoided, e.g., an excessive psychological focus on the part of the consultant or consultee.", "contents": "Mental health consultation in a law school clinic. The author describes mental health consultation with legal interns in a law school legal clinic. Unique characteristics of this setting are described, including that it is not primarily a mental health area and that the consultees are trainees. Various types of consultee-centered consultation and direct and indirect client-centered consultation are discussed, as are problems that must be avoided, e.g., an excessive psychological focus on the part of the consultant or consultee."}
{"id": "PMID:920846", "title": "Voodoo in Africa and the United States.", "content": "The authors states that the practice of hexing is not just a nearly extinct phenomenon of isolated rural communities of the deep south of the United States but is evident in large urban areas in the northeast and west. He describes the psychological mechanisms of voodoo as practiced in West Africa to provide insight into similar practices in the United States.", "contents": "Voodoo in Africa and the United States. The authors states that the practice of hexing is not just a nearly extinct phenomenon of isolated rural communities of the deep south of the United States but is evident in large urban areas in the northeast and west. He describes the psychological mechanisms of voodoo as practiced in West Africa to provide insight into similar practices in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:920868", "title": "Gangliocytic paraganglioma.", "content": "Six cases of upper intestinal gangliocytic paraganglioma, five in the duodenum and one in the jejunum, are reported. Three histologic patterns, each comparable to patterns in paraganglioma, ganglioneuroma, or carcinoid-islet cell tumor, are mixed in varying proportions. The complex histologic patterns encountered within these tumors reflect the differentiation of pluripotent cells. Although the parent cell is not identified in this study, gangliocytic paragangliomas may arise from cells which normally reside in the mucosal crypts and are presumably derived from cells originating in the neural crest. Three of the six tumors contain stromal amyloid. In one case, studied by electron microscopy, dense-cored cytoplasmic vesicles almost fill some of the tumor cells. Gangliocytic paragangliomas share the features of stromal amyloid and dense-cored vesicles with other neurocrine tumors.", "contents": "Gangliocytic paraganglioma. Six cases of upper intestinal gangliocytic paraganglioma, five in the duodenum and one in the jejunum, are reported. Three histologic patterns, each comparable to patterns in paraganglioma, ganglioneuroma, or carcinoid-islet cell tumor, are mixed in varying proportions. The complex histologic patterns encountered within these tumors reflect the differentiation of pluripotent cells. Although the parent cell is not identified in this study, gangliocytic paragangliomas may arise from cells which normally reside in the mucosal crypts and are presumably derived from cells originating in the neural crest. Three of the six tumors contain stromal amyloid. In one case, studied by electron microscopy, dense-cored cytoplasmic vesicles almost fill some of the tumor cells. Gangliocytic paragangliomas share the features of stromal amyloid and dense-cored vesicles with other neurocrine tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:920869", "title": "Angiographic and pathologic correlations of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia.", "content": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver has a distinctive gross appearance which includes a central fibrous zone containing vessels with a variety of abnormalities. When focal nodular hyperplasia is visualized arteriographically, an artery enters the lesion, branches, and supplies the mass centrifugally. It is likely that the central fibrous zone is the area from which the these branches originate. Nodular hyperplasia is not a life-threatening lesion, except in women taking oral contraceptives who may have massive hemorrhage. If an asymptomatic lesion of the liver has the distinctive arteriographic centrifugal filling pattern of nodular hyperplasia, resection is not recommended as long as oral contraceptives are not used.", "contents": "Angiographic and pathologic correlations of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia. Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver has a distinctive gross appearance which includes a central fibrous zone containing vessels with a variety of abnormalities. When focal nodular hyperplasia is visualized arteriographically, an artery enters the lesion, branches, and supplies the mass centrifugally. It is likely that the central fibrous zone is the area from which the these branches originate. Nodular hyperplasia is not a life-threatening lesion, except in women taking oral contraceptives who may have massive hemorrhage. If an asymptomatic lesion of the liver has the distinctive arteriographic centrifugal filling pattern of nodular hyperplasia, resection is not recommended as long as oral contraceptives are not used."}
{"id": "PMID:920870", "title": "Urethral cytology following cystectomy for bladder carcinoma.", "content": "There is a high probability of urethral carcinoma in patients who have had cystectomy for carcinoma of the urinary bladder, and their survival is poor when the disease is sufficiently advanced to be symptomatic or tumor is visible endoscopically. This study was undertaken to evaluate urethral cytology as a means of detecting and diagnosing in situ and invasive carcinoma of the urethral remnant following cystectomy. A total of 109 cytology specimens were examined from 65 patients who had cystectomy for bladder cancer. \"Positive\" or \"suspicious\" cytologic diagnoses of cancer were made on 28 patients; 24 had urethrectomy and 11 proved to have invasive carcinoma, 10 had carcinoma in situ and three had atypia or metaplastic changes in the urethra. One of 37 patients with \"negative\" cytologic diagnoses was found to have a low-grade carcinoma. It is suggested that all patients who undergo cystectomy without urethrectomy be followed with urethral cytological examination at regular intervals for an indefinite period.", "contents": "Urethral cytology following cystectomy for bladder carcinoma. There is a high probability of urethral carcinoma in patients who have had cystectomy for carcinoma of the urinary bladder, and their survival is poor when the disease is sufficiently advanced to be symptomatic or tumor is visible endoscopically. This study was undertaken to evaluate urethral cytology as a means of detecting and diagnosing in situ and invasive carcinoma of the urethral remnant following cystectomy. A total of 109 cytology specimens were examined from 65 patients who had cystectomy for bladder cancer. \"Positive\" or \"suspicious\" cytologic diagnoses of cancer were made on 28 patients; 24 had urethrectomy and 11 proved to have invasive carcinoma, 10 had carcinoma in situ and three had atypia or metaplastic changes in the urethra. One of 37 patients with \"negative\" cytologic diagnoses was found to have a low-grade carcinoma. It is suggested that all patients who undergo cystectomy without urethrectomy be followed with urethral cytological examination at regular intervals for an indefinite period."}
{"id": "PMID:920871", "title": "Morphogenesis of fibrosis and cirrhosis in methotrexate-treated patients with psoriasis.", "content": "Serial liver biopsies before and after Methotrexate therapy were performed in each of eight patients with severe, recalcitrant psoriasis treated for years with Methotrexate in a single, weekly, oral dose not exceeding 25 mg per dose. A total of 31 liver biopsies was studied. The study revealed liver damage commencing with small foci of piecemeal necrosis, followed by the destruction of the limiting plate and the occurrence of stellate periportal fibrosis. Eventually, partial and then whole fibrous septa developed between portal tracts and between portal tracts and central veins, with resultant distortions of the lobular architecture. In two patients with an admitted daily alcoholic intake, additional findings were seen, including alcoholic hepatitis, centrilobular fibrosis and development of partial and whole fibrous septa between the central vein area, and portal tracts adding to the number of septa running between the portal tracts and central veins which split up the lobules. The following conclusions seem probable: 1) Methotrexate therapy in psoriatics may cause development of fibrosis or cirrhosis; 2) the morphological changes during this development follow a consistent pattern; and 3) the pathogenesis of the development of fibrosis and cirrhosis is mixed in some cases, being dependent on both alcoholic and Methotrexate intake.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of fibrosis and cirrhosis in methotrexate-treated patients with psoriasis. Serial liver biopsies before and after Methotrexate therapy were performed in each of eight patients with severe, recalcitrant psoriasis treated for years with Methotrexate in a single, weekly, oral dose not exceeding 25 mg per dose. A total of 31 liver biopsies was studied. The study revealed liver damage commencing with small foci of piecemeal necrosis, followed by the destruction of the limiting plate and the occurrence of stellate periportal fibrosis. Eventually, partial and then whole fibrous septa developed between portal tracts and between portal tracts and central veins, with resultant distortions of the lobular architecture. In two patients with an admitted daily alcoholic intake, additional findings were seen, including alcoholic hepatitis, centrilobular fibrosis and development of partial and whole fibrous septa between the central vein area, and portal tracts adding to the number of septa running between the portal tracts and central veins which split up the lobules. The following conclusions seem probable: 1) Methotrexate therapy in psoriatics may cause development of fibrosis or cirrhosis; 2) the morphological changes during this development follow a consistent pattern; and 3) the pathogenesis of the development of fibrosis and cirrhosis is mixed in some cases, being dependent on both alcoholic and Methotrexate intake."}
{"id": "PMID:920872", "title": "Clara cell adenocarcinoma. Light and electron microscope studies.", "content": "A 52-year-old black man was found to have a round density in the right lower lung field. An exploratory thoracotomy disclosed a tumor in the right middle lobe, which by light microscopy was composed of malignant Clara cells. The electron microscopic studies confirmed the Clara cell nature of this neoplasm.", "contents": "Clara cell adenocarcinoma. Light and electron microscope studies. A 52-year-old black man was found to have a round density in the right lower lung field. An exploratory thoracotomy disclosed a tumor in the right middle lobe, which by light microscopy was composed of malignant Clara cells. The electron microscopic studies confirmed the Clara cell nature of this neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:920876", "title": "Pancreas divisum: its association with pancreatitis.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with pancreas divisum studied by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are described. Documented pancreatitis was present in fifteen patients, and another eleven had recurrent episodes of pain typical of pancreatitis. The major papilla was cannulated in all patients, but the duct of Wirsung was opacified in only twenty-eight and showed changes of pancreatitis in one. Attempts were made to cannulate the minor papilla in fifteen of the thirty-three patients and were successful in four. The duct of Santorini showed typical changes of pancreatitis in one. One patient had pancreatic cancer, and the duct of Wirsung demonstrated only nonspecific abnormalities. In only two cases was pancreatitis due to alcohol abuse. The high incidence of pancreatitis and pancreatic-like pain in patients with pancreas divisum, may be due to the very small ampulla of the duct of Santorini which in these patients drains the majority of the pancreas, creating a marked relative stenosis of the ampulla. Surgery for relief of pain was required in five patients. The operation of choice, when pancreatitis involves the dorsal pancreas, appears to be distal resection with drainage.", "contents": "Pancreas divisum: its association with pancreatitis. Thirty-three patients with pancreas divisum studied by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are described. Documented pancreatitis was present in fifteen patients, and another eleven had recurrent episodes of pain typical of pancreatitis. The major papilla was cannulated in all patients, but the duct of Wirsung was opacified in only twenty-eight and showed changes of pancreatitis in one. Attempts were made to cannulate the minor papilla in fifteen of the thirty-three patients and were successful in four. The duct of Santorini showed typical changes of pancreatitis in one. One patient had pancreatic cancer, and the duct of Wirsung demonstrated only nonspecific abnormalities. In only two cases was pancreatitis due to alcohol abuse. The high incidence of pancreatitis and pancreatic-like pain in patients with pancreas divisum, may be due to the very small ampulla of the duct of Santorini which in these patients drains the majority of the pancreas, creating a marked relative stenosis of the ampulla. Surgery for relief of pain was required in five patients. The operation of choice, when pancreatitis involves the dorsal pancreas, appears to be distal resection with drainage."}
{"id": "PMID:920877", "title": "Pancreatic cancer screening. Analysis of the problem and the role of radionuclide imaging.", "content": "The clinical, surgical, and pathologic findings in a five year prospective study of 192 patients referred with a high probability of pancreatic cancer are reported. We have defined the requirements of any pancreatic imaging procedure as its ability to distinguish a normal pancreas from pancreatic cancer or chronic pancreatitis and the capability of detecting tumors less than 5 cm in diameter. There was a 47 percent incidence of pancreatic disease (27 percent pancreatic cancer and 20 percent chronic pancreatitis). Prospective radionuclide imaging as routinely performed was found to be of little clinical value in this patient population; it was neither specific nor sensitive to pancreatic cancer or chronic pancreatitis. Preliminary data with longitudinal multiplane emission tomography show an improved diagnostic accuracy and the ability to detect resectable tumors, but its efficacy needs to be prospectively compared with other screening tests on a carefully defined patient population.", "contents": "Pancreatic cancer screening. Analysis of the problem and the role of radionuclide imaging. The clinical, surgical, and pathologic findings in a five year prospective study of 192 patients referred with a high probability of pancreatic cancer are reported. We have defined the requirements of any pancreatic imaging procedure as its ability to distinguish a normal pancreas from pancreatic cancer or chronic pancreatitis and the capability of detecting tumors less than 5 cm in diameter. There was a 47 percent incidence of pancreatic disease (27 percent pancreatic cancer and 20 percent chronic pancreatitis). Prospective radionuclide imaging as routinely performed was found to be of little clinical value in this patient population; it was neither specific nor sensitive to pancreatic cancer or chronic pancreatitis. Preliminary data with longitudinal multiplane emission tomography show an improved diagnostic accuracy and the ability to detect resectable tumors, but its efficacy needs to be prospectively compared with other screening tests on a carefully defined patient population."}
{"id": "PMID:920878", "title": "Mortality and morbidity of pancreatic injury.", "content": "Pancreatic trauma, regardless of etiology, has been consistently associated with a mortality of 20 percent and enormous morbidity. Twenty-five pancreatic injuries, including four solitary wounds of the pancreas, were analyzed to determine why pancreatic trauma should have such an adverse prognosis. Eleven patients were victims of blunt trauma and fourteen sustained gunshot wounds. There were no stab wounds. The important determinants of mortality were associated injuries to major vessels, wounds of the head of the gland, and failure to adequately control leaking exocrine secretion. All four deaths were directly related to massive hemorrhage; in two instances leakage of pancreatic juice was also implicated. With the exception of benign solitary blunt wounds of the pancreas to the body of the gland immediately ventral to the spinal column, an injury of the pancreas is evidence that the abdomen has been subjected to severe trauma, which predisposes the patient to a high mortality and morbidity. The pancreatic injury, interacting with other abdominal injuries, is likely to be a cause of significant mortality and to result in complications that will prolong the patient's hospitalization.", "contents": "Mortality and morbidity of pancreatic injury. Pancreatic trauma, regardless of etiology, has been consistently associated with a mortality of 20 percent and enormous morbidity. Twenty-five pancreatic injuries, including four solitary wounds of the pancreas, were analyzed to determine why pancreatic trauma should have such an adverse prognosis. Eleven patients were victims of blunt trauma and fourteen sustained gunshot wounds. There were no stab wounds. The important determinants of mortality were associated injuries to major vessels, wounds of the head of the gland, and failure to adequately control leaking exocrine secretion. All four deaths were directly related to massive hemorrhage; in two instances leakage of pancreatic juice was also implicated. With the exception of benign solitary blunt wounds of the pancreas to the body of the gland immediately ventral to the spinal column, an injury of the pancreas is evidence that the abdomen has been subjected to severe trauma, which predisposes the patient to a high mortality and morbidity. The pancreatic injury, interacting with other abdominal injuries, is likely to be a cause of significant mortality and to result in complications that will prolong the patient's hospitalization."}
{"id": "PMID:920879", "title": "Splenectomy: its place in operations for inflammatory disease of the pancreas.", "content": "Involvement of the spleen or its vasculature in inflammatory disease of the pancreas may result in life-threatening hemorrhage. Retrospective analysis of six patients having direct splenic involvement and/or occlusion of the splenic vein secondary to pancreatitis or pseudocyst showed that removal of the spleen as a portion of an appropriately timed operation for complications of pancreatitis uniformly resulted in an uncomplicated course and survival (3 patients). Leaving the spleen in place when it was directly involved in a pseudocyst and/or when the splenic vein was occluded resulted in postoperative bleeding, the requirement for reoperation, and death from septic sequelae (2 patients). One patient died of progressive respiratory and renal failure because initial operation was inappropriately delayed. We recommend splenectomy as a portion of an appropriately timed operation for complications of pancreatitis when the splenic vessels are involved and/or when the spleen is directly involved in a pseudocyst or lesser sac collection.", "contents": "Splenectomy: its place in operations for inflammatory disease of the pancreas. Involvement of the spleen or its vasculature in inflammatory disease of the pancreas may result in life-threatening hemorrhage. Retrospective analysis of six patients having direct splenic involvement and/or occlusion of the splenic vein secondary to pancreatitis or pseudocyst showed that removal of the spleen as a portion of an appropriately timed operation for complications of pancreatitis uniformly resulted in an uncomplicated course and survival (3 patients). Leaving the spleen in place when it was directly involved in a pseudocyst and/or when the splenic vein was occluded resulted in postoperative bleeding, the requirement for reoperation, and death from septic sequelae (2 patients). One patient died of progressive respiratory and renal failure because initial operation was inappropriately delayed. We recommend splenectomy as a portion of an appropriately timed operation for complications of pancreatitis when the splenic vessels are involved and/or when the spleen is directly involved in a pseudocyst or lesser sac collection."}
{"id": "PMID:920881", "title": "Acalculous cholecystitis in Nigerian Igbos.", "content": "Twenty-six patients undergoing cholecystectomy for suspected gallbladder disease in hospitals serving the Igbos of Nigeria were studied. Sixteen patients had chronic acalculous cholecystitis, seven exhibited cholelithiasis, and three showed normal gallbladders. Of the sixteen with acalculous cholecystitis, there were ten males and six females whose ages averaged twenty-eight and forty-two years, respectively. This disease deserves worldwide comparative studies.", "contents": "Acalculous cholecystitis in Nigerian Igbos. Twenty-six patients undergoing cholecystectomy for suspected gallbladder disease in hospitals serving the Igbos of Nigeria were studied. Sixteen patients had chronic acalculous cholecystitis, seven exhibited cholelithiasis, and three showed normal gallbladders. Of the sixteen with acalculous cholecystitis, there were ten males and six females whose ages averaged twenty-eight and forty-two years, respectively. This disease deserves worldwide comparative studies."}
{"id": "PMID:920882", "title": "Routine operative cholangiography: a critical appraisal.", "content": "If abnormal liver function tests are added to the classic criteria for expectancy of common bile duct stone, the rate of unexpected common bile duct stone findings should be 1 percent or less. This low rate does not justify the cost of routine operative cholangiography. However, a preexploratory operative cholangiogram should be performed prior to common bile duct exploration in order to avoid negative, and therefore unnecessary, common bile duct explorations.", "contents": "Routine operative cholangiography: a critical appraisal. If abnormal liver function tests are added to the classic criteria for expectancy of common bile duct stone, the rate of unexpected common bile duct stone findings should be 1 percent or less. This low rate does not justify the cost of routine operative cholangiography. However, a preexploratory operative cholangiogram should be performed prior to common bile duct exploration in order to avoid negative, and therefore unnecessary, common bile duct explorations."}
{"id": "PMID:920883", "title": "Clinicopathologic classification of congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct.", "content": "From 1970 to 1975, 103 patients with a localized dilatation of the biliary passages were treated at the First Department of Surgery of Kyoto University Medical Center. Of the 103, 101 had congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct (Alonso-Lej type I). These dilatations were classified into two sub-types, \"infant type\" and \"adult type,\" based on the anatomic location and clinical features. Infant type cyst was typically large cyst of the choledochus and most common in infancy and childhood. Adult type cyst was fusiform dilatation of the biliary tract, and most common in adults. Gallstones were seen in most of the patients with this type cyst.", "contents": "Clinicopathologic classification of congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct. From 1970 to 1975, 103 patients with a localized dilatation of the biliary passages were treated at the First Department of Surgery of Kyoto University Medical Center. Of the 103, 101 had congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct (Alonso-Lej type I). These dilatations were classified into two sub-types, \"infant type\" and \"adult type,\" based on the anatomic location and clinical features. Infant type cyst was typically large cyst of the choledochus and most common in infancy and childhood. Adult type cyst was fusiform dilatation of the biliary tract, and most common in adults. Gallstones were seen in most of the patients with this type cyst."}
{"id": "PMID:920884", "title": "Morbid obesity in Cushing's syndrome: a nonentity?", "content": "Review of twenty-nine surgically proven cases of Cushing's syndrome disclosed that only three patients met criteria of morbid obesity. The history and physical signs and symptoms of morbid obesity contrast markedly with Cushing's syndrome. Investigation for Cushing's syndrome should not be included in the routine preoperative evaluation of morbidly obese patients.", "contents": "Morbid obesity in Cushing's syndrome: a nonentity? Review of twenty-nine surgically proven cases of Cushing's syndrome disclosed that only three patients met criteria of morbid obesity. The history and physical signs and symptoms of morbid obesity contrast markedly with Cushing's syndrome. Investigation for Cushing's syndrome should not be included in the routine preoperative evaluation of morbidly obese patients."}
{"id": "PMID:920885", "title": "The risk for gastric carcinoma after partial gastrectomy.", "content": "To study whether gastric resection implies a greater risk for gastric carcinoma than what is expected in a nonoperated population, 676 patients who underwent Billroth I and II resection from ten to twenty years ago were reexamined by gastroscopy. Fourteen patients with carcinomas were found. Statistical evidence shows that male patients resected for benign ulcer disease more than eleven years previously constitute a risk group.", "contents": "The risk for gastric carcinoma after partial gastrectomy. To study whether gastric resection implies a greater risk for gastric carcinoma than what is expected in a nonoperated population, 676 patients who underwent Billroth I and II resection from ten to twenty years ago were reexamined by gastroscopy. Fourteen patients with carcinomas were found. Statistical evidence shows that male patients resected for benign ulcer disease more than eleven years previously constitute a risk group."}
{"id": "PMID:920886", "title": "The reduction of mortality of abdominal aortic aneurysm resection.", "content": "The reasons for improvement in mortality after abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy in 144 consecutive patients are assessed. Elective aneurysmectomy carried a mortality of 5.7 percent. The deaths were all attributable to myocardial infarction occurring in patients with known coronary artery disease.", "contents": "The reduction of mortality of abdominal aortic aneurysm resection. The reasons for improvement in mortality after abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy in 144 consecutive patients are assessed. Elective aneurysmectomy carried a mortality of 5.7 percent. The deaths were all attributable to myocardial infarction occurring in patients with known coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:920887", "title": "Small arterial reconstruction using modified cadaveric saphenous veins.", "content": "Human saphenous veins removed from cadaver donors were subjected to proteolytic enzymatic digestion, cross bonding, and heparin bonding. They were tested as small arterial substitutes in dogs. Eight of eleven were successful, persisting without development of stenosis or aneurysm, the longest for eighteen months. In humans, similarly prepared veins were used as arterial bypasses to revascularize ischemic limbs in eleven patients and aneurysmal degeneration of an earlier unmodified allograft bypass in one patient. Distal arterial anastomoses were to the tibial and peroneal arteries. Nine patients who had not undergone previous reconstructive surgery involving the vessel used for distal anastomosis were treated successfully; all remain with healed limbs between three and twelve months after surgery, eight with functioning bypasses. In three patients who had undergone previous operations on the same artery used for distal anastomosis, long bypasses failed, although amputation was avoided in one patient by additional bypass with modified vein to the profunda femoris artery. We conclude that modified saphenous vein allografts are suitable small arterial substitutes. It remains to be seen whether veins will maintain patency for long periods without development of complications.", "contents": "Small arterial reconstruction using modified cadaveric saphenous veins. Human saphenous veins removed from cadaver donors were subjected to proteolytic enzymatic digestion, cross bonding, and heparin bonding. They were tested as small arterial substitutes in dogs. Eight of eleven were successful, persisting without development of stenosis or aneurysm, the longest for eighteen months. In humans, similarly prepared veins were used as arterial bypasses to revascularize ischemic limbs in eleven patients and aneurysmal degeneration of an earlier unmodified allograft bypass in one patient. Distal arterial anastomoses were to the tibial and peroneal arteries. Nine patients who had not undergone previous reconstructive surgery involving the vessel used for distal anastomosis were treated successfully; all remain with healed limbs between three and twelve months after surgery, eight with functioning bypasses. In three patients who had undergone previous operations on the same artery used for distal anastomosis, long bypasses failed, although amputation was avoided in one patient by additional bypass with modified vein to the profunda femoris artery. We conclude that modified saphenous vein allografts are suitable small arterial substitutes. It remains to be seen whether veins will maintain patency for long periods without development of complications."}
{"id": "PMID:920889", "title": "Transmetatarsal amputation in the management of peripheral ischemia.", "content": "It is often difficult to decide at what level to amputate the ischemic limb when reconstructive surgery has nothing further to offer. The trend has been towards amputation below the knee, but many surgeons are unwilling, in the presence of ischemia, to amputate at a lower level than this. In  a series of sixty transmetatarsal amputations performed for ischemia, 70 percent healed. Absence of a popliteal pulse did not influence the outcome. The incidence of healing in diabetic and nondiabetic patients was similar. For a few carefully selected patients, transmetatarsal amputation may be a suitable and preferable alternative to below-knee amputation.", "contents": "Transmetatarsal amputation in the management of peripheral ischemia. It is often difficult to decide at what level to amputate the ischemic limb when reconstructive surgery has nothing further to offer. The trend has been towards amputation below the knee, but many surgeons are unwilling, in the presence of ischemia, to amputate at a lower level than this. In  a series of sixty transmetatarsal amputations performed for ischemia, 70 percent healed. Absence of a popliteal pulse did not influence the outcome. The incidence of healing in diabetic and nondiabetic patients was similar. For a few carefully selected patients, transmetatarsal amputation may be a suitable and preferable alternative to below-knee amputation."}
{"id": "PMID:920890", "title": "Anal pressures in hemorrhoids and anal fissure.", "content": "Maximal anal pressures have been measured after proctoscopy in 145 patients with hemorrhoids, 48 patients with anal fissure, and 78 asymptomatic control subjects. Anal pressures in patients with hemorrhoids (106 +/- 40 cm H2O) and anal fissure (130 +/- 43 cm H2O) were very significantly higher than those of controls (88 +/- 34 cm H2O) (P less than 0.001). Because patients with anal fissure have high anal pressures, these patients should benefit from manual dilatation of the anus or lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy; however, only young male patients with hemorrhoids have anal pressures that are significantly higher than age- and sex-matched controls. Digital assessment and the two finger test are unreliable indicators of high anal pressure. These results indicate that measurement of anal pressure is useful in assessing the suitability of manual dilatation or sphincterotomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids.", "contents": "Anal pressures in hemorrhoids and anal fissure. Maximal anal pressures have been measured after proctoscopy in 145 patients with hemorrhoids, 48 patients with anal fissure, and 78 asymptomatic control subjects. Anal pressures in patients with hemorrhoids (106 +/- 40 cm H2O) and anal fissure (130 +/- 43 cm H2O) were very significantly higher than those of controls (88 +/- 34 cm H2O) (P less than 0.001). Because patients with anal fissure have high anal pressures, these patients should benefit from manual dilatation of the anus or lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy; however, only young male patients with hemorrhoids have anal pressures that are significantly higher than age- and sex-matched controls. Digital assessment and the two finger test are unreliable indicators of high anal pressure. These results indicate that measurement of anal pressure is useful in assessing the suitability of manual dilatation or sphincterotomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids."}
{"id": "PMID:920891", "title": "Social injuries of the rectum.", "content": "Eleven patients with injuries of the rectum and sigmoid colon secondary to the insertion of the clenched fist are presented. Six patients sustained mucosal lacerations of the rectum and four patients had rectosigmoid perforations requiring laparotomy. One patient sustained a severe sphincter laceration producing complete anal incontinence. The management of these conditions is discussed.", "contents": "Social injuries of the rectum. Eleven patients with injuries of the rectum and sigmoid colon secondary to the insertion of the clenched fist are presented. Six patients sustained mucosal lacerations of the rectum and four patients had rectosigmoid perforations requiring laparotomy. One patient sustained a severe sphincter laceration producing complete anal incontinence. The management of these conditions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920892", "title": "Gynecomastia and cannabis smoking. A nonassociation among US Army soldiers.", "content": "Eleven patients diagnosed with idiopathic gynecomastia requiring mammoplasty were compared with matched controls to determine if there was an association between cannabis use and gynecomastia. Patients with gynecomastia were not significantly different from controls regarding their history of cannabis use. For those who admitted using cannabis, patients had a higher frequency but a shorter median duration of use than controls; differences were not statistically significant. Our epidemiologic evidence does not support the previously reported relationship between chronic cannabis use and gynecomastia.", "contents": "Gynecomastia and cannabis smoking. A nonassociation among US Army soldiers. Eleven patients diagnosed with idiopathic gynecomastia requiring mammoplasty were compared with matched controls to determine if there was an association between cannabis use and gynecomastia. Patients with gynecomastia were not significantly different from controls regarding their history of cannabis use. For those who admitted using cannabis, patients had a higher frequency but a shorter median duration of use than controls; differences were not statistically significant. Our epidemiologic evidence does not support the previously reported relationship between chronic cannabis use and gynecomastia."}
{"id": "PMID:920894", "title": "Review of abdominoperineal resections for cancer.", "content": "One hundred eighty-six consecutive abdominoperineal resections for primary carcinoma of the anus, rectum, or sigmoid colon performed at Charity Hospital of Louisiana at New Orleans between January 1, 1963 and December 31, 1974 were reviewed. The operative mortality was 16 per cent. Complications during the same hospitalization occurred in 70 percent of the patients. Although most of the complications were minor, 22 percent did require some form of surgical intervention. Twenty-nine percent of the patients who were discharged developed late mechanical or cancer-caused complications which required surgical correction. A history of congestive heart failure or a significant weight loss were the most consistent preoperative findings in the operative mortality group. The overall five year survival rate was 25 percent. White females with no history of weight loss had the best long-term prognosis. Better survival in white patients can be accounted for by the less advanced lesions in these patients. No such difference between male and female patients could be demonstrated. Better selection of surgical candidates with alternate forms of therapy for poor risk patients have probably been the most significant factors in decreasing the operative mortality from 21 percent in the first six years of the study to 9 percent in the last six years. Primary closure of the perineal wound would appear to be of value in decreasing operative morbidity.", "contents": "Review of abdominoperineal resections for cancer. One hundred eighty-six consecutive abdominoperineal resections for primary carcinoma of the anus, rectum, or sigmoid colon performed at Charity Hospital of Louisiana at New Orleans between January 1, 1963 and December 31, 1974 were reviewed. The operative mortality was 16 per cent. Complications during the same hospitalization occurred in 70 percent of the patients. Although most of the complications were minor, 22 percent did require some form of surgical intervention. Twenty-nine percent of the patients who were discharged developed late mechanical or cancer-caused complications which required surgical correction. A history of congestive heart failure or a significant weight loss were the most consistent preoperative findings in the operative mortality group. The overall five year survival rate was 25 percent. White females with no history of weight loss had the best long-term prognosis. Better survival in white patients can be accounted for by the less advanced lesions in these patients. No such difference between male and female patients could be demonstrated. Better selection of surgical candidates with alternate forms of therapy for poor risk patients have probably been the most significant factors in decreasing the operative mortality from 21 percent in the first six years of the study to 9 percent in the last six years. Primary closure of the perineal wound would appear to be of value in decreasing operative morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:920895", "title": "Postoperative hemorrhage associated with carbenicillin administration. Report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two patients receiving preoperative carbenicillin manifested platelet dysfunction and severe wound hemorrhage. Platelet transfusions appeared beneficial. Investigations indicate that hemostatic abnormalities, especially platelet aggregation defects, may be produced by carbenicillin. Extreme caution and awareness of possible hemorrhage are advised when carbenicillin is used preoperatively.", "contents": "Postoperative hemorrhage associated with carbenicillin administration. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Two patients receiving preoperative carbenicillin manifested platelet dysfunction and severe wound hemorrhage. Platelet transfusions appeared beneficial. Investigations indicate that hemostatic abnormalities, especially platelet aggregation defects, may be produced by carbenicillin. Extreme caution and awareness of possible hemorrhage are advised when carbenicillin is used preoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:920896", "title": "Cysts of the spleen. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Cysts of the spleen are still a rare entity. The present report describes a case of splenic cyst combined with a review of the literature in which classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and etiology are discussed.", "contents": "Cysts of the spleen. Report of a case and review of the literature. Cysts of the spleen are still a rare entity. The present report describes a case of splenic cyst combined with a review of the literature in which classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and etiology are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920897", "title": "Surgical treatment of nonocclusive mesenteric infarction.", "content": "Two cases of nonocclusive mesenteric vascular disease associated with stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery are described. In one patient with congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation treated with digitalis, the first episode after a bout of sepsis was treated supportively, but a stricture of ileum secondary to full thickness intestinal infarction resulted. His second episode required emergency ileal resection for perforation. The superior mesenteric artery was subsequently reconstructed with an aortomesenteric bypass. The second patient had segmental intestinal necrosis occurring in association with superior mesenteric artery narrowing without total occlusion. These cases emphasize the importance of awareness of nonocclusive mesenteric vascular disease occurring in individuals with narrowing of the mesenteric arteries. A variety of modes of presentation are suggested. Arteriography is essential for diagnosis and, in selected cases, for therapy.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of nonocclusive mesenteric infarction. Two cases of nonocclusive mesenteric vascular disease associated with stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery are described. In one patient with congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation treated with digitalis, the first episode after a bout of sepsis was treated supportively, but a stricture of ileum secondary to full thickness intestinal infarction resulted. His second episode required emergency ileal resection for perforation. The superior mesenteric artery was subsequently reconstructed with an aortomesenteric bypass. The second patient had segmental intestinal necrosis occurring in association with superior mesenteric artery narrowing without total occlusion. These cases emphasize the importance of awareness of nonocclusive mesenteric vascular disease occurring in individuals with narrowing of the mesenteric arteries. A variety of modes of presentation are suggested. Arteriography is essential for diagnosis and, in selected cases, for therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:920898", "title": "Spontaneous aortocaval fistula with paradoxical pulmonary embolization.", "content": "The present report discusses the clinical syndrome and the management of a patient with an aortocaval fistula secondary to an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The occurrence of paradoxical pulmonary embolization with this syndrome is reported.", "contents": "Spontaneous aortocaval fistula with paradoxical pulmonary embolization. The present report discusses the clinical syndrome and the management of a patient with an aortocaval fistula secondary to an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The occurrence of paradoxical pulmonary embolization with this syndrome is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:920899", "title": "The cul-de-sac approach for appendectomy.", "content": "Appendectomy through the peritoneal cul-de-sac by a low transverse incision as described herein is perfectly safe and practical. It is also easier and esthetically superior to appendectomy through other surgical approaches and could be routinely used in patients suspected of having acute appendicitis. It is particularly valuable in female patients in whom the pelvic organs may need exploration during appendectomy and for whom the postoperative esthetic result may be most gratifying.", "contents": "The cul-de-sac approach for appendectomy. Appendectomy through the peritoneal cul-de-sac by a low transverse incision as described herein is perfectly safe and practical. It is also easier and esthetically superior to appendectomy through other surgical approaches and could be routinely used in patients suspected of having acute appendicitis. It is particularly valuable in female patients in whom the pelvic organs may need exploration during appendectomy and for whom the postoperative esthetic result may be most gratifying."}
{"id": "PMID:920900", "title": "The creation of autologous substitute organs with stapling instruments.", "content": "After partial or total esophagectomy, total gastrectomy, pancolectomy, and urinary cystectomy, it becomes necessary to reestablish continuity and/or replace function by the creation of a substitute organ obtianed from the various portions of the gastrointestinal tract. Ideally, the creation of the substitute organ should be undertaken at the same operation in which the original organ is excised. At times, however, the surgeon may elect a two-stage approach by replacing the afflicted organ during a separate operation either prior to or after excision, as dictated by the circumstances surrounding each individual patient. The use of stapling instruments has greatly facilitated the precision, neatness, and speed with which substitute organs can be constructed. This is especially spectacular in those patients in whom a one-stage procedure is elected.", "contents": "The creation of autologous substitute organs with stapling instruments. After partial or total esophagectomy, total gastrectomy, pancolectomy, and urinary cystectomy, it becomes necessary to reestablish continuity and/or replace function by the creation of a substitute organ obtianed from the various portions of the gastrointestinal tract. Ideally, the creation of the substitute organ should be undertaken at the same operation in which the original organ is excised. At times, however, the surgeon may elect a two-stage approach by replacing the afflicted organ during a separate operation either prior to or after excision, as dictated by the circumstances surrounding each individual patient. The use of stapling instruments has greatly facilitated the precision, neatness, and speed with which substitute organs can be constructed. This is especially spectacular in those patients in whom a one-stage procedure is elected."}
{"id": "PMID:920901", "title": "Total mastectomy with axillary dissection. A modified radical mastectomy.", "content": "A technic for total mastectomy with complete axillary dissection has been described. The procedure utilizes division of the pectoralis major muscle between its clavicular and sternal portions, perservation of its innervation, and reconstruction after completion of the dissection. The pectoralis minor muscle is resected. This modification facilitates a thorough axillary dissection, particularly at the apex, while preserving the cosmetic and functional benefits of the Patey operation.", "contents": "Total mastectomy with axillary dissection. A modified radical mastectomy. A technic for total mastectomy with complete axillary dissection has been described. The procedure utilizes division of the pectoralis major muscle between its clavicular and sternal portions, perservation of its innervation, and reconstruction after completion of the dissection. The pectoralis minor muscle is resected. This modification facilitates a thorough axillary dissection, particularly at the apex, while preserving the cosmetic and functional benefits of the Patey operation."}
{"id": "PMID:920915", "title": "Lysosomal enzyme release during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Lysosomal enzyme release occurs during cardiopulmonary bypass in man but the tissues from which these enzymes originate have not been identified. The activity of N-acetyl beta-glucosaminidase in plasma increases to a degree which is proportional to the duration of bypass and this enzyme may therefore be a better marker than beta-glucuronidase of tissue damage caused by cardiopulmonary bypass, as distinct from tissue damage solely to the operative procedure.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzyme release during cardiopulmonary bypass. Lysosomal enzyme release occurs during cardiopulmonary bypass in man but the tissues from which these enzymes originate have not been identified. The activity of N-acetyl beta-glucosaminidase in plasma increases to a degree which is proportional to the duration of bypass and this enzyme may therefore be a better marker than beta-glucuronidase of tissue damage caused by cardiopulmonary bypass, as distinct from tissue damage solely to the operative procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:920916", "title": "Fasting volume and acidity of stomach contents associated with gastrointestinal symptoms.", "content": "Acid aspiration in an important cause of anaesthetic mortality. 430 patients referred for gastric analysis were reviewed. According to observations made at endoscopy, patients were divided into 4 groups--no abnormality, oesophagitis/gastritis, gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers. The volume of gastric juice varied from 0 to 400 ml, and the pH from 0-8 to 8. The percentage of patients with overnight fasting gastric volume over 25 ml and a pH of less than 2-5 was disturbingly high in all groups: controls 38-5%, oesophagitis/gastritis 51-2%, gastric ulcers 40-0%, duodenal ulcers 73-3%. This last figure is significantly greater than the group with no detectable abnormality. These results indicated that the stomach of a fasting patient often contains sufficient volume of acid gastric juice to place the subject at risk from acid aspiration during anaesthesia. Antacid therapy in all these patients seems imperative and consideration should also be given to preoperative gastric aspiration before induction of general anaesthesia.", "contents": "Fasting volume and acidity of stomach contents associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Acid aspiration in an important cause of anaesthetic mortality. 430 patients referred for gastric analysis were reviewed. According to observations made at endoscopy, patients were divided into 4 groups--no abnormality, oesophagitis/gastritis, gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers. The volume of gastric juice varied from 0 to 400 ml, and the pH from 0-8 to 8. The percentage of patients with overnight fasting gastric volume over 25 ml and a pH of less than 2-5 was disturbingly high in all groups: controls 38-5%, oesophagitis/gastritis 51-2%, gastric ulcers 40-0%, duodenal ulcers 73-3%. This last figure is significantly greater than the group with no detectable abnormality. These results indicated that the stomach of a fasting patient often contains sufficient volume of acid gastric juice to place the subject at risk from acid aspiration during anaesthesia. Antacid therapy in all these patients seems imperative and consideration should also be given to preoperative gastric aspiration before induction of general anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:920917", "title": "Percutaneous catheterisation of the axillary vein and proximal basilic vein.", "content": "Percutaneous catheterisation techniques for the axillary vein and proximal portion of the basilic vein based on venepuncture on a visible or palpable vein are described. Results are presented on 73 catheterisation attempts on axillary veins and 68 on proximal basilic veins, in which the failure rate was 4-9% and 6-9% respectively. The advantages of the techniques include simplicity and the absence of acute life-threatening complications. The incidence of phlebitis from indwelling catheters maintained for an average of 5 days (range 1-28 days) is less than 2%. Several aspects of the techniques including background anatomy and anticipated risks are discussed.", "contents": "Percutaneous catheterisation of the axillary vein and proximal basilic vein. Percutaneous catheterisation techniques for the axillary vein and proximal portion of the basilic vein based on venepuncture on a visible or palpable vein are described. Results are presented on 73 catheterisation attempts on axillary veins and 68 on proximal basilic veins, in which the failure rate was 4-9% and 6-9% respectively. The advantages of the techniques include simplicity and the absence of acute life-threatening complications. The incidence of phlebitis from indwelling catheters maintained for an average of 5 days (range 1-28 days) is less than 2%. Several aspects of the techniques including background anatomy and anticipated risks are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920918", "title": "Ketamine hydrochloride in severe bronchospasm.", "content": "A boy aged nine years developed severe bronchospasm which was refractory to conventional therapy. The bonchospasm was eased by the administration of intravenous ketamine hydrochloride. The use of ketamine hydrochloride in the management of asthma is discussed.", "contents": "Ketamine hydrochloride in severe bronchospasm. A boy aged nine years developed severe bronchospasm which was refractory to conventional therapy. The bonchospasm was eased by the administration of intravenous ketamine hydrochloride. The use of ketamine hydrochloride in the management of asthma is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920919", "title": "Delayed recovery after epidural block in labour. A report of four cases.", "content": "Four cases of prolonged block following epidural anaesthesia in obstetric patients are described. Recovery was complete in all cases. The possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "Delayed recovery after epidural block in labour. A report of four cases. Four cases of prolonged block following epidural anaesthesia in obstetric patients are described. Recovery was complete in all cases. The possible causes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:920920", "title": "Pulmonary arterio-venous fistula. A shunt equation exercise during thoracotomy.", "content": "A report is given of a patient with multiple bilateral pulmonary arterio-venous fistulae who underwent right thoracotomy for this condition. Blood-gas studies before and during surgery showed that the arterio-venous oxygen content differences of 1-16-1-34 mmol/l were less than normal, and the calculated venous admixture during the procedure varied from 44 to 60% of cardiac output. The changes in venous admixture at various stages of the operation could not be predicted on the basis of evidence derived from normal lungs.", "contents": "Pulmonary arterio-venous fistula. A shunt equation exercise during thoracotomy. A report is given of a patient with multiple bilateral pulmonary arterio-venous fistulae who underwent right thoracotomy for this condition. Blood-gas studies before and during surgery showed that the arterio-venous oxygen content differences of 1-16-1-34 mmol/l were less than normal, and the calculated venous admixture during the procedure varied from 44 to 60% of cardiac output. The changes in venous admixture at various stages of the operation could not be predicted on the basis of evidence derived from normal lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:920921", "title": "Gases stored in disposable syringes. A study of changes in their concentrations.", "content": "Plastic syringes of 5 and 20 ml capacity of various composition were filled with either 8% CO2 in nitrogen or with 50% O2 in nitrogen. The syringes were closed with plastic stopcocks, stored on benches in a laboratory, and the gas concentrations within the syringes was measured at intervals up to 33 hours. Changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in the first three hours were negligible. Over the longer time span carbon dioxide diffusion was 18-65 times faster than that of oxygen.", "contents": "Gases stored in disposable syringes. A study of changes in their concentrations. Plastic syringes of 5 and 20 ml capacity of various composition were filled with either 8% CO2 in nitrogen or with 50% O2 in nitrogen. The syringes were closed with plastic stopcocks, stored on benches in a laboratory, and the gas concentrations within the syringes was measured at intervals up to 33 hours. Changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in the first three hours were negligible. Over the longer time span carbon dioxide diffusion was 18-65 times faster than that of oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:920922", "title": "The reduction of pollution. A simple approach to the reduction of pollution in the dental operating theatre.", "content": "This paper describes the construction and evaluation of a simple anti-pollution device for use with the McKesson nasal mask for dental anaesthesia. The device is attached to the expiratory valve of the mask and spilled halothane vapour is adsorbed onto activated charcoal. In theatre use, comparing similar dental anaesthesia sessions, it resulted in a reduction of approximately 78% in the mean halothane concentration (vol./vol.) at a point equidistant from the expiratory valve as the faces of surgeon and anaesthetist. This percentage reduction was consistent with the weight gained by the activated charcoal container (Cardiff 'Aldasorber') compared with the weight of halothane vapourised.", "contents": "The reduction of pollution. A simple approach to the reduction of pollution in the dental operating theatre. This paper describes the construction and evaluation of a simple anti-pollution device for use with the McKesson nasal mask for dental anaesthesia. The device is attached to the expiratory valve of the mask and spilled halothane vapour is adsorbed onto activated charcoal. In theatre use, comparing similar dental anaesthesia sessions, it resulted in a reduction of approximately 78% in the mean halothane concentration (vol./vol.) at a point equidistant from the expiratory valve as the faces of surgeon and anaesthetist. This percentage reduction was consistent with the weight gained by the activated charcoal container (Cardiff 'Aldasorber') compared with the weight of halothane vapourised."}
{"id": "PMID:920923", "title": "A flow-inducer for anaesthetic scavenging systems.", "content": "An effective, safe, low cost, silent and portable flow-inducer for the disposal of waste anaesthetic gases is described.", "contents": "A flow-inducer for anaesthetic scavenging systems. An effective, safe, low cost, silent and portable flow-inducer for the disposal of waste anaesthetic gases is described."}
{"id": "PMID:920924", "title": "An attachment for delivery of humidified gas.", "content": "A new attachment, to either endotracheal or trachestomy tubes, is described which ensures delivery of gas to the spontaneously breathing patient without significant loss of heat or water vapour. Problems of traction and pressure are minimised when the device is used.", "contents": "An attachment for delivery of humidified gas. A new attachment, to either endotracheal or trachestomy tubes, is described which ensures delivery of gas to the spontaneously breathing patient without significant loss of heat or water vapour. Problems of traction and pressure are minimised when the device is used."}
{"id": "PMID:920925", "title": "Packed cell volume in relation to tubocurarine requirements.", "content": "The relationship between tubocurarine requirements and plasma levels of albumin and total globulin was investigated in 50 adult patients undergoing elective upper abdominal operation. No significant correlation was found with plasma proteins expressed in g/100 ml of plasma. A significant positive correlation between tubocurarine requirements and plasma total globulin corrected for packed cell volume (PCV) by multiplying, by (1-PCV) was demonstrated. This relationship decreased with time.", "contents": "Packed cell volume in relation to tubocurarine requirements. The relationship between tubocurarine requirements and plasma levels of albumin and total globulin was investigated in 50 adult patients undergoing elective upper abdominal operation. No significant correlation was found with plasma proteins expressed in g/100 ml of plasma. A significant positive correlation between tubocurarine requirements and plasma total globulin corrected for packed cell volume (PCV) by multiplying, by (1-PCV) was demonstrated. This relationship decreased with time."}
{"id": "PMID:920926", "title": "Suspension laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia. A technique using an injector.", "content": "A technique is described of laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia and curarisation using a modification of the Sanders oxygen injection. A plastic catheter is introduced into the trachea through a brass tube fitted on to the laryngoscope blade and oxygen is injected intermittently through the catheter to provide ventilation. Operating conditions are excellent and serial blood-gas measurements on six patients showed that a safe level of Pao2, Paco2 and pH can be maintained.", "contents": "Suspension laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia. A technique using an injector. A technique is described of laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia and curarisation using a modification of the Sanders oxygen injection. A plastic catheter is introduced into the trachea through a brass tube fitted on to the laryngoscope blade and oxygen is injected intermittently through the catheter to provide ventilation. Operating conditions are excellent and serial blood-gas measurements on six patients showed that a safe level of Pao2, Paco2 and pH can be maintained."}
{"id": "PMID:920962", "title": "Induction of estrogen-independent persistent vaginal cornification in cyproterone acetate (CA)-induced feminized male mice.", "content": "Pregnant ICR/JCL mice were treated with 6 mg of cyproterone acetate (CA) from days 14 to 20 of pregnancy to feminize male offspring. Feminized males delivered on day 20 of pregnancy by cesarean section were castrated the same day, injected with estradiol-17beta(E2) or sesame oil from the day of delivery (=day 1) to day 10 and sacrificed on day 60. In oil-injected feminized males, the vaginal epithelium was atrophic and did not show cornification. In feminized males given 20 microgram E2 neonatally, the vaginal epithelium exhibited well-differentiated stratified squamous organization, but was not cornified in seven out of the nine mice of this group. In the mice treated with 50 microgram E2, persistent cornification was recognized most frequently in the posterior two-thirds of the vaginal epithelium which is considered to originate from the urogenital sinus. However, the incidence of cornification in the anterior one-third which may contain the epithelial cells of m\u00fcllerian duct was low. These results provide supporting evidence for the possible participation of epithelial cells which come from the urogenital sinus in the development of estrogen-independent persistent vaginal cornification in neonatally estrogenized mice.", "contents": "Induction of estrogen-independent persistent vaginal cornification in cyproterone acetate (CA)-induced feminized male mice. Pregnant ICR/JCL mice were treated with 6 mg of cyproterone acetate (CA) from days 14 to 20 of pregnancy to feminize male offspring. Feminized males delivered on day 20 of pregnancy by cesarean section were castrated the same day, injected with estradiol-17beta(E2) or sesame oil from the day of delivery (=day 1) to day 10 and sacrificed on day 60. In oil-injected feminized males, the vaginal epithelium was atrophic and did not show cornification. In feminized males given 20 microgram E2 neonatally, the vaginal epithelium exhibited well-differentiated stratified squamous organization, but was not cornified in seven out of the nine mice of this group. In the mice treated with 50 microgram E2, persistent cornification was recognized most frequently in the posterior two-thirds of the vaginal epithelium which is considered to originate from the urogenital sinus. However, the incidence of cornification in the anterior one-third which may contain the epithelial cells of m\u00fcllerian duct was low. These results provide supporting evidence for the possible participation of epithelial cells which come from the urogenital sinus in the development of estrogen-independent persistent vaginal cornification in neonatally estrogenized mice."}
{"id": "PMID:920963", "title": "Primary 9 + 0 cilia in the embryonic and the adult human heart.", "content": "Primary 9 + 0 cilia have been found in the embryonic and the adult human heart. Proximally the cilia show the typical 9 + 0 filament arrangement. Rearrangement of the filaments occur in their distal regions. The cilia are usually found in deep invaginations of the cell membrane, but can also be found in a superficial position. Close connections are frequently found between cilia and thin cytoplasmic extensions from neighbouring cells.", "contents": "Primary 9 + 0 cilia in the embryonic and the adult human heart. Primary 9 + 0 cilia have been found in the embryonic and the adult human heart. Proximally the cilia show the typical 9 + 0 filament arrangement. Rearrangement of the filaments occur in their distal regions. The cilia are usually found in deep invaginations of the cell membrane, but can also be found in a superficial position. Close connections are frequently found between cilia and thin cytoplasmic extensions from neighbouring cells."}
{"id": "PMID:920964", "title": "Embryonic differentiation of the pituitary in a snake (Thamnophis brachystoma).", "content": "The adenohypophysis of Thamnophis is produced from the stomodeal epithelium in two steps: a diverticulum, enlarging by addition of epithelium to its basal end, defines the posterior end of the gland, and a subsequent infolding promoted by mesenchymal movements occurs in epithelium anterior to the original diverticulum and forms the anterior end of the anlage and the hypophyseal stalk. Immediately thereafter the pars intermedia (PI) is demarcated, first by a luminal, subsequently by an external constriction, and secretion granules are found in the gland. At this time granulated cells are rare in the PI, and in the pars distalis (PD) they are more frequent in the anterior end. Secretion granules occur in cells away from the surface of the residual lumen; the lumen is lined by presumptive stellate cells. The early appearance of secretion granules in cells of the embryonic pituitary, and the presence in the hypophyseal stalk of both mucus-secreting cells and cells with granules similar to those of the PD suggest that some differentiation occurs in the stomodeal epithelial cells before the definitive pouch is formed. The absence of lateral lobes in the embryonic hypophysis precludes the development of the pars tuberalis in Thamnophis.", "contents": "Embryonic differentiation of the pituitary in a snake (Thamnophis brachystoma). The adenohypophysis of Thamnophis is produced from the stomodeal epithelium in two steps: a diverticulum, enlarging by addition of epithelium to its basal end, defines the posterior end of the gland, and a subsequent infolding promoted by mesenchymal movements occurs in epithelium anterior to the original diverticulum and forms the anterior end of the anlage and the hypophyseal stalk. Immediately thereafter the pars intermedia (PI) is demarcated, first by a luminal, subsequently by an external constriction, and secretion granules are found in the gland. At this time granulated cells are rare in the PI, and in the pars distalis (PD) they are more frequent in the anterior end. Secretion granules occur in cells away from the surface of the residual lumen; the lumen is lined by presumptive stellate cells. The early appearance of secretion granules in cells of the embryonic pituitary, and the presence in the hypophyseal stalk of both mucus-secreting cells and cells with granules similar to those of the PD suggest that some differentiation occurs in the stomodeal epithelial cells before the definitive pouch is formed. The absence of lateral lobes in the embryonic hypophysis precludes the development of the pars tuberalis in Thamnophis."}
{"id": "PMID:920966", "title": "Biokinetical analysis of hind limb movements of the dog.", "content": "This study of movements of the hind limb of the dog was performed with the aid of cinephotography and electromyography. The weights of the limb segments and their centers of gravity were determined. From these data the forces operating at the centers of the limb segments during a cycle of a stride have been calculated and their influence on the joints have been analysed. From this study is concluded: 1) muscular activity is present when the effect of external forces must be overcome and subsides when these external forces act \"positively\" in the direction of the progression; 2) gravity and ground-reaction play an important role in the propulsion of the body, especially when there is no activity in the important retractors of the limb at the end of the support phase; 3) moments about the stifle and tarsal joints are opposite at the end of support phase and swing phase; 4) activity of the flexor digitorum superficialis (and also of the gastrocnemius muscles) during the support phase and of the peroneus longus muscle during the swing phase contribute to the coordination of the movements and to the stabilization of these joints.", "contents": "Biokinetical analysis of hind limb movements of the dog. This study of movements of the hind limb of the dog was performed with the aid of cinephotography and electromyography. The weights of the limb segments and their centers of gravity were determined. From these data the forces operating at the centers of the limb segments during a cycle of a stride have been calculated and their influence on the joints have been analysed. From this study is concluded: 1) muscular activity is present when the effect of external forces must be overcome and subsides when these external forces act \"positively\" in the direction of the progression; 2) gravity and ground-reaction play an important role in the propulsion of the body, especially when there is no activity in the important retractors of the limb at the end of the support phase; 3) moments about the stifle and tarsal joints are opposite at the end of support phase and swing phase; 4) activity of the flexor digitorum superficialis (and also of the gastrocnemius muscles) during the support phase and of the peroneus longus muscle during the swing phase contribute to the coordination of the movements and to the stabilization of these joints."}
{"id": "PMID:920967", "title": "The development of olfactory and hippocampal pathways in the brain of the rat.", "content": "The temporal order of development of olfactory, hippocampal and thalamocortical connections has been determined by light microscopy. Scalpel lesions were made to interrupt these connections and the resulting terminal degeneration was stained by Eager's method (1970). A post-operative survival time of one to four days was used. Evidence of the development of these connections was first obtained at the following ages: Olfactory mucosa to olfactory  bulb: axon fascicles by 16 days of gestation and terminals in glomeruli at birth; Olfactory bulb to prepyriform cortex at birth; Prepyriform to entorhinal cortex at 13 days after birth; Entorhinal cortex to hippocampus (the perforant path) at 9 days; Hippocampal dentate-Ammonic mossy fibres at 9 days; Hippocampal efferent projection to the septum at birth; Subicular projections to the anterior thalamus at birth and to the mammillary body at 6 days; Hippocampal commissural connections at birth; Corticothalamic and thalamocortical connections by 2 days. These results are discussed in relation to the question of how the development of brain connections is programmed.", "contents": "The development of olfactory and hippocampal pathways in the brain of the rat. The temporal order of development of olfactory, hippocampal and thalamocortical connections has been determined by light microscopy. Scalpel lesions were made to interrupt these connections and the resulting terminal degeneration was stained by Eager's method (1970). A post-operative survival time of one to four days was used. Evidence of the development of these connections was first obtained at the following ages: Olfactory mucosa to olfactory  bulb: axon fascicles by 16 days of gestation and terminals in glomeruli at birth; Olfactory bulb to prepyriform cortex at birth; Prepyriform to entorhinal cortex at 13 days after birth; Entorhinal cortex to hippocampus (the perforant path) at 9 days; Hippocampal dentate-Ammonic mossy fibres at 9 days; Hippocampal efferent projection to the septum at birth; Subicular projections to the anterior thalamus at birth and to the mammillary body at 6 days; Hippocampal commissural connections at birth; Corticothalamic and thalamocortical connections by 2 days. These results are discussed in relation to the question of how the development of brain connections is programmed."}
{"id": "PMID:920968", "title": "Quantitative anatomical studies on the postnatal development of the cerebellum of the albino rat.", "content": "The quantitative postnatal changes of the cerebella of 65 Wistar rats aged 2-120 days have been examined. The cerebellar volume increases in two phases: The first phase lasts from birth to the seventh postnatal week. The second phase begins ten weeks post partum and lasts for a longer period than the first phase. The cerebellar surface increases continuously from birth to the end of the seventh week. The volume of the external granular layer is maximal when the organ grows rapidly. The external granular layer has nearly disappeared 24 days after birth; the volume of the internal granular layer is maximal at this time. Later on, the volume and the width of the internal granular layer decrease. Myelinization of the cerebellar fibers and growth of the molecular layer run parallel to this decrease. The second late, but protracted growth of the cerebellum, ten weeks after birth, is due to an increase of the molecular and medullary layer. These findings are in good accord with histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural observations of other authors.", "contents": "Quantitative anatomical studies on the postnatal development of the cerebellum of the albino rat. The quantitative postnatal changes of the cerebella of 65 Wistar rats aged 2-120 days have been examined. The cerebellar volume increases in two phases: The first phase lasts from birth to the seventh postnatal week. The second phase begins ten weeks post partum and lasts for a longer period than the first phase. The cerebellar surface increases continuously from birth to the end of the seventh week. The volume of the external granular layer is maximal when the organ grows rapidly. The external granular layer has nearly disappeared 24 days after birth; the volume of the internal granular layer is maximal at this time. Later on, the volume and the width of the internal granular layer decrease. Myelinization of the cerebellar fibers and growth of the molecular layer run parallel to this decrease. The second late, but protracted growth of the cerebellum, ten weeks after birth, is due to an increase of the molecular and medullary layer. These findings are in good accord with histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural observations of other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:920969", "title": "Proliferation of Bergmann-glia in the developing rat cerebellum.", "content": "Mitotic cells in the ganglionic layer of the infant rat cerebellum were studied between 3 to 12 postnatal days. The connection of these cells with the radial glial fibers of the primitive molecular layer could be established. On this basis it was assumed that the mitotic cells studied were immature Bergmann-glial cells whose proliferative activity seemed to continue even after the formation of their characteristic radial fibers. This phenomenon might offer an explanation for the divergent views on the generation time of Bergmann-glia.", "contents": "Proliferation of Bergmann-glia in the developing rat cerebellum. Mitotic cells in the ganglionic layer of the infant rat cerebellum were studied between 3 to 12 postnatal days. The connection of these cells with the radial glial fibers of the primitive molecular layer could be established. On this basis it was assumed that the mitotic cells studied were immature Bergmann-glial cells whose proliferative activity seemed to continue even after the formation of their characteristic radial fibers. This phenomenon might offer an explanation for the divergent views on the generation time of Bergmann-glia."}
{"id": "PMID:920970", "title": "Effect of chronic centrifugation on bone density of the rat.", "content": "Alterations in density of the femur of female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to chronic centrifugation of 2.76 G for 810 days were studied. The density was measured by photon absorptiometry, using a 125I Profile Scanner. The photon absorption measurements were taken: (1) on bone sections from the midshaft of the femur in the anterior, posterior, medial and lateral cortex with the beam path parallel to the shaft axis, and (2) on the femur near the midshaft with the beam path perpendicular to the shaft axis. The latter were correlated with the cross-sectional area in the midshaft. Compared with femora of age-matched rats (age controls) and of rats having body masses comparable to the centrifuged group (weight controls), kept under earth gravity, the chronically centrifuged animals showed no average no significant differences in photon absorption (density) in the four positons in midshaft. The absorption measurements perpendicular to the shaft axis in all groups differ significant differences between the centrifuged group and the control groups. When cross-sections of equal size are compared, the density of the rat femora is clearly higher in the centrifuged animals than in the control groups. In contrast, the age and weight controls do not differ significantly in density. The results suggest that the increased stress in the rat femora due to centrifugation is reflected in an increased bone density.", "contents": "Effect of chronic centrifugation on bone density of the rat. Alterations in density of the femur of female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to chronic centrifugation of 2.76 G for 810 days were studied. The density was measured by photon absorptiometry, using a 125I Profile Scanner. The photon absorption measurements were taken: (1) on bone sections from the midshaft of the femur in the anterior, posterior, medial and lateral cortex with the beam path parallel to the shaft axis, and (2) on the femur near the midshaft with the beam path perpendicular to the shaft axis. The latter were correlated with the cross-sectional area in the midshaft. Compared with femora of age-matched rats (age controls) and of rats having body masses comparable to the centrifuged group (weight controls), kept under earth gravity, the chronically centrifuged animals showed no average no significant differences in photon absorption (density) in the four positons in midshaft. The absorption measurements perpendicular to the shaft axis in all groups differ significant differences between the centrifuged group and the control groups. When cross-sections of equal size are compared, the density of the rat femora is clearly higher in the centrifuged animals than in the control groups. In contrast, the age and weight controls do not differ significantly in density. The results suggest that the increased stress in the rat femora due to centrifugation is reflected in an increased bone density."}
{"id": "PMID:920971", "title": "Seasonal variation in the morphology of thyroid parafollicular (C) cells in the woodchuck, Marmota monax: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The morphology of parafollicular (C) cells in the thyroid gland of the woodchuck, Marmota monax, was studied during the four seasons of the year. The spring C cells are characterized by a large Golgi zone, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and relatively few dense granules. In the summer these cells appear to be larger and many are packed with dense granules. Fall cells exhibit morphological characteristics suggestive of intense synthetic activity, having rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in whorls or parallel arrangement, a large Golgi apparatus and few, to many granules, some of which are larger than those seen in the spring and summer C cells. In the winter, most of the C cells are packed with granules. The Golgi zone, when observed, is small and the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is sparse. Many cell profiles exhibit apparent granule dissolution. These cyclic morphological findings are discussed along with previous studies of other hibernators and are correlated with the seasonal activities of the woodchuck.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in the morphology of thyroid parafollicular (C) cells in the woodchuck, Marmota monax: a light and electron microscopic study. The morphology of parafollicular (C) cells in the thyroid gland of the woodchuck, Marmota monax, was studied during the four seasons of the year. The spring C cells are characterized by a large Golgi zone, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and relatively few dense granules. In the summer these cells appear to be larger and many are packed with dense granules. Fall cells exhibit morphological characteristics suggestive of intense synthetic activity, having rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in whorls or parallel arrangement, a large Golgi apparatus and few, to many granules, some of which are larger than those seen in the spring and summer C cells. In the winter, most of the C cells are packed with granules. The Golgi zone, when observed, is small and the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is sparse. Many cell profiles exhibit apparent granule dissolution. These cyclic morphological findings are discussed along with previous studies of other hibernators and are correlated with the seasonal activities of the woodchuck."}
{"id": "PMID:920972", "title": "Postnatal development of mitral cell perikaryon in the olfactory bulb of the rat. A light and ultrastructural study.", "content": "The differentiation of the mitral cell perikaryon in postnatal rat olfactory bulb was studied with the light and electron microscope. At birth the mitral cell was distinguishable and occupied a definitive position in the mitral cell layer. The cell contained a large oval nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm. Ribosomes, free and clustered, were scattered in the cell cytoplasm. Rough endoplasmic reticulum was relatively scarce. The Golgi complexes were made up of stacks of smooth-surfaced cisternae and associated vesicles. In certain cases the Golgi complexes projected into cellular processes. Mitochondria were present in all regions of the cytoplasm and contained well developed cristae. At the end of the first week, the mitral cell had developed significantly in size, and the cytoplasm contained well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi complexes were made up of several stacks of smooth-surfaced cisternae with the association of vesicles and electron dense bodies. The apical dendrites of mitral cells at this period had increased significantly in length. Subsequently, during the second and third week, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes became well developed. Associated with the Golgi complexes were electron dense lysosomal bodies. At three weeks and in older cells it was observed that dense lipofuschin granules increased significantly. It is suggested that the mitral cell matures and differentiates earlier than cells in the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Postnatal development of mitral cell perikaryon in the olfactory bulb of the rat. A light and ultrastructural study. The differentiation of the mitral cell perikaryon in postnatal rat olfactory bulb was studied with the light and electron microscope. At birth the mitral cell was distinguishable and occupied a definitive position in the mitral cell layer. The cell contained a large oval nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm. Ribosomes, free and clustered, were scattered in the cell cytoplasm. Rough endoplasmic reticulum was relatively scarce. The Golgi complexes were made up of stacks of smooth-surfaced cisternae and associated vesicles. In certain cases the Golgi complexes projected into cellular processes. Mitochondria were present in all regions of the cytoplasm and contained well developed cristae. At the end of the first week, the mitral cell had developed significantly in size, and the cytoplasm contained well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi complexes were made up of several stacks of smooth-surfaced cisternae with the association of vesicles and electron dense bodies. The apical dendrites of mitral cells at this period had increased significantly in length. Subsequently, during the second and third week, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes became well developed. Associated with the Golgi complexes were electron dense lysosomal bodies. At three weeks and in older cells it was observed that dense lipofuschin granules increased significantly. It is suggested that the mitral cell matures and differentiates earlier than cells in the cerebral cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:920973", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture: a method for three-dimensional visualization of cell morphology.", "content": "A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture (50% O2-Eagle's MEM w/o serum) from 12 to 360 hours is presented. The morphological changes occurring in the explants during culture are illustrated and the findings are compared with those observed using transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. The results confirm that cellular fine structure in epithelium and connective tissue is more easily visualized when SEM is employed following in vitro maintenance of explants as opposed to examination of fresh uncultured biopsies. The in vitro system used would appear to be applicable to studies designed to investigate the effect of various substances on cell proliferation and cell interactions.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture: a method for three-dimensional visualization of cell morphology. A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture (50% O2-Eagle's MEM w/o serum) from 12 to 360 hours is presented. The morphological changes occurring in the explants during culture are illustrated and the findings are compared with those observed using transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. The results confirm that cellular fine structure in epithelium and connective tissue is more easily visualized when SEM is employed following in vitro maintenance of explants as opposed to examination of fresh uncultured biopsies. The in vitro system used would appear to be applicable to studies designed to investigate the effect of various substances on cell proliferation and cell interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:920974", "title": "Mitochondrial granule distribution in tooth germ cells.", "content": "Incisor and molar tooth germs of albino rats sacrificed at the eighteenth and twentieth days in utero and one to seven days after birth were studied with light and electron microscopy. Observations of the various stages of tooth development in molars established that intramitochondrial granules in odontoblasts were comparable to the intramitochondrial granules of other hard tissue cells. These electron-dense deposits appeared in mitochondria in an appreciable number only when odontoblasts become engaged in dentin mineralization. When dentin mineralization was advanced the odontoblast mitochondria appeared devoid of these deposits. Mesenchymal cells and preodontoblasts of the pulp were not involved in this activity.", "contents": "Mitochondrial granule distribution in tooth germ cells. Incisor and molar tooth germs of albino rats sacrificed at the eighteenth and twentieth days in utero and one to seven days after birth were studied with light and electron microscopy. Observations of the various stages of tooth development in molars established that intramitochondrial granules in odontoblasts were comparable to the intramitochondrial granules of other hard tissue cells. These electron-dense deposits appeared in mitochondria in an appreciable number only when odontoblasts become engaged in dentin mineralization. When dentin mineralization was advanced the odontoblast mitochondria appeared devoid of these deposits. Mesenchymal cells and preodontoblasts of the pulp were not involved in this activity."}
{"id": "PMID:920975", "title": "Embryologic origin of various epithelial cell types in the thyroid gland of the rat.", "content": "Ventral pharyngeal outpocketings and ultimobranchial outpocketings from the 14-day-old fetus of the Fischer rat were isolated before they fused to form thyroid glands. The outpocketings were implanted into different kidney capsules of adult male Fischer rats, and were allowed to grow for several months. Transplants were then excised and examined by electron microscopy. The ultimobranchial outpocketing gave rise to two types of follicles. One contained ciliated cells, cells with an abundant agranular reticulum, U cells with basal hemidesmosomes, and two types of cells with secretory vesicles. The other contained C cells separated from the follicular lumen by a single flat fiber-containing cell. The ventral outpocketing formed typical thyroid epithelium making up the usual thyroid follicles differing from follicles in the thyroid in situ by the absence of C cells. These follicles were functional as determined by autoradiographic studies with 125I but differed from thyroid follicles in situ with respect to size distribution. The results suggest that (1) in the adult thyroid gland the C cell in the usual follicle is an ultimobranchial contribution and (2) the so-called ultimobranchial follicle is ultimobranchial in origin but that the typical thyroid epithelium in mixed follicles of U cells and typical thyroid epithelium is a ventral contribution. The reason for the absence in the thyroid gland in situ of the variety of other cell types observed in ultimobranchial transplants is unknown.", "contents": "Embryologic origin of various epithelial cell types in the thyroid gland of the rat. Ventral pharyngeal outpocketings and ultimobranchial outpocketings from the 14-day-old fetus of the Fischer rat were isolated before they fused to form thyroid glands. The outpocketings were implanted into different kidney capsules of adult male Fischer rats, and were allowed to grow for several months. Transplants were then excised and examined by electron microscopy. The ultimobranchial outpocketing gave rise to two types of follicles. One contained ciliated cells, cells with an abundant agranular reticulum, U cells with basal hemidesmosomes, and two types of cells with secretory vesicles. The other contained C cells separated from the follicular lumen by a single flat fiber-containing cell. The ventral outpocketing formed typical thyroid epithelium making up the usual thyroid follicles differing from follicles in the thyroid in situ by the absence of C cells. These follicles were functional as determined by autoradiographic studies with 125I but differed from thyroid follicles in situ with respect to size distribution. The results suggest that (1) in the adult thyroid gland the C cell in the usual follicle is an ultimobranchial contribution and (2) the so-called ultimobranchial follicle is ultimobranchial in origin but that the typical thyroid epithelium in mixed follicles of U cells and typical thyroid epithelium is a ventral contribution. The reason for the absence in the thyroid gland in situ of the variety of other cell types observed in ultimobranchial transplants is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:920977", "title": "Embryonic and fetal hemopoiesis in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).", "content": "A study of the development of hemopoiesis in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) was conducted in order to determine the temporal sequence, the organs involved and the cytology of blood cell formation in this species. Hemopoiesis in the intrauterine life of the gerbil can be divided into four phases based on the site of blood cell formation: (1) the vitelline phase, (2) the hepatic phase, including thymic histogenesis, (3) the splenic phase and (4) the medullary phase, with the development of secondary lymphoid tissues. At the onset of each of these phases a blast-like cell was identifiable in each hemopoietic organ which, because of its morphology and its presumed multipotentiality was classified as a \"lymphoid cell\". In the yolk sac phase (gestational day 12) two generations of erythrocytes, a primitive and a definitive, are formed. The liver is by day 15 erythropoietic and megakaryopoietic, but later, a few granulocytes are also found in its extravascular compartment. The thymus is exclusively lymphopoietic from the appearance of its earliest cells on day 15. Splenic hemopoiesis is initiated with the presence of lymphoid cells (day 20) followed later by the appearance of morphologically identifiable blood cell lines. Early normoblastic and granulocytic activity begins in the marrow cavities on day 23, though the marrow is not considered to be a source of circulating blood cells during fetal life. Lymph node histogenesis occurs during the last four days of gestation, first in the cervical region and then in other parts of the body. The finding of undifferentiated lymphoid cells in all organs at the initiation of hemopoiesis and in the peripheral blood throughout gestation is discussed in light of the migratory theory of hemopoiesis.", "contents": "Embryonic and fetal hemopoiesis in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). A study of the development of hemopoiesis in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) was conducted in order to determine the temporal sequence, the organs involved and the cytology of blood cell formation in this species. Hemopoiesis in the intrauterine life of the gerbil can be divided into four phases based on the site of blood cell formation: (1) the vitelline phase, (2) the hepatic phase, including thymic histogenesis, (3) the splenic phase and (4) the medullary phase, with the development of secondary lymphoid tissues. At the onset of each of these phases a blast-like cell was identifiable in each hemopoietic organ which, because of its morphology and its presumed multipotentiality was classified as a \"lymphoid cell\". In the yolk sac phase (gestational day 12) two generations of erythrocytes, a primitive and a definitive, are formed. The liver is by day 15 erythropoietic and megakaryopoietic, but later, a few granulocytes are also found in its extravascular compartment. The thymus is exclusively lymphopoietic from the appearance of its earliest cells on day 15. Splenic hemopoiesis is initiated with the presence of lymphoid cells (day 20) followed later by the appearance of morphologically identifiable blood cell lines. Early normoblastic and granulocytic activity begins in the marrow cavities on day 23, though the marrow is not considered to be a source of circulating blood cells during fetal life. Lymph node histogenesis occurs during the last four days of gestation, first in the cervical region and then in other parts of the body. The finding of undifferentiated lymphoid cells in all organs at the initiation of hemopoiesis and in the peripheral blood throughout gestation is discussed in light of the migratory theory of hemopoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:920976", "title": "The site of remodeling of collagen in the periodontal ligament of the mouse incisor.", "content": "In an attempt to localize the site of remodelling of collagen in the periodontal ligament of the continuously erupting mouse incisor a radioautographic and stereologic investigation was undertaken. Grain distributions in radioautographs for light microscopy were studied at various time intervals after administration of [3H]-proline. The distribution of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae in fibroblasts and the incidence of collagen phagocytosis across the ligament were studied by means of stereologic methods at the electron microscopic level. No significant differences were found in half lives of [3H]-labelled substances among the various regions across the ligament. Rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae within fibroblasts were distributed more or less uniformly throughout the entire width of the ligament. Analysis of the distribution of collagen phagocytosis, however, revealed that in the midregion of the ligament the amount of phagocytosed collagen was approximately four times as high as in the area adjacent to the tooth and about nine times as high as in the alveolar compartment. It is concluded that synthesis and turnover of total protein occurs throughout the periodontal ligament but that remodelling of collagen predominantly takes place in an intermediate area of the ligament.", "contents": "The site of remodeling of collagen in the periodontal ligament of the mouse incisor. In an attempt to localize the site of remodelling of collagen in the periodontal ligament of the continuously erupting mouse incisor a radioautographic and stereologic investigation was undertaken. Grain distributions in radioautographs for light microscopy were studied at various time intervals after administration of [3H]-proline. The distribution of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae in fibroblasts and the incidence of collagen phagocytosis across the ligament were studied by means of stereologic methods at the electron microscopic level. No significant differences were found in half lives of [3H]-labelled substances among the various regions across the ligament. Rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae within fibroblasts were distributed more or less uniformly throughout the entire width of the ligament. Analysis of the distribution of collagen phagocytosis, however, revealed that in the midregion of the ligament the amount of phagocytosed collagen was approximately four times as high as in the area adjacent to the tooth and about nine times as high as in the alveolar compartment. It is concluded that synthesis and turnover of total protein occurs throughout the periodontal ligament but that remodelling of collagen predominantly takes place in an intermediate area of the ligament."}
{"id": "PMID:920991", "title": "[Nidicole Histeridae and their host relationship].", "content": "This article deals with those beetles of the family Histeridae which live in burrows of mammals and nests of birds. Their relations to the hosts are analyzed as well as the degree of association of histerid species with certain hosts.", "contents": "[Nidicole Histeridae and their host relationship]. This article deals with those beetles of the family Histeridae which live in burrows of mammals and nests of birds. Their relations to the hosts are analyzed as well as the degree of association of histerid species with certain hosts."}
{"id": "PMID:920992", "title": "[Helminths in chickens in Sudan].", "content": "The identification of the helminthic parasites of the poultry in Khartoum province, during the months of October and November, 1969, 230 hens, 6--12 months old, were examined in the laboratory; 87% of the hens exhibited mono- and polyinfections. The following species were found: Subulura brumpti, Raillietina tetragona, Tetrameres americana, Gongylonema ingluvicola and Dispharynx spiralis, mostly as polyinfections.", "contents": "[Helminths in chickens in Sudan]. The identification of the helminthic parasites of the poultry in Khartoum province, during the months of October and November, 1969, 230 hens, 6--12 months old, were examined in the laboratory; 87% of the hens exhibited mono- and polyinfections. The following species were found: Subulura brumpti, Raillietina tetragona, Tetrameres americana, Gongylonema ingluvicola and Dispharynx spiralis, mostly as polyinfections."}
{"id": "PMID:920994", "title": "Notes on the genus Pseudomenopon with remarks on host relationships.", "content": "In this paper two new host records for the genus Pseudomenopon are given along with a table showing the distribution of the latter on the present day avifauna. Notes on the distributional pattern and its reflection on the host-relationship are given. Literature from 1952--1973 is also indexed.", "contents": "Notes on the genus Pseudomenopon with remarks on host relationships. In this paper two new host records for the genus Pseudomenopon are given along with a table showing the distribution of the latter on the present day avifauna. Notes on the distributional pattern and its reflection on the host-relationship are given. Literature from 1952--1973 is also indexed."}
{"id": "PMID:920993", "title": "[Fascioliasis prevention in cloven-hoofed wild animals and animal reserves].", "content": "Pilot trials are described in which BHS, a Czechoslovak fasciolicide, was employed for mass treatment of fasciolosis in cloven-hoofed animals in wild-animals' reserves at the rate of 30 mg body weight using BHS-medicated feed. The treatment was combined with control measures against the intermediate host snail, Lymnaea truncatula, in primary biotopes using Frescon, a molluscicide of English origin, and CF-4, a molluscicide of Czechoslovak origin, at concentration of 1 and 0.5 per cent, respectively. Where the application of molluscicides was impracticable the intermediate host snails were controlled by means of sciomyzid larvae or by blasting surface layers of the soil.--Using this combined approach, the extensity of infestation, evaluated on the basis of coproovoscopical examination, was reduced from 7.05 to 0.71 per cent. The extensity of infestation, evaluated on the basis of necropsy findings, was reduced from 50 to 6.2 per cent. The intensity of infestation was reduced from 7.7 to 0.31 per cent per animal.--The results may prove useful in devising fasciolosis control schemes based on a complex approach.", "contents": "[Fascioliasis prevention in cloven-hoofed wild animals and animal reserves]. Pilot trials are described in which BHS, a Czechoslovak fasciolicide, was employed for mass treatment of fasciolosis in cloven-hoofed animals in wild-animals' reserves at the rate of 30 mg body weight using BHS-medicated feed. The treatment was combined with control measures against the intermediate host snail, Lymnaea truncatula, in primary biotopes using Frescon, a molluscicide of English origin, and CF-4, a molluscicide of Czechoslovak origin, at concentration of 1 and 0.5 per cent, respectively. Where the application of molluscicides was impracticable the intermediate host snails were controlled by means of sciomyzid larvae or by blasting surface layers of the soil.--Using this combined approach, the extensity of infestation, evaluated on the basis of coproovoscopical examination, was reduced from 7.05 to 0.71 per cent. The extensity of infestation, evaluated on the basis of necropsy findings, was reduced from 50 to 6.2 per cent. The intensity of infestation was reduced from 7.7 to 0.31 per cent per animal.--The results may prove useful in devising fasciolosis control schemes based on a complex approach."}
{"id": "PMID:920996", "title": "Gas exchange and arterial blood gas tensions to terbutaline sulfate in older patients with reversible airway obstruction.", "content": "Ten patients 55 years and older, known to have chronic obstructive airway disease with reversible component and who had required daily sympathomimetics for many years, were studied. At a clinically stable state in a sitting position, spirometry, ventilation, gas exchange, diffusion and arterial blood gas determinations were performed before and 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after administration of 0.5 mg of terbutaline sulfate by inhalation. Although changes were small, significant improvement in FEV1 remained even two hours after inhaling terbutaline. Increase of conducting airways reflected an increase of dead space for 120 minutes. Early rise of alveolar-arterial oxygen tension (PAO2-PaO2) with decreased arterial oxygen tension was observed. This was a transient phenomenon and not severe enough to warrant immediate therapy. No significant EKG or blood pressure changes were noted throughout the study. It appears that terbutaline, an effective long acting bronchodilator, can be safely administered to older patients with bronchospasms.", "contents": "Gas exchange and arterial blood gas tensions to terbutaline sulfate in older patients with reversible airway obstruction. Ten patients 55 years and older, known to have chronic obstructive airway disease with reversible component and who had required daily sympathomimetics for many years, were studied. At a clinically stable state in a sitting position, spirometry, ventilation, gas exchange, diffusion and arterial blood gas determinations were performed before and 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after administration of 0.5 mg of terbutaline sulfate by inhalation. Although changes were small, significant improvement in FEV1 remained even two hours after inhaling terbutaline. Increase of conducting airways reflected an increase of dead space for 120 minutes. Early rise of alveolar-arterial oxygen tension (PAO2-PaO2) with decreased arterial oxygen tension was observed. This was a transient phenomenon and not severe enough to warrant immediate therapy. No significant EKG or blood pressure changes were noted throughout the study. It appears that terbutaline, an effective long acting bronchodilator, can be safely administered to older patients with bronchospasms."}
{"id": "PMID:920997", "title": "Agreement between radioallergosorbent test and skin test.", "content": "A total of 4,260 RAST results were compared with the same number of prick and intracutaneous skin test results. Intracutaneous test was done only when the prick test was negative. The mean agreement between positive RAST and positive prick test was 81.3% for five grasses, 45.1% for seven weeds, 42.2% for two trees, 42.6% for two molds, and 45.8% for two environmental antigens. The mean agreement between positive RAST and positive intracutaneous test ranged from 0 to 4.9% for the same antigens.", "contents": "Agreement between radioallergosorbent test and skin test. A total of 4,260 RAST results were compared with the same number of prick and intracutaneous skin test results. Intracutaneous test was done only when the prick test was negative. The mean agreement between positive RAST and positive prick test was 81.3% for five grasses, 45.1% for seven weeds, 42.2% for two trees, 42.6% for two molds, and 45.8% for two environmental antigens. The mean agreement between positive RAST and positive intracutaneous test ranged from 0 to 4.9% for the same antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:920998", "title": "Salivary IgA levels in atopic children.", "content": "Salivary IgA concentrations of 63 atopic and 60 non-atopic children were studied. Twenty-three children with a history of atopy who had not received immunotherapy had a significantly lower mean salivary IgA concentration than age-matched normal children. As a group, they may therefore be more vulnerable to respiratory infection.", "contents": "Salivary IgA levels in atopic children. Salivary IgA concentrations of 63 atopic and 60 non-atopic children were studied. Twenty-three children with a history of atopy who had not received immunotherapy had a significantly lower mean salivary IgA concentration than age-matched normal children. As a group, they may therefore be more vulnerable to respiratory infection."}
{"id": "PMID:921000", "title": "The human dander atopy. II. human dander, a complicating factor in the study of the relationship between house dust and dermatophagoides allergens.", "content": "Besides describing some pitfalls frequently ignored in investigations on the house dust Dermatophagoides allergen problem, the author demonstrates that skin reactions due to the very small amount of \"residual allergen activity\" in house dust can be explained by the fact that house dust always contains a small percentage of human dander.", "contents": "The human dander atopy. II. human dander, a complicating factor in the study of the relationship between house dust and dermatophagoides allergens. Besides describing some pitfalls frequently ignored in investigations on the house dust Dermatophagoides allergen problem, the author demonstrates that skin reactions due to the very small amount of \"residual allergen activity\" in house dust can be explained by the fact that house dust always contains a small percentage of human dander."}
{"id": "PMID:921001", "title": "Lymphocytes' cytotoxicity towards cells of human lymphoblastoid lines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A research study and discussion of antiinterferon immunoglobulin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and its possible value in the treatment of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases and other diseases where it is presumed there may be an autoimmune genesis.", "contents": "Lymphocytes' cytotoxicity towards cells of human lymphoblastoid lines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. A research study and discussion of antiinterferon immunoglobulin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and its possible value in the treatment of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases and other diseases where it is presumed there may be an autoimmune genesis."}
{"id": "PMID:921004", "title": "Cumulative dose-response curves for comparison of oral bronchodilating drugs. A study of salbutamol and fenoterol.", "content": "Cumulative dose-response curves for orally administered fenoterol and salbutamol concerning effects of FEV1, heart rate, blood pressure and tremor were constructed. Three doses of fenoterol (2.5, 5 and 15 mg) and salbutamol (2, 6 and 18 mg) were given. Fenoterol was found to have a slightly higher potency than salbutamol. There was no difference in the beta2-selectivity of the two drugs. Tremor was the dose limiting side effect for both drugs. Cumulative dose-response curves for oral beta2-stimulants can be constructed fairly easily and valid conclusions can be drawn concerning selectivity, occurrence of side effects and dose limiting side effects.", "contents": "Cumulative dose-response curves for comparison of oral bronchodilating drugs. A study of salbutamol and fenoterol. Cumulative dose-response curves for orally administered fenoterol and salbutamol concerning effects of FEV1, heart rate, blood pressure and tremor were constructed. Three doses of fenoterol (2.5, 5 and 15 mg) and salbutamol (2, 6 and 18 mg) were given. Fenoterol was found to have a slightly higher potency than salbutamol. There was no difference in the beta2-selectivity of the two drugs. Tremor was the dose limiting side effect for both drugs. Cumulative dose-response curves for oral beta2-stimulants can be constructed fairly easily and valid conclusions can be drawn concerning selectivity, occurrence of side effects and dose limiting side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:921005", "title": "Lymphocytes in sarcoidosis: a clinical correlation.", "content": "The responsiveness of lymphocytes from 40 sarcoidosis patients and 32 control subjects to Phytohaemagglutinin (P.H.A.), P.P.D. and Candida duration and activity of disease or treatment program are analyzed and discussed.", "contents": "Lymphocytes in sarcoidosis: a clinical correlation. The responsiveness of lymphocytes from 40 sarcoidosis patients and 32 control subjects to Phytohaemagglutinin (P.H.A.), P.P.D. and Candida duration and activity of disease or treatment program are analyzed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921009", "title": "[Continuous flow measurement of glycemia by the modified Trinder method].", "content": "An automatic continuous flow method on autoanalyser of the second generation is described. The peculiarity of this work was the presentation of a manifold glucose oxydase consuming little reagent compared with those at present in daily use. A study concerning the precision, the reproducibility and the contamination is presented. Correlations with a hexokinase technic together with the possibility of working at a wavelength of 340 nm are also studied.", "contents": "[Continuous flow measurement of glycemia by the modified Trinder method]. An automatic continuous flow method on autoanalyser of the second generation is described. The peculiarity of this work was the presentation of a manifold glucose oxydase consuming little reagent compared with those at present in daily use. A study concerning the precision, the reproducibility and the contamination is presented. Correlations with a hexokinase technic together with the possibility of working at a wavelength of 340 nm are also studied."}
{"id": "PMID:921011", "title": "[Automated method for determining calcium in biological liquids].", "content": "A method of determination of calcium in biological fluids is proposed. It is a continuous flow technic without deproteinisation nor dialysis, using orthocresol phtaleine in alkaline medium. The interference due to magnesium is eliminated by the presence of hydroxy-8-quinoleine. The addition of dimethyl sulfoxide improves the solubility of the reagents and ensures better stability of the media. The correlation between the results obtained by this technic and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry was studied on 160 human sera and 40 urines. The influence of various parameters such as hemolysis, bilirubin, magnesium and phosphates is low or negligeable. The results concerning opalescent, cloudy or lactescent sera may be erroneous by excess. The physiological reference values for serum calcium are drawn up from a Paris student population of both sexes.", "contents": "[Automated method for determining calcium in biological liquids]. A method of determination of calcium in biological fluids is proposed. It is a continuous flow technic without deproteinisation nor dialysis, using orthocresol phtaleine in alkaline medium. The interference due to magnesium is eliminated by the presence of hydroxy-8-quinoleine. The addition of dimethyl sulfoxide improves the solubility of the reagents and ensures better stability of the media. The correlation between the results obtained by this technic and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry was studied on 160 human sera and 40 urines. The influence of various parameters such as hemolysis, bilirubin, magnesium and phosphates is low or negligeable. The results concerning opalescent, cloudy or lactescent sera may be erroneous by excess. The physiological reference values for serum calcium are drawn up from a Paris student population of both sexes."}
{"id": "PMID:921013", "title": "[Bacteriological diagnosis of species of the genera Neisseria and Branhamella].", "content": "Various technics of swabbing and isolation are described here in the search for bacteria of the genera Neisseria and Branhamella. The methods of staining the most commonly used for direct examination are mentioned, and the media of transport and isolation useful in particular for the gonococcus and meningococcus. Thus isolation of the bacteria permits during a second stage to culture and identify various species in the light of their cultural, biochemical and serological properties. The study of their sensitivity to antibiotics in vitro is easy to carry out, but it requires certain precautions and it will be described in detail in another publication.", "contents": "[Bacteriological diagnosis of species of the genera Neisseria and Branhamella]. Various technics of swabbing and isolation are described here in the search for bacteria of the genera Neisseria and Branhamella. The methods of staining the most commonly used for direct examination are mentioned, and the media of transport and isolation useful in particular for the gonococcus and meningococcus. Thus isolation of the bacteria permits during a second stage to culture and identify various species in the light of their cultural, biochemical and serological properties. The study of their sensitivity to antibiotics in vitro is easy to carry out, but it requires certain precautions and it will be described in detail in another publication."}
{"id": "PMID:921014", "title": "Separation of pig bone alkaline phosphatase activities.", "content": "A simple method for the separation of alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphatase activities of pig bone ribs is described. Using anionic exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose) and affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A sepharose (Con A) eluted by a step pH gradient and Na4P2O7, several activities were obtained. A pyrophosphatase containing very little alkaline phosphatase activity was isolated from Con A sepharose by elution with pyrophosphatase. Our data are consistent, with the hypothesis that cortical alcaline phosphatase and pyrophosphatase activities are not due to a single enzyme protein. The method was used on whole bone, on bone marrow and on cortical bone.", "contents": "Separation of pig bone alkaline phosphatase activities. A simple method for the separation of alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphatase activities of pig bone ribs is described. Using anionic exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose) and affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A sepharose (Con A) eluted by a step pH gradient and Na4P2O7, several activities were obtained. A pyrophosphatase containing very little alkaline phosphatase activity was isolated from Con A sepharose by elution with pyrophosphatase. Our data are consistent, with the hypothesis that cortical alcaline phosphatase and pyrophosphatase activities are not due to a single enzyme protein. The method was used on whole bone, on bone marrow and on cortical bone."}
{"id": "PMID:921015", "title": "[Critical study of the interpretation and use of laboratory biochemical examinations in a hospital milieu].", "content": "The criticism of interpretation of routine biochemical examinations by four clinical units (motor rehabilitation, cardiology, gastro-enterology, diabetes) was in relation to four criteria: result in agreement with the clinical observation but not providing new information, result in disagreement with the clinical observation and judged too low, result in disagreement with the clinical observation and judged too high. The comparison of judgements with regard to various analysis permits one to discuss applications of a method of objective assessment of the dialogue between the laboratory and the clinical units.", "contents": "[Critical study of the interpretation and use of laboratory biochemical examinations in a hospital milieu]. The criticism of interpretation of routine biochemical examinations by four clinical units (motor rehabilitation, cardiology, gastro-enterology, diabetes) was in relation to four criteria: result in agreement with the clinical observation but not providing new information, result in disagreement with the clinical observation and judged too low, result in disagreement with the clinical observation and judged too high. The comparison of judgements with regard to various analysis permits one to discuss applications of a method of objective assessment of the dialogue between the laboratory and the clinical units."}
{"id": "PMID:921021", "title": "Efficacy of isolated colostral IgA, IgG, and IgM(A) to protect neonatal pigs against the coronavirus of transmissible gastroenteritis.", "content": "To ascertain what class of immunoglobulin (Ig; IgA, IgG, or IgM) is most efficacious in protection, a large quantity of colostrum from sows immunized with virulent transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus was fractionated by chromatographic and gel filtration methods. The isolated IgG, IgA, and IgM(A) had specific virus-neutralizing activities of 1:7.6, 1:342, and 1:302 per milligram of protein, respectively. Each Ig was fed to groups of hysterectomy-derived colostrum-deprived neonatal pigs before and after exposure (challenge) with virulent TGE virus. The 7 pigs fed IgG survived the challenge exposure, but 2 of 7 fed IgA and 1 of 7 fed IgM(A) died of TGE. Three of the survivor pigs that had been fed IgG and 2 of the survivor pigs that had been fed IgA had increased serum antibody titers between 8 and 19 days after challenge exposure, but none of the survivor pigs fed IgM(A) had TGE antibody. In contrast, 12 of 14 virus-control pigs died of TGE and the 2 survivors had antibody conversion. The data show that all 3 Ig classes in immune colostrum will protect neonatal pigs against exposure with virulent TGE virus.", "contents": "Efficacy of isolated colostral IgA, IgG, and IgM(A) to protect neonatal pigs against the coronavirus of transmissible gastroenteritis. To ascertain what class of immunoglobulin (Ig; IgA, IgG, or IgM) is most efficacious in protection, a large quantity of colostrum from sows immunized with virulent transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus was fractionated by chromatographic and gel filtration methods. The isolated IgG, IgA, and IgM(A) had specific virus-neutralizing activities of 1:7.6, 1:342, and 1:302 per milligram of protein, respectively. Each Ig was fed to groups of hysterectomy-derived colostrum-deprived neonatal pigs before and after exposure (challenge) with virulent TGE virus. The 7 pigs fed IgG survived the challenge exposure, but 2 of 7 fed IgA and 1 of 7 fed IgM(A) died of TGE. Three of the survivor pigs that had been fed IgG and 2 of the survivor pigs that had been fed IgA had increased serum antibody titers between 8 and 19 days after challenge exposure, but none of the survivor pigs fed IgM(A) had TGE antibody. In contrast, 12 of 14 virus-control pigs died of TGE and the 2 survivors had antibody conversion. The data show that all 3 Ig classes in immune colostrum will protect neonatal pigs against exposure with virulent TGE virus."}
{"id": "PMID:921022", "title": "Ipronidazole in the drinking water for treatment and prevention of experimental swine dysentery.", "content": "The addition of ipronidazole to drinking water at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L was effective for treatment of experimentally induced swine dysentery in swine because diarrhea receded in most swine within several days after the drug was added. Medicated swine given these concentrations of drug had fewer days of nonhemorrhagic and hemorrhagic diarrhea, higher feed and water consumption, greater body weight gain,and a more favorable feed efficiency than did the nonmedicated, exposed swine. Medicated swine given dosage of 25 mg/L of drinking water had greater frequency of nonhemorrhagic and hemorrhagic diarrhea than did those given the higher concentrations, and diarrhea in some swine did not subside during medication. All medicated swine survived; in contrast, 90% mortality occurred in the nonmedicated swine. In all groups of medicated exposed swine, occasionally there was recurrence of diarrhea.", "contents": "Ipronidazole in the drinking water for treatment and prevention of experimental swine dysentery. The addition of ipronidazole to drinking water at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L was effective for treatment of experimentally induced swine dysentery in swine because diarrhea receded in most swine within several days after the drug was added. Medicated swine given these concentrations of drug had fewer days of nonhemorrhagic and hemorrhagic diarrhea, higher feed and water consumption, greater body weight gain,and a more favorable feed efficiency than did the nonmedicated, exposed swine. Medicated swine given dosage of 25 mg/L of drinking water had greater frequency of nonhemorrhagic and hemorrhagic diarrhea than did those given the higher concentrations, and diarrhea in some swine did not subside during medication. All medicated swine survived; in contrast, 90% mortality occurred in the nonmedicated swine. In all groups of medicated exposed swine, occasionally there was recurrence of diarrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:921023", "title": "Comparison of a new aminoglycoside (G-418) and gentamicin for the treatment of swine dysentery in swine naturally infected with Salmonella choleraesuis.", "content": "The addition of the aminoglycosidic antibiotic, G-418, to drinking water at the concentration of 37.5 mg/L for 3 days was effective in treatment of experimentally induced swine dysentery in swine. With this concentration, there was a recession of diarrhea during or immediately after withdrawal of medication. However, the diarrhea recurred approximately 2 weeks after medication was stopped. With the concentration of 12.5 mg of G-418/L given to swine for 3 days, the diarrhea did not recede during or after medication. With the concentration of 12.5 mg of gentamicin/L given to swine for 3 days, the diarrhea receded in some swine during and after medication, but more swine died in the medicated exposed groups than died in the nonmedicated exposed groups. Both drugs appeared to be effective against the concurrent spontaneous infection of Salmonella choleraesuis in the swine used in the study.", "contents": "Comparison of a new aminoglycoside (G-418) and gentamicin for the treatment of swine dysentery in swine naturally infected with Salmonella choleraesuis. The addition of the aminoglycosidic antibiotic, G-418, to drinking water at the concentration of 37.5 mg/L for 3 days was effective in treatment of experimentally induced swine dysentery in swine. With this concentration, there was a recession of diarrhea during or immediately after withdrawal of medication. However, the diarrhea recurred approximately 2 weeks after medication was stopped. With the concentration of 12.5 mg of G-418/L given to swine for 3 days, the diarrhea did not recede during or after medication. With the concentration of 12.5 mg of gentamicin/L given to swine for 3 days, the diarrhea receded in some swine during and after medication, but more swine died in the medicated exposed groups than died in the nonmedicated exposed groups. Both drugs appeared to be effective against the concurrent spontaneous infection of Salmonella choleraesuis in the swine used in the study."}
{"id": "PMID:921025", "title": "Anthelmintic efficiency of oxfendazole in California lambs.", "content": "Oxfendazole, methyl 5(6)-phenylsulfinyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate, was given by oral drench (5 mg/kg) to California lambs harboring natural infections of gastrointestinal nematodes. Ninety-nine percent of adult Ostertagia circumcincta, Ostertagia trifurcata, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Nematodirus filicollis, and Nematodirus spathiger were removed by the anthelmintic.", "contents": "Anthelmintic efficiency of oxfendazole in California lambs. Oxfendazole, methyl 5(6)-phenylsulfinyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate, was given by oral drench (5 mg/kg) to California lambs harboring natural infections of gastrointestinal nematodes. Ninety-nine percent of adult Ostertagia circumcincta, Ostertagia trifurcata, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Nematodirus filicollis, and Nematodirus spathiger were removed by the anthelmintic."}
{"id": "PMID:921027", "title": "Influence of dexamethasone on the recrudescence of Anaplasma marginale in splenectomized calves.", "content": "Dexamethasone was administered at the dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg of body weight to 11 splenectomized Anaplasma-carrier calves (groups 1 and 3) on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for 3 weeks. Observations were made on these calves and on 7 nontreated, comparable calves (group 2) to determine the influence of treatment on carrier infections. Dexamethasone treatment was associated in every instance with an exacerbation of the Anaplasma parasitemia and a decrease in packed red cell volume. The episode of acute anaplasmosis was of short duration, resembling the primary response, except that complement-fixation response did not increase accordingly. Serum protein electrophoresis of serums from 4 calves (group 3) undergoing the drug-induced response failed to show any significant change during the 3-week treatment period, but did show a significant increase in gamma-globulin immediately after treatment.", "contents": "Influence of dexamethasone on the recrudescence of Anaplasma marginale in splenectomized calves. Dexamethasone was administered at the dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg of body weight to 11 splenectomized Anaplasma-carrier calves (groups 1 and 3) on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for 3 weeks. Observations were made on these calves and on 7 nontreated, comparable calves (group 2) to determine the influence of treatment on carrier infections. Dexamethasone treatment was associated in every instance with an exacerbation of the Anaplasma parasitemia and a decrease in packed red cell volume. The episode of acute anaplasmosis was of short duration, resembling the primary response, except that complement-fixation response did not increase accordingly. Serum protein electrophoresis of serums from 4 calves (group 3) undergoing the drug-induced response failed to show any significant change during the 3-week treatment period, but did show a significant increase in gamma-globulin immediately after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:921030", "title": "Vaccination against feline pneumonitis.", "content": "A commercially available modified live chlamydial vaccine against feline pneumonitis was tested in 26 cats for its ability to protect against aerosol challenge exposure to the feline pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia psittaci. After cats were challenge exposed (30 days after vaccination), pyrexia of greater than 40.0 C occurred in 81% of nonvaccinated (control) cats and in 13% of vaccinated cats (principals). Evidence of upper respiratory tract disease and the presence of the agent in ocular fluids were observed less frequently in principals than in nonvaccinated cats. In the cats euthanatized at intervals of 3 days after challenge exposure, C psittaci was demonstrated in 60% of tissues tested from nonvaccinated controls and in 34% of similar tissues obtained from principals.", "contents": "Vaccination against feline pneumonitis. A commercially available modified live chlamydial vaccine against feline pneumonitis was tested in 26 cats for its ability to protect against aerosol challenge exposure to the feline pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia psittaci. After cats were challenge exposed (30 days after vaccination), pyrexia of greater than 40.0 C occurred in 81% of nonvaccinated (control) cats and in 13% of vaccinated cats (principals). Evidence of upper respiratory tract disease and the presence of the agent in ocular fluids were observed less frequently in principals than in nonvaccinated cats. In the cats euthanatized at intervals of 3 days after challenge exposure, C psittaci was demonstrated in 60% of tissues tested from nonvaccinated controls and in 34% of similar tissues obtained from principals."}
{"id": "PMID:921031", "title": "Susceptibility of dogs with heartworm disease to hypoxia.", "content": "Dogs with Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae and early radiographic pulmonary artery changes, but without pulmonary hypertension or clinical signs of heartworm disease, were studied. An exaggerated pulmonary hypertensive response was found in these dogs if subjected to 10% inspired oxygen. The mean pulmonary artery pressure of control dogs was increased from base line (prehypoxia control) of 15.8 +/- 2.3 (SEM) mm of Hg to 20.2 +/- 2.3 during hypoxia, and the mean pulmonary pressure of dogs with heartworm disease increased from base line of 16.4 +/- 2.4 to 26.4 +/- 1.6 during hypoxia. Pulmonary blood flow was not affected by hypoxia indicating that the increased pulmonary artery pressure was the result of increased pulmonary vascular resistance. There was an individual variation of this pulmonary hypertensive response of dogs with heartworm disease that did not appear related to the severity of the pulmonary arterial lesions, as evaluated by pulmonary arteriography.", "contents": "Susceptibility of dogs with heartworm disease to hypoxia. Dogs with Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae and early radiographic pulmonary artery changes, but without pulmonary hypertension or clinical signs of heartworm disease, were studied. An exaggerated pulmonary hypertensive response was found in these dogs if subjected to 10% inspired oxygen. The mean pulmonary artery pressure of control dogs was increased from base line (prehypoxia control) of 15.8 +/- 2.3 (SEM) mm of Hg to 20.2 +/- 2.3 during hypoxia, and the mean pulmonary pressure of dogs with heartworm disease increased from base line of 16.4 +/- 2.4 to 26.4 +/- 1.6 during hypoxia. Pulmonary blood flow was not affected by hypoxia indicating that the increased pulmonary artery pressure was the result of increased pulmonary vascular resistance. There was an individual variation of this pulmonary hypertensive response of dogs with heartworm disease that did not appear related to the severity of the pulmonary arterial lesions, as evaluated by pulmonary arteriography."}
{"id": "PMID:921032", "title": "Biological evaluation of mibolerone in the female Beagle.", "content": "Mibolerone effectively inhibited estrous activity in immature or mature Beagle bitches given 60 and 200 microgram, respectively, daily for up to 730 days. A dose level of 20 microgram of mibolerone daily was 70% effective in preventing estrus. Effects of mibolerone included estrus inhibition prolongation of the interestrous interval in bitches given 20 microgram of the mibolerone daily, vaginal discharge, and a dose-related increase in clitoral size. A decrease in posttreatment conception rate was observed only in bitches receiving 20 microgram of mibolerone daily for 730 days. Pups born to bitches conceiving after mibolerone treatment were grossly normal.", "contents": "Biological evaluation of mibolerone in the female Beagle. Mibolerone effectively inhibited estrous activity in immature or mature Beagle bitches given 60 and 200 microgram, respectively, daily for up to 730 days. A dose level of 20 microgram of mibolerone daily was 70% effective in preventing estrus. Effects of mibolerone included estrus inhibition prolongation of the interestrous interval in bitches given 20 microgram of the mibolerone daily, vaginal discharge, and a dose-related increase in clitoral size. A decrease in posttreatment conception rate was observed only in bitches receiving 20 microgram of mibolerone daily for 730 days. Pups born to bitches conceiving after mibolerone treatment were grossly normal."}
{"id": "PMID:921033", "title": "Thiobarbiturate-induced dysrhythmias: the role of heart rate and autonomic imbalance.", "content": "Constantly coupled ventricular bigeminy in dogs can be elicited by intravenous boluses of thiamylal sodium. Properties of the bigeminal rhythm are similar to those produced by halothane or cyclopropane inhalation anesthetic-epinephrine-induced dysrhythmias. The mechanism responsible for the initiation of ventricular bigeminy, and perhaps most dysrhythmias in the dog during thiobarbiturate anesthesia, appears to be an imbalance between parasympathetic and sympathetic efferent activity. Moderate increases in arterial blood pressure and atrial rate augment the tendency for dysrhythmia production. Atropine was effective in abolishing ventricular bigeminy in most cases through overdrive suppression. Propranolol appeared to abolish ventricular bigeminal rhythms by suppression of sympathetic efferent activity without causing noticeable changes in arterial blood pressure.", "contents": "Thiobarbiturate-induced dysrhythmias: the role of heart rate and autonomic imbalance. Constantly coupled ventricular bigeminy in dogs can be elicited by intravenous boluses of thiamylal sodium. Properties of the bigeminal rhythm are similar to those produced by halothane or cyclopropane inhalation anesthetic-epinephrine-induced dysrhythmias. The mechanism responsible for the initiation of ventricular bigeminy, and perhaps most dysrhythmias in the dog during thiobarbiturate anesthesia, appears to be an imbalance between parasympathetic and sympathetic efferent activity. Moderate increases in arterial blood pressure and atrial rate augment the tendency for dysrhythmia production. Atropine was effective in abolishing ventricular bigeminy in most cases through overdrive suppression. Propranolol appeared to abolish ventricular bigeminal rhythms by suppression of sympathetic efferent activity without causing noticeable changes in arterial blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:921034", "title": "Limited survey of genital infection by guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent.", "content": "Cervical or urethral scrapings were collected from 245 guinea pigs that had clinical signs of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) or were parents of newborn young having clinical signs of GPIC. Giemsa-stained smears were examined for cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and samples were passaged in 6-day-old embryonating eggs. Complement-fixation tests were performed on 44 samples passaged through eggs in an effort to detect the presence of GPIC antigen. Unequivocal evidence of chlamydial infection of the genital tract was not found.", "contents": "Limited survey of genital infection by guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent. Cervical or urethral scrapings were collected from 245 guinea pigs that had clinical signs of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) or were parents of newborn young having clinical signs of GPIC. Giemsa-stained smears were examined for cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and samples were passaged in 6-day-old embryonating eggs. Complement-fixation tests were performed on 44 samples passaged through eggs in an effort to detect the presence of GPIC antigen. Unequivocal evidence of chlamydial infection of the genital tract was not found."}
{"id": "PMID:921036", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations in skeletal muscle of ducklings fed selenium-vitamin E-deficient diet.", "content": "Newly-hatched ducklings were fed a selenium-vitamin E-deficient diet for 13 to 21 days. Ducklings were killed sequentially and the skeletal muscle alterations were studied by light and electron microscopy. An early alteration in skeletal muscle fibers was lysis of myofibrils, at first focal and later widespread. The sarcoplasm of damaged fibers appeared hyalinized by light microscopy. Degenerated skeletal muscle fibers with extensive lysis of myofibrils also had marked mitochondrial alterations, including swelling, formation of matrical densities, disruption of cristal membranes, and persistence of thick, dense, wavy, disrupted membranes. A sheath of external lamina persisted over degenerated segments of fibers which were invaded by macrophages that phagocytosed and removed the sarcoplasmic debris. Regeneration in damaged fibers was thought to proceed from thin subsarcolemmal satellite cells that survived the degenerative process. These satellite cells apparently developed into myoblasts, which fused to form myotubes that extended through the degenerated segments of fibers. Fibrillogenesis and sarcomerogenesis were apparent in myotubes. These structural alterations are discussed in terms of current knowledge of the combined biochemical role of selenium and vitamin E in maintaining cellular integrity.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations in skeletal muscle of ducklings fed selenium-vitamin E-deficient diet. Newly-hatched ducklings were fed a selenium-vitamin E-deficient diet for 13 to 21 days. Ducklings were killed sequentially and the skeletal muscle alterations were studied by light and electron microscopy. An early alteration in skeletal muscle fibers was lysis of myofibrils, at first focal and later widespread. The sarcoplasm of damaged fibers appeared hyalinized by light microscopy. Degenerated skeletal muscle fibers with extensive lysis of myofibrils also had marked mitochondrial alterations, including swelling, formation of matrical densities, disruption of cristal membranes, and persistence of thick, dense, wavy, disrupted membranes. A sheath of external lamina persisted over degenerated segments of fibers which were invaded by macrophages that phagocytosed and removed the sarcoplasmic debris. Regeneration in damaged fibers was thought to proceed from thin subsarcolemmal satellite cells that survived the degenerative process. These satellite cells apparently developed into myoblasts, which fused to form myotubes that extended through the degenerated segments of fibers. Fibrillogenesis and sarcomerogenesis were apparent in myotubes. These structural alterations are discussed in terms of current knowledge of the combined biochemical role of selenium and vitamin E in maintaining cellular integrity."}
{"id": "PMID:921037", "title": "Modification of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in mice by X radiation.", "content": "A highly virulent strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus produced less severe histopathologic changes in brain tissues of mice previously exposed to sublethal total-body x-irradiation than it caused in nonirradiated mice. Prior exposure to 600 R of x-irradiation virtually eliminated the lesions of vasculitis and encephalitis that were found in the infected nonirradiated control mice. Mean peak brain lesion scores generally decreased as radiation exposure dose was increased. Irradiation of mice before inoculation often decreased median time to death, whereas the severity of pathologic changes in brain tissues from inoculated irradiated mice was often reduced, without significantly altering ultimate host survival. The inflammatory response did not appear to have a significant role in clearance of this virus from the brain. There was no evidence that participation of the immune response contributed to total mortality from VEE virus encephalitis, as indicated by the failure of radiation immunosuppression to reduce mortality. Death apparently was caused by the direct cytocidal effects of VEE virus replication.", "contents": "Modification of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in mice by X radiation. A highly virulent strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus produced less severe histopathologic changes in brain tissues of mice previously exposed to sublethal total-body x-irradiation than it caused in nonirradiated mice. Prior exposure to 600 R of x-irradiation virtually eliminated the lesions of vasculitis and encephalitis that were found in the infected nonirradiated control mice. Mean peak brain lesion scores generally decreased as radiation exposure dose was increased. Irradiation of mice before inoculation often decreased median time to death, whereas the severity of pathologic changes in brain tissues from inoculated irradiated mice was often reduced, without significantly altering ultimate host survival. The inflammatory response did not appear to have a significant role in clearance of this virus from the brain. There was no evidence that participation of the immune response contributed to total mortality from VEE virus encephalitis, as indicated by the failure of radiation immunosuppression to reduce mortality. Death apparently was caused by the direct cytocidal effects of VEE virus replication."}
{"id": "PMID:921038", "title": "Growth, virulence, and immunogenicity of Leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak.", "content": "Leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak was characterized by (1) its growth in polysorbate 80-bovine albumin medium, (2) its virulence and course of infection in laboratory animals, and (3) its immunogenicity. Growth of this organism was continuous and vigorous at 29 C and 37 C in liquid medium for 10 serial subcultures. Some specific lots of agar were superior to other agars if tested for the ability to support the growth of small inoculums. Individual colonies resulted from growth of small inoculums on solid polysorbate medium. Virulence of the organisms did not appear to be altered by 10 serial subcultures in liquid medium incubated at 29 C. The estimated median lethal dose of szwajizak for hamsters by the intraperitoneal route was 2 cells. Virulence, infectivity, and pathogenicity of szwajizak were shown in the hamster and the guinea pig. Protection results indicate the heat-inactivated szwajizak bacterin was a substantially better immunizing agent than the chemically inactivated bacterin. Serotype hardjo bacterins provided hamsters some protection against death if challenge exposed with szwajizak, but afforded no protection against infection.", "contents": "Growth, virulence, and immunogenicity of Leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak. Leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak was characterized by (1) its growth in polysorbate 80-bovine albumin medium, (2) its virulence and course of infection in laboratory animals, and (3) its immunogenicity. Growth of this organism was continuous and vigorous at 29 C and 37 C in liquid medium for 10 serial subcultures. Some specific lots of agar were superior to other agars if tested for the ability to support the growth of small inoculums. Individual colonies resulted from growth of small inoculums on solid polysorbate medium. Virulence of the organisms did not appear to be altered by 10 serial subcultures in liquid medium incubated at 29 C. The estimated median lethal dose of szwajizak for hamsters by the intraperitoneal route was 2 cells. Virulence, infectivity, and pathogenicity of szwajizak were shown in the hamster and the guinea pig. Protection results indicate the heat-inactivated szwajizak bacterin was a substantially better immunizing agent than the chemically inactivated bacterin. Serotype hardjo bacterins provided hamsters some protection against death if challenge exposed with szwajizak, but afforded no protection against infection."}
{"id": "PMID:921039", "title": "Anthelmintic activity of albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in calves.", "content": "Anthelmintic activities of albendazole were evaluated in a controlled experiment. Forty calves experimentally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were allotted to 4 groups. Calves in group 1 were used as nonmedicated controls; calves in groups 2, 3, and 4 were given (by oral route) a suspension containing albendazole at dose concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/kg of body weight on the 35th day after administration of infective nematode larvae. In groups 2, 3, and 4 calves, average overall reductions (based on geometric means) were 77.1, 93.6, and 98.1%, respectively. These reductions were highly significant (P less than 0.01) in calves given doses of 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg, and were significant  (P less than 0.05) in calves given the 2.5-mg/kg dose. Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia onchophora, Cooperia punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum removals at the 5.0- and 7.5-mg/kg dose levels were all highly significant (P less than 0.01); whereas, removals of Haemonchus contortus were not significant, even at the 7.5-mg/kg dose level.", "contents": "Anthelmintic activity of albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in calves. Anthelmintic activities of albendazole were evaluated in a controlled experiment. Forty calves experimentally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were allotted to 4 groups. Calves in group 1 were used as nonmedicated controls; calves in groups 2, 3, and 4 were given (by oral route) a suspension containing albendazole at dose concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/kg of body weight on the 35th day after administration of infective nematode larvae. In groups 2, 3, and 4 calves, average overall reductions (based on geometric means) were 77.1, 93.6, and 98.1%, respectively. These reductions were highly significant (P less than 0.01) in calves given doses of 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg, and were significant  (P less than 0.05) in calves given the 2.5-mg/kg dose. Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia onchophora, Cooperia punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum removals at the 5.0- and 7.5-mg/kg dose levels were all highly significant (P less than 0.01); whereas, removals of Haemonchus contortus were not significant, even at the 7.5-mg/kg dose level."}
{"id": "PMID:921040", "title": "Canine bone scanning: its use as a diagnostic tool for canine hip dysplasia.", "content": "The developing coxofemoral joint was evaluated in 7 dogs by means of pelvic scintigraphy (bone scanning) and pelvic radiography. Each procedure was performed monthly for 10 months to determine if early degenerative changes associated with canine hip dysplasia could be detected scintigraphically before they could be detected radiographically. At the end of the experiment, it was obvious that pelvic scintigraphy was a less sensitive tool for the diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia than pelvic radiography.", "contents": "Canine bone scanning: its use as a diagnostic tool for canine hip dysplasia. The developing coxofemoral joint was evaluated in 7 dogs by means of pelvic scintigraphy (bone scanning) and pelvic radiography. Each procedure was performed monthly for 10 months to determine if early degenerative changes associated with canine hip dysplasia could be detected scintigraphically before they could be detected radiographically. At the end of the experiment, it was obvious that pelvic scintigraphy was a less sensitive tool for the diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia than pelvic radiography."}
{"id": "PMID:921041", "title": "Serologic survey of leptospiral antibodies in horses in California.", "content": "A serologic survey was made of the prevalence of common leptospiral infections in horses in California. A total of 465 serums were tested, using the microscopic agglutination method, against 5 leptospiral serotypes: Leptospira pomona, Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, Leptospira canicola, Leptospira grippotyphosa, and Leptospira hardjo. Of the serums tested, 127 (27.30%) were positive against 1 or more of the leptospires, with percentage distribution among the reactors as follows: L pomona, 12.47%; L icterohaemorrhagiae, 10.32%; L canicola, 3.22%; L grippotyphosa, 0.86%; and L hardjo, 0.43%. The prevalence of reactors to leptospiral antigens did not differ with the age or sex of the animals.", "contents": "Serologic survey of leptospiral antibodies in horses in California. A serologic survey was made of the prevalence of common leptospiral infections in horses in California. A total of 465 serums were tested, using the microscopic agglutination method, against 5 leptospiral serotypes: Leptospira pomona, Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, Leptospira canicola, Leptospira grippotyphosa, and Leptospira hardjo. Of the serums tested, 127 (27.30%) were positive against 1 or more of the leptospires, with percentage distribution among the reactors as follows: L pomona, 12.47%; L icterohaemorrhagiae, 10.32%; L canicola, 3.22%; L grippotyphosa, 0.86%; and L hardjo, 0.43%. The prevalence of reactors to leptospiral antigens did not differ with the age or sex of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:921050", "title": "Pulmonary mechanics in fibrosing alveolitis: the effects of lung shrinkage.", "content": "Pulmonary and airway mechanics were studied in 8 patients with severe fibrosing alveolitis. In this disease, the number of functioning alveoli is probably considerably decreased, but static compliance was low even when related to the decreased lung volume. Lung recoil pressures toward full inflation were high but were not increased at and below functional residual capacity. Airway function was broadly normal for lung recoil pressure but supernormal for absolute lung volume. Analysis of model pressure-volume and maximal flow-volume curves showed that (1) these features could be produced simply by replacement of some units by indistensible fibrous tissue and retention of normal function of the surviving alveoli, respiratory muscles, chest wall, and airways; (2) increased lung tissue volume may prevent an increase in lung recoil pressures in the lower part of the vital capacity; and (3) the decreased lung volume could result in a decrease in upstream conductance without structural change in the airways. Measurement of lung compliance, even when corrected for the decreased lung volumes, may not distinguish between loss of units (lung \"shrinkage\") and abnormal distensibility of the functioning alveoli, but the latter is likely if maximal expiratory flow is excessive in relation to the lung volume expressed as per cent vital capacity.", "contents": "Pulmonary mechanics in fibrosing alveolitis: the effects of lung shrinkage. Pulmonary and airway mechanics were studied in 8 patients with severe fibrosing alveolitis. In this disease, the number of functioning alveoli is probably considerably decreased, but static compliance was low even when related to the decreased lung volume. Lung recoil pressures toward full inflation were high but were not increased at and below functional residual capacity. Airway function was broadly normal for lung recoil pressure but supernormal for absolute lung volume. Analysis of model pressure-volume and maximal flow-volume curves showed that (1) these features could be produced simply by replacement of some units by indistensible fibrous tissue and retention of normal function of the surviving alveoli, respiratory muscles, chest wall, and airways; (2) increased lung tissue volume may prevent an increase in lung recoil pressures in the lower part of the vital capacity; and (3) the decreased lung volume could result in a decrease in upstream conductance without structural change in the airways. Measurement of lung compliance, even when corrected for the decreased lung volumes, may not distinguish between loss of units (lung \"shrinkage\") and abnormal distensibility of the functioning alveoli, but the latter is likely if maximal expiratory flow is excessive in relation to the lung volume expressed as per cent vital capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:921052", "title": "Bronchial lymphoepithelial nodules in the rat: morphologic features and uptake and transport of exogenous proteins.", "content": "Using morphologic and ultrastructural criteria, the present study in the rat was undertaken to distinguish lymphoepithelial modules from lymphoid aggregates and lymph modes, and to demonstrate the uptake and transport of ferritin and latex particles, instilled in the trachea, by the lymphoepithelium. Unlike lymph nodes or lymphoid aggregates, lymphoepithelial nodules can be distinguished by the following characteristics of the lymphoepithelium: it is flattened and devoid of goblet cells; it contains intracellular and \"intercellular\" vacuoles; occasional macrophage-like cells infiltrates and surrounding lymphocytes clusters can be observed. At any time, no latex particle was found inside or under the lymphoepithelium, but until 1 hour after local instillation, ferritin particles were localized close to the cilia, at the luminal surface of the epithelium, within vesicles at the surface of some cells, and in the intercellular space. Moreover, ferritin particles were consistently present on both sides of the basement membrane after 1 hour. These results suggest that lymphoepithelial nodules may be considered as original structures capable of uptake and transport across the basement membrane of certain foreign materials.", "contents": "Bronchial lymphoepithelial nodules in the rat: morphologic features and uptake and transport of exogenous proteins. Using morphologic and ultrastructural criteria, the present study in the rat was undertaken to distinguish lymphoepithelial modules from lymphoid aggregates and lymph modes, and to demonstrate the uptake and transport of ferritin and latex particles, instilled in the trachea, by the lymphoepithelium. Unlike lymph nodes or lymphoid aggregates, lymphoepithelial nodules can be distinguished by the following characteristics of the lymphoepithelium: it is flattened and devoid of goblet cells; it contains intracellular and \"intercellular\" vacuoles; occasional macrophage-like cells infiltrates and surrounding lymphocytes clusters can be observed. At any time, no latex particle was found inside or under the lymphoepithelium, but until 1 hour after local instillation, ferritin particles were localized close to the cilia, at the luminal surface of the epithelium, within vesicles at the surface of some cells, and in the intercellular space. Moreover, ferritin particles were consistently present on both sides of the basement membrane after 1 hour. These results suggest that lymphoepithelial nodules may be considered as original structures capable of uptake and transport across the basement membrane of certain foreign materials."}
{"id": "PMID:921053", "title": "Glycoprotein secretion by tracheal explants cultured from rats exposed to ozone.", "content": "Tracheal explants from rats exposed to 0.8 ppm (1.9 mg per m3) of ozone 8 hours per day for 1 to 90 days were incubated in culture with glucosamine labeled with carbon-14 or hydrogen-3. Compared with tracheas from control rats exposed to filtered air, the explants demonstrated a decreased rate of glycoprotein secretion for exposure intervals of as long as one week, followed by a rebound to an increased rate of glycoprotein secretion for at least 12 weeks of continued exposure to ozone. Detailed study of the behavior of labeled glycoproteins from the culture medium on chromatography on columns of BioGel A-150m demonstrated that the ratio of the low to high molecular weight peaks increased when there was an increased rate of glycoprotein secretion. This is the first report of a direct biochemical effect induced by ozone on airway metabolism.", "contents": "Glycoprotein secretion by tracheal explants cultured from rats exposed to ozone. Tracheal explants from rats exposed to 0.8 ppm (1.9 mg per m3) of ozone 8 hours per day for 1 to 90 days were incubated in culture with glucosamine labeled with carbon-14 or hydrogen-3. Compared with tracheas from control rats exposed to filtered air, the explants demonstrated a decreased rate of glycoprotein secretion for exposure intervals of as long as one week, followed by a rebound to an increased rate of glycoprotein secretion for at least 12 weeks of continued exposure to ozone. Detailed study of the behavior of labeled glycoproteins from the culture medium on chromatography on columns of BioGel A-150m demonstrated that the ratio of the low to high molecular weight peaks increased when there was an increased rate of glycoprotein secretion. This is the first report of a direct biochemical effect induced by ozone on airway metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:921056", "title": "Apparent diminution of the blastomycin skin test; follow-up of an epidemic of blastomycosis.", "content": "Eighteen persons involved in an epidemic of blastomycosis were followed for a period of 3 years. None of the symptomatic patients received antifungal therapy and all recovered spontaneously. During the period of follow-up observation all patients remained in excellent health, and none showed evidence of late exacerbation of the original illness. Two of the originally symptomatic patients continue to show stable pulmonary nodules on chest roentgenograms, whereas the previously abnormal chest roentgenograms in the other patients have become negative. Sixteen of these 18 patients showed a minimum of 5 mm of induration when tested with blastomycin skin test antigen. During the period of observation, the size of this induration tended to diminish.", "contents": "Apparent diminution of the blastomycin skin test; follow-up of an epidemic of blastomycosis. Eighteen persons involved in an epidemic of blastomycosis were followed for a period of 3 years. None of the symptomatic patients received antifungal therapy and all recovered spontaneously. During the period of follow-up observation all patients remained in excellent health, and none showed evidence of late exacerbation of the original illness. Two of the originally symptomatic patients continue to show stable pulmonary nodules on chest roentgenograms, whereas the previously abnormal chest roentgenograms in the other patients have become negative. Sixteen of these 18 patients showed a minimum of 5 mm of induration when tested with blastomycin skin test antigen. During the period of observation, the size of this induration tended to diminish."}
{"id": "PMID:921061", "title": "Ventilatory muscle endurance training in normal subjects and patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Ventilatory muscles can become fatigued, and this can contribute to respiratory failure. Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease may benefit from improving their ventilatory muscle endurance to improve resistance to fatigue. Ventilatory muscle endurance was measured in 30 normal subjects and 55 patients with cystic fibrosis by finding the highest level of normocapnic hyperpnea that could be sustained for 15 min. Subjects with cystic fibrosis had 36 per cent higher ventilatory muscle endurance than normal subjects, reflecting the chronic training stress of breathing against increased respiratory loads. Four normal subjects and 4 subjects with cystic fibrosis participated in a specific ventilatory muscle endurance training program consisting of 25 min per day of maximal normocapnic hyperpnea 5 days per week for 4 weeks. The cystic fibrosis patients who trained improved their ventilatory muscle endurance by 51.6 per cent, whereas the normal subjects who trained showed a 22.1 per cent increase in ventilatory muscle endurance. Seven subjects with cystic fibrosis participated in a 4-week physical activity training program consisting of at least 1.5 hours per day of intensive swimming and canoeing at summer camp. They increased their ventilatory muscle endurance by 56.7 per cent. There were no other pulmonary function changes. Ventilatory muscle endurance can be readily improved in cystic fibrosis equally well by specific ventilatory muscle endurance exercise.", "contents": "Ventilatory muscle endurance training in normal subjects and patients with cystic fibrosis. Ventilatory muscles can become fatigued, and this can contribute to respiratory failure. Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease may benefit from improving their ventilatory muscle endurance to improve resistance to fatigue. Ventilatory muscle endurance was measured in 30 normal subjects and 55 patients with cystic fibrosis by finding the highest level of normocapnic hyperpnea that could be sustained for 15 min. Subjects with cystic fibrosis had 36 per cent higher ventilatory muscle endurance than normal subjects, reflecting the chronic training stress of breathing against increased respiratory loads. Four normal subjects and 4 subjects with cystic fibrosis participated in a specific ventilatory muscle endurance training program consisting of 25 min per day of maximal normocapnic hyperpnea 5 days per week for 4 weeks. The cystic fibrosis patients who trained improved their ventilatory muscle endurance by 51.6 per cent, whereas the normal subjects who trained showed a 22.1 per cent increase in ventilatory muscle endurance. Seven subjects with cystic fibrosis participated in a 4-week physical activity training program consisting of at least 1.5 hours per day of intensive swimming and canoeing at summer camp. They increased their ventilatory muscle endurance by 56.7 per cent. There were no other pulmonary function changes. Ventilatory muscle endurance can be readily improved in cystic fibrosis equally well by specific ventilatory muscle endurance exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:921062", "title": "Bronchodilating effect and side effects of beta2- adrenoceptor stimulants by different modes of administration (tablets, metered aerosol, and combinations thereof). A study with salbutamol in asthmatics.", "content": "Effects and side effects of an adrenergic beta2-stimulant (salbutamol) given by mouth and by inhalation from a metered aerosol were compared. Cumulative dose-response curves for both routes of administration concerning 1-sec forced expiratory volume, forced vital capacity, heart rate, blood pressure, and tremor were constructed. Tremor was found to be the dose-limiting side effect with both modes of administration. The metered aerosol in doses as large as 0.6 mg was shown to produce a greater increase in the 1-sec forced expiratory volume, with fewer side effects than could be achieved with tolerable doses of salbutamol by mouth. An oral dose of 6 mg is probably the maximal tolerable dose in most cases. Oral treatment seems to have a better effect than inhalation treatment on the forced vital capacity at the same effect on 1-sec forced expiratory volume, possibly due to a better effect on small peripheral airways. The effect of combining different oral doses of salbutamol with inhaled salbutamol was also studied. A very good additional effect of inhalations given after 4 and 6 mg by mouth was shown.", "contents": "Bronchodilating effect and side effects of beta2- adrenoceptor stimulants by different modes of administration (tablets, metered aerosol, and combinations thereof). A study with salbutamol in asthmatics. Effects and side effects of an adrenergic beta2-stimulant (salbutamol) given by mouth and by inhalation from a metered aerosol were compared. Cumulative dose-response curves for both routes of administration concerning 1-sec forced expiratory volume, forced vital capacity, heart rate, blood pressure, and tremor were constructed. Tremor was found to be the dose-limiting side effect with both modes of administration. The metered aerosol in doses as large as 0.6 mg was shown to produce a greater increase in the 1-sec forced expiratory volume, with fewer side effects than could be achieved with tolerable doses of salbutamol by mouth. An oral dose of 6 mg is probably the maximal tolerable dose in most cases. Oral treatment seems to have a better effect than inhalation treatment on the forced vital capacity at the same effect on 1-sec forced expiratory volume, possibly due to a better effect on small peripheral airways. The effect of combining different oral doses of salbutamol with inhaled salbutamol was also studied. A very good additional effect of inhalations given after 4 and 6 mg by mouth was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:921063", "title": "Pulmonary functional abnormalities after upper dorsal sympathectomy.", "content": "Pulmonary function tests were performed in a group of 15 patients before and 1 to 3 months after upper dorsal sympathectomy. Significant decreases in all compartments of lung volume and maximal expiratory flows were found. Serial studies in 3 patients showed improvement after 6 to 8 months.", "contents": "Pulmonary functional abnormalities after upper dorsal sympathectomy. Pulmonary function tests were performed in a group of 15 patients before and 1 to 3 months after upper dorsal sympathectomy. Significant decreases in all compartments of lung volume and maximal expiratory flows were found. Serial studies in 3 patients showed improvement after 6 to 8 months."}
{"id": "PMID:921065", "title": "The effects of ethchlorvynol on pulmonary alveolar membrane permeability.", "content": "Intravenous injection of ethchlorvynol (Placidyl) causes noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in humans and laboratory animals. We studied the effects of intravenous ethchlorvynol (15 to 25 mg per kg of body weight) on pulmonary alveolar membrane permeability to various endogenous and exogenous solutes in the in vivo saline-filled dog lung model. Baseline and postethchlorvynol times in minutes for 50 per cent equilibration between the blood and saline-filled alveoli were, respectively, for urea, 37.3 +/- 12.4 and 12 +/- 6.3; for albumin 8,160 +/- 4,400 and 267 +/- 93; for dextrans of molecular weight 10,400 daltons, 1,150 +/- 80 and 185 +/- 160; for dextrans of molecular weight 250,000 daltons, 24,000 +/- 800 and 1,120 +/- 900; for dextrans of molecular weight 500,000 daltons, 24,500 +/- 150 and 1,020 +/- 590. All of these pairs of values were significantly different (P less than 0.01). In addition, lung liquid histamine (but not blood histamine) concentrations increased significantly (P less than 0.001) after ethchlorvynol injection. Intravenous ethchlorvynol causes marked increases in alveolar membrane permeability.", "contents": "The effects of ethchlorvynol on pulmonary alveolar membrane permeability. Intravenous injection of ethchlorvynol (Placidyl) causes noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in humans and laboratory animals. We studied the effects of intravenous ethchlorvynol (15 to 25 mg per kg of body weight) on pulmonary alveolar membrane permeability to various endogenous and exogenous solutes in the in vivo saline-filled dog lung model. Baseline and postethchlorvynol times in minutes for 50 per cent equilibration between the blood and saline-filled alveoli were, respectively, for urea, 37.3 +/- 12.4 and 12 +/- 6.3; for albumin 8,160 +/- 4,400 and 267 +/- 93; for dextrans of molecular weight 10,400 daltons, 1,150 +/- 80 and 185 +/- 160; for dextrans of molecular weight 250,000 daltons, 24,000 +/- 800 and 1,120 +/- 900; for dextrans of molecular weight 500,000 daltons, 24,500 +/- 150 and 1,020 +/- 590. All of these pairs of values were significantly different (P less than 0.01). In addition, lung liquid histamine (but not blood histamine) concentrations increased significantly (P less than 0.001) after ethchlorvynol injection. Intravenous ethchlorvynol causes marked increases in alveolar membrane permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:921068", "title": "Sarcoidosis: analysis of cells obtained by bronchial lavage.", "content": "The cellular content of bronchial lavage was studied in 14 patients with sarcoidosis and 20 normal volunteers. There was no alteration in the total number of cells recovered, except for the expected increase in cellularity in smokers. Nonsmoking patients with sarcoidosis had 19.6 per cent lymphocytes, compared to 8.1 per cent lymphocytes in nonsmoking control subjects. The percentage of alveolar macrophages showing spontaneous adherence of one or more bronchial lymphocytes were, respectively, 10.8 and 8.4 in nonsmoking and smoking patients with sarcoidosis, compared to 1.8 and 2.1, respectively, in nonsmoking and smoking control subjects.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis: analysis of cells obtained by bronchial lavage. The cellular content of bronchial lavage was studied in 14 patients with sarcoidosis and 20 normal volunteers. There was no alteration in the total number of cells recovered, except for the expected increase in cellularity in smokers. Nonsmoking patients with sarcoidosis had 19.6 per cent lymphocytes, compared to 8.1 per cent lymphocytes in nonsmoking control subjects. The percentage of alveolar macrophages showing spontaneous adherence of one or more bronchial lymphocytes were, respectively, 10.8 and 8.4 in nonsmoking and smoking patients with sarcoidosis, compared to 1.8 and 2.1, respectively, in nonsmoking and smoking control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:921069", "title": "Experimental canine tracheal grafts with reversible squamous metaplasia.", "content": "A technique for making bistomal tracheal pedicle grafts in dogs is described. The grafts were placed subcutaneously in the neck, and their mucosa was readily accessible to serial manipulations, endoscopic examinations, and biopsies, without requiring anesthesia. Squamous metaplasia developed in 5 of 8 grafts, or 63 per cent, within 1 week. Within 12 weeks, squamous metaplasia was seen in all grafts, and it was consistently accompanied by basal hyperplasia. After orthotopic reimplantation of the grafts, the squamous metaplasia proved to be reversible within 4 weeks. The preparation used for making these observations is a valuable research tool for sequential studies of the respiratory tract mucosa.", "contents": "Experimental canine tracheal grafts with reversible squamous metaplasia. A technique for making bistomal tracheal pedicle grafts in dogs is described. The grafts were placed subcutaneously in the neck, and their mucosa was readily accessible to serial manipulations, endoscopic examinations, and biopsies, without requiring anesthesia. Squamous metaplasia developed in 5 of 8 grafts, or 63 per cent, within 1 week. Within 12 weeks, squamous metaplasia was seen in all grafts, and it was consistently accompanied by basal hyperplasia. After orthotopic reimplantation of the grafts, the squamous metaplasia proved to be reversible within 4 weeks. The preparation used for making these observations is a valuable research tool for sequential studies of the respiratory tract mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:921074", "title": "Carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "We review 10 years' experience with cancer of the thoracic esophagus with an additional minimal six-year observation period of a few surviving patients. Differences must exist in this tumor because therapeutic response, especially irradiation varies in different localities. Very few intrathoracic cancers in our series were resectable. Operation or operation with irradiation produced the only longtime survivors. The number of candidates for resection can probably be increased by preoperative irradiation. Considering the lack of good methods of early detection, the technical problems of the fraility of the tissues involved and their locations, the survival time of the resected patients was surprisingly good. Until entirely new concepts of treatment are introduced, our efforts should be directed toward earlier detection if improved results are to be anticipated.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the esophagus. We review 10 years' experience with cancer of the thoracic esophagus with an additional minimal six-year observation period of a few surviving patients. Differences must exist in this tumor because therapeutic response, especially irradiation varies in different localities. Very few intrathoracic cancers in our series were resectable. Operation or operation with irradiation produced the only longtime survivors. The number of candidates for resection can probably be increased by preoperative irradiation. Considering the lack of good methods of early detection, the technical problems of the fraility of the tissues involved and their locations, the survival time of the resected patients was surprisingly good. Until entirely new concepts of treatment are introduced, our efforts should be directed toward earlier detection if improved results are to be anticipated."}
{"id": "PMID:921075", "title": "Surgical management of chylothorax.", "content": "We believe that proximal thoracic duct ligation is a relatively simple yet conclusive means of control of chylothorax. One should still attempt conservative management of the lesion with aspiration therapy, tube thorocostomy and the adminstration of medium length triglyceride fatty acid diets. However, if this is not successful within two to three weeks, one should not wait for disastrous nutritional degeneration before recommending this form of surgical intervention.", "contents": "Surgical management of chylothorax. We believe that proximal thoracic duct ligation is a relatively simple yet conclusive means of control of chylothorax. One should still attempt conservative management of the lesion with aspiration therapy, tube thorocostomy and the adminstration of medium length triglyceride fatty acid diets. However, if this is not successful within two to three weeks, one should not wait for disastrous nutritional degeneration before recommending this form of surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:921077", "title": "Successful revascularization of mesenteric infarction following aortography.", "content": "Two cases of bowel infarction following abdominal aortography are presented. In both patients, two of the three major arteries supplying the bowel were occluded before the study. The superior mesenteric artery in one and the inferior mesenteric artery in the other were the only arteries supplying the bowel and their lumens were reduced. After the aortogram, the residual lumen clotted, leading to bowel necrosis. Survival was made possible in these two cases by revascularizing the superior mesenteric artery and resecting the necrotic bowel.", "contents": "Successful revascularization of mesenteric infarction following aortography. Two cases of bowel infarction following abdominal aortography are presented. In both patients, two of the three major arteries supplying the bowel were occluded before the study. The superior mesenteric artery in one and the inferior mesenteric artery in the other were the only arteries supplying the bowel and their lumens were reduced. After the aortogram, the residual lumen clotted, leading to bowel necrosis. Survival was made possible in these two cases by revascularizing the superior mesenteric artery and resecting the necrotic bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:921078", "title": "Carcinoma of the prostate diagnosed initially as carcinoma of the rectum.", "content": "Carcinoma of the prostate appearing as a primary rectal tumor is more common than generally realized. Multiple biopsies with special stains and complete urologic investigation may be necessary before its prostatic origin can be established. The importance of making the proper diagnosis is underlined by the differences in treatment for the two lesions.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the prostate diagnosed initially as carcinoma of the rectum. Carcinoma of the prostate appearing as a primary rectal tumor is more common than generally realized. Multiple biopsies with special stains and complete urologic investigation may be necessary before its prostatic origin can be established. The importance of making the proper diagnosis is underlined by the differences in treatment for the two lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:921079", "title": "Surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis.", "content": "A study of the results of surgical treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis showed that cholecystectomy is a safe procedure for the majority of patients during their initial hospitalization and avoids the risk of recurrent attacks and readmissions. Cholecystostomy has a limited place in the treatment of older patients with systemic disease and advanced local disease. Early aggressive management of acute cholecystitis will probably reduce complications of cholecystitis and reduce the need for cholecystostomy.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis. A study of the results of surgical treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis showed that cholecystectomy is a safe procedure for the majority of patients during their initial hospitalization and avoids the risk of recurrent attacks and readmissions. Cholecystostomy has a limited place in the treatment of older patients with systemic disease and advanced local disease. Early aggressive management of acute cholecystitis will probably reduce complications of cholecystitis and reduce the need for cholecystostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:921080", "title": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "Thirty-five consecutive patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were prospectively evaluated for evidence of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Six of the 35 (17%) were judged to have the disorder. This is a higher prevalence than in most reports, but much lower than that recently reportedly by Alarc\u00f3n-Segovia and associates (7). An additional 17 of the 35 patients (48%) had significant fibrosis in the absence of sufficient mononuclear cell infiltrates to confirm the diagnosis of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. This group had particularly aggressive scleroderma with serious visceral features, and five died after a short duration of illness. No significant abnormalities were found in biopsies from six patients with the mixed connective tissue disease syndrome, five with Raynaud's phenomenon alone, or in 29 autopsy control subjects who had no evidence of connective tissue disease. Fibrosis in the absence of mononuclear infiltration in minor salivary glands of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis indicates a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in progressive systemic sclerosis. Thirty-five consecutive patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were prospectively evaluated for evidence of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Six of the 35 (17%) were judged to have the disorder. This is a higher prevalence than in most reports, but much lower than that recently reportedly by Alarc\u00f3n-Segovia and associates (7). An additional 17 of the 35 patients (48%) had significant fibrosis in the absence of sufficient mononuclear cell infiltrates to confirm the diagnosis of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. This group had particularly aggressive scleroderma with serious visceral features, and five died after a short duration of illness. No significant abnormalities were found in biopsies from six patients with the mixed connective tissue disease syndrome, five with Raynaud's phenomenon alone, or in 29 autopsy control subjects who had no evidence of connective tissue disease. Fibrosis in the absence of mononuclear infiltration in minor salivary glands of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis indicates a poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:921081", "title": "Production of vitamin B 12 analogues in patients with small-bowel bacterial overgrowth.", "content": "We investigated the presence of vitamin B 12 analogues (cobamides) and the bacterial conversion of 57Co-B12 (vitamin B12 cyanocobalamin, [57Co]-CN-Cbl) into cobamides in the intestinal contents of four patients with bacterial overgrowth. The (57Co)-CN-Cbl bound to intrinsic factor was given orally. Jejunal contents were aspirated for 24 h and cultured aerobically and anaerobically. The CN-Cbl and cobamides were separated by electrophoresis and chromatography and identified by bioautography. Radioactivity of cobamide zones from duplicate chromatograms showed bacterial conversion of (57Co)-cn-cbl into cobamides. Cobamides ([Ade]CNCBA, [2-Me Ade] CNCba, [CN]2Cbi and factor E) were found in the intestinal contents in three of the four patients, and in two of three patients cobamides represented more than 25% of the administered CN-Cbl. Thus bacterial production of cobamides, both de novo and from ingested CN-Cbl bound to intrinsic factor, occurs in humans with bacterial overgrowth states and results in a significant loss of vitamin B12 to the host.", "contents": "Production of vitamin B 12 analogues in patients with small-bowel bacterial overgrowth. We investigated the presence of vitamin B 12 analogues (cobamides) and the bacterial conversion of 57Co-B12 (vitamin B12 cyanocobalamin, [57Co]-CN-Cbl) into cobamides in the intestinal contents of four patients with bacterial overgrowth. The (57Co)-CN-Cbl bound to intrinsic factor was given orally. Jejunal contents were aspirated for 24 h and cultured aerobically and anaerobically. The CN-Cbl and cobamides were separated by electrophoresis and chromatography and identified by bioautography. Radioactivity of cobamide zones from duplicate chromatograms showed bacterial conversion of (57Co)-cn-cbl into cobamides. Cobamides ([Ade]CNCBA, [2-Me Ade] CNCba, [CN]2Cbi and factor E) were found in the intestinal contents in three of the four patients, and in two of three patients cobamides represented more than 25% of the administered CN-Cbl. Thus bacterial production of cobamides, both de novo and from ingested CN-Cbl bound to intrinsic factor, occurs in humans with bacterial overgrowth states and results in a significant loss of vitamin B12 to the host."}
{"id": "PMID:921082", "title": "Influenza immunization of adult patients with malignant diseases.", "content": "To characterize the immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in patients with malignant disease, 21 patients with lymphoreticular neoplasms and 21 patients with solid tumors were immunized with inactivated influenza A/New Jersey/76 whole virus vaccine. The patients were randomized with respect to time of vaccine administration in relation to administration of chemotherapy. Fourfold or greater antibody titer increases occurred in 94% of controls and 71% of cancer patients (P less than 0.05), and the magnitude of antibody response was also significantly lower in cancer patients (P less than 0.01). There was no correlation of antibody responsiveness with sex, age, tumor type, absolute lymphocyte count, disease status, or type of chemotherapeutic agent used. Fifty percent of patients immunized at the time of chemotherapy administration showed seroconversion, which is significantly less than the 93% response rate observed in patients immunized between chemotherapy courses. It is thus recommended that individuals with malignant disease should receive influenza immunization between chemotherapy courses.", "contents": "Influenza immunization of adult patients with malignant diseases. To characterize the immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in patients with malignant disease, 21 patients with lymphoreticular neoplasms and 21 patients with solid tumors were immunized with inactivated influenza A/New Jersey/76 whole virus vaccine. The patients were randomized with respect to time of vaccine administration in relation to administration of chemotherapy. Fourfold or greater antibody titer increases occurred in 94% of controls and 71% of cancer patients (P less than 0.05), and the magnitude of antibody response was also significantly lower in cancer patients (P less than 0.01). There was no correlation of antibody responsiveness with sex, age, tumor type, absolute lymphocyte count, disease status, or type of chemotherapeutic agent used. Fifty percent of patients immunized at the time of chemotherapy administration showed seroconversion, which is significantly less than the 93% response rate observed in patients immunized between chemotherapy courses. It is thus recommended that individuals with malignant disease should receive influenza immunization between chemotherapy courses."}
{"id": "PMID:921083", "title": "Disparate patterns of aldosterone response during diuretic treatment of hypertension.", "content": "In 50 patients with essential hypertension treated with chlorthalidone, 100 mg daily for 6 weeks, treatment responders (fall in mean pressure, greater than or equal to 10%) and nonresponders experienced similar weight and electrolyte changes. Although induced increments and post-treatment values of plasma renin were higher in nonresponders than responders, there was a far more striking difference in aldosterone reactivity. Aldosterone excretion rose by less than 10% in the responders but almost doubled in the nonresponders. Again, within the normal renin subgroup alone (n = 28), nonresponders exhibited control renin values and treatment-induced changes in plasma renin closely similar to those in responders, but experienced a significantly greater increase in aldosterone excretion. Possibly this increase in aldosterone produced subtle volume retention or a direct pressor effect in nonresponding patients. Although changes in aldosterone and in renin correlated with each other in both responders and nonresponders, the slopes of the regression lines in the two groups differed significantly. Thus, cofactors governing sensitivity of the aldosterone response to renin stimulation ultimately may determine the antihypertensive effectiveness of diuretics.", "contents": "Disparate patterns of aldosterone response during diuretic treatment of hypertension. In 50 patients with essential hypertension treated with chlorthalidone, 100 mg daily for 6 weeks, treatment responders (fall in mean pressure, greater than or equal to 10%) and nonresponders experienced similar weight and electrolyte changes. Although induced increments and post-treatment values of plasma renin were higher in nonresponders than responders, there was a far more striking difference in aldosterone reactivity. Aldosterone excretion rose by less than 10% in the responders but almost doubled in the nonresponders. Again, within the normal renin subgroup alone (n = 28), nonresponders exhibited control renin values and treatment-induced changes in plasma renin closely similar to those in responders, but experienced a significantly greater increase in aldosterone excretion. Possibly this increase in aldosterone produced subtle volume retention or a direct pressor effect in nonresponding patients. Although changes in aldosterone and in renin correlated with each other in both responders and nonresponders, the slopes of the regression lines in the two groups differed significantly. Thus, cofactors governing sensitivity of the aldosterone response to renin stimulation ultimately may determine the antihypertensive effectiveness of diuretics."}
{"id": "PMID:921084", "title": "Serum factors releasing serotonin from normal platelets: relation to the manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "In 13 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, globulin fractions of sera from serial bleedings were assayed for the induction of serotonin release from normal platelets. Releasing activity appeared at some time in the sera of seven patients, five of whom had episodes of thrombocytopenia. Conversely, only one patient manifested thrombocytopenia without the occurrence of serotonin releasing activity at any time. In three patients with episodes of thrombocytopenia, increases in serotonin releasing activity temporally coincided with drops in platelet count. These data show that levels of circulating platelet serotonin releasing factor(s) vary in the course of systemic lupus erythematosus and these variations may be inversely related to the platelet count in particular patients.", "contents": "Serum factors releasing serotonin from normal platelets: relation to the manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. In 13 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, globulin fractions of sera from serial bleedings were assayed for the induction of serotonin release from normal platelets. Releasing activity appeared at some time in the sera of seven patients, five of whom had episodes of thrombocytopenia. Conversely, only one patient manifested thrombocytopenia without the occurrence of serotonin releasing activity at any time. In three patients with episodes of thrombocytopenia, increases in serotonin releasing activity temporally coincided with drops in platelet count. These data show that levels of circulating platelet serotonin releasing factor(s) vary in the course of systemic lupus erythematosus and these variations may be inversely related to the platelet count in particular patients."}
{"id": "PMID:921085", "title": "Prolonged colchicine treatment in four patients with amyloidosis.", "content": "The natural clinical course of four patients with systemic amyloidosis was favourably altered by continuous colchicine therapy. One patient had primary amyloidosis, and the other three suffered from amyloidosis of familial Mediterranean fever. All had a nephrotic syndrome, and one showed features of intestinal malabsorption. The institution of colchicine therapy was followed by a gradual remission of the nephrotic syndrome, a rise of serum albumin to normal values, a slight improvement of renal function, and regression of the intestinal malabsorption. This pattern has remained steady during an observation period of 30 months.", "contents": "Prolonged colchicine treatment in four patients with amyloidosis. The natural clinical course of four patients with systemic amyloidosis was favourably altered by continuous colchicine therapy. One patient had primary amyloidosis, and the other three suffered from amyloidosis of familial Mediterranean fever. All had a nephrotic syndrome, and one showed features of intestinal malabsorption. The institution of colchicine therapy was followed by a gradual remission of the nephrotic syndrome, a rise of serum albumin to normal values, a slight improvement of renal function, and regression of the intestinal malabsorption. This pattern has remained steady during an observation period of 30 months."}
{"id": "PMID:921086", "title": "Hypokalemia with hypercalcemia. Prevalence and significance in treatment.", "content": "Hypokalemia is a potentially life-threatening biochemical abnormality in patients with hypercalcemia. We studied a large group of patients with hypercalcemia to determine the prevalence of hypokalemia. One hundred three patients with normal renal function and no history of taking potassium-depleting drugs comprise the substance of this study. Thirty three of 103 patients (32%) were hypokalemic. A higher prevalence (52.3%) was found in patients with hypercalcemia associated with malignant disease than in those with primary hyperparathyroidism (16.9%). In addition, the degree and frequency of hypokalemia were greatest at the higher serum calcium levels. The presence of hypokalemia must be considered when treating severe hypercalcemia; otherwise, vigorous use of diuretics may result in profound hypokalemia and tachyrhythmias.", "contents": "Hypokalemia with hypercalcemia. Prevalence and significance in treatment. Hypokalemia is a potentially life-threatening biochemical abnormality in patients with hypercalcemia. We studied a large group of patients with hypercalcemia to determine the prevalence of hypokalemia. One hundred three patients with normal renal function and no history of taking potassium-depleting drugs comprise the substance of this study. Thirty three of 103 patients (32%) were hypokalemic. A higher prevalence (52.3%) was found in patients with hypercalcemia associated with malignant disease than in those with primary hyperparathyroidism (16.9%). In addition, the degree and frequency of hypokalemia were greatest at the higher serum calcium levels. The presence of hypokalemia must be considered when treating severe hypercalcemia; otherwise, vigorous use of diuretics may result in profound hypokalemia and tachyrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:921087", "title": "Tuberculosis after jejunoileal bypass for obesity.", "content": "One hundred patients who underwent jejunoileal bypass for obesity were followed for a mean period of 2 1/2 years. Four patients developed a clinical illness that resembled a systemic form of tuberculosis during the first postoperative year. This incidence exceeds that found in the general population by sixtyfold. Any patient with jejunoileal bypass who develops an illness with accelerated weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, and unexplained fever with chills should be suspected of having tuberculosis. Aggressive diagnostic measures are required. Treatment with isoniazid and ethambutol at usual doses can be successful, but blood levels should be measured to confirm adequacy until additional information becomes available.", "contents": "Tuberculosis after jejunoileal bypass for obesity. One hundred patients who underwent jejunoileal bypass for obesity were followed for a mean period of 2 1/2 years. Four patients developed a clinical illness that resembled a systemic form of tuberculosis during the first postoperative year. This incidence exceeds that found in the general population by sixtyfold. Any patient with jejunoileal bypass who develops an illness with accelerated weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, and unexplained fever with chills should be suspected of having tuberculosis. Aggressive diagnostic measures are required. Treatment with isoniazid and ethambutol at usual doses can be successful, but blood levels should be measured to confirm adequacy until additional information becomes available."}
{"id": "PMID:921091", "title": "Drug-related syndromes in clinical nephrology.", "content": "The major clinical presentations of disease to a nephrologist can be grouped into six general areas: acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, fluid-electrolyte disorders, acid-base disturbances, and the uremic symptom-complex. Each of these major clinical syndromes can be caused by, or related to, drugs or environmental toxins. Prototype drugs can be used to highlight the features of each drug-related syndrome. Although it is preventable, drug-related disease may present opportunities to learn about general pathophysiologic mechanisms in clinical nephrology.", "contents": "Drug-related syndromes in clinical nephrology. The major clinical presentations of disease to a nephrologist can be grouped into six general areas: acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, fluid-electrolyte disorders, acid-base disturbances, and the uremic symptom-complex. Each of these major clinical syndromes can be caused by, or related to, drugs or environmental toxins. Prototype drugs can be used to highlight the features of each drug-related syndrome. Although it is preventable, drug-related disease may present opportunities to learn about general pathophysiologic mechanisms in clinical nephrology."}
{"id": "PMID:921092", "title": "Phenformin-associated lactic acidosis: pathogenesis and treatment.", "content": "Since phenformin's introduction into clinical medicine, a total of 552 cases of lactic acidosis have been reported in patients taking this hypoglycemic agent. In 306 cases, sufficient documentation was available to establish the diagnosis with reasonable certainty (blood lactate, 6 meq/litre or greater, and blood pH, 7.33 or less). The mortality rate among insulin-treated patients (15%) was considerably less than the mortality rate in the group as a whole (42%). Taken together with results from animal studies, these data suggest that insulin is the treatment of choice for phenformin-associated lactic acidosis. Sodium bicarbonate should be administered to patients with severe acidosis, but should be withheld from patients with mild acidosis. Overly aggressive administration of sodium bicarbonate can be deleterious and should be avoided. Although dialysis has been suggested by some authors for the treatment of phenformin-associated lactic acidosis, the mortality rate among dialyzed patients (48%) was roughly the same as for the group as a whole (42%).", "contents": "Phenformin-associated lactic acidosis: pathogenesis and treatment. Since phenformin's introduction into clinical medicine, a total of 552 cases of lactic acidosis have been reported in patients taking this hypoglycemic agent. In 306 cases, sufficient documentation was available to establish the diagnosis with reasonable certainty (blood lactate, 6 meq/litre or greater, and blood pH, 7.33 or less). The mortality rate among insulin-treated patients (15%) was considerably less than the mortality rate in the group as a whole (42%). Taken together with results from animal studies, these data suggest that insulin is the treatment of choice for phenformin-associated lactic acidosis. Sodium bicarbonate should be administered to patients with severe acidosis, but should be withheld from patients with mild acidosis. Overly aggressive administration of sodium bicarbonate can be deleterious and should be avoided. Although dialysis has been suggested by some authors for the treatment of phenformin-associated lactic acidosis, the mortality rate among dialyzed patients (48%) was roughly the same as for the group as a whole (42%)."}
{"id": "PMID:921093", "title": "Pleural mesothelioma: clinical features and therapeutic implications.", "content": "A detailed review of the literature was done to define the epidemiology, pathology, clinical features, and treatment of pleural mesothelioma. It appears that pleural mesothelioma accounts for approximately 400 deaths each year in the United States. Asbestos has been definitely implicated in the etiology of this disease. The common clinical features include chest pain, pleural effusion, and radiologic findings of irregular pleural thickening or pleural densities. Therapeutic modalities used in the past have included surgery, radiation therapy, and, more recently, chemotherapy. A combined modality approach to treatment appears more promising.", "contents": "Pleural mesothelioma: clinical features and therapeutic implications. A detailed review of the literature was done to define the epidemiology, pathology, clinical features, and treatment of pleural mesothelioma. It appears that pleural mesothelioma accounts for approximately 400 deaths each year in the United States. Asbestos has been definitely implicated in the etiology of this disease. The common clinical features include chest pain, pleural effusion, and radiologic findings of irregular pleural thickening or pleural densities. Therapeutic modalities used in the past have included surgery, radiation therapy, and, more recently, chemotherapy. A combined modality approach to treatment appears more promising."}
{"id": "PMID:921094", "title": "Allowing or causing: another look.", "content": "If \"allowing to die\" is really different from \"causing to die,\" it is so on a much more subtle level than is generally thought. Efforts to compare the two by locating \"cause\" have been mistaken. What is really at issue is the location of moral responsibility. The physician has an obligation to save and is remiss if he does not try. The layman does not and is not. But as saving turns into pointless torture, the physician's obligation recedes, and he (ethically) becomes a layman. There is a range within which this turning point would take place for each of us, and the value of a \"living will\" can be seen as a means for each of us to specify that point for himself.", "contents": "Allowing or causing: another look. If \"allowing to die\" is really different from \"causing to die,\" it is so on a much more subtle level than is generally thought. Efforts to compare the two by locating \"cause\" have been mistaken. What is really at issue is the location of moral responsibility. The physician has an obligation to save and is remiss if he does not try. The layman does not and is not. But as saving turns into pointless torture, the physician's obligation recedes, and he (ethically) becomes a layman. There is a range within which this turning point would take place for each of us, and the value of a \"living will\" can be seen as a means for each of us to specify that point for himself."}
{"id": "PMID:921107", "title": "[Ludo Van Bogaert's cerebro-tendinous xanthomatosis. Apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "The authors report of two familial cases of Ludo Van Boggert cerebro-tendinous xanthomatosis. Biochemical studies carried out in one of the patients confirmed the work of Salen indicating that the disorder is due to an enzyme problem in the hepatic synthesis of primary bile acids from cholesterol (fault in the production and cholic and chenodesoxycholic acid an an increase in the synthesis of cholestanol).", "contents": "[Ludo Van Bogaert's cerebro-tendinous xanthomatosis. Apropos of 2 cases]. The authors report of two familial cases of Ludo Van Boggert cerebro-tendinous xanthomatosis. Biochemical studies carried out in one of the patients confirmed the work of Salen indicating that the disorder is due to an enzyme problem in the hepatic synthesis of primary bile acids from cholesterol (fault in the production and cholic and chenodesoxycholic acid an an increase in the synthesis of cholestanol)."}
{"id": "PMID:921125", "title": "[Trichinosis: review of the epidemic in the south suburbs of Paris in January, 1976 (apropos of 125 cases)].", "content": "The authors report the results of the trichinosis epidemic which occurred in the southern suburbs of Paris in January 1976. 125 patients from a total of 65 families were affected. The major signs: oedema of the face and eyelids, fever and myalgia, were commonly found. There were even laboratory abnormalities with eosinophilia, increase in muscle enzymes and positive specific serology. The course over a period of months was very favourable. There were no deaths. The most severe symptoms rapidly regressed. Only myalgia and headache, and above all fatugie, persisted for 3 to 4 months, in the adults. The biological course was marked by the disappearance in one month of the majority of the disturbances seen in the acute phase, apart from the eosinophilia and serological findings which remained pathological after one year in a number of cases. The particular aetiology, due to horsemeat, may be explained by modern industrial rearing techniques and the complexity of current commercial circuits.", "contents": "[Trichinosis: review of the epidemic in the south suburbs of Paris in January, 1976 (apropos of 125 cases)]. The authors report the results of the trichinosis epidemic which occurred in the southern suburbs of Paris in January 1976. 125 patients from a total of 65 families were affected. The major signs: oedema of the face and eyelids, fever and myalgia, were commonly found. There were even laboratory abnormalities with eosinophilia, increase in muscle enzymes and positive specific serology. The course over a period of months was very favourable. There were no deaths. The most severe symptoms rapidly regressed. Only myalgia and headache, and above all fatugie, persisted for 3 to 4 months, in the adults. The biological course was marked by the disappearance in one month of the majority of the disturbances seen in the acute phase, apart from the eosinophilia and serological findings which remained pathological after one year in a number of cases. The particular aetiology, due to horsemeat, may be explained by modern industrial rearing techniques and the complexity of current commercial circuits."}
{"id": "PMID:921126", "title": "[Trichinosis].", "content": "The clinician is able to make the diagnosis of this rare disease only if he bears in mind that any patient with peri-orbital oedema of sudden onset may be suffering from trichinosis, even if the history is not convincing and even if the anademic context does not, or not yet, exist. The gravity of this parasitic infestation in the absence of treatment, and the remarkable effectiveness of the latter, underline the interest of this disease which may occur at any time, as shown by the minor anademic of three cases which we have reported.", "contents": "[Trichinosis]. The clinician is able to make the diagnosis of this rare disease only if he bears in mind that any patient with peri-orbital oedema of sudden onset may be suffering from trichinosis, even if the history is not convincing and even if the anademic context does not, or not yet, exist. The gravity of this parasitic infestation in the absence of treatment, and the remarkable effectiveness of the latter, underline the interest of this disease which may occur at any time, as shown by the minor anademic of three cases which we have reported."}
{"id": "PMID:921127", "title": "[Spinal aneurysmal cyst with medullary compression. Apropos of a case with preoperative embolization].", "content": "The authors report the case of a vertebral aneurysmal bone cyst, at the thoracic level, with spinal cord compression. 16 months after operation, the initial neurological signs reappeared. Selective angiography pointed out a good picture, through not specific, of the lesion; the embolisation, then performed, provided considerable relief for the complete removal of the important vascular bone formation. The diagnostic, therapeutic and pathogenic problems of the vertebral aneurysmal bone cysts are discussed.", "contents": "[Spinal aneurysmal cyst with medullary compression. Apropos of a case with preoperative embolization]. The authors report the case of a vertebral aneurysmal bone cyst, at the thoracic level, with spinal cord compression. 16 months after operation, the initial neurological signs reappeared. Selective angiography pointed out a good picture, through not specific, of the lesion; the embolisation, then performed, provided considerable relief for the complete removal of the important vascular bone formation. The diagnostic, therapeutic and pathogenic problems of the vertebral aneurysmal bone cysts are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921137", "title": "[Taxonomic characters of \"Clostridium tyrobutyricum\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The taxonomic characters of 77 strains of Clostridium tyrobutyricum have been studied and compared to those of known strains. This work shows the insufficiency of the Bergey's Manual (8th edition) nine characters distinguishing Clostridium groupe I to identify C. tyrobutyricum. To be more representative of the species, addition of one or two characters to this key of determination and some modifications to the complementary description of C. tyrobutyricum in this manual are proposed.", "contents": "[Taxonomic characters of \"Clostridium tyrobutyricum\" (author's transl)]. The taxonomic characters of 77 strains of Clostridium tyrobutyricum have been studied and compared to those of known strains. This work shows the insufficiency of the Bergey's Manual (8th edition) nine characters distinguishing Clostridium groupe I to identify C. tyrobutyricum. To be more representative of the species, addition of one or two characters to this key of determination and some modifications to the complementary description of C. tyrobutyricum in this manual are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:921140", "title": "The counterimmunoelectrophoresis test for detection of antibodies to rabies virus.", "content": "The screening for antibodies to rabies virus has been the subject of interst in ecologic studies and serologic surveys of this zoonosis. The methods most commonly used for these purpose have included the serum neutralization (SN) and indirect fluorescent antibody test [23, 22 6, 15]. The maintenance of laboratory animals or the requirement for special reagents are among the generally recognized limitations of these techniques. Furthermore, in the case of the SN test, a period of fifteen days is necessary before test results become available.", "contents": "The counterimmunoelectrophoresis test for detection of antibodies to rabies virus. The screening for antibodies to rabies virus has been the subject of interst in ecologic studies and serologic surveys of this zoonosis. The methods most commonly used for these purpose have included the serum neutralization (SN) and indirect fluorescent antibody test [23, 22 6, 15]. The maintenance of laboratory animals or the requirement for special reagents are among the generally recognized limitations of these techniques. Furthermore, in the case of the SN test, a period of fifteen days is necessary before test results become available."}
{"id": "PMID:921141", "title": "[Irradiated cell cultures applied to group A \"chlamydiae\" isolation (author's transl)].", "content": "The irradiated Mc Coy cell cultures method modified by Darougar et al. has been used to investigate the frequency of Chlamydiae in non-specific genital tract disease, in Reiter's disease and in patients suffering from conjonctivits associated with non-specific urethritis. Isolates were obtained from 104 men of the 660 suffering from acute urethritis, and from 18 men of the 67 suffering from conjonctivitis associated with urethritis. Fourteen female sexual contacts of these men were tested: Chlamydiae was isolated from 9. Seven patients suffering from acute Reiter's disease were tested: Chlamydiae was isolated from 4. These patients were tested by complement fixation and titers of 1/8 or more were only obtained in the 4 isolated positive cases, the three other cases remaining negative. Isolates of Chlamydiae were obtained from 10 women of the 67 women suffering from exocervicitis. No isolate was obtained, from 27 control patients.", "contents": "[Irradiated cell cultures applied to group A \"chlamydiae\" isolation (author's transl)]. The irradiated Mc Coy cell cultures method modified by Darougar et al. has been used to investigate the frequency of Chlamydiae in non-specific genital tract disease, in Reiter's disease and in patients suffering from conjonctivits associated with non-specific urethritis. Isolates were obtained from 104 men of the 660 suffering from acute urethritis, and from 18 men of the 67 suffering from conjonctivitis associated with urethritis. Fourteen female sexual contacts of these men were tested: Chlamydiae was isolated from 9. Seven patients suffering from acute Reiter's disease were tested: Chlamydiae was isolated from 4. These patients were tested by complement fixation and titers of 1/8 or more were only obtained in the 4 isolated positive cases, the three other cases remaining negative. Isolates of Chlamydiae were obtained from 10 women of the 67 women suffering from exocervicitis. No isolate was obtained, from 27 control patients."}
{"id": "PMID:921142", "title": "Immune responses to influenza virus in rabbits after local immunization. II. Local and systemic cell mediated response.", "content": "The development of local and systemic cell mediated immunity (CMI) was investigated in rabbits after intratracheal immunization with live or inactivated influenza A virus. Lymphocytes from bronchoalveolar washings and draining lymph nodes were used for the assay of local CMI response. Spleen cells were employed for determination of systemic responses. Since alveolar macrophages were found to be susceptible to the action of migration inhibiting factor, the development of CMI in lungs was assayed by macrophage migration inhibition test using bronchoalveolar was cells. Immunization with live virus induces beter local CMI response than inactivated virus. After primary immunization the peak responses were found between second and third week. The secondary response was detectable much earlier and peaked at one week after booster. Small amounts of inactivates virus, which was unsufficient to evoke a primary response, could elicit a strong secondary response. The development of rapid and accentuated secondary response in the local lymphoid tissues suggests the presence of memory in the local CMI response. The results also show a good correlation to exist between primary local CMI response and the skin reactivity to the immunizing antigen. However, lack of such correlation during the secondary response leaves the skin tests less reliable in the evaluation of CMI in viral infections. Some of the functions of alveolar macrophages in the local immune reponses are also discussed.", "contents": "Immune responses to influenza virus in rabbits after local immunization. II. Local and systemic cell mediated response. The development of local and systemic cell mediated immunity (CMI) was investigated in rabbits after intratracheal immunization with live or inactivated influenza A virus. Lymphocytes from bronchoalveolar washings and draining lymph nodes were used for the assay of local CMI response. Spleen cells were employed for determination of systemic responses. Since alveolar macrophages were found to be susceptible to the action of migration inhibiting factor, the development of CMI in lungs was assayed by macrophage migration inhibition test using bronchoalveolar was cells. Immunization with live virus induces beter local CMI response than inactivated virus. After primary immunization the peak responses were found between second and third week. The secondary response was detectable much earlier and peaked at one week after booster. Small amounts of inactivates virus, which was unsufficient to evoke a primary response, could elicit a strong secondary response. The development of rapid and accentuated secondary response in the local lymphoid tissues suggests the presence of memory in the local CMI response. The results also show a good correlation to exist between primary local CMI response and the skin reactivity to the immunizing antigen. However, lack of such correlation during the secondary response leaves the skin tests less reliable in the evaluation of CMI in viral infections. Some of the functions of alveolar macrophages in the local immune reponses are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921144", "title": "Clinical comparison of pilocarpine preparations in heavily pigmented eyes: an evaluation of the influence of polymer vehicles on corneal penetration, drug availability, and duration of hypotensive activity.", "content": "Heavily pigmented eyes have been shown to be relatively resistant to pilocarpine, and present special problems in management of open-angle glaucoma. Studies have suggested that the hypotensive effect of pilocarpine may be influenced by the vehicle; therefore, 13 relatively resistant black patients (26 eyes) were selected for a clinical comparison of pilocarpine as delivered in two different polymer vehicles. One vehicle was composed of 1.67% polyvinylpyrrolidone and BP water-soluble polymers (Adsorbobase); the other of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 0.5%. All patients had been under treatment with the pilocarpine/methylcellulose preparation; 20 of the 26 eyes were judged to be uncontrolled (IOP above 21 mm Hg). Control of intraocular pressure was promptly obtained with the pilocarpine/Adsorbobase solution, and maintained at lower pilocarpine concentrations than with the previous therapy. Often, frequency of instillation could be decreased. This clinical comparison suggests that the Adsorbobase vehicle appreciably enhances corneal penetration and availability of pilocarpine. Three cases are discussed demonstrating the need for titration when instituting a new therapy with as little as one fourth the concentration of the previous pilocarpine therapy.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of pilocarpine preparations in heavily pigmented eyes: an evaluation of the influence of polymer vehicles on corneal penetration, drug availability, and duration of hypotensive activity. Heavily pigmented eyes have been shown to be relatively resistant to pilocarpine, and present special problems in management of open-angle glaucoma. Studies have suggested that the hypotensive effect of pilocarpine may be influenced by the vehicle; therefore, 13 relatively resistant black patients (26 eyes) were selected for a clinical comparison of pilocarpine as delivered in two different polymer vehicles. One vehicle was composed of 1.67% polyvinylpyrrolidone and BP water-soluble polymers (Adsorbobase); the other of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 0.5%. All patients had been under treatment with the pilocarpine/methylcellulose preparation; 20 of the 26 eyes were judged to be uncontrolled (IOP above 21 mm Hg). Control of intraocular pressure was promptly obtained with the pilocarpine/Adsorbobase solution, and maintained at lower pilocarpine concentrations than with the previous therapy. Often, frequency of instillation could be decreased. This clinical comparison suggests that the Adsorbobase vehicle appreciably enhances corneal penetration and availability of pilocarpine. Three cases are discussed demonstrating the need for titration when instituting a new therapy with as little as one fourth the concentration of the previous pilocarpine therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:921145", "title": "Corneal thickness after vitrectomy and infusion with dextran solution.", "content": "We studied with pachometry the degree of corneal endothelial decompensation in rabbits undergoing extracapsular lens extraction and vitrectomy. We used 3 different infusion solutions: (1) 0.9% sodium chloride; (2) 0.45% sodium chloride with 2.5% glucose; and (3) 0.45% sodium chloride, 2.5% glucose, and 2% dextran. Vitrectomy and vitreous replacement with the last solution demonstrated the least overall increase in corneal thickness. On the basis of these observations, dextran may be a useful colloid osmotic agent in intraocular irrigating fluids to control and decrease postoperative corneal edema.", "contents": "Corneal thickness after vitrectomy and infusion with dextran solution. We studied with pachometry the degree of corneal endothelial decompensation in rabbits undergoing extracapsular lens extraction and vitrectomy. We used 3 different infusion solutions: (1) 0.9% sodium chloride; (2) 0.45% sodium chloride with 2.5% glucose; and (3) 0.45% sodium chloride, 2.5% glucose, and 2% dextran. Vitrectomy and vitreous replacement with the last solution demonstrated the least overall increase in corneal thickness. On the basis of these observations, dextran may be a useful colloid osmotic agent in intraocular irrigating fluids to control and decrease postoperative corneal edema."}
{"id": "PMID:921146", "title": "Eosinophilic granuloma of orbit.", "content": "Three cases of orbital eosinophilic granuloma are reported. In all 3 the diagnosis was established histologically. In the follow-up period, ranging between 5 and 20 years, the disease has taken a benign course; incomplete surgical removal in 2 of the patients and radiation of the lesion in one have been equally effective in promoting healing. The first mode of therapy may be preferable in the region of orbit in order to avoid damage to the globe or optic nerve.", "contents": "Eosinophilic granuloma of orbit. Three cases of orbital eosinophilic granuloma are reported. In all 3 the diagnosis was established histologically. In the follow-up period, ranging between 5 and 20 years, the disease has taken a benign course; incomplete surgical removal in 2 of the patients and radiation of the lesion in one have been equally effective in promoting healing. The first mode of therapy may be preferable in the region of orbit in order to avoid damage to the globe or optic nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:921149", "title": "Scleritis and perceptive deafness: case report.", "content": "There is some evidence in the past decade that a similar syndrome to Cogan's syndrome may exist in which a scleritis substitutes for the nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis. A case is reported of a female patient, aged 39, with nonrheumatoid scleritis and associated bilateral perceptive deafness.", "contents": "Scleritis and perceptive deafness: case report. There is some evidence in the past decade that a similar syndrome to Cogan's syndrome may exist in which a scleritis substitutes for the nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis. A case is reported of a female patient, aged 39, with nonrheumatoid scleritis and associated bilateral perceptive deafness."}
{"id": "PMID:921150", "title": "Shrinkage of conjunctiva, Terrien's marginal degeneration, and perforation of cornea in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The unusual occurrence of severe conjunctival shrinkage resembling ocular pemphigoid and bilateral Terrien's marginal degeneration of the cornea in rheumatoid arthritis is described. In less than two years the right eye was lost due to spontaneous corneal perforation and the left became totally blind because of scarring and shrinkage of the conjunctiva. A common unknown factor is speculated as an etiologic relationship between rheumatoid arthritis, ocular pemphigoid, and Terrien's marginal corneal degeneration.", "contents": "Shrinkage of conjunctiva, Terrien's marginal degeneration, and perforation of cornea in rheumatoid arthritis. The unusual occurrence of severe conjunctival shrinkage resembling ocular pemphigoid and bilateral Terrien's marginal degeneration of the cornea in rheumatoid arthritis is described. In less than two years the right eye was lost due to spontaneous corneal perforation and the left became totally blind because of scarring and shrinkage of the conjunctiva. A common unknown factor is speculated as an etiologic relationship between rheumatoid arthritis, ocular pemphigoid, and Terrien's marginal corneal degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:921151", "title": "Glaucoma in oculodermal melanocytosis.", "content": "Case reports of oculodermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ota) and ipsilateral glaucoma often have other ocular disorders which could account for the glaucoma. It has not been clearly shown that the oculodermal melanocytosis alone can cause secondary glaucoma. In the present case report, optic nerve head and visual field changes, suggestive of a long-standing unilateral elevation of intraocular pressure, occurred in an eye with oculodermal melanocytosis and no other apparent ocular disorder to account for the chronic glaucoma.", "contents": "Glaucoma in oculodermal melanocytosis. Case reports of oculodermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ota) and ipsilateral glaucoma often have other ocular disorders which could account for the glaucoma. It has not been clearly shown that the oculodermal melanocytosis alone can cause secondary glaucoma. In the present case report, optic nerve head and visual field changes, suggestive of a long-standing unilateral elevation of intraocular pressure, occurred in an eye with oculodermal melanocytosis and no other apparent ocular disorder to account for the chronic glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:921153", "title": "Anterior chamber scroll and corneal edema.", "content": "This case represents the successful removal of a transparent anterior chamber scroll and the subsequent resolution of corneal edema overlying the tissue. It emphasizes the clinical observation that a small area of endothelial touch can be associated with a disproportionately large area of overlying corneal edema, and may indeed be the cause of it.", "contents": "Anterior chamber scroll and corneal edema. This case represents the successful removal of a transparent anterior chamber scroll and the subsequent resolution of corneal edema overlying the tissue. It emphasizes the clinical observation that a small area of endothelial touch can be associated with a disproportionately large area of overlying corneal edema, and may indeed be the cause of it."}
{"id": "PMID:921159", "title": "[Generalized congenital fibromatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "About a spontaneously regressive case of osteo-cutaneous congenital fibromatosis, the authors describe the characteristics of the disease (32 observations). Although the majority of cases are sporadic, 3 familial observations are in favour of a dominant autosomal transmission of low penetrance. Study of the familial cases and analysis of the different localisations demonstrate the unicity of the so-called diffuse forms with visceral involvement and of the so-called generalized forms without visceral involvement congenital fibromatosis is characterized by several fibromas at birth: in two-thirds of the cases, it is a purely cutaneous or osteocutaneous form, which disappears spontaneously; in one third of the cases, it is a cutaneous or osteo-cutaneous form with lethal visceral involvement.", "contents": "[Generalized congenital fibromatosis (author's transl)]. About a spontaneously regressive case of osteo-cutaneous congenital fibromatosis, the authors describe the characteristics of the disease (32 observations). Although the majority of cases are sporadic, 3 familial observations are in favour of a dominant autosomal transmission of low penetrance. Study of the familial cases and analysis of the different localisations demonstrate the unicity of the so-called diffuse forms with visceral involvement and of the so-called generalized forms without visceral involvement congenital fibromatosis is characterized by several fibromas at birth: in two-thirds of the cases, it is a purely cutaneous or osteocutaneous form, which disappears spontaneously; in one third of the cases, it is a cutaneous or osteo-cutaneous form with lethal visceral involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:921160", "title": "[Congenital nodular fibromatosis: report of six personal cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Six personal cases of nodular congenital fibromatosis are reported: one fibromatosis colli, two fibromas of the fingers one multiple fibromas of the toes and sole associated with osteoporosis and underlying bone lacunes, one recurrent plantar fibromatosis, one disseminated fibromatosis with multiple bone lesions. Such varieties of fibromatosis are very uncommon. Few are isolated such as fibromatosis colli or the fibroma of the fingers. The prognosis is generally good except for the generalized multinodular form which associates a very large visceral involvement. Aetiology is completely unknown. Only few arguments are in favour of an hereditary dominant autosomal transmission of the diffuse multinodular form.", "contents": "[Congenital nodular fibromatosis: report of six personal cases (author's transl)]. Six personal cases of nodular congenital fibromatosis are reported: one fibromatosis colli, two fibromas of the fingers one multiple fibromas of the toes and sole associated with osteoporosis and underlying bone lacunes, one recurrent plantar fibromatosis, one disseminated fibromatosis with multiple bone lesions. Such varieties of fibromatosis are very uncommon. Few are isolated such as fibromatosis colli or the fibroma of the fingers. The prognosis is generally good except for the generalized multinodular form which associates a very large visceral involvement. Aetiology is completely unknown. Only few arguments are in favour of an hereditary dominant autosomal transmission of the diffuse multinodular form."}
{"id": "PMID:921161", "title": "[Reflections on the treatment of acropathia ulcerans et mutilans; interest of a removable appliance (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their experience in the treatment of acquired ulcerating and mutilating trophic lesions of the lower limbs. Ligature of the dorsalis pedis artery and of its collaterals did not give good results, according to the pathogenic concept of the authors, in which lesions of the nervous system predominate over vascular alterations. More important lesions (such as osteo-arthritis of the first and fifth metatarsals) require immobilization of the axis of the wounded toe, control of any superinfection and use of a plastic removable limb appliance.", "contents": "[Reflections on the treatment of acropathia ulcerans et mutilans; interest of a removable appliance (author's transl)]. The authors report their experience in the treatment of acquired ulcerating and mutilating trophic lesions of the lower limbs. Ligature of the dorsalis pedis artery and of its collaterals did not give good results, according to the pathogenic concept of the authors, in which lesions of the nervous system predominate over vascular alterations. More important lesions (such as osteo-arthritis of the first and fifth metatarsals) require immobilization of the axis of the wounded toe, control of any superinfection and use of a plastic removable limb appliance."}
{"id": "PMID:921162", "title": "[Immunological study and results of treatment by levamisole in 25 atopic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied humoral and cellular immunity in 25 atopic patients. Sequential treatment by levamisole has not allowed any significant improvement of these patients.", "contents": "[Immunological study and results of treatment by levamisole in 25 atopic patients (author's transl)]. The authors have studied humoral and cellular immunity in 25 atopic patients. Sequential treatment by levamisole has not allowed any significant improvement of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:921156", "title": "[Primary pharyngolaryngeal carcinoma, pulmonary metastases and carcinoma of the bronchus (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 112 cases of pulmonary or mediastinal neoplasms observed during the treatment or follow-up of 952 carcinomas of the pharynx and larynx, the authors study in detail 45 cases of metastases. They draw the following conclusions:--metastases present clinically relatively early in the treated course of pharyngolaryngeal carcinomas: 85% before 18 months.--cannonball lesions are the commonest endo-thoracic clinical metastases: 6 out of 10.--carcinomas of the hypopharynx are at the origin of 2/3 of cannonball lesions (alpha less than or equal to 0.02) and 1/4 of mediastinal lymphadenopathies and pleural effusions.--endolaryngeal carcinomas are rarely at the origin of cannonball lesions and are associated almost exclusively with mediastinal lymphadenopathies and pleural effusions (alpha less than 0.001). The influence of the size of the primary tumour, of lymph node involvement, of capsular rupture and of failure to eliminate all malignant cells from the primary lesion are considered and discussed.", "contents": "[Primary pharyngolaryngeal carcinoma, pulmonary metastases and carcinoma of the bronchus (author's transl)]. On the basis of 112 cases of pulmonary or mediastinal neoplasms observed during the treatment or follow-up of 952 carcinomas of the pharynx and larynx, the authors study in detail 45 cases of metastases. They draw the following conclusions:--metastases present clinically relatively early in the treated course of pharyngolaryngeal carcinomas: 85% before 18 months.--cannonball lesions are the commonest endo-thoracic clinical metastases: 6 out of 10.--carcinomas of the hypopharynx are at the origin of 2/3 of cannonball lesions (alpha less than or equal to 0.02) and 1/4 of mediastinal lymphadenopathies and pleural effusions.--endolaryngeal carcinomas are rarely at the origin of cannonball lesions and are associated almost exclusively with mediastinal lymphadenopathies and pleural effusions (alpha less than 0.001). The influence of the size of the primary tumour, of lymph node involvement, of capsular rupture and of failure to eliminate all malignant cells from the primary lesion are considered and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921164", "title": "[Scleroderma en coup de sabre with homolateral chronic glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A 37 years old woman presented with scleroderma en coup de sabre of the head with chronic homolateral ocular hypertony. Skin disorders appeared in the childhood and extended slowly until the age of 20. Glaucoma, found 5 years earlier, was unimproved by medical treatment; the opposite eye was normal. Two goniotomia in 1974 were uneffective. A trabeculectomy in 1975 was followed by scleral fistula with important ocular hypotonia. A scleral flap was followed by the disappearance of hypotonia with no return to previous hypertony. The connections between scleroderma and glaucoma are discussed; vascular and neurologic mechanisms are suggested. Up to now, glaucoma has been reported in patients with systemic soleroderma and Romberg disease.", "contents": "[Scleroderma en coup de sabre with homolateral chronic glaucoma (author's transl)]. A 37 years old woman presented with scleroderma en coup de sabre of the head with chronic homolateral ocular hypertony. Skin disorders appeared in the childhood and extended slowly until the age of 20. Glaucoma, found 5 years earlier, was unimproved by medical treatment; the opposite eye was normal. Two goniotomia in 1974 were uneffective. A trabeculectomy in 1975 was followed by scleral fistula with important ocular hypotonia. A scleral flap was followed by the disappearance of hypotonia with no return to previous hypertony. The connections between scleroderma and glaucoma are discussed; vascular and neurologic mechanisms are suggested. Up to now, glaucoma has been reported in patients with systemic soleroderma and Romberg disease."}
{"id": "PMID:921157", "title": "[Personal results trial of classification and standardization in clinical impedancemetry (author's transl)].", "content": "The author analyses the results obtained in clinical impedancemetry for 2,799 ears: tympanometry and study of the acoustico-facial reflex. He proposes a trial of classification of the results. The author states the terminology to be used in impedancemetry according to the different probe tone frequencies of the clinical impedancemeters and the different acoustic stimulations systems in order to obtain the acoustico-facial reflex.", "contents": "[Personal results trial of classification and standardization in clinical impedancemetry (author's transl)]. The author analyses the results obtained in clinical impedancemetry for 2,799 ears: tympanometry and study of the acoustico-facial reflex. He proposes a trial of classification of the results. The author states the terminology to be used in impedancemetry according to the different probe tone frequencies of the clinical impedancemeters and the different acoustic stimulations systems in order to obtain the acoustico-facial reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:921158", "title": "[The influence of oestroprogestational agents on cervico-facial cutaneous scars (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of a certain number of cases, it would appear that the ingestion of oestroprogestational agents has an untoward influence on cervico-facial cutaneous healing and may result in scars of poor quality and even cheloids.", "contents": "[The influence of oestroprogestational agents on cervico-facial cutaneous scars (author's transl)]. On the basis of a certain number of cases, it would appear that the ingestion of oestroprogestational agents has an untoward influence on cervico-facial cutaneous healing and may result in scars of poor quality and even cheloids."}
{"id": "PMID:921178", "title": "[Costa's acrokerato-elastoidosis. Ultrastructural study (author's transl)].", "content": "Acrokerato-elastoidosis described by Costa is characterized by numerous little keratotic points and translucent horny wheals on the dorsal aspect of hands and (or) feet. The ultrastructural study shows lesions of the elastic tissue which is very rarefied with an abnormal structure, but also demonstrates alterations of the fibroblasts that contain dense granules at the periphery of their cytoplasm without elastic extracellular fibers, suggesting a trouble in the secretion or the excretion of the elastic material.", "contents": "[Costa's acrokerato-elastoidosis. Ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. Acrokerato-elastoidosis described by Costa is characterized by numerous little keratotic points and translucent horny wheals on the dorsal aspect of hands and (or) feet. The ultrastructural study shows lesions of the elastic tissue which is very rarefied with an abnormal structure, but also demonstrates alterations of the fibroblasts that contain dense granules at the periphery of their cytoplasm without elastic extracellular fibers, suggesting a trouble in the secretion or the excretion of the elastic material."}
{"id": "PMID:921180", "title": "[IgG levels in the sera of melanoma patients (author's transl)].", "content": "397 sera from 185 melanoma patients have been tested. We classified our subjects into three groups, according to the stage of disease. An alteration of the level of IgG4 subclass was found and related to the extension of the disease. The percentage of abnormalities was more frequent in stage II and III (55 p. 100 and 53 p. 100) than in stage I (19 p. 100). High titers of IgG 4 subclass were essentially detected in advanced disease. The biological significance is discussed.", "contents": "[IgG levels in the sera of melanoma patients (author's transl)]. 397 sera from 185 melanoma patients have been tested. We classified our subjects into three groups, according to the stage of disease. An alteration of the level of IgG4 subclass was found and related to the extension of the disease. The percentage of abnormalities was more frequent in stage II and III (55 p. 100 and 53 p. 100) than in stage I (19 p. 100). High titers of IgG 4 subclass were essentially detected in advanced disease. The biological significance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921179", "title": "[Physiopathology of acetylcholine delayed blanch in atopics. Thermographic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Controversy subsists about interpretations of \"delayed cholinergic blanch\" in atopic dermatitis. A physical approach of this vasomotor phenomenon using infrared and cholesteric thermography and direct recording of skin temperature shows that the delayed blanch is hyperthermic and cannot be the effect of a paradoxal cholinergic vasoconstriction. In the light of the beta-adrenergic blockade theory of Szentivanyi a new physiopathological interpretation is proposed.", "contents": "[Physiopathology of acetylcholine delayed blanch in atopics. Thermographic study (author's transl)]. Controversy subsists about interpretations of \"delayed cholinergic blanch\" in atopic dermatitis. A physical approach of this vasomotor phenomenon using infrared and cholesteric thermography and direct recording of skin temperature shows that the delayed blanch is hyperthermic and cannot be the effect of a paradoxal cholinergic vasoconstriction. In the light of the beta-adrenergic blockade theory of Szentivanyi a new physiopathological interpretation is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:921188", "title": "[Epitheliomatous degeneration of chronic leg ulcers. Apropos of 9 cases].", "content": "The authors report nine cases of epithelioma occurring on chronic leg ulcers of venous origin (6), or on fistula from chronic osteitis (3). Compared with the other trophic leg ulcers observed during the same period, the risk of malignant change approximately is of 0,3 p. 100. It always concerns aged caucasian subjects (about 70 years old) and the evolution lats long (5/20 years), except in one of the cases. The first symptoms are hard, bleeding and exuberant granulations either on the edge of the ulcer, or on the ulcer itself. It is often necessary to repeat the biopsies to obtain histological corroboration of the diagnosis. Prognosis is severe (2 lung metastasis) and amputation seems to be the best treatment.", "contents": "[Epitheliomatous degeneration of chronic leg ulcers. Apropos of 9 cases]. The authors report nine cases of epithelioma occurring on chronic leg ulcers of venous origin (6), or on fistula from chronic osteitis (3). Compared with the other trophic leg ulcers observed during the same period, the risk of malignant change approximately is of 0,3 p. 100. It always concerns aged caucasian subjects (about 70 years old) and the evolution lats long (5/20 years), except in one of the cases. The first symptoms are hard, bleeding and exuberant granulations either on the edge of the ulcer, or on the ulcer itself. It is often necessary to repeat the biopsies to obtain histological corroboration of the diagnosis. Prognosis is severe (2 lung metastasis) and amputation seems to be the best treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:921190", "title": "[Natural transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Guadeloupe (French Antilles). Preliminary note (author's transl)].", "content": "Occasioning in Guadeloupe a high rate of morbidity, schistosomiasis is unequally spread in the field. The intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata, is wide-spread. But some biotopes only, most of them located on the coast belt of the montainous island, allow the parasite growth. Among them, the irrigation canals appear as the most dangerous source of contamination for human population.", "contents": "[Natural transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Guadeloupe (French Antilles). Preliminary note (author's transl)]. Occasioning in Guadeloupe a high rate of morbidity, schistosomiasis is unequally spread in the field. The intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata, is wide-spread. But some biotopes only, most of them located on the coast belt of the montainous island, allow the parasite growth. Among them, the irrigation canals appear as the most dangerous source of contamination for human population."}
{"id": "PMID:921191", "title": "[Principal factors involved in the settlement of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), snail intermediate host of schistosomiasis in Guadalupe (author's transl)].", "content": "Six biotopes of Biomphalaria glabrata, the snail intermediate host of schistosomiasis in Guadalupe, were investigated during one annual cycle. These six biotopes included a pond, a freshwater mangrove, a stream, a mountain lake, a \"microhabitat\" and a canal. These six types of biotopes were characterized by various parameters whose fluctuations reveal the main factors regulating the B. glabrata populations. The climatic factors are essential in Grande Terre and resulted in an annual development cycle well determined of all the aquatic communities. The biotic factors (Predation, competition, parasitism) are important in every type of biotope, in Grande Terre as well as in Guadalupe proper. In every type of biotope, anthropic factors are also important, but mainly in canal nets which are the principal focus of human schistosomiasis. The chemical factors themselves are less important.", "contents": "[Principal factors involved in the settlement of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), snail intermediate host of schistosomiasis in Guadalupe (author's transl)]. Six biotopes of Biomphalaria glabrata, the snail intermediate host of schistosomiasis in Guadalupe, were investigated during one annual cycle. These six biotopes included a pond, a freshwater mangrove, a stream, a mountain lake, a \"microhabitat\" and a canal. These six types of biotopes were characterized by various parameters whose fluctuations reveal the main factors regulating the B. glabrata populations. The climatic factors are essential in Grande Terre and resulted in an annual development cycle well determined of all the aquatic communities. The biotic factors (Predation, competition, parasitism) are important in every type of biotope, in Grande Terre as well as in Guadalupe proper. In every type of biotope, anthropic factors are also important, but mainly in canal nets which are the principal focus of human schistosomiasis. The chemical factors themselves are less important."}
{"id": "PMID:921192", "title": "[Presence in Camargue of two sympatric, sexually isolated forms of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) detritus (Haliday, 1833) [Diptera-Culicidae] (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of allozymic variations at four enzymatic loci (Est-2, alpha-Gpd, Got-1 and Got-2) in populations of Aedes detritus (Hal.) from 27 localities in Southern France has shown that this species is composed of two kinds of sympatric populations which do not interbreed in nature. Single specimens of Aedes detritus can be attributed to one or other type of population (sibling species) by the genotype at the alpha-Gpd or Got-2 loci (type A populations are homozygous for Got-2R allele and the frequency of the alpha-GpdC allele is higher than 98%; type B populations are homozygous for Got-2L allele and the frequency of the alpha-GpdB allele is higher than 98%). Moreover, allelic frequencies at the Est-2 and Got-1 loci are different in both types of populations. The fact that both kinds of populations coexist in the same pond shows that the isolating mechanism is not an adaptation to the larval environment, but rather involves mechanisms pecular to adults (precopulatory mechanism or interpopulation sterility).", "contents": "[Presence in Camargue of two sympatric, sexually isolated forms of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) detritus (Haliday, 1833) [Diptera-Culicidae] (author's transl)]. The study of allozymic variations at four enzymatic loci (Est-2, alpha-Gpd, Got-1 and Got-2) in populations of Aedes detritus (Hal.) from 27 localities in Southern France has shown that this species is composed of two kinds of sympatric populations which do not interbreed in nature. Single specimens of Aedes detritus can be attributed to one or other type of population (sibling species) by the genotype at the alpha-Gpd or Got-2 loci (type A populations are homozygous for Got-2R allele and the frequency of the alpha-GpdC allele is higher than 98%; type B populations are homozygous for Got-2L allele and the frequency of the alpha-GpdB allele is higher than 98%). Moreover, allelic frequencies at the Est-2 and Got-1 loci are different in both types of populations. The fact that both kinds of populations coexist in the same pond shows that the isolating mechanism is not an adaptation to the larval environment, but rather involves mechanisms pecular to adults (precopulatory mechanism or interpopulation sterility)."}
{"id": "PMID:921194", "title": "[Suburban biotopes of Rhipicephalus turanicus (Pomerancev, Matikasvili, Lototzki, 1940). (Acarina, Ixodoidea). Preliminary study (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations carried out on the waste grounds of a certain number of large Mediterranean towns in Provence and Languedoc (France) show the prevalence of Rhipicephalus turanicus in such an environment. The authors analyse the conditions favourable to the installation of the species, and make a comparison between the suburban biotopes with Rhipicephalus turanicus and the homologous biotopes with Dermacentor reticulatus.", "contents": "[Suburban biotopes of Rhipicephalus turanicus (Pomerancev, Matikasvili, Lototzki, 1940). (Acarina, Ixodoidea). Preliminary study (author's transl)]. Investigations carried out on the waste grounds of a certain number of large Mediterranean towns in Provence and Languedoc (France) show the prevalence of Rhipicephalus turanicus in such an environment. The authors analyse the conditions favourable to the installation of the species, and make a comparison between the suburban biotopes with Rhipicephalus turanicus and the homologous biotopes with Dermacentor reticulatus."}
{"id": "PMID:921189", "title": "[Revision of Fuhrmaniella fausti Tseng Shen, 1932 (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors reexamined the original material of Fuhrmaniella fausti recolted by Faust and preserved within the collections of the University of Neuch\u00e2tel. They came to the following conclusions: 1. the description of F. fausti given by Tseng Shen, 1932 joins without any doubt the strobila of Microsomacanthus paramicrosoma Gasowska, 1931 and the scolex of the quite different species probably Microsomacanthus spiralibursata Czaplinski, 1956; 2. the specimens described by Spassky and Spasskaya 1961 as Microsomacanthus fausti belong to a different species, little known, which is proposed to be named Microsomacanthus beari sp. n.", "contents": "[Revision of Fuhrmaniella fausti Tseng Shen, 1932 (author's transl)]. The authors reexamined the original material of Fuhrmaniella fausti recolted by Faust and preserved within the collections of the University of Neuch\u00e2tel. They came to the following conclusions: 1. the description of F. fausti given by Tseng Shen, 1932 joins without any doubt the strobila of Microsomacanthus paramicrosoma Gasowska, 1931 and the scolex of the quite different species probably Microsomacanthus spiralibursata Czaplinski, 1956; 2. the specimens described by Spassky and Spasskaya 1961 as Microsomacanthus fausti belong to a different species, little known, which is proposed to be named Microsomacanthus beari sp. n."}
{"id": "PMID:921195", "title": "[Cycle, ultrastructure of a Catenaria (Phycomycetes Blastocladiales) parasite of Crustacea Cyclopoida].", "content": "The ultrastructural modifications during the life cycle of a Phycomycetes parasite of Cyclops are studied. The cytoplasmic sporangium cleavage is brought about by the fusion of flagellar sheaths and cleavage vesicles. The uniflagellates zoospores are characterized by a nuclear-nuclear cap cluster, a large side-body (single mitochondrion, lipid bodies, granular material) and gamma particles. The fungus belongs to the genus Catenaria and probably to the species C. anguillulae. The ultrastructure of this Catenaria shows that this genus is closely related to Blastocladiales.", "contents": "[Cycle, ultrastructure of a Catenaria (Phycomycetes Blastocladiales) parasite of Crustacea Cyclopoida]. The ultrastructural modifications during the life cycle of a Phycomycetes parasite of Cyclops are studied. The cytoplasmic sporangium cleavage is brought about by the fusion of flagellar sheaths and cleavage vesicles. The uniflagellates zoospores are characterized by a nuclear-nuclear cap cluster, a large side-body (single mitochondrion, lipid bodies, granular material) and gamma particles. The fungus belongs to the genus Catenaria and probably to the species C. anguillulae. The ultrastructure of this Catenaria shows that this genus is closely related to Blastocladiales."}
{"id": "PMID:921205", "title": "One year's experience with a regional hormone assay service.", "content": "To provide a service in England and Wales for specialised assays, clinical chemists envisaged a multi-tier system with area, regional, and supraregional laboratories. The Department of Clinical Biochemistry at Addenbrooke's Hospital was established as a regional centre for hormone assays and formal operation started in June 1975. The assays which seemed most suitable for regional development in East Anglia were those for investigating the pituitary-gonad and pituitary-thyroid axes. Most of these were introduced in the first year of operation. A specialised laboratory was not set up: instead, endocrine assays were integrated into a large service laboratory and little expenditure was needed for specialised facilities or staff. The work load of endocrine assays increased markedly during the first year of operation, but the main source of requests was local rather than regional. This lack of use by a region has implications for all three tiers of the specialised service. It suggests that effective centralisation of specialised assays is impracticable unless a dictatorial approach to the problem of rationalisation is made at regional and area level.", "contents": "One year's experience with a regional hormone assay service. To provide a service in England and Wales for specialised assays, clinical chemists envisaged a multi-tier system with area, regional, and supraregional laboratories. The Department of Clinical Biochemistry at Addenbrooke's Hospital was established as a regional centre for hormone assays and formal operation started in June 1975. The assays which seemed most suitable for regional development in East Anglia were those for investigating the pituitary-gonad and pituitary-thyroid axes. Most of these were introduced in the first year of operation. A specialised laboratory was not set up: instead, endocrine assays were integrated into a large service laboratory and little expenditure was needed for specialised facilities or staff. The work load of endocrine assays increased markedly during the first year of operation, but the main source of requests was local rather than regional. This lack of use by a region has implications for all three tiers of the specialised service. It suggests that effective centralisation of specialised assays is impracticable unless a dictatorial approach to the problem of rationalisation is made at regional and area level."}
{"id": "PMID:921207", "title": "Automated fluoride ion determination. Determination of urine fluoride ion levels.", "content": "An automated method is described, using standard continuous flow techniques, for the determination of urine fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. It is shown that the kinetics of the electrode response to changes in fluoride ion can be used for the accurate measurement of fluoride ion concentration in urine, and that equilibration of the electrode response is not a prerequisite for the measurement of fluoride ion. Recovery experiments are in the range 83 to 90%; in-batch precision is between 0.9 and 1.6% and carryover 2.5% or less.", "contents": "Automated fluoride ion determination. Determination of urine fluoride ion levels. An automated method is described, using standard continuous flow techniques, for the determination of urine fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. It is shown that the kinetics of the electrode response to changes in fluoride ion can be used for the accurate measurement of fluoride ion concentration in urine, and that equilibration of the electrode response is not a prerequisite for the measurement of fluoride ion. Recovery experiments are in the range 83 to 90%; in-batch precision is between 0.9 and 1.6% and carryover 2.5% or less."}
{"id": "PMID:921208", "title": "Automated fluoride ion determination. Determination of serum fluoride ion levels.", "content": "A method is described, using standard continuous flow techniques, for the automated determination of serum fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. It is shown that the kinetics of the electrode response to changes in fluoride ion can be used for the accurate measurement of fluoride ion concentration in serum, and that equilibration of the electrode response is not a prerequisite for the measurement of fluoride ion. Recovery experiments are in the range 86.6-98.5%, in-batch precision is 1.0-6.1%, between-batch precision 5.5%, with carryover of -2.99%.", "contents": "Automated fluoride ion determination. Determination of serum fluoride ion levels. A method is described, using standard continuous flow techniques, for the automated determination of serum fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. It is shown that the kinetics of the electrode response to changes in fluoride ion can be used for the accurate measurement of fluoride ion concentration in serum, and that equilibration of the electrode response is not a prerequisite for the measurement of fluoride ion. Recovery experiments are in the range 86.6-98.5%, in-batch precision is 1.0-6.1%, between-batch precision 5.5%, with carryover of -2.99%."}
{"id": "PMID:921209", "title": "Blood sampling technique for lactate and pyruvate estimation in children.", "content": "The effects of stress and muscular movements caused by direct venepuncture and of venestasis on the lactate and pyruvate levels in children have been examined. Direct venepuncture and venestasis significantly influence the obtained values. To measure reliable values for pyruvate and lactate in blood of children it seems advisable to insert an indwelling intravenous cannula. After 45 min of rest in bed the blood sample can be obtained.", "contents": "Blood sampling technique for lactate and pyruvate estimation in children. The effects of stress and muscular movements caused by direct venepuncture and of venestasis on the lactate and pyruvate levels in children have been examined. Direct venepuncture and venestasis significantly influence the obtained values. To measure reliable values for pyruvate and lactate in blood of children it seems advisable to insert an indwelling intravenous cannula. After 45 min of rest in bed the blood sample can be obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:921210", "title": "Assessment of the Beckman System 1.", "content": "The System 1 produced results for glucose and urea which were precise and accurate. It proved suitable as a general laboratory instrument as it samples 28 mul of specimen, is able to calibrate itself, produces results in three minutes, and has the capacity to analyse 56 samples an hour.", "contents": "Assessment of the Beckman System 1. The System 1 produced results for glucose and urea which were precise and accurate. It proved suitable as a general laboratory instrument as it samples 28 mul of specimen, is able to calibrate itself, produces results in three minutes, and has the capacity to analyse 56 samples an hour."}
{"id": "PMID:921211", "title": "Serum enzymes and isoenzymes after surgery.", "content": "Serum creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activities were abnormal in 76, 50, and 28% respectively of 50 patients studied within 26 hours of surgery. No patient showed clinical evidence of myocardial infarction. Creatine kinase MB isoenzyme elevation, and lactate dehydrogenase LD1 activity greater than LD2 (LD) greater than LD2) were infrequent (6 and 10% respectively). No patient showed the combination of transient MB isoenzyme elevation and LD1 greater than LD2, although their rare association without infarction after surgery is to be anticipated.", "contents": "Serum enzymes and isoenzymes after surgery. Serum creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activities were abnormal in 76, 50, and 28% respectively of 50 patients studied within 26 hours of surgery. No patient showed clinical evidence of myocardial infarction. Creatine kinase MB isoenzyme elevation, and lactate dehydrogenase LD1 activity greater than LD2 (LD) greater than LD2) were infrequent (6 and 10% respectively). No patient showed the combination of transient MB isoenzyme elevation and LD1 greater than LD2, although their rare association without infarction after surgery is to be anticipated."}
{"id": "PMID:921212", "title": "Diagnostic value of urine mercury measurements.", "content": "A review of referrals to a regional heavy metals centre for possible mercury poisoning was made. Samples were received either from subjects who were well but were known to have some contact with mercury or from patients with an illness under investigation but undiagnosed. The problems associated with diagnosis of mercury toxicity in the absence of known exposure are illustrated by two case reports.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of urine mercury measurements. A review of referrals to a regional heavy metals centre for possible mercury poisoning was made. Samples were received either from subjects who were well but were known to have some contact with mercury or from patients with an illness under investigation but undiagnosed. The problems associated with diagnosis of mercury toxicity in the absence of known exposure are illustrated by two case reports."}
{"id": "PMID:921213", "title": "Human mitochondrial malic enzyme variants: properties of the different polymorphic forms.", "content": "1. The human mitochondrial malic enzyme polymorphism was found to exist in the Scottish population with similar allele frequencies to those reported previously for Caucasian populations. 2. The mitochondrial malic enzyme variants MEM1, MEM2-1 and MEM2 which form the polymorphism have been separated from the cytoplasmic malic enzyme and partially purified by DEAE Sephadex chromatography. 3. The properties of the three mitochondrial malic enzyme variants were examined. No differences were found between the variants in Km for NADP, Km for pyruvate, Mn2+ and Mg2+ activation, Ki for dicumarol, heat stability, pH or ionic strength optimum.", "contents": "Human mitochondrial malic enzyme variants: properties of the different polymorphic forms. 1. The human mitochondrial malic enzyme polymorphism was found to exist in the Scottish population with similar allele frequencies to those reported previously for Caucasian populations. 2. The mitochondrial malic enzyme variants MEM1, MEM2-1 and MEM2 which form the polymorphism have been separated from the cytoplasmic malic enzyme and partially purified by DEAE Sephadex chromatography. 3. The properties of the three mitochondrial malic enzyme variants were examined. No differences were found between the variants in Km for NADP, Km for pyruvate, Mn2+ and Mg2+ activation, Ki for dicumarol, heat stability, pH or ionic strength optimum."}
{"id": "PMID:921215", "title": "Inverting the information matrix in gene-frequency estimation in systems like ABO.", "content": "It is shown that the matrix of second-order derivatives of the log likelihood function in the case of ABO-like systems can be subjected to explicit inversion in the general case of k antigens.", "contents": "Inverting the information matrix in gene-frequency estimation in systems like ABO. It is shown that the matrix of second-order derivatives of the log likelihood function in the case of ABO-like systems can be subjected to explicit inversion in the general case of k antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:921216", "title": "Estimation of the variance components for dermal ridge count.", "content": "Refinements of the scoring algorithm to estimate variance components from pedigree data are developed. Subsequent to these modifications, heritability estimates were readily obtained from data for over 50 traits, including total finger ridge count reported here. A significant contribution to the total variance of ridge count could be attributed to the effects of dominance, a finding not previously reported for this dermatoglyphic trait.", "contents": "Estimation of the variance components for dermal ridge count. Refinements of the scoring algorithm to estimate variance components from pedigree data are developed. Subsequent to these modifications, heritability estimates were readily obtained from data for over 50 traits, including total finger ridge count reported here. A significant contribution to the total variance of ridge count could be attributed to the effects of dominance, a finding not previously reported for this dermatoglyphic trait."}
{"id": "PMID:921217", "title": "Comments on the Penrose-Stanton model of assortative mating.", "content": "A single-locus model of assortative mating proposed by Penrose and extended by Stanton is analysed. It is shown that the formulae giving values of correlations between males and relatives derived by Stanton apply to a general class of symmetric, non-selective mating schemes in equilibrium when genotypes have additive values. The canonical form of Stanton's system is derived, revealing that the assignment of additive values of genotypes does not apply also to the canonical vectors.", "contents": "Comments on the Penrose-Stanton model of assortative mating. A single-locus model of assortative mating proposed by Penrose and extended by Stanton is analysed. It is shown that the formulae giving values of correlations between males and relatives derived by Stanton apply to a general class of symmetric, non-selective mating schemes in equilibrium when genotypes have additive values. The canonical form of Stanton's system is derived, revealing that the assignment of additive values of genotypes does not apply also to the canonical vectors."}
{"id": "PMID:921218", "title": "Testing the significance of risk estimates for the predisposition of heterozygotes to common diseases.", "content": "A maximum-likelihood method has been used previously to estimate, from family studies, the relative risk of common disorders for heterozygous carriers of genes for certain autosomal recessive syndromes. In this paper statistical significance of relative risk estimates was evaluated using critical values from computer-generated sampling distributions of the test statistic. In several practical cases a significance test based on the computer-generated distribution was more conservative than a test which assumed normality for the sampling distribution.", "contents": "Testing the significance of risk estimates for the predisposition of heterozygotes to common diseases. A maximum-likelihood method has been used previously to estimate, from family studies, the relative risk of common disorders for heterozygous carriers of genes for certain autosomal recessive syndromes. In this paper statistical significance of relative risk estimates was evaluated using critical values from computer-generated sampling distributions of the test statistic. In several practical cases a significance test based on the computer-generated distribution was more conservative than a test which assumed normality for the sampling distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:921219", "title": "The linkage relationships of the haemoglobin beta, delta and alpha loci with 34 genetic marker systems.", "content": "An analysis of the linkage relationships of the Hbalpha and Hbbeta loci with 34 genetic marker systems is presented. No evidence of linkage of either haemoglobin locus with any of the marker loci was found. The Hbalpha locus may be excluded from approximately 7% and the Hbbeta locus from approximately one-third of the autosomal genome.", "contents": "The linkage relationships of the haemoglobin beta, delta and alpha loci with 34 genetic marker systems. An analysis of the linkage relationships of the Hbalpha and Hbbeta loci with 34 genetic marker systems is presented. No evidence of linkage of either haemoglobin locus with any of the marker loci was found. The Hbalpha locus may be excluded from approximately 7% and the Hbbeta locus from approximately one-third of the autosomal genome."}
{"id": "PMID:921220", "title": "Tracing quantitative measurements on human chromosomes in family studies.", "content": "Statistical methods are developed for tracing quantitative measurements on human chromosomes from parents to offspring. Tests for transmission are briefly considered.", "contents": "Tracing quantitative measurements on human chromosomes in family studies. Statistical methods are developed for tracing quantitative measurements on human chromosomes from parents to offspring. Tests for transmission are briefly considered."}
{"id": "PMID:921222", "title": "Inbreeding effect on precocious mortality in Japanese communities of Brazil.", "content": "Data on precocious mortality (from abortions up to the age of 20) are presented for three Japanese communities in Brazil. The inbreeding load (B approximately 1-5) is estimated on the basis of these data. B/A lies between 7 and 30. Three general working hypotheses are presented.", "contents": "Inbreeding effect on precocious mortality in Japanese communities of Brazil. Data on precocious mortality (from abortions up to the age of 20) are presented for three Japanese communities in Brazil. The inbreeding load (B approximately 1-5) is estimated on the basis of these data. B/A lies between 7 and 30. Three general working hypotheses are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:921223", "title": "Hair patterns of the lower limb in Central Indian males.", "content": "The distribution of hair of the right lower limb has been studied in a random sample of 220 healthy Central Indian males 17 to 45 years of age. The common hair patterns observed are the proximal phalangeal hair in all toes in 55.45%, the middle phalangeal hair in the third toe in 8.18%, the tibial on the dorsum of foot in 69.55%, and the pedo-cruro-femoral in the lower limb in 70.00% subjects. Comparison of these findings with those of the right upper limb shows that hairiness of the two limbs is correlated, that the dorsum of foot is less hairy than the dorsum of hand, and that the third and second toes are comparable with the fourth and third fingers, respectively, as regards their middle phalangeal hair. Comparison with the available literature shows that the Central Indian males resemble the Whites in having greater frequency of middle phalangeal hair than those of the Negroes, that the dorsum of feet of this population is less hairy than the White and more hairy than the Negroes, and that the general hairiness of the lower limb is more or less equal in the three groups of persons.", "contents": "Hair patterns of the lower limb in Central Indian males. The distribution of hair of the right lower limb has been studied in a random sample of 220 healthy Central Indian males 17 to 45 years of age. The common hair patterns observed are the proximal phalangeal hair in all toes in 55.45%, the middle phalangeal hair in the third toe in 8.18%, the tibial on the dorsum of foot in 69.55%, and the pedo-cruro-femoral in the lower limb in 70.00% subjects. Comparison of these findings with those of the right upper limb shows that hairiness of the two limbs is correlated, that the dorsum of foot is less hairy than the dorsum of hand, and that the third and second toes are comparable with the fourth and third fingers, respectively, as regards their middle phalangeal hair. Comparison with the available literature shows that the Central Indian males resemble the Whites in having greater frequency of middle phalangeal hair than those of the Negroes, that the dorsum of feet of this population is less hairy than the White and more hairy than the Negroes, and that the general hairiness of the lower limb is more or less equal in the three groups of persons."}
{"id": "PMID:921224", "title": "Hair patterns of the pinna among the Central Indians.", "content": "The hair patterns of the pinna have been studied in a selected sample of 767 males and 5 females from Central India, all with hairy pinnae. The age of the males ranged from 21 to 85 years, and that of the females from 2.5 months to 32 years. All subjects were healthy and did not demonstrate any endocrine disturbance. The commonest hair pattern of the elevated areas of the pinna among the males was the helico-lobulo-antitragal, whereas in the females it was the helical. The hair pattern of the depressed areas of the pinna showing highest frequency was the conchal. The majority of the hairy pinnae are associated with bilateral tragal hair and the maximo-pilose distribution of the facial hair. The Central Indian males resemble the White males in their hair distribution of the pinna.", "contents": "Hair patterns of the pinna among the Central Indians. The hair patterns of the pinna have been studied in a selected sample of 767 males and 5 females from Central India, all with hairy pinnae. The age of the males ranged from 21 to 85 years, and that of the females from 2.5 months to 32 years. All subjects were healthy and did not demonstrate any endocrine disturbance. The commonest hair pattern of the elevated areas of the pinna among the males was the helico-lobulo-antitragal, whereas in the females it was the helical. The hair pattern of the depressed areas of the pinna showing highest frequency was the conchal. The majority of the hairy pinnae are associated with bilateral tragal hair and the maximo-pilose distribution of the facial hair. The Central Indian males resemble the White males in their hair distribution of the pinna."}
{"id": "PMID:921225", "title": "[Sex differences in hair color].", "content": "The hair-colours of an unselected Vienese sample (8399 male, 8176 female) of all ages and ascertained by the author himself have been analysed with regard to their sexual distribution. The comparisons of the age-groups necessary because of the individual age-changes of the hair-colour did not reveal any significant sexual dimorphism. Only during the periods of intensified growth the girls show a slight tendency to darker hair than the boys at the same age because of their faster development.", "contents": "[Sex differences in hair color]. The hair-colours of an unselected Vienese sample (8399 male, 8176 female) of all ages and ascertained by the author himself have been analysed with regard to their sexual distribution. The comparisons of the age-groups necessary because of the individual age-changes of the hair-colour did not reveal any significant sexual dimorphism. Only during the periods of intensified growth the girls show a slight tendency to darker hair than the boys at the same age because of their faster development."}
{"id": "PMID:921226", "title": "Association of finger ball dermatoglyphics with pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "This paper includes the study of finger ball pattern dermatoglyphics of 200 normal individuals and 200 tubercular patients. The data on the former group were collected from local institutes and that on the latter one from Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Dept., Govt. Medical College, Patiala. A comparison of two groups was made pertaining to the distribution of various subtypes, major types, indices, symmetry, monomorphic hands and pleiotropic hands to find out an association of finger ball dermatoglyphics with tuberculosis, if any. No statistical significant differences were observed in two groups in relation to these parameters except for the distribution of various subtypes in index fingers of both hands and little finger of right hand and the pleiotropic hands.", "contents": "Association of finger ball dermatoglyphics with pulmonary tuberculosis. This paper includes the study of finger ball pattern dermatoglyphics of 200 normal individuals and 200 tubercular patients. The data on the former group were collected from local institutes and that on the latter one from Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Dept., Govt. Medical College, Patiala. A comparison of two groups was made pertaining to the distribution of various subtypes, major types, indices, symmetry, monomorphic hands and pleiotropic hands to find out an association of finger ball dermatoglyphics with tuberculosis, if any. No statistical significant differences were observed in two groups in relation to these parameters except for the distribution of various subtypes in index fingers of both hands and little finger of right hand and the pleiotropic hands."}
{"id": "PMID:921227", "title": "[Quantitative digital dermatoglyphic parameters--their distribution in families].", "content": "112 mother-child-father tercettes have been examined for several quantitative dermatoglyphic parameters (total ridge count--TRC--, radial and ulnar differrences, index of pattern type [KEITER]). The distribution of pattern among children has been compared to those of their parents. In the majority of cases within the empirical distribution of the children extreme values outside of the variation range of the parents were observed. This is in contrast to the formal genetic model of additive polygeny (HOLT). These findings have been interpreted as manifestation of TRC-heterogeneity suggesting a modifying action of radial and ulnar ridge differences. The parent-child correlation for the radio-ulnar differences and the index of pattern type were lower than that for the TRC. The interpretation of unexpected differences in quantitative dermatoglyphic parameters of children in relation to the variation of their parents has to be discussed very carefully. Due to the small number of material a correlation between the isolated position of the children in TRC to mother-child-differences in serological markers could not be excluded in this study.", "contents": "[Quantitative digital dermatoglyphic parameters--their distribution in families]. 112 mother-child-father tercettes have been examined for several quantitative dermatoglyphic parameters (total ridge count--TRC--, radial and ulnar differrences, index of pattern type [KEITER]). The distribution of pattern among children has been compared to those of their parents. In the majority of cases within the empirical distribution of the children extreme values outside of the variation range of the parents were observed. This is in contrast to the formal genetic model of additive polygeny (HOLT). These findings have been interpreted as manifestation of TRC-heterogeneity suggesting a modifying action of radial and ulnar ridge differences. The parent-child correlation for the radio-ulnar differences and the index of pattern type were lower than that for the TRC. The interpretation of unexpected differences in quantitative dermatoglyphic parameters of children in relation to the variation of their parents has to be discussed very carefully. Due to the small number of material a correlation between the isolated position of the children in TRC to mother-child-differences in serological markers could not be excluded in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:921228", "title": "[Variability and formal genetics of labial grooves].", "content": "320 adults and 100 family tercettes from the area of Hamburg were studied concerning the distribution and frequency of different lip patterns as well as special structures of lip ridges (whorls). Dividing the material in three phenotypic classes the phenotype corresponding to less wrinkle intensity was found to be most frequent. Simple branching ridges and complicated phenotypes were present in almost similar frequency. The complicated patterns as well as structural details were more frequent among males. In the family tercettes, the offsprings from parents with less branching patterns showed a wide range of variation. Dominant genetic factors could be suggested for the manifestation of paramedial double whorls on the lower lip. Embryological considerations as well as studies by Hirth et al. (1977) agree to these interpretations.", "contents": "[Variability and formal genetics of labial grooves]. 320 adults and 100 family tercettes from the area of Hamburg were studied concerning the distribution and frequency of different lip patterns as well as special structures of lip ridges (whorls). Dividing the material in three phenotypic classes the phenotype corresponding to less wrinkle intensity was found to be most frequent. Simple branching ridges and complicated phenotypes were present in almost similar frequency. The complicated patterns as well as structural details were more frequent among males. In the family tercettes, the offsprings from parents with less branching patterns showed a wide range of variation. Dominant genetic factors could be suggested for the manifestation of paramedial double whorls on the lower lip. Embryological considerations as well as studies by Hirth et al. (1977) agree to these interpretations."}
{"id": "PMID:921229", "title": "On the genetic control of human serum albumin levels.", "content": "On 68 families with 134 children and on 115 mother-child pairs the serum albumin levels were examined by means of the single radial immundiffusion test after MANCINI et al. (1965). Neither age nor sex dependences were seen. Against that our materials indicate the existence of genetic factors controlling at least to some degree the concentration of this serum protein. Nevertheless, the serum albumin level is also influenced by non-genetic factors. At the present stage of research, however, it is not yet possible to separate exactly genetic and non-genetic variation from another.", "contents": "On the genetic control of human serum albumin levels. On 68 families with 134 children and on 115 mother-child pairs the serum albumin levels were examined by means of the single radial immundiffusion test after MANCINI et al. (1965). Neither age nor sex dependences were seen. Against that our materials indicate the existence of genetic factors controlling at least to some degree the concentration of this serum protein. Nevertheless, the serum albumin level is also influenced by non-genetic factors. At the present stage of research, however, it is not yet possible to separate exactly genetic and non-genetic variation from another."}
{"id": "PMID:921230", "title": "[Dependence of shrinkage on the mineral content of experimentally burned bones].", "content": "Quantitative changes of the human femur compacta have been studied by dilatometer investigation. Furthermore it was found that increasing mineral content of cortical bone is significantly correlated with a decreasing value of thermally induced shrinkage. Therefore, cortical thickness should be a useful criterion for sexing cremated remains.", "contents": "[Dependence of shrinkage on the mineral content of experimentally burned bones]. Quantitative changes of the human femur compacta have been studied by dilatometer investigation. Furthermore it was found that increasing mineral content of cortical bone is significantly correlated with a decreasing value of thermally induced shrinkage. Therefore, cortical thickness should be a useful criterion for sexing cremated remains."}
{"id": "PMID:921232", "title": "[Study of natural mutiple drug resistance in actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyes].", "content": "Natural strains of actinomycetes belonging to 3 systematic groups of the Streptomyces genera, i.e. blue, gray and globisporine were characterized for their resistance to antibiotics and sulfamids. The majority of the strains were shown to have stable inherited multiple resistence to a wide variety of antibiotics. Linkage analysis for resistance determinants in pairs showed random distribution of most of the determinants among the members of the blue and grey groups of the actinomycetes. Non-random distribution of the resistance determinants to Tc, Cm and Rm in TcCm, TcRm conbinations for the blue group actinomycetes and to Om, Rm, Fa, Lm, Em, Rm and Tc in OmRm, FaLm, EmPm, TcOm combinations among the members of the grey group of actinomycetes was found.", "contents": "[Study of natural mutiple drug resistance in actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyes]. Natural strains of actinomycetes belonging to 3 systematic groups of the Streptomyces genera, i.e. blue, gray and globisporine were characterized for their resistance to antibiotics and sulfamids. The majority of the strains were shown to have stable inherited multiple resistence to a wide variety of antibiotics. Linkage analysis for resistance determinants in pairs showed random distribution of most of the determinants among the members of the blue and grey groups of the actinomycetes. Non-random distribution of the resistance determinants to Tc, Cm and Rm in TcCm, TcRm conbinations for the blue group actinomycetes and to Om, Rm, Fa, Lm, Em, Rm and Tc in OmRm, FaLm, EmPm, TcOm combinations among the members of the grey group of actinomycetes was found."}
{"id": "PMID:921233", "title": "[Induced variability of Streptomyces galbus].", "content": "A-factor, a regulating substance is an obligatory participant of streptomycin biosynthesis by Str. griseus. Str. galbus also synthesizes streptomycin but without participation of A-factor. Mutant with various morphological properties were obtained under the effect of ethylenimine. No correlation between spore formation and streptomycin synthesis was found in the mutants of Str. galbus unlike Str. griseus. Correlation between a decrease in the capacity for production of a dark brown pigment and an increase in the level of streptomycin biosynthesis was shown: the mutants with the dark brown pigment did not synthesize streptomycin, while the mutants without the pigment synthesized streptomycin in the amounts 10-14 times higher than those in the initial strain. The same as the initial strain, the mutants of Str. galbus had no A-factor and did not respond to its addition into the medium by changing their properties and streptomycin synthesis.", "contents": "[Induced variability of Streptomyces galbus]. A-factor, a regulating substance is an obligatory participant of streptomycin biosynthesis by Str. griseus. Str. galbus also synthesizes streptomycin but without participation of A-factor. Mutant with various morphological properties were obtained under the effect of ethylenimine. No correlation between spore formation and streptomycin synthesis was found in the mutants of Str. galbus unlike Str. griseus. Correlation between a decrease in the capacity for production of a dark brown pigment and an increase in the level of streptomycin biosynthesis was shown: the mutants with the dark brown pigment did not synthesize streptomycin, while the mutants without the pigment synthesized streptomycin in the amounts 10-14 times higher than those in the initial strain. The same as the initial strain, the mutants of Str. galbus had no A-factor and did not respond to its addition into the medium by changing their properties and streptomycin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:921234", "title": "[Study of the antibiotic sensitivity of Shigella newcastle isolated in Zaporozhe Province].", "content": "Sensitivity to antibacterial drugs of 510 strains of Shigella Newcastle isolated from both sporadic patients and cases during the disease outbreaks was studied. The studies revealed a rather high percentage of Shigella Newcastle resistant to the antibiotics widely used in clinical practice. Most of the strains, i.e. 90.5 per cent were resistant to tetracycline and a significant number of the isolates, i.e. 55.6--53.3 per cent were resistant to streptomycin and erythromycin. A statistically reliable predominance of the Shigella resistant to levomycetin and streptomycin in the disease foci was noted as compared to the Shigella isolated from the sporadic patients. Most of the isolates were simultaneously resistant to several antibiotics. Thus, resistance to 2,3--4 and 5--6 antibiotics was found in 28, 54.3 and I.I per cent of the cultures respectively. At the same time almost all Shigella Newcastle strains were sensitive to rifampicin, neomycin and monomycin (aminoglycoside antibiotics), enteroseptol (oxychinoline drug) and furazolidone (nitrofuran drug).", "contents": "[Study of the antibiotic sensitivity of Shigella newcastle isolated in Zaporozhe Province]. Sensitivity to antibacterial drugs of 510 strains of Shigella Newcastle isolated from both sporadic patients and cases during the disease outbreaks was studied. The studies revealed a rather high percentage of Shigella Newcastle resistant to the antibiotics widely used in clinical practice. Most of the strains, i.e. 90.5 per cent were resistant to tetracycline and a significant number of the isolates, i.e. 55.6--53.3 per cent were resistant to streptomycin and erythromycin. A statistically reliable predominance of the Shigella resistant to levomycetin and streptomycin in the disease foci was noted as compared to the Shigella isolated from the sporadic patients. Most of the isolates were simultaneously resistant to several antibiotics. Thus, resistance to 2,3--4 and 5--6 antibiotics was found in 28, 54.3 and I.I per cent of the cultures respectively. At the same time almost all Shigella Newcastle strains were sensitive to rifampicin, neomycin and monomycin (aminoglycoside antibiotics), enteroseptol (oxychinoline drug) and furazolidone (nitrofuran drug)."}
{"id": "PMID:921235", "title": "[Effect of euphylline and caffeine on the permeability of the hemato-encephalic barrier for benzylpenicillin in experimental and clinical meningococcal meningitis].", "content": "Higher benzylpenicillin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and soft brain membranes were determined in experiments on a model of meningococcal meningitis of rabbits and in clinics in patients with meningococcal meningits subjected to combined treatment with massive doses of the antibiotic and the therapeutic doses of euphylline or caffeine. Benzylpenicillin excretion with urine and the antibiotic blood levels did not significantly change under the action of the diuretics. The phenomenon must be due to the vasolidative effect of the drugs of the purine group, improved blood supply of the soft brain membranes and increased permeability of the hemato-encephalic barrier for benzylpenicillin.", "contents": "[Effect of euphylline and caffeine on the permeability of the hemato-encephalic barrier for benzylpenicillin in experimental and clinical meningococcal meningitis]. Higher benzylpenicillin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and soft brain membranes were determined in experiments on a model of meningococcal meningitis of rabbits and in clinics in patients with meningococcal meningits subjected to combined treatment with massive doses of the antibiotic and the therapeutic doses of euphylline or caffeine. Benzylpenicillin excretion with urine and the antibiotic blood levels did not significantly change under the action of the diuretics. The phenomenon must be due to the vasolidative effect of the drugs of the purine group, improved blood supply of the soft brain membranes and increased permeability of the hemato-encephalic barrier for benzylpenicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:921236", "title": "[Principles of antibacterial chemotherapy of wound infection in traumatology and orthopedics].", "content": "Staphylococci have been mainly isolated presently from the wounds of the traumatological and orthopedic patients. Sensitivity of the out-of hospital and hospital staphylococcal strains was studied. Higher sensitivity of the out-of-hospital strains was showed. Directed antibiotic therapy, control of the treatment courses, doses, drug levels in the blood serum and infection foci provided more effective results in patients with purulent complications.", "contents": "[Principles of antibacterial chemotherapy of wound infection in traumatology and orthopedics]. Staphylococci have been mainly isolated presently from the wounds of the traumatological and orthopedic patients. Sensitivity of the out-of hospital and hospital staphylococcal strains was studied. Higher sensitivity of the out-of-hospital strains was showed. Directed antibiotic therapy, control of the treatment courses, doses, drug levels in the blood serum and infection foci provided more effective results in patients with purulent complications."}
{"id": "PMID:921238", "title": "In vitro inhibition of platelet function and coagulation by pentamidine isethionate.", "content": "Pentamidine isethionate is a trypanocidal drug used for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. Hematological complications have occasionally been reported and include anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. We report here several qualitative abnormalities of in vitro platelet function and coagulation that have not been described previously. Platelets were exposed in vitro to concentrations of pentamidine isethionate ranging from 0.5 to 100 mug/ml of platelet-rich plasma. Clot retraction, platelet adhesiveness to glass beads, and platelet aggregation (adenosine 5'-diphosphate [ADP], thrombin, epinephrine, collagen, and ristocetin) were inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion. The addition of pentamidine isethionate after aggregation had been initiated with ADP reversed both primary and, to a lesser degree, secondary aggregation. Platelet factor 3 availability and serotonin uptake and release (using collagen as the releasing agent) were not inhibited. Serotonin release with 10(-4) M ADP was slightly inhibited. Pentamidine isethionate prolonged the thrombin time of plasma at concentrations of 5 mug/ml and greater. The prothrombin time was prolonged at concentrations greater than 10 mug/ml of plasma. The inhibition of aggregation was reversed by washing and resuspension in plasma or by the addition of calcium or magnesium ions.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of platelet function and coagulation by pentamidine isethionate. Pentamidine isethionate is a trypanocidal drug used for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. Hematological complications have occasionally been reported and include anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. We report here several qualitative abnormalities of in vitro platelet function and coagulation that have not been described previously. Platelets were exposed in vitro to concentrations of pentamidine isethionate ranging from 0.5 to 100 mug/ml of platelet-rich plasma. Clot retraction, platelet adhesiveness to glass beads, and platelet aggregation (adenosine 5'-diphosphate [ADP], thrombin, epinephrine, collagen, and ristocetin) were inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion. The addition of pentamidine isethionate after aggregation had been initiated with ADP reversed both primary and, to a lesser degree, secondary aggregation. Platelet factor 3 availability and serotonin uptake and release (using collagen as the releasing agent) were not inhibited. Serotonin release with 10(-4) M ADP was slightly inhibited. Pentamidine isethionate prolonged the thrombin time of plasma at concentrations of 5 mug/ml and greater. The prothrombin time was prolonged at concentrations greater than 10 mug/ml of plasma. The inhibition of aggregation was reversed by washing and resuspension in plasma or by the addition of calcium or magnesium ions."}
{"id": "PMID:921239", "title": "In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of T-1220, a new semisynthetic penicillin.", "content": "T-1220, sodium 6-[d-(-)-alpha-(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxo-1-piperazinylcarbonyl-amino)- alpha-phenylacetamido] penicillanate, is a new semisynthetic penicillin derivative that possesses a broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. T-1220 is more effective than carbenicillin (CB-PC) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus species, and Serratia marcescens. Addition of human serum to culture media did not significantly alter the antibacterial activity of T-1220. Greater bactericidal activity toward various strains of gram-negative bacteria was demonstrated with T-1220 than with CB-PC. T-1220, like penicillin G, was hydrolyzed by penicillinase, but was sable to a type IV penicillinase produced by P. aeruginosa strains. In vivo antibacterial activities of T-1220, ampicillin (AB-PC), and CB-PC were compared, using systemic infections of mice with P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The 50% effective doses (milligrams per kilogram) of T-1220 were consistently lower than those of AB-PC and CB-PC.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of T-1220, a new semisynthetic penicillin. T-1220, sodium 6-[d-(-)-alpha-(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxo-1-piperazinylcarbonyl-amino)- alpha-phenylacetamido] penicillanate, is a new semisynthetic penicillin derivative that possesses a broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. T-1220 is more effective than carbenicillin (CB-PC) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus species, and Serratia marcescens. Addition of human serum to culture media did not significantly alter the antibacterial activity of T-1220. Greater bactericidal activity toward various strains of gram-negative bacteria was demonstrated with T-1220 than with CB-PC. T-1220, like penicillin G, was hydrolyzed by penicillinase, but was sable to a type IV penicillinase produced by P. aeruginosa strains. In vivo antibacterial activities of T-1220, ampicillin (AB-PC), and CB-PC were compared, using systemic infections of mice with P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The 50% effective doses (milligrams per kilogram) of T-1220 were consistently lower than those of AB-PC and CB-PC."}
{"id": "PMID:921240", "title": "Effect of cefamandole nafate on the toxicity of tobramycin.", "content": "Because of the potential for an interaction between cephalosporins and aminoglycosides leading to renal injury, an evaluation of the effect of a new cephalosporin, cefamandole nafate, on the toxicity of the aminoglycoside tobramycin was performed in laboratory animals. High doses of cefamandole nafate did not increase the acute toxicity (lethality) of tobramycin in rats or mice. In a subacute experiment in rats, dose-related tobramycin nephrotoxicity, as evidenced by blood urea nitrogen changes, increased kidney weights, and histologically determined tubular nephrosis and necrosis, was observed. Concomitant treatment with cefamandole nafate, 500 mg/kg, did not increase tobramycin nephrotoxicity, but protected against the aminoglycoside-induced renal injury. Determination of tissue radioactivity after administration of [(14)C]tobramycin indicated that cefamandole nafate treatment resulted in uniformly lower tobramycin tissue concentrations compared with the control, suggesting that the protective effect was produced by enhanced excretion of tobramycin after cefamandole nafate treatment.", "contents": "Effect of cefamandole nafate on the toxicity of tobramycin. Because of the potential for an interaction between cephalosporins and aminoglycosides leading to renal injury, an evaluation of the effect of a new cephalosporin, cefamandole nafate, on the toxicity of the aminoglycoside tobramycin was performed in laboratory animals. High doses of cefamandole nafate did not increase the acute toxicity (lethality) of tobramycin in rats or mice. In a subacute experiment in rats, dose-related tobramycin nephrotoxicity, as evidenced by blood urea nitrogen changes, increased kidney weights, and histologically determined tubular nephrosis and necrosis, was observed. Concomitant treatment with cefamandole nafate, 500 mg/kg, did not increase tobramycin nephrotoxicity, but protected against the aminoglycoside-induced renal injury. Determination of tissue radioactivity after administration of [(14)C]tobramycin indicated that cefamandole nafate treatment resulted in uniformly lower tobramycin tissue concentrations compared with the control, suggesting that the protective effect was produced by enhanced excretion of tobramycin after cefamandole nafate treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:921241", "title": "Comparison of the nephrotoxicity of netilmicin and gentamicin in rats.", "content": "The nephrotoxicity of netilmicin relative to that of gentamicin was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats. Balance studies were performed on rats injected with netilmicin or gentamicin (50 mg/kg per day for 14 days, 100 mg/kg per day for 8 days, and 150 mg/kg per day for 8 days). Control rats were injected with saline. Both drugs caused a dose-related decrease in urine osmolality and increases in urine volume, water intake, and serum creatinine; however, the magnitude of these changes was significantly less in netilmicin- than in gentamicin-injected rats. Light microscopy of renal tissue revealed less proximal tubular cell necrosis in netilmicin- than in gentamicin-injected rats. There was no significant difference between the renal cortical concentrations of the two drugs. Both drugs stimulated uptake of p-aminohippurate in rat renal cortical slices to the same degree. The data indicate that netilmicin is less nephrotoxic than gentamicin in rats, that the difference in nephrotoxicity cannot be explained by a difference in drug concentration in the renal cortex, and that the ability of aminoglycosides to stimulate the organic acid transport system of proximal tubular cells does not correlate with their nephrotoxic potential.", "contents": "Comparison of the nephrotoxicity of netilmicin and gentamicin in rats. The nephrotoxicity of netilmicin relative to that of gentamicin was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats. Balance studies were performed on rats injected with netilmicin or gentamicin (50 mg/kg per day for 14 days, 100 mg/kg per day for 8 days, and 150 mg/kg per day for 8 days). Control rats were injected with saline. Both drugs caused a dose-related decrease in urine osmolality and increases in urine volume, water intake, and serum creatinine; however, the magnitude of these changes was significantly less in netilmicin- than in gentamicin-injected rats. Light microscopy of renal tissue revealed less proximal tubular cell necrosis in netilmicin- than in gentamicin-injected rats. There was no significant difference between the renal cortical concentrations of the two drugs. Both drugs stimulated uptake of p-aminohippurate in rat renal cortical slices to the same degree. The data indicate that netilmicin is less nephrotoxic than gentamicin in rats, that the difference in nephrotoxicity cannot be explained by a difference in drug concentration in the renal cortex, and that the ability of aminoglycosides to stimulate the organic acid transport system of proximal tubular cells does not correlate with their nephrotoxic potential."}
{"id": "PMID:921242", "title": "Antibiotic concentrations in serum, serum bactericidal activity, and results of therapy of streptococcal endocarditis in rabbits.", "content": "The correlation between antibiotic concentrations in serum, serum bactericidal activity, and results of therapy was studied in rabbits with streptococcal endocarditis. Five days of procaine penicillin G reduced bacterial titers to <10 per g in 12 of 14 vegetations in rabbits receiving 75,000 U intramuscularly every 6 h and 10 of 20 in rabbits given 37,500 U. Ten days of 18,750 U every 6 h did not reduce the titers. To test for cure, rabbits were treated with 75,000 U every 6 h for 10 or 20 days and then received no therapy for 7 days. At the end of the 7-day period without therapy, vegetations were sterile in five of five and eight of eight animals, respectively. Rabbits received 37,500 U every 6 h for 5, 10, or 20 days and then no therapy for 7 days, after which vegetations were sterile in one of seven, four of nine, and seven of eight animals, respectively. The median maximal serum bactericidal dilutions at 1 h were 1/16 when 75,000 U of procaine penicillin G was administered, 1/8 to 1/16 with 37,500 U, and 1/4 to 1/8 with 18,750 U. Serum bactericidal activity could not be detected in 50% of the rabbits 6 h after administration of 37,500 U. Cure was related to a median maximal serum bactericidal dilution of at least 1/8 to 1/16 1 h after penicillin administration. A median maximal serum bactericidal dilution of 1/4 to 1/8 resulted in unsuccessful therapy.", "contents": "Antibiotic concentrations in serum, serum bactericidal activity, and results of therapy of streptococcal endocarditis in rabbits. The correlation between antibiotic concentrations in serum, serum bactericidal activity, and results of therapy was studied in rabbits with streptococcal endocarditis. Five days of procaine penicillin G reduced bacterial titers to <10 per g in 12 of 14 vegetations in rabbits receiving 75,000 U intramuscularly every 6 h and 10 of 20 in rabbits given 37,500 U. Ten days of 18,750 U every 6 h did not reduce the titers. To test for cure, rabbits were treated with 75,000 U every 6 h for 10 or 20 days and then received no therapy for 7 days. At the end of the 7-day period without therapy, vegetations were sterile in five of five and eight of eight animals, respectively. Rabbits received 37,500 U every 6 h for 5, 10, or 20 days and then no therapy for 7 days, after which vegetations were sterile in one of seven, four of nine, and seven of eight animals, respectively. The median maximal serum bactericidal dilutions at 1 h were 1/16 when 75,000 U of procaine penicillin G was administered, 1/8 to 1/16 with 37,500 U, and 1/4 to 1/8 with 18,750 U. Serum bactericidal activity could not be detected in 50% of the rabbits 6 h after administration of 37,500 U. Cure was related to a median maximal serum bactericidal dilution of at least 1/8 to 1/16 1 h after penicillin administration. A median maximal serum bactericidal dilution of 1/4 to 1/8 resulted in unsuccessful therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:921243", "title": "Penicillinase-resistant penicillins plus gentamicin in experimental enterococcal endocarditis.", "content": "Previous in vitro studies demonstrating that the penicillinase-resistant penicillins act synergistically in combination with gentamicin against some enterococci have suggested that these combinations might be effective therapy for enterococcal infections in vivo. To determine the in vivo effectiveness of such combinations, we treated rabbits with enterococcal endocarditis with gentamicin and either nafcillin, oxacillin, or methicillin. Despite doses of the penicillins equivalent to 12 or 24 g/day in a 70-kg patient, the percentage of animals in each treatment group with sterile valves at autopsy after spontaneous death or sacrifice after 21 days of therapy was low. High-dose therapy with the penicillins did not significantly increase survival over the low-dose treatment groups. Thus, it seems prudent to include penicillin with a penicillinase-resistant penicillin and gentamicin as the initial therapy of patients with endocarditis possibly caused by enterococci.", "contents": "Penicillinase-resistant penicillins plus gentamicin in experimental enterococcal endocarditis. Previous in vitro studies demonstrating that the penicillinase-resistant penicillins act synergistically in combination with gentamicin against some enterococci have suggested that these combinations might be effective therapy for enterococcal infections in vivo. To determine the in vivo effectiveness of such combinations, we treated rabbits with enterococcal endocarditis with gentamicin and either nafcillin, oxacillin, or methicillin. Despite doses of the penicillins equivalent to 12 or 24 g/day in a 70-kg patient, the percentage of animals in each treatment group with sterile valves at autopsy after spontaneous death or sacrifice after 21 days of therapy was low. High-dose therapy with the penicillins did not significantly increase survival over the low-dose treatment groups. Thus, it seems prudent to include penicillin with a penicillinase-resistant penicillin and gentamicin as the initial therapy of patients with endocarditis possibly caused by enterococci."}
{"id": "PMID:921244", "title": "In vitro studies with cefaclor, a new oral cephalosporin.", "content": "In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the activity of cefaclor in comparison with cephalexin against 180 clinical isolates. Broth dilution susceptibility tests showed cefaclor to be 4- to 16-fold more active than cephalexin against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and cephalothin-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae. Neither drug was highly active against cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Cefaclor zones with 30-mug disks were generally larger than cephalexin zones, 4 mm larger than cephalothin zones against Enterobacteriaceae, and 6 mm smaller than cephalothin zones against S. aureus. Quantitative kill curves indicated that killing by both cefaclor and cephalexin was slow and often incomplete over a 24-h period. Cefaclor-induced filamentation of gram-negative bacilli was not as extensive as that produced by cephalexin, and some spherule formation did occur. However, cefaclor was significantly more unstable in solution than cephalexin, with a half-life of less than 6 h at 37 degrees C. Thus, results obtained in tests after prolonged incubation may not provide an accurate measure of cefaclor's activity.", "contents": "In vitro studies with cefaclor, a new oral cephalosporin. In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the activity of cefaclor in comparison with cephalexin against 180 clinical isolates. Broth dilution susceptibility tests showed cefaclor to be 4- to 16-fold more active than cephalexin against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and cephalothin-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae. Neither drug was highly active against cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Cefaclor zones with 30-mug disks were generally larger than cephalexin zones, 4 mm larger than cephalothin zones against Enterobacteriaceae, and 6 mm smaller than cephalothin zones against S. aureus. Quantitative kill curves indicated that killing by both cefaclor and cephalexin was slow and often incomplete over a 24-h period. Cefaclor-induced filamentation of gram-negative bacilli was not as extensive as that produced by cephalexin, and some spherule formation did occur. However, cefaclor was significantly more unstable in solution than cephalexin, with a half-life of less than 6 h at 37 degrees C. Thus, results obtained in tests after prolonged incubation may not provide an accurate measure of cefaclor's activity."}
{"id": "PMID:921245", "title": "Double-blind evaluation of oral ribavirin (Virazole) in experimental influenza A virus infection in volunteers.", "content": "The prophylactic effectiveness of oral administration of ribavirin (1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) against experimentally induced influenza A infection was evaluated in a double-blind clinical trial in normal volunteers. Fourteen men received ribavirin capsules (1,000 mg/day in four divided doses) and 15 other men received identical-appearing placebo capsules beginning 6 h after the intranasal inoculation of 3.4 log(10) 50% tissue culture infectious doses of influenza virus A/Victoria/3/75 H3N2 and continuing for 5 days after challenge. The total number of moderate-to-severe symptom scores and the total number of temperatures >/=100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) were significantly lower in the ribavirin group compared with the placebo group. The mean quantity of virus shed in nasal wash specimens and the total number of days that there were viral titers greater than 1.0 log(10) 50% tissue culture infectious doses per ml were significantly greater in the placebo group. There was no difference between the frequencies of virus isolated or the antibody responses in the two groups. Therefore, prophylactic ribavirin ameliorated symptoms and fever indicative of moderate-to-severe illness, but had no effect on the manifestations of mild illness in response to influenza A challenge. A transient rise in total serum bilirubin occurred in 29% of the ribavirin-treated volunteers and in none of the placebo-treated volunteers.", "contents": "Double-blind evaluation of oral ribavirin (Virazole) in experimental influenza A virus infection in volunteers. The prophylactic effectiveness of oral administration of ribavirin (1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) against experimentally induced influenza A infection was evaluated in a double-blind clinical trial in normal volunteers. Fourteen men received ribavirin capsules (1,000 mg/day in four divided doses) and 15 other men received identical-appearing placebo capsules beginning 6 h after the intranasal inoculation of 3.4 log(10) 50% tissue culture infectious doses of influenza virus A/Victoria/3/75 H3N2 and continuing for 5 days after challenge. The total number of moderate-to-severe symptom scores and the total number of temperatures >/=100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) were significantly lower in the ribavirin group compared with the placebo group. The mean quantity of virus shed in nasal wash specimens and the total number of days that there were viral titers greater than 1.0 log(10) 50% tissue culture infectious doses per ml were significantly greater in the placebo group. There was no difference between the frequencies of virus isolated or the antibody responses in the two groups. Therefore, prophylactic ribavirin ameliorated symptoms and fever indicative of moderate-to-severe illness, but had no effect on the manifestations of mild illness in response to influenza A challenge. A transient rise in total serum bilirubin occurred in 29% of the ribavirin-treated volunteers and in none of the placebo-treated volunteers."}
{"id": "PMID:921246", "title": "Plasmid-mediated resistance to gentamicin in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Two strains isolated from a recent outbreak of infections by gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were examined to determine whether genetic control of this resistance is plasmid or chromosomally mediated. Curing techniques indicated a plasmid location in both strains. Physical isolation and characterization of the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from one strain revealed that the determinant for gentamicin resistance resides on a 50S plasmid.", "contents": "Plasmid-mediated resistance to gentamicin in Staphylococcus aureus. Two strains isolated from a recent outbreak of infections by gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were examined to determine whether genetic control of this resistance is plasmid or chromosomally mediated. Curing techniques indicated a plasmid location in both strains. Physical isolation and characterization of the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from one strain revealed that the determinant for gentamicin resistance resides on a 50S plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:921247", "title": "Comparative study of 6-mercaptopurine metabolism in human leukemic leukocytes and L1210 cells.", "content": "Leukocytes from patients with leukemia and L1210 cells from mice were examined for the rate of formation and cellular concentration of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, the rate of thioinosinic acid formation, and a number of selected enzymes involved in purine nucleotide synthesis. The amount of thioinosinic acid formed in L1210 cells was much higher than that in human leukemic leukocytes. In cell extracts, the synthesis of thioinosinic acid was similar in both cell types, and the amount of purine phosphoribosyltransferase was not rate limiting in either case. Much higher concentrations and rates of formation of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate were found in L1210 cells than in human leukemic leukocytes. The difference in response to 6-mercaptopurine between L1210 cells and human leukemic leukocytes might be attributed to their difference in supply of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate-amidotransferase was found to be high in L1210 cells, but was not detected in human leukemic leukocytes.", "contents": "Comparative study of 6-mercaptopurine metabolism in human leukemic leukocytes and L1210 cells. Leukocytes from patients with leukemia and L1210 cells from mice were examined for the rate of formation and cellular concentration of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, the rate of thioinosinic acid formation, and a number of selected enzymes involved in purine nucleotide synthesis. The amount of thioinosinic acid formed in L1210 cells was much higher than that in human leukemic leukocytes. In cell extracts, the synthesis of thioinosinic acid was similar in both cell types, and the amount of purine phosphoribosyltransferase was not rate limiting in either case. Much higher concentrations and rates of formation of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate were found in L1210 cells than in human leukemic leukocytes. The difference in response to 6-mercaptopurine between L1210 cells and human leukemic leukocytes might be attributed to their difference in supply of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate-amidotransferase was found to be high in L1210 cells, but was not detected in human leukemic leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:921248", "title": "Inactivation and inhibition of replication of the enveloped bacteriophage phi6 by fatty acids.", "content": "The enveloped bacteriophage phi6 has been shown to be an interesting model system for the study of chemical agents that might have specific antiviral effects against lipid-containing mammalian viruses. In this report, we describe two types of antiviral activity exhibited by several fatty acids against bacteriophage phi6. Oleic acid (18:1) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) were potent inactivators of the virus. Treatment with either fatty acid at 50 mug/ml at 25 or 0 degrees C for 30 min reduced the virus titer to about 0.1% of the initial titer. Oleic acid at a concentration as low as 3 mug/ml ( approximately 10(-2) mM) reduced the virus titer to <1% of the initial titer within 30 min. Ultracentrifugation analyses of (14)C-amino acid- and (32)P-labeled virus treated with oleic acid indicated that the virion is largely disassembled by the treatment. Myristic acid (14:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) did not inactivate phi6 at 50 mug/ml, but nevertheless did prevent phi6 plaque production. Single-step virus growth experiments in which fatty acid was added at various times before or after infection indicated that it was an early stage of the phi6 replication cycle that was inhibited by the presence of myristic acid and that the inhibition occurred only if the myristic acid concentration in the extracellular growth medium was greater, similar10 mug/ml. phi6 could attach to its host cell in the presence of myristic acid at 50 mug/ml. We conclude that the fatty acids that prevent phi6 replication probably do so by interfering with the entry of the viral genome into the host cell.", "contents": "Inactivation and inhibition of replication of the enveloped bacteriophage phi6 by fatty acids. The enveloped bacteriophage phi6 has been shown to be an interesting model system for the study of chemical agents that might have specific antiviral effects against lipid-containing mammalian viruses. In this report, we describe two types of antiviral activity exhibited by several fatty acids against bacteriophage phi6. Oleic acid (18:1) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) were potent inactivators of the virus. Treatment with either fatty acid at 50 mug/ml at 25 or 0 degrees C for 30 min reduced the virus titer to about 0.1% of the initial titer. Oleic acid at a concentration as low as 3 mug/ml ( approximately 10(-2) mM) reduced the virus titer to <1% of the initial titer within 30 min. Ultracentrifugation analyses of (14)C-amino acid- and (32)P-labeled virus treated with oleic acid indicated that the virion is largely disassembled by the treatment. Myristic acid (14:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) did not inactivate phi6 at 50 mug/ml, but nevertheless did prevent phi6 plaque production. Single-step virus growth experiments in which fatty acid was added at various times before or after infection indicated that it was an early stage of the phi6 replication cycle that was inhibited by the presence of myristic acid and that the inhibition occurred only if the myristic acid concentration in the extracellular growth medium was greater, similar10 mug/ml. phi6 could attach to its host cell in the presence of myristic acid at 50 mug/ml. We conclude that the fatty acids that prevent phi6 replication probably do so by interfering with the entry of the viral genome into the host cell."}
{"id": "PMID:921249", "title": "Differentiation of catalases in Mycobacterium phlei on the basis of susceptibility to isoniazid: association with peroxidase and acquired resistance to isoniazid.", "content": "Mycobacterium phlei contains two catalase activities and a single peroxidase activity. The latter is associated with one of the catalases. The single catalase-peroxidase enzyme accounted for 75% of the total catalase activity and was lost upon acquisition of resistance to the antitubercular drug isoniazid (INH). Heat-treated (68 degrees C) wild-type cells showed similar decreases in catalase activity as well as complete loss of peroxidase activity. Catalase activity in the INH-resistant strain of M. phlei (Inh(r)) was unaffected by heating. The heat-sensitive catalase of the wild-type M. phlei was completely inhibited by 0.1 M INH, and Cu(2+) enhanced this inhibitory effect by 100-fold. No inhibition of activity was found with the heat-stable enzyme. Equivalent inhibition of catalase was also observed with nicotinic acid hydrazide and benzoic acid hydrazide. Peroxidase activity was also completely inhibited by any one of the three hydrazides, either INH, benzoic acid hydrazide, or nicotinic acid hydrazide at 10(-3) M. The presence of two catalase activities and the loss of one (catalase-peroxidase) on acquiring INH resistance or heating wild-type cells was confirmed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cell-free extracts.", "contents": "Differentiation of catalases in Mycobacterium phlei on the basis of susceptibility to isoniazid: association with peroxidase and acquired resistance to isoniazid. Mycobacterium phlei contains two catalase activities and a single peroxidase activity. The latter is associated with one of the catalases. The single catalase-peroxidase enzyme accounted for 75% of the total catalase activity and was lost upon acquisition of resistance to the antitubercular drug isoniazid (INH). Heat-treated (68 degrees C) wild-type cells showed similar decreases in catalase activity as well as complete loss of peroxidase activity. Catalase activity in the INH-resistant strain of M. phlei (Inh(r)) was unaffected by heating. The heat-sensitive catalase of the wild-type M. phlei was completely inhibited by 0.1 M INH, and Cu(2+) enhanced this inhibitory effect by 100-fold. No inhibition of activity was found with the heat-stable enzyme. Equivalent inhibition of catalase was also observed with nicotinic acid hydrazide and benzoic acid hydrazide. Peroxidase activity was also completely inhibited by any one of the three hydrazides, either INH, benzoic acid hydrazide, or nicotinic acid hydrazide at 10(-3) M. The presence of two catalase activities and the loss of one (catalase-peroxidase) on acquiring INH resistance or heating wild-type cells was confirmed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cell-free extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:921250", "title": "Effect of aminoglycosides on the chemotactic response of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Leukocyte chemotaxis was inhibited 9.6% compared with control in the presence of 10 mug of gentamicin per ml and 10.5% when exposed to 20 mug of amikacin per ml. However, cells incubated with an injectable form of gentamicin, containing preservatives, were inhibited an additional 25.8% relative to cells incubated with pure gentamicin.", "contents": "Effect of aminoglycosides on the chemotactic response of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Leukocyte chemotaxis was inhibited 9.6% compared with control in the presence of 10 mug of gentamicin per ml and 10.5% when exposed to 20 mug of amikacin per ml. However, cells incubated with an injectable form of gentamicin, containing preservatives, were inhibited an additional 25.8% relative to cells incubated with pure gentamicin."}
{"id": "PMID:921251", "title": "Antibiotic resistance patterns of metal-tolerant bacteria isolated from an estuary.", "content": "Estuarine bacteria isolated on metal-containing media were also found to be antibiotic resistant; ampicillin and chloramphenicol were the antibiotics to which resistance was most common. Patterns of antibiotic resistance were found associated with a variety of taxa.", "contents": "Antibiotic resistance patterns of metal-tolerant bacteria isolated from an estuary. Estuarine bacteria isolated on metal-containing media were also found to be antibiotic resistant; ampicillin and chloramphenicol were the antibiotics to which resistance was most common. Patterns of antibiotic resistance were found associated with a variety of taxa."}
{"id": "PMID:921252", "title": "Gentamicin and tobramycin penetration into synovial fluid.", "content": "The penetration of gentamicin and tobramycin into the synovial fluid of 12 patients with nontraumatic joint effusions was studied. Simultaneous serum and synovial fluid specimens taken after the intramuscular or intravenous administration of an antimicrobial agent were assayed. Synovial fluid levels of antibiotic were >50% of serum levels in all subjects studied. In five patients, synovial fluid levels were equal to or exceeded simultaneous serum values. These results suggest that intra-articular injection of aminoglycoside antibiotics is not necessary in the treatment of infectious arthritis.", "contents": "Gentamicin and tobramycin penetration into synovial fluid. The penetration of gentamicin and tobramycin into the synovial fluid of 12 patients with nontraumatic joint effusions was studied. Simultaneous serum and synovial fluid specimens taken after the intramuscular or intravenous administration of an antimicrobial agent were assayed. Synovial fluid levels of antibiotic were >50% of serum levels in all subjects studied. In five patients, synovial fluid levels were equal to or exceeded simultaneous serum values. These results suggest that intra-articular injection of aminoglycoside antibiotics is not necessary in the treatment of infectious arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:921253", "title": "Discrepant results of amphotericin B assays on fresh versus frozen serum samples.", "content": "Amphotericin B assays on frozen serum samples (-20 degrees C) generally underestimate the serum levels obtained on promptly processed samples. The degree of the discrepancy is variable and independent of the length of time stored.", "contents": "Discrepant results of amphotericin B assays on fresh versus frozen serum samples. Amphotericin B assays on frozen serum samples (-20 degrees C) generally underestimate the serum levels obtained on promptly processed samples. The degree of the discrepancy is variable and independent of the length of time stored."}
{"id": "PMID:921254", "title": "Anaerobic wound infections in cancer patients: comparative trial of clindamycin, tinidazole, and doxycycline.", "content": "Clindamycin, tinidazole (a parent compound to metronidazole), and doxycycline were compared in vitro against 376 anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Bacteriostatic tests indicated that clindamycin was the most active drug, on a weight basis, against these strains except for Clostridium species. The three drugs were compared as therapies for anaerobic wound infections in cancer patients. In a randomized double-blind study, no statistically significant differences between clindamycin and tinidazole could be documented. Doxycycline was less active presumably because of the lack of clinical response in three out of four patients infected with doxycycline-resistant strains. No major untoward effects were observed. The bactericidal dilution of the serum was predictive of the clinical outcome.", "contents": "Anaerobic wound infections in cancer patients: comparative trial of clindamycin, tinidazole, and doxycycline. Clindamycin, tinidazole (a parent compound to metronidazole), and doxycycline were compared in vitro against 376 anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Bacteriostatic tests indicated that clindamycin was the most active drug, on a weight basis, against these strains except for Clostridium species. The three drugs were compared as therapies for anaerobic wound infections in cancer patients. In a randomized double-blind study, no statistically significant differences between clindamycin and tinidazole could be documented. Doxycycline was less active presumably because of the lack of clinical response in three out of four patients infected with doxycycline-resistant strains. No major untoward effects were observed. The bactericidal dilution of the serum was predictive of the clinical outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:921255", "title": "Comparison of in vitro antibacterial activity of three oral cephalosporins: cefaclor, cephalexin, and cephradine.", "content": "Cefaclor, a new oral cephalosporin, was compared in vitro with cephalexin and cephradine against 233 organisms. Evaluations were performed in Mueller-Hinton and nutrient broth and agar using two inoculum sizes. In agar, cefaclor had greater antibacterial activity than either cephalexin or cephradine against isolates of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi. All three drugs were relatively inactive against isolates of enterococci, Enterobacter species, and indole-positive Proteus. Cefaclor, however, did exhibit the greatest activity of the three antibiotics against these organisms. Although there was wide variability with respect to test parameters, the broth results generally paralleled the agar results. In nutrient broth a clear separation of the results with these three cephalosporins was seen with K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and S. typhi. Cefaclor was the most active, cephalexin had intermediate activity, and cephradine was the least active. From the data obtained in this in vitro study, it can be concluded that cefaclor, which has a substituted chloro group attached to the molecule, had increased antibacterial activity over cephalexin and cephradine. Comparative clinical trials with cefaclor will determine whether the differences outlined above are of clinical significance.", "contents": "Comparison of in vitro antibacterial activity of three oral cephalosporins: cefaclor, cephalexin, and cephradine. Cefaclor, a new oral cephalosporin, was compared in vitro with cephalexin and cephradine against 233 organisms. Evaluations were performed in Mueller-Hinton and nutrient broth and agar using two inoculum sizes. In agar, cefaclor had greater antibacterial activity than either cephalexin or cephradine against isolates of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi. All three drugs were relatively inactive against isolates of enterococci, Enterobacter species, and indole-positive Proteus. Cefaclor, however, did exhibit the greatest activity of the three antibiotics against these organisms. Although there was wide variability with respect to test parameters, the broth results generally paralleled the agar results. In nutrient broth a clear separation of the results with these three cephalosporins was seen with K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and S. typhi. Cefaclor was the most active, cephalexin had intermediate activity, and cephradine was the least active. From the data obtained in this in vitro study, it can be concluded that cefaclor, which has a substituted chloro group attached to the molecule, had increased antibacterial activity over cephalexin and cephradine. Comparative clinical trials with cefaclor will determine whether the differences outlined above are of clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:921256", "title": "Systemic metabolic alterations associated with repeated injections of a modified polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex.", "content": "Polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid complexed with poly-1-lysine and injected intramuscularly into rats (0.3 or 3.0 mg/kg) produced fever, altered leukocyte count, slightly depressed plasma zinc, increased amino acid uptake into liver, and increased plasma acute-phase globulins two- to threefold. It is suggested that these systemic metabolic alterations are indicative of a mild inflammatory response to this drug. The metabolic alterations may have to be taken into consideration when polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid complexed with poly-1-lysine is used in therapy.", "contents": "Systemic metabolic alterations associated with repeated injections of a modified polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex. Polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid complexed with poly-1-lysine and injected intramuscularly into rats (0.3 or 3.0 mg/kg) produced fever, altered leukocyte count, slightly depressed plasma zinc, increased amino acid uptake into liver, and increased plasma acute-phase globulins two- to threefold. It is suggested that these systemic metabolic alterations are indicative of a mild inflammatory response to this drug. The metabolic alterations may have to be taken into consideration when polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid complexed with poly-1-lysine is used in therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:921257", "title": "Gentamicin intravenous infusion rate: effect on interstitial fluid concentration.", "content": "To assess the possible role of intravenous (i.v.) infusion rate as a determinant of degree and rate of interstitial fluid penetration, six rabbits, each with four intraperitoneal implanted capsules, were studied by crossover design after a single dose of 1.7 mg of gentamicin per kg by either slow 2.5-min i.v. bolus or 30 min i.v. infusion. The mean serum peak antibiotic level after slow bolus was 17.4 mug/ml. After 30 min of infusion, mean serum peak was 8.3 mug/ml (P < 0.025). Mean capsule fluid antibiotic levels at 30 min, 1, and 2 h were 0.9 mug/ml, 1.6 mug/ml, and 1.8 mug/ml, respectively, after slow bolus and 0.6 mug/ml, 0.9 mug/ml, and 1.3 mug/ml after 30-min infusion (P < 0.05 at 30 min, P < 0.001 at 1 h, and P < 0.05 at 2 h). Comparison of capsule levels beyond 2 h revealed no significant differences, and peak capsular concentrations achieved by the two methods were similar. Slow 2.5-min i.v. bolus administration of gentamicin established higher interstitial fluid levels during the first 2 h of therapy and may be the preferred mode of delivery when rapid extravascular penetration is desired.", "contents": "Gentamicin intravenous infusion rate: effect on interstitial fluid concentration. To assess the possible role of intravenous (i.v.) infusion rate as a determinant of degree and rate of interstitial fluid penetration, six rabbits, each with four intraperitoneal implanted capsules, were studied by crossover design after a single dose of 1.7 mg of gentamicin per kg by either slow 2.5-min i.v. bolus or 30 min i.v. infusion. The mean serum peak antibiotic level after slow bolus was 17.4 mug/ml. After 30 min of infusion, mean serum peak was 8.3 mug/ml (P < 0.025). Mean capsule fluid antibiotic levels at 30 min, 1, and 2 h were 0.9 mug/ml, 1.6 mug/ml, and 1.8 mug/ml, respectively, after slow bolus and 0.6 mug/ml, 0.9 mug/ml, and 1.3 mug/ml after 30-min infusion (P < 0.05 at 30 min, P < 0.001 at 1 h, and P < 0.05 at 2 h). Comparison of capsule levels beyond 2 h revealed no significant differences, and peak capsular concentrations achieved by the two methods were similar. Slow 2.5-min i.v. bolus administration of gentamicin established higher interstitial fluid levels during the first 2 h of therapy and may be the preferred mode of delivery when rapid extravascular penetration is desired."}
{"id": "PMID:921258", "title": "In vitro activities of five oral cephalosporins against aerobic pathogenic bacteria.", "content": "Cefaclor (Lilly 99638) and cefatrizine (BL-S640, SK&F 70771) are orally absorbed, broad-spectrum semisynthetic cephalosporins. They were compared in vitro with cephalexin, cephaloglycin, and cepharadine against a variety of aerobic pathogenic bacteria by an agar dilution procedure. Cefaclor and cefatrizine were found to be similar or superior to cephalexin, cephaloglycin, and cephradine in terms of activity against gram-positive cocci other than enterococci. Only cefatrizine demonstrated any potentially useful activity against some susceptible isolates of enterococci. Cefaclor and cefatrizine also were highly active, equally or more so than the other oral cephalosporins, against several gram-negative species including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. None of the cephalosporins were particularly active against Enterobacter cloacae. Both cefaclor and cefatrizine were active against Proteus mirabilis; cefatrizine was uniquely active against indolepositive Proteus species.", "contents": "In vitro activities of five oral cephalosporins against aerobic pathogenic bacteria. Cefaclor (Lilly 99638) and cefatrizine (BL-S640, SK&F 70771) are orally absorbed, broad-spectrum semisynthetic cephalosporins. They were compared in vitro with cephalexin, cephaloglycin, and cepharadine against a variety of aerobic pathogenic bacteria by an agar dilution procedure. Cefaclor and cefatrizine were found to be similar or superior to cephalexin, cephaloglycin, and cephradine in terms of activity against gram-positive cocci other than enterococci. Only cefatrizine demonstrated any potentially useful activity against some susceptible isolates of enterococci. Cefaclor and cefatrizine also were highly active, equally or more so than the other oral cephalosporins, against several gram-negative species including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. None of the cephalosporins were particularly active against Enterobacter cloacae. Both cefaclor and cefatrizine were active against Proteus mirabilis; cefatrizine was uniquely active against indolepositive Proteus species."}
{"id": "PMID:921259", "title": "Lack of effect of methenamine in suppression of, or prophylaxis against, chronic urinary infection.", "content": "Methenamine is frequently prescribed for patients who have chronic urinary infection to suppress bacterial growth during active infection or to prevent recurrence once an infection has been brought under control. We have examined the effect of methenamine mandelate and ascorbic acid on bacteriuria in para- and quadriplegics from a spinal cord unit. Patients with indwelling urinary catheters and those on a program of intermittent catheterization were included. No suppressive or prophylactic effect of this regimen was observed in any of our patients. Methenamine does not appear to be an effective antimicrobial agent in subjects who have an indwelling urinary catheter or in patients with spinal cord injury who are on intermittent catheterization. Since there appears to be reason to question the efficacy of methenamine in situations in which it is usually prescribed, evidence should be sought for a therapeutic effect in other cases. If no benefit is observed, the drug should not be used.", "contents": "Lack of effect of methenamine in suppression of, or prophylaxis against, chronic urinary infection. Methenamine is frequently prescribed for patients who have chronic urinary infection to suppress bacterial growth during active infection or to prevent recurrence once an infection has been brought under control. We have examined the effect of methenamine mandelate and ascorbic acid on bacteriuria in para- and quadriplegics from a spinal cord unit. Patients with indwelling urinary catheters and those on a program of intermittent catheterization were included. No suppressive or prophylactic effect of this regimen was observed in any of our patients. Methenamine does not appear to be an effective antimicrobial agent in subjects who have an indwelling urinary catheter or in patients with spinal cord injury who are on intermittent catheterization. Since there appears to be reason to question the efficacy of methenamine in situations in which it is usually prescribed, evidence should be sought for a therapeutic effect in other cases. If no benefit is observed, the drug should not be used."}
{"id": "PMID:921260", "title": "Bacterial flora of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus.", "content": "A total of 85 isolates of mesophilic, aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from the gut, peristomial membrane, and coelomic fluid from specimens of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus from the Clyde Sea area of Scotland. These isolates were compared with 26 isolates from sand and seawater in the same locality. Overall, strains of Pseudomonas and Vibrio predominated. Gut (with an average bacterial viable count of 2 X 10(7) per 3-cm section) and coelomic fluid (which was often sterile and rarely had more than 40 bacteria per ml) had similar distributions of genera, with Vibrio predominating and Pseudomonas and Aeromonas next in abundance. In contrast, the flora of the peristomial membrane (with an average count of detachable bacteria of 2.5 X 10(5) per membrane) resembled that of sand/seawater in having Pseudomonas predominating, gram-positive forms or Vibrio next in abundance, and smaller numbers of Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, and Moraxella.", "contents": "Bacterial flora of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus. A total of 85 isolates of mesophilic, aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from the gut, peristomial membrane, and coelomic fluid from specimens of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus from the Clyde Sea area of Scotland. These isolates were compared with 26 isolates from sand and seawater in the same locality. Overall, strains of Pseudomonas and Vibrio predominated. Gut (with an average bacterial viable count of 2 X 10(7) per 3-cm section) and coelomic fluid (which was often sterile and rarely had more than 40 bacteria per ml) had similar distributions of genera, with Vibrio predominating and Pseudomonas and Aeromonas next in abundance. In contrast, the flora of the peristomial membrane (with an average count of detachable bacteria of 2.5 X 10(5) per membrane) resembled that of sand/seawater in having Pseudomonas predominating, gram-positive forms or Vibrio next in abundance, and smaller numbers of Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, and Moraxella."}
{"id": "PMID:921261", "title": "Metabolism of quaternary carbon compounds: 2,2-dimethylheptane and tertbutylbenzene.", "content": "Two Achromobacter strains capable of utilizing 2,2-dimethylheptane or tertbutylbenzene as the sole carbon and energy source were isolated from waste-water. Pivalic acid was found in the cultures of Achromobacter A1 containing 2,2-dimethylheptane. From cultures of Achromobacter A2 in the presence of tertbutylbenzene, a diol was isolated and identified as 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxytertbutylbenzene. Evidence for meta cleavage of the aromatic ring and for accumulation of pivalic acid in the cultures was also obtained. A metabolic pathway for tertbutylbenzene is suggested.", "contents": "Metabolism of quaternary carbon compounds: 2,2-dimethylheptane and tertbutylbenzene. Two Achromobacter strains capable of utilizing 2,2-dimethylheptane or tertbutylbenzene as the sole carbon and energy source were isolated from waste-water. Pivalic acid was found in the cultures of Achromobacter A1 containing 2,2-dimethylheptane. From cultures of Achromobacter A2 in the presence of tertbutylbenzene, a diol was isolated and identified as 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxytertbutylbenzene. Evidence for meta cleavage of the aromatic ring and for accumulation of pivalic acid in the cultures was also obtained. A metabolic pathway for tertbutylbenzene is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:921262", "title": "Metabolism of naphthalene by Cunninghamella elegans.", "content": "Cunninghamella elegans grown on Sabouraud dextrose broth in the presence of naphthalene produced six metabolites. Each product was isolated and identified by conventional chemical techniques. The major metabolites were 1-naphthol (67.9%) and 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone (16.7%). Minor products isolated were 1,4-naphthoquinone (2.8%), 1,2-naphthoquinone (0.2%), 2-naphthol (6.3%), and trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (5.3%). C. elegans oxidized both 1-naphthol and 1,4-naphthoquinone to 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone. The results suggest that C. elegans oxidizes naphthalene by a sequence of reactions similar to those reported for the mammalian metabolism of this hydrocarbon.", "contents": "Metabolism of naphthalene by Cunninghamella elegans. Cunninghamella elegans grown on Sabouraud dextrose broth in the presence of naphthalene produced six metabolites. Each product was isolated and identified by conventional chemical techniques. The major metabolites were 1-naphthol (67.9%) and 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone (16.7%). Minor products isolated were 1,4-naphthoquinone (2.8%), 1,2-naphthoquinone (0.2%), 2-naphthol (6.3%), and trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (5.3%). C. elegans oxidized both 1-naphthol and 1,4-naphthoquinone to 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone. The results suggest that C. elegans oxidizes naphthalene by a sequence of reactions similar to those reported for the mammalian metabolism of this hydrocarbon."}
{"id": "PMID:921263", "title": "Requirement of heme for growth of Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Heme or protoporphyrin IX was required for growth of Bacteroides fragilis in a defined medium. The amount of heme necessary for half-maximal growth was 2 to 10 ng/ml (3.8 to 15 pmol/ml) among the Bacteroides species and strains tested. The growth rate, metabolic products from glucose fermentation, and cell yields were affected by the concentration of heme in the medium and by the length of time the culture was incubated. When heme was growth limiting (4 ng/ml), growth rates decreased by 50%, cultures started producing lactic and fumaric acids, and the cell yields declined. The cell yield for B. fragilis (ATCC 25285) at 24 h in medium containing 6.5 microgram of heme per ml was 69 g (dry weight) of cells per mol of glucose compared to 16 g (dry weight) of cells per mol of glucose with 4 ng of heme per ml. B. fragilis was unable to grow in defined medium when a porphyrin precursor, delta-aminolevulenic acid or porphobilinogen, was added in place of heme.", "contents": "Requirement of heme for growth of Bacteroides fragilis. Heme or protoporphyrin IX was required for growth of Bacteroides fragilis in a defined medium. The amount of heme necessary for half-maximal growth was 2 to 10 ng/ml (3.8 to 15 pmol/ml) among the Bacteroides species and strains tested. The growth rate, metabolic products from glucose fermentation, and cell yields were affected by the concentration of heme in the medium and by the length of time the culture was incubated. When heme was growth limiting (4 ng/ml), growth rates decreased by 50%, cultures started producing lactic and fumaric acids, and the cell yields declined. The cell yield for B. fragilis (ATCC 25285) at 24 h in medium containing 6.5 microgram of heme per ml was 69 g (dry weight) of cells per mol of glucose compared to 16 g (dry weight) of cells per mol of glucose with 4 ng of heme per ml. B. fragilis was unable to grow in defined medium when a porphyrin precursor, delta-aminolevulenic acid or porphobilinogen, was added in place of heme."}
{"id": "PMID:921264", "title": "Nitrate reduction to nitrite, a possible source of nitrite for growth of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.", "content": "Growth yields and other parameters characterizing the kinetics of growth of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria are presented. These parameters were measured during laboratory enrichments of soil samples with added nitrite. They were then used to reanalyze data for nitrite oxidizer growth in a previously reported field study (M. G. Volz, L. W. Belser, M. S. Ardakani, and A. D. McLaren, J. Environ. Qual. 4:179-182, 1975), where nitrate, but not nitrite or ammonium, was added. In that report, analysis of the field data indicated that in unsaturated soils, the reduction of nitrate to nitrite may be a significant source of nitrite for the growth of nitrite oxidizers. A yield of 1.23 x 10(4) cells per mug of N was determined to be most appropriate for application to the field. It was determined that if nitrite came only from mineralized organic nitrogen via ammonium oxidation, 35 to 90% of the organic nitrogen would have had to have been mineralized to produce the growth observed. However, it is estimated that only about 2% of the organic nitrogen could have been mineralized during the growth period. Thus, it appears that another source of nitrite is required, the most likely being the reduction of nitrate to nitrite coupled to the oxidation of organic matter.", "contents": "Nitrate reduction to nitrite, a possible source of nitrite for growth of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. Growth yields and other parameters characterizing the kinetics of growth of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria are presented. These parameters were measured during laboratory enrichments of soil samples with added nitrite. They were then used to reanalyze data for nitrite oxidizer growth in a previously reported field study (M. G. Volz, L. W. Belser, M. S. Ardakani, and A. D. McLaren, J. Environ. Qual. 4:179-182, 1975), where nitrate, but not nitrite or ammonium, was added. In that report, analysis of the field data indicated that in unsaturated soils, the reduction of nitrate to nitrite may be a significant source of nitrite for the growth of nitrite oxidizers. A yield of 1.23 x 10(4) cells per mug of N was determined to be most appropriate for application to the field. It was determined that if nitrite came only from mineralized organic nitrogen via ammonium oxidation, 35 to 90% of the organic nitrogen would have had to have been mineralized to produce the growth observed. However, it is estimated that only about 2% of the organic nitrogen could have been mineralized during the growth period. Thus, it appears that another source of nitrite is required, the most likely being the reduction of nitrate to nitrite coupled to the oxidation of organic matter."}
{"id": "PMID:921265", "title": "Distribution of bacteria with nitrilotriacetate-degrading potential in an estuarine environment.", "content": "Attempts to isolate estaurine bacteria capable of metabolizing nitrilotriacetate (NTA) as a sole carbon source from areas within Escambia Bay, Fla., were unsuccessful; however, bacteria from freshwater streams and from estaurine surface microlayers were easily adapted to degradation of NTA in freshwater medium. A Pseudomonas sp. strain (ATCC 29600), capable of growth on NTA as a sole carbon source, metabolized NTA at a reduced rate in a saline medium (15%), compared with a freshwater medium (0 to 15%). Microorganisms capable of degrading NTA exist in estuarine surface microlayers and in fresh subsurface waters just before entering the estuary; these data indicate an interference with NTA catabolism by some unknown factors of the estuarine environment rather than an absence of potential NTA-degrading bacteria.", "contents": "Distribution of bacteria with nitrilotriacetate-degrading potential in an estuarine environment. Attempts to isolate estaurine bacteria capable of metabolizing nitrilotriacetate (NTA) as a sole carbon source from areas within Escambia Bay, Fla., were unsuccessful; however, bacteria from freshwater streams and from estaurine surface microlayers were easily adapted to degradation of NTA in freshwater medium. A Pseudomonas sp. strain (ATCC 29600), capable of growth on NTA as a sole carbon source, metabolized NTA at a reduced rate in a saline medium (15%), compared with a freshwater medium (0 to 15%). Microorganisms capable of degrading NTA exist in estuarine surface microlayers and in fresh subsurface waters just before entering the estuary; these data indicate an interference with NTA catabolism by some unknown factors of the estuarine environment rather than an absence of potential NTA-degrading bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:921266", "title": "Bile salt degradation by nonfermentative clostridia.", "content": "Eight strains of nonfermentative clostridia were characterized on the basis of their intracellular nicotine adenine dinucleotide- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH) content, ability to deconjugate taurocholate, growth characteristics, and metabolic products, including utilization of lactate and pyruvate. Two cultures of Clostridium sporosphaeroides (representing one strain obtained from two different sources), one strain of Clostridium irregularis, four strains of an unnamed species (Clostridium group SPH-1), and one strain of an unnamed species (Clostridium group P) were studied. Both cultures of C. sporosphaeroides contained low amounts of 7alpha-HSDH; C. irregularis contained only a low amount of 3alpha-HSDH. All four strains of Clostridium SPH-1 contained both 12alpha- and 7alpha-HSDH in the ratio of approximately 10:1. The strain of Clostridium group P contained only 12alpha-HSDH and was devoid of any other bile salt oxidoreductases. The enzyme preparation from Clostridium group P was useful in spectrophotometric quantitative studies of 12alpha-OH groups. Correlation of bile salt degradative activities with other phenotypic tests for characterization of and differentiation among such organisms is discussed.", "contents": "Bile salt degradation by nonfermentative clostridia. Eight strains of nonfermentative clostridia were characterized on the basis of their intracellular nicotine adenine dinucleotide- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH) content, ability to deconjugate taurocholate, growth characteristics, and metabolic products, including utilization of lactate and pyruvate. Two cultures of Clostridium sporosphaeroides (representing one strain obtained from two different sources), one strain of Clostridium irregularis, four strains of an unnamed species (Clostridium group SPH-1), and one strain of an unnamed species (Clostridium group P) were studied. Both cultures of C. sporosphaeroides contained low amounts of 7alpha-HSDH; C. irregularis contained only a low amount of 3alpha-HSDH. All four strains of Clostridium SPH-1 contained both 12alpha- and 7alpha-HSDH in the ratio of approximately 10:1. The strain of Clostridium group P contained only 12alpha-HSDH and was devoid of any other bile salt oxidoreductases. The enzyme preparation from Clostridium group P was useful in spectrophotometric quantitative studies of 12alpha-OH groups. Correlation of bile salt degradative activities with other phenotypic tests for characterization of and differentiation among such organisms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921302", "title": "Urinary hydroxyproline as a measure in fracture healing.", "content": "The determination of any pattern in urinary total OH-proline following bone fractures has been the purpose of this investigation. This was carried out in a group of 11 patients with major fractures, a group of 8 patients with minor fractures and a control group of 10 healthy laboratory technicians. Indeed, some patterns could be detected. In patients with major fractures a considerable elevation of urinary total OH-proline was found which was correlated to the size and number of fractures and the healing tendency of the fracture. Normal to only slightly elevated urinary total OH-proline values during the course of the healing process of major fractures could perhaps indicate delayed union, or even malunion. Since fracture healing is usually assessed by X-ray examination and clinical experience, this study could provide a more accurate measure of the healing process of fractures.", "contents": "Urinary hydroxyproline as a measure in fracture healing. The determination of any pattern in urinary total OH-proline following bone fractures has been the purpose of this investigation. This was carried out in a group of 11 patients with major fractures, a group of 8 patients with minor fractures and a control group of 10 healthy laboratory technicians. Indeed, some patterns could be detected. In patients with major fractures a considerable elevation of urinary total OH-proline was found which was correlated to the size and number of fractures and the healing tendency of the fracture. Normal to only slightly elevated urinary total OH-proline values during the course of the healing process of major fractures could perhaps indicate delayed union, or even malunion. Since fracture healing is usually assessed by X-ray examination and clinical experience, this study could provide a more accurate measure of the healing process of fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:921303", "title": "The management of secondary neoplastic deposits in long bones by prophylactic internal fixation.", "content": "Pathological fracture through a secondary neoplastic deposit is a distressing event. Prevention of such a fracture is clearly of considerable benefit. To determine which secondary deposits are liable to fracture the notes and X-rays of 57 patients with 91 secondary deposits were examined. Fractures are unlikely (2.4%) to develop where the deposit involves less than 50% of the cortex as seen on radiological examination, but 2 out of 3 deposits with over 50% involvement will fracture. As the benefits of internal fixation in those that would otherwise fracture are so great, it is recommended that all deposits involving over 50% of the cortex of a long bone should be treated by prophylactic internal fixation. The results of 26 patients treated by prophylactic internal fixation are summarized. Apart from fracture-prevention, the benefits of such internal fixation were found to be: pain relief, simple operation, rapid postoperative recovery, facilitation of administration of radiotherapy and maintenance of the independance of the patient. The possible effects on local and general tumour spread are not considered to be a contraindication to operation.", "contents": "The management of secondary neoplastic deposits in long bones by prophylactic internal fixation. Pathological fracture through a secondary neoplastic deposit is a distressing event. Prevention of such a fracture is clearly of considerable benefit. To determine which secondary deposits are liable to fracture the notes and X-rays of 57 patients with 91 secondary deposits were examined. Fractures are unlikely (2.4%) to develop where the deposit involves less than 50% of the cortex as seen on radiological examination, but 2 out of 3 deposits with over 50% involvement will fracture. As the benefits of internal fixation in those that would otherwise fracture are so great, it is recommended that all deposits involving over 50% of the cortex of a long bone should be treated by prophylactic internal fixation. The results of 26 patients treated by prophylactic internal fixation are summarized. Apart from fracture-prevention, the benefits of such internal fixation were found to be: pain relief, simple operation, rapid postoperative recovery, facilitation of administration of radiotherapy and maintenance of the independance of the patient. The possible effects on local and general tumour spread are not considered to be a contraindication to operation."}
{"id": "PMID:921304", "title": "Automatic stapling devices in gastrointestinal surgery.", "content": "After a short historical review about the development of automatic stapling devices, information about clinical experiences with the 'Autosuture' instruments is given. On 50 transections with everted suture line and 43 anastomoses produced by means of the TA and GIA instruments, one complication was seen. These stapling devices are an important gain in gastrointestinal surgery.", "contents": "Automatic stapling devices in gastrointestinal surgery. After a short historical review about the development of automatic stapling devices, information about clinical experiences with the 'Autosuture' instruments is given. On 50 transections with everted suture line and 43 anastomoses produced by means of the TA and GIA instruments, one complication was seen. These stapling devices are an important gain in gastrointestinal surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:921305", "title": "Multistage scoring system for identifying infants at risk of unexpected death.", "content": "Obstetric and perinatal records have been assembled on 250 infant deaths and an equal number of live controls including 55 deaths associated with congenital anomalies. The information was used to construct a scoring system to identify high-risk infants at birth. Parents of 115 of the cases and their controls were also interviewed and all hospital, general practitioner, and health service records abstracted. Cases and controls were compared item by item in respect of all information available up to the age of one month and a scoring system constructed for use at one month. The 'at birth' and combined scoring systems are presented. The chance of death by age attained is presented for various risk groups. In a small prospective test, the multistage scoring system was nearly 50% more effective than the birth score alone.", "contents": "Multistage scoring system for identifying infants at risk of unexpected death. Obstetric and perinatal records have been assembled on 250 infant deaths and an equal number of live controls including 55 deaths associated with congenital anomalies. The information was used to construct a scoring system to identify high-risk infants at birth. Parents of 115 of the cases and their controls were also interviewed and all hospital, general practitioner, and health service records abstracted. Cases and controls were compared item by item in respect of all information available up to the age of one month and a scoring system constructed for use at one month. The 'at birth' and combined scoring systems are presented. The chance of death by age attained is presented for various risk groups. In a small prospective test, the multistage scoring system was nearly 50% more effective than the birth score alone."}
{"id": "PMID:921306", "title": "Natural history of childhood asthma. 20-year follow-up.", "content": "Of 417 asthmatic children seen in hospital from 1941 to 1947, only 208 (50%) were still attending the hospital and were available for long-term follow-up, whereas a 91% follow-up was achieved from a personal follow-up of 267 asthmatic children seen in an East London group practice from 1948 to 1952 and followed for more than 20 years to December 1972. 125 patients (52%) were almost or completely symptom free; 51 (21%) had never had any symptom-free period for longer than 6 months; a further 63 (27%) had a remission of symptoms for 3 years before relapsing. 7 patients died, 3 due to their asthma. The final prognosis was influenced by the severity of the asthma at onset, by breast feeding, by the presence of associated atopic disease, and by a positive family history of atopic disease in first-degree relatives. It was uninfluenced by the age of onset of the asthma, by the sex of the patients, or by skin testing results. Short-term follow-up of such patients will fail to include those patients whose asthma remits and subsequently relapses.", "contents": "Natural history of childhood asthma. 20-year follow-up. Of 417 asthmatic children seen in hospital from 1941 to 1947, only 208 (50%) were still attending the hospital and were available for long-term follow-up, whereas a 91% follow-up was achieved from a personal follow-up of 267 asthmatic children seen in an East London group practice from 1948 to 1952 and followed for more than 20 years to December 1972. 125 patients (52%) were almost or completely symptom free; 51 (21%) had never had any symptom-free period for longer than 6 months; a further 63 (27%) had a remission of symptoms for 3 years before relapsing. 7 patients died, 3 due to their asthma. The final prognosis was influenced by the severity of the asthma at onset, by breast feeding, by the presence of associated atopic disease, and by a positive family history of atopic disease in first-degree relatives. It was uninfluenced by the age of onset of the asthma, by the sex of the patients, or by skin testing results. Short-term follow-up of such patients will fail to include those patients whose asthma remits and subsequently relapses."}
{"id": "PMID:921307", "title": "Quality of survival after severe birth asphyxia.", "content": "Thirty-one children who survived severe birth asphyxia defined by a 1-minute Apgar score of 0, or a 5-minute Apgar score of less than 4, have been seen at age 5 to 10 years for neurological and psychological assessment. Their progress has been compared with that of controls matched for sex, birthweight, gestational age, and social class. 29(93%) of the 31 asphyxiated group and all the controls had no serious neurological or mental handicap. 2 were severely disabled and mentally retarded. Detailed studies of psychological function showed no significant differences between the two groups. 2 apparently stillborn infants have made normal progress. It was not possible to identify any perinatal factor which predicted the occurrence of serious handicap with certainty. We considered that the quality of life enjoyed by the large majority of the survivors was such as to justify a positive approach to the resuscitation of very severely asphyxiated neonates.", "contents": "Quality of survival after severe birth asphyxia. Thirty-one children who survived severe birth asphyxia defined by a 1-minute Apgar score of 0, or a 5-minute Apgar score of less than 4, have been seen at age 5 to 10 years for neurological and psychological assessment. Their progress has been compared with that of controls matched for sex, birthweight, gestational age, and social class. 29(93%) of the 31 asphyxiated group and all the controls had no serious neurological or mental handicap. 2 were severely disabled and mentally retarded. Detailed studies of psychological function showed no significant differences between the two groups. 2 apparently stillborn infants have made normal progress. It was not possible to identify any perinatal factor which predicted the occurrence of serious handicap with certainty. We considered that the quality of life enjoyed by the large majority of the survivors was such as to justify a positive approach to the resuscitation of very severely asphyxiated neonates."}
{"id": "PMID:921308", "title": "Crohn's disease in childhood.", "content": "In 32 patients with Crohn's disease which started in childhood, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and weight loss were the common presenting symptoms, but unexplained fever and failure to grow were also prominent. Stunted growth was the most frequent physical abnormality when first seen in hospital. The mean delay in diagnosis was almost 3 years and the principal contributing factor here was failure to consider the diagnosis and thus perform a barium follow-through examination. The cumulative relapse rate after medical therapy or surgical resection was disappointingly high, but because the median relapse time is much longer for surgically treated patients, surgery is recommended at an early stage, especially in those patients who are growth-retarded or whose education is suffering because of time lost from school.", "contents": "Crohn's disease in childhood. In 32 patients with Crohn's disease which started in childhood, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and weight loss were the common presenting symptoms, but unexplained fever and failure to grow were also prominent. Stunted growth was the most frequent physical abnormality when first seen in hospital. The mean delay in diagnosis was almost 3 years and the principal contributing factor here was failure to consider the diagnosis and thus perform a barium follow-through examination. The cumulative relapse rate after medical therapy or surgical resection was disappointingly high, but because the median relapse time is much longer for surgically treated patients, surgery is recommended at an early stage, especially in those patients who are growth-retarded or whose education is suffering because of time lost from school."}
{"id": "PMID:921309", "title": "Hepatic scintigraphy in management of infants and children with liver disease.", "content": "Scintiscans of liver and spleen using technetium 99m sulphur colloid in 15 infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia and 11 infants with severe obstructive jaundice (7 with genetic deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin) showed similar hepatic size, pattern of isotope uptake, and splenic abnormality with no distinguishing features. In 37 older children with a variety of liver disorders, the scan was invaluable in showing filling defects in five instances. Selenomethionine was taken up not only by the two filling defects due to hepatoblastoma but also in a haemangioendothelioma. In the remaining patiens liver scanning confirmed hepatic abnormality and the necessity for more specific invasive diagnostic investigations.", "contents": "Hepatic scintigraphy in management of infants and children with liver disease. Scintiscans of liver and spleen using technetium 99m sulphur colloid in 15 infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia and 11 infants with severe obstructive jaundice (7 with genetic deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin) showed similar hepatic size, pattern of isotope uptake, and splenic abnormality with no distinguishing features. In 37 older children with a variety of liver disorders, the scan was invaluable in showing filling defects in five instances. Selenomethionine was taken up not only by the two filling defects due to hepatoblastoma but also in a haemangioendothelioma. In the remaining patiens liver scanning confirmed hepatic abnormality and the necessity for more specific invasive diagnostic investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:921310", "title": "Elimination of pethidine and bupivacaine in the newborn.", "content": "Pethidine or an epidural injection of bupivacaine are common forms of obstetric analgesia in Britain. Bupivacaine has been thought to have little effect on the fetus, but neurobehavioural studies have cast doubt on this. We therefore investigated the elimination of these drugs by babies in similar population groups. Bupivacaine was largely eliminated in just over one day, while pethidine required between 2 and 6 days. This could account for the persisting depression in babies whose mothers had received pethidine.", "contents": "Elimination of pethidine and bupivacaine in the newborn. Pethidine or an epidural injection of bupivacaine are common forms of obstetric analgesia in Britain. Bupivacaine has been thought to have little effect on the fetus, but neurobehavioural studies have cast doubt on this. We therefore investigated the elimination of these drugs by babies in similar population groups. Bupivacaine was largely eliminated in just over one day, while pethidine required between 2 and 6 days. This could account for the persisting depression in babies whose mothers had received pethidine."}
{"id": "PMID:921311", "title": "Calcified pituitary concretions in the newborn.", "content": "Anterior pituitary glands from 200 fetuses and infants ranging in age from 22 weeks' gestation to one year of life were examined histologically for the presence of concretions. Characteristically these are round, lamellated bodies, often strongly basophilic, containing phosphates and measuring between 10 micrometer and 70 micrometer in diameter. They decreased in incidence postnatally and were rarely seen 6 months after birth. It is suggested that these concretions are a degenerative change in cells subject to the vigorous secretory activity that is part of the normal physiology of the anterior lobe of the pituitary from mid-gestation.", "contents": "Calcified pituitary concretions in the newborn. Anterior pituitary glands from 200 fetuses and infants ranging in age from 22 weeks' gestation to one year of life were examined histologically for the presence of concretions. Characteristically these are round, lamellated bodies, often strongly basophilic, containing phosphates and measuring between 10 micrometer and 70 micrometer in diameter. They decreased in incidence postnatally and were rarely seen 6 months after birth. It is suggested that these concretions are a degenerative change in cells subject to the vigorous secretory activity that is part of the normal physiology of the anterior lobe of the pituitary from mid-gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:921312", "title": "Hereditary coproporphyria and epilepsy.", "content": "A 9-year-old boy with mental deterioration and epilepsy suffered an acute attack of hereditary coproporphyria associated with worsening of seizure control. Leucocyte coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity was undetectable in the patient during this attack, and was reduced in his mother, a latent case. The complex relationship between porphyria, epilepsy, and anticonvulsant drugs is discussed.", "contents": "Hereditary coproporphyria and epilepsy. A 9-year-old boy with mental deterioration and epilepsy suffered an acute attack of hereditary coproporphyria associated with worsening of seizure control. Leucocyte coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity was undetectable in the patient during this attack, and was reduced in his mother, a latent case. The complex relationship between porphyria, epilepsy, and anticonvulsant drugs is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921313", "title": "Psychiatric disturbance, urgency, and bacteriuria in children with day and night wetting.", "content": "Forty children with day and night wetting were compared with 46 with night wetting only to see if day wetting was then associated with particular clinical features. Interviews with mothers, questionnaries completed by teachers, physical investigations, and measurement of functional bladder capacities were used. Day wetting combined with bed wetting occurred equally in boys and girls and was associated with daytime urgency and greater frequency of psychiatric disturbance. In boys, soiling was also associated. In girls, bacteriuria, which appeared to be caused by the day wetting, occurred in about 50%. Neither daytime frequency nor small functional bladder capacity were specifically related to day wetting.", "contents": "Psychiatric disturbance, urgency, and bacteriuria in children with day and night wetting. Forty children with day and night wetting were compared with 46 with night wetting only to see if day wetting was then associated with particular clinical features. Interviews with mothers, questionnaries completed by teachers, physical investigations, and measurement of functional bladder capacities were used. Day wetting combined with bed wetting occurred equally in boys and girls and was associated with daytime urgency and greater frequency of psychiatric disturbance. In boys, soiling was also associated. In girls, bacteriuria, which appeared to be caused by the day wetting, occurred in about 50%. Neither daytime frequency nor small functional bladder capacity were specifically related to day wetting."}
{"id": "PMID:921315", "title": "Cystinotic rickets treated with vitamin D metabolites.", "content": "A 22-month-old girl with cystinotic rickets was given 1 microgram 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-DHCC) daily in addition to standard treatment. Her rickets healed and linear growth rate appeared to increase. It is suggested that the effect of 1,25-DHCC and its metabolically active analogues on cystinotic rickets should be further studied.", "contents": "Cystinotic rickets treated with vitamin D metabolites. A 22-month-old girl with cystinotic rickets was given 1 microgram 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-DHCC) daily in addition to standard treatment. Her rickets healed and linear growth rate appeared to increase. It is suggested that the effect of 1,25-DHCC and its metabolically active analogues on cystinotic rickets should be further studied."}
{"id": "PMID:921316", "title": "Short stature with pigmentation.", "content": "Four hypomelic children of abnormally short stature had slight intellectual defect, melanotic skin, and some facial features in common. 3 were followed to the age of 23-26 years, and they remained small and pigmented.", "contents": "Short stature with pigmentation. Four hypomelic children of abnormally short stature had slight intellectual defect, melanotic skin, and some facial features in common. 3 were followed to the age of 23-26 years, and they remained small and pigmented."}
{"id": "PMID:921318", "title": "Serum complement depression during viral lower respiratory tract illness in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with viral lower respiratory tract illnesses (LRI) had depressed levels of the third and fourth components of complement, which returned to normal after recovery. There was no clinical evidence of immune complex disease. CF patients with LRI and no virus isolates, CF patients in stable status, and non-CF patients with LRI did not have complement depression. It is postulated that antigen-antibody complex activation of complement may occur in CF patients with viral LRI.", "contents": "Serum complement depression during viral lower respiratory tract illness in cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with viral lower respiratory tract illnesses (LRI) had depressed levels of the third and fourth components of complement, which returned to normal after recovery. There was no clinical evidence of immune complex disease. CF patients with LRI and no virus isolates, CF patients in stable status, and non-CF patients with LRI did not have complement depression. It is postulated that antigen-antibody complex activation of complement may occur in CF patients with viral LRI."}
{"id": "PMID:921319", "title": "Urinary continence in open myelomeningocele.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 200 neonates having undergone surgery for open myelomeningocele, 24 of the 106 survivors at 10 to 12 years of age proved to be continent of urine. These figures included 11 children who had considerable neurological involvement. 4 children did not acquire urinary control until after the age of 5 years. Therefore, we consider early urinary diversion in children with myelomeningocele, even in the presence of neurological deficit, to be indicated only for the prevention of progressive deterioration in renal function. Incontinence of urine itself is not an indication for urinary diversion in the first decade of life.", "contents": "Urinary continence in open myelomeningocele. In a consecutive series of 200 neonates having undergone surgery for open myelomeningocele, 24 of the 106 survivors at 10 to 12 years of age proved to be continent of urine. These figures included 11 children who had considerable neurological involvement. 4 children did not acquire urinary control until after the age of 5 years. Therefore, we consider early urinary diversion in children with myelomeningocele, even in the presence of neurological deficit, to be indicated only for the prevention of progressive deterioration in renal function. Incontinence of urine itself is not an indication for urinary diversion in the first decade of life."}
{"id": "PMID:921320", "title": "Diagnostic value of a psychological test in cases of suspected child abuse.", "content": "The use of the Bene-Anthony Family Relations Test is described and illustrated by three examples of child abuse. This test should be considered in the investigation of definite or suspected cases of abuse and as part of the preparation of court evidence.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of a psychological test in cases of suspected child abuse. The use of the Bene-Anthony Family Relations Test is described and illustrated by three examples of child abuse. This test should be considered in the investigation of definite or suspected cases of abuse and as part of the preparation of court evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:921321", "title": "Anorectal myectomy in treatment of ultrashort segment Hirschsprung's disease. Report of 26 cases.", "content": "A diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease should be considered in children with constipation. An accurate neonatal history of bowel function and testing of anorectal pressure responses will aid the diagnosis. In the period 1971-75 inclusive, 140 children, aged 6 months to 14 years, were investigated by anorectal manometry. 26 showed a failed inhibition response to rectal dilatation, suggesting Hirschsprung's disease and were treated by anorectal myectomy. In 24 the disease was confirmed histologically. Two specimens were diagnostically unsuitable. 4 required repeat myectomies, and 3 anterior resection. At follow-up all had normal bowel movements without soiling.", "contents": "Anorectal myectomy in treatment of ultrashort segment Hirschsprung's disease. Report of 26 cases. A diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease should be considered in children with constipation. An accurate neonatal history of bowel function and testing of anorectal pressure responses will aid the diagnosis. In the period 1971-75 inclusive, 140 children, aged 6 months to 14 years, were investigated by anorectal manometry. 26 showed a failed inhibition response to rectal dilatation, suggesting Hirschsprung's disease and were treated by anorectal myectomy. In 24 the disease was confirmed histologically. Two specimens were diagnostically unsuitable. 4 required repeat myectomies, and 3 anterior resection. At follow-up all had normal bowel movements without soiling."}
{"id": "PMID:921324", "title": "Giant cell arteritis with gangrene in a child.", "content": "After an episode of abacterial meningitis in a 5-year-old boy there developed splenomegaly, uveitis, and a granulomatous arteritis of the lower limbs requiring amputation of one leg. Immune complexes persist in the blood, but the precise antigenic stimulus remains conjectural.", "contents": "Giant cell arteritis with gangrene in a child. After an episode of abacterial meningitis in a 5-year-old boy there developed splenomegaly, uveitis, and a granulomatous arteritis of the lower limbs requiring amputation of one leg. Immune complexes persist in the blood, but the precise antigenic stimulus remains conjectural."}
{"id": "PMID:921325", "title": "Assessment of gestational age in twins.", "content": "Pairs of twins born concordant for weight score equally on both neurological and external criteria. The assessed gestational age of discordant twins is significantly different; while scoring equally on neurological criteria, the lighter twin scores less on external criteria. It is suggested that this pattern of underscoring may also be present in growth retarded singletons. If external criteria are used in estimating the gestational age of growth retarded infants, the results should be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "Assessment of gestational age in twins. Pairs of twins born concordant for weight score equally on both neurological and external criteria. The assessed gestational age of discordant twins is significantly different; while scoring equally on neurological criteria, the lighter twin scores less on external criteria. It is suggested that this pattern of underscoring may also be present in growth retarded singletons. If external criteria are used in estimating the gestational age of growth retarded infants, the results should be interpreted with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:921327", "title": "Poliomyelitis-like illness after acute asthma.", "content": "Two children had pain in one arm, followed by weakness and wasting, after an acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. Similar cases in which a poliomyelitis-like illness was associated with acute asthma have been reported, but the relationship between the two remains conjectural.", "contents": "Poliomyelitis-like illness after acute asthma. Two children had pain in one arm, followed by weakness and wasting, after an acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. Similar cases in which a poliomyelitis-like illness was associated with acute asthma have been reported, but the relationship between the two remains conjectural."}
{"id": "PMID:921328", "title": "Anaerobic infection in a neonate. Early detection by gas liquid chromatography and response to metronidazole.", "content": "A case of presumptive anaerobic infection in a neonate is described to illustrate the use of gas-liquid chromatography in the early detection of these potentially serious pathogens. Metronidazole is suggested as a possibly useful antimicrobial agent in these infections.", "contents": "Anaerobic infection in a neonate. Early detection by gas liquid chromatography and response to metronidazole. A case of presumptive anaerobic infection in a neonate is described to illustrate the use of gas-liquid chromatography in the early detection of these potentially serious pathogens. Metronidazole is suggested as a possibly useful antimicrobial agent in these infections."}
{"id": "PMID:921339", "title": "Thickness and distribution of human femoral head articular cartilage. Changes with age.", "content": "The distribution of hyaline cartilage in the sagittal plane of the normal human femoral head was examined. 28 specimens from persons aged 10 to 68 years subject to post-mortem examination in a teaching hospital were anatomically orientated and x-rayed in a lateromedial projection. An optical technique was used to measure the cartilage thickness from the x-ray films thus produced. Measurements were made with a sensitivity of +/- 0-01 mm using a metrological projector. 11 defined sites on each femoral head were surveyed to give the distribution of cartilage thickness. The greatest thickness was identified anterior to the zenith. Between the ages of 20 and 45 years the thickness of this zone increased with age. The thickness of femoral head cartilage was not evidently related to femoral head diameter, femur length, or body weight.", "contents": "Thickness and distribution of human femoral head articular cartilage. Changes with age. The distribution of hyaline cartilage in the sagittal plane of the normal human femoral head was examined. 28 specimens from persons aged 10 to 68 years subject to post-mortem examination in a teaching hospital were anatomically orientated and x-rayed in a lateromedial projection. An optical technique was used to measure the cartilage thickness from the x-ray films thus produced. Measurements were made with a sensitivity of +/- 0-01 mm using a metrological projector. 11 defined sites on each femoral head were surveyed to give the distribution of cartilage thickness. The greatest thickness was identified anterior to the zenith. Between the ages of 20 and 45 years the thickness of this zone increased with age. The thickness of femoral head cartilage was not evidently related to femoral head diameter, femur length, or body weight."}
{"id": "PMID:921340", "title": "Chronic synovitis with early cartilage destruction in sickle cell disease.", "content": "Two patients with sickle cell disease presented with joint pain and early x-ray evidence of articular cartilage loss. Both later developed increasingly destructive arthritis with chronic synovitis identified in synovial biopsies. One patient developed demonstrable aseptic necrosis. Destructive arthropathy is much less common than the frequent transient effusions in sickle cell disease.", "contents": "Chronic synovitis with early cartilage destruction in sickle cell disease. Two patients with sickle cell disease presented with joint pain and early x-ray evidence of articular cartilage loss. Both later developed increasingly destructive arthritis with chronic synovitis identified in synovial biopsies. One patient developed demonstrable aseptic necrosis. Destructive arthropathy is much less common than the frequent transient effusions in sickle cell disease."}
{"id": "PMID:921341", "title": "Serum uric acid in England and Scotland.", "content": "Serum uric acid (SUA) was measured in 512 men and 254 women from two English regions and in 337 men from one Scottish region. Mean SUA levels were the same in the men (5-5 mg/100 ml) and similar in the women (3-9 and 4-1 mg/100 ml). The apparent rarity of gout in Scotsmen cannot be explained by regional differences in SUA levels or in the prevalence of hyperuricaemia (defined as SUA of 7-0 mg/100 ml or over) which was present in 6-6% of the English men and 8% of the Scots. SUA was positively correlated with weight and serum urea, and with age in women, but no variation was found with social class. Body weight was the most important predictor of SUA in both men and women and superior to measurements involving correction for height, such as ponderal index and calculated lean body mass.", "contents": "Serum uric acid in England and Scotland. Serum uric acid (SUA) was measured in 512 men and 254 women from two English regions and in 337 men from one Scottish region. Mean SUA levels were the same in the men (5-5 mg/100 ml) and similar in the women (3-9 and 4-1 mg/100 ml). The apparent rarity of gout in Scotsmen cannot be explained by regional differences in SUA levels or in the prevalence of hyperuricaemia (defined as SUA of 7-0 mg/100 ml or over) which was present in 6-6% of the English men and 8% of the Scots. SUA was positively correlated with weight and serum urea, and with age in women, but no variation was found with social class. Body weight was the most important predictor of SUA in both men and women and superior to measurements involving correction for height, such as ponderal index and calculated lean body mass."}
{"id": "PMID:921342", "title": "Ulceration of the cornea in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Five patients with melting of the cornea in association with rheumatoid arthritis are described. The arthritis was often inactive and without systemic manifestations, in contrast to that seen in association with scleritis. In 3 there was evidence of reduced tear formation, but in none was tear production absent. In 3 patients the lesions healed during treatment with azathioprine or penicillamine.", "contents": "Ulceration of the cornea in rheumatoid arthritis. Five patients with melting of the cornea in association with rheumatoid arthritis are described. The arthritis was often inactive and without systemic manifestations, in contrast to that seen in association with scleritis. In 3 there was evidence of reduced tear formation, but in none was tear production absent. In 3 patients the lesions healed during treatment with azathioprine or penicillamine."}
{"id": "PMID:921343", "title": "Cellular immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus as evidenced in vitro by leucocyte migration inhibition tests.", "content": "A leucocyte migration inhibition test was performed on 26 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and on 35 control subjects using three different antigens, fetal calf thymus DNA, baker's yeast RNA, and calf thymus extractable nuclear antigen (ENA). Leucocyte migration was inhibited by DNA in 17 out of 26 SLE patients (65-3%), and in only 2 of the 35 controls (5-7%). When RNA or ENA was added none of the patients or controls showed inhibition. In SLE patients migration inhibition by DNA was significantly correlated with the presence of proteinuria and/or granular casts in urinary sediment. When the migration inhibition test was positive, immunofluorescence verified active histology of the glomeruli obtained by a percutaneous renal biopsy.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus as evidenced in vitro by leucocyte migration inhibition tests. A leucocyte migration inhibition test was performed on 26 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and on 35 control subjects using three different antigens, fetal calf thymus DNA, baker's yeast RNA, and calf thymus extractable nuclear antigen (ENA). Leucocyte migration was inhibited by DNA in 17 out of 26 SLE patients (65-3%), and in only 2 of the 35 controls (5-7%). When RNA or ENA was added none of the patients or controls showed inhibition. In SLE patients migration inhibition by DNA was significantly correlated with the presence of proteinuria and/or granular casts in urinary sediment. When the migration inhibition test was positive, immunofluorescence verified active histology of the glomeruli obtained by a percutaneous renal biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:921344", "title": "Frequency and clinical significance of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein in SLE and other connective tissue disease subgroups.", "content": "Antibodies to the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) component of extractable nuclear antigen were measured in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other connective tissue subgroups by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Antibodies to RNP were found in the sera of 32% of patients with a primary diagnosis of SLE, 29% of patients with features of SLE and erosive joint disease, none of 9 scleroderma patients, and in 75% of 8 patients with features of SLE and scleroderma. In the SLE patients overall there was an increased frequency of sclerodactyly and severe Raynaud's phenomenon in the patients with antibodies to RNP but no association of antibodies to RNP was found with the presence of erosive joint disease, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, or the absence of renal disease in these patients.", "contents": "Frequency and clinical significance of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein in SLE and other connective tissue disease subgroups. Antibodies to the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) component of extractable nuclear antigen were measured in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other connective tissue subgroups by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Antibodies to RNP were found in the sera of 32% of patients with a primary diagnosis of SLE, 29% of patients with features of SLE and erosive joint disease, none of 9 scleroderma patients, and in 75% of 8 patients with features of SLE and scleroderma. In the SLE patients overall there was an increased frequency of sclerodactyly and severe Raynaud's phenomenon in the patients with antibodies to RNP but no association of antibodies to RNP was found with the presence of erosive joint disease, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, or the absence of renal disease in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:921346", "title": "Xeroradiography in assessment of the rheumatoid hand.", "content": "Comparable conventional x-rays had xeroradiographs were obtained of the hands of 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Each metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joint was scored for juxta-articular osteoporosis, erosions, loss of joint space, soft tissue thickening, joint deformity, and osteophytes on a 0-3 scale. For 10 hands the films were reported again after 3 months, and each technique was reproducible. Comparison between the 2 radiographic techniques showed that overall they gave similar results, although osteoporosis was reported more frequently on conventional x-rays, and loss of joint space and synovial thickening on xeroradiographs.", "contents": "Xeroradiography in assessment of the rheumatoid hand. Comparable conventional x-rays had xeroradiographs were obtained of the hands of 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Each metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joint was scored for juxta-articular osteoporosis, erosions, loss of joint space, soft tissue thickening, joint deformity, and osteophytes on a 0-3 scale. For 10 hands the films were reported again after 3 months, and each technique was reproducible. Comparison between the 2 radiographic techniques showed that overall they gave similar results, although osteoporosis was reported more frequently on conventional x-rays, and loss of joint space and synovial thickening on xeroradiographs."}
{"id": "PMID:921345", "title": "Effect of penicillamine on complement in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "In most normal human sera the addition of penicillamine to a final concentration of 0-2 mmol/l and subsequent dialysis caused a slight reduction in serum haemolytic complement (CH50). At 200 mmol/l, CH50 activity was no longer demonstrable. Even high concentrations of penicillamine were needed to inhibit the ability of immunoglobulin to fix complement to preformed or forming immune complexes. This indicated that the reduction of CH50 observed in serum was due to an effect on the complement factors. In vivo, a dose of 240 mg penicillamine caused a slight transient reduction in CH50 in rabbit serum, while 1000 mg penicillamine had no effect on serum CH50 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In arthritis patients there was, however, some evidence for removal of complement deposits in synovial tissue during penicillamine treatment. Since it is theoretically possible that concentrations high enough to cause reduction of complement activity can be achieved locally in synovial tissue, the effect on complement may be one of the mechanisms by which penicillamine exerts its effect in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Effect of penicillamine on complement in vitro and in vivo. In most normal human sera the addition of penicillamine to a final concentration of 0-2 mmol/l and subsequent dialysis caused a slight reduction in serum haemolytic complement (CH50). At 200 mmol/l, CH50 activity was no longer demonstrable. Even high concentrations of penicillamine were needed to inhibit the ability of immunoglobulin to fix complement to preformed or forming immune complexes. This indicated that the reduction of CH50 observed in serum was due to an effect on the complement factors. In vivo, a dose of 240 mg penicillamine caused a slight transient reduction in CH50 in rabbit serum, while 1000 mg penicillamine had no effect on serum CH50 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In arthritis patients there was, however, some evidence for removal of complement deposits in synovial tissue during penicillamine treatment. Since it is theoretically possible that concentrations high enough to cause reduction of complement activity can be achieved locally in synovial tissue, the effect on complement may be one of the mechanisms by which penicillamine exerts its effect in rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:921347", "title": "Significance of rubella virus infection in juvenile chronic polyarthritis.", "content": "Fifty-three patients under the age of 5 years with definite juvenile chronic polyarthritis (JCP) were examined for serological evidence of rubella infection. The prevalence of rubella antibody was found to be low and did not differ significantly from that found in normal children of similar age. Patients with JCP and antibody to rubella virus had a clinical course indistinguishable from those with no detectable rubella antibody.", "contents": "Significance of rubella virus infection in juvenile chronic polyarthritis. Fifty-three patients under the age of 5 years with definite juvenile chronic polyarthritis (JCP) were examined for serological evidence of rubella infection. The prevalence of rubella antibody was found to be low and did not differ significantly from that found in normal children of similar age. Patients with JCP and antibody to rubella virus had a clinical course indistinguishable from those with no detectable rubella antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:921348", "title": "Transferrin iron uptake by human synovium.", "content": "55Fe-labelled transferrin was injected into the synovial fluid before synovectomy in 6 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The results show that transferrin iron is taken up by synovial macrophages.", "contents": "Transferrin iron uptake by human synovium. 55Fe-labelled transferrin was injected into the synovial fluid before synovectomy in 6 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The results show that transferrin iron is taken up by synovial macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:921349", "title": "Bacteroides bacteremia.", "content": "When appropriate culture techniques are employed, Bacteroides bacteremia is found more frequently than might be expected and usually follows contamination from the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tracts. Survival is closely related to the extent of organ impiarment preceding the bacteremia. Proper therapy is based on early recognition of the source of bacteremia and adequate surgical drainage. Antibiotics do not appear to improve survival, particularly when used without drainage. Further studies are needed to identify patients with impaired host resistance who are particularly susceptible to these organisms.", "contents": "Bacteroides bacteremia. When appropriate culture techniques are employed, Bacteroides bacteremia is found more frequently than might be expected and usually follows contamination from the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tracts. Survival is closely related to the extent of organ impiarment preceding the bacteremia. Proper therapy is based on early recognition of the source of bacteremia and adequate surgical drainage. Antibiotics do not appear to improve survival, particularly when used without drainage. Further studies are needed to identify patients with impaired host resistance who are particularly susceptible to these organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:921350", "title": "Fat induced jejunal inhibition of gastric acid secretion in duodenal ulcer patients before and after truncal vagotomy.", "content": "The effect of intrajejunal infusion of a fat solution on pentagastrin-stimulated (0.5 microgram/kg-hr) gastric acid secretion was studied in five duodenal ulcer patients before and three to five months after truncal vagotomy. Preoperatively mean acid output was reduced from 41 +/- 5.2 meq H+/hr to 15.4 +/- 1.3 meq H+/hr (p less than 0.005), and postoperatively from 17.4 +/- 2.6 meq H+/hr to 12.7 +/- 2.4 meq H+/HR (P less than 0.01), demonstrating that fat induced jejunal inhibition of gastric acid secretion partly or wholly is humorally mediated. Furthermore the study shows that fat induced jejunal inhibition of acid secretion in duodenal ulcer patients seem to be of the same magnitude as previously found in healthy subjects.", "contents": "Fat induced jejunal inhibition of gastric acid secretion in duodenal ulcer patients before and after truncal vagotomy. The effect of intrajejunal infusion of a fat solution on pentagastrin-stimulated (0.5 microgram/kg-hr) gastric acid secretion was studied in five duodenal ulcer patients before and three to five months after truncal vagotomy. Preoperatively mean acid output was reduced from 41 +/- 5.2 meq H+/hr to 15.4 +/- 1.3 meq H+/hr (p less than 0.005), and postoperatively from 17.4 +/- 2.6 meq H+/hr to 12.7 +/- 2.4 meq H+/HR (P less than 0.01), demonstrating that fat induced jejunal inhibition of gastric acid secretion partly or wholly is humorally mediated. Furthermore the study shows that fat induced jejunal inhibition of acid secretion in duodenal ulcer patients seem to be of the same magnitude as previously found in healthy subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:921351", "title": "Left ventriculotomy for closure of muscular ventricular septal defects. Treatment of choice.", "content": "Closure of muscular ventricular septal defects (VSDs) through the right atriotomy or right ventriculotomy may be difficult. These VSDs are often located behind the hypertrophied trabeculae carnae or papillary muscle. Residual or recurrent VSD may result from the difficult approach. Between March 1971 and December 1975, we have used the left ventriculotomy near the apex for closure of muscular VSDs in ten children. The patients' ages ranged from five months to eight years and three months. The diagnosis was established by cardiac catheterisation and left ventricular angiocardiogram in all patients. Six patients had multiple VSDs; in four patients VSD in the muscular septum was present (three apical, one midseptal). Operations were performed on cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia and intermittent anoxic arrest. VSDs in the membranous septum were closed through the right atrium. Muscular VSDs were approached through a small vertical incision in the left ventricle near the apex. The postoperative course was uneventful in eight patients. Two patients, aged 16 months and eight years, died; histology showed grade IV pulmonary vascular disease in both. All survivors are well four months to five years after the operation, without clinical evidence of residual or recurrent VSD.", "contents": "Left ventriculotomy for closure of muscular ventricular septal defects. Treatment of choice. Closure of muscular ventricular septal defects (VSDs) through the right atriotomy or right ventriculotomy may be difficult. These VSDs are often located behind the hypertrophied trabeculae carnae or papillary muscle. Residual or recurrent VSD may result from the difficult approach. Between March 1971 and December 1975, we have used the left ventriculotomy near the apex for closure of muscular VSDs in ten children. The patients' ages ranged from five months to eight years and three months. The diagnosis was established by cardiac catheterisation and left ventricular angiocardiogram in all patients. Six patients had multiple VSDs; in four patients VSD in the muscular septum was present (three apical, one midseptal). Operations were performed on cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia and intermittent anoxic arrest. VSDs in the membranous septum were closed through the right atrium. Muscular VSDs were approached through a small vertical incision in the left ventricle near the apex. The postoperative course was uneventful in eight patients. Two patients, aged 16 months and eight years, died; histology showed grade IV pulmonary vascular disease in both. All survivors are well four months to five years after the operation, without clinical evidence of residual or recurrent VSD."}
{"id": "PMID:921352", "title": "Follow-up studies of radical resection for pancreaticoduodenal cancer.", "content": "In a study of 66 patients with pancreaticoduodenal cancer with pancreaticoduodenectomy, there were five (7.5%) hospital deaths. Five-year survival rates were 7.8% in 20 patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, 16.7% in 31 patients with carcinoma of the bile duct, and 38.5% in 15 patients with carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. Fecal fat loss measured was 10 g or less per day in nine of 12 patients. Of the 19 patients having glucose tolerance tests, 13 showed abnormalities including the two who were diabetic. Operative findings which were indicative of a poor prognosis included lymph node metastases, macroscopic invasion of the tumor into the pancreatic capsule in patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, the size of the tumor in those with carcinoma of the common bile duct, and direct invasion of the lesion into the pancreas in patients with carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.", "contents": "Follow-up studies of radical resection for pancreaticoduodenal cancer. In a study of 66 patients with pancreaticoduodenal cancer with pancreaticoduodenectomy, there were five (7.5%) hospital deaths. Five-year survival rates were 7.8% in 20 patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, 16.7% in 31 patients with carcinoma of the bile duct, and 38.5% in 15 patients with carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. Fecal fat loss measured was 10 g or less per day in nine of 12 patients. Of the 19 patients having glucose tolerance tests, 13 showed abnormalities including the two who were diabetic. Operative findings which were indicative of a poor prognosis included lymph node metastases, macroscopic invasion of the tumor into the pancreatic capsule in patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, the size of the tumor in those with carcinoma of the common bile duct, and direct invasion of the lesion into the pancreas in patients with carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater."}
{"id": "PMID:921353", "title": "Sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis--a disease spectrum?", "content": "Sclerosing diseases of the biliary system encompass a spectrum ranging from primary sclerosing cholangitis (usually of the extrahepatic biliary tree) to primary biliary cirrhosis of the intrahepatic bile canaliculi. In a study of 35 patients with primary intra- and extrahepatic biliary sclerosis, age of onset, sex distribution, symptomatology, associated diseases, radiographic abnormalities and chemical profile were considered. The difficulty of differentiating sclerosing cholangitis and biliary cirrhosis from other causes of obstructive jaundice preoperatively was stressed, in addition to points of differential clinical and laboratory findings. The etiology of these entities as well as the possibility that they represent variant clinical manifestations of the same disease process were also considered. Mechanical and pharmacological treatment alternatives that were attempted included drainage procedures, the easiest and most widely used of which was the T-tube. However, this could prove to be a source of infection and should therefore be removed early, inasmuch as cholangitis represents a major cause of morbidity. Steroids have been used with varying effectiveness; subjective improvement was generally attained, although objective improvement has been difficult to document. When choleuretics and cholestyramine were administered, we noted significant palliation. Antibiotics were reserved for treatment of cholangitis. Until the underlying etiology of this rare malignant sclerosing process is found, only symptomatic treatment can be offered.", "contents": "Sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis--a disease spectrum? Sclerosing diseases of the biliary system encompass a spectrum ranging from primary sclerosing cholangitis (usually of the extrahepatic biliary tree) to primary biliary cirrhosis of the intrahepatic bile canaliculi. In a study of 35 patients with primary intra- and extrahepatic biliary sclerosis, age of onset, sex distribution, symptomatology, associated diseases, radiographic abnormalities and chemical profile were considered. The difficulty of differentiating sclerosing cholangitis and biliary cirrhosis from other causes of obstructive jaundice preoperatively was stressed, in addition to points of differential clinical and laboratory findings. The etiology of these entities as well as the possibility that they represent variant clinical manifestations of the same disease process were also considered. Mechanical and pharmacological treatment alternatives that were attempted included drainage procedures, the easiest and most widely used of which was the T-tube. However, this could prove to be a source of infection and should therefore be removed early, inasmuch as cholangitis represents a major cause of morbidity. Steroids have been used with varying effectiveness; subjective improvement was generally attained, although objective improvement has been difficult to document. When choleuretics and cholestyramine were administered, we noted significant palliation. Antibiotics were reserved for treatment of cholangitis. Until the underlying etiology of this rare malignant sclerosing process is found, only symptomatic treatment can be offered."}
{"id": "PMID:921354", "title": "Thin needle cholangiography: experience with 50 patients.", "content": "Thin needle cholangiography (TNC) was performed in 50 patients with obstructive jaundice or jaundice of obscure origin. The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy and safety of this procedure. TNC was performed by the technique described by Redeker et al. using the Chiba needle (JAMA 231:386, 1975). Obstructed ducts were successfully demonstrated in 100% of cases (29/29). Non-obstructed ducts were opacified in 12/21 (57%). Overall success was 82% (41/50). Two septic complications occurred. It is concluded that 1) TNC is a highly reliable, easy to perform and safe procedure in the evaluation of the jaundiced patient; 2) Accurate demonstration of the biliary anatomy by TNC provided important information which often in (10/50 = 20%) led to a change in diagnosis, avoidance of unnecessary procedures, and shortening of hospitalization; 3) Failure to visualize patients with non-dilated biliary ducts occurred with advanced chronic liver disease or fatty liver.", "contents": "Thin needle cholangiography: experience with 50 patients. Thin needle cholangiography (TNC) was performed in 50 patients with obstructive jaundice or jaundice of obscure origin. The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy and safety of this procedure. TNC was performed by the technique described by Redeker et al. using the Chiba needle (JAMA 231:386, 1975). Obstructed ducts were successfully demonstrated in 100% of cases (29/29). Non-obstructed ducts were opacified in 12/21 (57%). Overall success was 82% (41/50). Two septic complications occurred. It is concluded that 1) TNC is a highly reliable, easy to perform and safe procedure in the evaluation of the jaundiced patient; 2) Accurate demonstration of the biliary anatomy by TNC provided important information which often in (10/50 = 20%) led to a change in diagnosis, avoidance of unnecessary procedures, and shortening of hospitalization; 3) Failure to visualize patients with non-dilated biliary ducts occurred with advanced chronic liver disease or fatty liver."}
{"id": "PMID:921355", "title": "Uneven ventilation of the lung following trauma.", "content": "Ventilatory function of the lungs has been studied in 13 post-trauma patients using a two compartment analysis. The analysis is based upon a model of the lung which describes a nitrogen washout curve in terms of fast and slowly ventilated compartments. Data output from a digital computer provides values that compare the fractions of the alveolar ventilation and volume of the two compartments. All patients on initial investigation had large identifiable slow spaces. Subsequent evaluation at a time of clinical improvement showed that the ventilation of the slow space had increased significantly (P less than .003), whereas no change was evident in the volume fraction. The ventilation to volume ratio of the slow space, measured on these two separate occasions increased in twelve of the patients studied. An increase in this ratio correlated with improvement in the patient's clinical condition.", "contents": "Uneven ventilation of the lung following trauma. Ventilatory function of the lungs has been studied in 13 post-trauma patients using a two compartment analysis. The analysis is based upon a model of the lung which describes a nitrogen washout curve in terms of fast and slowly ventilated compartments. Data output from a digital computer provides values that compare the fractions of the alveolar ventilation and volume of the two compartments. All patients on initial investigation had large identifiable slow spaces. Subsequent evaluation at a time of clinical improvement showed that the ventilation of the slow space had increased significantly (P less than .003), whereas no change was evident in the volume fraction. The ventilation to volume ratio of the slow space, measured on these two separate occasions increased in twelve of the patients studied. An increase in this ratio correlated with improvement in the patient's clinical condition."}
{"id": "PMID:921356", "title": "Metastatic carcinomas from occult primary tumors. A study of 254 patients.", "content": "From 1950 to 1973, 254 patients with metastatic cancers from occult primary tumors, comprising 0.5% of all the referred cancer patients were seen. The average age was 59 years. Clinical presentation was commonly in the form of metastatic lesions in lung, cervical lymph node, bone or liver. Radiological and radioisotopic investigations proved helpful in determining the extent of disease rather than the origin of primary tumor. Adenocarcinoma was the commonest type, followed by undifferentiated and squamous cell carcinomas. The origin of the primary tumor was established in 77 (30%) patients, mostly at autopsy. It was in the lung in 40% of the cases, followed by stomach, pancreas, kidney, ovary and colon. Some correlation was found between clinical presentation and the origin of the primary tumor. Histologically different second cancers were detected in 28 (11%) patients. Overall median and five-year survival rates were nine months and nine per cent respectively. Longer survival was seen in patients with squamous cell carcinoma metastases, middle and upper neck lymph node lesions, and those who had \"curative\" surgery. In localized metastatic lesions, surgical extirpation should be done. Depending on the histological type of the metastatic lesions, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy have definite roles in the management of these patients. Periodic follow-up examinations also prove valuable.", "contents": "Metastatic carcinomas from occult primary tumors. A study of 254 patients. From 1950 to 1973, 254 patients with metastatic cancers from occult primary tumors, comprising 0.5% of all the referred cancer patients were seen. The average age was 59 years. Clinical presentation was commonly in the form of metastatic lesions in lung, cervical lymph node, bone or liver. Radiological and radioisotopic investigations proved helpful in determining the extent of disease rather than the origin of primary tumor. Adenocarcinoma was the commonest type, followed by undifferentiated and squamous cell carcinomas. The origin of the primary tumor was established in 77 (30%) patients, mostly at autopsy. It was in the lung in 40% of the cases, followed by stomach, pancreas, kidney, ovary and colon. Some correlation was found between clinical presentation and the origin of the primary tumor. Histologically different second cancers were detected in 28 (11%) patients. Overall median and five-year survival rates were nine months and nine per cent respectively. Longer survival was seen in patients with squamous cell carcinoma metastases, middle and upper neck lymph node lesions, and those who had \"curative\" surgery. In localized metastatic lesions, surgical extirpation should be done. Depending on the histological type of the metastatic lesions, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy have definite roles in the management of these patients. Periodic follow-up examinations also prove valuable."}
{"id": "PMID:921357", "title": "Prognostic factors in patients undergoing lymphadenectomy for malignant melanoma.", "content": "Review of a 19 year experience in melanoma patients undergoinglymphadenectomy at the National Cancer Institute revealedthat the preoperative assessment of the status of theregional lymph nodes was accurate 91% of the time when thesurgeon felt the nodes were clinically positive, and accurate79% of the time when the nodes were judged clinically negative. The 10-year survival in patients with one to three histologicallypositive nodes or no positive nodes was 50-55%, compared to a25% 8-year survival in patients with four or more histologicallypositive nodes. Stepwise multivariate evaluation of prognosticfactors indicated that the most important factor for predictingprognosis is the number of nodes histologically involved. Nodepalpability was the second most important factor because of itshigh correlation with number of nodes histologically involved. Site of melanoma was the third most important factor, aspatients with extremity (upper or lower) melanoma had a bettersurvival (P = 0.002) than patients with axial melanoma (trunkor head and neck). Five years following lymphadenectomythere appeared to be substantial differences in survivalaccording to differences in the level of invasion of the primarylesion, however, these differences were not nearly aspronounced 10 years following node dissection.B The division of melanoma thicknesses into <1.50 mm and>1.50 mm provided some prognostic discrimination at fiveyears but again the differences were not pronounced 10 yearsfollowing node dissection. The thickness measurements wereeasier to determine than the level of invasion, and more reproduceableon resubmission to the same pathologist. Fourpatients with melanoma less than 0.76 mm had subsequentmetastases, but these may represent inadequate sampling of theprimary melanoma both in our series and in the four similarpatients previously reported with such thin metastasizingmelanomas.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in patients undergoing lymphadenectomy for malignant melanoma. Review of a 19 year experience in melanoma patients undergoinglymphadenectomy at the National Cancer Institute revealedthat the preoperative assessment of the status of theregional lymph nodes was accurate 91% of the time when thesurgeon felt the nodes were clinically positive, and accurate79% of the time when the nodes were judged clinically negative. The 10-year survival in patients with one to three histologicallypositive nodes or no positive nodes was 50-55%, compared to a25% 8-year survival in patients with four or more histologicallypositive nodes. Stepwise multivariate evaluation of prognosticfactors indicated that the most important factor for predictingprognosis is the number of nodes histologically involved. Nodepalpability was the second most important factor because of itshigh correlation with number of nodes histologically involved. Site of melanoma was the third most important factor, aspatients with extremity (upper or lower) melanoma had a bettersurvival (P = 0.002) than patients with axial melanoma (trunkor head and neck). Five years following lymphadenectomythere appeared to be substantial differences in survivalaccording to differences in the level of invasion of the primarylesion, however, these differences were not nearly aspronounced 10 years following node dissection.B The division of melanoma thicknesses into <1.50 mm and>1.50 mm provided some prognostic discrimination at fiveyears but again the differences were not pronounced 10 yearsfollowing node dissection. The thickness measurements wereeasier to determine than the level of invasion, and more reproduceableon resubmission to the same pathologist. Fourpatients with melanoma less than 0.76 mm had subsequentmetastases, but these may represent inadequate sampling of theprimary melanoma both in our series and in the four similarpatients previously reported with such thin metastasizingmelanomas."}
{"id": "PMID:921358", "title": "Arterio-venous access utilizing modified bovine arterial grafts for hemodialysis.", "content": "Forty-seven patients with chronic renal failure presenting with a loss of vascular access precluding hemodialysis were subjected to 105 surgical procedures to establish and to maintain an arteriovenous fistulae. 67 bovine heterografts were implanted over a 30 month period and observed for 6 or more months. Fifteen, or 32% of the patients, died during the study period. Eleven patients died with a functional fistula. Twenty fistulae continued to function at the end of 36 months constituting a 46.3% graft survival rate. Hemodialysis was continued in 11 of 12 patients via a P.T.F.E. Goretex graft or via a matured Brescia Fistula. The remaining patient experienced graft failure at the end of the study period. Graft thrombosis was observed in 31 of 67 grafts placed (46%). Successful thrombectomy was achieved in 52%. Fourteen grafts developed frank aneurysms with overt rupture in 8. All patients with aneurysms were negro. Six of 8 patients with aneurysm presented with severe hypertension. Thirteen aneurysms were resected without loss of life or limb. The use of bovine grafts in hypertensive negro patients is believed to be contraindicated.", "contents": "Arterio-venous access utilizing modified bovine arterial grafts for hemodialysis. Forty-seven patients with chronic renal failure presenting with a loss of vascular access precluding hemodialysis were subjected to 105 surgical procedures to establish and to maintain an arteriovenous fistulae. 67 bovine heterografts were implanted over a 30 month period and observed for 6 or more months. Fifteen, or 32% of the patients, died during the study period. Eleven patients died with a functional fistula. Twenty fistulae continued to function at the end of 36 months constituting a 46.3% graft survival rate. Hemodialysis was continued in 11 of 12 patients via a P.T.F.E. Goretex graft or via a matured Brescia Fistula. The remaining patient experienced graft failure at the end of the study period. Graft thrombosis was observed in 31 of 67 grafts placed (46%). Successful thrombectomy was achieved in 52%. Fourteen grafts developed frank aneurysms with overt rupture in 8. All patients with aneurysms were negro. Six of 8 patients with aneurysm presented with severe hypertension. Thirteen aneurysms were resected without loss of life or limb. The use of bovine grafts in hypertensive negro patients is believed to be contraindicated."}
{"id": "PMID:921359", "title": "Preservation of the ischemic leg by distal vascular bypass.", "content": "Autogenous saphenous vein bypass grafts to tibial or personeal vessels have resulted in successful, long-term limb preservation in appropriately selected patients. This success appears to justify an aggressive approach to what has previously been considered end-stage\" distal vascular occlusive disease. This report describes the clinical management and long-term follow-up of 41 patients with tibial artery reconstruction.", "contents": "Preservation of the ischemic leg by distal vascular bypass. Autogenous saphenous vein bypass grafts to tibial or personeal vessels have resulted in successful, long-term limb preservation in appropriately selected patients. This success appears to justify an aggressive approach to what has previously been considered end-stage\" distal vascular occlusive disease. This report describes the clinical management and long-term follow-up of 41 patients with tibial artery reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:921360", "title": "Multiple subcritical arterial stenoses: effect on poststenotic pressure and flow.", "content": "Diminished poststenotic pressure and flow accompanied experimental application of multiple subcritical arterial stenoses in series. Effects of additional stenoses, causing equivalent constrictions, were cumulative in a nonlinear fashion. Seven-hundred-twenty measurements were performed using 10 cm ileofemoral canine arterial segments in vitro and in vivo with pulsatile and nonpulsatile blood flow. Pressures and flow volumes utilized for testing were within normal physiologic ranges. Data analysis included correlations of experimental observations with predictions generated from a theoretic hydraulic model. Kinetic energy losses with multiple subcritical stenoses were associated with decreased pressure and flow. Poststenotic pressure decreased as much as 51% in some experiments. Diminutions in flow paralleled pressure changes. Measured pressure changes were nonlinear and followed mathematic predictions of appreciable but lesser effects of added stenoses. Hemodynamic alterations of magnitudes documented in this study assume clinical importance. The assumption that a solitary critical stenosis must exist before significant hemodynamic changes occur is no longer tenable.", "contents": "Multiple subcritical arterial stenoses: effect on poststenotic pressure and flow. Diminished poststenotic pressure and flow accompanied experimental application of multiple subcritical arterial stenoses in series. Effects of additional stenoses, causing equivalent constrictions, were cumulative in a nonlinear fashion. Seven-hundred-twenty measurements were performed using 10 cm ileofemoral canine arterial segments in vitro and in vivo with pulsatile and nonpulsatile blood flow. Pressures and flow volumes utilized for testing were within normal physiologic ranges. Data analysis included correlations of experimental observations with predictions generated from a theoretic hydraulic model. Kinetic energy losses with multiple subcritical stenoses were associated with decreased pressure and flow. Poststenotic pressure decreased as much as 51% in some experiments. Diminutions in flow paralleled pressure changes. Measured pressure changes were nonlinear and followed mathematic predictions of appreciable but lesser effects of added stenoses. Hemodynamic alterations of magnitudes documented in this study assume clinical importance. The assumption that a solitary critical stenosis must exist before significant hemodynamic changes occur is no longer tenable."}
{"id": "PMID:921361", "title": "The nature of immunity against Babesia hylomysci and B. microti infections in mice.", "content": "Mice which have recovered from Babesia microti infection lose their parasitaemia as soon as three weeks after recovery and become solidly immune. This sterile immunity is not affected by splenectomy and may last for the life of the mouse. Mice which have recovered from B. hylomysci infection continue to harbour parasites at a subpatent level and spontaneous relapses were common after recovery. Hence the type of immunity which developed against this parasite is premunition and may last for life. Such immunity was not absolute and considerable parasitaemias developed after challenge. Cross-protection occurred between the two species of parasite.", "contents": "The nature of immunity against Babesia hylomysci and B. microti infections in mice. Mice which have recovered from Babesia microti infection lose their parasitaemia as soon as three weeks after recovery and become solidly immune. This sterile immunity is not affected by splenectomy and may last for the life of the mouse. Mice which have recovered from B. hylomysci infection continue to harbour parasites at a subpatent level and spontaneous relapses were common after recovery. Hence the type of immunity which developed against this parasite is premunition and may last for life. Such immunity was not absolute and considerable parasitaemias developed after challenge. Cross-protection occurred between the two species of parasite."}
{"id": "PMID:921362", "title": "Study on trypanosomes of Sciuridae from Senegal: Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) heliosciuri sp. n. and Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) xeri Leger and Baury, 1922.", "content": "This paper describes a new species of trypanosome, Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) heliosciuri, from Heliosciurus gambianus gambianus, and gives a detailed description of T. (Herpetosoma) xeri Leger and Baury 1922, from Euxerus erythropus erythropus, all from Senegal, West Africa.", "contents": "Study on trypanosomes of Sciuridae from Senegal: Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) heliosciuri sp. n. and Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) xeri Leger and Baury, 1922. This paper describes a new species of trypanosome, Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) heliosciuri, from Heliosciurus gambianus gambianus, and gives a detailed description of T. (Herpetosoma) xeri Leger and Baury 1922, from Euxerus erythropus erythropus, all from Senegal, West Africa."}
{"id": "PMID:921363", "title": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Libyan Arab Republic: preliminary ecological findings.", "content": "Preliminary results show cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya to be, sometimes at least, a rural zoonotic infection. The parasites are transmitted, probably by Phlebotomus papatasi, between the rodents Psammomys obesus and Meriones libycus. The banks and 'islands' in the main channel of seasonal wadis provide the right combination of vegetation and permanence for the maintenance of an intense focus.", "contents": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Libyan Arab Republic: preliminary ecological findings. Preliminary results show cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya to be, sometimes at least, a rural zoonotic infection. The parasites are transmitted, probably by Phlebotomus papatasi, between the rodents Psammomys obesus and Meriones libycus. The banks and 'islands' in the main channel of seasonal wadis provide the right combination of vegetation and permanence for the maintenance of an intense focus."}
{"id": "PMID:921365", "title": "The resistance of intracellular Leishmania parasites to digestion by lysosomal enzymes.", "content": "Infections of Leishmania mexicana in cultured normal mouse peritoneal macrophages show different morphological features depending on whether the parasites invade as promastigote or amastigote forms. Infections derived from promastigote invasion are characterized by parasitophorous vacuoles which develop slowly, and acquire only modest proportions. In contrast, the organisms in amastigote-derived infections lie within parasitophorous vacuoles which develop more rapidly, and attain a much greater size. From observation of promastigotes of different species of Leishmania, it appeared that survival subsequent to endocytosis by normal macrophages depends on the parasites' rapid transformation to the amastigote form. Activation of the macrophage population produced an enhanced parasiticidal effect only against incompletely transformed Leishmania promastigotes. Electron microscope investigations, involving enzyme histochemistry and lysosome labelling techniques, indicate that intracellular Leishmania avoid digestion by interfering with the activity of lysosomal enzymes that are freely delivered to the parasitophorous vacuole. It is proposed that this ability is acquired on transformation to the amastigote, and incidentally induces fluid distension of the parasitophorous vacuole through phenomena recently described by other workers.", "contents": "The resistance of intracellular Leishmania parasites to digestion by lysosomal enzymes. Infections of Leishmania mexicana in cultured normal mouse peritoneal macrophages show different morphological features depending on whether the parasites invade as promastigote or amastigote forms. Infections derived from promastigote invasion are characterized by parasitophorous vacuoles which develop slowly, and acquire only modest proportions. In contrast, the organisms in amastigote-derived infections lie within parasitophorous vacuoles which develop more rapidly, and attain a much greater size. From observation of promastigotes of different species of Leishmania, it appeared that survival subsequent to endocytosis by normal macrophages depends on the parasites' rapid transformation to the amastigote form. Activation of the macrophage population produced an enhanced parasiticidal effect only against incompletely transformed Leishmania promastigotes. Electron microscope investigations, involving enzyme histochemistry and lysosome labelling techniques, indicate that intracellular Leishmania avoid digestion by interfering with the activity of lysosomal enzymes that are freely delivered to the parasitophorous vacuole. It is proposed that this ability is acquired on transformation to the amastigote, and incidentally induces fluid distension of the parasitophorous vacuole through phenomena recently described by other workers."}
{"id": "PMID:921366", "title": "The inheritance of a mutant yellow larva in the mosquito Aedes togoi.", "content": "In the mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) togoi (Theobald), which usually breeds in seawater in tidal pools and is a natural or experimental vector of various species of filariae, the mode of inheritance of a new mutant yellow larva (y) was investigated; the y allele is recessive and inherited independently of sex and its linked alleles, and independently of ruby eye (ru) and pigmented pupae (p), both of which are not sex-linked; therefore y is presumed to be on the third linkage group in this species. The allele y is completely penetrant with little variation in its expressivity, but its phenotype could not be reliably distinguished from that of sex-linked allele straw-coloured larva (s).", "contents": "The inheritance of a mutant yellow larva in the mosquito Aedes togoi. In the mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) togoi (Theobald), which usually breeds in seawater in tidal pools and is a natural or experimental vector of various species of filariae, the mode of inheritance of a new mutant yellow larva (y) was investigated; the y allele is recessive and inherited independently of sex and its linked alleles, and independently of ruby eye (ru) and pigmented pupae (p), both of which are not sex-linked; therefore y is presumed to be on the third linkage group in this species. The allele y is completely penetrant with little variation in its expressivity, but its phenotype could not be reliably distinguished from that of sex-linked allele straw-coloured larva (s)."}
{"id": "PMID:921367", "title": "Susceptibility to Brugia pahangi of geographical strains of Culex pipiens fatigans.", "content": "Five strains of Culex pipiens fatigans from Kuala Lumpur, Tanga, Bobo Dioulasso, Ibadan and Maracay were tested for susceptibility to Brugia pahangi. The mosquitoes were membrane-fed on infected blood in which the parasite density ranged from 1-3 to 20-4 mff/mm(3). The susceptibility rates were low, and were not directly related to the parasitaemia. If the susceptible individuals represent homozygotes for the gene sb (the gene controlling susceptibility to B pahangi in C. pipiens), the gene frequencies in the five strains were 0-33, 0-23, 0-28, 0-12 and 0-31 respectively.", "contents": "Susceptibility to Brugia pahangi of geographical strains of Culex pipiens fatigans. Five strains of Culex pipiens fatigans from Kuala Lumpur, Tanga, Bobo Dioulasso, Ibadan and Maracay were tested for susceptibility to Brugia pahangi. The mosquitoes were membrane-fed on infected blood in which the parasite density ranged from 1-3 to 20-4 mff/mm(3). The susceptibility rates were low, and were not directly related to the parasitaemia. If the susceptible individuals represent homozygotes for the gene sb (the gene controlling susceptibility to B pahangi in C. pipiens), the gene frequencies in the five strains were 0-33, 0-23, 0-28, 0-12 and 0-31 respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:921369", "title": "The fate of ingested Brugia pahangi microfilariae in susceptible and refractory strains of Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti.", "content": "The uptake and migration of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi in susceptible and refractory Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti were compared after membrane-feeding the mosquitoes on infected blood and anti-coagulant. There was no difference between the strains within each species in the pattern of migration, but in C pipiens only 24% of the microfilariae reached the thorax whereas in A. aegypti 73-6% were successful. In both susceptible strains the filariae in the thorax developed normally to maturity, but in both refractory strains almost all filariae died within a few days.", "contents": "The fate of ingested Brugia pahangi microfilariae in susceptible and refractory strains of Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti. The uptake and migration of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi in susceptible and refractory Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti were compared after membrane-feeding the mosquitoes on infected blood and anti-coagulant. There was no difference between the strains within each species in the pattern of migration, but in C pipiens only 24% of the microfilariae reached the thorax whereas in A. aegypti 73-6% were successful. In both susceptible strains the filariae in the thorax developed normally to maturity, but in both refractory strains almost all filariae died within a few days."}
{"id": "PMID:921370", "title": "Mode of inheritance of dieldrin resistance in Anopheles farauti No. 1 and A. farauti No. 2.", "content": "The mode of inheritance of dieldrin resistance was studied in Anopheles farauti No. 1 and A. farauti No. 2. In both these species a susceptible strain was crossed with a resistant strain and F1 individuals backcrossed to the susceptible parental strain. After exposure to 0-4% dieldrin for one hour the survivors were again backcrossed to the susceptible. After successive backcrosses it was found that in both species dieldrin resistance was determinded by a single, semi-dominant gene which was not sex-linked.", "contents": "Mode of inheritance of dieldrin resistance in Anopheles farauti No. 1 and A. farauti No. 2. The mode of inheritance of dieldrin resistance was studied in Anopheles farauti No. 1 and A. farauti No. 2. In both these species a susceptible strain was crossed with a resistant strain and F1 individuals backcrossed to the susceptible parental strain. After exposure to 0-4% dieldrin for one hour the survivors were again backcrossed to the susceptible. After successive backcrosses it was found that in both species dieldrin resistance was determinded by a single, semi-dominant gene which was not sex-linked."}
{"id": "PMID:921373", "title": "Actuarial analysis of surgical results: rationale and method.", "content": "The use of time-related methods of statistical analysis is essential for valid evaluation of the long-term results of a surgical procedure. Accurate comparison of two procedures or two prosthetic devices is possible only when the length of follow-up is properly accounted for. The purpose of this report is to make the technical aspects of the acturial, or life table, method easily accessible to the surgeon, with emphasis on the motivation for and the rationale behind it. This topic is illustrated in terms of heart valve prostheses, a field that is rapidly developing. Both the authors and readers of articles must be aware that controversies surrounding the relative merits of various prosthetic designs or operative procedures can be settled only if proper time-related methods of analysis are utilized.", "contents": "Actuarial analysis of surgical results: rationale and method. The use of time-related methods of statistical analysis is essential for valid evaluation of the long-term results of a surgical procedure. Accurate comparison of two procedures or two prosthetic devices is possible only when the length of follow-up is properly accounted for. The purpose of this report is to make the technical aspects of the acturial, or life table, method easily accessible to the surgeon, with emphasis on the motivation for and the rationale behind it. This topic is illustrated in terms of heart valve prostheses, a field that is rapidly developing. Both the authors and readers of articles must be aware that controversies surrounding the relative merits of various prosthetic designs or operative procedures can be settled only if proper time-related methods of analysis are utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:921374", "title": "Valve replacement in patients over 70 years.", "content": "From July, 1972, to April, 1976, 54 consecutive patients over the age of 70 years underwent valve replacement at Tampa General Hospital. Twenty-one patients had isolated aortic valve replacement (Group 1), 14 had isolated mitral valve replacement (Group 2), and 19 had combined procedures that included at least 1 valve replacement (Group 3). There was 1 operative death (in Group 1), and another patient (Group 3) died three weeks post-operatively, resulting in an early mortality of 3.7%. Follow-up of the 52 hospital survivors from one to forty-one months reveals 2 additional deaths for a late mortality of 3.8%. Cardiac status improved noticeably in the surviving 50 patients. The data suggests that with current techniques, complex intracardiac procedures can be performed safely with acceptable operative mortality and a satisfactory prognostic outlook in elderly patients.", "contents": "Valve replacement in patients over 70 years. From July, 1972, to April, 1976, 54 consecutive patients over the age of 70 years underwent valve replacement at Tampa General Hospital. Twenty-one patients had isolated aortic valve replacement (Group 1), 14 had isolated mitral valve replacement (Group 2), and 19 had combined procedures that included at least 1 valve replacement (Group 3). There was 1 operative death (in Group 1), and another patient (Group 3) died three weeks post-operatively, resulting in an early mortality of 3.7%. Follow-up of the 52 hospital survivors from one to forty-one months reveals 2 additional deaths for a late mortality of 3.8%. Cardiac status improved noticeably in the surviving 50 patients. The data suggests that with current techniques, complex intracardiac procedures can be performed safely with acceptable operative mortality and a satisfactory prognostic outlook in elderly patients."}
{"id": "PMID:921375", "title": "Successful course after supraarterial myotomy for myocardial bridging and milking effect of the left anterior descending artery.", "content": "We report 3 patients having a grade II milking effect of the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD) and suffering from angina. Preoperative myocardial ischemia was demonstrated by stress ECG in all 3 and by pacing and lactates studies in 2. Surgical decompression of the systolically constricted artery has resulted in disappearance of angina, milking, and ischemia. Severe milking of the LAD is a rare entity, probably congenital in origin, capable of producing myocardial ischemia and possibly causing sudden death. More studies regarding its etiology and pathophysiology are necessary. Biopsy of the myocardium surrounding the artery could be useful.", "contents": "Successful course after supraarterial myotomy for myocardial bridging and milking effect of the left anterior descending artery. We report 3 patients having a grade II milking effect of the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD) and suffering from angina. Preoperative myocardial ischemia was demonstrated by stress ECG in all 3 and by pacing and lactates studies in 2. Surgical decompression of the systolically constricted artery has resulted in disappearance of angina, milking, and ischemia. Severe milking of the LAD is a rare entity, probably congenital in origin, capable of producing myocardial ischemia and possibly causing sudden death. More studies regarding its etiology and pathophysiology are necessary. Biopsy of the myocardium surrounding the artery could be useful."}
{"id": "PMID:921376", "title": "Intraoperative Doppler coronary artery finder.", "content": "Time-consuming difficulty is occasionally encountered in finding coronary arteries or previously placed vascular grafts during coronary revascularization procedures. A catheter-tipped, continuous-wave Doppler ultrasonic probe with simple audio output has been shown to be capable of expediting the search for these vessels.", "contents": "Intraoperative Doppler coronary artery finder. Time-consuming difficulty is occasionally encountered in finding coronary arteries or previously placed vascular grafts during coronary revascularization procedures. A catheter-tipped, continuous-wave Doppler ultrasonic probe with simple audio output has been shown to be capable of expediting the search for these vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:921377", "title": "Hiatus hernia and the respiratory tract.", "content": "Hoarseness, asthma, and bronchitis are common but sometimes obscure manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux, the etiology of when respiratory symptoms predominate. In 300 consecutive patients who underwent surgical correction for gastroesophageal reflux, 129 (43%) had major respiratory complaints. Group 1 patients (82, 64%) were those referred for respiratory problems alone. In Group 2 (patients referred because of peptic complaints), 47 had associated respiratory problems in various combinations, including an additional 10 patients who had bronchiectasis. Treatment with appropriate surgical resection, in addition to antireflux procedures, was carried out in these people. Noticeable relief of respiratory symptoms was obtained in 96 (74%) of the 129 patients; 30 were improved and 2 were unchanged. Recurrent hiatus hernia or esophagitis was documented in 21 (7%) of the 300 patients.", "contents": "Hiatus hernia and the respiratory tract. Hoarseness, asthma, and bronchitis are common but sometimes obscure manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux, the etiology of when respiratory symptoms predominate. In 300 consecutive patients who underwent surgical correction for gastroesophageal reflux, 129 (43%) had major respiratory complaints. Group 1 patients (82, 64%) were those referred for respiratory problems alone. In Group 2 (patients referred because of peptic complaints), 47 had associated respiratory problems in various combinations, including an additional 10 patients who had bronchiectasis. Treatment with appropriate surgical resection, in addition to antireflux procedures, was carried out in these people. Noticeable relief of respiratory symptoms was obtained in 96 (74%) of the 129 patients; 30 were improved and 2 were unchanged. Recurrent hiatus hernia or esophagitis was documented in 21 (7%) of the 300 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:921378", "title": "The clinical and physiological effect of whole-lung lavage in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a ten-year experience.", "content": "We have utilized whole-lung lavage in the successful treatment of 18 patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Our ten-year experience includes serial evaluations of patients with disabling lung dysfunction who had a total of 49 whole-lung lavages under general anesthesia. Clinical and physiological responses were documented both before and after each lavage. There were no complications or deaths. All patients were radiographically, physiologically, and symptomatically improved within hours after the procedures. Five patients required from two to four repeat lavages one to three years later. The treatment of this disorder has included a wide variety of techniques. We attribute our results to the use of a lung lavage technique that includes: (1) unilateral whole-lung lavages at two to three day intervals; (2) isotonic saline as the lavage solution; (3) use of a mechanical chest percussor during lavage; and (4) measuring the total thoracic compliance of each side in the immediate postlavage period as a guide for extubation. We conclude that whole-lung lavage is a safe, highly effective, repetitively applicable treatment for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.", "contents": "The clinical and physiological effect of whole-lung lavage in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a ten-year experience. We have utilized whole-lung lavage in the successful treatment of 18 patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Our ten-year experience includes serial evaluations of patients with disabling lung dysfunction who had a total of 49 whole-lung lavages under general anesthesia. Clinical and physiological responses were documented both before and after each lavage. There were no complications or deaths. All patients were radiographically, physiologically, and symptomatically improved within hours after the procedures. Five patients required from two to four repeat lavages one to three years later. The treatment of this disorder has included a wide variety of techniques. We attribute our results to the use of a lung lavage technique that includes: (1) unilateral whole-lung lavages at two to three day intervals; (2) isotonic saline as the lavage solution; (3) use of a mechanical chest percussor during lavage; and (4) measuring the total thoracic compliance of each side in the immediate postlavage period as a guide for extubation. We conclude that whole-lung lavage is a safe, highly effective, repetitively applicable treatment for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis."}
{"id": "PMID:921379", "title": "False-positive cytological diagnosis of lung carcinoma in patients with pulmonary infarcts.", "content": "Cytological examination of specimens obtained from the tracheobronchial tree has become an integral part of the evaluation of pulmonary lesions. Cytological criteria for the diagnosis of carcinoma exist and are well defined. Certain benign processes, however, may possess features strongly suggestive of carcinoma of the lung. We report 3 patients in whom a positive cytological diagnosis of carcinoma of the lung was made by an experienced cytopathologist. At operation each patient was found to have pulmonary infarct and no evidence of carcinoma. Review of this experience has disclosed cytological and clinical features that should alert the clinician to the possibility that the cytological diagnosis of lung cancer may be misleading in certain nonmalignant diseases.", "contents": "False-positive cytological diagnosis of lung carcinoma in patients with pulmonary infarcts. Cytological examination of specimens obtained from the tracheobronchial tree has become an integral part of the evaluation of pulmonary lesions. Cytological criteria for the diagnosis of carcinoma exist and are well defined. Certain benign processes, however, may possess features strongly suggestive of carcinoma of the lung. We report 3 patients in whom a positive cytological diagnosis of carcinoma of the lung was made by an experienced cytopathologist. At operation each patient was found to have pulmonary infarct and no evidence of carcinoma. Review of this experience has disclosed cytological and clinical features that should alert the clinician to the possibility that the cytological diagnosis of lung cancer may be misleading in certain nonmalignant diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:921380", "title": "Bronchobiliary and bronchopleural fistulas.", "content": "In the course of treating approximately 2,000 patients with postoperative stricture of the bile duct, 16 bronchopleural and bronchobiliary fistulas were encountered. Three patients have been seen in the past year. This has prompted a review of our experience since it was previously recorded in 1955. Fistulous complications of obstructive biliary tract disease take three forms: (1) massive fulminating biliary empyema; (2) acute necrotizing bile bronchiolitis and pneumonia when pleural symphysis exists; and (3) a more indolent, chronic, recurring form of bronchobiliary communication. We have learned that transdiaphragmatic perforation occurs at a certain characteristic location in the diaphragm. An understanding of the pathological anatomy and pathogenesis has provided a specific and sequential mode of surgical treatment. When this has been adhered to strictly, cure has resulted.", "contents": "Bronchobiliary and bronchopleural fistulas. In the course of treating approximately 2,000 patients with postoperative stricture of the bile duct, 16 bronchopleural and bronchobiliary fistulas were encountered. Three patients have been seen in the past year. This has prompted a review of our experience since it was previously recorded in 1955. Fistulous complications of obstructive biliary tract disease take three forms: (1) massive fulminating biliary empyema; (2) acute necrotizing bile bronchiolitis and pneumonia when pleural symphysis exists; and (3) a more indolent, chronic, recurring form of bronchobiliary communication. We have learned that transdiaphragmatic perforation occurs at a certain characteristic location in the diaphragm. An understanding of the pathological anatomy and pathogenesis has provided a specific and sequential mode of surgical treatment. When this has been adhered to strictly, cure has resulted."}
{"id": "PMID:921381", "title": "Internal mammary artery cannulation.", "content": "A technique of internal mammary  artery cannulation is described. This approach offers a safe method for arterial monitoring in infants undergoing thoracotomy for palliative cardiac procedures.", "contents": "Internal mammary artery cannulation. A technique of internal mammary  artery cannulation is described. This approach offers a safe method for arterial monitoring in infants undergoing thoracotomy for palliative cardiac procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:921383", "title": "[3-dimension vectorcardiography. Preliminary study].", "content": "The authors study individuals in which the amplified electrical signal is fed into an analogic-digital converter in which the memory is stored in a mini-computer which at the same time feeds into two digital-analogic converters to obtain the reading. They conclude that the treatment of this curve in space is useful in the diagnosis of some heart diseases if some parameters such as acceleration and torsion are studied.", "contents": "[3-dimension vectorcardiography. Preliminary study]. The authors study individuals in which the amplified electrical signal is fed into an analogic-digital converter in which the memory is stored in a mini-computer which at the same time feeds into two digital-analogic converters to obtain the reading. They conclude that the treatment of this curve in space is useful in the diagnosis of some heart diseases if some parameters such as acceleration and torsion are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:921385", "title": "[Cardiac neurosis. Study of 100 cases with a healthy heart].", "content": "One-hundred records taken at chance from the archives of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico, with the diagnosis of healthy heart, were studied. The following factors of these patients were analyzed: age, sex, civil status, socio-economic level, occupation, family antecedents, personal antecedents, smoking, alcoholism, presence of cardiac murmurs, arrhythmias, and electrocardiogram. In 80 of these patients there existed a clear neurotic alteration. The main symptoms which they suffered were: dyspnea, pain, palpitations, dizziness, and headaches. We found that the influence of the medical environment and living with cardiac patients in a neurotic individual were predisposing factors of a cardiac neurosis. In many cases the physician is responsable if he hesitates or does not advice properly. It can be concluded that it is necessary to establish a rehabilitation program for these patients since the illness is serious and invalidating and very frecuent, with repercussions at the familiar, social, and economic levels.", "contents": "[Cardiac neurosis. Study of 100 cases with a healthy heart]. One-hundred records taken at chance from the archives of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico, with the diagnosis of healthy heart, were studied. The following factors of these patients were analyzed: age, sex, civil status, socio-economic level, occupation, family antecedents, personal antecedents, smoking, alcoholism, presence of cardiac murmurs, arrhythmias, and electrocardiogram. In 80 of these patients there existed a clear neurotic alteration. The main symptoms which they suffered were: dyspnea, pain, palpitations, dizziness, and headaches. We found that the influence of the medical environment and living with cardiac patients in a neurotic individual were predisposing factors of a cardiac neurosis. In many cases the physician is responsable if he hesitates or does not advice properly. It can be concluded that it is necessary to establish a rehabilitation program for these patients since the illness is serious and invalidating and very frecuent, with repercussions at the familiar, social, and economic levels."}
{"id": "PMID:921384", "title": "[The process of ventricular repolarization. I. Experimental study].", "content": "The sequence of ventricular repolarization process is studied in 25 dogs, using unipolar epicardial leads and some distant bipolar leads. It is concluded: 1. The sequence of ventricular repolarization process is from the base to the apex of the heart. 2. Its sense is independent from the activation process. 3. It is demonstrated the nature of the intrinsec deflection of the repolarization process. 4. The duration of the electrical systole is greater in the myocardial fibers of the right ventricle than in the fibers of the left ventricle. 5. The duration of the electrical systole is constant in the myocardial fibers of a blocked ventricle, but is delayed in the same proportion of the activation process. 6. The significance of the biphasic T wave is discussed, in the presence of bundle branch block. 7. Some bases are withdrown for the deductive interpretation of the T wave based upon the ventricular repolarization process.", "contents": "[The process of ventricular repolarization. I. Experimental study]. The sequence of ventricular repolarization process is studied in 25 dogs, using unipolar epicardial leads and some distant bipolar leads. It is concluded: 1. The sequence of ventricular repolarization process is from the base to the apex of the heart. 2. Its sense is independent from the activation process. 3. It is demonstrated the nature of the intrinsec deflection of the repolarization process. 4. The duration of the electrical systole is greater in the myocardial fibers of the right ventricle than in the fibers of the left ventricle. 5. The duration of the electrical systole is constant in the myocardial fibers of a blocked ventricle, but is delayed in the same proportion of the activation process. 6. The significance of the biphasic T wave is discussed, in the presence of bundle branch block. 7. Some bases are withdrown for the deductive interpretation of the T wave based upon the ventricular repolarization process."}
{"id": "PMID:921386", "title": "[Value of the PLE and Q-PV in the diagnosis of atrioventricular disorders].", "content": "The values of the PLE and the Q-PV in the diagnosis of atrioventricular discordances are studied. In 9 patients precordiograms were registered in both ventricles and in 5 the intraventricular pressure curve was obtained by right or atrial retrograde catheterization. Statistical calculations were made in order to learn the similarities and limitations between the two different methods. In all of the cases the PLE of the anatomic left ventricle was less than in the right ventricle. The same was observed in the Q-PV intervals of both ventricles. The values of the p and r showed significantly high results.", "contents": "[Value of the PLE and Q-PV in the diagnosis of atrioventricular disorders]. The values of the PLE and the Q-PV in the diagnosis of atrioventricular discordances are studied. In 9 patients precordiograms were registered in both ventricles and in 5 the intraventricular pressure curve was obtained by right or atrial retrograde catheterization. Statistical calculations were made in order to learn the similarities and limitations between the two different methods. In all of the cases the PLE of the anatomic left ventricle was less than in the right ventricle. The same was observed in the Q-PV intervals of both ventricles. The values of the p and r showed significantly high results."}
{"id": "PMID:921393", "title": "The effects of ATP-receptor blocking agents on the response to the guinea-pig isolated bladder preparation to hyoscine-resistant nerve stimulation.", "content": "The effects of very high concentrations of quinidine, imidazole and phentolamine were investigated on the responses of the guinea-pig isolated bladder to nerve stimulation in the presence of hyoscine in an attempt to determine whether or not ATP mediated the contractions. Quinidine reduced the response to nerve stimulation without affecting the histamine controls, though this was probably due to a local anaesthetic effect. Imidazole potentiated the response to histamine. Phentolamine and two experimental drugs (2-2' pyridylisatogen and 2-2' methoxyphenylisatogen) that are active against ATP-induced relaxations of the guinea-pig isolated taenia were nonspecific in their blockade of the contractions of the bladder to nerve stimulation.", "contents": "The effects of ATP-receptor blocking agents on the response to the guinea-pig isolated bladder preparation to hyoscine-resistant nerve stimulation. The effects of very high concentrations of quinidine, imidazole and phentolamine were investigated on the responses of the guinea-pig isolated bladder to nerve stimulation in the presence of hyoscine in an attempt to determine whether or not ATP mediated the contractions. Quinidine reduced the response to nerve stimulation without affecting the histamine controls, though this was probably due to a local anaesthetic effect. Imidazole potentiated the response to histamine. Phentolamine and two experimental drugs (2-2' pyridylisatogen and 2-2' methoxyphenylisatogen) that are active against ATP-induced relaxations of the guinea-pig isolated taenia were nonspecific in their blockade of the contractions of the bladder to nerve stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:921388", "title": "[8-year experience in 40 patients with an axillary-femoral graft].", "content": "The 8 years (1967-1975) experience with axillary-femoral and femoro-femoral grafts in 40 patients is presented; 6 females and 34 males, between 50 and 90 years of age, with arteriosclerosis, all complicated by chronic illnesses. The results have been satisfactory, as the grafts are functioning from 2 months to 80 months (6 years, 8 months), most of them being more than 12 months old. Twenty eight of the 40 patients operated are alive. Four patients (10%) had infection of their grafts. In 6 (15%) the graft closed because of severe progresive distal obstruction. Three patients (7.5%) died in the first 32 post-operative days. In 9 (22.5%) the deaths were not related to surgery. The indications for placement of axillary-femoral and femoro-femoral grafts is established.", "contents": "[8-year experience in 40 patients with an axillary-femoral graft]. The 8 years (1967-1975) experience with axillary-femoral and femoro-femoral grafts in 40 patients is presented; 6 females and 34 males, between 50 and 90 years of age, with arteriosclerosis, all complicated by chronic illnesses. The results have been satisfactory, as the grafts are functioning from 2 months to 80 months (6 years, 8 months), most of them being more than 12 months old. Twenty eight of the 40 patients operated are alive. Four patients (10%) had infection of their grafts. In 6 (15%) the graft closed because of severe progresive distal obstruction. Three patients (7.5%) died in the first 32 post-operative days. In 9 (22.5%) the deaths were not related to surgery. The indications for placement of axillary-femoral and femoro-femoral grafts is established."}
{"id": "PMID:921394", "title": "Biphasic response of the SA node of the dog heart in vivo to selective administration of ketamine.", "content": "Effect of ketamine on the SA node of the dog heart was studied in vivo using a selective perfusion technique of the SA node artery. Injections of ketamine in doses from 100 microgram to 3 mg into the artery produced a depression of the SA nodal activity by a direct action. This depression was followed by the sudden appearance of a stimulatory phase. Bilateral vagotomy and sympathectomy or prior administration of a ganglion blocker failed to inhibit the occurrence of the ketamine-induced tachycardia, while it was completely abolished in the reserpinized dogs or by a prior injection of a beta-blocking agent into the SA node artery. This may indicate that an activation of the peripheral adrenergic mechanism plays an important role in the induction of the excitatory effect of ketamine injected in the SA node artery.", "contents": "Biphasic response of the SA node of the dog heart in vivo to selective administration of ketamine. Effect of ketamine on the SA node of the dog heart was studied in vivo using a selective perfusion technique of the SA node artery. Injections of ketamine in doses from 100 microgram to 3 mg into the artery produced a depression of the SA nodal activity by a direct action. This depression was followed by the sudden appearance of a stimulatory phase. Bilateral vagotomy and sympathectomy or prior administration of a ganglion blocker failed to inhibit the occurrence of the ketamine-induced tachycardia, while it was completely abolished in the reserpinized dogs or by a prior injection of a beta-blocking agent into the SA node artery. This may indicate that an activation of the peripheral adrenergic mechanism plays an important role in the induction of the excitatory effect of ketamine injected in the SA node artery."}
{"id": "PMID:921387", "title": "[Scimitar syndrome].", "content": "A case of the uncommon Scimitar syndrome is presented. The importance of cardiorespiratory functional studies is emphasized. This enables a better understanding of the pathophysiology in regard to the medical surgical theraphy.", "contents": "[Scimitar syndrome]. A case of the uncommon Scimitar syndrome is presented. The importance of cardiorespiratory functional studies is emphasized. This enables a better understanding of the pathophysiology in regard to the medical surgical theraphy."}
{"id": "PMID:921395", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of 5-hydroxypropranolol (ORF 12592) in dogs.", "content": "ORF 12592, the 5-hydroxy analog of propranolol, produced reductions in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac contractility and hind limb perfusion pressure in the anesthetized normotensive dog. Blood pressure and heart rate were also lowered in the carotid-sinus denervated dog. ORF 12592 blocked heart rate and blood pressure responses induced by isoproterenol. Similar results were observed with propranolol administration except for a transient decrease in blood pressure in the mormotensive dog. These results indicate that ORF 12592 possesses antihypertensive and beta-blocking properties in the anesthetized dog.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of 5-hydroxypropranolol (ORF 12592) in dogs. ORF 12592, the 5-hydroxy analog of propranolol, produced reductions in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac contractility and hind limb perfusion pressure in the anesthetized normotensive dog. Blood pressure and heart rate were also lowered in the carotid-sinus denervated dog. ORF 12592 blocked heart rate and blood pressure responses induced by isoproterenol. Similar results were observed with propranolol administration except for a transient decrease in blood pressure in the mormotensive dog. These results indicate that ORF 12592 possesses antihypertensive and beta-blocking properties in the anesthetized dog."}
{"id": "PMID:921396", "title": "Effects of morphine and acetylsalicylic acid on kinin forming enzyme in rat paw.", "content": "Coaxial perfusion was carried out in the rat paw; pinching the instep of the foot and electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve caused an increase in the release of a bradykinin-like substance and kinin forming enzyme into the perfusate. Release of the latter was noted with pinching even independently of the release of the bradykinin-like substance. Acetylsalicylic acid (200 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited the release of kinin forming enzyme due to pinching or to sciatic nerve stimulation, while morphine (5 mg/kg i.m.) inhibited only the release of the enzyme due to sciatic nerve stimulation. Our results suggest that production of localized pain may be largely due to the activity of the released kinin forming enzyme and the bradykinin-like substance. In addition, the mechanism of inhibition by morphine on release of kinin forming enzyme appears to differ from that of acetylsalicylic acid.", "contents": "Effects of morphine and acetylsalicylic acid on kinin forming enzyme in rat paw. Coaxial perfusion was carried out in the rat paw; pinching the instep of the foot and electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve caused an increase in the release of a bradykinin-like substance and kinin forming enzyme into the perfusate. Release of the latter was noted with pinching even independently of the release of the bradykinin-like substance. Acetylsalicylic acid (200 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited the release of kinin forming enzyme due to pinching or to sciatic nerve stimulation, while morphine (5 mg/kg i.m.) inhibited only the release of the enzyme due to sciatic nerve stimulation. Our results suggest that production of localized pain may be largely due to the activity of the released kinin forming enzyme and the bradykinin-like substance. In addition, the mechanism of inhibition by morphine on release of kinin forming enzyme appears to differ from that of acetylsalicylic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:921398", "title": "Anti-inflammatory activity of EU-2972, 2-(3,4-dichlorphenylamino)quinolizinium bromide.", "content": "EU-2972, a new and unique drug affecting the gastrointestinal tract, caused a dose-related inhibition of carrageenin-induced hindpaw edema in the rat. The acute anti-inflammatory effect of EU-2972 was absent in bilaterally adrenal-demedullated and in adrenalectomized rats. In the adjuvant-induced (Mycobacterium butyricum) polyarthritis rat study, daily peroral doses of EU-2972 for 14 days partially reduced primary and secondary lesions in therat hindfeet without improving the arthritis score or body weight loss. Phenylbutazone ameliorated all signs associated with polyarthritis in rats. These studies indicated that the acute anti-inflammatory effectiveness of EU-2972 was due to a release of adrenal catecholamines, and not to a direct effect or to a release of adrenal corticosteroids. A drug which releases adrenal catecholamines alone can be partially effective in reducing hindpaw lesion formation in rats with adjuvant arthritis. Nevertheless, the study shows that a drug which affects the gastrointestinal tract can be effective in an acute inflammatory condition.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory activity of EU-2972, 2-(3,4-dichlorphenylamino)quinolizinium bromide. EU-2972, a new and unique drug affecting the gastrointestinal tract, caused a dose-related inhibition of carrageenin-induced hindpaw edema in the rat. The acute anti-inflammatory effect of EU-2972 was absent in bilaterally adrenal-demedullated and in adrenalectomized rats. In the adjuvant-induced (Mycobacterium butyricum) polyarthritis rat study, daily peroral doses of EU-2972 for 14 days partially reduced primary and secondary lesions in therat hindfeet without improving the arthritis score or body weight loss. Phenylbutazone ameliorated all signs associated with polyarthritis in rats. These studies indicated that the acute anti-inflammatory effectiveness of EU-2972 was due to a release of adrenal catecholamines, and not to a direct effect or to a release of adrenal corticosteroids. A drug which releases adrenal catecholamines alone can be partially effective in reducing hindpaw lesion formation in rats with adjuvant arthritis. Nevertheless, the study shows that a drug which affects the gastrointestinal tract can be effective in an acute inflammatory condition."}
{"id": "PMID:921399", "title": "Effect of phthalazinol (EG-626) on the mechanical activity and calcium influx of rabbit portal vein (1).", "content": "Phthalazinol (EG-626), a newly synthesized cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, inhibited spontaneous phasic contractions (SPC) of isolated rabbit portal veins in a dose-dependent manner. Phthalazinol at a minimal concentration necessary to completely abolish the SPC did not alter 45Ca-uptake, 45Ca-influx, or the ED50S for methoxamine (me) and K+, but it did reduce the amplitude of the tonic contractions induced by ME and K+ by approximately 25%. On the other hand, verapamil, and La+3 abolished SPC, ME, and K+-induced contractions. Tetrodotoxin had no effect on SPC or on tonic contractions induced by ME and K+. Since extracellular Ca++ is known to be essential for SPC, ME, and K+-induced contractions in rabbit portal vein, the present results suggest that the abolishment of SPC and the partial inhibition of the ME and K+ responses by phthalazinol may be related to an action of this agent on intracellular Ca++ or Ca++-efflux.", "contents": "Effect of phthalazinol (EG-626) on the mechanical activity and calcium influx of rabbit portal vein (1). Phthalazinol (EG-626), a newly synthesized cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, inhibited spontaneous phasic contractions (SPC) of isolated rabbit portal veins in a dose-dependent manner. Phthalazinol at a minimal concentration necessary to completely abolish the SPC did not alter 45Ca-uptake, 45Ca-influx, or the ED50S for methoxamine (me) and K+, but it did reduce the amplitude of the tonic contractions induced by ME and K+ by approximately 25%. On the other hand, verapamil, and La+3 abolished SPC, ME, and K+-induced contractions. Tetrodotoxin had no effect on SPC or on tonic contractions induced by ME and K+. Since extracellular Ca++ is known to be essential for SPC, ME, and K+-induced contractions in rabbit portal vein, the present results suggest that the abolishment of SPC and the partial inhibition of the ME and K+ responses by phthalazinol may be related to an action of this agent on intracellular Ca++ or Ca++-efflux."}
{"id": "PMID:921400", "title": "Influence of MAO inhibitors on uptake and release of norepinephrine in rat brain in vitro.", "content": "MAO inhibitors of diverse chemical structures were found to inhibit the uptake of 3H-NE into chopped rat cerebral cortex in vitro. The following molar (M) IC50 values to inhibit 3H-NE uptake were obtained: iproniazid, 7.9 X 10(-4)M; pargyline, 3.1 X 10(-4)M; pheniprazine, 6.3 X 10(-6)M; phenelzine, 3.9 X 10(-6)M; tranylcypromine, 2.5 X 10(-6)M; amphetamine, 2.5 X10(-7)M. In addition to decreasing deaminative catabolism, 5 X 10(-5)M amphetamine, tranylcypromine and pheniprazine plus 10(-3)M phenelzine produced a release of 3H-NE from tissue stores into incubation media. Similar concentrations of pargyline and iproniazid were ineffective to release 3H-NE from brain tissue.", "contents": "Influence of MAO inhibitors on uptake and release of norepinephrine in rat brain in vitro. MAO inhibitors of diverse chemical structures were found to inhibit the uptake of 3H-NE into chopped rat cerebral cortex in vitro. The following molar (M) IC50 values to inhibit 3H-NE uptake were obtained: iproniazid, 7.9 X 10(-4)M; pargyline, 3.1 X 10(-4)M; pheniprazine, 6.3 X 10(-6)M; phenelzine, 3.9 X 10(-6)M; tranylcypromine, 2.5 X 10(-6)M; amphetamine, 2.5 X10(-7)M. In addition to decreasing deaminative catabolism, 5 X 10(-5)M amphetamine, tranylcypromine and pheniprazine plus 10(-3)M phenelzine produced a release of 3H-NE from tissue stores into incubation media. Similar concentrations of pargyline and iproniazid were ineffective to release 3H-NE from brain tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:921401", "title": "Variations of histamine concentration in sleep and arousal hemodialysates (seasonal, thalamic and reticular influences).", "content": "In hemodialysates of cerebral venous blood from rabbits kept asleep by electrical stimulation of the somnogenic intralaminar thalamus, a seasonal correlation was found between the histamine (H) concentration and the external daily temperature, with a minimum in winter and a maximum in summer. By contrast, in dialysates of rabbits aroused by electrical stimulation of the midtrain reticular formation, the H concentration reached in winter the same high level as in summer. During the winter, stimulation of the waking midbrain reticular system increased the H-level of the cerebral blood dialysate, whereas that of the somnogenic intralaminar thalamus did not enhance, sometimes even lowered, the H-concentration. This suggests that the mechanism of H release in blood might be associated with the midbrain activating reticular system and moderated by the intralaminar thalamus.", "contents": "Variations of histamine concentration in sleep and arousal hemodialysates (seasonal, thalamic and reticular influences). In hemodialysates of cerebral venous blood from rabbits kept asleep by electrical stimulation of the somnogenic intralaminar thalamus, a seasonal correlation was found between the histamine (H) concentration and the external daily temperature, with a minimum in winter and a maximum in summer. By contrast, in dialysates of rabbits aroused by electrical stimulation of the midtrain reticular formation, the H concentration reached in winter the same high level as in summer. During the winter, stimulation of the waking midbrain reticular system increased the H-level of the cerebral blood dialysate, whereas that of the somnogenic intralaminar thalamus did not enhance, sometimes even lowered, the H-concentration. This suggests that the mechanism of H release in blood might be associated with the midbrain activating reticular system and moderated by the intralaminar thalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:921402", "title": "The effect of alcohol upon \"muscle pull\" of mice.", "content": "Equipment is described for measuring the pull exerted by mice to escape tail restraint and enter a black box. Alcohol, at doses exceeding about 2.5 g/kg, intraperitoneally, significantly decreased \"muscle pull\", measured 5-60 min after administration. Fifty per cent depression of muscle pull was obtained with doses of about 3.04, 3.18 and 3.55 g/kg of alcohol, 15, 30 and 60 min after alcohol administration, respectively. Depression of muscle pull correlated with alcohol concentrations in the blood plasma. The data show that muscle pull was decreased in only a few animals with plasma alcohol concentrations of less than about 250 mg%, but was significantly depressed in animals with plasma alcohol concentrations of 350 mg% or more. Although differing from it in some respects, the method described is similar to the tilting-plane method which has been used in studies dealing with the effect of alcohol in rats and mice.", "contents": "The effect of alcohol upon \"muscle pull\" of mice. Equipment is described for measuring the pull exerted by mice to escape tail restraint and enter a black box. Alcohol, at doses exceeding about 2.5 g/kg, intraperitoneally, significantly decreased \"muscle pull\", measured 5-60 min after administration. Fifty per cent depression of muscle pull was obtained with doses of about 3.04, 3.18 and 3.55 g/kg of alcohol, 15, 30 and 60 min after alcohol administration, respectively. Depression of muscle pull correlated with alcohol concentrations in the blood plasma. The data show that muscle pull was decreased in only a few animals with plasma alcohol concentrations of less than about 250 mg%, but was significantly depressed in animals with plasma alcohol concentrations of 350 mg% or more. Although differing from it in some respects, the method described is similar to the tilting-plane method which has been used in studies dealing with the effect of alcohol in rats and mice."}
{"id": "PMID:921403", "title": "Delta9-THC as a discriminative cue in pigeons: effects of delta8-THC, CBD, and CBN.", "content": "Pigeons, trained to discriminate the effects of i.m. injections of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC, 0.25 mg/kg) from the effects of the vehicle in a drug discrimination paradigm, were tested for generalization with the isomeric delta8-THC, cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN). When given in sufficient doses, delta8-THC and CBN were found to substitute for delta9-THC whereas CBD did not. CBD and CBN did not antagonize the stimulus effect of delta9-THC. The combination of CBN and delta9-THC rather appeared to accentuate the drug response.", "contents": "Delta9-THC as a discriminative cue in pigeons: effects of delta8-THC, CBD, and CBN. Pigeons, trained to discriminate the effects of i.m. injections of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC, 0.25 mg/kg) from the effects of the vehicle in a drug discrimination paradigm, were tested for generalization with the isomeric delta8-THC, cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN). When given in sufficient doses, delta8-THC and CBN were found to substitute for delta9-THC whereas CBD did not. CBD and CBN did not antagonize the stimulus effect of delta9-THC. The combination of CBN and delta9-THC rather appeared to accentuate the drug response."}
{"id": "PMID:921404", "title": "Comparative activity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and chlordiazepoxide on electroshcok seizure threshold in mice.", "content": "delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was compared with diphenylhydantoin (DPH), phenobarbital (PB) and chlordiazepoxide (CDP) using two electroshock procedures to determine anticonvulsant activity in mice, i.e., electroshock seizure threshold (EST) and the reduced EST caused by hyponatremia (injection of isotonic glucose). Using doses of each drug which were ineffective against MES, only CDP (10.0 mg/kg) was able to raise the EST by 20%. The lowered EST due to hyponatremia was reveresed by al four drugs. In these tests latency to convulsions and lethality associated with electroshock were more sensitive to THC.", "contents": "Comparative activity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and chlordiazepoxide on electroshcok seizure threshold in mice. delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was compared with diphenylhydantoin (DPH), phenobarbital (PB) and chlordiazepoxide (CDP) using two electroshock procedures to determine anticonvulsant activity in mice, i.e., electroshock seizure threshold (EST) and the reduced EST caused by hyponatremia (injection of isotonic glucose). Using doses of each drug which were ineffective against MES, only CDP (10.0 mg/kg) was able to raise the EST by 20%. The lowered EST due to hyponatremia was reveresed by al four drugs. In these tests latency to convulsions and lethality associated with electroshock were more sensitive to THC."}
{"id": "PMID:921406", "title": "Positive inotropic and antiarrhythmic actions of actodigin in dogs (1).", "content": "The effects of actodigin were studied in dogs with decreased cardiac contractility or atrail flutter. When injected at 30 min invervals into dogs with barbiturate-induced heart failure, actodigin caused a marked positive inotropic action of short duration. Actodigin's pronounced but fleeting effect appears to be related to the novel attachment of its steroid nucleus alpha to the carboxyl function in the lactone. Cardiac glycosides with a conventional beta linkage of the lactone ring to the steroid nucleus (e.g., AY-22,248) had positive inotropic actions which were both slower in onset and cumulative when injected every 30 min. Apparently because of its short duration of action, actodigin was not as cardiotoxic as its isomer, AY-22,248. Lastly, a sustained atrail flutter was induced by intercaval crush and faradic atrial stimulation. Both actodigin and ouabain converted this arrhythmia to normal sinus rhythm.", "contents": "Positive inotropic and antiarrhythmic actions of actodigin in dogs (1). The effects of actodigin were studied in dogs with decreased cardiac contractility or atrail flutter. When injected at 30 min invervals into dogs with barbiturate-induced heart failure, actodigin caused a marked positive inotropic action of short duration. Actodigin's pronounced but fleeting effect appears to be related to the novel attachment of its steroid nucleus alpha to the carboxyl function in the lactone. Cardiac glycosides with a conventional beta linkage of the lactone ring to the steroid nucleus (e.g., AY-22,248) had positive inotropic actions which were both slower in onset and cumulative when injected every 30 min. Apparently because of its short duration of action, actodigin was not as cardiotoxic as its isomer, AY-22,248. Lastly, a sustained atrail flutter was induced by intercaval crush and faradic atrial stimulation. Both actodigin and ouabain converted this arrhythmia to normal sinus rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:921407", "title": "Effects of lithium chloride, desmethylimipramine and cocaine on the cardiovascular actions of ouabain in dogs with or without carotid and aortic baro-receptor reflexes.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of ouabain as modified by LiCl, DMI and cocaine in anesthetized dogs with or without buffer nerves (carotid sinus and vagus nerves) were compared. Ouabain significantly increased the LV dp/dt in saline and cocaine but not in LiCl or DMI treated buffered animals. Significant ouabain-induced increase in MAP and decrease in HR were also observed in animals receiving DMI and cocaine. Neither the AD nor the LD of ouabain was modified by Licl or cocaine. DMI, while reducing the AD could not modify the LD of ouabain. In animals without the baro-reflex mechanism (debuffered), significant increase in both LVP and LV dp/dt were observed with ouabain following LiCl and DMI administration. Debuffering itself reduced the LD ouabain in saline treated animals. It was concluded that depending on the presence or absence of baro-reflex mechanism, lithium and DMI could either inhibit or facilitate the inotropic effect of ouabain. Cocaine did not interfere with the actions of ouabain. Ouabain-induced cardiotoxicites were not greatly modified by any of the drugs used.", "contents": "Effects of lithium chloride, desmethylimipramine and cocaine on the cardiovascular actions of ouabain in dogs with or without carotid and aortic baro-receptor reflexes. The cardiovascular effects of ouabain as modified by LiCl, DMI and cocaine in anesthetized dogs with or without buffer nerves (carotid sinus and vagus nerves) were compared. Ouabain significantly increased the LV dp/dt in saline and cocaine but not in LiCl or DMI treated buffered animals. Significant ouabain-induced increase in MAP and decrease in HR were also observed in animals receiving DMI and cocaine. Neither the AD nor the LD of ouabain was modified by Licl or cocaine. DMI, while reducing the AD could not modify the LD of ouabain. In animals without the baro-reflex mechanism (debuffered), significant increase in both LVP and LV dp/dt were observed with ouabain following LiCl and DMI administration. Debuffering itself reduced the LD ouabain in saline treated animals. It was concluded that depending on the presence or absence of baro-reflex mechanism, lithium and DMI could either inhibit or facilitate the inotropic effect of ouabain. Cocaine did not interfere with the actions of ouabain. Ouabain-induced cardiotoxicites were not greatly modified by any of the drugs used."}
{"id": "PMID:921408", "title": "Hepatic oxidative drug metabolism in rats with experimental renal failure.", "content": "The activity of the drug-oxidizing system was investigated in liver homogenates of control and uraemic rats. Acute renal failure was achieved by ligation of the ureters or by intravenous injection of uranyl nitrate. In the uraemic state the concentration of cytochrome P450 and the activity of aniline hydroxylase were not significantly changed, but the activity of  aminopyrine N-demethylase was significantly decreased. In rats the hepatic oxidizing enzymes are not induced by the uraemic state, in contrast to what has been suggested in man.", "contents": "Hepatic oxidative drug metabolism in rats with experimental renal failure. The activity of the drug-oxidizing system was investigated in liver homogenates of control and uraemic rats. Acute renal failure was achieved by ligation of the ureters or by intravenous injection of uranyl nitrate. In the uraemic state the concentration of cytochrome P450 and the activity of aniline hydroxylase were not significantly changed, but the activity of  aminopyrine N-demethylase was significantly decreased. In rats the hepatic oxidizing enzymes are not induced by the uraemic state, in contrast to what has been suggested in man."}
{"id": "PMID:921409", "title": "Mechanism of inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase evoked by FLA-63. An in vitro study.", "content": "Bis-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)-disulphide (FLA-63) inhibits in vitro purified bovine adrenal medullary dopamine beta-hydroxylase (BDH) concentration-dependently; 50% inhibition is produced by 2 x 10(-6)M FLA-63. Spectrophotometric experiments show that FLA-63 is reduced by ascorbate very likely to the corresponding dithiocarbamate-derivative, which acts as a Cu++-chelator. Cu++-ions are able to completely abolish the inhibition of the DBH caused by FLA-63 in concentrations up to 2.5 x 10(-6)M. It is concluded that FLA-63 inhibits the DBH mainly in its reduced form via the formation of a chelate-complex with copper ions derived from the DBH.", "contents": "Mechanism of inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase evoked by FLA-63. An in vitro study. Bis-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)-disulphide (FLA-63) inhibits in vitro purified bovine adrenal medullary dopamine beta-hydroxylase (BDH) concentration-dependently; 50% inhibition is produced by 2 x 10(-6)M FLA-63. Spectrophotometric experiments show that FLA-63 is reduced by ascorbate very likely to the corresponding dithiocarbamate-derivative, which acts as a Cu++-chelator. Cu++-ions are able to completely abolish the inhibition of the DBH caused by FLA-63 in concentrations up to 2.5 x 10(-6)M. It is concluded that FLA-63 inhibits the DBH mainly in its reduced form via the formation of a chelate-complex with copper ions derived from the DBH."}
{"id": "PMID:921410", "title": "Comparative study of propranolol and dicyclohexylamine protection of alpha-receptor blockade.", "content": "During the course of a study into protection against alpha-receptor blockade, it was observed that the dicyclohexylamine (DCHA) salt of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid exhibited protection, whilst the free acid did not protect against alpha-receptor blockade. A study has been made into the protection of alpha-receptor blockade by DCHA and this compared with the beta-blocker propranolol, with which DCHA may share some structural similarity. It was also observed that at higher concentrations DCHA itself produced spiked contractions of the vas deferens. These properties of DCHA and their interrelationships with those of propranolol are discussed.", "contents": "Comparative study of propranolol and dicyclohexylamine protection of alpha-receptor blockade. During the course of a study into protection against alpha-receptor blockade, it was observed that the dicyclohexylamine (DCHA) salt of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid exhibited protection, whilst the free acid did not protect against alpha-receptor blockade. A study has been made into the protection of alpha-receptor blockade by DCHA and this compared with the beta-blocker propranolol, with which DCHA may share some structural similarity. It was also observed that at higher concentrations DCHA itself produced spiked contractions of the vas deferens. These properties of DCHA and their interrelationships with those of propranolol are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921411", "title": "Effects of diltiazem on high-energy phosphate contents reduced by isoproterenol in rat myocardium.", "content": "Effects of diltiazem on myocardial high-energy phosphate metabolism as well as on arterial blood pressure and heart rate were investigated in the rat treated with isoproterenol. Pretreatment with diltiazem prevented the reduction in both adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate induced by 2.5 mg/kg of isoproterenol. The ratio of creatine phosphate/inorganic phosphate in the rat receiving 100 mg/kg of diltiazem was higher than in the control. Heart rate was significantly decreased by the administration of 100 mg/kg of diltiazem not only in the non-pretreated rat but also in the rat given isoproterenol. This may partly account for the protective effect of diltiazem against the breakdown of high-energy phosphate in the isoproterenol-treated rat.", "contents": "Effects of diltiazem on high-energy phosphate contents reduced by isoproterenol in rat myocardium. Effects of diltiazem on myocardial high-energy phosphate metabolism as well as on arterial blood pressure and heart rate were investigated in the rat treated with isoproterenol. Pretreatment with diltiazem prevented the reduction in both adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate induced by 2.5 mg/kg of isoproterenol. The ratio of creatine phosphate/inorganic phosphate in the rat receiving 100 mg/kg of diltiazem was higher than in the control. Heart rate was significantly decreased by the administration of 100 mg/kg of diltiazem not only in the non-pretreated rat but also in the rat given isoproterenol. This may partly account for the protective effect of diltiazem against the breakdown of high-energy phosphate in the isoproterenol-treated rat."}
{"id": "PMID:921412", "title": "Influence of temperature and frequency on the positive inotropic action of phenylephrine in the isolated rabbit papillary muscle.", "content": "On the isolated papillary muscle of the rabbit the maximal developed tension induced by phenylephrine bia alpha-adrenoceptors was not affected by changing the temperature, while the basal developed tension of the muscle was significantly increased or decreased by lowering the temperature from 37 degrees C to 32 degrees C or by raising it to 42 degrees C, respectively. When the temperature was lowered from 37 degrees C to 32 degrees C in the muscle stimulated at a frequency of 0.5 Hz, the dose-response curve for phenylephrine via alpha-adrenoceptors was shifted to the left (delta pD2-0.47), while that for phenylephrine via beta-adrenoceptors was also shifted to the left to a similar extent (delta pD2=0.43). When the temperature was raised from 37 degrees C to 42 degrees C, the dose-response curve for phenylephrine via alpha-adrenoceptors was markedly shifted to the right (delta pD2=1.58), whereas that via beta-adrenoceptors was not affected at all by this elevation of the temperature (delta pD2=0.04). The change of the stimulation frequency affected chiefly the intrinsic activity of phenylephrine but not the affinity of the drug for alpha-adrenoceptors expressed as the pD2-value.", "contents": "Influence of temperature and frequency on the positive inotropic action of phenylephrine in the isolated rabbit papillary muscle. On the isolated papillary muscle of the rabbit the maximal developed tension induced by phenylephrine bia alpha-adrenoceptors was not affected by changing the temperature, while the basal developed tension of the muscle was significantly increased or decreased by lowering the temperature from 37 degrees C to 32 degrees C or by raising it to 42 degrees C, respectively. When the temperature was lowered from 37 degrees C to 32 degrees C in the muscle stimulated at a frequency of 0.5 Hz, the dose-response curve for phenylephrine via alpha-adrenoceptors was shifted to the left (delta pD2-0.47), while that for phenylephrine via beta-adrenoceptors was also shifted to the left to a similar extent (delta pD2=0.43). When the temperature was raised from 37 degrees C to 42 degrees C, the dose-response curve for phenylephrine via alpha-adrenoceptors was markedly shifted to the right (delta pD2=1.58), whereas that via beta-adrenoceptors was not affected at all by this elevation of the temperature (delta pD2=0.04). The change of the stimulation frequency affected chiefly the intrinsic activity of phenylephrine but not the affinity of the drug for alpha-adrenoceptors expressed as the pD2-value."}
{"id": "PMID:921413", "title": "Disopyramide phosphate: tissue uptake and relationship between drug concentrations in the plasma and myocardium of rats.", "content": "Tissue uptake of total-14C and disopyramide (DP) was examined in rats following 5 to 100 mg/kg doses of [14C]-disopyramide phosphate [14C-DPP]. Disopyramide was the major 14C constituent in the plasma or tissues. The gastrointestinal absorption of [14C]-DPP was 86% as determined from the areas under the plasma total-14C concentration-time curves following 10 mg/kg oral or i.v. administration. Total-14C was widely distributed in tissues, and at 2 hr the highest uptake occurred in the fat, liver and spleen giving concentrations ranging from 7 to 15 times that in plasma. In the thymus, adrenals, lungs, salivary glands, testes and muscle the concentrations were about twice that in plasma, in the heart and eyes similar to that in plasma, and in the brain less than one-third that in plasma. The uptake and elimination characteristics of total-14C or DP in plasma and myocardium were similar. The two-hour plasma or myocardium DP concentrations were linearly related to the oral dose in the 5 to 50 mg/kg range. In three days about 30% (oral) and 39% (i.v.) of the 14C dose (10 mg/kg) was excreted in the urine, 64% (oral) and 54% (i.v.) in the feces, and less than 2.1% remained in the carcass. The composition of the urinary and fecal metabolites was similar after oral or i.v. administration of the drug.", "contents": "Disopyramide phosphate: tissue uptake and relationship between drug concentrations in the plasma and myocardium of rats. Tissue uptake of total-14C and disopyramide (DP) was examined in rats following 5 to 100 mg/kg doses of [14C]-disopyramide phosphate [14C-DPP]. Disopyramide was the major 14C constituent in the plasma or tissues. The gastrointestinal absorption of [14C]-DPP was 86% as determined from the areas under the plasma total-14C concentration-time curves following 10 mg/kg oral or i.v. administration. Total-14C was widely distributed in tissues, and at 2 hr the highest uptake occurred in the fat, liver and spleen giving concentrations ranging from 7 to 15 times that in plasma. In the thymus, adrenals, lungs, salivary glands, testes and muscle the concentrations were about twice that in plasma, in the heart and eyes similar to that in plasma, and in the brain less than one-third that in plasma. The uptake and elimination characteristics of total-14C or DP in plasma and myocardium were similar. The two-hour plasma or myocardium DP concentrations were linearly related to the oral dose in the 5 to 50 mg/kg range. In three days about 30% (oral) and 39% (i.v.) of the 14C dose (10 mg/kg) was excreted in the urine, 64% (oral) and 54% (i.v.) in the feces, and less than 2.1% remained in the carcass. The composition of the urinary and fecal metabolites was similar after oral or i.v. administration of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:921414", "title": "Hypotensive and bradycardic activities of clonidine and related imidazolidines; structure-activity relationship.", "content": "The hypotensive effect of clonidine and 27 of its structurally related imidazolidines, which differ in substitution in the aromatic moiety, was determined following intravenous application to pentobarbital-anaesthetized, normotensive rats. The decrease in cardiac frequency was measured at the moment of the maximal depressor effect. For all the compounds studied the same type of mechanism regarding their cardiovascular action is involved. Both the hypotensive and bradycardic effects were quantified by means of equipotent doses, calculated from dose-response characteristics constructed for each derivative. A wide range of bradycardic and hypotensive activities (greater than 4 logarithmic units) is covered by this selection of clonidine-like drugs. Moreover, a linear relationship is found between the hypotensive and bradycardic activities within the present series of compounds. The influence of structural modifications in the aromatic portion of the imidazolidines on hypotensive activity is described and discussed with respect to the structure-activity relationship (SAR) in centrally acting hypotensive imidazolidines.", "contents": "Hypotensive and bradycardic activities of clonidine and related imidazolidines; structure-activity relationship. The hypotensive effect of clonidine and 27 of its structurally related imidazolidines, which differ in substitution in the aromatic moiety, was determined following intravenous application to pentobarbital-anaesthetized, normotensive rats. The decrease in cardiac frequency was measured at the moment of the maximal depressor effect. For all the compounds studied the same type of mechanism regarding their cardiovascular action is involved. Both the hypotensive and bradycardic effects were quantified by means of equipotent doses, calculated from dose-response characteristics constructed for each derivative. A wide range of bradycardic and hypotensive activities (greater than 4 logarithmic units) is covered by this selection of clonidine-like drugs. Moreover, a linear relationship is found between the hypotensive and bradycardic activities within the present series of compounds. The influence of structural modifications in the aromatic portion of the imidazolidines on hypotensive activity is described and discussed with respect to the structure-activity relationship (SAR) in centrally acting hypotensive imidazolidines."}
{"id": "PMID:921415", "title": "Central hypotensive and antihypertensive activities of imidazolidines, structurally related to clonidine.", "content": "A central nervous origin of the hypotensive effect of a number of clonidine-like drugs was demonstrated by means of infusions of low doses into the vertebral artery of chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Systemic injections of the same amounts were significantly less effective than after their application via the central route. In addition, pretreatment with the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent piperoxan effectively blocked the centrally induced hypotensive response. It is concluded that imidazolidines of the clonidine-type probably display the same mechanism of action as that manifested by clonidine itself. The centrally mediated depressor response was quantified by means of an ED25. The antihypertensive and bradycardic activities of clonidine and a number of its derivatives were quantified by means of ED20 values calculated from dose-response curves following intravenous administration to conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rats. Linear relationships were found between the hypotensive activity in the anaesthetized, normotensive rat, the central hypotensive potency in the anaesthetized cat and the antihypertensive efficacy in the conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rat. These findings indicate a similarity between central alpha-adrenoceptors in these different animal species.", "contents": "Central hypotensive and antihypertensive activities of imidazolidines, structurally related to clonidine. A central nervous origin of the hypotensive effect of a number of clonidine-like drugs was demonstrated by means of infusions of low doses into the vertebral artery of chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Systemic injections of the same amounts were significantly less effective than after their application via the central route. In addition, pretreatment with the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent piperoxan effectively blocked the centrally induced hypotensive response. It is concluded that imidazolidines of the clonidine-type probably display the same mechanism of action as that manifested by clonidine itself. The centrally mediated depressor response was quantified by means of an ED25. The antihypertensive and bradycardic activities of clonidine and a number of its derivatives were quantified by means of ED20 values calculated from dose-response curves following intravenous administration to conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rats. Linear relationships were found between the hypotensive activity in the anaesthetized, normotensive rat, the central hypotensive potency in the anaesthetized cat and the antihypertensive efficacy in the conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rat. These findings indicate a similarity between central alpha-adrenoceptors in these different animal species."}
{"id": "PMID:921419", "title": "Therapeutic fasting in morbid obesity.", "content": "The weights of 207 morbidly obese patients were reduced via prolonged fasting. Half the patients fasted for close to two months, losing a mean of 28.2 kg; one fourth fasted for less than one month; and the other fourth fasted for more than two months, with a mean 41.4-kg loss. This latter group was heavier initially, and more than 50% attained near-normal weight. Patients with onset of obesity in childhood had the lowest tolerance for fasting and the lowest success rate in attaining normal weight. Over a 7.3-year follow-up period in 121 patients, the reduced weight was maintained for the first 12 to 18 months. Subsequently, regain proceeded equally in all groups irrespective of length of fast, extent of weight loss, or age at onset of obesity. Regain to original weight occurred in 50% within two to three years and only seven patients remained at their reduced weights. Regain to greater than original weight was more common in childhood-onset obesity.", "contents": "Therapeutic fasting in morbid obesity. The weights of 207 morbidly obese patients were reduced via prolonged fasting. Half the patients fasted for close to two months, losing a mean of 28.2 kg; one fourth fasted for less than one month; and the other fourth fasted for more than two months, with a mean 41.4-kg loss. This latter group was heavier initially, and more than 50% attained near-normal weight. Patients with onset of obesity in childhood had the lowest tolerance for fasting and the lowest success rate in attaining normal weight. Over a 7.3-year follow-up period in 121 patients, the reduced weight was maintained for the first 12 to 18 months. Subsequently, regain proceeded equally in all groups irrespective of length of fast, extent of weight loss, or age at onset of obesity. Regain to original weight occurred in 50% within two to three years and only seven patients remained at their reduced weights. Regain to greater than original weight was more common in childhood-onset obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:921420", "title": "Tests of fibrin metabolism in recurrent venous thromboembolism.", "content": "Fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP/fdp) and soluble fibrin complexes (SFC) were measured serially in 60 patients heparinized for pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis. Eight patients had recurrent thromboembolism. In patients without recurrence, FDP/fdp and SFC tended to normalize within three to five days. In patients with recurrence, results of both tests were significantly higher on admission, and FDP/fdp values were significantly higher throughout ten days of therapy, than in patients without recurrence. The SFC values were not different between the two groups during the first six days of treatment, but again became significantly higher on the seventh day in patients with recurrence. There were no differences in clotting times, heparin dosage, or any other clinical features between patients with and without recurrence. Measurement of FDP/fdp and SFC can help identify patients at risk of recurrent thromboembolism if performed serially during treatment.", "contents": "Tests of fibrin metabolism in recurrent venous thromboembolism. Fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP/fdp) and soluble fibrin complexes (SFC) were measured serially in 60 patients heparinized for pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis. Eight patients had recurrent thromboembolism. In patients without recurrence, FDP/fdp and SFC tended to normalize within three to five days. In patients with recurrence, results of both tests were significantly higher on admission, and FDP/fdp values were significantly higher throughout ten days of therapy, than in patients without recurrence. The SFC values were not different between the two groups during the first six days of treatment, but again became significantly higher on the seventh day in patients with recurrence. There were no differences in clotting times, heparin dosage, or any other clinical features between patients with and without recurrence. Measurement of FDP/fdp and SFC can help identify patients at risk of recurrent thromboembolism if performed serially during treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:921421", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction in Newark, N.J. A study of racial incidence.", "content": "The incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among urban blacks appears to be considerably less than that among whites. To evaluate this, all AMIs among Newark, NJ, residents in 1973 were evaluated, using the 1970 census for calculating age, race, and sex-specific rates. Death certificates of patients dead on arrival (DOA) from coronary heart disease (total 517) were also evaluated. Two hundred seventy-three AMIs were documented. Although crude rates per 100,000 population were higher for whites than for blacks, age-specific rates by decades from 20 to 80 revealed no differences. Coronary DOA rates were consistently higher among blacks than among whites, reaching approximately a 2:1 ratio in the older decades. The apparent rarity of AMI among Newark blacks is attributable to their relative youth compared to whites (77% under 40 vs 56%) and a higher out-of-hospital coronary death rate.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction in Newark, N.J. A study of racial incidence. The incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among urban blacks appears to be considerably less than that among whites. To evaluate this, all AMIs among Newark, NJ, residents in 1973 were evaluated, using the 1970 census for calculating age, race, and sex-specific rates. Death certificates of patients dead on arrival (DOA) from coronary heart disease (total 517) were also evaluated. Two hundred seventy-three AMIs were documented. Although crude rates per 100,000 population were higher for whites than for blacks, age-specific rates by decades from 20 to 80 revealed no differences. Coronary DOA rates were consistently higher among blacks than among whites, reaching approximately a 2:1 ratio in the older decades. The apparent rarity of AMI among Newark blacks is attributable to their relative youth compared to whites (77% under 40 vs 56%) and a higher out-of-hospital coronary death rate."}
{"id": "PMID:921422", "title": "Age and the renin-aldosterone system.", "content": "Age effect on plasma renin activity (PRA) and PRA classification was studied in young and older normotensive volunteers. Ambulatory PRA was lower in the older age group than in the younger with both on an unrestricted diet and a low-sodium diet. Renal function, aldosterone excretion, and plasma renin substrate were comparable in both groups. Age had a substantial effect on PRA classification. When the young normotensives were controls, 32% (6/19) older normotensives had abnormally low PRA, or \"low renin normotension.\" Similarly, 18% (2/11) of young patients with essential hypertension but 80% (12/15) of older hypertensives had low PRA. When the older volunteers were controls, however, the incidence of low renin hypertension (LRH) decreased to 53% in the older patients. The use of predominantly young controls for defining normal limits of PRA may result in an overestimate of the incidence of LRH and may contribute to the heterogeneity of LRH.", "contents": "Age and the renin-aldosterone system. Age effect on plasma renin activity (PRA) and PRA classification was studied in young and older normotensive volunteers. Ambulatory PRA was lower in the older age group than in the younger with both on an unrestricted diet and a low-sodium diet. Renal function, aldosterone excretion, and plasma renin substrate were comparable in both groups. Age had a substantial effect on PRA classification. When the young normotensives were controls, 32% (6/19) older normotensives had abnormally low PRA, or \"low renin normotension.\" Similarly, 18% (2/11) of young patients with essential hypertension but 80% (12/15) of older hypertensives had low PRA. When the older volunteers were controls, however, the incidence of low renin hypertension (LRH) decreased to 53% in the older patients. The use of predominantly young controls for defining normal limits of PRA may result in an overestimate of the incidence of LRH and may contribute to the heterogeneity of LRH."}
{"id": "PMID:921423", "title": "d-Transposition of the great vessels in the neonate. A clinical diagnosis.", "content": "We reviewed the records of 66 neonatal patients with d-transposition of the great vessels (d-TGV) admitted to our institution. The initial history, physical examination by the cardiologist, chest rotengenogram, ECG, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit value were analyzed. Although all patients all patients were cyanotic and 65% were tachypneic, other signs of a major congenital cardiac anomaly were usually absent. The number of clinical signs (poor general status, cyanosis, respiratory distress, S2 increased and single, murmur, classical chest roentgenogram, abnormal ECG) present in each patient was three or less in 41%, only 13.5% had more than five signs.", "contents": "d-Transposition of the great vessels in the neonate. A clinical diagnosis. We reviewed the records of 66 neonatal patients with d-transposition of the great vessels (d-TGV) admitted to our institution. The initial history, physical examination by the cardiologist, chest rotengenogram, ECG, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit value were analyzed. Although all patients all patients were cyanotic and 65% were tachypneic, other signs of a major congenital cardiac anomaly were usually absent. The number of clinical signs (poor general status, cyanosis, respiratory distress, S2 increased and single, murmur, classical chest roentgenogram, abnormal ECG) present in each patient was three or less in 41%, only 13.5% had more than five signs."}
{"id": "PMID:921425", "title": "Sulfonamide-induced hemolytic anemia and hemoglobin Hasharon.", "content": "A patient with Hb Hasharon had severe hemolytic anemia after several days of daily ingestion of 2 gm of sulfisoxazole. After recovery, her erythrocytes were incubated with the drug, leading to preferential oxidation and precipitation of the abnormal hemoglobin. Since carboxyhemoglobin and cyanmethemoglobin Hasharon were as stable in the heat stability test as identically liganded Hb A, we conclude that the substitution of the hydrophilic aspartate residue by histidine on the surface of the molecule at alpha47 has led by a still unknown mechanism to an interaction of hemoglobin with the drug that labilized the heme-globin bond. Since Hb Hasharon has been found in several unrelated families, the risk of drug-induced hemolytic anemia in such carriers deserves emphasis.", "contents": "Sulfonamide-induced hemolytic anemia and hemoglobin Hasharon. A patient with Hb Hasharon had severe hemolytic anemia after several days of daily ingestion of 2 gm of sulfisoxazole. After recovery, her erythrocytes were incubated with the drug, leading to preferential oxidation and precipitation of the abnormal hemoglobin. Since carboxyhemoglobin and cyanmethemoglobin Hasharon were as stable in the heat stability test as identically liganded Hb A, we conclude that the substitution of the hydrophilic aspartate residue by histidine on the surface of the molecule at alpha47 has led by a still unknown mechanism to an interaction of hemoglobin with the drug that labilized the heme-globin bond. Since Hb Hasharon has been found in several unrelated families, the risk of drug-induced hemolytic anemia in such carriers deserves emphasis."}
{"id": "PMID:921426", "title": "Osteolytic lesions in secondary syphilis.", "content": "A 37-year-old man was admitted with bone pain, night sweats, and skin lesions typical of secondary syphilis. His VDRL and FTA-ABS tests were reactive. Roentgenograms of the tibiae, fibulae, radii, and ulnae showed osteolytic lesions. A tibial biopsy examination showed bone necrosis, prominent vascularity, swollen endothelial cells, an intense plasma cell infiltrate, and numerous spirochetes. All manifestations responded to penicillin therapy. There have been few reports of osteolytic lesions in secondary syphilis. This is the first known case in which such involvement was unequivocally proven by histopathology with the demonstration of spirochetes.", "contents": "Osteolytic lesions in secondary syphilis. A 37-year-old man was admitted with bone pain, night sweats, and skin lesions typical of secondary syphilis. His VDRL and FTA-ABS tests were reactive. Roentgenograms of the tibiae, fibulae, radii, and ulnae showed osteolytic lesions. A tibial biopsy examination showed bone necrosis, prominent vascularity, swollen endothelial cells, an intense plasma cell infiltrate, and numerous spirochetes. All manifestations responded to penicillin therapy. There have been few reports of osteolytic lesions in secondary syphilis. This is the first known case in which such involvement was unequivocally proven by histopathology with the demonstration of spirochetes."}
{"id": "PMID:921427", "title": "Circulating anticoagulant in the procainamide-induced lupus syndrome.", "content": "An elderly man with procainamide hydrochloride-induced lupus syndrome had a circulating anticoagulant against factor XI and a biologic false-positive (BFP) test result for syphilis. This was not associated with hemorrhagic problems. The activity of the circulating anticoagulant and the BFP disappeared within days following discontinuation of procainamide and the administration of corticosteroids.", "contents": "Circulating anticoagulant in the procainamide-induced lupus syndrome. An elderly man with procainamide hydrochloride-induced lupus syndrome had a circulating anticoagulant against factor XI and a biologic false-positive (BFP) test result for syphilis. This was not associated with hemorrhagic problems. The activity of the circulating anticoagulant and the BFP disappeared within days following discontinuation of procainamide and the administration of corticosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:921428", "title": "Transient diabetes insipidus with elevated serum osmolarity associated with 'benign' febrile illness.", "content": "A 38-year-old physician developed polyuria and hypodipsia four days after the onset of an upper respiratory tract infection. Subsequent investigation showed a concentration defect with dehydration that partially corrected with vasopressin injection (Pitressin) administration compatible with partial central diabetes insipidus (DI). Skull roentgenograms, EEG, and lumbar puncture were normal. The polyuria and hypodipsia slowly resolved without treatment. Normal urinary concentration ability was achieved by the 48th day, but a residual elevation in serum osmolarity persisted for one year. Review of the literature failed to show previous documentation of transient DI with elevated serum osmolarity from an acute, febrile illness. The mechanism is speculative, but may be related to a subclinical encephalitis. The true frequency of this syndrome and its relationship to the frequent observation of transient polydipsia and polyuria in \"benign\" febrile illness remains to be determined.", "contents": "Transient diabetes insipidus with elevated serum osmolarity associated with 'benign' febrile illness. A 38-year-old physician developed polyuria and hypodipsia four days after the onset of an upper respiratory tract infection. Subsequent investigation showed a concentration defect with dehydration that partially corrected with vasopressin injection (Pitressin) administration compatible with partial central diabetes insipidus (DI). Skull roentgenograms, EEG, and lumbar puncture were normal. The polyuria and hypodipsia slowly resolved without treatment. Normal urinary concentration ability was achieved by the 48th day, but a residual elevation in serum osmolarity persisted for one year. Review of the literature failed to show previous documentation of transient DI with elevated serum osmolarity from an acute, febrile illness. The mechanism is speculative, but may be related to a subclinical encephalitis. The true frequency of this syndrome and its relationship to the frequent observation of transient polydipsia and polyuria in \"benign\" febrile illness remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:921437", "title": "Tuberculous meningitis in an urban general hospital.", "content": "We analyzed the clinical and laboratory findings of 19 patients with tuberculous meningitis seen between 1966 and 1974 at the Henry Ford Hospital. Eighteen patients were adults at the time of diagnosis. In eight patients, the history suggested that the infection with the tubercle bacillus had occurred in the remote past. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was often typical for tuberculous meningitis; stains for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were usually negative. Of 16 patients who were treated, five died and five suffered permanent neurological sequelae. The addition to rifampin to isoniazid therapy did not improve either survival or permanent sequelae. We were not able to analyze the effect of steroids on the disease.", "contents": "Tuberculous meningitis in an urban general hospital. We analyzed the clinical and laboratory findings of 19 patients with tuberculous meningitis seen between 1966 and 1974 at the Henry Ford Hospital. Eighteen patients were adults at the time of diagnosis. In eight patients, the history suggested that the infection with the tubercle bacillus had occurred in the remote past. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was often typical for tuberculous meningitis; stains for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were usually negative. Of 16 patients who were treated, five died and five suffered permanent neurological sequelae. The addition to rifampin to isoniazid therapy did not improve either survival or permanent sequelae. We were not able to analyze the effect of steroids on the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:921438", "title": "Fulminant pneumococcal infections in 'normal' asplenic hosts.", "content": "Five asplenic persons with no other detectable underlying disease had over-whelming pneumococcemia. Four of the patients had undergoing splenectomy for trauma, and the fifth had asplenia as an isolated congenital abnormality. Including the cases presented here, there are now at least 26 reported instances of fatal or life-threatening pneumococcal infections in otherwise-normal asplenic patients. Thus, splenectomy per se is associated with an increased risk of over-whelming pneumococcemia. Although the magnitude of the risk is low, mortality associated with these infections is high. Analysis of the clinical data strongly suggests that undiagnosed febrile episodes in asplenic persons should be treated promptly with antibiotics while awaiting culture results. This strategy should be adopted regardless of the age of the patient or his general state of health. The observation that a limited number of pneumococcal serotypes, particularly type XII, appear to predominate in these cases suggests that pneumococcal vaccine might be highly efficacious in preventing overwhelming post-splenectomy pneumococcal infections in otherwise-normal hosts.", "contents": "Fulminant pneumococcal infections in 'normal' asplenic hosts. Five asplenic persons with no other detectable underlying disease had over-whelming pneumococcemia. Four of the patients had undergoing splenectomy for trauma, and the fifth had asplenia as an isolated congenital abnormality. Including the cases presented here, there are now at least 26 reported instances of fatal or life-threatening pneumococcal infections in otherwise-normal asplenic patients. Thus, splenectomy per se is associated with an increased risk of over-whelming pneumococcemia. Although the magnitude of the risk is low, mortality associated with these infections is high. Analysis of the clinical data strongly suggests that undiagnosed febrile episodes in asplenic persons should be treated promptly with antibiotics while awaiting culture results. This strategy should be adopted regardless of the age of the patient or his general state of health. The observation that a limited number of pneumococcal serotypes, particularly type XII, appear to predominate in these cases suggests that pneumococcal vaccine might be highly efficacious in preventing overwhelming post-splenectomy pneumococcal infections in otherwise-normal hosts."}
{"id": "PMID:921439", "title": "Criteria for the diagnosis of alcoholism.", "content": "Manifestations of alcoholism in general hospital patients were studied retrospectively by review of medical records to determine their frequency of occurrence. Pathophysiological indications of alcoholism were far more commonly recorded than were behavioral or psychological changes, although most diagnostic clues were notable by their absence from a majority of the records. Optimizing the diagnostic efficacy of those features of alcoholism that did occur may require application of the methods of statistical decision making. Absence from the charts of behavioral criteria and of indications of tolerance reflects deficiencies in both patient interviewing and medical record keeping. The traditional structure of the medical history may require modification to ensure recording of these more specific manifestations. In addition, continued efforts are needed to improve the undergraduate and the direct-care education of physicians.", "contents": "Criteria for the diagnosis of alcoholism. Manifestations of alcoholism in general hospital patients were studied retrospectively by review of medical records to determine their frequency of occurrence. Pathophysiological indications of alcoholism were far more commonly recorded than were behavioral or psychological changes, although most diagnostic clues were notable by their absence from a majority of the records. Optimizing the diagnostic efficacy of those features of alcoholism that did occur may require application of the methods of statistical decision making. Absence from the charts of behavioral criteria and of indications of tolerance reflects deficiencies in both patient interviewing and medical record keeping. The traditional structure of the medical history may require modification to ensure recording of these more specific manifestations. In addition, continued efforts are needed to improve the undergraduate and the direct-care education of physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:921440", "title": "Host defenses during prolonged alcohol consumption in a controlled environment.", "content": "To determine the pure effects of prolonged alcohol ingestion on host defenses, we studied six noncirrhotic alcoholic volunteers drinking in the Clinical Research Center. All had tests of granulocyte, humoral, and cell-mediated immune function before and at the end of eight to 28 days' intake of approximately 0.75 liter of 100-proof whiskey per day. Results of all tests were normal during the drinking period, except for the following: (1) granulocyte chemotaxis was depressed in three volunteers and improved on alcohol withdrawal; (2) antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) immunization was poor; and (3) delayed hypersensitivity could not be established to KLH. Although it is somewhat surprising that more abnormalities were not induced, the three defects noted may contribute to the alcoholic's poor resistance to infection.", "contents": "Host defenses during prolonged alcohol consumption in a controlled environment. To determine the pure effects of prolonged alcohol ingestion on host defenses, we studied six noncirrhotic alcoholic volunteers drinking in the Clinical Research Center. All had tests of granulocyte, humoral, and cell-mediated immune function before and at the end of eight to 28 days' intake of approximately 0.75 liter of 100-proof whiskey per day. Results of all tests were normal during the drinking period, except for the following: (1) granulocyte chemotaxis was depressed in three volunteers and improved on alcohol withdrawal; (2) antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) immunization was poor; and (3) delayed hypersensitivity could not be established to KLH. Although it is somewhat surprising that more abnormalities were not induced, the three defects noted may contribute to the alcoholic's poor resistance to infection."}
{"id": "PMID:921441", "title": "Dopamine-related polyuria in patients with gram-negative infection.", "content": "Two patients developed polyuria with natriuresis while receiving intravenous dopamine hydrochloride for the treatment of hypotension. Both patients had Gram-negative pneumonia and both had evidence of extracellular volume depletion that was considered to be a result of the dopamine-induced polyuria. Following restoration of extracellular volume and withdrawal of dopamine therapy, both patients became normotensive and required no vasopressors. The diuretic action of dopamine, which persisted despite the severe intravascular volume contraction and perpetuated the hypotensive state in these two patients, is not well understood. The Gram-negative infection could play an important role possibly by enhancing the effect of dopamine on the renal vasculature.", "contents": "Dopamine-related polyuria in patients with gram-negative infection. Two patients developed polyuria with natriuresis while receiving intravenous dopamine hydrochloride for the treatment of hypotension. Both patients had Gram-negative pneumonia and both had evidence of extracellular volume depletion that was considered to be a result of the dopamine-induced polyuria. Following restoration of extracellular volume and withdrawal of dopamine therapy, both patients became normotensive and required no vasopressors. The diuretic action of dopamine, which persisted despite the severe intravascular volume contraction and perpetuated the hypotensive state in these two patients, is not well understood. The Gram-negative infection could play an important role possibly by enhancing the effect of dopamine on the renal vasculature."}
{"id": "PMID:921442", "title": "Is elevated plasma renin activity of prognostic importance in progressive systemic sclerosis?", "content": "The pathologic lesions of the kidney in scleroderma in many respects resemble those of malignant hypertension, perhaps even in the absence of comparable blood pressure elevation. Because the malignant vascular changes have been related to hyperreninemia, we measured plasma renin activity in 23 patients with scleroderma with or without hypertension and/or renal failure. We found that high renin levels in most cases shortly preceded or coincided with a phase of sudden deterioration of the disease, characterized by a rapidly progressive renal failure. The outcome of this phase was invariably fatal, except for two patients in whom bilateral nephrectomy successfully arrested the rapid downhill course. These findings suggest that an unexplained increase in circulating renin levels in an otherwise stable patient with scleroderma may be taken as a possible marker of imminent deterioration requiring close monitoring and immediate therapeutic intervention.", "contents": "Is elevated plasma renin activity of prognostic importance in progressive systemic sclerosis? The pathologic lesions of the kidney in scleroderma in many respects resemble those of malignant hypertension, perhaps even in the absence of comparable blood pressure elevation. Because the malignant vascular changes have been related to hyperreninemia, we measured plasma renin activity in 23 patients with scleroderma with or without hypertension and/or renal failure. We found that high renin levels in most cases shortly preceded or coincided with a phase of sudden deterioration of the disease, characterized by a rapidly progressive renal failure. The outcome of this phase was invariably fatal, except for two patients in whom bilateral nephrectomy successfully arrested the rapid downhill course. These findings suggest that an unexplained increase in circulating renin levels in an otherwise stable patient with scleroderma may be taken as a possible marker of imminent deterioration requiring close monitoring and immediate therapeutic intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:921443", "title": "Synergistic treatment of enterococcal endocarditis: in vitro and in vivo studies.", "content": "Combinations of penicillin G sodium or ampicillin plus streptomycin sulfate do not produce synergism against all strains of enterococci. This lack of synergism was considered the cause of the failure in the treatment of enterococcal endocarditis. The effect of various combinations of antibiotics on 15 enterococcus strains, which had been isolated from patients with enterococcal endocarditis, was examined. The antibiotics included those that interfere with cell-wall synthesis and those that act on cell metabolism. The in vitro results have shown that while penicillin- or ampicillin-streptomycin combination was not synergistic in eight of 15 strains, penicillin- or ampicillin-gentamicin sulfate combination was synergistic in 100% of the cases. We report seven cases of enterococcal endocarditis that were successfully treated with penicillin- or ampicillin-gentamicin combination, thus confirming the effectiveness of this therapeutic regimen.", "contents": "Synergistic treatment of enterococcal endocarditis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Combinations of penicillin G sodium or ampicillin plus streptomycin sulfate do not produce synergism against all strains of enterococci. This lack of synergism was considered the cause of the failure in the treatment of enterococcal endocarditis. The effect of various combinations of antibiotics on 15 enterococcus strains, which had been isolated from patients with enterococcal endocarditis, was examined. The antibiotics included those that interfere with cell-wall synthesis and those that act on cell metabolism. The in vitro results have shown that while penicillin- or ampicillin-streptomycin combination was not synergistic in eight of 15 strains, penicillin- or ampicillin-gentamicin sulfate combination was synergistic in 100% of the cases. We report seven cases of enterococcal endocarditis that were successfully treated with penicillin- or ampicillin-gentamicin combination, thus confirming the effectiveness of this therapeutic regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:921444", "title": "Hypertension in polycystic kidney disease without renal failure.", "content": "Hypertension occurring in patients with adult polycystic kidney disease (PKD) without substantially decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFRs) has not been sufficiently evaluated. Seven patients with bilateral PKD and serum creatinine clearances greater than 70 ml/min were studied to examine the roles of sodium retention and the renin-angiotensin system in their hypertension. These individuals demonstrated evidence of volume expansion and sodium-dependent hypertension. However, the renin-angiotensin system was not consistently depressed as a consequence, and two of the seven had significantly increased plasma renin activity values. It seems that patients with PKD who had normal GFRs retain rather than waste sodium and may become hypertensive. The contribution of the renin-angiotensin system is variable and seems to be a function of such factors as symmetry of the cystic involvement and the degree of intravascular volume expansion.", "contents": "Hypertension in polycystic kidney disease without renal failure. Hypertension occurring in patients with adult polycystic kidney disease (PKD) without substantially decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFRs) has not been sufficiently evaluated. Seven patients with bilateral PKD and serum creatinine clearances greater than 70 ml/min were studied to examine the roles of sodium retention and the renin-angiotensin system in their hypertension. These individuals demonstrated evidence of volume expansion and sodium-dependent hypertension. However, the renin-angiotensin system was not consistently depressed as a consequence, and two of the seven had significantly increased plasma renin activity values. It seems that patients with PKD who had normal GFRs retain rather than waste sodium and may become hypertensive. The contribution of the renin-angiotensin system is variable and seems to be a function of such factors as symmetry of the cystic involvement and the degree of intravascular volume expansion."}
{"id": "PMID:921445", "title": "Postmyocardial infarction complications requiring surgery.", "content": "Papillary muscle rupture, ventricular septal defect, and ventricular aneurysm represent complications of myocardial infarction that require surgical intervention. Since operative mortality and morbidity are increased in proportion to the degree of myocardial and pulmonary disease, early diagnosis and surgical intervention is mandatory. Diagnostic procedures of choice include careful and serial ECG analysis and cardiac auscultation, especially in patients with postinfarction refractory angina or congestive heart failure; Swan-Ganz catheterization, echocardiography; and, in appropriate instances, ventricular and coronary angiography should also be performed preoperatively. With early identification of patients at risk of developing these complications, and careful preoperative hemodynamic studies, surgical repair should lead to improvement in myocardial function and more effective response to post-operative medications in patients previously resistant to such therapy.", "contents": "Postmyocardial infarction complications requiring surgery. Papillary muscle rupture, ventricular septal defect, and ventricular aneurysm represent complications of myocardial infarction that require surgical intervention. Since operative mortality and morbidity are increased in proportion to the degree of myocardial and pulmonary disease, early diagnosis and surgical intervention is mandatory. Diagnostic procedures of choice include careful and serial ECG analysis and cardiac auscultation, especially in patients with postinfarction refractory angina or congestive heart failure; Swan-Ganz catheterization, echocardiography; and, in appropriate instances, ventricular and coronary angiography should also be performed preoperatively. With early identification of patients at risk of developing these complications, and careful preoperative hemodynamic studies, surgical repair should lead to improvement in myocardial function and more effective response to post-operative medications in patients previously resistant to such therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:921451", "title": "Intermittent cholestatic jaundice and nonmetastatic prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Hepatomegaly and abnormal liver function can occur in nonmetastatic malignancies. A patient with metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma that had spared the liver and extrahepatic biliary tree is described. He had puzzling episodes of jaundice for a period of 2 1/2 years. The results of appropriate investigations and an exploratory laparotomy performed dlring the patient's four antemortem hospitalizations were indicative of \"recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis,\" the cause of which remained an enigma even after exploratory laparotomy. At autopsy, no evidence of hepatic metastases or extrahepatic biliary obstruction was found. Alcohol, hepatotoxic drugs, toxins, viral and chronic active hepatitis, hemolysis, and extrahepatic biliary obstruction were eliminated as causes of the jaundice. We believe that the intermittent intrahepatic cholestasis is one of the nonmetastatic manifestations (nonmetastatic hepatopathy of malignancy) of the prostatic adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Intermittent cholestatic jaundice and nonmetastatic prostatic carcinoma. Hepatomegaly and abnormal liver function can occur in nonmetastatic malignancies. A patient with metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma that had spared the liver and extrahepatic biliary tree is described. He had puzzling episodes of jaundice for a period of 2 1/2 years. The results of appropriate investigations and an exploratory laparotomy performed dlring the patient's four antemortem hospitalizations were indicative of \"recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis,\" the cause of which remained an enigma even after exploratory laparotomy. At autopsy, no evidence of hepatic metastases or extrahepatic biliary obstruction was found. Alcohol, hepatotoxic drugs, toxins, viral and chronic active hepatitis, hemolysis, and extrahepatic biliary obstruction were eliminated as causes of the jaundice. We believe that the intermittent intrahepatic cholestasis is one of the nonmetastatic manifestations (nonmetastatic hepatopathy of malignancy) of the prostatic adenocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:921452", "title": "Phonocardiographic study of sounds produced by a circulatory assist device: report of a patient with a ruptured ventricular system.", "content": "A patient had a ruptured ventricular septum due to an acute anterior myocardial infarction. An aortic balloon pump was inserted and a subsequent phonocardiographic study was made showing inflation and deflation sounds and the diastolic pulse wave generated. This study defines the extra sounds and pulses generated by such a device so that they may be better understood for clinical interpretation.", "contents": "Phonocardiographic study of sounds produced by a circulatory assist device: report of a patient with a ruptured ventricular system. A patient had a ruptured ventricular septum due to an acute anterior myocardial infarction. An aortic balloon pump was inserted and a subsequent phonocardiographic study was made showing inflation and deflation sounds and the diastolic pulse wave generated. This study defines the extra sounds and pulses generated by such a device so that they may be better understood for clinical interpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:921453", "title": "Gardner-Diamond's syndrome in a man.", "content": "Gardner-Diamond's syndrome, or autoerythrocyte sensitization, is a disorder of spontaneous, painful ecchymoses whose pathogenesis is unresolved. The role of psychopathologic factors in this entity has been emphasized in previous reports. The patient in this study had a classical history and characteristic clinical features and is, to my knowledge, the first man described with this disorder.", "contents": "Gardner-Diamond's syndrome in a man. Gardner-Diamond's syndrome, or autoerythrocyte sensitization, is a disorder of spontaneous, painful ecchymoses whose pathogenesis is unresolved. The role of psychopathologic factors in this entity has been emphasized in previous reports. The patient in this study had a classical history and characteristic clinical features and is, to my knowledge, the first man described with this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:921454", "title": "Venous hum of the Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome: response to the Valsalva maneuver.", "content": "The response of the venous hum of the Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome (CBS) to respiration, the cardiac cycle, and changes in posture is not predictable. The Valsalva maneuver may result in an increase in intensity of the hum rather than a decrease. The Cruveilhier-Baumgarten venous hum (CBH) is virtually diagnostic of portal vein hypertension. It may be mistaken for obscure cardiac murmurs. The Cruveilhier-Baumgarten venous hum, unlike the cervical venous hum (CVH), is never present in normal people.", "contents": "Venous hum of the Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome: response to the Valsalva maneuver. The response of the venous hum of the Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome (CBS) to respiration, the cardiac cycle, and changes in posture is not predictable. The Valsalva maneuver may result in an increase in intensity of the hum rather than a decrease. The Cruveilhier-Baumgarten venous hum (CBH) is virtually diagnostic of portal vein hypertension. It may be mistaken for obscure cardiac murmurs. The Cruveilhier-Baumgarten venous hum, unlike the cervical venous hum (CVH), is never present in normal people."}
{"id": "PMID:921455", "title": "Infantile polycystic kidney disease in the adult.", "content": "We evaluated an adult with polycystic kidney disease that had been present since birth. Our evidence indicates that this patient is a unique example of survival into adult life of the recessively inherited, infantile form of polycystic kidney disease.", "contents": "Infantile polycystic kidney disease in the adult. We evaluated an adult with polycystic kidney disease that had been present since birth. Our evidence indicates that this patient is a unique example of survival into adult life of the recessively inherited, infantile form of polycystic kidney disease."}
{"id": "PMID:921456", "title": "Deficiency of coagulation factors VII and XII in a patient with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A patient with Hodgkin's disease is described in whom deficiencies of coagulation factors VII and XII were discovered. Depressed levels of these factors appear to reflect increased Hodgkin's disease activity and returned to normal when chemotherapy was instituted. There was no evidence of accelerated fibrinolysis, intravascular coagulation, or circulating anticoagulants in the patient. Possible mechanisms for the abnormality include impaired production and/or increased consumption of coagulation factors. This observation suggests that all patients with lymphoreticular neoplasms should be screened carefully for clotting disturbances prior to treatment.", "contents": "Deficiency of coagulation factors VII and XII in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. A patient with Hodgkin's disease is described in whom deficiencies of coagulation factors VII and XII were discovered. Depressed levels of these factors appear to reflect increased Hodgkin's disease activity and returned to normal when chemotherapy was instituted. There was no evidence of accelerated fibrinolysis, intravascular coagulation, or circulating anticoagulants in the patient. Possible mechanisms for the abnormality include impaired production and/or increased consumption of coagulation factors. This observation suggests that all patients with lymphoreticular neoplasms should be screened carefully for clotting disturbances prior to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:921457", "title": "Acute methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia with phenazopyridine: possible relation to acute renal failure.", "content": "An 18-year-old woman with no prior history of renal or hematologic dysfunction developed severe, acute methemoglobinemia after an overdose of phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium). The methemoglobinemia was reversed acutely with methylene blue, and during the course of ten days, the patient developed a hemolytic anemia with \"bite cells\" and acute renal failure. The patient recovered fully with conservative management. Several putative pathophysiologic explanations for the development of methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, and renal failure following oxidative stress are considered and include a direct toxic effect on the renal tubules or methemoglobin-caused damage. Renal failure as a complication of phenazopyridine-related methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia should be borne in mind in cases of overdosage with this common drug.", "contents": "Acute methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia with phenazopyridine: possible relation to acute renal failure. An 18-year-old woman with no prior history of renal or hematologic dysfunction developed severe, acute methemoglobinemia after an overdose of phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium). The methemoglobinemia was reversed acutely with methylene blue, and during the course of ten days, the patient developed a hemolytic anemia with \"bite cells\" and acute renal failure. The patient recovered fully with conservative management. Several putative pathophysiologic explanations for the development of methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, and renal failure following oxidative stress are considered and include a direct toxic effect on the renal tubules or methemoglobin-caused damage. Renal failure as a complication of phenazopyridine-related methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia should be borne in mind in cases of overdosage with this common drug."}
{"id": "PMID:921461", "title": "Anterior pituitary function during early neonatal period.", "content": "Anterior pituitary responsiveness to parturition was studied in 28 normal newborn infants. Cord blood sera samples were obtained for measurement of TSH, HGH, PRL, and FSH at birth and at intervals during four hours. The neonate infant's pituitary response to parturition consists of both PRL and TSH increments, which is probably mediated by an increase in TRH release.", "contents": "Anterior pituitary function during early neonatal period. Anterior pituitary responsiveness to parturition was studied in 28 normal newborn infants. Cord blood sera samples were obtained for measurement of TSH, HGH, PRL, and FSH at birth and at intervals during four hours. The neonate infant's pituitary response to parturition consists of both PRL and TSH increments, which is probably mediated by an increase in TRH release."}
{"id": "PMID:921462", "title": "[The appearance of stippling of the retina].", "content": "In sixty workers exposed to the absorption of large amounts of lead, stippling of the retina was searched by direct retinoscopy and eye-fundi photography. Fifty patients had clinical manifestations of lead poisoning and the other ten did not, but showed evidences of lead accumulation. Non of the patients had stippling of the retina; however, functional alterations were detected in the muscles of the eye in seven lead poisoned patients. In 25 patients there were also other kinds of retinal alteration, unrelated to lead poisoning.", "contents": "[The appearance of stippling of the retina]. In sixty workers exposed to the absorption of large amounts of lead, stippling of the retina was searched by direct retinoscopy and eye-fundi photography. Fifty patients had clinical manifestations of lead poisoning and the other ten did not, but showed evidences of lead accumulation. Non of the patients had stippling of the retina; however, functional alterations were detected in the muscles of the eye in seven lead poisoned patients. In 25 patients there were also other kinds of retinal alteration, unrelated to lead poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:921474", "title": "[Studies on the muscle meat quality of swine. 2. Effects of various ways of transport and rest periods].", "content": "The effects of transport of pigs for slaughter in containers or in conventional ways on meat quality were studied on 17 slaughter days. The following results were obtained: 1. No differences regarding the occurrence of quality deficits were recordable from the two forms of transport, when rest periods beyond 20 minutes were allowed prior to slaughter. 2. Correlations between dates of slaughter and transport forms caused differences between individual slaughters which, however, were offset and levelled by the totality of all slaughters. 3. Excitation was widely offset within one hour from transport of 60 to 70 minutes, and additional rest allowances caused only slight reduction of quality deficits. 4. No correlations were detectable between weather factors and meat quality, since no extreme climatic situations were faced.", "contents": "[Studies on the muscle meat quality of swine. 2. Effects of various ways of transport and rest periods]. The effects of transport of pigs for slaughter in containers or in conventional ways on meat quality were studied on 17 slaughter days. The following results were obtained: 1. No differences regarding the occurrence of quality deficits were recordable from the two forms of transport, when rest periods beyond 20 minutes were allowed prior to slaughter. 2. Correlations between dates of slaughter and transport forms caused differences between individual slaughters which, however, were offset and levelled by the totality of all slaughters. 3. Excitation was widely offset within one hour from transport of 60 to 70 minutes, and additional rest allowances caused only slight reduction of quality deficits. 4. No correlations were detectable between weather factors and meat quality, since no extreme climatic situations were faced."}
{"id": "PMID:921475", "title": "[Studies on the muscle meat quality of swine. 3. Significance of meat temperature with special reference to transport forms].", "content": "Pork temperatures of M. longissimus were recorded from 1,010 pigs transported in different ways 45 minutes post mortem, with the following results having been obtained: 1. Following conventional transport, pork values were significantly higher than they had been following container transport (37.8 degrees C or 36.8 degrees C). 2. Pork values were clearly influenced by driving into the slaughterhouse, high ambient temperatures, and additional environment-borne effects prevalent on the day of slaughter. Genetic configurations, transport, and rest periods, on the other hand, proved of minor importance. 3. Pork temperature was found to be unsuitable for any characterisation of pork quality, since only unimportant correlations existed with juice retention and colour brightness, and secured relationships were found to exist merely with the pH-value. 4. Changes in rectal temperature and respiratory frequency following conventional transport were slightly stronger than those following container transport. Both of them were normalised after one or two hours and are well suitable for an assessment of preceding transport stress.", "contents": "[Studies on the muscle meat quality of swine. 3. Significance of meat temperature with special reference to transport forms]. Pork temperatures of M. longissimus were recorded from 1,010 pigs transported in different ways 45 minutes post mortem, with the following results having been obtained: 1. Following conventional transport, pork values were significantly higher than they had been following container transport (37.8 degrees C or 36.8 degrees C). 2. Pork values were clearly influenced by driving into the slaughterhouse, high ambient temperatures, and additional environment-borne effects prevalent on the day of slaughter. Genetic configurations, transport, and rest periods, on the other hand, proved of minor importance. 3. Pork temperature was found to be unsuitable for any characterisation of pork quality, since only unimportant correlations existed with juice retention and colour brightness, and secured relationships were found to exist merely with the pH-value. 4. Changes in rectal temperature and respiratory frequency following conventional transport were slightly stronger than those following container transport. Both of them were normalised after one or two hours and are well suitable for an assessment of preceding transport stress."}
{"id": "PMID:921476", "title": "[Degradation and residue dynamics of the anthelminthic 131J-rafoxanide in cattle blood, milk, meat and fat after various dosages].", "content": "Rafoxanide, labelled by 131J, was applied orally in oily solution to cattle, 2,4 and 12 mg/kg bodymass, resp. The halflifes of degradation in blood is depending on the dosage and is 7 days related to the therapeutical dosage of 5 mg/kg bodymass against Fasciola hepatica. Residues and halflifer in blood, milk, meat and fat are given, related to 131J in the chloroform extract. Rafoxanide does not show persistence following oral application to cattle.", "contents": "[Degradation and residue dynamics of the anthelminthic 131J-rafoxanide in cattle blood, milk, meat and fat after various dosages]. Rafoxanide, labelled by 131J, was applied orally in oily solution to cattle, 2,4 and 12 mg/kg bodymass, resp. The halflifes of degradation in blood is depending on the dosage and is 7 days related to the therapeutical dosage of 5 mg/kg bodymass against Fasciola hepatica. Residues and halflifer in blood, milk, meat and fat are given, related to 131J in the chloroform extract. Rafoxanide does not show persistence following oral application to cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:921477", "title": "[Studies on anesthetized and unanesthetized slaughter pigs. 2. Behavior of the electrocardiogram].", "content": "Electrocardiographic tests were applied to slaughter pigs and showed continuous rise of the heart rate from anaesthetisation to the debleeding prick at which point its maximum was 86% beyond the original value. The duration of the intraventricular electric systoles was 0.290 s prior to the debleeding prick and 0.281 s thereafter. The intraventricular electric diastoles were 0.241 s prior to debleeding and 0.303 s after it. No significant modification in diastolic time was observed prior to the debleeding prick. ST duration dropped from an original level of 0.222 s to a minimum of 0.173 at the point of pricking.", "contents": "[Studies on anesthetized and unanesthetized slaughter pigs. 2. Behavior of the electrocardiogram]. Electrocardiographic tests were applied to slaughter pigs and showed continuous rise of the heart rate from anaesthetisation to the debleeding prick at which point its maximum was 86% beyond the original value. The duration of the intraventricular electric systoles was 0.290 s prior to the debleeding prick and 0.281 s thereafter. The intraventricular electric diastoles were 0.241 s prior to debleeding and 0.303 s after it. No significant modification in diastolic time was observed prior to the debleeding prick. ST duration dropped from an original level of 0.222 s to a minimum of 0.173 at the point of pricking."}
{"id": "PMID:921478", "title": "[Studies on various dosages of PMS and HCG in biotechnical puberty induction in young sows].", "content": "The PMS and HCG doses by which to induce puberty and successfully use the first induced oestrus were tested in three experimental slaughter series on 197 prepuberal young sows. An injection of 500 International Units of PMS and 250 IU of HCG was found to bear greatest promise. While higher dosages gave higher rates of ovulation and, following insemination, higher numbers of embryos, pregnancy rates as a whole dropped severely. Since a very high percentage of all animals involved exhibited follicle stimulation, following such treatment, while only half of them displayed tolerance, it is strongly suggested to use for all animals deadline-oriented rather than toleranceoriented insemination.", "contents": "[Studies on various dosages of PMS and HCG in biotechnical puberty induction in young sows]. The PMS and HCG doses by which to induce puberty and successfully use the first induced oestrus were tested in three experimental slaughter series on 197 prepuberal young sows. An injection of 500 International Units of PMS and 250 IU of HCG was found to bear greatest promise. While higher dosages gave higher rates of ovulation and, following insemination, higher numbers of embryos, pregnancy rates as a whole dropped severely. Since a very high percentage of all animals involved exhibited follicle stimulation, following such treatment, while only half of them displayed tolerance, it is strongly suggested to use for all animals deadline-oriented rather than toleranceoriented insemination."}
{"id": "PMID:921479", "title": "[The course of ovulation after biotechnical puberty induction in young sows].", "content": "Four experimental series were applied to 342 prepuberal young sows to establish ovulation developments. Different periods of time were allowed to elapse between injection and slaughter. Injected were 400 IU PMS/200 IU HCG or 500 IU PMS/250 IU HCG. Onsets of ovulation were found to be highly differentiated and variable. Some of the animals had completed ovulation 72 hours after application of gonadotrophin, whereas in others had not even started 168 hours after such application. In the majority of all sows involved in the experiments ovulation occurred 96--144 hours from application of the gonadotrophis hormone. In other words, fertile semen should be present in the genital tract of sows in that period of time, if the concept of deadlineoriented insemination is followed.", "contents": "[The course of ovulation after biotechnical puberty induction in young sows]. Four experimental series were applied to 342 prepuberal young sows to establish ovulation developments. Different periods of time were allowed to elapse between injection and slaughter. Injected were 400 IU PMS/200 IU HCG or 500 IU PMS/250 IU HCG. Onsets of ovulation were found to be highly differentiated and variable. Some of the animals had completed ovulation 72 hours after application of gonadotrophin, whereas in others had not even started 168 hours after such application. In the majority of all sows involved in the experiments ovulation occurred 96--144 hours from application of the gonadotrophis hormone. In other words, fertile semen should be present in the genital tract of sows in that period of time, if the concept of deadlineoriented insemination is followed."}
{"id": "PMID:921480", "title": "[Reactions of European wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa L.) to running stress. 1. Behavior of respiratory and heart rate as well as the rectal temperature in standard tests of varying intensity and duration].", "content": "Eight wild boars, aged between twelve and six months and weighing between 81 kg and 39 kg, all kept on floor surfaces and diets used also for domestic pigs, were exposed on a horizontally operated belt to three locomotor stresses which differed by intensity and duration. The speeds were 78 m/min in tests A and C and 138 m/min in test B. The time was limited to ten minutes in test A and 40 minutes in test C, whereas in test B the animals were kept running their rectal temperature had gone up to 41.5 degrees C. Rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory frequency, as well as the electric diastole-systole quotient were measured in each of the tests. Described are the effects of both intensity and duration in terms of disturbance of the physiological equilibrium. The response produced by wild boar were compared with those recorded from domestic swine and yielded only slight superiority in physical fitness of wild boar.", "contents": "[Reactions of European wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa L.) to running stress. 1. Behavior of respiratory and heart rate as well as the rectal temperature in standard tests of varying intensity and duration]. Eight wild boars, aged between twelve and six months and weighing between 81 kg and 39 kg, all kept on floor surfaces and diets used also for domestic pigs, were exposed on a horizontally operated belt to three locomotor stresses which differed by intensity and duration. The speeds were 78 m/min in tests A and C and 138 m/min in test B. The time was limited to ten minutes in test A and 40 minutes in test C, whereas in test B the animals were kept running their rectal temperature had gone up to 41.5 degrees C. Rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory frequency, as well as the electric diastole-systole quotient were measured in each of the tests. Described are the effects of both intensity and duration in terms of disturbance of the physiological equilibrium. The response produced by wild boar were compared with those recorded from domestic swine and yielded only slight superiority in physical fitness of wild boar."}
{"id": "PMID:921481", "title": "[Reactions of European wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa L.) to running stress. 2. Circulation values, blood glucose and lactates and blood acid-base status].", "content": "Four female and four male wild boars, 63.8 +/- 4.43 kg in live weight, were exposed to locomotor stress on a horizontally operated belt set to a speed of 2.5 m/s for ten minutes. The ambient temperatures were between 12 degrees C and 18 degrees C and the relative humidities between 55 and 75%. The following parameters were measured prior to, during, and after the stress tests: rectal temperature, haemoglobin level, haematocrit, plasma and blood volumes, total haemoglobin levels, lactic acid and glucose levels in blood plasma, pH, pCO2, and excess base. Rectal temperatures went up continuously. Haemoglobin levels, blood volumes, haematocrit values, and total heamoglobin were increased due to the mobilisation of erythrocytes from the spleen. The plasma volume remained constant. Lactic acid went up at the beginning of the stress run and declined during running. Respiratory alkalosis occurred in the context of the acid-base state prior to, towards the end, and even more after stressing.", "contents": "[Reactions of European wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa L.) to running stress. 2. Circulation values, blood glucose and lactates and blood acid-base status]. Four female and four male wild boars, 63.8 +/- 4.43 kg in live weight, were exposed to locomotor stress on a horizontally operated belt set to a speed of 2.5 m/s for ten minutes. The ambient temperatures were between 12 degrees C and 18 degrees C and the relative humidities between 55 and 75%. The following parameters were measured prior to, during, and after the stress tests: rectal temperature, haemoglobin level, haematocrit, plasma and blood volumes, total haemoglobin levels, lactic acid and glucose levels in blood plasma, pH, pCO2, and excess base. Rectal temperatures went up continuously. Haemoglobin levels, blood volumes, haematocrit values, and total heamoglobin were increased due to the mobilisation of erythrocytes from the spleen. The plasma volume remained constant. Lactic acid went up at the beginning of the stress run and declined during running. Respiratory alkalosis occurred in the context of the acid-base state prior to, towards the end, and even more after stressing."}
{"id": "PMID:921482", "title": "[Centralized and decentralized organization of cervical cytodiagnostics (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of cervical cytodiagnostics with centralized and decentralized forms of organization are compared. In particular, the author deals with the respective share of non-judgeable smears, the cytological diagnostic reliability with histologically proved malignant and premalignant cervical lesions, the respective share of pathological cell-pictures with a negative histological finding, as well with the differential-diagnostic reliability. By the simultaneous application of colposcopy cytologically wrongly negative findings are recognized or corrected at the centralized working style. At the decentralized working style the colposcope is not required, on principle. The partly smaller share of cytological errors is ascribed to this lack of control. A comparison of optimal examination material clarified by conization and gradual serial slides with the cases histologically treated by routine methods permits the conclusion that a pathological cell finding should be evaluated higher than a negative histological diagnostic finding established on the basis of an insufficient slide material. Therefore, a decentralized sending in cytology particularly requires careful, thorough bioptic methodics, being combined with the other well-known methods.", "contents": "[Centralized and decentralized organization of cervical cytodiagnostics (author's transl)]. Results of cervical cytodiagnostics with centralized and decentralized forms of organization are compared. In particular, the author deals with the respective share of non-judgeable smears, the cytological diagnostic reliability with histologically proved malignant and premalignant cervical lesions, the respective share of pathological cell-pictures with a negative histological finding, as well with the differential-diagnostic reliability. By the simultaneous application of colposcopy cytologically wrongly negative findings are recognized or corrected at the centralized working style. At the decentralized working style the colposcope is not required, on principle. The partly smaller share of cytological errors is ascribed to this lack of control. A comparison of optimal examination material clarified by conization and gradual serial slides with the cases histologically treated by routine methods permits the conclusion that a pathological cell finding should be evaluated higher than a negative histological diagnostic finding established on the basis of an insufficient slide material. Therefore, a decentralized sending in cytology particularly requires careful, thorough bioptic methodics, being combined with the other well-known methods."}
{"id": "PMID:921483", "title": "[Results of a computer assisted screening program for gynecologic mass examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "Four years experiences with a computer-assisted program for early detection of prestages and early cervical cancer in the district Rostock are reported. 96 265 women were examined. Pathological papsmears were found in 0.72%. The importance of a differential diagnosis of Papanicolaous group III is underlined.", "contents": "[Results of a computer assisted screening program for gynecologic mass examinations (author's transl)]. Four years experiences with a computer-assisted program for early detection of prestages and early cervical cancer in the district Rostock are reported. 96 265 women were examined. Pathological papsmears were found in 0.72%. The importance of a differential diagnosis of Papanicolaous group III is underlined."}
{"id": "PMID:921485", "title": "[Comparison between histologic diagnosis and cytologic finding of pre- and early stages of cervical cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytologic findings and the histologic diagnosis are compared in 326 cervical cones. Out of the Pap III (\"with cytologic control\") group, cases named \"Pap III with necessity for histologic diagnosis\" were evaluated separately. In this subgroup of Pap III, we have found prestages or early stages of cervical cancer.", "contents": "[Comparison between histologic diagnosis and cytologic finding of pre- and early stages of cervical cancer (author's transl)]. Cytologic findings and the histologic diagnosis are compared in 326 cervical cones. Out of the Pap III (\"with cytologic control\") group, cases named \"Pap III with necessity for histologic diagnosis\" were evaluated separately. In this subgroup of Pap III, we have found prestages or early stages of cervical cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:921486", "title": "Screening for endometrial carcinoma using a negative pressure intra-uterine \"jet wash\".", "content": "Endometrial jet washings, which permit lavage of the uterine cavity by sterile isotonic saline under negative pressure, were performed as a screening technique in one hundred and one selected patients attending a gynaecological clinic. The material collected was assessed by both cytological and histological methods. A formal curettage was subsequently performed on all patients and the results of the two methods compared. Fifteen per cent of patients were diagnosed as having an endometrial carcinoma by jet washing and these results were confirmed by the histological reports from curettage. There were no false positive nor false negative results. It is suggested that endometrial jet washing is a simple and convenient method of screening women for endometrial carcinoma and gives diagnostic results comparable to those obtained by a conventional curettage.", "contents": "Screening for endometrial carcinoma using a negative pressure intra-uterine \"jet wash\". Endometrial jet washings, which permit lavage of the uterine cavity by sterile isotonic saline under negative pressure, were performed as a screening technique in one hundred and one selected patients attending a gynaecological clinic. The material collected was assessed by both cytological and histological methods. A formal curettage was subsequently performed on all patients and the results of the two methods compared. Fifteen per cent of patients were diagnosed as having an endometrial carcinoma by jet washing and these results were confirmed by the histological reports from curettage. There were no false positive nor false negative results. It is suggested that endometrial jet washing is a simple and convenient method of screening women for endometrial carcinoma and gives diagnostic results comparable to those obtained by a conventional curettage."}
{"id": "PMID:921487", "title": "Phospholipids and calcification in human intracranial tumors.", "content": "Specimens of different intracranial tumors as well as samples of normal brain have been studied for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, phospholipids and glycosaminoglycans contents. Tumor tissue showed calcium and magnesium concentrations higher than normal tissue. Brain tumors exhibit a decreased phospholipid concentration than normal brain, and its ability to complex divalent cations (specially magnesium) appears impaired. The glycosaminoglycans contents show no correlation with the concentration of calcium but in cases of observable calcification (meningiomas) a preponderance of chondroitin sulfate was observed.", "contents": "Phospholipids and calcification in human intracranial tumors. Specimens of different intracranial tumors as well as samples of normal brain have been studied for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, phospholipids and glycosaminoglycans contents. Tumor tissue showed calcium and magnesium concentrations higher than normal tissue. Brain tumors exhibit a decreased phospholipid concentration than normal brain, and its ability to complex divalent cations (specially magnesium) appears impaired. The glycosaminoglycans contents show no correlation with the concentration of calcium but in cases of observable calcification (meningiomas) a preponderance of chondroitin sulfate was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:921488", "title": "Experiments on mechanisms of metastasation: dependence on reaction susceptibility in the host.", "content": "The present paper describes experiments on artificial hematogenous metastasation of chemically induced tumours in mice and rats. Total-body irradiation prior to tumour cell application greatly increased metastatic dissemination. The metastasation is significantly inhibited by pretreatment of the animals with a carcinogenic agent. Similarly, a significant inhibition of metastatic growth was observed in primary tumour animals after surgery.", "contents": "Experiments on mechanisms of metastasation: dependence on reaction susceptibility in the host. The present paper describes experiments on artificial hematogenous metastasation of chemically induced tumours in mice and rats. Total-body irradiation prior to tumour cell application greatly increased metastatic dissemination. The metastasation is significantly inhibited by pretreatment of the animals with a carcinogenic agent. Similarly, a significant inhibition of metastatic growth was observed in primary tumour animals after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:921490", "title": "[Evaluation of efficacy of different modes of treatment in primary operable breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "In the 10 year-period 1960--1969, 888 patients with primary operable mammary cancer were treated in the P. A. Herzen Oncological Institute. Survival rates after 5 years were analyzed for 888 patients, 10 year rates for 410 patients. Irrespective of the size of the primary tumor, 82.3% of those without regional lymphnode metastases survived 5 years whereas only 44.7 percent of patients with regional lymphnode metastases were cured for more than 5 years. The 5-year survival rate was 84.2 percent for surgical treatment only, 58.6--78.9% for combined treatment (radical mastectomy plus irradiation) and 51.5--31.4% for so-called complex treatment (surgery + irradiation + hormonal or cytostatic treatment). It is concluded that breast cancer is curable if detected and treated in an early stage but that results of treatment in advanced stages are unsatisfactory also if all contemporary available methods of therapy are applied.", "contents": "[Evaluation of efficacy of different modes of treatment in primary operable breast cancer (author's transl)]. In the 10 year-period 1960--1969, 888 patients with primary operable mammary cancer were treated in the P. A. Herzen Oncological Institute. Survival rates after 5 years were analyzed for 888 patients, 10 year rates for 410 patients. Irrespective of the size of the primary tumor, 82.3% of those without regional lymphnode metastases survived 5 years whereas only 44.7 percent of patients with regional lymphnode metastases were cured for more than 5 years. The 5-year survival rate was 84.2 percent for surgical treatment only, 58.6--78.9% for combined treatment (radical mastectomy plus irradiation) and 51.5--31.4% for so-called complex treatment (surgery + irradiation + hormonal or cytostatic treatment). It is concluded that breast cancer is curable if detected and treated in an early stage but that results of treatment in advanced stages are unsatisfactory also if all contemporary available methods of therapy are applied."}
{"id": "PMID:921491", "title": "[The complex radiological diagnosis of brain tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of 50 cases of brain tumours the diagnostic rank of angiography, brain scintigraphy and pneumencephalography was determined. With combined inset of angiography and scintigraphy it was possible to reach a pretherapeutical correct diagnosis in 94% of the cases. The pneumencephalography was made additionally in 23 patients and useful additional informations about processes near by the ventricles were reached.", "contents": "[The complex radiological diagnosis of brain tumours (author's transl)]. By means of 50 cases of brain tumours the diagnostic rank of angiography, brain scintigraphy and pneumencephalography was determined. With combined inset of angiography and scintigraphy it was possible to reach a pretherapeutical correct diagnosis in 94% of the cases. The pneumencephalography was made additionally in 23 patients and useful additional informations about processes near by the ventricles were reached."}
{"id": "PMID:921493", "title": "Fine structure of the human sweat ducts of eccrine and apocrine types.", "content": "The sweat ducts of human eccrine and apocrine (ceruminous) glands were observed with the transmission electron microscope. Both the dermal and epidermal segment of the eccrine as well as apocrine ducts consist of two epithelial layers: luminal cells and peripheral cells. Well-developed microvilli, occurrence of cored vesicles, dense granules, multivesicular bodies and phagosomes in the adluminal filamentous zone, and a strong accumulation of mitochondria in the basal part of the duct epithelium at the dermal segment, as well as an accumulation of small clear vesicles beneath the surface of the luminal cells of the epidermal segment are all prominent in the eccrine duct and concomitant with the special function of the human eccrine duct, i.e., absorption of ions to make the sweat hyotonic and an active endocytosis of some material from the sweat. All of the above enumerated characteristics of the eccrine duct are only rarely or never seen in the apocrine duct. On the other hand, lipid droplets appear in the peripheral cells in a certain level of the apocrine duct near its orifice into the hair follicle, suggesting a kind of metaplasia towards the sebaceous gland. Epidermal duct cells of both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands may keratinize. In the eccrine duct the process in the duct cells precedes the surrounding keratinocytes, while in the apocrine duct the relationship is reversed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the human sweat ducts of eccrine and apocrine types. The sweat ducts of human eccrine and apocrine (ceruminous) glands were observed with the transmission electron microscope. Both the dermal and epidermal segment of the eccrine as well as apocrine ducts consist of two epithelial layers: luminal cells and peripheral cells. Well-developed microvilli, occurrence of cored vesicles, dense granules, multivesicular bodies and phagosomes in the adluminal filamentous zone, and a strong accumulation of mitochondria in the basal part of the duct epithelium at the dermal segment, as well as an accumulation of small clear vesicles beneath the surface of the luminal cells of the epidermal segment are all prominent in the eccrine duct and concomitant with the special function of the human eccrine duct, i.e., absorption of ions to make the sweat hyotonic and an active endocytosis of some material from the sweat. All of the above enumerated characteristics of the eccrine duct are only rarely or never seen in the apocrine duct. On the other hand, lipid droplets appear in the peripheral cells in a certain level of the apocrine duct near its orifice into the hair follicle, suggesting a kind of metaplasia towards the sebaceous gland. Epidermal duct cells of both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands may keratinize. In the eccrine duct the process in the duct cells precedes the surrounding keratinocytes, while in the apocrine duct the relationship is reversed."}
{"id": "PMID:921494", "title": "Morphological and morphometric studies on the ultrastructural changes during the active release of neurosecretory substance from the neurohypophyseal nerve terminals in dehydrated rats.", "content": "Secretory nerve terminals in the posterior pituitaries of normal rats and animals dehydrated for 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days were observed with the transmission electron microscope. Neurosecretory granules were markedly decreased after dehydration and received the minimum number at 5 days. Small vesicles in the terminals may be classified into two types: one in aggregated vesicles about 53 nm in diameter and the other is dispersed vesicles 66 nm in diameter. The former vesicles are seen in the normal terminals and slightly decreased in number after dehydration, while the latter are hardly seen in normal pituitaries, but increase enormously due to dehydration at 3 days and thereafter. It may be conjectured that the former are the real synaptic vesicles probably containing acetylcholine, while the latter are the fragments of limiting membranes of the neurosecretory granules. Inversely to the slight decrease of dispersed vesicles at 7 and 9 days of dehydration, reticular tubules in the nerve terminals were strikingly increased in volume. Such a terminal reticulum may be formed by fusion of vesicles derived from fragmentation of the envelopes of neurosecretory granules. Finally the reticulum as well as dispersed vesicles may be destroyed by lysosomes.", "contents": "Morphological and morphometric studies on the ultrastructural changes during the active release of neurosecretory substance from the neurohypophyseal nerve terminals in dehydrated rats. Secretory nerve terminals in the posterior pituitaries of normal rats and animals dehydrated for 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days were observed with the transmission electron microscope. Neurosecretory granules were markedly decreased after dehydration and received the minimum number at 5 days. Small vesicles in the terminals may be classified into two types: one in aggregated vesicles about 53 nm in diameter and the other is dispersed vesicles 66 nm in diameter. The former vesicles are seen in the normal terminals and slightly decreased in number after dehydration, while the latter are hardly seen in normal pituitaries, but increase enormously due to dehydration at 3 days and thereafter. It may be conjectured that the former are the real synaptic vesicles probably containing acetylcholine, while the latter are the fragments of limiting membranes of the neurosecretory granules. Inversely to the slight decrease of dispersed vesicles at 7 and 9 days of dehydration, reticular tubules in the nerve terminals were strikingly increased in volume. Such a terminal reticulum may be formed by fusion of vesicles derived from fragmentation of the envelopes of neurosecretory granules. Finally the reticulum as well as dispersed vesicles may be destroyed by lysosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:921495", "title": "Two populations of microvesicles in the SGC (small granule chromaffin) cells of the mouse adrenal medulla.", "content": "A second population of cytoplasmic microvesicles was constantly recognized in the SGC (small granule chromaffin) cells of the mouse adrenyl medulla by means of transmission electron microscopy in glutaldehyde/osmium tetroxide-fixed material. The microvesicles were rendered in shape and of mean profile diameter of between 30, 40 nm: some contained several dense precipitates. The vesicles were usually dispersed throughout the cytoplasm among the typical secretory granules of 100-230 nm in profile diameter, though they occasionally formed aggregations. The SGC cells were also characterized by a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, rich innervation, and long cytoplasmic processes which were traced up to 30 micrometer. Co-existence of the synaptic-like vesicles and secretory granules in the SGC cells suggests that they may represent an intermediate position between the chromaffin and sympathetic nerve cells.", "contents": "Two populations of microvesicles in the SGC (small granule chromaffin) cells of the mouse adrenal medulla. A second population of cytoplasmic microvesicles was constantly recognized in the SGC (small granule chromaffin) cells of the mouse adrenyl medulla by means of transmission electron microscopy in glutaldehyde/osmium tetroxide-fixed material. The microvesicles were rendered in shape and of mean profile diameter of between 30, 40 nm: some contained several dense precipitates. The vesicles were usually dispersed throughout the cytoplasm among the typical secretory granules of 100-230 nm in profile diameter, though they occasionally formed aggregations. The SGC cells were also characterized by a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, rich innervation, and long cytoplasmic processes which were traced up to 30 micrometer. Co-existence of the synaptic-like vesicles and secretory granules in the SGC cells suggests that they may represent an intermediate position between the chromaffin and sympathetic nerve cells."}
{"id": "PMID:921517", "title": "Suicide in Norwegian, Finnish, and Swedish psychiatric hospitals.", "content": "The numbers of suicides in Norwegian, Swedish, and Finnish psychiatric hospitals during the period 1930 to 1974 are analyzed. The suicide rate in the psychiatric hospitals of all three countries has arisen markedly. The author's methods and results are compared with those of other authors. Explanations for the rise in suicide rate are discussed. According to the author: (1) With the expansion of psychiatric treatment facilities, an increasing number of all who commit suicide in a country have been admitted to psychiatric hospitals. (2) To be admitted to a psychiatric hospital represents more of a defeat and entails greater social pressure today than before. It is more difficult to readjust to work and family now than 20 years ago. (3) To some extent, the rise may be regarded as a side-effect of modern therapeutic methods, with the introduction of the open-door policy, milieu therapy, ataractic drugs, rehabilitation pressure, and democracy processes. That a greater number of all who commit suicide are now treated in psychiatric hospitals increases our possibilities of preventing suicide, particularly if we stake more on after-care measures. Priority should be given to suicide research, especially to the better prediction of high risk of suicide from demographic and clinical variables and to the improvement of prophylactic treatment, including network therapy and long-term psychotherapy.", "contents": "Suicide in Norwegian, Finnish, and Swedish psychiatric hospitals. The numbers of suicides in Norwegian, Swedish, and Finnish psychiatric hospitals during the period 1930 to 1974 are analyzed. The suicide rate in the psychiatric hospitals of all three countries has arisen markedly. The author's methods and results are compared with those of other authors. Explanations for the rise in suicide rate are discussed. According to the author: (1) With the expansion of psychiatric treatment facilities, an increasing number of all who commit suicide in a country have been admitted to psychiatric hospitals. (2) To be admitted to a psychiatric hospital represents more of a defeat and entails greater social pressure today than before. It is more difficult to readjust to work and family now than 20 years ago. (3) To some extent, the rise may be regarded as a side-effect of modern therapeutic methods, with the introduction of the open-door policy, milieu therapy, ataractic drugs, rehabilitation pressure, and democracy processes. That a greater number of all who commit suicide are now treated in psychiatric hospitals increases our possibilities of preventing suicide, particularly if we stake more on after-care measures. Priority should be given to suicide research, especially to the better prediction of high risk of suicide from demographic and clinical variables and to the improvement of prophylactic treatment, including network therapy and long-term psychotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:921518", "title": "Biochemical investigations into the alcoholic delirium: alterations of biogenic amines.", "content": "In eight male patients with alcoholic delirium concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and homovannilic acid (HVA) in CSF, activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and urinary excretion of noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), and dopamine (DA) were measured during the delirium and a drug-free control period. MHPG concentration in CSF, excretion of NA and A as well as activity of serum DBH were significantly elevated during the delirium phase as compared to the control period. Urinary DA excretion and HVA in CSF did not show any constant changes. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.64) between DBH activity and the intensity of the delirium (as measured on the delirium rating scale). It is hypothesized that there is a relationship between alcoholic delirium and increased central noradrenergic activity.", "contents": "Biochemical investigations into the alcoholic delirium: alterations of biogenic amines. In eight male patients with alcoholic delirium concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and homovannilic acid (HVA) in CSF, activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and urinary excretion of noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), and dopamine (DA) were measured during the delirium and a drug-free control period. MHPG concentration in CSF, excretion of NA and A as well as activity of serum DBH were significantly elevated during the delirium phase as compared to the control period. Urinary DA excretion and HVA in CSF did not show any constant changes. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.64) between DBH activity and the intensity of the delirium (as measured on the delirium rating scale). It is hypothesized that there is a relationship between alcoholic delirium and increased central noradrenergic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:921519", "title": "Further developments of the 'present state examination' and CATEGO system.", "content": "Some further developments of the PSE and CATEGO system are reported. The shorter ninth revision of the PSE, together with its glossary of definitions of symptoms, has proved useful in skilled hands and certain sources of error in the eighth edition have been reduced. The Syndrome Check List and Aetiology Schedule have proved useful in decreasing the number of coding errors.", "contents": "Further developments of the 'present state examination' and CATEGO system. Some further developments of the PSE and CATEGO system are reported. The shorter ninth revision of the PSE, together with its glossary of definitions of symptoms, has proved useful in skilled hands and certain sources of error in the eighth edition have been reduced. The Syndrome Check List and Aetiology Schedule have proved useful in decreasing the number of coding errors."}
{"id": "PMID:921520", "title": "[Premorbid personality of monopolar and bipolar depressives. A comparison based on personality inventories (author's transl)].", "content": "Premorbid personalities are studied in 65 monopolar endogennous depressives (ICD-Nos. 296.0, 296.2) and in 45 bipolar depressives (ICD-No. 296.3) by a retrospective self-rating evaluation after recovery. The instruments used are two questionnaires of v. Zerssen, especially constructed for that purpose, along with the AUPI questionnaire, which is based on Eysenck's system of personality description. The two groups are compared according to each test scale. Significant differences result in two of the scales. Monopolar depressives score higher than bipolars in the scale representing Tellenbach's \"melancholic type\". This can be described with terms such as orderly, strenous, and conscientious. Bipolars show more extroversion than monopolars. None of the patients' groups can be distinguished fr-m the normal population in any of the AUPI scales (extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism).", "contents": "[Premorbid personality of monopolar and bipolar depressives. A comparison based on personality inventories (author's transl)]. Premorbid personalities are studied in 65 monopolar endogennous depressives (ICD-Nos. 296.0, 296.2) and in 45 bipolar depressives (ICD-No. 296.3) by a retrospective self-rating evaluation after recovery. The instruments used are two questionnaires of v. Zerssen, especially constructed for that purpose, along with the AUPI questionnaire, which is based on Eysenck's system of personality description. The two groups are compared according to each test scale. Significant differences result in two of the scales. Monopolar depressives score higher than bipolars in the scale representing Tellenbach's \"melancholic type\". This can be described with terms such as orderly, strenous, and conscientious. Bipolars show more extroversion than monopolars. None of the patients' groups can be distinguished fr-m the normal population in any of the AUPI scales (extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism)."}
{"id": "PMID:921521", "title": "[Alcohol consumption, alcohol abuse, and subjective feeling: a representative inquiry in the Federal Republic of Germany].", "content": "The investigation was carried out in a representative sample of subjects of the Federal Republic of Germany, including West Berlin (n = 1952). The subjects were 20--64 years old. The following were investigated: 1. Social and abusive drinking patterns 2. Relations between drinking behavior and sociodemographic data 3. Relations between drinking behavior and subjective feeling. Of the subjects, 47% consumed alcohol daily or several times a week, 6% called themselves teetotallers. Beer was the preferred beverage. The drinking behavior varied among income classes and vocational groups. Of the whole sample, 8% drank regularly whilst working; 25% of the skilled workers did so. Comparing alcohol consumption and subjective feeling, there was a slight association between elevated mood and frequent alcohol consumption. Of the subjects, 4% were identified as alcohol misusers (7% of the males, 1% of the females). Persons at high risk were men living alone (especially widowed and divorced subjects) and persons of medium income. Regular consumers of hard liquor were at higher risk than consumers of beer or wine. The highest percentage of misuse was found among unskilled and skilled workers and among inhabitants of large cities. There was a slight association between high alcohol misuse index and depressive states, subjective complaints, and paranoid attitudes.", "contents": "[Alcohol consumption, alcohol abuse, and subjective feeling: a representative inquiry in the Federal Republic of Germany]. The investigation was carried out in a representative sample of subjects of the Federal Republic of Germany, including West Berlin (n = 1952). The subjects were 20--64 years old. The following were investigated: 1. Social and abusive drinking patterns 2. Relations between drinking behavior and sociodemographic data 3. Relations between drinking behavior and subjective feeling. Of the subjects, 47% consumed alcohol daily or several times a week, 6% called themselves teetotallers. Beer was the preferred beverage. The drinking behavior varied among income classes and vocational groups. Of the whole sample, 8% drank regularly whilst working; 25% of the skilled workers did so. Comparing alcohol consumption and subjective feeling, there was a slight association between elevated mood and frequent alcohol consumption. Of the subjects, 4% were identified as alcohol misusers (7% of the males, 1% of the females). Persons at high risk were men living alone (especially widowed and divorced subjects) and persons of medium income. Regular consumers of hard liquor were at higher risk than consumers of beer or wine. The highest percentage of misuse was found among unskilled and skilled workers and among inhabitants of large cities. There was a slight association between high alcohol misuse index and depressive states, subjective complaints, and paranoid attitudes."}
{"id": "PMID:921522", "title": "Sociosexual behavior in male and female homosexuals: a study in sex differences.", "content": "The results of a post hoc comparison of two West German studies on male and female homosexuals are reported. The lesbian sample consisted of 151 subjects, 18-35 years of age. The male homosexual sample included 581 males of the same age range. The data of both studies are compared with regard to \"coming out,\" heterosexual experiences, homosexual activity, partner mobility, and partner relations. The results indicate that being a woman tends to influence the sexual behavior of lesbians more than being a homosexual.", "contents": "Sociosexual behavior in male and female homosexuals: a study in sex differences. The results of a post hoc comparison of two West German studies on male and female homosexuals are reported. The lesbian sample consisted of 151 subjects, 18-35 years of age. The male homosexual sample included 581 males of the same age range. The data of both studies are compared with regard to \"coming out,\" heterosexual experiences, homosexual activity, partner mobility, and partner relations. The results indicate that being a woman tends to influence the sexual behavior of lesbians more than being a homosexual."}
{"id": "PMID:921523", "title": "Gender identity change in a transsexual: an exorcism.", "content": "Gender identity change in a conservatively diagnosed 21-year-old transexual after faith healing was fortuitously observed, was objectively and independently measured, and is reported. This case, and other recent developments, suggests a reexamination of the possibilities of psychosocial intervention to modify atypical gender identity.", "contents": "Gender identity change in a transsexual: an exorcism. Gender identity change in a conservatively diagnosed 21-year-old transexual after faith healing was fortuitously observed, was objectively and independently measured, and is reported. This case, and other recent developments, suggests a reexamination of the possibilities of psychosocial intervention to modify atypical gender identity."}
{"id": "PMID:921524", "title": "The clinical syndromes of femmiphilic transvestism.", "content": "Thirty-four members of a club established for heterosexual transvestites were interviewed. They were categorized into two groups. Subjects in group I were satisfied with cross-dressing and did not desire additional feminization. Subjects in group II desired to alter their bodily appearance toward female by taking female hormones or by having surgical intervention. Group II transvestites cross-dressed more frequently and had a more intense feminine gender identity and stronger homosexual interests than did group I transvestites. A feminine gender identity appeared to be present from childhood in both groups but to be stronger in group II. Cross-dressing in subjects of both groups often occurred first during childhood and almost always prior to age 15. All subjects showed a period of fetishistic arousal to women's clothes during adolescence. With increasing age, fetishistic arousal diminished or disappeared and the frequency of cross-dressing increased. Terms in the literature used to describe the type of transvestism reported in this study are discussed. It was suggested that the term \"femmiphilic transvestism\" be used to describe the condition of the subjects of both groups. The term has fewer disadvantages than terms previously suggested.", "contents": "The clinical syndromes of femmiphilic transvestism. Thirty-four members of a club established for heterosexual transvestites were interviewed. They were categorized into two groups. Subjects in group I were satisfied with cross-dressing and did not desire additional feminization. Subjects in group II desired to alter their bodily appearance toward female by taking female hormones or by having surgical intervention. Group II transvestites cross-dressed more frequently and had a more intense feminine gender identity and stronger homosexual interests than did group I transvestites. A feminine gender identity appeared to be present from childhood in both groups but to be stronger in group II. Cross-dressing in subjects of both groups often occurred first during childhood and almost always prior to age 15. All subjects showed a period of fetishistic arousal to women's clothes during adolescence. With increasing age, fetishistic arousal diminished or disappeared and the frequency of cross-dressing increased. Terms in the literature used to describe the type of transvestism reported in this study are discussed. It was suggested that the term \"femmiphilic transvestism\" be used to describe the condition of the subjects of both groups. The term has fewer disadvantages than terms previously suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:921525", "title": "The Clarke SHQ: a clinical sex history questionnaire for males.", "content": "The development of a 225-item sexual history questionnaire is reported. The frequency, desire for, and disgust for a wide range of sexual behaviors, including anomalous behavior, were examined. Twenty-four scales were derived from factor analysis of the items. The scales were represented by modest unitary factors but were relatively free of bias from age, education, intelligence, social desirability, and defensiveness. The scales generally discriminated clinically relevant groups from control subjects and therefore meet a clinical need in the assessment of anomalous sexual behavior. The instrument also appears to be useful in examining hypotheses for research. Among these observations was the continuity between exhibitionism and heterosexual pedophilia and the apparent bisexuality of some homosexual males. The scale allows for the assessment of the preferences of sexually inexperienced males as well.", "contents": "The Clarke SHQ: a clinical sex history questionnaire for males. The development of a 225-item sexual history questionnaire is reported. The frequency, desire for, and disgust for a wide range of sexual behaviors, including anomalous behavior, were examined. Twenty-four scales were derived from factor analysis of the items. The scales were represented by modest unitary factors but were relatively free of bias from age, education, intelligence, social desirability, and defensiveness. The scales generally discriminated clinically relevant groups from control subjects and therefore meet a clinical need in the assessment of anomalous sexual behavior. The instrument also appears to be useful in examining hypotheses for research. Among these observations was the continuity between exhibitionism and heterosexual pedophilia and the apparent bisexuality of some homosexual males. The scale allows for the assessment of the preferences of sexually inexperienced males as well."}
{"id": "PMID:921526", "title": "Anorgasmia and cataplexy.", "content": "Ten married women with cataplexy were found to be rarely orgasmic. Cataplexy is characterized by recurrent episodes of short-lived generalized muscle paralysis. It is precipitated by arousing emotional precipitants such as laughter, fear, and anger. Patients learn to avoid situations exposing them to these precipitants. It is suggested that anorgasmia is a consequence of this general tendency to avoid arousal.", "contents": "Anorgasmia and cataplexy. Ten married women with cataplexy were found to be rarely orgasmic. Cataplexy is characterized by recurrent episodes of short-lived generalized muscle paralysis. It is precipitated by arousing emotional precipitants such as laughter, fear, and anger. Patients learn to avoid situations exposing them to these precipitants. It is suggested that anorgasmia is a consequence of this general tendency to avoid arousal."}
{"id": "PMID:921527", "title": "Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Two hundred sixty-four patients exhibiting renal artery occlusive disease underwent operation for renovascular hypertension between 1961 and 1977. Included were 27 pediatric patients. Fibrodysplastic disease affected 132 adults. Atherosclerotic lesions affected 51 patients with and 54 patients without clinically overt extrarenal arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Ischemic kidney renin hypersecretion (renal: systemic index greater than 0.48), associated with suppressed contralateral kidney renin secretion (renal: systemic index approaching 0.0) predicted curability most reliably. Three hundred forty-eight operations were performed, of which 297 were primary and 51 were secondary procedures. Nephrectomy was initial therapy in 15 cases. Three operative deaths occurred among 51 patients manifesting overt extrarenal arteriosclerotic disease. No operative mortality was encountered among the other 213 patients. Surgical benefits were afforded 96% of pediatric patients and adults with fibrodysplastic disease, 91% of patients with focal renal arteriosclerosis, and 73% of those exhibiting overt extrarenal arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension. Two hundred sixty-four patients exhibiting renal artery occlusive disease underwent operation for renovascular hypertension between 1961 and 1977. Included were 27 pediatric patients. Fibrodysplastic disease affected 132 adults. Atherosclerotic lesions affected 51 patients with and 54 patients without clinically overt extrarenal arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Ischemic kidney renin hypersecretion (renal: systemic index greater than 0.48), associated with suppressed contralateral kidney renin secretion (renal: systemic index approaching 0.0) predicted curability most reliably. Three hundred forty-eight operations were performed, of which 297 were primary and 51 were secondary procedures. Nephrectomy was initial therapy in 15 cases. Three operative deaths occurred among 51 patients manifesting overt extrarenal arteriosclerotic disease. No operative mortality was encountered among the other 213 patients. Surgical benefits were afforded 96% of pediatric patients and adults with fibrodysplastic disease, 91% of patients with focal renal arteriosclerosis, and 73% of those exhibiting overt extrarenal arteriosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:921528", "title": "Assessment of myocardial performance and optimal volume loading during elective abdominal aortic aneurysm resection.", "content": "Myocardial depression has been suggested as a cause of declamping hypotension. To investigate and manage this problem, thermal dilution catheters were placed in 22 elderly, high-risk patients (mean age 71 years) who underwent elective abdominal aortic aneurysm resection. There were no deaths. Myocardial performance curves (MPC) were determined preoperatively, following induction of anesthesia, during aortic clamping, following declamping, and 12 to 48 hours postoperatively. The slope of this curve was taken as an index of myocardial performance. Preoperative cardiac index at a pulmonary artery wedge pressure of 10 mm Hg (CI10) decreased significantly following induction of anesthesia (P less than .002) and persisted during aortic cross-clamping. Following declamping, CI10 rose to preoperative levels. The slope of the MPC followed this same pattern. There was no significant change in blood pressure with the aorta clamped or following declamping. Myocardial performance is depressed following induction of anesthesia but declamping hypotension can be minimized or prevented by optimum volume loading as guided by Starling's myocardial performance curves.", "contents": "Assessment of myocardial performance and optimal volume loading during elective abdominal aortic aneurysm resection. Myocardial depression has been suggested as a cause of declamping hypotension. To investigate and manage this problem, thermal dilution catheters were placed in 22 elderly, high-risk patients (mean age 71 years) who underwent elective abdominal aortic aneurysm resection. There were no deaths. Myocardial performance curves (MPC) were determined preoperatively, following induction of anesthesia, during aortic clamping, following declamping, and 12 to 48 hours postoperatively. The slope of this curve was taken as an index of myocardial performance. Preoperative cardiac index at a pulmonary artery wedge pressure of 10 mm Hg (CI10) decreased significantly following induction of anesthesia (P less than .002) and persisted during aortic cross-clamping. Following declamping, CI10 rose to preoperative levels. The slope of the MPC followed this same pattern. There was no significant change in blood pressure with the aorta clamped or following declamping. Myocardial performance is depressed following induction of anesthesia but declamping hypotension can be minimized or prevented by optimum volume loading as guided by Starling's myocardial performance curves."}
{"id": "PMID:921531", "title": "Value of concomitant sympathectomy in aortoiliac reconstruction. Results of a prospective, randomized study.", "content": "The efficacy of concomitant lumbar sympathectomy in improving results of aortoiliac reconstruction was assessed by a prospective, randomized study of 51 patients undergoing operation for occlusive or aneurysmal disease. Sympathectomy was performed on 50 limbs, while 52 extremities served as controls. Sympathectomy resulted in a significant reduction in foot vascular resistance determined by plethysmography. However, the procedure had no effect on leg circulation, assessed by ankle/arm pressure indices determined by Doppler ultrasound. In the sympathectomy group, there were three early postoperative amputations for ischemia, despite patent grafts. In the control group, there was one late graft occlusion, caused by progressive atherosclerotic disease. Although sympathectomy may improve pedal circulation, the procedure does not appear to improve the results of aortoiliac reconstruction.", "contents": "Value of concomitant sympathectomy in aortoiliac reconstruction. Results of a prospective, randomized study. The efficacy of concomitant lumbar sympathectomy in improving results of aortoiliac reconstruction was assessed by a prospective, randomized study of 51 patients undergoing operation for occlusive or aneurysmal disease. Sympathectomy was performed on 50 limbs, while 52 extremities served as controls. Sympathectomy resulted in a significant reduction in foot vascular resistance determined by plethysmography. However, the procedure had no effect on leg circulation, assessed by ankle/arm pressure indices determined by Doppler ultrasound. In the sympathectomy group, there were three early postoperative amputations for ischemia, despite patent grafts. In the control group, there was one late graft occlusion, caused by progressive atherosclerotic disease. Although sympathectomy may improve pedal circulation, the procedure does not appear to improve the results of aortoiliac reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:921532", "title": "Coagulation abnormalities in patients with arterial, venous, and combined arterial and venous thromboses.", "content": "Thrombotic disorders are much more common than hemorrhagic disorders. Nonetheless, most knowledge of coagulation relates to the hemorrhagic disorders. We have done extensive coagulation evaluations in patients with arterial thromboses only, venous thromboses only, and in patients with combined arterial and venous thromboses. Prominent abnormalities in platelet aggregation, factors VIII, IX, and XI levels, and fibrinogen were noted in all groups. These types of studies should eventually lead to a fuller understanding of thrombotic disorders.", "contents": "Coagulation abnormalities in patients with arterial, venous, and combined arterial and venous thromboses. Thrombotic disorders are much more common than hemorrhagic disorders. Nonetheless, most knowledge of coagulation relates to the hemorrhagic disorders. We have done extensive coagulation evaluations in patients with arterial thromboses only, venous thromboses only, and in patients with combined arterial and venous thromboses. Prominent abnormalities in platelet aggregation, factors VIII, IX, and XI levels, and fibrinogen were noted in all groups. These types of studies should eventually lead to a fuller understanding of thrombotic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:921534", "title": "Transmetatarsal amputation.", "content": "We have reviewed the records of 25 patients who underwent a transmetatarsal amputation at San Francisco General Hospital. The average patient age was 63 years old. Twelve of the patients were diabetic, while transmetatarsal amputations were performed in eleven with simple arteriosclerosis. Two patients underwent amputations for either trauma or nonhealing ulcer. Thirteen of the patients healed their amputation, and twelve of these became ambulatory. Eleven required higher amputation, because of nonhealing due to infection in seven and progressive ischemia in four. One patient died on the first postoperative day of pneumonia. The failure group was younger, contained more diabetics, and had a higher incidence of infection. The operative procedure of transmetatarsal amputation is described. We believe that patients with distal gangrene without spreading infection should be considered for transmetatarsal amputation, reserving initial below-knee amputation for those with greater involvement of the foot.", "contents": "Transmetatarsal amputation. We have reviewed the records of 25 patients who underwent a transmetatarsal amputation at San Francisco General Hospital. The average patient age was 63 years old. Twelve of the patients were diabetic, while transmetatarsal amputations were performed in eleven with simple arteriosclerosis. Two patients underwent amputations for either trauma or nonhealing ulcer. Thirteen of the patients healed their amputation, and twelve of these became ambulatory. Eleven required higher amputation, because of nonhealing due to infection in seven and progressive ischemia in four. One patient died on the first postoperative day of pneumonia. The failure group was younger, contained more diabetics, and had a higher incidence of infection. The operative procedure of transmetatarsal amputation is described. We believe that patients with distal gangrene without spreading infection should be considered for transmetatarsal amputation, reserving initial below-knee amputation for those with greater involvement of the foot."}
{"id": "PMID:921535", "title": "The asymptomatic carotid bruit and the ocular pneumoplethysmography.", "content": "Patients with asymptomatic carotid bruits require some noninvasive method for detecting which would benefit from angiography and possible prophylactic operative repair of the suspected atherosclerotic lesion. This report describes the use of the ocular pneumoplethysmograph (OPG) in this regard. Data for establishing OPG criteria of significant carotid stenosis were derived from studies in symptomatic patients who had also undergone angiography. In this review, the OPG demonstrated an accuracy of 91.6% in detecting at least a 75% diameter stenosis. The OPG criteria were applied to 116 patients with asymptomatic carotid bruits. Forty two of the 116 patients fulfilled at least one of the four criteria for angiography. In 38 of the 40 patients who underwent angiography, the OPG findings were confirmed, for an accuracy of 95%. Twenty-two patients underwent 27 operations, without morbidity or mortality.", "contents": "The asymptomatic carotid bruit and the ocular pneumoplethysmography. Patients with asymptomatic carotid bruits require some noninvasive method for detecting which would benefit from angiography and possible prophylactic operative repair of the suspected atherosclerotic lesion. This report describes the use of the ocular pneumoplethysmograph (OPG) in this regard. Data for establishing OPG criteria of significant carotid stenosis were derived from studies in symptomatic patients who had also undergone angiography. In this review, the OPG demonstrated an accuracy of 91.6% in detecting at least a 75% diameter stenosis. The OPG criteria were applied to 116 patients with asymptomatic carotid bruits. Forty two of the 116 patients fulfilled at least one of the four criteria for angiography. In 38 of the 40 patients who underwent angiography, the OPG findings were confirmed, for an accuracy of 95%. Twenty-two patients underwent 27 operations, without morbidity or mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:921536", "title": "Ultramicroscopic ulcerations and thrombi of the carotid bifurcation.", "content": "It is widely accepted that transient cerebral ischemia and permanent stroke frequently are caused by platelet and thrombotic cerebral emboli that originate from lesions at the carotid bifurcation. Microembolization from ulcerated atheroma during carotid dissection also offers a logical explanation for the incidence of intraoperative neurologic deficits during carotid endarterectomy. The risk of intraoperative embolization is obvious when ulcers are macroscopic; but focal cerebral ischemia associated with atheroma that appear smooth and nonulcerated usually has been attributed to decreased regional cerebral blood flow. Several endarterectomy specimens were submitted for scanning electron microscopic evaluation using X20 through X4,000 malignification. Results indicate that carotid atheroma may contain superficial ulcerations and thrombi that are not appreciated by direct inspection or conventional microscopic techniques. Electron microscopic ulcerations and intraluminal thrombi may be responsible for embolic transient ischemic attacks, spontaneous strokes, and intraoperative neurologic deficits in patients in whom gross ulcerations are absent.", "contents": "Ultramicroscopic ulcerations and thrombi of the carotid bifurcation. It is widely accepted that transient cerebral ischemia and permanent stroke frequently are caused by platelet and thrombotic cerebral emboli that originate from lesions at the carotid bifurcation. Microembolization from ulcerated atheroma during carotid dissection also offers a logical explanation for the incidence of intraoperative neurologic deficits during carotid endarterectomy. The risk of intraoperative embolization is obvious when ulcers are macroscopic; but focal cerebral ischemia associated with atheroma that appear smooth and nonulcerated usually has been attributed to decreased regional cerebral blood flow. Several endarterectomy specimens were submitted for scanning electron microscopic evaluation using X20 through X4,000 malignification. Results indicate that carotid atheroma may contain superficial ulcerations and thrombi that are not appreciated by direct inspection or conventional microscopic techniques. Electron microscopic ulcerations and intraluminal thrombi may be responsible for embolic transient ischemic attacks, spontaneous strokes, and intraoperative neurologic deficits in patients in whom gross ulcerations are absent."}
{"id": "PMID:921537", "title": "[Studies on the methionine-threonine imbalance in chicks].", "content": "Experimental lots of 12 chicks each received, in addition to their standard diets, supplements of 1, 2 or 3% DL-threonine, in each threonine treatment 1, 2 or 3% methionine being added. After an 8-day feeding period the chicks were injected 35S-methionine and were killed after 6, 12 and 24 hours, respectively. The increasing methionine supplementation was found to markedly deteriorate chick growth. It was not possible to correct this effect by any of the threonine doses. The 35S-activity of the blood decreased very strongly from the 6th to the 12th hours following injection. The 35S-activity of the liver also declined clearly at low threonine supply, but less markedly at high threonine rates. In the breast muscle, the 35S-activity also proved three times higher 24 hours after the injection at equal methionine supplementation to the diet (1 or 2%) and at triplicated threonine level (3% against 1%). This finding is related with the fact that threonine supplements to not attenuate the negative imbalance symptoms after methionine overdosing, but that they are likely to aggrevate due to transport competition. The possibility of threonine degradation into glycine does not seem to be of importance for methionine detoxication in chicks.", "contents": "[Studies on the methionine-threonine imbalance in chicks]. Experimental lots of 12 chicks each received, in addition to their standard diets, supplements of 1, 2 or 3% DL-threonine, in each threonine treatment 1, 2 or 3% methionine being added. After an 8-day feeding period the chicks were injected 35S-methionine and were killed after 6, 12 and 24 hours, respectively. The increasing methionine supplementation was found to markedly deteriorate chick growth. It was not possible to correct this effect by any of the threonine doses. The 35S-activity of the blood decreased very strongly from the 6th to the 12th hours following injection. The 35S-activity of the liver also declined clearly at low threonine supply, but less markedly at high threonine rates. In the breast muscle, the 35S-activity also proved three times higher 24 hours after the injection at equal methionine supplementation to the diet (1 or 2%) and at triplicated threonine level (3% against 1%). This finding is related with the fact that threonine supplements to not attenuate the negative imbalance symptoms after methionine overdosing, but that they are likely to aggrevate due to transport competition. The possibility of threonine degradation into glycine does not seem to be of importance for methionine detoxication in chicks."}
{"id": "PMID:921538", "title": "[The secretion of radioactively labeled amino acids into the digestive tract. 3. 14C-labeling of the intestinal wall after subcutaneous injection of 14C-L-leucine in rats].", "content": "Experimental rats allotted in 4 different groups received 14C leucine injections at 4 different levels of specific 14C activity. Groups A and B were injected a leucine dosis corresponding to the daily requirement, the specific 14C activity being high (A) and low (B). Groups C and D were injected a leucine dosis of one ninth the amount applied to groups A and B, the level of 14C labelling being again high (C) and low (D). The 14C labelling of the TCE-soluble fraction of the 1st third section of the small intestinal wall in all 4 groups proved identical with the course of the curve representing the TCE-soluble fraction of the small intestine contents. The specific 14C leucine activity of the intestinal wall of the 1st third section of the small intestine was found to be 5 to 8 times lower than in the TCE-soluble fraction of the pancreatic gland. Thus a dilution effect has been produced from absorption. Two minutes after injection, the 14C labelling of the intestinal wall proteins had half the level of labelling of the pancreatic proteins. This finding applied to both the 1st and the 3rd sections of the small intestine. The results obtained allow to conclude that 14C labelling of intestinal wall proteins is relatively independent of 14C leucine absorption and is conditioned by the level of labelling of the plasma leucine.", "contents": "[The secretion of radioactively labeled amino acids into the digestive tract. 3. 14C-labeling of the intestinal wall after subcutaneous injection of 14C-L-leucine in rats]. Experimental rats allotted in 4 different groups received 14C leucine injections at 4 different levels of specific 14C activity. Groups A and B were injected a leucine dosis corresponding to the daily requirement, the specific 14C activity being high (A) and low (B). Groups C and D were injected a leucine dosis of one ninth the amount applied to groups A and B, the level of 14C labelling being again high (C) and low (D). The 14C labelling of the TCE-soluble fraction of the 1st third section of the small intestinal wall in all 4 groups proved identical with the course of the curve representing the TCE-soluble fraction of the small intestine contents. The specific 14C leucine activity of the intestinal wall of the 1st third section of the small intestine was found to be 5 to 8 times lower than in the TCE-soluble fraction of the pancreatic gland. Thus a dilution effect has been produced from absorption. Two minutes after injection, the 14C labelling of the intestinal wall proteins had half the level of labelling of the pancreatic proteins. This finding applied to both the 1st and the 3rd sections of the small intestine. The results obtained allow to conclude that 14C labelling of intestinal wall proteins is relatively independent of 14C leucine absorption and is conditioned by the level of labelling of the plasma leucine."}
{"id": "PMID:921539", "title": "[The effect of physical shape of dried green feed and of various sources of starch on the site of digestion of carbohydrates and proteins and on the protein synthesis in the cow rumen].", "content": "The experiments were performed on cows with duodenal bridge fistulae to study the influence of the physical form of roughage (forage rye, chopped or pelleted) and of the starch source (barley or maize) on the place of carbohydrate digestion and on microbial protein synthesis. The organic matter digested in the stomachs contained more than 90% carbohydrates. Their digestibility was not found to be influenced by the physical form of the roughage and by the kind of starch source. Feeding pelleted roughage (30% crude fibre) as against chopped roughage increased the share of intestinal digestion of crude cellulose from 5 to 13%, whilst it remained relatively constant with starch (alpha-polymer bound glucose). Under high-starch feeding (some 2100 g/day) 710 g (maize) and 400 g (barley) of alpha-polmer bound glucose entered the duodenum. This corresponds to 29.6 and 17.6% of the starch consumed with maize and barley, respectively. When feeding the pelleted roughage (as compared to chopped roughage) a large amount of the non-bacterial N derived from feed protein and endogenous N (69.6 and 52.8 g/day) was available in the duodenum. Against this, the synthesis of bacterial N decreased (82.7 and 109.0 g/day). In the intestine, 107.1 and gN were absorbed daily from pelleted and chopped forage rye, respectively. In comparison with maize, barley was found to promote N availibility in the intestine (108.9 and 115.3 g N/day). Out of every 100 g of organic matter digested in the stomachs 28 and 21 g of bacterial protein were synthesized under chop and pellet feeding, respectively. Referred to the same amount, 6.6 g and 6.2 g N were found to enter the duodenum for chopped and pelleted roughage, respectively.", "contents": "[The effect of physical shape of dried green feed and of various sources of starch on the site of digestion of carbohydrates and proteins and on the protein synthesis in the cow rumen]. The experiments were performed on cows with duodenal bridge fistulae to study the influence of the physical form of roughage (forage rye, chopped or pelleted) and of the starch source (barley or maize) on the place of carbohydrate digestion and on microbial protein synthesis. The organic matter digested in the stomachs contained more than 90% carbohydrates. Their digestibility was not found to be influenced by the physical form of the roughage and by the kind of starch source. Feeding pelleted roughage (30% crude fibre) as against chopped roughage increased the share of intestinal digestion of crude cellulose from 5 to 13%, whilst it remained relatively constant with starch (alpha-polymer bound glucose). Under high-starch feeding (some 2100 g/day) 710 g (maize) and 400 g (barley) of alpha-polmer bound glucose entered the duodenum. This corresponds to 29.6 and 17.6% of the starch consumed with maize and barley, respectively. When feeding the pelleted roughage (as compared to chopped roughage) a large amount of the non-bacterial N derived from feed protein and endogenous N (69.6 and 52.8 g/day) was available in the duodenum. Against this, the synthesis of bacterial N decreased (82.7 and 109.0 g/day). In the intestine, 107.1 and gN were absorbed daily from pelleted and chopped forage rye, respectively. In comparison with maize, barley was found to promote N availibility in the intestine (108.9 and 115.3 g N/day). Out of every 100 g of organic matter digested in the stomachs 28 and 21 g of bacterial protein were synthesized under chop and pellet feeding, respectively. Referred to the same amount, 6.6 g and 6.2 g N were found to enter the duodenum for chopped and pelleted roughage, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:921540", "title": "[Relationships between the apparent digestibility of crude protein and the amino acid balance of the swine digestive tract].", "content": "A diet of equal composition (88% barley, 5% extracted sunflower meal, 3% fishmeal and 3% yeast) was subjected to 9 different forms of thermal treatment and fed to experimental pigs. The biological value of the proteins was found to decline from 65.9 below 50. The amino acid balance of the digestive tract (\"true digestibility of amino acids\" according to other authors) proved to deteriorate due to the thermal treatment. The individual amino acids always revealed highly significant positive correlations with the apparent digestibility of crude protein. This finding is related with the often demonstrated fact that the fecal protein always has a constant amino acid composition, irrespective of feed protein and, consequently, only influences the quantitative fecal protein secretion, i. e. the amino acid balance of the digestive tract which is suggested to be the cause of the mathematical relations shown.", "contents": "[Relationships between the apparent digestibility of crude protein and the amino acid balance of the swine digestive tract]. A diet of equal composition (88% barley, 5% extracted sunflower meal, 3% fishmeal and 3% yeast) was subjected to 9 different forms of thermal treatment and fed to experimental pigs. The biological value of the proteins was found to decline from 65.9 below 50. The amino acid balance of the digestive tract (\"true digestibility of amino acids\" according to other authors) proved to deteriorate due to the thermal treatment. The individual amino acids always revealed highly significant positive correlations with the apparent digestibility of crude protein. This finding is related with the often demonstrated fact that the fecal protein always has a constant amino acid composition, irrespective of feed protein and, consequently, only influences the quantitative fecal protein secretion, i. e. the amino acid balance of the digestive tract which is suggested to be the cause of the mathematical relations shown."}
{"id": "PMID:921545", "title": "Enchancement of leukemogenesis in mice after prolonged administration of anti-interferon or normal rabbit globulin.", "content": "The prolonged adminstration of rabbit anti-mouse L cell interferon globulin had a marked potentiating effect on Rauscher Murine Leukemia Virus (MuLV-R) infection in BALB/c mice, as shown by spleen size. Normal rabbit globulin had a lesser, but still significant, augmenting effect on splenic enlargement. It was possible to discriminate quantitatively between the non-specific enhancement of splenomegaly in MuLV-R infected mice due to antigenic stimulation with normal rabbit globulin and the effects due to elimination of endogenous interferon by specific antibodies. The difference in the spleen-enlarging activity between the anti-interferon IgG and normal rabbit IgG was found to be maximal 3-4 weeks after infection when potent, diluted anti-interferon IgG (58 microgram protein per dose) was used. It would appear that the endogenous interferon, even prodcued in undetectable amounts, plays an essential role in controlling infection with an oncogenic virus.", "contents": "Enchancement of leukemogenesis in mice after prolonged administration of anti-interferon or normal rabbit globulin. The prolonged adminstration of rabbit anti-mouse L cell interferon globulin had a marked potentiating effect on Rauscher Murine Leukemia Virus (MuLV-R) infection in BALB/c mice, as shown by spleen size. Normal rabbit globulin had a lesser, but still significant, augmenting effect on splenic enlargement. It was possible to discriminate quantitatively between the non-specific enhancement of splenomegaly in MuLV-R infected mice due to antigenic stimulation with normal rabbit globulin and the effects due to elimination of endogenous interferon by specific antibodies. The difference in the spleen-enlarging activity between the anti-interferon IgG and normal rabbit IgG was found to be maximal 3-4 weeks after infection when potent, diluted anti-interferon IgG (58 microgram protein per dose) was used. It would appear that the endogenous interferon, even prodcued in undetectable amounts, plays an essential role in controlling infection with an oncogenic virus."}
{"id": "PMID:921557", "title": "[Methodical possibilities and tasks of current clinical morphology].", "content": "The analysis of methodic potentials of the current clinical morphology leads to a conclusion that this new discipline may serve for the solution of the problems of both clinical diagnosis and scientific research. The pathoanatomist (clinical pathologist) is the central figure in the solutin of these tasks. A trend of the current medicine to comperehend pathological phenomena in the unity of structure and function suggests that in particular pathology the clinical medicine will seek regularities of the general pathological nature and that this search will be conducted in cooperation with specialist of \"interested\" fields.", "contents": "[Methodical possibilities and tasks of current clinical morphology]. The analysis of methodic potentials of the current clinical morphology leads to a conclusion that this new discipline may serve for the solution of the problems of both clinical diagnosis and scientific research. The pathoanatomist (clinical pathologist) is the central figure in the solutin of these tasks. A trend of the current medicine to comperehend pathological phenomena in the unity of structure and function suggests that in particular pathology the clinical medicine will seek regularities of the general pathological nature and that this search will be conducted in cooperation with specialist of \"interested\" fields."}
{"id": "PMID:921558", "title": "[Morphological changes in the lungs in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Morphologica lesions in the lungs were studied in 48 rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction and in 17 fatal cases where death occurred at various intervals after the onset of myocardial infarction. The study revealed 4 interrelated stages of morphological lesions in the lungs due to the development of myocardial infarction: (1) hypoatelectasis, (2) classical atelectasis, (3) the stage of alveolitis, (4) the stage of bronchopneumonia. A certain regularity was established in the dynamics of the oxidative-reductive enzymes in alveolar cells: early in the disease the activity of succinate-, malate- and lactatedehydrogenase decreased but by the end of the 1st week began to recover. In cases where atelectasis was complicated by bronchopneumonia the activity of succinatedehydrogenase again decreased.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the lungs in myocardial infarct]. Morphologica lesions in the lungs were studied in 48 rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction and in 17 fatal cases where death occurred at various intervals after the onset of myocardial infarction. The study revealed 4 interrelated stages of morphological lesions in the lungs due to the development of myocardial infarction: (1) hypoatelectasis, (2) classical atelectasis, (3) the stage of alveolitis, (4) the stage of bronchopneumonia. A certain regularity was established in the dynamics of the oxidative-reductive enzymes in alveolar cells: early in the disease the activity of succinate-, malate- and lactatedehydrogenase decreased but by the end of the 1st week began to recover. In cases where atelectasis was complicated by bronchopneumonia the activity of succinatedehydrogenase again decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:921559", "title": "[Functional morphology of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system and adrenal cortex in myocardial infarct].", "content": "The hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system (HHNS) was studied in patients dying at various intervals after the onset of the first clinical manifestations of myocardial infarction. All the 75 cases were divided into two groups depending on the presence or absence of decompensation with disorders of the water-salt metabolism. Despite the duration and pattern of its course, myocardial infarction was shown to be always accompanied by a high activity of the HHNS and adrenal cortex, although different variants of its intensity could be distinguished by the studies of the secretory cycle in neurosecretory nuclei. When infarction was complicated by cardiac decompensation, there developed the state of hypervasopressinism constantly accompanied by hyperthrophy of the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex producing aldosteron and by an increased concentration of intracellular sodium.", "contents": "[Functional morphology of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system and adrenal cortex in myocardial infarct]. The hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system (HHNS) was studied in patients dying at various intervals after the onset of the first clinical manifestations of myocardial infarction. All the 75 cases were divided into two groups depending on the presence or absence of decompensation with disorders of the water-salt metabolism. Despite the duration and pattern of its course, myocardial infarction was shown to be always accompanied by a high activity of the HHNS and adrenal cortex, although different variants of its intensity could be distinguished by the studies of the secretory cycle in neurosecretory nuclei. When infarction was complicated by cardiac decompensation, there developed the state of hypervasopressinism constantly accompanied by hyperthrophy of the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex producing aldosteron and by an increased concentration of intracellular sodium."}
{"id": "PMID:921560", "title": "[Perspectives of the development of current pathological anatomy].", "content": "The author presents a general picture of the progress of morphological methods of investigations and gives a historical evaluation of the role of autopsy and examinations of biopsy specimens in the clinical practice. On this basis the author outlines the three main directions in the development of pathological anatomy: (1) continuous increase of the accuracy of the structural analysis of vital activity processes; (2) increasingly complete and diverse functional evaluation of morphological lesions, and (3) maximum extention of contacts, particularly \"vital\", with the clinic. Further development of these directions will determine the prostpects of development of pathological anatomy.", "contents": "[Perspectives of the development of current pathological anatomy]. The author presents a general picture of the progress of morphological methods of investigations and gives a historical evaluation of the role of autopsy and examinations of biopsy specimens in the clinical practice. On this basis the author outlines the three main directions in the development of pathological anatomy: (1) continuous increase of the accuracy of the structural analysis of vital activity processes; (2) increasingly complete and diverse functional evaluation of morphological lesions, and (3) maximum extention of contacts, particularly \"vital\", with the clinic. Further development of these directions will determine the prostpects of development of pathological anatomy."}
{"id": "PMID:921561", "title": "[Changes in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in the muscles of patients with progressive muscular dystrophy].", "content": "Histochemical investigation of 32 biopsy specimens of the muscular tissue taken in patients with Erb's myopathy and 15 bioptic materials from patients with Charcot--Marie--Tooth's amyotrophy was carried out. Characteristics of distribution of enzymes (succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase) in the muscular tissue of the patients referred to above are presented. A quantitative evaluation of the activity of enzymes was made by the method of count of granules of diphormazan with subsequent treatment of data by the statistical variation method.", "contents": "[Changes in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in the muscles of patients with progressive muscular dystrophy]. Histochemical investigation of 32 biopsy specimens of the muscular tissue taken in patients with Erb's myopathy and 15 bioptic materials from patients with Charcot--Marie--Tooth's amyotrophy was carried out. Characteristics of distribution of enzymes (succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase) in the muscular tissue of the patients referred to above are presented. A quantitative evaluation of the activity of enzymes was made by the method of count of granules of diphormazan with subsequent treatment of data by the statistical variation method."}
{"id": "PMID:921562", "title": "[Morphogenesis of emphysema in occupational lung diseases (clinico-anatomical comparisons)].", "content": "The distinction of pneumoconiosis and occupational (dust) bronchites in the clinic of occupational lung pathology required morphological justification of such divisions. Examinations of 37 fatal cases with dust pathology of the lungs showed that in two thirds of the cases predominantly obstructive bronchitis forms of emphysema and compensatory perinodular forms of emphysema in silicosis could be diagnosed morphologically. A less marked diffuse character of emphysema in focal forms of pneumoconiosis is conducive to the inclusion of compensatory mechanisms preventing the development of pneumonial and cardial insufficiency.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of emphysema in occupational lung diseases (clinico-anatomical comparisons)]. The distinction of pneumoconiosis and occupational (dust) bronchites in the clinic of occupational lung pathology required morphological justification of such divisions. Examinations of 37 fatal cases with dust pathology of the lungs showed that in two thirds of the cases predominantly obstructive bronchitis forms of emphysema and compensatory perinodular forms of emphysema in silicosis could be diagnosed morphologically. A less marked diffuse character of emphysema in focal forms of pneumoconiosis is conducive to the inclusion of compensatory mechanisms preventing the development of pneumonial and cardial insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:921563", "title": "[Histopathological characteristics of the inguinal lymph nodes and skin in onchocerciasis].", "content": "The study of 46 inguinal lymph nodes and in 3 cases of skin of subjects affected with African onchocerciasis established the development of parasitic-toxic lymphadenitis and dermatitis. Lymphogenic sclerosis of lymph nodes is due to mechanical regional insufficiency of lymph circulation in them. Fibrous changes begin and progress in the medullary substance, and severe involvements lead to the development of a \"fibrous lymph node\". Such nodes become poor filters for lymph and blood as a reduction of the lymphatic and circulatory network occurs. Arteriolization of small vessels, the appearance of vessels of the locking type, hyalinosis of their walls and congestive phenomena are indications of regional hypertension.", "contents": "[Histopathological characteristics of the inguinal lymph nodes and skin in onchocerciasis]. The study of 46 inguinal lymph nodes and in 3 cases of skin of subjects affected with African onchocerciasis established the development of parasitic-toxic lymphadenitis and dermatitis. Lymphogenic sclerosis of lymph nodes is due to mechanical regional insufficiency of lymph circulation in them. Fibrous changes begin and progress in the medullary substance, and severe involvements lead to the development of a \"fibrous lymph node\". Such nodes become poor filters for lymph and blood as a reduction of the lymphatic and circulatory network occurs. Arteriolization of small vessels, the appearance of vessels of the locking type, hyalinosis of their walls and congestive phenomena are indications of regional hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:921564", "title": "[Acute untreated idiopathic polymyositis with cardiac lesions].", "content": "An autopsy observation of acute idiopathic polymyositis with the involvement of the sceletal musculature and the heart in a man of 23 who had not been treated with corticosteroids is presented. The main morphological lesions were found in the cross-striated muscles and myocardium. They were characterized by deep degeneration, necrosis, and atrophy of muscle fibers, multiplication of sarcolemma nuclei, massive lymphoplasmo-histiocytis infiltration of the interstitial tissue, active resorbtion by macrophages of the dead muscle cells, the occurrence of giant cells. No disorganization of the connective tissue of the muscles, derma, and the vessels was observed.", "contents": "[Acute untreated idiopathic polymyositis with cardiac lesions]. An autopsy observation of acute idiopathic polymyositis with the involvement of the sceletal musculature and the heart in a man of 23 who had not been treated with corticosteroids is presented. The main morphological lesions were found in the cross-striated muscles and myocardium. They were characterized by deep degeneration, necrosis, and atrophy of muscle fibers, multiplication of sarcolemma nuclei, massive lymphoplasmo-histiocytis infiltration of the interstitial tissue, active resorbtion by macrophages of the dead muscle cells, the occurrence of giant cells. No disorganization of the connective tissue of the muscles, derma, and the vessels was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:921573", "title": "Fluorescein angiographic defects of the optic disc in glaucoma.", "content": "An improved technique for high-contast, high-resolution fluorescein angiography of the optic disc has been developed that almost eliminates pseudofluorescence. Fluorescein angiography of the optic disc was performed on normal, ocular hypertensive, and glaucomatous patients. Rapid-sequence angiograms in the early arterial phases have demonstrated localized areas of hypofluorescence or filling defects of the optic disc. Two types of fluorescein filling defects were observed-absolute and relative. The number of absolute filling defects, which increased with degree of visual field loss, was greater in glaucomatous than in ocular hypertensive or normal eyes. Similarly, ocular hypertensive eyes showed a larger number of discs with filling defects than normal eyes. It is postulated that relative defects progress to absolute filling defects, which may be an indication of impending loss of visual field.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiographic defects of the optic disc in glaucoma. An improved technique for high-contast, high-resolution fluorescein angiography of the optic disc has been developed that almost eliminates pseudofluorescence. Fluorescein angiography of the optic disc was performed on normal, ocular hypertensive, and glaucomatous patients. Rapid-sequence angiograms in the early arterial phases have demonstrated localized areas of hypofluorescence or filling defects of the optic disc. Two types of fluorescein filling defects were observed-absolute and relative. The number of absolute filling defects, which increased with degree of visual field loss, was greater in glaucomatous than in ocular hypertensive or normal eyes. Similarly, ocular hypertensive eyes showed a larger number of discs with filling defects than normal eyes. It is postulated that relative defects progress to absolute filling defects, which may be an indication of impending loss of visual field."}
{"id": "PMID:921574", "title": "Optic disc in glaucoma: Topography and extent of fluorescein filling defects.", "content": "The topography and extent of localized areas of hypofluorescence or absolute filling defects of the optic discs of glaucomatous patients correlated positively with the loss of visual field. Filling defects tended to cluster at the inferior and superior poles of the optic disc and were closer to the disc margin than to the center. The location of the defects corresponded with the expected site of visual field loss. There was a positive correlation between the percent area of the filling defects and the degree of visual field loss. These observations support the concept that fluorescein filling defects of the optic disc in glaucoma represent areas of ischemia that are highly correlated with loss of visual field.", "contents": "Optic disc in glaucoma: Topography and extent of fluorescein filling defects. The topography and extent of localized areas of hypofluorescence or absolute filling defects of the optic discs of glaucomatous patients correlated positively with the loss of visual field. Filling defects tended to cluster at the inferior and superior poles of the optic disc and were closer to the disc margin than to the center. The location of the defects corresponded with the expected site of visual field loss. There was a positive correlation between the percent area of the filling defects and the degree of visual field loss. These observations support the concept that fluorescein filling defects of the optic disc in glaucoma represent areas of ischemia that are highly correlated with loss of visual field."}
{"id": "PMID:921575", "title": "Fluorescein angiographic defects of the optic disc in ocular hypertension.", "content": "Fluorescein angiograms of the optic disc were studied in 23 normal and 29 ocular hypertensive eyes. Significant differences in the frequency distributions of areas of defects were obtained between normal and ocular hypertensive eyes. Increased areas of filling defects were noted in ocular hypertensive eyes as compared to normals. There were also significant correlations of the areas of filling defects with age and systolic blood pressure in the ocular hypertensive eyes that were not present in the normals. These observations support the concept that fluorescein angiography of the optic disc demonstrates localized areas of impaired circulation that increase with ocular pressure, age, and systolic blood pressure. This technique may be useful in separating normal from the ocular hypertensive patient who shows changes in the circulation of the optic disc with increased ocular pressure.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiographic defects of the optic disc in ocular hypertension. Fluorescein angiograms of the optic disc were studied in 23 normal and 29 ocular hypertensive eyes. Significant differences in the frequency distributions of areas of defects were obtained between normal and ocular hypertensive eyes. Increased areas of filling defects were noted in ocular hypertensive eyes as compared to normals. There were also significant correlations of the areas of filling defects with age and systolic blood pressure in the ocular hypertensive eyes that were not present in the normals. These observations support the concept that fluorescein angiography of the optic disc demonstrates localized areas of impaired circulation that increase with ocular pressure, age, and systolic blood pressure. This technique may be useful in separating normal from the ocular hypertensive patient who shows changes in the circulation of the optic disc with increased ocular pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:921576", "title": "Open-angle glaucoma following surgery for congenital cataracts.", "content": "Eighteen patients who, years earlier, had undergone operations for congenital cataracts were discovered to have high intraocular pressures. Several had profound glaucomatous loss of vision. All had deep anterior chambers with flat iris planes and wide open angles. The uveal meshwork was unusually coarse and pigmented in some cases. Nystagmus, aftercataracts, and small pupils made visual field testing and observation of optic discs difficult. Most cases were bilateral, which suggested a hereditary origin; some had a family history of glaucoma. In none did we observe signs of congenital glaucoma or rubella syndrome. The incidence of this disease is not yet known, but it is common enough in our clinic to indicate lifetime surveillance for glaucoma in all patients who undergo congenital cataract surgery.", "contents": "Open-angle glaucoma following surgery for congenital cataracts. Eighteen patients who, years earlier, had undergone operations for congenital cataracts were discovered to have high intraocular pressures. Several had profound glaucomatous loss of vision. All had deep anterior chambers with flat iris planes and wide open angles. The uveal meshwork was unusually coarse and pigmented in some cases. Nystagmus, aftercataracts, and small pupils made visual field testing and observation of optic discs difficult. Most cases were bilateral, which suggested a hereditary origin; some had a family history of glaucoma. In none did we observe signs of congenital glaucoma or rubella syndrome. The incidence of this disease is not yet known, but it is common enough in our clinic to indicate lifetime surveillance for glaucoma in all patients who undergo congenital cataract surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:921577", "title": "Malignant glaucoma induced by miotics postoperatively in open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "A case of malignant glaucoma that developed in a patient with primary open-angle glaucoma is described. The malignant course was induced during the immediate postoperative period by the inadvertent use of miotics. The malignant course was successfully managed by osmotic agents, acetazolamide, cycloplegics, mydriatics, and topical steroids.", "contents": "Malignant glaucoma induced by miotics postoperatively in open-angle glaucoma. A case of malignant glaucoma that developed in a patient with primary open-angle glaucoma is described. The malignant course was induced during the immediate postoperative period by the inadvertent use of miotics. The malignant course was successfully managed by osmotic agents, acetazolamide, cycloplegics, mydriatics, and topical steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:921578", "title": "Foveal lesions seen in retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "A total of 110 patients with retinitis pigmentosa were prospectively and consecutively evaluated for the presence of foveal lesions. Of these 69 (63 percent) patients showed one of two types of separate and distinct bilateral foveal lesions. Forty-seven (43 percent) patients had atrophic-appearing lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium within the fovea of both eyes, and an additional 22 (20 percent) patients showed bitalteral foveal cysts or partial-thickness holes. Of the 22 patients in this last group, 16 showed cystoid macular edema evident on fluorescein angiography.", "contents": "Foveal lesions seen in retinitis pigmentosa. A total of 110 patients with retinitis pigmentosa were prospectively and consecutively evaluated for the presence of foveal lesions. Of these 69 (63 percent) patients showed one of two types of separate and distinct bilateral foveal lesions. Forty-seven (43 percent) patients had atrophic-appearing lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium within the fovea of both eyes, and an additional 22 (20 percent) patients showed bitalteral foveal cysts or partial-thickness holes. Of the 22 patients in this last group, 16 showed cystoid macular edema evident on fluorescein angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:921579", "title": "Orbital extension of Choroidal and ciliary body melanomas.", "content": "In a review of 432 choroidal and ciliary body melanomas, histopathologic evidence of orbital extension was found in 45 cases (10.4 percent). The occurrence of orbital extension was influenced mainly by the cell type (P less than .05) and by the size of the choroidal mass (P less than .001). Local orbital recurrence occurred in 23 percent of cases with evidence of extrascleral extension. Survival rates were independent of cell type, pigmentation, and size and shape of the extension. Patients treated by exenteration had significantly better prognosis than nontreated patients or patients treated by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or local excision (P equals .0002). Early exentration is the best treatment for choroidal melanomas with orbital extension.", "contents": "Orbital extension of Choroidal and ciliary body melanomas. In a review of 432 choroidal and ciliary body melanomas, histopathologic evidence of orbital extension was found in 45 cases (10.4 percent). The occurrence of orbital extension was influenced mainly by the cell type (P less than .05) and by the size of the choroidal mass (P less than .001). Local orbital recurrence occurred in 23 percent of cases with evidence of extrascleral extension. Survival rates were independent of cell type, pigmentation, and size and shape of the extension. Patients treated by exenteration had significantly better prognosis than nontreated patients or patients treated by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or local excision (P equals .0002). Early exentration is the best treatment for choroidal melanomas with orbital extension."}
{"id": "PMID:921580", "title": "Orbital involvement in 'sinus' histiocytosis. A report of four cases.", "content": "Sinus histiocytosis is a newly recognized benign disease affecting mainly children and young adults and usually having a protracted clinical course that is relatively unaffected by therapy. This paper describes four additional patients who had orbital involvement initially and reviews the salient clinical and histopathologic features of this entity. The outstanding clinical feature is cervical lymphadenopathy. Associated findings include low-grade fever, anemia, leukocytosis, and elevated IgG levels. A small percentage of patients develop proptosis with palpable orbital tumors. Such patients may not have appreciable lymphadenopathy. Progressive proptosis may lead to exposure keratitis, corneal ulceration, endophthalmitis, and loss of the eye. Histopathologically, the lymph nodes and orbital mass show a proliferation of large histiocytes intermixed with a variable proportion of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Lymphocytes and occasionally other cells derived from the hematopoietic system are commonly seen within the cytoplasm of the histiocytes.", "contents": "Orbital involvement in 'sinus' histiocytosis. A report of four cases. Sinus histiocytosis is a newly recognized benign disease affecting mainly children and young adults and usually having a protracted clinical course that is relatively unaffected by therapy. This paper describes four additional patients who had orbital involvement initially and reviews the salient clinical and histopathologic features of this entity. The outstanding clinical feature is cervical lymphadenopathy. Associated findings include low-grade fever, anemia, leukocytosis, and elevated IgG levels. A small percentage of patients develop proptosis with palpable orbital tumors. Such patients may not have appreciable lymphadenopathy. Progressive proptosis may lead to exposure keratitis, corneal ulceration, endophthalmitis, and loss of the eye. Histopathologically, the lymph nodes and orbital mass show a proliferation of large histiocytes intermixed with a variable proportion of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Lymphocytes and occasionally other cells derived from the hematopoietic system are commonly seen within the cytoplasm of the histiocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:921581", "title": "Conjunctival flora in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs.", "content": "The bacterial, fungal, and viral flora of the conjunctiva were compared in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs and in a control group of patients seen for routine eye examinations. The lysozyme concentration of the patients' tears was also measured. No significant difference was found in the number of positive cultures nor in tear lysozyme content in the two groups. A positive correlation was noted between increasing doses of prednisone and the number of bacterial organisms found in the patients' conjunctiva.", "contents": "Conjunctival flora in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs. The bacterial, fungal, and viral flora of the conjunctiva were compared in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs and in a control group of patients seen for routine eye examinations. The lysozyme concentration of the patients' tears was also measured. No significant difference was found in the number of positive cultures nor in tear lysozyme content in the two groups. A positive correlation was noted between increasing doses of prednisone and the number of bacterial organisms found in the patients' conjunctiva."}
{"id": "PMID:921582", "title": "Histopathologic findings in human eyes after pars plana vitrectomy and lensectomy.", "content": "Six eyes, four obtained at autopsy and two enucleated for neovascular glaucoma, were studied histopathologically between one week and 3 1/2 years after pars plana vitrectomy (some combined with lensectomy) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Fibrovascular proliferation at the sclerotomy site was minimal. Lensectomy through the pars plana proved to be quite complete. A cyclitic membrane was found in eyes with postoperative rubeosis irides. Excision of the vitreous from the posterior part of the vitreous cavity was quite complete except for remnants of stalks and membranes on the retinal surface.", "contents": "Histopathologic findings in human eyes after pars plana vitrectomy and lensectomy. Six eyes, four obtained at autopsy and two enucleated for neovascular glaucoma, were studied histopathologically between one week and 3 1/2 years after pars plana vitrectomy (some combined with lensectomy) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Fibrovascular proliferation at the sclerotomy site was minimal. Lensectomy through the pars plana proved to be quite complete. A cyclitic membrane was found in eyes with postoperative rubeosis irides. Excision of the vitreous from the posterior part of the vitreous cavity was quite complete except for remnants of stalks and membranes on the retinal surface."}
{"id": "PMID:921583", "title": "Surgical management of necrotizing scleritis.", "content": "We successfully used autogenous periosteum to reinforce the weakened sclera of two patients with necrotizing scleritis. One of these patients previously had an onlay scleral graft made from homologous banked sclera, which had subsequently melted. Autogenous periosteum is suggested as an alternative to banked sclera for scleral reinforcement.", "contents": "Surgical management of necrotizing scleritis. We successfully used autogenous periosteum to reinforce the weakened sclera of two patients with necrotizing scleritis. One of these patients previously had an onlay scleral graft made from homologous banked sclera, which had subsequently melted. Autogenous periosteum is suggested as an alternative to banked sclera for scleral reinforcement."}
{"id": "PMID:921584", "title": "Medial canthal tendon branches out.", "content": "A previously undescribed, superior supporting branch of the medial canthal tendon has been found by careful cadaver dissection. This branch unites the common tendon to the frontal bone; thus, it provides a superior support to the medial canthus. The posterior portion of the medial canthal tendon is a thin and weak structure, as  compared with its anterior companion. It inserts on the posterior lacrimal crest. While most surgeons contend that the posterior limb of the medial canthal tendon maintains the position of the medial canthus after either accidental or surgical disinsertion of the anterior tendon, it is likely that this superior supporting branch maintains the canthal position in these clinical conditions.", "contents": "Medial canthal tendon branches out. A previously undescribed, superior supporting branch of the medial canthal tendon has been found by careful cadaver dissection. This branch unites the common tendon to the frontal bone; thus, it provides a superior support to the medial canthus. The posterior portion of the medial canthal tendon is a thin and weak structure, as  compared with its anterior companion. It inserts on the posterior lacrimal crest. While most surgeons contend that the posterior limb of the medial canthal tendon maintains the position of the medial canthus after either accidental or surgical disinsertion of the anterior tendon, it is likely that this superior supporting branch maintains the canthal position in these clinical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:921585", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase levels and isoenzyme patterns in the serum and aqueous humor of adult cataract patients.", "content": "Serum and aqueous humor lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were assayed in 46 patients with senile cataracts at the time of cataract extraction. The mean aqueous level was 37 IU/liter and the mean serum level 152 IU/liter. In each case, the serum LDH level was higher than the corresponding aqueous LDH. The LDH isoenzyme levels were also determined; LDH 4 and LDH 5 were elevated in cataract aqueous samples, while the serum isoenzymes were normal. The LDH studies of normal and diseased globes must be rigorously standardized to avoid artificially high or low levels.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase levels and isoenzyme patterns in the serum and aqueous humor of adult cataract patients. Serum and aqueous humor lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were assayed in 46 patients with senile cataracts at the time of cataract extraction. The mean aqueous level was 37 IU/liter and the mean serum level 152 IU/liter. In each case, the serum LDH level was higher than the corresponding aqueous LDH. The LDH isoenzyme levels were also determined; LDH 4 and LDH 5 were elevated in cataract aqueous samples, while the serum isoenzymes were normal. The LDH studies of normal and diseased globes must be rigorously standardized to avoid artificially high or low levels."}
{"id": "PMID:921586", "title": "New foot switch panel for microsurgery.", "content": "The purpose of this panel is to provide an assistant a space for a relaxed position in microsurgery. Fifteen apparatuses can be controlled easily.", "contents": "New foot switch panel for microsurgery. The purpose of this panel is to provide an assistant a space for a relaxed position in microsurgery. Fifteen apparatuses can be controlled easily."}
{"id": "PMID:921587", "title": "[Kinking deformities in collagen (author's transl)].", "content": "The affect of stretch on collagen was investigated. Alterations of mechanical dimensions and thermostability of fibrils were measured and changes in fine structure determined by x-ray diffraction and electronmicroscopy. Collagen underwent changes both in tensile strength and fine structure following stretch beyond the physiological range. The severity of these changes depended both on the degree of stretch and the cross-link density of the collagen Fibrils either became split into bundles consisting of subfibrillar units or showed circumscribed kinking deformities. The mechanism producing kinking was investigated. It is possible that a connection exists between fibrillar kinking and tendon rupture.", "contents": "[Kinking deformities in collagen (author's transl)]. The affect of stretch on collagen was investigated. Alterations of mechanical dimensions and thermostability of fibrils were measured and changes in fine structure determined by x-ray diffraction and electronmicroscopy. Collagen underwent changes both in tensile strength and fine structure following stretch beyond the physiological range. The severity of these changes depended both on the degree of stretch and the cross-link density of the collagen Fibrils either became split into bundles consisting of subfibrillar units or showed circumscribed kinking deformities. The mechanism producing kinking was investigated. It is possible that a connection exists between fibrillar kinking and tendon rupture."}
{"id": "PMID:921588", "title": "[The action of high-concentrated fibria on bone healing (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of a biological tissue glue--based on fibrinogen clotting--on bone healing has been investigated in animal experiments. Standardized cortical defects in the tibiae of rabbits were closed with a plug of homologous or heterologous fibrin. The course of restoration has been studied using histological techniques, x-ray examinations and isotopes (Ci 99 TC). Heterologous fibrin delays bone formation, due to a local immune response. Homologous fibrin on the other hand cubances and accelerates sprouting of capillary vessels and connective tissue cells which results in rapid new formation of bone.", "contents": "[The action of high-concentrated fibria on bone healing (author's transl)]. The influence of a biological tissue glue--based on fibrinogen clotting--on bone healing has been investigated in animal experiments. Standardized cortical defects in the tibiae of rabbits were closed with a plug of homologous or heterologous fibrin. The course of restoration has been studied using histological techniques, x-ray examinations and isotopes (Ci 99 TC). Heterologous fibrin delays bone formation, due to a local immune response. Homologous fibrin on the other hand cubances and accelerates sprouting of capillary vessels and connective tissue cells which results in rapid new formation of bone."}
{"id": "PMID:921589", "title": "[Dynamic force resistance of different osteosynthetic procedures in pertrochanteric femoral fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "In a comparative experimental study stability of different extra- and intramedullar methods of osteosynthesis for stable and unstable pertrochanteric fractures has been examined under dynamical stress. For the treatment of stable pertrochanteric fractures in old patients the intramedullar methods of osteosynthesis (nailing by Ender of K\u00fcntscher) were shown to be biomechanically superior. Extramedullar osteosyntheses (130 degrees and 95 degrees angled plate) also guaranteed very high stability; under permanent stress however angled plates showed metal fatigue. In case of unstable pertrochanteric fractures the osteosyntheses with additional application of bone cement produced sufficient stability under permanent stress. The importance of reconstructing a stable medial support for the biomechanics of osteosynthetic materials was emphasized. According to our results especially the combination of 95 degrees angle-plates with bone cement permits immediate mobilisation of old patients in case of unstable pertrochanteric fractures.", "contents": "[Dynamic force resistance of different osteosynthetic procedures in pertrochanteric femoral fractures (author's transl)]. In a comparative experimental study stability of different extra- and intramedullar methods of osteosynthesis for stable and unstable pertrochanteric fractures has been examined under dynamical stress. For the treatment of stable pertrochanteric fractures in old patients the intramedullar methods of osteosynthesis (nailing by Ender of K\u00fcntscher) were shown to be biomechanically superior. Extramedullar osteosyntheses (130 degrees and 95 degrees angled plate) also guaranteed very high stability; under permanent stress however angled plates showed metal fatigue. In case of unstable pertrochanteric fractures the osteosyntheses with additional application of bone cement produced sufficient stability under permanent stress. The importance of reconstructing a stable medial support for the biomechanics of osteosynthetic materials was emphasized. According to our results especially the combination of 95 degrees angle-plates with bone cement permits immediate mobilisation of old patients in case of unstable pertrochanteric fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:921590", "title": "[The role of glomi (arteriovenous anastomoses) in the pathomechanisms of solitary enchondromas (author's transl)].", "content": "The author performed the histlologic examination of 62 solitary enchondromas located in the short tubular bones of the hand and the feet. In 25 cases the thinned cortical bone and its periosteum covering the lesion could be examined, too. Comparison with the controls revealed that the glomi (arteriovenous anastomoses) in the periosteum, or close to it were open in 1 case, strongly contracted in 9 cases, and closed in 15 cases. It is shown throughout the whole material that the pathologic tissue of the enchondromas has a poor vascular supply. In 14 out of 62 cases the septa amoung the cartilaginous lobes were filled with blood. In the vicinity of these, however, a regular osteoblastic ossification sets in. The above results lead to the conclusion that in the pathomechanism of the enchondromas the local hypoxaemia induced by functional disturbance of the glomi plays an important role in the proliferation of the bradytrophic cartilaginous tissue.", "contents": "[The role of glomi (arteriovenous anastomoses) in the pathomechanisms of solitary enchondromas (author's transl)]. The author performed the histlologic examination of 62 solitary enchondromas located in the short tubular bones of the hand and the feet. In 25 cases the thinned cortical bone and its periosteum covering the lesion could be examined, too. Comparison with the controls revealed that the glomi (arteriovenous anastomoses) in the periosteum, or close to it were open in 1 case, strongly contracted in 9 cases, and closed in 15 cases. It is shown throughout the whole material that the pathologic tissue of the enchondromas has a poor vascular supply. In 14 out of 62 cases the septa amoung the cartilaginous lobes were filled with blood. In the vicinity of these, however, a regular osteoblastic ossification sets in. The above results lead to the conclusion that in the pathomechanism of the enchondromas the local hypoxaemia induced by functional disturbance of the glomi plays an important role in the proliferation of the bradytrophic cartilaginous tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:921591", "title": "[A ceramic total hip endoprosthesis for implantation without bone cement. Preliminary report (author's transl)].", "content": "A new total hip endoprosthesis for implantation without bone cement is reported. This prosthesis consists of a ceramic socket and a titanium femoral component which is covered with a ceramic layer (Al2O3). The proximal end of the femoral component is shaped to a conus on which a ceramic ball for articulation with the socket is placed. Beside the construction principles the implantation technique and first clinical experiences are described.", "contents": "[A ceramic total hip endoprosthesis for implantation without bone cement. Preliminary report (author's transl)]. A new total hip endoprosthesis for implantation without bone cement is reported. This prosthesis consists of a ceramic socket and a titanium femoral component which is covered with a ceramic layer (Al2O3). The proximal end of the femoral component is shaped to a conus on which a ceramic ball for articulation with the socket is placed. Beside the construction principles the implantation technique and first clinical experiences are described."}
{"id": "PMID:921594", "title": "Management of epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Review of 80 cases.", "content": "Intranasal dermoplasty and estrogen therapy have been shown to be the most effective means of managing epistaxis in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. In a series of 80 patients studied, the most effective treatment was by intranasal dermoplasty; of 22 patients so treated, 14 had improvement for more than six months after surgery and six had improvement for one to six months. Regrafting for recurrent epistaxis was successful in four of five patients (improvement for more than six months). Estrogen was administered for systemic effect to 16 patients and produced improvement of more than six months' duration in eight and of one to six months' duration in three. Other forms of management were less effective for the prolonged control of epistaxis.", "contents": "Management of epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Review of 80 cases. Intranasal dermoplasty and estrogen therapy have been shown to be the most effective means of managing epistaxis in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. In a series of 80 patients studied, the most effective treatment was by intranasal dermoplasty; of 22 patients so treated, 14 had improvement for more than six months after surgery and six had improvement for one to six months. Regrafting for recurrent epistaxis was successful in four of five patients (improvement for more than six months). Estrogen was administered for systemic effect to 16 patients and produced improvement of more than six months' duration in eight and of one to six months' duration in three. Other forms of management were less effective for the prolonged control of epistaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:921595", "title": "Versatile Karapandzic lip reconstruction.", "content": "The Karapandzic reconstruction of lip defects is a versatile, anatomically sound, physiologically and cosmetically acceptable method that should be known to all surgeons who excise lip cancers. Because these myocutaneous advancement flaps have intact nerve and vascular supply, the physiologic functions for speech and managing food are quickly restored, in stark contrast to many other major lip reconstruction techniques.", "contents": "Versatile Karapandzic lip reconstruction. The Karapandzic reconstruction of lip defects is a versatile, anatomically sound, physiologically and cosmetically acceptable method that should be known to all surgeons who excise lip cancers. Because these myocutaneous advancement flaps have intact nerve and vascular supply, the physiologic functions for speech and managing food are quickly restored, in stark contrast to many other major lip reconstruction techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:921596", "title": "Intraoral open reduction.", "content": "The indications for intraoral open reduction of mandibular fractures are essentially the same as those for extraoral procedures. Advantages and disadvantages inherent in this technique are discussed. Intraoral open reduction offers a simple, direct approach to the treatment of certain mandibular fractures and offers advantages over the standard extraoral open reduction method. A review of the technical aspects of this approach is presented, and some potential problem areas are discussed.", "contents": "Intraoral open reduction. The indications for intraoral open reduction of mandibular fractures are essentially the same as those for extraoral procedures. Advantages and disadvantages inherent in this technique are discussed. Intraoral open reduction offers a simple, direct approach to the treatment of certain mandibular fractures and offers advantages over the standard extraoral open reduction method. A review of the technical aspects of this approach is presented, and some potential problem areas are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921597", "title": "Management of brachial plexus tumors.", "content": "Brachial plexus neoplasms are uncommon. When this diagnosis is suspected, the functional and anatomical integrity of the brachial plexus and cervical spinal cord must be carefully assessed. A thorough search for other signs of neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease) must also be completed. The distinction between neurilemoma and neurofibroma is an important and useful one to know. Evaluation by a pathologist who is well versed in neural tumors is mandatory for appropriate treatment of these usually benign lesions. Surgical intervention, adequately prepared on the basis of the patient's age, the amount of neural impairment, and the extent and histology of the tumor requires a surgeon who is experienced in peripheral nerve surgery and in microdissection techniques. Long-term follow-up is necessary to monitor the growth of known tumors, the detection of malignant change, and the appearance of other stigmata of von Recklinghausen's disease.", "contents": "Management of brachial plexus tumors. Brachial plexus neoplasms are uncommon. When this diagnosis is suspected, the functional and anatomical integrity of the brachial plexus and cervical spinal cord must be carefully assessed. A thorough search for other signs of neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease) must also be completed. The distinction between neurilemoma and neurofibroma is an important and useful one to know. Evaluation by a pathologist who is well versed in neural tumors is mandatory for appropriate treatment of these usually benign lesions. Surgical intervention, adequately prepared on the basis of the patient's age, the amount of neural impairment, and the extent and histology of the tumor requires a surgeon who is experienced in peripheral nerve surgery and in microdissection techniques. Long-term follow-up is necessary to monitor the growth of known tumors, the detection of malignant change, and the appearance of other stigmata of von Recklinghausen's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:921598", "title": "Hearing aid dispensing in the otolaryngological-audiological clinic.", "content": "Many professionals in the hearing health care field recognize the need for change in the hearing aid delivery system. Reported herein are the results of 30 months of direct dispensing experience within a private otolaryngological-audiological clinic. A review of the dispensing of 520 aids shows numerous advantages and minimal disadvantages of this approach. Equipment requirements, patient cost, fitting procedures, and problems incurred are described. Direct dispensing, along with professional management of the rehabilitative process by the otolaryngological-audiological team is advocated on the basis of the positive results to date.", "contents": "Hearing aid dispensing in the otolaryngological-audiological clinic. Many professionals in the hearing health care field recognize the need for change in the hearing aid delivery system. Reported herein are the results of 30 months of direct dispensing experience within a private otolaryngological-audiological clinic. A review of the dispensing of 520 aids shows numerous advantages and minimal disadvantages of this approach. Equipment requirements, patient cost, fitting procedures, and problems incurred are described. Direct dispensing, along with professional management of the rehabilitative process by the otolaryngological-audiological team is advocated on the basis of the positive results to date."}
{"id": "PMID:921599", "title": "Genetic hearing loss with preauricular sinus and branchiogenic fistula.", "content": "A mother and her two children had hearing loss associated with bilateral preauricular sinus and branchiogenic fistula. All six cochleas studied showed two turns rather than 2 1/2 turns. Complete studies including audiometry, tympanotomy findings, and temporal bone polytomography of these anomalies are reported. Similar cases reported in the English literature are reviewed. It seems that all previous cases may have had an abnormal cochlea as was seen in these cases.", "contents": "Genetic hearing loss with preauricular sinus and branchiogenic fistula. A mother and her two children had hearing loss associated with bilateral preauricular sinus and branchiogenic fistula. All six cochleas studied showed two turns rather than 2 1/2 turns. Complete studies including audiometry, tympanotomy findings, and temporal bone polytomography of these anomalies are reported. Similar cases reported in the English literature are reviewed. It seems that all previous cases may have had an abnormal cochlea as was seen in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:921600", "title": "Retropharyngeal abscess caused by atypical mycobacterium.", "content": "Mycobacterial retropharyngeal abscesses are usually secondary to cervical tuberculous osteomyelitis. A case is presented of a retropharyngeal abscess that was caused by the atypical mycobacteria with no mucous membrane or cervical spine involvement. The operative and medical management is discussed.", "contents": "Retropharyngeal abscess caused by atypical mycobacterium. Mycobacterial retropharyngeal abscesses are usually secondary to cervical tuberculous osteomyelitis. A case is presented of a retropharyngeal abscess that was caused by the atypical mycobacteria with no mucous membrane or cervical spine involvement. The operative and medical management is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921603", "title": "Increased fatigue of cochlear potentials after injection of KCl solution in the perilymph.", "content": "Cochlear microphonics (CM), action potentials (AP) and endochochlear potential (EP) were recorded on guinea pigs. The introduction of a small quantity of KCl solution (0.1 N) in the perilymph provoked a moderate decrease of CM and AP. During the period of depressed but stable amplitude, the presentation of intense sounds provoked an exaggerated susceptibility to fatigue and a delayed recovery. Similar changes were observed in the evolution of EP. However, the recovery was slower for EP than for CM. The results, as a whole, suggest that the fatigue which is manifested in the depression of cochlear potentials is related to a leakage of potassium ions from endolymph to fluids spaces within the organ of Corti.", "contents": "Increased fatigue of cochlear potentials after injection of KCl solution in the perilymph. Cochlear microphonics (CM), action potentials (AP) and endochochlear potential (EP) were recorded on guinea pigs. The introduction of a small quantity of KCl solution (0.1 N) in the perilymph provoked a moderate decrease of CM and AP. During the period of depressed but stable amplitude, the presentation of intense sounds provoked an exaggerated susceptibility to fatigue and a delayed recovery. Similar changes were observed in the evolution of EP. However, the recovery was slower for EP than for CM. The results, as a whole, suggest that the fatigue which is manifested in the depression of cochlear potentials is related to a leakage of potassium ions from endolymph to fluids spaces within the organ of Corti."}
{"id": "PMID:921604", "title": "Comparison of earlobe and promontorium recording sites in electrocochleography.", "content": "A compound cochlear action potential can be recorded in man from the promontorium, after perforation of the tympanic membrane. This same cochlear action potential (along with the responses of the brain stem auditory nuclei) can also be recorded by means of earlobe-vertex electrodes. Recordings were made in patients with chronic perforations of the tympanic membrane from the promontorium and simultaneously from the earlobe (-vertex) in order to see if there is a difference in response threshold. As click intensity was decreased, the responses disappeared in both recordings at about the same stimulus intensity (threshold). At near-threshold click intensities, the response seen in the promontorium recording was the compound cochlear action potential while in the earlobe vertex recording, the response often seen was seen was that from the inferior colliculus. Thus, in most cases, there is no real advantage to be gained by perforating the tympanic membrane in order to record from the promontorium since an identical response threshold can be obtained using surface electrodes.", "contents": "Comparison of earlobe and promontorium recording sites in electrocochleography. A compound cochlear action potential can be recorded in man from the promontorium, after perforation of the tympanic membrane. This same cochlear action potential (along with the responses of the brain stem auditory nuclei) can also be recorded by means of earlobe-vertex electrodes. Recordings were made in patients with chronic perforations of the tympanic membrane from the promontorium and simultaneously from the earlobe (-vertex) in order to see if there is a difference in response threshold. As click intensity was decreased, the responses disappeared in both recordings at about the same stimulus intensity (threshold). At near-threshold click intensities, the response seen in the promontorium recording was the compound cochlear action potential while in the earlobe vertex recording, the response often seen was seen was that from the inferior colliculus. Thus, in most cases, there is no real advantage to be gained by perforating the tympanic membrane in order to record from the promontorium since an identical response threshold can be obtained using surface electrodes."}
{"id": "PMID:921605", "title": "Brain stem response audiometry at speech frequencies.", "content": "Auditory-evoked brain stem response (BSR; wave V) was studied, using tone pips at three speech frequencies (500, 1 000 and 2 000 Hz) as stimuli. The tone pips consisted of 5-ms rise-decay times without a plateau. BSR recordings were made in 10 normal subjects and in 16 subjects with impaired hearing. In the normal subjects, BSR thresholds ranged from 10 to 20 dB SL at these three frequencies. In the subjects with impaired hearing, BSR thresholds corresponded well to conventional pure-tone thresholds at each frequency in cases of low- as well as high-frequency hearing loss. In all subjects with impaired hearing, the BSR thresholds were higher by as much as 25 dB than the pure-tone thresholds. The mean differences between these two thresholds at 500, 1 000 and 2 000 Hz were 11.3 +/- 8.0, 10.9 +/- 6.2 and 10.9 +/- 7.3 dB, respectively. Thus, we conclude that the BSR is useful for objective assessment of hearing thresholds at each of these speech frequencies.", "contents": "Brain stem response audiometry at speech frequencies. Auditory-evoked brain stem response (BSR; wave V) was studied, using tone pips at three speech frequencies (500, 1 000 and 2 000 Hz) as stimuli. The tone pips consisted of 5-ms rise-decay times without a plateau. BSR recordings were made in 10 normal subjects and in 16 subjects with impaired hearing. In the normal subjects, BSR thresholds ranged from 10 to 20 dB SL at these three frequencies. In the subjects with impaired hearing, BSR thresholds corresponded well to conventional pure-tone thresholds at each frequency in cases of low- as well as high-frequency hearing loss. In all subjects with impaired hearing, the BSR thresholds were higher by as much as 25 dB than the pure-tone thresholds. The mean differences between these two thresholds at 500, 1 000 and 2 000 Hz were 11.3 +/- 8.0, 10.9 +/- 6.2 and 10.9 +/- 7.3 dB, respectively. Thus, we conclude that the BSR is useful for objective assessment of hearing thresholds at each of these speech frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:921606", "title": "Auditory processing of frequency ramps.", "content": "Linear frequency ramps of a continuous pure tone have been used as stimuli, and behavioral thresholds for frequency change (DLF) as well as the slow cortical potentials evoked by such ramps have been studied on listeners with normal hearing and with various types of hearing losses. A group with cochlear hearing losses showed elevated DLFs as compared to the normal group by an average factor of 3, independent of ramp duration (10-500 ms). Corresponding to this finding, the slow evoked cortical potentials of the cochlear group had longer N1 latencies at small frequency ramps than those of the normal group. However, at larger ramps, this difference disappeared and turned into the opposite relation at the largest ramps. This result has been verified by a psychoacoustical method, indicating the existence of 'recruitment of pitch change'. In a number of subjects with retrocochlear lesions, the evoked cortical responses to frequency ramps were significantly different from those of the normal group as well as of the group with cochlear lesions.", "contents": "Auditory processing of frequency ramps. Linear frequency ramps of a continuous pure tone have been used as stimuli, and behavioral thresholds for frequency change (DLF) as well as the slow cortical potentials evoked by such ramps have been studied on listeners with normal hearing and with various types of hearing losses. A group with cochlear hearing losses showed elevated DLFs as compared to the normal group by an average factor of 3, independent of ramp duration (10-500 ms). Corresponding to this finding, the slow evoked cortical potentials of the cochlear group had longer N1 latencies at small frequency ramps than those of the normal group. However, at larger ramps, this difference disappeared and turned into the opposite relation at the largest ramps. This result has been verified by a psychoacoustical method, indicating the existence of 'recruitment of pitch change'. In a number of subjects with retrocochlear lesions, the evoked cortical responses to frequency ramps were significantly different from those of the normal group as well as of the group with cochlear lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:921607", "title": "Methodological problems in the determination of homolateral stapedius reflex threshold.", "content": "Generally, a bilateral symmetry of the acoustic stapedius reflex is assumed. But a homolaterally higher sensitivity has been described. We examined 71 patients with complete unilateral deafness. With a TDH 39 headphone, stimuli of intensities up to 133 dB were conveyed to the deaf ear. A fairly accurate estimate of the normal homolateral threshold is obtained by correcting for the cross-hearing loss and by mathematical consideration of the relative probabilities of the positive and negative cases. Methodology-specific influences are discussed and a correction made for them. The homolateral reflex threshold is 9-14 dB lower than the contralateral reflex threshold.", "contents": "Methodological problems in the determination of homolateral stapedius reflex threshold. Generally, a bilateral symmetry of the acoustic stapedius reflex is assumed. But a homolaterally higher sensitivity has been described. We examined 71 patients with complete unilateral deafness. With a TDH 39 headphone, stimuli of intensities up to 133 dB were conveyed to the deaf ear. A fairly accurate estimate of the normal homolateral threshold is obtained by correcting for the cross-hearing loss and by mathematical consideration of the relative probabilities of the positive and negative cases. Methodology-specific influences are discussed and a correction made for them. The homolateral reflex threshold is 9-14 dB lower than the contralateral reflex threshold."}
{"id": "PMID:921613", "title": "The treatment of dyspepsia.", "content": "Dyspepsia may result from over-indulgence in alcohol and food, or from anxiety and emotional problems. It may also indicate a peptic ulcer, oesophagitis or less commonly, gallstones or gastric cancer. Investigation by endoscopy or barium studies is always indicated when an organic lesion is suspected. Reassurance, tranquillizers and antispasmodics help patients with functional dyspepsia. Antacids given hourly between meals are important in the treatment of all symptomatic peptic ulcers. Cimetidine causes  rapid symptomatic relief of duodenal ulcer symptoms, and most ulcers will heal with six weeks' therapy. Gastric ulcer can be treated with carbenoxolone, but this drug is avoided in the elderly and in patients with cardiac failure or hypertension. Anticholinergic drugs are of value in duodenal ulcer, especially for night pain, but they should not be used in patients over the age of 50. Special diets are of no value. For the heartburn of oesophagitis, weight reduction and a regime of regular antacid therapy remain the important measures.", "contents": "The treatment of dyspepsia. Dyspepsia may result from over-indulgence in alcohol and food, or from anxiety and emotional problems. It may also indicate a peptic ulcer, oesophagitis or less commonly, gallstones or gastric cancer. Investigation by endoscopy or barium studies is always indicated when an organic lesion is suspected. Reassurance, tranquillizers and antispasmodics help patients with functional dyspepsia. Antacids given hourly between meals are important in the treatment of all symptomatic peptic ulcers. Cimetidine causes  rapid symptomatic relief of duodenal ulcer symptoms, and most ulcers will heal with six weeks' therapy. Gastric ulcer can be treated with carbenoxolone, but this drug is avoided in the elderly and in patients with cardiac failure or hypertension. Anticholinergic drugs are of value in duodenal ulcer, especially for night pain, but they should not be used in patients over the age of 50. Special diets are of no value. For the heartburn of oesophagitis, weight reduction and a regime of regular antacid therapy remain the important measures."}
{"id": "PMID:921608", "title": "An improved model for loudness coding during auditory adaptation.", "content": "A comparison of loudness adaptation measured at four baseline intensities and at test values 10 and 20 dB above the baseline intensities revealed an orderly decline. The magnitude of the decline in loudness adaptation with the increasing difference between the test values and the baseline was shown to agree with earlier theories. A method for closely estimating the change in loudness adaptation is presented in convenient graphic form and in algebraic equations.", "contents": "An improved model for loudness coding during auditory adaptation. A comparison of loudness adaptation measured at four baseline intensities and at test values 10 and 20 dB above the baseline intensities revealed an orderly decline. The magnitude of the decline in loudness adaptation with the increasing difference between the test values and the baseline was shown to agree with earlier theories. A method for closely estimating the change in loudness adaptation is presented in convenient graphic form and in algebraic equations."}
{"id": "PMID:921610", "title": "Occlusion effect: bone conduction speech audiometry using forehead and mastoid placement.", "content": "The occlusion effect (OE) was determined for bone conduction speech reception thresholds (SRTs) in 24 normally hearing subjects using forehead and mastoid placement. Results indicated that the OE was about 3 dB greater using forehead as opposed to mastoid placement. The intersubject variability of the OE is similar for the forehead and mastoid positions. The formula for effective masking for bone conduction speech should be equal to the minimum masking level for bone conduction speech plus the air-bone gap of the nontest ear plus 18 dB to account for the OE when using mastoid placement.", "contents": "Occlusion effect: bone conduction speech audiometry using forehead and mastoid placement. The occlusion effect (OE) was determined for bone conduction speech reception thresholds (SRTs) in 24 normally hearing subjects using forehead and mastoid placement. Results indicated that the OE was about 3 dB greater using forehead as opposed to mastoid placement. The intersubject variability of the OE is similar for the forehead and mastoid positions. The formula for effective masking for bone conduction speech should be equal to the minimum masking level for bone conduction speech plus the air-bone gap of the nontest ear plus 18 dB to account for the OE when using mastoid placement."}
{"id": "PMID:921609", "title": "Remote masking generated by high-frequency two-tone complexes.", "content": "Auditory masking generated by two-tone complexes centered around 7 000 Hz was measured in 10 young adults with normal hearing sensitivity as a function of the frequency separation (deltaf) and SPL of the masker's components. Remote masking (1) was evident for test signals in the frequency region corresponding to the masker's deltaf; (2) increased with masker SPL, but at a rate less than that usually observed when lower frequency bands of noise are used as maskers, and (3) was relatively constant in magnitude for a given SPL as a function of the masker's deltaf. The masking produced in low-frequency regions by high-frequency two-tone complexes adds support to the hypothesis that remote masking is primarily a result of aural distortion.", "contents": "Remote masking generated by high-frequency two-tone complexes. Auditory masking generated by two-tone complexes centered around 7 000 Hz was measured in 10 young adults with normal hearing sensitivity as a function of the frequency separation (deltaf) and SPL of the masker's components. Remote masking (1) was evident for test signals in the frequency region corresponding to the masker's deltaf; (2) increased with masker SPL, but at a rate less than that usually observed when lower frequency bands of noise are used as maskers, and (3) was relatively constant in magnitude for a given SPL as a function of the masker's deltaf. The masking produced in low-frequency regions by high-frequency two-tone complexes adds support to the hypothesis that remote masking is primarily a result of aural distortion."}
{"id": "PMID:921617", "title": "Problems in general anaesthesia. Obstetrics.", "content": "An understanding of the physiological changes seen in late pregnancy, avoidance of the supine posture, together with routine administration of alkali during labour and a careful anaesthetic technique will enable the anaesthetist to avoid many of the potential problems of obstetric anaesthesia.", "contents": "Problems in general anaesthesia. Obstetrics. An understanding of the physiological changes seen in late pregnancy, avoidance of the supine posture, together with routine administration of alkali during labour and a careful anaesthetic technique will enable the anaesthetist to avoid many of the potential problems of obstetric anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:921618", "title": "Regional blocks and their difficulties. Epidural.", "content": "The epidural must be regarded as a technique which requires a high level of understanding, and it should be used only by people who have received adequate training. When a spinal technique is thought to be preferable to general anaesthesia for surgical operations, the majority of cases would be managed more certainly and in greater safety by the subarachnoid technique. In obstetrics, the use of the epidural for relieving the pain of first stage labour, though excellent in experienced hands, is the situation above all others requiring great understanding on the part of doctors and nurses alike. The epidural (usually caudal) technique is the ideal method of analgesia for forceps delivery, but in view of the possibility of its associated side effects and complications arising while the operator is occupied with the obstetrical problem, the analgesia and the obstetrics should be managed by separate individuals.", "contents": "Regional blocks and their difficulties. Epidural. The epidural must be regarded as a technique which requires a high level of understanding, and it should be used only by people who have received adequate training. When a spinal technique is thought to be preferable to general anaesthesia for surgical operations, the majority of cases would be managed more certainly and in greater safety by the subarachnoid technique. In obstetrics, the use of the epidural for relieving the pain of first stage labour, though excellent in experienced hands, is the situation above all others requiring great understanding on the part of doctors and nurses alike. The epidural (usually caudal) technique is the ideal method of analgesia for forceps delivery, but in view of the possibility of its associated side effects and complications arising while the operator is occupied with the obstetrical problem, the analgesia and the obstetrics should be managed by separate individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:921619", "title": "Regional blocks and their difficulties. Brachial plexus.", "content": "The effective and safe use of brachial plexus block anaesthesia requires the careful practice of a simple technique, a healthy regard for its potential general and local complications, and due consideration for the patient's psychological comfort. Providing combined anaesthesia and motor block and a variable period of postoperative analgesia, it is the preferred anaesthetic for many forms of hand surgery. Further, it is a valuable alternative for most of the surgery of the upper limb in patients in whom general anaesthesia is particularly hazardous.", "contents": "Regional blocks and their difficulties. Brachial plexus. The effective and safe use of brachial plexus block anaesthesia requires the careful practice of a simple technique, a healthy regard for its potential general and local complications, and due consideration for the patient's psychological comfort. Providing combined anaesthesia and motor block and a variable period of postoperative analgesia, it is the preferred anaesthetic for many forms of hand surgery. Further, it is a valuable alternative for most of the surgery of the upper limb in patients in whom general anaesthesia is particularly hazardous."}
{"id": "PMID:921620", "title": "Regional blocks and their difficulties. Spinal.", "content": "Low spinal analgesia remains a safe, reliable, simple and economical method for perineal surgery. If strict rules are followed during injection, and hypotension is sensibly managed, the technique is devoid of serious complications.", "contents": "Regional blocks and their difficulties. Spinal. Low spinal analgesia remains a safe, reliable, simple and economical method for perineal surgery. If strict rules are followed during injection, and hypotension is sensibly managed, the technique is devoid of serious complications."}
{"id": "PMID:921621", "title": "Anaesthetic machine hazards.", "content": "The anaesthetist is ultimately responsible for ensuring that the machine used for a particular anaesthetic is in a safe condition before the procedure is commenced. He can only do this if he understands how the machine operates, and has established for himself a checking procedure which will uncover potentially lethal faults in the apparatus. The importance of a systematic and thorough check cannot be overemphasized. Continuing monitoring of the machine and the patient during the anaesthetic is mandatory.", "contents": "Anaesthetic machine hazards. The anaesthetist is ultimately responsible for ensuring that the machine used for a particular anaesthetic is in a safe condition before the procedure is commenced. He can only do this if he understands how the machine operates, and has established for himself a checking procedure which will uncover potentially lethal faults in the apparatus. The importance of a systematic and thorough check cannot be overemphasized. Continuing monitoring of the machine and the patient during the anaesthetic is mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:921624", "title": "Computerized instant drug information.", "content": "Challenges facing doctors when prescribing are listed. Immediate access to all known contraindications, side effects and interactions about a drug, or combination of drugs, would be advantageous to all doctors and pharmacists. A proposal for a rapid, readily accessible computerized system on adverse drug information is outlined. Benefits, such as the possible discovery of contraindications of interactions, hitherto unknown, are considered.", "contents": "Computerized instant drug information. Challenges facing doctors when prescribing are listed. Immediate access to all known contraindications, side effects and interactions about a drug, or combination of drugs, would be advantageous to all doctors and pharmacists. A proposal for a rapid, readily accessible computerized system on adverse drug information is outlined. Benefits, such as the possible discovery of contraindications of interactions, hitherto unknown, are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:921630", "title": "What drug information does the general practitioner need?", "content": "There is a great need for imporved drug information services within the Australian medical community. The need has been only partly assessed and should be more objectively surveyed as part of any development of drug information services. Whatever service is established, it should be easily accessible, pay particular attention to the language used in communication, and have a significant ongoing educational component.", "contents": "What drug information does the general practitioner need? There is a great need for imporved drug information services within the Australian medical community. The need has been only partly assessed and should be more objectively surveyed as part of any development of drug information services. Whatever service is established, it should be easily accessible, pay particular attention to the language used in communication, and have a significant ongoing educational component."}
{"id": "PMID:921632", "title": "Effect of lipid solvents on cutaneous moisture loss.", "content": "Application of various lipid solvents and dimethyl sulphoxide to the skin of cattle, sheep, eland and African buffalo exposed to an air temperature of 20 degrees C caused an increase in cutaneous moisture loss. The effect did not occur after exposure to an air temperature of 40 degrees C or after adrenaline administration. Blockage of sweating by either bethanidine or phenoxybenzamine did not affect the response. Camel, donkey, dog and man showed no increase in cutaneous moisture loss after lipid solvent application to the skin. It is concluded that lipid solvents directly stimulate the secretory cells of the sweat glands of members of the family Bovidae and that this is not due to the release of transmitter substance nor to stimulation of adrenergic receptors, but is due to direct stimulation of the sweat glands themselves.", "contents": "Effect of lipid solvents on cutaneous moisture loss. Application of various lipid solvents and dimethyl sulphoxide to the skin of cattle, sheep, eland and African buffalo exposed to an air temperature of 20 degrees C caused an increase in cutaneous moisture loss. The effect did not occur after exposure to an air temperature of 40 degrees C or after adrenaline administration. Blockage of sweating by either bethanidine or phenoxybenzamine did not affect the response. Camel, donkey, dog and man showed no increase in cutaneous moisture loss after lipid solvent application to the skin. It is concluded that lipid solvents directly stimulate the secretory cells of the sweat glands of members of the family Bovidae and that this is not due to the release of transmitter substance nor to stimulation of adrenergic receptors, but is due to direct stimulation of the sweat glands themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:921633", "title": "Fate of cyst(e)ine synthesized by microbial activity in the ruminant caecum.", "content": "Cyst(e)ine synthesized by microorganisms in the caecum of sheep was labelled following the infusion of Na2 35SO4 into the terminal ileum. [35S]Cyst(e)ine activity was detected in the faeces, but not in plasma or wool. Appreciable absorption of 35S, presumably in the form of sulphide, into the circulation occurred, and its presence in saliva was demonstrated. It was concluded that nutritionally negligible quantities of cyst(e)ine are likely to be absorbed from the ovine large intestine.", "contents": "Fate of cyst(e)ine synthesized by microbial activity in the ruminant caecum. Cyst(e)ine synthesized by microorganisms in the caecum of sheep was labelled following the infusion of Na2 35SO4 into the terminal ileum. [35S]Cyst(e)ine activity was detected in the faeces, but not in plasma or wool. Appreciable absorption of 35S, presumably in the form of sulphide, into the circulation occurred, and its presence in saliva was demonstrated. It was concluded that nutritionally negligible quantities of cyst(e)ine are likely to be absorbed from the ovine large intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:921634", "title": "Responses of thyroid activity to feed restriction in the goat.", "content": "A study of the effect of restriction of feed intake on the deiodination, faecal excretion, distribution and secretion of thyroid hormones was carried out in a group of eight young male goats. In the control goats fed ad libitum no changes in the concentration of circulating thyroxine were observed with increasing age or body weight during the experimental period; however, an increase in thyroxine secretion rate per animal was apparent with increasing age or body weight of the goats. In feed-restricted goats, no changes in the peripheral deiodination of [125I]thyroxine were observed, though significantly reduced faecal excretion of [125I]thyroxine was seen in goats restricted to 50 or 20% of their ad libitum feed intake. Both thyroxine turnover rate and thyroxine distribution volume were reduced by feed restriction. The secretion rate of thyroxine was reduced to 45% of the rate in ad libitum fed animals when feed intake was restricted to 20%. Calculation of thyroxine secretion rate per kilogram 0-75 body weight showed a highly significant correlation with feed intake. It was concluded that the marked reduction in thyroid activity occurring when feed restriction was imposed would be expected to cause a physiologically significant reduction in metabolic activity.", "contents": "Responses of thyroid activity to feed restriction in the goat. A study of the effect of restriction of feed intake on the deiodination, faecal excretion, distribution and secretion of thyroid hormones was carried out in a group of eight young male goats. In the control goats fed ad libitum no changes in the concentration of circulating thyroxine were observed with increasing age or body weight during the experimental period; however, an increase in thyroxine secretion rate per animal was apparent with increasing age or body weight of the goats. In feed-restricted goats, no changes in the peripheral deiodination of [125I]thyroxine were observed, though significantly reduced faecal excretion of [125I]thyroxine was seen in goats restricted to 50 or 20% of their ad libitum feed intake. Both thyroxine turnover rate and thyroxine distribution volume were reduced by feed restriction. The secretion rate of thyroxine was reduced to 45% of the rate in ad libitum fed animals when feed intake was restricted to 20%. Calculation of thyroxine secretion rate per kilogram 0-75 body weight showed a highly significant correlation with feed intake. It was concluded that the marked reduction in thyroid activity occurring when feed restriction was imposed would be expected to cause a physiologically significant reduction in metabolic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:921635", "title": "Effect of ingestion of oestrogenic clover on luteinizing hormone release in the ovariectomized ewe.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration was measured in the jugular plasma of six groups of ovariectomized ewes which were fed oestrogenic clover (Trifolium subterranean L. Gray cv. Yarloop) for 3 days. Ewes in groups B, D and F received an injection of oestradiol-17beta (E2) 24 h after first being offered clover, whilst ewes in groups A, C and E received no oestrogen treatment. Following the initial ingestion of clover, plasma LH concentrations for all groups fell within 3 h and then increased significantly. Each subsequent feeding of clover usually resulted in a temporary decrease and then an elevation of the LH concentrations. When ewes in groups B, D and F were injected with E2, LH concentrations fell and remained low for approximately 9 h, then increased to a peak of 72-3 +/- 10-4 ng/ml within 5 h. The LH concentrations remained elevated for a period of about 12 h. The present paper indicates that the ingestion of oestrogenic clover by ovariectomized ewes results in a depression and then a release of LH, and that this release does not appear to deplete the pituitary of LH or cause refractoriness to an oestrogenic stimulus.", "contents": "Effect of ingestion of oestrogenic clover on luteinizing hormone release in the ovariectomized ewe. Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration was measured in the jugular plasma of six groups of ovariectomized ewes which were fed oestrogenic clover (Trifolium subterranean L. Gray cv. Yarloop) for 3 days. Ewes in groups B, D and F received an injection of oestradiol-17beta (E2) 24 h after first being offered clover, whilst ewes in groups A, C and E received no oestrogen treatment. Following the initial ingestion of clover, plasma LH concentrations for all groups fell within 3 h and then increased significantly. Each subsequent feeding of clover usually resulted in a temporary decrease and then an elevation of the LH concentrations. When ewes in groups B, D and F were injected with E2, LH concentrations fell and remained low for approximately 9 h, then increased to a peak of 72-3 +/- 10-4 ng/ml within 5 h. The LH concentrations remained elevated for a period of about 12 h. The present paper indicates that the ingestion of oestrogenic clover by ovariectomized ewes results in a depression and then a release of LH, and that this release does not appear to deplete the pituitary of LH or cause refractoriness to an oestrogenic stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:921639", "title": "Association of a parvovirus with an outbreak of foetal death and mummification in pigs.", "content": "A parvovirus was isolated during an outbreak of mummifications and abortions in a commercial piggery. Stillborn piglets from which virus was isolated or in which parvovirus antibody was detected had widespread inflammatory lesions. Lesions were also seen in apparently healthy piglets from affected litters.", "contents": "Association of a parvovirus with an outbreak of foetal death and mummification in pigs. A parvovirus was isolated during an outbreak of mummifications and abortions in a commercial piggery. Stillborn piglets from which virus was isolated or in which parvovirus antibody was detected had widespread inflammatory lesions. Lesions were also seen in apparently healthy piglets from affected litters."}
{"id": "PMID:921640", "title": "Plasma constituents of \"downer\" sheep slaughtered at an abattoir.", "content": "Haematocrit values and plasma glucose, calcium and magnesium concentrations were determined in blood samples collected at slaughter from 105 sheep that were prostrate, comatose, and unable to stand (downer sheep) on arrival at a Queensland meatworks. These values were compared to published normal concentration ranges of these plasma constituents and to values from blood samples taken from 107 apparently normal animals at slaughter. Eleven per cent of the \"downer\" sheep were considered hypocalcaemic, 13% showed varying degrees of hypoglycaemia and 22% were considered hyperglycaemic.", "contents": "Plasma constituents of \"downer\" sheep slaughtered at an abattoir. Haematocrit values and plasma glucose, calcium and magnesium concentrations were determined in blood samples collected at slaughter from 105 sheep that were prostrate, comatose, and unable to stand (downer sheep) on arrival at a Queensland meatworks. These values were compared to published normal concentration ranges of these plasma constituents and to values from blood samples taken from 107 apparently normal animals at slaughter. Eleven per cent of the \"downer\" sheep were considered hypocalcaemic, 13% showed varying degrees of hypoglycaemia and 22% were considered hyperglycaemic."}
{"id": "PMID:921641", "title": "Percutaneous cardiac puncture in domestic pigs.", "content": "Blood sampling by percutaneous cardiac puncture was carried out in 69 domestic pigs. The procedure was shown to be safe and to produce reproducible data. The technique can be carried out without anaesthesia. Repeated sampling is possible over minutes, hours or days, and a wide range of sample volumes can be achieved by this technique.", "contents": "Percutaneous cardiac puncture in domestic pigs. Blood sampling by percutaneous cardiac puncture was carried out in 69 domestic pigs. The procedure was shown to be safe and to produce reproducible data. The technique can be carried out without anaesthesia. Repeated sampling is possible over minutes, hours or days, and a wide range of sample volumes can be achieved by this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:921642", "title": "Trichomas infection in a bull--an apparent change in serotype of the infecting organism.", "content": "Routine serotyping of T. foetus isolates from a bull and infected cows showed that the strain in the bull had apparently changed from var. brisbane to var. belfast over a period of 4 months between tests. The significance of this change in the predominance of one serotype over another in mixed infections in vitro and in herds was discussed. The report indicates that the phenomenon should be considered in studies on the epidemiology of trichomoniasis.", "contents": "Trichomas infection in a bull--an apparent change in serotype of the infecting organism. Routine serotyping of T. foetus isolates from a bull and infected cows showed that the strain in the bull had apparently changed from var. brisbane to var. belfast over a period of 4 months between tests. The significance of this change in the predominance of one serotype over another in mixed infections in vitro and in herds was discussed. The report indicates that the phenomenon should be considered in studies on the epidemiology of trichomoniasis."}
{"id": "PMID:921643", "title": "Modifications of the McMaster worm egg counting method.", "content": "Modifications of the McMaster egg counting technique are presented and discussed including the breaking up of hard faecal pellets, removal of air bubbles prior to counting, avoidance of salt spillage on the counting microscope and the use of sodium azide for preventing development of nematode eggs in field samples.", "contents": "Modifications of the McMaster worm egg counting method. Modifications of the McMaster egg counting technique are presented and discussed including the breaking up of hard faecal pellets, removal of air bubbles prior to counting, avoidance of salt spillage on the counting microscope and the use of sodium azide for preventing development of nematode eggs in field samples."}
{"id": "PMID:921647", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: I. Fatal aircraft accidents.", "content": "The Department of Aviation Pathology was established at RAF Halton in 1955, and is now 21 years old; the early history of aviation pathology and the establishment of the department following the Comet disaster in 1954 are briefly recounted. The past work of the department and possible future trends are discussed, including the importance of helicopter accidents, the value of periodical medical examination, the problems in large passenger aircraft crashes and the subsequent medico-legal difficulties.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: I. Fatal aircraft accidents. The Department of Aviation Pathology was established at RAF Halton in 1955, and is now 21 years old; the early history of aviation pathology and the establishment of the department following the Comet disaster in 1954 are briefly recounted. The past work of the department and possible future trends are discussed, including the importance of helicopter accidents, the value of periodical medical examination, the problems in large passenger aircraft crashes and the subsequent medico-legal difficulties."}
{"id": "PMID:921648", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: II. Epidemiology of military air display accidents.", "content": "The paper examines fatal Canadian military air display accidents occurring between March 1, 1956, and March 1, 1974. They are discussed in detail from a human factors point of view. It was found that single and separated pilots tended to be at high risk compared with their married counterparts and most of the fatally injured pilots had less than 2,000 h total flying time. Time on type was shown to be less important than total flight time, and age in itself was unrelated to the incidence of fatal accidents. Spontaneity and deviation from prearranged plans was featured in many of the accidents. Human failure in the cockpit appears to be less frequent in air display fatalities than in fatal accidents occurring in routine operations; however, human failure in supervision accounted for 30% of the display accident cause factors, a figure much higher than in nonaerobatic fatal accidents. Finally, evidence indicates that it is possible to select and operate an aerobatic team in which the risk of a fatality is low, provided a few simple guidelines are observed by the team selectors and the team members.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: II. Epidemiology of military air display accidents. The paper examines fatal Canadian military air display accidents occurring between March 1, 1956, and March 1, 1974. They are discussed in detail from a human factors point of view. It was found that single and separated pilots tended to be at high risk compared with their married counterparts and most of the fatally injured pilots had less than 2,000 h total flying time. Time on type was shown to be less important than total flight time, and age in itself was unrelated to the incidence of fatal accidents. Spontaneity and deviation from prearranged plans was featured in many of the accidents. Human failure in the cockpit appears to be less frequent in air display fatalities than in fatal accidents occurring in routine operations; however, human failure in supervision accounted for 30% of the display accident cause factors, a figure much higher than in nonaerobatic fatal accidents. Finally, evidence indicates that it is possible to select and operate an aerobatic team in which the risk of a fatality is low, provided a few simple guidelines are observed by the team selectors and the team members."}
{"id": "PMID:921649", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: III. Some influences of restraint harness design on accident pathology.", "content": "Careful investigation of restraint harness function can reveal the mechanism of failure and, by rectification, prevent repetition of such failures. The investigation can also lead to alteration in the specification for restraint harnesses, and so eliminate weaknesses in future design. The aviation pathologist can play an important part in the assessment of the efficiency of a restraint system in use. His assessment can sometimes be more revealing than laboratory tests, as the unforeseen event often reveals unknown weaknesses.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: III. Some influences of restraint harness design on accident pathology. Careful investigation of restraint harness function can reveal the mechanism of failure and, by rectification, prevent repetition of such failures. The investigation can also lead to alteration in the specification for restraint harnesses, and so eliminate weaknesses in future design. The aviation pathologist can play an important part in the assessment of the efficiency of a restraint system in use. His assessment can sometimes be more revealing than laboratory tests, as the unforeseen event often reveals unknown weaknesses."}
{"id": "PMID:921650", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: IV. Crew behavior in accident causation.", "content": "The behavioral intercrew dynamics were investigated in three fatal air carrier accidents. This is apparently the original research done on this vital safety area and certain important factors have been identified for use in the prevention of future accidents. It is seen that a pilot in a flying situation is, in reality, a processor of information encompassing a system of behavior patterns. A failure in the information processing modes may be contributory to accident causation. The processing system contains four interrelated phases: 1) sensing the incoming information (Perception); 2) analyzing and understanding the processed information (Comprehension); 3) making a decision based on the understanding (Decision); and 4) performing or not performing some physical act based on the decision (Action). The dynamic factors of selective inattention, ego function, and level of awareness are present in all crew behavior. If any one of these dynamic factors affects the performance of the flight task, the behavior may lead to inappropriate performance. This may result in a fatal accident. Conclusions concerning accident prevention are drawn from this study.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: IV. Crew behavior in accident causation. The behavioral intercrew dynamics were investigated in three fatal air carrier accidents. This is apparently the original research done on this vital safety area and certain important factors have been identified for use in the prevention of future accidents. It is seen that a pilot in a flying situation is, in reality, a processor of information encompassing a system of behavior patterns. A failure in the information processing modes may be contributory to accident causation. The processing system contains four interrelated phases: 1) sensing the incoming information (Perception); 2) analyzing and understanding the processed information (Comprehension); 3) making a decision based on the understanding (Decision); and 4) performing or not performing some physical act based on the decision (Action). The dynamic factors of selective inattention, ego function, and level of awareness are present in all crew behavior. If any one of these dynamic factors affects the performance of the flight task, the behavior may lead to inappropriate performance. This may result in a fatal accident. Conclusions concerning accident prevention are drawn from this study."}
{"id": "PMID:921651", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: V. The psychologist and flying accidents.", "content": "Flying accidents which are caused by human factors short-comings are an area of legitimate concern to the psychologist. This paper briefly reviews and assesses some of the ways in which psychologists have attempted to tackle the problems in terms of personality, skill, and environmental and domestic stress. It is suggested that the evidence is such as to suggest that it is not any single one, but the various possible combinations of these factors which are important.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: V. The psychologist and flying accidents. Flying accidents which are caused by human factors short-comings are an area of legitimate concern to the psychologist. This paper briefly reviews and assesses some of the ways in which psychologists have attempted to tackle the problems in terms of personality, skill, and environmental and domestic stress. It is suggested that the evidence is such as to suggest that it is not any single one, but the various possible combinations of these factors which are important."}
{"id": "PMID:921652", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: VI. Cause of death in aircraft accidents: drowning vs. traumatic injuries.", "content": "Sometimes it is difficult to differentiate between injuries and drowning as a cause of death in aircraft-accident fatalities. There are certain anatomic and chemical changes that are compatible with drowning, but there is no single change that is diagnostic of drowning. Drowning is a diagnosis that can be made only after all other causes of death have been excluded. Only after a complete review of the circumstances surrounding the accident and the performance of a thorough autopsy can a correct diagnosis be made when there is a possibility of drowning.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: VI. Cause of death in aircraft accidents: drowning vs. traumatic injuries. Sometimes it is difficult to differentiate between injuries and drowning as a cause of death in aircraft-accident fatalities. There are certain anatomic and chemical changes that are compatible with drowning, but there is no single change that is diagnostic of drowning. Drowning is a diagnosis that can be made only after all other causes of death have been excluded. Only after a complete review of the circumstances surrounding the accident and the performance of a thorough autopsy can a correct diagnosis be made when there is a possibility of drowning."}
{"id": "PMID:921653", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: VII. Aviation pathology in relation to aviation safety.", "content": "The mainstay of accident-prevention programs--and accident prevention programs, after all is said and done, are the ultimate objective--has been to educate populations exposed to certain hazards with respect to the nature of the risks involved. While human engineering can frequently limit or diminish the hazard potential in a given situation, it is unlikely that mechanical contrivances alone will offer a pragmatic solution to the human-factor accident. I would invite this group to expend its talent in further developing the application of clinical pathology as well as pathologic anatomy to the still-unanswered problems in aviation safety and join with us at the Naval Safety Center in an effort to make our air operation as safe as possible.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: VII. Aviation pathology in relation to aviation safety. The mainstay of accident-prevention programs--and accident prevention programs, after all is said and done, are the ultimate objective--has been to educate populations exposed to certain hazards with respect to the nature of the risks involved. While human engineering can frequently limit or diminish the hazard potential in a given situation, it is unlikely that mechanical contrivances alone will offer a pragmatic solution to the human-factor accident. I would invite this group to expend its talent in further developing the application of clinical pathology as well as pathologic anatomy to the still-unanswered problems in aviation safety and join with us at the Naval Safety Center in an effort to make our air operation as safe as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:921654", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: VIII. Medical investigator preparedness for aircraft accident investigation.", "content": "The statutory authority and responsibility of the National Transportation Safety Board in the investigation and determination of the probable cause of aviation accidents is described. The Independent Safety Board Act of 1974 acknowledges the importance of obtaining data regarding trauma sustained in an accident by survivors, as well as those persons injured fatally. Information regarding occupant injuries, coupled with extensive examination of the aircraft wreckage, is necessary in order to identify hazards which inflicted the injuries. The human factors investigator is responsible for reporting the facts, conditions, and circumstances relating to first, the accident causation and, second, the injury causation. These two areas, of necessity, rely quite heavily upon the postmortem examination and laboratory analyses of the cras victims. The Safety Board's investigation must determine if a crewmember suffered from a preexisting disease, whether the crew had ingested drugs contraindicated with their flying duties, as well as a description of all injuries and all toxicological and histological findings for crew and passengers. During Safety Board investigations conducted in densely populated cites, over oceans, and in remote areas, both in the United States and overseas, many situations have developed which have caused musch investigative effort due to less than complete postmortem examinations. These situations, in most instances, could have been averted by advance planning by local authorities.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: VIII. Medical investigator preparedness for aircraft accident investigation. The statutory authority and responsibility of the National Transportation Safety Board in the investigation and determination of the probable cause of aviation accidents is described. The Independent Safety Board Act of 1974 acknowledges the importance of obtaining data regarding trauma sustained in an accident by survivors, as well as those persons injured fatally. Information regarding occupant injuries, coupled with extensive examination of the aircraft wreckage, is necessary in order to identify hazards which inflicted the injuries. The human factors investigator is responsible for reporting the facts, conditions, and circumstances relating to first, the accident causation and, second, the injury causation. These two areas, of necessity, rely quite heavily upon the postmortem examination and laboratory analyses of the cras victims. The Safety Board's investigation must determine if a crewmember suffered from a preexisting disease, whether the crew had ingested drugs contraindicated with their flying duties, as well as a description of all injuries and all toxicological and histological findings for crew and passengers. During Safety Board investigations conducted in densely populated cites, over oceans, and in remote areas, both in the United States and overseas, many situations have developed which have caused musch investigative effort due to less than complete postmortem examinations. These situations, in most instances, could have been averted by advance planning by local authorities."}
{"id": "PMID:921655", "title": "Joint Committee of Aviation Pathology: X. Previous disease in aircrew killed in flying accidents.", "content": "This review article discusses the role of previous disease in military, private, and commercial pilots under the headings of occurrence, accident causation, and accident prevention. The importance of minor disease in military flying is stressed as are psychiatric disorders and alcoholism in general aviation. Disease of the coronary arteries is considered with special reference to commercial operations, where the importance of double crewing is emphasized. While symptomatic disease must always be significant, some of the problems associated with increasingly severe selection on the basis of asymptomatic disease are discussed.", "contents": "Joint Committee of Aviation Pathology: X. Previous disease in aircrew killed in flying accidents. This review article discusses the role of previous disease in military, private, and commercial pilots under the headings of occurrence, accident causation, and accident prevention. The importance of minor disease in military flying is stressed as are psychiatric disorders and alcoholism in general aviation. Disease of the coronary arteries is considered with special reference to commercial operations, where the importance of double crewing is emphasized. While symptomatic disease must always be significant, some of the problems associated with increasingly severe selection on the basis of asymptomatic disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921656", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XI. Evaluation and disposition of Army helicopter aviators with finger amputations.", "content": "During the period 1969-1975, 12 disqualified U.S. Army helicopter aviators with various finger amputations were evaluated by the U.S. Army Aeromedical Consultation Service for return to flying duties. The evaluations included both medical examinations and in-flight performance observed by aviation medicine specialists and standardization instructor pilots. The criteria for aeromedical disposition are presented with a discussion of the hand and finger requirements to fly U.S. Army UH-1 rotary wing aircraft. All evaluated aviators were presented to a board of senior U.S. Army flight surgeons, who recommended return to flying. Ten of the disqualified aviators were returned to unrestricted flying. Two required limitations to fly with another qualified aviator. At this time, 1 to 7 years after evaluation, 11 are current Army aviators. None have had to be reevaluated or suspended as a result of problems with their amputations. Not one of these aviators has had a fatal accident. The comprehensive medical and in-flight evaluations of well-motivated, disqualified aviator finger amputees has proven to be of benefit in retaining valued assets for U.S. Army aviation.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XI. Evaluation and disposition of Army helicopter aviators with finger amputations. During the period 1969-1975, 12 disqualified U.S. Army helicopter aviators with various finger amputations were evaluated by the U.S. Army Aeromedical Consultation Service for return to flying duties. The evaluations included both medical examinations and in-flight performance observed by aviation medicine specialists and standardization instructor pilots. The criteria for aeromedical disposition are presented with a discussion of the hand and finger requirements to fly U.S. Army UH-1 rotary wing aircraft. All evaluated aviators were presented to a board of senior U.S. Army flight surgeons, who recommended return to flying. Ten of the disqualified aviators were returned to unrestricted flying. Two required limitations to fly with another qualified aviator. At this time, 1 to 7 years after evaluation, 11 are current Army aviators. None have had to be reevaluated or suspended as a result of problems with their amputations. Not one of these aviators has had a fatal accident. The comprehensive medical and in-flight evaluations of well-motivated, disqualified aviator finger amputees has proven to be of benefit in retaining valued assets for U.S. Army aviation."}
{"id": "PMID:921657", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XII. Sarcoidosis: a review of some features of importance in aviation medicine.", "content": "Sarcoidosis is defined in terms of its histology and natural history. Emphasis is placed upon its insidious nature and potentially pronounced pathophysiological effects. The use of lung function studies as an index of disability in the three described phases is discussed. Though we have only found the disease coincidentally in aircraft accidents, stress is placed upon the need for careful monitoring of affected aircrew and the necessity for respiratory function tests.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XII. Sarcoidosis: a review of some features of importance in aviation medicine. Sarcoidosis is defined in terms of its histology and natural history. Emphasis is placed upon its insidious nature and potentially pronounced pathophysiological effects. The use of lung function studies as an index of disability in the three described phases is discussed. Though we have only found the disease coincidentally in aircraft accidents, stress is placed upon the need for careful monitoring of affected aircrew and the necessity for respiratory function tests."}
{"id": "PMID:921658", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XIII. Sarcoid and the heart--an aeromedical risk.", "content": "Sarcoid lesions of the heart are reported in 13% to 20% of sarcoidosis patients. Sudden death and ventricular arrhythmias occur in 40% to 50%. In view of this frequency and life-threatening significance, review of military aircrew with documented sarcoidosis for myocardial involvement was undertaken. Case records were available for 11 US Army, 19 US Air Force, and 6 US Navy patients. Four patients (11%) had significant cardiac abnormalities to include sustained ventricular arrhythmias, and acquired anteroseptal infarction pattern by ECG with nomal coronary angiography. ECG abnormalities were found in eight additional patients. Suspected involvement of the heart in 33% of this series warrants complete cardiovascular evaluation of the sarcoid patient prior to return to flying duties. A case report demonstrates the difficulty in evaluating ECG abnormalities in the antemortem diagnosis of sarcoid heart disease.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XIII. Sarcoid and the heart--an aeromedical risk. Sarcoid lesions of the heart are reported in 13% to 20% of sarcoidosis patients. Sudden death and ventricular arrhythmias occur in 40% to 50%. In view of this frequency and life-threatening significance, review of military aircrew with documented sarcoidosis for myocardial involvement was undertaken. Case records were available for 11 US Army, 19 US Air Force, and 6 US Navy patients. Four patients (11%) had significant cardiac abnormalities to include sustained ventricular arrhythmias, and acquired anteroseptal infarction pattern by ECG with nomal coronary angiography. ECG abnormalities were found in eight additional patients. Suspected involvement of the heart in 33% of this series warrants complete cardiovascular evaluation of the sarcoid patient prior to return to flying duties. A case report demonstrates the difficulty in evaluating ECG abnormalities in the antemortem diagnosis of sarcoid heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:921659", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XIV. Ischaemic heart disease: a problem in aircraft accident reconstruction.", "content": "A twin-engine light aircraft crashed at night on the third ILS approach. Runway Visual Range was 300 m. All four occupants were killed. The owner, aged 61, one of the two crew members, occupied the left-hand seat and was found to have an old, extensive antero-lateral infarct and severe coronary artery disease. There was no evidence of recent pathological change. A large number of drugs was found in the personal effects of the owner, including Allopurinol, Indomethacin, and Flurazepam. Subsequent investigation revealed that the owner had his PPL withdrawn 12 months prior to the accident on account of myocardial infarction. The problem of pilot control and the significance of cardiovascular disease as a possible cause for the accident are discussed.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XIV. Ischaemic heart disease: a problem in aircraft accident reconstruction. A twin-engine light aircraft crashed at night on the third ILS approach. Runway Visual Range was 300 m. All four occupants were killed. The owner, aged 61, one of the two crew members, occupied the left-hand seat and was found to have an old, extensive antero-lateral infarct and severe coronary artery disease. There was no evidence of recent pathological change. A large number of drugs was found in the personal effects of the owner, including Allopurinol, Indomethacin, and Flurazepam. Subsequent investigation revealed that the owner had his PPL withdrawn 12 months prior to the accident on account of myocardial infarction. The problem of pilot control and the significance of cardiovascular disease as a possible cause for the accident are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921660", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XV. Medical investigation of fatalities from aircraft-accident burns.", "content": "Burn deaths of medicolegal importance are of two main types: those in which the circumstances suggest that the fire was used to commit or conceal a homicide or suicide, and those that involve the public interest or safety, such as an aircraft accident fire. The great majority of fire deaths are accidental, but it would be foolish for anyone, particularly an aircraft accident investigator, to assume anything about a death associated with an aircraft fire. This paper will discuss the medical investigation of fatalities from aircraft-accident burns.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XV. Medical investigation of fatalities from aircraft-accident burns. Burn deaths of medicolegal importance are of two main types: those in which the circumstances suggest that the fire was used to commit or conceal a homicide or suicide, and those that involve the public interest or safety, such as an aircraft accident fire. The great majority of fire deaths are accidental, but it would be foolish for anyone, particularly an aircraft accident investigator, to assume anything about a death associated with an aircraft fire. This paper will discuss the medical investigation of fatalities from aircraft-accident burns."}
{"id": "PMID:921661", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XVI. Studies on the relation between carboxyhemoglobin concentration and toxicity.", "content": "A study was made on the effect of I.P. injection of 100% CO in dogs. Although elevated concentrations of COHb were obtained, no Co toxicity occurred. Inasmuch as the combination of CO and erythrocytes after I.P. injection of CO should be similar to that after inhaling CO, The lack of toxicity cannot be explained by Drabkin's \"Haldane effect.\" It is suggested that the lack of CO toxicity after I.P. injection was due to removal of dissolved CO from the blood by passage through the lungs. On the contrary, when Co is inhaled there is significant dissolved CO in the blood leaving the lungs and when it reaches the organs, especially the heart and brain. To cause toxicity, dissolved CO must be present in the blood to cross into the tissues and interfere with the combination of O2 and cytochrome a3. It is concluded that random COHb values may not be related to those obtained in studies of the relationship of human responses to COHb concentrations.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XVI. Studies on the relation between carboxyhemoglobin concentration and toxicity. A study was made on the effect of I.P. injection of 100% CO in dogs. Although elevated concentrations of COHb were obtained, no Co toxicity occurred. Inasmuch as the combination of CO and erythrocytes after I.P. injection of CO should be similar to that after inhaling CO, The lack of toxicity cannot be explained by Drabkin's \"Haldane effect.\" It is suggested that the lack of CO toxicity after I.P. injection was due to removal of dissolved CO from the blood by passage through the lungs. On the contrary, when Co is inhaled there is significant dissolved CO in the blood leaving the lungs and when it reaches the organs, especially the heart and brain. To cause toxicity, dissolved CO must be present in the blood to cross into the tissues and interfere with the combination of O2 and cytochrome a3. It is concluded that random COHb values may not be related to those obtained in studies of the relationship of human responses to COHb concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:921662", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XVIII. Correlation of occurrence of aircraft accidents with biorhythmic criticality and cycle phase in U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, and civil aviation pilots.", "content": "The correlation of occurrence of aircraft accidents to critical and negative phases of the biorhythm cycles was investigated. Data from 880 U.S. Air Force pilot-involved accident cases were studied and added to 4,279 previously reported cases. The data were tested by chi-square analysis under the null hypothesis that there is no effect of biorhythm on aviation accidents. Under this hypothesis, the expected number of accidents occurring on critical days should be 179.13 for the U.S. Air Force; there were 179. In analyzing the effect of biorhythmic criticality for pilot-involved cases from all sources, there were were 300 individual chi-square values computed. The frequency of these values by their percentile distribution so closely matched the theoretical distribution that there was no evidence whatsoever to indicate an effect of biorhythmic criticality. There no correlation between multiply negative or individually negative phases of the biorhythm cycles and aircraft accidents in the U.S. Air Force or in the combined pilot-involved accident group.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XVIII. Correlation of occurrence of aircraft accidents with biorhythmic criticality and cycle phase in U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, and civil aviation pilots. The correlation of occurrence of aircraft accidents to critical and negative phases of the biorhythm cycles was investigated. Data from 880 U.S. Air Force pilot-involved accident cases were studied and added to 4,279 previously reported cases. The data were tested by chi-square analysis under the null hypothesis that there is no effect of biorhythm on aviation accidents. Under this hypothesis, the expected number of accidents occurring on critical days should be 179.13 for the U.S. Air Force; there were 179. In analyzing the effect of biorhythmic criticality for pilot-involved cases from all sources, there were were 300 individual chi-square values computed. The frequency of these values by their percentile distribution so closely matched the theoretical distribution that there was no evidence whatsoever to indicate an effect of biorhythmic criticality. There no correlation between multiply negative or individually negative phases of the biorhythm cycles and aircraft accidents in the U.S. Air Force or in the combined pilot-involved accident group."}
{"id": "PMID:921663", "title": "Physiological analysis of repetitive lifting.", "content": "It was hypothesized that physical factors associated with the act of lifting, and also known to adversely affect cardiovascular functions (e.g., increased intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressures), would disturb the linear relationships normally noted among measures of cardiopulmonary variation during exercise. Data collected during repetitive lifting, performed on a unique ergometer (described in the paper), did not support the hypothesis. It was concluded that relationships among energy expenditure rate, pulmonary ventilation, heart rate, and workload were essentially linear through the range of lifting workloads from 1 to 50 W for 18 male Caucasians ranging in age from 21 to 55 years.", "contents": "Physiological analysis of repetitive lifting. It was hypothesized that physical factors associated with the act of lifting, and also known to adversely affect cardiovascular functions (e.g., increased intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressures), would disturb the linear relationships normally noted among measures of cardiopulmonary variation during exercise. Data collected during repetitive lifting, performed on a unique ergometer (described in the paper), did not support the hypothesis. It was concluded that relationships among energy expenditure rate, pulmonary ventilation, heart rate, and workload were essentially linear through the range of lifting workloads from 1 to 50 W for 18 male Caucasians ranging in age from 21 to 55 years."}
{"id": "PMID:921664", "title": "Metabolic responses to exercise in three thermal environments.", "content": "Male and female \"physically active\" but untrained subjects walked on a treadmill grade approximating 58% vo2 max as determined in 25 degrees C under three environmental conditions. The environments represented thermal neutrality (Ta = 25 degrees C), a \"warm\" environment (Ta = 32 degrees C), and a \"hot\" environment (Ta = 40 degrees C). Relative humidity was 50 to 55%. Exercise vo2 values were significantly influenced by increased environmental temperature. In 40 degrees C, male and female vo2 increased 12% above values in 25 C. VE increase 25% for the female and 32% for the male subjects during exercise in 40 degrees C. In both male and female subjects, true O2 increased slightly in 32 degrees C. but decreased in 40 degrees C from values obtained in 25 degrees C. It was postulated that as Ta increased, blood flow was diverted from metabolically active muscle to nonmetabolically active tissue to enhance heat dissipation via conduction and convection. As a result, oxygen extraction declined, and an increased respiratory drive was incurred.", "contents": "Metabolic responses to exercise in three thermal environments. Male and female \"physically active\" but untrained subjects walked on a treadmill grade approximating 58% vo2 max as determined in 25 degrees C under three environmental conditions. The environments represented thermal neutrality (Ta = 25 degrees C), a \"warm\" environment (Ta = 32 degrees C), and a \"hot\" environment (Ta = 40 degrees C). Relative humidity was 50 to 55%. Exercise vo2 values were significantly influenced by increased environmental temperature. In 40 degrees C, male and female vo2 increased 12% above values in 25 C. VE increase 25% for the female and 32% for the male subjects during exercise in 40 degrees C. In both male and female subjects, true O2 increased slightly in 32 degrees C. but decreased in 40 degrees C from values obtained in 25 degrees C. It was postulated that as Ta increased, blood flow was diverted from metabolically active muscle to nonmetabolically active tissue to enhance heat dissipation via conduction and convection. As a result, oxygen extraction declined, and an increased respiratory drive was incurred."}
{"id": "PMID:921666", "title": "Shallow habitat air dives I and II: human hematologic responses to compressed air saturation diving.", "content": "Two subjects each were exposed to pressure equivalents of 50 (SHAD I) and 60 (SHAD II) feet of sea water gauge (FSWG) for 30 and 28 d, respectively. Red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) content, and reticulocyte count of venous blood from divers were measured before, during, and after these exposures. RBC count of the divers decreased a maximum of 7.1% in the 50-ft dive and 10.7% in the 60-ft dive compared to surface control values. Hb content fell 7.7% and 11.1% in the 50- and 60-ft dives, respectively, when compared to nondiving subjects. Reticulocyte counts tended to increase late in the pressurization phase and during the recovery. The total month-long responses of Hgb in SHAD I, and RBC, Hgb, and reticulocyte count in SHAD II were significantly altered when compared to those of the surface control subjects. The changes in these factors were directly attributable to the month-long exposure to the total hyperbaric environment. The threshold for hematological effects of chronic exposure to compressed air would seem to lie between 50 and 60 FSWG.", "contents": "Shallow habitat air dives I and II: human hematologic responses to compressed air saturation diving. Two subjects each were exposed to pressure equivalents of 50 (SHAD I) and 60 (SHAD II) feet of sea water gauge (FSWG) for 30 and 28 d, respectively. Red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) content, and reticulocyte count of venous blood from divers were measured before, during, and after these exposures. RBC count of the divers decreased a maximum of 7.1% in the 50-ft dive and 10.7% in the 60-ft dive compared to surface control values. Hb content fell 7.7% and 11.1% in the 50- and 60-ft dives, respectively, when compared to nondiving subjects. Reticulocyte counts tended to increase late in the pressurization phase and during the recovery. The total month-long responses of Hgb in SHAD I, and RBC, Hgb, and reticulocyte count in SHAD II were significantly altered when compared to those of the surface control subjects. The changes in these factors were directly attributable to the month-long exposure to the total hyperbaric environment. The threshold for hematological effects of chronic exposure to compressed air would seem to lie between 50 and 60 FSWG."}
{"id": "PMID:921667", "title": "Prediction of airbone target detection.", "content": "The visibility of a uniformly luminous object depends on the apparent contrast between the object and its background, the angular subtense of the object, the contrast threshold of the observer at the level of luminance to which the eyes are adapted, the conditions and technique of observing, and the shape of the object. Techniques for combining the influence of the various factors have been applied to the problem of predicting airborne target detectability. Recommendations for achieving the desired detectability are made.", "contents": "Prediction of airbone target detection. The visibility of a uniformly luminous object depends on the apparent contrast between the object and its background, the angular subtense of the object, the contrast threshold of the observer at the level of luminance to which the eyes are adapted, the conditions and technique of observing, and the shape of the object. Techniques for combining the influence of the various factors have been applied to the problem of predicting airborne target detectability. Recommendations for achieving the desired detectability are made."}
{"id": "PMID:921668", "title": "Femur-bending properties as influenced by gravity: III. Sex-related weakness after 4-G mouse growth.", "content": "Optimum gravitational intensity for growth stimulation depends upon the type of growth measurement. Although the 4-G field resulted in relatively weaker male bones, relative bone size increased. The more moderate 3-G field is known to stimulate relative bone-strength as well. Femurs from 36 male white mice demonstrated no growth of load-supporting ability Fu after 1 to 8 weeks of chronic centrifugation at 4-G from the fifth week of age. Although measurable with 35 female mice, this growth intended to fall below the control rate. When compared to 82 younger control femurs of the same cross-sectional geometry, experimental female femurs could sustain comparable moments Mu while experimental male femurs could not.", "contents": "Femur-bending properties as influenced by gravity: III. Sex-related weakness after 4-G mouse growth. Optimum gravitational intensity for growth stimulation depends upon the type of growth measurement. Although the 4-G field resulted in relatively weaker male bones, relative bone size increased. The more moderate 3-G field is known to stimulate relative bone-strength as well. Femurs from 36 male white mice demonstrated no growth of load-supporting ability Fu after 1 to 8 weeks of chronic centrifugation at 4-G from the fifth week of age. Although measurable with 35 female mice, this growth intended to fall below the control rate. When compared to 82 younger control femurs of the same cross-sectional geometry, experimental female femurs could sustain comparable moments Mu while experimental male femurs could not."}
{"id": "PMID:921669", "title": "Transfer functions for eye-level blood pressure during +Gz stress.", "content": "A description of the eye-level blood-pressure response to +Gz stress in relaxed humans was obtained as an empirical, ensemble-average, G-to-blood-pressure transfer function based on three subjects' responses to a total of 23 simulated aerial combat maneuvering runs on the USAFSAM human centrifuge. Three different analytic transfer functions were fitted to the empirical function for frequencies from 5 to 200 mHz, and predictive performance of the empirical and three analytic functions was examined. The double-zero, double-pole mathematical model most closely fit the empirical transfer function and displayed reasonable predictive ability.", "contents": "Transfer functions for eye-level blood pressure during +Gz stress. A description of the eye-level blood-pressure response to +Gz stress in relaxed humans was obtained as an empirical, ensemble-average, G-to-blood-pressure transfer function based on three subjects' responses to a total of 23 simulated aerial combat maneuvering runs on the USAFSAM human centrifuge. Three different analytic transfer functions were fitted to the empirical function for frequencies from 5 to 200 mHz, and predictive performance of the empirical and three analytic functions was examined. The double-zero, double-pole mathematical model most closely fit the empirical transfer function and displayed reasonable predictive ability."}
{"id": "PMID:921670", "title": "Effect of increased oxygen on kidney function in the rat during and after 21 ATA He-O2 exposure.", "content": "Two groups of four adult male rats each were exposed continuously for 12 d to 1.2 or 21 ATA He-O2 at 400 mm Hg 02. A third group was maintained under room-air conditions. Urine samples were collected every 12 h for the first 60 h of exposure and for the first 48 h post-decompression. Parameters measured included urine volume, urea, creatinine, calcium, and phosphate. In the 21-ATA group at pressure, urine volume and urea/creatinine increased, and total creatinine decreased; during recovery, total calcium, calcium/creatinine, and urea/creatinine increased and total phosphate decreased. In the 1.2-ATA group, during exposure, urea/creatinine and phosphate/creatinine increased. Diuresis in the 21-ATA group required 48 h to fully develop; however, recovery to normal occurred within 12 h post-decompression. The results reveal a moderate water diuresis and no serious alterations in kidney function during or after 21-ATA exposure at 400 mm Hg O2. There was a mild stress response at pressure and an undefined effect on calcium homeostasis post-decompression.", "contents": "Effect of increased oxygen on kidney function in the rat during and after 21 ATA He-O2 exposure. Two groups of four adult male rats each were exposed continuously for 12 d to 1.2 or 21 ATA He-O2 at 400 mm Hg 02. A third group was maintained under room-air conditions. Urine samples were collected every 12 h for the first 60 h of exposure and for the first 48 h post-decompression. Parameters measured included urine volume, urea, creatinine, calcium, and phosphate. In the 21-ATA group at pressure, urine volume and urea/creatinine increased, and total creatinine decreased; during recovery, total calcium, calcium/creatinine, and urea/creatinine increased and total phosphate decreased. In the 1.2-ATA group, during exposure, urea/creatinine and phosphate/creatinine increased. Diuresis in the 21-ATA group required 48 h to fully develop; however, recovery to normal occurred within 12 h post-decompression. The results reveal a moderate water diuresis and no serious alterations in kidney function during or after 21-ATA exposure at 400 mm Hg O2. There was a mild stress response at pressure and an undefined effect on calcium homeostasis post-decompression."}
{"id": "PMID:921671", "title": "Effect of sojourn at 3200-m altitude on spinal reflexes in young adult males.", "content": "Studies of the H reflex and the Achilles tendon reflex (ATR) were performed in 12 healthy males under six conditions: 1) sea level control, 2) during the first 1-3 h at altitude while normoxic conditions were maintained, 3-5) at 6, 24 and 72 h of hypoxia, and 6) after Ve acclimatization at altitude in 5-14 d. After altitude acclimatization, the peak-to-peak amplitude of the H reflex and the ATR response was significantly elevated over control. A trend toward decreased amplitudes of both the ATR and the H reflex was observed at 6 h after the onset of hypoxia. There was no significant alteration in latency of the H reflex under any test condition. These findings suggest that sojourn at altitude by sea level residents induces changes in spinal motor reflexes. These changes are most probably mediated by altered high central modulation of the cord.", "contents": "Effect of sojourn at 3200-m altitude on spinal reflexes in young adult males. Studies of the H reflex and the Achilles tendon reflex (ATR) were performed in 12 healthy males under six conditions: 1) sea level control, 2) during the first 1-3 h at altitude while normoxic conditions were maintained, 3-5) at 6, 24 and 72 h of hypoxia, and 6) after Ve acclimatization at altitude in 5-14 d. After altitude acclimatization, the peak-to-peak amplitude of the H reflex and the ATR response was significantly elevated over control. A trend toward decreased amplitudes of both the ATR and the H reflex was observed at 6 h after the onset of hypoxia. There was no significant alteration in latency of the H reflex under any test condition. These findings suggest that sojourn at altitude by sea level residents induces changes in spinal motor reflexes. These changes are most probably mediated by altered high central modulation of the cord."}
{"id": "PMID:921672", "title": "Influence of systemic factors on hyperbaric oxygen toxicity in the rat visual system.", "content": "The electroretinogram (ERG) was measured in lightly anaesthetised rats exposed to 4-7 atm O2 until death. An initial increase and later decrease in amplitude with increase in latency was seen which, although not consistently related to the appearance of seizures characteristically seen above 4.5 atm 02, appeared closely linked to systemic factors. A fall in respiration rate always preceded the fall of the ERG, and apnoea preceded ERG extinction. When blood pressure and ERG were measured in two comparable groups of rats exposed to 5.76 atm O2, both records showed similar time courses. The cerebral visual evoked response (VER) was measured at 5.76 atm O2 simultaneously with the ERG. The later VER waves showed a degree of enhancement at the time of seizures, but otherwise amplitude and waveform were maintained until late in toxicity. EEG spiking gave the earliest indication of toxicity, and it is concluded that the primary projection to the rat visual cortex is comparatively resistant to high-pressure oxygen.", "contents": "Influence of systemic factors on hyperbaric oxygen toxicity in the rat visual system. The electroretinogram (ERG) was measured in lightly anaesthetised rats exposed to 4-7 atm O2 until death. An initial increase and later decrease in amplitude with increase in latency was seen which, although not consistently related to the appearance of seizures characteristically seen above 4.5 atm 02, appeared closely linked to systemic factors. A fall in respiration rate always preceded the fall of the ERG, and apnoea preceded ERG extinction. When blood pressure and ERG were measured in two comparable groups of rats exposed to 5.76 atm O2, both records showed similar time courses. The cerebral visual evoked response (VER) was measured at 5.76 atm O2 simultaneously with the ERG. The later VER waves showed a degree of enhancement at the time of seizures, but otherwise amplitude and waveform were maintained until late in toxicity. EEG spiking gave the earliest indication of toxicity, and it is concluded that the primary projection to the rat visual cortex is comparatively resistant to high-pressure oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:921674", "title": "Motion sickness and otolith sensitivity: a pilot study of habituation to linear acceleration.", "content": "Astronauts, particularly in Skylab flights, experienced varying degrees of motion sickness lasting 3-5 d. One possible mechanism for this motion sickness adaptation is believed to be a reduction in otolith sensitivity with an attendant reduction in sensory conflict. In an attempt to determine if this hypothesis is valid, a ground-based pilot study was conducted on a vertical linear accelerator. The extent of habituation to accelerations which initially produced motion sickness was evaluated, along with the possible value of habituation training to minimize the space motion sickness problem. Results showed that habituation occurred for 6 of the 8 subjects tested. However, in tests designed to measure dynamic and static otolith function, no significant differences between pre- and post-habituation tests were observed. Cross habituation effects to a standard Coriolis acceleration test were not significant. It is unlikely that ground-based pre-habituation to linear accelerations of the type examined would alter susceptibility to space motion sickness.", "contents": "Motion sickness and otolith sensitivity: a pilot study of habituation to linear acceleration. Astronauts, particularly in Skylab flights, experienced varying degrees of motion sickness lasting 3-5 d. One possible mechanism for this motion sickness adaptation is believed to be a reduction in otolith sensitivity with an attendant reduction in sensory conflict. In an attempt to determine if this hypothesis is valid, a ground-based pilot study was conducted on a vertical linear accelerator. The extent of habituation to accelerations which initially produced motion sickness was evaluated, along with the possible value of habituation training to minimize the space motion sickness problem. Results showed that habituation occurred for 6 of the 8 subjects tested. However, in tests designed to measure dynamic and static otolith function, no significant differences between pre- and post-habituation tests were observed. Cross habituation effects to a standard Coriolis acceleration test were not significant. It is unlikely that ground-based pre-habituation to linear accelerations of the type examined would alter susceptibility to space motion sickness."}
{"id": "PMID:921675", "title": "Prediction of carboxyhemoglobin concentration from transient carbon monoxide exposure.", "content": "The mathematical model of Coburn, Forster, and Kane (2) was investigated for use in estimating carboxyhemoglobin concentrations resulting from transient carbon monoxide exposures. The model proved useful in estimating the probable pattern of carbon monoxide exposures in two fatal cases. In each circumstance, using the predictive capabilities of the model in the reconstruction of events, the obvious source of exposure could be absolved.", "contents": "Prediction of carboxyhemoglobin concentration from transient carbon monoxide exposure. The mathematical model of Coburn, Forster, and Kane (2) was investigated for use in estimating carboxyhemoglobin concentrations resulting from transient carbon monoxide exposures. The model proved useful in estimating the probable pattern of carbon monoxide exposures in two fatal cases. In each circumstance, using the predictive capabilities of the model in the reconstruction of events, the obvious source of exposure could be absolved."}
{"id": "PMID:921686", "title": "Comment on Munsinger's adoption study.", "content": "The recent adoption study reported in this journal by Munsinger appears to provide clear and powerful evidence for a large genetic determination of IQ. The study has been cited as methodologically superior to all other adoption studies. With the repudiation of Burt's data, the Munsinger study has taken on particular importance. Perusal of the raw data published by Munsinger clearly establishes that serious errors have been made in the determination of socioeconomic status. The entire study depends on these erroneous data and must therefore be dismissed.", "contents": "Comment on Munsinger's adoption study. The recent adoption study reported in this journal by Munsinger appears to provide clear and powerful evidence for a large genetic determination of IQ. The study has been cited as methodologically superior to all other adoption studies. With the repudiation of Burt's data, the Munsinger study has taken on particular importance. Perusal of the raw data published by Munsinger clearly establishes that serious errors have been made in the determination of socioeconomic status. The entire study depends on these erroneous data and must therefore be dismissed."}
{"id": "PMID:921704", "title": "Effect of endotoxin-induced shock on the reticuloendothelial system. Phagocytic activity and DNA-synthesis of reticuloendothelial cells following endotoxin treatment.", "content": "There was a marked decrease in the RES phagocytic activity during the first 12 hours after injection of high concentrations of endotoxin in rats. Phagocytic activity then increased considerably, reaching maximum values on days 3 to 5 and it was still higher than in control animals 20 days later. Parallel studies on 3H thymidine incorporation showed a significant increase in the rate of DNA-synthesis of reticulum cells of the liver during the 5 days period following endotoxin injection. Peak values were obtained on day 2 when the number of labelled cell were 50 times higher than in the controls. A likely reason for the increased DNA-synthesis is a repair of RES following endotoxin induced damage but it may also represent an endotoxin induced proliferation of reticulum cells that may at least partly account for the enhanced phagocytic activity.", "contents": "Effect of endotoxin-induced shock on the reticuloendothelial system. Phagocytic activity and DNA-synthesis of reticuloendothelial cells following endotoxin treatment. There was a marked decrease in the RES phagocytic activity during the first 12 hours after injection of high concentrations of endotoxin in rats. Phagocytic activity then increased considerably, reaching maximum values on days 3 to 5 and it was still higher than in control animals 20 days later. Parallel studies on 3H thymidine incorporation showed a significant increase in the rate of DNA-synthesis of reticulum cells of the liver during the 5 days period following endotoxin injection. Peak values were obtained on day 2 when the number of labelled cell were 50 times higher than in the controls. A likely reason for the increased DNA-synthesis is a repair of RES following endotoxin induced damage but it may also represent an endotoxin induced proliferation of reticulum cells that may at least partly account for the enhanced phagocytic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:921706", "title": "The exfoliating epithelial surface of the uterine cervix. IV: Scanning electron microscopical study in invasive squamous carcinoma of human subjects.", "content": "The exfoliating epithelial surface of 15 invasive squamous carcinomas of the uterine cervix was investigated with the aid of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). At low magnification (less than or equal to 5,000 X) thirteen tumors presented irregular cobblestone-like structures and the remaining two, irregular intermediate formations (i.e. between cobblestones and mosaics). Cellular overlapping was found in three tumors. At higher magnifications (up to 25,000 X) all 15 tumors showed irregular disorganized structures such as bizarre microvilli with or without fragmented microrugae. Seven tumors had in addition tall finger-shaped protrusions and two rumors crater-like formations covered by irregular microvilli. The SEM structure found in invasive squamous carcinoma differed from the SEM structures earlier reported for the normal squamous or glandular epithelium, squamous metaplasia, dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix.", "contents": "The exfoliating epithelial surface of the uterine cervix. IV: Scanning electron microscopical study in invasive squamous carcinoma of human subjects. The exfoliating epithelial surface of 15 invasive squamous carcinomas of the uterine cervix was investigated with the aid of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). At low magnification (less than or equal to 5,000 X) thirteen tumors presented irregular cobblestone-like structures and the remaining two, irregular intermediate formations (i.e. between cobblestones and mosaics). Cellular overlapping was found in three tumors. At higher magnifications (up to 25,000 X) all 15 tumors showed irregular disorganized structures such as bizarre microvilli with or without fragmented microrugae. Seven tumors had in addition tall finger-shaped protrusions and two rumors crater-like formations covered by irregular microvilli. The SEM structure found in invasive squamous carcinoma differed from the SEM structures earlier reported for the normal squamous or glandular epithelium, squamous metaplasia, dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix."}
{"id": "PMID:921707", "title": "[Pathogenesis of endocarditis verrucosa simplex in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Verrucous endocarditis in the newborn is not only a rare but also a problematic disease as concerns its etiology and pathogenesis. In the older literature septic infections of mother and child were said to be the causative factors. Recent experiences with the pathophysiology and pathomorphology of shock have also shown new aspects of the origin of this kind of endocarditis. Two cases from our own experience are compared with 7 cases from the literature. In the maternal history of gestation there was no infectious disease which could explain the endocarditis of the newborn. A short time after delivery the children showed a respiratory distress syndrome and died between 1.5 hours and 3 days after birth. At autopsy verrucous vegetations up to 8 X 5 X 4 mm in diameter were found on the tricuspid valve in 8 cases, once on the mitral valve and twice on both mitral and tricuspid valve. Malformations of the hearts were not noted. Histologically the fresh vegetations consist of clotted platelets and a fibrin network. At the base of the verruca the valvular leaflets show an edema, occasional fibroblastic changes and tiny lympho-histiocytic infiltrates in the subendothelial layer. Extracardial findings are hyaline membranes of the lungs and microthrombi in small vessels of lung, heart, liver and kidney due to shock and consumption-coagulopathy. According to Mittermayer et al. (1971a, b) who studied endocarditis verrucosa simplex in adults and animal-experiments endocarditis verrucosa simplex of the newborn is probably caused by intrauterine or perinatal shock.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of endocarditis verrucosa simplex in the newborn (author's transl)]. Verrucous endocarditis in the newborn is not only a rare but also a problematic disease as concerns its etiology and pathogenesis. In the older literature septic infections of mother and child were said to be the causative factors. Recent experiences with the pathophysiology and pathomorphology of shock have also shown new aspects of the origin of this kind of endocarditis. Two cases from our own experience are compared with 7 cases from the literature. In the maternal history of gestation there was no infectious disease which could explain the endocarditis of the newborn. A short time after delivery the children showed a respiratory distress syndrome and died between 1.5 hours and 3 days after birth. At autopsy verrucous vegetations up to 8 X 5 X 4 mm in diameter were found on the tricuspid valve in 8 cases, once on the mitral valve and twice on both mitral and tricuspid valve. Malformations of the hearts were not noted. Histologically the fresh vegetations consist of clotted platelets and a fibrin network. At the base of the verruca the valvular leaflets show an edema, occasional fibroblastic changes and tiny lympho-histiocytic infiltrates in the subendothelial layer. Extracardial findings are hyaline membranes of the lungs and microthrombi in small vessels of lung, heart, liver and kidney due to shock and consumption-coagulopathy. According to Mittermayer et al. (1971a, b) who studied endocarditis verrucosa simplex in adults and animal-experiments endocarditis verrucosa simplex of the newborn is probably caused by intrauterine or perinatal shock."}
{"id": "PMID:921728", "title": "[Anti-Bg(HL-A) antibodies].", "content": "The presence of specific anti-Bg hemaggluttinine in the sera of four patients, is shown. All our patients with anti-Bg antibodies had the antigen B27 on the HLA complex present. Anti-Bg antibodies were prooved by the Coombs technique.", "contents": "[Anti-Bg(HL-A) antibodies]. The presence of specific anti-Bg hemaggluttinine in the sera of four patients, is shown. All our patients with anti-Bg antibodies had the antigen B27 on the HLA complex present. Anti-Bg antibodies were prooved by the Coombs technique."}
{"id": "PMID:921729", "title": "[Epidemiology and etiology of acute leukoses in children].", "content": "In their work authors have analyzed some epidemiologic and etiologic data that can be taken as the elements of risk in leukemogenesis. The investigations have been done retrospectively in 212 children suffering from acute leukemia and treated in Pediatric Clinic in Beograd. Certain factors of risk are particularly studied as: repeated viral infections, repeated use of antibiotics, diagnostic and therapeutic irradiation of children, familiar data on congenital anomalies and cancer and same harmful prezygotic and prenatal influences of possible significance. The authors also presented the results of their cytogenetic investigations obtained from 32 children. It is especially pointed out the significance of detailed data taken from patients suffering from these diseases.", "contents": "[Epidemiology and etiology of acute leukoses in children]. In their work authors have analyzed some epidemiologic and etiologic data that can be taken as the elements of risk in leukemogenesis. The investigations have been done retrospectively in 212 children suffering from acute leukemia and treated in Pediatric Clinic in Beograd. Certain factors of risk are particularly studied as: repeated viral infections, repeated use of antibiotics, diagnostic and therapeutic irradiation of children, familiar data on congenital anomalies and cancer and same harmful prezygotic and prenatal influences of possible significance. The authors also presented the results of their cytogenetic investigations obtained from 32 children. It is especially pointed out the significance of detailed data taken from patients suffering from these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:921730", "title": "[Correlation between the frequency of HL-A antigens and antigens of the P system in the population of Serbia].", "content": "We studied the correlation between the antigens of the P system and the antigens and haplotypes of the HLA system in 334 nonrelated persons and 46 chosen families consisting of 166 members. On our material we found a distinct linear correlation between the antigens of the segregant serie A and especially of the segregant serie B and the P antigen of the blood groups. The correlation between the association of the antigens of series A and B and the antigens of the P system same as between the most frequent HLA haplotypes and the antigens of the P system, is also distinct. We described two cases of crossing over between the P and HLA system; the frequency of crossing over of 0,0435. We have confirmed the linkage between HLA and P and the likelihood that the genes are located on the same chromosome.", "contents": "[Correlation between the frequency of HL-A antigens and antigens of the P system in the population of Serbia]. We studied the correlation between the antigens of the P system and the antigens and haplotypes of the HLA system in 334 nonrelated persons and 46 chosen families consisting of 166 members. On our material we found a distinct linear correlation between the antigens of the segregant serie A and especially of the segregant serie B and the P antigen of the blood groups. The correlation between the association of the antigens of series A and B and the antigens of the P system same as between the most frequent HLA haplotypes and the antigens of the P system, is also distinct. We described two cases of crossing over between the P and HLA system; the frequency of crossing over of 0,0435. We have confirmed the linkage between HLA and P and the likelihood that the genes are located on the same chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:921732", "title": "[Antibodies against HBs antigens as identified using the radioimmunologic method].", "content": "Antibodies to hepatitis Bs antigen identified only by radioimmunoassay, which is 8000 times more sensitive than counterelectrophoresis, were found in blood donors in 17%, in the Haemodialysis centre in 44%, in the patients of this centre in 47%. HBsAg and the antibodies have been tested in different series of albumin and gammaglobulin. Immunoglobulin anti HBs was prepared by the Blood transfusion centre in Ljubljana, and the Imunoloski zavod in Zagreb, and the problem of prevention, and production is discussed. Antigen-antibody complexes were prepared in vitro, and the results of the respective tests described.", "contents": "[Antibodies against HBs antigens as identified using the radioimmunologic method]. Antibodies to hepatitis Bs antigen identified only by radioimmunoassay, which is 8000 times more sensitive than counterelectrophoresis, were found in blood donors in 17%, in the Haemodialysis centre in 44%, in the patients of this centre in 47%. HBsAg and the antibodies have been tested in different series of albumin and gammaglobulin. Immunoglobulin anti HBs was prepared by the Blood transfusion centre in Ljubljana, and the Imunoloski zavod in Zagreb, and the problem of prevention, and production is discussed. Antigen-antibody complexes were prepared in vitro, and the results of the respective tests described."}
{"id": "PMID:921733", "title": "[Prednisone therapy in patients with pernicious anemia (report of 2 cases)].", "content": "The effects of Prednisone therapy at two patients with pernicious anemia were studied on haematologic response, gastric secretion and gastric mucosal hystology. The treatment resulted in each case in correctin of the megaloblastic to normoblastic erythropoesis, and increse in reticulocytes, hemoglobin level and red cell count. Schilling-s test was normalised in one case that means that Prednison enchanced B12 absorption. Gastric secretion of acid and gastric hystology were not respond during the Prednisone therapy. It was discused about immunological problems in pernicious anemia which are very important and required continued investigations.", "contents": "[Prednisone therapy in patients with pernicious anemia (report of 2 cases)]. The effects of Prednisone therapy at two patients with pernicious anemia were studied on haematologic response, gastric secretion and gastric mucosal hystology. The treatment resulted in each case in correctin of the megaloblastic to normoblastic erythropoesis, and increse in reticulocytes, hemoglobin level and red cell count. Schilling-s test was normalised in one case that means that Prednison enchanced B12 absorption. Gastric secretion of acid and gastric hystology were not respond during the Prednisone therapy. It was discused about immunological problems in pernicious anemia which are very important and required continued investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:921734", "title": "Tissue-specific esterases in the Xiphophorine fish Platypoecilus maculatus, Xiphophorus helleri, and their hybrid.", "content": "Tissue-specific esterases of the xiphophorine fishes Platypoecilus maculatus (platyfish), Xiphophorus helleri (swordtail), and their F1 hybrid have been analyzed using disc electrophoresis. Seven esterase zones (resolved into a maximum of nine bands) exist in these fishes, and these have been classified by employing specific inhibitors. Five of the seven zones, EST-1, EST-2, EST-5, EST-6, and EST-7, appeared to be carboxylesterases; while the two remaining zones, EST-3 and EST-4, were classified as cholinesterases. In the liver of the platfish, all seven esterase zones were detected, while the liver of the swordtail exhibited only five esterase zones. EST-1 and EST-3 were lacking in the liver tissue of the swordtail. All seven esterase loci were expressed in the liver tissue of the F1 hybrid. The reciprocal crosses gave the same results. In the fin, skin, skeletal muscle, and eye tissues from all three genotypes, three major esterase zones, EST-2, EST-5, and EST-7, were detected. In addition, EST-1 was frequently detected in all these tissues of the platfish and the F1, but was lacking in the swordtail. Serum from three genotypes showed one prominent esterase zone, EST-5; however, trace activity of EST-2 and EST-7 zones could also be detected. It seems that in all tissues of the F1 hybrid there is expression of all the esterase genes from the platfish. The results of the present study are discussed in the comparison to those from other studies on teleost esterases.", "contents": "Tissue-specific esterases in the Xiphophorine fish Platypoecilus maculatus, Xiphophorus helleri, and their hybrid. Tissue-specific esterases of the xiphophorine fishes Platypoecilus maculatus (platyfish), Xiphophorus helleri (swordtail), and their F1 hybrid have been analyzed using disc electrophoresis. Seven esterase zones (resolved into a maximum of nine bands) exist in these fishes, and these have been classified by employing specific inhibitors. Five of the seven zones, EST-1, EST-2, EST-5, EST-6, and EST-7, appeared to be carboxylesterases; while the two remaining zones, EST-3 and EST-4, were classified as cholinesterases. In the liver of the platfish, all seven esterase zones were detected, while the liver of the swordtail exhibited only five esterase zones. EST-1 and EST-3 were lacking in the liver tissue of the swordtail. All seven esterase loci were expressed in the liver tissue of the F1 hybrid. The reciprocal crosses gave the same results. In the fin, skin, skeletal muscle, and eye tissues from all three genotypes, three major esterase zones, EST-2, EST-5, and EST-7, were detected. In addition, EST-1 was frequently detected in all these tissues of the platfish and the F1, but was lacking in the swordtail. Serum from three genotypes showed one prominent esterase zone, EST-5; however, trace activity of EST-2 and EST-7 zones could also be detected. It seems that in all tissues of the F1 hybrid there is expression of all the esterase genes from the platfish. The results of the present study are discussed in the comparison to those from other studies on teleost esterases."}
{"id": "PMID:921735", "title": "Biochemical characterization of six trisomics of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.", "content": "To determine protein differences of grain sorghum disomics and trisomics, we analyzed leaf extracts from six trisomics and a disomic control by disc gel, gel isoelectric focusing, and SDS gel electrophoresis. Based on the number and position of protein bands revealed by Coomassie blue staining, the disomic control could be differentiated from the trisomics, and trisomics could be shown to differ among themselves in most cases. SDS gel revealed the most protein bands, followed by isoelectric focusing and disc gel. However, disc gel electrophoresis was the simplest technique of the three and was just as effective in identifying trisomics and differentiating trisomics from the disomic control.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of six trisomics of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. To determine protein differences of grain sorghum disomics and trisomics, we analyzed leaf extracts from six trisomics and a disomic control by disc gel, gel isoelectric focusing, and SDS gel electrophoresis. Based on the number and position of protein bands revealed by Coomassie blue staining, the disomic control could be differentiated from the trisomics, and trisomics could be shown to differ among themselves in most cases. SDS gel revealed the most protein bands, followed by isoelectric focusing and disc gel. However, disc gel electrophoresis was the simplest technique of the three and was just as effective in identifying trisomics and differentiating trisomics from the disomic control."}
{"id": "PMID:921736", "title": "Bovine serum transferrin phenotypes AA, D1D1, D2D2, EE: their carbohydrate compositions and electrophoretic multiplicity.", "content": "Samples of homozygous bovine serum transferrins have been prepared and their purity has been ascertained by immunological techniques and electrophoretic analysis in SDS. Measurements of carbohydrate composition show that no significant differences exist among the phenotype variants AA, D1D1, D2D2, and EE. Chromatography of transferrin AA on DEAE-cellulose separated four subfractions, each of which corresponded well with one band obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Carbohydrate analyses of the individual subfractions did not show significant differences in sialic acid, hexose, or hexosamine contents. After desialylation with neuraminidase, each subfraction was converted to a major band and a minor band on gel electrophoresis. From the relative band positions of the desialylated transferrins, it was concluded that possession of sialyl residued by bovine transferrin is not the primary cause of electrophoretic multiplicity. Rather, sialic acid masks an underlying heterogeneity which most likely resides within the polypeptide chain. Further characterization of this heterogeneity will best be undertaken with the isolated asialotransferrin subfractions.", "contents": "Bovine serum transferrin phenotypes AA, D1D1, D2D2, EE: their carbohydrate compositions and electrophoretic multiplicity. Samples of homozygous bovine serum transferrins have been prepared and their purity has been ascertained by immunological techniques and electrophoretic analysis in SDS. Measurements of carbohydrate composition show that no significant differences exist among the phenotype variants AA, D1D1, D2D2, and EE. Chromatography of transferrin AA on DEAE-cellulose separated four subfractions, each of which corresponded well with one band obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Carbohydrate analyses of the individual subfractions did not show significant differences in sialic acid, hexose, or hexosamine contents. After desialylation with neuraminidase, each subfraction was converted to a major band and a minor band on gel electrophoresis. From the relative band positions of the desialylated transferrins, it was concluded that possession of sialyl residued by bovine transferrin is not the primary cause of electrophoretic multiplicity. Rather, sialic acid masks an underlying heterogeneity which most likely resides within the polypeptide chain. Further characterization of this heterogeneity will best be undertaken with the isolated asialotransferrin subfractions."}
{"id": "PMID:921737", "title": "Genic homozygosity in an ancient reptile (Alligator mississippiensis).", "content": "Proteins assayed electrophoretically showed variation at only three of 49 presumed genetic loci in alligators from southwestern Louisiana. Average heterozygosity per individual was 0.021+/-0.012; proportion of polymorphic loci was 0.06. Data on the history, structure, and ecology of this alligator population are consistent with natural selection as the primary factor accounting for this low genetic variability. However, neither a historic population bottleneck nor some genetic mechanism limiting variability can be dismissed as a possible factor.", "contents": "Genic homozygosity in an ancient reptile (Alligator mississippiensis). Proteins assayed electrophoretically showed variation at only three of 49 presumed genetic loci in alligators from southwestern Louisiana. Average heterozygosity per individual was 0.021+/-0.012; proportion of polymorphic loci was 0.06. Data on the history, structure, and ecology of this alligator population are consistent with natural selection as the primary factor accounting for this low genetic variability. However, neither a historic population bottleneck nor some genetic mechanism limiting variability can be dismissed as a possible factor."}
{"id": "PMID:921738", "title": "Characterization of electrophoretically cryptic variation in the alpine butterfly Colias meadii.", "content": "Enzyme polymorphism was characterized among the proteins of 14 loci of Coliae meadii by replicate electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels of differing pore size. The results reveal a large number of variants, with a very skewed frequency distribution. A large fraction of the variants cannot be differentiated by electrophoresis in 5--7% acrylamide gels. This gel sieving approach permits an estimate of the relative contributions of charge and of conformation to electrophoretic mobility. Many of the variant proteins do not differ in charge. Most variants exhibit different degrees of interaction with the gel and presumably differ in conformation.", "contents": "Characterization of electrophoretically cryptic variation in the alpine butterfly Colias meadii. Enzyme polymorphism was characterized among the proteins of 14 loci of Coliae meadii by replicate electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels of differing pore size. The results reveal a large number of variants, with a very skewed frequency distribution. A large fraction of the variants cannot be differentiated by electrophoresis in 5--7% acrylamide gels. This gel sieving approach permits an estimate of the relative contributions of charge and of conformation to electrophoretic mobility. Many of the variant proteins do not differ in charge. Most variants exhibit different degrees of interaction with the gel and presumably differ in conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:921739", "title": "Membrane function in cystic fibrosis. I. Putrescine transport in normal and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts.", "content": "Putrescine transport was examined in normal and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts. No differences were observed in accumulation pattern, kinetics of uptake, or efflux between CF and normal cells. In both growing and growth-arrested CF and normal fibroblasts, exogenously supplied putrescine remained unchanged for at least 60 min. Some differences were observed in the response of CF and normal cells to environmental (media) changes.", "contents": "Membrane function in cystic fibrosis. I. Putrescine transport in normal and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts. Putrescine transport was examined in normal and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts. No differences were observed in accumulation pattern, kinetics of uptake, or efflux between CF and normal cells. In both growing and growth-arrested CF and normal fibroblasts, exogenously supplied putrescine remained unchanged for at least 60 min. Some differences were observed in the response of CF and normal cells to environmental (media) changes."}
{"id": "PMID:921740", "title": "Gene duplication in salmonid fishes: evidence for duplicated but catalytically equivalent A4 lactate dehydrogenases.", "content": "Skeletal muscle tissues from many species of salmonid fish are known to exhibit a set of three of five isozymes for A4-type lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.27), but the genetic basis for this isozyme system has not previously been assessed. This isozyme system was purified to homogeneity from salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and shown to be composed of two polypeptides. Aalpha and Abeta, in binomial tetrameric combinations. Amino acid analysis revealed that Aalpha and Abeta are closely related but genetically distinct proteins, and thus are coded for the recently duplicated structural loci. Catalytic studies on the purified intact salmon isozyme system and on the isozymically pure Aalpha4 and Abeta4 homotetramers from brown trout (Salmo trutta) revealed no significant differences in catalytic properties among these enzymes, suggesting equivalent catalytic function of Aalpha and Abeta. These results, in combination with studies on polypeptide and isozyme ratios, suggest that one of the duplicated loci in salmon may be drifting toward a nonfunctional state by accumulation of mutations in regulatory DNA rather than in the structural gene itself.", "contents": "Gene duplication in salmonid fishes: evidence for duplicated but catalytically equivalent A4 lactate dehydrogenases. Skeletal muscle tissues from many species of salmonid fish are known to exhibit a set of three of five isozymes for A4-type lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.27), but the genetic basis for this isozyme system has not previously been assessed. This isozyme system was purified to homogeneity from salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and shown to be composed of two polypeptides. Aalpha and Abeta, in binomial tetrameric combinations. Amino acid analysis revealed that Aalpha and Abeta are closely related but genetically distinct proteins, and thus are coded for the recently duplicated structural loci. Catalytic studies on the purified intact salmon isozyme system and on the isozymically pure Aalpha4 and Abeta4 homotetramers from brown trout (Salmo trutta) revealed no significant differences in catalytic properties among these enzymes, suggesting equivalent catalytic function of Aalpha and Abeta. These results, in combination with studies on polypeptide and isozyme ratios, suggest that one of the duplicated loci in salmon may be drifting toward a nonfunctional state by accumulation of mutations in regulatory DNA rather than in the structural gene itself."}
{"id": "PMID:921742", "title": "Isoenzyme status and genetic variability of serum esterases in the lesser snow goose, Anser caerulescens caerulescens.", "content": "A maximum of 22 bands comprising four esterase subgroups--acetylesterase, carboxylesterase, cholinesterase, and acetylcholinesterase--were detected following electrophoresis of lesser snow goose sera on polyacrylamide gels. A minimum of seven structural genes was surmised to be involved in the biosynthesis of these enzymes following physiochemical characterizations. The genetic variability of these loci was calculated to be 1.25% average heterozygosity, while 14.3% of the loci were polymorphic. These estimates of genetic variability were substantially lower than those reported for other vertebrate species. The low degree of genetic variability found in snow goose serum esterases coupled with the extensive protein multiplicity observed may possibly reflect an adaptive strategy based on \"biochemical plasticity\" rather than genic heterozygosity for this species. The nature of evolutionary forces acting upon multiple enzyme systems such as esterases is discussed. The concept of \"conditional neutrality\" is introduced and defined within this context.", "contents": "Isoenzyme status and genetic variability of serum esterases in the lesser snow goose, Anser caerulescens caerulescens. A maximum of 22 bands comprising four esterase subgroups--acetylesterase, carboxylesterase, cholinesterase, and acetylcholinesterase--were detected following electrophoresis of lesser snow goose sera on polyacrylamide gels. A minimum of seven structural genes was surmised to be involved in the biosynthesis of these enzymes following physiochemical characterizations. The genetic variability of these loci was calculated to be 1.25% average heterozygosity, while 14.3% of the loci were polymorphic. These estimates of genetic variability were substantially lower than those reported for other vertebrate species. The low degree of genetic variability found in snow goose serum esterases coupled with the extensive protein multiplicity observed may possibly reflect an adaptive strategy based on \"biochemical plasticity\" rather than genic heterozygosity for this species. The nature of evolutionary forces acting upon multiple enzyme systems such as esterases is discussed. The concept of \"conditional neutrality\" is introduced and defined within this context."}
{"id": "PMID:921743", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Porbandar: a new slow variant with slightly reduced activity in a South African family of Indian descent.", "content": "A new variant of the red cell enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been detected in a South African male of Indian descent and in several of his relatives. The enzyme variant is characterized by slow electrophoretic mobility, low Michaelis constants for the substrates glucose-6-phosphate and NADP, and increased utilization of the substrate analogues 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate and deamino-NADP relative to the normal (B+) enzyme. There is no evidence that the enzyme variant, for which the name \"G6PD Porbandar\" is suggested, is associated with any hematological abnormality.", "contents": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Porbandar: a new slow variant with slightly reduced activity in a South African family of Indian descent. A new variant of the red cell enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been detected in a South African male of Indian descent and in several of his relatives. The enzyme variant is characterized by slow electrophoretic mobility, low Michaelis constants for the substrates glucose-6-phosphate and NADP, and increased utilization of the substrate analogues 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate and deamino-NADP relative to the normal (B+) enzyme. There is no evidence that the enzyme variant, for which the name \"G6PD Porbandar\" is suggested, is associated with any hematological abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:921744", "title": "The combining site of the dinitrophenyl-binding immunoglobulin A myeloma protein MOPC 315.", "content": "Magnetic-resonance techniques are used to refine the model of the combining site of the Fv fragment of the dinitrophenyl-binding mouse myeloma protein MOPC 315 constructed by Padlan, Davies, Pecht, Givol & Wright (1976) (Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.41, in the press). Light-absorption studies indicate a dinitrophenyl-tryptophan interaction in the Fv fragment of the type occurring in free solution. The Dnp-aspartate-tryptophan complex is therefore used as a starting point for the n.m.r. (nuclear-magnetic-resonance) analysis of the dinitrophenyl-Fv fragment interaction. Ring-current calculations are used to determine the geometry of the complex. The specificity of complex-formation between dinitrophenyl and tryptophan is confirmed by the lack of ring-current shifts of the dinitrophenyl resonances when tryptophan is replaced by any other aromatic amino acid. Proton n.m.r. difference spectra (at 270MHz), resulting from the addition of a variety of haptens to the Fv fragment, show that the combining site is highly aromatic in nature. Calculations on the basis of ring-current shifts define the geometry of the combining site, which involves a dinitrophenyl ring in van der Waals contact with four aromatic amino acid residues on the protein. The observation of a nuclear Overhauser effect on the H((3)) resonance of the dinitrophenyl ring provides additional constraints on the relative geometry of the H((3)) proton and an aromatic amino acid residue on the Fv fragment. The specificity of the Fv fragment for dinitrophenyl ligands arises from a stacking interaction of the dinitrophenyl ring with tryptophan-93(L), in an ;aromatic box' of essentially tryptophan-93(L), phenylalanine-34(H) and tyrosine-34(L); asparagine-36(L) and tyrosine-34(L) also contribute by forming hydrogen bonds with the nitro groups on the dinitrophenyl ring. The n.m.r. results also confirm that the antibody-hapten reaction may be visualized as a single encounter step. An Appendix shows the method of calculation of ring currents for the four aromatic amino acids and their use in calculating structures.", "contents": "The combining site of the dinitrophenyl-binding immunoglobulin A myeloma protein MOPC 315. Magnetic-resonance techniques are used to refine the model of the combining site of the Fv fragment of the dinitrophenyl-binding mouse myeloma protein MOPC 315 constructed by Padlan, Davies, Pecht, Givol & Wright (1976) (Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.41, in the press). Light-absorption studies indicate a dinitrophenyl-tryptophan interaction in the Fv fragment of the type occurring in free solution. The Dnp-aspartate-tryptophan complex is therefore used as a starting point for the n.m.r. (nuclear-magnetic-resonance) analysis of the dinitrophenyl-Fv fragment interaction. Ring-current calculations are used to determine the geometry of the complex. The specificity of complex-formation between dinitrophenyl and tryptophan is confirmed by the lack of ring-current shifts of the dinitrophenyl resonances when tryptophan is replaced by any other aromatic amino acid. Proton n.m.r. difference spectra (at 270MHz), resulting from the addition of a variety of haptens to the Fv fragment, show that the combining site is highly aromatic in nature. Calculations on the basis of ring-current shifts define the geometry of the combining site, which involves a dinitrophenyl ring in van der Waals contact with four aromatic amino acid residues on the protein. The observation of a nuclear Overhauser effect on the H((3)) resonance of the dinitrophenyl ring provides additional constraints on the relative geometry of the H((3)) proton and an aromatic amino acid residue on the Fv fragment. The specificity of the Fv fragment for dinitrophenyl ligands arises from a stacking interaction of the dinitrophenyl ring with tryptophan-93(L), in an ;aromatic box' of essentially tryptophan-93(L), phenylalanine-34(H) and tyrosine-34(L); asparagine-36(L) and tyrosine-34(L) also contribute by forming hydrogen bonds with the nitro groups on the dinitrophenyl ring. The n.m.r. results also confirm that the antibody-hapten reaction may be visualized as a single encounter step. An Appendix shows the method of calculation of ring currents for the four aromatic amino acids and their use in calculating structures."}
{"id": "PMID:921746", "title": "Specificity of interactions of hapten side chains with the combining site of the myeloma protein MOPC 315.", "content": "The pKa values of the three histidine residues in the Fv fragment (variable region of the heavy and light chains) of the mouse myeloma protein MOPC 315, measured by high resolution n.m.r. (nuclear magnetic resonance), are 5.9, 6.9 and 8.2. The perturbation of the pKa of one of the histidines (pKa 6.9) on the addition of hapten and the narrow linewidth of its proton resonances suggests that it is at the edge of the combining site. References to the model of the Fv fragment [Padlan, Davies, Pecht, Givol & Wright (1976) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 41, in the press] allows assignment of the three histidine residues, histidine-102H, histidine-97L and histidine-44L. The determination of the pKa of the phosphorus group, by 31P n.m.r., of a homologous series of Dnp- and Tnp- (di- and tri-nitrophenyl) haptens has located a positively charged residue. Molecular-model studies on the conformations of these haptens show that the residue is at the edge of the site. The model suggests that the positively charged residue is either arginine-95L or lysine-52H.", "contents": "Specificity of interactions of hapten side chains with the combining site of the myeloma protein MOPC 315. The pKa values of the three histidine residues in the Fv fragment (variable region of the heavy and light chains) of the mouse myeloma protein MOPC 315, measured by high resolution n.m.r. (nuclear magnetic resonance), are 5.9, 6.9 and 8.2. The perturbation of the pKa of one of the histidines (pKa 6.9) on the addition of hapten and the narrow linewidth of its proton resonances suggests that it is at the edge of the combining site. References to the model of the Fv fragment [Padlan, Davies, Pecht, Givol & Wright (1976) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 41, in the press] allows assignment of the three histidine residues, histidine-102H, histidine-97L and histidine-44L. The determination of the pKa of the phosphorus group, by 31P n.m.r., of a homologous series of Dnp- and Tnp- (di- and tri-nitrophenyl) haptens has located a positively charged residue. Molecular-model studies on the conformations of these haptens show that the residue is at the edge of the site. The model suggests that the positively charged residue is either arginine-95L or lysine-52H."}
{"id": "PMID:921747", "title": "Characterization of double-stranded ribonucleic acid sequences present in the initial transcription products of rat liver chromatin.", "content": "At low ionic strength and with a low exogenous RNA polymerase/DNA ratio, rat liver chromatin directs the synthesis in vitro of RNA sequences rich in double-stranded segments. All the transcripts contain at least one double-stranded sequence. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. They are heterogeneous in size, 35-45% of them being more than 80 nucleotides long. They contain 61-64% G+C, whether synthesized by rat liver RNA polymerase (form B) or Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The largest double-stranded sequences are found in the largest transcripts, and are the most thermostable. The fidelity of base-matching is better in double-stranded transcripts synthesized on rat liver chromatin by homologous polymerase than in those synthesized on it by a bacterial polymerase, or in those synthesized by either of the two polymerases on pure DNA.", "contents": "Characterization of double-stranded ribonucleic acid sequences present in the initial transcription products of rat liver chromatin. At low ionic strength and with a low exogenous RNA polymerase/DNA ratio, rat liver chromatin directs the synthesis in vitro of RNA sequences rich in double-stranded segments. All the transcripts contain at least one double-stranded sequence. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. They are heterogeneous in size, 35-45% of them being more than 80 nucleotides long. They contain 61-64% G+C, whether synthesized by rat liver RNA polymerase (form B) or Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The largest double-stranded sequences are found in the largest transcripts, and are the most thermostable. The fidelity of base-matching is better in double-stranded transcripts synthesized on rat liver chromatin by homologous polymerase than in those synthesized on it by a bacterial polymerase, or in those synthesized by either of the two polymerases on pure DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:921748", "title": "Purification and properties of histidinol dehydrogenases from psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic bacilli.", "content": "As a first step in elucidating one molecular mechanism of adaptation to life at extreme temperatures, we purified and characterized the enzyme histidinol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.23) from a number of bacilli whose growth temperatures range from 5 degrees t to 90 degrees C. The enzymes were purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on Sephadex, affinity chromatography on histamine- or histidine-Sepharose and preparative gradient gel electrophoresis. All had similar mol.wts. (29200), sedimentation coefficients (S20,w 2.56S), affinities for histidinol and NAD+ (Km = 48 micron and 0.2 mM respectively) and all had pH optima at 9.6. Marked differences were observed in stability with respect to temperature and the temperature at which the initial velocity for histidinol dehydrogenation was optimal. These optima range from 25 degrees C for the enzyme from the psychrophilic species through to 41 degrees C for the mesophiles to 85-92 degrees C for the extreme thermophiles. It is concluded that the ability of the enzymes to operate at their various optimum temperatures is an intrinsic property of their amino acid sequences.", "contents": "Purification and properties of histidinol dehydrogenases from psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic bacilli. As a first step in elucidating one molecular mechanism of adaptation to life at extreme temperatures, we purified and characterized the enzyme histidinol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.23) from a number of bacilli whose growth temperatures range from 5 degrees t to 90 degrees C. The enzymes were purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on Sephadex, affinity chromatography on histamine- or histidine-Sepharose and preparative gradient gel electrophoresis. All had similar mol.wts. (29200), sedimentation coefficients (S20,w 2.56S), affinities for histidinol and NAD+ (Km = 48 micron and 0.2 mM respectively) and all had pH optima at 9.6. Marked differences were observed in stability with respect to temperature and the temperature at which the initial velocity for histidinol dehydrogenation was optimal. These optima range from 25 degrees C for the enzyme from the psychrophilic species through to 41 degrees C for the mesophiles to 85-92 degrees C for the extreme thermophiles. It is concluded that the ability of the enzymes to operate at their various optimum temperatures is an intrinsic property of their amino acid sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:921749", "title": "N-phenylglycolhydroxamate production by the action of transketolase on nitrosobenzene.", "content": "The incubation of nitrosobenzene with yeast transketolase and D-xylulose 5-phosphate resulted in the production of N-phenylglycolhydroxamic acid. The addition of D-ribose 5-phosphate decreased the amount of hydroxamic acid that was produced. This conversion of nitrosobenzene into the glycollic acid-derived hydroxamic acid was shown to be an enzymic process, and a chemical mechanism for the conversion was proposed.", "contents": "N-phenylglycolhydroxamate production by the action of transketolase on nitrosobenzene. The incubation of nitrosobenzene with yeast transketolase and D-xylulose 5-phosphate resulted in the production of N-phenylglycolhydroxamic acid. The addition of D-ribose 5-phosphate decreased the amount of hydroxamic acid that was produced. This conversion of nitrosobenzene into the glycollic acid-derived hydroxamic acid was shown to be an enzymic process, and a chemical mechanism for the conversion was proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:921750", "title": "Substrate-induced deactivation of penicillinases. Studies of beta-lactamase I by hydrogen exchange.", "content": "The conformational motility of beta-lactamase I from Bacillus cereus was studied by hydrogen exhange. The time course of the isotopic replacement of peptide hydrogen atoms was followed by 'exchange-in' or 'exchange-out' experiments. Many of the substrates for this enzyme that have o-substituted aromatic or heterocyclic side chains (e.g. methicillin or cloxacillin) are known to effect a decrease in enzymic activity ('substrate-induced deactivation'). There was a marked discontinuity in the exchange-out curve when methicillin or cloxacillin was diffused into the enzyme solution. About one-half of the hydrogen atoms that were probed were affected by the presence of these substrates, and the change in the reactivity of the hydrogen atoms was also large. Substrates that do not bring about deactivation (benzylpenicillin and cephalosporin C) do not affect the hydrogen exchange, nor do reversible competitive inhibitors such as the penicilloic acid or penilloic acid. On the other hand, Zn2+ ions do affect the hydrogen exchange; their effect is similar to that of methicillin or cloxacillin.", "contents": "Substrate-induced deactivation of penicillinases. Studies of beta-lactamase I by hydrogen exchange. The conformational motility of beta-lactamase I from Bacillus cereus was studied by hydrogen exhange. The time course of the isotopic replacement of peptide hydrogen atoms was followed by 'exchange-in' or 'exchange-out' experiments. Many of the substrates for this enzyme that have o-substituted aromatic or heterocyclic side chains (e.g. methicillin or cloxacillin) are known to effect a decrease in enzymic activity ('substrate-induced deactivation'). There was a marked discontinuity in the exchange-out curve when methicillin or cloxacillin was diffused into the enzyme solution. About one-half of the hydrogen atoms that were probed were affected by the presence of these substrates, and the change in the reactivity of the hydrogen atoms was also large. Substrates that do not bring about deactivation (benzylpenicillin and cephalosporin C) do not affect the hydrogen exchange, nor do reversible competitive inhibitors such as the penicilloic acid or penilloic acid. On the other hand, Zn2+ ions do affect the hydrogen exchange; their effect is similar to that of methicillin or cloxacillin."}
{"id": "PMID:921751", "title": "Specificity of flavobacterial glycuronidases acting on disaccharides derived from glycosaminoglycans.", "content": "The specificity of the unusual flavobacterial glycuronidases that act on disaccharides containing delta4,5-unsaturated uronic acids was reinvestigated. The results show that the enzyme that hydrolyses the uronidic bond in disaccharides from hyaluronic acid and the chondroitin sulphates appears to be mainly specific for beta-D-(1 leads to 3)-derived linkages. The enzyme that hydrolyses the uronidic bond in a variety of disaccharides obtained from heparan sulphate and heparin appears to be specific for beta-D-(1 leads to 4)- and alpha-L-(1 leads to 4)- derived linkages. Thus the glycuronidases seem to be specific for linkage position rather than anomeric configuration, as had been thought previously. In addition, the data confirm other evidence that the major glucuronidic linkages in heparan sulphate and heparin have the beta-D-configuration, and the iduronidic linkages the alpha-L-configuration.", "contents": "Specificity of flavobacterial glycuronidases acting on disaccharides derived from glycosaminoglycans. The specificity of the unusual flavobacterial glycuronidases that act on disaccharides containing delta4,5-unsaturated uronic acids was reinvestigated. The results show that the enzyme that hydrolyses the uronidic bond in disaccharides from hyaluronic acid and the chondroitin sulphates appears to be mainly specific for beta-D-(1 leads to 3)-derived linkages. The enzyme that hydrolyses the uronidic bond in a variety of disaccharides obtained from heparan sulphate and heparin appears to be specific for beta-D-(1 leads to 4)- and alpha-L-(1 leads to 4)- derived linkages. Thus the glycuronidases seem to be specific for linkage position rather than anomeric configuration, as had been thought previously. In addition, the data confirm other evidence that the major glucuronidic linkages in heparan sulphate and heparin have the beta-D-configuration, and the iduronidic linkages the alpha-L-configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:921752", "title": "Acetyl-coenzyme A and coenzyme A analogues. Their effects on rat brain choline acetyltransferase.", "content": "Choline acetyltransferase has the same affinity for acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA (Km=1.4 micron). Choline acetyltransferase may use the two latter compounds as substrate, but the longer the acyl chain the lower will be Vmax. CoA is an inhibitor (Ki=1.8 micron). The position of the 3'-phosphate is of primary importance. Desphospho-CoA is a weak inhibitor (Ki=500 micron). 5'-AMP is already an inhibitor (Ki=2500 micron). Phosphopantetheine is not an inhibitor. Dextran Blue is a potent inhibitor (Ki=0.05 micron). Choline acetyltransferase binds to hydrophobic affinity columns. Because of its affinity for nucleotides, affinity for Dextran Blue and hydrophobicity, it is proposed that it contains the 'nucleotide fold', which is a common structural domain present in several enzymes binding nucleotides.", "contents": "Acetyl-coenzyme A and coenzyme A analogues. Their effects on rat brain choline acetyltransferase. Choline acetyltransferase has the same affinity for acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA (Km=1.4 micron). Choline acetyltransferase may use the two latter compounds as substrate, but the longer the acyl chain the lower will be Vmax. CoA is an inhibitor (Ki=1.8 micron). The position of the 3'-phosphate is of primary importance. Desphospho-CoA is a weak inhibitor (Ki=500 micron). 5'-AMP is already an inhibitor (Ki=2500 micron). Phosphopantetheine is not an inhibitor. Dextran Blue is a potent inhibitor (Ki=0.05 micron). Choline acetyltransferase binds to hydrophobic affinity columns. Because of its affinity for nucleotides, affinity for Dextran Blue and hydrophobicity, it is proposed that it contains the 'nucleotide fold', which is a common structural domain present in several enzymes binding nucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:921753", "title": "Subtilisin modification of monodeamidated ribonuclease-A.", "content": "Limited proteolysis of RNAase-Aa(1) (monodeamidated ribonuclease-A) by subtilisin results in the formation of an active RNAase-S type of derivative, namely RNAase-Aa(1)S. RNAase-Aa(1)S was chromatographically distinct from RNAase-S, but exhibited very nearly the same enzymic activity, antigenic conformation and susceptibility to trypsin as did RNAase-S. Fractionation of RNAase-Aa(1)S by trichloroacetic acid yielded RNAase-Aa(1)S-protein and RNAase-Aa(1)S-peptide, both of which are inactive by themselves, but regenerate active RNAase-Aa(1)S' when mixed together. RNAase-Aa(1)S-peptide was identical with RNAase-S-peptide, whereas the protein part was distinct from that of RNAase-S-protein. Titration of RNAase-Aa(1)S-protein with S-peptide exhibited slight but noticeably weaker binding of the peptide to the deamidated S-protein as compared with that of native protein. Unlike the subtilisin digestion of RNAase-A, which gives nearly 100% conversion into RNAase-S, the digestion of RNAase-Aa(1) gives only a 50% conversion. The resistance of RNAase-Aa(1) to further subtilisin modification after 50% conversion is apparently due to the interaction of RNAase-Aa(1) with its subtilisin-modified product. RNAase-S was also found to undergo activity and structural changes in acidic solutions, similar to those of RNAase-A. The initial reaction product (RNAase-Sa(1)) isolated by chromatography was not homogeneous. Unlike the acid treatment of RNAase-A, which affected only the S-protein part, the acid treatment of RNAase-S affected both the S-protein and the S-peptide region of the molecule.", "contents": "Subtilisin modification of monodeamidated ribonuclease-A. Limited proteolysis of RNAase-Aa(1) (monodeamidated ribonuclease-A) by subtilisin results in the formation of an active RNAase-S type of derivative, namely RNAase-Aa(1)S. RNAase-Aa(1)S was chromatographically distinct from RNAase-S, but exhibited very nearly the same enzymic activity, antigenic conformation and susceptibility to trypsin as did RNAase-S. Fractionation of RNAase-Aa(1)S by trichloroacetic acid yielded RNAase-Aa(1)S-protein and RNAase-Aa(1)S-peptide, both of which are inactive by themselves, but regenerate active RNAase-Aa(1)S' when mixed together. RNAase-Aa(1)S-peptide was identical with RNAase-S-peptide, whereas the protein part was distinct from that of RNAase-S-protein. Titration of RNAase-Aa(1)S-protein with S-peptide exhibited slight but noticeably weaker binding of the peptide to the deamidated S-protein as compared with that of native protein. Unlike the subtilisin digestion of RNAase-A, which gives nearly 100% conversion into RNAase-S, the digestion of RNAase-Aa(1) gives only a 50% conversion. The resistance of RNAase-Aa(1) to further subtilisin modification after 50% conversion is apparently due to the interaction of RNAase-Aa(1) with its subtilisin-modified product. RNAase-S was also found to undergo activity and structural changes in acidic solutions, similar to those of RNAase-A. The initial reaction product (RNAase-Sa(1)) isolated by chromatography was not homogeneous. Unlike the acid treatment of RNAase-A, which affected only the S-protein part, the acid treatment of RNAase-S affected both the S-protein and the S-peptide region of the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:921754", "title": "The structure of L-lactate oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "1. An improved purification was developed for L-lactate oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. 2. The mol.wt. of the native enzyme by a sedimentation-equilibrium analysis was 345 000, and other ultracentrifuge methods gave values in the range 345 000-350 000. 3. An amino acid analysis, determinations of protein and flavin, a sedimentation-velocity analysis and an approach to equilibrium analysis gave values for the subunit mol.wt. in the range 43 500-47 000. 4. It was concluded that L-lactate oxidase contains eight subunits of mol.wt. 43 500. 5. Cross-linking of the subunits with dimethyl suberimidate and electron-microscopy studies were consistent with an octameric structure.", "contents": "The structure of L-lactate oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. 1. An improved purification was developed for L-lactate oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. 2. The mol.wt. of the native enzyme by a sedimentation-equilibrium analysis was 345 000, and other ultracentrifuge methods gave values in the range 345 000-350 000. 3. An amino acid analysis, determinations of protein and flavin, a sedimentation-velocity analysis and an approach to equilibrium analysis gave values for the subunit mol.wt. in the range 43 500-47 000. 4. It was concluded that L-lactate oxidase contains eight subunits of mol.wt. 43 500. 5. Cross-linking of the subunits with dimethyl suberimidate and electron-microscopy studies were consistent with an octameric structure."}
{"id": "PMID:921755", "title": "Modification of lactate oxidase with diethyl pyrocarbonate. Evidence for an active-site histidine residue.", "content": "1. Diethyl pyrocarbonate inactivated l-lactate oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. 2. Two histidine residues underwent ethoxycarbonylation when the enzyme was treated with sufficient reagent to abolish more than 90% of the enzyme activity, but analyses of the inactivation showed that the modification of one histidine residue was sufficient to cause the loss of enzyme activity. The rates of enzyme inactivation and histidine modification were the same. 3. Substrate and competitive inhibitors decreased the maximum extent of inactivation to a 50% loss of enzyme activity and modification was decreased from 1.9 to 0.75-1.2 histidine residues modified/molecule of FMN. 4. Treatment of the enzyme with diethyl [(14)C]pyrocarbonate (labelled in the carbonyl groups) confirmed that only histidine residues were modified under the conditions used and that deacylation of the ethoxycarbonylhistidine residues by hydroxylamine was concomitant with the removal of the (14)C label and the re-activation of the enzyme. 5. No evidence was found for modification of tryptophan, tyrosine or cysteine residues, and no difference was detected between the conformation and subunit structure of the modified and native enzyme. 6. Modification of the enzyme with diethyl pyrocarbonate did not alter the following properties: the binding of competitive inhibitors, bisulphite and substrate or the chemical reduction of the flavin group to the semiquinone or fully reduced states. The normal reduction of the flavin by lactate was, however, abolished.", "contents": "Modification of lactate oxidase with diethyl pyrocarbonate. Evidence for an active-site histidine residue. 1. Diethyl pyrocarbonate inactivated l-lactate oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. 2. Two histidine residues underwent ethoxycarbonylation when the enzyme was treated with sufficient reagent to abolish more than 90% of the enzyme activity, but analyses of the inactivation showed that the modification of one histidine residue was sufficient to cause the loss of enzyme activity. The rates of enzyme inactivation and histidine modification were the same. 3. Substrate and competitive inhibitors decreased the maximum extent of inactivation to a 50% loss of enzyme activity and modification was decreased from 1.9 to 0.75-1.2 histidine residues modified/molecule of FMN. 4. Treatment of the enzyme with diethyl [(14)C]pyrocarbonate (labelled in the carbonyl groups) confirmed that only histidine residues were modified under the conditions used and that deacylation of the ethoxycarbonylhistidine residues by hydroxylamine was concomitant with the removal of the (14)C label and the re-activation of the enzyme. 5. No evidence was found for modification of tryptophan, tyrosine or cysteine residues, and no difference was detected between the conformation and subunit structure of the modified and native enzyme. 6. Modification of the enzyme with diethyl pyrocarbonate did not alter the following properties: the binding of competitive inhibitors, bisulphite and substrate or the chemical reduction of the flavin group to the semiquinone or fully reduced states. The normal reduction of the flavin by lactate was, however, abolished."}
{"id": "PMID:921756", "title": "The high-performance liquid-chromatographic analysis of ficaprenol and dolichol.", "content": "A high-performance liquid-chromatographic method was devised which is capable of resolving the p-nitrobenzoyl derivatives of polyprenols containing 35-110 or more carbon atoms. This procedure was used for the determination of ficaprenol and pig liver dolichol composition and can be applied to mixtures of polyprenols as an analytical or preparative technique.", "contents": "The high-performance liquid-chromatographic analysis of ficaprenol and dolichol. A high-performance liquid-chromatographic method was devised which is capable of resolving the p-nitrobenzoyl derivatives of polyprenols containing 35-110 or more carbon atoms. This procedure was used for the determination of ficaprenol and pig liver dolichol composition and can be applied to mixtures of polyprenols as an analytical or preparative technique."}
{"id": "PMID:921757", "title": "Partial purification of two lithocholic acid-binding proteins from rat liver 100 000g supernatants.", "content": "1. The partial purification of two lithocholic acid-binding proteins from liver 100 000g supernatants is described. 2. Gel-filtration, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, Ca3(PO4)2 fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography were used. 3. Both proteins exhibited glutathione S-transferase activity; one may be the non-specific anion-binding protein ligandin. 4. Glutathione S-transferase activity of one of the binding proteins was inhibited by lithocholic acid.", "contents": "Partial purification of two lithocholic acid-binding proteins from rat liver 100 000g supernatants. 1. The partial purification of two lithocholic acid-binding proteins from liver 100 000g supernatants is described. 2. Gel-filtration, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, Ca3(PO4)2 fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography were used. 3. Both proteins exhibited glutathione S-transferase activity; one may be the non-specific anion-binding protein ligandin. 4. Glutathione S-transferase activity of one of the binding proteins was inhibited by lithocholic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:921758", "title": "The isolation and structure of C4, the fourth component of human complement.", "content": "The fourth component of complement, C4, was isolated from human serum in good yield, and in confirmation of previous reports was shown to be formed from three peptide chains, alpha, beta and gamma, with apparent mol.wts. 90 000, 80 000 and 30 000 respectively. Preparative methods are described for the isolation of the three peptide chains and their amino acid analyses reported. Component C4 contains 7.0% carbohydrate, alpha-chain 8.6% and the beta-chain 5.6%. The N-terminal amino acid sequences are given for 12 residues of the alpha-chain, eight of the beta-chain and 19 of the gamma-chain.", "contents": "The isolation and structure of C4, the fourth component of human complement. The fourth component of complement, C4, was isolated from human serum in good yield, and in confirmation of previous reports was shown to be formed from three peptide chains, alpha, beta and gamma, with apparent mol.wts. 90 000, 80 000 and 30 000 respectively. Preparative methods are described for the isolation of the three peptide chains and their amino acid analyses reported. Component C4 contains 7.0% carbohydrate, alpha-chain 8.6% and the beta-chain 5.6%. The N-terminal amino acid sequences are given for 12 residues of the alpha-chain, eight of the beta-chain and 19 of the gamma-chain."}
{"id": "PMID:921759", "title": "Accumulation of O6-methylguanine in non-target-tissue deoxyribonucleic acid during chronic administration of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "1. BD-IV rats were given labelled dimethylnitrosamine (2 mg/kg) by stomach tube on weekdays (Monday to Friday) for up to 24 weeks. The rats killed after 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 weeks of treatment (72 h after the final dimethylnitrosamine gavage) and DNA was isolated from the pooled livers, kidneys and lungs. Purine bases were released from the DNA by mild acid hydrolysis and separated by Sephadex G-10 chromatography. 2. Throughout the experiment, the content of 7-methylguanine in liver DNA was approx. 16 times that in kidney and lung. The amount of this product increased in the DNA of all three tissues up to 16 weeks, but by 24 weeks had decreased by 20% in the liver and 46% in the other tissues. 3. O6-Methylguanine was not detected in liver DNA, but was easily measured in kidney and lung DNA after 4 weeks of dimethylnitrosamine administration. The amount of O6-methylguanine in kidney and lung DNA increased relative to that of 7-methylguanine, and by 24 weeks was 60% of the 7-methylguanine content in both tissues. 4. Incorporation of radioactive C1 breakdown products of dimethylnitrosamine into normal purines in DNA increased continuously in all three tissues. 5. The results are discussed with respect to the specific hepatocarcinogenic effect of chronic administration of dimethylnitrosamine and the possible contribution of increased DNA repair and DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Accumulation of O6-methylguanine in non-target-tissue deoxyribonucleic acid during chronic administration of dimethylnitrosamine. 1. BD-IV rats were given labelled dimethylnitrosamine (2 mg/kg) by stomach tube on weekdays (Monday to Friday) for up to 24 weeks. The rats killed after 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 weeks of treatment (72 h after the final dimethylnitrosamine gavage) and DNA was isolated from the pooled livers, kidneys and lungs. Purine bases were released from the DNA by mild acid hydrolysis and separated by Sephadex G-10 chromatography. 2. Throughout the experiment, the content of 7-methylguanine in liver DNA was approx. 16 times that in kidney and lung. The amount of this product increased in the DNA of all three tissues up to 16 weeks, but by 24 weeks had decreased by 20% in the liver and 46% in the other tissues. 3. O6-Methylguanine was not detected in liver DNA, but was easily measured in kidney and lung DNA after 4 weeks of dimethylnitrosamine administration. The amount of O6-methylguanine in kidney and lung DNA increased relative to that of 7-methylguanine, and by 24 weeks was 60% of the 7-methylguanine content in both tissues. 4. Incorporation of radioactive C1 breakdown products of dimethylnitrosamine into normal purines in DNA increased continuously in all three tissues. 5. The results are discussed with respect to the specific hepatocarcinogenic effect of chronic administration of dimethylnitrosamine and the possible contribution of increased DNA repair and DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:921760", "title": "Purification and properties of a nuclear protein kinase from rat mammary gland.", "content": "A nuclear protein kinase that shows a high degree of substrate specificity for the phosphorylation of the acidic proteins casein, phosvitin and non-histone chromatin proteins, rather than the basic proteins histones and protamine, was partially purified from lactatingrat mammary gland. The enzyme is associated with the acidic protein fraction of chromatin. Nuclear kinase requires Co(2+) for activity, and other bivalent cations such as Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) can substitute partially for Co(2+). The kinase is further activates (2-3-fold) by various salts, their concentration for maximum stimulation being: NaCl, 150mm; KCl, 200mm; sodium acetate, 300mm. The sedimentation coefficient of the nuclear kinase is 8.9S and its mol.wt. is approx. 300000 by gel-exclusion chromatography. The enzyme is not activated by cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP and is inhibited neither by the regulatory subunit of mammary cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase nor by the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor from ox heart. Analysis of (32)P-labelled protein products reveals that the kinase transfers the terminal phosphate of ATP to serine and threonine residues of proteins. The enzyme, however, has specificity for the phosphorylation of threonine in casein and serine in phosvitin. Molecular size and enzymic characteristics of the nuclear protein kinase are clearly different from those of the cytosol enzyme previously characterized.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a nuclear protein kinase from rat mammary gland. A nuclear protein kinase that shows a high degree of substrate specificity for the phosphorylation of the acidic proteins casein, phosvitin and non-histone chromatin proteins, rather than the basic proteins histones and protamine, was partially purified from lactatingrat mammary gland. The enzyme is associated with the acidic protein fraction of chromatin. Nuclear kinase requires Co(2+) for activity, and other bivalent cations such as Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) can substitute partially for Co(2+). The kinase is further activates (2-3-fold) by various salts, their concentration for maximum stimulation being: NaCl, 150mm; KCl, 200mm; sodium acetate, 300mm. The sedimentation coefficient of the nuclear kinase is 8.9S and its mol.wt. is approx. 300000 by gel-exclusion chromatography. The enzyme is not activated by cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP and is inhibited neither by the regulatory subunit of mammary cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase nor by the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor from ox heart. Analysis of (32)P-labelled protein products reveals that the kinase transfers the terminal phosphate of ATP to serine and threonine residues of proteins. The enzyme, however, has specificity for the phosphorylation of threonine in casein and serine in phosvitin. Molecular size and enzymic characteristics of the nuclear protein kinase are clearly different from those of the cytosol enzyme previously characterized."}
{"id": "PMID:921761", "title": "Semisynthetic analogues of insulin. The use of N-substituted derivatives of methionine as acid-stable protecting groups.", "content": "1. We describe the use of benzyloxycarbonylmethionine and ethoxycarbonylmethionine for the selective protection of the amino groups of glycine-A1 and lysine-B29 of pig insulin. We have used the Edman method to remove residues from the N-terminal and of the B-chain of the N(A1)N(B29)-di-protected derivatives. The benzyloxycarbonyl group shows slight but noticeable lability in the acid-cleavage step, but the ethoxycarbonyl group remained intact even after five cycles of degradation. 2. We have prepared the following truncated forms of insulin via the di(ethoxycarbonylmethionyl) derivative: des-Phe(B1)-insulin;des-(Phe(B1)-Val(B2))-insulin; des-(Phe(B1)-Val(B2)-Asn(B3))-insulin;des- (Phe(B1)-Val(B2)-Asn(B3)-Gln(B4))-insulin; des-(Phe(B1)-Val(B2)-Asn(B3) -Gln(B4)-His(B5))-insulin. 3. Insulin was re-synthesized from the di-protected des-Phe(B1)-insulin by reaction with an active ester of t-butoxycarbonyl-l-phenylalanine. The product after deprotection crystallized, and the immunoreactivity of the crystalline material was identical with that of the native protein. 4. We have prepared the following analogues of insulin in a similar manner: [l-Ala(B1)]insulin; [l-Val(B1)]insulin; [l-Tyr(B1)]insulin; [m-F-l-Phe(B1)]insulin; [o-F-l-Phe(B1)]-insulin; [o-F-l-Phe(B2)]des-Phe(B1)-insulin. All had between 34 and 62% of the activity of insulin in the fat-cell test. 5. We have also investigated the use of the benzyol, toluene-p-sulphonyl, p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl and 2,4-dinitrophenyl groups for the N-protection of the methionine active esters. Each should have had some particular advantage over the benzyloxycarbonyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups, but all proved in practice to have disadvantages that more than outweighed anything in their favour.", "contents": "Semisynthetic analogues of insulin. The use of N-substituted derivatives of methionine as acid-stable protecting groups. 1. We describe the use of benzyloxycarbonylmethionine and ethoxycarbonylmethionine for the selective protection of the amino groups of glycine-A1 and lysine-B29 of pig insulin. We have used the Edman method to remove residues from the N-terminal and of the B-chain of the N(A1)N(B29)-di-protected derivatives. The benzyloxycarbonyl group shows slight but noticeable lability in the acid-cleavage step, but the ethoxycarbonyl group remained intact even after five cycles of degradation. 2. We have prepared the following truncated forms of insulin via the di(ethoxycarbonylmethionyl) derivative: des-Phe(B1)-insulin;des-(Phe(B1)-Val(B2))-insulin; des-(Phe(B1)-Val(B2)-Asn(B3))-insulin;des- (Phe(B1)-Val(B2)-Asn(B3)-Gln(B4))-insulin; des-(Phe(B1)-Val(B2)-Asn(B3) -Gln(B4)-His(B5))-insulin. 3. Insulin was re-synthesized from the di-protected des-Phe(B1)-insulin by reaction with an active ester of t-butoxycarbonyl-l-phenylalanine. The product after deprotection crystallized, and the immunoreactivity of the crystalline material was identical with that of the native protein. 4. We have prepared the following analogues of insulin in a similar manner: [l-Ala(B1)]insulin; [l-Val(B1)]insulin; [l-Tyr(B1)]insulin; [m-F-l-Phe(B1)]insulin; [o-F-l-Phe(B1)]-insulin; [o-F-l-Phe(B2)]des-Phe(B1)-insulin. All had between 34 and 62% of the activity of insulin in the fat-cell test. 5. We have also investigated the use of the benzyol, toluene-p-sulphonyl, p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl and 2,4-dinitrophenyl groups for the N-protection of the methionine active esters. Each should have had some particular advantage over the benzyloxycarbonyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups, but all proved in practice to have disadvantages that more than outweighed anything in their favour."}
{"id": "PMID:921762", "title": "A simplified electrophoretic system for determining molecular weights of proteins.", "content": "Electrophoresis of 31 different proteins in commercially prepared polyacrylamide gradient gels, Gradipore, yields a linear relationship between a hypothetical limiting pore size (the reciprocal of a limiting gel concentration, GL) and the cube root of the mol.wt., over the range 13 500-9000 000. A regression analysis of these data reveals that 98.6% of all variability in 1/GL is explained by the molecular weight, and this degree of accuracy compares favourably with existing methods for the determination of molecular weight by retardation of mobility in polyacrylamide. This new procedure has the additional advantages that molecular-weight standards can be obtained from readily available body fluids or tissue extracts by localizing enzymes and other proteins by standard histochemical methods, and that the same electrophoretic system can be used in determining molecular weights as is used in routine surveys of populations for individual and species variation in protein heterogeneity.", "contents": "A simplified electrophoretic system for determining molecular weights of proteins. Electrophoresis of 31 different proteins in commercially prepared polyacrylamide gradient gels, Gradipore, yields a linear relationship between a hypothetical limiting pore size (the reciprocal of a limiting gel concentration, GL) and the cube root of the mol.wt., over the range 13 500-9000 000. A regression analysis of these data reveals that 98.6% of all variability in 1/GL is explained by the molecular weight, and this degree of accuracy compares favourably with existing methods for the determination of molecular weight by retardation of mobility in polyacrylamide. This new procedure has the additional advantages that molecular-weight standards can be obtained from readily available body fluids or tissue extracts by localizing enzymes and other proteins by standard histochemical methods, and that the same electrophoretic system can be used in determining molecular weights as is used in routine surveys of populations for individual and species variation in protein heterogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:921763", "title": "Characterization of glyoxalase I purified from pig erythrocytes by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) was purified about 10000-fold from pig erythrocytes in a yield of approx. 20%. The purification included affinity chromatography on S-hexylglutathione coupled to Sepharose 4B. The purified enzyme normally contained two catalytically active components which were resolved by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. After treatment with reduced glutathione only one component was found. The two components were also demonstrable after isoelectric focusing or DEAE-cellulose chromatography and could also in these cases be fused into one species by preincubation with reduced glutathione. It is proposed that the most acidic form of glyoxalase I is a mixed disulphide with glutathione. Except for these interconvertible forms, the purified enzyme was homogeneous, as judged by disc electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis. The molecule is a dimer (48000 daltons), composed of apparently identical subunits (24000 daltons). The isoelectric point was 4.8 at 4 degrees C. The amino acid composition was consistent with the low isoelectric point. The enzyme contained about two thiol groups per enzyme molecule. EDTA inactivated the enzyme and bivalent metal ions could restore fully or partially the catalytic activity; Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) gave highest activity. It is proposed that a major biological function of glyoxalase I is the detoxification of methylglyoxal formed by enterobacteria in the alimentary canal.", "contents": "Characterization of glyoxalase I purified from pig erythrocytes by affinity chromatography. Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) was purified about 10000-fold from pig erythrocytes in a yield of approx. 20%. The purification included affinity chromatography on S-hexylglutathione coupled to Sepharose 4B. The purified enzyme normally contained two catalytically active components which were resolved by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. After treatment with reduced glutathione only one component was found. The two components were also demonstrable after isoelectric focusing or DEAE-cellulose chromatography and could also in these cases be fused into one species by preincubation with reduced glutathione. It is proposed that the most acidic form of glyoxalase I is a mixed disulphide with glutathione. Except for these interconvertible forms, the purified enzyme was homogeneous, as judged by disc electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis. The molecule is a dimer (48000 daltons), composed of apparently identical subunits (24000 daltons). The isoelectric point was 4.8 at 4 degrees C. The amino acid composition was consistent with the low isoelectric point. The enzyme contained about two thiol groups per enzyme molecule. EDTA inactivated the enzyme and bivalent metal ions could restore fully or partially the catalytic activity; Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) gave highest activity. It is proposed that a major biological function of glyoxalase I is the detoxification of methylglyoxal formed by enterobacteria in the alimentary canal."}
{"id": "PMID:921764", "title": "Purification and properties of a ribosomal casein kinase from rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "A casein kinase was isolated and purifed from rabbit reticulocytes. About 90% of the enzyme activity co-sedimented with the ribosomal fraction, whereas about 10% of the enzyme activity was found in the ribosome-free supernatant. Both casein kinases (the ribosome-bound enzyme as well as the free enzyme) showed identical activity and the same molecular weight. On sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis a single band of about 70 000 mol.wt. was observed. Sucrose-gradient analysis, however, showed that the enzyme activity sedimented with a s20,w of approx. 7.5S. This observation suggested that the casein kinase is a dimer composed of subunits of identical molecular weight. The enzyme utilizes GTP as well as ATP as a phosphoryl donor. It preferentially phosphorylates acidic proteins, in particular the model substrates casein and phosvitin. Casein kinase is cyclic AMP-indepenoent. The Km values for ATP and GTP with phosvitin as a substrate were determined as 1.2 and 8.8 micrometer respectively.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a ribosomal casein kinase from rabbit reticulocytes. A casein kinase was isolated and purifed from rabbit reticulocytes. About 90% of the enzyme activity co-sedimented with the ribosomal fraction, whereas about 10% of the enzyme activity was found in the ribosome-free supernatant. Both casein kinases (the ribosome-bound enzyme as well as the free enzyme) showed identical activity and the same molecular weight. On sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis a single band of about 70 000 mol.wt. was observed. Sucrose-gradient analysis, however, showed that the enzyme activity sedimented with a s20,w of approx. 7.5S. This observation suggested that the casein kinase is a dimer composed of subunits of identical molecular weight. The enzyme utilizes GTP as well as ATP as a phosphoryl donor. It preferentially phosphorylates acidic proteins, in particular the model substrates casein and phosvitin. Casein kinase is cyclic AMP-indepenoent. The Km values for ATP and GTP with phosvitin as a substrate were determined as 1.2 and 8.8 micrometer respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:921765", "title": "Effect of lipophilic character on the biological activity of synthetic angiotensin peptides.", "content": "[Ile5]angiotensin II (angiotensin) derivatives bearing acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, pentanoyl or hexanoyl moieties at the N-terminal amino group were synthesized. The myotropic effects in vitro (on guinea-pig ileum and rat uterus) of desamino-angiotensin and of the above compounds did not correlate with their partition coefficients in butan-1-ol/acetic acid/water. The pressor effects in vivo in rats showed a negative correlation with the partition coefficients, discouraging further attempts to raise the pressor potency of angiotensin analogues by increasing their hydrophobicity. The half-times for onset and reversal of the biological responses also did not correlate with partition coefficients, but reversal was retarded by the presence of a free amino group. It is concluded that partition between aqueous medium and the lipophilic receptor environment is not a limiting factor for angiotensin activity.", "contents": "Effect of lipophilic character on the biological activity of synthetic angiotensin peptides. [Ile5]angiotensin II (angiotensin) derivatives bearing acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, pentanoyl or hexanoyl moieties at the N-terminal amino group were synthesized. The myotropic effects in vitro (on guinea-pig ileum and rat uterus) of desamino-angiotensin and of the above compounds did not correlate with their partition coefficients in butan-1-ol/acetic acid/water. The pressor effects in vivo in rats showed a negative correlation with the partition coefficients, discouraging further attempts to raise the pressor potency of angiotensin analogues by increasing their hydrophobicity. The half-times for onset and reversal of the biological responses also did not correlate with partition coefficients, but reversal was retarded by the presence of a free amino group. It is concluded that partition between aqueous medium and the lipophilic receptor environment is not a limiting factor for angiotensin activity."}
{"id": "PMID:921766", "title": "A novel mechanism of enzymic ester hydrolysis. Inversion of configuration and carbon-oxygen bond cleavage by secondary alkylsulphohydrolases from detergent-degrading micro-organisms.", "content": "The hydrolysis was studied of potassium (+)-octan-2-yl sulphate by two analogous, optically stereospecific, secondary alkylsulphohydrolases purified from two detergent-degrading micro-organisms, Comamonas terrigena and Pseudomonas C12B. Polarimetry studies have shown that (+)-octan-2-yl sulphate prepared from (+)-octan-2-ol is hydrolysed by both enzymes to yield (-)-octan-2-ol. This inversion of configuration implies that the enzymes are catalysing the scission of the C-O bond of the C-O-S linkage, a type of bond scission apparently not hitherto encountered among hydrolytic enzymes acting on ester bonds. Enzymic hydrolysis of potassium (+)-octan-2-yl sulphate in the presence of H218O and analysis of hydrolysis products for the presence of 18O has confirmed that C-O bond scission (and not O-S bond scission) occurs with both enzymes.", "contents": "A novel mechanism of enzymic ester hydrolysis. Inversion of configuration and carbon-oxygen bond cleavage by secondary alkylsulphohydrolases from detergent-degrading micro-organisms. The hydrolysis was studied of potassium (+)-octan-2-yl sulphate by two analogous, optically stereospecific, secondary alkylsulphohydrolases purified from two detergent-degrading micro-organisms, Comamonas terrigena and Pseudomonas C12B. Polarimetry studies have shown that (+)-octan-2-yl sulphate prepared from (+)-octan-2-ol is hydrolysed by both enzymes to yield (-)-octan-2-ol. This inversion of configuration implies that the enzymes are catalysing the scission of the C-O bond of the C-O-S linkage, a type of bond scission apparently not hitherto encountered among hydrolytic enzymes acting on ester bonds. Enzymic hydrolysis of potassium (+)-octan-2-yl sulphate in the presence of H218O and analysis of hydrolysis products for the presence of 18O has confirmed that C-O bond scission (and not O-S bond scission) occurs with both enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:921767", "title": "Carbon-2 proton exchange at histidine-41 in bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase.", "content": "The C-2 proton of one histidine residue in bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase is shown to be particularly labile. This residue is identified by tritiation, protein digestion and subsequent peptide 'mapping' as histidine-41. A half-life for the exchange of histidine C-2 1H for 2H in 2H2O as solvent, at pD 8.1 and 40 degrees C, is estimated as approx. 9.2h, by 1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy.", "contents": "Carbon-2 proton exchange at histidine-41 in bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase. The C-2 proton of one histidine residue in bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase is shown to be particularly labile. This residue is identified by tritiation, protein digestion and subsequent peptide 'mapping' as histidine-41. A half-life for the exchange of histidine C-2 1H for 2H in 2H2O as solvent, at pD 8.1 and 40 degrees C, is estimated as approx. 9.2h, by 1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:921821", "title": "Lymphocyte activation in rheumatoid synovial effusion.", "content": "A rapid method based upon increase in intranuclear birefringence occurring in early stages of lymphocyte activation was used to examine whether there is any difference in lymphocyte activation between lymphocytes from synovial fluid and those from peripheral blood in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other joint diseases. Increased activation of synovial fluid lymphocytes compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes was seen only in synovial effusions obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Lymphocyte activation in rheumatoid synovial effusion. A rapid method based upon increase in intranuclear birefringence occurring in early stages of lymphocyte activation was used to examine whether there is any difference in lymphocyte activation between lymphocytes from synovial fluid and those from peripheral blood in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other joint diseases. Increased activation of synovial fluid lymphocytes compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes was seen only in synovial effusions obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:921823", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of serum myoglobin in polymyositis and other conditions.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay of serum myoglobin was done in 53 patients with polymyositis syndromes and other conditions. Serum myoglobin values in 33 healthy subjects ranged from 4 to 77 [mean 33.3 +/- 19.8 (SD)] ng/ml. Fifty percent of polymyositis patients had elevated serum myoglobin levels (greater than 80 ng/ml). Serum myoglobin values in polymyositis patients fluctuated more sensitively than CPK and GOT. Combined estimation of myoglobin and CPK offers advantages for the detection of muscle injury and the prediction of disease exacerbation.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of serum myoglobin in polymyositis and other conditions. Radioimmunoassay of serum myoglobin was done in 53 patients with polymyositis syndromes and other conditions. Serum myoglobin values in 33 healthy subjects ranged from 4 to 77 [mean 33.3 +/- 19.8 (SD)] ng/ml. Fifty percent of polymyositis patients had elevated serum myoglobin levels (greater than 80 ng/ml). Serum myoglobin values in polymyositis patients fluctuated more sensitively than CPK and GOT. Combined estimation of myoglobin and CPK offers advantages for the detection of muscle injury and the prediction of disease exacerbation."}
{"id": "PMID:921824", "title": "Severe systemic lupus erythematosus with nephritis in a boy with deficiency of the fourth component of complement.", "content": "A young boy with severe systemic lupus erythematosus was found to be totally deficient in the fourth component of complement. Family studies were consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of transmission and with linkage of the gene(s) determining C4 deficiency to the major histocompatibility complex; no disease states were associated with heterozygosity. This patient has had severe multisystem disease and immune complex glomerulonephritis presumably the alternative pathway of complement was utilized in the pathogenesis of his nephritis.", "contents": "Severe systemic lupus erythematosus with nephritis in a boy with deficiency of the fourth component of complement. A young boy with severe systemic lupus erythematosus was found to be totally deficient in the fourth component of complement. Family studies were consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of transmission and with linkage of the gene(s) determining C4 deficiency to the major histocompatibility complex; no disease states were associated with heterozygosity. This patient has had severe multisystem disease and immune complex glomerulonephritis presumably the alternative pathway of complement was utilized in the pathogenesis of his nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:921822", "title": "Localizing of C-reactive protein in synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Synovial biopsies from 8 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 2 patients with degenerative osteoarthritis, and 4 patients with nonarthritic disease were studied for localization of C-reactive protein (CRP) using immunofluorescence microscopy. The nuclei of many synoviocytes and histiocytes in rheumatoid synovial membrane were found to bind CRP. Cultures of rheumatoid synovium in 14C-labeled amino acids produced radioactive IgG, IgM, IgA, and C3; but not CRP, indicating the synovial-bound CRP was not of local origin. A few CRP-binding nuclei were present in one osteoarthritis synovium, but none was found in the other and none in synovium from the 4 nonarthritis patients. The nature of the nuclear CRP ligand in rheumatoid synovium was not determined.", "contents": "Localizing of C-reactive protein in synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Synovial biopsies from 8 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 2 patients with degenerative osteoarthritis, and 4 patients with nonarthritic disease were studied for localization of C-reactive protein (CRP) using immunofluorescence microscopy. The nuclei of many synoviocytes and histiocytes in rheumatoid synovial membrane were found to bind CRP. Cultures of rheumatoid synovium in 14C-labeled amino acids produced radioactive IgG, IgM, IgA, and C3; but not CRP, indicating the synovial-bound CRP was not of local origin. A few CRP-binding nuclei were present in one osteoarthritis synovium, but none was found in the other and none in synovium from the 4 nonarthritis patients. The nature of the nuclear CRP ligand in rheumatoid synovium was not determined."}
{"id": "PMID:921826", "title": "Adsorption of polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomal enzymes to monosodium urate crystals.", "content": "Monosodium urate (MSU) crystals induced prompt release of lysozyme, and slower release of beta-glucuronidase, alpha-mannosidase, and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. At increasing crystal concentrations, an increasing delay in the apparent onset of beta-glucuronidase release was detected which appears to be due to selective absorption of enzyme activities to the MSU crystals: beta-glucuronidase greater than LDH greater than alpha-mannosidase greater than lysozyme. Lysosomal enzyme adsorption by MSU crystals may then contribute to experimental error or may modulate gouty inflammation.", "contents": "Adsorption of polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomal enzymes to monosodium urate crystals. Monosodium urate (MSU) crystals induced prompt release of lysozyme, and slower release of beta-glucuronidase, alpha-mannosidase, and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. At increasing crystal concentrations, an increasing delay in the apparent onset of beta-glucuronidase release was detected which appears to be due to selective absorption of enzyme activities to the MSU crystals: beta-glucuronidase greater than LDH greater than alpha-mannosidase greater than lysozyme. Lysosomal enzyme adsorption by MSU crystals may then contribute to experimental error or may modulate gouty inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:921825", "title": "Destruction of joint homografts. An experimental study.", "content": "The host synovium undergoes a striking transformation at about 26 weeks after joint homografting. Histologically the synovium invaded and destroyed the graft with which it came in contact, becoming markedly hypercellular; the infiltrate consisted mainly of plasma cells and lymphocytes. The synovium at this stage closely resembled a rheumatoid pannus. The cartilage in contact with this invasive synovium lost its staining qualities, failed to take up S-35, and was gradually destroyed. The mechanism causing this transformation remains unclear. It is postulated that these changes could be due to an inflammatory or immune response.", "contents": "Destruction of joint homografts. An experimental study. The host synovium undergoes a striking transformation at about 26 weeks after joint homografting. Histologically the synovium invaded and destroyed the graft with which it came in contact, becoming markedly hypercellular; the infiltrate consisted mainly of plasma cells and lymphocytes. The synovium at this stage closely resembled a rheumatoid pannus. The cartilage in contact with this invasive synovium lost its staining qualities, failed to take up S-35, and was gradually destroyed. The mechanism causing this transformation remains unclear. It is postulated that these changes could be due to an inflammatory or immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:921829", "title": "Acute bilateral symmetrical pathologic fractures of the lateral tibial plateaus in a patient with Gaucher's disease.", "content": "A 41-year-old woman with Gaucher's disease developed bone crises of both proximal tibiae and of her spine concurrent with a syndrome of severe gastroenteritis. Three to six months later the bilateral symmetrical pathologic collapse of both lateral tibial plateaus occurred. The unusual occurrence of multiple bone crises with the gastroenteritis suggests a common causative agent, possibly a severe viremia.", "contents": "Acute bilateral symmetrical pathologic fractures of the lateral tibial plateaus in a patient with Gaucher's disease. A 41-year-old woman with Gaucher's disease developed bone crises of both proximal tibiae and of her spine concurrent with a syndrome of severe gastroenteritis. Three to six months later the bilateral symmetrical pathologic collapse of both lateral tibial plateaus occurred. The unusual occurrence of multiple bone crises with the gastroenteritis suggests a common causative agent, possibly a severe viremia."}
{"id": "PMID:921827", "title": "Synovectomy and total joint arthroplasty for recurrent hemarthroses in the arthropathic joint in hemophilia.", "content": "Severe hemophiliacs with intractable bleeding into one or more joints despite adequate clotting factor replacement therapy are difficult management problems. Synovectomy has controlled bleeding only in joints without significant arthritis destruction. Total joint replacements have been performed in arthropathic joints, but not when uncontrolled bleeding was a concurrent problem. This report describes a hemophiliac with uncontrolled bleeding into an arthritic knee who was successfully managed by combining synvectomy with total knee replacement.", "contents": "Synovectomy and total joint arthroplasty for recurrent hemarthroses in the arthropathic joint in hemophilia. Severe hemophiliacs with intractable bleeding into one or more joints despite adequate clotting factor replacement therapy are difficult management problems. Synovectomy has controlled bleeding only in joints without significant arthritis destruction. Total joint replacements have been performed in arthropathic joints, but not when uncontrolled bleeding was a concurrent problem. This report describes a hemophiliac with uncontrolled bleeding into an arthritic knee who was successfully managed by combining synvectomy with total knee replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:921828", "title": "Allopurinol hepatotoxicity. Case report and literature review.", "content": "Significant hepatotoxicity due to allopurinol seems to be rare. Only 6 such cases have been recorded in the literature. The clinical and histopathologic findings of allopurinol-induced liver injury are variable in the previously reported cases. Described herein is another patient with allopurinol hepatotoxicity. Of interest is the similar histopathology between the present case and the two previously reported cases of allopurinol-induced granulomatous hepatitis; thus this is the third such recorded case. Allopurinol should be suspected when liver abnormalities occur following use of this drug.", "contents": "Allopurinol hepatotoxicity. Case report and literature review. Significant hepatotoxicity due to allopurinol seems to be rare. Only 6 such cases have been recorded in the literature. The clinical and histopathologic findings of allopurinol-induced liver injury are variable in the previously reported cases. Described herein is another patient with allopurinol hepatotoxicity. Of interest is the similar histopathology between the present case and the two previously reported cases of allopurinol-induced granulomatous hepatitis; thus this is the third such recorded case. Allopurinol should be suspected when liver abnormalities occur following use of this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:921842", "title": "[Treatment of carotid-cavernous fistula with the Serbinenko balloon catheter].", "content": "After a critical survey of the methods of treating carotid-cavernosus fistulae employed until now and some special techniques, the endovasal method using the flow-in catheter with droppable microinflator after Serbinenko is described. In this technique, a latex inflator is filled intracavitarily with cold-vulcanized silicon rubber by the transcutaneous-transcarotidal route and left in situ for a selective closure of the fistula. 3 cases treated by the author with late results show the advantages of the method by which the carotid can be reconstructed.", "contents": "[Treatment of carotid-cavernous fistula with the Serbinenko balloon catheter]. After a critical survey of the methods of treating carotid-cavernosus fistulae employed until now and some special techniques, the endovasal method using the flow-in catheter with droppable microinflator after Serbinenko is described. In this technique, a latex inflator is filled intracavitarily with cold-vulcanized silicon rubber by the transcutaneous-transcarotidal route and left in situ for a selective closure of the fistula. 3 cases treated by the author with late results show the advantages of the method by which the carotid can be reconstructed."}
{"id": "PMID:921843", "title": "[Problem of the special pathology of brain tumors].", "content": "The post-mortem material of the Erfurt Pathological Institute covering the period from 1953 to 1975 included 1376 primary tumours of the central nervous system, which corresponds to 2.6 per cent of all autopsies and 9.6 per cent of the autospies for malignant tumours. Thus, tumours of the central nervous system show the same frequency as leukoses and lymphomas and tumours of the female genitals and range before the tumours of the colon. The age distribution confirms well known conditions, but shows as apecu liarity that in infancy cerebral tumours occur just as frequently as in childhood and that the frequency of the occurrence of meningiomas before and after the 60th year of life is practically the same; but after that time they are clinically diagnosed in a distinctly less frequent number. Wrong clinical diagnoses were made in 23.5 per cent of the observations. Finally, it is pointed out that the intraoperative picture of the tumours may be misleading and only histological examinations will be helpful.", "contents": "[Problem of the special pathology of brain tumors]. The post-mortem material of the Erfurt Pathological Institute covering the period from 1953 to 1975 included 1376 primary tumours of the central nervous system, which corresponds to 2.6 per cent of all autopsies and 9.6 per cent of the autospies for malignant tumours. Thus, tumours of the central nervous system show the same frequency as leukoses and lymphomas and tumours of the female genitals and range before the tumours of the colon. The age distribution confirms well known conditions, but shows as apecu liarity that in infancy cerebral tumours occur just as frequently as in childhood and that the frequency of the occurrence of meningiomas before and after the 60th year of life is practically the same; but after that time they are clinically diagnosed in a distinctly less frequent number. Wrong clinical diagnoses were made in 23.5 per cent of the observations. Finally, it is pointed out that the intraoperative picture of the tumours may be misleading and only histological examinations will be helpful."}
{"id": "PMID:921844", "title": "[Problems in the general pathology of brain tumors].", "content": "The various classifications of tumours of the central nervous system employed at present are analysed. A generally accepted classification is still missing. In any case, one should avoid to place cerebral tumours outside the systems, or even to exclude them from the considerations of general oncology. A solution to the problem requires as far as possible a complete detection of all cerebral tumours by autopsy. In particular, patients who were not opperated can on furnish essential indications. Even histologically and clinically so important indications with regard to dignity and malignity cannot be obtained with absolute certainty. For the greater part of cerebral tumours, degrees of malignity (\"grading\") cannot be established with sufficient reliability. In the GDR tumour statistics, cerebral tumours are almost as frequent as leukoses or the so-called lymphomas.", "contents": "[Problems in the general pathology of brain tumors]. The various classifications of tumours of the central nervous system employed at present are analysed. A generally accepted classification is still missing. In any case, one should avoid to place cerebral tumours outside the systems, or even to exclude them from the considerations of general oncology. A solution to the problem requires as far as possible a complete detection of all cerebral tumours by autopsy. In particular, patients who were not opperated can on furnish essential indications. Even histologically and clinically so important indications with regard to dignity and malignity cannot be obtained with absolute certainty. For the greater part of cerebral tumours, degrees of malignity (\"grading\") cannot be established with sufficient reliability. In the GDR tumour statistics, cerebral tumours are almost as frequent as leukoses or the so-called lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:921845", "title": "[Experiences from the conception of a complex-diagnostic neuroradiologic department integrated into a neurosurgical clinic (model of a novel functional and structural solution)].", "content": "For planning and designing the reconstruction of an superannuated radiological department of a neurosurgical supra-regional hospital the following requirements had to be taken into account: 1. Complex-diagnostic working style of a neuroradiological department integrated in the hospital complex. 2. Ensuring of a comprehensive operative-technical examination programme by appropriately equipped work places. 3. The aim to improve the working conditions of the personnel and the medical care of the population. The ideal solution was achieved by an extension of the neurosurgical clinic in the form of a diagnostic tract comprising neurosurgical O.P.D. and an after-care department, electro-diagnostic and neuroradiological departments. In the centre of the novel solution there is the function tract of the neuraradiological department in which the complex building method enables a clear division into main zones (patients zone, function zone, personnel zone). It ensures economical working for the benefit of both patients and personnel. Charts showing the sequence of operations and graphic representations of the constructional solution as well as recommendations for equipment standards for the work places illustrate the project, which is certainly suitable for serving as an internation model of similar special establishments of public health services.", "contents": "[Experiences from the conception of a complex-diagnostic neuroradiologic department integrated into a neurosurgical clinic (model of a novel functional and structural solution)]. For planning and designing the reconstruction of an superannuated radiological department of a neurosurgical supra-regional hospital the following requirements had to be taken into account: 1. Complex-diagnostic working style of a neuroradiological department integrated in the hospital complex. 2. Ensuring of a comprehensive operative-technical examination programme by appropriately equipped work places. 3. The aim to improve the working conditions of the personnel and the medical care of the population. The ideal solution was achieved by an extension of the neurosurgical clinic in the form of a diagnostic tract comprising neurosurgical O.P.D. and an after-care department, electro-diagnostic and neuroradiological departments. In the centre of the novel solution there is the function tract of the neuraradiological department in which the complex building method enables a clear division into main zones (patients zone, function zone, personnel zone). It ensures economical working for the benefit of both patients and personnel. Charts showing the sequence of operations and graphic representations of the constructional solution as well as recommendations for equipment standards for the work places illustrate the project, which is certainly suitable for serving as an internation model of similar special establishments of public health services."}
{"id": "PMID:921846", "title": "[Possibilities for error in the diagnosis of craniopharyngiomas].", "content": "Age of affection, preferential seat, clinical picture and instrumental diagnosis of craniopharyngiomas are discussed on the basis of 30 observations. Although childhood and adolescence are the leading age groups, there also was a 64-year-old patient. Three courses of the disease were selected: a 6-year-old girl presented both clinically and by instrumental examination indications of a cerebellar tumour; a mandarin-sized arachnoid cyst near the midline was removed. One year later, a suprasellar craniopharyngioma of the size of a chestnut was removed  subtotally. Retrospectively, the arachnoid cyst was only seen as a side-finding. A 13-year-old girl showed angiographically and in the pneumoencephalogram signs of a cerebellar tumour located in the middle; the operation showed regular conditions. Only frontal trepanation showed a plum-sized cystic retrochiasmal craniopharyngioma. Similar conditions were found in another 6-year-old girl.", "contents": "[Possibilities for error in the diagnosis of craniopharyngiomas]. Age of affection, preferential seat, clinical picture and instrumental diagnosis of craniopharyngiomas are discussed on the basis of 30 observations. Although childhood and adolescence are the leading age groups, there also was a 64-year-old patient. Three courses of the disease were selected: a 6-year-old girl presented both clinically and by instrumental examination indications of a cerebellar tumour; a mandarin-sized arachnoid cyst near the midline was removed. One year later, a suprasellar craniopharyngioma of the size of a chestnut was removed  subtotally. Retrospectively, the arachnoid cyst was only seen as a side-finding. A 13-year-old girl showed angiographically and in the pneumoencephalogram signs of a cerebellar tumour located in the middle; the operation showed regular conditions. Only frontal trepanation showed a plum-sized cystic retrochiasmal craniopharyngioma. Similar conditions were found in another 6-year-old girl."}
{"id": "PMID:921847", "title": "[Rare traction injury to the radial nerve].", "content": "Presenting 3 examples, the author deals with the traction damage of the N. radialis in which the lesion was located in the region of the elbow. In each case, the injury of the nerve was caused by a violent hyperflexion of the wrist when the back of the hand was struck by a heavy blow. The symptoms were produced immediately after the trauma. Complete recovery was achieved in all patients after a few weeks.", "contents": "[Rare traction injury to the radial nerve]. Presenting 3 examples, the author deals with the traction damage of the N. radialis in which the lesion was located in the region of the elbow. In each case, the injury of the nerve was caused by a violent hyperflexion of the wrist when the back of the hand was struck by a heavy blow. The symptoms were produced immediately after the trauma. Complete recovery was achieved in all patients after a few weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:921848", "title": "[1st experience with laser beams in the treatment of neurosurgical diseases].", "content": "The Sharplan 791 type CO2-laser, specially adapted to neurosurgical requirements, was used in the surgery of 9 gliomas, 10 meningeomas, 6 patients presenting metastasis, 1 case of vascular malformation, intracranial interventions, 1 case of hippocampectomy, 2 cases of neurinomas, 2 intramedullar tumours of the spinal cord, 1 case of thoracic commissurotomy, 1 case of thoracic prolaps of intravertebral disc, 1 case of vertebral metastasis and in 3 cases of stump neurinoma. Detrimental effects on the patients as well as any hazards to the surgical staff have not been observed. The cutting effect was mainly used for the incision of soft part, in some cases also for the formation of bony cover. Moreover the CO2-laser beam was used for coagulation and vaporisation. Particular advantages are offered by the equipment when working under the surgical microscope. Topografic precision and energetic dosing make the equipment a valuable supplement of the surgical instruments, available until now.", "contents": "[1st experience with laser beams in the treatment of neurosurgical diseases]. The Sharplan 791 type CO2-laser, specially adapted to neurosurgical requirements, was used in the surgery of 9 gliomas, 10 meningeomas, 6 patients presenting metastasis, 1 case of vascular malformation, intracranial interventions, 1 case of hippocampectomy, 2 cases of neurinomas, 2 intramedullar tumours of the spinal cord, 1 case of thoracic commissurotomy, 1 case of thoracic prolaps of intravertebral disc, 1 case of vertebral metastasis and in 3 cases of stump neurinoma. Detrimental effects on the patients as well as any hazards to the surgical staff have not been observed. The cutting effect was mainly used for the incision of soft part, in some cases also for the formation of bony cover. Moreover the CO2-laser beam was used for coagulation and vaporisation. Particular advantages are offered by the equipment when working under the surgical microscope. Topografic precision and energetic dosing make the equipment a valuable supplement of the surgical instruments, available until now."}
{"id": "PMID:921855", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels in patients with primary brain tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA) in 63 patients of primary brain tumors were determined by the method of single radial immunodiffusion. 1) The mean values and standard deviations of three major serum immunoglobulins in 18 cases of meningioma were as follows; IgG, 1297.0 +/- 387.9 mg/dl, IgM, 165.1 +/- 153.4 mg/dl, IgA, 219.5 +/- 76.7 mg/dl. These values were not significantly different with those in normals. 2) 45 cases of gliomas showed; IgG, 1190.5 +/- 378.3 mg/dl, IgM, 160.0 +/- 75.9 mg/dl, IgA, 189.8 +/- 91.5 mg/dl. These values were in normal levels as compared with normal serum immunoglobulins. 3) Values of serum immunoglobulins in 19 cases of glioblastoma multiforme were compared with those in 18 cases of astrocytoma to know the relationship between histological malignancy and levels of serum immunoglubulins. But no significant difference was observed between these values. The levels of three major serum immunoglobulins either in meningiomas or in gliomas were not significantly different with those in normals. Therefore, the levels of serum immunoglobulins could not be used as a diagnotic procedure in cases of primary brain tumors.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels in patients with primary brain tumors (author's transl)]. The concentration of serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA) in 63 patients of primary brain tumors were determined by the method of single radial immunodiffusion. 1) The mean values and standard deviations of three major serum immunoglobulins in 18 cases of meningioma were as follows; IgG, 1297.0 +/- 387.9 mg/dl, IgM, 165.1 +/- 153.4 mg/dl, IgA, 219.5 +/- 76.7 mg/dl. These values were not significantly different with those in normals. 2) 45 cases of gliomas showed; IgG, 1190.5 +/- 378.3 mg/dl, IgM, 160.0 +/- 75.9 mg/dl, IgA, 189.8 +/- 91.5 mg/dl. These values were in normal levels as compared with normal serum immunoglobulins. 3) Values of serum immunoglobulins in 19 cases of glioblastoma multiforme were compared with those in 18 cases of astrocytoma to know the relationship between histological malignancy and levels of serum immunoglubulins. But no significant difference was observed between these values. The levels of three major serum immunoglobulins either in meningiomas or in gliomas were not significantly different with those in normals. Therefore, the levels of serum immunoglobulins could not be used as a diagnotic procedure in cases of primary brain tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:921861", "title": "[Follow-up results of microsurgery of intracranial aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "In the past 7 years, 403 cases of intracranial aneurysms were submitted to microsurgical operations. The operative mortality was 5.4%, and in the follow-up, 82.4% are working, 6.2% are caring for self and 5.9% are either bed-ridden or dead from other causes after discharge. If 6 cases of Grade V are excluded from the statistics and the day of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is counted as the 1st day, cases submitted to microsurgery on the 1st, the 2nd and the 3rd days showed no mortality and 72.7% of them are working in the follow-up. Cases undergone micro-surgery on the 4th through the 8th day showed a high mortality of 15.2% due to postoperative vasospasm, whereas in cases submitted to micro-surgery in the 2nd week after SAH the operative mortality was 6% and in cases submitted to micro-surgery later than the 2nd week it was 3%. In the follow-up 84% and 85.6% are working in the latter two respectively. These results seem to encourage ultra-early surgery for ruptured aneurysm cases. However, one should always bear in mind that the acute stage of SAH should be regarded as a \"systemic disease\", not as a \"local disease\", and only those who have ability and facility to manage this systemic disease may be qualified to perform early surgery for ruptured aneurysms.", "contents": "[Follow-up results of microsurgery of intracranial aneurysms (author's transl)]. In the past 7 years, 403 cases of intracranial aneurysms were submitted to microsurgical operations. The operative mortality was 5.4%, and in the follow-up, 82.4% are working, 6.2% are caring for self and 5.9% are either bed-ridden or dead from other causes after discharge. If 6 cases of Grade V are excluded from the statistics and the day of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is counted as the 1st day, cases submitted to microsurgery on the 1st, the 2nd and the 3rd days showed no mortality and 72.7% of them are working in the follow-up. Cases undergone micro-surgery on the 4th through the 8th day showed a high mortality of 15.2% due to postoperative vasospasm, whereas in cases submitted to micro-surgery in the 2nd week after SAH the operative mortality was 6% and in cases submitted to micro-surgery later than the 2nd week it was 3%. In the follow-up 84% and 85.6% are working in the latter two respectively. These results seem to encourage ultra-early surgery for ruptured aneurysm cases. However, one should always bear in mind that the acute stage of SAH should be regarded as a \"systemic disease\", not as a \"local disease\", and only those who have ability and facility to manage this systemic disease may be qualified to perform early surgery for ruptured aneurysms."}
{"id": "PMID:921863", "title": "Laryngeal incompetence during experimental \"relative analgesia\" using 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. A preliminary report.", "content": "Ten healthy adult volunteers inhaled 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen while dental treatment was simulated for a period of 30 min. During this time 15 ml of radio-opaque dye was placed at the back of the tongue. A similar control study was performed 1 week later, the subjects inhaling pure oxygen without nitrous oxide. X-ray examination revealed that two of the 10 volunteers had aspirated dye while breathing nitrous oxide and oxygen, but no aspiration was apparent in the control study.", "contents": "Laryngeal incompetence during experimental \"relative analgesia\" using 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. A preliminary report. Ten healthy adult volunteers inhaled 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen while dental treatment was simulated for a period of 30 min. During this time 15 ml of radio-opaque dye was placed at the back of the tongue. A similar control study was performed 1 week later, the subjects inhaling pure oxygen without nitrous oxide. X-ray examination revealed that two of the 10 volunteers had aspirated dye while breathing nitrous oxide and oxygen, but no aspiration was apparent in the control study."}
{"id": "PMID:921864", "title": "Right versus left lateral tilt for Caesarean section.", "content": "In 60 mothers with normal placental function, the relative merits of right and left lateral tilt during Caesarean section were assessed. Maternal-foetal biochemical values and relationships were generally more satisfactory with the left lateral position. The incidence of hypotension (revealed aorto-caval occlusion) before and after induction of anaesthesia, was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) with the \"right side down\" posture.", "contents": "Right versus left lateral tilt for Caesarean section. In 60 mothers with normal placental function, the relative merits of right and left lateral tilt during Caesarean section were assessed. Maternal-foetal biochemical values and relationships were generally more satisfactory with the left lateral position. The incidence of hypotension (revealed aorto-caval occlusion) before and after induction of anaesthesia, was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) with the \"right side down\" posture."}
{"id": "PMID:921865", "title": "Placental transmission of atropine at full-term pregnancy.", "content": "Measurements of placental transmission of atropine were performed during Caesarean section. Twenty-five patients received 3H-atropine 0.5 microgram . kg-1 i.v. 1-30 min before delivery. Maternal venous blood was sampled before the induction of anaesthesia and at the moment of delivery, together with umbilical arterial and venous blood. Total hydrogen-3 activity was determined by liquid scintillation counting. The stability of 3H-atropine was confirmed by paper chromatography. The concentrations in the umbilical vein 1 and 5 min after injection were respectively 12% and 93% of the corresponding maternal value. Those in the umbilical artery were approximately 50% of those in the umbilical vein during the same period.", "contents": "Placental transmission of atropine at full-term pregnancy. Measurements of placental transmission of atropine were performed during Caesarean section. Twenty-five patients received 3H-atropine 0.5 microgram . kg-1 i.v. 1-30 min before delivery. Maternal venous blood was sampled before the induction of anaesthesia and at the moment of delivery, together with umbilical arterial and venous blood. Total hydrogen-3 activity was determined by liquid scintillation counting. The stability of 3H-atropine was confirmed by paper chromatography. The concentrations in the umbilical vein 1 and 5 min after injection were respectively 12% and 93% of the corresponding maternal value. Those in the umbilical artery were approximately 50% of those in the umbilical vein during the same period."}
{"id": "PMID:921866", "title": "Blood volume replacement in acute anaphylactic cardiovascular collapse related to anaesthesia.", "content": "In seven patients who suffered anaphylactic cardiovascular collapse during anaesthesia the degree of haemoconcentration was used to assess changes in blood volume. The patients who were resuscitated with electrolyte solutions, or electrolyte solutions with a small volume of colloid, showed haemoconcentration suggesting plasma loss of 20.2-37%. Patients who were resuscitated initially with colloid solutions showed minimal haemoconcentration. In anaphylactic cardiovascular collapse, the reduction of blood volume is a result of loss of plasma and colloid solutions should be used to replace the volume deficit.", "contents": "Blood volume replacement in acute anaphylactic cardiovascular collapse related to anaesthesia. In seven patients who suffered anaphylactic cardiovascular collapse during anaesthesia the degree of haemoconcentration was used to assess changes in blood volume. The patients who were resuscitated with electrolyte solutions, or electrolyte solutions with a small volume of colloid, showed haemoconcentration suggesting plasma loss of 20.2-37%. Patients who were resuscitated initially with colloid solutions showed minimal haemoconcentration. In anaphylactic cardiovascular collapse, the reduction of blood volume is a result of loss of plasma and colloid solutions should be used to replace the volume deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:921867", "title": "Spread of extradural analgesia following caudal injection in children. A statistical study.", "content": "Data on the segmental spread of analgesia from three independent studies of caudal extradural blocks in children with three different local anaesthetic agents were examined with multiple regression techniques to find the effects of age on dose requirements. All three studies confirmed the existence of a linear relationship between the spread of analgesia and age. As there were no significant differences between the three regression lines a common regression line was calculated. This may be used as a guideline for predicting dose requirements in the daily routine of anaesthesia. By injecting a mixture of a radio-opaque substance and 4% lignocaine it was shown by comparison of the radiological spread of the solution and the distribution of clinical analgesia that the latter always exceeded the former by four to six segments. This may indicate the occurrence of diffusion.", "contents": "Spread of extradural analgesia following caudal injection in children. A statistical study. Data on the segmental spread of analgesia from three independent studies of caudal extradural blocks in children with three different local anaesthetic agents were examined with multiple regression techniques to find the effects of age on dose requirements. All three studies confirmed the existence of a linear relationship between the spread of analgesia and age. As there were no significant differences between the three regression lines a common regression line was calculated. This may be used as a guideline for predicting dose requirements in the daily routine of anaesthesia. By injecting a mixture of a radio-opaque substance and 4% lignocaine it was shown by comparison of the radiological spread of the solution and the distribution of clinical analgesia that the latter always exceeded the former by four to six segments. This may indicate the occurrence of diffusion."}
{"id": "PMID:921868", "title": "A prospective study of hepatocellular function after repeated exposures to halothane or enflurane in women undergoing radium therapy for cervical cancer.", "content": "Ninety-nine Black females receiving radium therapy for carcinoma of the cervix uteri under either halothane (50 patients) or enflurane (49 patients) anaesthesia were studied. Thirty-six received a second and 13 a third exposure to halothane or enflurane. There were no significant changes from the control values in the serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (s.g.o.t.), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gammaGT), lactic dehydrogenase (SLD), alkaline phosphatase (SAP) and proteins. Total serum bilirubin (TSB) decreased significantly during the first exposure to enflurane (P less than 0.01). This trend was reversed with subsequent anaesthetics in both the halothane and enflurane groups.", "contents": "A prospective study of hepatocellular function after repeated exposures to halothane or enflurane in women undergoing radium therapy for cervical cancer. Ninety-nine Black females receiving radium therapy for carcinoma of the cervix uteri under either halothane (50 patients) or enflurane (49 patients) anaesthesia were studied. Thirty-six received a second and 13 a third exposure to halothane or enflurane. There were no significant changes from the control values in the serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (s.g.o.t.), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gammaGT), lactic dehydrogenase (SLD), alkaline phosphatase (SAP) and proteins. Total serum bilirubin (TSB) decreased significantly during the first exposure to enflurane (P less than 0.01). This trend was reversed with subsequent anaesthetics in both the halothane and enflurane groups."}
{"id": "PMID:921869", "title": "Suxamethonium pains and electromyograph recordings in children.", "content": "Surface electromyography was used to investigate muscle activity in children following the administration of suxamethonium. The duration, amplitude and frequency of muscle action potentials recorded in children were similar to those in adults. Twenty-three children had muscle action potential frequencies in excess of 50 Hz, but only two suffered pain after operation. The relationship between high frequency discharge rates of motor units noted in adults in earlier studies does not apply to children.", "contents": "Suxamethonium pains and electromyograph recordings in children. Surface electromyography was used to investigate muscle activity in children following the administration of suxamethonium. The duration, amplitude and frequency of muscle action potentials recorded in children were similar to those in adults. Twenty-three children had muscle action potential frequencies in excess of 50 Hz, but only two suffered pain after operation. The relationship between high frequency discharge rates of motor units noted in adults in earlier studies does not apply to children."}
{"id": "PMID:921870", "title": "Use of neostigmine after snake bite.", "content": "Cobra venom consists of a neurotoxin which is responsible for respiratory paralysis simulating that associated with a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant. A combination of artificial respiration and neostigmine has been useful in resuscitating a child bitten by a snake.", "contents": "Use of neostigmine after snake bite. Cobra venom consists of a neurotoxin which is responsible for respiratory paralysis simulating that associated with a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant. A combination of artificial respiration and neostigmine has been useful in resuscitating a child bitten by a snake."}
{"id": "PMID:921874", "title": "Depression of hypoxic ventilatory response by halothane, enflurane and isoflurane in dogs.", "content": "The ventilatory responses to isocapnic hypoxia and hypercapnia were studied in six dogs each with a tracheostomy, awake and during anaesthesia with halothane, enflurane and isoflurane (1-2.5 MAC). Isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) was expressed as the parameter A, such that the greater the value of A, the greater the hypoxic response. In the anaesthetized dogs HVR (A) was reduced significantly from the awake value of 2010 +/- 172 (mean + SEM) to 630 +/- 173 by 1 MAC halothane, 495 +/- 105 by 1 MAC enflurane and 952 +/- 157 by 1 MAC isoflurane (PL0.05). All three anaesthetic agents produced significant depression of HUR at 1 MAC, but enflurane was more depressant than isoflurane. At 1.5 MAC all three anaesthetics produced equal and significant depression of HVR at equianalgesic concentrations. Further increases in anaesthetic concentration caused no increase in depression. Hypercapnic drive, as measured by the slope of the VE/PACO2 response curve, was reduced significantly from 9.75 litre min-1 kPa-1 +/- 2.4 in awake dogs to 0.83 +/- 0.56 after 1 MAC halothane, 0.68 +/- 0.53 after 1 MAC enflurane and 1.58 +/- 0.75 after 1 MAC isoflurane. In addition, hypercapnia-induced augmentation of the hypoxic drive was abolished by 1 MAC halothane or enflurane and diminished markedly by 1 MAC isoflurane. It may be clinically significant that hypoxia and hypercapnia during anaesthesia with these agents did not produce optimal stimulation of ventilation.", "contents": "Depression of hypoxic ventilatory response by halothane, enflurane and isoflurane in dogs. The ventilatory responses to isocapnic hypoxia and hypercapnia were studied in six dogs each with a tracheostomy, awake and during anaesthesia with halothane, enflurane and isoflurane (1-2.5 MAC). Isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) was expressed as the parameter A, such that the greater the value of A, the greater the hypoxic response. In the anaesthetized dogs HVR (A) was reduced significantly from the awake value of 2010 +/- 172 (mean + SEM) to 630 +/- 173 by 1 MAC halothane, 495 +/- 105 by 1 MAC enflurane and 952 +/- 157 by 1 MAC isoflurane (PL0.05). All three anaesthetic agents produced significant depression of HUR at 1 MAC, but enflurane was more depressant than isoflurane. At 1.5 MAC all three anaesthetics produced equal and significant depression of HVR at equianalgesic concentrations. Further increases in anaesthetic concentration caused no increase in depression. Hypercapnic drive, as measured by the slope of the VE/PACO2 response curve, was reduced significantly from 9.75 litre min-1 kPa-1 +/- 2.4 in awake dogs to 0.83 +/- 0.56 after 1 MAC halothane, 0.68 +/- 0.53 after 1 MAC enflurane and 1.58 +/- 0.75 after 1 MAC isoflurane. In addition, hypercapnia-induced augmentation of the hypoxic drive was abolished by 1 MAC halothane or enflurane and diminished markedly by 1 MAC isoflurane. It may be clinically significant that hypoxia and hypercapnia during anaesthesia with these agents did not produce optimal stimulation of ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:921875", "title": "Calcium and magnesium contents of malignant hyperpyrexia-susceptible human muscle.", "content": "The calcium and magnesium contents of muscle obtained by muscle biopsy of patients referred for malignant hyperpyrexia screening were determined. The susceptibility to malignant hyperpyrexia was made on the basis of the halothane contracture test. No difference in cation concentrations was found between the normal and malignant hyperpyrexia-susceptible groups.", "contents": "Calcium and magnesium contents of malignant hyperpyrexia-susceptible human muscle. The calcium and magnesium contents of muscle obtained by muscle biopsy of patients referred for malignant hyperpyrexia screening were determined. The susceptibility to malignant hyperpyrexia was made on the basis of the halothane contracture test. No difference in cation concentrations was found between the normal and malignant hyperpyrexia-susceptible groups."}
{"id": "PMID:921876", "title": "Effects of morphine and ketamine anaesthesia and surgery on plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, testosterone and cortisol in man.", "content": "Thirty patients received morphine and 27 received ketamine. Morphine anaesthesia did not influence plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) significantly, but there was a significant increase during ketamine anaesthesia. Plasma LH increased in the early stage of surgery under both anaesthetics. A significant decrease in the plasma concentration of testosterone was found during and following both techniques of anaesthesia, the lowest concentration being detected on the first day after surgery. Ketamine anaesthesia, but not morphine, stimulated adrenocortical function significantly. Furhter stimulation was detected in the periods during and after operation with both anaesthetic techniques.", "contents": "Effects of morphine and ketamine anaesthesia and surgery on plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, testosterone and cortisol in man. Thirty patients received morphine and 27 received ketamine. Morphine anaesthesia did not influence plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) significantly, but there was a significant increase during ketamine anaesthesia. Plasma LH increased in the early stage of surgery under both anaesthetics. A significant decrease in the plasma concentration of testosterone was found during and following both techniques of anaesthesia, the lowest concentration being detected on the first day after surgery. Ketamine anaesthesia, but not morphine, stimulated adrenocortical function significantly. Furhter stimulation was detected in the periods during and after operation with both anaesthetic techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:921877", "title": "Anaesthetic management of patients with phaeochromocytoma. A review of 102 cases.", "content": "A total of 102 patients with phaeochromocytoma who underwent surgery by the same team between 1964 and 1976 were allocated to three groups according to the anaesthetic protocol used: (1) balanced anaesthesia and control of hypotension with noradrenaline; (2) anaesthesia with halothane and replacement of blood volume; (3) neuroleptanalgesia (droperidol and phenoperidine) and replacement of blood volume. None of the patients in any of the three groups received adrenergic inhibitors before anaesthesia. Comparison of the results in the three groups revealed that the major factor responsible for reduction of operative mortality to almost zero was control of hypotension by replacement of blood volume rather than by the use of noradrenaline following resection of the tumour, whereas the type of anaesthetic agent used was of secondary importance.", "contents": "Anaesthetic management of patients with phaeochromocytoma. A review of 102 cases. A total of 102 patients with phaeochromocytoma who underwent surgery by the same team between 1964 and 1976 were allocated to three groups according to the anaesthetic protocol used: (1) balanced anaesthesia and control of hypotension with noradrenaline; (2) anaesthesia with halothane and replacement of blood volume; (3) neuroleptanalgesia (droperidol and phenoperidine) and replacement of blood volume. None of the patients in any of the three groups received adrenergic inhibitors before anaesthesia. Comparison of the results in the three groups revealed that the major factor responsible for reduction of operative mortality to almost zero was control of hypotension by replacement of blood volume rather than by the use of noradrenaline following resection of the tumour, whereas the type of anaesthetic agent used was of secondary importance."}
{"id": "PMID:921878", "title": "Respiratory effects of extradural analgesia after lower abdominal surgery.", "content": "Blood-gas tensions, FRC and volume of trapped gas (VTG) in the lung were measured in patients on the day before lower abdominal gynaecological surgery, and twice on the day following surgery, before and after establishing lumbar extradural block (EDB) using 0.5% bupivacaine to provide analgesia after operation. FRC and VTG were measured with the closed-circuit helium-dilution technique. Mean VTG was 175 ml before operation and 275 ml after operation. PaO2 decreased significantly after operation, and the changes in FRC and VTG that occurred were related qualitatively. EDB did not significantly alter FRC, VTG or PaO2. Individual changes in FRC could not be related to changes in VTG or PaO2. Although EDB provided effective analgesia, the variables measured did not indicate that EDB conferred an immediate respiratory advantage.", "contents": "Respiratory effects of extradural analgesia after lower abdominal surgery. Blood-gas tensions, FRC and volume of trapped gas (VTG) in the lung were measured in patients on the day before lower abdominal gynaecological surgery, and twice on the day following surgery, before and after establishing lumbar extradural block (EDB) using 0.5% bupivacaine to provide analgesia after operation. FRC and VTG were measured with the closed-circuit helium-dilution technique. Mean VTG was 175 ml before operation and 275 ml after operation. PaO2 decreased significantly after operation, and the changes in FRC and VTG that occurred were related qualitatively. EDB did not significantly alter FRC, VTG or PaO2. Individual changes in FRC could not be related to changes in VTG or PaO2. Although EDB provided effective analgesia, the variables measured did not indicate that EDB conferred an immediate respiratory advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:921889", "title": "Early and late radiation reactions in mouse feet.", "content": "The relationship between early and late radiation damage has been analysed by comparing the early skin reaction (desquamation in the first month) with the late foot deformity seen at 6 months, for mice from a wide variety of different fractionation experiments. A close correlation was observed between the early and late reactions in each experiment and the relationship was the same for all the experiments except for 17-64 fractions given over a short time. The fractionation schemes included single doses and 2-64 fractions, and the overall times ranged from 1 day to 6 months. This close correlation for such a wide variety of treatments suggests that the two end points are not necessarily independent responses of different tissues and that late damage in the mouse foot can result secondarily from depletion of the basal layer of the epidermis. Late foot deformity is therefore not a reliable model for the response of a slowly proliferating tissue.", "contents": "Early and late radiation reactions in mouse feet. The relationship between early and late radiation damage has been analysed by comparing the early skin reaction (desquamation in the first month) with the late foot deformity seen at 6 months, for mice from a wide variety of different fractionation experiments. A close correlation was observed between the early and late reactions in each experiment and the relationship was the same for all the experiments except for 17-64 fractions given over a short time. The fractionation schemes included single doses and 2-64 fractions, and the overall times ranged from 1 day to 6 months. This close correlation for such a wide variety of treatments suggests that the two end points are not necessarily independent responses of different tissues and that late damage in the mouse foot can result secondarily from depletion of the basal layer of the epidermis. Late foot deformity is therefore not a reliable model for the response of a slowly proliferating tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:921888", "title": "Tumour volume response, initial cell kill and cellular repopulation in B16 melanoma treated with cyclophosphamide and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "The relationship between tumour volume response and cell kill in B16 melanoma following treatment in vivo with cyclophosphamide (CY) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) was investigated. Tumour volume response, expressed as growth delay, was estimated from measurements of tumour dimensions. Depression of in vitro colony-forming ability of cells from treated tumours was used as the measure of tumour cell kill. The relationship between these parameters was clearly different for the two agents studied. CY produced more growth delay (7.5 days) per decade of tumour cell kill than CCNU (2 to 3.5 days). The possibility that this was due to a technical artefact was rejected in favour of an alternative explanation that different rates of cellular repopulation in tumours treated with CY and CCNU might be responsible. Cellular repopulation was measured directly, by performing cell-survival assays at various times after treatment with doses of CY and CCNU which produced about 3 decades of cell kill. The rate of repopulation by clonogenic cells was much slower after treatment with CY than with CCNU, and this appears to account for the longer duration of the growth delay obtained with CY.", "contents": "Tumour volume response, initial cell kill and cellular repopulation in B16 melanoma treated with cyclophosphamide and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. The relationship between tumour volume response and cell kill in B16 melanoma following treatment in vivo with cyclophosphamide (CY) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) was investigated. Tumour volume response, expressed as growth delay, was estimated from measurements of tumour dimensions. Depression of in vitro colony-forming ability of cells from treated tumours was used as the measure of tumour cell kill. The relationship between these parameters was clearly different for the two agents studied. CY produced more growth delay (7.5 days) per decade of tumour cell kill than CCNU (2 to 3.5 days). The possibility that this was due to a technical artefact was rejected in favour of an alternative explanation that different rates of cellular repopulation in tumours treated with CY and CCNU might be responsible. Cellular repopulation was measured directly, by performing cell-survival assays at various times after treatment with doses of CY and CCNU which produced about 3 decades of cell kill. The rate of repopulation by clonogenic cells was much slower after treatment with CY than with CCNU, and this appears to account for the longer duration of the growth delay obtained with CY."}
{"id": "PMID:921890", "title": "Alterations of mononuclear phagocyte function induced by Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL mice.", "content": "The function of the reticulo-endothelial system in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinomas has been measured by(1) the rate of clearance of carbon particles from the circulation in vivo and calculation of the phagocytic index K; (2) chemotactic locomotion of macrophages in vitro in the presence or absence of serum or tumour supernate. The ability of the bone marrow to develop macrophage colonies in vitro in the presence or absence of sera from tumour-bearing mice has also been tested. A clear depression of macrophage locomotion and macrophage colony formation in vitro was found in the presence of sera or tumour supernates from tumour-bearing mice as early as 24 to 72 h after tumour inoculation. Similarly, tumour-bearing mice showed marked depression of carbon clearance in tests repeated throughout the first 72 h after tumour inoculation. This early depression of macrophage function may be an important step in allowing escape of tumour cells from host resistance.", "contents": "Alterations of mononuclear phagocyte function induced by Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL mice. The function of the reticulo-endothelial system in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinomas has been measured by(1) the rate of clearance of carbon particles from the circulation in vivo and calculation of the phagocytic index K; (2) chemotactic locomotion of macrophages in vitro in the presence or absence of serum or tumour supernate. The ability of the bone marrow to develop macrophage colonies in vitro in the presence or absence of sera from tumour-bearing mice has also been tested. A clear depression of macrophage locomotion and macrophage colony formation in vitro was found in the presence of sera or tumour supernates from tumour-bearing mice as early as 24 to 72 h after tumour inoculation. Similarly, tumour-bearing mice showed marked depression of carbon clearance in tests repeated throughout the first 72 h after tumour inoculation. This early depression of macrophage function may be an important step in allowing escape of tumour cells from host resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:921891", "title": "Follow-up studies on the immune status of patients with Hodgkin's disease after splenectomy and treatment, in relapse and remission.", "content": "Sixty-two patients with Hodgkin's disease have been followed for one year from the start of treatment. Immunological assessments were repeated after intensive treatment, in patients relapsing and in those in remission at one year. In patients achieving remission, overall cellular immunity, after deteriorating with therapy, particularly cytotoxic chemotherapy, returned to pre-treatment levels in remission when there was little evidence of cellular immune disturbance. Serum IgG and IgM levels fell with intensive chemotherapy in splenectomized patients. IgA and IgM levels were lower (irrespective of splenectomy or therapy status) in remission than at presentation or after treatment. Relapse or non-response was usually associated with deteriorating cellular immunity. Herpes zoster/varicella and candida infections (seen in 6 patients) were preceded by, or associated with, deterioration of cellular immunity.", "contents": "Follow-up studies on the immune status of patients with Hodgkin's disease after splenectomy and treatment, in relapse and remission. Sixty-two patients with Hodgkin's disease have been followed for one year from the start of treatment. Immunological assessments were repeated after intensive treatment, in patients relapsing and in those in remission at one year. In patients achieving remission, overall cellular immunity, after deteriorating with therapy, particularly cytotoxic chemotherapy, returned to pre-treatment levels in remission when there was little evidence of cellular immune disturbance. Serum IgG and IgM levels fell with intensive chemotherapy in splenectomized patients. IgA and IgM levels were lower (irrespective of splenectomy or therapy status) in remission than at presentation or after treatment. Relapse or non-response was usually associated with deteriorating cellular immunity. Herpes zoster/varicella and candida infections (seen in 6 patients) were preceded by, or associated with, deterioration of cellular immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:921892", "title": "Second primary cancers in patients with tumours of the salivary glands.", "content": "In a series of patients drawn from the Birmingham Regional Cancer Registry (England) with tumours of the salivary glands, a significant excess of second primary tumours was observed. For females, the excess was found mainly in breast and bronchus and, for males, in prostate and skin. In a parallel series of female breast-cancer patients, the observed number of second primary tumours in salivary glands significantly exceeded expectation. These results support the reported association between salivary gland and breast cancer, and suggest that other hormone-dependent sites are also at risk.", "contents": "Second primary cancers in patients with tumours of the salivary glands. In a series of patients drawn from the Birmingham Regional Cancer Registry (England) with tumours of the salivary glands, a significant excess of second primary tumours was observed. For females, the excess was found mainly in breast and bronchus and, for males, in prostate and skin. In a parallel series of female breast-cancer patients, the observed number of second primary tumours in salivary glands significantly exceeded expectation. These results support the reported association between salivary gland and breast cancer, and suggest that other hormone-dependent sites are also at risk."}
{"id": "PMID:921894", "title": "Classification of the types of androgenetic alopecia (common baldness) occurring in the female sex.", "content": "Androgenetic alopecia in the female occurs much more frequently than is generally believed. The condition is still considered infrequent, for it differs, in its clinical picture and in the sequence of events leading to it, from common baldness in men. To facilitate an early diagnosis (desirable in view of the therapeutic possibilities by means of antiandrogens) a classification of the stages of the common form (female type) of androgenetic alopecia in women is presented. The exceptionally observed male type of androgenetic alopecia can be classified according to Hamilton or to the modification of this classification proposed by Ebling & Rook.", "contents": "Classification of the types of androgenetic alopecia (common baldness) occurring in the female sex. Androgenetic alopecia in the female occurs much more frequently than is generally believed. The condition is still considered infrequent, for it differs, in its clinical picture and in the sequence of events leading to it, from common baldness in men. To facilitate an early diagnosis (desirable in view of the therapeutic possibilities by means of antiandrogens) a classification of the stages of the common form (female type) of androgenetic alopecia in women is presented. The exceptionally observed male type of androgenetic alopecia can be classified according to Hamilton or to the modification of this classification proposed by Ebling & Rook."}
{"id": "PMID:921895", "title": "Vitiligo: a new classification and therapy.", "content": "Local injection of physostigmine revealed that dermatomally distributed vitiligo was associated with a dysfunction of the sympathetic nerves in the affected skin and that non-dermatomally distributed vitiligo was not. These observations led to the hypothesis that the primary disturbance of dermatomally distributed vitiligo lies in the sympathetic nerves of the affected area and that non-dermatomally distributed vitiligo has its primary disturbance in the melanocyte itself, where an autoimmune mechanism is suspect. Results of therapy supported this hypothesis by showing that topical cortisteroid is effective only in the latter, while the former reacts to oral nialamide. It is proposed that non-dermatomally distributed vitiligo be referred to as Type A and dermatomally distributed vitiligo as Type B.", "contents": "Vitiligo: a new classification and therapy. Local injection of physostigmine revealed that dermatomally distributed vitiligo was associated with a dysfunction of the sympathetic nerves in the affected skin and that non-dermatomally distributed vitiligo was not. These observations led to the hypothesis that the primary disturbance of dermatomally distributed vitiligo lies in the sympathetic nerves of the affected area and that non-dermatomally distributed vitiligo has its primary disturbance in the melanocyte itself, where an autoimmune mechanism is suspect. Results of therapy supported this hypothesis by showing that topical cortisteroid is effective only in the latter, while the former reacts to oral nialamide. It is proposed that non-dermatomally distributed vitiligo be referred to as Type A and dermatomally distributed vitiligo as Type B."}
{"id": "PMID:921896", "title": "Depigmented haloes associated with the involution of flag warts.", "content": "Depigmented haloes developed around involuting flat warts in two patients whose warts were treated with a 6% salicylic acid-propylene glycol gel formulation. The clinical picture was indistinguishable from that seen in halo naevus.", "contents": "Depigmented haloes associated with the involution of flag warts. Depigmented haloes developed around involuting flat warts in two patients whose warts were treated with a 6% salicylic acid-propylene glycol gel formulation. The clinical picture was indistinguishable from that seen in halo naevus."}
{"id": "PMID:921897", "title": "Eruptive naevi: report of two cases, with enzyme histochemical, light and electron microscopical findings.", "content": "The cases of two young adults with widespread multiple eruptive naevi are described. In the first patient, more than 100 lesions appeared during a period of 6 months. Young lesions were small flesh-coloured telangiectatic papules; older lesions were larger and verrucose with histological features of cellular naevi. In the second patient, a great number of lentigines developed in the course of 2 years. Light and electron microscopy showed that giant melanosomes were present within the lesions. The plasma level of beta-MSH-like immuno-reactivity was normal.", "contents": "Eruptive naevi: report of two cases, with enzyme histochemical, light and electron microscopical findings. The cases of two young adults with widespread multiple eruptive naevi are described. In the first patient, more than 100 lesions appeared during a period of 6 months. Young lesions were small flesh-coloured telangiectatic papules; older lesions were larger and verrucose with histological features of cellular naevi. In the second patient, a great number of lentigines developed in the course of 2 years. Light and electron microscopy showed that giant melanosomes were present within the lesions. The plasma level of beta-MSH-like immuno-reactivity was normal."}
{"id": "PMID:921898", "title": "Light sensitivity in mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Because of suspected photosensitivity, twelve patients suffering from mycosis fungoides have been phototested with various wavebands. Four patients experienced a burning sensation and erythema following sun-exposure, after the disease had progressed to stage II. On phototesting, abnormal reactions were observed in 7 patients. The offending wavebands were situated mostly in the UVA range, but also in the UVB range and in visible light.", "contents": "Light sensitivity in mycosis fungoides. Because of suspected photosensitivity, twelve patients suffering from mycosis fungoides have been phototested with various wavebands. Four patients experienced a burning sensation and erythema following sun-exposure, after the disease had progressed to stage II. On phototesting, abnormal reactions were observed in 7 patients. The offending wavebands were situated mostly in the UVA range, but also in the UVB range and in visible light."}
{"id": "PMID:921899", "title": "Influence of wind on chronic ultraviolet light-induced carcinogenesis.", "content": "Wind enhances the carcinogenic effect of chronic Iltraviolet radiation (UVL). This was demonstrated in hairless mice that were irradiated for 42 weeks with mercury are lamps. One group of animals was exposed to continuous wind flow of 2.7 m/s except for the daily I-2 min time interval when they were removed from the wind tunnel and irradiated. Another group of animals received identical irradiation but were protected from wind. The first tumour appeared in the UVL and wind group after 105 days of irradiation, and at 164 days of irradiation all surviving mice in the group had developed tumours. The group of mice receiving identical irradiation but protected from wind had their first tumour appear at 154 days of irradiation, and by 164 days of irradiation only 40% of the mice had developed tumours.", "contents": "Influence of wind on chronic ultraviolet light-induced carcinogenesis. Wind enhances the carcinogenic effect of chronic Iltraviolet radiation (UVL). This was demonstrated in hairless mice that were irradiated for 42 weeks with mercury are lamps. One group of animals was exposed to continuous wind flow of 2.7 m/s except for the daily I-2 min time interval when they were removed from the wind tunnel and irradiated. Another group of animals received identical irradiation but were protected from wind. The first tumour appeared in the UVL and wind group after 105 days of irradiation, and at 164 days of irradiation all surviving mice in the group had developed tumours. The group of mice receiving identical irradiation but protected from wind had their first tumour appear at 154 days of irradiation, and by 164 days of irradiation only 40% of the mice had developed tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:921900", "title": "Psoriasis and stress.", "content": "132 psoriasis patients who had been completely cleared with dithranol were assessed and then followed up over a 3-year period. The incubation time from specific incidents of stress to the development of psoriasis was between 2 days and 1 month. Specific stress within a month before the first attack was recalled by 51 patients (39%); chance association was excluded by studying a control group where there was significantly less specific stress. The prognosis for the psoriasis patients who recollected specific stress a month prior to the onset was significantly better than for the rest of the patients where none had been recalled.", "contents": "Psoriasis and stress. 132 psoriasis patients who had been completely cleared with dithranol were assessed and then followed up over a 3-year period. The incubation time from specific incidents of stress to the development of psoriasis was between 2 days and 1 month. Specific stress within a month before the first attack was recalled by 51 patients (39%); chance association was excluded by studying a control group where there was significantly less specific stress. The prognosis for the psoriasis patients who recollected specific stress a month prior to the onset was significantly better than for the rest of the patients where none had been recalled."}
{"id": "PMID:921901", "title": "Cutaneous beta-glucuronidase: cleavage of mycophenolic acid by preparations of mouse skin.", "content": "Mycophenolic acid, a new chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of psoriasis, is known to be rapidly conjugated on absorption and to circulate largely in the form of its glucuronide conjugate. Since this metabolite does not readily penetrate intact cells and is cleaved by the enzyme beta-glucuronidase to yield free mycophenolic acid, the ability of preparations of mouse skin to cleave mycophenolic glucuronide was studied. The time course of mycophenolic acid liberation by such preparations and the dependence upon the amount of enzyme preparation were demonstrated. Preparations of mouse skin and mouse liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart and small intestine were assayed for beta-glucuronidase activity using p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide as substrate. Skin yielded preparations with higher beta-glucuronidase activity per/mg protein than any of the other organs tested. When expressed on the basis of beta-glucuronidase activity recovered per milligram of tissue DNA, skin, liver and kidney showed higher levels than the other organs tested.", "contents": "Cutaneous beta-glucuronidase: cleavage of mycophenolic acid by preparations of mouse skin. Mycophenolic acid, a new chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of psoriasis, is known to be rapidly conjugated on absorption and to circulate largely in the form of its glucuronide conjugate. Since this metabolite does not readily penetrate intact cells and is cleaved by the enzyme beta-glucuronidase to yield free mycophenolic acid, the ability of preparations of mouse skin to cleave mycophenolic glucuronide was studied. The time course of mycophenolic acid liberation by such preparations and the dependence upon the amount of enzyme preparation were demonstrated. Preparations of mouse skin and mouse liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart and small intestine were assayed for beta-glucuronidase activity using p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide as substrate. Skin yielded preparations with higher beta-glucuronidase activity per/mg protein than any of the other organs tested. When expressed on the basis of beta-glucuronidase activity recovered per milligram of tissue DNA, skin, liver and kidney showed higher levels than the other organs tested."}
{"id": "PMID:921902", "title": "Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.", "content": "Ten patients with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (2 females, 8 males-aged 17-47 years) are described. Two of them had macular lesions in which very few Leishman-Donovan bodies were seen and who responded well to treatment with stibophen. Five patients had both macular and nodular lesions, Leishman-Donovan bodies being present in nodules but not in macules. Treatment with stibophen caused partial regression of nodules. Nodular lesions were found in three patients, who did not have macules. They contained numerous Leishman-Donovan bodies and treatment produced only temporary improvement. The variable response to treatment with stibophen may have been due to differences in parasitic load. The difficulty in distinguishing this disease from leprosy is discussed.", "contents": "Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Ten patients with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (2 females, 8 males-aged 17-47 years) are described. Two of them had macular lesions in which very few Leishman-Donovan bodies were seen and who responded well to treatment with stibophen. Five patients had both macular and nodular lesions, Leishman-Donovan bodies being present in nodules but not in macules. Treatment with stibophen caused partial regression of nodules. Nodular lesions were found in three patients, who did not have macules. They contained numerous Leishman-Donovan bodies and treatment produced only temporary improvement. The variable response to treatment with stibophen may have been due to differences in parasitic load. The difficulty in distinguishing this disease from leprosy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921903", "title": "Generalized ecz\u00e9ma craquel\u00e9 as a presenting feature of lymphoma.", "content": "Two cases of lymphoma are reported--in both, extensive ecz\u00e9ma craquel\u00e9 resistant to treatment was a presenting feature.", "contents": "Generalized ecz\u00e9ma craquel\u00e9 as a presenting feature of lymphoma. Two cases of lymphoma are reported--in both, extensive ecz\u00e9ma craquel\u00e9 resistant to treatment was a presenting feature."}
{"id": "PMID:921904", "title": "Acquired ichthyosis: multiple causes for an acquired generalized distrubance in desquamation.", "content": "Four patients with acquired ichthyosis are described and the results of histological, histometric, autoradiographic and enzyme histochemical studies reported. Three of the patients were found to have in addition the following underlying diseases--malnutrition, reticulum cell sarcoma and panhypopituitarism. The fourth patient did not have any systemic disorder and the provoking cause of his ichthyotic condition remains obscure. Clinically these patients demonstrated the skin changes of autosomal dominant ichthyosis although their condition tended to fluctuate in severity. The various studies performed indicated that the histological and metabolic changes tended to reflect the clinical state of the patients and that these parameters did not differ significantly from those observed in atuosomal dominant ichthyosis.", "contents": "Acquired ichthyosis: multiple causes for an acquired generalized distrubance in desquamation. Four patients with acquired ichthyosis are described and the results of histological, histometric, autoradiographic and enzyme histochemical studies reported. Three of the patients were found to have in addition the following underlying diseases--malnutrition, reticulum cell sarcoma and panhypopituitarism. The fourth patient did not have any systemic disorder and the provoking cause of his ichthyotic condition remains obscure. Clinically these patients demonstrated the skin changes of autosomal dominant ichthyosis although their condition tended to fluctuate in severity. The various studies performed indicated that the histological and metabolic changes tended to reflect the clinical state of the patients and that these parameters did not differ significantly from those observed in atuosomal dominant ichthyosis."}
{"id": "PMID:921905", "title": "Darier's disease: a kindred with a large number of cases.", "content": "Over 70 cases of keratosis follicularis (Darier's disease) were noted in a study of a single kindred consisting of more than 200 individuals. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews and physical examinations. Results strongly support an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance since the ratio of affected to unaffected members was I:I and there were nearly equal numbers of males and females with this condition. Large sibships were common in this kindred, which extended over seven generations, and most of the affected individuals were located in the southwestern New York-northwestern Pennsylvania region of the United States.", "contents": "Darier's disease: a kindred with a large number of cases. Over 70 cases of keratosis follicularis (Darier's disease) were noted in a study of a single kindred consisting of more than 200 individuals. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews and physical examinations. Results strongly support an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance since the ratio of affected to unaffected members was I:I and there were nearly equal numbers of males and females with this condition. Large sibships were common in this kindred, which extended over seven generations, and most of the affected individuals were located in the southwestern New York-northwestern Pennsylvania region of the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:921906", "title": "Obstetric practice and infant morbidity.", "content": "A method is described of using matched pairs of index infants and controls to examine the hypothesis that induction or some other obstetric practice is associated with increased morbidity in the mature infant. All infants over 2250 g and 37 weeks gestation, without severe congenital defect or history of severe maternal disorder, born in the John Radcliffe and admitted to the Special Care Baby Unit in 1975 were identified. For each of these index infants a matched control was chosen using strict criteria. Contrast between the 109 matched pairs showed no significant differences between maternal characteristics, induction of labour, use of forceps or duration of labour. There was an excess of index infants born to mothers who had had epidural anaesthesia (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Obstetric practice and infant morbidity. A method is described of using matched pairs of index infants and controls to examine the hypothesis that induction or some other obstetric practice is associated with increased morbidity in the mature infant. All infants over 2250 g and 37 weeks gestation, without severe congenital defect or history of severe maternal disorder, born in the John Radcliffe and admitted to the Special Care Baby Unit in 1975 were identified. For each of these index infants a matched control was chosen using strict criteria. Contrast between the 109 matched pairs showed no significant differences between maternal characteristics, induction of labour, use of forceps or duration of labour. There was an excess of index infants born to mothers who had had epidural anaesthesia (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:921907", "title": "Pregnancy and the acute porphyrias.", "content": "An analysis is presented of the obstetric histories of 50 women with acute porphyria, comprising 39 with acute intermittent porphyria, 3 with variegate porphyria and 8 with hereditary coporporphyria. Fifty-four per cent of the women with acute intermittent porphyria had an acute attack of porphyria in pregnancy and/or the puerperium. Only one maternal death was recorded. One patient with variegate prophyria and two with hereditary coproporphyria had an attack related to pregnancy. The total fetal wastage was 13 per cent. The babies born to mothers with acute intermittent porphyria, who experienced an acute attack during pregnancy, were smaller than those in which no such attack occurred (P less than 0.001). In 13 non-porphyric primigravidae there was a rise in urinary excretion of delta-aminolaevulinic acid, porphobilinogen and coproporphyrin up to the 28th week of gestation. It is probable that pregnancy has some deleterious effects in acute prophyria but the prognosis of the porphyric pregnancy is much better than the literature suggests.", "contents": "Pregnancy and the acute porphyrias. An analysis is presented of the obstetric histories of 50 women with acute porphyria, comprising 39 with acute intermittent porphyria, 3 with variegate porphyria and 8 with hereditary coporporphyria. Fifty-four per cent of the women with acute intermittent porphyria had an acute attack of porphyria in pregnancy and/or the puerperium. Only one maternal death was recorded. One patient with variegate prophyria and two with hereditary coproporphyria had an attack related to pregnancy. The total fetal wastage was 13 per cent. The babies born to mothers with acute intermittent porphyria, who experienced an acute attack during pregnancy, were smaller than those in which no such attack occurred (P less than 0.001). In 13 non-porphyric primigravidae there was a rise in urinary excretion of delta-aminolaevulinic acid, porphobilinogen and coproporphyrin up to the 28th week of gestation. It is probable that pregnancy has some deleterious effects in acute prophyria but the prognosis of the porphyric pregnancy is much better than the literature suggests."}
{"id": "PMID:921908", "title": "Nonspecific decelerations in fetal heart rate during high-risk pregnancy.", "content": "Solitary nonspecific decelerations in fetal heart rate occurring in three patients during antepartum cardiotocography are described. The decelerations were nonspecific in that they were neither variable nor late nor associated with maternal hypotension. All occurred in pregnancies complicated by hypertension and placental insufficiency. In the three patients described, the fetus lived for at least three days after the first nonspecific deceleration was observed. Although solitary nonspecific decelerations may indicate may indicate danger to the fetus from placental insufficiency, these decelerations should not be considered as an indication for immediate delivery.", "contents": "Nonspecific decelerations in fetal heart rate during high-risk pregnancy. Solitary nonspecific decelerations in fetal heart rate occurring in three patients during antepartum cardiotocography are described. The decelerations were nonspecific in that they were neither variable nor late nor associated with maternal hypotension. All occurred in pregnancies complicated by hypertension and placental insufficiency. In the three patients described, the fetus lived for at least three days after the first nonspecific deceleration was observed. Although solitary nonspecific decelerations may indicate may indicate danger to the fetus from placental insufficiency, these decelerations should not be considered as an indication for immediate delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:921909", "title": "The uterine and cardiovascular effects of oral fenoterol hydrobromide.", "content": "Fenoterol hydrobromide was administered as a 5 mg tablet to 10 patients in oxytocin-induced labour and the effects on uterine activity and on the cardiovascular system of mother and baby were evaluated. The drug took effect within 30 minutes in 8 of the 10 patients and it reduced uterine activity to less than 30 per cent of the original. Fenoterol caused a moderate maternal tachycardia, raised systolic and decreased the diastolic blood pressure.", "contents": "The uterine and cardiovascular effects of oral fenoterol hydrobromide. Fenoterol hydrobromide was administered as a 5 mg tablet to 10 patients in oxytocin-induced labour and the effects on uterine activity and on the cardiovascular system of mother and baby were evaluated. The drug took effect within 30 minutes in 8 of the 10 patients and it reduced uterine activity to less than 30 per cent of the original. Fenoterol caused a moderate maternal tachycardia, raised systolic and decreased the diastolic blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:921910", "title": "Circulating levels of pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein in early pregnancy.", "content": "Circulating levels of pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1 or PSbetaG), luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were measured serially in 9 subjects immediately after conception. Ovulation occurred spontaneously in 3 subjects, or followed administration of clomiphene citrate (2 subjects) or bromocriptine (4 subjects). The timing of ovulation was determined by the appearance of the LH surge. Levels of HCG were detected 10 to 16 days, and SP1, 18 to 23 days after ovulation. These findings suggest that the measurement of plasma levels of SP1 may provide valuable additional biochemical evidence of pregnancy.", "contents": "Circulating levels of pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein in early pregnancy. Circulating levels of pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1 or PSbetaG), luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were measured serially in 9 subjects immediately after conception. Ovulation occurred spontaneously in 3 subjects, or followed administration of clomiphene citrate (2 subjects) or bromocriptine (4 subjects). The timing of ovulation was determined by the appearance of the LH surge. Levels of HCG were detected 10 to 16 days, and SP1, 18 to 23 days after ovulation. These findings suggest that the measurement of plasma levels of SP1 may provide valuable additional biochemical evidence of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:921911", "title": "Changes in prostaglandin F and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F concentrations in amniotic fluid at the onset of and during labour.", "content": "Concentrations of prostaglandin F (PGF) and its major circulating metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF (PGFM) have been measured in amniotic fluid during spontaneous labour at term. Levels of both PGF and PGFM were significantly higher during early spontaneous labour, at a cervical dilatation of less than 4 cm, than before the onset of labour. Patients who started labour spontaneously but later required oxytocin therapy for failure to progress in first stage had lower levels of PGF and PGFM than patients who progressed adequately without oxytocin therapy. During spontaneous labour, concentrations of both PGF and PGFM increased significantly with advancing cervical dilatation. These indicate that the accumulation of prostaglandins in amniotic fluid during labour is not due to decreased metabolism. They furthermore provide the strongest evidence available so far for an increase in intrauterine prostaglandin synthesis during human parturition.", "contents": "Changes in prostaglandin F and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F concentrations in amniotic fluid at the onset of and during labour. Concentrations of prostaglandin F (PGF) and its major circulating metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF (PGFM) have been measured in amniotic fluid during spontaneous labour at term. Levels of both PGF and PGFM were significantly higher during early spontaneous labour, at a cervical dilatation of less than 4 cm, than before the onset of labour. Patients who started labour spontaneously but later required oxytocin therapy for failure to progress in first stage had lower levels of PGF and PGFM than patients who progressed adequately without oxytocin therapy. During spontaneous labour, concentrations of both PGF and PGFM increased significantly with advancing cervical dilatation. These indicate that the accumulation of prostaglandins in amniotic fluid during labour is not due to decreased metabolism. They furthermore provide the strongest evidence available so far for an increase in intrauterine prostaglandin synthesis during human parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:921912", "title": "Epidemiological features of perinatal death due to obstructed labour in Addis Ababa.", "content": "Obstructed labour was the second most common cause of perinatal death in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, being responsible for 9.1 perinatal deaths/1000 births. Most obstructed labours were due to cephalopelvic disporportion. There was a ninefold increase in the perinatal death rate when the patients were anaemic but most perinatal deaths were due to delays in seeking available obstetrical care. Formal education of the patients had little influence on the death rates but the informal education that comes with prolonged urban residence had a markedly favourable effect. Use of prenatal medical services and adequate income also had a favourable influence.", "contents": "Epidemiological features of perinatal death due to obstructed labour in Addis Ababa. Obstructed labour was the second most common cause of perinatal death in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, being responsible for 9.1 perinatal deaths/1000 births. Most obstructed labours were due to cephalopelvic disporportion. There was a ninefold increase in the perinatal death rate when the patients were anaemic but most perinatal deaths were due to delays in seeking available obstetrical care. Formal education of the patients had little influence on the death rates but the informal education that comes with prolonged urban residence had a markedly favourable effect. Use of prenatal medical services and adequate income also had a favourable influence."}
{"id": "PMID:921913", "title": "Measurement of menstrual blood loss in patients complaining of menorrhagia.", "content": "A study has been made of menstrual blood loss measured in 50 women with unexplained heavy loss (more than 80 ml). Twelve of these women had an average menstrual loss greater than 200 ml, five women in excess of 450 ml. There was no relation between the duration of menstruation and the total menstrual blood loss. Compared to women with normal menstrual loss there was no difference either in the proportion of total menstrual loss passed on each day of menstruation in women bleeding heavily (92 per cent of the total menses being lost in the first three days) or in the coefficient of variation for menstrual blood loss from one period to the next. There was a reduction in menstrual blood loss in the first period following uterine curettage but no effect thereafter.", "contents": "Measurement of menstrual blood loss in patients complaining of menorrhagia. A study has been made of menstrual blood loss measured in 50 women with unexplained heavy loss (more than 80 ml). Twelve of these women had an average menstrual loss greater than 200 ml, five women in excess of 450 ml. There was no relation between the duration of menstruation and the total menstrual blood loss. Compared to women with normal menstrual loss there was no difference either in the proportion of total menstrual loss passed on each day of menstruation in women bleeding heavily (92 per cent of the total menses being lost in the first three days) or in the coefficient of variation for menstrual blood loss from one period to the next. There was a reduction in menstrual blood loss in the first period following uterine curettage but no effect thereafter."}
{"id": "PMID:921914", "title": "Endocrine changes and symptomatology after oophorectomy in premenopausal women.", "content": "The symptomatic and endocrine changes following hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy have been studied in 100 patients, 1 to 31 years after surgery. The most frequent symptoms at the time of interview were depression (62 patients), insomnia (48 patients), loss of libido (46 patients) and dyspareunia (38 patients). Vasomotor symptoms were recorded in 28 patients. Although 94 patients claimed that hot flushes were the first symptomatic changes noticed, 60 had complete relief from these symptoms within 6 months of surgery; 34 patients had no symptoms and only 4 patients were taking oestrogen therapy at the time of interview. Plasma oestradiol and testosterone levels were 78 per cent and 27 per cent respectively below the mean values of day 1 to 10 of the menstrual cycle, similar to those found at comparable years after a normal menopause. The plasma FSH level was about 14 times and the plasma LH level about twice the respective preoperative value. Unlike after the normal menopause, these gonadotrophin levels did not show any decline with increasing age. There was no correlation between plasma hormone levels and the presence of vasomotor symptoms or depression.", "contents": "Endocrine changes and symptomatology after oophorectomy in premenopausal women. The symptomatic and endocrine changes following hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy have been studied in 100 patients, 1 to 31 years after surgery. The most frequent symptoms at the time of interview were depression (62 patients), insomnia (48 patients), loss of libido (46 patients) and dyspareunia (38 patients). Vasomotor symptoms were recorded in 28 patients. Although 94 patients claimed that hot flushes were the first symptomatic changes noticed, 60 had complete relief from these symptoms within 6 months of surgery; 34 patients had no symptoms and only 4 patients were taking oestrogen therapy at the time of interview. Plasma oestradiol and testosterone levels were 78 per cent and 27 per cent respectively below the mean values of day 1 to 10 of the menstrual cycle, similar to those found at comparable years after a normal menopause. The plasma FSH level was about 14 times and the plasma LH level about twice the respective preoperative value. Unlike after the normal menopause, these gonadotrophin levels did not show any decline with increasing age. There was no correlation between plasma hormone levels and the presence of vasomotor symptoms or depression."}
{"id": "PMID:921915", "title": "Hodgkin's disease diagnosed in pregnancy, case report.", "content": "A patient is described in whom Hodgkin's disease was diagnosed and treated during the antenatal period, and who was delivered of a premature, but otherwise normal, infant.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease diagnosed in pregnancy, case report. A patient is described in whom Hodgkin's disease was diagnosed and treated during the antenatal period, and who was delivered of a premature, but otherwise normal, infant."}
{"id": "PMID:921916", "title": "beta-Thalassaemia trait in a pregnant girl of British stock.", "content": "A pregnant patient with anaemia due to beta-thalassaemia trait is described. The patient was apparently of British stock.", "contents": "beta-Thalassaemia trait in a pregnant girl of British stock. A pregnant patient with anaemia due to beta-thalassaemia trait is described. The patient was apparently of British stock."}
{"id": "PMID:921919", "title": "Observations on the retinal pigment epithelium and retinal macrophages in experimental retinal detachment.", "content": "After experimental retinal detachment in rabbits macrophages are a prominent feature in the subretinal space or within the retina. Two sources for these macrophages are identified. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may undergo metaplasia and actively 'bud'; the evolving macrophage is then formed by a vitreal protrusion of the cytoplasm of an RPE cell which is 'nipped off' by lateral protrusions from adjacent cells. In addition, in regions of RPE proliferation, blood-borne cells were found in Bruch's membrane and among the mass of proliferated RPE cells, suggesting that blood-borne cells may pass from the choroidal circulation through Bruch's membrane and the RPE layer.", "contents": "Observations on the retinal pigment epithelium and retinal macrophages in experimental retinal detachment. After experimental retinal detachment in rabbits macrophages are a prominent feature in the subretinal space or within the retina. Two sources for these macrophages are identified. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may undergo metaplasia and actively 'bud'; the evolving macrophage is then formed by a vitreal protrusion of the cytoplasm of an RPE cell which is 'nipped off' by lateral protrusions from adjacent cells. In addition, in regions of RPE proliferation, blood-borne cells were found in Bruch's membrane and among the mass of proliferated RPE cells, suggesting that blood-borne cells may pass from the choroidal circulation through Bruch's membrane and the RPE layer."}
{"id": "PMID:921920", "title": "Structural changes in the outer retinal layers following blunt mechanical non-perforating trauma to the globe: an experimental study.", "content": "Structural changes in the external retinal layers of pigs' eyes that had previously been subjected to blunt non-perforating mechanical injuries have been described. Within minutes of trauma fragmentation of the photoreceptor outer segments and damage to the retinal pigment epithelium was recorded in areas of retina adjacent to the missile impact site on the sclera. One week after injury the disrupted photoreceptor outer segments disappeared, and the inner segments came to lie adjacent to the retinal pigment epithelium. Evidence of regeneration of photoreceptor outer segments was noted 2 weeks later.", "contents": "Structural changes in the outer retinal layers following blunt mechanical non-perforating trauma to the globe: an experimental study. Structural changes in the external retinal layers of pigs' eyes that had previously been subjected to blunt non-perforating mechanical injuries have been described. Within minutes of trauma fragmentation of the photoreceptor outer segments and damage to the retinal pigment epithelium was recorded in areas of retina adjacent to the missile impact site on the sclera. One week after injury the disrupted photoreceptor outer segments disappeared, and the inner segments came to lie adjacent to the retinal pigment epithelium. Evidence of regeneration of photoreceptor outer segments was noted 2 weeks later."}
{"id": "PMID:921921", "title": "Retinal detachment treated with intravitreal air: an evaluation of 241 cases.", "content": "241 unselected cases of retinal detachment treated since 1971 with cryopexy and intravitreal air are discussed. The series is analysed according to the position of the retinal tears(s), and we describe briefly the surgical technique and evaluate the main complications.", "contents": "Retinal detachment treated with intravitreal air: an evaluation of 241 cases. 241 unselected cases of retinal detachment treated since 1971 with cryopexy and intravitreal air are discussed. The series is analysed according to the position of the retinal tears(s), and we describe briefly the surgical technique and evaluate the main complications."}
{"id": "PMID:921922", "title": "Infection following retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "Since the introduction of gentamicin (given both as a soaked sponge and as an injection below Tenon's capsule at the end of surgery) no case of early infection either with or without intraocular signs after operation for retinal detachment has occurred in a series of 206 cases comprising 243 operations. However, late infection many months after operation has appeared in 3 cases (1-5%), though this rate appears to have been favourably influenced by the administration of gentamicin. Local or systemic side effects from the administration of gentamicin have not been seen, and therefore the sub-Tenon injection in the quadrant where the sponge has been placed is strongly advocated in all cases of surgery for retinal detachment when such sponges are used.", "contents": "Infection following retinal detachment surgery. Since the introduction of gentamicin (given both as a soaked sponge and as an injection below Tenon's capsule at the end of surgery) no case of early infection either with or without intraocular signs after operation for retinal detachment has occurred in a series of 206 cases comprising 243 operations. However, late infection many months after operation has appeared in 3 cases (1-5%), though this rate appears to have been favourably influenced by the administration of gentamicin. Local or systemic side effects from the administration of gentamicin have not been seen, and therefore the sub-Tenon injection in the quadrant where the sponge has been placed is strongly advocated in all cases of surgery for retinal detachment when such sponges are used."}
{"id": "PMID:921923", "title": "Clinical copper metabolism parameters in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and other tapeto-retinal degenerations.", "content": "Reports have appeared of abnormal copper metabolism in retinitis pigmentosa, and of a family with vitelliform retinal degeneration in which other members suffered from hepatolenticular degeneration. In the present study 15 patients with retinitis pigmentosa, 4 with various other retinal degenerations, and 1 with a family disposition to retinitis pigmentosa were examined. The copper concentration in serum and the coeruloplasmin concentration in plasma were found to be within normal limits. In 9 of the patients with retinitis pigmentosa the urinary excretion of copper per 24 hours was determined and was found to be normal. The results of the present study lend no support to the hypothesis of abnormal copper metabolism in retinitis pigmentosa.", "contents": "Clinical copper metabolism parameters in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and other tapeto-retinal degenerations. Reports have appeared of abnormal copper metabolism in retinitis pigmentosa, and of a family with vitelliform retinal degeneration in which other members suffered from hepatolenticular degeneration. In the present study 15 patients with retinitis pigmentosa, 4 with various other retinal degenerations, and 1 with a family disposition to retinitis pigmentosa were examined. The copper concentration in serum and the coeruloplasmin concentration in plasma were found to be within normal limits. In 9 of the patients with retinitis pigmentosa the urinary excretion of copper per 24 hours was determined and was found to be normal. The results of the present study lend no support to the hypothesis of abnormal copper metabolism in retinitis pigmentosa."}
{"id": "PMID:921924", "title": "The association of retinitis pigmentosa with preretinal macular gliosis.", "content": "A retrospective study of the histopathological features of retinitis pigmentosa was undertaken. A consistent finding in 10 out of 10 eyes from 6 patients with retinitis pigmentosa was the presence of a preretinal membrane. The frequency of this finding has not been noted previously. Preretinal gliosis may well be responsible for the production of the abnormal glinting fundus reflex seen at the posterior pole in retinitis pigmentosa.", "contents": "The association of retinitis pigmentosa with preretinal macular gliosis. A retrospective study of the histopathological features of retinitis pigmentosa was undertaken. A consistent finding in 10 out of 10 eyes from 6 patients with retinitis pigmentosa was the presence of a preretinal membrane. The frequency of this finding has not been noted previously. Preretinal gliosis may well be responsible for the production of the abnormal glinting fundus reflex seen at the posterior pole in retinitis pigmentosa."}
{"id": "PMID:921925", "title": "Late ocular manifestations in neonatal herpes simplex infection.", "content": "Five patients who had had neonatal herpes simplex virus infection were re-examined at ages that varied from 6 to 9 years. In all of them the diagnosis had been supported by virus isolation and antibody titration, and herpes virus type 2, the genital strain, had been the causative agent. Only 1 of the patients was mentally retarded. Three of the patients had manifest squint, and only 1 patient had normal visual acuity in both eyes. The fundus changes varied from atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium in 3 patients to atrophy of the optic disc in 2 eyes and extreme tortuosity of the retinal arterioles and veins in 1 patient. One patient developed bilateral retinitis with exudation into the vitreous at the age of 5 years. Fluorescein angiography of this patient showed peripheral vascular closure and preretinal neovascularisation, with leakage in both eyes. This may have been due to chronic retinal vasculitis; haemorrhagic infarction may have induced the damage to retinal tissues. Laser photocogulation resulted in slight improvement of the visual acuity, clearing of the vitreous, and decrease of the fluorescein leakage.", "contents": "Late ocular manifestations in neonatal herpes simplex infection. Five patients who had had neonatal herpes simplex virus infection were re-examined at ages that varied from 6 to 9 years. In all of them the diagnosis had been supported by virus isolation and antibody titration, and herpes virus type 2, the genital strain, had been the causative agent. Only 1 of the patients was mentally retarded. Three of the patients had manifest squint, and only 1 patient had normal visual acuity in both eyes. The fundus changes varied from atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium in 3 patients to atrophy of the optic disc in 2 eyes and extreme tortuosity of the retinal arterioles and veins in 1 patient. One patient developed bilateral retinitis with exudation into the vitreous at the age of 5 years. Fluorescein angiography of this patient showed peripheral vascular closure and preretinal neovascularisation, with leakage in both eyes. This may have been due to chronic retinal vasculitis; haemorrhagic infarction may have induced the damage to retinal tissues. Laser photocogulation resulted in slight improvement of the visual acuity, clearing of the vitreous, and decrease of the fluorescein leakage."}
{"id": "PMID:921926", "title": "Energy transfer between terbium and iron bound to transferrin: reinvestigation of the distance between metal-binding sites.", "content": "The addition of trivalent iron, gallium, and terbium ions to the metal binding sites of human transferrin has been investigated by fluorescence and spectrophotometric measurements. Results are consistent with the possibility that the addition of ferric nitrilotriacetate to apotransferrin does not lead to a random distribution of iron bound to the two metal-binding sites on the protein, but rather an asymmetric distribution with iron bound mainly to one of the sites. The subsequent addition of terbium leads to the binding of terbium ions to the vacant sites on monoferric transferrin molecules, and observations of the intensity of terbium fluorescence from such samples provides clear evidence of transfer of excitation energy from the terbium site to the iron site. These results lead to the estimate that the two metal-binding sites of human transferrin are separated by a distance of 25 +/- 2 A, in disagreement with an earlier report (Luk, C. K. (1971), Biochemistry 10, 2838) that the sites were separated by more than 43 A. Consideration of the dimensions of transferrin indicates that the two sites lie relatively close to each other on the macromolecule.", "contents": "Energy transfer between terbium and iron bound to transferrin: reinvestigation of the distance between metal-binding sites. The addition of trivalent iron, gallium, and terbium ions to the metal binding sites of human transferrin has been investigated by fluorescence and spectrophotometric measurements. Results are consistent with the possibility that the addition of ferric nitrilotriacetate to apotransferrin does not lead to a random distribution of iron bound to the two metal-binding sites on the protein, but rather an asymmetric distribution with iron bound mainly to one of the sites. The subsequent addition of terbium leads to the binding of terbium ions to the vacant sites on monoferric transferrin molecules, and observations of the intensity of terbium fluorescence from such samples provides clear evidence of transfer of excitation energy from the terbium site to the iron site. These results lead to the estimate that the two metal-binding sites of human transferrin are separated by a distance of 25 +/- 2 A, in disagreement with an earlier report (Luk, C. K. (1971), Biochemistry 10, 2838) that the sites were separated by more than 43 A. Consideration of the dimensions of transferrin indicates that the two sites lie relatively close to each other on the macromolecule."}
{"id": "PMID:921927", "title": "Fluorescence depolarization studies on the flexibility of myosin rod.", "content": "The single photon counting method has been used to measure the decay of fluorescence polarization anisotropy of myosin rods labeled with extrinsic fluorophores. Rods labeled with 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) or 5-dimethylaminoaphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride (DNS-Cl) exhibit negative rotational correlation times; the anisotropy increases with time. Possible artifactual causes for the negative decay times are ruled out. It is shown that such curves are to be expected for rigid rods when the fluorophore is bound so that the absorption and emission dipoles each make a small angle with the long axis of the molecule and lie on opposite sides of the rod. At pH 4 and below, rapid decay of the anisotropy (positive correlation times) indicates the presence of a freely bending region in the rod. This is probably the proteolytically sensitive region between light meromyosin and heavy meromyosin subfragment 2. At pH 8, no such free bending is observed, even at temperatures as high as 50 degrees C. From this observation and other physical properties of the rod, we conclude that, at pH 8, the hinge region has considerable resistance to bending. It is more like a spring than a free hinge. The rotational diffusion about the rod axis is faster than would be predicted for a rigid, smooth molecule.", "contents": "Fluorescence depolarization studies on the flexibility of myosin rod. The single photon counting method has been used to measure the decay of fluorescence polarization anisotropy of myosin rods labeled with extrinsic fluorophores. Rods labeled with 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) or 5-dimethylaminoaphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride (DNS-Cl) exhibit negative rotational correlation times; the anisotropy increases with time. Possible artifactual causes for the negative decay times are ruled out. It is shown that such curves are to be expected for rigid rods when the fluorophore is bound so that the absorption and emission dipoles each make a small angle with the long axis of the molecule and lie on opposite sides of the rod. At pH 4 and below, rapid decay of the anisotropy (positive correlation times) indicates the presence of a freely bending region in the rod. This is probably the proteolytically sensitive region between light meromyosin and heavy meromyosin subfragment 2. At pH 8, no such free bending is observed, even at temperatures as high as 50 degrees C. From this observation and other physical properties of the rod, we conclude that, at pH 8, the hinge region has considerable resistance to bending. It is more like a spring than a free hinge. The rotational diffusion about the rod axis is faster than would be predicted for a rigid, smooth molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:921930", "title": "Molecular homogeneity of the histone content of HeLa chromatin subunits.", "content": "Interaction of affinity chromatographically purified antihistone H3 and antihistone H4 with isolated HeLa core particles, followed by separation of unreacted and reacted particles by sedimentation, demonstrates that every core particle contains these histones. Taken together with our previous data indicating the presence of H2B in every nucleosome (Simpson, R. T., and Bustin, M. (1976), Biochemistry 15, 4305), these data lead to the conclusion that each core particle contains two each of the four smaller histones. In contrast to the lack of interference in binding of more than one molecule of antibody to a single species of histone to the core particle, steric hindrance exists when attempts are made to bind both anti-H3 and anti-H4 to core particles.", "contents": "Molecular homogeneity of the histone content of HeLa chromatin subunits. Interaction of affinity chromatographically purified antihistone H3 and antihistone H4 with isolated HeLa core particles, followed by separation of unreacted and reacted particles by sedimentation, demonstrates that every core particle contains these histones. Taken together with our previous data indicating the presence of H2B in every nucleosome (Simpson, R. T., and Bustin, M. (1976), Biochemistry 15, 4305), these data lead to the conclusion that each core particle contains two each of the four smaller histones. In contrast to the lack of interference in binding of more than one molecule of antibody to a single species of histone to the core particle, steric hindrance exists when attempts are made to bind both anti-H3 and anti-H4 to core particles."}
{"id": "PMID:921931", "title": "Absolute configuration of tritiated O-alkylglycerol synthesized enzymatically from (1,3-3H2, 1,3-14C2)dihydroxyacetone phosphate.", "content": "O-Alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate is synthesized enzymatically from hexadecanol and acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate. In this process there is a hydrogen exchange in which the pro-R hydrogen of C-1 of the sn-glycerol moiety is lost. This hydrogen is replaced by a hydrogen from the medium. In order to obtain additional information on the mechanism of ether bond formation, it would be of interest to know whether or not the hydrogen exchange results in a change of configuration in the product, O-alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate. By using O-alkylglycerol prepared both chemically and enzymatically from isomerase-treated [1,3-3H2, 1,3-14C2] dihydroxyacetone phosphate and an O-alkylglycerol cleavage enzyme system, it was shown that the hydrogen exchange occurs with retention of configuration of the substituents of C-1 of the sn-glycerol moiety.", "contents": "Absolute configuration of tritiated O-alkylglycerol synthesized enzymatically from (1,3-3H2, 1,3-14C2)dihydroxyacetone phosphate. O-Alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate is synthesized enzymatically from hexadecanol and acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate. In this process there is a hydrogen exchange in which the pro-R hydrogen of C-1 of the sn-glycerol moiety is lost. This hydrogen is replaced by a hydrogen from the medium. In order to obtain additional information on the mechanism of ether bond formation, it would be of interest to know whether or not the hydrogen exchange results in a change of configuration in the product, O-alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate. By using O-alkylglycerol prepared both chemically and enzymatically from isomerase-treated [1,3-3H2, 1,3-14C2] dihydroxyacetone phosphate and an O-alkylglycerol cleavage enzyme system, it was shown that the hydrogen exchange occurs with retention of configuration of the substituents of C-1 of the sn-glycerol moiety."}
{"id": "PMID:921932", "title": "Reconstitution of chromatin core particles.", "content": "Chromatin core particles, containing 140 base pairs (bp) of DNA plus the inner histones, can be nearly quantitatively formed either by reassociation from 2 M NaCl or by reconstitution from salt extracted histones and DNA. The reassociated or reconstituted particles appear to be identical with the native particles in all physical properties examined (sedimentation velocity, histone content, circular dichroism, and melting) as well as in their patterns of digestion by micrococcal nuclease, DNase I, and trypsin. In the presence of excess DNA, no \"half-particles\" are formed. In the presence of excess histone, aggregated structures are formed in addition to 11S core particles.", "contents": "Reconstitution of chromatin core particles. Chromatin core particles, containing 140 base pairs (bp) of DNA plus the inner histones, can be nearly quantitatively formed either by reassociation from 2 M NaCl or by reconstitution from salt extracted histones and DNA. The reassociated or reconstituted particles appear to be identical with the native particles in all physical properties examined (sedimentation velocity, histone content, circular dichroism, and melting) as well as in their patterns of digestion by micrococcal nuclease, DNase I, and trypsin. In the presence of excess DNA, no \"half-particles\" are formed. In the presence of excess histone, aggregated structures are formed in addition to 11S core particles."}
{"id": "PMID:921933", "title": "Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid chain initiation: a new mode of action for 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in human lymphoblasts.", "content": "A novel biochemical effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) on DNA replication in cultured human lymphoblasts is described. By incubating the cells with [3H] thymidine for 5 min and analyzing the nascent DNA by velocity sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients, it was possible to discern the initial effect of a very low concentration of drug (5 nM) on DNA replication. During the first 30 min of incubation, ara-C inhibited the initiation of new replicating units of DNA but did not affect the elongation of previously initiated units. A later effect was the reduction of the rate of DNA chain elongation. A model, based on the incorporation of ara-C into nascent DNA, is presented to account for a differential effect of the drug on DNA chain initiation and elongation in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid chain initiation: a new mode of action for 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in human lymphoblasts. A novel biochemical effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) on DNA replication in cultured human lymphoblasts is described. By incubating the cells with [3H] thymidine for 5 min and analyzing the nascent DNA by velocity sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients, it was possible to discern the initial effect of a very low concentration of drug (5 nM) on DNA replication. During the first 30 min of incubation, ara-C inhibited the initiation of new replicating units of DNA but did not affect the elongation of previously initiated units. A later effect was the reduction of the rate of DNA chain elongation. A model, based on the incorporation of ara-C into nascent DNA, is presented to account for a differential effect of the drug on DNA chain initiation and elongation in mammalian cells."}
{"id": "PMID:921939", "title": "Circular dichroism of cobaltous complexes of creatine kinase.", "content": "Circular dichroic spectra in the visible wavelength region were used to investigate the local environment of Co(II), an activating metal, at the active site of rabbit muscle creatine kinase. There was a small spectral change when CoADP- was bound to creatine kinase, no change when creatine was added, and another small change when NO3- was added to form the transition state analogue. Using matrix rank analysis to quantitate these small spectral changes, a titratable group with a pK = 7.4 was found which modified the enzyme-bound metal-nucleotide interaction. These data suggest that, throughout the enzyme's catalysis, the metal-nucleotide interaction remains very similar in structure to the complex not bound to the enzyme.", "contents": "Circular dichroism of cobaltous complexes of creatine kinase. Circular dichroic spectra in the visible wavelength region were used to investigate the local environment of Co(II), an activating metal, at the active site of rabbit muscle creatine kinase. There was a small spectral change when CoADP- was bound to creatine kinase, no change when creatine was added, and another small change when NO3- was added to form the transition state analogue. Using matrix rank analysis to quantitate these small spectral changes, a titratable group with a pK = 7.4 was found which modified the enzyme-bound metal-nucleotide interaction. These data suggest that, throughout the enzyme's catalysis, the metal-nucleotide interaction remains very similar in structure to the complex not bound to the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:921941", "title": "Fluorescent probes in model membranes I: anthroyl fatty acid derivatives in monolayers and liposomes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine.", "content": "A study of three fluorescent anthroyl probes has been carried out using pure and mixed monomolecular films with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. In addition, fluorescence depolarization and differential scanning calorimetry data were obtained from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles with incorporated anthroyl probes. The three probes used were 2-(9-anthroyl)palmitic acid. 12-(9-anthroyl)stearic acid, and 16-(9-anthroyl)palmitic acid. The latter probe was synthesized for these studies. In monolayers the probes shifted the onset of the liquid-condensed/liquid-expanded monolayer phase transition with the extent of the shift decreasing in the order: 2-(9-anthroyl)palmitic acid greater than 12-(9-anthroyl)stearic acid greater than 16-(9-anthroyl)stearic acid. A corresponding decrease in the gel-liquid crystalline bilayer transition temperature (Tc) showed the same order of perturbation in both the fluorescence depolarization and differential scanning calorimetry data. Locating the anthroyl entity in the center of the bilayer would appear to provide a minimum perturbation.", "contents": "Fluorescent probes in model membranes I: anthroyl fatty acid derivatives in monolayers and liposomes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. A study of three fluorescent anthroyl probes has been carried out using pure and mixed monomolecular films with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. In addition, fluorescence depolarization and differential scanning calorimetry data were obtained from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles with incorporated anthroyl probes. The three probes used were 2-(9-anthroyl)palmitic acid. 12-(9-anthroyl)stearic acid, and 16-(9-anthroyl)palmitic acid. The latter probe was synthesized for these studies. In monolayers the probes shifted the onset of the liquid-condensed/liquid-expanded monolayer phase transition with the extent of the shift decreasing in the order: 2-(9-anthroyl)palmitic acid greater than 12-(9-anthroyl)stearic acid greater than 16-(9-anthroyl)stearic acid. A corresponding decrease in the gel-liquid crystalline bilayer transition temperature (Tc) showed the same order of perturbation in both the fluorescence depolarization and differential scanning calorimetry data. Locating the anthroyl entity in the center of the bilayer would appear to provide a minimum perturbation."}
{"id": "PMID:921942", "title": "Specific modification of the alpha chain C-terminal carboxyl group of hemoglobin by trypsin-catalyzed hydrazinolysis.", "content": "In human deoxyhemoglobin a salt bridge links the alpha carboxyl of Arg-141 of each alpha chain to the epsilon-amino group of Lys-127 of the opposite alpha chain. These salt bridges are believed to contribute to the constraints in the quaternary deoxy (T) structure that lower its oxygen affinity. We have tested this hypothesis by incubating hemoglobin with 2 M hydrazine and trypsin which catalyzes specifically the reversible hydrazinolysis of the alpha carboxyl of Arg-141alpha. X-ray analysis shows the major structural difference between native deoxyhemoglobin and hydrazide deoxyhemoglobin to be the loss of the Arg-141alpha1-Lys-127alpha2 salt bridge and its Arg-141alpha2-Lys-127alpha1 counterpart. Accurate oxygen equilibrium curves of hydrazide hemoglobin show that blocking of the salt bridge has raised the oxygen affinity of the T structure while leaving that of the quaternary oxy (R) structure unchanged.", "contents": "Specific modification of the alpha chain C-terminal carboxyl group of hemoglobin by trypsin-catalyzed hydrazinolysis. In human deoxyhemoglobin a salt bridge links the alpha carboxyl of Arg-141 of each alpha chain to the epsilon-amino group of Lys-127 of the opposite alpha chain. These salt bridges are believed to contribute to the constraints in the quaternary deoxy (T) structure that lower its oxygen affinity. We have tested this hypothesis by incubating hemoglobin with 2 M hydrazine and trypsin which catalyzes specifically the reversible hydrazinolysis of the alpha carboxyl of Arg-141alpha. X-ray analysis shows the major structural difference between native deoxyhemoglobin and hydrazide deoxyhemoglobin to be the loss of the Arg-141alpha1-Lys-127alpha2 salt bridge and its Arg-141alpha2-Lys-127alpha1 counterpart. Accurate oxygen equilibrium curves of hydrazide hemoglobin show that blocking of the salt bridge has raised the oxygen affinity of the T structure while leaving that of the quaternary oxy (R) structure unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:921943", "title": "Studies of the conformation of modified dinucleoside phosphates containing 1,N6-ethenoadenosine and 2'-O-methylcytidine by 360-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Investigation of the solution conformations of dinucleoside phosphates.", "content": "Seven dinucleoside monophosphates containing epsilonA (1,N6-ethenoadenosine) and 2'-O-methylcytidine were studied by 360-MHz proton magnetic resonance and compared with unmodified dimers and component monomers at 4, 20, 45, and 75 degrees C. These studies show that the dimers exhibit preference for the gg and g'g' conformations for the C-4'-C-5' and C-5'-O-5' bonds, respectively, and that dimerization induces an increase of the population and inflexibility of the 3'-endo conformations for the ribose ring. Three stacked (or stable) conformations for dimers, I, II, and III, in equilibrium with an unstacked (or open) form in solution, are suggested by dimerization shifts of ribose protons. Conformation I exhibits anti, gg, 3'-endo, phi' = 203 to approximately 211 degrees, omega' = 300 degrees, omega = 290 degrees, g'g', gg, 3'-endo, and anti conformation from the 5' end to the 3' end of the dimer. Conformation II shows anti, gg, 3'-endo, phi' = 203-211 degrees, omega = 30 degrees, omega = 100 degrees, g'g', gg, 3'-endo, and anti conformation. Conformation III is anti, gg, 2'-endo, phi' = 260 degrees, omega' = 50 degrees, omega = 220 degrees g'g', gg, 3'-endo, and anti (x approximately 100 degrees) conformation. The dimers, PupPu and PupPy, prefer conformations I and II, while PypPu and PypPy prefer conformation II. Introduction of epsilonA for the base of -pN induces an increase of conformations II and III, while the epsilonA substitution for the Np- residue induces an increase of conformation I. 2'-O-methylation of the Cp- residue of CpC decreases conformation I and increases conformation II. Based on the stable solution conformations of these dimers, a possible conformation of the anticodon loop is proposed, which is an alternative to the one observed in the crystal of tRNAPhe.", "contents": "Studies of the conformation of modified dinucleoside phosphates containing 1,N6-ethenoadenosine and 2'-O-methylcytidine by 360-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Investigation of the solution conformations of dinucleoside phosphates. Seven dinucleoside monophosphates containing epsilonA (1,N6-ethenoadenosine) and 2'-O-methylcytidine were studied by 360-MHz proton magnetic resonance and compared with unmodified dimers and component monomers at 4, 20, 45, and 75 degrees C. These studies show that the dimers exhibit preference for the gg and g'g' conformations for the C-4'-C-5' and C-5'-O-5' bonds, respectively, and that dimerization induces an increase of the population and inflexibility of the 3'-endo conformations for the ribose ring. Three stacked (or stable) conformations for dimers, I, II, and III, in equilibrium with an unstacked (or open) form in solution, are suggested by dimerization shifts of ribose protons. Conformation I exhibits anti, gg, 3'-endo, phi' = 203 to approximately 211 degrees, omega' = 300 degrees, omega = 290 degrees, g'g', gg, 3'-endo, and anti conformation from the 5' end to the 3' end of the dimer. Conformation II shows anti, gg, 3'-endo, phi' = 203-211 degrees, omega = 30 degrees, omega = 100 degrees, g'g', gg, 3'-endo, and anti conformation. Conformation III is anti, gg, 2'-endo, phi' = 260 degrees, omega' = 50 degrees, omega = 220 degrees g'g', gg, 3'-endo, and anti (x approximately 100 degrees) conformation. The dimers, PupPu and PupPy, prefer conformations I and II, while PypPu and PypPy prefer conformation II. Introduction of epsilonA for the base of -pN induces an increase of conformations II and III, while the epsilonA substitution for the Np- residue induces an increase of conformation I. 2'-O-methylation of the Cp- residue of CpC decreases conformation I and increases conformation II. Based on the stable solution conformations of these dimers, a possible conformation of the anticodon loop is proposed, which is an alternative to the one observed in the crystal of tRNAPhe."}
{"id": "PMID:921944", "title": "Structure of parental deoxyribonucleic acid of synchronized HeLa cells.", "content": "We have investigated the structure of parental DNA as a function of the cell cycle phase of HeLa cells. DNA was isolated from synchronized HeLa cells 0, 5, 8, and 12 h after release from a second exposure to 2 mM thymidine. These DNA preparations were characterized by CS2SO4/AgClO4 buoyant density, sensitivity to a single-strand specific nuclease, sedimentation in neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients, and sedimentation in neutral sucrose gradients after digestion with S1 nuclease. The cultures were staged according to cell cycle phase by measurements of DNA content per cell by flow microfluorometry. The cell cycle phases were G1/S (0-h culture), S (5-h culture), G2 (8-h culture), and G1 (12-h culture). There are no nuclease-sensitive sites in G2. As the cells enter G1, the number increases, with a maximum being reached in the S phase. The number of breaks in DNA with respect to cell cycle phase follows the same pattern. The amount of single strandedness, measured by buoyant density and nuclease sensitivity, is also minimal in G2, increases in G1, with a maximum achieved in the S phase. It appears that there is a chromosomal cycle, reflected as continuous structural changes in the DNA molecule, as cells traverse the cell cycle.", "contents": "Structure of parental deoxyribonucleic acid of synchronized HeLa cells. We have investigated the structure of parental DNA as a function of the cell cycle phase of HeLa cells. DNA was isolated from synchronized HeLa cells 0, 5, 8, and 12 h after release from a second exposure to 2 mM thymidine. These DNA preparations were characterized by CS2SO4/AgClO4 buoyant density, sensitivity to a single-strand specific nuclease, sedimentation in neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients, and sedimentation in neutral sucrose gradients after digestion with S1 nuclease. The cultures were staged according to cell cycle phase by measurements of DNA content per cell by flow microfluorometry. The cell cycle phases were G1/S (0-h culture), S (5-h culture), G2 (8-h culture), and G1 (12-h culture). There are no nuclease-sensitive sites in G2. As the cells enter G1, the number increases, with a maximum being reached in the S phase. The number of breaks in DNA with respect to cell cycle phase follows the same pattern. The amount of single strandedness, measured by buoyant density and nuclease sensitivity, is also minimal in G2, increases in G1, with a maximum achieved in the S phase. It appears that there is a chromosomal cycle, reflected as continuous structural changes in the DNA molecule, as cells traverse the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:921945", "title": "Differential translation of rat liver albumin messenger RNA in a wheat germ cell-free system.", "content": "Rat liver polysomal RNA directs the synthesis of albumin in a wheat germ cell-free system. The in vitro product has the same mobility in polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gels as purified rat liver albumin and can be immune precipitated with rabbit anti-rat liver albumin serum. The incorporation of [35S] methionine into total protein in an in vitro system increased linearly with increasing messenger RNA concentration until a saturation plateau was reached. The synthesis of albumin compared to total protein increased continually with increasing RNA concentration. Addition of the polynucleotide poly(A) to the cell-free system inhibited incorporation, presumably through interference with the initiation process, and increased the relative albumin synthesis. Translation of albumin messenger RNA was also resistant to inhibition by high levels of potassium acetate where total incorporation was cut in half. The results suggest that the messenger RNA for albumin, in addition to the mRNAs for the beta chain of globin and for the immunoglobulin polypeptides, is particularly efficient in initiating protein synthesis.", "contents": "Differential translation of rat liver albumin messenger RNA in a wheat germ cell-free system. Rat liver polysomal RNA directs the synthesis of albumin in a wheat germ cell-free system. The in vitro product has the same mobility in polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gels as purified rat liver albumin and can be immune precipitated with rabbit anti-rat liver albumin serum. The incorporation of [35S] methionine into total protein in an in vitro system increased linearly with increasing messenger RNA concentration until a saturation plateau was reached. The synthesis of albumin compared to total protein increased continually with increasing RNA concentration. Addition of the polynucleotide poly(A) to the cell-free system inhibited incorporation, presumably through interference with the initiation process, and increased the relative albumin synthesis. Translation of albumin messenger RNA was also resistant to inhibition by high levels of potassium acetate where total incorporation was cut in half. The results suggest that the messenger RNA for albumin, in addition to the mRNAs for the beta chain of globin and for the immunoglobulin polypeptides, is particularly efficient in initiating protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:921949", "title": "Exposure of tryptophanyl residues and protein dynamics.", "content": "The acrylamide quenching reaction is shown to be very discriminating in sensing the exposure of fluorescing tryptophanyl residues in globular proteins. The quenching rate constants for some proteins, such as aldolase and human serum albumin, are reported to be independent of the solvent viscosity, indicating that the reaction is limited by penetration of the quencher through the protein matrix. Temperature-dependent studies are performed to determine the activation energy and entropy for the penetration of acrylamide into these proteins. The tryptophanyl residues in aldolase are shown to be shielded by a large activation energy barrier, while the single residue in human serum albumin is shielded by a large activation entropy barrier. These parameters characterize the nature of the protein matrix enveloping the fluorophors.", "contents": "Exposure of tryptophanyl residues and protein dynamics. The acrylamide quenching reaction is shown to be very discriminating in sensing the exposure of fluorescing tryptophanyl residues in globular proteins. The quenching rate constants for some proteins, such as aldolase and human serum albumin, are reported to be independent of the solvent viscosity, indicating that the reaction is limited by penetration of the quencher through the protein matrix. Temperature-dependent studies are performed to determine the activation energy and entropy for the penetration of acrylamide into these proteins. The tryptophanyl residues in aldolase are shown to be shielded by a large activation energy barrier, while the single residue in human serum albumin is shielded by a large activation entropy barrier. These parameters characterize the nature of the protein matrix enveloping the fluorophors."}
{"id": "PMID:921950", "title": "Structural study of spectrin from human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Human erythrocyte spectrin prepared from fresh blood is a mixture of different association states. Depending on the manner of preparation, the two-chain dimer or the tetramer predominates. These forms are not in rapid thermodynamic equilibrium. The molecular weight of the dimer by sedimentation and diffusion and by light scattering is about 5 X 10(5). The frictional properties indicate a low or moderate asymmetry (axial ratio in the range 2-10), and from the angular dependence of light scattering intensity an upper limit of about 80 A can be set for the radius of gyration. The tetramer similarly has a moderate asymmetry. Electron microscopy reveals that the dimer is a compact, slightly elongated molecule, and that the tetramer probably consists of two parallel dimers. On increasing the concentration of solutions containing spectrin dimers, oligomers are formed, which are not rapidly dissociated on dilution. At very low protein concentrations (below about 0.05 mg/mL) there is evidence of the onset of a rapid dissociation equilibrium between dimers and single chains. Other physical properties of the spectrin have been measured. The size and shape of the spectrin molecule would seem to rule out any major physical resemblance to myosin.", "contents": "Structural study of spectrin from human erythrocyte membranes. Human erythrocyte spectrin prepared from fresh blood is a mixture of different association states. Depending on the manner of preparation, the two-chain dimer or the tetramer predominates. These forms are not in rapid thermodynamic equilibrium. The molecular weight of the dimer by sedimentation and diffusion and by light scattering is about 5 X 10(5). The frictional properties indicate a low or moderate asymmetry (axial ratio in the range 2-10), and from the angular dependence of light scattering intensity an upper limit of about 80 A can be set for the radius of gyration. The tetramer similarly has a moderate asymmetry. Electron microscopy reveals that the dimer is a compact, slightly elongated molecule, and that the tetramer probably consists of two parallel dimers. On increasing the concentration of solutions containing spectrin dimers, oligomers are formed, which are not rapidly dissociated on dilution. At very low protein concentrations (below about 0.05 mg/mL) there is evidence of the onset of a rapid dissociation equilibrium between dimers and single chains. Other physical properties of the spectrin have been measured. The size and shape of the spectrin molecule would seem to rule out any major physical resemblance to myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:921951", "title": "Interaction of hemoglobin with red blood cell membranes as shown by a fluorescent chromophore.", "content": "Hemoglobin quenching of the fluorescence intensity of 12-(9-anthroyl)stearic acid (AS) embedded in the red blood cell membrane occurs through an energy transfer mechanism and can be used to measure the binding of hemoglobin to the membrane. The binding of hemoglobin to red cell membranes was found to be reversible and electrostatic in nature. Using a theory of energy transfer based on F\u00f6rster formulation, the quantitative data for the binding were derived. The number of binding sites was found to be 1.4 +/- 0.2 X 10(6) molecules per cell and the binding constant was 0.85 X 10(8) M-1.", "contents": "Interaction of hemoglobin with red blood cell membranes as shown by a fluorescent chromophore. Hemoglobin quenching of the fluorescence intensity of 12-(9-anthroyl)stearic acid (AS) embedded in the red blood cell membrane occurs through an energy transfer mechanism and can be used to measure the binding of hemoglobin to the membrane. The binding of hemoglobin to red cell membranes was found to be reversible and electrostatic in nature. Using a theory of energy transfer based on F\u00f6rster formulation, the quantitative data for the binding were derived. The number of binding sites was found to be 1.4 +/- 0.2 X 10(6) molecules per cell and the binding constant was 0.85 X 10(8) M-1."}
{"id": "PMID:921953", "title": "Separation and characterization of microtubule proteins from calf brain.", "content": "Electrophoresis of microtubule preparations purified from calf brain by repeated cycles of assembly and disassembly shows that they contain many proteins in addition to alpha- and beta-tubulin. These additional proteins constitute about 17% of the total material present after five cycles of assembly and disassembly. Both one-dimensional and two-dimensional (P.H. O'Farrell (1975), J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4007) electrophoretic techniques have been used to characterize them. They can be divided into two groups: one that contains proteins which remain in constant quantitative ratio to tubulin during the purification cycles, and one composed of proteins which are removed during purification, although inefficiently. Gel-filtration chromatography of cold-depolymerized microtubule preparations yields a polydisperse fraction of high molecular weight containing most of the non-tubulin proteins. This fraction contains flexible filaments about 100 A in diameter similar to those reported by R.A.B. Keats and R.H. Hall ((1975), Nature (London) 247, 418). It is suggested that these fibers are neurofilaments, and that they may be the major source of the group of inefficiently removed proteins.", "contents": "Separation and characterization of microtubule proteins from calf brain. Electrophoresis of microtubule preparations purified from calf brain by repeated cycles of assembly and disassembly shows that they contain many proteins in addition to alpha- and beta-tubulin. These additional proteins constitute about 17% of the total material present after five cycles of assembly and disassembly. Both one-dimensional and two-dimensional (P.H. O'Farrell (1975), J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4007) electrophoretic techniques have been used to characterize them. They can be divided into two groups: one that contains proteins which remain in constant quantitative ratio to tubulin during the purification cycles, and one composed of proteins which are removed during purification, although inefficiently. Gel-filtration chromatography of cold-depolymerized microtubule preparations yields a polydisperse fraction of high molecular weight containing most of the non-tubulin proteins. This fraction contains flexible filaments about 100 A in diameter similar to those reported by R.A.B. Keats and R.H. Hall ((1975), Nature (London) 247, 418). It is suggested that these fibers are neurofilaments, and that they may be the major source of the group of inefficiently removed proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:921957", "title": "Photoactivated heterobifunctional cross-linking reagents which demonstrate the aggregation state of phospholipase A2.", "content": "Two novel heterobifunctional cross-linking reagents, which can be used to attach photoactivatable nitroaryl azides to primary amino groups of proteins, have been synthesized. The two compounds, N-5-azido-2-nitrobenzoyloxy-succinimide and ethyl N-5-azido-2-nitrobenzoylaminoacet-imidate-HCl, as well as ethyl 4-azidobenzimidate-HCl have been attached to lysine residues of cobra venom phospholipase A2 without a loss in enzymatic activity. Subsequent illumination of the modified forms of the enzyme at appropriate wavelengths under conditions in which the native enzyme exists in an aggregated state led to the formation of covalently linked dimers and large aggregates which could be separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "contents": "Photoactivated heterobifunctional cross-linking reagents which demonstrate the aggregation state of phospholipase A2. Two novel heterobifunctional cross-linking reagents, which can be used to attach photoactivatable nitroaryl azides to primary amino groups of proteins, have been synthesized. The two compounds, N-5-azido-2-nitrobenzoyloxy-succinimide and ethyl N-5-azido-2-nitrobenzoylaminoacet-imidate-HCl, as well as ethyl 4-azidobenzimidate-HCl have been attached to lysine residues of cobra venom phospholipase A2 without a loss in enzymatic activity. Subsequent illumination of the modified forms of the enzyme at appropriate wavelengths under conditions in which the native enzyme exists in an aggregated state led to the formation of covalently linked dimers and large aggregates which could be separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:921958", "title": "Effect of double-bonds on bimolecular films in membrane models.", "content": "The effect of unsaturation (especially by cis-bonds) is studied on bimolecular films of saturated and unsaturated alkylammonium ions and alkanols between silicate surfaces as model systems for lipid layers in membranes. Three types of structures are observed: all-trans-blocks, kink-blocks and gauche-blocks. The knowledge of the sequence of these phases and their thermal transitions provides detailed deductions about the role of double-bonds. cis-Unsaturated chains are taken up in bimolecular films as isomers with cis-trans-gauche conformation. This conformation makes the shape of the chain similar to that of kinked chains (chains with gauche-trans-gauche (--) conformation) and enables the incorporation into the film without greater sterical hindrance. The experimental results are in good agreement with X-ray measurements on biological membranes by Engelman (Engelman, D.M., J. Mol. Biol. 47, 115--117 (1970) and 58, 153--165 (1971)). Increasing the concentration of cis-chains decreases the transition temperature of the kink-blocks into gauche-blocks. The variation of the transition temperature with concentration of cis-unsaturated chains in the model system is similar to that observed for Escherichia coli membranes. It is suggested that phase changes in biomembranes are of the same nature: transition of kink-block analogues as ordered phases into gauche-block assemblies as less ordered phases.", "contents": "Effect of double-bonds on bimolecular films in membrane models. The effect of unsaturation (especially by cis-bonds) is studied on bimolecular films of saturated and unsaturated alkylammonium ions and alkanols between silicate surfaces as model systems for lipid layers in membranes. Three types of structures are observed: all-trans-blocks, kink-blocks and gauche-blocks. The knowledge of the sequence of these phases and their thermal transitions provides detailed deductions about the role of double-bonds. cis-Unsaturated chains are taken up in bimolecular films as isomers with cis-trans-gauche conformation. This conformation makes the shape of the chain similar to that of kinked chains (chains with gauche-trans-gauche (--) conformation) and enables the incorporation into the film without greater sterical hindrance. The experimental results are in good agreement with X-ray measurements on biological membranes by Engelman (Engelman, D.M., J. Mol. Biol. 47, 115--117 (1970) and 58, 153--165 (1971)). Increasing the concentration of cis-chains decreases the transition temperature of the kink-blocks into gauche-blocks. The variation of the transition temperature with concentration of cis-unsaturated chains in the model system is similar to that observed for Escherichia coli membranes. It is suggested that phase changes in biomembranes are of the same nature: transition of kink-block analogues as ordered phases into gauche-block assemblies as less ordered phases."}
{"id": "PMID:921959", "title": "Asymmetry of the phospholipid bilayer of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The phospholipids of intact microsomal membranes were hydrolysed 50% by phospholipase C of Clostridium welchii, without loss of the secretory protein contents of the vesicle, which are therefore not permeable to the phospholipase. Phospholipids extracted from microsomes and dispersed by sonication were hydrolysed rapidly by phospholipase C-Cl. welchii with the exception of phosphatidylinositol. Assuming that only the phospholipids of the outside of the bilayer of the microsomal membrane are hydrolysed in intact vesicles, the composition of this leaflet was calculated as 84% phosphatidylcholine, 8% phosphatidylethanolamine, 9% sphingomyelin and 4% phosphatidylserine, and that of the inner leaflet 28% phosphatidylcholine, 37% phosphatidylethanolamine, 6% phosphatidylserine and 5% sphingomyelin. Microsomal vesicles were opened and their contents released in part by incubation with deoxycholate (0.098%) lysophosphatidycholine (0.005%) or treatment with the French pressure cell. Under these conditions, hydrolysis of the phospholipids by phospholipase C-Cl. welchii was increased and this was mainly due to increased hydrolysis of those phospholipids assigned to the inner leaflet of the bilayer, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. Phospholipase A2 of bee venom and phospholipase C of Bacillus cereus caused rapid loss of vesicle contents and complete hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipids, with the exception of sphinogomyelin which is not hydrolysed by the former enzyme.", "contents": "Asymmetry of the phospholipid bilayer of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum. The phospholipids of intact microsomal membranes were hydrolysed 50% by phospholipase C of Clostridium welchii, without loss of the secretory protein contents of the vesicle, which are therefore not permeable to the phospholipase. Phospholipids extracted from microsomes and dispersed by sonication were hydrolysed rapidly by phospholipase C-Cl. welchii with the exception of phosphatidylinositol. Assuming that only the phospholipids of the outside of the bilayer of the microsomal membrane are hydrolysed in intact vesicles, the composition of this leaflet was calculated as 84% phosphatidylcholine, 8% phosphatidylethanolamine, 9% sphingomyelin and 4% phosphatidylserine, and that of the inner leaflet 28% phosphatidylcholine, 37% phosphatidylethanolamine, 6% phosphatidylserine and 5% sphingomyelin. Microsomal vesicles were opened and their contents released in part by incubation with deoxycholate (0.098%) lysophosphatidycholine (0.005%) or treatment with the French pressure cell. Under these conditions, hydrolysis of the phospholipids by phospholipase C-Cl. welchii was increased and this was mainly due to increased hydrolysis of those phospholipids assigned to the inner leaflet of the bilayer, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. Phospholipase A2 of bee venom and phospholipase C of Bacillus cereus caused rapid loss of vesicle contents and complete hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipids, with the exception of sphinogomyelin which is not hydrolysed by the former enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:921960", "title": "Properties of amphotericin B channels in a lipid bilayer.", "content": "Properties of individual ionic channels formed by polyene antibiotic Amphotericin B were studied on brain phospholipid membranes containing cholesterol. The ionic channels have a closed state and an open one (with conductance of about 6.5 pS in 2 M KCl). The conductance value of an open channel is independent of cholesterol concentration in the membrane of pH in the range from 3.5 to 8.0. The voltage-current characteristics of a single channel are superlinear. Zero current potential value in the case of different KCl concentrations in the two solutions indicates preferential but not ideal anionic selectivity of a single channel. Channel conductivity grows as the electrolyte concentration is increased and tends to a limiting value at high concentrations. A simple model having only one site for an ion was shown to represent satisfactorily an open channel behaviour under different conditions. An individual ionic channel performs a large number of transitions between the open and closed states during its life-time of several minutes. Rate constants of these transitions depend on the kind and concentration of salt in aqueous solutions. The switching system functioning is not influenced by an ion situated inside the pore.", "contents": "Properties of amphotericin B channels in a lipid bilayer. Properties of individual ionic channels formed by polyene antibiotic Amphotericin B were studied on brain phospholipid membranes containing cholesterol. The ionic channels have a closed state and an open one (with conductance of about 6.5 pS in 2 M KCl). The conductance value of an open channel is independent of cholesterol concentration in the membrane of pH in the range from 3.5 to 8.0. The voltage-current characteristics of a single channel are superlinear. Zero current potential value in the case of different KCl concentrations in the two solutions indicates preferential but not ideal anionic selectivity of a single channel. Channel conductivity grows as the electrolyte concentration is increased and tends to a limiting value at high concentrations. A simple model having only one site for an ion was shown to represent satisfactorily an open channel behaviour under different conditions. An individual ionic channel performs a large number of transitions between the open and closed states during its life-time of several minutes. Rate constants of these transitions depend on the kind and concentration of salt in aqueous solutions. The switching system functioning is not influenced by an ion situated inside the pore."}
{"id": "PMID:921961", "title": "Adaptation of biological membranes to temperature. The effect of temperature acclimation of goldfish upon the viscosity of synaptosomal membranes.", "content": "The fluidity of synaptosomal membrane preparations isolated from goldfish acclimated to 5, 15 and 25 degrees C and from rat has been estimated using the fluorescence polarisation technique with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as probe. Membranes of cold-acclimated goldfish were more fluid than those of warm-acclimated goldfish when measured at an intermediate temperature, indicating a temperature-dependent regulation of this parameter. Similarly, membranes of warm-acclimated goldfish were more fluid than those prepared from rat brain. Liposomes prepared from the purified phospholipids of goldfish and rat synaptosomal preparations showed differences similar to those of the native membranes. Increased membrane fluidity of cold-acclimated goldfish was correlated with a decrease in the proportion of saturated fatty acids of the major phospholipid classes and an increased unsaturation index in choline phosphoglycerides. Rat membranes showed a substantial reduction in unsaturation index and an increase in the proportion of saturated fatty acids compared to the membranes of 25 degrees C-acclimated goldfish. The cholesterol content of synaptosomal membranes of goldfish was unaffected by acclimation treatment. The role of homeoviscous adaptation in the compensation of the rates of membrane processes during thermal acclimation, and upon the resistance adaptation of poikilotherms to extreme temperatures is discussed.", "contents": "Adaptation of biological membranes to temperature. The effect of temperature acclimation of goldfish upon the viscosity of synaptosomal membranes. The fluidity of synaptosomal membrane preparations isolated from goldfish acclimated to 5, 15 and 25 degrees C and from rat has been estimated using the fluorescence polarisation technique with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as probe. Membranes of cold-acclimated goldfish were more fluid than those of warm-acclimated goldfish when measured at an intermediate temperature, indicating a temperature-dependent regulation of this parameter. Similarly, membranes of warm-acclimated goldfish were more fluid than those prepared from rat brain. Liposomes prepared from the purified phospholipids of goldfish and rat synaptosomal preparations showed differences similar to those of the native membranes. Increased membrane fluidity of cold-acclimated goldfish was correlated with a decrease in the proportion of saturated fatty acids of the major phospholipid classes and an increased unsaturation index in choline phosphoglycerides. Rat membranes showed a substantial reduction in unsaturation index and an increase in the proportion of saturated fatty acids compared to the membranes of 25 degrees C-acclimated goldfish. The cholesterol content of synaptosomal membranes of goldfish was unaffected by acclimation treatment. The role of homeoviscous adaptation in the compensation of the rates of membrane processes during thermal acclimation, and upon the resistance adaptation of poikilotherms to extreme temperatures is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921962", "title": "Translocation of hyaluronic acid in cell surface of cultured mammalian cells after x-irradiation and its recovery by added adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "To investigate the mechanism of radiation-induced decrease in cell electrophoretic mobility and its recovery by added adenosine triphosphate, specific enzymes and buffer solutions of different ionic strength were utilized. Decrease in the mobility of irradiated cells was detected only with the buffer solution of ionic strengths higher than 0.100. In this range of ionic strengths, removal of hyaluronic acid from cell surface by hyaluronidase had no effect on the electrophoretic mobility of irradiated cells, while the enzyme treatment resulted in 27% mobility reduction in non-irradiated cells. The removal of sialic acid and chondroitin sulfate by their specific enzymes resulted in the similar decrease in mobility either in irradiated and non-irradiated cells. These results suggest that the X-ray induced translocation of hyaluronic acid from the peripheral zone of O--7.5 A into the deeper zone of about 10--17 A, if we use the Debye-H\u00fcckel's thickness of ion atmosphere for an approximate estimate of effective depth of electrokinetic plane of shear. Hyaluronic acid reappeared to the peripheral zone by the subsequent incubation after small dose irradiation, or by the addition of 1 mM adenosine triphosphate with Ca2+.", "contents": "Translocation of hyaluronic acid in cell surface of cultured mammalian cells after x-irradiation and its recovery by added adenosine triphosphate. To investigate the mechanism of radiation-induced decrease in cell electrophoretic mobility and its recovery by added adenosine triphosphate, specific enzymes and buffer solutions of different ionic strength were utilized. Decrease in the mobility of irradiated cells was detected only with the buffer solution of ionic strengths higher than 0.100. In this range of ionic strengths, removal of hyaluronic acid from cell surface by hyaluronidase had no effect on the electrophoretic mobility of irradiated cells, while the enzyme treatment resulted in 27% mobility reduction in non-irradiated cells. The removal of sialic acid and chondroitin sulfate by their specific enzymes resulted in the similar decrease in mobility either in irradiated and non-irradiated cells. These results suggest that the X-ray induced translocation of hyaluronic acid from the peripheral zone of O--7.5 A into the deeper zone of about 10--17 A, if we use the Debye-H\u00fcckel's thickness of ion atmosphere for an approximate estimate of effective depth of electrokinetic plane of shear. Hyaluronic acid reappeared to the peripheral zone by the subsequent incubation after small dose irradiation, or by the addition of 1 mM adenosine triphosphate with Ca2+."}
{"id": "PMID:921963", "title": "The transposition of molecular classes of phosphatidylcholine across the rat erythrocyte membrane and their exchange between the red cell membrane and plasma lipoproteins.", "content": "1. The molecular composition of phosphatidylcholine is similar in the inner and the outer layer of the rat erythrocyte membrane. 2. The rate of exchange of the various molecular classes of phosphatidylcholine between rat plasma and the red cell membrane does not depend on the degree of unsaturation of the different classes. 3. The transposition of the molecular classes of phosphatidylcholine between the inner and the outer layer of the rat erythrocyte membrane is more pronounced for the more unsaturated classes.", "contents": "The transposition of molecular classes of phosphatidylcholine across the rat erythrocyte membrane and their exchange between the red cell membrane and plasma lipoproteins. 1. The molecular composition of phosphatidylcholine is similar in the inner and the outer layer of the rat erythrocyte membrane. 2. The rate of exchange of the various molecular classes of phosphatidylcholine between rat plasma and the red cell membrane does not depend on the degree of unsaturation of the different classes. 3. The transposition of the molecular classes of phosphatidylcholine between the inner and the outer layer of the rat erythrocyte membrane is more pronounced for the more unsaturated classes."}
{"id": "PMID:921964", "title": "Effect of high substrate concentrations on active transport parameters.", "content": "A general model is described to account for the observation that steady-state accumulation ratios (mainly of non-electrolytes) decrease with increasing solute concentration, frequently reaching values of less than unity. Three variants of the model are treated, all of them including the assumption that the immediate supply of the source of energy is limited and its local concentration is appreciably reduced by its interaction with the transport system. Consequences of this assumption for the kinetic parameters of the initial rate of transport are analyzed and compared with experimental data.", "contents": "Effect of high substrate concentrations on active transport parameters. A general model is described to account for the observation that steady-state accumulation ratios (mainly of non-electrolytes) decrease with increasing solute concentration, frequently reaching values of less than unity. Three variants of the model are treated, all of them including the assumption that the immediate supply of the source of energy is limited and its local concentration is appreciably reduced by its interaction with the transport system. Consequences of this assumption for the kinetic parameters of the initial rate of transport are analyzed and compared with experimental data."}
{"id": "PMID:921965", "title": "Comments on the quantitative interpretation of biomembrane structure by Raman spectroscopy.", "content": "The possibility of quantitation of information obtained from laser Raman spectra of aqueous lipid dispersions is discussed. It is shown that the all-trans chain order parameter ST introduced by Gaber and Peticolas ((1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 465, 260) for the characterization of biomembrane structure is of restricted applicability. This order parameter may give adequate information if polar head groups are not affected at all by the interaction resulting in trans-gauche isomerization. To demonstrate this, data on the effects of mono- and divalent ions on the all-trans chain order parameter are given. The lateral order parameter proved to be suitable for quantitative studies even in the case of ion-head group interaction.", "contents": "Comments on the quantitative interpretation of biomembrane structure by Raman spectroscopy. The possibility of quantitation of information obtained from laser Raman spectra of aqueous lipid dispersions is discussed. It is shown that the all-trans chain order parameter ST introduced by Gaber and Peticolas ((1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 465, 260) for the characterization of biomembrane structure is of restricted applicability. This order parameter may give adequate information if polar head groups are not affected at all by the interaction resulting in trans-gauche isomerization. To demonstrate this, data on the effects of mono- and divalent ions on the all-trans chain order parameter are given. The lateral order parameter proved to be suitable for quantitative studies even in the case of ion-head group interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:921966", "title": "The membrane volume occupied by anesthetic molecules: a reinterpretation of the erythrocyte expansion data.", "content": "Seeman and coworkers (Seeman, P. (1972) Pharmacol. Rev. 24, 583--655) calculated that anesthetic agents expand membrane volume ten times more than the van der Waals volume of the agent alone. Their calculation was based on the assumption that the thickness of the erythrocyte membrane expands at the same rate as the surface area. However, recent data on bilayer membranes demonstrate that an expansion of membrane surface area is accompanied by a decrease in membrane thickness. A reinterpretation of their erythrocyte area expansion data using an appropriate contraction of membrane thickness suggests the volume in a membrane occupied by anesthetic molecules is approximately equal to their van der Waals volume.", "contents": "The membrane volume occupied by anesthetic molecules: a reinterpretation of the erythrocyte expansion data. Seeman and coworkers (Seeman, P. (1972) Pharmacol. Rev. 24, 583--655) calculated that anesthetic agents expand membrane volume ten times more than the van der Waals volume of the agent alone. Their calculation was based on the assumption that the thickness of the erythrocyte membrane expands at the same rate as the surface area. However, recent data on bilayer membranes demonstrate that an expansion of membrane surface area is accompanied by a decrease in membrane thickness. A reinterpretation of their erythrocyte area expansion data using an appropriate contraction of membrane thickness suggests the volume in a membrane occupied by anesthetic molecules is approximately equal to their van der Waals volume."}
{"id": "PMID:921968", "title": "The effect of inorganic phosphate on sodium fluxes in dog red blood cells.", "content": "The effect of extracellular inorganic phosphate on Na+ movements in dog red blood cells has been studied. As the phosphate concentration is increased from 0 to 30 mM, Na+ efflux increases by 2- to 3-fold and Na+ influx increases approximately 2-fold. This enhancement of Na+ fluxes by phosphate can be prevented by the addition of iodoacetate (1 mM), an inhibitor of glycolysis, or 4-acetamido-4'-iso-thiocyantostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (0.01 mM), which blocks anion transport, to the medium. The increases in Na+ movements are not caused by changes in cell volumes. These results suggest that phosphate must enter the cell to enhance Na+ fluxes and that the mechanism of action may be via a stimulatory effect on glycolysis.", "contents": "The effect of inorganic phosphate on sodium fluxes in dog red blood cells. The effect of extracellular inorganic phosphate on Na+ movements in dog red blood cells has been studied. As the phosphate concentration is increased from 0 to 30 mM, Na+ efflux increases by 2- to 3-fold and Na+ influx increases approximately 2-fold. This enhancement of Na+ fluxes by phosphate can be prevented by the addition of iodoacetate (1 mM), an inhibitor of glycolysis, or 4-acetamido-4'-iso-thiocyantostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (0.01 mM), which blocks anion transport, to the medium. The increases in Na+ movements are not caused by changes in cell volumes. These results suggest that phosphate must enter the cell to enhance Na+ fluxes and that the mechanism of action may be via a stimulatory effect on glycolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:921970", "title": "Carnitine movement across muscle cell membranes. Studies in isolated rat muscle.", "content": "L-Carnitine uptake and exodus was studied in rat extensor digitorum longus muscle in vitro. A saturable transport process was observed, which had an apparent Km of 60 micron and V of 22 nmol/h per g tissue. Transport was inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide, anaerobiosis, ouabain, and sodium ion depletion. Analogs of L-carnitine containing a quarternary ammonium group were found to inhibit uptake (D-carnitine, Ki = 400 micron; gamma-butyrobetaine, Ki = 60 micron, choline chloride, Ki = 14 mM), while those not containing this functional group (gamma-aminobutyrate, D,L-beta-hydroxybutyrate) had no significant effect at concentrations 100 times the apparent Km of L-carnitine. Carnitine exodus from rat extensor digitorum longus muscle consisted of two phases. The rapid initial phase was attributed to leakage of L-carnitine from damaged muscle fibers, as it proceeded at nearly the same rat at 0 degrees and 37 degrees C, and then leveled off to a rate of near zero after 1 h of incubation in vitro. The quantitatively more important phase of exodus showed a latency of 1-2 h and then proceeded at a linear rate of 40-45 nmol/h per g tissue. The results of this study support the contention that L-carnitine is taken up by a carrier-mediated, active transport system in rat extensor digitorum longus muscle. Functionally, the transport system for uptake is distinct from the process by which carnitine is lost from this muscle.", "contents": "Carnitine movement across muscle cell membranes. Studies in isolated rat muscle. L-Carnitine uptake and exodus was studied in rat extensor digitorum longus muscle in vitro. A saturable transport process was observed, which had an apparent Km of 60 micron and V of 22 nmol/h per g tissue. Transport was inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide, anaerobiosis, ouabain, and sodium ion depletion. Analogs of L-carnitine containing a quarternary ammonium group were found to inhibit uptake (D-carnitine, Ki = 400 micron; gamma-butyrobetaine, Ki = 60 micron, choline chloride, Ki = 14 mM), while those not containing this functional group (gamma-aminobutyrate, D,L-beta-hydroxybutyrate) had no significant effect at concentrations 100 times the apparent Km of L-carnitine. Carnitine exodus from rat extensor digitorum longus muscle consisted of two phases. The rapid initial phase was attributed to leakage of L-carnitine from damaged muscle fibers, as it proceeded at nearly the same rat at 0 degrees and 37 degrees C, and then leveled off to a rate of near zero after 1 h of incubation in vitro. The quantitatively more important phase of exodus showed a latency of 1-2 h and then proceeded at a linear rate of 40-45 nmol/h per g tissue. The results of this study support the contention that L-carnitine is taken up by a carrier-mediated, active transport system in rat extensor digitorum longus muscle. Functionally, the transport system for uptake is distinct from the process by which carnitine is lost from this muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:921971", "title": "Effects of cytochalasin B and colchicine on attachment of a major surface protein of fibroblasts.", "content": "We have investigated the effects of the drugs cytochalasin B and colchicine on the surface levels of the large, external, transformation-sensitive (LETS) glycoprotein. Colchicine neither removed LETS protein from the surface, nor inhibited its regeneration after removal by mild trypsinization. Cells treated with cytochalasin B, however, showed both a 2-3-fold increase in the turnover rate of their surface LETS protein and a marked inhibition in its regeneration. Inhibition of regeneration was not due to inhibition of synthesis or transport to the surface. In fact, in the presence of cytochalasin B, increased quantities of LETS protein were released into the medium. The results are consistent with the idea of an association of LETS protein with the actin-containing microfilaments. However, other possible explanations, such as effects on cellular morphology or on transport of sugar precursors cannot yet be excluded.", "contents": "Effects of cytochalasin B and colchicine on attachment of a major surface protein of fibroblasts. We have investigated the effects of the drugs cytochalasin B and colchicine on the surface levels of the large, external, transformation-sensitive (LETS) glycoprotein. Colchicine neither removed LETS protein from the surface, nor inhibited its regeneration after removal by mild trypsinization. Cells treated with cytochalasin B, however, showed both a 2-3-fold increase in the turnover rate of their surface LETS protein and a marked inhibition in its regeneration. Inhibition of regeneration was not due to inhibition of synthesis or transport to the surface. In fact, in the presence of cytochalasin B, increased quantities of LETS protein were released into the medium. The results are consistent with the idea of an association of LETS protein with the actin-containing microfilaments. However, other possible explanations, such as effects on cellular morphology or on transport of sugar precursors cannot yet be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:921972", "title": "Calcium effects on human erythrocyte membrane proteins.", "content": "The effects of Ca2+ on human erythrocyte membrane proteins were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Ca2+ had several effects on normal human erythrocyte membrane proteins. It affected the binding of cytoplasmic proteins to the membrane, produced a non-reversible aggregation of several membrane proteins and activated apparent proteolysis of membrane proteins. The Ca2+ effect could be obtained with isolated, washed membranes when the erythrocyte cytoplasm was added. These studies indicate that the Ca2+-induced membrane proteolysis and aggregation effects are not due simply to its presence at the time of hemolysis as previously suggested (Carraway, K.L., Triplett, R.B. and Anderson, D.R. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 379, 571-581), but are the result of more complex interactions between the erythrocyte membrane and cytoplasmic factors.", "contents": "Calcium effects on human erythrocyte membrane proteins. The effects of Ca2+ on human erythrocyte membrane proteins were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Ca2+ had several effects on normal human erythrocyte membrane proteins. It affected the binding of cytoplasmic proteins to the membrane, produced a non-reversible aggregation of several membrane proteins and activated apparent proteolysis of membrane proteins. The Ca2+ effect could be obtained with isolated, washed membranes when the erythrocyte cytoplasm was added. These studies indicate that the Ca2+-induced membrane proteolysis and aggregation effects are not due simply to its presence at the time of hemolysis as previously suggested (Carraway, K.L., Triplett, R.B. and Anderson, D.R. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 379, 571-581), but are the result of more complex interactions between the erythrocyte membrane and cytoplasmic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:921973", "title": "Isolation of pigmented granules involved in extra-retinal photoreception in Aplysia californica neurons.", "content": "Many neurons in the ganglia of Aplysia californica contain pigmented, membrane-bound granules (lipochondria), which are thought to mediate the light response of some of the neurons, including the giant cell of the abdominal ganglion. A method of isolating the lipochondria by centrifugation of ganglia homogenates has now been developed. Electron microscopy was used to demonstrate that most of the lipochondria remain morphologically intact. As shown by X-ray microanalysis, isolated lipochondria contain the same elements, including calcium, as do lipochondria in intact giant cells. The calcium can be released into the medium by treatment of the organelles with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. It appears that the lipochondria of Aplysia ganglia are similar in their morphology, elemental content and susceptibility to the ionophore. Two pigments were isolated from the lipochondria, and chromatography and spectrophotometric studies indicated that they are beta-carotene and a \"retinol-like\" compound.", "contents": "Isolation of pigmented granules involved in extra-retinal photoreception in Aplysia californica neurons. Many neurons in the ganglia of Aplysia californica contain pigmented, membrane-bound granules (lipochondria), which are thought to mediate the light response of some of the neurons, including the giant cell of the abdominal ganglion. A method of isolating the lipochondria by centrifugation of ganglia homogenates has now been developed. Electron microscopy was used to demonstrate that most of the lipochondria remain morphologically intact. As shown by X-ray microanalysis, isolated lipochondria contain the same elements, including calcium, as do lipochondria in intact giant cells. The calcium can be released into the medium by treatment of the organelles with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. It appears that the lipochondria of Aplysia ganglia are similar in their morphology, elemental content and susceptibility to the ionophore. Two pigments were isolated from the lipochondria, and chromatography and spectrophotometric studies indicated that they are beta-carotene and a \"retinol-like\" compound."}
{"id": "PMID:921974", "title": "Cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine dispersions as donors of cholesterol to Mycoplasma membranes.", "content": "Growing cells of sterol-requiring Mycoplasma hominis and sterol non-requiring Acholeplasma laidlawii were used to test the ability of cholesterol-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine dispersions to serve as cholesterol donors to these organisms. Dispersions with high cholesterol to phosphatidylcholine ratios were more effective than dispersions with low cholesterol to phosphatidylcholine ratios in donating cholesterol to the membranes of both mycoplasmas and in promoting growth of the sterol-requiring species. M. hominis took up almost three times as much cholesterol as did A. laidlawii. In addition, significant quantities of the phosphatidylcholine component of the dispersions were found to be associated with M. hominis membranes as against none in the A. laidlawii membrane preparations. In all cases, the percentage of cholesterol taken up by M. hominis from the dispersions exceeded that of phosphatidylcholine by a factor of 3-5. These results were interpreted to suggest that all the cholesterol taken up by A. laidlawii is transferred from the dispersion to the membranes by a process which involves only a transient contact between the organisms and the lipid dispersions, whereas a certain amount of the cholesterol taken up by M. hominis may also be derived from lipid dispersions adhering to or fusing with the cell membranes.", "contents": "Cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine dispersions as donors of cholesterol to Mycoplasma membranes. Growing cells of sterol-requiring Mycoplasma hominis and sterol non-requiring Acholeplasma laidlawii were used to test the ability of cholesterol-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine dispersions to serve as cholesterol donors to these organisms. Dispersions with high cholesterol to phosphatidylcholine ratios were more effective than dispersions with low cholesterol to phosphatidylcholine ratios in donating cholesterol to the membranes of both mycoplasmas and in promoting growth of the sterol-requiring species. M. hominis took up almost three times as much cholesterol as did A. laidlawii. In addition, significant quantities of the phosphatidylcholine component of the dispersions were found to be associated with M. hominis membranes as against none in the A. laidlawii membrane preparations. In all cases, the percentage of cholesterol taken up by M. hominis from the dispersions exceeded that of phosphatidylcholine by a factor of 3-5. These results were interpreted to suggest that all the cholesterol taken up by A. laidlawii is transferred from the dispersion to the membranes by a process which involves only a transient contact between the organisms and the lipid dispersions, whereas a certain amount of the cholesterol taken up by M. hominis may also be derived from lipid dispersions adhering to or fusing with the cell membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:921975", "title": "Localization of the amino phospholipids in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes revealed by trinitrobenzenesulfonate and fluorodinitrobenzene.", "content": "The chemical probes for amino compounds 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonate (TNBS) and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) were utilized to determine the localization of the amino phospholipids in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. At low concentrations (less than 1 mM). TNBS does not penetrate the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, while FDNB readily penetrates it. The results show that about 70% of the total phosphatidylethanolamine is located on the external surface of the membrane, about 20% is on the internal surface and 10% is probably strongly interacting with the proteins since it is not accessible to the probes. In contrast, most of the phosphatidylserine is located on the inner surface of the membrane. This molecular distribution of the amino phospholipids supports a structural assymmetry of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.", "contents": "Localization of the amino phospholipids in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes revealed by trinitrobenzenesulfonate and fluorodinitrobenzene. The chemical probes for amino compounds 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonate (TNBS) and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) were utilized to determine the localization of the amino phospholipids in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. At low concentrations (less than 1 mM). TNBS does not penetrate the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, while FDNB readily penetrates it. The results show that about 70% of the total phosphatidylethanolamine is located on the external surface of the membrane, about 20% is on the internal surface and 10% is probably strongly interacting with the proteins since it is not accessible to the probes. In contrast, most of the phosphatidylserine is located on the inner surface of the membrane. This molecular distribution of the amino phospholipids supports a structural assymmetry of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:921976", "title": "Labeling of membranes from erythrocytes and corn with fluorescamine.", "content": "Fluorescamine was used as a fluorescent label for intact human erythrocytes and slices of corn coleoptile tissue. This reagent has a greater affinity for membranous than for soluble proteins, and also labels membrane lipids which contain primary amine groups. In addition, some membrane fractions from labeled coleoptiles have a higher affinity for fluorescamine than do others. The relative labeling of the various fractions can be altered by changing the pH of the external labeling medium. Because the pH of the medium determines the rate of hydrolysis of fluorescamine to an unreactive form, this result suggests that the specificity of this reagent towards different cellular structures is determined by the lifetime of the active reagent. Fluorescamine was not found to be a specific reagent for the cell surface.", "contents": "Labeling of membranes from erythrocytes and corn with fluorescamine. Fluorescamine was used as a fluorescent label for intact human erythrocytes and slices of corn coleoptile tissue. This reagent has a greater affinity for membranous than for soluble proteins, and also labels membrane lipids which contain primary amine groups. In addition, some membrane fractions from labeled coleoptiles have a higher affinity for fluorescamine than do others. The relative labeling of the various fractions can be altered by changing the pH of the external labeling medium. Because the pH of the medium determines the rate of hydrolysis of fluorescamine to an unreactive form, this result suggests that the specificity of this reagent towards different cellular structures is determined by the lifetime of the active reagent. Fluorescamine was not found to be a specific reagent for the cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:921977", "title": "Studies of asymmetric membrane assembly.", "content": "The major capsid protein of M13 bacteriophage is incorporated at each stage of infection into the host plasma membrane with its amino terminus exposed on the outer surface. Purified M13 coat protein is incorporated with the same asymmetry into synthetic phosphatidylcholine vesicles formed near the Tm of the lipid by a cholate dilution technique. We now report that the lipid in the pre-dilution mixture exists as mixed micelles of uniform size. Prior to dilution, the coat protein is present in at least two states of aggregation, both of which behave similarly in the model membrane assembly reaction. No detectable lipid-protein interaction occurs prior to dilution. Upon dilution there is rapid production of small closed vesicles and coat protein is converted to a chymotrypsin-resistant form, presumably reflecting its incorporation into these vesicle bilayers. Formation of large (greater than 6000 A diameter) vesicles occurs slowly with preservation of coat protein asymmetry and internal volume. A model for this assembly reaction is proposed.", "contents": "Studies of asymmetric membrane assembly. The major capsid protein of M13 bacteriophage is incorporated at each stage of infection into the host plasma membrane with its amino terminus exposed on the outer surface. Purified M13 coat protein is incorporated with the same asymmetry into synthetic phosphatidylcholine vesicles formed near the Tm of the lipid by a cholate dilution technique. We now report that the lipid in the pre-dilution mixture exists as mixed micelles of uniform size. Prior to dilution, the coat protein is present in at least two states of aggregation, both of which behave similarly in the model membrane assembly reaction. No detectable lipid-protein interaction occurs prior to dilution. Upon dilution there is rapid production of small closed vesicles and coat protein is converted to a chymotrypsin-resistant form, presumably reflecting its incorporation into these vesicle bilayers. Formation of large (greater than 6000 A diameter) vesicles occurs slowly with preservation of coat protein asymmetry and internal volume. A model for this assembly reaction is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:921978", "title": "Phase diagrams and the kinetics of phospholipid exchange for vesicles of different composition and radius.", "content": "Interactions between dimyristoyl- and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles have been studied by light scattering of dilute dispersions (concn less than or equal to 1 mg/ml). It was found that at 50 degrees C, the two types of vesicles exchange lipid molecules, irrespective of the initial radii of the pure vesicles. When the initial radii are different, the process leads eventually to vesicles of intermediate size. The reaction follows second order kinetics. At room temperature no reaction was observed. The phase diagrams for several lipid systems are discussed.", "contents": "Phase diagrams and the kinetics of phospholipid exchange for vesicles of different composition and radius. Interactions between dimyristoyl- and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles have been studied by light scattering of dilute dispersions (concn less than or equal to 1 mg/ml). It was found that at 50 degrees C, the two types of vesicles exchange lipid molecules, irrespective of the initial radii of the pure vesicles. When the initial radii are different, the process leads eventually to vesicles of intermediate size. The reaction follows second order kinetics. At room temperature no reaction was observed. The phase diagrams for several lipid systems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921980", "title": "Voltage-induced pore formation and hemolysis of human erythrocytes.", "content": "Isotonic suspensions of human erythrocytes were exposed to single electric pulses of intensity at a few kV/cm and duration in microseconds. Upon pulsation, the cell membranes became permeable to Na+ and K+, and the erythrocytes eventually hemolysed through the colloid osmotic effect of hemoglobin. The enhanced permeability is attributed to the formation of pores in the cell membranes. These pores are formed within a fraction of a microsecond, once the transmembrane potential induced by the applied electric field reaches a critical value of 1.0 V. Increased field intensity and pulse duration, or pulsation at low ionic strengths all expand the pore size, leading to an accelerated hemolysis reaction. In contrast to this expansion process, the initial step of pore formatin is governed solely by the magnitude of the transmembrane potential: the critical value of the potential stays essentially constant in media of different ionic strengths, nor does it change appreciably with varying pulse duration. An abrupt increase in membrane permeability at a transmembrane potential adround 1 V has been observed in many cellular systems. It is suggested that a similar mechanism of pore formation may apply to these systems as well.", "contents": "Voltage-induced pore formation and hemolysis of human erythrocytes. Isotonic suspensions of human erythrocytes were exposed to single electric pulses of intensity at a few kV/cm and duration in microseconds. Upon pulsation, the cell membranes became permeable to Na+ and K+, and the erythrocytes eventually hemolysed through the colloid osmotic effect of hemoglobin. The enhanced permeability is attributed to the formation of pores in the cell membranes. These pores are formed within a fraction of a microsecond, once the transmembrane potential induced by the applied electric field reaches a critical value of 1.0 V. Increased field intensity and pulse duration, or pulsation at low ionic strengths all expand the pore size, leading to an accelerated hemolysis reaction. In contrast to this expansion process, the initial step of pore formatin is governed solely by the magnitude of the transmembrane potential: the critical value of the potential stays essentially constant in media of different ionic strengths, nor does it change appreciably with varying pulse duration. An abrupt increase in membrane permeability at a transmembrane potential adround 1 V has been observed in many cellular systems. It is suggested that a similar mechanism of pore formation may apply to these systems as well."}
{"id": "PMID:921981", "title": "Allosteric cooperativity during intestinal cotransport of sodium and chloride in freshwater prawns.", "content": "Coupled influxes of sodium and chloride across the mucosal border of a freshwater prawn intestine were sigmoidal functions of luminal ion concentrations, indicative of a cooperative allosteric transport process. This process had a higher affinity for Cl (KCl = 94 mM) than for Na (KNa = 155 mM), maximally transported twice as much cation as anion (JNa max = 1.6; JCl max = 0.75 mumol-cm-2-h-1), and exhibited identical Hill interaction indices for both ions nNa = 3.4; nCl = 3.5). The suggestion is made that this cooperative carrier mechanism may be regulatory, maintaining relatively constant luminal ion concentrations which, in turn may facilitate ion-dependent absorption of non-electrolytes.", "contents": "Allosteric cooperativity during intestinal cotransport of sodium and chloride in freshwater prawns. Coupled influxes of sodium and chloride across the mucosal border of a freshwater prawn intestine were sigmoidal functions of luminal ion concentrations, indicative of a cooperative allosteric transport process. This process had a higher affinity for Cl (KCl = 94 mM) than for Na (KNa = 155 mM), maximally transported twice as much cation as anion (JNa max = 1.6; JCl max = 0.75 mumol-cm-2-h-1), and exhibited identical Hill interaction indices for both ions nNa = 3.4; nCl = 3.5). The suggestion is made that this cooperative carrier mechanism may be regulatory, maintaining relatively constant luminal ion concentrations which, in turn may facilitate ion-dependent absorption of non-electrolytes."}
{"id": "PMID:921984", "title": "Isolation of plasma membrane from eukaryotic cells on polylysine-coated polyacrylamide beads.", "content": "The conditions for covalently binding polylysine to polyacrylamide beads used for membrane isolation have been analyzed. Larger amounts of bead bound polylysine were required for maximimizing plasma membrane purification from HeLa cells than from Dictyostelium discoideum. The least was needed for erythrocytes. The amount of polylysine bound to the bead was dependent on the carboxyl content of the bead and on the concentration of the polylysine used during the bead-polylysine coupling reaction.", "contents": "Isolation of plasma membrane from eukaryotic cells on polylysine-coated polyacrylamide beads. The conditions for covalently binding polylysine to polyacrylamide beads used for membrane isolation have been analyzed. Larger amounts of bead bound polylysine were required for maximimizing plasma membrane purification from HeLa cells than from Dictyostelium discoideum. The least was needed for erythrocytes. The amount of polylysine bound to the bead was dependent on the carboxyl content of the bead and on the concentration of the polylysine used during the bead-polylysine coupling reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:921985", "title": "Influence of incorporated cerebrosides on the interaction of liposomes with HeLa cells.", "content": "The presence of synthetic N-palmitoyl dihydrolactocerebroside in preparations of neutral multilamellar liposomes enhances their fusion interaction with cultured HeLa cells some 5-7 fold. The effect appears to be carbohydrate-specific, and is probably not attributable to a change in the physical characteristics of the liposome bilayer due to the presence of the cerebroside.", "contents": "Influence of incorporated cerebrosides on the interaction of liposomes with HeLa cells. The presence of synthetic N-palmitoyl dihydrolactocerebroside in preparations of neutral multilamellar liposomes enhances their fusion interaction with cultured HeLa cells some 5-7 fold. The effect appears to be carbohydrate-specific, and is probably not attributable to a change in the physical characteristics of the liposome bilayer due to the presence of the cerebroside."}
{"id": "PMID:921986", "title": "Chloride self exchange in Ehrlich ascites cells. Inhibition by furosemide and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid.", "content": "The effects of furosemide and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) on steady-state Cl- flux were studied in Ehrlich mouse ascites cells. At 10 mM, furosemide inhibited isotopically-determined Cl- flux by 86% without changing cell Cl- content, indicating that influx and efflux were depressed by the same amount. These results suggest that at least 86% of the steady-state Cl- flux may occur as a one for one exchange. Half of the inhibitory effect was not reversed by vigorous washing with albumin-Ringer. A smaller portion of steady-state Cl- flux was inhibited by SITS. The maximum effect of SITS was reached near 0.6 mM; at this concentration Cl- flux was reduced by 37% without an alteration in cell Cl- content. Possible competition of environment Cl- and SITS was investigated by replacing environment Cl- with acetate or NO3. These anions reduced the efficacy of SITS because they depressed cell Cl- turnover themselves, apparently acting on the same exchange process.", "contents": "Chloride self exchange in Ehrlich ascites cells. Inhibition by furosemide and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. The effects of furosemide and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) on steady-state Cl- flux were studied in Ehrlich mouse ascites cells. At 10 mM, furosemide inhibited isotopically-determined Cl- flux by 86% without changing cell Cl- content, indicating that influx and efflux were depressed by the same amount. These results suggest that at least 86% of the steady-state Cl- flux may occur as a one for one exchange. Half of the inhibitory effect was not reversed by vigorous washing with albumin-Ringer. A smaller portion of steady-state Cl- flux was inhibited by SITS. The maximum effect of SITS was reached near 0.6 mM; at this concentration Cl- flux was reduced by 37% without an alteration in cell Cl- content. Possible competition of environment Cl- and SITS was investigated by replacing environment Cl- with acetate or NO3. These anions reduced the efficacy of SITS because they depressed cell Cl- turnover themselves, apparently acting on the same exchange process."}
{"id": "PMID:921987", "title": "Exchange and aggregation in dispersions of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing myristic acid.", "content": "Processes occurring in dispersions of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine containing myristic acid have been studied by light scattering of dilute dispersions (concn. less than or equal to 1 mg/ml) at temperatures above and below the phase transition temperatures of these dispersions. The transition temperatures increase with increasing mol fraction of myristic acid. Above these temperatures, vesicles with different mol fractions of myristic acid exchange lipid molecules. The exchange process leads to vesicles having phase transition temperatures and radii, which ar both intermediate between the initial transitions and radii, respectively. In contrast with the observations above the phase transitions, it was found that when dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine/myristic acid vesicles were cooled to a few degrees below the phase transition, larger particles were formed. These observations are consistent with a mechanism consisting of vesicle aggregation followed by fustion of the aggregated vesicles. The aggregation process is of second order in the vesicle concentration, and its rate increases with increasing mol fraction of myristic acid.", "contents": "Exchange and aggregation in dispersions of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing myristic acid. Processes occurring in dispersions of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine containing myristic acid have been studied by light scattering of dilute dispersions (concn. less than or equal to 1 mg/ml) at temperatures above and below the phase transition temperatures of these dispersions. The transition temperatures increase with increasing mol fraction of myristic acid. Above these temperatures, vesicles with different mol fractions of myristic acid exchange lipid molecules. The exchange process leads to vesicles having phase transition temperatures and radii, which ar both intermediate between the initial transitions and radii, respectively. In contrast with the observations above the phase transitions, it was found that when dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine/myristic acid vesicles were cooled to a few degrees below the phase transition, larger particles were formed. These observations are consistent with a mechanism consisting of vesicle aggregation followed by fustion of the aggregated vesicles. The aggregation process is of second order in the vesicle concentration, and its rate increases with increasing mol fraction of myristic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:921989", "title": "Distribution of lysophosphatidylcholine in single bilayer vesicles prepared without sonication.", "content": "The cholate method originally introduced by Kagawa et al. (J. Biol. Chem. (1973) 248, 676-684) and further developed by Brunner et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1976) 455, 322-331) has been used to prepare single bilayer vesicles containing 5 mol% lysophosphatidylcholine embedded in a matrix of phosphatidylcholine. The distribution of lysophosphatidylcholine over outer and inner monolayer was found to be highly asymmetric (ratio 9:1), as determined by lysophospholipase treatment of the vesicles. This distribution is similar to the value found in sonicated vesicles. Up to 20 mol% cholesterol could be incorporated in the vesicles by the cholate method. The method was succesfully used also for the preparation of single bilayer vesicles from total rat liver microsomal lipids, to which 5 mol% of 1-[1-14C]palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine had been added. Surprisingly, almost 100% of lysophosphatidylcholine in the latter vesicles was directly available for hydrolysis by sophospholipase. In contrast, only 70% of the lysophosphatidylcholine is sonicated vesicles of similar composition could be hydrolyzed by lysophospholipase.", "contents": "Distribution of lysophosphatidylcholine in single bilayer vesicles prepared without sonication. The cholate method originally introduced by Kagawa et al. (J. Biol. Chem. (1973) 248, 676-684) and further developed by Brunner et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1976) 455, 322-331) has been used to prepare single bilayer vesicles containing 5 mol% lysophosphatidylcholine embedded in a matrix of phosphatidylcholine. The distribution of lysophosphatidylcholine over outer and inner monolayer was found to be highly asymmetric (ratio 9:1), as determined by lysophospholipase treatment of the vesicles. This distribution is similar to the value found in sonicated vesicles. Up to 20 mol% cholesterol could be incorporated in the vesicles by the cholate method. The method was succesfully used also for the preparation of single bilayer vesicles from total rat liver microsomal lipids, to which 5 mol% of 1-[1-14C]palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine had been added. Surprisingly, almost 100% of lysophosphatidylcholine in the latter vesicles was directly available for hydrolysis by sophospholipase. In contrast, only 70% of the lysophosphatidylcholine is sonicated vesicles of similar composition could be hydrolyzed by lysophospholipase."}
{"id": "PMID:921990", "title": "Preferential interaction of pentagastrin with the gel state of dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine.", "content": "Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra indicate that pentagastrin interacts with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine more strongly below the phase transition temperature of the lipid than above it. Studies on the interaction of several peptides with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine suggest that this property may be related to the ability of these peptides to form amphipathic structures containing two hydrophobic amino acids separated by two other amino acids. Pentagastrin has a marked effect on the proton magnetic resonance spectra of dipalmitoyl glycerophosphocholine below the phase transition temperature indicating the the peptide decreases the motional freedom of the lipid.", "contents": "Preferential interaction of pentagastrin with the gel state of dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine. Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra indicate that pentagastrin interacts with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine more strongly below the phase transition temperature of the lipid than above it. Studies on the interaction of several peptides with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine suggest that this property may be related to the ability of these peptides to form amphipathic structures containing two hydrophobic amino acids separated by two other amino acids. Pentagastrin has a marked effect on the proton magnetic resonance spectra of dipalmitoyl glycerophosphocholine below the phase transition temperature indicating the the peptide decreases the motional freedom of the lipid."}
{"id": "PMID:921991", "title": "Lateral phase separations and structural integrity of the inner membrane of rat-liver mitochondria. Effect of compression. Implications in the centrifugation of these organelles.", "content": "When maintained in the vicinity of the lower transition temperature of their membrane lipids, rat-liver mitochondria undergo lysis as shown by the release of malate dehydrogenase, (an enzyme located within the mitochondrial matrix), in the surrounding medium. Structural changes take place in the membranes of mitochondria subjected to increasing pressure at 0 degrees C, when the pressure reaches 750 kg/cm2. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy shows the appearance of smooth areas devoid of particles in fracture faces of mitochondrial membranes, together with zones, where aggregated particles can be seen. Concurrently, a suppression of the malate dehydrogenase structure-linked latency is observed. These structural changes can be prevented by increasing the temperature at which compression is performed. The freeze-etching observations suggest that lateral phase separations occur in mitochondrial membranes subjected to high pressure. This can be explained by supposing that pressure promotes the gel-phase appearance in a lipid system and raises the transition temperature since the transition liquid crystal lead to gel is accompanied by a decrease in volume. The deterioration of mitochondria subjected to high pressure is interpreted as a result of the lateral phase separation induced by compression in the membranes. These results are discussed with respect to our interpretation of the damaging effects that hydrostatic pressure, generated by centrifugation, exerts on rat-liver mitochondria.", "contents": "Lateral phase separations and structural integrity of the inner membrane of rat-liver mitochondria. Effect of compression. Implications in the centrifugation of these organelles. When maintained in the vicinity of the lower transition temperature of their membrane lipids, rat-liver mitochondria undergo lysis as shown by the release of malate dehydrogenase, (an enzyme located within the mitochondrial matrix), in the surrounding medium. Structural changes take place in the membranes of mitochondria subjected to increasing pressure at 0 degrees C, when the pressure reaches 750 kg/cm2. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy shows the appearance of smooth areas devoid of particles in fracture faces of mitochondrial membranes, together with zones, where aggregated particles can be seen. Concurrently, a suppression of the malate dehydrogenase structure-linked latency is observed. These structural changes can be prevented by increasing the temperature at which compression is performed. The freeze-etching observations suggest that lateral phase separations occur in mitochondrial membranes subjected to high pressure. This can be explained by supposing that pressure promotes the gel-phase appearance in a lipid system and raises the transition temperature since the transition liquid crystal lead to gel is accompanied by a decrease in volume. The deterioration of mitochondria subjected to high pressure is interpreted as a result of the lateral phase separation induced by compression in the membranes. These results are discussed with respect to our interpretation of the damaging effects that hydrostatic pressure, generated by centrifugation, exerts on rat-liver mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:921993", "title": "Cytochalasin B inhibition of brain glucose transport and the influence of blood components on inhibitor concentration.", "content": "The effect of cytochalasin B on cerebral glucose transport and metabolism was investigated in 19 isolated perfused dog brain preparations. Cytochalasin B is a potent, non-competitive inhibitor of glucose transport at the blood-brain interface. Both glucose transport into (Ki = 6.6 +/- 1.9 micrometer) and out of the capillary endothelial cell are inhibited. The inhibition is readily reversible by perfusion with blood containing no cytochalasin B. After 2 min of exposure to 30 micrometer cytochalasin B, the cerebral oxygen consumption decreases by 31% probably due to decreased availability of glucose for oxidative metabolism. About one-half of the cytochalasin B that is dissolved in blood is bound to erythrocytes and other blood components while the remainder is free.", "contents": "Cytochalasin B inhibition of brain glucose transport and the influence of blood components on inhibitor concentration. The effect of cytochalasin B on cerebral glucose transport and metabolism was investigated in 19 isolated perfused dog brain preparations. Cytochalasin B is a potent, non-competitive inhibitor of glucose transport at the blood-brain interface. Both glucose transport into (Ki = 6.6 +/- 1.9 micrometer) and out of the capillary endothelial cell are inhibited. The inhibition is readily reversible by perfusion with blood containing no cytochalasin B. After 2 min of exposure to 30 micrometer cytochalasin B, the cerebral oxygen consumption decreases by 31% probably due to decreased availability of glucose for oxidative metabolism. About one-half of the cytochalasin B that is dissolved in blood is bound to erythrocytes and other blood components while the remainder is free."}
{"id": "PMID:921994", "title": "alpha-Nucleosides in biological systems. Crystal structure and conformation of alpha-cytidine.", "content": "The structure of alpha-cytidine, C9H13N3O5, monoclinic with space group C2 and cell parameters a = 20.064 (3) A, b = 7.100 (1) A, c = 7.860 (2) A, beta = 104.60 (2) degrees, Z = 4, was determined by X-ray diffraction using a combination of direct methods, Patterson and difference Fourier techniques and refined by block-diagonal least-squares to a final R of 0.033 for 1002 reflections measured on a diffractometer. The glycosidic torsional angle, chiCN = -28.4 degrees, is in the anti region; the sugar pucker is C(2')exo-C(3')endo in a nearly pure 32H twist; and the conformation of C(4')-C(5') is gauche-gauche. The molecules are bound by hydrogen bonds in the lattice with little likelihood of base-stacking interactions. The molecular features of the compound are compared and contrasted with those of its naturally occurring beta-anomer, and some biological implications of this structure, and alpha-nucleosides in general, are discussed.", "contents": "alpha-Nucleosides in biological systems. Crystal structure and conformation of alpha-cytidine. The structure of alpha-cytidine, C9H13N3O5, monoclinic with space group C2 and cell parameters a = 20.064 (3) A, b = 7.100 (1) A, c = 7.860 (2) A, beta = 104.60 (2) degrees, Z = 4, was determined by X-ray diffraction using a combination of direct methods, Patterson and difference Fourier techniques and refined by block-diagonal least-squares to a final R of 0.033 for 1002 reflections measured on a diffractometer. The glycosidic torsional angle, chiCN = -28.4 degrees, is in the anti region; the sugar pucker is C(2')exo-C(3')endo in a nearly pure 32H twist; and the conformation of C(4')-C(5') is gauche-gauche. The molecules are bound by hydrogen bonds in the lattice with little likelihood of base-stacking interactions. The molecular features of the compound are compared and contrasted with those of its naturally occurring beta-anomer, and some biological implications of this structure, and alpha-nucleosides in general, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921997", "title": "Size and distribution of polyadenylic acid sequences in Drosophila polytene DNA and RNA.", "content": "[3H]Poly(U) hybridizes very rapidly to polytene DNA from Drosophila hydei. When hybridization is performed at 30 degrees C in 2 X SSC to a large excess of DNA, 95% of the poly(U) becomes ribonuclease resistant. Also, complementary RNA transcribed in vitro from polytene DNA hybridizes to poly(U). 023--0.25% of the DNA is composed of (dA)-rich sequences and 0.23--0.31% of cRNA hybridizes to [3H]poly(U). The length of the (dA)-rich sequences on the DNA and cRNA is 40 nucleotides. The Tm values of these hybrids formed between DNA or cRNA-poly(U) is 45 degrees C. The poly(A) fragments from cytoplasmic RNA ranged from 80 to 170 nucleotides in lenght, and migrated in polyacrilamide gels as a broad peak. The average sizes of the poly(A) fragments from the poly(A)-containing RNA transcribed by nuclei isolated from salivary glands in vivo or in vitro were 40, 70, 170 and 70 nucleotides, respectively. Hybridization in situ of [3H]-poly(U) to chromosome squashes indicated that the (dA)-rich sequences are randomly distributed over the whole genome.", "contents": "Size and distribution of polyadenylic acid sequences in Drosophila polytene DNA and RNA. [3H]Poly(U) hybridizes very rapidly to polytene DNA from Drosophila hydei. When hybridization is performed at 30 degrees C in 2 X SSC to a large excess of DNA, 95% of the poly(U) becomes ribonuclease resistant. Also, complementary RNA transcribed in vitro from polytene DNA hybridizes to poly(U). 023--0.25% of the DNA is composed of (dA)-rich sequences and 0.23--0.31% of cRNA hybridizes to [3H]poly(U). The length of the (dA)-rich sequences on the DNA and cRNA is 40 nucleotides. The Tm values of these hybrids formed between DNA or cRNA-poly(U) is 45 degrees C. The poly(A) fragments from cytoplasmic RNA ranged from 80 to 170 nucleotides in lenght, and migrated in polyacrilamide gels as a broad peak. The average sizes of the poly(A) fragments from the poly(A)-containing RNA transcribed by nuclei isolated from salivary glands in vivo or in vitro were 40, 70, 170 and 70 nucleotides, respectively. Hybridization in situ of [3H]-poly(U) to chromosome squashes indicated that the (dA)-rich sequences are randomly distributed over the whole genome."}
{"id": "PMID:921998", "title": "Interaction of chromatin components with nuclear 5.0 S RNA fraction that stimulates RNA synthesis.", "content": "Chick liver nuclear 5.0 S RNA, which stimulates RNA synthesis on chromatin, binds preferentially to the deoxyribonucleoprotein in homologous chromatin. The proteins found in the isolated deoxyribonucleoprotein-5.0 S RNA complex are total amount of both H4 and H3 histone, about 20% of nonhistone protein and about 50% of both H2a and H2b histone found in the original chromatin. Cesium chloride equilibrium centrifugation of the deoxyribonucleoprotein-5.0 S RNA complex after fixation with formaldehyde shows that the 5.0 S RNA is bound to certain proteins (acid-soluble and -insoluble) in the complex. The stimulation of RNA synthesis by the nuclear RNA fraction is due to the conversion of inaccessible region of DNA to RNA polymerase into an accessible one and presumably not due to an increase in the number of binding sites for RNA polymerase in the chromatin. The release of non-histone protein from chromatin following the addition of the nuclear RNA fraction is also briefly discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of chromatin components with nuclear 5.0 S RNA fraction that stimulates RNA synthesis. Chick liver nuclear 5.0 S RNA, which stimulates RNA synthesis on chromatin, binds preferentially to the deoxyribonucleoprotein in homologous chromatin. The proteins found in the isolated deoxyribonucleoprotein-5.0 S RNA complex are total amount of both H4 and H3 histone, about 20% of nonhistone protein and about 50% of both H2a and H2b histone found in the original chromatin. Cesium chloride equilibrium centrifugation of the deoxyribonucleoprotein-5.0 S RNA complex after fixation with formaldehyde shows that the 5.0 S RNA is bound to certain proteins (acid-soluble and -insoluble) in the complex. The stimulation of RNA synthesis by the nuclear RNA fraction is due to the conversion of inaccessible region of DNA to RNA polymerase into an accessible one and presumably not due to an increase in the number of binding sites for RNA polymerase in the chromatin. The release of non-histone protein from chromatin following the addition of the nuclear RNA fraction is also briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:921999", "title": "Effects of erythromycin on membrane-bound chloroplast ribosomes from wild-type Chlamydomonas reinhardi and erythromycin-resistant mutants.", "content": "1. Treatment of wild-type cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardi with high concentrations of erythromycin results in increased recovery of membrane-bound chloroplast ribosomes, presumably by preventing polysomal runoff during harvesting of cells. No such membrane-retention effect is detected if erythromycin is added after harvesting of cultures, before cell breakage. 2. Growth of wild-type cells is inhibited by 10 microgram/ml erythromycin, but a concentration twice as high is required to increase recovery of membrane-bound wild-type ribosomes. On the other hand, the concentrations of erythromycin which inhibit growth of mutant ery-M1b produce a membrane-retention effect. Mutant ery-U1a is resistant to high concentrations of erythromycin and no membrane-retention effect is detectable at concentrations which produce one in wild type and ery-M1b. 3. These results can be reconciled by a two-point model of the mechanism of erythromycin action on chloroplast ribosomes in Chlamydomonas.", "contents": "Effects of erythromycin on membrane-bound chloroplast ribosomes from wild-type Chlamydomonas reinhardi and erythromycin-resistant mutants. 1. Treatment of wild-type cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardi with high concentrations of erythromycin results in increased recovery of membrane-bound chloroplast ribosomes, presumably by preventing polysomal runoff during harvesting of cells. No such membrane-retention effect is detected if erythromycin is added after harvesting of cultures, before cell breakage. 2. Growth of wild-type cells is inhibited by 10 microgram/ml erythromycin, but a concentration twice as high is required to increase recovery of membrane-bound wild-type ribosomes. On the other hand, the concentrations of erythromycin which inhibit growth of mutant ery-M1b produce a membrane-retention effect. Mutant ery-U1a is resistant to high concentrations of erythromycin and no membrane-retention effect is detectable at concentrations which produce one in wild type and ery-M1b. 3. These results can be reconciled by a two-point model of the mechanism of erythromycin action on chloroplast ribosomes in Chlamydomonas."}
{"id": "PMID:922000", "title": "Template specificity of rat mitochondrial DNA polymerase.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA polymerase was purified 2300-fold over isolated mitochondria from rat liver. Template-primer specificities of this enzyme were investigated. Activated DNA was satisfactorily used as an active template-primer, but both native and denatured DNAs showed a slight activity. Synthetic polynucleotide, poly(dA) - oligo(dT)10 was found to have a high efficiency under the same condition for activated DNA. When the closed-circular, nicked and gapped Co1E1 DNAs were employed as a template-primer, the enzyme could only utilize the gapped DNA, indicating that the displacement synthesis was not catalyzed by the enzyme itself. The enzyme also copied poly(A) - oligo(dT)10 in high efficiency at pH 7.5 in the presence of MnCl2. Such RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity of the enzyme was further characterized. Cofractionated endouclease activity was completely separated from the enzyme by glycerol gradient centrifugation.", "contents": "Template specificity of rat mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Mitochondrial DNA polymerase was purified 2300-fold over isolated mitochondria from rat liver. Template-primer specificities of this enzyme were investigated. Activated DNA was satisfactorily used as an active template-primer, but both native and denatured DNAs showed a slight activity. Synthetic polynucleotide, poly(dA) - oligo(dT)10 was found to have a high efficiency under the same condition for activated DNA. When the closed-circular, nicked and gapped Co1E1 DNAs were employed as a template-primer, the enzyme could only utilize the gapped DNA, indicating that the displacement synthesis was not catalyzed by the enzyme itself. The enzyme also copied poly(A) - oligo(dT)10 in high efficiency at pH 7.5 in the presence of MnCl2. Such RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity of the enzyme was further characterized. Cofractionated endouclease activity was completely separated from the enzyme by glycerol gradient centrifugation."}
{"id": "PMID:922001", "title": "Action of intercalating agents on the activity of DNA polymerase I.", "content": "The effect of intercalating compounds such as 9-aminoacridine, quinacrine (atebrin), proflavine and daunomycin on the activity of DNA polymerase I(EC 2.7.7.7) was studied in vitro and compared with the binding of these acridines to native DNA. The enzyme kinetics were followed at various concentrations of DNA 3'-OH primer end groups and constant concentrations of deoxynucleosidetriphosphates as well as under the opposite conditions. The Km values for the DNA 3'-OH end groups were 16--38 nM and for the deoxynucleosidetriphosphates 2--5 micrometer, depending on the buffer and pH used in the enzymatic assay. All acridine derivates inhibit the DNA polymerase; at variable DNA concentrations a competitive inhibition was observed, where the Ki values ranged between 0.87 and 8.5 micrometer. At variable concentrations of deoxynucleosidetriphosphates and constant DNA concentration a non-competitive inhibition was observed. On denatured 3'-OH DNA as well as on poly(dA) - (dT)10 as substrate no inhibition by 9-aminoacridine was observed. 5'--3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase is inhibited by 9-aminoacridine but 3'--5' exonuclease activity on denatured DNA is not influenced by this intercalating compound. The affinity of the acridines to DNA was determined spectrophotometrically under conditions similar to those in the enzymatic assay and the computed frequency of intercalation was related to the inhibition of enzymatic activity. The mechanism of inhibition is explained by a disturbance of the structure of the double helical DNA due to the interaction of the bound acridine derivates.", "contents": "Action of intercalating agents on the activity of DNA polymerase I. The effect of intercalating compounds such as 9-aminoacridine, quinacrine (atebrin), proflavine and daunomycin on the activity of DNA polymerase I(EC 2.7.7.7) was studied in vitro and compared with the binding of these acridines to native DNA. The enzyme kinetics were followed at various concentrations of DNA 3'-OH primer end groups and constant concentrations of deoxynucleosidetriphosphates as well as under the opposite conditions. The Km values for the DNA 3'-OH end groups were 16--38 nM and for the deoxynucleosidetriphosphates 2--5 micrometer, depending on the buffer and pH used in the enzymatic assay. All acridine derivates inhibit the DNA polymerase; at variable DNA concentrations a competitive inhibition was observed, where the Ki values ranged between 0.87 and 8.5 micrometer. At variable concentrations of deoxynucleosidetriphosphates and constant DNA concentration a non-competitive inhibition was observed. On denatured 3'-OH DNA as well as on poly(dA) - (dT)10 as substrate no inhibition by 9-aminoacridine was observed. 5'--3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase is inhibited by 9-aminoacridine but 3'--5' exonuclease activity on denatured DNA is not influenced by this intercalating compound. The affinity of the acridines to DNA was determined spectrophotometrically under conditions similar to those in the enzymatic assay and the computed frequency of intercalation was related to the inhibition of enzymatic activity. The mechanism of inhibition is explained by a disturbance of the structure of the double helical DNA due to the interaction of the bound acridine derivates."}
{"id": "PMID:922002", "title": "Occurrence of a complex of aminoacryl-tRNA synthetases in lactating rat mammary gland.", "content": "(1) Postmicrosomal particles were isolated from the cytosol of lactating rat mammary gland. These particles contained up to 40% of the cytosol protein, and about 40% of the total aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity of the cytosol. (2) Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of these postmicrosomal particles showed that the activity of seventeen synthetases was distributed between one or other of two major gradient regions, corresponding to values of 20--28 S and 5--7 S. Arginyl and cysteinyl tRNA synthetases showed peaks in both major regions. (3) A complex of eight aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (those for lysine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, glutamine, arginine, cysteine and valine) of molecular weight 3 - 10(6) was isolated from the postmicrosomal particles by gel filtration and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.", "contents": "Occurrence of a complex of aminoacryl-tRNA synthetases in lactating rat mammary gland. (1) Postmicrosomal particles were isolated from the cytosol of lactating rat mammary gland. These particles contained up to 40% of the cytosol protein, and about 40% of the total aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity of the cytosol. (2) Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of these postmicrosomal particles showed that the activity of seventeen synthetases was distributed between one or other of two major gradient regions, corresponding to values of 20--28 S and 5--7 S. Arginyl and cysteinyl tRNA synthetases showed peaks in both major regions. (3) A complex of eight aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (those for lysine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, glutamine, arginine, cysteine and valine) of molecular weight 3 - 10(6) was isolated from the postmicrosomal particles by gel filtration and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose."}
{"id": "PMID:922003", "title": "A cytoplasmic exoribonuclease from HeLa cells.", "content": "An exoribonuclease has been purified from the cytoplasm of HeLa cells. The enzyme produces 5'-AMP as the only product from poly(A). The degradation proceeds in a 3' to 5' direction, and a 3'-OH terminus is required. In addition to poly(A), the enzyme degrades other synthetic homopolymers as well as natural messenger, and ribosomal RNAs. The enzyme can also degrade the poly(A) tract of messenger RNA. DNA and double-stranded RNA are resistant to the enzyme.", "contents": "A cytoplasmic exoribonuclease from HeLa cells. An exoribonuclease has been purified from the cytoplasm of HeLa cells. The enzyme produces 5'-AMP as the only product from poly(A). The degradation proceeds in a 3' to 5' direction, and a 3'-OH terminus is required. In addition to poly(A), the enzyme degrades other synthetic homopolymers as well as natural messenger, and ribosomal RNAs. The enzyme can also degrade the poly(A) tract of messenger RNA. DNA and double-stranded RNA are resistant to the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:922005", "title": "Progesterone-regulated changes in transcriptional events in rabbit uterus.", "content": "The role of steroid receptors in the early events of progesterone action was elucidated by examining the temporal relationship between the nuclear accumulation of progestin receptor and changes in activities of RNA polymerases I and II, as well as that of chromatin template in rabbit uterus. Following a 5-day estrogen pretreatment, the animals received an intravenous injection of progesterone (10 mg), after which they were killed at timed intervals. Nuclear progestin receptor level, as measured by an exchange assay, reached the peak value 30 min after hormone administration (11 600 to 46 600 sites/nucleus) and declined to the control levels by 4 h. Changes in the activities of RNA polymerase I and II did not follow identical time courses: polymerase I rose at 30 min and remained elevated for 2 h and then declined to about 75% of the pretreatment activity, whereas RNA polymerase II activity increased more rapidly (at 15 min), and was followed by a sharp decrease to about 50% of the initial value. Thereafter, the latter enzyme activity rose slowly and reached the pretreatment level within 12 h of progesterone administration. Early changes in chromatin template activity were similar to those in RNA polymerase I with a second rise by 8--10 h. The early inhibition of transcriptional events by progesterone may result from antiestrogenic properties of this steroid. Accumulation of nuclear progestin receptor occurs at a similar time to early changes in the transcriptional events suggesting a regulatory role for the hormone receptor complexes.", "contents": "Progesterone-regulated changes in transcriptional events in rabbit uterus. The role of steroid receptors in the early events of progesterone action was elucidated by examining the temporal relationship between the nuclear accumulation of progestin receptor and changes in activities of RNA polymerases I and II, as well as that of chromatin template in rabbit uterus. Following a 5-day estrogen pretreatment, the animals received an intravenous injection of progesterone (10 mg), after which they were killed at timed intervals. Nuclear progestin receptor level, as measured by an exchange assay, reached the peak value 30 min after hormone administration (11 600 to 46 600 sites/nucleus) and declined to the control levels by 4 h. Changes in the activities of RNA polymerase I and II did not follow identical time courses: polymerase I rose at 30 min and remained elevated for 2 h and then declined to about 75% of the pretreatment activity, whereas RNA polymerase II activity increased more rapidly (at 15 min), and was followed by a sharp decrease to about 50% of the initial value. Thereafter, the latter enzyme activity rose slowly and reached the pretreatment level within 12 h of progesterone administration. Early changes in chromatin template activity were similar to those in RNA polymerase I with a second rise by 8--10 h. The early inhibition of transcriptional events by progesterone may result from antiestrogenic properties of this steroid. Accumulation of nuclear progestin receptor occurs at a similar time to early changes in the transcriptional events suggesting a regulatory role for the hormone receptor complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:922006", "title": "Ribose 1-phosphate metabolism in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro.", "content": "Ribose 1-phosphate concentrations have been measured in tumor cells incubated with purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and with glucose. Highest concentrations (0.15 to 0.2 mumol/ml of cells) were attained in cells incubated with inosine. Although uridine was cleaved at approximately the same rate as inosine, as judged by lactate accumulation, concentrations of ribose 1-phosphate that accumulated were only approximately 0.06 mumol/ml. Ribose 1-phosphate accumulation in tumor cells incubated with inosine was dependent on the phosphate concentration of the medium up to at least 25 mM. Ribose 1-phosphate formed from inosine was readily converted both to phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and to lactate.", "contents": "Ribose 1-phosphate metabolism in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. Ribose 1-phosphate concentrations have been measured in tumor cells incubated with purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and with glucose. Highest concentrations (0.15 to 0.2 mumol/ml of cells) were attained in cells incubated with inosine. Although uridine was cleaved at approximately the same rate as inosine, as judged by lactate accumulation, concentrations of ribose 1-phosphate that accumulated were only approximately 0.06 mumol/ml. Ribose 1-phosphate accumulation in tumor cells incubated with inosine was dependent on the phosphate concentration of the medium up to at least 25 mM. Ribose 1-phosphate formed from inosine was readily converted both to phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and to lactate."}
{"id": "PMID:922007", "title": "The interaction of propidium diiodide with self-complementary dinucleoside monophosphates.", "content": "The interactions of a quinacrine derivative, methylated at both the aromatic and aliphatic nitrogens, and propidium diiodide with the dinucleoside monophosphates CpG, GpC, UpA and ApU have been investigated using 13C-NMR (for the quinacrine derivative prepared with [13C]methyl substituents and 1H-NMR and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The quinacrine derivative displayed negligible interaction with the dinucleosides at concentrations up to 5 - 10(-4) M. Propidium did form complexes with dinucleosides even at concentrations as low as 10(-4) M. Propidium displayed a pyrimidine-purine binding preference and gave especially large changes in ultraviolet-visible and 1H-NMR spectra in the presence of CpG. This suggests that propidium forms an intercalated complex with a Watson-Crick hydrogen-bonded CpG dimer. At higher concentrations UpA and GpC gave similar spectral changes indicating that they could also form significant amounts of an intercalated complex with propidium under appropriate conditions. The changes caused by ApU were small under all conditions and were more similar to the effects caused by mononucleotides. These results indicate that, at least for phenanthridines, cationic side chains do not greatly inhibit complex formation with dinucleoside monophosphates, and suggest that the weak interaction of the quinacrine derivative with dinucleosides is due to weaker interactions of the acridine ring system with nucleoside bases relative to the phenanthridine ring system.", "contents": "The interaction of propidium diiodide with self-complementary dinucleoside monophosphates. The interactions of a quinacrine derivative, methylated at both the aromatic and aliphatic nitrogens, and propidium diiodide with the dinucleoside monophosphates CpG, GpC, UpA and ApU have been investigated using 13C-NMR (for the quinacrine derivative prepared with [13C]methyl substituents and 1H-NMR and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The quinacrine derivative displayed negligible interaction with the dinucleosides at concentrations up to 5 - 10(-4) M. Propidium did form complexes with dinucleosides even at concentrations as low as 10(-4) M. Propidium displayed a pyrimidine-purine binding preference and gave especially large changes in ultraviolet-visible and 1H-NMR spectra in the presence of CpG. This suggests that propidium forms an intercalated complex with a Watson-Crick hydrogen-bonded CpG dimer. At higher concentrations UpA and GpC gave similar spectral changes indicating that they could also form significant amounts of an intercalated complex with propidium under appropriate conditions. The changes caused by ApU were small under all conditions and were more similar to the effects caused by mononucleotides. These results indicate that, at least for phenanthridines, cationic side chains do not greatly inhibit complex formation with dinucleoside monophosphates, and suggest that the weak interaction of the quinacrine derivative with dinucleosides is due to weaker interactions of the acridine ring system with nucleoside bases relative to the phenanthridine ring system."}
{"id": "PMID:922008", "title": "Differential effects of heparin on replicative DNA synthesis and unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "content": "The effect of heparin on DNA synthesis was compared between replicative DNA synthesis and unscheduled DNA synthesis. Replicative DNA synthesis in permeable cells or nuclei prepared from rapidly growing mouse ascites sarcoma cells was inhibited by heparin. Unscheduled DNA synthesis in nuclei isolated from normal rat liver or from mouse ascites sarcoma cells in stationary phase was stimulated by heparin at low concentrations but inhibited by high heparin concentrations. DNA polymerase activity assayed with activated calf thymus DNA and DNA polymerase alpha purified partially from mouse ascites sarcoma cells was inhibited with either calf thymus histones or heparin. DNA synthesis inhibited with histones was partially reactivated by heparin. Replicative DNA synthesis in permeable cells was inhibited by adding histones to the assay mixture, and the inhibited DNA synthesis was partially reactivated by low concentrations of heparin. These results indicated that the replicated sites (or replication machinery) in permeable cells or nuclei were largely unrestricted by histones and that heparin inhibition of replicative DNA synthesis was due to the direct inhibitory interaction of heparin with some essential component(s), such as DNA polymerase, of replication machinery.", "contents": "Differential effects of heparin on replicative DNA synthesis and unscheduled DNA synthesis. The effect of heparin on DNA synthesis was compared between replicative DNA synthesis and unscheduled DNA synthesis. Replicative DNA synthesis in permeable cells or nuclei prepared from rapidly growing mouse ascites sarcoma cells was inhibited by heparin. Unscheduled DNA synthesis in nuclei isolated from normal rat liver or from mouse ascites sarcoma cells in stationary phase was stimulated by heparin at low concentrations but inhibited by high heparin concentrations. DNA polymerase activity assayed with activated calf thymus DNA and DNA polymerase alpha purified partially from mouse ascites sarcoma cells was inhibited with either calf thymus histones or heparin. DNA synthesis inhibited with histones was partially reactivated by heparin. Replicative DNA synthesis in permeable cells was inhibited by adding histones to the assay mixture, and the inhibited DNA synthesis was partially reactivated by low concentrations of heparin. These results indicated that the replicated sites (or replication machinery) in permeable cells or nuclei were largely unrestricted by histones and that heparin inhibition of replicative DNA synthesis was due to the direct inhibitory interaction of heparin with some essential component(s), such as DNA polymerase, of replication machinery."}
{"id": "PMID:922010", "title": "Fractionation of Saprolegnia diclina (Oomycetes) satelite DNAs by AgNO3/Cs2SO4 density gradient centrifugation.", "content": "Saprolegnia diclina DNA has been fractionated using preparative AgNO3/Cs2SO4 and CsCl density gradients. In addition to the previously identified major satellite DNA, there are two minor DNA components banding at 1.682 and 1.701 g - cm(-3) in CsCl. Purified major satellite DNA bands at 1.707 g - cm(-3) giving a base composition of 48% G + C in good agreement with 47% G + C calculated from its Tm value. The nuclear DNA base composition is 58% G + C by both methods. The base composition of the major satellite DNA suggests that it may represent ribosomal DNA cistrons.", "contents": "Fractionation of Saprolegnia diclina (Oomycetes) satelite DNAs by AgNO3/Cs2SO4 density gradient centrifugation. Saprolegnia diclina DNA has been fractionated using preparative AgNO3/Cs2SO4 and CsCl density gradients. In addition to the previously identified major satellite DNA, there are two minor DNA components banding at 1.682 and 1.701 g - cm(-3) in CsCl. Purified major satellite DNA bands at 1.707 g - cm(-3) giving a base composition of 48% G + C in good agreement with 47% G + C calculated from its Tm value. The nuclear DNA base composition is 58% G + C by both methods. The base composition of the major satellite DNA suggests that it may represent ribosomal DNA cistrons."}
{"id": "PMID:922011", "title": "PMR-relaxation and steric computations give unequivocal nucleoside conformations.", "content": "The configuration and the conformation of alpha and beta anomers of pyrazomycin, cytidine and pseudouridine in aqueous solution have been investigated by 1H-NMR at 250 MHz. T1 proton relaxation measurements are an excellent method to determine the conformation of the base around the glycosidic linkage. Frequently, steric hindrance considerations can help to decide which conformations are possible in nucleoside anomer pairs. The proton-proton coupling constants indicate that the N conformer is largely predominant in the alpha anomers while the S conformer is particularly abundant in beta-pyrazomycin. The steric hindrance is much larger for alpha than for beta-nucleosides and change of a C-C to a C-N glycosidic bond reduces considerably the rotational possibilities of the base. The relaxation data show that alpha-cytidine adopts the anti conformation with gamma = 200 degrees in good agreement with the crystal structure and with the sterical computations. In the other case, when the syn and anti conformations are sterically accessible, the orientation of the base may be completely different from one nucleoside to the other. It can be predicted neither from the crystal structure nor from comparisons with similar compounds. For alpha-pseudo-uridine the predominant orientation of the base (gamma = 120 degrees) is in the boundary of the syn-anti regions; for beta-cytidine the syn (gamma = 65 degrees) and anti (gamma = 215 degrees) conformations are equiprobable at room temperature while beta-pseudouridine shows the syn conformation with gamma = 40 degrees, the smallest angle observed until now. There is no correlation between the N/S and syn-anti ratios.", "contents": "PMR-relaxation and steric computations give unequivocal nucleoside conformations. The configuration and the conformation of alpha and beta anomers of pyrazomycin, cytidine and pseudouridine in aqueous solution have been investigated by 1H-NMR at 250 MHz. T1 proton relaxation measurements are an excellent method to determine the conformation of the base around the glycosidic linkage. Frequently, steric hindrance considerations can help to decide which conformations are possible in nucleoside anomer pairs. The proton-proton coupling constants indicate that the N conformer is largely predominant in the alpha anomers while the S conformer is particularly abundant in beta-pyrazomycin. The steric hindrance is much larger for alpha than for beta-nucleosides and change of a C-C to a C-N glycosidic bond reduces considerably the rotational possibilities of the base. The relaxation data show that alpha-cytidine adopts the anti conformation with gamma = 200 degrees in good agreement with the crystal structure and with the sterical computations. In the other case, when the syn and anti conformations are sterically accessible, the orientation of the base may be completely different from one nucleoside to the other. It can be predicted neither from the crystal structure nor from comparisons with similar compounds. For alpha-pseudo-uridine the predominant orientation of the base (gamma = 120 degrees) is in the boundary of the syn-anti regions; for beta-cytidine the syn (gamma = 65 degrees) and anti (gamma = 215 degrees) conformations are equiprobable at room temperature while beta-pseudouridine shows the syn conformation with gamma = 40 degrees, the smallest angle observed until now. There is no correlation between the N/S and syn-anti ratios."}
{"id": "PMID:922012", "title": "Spectrophotometric and fluorescence polarization studies of the binding of ethidium, daunomycin and mepacrine to DNA and to poly(I-C).", "content": "The changes in the visible absorption spectrum and the degree of fluorescence polarization of daunomycin and mepacrine on binding to DNA have been compared with those shown by the archetypical intercalating agent ethidium. The changes are qualitatively similar for the three drugs, namely a bathochromic shift and hypochromicity (giving an isosbestic point) and an increase in polarization of fluorescence when irradiated with polarized light. These effects are typical of intercalation. The effect of changing the nucleic acid conformation has been investigated by repeating the studies with poly(I-C) (a nucleic acid in the A conformation). Upon interaction with poly(I-C) only ethidium shows effects typical of intercalation, neither daunomycin nor mepacrine intercalates into poly(I-C) helix.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric and fluorescence polarization studies of the binding of ethidium, daunomycin and mepacrine to DNA and to poly(I-C). The changes in the visible absorption spectrum and the degree of fluorescence polarization of daunomycin and mepacrine on binding to DNA have been compared with those shown by the archetypical intercalating agent ethidium. The changes are qualitatively similar for the three drugs, namely a bathochromic shift and hypochromicity (giving an isosbestic point) and an increase in polarization of fluorescence when irradiated with polarized light. These effects are typical of intercalation. The effect of changing the nucleic acid conformation has been investigated by repeating the studies with poly(I-C) (a nucleic acid in the A conformation). Upon interaction with poly(I-C) only ethidium shows effects typical of intercalation, neither daunomycin nor mepacrine intercalates into poly(I-C) helix."}
{"id": "PMID:922013", "title": "Nucleic acid binding drugs. Part IV. The crystal structure of the anti-cancer agent daunomycin.", "content": "The crystal structure has been determined of the anti-cancer drug daunomycin, as the hydrochloride monohydrate pyridine salt. The overall structure, previously determined by X-ray analysis of an N-bromoacetyl derivative (Anguili, R., Foresti, E., Riva Di Sanserverino, L., Isaacs, N.W., Kennard, O., Motherwell, W.D.S., Wampler, D.L. and Arcamone, F. (1971) Nat. New Biol. 234, 78-80) has been confirmed, although substantial conformational differences are observed. The conformation described here is very similar to that found for the related drug carminomycin I (Wani, M.C., Taylor, H.L., Wall, M.E., McPhaill, A.T. and Onan, K.D. (1975) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 5955-5956; Pettit, G.R., Einck, J.J., Herald, C.L., Ode, R.H. Von Dreele, R.B., Brown, P., Brazhnikova, M.G. and Gause, G.F. (1975) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 7387-7388); it is suggested that this represents a significantly stable molecular conformation; an intramolecular C(7)...O(9) hydrogen bond is invoked to account for this. This conformation is likely to be at least close to that of daunomycin when bound to DNA.", "contents": "Nucleic acid binding drugs. Part IV. The crystal structure of the anti-cancer agent daunomycin. The crystal structure has been determined of the anti-cancer drug daunomycin, as the hydrochloride monohydrate pyridine salt. The overall structure, previously determined by X-ray analysis of an N-bromoacetyl derivative (Anguili, R., Foresti, E., Riva Di Sanserverino, L., Isaacs, N.W., Kennard, O., Motherwell, W.D.S., Wampler, D.L. and Arcamone, F. (1971) Nat. New Biol. 234, 78-80) has been confirmed, although substantial conformational differences are observed. The conformation described here is very similar to that found for the related drug carminomycin I (Wani, M.C., Taylor, H.L., Wall, M.E., McPhaill, A.T. and Onan, K.D. (1975) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 5955-5956; Pettit, G.R., Einck, J.J., Herald, C.L., Ode, R.H. Von Dreele, R.B., Brown, P., Brazhnikova, M.G. and Gause, G.F. (1975) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 7387-7388); it is suggested that this represents a significantly stable molecular conformation; an intramolecular C(7)...O(9) hydrogen bond is invoked to account for this. This conformation is likely to be at least close to that of daunomycin when bound to DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:922014", "title": "DNA repair enzymes in ataxia telangiectasia and Bloom's syndrome fibroblasts.", "content": "Ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom's syndrome and normal fibroblasts were compared as to the capacity of their cellular extracts to enhance the priming activity of gamma-irradiated colicin E1 DNA for purified DNA polymerase. It was found that an ataxia strain had substantially lower, and a Bloom's syndrome strain had slightly lower capacity than a normal strain; while the activities of apurinic site specific endonuclease in these extracts were comparable.", "contents": "DNA repair enzymes in ataxia telangiectasia and Bloom's syndrome fibroblasts. Ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom's syndrome and normal fibroblasts were compared as to the capacity of their cellular extracts to enhance the priming activity of gamma-irradiated colicin E1 DNA for purified DNA polymerase. It was found that an ataxia strain had substantially lower, and a Bloom's syndrome strain had slightly lower capacity than a normal strain; while the activities of apurinic site specific endonuclease in these extracts were comparable."}
{"id": "PMID:922015", "title": "Studies on the purification and characterization of malate dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium phlei.", "content": "Malate dehydrogenase (L-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) was purified from Mycobacterium phlei using (NH4)2SO4 precipitation followed by chromatography on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-cellulose on DEAE Sephadex A-50. The purified preparation homogeneous on column chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis had a molecular weight of 86 860. The native enzyme was composed of four subunits of equal molecular weight (21 550) and was thermostable upto 50 degrees C for 15 min. Some kinetic constants of the enzyme was determined. Tyrosine and isoleucine were identified as the N- and C-terminal amino acids respectively. The effects of various activators and inhibitors on the activity of the purified enzyme were studied. The purified enzyme exhibited maximum excitation and emission at 278 and 345 nm respectively. Amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined. Treatment of the enzyme with acid and urea resulted in dissociation of the enzyme followed by loss of catalytic activity. The dissociated enzyme could however be reconstituted by bringing the pH back to neutrality or by removal of urea from the enzyme solution.", "contents": "Studies on the purification and characterization of malate dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium phlei. Malate dehydrogenase (L-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) was purified from Mycobacterium phlei using (NH4)2SO4 precipitation followed by chromatography on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-cellulose on DEAE Sephadex A-50. The purified preparation homogeneous on column chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis had a molecular weight of 86 860. The native enzyme was composed of four subunits of equal molecular weight (21 550) and was thermostable upto 50 degrees C for 15 min. Some kinetic constants of the enzyme was determined. Tyrosine and isoleucine were identified as the N- and C-terminal amino acids respectively. The effects of various activators and inhibitors on the activity of the purified enzyme were studied. The purified enzyme exhibited maximum excitation and emission at 278 and 345 nm respectively. Amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined. Treatment of the enzyme with acid and urea resulted in dissociation of the enzyme followed by loss of catalytic activity. The dissociated enzyme could however be reconstituted by bringing the pH back to neutrality or by removal of urea from the enzyme solution."}
{"id": "PMID:922016", "title": "Molecular heterogeneity of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase from spinach leaves.", "content": "Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (NADPH: ferredoxin oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.7.1) from spinach leaves has been purified according to a new procedure. The enzyme shows the presence of five molecular forms as identified by isoelectric focusing, namely a, b, c, d and e with pI values of 6.0, 5.5, 5.2, 5.0 and 4.8, respectively. All the bands are catalytically active and are clearly identifiable after the first steps of the purification procedure. The basic pattern of the ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase forms is the same whether extracted from one or many spinach plants and is not affected by the different purification procedures used. Two distinct classes of molecular weight have been found for the isolated forms b, c and d as measured by sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis, with values of 33 000-34 000 for the first and 36 000-38 000 for the later two forms. Gel electrophoresis in non-denaturing media at different gel concentrations gives the same order of molecular weight values, thus ruling out the possibility that the native enzyme is a dimer, as has been reported by Schneeman, R. and Krogmann, D.W. ((1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4965-4971). No significant kinetic differences were detectable for the isolated forms of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase.", "contents": "Molecular heterogeneity of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase from spinach leaves. Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (NADPH: ferredoxin oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.7.1) from spinach leaves has been purified according to a new procedure. The enzyme shows the presence of five molecular forms as identified by isoelectric focusing, namely a, b, c, d and e with pI values of 6.0, 5.5, 5.2, 5.0 and 4.8, respectively. All the bands are catalytically active and are clearly identifiable after the first steps of the purification procedure. The basic pattern of the ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase forms is the same whether extracted from one or many spinach plants and is not affected by the different purification procedures used. Two distinct classes of molecular weight have been found for the isolated forms b, c and d as measured by sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis, with values of 33 000-34 000 for the first and 36 000-38 000 for the later two forms. Gel electrophoresis in non-denaturing media at different gel concentrations gives the same order of molecular weight values, thus ruling out the possibility that the native enzyme is a dimer, as has been reported by Schneeman, R. and Krogmann, D.W. ((1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4965-4971). No significant kinetic differences were detectable for the isolated forms of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase."}
{"id": "PMID:922017", "title": "Plant pyruvate dehydrogenase complex purification, characterization and regulation by metabolites and phosphorylation.", "content": "The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was purified from mitochondria of cauliflower, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis floral buds to a specific activity of 5.4 mumol of NADH/min per mg of protein. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex required CoASH, NAD+, thiamine pyrophosphate and Mg2+ for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. The kinetic analysis of the complex gave a series of parallel lines for all substrates. Product interaction patterns showed that NADH is competitive with NAD+; acetyl-CoA is competitive with CoASH; and NADH and acetyl-CoA uncompetitive with pyruvate. These kinetic patterns suggest a multisite ping-pong mechanism as described by Cleveland ((1973) J. Biol. Chem 248, 8353). The noncompetitive inhibition of NADH versus CoASH, and acetyl-CoASH versus NAD are not predicted by this mechanism. Regulation of the complex was more sensitive to the NADH/NAD+ ratio than acetyl-CoA/CoASH ratio. Hydroxypyruvate and glyoxylate inhibited the complex noncompetitively versus pyruvate. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was inactivated and phosphorylated by ATP. The ATP dependent inactivation is believed to be enzyme catalyzed by a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex kinase. However, no evidence was found for a plant pyruvate dehydrogenase complex phosphatase. The results suggest that the cauliflower pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is regulated by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism.", "contents": "Plant pyruvate dehydrogenase complex purification, characterization and regulation by metabolites and phosphorylation. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was purified from mitochondria of cauliflower, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis floral buds to a specific activity of 5.4 mumol of NADH/min per mg of protein. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex required CoASH, NAD+, thiamine pyrophosphate and Mg2+ for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. The kinetic analysis of the complex gave a series of parallel lines for all substrates. Product interaction patterns showed that NADH is competitive with NAD+; acetyl-CoA is competitive with CoASH; and NADH and acetyl-CoA uncompetitive with pyruvate. These kinetic patterns suggest a multisite ping-pong mechanism as described by Cleveland ((1973) J. Biol. Chem 248, 8353). The noncompetitive inhibition of NADH versus CoASH, and acetyl-CoASH versus NAD are not predicted by this mechanism. Regulation of the complex was more sensitive to the NADH/NAD+ ratio than acetyl-CoA/CoASH ratio. Hydroxypyruvate and glyoxylate inhibited the complex noncompetitively versus pyruvate. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was inactivated and phosphorylated by ATP. The ATP dependent inactivation is believed to be enzyme catalyzed by a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex kinase. However, no evidence was found for a plant pyruvate dehydrogenase complex phosphatase. The results suggest that the cauliflower pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is regulated by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:922018", "title": "Increased activity of rat liver nucleolar protein kinase following triiodothyronine administration.", "content": "Triiodothyronine (T3) administration to thyroidectomized rats induces a significant increase in the nucleolus-associated protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) activity. The general properties of the protein kinase solubilized from liver nucleoli have been investigated. Mg2+ (20 mM) is essential for the reaction and an appropriate concentration of NaCl (100 mM) is required to achieve maximal phosphorylation rates. The optimal pH for casein phosphorylation is 7.6. The kinase phosphorylates casein more efficiently than phosvitin and displays an almost undetectable activity towards histones and protamine. No significant stimulation of the kinase activity by cyclic AMP has been detected. The apparent Km values for casein and ATP are 1.5 mg/ml and 1.5-10(-5) M, respectively, and are not affected by the hormone administration.", "contents": "Increased activity of rat liver nucleolar protein kinase following triiodothyronine administration. Triiodothyronine (T3) administration to thyroidectomized rats induces a significant increase in the nucleolus-associated protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) activity. The general properties of the protein kinase solubilized from liver nucleoli have been investigated. Mg2+ (20 mM) is essential for the reaction and an appropriate concentration of NaCl (100 mM) is required to achieve maximal phosphorylation rates. The optimal pH for casein phosphorylation is 7.6. The kinase phosphorylates casein more efficiently than phosvitin and displays an almost undetectable activity towards histones and protamine. No significant stimulation of the kinase activity by cyclic AMP has been detected. The apparent Km values for casein and ATP are 1.5 mg/ml and 1.5-10(-5) M, respectively, and are not affected by the hormone administration."}
{"id": "PMID:922019", "title": "Post-proline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV) from lamb kidney. Purification and some enzymatic properties.", "content": "Post-proline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (dipeptidylpeptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.14.1), also known as glycylprolyl beta-naphthylamidase or dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV, was isolated and purified in an overall yield of 20% from autolyzed extracts of lamb kidney by CM-cellulose and column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and Sephadex G-200. Purified enzyme was homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal analysis and was most active at pH 7.8 using Gly-Pro beta-napthylamide as substrate. The Km values for Gly-Pro beta-naphthylamide and Ala-Ala beta-naphthylamide were 0.63 and 0.77 mM, respectively. The proline-containing peptides were hydrolysed more than 10-fold faster. By isoelectric focusing a pI of 4.9 was determined. The enzyme was estimated to be 230 000 +/- 15 000 by the sedimentation equilibrium method and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicating that the enzyme is composed of two identical subunits with molecular weights of 115 000. It was inhibited by the active-site directed, irreversible inhibitor diisopropylphosphorofluorofluoridate. Post-proline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase, in contrast to the endopeptidase post-proline cleaving enzyme [9,10] (Walter R. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 422, 138-158, and Koida, M. and Walter, R. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 7593-7599) exhibits no endopeptidase activity. Instead it is an exopeptidase with a high specificity for NH2-terminal-free peptides containing a proline residue in the penultimate position and releases the dipeptide with proline being the COOH-terminal moiety. The name \"post-proline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase\" is suggested.", "contents": "Post-proline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV) from lamb kidney. Purification and some enzymatic properties. Post-proline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (dipeptidylpeptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.14.1), also known as glycylprolyl beta-naphthylamidase or dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV, was isolated and purified in an overall yield of 20% from autolyzed extracts of lamb kidney by CM-cellulose and column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and Sephadex G-200. Purified enzyme was homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal analysis and was most active at pH 7.8 using Gly-Pro beta-napthylamide as substrate. The Km values for Gly-Pro beta-naphthylamide and Ala-Ala beta-naphthylamide were 0.63 and 0.77 mM, respectively. The proline-containing peptides were hydrolysed more than 10-fold faster. By isoelectric focusing a pI of 4.9 was determined. The enzyme was estimated to be 230 000 +/- 15 000 by the sedimentation equilibrium method and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicating that the enzyme is composed of two identical subunits with molecular weights of 115 000. It was inhibited by the active-site directed, irreversible inhibitor diisopropylphosphorofluorofluoridate. Post-proline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase, in contrast to the endopeptidase post-proline cleaving enzyme [9,10] (Walter R. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 422, 138-158, and Koida, M. and Walter, R. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 7593-7599) exhibits no endopeptidase activity. Instead it is an exopeptidase with a high specificity for NH2-terminal-free peptides containing a proline residue in the penultimate position and releases the dipeptide with proline being the COOH-terminal moiety. The name \"post-proline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase\" is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:922020", "title": "The effect of sample viscosity on the deacylation of p-fluoro-trans-cinnamoylchymotrypsin.", "content": "The deacylation of p-fluoro-trans-cinnamoylchymotrypsin at pH 5.0 in the presence of variable amounts of polyvinylpyrrolidone has been examined. The sample viscosity at the highest polymer concentration used was over 200 times greater than that of pure buffer but no effects on the deacylation kinetics were observed.", "contents": "The effect of sample viscosity on the deacylation of p-fluoro-trans-cinnamoylchymotrypsin. The deacylation of p-fluoro-trans-cinnamoylchymotrypsin at pH 5.0 in the presence of variable amounts of polyvinylpyrrolidone has been examined. The sample viscosity at the highest polymer concentration used was over 200 times greater than that of pure buffer but no effects on the deacylation kinetics were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:922021", "title": "A reinvestigation of the mechanism of Pseudomonas testosteroni delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase.", "content": "The mechanism of the isomerisation of delta 5-3,17-androstenedione by the isomerase (3-oxosteroid delta 4-delta 5-isomerase, EC 5.3.3.1) of Pseudomonas testosteroni has been reinvestigated with delta 5-[4-beta-2H]androstenedione as substrate in H2O and delta 5-androstenedione in 2H2O. A precise localisation of the label in delta 4-androstenendione has  revealed that the previously reported 4 beta leads to 6 beta deuterium transfer accounts for only a part of the reaction. Along with this process, removal of the 4 alpha proton is also occurring. This has already been observed with mammalian isomerases. Hence the assumed difference in mechanism between the bacterial and mammalian enzymes is very unlikely.", "contents": "A reinvestigation of the mechanism of Pseudomonas testosteroni delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase. The mechanism of the isomerisation of delta 5-3,17-androstenedione by the isomerase (3-oxosteroid delta 4-delta 5-isomerase, EC 5.3.3.1) of Pseudomonas testosteroni has been reinvestigated with delta 5-[4-beta-2H]androstenedione as substrate in H2O and delta 5-androstenedione in 2H2O. A precise localisation of the label in delta 4-androstenendione has  revealed that the previously reported 4 beta leads to 6 beta deuterium transfer accounts for only a part of the reaction. Along with this process, removal of the 4 alpha proton is also occurring. This has already been observed with mammalian isomerases. Hence the assumed difference in mechanism between the bacterial and mammalian enzymes is very unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:922022", "title": "Xanthine oxidase in lentil (Lens esculenta) seedlings.", "content": "Until recently there were no reports regarding the presence of xanthine oxidase (xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.2) in plants. Direct evidence for its presence in lentil seedlings is reported here. Xanthine oxidase activity increases with the period of germination, reaching a maximum at 24 h and decreasing thereafter. The pH optimum for its activity is at pH 8.0. Almost equal activity is observed against xanthine and hypoxanthine. The Km for xanthine is 1.05 mM, and considerable inhibition is observed at high substrate concentration.", "contents": "Xanthine oxidase in lentil (Lens esculenta) seedlings. Until recently there were no reports regarding the presence of xanthine oxidase (xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.2) in plants. Direct evidence for its presence in lentil seedlings is reported here. Xanthine oxidase activity increases with the period of germination, reaching a maximum at 24 h and decreasing thereafter. The pH optimum for its activity is at pH 8.0. Almost equal activity is observed against xanthine and hypoxanthine. The Km for xanthine is 1.05 mM, and considerable inhibition is observed at high substrate concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:922025", "title": "Antibodies to lipoprotein lipase. Application to perfused heart.", "content": "An antibody was prepared against purified rat heart lipoprotein lipase. 1. This antibody showed marked species specificity. It inhibited almost totally the lipoprotein lipase activity from all rat tissues examined (i.e., heart, adipose, postheparin plasma, and mammary gland), while having no effect on the activity of lipoprotein lipase partially purified from rabbit, guinea pig and bovine heart and from bovine milk. The antibody also had no effect on the hepatic lipase activity of rat postheparin plasma. 2. After antibody to rat heart lipoprotein lipase was recirculated for 5 min through isolated rat hearts, little or no lipoprotein lipase activity could be detected in the perfusate during 0-20 s of a subsequent non-recirculating perfusion with buffer containing 1 unit heparin/ml. 3. Following recirculation of antibody to lipoprotein lipase for 10 min and a non-recirculating perfusion with buffer for 2 min, the hearts no longer oxidized any significant amounts of 14C-labelled palmitate chylomicron triacylglycerol fatty acid to 14CO2 during a 15-min perfusion. The data give compelling evidence that the functional fraction of lipoprotein lipase in hearts is at the endothelial cell surface accessible to lipoprotein lipase antibody.", "contents": "Antibodies to lipoprotein lipase. Application to perfused heart. An antibody was prepared against purified rat heart lipoprotein lipase. 1. This antibody showed marked species specificity. It inhibited almost totally the lipoprotein lipase activity from all rat tissues examined (i.e., heart, adipose, postheparin plasma, and mammary gland), while having no effect on the activity of lipoprotein lipase partially purified from rabbit, guinea pig and bovine heart and from bovine milk. The antibody also had no effect on the hepatic lipase activity of rat postheparin plasma. 2. After antibody to rat heart lipoprotein lipase was recirculated for 5 min through isolated rat hearts, little or no lipoprotein lipase activity could be detected in the perfusate during 0-20 s of a subsequent non-recirculating perfusion with buffer containing 1 unit heparin/ml. 3. Following recirculation of antibody to lipoprotein lipase for 10 min and a non-recirculating perfusion with buffer for 2 min, the hearts no longer oxidized any significant amounts of 14C-labelled palmitate chylomicron triacylglycerol fatty acid to 14CO2 during a 15-min perfusion. The data give compelling evidence that the functional fraction of lipoprotein lipase in hearts is at the endothelial cell surface accessible to lipoprotein lipase antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:922026", "title": "Mitochondria from human term placenta. III. The role of respiration and energy generation in progesterone biosynthesis.", "content": "The interrelationships among the processes of progesterone biosynthesis, respiration and energy production in human term placental mitochondria were examined. All substrates (citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, glutamate, glycerol 3-phosphate, ascorbate + N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine) previously found to stimulate oxygen uptake and ATP synthesis in placental mitochondria supported progesterone synthesis from endogenous and exogenous cholesterol. Citrate support of progesterone synthesis was stimulated by NADP+ but not NAD+. It was inhibited by fluorocitrate and trans-aconitate but not by arsenite, rotenone, antimycin, cyanide or 2,4-dinitrophenol. Ascorbate-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine support of progesterone synthesis was stimulated by NAD+ and NADP+ and was inhibited by ADP, rotenone, antimycin, cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Cyanide inhibition was relieved by an exogenous ATP regenerating system and ADP inhibition was reversed by oligomycin. Progesterone synthesis supported by alpha-ketoglutarate + malonate was stimulated by NAD+ and NADP+, and was completely inhibited by arsenite. 2,4-Dinitrophenol was strongly inhibitory both in the absence and presence of rotenon or antimycin. Stimulation by ATP was enhanced by rotenon, antimycin and oligomycin and inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Thus, metabolic control of progesterone synthesis by the energy status of the mitochondrial system was demonstrated when reducing equivalents were supplied via NADH or the respiratory electron transport chain.", "contents": "Mitochondria from human term placenta. III. The role of respiration and energy generation in progesterone biosynthesis. The interrelationships among the processes of progesterone biosynthesis, respiration and energy production in human term placental mitochondria were examined. All substrates (citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, glutamate, glycerol 3-phosphate, ascorbate + N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine) previously found to stimulate oxygen uptake and ATP synthesis in placental mitochondria supported progesterone synthesis from endogenous and exogenous cholesterol. Citrate support of progesterone synthesis was stimulated by NADP+ but not NAD+. It was inhibited by fluorocitrate and trans-aconitate but not by arsenite, rotenone, antimycin, cyanide or 2,4-dinitrophenol. Ascorbate-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine support of progesterone synthesis was stimulated by NAD+ and NADP+ and was inhibited by ADP, rotenone, antimycin, cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Cyanide inhibition was relieved by an exogenous ATP regenerating system and ADP inhibition was reversed by oligomycin. Progesterone synthesis supported by alpha-ketoglutarate + malonate was stimulated by NAD+ and NADP+, and was completely inhibited by arsenite. 2,4-Dinitrophenol was strongly inhibitory both in the absence and presence of rotenon or antimycin. Stimulation by ATP was enhanced by rotenon, antimycin and oligomycin and inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Thus, metabolic control of progesterone synthesis by the energy status of the mitochondrial system was demonstrated when reducing equivalents were supplied via NADH or the respiratory electron transport chain."}
{"id": "PMID:922027", "title": "The specificity of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase in microsomal fractions from lactating cow mammary gland towards short, medium and long chain acyl-CoA esters.", "content": "The 1-acylglycerolphosphate actyltransferase from a microsomal fraction of lactating cow mammary gland was active towards acyl-CoAs of chain length C8-C18, but not towards butyryl-CoA or hexanoyl-CoA. The lack of activity towards butyryl-CoA and hexanoyl-CoA explains why butyric and hexanoic acid are largely excluded from the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols from cow milk. The chain length specificity of the acyltransferase was C16 greater than C14 greater than C12 greater than C10 greater than C8, which is essentially the same as the order with which the fatty acids are found at the sn-2 position of cow milk triacylglycerols. The specificity was not affected by the nature of the fatty acid (palmitic or oleic acid) at the sn-1 position of 1-acylglycerolphosphate, as predicted by the theory of noncorrelative acylation.", "contents": "The specificity of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase in microsomal fractions from lactating cow mammary gland towards short, medium and long chain acyl-CoA esters. The 1-acylglycerolphosphate actyltransferase from a microsomal fraction of lactating cow mammary gland was active towards acyl-CoAs of chain length C8-C18, but not towards butyryl-CoA or hexanoyl-CoA. The lack of activity towards butyryl-CoA and hexanoyl-CoA explains why butyric and hexanoic acid are largely excluded from the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols from cow milk. The chain length specificity of the acyltransferase was C16 greater than C14 greater than C12 greater than C10 greater than C8, which is essentially the same as the order with which the fatty acids are found at the sn-2 position of cow milk triacylglycerols. The specificity was not affected by the nature of the fatty acid (palmitic or oleic acid) at the sn-1 position of 1-acylglycerolphosphate, as predicted by the theory of noncorrelative acylation."}
{"id": "PMID:922028", "title": "Purification of lysophospholipases. Application of a continuous spectrophotometric assay using thioester substrate analogs.", "content": "Purification of lysophospholipases was monitored with four analogs of the natural lysophosphatidylcholine substrate, including two analogs with an acylthioester bond. In all chromatographic procedures employed, peaks of enzymatic activity towards each of the substrates were coincidental; moreover, the ratio of thioester to oxyester hydrolysis rates remained essentially constant over a more than 500-fold purification. These findings strongly support the conclusion that the hydrolysis of the thioester substrates truly reflects the specificity of lysophospholipases, thus allowing the use of a convenient spectrophotometric assay for these enzymes.", "contents": "Purification of lysophospholipases. Application of a continuous spectrophotometric assay using thioester substrate analogs. Purification of lysophospholipases was monitored with four analogs of the natural lysophosphatidylcholine substrate, including two analogs with an acylthioester bond. In all chromatographic procedures employed, peaks of enzymatic activity towards each of the substrates were coincidental; moreover, the ratio of thioester to oxyester hydrolysis rates remained essentially constant over a more than 500-fold purification. These findings strongly support the conclusion that the hydrolysis of the thioester substrates truly reflects the specificity of lysophospholipases, thus allowing the use of a convenient spectrophotometric assay for these enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:922029", "title": "The structure and morphology of the abnormal serum lipoprotein-X.", "content": "The structure and morphology of an abnormal lipoprotein particle present in the serum of patients with obstructive jaundice has been investigated by gel filtration, electron microscopy and NMR spectroscopy. Lipoprotein-X is a spherical lipoprotein particle with an average Stokes diameter of approximately 40 nm and a wide size distribution ranging from 20 to 70 nm. Different from all lipoprotein structures known so far lipoprotein-X is a hollow particle (= vesicle) with a water-filled internal cavity surrounded by a continuous, single bilayer which is impermeable to cations and K3Fe(CN)6. The packing of the bilayer is tighter and the segmental motion of both the polar group and the hydrocarbon chains are significantly reduced relative to typical phosphatidylcholine bilayers. In terms of segmental motion and anisotropy of packing the lipoprotein-X bilayer closely resembles a model bilayer system consisting of phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and cholesterol mixed in the same molar ratio as in lipoprotein-X. In that model system the phospholipid distribution between the two layers of the bilayer is asymmetric with (sphingomyelin + lysophosphatidylcholine) being preferentially located on the inner layer and phosphatidylcholine preferentially on the outer layer of the bilayer. By analogy with the model system the phospholipid distribution in lipoprotein-X bilayers is proposed to be also asymmetric.", "contents": "The structure and morphology of the abnormal serum lipoprotein-X. The structure and morphology of an abnormal lipoprotein particle present in the serum of patients with obstructive jaundice has been investigated by gel filtration, electron microscopy and NMR spectroscopy. Lipoprotein-X is a spherical lipoprotein particle with an average Stokes diameter of approximately 40 nm and a wide size distribution ranging from 20 to 70 nm. Different from all lipoprotein structures known so far lipoprotein-X is a hollow particle (= vesicle) with a water-filled internal cavity surrounded by a continuous, single bilayer which is impermeable to cations and K3Fe(CN)6. The packing of the bilayer is tighter and the segmental motion of both the polar group and the hydrocarbon chains are significantly reduced relative to typical phosphatidylcholine bilayers. In terms of segmental motion and anisotropy of packing the lipoprotein-X bilayer closely resembles a model bilayer system consisting of phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and cholesterol mixed in the same molar ratio as in lipoprotein-X. In that model system the phospholipid distribution between the two layers of the bilayer is asymmetric with (sphingomyelin + lysophosphatidylcholine) being preferentially located on the inner layer and phosphatidylcholine preferentially on the outer layer of the bilayer. By analogy with the model system the phospholipid distribution in lipoprotein-X bilayers is proposed to be also asymmetric."}
{"id": "PMID:922030", "title": "Base stimulation of phospholipid metabolism in neuroblastoma cells. I. Kinetics of incorporation of N-methylated ethanolamine bases.", "content": "The effects of nitrogen bases on the regulation of phospholipid metabolism in neuroblastoma cell cultures were investigated. An increase in the total cellular phospholipids was observed up to 24 h following plating. Addition of monomethyl- and dimethylethanolamine bases resulted in a stimulation of the synthesis of their corresponding phospholipids. The average rates of synthesis of phosphatidylmonomethyl- and phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine were 0.09 and 0.12 nmol/microgram DNA per h, respectively. The labeling patterns of the various phospholipid species from ortho[32P]phosphate have been determined. They suggest that the synthesis of the analogs proceeded entirely via a phosphate mediated pathway rather than through a base exchange mechanism. A number of distinct patterns for the incorporation of bases into acyl-, alkyl- and alkenyl-containing phosphoglyceride species were indicated. The polar head group composition appeared to be intimately related to the type of bond of the hydrocarbon residue.", "contents": "Base stimulation of phospholipid metabolism in neuroblastoma cells. I. Kinetics of incorporation of N-methylated ethanolamine bases. The effects of nitrogen bases on the regulation of phospholipid metabolism in neuroblastoma cell cultures were investigated. An increase in the total cellular phospholipids was observed up to 24 h following plating. Addition of monomethyl- and dimethylethanolamine bases resulted in a stimulation of the synthesis of their corresponding phospholipids. The average rates of synthesis of phosphatidylmonomethyl- and phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine were 0.09 and 0.12 nmol/microgram DNA per h, respectively. The labeling patterns of the various phospholipid species from ortho[32P]phosphate have been determined. They suggest that the synthesis of the analogs proceeded entirely via a phosphate mediated pathway rather than through a base exchange mechanism. A number of distinct patterns for the incorporation of bases into acyl-, alkyl- and alkenyl-containing phosphoglyceride species were indicated. The polar head group composition appeared to be intimately related to the type of bond of the hydrocarbon residue."}
{"id": "PMID:922032", "title": "Characterization of phospholipase A from pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis.", "content": "Phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) from the insoluble pulmonary secretions that accumulate in the lungs of patients with alveolar proteinosis has been purified. The pure enzyme gives a single sharp band upon sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acid analysis of the protein shows high content of cystine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, glycine, leucine and lysine. Only one N-terminal residue, alanine, can be detected. Gel filtration as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicate an apparent molecular weight of 75 000 for the enzyme. The enzyme activity has a pH optimum between 7.5 and 8.5 and is stimulated by sodium deoxycholate and CaCl2.", "contents": "Characterization of phospholipase A from pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis. Phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) from the insoluble pulmonary secretions that accumulate in the lungs of patients with alveolar proteinosis has been purified. The pure enzyme gives a single sharp band upon sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acid analysis of the protein shows high content of cystine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, glycine, leucine and lysine. Only one N-terminal residue, alanine, can be detected. Gel filtration as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicate an apparent molecular weight of 75 000 for the enzyme. The enzyme activity has a pH optimum between 7.5 and 8.5 and is stimulated by sodium deoxycholate and CaCl2."}
{"id": "PMID:922034", "title": "Microdetermination of dolichol in tissues.", "content": "A method is described for the rapid purification and analysis of tissue dolichol on a nanomole scale. The assay is based on a radioisotope dilution technique in which [3H]dolichyl palmitate is used as tracer and acetylation with [14C]acetic anhydride serves as the quantitating reaction. The acetylation conditions were characterized with respect to time, temperature and concentration of reagents. When this method was applied to pig liver, a value was obtained which fell within the range of previously published results based on a gravimetric assay. In chicken, dolichol levels were found to be high in oviduct and low or absent in red blood cells and plasma.", "contents": "Microdetermination of dolichol in tissues. A method is described for the rapid purification and analysis of tissue dolichol on a nanomole scale. The assay is based on a radioisotope dilution technique in which [3H]dolichyl palmitate is used as tracer and acetylation with [14C]acetic anhydride serves as the quantitating reaction. The acetylation conditions were characterized with respect to time, temperature and concentration of reagents. When this method was applied to pig liver, a value was obtained which fell within the range of previously published results based on a gravimetric assay. In chicken, dolichol levels were found to be high in oviduct and low or absent in red blood cells and plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:922036", "title": "Regional distribution of water and glycosaminoglycan in immature articular cartilage.", "content": "The distribution of water and glycosaminoglycan in different functional regions of bovine immature articular cartilage were studied. There was always more water in each articulating than in the corresponding growing zone, but there was less water in both zones in the areas of maximum contact. There was more hyaluronate and much more keratan sulphate in the articulating areas of maximum contact than in the minimum contact areas. In the growing zone the distribution of these two glycosaminoglycans did not vary as significantly but there was slightly more keratan sulphate in the area of maximum contact. Regional variations in chondroitin sulphate content were also present although not as striking as those of keratan sulphate. The results suggest that some keratan sulphate may be synthesized as a reaction to load.", "contents": "Regional distribution of water and glycosaminoglycan in immature articular cartilage. The distribution of water and glycosaminoglycan in different functional regions of bovine immature articular cartilage were studied. There was always more water in each articulating than in the corresponding growing zone, but there was less water in both zones in the areas of maximum contact. There was more hyaluronate and much more keratan sulphate in the articulating areas of maximum contact than in the minimum contact areas. In the growing zone the distribution of these two glycosaminoglycans did not vary as significantly but there was slightly more keratan sulphate in the area of maximum contact. Regional variations in chondroitin sulphate content were also present although not as striking as those of keratan sulphate. The results suggest that some keratan sulphate may be synthesized as a reaction to load."}
{"id": "PMID:922037", "title": "Colchicine increases hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity.", "content": "In vivo administration of colchicine increases the activity of alkaline phosphatase significantly in the livers of rats. Prior treatment with cycloheximide prevented the induction of the enzyme by colchicine suggesting that de novo protein synthesis was essential for the effect of colchicine on alkaline phosphatase activity. Bilateral adrenalectomy did not affect the response of alkaline phosphatase following the administration of colchicine. This indicates that the rise in the level of alkaline phosphatase in liver caused by colchicine is not secondary to the release of glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Colchicine increases hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity. In vivo administration of colchicine increases the activity of alkaline phosphatase significantly in the livers of rats. Prior treatment with cycloheximide prevented the induction of the enzyme by colchicine suggesting that de novo protein synthesis was essential for the effect of colchicine on alkaline phosphatase activity. Bilateral adrenalectomy did not affect the response of alkaline phosphatase following the administration of colchicine. This indicates that the rise in the level of alkaline phosphatase in liver caused by colchicine is not secondary to the release of glucocorticoids."}
{"id": "PMID:922038", "title": "Vitamin B-12 biosynthesis. A model system for isopropanolamine formation by reaction between reduced corrinoid and threonine.", "content": "When a solution of 14C-labeled L-threonine is incubated with aquocobalamin in the presence of excess of a reductant such as 2-mercaptoethanol or sodium borohydride, a labeled corrinoid adduct is formed. The corrinoid participates stoichiometrically, and not catalytically. Since 35S-labeled 2-mercaptoethanol is not part of the adduct, the reduction of the corrinoid from the Co(III) to the Co(II) form is a prerequisite for the reaction. Various independent tests show the formation of isopropanolamine. The reaction system is an attractive model for the so far unexplained decarboxylation of threonine to isopropanolamine in the course of corrinoid biosynthesis.", "contents": "Vitamin B-12 biosynthesis. A model system for isopropanolamine formation by reaction between reduced corrinoid and threonine. When a solution of 14C-labeled L-threonine is incubated with aquocobalamin in the presence of excess of a reductant such as 2-mercaptoethanol or sodium borohydride, a labeled corrinoid adduct is formed. The corrinoid participates stoichiometrically, and not catalytically. Since 35S-labeled 2-mercaptoethanol is not part of the adduct, the reduction of the corrinoid from the Co(III) to the Co(II) form is a prerequisite for the reaction. Various independent tests show the formation of isopropanolamine. The reaction system is an attractive model for the so far unexplained decarboxylation of threonine to isopropanolamine in the course of corrinoid biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:922039", "title": "Heterogeneity of steroid hormone receptor in adult rat lung cytosol.", "content": "Chromatography on cellulose DEAE-52 columns revealed that the glucocorticoid receptor for rat lung cytosol consisted of a component in the 0.001 M prewash, revealed with synthetic steroids and natural mineralocorticoids, a second component eluted with 0.04 M PO4, labelled with triamcinolone, dexamethasone, and a third moiety in the 0.06 M PO4 region, evident with natural glucocorticoids (corticosterone, cortisol) as well as mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone). The third component coeluted with rat blood serum transcortin in double labelled experiments. Rate lung was devoid of another component in the 0.02 M PO4 found in rat liver supernate and of the mineralocorticoid receptor evident only in rat kidney. Chromatography on Sephadex G-200 columns revealed a shift of radioactivity from a higher to a lower molecular weight region in the presence of 0.4 M KCl.  Collectively, these studies indicate the subunit nature of the lung receptor as evidenced in most tissues hitherto tested. Moreover, polymorphism within a given subunit component can not be revealed by competition alone, as attempted by others, but can be revealed under selected conditions of physical separation.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of steroid hormone receptor in adult rat lung cytosol. Chromatography on cellulose DEAE-52 columns revealed that the glucocorticoid receptor for rat lung cytosol consisted of a component in the 0.001 M prewash, revealed with synthetic steroids and natural mineralocorticoids, a second component eluted with 0.04 M PO4, labelled with triamcinolone, dexamethasone, and a third moiety in the 0.06 M PO4 region, evident with natural glucocorticoids (corticosterone, cortisol) as well as mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone). The third component coeluted with rat blood serum transcortin in double labelled experiments. Rate lung was devoid of another component in the 0.02 M PO4 found in rat liver supernate and of the mineralocorticoid receptor evident only in rat kidney. Chromatography on Sephadex G-200 columns revealed a shift of radioactivity from a higher to a lower molecular weight region in the presence of 0.4 M KCl.  Collectively, these studies indicate the subunit nature of the lung receptor as evidenced in most tissues hitherto tested. Moreover, polymorphism within a given subunit component can not be revealed by competition alone, as attempted by others, but can be revealed under selected conditions of physical separation."}
{"id": "PMID:922040", "title": "Effect of local anesthetics on plasma protein secretion by rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The effects of some local anesthetics on plasma protein secretion by rat liver slices have been studied and have been compared with those of colchicine. Rat liver slices were pulse-labelled with L-[14C]leucine for 9 min at 37 degrees C, collected on filter paper, washed with non-radioactive leucine and reincubated in the presence or absence of the drug to be tested. The radioactive plasma proteins produced were obtained by immunoprecipitation from either the chase medium or from the washed slices. Chlorpromazine, (3.10(-5) M), dibucaine (10(-5) M), lidocaine (10(-3) M) and procaine (5.10(-5) M) inhibited both the synthesis and secretion of plasma protein but did not affect the uptake of L-leucine into the slices nor the incorporation of phosphate into intracellular nucleotide phosphates or into phospholipids. The inhibition of secretion elicited by these drugs is probably not due to the inhibition of protein synthesis since cycloheximide, when added to the chase medium at a concentration which completely inhibits protein synthesis, did not inhibit plasma protein secretion, while cycloheximide plus procaine did inhibit secretion and also caused a retention of non-secreted plasma proteins within the slices. Unlike colchicine, however, procaine did not cause the retained plasma proteins to accumulate in Golgi-derived secretory vesicles, but showed a more general effect causing a distribution among several cell fractions.", "contents": "Effect of local anesthetics on plasma protein secretion by rat hepatocytes. The effects of some local anesthetics on plasma protein secretion by rat liver slices have been studied and have been compared with those of colchicine. Rat liver slices were pulse-labelled with L-[14C]leucine for 9 min at 37 degrees C, collected on filter paper, washed with non-radioactive leucine and reincubated in the presence or absence of the drug to be tested. The radioactive plasma proteins produced were obtained by immunoprecipitation from either the chase medium or from the washed slices. Chlorpromazine, (3.10(-5) M), dibucaine (10(-5) M), lidocaine (10(-3) M) and procaine (5.10(-5) M) inhibited both the synthesis and secretion of plasma protein but did not affect the uptake of L-leucine into the slices nor the incorporation of phosphate into intracellular nucleotide phosphates or into phospholipids. The inhibition of secretion elicited by these drugs is probably not due to the inhibition of protein synthesis since cycloheximide, when added to the chase medium at a concentration which completely inhibits protein synthesis, did not inhibit plasma protein secretion, while cycloheximide plus procaine did inhibit secretion and also caused a retention of non-secreted plasma proteins within the slices. Unlike colchicine, however, procaine did not cause the retained plasma proteins to accumulate in Golgi-derived secretory vesicles, but showed a more general effect causing a distribution among several cell fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:922041", "title": "Glycosylation of endogenous proteins through dolichol derivatives in reticulocyte plasma membranes.", "content": "It has been found that rabbit reticulocyte plasma membranes contain the enzymatic activities responsible for the synthesis of all the polyprenol-bound sugars that are intermediates in the glycosylation of proteins. The final reaction in which an oligosaccharide in transferred from a dolichol pyrophosphate derivative to an endogenous protein was detected in reticulocyte but not in erythrocyte plasma membranes.", "contents": "Glycosylation of endogenous proteins through dolichol derivatives in reticulocyte plasma membranes. It has been found that rabbit reticulocyte plasma membranes contain the enzymatic activities responsible for the synthesis of all the polyprenol-bound sugars that are intermediates in the glycosylation of proteins. The final reaction in which an oligosaccharide in transferred from a dolichol pyrophosphate derivative to an endogenous protein was detected in reticulocyte but not in erythrocyte plasma membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:922042", "title": "CNDO molecular orbital calculations on porphyrins--I. Ground and excited states of porphyrin, divinylporphyrin and tetraphenylporphyrin.", "content": "Semi-empirical CNDO/2 MO calculations are reported for the ground states of porphyrin, 2,4-divinylporphyrin (DVP), and alpha, beta, gamma, delta-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP). Results for TPP refer to the conformation with all phenyl groups perpendicular to the porphyrin ring, calculated to be 108 kJ mol-1 more stable than the coplanar conformation. The substituents withdraw electron density where they are attached to the porphyrin ring, increasing selected orbital energies. The vinyl groups also modify the electron population at nitrogen. CNDO/S calculations with extensive configuration interaction are reported for excited states. The lowest singlet states are closely similar in energy and composition for all three molecules, except for an extra state and more complex compositions in DVP above 3 eV. The lowest triplet states of porphyrin and DVP are very similar, while those of TPP are comparable in energy or composition but not both. Experimental data on the excited states are broadly consistent with the calculations, although comparisons for the excited triplets are tentative.", "contents": "CNDO molecular orbital calculations on porphyrins--I. Ground and excited states of porphyrin, divinylporphyrin and tetraphenylporphyrin. Semi-empirical CNDO/2 MO calculations are reported for the ground states of porphyrin, 2,4-divinylporphyrin (DVP), and alpha, beta, gamma, delta-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP). Results for TPP refer to the conformation with all phenyl groups perpendicular to the porphyrin ring, calculated to be 108 kJ mol-1 more stable than the coplanar conformation. The substituents withdraw electron density where they are attached to the porphyrin ring, increasing selected orbital energies. The vinyl groups also modify the electron population at nitrogen. CNDO/S calculations with extensive configuration interaction are reported for excited states. The lowest singlet states are closely similar in energy and composition for all three molecules, except for an extra state and more complex compositions in DVP above 3 eV. The lowest triplet states of porphyrin and DVP are very similar, while those of TPP are comparable in energy or composition but not both. Experimental data on the excited states are broadly consistent with the calculations, although comparisons for the excited triplets are tentative."}
{"id": "PMID:922043", "title": "CNDO molecular orbital calculations on porphyrins--II. Ground states of dilithium and disodium porphyrin.", "content": "CNDO/2 calculations are reported for dilithium and disodium porphyrin. The total energy is calculated as a function of the metal-ring distance for symmetrical (D4h) structures. For dilithium porphyrin, the equilibrium metal-ring distance is 0.87 A and the metal-metal vibrational frequency is 123 cm-1. For disodium porphyrin, the distance is 1.64 A and the frequency is 77 cm -1. Little mixing of metal and porphyrin orbitals takes place; the two lowest unoccupied and the two highest occupied MOs hardly differ from those in porphyrin, but lower MOs are considerably rearranged.", "contents": "CNDO molecular orbital calculations on porphyrins--II. Ground states of dilithium and disodium porphyrin. CNDO/2 calculations are reported for dilithium and disodium porphyrin. The total energy is calculated as a function of the metal-ring distance for symmetrical (D4h) structures. For dilithium porphyrin, the equilibrium metal-ring distance is 0.87 A and the metal-metal vibrational frequency is 123 cm-1. For disodium porphyrin, the distance is 1.64 A and the frequency is 77 cm -1. Little mixing of metal and porphyrin orbitals takes place; the two lowest unoccupied and the two highest occupied MOs hardly differ from those in porphyrin, but lower MOs are considerably rearranged."}
{"id": "PMID:922044", "title": "Distribution of 9 trace metals in 17 anatomic sites of dog heart tissue and their classification using pattern recognition.", "content": "The concentrations (geometric means of 11 determinations) of 9 trace metals in 17 anatomic regions of dog heart tissue and blood vessels were determined. The relationships recognized within the set of trace metal profiles were comparable to those reported earlier for the cardiovascular systems of pig [J. Mol. Cell Cardiol 6, 383 (1974)] and those of beef [Bioinorg, Chem. (in press)]. These included differences in trace metal concentrations that allowed differentiation of the following tissues from each other: (1) ordinary and specialized myocardium from blood vessels and heart valves, (2) blood vessels from heart valves and (3) arterial from venous tissues.", "contents": "Distribution of 9 trace metals in 17 anatomic sites of dog heart tissue and their classification using pattern recognition. The concentrations (geometric means of 11 determinations) of 9 trace metals in 17 anatomic regions of dog heart tissue and blood vessels were determined. The relationships recognized within the set of trace metal profiles were comparable to those reported earlier for the cardiovascular systems of pig [J. Mol. Cell Cardiol 6, 383 (1974)] and those of beef [Bioinorg, Chem. (in press)]. These included differences in trace metal concentrations that allowed differentiation of the following tissues from each other: (1) ordinary and specialized myocardium from blood vessels and heart valves, (2) blood vessels from heart valves and (3) arterial from venous tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:922045", "title": "The complexes of adenosine and organocobalamins with palladium (II).", "content": "The complexes of adenosine, methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin and the derivatives of adenosylcobalamin with tetrachloropalladate (II) are described. The compositions of the complexes were established by means of spectrophotometric titration. Depending on the structure of organocobalamins, three types of complexes with tetrachloropalladate (II) are formed. In the case of methylcobalamin, the palladium (II) is coordinated at the \"lower\" benzimidazole ligand. In adenosylcobalamin, palladium (II) coordinates the \"upper\" adenosyl ligand. The N-7-position in adenosine ligand and N-3-position in 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyribotide are the most probable coordination sites of palladium (II).", "contents": "The complexes of adenosine and organocobalamins with palladium (II). The complexes of adenosine, methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin and the derivatives of adenosylcobalamin with tetrachloropalladate (II) are described. The compositions of the complexes were established by means of spectrophotometric titration. Depending on the structure of organocobalamins, three types of complexes with tetrachloropalladate (II) are formed. In the case of methylcobalamin, the palladium (II) is coordinated at the \"lower\" benzimidazole ligand. In adenosylcobalamin, palladium (II) coordinates the \"upper\" adenosyl ligand. The N-7-position in adenosine ligand and N-3-position in 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyribotide are the most probable coordination sites of palladium (II)."}
{"id": "PMID:922046", "title": "A proton magnetic resonance investigation on 1:1 cytidine and guanosine silver(I) complexes.", "content": "Solid 1:1 silver (I) complexes with cytidine and guanosine have been isolated from aqueous solutions at pH 10. PMR spectra in deuterodimethylsulfoxide-d6 solutions have been measured. Results show that binding sites for cytidine are the nitrogen atom of the NH2 group and N-3. In the Agguanosine complex, pmr data are in agreement with the formation of a chelate ring involving N-7 and O-6. Chemical shift changes of the amino protons show that NH2 is also another binding site.", "contents": "A proton magnetic resonance investigation on 1:1 cytidine and guanosine silver(I) complexes. Solid 1:1 silver (I) complexes with cytidine and guanosine have been isolated from aqueous solutions at pH 10. PMR spectra in deuterodimethylsulfoxide-d6 solutions have been measured. Results show that binding sites for cytidine are the nitrogen atom of the NH2 group and N-3. In the Agguanosine complex, pmr data are in agreement with the formation of a chelate ring involving N-7 and O-6. Chemical shift changes of the amino protons show that NH2 is also another binding site."}
{"id": "PMID:922048", "title": "Inorganic and nutritional aspects of cancer: a conference report.", "content": "The Inaugural Conference of the International Association of Bioinorganic Scientists (I.A.B.S.) was devoted entirely to inorganic and nutritional aspects of cancer. The reports of twenty-five invited speakers indicate that this area of cancer research has already produced major advances and that further significant progress may be expected to occur in the near future.", "contents": "Inorganic and nutritional aspects of cancer: a conference report. The Inaugural Conference of the International Association of Bioinorganic Scientists (I.A.B.S.) was devoted entirely to inorganic and nutritional aspects of cancer. The reports of twenty-five invited speakers indicate that this area of cancer research has already produced major advances and that further significant progress may be expected to occur in the near future."}
{"id": "PMID:922050", "title": "[Purification of two beta-D-glycosidases from the digestive juice of Achatina balteata].", "content": "Two beta-D-glycosidases have been purified from the digestive juice of Achatina balteata by acetone fractionation, ion exchange chromatography through DEAE-Sephadex A-50, ammonium sulphate fractionation and gel chromatography through Sephadex G-200. The preparations are homogeneous by p/lyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both enzymes are highly specific for the beta-D-anomeric configuration of the glycosidic linkage. They hydrolyse lactose, cellobiose and synthetic beta-D-galactosides, -glucosides and -fucosides at a pH optimum of 5,2 to 5,6 and are inactive on alpha-glycosides. The hydrolyzed substrates are recognized by the same catalytic site as shown by mutual competition studies between substrates and competitive inhibition observed with aldonolactones and glycopyranoses such as D-galactose, D-glucose and D-fucose. The different substrates are not hydrolyzed at the same rate by the two enzymes. They also differ by their electrophoretic mobility, their behaviour in gel chromatography and their stability towards pH and heat. The most salient property is the important beta-D-fucosidase activity of the two purified enzymes.", "contents": "[Purification of two beta-D-glycosidases from the digestive juice of Achatina balteata]. Two beta-D-glycosidases have been purified from the digestive juice of Achatina balteata by acetone fractionation, ion exchange chromatography through DEAE-Sephadex A-50, ammonium sulphate fractionation and gel chromatography through Sephadex G-200. The preparations are homogeneous by p/lyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both enzymes are highly specific for the beta-D-anomeric configuration of the glycosidic linkage. They hydrolyse lactose, cellobiose and synthetic beta-D-galactosides, -glucosides and -fucosides at a pH optimum of 5,2 to 5,6 and are inactive on alpha-glycosides. The hydrolyzed substrates are recognized by the same catalytic site as shown by mutual competition studies between substrates and competitive inhibition observed with aldonolactones and glycopyranoses such as D-galactose, D-glucose and D-fucose. The different substrates are not hydrolyzed at the same rate by the two enzymes. They also differ by their electrophoretic mobility, their behaviour in gel chromatography and their stability towards pH and heat. The most salient property is the important beta-D-fucosidase activity of the two purified enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:922051", "title": "Hydrogen bonding of amino acid side chains to nucleic acid bases.", "content": "Absorption studies of hydrogen bonding association between nucleic acid bases and amino acid side chains show that association constants can be determined from difference absorption spectra in cyclohexane and chloroform. Association constants for the binding of 9-ethyladenine, 1-cyclohexyluracil and 1-cyclohexylcytosine to side chains of serine, threonine, aspartic acid, lysine, cyst\u00e9ine, methionine and tyrosine are reported. Results obtained in chloroform and cyclohexane are compared.", "contents": "Hydrogen bonding of amino acid side chains to nucleic acid bases. Absorption studies of hydrogen bonding association between nucleic acid bases and amino acid side chains show that association constants can be determined from difference absorption spectra in cyclohexane and chloroform. Association constants for the binding of 9-ethyladenine, 1-cyclohexyluracil and 1-cyclohexylcytosine to side chains of serine, threonine, aspartic acid, lysine, cyst\u00e9ine, methionine and tyrosine are reported. Results obtained in chloroform and cyclohexane are compared."}
{"id": "PMID:922052", "title": "[Reversible enlargement of proteins in rat liver mitochondria: analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis].", "content": "Intramitochondrial large amplitude protein movements were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on the intermembranal fluids of mitochondria which were incubated in presence of movement effectors. The specific and reversible property of this phenomenon was confirmed by this method. Its bilateral nature was observed. The eventuality of a partial inner membrane damage provoked by the synergic action of digitonine and movement effector, was discussed, evaluated and dismissed.", "contents": "[Reversible enlargement of proteins in rat liver mitochondria: analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis]. Intramitochondrial large amplitude protein movements were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on the intermembranal fluids of mitochondria which were incubated in presence of movement effectors. The specific and reversible property of this phenomenon was confirmed by this method. Its bilateral nature was observed. The eventuality of a partial inner membrane damage provoked by the synergic action of digitonine and movement effector, was discussed, evaluated and dismissed."}
{"id": "PMID:922057", "title": "Single-case designs and clinical biofeedback experimentation.", "content": "Rigorous evaluation of the effects of biofeedback with clinical populations is necessary, but practical problems often preclude utilization of between-groups experimental designs involving large numbers of clients with clinically relevant problems. Single-case experimental designs provide a viable alternative for answering most research questions. In addition, single-case designs possess several distinct advantages for biofeedback research, including a focus on clinical significance, the use of variability as data not error, unique procedures for establishing generality of findings, and an ability to deal with ethical concerns in clinical research. Basic procedures in the use of single-case experimental designs are described and illustrations in clinical biofeedback research are provided.", "contents": "Single-case designs and clinical biofeedback experimentation. Rigorous evaluation of the effects of biofeedback with clinical populations is necessary, but practical problems often preclude utilization of between-groups experimental designs involving large numbers of clients with clinically relevant problems. Single-case experimental designs provide a viable alternative for answering most research questions. In addition, single-case designs possess several distinct advantages for biofeedback research, including a focus on clinical significance, the use of variability as data not error, unique procedures for establishing generality of findings, and an ability to deal with ethical concerns in clinical research. Basic procedures in the use of single-case experimental designs are described and illustrations in clinical biofeedback research are provided."}
{"id": "PMID:922058", "title": "Cephalic vasomotor feedback in the modification of migraine headache.", "content": "The effect of cephalic vasomotor response (CVMR) and frontalis electromyographic (EMG) feedback on control of temporal arterial vasoconstriction and frontalis muscle activity in migraine and muscle contraction headache patients was investigated. A single subject multiple baseline design (across subjects and responses) was introduced to evaluate (1) patterning in the two physiological systems and (2) the effects of CVMR and EMG feedback on headache activity. The data indicated that (a) all four patients demonstrated an ability to control CVMR activity during CVMR feedback and EMG during EMG feedback, (b) idiosyncratic patterns of physiological activity emerge during feedback training, and (c) learned control of the pain mechanism for muscle contraction and migraine headaches was related to reduced frequency and duration of these headaches.", "contents": "Cephalic vasomotor feedback in the modification of migraine headache. The effect of cephalic vasomotor response (CVMR) and frontalis electromyographic (EMG) feedback on control of temporal arterial vasoconstriction and frontalis muscle activity in migraine and muscle contraction headache patients was investigated. A single subject multiple baseline design (across subjects and responses) was introduced to evaluate (1) patterning in the two physiological systems and (2) the effects of CVMR and EMG feedback on headache activity. The data indicated that (a) all four patients demonstrated an ability to control CVMR activity during CVMR feedback and EMG during EMG feedback, (b) idiosyncratic patterns of physiological activity emerge during feedback training, and (c) learned control of the pain mechanism for muscle contraction and migraine headaches was related to reduced frequency and duration of these headaches."}
{"id": "PMID:922059", "title": "Independent biofeedback self-regulation of EEG alpha and skin resistance.", "content": "Skin resistance and EEG alpha were recorded concurrently during alpha biofeedback, in which the participant attempted to control alpha, and during skin resistance biofeedback, in which the participant attempted to control skin resistance. Alpha production changed significantly (p less than .001) during alpha biofeedback, indicating successful self-regulation of alpha, but did not change significantly during skin resistance biofeedback. Similarly, skin resistance changed significantly (p less than .001) during skin resistance biofeedback but did not change significantly during alpha biofeedback. The results show independent control of alpha and skin resistance, and may reflect independent self-regulation of cognitive and somatic tension-relaxation systems.", "contents": "Independent biofeedback self-regulation of EEG alpha and skin resistance. Skin resistance and EEG alpha were recorded concurrently during alpha biofeedback, in which the participant attempted to control alpha, and during skin resistance biofeedback, in which the participant attempted to control skin resistance. Alpha production changed significantly (p less than .001) during alpha biofeedback, indicating successful self-regulation of alpha, but did not change significantly during skin resistance biofeedback. Similarly, skin resistance changed significantly (p less than .001) during skin resistance biofeedback but did not change significantly during alpha biofeedback. The results show independent control of alpha and skin resistance, and may reflect independent self-regulation of cognitive and somatic tension-relaxation systems."}
{"id": "PMID:922060", "title": "Locus of control and frontal electromyographic response training.", "content": "Forty-eight normal subjects from a college population, representing extreme internal and external orientations on a locus of control scale, were provided an auditory signal in a laboratory relaxation setting. For one group (feedback) the pitch of the signal varied as a function of frontal electromyographic (EMG) levels, while for another group (control) the pitch was constant. The feedback subjects acquired lower EMG potentials than did the control subjects, and the internal subjects in the feedback condition acquired lower levels than did the external subjects. In the control condition, no consistent differences in EMG levels between internal and external subjects were obtained. These results were stable across two replications, three ethnically distinct groups, and both sexes. Additional measures designed to reflect the effects of the frontal EMG training as a generalized relaxation technique for this population, including finger temperatures and a variety of postexperiment queswtionnaire ratings of relaxation, yielded negative results. Tests of other predictions from the locus of control construct are also discussed.", "contents": "Locus of control and frontal electromyographic response training. Forty-eight normal subjects from a college population, representing extreme internal and external orientations on a locus of control scale, were provided an auditory signal in a laboratory relaxation setting. For one group (feedback) the pitch of the signal varied as a function of frontal electromyographic (EMG) levels, while for another group (control) the pitch was constant. The feedback subjects acquired lower EMG potentials than did the control subjects, and the internal subjects in the feedback condition acquired lower levels than did the external subjects. In the control condition, no consistent differences in EMG levels between internal and external subjects were obtained. These results were stable across two replications, three ethnically distinct groups, and both sexes. Additional measures designed to reflect the effects of the frontal EMG training as a generalized relaxation technique for this population, including finger temperatures and a variety of postexperiment queswtionnaire ratings of relaxation, yielded negative results. Tests of other predictions from the locus of control construct are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922061", "title": "The use of EMG feedback in the treatment of a severe case of blepharospasm.", "content": "In this case report, a 50-year-old female with a chronic blepharospasm (spasmodic winking) around both eyes was treated with 17 sessions of electromyographic (EMG) feedback. EMG level and spasm frequency were monitored during baseline, placebo, and feedback treatment sessions. There was a marked decrease in both EMG level and spasm frequency, which generalized to her everyday life. Improvement was maintained at 4-month follow-up.", "contents": "The use of EMG feedback in the treatment of a severe case of blepharospasm. In this case report, a 50-year-old female with a chronic blepharospasm (spasmodic winking) around both eyes was treated with 17 sessions of electromyographic (EMG) feedback. EMG level and spasm frequency were monitored during baseline, placebo, and feedback treatment sessions. There was a marked decrease in both EMG level and spasm frequency, which generalized to her everyday life. Improvement was maintained at 4-month follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:922063", "title": "[A new method for synthesis of some nucleoside 5'-phosphonate esters].", "content": "A new method for synthesis of nucleoside-5'-phosphonates containing a reactive halogen atom in the phosphonate residue has been developed. In order to achieve selective inhibition of individual enzymes and to elucidate the structure of their active sites, the synthesis of 5-'chloromethyl-, 5'-(beta-bromoethyl)-and 5'-(N-chloroacetylaminomethyl)-phosphonate esters of adenosine and previously unknown analogous derivatives of uridine have been carried out. The method described may also be used to synthesize 5'-phosphonate esters of nucleosides, which contain radioactive labels.", "contents": "[A new method for synthesis of some nucleoside 5'-phosphonate esters]. A new method for synthesis of nucleoside-5'-phosphonates containing a reactive halogen atom in the phosphonate residue has been developed. In order to achieve selective inhibition of individual enzymes and to elucidate the structure of their active sites, the synthesis of 5-'chloromethyl-, 5'-(beta-bromoethyl)-and 5'-(N-chloroacetylaminomethyl)-phosphonate esters of adenosine and previously unknown analogous derivatives of uridine have been carried out. The method described may also be used to synthesize 5'-phosphonate esters of nucleosides, which contain radioactive labels."}
{"id": "PMID:922064", "title": "[Regeneration of rhodopsin in marine teleost fishes in the presence of exogenic of 11-cis-and all trans-retinals].", "content": "Regeneration of rhodopsin of the sea perch (Sebastodes schlegeli) and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) was studied in different preparations of eye after the addition of 11-cis- and all trans-retinals and at the expense of endogenic sources. It was established that the regeneration of rhodopsin in the eye cup, homogenate of retina and rod outer segments (ROS) at the expense of endogenic sources was extremely low and it was slightly forced by the addition of the pigment epithelium to the last two preparations. The binding degree of 11-cis retinal of walleye pollock ROS decreased with the increase of temperature of the incubation mixture and the increase of duration of storage of ROS at the temperature--10 degrees. Partial removing of lipids by hexane decreased the percentage of regeneration of the ROS preparation; on the other hand, the peroxidation of lipids practically did not affect the regenerative ability of fresh-obtained preparations. After solubilization of opsin by digitonin and sodium cholate, 40- and 50%-decreases of binding of 11-cis retinal were observed respectively. The digestion of ROS by papain, which caused no changes in the spectral properties of dark preparations, completely eliminated the regenerative ability of ROS. Regeneration of ROS at the presence of all trans-retinal proceeded at a very low speed. The specificity of the process of regeneration of rhodopsin in fishes is discussed.", "contents": "[Regeneration of rhodopsin in marine teleost fishes in the presence of exogenic of 11-cis-and all trans-retinals]. Regeneration of rhodopsin of the sea perch (Sebastodes schlegeli) and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) was studied in different preparations of eye after the addition of 11-cis- and all trans-retinals and at the expense of endogenic sources. It was established that the regeneration of rhodopsin in the eye cup, homogenate of retina and rod outer segments (ROS) at the expense of endogenic sources was extremely low and it was slightly forced by the addition of the pigment epithelium to the last two preparations. The binding degree of 11-cis retinal of walleye pollock ROS decreased with the increase of temperature of the incubation mixture and the increase of duration of storage of ROS at the temperature--10 degrees. Partial removing of lipids by hexane decreased the percentage of regeneration of the ROS preparation; on the other hand, the peroxidation of lipids practically did not affect the regenerative ability of fresh-obtained preparations. After solubilization of opsin by digitonin and sodium cholate, 40- and 50%-decreases of binding of 11-cis retinal were observed respectively. The digestion of ROS by papain, which caused no changes in the spectral properties of dark preparations, completely eliminated the regenerative ability of ROS. Regeneration of ROS at the presence of all trans-retinal proceeded at a very low speed. The specificity of the process of regeneration of rhodopsin in fishes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922065", "title": "[Study of the topography of the nitrogenase active center by the electron microscopy method with the use of the electron density labels].", "content": "The electron microscopy method has been used for studying the topography of the active centre of the nitrogenase in combination with the method of electron density labels. The active centre has been shown to place on the nitrogenase macromolecule asymmetrically. The non-heme iron atoms of the nitrogenase active centre have been regularly packed and located on the macromolecule as a quadrangular cluster closely to the surface of subunits. Two free sulfhydryl groups of the ATP-site of the nitrogenase active centre are in close proximity to the cluster. ATP-site of the nitrogenase active centre containing these groups is located on the Fe-enzyme, while the main part of the iron-containing cluster is located on the Mo-Fe-enzyme.", "contents": "[Study of the topography of the nitrogenase active center by the electron microscopy method with the use of the electron density labels]. The electron microscopy method has been used for studying the topography of the active centre of the nitrogenase in combination with the method of electron density labels. The active centre has been shown to place on the nitrogenase macromolecule asymmetrically. The non-heme iron atoms of the nitrogenase active centre have been regularly packed and located on the macromolecule as a quadrangular cluster closely to the surface of subunits. Two free sulfhydryl groups of the ATP-site of the nitrogenase active centre are in close proximity to the cluster. ATP-site of the nitrogenase active centre containing these groups is located on the Fe-enzyme, while the main part of the iron-containing cluster is located on the Mo-Fe-enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:922066", "title": "[Two simple methods for isolation of DNA from various sources using cetavlon].", "content": "Two general methods for the isolation of DNA from various sources based on the use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (cetavlon, CTA-Br) are described. Cetavlon is a strong cationic detergent precipitating DNA from diluted salt solutions. Cells are lysed and cellular components are dissolved in the presence of cetavlon, 5 M urea, 0.1 M EDTA and 2 M NaCl (KCl). In the first method pure DNA is precipitated in the form of CTA-salt by direct dilution of the lysate to bring the concentration of NaCl (KCl) down to 0.5 M after the removal of the main part of proteins by deproteinization with chloroform. In the first method pure DNA is precipitated in the form of CTA-salt by direct dilution of the lysate to bring the concentration of NaCl (KCl) down to 0.5 M after the removal of the main part of proteins by deproteinization with chloroform. In the second method DNA is purified on the hydroxyapatite column after cell lysis and the removal of cell debris by centrifugation. Both methods are suitable for rapid isolation of pure DNA from various sources with recovery about 80% and average molecular weight 20-10(6) and higher without use of ribonuclease, pronase and amylase.", "contents": "[Two simple methods for isolation of DNA from various sources using cetavlon]. Two general methods for the isolation of DNA from various sources based on the use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (cetavlon, CTA-Br) are described. Cetavlon is a strong cationic detergent precipitating DNA from diluted salt solutions. Cells are lysed and cellular components are dissolved in the presence of cetavlon, 5 M urea, 0.1 M EDTA and 2 M NaCl (KCl). In the first method pure DNA is precipitated in the form of CTA-salt by direct dilution of the lysate to bring the concentration of NaCl (KCl) down to 0.5 M after the removal of the main part of proteins by deproteinization with chloroform. In the first method pure DNA is precipitated in the form of CTA-salt by direct dilution of the lysate to bring the concentration of NaCl (KCl) down to 0.5 M after the removal of the main part of proteins by deproteinization with chloroform. In the second method DNA is purified on the hydroxyapatite column after cell lysis and the removal of cell debris by centrifugation. Both methods are suitable for rapid isolation of pure DNA from various sources with recovery about 80% and average molecular weight 20-10(6) and higher without use of ribonuclease, pronase and amylase."}
{"id": "PMID:922067", "title": "[Reversibility of glycolysis in leaves of C4-plants].", "content": "A conversion of the reaction of two cytoplasmic glycolysis enzymes, phosphoglycerate mutase and phosphopyruvate hydratase, is necessary for sucrose synthesis from pyruvate in leaves of C4-plants in the light, when phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis from pyruvate and phosphoglycerate reduction can be carried out by chloroplasts. Leaves of C4-plants differ from those of C3-plants in a higher activity of cytoplasmic glycolysis enzymes, which are distributed irregularly in two assimilatory tissues. The ratio of pyruvate kinase and enolase reaction activities is high in parenchyma linings of vascular fascicles (where mitochondria are concentrated), and it is low in mesophyl tissue, where phosphoglucerate in equilibrium phosphoenolpyruvate reaction is included into photosynthetic metabolism. The data obtained on isolated mesophyl protoplasts have shown that the reaction equilibrium is sharply shifted into the direction of phosphoenolpyruvate formation from phosphoglycerate. However, the incorporation of 14C into sugars is not completely inhibited in the atmosphere of N2-A possibility of incorporation of tri-carbon fragments into sugars in photosynthesizing leaves via conversion of enolase reaction and via alternative pathways is discussed.", "contents": "[Reversibility of glycolysis in leaves of C4-plants]. A conversion of the reaction of two cytoplasmic glycolysis enzymes, phosphoglycerate mutase and phosphopyruvate hydratase, is necessary for sucrose synthesis from pyruvate in leaves of C4-plants in the light, when phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis from pyruvate and phosphoglycerate reduction can be carried out by chloroplasts. Leaves of C4-plants differ from those of C3-plants in a higher activity of cytoplasmic glycolysis enzymes, which are distributed irregularly in two assimilatory tissues. The ratio of pyruvate kinase and enolase reaction activities is high in parenchyma linings of vascular fascicles (where mitochondria are concentrated), and it is low in mesophyl tissue, where phosphoglucerate in equilibrium phosphoenolpyruvate reaction is included into photosynthetic metabolism. The data obtained on isolated mesophyl protoplasts have shown that the reaction equilibrium is sharply shifted into the direction of phosphoenolpyruvate formation from phosphoglycerate. However, the incorporation of 14C into sugars is not completely inhibited in the atmosphere of N2-A possibility of incorporation of tri-carbon fragments into sugars in photosynthesizing leaves via conversion of enolase reaction and via alternative pathways is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922068", "title": "[Comparative study of light-harvesting complexes of purple photosynthetic bacteria Chromatium minutissimum and Rhodopseudomonas palustris].", "content": "Light-harvesting pigment-lipoprotein complexes from sulfur (Chromatium minutissimum) and non-sulfur (Rhodopseudomonas palustris) purple bacteria are isolated and comparatively studied. Electron microscopy was used for determination of the complex size, different methods were employed to estimate their molecular weights and chemical composition. Two small proteins are found in each complex, their molecular weight, molar ratio and their content per complex being studied. Amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acids are determined for both proteins of light-harvesting complex from Chromatium minutissimum. Some common characteristics of the molecular organization of light-harvesting complexes in purple bacteria are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative study of light-harvesting complexes of purple photosynthetic bacteria Chromatium minutissimum and Rhodopseudomonas palustris]. Light-harvesting pigment-lipoprotein complexes from sulfur (Chromatium minutissimum) and non-sulfur (Rhodopseudomonas palustris) purple bacteria are isolated and comparatively studied. Electron microscopy was used for determination of the complex size, different methods were employed to estimate their molecular weights and chemical composition. Two small proteins are found in each complex, their molecular weight, molar ratio and their content per complex being studied. Amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acids are determined for both proteins of light-harvesting complex from Chromatium minutissimum. Some common characteristics of the molecular organization of light-harvesting complexes in purple bacteria are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922069", "title": "[On the changes in alpha-chymotrypsin stability after its modification by polyelectrolytes].", "content": "Reversible thermal denaturation of alpha-chymotrypsin, its electrostatic complexes with carboxyl-containing polymers and the enzyme covalently bound with those polymers were studied. It was shown that the enzyme stability is affected by matrix, which manifests itself in a simultaneous decrease in enthalpy and enthropy of the reversible denaturation process and a simultaneous decrease in activation enthalpy and enthropy of denaturation. Modification and complexing of chymotrypsin with polymers has practically no effect on the activation parameters of renaturation. Differences in the original states of alpha-chymotrypsin and its derivatives and similarity of their activated states are proposed. The formation of ionic complexes of enzyme or covalent binding to polymers results in alteration of the protein native state similar to the denaturated state.", "contents": "[On the changes in alpha-chymotrypsin stability after its modification by polyelectrolytes]. Reversible thermal denaturation of alpha-chymotrypsin, its electrostatic complexes with carboxyl-containing polymers and the enzyme covalently bound with those polymers were studied. It was shown that the enzyme stability is affected by matrix, which manifests itself in a simultaneous decrease in enthalpy and enthropy of the reversible denaturation process and a simultaneous decrease in activation enthalpy and enthropy of denaturation. Modification and complexing of chymotrypsin with polymers has practically no effect on the activation parameters of renaturation. Differences in the original states of alpha-chymotrypsin and its derivatives and similarity of their activated states are proposed. The formation of ionic complexes of enzyme or covalent binding to polymers results in alteration of the protein native state similar to the denaturated state."}
{"id": "PMID:922070", "title": "[Active transport of riboflavin in the yeast Pichia guilliermondii. Detection and some properties of the cryptic riboflavin permease].", "content": "In contrast to cells and protoplasts of the wild strain intact cells and protoplasts of riboflavin (RF)-deficient mutants of Pichia guilliermondii yeast possessing multiple sensitivity to antibiotics and antimetabolites were found capable to accomplish active transport of RF. The accumulation of RF against concentration gradient was energized by endogenous energy sources and was strongly depressed by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation and by inhibitors of respiration. RF transport was also blocked by the agents which destroy the permeability barrier and by sucrose. Cyclohemide did not inhibit the transport of vitamin B2. Uptake of RF depends on temperature and pH of the incubation mixture. RF permease possessed rather stringent substrate specificity and did not catalyze transport of FMN and FAD. RF uptake in two strains tested, MS1-3 and MS1, followed saturation kinetics (Km = 0.17 mM and 2.0 mM, respectively) and was not connected with RF auxotrophy. The ability for exogenous RF uptake was controlled by recessive allele. Restoration of normal resistance to antibiotics and antimetabolites was accompanied by a decrease in the permease affinity for substrate.", "contents": "[Active transport of riboflavin in the yeast Pichia guilliermondii. Detection and some properties of the cryptic riboflavin permease]. In contrast to cells and protoplasts of the wild strain intact cells and protoplasts of riboflavin (RF)-deficient mutants of Pichia guilliermondii yeast possessing multiple sensitivity to antibiotics and antimetabolites were found capable to accomplish active transport of RF. The accumulation of RF against concentration gradient was energized by endogenous energy sources and was strongly depressed by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation and by inhibitors of respiration. RF transport was also blocked by the agents which destroy the permeability barrier and by sucrose. Cyclohemide did not inhibit the transport of vitamin B2. Uptake of RF depends on temperature and pH of the incubation mixture. RF permease possessed rather stringent substrate specificity and did not catalyze transport of FMN and FAD. RF uptake in two strains tested, MS1-3 and MS1, followed saturation kinetics (Km = 0.17 mM and 2.0 mM, respectively) and was not connected with RF auxotrophy. The ability for exogenous RF uptake was controlled by recessive allele. Restoration of normal resistance to antibiotics and antimetabolites was accompanied by a decrease in the permease affinity for substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:922071", "title": "[Characteristics of photosystem I from grana thylakoids and from stroma lamellae].", "content": "Photochemical and spectral properties of photosystem I particles isolated from grana thylakoids and stroma lamellae of chloroplasts of higher plants are studied. The similarity of P700 content in these particles and the same dependence of P700+ reduction on temperature and the time course of variable fluorescence from artificial electron donors and acceptors indicate on the same type of reaction center for both photosystems I. Stroma particles have a higher rate of dark relaxation of variable fluorescence and a higher rate of dark reduction of P700+ at room temperature, than grana particles. Moreover, on the basis of data on low temperature fluorescence spectra, the stroma particles contain less shortwave chlorophyll a forms than grana particles. Thus, photosystem I from grana thylakoids and from stroma lamellae have the same type of reaction centers and can differ only by their nearest environment.", "contents": "[Characteristics of photosystem I from grana thylakoids and from stroma lamellae]. Photochemical and spectral properties of photosystem I particles isolated from grana thylakoids and stroma lamellae of chloroplasts of higher plants are studied. The similarity of P700 content in these particles and the same dependence of P700+ reduction on temperature and the time course of variable fluorescence from artificial electron donors and acceptors indicate on the same type of reaction center for both photosystems I. Stroma particles have a higher rate of dark relaxation of variable fluorescence and a higher rate of dark reduction of P700+ at room temperature, than grana particles. Moreover, on the basis of data on low temperature fluorescence spectra, the stroma particles contain less shortwave chlorophyll a forms than grana particles. Thus, photosystem I from grana thylakoids and from stroma lamellae have the same type of reaction centers and can differ only by their nearest environment."}
{"id": "PMID:922072", "title": "[Synthesis and some properties of immobilized transketolase].", "content": "A covalent binding of transketolase to bromo-cyanogen-activated Sepharose 4B at the pH value of the maximum activity and stability of the enzyme equal to 7,6 has been carried out. It has been shown that upon immobilization the enzyme retains up to 50% of its specific activity. The stability of the immobilized transketolase increases, depending on the degree of template activation 5- to 9-fold at 4 degrees C and 5- --20-fold at 50 degrees C. The value of the activity pH-optimum remains almost unchanged. In the presence of Mg2+ the pH-dependence curve somewhat broadens towards higher alkalinity whereas in the presence of Ca2+ it becomes less steep as compared to enzyme solution. The apparent Michaelis constant for substrates (pentose phosphates mixture) does not differ from Km for a free enzyme.", "contents": "[Synthesis and some properties of immobilized transketolase]. A covalent binding of transketolase to bromo-cyanogen-activated Sepharose 4B at the pH value of the maximum activity and stability of the enzyme equal to 7,6 has been carried out. It has been shown that upon immobilization the enzyme retains up to 50% of its specific activity. The stability of the immobilized transketolase increases, depending on the degree of template activation 5- to 9-fold at 4 degrees C and 5- --20-fold at 50 degrees C. The value of the activity pH-optimum remains almost unchanged. In the presence of Mg2+ the pH-dependence curve somewhat broadens towards higher alkalinity whereas in the presence of Ca2+ it becomes less steep as compared to enzyme solution. The apparent Michaelis constant for substrates (pentose phosphates mixture) does not differ from Km for a free enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:922073", "title": "[The problem of structural heterogeneity of brain prealbumin].", "content": "The investigation of structural heterogeneity of rat brain prealbumine (BTB-protein) has been carried out. BTB-protein migrates in disc electrophoresis in 7.5% and 10% polyacrylamide gel with the \"witness\" front of bromthemol blue (BTB). The protein dissociated in three components in 8M urea. Three components with the molecular weight 14500, 8000 and 6900 daltones were found by disc electrophoresis of BTB-protein in 0.1% SDS-Na. Glycine was shown to be N-terminal amino acid of this BTB-protein complex.", "contents": "[The problem of structural heterogeneity of brain prealbumin]. The investigation of structural heterogeneity of rat brain prealbumine (BTB-protein) has been carried out. BTB-protein migrates in disc electrophoresis in 7.5% and 10% polyacrylamide gel with the \"witness\" front of bromthemol blue (BTB). The protein dissociated in three components in 8M urea. Three components with the molecular weight 14500, 8000 and 6900 daltones were found by disc electrophoresis of BTB-protein in 0.1% SDS-Na. Glycine was shown to be N-terminal amino acid of this BTB-protein complex."}
{"id": "PMID:922074", "title": "[Fractionation of chromatin in acrylamide gel with immobilized non-histone proteins and DNA].", "content": "Liver and kidney chromatin and DNA were fractionated in acrylamide columns with immobilized readily extracted non-histone chromosomal proteins (RE-NHCP). Chromatin was fractionated in two fractions on the column with RE-NHCP, one of the fractions is sorbing and has a poor protein contents, as compared to the initial chromatin preparation. Fractionation of chromatin in two fractions (sorbing and non-sorbing) was also observed under its chromatography in the column with immobilized DNA. Both chromatin fractions are stripped in the protein content after the elution, which is probably due to the transfer of some proteins from chromatin to immobilized DNA. Chromatography of DNA on gel with homologous RE-NHCP also results in DNA fractionation into sorbing and non-sorbing fractions. The data obtained suggest the irregularity of the distribution and the restriction of \"binding sites\" for exogenous homologous and heterologous RE-NHCP and of the number of chromatin proteins, which are capable of additional binding with exogenous homologous DNA.", "contents": "[Fractionation of chromatin in acrylamide gel with immobilized non-histone proteins and DNA]. Liver and kidney chromatin and DNA were fractionated in acrylamide columns with immobilized readily extracted non-histone chromosomal proteins (RE-NHCP). Chromatin was fractionated in two fractions on the column with RE-NHCP, one of the fractions is sorbing and has a poor protein contents, as compared to the initial chromatin preparation. Fractionation of chromatin in two fractions (sorbing and non-sorbing) was also observed under its chromatography in the column with immobilized DNA. Both chromatin fractions are stripped in the protein content after the elution, which is probably due to the transfer of some proteins from chromatin to immobilized DNA. Chromatography of DNA on gel with homologous RE-NHCP also results in DNA fractionation into sorbing and non-sorbing fractions. The data obtained suggest the irregularity of the distribution and the restriction of \"binding sites\" for exogenous homologous and heterologous RE-NHCP and of the number of chromatin proteins, which are capable of additional binding with exogenous homologous DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:922075", "title": "[Study of the reversible inactivation of the cyanide-resistant pathway of electron transfer in mitochondria of the yeast Candida lipolytica].", "content": "The study of reversible inactivation process of alternative pathway of electron transfer in cyanide-resistant mitochondria of C. lipolytica yeast was carried out. The appearance of sensitivity of respiration of cyanide-resistant mitochondria to cyanide and lowering of sensitivity of substrate oxidation to benzohydroxamic acid (the inhibitor of electron transfer along the alternative pathway) during the incubation was observed. The increase of temperature and the presence of magnesium ions in the incubation medium accelerates this process. The loss of cyanide resistance of respiration by mitochondria is not practically followed by the decrease of NADH-and alpha-glycerophosphatoxidase activity. Reactivation of cyanide resistance of respiration in incubated mitochondria is reached during washing them with the medium containing EDTA. The addition of magnesium ions into the washing medium prevents the reactivation process. On the basis of data obtained it is concluded that the relation between the respiratory chain and alternative oxidase is regulated by magnesium.", "contents": "[Study of the reversible inactivation of the cyanide-resistant pathway of electron transfer in mitochondria of the yeast Candida lipolytica]. The study of reversible inactivation process of alternative pathway of electron transfer in cyanide-resistant mitochondria of C. lipolytica yeast was carried out. The appearance of sensitivity of respiration of cyanide-resistant mitochondria to cyanide and lowering of sensitivity of substrate oxidation to benzohydroxamic acid (the inhibitor of electron transfer along the alternative pathway) during the incubation was observed. The increase of temperature and the presence of magnesium ions in the incubation medium accelerates this process. The loss of cyanide resistance of respiration by mitochondria is not practically followed by the decrease of NADH-and alpha-glycerophosphatoxidase activity. Reactivation of cyanide resistance of respiration in incubated mitochondria is reached during washing them with the medium containing EDTA. The addition of magnesium ions into the washing medium prevents the reactivation process. On the basis of data obtained it is concluded that the relation between the respiratory chain and alternative oxidase is regulated by magnesium."}
{"id": "PMID:922076", "title": "Individual differences in human circadian rhythms.", "content": "Research into individual differences in circadian rhythms is reviewed, particularly morningness-eveningness. It was hypothesised that extraverts would be inclined towards eveningness and introverts towards morningness. Forty-eight subjects took regularly their oral temperature. Peak times were identified from smoothed temperature curves. Results showed that extraverts had a peak time insignificantly later than introverts. Re-grouping of the data into the morningness-eveningness dimension, based upon the results of a self assessment questionnaire, showed that evening types had significantly later peak times than morning types. Morningness-eveningness was not significantly ocrrelated with extraversion-introversion, although there was a trend. No significant differences were found for sleep lengths with either groupings, or for sleep-wake habits within extraversion-introversion. Morning types retired and arose significantly earlier than evening types. Although sleep-wake habits and extraversion-introversion help to determine peak times there are other contributory factors to peak time which appear to be partly covered by the questionnaire.", "contents": "Individual differences in human circadian rhythms. Research into individual differences in circadian rhythms is reviewed, particularly morningness-eveningness. It was hypothesised that extraverts would be inclined towards eveningness and introverts towards morningness. Forty-eight subjects took regularly their oral temperature. Peak times were identified from smoothed temperature curves. Results showed that extraverts had a peak time insignificantly later than introverts. Re-grouping of the data into the morningness-eveningness dimension, based upon the results of a self assessment questionnaire, showed that evening types had significantly later peak times than morning types. Morningness-eveningness was not significantly ocrrelated with extraversion-introversion, although there was a trend. No significant differences were found for sleep lengths with either groupings, or for sleep-wake habits within extraversion-introversion. Morning types retired and arose significantly earlier than evening types. Although sleep-wake habits and extraversion-introversion help to determine peak times there are other contributory factors to peak time which appear to be partly covered by the questionnaire."}
{"id": "PMID:922077", "title": "Effects of afternoon naps on physiological variables performance and self-reported activation.", "content": "Fluctuations in physiological variables resulting from naps and the relationship of these to previously studies changes in performance and subjective activation associated with napping were examined. The subjects were eighteen healthy male university students who habitually slept 1/2-2 hr in the afternoon. Measurements were obtained of our physiological variables, from a continuous 10-min auditory reaction time task and two factors of an Activation. Deactivation Adjective Checklist 20 min before and after a control condition and two electroencephalographically recorded afternoons of sleep. The experimental conditions comprised a 2-hr period of wakefulness, a 1/2 hr nap from 4.35-5.05 p.m., and a 2-hr nap from 3.05-5.05 p.m. Following each sleep treatment, when compared with the control condition, there were statistically significant shifts of improved reaction time performance, and elevated activation as reflected by the two self-report scales, inceased EEG frequency, heart rate, and electrodermal responses. The shifts of increased behavioral efficiency, subjective and physiological activation were approximately equivalent in extent between 2-hr and 1/2-hr naps. These findings indicate that besides the previously reported facilitation by naps of performance and mood, physiological activation is increased following accustomed episodes of afternoon sleep.", "contents": "Effects of afternoon naps on physiological variables performance and self-reported activation. Fluctuations in physiological variables resulting from naps and the relationship of these to previously studies changes in performance and subjective activation associated with napping were examined. The subjects were eighteen healthy male university students who habitually slept 1/2-2 hr in the afternoon. Measurements were obtained of our physiological variables, from a continuous 10-min auditory reaction time task and two factors of an Activation. Deactivation Adjective Checklist 20 min before and after a control condition and two electroencephalographically recorded afternoons of sleep. The experimental conditions comprised a 2-hr period of wakefulness, a 1/2 hr nap from 4.35-5.05 p.m., and a 2-hr nap from 3.05-5.05 p.m. Following each sleep treatment, when compared with the control condition, there were statistically significant shifts of improved reaction time performance, and elevated activation as reflected by the two self-report scales, inceased EEG frequency, heart rate, and electrodermal responses. The shifts of increased behavioral efficiency, subjective and physiological activation were approximately equivalent in extent between 2-hr and 1/2-hr naps. These findings indicate that besides the previously reported facilitation by naps of performance and mood, physiological activation is increased following accustomed episodes of afternoon sleep."}
{"id": "PMID:922079", "title": "Instrumental conditioning of human heart rate during free and controlled respiration.", "content": "The effect of respiratory constraint on heart rate control was assessed in a biofeedback situation with feedback consisting of changes in both illumination level and intensity of pre-recorded baby's cry. Subjects were reinforced for alternately increasing and decreasing heart rate on each of seven days during which respiration was unconstrained (Phase 1). This phase was followed by eight days when respiration was constrained during training sessions with a control respirator (Phase 2). Seven additional days of training followed in the unconstrained situation (Phase 3). Results indicate that the control of heart rate in biofeedback situations is very closely related to respiratory and other somatic activity. The implication of these findings for the field of visceral control is discussed.", "contents": "Instrumental conditioning of human heart rate during free and controlled respiration. The effect of respiratory constraint on heart rate control was assessed in a biofeedback situation with feedback consisting of changes in both illumination level and intensity of pre-recorded baby's cry. Subjects were reinforced for alternately increasing and decreasing heart rate on each of seven days during which respiration was unconstrained (Phase 1). This phase was followed by eight days when respiration was constrained during training sessions with a control respirator (Phase 2). Seven additional days of training followed in the unconstrained situation (Phase 3). Results indicate that the control of heart rate in biofeedback situations is very closely related to respiratory and other somatic activity. The implication of these findings for the field of visceral control is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922081", "title": "Visual evoked response correlates of cerebral specialization after human commissurotomy.", "content": "Visual evoked responses (VERS) were recorded from commissurotomy patients and normal subjects in order to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of cerebral lateralization and independent hemispheric processing. A verbal task consisted of detecting rhyming words and a spatial task consisted of comparing matching shapes. Stimuli were delivered, by means of a computer graphic display, into the right visual field, the left visual field, or both visual fields. Behavioral results and evoked response waveforms showed lateralization for verbal processing in the left hemisphere for the patient group. Analysis of variance of product moment correlation coefficients between VER waveforms indicated significant differences between unilateral and bilateral stimulation for both patients and normals. Commissurotomy and normal VERs showed similar patterns of correlation when verbal stimuli were delivered to the left hemisphere, but differed during right hemisphere stimulation. The results are discussed in terms of VER correlates of visual-verbal processing.", "contents": "Visual evoked response correlates of cerebral specialization after human commissurotomy. Visual evoked responses (VERS) were recorded from commissurotomy patients and normal subjects in order to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of cerebral lateralization and independent hemispheric processing. A verbal task consisted of detecting rhyming words and a spatial task consisted of comparing matching shapes. Stimuli were delivered, by means of a computer graphic display, into the right visual field, the left visual field, or both visual fields. Behavioral results and evoked response waveforms showed lateralization for verbal processing in the left hemisphere for the patient group. Analysis of variance of product moment correlation coefficients between VER waveforms indicated significant differences between unilateral and bilateral stimulation for both patients and normals. Commissurotomy and normal VERs showed similar patterns of correlation when verbal stimuli were delivered to the left hemisphere, but differed during right hemisphere stimulation. The results are discussed in terms of VER correlates of visual-verbal processing."}
{"id": "PMID:922095", "title": "Dynamic evaluation of the viscoelastic properties of a biomedical polymer (biomer).", "content": "This paper deals with the experimental determination of the dynamic constants, storage and loss moduli of a viscoelastic material currently used as membranes in the artificial heart or other types of cardiac bypass pumps. A brief discussion of the viscoelastic theory is given, starting with the relaxation and creep function leading to the determination of the stress-strain relationship in integral equation form. It is shown that when dealing with periodical strain histories, the integral equation form may be reduced to a complex form. The complex moduli are used to describe the stress-strain relationship. The \"Hysteresis Loop\" method was used in this investigation to experimentally determine the material constants. This method was found to be convenient and direct for the experimental evaluation of the constants. These dynamic constants may then be used in a computer analysis, i.e., finite elements analysis, to determine the stress distribution in the membrane when subjected to loads or deformations.", "contents": "Dynamic evaluation of the viscoelastic properties of a biomedical polymer (biomer). This paper deals with the experimental determination of the dynamic constants, storage and loss moduli of a viscoelastic material currently used as membranes in the artificial heart or other types of cardiac bypass pumps. A brief discussion of the viscoelastic theory is given, starting with the relaxation and creep function leading to the determination of the stress-strain relationship in integral equation form. It is shown that when dealing with periodical strain histories, the integral equation form may be reduced to a complex form. The complex moduli are used to describe the stress-strain relationship. The \"Hysteresis Loop\" method was used in this investigation to experimentally determine the material constants. This method was found to be convenient and direct for the experimental evaluation of the constants. These dynamic constants may then be used in a computer analysis, i.e., finite elements analysis, to determine the stress distribution in the membrane when subjected to loads or deformations."}
{"id": "PMID:922096", "title": "Diffusion of mercury in HgSn8 (gamma2 phase).", "content": "The tracer diffusion coefficients of mercury in a Sn-Hg alloy (Sn 82.6 and Hg 17.4 wt.%; HgSn8 (gamma2 phase)2.6 and Hg 17.4 wt.%; HgSn8 [gamma2 phase]) were measured by the residual activity method at temperatures ranging from 35.5 to 95 degrees C. The Arrhenius equation for the mercury tracer was found to be Dv=2.10 X 10(-3) exp (-8.96 X 10(3)/RT) cm2/sec. The diffusivity of mercury in the three phases, the gamma (Ag3Sn), gamma1 (Ag2Hg3) and gamma2 (HgSn8) phase, that coexist in silver-tin dental amalgam have now been determined. Mercury diffuses fastest in gamma2 phase and slowest in gamma phase.", "contents": "Diffusion of mercury in HgSn8 (gamma2 phase). The tracer diffusion coefficients of mercury in a Sn-Hg alloy (Sn 82.6 and Hg 17.4 wt.%; HgSn8 (gamma2 phase)2.6 and Hg 17.4 wt.%; HgSn8 [gamma2 phase]) were measured by the residual activity method at temperatures ranging from 35.5 to 95 degrees C. The Arrhenius equation for the mercury tracer was found to be Dv=2.10 X 10(-3) exp (-8.96 X 10(3)/RT) cm2/sec. The diffusivity of mercury in the three phases, the gamma (Ag3Sn), gamma1 (Ag2Hg3) and gamma2 (HgSn8) phase, that coexist in silver-tin dental amalgam have now been determined. Mercury diffuses fastest in gamma2 phase and slowest in gamma phase."}
{"id": "PMID:922097", "title": "Mechanical property changes of barium titanate (ceramic) after in vivo and in vitro aging.", "content": "Since barium titanate (BaTi03) can be made piezoelectric, it may be used to substitute hard tissues directly. As a first step in testing this concept, a series of in vivo and in vitro aging and biocompatibility studies were performed. The mean compressive strength of samples implanted subcutaneously in the backs of rabbits decreased to 138 MPa after 20 weeks from a control value of 281 MPa. Similar, though less drastic losses of strength were seen when specimens were aged in distilled water (182 MPa at 28 weeks) and Ringer's solution (159 MPa at 28 weeks). The most rapid decrease of strength in all cases was seen prior to 4 weeks. Thereafter, the decrease was much slower. Histological evaluation of the tissue surrounding the implant revealed a thin fibrous capsule and no evidence of tissue inflammation.", "contents": "Mechanical property changes of barium titanate (ceramic) after in vivo and in vitro aging. Since barium titanate (BaTi03) can be made piezoelectric, it may be used to substitute hard tissues directly. As a first step in testing this concept, a series of in vivo and in vitro aging and biocompatibility studies were performed. The mean compressive strength of samples implanted subcutaneously in the backs of rabbits decreased to 138 MPa after 20 weeks from a control value of 281 MPa. Similar, though less drastic losses of strength were seen when specimens were aged in distilled water (182 MPa at 28 weeks) and Ringer's solution (159 MPa at 28 weeks). The most rapid decrease of strength in all cases was seen prior to 4 weeks. Thereafter, the decrease was much slower. Histological evaluation of the tissue surrounding the implant revealed a thin fibrous capsule and no evidence of tissue inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:922098", "title": "Non-polarographic blood gas analysis. II. In vivo evaluation of gas chromatograph system.", "content": "Evaluation of a new system, based on gas chromatography, providing arterial blood gas tensions without requiring drawn blood samples is continued in an animal model. A series of in vivo dog experiments is discussed evaluating flow dependence and other performance characteristics. Results confirm the laboratory bench performance reported earlier; clinical trials are now indicated.", "contents": "Non-polarographic blood gas analysis. II. In vivo evaluation of gas chromatograph system. Evaluation of a new system, based on gas chromatography, providing arterial blood gas tensions without requiring drawn blood samples is continued in an animal model. A series of in vivo dog experiments is discussed evaluating flow dependence and other performance characteristics. Results confirm the laboratory bench performance reported earlier; clinical trials are now indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:922113", "title": "Immunologic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis and therapy with levamisole.", "content": "The haemolytic complement activity and the complement components C3, C4 and  C1q were significantly increased in the sera of 43 patients with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis. The increased complement activity was fairly well correlated with an increased sedimentation rate, increased IgG levels and rheumatoid factor positivity. The E-rosette formation of T-lymphocytes measured in 16 rheumatoid arthritis patients was significantly depressed. These 16 patients were treated with levamisole 50 mg t.i.d. Four patients discontinued treatment because of side-effects. The remaining 12 patients were re-examined clinically and immunologically after a mean treatment period of 3.9 (range : 2.5-8) months. A significant reduction in haemolytic complement activity, C3, IgG and sedimentation rate and a significant increase in E-rosette forming cells were observed, and these were accompanied by a significant clinical improvement. These findings are discussed in view of the new concept that the basic defect in rheumatoid arthritis could be a disturbance of the interaction of T-and B-cells and faulty suppressor T-cells. According to this hypothesis, levamisole restores cell-mediated immune reactivity, thereby affecting the natural course of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Immunologic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis and therapy with levamisole. The haemolytic complement activity and the complement components C3, C4 and  C1q were significantly increased in the sera of 43 patients with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis. The increased complement activity was fairly well correlated with an increased sedimentation rate, increased IgG levels and rheumatoid factor positivity. The E-rosette formation of T-lymphocytes measured in 16 rheumatoid arthritis patients was significantly depressed. These 16 patients were treated with levamisole 50 mg t.i.d. Four patients discontinued treatment because of side-effects. The remaining 12 patients were re-examined clinically and immunologically after a mean treatment period of 3.9 (range : 2.5-8) months. A significant reduction in haemolytic complement activity, C3, IgG and sedimentation rate and a significant increase in E-rosette forming cells were observed, and these were accompanied by a significant clinical improvement. These findings are discussed in view of the new concept that the basic defect in rheumatoid arthritis could be a disturbance of the interaction of T-and B-cells and faulty suppressor T-cells. According to this hypothesis, levamisole restores cell-mediated immune reactivity, thereby affecting the natural course of rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:922115", "title": "Weight and metabolic changes induced by low carbohydrate-high fat diets in man and in rat.", "content": "Weight loss and potential toxicity of low carbohydrate-high fat diets were examined in 8 volunteer medical students given either a high fat diet or a high carbohydrate diet for 15 days, as well as in 36 Sprague-Dawley rats fed for 5 weeks a series of low carbohydrate diets (less than 1%), varying in protein and lipid proportions. A weight loss occurred with the low carbohydrate-high fat diets; serum cholesterol level increased in both man and rat; plasma triglycerides rose in man. In rat, we found an increase in hepatic lipid levels as in plasma ketone and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations. These effects seemed to be related to the increase in lipid intake rather than the lack of carbohydrates.", "contents": "Weight and metabolic changes induced by low carbohydrate-high fat diets in man and in rat. Weight loss and potential toxicity of low carbohydrate-high fat diets were examined in 8 volunteer medical students given either a high fat diet or a high carbohydrate diet for 15 days, as well as in 36 Sprague-Dawley rats fed for 5 weeks a series of low carbohydrate diets (less than 1%), varying in protein and lipid proportions. A weight loss occurred with the low carbohydrate-high fat diets; serum cholesterol level increased in both man and rat; plasma triglycerides rose in man. In rat, we found an increase in hepatic lipid levels as in plasma ketone and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations. These effects seemed to be related to the increase in lipid intake rather than the lack of carbohydrates."}
{"id": "PMID:922116", "title": "Selective chemotherapy for advanced murine L 1210 leukemia by combination of 2' deoxycytidine and lethal doses of cytosine-arabinoside.", "content": "Oral administration of deoxycytidine simultaneously with intraperitoneal injections of cytosine arabinoside reduced toxicosis preventing drug death of mice with L1210 leukemia. These animals developed a marked antitumor effect having the median survival time (MST) considerably longer than that of untreated animals or of those receiving either of these drugs alone. At the optimal dose schedule 23% of mice survived 60 days. Under similar conditions mice with myeloid Graffi leukemia showed no antitumor response.", "contents": "Selective chemotherapy for advanced murine L 1210 leukemia by combination of 2' deoxycytidine and lethal doses of cytosine-arabinoside. Oral administration of deoxycytidine simultaneously with intraperitoneal injections of cytosine arabinoside reduced toxicosis preventing drug death of mice with L1210 leukemia. These animals developed a marked antitumor effect having the median survival time (MST) considerably longer than that of untreated animals or of those receiving either of these drugs alone. At the optimal dose schedule 23% of mice survived 60 days. Under similar conditions mice with myeloid Graffi leukemia showed no antitumor response."}
{"id": "PMID:922117", "title": "The influence of alpha thioglycerol on erythropoiesis in fetal mouse liver cell cultures.", "content": "alpha-Thioglycerol has been shown to increase hemoglobin synthesis in suspension cultures of fetal mouse liver cells. The mechanism of this effect is unknown but appears to be directly on S-phase cells increasing their sensitivity to erythropoietin. alpha-Thioglycerol inhibits heme synthesis when S-phase cells have been removed by prior treatment with hydroxyurea. The stimulatory or inhibitory effects of thiols depending on the proportion of cells in S-phase suggests that extreme caution should be used when interpreting cell kinetic studies of cultured cells if thiols are present in the cultures.", "contents": "The influence of alpha thioglycerol on erythropoiesis in fetal mouse liver cell cultures. alpha-Thioglycerol has been shown to increase hemoglobin synthesis in suspension cultures of fetal mouse liver cells. The mechanism of this effect is unknown but appears to be directly on S-phase cells increasing their sensitivity to erythropoietin. alpha-Thioglycerol inhibits heme synthesis when S-phase cells have been removed by prior treatment with hydroxyurea. The stimulatory or inhibitory effects of thiols depending on the proportion of cells in S-phase suggests that extreme caution should be used when interpreting cell kinetic studies of cultured cells if thiols are present in the cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:922118", "title": "Ribosomal and transfer RNA contents of the normal and pathologic human thyroid gland.", "content": "One hundred and seventy seven pieces of normal or pathologic thyroid tissue from 17 patients were assayed for rRNA, tRNA and DNA content. The tRNA/DNA and rRNA/DNA ratios in pathologic tissue were statistically compared with the same ratios in normal tissue. In toxic adenoma (5 cases) and anoplastic cancer (2 cases), both ratios were increased. In cold nodules (9 cases), there was in increase of the tRNA/DNA ratio only in 1 case, of the rRNA/DNA ratio only in 4 cases, and of both ratios in 3 cases. In one case of a cold nodule in a Basedow's disease gland, there was no modification of these ratios. In Basedow's disease (3 cases), there was an increase of rRNA/DNA ratio only in one case.", "contents": "Ribosomal and transfer RNA contents of the normal and pathologic human thyroid gland. One hundred and seventy seven pieces of normal or pathologic thyroid tissue from 17 patients were assayed for rRNA, tRNA and DNA content. The tRNA/DNA and rRNA/DNA ratios in pathologic tissue were statistically compared with the same ratios in normal tissue. In toxic adenoma (5 cases) and anoplastic cancer (2 cases), both ratios were increased. In cold nodules (9 cases), there was in increase of the tRNA/DNA ratio only in 1 case, of the rRNA/DNA ratio only in 4 cases, and of both ratios in 3 cases. In one case of a cold nodule in a Basedow's disease gland, there was no modification of these ratios. In Basedow's disease (3 cases), there was an increase of rRNA/DNA ratio only in one case."}
{"id": "PMID:922119", "title": "Plasma cell acid phosphatase, a discriminative test for benign and malignant monoclonal gammopathies.", "content": "Acid phosphatase activity estimated cytochemically is markedly increased in myeloma plasma cells compared to that found in normal plasma cells, polyclonal plasma-cytoses and most interestingly in the non-myelomatous monoclonal dysglobulinaemias. In the differential diagnosis of this last group the test has a useful role.", "contents": "Plasma cell acid phosphatase, a discriminative test for benign and malignant monoclonal gammopathies. Acid phosphatase activity estimated cytochemically is markedly increased in myeloma plasma cells compared to that found in normal plasma cells, polyclonal plasma-cytoses and most interestingly in the non-myelomatous monoclonal dysglobulinaemias. In the differential diagnosis of this last group the test has a useful role."}
{"id": "PMID:922121", "title": "A theory of fluorescence polarization decay in membranes.", "content": "Decay of fluorescence polarization after an impulsive excitation is correlated with wobbling motion of fluorescent molecules in membranes. The motion is characterized by two parameters, a \"wobbling diffusion constant\" and a \"degree of orientational constraint\" both of which can be determined directly from experimentally obtained decay. Detailed discussion, including theoretically calculated time-courses of polarization decay, is given for several types of molecules embedded in lipid bilayers; these types cover a large part of fluorescent probes available at present. The theory is useful for the analysis of fluorescence polarization decay in any system where the orientation of fluorophore is restricted by the surrounding structure.", "contents": "A theory of fluorescence polarization decay in membranes. Decay of fluorescence polarization after an impulsive excitation is correlated with wobbling motion of fluorescent molecules in membranes. The motion is characterized by two parameters, a \"wobbling diffusion constant\" and a \"degree of orientational constraint\" both of which can be determined directly from experimentally obtained decay. Detailed discussion, including theoretically calculated time-courses of polarization decay, is given for several types of molecules embedded in lipid bilayers; these types cover a large part of fluorescent probes available at present. The theory is useful for the analysis of fluorescence polarization decay in any system where the orientation of fluorophore is restricted by the surrounding structure."}
{"id": "PMID:922122", "title": "Osmotic correction to elastic area compressibility measurements on red cell membrane.", "content": "In a recent article (Biophys. J. 16:585, 1976), we reported measurements of the elastic area compressibility modulus or red cell membranes using micropipette aspiration on osmotically preswollen red cells. Subsequently, we have analyzed the effects of osmotic and hydrostatic pressure driving forces across the cell membrane in conjuction with the mass conservation equation; we find that the change in cell volume due to the reversible movement of water out of the cell can produce one-third of the movement of the cell projection in the pipette tip. Since the actual volume changes is too small to measure directly (about 1% of the total cell volume), we have used an indirect experimental method to provide critical evaluation of the analysis of cell volume change versus applied pressure; this is based on the model that the change in cell volume is inversely proportional to the cellular osmotic strength. We have increased the cellular cation concentration with a drug, nystatin, and measured the elastic area compressibility modulus corrected for osmotic volume changes as a function of cellular osmotic strength. We find that the corrected elastic are compressibility modulus is independent of cellular osmotic strength, which supports the model and calculated correction for the osmotic effect. The elastic area compressibility modulus is 450 dyn/cm at 25 degrees C instead of 300 dyn/cm, determined previously.", "contents": "Osmotic correction to elastic area compressibility measurements on red cell membrane. In a recent article (Biophys. J. 16:585, 1976), we reported measurements of the elastic area compressibility modulus or red cell membranes using micropipette aspiration on osmotically preswollen red cells. Subsequently, we have analyzed the effects of osmotic and hydrostatic pressure driving forces across the cell membrane in conjuction with the mass conservation equation; we find that the change in cell volume due to the reversible movement of water out of the cell can produce one-third of the movement of the cell projection in the pipette tip. Since the actual volume changes is too small to measure directly (about 1% of the total cell volume), we have used an indirect experimental method to provide critical evaluation of the analysis of cell volume change versus applied pressure; this is based on the model that the change in cell volume is inversely proportional to the cellular osmotic strength. We have increased the cellular cation concentration with a drug, nystatin, and measured the elastic area compressibility modulus corrected for osmotic volume changes as a function of cellular osmotic strength. We find that the corrected elastic are compressibility modulus is independent of cellular osmotic strength, which supports the model and calculated correction for the osmotic effect. The elastic area compressibility modulus is 450 dyn/cm at 25 degrees C instead of 300 dyn/cm, determined previously."}
{"id": "PMID:922123", "title": "Fluctuations in tension during contraction of single muscle fibers.", "content": "We have searched for fluctuations in the steady-state tension developed by stimulated single muscle fibers. Such tension \"noise\" is expected to be present as a result of the statistical fluctuations in the number and/or state of myosin cross-bridges interacting with thin filament sites at any time. A sensitive electro-optical tension transducer capable of resolving the expected fluctuations in magnitude and frequency was constructed to search for the fluctuations. The noise was analyzed by computing the power spectra and amplitude of stochastic fluctuations in the photomultiplier counting rate, which was made proportional to muscle force. The optical system and electronic instrumentation together with the minicomputer software are described. Tensions were measured in single skinned glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle fibers in rigor and during contraction and relaxation. The results indicate the presence of fluctuations in contracting muscles and a complete absence of tension noise in eith rigor or relaxation. Also, a numerical method was developed to simulate the power spectra and amplitude of fluctuations, given the rate constants for association and dissociation of the cross-bridges and actin. The simulated power spectra and the frequency distributions observed experimentally are similar.", "contents": "Fluctuations in tension during contraction of single muscle fibers. We have searched for fluctuations in the steady-state tension developed by stimulated single muscle fibers. Such tension \"noise\" is expected to be present as a result of the statistical fluctuations in the number and/or state of myosin cross-bridges interacting with thin filament sites at any time. A sensitive electro-optical tension transducer capable of resolving the expected fluctuations in magnitude and frequency was constructed to search for the fluctuations. The noise was analyzed by computing the power spectra and amplitude of stochastic fluctuations in the photomultiplier counting rate, which was made proportional to muscle force. The optical system and electronic instrumentation together with the minicomputer software are described. Tensions were measured in single skinned glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle fibers in rigor and during contraction and relaxation. The results indicate the presence of fluctuations in contracting muscles and a complete absence of tension noise in eith rigor or relaxation. Also, a numerical method was developed to simulate the power spectra and amplitude of fluctuations, given the rate constants for association and dissociation of the cross-bridges and actin. The simulated power spectra and the frequency distributions observed experimentally are similar."}
{"id": "PMID:922124", "title": "A phase-shift fluorometer using a laser and a transverse electrooptic modulator for subnanosecond lifetime measurements.", "content": "We described a simple phase-shift fluorometer using continuous laser excitation. The laser enables the use of a transverse mode electrooptic modulator with a half-wave retardation voltage of about 200 V (in contrast to many kilovolts of longitudinal modulators) at frequencies up to 100 MHz. The modulated fluorescence signal is detected, after passing through a double monochromator, by a photomultiplier tube feeding a radio frequency (RF) tuned amplifier. THE RF phase is then determined by phase-sensitive detection using a double balanced mixer with the reference obtained from a PIN photodiode-turned amplifier combination which detects light split off from the main exciting beam. The laser and double monochromator allow the observation of modulated Raman solvent and Rayleigh scatterin, which are convenient for determining the zero reference phase.", "contents": "A phase-shift fluorometer using a laser and a transverse electrooptic modulator for subnanosecond lifetime measurements. We described a simple phase-shift fluorometer using continuous laser excitation. The laser enables the use of a transverse mode electrooptic modulator with a half-wave retardation voltage of about 200 V (in contrast to many kilovolts of longitudinal modulators) at frequencies up to 100 MHz. The modulated fluorescence signal is detected, after passing through a double monochromator, by a photomultiplier tube feeding a radio frequency (RF) tuned amplifier. THE RF phase is then determined by phase-sensitive detection using a double balanced mixer with the reference obtained from a PIN photodiode-turned amplifier combination which detects light split off from the main exciting beam. The laser and double monochromator allow the observation of modulated Raman solvent and Rayleigh scatterin, which are convenient for determining the zero reference phase."}
{"id": "PMID:922125", "title": "Resonance Raman kinetic spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin on the microsecond time scale.", "content": "Using a rotating disk with a slit of variable width, a continuous wave argon ion laser, and an Optical Multichannel Analyzer for detection, a new technique is reported which should, in principle, be capable of recording resonance Raman spectra with time resolution of 100 ns. The resonance Raman spectra of the intermediates of the photosynthetic cycle of bacteriorhodopsin are recorded on the microsecond time scale. Both the kinetic results and the resonance enhancement profile suggest that deprotonation results in an intermediate preceding bM412 that has an optical absorption maximum at a wavelength longer than that of bM412.", "contents": "Resonance Raman kinetic spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin on the microsecond time scale. Using a rotating disk with a slit of variable width, a continuous wave argon ion laser, and an Optical Multichannel Analyzer for detection, a new technique is reported which should, in principle, be capable of recording resonance Raman spectra with time resolution of 100 ns. The resonance Raman spectra of the intermediates of the photosynthetic cycle of bacteriorhodopsin are recorded on the microsecond time scale. Both the kinetic results and the resonance enhancement profile suggest that deprotonation results in an intermediate preceding bM412 that has an optical absorption maximum at a wavelength longer than that of bM412."}
{"id": "PMID:922126", "title": "Electronic structure of polyenes related to the visual chromophore. A simple model for the observed band shapes.", "content": "A model is presented which attributes the widths of absorption bands in carotenoids to conformational disorder induced by the beta-ionylidene moiety. With reasonable parameter choices, the model gives a good quantitative fit to the spectra observed for four carotenoids and at the same time accounts for the lack of structure in the long-wavelength absorption of retinal.", "contents": "Electronic structure of polyenes related to the visual chromophore. A simple model for the observed band shapes. A model is presented which attributes the widths of absorption bands in carotenoids to conformational disorder induced by the beta-ionylidene moiety. With reasonable parameter choices, the model gives a good quantitative fit to the spectra observed for four carotenoids and at the same time accounts for the lack of structure in the long-wavelength absorption of retinal."}
{"id": "PMID:922127", "title": "Triplet state energy transfer in several proteins.", "content": "Energy transfer between excited triplet states of aromatic amino acid residues was observed at 1.4 degrees K. The distance necessary for energy transfer between monomeric tyrosine and tryptophan residues was determined to be roughly 63 A. Total phosphorescence decay rate constants for several proteins were determined while emission corresponding to tyrosine and tryptophan residues was monitored. The observed decay rate constants are interpreted in terms of intramolecular interactions of the polypeptide residues.", "contents": "Triplet state energy transfer in several proteins. Energy transfer between excited triplet states of aromatic amino acid residues was observed at 1.4 degrees K. The distance necessary for energy transfer between monomeric tyrosine and tryptophan residues was determined to be roughly 63 A. Total phosphorescence decay rate constants for several proteins were determined while emission corresponding to tyrosine and tryptophan residues was monitored. The observed decay rate constants are interpreted in terms of intramolecular interactions of the polypeptide residues."}
{"id": "PMID:922128", "title": "Application of cyanide-metabolizing enzymes to environmental control; enzyme thermistor assay of cyanide using immobilized rhodanese and injectase.", "content": "The application of the enzyme thermistor in the analysis of cyanide in standard solutions as well as in blast furnace waste water is described. The heat signal is generated in the conversion of cyanide, catalyzed by the immobilized enzymes rhodanese (E.C. 2.8.1.1) and injectase (E.C. 4.4.19). Using the combination of cyanide-metabolizing enzymes and the enzyme thermistor unit, assays down to 20 microM cyanide can be carried out. Linear relationships were obtained at 20-600 microM cyanide for injectase and 20-1000 microM for rhodanese. The stability at 27 degrees C of the heat response was initially decreased, but soon stabilized at about 80% of the initial value and remained so for at least 200 hr. The technique was easily adapted to continuous analysis, applicable to environmental control (e.g., a \"cyanide guard\") with a response time at present within 2-3 min after a sudden change in cyanide concentration has appeared.", "contents": "Application of cyanide-metabolizing enzymes to environmental control; enzyme thermistor assay of cyanide using immobilized rhodanese and injectase. The application of the enzyme thermistor in the analysis of cyanide in standard solutions as well as in blast furnace waste water is described. The heat signal is generated in the conversion of cyanide, catalyzed by the immobilized enzymes rhodanese (E.C. 2.8.1.1) and injectase (E.C. 4.4.19). Using the combination of cyanide-metabolizing enzymes and the enzyme thermistor unit, assays down to 20 microM cyanide can be carried out. Linear relationships were obtained at 20-600 microM cyanide for injectase and 20-1000 microM for rhodanese. The stability at 27 degrees C of the heat response was initially decreased, but soon stabilized at about 80% of the initial value and remained so for at least 200 hr. The technique was easily adapted to continuous analysis, applicable to environmental control (e.g., a \"cyanide guard\") with a response time at present within 2-3 min after a sudden change in cyanide concentration has appeared."}
{"id": "PMID:922129", "title": "Application of immobilized chymotrypsin in a multistage fluidized-bed reactor.", "content": "The stereospecific hydrolysis of D,L-phenylalanine methylester with immobilized alpha-chymotrypsin was carried out as a model reaction for the racemate resolution of aromatic amino acids in a five staged fluidized-bed reactor (FBR). Owing to ester hydrolysis, a pH shift occurred along the reactor. Because of the pH-dependent enzyme activity a particular longitudinal pH profile had to be enforced by a proper entrance pH in order to gain an optimum conversion. In the FBR with optimum pH profile, higher conversions were achieved than in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at the pH optimum and at the same contact time. By the application of a proton balance and the results of kinetic measurements a model was developed for the prediction of the optimum longitudinal pH profile with regard to the maximum conversion.", "contents": "Application of immobilized chymotrypsin in a multistage fluidized-bed reactor. The stereospecific hydrolysis of D,L-phenylalanine methylester with immobilized alpha-chymotrypsin was carried out as a model reaction for the racemate resolution of aromatic amino acids in a five staged fluidized-bed reactor (FBR). Owing to ester hydrolysis, a pH shift occurred along the reactor. Because of the pH-dependent enzyme activity a particular longitudinal pH profile had to be enforced by a proper entrance pH in order to gain an optimum conversion. In the FBR with optimum pH profile, higher conversions were achieved than in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at the pH optimum and at the same contact time. By the application of a proton balance and the results of kinetic measurements a model was developed for the prediction of the optimum longitudinal pH profile with regard to the maximum conversion."}
{"id": "PMID:922141", "title": "Anomalies of the aortic arch system.", "content": "Abnormalities in the development of the aortic arch system may yield anomalies either of the definitive aortic arch and its branches or of pulmonary arterial origin. Anomalies of the aortic arch and its branches may cause compression of the trachea and esophagus or simply yield anatomic patterns which vary from normal without causing specific symptoms. Anomalies of pulmonary arterial origin usually take the form of origin of one or both pulmonary arteries either from the aorta or the innominate artery. The various anomalies are related to loss of specific segments of the primitive aortic arch system.", "contents": "Anomalies of the aortic arch system. Abnormalities in the development of the aortic arch system may yield anomalies either of the definitive aortic arch and its branches or of pulmonary arterial origin. Anomalies of the aortic arch and its branches may cause compression of the trachea and esophagus or simply yield anatomic patterns which vary from normal without causing specific symptoms. Anomalies of pulmonary arterial origin usually take the form of origin of one or both pulmonary arteries either from the aorta or the innominate artery. The various anomalies are related to loss of specific segments of the primitive aortic arch system."}
{"id": "PMID:922143", "title": "Dyssegmental dwarfism: a new syndrome of lethal dwarfism.", "content": "Dyssegmental dwarfism is an autosomal, recessively inherited, lethal, generalized chondrodysplasia characterized by micromelia, cleft palate, and variable limited mobility at the elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle joints and, in some cases, by occipital encephalocele, inguinal hernia, hydronephrosis, hydrocephalus, and patent ductus arteriosus. Roentgenographically, there is a marked variation in the size of all vertebrae with some anterior wedging, coronal clefts, and lack of caudal interpediculate widening. In addition, there are short, broad tubular bones with metaphyseal widening, variable bowing of the tibia, fistula, femur, radius, and minimally the ulna. In the feet, the talus and calcaneus are poorly modeled, and the 1st metatarsal and 1st proximal phalanx are enlarged. The striking similarities among these cases, as well as the others in the literature, argue strongly for their being a common defect in embryogenesis. However, there is also evidence of heterogeneity. Our case reported here has distinct hypoplasia of the scapulae, absence of carpal ossification centers, and lack of flaring of the ilia, whereas the other cases show well-developed scapulas, accelerated carpal bone maturation, and a wide-flared ilia.", "contents": "Dyssegmental dwarfism: a new syndrome of lethal dwarfism. Dyssegmental dwarfism is an autosomal, recessively inherited, lethal, generalized chondrodysplasia characterized by micromelia, cleft palate, and variable limited mobility at the elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle joints and, in some cases, by occipital encephalocele, inguinal hernia, hydronephrosis, hydrocephalus, and patent ductus arteriosus. Roentgenographically, there is a marked variation in the size of all vertebrae with some anterior wedging, coronal clefts, and lack of caudal interpediculate widening. In addition, there are short, broad tubular bones with metaphyseal widening, variable bowing of the tibia, fistula, femur, radius, and minimally the ulna. In the feet, the talus and calcaneus are poorly modeled, and the 1st metatarsal and 1st proximal phalanx are enlarged. The striking similarities among these cases, as well as the others in the literature, argue strongly for their being a common defect in embryogenesis. However, there is also evidence of heterogeneity. Our case reported here has distinct hypoplasia of the scapulae, absence of carpal ossification centers, and lack of flaring of the ilia, whereas the other cases show well-developed scapulas, accelerated carpal bone maturation, and a wide-flared ilia."}
{"id": "PMID:922144", "title": "Embryologic pathogenesis of renal agenesis associated with cervical vertebral anomalies (Klippel-Feil phenotype).", "content": "Existing embryologic data suggest that the blastema of the cervical vertebrae, scapulae, and the genitourinary system have an intimate spatial relationship at the end of the 4th or beginning of the 5th week of fetal life. An alteration in this region can affect the cervical vertebrae and scapulae directly, and the genitourologic changes are mediated indirectly through the inductive capacity of the pronephric duct. The genitourinary malformation documented in patients with a specified Klippel-Feil phenotype support such an embryologic pathogenesis. Urologic pathology, in both sexes, is consistent with partial or absent induction of ureteral bud formation, and genital pathology in the female reflects partial or complete failure of m\u00fcllerian duct development. These data also suggest a more frequent bilateral occurrence of these anomalies; a phenomenon that, in its most severe form, would result in bilateral renal agenesis, as illustrated by the stillborn presented in this paper.", "contents": "Embryologic pathogenesis of renal agenesis associated with cervical vertebral anomalies (Klippel-Feil phenotype). Existing embryologic data suggest that the blastema of the cervical vertebrae, scapulae, and the genitourinary system have an intimate spatial relationship at the end of the 4th or beginning of the 5th week of fetal life. An alteration in this region can affect the cervical vertebrae and scapulae directly, and the genitourologic changes are mediated indirectly through the inductive capacity of the pronephric duct. The genitourinary malformation documented in patients with a specified Klippel-Feil phenotype support such an embryologic pathogenesis. Urologic pathology, in both sexes, is consistent with partial or absent induction of ureteral bud formation, and genital pathology in the female reflects partial or complete failure of m\u00fcllerian duct development. These data also suggest a more frequent bilateral occurrence of these anomalies; a phenomenon that, in its most severe form, would result in bilateral renal agenesis, as illustrated by the stillborn presented in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:922156", "title": "Selective increase of potassium permeability in red blood cells exposed to acetylphenylhydrazine.", "content": "Normal human red blood cells, when exposed briefly to acetylphenylhydrazine (APH), acquire Heinz bodies and a propensity for net ion and water loss upon subsequent incubation in an APH-free medium of physiologic sodium and potassium (K) content. The cells can be protected from APH damage by previous deoxygenation. The ion and water loss depend on the presence of a K gradient from cell to medium. In contradistinction to some other types of membrane perturbation in which K permeability is increased, the APH effect is not dependent on calcium. The meaning of these observations is discussed in relation to the vulnerability of the K permeability barrier.", "contents": "Selective increase of potassium permeability in red blood cells exposed to acetylphenylhydrazine. Normal human red blood cells, when exposed briefly to acetylphenylhydrazine (APH), acquire Heinz bodies and a propensity for net ion and water loss upon subsequent incubation in an APH-free medium of physiologic sodium and potassium (K) content. The cells can be protected from APH damage by previous deoxygenation. The ion and water loss depend on the presence of a K gradient from cell to medium. In contradistinction to some other types of membrane perturbation in which K permeability is increased, the APH effect is not dependent on calcium. The meaning of these observations is discussed in relation to the vulnerability of the K permeability barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:922157", "title": "Effect of phagocytosis on the reduced soluble sulfhydryl content of human granulocytes.", "content": "The role of reduced glutathione in relation to hexose monophosphate shunt activity and peroxide detoxification has been well established in human erythrocytes. Less is known about the content of reduced glutathione in phagocytic leukocytes and the changes that occur during functional activity. We have measured the reduced sulfhydryl content of normal resting human granulocytes and of cells isolated from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. Normal cells and those from the patient with chronic granulomatous disease contained similar concentrations of reduced sulfhydryls. Stimulation of a phagocytic response by incubation with opsonized zymosan particles resulted in prompt and nearly complete depletion of intracellular glutathione from normal granulocytes. This fall in reduced glutathione concentration was dependent on the phagocytic load. Exposure of chronic granulomatous disease granulocytes to a similar phagocytic load resulted in a slower and less complete fall in reduced glutathione. In normal cells, those from the chronic granulomatous disease patient, and those from an obligate carrier of the disease, the decrement in reduced glutathione during phagocytosis was correlated with oxidation of 14C-1-glucose and 14C-formate, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and the chemiluminescence phenomenon.", "contents": "Effect of phagocytosis on the reduced soluble sulfhydryl content of human granulocytes. The role of reduced glutathione in relation to hexose monophosphate shunt activity and peroxide detoxification has been well established in human erythrocytes. Less is known about the content of reduced glutathione in phagocytic leukocytes and the changes that occur during functional activity. We have measured the reduced sulfhydryl content of normal resting human granulocytes and of cells isolated from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. Normal cells and those from the patient with chronic granulomatous disease contained similar concentrations of reduced sulfhydryls. Stimulation of a phagocytic response by incubation with opsonized zymosan particles resulted in prompt and nearly complete depletion of intracellular glutathione from normal granulocytes. This fall in reduced glutathione concentration was dependent on the phagocytic load. Exposure of chronic granulomatous disease granulocytes to a similar phagocytic load resulted in a slower and less complete fall in reduced glutathione. In normal cells, those from the chronic granulomatous disease patient, and those from an obligate carrier of the disease, the decrement in reduced glutathione during phagocytosis was correlated with oxidation of 14C-1-glucose and 14C-formate, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and the chemiluminescence phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:922159", "title": "Circulating erythropoietic precursors assessed in culture: characterization in normal men and patients with hemoglobinopathies.", "content": "Circulating erythropoietic precursors in normal men and patients with hemoglobinopathies were characterized in culture. Blood mononuclear cells harvested with a modification of the Ficoll-Isopaque technique were cultured in methylcellulose for 14 days. The majority of erythropoietic colonies consisted of several subcolonies assuming the morphology of erythropoietic \"bursts\" described in murine marrow cultures. Time course studied of colony formation from marrow and blood nucleated cells confirmed that the circulating erythropoietic precursors represented only early stages of development. Peak sedimentation velocity of the circulating precursors analyzed using a Staput apparatus averaged 5.31 mm/hr and corresponded with that of the early erythropoietic precursors in human marrow. One ml of blood yielded an average of 153 colonies in normal men and 785 colonies in patients with hemoglobinopathies. No correlation was observed between colony formation and reticulocyte indices of individual patients. Examination of the proliferative state of the erythropoietic precursors using high specific activity tritium-labeled thymidine revealed that almost none of the cells in normal men or patients with hemoglobinopathies were in the DNA synthetic phase.", "contents": "Circulating erythropoietic precursors assessed in culture: characterization in normal men and patients with hemoglobinopathies. Circulating erythropoietic precursors in normal men and patients with hemoglobinopathies were characterized in culture. Blood mononuclear cells harvested with a modification of the Ficoll-Isopaque technique were cultured in methylcellulose for 14 days. The majority of erythropoietic colonies consisted of several subcolonies assuming the morphology of erythropoietic \"bursts\" described in murine marrow cultures. Time course studied of colony formation from marrow and blood nucleated cells confirmed that the circulating erythropoietic precursors represented only early stages of development. Peak sedimentation velocity of the circulating precursors analyzed using a Staput apparatus averaged 5.31 mm/hr and corresponded with that of the early erythropoietic precursors in human marrow. One ml of blood yielded an average of 153 colonies in normal men and 785 colonies in patients with hemoglobinopathies. No correlation was observed between colony formation and reticulocyte indices of individual patients. Examination of the proliferative state of the erythropoietic precursors using high specific activity tritium-labeled thymidine revealed that almost none of the cells in normal men or patients with hemoglobinopathies were in the DNA synthetic phase."}
{"id": "PMID:922160", "title": "Effect of protein deprivation on erythropoiesis.", "content": "The effects of protein deprivation on erythropoietin (Ep) production were studied. The posthypoxia plasma Ep levels of rats fed a protein-free diet for only 1 day prior to being exposed to 0.5 atmosphere for 7 hr were significantly lower than those of comparably hypoxic rats maintained on a normal diet. The postthypoxia plasma Ep levels were even lower in rats kept on protein-depleted diets for longer periods of time. Rats fed diets with 0.5%, 5% or 12% protein content for 6 days had lower posthypoxia plasma Ep levels than those fed a normal diet (20% protein content). When a single protein meal was force-fed to protein-deprived rats 0-4 hr after initiating the exposure to hypoxia, the posthypoxia plasma Ep levels were significantly higher than in protein-deprived rats that were fed water or dextrose. The posthypoxia plasma Ep titers of protein-deprived rats fed protein 4-8 hr prior to exposure to hypoxia did not differ significantly from those of protein-deprived rats. Although the posthypoxia plasma Ep levels of protein-deprived rats fed a hemolysate containing 0.8 g of hemoglobin 4 hr after beginning hypoxia were greater than those of protein-deprived rats fed only water, the rate of oxygen consumption in these two groups did not differ. We conclude that, in addition to its response to the availability of oxygen, Ep production is infl,enced by the availability of amino acids.", "contents": "Effect of protein deprivation on erythropoiesis. The effects of protein deprivation on erythropoietin (Ep) production were studied. The posthypoxia plasma Ep levels of rats fed a protein-free diet for only 1 day prior to being exposed to 0.5 atmosphere for 7 hr were significantly lower than those of comparably hypoxic rats maintained on a normal diet. The postthypoxia plasma Ep levels were even lower in rats kept on protein-depleted diets for longer periods of time. Rats fed diets with 0.5%, 5% or 12% protein content for 6 days had lower posthypoxia plasma Ep levels than those fed a normal diet (20% protein content). When a single protein meal was force-fed to protein-deprived rats 0-4 hr after initiating the exposure to hypoxia, the posthypoxia plasma Ep levels were significantly higher than in protein-deprived rats that were fed water or dextrose. The posthypoxia plasma Ep titers of protein-deprived rats fed protein 4-8 hr prior to exposure to hypoxia did not differ significantly from those of protein-deprived rats. Although the posthypoxia plasma Ep levels of protein-deprived rats fed a hemolysate containing 0.8 g of hemoglobin 4 hr after beginning hypoxia were greater than those of protein-deprived rats fed only water, the rate of oxygen consumption in these two groups did not differ. We conclude that, in addition to its response to the availability of oxygen, Ep production is infl,enced by the availability of amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:922162", "title": "Effect of storage on normal neutrophils collected by discontinuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis.", "content": "Storage limits for granulocytes have not been defined. The purpose of this study was to determine these limits for neutrophils collected by discontinuous-flow centrifugation and stored at 4 degrees-6 degrees C. The parameters studied were total leukocyte and absolute cell counts, viability measured by dye exclusion, morphology, percentage phagocytic neutrophils, number of Candida organisms ingested per phagocytic neutrophil, candidacidal activity by differential staining, and chemotaxis under agarose. There was a progressive loss of neutrophils on storage that was statistically significant by 48 hr. Phagocytosis was the best preserved function. Microbial killing measured by candidacidal activity was less well preserved. Chemotaxis was the most poorly maintained parameter. There was mild impairment at 24 hr and a severe functional loss at 48 hr. The data suggest the following: (1) the first functions lost on storage are the most highly integrated, i.e., chemotaxis, followed by microbial killing and then phagocytosis; and (2) assuming that these functional losses are irreversible, storage of normal neutrophils used for transfusion should be limited to approximately 24 hr because a severe defect in migration occurs between the first and second days.", "contents": "Effect of storage on normal neutrophils collected by discontinuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis. Storage limits for granulocytes have not been defined. The purpose of this study was to determine these limits for neutrophils collected by discontinuous-flow centrifugation and stored at 4 degrees-6 degrees C. The parameters studied were total leukocyte and absolute cell counts, viability measured by dye exclusion, morphology, percentage phagocytic neutrophils, number of Candida organisms ingested per phagocytic neutrophil, candidacidal activity by differential staining, and chemotaxis under agarose. There was a progressive loss of neutrophils on storage that was statistically significant by 48 hr. Phagocytosis was the best preserved function. Microbial killing measured by candidacidal activity was less well preserved. Chemotaxis was the most poorly maintained parameter. There was mild impairment at 24 hr and a severe functional loss at 48 hr. The data suggest the following: (1) the first functions lost on storage are the most highly integrated, i.e., chemotaxis, followed by microbial killing and then phagocytosis; and (2) assuming that these functional losses are irreversible, storage of normal neutrophils used for transfusion should be limited to approximately 24 hr because a severe defect in migration occurs between the first and second days."}
{"id": "PMID:922165", "title": "Erythropoiesis during recovery from iron deficiency: normocytes and macrocytes.", "content": "In 26 patients with severe iron deficiency and microcytic anemia (MCV less than 70 fl), serial red cell size distribution histograms (erythrograms) were taken before and during iron therapy. Initially all patients had a single population of red cells, all microcytes. With the first reticulocytosis after iron therapy, a new population of cells appeared, larger in volume than the original. In 23 of 26 patients the new population of cells was of normal size (82-96 fl). In 3 of 26, the new population was macrocytic (MCV greater than 98 fl). Of these 3, 1 had folate deficiency; after folate was given, normocytes were produced. The other 2, both taking phenytoin and 1 a heavy alcohol using, had persistent macrocytosis despite folate administration. Erythrograms allowed quantitative, rapid evaluation of erythropoietic response to iron repletion. Abnormal macrocytic responses could be identified and seemed to occur with some frequency.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis during recovery from iron deficiency: normocytes and macrocytes. In 26 patients with severe iron deficiency and microcytic anemia (MCV less than 70 fl), serial red cell size distribution histograms (erythrograms) were taken before and during iron therapy. Initially all patients had a single population of red cells, all microcytes. With the first reticulocytosis after iron therapy, a new population of cells appeared, larger in volume than the original. In 23 of 26 patients the new population of cells was of normal size (82-96 fl). In 3 of 26, the new population was macrocytic (MCV greater than 98 fl). Of these 3, 1 had folate deficiency; after folate was given, normocytes were produced. The other 2, both taking phenytoin and 1 a heavy alcohol using, had persistent macrocytosis despite folate administration. Erythrograms allowed quantitative, rapid evaluation of erythropoietic response to iron repletion. Abnormal macrocytic responses could be identified and seemed to occur with some frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:922166", "title": "Erythropoiesis during recovery from macrocytic anemia: macrocytes, normocytes, and microcytes.", "content": "In seven patients with marked megaloblastic anemia (MCV greater than 110 fl), red cell size distribution curves (erythrograms) demonstrated the size of red cells produced after therapy. In six, the new red cells were normocytic throughout recovery. In the seventh patient, folate repletion along produced a new population of microcytes, due to unsuspected iron deficiency; after iron repletion normocytes were produced. Three patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia had macrocytosis (MCV greater than 110 fl) without folate or vitamin B12 deficiency. During recovery with predisone therapy, instead of a discrete new normocytic population appearing, the entire population progressively returned to normal size. Normal rather than \"stress\" reticulocytes, and remodeled stress reticulocytes remaining, may explain this different pattern of recovery. Two patients initially had minor subpopulations of smaller red cells that disappeared soon after therapy. These probably reflected the dyserythropoiesis of severe megaloblastic anemia.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis during recovery from macrocytic anemia: macrocytes, normocytes, and microcytes. In seven patients with marked megaloblastic anemia (MCV greater than 110 fl), red cell size distribution curves (erythrograms) demonstrated the size of red cells produced after therapy. In six, the new red cells were normocytic throughout recovery. In the seventh patient, folate repletion along produced a new population of microcytes, due to unsuspected iron deficiency; after iron repletion normocytes were produced. Three patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia had macrocytosis (MCV greater than 110 fl) without folate or vitamin B12 deficiency. During recovery with predisone therapy, instead of a discrete new normocytic population appearing, the entire population progressively returned to normal size. Normal rather than \"stress\" reticulocytes, and remodeled stress reticulocytes remaining, may explain this different pattern of recovery. Two patients initially had minor subpopulations of smaller red cells that disappeared soon after therapy. These probably reflected the dyserythropoiesis of severe megaloblastic anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:922167", "title": "The relation between baseline and 150 min platelet counts in response to selective beta-1-receptor blockade. An experimental study on healthy subjects.", "content": "In 30 healthy volunteers after an oral administration of 50 mg metoprolol basal and 150 min platelet counts were determined. A significant negative correlation (p less than 0.01) between the baseline platelet count and the percentage increase at 150 min was shown to be present. It is postulated that this observation reflects interindividual differences between the magnitude of the exchangeable splenic platelet pool.", "contents": "The relation between baseline and 150 min platelet counts in response to selective beta-1-receptor blockade. An experimental study on healthy subjects. In 30 healthy volunteers after an oral administration of 50 mg metoprolol basal and 150 min platelet counts were determined. A significant negative correlation (p less than 0.01) between the baseline platelet count and the percentage increase at 150 min was shown to be present. It is postulated that this observation reflects interindividual differences between the magnitude of the exchangeable splenic platelet pool."}
{"id": "PMID:922168", "title": "[Thrombophoresis I. Influence of centrifuge speed on thrombocyte yield, distribution of thrombocytes among centrifuge zones, and thrombocyte spreading (author's transl)].", "content": "Thrombocyte yields up to 1,4 X 10(11) per litre of separated whole blood were obtained using centrifuge speed up to 2000 RPM. With increasing speed, higher platelet concentrations in the thrombocyte zone were accompanied by a progressive decline of thrombocyte counts in the plasma zone, whereas the thrombocyte contamination in the erythrocyte zone remained unchanged. Taking into account both high extraction efficiency and good preservation of platelet function as measured by Breddin's spreading test, optimal conditions for thrombophoresis with the Aminco Celltrifuge have been obtained at 1600 RPM. Since repeated separation of the donor's blood resulted in a rising number of platelets with impaired spreading capacity, the total blood flow should be limited to the blood volume of the donor.", "contents": "[Thrombophoresis I. Influence of centrifuge speed on thrombocyte yield, distribution of thrombocytes among centrifuge zones, and thrombocyte spreading (author's transl)]. Thrombocyte yields up to 1,4 X 10(11) per litre of separated whole blood were obtained using centrifuge speed up to 2000 RPM. With increasing speed, higher platelet concentrations in the thrombocyte zone were accompanied by a progressive decline of thrombocyte counts in the plasma zone, whereas the thrombocyte contamination in the erythrocyte zone remained unchanged. Taking into account both high extraction efficiency and good preservation of platelet function as measured by Breddin's spreading test, optimal conditions for thrombophoresis with the Aminco Celltrifuge have been obtained at 1600 RPM. Since repeated separation of the donor's blood resulted in a rising number of platelets with impaired spreading capacity, the total blood flow should be limited to the blood volume of the donor."}
{"id": "PMID:922169", "title": "[Thrombophoresis II. Effects of thrombocyte separation on the blood donor (author's transl)].", "content": "The separation of approximately 75% of the platelets present in circulation and thrombocyte pool in healthy adult donors by continuous flow centrifugation lowers the mean thrombocyte concentration to 140 +/- 28 X 10(3)/microliter. A dangerous thrombocytopenia can not occur since the platelet count in the reinfused erythrocyte zone remains at around 88 X 10(3)/microliter. The reactive rise of the platelet count after separation, the extend of which depended on the total amount of harvested thrombocytes, reached values around 277 X 10(3)/microliter. The total thrombocyte yield exceeded the calculated yield by 30%, indicating emptying of a quiescent thrombocyte pool. Thrombopoietin activity could be demonstrated in donors' plasma at 12 and 24 hours after thrombophoresis.", "contents": "[Thrombophoresis II. Effects of thrombocyte separation on the blood donor (author's transl)]. The separation of approximately 75% of the platelets present in circulation and thrombocyte pool in healthy adult donors by continuous flow centrifugation lowers the mean thrombocyte concentration to 140 +/- 28 X 10(3)/microliter. A dangerous thrombocytopenia can not occur since the platelet count in the reinfused erythrocyte zone remains at around 88 X 10(3)/microliter. The reactive rise of the platelet count after separation, the extend of which depended on the total amount of harvested thrombocytes, reached values around 277 X 10(3)/microliter. The total thrombocyte yield exceeded the calculated yield by 30%, indicating emptying of a quiescent thrombocyte pool. Thrombopoietin activity could be demonstrated in donors' plasma at 12 and 24 hours after thrombophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:922170", "title": "The clinical efficacy of granulocyte transfusions: studies on the oral cavity.", "content": "Patients with severe granulocytopenia of different origin received granulocyte transfusions. The migration and phagocytic ability of the transfused granulocytes in the oral cavity (\"orogranulocytes\") served as a parameter for measuring the viability of the granulocytes in vivo. There was no difference between granulocytes collected by continuous flow centrifugation and those collected by filtration leukapheresis. Under the influence of the transfusion treatment mucous membrane ulcers (MMU) subsided and healed. Where ulcers were present the number of orogranulocytes (OG) increased after granulocyte transfusion. In addition there was a significant correlation between the number of granulocytes in the peripheral blood and the number of orogranulocytes. As a control, orogranulocytes were studied in a group of healthy persons with intact teeth, toothless persons with normal blood counts and one patient with an acute agranulocytosis.", "contents": "The clinical efficacy of granulocyte transfusions: studies on the oral cavity. Patients with severe granulocytopenia of different origin received granulocyte transfusions. The migration and phagocytic ability of the transfused granulocytes in the oral cavity (\"orogranulocytes\") served as a parameter for measuring the viability of the granulocytes in vivo. There was no difference between granulocytes collected by continuous flow centrifugation and those collected by filtration leukapheresis. Under the influence of the transfusion treatment mucous membrane ulcers (MMU) subsided and healed. Where ulcers were present the number of orogranulocytes (OG) increased after granulocyte transfusion. In addition there was a significant correlation between the number of granulocytes in the peripheral blood and the number of orogranulocytes. As a control, orogranulocytes were studied in a group of healthy persons with intact teeth, toothless persons with normal blood counts and one patient with an acute agranulocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:922171", "title": "An improved modification of cycle filtration leucopheresis.", "content": "We report about an own modification of repetitive cycle filtration leucopheresis (RFL). Compared to the method described by De Fliedner et al. (1974) it is simpler to perform, permits the use of commercially available filtration sets and thus reduces the costs of the procedure considerably. The mean yields of the granulocytes collected in 51 RFL from unconditioned normal donors amounted from 1.7 to 2.3 X 10(10) dependent on the number of the filtration cycles performed.", "contents": "An improved modification of cycle filtration leucopheresis. We report about an own modification of repetitive cycle filtration leucopheresis (RFL). Compared to the method described by De Fliedner et al. (1974) it is simpler to perform, permits the use of commercially available filtration sets and thus reduces the costs of the procedure considerably. The mean yields of the granulocytes collected in 51 RFL from unconditioned normal donors amounted from 1.7 to 2.3 X 10(10) dependent on the number of the filtration cycles performed."}
{"id": "PMID:922172", "title": "[Non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma. Retrospective study of 64 cases classified according to Kiel's and Rappaport's nomenclature].", "content": "64 cases of non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas were the object of a retrospective study: these 64 cases were considered in terms of Kiel's and Rappaport's classifications. The stimultaneous study using the two classifications showed that entities defined in one of them do not correspond to entities defined in the other one. --This study allows us to define: 1) in Kiel's classification, a groupe of lymphomas of favorable prognosis, by opposition with a group of lymphomas of poor progonosis, all stages included; 2) in Rappaport's classification, a group of nodular lymphomas of favorable prognosis, for which the actuarial survival curves, all stages included, seem to accord with the anatomico-clinical data thus far published. Nevertheless, while nodular lymphomas can be identified as lymphomas of favorable prognosis, it does not seem possible to isolate, in Rappaport's classification, a group of lymphomas of poor prognosis by opposition with the favorable prognosis group. This study confirms that, to the morphological entity of the malignant centroblastic centrocytic follicular lymphoma, there corresponds a lymphoma of favorable prognosis whose median is 72 months, all stages included, for an average age of 57.5 years (this median is more  than 180 months in the clinically localized stages). This morphological entity of Kiel covers 76 per cent of Rappaport's malignant nodular lymphomas. Nevertheless, 24 per cent of these same malignant nodular lymphomas are considered to be lymphomas of poor prognosis by Kiel and seem to appear as such in our study.", "contents": "[Non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma. Retrospective study of 64 cases classified according to Kiel's and Rappaport's nomenclature]. 64 cases of non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas were the object of a retrospective study: these 64 cases were considered in terms of Kiel's and Rappaport's classifications. The stimultaneous study using the two classifications showed that entities defined in one of them do not correspond to entities defined in the other one. --This study allows us to define: 1) in Kiel's classification, a groupe of lymphomas of favorable prognosis, by opposition with a group of lymphomas of poor progonosis, all stages included; 2) in Rappaport's classification, a group of nodular lymphomas of favorable prognosis, for which the actuarial survival curves, all stages included, seem to accord with the anatomico-clinical data thus far published. Nevertheless, while nodular lymphomas can be identified as lymphomas of favorable prognosis, it does not seem possible to isolate, in Rappaport's classification, a group of lymphomas of poor prognosis by opposition with the favorable prognosis group. This study confirms that, to the morphological entity of the malignant centroblastic centrocytic follicular lymphoma, there corresponds a lymphoma of favorable prognosis whose median is 72 months, all stages included, for an average age of 57.5 years (this median is more  than 180 months in the clinically localized stages). This morphological entity of Kiel covers 76 per cent of Rappaport's malignant nodular lymphomas. Nevertheless, 24 per cent of these same malignant nodular lymphomas are considered to be lymphomas of poor prognosis by Kiel and seem to appear as such in our study."}
{"id": "PMID:922173", "title": "[Determination of the importance of environmental factors in human cancer: the role of epidemiology].", "content": "The evidence in support of the assertion that 80% of human cancers are of environmental origin is reviewed. The environment is used in its broadest sense and is taken to include the widespread general exposures of air and water pollution, the work environment, exposures resulting from personal choice such as smoking and drinking, and the diet. Several examples are chosen to show that a wide range of environmental agents can cause cancer. Consideration of descriptive epidemiological data relating to migrants, geographical variation in incidence, changes in risk over time, correlation studies, clusters and case reports, supports an environmental etiology for many cancers the cause of which is at present unkown. The same data can be used to show that a large proportion of cancer is likely to be due to environmental factors. If the lowest rate observed in a series of populations be regarded as representing a residuum of cancers due to non-environmental causes then it is possible to imagine a hypothetical population with a very low rate indeed. However, it is unlikely that such a level could be achieved even if all causal mechanisms were understood as it is possible that factors leading to one cancer may protect against another. Until evidence to the contrary is aduced it is held that the vast majority of human cancers are due to the environment: the reasons why there has been reluctance to accept this conclusion are discussed.", "contents": "[Determination of the importance of environmental factors in human cancer: the role of epidemiology]. The evidence in support of the assertion that 80% of human cancers are of environmental origin is reviewed. The environment is used in its broadest sense and is taken to include the widespread general exposures of air and water pollution, the work environment, exposures resulting from personal choice such as smoking and drinking, and the diet. Several examples are chosen to show that a wide range of environmental agents can cause cancer. Consideration of descriptive epidemiological data relating to migrants, geographical variation in incidence, changes in risk over time, correlation studies, clusters and case reports, supports an environmental etiology for many cancers the cause of which is at present unkown. The same data can be used to show that a large proportion of cancer is likely to be due to environmental factors. If the lowest rate observed in a series of populations be regarded as representing a residuum of cancers due to non-environmental causes then it is possible to imagine a hypothetical population with a very low rate indeed. However, it is unlikely that such a level could be achieved even if all causal mechanisms were understood as it is possible that factors leading to one cancer may protect against another. Until evidence to the contrary is aduced it is held that the vast majority of human cancers are due to the environment: the reasons why there has been reluctance to accept this conclusion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922174", "title": "[Relations between biomedical variables: mathematical analysis or linear algebra?].", "content": "The authors, after a short reminder of one pattern's structure, stress on the possible double approach of relations uniting the variables of this pattern: use of fonctions, what is within the mathematical analysis sphere, use of linear algebra profiting by matricial calculation's development and automatiosation. They precise the respective interests on these methods, their bounds and the imperatives for utilization, according to the kind of variables, of data, and the objective for work, understanding phenomenons or helping towards decision.", "contents": "[Relations between biomedical variables: mathematical analysis or linear algebra?]. The authors, after a short reminder of one pattern's structure, stress on the possible double approach of relations uniting the variables of this pattern: use of fonctions, what is within the mathematical analysis sphere, use of linear algebra profiting by matricial calculation's development and automatiosation. They precise the respective interests on these methods, their bounds and the imperatives for utilization, according to the kind of variables, of data, and the objective for work, understanding phenomenons or helping towards decision."}
{"id": "PMID:922175", "title": "[Use of models in the study of survival in oncology].", "content": "Observation of numerous survical surves connecting the survival rates with time usually expressed in yearly intervals has permited the elaboration of patterns describing survival probability in terms of time. Gross survival patterns, from which the most utilized is the exponential pattern, must be distinguished from comparative surival patterns that debouch into the recovery probleme. Their interest is to caracterize survival for a group of patients with the assistance of a limited number of values (three at most). From that, follow their practical applications: comparison between several groups that may differ either from the characteristics of the discase or from the received treatments and from the vital future forecasting, either on one group's level, or for an individual.", "contents": "[Use of models in the study of survival in oncology]. Observation of numerous survical surves connecting the survival rates with time usually expressed in yearly intervals has permited the elaboration of patterns describing survival probability in terms of time. Gross survival patterns, from which the most utilized is the exponential pattern, must be distinguished from comparative surival patterns that debouch into the recovery probleme. Their interest is to caracterize survival for a group of patients with the assistance of a limited number of values (three at most). From that, follow their practical applications: comparison between several groups that may differ either from the characteristics of the discase or from the received treatments and from the vital future forecasting, either on one group's level, or for an individual."}
{"id": "PMID:922176", "title": "[Influence of the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease on the quality of life of cured patients].", "content": "Authors present results of an inquiry dealing with familial and socio-professional reinsertion of 130 patients who have been treated for Hodgkin disease. On a family point of view, after treatment, the rate of single people is higher than in general population. Even though one can observe marriages, and feminine sterility is rare, the number of children by married couple remains low. There is no change in rate of house moving. Most of cured patients return to work. This fact is related to duration of treatment, but variations depend essentially of familial situation, kind to work and quality of previous social insurance. For two groups of people risk of unemployement is higher: agricultural labourers who are often dismissed and contractual civil servants who meet with difficulties to be established. Definitive invalidity is rarely conceded by wearied social organisms. Finally cured patients appear most of the time comparable with healthy population. However they meet with important difficulties to get a loan or to contract a life insurance. Premiums are frequently raised and policies restricted. Difficulties are not related to organic sequelae. Cured patients still remain suspicious for their entourage and employer, that bring them about to hide the pathologic episode.", "contents": "[Influence of the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease on the quality of life of cured patients]. Authors present results of an inquiry dealing with familial and socio-professional reinsertion of 130 patients who have been treated for Hodgkin disease. On a family point of view, after treatment, the rate of single people is higher than in general population. Even though one can observe marriages, and feminine sterility is rare, the number of children by married couple remains low. There is no change in rate of house moving. Most of cured patients return to work. This fact is related to duration of treatment, but variations depend essentially of familial situation, kind to work and quality of previous social insurance. For two groups of people risk of unemployement is higher: agricultural labourers who are often dismissed and contractual civil servants who meet with difficulties to be established. Definitive invalidity is rarely conceded by wearied social organisms. Finally cured patients appear most of the time comparable with healthy population. However they meet with important difficulties to get a loan or to contract a life insurance. Premiums are frequently raised and policies restricted. Difficulties are not related to organic sequelae. Cured patients still remain suspicious for their entourage and employer, that bring them about to hide the pathologic episode."}
{"id": "PMID:922177", "title": "[Cancer of the breast: Interrelations betwpen the primary tumor and the axillary and internal mammary nodes].", "content": "In a series of 300 patients operated for a cancer of the breast the internal and external mammary chain have been removed. The extemporaneous analysis has enable us to verify and complete the data collected at the clincial exmination. By this mean, we have selected on objective criteria the most favorables cases for conservative surgery. The histological examination of the lymph nodes shows a stricking relation between the T. and the N. This confirms the clinical conclusions. Finally we have shown that the appreciation of the T is of the outmost importance to predict an eventual envolvement of the internal mammary chain.", "contents": "[Cancer of the breast: Interrelations betwpen the primary tumor and the axillary and internal mammary nodes]. In a series of 300 patients operated for a cancer of the breast the internal and external mammary chain have been removed. The extemporaneous analysis has enable us to verify and complete the data collected at the clincial exmination. By this mean, we have selected on objective criteria the most favorables cases for conservative surgery. The histological examination of the lymph nodes shows a stricking relation between the T. and the N. This confirms the clinical conclusions. Finally we have shown that the appreciation of the T is of the outmost importance to predict an eventual envolvement of the internal mammary chain."}
{"id": "PMID:922178", "title": "[Primary vaginal cancer in adults. Apropos of 72 cases treated at the Fondation Curie from 1956 to 1968].", "content": "Primary vaginal cancer are infrequent and amount to 2 or 3 per cent of the gynecological cancers. Their diagnosis is difficult, because many other cancers metastasize in the vagina. The primary vaginal cancer arise mostly after climateric. Adjuvant causes would be a total hysterectomy in the past, prolapsus, prolonged use a pessary or a previous irradiation. The squamous-cell carcinomas, by far the most frequent (91%), are mostly situated in the upper third of the vagina on the anterior and posterior walls. Surgery, being difficult and mutilating is rarely indicated. So the treatment is mainly radiotherapic: external irradiation and intracavitary curietherapy. The radiation techniques are a little different according to the site of the lesion in the lower third or not. The upper lesion can be treated like a cervix cancer. The lower ones  are more difficult to handle; for curietherapy, one must use molded apparatus, loaded with Iridium wire, adapted to each special case. The therapeutic results are rather poor:43 per cent for the 5-year cure rate and 36 per cent for the 10-year cure rate: less than for the cervix uteri. The upper lesions have a better prognosis than the lower ones. Results should be improved with an earlier diagnosis, a more accurate radiotherapy and a more precise dosimetry. The non-squamous-cell cancers (adenocarcinomas, sarcomas, mallignant melanomas) are generally rather radio-resistant. They are rare and their prognosis is very poor.", "contents": "[Primary vaginal cancer in adults. Apropos of 72 cases treated at the Fondation Curie from 1956 to 1968]. Primary vaginal cancer are infrequent and amount to 2 or 3 per cent of the gynecological cancers. Their diagnosis is difficult, because many other cancers metastasize in the vagina. The primary vaginal cancer arise mostly after climateric. Adjuvant causes would be a total hysterectomy in the past, prolapsus, prolonged use a pessary or a previous irradiation. The squamous-cell carcinomas, by far the most frequent (91%), are mostly situated in the upper third of the vagina on the anterior and posterior walls. Surgery, being difficult and mutilating is rarely indicated. So the treatment is mainly radiotherapic: external irradiation and intracavitary curietherapy. The radiation techniques are a little different according to the site of the lesion in the lower third or not. The upper lesion can be treated like a cervix cancer. The lower ones  are more difficult to handle; for curietherapy, one must use molded apparatus, loaded with Iridium wire, adapted to each special case. The therapeutic results are rather poor:43 per cent for the 5-year cure rate and 36 per cent for the 10-year cure rate: less than for the cervix uteri. The upper lesions have a better prognosis than the lower ones. Results should be improved with an earlier diagnosis, a more accurate radiotherapy and a more precise dosimetry. The non-squamous-cell cancers (adenocarcinomas, sarcomas, mallignant melanomas) are generally rather radio-resistant. They are rare and their prognosis is very poor."}
{"id": "PMID:922179", "title": "[\"In situ\" anesthetics and experimental cryotumorectomy].", "content": "Some similarities have been found between the actions of anesthetics and freezing on biological membranes. Therefore, it has been thought that these agents could potentiate the destructive effect of cryosurgery. Experiments on cryopreservation of HeLa cells in vitro using three anesthetics--thiopental sodium, lignoca\u00efne and CT 1341--indicate enhancement of \"cryosensitivity\". When using in vivo the same anesthetics injected in an experimental carcinoma (KDMC) of the Sprague-Dawley rat, cryosurgically treated, the results are: --no tumoricidal effect nor antitumoral activity of these agents when used alone,--the simultaneous use of anesthetics and cryosurgery gives better (but no significant results than cryosurgery alone,--the best agent in regard to this possible adjuvant effect seems to be thiopental sodium, it also facilitates tumoral dissemination. The authors conclude from these preliminary results that they need further experiments to assess this findings with smaller tumors, more numerous animals, same and others anesthetics at different concentrations. They attempt to define some caracteristics of potentiative agents during physical phase of cryodestruction.", "contents": "[\"In situ\" anesthetics and experimental cryotumorectomy]. Some similarities have been found between the actions of anesthetics and freezing on biological membranes. Therefore, it has been thought that these agents could potentiate the destructive effect of cryosurgery. Experiments on cryopreservation of HeLa cells in vitro using three anesthetics--thiopental sodium, lignoca\u00efne and CT 1341--indicate enhancement of \"cryosensitivity\". When using in vivo the same anesthetics injected in an experimental carcinoma (KDMC) of the Sprague-Dawley rat, cryosurgically treated, the results are: --no tumoricidal effect nor antitumoral activity of these agents when used alone,--the simultaneous use of anesthetics and cryosurgery gives better (but no significant results than cryosurgery alone,--the best agent in regard to this possible adjuvant effect seems to be thiopental sodium, it also facilitates tumoral dissemination. The authors conclude from these preliminary results that they need further experiments to assess this findings with smaller tumors, more numerous animals, same and others anesthetics at different concentrations. They attempt to define some caracteristics of potentiative agents during physical phase of cryodestruction."}
{"id": "PMID:922180", "title": "Prolonged retention of methyl mercury by mallard drakes.", "content": "Mallard drakes accumulated mercury rapidly from dietary dosage of methylmercury dicyandiamide and eliminated it slowly, retaining approximately one half at the end of 84 days; no measurable loss occurred between the end of the 7th and 56th days, but loss resumed concurrently with new feather growth, and continued through the 112th day, the close of the study.", "contents": "Prolonged retention of methyl mercury by mallard drakes. Mallard drakes accumulated mercury rapidly from dietary dosage of methylmercury dicyandiamide and eliminated it slowly, retaining approximately one half at the end of 84 days; no measurable loss occurred between the end of the 7th and 56th days, but loss resumed concurrently with new feather growth, and continued through the 112th day, the close of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:922186", "title": "Selenium in pollen gathered by bees foraging on fly ash-grown plants.", "content": "Pollen collected from the rear legs of honey bees found foraging on asters voluntarily growing on a fly ash dump in Endwell, New York, was found to contain a high concentration of selenium. Pollen from bees foraging on asters growing on field soil contained no detectable selenium.", "contents": "Selenium in pollen gathered by bees foraging on fly ash-grown plants. Pollen collected from the rear legs of honey bees found foraging on asters voluntarily growing on a fly ash dump in Endwell, New York, was found to contain a high concentration of selenium. Pollen from bees foraging on asters growing on field soil contained no detectable selenium."}
{"id": "PMID:922189", "title": "A search for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in an environment exposed annually to 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid ester (2,4,5-T) herbicides.", "content": "As part of a broad study to determine whether 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD) is accumulating in the environment due to approved uses of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) based herbicides, samples of fish, water, mud and human milk were collected from areas in Arkansas and Texas where 2,4,5-T herbicides are used and were analyzed for TCDD. No TCDD was detected by a GC-MS procedure with a detection limit which averaged less than 10 ppt.", "contents": "A search for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in an environment exposed annually to 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid ester (2,4,5-T) herbicides. As part of a broad study to determine whether 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD) is accumulating in the environment due to approved uses of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) based herbicides, samples of fish, water, mud and human milk were collected from areas in Arkansas and Texas where 2,4,5-T herbicides are used and were analyzed for TCDD. No TCDD was detected by a GC-MS procedure with a detection limit which averaged less than 10 ppt."}
{"id": "PMID:922223", "title": "Self-assessment of hearing impairment: test of the expanded hearing ability scale questionnaire on hearing impaired adults in England.", "content": "The National Center for Health Statistics developed a questionnaire for self-assessment of hearing impairment which has been widely tested in the United States. The performance of this questionnaire was tested on a sample of 131 people in England, known to have hearing impairment and gave results very similar to those obtained in the United States. These results are compared with a randomly selected sample from the general population. Characteristics of the hearing ability scale derived from the questionnaire are discussed and some suggestions made for a modified version of the questionnaire. The relationship between the average pure tone threshold and the score derived from the hearing ability scale questionnaire is described and takes the form of a bounded relationship with scale score indicating the minimum threshold level.", "contents": "Self-assessment of hearing impairment: test of the expanded hearing ability scale questionnaire on hearing impaired adults in England. The National Center for Health Statistics developed a questionnaire for self-assessment of hearing impairment which has been widely tested in the United States. The performance of this questionnaire was tested on a sample of 131 people in England, known to have hearing impairment and gave results very similar to those obtained in the United States. These results are compared with a randomly selected sample from the general population. Characteristics of the hearing ability scale derived from the questionnaire are discussed and some suggestions made for a modified version of the questionnaire. The relationship between the average pure tone threshold and the score derived from the hearing ability scale questionnaire is described and takes the form of a bounded relationship with scale score indicating the minimum threshold level."}
{"id": "PMID:922224", "title": "The speech spectrum--some aspects of its significance for hearing aid selection and evaluation.", "content": "A spectral analysis of Australian speech is reported for 30 speakers, 15 males and 15 females. When expressed in one-third octave band levels, or critical band levels, the spectrum is essentially flat from 1kHz to 8KHz and shows approximately 15dB greater energy at 0.5kHz and lower frequencies. Although the results of this study agree substantially with other published data, the use of the average spectrum obtained, rather than the idealised speech spectrum, would be significant for aid selection and evaluation purposes. The common practice, in hearing aid literature, of showing the speech spectrum expressed in spectrum levels, rather than one-third octave band levels, may lead to a different, and possibly misleading, conceptualisation of the relative energy of high and low frequency components. Considering that speech spectra differ greatly from one individual to another, it would seem desirable that speech with a known, preferably average, spectrum be used in hearing aid evaluation procedures which involve setting the volume control of a hearing aid to deliver speech at a comfortable listening level.", "contents": "The speech spectrum--some aspects of its significance for hearing aid selection and evaluation. A spectral analysis of Australian speech is reported for 30 speakers, 15 males and 15 females. When expressed in one-third octave band levels, or critical band levels, the spectrum is essentially flat from 1kHz to 8KHz and shows approximately 15dB greater energy at 0.5kHz and lower frequencies. Although the results of this study agree substantially with other published data, the use of the average spectrum obtained, rather than the idealised speech spectrum, would be significant for aid selection and evaluation purposes. The common practice, in hearing aid literature, of showing the speech spectrum expressed in spectrum levels, rather than one-third octave band levels, may lead to a different, and possibly misleading, conceptualisation of the relative energy of high and low frequency components. Considering that speech spectra differ greatly from one individual to another, it would seem desirable that speech with a known, preferably average, spectrum be used in hearing aid evaluation procedures which involve setting the volume control of a hearing aid to deliver speech at a comfortable listening level."}
{"id": "PMID:922225", "title": "Audiometric analysis as a predictor of speech intelligibility.", "content": "This study examines the usefulness of the audiogram as a predictive instrument in speech intelligibility. Much of the early work on the audiogram centred on speech reception (e.g. Harris, Haines and Myers, 1956) but Montgomery (1967) made a case for the application to speech production especially when profoundly deaf children are involved. Speech intelligibility was measured by playing back to groups of listeners, tapes consisting of sentences read by 15-16-year-old schoolchildren. Listeners had to fill in two missing words in the sentences. Analyses of the pattern of hearing loss, of the loss at individual frequencies and finally, of combinations of the loss at different frequencies were made. The results indicate that in most circumstances, subjects may be placed in four distinguishable groups, separated at 65dB, and 105dB. When the simple mean of five frequency losses, centred on 1,000Hz is taken, five groups have significantly different levels of speech intelligibility.", "contents": "Audiometric analysis as a predictor of speech intelligibility. This study examines the usefulness of the audiogram as a predictive instrument in speech intelligibility. Much of the early work on the audiogram centred on speech reception (e.g. Harris, Haines and Myers, 1956) but Montgomery (1967) made a case for the application to speech production especially when profoundly deaf children are involved. Speech intelligibility was measured by playing back to groups of listeners, tapes consisting of sentences read by 15-16-year-old schoolchildren. Listeners had to fill in two missing words in the sentences. Analyses of the pattern of hearing loss, of the loss at individual frequencies and finally, of combinations of the loss at different frequencies were made. The results indicate that in most circumstances, subjects may be placed in four distinguishable groups, separated at 65dB, and 105dB. When the simple mean of five frequency losses, centred on 1,000Hz is taken, five groups have significantly different levels of speech intelligibility."}
{"id": "PMID:922226", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the human cochlea using a transtympanic electrode.", "content": "Thirteen patients received stimulation of the cochlea using a transtympanic electrode. The purpose was to investigate the effect of alternating current on the normal and the damaged cochlea and also to discover what effect, if any, it has on tinnitus. Measurements were made of the electrical dynamic range and in one case a loudness balance test was performed against an acoustic signal in the contralateral ear. In addition nine patients experienced a variety of somatic sensations and four had vertigo. Tinnitus was temporarily suppressed in two out of nine cases.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the human cochlea using a transtympanic electrode. Thirteen patients received stimulation of the cochlea using a transtympanic electrode. The purpose was to investigate the effect of alternating current on the normal and the damaged cochlea and also to discover what effect, if any, it has on tinnitus. Measurements were made of the electrical dynamic range and in one case a loudness balance test was performed against an acoustic signal in the contralateral ear. In addition nine patients experienced a variety of somatic sensations and four had vertigo. Tinnitus was temporarily suppressed in two out of nine cases."}
{"id": "PMID:922228", "title": "Sex of listener and hormonal correlates of auditory thresholds.", "content": "The present study investigates changes in auditory threshold during 4-6 week intervals for men, women on birth control pills, and normal cycling women not on birth control pills. Thresholds were determined at 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, 8,000 Hz. Normal cycling females had significantly lower thresholds during first half of the menstrual cycle than during the second half. Females on birth control pills showed significantly and consistently lower thresholds than other listeners at several frequencies. Explanations for the phenomena are proposed.", "contents": "Sex of listener and hormonal correlates of auditory thresholds. The present study investigates changes in auditory threshold during 4-6 week intervals for men, women on birth control pills, and normal cycling women not on birth control pills. Thresholds were determined at 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, 8,000 Hz. Normal cycling females had significantly lower thresholds during first half of the menstrual cycle than during the second half. Females on birth control pills showed significantly and consistently lower thresholds than other listeners at several frequencies. Explanations for the phenomena are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:922229", "title": "Radio frequency clipping in hearing aids.", "content": "For those patients with reduced dynamic range of hearing, accomodation of normal dynamic range of speech has always presented a problem. This paper describes a method of overcoming the problem, a method which has the added benefit of offering improved speech discrimination as well as limiting the output from a hearing aid system. The principle employed is the presentation of taped speech material processed through clipping of a radio frequency single side side band suppressed carrier signal, which is filtered to remove the Fourier components and demodulated to obtain the modified speech material. Groups of normally hearing and hearing impaired subjects undergo speech audiometry testing to assess what improvement can be effected by this system. The majority of subjects tested both normal and hearing impaired achieve improved speech discrimination when using the system described. Further once the output was set no increase in the input signal could produce a level in excess of that set by the output control.", "contents": "Radio frequency clipping in hearing aids. For those patients with reduced dynamic range of hearing, accomodation of normal dynamic range of speech has always presented a problem. This paper describes a method of overcoming the problem, a method which has the added benefit of offering improved speech discrimination as well as limiting the output from a hearing aid system. The principle employed is the presentation of taped speech material processed through clipping of a radio frequency single side side band suppressed carrier signal, which is filtered to remove the Fourier components and demodulated to obtain the modified speech material. Groups of normally hearing and hearing impaired subjects undergo speech audiometry testing to assess what improvement can be effected by this system. The majority of subjects tested both normal and hearing impaired achieve improved speech discrimination when using the system described. Further once the output was set no increase in the input signal could produce a level in excess of that set by the output control."}
{"id": "PMID:922231", "title": "Effects of jet aircraft noise on mental hospital admissions.", "content": "We study, in the vicinity of Los Angeles International Airport, the effect of jet noise on mental hospital admissions. The maximum noise area (where the maximum fly-over noise exceeds 90 dBA) shows a 29% increase in admissions over those of a corresponding control area, as like the target area as possible, except that in the control area jet noise is not a dominant factor. The results are similar to those of a previous study carried out near Heathrow Airport.", "contents": "Effects of jet aircraft noise on mental hospital admissions. We study, in the vicinity of Los Angeles International Airport, the effect of jet noise on mental hospital admissions. The maximum noise area (where the maximum fly-over noise exceeds 90 dBA) shows a 29% increase in admissions over those of a corresponding control area, as like the target area as possible, except that in the control area jet noise is not a dominant factor. The results are similar to those of a previous study carried out near Heathrow Airport."}
{"id": "PMID:922246", "title": "Cardiac adrenoceptors at low temperature and the adrenoceptor interconversion hypothesis.", "content": "1 The hypothesis that low temperature converts inotropic beta-adrenoceptors to alpha-adrenoceptors has been tested in isolated heart preparations of the frog and rat. 2 The results do not support the adrenoceptor interconversion hypothesis. In the frog ventricle strip lowering the temperature from 24 degrees C to 14 degrees C did not significantly alter the inotropic potency of the sympathomimetic drugs isoprenaline, adrenaline and phenylephrine and did not reduce the potency of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug propranolol as an isoprenaline antagonist. In the isolated left atrium of the rat lowering the temperature from 31 degrees C and 24 degrees C to 17-19 degrees C did not significantly alter the inotropic potency of isoprenaline, noradrenaline and phenylephrine, did not diminish the potency of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug propranolol and did not increase the potency of the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug phentolamine. 3 Phenylephrine acted on alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in rat left atrium at 31 degrees C and 24 degrees C, but only on beta-adrenoceptors at 17-19 degrees C.", "contents": "Cardiac adrenoceptors at low temperature and the adrenoceptor interconversion hypothesis. 1 The hypothesis that low temperature converts inotropic beta-adrenoceptors to alpha-adrenoceptors has been tested in isolated heart preparations of the frog and rat. 2 The results do not support the adrenoceptor interconversion hypothesis. In the frog ventricle strip lowering the temperature from 24 degrees C to 14 degrees C did not significantly alter the inotropic potency of the sympathomimetic drugs isoprenaline, adrenaline and phenylephrine and did not reduce the potency of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug propranolol as an isoprenaline antagonist. In the isolated left atrium of the rat lowering the temperature from 31 degrees C and 24 degrees C to 17-19 degrees C did not significantly alter the inotropic potency of isoprenaline, noradrenaline and phenylephrine, did not diminish the potency of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug propranolol and did not increase the potency of the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug phentolamine. 3 Phenylephrine acted on alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in rat left atrium at 31 degrees C and 24 degrees C, but only on beta-adrenoceptors at 17-19 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:922247", "title": "Mechanism of nicotine-induced release of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerve endings.", "content": "1 A study of the mechanism of release of [(3)H]-noradrenaline ([(3)H]-NA) by nicotine from isolated vas deferens of the rat was made using incubation media of different ionic composition.2 Nicotine (20 mug/ml)-induced release of [(3)H]-NA was significantly potentiated in K(+)-free Krebs solution as compared to that in normal Krebs-Ringer solution.3 Nicotine-induced release of [(3)H]-NA was significantly reduced in Na(+)-deficient Krebs solution (containing only 11 mM Na(+)) and was abolished in Na(+)-free Krebs solution.4 In totally depolarized tissues, nicotine failed to cause an outflow of [(3)H]-NA but Ca(2+) (5 mM) did so.5 Nicotine required the presence of Ca(2+) in the incubation medium to cause release of [(3)H]-NA from adrenergic nerve terminals, the magnitude of release being dependent upon the concentration of Ca(2+).6 Nicotine-induced release of [(3)H]-NA was demonstrated in high Ca(2+), Na(+)-free Krebs solution in which all Na(+) had been replaced with Ca(2+).7 It is concluded that nicotine increases the membrane permeability to both Na(+) and Ca(2+). It is also suggested that the increase in permeability to Ca(2+) alone is not sufficient but a local depolarizing action of nicotine is necessary to cause release of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerve endings.", "contents": "Mechanism of nicotine-induced release of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerve endings. 1 A study of the mechanism of release of [(3)H]-noradrenaline ([(3)H]-NA) by nicotine from isolated vas deferens of the rat was made using incubation media of different ionic composition.2 Nicotine (20 mug/ml)-induced release of [(3)H]-NA was significantly potentiated in K(+)-free Krebs solution as compared to that in normal Krebs-Ringer solution.3 Nicotine-induced release of [(3)H]-NA was significantly reduced in Na(+)-deficient Krebs solution (containing only 11 mM Na(+)) and was abolished in Na(+)-free Krebs solution.4 In totally depolarized tissues, nicotine failed to cause an outflow of [(3)H]-NA but Ca(2+) (5 mM) did so.5 Nicotine required the presence of Ca(2+) in the incubation medium to cause release of [(3)H]-NA from adrenergic nerve terminals, the magnitude of release being dependent upon the concentration of Ca(2+).6 Nicotine-induced release of [(3)H]-NA was demonstrated in high Ca(2+), Na(+)-free Krebs solution in which all Na(+) had been replaced with Ca(2+).7 It is concluded that nicotine increases the membrane permeability to both Na(+) and Ca(2+). It is also suggested that the increase in permeability to Ca(2+) alone is not sufficient but a local depolarizing action of nicotine is necessary to cause release of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerve endings."}
{"id": "PMID:922248", "title": "Ligand binding to muscarinic receptors in intact longitudinal muscle strips from guinea-pig intestine.", "content": "1 The binding of ligands to muscarinic receptors in intact longitudinal muscle strips from guinea-pig small intestine has been determined by measuring the inhibition of the irreversible binding of [3H]-propylbenzilylcholine mustard ([3H]-PrBCM). 2 The IC50 values for inhibition of [3H]-PrBCM binding by a given ligand were generally higher in intact strips than those reported for broken-cell preparations. This effect is probably due, at least in part, to the presence of an access-limitation factor in the kinetics of the irreversible binding of [3H]-PrBCM to the intact tissue. 3 The mean Hill coefficients for antagonist binding approached unity, but those for strong agonists were significantly less than unity. There was, with the possible exceptions of hexyltrimethylammonium and oxotremorine, reasonably good agreement with the Hill coefficients reported for brain homogenates.", "contents": "Ligand binding to muscarinic receptors in intact longitudinal muscle strips from guinea-pig intestine. 1 The binding of ligands to muscarinic receptors in intact longitudinal muscle strips from guinea-pig small intestine has been determined by measuring the inhibition of the irreversible binding of [3H]-propylbenzilylcholine mustard ([3H]-PrBCM). 2 The IC50 values for inhibition of [3H]-PrBCM binding by a given ligand were generally higher in intact strips than those reported for broken-cell preparations. This effect is probably due, at least in part, to the presence of an access-limitation factor in the kinetics of the irreversible binding of [3H]-PrBCM to the intact tissue. 3 The mean Hill coefficients for antagonist binding approached unity, but those for strong agonists were significantly less than unity. There was, with the possible exceptions of hexyltrimethylammonium and oxotremorine, reasonably good agreement with the Hill coefficients reported for brain homogenates."}
{"id": "PMID:922249", "title": "The effects of intravenous anaesthetics on the cardiovascular system of the rabbit.", "content": "1 A pithed rabbit preparation is described that allows selective stimulation of the vertebral outflows. 2 The responses to stimulation of sympathetic vasopressor fibres were blocked by hexamethonium and phentolamine but potentiated by cocaine, whereas the responses to stimulation of cardioaccelerator fibres were blocked by propranolol. 3 Ketamine, althesin and pentobarbitone enhanced the effects of noradrenaline and attenuated the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation. Thiopentone enhanced the effects of both noradrenaline and sympathetic nerve stimulation. 4 In pithed rabbits a transient, dose-related cardiovascular depression was produced by each agent irrespective of whether vasomotor tone was present whereas in decerebrate rabbits the corresponding cardiovascular depression was longer lasting. 5 It is concluded that the cardiovascular depression produced by intravenous anaesthetics in intact rabbits is due to a combination of central and peripheral effects.", "contents": "The effects of intravenous anaesthetics on the cardiovascular system of the rabbit. 1 A pithed rabbit preparation is described that allows selective stimulation of the vertebral outflows. 2 The responses to stimulation of sympathetic vasopressor fibres were blocked by hexamethonium and phentolamine but potentiated by cocaine, whereas the responses to stimulation of cardioaccelerator fibres were blocked by propranolol. 3 Ketamine, althesin and pentobarbitone enhanced the effects of noradrenaline and attenuated the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation. Thiopentone enhanced the effects of both noradrenaline and sympathetic nerve stimulation. 4 In pithed rabbits a transient, dose-related cardiovascular depression was produced by each agent irrespective of whether vasomotor tone was present whereas in decerebrate rabbits the corresponding cardiovascular depression was longer lasting. 5 It is concluded that the cardiovascular depression produced by intravenous anaesthetics in intact rabbits is due to a combination of central and peripheral effects."}
{"id": "PMID:922250", "title": "Central and peripheral noradrenaline in the two kidney model of renovascular hypertension in the rat.", "content": "1 Plasma noradrenaline concentrations were similar in rats following unilateral renal arterial constriction (two kidney Goldblatt model) and in sham-operated control rats. 2 The development of hypertension was not affected by pretreatment with intracisternal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. 3 These data suggest that sympathetic mechanisms do not contribute to the development of hypertension in this model.", "contents": "Central and peripheral noradrenaline in the two kidney model of renovascular hypertension in the rat. 1 Plasma noradrenaline concentrations were similar in rats following unilateral renal arterial constriction (two kidney Goldblatt model) and in sham-operated control rats. 2 The development of hypertension was not affected by pretreatment with intracisternal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. 3 These data suggest that sympathetic mechanisms do not contribute to the development of hypertension in this model."}
{"id": "PMID:922251", "title": "Spasmogenic and potentiating actions of some amino acids on the guinea-pig myometrium.", "content": "1 Thirty-three amino acids were applied separately in concentrations of 2 to 10 mM to guinea-pig uterine horns in vitro at pH 7.4. About half the acids regularly produced contractions.2 Glycine and the straight-chain L-alpha-amino acids up to norleucine were active (longer ones not tested); D-isomers were less potent or inactive in these concentrations. The omega-amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and delta-aminovaleric, and the alpha,omega-diamino acids L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic and L-alpha,gamma-diaminobutyric were active, whereas others of similar chain-length such as beta-alanine and lysine were not. The diacidic acids, glutamic and homocysteic, were more active than the amido-amino acids, glutamine and asparagine. Histidine and phenylalanine showed little or no activity.3 The use of appropriate blocking agents indicated that the responses to representative acids were not mediated by histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline or by prostaglandins. Attempts to block the actions of glycine and GABA with strychnine, thebaine, picrotoxin, bicuculline or tetramethylenedisulphotetramine (TETS) were unsuccessful.4 When some of the acids that were spasmogenic at 2 to 10 mM were applied at sub-spasmogenic doses, they transiently potentiated other spasmogens such as oxytocin or acetylcholine. This effect was also shown by a mixture of amino acids at approximately the normal plasma concentrations.5 There is some similarity between the spasmogenic activities of different amino acids and their known abilities to depolarize neurones.", "contents": "Spasmogenic and potentiating actions of some amino acids on the guinea-pig myometrium. 1 Thirty-three amino acids were applied separately in concentrations of 2 to 10 mM to guinea-pig uterine horns in vitro at pH 7.4. About half the acids regularly produced contractions.2 Glycine and the straight-chain L-alpha-amino acids up to norleucine were active (longer ones not tested); D-isomers were less potent or inactive in these concentrations. The omega-amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and delta-aminovaleric, and the alpha,omega-diamino acids L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic and L-alpha,gamma-diaminobutyric were active, whereas others of similar chain-length such as beta-alanine and lysine were not. The diacidic acids, glutamic and homocysteic, were more active than the amido-amino acids, glutamine and asparagine. Histidine and phenylalanine showed little or no activity.3 The use of appropriate blocking agents indicated that the responses to representative acids were not mediated by histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline or by prostaglandins. Attempts to block the actions of glycine and GABA with strychnine, thebaine, picrotoxin, bicuculline or tetramethylenedisulphotetramine (TETS) were unsuccessful.4 When some of the acids that were spasmogenic at 2 to 10 mM were applied at sub-spasmogenic doses, they transiently potentiated other spasmogens such as oxytocin or acetylcholine. This effect was also shown by a mixture of amino acids at approximately the normal plasma concentrations.5 There is some similarity between the spasmogenic activities of different amino acids and their known abilities to depolarize neurones."}
{"id": "PMID:922252", "title": "Evaluation of the uptake of various amines into storage vesicles of intact human platelets.", "content": "1 The uptake of various 3H-labelled amines into a thrombin-releasable compartment of human platelets, thought to represent the platelet vesicular storage pool, has been evaluated. Measurable amounts of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine, tyramine, octopamine, and tryptamine accumulate in this pool, and also in a non-thrombin-releasable (cytoplasmic) pool during a 30 min incubation period with 10(-5) M extracellular amine concentrations. 2 No differences in the accumulation of vesicular or cytoplasmic 5-HT, dopamine, and tyramine are found in platelets treated with deprenyl to inhibit platelet monoamine oxidase as compared to controls. 3 Extracellular tyramine or dopamine in concentrations as high as 10(-5) M does not alter the initial rate of 5-HT uptake across the platelet plasma membrane. Similarly, sizable cytoplasmic pools of either amine do not alter the initial rate at which small amounts of 5-HT enter platelet cytoplasm or storage vesicles. 5-HT thus appears to be the preferred substrate for uptake into platelets and for movement from cytoplasm to vesicles.", "contents": "Evaluation of the uptake of various amines into storage vesicles of intact human platelets. 1 The uptake of various 3H-labelled amines into a thrombin-releasable compartment of human platelets, thought to represent the platelet vesicular storage pool, has been evaluated. Measurable amounts of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine, tyramine, octopamine, and tryptamine accumulate in this pool, and also in a non-thrombin-releasable (cytoplasmic) pool during a 30 min incubation period with 10(-5) M extracellular amine concentrations. 2 No differences in the accumulation of vesicular or cytoplasmic 5-HT, dopamine, and tyramine are found in platelets treated with deprenyl to inhibit platelet monoamine oxidase as compared to controls. 3 Extracellular tyramine or dopamine in concentrations as high as 10(-5) M does not alter the initial rate of 5-HT uptake across the platelet plasma membrane. Similarly, sizable cytoplasmic pools of either amine do not alter the initial rate at which small amounts of 5-HT enter platelet cytoplasm or storage vesicles. 5-HT thus appears to be the preferred substrate for uptake into platelets and for movement from cytoplasm to vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:922253", "title": "The effects of pentobarbitone and chloralose anaesthesia on the vagal component of bronchoconstriction produced by histamine aerosol in the anaesthetized dog.", "content": "1 Total lung resistance (R(L)) and dynamic lung compliance (C(dyn)) were measured in dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone or chloralose and subjected to aerosols of histamine during 4 successive inspirations.2 Histamine caused concentration-dependent increases in R(L) and decreases in C(dyn). A significant vagal component was involved, but only when chloralose was employed and then only in the R(L) response.3 The resting values of R(L) and C(dyn) were similar regardless of which anaesthetic was used and remained essentially the same if the vagi were cooled.4 Electrical stimulation of the efferent vagi caused large increases in R(L) of dogs given chloralose and these effects were attenuated by the administration of pentobarbitone. Such stimulation was relatively ineffective in dogs given pentobarbitone alone.5In vitro, electrical field stimulation caused contractions of dog trachealis muscle. The responses were reduced by pentobarbitone in concentrations approximating to plasma levels in the anaesthetized dogs (1 to 5 x 10(-4) M), but the effects of exogenous acetylcholine were unaltered. The inhibition was dose-dependent, reversed by washing and unaltered by hexamethonium.6 The results suggest that pentobarbitone inhibits the vagal component of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in the dog by an action on the efferent pathway. Furthermore, pentobarbitone acts either by blocking transmission along postganglionic parasympathetic nerves or by preventing the release of acetylcholine from the nerve endings in the lung.", "contents": "The effects of pentobarbitone and chloralose anaesthesia on the vagal component of bronchoconstriction produced by histamine aerosol in the anaesthetized dog. 1 Total lung resistance (R(L)) and dynamic lung compliance (C(dyn)) were measured in dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone or chloralose and subjected to aerosols of histamine during 4 successive inspirations.2 Histamine caused concentration-dependent increases in R(L) and decreases in C(dyn). A significant vagal component was involved, but only when chloralose was employed and then only in the R(L) response.3 The resting values of R(L) and C(dyn) were similar regardless of which anaesthetic was used and remained essentially the same if the vagi were cooled.4 Electrical stimulation of the efferent vagi caused large increases in R(L) of dogs given chloralose and these effects were attenuated by the administration of pentobarbitone. Such stimulation was relatively ineffective in dogs given pentobarbitone alone.5In vitro, electrical field stimulation caused contractions of dog trachealis muscle. The responses were reduced by pentobarbitone in concentrations approximating to plasma levels in the anaesthetized dogs (1 to 5 x 10(-4) M), but the effects of exogenous acetylcholine were unaltered. The inhibition was dose-dependent, reversed by washing and unaltered by hexamethonium.6 The results suggest that pentobarbitone inhibits the vagal component of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in the dog by an action on the efferent pathway. Furthermore, pentobarbitone acts either by blocking transmission along postganglionic parasympathetic nerves or by preventing the release of acetylcholine from the nerve endings in the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:922254", "title": "Relaxation of isolated aorta of the rabbit by picolinic acids.", "content": "1 When the isolated thoracic aorta of the rabbit was contracted with prostaglandin F2alpha, 5-alkylpicolinic acids produced dose-dependent relaxations. 2 Picolinic acid, 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and 5-acetylpicolinic acid which do not have the 5-alkyl residue failed to relax blood vessels. 3 The vascular relaxation was dependent on the number of carbon atoms in the 5-alkyl compounds. 4 Relaxations which occurred with 5-alkylpicolinic acids were not affected by pretreatment with either propranolol or atropine. 5 It is concluded that the 5-alkyl residue is necessary for the vascular relaxation with 5-alkylpicolinic acid and that it was not produced by stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors or cholinoceptors but rather through an activation of the basic process.", "contents": "Relaxation of isolated aorta of the rabbit by picolinic acids. 1 When the isolated thoracic aorta of the rabbit was contracted with prostaglandin F2alpha, 5-alkylpicolinic acids produced dose-dependent relaxations. 2 Picolinic acid, 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and 5-acetylpicolinic acid which do not have the 5-alkyl residue failed to relax blood vessels. 3 The vascular relaxation was dependent on the number of carbon atoms in the 5-alkyl compounds. 4 Relaxations which occurred with 5-alkylpicolinic acids were not affected by pretreatment with either propranolol or atropine. 5 It is concluded that the 5-alkyl residue is necessary for the vascular relaxation with 5-alkylpicolinic acid and that it was not produced by stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors or cholinoceptors but rather through an activation of the basic process."}
{"id": "PMID:922255", "title": "The effect of atropine on acid secretion stimulated by acetylcholine, histamine and gastrin in the isolated whole stomach of the rat.", "content": "1 An isolated stomach preparation from immature rats has been used to study the effect of atropine on gastric acid secretion. 2 The acid secretory response to acetylcholine was not inhibited by atropine at a concentration of 0.3 micrometer. Concentrations of atropine of 1 to 3 micrometer produced a measurable inhibition of acid secretion, and a concentration of atropine of 10 micrometer caused a complete block of acid secretion which could not be surmounted by high concentrations of acetylcholine. 3 The acid secretory response to histamine was not inhibited by concentrations of atropine of up to 1 mM. 4 Concentrations of atropine of 1 micrometer and 10 micrometer did not inhibit gastrin-stimulated acid secretion, although a significant inhibition of acid output was observed with atropine at concentrations of 0.1 mM and 1 mM. 5 These findings are discussed in relation to the role of cholinergic mechanisms in the control of gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "The effect of atropine on acid secretion stimulated by acetylcholine, histamine and gastrin in the isolated whole stomach of the rat. 1 An isolated stomach preparation from immature rats has been used to study the effect of atropine on gastric acid secretion. 2 The acid secretory response to acetylcholine was not inhibited by atropine at a concentration of 0.3 micrometer. Concentrations of atropine of 1 to 3 micrometer produced a measurable inhibition of acid secretion, and a concentration of atropine of 10 micrometer caused a complete block of acid secretion which could not be surmounted by high concentrations of acetylcholine. 3 The acid secretory response to histamine was not inhibited by concentrations of atropine of up to 1 mM. 4 Concentrations of atropine of 1 micrometer and 10 micrometer did not inhibit gastrin-stimulated acid secretion, although a significant inhibition of acid output was observed with atropine at concentrations of 0.1 mM and 1 mM. 5 These findings are discussed in relation to the role of cholinergic mechanisms in the control of gastric acid secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:922256", "title": "Effects of 3-methylindole in cattle.", "content": "1 Rapid intravenous injection of 3-methylindole (3-MI) was shown to induce an anaphylactoid-like reaction in calves. 2 This was suggested by the reduction in response to a repeat dose of 3-MI, by the reduction of effects in the presence of antagonists to the putative mediators of anaphylaxis in cattle and by the production of signs similar to those seen in experimentally induced bovine anaphylaxis. 3 The plasma half-life of 3-MI was short (14.4 min) and, since absorption of 3-MI from the rumen is known to be slow, the extent of formation of 3-MI from L-tryptophan in the rumen would have to be substantial if 3-MI is to be considered the causative agent of 'fog fever', an acute respiratory distress syndrome seen in cattle.", "contents": "Effects of 3-methylindole in cattle. 1 Rapid intravenous injection of 3-methylindole (3-MI) was shown to induce an anaphylactoid-like reaction in calves. 2 This was suggested by the reduction in response to a repeat dose of 3-MI, by the reduction of effects in the presence of antagonists to the putative mediators of anaphylaxis in cattle and by the production of signs similar to those seen in experimentally induced bovine anaphylaxis. 3 The plasma half-life of 3-MI was short (14.4 min) and, since absorption of 3-MI from the rumen is known to be slow, the extent of formation of 3-MI from L-tryptophan in the rumen would have to be substantial if 3-MI is to be considered the causative agent of 'fog fever', an acute respiratory distress syndrome seen in cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:922257", "title": "Dopamine-induced depression of adrenergic nerve-mediated contraction of smooth muscle.", "content": "1 Dopamine (0.25-1.0 micrometer) applied extraluminally depressed vasoconstrictor responses of the perfused rabbit ear artery to low frequency adrenergic nerve stimulation. 2 The depressant effect of dopamine was prevented in the presence of haloperidol (0.1 micrometer) but not in the presence of phentolamine (0.03-0.14 micrometer). 3 Extraluminal dopamine (1 micrometer) or intraluminal injection of dopamine in amounts up to 0.025 micronmol had no dilator effect on arteries partially constricted by infusion of noradrenaline. 4 Dopamine also depressed contractile responses of guinea-pig vas deferens to low frequency adrenergic nerve stimulation. However, in this tissue the effect of dopamine was prevented by phentolamine but not affected by haloperidol. 5 In neither the rabbit ear artery nor the guinea-pig vas deferens did haloperidol increase the magnitude of responses to nerve stimulation or affect muscle sensitivity to noradrenaline. 6 We conclude that the adrenergic axons in the rabbit ear artery, but not the guinea-pig vas deferens, possess specific receptors for dopamine whose activation depresses axonal conduction or transmitter release. However, our results do not favour the view that these receptors are activated during normal transmission at physiological frequencies.", "contents": "Dopamine-induced depression of adrenergic nerve-mediated contraction of smooth muscle. 1 Dopamine (0.25-1.0 micrometer) applied extraluminally depressed vasoconstrictor responses of the perfused rabbit ear artery to low frequency adrenergic nerve stimulation. 2 The depressant effect of dopamine was prevented in the presence of haloperidol (0.1 micrometer) but not in the presence of phentolamine (0.03-0.14 micrometer). 3 Extraluminal dopamine (1 micrometer) or intraluminal injection of dopamine in amounts up to 0.025 micronmol had no dilator effect on arteries partially constricted by infusion of noradrenaline. 4 Dopamine also depressed contractile responses of guinea-pig vas deferens to low frequency adrenergic nerve stimulation. However, in this tissue the effect of dopamine was prevented by phentolamine but not affected by haloperidol. 5 In neither the rabbit ear artery nor the guinea-pig vas deferens did haloperidol increase the magnitude of responses to nerve stimulation or affect muscle sensitivity to noradrenaline. 6 We conclude that the adrenergic axons in the rabbit ear artery, but not the guinea-pig vas deferens, possess specific receptors for dopamine whose activation depresses axonal conduction or transmitter release. However, our results do not favour the view that these receptors are activated during normal transmission at physiological frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:922258", "title": "Electrocortical changes induced by the perfusion of noradrenaline, acetylcholine and their antagonists directly into the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus of the cat.", "content": "1 The electrocortical changes induced by the perfusion of drugs directly into the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus of the cat enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 preparation have been studied. 2 (-)-Noradrenaline (NA), (-)-adrenaline, or (-)-isoprenaline (Isop) produced intermittent or sustained electrocortical desynchronization during the perfusion period. 3 These changes were markedly attenuated or completely abolished by the prior perfusion of (+/-)-sotalol or (-)-propranolol, but not by equimolecular concentrations of (+)-propranolol. 4 The effects of NA or Isop were also blocked by phentolamine, whereas phenoxybenzamine either potentiated the responses to NA and Isop or mimicked the effects of these catecholamines. 5 The effect of dopamine was similar to that induced by NA, but could not be elicited at all of the perfusion sites where NA was effective. It could be blocked by (+/-)-sotalol or (-)-propranolol and also by the prior perfusion of fusaric acid. 6 Acetylcholine (ACh) increased, or initiated, electrocortical synchronization. These effects could be antagonized by sensory stimulation, the prior perfusion of atropine, or the simultaneous perfusion of NA at the same site. 7 Lignocaine, induced prolonged electrocortical desynchronization, behavioral alerting and an increased responsiveness to sensory stimulation. 8 The results have been discussed in relation to the possible involvement of inhibitory beta-adrenoceptors and facilitatory cholinoceptors (muscarinic) in the functioning of the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus.", "contents": "Electrocortical changes induced by the perfusion of noradrenaline, acetylcholine and their antagonists directly into the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus of the cat. 1 The electrocortical changes induced by the perfusion of drugs directly into the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus of the cat enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 preparation have been studied. 2 (-)-Noradrenaline (NA), (-)-adrenaline, or (-)-isoprenaline (Isop) produced intermittent or sustained electrocortical desynchronization during the perfusion period. 3 These changes were markedly attenuated or completely abolished by the prior perfusion of (+/-)-sotalol or (-)-propranolol, but not by equimolecular concentrations of (+)-propranolol. 4 The effects of NA or Isop were also blocked by phentolamine, whereas phenoxybenzamine either potentiated the responses to NA and Isop or mimicked the effects of these catecholamines. 5 The effect of dopamine was similar to that induced by NA, but could not be elicited at all of the perfusion sites where NA was effective. It could be blocked by (+/-)-sotalol or (-)-propranolol and also by the prior perfusion of fusaric acid. 6 Acetylcholine (ACh) increased, or initiated, electrocortical synchronization. These effects could be antagonized by sensory stimulation, the prior perfusion of atropine, or the simultaneous perfusion of NA at the same site. 7 Lignocaine, induced prolonged electrocortical desynchronization, behavioral alerting and an increased responsiveness to sensory stimulation. 8 The results have been discussed in relation to the possible involvement of inhibitory beta-adrenoceptors and facilitatory cholinoceptors (muscarinic) in the functioning of the dorsal raph\u00e9 nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:922259", "title": "Effects of mianserin, a new antidepressant, on the in vitro and in vivo uptake of monoamines.", "content": "1 The effects of mianserin and of selected tricyclic antidepressants were compared in a number of monoamine uptake models. 2 The ability of mianserin to block the noradrenergic neurone membrane amine pump of rabbit brain stem slices was comparable to that of imipramine and amitriptyline and less than that of desipramine and nortriptyline. Both mianserin and desipramine were competitive inhibitors of noradrenaline uptake in vitro. The effect of mianserin on noradrenaline uptake in vivo was studied both peripherally and centrally. The ability of 6-hydroxydopamine to lower rat heart noradrenaline levels was found to be very sensitive to inhibition by tricyclic antidepressants. Mianserin was active in this model. However, its ability to block the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced fall in rat heart noradrenaline concentration was appreciably less than that of the tricyclics studied. 3 Mianserin, like tricyclic antidepressants, was essentially devoid of effect on dopamine uptake both in vitro and in vivo. 4 The ability of mianserin to inhibit [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by rat hypothalamic synaptosomes was appreciably less than that of the tricyclic antidepressants studied. Mianserin was essentially devoid of effect on rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake in vivo. 5 It is concluded that in certain situations large doses of mianserin may block noradrenaline uptake in vivo. However, in no way does mianserin rival tricyclic antidepressants in blocking monoamine uptake in vivo. The clinical efficacy of mianserin cannot be attributed to inhibition of monoamine uptake.", "contents": "Effects of mianserin, a new antidepressant, on the in vitro and in vivo uptake of monoamines. 1 The effects of mianserin and of selected tricyclic antidepressants were compared in a number of monoamine uptake models. 2 The ability of mianserin to block the noradrenergic neurone membrane amine pump of rabbit brain stem slices was comparable to that of imipramine and amitriptyline and less than that of desipramine and nortriptyline. Both mianserin and desipramine were competitive inhibitors of noradrenaline uptake in vitro. The effect of mianserin on noradrenaline uptake in vivo was studied both peripherally and centrally. The ability of 6-hydroxydopamine to lower rat heart noradrenaline levels was found to be very sensitive to inhibition by tricyclic antidepressants. Mianserin was active in this model. However, its ability to block the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced fall in rat heart noradrenaline concentration was appreciably less than that of the tricyclics studied. 3 Mianserin, like tricyclic antidepressants, was essentially devoid of effect on dopamine uptake both in vitro and in vivo. 4 The ability of mianserin to inhibit [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by rat hypothalamic synaptosomes was appreciably less than that of the tricyclic antidepressants studied. Mianserin was essentially devoid of effect on rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake in vivo. 5 It is concluded that in certain situations large doses of mianserin may block noradrenaline uptake in vivo. However, in no way does mianserin rival tricyclic antidepressants in blocking monoamine uptake in vivo. The clinical efficacy of mianserin cannot be attributed to inhibition of monoamine uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:922260", "title": "The antidysrhythmic aminosteroid, ORG 6001, reduces the ST-segment elevation produced by coronary occlusion in the dog.", "content": "ST-segment elevation following temporary coronary artery occlusion was measured from nine epicardial leads in open-chest anaesthetized dogs. This was greatly reduced by the prior administration of the anti-dysrhythmic aminosteroid, ORG 6001. It is suggested that this effect is related either to a reduction in the extent and degree of myocardial ischaemia or to prevention of K+ egress from ischaemic cells.", "contents": "The antidysrhythmic aminosteroid, ORG 6001, reduces the ST-segment elevation produced by coronary occlusion in the dog. ST-segment elevation following temporary coronary artery occlusion was measured from nine epicardial leads in open-chest anaesthetized dogs. This was greatly reduced by the prior administration of the anti-dysrhythmic aminosteroid, ORG 6001. It is suggested that this effect is related either to a reduction in the extent and degree of myocardial ischaemia or to prevention of K+ egress from ischaemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:922261", "title": "Reduced adrenal amine synthesis in spontaneously hypertensive rats after long-term treatment with propranolol.", "content": "Male spontaneously hypertensive rats were either fed a diet containing 3 mg/g of (+/-)-propranolol, giving a mean daily intake of 178 +/- 4.2 mg/kg, or a control diet from 7 weeks of age for 6 months. Three days after cessation of propranolol-treatment, the arterial blood pressure of the treated group was about 10% lower than that of the control group. Adrenal dopamine content and tyrosine hydroxylase activity were reduced to 76% and 71% of the control values, respectively. The results indicate that propranolol causes a reduced sympathetic discharge through its central action, although blockade of beta-adrenoceptor-mediated local regulatory mechanisms cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Reduced adrenal amine synthesis in spontaneously hypertensive rats after long-term treatment with propranolol. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats were either fed a diet containing 3 mg/g of (+/-)-propranolol, giving a mean daily intake of 178 +/- 4.2 mg/kg, or a control diet from 7 weeks of age for 6 months. Three days after cessation of propranolol-treatment, the arterial blood pressure of the treated group was about 10% lower than that of the control group. Adrenal dopamine content and tyrosine hydroxylase activity were reduced to 76% and 71% of the control values, respectively. The results indicate that propranolol causes a reduced sympathetic discharge through its central action, although blockade of beta-adrenoceptor-mediated local regulatory mechanisms cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:922262", "title": "Season of birth in the population of Norway, with particular reference to the September birth maximum.", "content": "The monthly number of births in Norway fluctuates between a maximum in January-May and a minimum in October-December. This cyclic seasonality is assumed to be of biological origin, but indirectly it is influenced by social factors and consequently tends to vary a great deal. There is a secondary birth maximum in September, corresponding to a peak of conceptions during the traditional festivities around Christmas and New Year. It is shown that this maximum is much less variable within the country studied, though it probably varies from one country to another in relation to the impact of the mid-winter traditions. The January-May birth maximum is known to be higher in schizophrenia than in the general population, while no such difference is observed in Norway for the September birth peak. It is felt that there is a fundamental difference between the two birth maxima and a corresponding difference between schizophrenic patients and the general population. Minimal paranatal brain damage of seasonal origin is suggested as an explanation.", "contents": "Season of birth in the population of Norway, with particular reference to the September birth maximum. The monthly number of births in Norway fluctuates between a maximum in January-May and a minimum in October-December. This cyclic seasonality is assumed to be of biological origin, but indirectly it is influenced by social factors and consequently tends to vary a great deal. There is a secondary birth maximum in September, corresponding to a peak of conceptions during the traditional festivities around Christmas and New Year. It is shown that this maximum is much less variable within the country studied, though it probably varies from one country to another in relation to the impact of the mid-winter traditions. The January-May birth maximum is known to be higher in schizophrenia than in the general population, while no such difference is observed in Norway for the September birth peak. It is felt that there is a fundamental difference between the two birth maxima and a corresponding difference between schizophrenic patients and the general population. Minimal paranatal brain damage of seasonal origin is suggested as an explanation."}
{"id": "PMID:922263", "title": "Seasonality of mania: a reappraisal.", "content": "Some recently published data on the seasonal incidence of mania are re-examined. The reanalysis confirms a strong, seasonal trend in females, but also demonstrates a similar trend in males; the latter results is at variance with an earlier finding which showed no seasonal pattern in males. A simple harmonic curve would describe the data extremely well in both sexes, and the parameters of these curves (the amplitude of variation and the time of maximum incidence) are very close for males and females.", "contents": "Seasonality of mania: a reappraisal. Some recently published data on the seasonal incidence of mania are re-examined. The reanalysis confirms a strong, seasonal trend in females, but also demonstrates a similar trend in males; the latter results is at variance with an earlier finding which showed no seasonal pattern in males. A simple harmonic curve would describe the data extremely well in both sexes, and the parameters of these curves (the amplitude of variation and the time of maximum incidence) are very close for males and females."}
{"id": "PMID:922264", "title": "Cannabis and the peripheral nervous system.", "content": "The possible ill-effects of cannabis on the peripheral nervous system were examined in 27 male subjects with respect to their motor and sensory nerve conduction. They were classified by their previous cannabis use into casual and heavy users. The nerve conduction studies were done after a baseline period of five days and then repeated after a three-week period during which the subjects could acquire and smoke standardized cannabis cigarettes. The casual users smoked a mean of 54-3 and the heavy users a mean of 109-5 cigarettes during the smoking period. No deterioration of peripheral nerve function could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Cannabis and the peripheral nervous system. The possible ill-effects of cannabis on the peripheral nervous system were examined in 27 male subjects with respect to their motor and sensory nerve conduction. They were classified by their previous cannabis use into casual and heavy users. The nerve conduction studies were done after a baseline period of five days and then repeated after a three-week period during which the subjects could acquire and smoke standardized cannabis cigarettes. The casual users smoked a mean of 54-3 and the heavy users a mean of 109-5 cigarettes during the smoking period. No deterioration of peripheral nerve function could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:922265", "title": "Symptom changes in chronic schizophrenic patients on a token economy: a controlled experiment.", "content": "An 18-month controlled experiment was conducted into the effects of a token economy programme on the ward behaviour and symptoms of chronic schizophrenic patients. An experimental group received tokens dependent upon appropriate behaviour, while a matched control group on the same ward received every aspect of the ward programme similarly except that tokens were not dependent upon their behaviour. Regular assessment showed that both groups improved substantially in social withdrawal. Over twelve months of treatment the experimental group improved no more than the control group. There were no symptomatic changes. The conclusions were that token economy is a treatment affecting withdrawl and social behaviour rather than symptomatology, and that factors other than reinforcement by tokens were responsible for the main changes.", "contents": "Symptom changes in chronic schizophrenic patients on a token economy: a controlled experiment. An 18-month controlled experiment was conducted into the effects of a token economy programme on the ward behaviour and symptoms of chronic schizophrenic patients. An experimental group received tokens dependent upon appropriate behaviour, while a matched control group on the same ward received every aspect of the ward programme similarly except that tokens were not dependent upon their behaviour. Regular assessment showed that both groups improved substantially in social withdrawal. Over twelve months of treatment the experimental group improved no more than the control group. There were no symptomatic changes. The conclusions were that token economy is a treatment affecting withdrawl and social behaviour rather than symptomatology, and that factors other than reinforcement by tokens were responsible for the main changes."}
{"id": "PMID:922266", "title": "The repetitiveness of self-poisoning and self-injury.", "content": "A year's cohort of 690 suicide 'attempters' was followed for two years in order to monitor further attempts leading to referral to the general hospital. Eighteen per cent were involved in one or more repeat episodes, 16 per cent within the first year. More repeats occurred within the first three months than in the rest of the 21 months, and a large majority of repeats occurred within the first year. Study of a smaller cohort of 141 persons gave information about the frequency and timing of previous attempts. Forty-five per cent had made previous recognized attempts and 10 per cent previous unrecognized attempts. Sixty persons reported 166 previous attempts. Of previous attempters 32 per cent made two or more attempts within a three-month period. Three types of repeaters are suggested: (a) the chronic, habitual repeater; (b) the individual who repeats several times within a short period, and (c) the 'one-off' very occasional repeater.", "contents": "The repetitiveness of self-poisoning and self-injury. A year's cohort of 690 suicide 'attempters' was followed for two years in order to monitor further attempts leading to referral to the general hospital. Eighteen per cent were involved in one or more repeat episodes, 16 per cent within the first year. More repeats occurred within the first three months than in the rest of the 21 months, and a large majority of repeats occurred within the first year. Study of a smaller cohort of 141 persons gave information about the frequency and timing of previous attempts. Forty-five per cent had made previous recognized attempts and 10 per cent previous unrecognized attempts. Sixty persons reported 166 previous attempts. Of previous attempters 32 per cent made two or more attempts within a three-month period. Three types of repeaters are suggested: (a) the chronic, habitual repeater; (b) the individual who repeats several times within a short period, and (c) the 'one-off' very occasional repeater."}
{"id": "PMID:922267", "title": "The immediate and enduring effects of the inquest on relatives of suicides.", "content": "A survey of relatives' experience of coroners' inquests on suicides is reported. The survey was conducted shortly after the inquest and gave results similar to those of a survey which took place some years after the relevant inquests. Both surveys show that the inquest aggravates the distress resulting from bereavement by suicide. Implementing the Brodrick Report and preventing the publication of inquest reports in the press would relieve some of this additional distress.", "contents": "The immediate and enduring effects of the inquest on relatives of suicides. A survey of relatives' experience of coroners' inquests on suicides is reported. The survey was conducted shortly after the inquest and gave results similar to those of a survey which took place some years after the relevant inquests. Both surveys show that the inquest aggravates the distress resulting from bereavement by suicide. Implementing the Brodrick Report and preventing the publication of inquest reports in the press would relieve some of this additional distress."}
{"id": "PMID:922268", "title": "Male transsexualism in Singapore: a description of 56 cases.", "content": "A psychiatric investigation on 56 cases of male transsexuals in Singapore revealed a prevalence of I in 25,000. Eighty-two per cent were prostitutes and 83 per cent had completed secondary education. All were unmarried, and 35 per cent were co-habiting with men. Fifty-eight per cent had felt they were females before the age of 5, 65 per cent cross-dressed before the age of 10, and by the age of 20, 57 per cent were completely cross-dressed of whom 73 per cent were receiving female sex hormones. Their mean IQ was 105. Thirty-two (58 per cent) underwent sexual reassignment surgery. There was no report of psychiatric complications. It was concluded that transsexualism as described by different authors may not refer to the same condition. Aetiologically, these cases did not appear to be determined by early childhood experience.", "contents": "Male transsexualism in Singapore: a description of 56 cases. A psychiatric investigation on 56 cases of male transsexuals in Singapore revealed a prevalence of I in 25,000. Eighty-two per cent were prostitutes and 83 per cent had completed secondary education. All were unmarried, and 35 per cent were co-habiting with men. Fifty-eight per cent had felt they were females before the age of 5, 65 per cent cross-dressed before the age of 10, and by the age of 20, 57 per cent were completely cross-dressed of whom 73 per cent were receiving female sex hormones. Their mean IQ was 105. Thirty-two (58 per cent) underwent sexual reassignment surgery. There was no report of psychiatric complications. It was concluded that transsexualism as described by different authors may not refer to the same condition. Aetiologically, these cases did not appear to be determined by early childhood experience."}
{"id": "PMID:922269", "title": "Outcome in psychotherapy evaluated by independent judges.", "content": "To overcome common limitations in assessing the outcome of psychotherapy, the following method was used: independent assessment by teams of experienced psychotherapists; individualized measures of outcome; and videotaped clinical interviews to allow the judges to rate, at one sitting, a patient's clinical state before and after eight months of therapy. Agreement between the judges' ratings was low both for the severity of the clinical state and for its outcome. Possible reasons for this low agreement are discussed.", "contents": "Outcome in psychotherapy evaluated by independent judges. To overcome common limitations in assessing the outcome of psychotherapy, the following method was used: independent assessment by teams of experienced psychotherapists; individualized measures of outcome; and videotaped clinical interviews to allow the judges to rate, at one sitting, a patient's clinical state before and after eight months of therapy. Agreement between the judges' ratings was low both for the severity of the clinical state and for its outcome. Possible reasons for this low agreement are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922270", "title": "A survey of consultant psychiatrists' attitudes to their work, with particular reference to psychotherapy.", "content": "Ninety-six out of 137 consultant psychiatrists working for the majority of their time in the London area outside academic units returned questionnaires concerning attitudes to their work. Analysis of the 88 fully completed questionnaires suggested the existence of four relatively discrete but overlapping patterns of psychiatric practice in the Regions concerned, of which two largely excluded individual psychotherapy. These findings are discussed in relation to the education in psychotherapy of trainee psychiatrists working in mental hospitals.", "contents": "A survey of consultant psychiatrists' attitudes to their work, with particular reference to psychotherapy. Ninety-six out of 137 consultant psychiatrists working for the majority of their time in the London area outside academic units returned questionnaires concerning attitudes to their work. Analysis of the 88 fully completed questionnaires suggested the existence of four relatively discrete but overlapping patterns of psychiatric practice in the Regions concerned, of which two largely excluded individual psychotherapy. These findings are discussed in relation to the education in psychotherapy of trainee psychiatrists working in mental hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:922272", "title": "Oxygen cost and energy expenditure of running in trained runners.", "content": "The oxygen cost and energy expenditure of submaximal treadmill running was evaluated in 9 male distance runners. The oxygen consumption--running speed relationship was highly significant (r = .917) and linear over the entire aerobic range. The caloric cost of 0.97 Kcal/kg/k was in close agreement with values found in the literature and was independent of running speed. The caloric cost per unit distance and time increased with acceleration in running speed. The slope of the regression line of oxygen consumption on running speed appear to measure a different component of efficiency than the fractional utilization coefficient of aerobic capacity. There is apparently a wide variation in the oxygen cost of running in trained runners.", "contents": "Oxygen cost and energy expenditure of running in trained runners. The oxygen cost and energy expenditure of submaximal treadmill running was evaluated in 9 male distance runners. The oxygen consumption--running speed relationship was highly significant (r = .917) and linear over the entire aerobic range. The caloric cost of 0.97 Kcal/kg/k was in close agreement with values found in the literature and was independent of running speed. The caloric cost per unit distance and time increased with acceleration in running speed. The slope of the regression line of oxygen consumption on running speed appear to measure a different component of efficiency than the fractional utilization coefficient of aerobic capacity. There is apparently a wide variation in the oxygen cost of running in trained runners."}
{"id": "PMID:922273", "title": "Responses of adult women to programmed exercise.", "content": "A group of eighty healthy women was studied following two months of programmed exercise (3 x 15 mins/per week) at 60 to 80 percent of age-predicted maximum heart rate. Physical work capacity corresponding to a heartrate of 170 bts. (PWC-170) was determined using a bicycle ergometer. Anthropometric and lung function variables were also ascertained prior to (T1) and following training (T2). The post training measurements of this exercise group, compared with measurements of a sedentary control group, displayed significant changes in PWC-170, resting systolic blood pressure and fat index. There were no significant changes in vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), strength and perceived exertion measures (RPE). The implication of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Responses of adult women to programmed exercise. A group of eighty healthy women was studied following two months of programmed exercise (3 x 15 mins/per week) at 60 to 80 percent of age-predicted maximum heart rate. Physical work capacity corresponding to a heartrate of 170 bts. (PWC-170) was determined using a bicycle ergometer. Anthropometric and lung function variables were also ascertained prior to (T1) and following training (T2). The post training measurements of this exercise group, compared with measurements of a sedentary control group, displayed significant changes in PWC-170, resting systolic blood pressure and fat index. There were no significant changes in vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), strength and perceived exertion measures (RPE). The implication of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922274", "title": "A study of potential Olympic swimmers: I, the starting point.", "content": "Physiological and anthropometric profiles of a group of successful young swimmers are presented. Anthropometrically the swimmers appear to fall within fairly narrow limits but are physically more mature than their peers. Physiologically there is greater diversity within the group representing perhaps the varying demands of the swimming events practised. All values for the physiological parameters measured are high compared with children of similar ages. For the future it is hoped to relate performance in swimming to the variables measured and to assess any changes which occur thus perhaps colouring the profiles presented here.", "contents": "A study of potential Olympic swimmers: I, the starting point. Physiological and anthropometric profiles of a group of successful young swimmers are presented. Anthropometrically the swimmers appear to fall within fairly narrow limits but are physically more mature than their peers. Physiologically there is greater diversity within the group representing perhaps the varying demands of the swimming events practised. All values for the physiological parameters measured are high compared with children of similar ages. For the future it is hoped to relate performance in swimming to the variables measured and to assess any changes which occur thus perhaps colouring the profiles presented here."}
{"id": "PMID:922275", "title": "A study of the physical working capacity of Gaelic footballers and hurlers.", "content": "The possible contribution of endurance fitness to performance in the Gelic games, football and hurling, has been investigated. Two groups of 15 players were compared. The first consisted of members of teams reaching interprovincial finals and the second were similar members of comparable but less successful teams. The measurements taken were: height and weight, skinfold thicknesses on the triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac sites, and the physical working capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats per minute (PWC 170). The more successful players were found to be taller and heavier and to have a higher PWC 170. There was no difference in estimated percentage of fat. The difference in PWC 170 of the two groups remained after correction for the difference in body weight. A group of seven of the players who participated in two or more finals was studied longitudinally. In six of these subjects PWC 170 was higher at the time of these matches than before or after. These findings are discussed and it is suggested that endurance fitness is a factor contributing to performance in football and hurling.", "contents": "A study of the physical working capacity of Gaelic footballers and hurlers. The possible contribution of endurance fitness to performance in the Gelic games, football and hurling, has been investigated. Two groups of 15 players were compared. The first consisted of members of teams reaching interprovincial finals and the second were similar members of comparable but less successful teams. The measurements taken were: height and weight, skinfold thicknesses on the triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac sites, and the physical working capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats per minute (PWC 170). The more successful players were found to be taller and heavier and to have a higher PWC 170. There was no difference in estimated percentage of fat. The difference in PWC 170 of the two groups remained after correction for the difference in body weight. A group of seven of the players who participated in two or more finals was studied longitudinally. In six of these subjects PWC 170 was higher at the time of these matches than before or after. These findings are discussed and it is suggested that endurance fitness is a factor contributing to performance in football and hurling."}
{"id": "PMID:922276", "title": "Factors affecting performance during an endurance relay.", "content": "A successful attempt by Edinburgh Athletic Club on the world record for the 24-hour 10-man x 1 mile relay is reported. The effects of a variety of factors on the performances of the athletes are assessed, and some physiological changes noted. In the light of these observations recommendations are made to help the planning of future record attempts.", "contents": "Factors affecting performance during an endurance relay. A successful attempt by Edinburgh Athletic Club on the world record for the 24-hour 10-man x 1 mile relay is reported. The effects of a variety of factors on the performances of the athletes are assessed, and some physiological changes noted. In the light of these observations recommendations are made to help the planning of future record attempts."}
{"id": "PMID:922277", "title": "Cranial chordomas.", "content": "The clinical and radiological features of 44 cranial chordomas are recorded. Classical features of a mid-line partially calcified tumour, destroying the clivus and causing a soft tissue mass in the sphenoid sinus or nasopharynx were present in about half of the cases. The high incidence of unilateral bone erosion which occurred in nearly a third of the cases, the diagnosti1c significance of erosion of the tip of the clivus and odontoid peg and the not infrequent sclerotic bone reaction to the tumour, are stressed. Increased uptake of 99Tcm occurred in the five cases in which gamma encephalography was performed. Computed transmission tomography was valuable not only in showing the intracranial extension of the tumours and changes in the ventricular system, but also in outlining the extent of the mass within the skull base. Chordomas tend to displace the dura before transgressing it so that the subarachnoid space is usually patent adjacent to quite large tumours allowing the margins of any intracranial or spinal extension to be outlined at encephalography or myelography. Displacements of basal vessels are helpful in confirmation of the site and extent of the tumour. Narrowing of arteries by compression is not frequent but encasement is rare. Pathological circulation which has not been considered to be a feature of chordomas was shown in six cases.", "contents": "Cranial chordomas. The clinical and radiological features of 44 cranial chordomas are recorded. Classical features of a mid-line partially calcified tumour, destroying the clivus and causing a soft tissue mass in the sphenoid sinus or nasopharynx were present in about half of the cases. The high incidence of unilateral bone erosion which occurred in nearly a third of the cases, the diagnosti1c significance of erosion of the tip of the clivus and odontoid peg and the not infrequent sclerotic bone reaction to the tumour, are stressed. Increased uptake of 99Tcm occurred in the five cases in which gamma encephalography was performed. Computed transmission tomography was valuable not only in showing the intracranial extension of the tumours and changes in the ventricular system, but also in outlining the extent of the mass within the skull base. Chordomas tend to displace the dura before transgressing it so that the subarachnoid space is usually patent adjacent to quite large tumours allowing the margins of any intracranial or spinal extension to be outlined at encephalography or myelography. Displacements of basal vessels are helpful in confirmation of the site and extent of the tumour. Narrowing of arteries by compression is not frequent but encasement is rare. Pathological circulation which has not been considered to be a feature of chordomas was shown in six cases."}
{"id": "PMID:922278", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of clavicle.", "content": "Two aneurysmal bone cysts are described. They presented difficulties in diagnosis because the patients were rather older than usual for this lesion and because of the uncommon location of the cysts. The nature of aneurysmal bone cysts is discussed.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of clavicle. Two aneurysmal bone cysts are described. They presented difficulties in diagnosis because the patients were rather older than usual for this lesion and because of the uncommon location of the cysts. The nature of aneurysmal bone cysts is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922279", "title": "Coronary xeroradiography.", "content": "Xeroradiography is shown to be especially helpful in coronary arteriography. Comparatively low concentrations of contrast medium are sufficient to provide adequate diagnostic details in the image. Selection injection techniques yield exceptional resolution of small vessels. The possibility of obtaining adequate coronary arteriograms by aortic root injections, with its inherently lower risk to the patient, is examined.", "contents": "Coronary xeroradiography. Xeroradiography is shown to be especially helpful in coronary arteriography. Comparatively low concentrations of contrast medium are sufficient to provide adequate diagnostic details in the image. Selection injection techniques yield exceptional resolution of small vessels. The possibility of obtaining adequate coronary arteriograms by aortic root injections, with its inherently lower risk to the patient, is examined."}
{"id": "PMID:922280", "title": "Congenital deformities of the middle and external ear.", "content": "Congenital deformities of the external and middle ears were shown by tomography in 246 patients. Surgical exploration has been undertaken at some time in many of these ears. The appearance of the tomograms and their significance were reviewed in the light of the operative findings and the authors' experience of congenital ear lesions. In nearly every case a middle ear cavity could be demonstrated although this varied from a normally aerated middle ear and mastoid in association with an isolated unilateral atresia of the external auditory meatus to a small slit-like hypotympanum in patients with craniofacial abnormalities. The ossicles were nearly always present but deformed. The typical appearances of the ossicles and the frequently aberrant pathways of the facial nerve are described.", "contents": "Congenital deformities of the middle and external ear. Congenital deformities of the external and middle ears were shown by tomography in 246 patients. Surgical exploration has been undertaken at some time in many of these ears. The appearance of the tomograms and their significance were reviewed in the light of the operative findings and the authors' experience of congenital ear lesions. In nearly every case a middle ear cavity could be demonstrated although this varied from a normally aerated middle ear and mastoid in association with an isolated unilateral atresia of the external auditory meatus to a small slit-like hypotympanum in patients with craniofacial abnormalities. The ossicles were nearly always present but deformed. The typical appearances of the ossicles and the frequently aberrant pathways of the facial nerve are described."}
{"id": "PMID:922282", "title": "Technetium-99m-labelled diethyl-acetanilido-iminodiacetate: a new hepatobiliary agent. A preliminary report.", "content": "A new hepatobiliary reagent 99Tcm diethyl-acetanilido-iminodiacetate has been examined in a small group of patients to evaluate its potential as a clinical reagent. The radiopharmaceutical accumulated readily in the hepatocytes and was rapidly excreted via the biliary system. It would appear possible to develop a dynamic test of hepatocyte function coupled with an evaluation of the patency of the biliary system. No adverse reactions were observed.", "contents": "Technetium-99m-labelled diethyl-acetanilido-iminodiacetate: a new hepatobiliary agent. A preliminary report. A new hepatobiliary reagent 99Tcm diethyl-acetanilido-iminodiacetate has been examined in a small group of patients to evaluate its potential as a clinical reagent. The radiopharmaceutical accumulated readily in the hepatocytes and was rapidly excreted via the biliary system. It would appear possible to develop a dynamic test of hepatocyte function coupled with an evaluation of the patency of the biliary system. No adverse reactions were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:922283", "title": "A survey of radiation doses to patients in mammography.", "content": "The results are given of a survey of skin doses received in mammography by a phantom breast containing a simulated spherical tumour. The survey covered the 18 centres in New Zealand where mammography was carried out in 1976. The techniques used included xeroradiography, non-screen film and film with a back screen. If the best parameters for each technique were chosen, the \"tumour\" could be readily seen. Unfortunately this was not often the case and in practice only xeroradiography produced mammograms where the tumour was clearly seen in both the cranio-caudal and medio-lateral views. No centre produced a mammogram of the highest quality with an entrance dose of less than 1 rad. Within each technique there was a very wide range of entrance doses for the same quality of mammogram. At two centres with large workloads, the entrance doses to 11 patients were measured and, in general, the skin doses received by the patients were within 25% of those measured with the Rando phantom.", "contents": "A survey of radiation doses to patients in mammography. The results are given of a survey of skin doses received in mammography by a phantom breast containing a simulated spherical tumour. The survey covered the 18 centres in New Zealand where mammography was carried out in 1976. The techniques used included xeroradiography, non-screen film and film with a back screen. If the best parameters for each technique were chosen, the \"tumour\" could be readily seen. Unfortunately this was not often the case and in practice only xeroradiography produced mammograms where the tumour was clearly seen in both the cranio-caudal and medio-lateral views. No centre produced a mammogram of the highest quality with an entrance dose of less than 1 rad. Within each technique there was a very wide range of entrance doses for the same quality of mammogram. At two centres with large workloads, the entrance doses to 11 patients were measured and, in general, the skin doses received by the patients were within 25% of those measured with the Rando phantom."}
{"id": "PMID:922290", "title": "Delayed (degenerate) interfascicular nerve grafting: a new concept in peripheral nerve repair.", "content": "Interfascicular nerve grafts allowed to undergo endoneurial tube emptying in situ before transfer have been compared with grafts transferred fresh in terms of structure and function. The sciatic nerve of the rat was the model and its structure and ultrastructure were superior following degenerate grafting. More importantly, electrophysiological studies showed that function in nerves repaired with degenerate grafts was significantly better than in those repaired with fresh grafts.", "contents": "Delayed (degenerate) interfascicular nerve grafting: a new concept in peripheral nerve repair. Interfascicular nerve grafts allowed to undergo endoneurial tube emptying in situ before transfer have been compared with grafts transferred fresh in terms of structure and function. The sciatic nerve of the rat was the model and its structure and ultrastructure were superior following degenerate grafting. More importantly, electrophysiological studies showed that function in nerves repaired with degenerate grafts was significantly better than in those repaired with fresh grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:922291", "title": "A non-invasive test of gastric function.", "content": "Using 98Tcm a non-invasive test of gastric function has been developed which completely obviates the need for a nasogastric tube and which adds to the accuracy of existing tests by overcoming losses due to incomplete aspiration or gastric emptying. 99Tcm is handled by the stomach like Cl-, the gastric secretion of which is equal to that of H+. The value of the pentagastrin stimulation test in the presence of varied gastric pathology is discussed in relation to 50 patients. Other possible diagnostic uses of the test are evaluated and a method of carrying out an insulin test by a modification of the technique is described.", "contents": "A non-invasive test of gastric function. Using 98Tcm a non-invasive test of gastric function has been developed which completely obviates the need for a nasogastric tube and which adds to the accuracy of existing tests by overcoming losses due to incomplete aspiration or gastric emptying. 99Tcm is handled by the stomach like Cl-, the gastric secretion of which is equal to that of H+. The value of the pentagastrin stimulation test in the presence of varied gastric pathology is discussed in relation to 50 patients. Other possible diagnostic uses of the test are evaluated and a method of carrying out an insulin test by a modification of the technique is described."}
{"id": "PMID:922292", "title": "Postoperative pulmonary perfusion defects: their natural history, origin and significance.", "content": "Unmatched perfusion defects occur during the early postoperative period. These defects can persist until the tenth postoperative day and their presence is not related to the transfusion of blood or to peripheral thrombosis detected by the 125I-labelled fibrinogen uptake test. It is suggested that prophylactic agents against deep venous thrombosis should be evaluated by using a combination of krypton ventilation-perfusion lung scans and 125I-labelled fibrinogen leg scans.", "contents": "Postoperative pulmonary perfusion defects: their natural history, origin and significance. Unmatched perfusion defects occur during the early postoperative period. These defects can persist until the tenth postoperative day and their presence is not related to the transfusion of blood or to peripheral thrombosis detected by the 125I-labelled fibrinogen uptake test. It is suggested that prophylactic agents against deep venous thrombosis should be evaluated by using a combination of krypton ventilation-perfusion lung scans and 125I-labelled fibrinogen leg scans."}
{"id": "PMID:922294", "title": "Breast screening and surgical problems.", "content": "The Edinburgh Breast Screening Clinic in its first year completed the initial screening examination of 3005 invited women, who were apparently in good health, aged between 40 and 60 years; 141 were referred for a surgical opinion; 70 women ultimately underwent biopsy and 9 proved to have carcinoma. The indications for biopsy are described together with methods of management of the various lesions.", "contents": "Breast screening and surgical problems. The Edinburgh Breast Screening Clinic in its first year completed the initial screening examination of 3005 invited women, who were apparently in good health, aged between 40 and 60 years; 141 were referred for a surgical opinion; 70 women ultimately underwent biopsy and 9 proved to have carcinoma. The indications for biopsy are described together with methods of management of the various lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:922295", "title": "The role of plastic wound drapes in the prevention of wound infection following abdominal surgery.", "content": "A randomized controlled trial has been performed to assess the value of plastic wound drapes in the prevention of surgical wound infection. One hundred and forty-four patients undergoing abdominal surgery were allocated to one of three groups; a control group (A) in which standard cloth towels were applied to the abdominal wound, group B in which an adhesive plastic drape was added and group C in which a plastic ring protector was inserted into the wound. There were 26 cases (18 per cent) of wound infection. The wound infection rate in the plastic drape groups did not differ significantly from that in the control group. Bacteriological culture from a wound swab taken at operation was positive in 32 per cent of the cases. The presence of a plastic wound drape did not influence the positive culture rate. In 68 per cent of wounds which became infected the operative swab was positive as compared with 24 per cent in those not developing a wound infection. Thirteen of the 33 patients (39 per cent) with a positive wound swab subsequently developed a wound infection. In 10 of these 13 cases of infection the operative swab permitted an accurate prediction of the organism responsible for the subsequent infection.", "contents": "The role of plastic wound drapes in the prevention of wound infection following abdominal surgery. A randomized controlled trial has been performed to assess the value of plastic wound drapes in the prevention of surgical wound infection. One hundred and forty-four patients undergoing abdominal surgery were allocated to one of three groups; a control group (A) in which standard cloth towels were applied to the abdominal wound, group B in which an adhesive plastic drape was added and group C in which a plastic ring protector was inserted into the wound. There were 26 cases (18 per cent) of wound infection. The wound infection rate in the plastic drape groups did not differ significantly from that in the control group. Bacteriological culture from a wound swab taken at operation was positive in 32 per cent of the cases. The presence of a plastic wound drape did not influence the positive culture rate. In 68 per cent of wounds which became infected the operative swab was positive as compared with 24 per cent in those not developing a wound infection. Thirteen of the 33 patients (39 per cent) with a positive wound swab subsequently developed a wound infection. In 10 of these 13 cases of infection the operative swab permitted an accurate prediction of the organism responsible for the subsequent infection."}
{"id": "PMID:922296", "title": "The treatment of colonic cancer presenting with intestinal obstruction.", "content": "The factors affecting the prognosis of patients presenting with colonic obstruction caused by carcinoma were examined in a retrospective study of 66 patients undergoing emergency surgery for obstruction. The findings in these cases were compared with 176 patients with colonic cancer undergoing elective surgical treatment. Obstructed patients had a significantly higher surgical mortality (37.9 per cent) than elective cases (11.9 per cent). There was a significantly higher incidence of lymph node metastases in obstructed patients and those who survived surgery had a significantly lower 5-year survival rate (22.9 per cent) than elective cases (41.5 per cent). Primary resection of obstructing tumours was followed by a higher 5-year survival rate (31.8 per cent) than staged resections (7.7 per cent), but these operations were used selectively and the 5-year survivors following primary resection all had tumours of the proximal colon. Primary resection and anastomosis of the distal colon was associated with a surgical mortality of 50 per cent. Further progress in the cure of patients with obstructing cancer of the colon may be limited by the aggressive nature of the disease, but the use of primary resection in these cases should be examined in a prospective clinical trial.", "contents": "The treatment of colonic cancer presenting with intestinal obstruction. The factors affecting the prognosis of patients presenting with colonic obstruction caused by carcinoma were examined in a retrospective study of 66 patients undergoing emergency surgery for obstruction. The findings in these cases were compared with 176 patients with colonic cancer undergoing elective surgical treatment. Obstructed patients had a significantly higher surgical mortality (37.9 per cent) than elective cases (11.9 per cent). There was a significantly higher incidence of lymph node metastases in obstructed patients and those who survived surgery had a significantly lower 5-year survival rate (22.9 per cent) than elective cases (41.5 per cent). Primary resection of obstructing tumours was followed by a higher 5-year survival rate (31.8 per cent) than staged resections (7.7 per cent), but these operations were used selectively and the 5-year survivors following primary resection all had tumours of the proximal colon. Primary resection and anastomosis of the distal colon was associated with a surgical mortality of 50 per cent. Further progress in the cure of patients with obstructing cancer of the colon may be limited by the aggressive nature of the disease, but the use of primary resection in these cases should be examined in a prospective clinical trial."}
{"id": "PMID:922298", "title": "Varicocele: a review of radiological and anatomical features in relation to surgical treatment.", "content": "The patterns of venous drainage of the testis and scrotum have been evaluated in patients with varicocele by a variety of radiological procedures, including left renal venography, and at the time of operation by ascending venography and retrograde injection of contrast medium into prominent varicosities. These studies have allowed classification of the system of veins involved in the condition into several groups, including involvement of the internal spermatic vein alone, pure cremasteric varicocele, mixed internal spermatic and cremasteric varicosities in one or both systems with valvular incompetence or mere dilatation without apparent incompetence of valves. As a result, an anatomical approach to the surgical management of varicocele is suggested which attempts to place the operative treatment on a more rational basis appropriate to each case.", "contents": "Varicocele: a review of radiological and anatomical features in relation to surgical treatment. The patterns of venous drainage of the testis and scrotum have been evaluated in patients with varicocele by a variety of radiological procedures, including left renal venography, and at the time of operation by ascending venography and retrograde injection of contrast medium into prominent varicosities. These studies have allowed classification of the system of veins involved in the condition into several groups, including involvement of the internal spermatic vein alone, pure cremasteric varicocele, mixed internal spermatic and cremasteric varicosities in one or both systems with valvular incompetence or mere dilatation without apparent incompetence of valves. As a result, an anatomical approach to the surgical management of varicocele is suggested which attempts to place the operative treatment on a more rational basis appropriate to each case."}
{"id": "PMID:922299", "title": "Closed renal trauma.", "content": "A series of 76 cases of closed renal trauma is presented. The clinical and radiological features are described and the indications for conservative and surgical treatment discussed.", "contents": "Closed renal trauma. A series of 76 cases of closed renal trauma is presented. The clinical and radiological features are described and the indications for conservative and surgical treatment discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922300", "title": "Neoplasms at the site of ureterocolic anastomosis.", "content": "This paper discusses one of the more uncommon sequelae of ureterocolic anastomosis, namely the formation of tumours at the site of anastomosis. This is a very rare complication and until 1971 the literature recorded only 28 cases of this phenomenon. This present communication adds 2 more cases to the literature--a unilateral tumour and bilateral tumours at the site of anastomosis.", "contents": "Neoplasms at the site of ureterocolic anastomosis. This paper discusses one of the more uncommon sequelae of ureterocolic anastomosis, namely the formation of tumours at the site of anastomosis. This is a very rare complication and until 1971 the literature recorded only 28 cases of this phenomenon. This present communication adds 2 more cases to the literature--a unilateral tumour and bilateral tumours at the site of anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:922301", "title": "Carcinoma of the thyroid gland in Iran.", "content": "Of the 1698 cases of thyroid disease seen during the 17 years 1956-72 in the Taj Cancer Institute, Tehran, 398 were cases of carcinoma, an incidence of 23.4 per cent. The factors involved in this high incidence of malignancy are discussed and the treatment of these patients is described.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the thyroid gland in Iran. Of the 1698 cases of thyroid disease seen during the 17 years 1956-72 in the Taj Cancer Institute, Tehran, 398 were cases of carcinoma, an incidence of 23.4 per cent. The factors involved in this high incidence of malignancy are discussed and the treatment of these patients is described."}
{"id": "PMID:922302", "title": "Hiatus hernia repair combined with the construction of an anti-reflux valve in the stomach.", "content": "An operation is described that combines hiatus hernia repair with the construction of an anti-reflux valve in the stomach immediately beyond the cardia. One hundred and ten patients treated by this operation, including 28 with panmural oesophagitis, have been followed up by clinical and radiographic assessment at yearly intervals for periods from a little over 1 year to over 5 years. Three patients had return of reflux symptoms, 2 of these being the only patients in the series with X-ray reflux at follow-up. The return of reflux in these patients appeared to result from anatomical changes that were probably caused, at least in part, by over-tight application of the stapling instrument used in the operation.", "contents": "Hiatus hernia repair combined with the construction of an anti-reflux valve in the stomach. An operation is described that combines hiatus hernia repair with the construction of an anti-reflux valve in the stomach immediately beyond the cardia. One hundred and ten patients treated by this operation, including 28 with panmural oesophagitis, have been followed up by clinical and radiographic assessment at yearly intervals for periods from a little over 1 year to over 5 years. Three patients had return of reflux symptoms, 2 of these being the only patients in the series with X-ray reflux at follow-up. The return of reflux in these patients appeared to result from anatomical changes that were probably caused, at least in part, by over-tight application of the stapling instrument used in the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:922303", "title": "The effect of vagotomy on the lower oesophageal sphincter: a manometric study.", "content": "The pressure profile of the gastro-oesophageal junctional zone was studied at rest and during abdominal compression in 26 duodenal ulcer patients after subdiaphragmatic truncal vagotomy with a drainage procedure. An 'early' group of 9 patients was investigated 10-14 days after surgery and a 'late' group of 17 patients more than 1 year after operation. Comparisons were made with 25 control subjects. The resting lower oesophageal sphincter pressures after vagotomy in both the early and late groups were similar to the levels of sphincter pressure in the controls. However, the increase in sphincter pressure always observed during absominal compression in normal subjects was significantly decreased by complete vagotomy, and the normal increase in the gastrosphincteric pressure gradient was not produced. All 26 patients were tested for completeness of vagotomy using the insulin/pentagastrin test. In 19 patients the vagotomy was complete and in 7 patients it was judged to be incomplete. A decrease in the gastro-sphincteric pressure gradient on manometric study of the lower oesophageal sphincter was interpreted as indicating complete vagotomy. Accurate correlation between secretory response and compression response was achieved in all patients with complete vagotomy and in 5 of the 7 patients with incomplete vagotomy.", "contents": "The effect of vagotomy on the lower oesophageal sphincter: a manometric study. The pressure profile of the gastro-oesophageal junctional zone was studied at rest and during abdominal compression in 26 duodenal ulcer patients after subdiaphragmatic truncal vagotomy with a drainage procedure. An 'early' group of 9 patients was investigated 10-14 days after surgery and a 'late' group of 17 patients more than 1 year after operation. Comparisons were made with 25 control subjects. The resting lower oesophageal sphincter pressures after vagotomy in both the early and late groups were similar to the levels of sphincter pressure in the controls. However, the increase in sphincter pressure always observed during absominal compression in normal subjects was significantly decreased by complete vagotomy, and the normal increase in the gastrosphincteric pressure gradient was not produced. All 26 patients were tested for completeness of vagotomy using the insulin/pentagastrin test. In 19 patients the vagotomy was complete and in 7 patients it was judged to be incomplete. A decrease in the gastro-sphincteric pressure gradient on manometric study of the lower oesophageal sphincter was interpreted as indicating complete vagotomy. Accurate correlation between secretory response and compression response was achieved in all patients with complete vagotomy and in 5 of the 7 patients with incomplete vagotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:922304", "title": "Plasma gastrin concentration related to acid secretion during insulin hypoglycaemia.", "content": "The release of gastrin by insulin hypoglycaemia was studied in man before and after vagotomy. Completeness of vagotomy was judged by the gastric acid response to the same hypoglycaemia, using several criteria including one that allows for pyloric losses and duodenogastric reflux. A total of 137 tests was performed on 10 subjects. The plasma gastrin concentration was found to rise in the preoperative studies and also in the postoperative studies no matter what type of vagotomy had been performed or what criteria of completeness of vagotomy were used. We concluded that gastrin can be released in response to hypoglycaemia in the absence of the vagus nerve.", "contents": "Plasma gastrin concentration related to acid secretion during insulin hypoglycaemia. The release of gastrin by insulin hypoglycaemia was studied in man before and after vagotomy. Completeness of vagotomy was judged by the gastric acid response to the same hypoglycaemia, using several criteria including one that allows for pyloric losses and duodenogastric reflux. A total of 137 tests was performed on 10 subjects. The plasma gastrin concentration was found to rise in the preoperative studies and also in the postoperative studies no matter what type of vagotomy had been performed or what criteria of completeness of vagotomy were used. We concluded that gastrin can be released in response to hypoglycaemia in the absence of the vagus nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:922305", "title": "Recurrence after proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage for duodenal ulcer: a 3-6-year follow-up.", "content": "During the period December 1970 to August 1973, 99 patients with duodenal ulcer underwent proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage, and 93 per cent of the patients were followed up for 3-6 years after the operation. A proved recurrent duodenal ulcer was noted in 4.3 per cent and a strongly suspected recurrent duodenal ulcer in 2 per cent. It is suggested that this rate of recurrence on medium term follow-up is compatible with the continued use of proximal gastric vagotomy in the surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Recurrence after proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage for duodenal ulcer: a 3-6-year follow-up. During the period December 1970 to August 1973, 99 patients with duodenal ulcer underwent proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage, and 93 per cent of the patients were followed up for 3-6 years after the operation. A proved recurrent duodenal ulcer was noted in 4.3 per cent and a strongly suspected recurrent duodenal ulcer in 2 per cent. It is suggested that this rate of recurrence on medium term follow-up is compatible with the continued use of proximal gastric vagotomy in the surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:922306", "title": "Revagotomy for recurrent peptic ulceration.", "content": "A review has been made of 59 patients with recurrent peptic ulceration after incomplete vagotomy. Eighteen transthoracic procedures were performed, the remainder having abdominal revagotomy. An antrectomy was also carried out in 10 of these patients. An intact posterior nerve trunk was the most common operative finding and when either an anterior trunk or nerve strands only were present there was less likely to be an early positive insulin response (P = 0.033). Following incomplete vagotomy a longer period of symptomatic relief is obtained when gastro-enterostomy rather than pyloroplasty is used as the drainage (P less than 0.01). Completing the vagotomy by the abdominal route gave superior results to transthoracic revagotomy (P = 0.0015), the former procedure without antrectomy having no associated mortality in this series. Although the results of revagotomy and antrectomy are as good as those of transabdominal revagotomy alone, we recommend the latter more conservative treatment for recurrent ulceration after incomplete vagotomy.", "contents": "Revagotomy for recurrent peptic ulceration. A review has been made of 59 patients with recurrent peptic ulceration after incomplete vagotomy. Eighteen transthoracic procedures were performed, the remainder having abdominal revagotomy. An antrectomy was also carried out in 10 of these patients. An intact posterior nerve trunk was the most common operative finding and when either an anterior trunk or nerve strands only were present there was less likely to be an early positive insulin response (P = 0.033). Following incomplete vagotomy a longer period of symptomatic relief is obtained when gastro-enterostomy rather than pyloroplasty is used as the drainage (P less than 0.01). Completing the vagotomy by the abdominal route gave superior results to transthoracic revagotomy (P = 0.0015), the former procedure without antrectomy having no associated mortality in this series. Although the results of revagotomy and antrectomy are as good as those of transabdominal revagotomy alone, we recommend the latter more conservative treatment for recurrent ulceration after incomplete vagotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:922307", "title": "Reappraisal of the left lateral decubitus X-ray in splenic rupture.", "content": "The lateral decubitus view of the barium-filled stomach has been reassessed in a series of 42 patients with possible splenic rupture and compared with a group of 17 patients with splenomegaly. Displacement of the gastric fundus of more than 4 cm from the inner rib margin is highly suggestive of splenic rupture. Where doubt exists, the test should be repeated within a short while. Peritoneal lavage and a full blood count investigation both add to the diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "Reappraisal of the left lateral decubitus X-ray in splenic rupture. The lateral decubitus view of the barium-filled stomach has been reassessed in a series of 42 patients with possible splenic rupture and compared with a group of 17 patients with splenomegaly. Displacement of the gastric fundus of more than 4 cm from the inner rib margin is highly suggestive of splenic rupture. Where doubt exists, the test should be repeated within a short while. Peritoneal lavage and a full blood count investigation both add to the diagnostic accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:922308", "title": "Bile composition in bilharzial hepatic fibrosis.", "content": "At operation for haematemesis in bilharzial hepatic fibrosis, the gallbladder was always found to be diseased but devoid of stones. This led to a study of gallbladder bile composition in a group of bilharzial patients and comparison with a group of cholelithiasis patients. When values for biliary lipid composition were plotted on triangular coordinates, both groups fell well outside the line of maximum cholesterol solubility. The bilharzia group had significantly more cholesterol and less phospholipid than the gallstone group. The absence of stones in patients with bilharzial hepatic fibrosis was possibly due to their early demise and the suggestion is that, in this condition, it is the disease of the gallbladder itself which renders the bile lithogenic.", "contents": "Bile composition in bilharzial hepatic fibrosis. At operation for haematemesis in bilharzial hepatic fibrosis, the gallbladder was always found to be diseased but devoid of stones. This led to a study of gallbladder bile composition in a group of bilharzial patients and comparison with a group of cholelithiasis patients. When values for biliary lipid composition were plotted on triangular coordinates, both groups fell well outside the line of maximum cholesterol solubility. The bilharzia group had significantly more cholesterol and less phospholipid than the gallstone group. The absence of stones in patients with bilharzial hepatic fibrosis was possibly due to their early demise and the suggestion is that, in this condition, it is the disease of the gallbladder itself which renders the bile lithogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:922309", "title": "Umbilical pilonidal sinus.", "content": "A rare case of umbilical pilonidal sinus is reported--the only documented case of barber's pilonidal of the umbilicus. Possible mechanisms of formation are described. It is suggested that this possibility should be considered in cases of resistant or recurrent omphalitis. Definitive treatment consists of sinus excision with cosmetic umbilical reconstruction. Total omphalectomy is probably only justified for recurrence.", "contents": "Umbilical pilonidal sinus. A rare case of umbilical pilonidal sinus is reported--the only documented case of barber's pilonidal of the umbilicus. Possible mechanisms of formation are described. It is suggested that this possibility should be considered in cases of resistant or recurrent omphalitis. Definitive treatment consists of sinus excision with cosmetic umbilical reconstruction. Total omphalectomy is probably only justified for recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:922310", "title": "Stricture-plasty for tubercular strictures of the gastro-intestinal tract.", "content": "Twenty stricture-plasties have been performed for multiple tubercular strictures of the gastro-intestinal tract in 9 patients, who in total had 35 strictures. The procedure has been found to be safe, simple and effective in relieving obstructive symptoms. It does not appear to carry the disadvantages of entero-anastomosis or multiple and/or massive resections in cases of multiple tubercular strictures of the small bowel.", "contents": "Stricture-plasty for tubercular strictures of the gastro-intestinal tract. Twenty stricture-plasties have been performed for multiple tubercular strictures of the gastro-intestinal tract in 9 patients, who in total had 35 strictures. The procedure has been found to be safe, simple and effective in relieving obstructive symptoms. It does not appear to carry the disadvantages of entero-anastomosis or multiple and/or massive resections in cases of multiple tubercular strictures of the small bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:922311", "title": "Appendicectomy: an assessment of the advisability of stump invagination.", "content": "Seven hundred and thirty-two cases of appendicectomy performed over a period of 5 years are reviewed to compare the incidence of complications and the length of the postoperative stay in hospital, depending on whether the appendix stump was simply ligated or was invaginated by purse string suture following ligation. No detrimental effects are noted following simple ligation, whereas patients who had stump invagination remained in hospital on average more than a day longer, mainly owing to a higher incidence of wound infection (16 per cent as against 6 per cent).", "contents": "Appendicectomy: an assessment of the advisability of stump invagination. Seven hundred and thirty-two cases of appendicectomy performed over a period of 5 years are reviewed to compare the incidence of complications and the length of the postoperative stay in hospital, depending on whether the appendix stump was simply ligated or was invaginated by purse string suture following ligation. No detrimental effects are noted following simple ligation, whereas patients who had stump invagination remained in hospital on average more than a day longer, mainly owing to a higher incidence of wound infection (16 per cent as against 6 per cent)."}
{"id": "PMID:922312", "title": "The Erlangen magnetic colostomy control device: technique of use and results in 22 patients.", "content": "The evolution and general principle of the Erlangen magnetic ring colostomy device are described and its practical use illustrated by reference to a personal series of 22 patients treated with the device. Analysis of the functional results obtained in 13 of these cases, who were assessed after at least 3 months' trial, shows that only 3, or at most 4, could be considered to have achieved worth-while continence, but there are grounds for believing that these results might be improved a little by more stringent selection of patients for the procedure and by employing a more meticulous technique for implanting the rings.", "contents": "The Erlangen magnetic colostomy control device: technique of use and results in 22 patients. The evolution and general principle of the Erlangen magnetic ring colostomy device are described and its practical use illustrated by reference to a personal series of 22 patients treated with the device. Analysis of the functional results obtained in 13 of these cases, who were assessed after at least 3 months' trial, shows that only 3, or at most 4, could be considered to have achieved worth-while continence, but there are grounds for believing that these results might be improved a little by more stringent selection of patients for the procedure and by employing a more meticulous technique for implanting the rings."}
{"id": "PMID:922313", "title": "Intestinal obstruction after excision of the rectum.", "content": "Over a 5-year period, 33 patients underwent excision of the rectum in the same unit of Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. Six patients in whom the abdominal contents were allowed to fall into the denuded pelvis showed a uniform pattern of delayed intestinal transit. Two of the patients required reoperation and one died. A similar pattern was not seen in patients managed by other methods. Even if leaving the pelvic peritoneum open were to improve the likelihood of primary perineal healing, for which there is no good evidence, the risks are such that the practice must be regarded as unacceptable unless omentum is mobilized to occupy the pelvic cavity.", "contents": "Intestinal obstruction after excision of the rectum. Over a 5-year period, 33 patients underwent excision of the rectum in the same unit of Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. Six patients in whom the abdominal contents were allowed to fall into the denuded pelvis showed a uniform pattern of delayed intestinal transit. Two of the patients required reoperation and one died. A similar pattern was not seen in patients managed by other methods. Even if leaving the pelvic peritoneum open were to improve the likelihood of primary perineal healing, for which there is no good evidence, the risks are such that the practice must be regarded as unacceptable unless omentum is mobilized to occupy the pelvic cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:922314", "title": "The finding of thrombus at carotid endarterectomy and its relationship to the timing of surgery.", "content": "The clinical, angiographical, operative and histological records of 52 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for transient cerebral ischaemic attacks were reviewed. Thrombus or other friable material was present in 66 per cent of the 24 patients operated upon within 4 weeks of a clinical attack, but in only 21 per cent of the 28 patients in whom the time interval was longer. The data favour an embolic explanation for the clinical episodes and further suggest that thrombus formation on atheromatous stenosis and ulceration is intermittent.", "contents": "The finding of thrombus at carotid endarterectomy and its relationship to the timing of surgery. The clinical, angiographical, operative and histological records of 52 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for transient cerebral ischaemic attacks were reviewed. Thrombus or other friable material was present in 66 per cent of the 24 patients operated upon within 4 weeks of a clinical attack, but in only 21 per cent of the 28 patients in whom the time interval was longer. The data favour an embolic explanation for the clinical episodes and further suggest that thrombus formation on atheromatous stenosis and ulceration is intermittent."}
{"id": "PMID:922315", "title": "Abdominal aneurysm in South African Negroes due to intimomedial mucoid degeneration.", "content": "Nine South African Negroes with abdominal aortic aneurysms due to intimomedial mucoid degeneration are described. These occurred in a younger age group than atherosclerotic aneurysms and with a female predominance. The aneurysms are not syphilitic in origin and are unlike atherosclerotic aneurysms. This form of abdominal aneurysm constitutes a distinct entity which is relatively prevalent in South African Negroes and which has hitherto received little or no emphasis and attention.", "contents": "Abdominal aneurysm in South African Negroes due to intimomedial mucoid degeneration. Nine South African Negroes with abdominal aortic aneurysms due to intimomedial mucoid degeneration are described. These occurred in a younger age group than atherosclerotic aneurysms and with a female predominance. The aneurysms are not syphilitic in origin and are unlike atherosclerotic aneurysms. This form of abdominal aneurysm constitutes a distinct entity which is relatively prevalent in South African Negroes and which has hitherto received little or no emphasis and attention."}
{"id": "PMID:922316", "title": "Deep venous thrombosis in patients having aorto-iliac reconstruction.", "content": "The 125I-labelled fibrinogen test has been used to assess the incidence of deep venous thrombosis in 88 patients who had undergone elective aorto-iliac reconstruction. Deep venous thrombosis was detected in 18 (20.5 per cent). The results suggest that these patients merit prophylaxis.", "contents": "Deep venous thrombosis in patients having aorto-iliac reconstruction. The 125I-labelled fibrinogen test has been used to assess the incidence of deep venous thrombosis in 88 patients who had undergone elective aorto-iliac reconstruction. Deep venous thrombosis was detected in 18 (20.5 per cent). The results suggest that these patients merit prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:922317", "title": "Phenol lumbar sympathectomy for severe arterial occlusive disease in the elderly.", "content": "Phenol chemical lumbar sympathectomy is an additional aid in the management of ischaemic rest pain and incipient gangrene. This technique was used in 132 elderly patients in Bath between September 1972 and March 1975 and the results are presented here. The patients were unfit for reconstructive arterial surgery. In this series an image intensifier was used in order to make the procedure safer. One hundred and twenty-six patients were available for review, their average age being 71.5 years. The average period of follow-up was 16.3 months. Of the 126 patients, 111 were not diabetic, and of these 45 (41 per cent) had satisfactory results while 17 (15.4 per cent) had persistent symptoms but had avoided amputation. Thirty (27 per cent) patients required amputation and 12 of these died as a direct result of this procedure. A further 19 patients in the non-diabetic group died during the period of follow-up. However, of the 15 diabetic patients, only 3 (20 per cent) improved whilst one patient with persistent symptoms avoided amputation. The remainder either died (8) or had an amputation (5) during the period of follow-up. Two died after amputation.", "contents": "Phenol lumbar sympathectomy for severe arterial occlusive disease in the elderly. Phenol chemical lumbar sympathectomy is an additional aid in the management of ischaemic rest pain and incipient gangrene. This technique was used in 132 elderly patients in Bath between September 1972 and March 1975 and the results are presented here. The patients were unfit for reconstructive arterial surgery. In this series an image intensifier was used in order to make the procedure safer. One hundred and twenty-six patients were available for review, their average age being 71.5 years. The average period of follow-up was 16.3 months. Of the 126 patients, 111 were not diabetic, and of these 45 (41 per cent) had satisfactory results while 17 (15.4 per cent) had persistent symptoms but had avoided amputation. Thirty (27 per cent) patients required amputation and 12 of these died as a direct result of this procedure. A further 19 patients in the non-diabetic group died during the period of follow-up. However, of the 15 diabetic patients, only 3 (20 per cent) improved whilst one patient with persistent symptoms avoided amputation. The remainder either died (8) or had an amputation (5) during the period of follow-up. Two died after amputation."}
{"id": "PMID:922318", "title": "Submucosal arterial malformation of the stomach as the probable cause of recurrent severe haematemesis in a 16-year-old girl.", "content": "A 16-year-old girl who had previously been in good health suffered recurrent life-threatening haematemesis. The cause of this bleeding appeared to be the spontaneous rupture of an abnormally large submucosal artery in the stomach. The site of bleeding was eventually localized by coeliac angiography via an indwelling percutaneous femoral catheter.", "contents": "Submucosal arterial malformation of the stomach as the probable cause of recurrent severe haematemesis in a 16-year-old girl. A 16-year-old girl who had previously been in good health suffered recurrent life-threatening haematemesis. The cause of this bleeding appeared to be the spontaneous rupture of an abnormally large submucosal artery in the stomach. The site of bleeding was eventually localized by coeliac angiography via an indwelling percutaneous femoral catheter."}
{"id": "PMID:922319", "title": "Congenital anal duplication: a cause of para-anal sinus.", "content": "Four cases of recurring para-anal sinus originating, it is suggested, as congenital duplication of the anal canal, are described. The diagnosis depends upon the finding of columnar mucus-secreting epithelium in a sinus track which does not communicate with the bowel lumen. The sinus may or may not penetrate the levator ani muscle. Treatment should be by excision of the sinus, rather than by laying it open into the anal canal. If the sinus is superficial, the latter operation will result only in delayed healing and prolonged convalescence, but if it runs deep, there is a danger of causing incontinence or an extra-sphincteric fistula. Untreated lesions may eventually be the site of malignant change. This complication was not encountered in the present series.", "contents": "Congenital anal duplication: a cause of para-anal sinus. Four cases of recurring para-anal sinus originating, it is suggested, as congenital duplication of the anal canal, are described. The diagnosis depends upon the finding of columnar mucus-secreting epithelium in a sinus track which does not communicate with the bowel lumen. The sinus may or may not penetrate the levator ani muscle. Treatment should be by excision of the sinus, rather than by laying it open into the anal canal. If the sinus is superficial, the latter operation will result only in delayed healing and prolonged convalescence, but if it runs deep, there is a danger of causing incontinence or an extra-sphincteric fistula. Untreated lesions may eventually be the site of malignant change. This complication was not encountered in the present series."}
{"id": "PMID:922326", "title": "Prospectively randomised trial of proximal gastric vagotomy either with or without pyloroplasty in treatment of uncomplicated duodenal ulcer.", "content": "A consecutive series of 100 men with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer was randomly divided into two groups: one group of 52 underwent proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV), the other group (48) underwent PGV with pyloroplasty (PGVP). Preoperative peak acid output (PAOP) was measured in all patients. Those with a higher preoperative PAOP were significantly more likely to develop recurrent ulceration. Three patients developed recurrent ulceration after PGV and seven after PGVP. Dumping was both more common and more severe after PGVP than PGV. An overall satisfactory result was achieved in 92% after PGV and 81% after PGVP. We conclude that combining pyloroplasty with PGV has no appreciable advantages.", "contents": "Prospectively randomised trial of proximal gastric vagotomy either with or without pyloroplasty in treatment of uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. A consecutive series of 100 men with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer was randomly divided into two groups: one group of 52 underwent proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV), the other group (48) underwent PGV with pyloroplasty (PGVP). Preoperative peak acid output (PAOP) was measured in all patients. Those with a higher preoperative PAOP were significantly more likely to develop recurrent ulceration. Three patients developed recurrent ulceration after PGV and seven after PGVP. Dumping was both more common and more severe after PGVP than PGV. An overall satisfactory result was achieved in 92% after PGV and 81% after PGVP. We conclude that combining pyloroplasty with PGV has no appreciable advantages."}
{"id": "PMID:922327", "title": "Maternal drug histories and congenital abnormalities.", "content": "We obtained drug histories for the first trimester of pregnancy for 836 mothers of congenitally malformed babies and for an equal number of control mothers of normal babies from the same doctors' practices. There was an association between the use of a hormonal pregnancy test and the subsequent birht of a malformed baby. There was also a greater use of barbiturates by mothers of affected children compared with mothers of control babies, mainly accounted for by treatment of epileptic mothers with phenobarbitone. For all other drugs usage was similar in both sets of mothers.", "contents": "Maternal drug histories and congenital abnormalities. We obtained drug histories for the first trimester of pregnancy for 836 mothers of congenitally malformed babies and for an equal number of control mothers of normal babies from the same doctors' practices. There was an association between the use of a hormonal pregnancy test and the subsequent birht of a malformed baby. There was also a greater use of barbiturates by mothers of affected children compared with mothers of control babies, mainly accounted for by treatment of epileptic mothers with phenobarbitone. For all other drugs usage was similar in both sets of mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:922328", "title": "Vitamin D supplements and 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations in the elderly.", "content": "Serial 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations were measured in long-stay geriatric patients treated with vitamin D. Comparison between a treatment and a control group showed that a daily dose of 500 IU vitamin D produced a significant increase in 25-OHD levels by two months. The supplement had a striking effect when the initial 25-OHD level was low and very little effect when it was high. 25-OHD levels in subjects on 2000 IU vitamin D daily were only marginally higher than those in subjects on 500 IU. A dose of 500 IU vitamin D daily should therefore produce adequate blood 25-OHD concentrations in most old people, and probably prevent most cases of osteomalacia in the elderly--though a large-scale study is needed to confirm this.", "contents": "Vitamin D supplements and 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations in the elderly. Serial 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations were measured in long-stay geriatric patients treated with vitamin D. Comparison between a treatment and a control group showed that a daily dose of 500 IU vitamin D produced a significant increase in 25-OHD levels by two months. The supplement had a striking effect when the initial 25-OHD level was low and very little effect when it was high. 25-OHD levels in subjects on 2000 IU vitamin D daily were only marginally higher than those in subjects on 500 IU. A dose of 500 IU vitamin D daily should therefore produce adequate blood 25-OHD concentrations in most old people, and probably prevent most cases of osteomalacia in the elderly--though a large-scale study is needed to confirm this."}
{"id": "PMID:922336", "title": "Predicting fetal death by measuring oestrogen:creatinine ratios on early morning samples of urine.", "content": "Total oestrogens were measured, on a creatinine basis, by a fully automated method in 75 000 early morning specimens of urine from 5429 women. Among the 5241 pregnancies in which the oestrogen:creatinine ratio was normal there were 11 fetal deaths (0-21%). But there were 57 fetal deaths (30-3%) among 188 patients with ratios below the fifth centile. When delivery took place before the ratio decrease to below the fifth centile a live baby was born in every one of 59 pregnancies. Apart from its effectiveness in predicting fetal death, the test has a high degree of precision and can be performed swiftly, and cheaply. For these reasons the assessment of fetoplacental function by measuring the urinary:creatinine ratio could become a convenient and inexpensive part of antenatal care that could be extended to every pregnant woman without making many further demands on obstetricians' time.", "contents": "Predicting fetal death by measuring oestrogen:creatinine ratios on early morning samples of urine. Total oestrogens were measured, on a creatinine basis, by a fully automated method in 75 000 early morning specimens of urine from 5429 women. Among the 5241 pregnancies in which the oestrogen:creatinine ratio was normal there were 11 fetal deaths (0-21%). But there were 57 fetal deaths (30-3%) among 188 patients with ratios below the fifth centile. When delivery took place before the ratio decrease to below the fifth centile a live baby was born in every one of 59 pregnancies. Apart from its effectiveness in predicting fetal death, the test has a high degree of precision and can be performed swiftly, and cheaply. For these reasons the assessment of fetoplacental function by measuring the urinary:creatinine ratio could become a convenient and inexpensive part of antenatal care that could be extended to every pregnant woman without making many further demands on obstetricians' time."}
{"id": "PMID:922397", "title": "Antibiotic treatment of abscesses of the central nervous system.", "content": "Samples of intracranial pus and serum from 32 patients were assayed to determine the concentrations reached in them of penicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, cephaloridine, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, and lincomycin. Metronidazole had not been given. Penicillin penetrated abscesses reasonably well, but other beta-lactam antibiotics did not. The penetration of chloramphenicol was erratic. Aminoglycosides penetrated poorly, but lincomycin and fusidic acid penetrated well. Assay of sulphonamides and co-trimoxazole in pus was unreliable. These studies indicate that treatment of abscesses of the central nervous system should be considered according to the site and the likely antecedent cause. Abscesses of sinusitic origin, usually in the frontal lobe, yield penicillin-sensitive streptococci. Penicillin is the drug of choice. Abscesses of otitic origin, usually in the temporal lobe, yield a mixed flora, often including anaerobic bacteria. Multiple antibiotic therapy is indicated. Abscesses of metastatic or cryptogenic origin yield streptococci or mixed cultures, and multiple therapy is appropriate while awaiting the bacteriological results. Spinal and post-traumatic abscesses yield Staphylococcus aureus, and fusidic acid is the drug of choice.", "contents": "Antibiotic treatment of abscesses of the central nervous system. Samples of intracranial pus and serum from 32 patients were assayed to determine the concentrations reached in them of penicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, cephaloridine, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, and lincomycin. Metronidazole had not been given. Penicillin penetrated abscesses reasonably well, but other beta-lactam antibiotics did not. The penetration of chloramphenicol was erratic. Aminoglycosides penetrated poorly, but lincomycin and fusidic acid penetrated well. Assay of sulphonamides and co-trimoxazole in pus was unreliable. These studies indicate that treatment of abscesses of the central nervous system should be considered according to the site and the likely antecedent cause. Abscesses of sinusitic origin, usually in the frontal lobe, yield penicillin-sensitive streptococci. Penicillin is the drug of choice. Abscesses of otitic origin, usually in the temporal lobe, yield a mixed flora, often including anaerobic bacteria. Multiple antibiotic therapy is indicated. Abscesses of metastatic or cryptogenic origin yield streptococci or mixed cultures, and multiple therapy is appropriate while awaiting the bacteriological results. Spinal and post-traumatic abscesses yield Staphylococcus aureus, and fusidic acid is the drug of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:922398", "title": "Effect of preoperative anaesthetic visit on anxiety.", "content": "Anxiety levels measured in patients who received preoperative reassurance about anaesthesia from a member of the hospital staff were significantly lower than those in a control group given no such support. Anxiety levels in patients who read a booklet designed to reassure about anaesthesia were less significantly reduced. Owing to the increasing work load in the operating theatre many anaesthetists can no longer afford the time to visit patients preoperatively. This study shows that either this trend should be reversed or the role of reassurer should be assumed by someone else, possibly the anaesthetic nurse. For optimal effect, the visits should be combined with use of the booklet. Unless such measures are taken, up to three million people each year may be being denied any form of reassurance before surgical treatment.", "contents": "Effect of preoperative anaesthetic visit on anxiety. Anxiety levels measured in patients who received preoperative reassurance about anaesthesia from a member of the hospital staff were significantly lower than those in a control group given no such support. Anxiety levels in patients who read a booklet designed to reassure about anaesthesia were less significantly reduced. Owing to the increasing work load in the operating theatre many anaesthetists can no longer afford the time to visit patients preoperatively. This study shows that either this trend should be reversed or the role of reassurer should be assumed by someone else, possibly the anaesthetic nurse. For optimal effect, the visits should be combined with use of the booklet. Unless such measures are taken, up to three million people each year may be being denied any form of reassurance before surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:922399", "title": "Association of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis with HLA-B8.", "content": "Histocompatibility antigens were determined in 30 patients with temporal arteritis, 27 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica, and 216 normal blood donors. HLA-B8 was significantly more common in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (59%) and temporal arteritis (50%) than in the controls (27%). The findings of HLA-A10 in 26% of the patients with polymyalgia rheumatica compared with only 10% of the controls may be associated with the suggested immunological pathogenesis of the condition.", "contents": "Association of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis with HLA-B8. Histocompatibility antigens were determined in 30 patients with temporal arteritis, 27 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica, and 216 normal blood donors. HLA-B8 was significantly more common in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (59%) and temporal arteritis (50%) than in the controls (27%). The findings of HLA-A10 in 26% of the patients with polymyalgia rheumatica compared with only 10% of the controls may be associated with the suggested immunological pathogenesis of the condition."}
{"id": "PMID:922400", "title": "Bacteriological study of otogenic cerebral abscesses: chemotherapeutic role of metronidazole.", "content": "In nine consecutive patients with otogenic cerebral abscesses a mixed growth of aerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria was isolated from the pus in five patients, and in the remaining four obligate anaerobes were the sole isolates. The commonest obligate anaerobe isolated was Bacteroides fragilis, which was present in all but one patient. The patients were all treated with metronidazole for the anaerobic organisms and with appropriate chemotherapy against the aerobic organisms isolated. All the patients recovered and only one was left with a neurological deficit. As otogenic cerebral abscesses constitute a major proportion of all cerebral abscesses, the use of metronidazole against obligate anaerobic bacteria, which tend to dominate in such abscesses, should reduce the high mortality from this condition.", "contents": "Bacteriological study of otogenic cerebral abscesses: chemotherapeutic role of metronidazole. In nine consecutive patients with otogenic cerebral abscesses a mixed growth of aerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria was isolated from the pus in five patients, and in the remaining four obligate anaerobes were the sole isolates. The commonest obligate anaerobe isolated was Bacteroides fragilis, which was present in all but one patient. The patients were all treated with metronidazole for the anaerobic organisms and with appropriate chemotherapy against the aerobic organisms isolated. All the patients recovered and only one was left with a neurological deficit. As otogenic cerebral abscesses constitute a major proportion of all cerebral abscesses, the use of metronidazole against obligate anaerobic bacteria, which tend to dominate in such abscesses, should reduce the high mortality from this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:922415", "title": "Arrangements for special and intensive care of the newborn.", "content": "All the special care baby units in three Thames health regions completed a one-day census on the number of infants in the unit, staffing, and facilities. The results were assessed in the light of the recommendations of an expert group set up by the Department of Health and Social Security. Although the provision of cots (6.1-6.9 per 1000 live births) was more generous than the estimated need and the occupancy rate (59--63%) lower than suggested, some units did not have adequate trained nursing cover at night, some did not have resident paediatricians, and some lacked essential equipment. Some small units, on the other hand, had very expensive equipment that was probably underused. Relating this provision to the regional statistics on babies needing special care showed that there was room for the rationalisation of facilities for their care. Factors that should be considered in planning such care include the size of the child-bearing population, the percentage of infants of low birth weights, and the proximity of specialist paediatric and maternity units and pathology facilities. It is also essential to monitor the effectiveness of the care by assessing the outcome in babies admitted to special units, especially those of low birth weight.", "contents": "Arrangements for special and intensive care of the newborn. All the special care baby units in three Thames health regions completed a one-day census on the number of infants in the unit, staffing, and facilities. The results were assessed in the light of the recommendations of an expert group set up by the Department of Health and Social Security. Although the provision of cots (6.1-6.9 per 1000 live births) was more generous than the estimated need and the occupancy rate (59--63%) lower than suggested, some units did not have adequate trained nursing cover at night, some did not have resident paediatricians, and some lacked essential equipment. Some small units, on the other hand, had very expensive equipment that was probably underused. Relating this provision to the regional statistics on babies needing special care showed that there was room for the rationalisation of facilities for their care. Factors that should be considered in planning such care include the size of the child-bearing population, the percentage of infants of low birth weights, and the proximity of specialist paediatric and maternity units and pathology facilities. It is also essential to monitor the effectiveness of the care by assessing the outcome in babies admitted to special units, especially those of low birth weight."}
{"id": "PMID:922416", "title": "Treatment of hepatic hydatid disease with mebedazole: preliminary results in four cases.", "content": "Mebendazole was given to four patients with hepatic hydatid disease. In three patients hydatidosis had remained after surgery, and in the fourth it could not be treated surgically. Mebendazole was given orally in maximum doses of 400-600 mg three times a day during courses lasting 21 to 30 days. Ultrasonic echotomography showed a complete regression of the intrahepatic cysts after four to 13 months in all four cases. In three patients the course of treatment had to be repeated. Mebendazole also induced clinical improvement and a progressive lowering of the concentration of specific IgE of Echinococcus granulosus. During treatment circulating blood levels of specific immune complexes of antigen 5 were increased. These observations indicate that mebendazole has a lethal effect on E granulosus cysts in primary hydatid disease in man and that the efficacy of chemotherapy can be assessed with ultrasonography and by measuring changes in the concentration of specific IgE of E granulosus and circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "Treatment of hepatic hydatid disease with mebedazole: preliminary results in four cases. Mebendazole was given to four patients with hepatic hydatid disease. In three patients hydatidosis had remained after surgery, and in the fourth it could not be treated surgically. Mebendazole was given orally in maximum doses of 400-600 mg three times a day during courses lasting 21 to 30 days. Ultrasonic echotomography showed a complete regression of the intrahepatic cysts after four to 13 months in all four cases. In three patients the course of treatment had to be repeated. Mebendazole also induced clinical improvement and a progressive lowering of the concentration of specific IgE of Echinococcus granulosus. During treatment circulating blood levels of specific immune complexes of antigen 5 were increased. These observations indicate that mebendazole has a lethal effect on E granulosus cysts in primary hydatid disease in man and that the efficacy of chemotherapy can be assessed with ultrasonography and by measuring changes in the concentration of specific IgE of E granulosus and circulating immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:922417", "title": "Effect of sodium bicarbonate on aspirin-induced damage and potential difference changes in human gastric mucosa.", "content": "Two aspirin tablets in 100 ml fluid will produce microscopical damage to the human stomach. A study was performed to determine whether a small amount of sodium bicarbonate (equivalent to one-third of a teaspoonful of baking soda) could protect against this damage. Sequential gastric biopsy specimens were taken from 15 healthy subjects before, during, and after intragastric instillation of one of the following isotonic solutions: saline; sodium bicarbonate; 600 mg aspirin suspended in sodium bicarbonate; and aspirin suspended in saline. On a separate day the same solutions were instilled, but gastric transmucosal potential differences were monitored. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the biopsy specimens showed occasional mucous degranulation of mucosal surface cells, but no cell damage during instillation of sodium bicarbonate. Light microscopy studies 10 minutes after aspirin in saline showed damage in 20% of surface cells, with focal areas of cellular disruption and microscopic erosions, but only 3.4% of cells were damaged after aspirin in bicarbonate and there were no erosions. Electron microscopy showed a damaged honeycombed appearance of surface epithelium after aspirin in saline and a normal cobblestone appearance after aspirin in bicarbonate. Aspirin dissolved in bicarbonate failed to induce the usual fall in potential difference.These findings indicate that sodium bicarbonate in amounts equivalent to one-third of a teaspoonful of baking soda protects the gastric mucosa against aspirin-induced damage and prevents the usual fall in potential difference after aspirin.", "contents": "Effect of sodium bicarbonate on aspirin-induced damage and potential difference changes in human gastric mucosa. Two aspirin tablets in 100 ml fluid will produce microscopical damage to the human stomach. A study was performed to determine whether a small amount of sodium bicarbonate (equivalent to one-third of a teaspoonful of baking soda) could protect against this damage. Sequential gastric biopsy specimens were taken from 15 healthy subjects before, during, and after intragastric instillation of one of the following isotonic solutions: saline; sodium bicarbonate; 600 mg aspirin suspended in sodium bicarbonate; and aspirin suspended in saline. On a separate day the same solutions were instilled, but gastric transmucosal potential differences were monitored. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the biopsy specimens showed occasional mucous degranulation of mucosal surface cells, but no cell damage during instillation of sodium bicarbonate. Light microscopy studies 10 minutes after aspirin in saline showed damage in 20% of surface cells, with focal areas of cellular disruption and microscopic erosions, but only 3.4% of cells were damaged after aspirin in bicarbonate and there were no erosions. Electron microscopy showed a damaged honeycombed appearance of surface epithelium after aspirin in saline and a normal cobblestone appearance after aspirin in bicarbonate. Aspirin dissolved in bicarbonate failed to induce the usual fall in potential difference.These findings indicate that sodium bicarbonate in amounts equivalent to one-third of a teaspoonful of baking soda protects the gastric mucosa against aspirin-induced damage and prevents the usual fall in potential difference after aspirin."}
{"id": "PMID:922418", "title": "Survivors of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: the iceberg's tip.", "content": "In four and a half years 25 patients in one community suffered a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eleven died at home, nine died without operation in hospital, and only five had the aneurysm removed. There were four survivors. A further seven patients might have lived had they had a prompt operation. The average operative mortality for ruptured aneurysms among series reported in British journals is 53%, but the survivors are a small minority of the total number of people in the community whose aneurysms rupture. No basis could be found for the view that replacing an aortic aneurysm with a straight graft (while leaving behind aneurysmal common iliac arteries) lowers the operative mortality. On the contrary, oversimplifying the operation may be hazardous.", "contents": "Survivors of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: the iceberg's tip. In four and a half years 25 patients in one community suffered a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eleven died at home, nine died without operation in hospital, and only five had the aneurysm removed. There were four survivors. A further seven patients might have lived had they had a prompt operation. The average operative mortality for ruptured aneurysms among series reported in British journals is 53%, but the survivors are a small minority of the total number of people in the community whose aneurysms rupture. No basis could be found for the view that replacing an aortic aneurysm with a straight graft (while leaving behind aneurysmal common iliac arteries) lowers the operative mortality. On the contrary, oversimplifying the operation may be hazardous."}
{"id": "PMID:922426", "title": "Practical approach to problems of the parturient diabetic in developing countries.", "content": "Improved management of diabetic pregnancies at Lautoka Hospital, Fiji, in 1976 resulted in a neonatal survival rate of 100%. Management included attempts to control the maternal blood glucose concentrations with insulin and delaying delivery until there was enough surfactant in the liquor to ensure a viable infant. The techniques are simple to use and require only minimal technological facilities.", "contents": "Practical approach to problems of the parturient diabetic in developing countries. Improved management of diabetic pregnancies at Lautoka Hospital, Fiji, in 1976 resulted in a neonatal survival rate of 100%. Management included attempts to control the maternal blood glucose concentrations with insulin and delaying delivery until there was enough surfactant in the liquor to ensure a viable infant. The techniques are simple to use and require only minimal technological facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:922455", "title": "Investigations on reactivity of sera in endemic syphilis from Bosnia 20 years after treatment.", "content": "Sera from 225 patients who 20 years earlier had been infected with endemic syphilis and adequately treated with penicillin (PAM 4.8-6 megaunits) at various stages of the disease, were investigated for serological reactivity by the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS), treponemal haemagglutination, and Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory tests. Specific antibodies were found in a large percentage of cases and their presence may be assumed to depend on persisting specific antigen which stimulates their synthesis.", "contents": "Investigations on reactivity of sera in endemic syphilis from Bosnia 20 years after treatment. Sera from 225 patients who 20 years earlier had been infected with endemic syphilis and adequately treated with penicillin (PAM 4.8-6 megaunits) at various stages of the disease, were investigated for serological reactivity by the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS), treponemal haemagglutination, and Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory tests. Specific antibodies were found in a large percentage of cases and their presence may be assumed to depend on persisting specific antigen which stimulates their synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:922456", "title": "Tetracycline treatment for non-specific urethritis.", "content": "The conclusions, where pertinent, of the 10 papers on the treatment of non-specific urethritis which have appeared in the British Journal of Venereal Diseases between 1971 and now are reviewed. Recent studies purport to argue, but in fact assume, that tetracyclilne treatment for non-specific urethritis is both effective and desirable; current practice agrees with this assumption. To prove effectiveness, studies over much longer follow-up periods would be necessary. These studies should compare results not only of different methods and doses of tetracycline, of different regimens, and of different types of the drug; they should also compare results over a prolonged period with placebos and with other drugs, for instance those outside the antibiotic range and with no suspected side effects. Only then would it be reasonable to hold a firm view on the desirability or the effectiveness of the treatment. With patience and properly conducted experiments results may emerge to justify some view. At the moment the data are ill-assembled although voluminous and fail to support conclusions that have any clarity or force; moreover they are so haphazard that they cannot be compared with one another. Some venereologists are sceptical about treatment, some advocate the administration of one single dose, others say the four- or five-day regimen is preferable, and so on up to those who maintain that the 21-day regimen is the best. The coexistence of such mutually incompatible, firmly-held views may well suggest that the whole system of investigation put together to validate such views is quite inappropriate. That would be a radical thesis, and perhaps none the worse for that. What is not a radical thesis, however, is that at present the whole system of data and argument is in disarray.", "contents": "Tetracycline treatment for non-specific urethritis. The conclusions, where pertinent, of the 10 papers on the treatment of non-specific urethritis which have appeared in the British Journal of Venereal Diseases between 1971 and now are reviewed. Recent studies purport to argue, but in fact assume, that tetracyclilne treatment for non-specific urethritis is both effective and desirable; current practice agrees with this assumption. To prove effectiveness, studies over much longer follow-up periods would be necessary. These studies should compare results not only of different methods and doses of tetracycline, of different regimens, and of different types of the drug; they should also compare results over a prolonged period with placebos and with other drugs, for instance those outside the antibiotic range and with no suspected side effects. Only then would it be reasonable to hold a firm view on the desirability or the effectiveness of the treatment. With patience and properly conducted experiments results may emerge to justify some view. At the moment the data are ill-assembled although voluminous and fail to support conclusions that have any clarity or force; moreover they are so haphazard that they cannot be compared with one another. Some venereologists are sceptical about treatment, some advocate the administration of one single dose, others say the four- or five-day regimen is preferable, and so on up to those who maintain that the 21-day regimen is the best. The coexistence of such mutually incompatible, firmly-held views may well suggest that the whole system of investigation put together to validate such views is quite inappropriate. That would be a radical thesis, and perhaps none the worse for that. What is not a radical thesis, however, is that at present the whole system of data and argument is in disarray."}
{"id": "PMID:922457", "title": "Plasma levels after a single oral dose of 1.5 g ornidazole.", "content": "Administration of a single oral dose of 1.5 g ornidazole to volunteers produced plasma levels which remained above the mean minimal trichomonicidal concentration for between 54 and 72 hours. A subjective feeling of dizziness was observed by all volunteers, but it was not possible to make a correlation between this and the drug levels in this study.", "contents": "Plasma levels after a single oral dose of 1.5 g ornidazole. Administration of a single oral dose of 1.5 g ornidazole to volunteers produced plasma levels which remained above the mean minimal trichomonicidal concentration for between 54 and 72 hours. A subjective feeling of dizziness was observed by all volunteers, but it was not possible to make a correlation between this and the drug levels in this study."}